From 178d84a7e58342be143506b2efa3e49e9ac0d77e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: D-X-Y <280835372@qq.com> Date: Thu, 14 Nov 2019 14:10:39 +1100 Subject: [PATCH] Clean unnecessary files --- AA-NAS-Bench.md | 1 + LICENSE.md | 21 - README.md | 129 - others/GDAS/LICENSE | 21 - others/GDAS/README.md | 73 - others/GDAS/configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config | 27 - others/GDAS/configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config | 27 - others/GDAS/configs/cos1800.config | 8 - others/GDAS/configs/cos600.config | 8 - others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB128.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB64.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB96.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW1.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW3.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW5.config | 14 - .../GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-nocut.config | 14 - others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B128.config | 15 - others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B256.config | 15 - others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet.config | 15 - others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC10.config | 10 - others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC100.config | 10 - others/GDAS/configs/resnet165.config | 10 - others/GDAS/configs/resnet200.config | 10 - others/GDAS/data/GDAS.pdf | Bin 464232 -> 0 bytes others/GDAS/data/GDAS.png | Bin 526148 -> 0 bytes others/GDAS/data/Get-PTB-WT2.sh | 49 - others/GDAS/data/ImageNet-100.txt | 100 - others/GDAS/data/README.md | 15 - others/GDAS/data/classes.txt | 1000 - others/GDAS/data/compress.py | 38 - others/GDAS/data/data/penn/test.txt | 3761 -- others/GDAS/data/data/penn/train.txt | 42068 ---------------- others/GDAS/data/data/penn/valid.txt | 3370 -- others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/test.txt | 4358 -- others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/train.txt | 36718 -------------- others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/valid.txt | 3760 -- others/GDAS/data/decompress.py | 94 - others/GDAS/data/imagenet-results.png | Bin 142274 -> 0 bytes others/GDAS/data/load_data_CUHK-PEDES.py | 15 - .../logs/GDAS-F1-cifar10-cut-seed-6844.txt | 10831 ---- .../data/logs/GDAS-V1-imagenet-seed-3993.txt | 15895 ------ others/GDAS/data/ps_mem.py | 661 - others/GDAS/data/show-queue.sh | 35 - others/GDAS/data/split-imagenet.py | 37 - others/GDAS/data/tiny-imagenet.py | 53 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/cvpr-vis.py | 97 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/evaluate.py | 53 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_base.py | 89 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils.py | 169 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils_imagenet.py | 192 - others/GDAS/exps-cnn/vis-arch.py | 69 - others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py | 76 - others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_utils.py | 221 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/LanguageDataset.py | 122 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/MetaBatchSampler.py | 65 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/TieredImageNet.py | 84 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/__init__.py | 7 - .../datasets/get_dataset_with_transform.py | 77 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_NLP.py | 10 - others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_dataset.py | 33 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/CifarNet.py | 89 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/ImageNet.py | 104 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/SE_Module.py | 27 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/__init__.py | 10 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/construct_utils.py | 152 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/genotypes.py | 245 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/head_utils.py | 19 - others/GDAS/lib/nas/operations.py | 122 - others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/__init__.py | 9 - others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/basemodel.py | 181 - others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/genotypes.py | 55 - others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/model_search.py | 104 - others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/utils.py | 66 - others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/__init__.py | 5 - others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/scheduler.py | 32 - others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/utils.py | 42 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/__init__.py | 16 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/draw_pts.py | 41 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/evaluation_utils.py | 16 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/flop_benchmark.py | 116 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/gpu_manager.py | 70 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/model_utils.py | 35 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/save_meta.py | 53 - others/GDAS/lib/utils/utils.py | 140 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/.gitignore | 3 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/README.md | 119 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py | 3 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py | 175 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py | 79 - .../paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py | 91 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py | 65 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py | 6 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py | 64 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py | 23 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py | 46 - .../GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh | 31 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh | 31 - others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py | 189 - others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/README.md | 14 - others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/job-script.sh | 36 - others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/submit.sh | 52 - others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh | 38 - others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh | 73 - others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh | 25 - others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh | 25 - others/paddlepaddle/.gitignore | 3 - others/paddlepaddle/README.md | 118 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py | 3 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py | 175 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py | 79 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py | 91 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py | 65 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py | 6 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py | 64 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py | 26 - others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py | 52 - others/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh | 31 - others/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh | 31 - others/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py | 189 - 120 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 128603 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 LICENSE.md delete mode 100644 README.md delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/LICENSE delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/README.md delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/cos1800.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/cos600.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB128.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB64.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB96.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW1.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW3.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW5.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-nocut.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B128.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B256.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC10.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC100.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/resnet165.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/configs/resnet200.config delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/GDAS.pdf delete mode 100755 others/GDAS/data/GDAS.png delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/Get-PTB-WT2.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/ImageNet-100.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/README.md delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/classes.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/compress.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/penn/test.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/penn/train.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/penn/valid.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/test.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/train.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/valid.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/decompress.py delete mode 100755 others/GDAS/data/imagenet-results.png delete mode 100755 others/GDAS/data/load_data_CUHK-PEDES.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-F1-cifar10-cut-seed-6844.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-V1-imagenet-seed-3993.txt delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/ps_mem.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/show-queue.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/split-imagenet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/data/tiny-imagenet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/cvpr-vis.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/evaluate.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_base.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils_imagenet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-cnn/vis-arch.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/LanguageDataset.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/MetaBatchSampler.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/TieredImageNet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/get_dataset_with_transform.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_NLP.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_dataset.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/CifarNet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/ImageNet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/SE_Module.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/construct_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/genotypes.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/head_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas/operations.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/basemodel.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/genotypes.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/model_search.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/scheduler.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/draw_pts.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/evaluation_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/flop_benchmark.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/gpu_manager.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/model_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/save_meta.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/lib/utils/utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/.gitignore delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/README.md delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/README.md delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/job-script.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/submit.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh delete mode 100644 others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/.gitignore delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/README.md delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh delete mode 100644 others/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py diff --git a/AA-NAS-Bench.md b/AA-NAS-Bench.md index 81a3689..d5811cb 100644 --- a/AA-NAS-Bench.md +++ b/AA-NAS-Bench.md @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Note: please use `PyTorch >= 1.1.0` and `Python >= 3.6.0`. ``` from aa_nas_api import AANASBenchAPI api = AANASBenchAPI('$path_to_meta_aa_nas_bench_file') +api = AANASBenchAPI('AA-NAS-Bench-v1_0.pth') ``` 2. Show the number of architectures `len(api)` and each architecture `api[i]`: diff --git a/LICENSE.md b/LICENSE.md deleted file mode 100644 index 89b8259..0000000 --- a/LICENSE.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -MIT License - -Copyright (c) 2019 Xuanyi Dong - -Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy -of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal -in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights -to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell -copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is -furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: - -The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all -copies or substantial portions of the Software. - -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, -FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, -OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE -SOFTWARE. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 23f739d..0000000 --- a/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,129 +0,0 @@ -# Nueral Architecture Search (NAS) - -This project contains the following neural architecture search algorithms, implemented in [PyTorch](http://pytorch.org). More NAS resources can be found in [Awesome-NAS](https://github.com/D-X-Y/Awesome-NAS). - -- Network Pruning via Transformable Architecture Search, NeurIPS 2019 -- One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network, ICCV 2019 -- Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours, CVPR 2019 -- several typical classification models, e.g., ResNet and DenseNet (see BASELINE.md) - - -## Requirements and Preparation - -Please install `PyTorch>=1.0.1`, `Python>=3.6`, and `opencv`. - -The CIFAR and ImageNet should be downloaded and extracted into `$TORCH_HOME`. -Some methods use knowledge distillation (KD), which require pre-trained models. Please download these models from [Google Driver](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ANmiYEGX-IQZTfH8w0aSpj-Wypg-0DR-) (or train by yourself) and save into `.latent-data`. - - -## [Network Pruning via Transformable Architecture Search](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09717) -In this paper, we proposed a differentiable searching strategy for transformable architectures, i.e., searching for the depth and width of a deep neural network. -You could see the highlight of our Transformable Architecture Search (TAS) at our [project page](https://xuanyidong.com/assets/projects/NeurIPS-2019-TAS.html). - -

- - -

- - -### Usage - -Use `bash ./scripts/prepare.sh` to prepare data splits for `CIFAR-10`, `CIFARR-100`, and `ILSVRC2012`. -If you do not have `ILSVRC2012` data, pleasee comment L12 in `./scripts/prepare.sh`. - -Search the depth configuration of ResNet: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 bash ./scripts-search/search-depth-gumbel.sh cifar10 ResNet110 CIFARX 0.57 -1 -``` - -Search the width configuration of ResNet: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 bash ./scripts-search/search-width-gumbel.sh cifar10 ResNet110 CIFARX 0.57 -1 -``` - -Search for both depth and width configuration of ResNet: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 bash ./scripts-search/search-cifar.sh cifar10 ResNet56 CIFARX 0.47 -1 -``` - -args: `cifar10` indicates the dataset name, `ResNet56` indicates the basemodel name, `CIFARX` indicates the searching hyper-parameters, `0.47/0.57` indicates the expected FLOP ratio, `-1` indicates the random seed. - - -## [One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05733) - - - -Highlight: we equip one-shot NAS with an architecture sampler and train network weights using uniformly sampling. - - -### Usage - -Please use the following scripts to train the searched SETN-searched CNN on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet. -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh cifar10 SETN 96 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh cifar100 SETN 96 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh imagenet-1k SETN 256 -1 -``` - -The searching codes of SETN on a small search space: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-search/algos/SETN.sh cifar10 -1 -``` - - -## [Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04465) - - - - -We proposed a Gradient-based searching algorithm using Differentiable Architecture Sampling (GDAS). GDAS is baseed on DARTS and improves it with Gumbel-softmax sampling. -Experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, ImageNet, PTB, and WT2 are reported. - -The old version is located at [`others/GDAS`](https://github.com/D-X-Y/NAS-Projects/tree/master/others/GDAS) and a paddlepaddle implementation is locate at [`others/paddlepaddle`](https://github.com/D-X-Y/NAS-Projects/tree/master/others/paddlepaddle). - - -### Usage - -Please use the following scripts to train the searched GDAS-searched CNN on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet. -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh cifar10 GDAS_V1 96 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh cifar100 GDAS_V1 96 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 bash ./scripts/nas-infer-train.sh imagenet-1k GDAS_V1 256 -1 -``` - -The GDAS searching codes on a small search space: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-search/algos/GDAS.sh cifar10 -1 -``` - -The baseline searching codes are DARTS: -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-search/algos/DARTS-V1.sh cifar10 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-search/algos/DARTS-V2.sh cifar10 -1 -``` - - -# Citation - -If you find that this project helps your research, please consider citing some of the following papers: -``` -@inproceedings{dong2019tas, - title = {Network Pruning via Transformable Architecture Search}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{dong2019one, - title = {One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{dong2019search, - title = {Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages = {1761--1770}, - year = {2019} -} -``` diff --git a/others/GDAS/LICENSE b/others/GDAS/LICENSE deleted file mode 100644 index 89b8259..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/LICENSE +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -MIT License - -Copyright (c) 2019 Xuanyi Dong - -Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy -of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal -in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights -to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell -copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is -furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: - -The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all -copies or substantial portions of the Software. - -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, -FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, -OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE -SOFTWARE. diff --git a/others/GDAS/README.md b/others/GDAS/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3735db8..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -## [Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours](http://xuanyidong.com/publication/gradient-based-diff-sampler/) - -We propose A Gradient-based neural architecture search approach using Differentiable Architecture Sampler (GDAS). - - -Figure-1. We utilize a DAG to represent the search space of a neural cell. Different operations (colored arrows) transform one node (square) to its intermediate features (little circles). Meanwhile, each node is the sum of the intermediate features transformed from the previous nodes. As indicated by the solid connections, the neural cell in the proposed GDAS is a sampled sub-graph of this DAG. Specifically, among the intermediate features between every two nodes, GDAS samples one feature in a differentiable way. - -### Requirements -- PyTorch 1.0.1 -- Python 3.6 -- opencv -``` -conda install pytorch torchvision cuda100 -c pytorch -``` - -### Usages - -Train the searched CNN on CIFAR -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh GDAS_FG cifar10 cut -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh GDAS_F1 cifar10 cut -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh GDAS_V1 cifar100 cut -``` - -Train the searched CNN on ImageNet -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 bash ./scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh GDAS_F1 52 14 B128 -1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 bash ./scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh GDAS_V1 50 14 B256 -1 -``` - -Evaluate a trained CNN model -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python ./exps-cnn/evaluate.py --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python --checkpoint ${checkpoint-path} -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python ./exps-cnn/evaluate.py --data_path $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012 --checkpoint ${checkpoint-path} -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python ./exps-cnn/evaluate.py --data_path $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012 --checkpoint GDAS-V1-C50-N14-ImageNet.pth -``` - -Train the searched RNN -``` -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh DARTS_V1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh DARTS_V2 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh GDAS -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh DARTS_V1 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh DARTS_V2 -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 bash ./scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh GDAS -``` - -### Training Logs -You can find some training logs in [`./data/logs/`](https://github.com/D-X-Y/NAS-Projects/tree/master/others/GDAS/data/logs). -You can also find some pre-trained models in [Google Driver](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Ofhc49xC1PLIX4O708gJZ1ugzz4td_RJ). - - -### Experimental Results - - - -Figure-2. Top-1 and top-5 errors on ImageNet. - -### Correction - -The Gumbel-softmax tempurature during searching should decrease from 10 to 0.1. - -### Citation -If you find that this project (GDAS) helps your research, please cite the paper: -``` -@inproceedings{dong2019search, - title={Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours}, - author={Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages={1761--1770}, - year={2019} -} -``` diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config b/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config deleted file mode 100644 index 642fa92..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "data_name" : ["str", "PTB"], - "data_path" : ["str", "./data/data/penn"], - "emsize" : ["int", 850], - "nhid" : ["int", 850], - "nhidlast" : ["int", 850], - "LR" : ["float", 20], - "clip" : ["float", 0.25], - "epochs" : ["int", 3000], - "train_batch": ["int", 64], - "eval_batch": ["int", 10], - "test_batch": ["int", 1], - "bptt" : ["int", 35], - - "dropout" : ["float", 0.75], - "dropouth" : ["float", 0.25], - "dropoutx" : ["float", 0.75], - "dropouti" : ["float", 0.2], - "dropoute" : ["float", 0.1], - - "nonmono" : ["int", 5], - "alpha" : ["float", 0], - "beta" : ["float", 1e-3], - "wdecay" : ["float", 8e-7], - - "max_seq_len_delta" : ["int", 20] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config b/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config deleted file mode 100644 index 85c8626..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -{ - "data_name" : ["str", "WT2"], - "data_path" : ["str", "./data/data/wikitext-2"], - "emsize" : ["int", 700], - "nhid" : ["int", 700], - "nhidlast" : ["int", 700], - "LR" : ["float", 20], - "clip" : ["float", 0.25], - "epochs" : ["int", 3000], - "train_batch": ["int", 64], - "eval_batch": ["int", 10], - "test_batch": ["int", 1], - "bptt" : ["int", 35], - - "dropout" : ["float", 0.75], - "dropouth" : ["float", 0.15], - "dropoutx" : ["float", 0.75], - "dropouti" : ["float", 0.2], - "dropoute" : ["float", 0.1], - - "nonmono" : ["int", 5], - "alpha" : ["float", 0], - "beta" : ["float", 1e-3], - "wdecay" : ["float", 5e-7], - - "max_seq_len_delta" : ["int", 20] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/cos1800.config b/others/GDAS/configs/cos1800.config deleted file mode 100644 index 56e53b1..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/cos1800.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 1800], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0001], - "LR" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/cos600.config b/others/GDAS/configs/cos600.config deleted file mode 100644 index 4bd4483..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/cos600.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0005], - "LR" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config deleted file mode 100644 index 830ffbd..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB128.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB128.config deleted file mode 100644 index c2c6f9b..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB128.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB64.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB64.config deleted file mode 100644 index a566c6d..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB64.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 64], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB96.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB96.config deleted file mode 100644 index 830ffbd..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutB96.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW1.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW1.config deleted file mode 100644 index acd2ae0..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW1.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0001], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW3.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW3.config deleted file mode 100644 index 830ffbd..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW3.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW5.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW5.config deleted file mode 100644 index da61223..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-cutW5.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0005], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 16], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.2] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-nocut.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-nocut.config deleted file mode 100644 index 4b89845..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-cifar-cos-nocut.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "cosine"], - "batch_size": ["int", 96], - "epochs" : ["int", 600], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.025], - "LR_MIN" : ["float", 0.0001], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "cutout" : ["int", 0], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0.3] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B128.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B128.config deleted file mode 100644 index 442b497..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B128.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "steplr"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 250], - "decay_period": ["int", 1], - "gamma" : ["float", 0.97], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.00003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.1], - "label_smooth": ["float", 0.1], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B256.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B256.config deleted file mode 100644 index a5926fb..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet-B256.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "steplr"], - "batch_size": ["int", 256], - "epochs" : ["int", 250], - "decay_period": ["int", 1], - "gamma" : ["float", 0.97], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.00003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.1], - "label_smooth": ["float", 0.1], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet.config b/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet.config deleted file mode 100644 index 442b497..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/nas-imagenet.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "steplr"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 250], - "decay_period": ["int", 1], - "gamma" : ["float", 0.97], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.00003], - "LR" : ["float", 0.1], - "label_smooth": ["float", 0.1], - "auxiliary" : ["bool", 1], - "auxiliary_weight" : ["float", 0.4], - "grad_clip" : ["float", 5], - "drop_path_prob" : ["float", 0] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC10.config b/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC10.config deleted file mode 100644 index 730663e..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC10.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "multistep"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 300], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0001], - "LR" : ["float", 0.1], - "milestones": ["int", [150, 225]], - "gammas" : ["float", [0.1, 0.1]] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC100.config b/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC100.config deleted file mode 100644 index a6a633d..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/pyramidC100.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "multistep"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 300], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0001], - "LR" : ["float", 0.5], - "milestones": ["int", [150, 225]], - "gammas" : ["float", [0.1, 0.1]] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/resnet165.config b/others/GDAS/configs/resnet165.config deleted file mode 100644 index 9ae21fa..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/resnet165.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "multistep"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 165], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0001], - "LR" : ["float", 0.01], - "milestones": ["int", [1, 83, 124]], - "gammas" : ["float", [10, 0.1, 0.1]] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/configs/resnet200.config b/others/GDAS/configs/resnet200.config deleted file mode 100644 index 6694e19..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/configs/resnet200.config +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -{ - "type" : ["str", "multistep"], - "batch_size": ["int", 128], - "epochs" : ["int", 200], - "momentum" : ["float", 0.9], - "decay" : ["float", 0.0005], - "LR" : ["float", 0.01], - "milestones": ["int", [1 , 60, 120, 160]], - "gammas" : ["float", [10, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2]] -} diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/GDAS.pdf b/others/GDAS/data/GDAS.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 4fa0c7de825eb1a737cb8ac75c01c0b89d7fa25b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 GIT binary patch literal 0 HcmV?d00001 literal 464232 zcmeFYWl&|ywk3?ayR&h3cXxNM!rk4yaQDL9p>QeOwQwlh-5m=3s8i?kyWe{^I{H^f zbi^fsNOEQ7SUKlfd&d}KCS;1D;&e>(Y%pY95BYB}ENpB5Mu456B@8bwfI-&6*2KWk z!qdbU!1U1ru(EM6F>wJHBmp`AHclo+05camKo7v60AOKf1TcsJm{?etnOFe~@_>&) z2Gx%R>>Ny-0DgWL6I zzCI^3F_)dc4Pj1RUtg_-b0|IRt>cFd(ZZr zV1kl3aKE}15V6NbfTUH8=Q}i z8(7xPVdMOlTm6}(U}&l0Z1cZJ6bsV_yZiSnN*=)V*N~%=Gl27hCjKk^_@Q&+ zh}(?)dQsBdHJk|3|C%sjJeW|~uQKFdJ>W89%uM4*XDb$u^GSEbZtmbP@(z!dY_wT* zZLN&CL6)`!7SH=3IH7t$wg~EEF7wce(v6s_is;2i52y6)&)kU}u zHj&utvak+|(a1UL5zV)0&jD~b3SHt)_ZTG(Y$M8JE@`g0)o^9L$shEE>kF)zhZE9- z*}dpi{tl-*z<{8n?sD`-NjZ?ilCB*-JqY?jCKjFFowqvcQtE~xR@{R+7dTB`Vv9v$ zFd>i~sF(!@xIQSmhf5#0HqZ?VQUH?BKDHLnwx=L3TD7<{J*6uo2x{y=o*%y`NsKc9 zTpxzlr$uI1BM4PKun9Dd!@g)VeR-GN>4go!d-QojxI-7*p7waVY^)Q|EpcoP2`lx`fh^m@!p!Lch@|4!$THE_iMf z1$onA52_otL6EM2Ry&FOfXI{D2?=q@2$c>hhus8CGKc&oEA-Jq0q=2^J3#>0=}@!` zh@??z^9yK4<1`*Ni=`3WMIYWE*}YOH>>kLz|KsIP$*%{)SW-IUff)NWAtWL`4P-lb zXc9VvR61#W;+I1KPB`hv7e23zSoq;xBG%})mtV2)IjpWSu=p?w>@X={uYPdsr9cM0 z7u=MX#r7ZWo|!~ zGIFo*lOg>?A=ijO>(tqRn_+NX&ioFWXI?N$J|tZ#K}86Jw2X8)z$l=ZOAiw%HsjYX zw%lLdwZ4Q`@r$?|C)zP3uyIR2jxD+D_RSvb=r3dA%3|XOC{e3|6lMY)$hoA{(~*iC zzr(hS82UmuUm4a`dI6lYEQcv~6>xw+!Slohy)1GY*9?m0kLn<)b4&oOVKA=Dme5+~ z0hZdJDrs|fCWwm2v(Ff+we-knC*YPUjkK9_H)?!dE1=ry%t!dFntIUlX8~v4OYIp8 z-!u;FfTvh7=e790{p3SZhPGL)MJtxoUV+>`*7H$U2%F5Idn%)_E*-yz;IzuC_UZ1( zupM5SHJzb7F}yCAY+=zb{9?;g z7SG+d;+U18kS4pP@#;K>mC37|j#5uk7DmRDCtGlpV#dseWX<3<{sNRM8p97fV%>d6 zvNUw9sTiB3tZuznFeJ^;F)JillI&>+=J>{{)%q+cJl;}{4=s>QdBhwATg9WFYLg|a zWm8r`5urq!zw6{ryL)gd64y(LM+a@Xe7P^@TA{Tnv-={EI;LRayWk(rXg=7JC_(&S%PA@${;SIaO0D{WFhVuxOIFe z+s3C$b}tv;6|D*PQ8AR&uzm2T)g?&Mc8q;$M@fe zh7)nJq($|UwXR&<72IhBgDqXRz}ZgtNw$f&L((6VYX3C6IHdWm0bVp4hFbMY`G_Iu zY5VQIb3pl&FH`U*#deP7x0cLy?FE{aEi%lQw$9J8Z!3Zd3Iv@=L*4e;KMnw6>mv~4j_s?P44~@ZI;)ORS1m`HR89y60izg0C`EAO7eR~-A zWzv{keJtI+jsQfKyzh(LGh#YkwoFwW(yKr*c6^OefsL}lg;~bUD#Tx z@eCP>y~&pui9+H`aJu9==X9pf?+M>s?#vl7(2a>IAv-7vS4q3 zG4TGzG|+p-Kb@xF`!R?ArKg2Ai`K17&x-@Mi{#BVA(fE8Aj8Iw=wW?2$nJs2^6vDl zqa)JtrSHZHemc%DH16(aN01yS)AW&K1)SQWg9_cx3oy8IB1*8xNQrmtt}n@@)8F$l z!Zw^A!6T&Btl`%!b%RQg3-R#PQ#a;+EIHGG5Kkgw4{Y2^9ZX+Ua_i`^Ty5%KLEtTN z#5Ma6I9k!in58yox9_xkoez;X&=ClzrkEFdm2&WFs5bra*z*E6T0kjg2NPQ>XhMW= z^0W>9>?Uk45+csfoF>&nL-Y1k?5hqvO#Qh^qH}-RvgplLes5^xQ3>9In|D5t$Yj+kI2|Y=-+pw!oLM7lzaV8fj5-iv}%N{;0)~l?8VJb?*+zh7hd^lu{ z{U*iZ+maFj9{jMv_Z?hnl{)ItegLLahM1Zh3RTH>%9`hE`?UJw7%A_;ESYgP+3d>i0HdQnQjlI_oY{wg`W8Uf1tAb>>+38a$F08BpMhG72aKg& zLdh|}ZUb&@ho-s%i8mk@H;2v<)~Wj(r(`tkG|9YKB~!A;lX_tCy%*vR3~m# z<`h#eCZJbDcSYOqMZMOwnZ4B|LU| zKdA}=IKG08?sZMSPdEJTC)D<2g`X|$fpk>!i&+8i7Bc?weKT6hv1FIZMap3e1xHEn z2w~Blqr#Ra_+!9&j8#ksiaI`_Ln`!OWmz4A;4@U6>QneX<1FJEqW0E8Fm$DvujRtd zHzCRz>uW5|WU%5m2m%9}qf%*=7rcM&wJqrEs&jOMZ)5|UAviQ6E>y*z%)aDJ9_XM+ zT51YgppWrfVBqv#>muABrQEDR7{$S+Gy^#ws-UwdviXxdI7d!ulI!v!;RAhscXB&0 zRyPQRi&LKR$%VIY4Wf^^#nB5sy6l*Or*MjCVuv;AXdojKJwILnH7Ph}ZVDc$VPB{0 z2f4b=DO{JrF4KG{G2o%Ks;wL+YDOPuMV*FN34^^=mNEy!BgMJ(H~G#bxl(0pko&_t z1IZK1>kAF;$WOeFhsJCXLNi=lguNl=q|eX{@XW+QTBWtkkU@nNsEaaT_=}cIZB0#c`4G z=}`JX+vRoYpfTfT3Yg9pJpuLaRWH_81xv9uGXC_$Z9?zU`o*F>0CI_0xQo{Y8_Udm-{=bx>kgctqv(s;L zn&Y>sQ~qfGxY8_~e`FvF=N}Qt!pZz+oRj76mi6!UcV*yX9p@im$-?=^$7bRD8;|pE zJg&d-xcuh5Ckp&j^KWiA|KJ0u0VY}a^{clwE4_BY# zW4|ABKkWaHsQ|XWv&5im;$-LIX!N0*S(*Oah~bYS{w=2eRW!5z-qt^Fr|^Gae>nJm zE&ag$x9_aDoukcPh#!>}MO86P`j1&Azx6$UlEKK%#{Q$n;P}rb7(|66=zgnuYkGTQ zQ>wpLNZFd&iGGwPKJN2(#o;fY-#e6du`&E8bbMg{S0KM@8;Xv0Mk*%GAMrDM6oP&S zuK6MHO+GMwk4o8m)Hc}vg!@tL_+9W&aWQoMtC;e8zaJ%@KZTXQ*ZfmkVd47M58N`% zF0(2lkgy22o)M@FxE_fL>X%(zdY?&M5%5&+YC(D+>wbvl|M@xp>mmJ<$$y)(ze_nR zY#;B$zxWHw(Kus{JM7o|pL@pCmDDgofqFFVQOwA9#?=$#1{0-~V-V4xbt)ALLl6}* zzis#igDK& z*MoG8t}}lF?aIbf2oD@;-HbGVJYS1*(hWD6=vCk_7&kM3ocQr!l%6}xADw8*iZ>k) z-O#Lu=RDy3`aRsJ%hd=y#J6^|G=Qh~S=aH{MlA)*0isz$DK6vm6ocU!U@XwcHu?k& zZt|Q*kn=VEJfMq^!{Ttoal=*afwE=gpuCZE37uZ89JI>O&LQOOUGrCYX@yk75JIl$ z-X{$5PY@cRZGGG=Hh71-+f9DmIs!k1z!hHh80C{~hV*elyVX?`Wh5#@g`^W})eZH@UfQ zns9EFpkFhp*V3l^0#D}jBJUH8NA2ivK>Woj@0AiLc)vZ;MfF{9 zaNm8iGblCA*ipX?uV(TKPc-Uc(oX=tFobk3ksKRIp=dL#K}T#$>58ge360UJfoy>; zz|pTT!9)=|80{(!hP&boasHda6hCqfY3HS)^$9iYhtWizy~(W}@zPwkXp1J>+*`W;3B2BE^b zPcR8OaJ}8HS*d&VF0=|J=m$GQr{DUnyIVf06k%J>bzr_pu#ccZcxWnHIC8*sM8!DX zBq2OT@Gs$W&OVy02W6>z#v8ZEC@*6!4M$2rYMvx>gN&*X<@c_`668}f$`_vb05-u< z1^eAeAg_QhcuCJy9r70AF#VzY23ZX_IO<20`F0hqdO9$HJXo4E_0@r zQa0&-cFvOoqoo7*r@GdJ6t=vR&UVW zv%ej!YqZI#B3?}Nna2!KpMvcmt*F^IY{uZv+6&)km~6`Hhb5$65{RyPIO#6A?5FUD zo)q6LOd`~SKXc$8m-Iig|9Xn9tyO#gbev^ ze22dzXz4pJbj>p8mBI{s-{w=NEhF8)?j^gj&AnzRaP|_M6YdU%AgEZ5SzBld^rH;n zlOaY^>Umh*+GKX%tYDwRfaIkc?RH?muqDGIdSO_H*H5H$L**3DHC69IjGe= zFLk`ZjXozOzP=ZNey*+yJG03GST;;}8JfOl6BlQN%%Wz6?5*<-$Rw8MJH=jYtk`$- zl|iVoI9|1bmKqy3NxvQ|w6~J42ktdMgcz%VoRz1X1i^Gn$DVm&`x;jl#I1IxIH4XE zI@>lxPoFS&)}OdtsL#sT77yHHcJD>xs}F*2{PY>_NjKI@sOiT|dipWoEe70+R#ODQ z70pf@MZl>Q2jx?pL+(Mv4Y%;HK^Z429vsQzzRg1o_;Ax95w)YETM7b*1UX`YRD9S`%Vb}`A`7Q{x;1Bk>v5=dm;OCJeY zm!-|oq0zhi(X;;9oE^9E<4uAME#xqt3H>3pJDzJ^!8n(Sg|Yg1+xNnB^2E{9^2#d~ zYV)7(6F_Fz4C~n)H(RPU{s*QAP^&X%NR$I~Jtg-&7%`aLYgDRJl;OEh^uNkbVkW4t zkB^T!R(_3pGE7Jpo@N*!qn=)c+XLNCkq7y61i!qdD|DC);KlczT7MK zt`Ia&_C(C18=?FvSB21S6Y?Hth%aD+{%VyZ7-3oq5I&7`f!L+iO%H@n@*MmHHg8iJ zIlG7txS=L;N>&xwo|SS7i#y@au8TXUDfjQjY!==OFbrR$+Si!vE+7E0ldA1)$whva zt4(adt?!>%^nk_7_J9SefiJn*n9JtjiP z+;?BOc6B$Tk@JZPD1HtiB8d+H2>srCm8C|VB*77#fZ@l24; ziVe?Xnuvc#6h+@xgQ}HV^<3d)3?j+uD_+BN(y^K@ zhnoe&91Je_;>Gr1j+cude7@4lQQ+9b6#({p2L0dDW}M9k-|# zFu5O6Rw!!50MBKN)eqgSkFq;6>HTR5rp@rz5=+;SC(=D~{@!XpXZE1aPrrcLE4!z% z_eGGdm%tPr{McUFVU#m554`@-+yp;QbgTk+721$s#}ly2r&l2lJD#augl2OKXRUhH zqk50-(_bKk-jY_M#XQG+C6+O_VL>^EMpJ8rG=V zJF6lg%0?TMpQcwIbb}7v@`ZYAI@!m=wwy+~`j20CtFRj^eiIwhGJt%*=a&<+^FU-p zwe%0LnNLd1tIgXJ7Sl2^iU%O&WL=E6x-8G_4Bta&R6N(!2FO z`+{U_-92_V-i487B`hT-*U>}kMg^SALy@dj3w)!H^$Sr?MWfy#XSe}Iwh(WgYOjD+ zIfH9sv78k;YIK5uafmYx^B6M*&TK2MLB}3Q3%E&{Mtq|Nd6l_3<*7)2R}pUt2}feQ zirNy57+npl!G*6<%Guzv=DLucgI9xz+#Qw)Ucyj74;o|)S@nH)&%juD(YA%X71D-) zPK2Dl_I}%B#pGB|Ob39k^kvyO0cfJdhjrMFzv=~!0y5{FT;sAtd-)ryG|~i9JUzDV z8*^QyS->PE0*ccDACXJYVc3$YosiEN`cJNes{Bndgb?M6?HBvty1LEkhEJmUqA_d8 z(w@R|XWE_4l$R8;Tk9?ZTmu<2>rlMk+*dES$L-~^v)y~4n?`h(shr@ZIFmSp-A201 zrW7zm=XhQDz~=id9lu2T?w?pWxZ;dXgw+{i9Z5ncIZuKf$CxJpz0NVekLOSNng(Fo zK5eZG6qCny$R4wIe5SLTk`snjR5}12S{eajIF1n#G+T1*$7x(L35kcO{*LSbvBe?{H7fJHVkU#1f| zoKL&8P*nILDR$=DE$CtEb)6^bwj}<`>ZGAJy45%a-X*ujR6XQ&mGaVZZHqG+{QXu! z8(dNYr=d>^7xL)h5ILUGGf&$$bgqytiF#9h7pPQMUbhu4{_a=U#UQFX0mTjL10sfU zRRmLl30%}yjmTAXLKh6v;MZdo0~F&p20u>LTB{?P5QqMl1O7I_2WEGr%iit+8>SU~ zqC#_ERfFT9lph>Ah{es-^Wj^QcolQ6dyK+1rei`=@n*)@*cl&rFg^`ywgFZQyhNWSGA-y6NW0 zY~)BHO^C{Md><%w$NTgtNvIF2a)DAY=mqhW#z_3%sJ`EF^B>jsFZ!8@k(m|1!Or>1b$*%`UmIXM`aOb!3NoM!%G zIsDP(|2sMTaa7RGQN`ZC$mGw-K_?~vEAtPs&F|#B^GZ9sRq2*vHM(hn@%|# zcDP~WZSHdIk52C^TXorEO*4_^`FS1;b&>0m4_x0L)k&_n{Zf9t8}*6pbv`e@2k%zj zcyitAi6jfN6Q)|Mr8OeecH@PQM_js}2km`=wt;ZS~lU|w2_L6EXTJeUc zg=m=EIVW?V)*iO1bk!~TY7~~E=S$T&X#_jkUW6%1 z3d%dkkH{cPhmS3}6F%04qgDQm4-f6 zrw9fbP@#gM=^&hrq7ppuZ-J{y(RS@OS=HWasw}NT%k^~;9#-(7^a=wKn^n_2%_4T)#jLV^1{Y-EUXrc)jyz8PWfq;ZIaEBV%g4IVMOUC zul=`pcRi9IH`VyvQW5klNNq21okw%Ovu1;q)7jv!H?6YLlFGcP<%hZq2O)cKa?bLp z4xHMf4l~T+jY?uezF%uqqp4vcx_qOD+7rW+SqTDnE);~f&cxBhCOepT+(}0r&m++@#iMm_vM4O@ELmgeobK4b%*oHUP^_@H@g*1-JKUAXL zMuGRO4@Ds6P$duY&}mjk*2UX3>z5s_FYs~-p}y^1JieDbrSzF#h1l?4wocl%ShIBA z@NR!zZ~5vth?#k1^NAi;WfEwol=h@up+k0pGh@~lfCULr7sSrszWDh`g_$|`=kE1b zSd6>wt>NiAzJ^?N^)ty~*Ip(DapXo!s!66B_l)k|nM*oDpEL8uK^PyN#*gOSgm0R~ z$v>^{>ss>;2ey4StFFIo;jVnopG2#N8>=PY(HNpsa6htb$(fdW_UP>hjMQ4SOGV9w zZ23$-);SK#u))B?+!_7K{CUD-MZasM8CL#Mb_a2hBKJEU91;nQ?ZFaP_ru-lBpB_OYdPdt03k0Ch^RJHzXuHvC)*A!a5rw2!ubjok_R3v(}192 zK#rvmBRpuW97j&7%U7td&Rcin16F3d*uh-nfE#1wfwu9q_ zsk^tME`pGoG$>YNoR_L-rfF%cNgFLCDvpGj0vOX-F^lkT!5y$k=Agg9vSTj z%8ra9tV|^ATWbEYYtw^HyD}g|d>nG_j((&7(MvVRe)2H>YK?lTlgqOCSx}e+50xf> z!u)Nj+*<^>2F5;rNbQPnyU|v(=FDU@mC&V|i^N}Q8G7Srf(Jd|_02RzYacffK9Y^O zw;ukqf4;1YaB@sal`aZoO~8%^#)>!YhY9bN?6Wml%p`bl<7G2wF z7Ei1c^%qX!!-x7g7`GFHys{~JM^H8eF)w}ACJW(i^6(c{EcL!MpME<3SqsvBf5Ji^ z!EplFPe08a7WEyHM*4>M7UK7!cz>C!eol@5QgGKE*nvljD@QOqb))@)TtWjUEiv+q ztN3OPD~6JYPP1_`-?%QV8v4qZEnFn(s-1}@KMSR^EphQnxiHi(bZ&(NE`L_0jE_)% zisqBh?WZ$Y(C4q!HytCVlBk=OSHCyGMLJNeImp(xXeymE%9z(74j~u~&$l{Uuo2O{ zP*u0l&T<06c=?SSf>tZ`OR{7$kx~s_z2R*;OqFfWJPDE*y~}pQ^i7~iO|xt4 z(UU(g6L3PMk8X8elP0bi`H7_KBS9TU+Mm{faUzq0zMrYsHR)e=@%x;;?a!7V4;`Wc z-o%&l-t*pb?zR=)f2F=Z!TYY1yidPBC^#14_zivrCT+3fVULisoJ~S{D1zv@ zk#HbFS5~@0G*w42@Ozzp(w#yG=-{btWD8-U6e{F>QL@Rja*KRh?$dy~c#f!IjD-&Q zv6A_ukdt-54Wd!`eu?P!?k4bB{C<1!Mdko*5XfCa&=BH%V)Ks4eGT#bs^snSMKj<+ zD8CSc;Gx*&y>kco;DdQpRvE<3{k zP|Fk8#N=3yt=1mlp}R2gBFNj~TaD%ms?mM%cy)ype@7l{88aBPjb9q;vM%F=YdN+& zn7R?8W*gEaK*h0&4Rqo&xq$YKtInn@kkF4=$s@p&Q2WLmzFnVljN8e0j|XB?vC|Oy zrEko+uElULj>efE28m9kq){e9!G}K;q;7;Ye?vKfU3M(jMk+3Da zok1Hh0#=>>;QIY*r`HL+#8Ob<>NN!b;B`^8wi%yiIURIN;6SI>Ng`MJhFKO5p>&_i z59;@8Fh%()@~2{e==U8q`oT)1_F%UnapmicSSyMgy6P-C47sk6ZYo{7B8v=$U5dDX zw6WZN@1F@M7sQ8}e(rtuEzNzI&w_M5AvIZ!?Eko4;7cA9+ z*zQpmO=Di^7DNN-sDn#U(HFMW z>NH!h^GL9M_Cg{?e|3J74Wwq%Y3m{Tk{maf0@l@F*2=6B=-YvF$fk=TaYjTB&Foz& zsh`5(HI4zQ1XF`#lOk!mEQkwV(Bnc1r_vAEU%z!N54H%l0$DwrrFp?!OqQ>wC{}9w za$o`KXwD#1G3t|d?rt^y2%`@ps~_LnX1M%7l$cvVQr)>o=r4N59YvFdHO)W|vWm^j zg<1eCfe%8x=?j#cNWDV7S@e7w6u<3}h`}$&@xvG&ceolJI2nGA`FxBG?-Fq{19Ows zbo`1=sakl{EM6+#jVO^b`UlpqBTyJ}UC$-hOuiu2wmce#Jia-5H^fs=ODH-wDxU!O zSe3umRdH|<@)vtDomh)Q(XidGbzJ^Jr~Lg4W^$)%>A0!{sV zm8k{QY%r(R7=B<<>SL_iJ&qyk6*h9fO*%#&ojHEy6Z78G_?2 zfdbZF&WRzUiJ5KCe2MtLV`Kx)*5#=iWt#R7DfSe7=B-_LBv>4GV?rEq;za9=cjWtN z0FG;n`Z}@Cb#S9jtF`iK^lgEL2ClBFaO6;vQrmGF+VOkm;v6Y!SfX$6t#*aiD@!^f z;duMw^>b6N>3q3*Nm0EjtcZ_w>iAN`m36|B)&nraSNpeW=Rib={>15`MX>%4u241(CckoxpvtW%{LC$WAR zC0)ztwSo*%%7pG=qHw1TQr7nsg&`gVR-?@QWhOqDjFbGyF5BoFqFBC%r&TdCkYLiEl=hH-#zmDe6)f=6 zfQ?||Jz5?D_}Bda!JDSU?F+)4)@7NFDt7slR3L9$VB+KFteJb}Y*6Z!J}2NjOPCfb z8QPV3>7g2|C<@PWEJlhMae_MuUPO3#-!=4PQYA)#$KWd6_yYc2pJH9Ifdl>=8EB$3 zoLUen@w8TpArt7<-a&lPuS6ON;>;jPOh-0FXVrNvx_eGUgc%&!%DWeC(jO-ZVV~+Q zYE!BWK*y_@p{icIL*YNok>G|&5&MZwHf+}$yg@_|sCZM86}N0`*Um{-ctEr6X+wWQ z{rqk(+#GM*pQ8LtsWHJoLKeNe!2&0>N?F(Qx|Mlj#&o@93?}L6tx%LgCGjKm!j?Ur9aM$7RPJy?F=^I5%w8wwZWBm74jaYW9!0||?`BMjo)z69SvVII zza|=GcI90YPe|BaF6B?%j$tp4b|d1{@$nG};|~GKkFGoDxoV^;@CLa}iHN7>!${-X zf#D5y*l7nRZHGR5gT42{6 zdR^Qk&yPL84a2isn+9PL%!Y<)VroL!{cB55gb1h6<#>CCvUS1J|3?-Y$uyO;F(sQu z&u3j~dHM&nT`oB=R-7R4wrk(qATr0u&(x$0$;ljKF8!a>Q=ERVZ{h31*3x@}%BMr+ zf~savG?m2^wd|o!!QgghmLKLkOw3kOSGS|oyQ*-}hv1r_HAvk1_qiS2S5ydS!8%`)N( zN#gNED)E6SDulB`pP0Muh->3kRTc=;P>!N)fW<-Prxr5mAz)L+_$KQfG)YhWgxuC1 zAlTj!c;o5Trvwp%e2{B*@YWOFjP9-{RtDug@XH^0)AiD-o%w_|m93rL?Z}=xL|(89kgga2dA$`IoGA z8n#((^+U>0BJ^q)b}(Z#k92>kJP*>*vRMd#GJA+LVGY0t3;bI;D?kn{e$<+fvPxj5 zuCz0Q5~W)3R_G26Iby7Zfr@z5IB82dr4S(O=|uGu*+sCQFILLV{!>d~QN}x{_%Gc>_UgnlncIL`mA zm>E!(Gs}u*lrX4R`6ZRRmL|A%Lk&e5k!lp^y@Znw+8&I(pW%fnLVUzli55yO!zCbN zX+65Gq|cgV+Eg!upK95a2b70(GOu*0dMvj63Xt@3R^Eg9d3eQgWzEsN1a3;TQ-Eq+ z=HLfN+hLoE)e;^}i?y}~(k}2$KAk4A=N{uGT}OZ>`xd%GfI*r9xX01FS6r&WXHga8 z&mHKyW!uZH`9?rV--MZ80<|JD%!7V@Sl}){>allCBFTo0o;m1qL@9^T&TOH0LG}&j zInZ*Ro>r5+ks_6-XP}UuSB9%(40Wd(U~L7rwQH5d=;*QKJa&?Q^Sm2dV$EsKuz0sz zl<%plUv<~Eei0lODu1>v^nW21H~rQn;iZ0ez$l7N(v2&vTxcM|h2K96st|M=AI55 zGEy-iMK~S7gxW+%BpoMWjDcsJAeIqD^ifRQ+vZlOh}8*ik}W~-5PWKG6jlbU09q59S*)RwFSa2G zg|%jL$$zaO8!a{WN!JpIw6w`KqW2bAChs0VO8Ip3@)bZTLa{h1IgxiB=LR)|_n0L&Dy&hxjhL5?i%~G|e<_-#W7_Ln zP#pr(DH#_o_wE!-{gA1=-lDfBQ&O0hTfRT26~{?K$YqI%Rj!S7-LVv!X1ix{$%j9k z_D#NmXfwp+dOjYwm&%XsxrKfF_CN_-;0+CA)3X7L__En#26p^wSz4GCiTer>Di23M zOj|SnkPK8W>_`=k_KtR}Xy@H4ut#0!o4x0kt0`GueRiu#KJ>-Vx=l>Kx++!LdPlYH z^S1Wf2K1BwxMnYF&DZ-Yi{{jMyxOlh!C*D4d!D2CXx`~h%z4^^l$)@$LljritLTP` z?quT!lJV_GvwH-0CgmfEKw=7) zGI63`vw=|QY)2Vov~qK?v4(@_{3#o=ul&QUVGG6P%%yX*_VbOV==)!!C2sxIGFN=c@;@j zue+G%~#!aY-1K&w-NzSupE*qf9q#Ic$H=fQWd zdYo3#RR;eS4M34x1<^5hgp?%rWvj5&Kc+oUry}J*mS=u^LpxbuZ>~Q{eE=zC*`urw zvy!lQ1ux1#qw$>vW=rZ?aq7>Y_RT96y`ZUTPFfD~uD(^ayJ>Q9?)A2R(rxcjevE#Y z$=PNd!`1#m|FzPeJ|0Hk2(rG9P`V2f0G_OEwIojoKY0Hs>GaJbH!z&Xx4^eAiF@lxQF;Id3UNJFHJDZD zUWOhol$dH%tpceiUO2%_^iKm%|})cn8F_*$vlr{LcX`= z`J9~>Nz4T$Ce@5hy6M~r`zn5SY;m3-84AlY7WTz@`+|-5t2Xf~^}rrQwq+&y1ZIuW z&e7&(9-W|;t}o}L7{M6rl57sN!_J`{DQBgcvaatoS8A{|Pa)YlVbby#jT1T_1Kr3c zKFN7ydWXFIu!$Lc2lvhk_!jz8a`!9lP%d zCDJ|)me`hjW*SLsxxkcPAuW$lOFea&H@1s7BFA%lVuV+}5K5EGRuiaQ^@ zAsUFG6GaIt6QG5j>`S=@4cBcXqXGlg$9YMRl6V774`&cMLWZ9DQ3M6abX5=P|5k-- z%?0W|oC%z3J6et9@2LT~IStFD-%{kBc!BBPW>2>HGS9S|$qqwV`RWzLf?OHS$I@Gk z?~00=Z86Ke%6v6UIu;0jlY0)H*=*U0Sqd!kS)U-39fl3`W^)m$zn@{Vc6G)h2+ep* z0*Hld(N7>!gL|@f_oQ4p3n6?26t~A$$)$vYl1N|TPARuAT|Tc?kR>T@?2g!D^!%-v zg}!M8gD~`Kp|I}hH5me$xo%DGYq2ifAab896LXr3`i>7;?VQ2gaD^<#lQSjyNHA2= zm_;h$jik2FEJYl)Ta-!#SY!j=xcn(J$HzZ*X$}?FeqxNiBOr^pCd4uh z)Kw49;`%wa&lj&~d4RlBTMg_!%mLCxGtG`NgEvvq@k0H$w+aNq!`h-65vUKM#8=*$1a=9*K}~Q3cGJvY@3ufN`qDDws-BwOu^=XLQIVppZ_^TK+vIvLwiBJ*^vPD z7f!hdS%kUZgot8ba60K@0>=+Ic?=&OA>{!T7r!+1;#k?p&Tq(=bzOJlWXX6E?6k2<@D=0EbF|PIJDBeb>*=k8M{48WtqBeKnuNj%7Ar3%fS>DC&QMn#fdEV zhN%Gfr5sc#2S#cO#5Dy1$+h6r0q3~8hqzOuR9La0_0DkVn2Qj!cxc;-`0TONkvKA4 z!}Z{(hrUaK-R#rdI>Rm`?ajk?97(I>IXE?kqRuC;=7KEs$SNE+gwyVlBO0o*{9l^AL@*7n9oGqACqB=oNFyXJ^vst+ zt8=*kU0a%QnP&1YAh$Y+@;FqgJfa7dppM>f!9ZcgtV%R+5k}#_Z_)2Ia1Dz>4kD+) z7L*4gP^7TtdUx(KjjnK_LNzesC`7n@c%N&=DESUA^J28S&xwv>Sr|(9Yq)L5g!gm9 zKTA?uI=o$Wyhcy=j>{NH%_yia%kyA<88Ac5BY|S(kg6Vyl$2vp77Y=Bw(xPD5%IMc zi;{AtNhx*IBOsdhOKg}-RbNo^d8770)ANq{Evu|c1XC=#YK=Tl6kQH-m$plJ)?LVV zBok0~Ty-7o;vY%5yscTkqRvY84=(Fm*1^Wwx%21Lf=ebhb#ZQPBrhnVZW+-SK4-2-W=CvPR z`f|P!fl%g_{4X(JMHDxSzIkOg`y!K6;B0UQIxz~Sdj*lcc~?(e33VFPQPfKCYR80` zL2{58B_PrfGK#!E%>fagDen_q%kE{a*pl;y%@lXFGO4?5NujX90+~C$HLSTvzRQ{SqPE~Qh7BR1K>WKfY7O>~f zn-a)&3JNp+_Ya})p7>$WMWWh4inH@kMx;}0bsk0Jz-o?{@WVF-HvDzgZp;s1cP6NZ6MBJ z5zw^2<-Y)O_jo^V$>`6r1nf!rFk)+3Gw941L^6o4VdJ4`{cv?~h76a9h6p|T|M+^x z7*V3FYqxFNwr$(CZSA&g+qP|+yKURHyYD{t<|OY;-tS9RR_aG3^`nwnv&J0bnGT`W zUL*C%T?;o79A=_O!;ob7+752W-t6Ef^=XJPqLD$*BJ3K3(QujO1J@($<`iJ*suQ## zV7ip3lL8L?oWfv+VC)9mz^7kUztz1&@^HakT=tS(9?hzWxbSN{k-qv+@|bxiUy&)( z&{yvU=>TNoESDI;FPQ~YeFz&Brrl>nF)iN7sn+f6JwkQO)Cl zMLDgRI9wpY;{MK;_h@ZE6JQxt8$U{}ZQieq!@jdZm1}b1ILk}6(Db_Iol$66^>7$F zZOgKD7gUaLMVP+85i~f+84BvH^)GdCwc%cilLCbv9jyh&NyMUY5P zL)zog1iKB)U`33LuUnHyH%L5iJe7Eg1?X-qkrqfeq|4`^1*KEaajz*zvU3VPbSN6+ zOD9`@N50ZKg=gY9uJ&f<1d(u_X_=()w04FseUxyOS)qB zq@puev%lccf2hETu9np?8QYn4=z_pHF@3)W3r{i3MN-dlLCW7?4Ld99bFpJ8tUE03 zH-wTUmtj0-)5{OyKtzIj;`t0rXB`Fwo)G^`H7Ck~EHJ*O+dNha{N zws#u8b=5isu|2GN?!ZW@f`2`i4*9?%LOXgf_S!D1dk^TYqDTGt!gfOXz<>L|vnu)B zxBmX*?^}xUtMdEp^&YQpg2()rgGf285dm@A+2HrS)c;Z0-Q>OB>HQ8QlFRr>`f~*T zwTV9cPG|ioiSM&`tnh5$Jx)O>l1sw$M^t4t|F#23a-R~(tcrFxG|Bw2N%Z56D&)HU z9G~eRo&mLQN_^^6V`z!-uGgYR=|NfQUB@?`LVGNGJuJE#{N0lH*8G9|?`XwWY>$}D zl(4*BPRdVxHfmmWre`NTG*m6AW-J7k(ILzLvejdLH{h3@utR*u7-9Qhp`){6H<_L{ zJIJr!*Sz6h2-F4dd+0t$3x8qgAfou-n|U=?!E(Omy01xYDFiWVs|to8K?edG8bOK) zCcMDV+1Ms}U}Z|2*3+Ogl+g4cfMLhE^1$L;-MPTUbm_eMH&q#{C&JR54^_{L2gJWB zhzG_nA*RK|ptN9QN6cXKlmwV45g`zMH%}vAAdhB%Uj=PJlzLa#&bgUrD!q|?lYeT! z^clF3_3ask;?N8sW~xJnQ!9d2l1{YnOhgD1(8P_?Eo{)oN)^Mm z71E=i=}>NT9WrSQAuPA?=!_?M#>Qyo+CTq9s!{a9Rimj5U2Bkr(F+W*KdEWnq2> zykw(OF(oou|DfhP@F5p{^AH>-?y$@JeS^-#0K#c*rMf%Tybuub$NtU}U9nGqNuBvv`% zF@YwXQ^650Ih{)u*!Y^HwBUb;u%e`Ry9)HbugU>)j}#-NDY%qeti{iPNij==YKEJz7x5E6~Ch}IQ041Vre z$-hgV4PIoqkU;uX{;8gU!@|XA_fhJCgQM|q4ydie;TxH8n3ob?2cH3*0ZX2Y<^!El z47TFdK${NDse9PypHotp+?!WYK)}tJuX zLfUFam{&Sp7nL2lAx;81FIrVNYs3{eU7+)06x;C=@4S;-MCK9mdbNdbfWxe@hqq^H zgb?S%`Eq#AgR)Pr(cT2UQ$3*Db_nCodUZdRa}T=O3TDTZt_rrE?|0gt_SqzELgDM{ zJQWmN?2MC$RSZU-?+GVt^pg)^pRWSnhZP0GOBP%0Kj7_-tQ`^Eip&#-c1+qu+%d?L znhzhuj`vV;Et1FDT;xUEu|QW@*L|tHKKD(}ZQ}jb-j5-)q|j(&FIGR}HQ%5epSUIt|KiWX^+M&E}VFwIEJYW5KH8Z+ zk*!smYT=JXM~S4Mv+&|67f=h(mR~;(2C<|0W)gz44HHLE+PSO3DnvbM>tzJi{bBYHk5N<)VWEY$@P$mPiB}lQ-ay zvU}H>4pBB?wP2XY;@!EnNwg?s2n->u-~d%loM}Pb<&Q028%}>LCa&6A3T)2lqSl@6 z2M9Ks&kl3wWHHC>nC+rL6>^jXudCFokdD!b$AZfw`D$`kRFhu&?~_fLyb#89zmn?4 zGF-&8SOTG%iU>zi2BiffGj0x}r*y_-CnHgfnTz4}yWSK!rfIX$W$!+Rv}@$v3(os* z&s22k!r0*b^S2CU_LsdKtDNi8TZx<{^b}Jkh9rxx?$vdUncv(!cW_xjv;8jxL5bR3 zsp>y?n64AWTscc~8y^h(L0z=;H!glhKw-43l8Q5NU@OLEm`p#aVt^GSjfFoqQrLne zLb39^Hc`AfK}SC}$G?7Zs0GT@Ib;3=>=G~KQ;Z5qR{4ef+X?ORK6_k22*-@t2;&cP z6i;}dO3hhJ(YzP{1L6{JB0=)ydH&J@@FkfOlvo+Qsu)4Nrf%>g4FdcwUmLDABheg7 zs>5ZG8l|aC#YPdo3yz28-+;y9G6sD$H4IzHZL3cYo(V%#4HpMr#cue!{2|?Z4{^m? z?+jFGO^@@nZsAE4QxDjoPD|mNqC^lv39R;f3wPDA-;B~P#_7OV-oi`C#||i|zvj*b zGh8#FovK_|jsMQc`+fEqM`B|}233SV2R?T~EUd$oB~XSb^AiEDyW3bfH)DAW*z{8? ziQ;~Vrqph*2`lW4D$PS$1i5Tgz`x@ull6NE2XI0@bgHz{qu_U0KqkJG52SCvfdopU zyM=5L7ynvEr2vws$jOO7Z~_B|oZK}!ME1O3WV4xv02qxWI)_IMYwjKOp0$FoG6EhI zZc!cw`YrmMPqE7@OQSGW71N`;>jGp#PyC(D{{UL)U{y_USj22(gy9bl8 z+`>6{ZfZ@>t{js9$MMGmALAbe#OAPdj6g)5ZBJ1f)G2VRMe8t*e>J(G=L62Pb%ty9 zNVMjjmOF$6j6gCos5`PTDC1mjQu-;{YHVIsZeABuSRC(u`tJZXsqxls3; zBkvfHog-$4b_kMXeL=0m*Dcu)H-Ke# zlgye@WRHVA(N#Q87vX9&A`oKhkyL#xCTc{8P52lHhZx;qK{?r}_ZK{ENp&hsNxK1} zfgQ2rE~5FEz(Rcn+M)+y@IJ(h5iZ!Cpo+H7C~Jj_9KItN2^?v^6FXg|uP;`X$(i0pIf($8UP3Fp?KDjaZuG3G@xkx~-e9z<6u~{=J{{ zW(&cnCafUqDP-nXIOF^+YtD$T07eB!!iHHO zk^4t+{x83P=|3Qd{{a*L%t>`qQC>$2o9$umnL{EXAbrB}gd|wtmOuqjjF9wK016Ez za}@yHJChPkvz=V?Fbk3&S{Yg;9hEe6bTX`X;g~1 znr?Y~Hg5KD-=zF*#7LbyB)cE(E;IYo3=_+M?q6r0Dhf!dX`5k@a9x9QeXY52V)5R$ zzKiFp{LMS=`KfwOb~T$T7@e!RYjagi--8D5LZX$0+tiz)3eao|CUCr8Eq_Y@@Bj+X zyp#Qi7iy!IID7y@4jpxMW#a^xXH7?a#{QWXXg}E(%K4fxb@QplU5d^hKrD&MY$|$O zT2?A8^7k(cT-vP3_bbBhVLzwk^u!QNc3waFeaM-r;#o3eaD+uy2v2}UJe>(tu;22& z9|jvaIHqroHHw9cK7daMr$W0V__#eUfG{yIi5WQmJh*c{6iWad0}zb?ERH|31Mm(3K(N0A z0&prYodl4j07&CM;vN8$AmbXKYmk)#z*2zc9Ee;Xn**2*hfHVW( zPJksu;2i>Lp>5C;|9U+)4utsN)SietYBo4}|K`3_I~pHc+aUTr z_8kCCi2h&_gupli@VuA?1opj%P`m~SAR?i40#Pwgg=l6xTrqY>j6}kpBVe$w0>g9+ zv{B5%FwN+FBQ?VnBPoXEbmMe28T1o2GX&;<_rMaP<%UuX@@jrpNH)Z*7}{YqgE#~2 z`m_e%HNz`z9JsN5%mW+;-*yZgCOg(zkT&?$=q~@uA=rJgd-rat9hBQZ_yMOoBX7c9 zC_fxOyxlnb(LVBcNG%ZSKzPDb0umb%6$C7ZQ;6?i#6cFtfO2_fqEG~nVI3pNhS)X1 zZb=+6xg-?HP!e<{63UF`02N6qB3&|GvL3>u2`&?HM+{8?J^5OaJOX`E_(Xn%WC}7A zc_|!Gp>;V4iFDfRf^9l&%5FmP()1ei`gMx81$>HmHF?E-;(gkF zll^l98wOE=Sp($-kp+E*xrRmi#>ABgRr6FuT1DKW9LBAGBJcSQwaMxuawHQaVQEXY`@Si8mw>$fyDtHoCGIfr=0y^B1u-l?H^qcoy&(6-U^X|8FM zX)kH;H7PYgHEf$N>OY1yhBK{ojeW*KtqzTwW=gkDT52k2cU}9geYi7q>$lOm1MCeWGCMeDme6fCK3rW|Tre*BePjrm7(v>o1F<6Zx5|D=YOhEEWW z8cQxqI>nlW)(cOoQ%_K@YfF4Jy0yA3m|!+!#DBk~XXxVJulIi7I&r zBrn*q=hCSE5O7qH9G_f7$y_mCF>M*#{MNiEL~0mWPp!+$OWs32#8Si{+&O8ve4~n7 zC@`NOL*b-p)|DRnBl9c~O_D_#qzT<*)wp9WZkji#_!sfy=_vEaZVGqeapKdL)r{56 z#k|+`C-iH8^~M^mCS;{nXR|}jO?RMk|GD=v&X&MdV*PGPY%0bSd)F>K?@RD? zPsvNkr`w(@gxl8kdFP`>hLNV;`dsavZq4!Ehr)-pF7>NkHAC$`2Jn_~CUMP7<&8a3 zbynibWf#R40a$UFCp{NlZPz&)W1FjeyS9FdfHA-$;Cy%}INg5ZuL{;Rg0>@uTl>{R zvzLVzoqgth`hFtU688zS;vwQCV}o%n%iK$=?B(pqY=be0qYa0D#_YfMo`t=TtIide zi#pywI0!lK560f`Z*yUI);%J9D$mKk^Ilr#v?8?%R<>3mT8r5%y=1(0&;1v3aA$C7 z`Llk#pQ2wfGMgsNrDqdnP_wf*^W1zNghoT|qax75xYV8bI-8Fca%$^qccuc;>h$hA z94j_^KEG7cs?2LSb-8_Ve0r`!zhhSLx^h$XuY4`fTW)Q8&K;V*Qx9umdqI6pKXgCo zcV0Suj$?mwuz{n%K5poGy?*t!c+Y)yzURR!;Pv?bdUAYQd>daK7Lr5BQ{`6j*L*L( zt(sNzJYD6l8q79@o5zK=3)BCmyw}MOfzDRUQj0ZE;ExK9WmX<~CRQ2+|1bi2K z8b6ICoL|Ym$*1JS@Vj|Kem%I8*_xf~z6L*j{x5~;|D3Gyzb2UfKb#dK0XxG#Cfk2& z(SIXUnE!vZ=(Gl;vx;cvPnF&7jof064>5EbcMe=b5}B6}Nn+Lg z>mZSVfPf^+IBIOjM4T#$2Scnmcc0}NDAVfk2?{7yJD-=V9+9N@xjR~vEESjHi@ z`AoLk<PJU0ALJq6N$5(*3BoRYnuJUio13R} zc$`SrOVoK&svPt^q^-!{r)7#e#4(QuQHfv57+ASofAAlT?k=HlFHZaqSG zLy50so-Y^h4o_Ea31T?82du=$7AG_cC(i_4{8h&z_U94iTm2$_ToE|mVqGf#*F{o6 zUx#Un42%+yEE#PLDes?15l6&xK6q|ftY)ff_sLsdx4onA##_x~y<@jp&f0^nvTAWJ za9v+Y@9+Y!MnnDy>hco3@!;7D+$C-b@9|}{7W{CGd_qmYNnyP7=fA=mVa_~s{oG$e zC2Iio;KLwqo&wJPyYS&qcb@|F;vs>pDF1t$?00sGAl@;N6ZgGM`|gh6pi!2->+?@>s z{3}*-@5^_L>Kych7trLYAP7Yt7xU3N4nnZNsv8w*lR#?GyLZ;MdmYCGLq^P72kqI@2*7NsoP9 z(^ca1d0I+t*M{SRXFTvYl9WB6dS+6fu}aFeUZG(ND>ICx&j(qo;q7_|(5&y9Ou)(l z2uV00?zIb5-zfR4x1VUD;N_NlOz3yln&f;e)A>9M_p~@_9374_s-ND+8lE95o507I zpWMfEHqGo_)5ZevDLyng3Lqe+*`CXc8m z8njU#&LSO$@VW_I%FhA2q~}I+LD{Z^PRtX=2k(!4B3sdJ(2J&07p+R4mRzEmVFJx4 z$0IJ~f{wU9ucJcdAw{B=qr#K)G#iGSLZ;;=3F|tLXZq$G=AO(A`8K3BSw~X|q+JNR z1XqnNQoHVY8JdCg;3yluKd%iQ0QRO1fNKpWz?GpJV7)G-|FMultMt!Y6|L=~UNp0sQ^3x2FCvQ*Uiub1eNi zHSK^8Ma|1Z?q4pH=R8g2%iW;Y1z*0qu%S^Sk`~m;Popj@>i*ZFS z?eZZ{?{1l=&$|?1`bEvlHp`68A?I+EN5PawI6CFtGmg=tM}u{>((DO$4+3^Y3g?Op6IhZU!7_g!E45N}hhH$4Mt9|`Sx`9k@a6erqhS72Y6%;B_sUg$ z`Sf(b$w@q%YYi{?(l(M+TmHA!*$;j)7WHqP7|t0-mv36t{6%F`Csx9xH*Sq=L~kpl znbYb=lT^?;xyh2OrG-*`@4VZ}#@SO%8`rchu2o+i>#b5Icl8Y2#xd6I`35OF*Egv=h^2V)sCmYpt5sEH0>VHPeC z92I{?WeXr&V(4jzm&7csiX1LW_>EBo^SkLiO^d0ZR?g;Fwt7H{+alp7!Yovt&|4wW z>C&DjJZ!8j;0_TBtkQ`7dKNe=sw+5621!*Xz=t zyFDao1L+W{eZ*!JqMX7-nrv0DF;IArIAM9R6eAjXUjHWq+ald3nr8+2DMRD6UIQlw z-#g7lL3QMs!cR-;@6;a&{zjUUy?1Z8UHDBU3UEnGFQRG>m=~M^`1AnGbrH5KTGQ<- zqE{&JAg7?s2FOhce5}`ns3$7ivbHlG5?GoL)kZYe=v!o?VA(;}232n^3s_&c&(L`d zEq{obvhR4mJig+%bE0nmd?ZbzBn>)h6Vd8SS)q;T7pH)_>3Swbj$$}GT_ieh=kNr!_`NPM#V^E z%l*6TZQ{(9TI;sJKUeCTE&%*GQM85?+U@JKiz)V(a#_ z6TZG|4fF4E%>2ouiLLqOvXPU9k^UsU)wio-mwKH{ruBS!b_HebjT@Ldc->v^p_}Ae z{1boOp-cP2IPVMzTjs$wf}2s#{|rA!Rv!gvh=(zbjm7JUa|!-Nl=}v+bB8_gYZ&w1 z-GjfG3q%V`X3Uegh)J(2oCLca#`D-7zdc^X^j^7%2)i-wTA3mSMx}u#c zzi@W<_R|gAYUBp7C_TT+`NG=^YfZHogj^kpC(uFt5$a_SY**HxvO#`nV%Za)}K;4xTQ_AH(O6HA|JLgq+S^w zTBDY_8}$u$o07%8Kj{`%y@JS-$Wx|rZA>?SCk5+6K#zouh+0mL%nr|G^!e0*zl++D zx(czl^kICfWdI88?&t8twW^9CDd9fD(GNgi`eeCR@b4_a~v1u~6(;==j;Lt9ZS%fM+_{y7Hk z@DFDaEm|G%=2$4JM%mlA)_K(U#bxc&P}*O%72xgID@?vMdEC*8l?q(IjM62_k`Jsn z`SRBf_nbmvs;M*smk*>=pG5bV?}{VOy-qRwHq~YJR`vIzPB;)M#w2WZ_sS@sL1anh0v)xAmTa59Kga86A%!ntIQx<#q!REr)iqHh{L z`k1e5>&t*p*w^Pq)r(cx^}t6myusQ8h7Y>20H#z^hM~wk16#>4P+g#;UacKaYU-4a zW_IjtU1hCVRexpE9b#lfSy)=Voc3loW?|;;@uK8k$nLuwnTCs!2C0 z8MbK9GE7|tSL)Ez<&~nh8UOMOzN=r0%>rp;)rqy=>7(oy>Lc$T=%el@R;BJB><`p; zh(tJ?_t6is?;`9I{=3~&{W>(Et$%}wbx`4!|s&5LEvA8P}U^BZt+s$=}KzL z@k5@BtQ(R|WJT(Y#mXf~5LBK354H@BXW#3I37j_I81ux3BUUMqbhGu7!JXM;My+_Sv9tec!Z&1&%w z`awD}st}5~+H#|vf{K!ETs}N5a>=sB5)(LO7)=HCRZ4Lvrxvk?{#vW&bh+jA+iW=? z<>%qRJ?ZA?CugT@{T%<*P4{a0peXK^<3sCK-?I(R&+4%-wDkfU5i|6c1ZibxMnj7P z+YK8Y>(_+Gw%YsMF`mp8-|4GBi6Mb{CBcspo33W2NVFLoYQY_Ojy05e4&er_fwz5sz;EQs-4?xTK z{Uvb*T_owScJe17Ziz|)X8U?HYLB1Uifs$02W#5vaXlq&nd=I# zrccu4(?k)yJgy7Wu&x4h9JUA~7JL!#^dj1j7G4iaTzhF)4Hk54W+L4Q+!7+?BjP?x}hX;p;65~eu zU{RcWGYF+ISi^rPsl!agNF#!{m}TGWx(Trt^dZdmcXx6pmGX?`lLE3#hMItm9=$2lV#B!C(371<#+haEka1C7niweH0AJfIc%LbPezbe%tViHZ8;y$kd?>Gc4PY~(SzIrrOSy` zJ}^-S#tdS{6nUgzxZhtA7N`2H26 zkgMKkRi$W2kqb`0V9laiSFo~PglK5faa@04Eopt{5lZ>H(J;SU!WPITRShao5rduo zRJ~pQJgKzl3^du1W~;-xXzvTX5dd4HK2sgH6V!UwG7oE9az9{4!JEZqx6ZXlCi+@B zHD)$?C>V@F?^lm;{Vw6r^Ynv1+q|>s*b~eUO(mR_0JI&V5-ubr(S&f|Tjq|*I4AwF z-*LS#f?v&2JZqSwWarmqnxXS^Rdx_DIR4J<48CLtP|k-hF9k{kAn__?SjXz)ymyV*g|;%x~w#9FBiA_Rk9C2R3AVtP}54lui7VQ9K~g|H;uUAMm@> z>rdqM6`EK5M_Ph(9rB@9ep{$PkrFP9 z4cLfC@c(WwT97q-8iu6J7R>-!Cd;7zWCbnTxylr6Mh#l9n)Iy$%3~5Wso4W&cRW4k zrT)HV%~}39uX`S6#)CiGN7K-6=y${t0$kndGj(ZCfj8=bH@Jdr>T|l(XL|i@1$<|{ zGBXXuw~OC}@~i7*)|ZQ{ujjc#O$q>=mK8ktpLzmm@Mn0iXSI-Lt)R{c0N%U-CjzfU zjz6%H=|!JYINMcD&aZ#xw^_v9mT|T-Ik{GGwnyZ0#wwgRTs*oTEr)!E_<)rJpU3&O ze|!MA-P-9!+fMKE;zr*UI0jDdYm&YVDeTg({1WZ!`d14Gg7!ta6c7;l53Lo%=-Ljo zI=YcoC%=DLFrf#{waK*c{f!Y*NzrPwQNTB^}uR;B!)i}K&GYn0Am%XDKr`^wn9>e3!^2n>kyBf|NgIwn z@9X)Z`ol|r@nOk5L>bTCLmQ_(LQ7FUn;cWSb<) zC(M$+hb|mEE55tC)HuB(;KX@k)}7ZKZr78f5`FcPZb{ksOFPEs(4HQ4>#(Yiq)<;w z6)Dv%Q7ucAC>59__qRx)Djbu5# zy-eELuCO^(Q7)&vN7{&h#hM7|KdT(yTz+|kJF(qrTf^FR zX(X85e#5swcx16VK2o)k=;%!2mdBAgp-XNS9AWz4=C|s@f38PnMmG1o{tsjES<>+L zh{;k@4I~h+_x)vhoxaB9GNgrV_XpK_TaIi~W~Ec}=jL{0GVvyBLQAtzEw$RE$+@W; zjnl_<`yiH9|K6tOAQDx(wOZgxO{Afx97>Pchh0NSPi7viWsId zq-Hc*0exY1q21TH&9l=r$g+rhEsZj0TG6%w?zwG>FkgQUZ`L2OBC1;2T5)Lu@XP(K zZ--3wdGWK|2FSi}d9<7n;t`^1+Cs7=!q?rn-Uzrt`-G(Yq)&{dB-;+;7%|(M|e-r9FxBWlfi5K}(7_m9}-FU7QAl_{P zS^%HBK-}A5Hy}8Cp}B!iOdsm~-B3{~+$~XD(peS}n&WoVdfGfH-UV-93c;eD{eJYt z9TwD`NZWySA&*z$@TFP8gP?Pp7F1<((w@7o_DzoGmv;4BPl*PnHYh|ZbHHjF&%lX@V?6S;bb>rUQ_xC?)t^+u3=2vKbO#`%Tii~NhTVEM&Z+^0Y@qNpZS?42y~ zETjcxnXDyRQ?jCnUA{@kD}-AZtKfk(U*n9<3q>i8U$$H7C-@~=n#h?BM&!IH7oMX!Aef|Y_7ZWME}*W~k?V@B zs-&^7`>zcX))QBaSdEe+RBFM1ER^|3Eh6D5_5>qeLl?Ku#sLL@*e@7EA~L|z^D!f5 zfHymou09s!z&NWPyAoAQGF|kr7-7spLVY}H$krvM;`m_{8l2GgOEd?`QR&eKPe-qO z?PdOr;{dqON+%of(Or1_w2Q4acP{RP$lzN#$eObFU_XvOENlix7?-%4Kc_&Bi3poH zI`ewAY%tf;{LaBdq8k=T?VQH%HiTY&IdwBj-EZQmflMK{YO99q?4H zaGRxiRF(ad^w|NT61Fa1dXadT;}V4C5Xz+Hu*{6(GUg@v^sMzduis)uQMYc9@u4oK z9_i)SMr8vN;#r$5e zZsQahN!SM%xox7Xoyg!=HMe;O0Oc6bb%LwXjH9Mo>SUZ9#ekn@cJfLN`48;mjwt$F z;KYUzybUvXbs{>VVVx`qwzbeuBgaRrY25QM_oCWH-A$CF@4!X}?{3(#ufCe$|c7((=J``r;m^m15iGPLfbXY3An5b1~Cxcz6acYliGs#R~) zVd$3}hW&>aL+(o$Lr!n)JdI%s#7hndrtIgGVe5+>!%UtC9keq-svxXDPj=&Og;9GB zz=!)H1fvXY65uImwMv2zy?=ZYpf0jj$QsZts1vjF{Yy^-It@o&SQ~&F5^?_bS-ACS zM0iS70|-xT=GUwA?KU48L9UikkWM;Ii;l&?tppfl63GYM7 zEcm&BUtx)=c7H`kgQM0;je5zNby)n*fY}Wge=68-{v$+)mj-BXQz9~>4t&fK&7$yP zvTn(qCqpBps-J@kZDXj=<80}vY}qL`zw9itT$!S_CzmY`w5G1@))CYDzDvXAL*94F z_4nmG&-aZ7{Z*_GJUahC+k!kH>|0|@Vp64|V<}eDs9D3>l=V|4R_gL*b!(dLDf};$lpNQ>a=|<^=Rf3T7Cl)r+{l_HK#iLY*&@j8%P)m&xOSVtGZsbTOS7LK5 zEplvY+sMo*mr=sZi$y#1ivaQ6(t6msYCSe!hl7@9AlsZ6wyp8M|JL~d?qCF5qrga% z93!PjmOM1DCE!%vC%hB1Nou4VE0UWH<`$(I{^7F{@cIH7ZbA>|lA$_` z&97U}EvXG?a^!}r$w4yZvXsc0NJAveQ@MzNx?wFk6gf>y0690YqB2GED-cxx%zRJ5oVdi*Y4 zLsX&BqW8#w+Y#)~bAP5pVUJG&&Uc^hSzqj~%AQn)o+{3N?c^(PAN8WWwhbDe3d22QcTkY4I$qpci^P@ zThJ9PDON2DDJm*HQJ{X)b2Tu_Q^tNce;8zN%FiS7*KGU#=wpBHUMlBlf{7*~~(9N=7#z=iC==Vo5k3JuC;k|XTA8*+L4ao)w3=TUnTZmo5gE|nQORsqoN zjZ3>-TW>qcGB1_aBdgwm2lHGBYEv2G|1{}hYf0JZl2rOg<=4^hwBJ8WvFy#*E3SP5 z^g@_J2KIXrowz3q0hYR_5`QkT%bHR|MbHd0Dl2ww=b($@tboH>64d`oy`>e8Z* zT@y2ZQm#J|6Uk;hr>u?rz(dhXsKodu;H^+1$|I6f$Nmidn9{ZIpE-fe^vl_u!&Yv@ zzbv{;5!=8PO3QMO$~fxVxayncPCCkG(vFv#HAvE&ppqH12QiP*K!QjYg~>REGvdkc z8uSWri?CmZ2$LS!$2adxjEtD*8v3mY;IC@>B&Oosr_89yAn5`&A4^D2XE@`^O2>DJ zI+Xokrdv-HF>mh7bh2k{P3hfU8?^oRTTl`CpSUR9<$W|L=-aDxRrjtt_kEdt(w+gT z&igCd>Fn9DROl*bY#w#I55Ad$3+289mt}!_7~YXuP}=slaFv%#om@}N_u)23*42}CrS#BcEgDhb&A*C9*-F*6GXxczzbdgL^V@cIY*rD`CU zfyYe`z!{)IqAiU(lP3}dEHu?D372ea?t<6=JX29#V0?-+K;{9y`;9Tw04FzLLDU_H zV(e|sIxo&fyt<6t@U;-MKMu(|_2xe-lUWlwKVIoCcNMj{U61Z`o zHiH^6g;`Z(bA=K+7cbmQws2*{0QFAhg+LgDu#?H#Zb|j@)@(ffLqW$7)C#V zwaRM7$oxE9KpzbY+K#Na}KB_L>;T<}coaTPjbMN^R4~ul8^^v7@oEsee4jg7rbKp(!Wj)_1| zv#~IrghR3q6YDrt?cOf5XQZ#wYu1B?e>ihxc;tft``n9oq9Hh^pN%&)%7ciRR>p+q z|I1BmMn#{N&Kx>1hselV8&e_J!I1kNSJIW5^CXoNQd}PoPx4B$xIi0efK^6=~X=@jvTvyI*v{dJ6rETzCeqmq3 zraLOOG^wb!tr4etU8He%{4^X3el0zx{d{bK&j#6mM)n15mXq)0EQxip^KdDyu*%3MSq{F)JRCoYPBpn2?trml#*ZvH_>SCTuXN7NWkT zd}w&&F?`7mx&G`}_e?!NC`u!r#_co_+|0;bG$53t$iM24ew$bG=h zE~#D3#>Z{0_QJB*7)Medt4W6}Y}{l%6j=XWM^)C7?$ z(O>NyVz$cO^f5&iV)7T0D%k`x<1l0#GY`!kq|6iK1+w>?z!Lu2hV=$a7w|M1e{ptD*U|K3HT2=NcluRbZZv8?brTBQYCX z#g`{NP~d67Z^xIxFvB=|c)DmcE?&a$2K3ExC4ywGKrT5zyX>$n#o#!D#+7Sg!VjNd zJ);)5ws4(A7Ov@k9Y}b^;`G9ns3_}Fk|ZU>72}vPZ+e=7dD&2v@}Zj3g4zD^xX>8z z?~Fr`Bl0v{=t*EBQg$PbGn4A1rAUZwxl7qiF1LlmpL1p~`N>76GBN=in6x-*ZQ2U0 z8TR|`R&;zfN%O-EmI?lVT#4AAFEf3XkvPaIbazJ=q_9_mY%xO#saEl)sN7d&(}kZ5 zr3Xr8N+;>CStbm7 zos+YeI-{6!5%gBOe|`e{^p{B{jl~QKm}h1&QG@0-IGN`8@GZM?^rU~p6;C8$(^I#m z(35fJ!dBHo@C&~O3rm+ZXvmVqhzl*5I zj!AdhBf(Kp%Gt6t38fizDxgbWf{m)?5o;vVSPG_=$Y`m7fDGRay)g`CH9_X4K^{Zm zX>xVBfZWtM1X0v%)d(0~<2)*_wW2^xbWkR)hEIE9z;rq5-+eQyaR^)~hcs)Pu$%tI z^1|%E{sKhAuo3F6yySH2blwl(>1@9j_X8#Fo-NWqsGAxy=?04pc}g* zaLm+i&qn*pu{hq4tEJ#DikM z5#eV&>$NPdmpP8^+zWGNKlLJ12Z*UG!MA^xte4SYM~S*6s!S^^!x~kNv9Vhy%OlpV zHlpF>i7K$F{)KPGV%Eji%Nqjn!^Gdqh-pE=fxHC<`I$tgA490qy20iAPtO6ahO)sK zN98`^fecmpW3Rap<_wy!Qv%UmfxG}9p8tL^!LWErteL#=w%g9C zgruns_c+L8c#wDnns8mxX>#~JCKbsDP%Jbw=x=U*JRNVSN9fH*jrOqqDb*>Z62b$2=&|HRE{+tQwo{1Cqi8+cD8J~blzm% zY-%-M<~OctydmpLAe?jmd>WJoxjIXLxy7tl{Eaxa@4W8D5z2pl8Je%g_aR8r2wRp6 zC&M2#{BZBdFgjw%^bErBGo;(3@Jeg!!Cm=m=mQii=aUjW-ZOR|x8LT+>XZj|cW+P{ z+S+Y|%gYVahkAF~ia3~2J(NK(JA~HJjC7uZnJS=-@IZw0B`D<#A}CJ`(#v3-<(Id| zklDuoNm)^+@2EmV)2~XH8lS3dm&PZ&H+h%?CJj$3w2u(1W^$n8g%1lTBGCNIQirT_ z)A-Wq@=9B6v+4A_657J5Q^|~hq8dx<(yBYZ#OiyviRiiTde&sJ8q?*zdQ6px;<7yT zDv8ZXv)M$Gw}Se$Vs7x1czV3u(1N$_qS9Yn9P20D^rvk~57NI)m1Lnrc5Sb4q*S?4 z6~|2TWL>kI7q?6sB~s~%&x%aps!pWPzC|=D+imKz^s74wUSan+L{X063xa8pvGba; z^;y|4C2d_%XRWWE z%(U64Ho5@bSsFY0Y_hd8aZ!8fTt;sRRIRs^@vwa5iM~}L>^eO}`Qm&BfhwT)l+N6n zdU-^1KzqPyhy8NB<-O(A9l3JnQ7KVo<9Z1^w{i^yX~6ETVl?~U&00FGVyslL7LP;8 z@6y!Cq(6JEG77a{w_^6Miij0OjP>vlRxLs-d>jDtlbi*2BeW+H1YykqbLh!`Fj1xN z;z1Gmi_TUnS{Q~D0B!67|A`9^tSJeIntrrsgD9@wC>STu(d9!!Oie`qbzRrD5T!Nw z@8BC5vvS;9>F2;clM6LA4=_(VQB}GzMF4$1V z6s;2W_W3+pn+-7sA2{T*Wu)v0IR}`S6idIfAwM2}*z!OxHomXZ4FBIh>9BqHb0K?M zfA`srMeeg+k>23}-+zVn@tL}h72>td13WfDpwGfS*KE+YkTjYdhR)Z1pzU1VI{z1V z{h!|U{~Nq!`saB6f9#qOpOuN8z-WE*^e!?OsP`3m ze)vHD?+Y05QDAz9z@p#%QF8ETv|${uen47#FLb1sr+a=ugIfS?NB@RWIQ~7<&@Z9Y z4(Z@?a{Eh!7$iKsb9ebbdV<@bHIG2w;5ib2`Fd z(3rswA#MVDv~Zl*`z}WaewhgbfB}~GHlF4lu5HvHu)+h{K24NwR4})xO7U_=r~rQg z2J=R}mx}%!gV%PevB;l{Y9^$UkmqkNdw-$=xV}t(&-Tbn!UJ1edYP0y6l~#FylKQx zK=DB1l49awKzcTS>8)LfXEk@^YO3ot#4qSkm;Jk|NJmii{Y?LlAsqd7JVrg{VPvrW zcCY>~pWn8FJTgXlbbyd8BLG)=G4{l3z6A&R>4P~8HgC6fwtlGKC0ulX&zFz4C7 zeDY%GSH9=HCsY=edBz1L)X$}dJ{z~Y!fwD`LL>l04M>b^?Ga|NdW9 zz|XiU(nUbf_-`fZ+teSG`m?={r{5h|zXM^w;K>ZyEt)8}x6Q|57zLSec&=iY;{fuMA7r_lAZJI?8Rp zyImD2Sl|{gNimV^6rnyOzW5thXlyV>{`|dO-JfhU zh-W?4ZO;v^BV9c6Y-+zO{q~y=GhLNp9;i>NnPK7*00cKTh*X$hrKI#?;(oN~Eiv-x zzish=h5W=&K~8}Cp3mUy`P&n|F)G;jPy$Dup+z|kO7@>7Uok-={QwH&!wZORIDPeg z#4T_3ZeusQb~gKzpKBj)g+uzg^j?h_6v;i__d}QasY#S1f9MiU3<^U^TEpMHb`BEJ zcQ49%WjTj4E{|;8Yzj`+z?WcnyCHD09*q#UIWQhtZ>N2^^C}a<29$1o9NpB2`+moK z%ZRQ?QCx-|a-21X(KhWML#>xvRfAQ%B~F#h2o`k?t5B)tX1C_6QX8`XK=R+iLy1yA zk&BYIS|jjW;)1*&ne68>NnbO&R64^VN-w&czR2CLA9hmBPx032R2wjWot%6&cy=rf zy+AkZC`%@VF48Z2n%Nz}k-ai7kQ!Sq7u>tuNaB+9iie#T(Fg=R&L9z1ko8qnZ`a$V z@j>!~Uk>t-xW6O|yGE5pvb5l-P_$5xLJ^ea;Jp=B*TkH(|C|%;PMZd+Z|0$SeC(Dj zwQ=_AfzeaCZMPCi;2Cv-n<-ZvfBGIO;qH5;N2al?$~bjMEJ1ioV8vx{#FdE@2FRh{ z!mhzyB7e9yUxcW*AthLv)p2f6$KYh>;NG*$bRu$4Kbd;)pgoJOTI*BqsY>fiS+4th z!{|j`A?jF0DO@a}4o7?{I)YQt;}uF}AgSyfuUYZP^~-hIg5_p81MzlhHr65W6gm`p zAu>|PWczF>Dn5urwzS%I=BjA8Flb(W3}%L4yS$rUIZecu4P{C}x#_WOl{_d^GKOBX zv6Zy7Ks2_6Q`k);RqvcWIN8Au?ow~e&Z8Lrm4?7&ijAR=bGR*?98?~&5ykM5$L>WK zOq;$8Oi!GGcOv3u$R{sd>$h7>I6*~a9)0|ALw#7@L=Y;XJ z@99A?oSfvT8>nh(F-&9-g)MkC%MikP)8uId@qG{w?@|c`Mj?O)W)kH!er{28y z3nH$poB=8N+#It_tz`COp?20hqYH#%+G5}Pwl3-FBTRIkeus&Xu?Q6X;&oSBdzlhV z@4)E|^!I(k-DU-p1k;V>vo*q!u<~)O((EE?f9CrX)E6q_Q7M!66MAE0pdqy~k%E^V z!)l={OJCu7=R_``msNH?zUgn>q>Of*u;J2Qq#MQA=v0sn|4Ru>W<84`0m+Ok_xECF zRaRN&FST^AUGyB0_RmF!YsGX+hRW(4B8^_`lQsK069Ws6I-g5BDLM-U+O!3tXZr3G z9qr1m5tYu-yU3ndqk){$Xk3;pq(ASnd#XF5+Vq&W#8NRVR@R%g@GRutzMBM*e#arX z1PE`HFuT}mcg|^XTx$9L|yLW_q2MV9KE!wdr+Cv3iGW@*%3@rmOrz-2JYuI(4L7O zEw@`rnHkzRmy&6`nL$H8H3|J3aF3)5UN%)KP*=A=4VWMDC5M`h9uF0RGmGL(lTmCH znbzU+W({r}Uwt^pAXKEewa%g*o8rc*MDtQqizOyfS88Gp8GBb?TM=6Tl#%n%M$&jh zgUqb?xqb;!)j5D4jQ&4Vt@=*<}I+SY9=mp75QF_aGGNG050QQ&qXv!IMUxfUNPQYonQv@h2`TLz0j z_s*Yu84V^VB?@;2wE%sC1gdwwCoZ4!oN1BMD2tU@yXUg;K#7%QN9FxsQN@ol|6H@m zj)GTtd%d47%$-JPNLEqbaV=A;%Ifuh1jOGqW}#kAa73Y$0L`-eDqKWz*cWe zA&CUivqbeDYbn7s1Rw#;G9FXh%_-Jij5uyd{(9%6{`hltgv*W{F#3He({fPGyp~8! zuspWO!4yQUad>Ju+Gy|amWX-k?c=emnkCJuHwo7$tTaw8e)66z?ho5K=Pm!YVjk6BuONYEs2Kg^7C_+ioPjW_$8G}U2})B(@{LonkP5>9;Q zcXbjODc<+wuj0A|#YoTUBCb8iIIu2?x=TRFxDgR;DHcjZR(=zEblCfp@1#_!GFe*& zR6UjJry>Y=a$OlfnF>l%C zxUxG;e*Nw7rY^X7aA7>SWcXA_ZMIX%ORz&K7Qr7K6MTAb-XSV*YkT?-2d)z)b3cqQjb zqzc{CS20}la6mC&Rqm6b{A6?x6MzNMqe6g}AxP-f6L;oy$p&R4jqBKf!i`hI(f~^p zA>lr%+om=t$7k*92M^1WPu8}u`gelyjH8;;rzUo}HZrY6_y`#z?4{?XS_J7c z)8~zU%=B|2J*0LyKisPYJE4^hI5q+WfkFn?-Q6JigD(=-7-@1=4LPuV6B;kEFK6ZK z7G3zX^R#Mh>b9r4XdlL1_cV?Ar)fDayiYu+pOWmEU_d)W2XNl!bWCywmitxX2^UC; z#zlhlZ}LA9^5LmQyU;yK`&n^v7W=r&b}cBB1H#G#0Jnt_)A~#iiopv?vcMM>k6GRZ zMYjr}phtB|9XTx&YX;G)hv~XZKF!g{q)sb))p8Sdv5L%UUoYoaF3v-tbHs5su$%6s zUVrP_$Azg>ks}8F5zA-AKeiz~)$U4XF2S)K{3~)_z%8RKV4T&bX1aF4AG!8iFY+GW zBF|VIc~0V{6BF6!p}~KmB6~ua6h!CKg$^1a)cb02cnpX}zI!upXN)IFn6aun%#Il> zU$u+^)n=GU+IyBaVkZZp_f#;#t+*hO#o{R^Aw`2Dc{?gGPty=dc8Y2BI*%d@_fW*H zdq|spG>EKQ9h}U4^B`Ze!nH+7rk?hEL2F+4ZLW+`o=P@4O2W!qB)IDOasX_Hn)1Lj zljH`$v$x~|S~%`ltIJh|XgCl0fiHKw(0OVs{ZhhvCFoe^EwKH1!r&$3mS2R`ieyNtr;nLJ6u|B#`_=IkSzGsV#hrVeaO79q+gmvT!bN0h@2-sg0h!eTn zgLJYw7tpBbrg^HI4wE~Gyo+s-j-wG=3Zx?z4(xMcGg?v2t#D^cr!G$|U#!)_k z+Of8LKY75I&10WB5!n((dTLfCralGw9O5JySZ=;O#PCH$tNSu0NjZny@mOej*3iMVAX-3BRKS?@eG z-`s5^i(x_L5dsn1KZp|KifW#!ZuQ!yzx2=3l8k{zPDmnCO@ldQhjy%v-9>BWMYlO= zImcWUosyz&h4e0h)=nmbJ~#{cK@Wg*kJ^376tcjP*hT%*j!wwGnfYm&7DBqV-P0L7 zgC4b*7V^0Cb+#v?#nbJwv$xt~nRfgW{bmWYr>wUR%g}vHKhGRN^cXcT>K2s(4&X0h zTm|)c^B)2BQBu!jCs&)&2Xwqu1~uVREG6&ga;%AJJz5yyqThQyS2&N}_`bK8f{V81 z4i0ntI2mkh66*O&yzI{{w-kZb#3v?^kQg_)r^ES404jiTAOBQtLafGXe-xp=TGnFD z4SW>$Iu#}La?N7&yk9n?AjwiVS)F`NIu*v+5IW{wTs@Q>t$CYAGv(}UKb1ABPXhil z2;;u(s^pJ&Pj6$TVJs@lP<_O$SI{9U&5~e54nLviZmm6#4@qspx2i34fEC#RQ!m)iYah3#+`aPND|Jx*v*FVfn;6C(%)EF8S22^|aHj^&Gyg`k zH7G~i=!B}ISAvOS@*ShnWKzeb35E~F-DfCO5f=vEccv~Yr7DQabPSF!bLNY_6HQK) zc*dsf+gcU?m%+Jd*~!dq$Hi>3Z7=(@g!#zOAe=pVEk`{Pjpcl8zpF zew9mx;r;-irHDnLRCa(J<{e-75K>{WDA*@|b$O&lh*w)Wv)9vbHRD-1s#IhJP99e; zOLX4PB(vK$u&8M5mese1Te~C+N%5D~q1_EUfAUE3^0s&nQj?*;Hw_C;p111A#w;T;F`O5)@wVBxTqU#oWawS1&%!HR zR)m>xH(?-&`-^}EtC_Y9v87VJ)+|#q0v2L*N>Vq6ab%YSOP`(VU=u$@#_N6| z%ZAAaeN4LGI=}0#-r4F-vpUA~Gzl7@$$Svryn=ZG{AgjI7NA}Obv+!MAs~+!$imf% z#Nh~@S+-8R-|Pv%7jmpDhN&a4ZnXd|u{gwIvm%TzFqj%}w{ zFp*Sm-b^ORZByVaHDU8X2c(jq?|$goE8OH9Ij}}S#d#iwB6Le6X3lweq!oZmL@2Q`OaJUh zjfe8+4stl+?84mv?7NF%K z@wMsHZK&kq)@NR7PA(r4s(&#cotNb75PDG+AQ32pRT$Z9D6-<;Zn@nHb7?Lc|D#`g zBndv8(+U8MN(kx8Gl$&~c`v)X$O04_vn6j^E4HdfxsV_UcwXdNSIYhq&$W4swMi6> zd<`aYUbp7Jt$XHpz0I;++ZVzok`xc0XK;AK2gcaHhY4B&jyN9y1U*O3C^m?DFzP+u zr4?WuWmB09n^Q^c)Xm~kgvY8#B)tg-f)7!p@5AEChwJ0kJ7Q=Bd@~WR+1kZkO|Ui1 z>+&B6Q-c%&R;uQMHeOp|H=7Ix+}KMzNJN?QqH`WQ07jmXo}R;9&jfhk0d3`G#g-gm zy5+6uZ;gse!<3Nk8o68>>Zd>G-r+uCGBvLI=SKOcsxByMuRNv!uSX%xVH^EZ+L?#_ z>l!$udkVB96V%h2KJ&IcLfv|)WNFRNER6Q8bpzl?+eC`<7BXp zgRPaXlg%2>@FL@%sEbRb!<3%7LYO{miam|=(r7J69W-F?*~1-LjYYqcALbpf zrdmR?C_)f6+v?sbnvVkZGdS*7U{3gra7C!9Pw%R_&l#=+Qk{<557-M~g%BgX-3b&h zVQWzb@!Af&J$YU$u~r)N2EHlOYhOJ|-#LQQ;8hI30Roi+wLeEn9(YchXf0bXWG!ND z`7tD4>FWh z4TWH_vy%Pr^#rJ~ z$Qtzk>d<_x7xdc@Z+4hSYO-y9dazi=_3o3-JHoh?f^gRkjB8GXeS zM(1^4x>=7_G2Hc5@7!5wnVMr{QEjl)?Di(pS}C-dSO%P8^cbTm>1a}{PQn~+aY!e1uvmElQ+kz77G49{jXYxOhZZNu&k zrx)|IE8>IF1!^yfqBcvSfuyENW?HRP@YF_IAL@F_@%tT*>3PNAoKd(1=*3z^-(7aYg;-UPW3(UaGP2FZ@R-V& z?p|^(s{HAqiRw?SdNVsx>@vkTtq+ZWM^c|?bRVn-;>}3j+Mi}2J&3(|>kS-~Bs6=6 zYb0{t@<8@nQ9lC@Uiv4(c#4C%N<7BF!#FQ`$%*&!W}u4ZkUS*X_m7{zbrAHO6(*>x zok)O$jaf0>@F&0#3*ha}n>fa~GH*DU!#B|>LCKBOU=@5d)-j!osj9Uw7lC0eH8E|U z$cZkF>BT)lrr9hdv;Ty%weCR#?R((Z|8j! zIRl`bv&dl{Q{p35?-yi=a5i|jDq5zRI%Ayz=uD-MuGtyeoVKuynBi^l_0b;?ztUU8 zyCwsRDx~mSL^baG%Js#KIbar0Gx#G5d98OB40kcGw@Rm7$e(r}m{Z(6x57YOv}K|Q z-%&lIr$r~5k-3PadS%cC3oZ3(kA<8a`n?BY&CqYzochHs+)kBGwX3RJrsu45oMa}W zI$bYB1rHCs5i(E&c!lj!YEhR3SY;pLUp{dIkmCP^YqI~Jx#oY?2md$MO!gjU5_CT1>Z*~AW(bvuSr+f1s`GG5*9>#a~&A) zaFVjKQF0ML(}G0CpBVwfnY9JHygg%MD;*fcdO83f4Iif;=^Cc~cMMP;4oqYHYb6u< zi7T}nx*ui#5Q4eQLk`$89T?}=kpT!hU>1&*miBHB01M4OrHNwv#Rsfb-ye2-dw1rL z4(QHR>V7X6J7?fu?EbFTjUKf=sw%3ZDW-^Ozo#-Xc$v?=Q!}gcM`df|bO-idWLr$r ze`e>$^1^P9Yr1P~Wf|-k$R5*QynkhZ;6+Zn3&gGU(KlHBY!6P~<@U_-pZ0(Yzpc#9cO}v_{RLig0ig3qkfM;*UwVlB zU;RoMpMG=4f1#0n>ma`R2=9LL+J9>o{5pnz``$kG3QD%GZ&IXjcG33n;9>T^LjZwM z0Q`CwUQ1_x)!Hk9VtUT}lJ4&UHv9eJzx?*cJ2QLXg;0!NXd$SWuK1!^X%$&<`Jqv< z)SRsRODewq7XP$b1ycLZzOv%)cNO}C(1 z%jAd%i3+KyCLHYTE%y~E@3y$D+&g=dz2eo72h#jJ-J^x3qpt(+&pi7AXRLF$18m=c zdTgwF|7KbG4b^{NRhwU4S|0(<``Klr+}w@+9=+8i9rO)|2Tl+C@wp=8I#9DPg$_HGy=whaH+0b zrVx)N4|)467qh-k#pF>7Wm1cG=4bPe&E@F5kx;aUb2->lb|DRxdy4d-IPY?1P^-}P zKz|L^fR0*Fieu&Xz?-F_9=32~y0W>0t)jw2=^aXhYj@eOLDp4e%H5t#WElBw%nu}4H!LVi*SWl(SFXFd7141vo@oT(MQCr0qIb8I|}86a_27WWE+Gz z+;v*i-WDi9{>l4ttJ|D7mHzbWU=`Ca_jsonS}kbLmLv(!Pu)&wfY#HkXs>%fzY}&1 z^!TT7=TDsE8gunuXVa0TnMURDu|4D(M)GZX!cYoeAMf^TAa|H}8UX%noU?$CxaiRN zZ}x43B&$P<3JKSW3A-B`nV+2))lp)@fd}?S=WXAmWHF7=N}|E+3?&dln5l)O}p{+$wo$5agHgX}RJtK@T}o z5iYsDn#jy>M4FtNn0h+jXp-IQBu>^#3hc%01aSi{#K{{TTQqN=O1GU69AUfwRePvO z%Ky~+A*k}T}m^5WT-jdYK#-eJbKjnXhf=KK^nTO|GB)U8Mr>Qur8E|hPQR6Kb(*j|R78hMtARoUQ`s~KCL>G^ zIa2b*?Qd~!_s10VV6qfV1zSL`Wg$H1kYIHz+uHUIrtsNor7~Euk%(P_3sG3Pb`~7!Z_|knCTkhpz zPSD)v{x&53hWTH_sE|$<@`DK6g#dAr|4x?Y)L&k2R;u=wmB>4X8Q&t%5I0yCb zY1!W%R!cJ(bV`p#i@?j2MC{#_Y$yBRwoM_gSLF6(cQfE_Avg;Mjp^hjBuBP_Ex5(& z=6g0R&60T0`eHwx5325R@g@bx&V-XgR6=*0D*zEvnFJnW#VNtXtx}r^N^fh5Due(h zt5|h9?Bg*r+U12y`R!b4GtsECaHo^9H>*9rdOZwnmcu~!VpG`C!kGZ0>8CwRJ3;zj zpCGxcDDUJ|2iED6sELS&IBbJuRN%B#3OUON70k!Ze>PG_LrJSsb?RU%uqY^*c!zz} znTNATnWVy_1e;&Mi2UFj!?*s-8>dtPCy_JVD*6(-uD&r3|NE&Y%e6)o)rXYwkLeXikQ8-oP-$-D+U@4Tl6f*Sr zup#btb=r4);4d|zUI4d zri`i<*VvOWbX{%4XRjsAoBD0`#lXA`8+ci1YMMP>T)L z`f>qO*52xGEk{Ez9`Q*<@VfA60`;4@62YaaO4myJPIjQBAeGV;82* z?+6QB5VQun!s-XWDt~gzDiSX02}$5d6leB(bh4&Y= zJxY^nQi-_AF$&f1v%Lg;IuP%Mym>Gqb_ARCet4UOB^5v(Xt=H(j{X)pP%N{47sN>@ zq60k5gTvAS)fB2|o{EM{NcXKg7a)=dVGBr4zUMSCi=c;t{Il4@aW1$77s5xP)>U7~ z6MdK??tYuY)M3MuWqdHQfX3fbVEK_v%ys)vC$)9n1>IT^Ns2 z;$aF1ADJ*QX)n$K8sn-MIIucp>6`ay;`eZyGby)8j7`C`c-5%KYcte9?^~tbylQ_| zD*%8qL)W>pMvYP+9jZBo?Y0n1Z#(Yam9Zpo2dEHCsNy3`Aa7476td7^D zm&r0U*!)K!hi(9IwY|7JLc@1)Vl^Z9UBtZl>;ePcanz-)>_O08hLwO<%R!v3dG&IU>^gQ~ZwkH~ zg|Gf}mNl~_NrJI_B%OfelwmY53!h|F7un!sEEySFs>d?eK9nxtK_mex1pXr9pM|b) zL+Zq>go!frTfNwLkg+_7=C#jGPItpl^pQa``--Bq)3em@NG0cB5^|g9KS z@Vjz8@VrcbPiCs2Bhd|s?jYlo(T*5M1Hg0&s}XtdH@=~nZ80g=;P{d6KSS(=*D?*Y z4Vc^Nz&p%Vd^QI{zd-4Q-={+bGSV4f}IaUq}i$hKpDn&sAt< zCQIw-sFpN4%1M)k*0G^&qxs5>>bJx&r_~`~>j)m9PmK|Cs9gA2$HJ2CM2b{<*Fpke z+%q`vjID#8S>yTML{i#YHM29Cl%@}MR|}K=mu+5rDjly`rtmLc(9Kf5X0=!r7I@=^_-O!JCOUN5}W}2zdz!yJa6bS_4n*IeWCMT1TE@*wT zis%EM3vnH5;6KG6ldE{OWi)EJndT$?xX^bv-GR%!0FknasH46lLsjj+o&LLN^gp}WZwFD)G85e z8t{2-=HyB>@S1dHSZ(Cw%M|e&eLE{ukn@ZZ>OmEj?N2}onVdmH=WpBwIVra4)TKI_ zJZM}*Ybbgugz$hW6V}mO>~Cpt(!WZYVT5T~IpwIKxp(bAy;ztwo*h-5S5)v+HaR3NGIXW>dehE`+*2n&-()t*xy^6spxKcl@=wI^ zf|JgBx4ZH@aiqL%eYS@qjmlsBUL;M^%WkT&IMKJGIKq|C3{~UWf+t`Jiwtmk%AFW!#ibe>)x_~{;ypLU{1|2EZRVkJ$i}5DU(T91%EfxgNw`KqDz2q^`HV|dxa>W45?PLBF*d}(^$w!e|*dfv3BhFW_7}mQ1w*xPE&=fke+DY zq&OuO&8|Z%A!I@F}$@wEOJNG^0YhOjtF^h+@Ar_)w)x^y5hglS8PEZ;Fm%qLpFkXQs@FHPB=8uG148?)nzcG z2Ss?DcO*)lDJaLZ7;eFpp!GQ@ROr+#3!5N<;}z@Ur(4H`x!x{4`|g{9c5CEKi(Esz zQO$VsA%A?j&~(}#a%u4aZN=(c9|NJG57$5nBUW<>0g>en`hD=$VDfPoK`lt|9J`$- zO<|NjzOGmC=GE^DKm{c#@+K4c6YAnP!d@CcqI09NZ=2 zCc?LrIY|x>MGD5u%>+M3R^ZyZ8q9V7Q?Y=xr$gwqE#=7sxmd=R7(WcazW@%xdaPD7A5j@FzjcnEH0ezz(Cl-Jz zRBJZJ)0lQ%v#iblyCE3wWoIFdf2i{Lm~BfYP-Tl&4Gd%k7O&xZS@c2iHd6d~n5k8( zn&%;%#L^*a3@^eU*eLKUZV_OvT&yVx zzU?iK4d&iudk}=WDmw?YF)g6JxB1SNU7Fl{8SmIG>cC7{&3|-|QuPmSW<0T4U~`#< zWohF?wXiZ8JA+ZmT@z;^<}KK=rmO>OAvr@K+^SyP*W+{eeY#tTx{q}FbgDGM0c%hN z%$8@Uk{5ZtTjK9xp03mrum4*krQAJM4Zie)##z&b)W_uoEm4A>(0JN|=v45GqQy-Z zQw+n~`lGBaVlTB@smF?BnQQF=htg?f+0s@Inw+PZwICqULd3n0{?_)#7Dn-@vOq`q z&RDYx-JdN81PlaLhBFS*FY0Lh)|wm*2eplla-dNmsw?2+^zCtfhYwzI=-t6E)61W% z<%1~MSMA|}W%6waYodk~RR zOa{wVWQ~U!`t0!zRr4@T!PuS_#OD*~(YV7jUTh(tdRO!=o*+~%qeWrFmKZtg(WQ63 zB7u6t$O0WjDf{}+ywD@@SIFUa4cdEQV4515Gl7vIz=Rc}hXctHUJ-m$%ud`qnGp^J z2L&}s!f1S~ztaoPqGdQSUs>C_CCNBYWJe^zG1MWg+;ES_#-FN~{vN9)kw4_c8D^22 z+pJ|zRyDyPOi`teT{>`W=0q20s9HLCy+j+%VGaB$cA?6*%Rv#IjI#+rl@G;v(9yHV&+56H)P#z#IqtLWa#z)FI8KR>wU#o&B%E>rSaH{xh4uO&spzWxe4Q(nE*-7sJ2KSClfh%5%Ib>VE+2amjx*WB0FJcSfh4sZ`@@N^qrvyfG&As&i z0!?)l-50U9Te2W2xmy{9?I!b~X{atqSivM^kW{paKzHSmpDyntW8{A@c23cqh2MWp zGO?XZY}>YN+qP{@>`ZLiwl#6Sv28m|S6AC#+y6zc&pKL^ickw!>SvtXv0LTQ4>k}Q_I1Hed5&|tYQh@5_% zCrcWcsKcQsp#E2-dZlQgPM&P3=J3zmDLN@pufLl^!r=6ICAGqE8ws z3+@sm5*-KwXv{PXhK!d^-Wb36Xw4ugl~03 z5;#5eGQl_I&&D=uR2xq-Qg@cw&y;f65R?E!?>XI+fK#{l88k ztacta?uQte_QldJg~j1q7lPGH%5V;6ICYHzH{&hZ%4xqs%i@O=e_sUJG}~{}QeFn79)fG9el-*6 z-lN8LYU@b7Fcpai%}JX$Gfx~3T93rVX|7KnyGhH@Q%Bx~R=+A$`GGW2!eD5#hy48- zZF!v{JeIepR2BiAx8r`Kq%4$k=;B~gz*$E9HyMW>U3w*^$v&^bl}Jh9wRA2#D7s8} zo=@mZZ2?}@2`1Al^C$De1>uGi9pnG``<47I(y*nwd(WZ7|-4 z8~mip+>gUYV`X3LXuZuq)h(U0NbRSvtPdwG4W6R#<%up5anxbV1YF_iDX zp;(y~yl4XD9~b*GCpN-d9|Oulwt+qGWCzA1Jj!hAWvv$|CZamr!I3;#yG9OUI>bA| zX4IOklwK}$LO&e0X*wgYVMDeSrOu1vV8~8p(>=b+&Vd$(#&jH@H zH=VXm=IO;vB~iNxCQoD1zGTDW(}bo-yp1y!J6B6u=Cv5jTW~r_z}MlV8t}{$BPyK; zmart3%RH)=Wt#B>bJwX>sV!)iH0ND`)4x8Xl#>E$N>gDwG1wbbw;15lTW2tGg~kLp zNsZt8x`FVpc)3S)un%Ys8-gb%yHjzCBgt%H691~R0c%tu@9u6orD=Zg&73PAwBWEI)BTtaG^%W_RRYLOw=qCS!}#d*C8l1BoFedAwd;2zA3P`@ zG2Gtn^?@7IsxrBO@hN)XKv{2bpTF`LnR?wKMNRqFrxm*8Ml-pFcM=MECPw}pmJ-vc zT?zX_o5~At@E#{Y(fZB54O`>~b10~9$I7wkX0BZT6&4-CJ+rwvZ9j3(@QsvCOAyR$ zld+BgYlpNoOSzn{mtjU=jOAVg3rQ<1-2X-k&rU|u8@rf@up1!oazTBAoC`0l%Z?{1 z7S*S4Lz7hOiR=uA23h|k`zXMTf}2gu%J~#Me+;U!iV0ZHxQ`8|cs)Qcqa7Xe3_jfL zCa1!C0E~vVgy>Xyx1`%OA9dVP1rz5Qf<1jG&2zu61w)9-Wfv>_lky~nQv~~Cbf#K*A_0ovdtAuO44_pl|XkF=OABM{iCI8d=$-% z4Z)+{>x)^&0m%iuq*qxgj3g_UhN3ZbFUn-Y!bJOOq^v8(nK=C7ftH8jf^L-X$|hDP ztq47A{e#_6mD~9ROR32d?ej-l2nI8(QyEo4hkNK++QUTNOh-yQXLE)dJ}e5Bnj}`S z7`6&}o844~WK2YfyK8v3qup^7aET|qbp}x1>`lWHHICklyN`WpwmPq{u@2*Tj5D8N*hsHrs9A+bCJ)1EW0 z=4h~l>eVS)d8mfv+(DBZQ{*FqDwv#A{K3b%R>hJ*vqRR0p^qA$NzY7bQe)~~^0^Yw zk25+{`{MIwv-An9r&gW4VRr~S&`YH~xqgjlZq^$jVunJ+#MMP3s-;0>5Je~#!>5c{ z!t$?j3!GLmHn9NhA>X~EmCIij;g#O(71e+IP}sPbwD&`~^b6Qjowozsm_;qNYs%r2 zE%E8U`EOLr7vI;j@x$2@Fv@W6;leywcsxz-5CwHK1|gK>c>uzYwI0KG+KHHNsg z!XhP}Rp>ORZUIbgiIPSyBRp|NRt zzXpyVouZaB_Scj5xFmDK1%uMLz#@SB-@3Y4vnCFP`7bcet>0*HO?xdj%G;?jQPt>L5iGL8G#3#8 zb}HsfEL(Mv@K*>|9_Y=xGa@5ha2JSSU!P;i1@hvK!rVH5bY>H&PmQ$VYK6D1Fkpak zR9|4$W}|3AC`~Xqr#+Qf$;*F#F7vk?&-FZp_COOm*B`R zItC8d6{tA^zJUN*r66VpT?MAd(#00XwS%iqn`O;_a}SQs7DZ5 z{hAvz#{2dI#k2WHA)1~$x!+mY7AIy0`R&_^e*6rr>B}&FnQCyd8&^r4zE=cjNgW28 z;FYF{Y&Cc!6v(U>ViZ}c0#*|edVLZccV{6mv7nAprOz&kGa|z$LN}-*Y>#KPEPQCw zd32U4KQ`b|?1PKz$HY{@A*ti=TJv8x*?%AKR1Xkwh87CJ;<%%?rCpJP3N&>T=lvF zY6WR&JX}tVFaS)yxdrA%icq7OjLw@U#hzrjxdOo3Z^mQ=DE!9{>VJzKbJt|w)7H=%GU%hGq0R` z#j4Ipka%oY5a)+ZyexerED({KwMBA5_+3?BT_)ndS~~)PjAcypS-`8Dk_Tb-Vd~>q?JR~BX16PtwUhN#ya7W&&71CWR0E=yf=>w;5b(4POUg_6E z@5CkilS`?q#F{p;=1*3HT?j(+L*CRhTy&0}kYl#v9Af}y!oo}B0;i_wFhMgk)|;Lc zX+SJRT~&Xt3%f15y&H?JmXFP|+S}ag>1e|R7`hgpI0N8X@stj+zOYscGA%g*g(inZ zL?Q+X|4P=-9jPPJOvlxM%FrV1K;vuQ;8@l0f4+j8?q}lcGjQZ$)yR`Ll*i=)iz~vM z!;Y+KdFFiFzEd~0eH8RQ6{WXzayDD*&H%xH?BWHr#g7Hn$68zj|NpaIiMWeI zO_~f9)0DExA~`(rdut86P0L8;RbEqBit{DllMV1i)5EU z7#rp@h;I)Rs6y>_w2^@Ul#vJIBHN;Ma8UKLOKYj+SENwlhr^6Sj30%%rVzV&CdCYr zRv5X$=GX$f6vgwxl~6mJHIllt@$=NgN1Af{C3iJp6l9xau-L1o86*6bGepwVs%X=x zq!G`EQbd{Rwf@}t#n)B!Z0@{tBQtL_89gK79um}>tPn*5qvO~3@j&qd{&tyIMPzXS zx%4m+#(^?>wJW%W;Y;rOEF#Mf1sTtH=X2gdmhb9SPq77wTZcFJZ0W%w`8XiTy5mHu@B@J5UcR~O)ou^SF%1) z4onRaUJoSx#$nRKvyZi$v6i~{)YF>`2hk@>w^Itsa{Q?iLd7VITy1dqA}9FYCxMk9 z#u66{R^StU-)$@^n>)*nPDKYBmkWys^$BxjC^0xUJVO zducw^@^}bw;W{3~&Pg8Rwz^ToAtq;Z(eEP+!l^*mY1fL+s@g%cL+Eifk<^jjlt7D%=@lVeG zh<~bhI+zmB%NtoKyV(BEY$pNB55b0j{=d|<$PsXI{P#yr&MpKT>}>y;`pml2)^uJU zN%hOs4;*cGr53pUvF@sP%HnXxPAGL1-}S9VPeV29L`^gwugpGY+r~X$E|CwwJi)n9_h>>p{k6Y2z%0uDdLRYa2jV1QX+Q+`U*{BSNl|BJtYJG-| z@18yZYJf1rqjs&+r~&2-Fx30yv>5P9&p^Hp_|5>cY$+g%M;wR~Shg0JlRFm3iA$)FO1pXVRzngKn-I;O#KKdv!OOJ5n|P7-?$qe%yQJ|p~r7s?!=E}0_D>VSz$ z8^*upzZM!&(U^Pn&3(hh#@2A$@VJw);^d7eSlE5$af;ZcOd+N`-0_Ko6$d>rQU@?4 zg}Z))H%Jl%ZC%c?Hwm~1oJqTRB+%?SHi>EDP(*AO2V~j;k9w?}0`qtTP00B{Ak_sB z#ylL=aGtT;a2del*OX2-!^SXhWXAqGQI>b87vQ;&q{>JH)CimNWP#Fr1_+gXAP7eR z?nPt@@;(PVR8rAd`nyO(Eee2rR$P^}nq; z!l&))(9$>llz4w0(R!=|5x^d%9=W(R>#+5*Z~OZ%m{b~75++I}#jI4rp^ytdYyZOA z<^fbJlHE`XIhIbl5Vjti=K##ocq+BPWZONR5V$~Bj>@MZCYqtP%;!x!2GONh5=6>; zGB5P1o~K$Eo588LZP^wZR4s|#gPN=7l>x_v*1XYv$QHSM2`p&V)-LBI(70EH({C-~ z*j3q9zbVPa87&sLn$w1SyJC~~MSO!s?FMbJ=4auMvU+6cx|hTj=8ff8=#AG8$SRuE zS{_@etY*3K*NaMsY>lkRphd}7sQ8!KToiWhZS&aafZ>OZ%j;sGs{!;kygig_Y?(e@e4vd&O9Y!g?eV^;^Kdbj|A%00dEiy+Z}5Ha~CYMAg* z8%HC^vG(crC4YoWS-a8(5GXP0McX8H3yUEKW+b?5!-m$5SU8IiqQ?CN{M_7X>{9~8 z+j_gZ^me+2G_T+X&{H1!p6{O1SheHp*kfy(1zcXA4Hxoz`SZbbVr&X5#<^j_4EuXI zAI!X0*Ypf+hWF~of1oQLJ*R}s_V+no$!gSXjVfuIuD2xr9-Uss9jw>4TUhtH)MRwU1Q;AYx@p|u?m_X*%o-Tnt8?1#?hCU=9qt7MY$}i_fWw7h0 zEWkK^-mxUM;c(CsS`|)3mt;7@-5{X>k(d^xXaOSAG|D-NtS1yCY9@ILf`^tN)FECo zqUQrY8gdmm%yH{uKW?A1<3^1D8?J8wNBlUk3{-wQq&&klLRH1K-Zq@U3@4-ye~%LL zKIwXBkS9MXT=9JE#%Hyf#tt+T-5vtr&V;G5pKEw%cf$~@`N`# z9)lp`Myxz!gV0L$%A&dn@mc)DDP=pom33)K<%&gSGfxersN;y{VIV|8LDm!$f-7$U z7K#)QjzvPI)4UN*IVpOuIUEY4N^uxuoKxvjCz2_UycE8bY^FOBLor626C2U-g>N29 zC}FW^hHJ|3qBKS-Z%=Z;)4CL4q)DOevj*QmLrWwAP}gOdXO=0l&3J!<%sZVYlV@LwShs8 zIg0jwis0hPw6+<_0N{5=Uv7eei)_|IjBYeu6_$_?qu+PXd(Vj+bs-7SG<48D`naSU z-(Z%UP0r;fbKdA93@i)mXN)*h|kUmVs zpR43W-wEFW)NC^m{ooEYM|-D%gJ}=03ds{}LPXop60tF9P-R9|b0DU|I(wQ3qT7|* zn||0o&FuuJw*+^92laP)TR*)dQzFT=RF$`f$0U+8J{nw1uHTeu_<<@#`)>-;ZY1#8 zc&(B=nJ{J8JtIO+JBj5Yf{F^3O~N3;X%VIpiDhCM?m+piurkv2f>xKn1dr8N&SU6! zqFzSbu7i) z%QE#lYA9MB5IGkmV6+jEQ4kVyb7hM=eYGlq3^6`*m`lCa@ltS-s7h!CCxr0S0@XnpkKED}TJ621)pVNnU%m@&zjTSM@!PWG`DLN6yI#kd45Y} zSD|vVp24B&DNGWhU>BQYNHZ%b3e#rFVn*8vaOY_bp}1&Ykv+Y&z1)|Y6vrg`*W@hX zh=HN09o&Y4xB@LnsTPF>SaE)_V7WUff`0$hY8%&kH4t^2gpN|&x~h)c?3Uv%h0D1pskt#Hd@Xg~XF6r<^v5+4k z#L4e}Wr_2^Ifo;8T`VVY#Ax}??2lC&lUuIpLKCtUb+sk*7vOKHsuc(=r7S)5DN3Zm za+U?eF@+rqWFV9h=eN*K8640@(+ZMadO5?Xl_6Vb(%_1sMdGje(>UjuyzJ5>C;KkM zc~&nG#Djd^`legD^NTpSlKmZ%O^e3FmTiyJ#I>@`BR}$y6>?N#lKh~iove^A^4w2K zWhp64_bwOgffVWA#lvq#<-sRMh#4h-Ql55@u@5-PV54WsRM-;JCqiQxD-v-VXq|<4 zwd14Z*6>~%tW%u`&~iymZQ!*U7&t@zB=U3;j5iMLmyu|@M_;0nqDmHUHS}sEA{k{8 zV~{J(J00YMbkp)$E^1lnaV1fV#tUhq#+05#ZIQcALT$#o`&3pvHwhTN{*JLvztkprn=r8hPY_S5#SFn;-Gv`@8 z{~&z+Q7FX|V!y%m&t{bkLudMXj+r=jD*X`q$Zg;ZI6dCjjly1dOXJ*LKc3}g;+;+2Y_ zKhld82v({*B#bl*b`X0B<6y3(FK9n^D^uvLVX_Rh56hcKcJ{DMizHaRl$o(|s3oB3 z=Ao6&7yRG27NmBMvPr1Ij?oCmxCK20m0XJi&>@?1J$iPF1E@L|eTzjE77GIjRFC6- zcYY#Of;wI2dOLk%%DZ1;`&3E>@Gg{Vwd#5Gk^1+lM>F zn{YsJ`^bww8p>KE<0n8)JRWzISPtvz_w!zYTj4!JKMYlh@k?StYN)S3=#9W#`nJro z#wICzJ5%{->%8HQG^%3z0#3vtMC~hV#ygx46Au7laYk!1l^yIM$}=S30^!idNqEOZ ze5j$7E4wddvX`Z6*SYq~D!-p+Yp6G_?+hopC*AKGS^2|G@uukfvgrAIblAIIIkaz` zQ@^k1YUSk3&xcFZW)g*jhTd+6?rR$8y`0=`wsHjTzp*K*W=(^{O;v|R})@sx~)y_ z_ki&>UcFg){Q+OL&GF+uo|@t$YJdJbzE+&-sWahJbiaMdk}{jH7crA?7d`kr=XtO3 zp69reZ`yd?Ixcr}LzHjkZWg@fUe(%h_I6#Qn&w_rar0;Ur@La@FYSH!y0>TP`dutH zR$eJTdyb(_(>^l|V=;(sskYyhSdF1z)ZQPgu*+}r`GenAe_XuO@w}UME8P{aF z&{N}wz$95T)+d_jZjsXJl3(twmm*yCBF=vZPBgqNC)1M6fn?G(-R!@eH(7XRr;5kn z^SvJy|3ikKPyA>tIV>Nu%w2wp@@ntWn*QSW_TH-Q>@Bsnl<$u1T9xpPh#hXmOZW8EVdU=#+-Ml^`7rO<8wPk zIXv)YT`~-(>J?s0QXlQb<3%jE+TM|4LH%IsK$N}`S{b!`u;Cr6*~-AJd_OHc7Jt6N zaDu1SdpR1~(B!a;LvUOv=k$6zc}X)8eMYFv3VZeC7x#{C3v$qSo}P@9MZv z+cb6Ov#3c%wizO`E@-b ze)u>tWJ0#y-?_c3a(88w;qh{+wdky%6P>1cQHE*F#6PljwnDX{lnZgv`~5IBWzg@z_@j*&!@l6|KljE?7D|wsVBpmmzqxP&%!Io1T3=r^75Vg zG~+p=AvfP`DSqzf&7KG(w~o*Yy~1tg>0jL%!u!cy1w{WUqg>2>3EjQii#y{62Da@w z?GM~fm%ERIc=xu78-0cM&60=O5t1h-nm6kCuFM`Lls$ZP>-|^J*%yMocU)iJS7-U> z-6lIBJQwi}7*BViDJtX<{=*}EYl5+8r7qloEj}(Tzb7R~?yTMR^0zntFl;Zj|F`|b z&hQ`Yr~k6YBx7o4?qb16z{v8yjle%tWk#m|Q1&TU3 z@_-&g)^{L;Ofi0Yfvwtd07ayyLq1=-2rPpg!M6qy0m)LV z0Urf%&Vir7o)FvaFf`5bOVvqp<;~UX`S|GR>2)b!pwiE8>O}=(-vkxn0`X!(A6-E; zg89M0S_tYI_>=9EngGM%?3D5Q`4-`>!JNVWVt_YqgM$qmF!3O;`JpNwISA;h{`%(@ zO86DP`UTV$*z5jFz=QCc?uTfhPROz6&a^lJe!2%O`qGE=6o9+&8{C50@}{7BZUYF_ z@Er!yRg94FRY9I&r7oD*=F$(&@O*c|JR+devrh%>ONfDP z;QQsm&_V!`hKh)Q3aD=bD7`i2*LLk4IA2ZOw%`~&yBUZ-zj_h1LHKWwBZSsq!!O8B z1qFG`0JrCW*Z0rsK7LvuNYJ{_^*mtfbY2|6m)tW<_NlA57|kB;4Qvmf5eEd20RPXg zPqV=MG+N}{i+lW+>(9IKv&`S=6%L;nFWZcqoJH(Aql5I2H#abWz>uII;35q4U*9x^ zze2xle|_ZYsD|Jo_wD$%{%J4uZ@zd<1HSNI>IeR4Oh-o+*2e7n!cWZ%4((%0hdB7o zJnvQhvPb<^J^UWN`?ix99|XL*r+>PCd_xNB?#%G{17j|GPE(_Z!sLat5OFhkb{y8M-~clJdI=F(Atm>c;G!d=Ken#~9q0}u-JFiz;7?GZqUKyExg z*uEVTW5PSROH#H$`pE%#{WhQ1(aZ*~Gu>6f|Dq=>9`X|<{^ zo6$J2P+g3~wo@Pf)mFd5E{DLEuimBUA`7YSO%*aXHKZ?+YR^I@bz4cGdqcb(Np_xa z8wD@%2ru_Ai|0wAk-nXvg5Fw1AN{fW9;1K$_$zv3UM)i>pI@svRwgdGO0J*$=9M<_ z0RcHX#7MqI7!K;$JENRMn&%MXH_qd-Lwu=-xz=h`W zA_iaY;;v4FKs}CGP^w-wtchm6T4D;ABo;lU`mky;N(AY!m)pbTHE$z!LvVfXk;^u$m(m+W9RoU#G~Mx#LCa*MtjT!XiLuazTTrH= ztckq-$;63DxxVZZyV-8m_hk-DMXUSR+9K$WC6Pf#;9zkw!+}oQlHuiQ?yJcuTJ^h} zm@a1CM%&yy42YoNhzwKp>fxZFwY}A#npj?#Q6GY9$yA%QG_~>Mv3@%0v^laZ8Qju6 zf^u-g)~~rUcySa$1Jt6ZK2yz+ymh(Aih!y{tH{ZQz_ID5Hmds6RN6U{hBSrRudW6h`W}a z8YOBMZ;n-Ab;d!d_Vd6ZtY6l6lfZ?Ze0SMh30MILktODOQRQ-$1~jr*2oH8Zg2zd2 z`>e_KG)7ZH$@=-`6X$F?7}6$%UxEx6aTn`wrnh2SM)=NvYV#r+9jt~cCzLLfMIQTL z+!&F)iumh!VWVZV^z=L)vP~8y<_&h$r^%O4Y1Y`8S|>3q`P?(zRs5>tea*0rwP#hY zTx}3pZ!>PiUly(sma2oo`X}1i%=62JzB?2VU{1fr9KV>(N0! zP)G1y!(4N?XlQ9RxR{jIHt8KX!KC-jF1eW-ia0i|hs8W~ZQbt=#ltU#u*=4e@aAH! z%f=mqVvk#ys8@1YK1Jrh8O=@3cPPr5w6>(4e?6zV?2R_v>%gjN9pACOd*!ug*-{L* z_X4}vz&xh48elHhg=ly z)*ahzP!`!i&vlQQsAkZCJr7iODa|1d6L6xtRA|}YIAURwa4-i2#NVwSE*JOk(6s>Q zGyRZ8c8#MGM!#t9L<^i2Vp1b^`X@7^yCKOxc#s-$p}>^0r4F+?A&R6L4-dCyK{)6} zdUG`Fk-nH(f_FG=%{)|y2(R7Rg+kGKAT!3>{m^tP*Y32?hoBbfdI~06OD<1{EGj1d z9&?@Jtd-7_($hxj8#EhIZ1+S(#R4*^D5joFi~3alyW3{|gUMq*<$!1S641!5zmT;o z`4RiB$YZwp8cJtpw|k{qVL}I!WT#=l$7tafvYfq&{lsS0iJByp;I{Mt9hXJj!h$S2 z%XNSwf03ITzG9a4&R_M4*N~`u-Y1js^K+77kT*XqJVN$5vn4e?q`qPLXmWB;0GE72 zkfzl|8F16%8M=3SHYbweN{>g!xV3_iBCWRw0~hBD4^6Krmdo%4Pz48V^q#|fvwjMJ z`tBo7>wE@{=2dU{Y<^d!wMKGMXjFr*iZ~1veVx)itVctG$#q$H=+wZ@KmXi%w>su9 z9;_$?PeTSSN3JS5I+nZu{mbrioc#bOtjX?M;e>j7d5sFOQ;a+~6MB8cj9f8hFo3 z`D30dV3r%Ak+Dh?du;U~ImmsH%lmRi`opJH^1W|>h7bR4`4TyKczPnKMle^511A9F zZ}YE-KS%5vDzrA>Ru-HOw(YmvScZX`|EpKEIW;azAFc*6b zq5pM4*CKuWah$T`3MGhiiYTRqzk2BsX@3jpKt#51iVka5W>tJVF2(n)iR(EQNI!-F zP%gnBNWGZoO*{_oKB;TcMxZc4!NYG5P_aWS)m^@e;PUO(I!)_yY>JksJ0~i*IEQK> zINQ=mqjI(5%PmH+lP62f{=Sms+Mp#0Tk6;C5aO>{XW8uK&Eww71iO1@4EK%j2EZ>p z3-C#++DBASmKX-uu9+-9bvv+XcO3Sp(74SzCTsq4npNGLb?Dlq zH8HZOh*xe39L02fkV@ozfn~eAk>lX&cqtZE7Tk~4*$;)?(mfjsa`n5c_UrDvh|W|w zbLX%=w#LNMH|voS?ZvM92x9m4w$GFdLYk7~7V!85Q?27KxauW(szY31CYAL<;dzC( zn@L6JTEAKc`nE~g@Y?O0hQqTES=uce!5yHq9f=ypB2KKV{~ANaSh%=_?ShhJdaD=P zN;VF0DGzZxU$(Fx&xvJ?OH%^8YW6oc4L9JWdcG@cNL`pc)4Qk17TYd|DWOIDo z!f?^h2G=n*Jm52#>z}p_nKr4XthiaMwj-teh-=nW8%B@bGqRc2_A+s*Xk67g?JHBKgDi!QDb0U}MwnTGgj|CWEQ z?5XRwV(PAYggu*YiHxO6Z97`q8%ho;FFD z<(-Oib*};Ll!{qtk#CwB&c5aBgu2m5n&-QJhBeXAX`HA@)tjBN-%~hh-?J(sh>wFY zdK;!671qfToP7Nh@b&yOe^b#p1}yPXRDX`BTYSzyMLtnLNQG7$mt2)m53j}KrjqN* zMm%FZMr#y@wy5CtxFnW?JaggCu0@3S*?$f=Wh&@>3qEXxQ-L-Qs0V$n!uTaO11aIc({0Fe3PZNGkMLpir}A|r2M zj`KTCpKPW9fs`dEd{pM5Q>=VuGscs`^l8-X~r5BNy@A#vG5eN(QHb zi&+50((Ktgv=Q4DQ`g1wFlV$?M0|Pk708s>MOcg!6MwOdweTqs+5MOSy^ov}1H z!S4LU?3ZTxtu*n#xGF+Y7+y*G`2yOLLPnw|?Xz#-@v?ryALfw%tQU`DZqq4aY@A%F zZ}vJ*kMRKNFxd(6CP>2WtmKpH_caK5DvLf3JRPgjyC9^^1JwR?_K3M{!jb8ZICmEB zAI`57l?jBpEvcQ|>Hs~ou-L}MHQf#Ng=ivKN#*=|xx&{^r8l`|h!>foRLKDB;igH)z6QJcfhYYc;s|Lz%e$D;Q8I=B1>_&LYc&;Z*vHu3 z(B~iXBX1`eybGfwqtyPV*!XY|4;A~?ga#SnV)Jc-0%%S4)*73E(w8A4+VojCh6x-# zy_FrCD5h(hu0I-+O5Kr{-P9B*CVms?qP3?=( z3mJwQ>$5bI!&}{IV}lFWey-FHDmmd!eURzq^${ZJHz*UwI&eXMIm_sl#q3a*)E1@_ z_n_C2wn*xht{+{d#v=kT-e}hLFI&(|U!8rttI^q~J>Bi?*SOr7TJ;Iz#IdzD@p@neSY(y^XTT2$A(goLZj#4# zDF-qko#~1&pY`DFc45|*o{Mxe+hjsRq2dSuf1(0>uUBDDQu#HiTS(6Q^9C@lF7j`+ zog%%e*(L6<@ao({dgUS^hwdlVC2G~(W5A}*OM4g&8pr0@HU0KWux1t8(fwgMXrrf- z52vz(?h6lRze=Gyo$CvfW~}g-brx0*rI#dg^Q?>e3x#Fxy_+~JQ%ciV;}`xm%=M^; zVQR-=)AGrFrPO&hOYCq<2;8QO$y$KI=5CasL5;-N+XULU0qSu?l~bqz`4I2i;qB2< z_2q8XJAycWScMc`yaN_*?<^mMmJ9SA*P+%u5+GSjBCdgA3_M>dCD(r<8F8$$^FbMM zG;yJxUi|Pp!w?n}0jB@obeg2nd8qEULN6mXphqbT{Vf`fRjzaouqT_>_Elp#lSq6S zV?FkG8xk3ub&ZBIb^QBr^C3CYEGJaT$)3fI+C0MRPQ5uWPlzl;U(5^ac;F6xSkAWj z%@nj@dN_K{6H1eH0UV3GC~#YIs8yYEq_N!Wk2txk!%(b*Ck^t4M)k}xAOJ(*p)$Y53oSidk7u zKaxZF=OH&#u+{#8pks!&4Q$-JDUKZ za+$5X1u|tQtubNc+L;mSR{CAEL92CmO-YebbrBorEA7agmw$uwf&}O5vtn}@>@VyNEK+jc2H}Bzu$Y(s6P_jyVH(bOyx3UD;^kPIMfc!=_ z^&5z1HnLko&JX8UnXs1Q#aaH+dG4ajeaS;M73+*7v);#lAL5_^@h*#ZV(*}v z;!`-%rUCos9Ez^H>eZ5PaHxQpm6c@ZQ|9JnnF zhEdf}^K~iN^vUZP%AaoQ<*nv5T*~?<;xUtnM^EjPBp%VTHR`4@#H+6ssoqp!mn z0I8Oy)jl4hc& zsYPR>@(<6JeWDU*w0C2_6kicqq2`-1V{@!aar1HFD9^@0-L0POfjz zySL79@jnp29sbdk9~Ncvme8DD#x`))INOiCWe6ee`k-%*ESPH2qujzx>2=d^7BZ1S ztqq6qK3(VZ{LsxiL|u}&#$xf>n)Y!%PUQE|kQe=%h(X~3M?VSS>R_4RqGXmu-&f@F z^k=i253lU0{zbu;H>o}L5w%}gRaRl{<+CD`s zt)|LLD0}YBY9Uo%`F&}e?0JwSsl_$!_gQ+uXs+EMN$ml;<3Yk>kx-7~WXhilMC$PF ze>qAgq-vncTine(_$;;f^YGWy+w8@$Nt~_%CMA*1S1GmZLt`gW=Eb2si;6``kn{Wu zwUNC39bhz5=v7B)%VA4nE6UmUA@~+tCub!Gao*OkCOnEaSVtdqBH88127il`~r zx+es8UeHd8aALD139C>sb1{LYL>3FyL6uqx)?>wpJx|!F;&=!JdjG zQrn?C8OsGmaqBd?xiizmE}6iN&*1w5a-&uI)8)5>DsHXtJ4%nW09BVW(U!Qbq@(PU zGJ^}{lwQzN-@}=otD`^iWksx}?5{JygIKIeECZQp< zufOrarbsMDXPNjY@%G5v+x=(GQoF&?%T#961{+4sB_LmCG@LT=BT8A-htLx$Uf>pHkLHeS43bAp zS~!+E2&p@Yg2xE&wfay(MNVOUBYj@oGs`%i^s|kfEo?V6&TOZ- zuhq(3*c}5o3V;qm`GzzKc;VAMU+7gRT zA3g@5yE%m(=C}M~&FOULN8Ms|7~N2H%4 zQchRTNvc5SLQ1Jk^V`(Q&4YJ*B)QHGlcW)6XZN0GMZwJ4r(MHnT}#?w#IT~jN8aam zQKjvI5(*@M9LwgYeJT!Frh$(OHNAl=uCaIBfp3fxrJ50WMP3ryU38sa*JD;*EmH5< zABbG8e(t}R4>JCL&j;BU{uhs!iGZDx^(UGBKW2yjIUnR?VEDi0gH2#6i<=m9G7?hm z%mf4y@beKa?h!5s3=C6!3@(4>apxt{2$1Iq=Qjxma6v!{T(;+0zqebLyRDbsrUA3D zjr)M`6iMkc?KN;SFr@%NqzwT)KE{Bmj#$WmxNAlPe0+X7>PkFJVBpWdy@s>kof-p7 zl?#0@O^z|-z@Y;gBnf6$Ow_zRa9|+(Ujaf!0)~uyd_es8xhMKz3~iVKGxNAMzZ8yv z%lh&N)OFM}(;G2xY|P^Xw(eGt`s}8Gfuf?Ioj=_mB)9{246LOo1U8Wk5uAj!ENr2G zPX?;`2|`xdm0Uk}j&L(i`PNt^iks~uaxL2wi6c!aO$K?mD3@GOdpxY4VltVpnJHF>;fiRUOTmx_J|P-^ z5dsDI`1lMI2mpmKyQfgc^j;U4A=IKXGX2gvZC|GHPPiKgG* ztp7Q#mT3_k9PyJ_(6dq zxBtZ#+Tpj*&G)o;KOD$wwdr^9*S7_2b{}Fb|D!}t2Vwk%dN?6F&|7cGte}5YCD$1E z#nD5rmT3s76GTzITYPUOq?;;`caTj}AEfm=f7u^#gF2IBn51_04yRALPRK!rbzR$4lbVSfI*5ECF-N1+lgmeZ4UJrWi1WMo1grUxW zoE$|Et{A{ZM-X?LzS1IGnm*DZIuSn^l)!pF7=9BH1Yo=~AYX#&=AHVZh&{()?A_HFj7D_{-3kQ!xGb*2$3BXGn(;Pn`H%GwFd&Vhn8fgK zfCA9{&lJBJk3PFtYam~aBL+z?jvrJJ?DDugsy4`g)tMzskE2XqD_op@C<+-a?*D~6 z9-=w;cd)G+gtLA%W!3rAO&z!nb7VOR#3?;Sqx&S)o|TRi94sfT-*-9QEg?FI+Kbw1 z7*07lq7coFlkmNqDnC}A(d%HsWUMW2SE4F+`RlRw;eFALla_l#vaL{CXGUV7^vT72 zMI6p1Ih-H5Bpyzk;uT5rQq=C~KOP7Z6rp{mM_JwsIq~_e#4XY;imN`JQjm%q*zhxN z)TvRL`%1&4?TJt=pwQGIwdIwsW7R4 zlnO5IVWgNU9Od=LsMqRdLhtg(ML4hpdafjFdB|B+RmH!m-&52i_f{vbhrtMd{V}Io zkuY^ni5Srfqg?X_wU=Y^-`AJ&S$koqGL|Lz$t?K`5gtLa7XjbkJ#2kv_4J!;tDgcHj6IQ@@dR0WDk1%rK(4Ur>0CE^i)G>>irn`RIq6uv~ z9flVBeN2Ey7DXWMrVNs>^=m!&_d1np$iT6bytqPxt_ZPF+()9%^vHChdc2($UA_DI zLBS6n^wh918?|+Zb4^pF-iyZ^b!Z>ljf|6eA%^M6AcIghhhZjFXOcQ(U&>;EZC;(5 z`;+4~M8$p`SvniLOK5~_D7(O(V%_U2HMPkXG<)X4eb?!)yMns9gR@^yG@q=t0j1*Y zBqqPHvi}CzhJ$Y_usP0_y;p>rTcADJZ`{SHi3GUKiCDu>kno&=?WEmj->Ez*oqzd> zzb&E(Fp-m&p@3CcV5joo<)VvHFhvkDSrx&Wtnui9z>xc3i0j?i7x%BTkBbWx(c~!L zZ!r+l?)p7T*BWn1{kpo7ywX3L2w(NaSTwYKi?Jpveitpu=63!I9LX`grtg&OB3*Qy z%Re1Rx@?8|az7n_Pq&e`j!q$I(LOrhi2Y9~$#%KwszkC3RFJ5G`|_MgI;2y)C>4JH zV#=C2fwloBZ*x4NRyCYv@bmbL;h?IesBT=k2Gg(e{ zfC%|MV*5sd-3aLqm6sDH0QI=(AJ(|FcD{(Z;AOO@Xt8ypIk8W^98jSm&i+CTLi_Wi zg`)J}at$??Md3|n?Yh8g7G|SX0ZZiKSWl*{v{DBCiV>VMWqT)=)tW+#V7t9Io&?L& zNL5{bJa*B-be5@zyq?GHhNvGk(bS1wJcUoPA7`$y2ZzslpM!JLt3D}9yPdl|^C{lE zPs#n84@K4u?0&q6sGDl<>R&`}zuD_@j`E%NS{HMQ!P?CoSWvL@XUf})ttX+j;MUEf zG5I)SB_{XbNMi6(O+@w;@!`V6FEFt#RT!m~47%VqRXSrCD+>@}ST8_{R)&q7W?o|2 zA(a!culN^AzmU14rhGaP>Z$s!jj<17E286NuR+l1rETjETr_F~^NWwze537juW)dM z{pS}9i_+LB`G;)NJ&fJHW8y|4((bUAfqqVHfW2D}v>vfPD4AatttWLAgDCr8Gh0fE zw_8DXm-vb0gmwr!_c|1j@VQ5Q%Y~G2Ic?{2rqxj|kH0mElHI2oHP0EncP zs+cnWt=h&PJn&qwJEf6N_O2x=f`_Vx7kaPE@=~jG@<7{GlX(%WlY^sl6ut9-KNROo zV|51hSUVn-Y)xWe3a=ecEa?y&S#fbQ{zDRED0l~F3`v>Q=8|PGmq(#FMb9QQfLZJl zU#3H4m_LM6HW%u-{^NQ4;Ujl+C+!uFc&6TlwkaUp1#~E(^v53B;~_U5^P5JaxXyTlL&`B)_#z1lCa*u)w6I zb!_Qh3I!i0?0sj%BT8V}hui)bgY z|AerWgKJ{WzN1~?o)EEST6gX45|+E~a%SyE0vc!IE0@hcVp8t0%X59?GEB!fImPx$ z^3Z)n6RI+Ek_I+cW3MA1%G1G)$tVWf<}lK&O5x)n=#{jA$I~+jcX_qPZRPZI`IBFr zmFL7zMDvg>`V+fmvm@m3;8^+@(7|t}js4NZ%Lf2mQn}`p7%M0E+F77L@lYSK_2Del z$Z0UWq-x*-A8#?<%H7-aSN(Fsu~oaAr)p6AgyyTdh@vL9+w5=hLk^BMls9J&R0(Ij zhd*yukprL`s1@V_y#H>}0FpTyYw2l+%OAl%jTKTC5kIn<;}76xLOjkl>Goo!|FBu* z*UqY}i*UY`aNCx12pX7X%se6pkom6?UZvQ~&F^A}&u<~%`kezs=aM_G@Cb3VIRPfZ z6E7w>IS>djA|Gt4V<(b~;5uLEE{l^_YcP`jIIrK^HCN~6HLvBQHz+BYUITRc^x*W$ zw-n_hwyEbfo~B(36wx?gPe_l|BGfD=EoG86@|!QiWfgG9f1uuLuSTzB_@Bo9dv-t-$ty1Me4O)iz}utwBH8}YKF=_i1VnXnvp7YSFS zZ-Rnrskk1k6$ZA4$HtNzBcD6Y4k z&0$hWSGa`#0qSZUE>@r;FY4X$yME&9OS+GVvr55p{w4b!#QU=G?|QDhvP$C-HI$x# z-DP2xfN!xad6XOq)%rq$GC%VJ-16L61y2!j8hNXjW>Dr+GpYc?-{i5B>-|VsLLMxE zm=?w*jD~=PW`u025fYP6I;VYgi$XNE6p-Z=bE{&`EyURDlz)oBG@LCRI(O@Zt*;JC zPZ8O|wtLA}NVk>3ra>qj`K~fLce}5y`&}}({)huJ$>$s*y{zMuw*41@Hs#=QlT@OG zAFJ*hGTZb7BzA8s_{jiY<$s@l|6Aq}Er#A6P>Z~59WiCUdk8I~@K5vnVZl-`m{K*LlO zWbc7ezDVRMXYvD>2veMOvv)F0hEEbJ(7xA4tLa^6(0xwsyma-iEt)8>b7l<1QguBJ2?lqwzDjT|`^}7fhQEm57Vk5u5{mj(ANzo* zWY#C&>}vb@f=0i~QT8?Fvc#ldie1(qf0NI*B1faVuA2xdU-F9G;d`Xoa%sKaE+is5 zV~>-h^uNLT9^Y{~@^BXMj$2*uXP4aaa?owhyx=Ik94(6q^$Hv3FDO-LJwKyfz$EVK z1MI%4JKm>y(Sezs6)%O7T)RL-#A#P3uGqNXY3g{`u*ozWmUbTZt`2T^eFO~jM{;UM z+-9Vf2e&*^zB^^>Yni8f!nCpSUSmh(w2kBMRjPYC977hL+zNEOwo^m*?oq{lKLk8( zS?waT_Dq;IeHvf#3>Dmf_ZR6N$uC)4+z)lY3l}ORQPjzVqzGFStCUt~3muH0@n0C< zI2DpTQ9!cYw`DiUKmAH0B(cBVST~KL*=eSCCzUy7Dx({fot7Q)J3puf|CJ4iBGJ5-gs(bG8(IS_O+x6pXq6bJAS$-%x3oXwQVQyPpEvrrXK9&q-O)${ipNdFT#wo)-_>HmM9N&TC0lj5>>Qd z#{N~+oz&i=;N`OgwppN^E%RHr8MIc3pS~LBDl)?w;(y=dp063(xdG)a+@9~=#%vtb z@M@PH&D7g_A{S~x7eH2T;l?7gznc{wAx`ix6OkrEFxd|AcQEI` z6=FBK8qWqj$+^cmuCu&(D+Jan&E>F{EifVsz`5?fL!4*;Zy+Rcm z_l(J5P7N3+s1xJc##QJ;UA*bq>0!xmdaYl1j!k<&eM_S4Irap83LBUA+0wnSd{YH) z_d&a5i$Yr^#bXHy&^)r%F09FBRO9n6Z;5_a-D%J0(6?u%{C6M`A#VH6)_P zs~2+QnBw*+?b~!;6P<&p%4wbu@BrlG0nje44Mz{qiw5Db8@wEbdI#8Rf9GtJ(aS~u zJs&F-QsjU3C9SUrY==L_#EB~x{|mXAn}N{==>TqCgzsWW6gLz%v=P(K2y!-4^SzTA ztn1C=T=Y{4%CvBc0Vu}oX>y#Me$+S#AU>oUdHRjjvWaNna%Q2eLE+r_T4lWMmOLV0 z(%3Y?Sb43h)$+$UUbxx6N>-Nrh#;TAoTXE2!E|2Hy;BvUIuD z>J*P?5kBiy|{o|5hgWE!MYO!Q@@+{bTZ* z!R4Vd0vudn_E``&jH>}JCkrWR#010d4l*K@T9-pTJbdM|b_Pf$ ze;f9S9K9#ChB-;B@l@T6Sfv>8xsG6M($1LCc8IHWrutT3jXic)uUF99Fc%xW4C6S_moxvqfQrKOw$vZUwQFJ}rNh{{Bw@`5596)(vuq-g0>^gccSsT&9AxL3P8 zPF8Y~o|>y>X=;IuX1~eKR*6T~W66k-?jeR^b_d5K+VM{jI%T2`7UN6HX;gKGt>h40DhfxoivFSB66l8mdO*Th8q1 z?y@)W3Gy|$gNBbvTVbYNzBMM0xaLS*^0DtIU_X~x_0z?-l0|`Nlf|cH&xMt`1P1Pu z*j4Mc?y6W{L@-#4d)CfA*tw58!0kq9Y-d5~E-qy$a%KvZ*E(4DRz8PD3zGp(M;MAC-#1 zU?O@Ka>*|y=nB2|`5cbA$PBh8C=h&AZ6P0staSu{`oHXzf^tY>D$`eQ^ zyH|a2cL2DjBp>B&4;f`kHKMXp^$m!I%*;KI{Q-4(cz%w*s(Vw((!xn&&r| ze0zNC;r-G)9roQhdd)S6fgMr9t{3xQtVg7-Z%I5bNN^wj9BZ&|+E1u;a2|IW3rzA)R3pT6y6W0Wjm`YoEI8diNah9OcJ`=;eH~!GUN`@XCT8^ z*mQ2kjBen9mR4xnSIcS*a*(?hOt zli4o%5Bb9KpfN>AU&u{4abDwzVZJ&Ui*~WX(R{aP9f{-<#frEvAyI?ia~iIH#&yPI zTIxW)pZil0BHc^y%US9~U?3jK7PfaZ|M)zkZJ)udZnIIyk)H{te6M{3?mSg2@_z!1 z;c#GGoUKTc(Y2XY>>S1Zf$l~{)MbVr)Zq!E;LWUVln`NQUH}GAEys{J9P*hLek2~=EuBI?*86svfJR&llc}vmj ztWJ%1o{f<8DS+HtJu&PY1Jk!c!<4{Edn-Mr5;uVxki4{0{U`KJ;@3x?F4g_m9uLu1 ze%418YN%eEdvJed<7&4A+GdrM^G?+nF%8TB9RfOTjg77^jdK4|tzyKIOPJ(Sx+JF{ zr0S9yzr9?72|q4zIYi%kQLB7y3$q}N>Z3sctDt)k0C+pH_GBhESY+N7uvKTOP?-;W zCeQTsz4t+$v|VbViY%sYotN@Ce?IbT&+?TVbY5Eqp<&G_5oEeusr(>7S#=L0mxld9 z!JtUL>pa?%W%*PPYpN}?4l5V}01dB%I*^eEv|62|-F`33x^?_G9Qz?Grpc5ys}vYS)WYuT`JOyuCwo%RrCwHFEz! z)bW7RnDR+%t7+LT5^jM(sSopxUq~^Tr>A)rI-v5G-UNwjt#k(3MmN_Lt_f0_YY5|z z&i!*4sGWLVrm>uMJeJED-M&$v4PgokVT0T(;H5iy-||WuD+_{!%LNg#zkcUt$4AvZ zT+7c(HiU&4zlz;$jl&)@*a7pz(t%$!%EU9I#|HnJtQ$$fR`5#?%Wsz=Xn8y_K{skK0yE7Z7e%Fbzj$L-rBdL*=hn!?5OiDduw;qV7k#J4*@69I$1c#d$;df;gU& z5sz$PFa}b(S@Vrp{bnWVVEio%2NW3*^p8 zyY)=#_4rJUm_#v{CuJ@z<>qA3@Y{0%Kf!X(-J35}KH-jEH%10YfEI*o+?&{;+HdZRnTy1lIy zGUK2qtMGn?E5fIH&;nVU-fn$s3X+pcjVfR9A1m3R01MSpZ?mJcHgcdiX>c0SmTI-I zh3(6ceEmjLSh@LU#K{}2^8FXQ?bT438|TS~_+&gzZO81PwWVzx??+n_lbQ0d{A(Xs z*T8fXP(I~)FE=wt%(~^^HzoW;?ljjw%(oeP18OgmBv}^LVH1hEPk)6Hv@>**2dBXR z{leE}RQBk6&rR527LE?S&Jqv&H;v)9xf$(R$rJYuLEV}b=oJ=r|m5JMnIP- zU$|e8vzDJ?dP)SWRs@(Czp9wYLqBEFeP}5-Gi5m6+GGG!8YfR>gxSORum(P?OL6Fr zO=HVtMi40`fy1pOGm$i=fqvq|5C;EV)*6fq5xI>}Ih%U5ndUZIU?s2~#boVYM zj_cq1p6c)o>l37fpX_5D_7BPSs4B2Eyx_v!gz6{#H07KclZ}#PJ9ma~r+YfbvxehT z={vg$@02l0KlL0n#vOlF!nikq|JJiDXf9pXR<#f=Z?><{zXgWOaw?Py6+g(PZq?Q# z40NnI_uQ1GxGIn%!h?^dQt#Od%W#ugyzcLBU=0P2fZf#l{A#aGg>mk1V5$z?m!H2K zC8Asj9N4~_VWnKS62)PO%zn7OAbras_m%v?*NkZ?WrBQKxs^#Y9P@6>RgiT{pxbfy z2ok4dN8JACM+rT#6f)(IhYqR}zG9dC~j}iQnvdBdt_Z}gR)Qoi0ojdzXww`c9FA{(E>+%Qyv2hTgQH~Gz?-6cV3pXWnG7xO(C2BAUOcB3Aoh|wWBZ_%OFYSltvekj z+Bn@%izfY+uJ(s{4ma#&grYvN?C)eL*tirCXJTQ{&QL>z`ugQL9-@=P%#LV%PeUuu z&5^(32s@DRlp`(wtjkq-v{nn%E#EtqH;Ur$%r`5f3}Sa?rxY){{U|AU zf1Tb;dHKylD+T&x!6Z;5Kmi@}L^3%M`I)!kMXPGHwfc0GZ5=JN5~h>qlruh5EJgas zLg2+zb+l`V`WSAm7(eNxvGBx1mL(g#)^dFzsT5L;6q(wdw4Y4IEu8(#PqgUoRB`^* z?__~l9mFBOngC$}22Z_JqP=@&V$q7l-u0@jz@@>wklRXr32?fI^9mF8s>tYb)iezB;#gr@}WiIK9w&M%%&bkMTNGFU$6t18w04Vw87I4 zu+*hx0HfsJHE3yzjC_&kF6JYoR)5MO5fk(DP+CrtcfH$Z*_DlLAdV3=%^Q0!yQ0>N z&q=8o=cp^!2Eew!Lf7+GZ)z^tA-Ou(L_b?s8cs@*qb6h6kD8OBdL+kkw(|^bQ^&~V zXQw&6_eM)#aKF#=->izilkWfso*Ni#iw~ca<1P}z_IAN?=yJR$JkXv~cy@zhBlYXd z!ptpD_rYZA^Z}ORoz~fU^&&Fv}G+jw5h6a zMNZ+v%k&+_K{l-N3X_}dgEq|{o3$F=5_76(7)sol6Iys0T(l(6?cLj#hu^h1Tv07~ zEoNhR+R`r}(~1LTG>$uDTHD!doqZa)dX$dv7--6L%h|d^S^1g=8ESC7Kl-Xe`T30^IG!^hB4ExrI~9vODE(7i_e;u5?FRn#+5q=)|CI+`mt4Q8$4y zLZsdaba{x}W>B!2DqNGWs$08RI8kw}$Hdh3#5ZgglF7p)64ljPTr8{tZtQeLWoqMm zZXbIjm9G-F8}Mm&<*`to_WiAs5F*JdsJ{Z7Q+2V6J3`9kw*$t+E6oO+UoBn^FLV?F zq%v<--ERF$GXe%vAc7qTSLjKOQcLX{t?Z}zeDnv4FhOJnfmpsnSS!b_EV^HRK))Dr z;Qohv4)cG@=lqZLku1!NZ2xP0B>Vqqmi$kBB-{Th4bQI8wpBUc{PpeEBTTT@jH%T~ zs-vc(10INlsm}on(b~T5^ef53aliVi9`xtbZ{(}tBK3-}N675F8>wtb* zAL*6WmX2|h;vYFG87U5v0g2ZEGRIu zyaWk>9-0^iU$FlKfwxx+K?25Nm)ipY^Ngz%wmTqFlxbHbKgTGVaz>F;N!tT#=AJWm z0PHRV@xW$QKzG5+BXOi%l>DtSKsU49s1>K!p+{sQ;@x0fPC+U(%>tCzHsY+# z4Gru$7zD6^aO`&!w_GeXk4ECRZ0GUoW@orm%Z%{a9~p1F+75MW?JIQ0*wsRae+ub! zTbbu1*YvJ8WBf_R=EK%QZ}Zz-N$MimK>JwJK6qYiFPaHA zPiqnHt~B@7sIZ2|9BoQ@%~gJJaAD)_U}L)RM}3gnFpSudcT*_f>G5yn><&!du}{XX z!*lo8vIOhe{`Y?c9Ush{JtN92$%jSM8_846vYgu*$KCq6R|Kd+E12}6;jd;5Ou9N_ zH~*fu2KKg2w>|XySy`HSCR34Tyrs8V_TKvLz(IZ|(Y2cmn{|>bs5kP6i#K3l$xMxp zQt}vb!P#(-;fu$`5jn^SJL4C`Idu6%JMI@Rkj4$rMnNrlwZkkxr(7L8yr_dR=5d1XYr z0^}E{O&(zye~U z@}*BPT0;dB!t%jCd(q-sLi7bkKqR5Q@Q%?OpaZ~END5kZK_uyfZwme*amxpfsifm% zHFdn{W7Y!W*E_>`0bArlohqEd(Ndt!ekLgffYEcoDiY8_kV1V$DKer6f~f5UJ|k;kxuaJe`ZE@w)P`UOZc! zk*Z^1c~cOF4FqHRvoB{Y8M8vE^r{bdwTBow0`xU6H;l1SxDm{-s8~LB3EvQy0FX_F z3IlqnOszW}x#8Tq?3qX5;%$44Ib<=Di&w_1K4d`^&{6I^3EWqBqi0 z;HU@fmeS4}td_J}=@8v8iqe05nkSvwZSTkMyN?ZPJ=s9fHrW3($yzP?Z;+cCCp;XW zL&KSEXstJ&#^cY;xV$#7c{840LdV`b18Kk`vLSlPIb$b1%w&QBu}{w3WIcGos_bUA zQ50A^__RURBD?B*meM^r{@p_GY^M4!n8e^Nbbri+P>eZEmygU8D`PEY z;bw>;jyVmYw-nYebuHFX!nc%PdE}`vCsYrWSHujb9ZbtWy62yCWGAh)GMs-&E&o?8 zM#Mc^l$oK)z`R~jvOd&@PHM zLV=A#+aLs#KdXVXSgEAtTPe&fR^8BIkOkZ+_tU2iHY%{tgY5fm)t-C>c74iE0W|Af z%LqO|q`d@~eA+C<+4k(&ID>AMn{J9MJXz5tTKlMdl~y>*a2zFTJ$%VjVaz6A%%9*# z_hJxi{S6L<5d(x=(>(u^*u^5~^JeHH7-%sVKHv1J*e<}&$h~b;gpbu1 z2R87-muD;SqpQ!7eeSgh@c{pFyMn!Z#J=XT0a@36ff84p9q#!a_yAV516t3Oh5`KP zh_uwZvo^lhW4tO5g{~BP$rC2sSl`Fqh0Sc?JXAel8ZKA~@?}BI`nrIHSHCUN7W# z*Rx%Q;i~=5N1iF_;ZSPd)lz+wix_@jZr|$ri}3D>6GmH3YL%D zh_)#5S-6Lnxf zfL&q{{xO?}Gz7&#h*UaI3=Ber10h^WFQ$>CX$K9QMD(Cltw zQsY#=DzWTqzK`i`D}35~1Y%`3$zsEQuEl!)uo5A_bKy1=R9Wjzvw)tt)@^b!6WNZD zG`HL8qZZlP#}j!J`q=%@VU-WULK;lTil^3`GAE~&OYg!q6&{ah0F+;W?3kUr?jcBMX5N5pM6IQHT~V*`<>Tf87to6%u|Nq= z;h9V;=h+vC-{a#X(1!Qye$)TM)u{Sse|3=Fp?YDF6@Sd8r%M=AJS^%9*^WMqc8=3Y z)zUP9D^V@#azCK|qq+%GY)ep&qkekSM5kM{(INpY(KPDvD)R@`I`K>Ilb{Y=izMR- z>ke~jxdLm$O+6kqFI{Ej%T`ZSGL1AiqdWnKVS5)Ocq>vBsy8V_&Y`~IX*hXrFU3n= zufs}d?bodJ(x3?xgo_z6>G_!!Sm;BAHL@VW%FP9s!;OhpIXg+awtLmvDiZ6umRq0G zfdDeX*cNs}faH>;MR9FXbWT@nO)DcS;K}0wO`*lL>D7ZxTb1<>xvKKcH045sJ8gP? zJRU4L>$(J%E9Xs1zu6GwXs{zL`<22x+e1a+U?vE0BUWr`iK&c$MHWWu34IQOFgX+;uYS-*v zg`g~s`id3;ogc`!jjDg}fQhqG{}KoP+RE6O z{~L|K#LC3^ZwUJTaReqdMi%D(UYoyO)261XcQsEQ+0g+Ic5tU?Wp0VG^N0Vh{uc1B(cZ2Cl9KLdVC) z2ZISHugU2MZmY;Z3DA}k3l58o{q76ar%b6 z_PBi_fB9tPraHja-WiGVOL zx&W$we*reIu?A)RDPxrwp3&@&1riA;!W&)vT!23`gKPYd5JRj7<yk)V(;hIHnk=rva-WBTKN z;KIz}@=noG^j3y#V0~{1{g=({yR6v%jDNt#DhF=L78h8akfY4s2`dmt&{=|qM&xB? zGq3Lwck%~(U~O)5_^}6R78F;oGz>wICcfyvJbh;M$K|Bw9PHD631@vxtLexvn6>j}_9B0E@^2 zbU%`Xweb-GP>?KAI;u?$zY0kC&yA+p=MBkQPvHI!deD!~>DQ0MwZGG2kKX=I&&!*D zhzzHW78RzpKSFPhJKV1G80I<<{|lTT!tG3V)aPTP+^*H>8+#OaQOm`zQ< zPeqa&^QX<9`j|5cy2GY1k0O@1-VKX2Uk*XQLFPU01P%tjdjEw+(&o2!b zU^v>z$)5t1f5Un6-?wm}SpO-n}QHu-t6W_WZWOz=&cUWS&$Umh9md^ zuro{bSNjpj{o(#++{SdoG1l1?Fn-t?n}vAgviy;`jay$`>)T7(_1F8Jsr)&4`^|y~ z(iRwvtd4FQ^A<#_%rc*C<>(wnG4%JtTZ=F}_(~dE753q)($?EYWuV!U8cyFj2n(mo zV`pO%Blc?h*~H>S!rQUB+$&MY(px8?i&90w&&>*+IS`lEFGf;?*>FT?RsbH1Mg zbJfj_EOpf>T2DWcf@?ijuO9F0tFPSz!qW#n$j?*fr@u~ zr_>TejXlHykX{P;!L+d4(^pKBPoh_VU2?>eZ$o;c^VFVAPBEYA#O^K#lctExdm8hp zdDH54_$fI>`D{b5cL)}}8A7SH1y=L;y85}pg8t+!2_uAZxw00=^C}Y}uzGCqneY!c z2?0XrioN*RM?!w>MmLFregaZ13uVneJYD8TNtGmhiFnG%ua#!r;%+#W%)IlrYIi}! zTBlPRZx#MxT2_%bNkx1cCZlkRkK-MyaVC@6hInUdk=Tm~cwH7(C)^TCcoq8XHB_t0 zaaEM2F1QS<1y z8_HkaQfpiwTRYBZFh1`!^mMG;QvS_A_-vb7Jm>MCgyh9dK=L9LOf7_Ws$}(XdiROlNTtS%-|s@Ytp#ow;(kbba!Uqi z2qXvEGr57=ZL<}8*8LOF z7Gr%s9$mA>yq75Yn6+AK@QVibSM>~Mdn9WS{IWmC8J20IOa*R>JVUo_tBPIwI;Xkm ztNbnFw!Gy>zn$)p7$?S~=@QUzIq+1Z%^+JMiv)&*3moy$Fe0Sew@A?}Dzl~d}-DY;23}9{LqrP<; z`}LWp_$X+50{{0ruSbVwn80mEI0z1v&-Qbw$#?=PGkInevXABn(;Y9vv@iOt{0@>h z#%p1j81;zc=krW%t4-3f-u1#m&z{Uo_65U*mkhSQL&AYyp%B?cCOq#~jnDSC6Ey2N zSPG2T2Q{x>-O;bT4`MAY$!eA!i;+7b?tZ`Z_erBXo`j~OX;FZiSHzaa;|5$Q;rkOT zPEri?0wmn`>-G(H!ev`;U@SUxiW?qGOwX06H%?$?S&iPNEHi&UZKE8M=~`#XJ&mSu z(Wxw2n_8$TOCAUw4s^D)5UkWDuehy1r}l1>8i(kO6`rOjW0Mbzr-G8;Q4a9es(9^T zao^&`=(o!Ong46)qjusuH@OUdiv+(C;1_p~;3TXQV$&`tA6uKMDX{PJ7_8LbKnI3- zsRMb78jnqcD8ZzcbKXl>GO8+5e@zbIm24_DY!LA-T6>_0q3Nl|4yiL~gjH+O0VAGu zIElkkWwX3&UUhA?Yu_>b6reU-FkKGm(9A>Lb8wOf!}*DpFZ;GL z&7>On3|tE}!^Jc4-=la3q!vVwo94QcjG5R-3+|NKSxAW?h)@)3&K__Z`aHOo`{kE$ z30`+=4xAG69M58qZH@#PFTz6b@2;;kYj{qEy%l-Ibjtte6Mt*SX48AsP9u2k5oG}* zUDc4cd3(kHZIDN8LIo&=;Y7}!RvcBc(E1!{uCdS^XK!%*sWM{d9D)%b=1cd8!xkjr_T!Cd15&JvDna^)xuUuNVNLn1O*Xljg- zHSRtzk*(W?MWTT%qUwthy;MgWg%U7`>|B3Ul?}g$a`k-CCx-DgT)>nt8F@Ql?4e_B z2WZEZ22*}aqWbb9D%2$B>}c?YwqN~{aSqWJ`uC`8?M~CLR6qL=j2~E(9b+~2a_`Sa zv>eh+-7LEkT{NwPim6bS<`P39GIPyzS zr3^=&%m{a45q@92b*|)l` zt_+Tp45eYku5HLsI=+RYeY{0c+#ppGBiiQU)>&?x%%NnBg{Qf@(FS}`EWr`M)c}p= z^&sBkEldY8mqLKE=91q>p+kXEA_OoM$JF5ZkYXJ(8lRh-+&k;V#@-3W1>MJi5xgTEos{zG>?ej0$#iY%FkED*^$No-pSWk zdrdQ=_$(W?rjJVPYTA=P<*NW?bPk}I-C1kdrX+uE5#s`q`Nb%kA9J3I;F;x)@izSi~`!2 zlt{ruO}Z6Vf@$#OnvN>iY)SaJCFfMU-_R)$H;A6Kh7z_iG$6e%f`NlrA8Y(7JuH+E z6v^ku^908qMK>m0QcOsQ361WnGFi+A}+hEY6!fe zOM;^ZtRM%?>fTVzj8Sw~L>m=G7d&Pl2k)X{p}$Cx?ND&rlRCX*p8XBp_*Sc8!_036 zbSubpC#EozLCf;0d|iW#JEQ?eWu!3vonE5QOzlFikw4qWGmg3g$n=LRlBP)}sV==o6LI%g7(O4n@(s<`M5KFfQht(fLsgw{o2ycF3*Y&rtOb zqyb9FtvdW8LdAF5lX#>rc#-BB1UEbAe{nF3Gk;T^1z6RQVUyhpKQaMp=)}&*Ud|K8 z-m=wy`Bo<7C{zSf!_Px+~(R488Okas3aL`eP#=&NeG30 z2KJuPe@$1iAtNiIXkAc^ zJwx@gPTaA1jBBoe<|HRL{HeQOczw z4UxFb$3|*png*+RKK`1+AZaL~{&gwWx7jUT{JI#ZCY>rnp4n7iwi5t8NuJD|^~!#f z@Vda&SjzczREQZjPHBOSoa&2#4cr&bS#ccg;zttK<9lafh}G2&Bl6#94-*maKAjM*KH zyR$BGloN7B$L#Xz`|J2u{M&1e(L`blWBbn<3~m*QnBFL-j;(Ke=}fJN2fAod5S_+I zUE0Tm^2q7cAT$o~u`W5#XfNCYAgnAEHqZ@KJ|@iNVrrKX(E|B5IY(~5cZ={rgQN6G zXQ;i^ogCv(VyvB;V^6bsq@OlkFj>A!v`AFI;}ag5Tj45H-*% z`Yu_FTr0X6f|hQr;^|DBfjG6BM;t*Wz(1laU<<+_5%)#dZt4!4s zCQ|hb@#-toD}R#jBd|b1r#iU4-h@Y8=sa|+xGo6V4}nB`Wu3V%z8btUHXr6tJeYp;p!w3}g?TfV zj)v0_s->o(*iUK5E)a=*S#n(U0LwAbG^YmzLekZ#T>XA`5~0I;{B$KPZiGNlk!8B+ zFgEmNZM)!Daiu6V(!NvGz8Yzo((otWRgfau;<<8wPNr(U4$0%Lau5w3Qx_u_SC zAYM{h@w3$rmBseBB!u7AS#A4Glg~BnZqm-u9DZ%v5{N)F0>g)Jw@O(^&=nr*a!G>) z?#L7Ae`%3QMS7dsDi>-a8b|!2AyADk0s|215HCKjji`tyz`KlVj7iOPn>z_=qo_^z zYnW6mdy(0_E5}{Dz%i!Xcdcrv!$7iiLjWK$H7l=CkqHHga=vdhW6z?@dQq)$W%)cd zxk7ah3y$L*P3Xqm+W1`#^2_)~cqC&fen`utwLC@XtpPd&&!(IN?6=kAYbPzHuTmE- zv)0cM9EhozuU#D-0lk<;QlEON5D1ySO#_B4%+BM=$a;t!&*SInn~qM)X%}@~MTB0` z#tL5B!2XM|bBfVr3mEKaTc>T?Hcs2NZQHip{k3h|wr$%s|C>xEnMvkh9xK_8m8z|^ z*29Hqd*RTEV2t2AS~831+7XOZLNifT{uJu(s9g!1K_lKusre^9Hbdz|GzsvbL|M2T zYP69XEv|&FlM>+yj^u8%9O{63BI$d*NLl-EuU~%3YZ-+nAu4~~zCZk(tdVw%y#h@A zv!J!(X<-wrcN|+Q_RfT*bQA8xNJT=X*{6(EAG-%qZLUkIq7%N8V9i#_?|}*4ZeshF zO!x`4>-DhSQ$0&%WL0ZY*EXaDBf4SE>yM)5?BYR9^*JsVGFG5{t%tJ<@Cc!C*$}dGzT8v7y!}>4V`N>3+C^ zk=cR+F71`($c>2uxNX+ps4Omsrq@nAt7)Z>3@n^ZM9sce8K!I!H;mAw<6(`iQ*)1l zS&HSkaT$yK!=&nCASqc+(b>kDgQsWHL0xV5io3{Op(s$Fgz2Mg<6ZQDr&Ulc*F63E z4Qxrr zk4XV{6We^O2jpo!!7e9haborK?b<=^+IbBL`WUp}g~=C-Mv%k_N{2+HAdLV(ul8sulGO`rE371k~>JbLjG|`xSrmZoc#wA z!|A@clB0Yu>z86VQuKg-#Zn4dB`-DGhxJCV{HHefxM>sFW`j-&D`o}YMQ{rfvU7AA z1&@W&_VSY`#K3dSVc-;qW|gVNFtKK*x*JN60+l`a#42OJ0B?7oV8Y5xR{H)!S@u=4 zMi`w)Hl>(v=bd%7TndH!LCbXO^9^-*+zZ1(yUFVIoAW*? z`k6D79C9Cxbc5EYKbXWqSft!LFzrOzbl~`3&{jI#IC~7xgL?Ll4RhG$x5Q%D1FGMT z_0O@eggE7bTM{#wCb;pDoDg=tZ=w9Vs8z0*r2KnIt@PlIMfM(QzNr)LCozHu=tkoSS9=or&W1Bq|gXMYt!MHG>P9gP7h3Ikj%pY zz)gzr^4wmCCMU#?w~xDO5x2kgHqUKPI#an-N5a(M19Bgal*Z{COjGQdOryP->^V{R z1f;P#DF!@anat{Vq{IH@wM;*DJ#{LInrTzQ5rTd0giG-#{-8KE{J$*epX~Qgl6Z!t zb7DWOQpccX(S&Q+FOJJ)&!U#F5mnI16)Qc&)*ijhYT2!*RMw%oC{J!?IS5};nPh4H z>xzSqpV-kB%V5GyuqK|z$IM!@^N5$sB_?5ex%{rbd?XCq=)=&MI%_F`jNSsRoh0a4 zd64dNlwEtert<9ti_!Z@OtOyx)sduKzC&M^c{MPPO>8J-3v+X02G;k6e?V>Cx#Hoc zES)emand?o_{doajgdxFdb%7gI+}L!$0h5rNMkb_==x>A$2!`Rk)f2mkqMrGz$*@g zd&$1Z#5-op+9{m=iwpjT#)?YYad1#iTA0X_AQ(aYFgxaYDdhTh(B=>&8R*&+p)tFN zFC*8>8QG!FO#={)0lE`-5t???jF>izj}>B43B~aaApoQ^Xb+w~+Bt}4(jOISY3|r_ z^hei#XOT+OhBL7Cy#ry)dR%vf#Q(ajq#uHlVrY>c-N1HN^uRBY(&OirMVmqf-PIs_ z`!eMcka$#FX%;TReHp27X#yyM zof;Np`n-e~^c(kO2Bx}u$*tQPtDxoFD^)Zg5n?3ew;|prQvX}8!(ETNyGG?_cx((( zbzf*K_FbTB=DM%qE@&AQ%}!8$-fgWZlmV~^JR@T)z5pg;*Jr1wS`6H;6+u?m&`pcb zq!2ztqF1@s>y=-o>UbJ)+hVRZJzucWQ%s7jBG>q%69*2xWL~b7tA#`*`s5ax;*Kmb zJ0In}=j@dQKYVU$QwqnWq{RJ3TyYl=?9f4akPXXAu}0$&d$bgV;#q$BOLpsc;h4A> z;Zuw(@d0-(4hVI0a+EbgpW{Z?5bt7lngQ(yH}-$4LO6fh53zzh)ZN<3MmkHxr=~5O zVe`fOu|CnfPwZ6VUS!|cR7{p4NOIpDIw+B_w>abJkAPz#Ylov_qUX#-)t1(Waqd}* zn{>2;VI2L!<=mFWH%V#Ys%TaHX-5kThObNP@D9~ zSK4%%Q&o-yaihr$&Fn+QoyH7Tie4;8qvM7Zh|m0=55gF!YiA1Pk1&Yh1F~P|vorHZ zee^u1G*SSgsE;h5z#GTrc_zR8zOMk0^C!oma1re&UDB~n+u1}ZCTci0vjZc_06aqG zgys|SY()U8q2@@dz7LLJxgp$sEg@jd7Pwl#^u}yk>CY%kE*?)nT9O{vwgRl+efR1P zbG2xU?jdZ-)t+RVdtn?gvXXX>qVNSP6YvOKy4z_&rvM@prSPHD)C6QhCTg=PBq2lq zQs1Oo;&ha3%qKiq^u*bjgf8C{oo{fksEX-HR;1+0PWFV6#(h=mS*BgnO$+?^DpZUZAFK?>2DAr^vG54#uC~kd>fuiN|Py; z_`B5!Z>&V#heUo*))j#gEz^c&1KmI0M7pEnMt8&wBD?-Pz=A^AXRjPFpTB-cV2UfgJ1SR(~#Oqgnwv#1xg9x;RYRT=I_B-|fZvdqOZo^{a!f_f? z5e)>N+&1Ec7ulr}8uhfY*4$x79yr9*nJGsdaj*OQ%ZE|HigA-(GPBAMuc}Km_LeA zT>$Uz#4}h(ppd1^DLicZUt9?&?sFgVImU-T=9HO5u1q*TzNR9~c4%}iCUD!L39n&% zOK#BmvKiVs3yBw@Bf+WOKe^~)_clQ>G`%nHDkC*Vf-r!EyN2=2CME>M(Jk(Bc01f8 zcDJyyVCK-=-MHgb(C)PmLnz#LNJNQ$i9b>upJ%v>GlyRcg$?N_x`N7)Ch{}i4nh&z zPGt0GZH&bcM|O2n;?*BFu1sl9_rd!Ix3x%?TgX{l@e0Z9FTHyn_c^~b;~*>*QNjKG zxIcUh2Z0}J@kee~38&X?+Z$Vomvc^x-vm*@5=--u?5Fa+I z5Q|UPsLp5f^wh$h=H7;SCwbtK3FtLK=|t5}0b&*+&* znYUwIdl9j*BTqv>EF#4u#6Diu#h(r!61u(9bk5qs(n3O2@j(CkPp?8jCym74X#0=o zJv1tUiWd&dt}aT$-;M$2Q6-{xGEsqUY{;0&Df4$_By{yFWa-`mK8fCX>0*zaWxbf~ zT9Dy;KIKb0&V^;h^2lS<)oFANWQZx>aK}$L_`USzefQsk9&$DW6V4W{5ztBlcri+H zT2}WB8NdvuWv5Ee)@zog163vzph0z^3RyRJ@{k7Wh6D56cQ>yE zNeKLT3hBH=UnH*a>JaYfN#{8hvK&+UK4wo0Vk1D=HTFDs`=`}8LayZLzVs6Uo zMqT=7c}#~qecaE+9am1kMfV=yO7pJDf)?XfFC{Kk^sum^s!GFBX{c?PNpz2Yu&Kq^ zxJ5>>vk8XWhqS8>IuQY$I|*sGww2#Hc}yQQzYn7o)jUFI<{X+VHEfj!_GuI(urhR^ zQ`L_ru46^z-o8c?0HLCeJXrz!9d9NvaOYXyT7Mhty=7w6W8GG`YcZ&JJCIt@Jm%1#QH6Uq}qzR}Hf67z7 z_sQ?Y@uq~z_JViImdFKv&p5$wh-~Ppnm8^4!&;?U_{`sn1Z~-ol$=)_H5-N0t0m++ zoMr9P>;iEU(SBgpxDhYEhL0y{EW+C;8^{FtCgf>owl4OnBgq|a($i#!dPs;>4GZmQ zNM>~^HO0IR_GDzpfn0Q;go-ePw4KQb=mZjTluN{*F#H?Y+f*$OCMpKILQ|}U7bI=C zcBKBt!>^1@&j6}^riEvW+x^5*6u3%fzYk0)-(|DSg46RtPK^kA2`!r+v+->Z*w{gK z8TJ$1zzD{1|AbK5SKEfjfHE;s6 zN_m6l$QCU6OzCixe#bFXIq01&C9(EpkQVa1_X1}Fo4dY91p8#iAl8|tTElBB03a;_ zMWI(7As04bWTZSkEYl}^@T^YQ?^|Y*OXkK;)CK?BHX10T7|=}J)w3WOCcXn4S3)QN z?xNt6U*r7m@W-{=r7CKLv^uKBdlTsFhv5&=0Sm8mdKlAgg!XtK3@N~n_j)ZL2F8eS zrVna(PQ(qZOfP8z*_KgWf0?djJvDx4W~zxy4Aqv?9hz(!NUR-uoFrW6qvT!@bfqza z-6t!_OlQBp=O5h=&4E8u@g3J@hv$b%x}1s==P zF;<1^J&Eww6YofHOR!Bejf^nS0J>K6LY--kK4okCh*l)okuH+|Xuw&39_`;KJZuv3 z*0i2;T@1){xT1+LkozpLd&gu=&>766@K=nJ5O;!GXh7aMS=wVQA&P7+DyaLJ)odY0 z4)<08S98)K#$gUvsYT$k1;zsO;(`d8giYC2yh`O9Ex)B?2mPHpRDWBRHoSS&s9Br} z(#ZGV*fyer-N|pu-y#!Lq%#xRI&HP+@2aw_yua;ttli^h9SKd`8g$MMo9%$a%!nVABdh_Uft?f`*Fu z>lM{S2&|7%b1M*(NhM#=-HhS(zRQswtPPuG7KXu&=`IUO_?YX$WKU^W@mZoyH=Dtz6HkU?K0Fh@9ux79CzOqZ}$afy5(o1%p9H z60RQHH#eo9Fy^+5{N8Lg2-CX$YtraEgp6ri;O|G^xkremccJa8sKj)Z{MLO@Q68EZAmw7Y06bF? z!0LU=trx5tD!a>&=fE26RYZ?L*!bZZ zxOEz%jy;t*>Oa7(Pml5CA!{jOgzzM})f!WbBd)dgL|3qwgg`@!WP<$ZEOrb$m<6vs2U|iB- z1`MWhh?TqM=vB;-&irzKW~sf^AE*2FME6$0jYt&qTlC2CuCEY9c}_PW1M87m>ty@q zgAv46f@h)(=_%Hrj5#9VgfLBrWfT4ZiPxQ7cj(&C*tfP<(i}!p5}4m$9wYR% zt8;q%vDoFc5Tp2prF2n`iX`$Lb&-lAc~uiRhgZN!aDDPrM_r=y>Z$+GFx1l_bmDH< zAYtH+6mUJtT0>Pl6QChJnV{Y?)@<%{ojX{)VI;MOzTDoWn@Ek^O8ILk2#Fkm;DK)9 zknQdgCu$_n6pq#~oLA(aMFkm;u5I&rlTEA?@%bF_2?JuC?~xxTLpie;cPy`a)rI8Q zx)RPt(-fw@G3L3?S#Ja2D}NLjRTDI*k4O`ciHAW3&c#PE1^}kb&B#FcjR*cJ_BhgA z6Zi#M>jxdj8|G0lafI+L+k&$5`6C7S@O;~Uih66?FH_mOnoVg0%`we16k&+Dwi*0f zD69Lc7-k^e(?348-`^*30mtLdM89kUapIwf_yL^xu1?t=mcx%43{tglWbr5WjC1jwbK6?9Pa z)a*Bb9#FRK7H!g~>Ji-84dBD{{NUyCdxNGQ7a7#@h1t&cWZJMUFgtnRfk6oB3?>7W ziK5FluW0g~h?Z3ozRoUQy4XC1dmf<<m&$S?w@o z9T`@`!+C1L(zilm1NU3>mI(#HU(-k^=pNN5IUW?;?gv*o3K3WIMoW>))f0JPMQ^lY z($>RjwBQ_zQLa#DbSethQ3a);8RnNN>!?^E+LfIbbw&i6IvNM>Dz+0eSb-&FA^qOE z4EpEcRbzAY9tl1C)Pw>f;AxKebEtEP*TPDNvg| zFu7NMZC7`15ypaeykMZrj?mBf8p3jex2R&RCX!E@i<+9sQXzH0-ZB8WPycD z>A*!bdARdV`Leo79!Gv@Jy9_*)3)`4KMm2>ygM`*gC7(tmFZps2 zG2eG-#(OHeKO^=B=R*SR#{{ump&;%TtAfRqE~ewW+;?PV-J->0K7%HLb}A^OS7KI( zPBCGDM3kJzfHbgKNKl9CFtx_Czc||Xj@?vCVPab}Dp$c@(DvA2YNr@FrtX+_6P3dV z8x-kB4V`ardX8LljcV&9!JEW+qbescIh=>RaVZuT$_2B~&l^i;meWTO6!OG&E^#59QD@ups%0NBDM_*@ z+P#paRJQTI*tm3{GWVt3ngr)YTu*VTzS7@HO{)YjdTE@E;hddToGAW`q3PLXtARRD z_Cua$z`MWwwduPXzK;_Fi}XqX!vT@?cbtrB3X_u7Oz8+!SyPsW1a_m#hcpsuju4UI zE4k8?%0H^m&XA}~R)EZ~rkpmB4+}wPcOJ{yTTNE8M_zSUAJuy`76UZkOHpSP!(m>7 z&76l`5c>T*i2c;XdKMa%GR482BkIxBpac zWrxrSOA%yl)>OV$IjbFRl^Rke#*q`IQPqGx$-Eu-oUeh%zTViIb-U#-Qo}MK`fqJ` z7sx@jE>K2B;u<=11bDP=zH;G(eU??Qckd`Xq;RAnW*{r>47$3AHJs!cEK4x4YrU(} zj-S+YtkD4m-HVI)M@-lg684UeDa%Up5v7d|<;M%LO3?vR@kixD45icr2467Dfve3$ zEDhw>^-&9-nsR|1Z_vUwmonagSxZcw=u@!;Gv{Z)+vQg{)BUzTY{4Mcl;p=;3yxp? z|FjL`I|FC98cF;9dg1BqWn0ndE@h@?<3Pvqh643Q>EUb{>?m@~X>9SA6}z=%afT$s^W$zA_t$VZZ{UE< z`iX2hY@k(kjJ;o#Sred9NUtFiaeOE%>v_~f-%8QchJ{eqDR8XYnCsl2tIq$$=E8*Z zgq86N4DUs?-Hng=YywJ^pP;8>z?VDZD8hYdUZPq3FZTjO>Y$`hC`>Bf1xE)9b{4G( zAH^;!H5e*lq5xp}(9Hpvh=O-^GG@XbRwc!LY1 zCu?ATcPYn0JLaZ7xXC2fyRBiM?L}eG&Ki^O*U8+u5Oh{;q5L|-tU#e!d(%)$I}+BD z>@L#{V!FlHyN0x$xW0G1q+wnYGM2d5VTo52?<{^^=}#JS55MvWLV&j-dwpmzG(L71 zNiod{Sv`YL1>{W@Hpa>-J;K3zr`t$$2^0U}pqFIN*WYx_Z04fBr{(=O+=#QLX7Uzs8ndN2k2vr~9_#2JcH95H=iu2oa{UtCer;QX&;p%d>fQ2B2a35evy`3#{__lHE>)*lQ2=vK;io+$JK@6^c8BNiqg>>6pZ7i7Ri1V*NbH$O~j5FIiJ_Buf+2bUFi#hrDlqg$B>+)0^Vo4nFdmE;bqv${us^$FAh#0ao%1wS68849fbJ1<%S zmPv&{zZFYFQk5wF@1>WqC$sdNO=+3ijh{NPJ%dxA%@f=um0E8n8HG;%3%}!f$kpa2 z?VN^IJs|5=KD|G4=TA7UeN><Mr>C;9E(VJ7T#G3OQyzmBchns5LYoZAO{0CB77fvi~)H4PMta?w>5H3e+f-`T6 zQk`^pPOw=LG?tfsCC5o?=hNAARcRij}tb)E>kQ`+4q;9?I2JnZq~*6 zKpN*L@oi}heBpKvS!DWJB$@w7qsU8wy2FcO$bQ_*Ka^yN@u^+*a8mQV#LvhLCZvgg z#HSr+^!klb&G@uhIR(32jjFD|m4s_R*$hdICf$*YLavci=rqMhEhyee8yVI^Ryu8w z9kt=orQ7gKZsUXog%74$mGp9w06}~C$Jq!tat!qb5zQja| zDsgIElz2?VUU+&&q1d0o4o|9%$wLqswq5!+A!N7>4Wd?4CK$MtsyT++<5mWfT_b*& z&0j(Z{ssR{JlN?BGoZ`Lx3nxLpW!W->R`xslG8S*RDhd;V{w6>{g;G;ZZNzfQp=os z9WvreQe@+Y^<=36#H8p-)*ip5R-R>$3g-y9GsFLWV)y2RUW9(T2=PCno58I(*>vy? z#$L4WQOd-G33{lG!}RVEN}F`6WLDwd+^8@c-|51gR>@{4Z3>3-&7a`$uiQM{?xzDV zu@m2(<%*2a24T)OQSr|^Z^-xap*z+4Ui|k)JE_s5B4>74H(33DTNywQQ%PSrKjrl8g)hbLrgxBNkK@OUKef1A0(L-T ze1GHg3w?7(OY{`~-sy(^*$qoQbPyCzq4QX23$0}qXmAe@^&>>v=X%CjZj%C*U^VkK zXAq*sO3VIP@q|ac5sE30*@q7|_B>af$e&_SGK#fw_rP7ZAW4Cs>ci9^N7Hs~&8TJV zP<71 zVlGj7D(jGeDh5qs)f$y#uF|v6dCpwvo}$svS$dy#wlm?vG@#li$>j4Zdhg*6*cUt9g z@lG#)7JYoL7+*5l$ZFb8)-nTyB~oswXoPE!lj zfHFFPe+in$>vZ9z*&Im>i(p+x3}+8{3&>W&yh_%L8JR) z>4GYQrK#ERoBU-2%<%GsFs&!|pPQKb&+#rgdtOX;5bfN|G5yeQb0HNXq<#G#;3*m# z|33;Mq&5~{5`UVD0=WeKnnO46%>JYZx9sG2iG@{o@aM7HwQw z8-QOkaOXeddF=^F<#2QB@AOl8SAHFjxh}vzX%{g#IMzJB$2Pz8mA`0Od&>FaB29-tBd zW)4v>ue4r5prv0o8s@Lpgs)wJdq0@|U)rai-h@v*&JR7h``=5SpW3;p(v@nEp6>xgthJM^C?xj1A3A_h0<~@vc@fd%cU_{QeT17~eKgb=mKF zmgyMjKeSEGsdZ0(GN?2<($)V=MO**8TBse@nA?P5l>T^F*UN>3zMm6WpS)=Ko7`FrXOz#p9!y3q%4+MWTKXrSb?r?9Y246c6Lr*MnW?g58mBQjc z0Cr)8KI&}B-Q|6gz=8P2EZ-qznaSB%O<@7iA12|LW*PH4YA}wQh+H_*SYe$>6I36? zxAMV@*;TR(YH}<;#=QM zq`u8^jlQAleV`l6{C&?c<(=-5W#^iTyf+%fpk@W{lii zwIGR>U74mgq^ph9gKXf)YF@R1)4AmRI>tlrlBnb#(#@Y2^aeOOho`!X#3qL90kT93(9}m1r=+O~#kq(tpd7*?hzPwm;+#OiEPq?PJHTvdA-S42Sf@KuNWrkCJl!;5V-4 zM&$B=q9}-2?zg^oM->VWZpRazw?OU=>ww6WglLj>59*FiQqJ0vbgn{)jfJGr7cG$KP0O$ zq2_?mFHhLx^8;uOxIB|-^hLiY^ftH514e*%$LcM}T*7^5 zjySQy0rrT$d+J|HhJzIZXY2{vjhR>Dy?Uog>?AQzp%0d)p2o~1=AVM@>P>8|yz->` zD1*I{oHc5<1#fo3i9avpqSW+h;!T@z%c{~P`&M7wyP}} zxVcJMJBnmqd2`QPy`;UgK)w6Z#P+MwS~)iNODwRxwJ9Y%ruR_k$#B&%|885Q-5m<3 z&(CQdhO0ORWLQ1aNsm}9q!mk~<2#^Jwi;Fs&||jB-?t?NfFha(_y!x*{=T(7xDyIA zx}}bP;;YzGcA%;;pk5!#B&NI-9kU>Sz8eQjUX7<4~EOC!=uR51WFlsNR^e_MD;-k}x%alRBe?BB+LG7w%`1M_bwyldtmfPb{x zV)OALg^K2Aw^*NCUVIO=mPIQV9+ACa4A8tlFv*Ym+0v~%kq!f)r}fF6*`C?CQzmq6 zoWs=yrmY+XW}|fCBgBpZu@XaiKF&KK1JAYfBym6npAmf0$z|*?wp+ngTYO~nE04xp z#*1s5ok@eoqc5p-xnG$PW=G;&(hS)-mE+4fnh02Xi6V34-WcjW_L%sZSKf(6mlqVn%Z1?SQBZ-(Z>`*MWp$7qB6s$3b(6uIG9625HxYgI!`kCqRAWznd@ygEG0Fq;z{wN z=ItENE#4zEF18tJC;l0P*@%DwuSN+U9rKHT4E6?woaBsp6>8d z0g))VuGB`;&Tr6pg86^ZlFfHV0DDjz{%>?#Vg0tTm)TVt8D(GBN~lL;4L4=dwDp2z z5+9SUaA?SAXO{ITQ1z*=$3)Jibp6kRr>~PPiCcSyGfNJ=v2Twj%+b#3B$G zV8ld^W8xr#$|fsCYj;L%SwA07%ub|Cxtj@5y}24U<$Sg>cR`bVNLOkh>Bj(dGOwEN_ zawdX(M^(IddiF!1wh}g9B9)!I-S&6>%91to${_mcqKT~keDD-&-033+WLpj>;d`c& zrSIhrVovd9DVCmanTB_8(7unG>~NwvWx0ek5 zSNXLVw}>HkkuN1@(2pdYApX#O2*>!{J_O}#OMZ`G)u!OJTTd6&;U+0KXq;r5vb*da z#sTM~Lofa1P%m?DJ`PetvtU-u*PU6!RN46za$9E2YoT%MX8h-=X{fRZQ~i9D7XbQ` zP_EYCaM#A>n1X#=hx;_M1)uU1c#7!NqzHNm2f%#|(Q8V((F0wHv0MVki$^Og+S}_N zXyI&xadi$0k?yq(Il$+OMyGW+!cwx0A`tpSG#N=ULG5W-%=P+&S*SIVC-nwOz>|)k z7vu3x+~F5g1mdWq4Ocrs-5*XR&n`fKk;8fvv>iGVwPUdEBev<7SqMc54Yq(ghfgSu z&S82Th_N;=(fN7<>-XZwYLl zBWHm3+;0Lbp32)`gZ*F^g)4Cy*mJ`zDvgqo{k9cddqXHG&Zn049(R)Zc-^{xmc%o6#6ZVcVyqmtfdP0Xem=Butn#4PBVPF&b}=+(q*9~Y$fhDGH!Esz?^W-UusZ& z>e13~p3PmAqRM>{JkdVa>KG=r*J_=;k>V6;(O!<{jk;1B9$(YF=45SJJ1SvD?t({j>F{L>HwbPh>gkhwb|-WJbwQe` z+(*BtTm^?}`TM97=9yYjdXb6m063m&*KE((A&fx8EH#Ql4-KI%(YYhrS*J^Nc|E~h`-V;6C-_(;OAra-4+C~2_`qJljf!YCPgzw9g}e;S+kPj; z+#WfiP$)JgGDGw=>nzMaIMdZz3p!*V`F#>=JDxau3bp|%Ab!Z2kyg0(J7gz-f7@Lr zczdY4?B5qjKuxqJ${- zr5-wpiec{lo)Agt+Gx^x2tw%uSuzu{k^(gvW7@;SHAE3c%e_@kvohNrZfn<&rW{Oh z&wt1~mYJG#RL&`VX&poRO~zo*S#u3E`d?ggEjhW99EFx>n5SQIO-qSwt2tpGGosFq z`?74f5oTjx;B9#Xm3!FaCOso=ORiTcLgnaC3Cqo8oAIlmL%s+LT{IK8v&)5p=ab8RPhoc;8qLTzWdm zM<)rJF8!#@M&+4y2yNzkT@tI1S0crp3nr%+(j?9GorJmup397lVkUtoBBMyZKHlS_S=$*%CsJzLCc7ZMp*!^dw-ArF!ka0mlSx%EXX0L=a z5#v8N9q^u&X0YMCZmjlrX^Zq)YrSC`E`#0HIU)b&QXQzT{^bZ9hF(ckAQL2K4^5*! zVH8+JFW?b?%Go??tIfMeV+xEJ>G|urdBE~Eb-XN&_{-J&Ihbw0I@hZ)HkMW9&dQdP z-dx><&RK1K3=!zvx1cK<9H7|CbvT6j4HI|i%Nrb1%Hz*6+KRRm2P^DizPAGkiv-Ol zY+@=A2vyo1H|#>)t4T7Q*-IX?`=|a3)-e8BwYvk5e{HBMK6bGgd-(!5xNR&I z*k30!arxHXoX*%956Cl>AzHt>!(srYsaQ+LISWeR59vzssp@H&#K^>}q`g@J=p}2E zfmXOD8}OEADm;%lpL1mq_dV&?m0d~KiC{y?&gTIZn^pN-&V{Wvw) zZhtTC!Av+g%VvY7bO{d@wPM$7bVTCVomC4VN%LKocTcel*m^NmB`^gkH#mx=OnOS9 zF=A-$SP)&$VhViwdB7mE!r!`0aZjZ6_;l=d3l^UP0s`DmK3boY6M0Yi|@7%8i4wlc|=f~i&AZQHhOys>TD){ULq*tTukPUfqb`WI6*i&^%n7hPRlUESw7j)vlqq4^#$ zTPaCCC;I-xi1#{m3kD1s&qJ38HCrK^{txKf)rRKv;P6p}frWi2iOP3Pd=ny30dv0U zJm~)6!G^5us64L5IIB-;Y^0}2u3{W4n=*JkbF2iScn!$G{5ye7u{t(aEopR|$4Pm9 z6Oy-=i#erB>X}MWiVoog*(1z45Qw~vj31(WPjfF8N!3fsBU;dahz)hd?Ow;lutD~J z`hU7>P~4fo2i}oG{k>dHhqZwg1&UOg*dNjX-`oP>*@pb+PUcD;DDp8LX;tEfAC|** zv7QVZ$q~C-Xqn~kTVkrYRAUSFWd;OUIP{dJjJ2osa&2)qD@?sB^XTay3m`C*s}Rg* z@KU?{f|6=1lu4#Lg;S$>$2MqNIE2o{@Akc7xhu4XMWwQ0p1?d{cGxbFwPs5N{utX) z$7um;*PP?$e&O>;lpkzR7Nmh<>(2BY9W*B9R0{zi@73H`|JZf+=bjEFU`f)SVh@to zA~bW$EF3?rd>LqA%VAxh9`qfPv8QaUk?wo+*gBf(r{Ya|DLHFm5e2s6QN2n`W!kxl zS>ddIrBSPM)hiL-wpFynp>2O1NZs=4@9K=|(3=~5m<_4iSQ&JkmB^&2aE-w1C)VEs zm8P04C-IU88l%N(bv-mV@?S_^0nWjHc@FfqJ-q9VY4H0ToLyZQEHqUOUE+VV*8$`7 zHX7`sY)Y+^quBr`7fb~`z#6GR%E-+IOyZm)WxB;{^E=<W_u z>L+#>NQW7%gcy175B{~Y4NR@aj0W{Y-0@clR4oQHY6i6yha0=?{l+qyEP2VZ95 zzbSiEF@MIf5#Ne44u4`KyFxt%OmexWU!%_{GvxS~g}%N~SAIcXHlupZdY5DC5n~@iVUjKAs9cQG_>> zkYgpUNh_txrtVsNX~Yc4I6M4T$hT5rTj(=IECavFb~z+0IE>yz!yH>7Ypkn+^}foPj+OmNyr69v5y$ky!SLk1BNd4z!St#&ht|q<$cq`k&dS=TJ=Z zyv>ok*umh+3b*k~r+vG+U#s}wFfX9|zis83gR1(<=7aGg)r@}!REU(!gCY)v$G&!4 zL}la)<&PkHFm*8P1pgs2k2T1QiwANeI_7R+;T{a(HF z=w>KCahKgPR71l9(CNqKxC%J)+S)AvY3K)>pxb+nW=&6egGgEvg^5@iM4zq^(vryc zZKimWXo-9@nNwKV>~xV?JqK1Wc00FPwL-S*CwD$@Y!N{-E>86naTHZ7Ap8VQ&g!TS z8dLE5SKMm-6)@kH&1^OrQ%-*zSeCx!KW)I^7zVgCsEQ%VMV?7@q*R=a7A(16$lc(p zIwIYQ&}!;bAz?G^{i%AhJ1%AirjMMiL(Yz7={`!H&}=yjmo~ToBb+picdNXS6Hd0!f^%!WNPbAh-w0; zE8CogP{a*`A}QZ_WY_Ymw!Arh&^}2GraO@xHz{39)|dvbZ1qg!g|Oq8{y2HB1l{DC z(=JdZ?7gMCoZ70*MHLnpgFs_#8#fo*X1qxvm0@JEDDi=TCCVRR?7DdHaXs+wtcByf zl_3|R)Rl)jO!!JnLK*h*7VfTx#7ghMiX?0Q+wIjF{fm{G(@1x5ls9fyGg0~&qZ>Z2 zR6O*)z-hC$5;u7~!#xI&lW4=C!Kk_Z6+(tk`My^qsYPAn!vF9Y8_?NNgNZ0jT83{s z*lBQL_zM{EmUT5Nm~{7Dx(*d*lQkd-AA$7R3-mF@VX64;&#rr>EX9p)on7|8 zpGxW4ve7sLaj5R{p;sWay6jlOLE*Fcchi7`1qdPh=0IP1hE&et% z8H%4*4~ypr<7SN7k`O33S)CS{ zqvNSjHYgiMY7i2+vsjj`RgXDX4GJJ@&OE7~StL?^KuUGL59+&^x%7Goqzj^>$99h|chM2G1d| z2R8>fDWbsxxJOfJiiGu%Nmp4Er&;>J-?-@-D?bD{hey$kPghr5MM#p;JYUQhb$Hnz zdkgG`7>O1eDwPV#wO9>nv{6<(5)b4ZHd3P>aC;7PU9U#;dS8opHqcZyDv=$n}|t!BL@On$(95?T_w-qI?{r6{`2r zDz!EC1+OoM%KxtsWQW59cA3f4*LHOB{cul74wvPg$i=vIEoU}^z*M!gomhYb&ANXA ze1H{XFnq#|oWcaM;8EU>bczPLrx_EW6tF8MG(tfoM|g153jp{jK*L=V|1XE%UG zwD$9u>oOAWiAdH)^62TTbYWf$Ir{qukHvmw-{r<^ICejF#Y(Wj*>bbNTUD5LvSVvO z!U<2h{5e7b3_l)aUo%J4idGpTyi&*OT!Ul#bm^jQ0}DB*76O4RR|uu1*g6f_R(ZZ| z(eL!6nF2q7bv}wl6cbDd?4*>yGvw}$Rf_R-T30rzY&<)jBkZ|CbY_T8OlJv{Z#^W# zYadq>=gp1jRKmd9<9X`7=SJGE7jfRjju~XhUlJ@|?6wq^XDl5#{jBp*)M(i4u>k)B ze^$RShz9J7L&24CJwKkz@P>Y>%=0VBP4{Arl}Z9NGU7dhe>IvCrvQz z_mN&?v!lU~!ayOtCbbEoS4n#8ZgMbVxwAtN0La!(<>yEoWD<%cdiO>rXKL02GN@g^ zmE~HC)bm7;C3|_TV)p9h4B-qhv)i!5h2>SX(pH4RK2&*vvm}44x5YRgl#Ve?WH8>& z+n1AK1`&8Si3gFthm`@T>Zfg|xO*5({7``>BlyAH;Y%uR6(1m&k{#GM^GTOXuH8Hc z+<1`py7*T%BS_sQVe0F0LV7^v^srcKrS8YzLUDsya&&W zwSu{+sTkoq$S3rTpTpCM3Dt*%f#<$BFR%~g@uVptq`ZTeX2X}lG-(`|TcYM_gpH#m zGNo&3L@I6LhNWJye9#7!Ro_&`AY%;r)42kRmeK|}EPUqK`k){8eu~E8LiA-q-$?ps zk>2(gxJpsBpU&7cVyQ?zEVGR?hU5J0x|>HYmF56$5xRbe2EgO~M}-_pf!E3FjMf-; z@NU$+9IMbH@alz2`nTsS|3Z!{A8?Wx=+%ai;2a~I^k|`&mS43t${MXl!}3?O+~L}@ zPI>HA%r7rC_k1M1ET>@%O(xu~6xkpSNr!^B&SvgqT+Ra$W7Jfh6a49eEB)FcMSwZ) zFaA!YEWw!sZ+@*?<%2sbBEg#j3mF+rBvxVyT{)q=0mee`>IHIRXr6dMvqGqn*2g!z zs$t6rlagUKeYTRhQM{MAD3MU~!dA=05sIWu1^S&mt-E+|B`(cKiaB!6)5@23WmSWV zsr^w&C#G&d(Ar(!)vYYyZ8zzdQ4gaF<4a0TJ|WeL8)?~TeJ_-jyo)~sSD2cvs?4t2NstEz)^8SZd(92Iby}N!9P#H)<2>$enIqC_-Fn zGYay*CiA~mmt@uvPI2JHId_D-H7@u}-jFzlkcHoHJ1D*T#Dz-3Rc#*raNai+T_)H| zvYF?w^-apYeqiJz4e{>6EQs=#MGm=-=L0SEW3HgAc$~PltcT%CYrYAnU=c?X5|;Q~ z9B57wY?m!i2XHkz9Rm9j@vBwO!(%iSiESOgAFkk2X1a`nA9^i51H5=LU=^n?(e3RM z!RaXQJ`IdzW&Hxf=8#Kr@EXa;Lu*39Zlc6ApQG*|V+b+=%0&(%{U)BDRw!(4rwH_E zq2#t?5$+V7?OjfQxwpHbKUPcVHHTxHF6a(^&PI#wMtF5us7OT#tlT6c`ZWl%D*H+$ zk5&}v$!oj}@~A30tVL@ljLsgan94i~3jO5=J?JepS634Ub97q``-rM_LXQT6LMTl>!Xg=&d!0> zdi835vs#fS0mW$)@EVMYOkh%TMZ@Z97<@i;kqW(WaV!Dy`oj{!Q7%=g{{mC|v+_*Q z5pKOus0AM^CS#}~s*{!PfA1{5rwVP)V;1u=SJZaD&o0~OF!z&A?5zT7y;~#NmL#!21+jWL| zxqHq_U{$*h!Xsi-$=qN^PB%sx^~n+V;YKc-kyJV5b1^LjO(Ms(vB<-!a|4a>mr|sI z_oQX+A8$sF*m~FIDy>jMro3gs22b=llbv5a80_Mb;Ul{~v6%l=u<`DrMp8Y;lKuL{ zs*E`d5EKGjSA}Ldds=v)T^rR8F!AmvYlTWFhg!bpv9_)eVWD>|9ogjwbzhcW`setS zn-@7JSiGdo3c1^gPTvZKz_Oh-uf4nnbBcV$(@Im#^J%Fiwy=j#T4R3V2Y1Fjr znYysMmr8@XN0(CmW&11gjCuG|O~13?yas^hd|IKT-!kR3cwM`3XZJfAf56Nd>bW*d zXOc!j!CrI?;}X)0$b(cxBIzI<6NPDNyu*vihL88&T3u-n=>5;{y8GZnPChdY0k(`V z%vF2;F{+ICUgbqepuf9KHJH*;-&rRJ9`SM-!|A;+Rp)9(uNS}0C<)@DvS)F9@fY}~ z4X9Vl;(Mw65SdGbU`sf*0l<*4)8VlQ9#PqT-7Tseu`%u=-Tuv=|F>S!FLz`cPX%E^ z7#QsOY*x|C5sAr+`sdA+urfdfIloSDs|+pU#c=GM0#p5BoU%gq0o`^T^ih~_Wsn&> zuW|hlqcB2<**5AcR_t%0n+dWe&Y38*0C#VrDPBysnS-#eq(S*WvRU43U^=v?9#)np0%Tr zLa3WQ$7aN?%^lsgs}(akD+h4Wk}7Mr=kBl#I%|yut`fFY^Q_-;m=Ct-z2}|CA?2+( zjk+ZXx+y7%x2^qt?UQ~eD6P#%W zr8vPnv$)Dw;GH`~oz@HpJ6ZGq)bsi@s?kXR z`i`u5xiTnYTh)SVXUta^Q!YvE>nu}56Eo19eZoHwfTcuyq%CDKsyo*ner0uKtpHB1 z;0aMa?#hh@j}lhB`g(pDpn6+K|VAZ*`$jpWQDiP~YuiVZ1qP3x&hq2FP zLOAooTJ8U`LDXG=6gLA$g+Q-Bz|&o)*C*_kvn&#wbyUhyypE@>%WmE?>#Q5+cC-5bXxb=#7s*eYf#dy4eNwm5_XrSMKb%FD_r7@dS;LHZGj}An&Hdv zsB-UczwFQ}howprEa>D6COsLmY|$;UsekWS*FAxqFOVlqkzX*??#WtdGUkLmnjVVr zph@a}TDDyA!-j7cvUTdj%ZCc8b}{jjy~@AL@mk78BbB7no{Rc+hCo6DVhvB#RJc9z zX4&uj!kBOQYOr7Yc9l}pV#8Ze@JeMY5pBorsedCQU3VeC`IBcqg&+8+xYNO>QAL&s z&_7_>Q{o~+oRRBrAFm~PR8t|bmHHSnLH`sdi2!{+#^XxjmxIWbk$1X%roCo{$%(+I z^6fZLjw8Y@pRKtpm=p?j$YfSt2D3P^1(A=GbB#wPP_ZL-=(%OlTjJ0Oo6&c*cat`< znM9u^{}?!B*X1RUT*F|CFrk*vtRAwHcljH)Y|p+8DtSl<&-YlssOv#~GPL0Aah-Fn zS4E%VX1Rx?t>)Cf{Vf&!Yl=kkKIkwckeO@5``Ui1cyG%WP@#s+Xga3uMRJS1c)C4m zBHS(!A2S;{#kF0R>rKG@!qg(vnt0rMu~%PUiIz#@nmIcQxWRbco8#~se{J{Vr|bXT zvXz4E>bGOXfE*0-&w6>>lL>;@LLEj?DGIm*Z8JF|%abQG`gZs~~* zCs3V#A`T3Tz)QogQTcn{2~>`HDwnKoDoA=JN=PPPHL_4RlV=?(fa;D7L?3Lq1oM6l z)Re!9qpWS`hR_;u8}tP28| z>C8^zG&q7=0i;C)`ZJSMxs+^Wv!}Oxe**2BG-gRL4}rqVU*a&$<>zOQ_#ArHc$DF~?I!&&&G$qd3sAv@tm&0faiJP6nsntJM;<$$e2cZ!yMDKSE)< zlug@YbIA_-zh?(RtcMu zS@esJl#JtdGkPAWaX%%`Hs;svSXb`~SZ$>OR|HY&@uU%l@|Rh)qGHs^du%+Svjq{^ zFU!={LlVdyr`xq9NC`n*+E&ACh9EyirgJ<>J;|b65MiL7wD^iki`%oncr3w z$48)eKiNx@KA#sHE30R;@6;Z|_{P$z1?%4`*v~Y+R+YWwba7msc6IKU7N=@Zp;ob= zVEB%%Hm?g1>O;ntnK^Yl{p>YL5__UC791BwmK;IkHqGA-2xFd_N)vh34z0;A5f#@; z7|kD~S;$cqJ?Uf0wa&IN4&?jzm$#@C*55z%R=~>9@D!UeCS*DcfUE%IVk<$zLCnwd8$8j;{>?f zv5)*oMrbp5@~U=Ew^yh=P#1w+y{Cfiw`@ueO<0qB8Qn(zaV z!%i&6?UA-}?uJYb zp9(~^gk+9A6uip~=&G_=YFudga-YKOlzw?3qxxqhTe(;Hm8tww#WTrJ=My6n(K8_r z>X!(%lakgwud|7Xr{PSmgwCp$0ki3m_iKLJPqaHqMVBze!oMYf8u=$;8^k4FR=w3m zLE^}V*i%!q`i{$gSzueJ2_3JU`ihWzm~53J=}SK(j?67*Im#eR=NYhP13lvVVpV2* zJG%y>k<+!OvF46kS8<5MX;zP$Xm#6+&HTGA(wUHtUt1hKhID}E=~bYz->Ej>o1rfw zJSVJO7cY0kTIQm;dTSq+C1-NtMD{G^yx@(%Q+YVUddK`+^<*$FcQp#H1X^LrjU)Z|Myzg|Hm(3w{Fw5vo22=ZV;v0(H1h<3u z7@z?XCy#o6l>bo=+7t(73{QLMJqIOx!1D+suV+Y#&d`rIz8u8;dzE8#)D6S3YT@%?E_QFhbpUkN)l4Kj;s8TE3pp#%>nLu}HUon+YG@?WIInQ5TBGMUEc12o<05{`77+;pLEXjr z_7sk;#?4$wH*kv!0$UqSrCR%tf-F8W`zEt;l(t8J*2|NK@m>o#-^>?mVtxCt6}qFg zhHw2~xeh)W(D5IG8pwr7dbvvIAA8jo8N@0UWrY@~qdkI6UmJF(Sw~Ksy~gfb+E^2a zH+18$iNi@$)dy1?n`x|OcXo%kW7bF`HC);<>~|;8sj?UotN2rojUq2LIUy^Fd5$ju zCk)nUCo5Ln$Tm?_7cVuwFCWzns}yhlPwcrZhZe@X<2m?H>|e_Cv<(kZ>2$3-8~|!8 z|5I}K%%VO?4#LJowlxl$*!2a!O22i$%e6tNRAmDt6nbzq`ZQ>fd!j3K|HssGqpX$G zo`O=xH|l&D89F;d&_Fh}~CNjx|9mR$tD20muNE}*(LSM~azOiVae zoH#W|3e<%@^P~C4#qybh9w4-?f32TPxrFmm%>tYMly^>V^)N~c?6wNOq`;zObOMOx z{vaDv2NTIcnI!2w05UUtF z9>#sKTF@_wxHI5twcYo8CwC>nU5=zfgTWtj+AZ+Q8or9Pvd5J+4tFe_rFfOL&gfV^ z3$B-NesQ47XVv2Mf=TtOu{;IFZo6r}0)Kt6_)+{#YM#c+)i z9NNKXy~|M6+eKqeP_K%gEG-g4yY-2`B%5$byKQ<>=NxpMmZcOuz7DDPx_fW`wq&2Z z5J~-Q!l`K5s%+h3N&=A~NG$dQ*4T+mY>T}tB;KBL?Oc(QY23rZ2pQe|5u2*0G%v2> zHfOY7`vSs1;3Q61w-YI0I@!ducq0ZW*mw!%Kd`vTD>^>#%dgcel)JW>@)=T6Q<&Zp z2;0q|7c8ufy4B_Jkm4@qtS${N&<@VhrY2Zu!F;*WirtnmSn{;bXLonv-gm7V>&eS? z{3Y@4xa&eb1zk6G^%{#Ub@tZu-BMvHj0|s4N_N!RxM+qm!dnjyp}Yp-E_WQV)s}kw znTUgie|~s9b36!3kv&log+mfb%v+TGBy3}zU)wm$b1T|%sz?W}t*nh9PJR;>c`o61 zt-~k=?O9Hr5!J38OoOT`%X;PRkhBAa{-$R0T!0m46mVyeF-pacrWQx-2@A(vE_8Zw4q?yt*@)%7MsOg!eFQ(tX7g-( zWU$wOygybwljTq^S zdhPBR=gj_y-gFIRb$Gqqa4jPXbZw@%kY?@#`J+)hT7)Go^e00F+u_tTPf`w@#n@2s z(Cw;A3Vwc%$w|l^i}WVatk^~QBfbmrEf{;Q48nA>Ld|hTU+$VLO5eTpBYWu;9(|~+ zS$Q^BIQvm38+K%oFnnDY`tvx(v>=O#|ERYvdxL{KH{J)7rK2V z_U?Qyyyfb9?xCM1v>G$PlF5u<;ovs3o2ztB)Jkh~EqMY(<^gjeYzsfq171>GNh#5( zPQCS*nW2s)*_SAXZbXCz1Xi_h+%6kl;(gxX;eCQ#6$RUZdFwHv*KJa$lsX7c2U2&) zTzfcjL8m9<9IdRa?^SEdv9(nNth1A~!@P-s7s`KW9-7E;xAN;8gfqG@eTojiwR!Y9 zR2Kgv$rc@~DPL=fvZRTzIv$3gcO&y+btLn6dW8IP?<;fwK{^sn`?+dZZKLrVFTW$L z=%=4IiT$W(khxDS6OfrT%E`(0g#spbNqtjJy)SM*_BB=Tnt&hRg($}MnZ-F7dbwZ5 z+B;vC0ZI$U2Skw{x-ojm@e;jz8^62korU511!gD8C5}-mry*Yxa{JeRULK;V7y`Op zAJu%rXV(IvF7ki2PSe8kV{@WrQ&o_l17ZBOuiaYjd<(*m5XPflM|!zv=w;>bSk|)E z&oq0DIZ;yF0=2}fIBdk49$WQrBSMSO3|q6;AU%U)>hOJv6=#W`oZD3!_t$YG(*GK7gS_ z4^EP#)=|nhMNZqFxR8Co<7P~~MG!&RV`6%CTjNHg6*WCn3zLQTuyD%SIWit){EI`A z?^;<%G485^P=UiLmY&Ta7|Mpd2rFo#5*Yx)Ptz{gzYwKtNP3;{;SD?=$8N2SMij5LFuHXq$oy+Z{tD?c5X9?T_*IC=$(E^EJm#Yr&7ywBU z$*HtI$Vk@Sp6Bfjb+#he3k;w#Ukf;>Zdj{Kjn&iTj2rqeW{%K)G?=x2O@bJzbe7iF zkA8qQ7SW+H)OKEWL)W7#OdRob}9&wnMyW2 z`xAqmXBsk-;{_|(59oBBqAS95_^Qk|#P^Ax5;@OqP`6A(0T8<(M0E1l;g5TzO*Hv} zkwUhLxa;lb-0K7>SqgXKRGL%=0lWqmjJx8@>>MO(;n75k&b(U({ZvHO*r;$PW`=8U z;nkK%Tl@2gF5cxrDWK7qg)s>}xNDMnm;I7#eo+8l=gIY6X&E$Y|HKt+XM*3vGJF%U zSjOpZIC>3rH#?stSRUDoAFdYcY-#a<7nBD{g!p`Ua`oFxsPWiibQc42sM>Pw_Q{rf ztOJaKS$XAh{asWGuKSRL&D)>WnBh;XLG0+#>J(s>$J32^IXkBoWj`V*R468sQrqVj znnP8_NDd5ztTl!d36Wh!a^?=_h5+kKcGofpt;-x&NY)d#;^*y!e7h_dSZ}%7@Xq-g zO`r0)1}7}S4N*-5@Mxfu#FZ|WnZFE_mKA7WsO&zMk4aPTn^z2mPT8Zj8v%;Yohi*8 z17!8;6U+4!sh9mhlT>$}Zovp1xdxg@@lGh8P<7Wl(H)uvC}YW*d1P+-?O*NQ{U!}; zQ{1u4!3wEpKWgeUa=lv#9RlAAbBPhyb8Zta!FxP~_kDaD&NK~07&YCQB^fRf>3$WnnE*gCup=S+)PCRSy9yMIpU zOv>6Yrda9oG*Iv}zZh8XCl3kDq0}T9YHj>pd0vCum(4(AB1>hezZOeP#-)GEhw zYc1;3hWi&*mF#b+_(WdcBl2{4$lUW0=hC|l6NAbd?g27H3YQBQ-NI7zHkmBX3HamH zZPW}X{XKsxXBw4 zWKPhNZGdY==)>5un_)JdO%JC$?*iA763tarXp70Ubu00h`8sGSfn+QG4dSIPz3^6d z>hJ0z@YJ8}dUxDXJcw=ELp07`a87b zck@!0v(IVo^ls}ukUq3q2O-ttNs&93o`G4;H46WA6`oPt;lI}(|EBSU{{RX2-;{n% z_NsS>^R(uykzXu))Ad`^?gp$Od;f50stV<82YTwU5p*`iV65&F1m%nnHR%&6`4EB8 zRb3}e4GF-f(KvVKhQ;J=j@XbMO?worwk?@?_6SUfnpk61a)(kclJ2}ZZq&TNPRePt zH)60Z7$P4GYyH06+!nYf{3*k#z1S%r8Wvh-cb@E`Fx(@H0EHI-kGC>-)LeMnF;P*u zPBxONf7*wS0LdR{{x`9*OjIbLerJ#59!+qG{ST>TcJ!fTvjkzWMxdSlx@>!Lwrnib zl6kRgdN#}LKSRgEO4&&=(;}uYzdjixXvUw9g8tRPr;kUkSz-|gR2W@8loiDEK@i9A zuslR0@|3M!9NkWhm!$4nYecQbbg8AVOj|2SSk-;^%Bdy=bSG+rEA&ulPf@Xn|9ikt zWcT8>fA8hCpa#(cYAR2)F742{1tDRQz}swpJ*&+gMk!`4t8PMcjG4`rzefB176qXX zmSR*ZNGQrIJ%dhtyz4R2`^4>!GqziARKiz+ZTOj>5(U zk%YhJa(6ItG0%+yNE#V|Z)gKn*|E>>)yr9*^HNK8y(zB?4 z(dt>_FAEi*FYFF8;SyE{qy;tWbeSjiy;~Nv{t+qM;B;=M6|(J+HsjCbpJnQ}hsB&K zsZcAf_U925b}@|z_F#{!TEJky|0zuTvDocBcNxdR*oay%x|U}Li_;mCFMD2q@{RS` zV0zTQuhk(--|0uiPL}=}`jzPea10P#Au)bFgYSIW_X2E~Azz+_fuV=$1PCOBS%K`s z?R1MnJ0BTc!BDTowu>F`Uq*l2CyRSXH*v+|NJYq9xn!UyCnhmr9LjS_r@GTu9rph< z5fXPjqs%gglpJU&FmFCU4^Irwt?wJ@Fm>H_0y33u@R(P?FHI=aHgR=5n^En@dN4j? zJ*@Uin3r?GSfsRpis=3;m`$Uf{wSc#Mo6Gnwz%yaG;|I3I!N6Wvz}QkAC+4BDA6fD z*blq7Fg3JznOU-ct(KWDv3#Y7CZC^;x-bQgiL*mRd{eCy|AwC3`4<~s79@bD&k8pBet+@R(a#lPG6#)5DqGD)W1x@{IYiX z7hNiI1C^}oPpoNfH|g!#nw&r#nC(I(*=?9VYltfMN>xpyw8%Q)!)zc$7rm!88+u>1 z2X*PaWvN=YHVqQT2=ZAx4~zv&U9W(86dF?=CqMESNzdFbDzbizD(G(8g_%K2!$h-` zWgyq)laJR@Em5J(0Y!aFk9ZY0m`)7?$sYf|#C-ZN&V7V?4Lkb~Ck8^~SpH_j< z`!l&~mPT4xSsI<8C|C?*(a>}s-bQZ*yk2~Tn>^=$aqqqFWjx}ClH*jO_n(7)`gxMcIP4YZJ*U`L>lt;CR7`}t7E$L8 z#7^WTIpF1>RPi@&QVa9q95xZ(@~_Q-23%~biObb1OD#QDzvac%CTVwuqA*;v0>oMf zTmtyd$x6hxmnw*0qu30`kpg$^*B^WJS(9^4N`PHgzraY`TBf_I+%C0F#f7Re#Jn~l zuXH7E4+KTp80@Ymwjw>U)f_URg=ZL#fJworGvUmf?C0A!1D-}{27M@YKFz!a0huBT z4#X4TatV#O9%FFxcf(=Fl4L>=W#NAx9s?#KO;mH8qz`B@e~`k6Y@>R72|St*?~p{? z-91nIC%rv}TV9_83qx#|M@gaXYW$?%_>$O)p-cqhOJ7?asGy`3s~)1|^7o(lYH)_w zZ~Zm*Ug<}Z{s;m7$r-H_A9dQOS*)X|qzO)SS6#w;vK2QQ_|>)vOF?@-JHak`LP=dT zKVum}SRT=FFDz4|&@)J~&w+0z{8)=r{RA=w`p6v{#PdcpbyomuEH*_lZfxD1j}uTF9I@#^k|z zf$RQiw}5yHstC*V)BTr6Ng&FIm8TQrbBTBsS~o4B9l%a)l05A_$r zQyLH|*k!}Ru&8uIemcqvFr*wX!!$Gcxl)Qom?%j^zyiI9k^^i37<+R@QJ4lsI(T00@6kaqt`vsPu~RRx_20JGj~bYz75+8fJZ6VEf{4iElz` z>tHN>0vtS%Pn%l*bw7;#Lc|mPjthWC{e1O?G?`U3U7;%dx9QJF@yE~o7i)r3UcR40 zUp~N0Z9~;FC9f?D@&C(S%Qx z?TVo5yK0i!mo_UHo@U9)q~UFbO6hL3LtgaR%Pl zjKuE9Z~|qWk_9d@CkHY&2SUZbz`(^49NOt$gtjy~2PsfhSt%$gEc|8|7oY|*nf(>~ z(dGuFy8=4$C)k>@y~4AdzS8|s{xZP%n~@2uOFIp8B8bBh5D`?AmeK_lpe(EpPiSOr zaq`3gEv8|DQvfZ9ZfR_OYAX)T*yawh_Vo$G*wDrT{*#==@@+s*WD$Vex86Sm_O?1T zH8?c2PY{8=XLw=?3vm1SgahIRrOk=?Z@QhpXg(lI3*$rU4+S9q`hGN;U>mEmy1Kkbq=rvc({WC-^6AX_K1eY zUu|1U%liV194zJjdPv6td?L>rP$VkeJU9vgm6=?)!Cl>x2I)W(zn#>Jzq5bd{R@VE zNx**ysBV9I4}M;;za2!re%1OvG zwtrHAgG(YpO43lKe~mVOWVG%bG}okKhpz?{-M``_<`%{d9|{DO z?U?JCKX%=}XkVcJ8>g#z>uv4do%%iesv}}#d1Pb>)X{0>*oSVFo}F;49Gt+(L|Mi< zGXWuhcA~UVrK5kUYq))uLEJt5uzFL%5#D8;{$9T60NmVpQp)+Vu7q2O%x7D>=>^=1 zNG}^iG>Ywv3%Q_;6&QpiI29sa`!-Q_f)-BCRQNS>l$KN*d;p6vZjT>;xjYIVD_p3b z#s7S-1JAFL)({~S!*)P}wbY({1@WFg9cLO_`T$JZUlAIAk>bfY5Yl2sp(Z(wb2!(B z7w66!=8s?>reg>H?BMm|&>b$Ovi8N1ZtIuq*!-lf=QlQ85m{<$a87qPO*cl)Uz#7y zD~H6RA%zhu8=leGNXxq<1T%G5JK;oXsWMLo~$IG_c9imiJDxJ?6-A*Q?d(|^*4#k#S|Mj z_a;`|e?utytTa7G>`+=ZV5FsF?>DW`hxT-^Ae~K@ADCdHK7so>eZ~omDHW($DZ1_E z$EM{X^({}G_nw29JMn!AFZnCzAG5>M)y&+ogcgM@@RS!}>u#cPRNFKgrrH#&M{)e1 z4BJyq$%mgSWH~glwUTnvPs{)eK@+j#pAB{w!=o2dqyt_m9% zQ$NU7o-ExT(h;X5dc%%$?UQL`2uh^Y3_L)OFO*1qGrDLtHmSeqv-12U_K4L%|2{em zqZ_IkykWa%6HiI%g*sWDTL*x#iSJGd?SY2JPt{N%Qgq1cT)!<&7s!tC-4TiDhbOp26^EVF*iAzHM|o<(F>s1v8IER1?BL}s1<(3x9NKo+W<%?|gu@W%XN zQ=Y)c(}{MjD!Gz%kV-5NwOg+tI|E|$m>*~9KHIg1^fxdNAZyyfdw58Ot&0h)|NbL~ z@YYo5f^W29PrXWXX`-b@flr$9?28lto2+Yz-9!NP1P=&mYZ^@;Shjn)KGxaA#`D>) zh$t){P?n+%9C_tx+VD$X%N};-iK)Z=vta34^*2@($$EE?Cy{XjNR%9tBG{B8I_Ny+5>$YIbSZZ6LtkDvwKfe-plnvXnBMz;;9N#DThKJgk zdbXF~ML6eI^Rqa78m?U|_8l+Hze!X|*|8_Y=ZdWhd-@e0DQ}c^gc&av8O(}exN--v)9gK8Fq0#CN zqu*(7^dj6yvd0VbJuKUW7`LW=TTZsJ4$Ii)dqfyTggSV0q5Y>wRvA4s@ee5n0*8_Q z_f?9*kJb_6)Jw!`>fo^Rvyyc94~IFyJ5%6<@XMBNXZkCg(7~-cIH^_ks{Ak#XUE?( zY@FPFI=Bcg9y~m%IZLFts41klUGhiwdE+5Nc$+04kG6Mst=j?|ma}M72;_sW*`{7} zUVTPNG(n~t^ONpG*LOdm2v&#Y`9@EvZH8oSWJi47*aa)Z$sTaGwRw~^l8sz%xYUb>;hXedc`qxB5gMWgSFSjR6vY5rVfU90nC3yGoSGKF|ErvSkpLze2Yg= z@%$_z{{F`jOVPv%?6gaWX-NXuix?&5&+gVPN=^32)TPT{(`FNXA2)=3ibtlcdXn73neGo`9TyDe@;DbL zSeamODDX~CeY0-F9Ea8K^^+Si8=BG!foPxjQa*H6v`7&_JZTKEEionFlwL+r;8JG@ zeV3cImeZ0~IsF(S2YEt$?k^w*lQix+`{i{#&s1)-`<92*2|j^k$XvSR-1&kdU{Nd` z)h=c?Ezehn@LEiM{L=0hFB+uak@dE#@W5i&p8HQ9>qk|Vt=F6U5Vp5H)3E%x=I}ld z9go_|h})4xuIS@~$VksGZ8`1qWxsH9MdGF}qMDB{?sE(aIGODd^Wx3`@uf%)0Rrd-#SDc3;+ic#I&1G4YtqW4t7(=-vq1i&~zrJCgJqtwA?z=q;#h z-&yFv$K@VKV~dvF?j{@|#IrQQ1jsxM8j`?YA(%?KZFc=!|n%=}ND1^ysfzcrff4am@1;rYcYU0rvBC-+WJcxEXq)l1}2?!nd$1V>(W zB2ucaxhPGuoSXt`=yaqnxAIK@;8HUidaVF?8mNVjXoshW)3>q>p$1;$menBR7rPeQ zYSU_igt&7}{+48$4>jbjr8v1Ec0+7Z=WK5vyj18)JX5cp=nbH+6BeE+AWUrAO)M!W znN=ElIaROKN)IdCJ3~q*b>j00L?!wg>$;7V*7vTR%apZ05ox^*P!^7bVgZ`zbd^UCy>s@S+sJMvT~jipJU)q;pqHh5f321fPVct zEK%D_UJGmwYZa%9q2JZPYGtfsOs--*Je7(@8BXf4vasGjt(Vft%HeyVVz6MxJ4W-GS1 z3Zx!8setV+Tb&2okE9s^Dwdft7He_PahO(!$ktwbaSeWi(`fH7w_@$OemS+C0f*>P zeCf1)X;O?T5{&=3G~duY`epP0EW>5cP`9a1+1}6*np)PzS>=Dr$z#&|@;D?(AKoR1 zK5Nl?K=vfSZPz!`-wtl9pFO120h^CQaacN=sv``YCUt7n^<<;Awb}oc*=hvrcttq~ zlNj%nRxrm#Brrp9(z&Q&Dcqch=Ue^6Bkyn=j=-ukA5my_IZohedNJSfmvJ*osnX}w-dfEQkxQ_y3GKS)#*T;C! zsP(z&ue=DN7Q4rAQiGZ-9nBx#T%}cUNj$29^gSriF~id^usJHj3fHV;5Gk}UXJbg~!; zQ;rbxMY5|5CfQNsgjhn066$Wx;x5e!i0Nw4(URf?FMHFSKMGJekh?9m#cA^8OwnbJ zmiSw9!4&Fku%H)`CWM)vzb2Awh;ARxIOgYSK^64CE)sq#C9MHZ%QqL0gzkqEI4W+5 zdGU?&*b;Mkdj{#RRqn13u4%%!!D%>B{|J)T^R@Z=>@Se-@ZCN-G6yOAi8-vJ&V6M1r-|i+DWj?;<#h-)y?U9Z#4WuB8u_s}rK_ z&9%GfFG=Dl-5UGZW&0V(`~5@6pQuOiN#)fVnweajZt!%+({tRKit5gZQaB z5PVW95j!Qfrcgl?^gX#zc=Pd__}2AYIw1PF+KiFxCpEd2TaaZ2Y>&2W8^l1OsLb7p zM`6;v34bp{$qV2XV z=Dkd1l$)6I+0to76`ev)-3@ON1LAN{Km0Wfl_?2X{)jT+`7aOLBLZ)Lks6_m=n(c) z+$SZ|3Y}J-8PLQx)LTcixQx|D?U4hLB#A7ZQOE7qz8WS=5`|cGuG0 z|3OfJKw412-}t)^5D72R`VRteWQQW5ELHyB+_g-75Go}1#>S&(*hD@jF3>hFNN+!7 zq_ZY#awKMD=n8kUEXy%asfEe@(vyE>oE7vg&Iz$7Az2OnOK&WmSA)DzWQyhferI4TX=8=QLf~ihW3%;M}doXDkHQFuh5qp_S3DRV7)DL0Io6?Bm!CCyJHX3Pv)?K88zm=3Z5R*93F zwQIu_50m#o-O^~xJ(jbmPs0wRi)~LUr$=Pn_64jx^SwBIZUbrfxPjGY+=VgcQ?w0^ znHF|t`|wSMxQg@4LD`kDPq-#(Ez%vzw7sbDeN!r>`&_EdaMx|rI|-1&R}?X7uCVK9 zR^Sp;v-ax8BzV6oO%J5k&4!vuYGfv5SS?Ii4RKdR(tNQp+tzo`k)#Vr{;;#^ zdx4kNvMx{Xp&OS9kaZwHAuY&cw`N(UcZx@mIdZlx?67;4&Hg zhTywVEMqkK_EiW13}DalnbXrE!@!COTUx$T$r|G1umBW1a<~)%)EXJ%>@8d0Uvkn8 zbo({va{9@HC(xB*$P3>TrU%o2 z9#R8HA{7&*Yx!HdQlh@mt(U(?-FTq!|p`^emCEG^|N#8F`F;pYEr`=iMz?PY=%ZWZw$ z)bYQCT8Yr3^^^aZy|0*O6jJXaX7QMiOE6Qh90D%A`rXgi`?Kezu&3R}u)WGNlM7nP zzbBmrV`s+ov6d0g=g~HBQD(+SQaSQth_R)FUrkC#s9)SDqZ7P!>jgyU0F?GnvC3(r z`f*B`i~$zE)BXC=Hz_e5kveMh9eiW8`$zsBbm-!GF^w$rC`q@wk$BP-q z%^0ZGln?V2uT3;d55t+}8bMG1nE^TnVO<223JsIs-*-2!m#*RqHkY=gMzBno|cq5sUd! zI`r+ONPBfs#p>edWj=JVhmou8$en0H~W-_=j! z?bOqHb2A7%I}_NwA9u-Eoub04c4B}T#GU=e272z_8(tbtZt-}$T&0)kxbSH=Di7>i zd8=nxk1RJ3UgMcw;HvO-SgkK(9Pv2ziuEvrRl*>;+O?4hk*wL4Tw;QEM| zR8!zM0!c5*kGgovat725Q;S>hDAFFNc0opJE30x{0i+YVXqy5HuCV79%A8xsWE35m z#a+EgJ%CBx1Igw;)aydYY>pNq-(}-B5mlxd{CK4aWY5~~P#B@Gs1X_sjpOU7RNr49 z$0wSfo_kTX$k^?Ki!GoJJYk2W2BJc@M7Ab)31O=)f1I2~o3g77hcSO2CHj?d!zG}v zAy?>rA{x{90}NQ`;BBxSPhjj&vnRDSyzZy)-11i_a5vYb(9Zzxfv_ zNNr{#mSGB(%587pewf0LTB-uq2yX=I!4(tVFP+-?dFP^4?x?*qfy0}1q(-vyU&!R5eh7oZ5ZdZ33-Eke)Ti! zu|K3zOP}i>?_zFFNos5YQR$!k4Vmj1?&|7FZp%ltUG|RoLdM*O;=nE{_y_w?ty84d**F!x~hiiBWT2mmzk-`h>7ed-1h^cy%hK zs%Ac6`HNC;FD*ARXRrBV@Ti3MQWP+AY4bCavA0kv=&V``W)S!rwuxn`t440JBJ+3p zH}O4~!GfHrmzhRK^yy823(&45dCp7{;XL@CU##Pt+Q-kih2=Uz_Sr|BBxngA&0l@U z^?u7{E1fKux~a5UNZJkeJBORTx*6`1F6(8FXe*2!YX|j=kO>Ihs`qhOT4P1AbQX8w zX$m~>^X4GF&B{Dc4uglP&)(0ec`Q2&XFPG&^5x1LhFsYL{2_`nhW2kM7dn0PtBu<8 ztP4FI zpmQJ;0RzwbyoP4qu^~8op7rzGc7%j~#%r{&13m13@Vo5U*vrHi{48wB;4RhDKi^I6 z4o>2vlCf}%hF&NM08LU$E-^&;KGuZc;A6LX$LLl22$Vp=TIssnjUdb*trEeLR{1aP zTkq_uc?lwfKFkF5D>PqtzHab%L?GM}WRLHPkX`eep%rIrnu!VdCm#X4*#qP@&}L5# zi)|@01RJ(|B_j}=)WFFUavj9W=!4tABKOFSU9;@$^MG^K~B?D^9g7sfsRU zlxG7rU)@c{S&I_qU%4kBwp-P!!HYmt4eQrEq84nR&`z%}mMK!G+tJ|ac<8iS$BZ+s zy-jxNGobf%A|=@9pecyD<0{4)P@pCI9r|&j$lXu&@Rr{M5OYcV6oqtgtdn1?^vCrC zJ%g2A=`JT2CK&Vn6jbe#Sg?u6F+(;zo)J9U8 z7{}^#r`&m$pcj~3xIg97BB%@0s{5kbfJVVxO`NT-om3jph6$HVATYHzU>j|`q2N}y z;ZzUYL6qKp1@A3dIZbboEQEpIwXUntcu zfdw%^kUFFaieQE$npE2CgsK*tZJFUG_aoDcbP5fsKd?DmwRPe72&c>AnoO~uNK zhbya>B`>KOLj`PG7E;Y}P&T(1rr|o&@EvQG$e9Xk0B6~G-G&!5SKEa#Zi7-oFPUglZ2Q}-rQLK~zZ7PACbRPQo5&gQh%RCo z)Gl+;>$Ts}AlkNs@w@i#e)$4R6`|fOZlK7*HcLl7q4~S9=EC~FLx(k?CSj>!)U~W- zY1+{?(!~um*bj(;+ldBY5>qomqDO(Sj^DV_;XzT0q zRM8rTIl+pq1KbC&T;Rc{OJ1>I7Z3GKm<#cFl3-rQqC^Boc_C`$V%d2RKG(Xp_6Wu$ z%_$;%CLY@jMAsw`Ii37fiRois0LwH}iOanj*(>3rZU~sUrI2sp&TRL7f_L3TjL)#HJ&&gD^<2yn;sjx`2YIpR*Ru2>hPA#XS9i z(tM6nAk&vsyI}&H%uN}}F7R`Dq2A+jqDqW6o>zf?SqOAhHzQ$Nan<#_Ht$-A%$sET zeDF%-s1?m0x!D}!bggG56Kt92biqH~G{QZHA`P;BPs!ijoor7z*;AqA;_Ke9R%1Gj z8T{g2lD=(LuVW}=UnBODht&k%c_(>(EY+BVk(r+X-sn|byL^c^j^h}kB*v@(U=z(U zkzCAc?-q{6Ys<`iyqfMNWf)!8$>Z2ulTnzO6u7p|+H+k7I~B{%kGS~5TlyXZTp0)p z*R}I>W}F3TInd-l{{UgRGrmj7;QB(P;bO~WCqBeY@q&UGIn&4Z>*v+Qr|IgUfi4)L zyXedXC#5ET zzmt*!dN#v^OHVj4udefCj#{Y=xyCED@@F<;AqUq@fV4*Px)mR;Be@orph3XcSRMb? zc^9h$`6%B`YvyU4ky~ctZ9_tURClx$;?<|qpk4a%$>%x$<9H-ZPws^Ml{WVKxsW)R zijz8PGG%T04E60;FR1bHl))bP;=Y^3^1FAplO$j@2pHj1bx8xVn4m!K)OrkMq53A2 zc|S^Qo4HQs85VG&n>$fvklKMFjg9wHVslrJ;5~VNS_kblcbRX{DSo~9+WiRR6sJ`f z(RZT?>ej)9R5T{ge@b7Cn9Xm%Zr$e^qzk7xCtlJ1gf4yC@$uR6o1+`;(Wt}UuO7vF zT^dlgncylnp6`WKA|sk-W%68h5mq`rgC(K-*{Kc>MZm`AIXW+F4{&^vRel}rht$xp zGoQamrM`EmK7~}GP1Ip}BAh~=Og!uHWj5E@ik%y3;Eo&A71Y!=qju{VubJ`vJz>ZA zR)S0nmU>2RXoIt7<1Dd562^@rNsd*t;cR#@?9&Ai>Y2RM6b(UZuL=>lF?V&krMG?7 zHqMOqVb4$nbt}w1orwY_#9{z!D#0s}Wm%OBC7vSakR>i8zMAff+Czu;O|=SWZLPzq z+?ylpdsODn>+z-|%ZD_gfIV13tZmB7Ie(_(tPW`M6>S>Yr|aacK>=`mMZa{bJSI5T zT31)JJxavOh*28);d;7Gy&8AKvc4@cK@Vjm5~=cmwt3Pmrt{XTM&A%aBp-})^upBr ze(*veo?n9lt8-7mdsbbu_)Ao`^&*jb__Y{ko3<<5SXLH(Gqcxv?$MqtDPbF+&U_h$ z`1)v9vPmdCH|&Y2%EL?cDMkmzjA6^%>8dZnoDFcTapy~P-vP_q;D!9|3}DnkpK_j> z?V);cfGe{h-7XA+!tY$>6|+F6h)+jxGT_5HC>b^M-fBAYuI>B$Hv|F{rstUmc9)s~ zos{>%G1URI9U+}C!84xbx|BB){kCnxjTQ)*lkd*7oU|@*8OOnC2%HI1kwTYA1u1bx z*AY)=8a^u^b#fWIVaOD}Vu3mHCf z*pWs1xofGHf+aK)(n`i`uG;b#h6+8!qX*uNYX%XbE(c(hijaCo0ZDTG=@m)KfQJxI zphgEKOcFt)Uz_x9zv&>0>MCShI2CZYoP+_{35H=6X4Je(LV_791X<;zyvdaH?M_gL z+Kah}OcfK41a?=9ww*1&>1d)=?}av-AQ@fgrr;@*lf|Ny@9X4TN54w_iOB8nAeomq8v%l2ClMQ)I%0$1Hv#7jZ{Oc(l}G8 z4Q()^i#YH znm6BO4k^Y)qji%Mn3kR|Qcubyf!&xTB66fK;p%rdC}K#r6Yqn6`+WX8;vRbCtfoVa zIPZ3asAbqqB+Sv`F>)%a2KHCDD?y``wR}N5oTLqM*zR#(>4pW6dIBT`ASq%_U3Fr$ z4406mZKxR>Ghe7n`-y?q2eUj_P*V164s^gl1*f$X1#zgOyeTm|Fp)1SK(tVkZY+wU zK-}N%+^Rlf)n|it78ayVI*S%IJ3|DZ)%1_AvAsfKGRpcH)M`6V=+dqZGYdLw3>WR0 zzq2<85KmFl4-*z0#MQ4m84_wvx(qOupnP};zZJF8qb0(8C?t@L?p+{T7_Rpvgea#) zOOtcC(Fu116WQFv<%E+FQLuALz)M*)@+f;Wz7VgJ(JH4P`v_z(A+3+zKhAqNUnxrG zYX?67oOeQj;I*z)$qt^^SLfA))LuFOE)KV&_ons{KJ#b70E-HYB6OxC7rBu{E@1e` zE6ff!fk{j?QUOwA81nmp{hnRAE8_<~K`v%gIa)rsi{-1zc9>deBOhqitPvU)yFP}R z!*x?Mx)0Hyp!ns0Hby;J+NZLE^ZVKXu}Pm53PcEUsOryN!~0Q>N~Gf*TEH@}^g~Zf z^)PDoK6p@<{D@k5H1qx>hcq7euu71tn0d zU^2!$R(WpKVe7UBJSBhma>p@1<7oE9 zTKwA1ZAY(ozM{YEKafn^(w@t@)L>b`MEir@Gw0qk4H2WkIOH*OWfV+A9}P5RQ%IJ^UuY- z4~3alVVS}}+MBq?0YOQmnLsV?o3oh*Z(Jp3#y%Nl9JBa<2DD^1mO|pD)>+&@$r1~8 z!UKsw3bBuwidf7nw#fJ~Y`!Epkij51C21FBmZbjr)B)pm$Y9^B8(5n;-OiZZ^|S+5 zmV5<;Rz47ZvKuftden5bO1BqTby_B%9Bnf~OI(WM15&Sgi~Xe`+Z6hW99S~Rek|e- zH-@nQ%HwtXTUWpYUlj(55n9UB;+*IpET|^BSqtH%^|&4XI;ib zE&8}sHwH%%@kk!WYYO#{4YBlB+F)YFXSx^VA@zaT;x3Ef4|qpTMPo*Ytwq-cupyzK zsDV>u^?-wiBhFvGh^{IO;MW(oONRMIdr^uZ)IQCC}baK91)L(=?>Bm zzxXO)e8Vl5T1z-Mw2NBR?&{YP?KFnU&ptEJR+!Zjvl=TIY5GojhOSEY!8lT=!?Fp5 z_@60mS0teG(%~!19OVZDn7sS+*r zrI(ojJh|z&lZxhp%OEeaV!oh{nz$@~k@x_9{+`~M#9QIsxi`iwD%MWU#~eShsSWHy zhQ&ZAdC8z*5h*BvQ$13a}Dob+nE4J3R91i?msOlCU(IVE3fp3&{g z3<~SQ7?naxjx!kIX9t8JV~yx7iOaFV$snjK_{|i1viFAb**$+Bx#qnz_2m>t(!{b(S->QE0!l4%X$yB` zO3Oa|y%|PB9agriyH4UZ{gonHz|Jr2s=4f{4pskn5N-!*(R=3J7y)kp!OJAg*S}Mt z&rK;xRtXnNMdqhZU|($D!nSm_}$obWi~kdnrciDmPa^N+-Q z4z6j4tdNndjTHH;_wW1Orn&g?=~`o+9A^rTWvkR z?%WEqIA$;o*l{!K365Q_oy-@jYBZD~6|49f!He@43!J)eA(OCag48`zYGY#zd4bDm z)Ard8k$dfU+zo2lf18`2%aZ-V0)%fNYMnGa@NSBsuMp~w6U6?BWVXAH71ECoK7GJF zSbz|J4)lcsl2Jc-WGy+n&eNEJrEc@du7d429AuN+@5+cuuvurfV_zJdUJ(A)qPt1I zhef%^=UA)3s%ze6L?v;#=`Wg1ft>zJQsF|A@_rtDH+^quXalqZ@HTg#JZCXL-RUiy zyvArpKbVw3q@hZfa%nKo zxKCtj(UuH^udwCCc8xL+~<;`kl-Z#Z~*ABs+6JX{ZL`&)kTsbO=eRXg0gr^Ox-V7Y{+0 z7*{lFdGzCPy^TAr))=ZSR&SCii)%r2&U-%vROj$X?mU>dFe&Ba6fW2A`KT#gTm;UOlDnk(YbeaR_QA+|Ec0?$yu znQoI)*N%IX*DIHJvyqkF`|oYp6&Z`BUa4&k7Zv^!(%O26;?spiivw)SaR79N9nB(J5@c3n zbUIT(#W-iJ<%*U}4cP+-V)OU*n)N`(5L<#);0@Tcf3 zL=rf8qOUmy%2fW?;8WEtw##R(C^`hh>jSU^|x85;GAT~-e zjd&9B5FM}0>pL5q2;I&JDYdV9U2{%RR3soXSp7L}>nLJ!aU+ZcZ3$YqKBJO@XWSuM z6v)9WI<}CMmz|=@vYU=&zn4tPYgQumL>BsuiHzC`e7nCf*bJ{YD}o2a%Tq(u$e+Qp zm{k^RNSo}E&af}U2wD5s;?#Rt#FU149>6S@PTn)yTE*%CbISB*OZIfU&SuJWrmTn_ zXl1PgVty%uhnL%Nu8R3h7c1Q9N;5QBty!hv!ezie>pVk7%5d=P{QHhfeL2$Za5N)q zi5{9FkM}un909P^4Wf5{=%eI)lBcxR)12({{KPuhDlfIp`(Wp9>@nuJHwqI29sxYr zY3+nW;GYFxR_*Kuh)mFJ?e>#0=s-!4a{U+m`%F*hQd`MsDv?>^R#>Dz_j-OM*m4yc zTgd>Pl&zJiP2p{Ids@$sWZg(%QI?ryMU_2)Z*vt8w9i;N8`NlK*n%SB(+mg9pWFDj zp&)WiSwtMHua{XO+mOy2%+_=4i4tLABi z5o)|W9?EUk#L_$yz>x^M)nF^qF2{I;aI>BF@@ckdxzrfno*7<#iKs{^O2NDINHCM1 zDZYlJQ!`P}I^hqDpCGhaSA6zlc*BQA!oWUYuCk{g)kssrZZp>W4E+KyfqbW!hf@%; zZ>kC@BQ;Iz6cEezcF6D%FS7i2t#Uwg@FA^%4%wSXVu1C1{6$Wt80yz$LRo4H{Wk_2 zL--YZynec#T2;G7K#~h~p|Mup*h8_}COF|^kQ6#>$;n#O*w0Kx5{XNWQ+NslfiVa% zFLra(zdU5(+B>#D)v}d!FnaxQmO$%;)bFfG8i;UWjl;o=c~tU6vND?x*r`HQD~6OM z8gvHNUzM6u);jnFMtqRmBZQzSI%cosoMv4f?~4`zVwS&Y>2uHJ#`cJ;ELM zLE4q^U^ZET46-o@Z01~|&6G{_dB_o1jBVH*jrewh`i8!kVu?e>tThEU5^^!EI}DHp4}>`%JL!Fg`t=~VLcO^FZW?+++^nB)~4 zaP~L@Tl&-v&#>V2#Ys=2WP-x~~Qnh#36@v=n1x-ImkL|gTC0ISe@!{6CZYqHi@{pfz zVwcGWAfdnZHFoH!zqpyrS5Ww#h<{!;j#-Le?VfLoJ){61FmKt9YFKO=^}7q&k8 zF^l7_rnMoyQO3Wur`g+ofOgNzRyXptkD%(sQ@H*ZBRtFD3B4A`I5q|kJRt9D|TBk>`Ch!rcYVv2!J8BZC%5e<*i1$zo>CNMC*#Yw*q&t5v2y*6N&WYfv9uZ_|3n>RE zYzd+4(@Nb{4!g*dJ#mv&_p~Jmmsqg)#;(N!W^&;C9mbCKC+tjaGk|#VX7|yO5ezF$ zZ;#C0M}K%fU=21&#VQ>_M3fQZaDe2@F@MTKaq#cpq##AFn4@LT^N>Z7G1pHwK+MrCQN{%Cv?&e8+KPj9qj|`WUo* zz=8v#j7$_`fz7*&J7|eaFP2xjLgx@60rRBK&9POp;Vot>Pz?Hq5~ct|e-&5N0`(!B z_7(XYXxp&okp(Q*u=-hhYAZ5`>b3ZOgR-%d>hwGoMQYGww55;X?SGL69lUjRo9|L! z+EDYA$(hi~*wB0q+z6(l2oa{TKgCrOv+_Q*ZXjgub*B04q#)LskK$VUUPJ0`ki2IT z_DPo_nPF<$cw+~5D!WnGNGo-ldtrddf?WKBiqgKjWCwCghtd_g1scq86!lG@r(KOQ z%XTt3@w&F?*9=XF+VeQ7a{K@wDL4>$9#L88O;=4(sav(zlh;#qdwX&{`6?vw;kk@} zgJ9Uy`dN|mAbkJ&#UT&+l^$`|`|yUWc))qqvP1672<<+t&kKhiE2H0r5M4bBk6as0 zXLa)?_IoF(x<^>>qO`oncc`zi-qaj*oino}tE}t9x4JdRcGE9p43yVcvm33dU-gXj zlwB1-Mu$0vNH^X8vHFTZ2=*Rl*kJA6;8=E=jaqM4%+VX<4{pIu~L{FnT}ehbfCpK`p=SleIEkk%v$;C%n~Le^K2U{9=UBgOkA%=r_u z5lwcDJ63=5O9fSXERF@SnYc2tx8Z2Tm05!fTp`fjvc&5Va=$Z+jjzr%<5I*5T8n7UQ zke|u`iFgO{rU3Fb8mkOPH`;C9t-yZbDhsE{K2=yukep5 z+=*Q5vC08m4YKVw`!Wi?J!{KXcpU&S#eqixslc`5GmJ*TpID8R1pn{~3+K; ztuyy#Z+MJTM9|$@0`v^!@3DHKhQ4fRg>9Fdj_5f-dkYJzz4nraglkQWx2&M_ZuWG? z?kF$yIlQnmZ{GNZBsn1As4-9=rtI^LFVeuJTDu(0HNE{Z5>yWo9$!81P&gsVNwDmd z+uWfliXA$BJ7aLZt-E!b-=uJ?o{*8*?dcQB1Wg}k8n_+r?i08XK=HM^tIDnJdoH8u zlBH@lm4Kg#7MSANMZJw&Z%G`YIkoOpNlIhg=^-U8kmW4Dir2Jcc5JiU`B{~xH{PN7 z$UswaS2aqS{{5Eqh`EQkg7r@>L+{G45f~KBDduKj!;WE2#&+|PAqpbCM^HE2nAMSf zkbq>FwwTHH^V5=XnC2MU4Dt0vkX;~^nL^%k$=~4I4{RrJu1y%hTWde1k$?`C+96Y^ zf49{BOl$qqte5pB_IG1lxP(+wQ&B>In?PI^gV@YWf5YF+i(=Fu$^aYaLvh(mA!Vxw z$dr>TpDji#gDXvj$~CJQ&y^~~(b{xJY<*;;I-@WF@8~gLvtL3L&}(0yZ{Ej5`epeW zLsDeQ%*dsHe>dS)na9;Dk|hDnFD9OYU#s8NGwcl&IaMUQJ|%|0VcLGj-b z|C%=w^!GqzaF)?S!VUzaS?-lRv9%z&sKnCXk-?=}7u3K@q!{XVDH$-xs{JB&M<9N9 zC(G}_>%l_%9lzJmi2<;jJ?x5(OWTk4nIcyd3n9$~{P)e9%*m@iN7BD&Hh9}Q^$$oV zag0LrfcX?H`jG<|2VnUT3kM=#5nv)&l8*AQZ0c8C2uQrf2*6u;Sm!{;zWUuQJg8tN)$$ z_jv}!|5c{{;w1haGco_G|3y^%cg*^){_~jrc})L2=6@dZKacsJ$NbM@{^v3O^O*m6 ze`78FkI($iWB%u{{PS4;c`W}tmVX}0Kab^~$MVl(`RB3x^Zv$R{2!n7pU3*oWBuo` z{_|M>d943D)_)%BKacgF$NJA>`{%L!^Vt4*Z2$BAwfWcOUz2}5{Oc3t%FT^WCu(8sY~uL0S{pc<2%8w$8UI}`ZDMQY zY>v;&&dB_K#fC&_X(Vj4BKq#=G0>ImD@UOq?WVEa964HEZLKC0QZ_vNMr1%T!qtq| z9C>>>gC;KRBlbZ2JuHwrclzB9IK(!R@p^p4R#&*Q?e{Q(_i$OfuGThgcb#MB*c9`y zUo5`wQyG!*@qSF;xw3OzUm1F=#N=>oJ?+{lb8vd?nsUMXZWzQ1cVZA9(B{+m!vvG# zIY3svX~rMsao93Hm?Ka}$Ee1a-d^|B>BX2(<*_)HerLaKFp{AYpX`;S7Ax_rlI&1Y z%(s25s3Up|^S}^-oE(12XfQNEk>sgIGVXKtu^SmL*#S27P&J-!#?{}6`LMX&8=JO{ zrn2YR`KBk-@0q@adpv=TNj+s?k!1BjL9gCC^Elt@e4_fxvq7nD+w3+E*3UPp;q~gJ z)ys}ofOl=@+Br?^##9!*cqH6tM-`2(XRdxN;21hMYS zLiEm+a%LcCxGEp{kiXR#RZK7aZBTdsWV3ad@yt#Fo9XF_&Torpie|Wp_j#(up;Di~ z>4W8Qtr)nkRi^&b?X&JyCuu0ID61$N-x<8}eVipEk1GR_1VQQn|7^_h7$)LRb`RTt zNbvckH|9CyNy^~dj-3>`4^vzw8RL{G2wXXFRCc%HxHcJvYMALT(U$!_6YfOxUFwet zg-@*ww8eN=hHrXRS(~T(b|eUo8^Q6deNr&kLyA`FH@&ZEzfk&)11$~ii+edGf~^JB zLg_q2N$=vo>65qO!E(unK=$XNR)qzywfX+!7}Mf3V)}%M(X^<}TxvLQt%bS) zO?KDB@%%%px%9O9( z`!gFnFRucxBv;Y&dLs_6{dQj@E<0uu+&*57Bb1(YGVpq~G}DAqgi>H?7e_{zqS>i}+{2U3XRX1i zrz_M65WcBq#Y_1>t&P+vsnr5)kwRoDWM_3M^WuGPca-6$9}}mM$4{DKv-xS?N+0kcwr|q|E)!ib|?2vC=6eTMo=8$Y>tHsU5tIge!Woz-8mDw=wWx_T3N) zQ?RG40-UfmN>0$TPCTjlb43n)=>UpzY_r4!F0sg+1DFABc>_15(Rd?DQe2TdhxUTD zr&?(P=J3q~vUJU;-6BY%3%5Zq6xX%EyMRoPxtTg*#94raR29%DnQ#_M-0#lK;DCTM zlhiY(w}Ijrw)iTLQyx?VL{3nWn~Zbw2^`cs{w8&*>TWzdrDz=kphzr+de;$9iDp3MFV0z>T9xLkoqW% z5J3z$p^VKaE8lBTM$?Jz#!Vf?29mJ6l{|*A(_?)gu~Ct1_;o}TH&!}4R@Za^HkhiM zIQtCrQE4kyNz&~(VIAe><;_SIiW^aifZ~$Bp}H$0h9nI zF@KjDIYC@eX=H!~QS=?8UZgj>JfgyknY$8qVv*@12|!LZx|ZTjJ1wyM_{wy}GnXsd zs0I81PvX7L(=niqJ!^=q*6xqrOU9z9$p7Uzc01@HeWVSRH)wpmbI0y~q91LH9o`6( z#3B2Dv#-N%W?rQ53mhn}eLn#r(KVK`-XgZYzUmOn)`MdOtc!4Bh!>`pi>p2=ylF&> zcHt}}k%rSa(r#O&+kz4WgPS{qr+xE?Uv zRvjVJo%84j#~TXQ8s;U~4+onCY;*hGI`b?)5!ZyK)m26QsQ!qQV>Nkx1C7o>Ttou* zADhBd&(1xs#uoy?onhFE43OZ|u{Wb34yQh$EYk;TE! zF(IxLN$g0QzqypJn}^T*VK11} zt<*Syaz+QLv=uwnQJH2T_OyqBW9cXM8HjV2&(-$<3#*xl<#bXCRtma@qexCZzn ziIo*+ousBg`wgR<2E6J^bxl`Rkl?&-NnytY4C4-uX$8!^N;c?oq66Hp{)ocD9TV_D zNm8DVnAgXOGRtp=JjM78BV%*HwOq%2rLXRfy5Nk;i`30orcJ0Y6S||O|HkR;LAJ$D z@`NU3;_s_Kw2bASTZ^m>)iK@Y}r>R?AZX(WmPF z$}Mpv`lWYCLQT5g}7>sQcr%r!<9?e%bLb)()Xsl(IQPjpzc+rrvLx&;h| z1AO>Qkc5w-WjA09SobWb*{W^4EpHg@WQ(n1Dq*@G#U!6lGrZ+Ju+a>{m`mLc2av=W z2AopyV^m6Khmsor)nSnbCqd!=sH8;}N#haMOfxH~H~P)1a>{i5v< zaG=kg`s@n?)Rf8P4tLOmJ#ib!SZ)Igv$`YDH(AdRpN-`rFcl|YPogl_e(NeFl-;YU zk4-G!TE{0z(kE{KLVH__HI+`aQjUi0BXAtiyex`DGCWPPt5XjPe820<{#iRyA%9h> znXy%opcT-WNEe2%u~bbRi=dC?gj$>K&`xN!P zv*K36BL^Kv0E;vG&YlnKwwj53Me!^E+=k96kAP%w2NA7l!9GxB{U^TUYmuCM7uN$~ z?I$|i322-%5Pp5wz4tZ7_f{9)4S$>WgI$`i%aj71JmMTbLBw=_bBHb)Ch|;6{sEP_ zf)&suNvLWC%3u8T-uO3>1V0)zQue(9VO`T(t4(U7qWW-jAog473HY=xy?4qY;EPeR zN%RN+z(e78b-P2262JL;^B)Rc0?ytiyUSX1E;tmySyCROK?v2@<4}QaAn*|EA zVW(uIgtk^}Nd*D|1*Z+2YVIME`yO5{JVg8U?h}Ii|$z8gP6%w5dhxHFWE@|i_Q8TimIAzDVkS3)#YdGw_IbP(XjKp91cmBu}! zLNP*}*lkb}0)*9?IGIdc|)`D*s*aO$-Abp=*&5TL9Rt3?)eF^;wE)3?;`!DyTd4=4&BB zEn_3|(+%HD+?9cLl^o|8&T4`wtOmR!yaw)%*qN@O5TQAK=Rr_?7GoxQPLPmK4ZB{E zNc@U4@F}YE+=|&iff0Cd z!0op6auQb_TZUvwZ3U3=^Ln-TOd=%!Gq{N{MZ-^lWjf_!&>)?GxZo~F8fw-~{k;AT z6`L;!sZgqHW<-dU&W|{yt=mKQ0h}@}wdM~-_Y*Wny(dAHJ9A8pVo6fs zZY7~=m0gzpw~)i*m8a`B`Ehh*3}ZXLM)UdD#G)SrUmbI(;^*{9;!zsTqAy8^rjU2* zowtvO+Qmj(D~+PBTS~s#R5P?L0P~p<87cCz&#*VDDVJjhlZwj+`RM=2E-87&h*Ejp- zjXB)h2t5=wg_eE{E_emk^~(;Sn5KU)t$2wfvSNvkf9xMsv*h_+_W~hw`QiEMJ)>ny z*=4C(SwM#tmRC6TxUWok-mldQl5kHDjz_|;l{z420OXte(|ADMFxvMpFOt=flB;#jRH1HxC$6=cp zNGL!Ssy0qXlDw$=`K`?g%{85*|I@b->WCiIzi}yX%POsUK_;HiH#_EpkD$SDgRX7f zgHO;e2QK*0Jc4G1WarR8ax-;XU4+AZUBJAtL#mI%Efpgih35w_0>4BZS5xB>-ve4Y zSM@BYP=%(*rXB9-vBdt8W5t>Eol>xQ9d5H{qL9pAWbc3l!PWY%W4_(sFiK|)P z9b(8|iVfBFKT}88p?1w4;h>cDDVpHy>)YL$Cn$9c$WvUThS_yRwL)Xv{_wm)7c+YL zoK^{`%$H8l|5^aXJKRyCxr*9-NXN#obmk5;05^>{`V_o$_6ot>cXW%)o+-ndF@uyv zZ}oQ!3o$_Zfj5(Y?T-9xvw)&Qf1NJZhOxt1DW+IrIOO6>Q8B~|0;pS4)%|*#$93u# zm4pB}HI`XU?b_ChS@bLpRtElR4Z;eHcI3NBcygN3Q$t$1YiQoW2$I0HBU(HNgYiZ@ z679&AQj`<;IBxS)4be?8oDj{e_Ddyo2FIEBkg(!+b{Y(_+M0njuCcG%uMCZBboqdo zre;XVI;B5Bq@SvU@wpP;)KSVLXx9|Phn`t{W^b7(!;>k{A3LJ`Lr{5S@vGtO=VJ9q zSh>_brG1~_v>~Wl@G;6Wk{_{|h7i25$d-V|=-vqc)U=`+e)8#66D^b`>+1ohbKKlX z8@4DkgYki9!4vit;S4vY)6ou9fR-2g7&`jhvQt+(fp0;5Fx@0KBbcjxk7RcGHp2xT zs=Wqj9~4+o5wPO{8>@XI?T!5R4~*}Pgb&%6Q`os-CBYGencyU1zEEMO%gU$5)9Hk7 zlwzu@l3P68=;Yi*)+vDkv=};q6d2i~{MJ2FogSnW{eHCuvwkqbtmO2ce;_TOv~+{3 z*!*dspDv6%W=kstcBcS|fd2DaLx;hb)==&#a($mcm%35zYRz{+X2?ue$*^CtC?D z>(@vazDD{rg#RT#irCm&{Z~BtFT7L~R;Bsc%ScAg$_Sr~*1*Qf_Ujw1{lBr3*1*Wp zlG@tHk;c~0nEYP{h+7-m2$>l;;?w`jy8p)cM?z(stn|Og^DFfK^wNJQRL@F3TEwri#BIJ)8h2XSorq{6;X~4Oc!nBq9+qj?I5R#L+iR-egkjMq zi3R0zWxc(eLh$*cFb(I^Xecm)0wF|M-(gqmoqSL(xcHD^OqO(;v>e68M*HjtG(Au34-e^`&lL~N}E|NPV={s z-_*Q&K~g)mX~=m5BuO}cp?AN>vDNrOMF{dv1{Cu3$r8=)4^<`Xi;o=ZCfQKzi`bI$ z*nx*o*a>eVh8*5so+71*T3T?w7`NC#L=zY)2z`ArMF5OZX;|vK*)hRvwUkxD3^TYM z7p0}$%4k60gAG+I0L@{h6WMwT46^e;L z_(zao*NdkLDwWrquhTVUEcaMyz?%vwX9pjv1_(DbCmSjtQb5s9G1G>sa4mgH+>S=G zHmetaa`61z0=owLI)1w5Q&s2vT&x(Kt3R8GxJWjr#!R{}dH}rCoz&sqp&Nu>jalBE z0th=R5kl#w8;!=_>#4PTb^D!x?qjjFoK9lZs^8`2A6s(|(YcH~ft~z4o;4ebz8l&T z8=+a9c#mgD9?oxvFKsIJf|Q0eyau+x6Y|t^$$ww5F7_#Tief@zZmG3SdDXjVIS*k2 zeS6h%<6D-(tRwuB!VeV(VV4=3gmNl5uyh3**ndx~** z*K8JZ4Ov~US@9#^O%(27NC<)pKF?EIRaz-!NO&iAeY!aw3iz*DvsmHBtTmP;Vnn3q zz!cEec3k{Tk}jNbo-G{>n@|Kc8xH|&K56}UQXwMQJgY^*h&{rSMc)DUkefK8X`eaL zEIvnny+Va(d)YvLWtH<$+WKL*Nxg`)qIm!AhZ;>4=Qg9rufbhQe>5XL4PO9OWQ z)Tl7Xz1iL|f%K55YpnCTpay1fJXl=K#y^l}8jatMrkaV|(_Hk4UV+oet+8=d3}Zwz zOK1g*xruYVE`X`H>jj2n2AOqFk$n|aTnN!?c9p=}_niA2f=Ig3OP~wknwUlI7qe66 zE-NMO46cEgWRoD66Id(1grS+UcLQ6fi6oq^;2Z^8jaAd>s*6okx60E2-WK@p*WWis zdMfcSexnZrOCj+NPz^%MSyAURMi&*cT#IucF8;x*f6}v}rpG87#=h27bai5D&|1#b zAW)?ND`z@8$@1`|CXGMxISGFiNA8YiM)bVlN5ivPyl$!rGq?^CeSN8}t+egpu6i^Y z)C4MOvoOCJSsFEzu^)+Qb)FyM+vZaUYvkS<%sD@f?e>J1A^34Wczp8|aPzMny5p9meq$4IIz6<4H zg7R|xJ|Y{*RgdXr>dF+%Dyx2liqcP!uWOPP;JIqd$kANxzKk=W-!t5*d${PI*260z zsXGS_2#UO=GVoK{1HgT-(#{vl&|6}vCDaJqd?UC7Bd=5kb!}px}WkAjRo$}1AG=82LDwW&1Mna;{ zY?d&uWY9YQy7_7u8R!ywoi6oI`K+d&u38uzP;ajDPqw}|l|!_Y2E(7b8Y`|dbq1K` z?~PIGTMS^R9kX=B%L?cH;1VL69X_&pQMy<#t+Y6VVEf?t4)vz+wpIt8HScDT>3XIY zY!t&AQbYG-yxVOf!`)`S2so?0q2xNOABG}?4(?(E0ryN!kT!s+|F^M z?)2`!LB=2#wPt=j%F@+H@_Y) zxBa#o=k~lMt#BOpLS#wK6+y;Q9w6Gw!xli!A;H6pXD#vPoA@!nwA^9k{qKYh-qf%5 zo$rkWx8;JrBYV70N%QCM+IX{YVe3w*nt42##w_xc{mR+0^p}Xl5rQs=BL_{Z_SJ4= zwVd6cI{^Ch;J|`SGgr*Xxg54t@P~lPlu+)+&{2B{h6JvykrP~?-FgFl_E`urZ4DAw zZ+P{J5OTvvq{zXcaxhk|fTL@z$!Xk??)qfA5`b@YAhmg!^6UI=g=h24a-5Z-21RK}c;NA7 z$k=&Ct(@tqQ_LW@yxZG^ov?XiS3pt_^MZ{$W_YK(nnu)051*P5;gs(UO~b+iQUQqcK) zMi@RQ!5>Ka%rK9HGFvAm1R zxKb!>5rIyvRY-w2(k;tphfSm z;%CxBWetJMpy{>5r!0aOK_bNrM6gDjP`FQ2 zlH&V5+2#vADf-<9dx<5Db5|<^tvZ{2Dafgt)f!g_Ui+)!j$^moEDiM*7um*ESF$8N z0cXU`P%~JumPYI@%XS?$rEqPvabOMMBK;N*C`{6TQSXI9H{Y;)e8^Krr>d(cv=(40 zheLr4mV2hPHv#F+!(D(te+;mQM8E8O@N{?u{zldO)!L8FZ@6CxJ`QT)_T_5l5WNPV zL2T;3m{0JSdj2%p8qnmv-tolw)|{KDVb5G~OaTOo4{3~m>K6bbPZU@)rm*RdkuoaQ zXSyptG4NBCSB~VnT&K_8_X#e@Nad5);MajSicT8)rG#gt;i>P-+PjN1c>Wip1-_bz zd~Q0|PGsO~bxzd~i_I1xx!kJX28V_Yjsx3~&}jt2qNer{y#p-6uXP!qgE}$O{eD}Z zTt-uOd#0batj>;OLL{#b=ceV?_k;9hy^iRoFVVsNnE$D!TMzwuK~9D`U4}MKBV%^; z;DWaTe@Gb#-rvfu2Ip5rGp+|~j8&?34II7dSRt8v_h2-d{dL=QPZhjIU-X7vT%AX0 z@F3uC-^@;NV7blFh4o1lxR&xq+ky1W2drD*Vqwo=35(Cxk`TiHB^=0<#Z?cZlen63 zC3uu7`@;1pc_KsGG1?;C&&Z9vLD6X)G;+|J8$X)FOzG+O7SOz0Glnq1S+N2Q@=1H= z4E1an#nE`hEHjWyM7(*T)@d5frEye?9dO1y@{{(bBZOZ28dYXxo76uAnF0ri*~Wa|}$8j8K24Un;@c z&LlOIfYk{n6#hts+;;<70M5@*D9*z#Tl~gbydR}iHu>&o#b?sH+|&FZqs%$gB;PEf9q0j9o@@SG-_%LX;dl43=_9U|-axJ<&WuRE zXnIH3ksm71JP_izLh|`;Lk1Ua-z-7vu^e9JhS?d+6+To~Ij5#!v{NsHeBb1yU))JjD{YQ<7# zItrgTi1u`u4L|Dr7@EOB0?h+R-Y=iMmBq{H7YFPDs-V#*G`a|FF%Y~ze0oP|x<)_o zT~9EdxV;>o6;6cR`pd{SK&tX(29UzAWyDs~Q~F@Qtt3|Xo)RZ9ZNm|QWN3v#F)>u$ z4FgTPOwDN>Y`iG8odcqbYSCI?dE&_D-l2u%#%kN>$~KxJ(i0iF`i-rtz{}gmP>(gc zdFpI0YNNeNS{gorDBM7+sEYWXh3yR#a6{Hla*b(mt3+#xEvs#IQS$?OV2o~q1p4{@ z%w`9rb$2~N1#dxDU`7Vsm(?2jKA%Liw8>qyOjlM;&>@uO%sV7YusS;xv~!oSYhA6c z-tH^i*Pnp3xb`>Wf|?CgP;ls@s?A+g(GN6}W)_=q8yv%~WPF1q!7KI!b&s}+P=X;t zG#-)If(+4IX%?OmBv2`~?{Vjvh2Lor))MYn>2Ieg$-Z46WogaXn^RTwu2$8PM!K`T-ajxbp-u!A| zYRPiAc|ZS9|1HU(-p4c0@5=#a=iKuB^oB=g^;asy z${KwjV4?^IO zDWa@=?B?5?fXc$(u+X4@N?cYGN80(uAN!vKXjl@zQ<({n1*wW(!l!I6q!!Kc}JCqJCYy2Syg>P<0{@ zq*Odq<5{k0gv8Lxslg1*Y0*UI7#vfAZX+$X#7U(=7$lU~$*FfR`Zf~EPkb%2k z$wfS_hQQBzmuo+sQuf<=`F-rok?v#8Bny5aoN`LH4|5w~DM?F8gE4hN6;(UAoFd95 zyZzFbG!)mcjeom~#{NbFk0aS#*!(RoAk2b^5jjY(6m?)+t z45hE@>B?3QbQvbhU^wR0q5+oKKvuqyDU0O)9F9+3T?q zT$}Od9K7Q}x!*cstyI04R$3GXpR$-QNRfzXKr-->v@qn!rX1 z>~&5W{}w%){ltwt1S`_7E}e{PFvS* zhH<+mY&lq~yqhld`<{HIEd*M8vh#-l;kvppO_si6k;e z>5|~6R3fLTIHCkksvA4OS2Q0PlbItA$a~ITPmFk#p~#FR2Y4W26frXS_`f;wyjeQI z1moQ5yrF?2oGOz^xkC~I>^VY=vOw<{6!igP*2WS>iQPhS`p?C}UPC3(M!8;7e0rE$ zbxKH*Qc?RgGtcr8W2r4*xucV*NBZ3>qqj~&b9?Lqj>1%0P<(irW)w@!avVk33LGI$ z)%@yV7?wcO6t7O|W`&8~;mRZv4EwVu7BuCQoch~){yifA;`njP&1~Qk3B;X^{GvaJ zZov)q90NMg3GSusFq^!JPJ4{=cG!xz2!44dPbOs1mLkrvVZy>|sT_1LPSr6vVYxn4 zF{BOzvW9luDh#sC5|c6OMiuQDfz~6bA*C@JYaLI#k)^~T|BX@qvD<$$>VHTyJ>6H1 zE9+Mt@Bax!o7z|z(Hgm%m>JWWS((uM*C(1UpQd%RvZZCvr>AFRWYyEx(_{GG$n;-_ z|NoY0K^sdOdj(rP1Ec?G23k*-w%Hp%48D9r^-6#*T;4p(YZn7RgaWMs z+tbE)}nM7HtVm+)qd6Tj!@a7gOq00{7Pm%sZKi8iG;;bqkJB zMyI-sY-#D`qS6wwm9nLpblHF- zhYuc)6&6t$GP{nTKc3W`k>gz^Mq4Sm%o}VhbiP^G=IZ!h(VTF4zgKkZ?|LcljASNS=mpJSq}tL=PA7^_6b|8X1QhwQ?4fO8#iKE zV^xKO?3rd-FHDz)U6QrR>YKF-m677Q8n_8J!sDh3^Kdd3M6)4zv-cGZU()R_67pQ0 z;XQP?JvI037&1!>5UFUQ`7W12ZFIg)deyDj0Z(F_3oCDOkh+C%l zUsySAycAk^U{|Z)dkrNXM;TiDiZD!_4s2i?B66_kjmT8lwaCAEQ5Q4R&RXY^$*!nE zytgS*8IeYcv6L-eSW=%EQ3C`^MH zq~>%2$nKw-Q+@kdp}kXRT}4)q?49oI<4}Cdk~mI%HJC_BOI(}+1>yLd2R$c`!@(lUDg7B+ZY~YZm@JyXid2J*Y#QsTAqg%@6D`vceeLb&b zQ3V{jd#hy6yOGuc5N!jSQ%6Mfn#`vS!%HEGVS6K`T{w98Hm;C2$GV2bKk!_B^8&C& zVd}SJ5Y<}*MPO+KH1>^77@DsU*A(EN4F?l=K4rPDr@Aj`+MAu}hZE$~TXC+24g1O8 z#yfPx*L{@m6i#_Nlb7`_lvT`*2^x%-Zk(O#6dmO~;jL{n zC&7y@n2C+kkcyfk(tP9}`P+}v=`!k6I<}7}6*Fgn%aqk%Og~-oAWjBJmN=<7^EEhl zmx2_0SgPcI+n;p{6T8Muq>~H-2dFWf)p{T1o1&b`NjVD%RZvz4iAQ#2hp@)oZ?u0l1)KdTFIE3(u2tq!-06ckDxt6h@XVWs zf*@#y2^TMgC^LhZ=|DpPst{S|iFvPU(hZA(w=+=V_l~86XWg(&LY;cXLcu(C<|-bL z^faBWvk9od=Qm%ZAu|s*cGV=>Jk3qmy<}Hrk*iL)LBt(nZBaY}vo1MB^AVvpzb*L9 zteg8&Sp*0s6^Rx>&=7^MCPX3U75Efk0B8V`31`JH*E|?C-B>@VvWQO~5zkb>3Bpdv za*pd7Mh(KAIvZI`=99OdH1ItgxTGf@5-C9sK}1uY6`{K`NBbNR zopSb9TKUg9co<|3{1xotVu1YEzVL30x~r*1yDZ(pqa1(mM7aWQ5@ruP-Vt1A`_K>F zd`&I#eXp>ggt?ayAALulw{XrZ};Ha0J3`vc2l4#S+h`gRgf{VDQ$ zEV$%d`*|Wsj4#D*enq9J^$xo}=#T+g2$`HLh8V6T_(%lzRCHzo)AwNQOgLGsGo&A+ zl}Crgc`R3~rg9X`!MH%QU+uUK>;3#y$gh506^|iN`7G#?OJ}2NqNB1khR6%MnCD+P z>0$@lwL^`czG02fp$FPt5a_Vrz{FNc;=XI8hfZ^iVbk2)j^G8{g^0*U6!4yLdbDo} zPu0xwU6WJNX{FTma4}}4%Lqj>4yk#-0T@aBBlCNXn6b;i_9QPt8P=#c&JBa8pjUNU zkW`t6`6YgHFT`Yuara><-zujOL+*6UZs?>R5*px2HyKp{d40P}#IU%+qCp0m);C_k zMy5g`uBfj0*;W`qpsP8fn4lN#8g&tHQQ;cpSTejd$KdDhyx%?p+rM`_iLhhXv`W{m zyGB~UEVF9`{5~oK5=a!!Sz9fsdco8R%>9E4-eY-ZQ&~OaIGl8WR}@?U6bXvtwi~gk z9Ar!K8Cqp9SFOw2Rr{1fdA0#c*qfd!opGBy*xT5Z<#l^lL~`gma+ae~U+~_wNeC&+ zpgKyzI+5!=O>b}P>xT{NvVw;P_1jS$YpS742Ha6n4#zm=qBTQ*S|lw53sIK=K}>!w z_b}#@_AsVEJT;q|D!NNUgHGC zk!O5At`s-W86|V-5(L7e2smd_hNN+Un*@zOSIBQ>cu#9I&5Tnr>NSSO;F&~2_lOC8 zf$=L!(K%hd;_8QxBk7sBvVl$@rm!=vj9~VUcfI&e7snyIB<{3=x>F>1W?d3Fe31Pe zSA{i9qzVGimbjLz_XW%4tHXVv5Wn)QrwclmWLgeqZgM=v zD-He-(}IwZQ}$&7I+&1}8Xq>)cG9ToDWB{( z6`^1_phH{xj8&9)gzZ3JTsbcKa!nYREe2o{h;digVd2!JiVoxKBPjx>+@SaaEA)vQ zn2Pft(}s(OuSIuZ*yw_f2ojkavs%zZ0KAu zCA3IJvOK#Efd^Dnbh_`taIdcoU&kza)>)%;gZ9LIn1}9ZSp|yW5;ixN<-ZS(?0l*o z+ZY}Eimje=O8_rjX|!0cFFS*78kCt*Zgr*}YQb_d9=UY}L+o-HL|;uDp0sifD(9W3 z1poG$?@XMZVmO2J-9Y7s9??#8Lm5F-N*C2x!L>Q$dHPP`Y$3!-V&tp%`AOFT4n96S zuu%w(&uj?<#M{_R+ZBxBRE^`j13bI>DIB)fdM<>?mS7;i?Om9BOP0$4P+A1NJr5(< zlM(Cby6XXdnt01>oTd#=4RQ*Z;Cs$9ViF=6wIt^fgTRAbv_$EMB-M`}L7#p`{-~DD z2}TEU9cXpbSk^#tkdV_|_fwo~R~Q&MkmpEksa?p%;=SYGH9#wfZ6Krq=|T7$cR@MF zuG)3RAt#8z(4cJfxdp^iz$XvP^1ou>RZNMzS_-aPl}JJ8&M{GOa*(AQv2DlFooZup z+x-Muy|Ss82pmt&8v^2p$0f|0mYw6&kl(IuAH;Js?#X}a?ed9Rn-zixB;Cq(?+JeE zGL3&V#$pRx^W+(lkj)aVLrJMWHEo-}&XHm^BJjixJa? zSTZYI!MF!~VWtOW&}jfmXpD-^prL#3YjH=;gQ_%qoi?yU{g2 z{LmEUmL+AkD6i35FEV>HQdONYc5k?tj{*{Z zY>2*p*)vQd889J59!1(pB7PWp0GEk_5;I>vRKx)lS>|r*B~D5pjT1k!>U1L@31#`ntSTD0E zLu~}C^`7N^q-Ob*>E6~5Q`zpF01d}dmS0?oPp1_>4K!P4v}RxscK&&6#Hb)~(cTWu zwvx9a_BI^E7C^D4s6{fuzLF$+^!|*aI`TY>drb&O;T-`2-8?pimH}XB4m%RK5w+7O z5Khy0K2UMbqS%| zB+qoAda6z6Qy#0*-GC%ijiBayu%L?*r48coX>6}{zO3tdR~|#v;oQ(Q#7mIGS?!qy z{M{%SyuNBQDeocQXDzG@Otf#|9{Z*|I#u&|4!m&3iC9t8nFbn_PJqE$V1fY}l~;wX z_4ADHIfdB-r3e>f2Yz!*;Bm_M7*3O-p zS}ZnD_i#buYuLI<)hS2fu<+>tT~4^$S7rH7bU@iUoRUnkmy4w~f!W5C71=7ckw(0o7YUlHnL@l}lIICw)UGI= z2H1Zjo1J~ikOI)5r0R?vlH^*3F$kkzUWDBM10WOn*xT&kBc9n!vjDDzCVSzaVdDCQ zh>Iy^`$t2@FV}Sn&-(O~3BA(Wp{`PsclEH*bm+cSHc7%j#A;Tlrm^Q0IOpeT3kRmp zoy(iwy%pZMhumM4u1U@&v-l&k)HW^8%4yrt01rg!>9}me83GD zpnfCc_It3Uc3j^MEGbOH*_ovSP__jPgdI*GG`$=uip=GR7NA= z{lcO`NujYZSoq{g!}mvo&)qI|v+?0xs*LO|^y{D_rJqL$P=R4zllokKsxdT%(1AYl z+ddd9q!5_inHDIfPC5XuAa=PXafl%sZh+tq5F%?{cVMqm4Fr1Vp^i4wir6ZLUkvUa zhc9?An&H;lQv8Gp2M@5nzOu7^Q(@+923mFlBgH^C=0G#~(a-@?>B8aoGTMS{-~$4E z#SlP}Kxo8(&GMCO;D9CI9nK4Ur|2j;BHAe zpbbAWNdGGY)ZhH2F=+YUQUw+eu+<^m1o`FIP(bA zVzoeO1-#@yOyM(uzXN#%BBlV(>cK4m8hn?lIdLFGdq%f}Tv0P1(7RT*C7RH9;2V3; zx3RAPR6#mD@sNB&kRa0{s*u>%LIN?WL_mlH7O{l+z$LG#RX!D?uB-Ek?Hbp7z3RlU%#DQEZ@G`hV+oxYG9| z=z#XY@%g^_3vZy4GzLl?)WZK8K@vWZC6OWm7UUu1dmv&D(@(!*Sx3TP1h+m-ee#;< zCH^*X91@v$6!Bmpba^83)OtTfadSc~5^j=qg7{$$Ls5GSH9l?GN}_Ch9pZ0symAR- zBq*{HIKl$UGVBt~d~SShf(7z$#nyAGr710$>ay)ZUJ_okqVbH$x5>N174c=U7Kx|H z9>lTZj?4=?CmE z_x~hri}QW6={=@L^f#uSZ->mt~5 zD=N>6sHb`I*UPvo42tViP4Z;wCXlt_Xf#;)8#NmhTm)n#X;o=;s(xPP^8C!M$j6*e{(T(6w?=H>_&+XL9(#zX6_)!{LHcgSIp2s=BX3$_4e$BJ1K~f!-DIO;t zH7u>LG`FFs+cH@{32Sj+O2Sme+&cKXdQDBOTx21Ky_ajqGtVvknG%LOLNy{2Z5>UA z>YPe}`jiS!ja&^()vEra`lWZJFU>;Bz-utreAl3EqHz7-Pelp!rgP`H7iXGQ^*UOs zOzY$W`~%@D$tyhscZh39JN)C4qcd4+pw~R&>Ctx6#C7B@1gQsU&8&FQW~SN%`2^fV z9tig??wrzU;;#DX%b4_H)S+{qRp0s&_wswwE9E!I zZ?U2gg9%0Phgg#^+M&r+DzPe6jd73qm*$s6JRCe>JW)Kz9nKwPUbIho@4)ZQFYC99 zSBEc)ud<+Qpyg0U(D|Supvn+DFbq&gU{0XD-9X)~{&=)AIz*atXutw*g3du)P|UDe zs4or}G*nFGBxi0-O0M3nE}+!El(eSWQJ&2s`OCD#|B|~=4cA&qO<7L!Lsykb;|Fd5*I$0T`)2(Jl z@f{lvcN5_=47sOdU#jv>r`cs6bTPg)8zzdA@F3S7E-IOsGA5uRppIz9UP#7I(U-=B4ty zKK2lJ-d^xf@anSV4C%7Ae%x}anyRm+y*yR9rB$&%cJuqDu~p@)Ls?J5PWPMHFT-E; z48^tW5>@7+^F=55Cw^GJ(hk~BJQ~k4R|Z!XJ2$O-W`UwW`XP9}qu{jp3_Z$ORPbB% z>#c2<_fDSvK56MR@zL=SIv2Z+ofHicEg03J9VkeXIEVj?*iJAs;!&Ytb!eIqasbR7|f9>SsG$kS54HP1dOD?}$FpCi}ZYwr55 zMkAAFcY`{~KN=nrr^~XvU0&Nw^oRSdET&IWc_lWAJJ??q9;^-xkM?F=%q|Oy!Z*q~ zcpv=Ub6*Ya24j!UWS?Xcv!i%jJfYrhTuH2q4>lhIZ(sl0W9dILQ~!P}{eLMs_-DH5 zpC&;6E_Yy~`|9NLpO2#B?oh4@i-}k5muAVtyyvxsr^m-;HAbVg)M^8&4cRU**gerk zRMkKM74Zbpg}JFj3aqKH z1(MZFhdk_od#AiQpO@J-9iLj89vAi(?Ix{OrQ(RGam5k&$>u7XcYs z>@EGNlx36%aV^R=>U9Jv#%P2@ueRea6=e=ar)Yt&=po<`%KIZnSY1O1ihCn$uv6Ui zdZSj&wZed+~!~H4hEpO3F&l* zqHDWv0warJqv$-a#N6u9hNh(Q_|WtSD+qC&-hlweR*L z355@Z9I6IsSRlG$3Lb#3mdcBOqnSBtfK=KF7(TD`IcScw!Xxlhen}PZkfg#RK(45y z6{vV-4jwSV0=F4VI1vC$QRhqaRzZL8SRh@tXAUjfzq6TSbc#G(d#f51ibge{ZQ<9ncU#ifI;g_-=Bp2}0cBP%rP;!JDeOlN$b z#=)IF!=K}hD6aB>TH@+zGiWkKC~l*vssgnP|<9lSa-@3}b|NS+A2HvWM?`qP&KeD+f89+mH0tE58!u&UsN z2yn@NF|L*d@}%S-oM|#j3rWxQgye_<5Vctey!JgrnPv~os$6l@v;pCp=|n7s)nbVF zFWJCdNxf7_J)3khjmm#80In6wk@#dOShB5VwuH$@;2RM7g`m-MQkKlDDQsbX_uqk{X0fgDXR2|}2i}VB0L1Hhy(FXwQ`~1-jeEysnto6BY zsPo~lPksN!1{hyav37+nU* z18QgVyOGpn$5!)L7MRDY+NRz^qz~9D6~+)00d=Q zLjvcacx6B{QYJcn zG$B6G=S33mkr0#w5|R_e5JFRuF_jHVL=k}9Gl#a~Z@^rC59P$)fVzecUB%x3w?o-c zeaI{lyM!{2Y%$QparbWtSYgp>j#^>PToqnt$!v|nLUl0nHI(rsHOXa~xRBa;tvHw# zvB>M-S6SV7QHk@esqOr8cRTswb8@w4YjYGF5$Ch`Cx`Ue@F$m=FvIe1SCv{rzq%?D z|8TkOh6Sk7G+)gv2zF#h6l84+qP}nwr$(C zZGUaswr$(CZTI}Mn5wCIo43g-*(R0ToO@XMWJKrtDMWa>;UF2(0U!-fkB?kIpzEl| z(ZQLcpFDX2kb+5eog0^dA;@`4jGFGAP65c->ZVxhre*^9?cq;5ojcs%Hu=$a{=hp1 zPXDxtayP$bbH_HpK3e^HZ4r$8o$k&PSUZeEmpq;3xQhoeihF*j)!-007}9;h@oi*p z543a0-=cncm%lMAcc* z@JNGQlR8c#etKEff{Q)jGOh%f)`CrHIR|kZYg-RMXV~}dcN$HlYoFIZU6`v~FA%6g z#)X;}$rE4;uCWpJNEw&1auV$XbWT66vs_54uLbCY+8DH=Z$(qiNjc2*MUlZ9s5 zVK3*1fKT&HF}31~%3xe5jUkP=E2s1w-f+E4W@;fA#%iVux8B^ zU}6gyo8fukY@g5(3dIGT<qs|C586N9#(ANba;*0JH(;wAr=x#jq7vP*$39JaLDY`&$yrYEQt954Z zfzZw%_(kdsX>DigCiqf$1D;ZfwJ@mR?0_5cb4B0@&*e)d4+!$We43uqHU2@x36gIVE$dCeBGH$a^ojJ#8OP~(mH7au-X zT$f%OIt=2efHLC=^9%8dqR&sA1NW;O2yMr(?>{X&ZVK>=;HSn({V`6N?}2}6&HK18 zOIW~j0lxPM*%!Dk;4kC_fK#^`qN(pQ)Q;-5qYohpRq`=JbOy#qs~7gAVd$1T81C76`4(ClQonhtGXLHvR6%oBJ*OH^R3 z6oDx^`x49$Hp7|yQf<4t1?#*Ohzmp?o#QCnBYwg^Lv{x7iLNokmT17CFc1*pp$Dr` zIe-YkqB+1&Tnz5ymx+2nDlA8*9jSVN`yu$_@&g}?y_dc7{KEbM_y_T$RwOG~&1=PE ziqqz|DuWXgm#bUg|3nTGQl>y8vXiEjuvx}7tAEN~FlH$IJ}=)fjWHi-O15%$(R*`z zNxcde2YG8j%mk{|19_}N@Yn=$UjUyILVy$S05yJl*B>hzh?@(Hoe}cD9}s<_CtPmj z_e>%D;@a3Cd3+<^mjPj(0WFlvE?dyr_1E<8073A2u&$4i`B3k|0nR$VBPM(szdP1f zJMKS>-V^zO4|>1*?teo4qP(*y2}0};%}G~umE$6~Dfxq=Ic0N!AH+9D))t~KNMF=E z3w}C&LVkLF3eO)|O{5>!ACD!bl}JoVahFh+XqR-A?4{-==q2|O{Ro_<;->Kv_)Gi( zT9`7Pm!hc+#^wRiTtj>kVik&2INn3RwU5<`lHa2}qe}tm>_oxlU)2!w5LADH^dj5Y zqb{>MV4k0QFVcMitPisfs4w?N`9iO%!SF&*pTRE2%_&7Me3e7+WDs&kR&T(UXcucE zklqN1BGk+;G2EPy0s5s|g6TupX5gFZm*EN=^6uk*8wmu>T{%9{%}#JdLEW?hRgKs% zVLfw^=~qoCS0zJr$WRp=9P6x(w!LvD?fw=IPr18+No3#$LBfcESBkjfB-Q|gQj$1q0~1~Qpr-^ujOPjWA{yX(Op-`SrW%^nx0=h2?NMSH>? zbHZ_PY*h=_%#z%?w~}s&hmUT4Y6F{k2m!pR1~MUVASGnNWQ))OZyAP*(1H}vS{`X{ zC4%xC7sS3c!&Xbp=BzEPTAj6fBCm2^aUe{J$S(gX`k}rwvJ(O8;RnBR~I3_QKfZd<6%IIwbdh8_5j3 zz{&{!049nR$yuW%iUcoxy0=qaO%a>y;3a3=MJNBSlG%zjGeDid>!VQs3l-TJ!!C4J zfr2s^iXWWQKcfk^+>YGKIgWG8sA@F(W|mN)eVACt0s|)+JTM28cPN4G`XEtg+mDwU zBYrN#QEGx?9&~=}kYRB10udleb%0WUiu#JEET@C_$t#gt>qfGG6^;lHnVY$d+!L&t z8V{Ui-!W4uU@N?4i6sqq2Jk6k9B>A}yP)JtbDH+j0>K`v;+b)5j2Y9V0-XjwCiEC!WOm6vDJnzD%tlI6C$u6U&~A_v z{*jstYg*bIXHqV2Dz5MjtehDcQAJ}HDk&pVQHik&9|Yb-_*wr?--~&DxZJY6?$gi( zL%a*X3%l_S!oR!0%p5Tq<%wm|NiEY@E3`OD<4VI7tRvb{UXMB_nHF;UX%4eb&_(6u z8ifKHf%R&otg9ERmPUbQLMB!^H)yt}OFMRJ_fj3HPtXPV%qYnt{jzuFTSyOsH?X>OI$c?v z#-6gJH84eD2lQAuO^9H~eZ=>b3)&V8ENj3^E9*99^BN~x&kB|XZEZW+6z0Vy^SMb( z2`Xv_pg2Dk`6CJ0VlX=^I344|N^A$$^)px_IkL2j7__F5VZ%*lHTHiS?9>V<183F` zp&L6l%0pFHm??DGkl-w@T)n(aFs98sf6rv|TJ+vRyM>wBoYjGvc)9&1WuWIOsY_ zUeO~|EmL5qZXGrtfNHjLaSD9_~`EnUBseutAGHt1#-KW&Q=&%5og8mhZ}wL71XeES-t-%{JHS7;wpypvzl6e zTT9}9d7d7j?|z>|b!bv{n|LNo+rz!%&3cnOZx(x}S90e|D|HuKkIoKGSjOx!7TENu|C;Reha zoHnL|9FmPUwQ18ORS5(P)?GT1gjf|#W*O1k;f0AL}`-s!a+hj#; z)lRXjLPB4=qLoD?w#bo{lOV0-i28kswZO$rs!m;eI8Sw%l4fZpA)vU5FsI|L9+qbv zUL;>tJjeJiYIwY&iE-F=UVdV;%GMcdonGhd$25a!vNb=h+oa4)x}VqLWnA%j(+|?Z zDISXm*OA8qGC{nVhJ4+76$VkZR_xM>F*auG+M3sEot`?4x*(OrsQ#s|P)*t>X;?r< znB7~B7IG7%$S71LuzHYksbc%Wuc{GOQ)!4aO;F35j>O8Ok1qmr3fHr=lkSFbx#PPw z?BU+rt3dphrW!burf2(0OD~w)iRw=Ud{LN^C=LfmlhPG~@r2dl1UorO zpp!|lSvE+HA+MZngST~fYG$C9l`~h~&Uh5|RlIKAXlYOAWey0AxTW?3!Q;LI*Y&UHC4G2rMbhD)J3Zp=p zfazMC*)m_(WS8Hvm5Z!Xfp42^0kdIPzN%Rb0_xheV%KN}YpM~@=Q6Qw%JA*YM;bO| z-J*r+mA8g`zY!OC;90>ur+|*r!$B2&{w$GP=73}hOsT8Gh1DXrE>asuL|`}XxObF>=Flvh>a zX2M=`mmFN~aOLl5xk*jjU&c2Shc@3U*(;;(ucgT+tM8<37(EyjE+xmxwMfqNOscCd z5IH*XwX3TuE+}q*zN`3j8)5u58A*bbXOr76ioqvmlhM;n-Nj>GoiKxYV9TaVBMCa{VAp&~XTXKwH&Eu}SpMBC@|{rxyVGMT+Gt z=rk0(9HyPbp&H7)tf$~F$^c!+jA7b6seuz064^B=2ogv8se{f&co>?Gdhk!x>iB>i zdfA)9WrmU1!7*OZqd!TMQdLPZIO1zG=FY~EL&Xk>rMo5~qI*R| zlpiE&)2-L_tZL=spxw>32!?c0DX$?_!X-Ql1Ob8u1^kHk=3|yF;&btZc2-<5L^-Sg z_g`jRQdbd1U2i{ehTr9_TU9;LZK*Q8?dUT&(LQ+&JhY` z-|T=Zkt%WJ;7QiOZYtMxN}DQemZ#GF0P`8V{}&kam#Xp6oaI~rf^E1n1AL{N7Wndy zdN?LRKJOH38;>E@*}D}symETKVwwyt5u3yHis#Udls(zs%ZWktV0E&rcCzC$q z2I(_(zdc@KQRw~SkNJT`uda5wdNEzfO8!Rmj-rN!2|eo?Lz8&-}XblNl)4Ib^T zYG>7TZzeBuucA-$v-bhHb#68zUT*nE(sxol-*I*Q=@^%0c=68S;<`Yar|zMQhGs!FCwu-g$ni&R$4B&W^nZn?G$(1CuwQ}>J2yN3NE?}d?z_8+ zFFe5S9=GoF)|1^&Blsb!+$RqAH`b7o)D2SNuz>@=hkz&?t0nQ zE8J;oYFjTjH&Ge)iKGmC! zb02@DerTtXPs?kNO(UZ*7a7R9;oH7$cm#veQL~OK>YSzC!-?Y7RXL^;@t7YGUaB<5 z(570Tj87P`mHtEjnkGxxIW^zk3j>q;NTJ)6cWeDk`bBa)3J(RG66h9Wkt4&3bf3}1 z-R}m@@_tr*!1_m!^*#PfM}K?U3D&3=p&eQit%E+kAh+E;jAbY0s)^iN=XjU6AUu!> zqpe)s;-(UhvStF4@@UXCte{^}p2@Y;V=(u|JleY0Jt@`F2I{{(%U(M#uWR*Cc|hJU zH|s35{=IU4HG*XbW^8nmOcq};;fx}-&6UewcYynfxLas!p=?+L1de*YCxpT_0d+%F zv9Ds>672|ZcVrf=KPIE_Qy!6hTbO3p6nMh}wHts@UV?^UrZ>`Gk(<8xd@Fb+S94gP zYI6N5;;c-xu$+A!i-G$K)(x)FDD@L5;> zb+7?xH|W}V=_272!+px7=1N1dF>32E!kJ+)>gktT~4M2xlG=&xR2bC?U*(bdOS5f>hEl z!ihW=bAqkTE$tvVZ8eidZAv?%nv$)&BG!5jX)poEA>1TPXNQjBQ9w^HH6`aVI~h2Mh2tAp2*DG?JBBvflo z7rhEmRxRe_F5f*S6ZJWv!629xB0w!mSyghg0u_8CHlCm`rXnL^H)fS(bSEZ|EcA_PPk}l||ox zZGns1)*Y?9qcOWeTn_Y=w^EOP5=RzQY0?y*r)2$b2`e^+z)2 zT?AkeH4VV5kYMft*qS((Z}JSS%On5OC)WFNk`hYoW406*8XKJ3Dk~LR3T^pC=BHEX zHeRd(0CC(My(W{LoXdP`zj69?g%I?k0Q;7|uLMpy<=%UlDo_>ONI6`x42_{oEDJ>{ zLt*^F2-K>~;8+Itl7$Z85rngB{yiFjg)`!ye!#j_f1NI9X8lsXev>X*+(i^Oh90roN+VKG$Z(DZoJ*`Ot^30)l=dFLSSN5+_jK5m_QN0ryzRV?gW zv<0+w^8QkrN!+^(E)@;bs;U~g3i~wABZh$!<)lr#FZ-l$K%#-}iLEOU_cL*D2 zlw}o4FFL=OO*>mntR%U!MFK5kNUyqnzVLON7cZ=(Q$@<3?;H5Mza9ST!2hW~C;AR~ zfpQ_s|5XTZ3S7sF#j3*8CM~y#(LcRA><>V%_E(kq!C7P?5`^rH`Jp{&spWj3MMIC* zR|w6T_uc!Wbt6U4ThfA!Ph;WtC2p}6x`1N%GOB`&P()p}L8yeL ze67QceRJ~en~v0$YE@-`pC7@W&TnIDeplyKx&m+V_+=(qN+IK2+LPK!Jm-E7O!r>< zREL9_R`7nW>)!Ak79*My(^EEkZHd?4&--HV05+H%Jd?dvKlB&+#_KuYe`NUo7ZCm5 zW%w*i|A~P9Uxv@f!1`Z1ihePS*z=^!eq*qjSzcGTp6OXwn)8pgv zWliNWl{i7)`6H7w>4yz=Sz8TWpSgqY6X0?Xb*L&$b@U8f7*DV3bn+#|3pm5y;-=Fy z>Bx~^=u(}^S6`Yj8Q21(Vqr%jnqqihB?RG%GsYAlO#0(SgY~WrJuAAbKGX)d;Eq+l z{P?bi7?%=0r)Q~MJ1q$8rsIJ`y@-hgQ=b+-B|N5U?u}wj5D7z=b%GH^deZDh{>=Ev zXZzC)h@S<2%2vz=EX+JbML|hU5|NMiiV^8v4((3mh`)8FbR6$bU?Bmoblgtb11Kf` z8L0%&hZnY_tU#n7oWdz-F%~5#>ln)gJozr*kxUA-1FXRUwz)bmm36)mObf$>arx6A zG`c{nXhVUxYF5okv%E!!wrZKFUJJ|$vjnY}<*Px=56(Zz{IFv#GnhU;J!tMoj|W*d zD5%}+FLh%8{ef6QK+GpRahD_uLp*O-kpYOa^N3y}@lKHoBZhhC> z=7yQ=71KW?O97|Tas!XO7lA!)BsP9Dc5N)S$kEspCwDizRQRn(>eE&;-R^tI+qCmx^I}xG4146i(Ze{M{nO(JqxT@+GtILM)3U(Bpv-Yi&Vu_zMwV=yE$r`V zLx&;53L@@6`)y8M(Cz8>Lmq4k$Aejl0Yk1Ck`w?y(1-U@;SrXj>UeFxdeQ&oR|W{L z%gKK#I3f1ho)d0gBXm*fZ1Sh$Xr9aT?>jokRx3Lzy9v$JVmy20OZztDw(_SU4`hpm zBW#faXvQ#Exsx;Kb{Yzv*&$B@?-xI?p%`UyfH_#`_$+D z8?!qY{_Hl^w_WsN4|&k`9OtV4#3-A8J?#-ZTiZ9u`Z6H-20l%~*c43r4OUgyQaTG* ztX$DTIcp5qxtcM4*1I}qWI)QbRh)@cSaFQfX#h9FJ%S`+C@V_BDn@R5Nr=6BTx+Lx z4Q;BB`WU}NSn_B=+%f;>hqU|K>=ixl0Y1e_;$Vn>ewzxvyvDXa#2=jh=7uALzgQz+ zdGxz`j&q7zgRw#Xj&|n48h;r7l@22qE_IkR)5SLomeeBy%sDNs%Bdiv#U)3`X%ft7 z0hU70G%(3lK1^2&6Af@ve?45{Kf^IaG0fD0IO-ukp|G2+)bs20v;dH>@wog8Kv<0JE4<~zAL`~7kvuXYhieo*}J{BfbMGJ zztG3f93+D04BEDMm){w!wp@Md<5&Os)fv&J0sHzYXf^B#TG2(hyRpgz6{Z{6?~D!<@269 zyI2|B4Wm%A62Om`sFjI1nwM%I*ru6CjGhVu>1Mxq@HxRyt7 z&6`?qYQ@$H>;?3q&oe$lPY+pEDx$4k2u07sxsZ2)r_5V(MAQxK88#zNk*gJk)(5BD zZ_{ziY@NHG^Vfs+h3Mz)lf%i#^lu_%29;9%z~|rP_ndbflbpM@#}y%a;OU7-yX=HG z7P=k6#IOS|n=D784Ix)8yf`F!FI1h=w)+8BjXDDB1*{#)dT{&YWJ+yesIgiflC773 z?eD;>*{uJi)Gy_n(*+zDpHsH$3G#!FTQ`WbC}x!>HHW5Va8@ovVw30QdN>}I1t6j_ z0e*WQWCpGlS^y)HR+ zhV@4DX8A?<#dIjQsIV4(wp!(VzFoIICO$4cT6}yyJ|XuYzsYHw`o6Xtq;NLevyd4>KBiRqL@7wQ#?|;JWLZ5K}tPy?_f1~+f{{ht=y-TQemY7tc*NQs8DodB2EJInbx^nBpE66K@mos85(7K@W!l*~`$>10H3;u=uLLZr~ zGOscIP2-sEn#VE!O=PP%R#saDS`}>8(3Oj?z*prNsyE0t+!g%*9Qg+^`~I|n*yi7s z{zlp5mjdSfV7TmNsjwRu5&MDh!z6t2c>%l^!Pz{(2QZnc0H?v#W&wn$IuLTA#fFq5 zP=EmY?Vi1~>&k`in6)^VB`xHyS+Z7Zjm#U6m2j2R5*DD~QZXu4baiDeml#@L{Avv; zNCuSF_TefcjXMv`zpxXVVt8Kc#U@h|pF9yWlA|a#aFM!530;umCNhN4r!T>uY;hL@ z7Ptse&Z$gtr!*o?7DB*7g_Zb0T6kQT_6q#*>6X7$5fnM^EcAYiV!e0C^1Og>2{Vn~%5HP7#M75!0s*aNQgzHV&ZC&M=R8E_3 zO_PXdXIPr;9o2*|H^6x@mx$F+n_x|v#Rih=lz>0v9#9r>mcpwZr>JOyXqXxlX$_02 zRT-J4+-$vha%SiYohx)kpS#CHqnYA=;{Y+xLh^9zTj~wAdBc;VxA|(LdJFEf6NmOF1uLbuS#5+X= zQ8tMUKd9Y8g3IAlpDkvtjiPwFa)b+#OKw>NQoUs;SHHOQOB|uC{vTgVAE&@|599Iy zKZsUX?|b1TBMSL(eIamem=qBxtSV7*rIHZ(b!YUx>^hyzoo1)*IZ`U{U`9lu@L1yw zFeb-r_b+O~>>axFW5At{<3_&#@pKZ&Q$I0-&lkXSy^|BzcuMIs2aHsSSESY5Ro;^R z=JEmc1THWD5<$a|?@!5)fG#jF1Jo=>hw?akt%Lk6C#-jEZP2fbDO$ZC`v3~?R$CJ1 z*^9K%#r^9|?@b6f)eB?HZ?9mk4Ti7@1YrtecLjWIs0@;Cu^;tfda~~GO*#6f#yInTRit>~zZ}Wf`>jf#CDQ_Uis%Ut zw#T)>j9Q!Vslr|1F~QtG&T4{m1Bquw6kre$Jn*i7EIc0ae`ENdtz&{>R`8b~JK~>I!AlP793$`9meCi^PqNu5+_s+h zX8HZS0+rtVWTgYE7W@JScqv#q#u?%;Tf)RSQ5OZ4lU1rsycnJ=n|sl^&N~yw)kz~6 zM`w`?CYs!zpP|ieS@c&v&jarTwf%rn9o(sI`OPwFTJK667o%u$UBJCWysi%{t2>h zB(Cj$c9x?Ut=Lq9o>>jJ<=1O$CAcpbG4}#hy;XO(3X)}1{|wc{|6M0NqJ6KOzj$06{a31M>6i1`WFB|p*Z%GH(fJ%u@NEzB4+B=_8=SXN3zDy2*QsI5nNYgH z(41ocZC%fev`eWeut)Bx{j8;am$Y+-PNd8sg1J*Sc}5^dYMijhLnFFnGiCh#XKNIIkDlfJ<;+c^rn#n|~Vu;AnJC zuu8z-#I;W`X~f|X%)GX>pqCEJTs`jhO#vW)Ba$?9SfRPMmhf%2siw_#3f|Ac#d$fm z!5&tRkzW@-rq6%OH{NaZ6ppo)4xifJa|em>QT|F#qseNvCjF6Z*LUaA)mbTe!yBH@ zZR9@Nh47z#!`sNCIIrq1O&}tyqGIu9uN9<1O@N3_a$f!n%UJ<$%!OxagvOX zZa%b(pe_trC}<~W?bi8Lx@{)yW>zeFmL1#P^bT6L?7Hlo*)7YiW#^I)c^h}THiSC{ zw+sq2A^Ncs7vqWB(9MIvs5pP+sgGIF9Lic`eSoHe7X^E)4w(<^ss(7QR!-xfK#g2l z{a}(6{0#`Ql1fJXScNjP9iVUk^NCaZ0cfKjb+i^NZMtl;nAMUJm&srqQB2nX2TO@) z!L($ZxzF|w=Dl(QL|Yoen#V$60xd#4G(~&;O0rxfn^T?8ts0c10RDwT5)ZJPRu~3+ zda{Heb=jszaeE4NqYfey@;yZY)2gw~9*~|iTsL}}a0rtDORy-i+q$k?8t_t=oR6X& zllLovA5+{^$LZ|@zpjFL8y&`9H@(Km%_!rf$Vx0e?%!O*>!SQQvU#mu-kK;8mU@e) z*h-Z>jK|eAm@7yE==!9r4+z^YQbLd6Gw{Y2^)K_9{myfMcW73Wbv9j!yl-&zLnIA% z*w!(EN_meWxwTtob(o7rVU1-T8xCCK5PXN8)6cSK*C@pcv*OeDK1RtVdMp5A-u`6p zSYQMsE4sV}6jU3r{nMG=n`A&x+egS2G*KY178%W4cnq4qNQ{<;GajaJf&-v6UIvIT z9&%jx-sy}5!gwx%FQ0i*VaV;jP~nbEp8L*BRcRp_tAj^aqX@m%&3M2T_!=;lP5gDcOt#I~0fDm!dWZpW8FY(QT`?JlxDwO%lj{ekCto|kpo?R!nz zPX)iwOXzX(o-MfyL1Ra+=Q~*NMS^T_2-Yi#fXC2Q+gggnId*BYRc*ttpUG3EvD97c z61fK3Sw_u{gmUqU&wP|18b6Oyhwo{kx6f%&i62OD!XO+2PFI>vr4K}$M3z>w?V55a z#~1{5LF^|n4J={8M$qHc&fzKbqJ(ycU3S-}RodDQBh5u>I0N|ltkPWETEx|q;1&Ln z7~s9q_NZ69D$h2_UY8Hq<}675mOFG>{2 z^`Af8{5Xdn4Cmd=%jkGe_E2eqG8{Jb8$LFha*$!|^oWc1zX`*}DHsK3-fB|;U5rw1 zHd5%44rV}|Do6t0^?)CKN((*!IHH2VMAZ_X#7Efi2!?>T33jTE6R|pof{4FR`P&Qm zgJf!DS&CgmmF1g~^!+hex&f%W>pF^|6#jC!95e{3>BSXVg}}=;qU8pyLVC-e(S2>! ztEZw3kEIKvt*k13d*^+&p9;ucg(gu)h{`d=zU zfpT%kv0C3S1{``kauz5k)+5gWr3=&fU&D$(`bOat`?gk=DTiR_W)%^Pm2p}{>%$_5 zTZ148#Me*+Wm9M;KpbdguoO{@Oc|;*nE;K$*MLT86l#!QQz01SllIKt0q=sX!5&0H z*%a3fy@W~&o5ipWz=>6b`H-a$>EMaytrQds;EJuk)2U zTs6@g-zytsc)lIXg^Xl6fe{E9i|Y$Aa~ACmw}aUCVwF^xco-cF6Y})cSaf==`->i3 zYiW!qEXvuVr4DPp>@I#q-K7hd%paFVxfcFUDg}l^1fYSMMC$92$j{ISU9Q64H*Ou5 z$$(X`9&L!ySl_)x@DCnk#c}ofEfu(4Sdp||t8K%D@Gj}26jG}rM2xPZe(Qm_`_OmM zqJYG~qCx+n0++N9kx^S5E{8RJqyz)A&|$I-AVe7ddw^t#QoLsWDwJsWqT(_znFs4+ z1h2OmXQz0@BLV<{q@vsuYzSV4gYLQ|koLSn(|11GI{EuHnDG`OUbU<1vb}{>d$s$>`9&dSTg}F-^*gKW8bxnOi^KmOzA|8L!Gs5!FE~Ws&&0Q!b;0pain8EaoW!x1goLQ& zoTwJEc?tEX`7y~$pMnKotc*!4)Xc-8~ErnEoEXowD zptO-%S<`f01q($IhMKQ%appOk!mJ+XSV0eIkH{QEA$7UT@p_57t5-(i6_)?@`3_fy zyGi#NvUT^(+9l^8YA@lGT__ydXDydmjv5RrZQ{4B8cLQh&1zm_^{!(4TCQ{Wy*7?U zey_+<`#JUYo(sB;mG^-|ye99LBlJ73J03vIObKIMox)vfz-C#)V$-r~wrjR`$!5)A z!$!BDTY=GxW2n>KGv!Iq&QoIp-`mQKd{SGV7;GE9A(B%)*bNSH!=7`s^$ zCGtY(4&c2_g^VjI2Muou18J;At)bx46UD=8{>wQGz~LDHjGQV2H4OM#EdjwRulsoW zPTPrYuhr0`DdqFsbLRheNB@&gk$z9?r9YFh@{C-^^YqcBPQ$$YE{V^_%L|a+NR<`Ao#$7fhs7knR zzH(_HA`TwH5vLx**OzX{4A3upA1g{DY@+vYUNHcq&iI)x=F)3KgxX*4>MXvEYA?r_ zQ2ZZmQY=$-Z;u5xQTfAhmOvH7-P`yxL7wF7ztcyI{iyyyTWVnuHs^CnKa(})KUc-I zroi69-~MT?D{GXK{K)m)^U#WXbHpCgY&DTZ0mhnKwn!h$(=@OZ9eOWzY3tc;ZsqD5Q`nil0YP zi*5wD2_Q|q--1*|a+$h;^#DHqte)!Dp7z3W5KhuD3b31TuqfXa)QEr)6?a<-kT9?b zMh314V2+xLOT6!4uqD2mx9?W_UkBkCshuzxw)X2bGH(fI94On6vRckbC~q#?--zx7 zB?f(O+4p>4IQ*Gc8P;O0$Juy=grmoCVubB8k?cp`G4)v+cPvU+8zz}*)waNh8@%p| z964_p)w)L8E$I!Z;6U}0`K|x`hql*X4z4U%6)8qM3{4Aoqq_e0T`=p;TCdCtP>)ui z9zW<#wkWu%c^UHGNN5XPUG$?>y9|T0WDSqchNGAr6yoO$l%YK}K0>hxbsl1|vk^NX zX%ggwb-_vl%@F4_#pkICTwwpIvtX0XVEN!N7HQtH5!06Dh=_zF_9{{FP><5>%Q7`C57_{5YaFEgCDh! z`yyfE?94~mIqvAP*&M=(){_5)dsav$=E+91)fQcPOO>6VCsv*Pe}D>4Np9)jXare* z+}$l4YMZORs$Q?s>O*(I1C$TC52hLA)~XyMf*SxXn2&r0K%7^-BiKo~2}2v!djvu% z$N;T_FWqiWG0Pse_~gdQ1Q#P}Efj8?BI8(3A#X2lS+l5o z|33x@VIhH7(88j4d~oe-Z}P6MVplxniZ;{A#{5pT6S zuXD2Dy&cYS9lDM8T(%!GI{9TZk2W_vpV5|zQHMKxZJH&#UqeZJ1N%(#JaezN*6&B_ zV5?Kg>jsNkFz>sM?A(I5pa8G?5P-b8@P6kmnhpe=xDRxM*C^FtZy92|_Uo1{0{H-7 zUD;gl^9z8{tisG8LEBKEl*htEz)yxRIE7l)#z zxoc>r3;bD^6-rej4hshS%;t)5pq2e3rPZ}X_`!8(zf@1KxmGi8<88LQPziM zVCD-oAD3=?4@5q~7(z@Q>^xLJXyzg5V#9Mtg9l=KbP^wGy^;xDSRWZdCI~9N4#m2s zuXy@;w-_ zVPzAebRC3wmR-Vr+NGVQ79WP_#?db(Do`qB$mKX^V)Aitor1U7^eRA3QWAD#?m@&} zhdK!;B8s68RD9{AvET#VYDNem<^D5?z+un9dD*~yQ=;khhyK2#z7WF$t>pk+LJqM{-Wp|YD@>7=G-KB=zSh z3)vsdYu4xOpk40ldW*XZzXvg5*QAfo_fmhUzvS;mC2&6qc=sOWUKL%k@#zAHAfmNw z=~EFkg;a}^(Lxaj#&Qr(vE2j`23KoHC~D=4*|l-^Y++{3YR-itsLV|rT8i^44Xy~& zRmMI%2Djm`s~TLwOE89~VP1u>9EWqLk>0Z1)<}e*?_vW$XvdzW`B)}YlLTn)-bc3- z7#_RniC5FP(WEvmh=kHu>4klUy2G)z4GLc_&Mi(QlO{eZM9o-E@-T7sT zdh5$LRtelwJ@3GJ+I<-1>(JRWm{!4DH#yLund>p?lPfz+r=Ge`CGQiV#E$Ae?^`>p zDDVlziaWz&2E@F8T!GzN8>D4=OMaClx2Lzxw+Fc{xr-IqVH)K?aVSoh#9%gYgV?O%DB8^m|2dnO z2;EV*F(o*1SfTRJg$gNDLo-o#IL|>7MekFEp$60yhXop_*x*S|u159!VVTYSecFAn z;92N)yvH_SyWB;~z3XdyUeoH*_QrON-v>IO{hRuHp7rs3q1MnMZRUXpZ-BEH0$V4T z<3JqvLV_V>%1Hrj_T<*}=oxDED{c;j1^{wk!i5Qjk=*)Z*N?}7_^-;o-9I|gqe02` zjz@NjY0+xaVZn33kb9||T@(zDh=WDAXL{{?!6m+R`pET4;5A7H85@=8ysPjPmTA>~{o)7@axY>CLq;`^CS0HG3Z zRyDJ=#d&)eSUPhtmRJ{S*y*jy0RkiPY4JG*c?Iu+*O^!`(nhnH49QU$(qN=vt6{L8 zvtzVkx`=FeuzvM}Jb0D|XG|sozM2Oqc$H64;EwE|HW?d3 z4jR|&HI?XmmGg?(YSs?Oe=0lO(kt?K-2^*>tg<&JvGgi%XD7k60dJZ*U@ zRhx+#S8mg3cQe;1qyO7-7+MUCjqWO|+2i$c-!{sJ2ekD9pqHK2Q;>{4rm6w`5=zdY z0ui#(q`xd}pf&5MMt(8mBq&5kY53Z1BsB$pdN~K*#rNj7;5$4WjmHTkdcz|rclCMJ zt@|3=T`iKLz~cc^fQF0Ajp;ya!`lXeAeEf_C&&=k_+l*Ooy^qPHTXhU*JS5AWRYUs z^52(bceZ#8)#uyWhaqO8oPr4E`IYv<`k2lLwJH}cZ^O-=mH>z5c||f1w`i17l6;^MK5!rcw^SoGNlUJ4>B}UIOyDuEp}~M zt%bE-b~zi2q@U!XZk{wXb_Gn7Knz~lde9}$zaB*yeW(Aeo#Fmuif$845v>LI6V&TC zW4dRYFs(WLt!!51tbw#zwQ;q9-U`1NriHCow1840)Q_H+YZgiK{X(qgdZ_4yGdq9r>KLC%XRId356FQ`)@a+=@w(b(Wn@n z4sc(QlvB>0jyQ^($iilr^dY(R`+Wh6h7=5hg_1L^#*1GeZTW12$IwM2A7-~sjC{0b z;i{P}ru>sGo=hrv16z4TI6E7g+h-rK)1EFY2^K7M*zj02bJ8q_2Lq|%(r9?7BI{N0 zMc!Y6_~U6HofK;V6(3MXz!tWmh1RdiVs*1!#gz)FZMAQ)Hb%iXk;$E0@)Xn6zMCjGA&TnPA)m%8*^)zasUDX+~nhyCx(-?g=O6&(1Q=#HV2_TM{-iIV2~ zC`K7v=Zk1pn3IDh95I};v4;+uoOAgBVCnu0RZv1R1gK8LV}X@a%%D2o(VQIe{)@Zv zX$v9%1K?>m&cl^B)yYB=!JfpGcZ$cv8X#PqbUcovleh-ZH}O77fU$rSfdAwFVeFlP zL~GV<+p=xjwr$(CHOuxa+qR8awr$(CU3KQ#>tFls6FcI@c^}yx@?~U3|FSnifZlg% z7=TtMe)UNsw*bNFla+cT9l;@62#%%*h#AEj^T zp$Zt4H;w4HzKeNQNH>!$Kq||YlX-V~ALNT@&I;foi0v8u(+Kw^-ySNitIL}vELLID zVZRz9!XJ0x1W*!Br0@9VzWZO^iGAH%nzW3G?!or@0&JT>84Tq3@3@hB%o;L$bbXLi z!lqxaUq*gq`dBV@rp*;__uyZ(75tH!9jkUu?CeuREQ=?_p4np6mFgWVT(}}uxR9(k zvR6_Z`{A7+l$)?`p1OLDC{^tueOmAX*J^(HJ_=ts8NW=c60oj2lV(=PNm7MNmlxTL z8k6k~Ii-=K7r$j_ua4eqV6PUAmbkzdOzIz5;_GG6nrg+K4fUO586VccYhjV9OvT2a zX%tSYYxXs7Pm_{ZiWX=(|K7TU;4u5L1NpAQz_tShU?s8#DejV~UwJ|)jGFw8wq(0; z)H^$*l0rd@QT@Wwpx81DPH+jcUmERSYF&@@pqAP`VF0%{(TFg z+vxck@dH@EdHTP5LH|qK@t^6<|CW$5GW}cb!N~M)**7E8zir=)e=Oqb@fOsE^W66)=X6UG>@z4BeMzS0-2PCiWG>%BW$% zB$oAH00H<2S7t{ZyZt)E-;J%%)=6SkU5IAD%lzI$F_>2%h_ zG|#ieO0Hy5Q!Fm;)~b*@wNURFSE#fyROE*+6=3?-{O z&98Zpm98zNB_qupZBH|q7n5K%x@uOdy@OE>NHAm%*%?m>U^Zwix?X*%cMG7(q8)`} zUsN)`R;oKVW7sm8$0oEEZ+pkJD6vki_u#msv@cs=oppD1TiP{jT|4fLYN%B|9SkcA zijPBeFT8f%LtP>lwsp!1*4z%5-WBc2Rw_Q+`wWs)-8$B2&P*GfCMx!yW_yK#FAzId zb-q^V`XTj%I}$|In~$vh3Yd6kc&c|rDkHeoUZE=6Z}wBhX{f*5`yy1g);EevAlS!RQ=M;y~7UT zd(q8&B)|wry?8d2z=(4^x7fsIK9KTP&lDi4 z`Km9TJA3T10c@f0=qF{fcH5F`*0`x*-{6-2tiO6U>^kjPQs$U6D7Omkuy63!EDwnE z!tme2e%EmA7;4^XVVU@Hby|X%N6<-=V>qtRcJTr+n7%9huyu3ktK9FSeMF#u0Zun) zeVCY3q~<`Kx&K1hTH!yQo0!L~0Q46birC??!F3w~MbsDo4q%-JwcD~aAQo8NH(YA1 zc2xXBfDZSn`U`nM9vma4%Gvte=5*iygYB~Wo`=YYs|gq?Z$$vUQ{!9Lb%!F}oM1)F zUt1FuXf=}tEvYlG5KvJ&+@dV3?{1#Si{d6-0&>>@t~=7)W^eo0#S(-DtH{Ku6VB_;jZpUyiwT?%Ly{^d^iTCZ|`m}N9qfY<3$;uRD)*k4U;<#-ejK*6dsDqxpK zip~ids-Mp76{2%szk57F$g{QQixTphI)ln_tco7XGplID5TaAEyk8QpMtH@40=xTeW^K!%Xh1pJN6|0!*)j1H*R~HaomtDOwMXT^??}M8|z>^hVb^hUX@_*Tx2uCOgIO3 z=9zJX@H~S2GYpZ{sc|}(f^(FcU2)#^hPAGq)a!0TGeS=yhq5^ZbXL+=y7>zXOukyFc^Cv%pc5mxO0SCbD_0)5F zO6G`j!0P#WsV7mF*^HMZp+b7>bNoAv9Niu9p||(-!&ez>G$?vH=gvP2;G}vsM|p*3 z{z;aE)>26{RIV#2!5=2oD&$_lXPNd)xn*!SW!BDfcwf}!Ev)L#qP5+g>l$W@b(AD5 z7Gg}mqOpSqFVnGm5r7<>^C*dFj%38Q9S|924%RNFclY&$SB|n==++B-091MLdN!p+jEL1f|B6^5n294a|TxikbiyP zm8mLmF==U;ZWo`3>RR}XFuP_Kg9f>~Ulz49xcmder`#NwiKk5t{x719x~>4_CJY23 z96BZS0uyr8jsgOmdilh)V!_pUr?|Vy1(3^*90%;2uhATzv78i8$+`AS!XhUb#6oir z({Y56Es*EkAt+)=e-FO zx%lAtVEdT}1t93Xq;y6R{u-|Vmk}ZtvPaXcdYJ%$14p16D$;~+4Kkc-9hveBD2HST zY2n7&(hTHS&%{^rGWSl&18xkw{2=0B{&aOWdo?z{Rm~v>*ib5#b6D5*M=nehW_m5! zxPSIZ+RPTUY8r?9+y8Z*kqyZy&)n~^@R5{=cuI>*mcBMTYR18jk6YUqlGMxbGq@$H zjC*-a2948av)$BdbzC$naq!0GAVNS^myv|uSJ@l9yFP|9)#VyY8}u5CW@- zCd}Of_nAj_M=u%8F_W z6319Kjt3BmIBloTD+xH+MusAB#*;r%Ug}UZk_)FUbUjRkj>T)4^6NccgNX7_` zunTAmONiWEv*FrSIPwL?uX?lSV0$RrTN=VAmI&b+X$$smyU{iUH*ACZy}f744$sccDFakE`t)X0>FG-B$jyW_%l+LE6YU;|_5zF-jxRwD#G6{B_^9f&3fAapquudV|Q2z!^P zMCx{}O^s&0F~XiPEmT{KkYQCSkl>H^hlATv&GFB&_dR{{);=+Bx4FcA9Wp!q=LRgR z%?79EAlQCfMiK<7jfm`>bz|X<_)Ri-$>w@rG+eDgWf(QTi!{>K-pb$KQth2amU)9y z1`ZpaQIy;Rr{0O<#x6!IXBnBv8mQgtY%0p@whF3oq#v#%oawY7pbA<*To9f|%8HOI zSEj*MvKnEhcYaH`FQ9!QfxWWN=EmUI#^Ofgv@<*DHxTf~z6Drw{4)YAB#P{x$}Ej} z92WYc6q4fbMPB4|(xb9p@XN&-j?~eAiCg_%)kSxiZ4fkuJ6ikE56?#1(Ec43TrlOfL;Ds%)h34x!SHVDBI zgTV*Qg)11&Y=Q)$oZjc)w0T!;g&TOveB(F;46b}!y7uN*E-cCw301hlE zw$OS&1BA62ERbqMFb_SApy^;%Z%Y5{C>sQGQMRy!cvxTqxO`Z8=rr>o zlT`?+_&uPpxG!8^%2%@l#~i#rfDYQ?g4kvPA$(5^LQuIb8bJ!CF;@Cb&P-;(hzw1E zg{)mVYS?Uzbvt?=&mD0XFDk~@Dco?DxY4+tZ(f10Q9*sW5aukqG;9t5c`PxY^S}dM zSX>^!=%R;mMp;mQIxKhyUTx+Qie>oYPd^;?@X8<){dXiCTJ26@EIevqoC!wojhHD*&(!?=L1T2yCNgXZS>B zGknEnsi|h4Sjnc0BuJ$9Rsc}3tH4ib)F3}YEG(W6lP+}k4Tz*<(O1eY11A->zLu&McFS1UlRqrr-K zv-|@8QClz|Uk*J=ZwypE<5wA&B=H$S8IKA2o6~;4W6a2kiyfBto9m$dIUi`LwSwix z(bJX{-nd~}dqclLAOq@z!KNH%KoCg22V}~!txdZP0ZX&DFMy=WQL!U5MlSM`_vtr2 zN#lCdiTd!|Pe`~(sH`|9aioq!%pEzDG|s+XO-9#4qrisUt;>)Z0Wb%9l^d^%7}Ily zDqSO4gWlf@TP0g=B8=1l1K>NNE)S?qT@@HVW#f?Sk2NN^%@`w_WgF)O9IFC3rZw|T z=R}f12At?y5&z?Z0iOk#wpLJCSxyRl+sqNduf!=rE?m?2U|t?->lUuj^(l*+F^0f& z4r1c*_3DBu-99-pMO+vR2pLDKFZMM7N1otb$HwWk0Y@dbIM1h$qrw+z%53Af6O=Tn$>Bn`Ezz`6xL!AAzNNZG5C-`+hq0klH0 z2~}1%UjYSNz$t(1-e5W-X!M;X#X;A%F;Q&Z`0#?%{V$e53hI_xrNI36OJdP2^nR zQYx71RkDMM&nY!3rhAp1j@i6cSnrl!%j}pAA*)mmS$&qwBu3tDEWEf5x2cFf-;qcpyYEHuinrwDUq z5r0dTUEnrtYo=Ql_7SMQfB z=@F>LPyX3I1xee{F=gf#sT!>#3KdZ|jIM6W_h7k0yMAO%)&FpMw-hS3(OJ3!^aN$& zHiG-r-wGAI6cB_j<~9b>d`(<4_9k|E+BZ(at%76p#upB}pNVbYli<2~D2{E;A zTt^HuQG)wh5Y%|`lhAxxWHuFZp&*x;$w*HRL-Vou7u(`U1qLSdQ;V8o$CctDE}Cd zwB5dJtfM}b#e{tE*>gJ-zKPdCnSAFvr97YSv%6?}$1f^?FU(B{sHj80mJ*Au zaa@_8v58O4CRa9~lAO4|{?yC`LzNWsL=oUzfLY@kpH)I~e+JEj3);B}kP8+|cAYx+ zjL#XCpjdo|@8_c7;H+FjZ$VLY20MX>%6D0WfO;lenyWuMQ}ykTjpayYImBJ255k6! z0toNWqdCb%yyJ?Hb8EA*JT*1z4+7p6wRbozq=JtZYp%>x9CdaXC{rJ$8Q%5q*RnNd z1uRnUQyCTJ#ZB6jcn8W$ZN(R;#2YWlnO;-OE)_4pTT}l03g>oGRqZ1z%K7F(DW8w< zB&seOaVlb-OHtKMW2=q&>2Y}s(E`pKvX(bhUI8?Y?ArOxpCA^moS=7seLZxS_6nnMa zW=dob;!*|wDF>5aL;QjV1T0B`iBI)rPbB1b#&}&_DYPJnYf7dK9|Hc>h;W}t>E|;V zhhnr6P%{@hrZ*QQAifx7p9>i)n|mx#r=PebP9vvInvshd!vR6XHEz$24S%~3Qpu}t zuJPO6+q@!vrU-R38`M9y1qRj<3vkkkB1T&R?<4@~X+|;&tLx zF$U5FF)D{!cZ|uv>GDr_iy8)}p^~{Vw9!lC-duv+syDX%mo#oTU4VwOGl2{u?&168 zL2@!B>1Dulnws_KWi_#)Hcy1ZtyeQ2e(w3YgVt5qN3kKAsa6g=4uwkKF&t;OzY?B? z&I?-=E%4w()fR^4>i4ny(kYaj6udW4cCIYHr)vwhIEAJ3TXQiltoCpPkW=n|b<b zyA9RGq z2lk72vLHVlC9i7uS>AjH0r81G_N7i3b|*M%OrdqGz*)0zxbDpH(>wgF%M4m@-;4jw z480MD=M1vBnu>X4NXroziP!SF;`EMZpNvaZC4Yp~E;B;madz{mPxLj~(q`V>E75Jy zj-tLsW)Y-z8Ilm-cV6=PLr5I@qqrOr7Ba9M4M**v5m$Q`{M1qUMhE9s$FrZxMxO%? z2EbzJkM;5FDeqbnFVXswDeS6kBSxHaQ+@I>;w&4EoV zZ?jx8lq$0CT9tni)wB%0F{`LFu_1W)Cb1%*L$)#mMjc2g~^=le>7xj5ScKt8fikH{lLedt$UnUqmehz>fvrz%2u^2(%&3ERNM2D zgSRbxFzy&0I03(yMBit2QOC8tn4r->!q!CMQCGx2mmqSd#~}!vVIb+F${n2&EVAVO z;^5b_W}4;E9}Gr@AnAbzRu$EcN<;+m$7(HJbyczIX+FL|KBsw(f1skPSnEO<1rFS) zrZ@-rphrULR5q%86I~#-pS;ExVX&mH@Bwv+51u3ZA*gg7mw@my9y)xzfFm)Tb0=``&{_->rQ(doLlT*8E39TsV(T01F6&?LW z4`8bLMehIVruiG%{Xdt}F#fmdkcohek@3HqYW@{1{-?Btoq>b#e|FZaM>~V6BQ%aQ*(H0XxNKjD{;!2%_^6}k#@ZJ2> zKKWQLx1aERv_JECcT?jK?sP5$ViBYB!wj| zfJ8j{f8vtwvjh=%=Q*TZ`Y|jbARye6mB0yYBe?7_^z!P%11P`%Bqf1LjYWh3h=_`q ze3SJfHUPN9;V(kwQG>LChYEU!aV+iXQGhHCp?WmV?9>9_G0+205EGN$a^vRhLkbG? z5nu?Q2Rr|E-@b$Z^8kq2GoSzoe;0?u^H3+5msZnQ-T8ZBIXoi<5pSiqhXVM_mr(ad z90U)%4dMXwjfR;8_7M7xA`=;eWcc;_{Sy>pAUpn>00hJV`PM&>kRdk{ML!K01h91t z*PyBzc=jc*_nYYAQxpN8wG~x0_9Ri7fkcgOyloHb49hd;nKz&aiJ1wu1phs}G_I3)U&w{=cz4y%w zMuK4x)A2z(_!;m`5I`cBo&@77x0hdCM1Y_d5=smRhmcMIW3H!iCzx>BuiE|^9}pHm zBXV;T9s=R*>0>4HD!M;wmjQmU=d7nzLt{f|rdJ^IXJ+&VNL6(Y5a3T<8Ha#^ikK1z z07@zXxP)XlP~eZ|C;-UU!l)mK^+47hKzh%67iU?I*YgK4P!2!b9_VLd3f`w!I|9H= zPqG~`5g|~w2f)va=TG+iPvToG)lcR8PY1EAK78yB$BcgP4>-7o5U+wC2K)Sz==Q1r zy00&V~HSpJy3m^oLsK_^T2P4Mn*D>_I6Y<0j!r?Ig&!!SESP1tQQ$|@Z2|%!bzk&$+ zig#lIKwbcQjB_B!CmNH01_YS+b`gNxFfVR6!|Xb+@_6t7WI^+TKGLaq=Jdn^E%=7I(Pho;tk(_RRA;<83}h8$S5< zIzJnhhIttlR+){Da(Ct8n$Yw($ypH(*3)_JQJP8I4#>tYJoE0BT9$M{!liJ(7BvCg znaW!HLUJ`2^-7W(Wc^MoR2df8I!G_ZVa?q%X1SS|P!tog-NH@iR#sQ{$8@Hf1=fqM zkx!96?QkPfi%QVBqJ_KOHAiH{T(}T!7`4aA)zBn-@z&W2>$8_rvbkbXCsAV?$!Wb6 zEvaR3GD8Ws9UD7HEgvLcfZLJ0CWYd2@TEVrs;v^|1ZU#R9DO+{IvR8EKb^9}1CFe^ zr5~>{t8+SRDP$IKJ&sB<@cw8#u#n{~T7(avB%gam%er$xzL7%-?VXMc( z0*;skNVe6regeD4M32Zq8!$2%^_iB1dnXKQIXwKbD z#rGA3?nEae6Fv8yoLcAV^N8M-S=y26;R2JP!oz3$NC0giQ+KSMfU~7?UyW(B;l&M@ z==RmcZ&a+hBk2Zue;R6jB1Y|alus2es`pvO>~B$Hi2^&?zQL|0A1_X*f04R>?5ygT zDJvRgE2B8sAKze;D*&}xCrt{#>^8~1ii1}#(cX%j-pe;i{t3j)OdG-&#Gk_Ev76;a z5T+e}Y8VbD-P%C*W}K-nl0DYiXkBh9@Bo?PLyuyu88DpACJQ(DP3!lA5ljczILuY} zi8LfiHM3*8{(d$>aWylnt?28yT04^8r92jGNz8okv)4&Io`IoH(9 z3Xfsy(`dP`W3|=1HqC*+(GfG9ODGmsDI2ENto;q*r+h(qJwSU#Xv%%RDy;w@eMo%6?WRKjze{tUhciz#$_5@Ne>h4^zf|AUW?kc4Do%OWZ zfx=-*!@{6A`co!)_%)#LHgtgA9F70wNKMXjR~_Rfb29fsa;6D zEy^V_97BqRaud&d+q-D8XT0A21Wc^aOxZW5h z^?oKkyWc`jh1E2H9lJI^~M7+avhA@44*1^N(IzWpa_jMrpzqzn96V^;X{-p ze(9;c=?aqYK#Y615lu4?7K;9R?CJiuk4(-=-}S`u1h}r`{XNnczF4TdHu^V~r~VJ! z)V(9TRQeNOd7=2$QAAR736fL^8E+rXQ8(zEZ~;*gkQdb3`Jd+83#ptgWTAyYlLR zd#VLr-u}vQU|~;em&A>rfT75XC>ElVHSc zmkUdt*N1dR78@1vrq3x|`*hwYZ|)W^61vpG7_}R>)2G1nGQ;Wz@mH@2_bWT{6~ebK zt4k{zy2DNZi_m{=8F37K&vKIuBO{noIIH(GT4)>IsQF>-Rn&2!#hQ3+E|OeIs2lTU zud>#Ns3A`By%7Tkp&=zs^|%32?|U3up?y0q#iw$n_@kzp&l{40r!EEM=ts`F*%n2{ z5p!-Q?IW`pK4DMPw^DB$RFp`_3!Y~46>m6qO4i8cD|1)4Mysi;?3)*>(Vl8rSsF~y z%P@skO4^zBrU!iJoPXgxb~iZGd#i9Yo^9Lg9p=DNz^67V!?{I%jP(njFdYq5mHI00 zj33lg(N%7SJ*imR5=)i61S{C*g&rH}o&+PEt_HujtumG!VyuwU(%VcV;M}j}_4+)D z+D5CIuwJUo%17NxFdGB*P>rSM*bDg(%y0`zXDu#75Et$=d&mkct@o71wl$*jq8S(K z1+Gv%V5ZAKk;qC6(@iithV>wmJ4iq%+-zM82TxeZ5cD+Uxe$|bniw+`Q0K0_`{hpX zPAVyTBxep^nQ7-a`1=eL?kxC*HI!7Or*+ne3>d7iZu_R=(xTV&Ky z#_*XcD3J|N)vP!7w6>A55tWSx6#pb5vD)&?+v_`3&-z(G5RPwfPfotanF_gUIzVdg z)QSOhgcc}cqP{cn>3|u0q!_8IcZ{Q@u5gJa;9S*%(K7*MEwazJi12l zCaM3Td4*oU(HXeuiV1+o2yQ)}Spqy*7y5P#yq?l>Oa#-K>Ih#k<8+a9O?E!lB}V^f zTWi$8bo^vxKIz~taN)M1;39uo0(q@NTy}hP5f7vJO95I&LH+xg+=^$8=WU|>5k+EW z#e5GQ44-daF9wUyr;R}}F|N)ia^&-Oce^rx_QOfN&C^z3c@iYNw9?dL$8bJ3i$cju zto?`!!)S@6qBb3_j#&3szG^6DYxEt0t=(@!m_K^gb|ilc=!?Tx-sa^O9LO#fze_@3 z=ZiA2`Py`s^p8q|jDKpZ(`I12IGW>7P87MY86{30rJ2)6Ddy5n*GJRW-D*xvf}d>=JJ$M33w6?_wkfThucpy(1m7K=3{= zyeVCdUDgz1AV=osd+^=U#2yVinhL{bTW9U)pBz|3{g*5@IXx=xqzMQ5rM0 zZi+33{j)B|Ynt}D=T1=5DaqVmN}ErWe`5alZrmvNRX~Q=E6E51El*&`>r}^Z3^*oRuf>DYA}hII z6+}#j`a&M$Q*j)(Am$N2H8dpqZf&css_el(*R8a6vAWFNnVklpp@AQq9j=~aOuI!V zVWZBV*w7YJyfq|}As~jR1F$&_q|d~Meo3J|M#w`(O=`~#v`$~KZ7R6$Y4uW3eL3#Vz{gYAzqKYRQ3 zuq9c1nBy|;+0U}T5{O_``xJ|{C)2W=lDhzr+!6Y0$zQGm5ZN&*U&X#a>!-Tq?q$_v zxe!wx`&k$WD(Upl&6@4FL_`hzI5<&u8XtG@@KD!JWm1cMv|AEK&C6B@2B!p}lQ z-o+K?672#_!0d0_*--BAEPK3B6H-BoGr));;U3J_9h5d2h%x z#G7i!b2m48_4J$QkWOM7?43ScHMjbYwqW9CU zJZm>pL&>8CW$o%r75l{(S&p12$HK(Z-tGN?#aTzE4YK}JZPV=ubfF=BhmAfY{W)$d zgYN;MO3`^s_UG2A2%g`6d~%zkV1zQdgixJi5pq0R{Zee_ot0hF%x|uFcID)n{h0pIB z9{fWp+#^JBN7M-GQ@$={C2sFg=}uAsHX6o49XXOwv$s}Byqv44^R9+vh*g~N&eSXE z8xF#C@nRF#V=nvU3=;zmO>BVs!=M*}Pc#l@+y*_obe{A}PxmjlT;LPft4o6QWaDgr zhTt!L(@x`eKLe^RMAqHxmL=Jyus`AoA;_a+EAu4OsXo~a9TDFbIfG}`}$>R`>ZHlFzs_B=lh1rtPN5Lv+>QZLr5ggilGZ_tKN~w#f7|%t&M6)dQyq=XG_*kbk9CM|f@7j52)($Q1i ziiBtDGzL0NHFOLAPN(&grwWgP$m2@bksxtmtLqVa`I@t(@dNd>=o#iS<>c>1*=1f?h4icw?Z)v5gXcF(9`?FOlUaogX&4Nj(po|52Lcr2##FySzOi%F$IwzQ-M5B!B90I^Ou*j7SI^s^t{lhiEsKJ4aNB%#0!Id-9DZ)Ews?TRO0p zzcE?bILT|1oPvoNpox45oQjz7a4i-jk3ABq211p?*-Gy?Y;N_z6-Z~mrY@#${UdvBZ`R7U`wVf2%Ws$?YXlR}P5lTvTO`&dn z=KNso$j{}h&LcJMv>L>6wDA%#1%r}YJ@7^23fZ*TOh4f1z&Kuet>8Dxz&Vfb@v?6J zq696GlK_=G@R^!{@AemRRz>(=lU#(lk($ljWCXY*7ybUp6uF>D2K^z`z!$XWaZ2Bn zi}fVc*-|<4o^}v37s_s(8Eo995^Fe*(fBG{=q2T}bU`{~oWHOx)AE2_#H2;KQD*h9 zTWy(Iqg|}w5&IDJ>u)&7?_E9h6%w~!Dz^siel;_Hq)vD6DPAPLzn`6;xeN9X8tipq zX>M|$UKs0>>UD>7pWdx}*FBpa;T}$^*A=Xn`|$LPt_I~RVnOOvT5%F*EBJ7QE?SwL zju~}tX5E~Q6$%IsX%D#RsrX!`A!M^WNn2R;jPZPseCNODl#?*6=pj@#)Gs#A=NH3X zE}-$OPCj3njuPIytF*hm4 z&|pb&n}eme>-7APLNSaSj=TMwwCXMyST{FUj7vyNY+9RoRz|Uee=D|UXjMb{lHDM6 z{j&em{*B4Ie>gW~N9p(7+-svH8^OIx$LsCd^wAI^yb1>WhFE2_I8gTB6 z-HTcidl=R6Qq~q(7rE^Qau8-CC-H3bL%{oNEdp}Jif&>#6gpHYRoLn#3iHSqeRG!F zCzhg5r61lw8!(6%^4@l6RiNb2Td@lCPJME*M-`o046D$15%X!?vOQC*Dod{f8$qP; z2vn7ei+BUq6O0?IgdyV#$mEoE0RNF}QZ6ymB#p)a%IA?-*w_`jxc)1Np>^~Q9bw$k zXK-&mN*yiPfwhW~d#gUEi`wF<^)USATK7SbEc_=3ds*2VsQhMD^N9$BsB3U~uj~x#1 z1m>)gW=3mLJ~ z{ZSEpUmVnXfeo8imA&uSK3($KOB6@IZO)6xG>FjEV(70086m!ZXYiO>+87(4Fj2=S zXB9oO>BrEO*F8$z9?fXyJbK;Nz}f2*yB2a7Y!ns;Z&eU?&Iau;bM1Kyqm%LDkQ1#K zjgt~ew9m+VmlfZ~MN)^Z&B&Alwfy~kWE#Tw_A`~6jL|ElOVi{&NuG?CR%*Qvy7eWt z1(P+IzFkY9c@T@uQ|9lL*GFCNHyRDmbY917fQnthVFye%&#NBexK%m_h+AjD z`k#_h>_*2il{!;DP{7wkXSi;D`J znTtS&#iYUx<1hk?{QFnIqE-!}&`6T6uMy%Dr6h@?B~twf@{|q1Uf-e>ILHt6 zSy6i+kuE~|^NxN}gRsyb2N0dl8F2dGBLso}Y-Ix&NCIex;n7gT0|Al<5VZMm8r9tc zxTJwY0r~?0u4AywM@Q(x9_&YpuB{zFn0~u}K=l0vG~ndaoZHz0Ks6^p0}agwRKS?V zJCiAc2;~HXVRS%2I{Au45sG-`$cpT2Z7nS&M>xI&8#K5|3Kj*-p~&LhrJIKhe-a=9 z=m7&e?aPYyBLh~t1CF{>wDWrm!O+ekhlvD1K#`;1K)MnOa}Xzv(*Vfl=v9zLcNhT; z|30Yt7!gFdeX#>DAb8z5`xg6=3Ksf-3+da#Fh|E&$Nt?6yjqYI=g*CxOE3*h4&|SZ z*n?vzXNMugGYK5x7`TRj`yStt9=|Nhc`! zgrALz1Re*r6_?xz2u7d_C_&%a^;-KVwoNy>GrVKf58~TRhk@=-YY0(~a+i!_vBH+Srj0c4Q~Q0ND+jZ^{)gxtILXGh@& z_ufzVwU*|GKJLd&7{QIabjK`z=lN#<#z~CRck>ttV@qX!Kme>-Ev&$+T zCD8XhBb+&j>3N8HKpUcM=T7_>@V9~HH+Jv&6BXek#!-q%(E!z5W zVAK;in6>;RkvC!lbX*6ZZM1zZOcXQzl%59G>#4|>)gMiY$d`Pd zx5h55 zQ3v#)G0xEX{P4^Mgmth>kLAsZ20kEN+d?G3(P~yzg2_4Xa=@RA5AM}2dy+?qwDZ*ld9x8s>}Mph{>xNi$t%@by`dCbc%g+ef9ax};DcFMb{Nnxj6a_U1jRLt%MH zd~FYM&I%3w0|af(58%OMJj+t`1!b1`aV3FRaV7DNHBibjnkMD^XjU-zQH~uuM-u@H zsCocAU+wSDG=`tNDhPdiJwA;Jd|0QFQ|RvkugM6u74m5eg%Zk0mNdVY9cW?ghe4Hr zO~Y5lE;9zlZJY+361>>tymGSFk+ps3XBrxZKn<#s`HCXdwF?S2aPO5ee1juM-66!u z0U=s4{tsj4)FfCGnA^5(+qP}noVIP-wr$(?v~AnAGkHiVw{joyA5PWTwbx$X>R7G~ z12^lHF1&oc=B`XL7Om?|2TQErIgeUDyRi^z8{63kX!hkthCWT*70~!d5rchIm+V`g~-d_mSWB&WkA@!{zUKUkJVR=F%lo^hF?H6V`8$J)tsC z^68%CfO5No!Q7yPAX;H(?;`EN7InQ=e$$LHsC(1wQXlLjUm&_sK z{&IE?WJQp4=p2Y|kaOW0asZmsc0t?69s-fst)M7~o8``LtC5)-*e z-@3zptb!-nYG0?~t)~|$Vq-tMm2W%<{bNI_$wuhR8QF<8UQ6|4({qLOkd>ltIkh`a zQ1rcqDyb*lmwk=<7#C{nM_q|s&Vczx!Wl9&+)=>g-~Ev!*fLLE$>wH!M-vWfYm_Y$ zy%FCNzxg&bTu-;Lg%WiG_3&-YuZ#*zG* zC|qice;hrmjTZzeUfs5NPZ?|Gxf(efnx;2{E|F@G zX{CY8cvST-G(x&&Y2rx@f5;A5WwS`V+ji(44Y=GfW%;Vseb|j-dXh>z?CkF1Q?A8% z*0<5$8*gB^FK-lCQXnsQYc~z`6eF)fy>?@=`>HQ)$8oH#gV7_eW}W57m{N|y7Ps}7 zu5eKQyt9=W0>fm>xesa!0tV#ZPMihDP+ElU!HR2KOq4ULb16KlO5fJG^%2N60J34xEoVi%(TL1D&H0l(^PzVK!IVx-e||pCTdf z^5l-61wq5`YOCQ>h@-XT4^DBL^6gil(PW?d4!ZSwO;!@ySF1xWw2uOygA^pR zxcZA|@oeK~wc?{qD!Dr z>a$UW^(2BiPgWXgc3{ICrQf8+Fz2`MP*|7Q2v(2lfBe@FQgygx+H2%%P-JI7LoWDF zCtJk2WHE#JQt{Hp-nS@^+-?c?fis`v`nYeuPbsv51dO3~vClps;%e7I_8G#wXO*=s zar^M=)b{7FXFggC$HYyHYe>-Qbnt4C!y*Q~9d6$W&F-!-Th$A~?E#1aEP!njJKcM3 zn3d1!@l?7eSyOf;XuqLRtsJS6wFHI${IEU1%E4W zVo_J-a`Lsi6uuAk9R}CxzijcPOm*y$R;c;O-c(@dn24X z%vPukMIV0NC$U5T7KC@kG@`a$~ny3`bExbSAQ+msPcPAt!L4xLphJ+ z=%0^ZV@Z!g`yrOz5$XOhevE=9N0%T_LZ;}U=U3v@wVWc`kR)eMMtxSJlhkyssgq*ORM=-lq_?0q^`sB6qKP3$kAN}2Vm zwP|u?KN| zxz6zbU#_p0O@($sW`~&^byAku5vmLd-DrYc-AOVdKAJY?=D#4_Fzu-f5!(=R1z0;X zJVmk%tTQOIDoAFH(T4YZYx2wRPiGSrB+7i4JTfar?7fnmH>mw-*Dm27lEZI*eJ!Pf zNDEt``x)cpD@u}kmZo_(5?4|WWsxQ&(!I<6`mS0RS5cU4m&hJK*bVG(%wL@Sl6ZWN z^jr!Kp;MP@_fEwM?^hCQBs~JxCS?Cafp$acwY}u}F~UcxRU*)exmV5M$-DAw6(5Xd zD2cNXEukqg$CPzsQr(k?4f7IqmEB+Z+LhKUVKK@X&=)E)+wJ<9IHxv4K{DdduL&LQ zJHNidUUIu1xe)S)c!y=gx|&`;@pl}-o)Yv@K)&XNj>;=wn01J*W+NR#_~1!1fEE#5 z1Q_YPB~cy7s}}}YK?6EMW0XEnsf(AbLhf@VD48iQ39AZPa8ixyH^eR^Rg zux|%Zc{hg;jazTzx+g3fCBL4!besd`@LTEYUFBlM>DWjI7&(KK|3{%1I(RmYX zl5L=>9LRV*3B^LU?+*;Iu+VgU5m|qHAm+6B-;Qpkm8u^z^)`6ek>Z~UE`mp(*x}?p z4!yqb=zbt-J_U?;|9cpkYy4ZhW0pM0h<#18XfbG-?rzc|ZU7?pG*={Xu1Hg4=-LQ) zyUM#q(0cBWkc6Bc^yoDt&s#ZA9c36NpTvQ!+Hx6pHtD@tOkX2DQ6O)LW`&xrjnESCZ6eDxICsFg4k6#}28 zOtj`NVC4uZbu5{H&?81**^%N@{DO2G#_}j8lR199WON8to z@DNi6Ph?n0I-8yEACfxnQ4sD(3Xg zEZ$MCwmlVU?WZ^L;c9t?HiSZfZ_l_&<&(u#kB<;i8_fx!kj%t)ybaEi2E96 zF!0f1AEtc=*T-kvPu#KL49abE>zl;hsnxIZG_LUC)+q&p9uT~oM!?g89i0O$OqmCW zCB^p)^@pvt;hEIQoR|6n?vLWNLX_)0a64>mcV9Ltr`HvONsO|NB1X|iq;p62kGbY$ zO{Lnpk)0`l_j|!7ngkQR&HQeprR)i#0%qD53&-m#ga{~+N25t>EF;4NOHOE%>|Z=v z&{bsiHqFG!gf#C-A?^j`*{(TKJ4T?#@?)&=Z6%9K7qzfF_OKo3=uD8-EB3uOn{D_i z!G;prSP3QfhaQ~Lg~PFHqN@>)PKmIf)(#}PEBp8xuyGt|UXh`V;#l#c@tjLB7tt*e zwnNa$0Y|bIAvV=1mu33q-Ll=(#`p@Vk1OGU_<1L{+k~H? z6YQ74o0SayNQ=J;OjTm@m3)&{>tJLoEjK^g#+Y?lr_ZJ5yN{>BI}Jq(6$PU;Qq3>j z7Y|QwHeqXj8Ah{eNvm)0_XYAOjQRwVwZ4m$Rle#bO$*gTwhVYh&)ls^q+X{_+r%I$ zheui7kK*kQ8%fdgAE8U)yGc?gu}3)ui!RXemKy9PMW2b>S>9r~tHIlF7>{aeFS0L3 z1gVOd2|JE=C+l8Tu+dcFW4RKW17*HwDW>L7@)*U z{#n+gxHmf(HI{OTikLYxChu%riDO#xzrAnQ49>-H$jS61#3?UlfCSKw%X4(ks&OPD2vP6XhzVfx;``moE*0_Wsz~mydYyr zu!3A;w92fhau~f695})*Q*E`N4;M!xy}cC$LZ7nFas+xvUS)1s#rZaKI* zU!yBc+VeEc%P_|=pnL;~KBJXzt!5&&sJuFzBR>o4Yt<7F8Pt1bBiP@9yxu-ilFR=% ztHDfZq*iWju1XYsyJWzio^pV7ey(-9+DOU`rA31LV{(okN<32UL$Y)*i8-Aw&#_r| z;WJH~nt}RB*1$FO8Q=+iiGIL{-A-yHwu2y*o%pUv!DT)&>u>y%tY9THFL`A*wnK}& zs1QZ16;nKEZ{7hkC%m3pVrl&SNcJ&qm%yp|ysA$<(ZQ1R(`(OEF@Kj(goX+lmNIM^ zAWPzbwn&Nzb3LlG@^QOEWtpf-VMejxQL!Ile8L5y(D?T&iGu3>%K&jUh@>dSp@uJvV=I^MpLb=;=byIl*{ z%Y8)=343}YC_g%E-o;UURCF;z9~4^Gl*%WsBkL)1`3Yx~qNVH%h|Rw8x>aU!HQ|>I z56TZh*<`DD+Gw7a%Nn=@b<8>GvPzAj;p47F(>*O!8*|CMrR5F0z_5NI<`!-=e^cM- z!&xFb@ufOn;n5n66L@(sU&c{8!Xi9s#lnZLRZt$cw#qcAc&}O+9V}&O;4!p()((HM z8^jCS%^;0`1iQudzWo`HY`!()y0M8!l0fk+eD9|fx1df|^OmMlEsu-8%Yv!YHU%T9 zwApiJbAAP2^>p(=w9SDt2Ddfqy{xcvpxX9+SFKhR4~_$v(JM}6z>l^qpuW(LjXM0=}usk-AL^m&4bTIM(3WiZ;;!i zAAma9(Cq)lg#WoG`hUcPod3fgWaZ%aZ)xy-pwPep0))N<@(CEp z%K&k%K|Uwtr``chLIa5r6Mta|Z^44{8TmjVuz;6DhyW~aPKu>lrw z^Xn=B=Uf8_eS=tif!zW9;J^V6z`x73@~-ki_QLhY5hzg3uYd&IhY(!>wA+zk@@t9* z;$DOvfe0Y7@&v+>p(4h^+y(aJ5UgPKR?iUp6SL_60@v?meJRSZw?JbK#0PSGZz%4X zU{2Ce5!oIj%*-%=Vu*e?^MJNs!A7#X+WP;wgCYdHh`oNAt@gn&*R!nFTe=`Hi1zAk z>6L@{Fr%VhZL@HpVBr8GBf%v80O`~KC!j6pZ|nX2o1ib$5Fh8GS9`aYfzE(yhAaN> zLpBEK_=fr@!@ytyT^&PTKEGajd1#CfAoT&l^8i-qxHy7eZZ6T-rk|UmTYcDD(02&o z1^5sEU+?d;Nt~euY!bmque*2p>NNR9wdHj+e;>_`e?bQR6r=a2!IJ>(A)^2S2?QPx z_+y+5{N}kh6WsAT0sPLWimnj>671c2FoHj?PT~1U^goLeZu$G6EeaWyLj&7?PdhW` zLm))H1AX_s|4<+M6}`_={gN;K@+Ks9B`wx*tlIVeh6`u!%kB6fU|e(-F*41G7!Lct zu`fZqXm|Z7PMYpBsx*fXgK>o5hADU#82l0-OxOkFkb=AcZJG}#DtPJBeB88qQ?`?{ z2ay4f2>kUP`m^BQ?>E9g6vSn?Lqq|?>K8^p5q&V%cXM9`J7j*57eqmnFOijZfQ*6& zDzLRhurr+AHKsuXppPI{!p2aie*^|`M;vc10|n63$ls54F81}9D~OQ@Md0@l{;P<7 zadQ%C@f8K1Uh22rhXNPmF_1res2@M)MF^KdC`*3q7@g}qnFkUw&h<(J2N9EsV&`6c z0X8oEy@oy!^+mPH)`;|O6l>m~LdZ;ndiUDhyYpxaEED>3P&I5u zbBpVI)`i+XW;#>iDoS+Ffuu@ZY*{|E&r&sKZ7Mni{-&FDuGbcM@I6%VlTuF(%A=ht zX=>0R$e8D0rc`WDxKkm|%8!Kf!mzQhup_Ft>B;u$ElGAvP}+-xa{WH6m$_Q}L%^r4 zVCj5903N2L!G1K9YL2AWZ7kG!f9y2zr|-lc{m@JeEbXnO!OXl0#1^T~$xOfYeJW5trGb{Oy|8DoQ=m21gKQdkGgl=)yEVcEgO4 z*Va~T(jzRQO@-VquAGC{^~{-yOFJbj)le-~K0bH#(z_M~QC@_eI&wd!7bIMY9D-Nm zKEc7RQcx0io-RXYwG?p39F);#h;n+Ip)gM&@%_rk*XFj8;jsf9y%gzDJ!)jwU%w-F5M zdjgB`h>;ktqCLRwOCNQV}HiBwYjT1;I zb27ub)m>)t7Wy=NZhX^j-G4;(P|VleyxdAqS${`y8Po_rtR+T>BCiU+DoC3qr7Z4F zS_AqDb}(Pvb2$>$`*COO23?FOkTFglgqrPv z?ObX#bXOOSE=tZOt_bpdMdT)SQ!a&gdn}dEV5L%RMY%wNq>S`!iUiwzx-XeaoJo|h zT9xfp2w(k4sRAm|c;J9kw6FqKV|k*rt$BR+=J$`KEL&i*>x)9h2>-rPrhulLpQ!Kx zxgoQs>ikZ4!*qaXXB^91Z)8;XKj#y^BI6Y!y}6pND2)4R`)O zGF%l|y-IfdrGKqF$l6%PI=;q)3o3cwN$DQlp?3cmF=GymM-lQs4~)fab;U#`!LX%y zPWTYfIrW2w3J%m#RgBK7)iHamE!M*K{*k0~e%MeXY^ABxwA_}obtZf<%BFnTCUeKI zLg~?*HF}Sc8#wv5%LjYdQY1R*cC{XUm_L}tzjXfPn%oj_bl3wLQ^inm)801Z$eqha zbG#skAC{^4DuXs4GG!yn&Qe=dHM8BEox_Fd7Go~VzP z^YFmngJzC`Po-7P+ag)boHg(vl3{z0oX<70-LCYj8tQpQV%}}iv3p<@-}P@2r?}PY zApF}@RMY$N;&o#8YYGlXWu-w(w3qc1-y>54%cLjKQya{H!$UBssT;%1Ze-cdK%!R12CmD&Lz# zEfankrJ4`<=DvVwPlGmhUG*j?0`26HllR~i?Vyu)z;MEoeF^rc!ly>U(w1Fj<|`x23s`l;Mfq06!4MyzgVN6o<8yRW0V zTs+$nHewpI?-HFbd7=>VlvVh>G8gTNUXbF6l{#!@z2Py!u0mwC@{~Z9G(wFkQnO;D zfao?5+yCQ|5YZLcsWDmVMI4Y!7;}L;%EhKb!O&N@B5liod-t||-?Hpu%K*wA?lKX_ zT0)E}v4a*lP;!M$RCQ*BEM+=3igTArVkpto)Qp6-#Yk@nlaM9UwJ`@T6-g>uG=fHV z2=D9PJNABC#k|e)OWCEa*uODP+nXp3YGu{#Ego#vEFR~*58FhF`@V$m&73UZ>EaT_ z+yc~fplE)(Sbm#7R0gA$HH{|6S+b61Av~M2En{7^ZIHWgID9u146~98YJrF=DmU3H z=uDrrqTGLTrb7L|u*t;OFT%Dxe?vIHeut{qb#L#-)`z2Q(z2d0r>P-vP0)I;lDEzG zb?S)U`JQ8cG?)RujY|2nY`bpjd&So2sjS%f^td1U_otz^z!z`Ejo0sC&8D0|Z97j( zEymTR8+gJ<6PF#-{+N2srwszyw3bCaOIMw$7a=_&u=nu2e4g^Fs2}yg)|S$B!~k0Q z^nZZ09XQHf&B}wSZl{DEuSsL;Weu_cS@&;)YN6EixSF{lDD^iP&ba5z#?^0?pS71Y z)JaT0r@G(|={rw%@W>Ims2nY;-N)B->r|ARAYmd5Pffp4;?%!s_O^S0G&h)5PK?C-pNMIHX7-#3Q8<{`rG!6W1+ zQac6J4|(f%hTf7MwO;&`RbyR=0g^F;;Y&qfF?Q0*=cEGIqF-%r=!E>%2>4`#XNr?) zLzQ;hg3xc`_s~r+m^6Kf1w{f`Bbh@EDa#so3$92(64$v2Gr~BF0H!J+b&p;pJ5> z_#CBhx!GobsK^9ibZb^So zP9>pWCpLNKtOd|gd|KL7klL1Zf+I{&HaniuFcSyg2GT9}KbrjsBH=7uzc{b@8Csoo z?u0ZQj}=QU9L!k@QYV{piYu`6wFY|R{yDZMh< zq{IC%Q(F7kG*Boc*c}k?#H!S5*m9X#xC*dOV=l=Zh-T^Jxf@i~dr^3!y1(?(1MO)F zj3h^BXGVjfGs(EW3(-dY;zZ4~ z4y!7ub9Zj4EwoKIe=I8x+d}`e$m}lnAoDWb>0kxm)Ov&40_^j8E&ep>yRUK5SSzOZ zbiW0rx*=t^%M$}6o^e{LSEVZii5|ym97$!TY7lPwCN!NT_*sl@j?=dGX7DI^^Ils5 z1$#?+_$2%BGy)AosmDi4S_oxzlCigkt}*Ta?;~@peGB#;jl&e$hm#tm@L;o7zWcgr zGro!3g8T9fg13j2@oH>S0Ylj#pV(|)Rgn6mkeSwRo+^KG-eM{=n7RWzOE@!l&IB&U zy&uOoPd>y=V>Fy|Icr1d#eoXPr_DR-V?xJ-Rmn|`Uy8A4spGhIJcv;=agNRJKIfV- zXjQXLT*taiI)&oRIu>tFP|o)fnBV!<%b_fe6V{vga|gcgkr+u6*K(4;T++&N z>c&YhfHoeRFy4uBsRs|dtn&e@w+f}ULOK>I{fq_0&lmT-lqxxJ!oKeSKlO&?prea7 zDESDr`Aoy-x+0@ZqBr5_lHmxCuKUF$CY%Yd8`q!3M>{)Rp3Sa$bSAUM2CR)PyM27= z`QtBc3Kf%t4%+4=R_4H+0E$|aH}K5cxho9W=PoExp_ZA$#=H=*bCZCs);bKO;~mQq zi$hL0r004B>mZx1uzS6>oVRacX*EO9YUSySG|0Sug;AlwScc8<$)WJk7;g(yWqv<_ zYd)gJDCQG}!2kPJR7G=63Hg$yJ$2M}Vl*OAoLC&xWlO^Sj#3(KV{ZC^`Y^#Z%S)V* z4a3db$J6~zBG^bi<8@#$$ZnG-6dD{27^-60bb;CQur5~U>?fan&&niR@MX83z&0z?Py0LA~Vs=sYui7TZOXJ26_|ttN)5 zwi8euH4Ljec(;{ax8R=mPRd28mDdp3Z>h3IPrC*E{?ti+CpQUK*iy?c{Wyh#a_Lo+ z1MY}v>s^=Wj_Hn-bGk3g{`Uc8E@296A`R^G--cRcw0V@KnVl(>OLvpssqBJn=?zVn zf0R?usq3pE``JzkzHU(fhobvBQ5a7^B0b79stIilk0>wK%((o3p!KW8$6(|E9jzM! zKb$h-N*DdjH1|$gwhHfwK|7J+TD!>PNqAkOw~zX?is$12C@3z>!v}ZHvwlnY7JO@H zOtt>KXbqRw_H)KvM333m9V@i+fR&#|o&C`ShR-2fTe*&O5BGAfqn_}!;>^adN~WZ| z^?XXp=)8GRINgoxeK8s2;aYkVHZAW~Xxo_1teKw8!C#Qu2QT`Hf0_7HR=CJ0D^61Z zsy#R^#GT@f#ergRJsBpXX&Lp>6)u-F>*K}Qvz=F@9lD{m&tBTC@3|3;4K(NS8sWc% z)5y$+I@V_*CApW|Yoxf=?<7Y|a#jigMnVTcuTGxGxr~O!vCj&@$1}8hR|UdePOmp$ zUbe_tfb*LXpj@Zc*d-;ZUqLB{DU7kyYn6;crd?>$s_e=St(}`iorrDM)2w^VFu-w# z_Yrz)+DjW8SUnSWrzrIjT%9gb-0q2y;ls#=%O0h{GEyDm_*`S?qLMBUs+s$ZMGt)2 zG43t*v17(YTq^>MTXXae4Ig@#D;UIOgVT!7+a!hKp%1SJ;8FtNOVWqAJ$U$y3OLQmmui z6eIB|$$P`a0(D!jqdBqVBw&QoAU3~cqtBQzp+l@_U~76RlTeWQ>dI;tjgc-?n~K3q zYc5=@m(lFTQpiKWt0=@ujfa$==z32>j*s`#Qf$$#M!)lkA4M_oMM(p4$Cn>S$`leM zFHLqzq}$?Shy_#ZkvrIHw(gRjN-ykUye6e%#bFCP86;FpG|FWPJjWm^5j1HQS*058 z6-Ae%0-eCeG^oOEyFvr$lYfJ)sSR}NjxM&M2V_u|*f+%u4Ctj9WanLVoFfjRK;qhq zaW=IBO-MB5UG3%9!R#M6XwTVJ=dK|kkqeXwaI&rdU9D4iP3S5P44f1w%G}<~Gc-wC zE~^bV(Q8p(+Av80O%HY;rPAKyNPjdWvcmr~Vrd3EX`Y287o(KSu@@XNQ-9xC)SM!b zXV?qzvNq0d+L%*oj*ODC#f)eZkc)^ZJ`UQDi)5x-J~1*eP6|>a^EHkG?}+PA9C^nEox(31LC!N zlIg36%tT(p?X7)SzLm=^9=R=TIhmI8SK3=I&3(81LjdQmeJ5t2C^5_v@P*s90^XGWWnl4#h8S@W?LMwUO z70~vZsZTvlE)cyi>-?U@(PwrB(Zfs7+H8C4I~J859Fp_E&WbK*_)4$hVy%u~CQj;4 z82_<7KMw`xg7Mpr54-+J(Q^3?r09^UG$PHe>u&Xi>ndIhqb2rKHA z80|7r93@oMsXH13Maq`ZX zSdJS|@UcosmY_a1jt4{VA6SrmHq!7A!_E5im#lx@v%Xa-(#6E9duxT*v{`UXVtxrY z*9Y&SbHwSTNb)^4Ahei0P_{7*;Nj_ctD4a`0ktrvEc z)wFj(dr22Vo$hG<34fNuVEsU!a~qrRxcs&j^Vi1tfXaqYjt=SBO#~fr^l@BN$I73ZfWa$a21o zJ;{0cbK1kWgN;f2{-Wbl)3dVUO&i_8! zD;~sY3^JII;+?)oIW$_#Y?!A|0^QuF`{3-JwE_njdF6J@F8~spsyddy*z6FbPR;p;C=sBL^uhQJ^tl;hQXg%EWdY*Vs-?e zQ7d^Eh@a>8*Cbj!J$sgkkyHMs-B)VM8Uyn}GrA|U1HUm9)%hI(endzH1ra$ZC<-z% zYS83_1YoeQrf5Qx_cqu&KgSlu7xVnBJlp%Rr@C0)Unu|II!+M(-)a}|7o7rOV>|33#=?xXYu0_hJfyoO>fQL}ZXa(mw+UYnu{wAX^9#L7YDcQ}|m~ zY0EnC6v2d8QD4ut17-mOzo&?nJ;et+&ezi@^2t{-Q8SQQvpzS3rgONs*&V8AYb z0S=EzV*Bj)8M_JhA#Qi2z#;<`%yIZY!}Ayc%;QD@e08ZYC@vyJJpT9<^Z`0Z=2M_W z@S{+iu)oA@|G~q6*>UL;4X``bzuZL=C+J3G=$|6NDn+;a6 zp(C`F6(^bU^dYDw%&YCv&Iy6KNkFS~%vod)@U^W=e+E;>0j>biY9o9mh%|4?=DhlT zHNjUEtXYEm?N#~$os8w0PGTdgiBIK1wTPtXuaVjt!`j~V+Kus6^#MSf8rnV-Rf^xd z{tqJ|cj&Tu$>ZE&muFsbVB1 z>m@o7o)Bt`xV_0?IkIUi`Z+QrYwu#R08gvp?1KXL32`h}uwx=83gBr%aE6HOc=veb z*JW+PBoikyNxXtOTvrz5z0|HjO9Q~nTvoO^f4AEuWNo_MydgJtUq}aNGqg;kbPsfe zv88Rv42<&YwCyX1F?*JEdc)>QXkqzu$ott;!MDd=J$~$X$Tm_dR7@<6IPg zFpk4IZVRb}qFv=+{F0YN~9_qS}4ID3};C*=e%>^mzE>-s0sNM961B!J_a-l!w*_6 zSG%lj9IV!W3VDd*jQYm7088Tj0zH~fnBqC1)V23$K(5l0rZ9P(63XPG1YLE5I6yEe zyW%7Z`CDV50l>S&K}JVLmoTc=@Q*s?Ji~dvUUM>DZyhQ`BRv_^tLDsj9s6(r(6t&{ z5jmc=+IqMR=R$81XVFsC(#m}49C(OQb4bfDB-HalK0fnU@@3OMF(>FYJss7L^eb3V zO@oERq+G&NA8OBfV>NNG1Sr|(b{k)~Y_ETRCh^Ywm6e~UJEP-M8D zRCg@a?#KlLn=|pIb{^*)L0;u){3bZ28a>)DNIj=h*EmFxU3Xx1r*w&b-zunA+kK&q z+l2++NIih5BA2-(mM%cj4{x-fb<~4@^4(DM(_$i>`dmmTG9#-dA@lVN_89su!>!K* z=~pWAk}7C?izZPR_5Nd6$Supd{25QD0S~604pwP?OE=oc+Wx~Gr?I)W86m^g8(~mS zv*CNgC5!$3coJ{(R&iDl&7fe_%K%h*w%9$ZR?;c=H`}w_HJ?w_!5+%jmxEW!=J^m3 z)@|1L*IM)@mMbW6HTqst!mi#0^wy_S|hjr>=)95;qel z&ang7v}Crqfo24ycDu3ErgL9+s~Bh;+6dR+3thdYRkAy|&$(5CL#T5~$rCHH&R(?j zCImm8d^^l!1sFt&Ljal`D?@!ZPD^BI_Y+4N5}W8+UOnR$;+X7#s?)`%i7Heu1XZEm zM@cDFK-YFoP^+vPNEu6d0ilnLyCTQtbHcr%O|_i9LYaO@??sGNOO z-dWD9&RjObG0}xP1S6pcb$rmKE;@@-A^V-}+ub*XEe4&NUr|?LYp;*OLyq}u1m~*J`f5B&t^=uP3 z=9}`CGgk_&n1Npw7-1xjNy*Cfc~x(Xm42gQxSzr0rVrbXIKxqohFo=4g_x-{=hw1Y zHKP!Hyg_3nBA-&&42v@OB&LE?Xj(A~F!{Ij128&@$8Pw8?9J_c8Zo9ZhFN_7gRp2X z<5pSUx}-_ev@psqJC155pVbx|17Y+oQEQnIG!;g&1kGrF$+^siV6H78`w~{hJnH}9>b`d9K^~Xh6zKIi+)W!ryDia^h zb!a+j)&_JB3xp|guN?Kfd8*B~E84At>O#}JAW}CUk#_;-q)_5ahWaty_^P!=?cx#P zM~9&x#;r1P?Z5cLgVz#zK+PsKTkwSCNGoDj{S-(Td1)-ZX10e}#_GceM5xuOug4H+ z+imrDX&m$nj4LZex>>Fpo%1CZ6VW5c(;yqrpiS(|F>}JgiljexhA~O8F1>G}14m5SVP3$16Y{VFBoPB8r3Pu^ z%9BwhxQR26#{r*^#L_NF^rB0r#t(60JBVttXAioEZ)_fR_U-&!k0FG_hLh6t0bjLONo-C(W#v(@i+#@py3hsw8*op|V z(nA4;M{u0Gtm=)=8@3(RW178xH#6#PvhcaDmAE`+Z~?;{-0lfI`9ML#k_B0Ps#R<| z#nUtrk0;JD#dbev{;)p|?(W6=Nh)RgK$)D=oW2Mj9?JqB1)Ar?CC6V$#WvT5=r%W- zowq{0Ofo$lNo1Zy&4l(AMr)xN-Tpubn;px#y!XF$l2p3|EOdD8hi9Zmh)5Af@~H0m z+V-3wy#mNKtvQE@s_bI!IenjB{E)*g!j9Ac&MszE$}22-r56Io0T>)L77(pxy-&@C zapJWNo_@H2!koifgRAB3&id-kM}Odar`(S=1vh+4)8v(Qc1gct$f$0Qt^ytqnpej) zM582eJ)iZ~23$#k&W83*f9Jk0m%?w;4r)G&hc8#*;N{ZSTlkhVuL-|2w?|@9Pv*WL z5l$cf2?PSS6n}mq%t(r*3(ofe!{ZyJeWOS z{}0aIF-nl8+Zrs}c9(6V%eK{J+qP}n)n(i6vTfToruu!JyT1F){btRq`E@cgPV9_0 zkw0?n6K98{uBUYy15C?vn#`H|jBDD>=hPequL}Xe7yzUbV<2S#Yxu#XFH6)mh3D+S#SD+JfVK^)2nBLVj!u;2kWhNCfD9HB$qBrf`W2%+f$SuA zrIL*rrBv0H-RQ%)Gigc;y;deJIdR8h0)firaM6@cvOdFWfO@LXfo>P#Z9K2=zQ2s) zXMV7=4Q`_CW}Y9pJ__ZugmnL%mZQr{`D>#|Gf;4)c-1@}xl^&*{syd7y!QpZr%`Pl z|JHb=hp&1e)_op%UnAdQ)UMK?ssn#$C+yKtKf1#Yada6mxCp_1uq zaiQ{Hh#n83ICi^6%HjFk?h-j%)^H165p$dC%kN|ixVc}sXPyqXeW7?nu1`rGfzaga zTyT>H!=`R?K}6t`Vmv z-}fGN7kmh2xBGVR0<>(sx!TI(bg>2p4QFD zX7C$$`d(Z7_=0H$1G6R2jA-rM*uM&&FeY(y_GA;eB~hfzgBUr5yqIQIk?h!h@lTe` zFC-tpN=)Mc4u_BBg58xQd*y|YIoOH9Y~s-*@&4!8i6s;v?_}BgBD@HEOq2^wl}klT z(+8CxT1GO|j^KN^3~F=@pRmu#ib#9fAoQQ@oet$^k;3u0Bu*ku^6?5V4~G+F z5fx5LL7tEPy?*->x1pc-h$rZbQr9o1ikt3QrZVV-Yrdl9EVFjxbx!uvu7YBsctQ*o z9;p~)5KH7*p>P-F(#g4K6Y>u1*9I~j2a#Nq9_%SN&BCv!OI=STC&113XYe758g^w9 z_A0|+rCPP+?t)7-9SM6@4@WeTQ1U#;HhWg;X{!~>L@!mt=TBkN4Q_3inyj4rAj^DS z+MXDz$BkNEg}-=Gt8BRrGsT^5a?1`Tv?88rU*etDw~ne)Y*lOwQ_5LOu^b}%$uXEx zb@Qm0(l3GCLb5^iB2%o$fGpbZ%pl=L0cU?%d5ACQw~^fm&+^tuCt|>J@Neq4z}dkS z((Q>M9uTW%i1D-$qg@ON;QjFFLceou-^x6ig?oVRxltO^0*0LZ{XtQaock(RM#qtCEpEHP zwiyi-z#gbsH=1!tai^XqA*Q*f11yH#qNsDRJVkn33O) zdIYGaxZ;FM+!`>LBKj!n^NCl1lcv z=!BhZD{WQb5h=vUe^5K^EWO56Q3Ebbc}WWs@R;TE{xm)B3*{P2qB-sX?ZaD=ZLiV* zdoS)B?b8A#BsSI%$2^VFG?fa9dN1nYg1(ulK9zShJQl`4drb^7vvOblSrK7&+G%y8B_XueU z`FLWKl2xteBkG&&*M!%~qogvJOTk=aNBd=m?afIl0kaxn3L z=EZC_Sw1GR8D%o1!&Sx9t~7$=>8JkGb?KfusRP~DLGb`9_HWZ(chPK(TMZ9wKbe;f zxZ=I|Ug9MLd`F;HFP{KcC_uWLGNj$t*yx7!**X=517MGu7HPLs%~mU^2uX%J%5aQV z#={=VtGrg6SBdoWO>5~p=}a!?8AL(VrD?b*oYXmYU-5DO z{P4ylTk;^jT}G3d;`qJTuctJ(M!98rQLR4jq&0~3x=)7QxRq0YM}eX0gpg|}y@(4G zG-^>Dxr+5imHax$>rb>Dnys=jyNyS;oaaM>we#rqWyq7iLw5CcBlegL+tveGRgmY& zMx-9nJ{s^C!Up7Yi%W$>?l=v%nH~Kn=lep+!H?86s70NFD3+43m7hEMbhp3_I@lud zZf{QqTsV80I?fd=j!#$_Ud$Hd7Iz>gaop8E3v-4O>QuZOH?nPgLh@UA&9Oczqx~}^ zUEsWhlcs5ScHE>l`Vnxf#?~8c&;K-PJ{3@4fX44K&UuP-m6Zbp%%eyYWslyL^yYAo z!fvoMr=ED$fqPu$$q3u*+n)@2Gj+Qy%h+z%B5aBFi|!K)?KF!v-eUmCfLkf0QgCZq zlEqO_E(=*k80Ne{^^6sG4V4X#vY3H%bn@==M6v}qLe0Gm1Vsj_)?D+a%cf|ygJT(& zhn9Wts$-c8y=>44V7o~MHj+F|s^gYyu#f7j5Nx$lSe?E)O<#PvwsonPX1fR_eMQT( zD)tB5EM!SmwxUuIqm;*v?lIcOY@k>8IU5AwP$h=t>{DF&KG9}Ylr{<5+-rfJnMkd) z=)Hs`E|whQLlXrDkfJtcz-3zqD8f9p=94iaBAARAX*nt}i79MLMQJTS#`1q4v%EILkN3K)DY`9d~Ifheis z9yL2%Ah$1q?U&LoAq$ekRV`y~^#*bAVcX?o^ zSBqKi3=>#w&z+rfc5Q9B5ZYgPXlU1YZQ57@J;Yr7MFnnPRK33CSm|MX|6tgVckFeavph|~CY@Dw zp+_{+)<~{m!(#1gbj26w%nW;N;5Fn6(5fif>whNiSpUB#?->5O0wyax_jQDWCGvM<3k}@v`R8=J0AD0QHZidjM;8im{EaAPvCvR_ ziXX3CU#{IAOKmP$jguVRojDs*JRw=aOTIdA{x$xTMBC)v1c3MuxkmWKBp@IFeuO}L zx%32F?F29f5FaU-u^*5qCs2Yt{9i$Gd;+~C8fkq?Ld7i(2(_wf_?yB-k`SX4#0thg~ZRFslfZ0 zxnij-7;w`-1?Rak&4`t~(Ez}KEHL4>uOZO1W?U$vn8f7AJ39mb&i1H$_*Oa>0 z06iwRfXe+T?+HMUbBhh(>?pjx8nDqzFIuxevn_k7>syzJ2jHo(v-QyWi%4&hToq6? zb?*ub)Th1GsvZd^-`CdOzfZm@u=`FikRWfd+3N}E-J=E0HV}OMNQVp?14sX^9VRrR zJ{J+^a2HHj@g3WNits&V94#Cu6i_&@kT?iH4jo{AZdK;m1wfF_ z_c(f4U(D-dZvlYs>bNbNDQiqH{vO=UPv9>meSR8bMJr{Z&2GuhW(94$9mwlAkn4!> ztyyIuAqafOF$>=<-i>2_J)hzmog#BvY!JTPYD=57`|8MzuOfh@t+!s-=VCgm0UEnJ zfU2+SbsTcAhOSP?51;yvn31oj{qD|pUboL~CIx2)$M=GxSLkb><6aqh(dupl3F~ON z{Vy;K!LLH4a)u+ zMEKp!LTXYt03w9F+JQY9ln@bNfS%vAM36ua@BIS4xd1qRZ7hK7?RoD2tPsRIS8-xu zfFL%lK%cnSU@l*k#P6a27Hq_~&eEUb*Q~GIlRnN!P!EB>kSC>yDt>^iEP*s;DUZx} zT-(6$rt5AodrwSUF@;#VwB!Gg+^rgSeZh32Oqu`6_O#OqJKMkcdDl3l?SQLoD(SC% z_WLTyDD!jKm}=*o{9!2Wox61vJ`x1xJvgS>vs%kD2ZU3X&A_>=-lV-nJpS}hAG5Ptb@Q{d!#8{}800;Zv4pDbPg$&c4qGrvr-D3U7 zLRXY)6;>=;%BgnO9c3f$pAAYvoOHueY%ejS*5F1h-dCsuAux_Y|C3+t(=J65JTP$+ zYHh>Eqn){)tUwd_0@0+!DQus^{Qm>MHn%&~X#lCB`6++67i9_#Wn~95aWHt&>ByTM5nZ6J{#SdC* zy-WMGaocu>9#3Jz$&N60VMC)gU4-$^Ni8+z8TWw}`>9m5V>JAE$|^Yyv(e=HuRVgeGbfo0x30;oKO4KrJ3Ibjl}q9iEk!cPUOY>W|d8#f;d7Tnp_ZP{h&Q>je0QJSRDOmj=Z;0w6(NS6Fb%Q zF8rmEv5X&+gp#rkW!8nl;3@GjY{Zx6 z)GzBI;+EL-;2mIHq~(G?xnCR^4>v@}2DVWH$}ow-duN8aE95V!e+8J4)lwlwqlh;2M^l5kwjLRZ^W?ebc$c9`G+H7sey@ z12-^BNaKMcsN`7;bAJn0&Yjui?VerW{=_)kl4IPFGp-=JLbddKi>UmOfU{89H0qXd zl#Vqigwx%^OSCd@yOLlSy61;XQ@OZ0%h9$d;!mDaxXaV_3tC!1;JR8N8;irtd4~Yb zCjPa(;QS8UDD3(c$4XSVtdNXjCvBOpA*;EqQk#K%H+_^KJCL}35UkA(QN`r(Cjsq` zRNF2aQ8}Bqr*&)V<0aK>3DVgvWviti#PJw$^F}Gt6*3KLaJm_~ONR%rQ6s0TRuS*( zY^H>jh@G`pvzkB8@gSD&ne~MQL{+Q-hIKlG_NAoc@tD>F9kpRL0_7EToqZ^@cj4Y~ z<*JSOJKfWT-F;ublg6XYGQWTokHC%_qGR2l=Qe!#da$NvU0e2)Gx(T7Y!G}i(xdpf z*Uvv?;;kpIrYlZ=)+Ts9299@3V0>}+rxRlJGcOFSq1<{YRbv`V))s+ao}Nu{V?6(2 zwrWFjt_IzBlo6&TQ8E(XQG;=hv%ET9%t8If4@L|r|9)~tIl@w2Nj ztb_=N`@M4C*gCkp5mqH#VAPHJPJ5=2f=XkNxmUMl+ZZ5RSsxvxwD99u6ErbfSHhnb zF4nd(=MrP@xVGTq$f9FB?GJ?eOeWrvnM1#bbhI#S7|4?IiZipW7vC}psOycnAHH}Q z1mM@^>+sSG+_xoE?}f}`kfzSw@ zI{K-CjBiLCQMu`<&yYBHSD~B#aH~)87o5%3Q3NF$+-O1T=!7Ctga@5szZE}lYd{k7 zr<}W5G}?GRj_1xxu^FYSy2_Mk848hV+14Gn??$PqsgsI7@wR@w4$%(v9%K<8QAUAH z_L_6)zzTjtQI5~*-yzKfRuJb_mDo3Wz}#`Uc_~<#{j^f-e6m?ox&yT&)!=P zMMSP74g7ZgDF~iZCGJRTgfl_H8sgmLNXNy@#)oCl8|X_ew2Q4Z>k-n5>506-TF%BZ zaJJW2*qmMuDk_=db}^ebKEq!s)G`K`v^!j~p*lNH6si1$$1V{JWNn|agWmIUJBitCAs(rNLXJ@=BN8rM}7 z<<(jkJ7XR?s~#9}8<*sNXqvQvJt)K~Bcb4|*MKMT^e=Lf#Z5RGJ#~k{S#~>7 z6`9T8Gcf8Iz6-J-si8-A#<_nyj9+x6yf_5%V||02j`so zu^~pl=0N+W12ulYpl7++T5;BzH)RQWH9q9bics&BOU?`<6+mWtA&Z>(l*kwTVa36r z+2UNKHQDoW8}HM+?D6Ci#zCExYsW3eW09k`Sp z67S_TSe2fP+qBmC)>p~Bhg$p_p8Ug0Me(O_PgP&P&>CdOHXa(l+`DF5pde19xDTD> z-K0s#u|B3cMlTX%Gcnf%Xz?c(x3%6ClpZB4QhbD`hgSd_whSm0-~+MSEjI1@T7Q@o zaZ5L&Wn^hiIZsD6S?VFfLgu(Ynnnr7GFH_zhD8u-+n$g9G}8E545mhI5*Kq-6!fEF zD@aZ!N*y=Mf&wEChi|QPP_Y!kkr7s33ZL@3)rBxHj9(SrY3|1e71-!t+^@Lv7F@M5 zkPMbr%Tc?PaRy8*d~U4HA5Bi&HfLvQU-24Lp<-?lPd8Gig4>yf!d}Z7!EGE)orhpw zc)g)0PMq&f5G!m7D`k9pNeYjFqg@zyZbY@>!gN#ZIb)PKAsRBIQ$HzW)?G``Jz8@K zD5{7JdLAmB3KM$n}mhtc$ZE+eafaAQzP003ouw2mHIiP zkxQ!Unv`A0vKhZ%;SPynVIxu?5mc;$NtUAe>7Oe6Ht@cg6O>)Dhl|KSoJd6rHHN`ut@0=YGLb!y-(zOY1!=X7OZQQJ6muXVh}hGqX-#) zAi6cT2PP9~VJKlz`HORbCfTi!;$XKVyJ&^hT^ugSb{pYDdk>%i-)gB;mooqWXE~mZ ziaa!B7vDd4Ua)ys(1Hj{m(>Ti(tGboQOqhYJF;9ohJ;P^7`q@xd8Wg;(m4>Fj@ zzBlgg+xq8OBq8ZO1;4JS_dpHgv#v*aiJoh)s_a(*6d#`T^-|jC40vVI6{Dl~=%Ui= zu!huL9=-_#2)_Q%4qGO8-eD%A_1K{XD#H1l#x5*WrQ)7F8PRL66RBC-GIEbQ4PRPd z($wQFYG@?$LcY$T`xVaC4HH)Bqv2QkP1 zI?9|xLOR++|+Kkh*ya(z(ly$@QGV$DE8JFrv2> zB5j>@Cin%s>tjr+9`ErZf$kv#t;OUvM;*Ah7JdK2y z4xwYY2`n?>B;dX4mEUE%D`_HhP_OuBaf=`7sR?SnzuA+HLFvJCZjfJviLpIx>$gaO_bl&DXjfr|vyhBoW{}t>5Z!V@;{g7yuebjy#+g8)r@# zUMisY9PAIJ6Gm8zYV9ID+|Z=sGxQYreG%5dtdf9~QFh+Z$Dg&;B5oi@G85zSqF&3z z+vbhPhAf$bN6 zuHG3a?aAdmi5tcjl1&~FYw1tMr14phMzGJ6Qb#8yx%cDe+8-hg&;3`4w)Ka0AY%sW zUZ@&+EPb^I*GYXZ1(1+g7a|`N{I6z zv*efl1cGOmq2Qa~bB{ONvNZ{4RAx?eH~Nx@xM)aj_%28Il0`W7$c^@zjytL(&5x3C zbHr-la02_;*jc0f6@d$5DA-AWmE0l%D()kT*`U#vppg__N}!9AKG(_oOgwKMG9Vk( z=76}K;%ndhB>E1u7Il^t} zR;Q+>-NW&*R)g-PFs0{0SV&ia?t$|@V4;85swGw2p67Pc^(My#HYt)@C~6)u2mpbt z#hF85wE~thkp7_{!b;0oDb{46k^LD;^0T~#DdBxRZPC!-(DlbsuXM{;M|r;pV{9Sf z-b52zhB(!xnhjA8Q)xB+d|EgamlG8BhP@1L$umRku)7WBhLln1fcN7Dn#{WL?zTRS zk#vfCHSpYojrWNL%*00=xXOcwrdYCgJP>Sl&VA4U+ZU zJ_Scu7qg_%Q|CJ`>mI5jUhG1ocq|y@L91lkk?=$Wp1f`swe&?M*1Y%fKlky&Um3YC zLmzuetvR0tBu><3CtjP<8eE%+g#PfEWyh^_pz&R}p2ixG!^Xe@z6@=xD*<8*#!jyoYSjY%ROx(TUQaVhRU2)Us%+ z*4;>;diQLXL2hW7AxY~R?K6-)x%?{90Jpnei$4$L`&VTC_|EH2cj(g_w<-8@R5z-F zONA{Z>Y`z8Ajp&lw;&ru0+#Foq0Vqt9lW+El{lFsEZ?CSXOOG&Z4ksYFpyzA@2QN3 zXv{J8?Gdh18E9_h)$sTQ$=|~ry!w%-vG0P=(7yM0SIdlI(tgopi?S? zn-fn0u0^5afN!aA(b_Z)s(+w#6HTKh#ga)=h!%1iX`2mAQSCa+Zdj^j_?OICb zpX`kvEbC$Bd`ys7?bgCmq?d*-4WyPgd)Rclo4}!Vf&)pE`0gq2#MzjGGBm>Dw1}{m zrkKMTM@StSbhD9(d;04+T*twLl`k>(u=wU<=8bbBTuJ*u@k5fjus*0Tkhx>>UJGLf zz{hbaGTAj^l<*LBvn?rViVn9I(CQuv8l&|lfRa(Q#}L7sp^CoeL|rwrb&!0z6&{i) z+ylKfR4Trw==Ptd3Lh;XtN!>o)M8FmIo8LfDN(K25k^thMuQ@y=V~_Ug*8itMFQ(D zDJG4^hNNmLK|q?WNf1NH_Op_~GPkOa>|Hmm=p*EYN;2-TlW}k{?COH9-ZTR5FsJD# zhD-oD5fGDbTu2grWozJsK7)8vIUq+vfqKhyl~!WZ$=%XvJlmv^ zbqL+}AnLN(kKmBkjdnoc01(2O98e(3LVI`BaIlS;M(wW|uZ49v888FmS>w_0p_mGa z%uhem?Y+&c3PW|NBI-h=4bt>cvt)`#9!7sYh3(>XZ8jrD#Kxc3tjgTs#KgRW$Nmgd z>{l7oie^}DQzFu$_0t|F4AeVNr9jVqES{CL69@{U9i3{u(8d6B72W4cfBtR6m4)FM zkIfOtbQL<4P>XX7QSe0j+loqFsE&h$leNd7NUePM<5viq7rB*lpVHceNd5w|BHLVv zw~^NvcNA*%q~f3O;3Cds<*dYzm{!p1>DBLQq#cWT#Xqr;2NC3TOBy|DKTqE$boY+o z6)(-uB@UUb+&uSM2Kwn1STVLZ4#vKfm0-Cl;&OYJ=y`AOuf2C2JQEQvM%?I!v`!iOmm<4LPmYUc;8P-m@5*G7 zc0Kyq*+3{em7FC{ClaxsH_M;hl#Akdb_R563vT9%oi+(J4YT$v6g=7YzuMd>9ihhckUfhs-#H7qU2|{X|1M4%5nq*O5whYw41zwTQ8rP@G zhSN)@rLXi^SVCA9qEb6rwa-EqcW(pjzHcc=AD;SrfR@bP8fyIBlQTiYFw+b^xT+fZqqzup{(jN2I29pd**CQ zVgaDtzveV`XP7qg)zi}f>vcy7Y<{r~THN*)TzBXJ@kUx=K8>sJb@k?&Q#SbIH)yn5 z0zV&!l63w`;3&Vl^70o&xY7pm4I))7B-sR+5vO)540kHJe7l7F=-UnwhCbnRB0ahv zS<4yFPFC6}=0|#Je7YL!Yn_Sw0^U3^Kl-29Tekm}z2&#IwsCa8*T83BW&D1ufX~4G zU-qx~=->OlI;MZ^--^w@_HXj{ul)=2*Rua>IsUO6^#59hf9=0`-x{a?@#pv#@B7fh zfA0UqZ#=(gH z?JB2d|Luv-!uGGHf{}xblf8kF13n|eKkuhgau6&1H?{q}3V*9z8U7CDzsg<( z{ueaccQ3~8RQWfwh?%9Mk^Q%|)N?cvGBU6+{Du*+vA6mU;CJz>oRY8_?YEbajGmPd zJ~^F%jg{^99i9Dujp6&s(8<8j%*LA5*3g*Z-yY)D#x_D`29EfQjQ>RLAE3VjlyS1s z|9<5+_Wzp4&!6A@>}?DbjU2zHPbViN@^^4*vijym-xz;e#jO~=SK&X4!Nc=CM|?U( zCw<5N%=+(e@&Ap$e|7n{XcwP}{eMgKQ|&V<(E|twf@(PcgK8N-O9t(0(t1s43WBD1 zR`JmS81I5b{LfGLZ`l7UjQ_`gNf}w2IGWNbFq8|Vs zBHr$TKa40v$GlTrBLm0qM+v4xf2yF2ShUf>wfEbZ2%DH~U~T6CrEI~>fGF?>Y}i7- zM1^)Y!q#)rb+_7xGNnGn!ssy}nsMVw_w$)>W=TGM(-yE*%3C-hZ^sH*x#~uQPe1Qc z<00bGT`ccL$Meo=Vfjzm$eHqtH#3!_A;u9^wzUN-M=f5Qw^RKrL-oV~bPI~eFl**j|dobnz0%EC~I*R)^-!qar3NiEiClJF9WoU-f^yfZt|*utE4 zvRCQQ`#I1aTeHU zD!=d*dK1KB6i(Ttqp&Y{YRtd4;dZGxe%wwSDUK4$IPOlpz-zl7Dvq!xST~*ZSdyZ- z;pxZmrbI*My_f1b#1C(~PdP$Tb34`d{*ek2QOKj_&Q!zNaN!2xEE}DOma}TE1fm+N z!)U787PK7|GX9*U)teUbFN`$W0D}Xlib9+NTn7mT$rHODU`Ft5L`84ObzO^=I@dNk+pAlDCo z8bsSV#-8|t(qsike9;8_PuR8nXV}#5_hNW|4GVRH9jcImbsqA#L0IBPII%{V(U?>A z__T@m-DtXX)` zh#0C?oWGVNjeh0+t&&}$kS`dnuTu)M#74XwCY_-WrAq#+R|C#v^ZlQ^E7t9z2UMSX zHN-B93^M=KaAroBc|>DH){H&Q!b|MyVKg*>c-jEez=bqG)bui&lKR~W&Ws1}_28ER z5MqejgVq;DSQVhjo$jR{TXYL&N~OmOwbg4O$ieGL8M2$00AQ28QB6w6WJZ!jlShiC zoIemad4BlXcCf(Mk^i8b4TbArFNgYo_iC*ycP73UT*&|4zZ^7auZcrsgWT;^mF#O) zpI%dp?{JdSM+uk$toB>KAQkZoJ(g0}0}9LKBJLw4|9}pfR<6pk_f^J57CpEDFm$n{ zewN%w2>i|wFjF9ys%}=So+8baoS_XL@psJQ20f#EGjEMyMLh_!W9`q;T4Em&Ked>L zF2c}VXpr^XGC8QomK#ZX#^4p;dxJ7; z`XTl{rj)M;Rh+lRv%%Y1MpH?7V)<5HF7wtW3)J? zIVI3p3X>_Iy)REga9555*DHs*=2&o8sRuPAx=5pm%)X6cr<<*@OKgTX8cRDXW< z#eYFp2Z9MYfJ>YPAeax3O8c84DGnrNPaJi1ZF=U*5DMJJgO`Z*B}&ijB)K}K3~2rm!YZ$<6-XuwgOQ4vvCsfWujmZpD4n|lAdiUYif||qvB)W^ z+z3W4;iJ!Fc(uZvY=xX!vDg2rewSO2)BZ){{zlEgIrkZv<~>u%JN$t73uAP&dbyAp$&56GB9abLUlq*c9#Tc#Tr|%ln}u*3t$k zZb_YOfwckc)4W4D{!`X&K4CN{uyHT2+l29o1KEkP}AOi6}(2ynsVn zWp2yp+#pUi$1~Ccy{!p#QOi%wUe16U2E{3g{oa2^Uos#$=5JI!E5F(Nyd_;M2{iGQ#I*s6g3$ zlCyYMWqvAvfz1kD#FT2n*Wr0ErgV2yy+2HSzjYwdGIdjGg#{*+0OR8;1BKgt*@G;| zaWr!GP^qI9;2gIkJ{TGx+FKeWpfb1@6E}mBx!IqS0=ZKZWezhL9k*O2o0jjMf^U=@ z;a6jaD<^bX-s%WTn8>hkH@mR+NEVE~0Id7Vls)d0;2|)LGPMNe{q* zBr}%4bxTIp>cqwr0Vq|N@PF0A2}`H6yz?sj7_x?M24PNTfrg42KxnYbfD_g2T1Jf! z{sWNF!47hOTjJCd z(yxb5!(2=5wF$#}!OK!%OV**Tb$m!J9zf?WOhb@FiuDXEznH;T+d_|PhRcy$;jCk*L_E88Imzp`e3#kL0I#2>^eP6uSvW80x z)>Bq$XFeu1k^!02*^&J=0;Gob;F$)Ho{R4?h%C=VT>PH$FK33z#Ys&5Ew4R$*J7#E z^=VCiRp*jn)TVJT7;ke~-e#_$s&;dnN&)~Sji^a0d=Myjq#YNX<4Ajxdixv;0@3ek za4eiVwhP-555|o@hHbr>+DIVzZsN^2cYyV^COW>}=UAC^(R5B^>7S384U(oc&z`tp2^0KU!vY+^@+d9Mk7_um)Z2R_#EeC8KRsh61%C}38 zJ9f`eyMI8D9G-H|%(%e{DI-~P(hIp+&mQCpoqDSxY!9ioF_wi2_nq7ox0yF3q_> zp-^UT$+n9ATwSs@cqtYFDeLf@2bq% zxLDgLaK28|&n3%AgQ%LIjJf=r0~!|=G=Hj}QO9gXu5UDAT*A%Acf0>k&(?oIr zCE1Q(Q3PS#fJoer{xi2xIEIW^RPKCPKGpJ8SK1t5KDAO{=Ol99Q;wD;0l{p2eN0na zep+S8U`Fhak@j+NSj;qH(1K#e`J2T?`7>^?u9Vaa7J!va%ZHsY95n3REz;&P%b`%; zN~WVAh!+To1Y9~EiM}2Q%koWbi!v_G6X?|({&e(JV)^yAm+7gV%Pr_B2|cbN1iTmc zQEis{kQy>p>QfJj3j}Rn+WoB+;q$xF&5eib9=xH~M`>3pc~AK#V-+fii@b>p zzUm|FEU_R86m~p;xH@WBN|RZUC~&->(6h1-3&Wgol;*u&P zx`ksvBV;Cs<@3T!fuB@zC{rji78!W6m#~OHOWOsw6x+2d__mc9wy{#1b=%`F#jkQ! zXR~O)B%+$xIPww5QGMvzrkL|)YDSqw1;2j0g8PLn{2soO1kQ*3-p0t0WdJ6X-P>3& zaNpZ_q$cOD6MO8qh8X?3p_h*{ECr-s(bOEKR5eblP+Gyl9Q zyed5;6@N6ZWq3x%l&#LB$~1w`kj;$Yv*~iwh z;wU7%6o}Fj4w4~>F9l{avhvm^h#!H=c;%fvFMo!d4@{SmsnRHWkdsEHzN*9nrf8cM zvJQ)KglSr?B$aWxhnHJEobk8lld z$~_Y?+1Py11{a8{^A+K5aHM;vzEwhgSq^X@i_n)}K$1l{Wo%?u@jD$6Cj##%wAZ2f zwWv6<2BrA&I4Y1S0=-7AT>P}D(=sT32Ersl$AEXlXoxehKnAqttaySJX>QfZ#aTLG zmyVHJHQ8WFEQ`EYqeJW4a!3!cqM{#r#)EBLWN9VP?TS(e%NugRsTT6q&cXaGp0J9r zB{R^e4pCf9sTf)3IKRlAhgqe`emmc$2ahR^CKW5)e?CwFy;ta;4sTIr5@yCFyBJ zJ1?G%$AV#t_C{!1D)Es{meIzgjp!(Q|Pub$Y9dd`#L z7*?~fu9?Med;w`?f6WpTe`H)xDJUhzPLUtqV8g#hsn|EB^*y!~`*1F6gmS#pws;9} zHm?5}5kwok^ko6yeuBc}U4P$vfbUzuV8Y+@#|I(et~33pt%|XOG^S++T`!u3^%Vzn z&m57uxk8Dg8&_dq`=agA+SXQwyMyrcgm7@V<>>Tz_u5Y)9uT*WH6MLt7nN-}20vtzF{=!tnc|M-@PevY>{O6DCI9ls~~|Cu5FPBr{*T8@AdX_7YUtSCWGuc(@w z(Dk0YO|WgIez`RIxe@shebTXLO>@Lv&qq(~iDDz!Bayl$GdF!mEQP}kQ?1o6x!y`Y z5_hJs(3NC_y*vxN6LxFjUh@y{bbtUWV23G{@BLxttxRdX0T%y{dvfm%mcsV(dGIC_4TD|{nF&R&Wlu|c;u?Co&g-RsP#95XbwiIwE)OMLo}A!xk6IF|Fx8* zos3lKuim;q(>A@5MdKTp-h~gO=^FeEGsxMWxj$}N_=PR9?6iNFSJxm}o`dO?Ihy$9 z7i9x}0UK`P|0J3Kt@)wKPDh!${ zO=r3qd%tJrWNAVXS7M!V6h$x^ef4j?So8`LJi#cFuj7QVe`=8JzR@Oaq#8^TqiK8A z8ZNGhd^U_=%=8}kgfu;OddlqOa;1u((^r>d_21Xv;nxT5ZboYdKm~-aqE$ZDVtel| z*n8|al{@DFj6%4b)+H2gPIpl)XE22*3PSchmpiHLljwWXEw7|$+`vKUgI2Gc{2DDb zn?I>jL5h&796&1%1}`%kf!+&*(SvxWi5z*W9s29I^e!Ab0Wer8K$%6!I1Xr;W;$1< zx1mLDQCOM23>j^3Xn!7Yz-BUJ`t_q%dVR%umzNt~a!c#>*kq8#q%fTUq`%(eGC z9`cWNF6XR8PvC;7FZ0!I>Wh2Avu809q5I{GVQCHw6k6&8mzg#Wl-y8i+Mi(Q;*kXtCGbDhfr8;;g^^Z7vnN6~ zjaZdfn9H7DhSd<`mg-UufzK18AAG>~f=nlcZ6<0$S;?8eBLjtL!X!j>M-`OYrPSx_ z_0vk@QN1HoU8l@Jl#Y;bzkk0d5R*AZLB$@NXsSE^ zIBCsXhi(fhPPq&(`9e?iB2F6=ztVHEYdLcgn8o>mp6}#yF@mMo_LDmu_uR0`G%T+w zywvcJ$)>3sc~s+iw6zwEYf@^Fs{@cBwuXoKq3-N?Ph`ayzf=L&P%LHbg>IC%e#+1sv9!baz)jY;_HueY;_0&q!b)!YI-(9F~g75Pyr?jgFJH?v}i!nJ!}GzkImo zEU@t|zUoFrN-RMj6fMwDJ+yNHn1fy7K1}pblKg4V(jB6$r`p=kAW!3iW)l> zS(Njg^^sjlVg)_`nmGbl?dn%Fn${KG2E=7?a)gxMk*KdJ_JL^wCK3z1Y>4_4ADa*_ z34aLosbH*s2i1~$sGx9T#NDK6E{qW!GP8$J#s=O@)S>xYb3@RKS>)06N#b49$YtsL zIIQlLfZw{7t4}^R zbn86b`t8|TljXH$y+0EKAM^v-$P#z`QE+iIWGZzN)qY@!FcM=iG}xd(qc!MzB*oDIB~h`Xt!QiLn;N!fA;WY zWRy#eHa%a{`E1ilV^^bkfOo&5OJtO?yD3_LAvt@x8(K7U>Psj^wBACU{u&*QTL4cr=hq=0)5Tf3=EOLR|OU(}>!6KxL zN|D#nEssve&ED^tRNjo3Xp)EI_QKs|=N_BkVi__0>+Dm-fXTFMGb|FWYVfYEv{sKT z-unLT5csNm@r`?asNIoY&gBY4=W6ZPTvjvmU;sUnYG>g$^`@u+HQPc69_>{t+z|E0qzQo`yq6n=|=(LHar9=dzrc7^2P2>&LtcIaO0SO@cm4bY6IH-QQE zTiNr&VyA$__RXtdJJFXeZca00iaV-JB1@8bHqoLTdnz=g;B*x=jQW z>@SG~nhHuU31TS-)+ofk4g@2_v<~bVWaR*~9N;+*CLhS|0HFh>(GTwc3+FE(2opLW z!w9?`UVVwv#>#kd_Yk_nE7pb%jN zhUr)squ2*wTG4w(>V~UE(u^zV#_8&^n8)m9NGt(wfh9&O4W*hC)dH^2?8sR$bi?Wf zaR$HZ(;7h64KI1{5XSnk_wgKj+p%<*?bvF;+7Q>GyZkSP;P=Sy+`Fl_(QX0}2b^z> zyoq~Z{P6q;cH#&}`zYd}wZZ;1lM|;Bk=l@|BH=)tKz#)x53(u+lq>up2}SZ4)-j@L zh+P-zmck>KPePLlCB;-GrOIdyP?fSG(Iw|2?;%c_;5LzP!qO7dQ>Z1)Bhn{BOcYQ| zrX)vGkj4`e{wvQV-67~9=pj;~3}0@ytXY}fnWL@HBkCjV!yu8wlJ<~xFj13Km0+E6 zk>*9Fki3@WmZndiN1;#bC;eUe*$$#KAUL2BP*ks8Aimc;$QL3dmRXo$6mFDh6k!y! z&o-h&)}0uT*oLA|A$V55NLE6OBfM1NvDn@$*USwt1u)`Ea1?(mC7q2t5}x)vLYtDA z{yw5S!aKq_YMNAr7-TefWl_d1iB5{{ijI3=J?@x0nA>2lv()?Prb>CEwxjk=AxSYy z0ZxgllvT4|L0ieGw5?QFX0#%=GPL?@^|3-<6*E^h=axH{qtE(t_!)Ly-x=ZA{%-X& zbk294gp-NWi-V1$hLgrR%7&e3mpPGnlzGBB)@-2-+XAM2q(XfX6NdKEds7qb`j4gr*W%ey>>jO1bP$tXnl8wf@QUhlmqRH_i4Gcm=o7w+u^NszQ14XA2f(E zhzSx=W65PnCpdGkdf{nx8VMS8ZHX^NH&!=g{M`Hz{4xBfy{^4gJ`AshUm#zu?^_RR zwkkwk9jShJ?-GR=%r{0S=TOwP@zqeE3Q!%EvJ9d%V%S!o5 z^}PlbO*hA*!X3g&dp&fszY%OkY|w44w#=GptTxg}^cJ3sruHNE705OdFLtziG~TwR zpM$S@N}fwT+;&}|+%~t)Iv+GMjI{Lr&e!hh)*MaW7v8sZXo_L=+X`-xsj-X+XQgh-T(4aT{w@GP%!lyfAr55^>pHXJyP*?;XmiFlz_ zohh;ub-aRc5_8?{kG&G!d@l!3W%Dk3Km&Yf^r{^m4D`u6TD>qgD(%15=<;J$>%%SNk^`IuU7u@IM zUH5}w`?=HSDE21@7c>gu{hGel>ql>s@85XD*8*e(qMpFCC+C;Nm+|F6Aq9*Ab#A3V z&DYB7nps89<7NJu!CX_gd0c3_2*XdxTb;rX_*}&tjd-*8xkQb`T=ZM?mS@A`$n8{g z+R{NtAJup3OUgo3p0C?SkGavr@U8X2MTUU%c6l$?`|7jpiOK2VlAGmCX<6iURjm(LP}nYfSWh;=e;|*t=aL;OYp6WaavO3U@O`8-!<9J$P@H|ta)*+yga_??5z)a))PXGGFE7$gs9 z1{5|l7!+xR>1zBN7TE0@_&7Y%wLoM!L^N$qAU3;0C8Q7ABbIzaotZ}|uLV5}EY z>(pB6GB!D=hK*Fc-m^w00NB%2fT>I0m;|8^z-wf_lI-YxrHcrzTC2x*$lVhsxW{^x4!bVy14+4CoBks- zj#w{Zl>{6RksK}z(jEcjs4u7sVd!vw)0)yG(51Tb2Ljif>+9h7&FS^K?lUYZ=;UUV zKR;3=^j_Epg<280vAGT%GAalF*-M|W5ul+Z*wO$3Ge+8TpQBfOGg5OSe)p?K(`sqo zS+Pg_xu=m~oPY3ylucZ(J7|ap?bY5EQ^_ROuf*aOQOTs$Lr2&n{40CkutYTR(XB>p@AnLY$9hCUDt`{^GM z0$QOixiVfs8l4)fsx0q8=?nI-`0(n?i$4dbd+BaeKk-0zJ2td;l>ifb*B*Z>sSUM}?dQxrm> zEhTal`cM_pi8d>UH?N5`rGW_I#6fAM& z!O$t-q>WC6FRUO;!%M-_H@AE9!CS}f_RqB#GmIz9+Abt%%gNp0R_<70narjU0e*jGHp9U+hT#G6rV-_B}I-s+M@ ze;IcgX1>9jq8>>|8PP8Wc%hK%Pn`}zw2RA?eyU2p(-v;j`xHkcTRWJPIt5&?%x8Ds7L#{|CZwC9MN~* z#P7xLx)uP>&p-{L3;mrN!aGk|KTCR_?E&*|-znibH}{L6;{L2Mksw%1x?g+qiJw8= zWF4RCezQEh`gSil`(cuI-hOsie9M0~I6mW>NjaGHGk4Cy;J3UU@U40J*j8)w<653$ z{g_wrisoo!Q*0jF*A^;eIVv2dHv{HgCKxRN7AHkmh3oLKE_4Re`hH|aV?nrAskPdId!9q zsqP;W7@~{c4%-&X%eOo=`hzvQ+T@M`h&9Wn)egy00{Ver%a?y-^u*S-5w0q*!+Zxu zDOhI zH|$#(0}#$Bg>N37HsMIMqr9T((eZ?I4Ho0>@59|>Z3fnjX)X9|$mdo7dW!xCe7UkS zk9Az{U&9#Y^J@Hw38Mr-4b#&jR#)1#pQZLGT^>HUFjU-9N8hP+<4g$Am4Qgr7Odb@3t5>ufXKi6!o{|67jF$h<>~6h}g); zNX*DZBtvSa%uA}TGB;QgvLU;P0!0y3Js_hT)Ag45PfYZatFR1XUXO)9J1Aon=6uvC z*7ViODeL^EN52r&fdMF~l>-LH9!9!3(c zWY4DbHPH9WjBxm7{OzOXO^J(NH})p}Ks!8&g!R@Hkb2bZ!Fzf&?Pjaf z+T+Zqfj54jJ-x?Fs~dyWNw+Xr%q$I0>N5?ITqdlbQ&JT*9(-}j!I?w!pR zLHnpW@Yrk^?_-Snyz=m|>E^P8wBg~bLL9A)Wq_Q>m1wiX_`uvzkDnhDLc#4UW>7$U zI;jw14kb=)dw2G@V9VS1PUuFu=>EbD@t|I3Yc}!H(8KA57o?aFO2p~JSKbnxJg&%k z|G0l8Pshs$=6$)Ro(!bpY#+?hc;EP%YOTWpn_j5yMeZ_5BahVYD1n)fE>CJiM>Y8IXMzr0zUYDO0<1W`U4Ap;(VyyYbgHr=NbTRbWBmeA^XurPj5Sc=oZj~2r|NcQ9Jo5wJ3-yEE zn_gr2!Wcv~n8glsc>W%GhGa) zyI`)SBa)5!LHthN5F@v*nD(l2HFCysgO;~e*2)kINTCuY92m1-m>XaEAFz*MCqaxN(Vn+`N=cOX(MKt&RjWP6Jr6FeZA(9X^p`}>cgZJ5^W-S1!PJioXYgT}C)s>hx z8_L~*J5Wp=I0jRZv(zoT#>MF5g)`?^Cppu|@eUOYXDBg_|0cIa#S-^~jmmu0&fhk+h zX14J2V}c@Lm9@mWgsE-#so%P2K=Ckz#3T!t(rX;W+dDg+AFb2X zv^!r;cWx?`muz6a-lCN``mxE(dle!r#KIZ@5>exZl?aT5L3Pg;qG8D1bRsO|O^Ic) z;@dh(`B+jFEEg6v^po?D14LF*i6Ssl81iJ$6&!5HMigzwfK1tp&LPW%!l47SxRDu^ zGP_a?B)?0gY&hyBjRm(_Ta{qp$kvvVHN6xy2tz#+!T?07UVnF_FCA@P>EUeU3UyAJ z6?Jpf95pwt6Yezb9p%99YUQc}@vxx^W$GgFwv8j#a{m_#t}t6`~mtyFE!To`W(-bE;GhuImX5<+bd!UiW@(abT!wC!LvRilp@|^l@Hcy z&6R;dY9}#|J}0Y8u(N#+s?y6q#>Gm`XDrX!uGkLVkeg|QY3FfRJIsBiWjh?XjCu7- z5-xSnb!vDmOoZpLuwyj*%}n^bc@F(w}4UB>mWn}eH)MUXa@u|+lNv8$JbqEU%LFI6F!%x+b2_=C{J zZ=nLl2_kGpK!Fy4m`l&&g#>*Gb#hqX3)i#_kvKz6;ltptAfq5(jCFVglqr4gqSETI zf9rXE^rS`kG5EgU_o>9~hKv-oYxf$cqsL+B4=2T43fyWpC~kgef3K|Fft|0^o#keL zvX+P#K4!AMg@4gexa8lKV0kVY(X0VY3$j2o@eKyrw zVRO5c$kd1>lZT5~rP(3;C&`Cf&3Ts(nGX^vQ3%lKLX)}JC8bQww^FRU$wV{HqC#6SYO3TEhDA z;nm$XW#x>?OHsOR?48ObBGkrKr%o7##aV<;@5ApbtaWE)H4v5ZJraXutintDj8uKM+>w+`@3*f(d zPVu9vFYnj*a(kK2a$=7`GW8RezcZvsRfVFeI*&Uj^v~e#0p%=3RcCa&{PM?W&Et?Q-m(1FZ+rKAHVEO$Hg&YODsrpz3Umsz?X>h9 zW1N!Cai-YN&!OyF9H|GaimKUB%N82}XyNx=0oKi2E54OmHx1~NR`!bH9^>-hpeAL( zO{27b^A~^>Z(^|&qbQMVI3B_pF78C2B8Xxv_XL z-Pk|0zTCBfRVZs@b~3!_?(EM=!w(IZDE4EqWU;cZl+T9yuVDE2Sr{ds-S1#aMNXA& zSets*aZ_i#GS#3Z0S(N(4!S6$sK0l{v8v$P`PF9FT7!oQ0b`^wh7*xBg13;F%pGA> zjPv{ic9~E}2tc8rWu{-6M5+iTa>;PN0v0mG0;^49A(``A|FEMdjIj_W$M~-yRUz&{ zFN`83qB8@bE-Mwr1%P$thX*#3a5@n+S%Od#EAt_gnHp65>0vUp!CKP}s8vxd zjPB5R`O#lF)VaPT^*E}8%8c^v*1vi&9Vfm~EGK!Lq>*`Djz<&%+dc#)+QpCHnoN1X zIU~^2=k_H5N1re=RtHC^)*W)6Y?(8mxY1cNS#&2Z=1%~wPt(u*J;sO5JHF%OdqmIP z42{ZacBH3dWicAT*roJbQJU;oF?v+Dw0$M;5{sou-Byy7Ym{vzL-YbY#IFLu{FnBr zWgdg+Tmt;E9cCHA`hY|YawDj*h<51{!D=!K#Eckb4o9LaTn&IGKE5zI1jR6ud$b<$ zO<*-E9B0rcADWZXfIl^@vu@ox0sG~hFYPJfVAfN7_5FZl z>J59%5-@bXN-6Ii9BpyyC={>Vr+cZT7Ewyd7VEs4$ob&WNkyr9bq5!QJ)qGkP+7mI zb$R6Z54Q(3i)wQdJl%}b8CMXs57~En4fEtFZ)dg4(4Dc%1|f z#I?Xvgu`Y}P;|YbW3Z)iS1VU6`22p5*i{%cvTD=3f%IbRMwqPbNPGRc(K3DYwb8Q8 z_<)jRF^d(!F2H6rDviBIMo|_9T8_M_EBn{f^CWeMFdVDp^oiN5j3Xn9R$r+=kspk` z_W8nG@wfEHAD$MKm*CjO2Lh$?hvGz|s&R{c*)j5UYlxo}vlnabQ%!3W zl|k~TBFA3`Sy>Jq#=d`W|aoLlP zWViTXe4s4Q>=`%JPDV;!he)&S=;PCxHO{I%ARFTw$|-2(vUlgwGPTMxgO2>W z^CyoEu;df~LqhY?(Q5B}hVn*7lNAUyO+sOH0LmZ)*|03$@SkyvL3B9xz)7sYwf$XW zyeaAGX)(x42Mgp)qc48Wo zpk@}3*@HWP+-1{Yh{fU&Q_wY$)`<*P5x~M36YRTSq6~GEQsfBxF?z}AcX5FXIME0w z$_q+#({_Hw?<>~O^tIw)N|(tGN-hmkZR@&T7q9AmTz-Pfm*;ysE!OAnvP42a9}dKh z)|(hc(W=!VMlV-ZJ6R=UG^D61*s(J8_WG*L^DR)`00f`s zg3ng^j1Ai?dx`ySOyJKhO_yh@-_Pr9j@-)`tN3bc zko$h;FW#Aa$JX}p9sRLd`^dp5PjVyg+M5SMag57H8nKx&wpvo zIaqC~8*7cUN@|)sYEnxG(|KJjwA+_3s~z0f=;!DQFy>*@OW4gRw#F>xPyoz<*WP%q zE^s3YDvQx}wHwY%ZVl$>ZIewAUh!V@MUNJI+>;|!I62&P0?Vh-9$#kjqO$T2vC`(I z<7DN@HnL%8{e8bhU9z1+)ueoQ3D6$%QwzSJ!Jdnd_B0}_NS;kt;2p|I#|7RnpbF<; z#%ijwqMN9T7zCOAgx?u*+(S|dC@iLaUiHMyN_IiPy!Xd|hI(P6ucE{@Hi9%CPC zedvB&n|>-ARv1>eWL!`msiA9h*(+@;H_Z45bQ1pdh}EEO5+^d))*f(dGF8DUtKR)9 zou|OKux?4D2;sq4tfn{$!tZC0xH9ubg(>=?0N5M*7Q7$tAAMl2BL27=Wx_QupC%y2 z0n=;`Pvo#$eh;;UMV%r@Z^RGInaW4{zzBmD3K=}K!jL}@_K~gdb<11DsfIE%x24to z42G=AiDmdE(NxnCxp}6X<{vo1;|beAp~(7ozhB)k{w*OU+2k5!hc99@~Gcz%2T#HFz_v@=BHL~Pen$%eu0YM*$Y7$l`x zil2R5qSh;rrm60h25;k+Q3d883}Lg15M}Yb-Lo7oR>STivsM*r8f8`8sBqVD6uj#V zY#@*E1?R=~BTtHbufa$Otg{~W{Izw828U`{>_B#5(Y2(dBEzGK9Wps6%ZgPhOX@;_ zgBGhj5r99_A~*4i5FeY!pL~FlRDZKS(w(3>yitJ}1v)kcx&au9c-OrE`Wp%Fm@C|A z(D0tY92xf)Q+Zk&h&m`Y4%FYq6}7lM73BNE07_>QKNL<`dRNSCeiK>N!{WOLMeeI; zxj!rFAr4-Zb9c1IDoH3KV)RuMCU98X)m^&W3O;v1q3`Q?2yCNei!a;_6Sn6vf2L(+ zYwB?=%aWu*`>1O(67sX53~IiF=wUaM=Yo)v103Q>yH&}SxA1eatgyX_8KC;5(?JZ`@5paR*h9Z* zX%tY*r ztp80f|7VN;f=Af7*jfK~cmxpR2C1lGy+$wQiCQcTOVmU5NS>4bNZu2IM3hV_Nc5)| zW-*I(Z@vmmi90f!h>u84QB*Y2-=B!+EAGhqL|~_f7?hJ9>;(eq4=r~1y6_t z7PDk2JkOcWj{-b@_WkI? zUoJ@4UWJR3c5?Ge5QrKIXkuzA^3w^j++)CdR}l&%A5o}lpxXhv07=203I!&t0Q3i4 zSa1S9Mw}`<%9s(0=^svqwK%4xr3mI9P_zX^&ZwUrCoqkD+hpnwJPi9>#>V8N=bwSQ z`O-Fkb{04)=xqR$J&1}BLhS8G?+ay~jtG>7Z{Yd+-;)$b>>Kpt3;HjqmmU%b1@wzz zlkg@lU^iTU7Ksw=EF_Q!WDiQiA9fQJf)VT@q5yQB1PE&IjRI-^ENb{oP3(_o(Bm)B$$d$}@6Te(LB3xwG zi{PEW(32n$Q}}Kl87Al8-y?I}SzpRK9;o&j?PzXuTBNMWtLtsXG zAX=bv@^6*^Euw$b$58JT|7aYXXyHO2`gV4M0tZa2YcYaL*t;;`d4Ave`Q0De*EUfE z5a8@RMb>`kV;G6}A5{FZ(2mbk$A^~yNFW=3&i4SI{(ogv@~)hrT)&WW1AhAbVl;Im z#`-1YbYB&wewZq&et`lF6gC1WL0b~VHYyYO(_SOJ-!O_Jz2-6d|Fmz5w-W(7^;M1N zF72Ry{1o{2=Y1i8ee$FNqe$pr3GNc+Zh({oC~hL2{$ySC>3rLh{$L;dOg#M5LS3Gm zy-m^I;@2t01I-MI);ON9Z~Xc#{!8M?ErFU2?NoI=RXvHgaDBS9^UdjAOAteJU=-I zlKHf*Z!h+n>cc>Xfb|!eI5CS?9I<#QJ*_2-v8u*eNNLDQ>ZZZq3M?FO=AZkNFPCZr z!zB=>f5)pdh41Zt_tlcw6?Dmc;B{~MqMGQ5g*%vCif0L9O^Qg7zi&H;{#tL8YoYMD zG_ff(tE?hE*(N?lCJ4TI-Qw;R+xB%@7AITtHPEw!Z!2GhC9D$!9WpoT?|9c+@{hL>wNR<%dX^ zq4Y9n+SO~aG@%mA$H?A-SJes38)m}SR!X)5$k}Q6%J1FBTIvJPwbY-bib$KceB(sAyqq{!=DxG_6S{E3pH%WtJHYI* zs>tr)Ew&K&iXf8b73zB~1pt$2p=tP@$+yQVVU~P0(4tOur1AGmCPzY&8u3 z6H$DKp3zygaqSF`$rlJAXLfQQ5^-1vZ8D*X-O(~7e^fCT`0_B!NTRPa^cLm#CH}S8 z698A-khq3-#D8%LpWrn=#@bpPkYYACu!{d{C}NNvm5q+U#0X4z76-;z*x-$0m2{wn z$L)9KR@*BMzSwU}J`cUEUS?#SG+In=AyoZWr+F!onXg`X0>t?Xk_f4C^OHA%Ix3?k z=d{W0sS{@dj^WxYx-dlLL$-01aYTeG@Ba6#Xsuluy-DcR^S_!P;_6@rnOY z!8^G%%!C`ao=aOQf6nCgAARW^G`c&zlaGK$h5cm95~iiGNXutNHI3er8hg5Ivi{WOdXj`mnC&&JW?xmO#o@!0WL;ezutbvy{0wmc4}GN zhi5rr2kj->(-SOPmslA>R>VKs}Pg)EwIUfe3 zJPMz3<<~&{3ReC3lj(77=Q3Ib|Mca2(M4hH*X>R<6VU-0hbl3fzGH(ql9t0c6F(>+ zpv(W<5CvkMv6Y$G$IxPyJ(_qdO_goqSvhpvHm#0N;3v~PvEtES(p)R9?fW>C7@~mi z^UCBjFkjRdS>_o~#Lp-_8w^j63t1k4DZ>%Yh>q4Kj|h|+v~z?*FB=2RO%gHR;f8SQYNc|U06 zdcylt6+dO_u9X9o-@sF{crkxlZNcW|KmH+RgUKS4l+-!QwKi4ppd-#5kxh+LwV)YB z-(_~An};XFfqg`~A@jm6u(rWq(u?%y_c}_}$y?e=zl|gTrs_1vOd3h-4k+v_P~@#B zA0F6O>Izo8fORon_cjy)a&ZCc)7Q1aXYc`t^rbyF_}UJBQ&?%ouQNG(zb~vnJdJKA z+rz99^s2^yy4S7^(6OesXqKJx;LK)b?<}_|BCcPlSpOB6@vje(G46&@Iv$yJqf2B* z3SB=1X`L_YZN$y|l|Y+8*jmzeK`=?okhxiTV8$X&z{JcNUe3R@3O8PhX}p6{3f71yY-Z)-gdxN*K z4LEB=VhDC3>TKnF_4$E;hfh1zXDq1X;aToi@aSOpj9HHg+ouZwIpnL{tj5uxQ@%Y) z4TNn;f67zXA;$ilq(>1*932%CJV`?UB~%q3)*5K|)+AbX_JB zA12$_&)U`fQd^A?S7h*uWZ*K7zru)CLG18V+LTyhWV<0Ocza42LFps2$1gA8$w;%4 zbobUI3YV8KJX*h09_2&bF81lgJ^>bB^ia$1*%LsuQ2$p3_%Iqd4*ui^YNK=bL(eyD zk2%Wy3H~ag)%mq~%wo1IC2AlZ9r9xo)CP%C+UQlUi;=8PJYLq%Ot+oyLQq*bqM*$5 z`>vTtW5?S?eMC~NJbpP5?deGqcvKY3`KvH1XlO$h^)*6PRN}gMAntygO=IaPZJ7|Y zrVWyyg|$qxQo=;TcY0E1qlTpDTv(_Sl3&CvImM*`?kF3_r-eD8gL2`P7@A_SC^kNB zD1243*MeQ~R{nD3lLD0jaWjjoisq_JU2B32Xbp^On{JQu+Mf zm{8W?M$wpAO=OHacy66SrIzxv3K_q5lC58sCS7juzR0{tfWIRr?nenGI(!T#Jm$Sa ziFu%;t5m{45k&G>E|;FPUTVJ$z|tz#m>P;9lxvVTb;p#_N3OTZC7atA(Q8??tEY*? zQ$O6@9Q{cM!!gK+r`tU=xGcggeX-#X1-E2NvWhe z{bIn}8MS{(Np+3AG$hOu&11aBU&<@b;BvC*l%p$n`FGzY)mDF|L}Y2t-53j%;mBuV z{2JqDneJ7k@Zwcw)UL?`Foao)2gUyu!4U0Rjj|70QuFdS{{2pAf);+<_qDC_tMTJi zw0FSn2mCn+=+~(VJ5z~Qiq*0AsxpOnn-BTU^_qg`RSsWfTx{gXm^y6h< zZGNGeB>pGb2V;k1%LCw_sfu(kcabjpge4L>&8TP&%2xAYy8CS*Hix3C*}t`T(bS2`v_d;Ha)P6I zXRJ95K2I$6uRU~Gf89XkBUwV1Qkh_S^=R(q$P?XETI?TU8ycx}udJsQ$Na1&kmBq> z7`Hse5U7`Oy@7LvB*=O-9gT6nH{l=PCVN8!JEQ%WHm1`}va2{A9*=sMj%|BH0%tJ+ zuZ`3AOFq>1@y&>hwg$Se8V_5s-3#%|U?FS>#=jrxkt}lQE z!ry&8!gmh%_=P@d3>-K`)BSg4p!bfV*S?hpkqw3mBvt=V?5HjW_Zr>fSQnYwjb*H^ zdV#r#A%+Yzh7m7(Jmr()Z-QE@6ZDt0PK#rDm2zWiQ$ zr=9oiy?@P(x%!xM&AIm4t@kxXr;sz3+m$uh8~1f9lt!}9xa`=a>_WGwxoG0o3C6@! zNZeshJZnC`@GU$S6E~EMJN0PPA4Z+A&*rugZwy31qzjJl%Tvvd4UbEC7ee^}EjhSR zs9EwZCK|Vr_J53O#H#G7kkV+`M$_A{s^~1|a)1WCm02$g5>IScKs<3~iq#(Yb4=5G z?4b=!lYK%l!La05!U3VLQe6B-xipV|q@Z)Pz+T1kOeqMh25etkr=S~US)x9kWj!3) zUL{haIN7U45`3h7Zs^S0$j_GDSDZXTS|>_ybCML7T|#QKMS|}YkRHBSBy*0LRELVJ zPNRw-Lfj3h56$m0M}TUe?V>^dv{zM7+fL1Nq9{edemCmieWuLBtM>#A+kh*SaA0US za}>z1&={%QUyMr|4t8c8;1k=^pWo_mF-#s_a*HFCIGM)k`uQw& zr+0s8JGH)2tE;5U@iki_{nxN_tJT^TN1f&1>23^I*noM@zzj~mut)XimB2nsjJa!S16ZmYY`lGx>r&P)K+O_THcd)CAeOFK zLy8W3pIb3)q!Q-7MeF(mtiV4Y_v@-Njs$Q-!5`rq0tw>zl3xShue`l2fqNs(wv=#i zzOB^L*Zee~JcFhJ$M@=_3__YFYY|9dK}BVtR4f?Y>0d3DQU=tt2$cd*MQEAp4VmgC zYK2neD_S*3G)5b)x@ow!{n4#=``^)Z9b7afzrVMSE#DjJH*Hv?85OBuwyQz<;H3*1 z)z3G-c#9vWs`|F(s_=(W_ZQthrtF$4N3~%^7qV6`-_jkBC}dGlI7-m`uB8og5;}Fa zRx(sbn38^))&pY2IvRQX%vP11e4I2~wo$z^tr2OC=UqMap<2^2Pu#tEu){|dq9!gR zr^b`zVAKBIuGkp}byj>H@0Je2$`yckweZLPzz=-}*ITLxcxOvDv09Vrm1i~KZxWMi z$GehWF!8ooI(ms7x3l?pL!a4e=k2V+&m0LY$r*@g?%j@ABrfy^(^ch85xPb&9z6cR{dsqTOuO2G|(Tut^uZS^8iX!5L#_`ZL4u{!#miPsXBa#`-3ZbR1@ zUp?uDBN~xdf*3R{>N2pm%Jzs*e`!1aK+}ClabWbisD?S2TVvs-PjzeQP9Yef1n%;1 z-1cWBAo*$Ik?~B;J@ENQ7WdNOuDqvJEH@XbG;ag`cc0#0!KZ>rpq8XYiV+7=>~Ew5 zHMoPjPmf*N-|e*0q8g+z5#cfgVAK-M+-EjRgIY9O=nw3Cz3XCr$jlpLNCg%S>-~O7 zL`%|Tj(>C|J3fpSj&jV_y1o>d2K|Yj!eC(+)dH@n2{^`a%}VbLOKf0zOz)T524@u- za$|;JO$&9TN(wioUFK_H(TB&eQxz{5>ghzoZ9hWh+3;x6lG#ekzkAp6@RQz0q7AEN zH`MR+YbNh_+XOf^Cw`bVq_{X`+RV!N!;AV#UQ9V242QcNx7mbf4sZMFwhYz52!~Ef zRmtedD0^$5%qwkxFo!-eJL+)^-`g6S#>^u&cS{5a7HiXv*R%K9lsJyebFwnWM92X< zsLh=+JjIp_G}c6Jb(O(-+Z$GuW#jvRp5|^s-q>&1TOE~~*GP|ZD9y<&PbSe-G?r>% z$#@U6zB(Qnuu-q@b>u3iU&e1V=*NpA>P#_~q-?<#WHEl2V7=~9zDcYQhuCaia@*WF ztQzabar!>f#t64In;Pr$c91SM9E7;Tl7-@(&#%X&VX{LNBNQ+-xpSUdPVB%;OsNqm z91imRwVJfMusQ5Tr{T}ho0prdgj5*$W`F`RBF$eC3>o1t>swFqrx_p0QAy$VOl^b0 zvo}yngOsB72h5}FKrBt4GaR$3_g5z-&@xtP)@ms@8DH35$uG#=Cmj9kI zh|KJCe#52XM4V{(WxdG%U?H*1XR($Fp~t?&u5ZorpgMCa_h6Qms?z14=L$AG+y(gaeg*!hPbD;) zTfLz)RO!IZW)MI~_>qfU3|;2bEhh&Gelj?H5eFruO1x8oOJJy z^G$R(l)nSWOQZ)k4J%!^NJu*ojHR+dS`r#9=NnyuTqHO7^8pCE2%NK>WA!u2rQZOx zua&i&)87nS7bv#7vU5}^PBCUH(g_;&ayvxjzdJ{8FB>>nae0;KPIwX}e)P>V-&`1C z>6x74`PN<3(tC!QpJ>N#6m-|w1iF8VC6(REV$7^}*3vi(xKS@WWpVASYpN~A$0s)O!QmGFGO%qW@OX{R=af%cXa9gMDI z1o`9c(VwNNO{<4e41%ag!Kn(ZyL2#+tJu5ntg5^WV6pMJF5C; zZVR(L<06DW)Yf>iKJ<=qq7TJM@1+HB@L zvzD#R(Cj8*EjDz5r!mcE{iqAm6M3rBq#T6ai+#;ME-IZXr9otc>4O>#$qCOj=G|eQ zcCr{Y6w8%%8eN|JyY%f3JZ23#@!7q_D*Sd1+aeyAFqd+I%qYp1HTnsdRT#f`vb=o! zz>F?b0cSI=+)LxnQo({$bg%ufg8P|M`bpL40xCnR=4UOE6v|{Mscm7OztKu-m zzIt5L28Ktu=jt^tS)IYXA}-wFe*PYozS$Aw2H&h)BQ>lBuQik^>2{zv zaq!UMs;D<^$@&gqCz^)8;TWXD&H~q-clujTXVCo7V1tC3+ECpN^Y1g|YNlQ=fWYBM zw7t&2tKR|B$ua6!B>Xsi9sgp?`=upw+TfQ{zxp#L@#^%2(0Of($3fAH4C2(W>K&Vt zId(X{U1ZW|ECkFgWHtnA!In3I@Yq%m$W#-j zhTUbr%n^AW_-ub7%uVNNv{Hs7FjHohak`tE4po8Zp$`WoUPnJ7$}#dyUi$2WV>e&W zi^qVPil~<*u`;{^*n1S6fJ4_^PhJKyj)v*!IWqUa8s`|~R;r`MK3>)YEuiW0IXRyH z8S5I?BZN3DL4xJ8j7#jX2}O2N=wKwtUigq|JM3;F)~~6nE-u{k#hKO-Z~UM4J~Mvg zOs=ln@R>yj=t?S=8g5%wnXhuMTHOT%E;O1uIw?IbDf1#P3%9>jd8(pGSS|yW&W7ah zN5|X*!ICv!7&6?K!i^I`FiQ3VHESGZOOHYZPo|S@M9#sjU5K;A8iUWL0p~y6^zpEB z!Pn?ZuBUBv?T^tjhP0_W5-3~Ag3e4Lrwk%$jG$MNah4FVGW-?20JQOJuLGd1PRQ(Isa3m`=`j@|D{IvS?%vjiu*^S z`}FVmdiUQoI@bSIY-lw`4N^r}x3O5_LX?mYOCY0ZrW5U0)H5ER@P`75gb-wTB%uVP zpg>WObJAw9r1B5FqKG+>VXXC-4`&JodNZE4XFLV z1+o5x;G)3-4ZWS7VkiPg5;9O=C}an_fPnlBBEPC49Wx|Sm{9-mclK9$6c90En+gM# zC0RsZNK3CyP|-nu;)Dibr3OMI1vIdPr&JOUDp(cpm))9jKtZw~zQhb^J&% zuQ3?dm*;1g0A2+lsG@N^KHxkCICyYuK?S5D#6jrCO5JVVI>>!DW1%7)0aQx3yAkVX zd$E_mcqGE5Z3L&_Ud0t4yEarX=)oL#mZdrH6EC4{zbuyz4k)0H4(z<}AHROizoEa; zAj7?LWBvUTet8Kt@MdU_na4bV2eP2Pj4t$&5AJW!HqY=mG?;)G$QOUZa|6h#fs6h= z0T)wYLaend{f&Iwct&{^DJXEKkH!4UT9y@QwIJ>dQFnKNZ40#H+GiC*iExtprMD2j zxJCHb%Mi$SP40nhxv8I8_Sg4lY#{?(T|`4Ft@yK3&;mk%zRq|A;mg`>+6vKRWu-gLW;Q!1%rHd+s@@yLPpL* zoj`_n_HXOmF7h)U$sn5YyI&b4G4vInK}vBa7MQ6$+M>asZOuZmcl-Fc;fJWcA~f*l z-3Rr33;qK~Nm1|-7!+JoKtNCt8Y!ic&>;`a75R0V7Q$dfU)BFTb}^8f#2?@nIkY+V z6XyQO>bcAB^HJo-X`KfojbS1GELY3;Dpd|kQ3yhbj7%g8&T)*@j|a0}Hod!1@y{kno;C zk%HF$jE{tQ$-sQfuf*+160c$ShR=Jy?sw)_i3M^M#E~#1M}&JotZPN0Enk_e=?%Ut zj?U*;oyot43YR6?;$ch~q4ZSI(4YEaWUTz6qa1T-!96bN&{hx3mc5%i(o&AiniKK) zd#VLX%cc<5O+fyIPhX3pE(6UdydY{ZgCM4!pqZiVqih@As!qG!=3EklhjVEUFSf5s zx9QD5T*(srPZi0NA8)icn9G6CVJoSxbP)QM|oAiE^L41r{1E`Lok9a z$svT{hJ~A2x^W#_h7qO|*BI5h?_EtcLT(gGUl}`*+T-`j2Qb7Pafa)pBSZP|LGq*Y zmO$z#UYNHAP=G7}j%>G?RPaPM@r9;C`jbga+cDTW;bYt3P04FHaCO7;>~}=WlHj7I z?bVZ!pr9MYTz{W}he9a0ZY<$I1Db=?2gda9MijH7*otp^AjaNwEz=kjED8=jZQakV zBAXQ^NCJLL4jHOSO403*Z*46TH_#9BmYG4{8+&Rel;)C{vP`J(9>jIv&Yi89OWp^& z*>0%jENV>r0Sa*6?99ShEW_EjvGmQ5&r7d$Uu+AX zEbf`-LvpCUy_ux+jF5y;QvIxEjJcvMuHsY&&r6E1zp>aQd>6+YY> zc!3tKz;I|yl^KBn89%}UzfXCdoAq@%U07X+ZBTb~$qL{n*HaIiKBBiF5k zABB!0|1F0ySxK<^%_KyxZIK$c!sjjiVq2H5*5&cA29W{j1`yPIG>H>}nkCy106=jl zeCuv$kbHVPVseDiZ+#fjUq}`h_w*K~lee-t8)|#T>Q~17dl63yDnrc8RjhN&(l18= zf0s3NN+y=PgQvBx1$u2D|gFx zNH5)WXQ>;!q5+qD{tNj7Fbl_z_^yx%5#l~Oc@!v`dS!}Ny)oyokN?^jdYV1rle-G^ zM5f-UA9&DFn#wopJJ+GyOxpdk-efjemdO~$yRuL0u(ElZzR9X>^GJHc+QidK2RLy2wH6U4@Mz#i!-F0&d*QUWJ7I{4Wi|E#2M zeX7e@9AjGZ!F0jUwmHbJ?_f-lV?GDIk^!7162f>S4vDDNPsh_d#S&W=(%U*+U8j-J z%ooPw`Tr8R-*EN);Eoe+A0yUYgyQqJ_F`6~S^s(95Ddv#8?)4cu=aB5xgZB#dtta9 z`IOT{Q|+>F&WWQwB+29FFOBR&+1yFr$~i4=WDod80Z`gBD_+b|JADv%=wDt9-g(B2 zn4l0sor;^s8dm6yk(L6cAmxZbY~`Z?^0jK0PCP5Pty)k_&eYhI+~|QNVc~btE!-oG z@yvb0^A8(4d^s-x%@R(FolDqD)kKC=dsg{>O!B`ndQ9*3p5r7+|NUZ;RmdmF|?D*o90E@5T; z5GQDDmEU52PAlmPAb_AHdcU7huQ99WIO!VuZx)`qAjV;l!L}nxJAqu1pc5M*7Ab*a z`&dNr=Jzl~k6u6Kl7LEJ)adh%I;S>+t*_Hx7}u4%Rck4ivTLrhQOdKh9W2ZaNa(*8 z&7r;7hqoVPx~skWLkMbKk(lF`?v#5ZiqN`9hNF8yRI?QLp(M z-)Js#INsVSn2Dm2H5;c;oxOQEi3mN&=j+^=R~R>yA?rM=QU6A~utIeox4W%6X<5Qx z+S<4nc7YnBQerV{z|QJKH}y!mmFei|fc7(z0+_*%Aw!W8q{{F6?ewN~(fRg0Os*-6 zMBVnKZ*a#BDC^d^V{gjaZ8vd+Hczu6z3^urklhotnH}6$Jx>zMdRRT{t}iCX_3(7v z>NLJ$v3hjBBNwYS(bc%rkK}B8qYpM6vZ3|Kj!g;1x&ru^#`}=LV`C(zEqfvuP~jBm zp?J{?P*LzaoS`BtddY1)z1l=Fd!7Qus*8QEdQ3d=2eOfo^t5jRW zTfl3v*F&g9!k%nWO%Q$wU8VsFlZ}*yFP9&o! zhpwS&PIdd&kHV8Gmha)!%zaSFBVA!M`aPxTlV+*C+{+>6p7+UcX`3nC=23y{fAZ$2+H8nXRF@;F3uxa5QObN)hj$)@Q#!TiW?q*YY)*FPCbRI*QQrgPyneO z)2FExO#WaVS1~u57BsQdW_Gy;(isq8(T**ejuYj4IJU8^nNicxanE}fsje||$0#1} z$4VqhCwYaf8_RCBX*_Os36713vQ9>LAtOH}dtP>WDxJPvG~YNK2B~c!OWzUq?nP`f zKPASTxqpk&zBvk>Ma@7++?m#k7o8DKi{#*xx9T=3Mv6*eyXvsEwwQ#y=GIeLsLl0& z14L&jaPpV#p!4tRQ7lfRZ#H?u!+>xhy9mU=O$=ir(LrZY(18bjaq(ya);w7wTF1Rg z5QY+}^!u3&j$uqYjZUVRZcdAyAF)kol|LbcTS!p?Fv&~p{wX9UIB=YdtuJwa)H_(j zGQ}ZpoU}6U(Ke)4%;9c`wIp96!PV+@{dd?l&A;x!`O?eIB$ExaZZb1jrEUn5+TRVd zx_8Lm-o10^LCjcSoOk5WpbFlbwWBf6Anx$XJw__AKb$o}do(fR8t8G-dI@@M4M#QR{Wyo6b|H%@H>Nk7KE zx-p^hflnX5>{*~|dg^JxM{FvcXi%V1m*gLE4a7%O0(p`@ONVZpe(o;1}2t69! zi}hY=t^}T!8vJj(+}NpRlmZo-hEs=xr9V%B5k7~~(yZw$ZbxXhL;C3e^F3`O1_ zwM`w|aCQF8rxybe1=%OicgW?DEU^hCZ!7)_E>UxNkboMZYh?b|sZuHJ(*ve8M4+cRVJ?8~4DYU5mOg0=_N5#tr5a_LH2N=+5g%;0`?@Y3qm zbQ)ebInr7Ho0DvnK7V!|^5nAwDUT~dFPG--hNUvwTn4G@>p)-Y!A|E%6DUM~2U3AH?2JCjUuIXO=Y9G2V3Wo`- z$)lnzJ_z+79ut$q|Hg3$d(i(K=%?8&Md@lE0|u%J-#*xqbF3e`n!2j?p{34`DPD$_ z)^VN$p)$JZ7qcy;HCH^!UuUbUvO;pg<#r-o z=OD)uQN3-YyYSOg+Eg+ZtHv$q&wOr!}I=TmJ)igDTKNo z@Sc;W6B(M-joOrD{DnJ%5yH=6wy$!<9T#gnzuJc&6#P=|9DL?xme%iSJ~%4ELZHVG zxnj-BWK&Ts72|g|9X#Wo-8T zW`85vBnWx1NuC_Bd=Ry;X1*M~W&~N%LD6RXSx>YC-VT>dShe^3JSz|S?t4>n@+8)zTyyI3 zckRAOPI%L14W`#-+YRWwK9oMl305`jv^bW$p>tdT*jL`rQTRO4$*W!~a`>^yx4FL~ zs8s9{@ngP%r3|k`c|wrAZnJpHt-h_lgzyqJhlwZ3j{)ZZCq1>tXX5=OtPx8MRUC)C za4Gme_}q((SifvoBJujzA@3Dv#TB_f3-iNmh6Ku}-LrQB-i}5`h@ER0^^ao=v0FuM z?7rJ6R4*6=np;mio&rz*M1A^^;(rlj%%AT zyX%2|Ckb*)#C?gJ^D&}>Z9~_p*;!Y5BgEg|*SRIT`h~NFy_MB$HXY85mJYMS{T;D67>Hj{`7ZXSyBph{KjJ>`a539VXhp& zY8Ox3wgskLd74)zofV0RaRYi^8l~$aHQ}7;&b3g5MEla;&-xH`+Gge@(y^B>Iw?e= z3-;7|f3^)fF~a)Kw35MLRiKd{&aj5;PZyH^MB0@%>w`kRT)<|t>yrQ`73#d21X&bm z)U+E@@V11I_PBBIV7N^1>S$Ob_(f=H`GF-toqZBi$G3i+@o(hmxRj+eqxm4)b03)8 z%_UVj9TWEW*BFPX8uU`l!tFUf*TdPtSX~VH8opSmPJ$ng@CP zh-%sb2Tc`Ybmfv}NGUK8--P#bd66P#MQu+&vuFr}$N78 zx$mtye5F@dHDqOu@M(b#44C|wF2R|>+>u>O?JgWCN4;6`Q+%0^hnG-ocQsPN`p2&$ zPSd2QYnti_8H(pMbt`s3u~Q0&xCn{7+-ykv(MyEgzq)OfqmVd@;3vrARHP7$AOuR^ zJtq0}K~Fr-5!CC`S$!j-LXlqRB651Hwz#ltXs)wLs4Kh*HMmA#CA0kMMcvPHtky<@ z+9q-(+4Mchtw;&x5shoAZo}d`7csYEWl_XZd&k{6c;XWRK_6~lwqU&uV3auvz|@Mtiqp8t&YrDa@)>dK(*R)rgz_j2V z&86}pm~6whG2>u%l+$r$oZLCenA_DZhx)&ahJuavjaS6YVN8?9OjO!+Yh)%Fv_q?3 ztDtW^7a-Y3q8`}X*_OJe9^fuiZoJD%RSLLPfyXyG>flyrfpuK{7+jwTNA zdnnH4x^rDtDFHE8+t=unr}%pVGaA2#E6L@(08^APb&tUV*q_SXy*s=kUD2-NydBJ^ z>WGKds}uatk2c|!h|YsE*)%L6n=IAhWDZ7;>24l%e{#1ITzFMTdXaCN56zraN>YS1 z??^5)-cCOaII%9rN|xyteO4NRFQR=6yA)#pGUVO$H&KE&6!59tfn{t$UIpuj5X1ol z{eRMqciLy=DV!FLK=5Q%L$$M^395a^-wL{FclOu};=cppl%988efnY5EIv-^#8y_; z+Rxr?k?<}Wv}Xh6Fy1ooCC@A?+)AG{SbxJ4L70U;$|T$f$MelRB1a3a|2-!52^9Ao zZ>GP9C_=TFy0oJn8DEQrP-=iXBIsI7fwSs!HS32>`O6pm=}5PjE0>_?*wSk8RMC1~ z(>%clxX>%?jkhL}1Wzf*0Yb?^iM$39QNitM`m7?~y zcv_aZ0T`*FzCCs$;xYxb_LEt1F>szTOK#SLa&G9w3`IAn@x-1`T)9T+%y}5k#8&c0 zqSnJSY%_Mcr&WqAHsnv0a()x^m%V8JC~?JDfcIoJL|DK$wSMwG0|6CkeOBsft4Rlt zcmBN0)+AmRrS}C#X)?bBAEtpbYVKe=Vtk^~3Sm~tF#}5~zWnbn$@OiYdh5EdQ%b(g zn-G^j6M$sG%Y&j{jfhB7lmu@V#I(uzE=cQJ+ z>R3o{S;PAue@Nd(CGUxR)e+{(M#+7*uNU=0cED<{CmkG#U_U0a`EJq`W2ejcg8L*Y zuG|1L;rFR>8~iy)Sy02IDl@9>7ON9#Q%)oN)G+mVbb3=uG~Eb!(fFoqtO~mRoTq|y z^Aj3+@0et>kzM~&m;1-R>p!}jpslT)vlF2!_`6WhNwUrcQOx_U9O zv44Hf@zrwv+p;r$wg32ud>+sKPyOb9+AlozFFf`yJoYa<_Afm4FFf`yJdQ6sj(_n0 zO#k8lnEu59F#U@IVE%f~^3{*!-?)I!1iydc16cm^{a1gMf8zpJ{*4P@`8O_r<=?mf z)_>yySpUV-C1eo(bT>1#{X9Eg#%2t%rY7GFh3wovPuD-4|1m#d=LGy?;HF^c_}PEa1>3w;LW>!^itZg}TETI{tRu%AMdb!=rHMU8T$z2OJ6jE(a%KIsMaWV!Pn4brb2I0t(TJKpDf658+V24+?}9IgzO9qv2~7q10MF;yq$Ce z(-{w3R5AfxmTH_sV|tA9iPP182#3c^vv=9vEz2|1cIw7PuC3D4{Kd1om~~abr`QD` z%TXj_UgT7Mkok$mO1spEZST4J3c<58ZP(Z6Dg+zrU)mxtZ+-tqeE~#^T0=FN#p9>b zfL-PYJnoPogc(pR%y5VYLeF1}DBEuAkq6SO*xFuwn|yKga-f3G{lLVlab44Qr9WjS`r!DBxBo*5gOS*) z(BzRnr&$JB`0pS)DZ-i$~|EPuOzJ8Y@}%1UgBVN*C7jr1Ae zZwk#z0^oRsLMak|@^I^BGXyET(J5Lz^RJx~C0P>H4pf@xAJP;z1HoGtRtWzd4wCEx-X>%=P=b27#lWi2yVuwt{pS<*sQsT(Wm zgC|0>rU1Jt7!%R5RV{?Ez+ZKBFQ%?gklqIO6yaRtGF77Blh_1yX9kKU4hg4HHvOR+D&+N+{CRHmdeM%{OU+vZ!yI0!z? zB6tE<23jtxGU=R7c=rik^a=mN6NH4f+@sInl05!-pB$wK1NXKKo2a>ypibw3uGqk0 z-)QYV(~j5&;v3{#7yzHl2Vy(mmdHNimQ#WESa`v>Xgc6j)*~DiR*ym>7ueOn2W%WB z(ctY9z6#MWuFe<46z^0v=Gi)dioZKzpo-mPsLjF6!Y|sUUFxjt0I5H8wIMRZ-Rth0 zfa-z=vhHDuWINa`2YjAVgBvg$%!V@SilH%b45g+@^}qvJb>s{Oi|U>>Z{8p4$Q3B- zL?&)06n&i^Z{>*_G_{Tqm~yQ;02c+Z zq6$RGi}&4W`JPhEZJt&ld#FRUBFT1~FxgF$xIFfZXCLUEUK)&6nO+)0rS$F%7yw-k^el8<&RZyZr7gIf@B8>%5Mb z7s})9oYl`Og_7`WL8OOECDJe-cdDUNxHiyQVFMebuBiYRn=~wC-4n1%Cj(D4@iIx+ z9AFm%m*@&qdD0wcZreWL6%q{Ze>Q?)gvt;Ltgj;~w33yAO$U$2NquSDJkK;?=8*^G zs$!0LFP=L-NU28-XtF!LQORdJf5Rgrd;Kb-!aIC}q)Oh3F&&I|b5TsAH))PDw_q?sFOO#tzHzUnQn9>PuYwPG6Fmnp@)#;wblBdU_) zb<6^F$#V{`NSlS0I`Y3m@L;Jm7*uaKljMO=Y^o) z2jYPD;G)Y|Q>yT>kAc9fzs%aG34J)ecm{T8j`VpL%01Q<^S0-vcpLQQk-u}?0YQj! z)->=jC4peYLLvV*0p2|l1?Lk4=69Ke$323_kl5~;$hi*644$0*DH4o3K_yC zb?9WXu8e(ztW6OiDityssU5!Lo12%xd!4b_X`(rSH-)0Yg=rujdwwuE2Y$$s#wTQQ zb5)}tde|y;AfhVC?&L&Jml+_U3f!~5dB9Uac+F49)~ko|hNTqlROxBAhPjE_5;L8_ zqv)b-@P399ucjghtz?UHVn&HF{Bqea;I~R;f1ktkf{qAp?{_!TmgVddS*8~ZF!Fxh(mkPQM)2nd(sB$xS;w$4#*_%i^M+o} z67d@?W<82DzJQXPVc7j$QW4}$>i92qERRK2Yqjo4W<5QHT>=gQwv8Rde^1Tk={r3f8s^x2MxDw`!tZcS|ef}hG7@a!3Kn&U|ow044L?!wyD{q!;oa5)MRm|ON6|0mz z6fLMc!WI0UJJ8qm?9;RyXzN$c5-iQ|ToFz26Xd1KR?rGiXzj#dPx|3EPmiG@APk{- zy0{zPuud~)2P z-yQF`Xn7cqNe#ZX>*V%UzOFf2OSXEJ$3oUWjkTo9%=F6oPBC-jg^i6L2Q4WwV0Zg! z)?LqRVlX-5W_0`7au&qSY)5rdqt8%|9|L9*P^I62-d$FGgg6O$dqb9kX3I$QP-)lL zSzM`pN_Q~B;rii#p0`L=eCgGKLox3=osaeL9;lmS`5vXq{e#^*@Tay=_uD%mWERIQ zWV_Q-2QV&Hh zz!uwxzU@8HX)apQ8)Wytx^V-;clJ(CQGu`fJWusWT#= z%fQIqyJ-&%BLo&hE<(N~o7;SYy2SaIYtJq|FeW<27m3b&JfhOCwN9-yO`p4Sea29~ zRVZfB)&o8;=(;I%WnwGOSMxzdN~KwD_Qc~bQk$m{#MbvH1p;K?*n_WbzF7PK zjXX3oL59|4)U}+pw5n{@m2i(|rJFfF%a|I~FnU3hKrd(nzK}WhsTraxc9ch&s1ICG zX=aQT=FF!xAKS~SzJP4I=2+*h=k1~9^jP2ZC9%VzI{!+J`?y$XQt)(h{Uw1F z&khLGQy8}~^hH{lY#B3QT9J$Aw>5ViO`F;u;)Y*8iUOMGb_HT3_8?J*-gWH{8{ep(v52@ zmEsejXXPlk!_OZ5;U8w$>eX8U&HC}4>`K)+Q+NAT8HnP_M$I%5SEDSqSL64QqZrBZ zWK=Jf{Fq!+@e3kGb8J(y@@@(Neud)|bf@EEKF8AA`jrfwatEd36;xSN@*atVNQX~l zD<(3dcD33r5>P`>E+#1d3YWk^4Hq?4;l~p=b7~XhkV-%J>NkUIMdjCM^Gv5o#v?&% zfU%Aeid`qA!^c&aHt;Pqw828BUXA;NFYhE6CRWtFX%9g>Hf#)K4t>2dqi&&(q`;XF zCW}*%usHzg%C!{>&JOyd-^FU7>^HsCmS_acX-E4x#>Ra-pv(?tosb4`fBpUxvXc6; z==TgVOU8I!Y-K5V=7#=^-aNmUphy?9a3@xscNCxR z3Y*WH6{$8DKwm{=*a1Qy!MEsnYLq|aGrQoy!WIs!q2Vm1(z2Gt;Kd&>(IEEoZdhU9#4!K z$6~EFK{l6}n~dbuYIJ^~{shM-12;$!UH2o@g48>k&J~4c4BQ@8OBwT(8Pk4m6*c$x zjply1I?1=yXQ_V8{rF!?@O4ozO?4TTYkD;o^hBp~)N~VfCE7be_Nsv9_r-IxI$TQ`)=bR zKP}uk#$XeI#?v?8Oan5?t!e>ZcC&rzUt$cV@38+3BwM< zYcl@YObv3x;nE18I%eT7LQ}q=bRmQ~6AZK7kV_BUKI|!^8}^KybwaA=APat2`&kI% zx|N#H#Hu0gcO;?077C+VI%IIpnAjr2BoDZW zy~e+E8`=w9aMR~?(N8ws2-E4pxxyp!c~IQ}sk_#EFkC5=pO5zE4-*7moiV&Bice<2 zN0!cNPYKcQn6m_qJP@|SyykZ65`&P_Ss z=dddBfTfCe7Vi(gH;zyOTjHdh27@%^ohetRZlH&^tAZJ)tX8QPn-|B66Q6x}Q}zXv zV_mOQV-bX9U`;Qs(bct2hVQ8_G#1$yco}Vub$wcx!qy$~P#tc7^&rLowvooE z4I|BSO7YHLP@k4wN*SeVcxv5tId)lTg*X(D5y$tO8T_-xw(Kf$LI#n+z0?_izaBM&(KZ4j**xh}h?PmoN zHtVrED|18W_#i|Pi^-Y|3eS|KU6({`9Bo+7p2YoMQJmCQQFL3 zls3zMDDAI)tY7_DzxsV<-TW6-&i2)h?Tboh`=ZjnqyWH|6ae^=0svo90D$cahwTgJ zO9}w6f8l&d0e~+l0PrOR0KTLEz?T#N_>uwuUs3?zi$w=;e2s(Si_+)#qVzew=Fjmp zFOIKyaeR%3<7+%$QUc&VQo<*N{$KOu{Qsc%|2_2oO!0qaC;iLk|Gy}H&VR@C|3mTr zgZ!U0{NGXhYyiN2Gq7B(*41`fW9#sluD$d~Yu;Z>3*znz<0Ivh&D4}7r*Pm#v>~vF zXlWNi@p1l6{&sic(*~VH`3vRBNQp4!4R~b*EJF5&4zFH(C4qi?_u0qKf;uwwTPZbg z%-4z{)qLpg40^q{d&u^TzIs2M&*Y-#lS)n}2Qn!|q>e@-GiHyj;d&JT1SUhTZKlS2)Jgw&_F=v??t=B&Qm3s9$xlk zzxB7hMMO7bMsySyJu|_Q1hki51R0ac?A(K!M4f;0f9OPZJ;(+2zTI_VWc|(9 zN=stuzFxZQ{O<5MR1)xH*nFbq`rt-9y0wkS3nvAoN2z35jzm;Zu>Y3E2MkGmSD^=| z5 zIZR2Es&dbFqmn!g)!OBllW?@^y#@aq zw`ar*$nC8e($}qew8-m!arTZux-{F`Zue}>wr$(CZQHhO+qT`aJ=?Zz+qV1kyVqKK zeQBPLZ$gIkY$a->&>mFU`XDPsK2@2?OAjrbPr*!pPG{4c~f@#!*VJW?4 zr;e?gxd_BWkQnj=VT2kOXT7hxvubUK0?_3cY{&|j$SLwgl!5f@sANYW1{?nb=Qc%p znAbo}GAAc~bFo%V-r9@D&~3B`nFDV6tymL7x!`fovW zp^jYEPsGvY3!mTcs-<(o>)n6fio!kVKmJlc4*rlojw-Hp34eePbDuJpjJRB`D zHMQT8=2tR0XTBDC)s@YPn>jgIGZ7gs6)qma7LYdJk48TWPTvaUrY2>ugJ_Tdv=liC zsn?liRAxd;LQgRdA|56l(gy*`nwZpGRLd{TfW%TJ4mA#GuO!W&w|9wXY5?n4R>UtQ zLgtT(2>vXl6^)qKaL-0V0?~%#DDie^{%$u(#KI~nZ683OCLzZ#fB;Mkb5xY41W>eyc3DfJ=ES{Ww%%nW|H z4dbF>T$1k0;A#Cl_Q-I%$Rfm`El4Zw_Vdzkj;%E5w2>G89(bP^8oIyD7$41~ zl~GbxP+}YiDUiS~M%{pIZtf-#W(J}weL<3Y@Hbabbj*{`foqD@7zrvm;&V>G2xM51 z6|?vmp;YR8Gh7u?+ZTttH++pKipc%xdImkv&I|psh0m?kvQQ3?<_oV2xXTN!m`cc` zs=H+fQUbUB=ONhX1lU-H0r(J8dpy!mQ*^(;gn=G`k|ZLq3ZvjY(qVdvZg_CwQU9|f zBGBMo^)nkNf=PoT>9 z#SPT7lm4sGAM4WO;-C|GMBFsQ!$gEeJ(S@7IsGCr;{Qys1UUsb4>pok@Aw3xFhVkM ztPyeIQ2?x;p2|>)!zk4d(Odk}1P5_AKfkz%cCBb6{8CZpCf=)ZiqCD}a zA9@neP!dD&Ki0{^tAy~!>gPb>r%G?Smjk4>yt-739G;DjcMZnV>!@2u zNeS|)*$E6Gu8P60L!Z8$j;9+rs;Sxi*bPDS>tUs0DJ4;)%JYtY68P39fXt0az#`Z< zSM1mSJm|OtEDJfMx?FbEgB;>d!Te8wqRL%MRn#mnEoBCBLJVeJR_?I9`Ygm-ZG+I) z%e*KrO+NYM2mo#);Sg^*_Rko(4D|dI_=7t~vqa&L0A`Dwh{C9q;?h$2;`V5qvy$CL2rSbC`NR?Lv`9z(3=T#*PONdabpuS4!nW_!6%nT$+gO1?gaEqm5cxi3jce;o{Gm{L553jmoslpEC=~?M=Z*_@r zGX%jO6rv83zm5Q4JrIJ*oQuLJk>b&tN$@%Fae##5&nGgo%LN7v)V7IrOvHgKT8c$w zxD8|gF@}l3GLjPz67^Ju$@Prd6FAtQ3^N0>MBzs9+2|JG?-%|?n1kF;3W^$rhCtXa zK_&t!LySXXB*sg{j{y7(gHIP@zh&?PeLYEboTkdF}E!;U_1G_no*^ zh}Z{}EG-h_cw$06RL`!t1XPws#?Q#|N{7??_m!8{vFl}{43?1&F`&x@q7Bxb)=B+L zPZ4?x3#vpw#u0f~MN*wUtU@3i3BT@Qv{IsD6MHSO8KW5TP=SC3&TF1+kp|8@s*9xh zs937sl2~iv`mIo^P^S`6nRCfdaXKmnVotK8M#f$sp333;^NPdhe1T;HWy)iynfX3} zB?EZ`^nK{C=tRX}>dD~Zty-`fkN|0cNc$<}@iRO~FU}%3UGdCFIH_#CeW*zS(|$7I z`^#_V@9vJ?{pD%3dv7BBF3nSZ;?=2)?G5yl06jFhOf707Yb36)F71kBT!bIX-kml_ zm-XuF4>snB+q7q*UaA$f*U5a^*8;{z)*wgQRQ8mPN?aTu5cy-D$?Q)OP|!7>?&L}gSyEwN)2?*n zmA^9e^<~2BZNWO})SwOBxz)FO_otHT1gTnJ;-DCkI(y2?LS@>q-AADPl?4u9Wz zF!8Py;{1Rxi8#5w;s6~sga@UcnTAgR7+A+pOp%rI5gs8o4Tc81&!t?))lvZrI*R5x z55=sRXALt0ab>jghULG<_uPN8M(N*x9v9zWXS^Z$bvsX+Qa`->0p5tsk5-c%2U6^i z9zIBAF?Fzy8{;&IG9Ro^j#i+xDxoBF^|GaQ{pmz zET7&y@6%05B#z&cdCD!|237xQ>(02KUbPI(@#S!j@5WIcb`(52Dk^K2Y*z&Z0XURq zpOnq#%i*~) zL5wIgSG0U0SLbiXv=aIw@Qj>Dj}Zke{CW&&MH+mx0?6W1`i!rgng=4`d8l3BoT1y1 z-sXBBS;roaf+sz&+-biq^1hpp8P$=Vx%XTKuhmg+3wlJ5WdI3x zo%IR%?uC5Q4f3$B;SK)#I30YBVu~O=aJ+<$2i7cYTUj2N)Nw9edj1XeMizF`b3Ln2 zWjXcq6;z2y*s&OBn1v-dd|F|vxQQ#lbslL&d0f3KKO+hrS!sV7A2s-xpTFkcT2y4X z-3=AhNyk7hw93}_AjSb%b!-Kz0>guFn>7i5DTdikBA%Il3uI|12N#?)l>_Zb2Q@^M zhV!VG1_|nIx$z#~LO=&)#s-xl!5fT4;vLJ#3FM&X0!3YU06_3hxCgAuOf-C&H~s}) zgW(EM17i|16rO>cLeWsOX(0}RW{>{V&<25nPWGMZg|YntMsGSrQ9e*QG=Nwdv1vgG7@K z@Q$nrjfS}k!3K*IOiwc%THNMGLqqD{NqqQftIc>+ZR(7=y4$~1(1AjBjP6da{z&&w zE_U>5br&H1N_-;hX>_svzV2GpnjbAu-z|p5CKPx+3Y}=}wf3iv_o3^~!0?w~iiz-m zDV{kT_@G@Lo1o@zA||{lN5c7>!s!n!ePMKQwY%sA%{AX8{X zdw+gkuUlkjF@xQ86uO8GJY;aSDWPWvDb+29~zUu*9h~(9T z20*yL_w#I|FMmby!Qeb``9}2`9m-TSXW9T-v;8@~x4mU3*xGcsRzQ7xDA#83#vRM~ z;8V-;uWIq%af!wwcGXYj?4FtItJ<)MtA@t(9{bldDp)G0#SSLyq@B6#*9*Q%DH8XTZZM#R-IbwPL0>+#X|x>&asCUQOso z)Dm-Xy=1LA8Qp+M-?DJ)^Kd>{k*yI3ube1t+WZ_sduX&(wR|;_SR59RiE)=-+rG6F zRBEH*d_MJiGM3%DVV&0Qko7p7hfXOvVdc#xr~MT1%XL&snXkZ7ugNn1-NR7RdRbsX z1*S+Y&hCV~cq{m~=(=&c`FShndV(=t0(-3kIFmgL)yasWV2 z&4*Q}>{6#vUMq}c{*1LuO(}Ee#m~RjA$`gjZC^+IsB%f=ttn}^hXW7HQqV5+iEWMH zIiF9d$=F;r7O;sND~=?M0GP_XeO~j>nEow30*&1Ry8zX-qBDRa6wI$P=+J(SXRn6M zzgh-QzyD@Rf7*TosT#^^I*CxzVZXA>up#9d2uz-aGioLcS?MQ2dFyjpF3-axPhjk- zJaw$$cwMxmOSgQ!%#uiFzGA)hz3%==hjBG{&j%ol=7#G7HKA^T{E*iVAh)gB!@l9G_#asA@*7hCVUSL zBr+uqnupTIAN&h=f!*j2A4;N!F3Jic1U5s$!Rd$RIiG zyedipK8l*_!3V_M@m21O)82z7y!&6B3R>R3EHL zKh983&dse=bX+ROIt?oKfX^Y$3lIhBdpiCe#%IGI% z<7Aw=(+txXz7EN7tB9++mJQ}0*9~$#)|M~~p3;Ro>im$r4tRr}4~!fC4o_;XITo_r z@sJSCepwHz>X#$Yi*-zSbS zl7XLPftQ7-^|O|gtqDpiG6PkZT1<;)7@WD0n&X|B|8qE$nd_N{vJsJ?Y?#|cqcz8~ zh;idm+;>~JDS*l;|5?wJJ!`$}yn$sGf1+_J>8%u$8QsKz)MY(?4x(=2{Q#~(=}xJ` zhc*h^mJDgo_80j|i>#Pk0}02T5;166qNjs$^}Ws4+M=U=XYb;;$xyy5!%vBj@`HS= zr}-sq;voqVc^z|}#Mq7duQCjM)EF&44>Up!977VjBI?%KNiN4CYL?SrZ$^y$!54XK z_48%2mgD{xL+5)u{z+hke`%;ze8~i05QM?Zd56H5d@H6l-a~(g%j~WCrjc&nSSLzL zFITXkpcytZ^;8k2lkkt?I;3x8N6uX~fG&|opkYqS7 z5H+{wvOylKB^rmJR|Hy%Es9u{D#3Mbe?Y&ZyoAm{}OCj#zn= zoT0!WCBe=Otw2lT0lc+{H$dmVOXxO~5+4((6Qnm@q@E^mXC%P__>L|X`v2%bx$pl@ZXwJu;QF*6dFW?G=lRhBj z)404L9R#?Uu3){FoUXXPh8b;J;^cjXgnEPhiYA}jd(KqE(V&BnTWTehyLRyljT^Ml zO-U~d$Ez-@)i)tru?pyH1dcVSAw^blkd2N>2fAVmK(UwEROx$lQtYNJXt6YTr!@(M z<63Ny{QL6=YA*RZ`dK(#zjXbv11C8xO_vx%77z5>ownqEut1h8jdJdd{lDIn7$?-!8Bb#?7c4*oJOEBV|OKu8g2okR@wMj4V z#IAkMPr%r*!w|xPpo@B-#VWnno2>$DyZ~38-MDe-s8FEHp9z>T_J^B#3g)76G_GLT zbt73|%v%|dt5ZKoSNE(|b!S5s|Cl_fHniB9unI0$rC)OTvD9>@`$ylUaBoyz9+hWL z&g=xgFI|Uuf+98H?XH+5yWGSX5vr_FW=}hv%mt%zwFc_-3DTX5^!*8h^C{=yYIHiD z$RJl5AN#7L4sN$`s3Qc+I*}?cab58`jn*_ahc+i3>0~BPj%QrpY`(R-oO<$^VR+$} zJO*1l0s9L+wPiHvXSZ`%+TN}YdvZ4mU}j3OhzE#Jqe@iYDPZv2VU8Nc+T)HTaGgT@ zk&CZPrPpySOLqv;!P?-V&*&N))VO9tU`g@8u(UuJ`S^)ykA(N5WNGB+tE#62N0O-`9fI%Y@?(Z^s zXLD+KRUC96(Z*0?ghswtwV*))3+!2($uN#fVub*lKDYqk=mCTjPzZ=2L4kyN_0oOW z3FPYmoXdDO(DPt_o#4UK={o2z7rEj=T%CmsW#82h1Dp)N`i+c;fq%k)mAUoG*^!d{ zPh&!N(jomh{iDD5X2S7vspdF}e3nJ8RB;<`CTfZE@#wviK zHMd_rE7a|<`gLp|+)hm;ARk|xZ|OVbn<@d@o-5tLDER3iv@mcVd^G@S3n`RdSvi=1 z;fw$PS>KQ7+`>F+cx33C;BJnbXx5K7TRwm^vLOJ{@{c&%D@Xp$mYHrG?Z&-oC_(q! z4vjj{ZdJ&`T>$<}*FpE0VrZeBOp7Kg(kr(LEHDEA{D#Y7jND z4UmxcIIwqtPkjKUF<2Cgk8OY7s}X!SKgJDkXuF`+KKO$lakg}Q8sDdu(ZU_H9&5T7 zH#mTo<@@Vo>KM%_u^`i(?W^ukN(1wP8jo?l8`u8t5GCb!G``x}G$=kbrC(5feuG4S z3N6AXybWmlyS~bRUz{qKy8*x>ALJ;mlHU|7-!-Q|-w2?*JGre;aco0<06pE{K44UU zE`6PN-?kawFt6JypOoX@{5RiKqVv=9_pA^fAm6Y^XCTi|ACSYhi?GrAT|5Y-00X{l z8hu|Q%D6{R&-ZV#N|?}t=6oQ#XRp_iLGKoQ^mL|#Y-^*Ju*zR6lfK{+h%tWX_};tS zK4bv;ztKK$(PWfma9VOhXk%i#@zG?MzPS{Dc7vS0ifQD*#Q~6l13(k@MWWWl0Rr&Z z&^h|)y3wKF0P*9@w0;9D>yY(;gcE!-%i7cXg*BJvUei*(@-lF~=F72Zf97yqt^A0y zMWTWB_hgM6ZxLo66l|OqXvkP9sR0GCiXf4=vr^^WK!Q!@YkYPo#uweHnu=ECbyXBW zJIzv6TLRRL-DmLzx@KaC;dF^J+wj1?>gQT9bj?cfa1On=G}@^acco@WNv}w`Gai)6 zh6%TT@gwTA!(21s@|sf=9zT=l-T-IYDaG>U3}q>VhLhExLRjWAgek~x5n(Qf$}dbEazn_CQ6 zU{l{!{GF!pUJ&1lGidGhr)`xd21lFn2+;6*;i#Z(;cl^DevmuRTF0c|3xSS$Fj>Qs znUzG(ZB(KuP=SiKMvipn-fq|D4$)d$H%Tyu@L=hWTwz#V%KRWhcqvPYBB^Qobol~sCK!{ zBvflj7pbqbJ`)XbtbsJaGP1dYx_WTyPr4ZsrO`{D1>~IiktiMLPHEO@N9z5iXOp`S z?!Vk1qhGU*9*5SJ37_mCHCjN@$6bbvgjqhWsHVS#3yL50vn&b%dPlG6Cl*+NF`fh> zrciO+ZjPCj%6zxaG4qfVGsC>GEOWLbrbVi7=-gadvMKJ$IIX!@iVOH6damorPY%O< z@8`r`a1J+5Cixzg`L#{2Trp|1SlA1nlleGn-rgc$LTXKPXmcyS9yU6h6F#lv`afKf zqD_Q0A;I<&`FuhT?Mns~RZY<%OI$?Y$FyGlOl?Xou|X|4>wfrGFY+HQ7VS*6)<(S9 zmZzJm7P1sK*=jLaVR6$dE%DM)%C#jji$NJJ8iwJ2+z`+wGKI0m+P$?^`%lFxh34G# zh0i>vB>d29T!t$6(sTyJ@k}c*(|a+=4rVs$QjeKGx}kL3wF+MZ0J#_NZ9QhRMv!O` zcBQUzObLbf4y;^+Z=p2qHBY|~?zeM2?++>=cwn>ByO+IuJT8yc*V+sa728dPqY^~| zX>$c|Eex71#r&*Y9naD*yA*Ean4LSqA~X!j)XZWjGL=DMEE{g)$y{fTtgB&t51^vq zbvy|$JK)P44u>phR~7rh(lW0FB1t7rHZQL(w4OTTwVpp)K_stTFSQ{F_7F6@T8Zvf zu506^(PWR3b-jUH1{S_vO1%h zRflX^?re2AD=Q71?vs77G;icXjK>zeyRP;C0?ZN6ap-d#^RilBLz5 zKrysS5nt?8sdrL|T9rD29aHO+gbSP#vj%`#>zxmlZI(}s_j30LA!qmWKK}d*;N8X> z$fe?PJQx}AvjZ#>fn{M1p8ZD*%*%D!L+W{~B%RF@pO_BG>%qs_GE`e5S6yxVJ2xVK zivDkdx>(P9!Y4u5V=hC*OF8qF7v?}&9~PFHB!{v`sgCI9?nb1RY?a`KF2~gM6=#mR zU_ew|m~GS5G6K%wQhP0fR#GBy6nB#E4W9A8F-BwM%FcGH_YSFQqYdZ}}*$?dX5 z6(sE4@!9d!w*i(DDq7XwM0QPAlT|tmfr0U3;pAE~7r@=<~a88v0dw?-C!= zZ#lIQ1*`|&TU-wq(^uCdT^@-^F$cl@v~wDhMXO@%AHi;~0mP=Qe_NwJkS4jwNh9FZ z^K%`W?|B~nq#|F$O}t#j`8be{=|W8ucNv?a#%Df?o#MC#G)h=M19c3%G#PI~aucN??*-%51i))FgUuhvaC}P zv}r+d>E_f^iLJB3nO73L^8zbCU^?Klx2XWI6Bi#F)_9OSRsu?XQLs8 z0<=Li3Ztm5cK{~}3T@cxz!`rhXW7QfN(eveM8f=9aI_U(tJI~Ef4GE8Sn{Vt0`2v1 ztPfz0*yN3j0Re9dou99(F`h&O>rS}2Zu3S@qE#1|p57XybqJNiI936V4Caxh+|gnp zG^Kk)Y%(T6Vk>g|jpBh0+UUl-)bSYQSgdBY)t%qT8IdSych(tgeG6`vyAE*+w>7AV z{n|3ncD=&K&s{4%!5=#s%cgSiCN;kk`)Xo!q4IaWs!C|U4;}BL{{axUHqzj?88m`^ z-&&()(7+(LM0u2GP(*5cN1LcmSN*0?s|MoAoKQC%zRS=sZ#xbBxV70;Haf$Oa&C=c zD5dZ6=u6#NKto5=CRzIBxFs(tZaftuwWMsQ4AzAfLW(b?)g!srr72b>D?D!~g8eck zw?#OrO1XNql0po|=mUE1QkF*J)34_I6-utdIsZzO<-LylxN@H|!v1FSA%j51Plk&FxW*sAZDKz^j(SDy1F}z-b%@0Mh;)X zn{3V9aq8bg?XO^ZR$H4Kx0#uUlGqwGoLVC_Nc554LE}lPYOVO=nv6BE5t!0TAkwRR zLq}CGOQJA<&%MuQpua5M+Mp4V#s>Lb0u^Jjn<+d&ZiAs%F3Vl61qDvp46fgo7DcH1 z_)UPuy)6}PEJgm1>LwJ-b2rJMf~?;3PF9UZL6)Gi2i&oPF>|)*yLB@z74BEm*6QnZ zWUH}A=I{q$D-_lxzI_DKM{jb8Kv1I0Rv1xY6f-O(5KHd8RL_)3*w8$e9tYBHUVeFJ zq0GV>@{)X7k!iPkP&-?`Gz4Mx9}w*}U@kG;x4)NE?rJc;!~^Kg-?uL>o<>#(5x6^H zpzc3<(ys<|dRbZ-PnkUPy^h+j+ahv91Xe53fIKjP^AO^S6P706gSXJ!F0{V}8i)n? znU-8uB}}D8RCfF#k!U37UFIN0m#%6cZ??T1 zZ5a}Z=Tha$420@s2c@cHZ2OzMWg_&r^o$x=&vPQd*_Z;E6=f&PkTaRwQO<2UkaB|S>tu7QVT@l6-ff_s3mA~t#Ry8s@e{Z?bws9oQZ}? zy}Q_-31;|?@@wl_j}QqQkueYq9&NkIV99BhO+QBwWo;??{b}G@#QE30iNUQLAq*M_GwxhNFnZSA)%s*i zWps!BQpC0>RR(mN=dO2yy*z1-ZEBg=rX%tJUG6@u2Ze0?mUFng?G56zy*YN_d4{RB zla=}vka*p-P$25-E}2+Bqgb0`le29%v(TXO)`!*6ZQOd(tMJJv$Jrz0FHU`L*xr@+ zV#=8F$1PWG)C3?RKBddQ400F^Dsx1K&mX~un^;cMEo){M*|uYG(#zuXf;C&p1RU5BBJVo_E z;R}6?rL7>vc}d17nQ`_7kZlZSk6}`Z@E?}l_EZ~#{&?cWg*c}75%!}G#kUtCSqf2!Ak$_C8#JCIiZab@m@crWD-{^gS~yB>2;}mPUB~1CFc5 zuPC|E#!&J5iMV8uLPUJ#)%Fh4t^_p8oVI<2<_E75;lKzFsQZSw%Cgq>%ifQq&v`H* z;b*6M&#LCa!>DEmAXO36YQs5YP3-kEc5XQWwC@@ z&mW0$gM)BBLpzHhc#QcK*-N)e@8cj+ABx<;cLD&_8v9$94|%yw`a%NKZ^enri-1F7 z@UF)g$R|#&F{K%VWl>;Wn;G$_4LibctYpvWQ|D={`vBep^Xm}tx@O39zrRO%Yt$ZZ zFuE1zeenlbzu+~kJ0S#OZNm^jE^Xx8h1fl?>R%~^&(q9-{Z*?jw53~9CsWp#*Gd#Z zwNu!9n7Hbu^7I&ux$NRbOGeXbXdebi!`sii-Oq@&->aQe#J#z^&IX#^E-a5gS4B7t zkBTjFQxFWZnOuQf)yO>rMD`bw(z|nQ3RE8nMNq)C*ITde!W%hcvT6Hsl)rwtDMNUs z8^=|<-a}s(aUXPSM(O>LPzb@B(PVsjOvM>g&gkc)WL=~Kc724(cqR4V)wDt&rsf@5 z@;#yhrnS#qJ}}K0kg6{OxGH+=Vk?3D07bWpEEXX-h7|b2Yw75ixEbTF zzlDNVy~un|hs{>sl%mP2IT?jK?3&VSMI6NHwhqr7_X6m6&tBR`2hIv2rvjx+Dv>r2As|7{2Qc*`}|!`e($jg|I}u@ZtP_c>HEt(>}j~? zqM&w2O2wGu?l_i4*$t7Q_qQwBX}{`SxWQRf(}J;5l|95oTd1NjOa4d24RlVAtxOPy zS38cS&$X*pKaG|tb$Cj(<;D?{z9|G=USj4Rt zskiX~5&wcIA1`?-r$*@PJLb6rw>G2~S-GSwC}9KS&jyPqh~Y(4l6W0sZYfDsik39U z%9E{nv9IGr!0ljH9x)Y%OG6zi)h1aZ-O=dgZ2WookN9g3V&QFk*5Y3XRu}hMo3M-F zJRa$Cughmr-lpg}I-dn&x89oXDqy$o{!~noo^#IVCP9h@ zu(DJns%af!$sl&ZFU2!KZ+;l*qq1V=tSzJn@>>={@g|c&QUY^1w^rpUu8zozL`x zE-^g70LFskZgQq{!9L!B7iK(8SnWj=qG(&Qb%>dqQ`b!uj2Hd%mKc1pY*tKfL9u2D zgBf{8l_f4Fen-`_9WQAR%a7ZeJ)XRJhJ$$Y4{ngm#9wW>+1=(v$w?BC;6X?;!nw-( zg&%yUwNdj_A`LB?TA|(&CU?kYV13~;&oKfyJJ-iZ=049(!zM_HnWr#YV*Xalv5kXT z{f#Ip98N#^nL#j1Zd7C4mNss6tXUyE zC&2J`!uZy#4_6A2W|^?kp;qT%psI&~o#61_s1r_s>1V^*ir7a^P1lshR2tN!iu}GQ=d-qZe?@dNr^}FA{(9xkL!dI4z7}&)Ar0ncs7W4J9mR$2^ z22`4G!SFf(V-NsKR6@!3Gu9))?Y5y%lR-C^BpX78pCsxCO7pw-aJ0)OunOj)cRwQI zG4<^!q-O0)$Xho^kGXxx^|d-UJt$=6TghySD*e&kE2;9Si?T&O9Q^FC$2}wid`!At zlD#nRBRQ-w zo~yPwMT``mX$gR|o^av#F0X7KQ#g~J5ENA=G<`jLBxny8$`_|OyYl)zg|1PDz^*>f z0DP^`fS>31_@eOw`NU6`qkLM2Br&kuRu%$*CdhVe<$ckeO(L4_DcSgfDwx7eZ=|OS zlQT8eyO~1#7N9-tshD01 zdjP`j*X7e1aV19Vs>gE%8#(p)@E0E(aMcb-jxb;dRgZ+d^4Sf}R0kJ51={k4_6Ua# z%n1bT4IJ$uTftqcmu>KftFw_T?JTLhW$}Xz5vOz&a z^!$sZ0e>K)M=h(tS5f*a1KP^z$q)S1e!u;VI|egAoxC_5iedmdu;r>)$ z+QrK>raK^*VQOUAe?P}R)tk{H&TlftxHa#Gj9=%dyNzj&zJD2=QsMt!t~17e5TO6K z&i)6>`jGZi6KV1e_=0(*957GRA*h`u~MBG5%X|?SIFb z82@SfKkq=`e?-yf>3(P^wjWaKryKt(?IdFBVEtcOX!Jj7XiCCrG(WYBW%R9$@yKWm zZLRHoe$hJoM?Q_##oWM+0C|1RDB(&!>Mz=|AuCe|>3E#x|x-W_V0L;g|of=Kg4?JFbf$_$=4# z5GtYQPxznD-p1c8iHH*^8&_g+`yGf0r30e@Xsy1VH`f3HA}ASX7E?$U9-pOOoxZk( z&R*D~O!{<%#f){+ASKO8P3}=Oit|V+zMNj|J%$qH9O~zs7`Z&tjTgvK z0tp)Hn>=3FFux;pn5UfAJC56Iw~W8H`)YS|V@g#UAouyv(zizJ(=oenz1yZzz(ka+ zG$A^gx}zPwj!Wfa%9)Bv`ff8hJF+j^BP}4O+Vc9eNLk+;nN$}jhC5+|ig-`EWN83H z!4HnYrVAyU)5Si(T1yr5Q?bw~A*@mDd%wPJ7DorLHs4!rC8=sXTx2%5+#w*84+N~u z*NKrZ9YY@wn=G#NSiQQbpea6fV%J`vLEm6s z`B_g1ABE?8$}(r5Zi{NHtf!2*_Z6V$C#P3g_6BrV?!N; z3f3;B%ZvoZE1%_Jai_dWV+ri=J?L92c4Di9L)GPQYTU9nJ@l8eCzIF){CUNzQ)&;u zg;J%QmwzRJh(BN&E>6AHS$I$i$wvUA8_6*G0#5-}y3=?}vR~I%#2%PYAV00w@t6EH zCW%TlH7+Ho)oPNYaN4Y_12ggHYw#ZUE#PpxqCY*90mGo-0_=(K9iOOHf*Z$FKtOk{ z)@#dEnog_nZL;__waY!y(_$LY3sCgD_+vF?^WnGIw~nuzMNrZ%Q4z*L-s^W%(yq$B z7{LUfqgZCJ)SHR2l{xMa#k3&Xu_OEV!ddyn5}tUqoD&sGwOK{I#{exhlTp%$=xQC4 zjZG2IDKLh(Y`0mF@oZ=ehuqAqorD}Pdv15Y=nJ}i|1~Bvlm>(|B^8+CPkkg3^*JdNqp2_^K!z#ev z5tBJj5Uo`7Or5P=CR0s1tS$CcNfYPLs6rmb zddLG2>0R(bpxa8wC~e3n|N5k=Ni_E6Q}tWVVqAFmK*|J)F*rvL(?_H^w0pGL*gwXD zUwNelTJNK-vnUW_1cvXZ3BN&F-$hVHEWvUSL*%{@A*Ux?*j@RbPIK3qd+8ZFTp=RX zwzs!R73^H4Sn~QqJHGquJTIq`kko`()jqwGv*Tc@I$?6ze0lVI25|IgOIE-Xxr75 z+dq(!UUnLZH5iFGTXx8lp<*yMU?Jjd7ts;a#vmf78O@v9X(#6R!}hyK%`yiJAV|TK zrzHbtRiv<3s%oA69@_Lumf6cyRWuc{85CmCj#plYKHo9ewv(;_Np_>gbJf0PrM#-Q zn^cy?3R}w&JXTdv} zX_A_+lEayVz(TBd9#v1WaiDdV2dzwZ@IcY}jpJ+?;u5l9&^pwv+fi5VZ`rEe`?!}s zu8iLUUg1)`3P=((+nuzjY6C`NDe%`G#{|y_XS7!+AaW{x@Ru_e#@$IdhpR7nk-q&zN?mk`kidtx|iuxeW!-U)w3+Kiai zy!g>T;WcIs$Q4~v(KY5BT>198zrEeI*FL)}H7$Ej+`c~bv)qc01wg~Jgfv>q`J_E1 zdX_t7FD65_^&jM=KsX?@-T*t0T)Ccbx`!-e&k!D5#B^;+Ci&#IYUOQ zUxO9?EPyKePc-?QG!3TONkruSlg&7H)8;<8CP@mbdJ5`KCYnua^;q{)46i+Awc0e0 zC^)j@o$Ji)LINzIY#9Ab2}z`E6`Xt7HwG&>ugas(tbe_N8Nt}EE7I(3#^B6QV)ksP zTj-d@Rtp|yx;6SR62A3I^dum0QLKJQfFW7GTP&SYwO%}&FoW&I^#HA+YhL{m#B-D) zJ!O)RT>sOav+=fF+K$OG6xGaLo~}#Uc75l`6-04S8W{YZdLr7;2?JJlA{S}s2#3o> zdV$Ag^cjcDL5Ifu__0~RX3^|Un)NH&cq@+}qv%~D_7vZZQ*xrrQ1PD~U8@V)(2RC> zE)yXFA}$=vSQ(6HKDi^j93s}7ayohwh=D$N;|m)CTZOVpYD3j35MF@LvO`)1L^JT0 z#|ZXM{^3|s^e}&_reguQlb|-V#4|Qzy<)13g$gpek7$zOtI$mAlGQtxZkR}s+J3y7ha#r}sP4&su_g_;;Y3foznJZ8SY zq_q=r4Q{H(I1~KHY^)4UHh$Hk*f1SVqVNC*Q2XXKTVeJxfXCL-fFy6S5E?VL*sZ_H z_UDzJq+P#OcAJDw=}hBhLD+T+a%hmzZ0Dci)$swhb2TuZ{6>5SC)S&LnkEEF#V`@T znu&GiX9E29*$OC$Q;gh8u~TA4i3}{7JM4A(rHOzq1lHpghcg>lp)6sl~4xt zBOUsEbTq-6_Z(RVk^E-ha^9Ws$V*@k`s~&102`bz^{FMy?++rT@%Kw&VRHr#D}r{A z1QW{pPvmPyJ4;8=hwx_Gv$V8iuC!(P`Y|J`li?Xz2-td^e!?ds?wdi4Q7K@Pn)Q@J zz1iW_I0g={kJB-Lrs38F_ub7n(S^qx6azP;B8KDZvIIvuA4EHBZbGJy@_ zTwrgK3C>q+F>go}fqIUM@ctH00xpH#(HlV!OX%eSL^d(V)aB-e?iD(gUpfg0tPe~_ zNV7TAUgQJEi$Pm+!JQYx`?#SKn&Nw_%me03KbK?W3CmxK<4wt(X@Pa~)iNhRcn9tb zj5+Ut@icGb^3y9|U;j$@hVmGp_=CID?Hq%tr^x`wBSF zdiSZFE6Vy3k#nM6buTBJ6!m>hus|_I{TD4x>F^zV|8e+Fc4sB6PbjZ0^RwX;SYVFH z=6gD!*CWzASRkQLbQ^!7BtBB=4Ok*HCkaZX$7{Mccr{l9r~xGF+t4KIRX(RVv_4~R zu{^3oI-yFMtg#O{pfo>k@z}|dDQnydVlLGD`F=^F3M@5B0yf&gynB}E+{AFgZI>QS zw(3S0DQJu?1A&%0!)C`GNE|OY`i=J#wz+yJ0TB)B*St|lPNJS;_FIPv#}?AgzTSzH z1MZAKqVT43+QhI2En}Qux?=a_Y5HbSI*IbKDF?Xv{KK^Ad9T*IRQ=<4iQCSAScym% zfGurH^YxNbplMnYsL`BD8oHJDhA=r{8KPg`z8RY7Hd5kCHQJZUF%cD;|0nFbpdc=J z7EJFnwrF`~ZxL%kqvd!^p*&w%vrTx{tlraLo_a=_ty!RYmxn4M1w&GgsLtU>_^&Ow zLlO6PzzBzeh0}*2u{WiK5;cyYXO2m_<7gqCwE-r~b!C@Y$_cf8eFD;GWNb^a$=2b6 z$DV$)%UmA-ax)RA5sIRiYz76Hp1WK0L#ie)@)j;6umBco`SVC#jWiO0JccZE9eZa~?J!IwR3{?Y-VZEk_i=$=JG6p=9Aw6pk z)yVJl-ZRFDvjNQdp&^c*n*2MOmzPx&(dLzz&ruRrs8fG8igtU6lW_)taN|Mj$*^?? z9m+q!vDuFxZodk7)&a-LQON@(81hPNKHicBI&yP8kI3EK6%O;#5W=|11F$t6mYAi9 zf;Ill1o%?Zf_4=#MqKKVFdB@pmP~f{6^Uz)f0W<@ z&>`Vq$YH?h^2AI$HN32|rR(XAiv%E{<;c@9Jlg7eRrPy^+h%N7!Onq)P3Nvf{TA;t z3LtQZ_3`H8;pMlZDAMW-lOUR@*Mkq=Ko36fBB$2@6!cb&6~vOglz*4Y?hr3;krD+$ z6o%;5JDC-+DmOTi9h>Wx@Aq7{H{Zd458_GheJu7scd0DtmMA^<2Fb-J{cvMVifM3` z;G8=oBzy>P$w@OE{qoi8Wq|HrR7$RKfETOk$L2R(9$^@N(tzx-H7$D}h@Wog&gX4P|Sj5-?CC8tLrp0NP22|Rqsiu@ZLD+5$%>+L&{cX;xa zPsvsIq~WF?_x?4l!*?MJ9?rOY1lUice41$%($uXh#LHY`4cj9CR2xU$h3%wPfh(Cl zB}uGX_hF!`{zNW!@`XD?F4@LH^nE!qsBDtv|HIik2KN%R?VkC^wr$(Co$T1QZ5unb zc5G+Iw#^;ewkOYd-*f8JoSLbr`O?*Qud4pAs;hdf-@2~rJ|j{kr$*W)TY+qc^V^@` z?dQ(Jd*h8bkP^LADuQa11pQ4G@2{;sG4*u~@~Q*l_9>aG;CUPP53NJQ2bv;PP?H(d z6iR>zaD7~&kuQ84U2qtj4_>Ovq~b&G^-MYcghgF~Fvf@TXip^h+Ydw4=?LWYr!|?t z@`-I=KL1r)>y)8loe8I@FH=YrE!3_)u7sIj1Z~9I-PUeg3cIcM^VZn zmIqllhBQXWqWp zTb?O9q~2R_@E~Cyw0=zf{srs0&@(ltzd;{Gxxs+?=Zkpw@WM5fP7X-Zw=<>GJ=%`~MGg_@BG~|DB{T|9~T=|6Kn6pcD&xTT=#8FLO&X21{FW z`u}l9|HD@pTx=Z}jJST{^x2I}4UJh?{vV*qf3cse;A7RPlo>g7*J99&%pl*%K1<6UwG>WFERfV|3zMY3YMSZzd+be!TMAD z7Y+N*%l>Zwhe5^E!{ujk{y(!CPL3ax_P@~@z*LS@9LtJp*z+Te)!MeO%T%y?0y7Yx zL2)qv!x0gb4kj;KL77zZcP!yI-;A@JV;OOlt{8iYWb<3YsL|#w?6v1iTbjU;{*k~D z*mtTb)8}!iz(LPM&y4^5(2VKVowMGB`1fgh=fQTK{!`xP)j_Jl+;r5(FQ1jt592R6 zALsRp%o^&fPJ;DK#b=Q(-L2oBHMQ%v9+wNZT0H0-Mr9*0*6-fWD=$xRBb5}}7VfVu z`mCx`Ep8oFWzPy$!(OBCEAvU6!zAarns8*>Uaiju|3=b7D%MmFIh#G#RXds)?rX~2 zeJ6BPS1!iu85)ONxTKim!WsB@dExl*{aW4fMJ!J&85`k!lhj}RZx8)VDwlC7tjL~%|BHh;P)5U-eMPoEk6bxY*` zWsGeVsbPbIDAP_;(TU>*i6pb>c4C?JJXC{+^P`#01P2o{$I)ZnLeh>`@6=!R{T&wT z(~kY7yTYca`OwjTbJtGk?z+y5VL^ERkm!$gKHIXi+6q50OuptARpGetS9JzuSQm|2 zZ$b4z32R86s+tWu3N(exU&GpVc<<+ct6S4gw`2xU+veZBjGIQ`T2RVkdfcZ^SNu-i zcfg67*w;he*Hj*&1=%ZEjhTW#QRQ}NrN4Y_$xPGflK#ARC--<8`>yPA45E>$!i0G>@CnyrmK!sG|~jd;LPH;TpDON48f_@s_Zl;U#KdYU^KYRY%); z3MG^2%#kFG32Fgq1b`ry(K2V^PmQ$-Z&0k zx8%0=?wx$2c^l%VzR#YBzBbVSAite1JrPqaqR9m4j_-Br4;3d5biAR`R_a;YQFVG{ zD_B}rk>nzP#`qSH4Ht(}GG%pVX+2Xfn7VI3L!^GaK(V!f2mm~RsQ|9hb#S@GgW(Sv zz5%0zkQLx{%2U?-kr#jP&t|Urh!m!aYh? zms~@wiNSaA9w=tDV2)(B*O(ou{MA(VYxeVPRqv&?4tI%Lo6p>I#So|w@ltI<@lDTT zi_7v&TS>fhZ`DsmQ`!xQJ;*hx2cYVvMRB|~D=Lh1kfw7s-AP!p5FY@UU3&@ChjEM+ zmWm2>nr>lJHEl&7Q8MH7MvXjs@w2G1_Va~_%S95R5J~uA=Yd`!A5%xutLN~1%rnYjj7;jFD8j5;x2_0h&|=go2p{&8vZ{m@s>?UZG|EKp0I$X0FN9tV))8)d zG!B+lBEN1`|L_JPH@3sPZ*lZ?-U0MVs+qt;6iv60dRl!rF(|=wNS{b_q_x#~NV0x{ zp#j1i=yw))HWr*)jJb@?nkF9YTc;^1bfn{(@Sw z=u?-J%v^F$iKp@K%L+j(>bD?`S99;WUoq6y*lVyHVA*#8DMf|@9AV3f0O!M9Ka<@7 z^WtT(TmPZP358?)M=U`n-}vMm4|;p$bGjY8Jj=w62pxc$y8L&=6FQ=+z<1HptwU=R zREWDjm+Y9U<9e5n^~eUQXe;X2j+}kD)?d-3rl-cV6yp3iq01L?Av*+tcWa~g7kN?26P79@+OyGUs`KIZ0 zA&<;HP#P5Hiz|)|p7lv1Mg%|v+c+xl$?m5qbON2WA$6f+tCgo*=`g>yX|Wldum!on zW8g+5*QpSn zzqAj=t+?-|RmQycB?LksopFL0#L=MV!nqaA|jMpsQ)S_ z`ZE{F>y+|+l%fja9Y|~ zaF=waL9ANAf3*bTF=ZW*8bBM8+ZP4-K%0=5V;@N^osO*`IG}e#)hAlmR}pM6*`hCY z{qW29RZzpU6iqXQ3U*oI?^a&Rvkhb4r|B2bxLTy|;}(fpy}MJ5wNZJX)!%4P&-~cZ zLVv7%nmU~_XXTzV=IRx49Ez^8YGo^E5fY_ z5Y!cV80On2rJ43-;POX1fJcA^Lvi^Fn$EpLUQ%FfmZdb*W?w**%-}wWWKawcF$Hup z+cg+bs!e_(mv;wp-mU8}N}4#1^o?ttUstd@f<(Du5uyk0YJLib4^yXD%kosUaAWBp4`n#%if`K^MX3U-{a z{77QM^qE{iI9()VBbE3M*mCx6(}GVjd)LM=|JfBRDN6rfXa!DcUA5l`6als`1-Hho zE1uMC{16LEEd#P~Zu zTWVx^Rk5uJyZA3`A=6L@4)FTk(paxqJ~OwsBuO-A`l%$tU(QY>;yU3l*8!SdTVmDa zDG5Q@x(h*b)mYS&ChB$@lNnyrE}3b;SPq(e%#4j*e)H!XWuEeX#<~nTDQFw=vJ4Z< zjkd#26cx!i<;c>`S=6Q&QRp|4(ZD&6B(SDX7zEIwH06n73q{i9kCLhlB~%4nUDUb- z!z&0v{496LqsBlexPO2VC%3E~hwW)KF z?+3frvr$R>1V75ZQj;~<;Zu+}dpt?&IXE4dOkdCg;xRtVj&gf zc2ft>ERf#TU{m{wJ-V4{I5vhl(*OQVCG?HYJ)QL+(?+?X>`u^F;3ishrt~4Ke+|V@}FGSd3PlFs6bG?0Wv#>}>m=ri}xtS_=IUEyXv?6MoRrM-`173T~D$5mzx z#>8+)gDwC&FEz+Y?kOZDR4X-;y+o!1Y4xP}*Hw4EJ^FLjACqs^)ZrXyLejGT3of19 z80!Nkch02XH}ep4(kABy2Y@l^u=&{t37gfa5yG_14;`vutfDvCi05${bf@ai zP?*`(&nzAqB|Wt8G6s=XFtI%`r!dEM!dMk~b9IO4gseW0J zh^Uf+4V6tBRR8L%(jSs4rX z(#4`A!lk?$AQJDRB9rZ^Vdo40SFlLjR0xo8oZfvSv{WWN!WLQU-BY!pFd&NQtb<{` zX~%>95YChY;*$oKg}_$Bwk5*~fc{OB32quNn{*oxJ(YQ3x^vL1F9m)x{cUgBdqK^r zZBmtl7eQmu_$ow7!WgC_5IGSbC2AZI;L25iqk`li62^D5x+09A%9>bXhaa&w`y9vS z0b0bOOLz`+B!f&Cjy~i~>E8fMbdWef*wO`=z43e=At=?nw}KR?Qq(NjyXTDowdxv1 z%o#V!40QpI85A|(xXSEe8a8zyM^(+k70Y3u2($F7VS2(c8;}nY>dOVz;kTG60gbqt za$p8xo$QiOSP!O-y(1=7#wrzs6xsuriQye0ZMh*j_Iaiw_-a&~>_ppE_J_$7~ zmGu)9&KG@(!N<3EzUAme)J4SS*$@-+eMzocLNs)vzK|oe$zVnzV;e@YZVRMuWqWB7 z>33s^90@BGWVESEXKsF>V`+Y4U~W$I*dN?CHhIF*26b@U<}+RvD@m>vl*+`Uh+2yo zRGk$P?;g#fAsv1?eNVnTB4UY4XguWkHNC9b{H6;DiLf8Pd6XT zW4bA1SwoM>#c6W(P!QAS3w%W@D22${l*8Kfo99rJ9a5cH8=4j5qRE$<5pAmv4$}F} zz)I@($QF=b!H^lzYCc413)kMc=lX@$)>Aw&pNVq9XR<%pyTqrK?NKOLZ-Nqx3ZQtV z=Js{pY{R7%{;{r-qniOZBRMGqBZMFK%&ou)QsvYA4Tbyx>oTVy;9IaAbZjQ?%WeB5 z%Xh!hm*o2r0v0}Rtmk{T^qODLVD9Vrl;N-NDIaE?MZ9NZ&pXG9_eNZ=jTzcsI=MY5 z4N&n(;Ml>~#qNn5*%f}gT1((Fru3bGu6JumhSLg|ZHwtOQPG7qDnL$+^})C+p*Ku> zA2Wv{Ck54U4Bx!GtPRa0jdu&6sc&0iC@?34*99Z94XCDAeweKVM#Yar>BNOW^&{Nc zoh*k*@{cp-frhlx^pJtqyNyQ;XV{MgXbs?JA*2l%)0&mt2LzA0+* z;m~@PA3mfae21A4ko{wt8GMg>Ujo=|j~fZa)?kpG6HWK^WZg8+)Na zlR}>nq+eSQ5r6GWfE|(C67o`OYV$`*t8s8G|Wpphw)Vn1m8 zj)3QRA*bLPjQ*jQhXi7@Z& zL%Ej*i&$z#5)-SM?fDK{FY!XI} zUIF?dZd5FW$OrV5yQw+PE$DkVVzWhrASDt&!sm|#G_vd{a1YiS!cnN$uOY$uTP1%b zTg@sFGlf@7ceC}J^>Q->kqPXK%l`^!ss&jESsIAu`EiA^uM9D*Zzv!tywK{jTejTj z%~6M5++O)^$&`J(-qV0_#metbdgmPWaYT|>*!+V$>c=s~5k-Njr(oV`liS;b6tbK# z)>EUqY!%2Xx^y0Ip}9e?L;h{T*2>tG%K5Z*3%x6AcjiFm>*x7zFmGaOYMXxMC@r16bzRh_Ij`49|EBltt_UUoQxFl=RA|i8ayrA>Ck&BlckO zffkSL7-dngQcb3$p`5Q7;kT&9O9nG{%C4_ZQK*eUn)L=6dg1`L4dC2{?T+)7KH6WR z&UsT97}3foA|sAd;Lzl95T`>`LvoI1mBh-jGcoG9nlc)hE5klX+b2=*PjfpfDf&PZ z0hxE{IsRJ}k@w18|1Y;VUt&;5o5+HZa`4m7&}9mXS*S)49u2f-Ed$<*EV8$%$Pu9c zhjZ{}frPv0_i3ruzbvh&n?H6dXK)NgeU2#P?oX|`9BK&)C^HOHCaVlS-}AhW)7tZ) zSMX|#2S%!~-F2gWhd#9i((pX3xcYAH59n@V`spdYBaV=?NAoPdc)wMqi7pNQUKj4v zaCcgan-@e5xA13<1POVmQ(u3eGZfeux_`+~B?<-sj9)gSQt!7`4S$qsrH2BpNG{Ir zx=k-9#i@Kjg0u<`ye=vs=?w!{2v3LsAq3J;e=ZS|<=}Q$@yx@^|C)Y5ObCF7k9RZ~ zd6`Jt5AUyOGr5%7II*wGvMa4=B34(J$#7e0uU3IUS}CebeT@zWL)F!dTFK0* z8wQf6F24o+sTzy*<_!~lr%8Q;U!*o9Sjxw55mF(}oAOk{X9(gKiww?jm_Ztv8JvUa zq_;CBt(mt>7tRB3hTBs(0_)H=$)KCrDOr}s5@=MOU2BrwlhW$U`k5FlID-f{SgBK49*7`a-;LxE z1B;^UBOzQNRaAUN+v*1g@T;qP_k|Gy$T2EG)^cP_Vz@c+$Z+`eL?XCjgmmk7H6z%~ z;1l-Y|5#2uV4dRkAV!vnQu|=T%fxN)sw1lRHz9_XiJHvoA029E#c#zm&cm=ZI?MB2 zjT_<^r<-Z;Oqed!i>~o$hFZ=gp6mZ&T|IE4T`APU*Z=L}di}_$cWsTQ0mxXKhR%BZ zert%(CSQag?F@MH+ZYx!mKAkUu0jfoiVTLP2wl{mL%FcI)cjFe5rvraaZLb)5U>r) zk}wGkhYh>5hDyoJ)8r_Qv%;k6A3daibq!>@h);>nejh64ks*zb?gS!57cL^)6}}x_bPaFV%!U};zRfd>12t< zL~?c5pZ?aYJor7=zwpVTy;(me=QPqJdwrg69Bs;ZZoxN=r)|OrVx{out-(Iwzv*kH zkulhhsext{uMiB0PKMhYCdP3=m6^I2VulO1o-5v|#DX|GN#QYBhLh&mp2UaMf$fQN znndM0ih~OiM60#x{qNQGd2ZF(1|N_6zR5W&tu@oV*;7^sP4grSIc*i}VAn%3w{*Le zL4cV5DD)SM;Ifk)9gNK5%Ib+#`23n#-c=jE( znxVs4C#2~pMC3sh31%bu){Jy{efZwEVse{P2P7r;v(1mRPw_y+Mb^s3xJf8lzHZx>AWx&`Q0)V3 z@1VUPzYyF80^5?&Y`~DQtOlwmvJtHS=Bw&_oPkC@+3|le>DZz zYQn>dJyv6~_&?-pWpV5Zw+R0L1&Bxe`}99TOv0VK>X2fIes1Aznh3@TZI`4~cOi<%tN zJYTvp>+$5jzIu#m*%tWZvvGJh%IkUg4BwXLlL2!uh|Gf7`R!}Q5$o7G(dHIa`~0d{ z?4G{&3Hp7vusi?!K4uoRVAI1qr1|j_R3M`y7|J91#8ltw+ee1QW&n4)xSLtbw(u7q z7E%M_&$T&W7!huLyFg&Rjrr)69uFQO_($j z@LB8PzzmDd;uYd_<-K+ablJ92qUSaB^A(0@Qfx*1oGl4waO5F7f26>}jD{n{m0RKI zA)e8Njr=QA$<-T8-W#!*6Z0zx4oLV9y8+hGe-Cl(S#aDa4p7nKCNis^xk)8BqdvEKdUPO41($b~#y3U@{PN-tV*?tg) zw#Db+6?PkPLO(xr;4DC4tbU8CE8Su77I|70jReEd**c`9uc2~0Ys(}czI)pEwK6Zg zRizNJlkaiTx)lw}=?}^dm_x<;6rtkY|FjbM}3ftu2f#FFvl!jT>KohEJEvg&5q0tIc0YBfp~ALTtzLP z<-CVshN*1%#sDfcj)(#G7M&JA;KG3?vMbchX@Az{F~r!lrDo=L`ZG5>Vo4=0*=IL@AMWe;!kKm0;5nE4ptS&Y4O}9J~;uA?#B_n z%oAL7HuPofHi4M4 zf}1UKye`$;ZY^&`1T#87PdYymAqL3P&^FJbc#G%f${PHk+emrVWw}m3_X{!8?hrj`N|uu(gRYnxP`Gx5e52-&{7 zCQ&vHtqaL*^~nADnE21c)i8IkL`cyKxx5^dI+gDu$N&sJZYnn)V!|8$cSyUh@MCLY z96&g0QZk!W@Gk06`td9G<>*Ubm6iiLQ8+ z{Ek}C4&_k~Xb_!>|0Tv*sswrNm+)p3!I4*Ww}t*~vsOJN;gHWrEmTTVp=E$P%G#g9 z_c^aBqJy%5s}~l339!tJe(UuK_3;#IZ0tS+gFf?U-nKtjeI-(6#OATQ5J7TrFGL9s zByPWq-}V{iZ|PfuMMO7ulQaXAfvmv5ePT=5xr+j@<8h%cJ8;DC4alqp!|`j-0_i2Q zbTd)2UKaFg2xiCl)N69{-+fThX!)XEJ@0R)D~d{y(FuMc z(X8GgC0~Se)Gb+37Thc;mxCS(hV}3BD_P{IVX~1^h@ybU90a68BTx-ncmMp9L2GhJ zV1;z1L-~pEKqS%mfY218^R|J_v>hL!d~oX)yRAG@#w~L_S-lhZc%d)M?8ap<&G5xr zJSdqWxlc+lbFf(WlYIu(a-b*TtU*@l$~k%O2h~Uog(9`fkt34=2h%m&r$-dV?dO<~geWHCe_iWv_Eew@(X}BzFo` zp_T+KT2NC*7?8rfwMgY}yJt%gEH|rfNLrDpI5KmfKY`EgyI;qzuw`=p?52N*%)Xj! zUhx;V%4!ypBpZ?H3#ean=MqNrhOffvHp1hmFiI6jpjfZWdM)1_8ev5cUEc!9G#?Dvz{c z!m(F|4O2Y|Ebk`5&jGKVBfXZ|B0tbgbM2Sjj=;1S699^@>#DruI*j`YC^E{Ghph}Ta0gAw3A>?kNVB)AqRB9$Fy#R@D zVq-B>nBX9z6{tHz#o<0BQL)3#7;C8OYPS2W%+C?c?X}~Ul{NEg-<5VC#g8D+eiscu z0BgPm>eY|f5gBD-@EI5r5dg0N=-o9l1C@9Y1z!B<;>*Y=lN@e*x}py-=~$=jQ6zU> z{`OBG<`5wT2Z9z`V(0ZE$2bH|{?#~y#rzFA{*Xe&9LB_qo)1+}MZ7;)Yx7ikMAI>r zo<@Fv3DP>fGw32Rlcrt4CcH8*t)rg5E zc|dMA!b5iEp$YakBSt{2eX1CMOw%^QBH^+c_wrJ6`N-n6XKfqb@7E{asMovdE&0Vv zu24*_=C;j66+;&~&=aXv7G7g_iYic(Ex6#}Zk56{A$ECo#T z#f6PCAkUhf=7i%tFUWqpCyeVkW8&&vji&@dAdo}~jm1>#u%xs^Ms#u#7Cvppdiz*B_Ie0s_k~#~RhbRUgPV zluNNy3S!ir4@iUrgw#&J3)uHu8<7cmw7b)yI-%A%j@j$$_>BNYC(3SDR*3l5(GzT( zi4$1?Emq-nh)o|bay*2~A86JzZidJb_!?Afv{YZBK~W{(2E~q)6-zg$W)NqfU6)o5vTAt2g9|^>i?xUA z;Ma<&!)(V^1KNVH64McIJ^;5%e(TXmy@h%mgwW@FW8_2B4egKXkG~y9Fx*2C52Xca z9fUxXN=Rx$s)C3Oc?|g(g4EBd6j-L=f93?WfKF`1GaRY4k8On6P6OS(sZX%)S72eCTE6&hQ$Js*lvrj#icy47rctC(@E+Tc5?N2+-8@+_ z5w`F`vFChilUx(`KhuAVcoG~%?+Zz%Lk|QeT@O&EWTx7Ol!v&7*oTed%HaKs1}`ki zSj90(F&!~+_pC>4Gy5~^?6sD9-~3r)PE=%d=_=`3x`Kpb}8a2!d zbnYwkG=pFJMGf(hO#P8(qOb~qG9^qZ^ z&#NwOlpP_yOGxJ@yRFl=G5Zh{-W2rMxK0W5 zCiF4-9uE17s_QBHTIX+*ax1aNZiBXio2z_lpRMmS2r>u>644{crAf!wGcbA)X|?JJ z>a{J2&qmi)*QNa2{E_^z{3zXS-Icx!FNUAMpKfoP_bWHYZ!7N#pq!vpP$$qupyHrv z5d1LAP{?4epaXq?zK$RQhIxHboketD;SUkFP+llDSY5O?XH0rp)++J~&sJ3rKM!|M zIwLVrk--khxY7AhiRf5#8FY8?F^M6uB?&n(Z?QBnnKTVr&Bg=q7_At>5dLF`AwPd{fj;5{VRGFoz%vQe@=f7%O_@P;`RG99jWng2=KNMzavrl%MWF19`xJX z4?$OwI>O%*kB4cFV{dg|Og|Dp(?S|T=0wv5bt8?XYNXJl_JI|I{_eOo=-&k%lqbh0 z7gDj5&y`PEhBUo2EeMktM%B^ivhY!KF$}O4GK#d1TP|Ixq7(?uCCE}bYnpYW|NfGF zl#C(GA`8}pX|!tCGM6yT8&{e{I(j(BJg}R<8@nHS_hU0-b9XiGcKZtZ=wrLGhOZ7? zuF+Xv(|o<^)U_h>Y+7qzEAwvl+gt?8@&x;gn2a@keq?yv7JdMSCE zFe4EvQ9RNg=eoqRxWZA!k<8v7n>bv*?>J)rx$`LEjZ%54$Wqw$0?J9mb-Oq6LU5f6 z%e&?oy5zejd!r$I>FrQOXSF<${m{zNI+vZfh-u3>WnpSCE!==mP zo8#Mc8TJ{wjNg%)s(;~UdHVO-w(HcP@iTS5`gb>&@9~@NJHysfyYJ!e?;ISEXz;fy z`fl%Uy$!xo->sjP*X0O5em5`9Pm53Ei~Rx$Xa(xr3W4g+rI!`6@~(%AKPv_^jS=Q? zVXYzz-zl%P3Ikv>0@7P$-CS?WPqxPNGc{eSU@{|Kx9yZ!5bJJf%~)&JcG_P-ze2&`HE zTiyNNwsIy$wjVqH|Gr?o^fFbD`eJ0Ck7N-e9wE zka1`M5()|>?9+7`+d96u&^`8fRNc&LxsqL)T>o?tuz%K4sI5TqvQmX(hmwil(m>w> zHQqNlMg%Tf<<9JAs}R9eB@B|bIWw^4=q=1c$jQ}PKtBTdvIm?z{4>B%*N#YlNjjM=A^a@fFy0X(=`IYHaF00!njs|)?$50&6@43wBRFdqZ9M<%Do_ZZ=M z)o3pX(3>MmlX$QJZLNWyK3|027&i(qIY}r6mev4}^x$gSoLT=yf%ZN%|9|6Vj2PMq z0RV{i{Q_W4KfdpFX0PNJvca*wbNAM$3=&MBMCL}kWQ*x=ZG4oWJhThNy}$2%yX z)mBhWKsIh%HI&mW(8re$=!-pqOMFGfWl!cePH|@v8Ytn5IY!*XbFDlO;j_RJ9MBgw zD0#2Is}MC}dNtUK66g0aeQ$hl+P+d_oPGAUYV&vRH}ds&j-J1x)Mxtw1KJnW;&++i z@>Jh$++WZyD%Re8mn<#-J_PO`&=c`(=MRz<`~8XB#OfuF9^5+vRUS>&Mimq{%G?-0^-ufM4*>>`FEJi@X8| z-?zz+_vQRoMqfFj{%oT;I5`0XXM4Z|l-qv7>%3`i?2n9tuX^NaB+O=dGB$wX+oChT zRslATEu=LP;{qH0xLf`q-^S8@_95UGxA9EQ^&i&eewVGGShZ2~Q!L#1`)qV^)hD*;{FUlc zUV`_WjIDpx&%23FS^Cs-h(wIs0-<6TEiQ-%2=D&MCjE1Ckp)?WrU%^W55r~G74{~FMsNO`~TKid1f%PLmIXT3(l@2c@g?Qod*`mm7@r?!Sa zb}B9#gJ`y^?b;bwvz#)Oa|fIG z8=3!@UQ@I@_!=()nO*%5JCFHo{y2}QOC$8Avo(0*zDmJ-M%2Cq(2s-Dln$dPhbyUH z+n|P8F?@tPYp3NpK6u4&MwXXOIE!SHC&6_R8+cVvHWqKb`ru2fV^;pYZuciKBaY|UtF_f*PoFIMm^fl|Sa^|hOak3)-#zXh`i8Y8 zE6qaISc`IbWQTbYKp8JY)=N(&toR;ZHzWy--6%x^b5t2%;w`-)KDE%euJmDKWc_P` zcv_DT5KT`-eMkAUDN4JFDK-sd53RTMa5ZB#L}h$BR>cn* z#A)V5VN5%N5(p)|bX$7@R9Y*M<1)z~_6$hq>$(uJLMq{ER=B>8t=V@}X&L!v2E0#i z@!6tOw*u|srU+;uR@hlyODz`U8r213-{RPVr!Y-t-uBs^LBF}JQz^8;49*gStrcH$ z?0x(T|5z1;0{>g+&dwcww17hVFp@dLJ0j;1Bi?d^6VpK|oN2yfbq}^Y6_J^>=L&y$ z6$ist>sfOU&v3N0F@~(e$NU}r2qk3#(H1H}m)-3HbRUccq1euV^EpS8Q-qEm-=BI8 zw)@7QXv4*KDU&Nl27lJlBl6$9lT$CvwRvHON4iig$(fdi4V#eF{Igs@-@Ne87xX-$rf@PV@~H8E!6Av)Vgou{XJs^&Umu!707lnpa=Eqrk*pHzCac;Kt3o-1%Pftg2`D=j58j2SuT zk&+aI#c_wc>_PNuV1c5Ocv$N!teahT<|Mn96av#-BsvUk{|V8tT1*7zP-ei0`V+)x zI?}_IKFbp*)+Lj`ugW5|5d#@d3^YO`TOq;u24&Jf#*^KCe=4M`4z7ql#4auvUdE1w zW(C_D$JAd=LoHZ-8d|XV*Dk3k1(`i)azFjRZC64FxPJ#9$f|%c*_dZTK0HrITx42$ z-tb53l^A!lAhjQu-Y4;Vq36YdH~NontV@{o7&S-;Qu%giP-DIc2iUmlh!}8lgVQ%; zOmM)_ze1lL=NI!H$&9=2LPV=OYX~hdbVhj(G-<4LD1iFD%nLF-Lh4_ckO=fhN+BRFZ$J!;YAofJ#-*_LBlF3O}~JCwW&^%b7=tw|Ml12SijV|jhzN5 zbCV(isU_WnC*28iMIHRqUVilqToOikd#C;I#ea?BG}5$&OoGZdd3zPAOQ*udPxw(! zt)rvGXe_(ZJu*l=1h&ibQ`DEB;;O55!YRkphj(G57%&qQ)XN7#FDUsp1(t;Umkzdp z@H2l}QM!2kplM@EXN-JvG2OxH$=TJw0OqAN#*fOWVx9g|fXH z<<;pLK|>qe^TY`I`P#NNzG@iD7ne1^mXm^h8uyWLX&{VsfB#D(c9J`TQcx#_hO)N4 zjMo9~S7q|P?+(MmpTsPI1z#f(W=C^g6XvSwpmfvzuuw%RzGK_j=$=tD@Nt~#$S%?F z5jc8t;^b$~a*WGMo03#QP8$-j>w$a&=RaW?0WbhG7dU*t^!&m)K8m%ME-C!_JX~Zt zWNdaVI4-9Lu_dOfrtf`=bht|kT!H7N28=~^xz3!FAK62a=(wae%DRMMG#OG3^X@`S z{Qh{P*Rkn0Z-E;!L8|#v@=amPtrOC-iH(#InYS>1PfiOH2p$GF9najcs$!<1I$BWq z-in75TxB2ZCMy-w2LURb7~>8V=j$R6VCV)Wp=2 z2KkOyEO54X^CF!On>pt~2?X3g#E-3YJ?Oz!b{ING^Is3Zj8&eC3B?IPM33m;N z6G6x?U#Xgdr6wx&WoQe{=gHxulzz>TDa>7s>_~567pfkxDR3GZy30<0PHN8yP*=pM|cdn%dQkNy=wIMR~`yXwy;FgJA=|Q zyy51)I%)lbgkU7cUl%(GW-r;evwpw(dz^**n8#=$9y%gbM5TnPR8}%5Hwm3kz7484 zi1z>bU{j93m^XJ21LI&5{Ho?RZWst+vHKItwCjPKcmBwmqnC(xQ_QeUHuvZ|C_ux%?im#lOl!wj3 zweB+h2wg@d1Btl?Tj?xVZ&`vk#7L8#bn?R#x44h8Ekay8?2G;|)bjSo?i>S+p%U z{Cq^Hv{Mc5>A&Rk>m!Vrki#tUP(~IUo0N1)0)f-0yz1lwgW8vVeYPV*X*KfcB>yiR z@S6b?mWwmk_m5)gyqRJ>g5*fj?KnHMgUDR`V$(k}A$iC2b%o9G$2-_%PmZbc%8LfG z#rD#TY|{r=^k$Shs44kZZv<@G_8qj16Oc8^VJGs9n&e;@Y?T^@2T_HO0WAp@CrzYQooUafUsA z9vdJrAZ~I84AttH`n-+}6FlC@5OYhQwDw`|NA>53EgK9kae&ZkO1NhZL7=_}HAEkv zC>@2LxL=c@S>DqXc>S589V%(d=T*P{lv>;p3W*A}Yk(sEF#S07LK4v)MhW$DmV@;6 z_(1euxT$@W;G zy_adfCP|5`$M(>0BnL)u#QaLr=1x=A$b15}-ba4x7oOJIO}bl3*_Z^~z&Gia_X>iU zsy-O`oq2xrA^x<3EIbA-#)%Q{H9|@O*%|$mU7d*%Z~S( zF&5<7n5FQ00#w&jNN@TUx5$O@cxmTGa_T4a@`Den+U+;eMWP(AYCFb6IsdU#!F62J z5W5H%9-1o zULvc_+qE{2+&TR0>T)2;BNZ4`R6JWE=&z&RznSzk@bjk0^^#Xx8^aS%%0J8Cn0&8+Q|oxRjB9aN!K@q zQI=}u8^sEw(Ie!bM7VRsU}BJ}Np^x3%kKG$L%`kP$%o9zQV1O}`Mq6G&N7FMmj-X0 zr)gRF*n+m*K7)DMbYxuNRn@hx#RE#sRe&p&!@+Y-gwoVk*mr8fTsE6td%HVT|ULn zkdg^&ecVjk-%@#y6>+j^d#t7G^cLRMwcLFgZw@j$ecQob;n>$2`K`IploXYsa{YsM z@DF;S`pm~KWTh{yMK&{o^N4hsebJ3-%Yx#lDzZ2cj+JCf#b;pdjT5nAl?$qSM%!ri zU96Sll<3u@drVab2y?YeRO1&d%rD7`32Lp?rfYm9PgL4bjXb`th5w7Ob85~6Y8Py5 zzp-uGPRF)w+wRy-I<{@wwvCQ$PJeaIshX*CGq?K}Jp0*euN8~EQfuy0(zQ_!o{`B7 z2S`okt%%u3p6rDmJCl1$UNxf8#-6Ofcwzb|(PnyH*F9)!Zt5qpCp$@MV!aw^gI{5C zwPxNrtqhu|7P&ls^?R>53lUD zT*7rOv~|0SIk8t19J~$w2~er95uI5)5oa0=zo-Hmgt$iE%F2o5U7H7eY>_ZEGy+oqbivmp)tm;WBSt=C5?1HqB&ew&kj|QSs2) z$R|0$usN<=>jsX4#2d-7@JsD zYuSU;#2mknDo5Ylc9$mRFY?%Ob`7cK!ut2T{8cqv;JOO4knHNLOk(~P&cxqjkfp~m zr~>H&9I#DZcASy86Pnm;B(iMDmJv&APTB1`)iw#J3M4aY6>GS?apZ6duYgxQov3v- zLxgz$6XI)HQ9gRZhSr#kGq^Z1_-qSTqK-PUD;WDrjU}vF1Aw4RT)rzMM1s-frKs+n zXl&0IeEz~WC*V524W8p_&&t@hl(>yb>P~~|NaEB|^Wd7H-=yq5g73TDbc02M5O6F= zwc53&;taMNl*_c?C$3{3Q69B4od&aoV0c2C3?gxg&1E@OCFR#f=(RXeY(;?GQQla2 zT_IVTE_P=id8;@vDP6zcu5E}CD9}{2_elZEcD{bdbf8q;bB z(cmnq__IP|!`YK++`zyn&QM3Z{2~ck#23IAu9h`)39pvcO9ensC-f&g4fPQEmO!-! zmH@Xv8%pMP#Uq65g~512Kc0zbgJ0tLd7O$zUvhfETPnP{X-6DG1yI)ba7ceho$;>Z z-F_J_sGGHzi6U=4Z@o8(PEYX?^gvVM_Ed07K1Qvq`a>K1k-k+lEh+O94bFQCc{~v@ zvs1&sd)7Hlq4M8d^rxK%Gi~?7e4m@p?PPA)u@#?O#xX z*?1_s$In+_L@{SJN``qncW6XXvFBsogdtxdOz+0HlWPFLCmj{)CJyYOq|I}rT=s|_ zbaIRqq9Wt-EgOI=wcy~kNT!KGx=CWs8M{{cG;~f`-G;x zQ5V{XQrKxJ$x}!gGU?ZS*iMZ(8+R2Mp$lQoV%IQiR^(f8B3T($zV^(&TSk`4cDW5J z+$?FTj`vCOk;^gS#ZJbWayu!fWg(L89ApEEl;2|=C4B@*jegpw9dGi}?XG?%>Z|S8 zH*!}8uV&rmjmFl)^+!kIzYI$1c;s@OnEm6SMw$OX`HiK$M{mAVIY146fCR}=^aTXd0qJ~Xq?3NQQ10a)nY16 z#F{5h2fKL=fZidEFoM;_=bE7&=6cUG<$%c|vgbU}Zi7nisibdp8NUK+RP!cTJJ$EF zWn=s`dASg0{`$w|SE}S4*Zh^Kh+W*rsJiaj*Fp5zUOG1m`@^vo{GvPSKL!q!s=$-$ z!24o)vq@`z4(^uK8_=s=56PxmrE9MR(YtIQ%Kz=!wiMX%^6gxeln}HngoeHxz`*19 zWJ9A};!KT_96-uMj0=zsB=;nL77?fo-nLyNhNkAqKxzI1Mh_N=iN7-dQ)}vteY46s zMjVUiEhoPC5pV2Qh0S&K9V24sRuV@IoZUlSQ}a9{e_;ChB>puXdX(5mrf#8`^9zn{ zB4w^LM>7QQqJI%W3UOab&8oTN1h0oeMq9#ZC!kJ7CVUFTHpFzJjhz9zJnmH6MfY&M zwboo)j~1zT=FutlVE7glN3^Ao;Z@9xQ;2{6^811fbkRT)TCAQ_jPS<9(a~%Wo)Yvf zkHtW6>uKKz{4SdDndYft;pGBl?{!A2!;lad_yB5JxdY5rr0}oHi+I-@=v1O-$y;`D z&~a-U>Pb3|nz^6Zb_hsrW3C$-T@2g7>7-w zp3}d|oI>86Ui_YQ(I3pN!$-GHQc%jOW4VScw1z!2Q!ms$VCyu!mzTD`A1}NBd0sJ_ zIAjFDS~wiQ33lN|!&%vS{|{FpYJeTurla!H6@^C=#pIu6XUvl+YRWlEWKVP}gOZzn zudBBeb1E-xmiDN;O%_ASqQH1;50-?YK_F&Sx7qf)nYK|}b5=%hcD+}nNjviclML;A zz6B}MrY@KGw(ysEa^}Jc)X$9?A)F5K@!)I6c5ez7wZ$}B+u=0{a^urye*I-Oo*~bX z;^`9z-qlkDNPNO({z z%AGbpWcuf8LBxe_J%yJYQmV)G&LS8xInjb6@sD7W{Nfj53Q5KFD7AO~|DjuzWS;&nVmswPMG;#Ux0@9-&(G(CqJW zGPCw<#x5ZQ1%^X;9*?phQd+gXTmeje zV@>jr1Wo9R#;yU`sPYYh+U4GP5M$h>p*RVC@c|mtln6mpqjf>v4yIiGp(9KM1Ky;i zj-~jPBfL_o^6<;@bP5a)ghh#TYmL`kDqtCqkEUaOE;UmK$rDMMr!H47(YsqoS ze5Tal17&>uCJJUl7@_*k7Y_4H0`TTMGIxn_`bdYwPa5J^dhhJ2esTzMY&*jnKC^0v z-nO;CZN_25VI#)+2)okVtqtAbCQWx3$h;f_xh1eDXR)pOhcdNT_9ya#A{p9q{s=~j zz~pXG+r!@&eybWj3T7$@mH~Dy>o2N$`@vgl=B+*c`G-ukjLlUwki2ENl&Hq_Xur3J zhPYFop!>0)xOA=#$Bg>;M8mUAD}{3d{?xFR02d$_TlvnA-U z6zK(NT?mu|%gM4wtuVFi8$Jb)*sNgwu-pKA_C;PDGO-#g(@EH47BwCk+}i)(bUu3T z4{nLMRRy89(sTK&2MN!b^+s~)HIh?-&6$SF5h ztw4_VM1Q-pMVRYub_}K(U2Sy3*sCa78H(diOLlJa!O&TXXuc4D` z6z%V!HRPensxsZnU2Qo*Oa8%gb-1UDlt{OM__a<398#m_6q)bprqc!m9Xtk{)K^2M zsO2`g!)GRI?dfdD^I^$jAS0U?*?#LOsWf~q2~g60iyNqAQ;2=xk}E#YSA?8-N%AOy zLbu1>6;+49haxVEF~OQ|TwN|chj;!ff?e&&YFiijFuWVo0u3H16Fk^U&nI%k&junf zvf39B6o{y{9uTb=fK=ah+VKhFlwj+Y$w#HC`ZM56%znkMN|J0j@!%65aC3d4R-xZA zdL&WyEhgLSQ7n@+6R8=t9s2v*V-o8Dhis7ma@3kkrs^Bj8dz=!Jo{70a|>pP3^TO_ z(THG*h@eNiEx4m*`Aa70!xVhn+|4E44L~Zu?*Jlq^)^lN-cD6l{0sp;8H{08R?1?T zs4>VOO#yGqYRr9Z<-HWcwh$}d;)4l8af;i1(1N)8)YGdos$3#IuBLtkibbY7u>fd7CvT%EKPb`er-eOPX^YxB?Q3|+|5R@-iNuphDd+s-A!}~LFByQS zwUAWv`ET2Oue!@QYF!T_FsT>JT1=>2{W5G4h%K~d=%Z|8$hxnpiDI~8hsq1vzA%o| z1yK0Lt`Hpi+N-QKUrE}H&{BeQh2$p55w>qhL~oPy?>g99(YMs4IMs3<{q`X+_HZgm z8nHOiAzmw!rzhjm`Xpj{!%0xQmxva_VVj4oM0^k)gCl#z;V9{ssoO5Jgaqs4-aP=w zK)&?BaI~|cOpo2(6!NX^JOXY3(J7#%0>MGhSU%qxtmYz&WRu*k0*uoL8TgA1wYZAY`7}8oPzp3fx4}T574Oy`Vicso}^JF!8?GRti5n(!DSnOlE_0Zf7>h8>rCQw>z1*`2 zG6ha7rBqcAk;P;ByfHCfrtpuuSo%HCgaRzc*wuIC&h!N3L_%j(|IG#&4}&@o!J?{@!$<1iE3_r5em%@lQ(PJC3n1eXR8gNGeUD8o91o zJ{I6Nu_MtTHu`0#lGIQsP4}Aj>H|RUUip%Z6`5POn1C1jSOBwZiONu!g0lQFeNR;0 zk*lisP95>tL%_g5ei&rab{oaU$B91Pxs{b@E}X!$s4hF~K5wA-dH-yIfz9ncN800U z2%wquB5^?MJpKTeKLR+(E0te;OyqT7T6^TkL3~aEO%1^#=3c0XbBD*&4PGJRi2qFp zdkO|%wu~~Iu~>2Jf6XkJu$`ERf>j~Ktf%E4xdav%X^rf?#2yEJQ>@F5;Wb1t&PJp^ zNCfTm#mT8*F_)4hG#m8?e}G0dOE&;EV`=h`NSR7enC-@Y$FujuFmjfeficKht_UVB#Nu6faUGv3Es^EIJ%&6d<<0n&h3Bqa4VcVckRi1Km zoC%6r<+4lsh$Yce`|E@gl|Fm8c_ym(tc$WoWu3s%+#}jw;beLNpN9sGRsP|sR*R6B z?4em+EL!Gxr+!uI?If*Wgl)VXqL3+DIKQbLzz>q|dSJJvjlqyPNWD3iHp}GK(>0qi zFsGE+L}=|-=rM{n^&pJZ+|#U{qNg zL5XL{^i@?`V_dE}Mz-l7T5nwnm#|cHAv`^lUEnKityM{72$_3$7zN#y?#$Q%KN3!& z8&!3`l4X*@eH~%UMjuB7+(JRs}rz4B{K>m8(CK6$Fe$>bU?5cs-LL z(ZAZrVJOfh;d={_K8Zfu{Z|b zI<0rK0M~}yDD5t!z&UVK&SCfT1|vG-wcT_>2boM$TLky=s5R=B zdCpNt4^{O~1UOY4RS#39a|!S2R8vVE{RM*MmXDcB05zZPewsxKDiV7pte>&>Yq`Pz zwwMt$JFch{w5r_bgvreRbPhaSdyIjM)KzDyhd+PJ5jFVY)+C|(jDrz zU>_I?Sv+P?fLXlQKcrDT+G~HHjfg(_gPqkdW3MgdAde(=2g?yRZC!M9mZ|Usf!Y1n zg71$qo`a{~&GbvpOEZUjuVvd&LqyaC#E42-W(dDHF_) z!ZO1R(hS&CDXLh%NjK>`Oa>d2)}gN0C-3+Bi;J1LK`ouQRFWs!(3NiP6I|7kC*BL= z5p)`?EGo8dp_8qDLDZ&e5p*M(UjNg^4;FvV+s1n_=r+4;t7J^A`kwvSFaK`CAUcx< zo#huV1pe(%u1sYtRGEOf9eWfm%nh}OY$TA-^BeP&efjPrYWBk+g8hMPWpXG1kyVGV z#QrBzKns(zQMy|jIS}S;{hKtU07Ru+pB@esVySbsIsA~YA-eGVmJ{YTc=czDUDefy ztbORM@3w}8+F@;;cM7JnQ5C@WcP~mZrlSXBl)JVm3f=r=u@Hujeyp&62#^m6V76$VcFoK6Gm3kh zQ{Ue;&tn>wCe6yX8<#M+m-NCmt`*`Ar^A|gnt7Te5Y~fvmU!F+x6>di4r@*vKU+nh z)j1Pg{%sFOI!NMmcvilCSGL31ixEK##fBun(D8IYs|RhWTrKP80Sk+_2^xWAl9D#=G z5G%SViP#?~iDnKmq>7EV{Z8q*paRfE4l(1}VKzsoeAb>+eR?ijY_bCXFc=>)OMGKu zm*!wP`yz#jGIs7nF}QuTIHq1uPTeZKNUlEIN$bdq4*|!S<`Pxri94e0&{66l4!gJG zNADiJD;BQ#_zP#2mb5S{omF^ru_P236&`=)$qoM7y+w=6SW|xegOk zt$N<&cAN~awwR3OsisjLTkE!h}F*l?zu3^REKdGRj(*pon z)wek}(L%47!gN!%m+28{BSOk5{}Q`FZw{8MakoT1HS)Ivxi*kz2$dvRnows5lP5`< zM#H_TnPD@03qb*f4HC~Kh)pG?!aeaMAR(}bnF{KnK~}Iwhc6ypSMHx=Q^`dN`L|QQ zax4U^aK}P>ZyZnTZ#Zi?e%cxt^hKD(%=N{4u6gYgZ;(IDKNab{!Te5?a}5rx2XNtv2tFB@c0NOXbr$;K)T zEZqEYiBF5i4ylo^sm1iN#;D|yB?Qxcg}-~ftdiypev8Je;r?`RDOu&{TjemY>)*OM zS1tMYm%sU0eDkCJ>@LB#ep(kI=s3Kr@Upd2Z-Rym`Tj)Es z{OJo3nUv(_%<9b~m^o>^*R=ZqKWMvQy&;;$xLyCUkgw@<|G_upEi!f)GO zS#Gzlc3o_5R@;5&v)+~>*Op!B5W;=QZgwhqgJ@8Ttx6%W-X`24tPyj|)ppdI+_>>v z(REutXtu^68Rr(20@;R`N7*l;5wbvzOQZc^9*e`Z z0CWH@$H^agRKlk6Mg@jq6!^n;M0>>>=ig2#$5sFy5ZGeQ3fM7w5J$tk!jj1%F9m-M zh9H_?-dpnh#qBVkT<*lmqzfqKIJx27)*`SK7^a+HJ1RX;x8wMQ^wD3?1;n6T_#QbG zKLL@2baPTfIQRWoH1oxrQq?p&;n;@VJoAgE?rmLb;S&mU6M3{9P;}xXr;w-I7T)OD zg1!BFvw4&iL9QEf!Y(WuA=iSQkIt6^>IdGKo{pZ5WLiK-Rlgm13_0uz1PXtKygqsP z)m%^!(WC0v<4W?;>wOVBAg{y(h(^I2F&(O)O4aP9%_e zmi`&Aqk%(9MPI?Fq2^V-q});TX?O(@JcO`-lHHt_S-aw0f=AT}WshvbC+h;c#T5)A z#DysHi_8%k1#S^2Q0{X!2SRj0MnvxuMUy*(vjgMQc0`{AYc;38hIpqP>h?gY9m>2l z^TFEz-N*03cy>e@K>k$z#P$RHKnzHJV*Tz_Mu{w@MU{V}3Oo;}LmD7t6QwIvQy^KY zM#3+7R)j2f#Ga3F!Qq1^#LH?x8mTcr|8DI+-l!B6gdiB-YIXuxplMCB6Yfhh>l=&5`SGruLDixwL zB1HxVZ>K~$+6wRB`6HNf_i%NksB{9EZ*+@;2I`4WvC*?lF`M8RJoi|g1M;ZzoSh?F zUg}UovEqo89Pz6SclKC+_I`_#-(Qd6$bS0XSI19y%02Q8&qxp6vlR!zfot-fHf%#q^-lD{GT9i6AGhZQFlq}3)zFUHEhC-?x<*}_a!>9=BzIM~wx;6xmq zrOZ;ukNYJcO%Z~b%r~2zt~-*+)#1kWExKKcDdnD){{8uuE=C6y!faGX3Cmk_N>?PB z%+i{hi|NA)U`~+VP~MgpWP>L-8so>uKCrz$F2_K7xYIXyjnM4#K}U+}H|eT%ks%gG z;ieBR9E8UbO-{m26{{)P^Tc?7s( zM}(H<&*xhP@O!*7UOI{C?QkG`QG6i;Pr#P`Jg2@rIh*pJpzm?Z-DBgj*05Kxm(Z)$PB*_iB3hPr<#jf>0M^ zX=s%hM}bZ($eKo_8v_tKz)MbX@W`BVRwp|j7@}i0#3N*qCk`=vTZPjrFvW{t4O1Mu zieX2D2Rg5cg4`eMfGQbarB#8wv&k5;e*e5+)^I^`M9Tm*u@Q$_{}33qUF-Kd-0KfG zoZ}Yl4&1T^aEUQyegA~*zuOyVIKj13&B-nuS}=71Ab1=)JeP;ELVb;2B$ebdpzLa;izB$IQQ{b!H@cHix4m-0nIhOwWF_`IDeTFA z=HjPci`~+K7@f=|ebjy~Z9% z3a>@S8pD4lZ^%rZZe~>dPW)7TXYW)|qxuNxQtJ_OjA+n#v!~9siup4o8#o(4>K>3Q z4VqjHNyV#79CBE*CkV%r^b6)+ZL)+aQ)gmkXpB1PXLy@^7X@LKE9ER}YHB`v#^s!x zrHqOtV?H~mtb;n={Q~s1gY06o_r0{}FgI-E>}BTFfG!#x!%eZ0bQ1VGYfqsZON&k! z3+q>L$&*##yiE&}Kx*?vHN+vO8oq*0h0UnKqm-6P!;`#Su+_42A!&9Yu)=ddemYv#`MrP9s9<-+yCmD|-x zm!_+lNWFt?;MDPPdV|JZvlf$aDM7;drB<^pK&8zPm`>fUn3k2<`W8)t{I7|UK-O2&f5U}M zSjo{CK)|$7PEISJnK=Wli+x}!3CmZ@o)I9&0#NHz1i(tOpXr4z5t|M41r_xRFL2_z z91H;&Cz52~xF*Vqvv8a70c6=vE8FZe#11F{fot zGIl#3EDp?VwS&G!5Ym%kZ&3XB`Bjh4vAjv9RW7W=f+mMnWb^XB>GQue2+RZYb$jTG zZ{JK#%G}(JCu^VAtz@ao5yQckq)`1K{qB*nX1h)$`=7N(M^6yxTyjlALSQB)rcpXw z8VMUaHQjJIVDTvxyuXgC&@olf9`2in%+kEO>D_MmA0AFPrkXsn67g@XJ9Q6}O?r1R z1pKUo)lUU11Ex7-Sxw0w$?8R0Lgj5zl>@-F2Y(N{S%HWabX2$o?>TrZd6mvyt@1Qc z6+H_URWcUEhbk94aKiOEcwDG0#eFDx7LaF1VS4)a&3eb{g`u#OCq_T$^wq8wC)y$M zeU^`CRzl$%=BG|m_$j~QcJB1vgwBY4U*0Cwq9gQr?5!KOMWnzrJLCvo$!@=(=g@Y+ z3%i=QdF1;GJs|php*$blT2qv`?2^yAf zFH{+ps?Mn^H*@C3tTbZ&F#g#j{%636Mihl2MYu}W5rJ%f0!67S097&VbsOI@Lk}dY zu=WY^d@CzsK2y|ou=7r2Ia`10Yqc;A{X4OeUdPq4#S|WG=p=VvER)@xuI+E(xN(|; zv|Ere=U0y{T0|}XZk|+aVXHp%*k=?zHEmbr?RsK#WzMNZ9qAO|-cS@iU}m+epvf9d z!!c#Vvvj(q*~ofHa#k3OCVG<|_P&H?+RdatwQT&j^@-ED3-mD%MmM z!bQ*JC?GeaR7r(eO}%&~e`su!k)dE*7E_V|{fRuDq1AKnF_le*CX-(KMRY$Y9t*P8 zmZ7$Sxm91;gQC^$UM#oc%A_PQD`R)L7^?|snE{Y+3@hosykMo2}}zhN{; zXL#S|waefqeLx7ScV6!CJPNHsItcCMPHh871FFnO)e)&CAPeuPIyJtv zg8H&M&Of;H;8W+@Gv{QK>O?T6g-7P7szfWfaq;U5OA!2&YxO8Wu(M1x13le@; z6%2c;?c0ON5J1~K-|oVxjQxd`6w{`bX4_5RfOhZa?Hm*DBK*MLeV7Nk%=Ti3f?JLK z!htC4>X4T`tcwfHUVWp3RPX#o_Gy9Q;{-}#Kw{w@03i&x4^dr0+=e3ycdD}E5qckQzwX=z@5nIcp>W6J^VSv{*=Zk*CJ3Sj2U zMkrl9bnr;gz&h;g0^On8=}NovQvFq!9g{&Rht?Fv%N({i$Wu3TRoGcg5`@zUt^W(P zCtgnal^F$s7>S*C+utf^EjYAI%*Bma7N8(E`Vl8*$1Md1%qr+pD2lODG)Xu%zyP0$ z^%T`$Pua?-)F^+Dmb%E7USG$jvE;4Y8e|KUOO#SoNk)z6fY3^>e6K5Fhf`!TZeY+d zG_uq|hIpCP=xUf(XX@+wKuz83|3whX7f66GWl4!kudxC|Lr|#q+=`E7eNtTy!qcv^ z-V)ODnW)w-u;F}P18JM|Qx+-VyW}NlXd)X7f|)7IHyn2geH)xe8FCn;KWnd`Q;w?| zTk(DQH8$!t_KwQOFI8^f%RyzQw0r6;f0r638*8kluxg9`UZJj{yzEWF#8d9L&JGJZ zk(Q!-?EN*8Ctq!VsZMKJl%XL*zqD~Nat9+6bt%~_xBmckWiw&bDzr@$);+KT`%Fn> zq3ous`ugC2oE7ELu*wo!`wqRJdPb@1rSFJBzT%|N0 zEF#n{jBV%@uYGgg5A`VbD~(F*Z#4RA_>cwi{V-E{b>bkK>4+c}uw;KvC!-6fQII$U z8?F4|h1DiIeusm%_h+oH^C7JNo5$uPcCWG;R&~wWUgEW^s_Gyl!KCTW^JOAOlO7Gg zHefd1``2IlUaRE=&AZ`$AZY*O^|$HF1^twt=d8lbmgU)q>LkXqUj0kzH~(Q158V^LhWGI-4DubjJ0?>3-( zJf8iZ;F)*i6$=Cx+P*?-OfST*n~CQg2ej zkqv0aILA1sIFszDG{MY`A*!cS=o2#MxJdL&;f|jnK)LvaMX90LIO*!=G;8|3sI9` zX-GNUh&!=6q+=l$i=m{$fhAZj$Y${T@DjgEJar zuiX_n_YP_`RdqeL%Y2@mF$k|m^`>oy_f>m?wi3Ga6X-d^i+#0L{BDZqEi50}SFPLS zv9JVXWGd_kU9?UvH}}hk+obx^L4lZVe180ox2BiDn_)Sb#ku`;qR2F=UDFO!gkuC> zaPw;?Zfds<>x#;Q=!`ostAnnL)TI@c&@%j0@&X%QW5PW(ukV5T?Q&{ns-2*K(+AiL9wPYiaX2{yOt|z&EAy)Ghi$ z{inQ^X0S{RqqaqRP$G>56{REgB8x@&Akz_R15dF)qSAs{^MWOn0-fA8&R!PEwd?%N z8PvHh8rk&~M^Qg@@@pEVRe?77Yz4YRX?mNIv3MeL?zBB~_y(BII*d)T1ZxvP$^~Bh zC=!!axdb@jpr)?VbDPphO&{2e1OG7}@d)rsRVJ>!(o%@MtX{3h^&d1I?AJL00*{lY zUj84G(8ay5l;`ti#rL~31fTmA#86fB-e5d&z2TjV!SOfgN^kR^EXcrowp&{z=-sq; zaDmzd_HtbQnMvoYkVV%Fywq%jnc_uegxpJZ7%q)mb!4Pw`qD006bDCw(t!1c05ga%q{RbXMsH$}a1DFPE4Fihk8}jPgybS5q98#=F ziw>`BO|??$^6!^pTxM!EjXKH17+tzDR?E`J6xo%kati+{;=eEl z78a!H{cj-GS`$dyk+^0v+A~-xH_T5`VOC*6vvY8J^Ex$k19}MO@Q#0oI_ttaky?R5 z3zSi_sBWdd&r!$5QEiIB98CSA7MAiHwe5Xki&>&z5yE(V@xKV@R;0?8uBOXm^ryAc z4S<lv+0+hEVLorpB#ox# z7%i(FXZvG~txMmSn!T8jfe%C70d<$$#eu(x@5>_9EIxV%C$vpYs(g2HHINCiOfNVs zzkz9NV5UQCWJ=#ZA-VmoeDOgyB*K?TrE3yVF6;~U66`KD zv;BKRIZ}9ux(`+ERs^sY_y?KhOX+~!;M;Ywc~6(IOu!>v#hs)3~_#_ z+f+|kAWde97IPEFnbjYC3ypN@2i*nQ*TgfikPfnD@|R)wi$Yi5kfsqo5@R+9n)ke2_KfTTHnM1QU3MF0%BHoWsoPH&E#wpe z>AG>YL-;_tXNYG6gBTB5kAVDHtBWSZR%`qf1@?@|>PknlgKP5Eq17V?XZ(R^=$VT$ zcL!WVx6;t~x}lT}jitYg%&eJ=79uex0jaV}ZCqk>+OQZz&Cz%@Ky&hmp@Ot>i*P>L z>$z2+@X7PY@{kC2NmvKR@tb6v0!2@G)1uF0VDXPE1v{(YLFn3Z2au-5uo@z04vau_ zBB)d6_KofUa+NoJr+^>1^5idR|Jmrc^=jUhQ1PXj?`@Hs{C zG%kBDc=sJ*eZ%YmVs{nTX~I3$!0LGEUrIz9^af!f^L20n^#-nUIvj6i-fYJ}G7Dub zuj21wa~D!3LTXLQ;s2)cgscu-clEcg4vL9h6^V(22&PPL)NO9b?y1B&r79vKWv$5u zwPLWPN5f9`$`An7{F2*dasq3Sm>B$v1Ti=9Sk-fR-Ade)O9sKkaXd>y{32l#K^hCv z87hRpXE!u)koY_R(O%2|@58pQp=?UDe_IiccqS|G)x8-t_utj|*?B6<^EhO{a!b9} z<>pzM<8tS$@VakgAj3TtZD+Uz@Vc`B>nEVb`8_F~Gr)#bfU`G}vw`@n24xE{BdG49 zLUapZ+)qUc_oYGhCL3i9T&+|7>!>sHZ(t@g*1A?l zX9M?djrKP%3i1W`DCO?(s{oVWiUPai;pi@6*`VX`EO97N`U^~nmbko}xz$H;M7`PpXF)yP`dmY+O-BN1ncv@>tGBAM*T7}6qVrZ-gb!uJwjvpa z4rV*pR~pAC-_o{{B_tHQ8WjquKd_loNY?y0=vZST^Zmw?R{{o((U|T1^DI z=9kb{^4(){oU9Jk4rmyqlOresr=!Cd1l60Pl&$5%il@zS^F`tX%`^#0#8#rUMs@03 z=O%@II^LM4&oP?q6V1Zll93j*BBksZmOJzLq9_JtpFKaY56&;-$1=v!;46ph*_<0} zLvbCPwa)cUU8l5-;`}UTv2KyUyKgV?^g~$#%NT@3gv!Bl_j6PyNsZv5zR?&v)8DRO zsE)Rz2aA^dSAt<-qTI|OAwoQGLSehG{4_zc5yej~v& zNH@hElHe#}1SYv{(`_!dK+8HESAg=0e!^3He^9QTWF+toPKCdN@V|ByTGs#0X2oe& z{w=Y>vFS#k=BYLxADH3Fxp({I^1V4qwXtwp!p`r?Rz-O!ikF>3s9qs`87ubw3(gz^ z&qLWVS!0fOYZ&fh6I{v}9V*>^GlWjLmGG z;nMG~a8ii>>W}>CjfD@lTV0o)lxS~P{orNh>K4|i9t~F;Go#PO{2KfNTs-hP@xQ5$ z|1^yMzo-uu*8grF|Ce*?KUS{)t{nf@!GEk=|5ZBvA2Q@0C&Kjqq9Iout_qn~EBujY zG}m$t6ksn0T9ov|l0m4@D0vq7s1{Kofd|(+#KYU$QOY{7!`ULcFPru+Ircv%9M0do z&N)-0vkez|*4wKcx#OfVF4!A73rOi?D!?aDe?c4{!a>ySqK~v9u7py z_hSk?CiG9sg$F$K1AJTN8n!W*g_{@az!Y#vQq$c{hiPDYb7pb~Qx_nZ7r%??h5oF- z6A)D0U7ZA&!t0}+e9oneiwJ7N-vwjL0E$!)FPk)$^aua8%K(`g#(r0);}!1m0aC-^ z+>%6vYVu;${9vyr=8k&XRk?5?+re-(akg9oEiqa>U-J!g?ey! z{I*A@(H0-O0S7|jpvbE!{HNto(L}gS6X=6J0jq1Ma}NROBB)OHpITAi6buMU6aS3} z7QhXfSKH6tx65_v!7T*b8{=P2hfCD6^JDP3p(R9+&)BU?x0Mgn7KO94`oVDf!}MAD z8yWy%BK!^VOA)^LU0ba&pmVJU0`ty6fE}&x;p1sGdz{3SkWt)wR^a*^ z9YFy|VP#+i{Fz6c9-lr(;1?FwnsopNhJ*rU-!KgvNPq{vG+_T2^7R`MX|Go|T@W62 z^M~qtmoNpd+5jk_x6;FA_eTW;sN-ka4(Q@W$N=<{f?oj-q7__(AmV}H8YJ2i%mbh6 z;}!V5w&@G;L*VGke{^+MqoG&*eR`lb;=Pwy#i6nFr!uX|9{_*Lxs4thFbWLG3;CJj z;0>GhgJ-gDV14uE5A&ga{XVyA3~TTu&`&i;hhHkcF~5QT-gecC1q`&&LA}-!D$HuL zZ;<(uf3*vtD-N|Zyt9H_0qorT?312lV%5o8ZrMFvhKi za9jH)^uD*s8vo2%FFNubB#D8BEO-^(-_obwwf z88H};)+gv=XO!SrZ$#Yq*B$sBZ;kbX{ffB6rayo{y7h-72tWUu6byuK$(L&_BiN&eib0^^D59+B|CH~F%ppU+bCS`0PF zBu5P308##0ic%ZPTmzR0+6p5q4Q_Rcs)AMNhKUy;dIsxdgMOTQ8j6jaDz~n)PYjZ# z=|uri0nCPcO#hBG4)pYEE#e|)18iV&q+x>*QfHRVbLgQfFtLlK6(LSzL~EovANBSx~3l8ESX&$!qcsa0AlaD#b{z%XU(eZ?5zw|kvmaG ztdUv|*v>=!Y>7;`T^lf;vho$vSs{)_3PjBl+VSP^DN-YiR;z@#tz4F99(EBk(hXkN zMh;wvozQv30y(Gd$L~`oTT`2{0uh-JJwh2V6{C4TmBbh!CWFA2mPn^QnjL zPu%fZnZQ0Vu#l+WA~TtI=GToEgzh_ANK$*L9uhH!aurDbS#qqhc}N^@Uot=zse{XR zAag53DUeN(AgqD~g9A>3jFh$TLri#;4CT8=#p`djo1hNTD6d^v+^Jz=zh6Gtjla92 z`Q_BD=0s4kxHokCmG2v@{i)fc;71kw-gXGaSk{@)fw`hgV?6cn@y4Jyp|PBnT2J5S z#v@^__O4eyEpiM$9_crasIldZo!cB21kSVi?E&!aWTW0Vcn&17zw0KNDPgAsZKvz+ zI#L@1=m%1F@86hHNXBLrV_VE%s==8d5gZSNDygq3IaS54@IaEc?f4YPVr3(ZkCmSl zv?^u{0SJl?E1tfo3Yk8)XGu~<8b4DN-VU;J2V^!^~%^_AS^oD zC5qTDs7s-1b~kMiYIY@9AFGgtdsQTd8z3xNt!q!Iw$=OU{1&SiMWm$d;M3jN8&`N& zv<<&;tFr{rKFI`v*|dnhX~cS@pykq5FP0FRrCnXDptfTZoz=cw@7_&7z0iLJ{ieG- zvhEocF9#!yYM=Q(jNL%C>FW==XQWMD#?=VzxJO zpBZ`1J)ah(`8p}_K&`BGHL=uZPx94Rs9vr52C($Y8YQ#Td2@aH!Q#+PxK>ca*hShy zal$9Jb}(HrG1Ka2{IW=#ZBXsNDViyLpG&7?kNU%VC_4dp#FodOzY;ohOa29@57vt; zCuO}t_^8;l3LvYL5E4rov2{>W9rF zS;cqF_6O0m2U(tMwl}z4v|_@0MC4dn0m6DLDs(YtX4|zF`R`fYveLSI6}-4VI2ux< z^-yW9Z^X>H-%#JJgh#j`)$NUhnx?p^1u?tQ_#wXT^cUEB>HFb8TWd4NQHPDTC401P zC-Vb{vT9=XTA3tbTJ|zs7zKDsg_~tHp4g246g98aC zw`c`Z0SQjEtv|A1Wr_FNL1LV`op$i*YqN1AS>kgzan3p?K3?RBd!xervNCM_5(-I4 zv`&P&SMwfn;CqIhSzkc29G89FDqfV|irLVj*RTb!PZ1rvgpjWvgjyAcoTRIxDsQQ# z?sjmb@62r!ZGSj$%OC{#eYis;aQV^8em_TF{RE4AUy7M#FZ9yH3Sk~{3*bZ>L$iIS zS*9QlxgKVFZYE=fEZdjdMs{5qlXO_f`RM*-1z!1>oT=dkXux7gnZfcH~qljKU6n-i0M#PlCkc~nGHQ+<3gz|a$ZnT z=q4*h?=p67w@L5y)s*)VPe81!CTOA{k~ssHAmu42_K_>gY=2j&(aZcOP-u*&-QJLP zjw0anwNSZP`2*DuNZ;9S=%d(&DG{Rbrqesv6x^~J@=w{(a{%R>4^)lp+>;vgej8GX zh12+aR9?o`QGLNhK;a1tHM-L8qQSLVH0SSOdK%jaZf0$~6+aznMylFoZqb{pepn-) z1$e+^T8{(eNNB7nLyGn(ZxQrK&>f~xn~3O#k?XE#O^j=ooku*@OfucXaVHk_R4;-X zozKXfO$5- zf*4V;km^8ZAlS#Ne^XofArV~lSmRq@_*TxCS;N@sGjgpi`87 z9inL~q>aU_=}PCDrK{AO07=w`F6WRFRv~_3FuHZKOyOX5Cvw)uy^Jv2DQ=un`es*-iE{1V}-bwZJbtqvhxs(a7JD30=a(s~+O zfA}RrpIICpY3P`@Hl)rdQ#}T>((w_vkA;#$TwqncLp^L-?FYrJ1Zj?3Tv|Ezk1qY$ zd&7N^r|N)xx9k#UC=F4?F)U{n00Z2v^?0`{E-{dbhJQ$gwT=22Ll9;^fd`g^Nd2Zf z@08{42Nk!X0H8UL)tkxoFw=lkx`I4W_cvNILA`BaBf>Dgyfld!$ix8NtYJRJWCLml@IuO>j)kUA;d&t zEmC??Or>%%@Ba0cspyJ!2*PAgE`g`yaxxR1$UP6$6n^tK^{d!va`3CV2B9@ho{Jf1 zllET=2WQ?&T#@Z=hqAxX^BJoHrXRACj|0{p@{>Il{3!rL(lUlXoJbYX4@*V*rx%}< zR_pA9>fwL03$(`em!{z4RhL<@g2j6q((Gyy@y7QD9z150W_>th%usai#+AivBt@_U z?JLg@{LVVHHPT4~H!;3o9MktyQjiH)`8B5i>zHbs3~@&seG8tMa$2A|1pMkwdvzuZ zje-?oV>1$To=ap#TIf6*zhHa}uu8uQhKf7+&ryHwu4dcA?c?jU9kOX7Pe5}4Rv+iM z6Sxn_TV@R;DTFIdu+-;`>yQ@{O>L6uh0RR?v!Ck zJYaPl)|@$$&qu+gWK^glvy5?4pUgz!`}$Mne2CD--5FNlV#tbaL(p4u{?^|`ki3j& zXCRcv+*fura=Q5*a4J_Uy#*wxov1ca6XC7fb%1GQVlXc_&{ExurA;z}oGOOcC$Gv8 z0T#VA;GMq;cl|XDY*udiI4vn)zTe0vsFoxZ6vNP`rGMK-%8oO|EK-I`t3w%kLi(SjprdmVCMOn6_1`5ikAr{?E zu>UmE)HSW(yB5*u8&asC6Iy|m$mlY+`7Sdh)|+j6BrC=;-EksxAb!^yGe4X-G3K>4 zzvnpNk7_n$;7ze@rcpMhF$?!}eBC}~b>&~_13z`6I->Qv*xF)g+HRVi6**-aLG?2l z9aCiu?E06iGj*&e#HH(H|BLMohCCBhjxGiUak>qKrj?7L>KRc_2)5DWn{Brt$k7CF z0gNnm<6-iT%PGk%wmZvJVBpHLTZ^^}hKf?fEupYZV{UHc^6Zu)AL2U)>XG)PWF4(S zfnlG5d=j$}Y%R8y{Rt%R(7K`cb$^DPOoOJpazf;1?Q`{KKY^IKAa^Dq$KK(aB(lwC z*%LwwqCWer{$?Esm(>#!8umuKYYiceWs)^(&SIW?_3SRANr!R^@9;`$-|R9ul-EGO<@fzJ8T-5sT+}{oVB91-pczaDz2iBYY+Cx`&ZZ(GInT=L3iod9l$#f@A+AF7i6JFRuM}2xhLQ&}- zm6ZBA3&@P4<@blidP88#L3R?uDmPt#P|E{6PfN_DX;@+d_@b4hS_*QBf-d6UhQ!hI zEuSqobOYB|4X^F|xXI8L2^hn4&$taiLelkj=JB3l{lUDkNTh=Tjud8X)>d-m6FjX? z?BA+bfhq621;J34#$>!W`?zd3HPr;UoS;@&H>1jyB$_Kao59VDGR&5ueV~mf6y(+Uv+ra_D>LtcGiE(--GD4sY(UI+sTkZOffkWK_^(@F{v+N+j{Fvz_Cv`Vl)Kvjq5tRGoX5BNiU)RY`STC)k&^_C= z&%N56eN&h%^rd<4-!w|;bV5<7nb+Um(Hm?Lj~f?O42I6RG+F-`Zku4Vc~j4)%*3PX z?LX~{2^I7(+cF2h&cUN)LY?CJV+ePb8EztDLOLx+xSet3F&G)IINb_&!a_C?+WFyb z5z?*zo(!l04I2pxFI|Sc9S?#(kt*2+DtwiRHE#)fZoLT$affzmlaS`qlX=Z2UnnPn z6Z0^#;sYhSpQRQvo(>1Mz?)e4?mJ}v4i+Y)WU(uw3(NbkESV(|Z7*%1p$C_T?e!rn zF;r{D{5V&ii!t5Cuh=Ha*{i=$)TrtE?_?+O8`<#3YglKG)gIe^Zw#+hGERm{BI*)z zw`~d1KfQNTvVgGTd0naFSvz zz64Q860x;4y2q9Fy^ucSJevSAGHxBPs|pU|ic|k;%s-(Uh_*ELV$ruUUxa%r%&IT8 z41Ic(9K1K(&zp2JISmKYI!ZnPF6J`2+bC%2y{N`D?7I87{@>0{Mwv9uP zLSjCs0!=$MENS)NqM)R#gLkpr|1JKEy`i;u}FRF>DL?VD2ekPWc&U;qXKw2_9B_sz=w!9 zLGZ0Kg27{yWESlv1|$o<2Fhg3wE4&pm3Lo3+ptqEQY7}8h9V>6wFUpwGM+1I35 z2^XPY(RmiI(l}3RUg5R*<~S|6^fWi!HJ%AwHRm-g3B58G`?4L_y+ua>NJX7tgwxi6 z1L8r6#{p5D@<_;YeY5U+jiT5bc$W#{Yd3B zly!3~nK*IXG7RRjD9jI7EHfd@Y z=&L{w^a5m&=P{_IoZ~Fz^a0AL#7pl5Mk&%%0~oIXVb19zlJ?|U&BJwtyN8{s4+k@~ zWLl}QmagAzxfi;|>OZ8*ifnm?G&kP>I_Sx+dAS@`YlJxLmcZ8A?a3I=k}b~muOn^I zgByewnaf2p#;>VOnOVI`xH}6mEIUuV;YXOxz+E*_n0B3CU#YA5G1<|HS}QFg)#z0H6mA+MC5RxKpsDxMKsO(sJJxoeTdP=#kB!IhwPuJdHl4dD$%x47-j zWp8D(ggI_SMp-9=HOM(+=M(Y(H=~#w=whtUFOiVa1&3Gng<070w;#)(?i2GhZS1GP zzkpQ)v@ZRTV#2+pAkG%Eq)d63do&}^MR)aFHEj9M3LRh)Zh?AtG^66+y#>XW>4N$i z^M2ugkY{jAeYCQT+WOI1zz$GDChJ!O{o_;g{Ub&WeN(lomr2g6Tdoo{z%2RKBJARR z&qB*-zz=W-m{1aBt;&=xM?Mm8GiYM)rz-BTqF(lADC7ydZp0kAk{QBoc9vH|(R`SyWnoZIeQhZ<;?Y@Tqo8_vV9FQhrI6-hx&W@3awt$Jdc zxoouolnQ)j2SM*yT+hR)2rAUfZBv+i!ampUc~7cUwfBMpn+1rPkw5~}Hm6Oura#Qx zrr$SY|123t>%SbFRX!VoqGLz?@6hEyC722wQT+JXgcdu(iAQkYVxNhHH=ivjoO)81 zvA>ZJze!GTofHu&)WFmDF7aN5%#I!4;`96KrjvgZ6++)%dd8)1A;2p9C>0!CXOczI z9-f|9|EldSBmhb60AP@&CHIb#N1GTgw&bxI#uFYAO_F0N>VoQh901+Op1!CrS8)$0 z<9F7ALgo-1<^-`p2?9b+8#F7xpZQkicHZl~DjS(<%kWdv`$M`CrZ!}hfa8xUgw>mdd~|F*D(wmg-HTRL~hLv8y=y_9^~I z^CmkVFo|7W3?grc(wGV|Ie+>yrPz_F=pam%yb?mbffhTD6$eBYjUWzBXY0RIS?Y3i*0wY!+=^tH0?Ts(=|YKL2oTk)Bzt0 znI+rWmat3jL1{whWnWZ+D=#oHqI)}bj^OFlO&oZZyW=Dj9 zqAHttx)kb#9iZ6NPJ{fN<3QcAQ4uCF4mh~x+1L@0a!#`NLqczP4xN-Yj`2Qi@&g+)hYHs-yZT`e!521Q9V-h5&|u zPz_xBZ?_GIwMrvwoddK_ZExnk@lq-@Vw){1d@xQA1>#Pns10op)u023iusv@RNDi{`ElC+-krm)BV+A9KNw zMN?@}JNU>olh><_k%4veif}T+V>_d1`)(THI>6Si!H8>^*8PQ6<Wmk7OB2Z0by^=M=a`En;s zLx;hQ@b;9nAY|i3IPBB2`$o950tNMIb?u;AOlzA#37J6RKBXQH1cbuE*_0_~)i@j+ zFS>p^P)(jW)D404G3?xZa{(kza8LTzCvQW%kQ8!u!2)rS`{vW5{F;7^f$8i(Qz()W zf6**0%hGB}Urbth41hCa0@~-ZF=_+5Y1AI!R+) z03%tjHN<|VXf5`SZszM8kOeGsTU;OQLOKs1k=2q7)Vf=-595dw0~s zyBk(RTZMZ$VXPI?!0cwyyY8j0?lNk3gp=p<@(i;+(C;Z1$sGk}a0I<&4hKkn)E;9v zwQaFj5LP(ql9~TWwLWA#>5~x}p9gEZsBJRsQ(*xtk7**>+=8(k?U%_A9ROl}}LANgLl> z2xAA6zY%HMVx6_YjDyNs15=C7Ieji;f;Zj3zP?Bv+?1E0bmUm(QNI;ZwZ?G}cBO1c zsG()ksP}j%{U;XkvrRdlP3U~Js0s9r7;Y)V><_2Hz(eFmDgB1jh$_pn5}oSxrKI+u zZgnz8#{np8J2hW0y_(^KoG4^Nb8ff2Sf#DK>;xKN_;vI7YQ^>WASc2kz1t#@D(s6% zy`q|`^Lh7nag~^=Q-w5?r03|_&%Zk(hPbqxMH&L>(~5-+GFs4n`2b^h)6Ojuu~j16un)?}^+N)mOrezd@$ zg6?_;jWgJ=*8EPJsbuWzfcM%zF!owY^i42{eRN05Rjf*yGgs#~nNOZ8pnT?8Dp7br zRjn748QBS_TC^oHTW;C0IlCrELR$KDy5=v9O=?y_o8K%`gb11GMswF<& zy0w;9dV1QjOmg>{UEf90rE4$u3y>gUlzXH_$EFTwK4kn6Hyw6esL>MVG~HyPE@3>CUatyyj?toEn78sw1pktx>Q&ErjSd%7qK*kZeBWpQ@uLWZSFkE7|5}gD z5=-R4lo@pJdXoCBdnP=51Icc$k#>MZ*ad5THy)q}q|4_>)K4XaPSdN_Igrk0Qg!El zsnzgIPYL*Ka-y9Q))I0r<>6@Yr9)gUea0L(F4%lmbe*Q!+5@mX?3BRZ+da;0)kJ*-ZvwLI3w3&kL zydTpHVCFI{E_!JcOX6;PL;K2I(qvQ*8Gnz0qqoT1pF8QpnL5KqVeXQ26#0=<6cH#` zvDoC{-8lZdHdDwT=)`@|RXs5QIua_&gFvd$=Z{@Duf?m00>2LWqH6K4!6Ap%4NuxQ zbX^jDN()S?k@Y5sEM$$(FrFPq{1;}gyAA?wVl8pWUD_zICd_`$A9Y<74rvJtmS-%r zCEwg~*Ib|D%nmoByQ(N7+kPDryp(Y^f?p9T$MRv?CWk`jJAvERHI!IV8J1r?edLr< z0VdsKxg4`#>Xd2GNmT)rliC+n7T-LpCH+v7mqz}Yh?Vq?gBr^;0M(3Z#f4x2nD`a3 zGzGX^357Z!w7fXZD7#P`4CmCoDr!5|&l{S2<`ErB)U~O}qiL_?rDEh|g3l?ngfDyQ zKg5PnXva*?SllzYNloj_LnUvL_tyNfGD?}*fH>)lS^P@D@%dUvVIVDllh_4)_DvZz z%B9VjIM_LFSFbKlOs{2OPb?VR$b>%H4Xj(tZ!4tdqEv60ycffq5mB2B3z4W~K|^@2 z1MBsCl@&%hfh0lc!|YoEFj{-VB%%l(UnDjT1B{oOO*5GiMPlS~gneC%N|6)Stbd_3`$b~hUh%~@Y_4o~(#A!z1 zkTHJ-dtE6xz@KhRF$joc zmb$zVaUR}iM0VIxxt6kmYeB9JcDGDrmacOA8XvqO{6MN2_&Zv3i6w_#I~@tih!ztq zgU$XI<5nFiMY5<7){mK~`xPo)Q8a@edEbw6+m683r)R9Af z7F?g~ILU5waSjw^zv5XaA#ZA~Z%-GCQX@;5x$k+7cVW3D zQD0F04LPaR?X3bl)H}1qV@>jO20Fy)d{soYQw`fcj0tDN0K1!rgkYuI&v7u52;J&k z&w-ZqmZmK4?^f_mNiYTp56hSVRM0}^8HvUqpKxz=D&o>5VAj!;sdQ)O6{nCPa2 zxl%4HBa*w2ntry7XCF$T_2LHh1*(8dXoJrF9uI!?t$FJHtE|{AewCp|BAP`Jr`!Ik3T%dt%NJ4&l8UH=of$hMqqr{%sw%4Bv?=sot zZ;#7fC6-55zU|q~o|VNa%hJ$TNu4MeB#;JxNdcS!YkpT*LjTN~ppdL8vS9&OqVmB~ z$W~Wi?$3Am^Rs4~f|tEt6o1JwXjg}p5O%0w4re>QhfJECB004A= zF4V4MhH5JCIpjw|bu8alk7GR4{SA$BoTRO`z)Qo@{Gvz!L%ljHfK2 z)h#@0@c5>dHW$ahc3_N>jGvt24tavjM{Ig3TzNxIy?W2kYG0wNTGgvqeTq>g@|DO^Bn-nB9Qy1bo5YT>^(*o{=jMl6#(eU z(#Z<_ET^AH%M`Q9tsHIt10UA`17B+jC12xiQWI^g^&*LJ2P7V7O2R$e+?AP z?!l4A^7#e$71#L9_C2+7Al$j(htg*8da` zyd1z+uDz#Y(ogP>TYbyxN8ZAZRy*F?>lzToFFB`3`TOIO1gGX^P+r@28xa6bYpr8z zu6}$c?b5nrG0BdgD)N0eR-I%=l@fe{ei3H$iyS?%n45PuGv$ zx=0A(q5Jor;`Yp_R{hewXHkELyl>XN?UF7t)*tatoS4w)PEz%~>X-Qv+jA*@?SCCI ze-VG|j2>TS%mwn~aGlWS^t7I}fKqMg=w|=5$xp{0YkwwN8+}yaF|Ht6g?nH*LM6Di z$hhbwV)9UX)j|#43Vme}0`Al$HYB(v_rfDL+nF1y`wU(lnmkvKBS#bVQLhD7VIAry zb3afhftsL|&CiNf01ptk>!wM@v1eW&0b2N&1Rlpo8>NYsDcp?Hm+@#_H9Q8L0U@O` zAg%~elU=l1R&UhsW*}URjxHuof)brRQR@WN=+^BH;JleDT`5k=Qlv*t@Fa@Y7dL22 zck}6Ky^_$VWQDhdztjzj4A@qHi4Ou9B6q9~Uffz~>~2)O^KI#mooM zD&{_33fPQZNCUs1g2jFSAI6$^Gk8#&wxPn!%U2EPgjrk2A@vMuXcXfnhsxHQFXCgk zwCChFm_myF?)FBvuHx^zhnEtGWE(QwML2gf{aG-ZBO@@SLnRohW4?t>8ZFwFLjChE zsdmT3gj*Fs$c+i9H^`1-zM8p3>|kjJSLUYOOd4;~E{So{e+&@v z0r+#{L5-R^;N^%apt4Asx;$9bIuq}FIP-L z5QJuj$9G*~`o)@`42QTe_^m~>NVST3QP=m*@~`RTS>Qy)@Dn-giwSPgJZp-AX-D?} zY?^5$nNEmW(=b2uAvf?-jV0_l{Iuwdj|(dSvls%|8WX_(GZhQ_qiyw@q2e*MLnuCf zJpiomG}TTd!TJc$d-#ZIyg-OI(Oy1^V4`H`5g;!G@Xp)y4`7}{#&^%er=Ic+D1>Pktd6jVLNfwiQpu>P-L3WyIZ9 zg@c1dO0K_qG`D%SVHVtJa;kA8*(ZPM*eKpTY>zvvL^O1`*~W3P(z42x4SG2uY1Khl zOD+)MFEX(o_FWi~tlw0!jrWo0P&samiBOeeLpwMb8Dr`2Uy}X|o%?l~oWcF!)%UGX z5Gje6NzFvY{Rc2d$Zd6N(?GKA{R5b3G1J;O0LsXm9}qmvJWOmY?@Crx4wf5l(bohp z8QXUrEmR+{e$Y^+?eA??hx0t)fQ_Y--x{pZ`Pn;1OORc!pS;!cKru2LU#=lt;{A&)b;T4 zySR+1F3BmSy}}MtFMki?+qq&pQei5x1ssgno;({aCZQ+f96NP*Qlikbd7_TGiHghh zR%V&ubC`SJ^_sR!GqPo$9W4eL2?iYG0-*O7tV;&Nr&7>AGvs^dOUB3(DD2m+_*WSz zTbV_&v2%2K+A;R@+*5iN7YaOk`D(vusMkaLtTnStt}73i+|H=TQw;yK(XvqsdYG$W zY3i>HcQd|8B}KSdJGkciz|&* z1P{F0Bg~rcurA16$vOI*_GP}fTL9H$u=P?pI^)xRtRo*s=Z$Ia#gY!6G-cmAHDOXs z9W=O?XQy%X1jl9`^%(xA0JH~{4NuDb%GbNs^?nc1W2Ct{_$AN+9oJ50h+ht8EPJ%3 z1xwv(H_H;7Ozw@nhHJ}!p3ky^98PyoZH@5=K5En{qt3hUn6f7D#jI=6XxKUFFF>y_ zr{tiApV=X#WE2$okr=f#rW=_RK<77$dES``NFj%kiQxqq*X~5buj(N22PXhxBGtO~mgqU+ znV)D*OoKj}8OU9O7X|U!ZxoQ!C%ZJy6k$2)S<$W{ps5L!o%*nKBA*TR`GggSM$*Qf zb*whxh+AG=u5>W%v}y<`c#7#ZAAPu@p9e(|9=C7a+oab1H^4mm3Xwe+uWmS8nr&kJ zd2GqsUA$djjoh1d@hBz7ZMl!F85WkB!PUGla+ubk5b3BW6`1J$lTTCVq&VTGJaNA1 zQn^by?$;8T!g#En_3zFMSutJRB)9tTknfQ!1gq^M}*lOmb_LC)8?` z{53dH;~FxgaO!3YX%5_9kIyozsEeoj9#XK-k5?ei>IE@VR+7zsADa=&74xY3LZtk#6|$P5YzkXJ zNL+-QpVU`-A1675hSBEkt<9--kwZq=Yc|;Qr|8m5%PAt}qn6)A;aUz!e~CPuw-v}9 zQK4cNEsNCVc;RQ2j1IQ1--;;%iBs$v5B3RYKjWQFx?7M&7>XVelLjwhE&M{YEc*jDFP$`v$)acokL-qd8pbC6 z8tr%jz-owM|FiX-nu#d-Im5>2;OK}m5}&Gc$vPttq${G%4%6N$D;kj%56|b@a4**P zkq|tw4pG}C+DGVSmcW$l`1}o!RQT$d_&1EWUZOJT4cov}NqUBy(j*gT^31l3o`%%a zqkx+&?<<1EkwB1C&~5$A=%?|gndh!xx=2Eh$Dhi9R_ukqzc8 zQ;RH4P(Abn%IR=JVn=a6^E~TfI%aSQV+zptDrO1;JyPp@RtI)p?b=)y#7PJ$$GBf%pn^kge~6z=4EduM>BgRV{*XsL}BqV?R=`C)N3>U51qJw z_8f*gkvjHm$!B7QO}^}Cp-W;NOb)MFS@hqE9L)UkY7=%4Bn|D(&9R7^s=@Us zUnU_F45du#!WzyR63D@xIeSQMSDgylN%Ub$SY&YAG7mpG7$iKBO8o%V3}z0-*nFF zpnYP@BTqWpS5xyLZ;nd`-8cjk^xg78COIrb)WDNm&1l7Le~=ctgb{B$&p4lSm3WP$ zD>U79B=_e@RrS}em-h-+1$zpsYZo{db?}UMdD{dqL*TgNw8pk5wD>#iD=7WUBX3`r zU&6CUp0)pe)`{g6Ph-=lg|=KV9!A>9ULt#;ES;b9k(cOetV?6k#73oq24=u=zM(bq zILfP{d71trQU@eJpX1`1cV0^iZn-kU1RI(RfC&SZdFWV%4owUbqA59?}=RBmo^H7S;5_OA%u zhc0NV$`6wHz(Y_M76_1mU18$dmFN3>kfHx;WoyM}L>w|0P*x;uoXLa)e)@0KF4?_L zw>p|QTz%Z@HQjb5AL{aw#Ar@p;617ubc@Ta+Jx`wi zS*VLH4sP3L0){35OrnR)WjS6e&Z2|ZYqhV~1`WHtw7KfMT&gldep2mSOQMq$@#WBCGVZIe#e# zsE`1X2``XS1>AEtO2E&@XznwXhp4{zYz%-@MXj*h0)|8aZ z%*p(NZ;pdJvE9`j#L^CF)tR@{n%y2BNulm2Ck)fjA<(` zB|2)Yw^SC6NLa|7ar^k}Jy6a+m%4Kge`3kgzcGAqFQ344Kfc=nMp2v$sY;9bvdx@E zf(}l;0E)+|uQ+JhV*$N^@)$_VY#o!0Wxh`Id8~%%rS;@`SMo3i=%~t?6YwFSK5X8j zPJZAan#`Kur&v87v*IQbhCONfTue>_XY*$DFfY7TXX!O4Hd>wvWK>|uBaq~o4pqz` zhF_@OC*k%YLdjzwE-Qa)Jfxn1dk{gzD0{rmZ?My7#3TM_P}O66wGc5y-FLUt4lH^NL=2sW#aOg#FtXdtsJEDgoGN3YpfRCj^ZCg z-Dq4kQ!hC>Q8bVnx!Oz1u9Smmg^bv1;OKOw91$9{sMsbG(xC)F%S4~C-@K2Ub z4T-BkeE;x@6Q~d)b75UeHAg@w?iFjM3hN-C&2gsMvi~*h;1nr~PtD*~Jq%LtW#ZP) zrd(gyNkM|Df<}HLZZ;9_z{9lZwyDXnQg`ATVx#HQk6z#+5qBGiXlr4lSYoCWvEMc9 z^DuJs-VQgAs=(<&)l@e6!gQ(te1wYeQZ;urfhbP{wB_uuliu~z($@qyq8um@%^Wm0 z${qWI4%EY;3rg?~BJ221?+{R882ZMV=B=}8UEu|NTVB$;zO5=qHc<~&7?9kP0VV>| zsb54pT_F3ajwlU5>RK5)5Q&Pkq=uvDWy9*{(cDc&Lg1gCO%w**=Abayoy^KUI9{Q? zsBkn8CyJd&eT`|`=IGW^E?4i){+CwuG6&&)X$nz!9&v>T5ewJ0Dh9oXMo^um=N z@?QZt)rEt$iajq@d1%^Kg@`7ikn+sN@_9&2-`9BfYB|x&XR%9I`%V(C zYSfUd>NkDKLcYD=o?0`Z^DgFoC_0r5+A>(hux(`pZuV#jAtz7C27!FE96>KgKXj0^ zsXcpa-{=W(Hhhp^{ONCSIk85QYSA?1SQ-nuIjSgp??3{-)N8eHCd%gZCtt^Y-N+QOGNQhKA?<9PI|Jb$yz zfo5vvNrg6lXmx3MdFEXtkfv{-p6}c(B-y&c1PiTs>=qiT#MuH}6;ary?ZYk!=zTF6 zi`J?GtQHa(T@knS@3I8M{)SLYJ*_8tn5p1%<5tzpWDghX%Qf!?)ZfaMKD{zq&5wN} zkjEbFCdrf-0elDgd)MVT8g*Gk4H}J%1h?*DlBS>7L*Oq3G5)^b%f;nCU!Ve8Sj&+U zJ2sSuXE&Ci3jczeF9a4Wo5I?J2KMVi$ht*D(Q}%`s~f}p1uq;&=xEp~Xuiipjm@Eb@hln=bh62@w}zrI~Rt_?zA4Lio#tS;NrP*23vl!H$!q--mQN zbp=NN%2n+zT^Bied;2#uRx7ar3^2FJW zRp9nIp*fl=mzF?q{AyUQ!#0^=ljiUNOmmNFyZv1u%n9as`6+2l{S$N>ExDy{nANQU z!|3MKcn-qcs6bUJI&=r6DC5ID58RI$O19N_oUfAPndVfOaJS@+CZ@_x$5a^sJ^}5$ zO9-=z0{)j#sDmPhIWvyZ_iGK*zV+(e-|*#!Y4aXZ9i88xYbP+gCrS-^#}_Z~k2fvj z>w(A9R5wd&T>8yvD>Eiu;YLwDx9R0RyRmT>zi@u+Po-R>fDNO)e3^$&r{C~p^^s$g zyCpUfr(}$S$>@!SQi2X2ac=0F z`k*e^Quqi;I?0B`uW6#UI&fSXL9(#2&07O}9x~edpY|TWu7mL$Xi>v`L|u8_Za*hv zEz2Fk8~|@H#+SzRAnHfF{BfSk_Qvu^t`}jLLYFP6bkJqyw!P>6vdk{DYGHxEb9=B5qO!gy&cVL&>|S^cJqEcV`Mq z?N-JHiH<>U{vhF^W*pD)dRJo4UoDz^!Qej-BF$~*3g~xgbPC=rSJ3biMshvO1mXUT zBN;D|GNvu!%n89YDGK7eaTBlx4RAlgghO>02e*DOreR{Jm(r9widk-mjJ4TL^B7qwW!^@K}ru0f>@-d&UJF^v97 zuQns}*38stcU}pf)4Kcn=js>bD$^NdieNqZo*Xp6v-k|@40U5v4HOTw#}d{YalUkM zv3L*K0*wc=!n47i>IaH=!Px`>8aC@kw2GqNZ=a0;RD#4e6zPwa|4mEQzeJazpbw)U3E}Bk8fmM_Tr3AsyoI5-GpZ4{EV>^xgAZJHyjvksU|NV z(diW+i^Revy?Hp2-6HRCrH3*yMIN!j&#k?PnI?n289EXgR6lnxuJCOu=|59YAIi@nxGswk6wZlb;XwUz4agpVQ?o5!j z!r9KuHJHb}Z9_Wil=KO+f5fI?t2uh3<1(7*70t@kIVWw-;7W&T%|MWpibZE3CACh- zB8M5-Y+XW>+-jMLDpX8AyxGPKZ5DW)C$llwUGYH6Iau!oU+t_cLB0|jxrTk+^Hho* zglk-W!T*EGzT~uq__@!9>t?>~?D+i!IIBLNZ`+l{MFtv~nQv@A*J`;0MH~p{kW@PI zAW|myiYh=n78P9dH%~Cp%{nbk(p(9-C>iL(M}`o8pQOQ+>TkCe5(^{9(?9Ia>|$|4 zU$&v4Gx$z z(#J8k8JQHZ1>E%kpI>-WJumRfm`|MjH7droP(W8;1yK_XnZ@M1rJd((8+YY1yq^b> zM;aU$;!-o^Jm2RW8i5eQ5@+O3MRkEU*_vQ#&CT7=4f5ZR0F%B z3oR%EW1;mcbW9q>rN_3*pAqRkVk3_jO+$1nvLEG$%}9S_(j(p*yDKpY^5u!JY$mrV zJf6C>bSY45(C)uQ9ZE!h`Su|md_rvtA=`BcPP)43r1Ea+0}!_ioGA)M>Qj!I#^;**2nzdeM?wo7UQ<}&`Z@KOA;`y_-GLsmgLS#Ts^M`>Z4)AF@ztzf&NVe9eUJY@Li2|WIZ6F_WufvQyXH&ze;iT z2Fs9cW*A&=GhNUR>+GaM&l`B?l~6^u;-h3zZv1jK-H1tZ)ekKS-L!snuNg)dO3c!7 z*tbohO3bNLS7Ksb8nx(_Cr{y(Ovc@^olV(AlY!LvTsLEoxJ_L6qc3ET5by5(Ep6O< zr=y+&wfjzs3I|f)nICo#Pgbj)2&zcECZl>=g+zxJ)%9kTuM%)=#e>-!kO{={S?%F_ z2sd%&mddXlRuO*RhPe9?cI@?VuJ?@Nk<=!S=!0c%&+AK@6T_+L>!JfTwO+QoNN7@k zEhHO1gRDDEvmGL~;-g#*?=*UszZ3$A{<~UBO;sGX0Kx$E7`|QgwiJV$pPzTPGK(M! zuN8KZMK>F)*KS4J)G6ESz74P~7dhvMXhCBNsIZ2KgASv4=k)-0yxo3cQS`CBBl|OA zb|@ZSyT?g}reqz~WiEDl<>Gdymx;w!{{nLR!mhCuS|(ttks*D2kJcr>Q@b zElLc-c*d#D-2ARA;KuI!-(`XN%4_yYRy|JCatLTvFx>QkjCaaia&8)j1>F++W{& zPkBzl5OuWnAg6jaOIN`q{JBo&Xh|aIUU9(zOAJZ+>YQFtHcx7JIjA)%JQ*x5Bki`m z%O1^hhxNEB->2I-8)k`!l5OeWxr01Ok-r;;o30)ed&8OgTV!0=2d&D<`%CYZHv9h4 z;5vQ@g-Vl3;OCmuh4?X8IL}O_*teQQ@mIOD-1-y#ww%I}DOzhJ{7EV`$enIRjH|sj zJX&P({l?|A+U!VPQER_t2DGINbX>Q1l975pv@ruWB-8ncA42j;EkJg3;<{ibF`)`S zvtqO-zN%tTZ#2`=Ee z0gz2FOz`8u>2??)mhPo()S;(=yB)wbIM6AfjQ^RD{w6F|!E808J$s@z82z#vcJtE6 z_@u=@FsQOXtD6{Zcub3Em-#*M$VG>2^+)mXU!0Ah3ck`z1pf8{;9#%$L~q}{=kh}l z(~FOqQ+{D;w%}%+&)Z5to_1Qwbx=P*H6rS1A+0b+{k{DUH~6y-`C2OOxT=%h5h43{ zG4A;Xa;T!!m?Xk@fU)YcM#cz&5GX97nDs^yj8J}GOfFMpxVDDJIh5Z3u#jn_G!)j3 zQGxRsD^ynr&N{7#1iT5>=>iKE${6QYBP;~~`esQ(;;F?Df}0rC6JdXSx(zeO1JY#>qMuYT|CU`L7QcmD(Jbq$5GeJAp-Z8O{&NHnHsd23v`YiIbP1#$XiD^nXFzVP8 zVBRA33Y(p3 zA@@AYx_sR~#Lr9KTQ3;i8Cu9vykTo$4A;sJr9HLF$OQp_-qf5c~XBjNx`5xiFYj} zO?NOLCoSplN;ta1LSCYPW?bJ|+_?I~d(`K&ZBANqDy?VY7sV;D&s3yw`;iNIVJB}? zX&WxA7JBE8z44KpB~p~|xkZ`8)4<^{WY1w8BQQ6iEQyfe&rNL*LDEp#O74vB%+zv; z#w$snKsmR76R{ZS=>|?yFePuQ5@}YJAuBdiTjcuP7cPw>B#_?xV=%??5&l0%9R>9x z>$f1-47s;v;SoT)3FG+sq!JTGPlq&-fV;6%(nWbk#wS5D>)EIBkVA+oVzit;Y0yu< z>Civ_I~{r>Xj(Ua_J_o!LHLWGX^MpH|Mmp`2M7KC^8~Xp{Z~-*7bRt7{;xOwgOdIq zCgJ~}q-+fTPm~mGOBV>{8s-{-M}hzZwl-*xAcz~p4FX|nTgd)p?>cv{fBX3V1W9L9 zrn|P~>rSt(pB^i*3JMgI3=x?Du>*?xTM*D()z|?23qxWOl8Ttt#1N-`Vns1cPC(r6 z9tala%C!Wl1%D_3GQ@C?_Wl62puVb?2Lq2G+#kfV1b0;{u(|<-b7lYn-~hPF0lLxw z()j{_V`JYypW+7?fCKth0Ixx0hyhujo){RK!65>CxeG&=9osJ{=12RL1hcI5!#s-9T6f`O19&?9 z9_|K!VDSl%@e{6&Ev;@LfVd4w5}Q~N0kVGJ#uhg@+KnQm#Ss`ms1L%v<$v6oK)W>h zcbA8t46U8C%MOsvu@1OwO?#Om(3toikkr+H+rOfqnHXa4E|BO4HYy zx%-9&Fn}0PKzgYe;x(Es4%rY z)$e}tlbcyVfnR^B4@!J~R3QP*KFc})AA7+A0B>(T1wEkAK=ZTN7v(496bs-b=7H zHrMBiXeb-nitW#0;}2Rb;5%;%!23^x9GcN9laEo0*-Czz%})&kz}$f1#sI2Gp$Q-( z+YkNvH)Q#Graw+Kt+k+(fq2yJDTIGW&Xs=EH<0QyZFG&bU~DY?#CH&)iPim07I1PS zD_EAsS|%Vzn+HHB99*dFm^Ho9>D~#Ldp)oo8069WC=Gyrb&J8+uq3@Y`KDUjPJa==VwAaZm_{H*CLkOoE{;z{fZUIe@vP z1JmN~;qf0w?6O@_Zmb~O?|olGwr}b)H(-CV9|nE*pIB3Kul@R0@Cj%Dt*=4v@r~a$ z=2ytYP2!q98TzZ+z~vjv=;IGpC$FN6%^T)=qOQHRH(7R%KtbY!}1ePh}bMR~6 zF6<+2@C*K@S9X3Ey9CICGZ+R}=6j=kHhnJQe%o|eIL-P78DR2Gw7YCkT6m%ZigC7~U}crqsIHknt`dEV;vL z6|CIUXQ|4um!fN^C(RxuXEwU! zQj1QN$NoaIfebzx*6U}};N}yGTf)FV5Z_GEN#d#f85Qv)In=oLhVUC!+YCefIc*%O zToJ(TB8%QlEys%Xbm`WzDr$@yC<|+FUk)^~&kjhu#C+~L@gcMy+oV9uiffkKWk=O& zp9huv1pxPfCp8|5kdGs(WRhOE?lBGROdNu3)gu<8NJycZP6cr@byJu9NepU-j zxbuLdct+@)Ino{79jXni0}|14K@C6UMdIHZ-LR&wnPH?50ptUf6&};&|e8 zMf$oCV3xQhBS9FTdx&SZzT}qPt3hNfM;|t2@ZiyvNe4pl%JC$y83rODD=Qjn4O8)3 zTkeuvJnaL1HyCJR(xf)Stm@i<x_ znkp_=`L4KD!*y@S-?tre|7D8?HFeq`_yvopACUQcH$%?t;8$}nG6o+{P*km9)#!RI z-!$a1ciNo~k+=(jh1A3qtZ>PlWP|PE{A?2&RtBY*&1^g|3~-!^l=VpDZBhFE^-=d& zT0q{v&IG{c?=7$C6)&mkjFJNis|doR2y4FhatO*!`}a(1p2F}q=pR{y?3X2R2+)$7 zc7mw#?uZEN0HKSp4PLgZSRriPLXxxfXNvbn4omP>V*`OWH`sf_a*!{Qn8vhStFx|e z$4B%K{sd*Rq9zhEv3KxPv;$<88uX9>xDJkc-EiSwc5nk!P&quHo9H^2r)Dfq9MRo6 zPc{K~$;iIv>{*5+wR<*VO7Pxw*J$pAdQA6efmrNe$9_2Jhc?H7%FJxwtA;Z(h7LFU z=R242t)bf1yRK`2k-tktsv=?lL8vrB4!1^(etX({iQSB-Jr!dV<+osPvnJ)iS?aT+ zWQ~7r#+iiS(e2FUzo>RQP+h?*82`HF-g(`U02f&vbby%8A$J>DOg0+t3*lzfAx5?O zO+|2TBZYJZ!eGMA->b3r;_(ziX}sEZZGWi& z?haD!)vXFB+)djM{1H1U%gGCt$plq7kynnnl0aqK!RIdGFRSEWn>57ECdb%s!6@Fu zXgpg{2mfG#v~u$q73VB-@ApPsEU{e_<}*+KWP-BSbK0 z)WFmpD^s68VZM2GcG)im%zK#ZF(UzD=}xEbg_+h6&0?L2S$spa$JA0aIf`Du+)~Rn zF4R`OdXX7X6@;~w!z$H*gjjbgGYoFohZ)E3g%n~Np;J%+9o#QSJ8g3y{iuK%eZAEm ze>iB7GX%&_&2d}m%_dEdr3rqnmxP{zlr2&VmAqJIp|oT=n*EP*Vc4!H_9o1zi23Z< zqg~Vac(@^5#{>@QQYioHWF4;ELGr@Q{;18v0^c$1I;F+1>$9OE?KxFLDB)V`3Q|Sx zGUMvhGn|8ECZy_(2s=~^T=;LYDT(FO9a(1MjsuY^G)-}@dc5fVd-96JJBzJhlTiz- zNZE0nH4Wb^>cSQQ1)G4_*L&vj(x2Rvh>@@@to{BhNK#3Jd(O)>k$WnU@TT{~+w*L> z2CitdZf}CHa}Av`e{fvNkj3CCfxjpEQ!HHZ&sUA6L611b%+t;YFq%*m_0{ z2h$5M17r%xZPbocjx24h{MpZ~SH)}9gVrvVSMMJYQX)yG&Z~j-O7K3RZ73}$ca8di z?^M@e-~0$;Qfla-tXR(O(>Tk-39}HCNtLagM*r$*kD5lU2z>>>49(lEv&a(2Z$1do z2n1Dx4WBwA9t8c})e_gTPMdFJNxEPbzu~(@I-$xSwzuHLJDZLU^Y|Myip>XvWC3*b z@9HYy!8ZO;IG=%G!boV}b7 zo)BSPmu?LMh1mNRklWBjU?v&9o%4voNWxD8mbJwkT zi!F?mxzVA%E^lR4K)ek})oPeHWjL7l7#Ih8X8UialqXW8 zM2Bh_*^`wSI8SU?B%U|LW2d2*M_)$%{E-T3Z^96bi>84@}p zRO)~z#6Qxw)9lePd|zd|IzrDE?Q0-m1y94nF&4GS>RcaWm{LnVF2bRHj_bD*l}ClJ zm~#&KN1II7VoNCN?0mw_n*&)ICmI1Y2Kf|egDl6BU_iR?Yc2$*X{N_hzm>xb8yC!G zCXdLrxygSC`-1XejFG`+xaA7xSLyjamMZ4}dym!9_Tj{IXqKH6Lupa?&LkFZq++~C zn@4TPxBdzS(9)_I<_2p_lOHHVuM*Y7sLGvVcj5eVaD3-fcX}!fptnZEg?lCVFp1jE z1IMb>*QDO)Ggj(bJ4T6UxuFHa!8zmIiI3)3jqAhzI1`@%VFl0eC{xKcny!Ls?!uQp z1krtmt_AZ|JQU=RlaZK}Y2l4I6PuultW!H*xeSR*fqJb}{u3NA4)&sdg)*nLvtc(HL_neeT(VEqp(d9JM5u^DXmK1j+W9rGQPQ{-+IXat0;Nx ziQJ{)LUQyAQUY^xYPyP<|1G~cU76hgwU{0k1N_S|P@e3HFCu1Z0F?S&DfmUEgwjRB zj!U~gLUH4OM(ZziMD))3tmkx0(d`muYSPriqJX~TZMibRR=i9M4I2fvxgkjJi5%bY zIW>TN=gWzgQG=&q73wK`F-20tdv%rpm6Ctw5IGKfwn?!g_=?M4!^rfI)yAV*>mZV* z3#?oq=t{6U&2BdUpJ5On6wnE?9R%D4{BdK!++MsqO zml1d@?|-vxm@7%H;%}9<8Z1#L`xqkaBAw9Kt{Es87_O@fI8D@zKbeQAvXtY_-3V+k z-X65Z?Hx9b29+_3hk`7+zUL}w_l3=yHSADL1rF!#4vJ7r`TgAL5SJp z?cK2sK}5iMUns4>+R5OSMpnfRa~mq_jNZ%t#Uj;kfj~1dbNE3xe)*~TACz=O5H9U6 zeO{`fC2XrUhZ29Wr|t9Y!L;S;LLf^YJvYbAV5iH;+#?FiOCJ?-Ow#;VE@~sjDCy`v z{e+$J$T8Itx{N6vZsDt1&JH|nJMGGZRK;Ws^Oou2>7Jt{YEngmV>8%PT*E5~G}`$C z7@526tU)YSgyKw^?>X-$nW2Vx7h9oG44&@q{{VZHwn*eJ14f>|p(S5UGYg@~9<Bs=pyLw=?Wj8Qs?eJa9;~Mtlw_z4NJ#ov2Msljm6^^v+s3WxHik~ zi6NqR$6dNtkUO%d1v1?~xmZcy-WgDn@`NhKh%=`V!b&oiF6dZEWpKpwNeWUcD=)JN z5#BQ@h#C9DK`f=Yjs`6$+s?L?r3vI@6?`jr;Y+#DV_BouW1ipaI(@$Q%L z3z^T{MH50@oasu;#Vm(aN_^Q*1b#EJ3ZE(6Sg@q*YCZJ7{XCV{Vu7e0N$Nc=(TbRx z;){&U@o@~vYwMn_XNo9tc2VtJC4vfT>JB&S_AY0xAW1QbB7p&R6^jW|=RM@f&5DSK zlh`Wq^0h;OcKoK!NG?#VGtu0|SJqSG*OrUJ%WTe&b-hbu$l(Z-cg)_r%{&s=9yYOBZNyVLZ8;cm45LGK-h#H;4mEEFpK-JFW&)!h-QX_4 z_n_xsH#fz@L&`ZGc$wa77;0*_w&P>&wkS1;=h4_{xx}Eo3p8Gi`L;DsnBMu_l9&E{ z1#R6yQN{gcR3C8r_;u*^fCyX`)z(BVWx5}t`bsc|C8`?im5$^#7Ev{ObDbwa+SUbU zWqDs=mwnE*?YN41xLF!uSJmy$dl#dMJe~((k*8j*2hz>El`nM8r*SRFr0q^bkWEqd zzWKf~#>s0?q*5)@Ti=UQd#s*L8H6wzkc`@&T12K`9+2j6df2DkLvV4r>Ce#^w-w~IY&7W7| zf`r1YLOu8Amxoj*y^W1qXjjBkX=!J?R*Li+0H_?$O^O{Be4+YA;^7fvJHdumxqQxA z5J)2o;F5tg|E8OtN2hxUCS#LqPXaWxwD%{b5$Df|0S$N`io7G}52}!m*{wiJm4gy? zHNzy*=yD-xwtsfX{DH;7ShtjTNGQv+ey_X&^m;Ylj7%TOQSF>p-{VWp zW}F}ek2wT9Tsm+q55^aE5a^E>mr7v^0Bqgz8;vStw z&l|&pxLaE3t5(8oYpo={&K~|dYM9yefmsc)rG3eNKGw7G0|b!?@#M4Z5)>k+*LsMN zae7n~JL7ShAk#ov&3~|870FmA!!N?U6#(lK3JmM_lHI2E8QoSn8p#_Q;wUr|Sv3@kT=mFvQ0_0xJ*fv5qz}NKm?!M zbv)*8o2g-?Z7xL6#Fc#GXz)<(O-nQ(@^6+c7V)?nWi~&2%faylfd5I9`#ROLSK#Xv zlvk z=>Urs^`S{efq%sD9Xvo_*bT~N@HQ$5An#h$PQICLd&$N4XjS90rJX!t1;;Q&IFJ^K zIT!-hk$*-LOCHO)sTcz>!s^?DOSHYOuj)D9x^DQa01KInQ^3TeY>?%CFo{pP}zo+ z2QJhO1qE?!SMsv^Ot|3VgRM|0oXSr8EO*RSy;-gG3ru@j5kXOjy6?}?~y zRk3cnLyh>90`>W_ZROqh`3XESwMccVp)3;xGD2bRlt@TYYkS4gaI*6OmgM{!wFl)c zdb>oOZU@xSK33l?qr&NDY*HfcwH5(fnWEg1{dIvD=hOQSq?hLy-l{q@AjL=<{S``V z^;BNxd@$+cNmPw9mVLkB?e96Z+cdN!^fwy$SzbkrbTuzwwd*((Tzws#HbW_t3l10DZT6)&@-5e}KcY@BPMy*o)cW-jF>`D(^j$FA z4{s;T3S3aBV*ePLi+yX-s56JgoAq7-E-)!lQ&4%Qx;4;(|GiVBW|P3Y9#L$g54m5A zje`Gj!#TB*0FL~Pp6mij#YDye_dUMRr9J zhW4?;z*=Cz8O~O3#-*6t)tJ|9;Oyb~r)gG#Jt8EcVxRdWGRWz5TMJz)ca6 zIcw5Og)Sey6y_`$Mv7-W6V~i-j5v&b$zhTCO;QA^-P)G%SmCLqdXBfbq&U|S&;aN4DcZeYts zFXKlx`zW7tj-x2qDPukD9tdzd#D9Cx&_&X$;9^C-qwJ zXu6=8@oJqCpImd0g_Fe8k;%xB&iLg6oAaKiDb$)sh%Y; z(FvZ+G*e+Xb#?^TXUlw0kFStyo$K+j{mo>Qs;TEa4f42n+e-@8_8$wxI^(+Xz`zsq zRJhI;DD{Wu<0P;YYIL3wjni>!{xsIjVGUxB&hu+com94fRk;x8=;9t1H!m#e73;K; zW^P^-?_bLNtq(s*p`#-u&K8O^${XyETlj~u3*IOQ*#d`h(2^3D;g}629=~k8a|}AI z4Suu478H|EOIa86j$c!>5(~w|kk){0Y0mc>UT&Buy=a3EN6sGJ$JaqS>MS*C+d_0HTO4YfqfVg&^s6s%csJ(a(AYf%rF zaBB{U6$_5lmvLTj((0HxuhYY3%z^)mbEc~~nq+Fu7(%Qa{zi}hqeWI9(V+cA=6NFY zCn3bh{b5AA+E`pC9y?~SyJk~32%S|K`U7jIW459G_5_Y1^(I&+FXjtjiH5f>O0Cp& zGfXS*{oq*0QmX9Dj~fOMd;}7(pa-mPsIH2f_OKrFbp;o49U^kvB^QJ}%HGSC6!*N- zc5iX!f|wAiqr4=-MMq-WKgBTm;VF$?r%~`kg6_pPnysF!qXb||vSH%<{QiX^5tp}> zg{+(WaQHAu`{LoSOVUHg_9TVgDip`Xer%+p=KRC`6t31 z*{Qy{ZBS60Xq{QdfxC>P|2R`wOT!juK$!O>hxDM+l*h8998LRxleZQR?c@?&8z9*k zzr8?epdfjF3ELR}8v=`yB$4GScB`ii;*}kmlc@u*p|5~)qu?QVK!(Ya)4E4PVNPY>$EhbyK@+`drTl{m-X#{hL?2EQ*)#M}u|n3Yl& zRVZBw){0kIb4%(Vz+EJ!RjT_4@9+IJ(P*q?p*u=@%~U&q38&-TX?QZ+S1x}5HXv0Sv$U-*+{Jwab^AKP1k1ph1i-+jw7oSqQ+%8}|FXeR^T3JY*-UBL^ zpfA0;ZN0U7Te!~7&)~@EGvqzl@De1*)%vSIUXvB&Z1Rs6BMVPF-4t*8Zdl0IypilIr|(0n>S)j<5n-AB9?dUWqLwik%`8OfaHGQbHWS1 zw@=Cn5g*!B!;qDkX;8pSW~ws!K6~UuB0G}=Dfq-O;PNU1qp4%u6ASu5LaHfTM5qU8 zH(v>6*a1YqJJ8^f`OKVcYfsnpVoWGQhz-h8w1}msG;z$B4V)=l1d72BU1GbXy394v z68dLL#5UI{y2{8ceiY$VoD%i=QlH#|NjZ6fE_kX=_xJP%hthWC-q0fNgUs`(V^5fP z!P^7~D^HgDS!DYIMR%(Vs76oF{T|kSzLR}-H~AB(Wu*0;%{z(8mJuIh&Cjz4&I)dN zt9wMIsfyscd7GOb^jdYodVhu>DV!(lA)hciBEK$e|8q1%V_{w}_u){Zx3!32KTcid zur9M#C4JN8oR>H$o$wrE+mvxh^Ad;rTc9bwYG_cJ=$}9plD;b9=Cd=)#->bC%+5=^ zaK`;ux9|2nmtiN@sLm<62Wt`d`QbTDe{1AX6`2yUm*VR^z4BHlZ@nPH>1(L?xSxk>~Mo1D(k0iivEc}8IM@Q zJR#*{&L$KkMS&J)5`4@19QZ#eNs6ce9YrIj$_tQiyR!MYS8806l7IA?3rB7CX80-| z?ZR@n*y3?4z-`K2#Pv8ly^kG5bG6{x(lZ8$dUO(~;&XyZ!ff>I2gTgt`&`!7BNYau zP|t7kTpxH%@g#IYdcOJd&(rA)mAjATs^0Vm7`)t~Wj*sUkTm_qhZ68%rxSy$>eGZz zTUcLWMxCng%r`)X|JX+ji-&k^w$`}@i@j9{#5*zIQcoy++6Z0T59}f*x41K#S|=e9 zzZB+KZ->Afb(ZTa4f`-}TR9T$bK+>s5I;EUuGa3r9N#04ki;3(c9Y%*%u0tltslau zHS&z8jae+jBU|aW`PeWaY=Q?lA621hWp3OWXft@Gw6@)xzAU;C0(y=Bzu0tF?Pn%o zk&HAnz5$)4Z^5(BRjJBbvpM058<0H-EYaD!ga`3pe+10oUH!K~_*&HOldEzpSindP z8VLX!j9isJUT4)WpNjTgqTBl7TDSk;ff^s~H$n6y7TT1UeetVy8NeMTsU9Sp=Rhu3 z1G`V7iFuIbxD$4e)Yq&-Cu+gc^~5tw0GN?B-DvqW;{dnoZKGOMScZH!C_B#JU_O}- z;VCClQCkw~yU@6SgkQV++h@*9OFmwhA%$Ly?vcWF&jG00w1>h2HX{RQdEcL=M#)b= z<#^m#&We_Re3_j4-pD0me;MyfG>>ZHyg#=m?)&GFiX4YL8(H2>Pd7{gM*m9o!W1a4 zYBGiJOX)?DXA&4_TFY#`s(-<-$?PXQf4zu$bg|Ir#kXCJdG*Fhs_;EARvpG9o)n#& zmSy_F_t z=YO!pLjI<)gmj8RqDgIIfh&DMlO#dGr1C5R9SMzSfqru@?b0$WA~qj>Cz|ed*-Y&k zvYf$4$Fai{9R$G0;+M?rpNAH%NH0M2VO_=Y`B@&1ieIeDHY3H*?9U0rtXHH|n)l6; zsTiLL$VefJ62byTq>n}`=Dqs(h%sD-zKA4nY}TU8L6DSxWCH>z8Tr6Soo(?#>&PG6 zO}9y|&RD^qW3!Kn=a`SHd9ON0l7+Tf2?5o-%#e-&lbq&26e4f8O^QV^Y_zYZf`*q$ zFohGlO?qOiea5wLSI5$F=oD;PTdjwE1X_@4?> zB~vFm7e`}LCjwTc|2bL3!`}2i1IDMUd-Ci*;K^T z*v{m4f{dxHx$_?aRt9#~{|c~fENg4JWlJ>r-sl&IU*yt(jhQ@TkxaH&j~}KwZ{xYm z0#{0*dJHQK8fkw&Axj7P18HuXr#k6_n2}dQMFd-e*c)>^aXF*=8wGO@Ymh5 zwV0H^so5S&b(muRIr;W+9-X(d+J&!9ay))pQCF>A={eOPAOD(gp>dCPuFf;0fvV|c zdr7Iq*1PT4W`~p&S@H78yNDj$C4b+kmXD;3(k8rc$;NyV+s`iVqaFxw(D$ zFI7ntEAJZS?=jFZ|qW;$Cz2~)%m_I=eg^H>P zEFCnr+xAI|jRNiA@kay3rv0PP4*;HN&Fhw*s7tvwHTyMx^j|r1Z!~(jdz^ed9YDob zyH*s2670AgUex#>XmbxkpEV|KX-1!UKOgaMc!9xg#0}zY-2uQbIpPfB{RiP-7UH-K z7uymp4|PExw-yA&!<#HajCnSR1vR`>1E$pd zM>KhkAS0%tbgc9%YIgDgtUpEPd9Vh?;8OeiJ7xO!MBxGePe%;)a=t;({v55M7FKuE zEjscC!L2@ALWsfLBI51|i?rBpLGlgJ@Xb&w4S@K?p{ztqG$OU8@)?v=ssx=byz5*m zGk-dOF0B5f@!aC#tJ7WBZrh>~T|s|KLj6q@2z>cjNX6#+7;Dv~@WNyQL)F93I_{Zo z|AyPerwhVE;&@VJKY_6s?1R~x>w}SKHvr=q{axO;qwpSDZ2x}HMR~YGL(uUDgfKMv zwoDr}+j~+jgzg05khMk{d%HC1fo(5=Vh0L}4WoP-jo|@rOwpoyu>M@$NsnKpc%GD{H{(a4{BlZ_Cd>azW zzPJ_Fe)0-9E=B?Zjzv{z$w2zvWThQL|6meSpGZerV&3QH@bJ*-m34*?FBmzYp|Ab0 za{lxF2+9xyFvZkUytYF>u5lDM%>>`Wl_E%d{V%N(sXr~=4-^||bPNO3ytTU_OQHIQXv~P4A%8#pgDgT?KH%{ zW~vCvny2i!@5cxgORqT53;6m=qRR6ciw@No2 zpDx+^JaKylxqvThgrnB{ciD+*fEH(^QGTk(xy5k~z2SJhy;HGi_)TnZs3XevPD0+QI3SQFUJy^LM`)3OZMme1qN$jxeq|oDk}x< zTaSsc!-mVo>3|CsBUf!&6fH`8^+Y}=Z`y6C7|eiJjz}b1B@+m4ONeXKDKJ6{l!$A;ZPm%Cb|5(GH# z0Ijt?8VPof{%7Aqae@bK2G7GCfPdVk>J51i2|FW5Z?)BA`xsge#_Rzk)gbiixHp;p zTRiC9bTn&BFy#PG&ai^pF+Iewhtt5fTF=L@Y5u0Ceqw6yiqzxRUh@{nGCG{!5%6M# z&k8a^*Jm)G9>U!6%EP6Qr1^9+4pce0e*6&y4?RI-yczJ9ksPB9038Lew*fmcKxnK& z2xQ@z`~qRRa&Vez2;wi31IE~S$vcEZ-CLjyS$0=#BFp&O=YQku9fLfH;w{0#ziiu8 zUAFBm+qP}nw!3WGwr$%sx~ppI&CJ`KiFvydv0rXP#*N7Ql9722e&?w1ZN(e;0WDfP zLYkM)KKiH}ynY1wCAZ^racN&~Sep}_DvS8tS|hyqFg!SK^#Pr2VRSW5ZRD&DDq|!) za6(=tpg!b9aNDP~P;QRoh$`z#m5M1V`Yh;iiQi9+#bLIz*0OMd!~<>L55Q%Qxfb1e zF*}CD6r38v2pI1KkVTn^zLv8l%Q7FkYcN?o0v_tQSO@JkiU_`OBqf=DibnPk8JV4= zPjH>Xt9O9l*6vMOZ8-s5M|&VwpcPKjrC4PHFjIU$W&;rZJ+G5&COxwPuh`AU9I`+3WLaj+cRs{;2t2;GN0{-^J$Twq0E4!aSOH-}? z5n}&zY$7Wq;Me9w%9t=Wmf9Y{Bu_S!1YU+r z>Xe;o(#bdKV27x^w?w{|VWIVa8b%Sc>D<9b?aqzTgW0>;y*h@&bWwa6BTw&BI~o0q z(p>TO!KL!S2X-VvR3-w0bc&I<^zmZgGkgNur6GE9F^o$X7n3Z2Hoa{OM`pf(Z*43z z4>!e5M)17mm^rR|&%2k#4q6m%5qyYu97KVc;SmDstCJ(&BqD->Wv;P2L=hBXUD>oP zPE!GTBRmVw^JvS^cj0g5bfNG1&#wZWn9v4sP({quClpYu^Ac%Ud_MoOm~`gTFGF#CcH|c)CCLf zh6f_Ly_7NN^60P!Jzy)iYe7`dme#ZOC1eRf-s)$GBNKBt<}|VJtmtOznFB-OMh>PG z^~@_55FeMoopA#urnsR+Uj-UbArow1hxe?@c z8U?XdUikKq#(pQQeK2U(Uh776I}j{)8R`WR5V8#{EvehS-pxtZ9R>(|^jIS&1r1bXE^+{{lns&86>F`JI@(XNWOaTA;cP zx(k#b1shfGJQ=8tVJHH$_ zwDyerZ>sT^OJg}VTk1b3m*4s!h8o#OO39Z`fp1Xw*f8AD>pfz`7yeDj*uA$^_Z|t( zEgw3WOBN6Q7Pw7ow+jt5$jNgUyv-+Sh!|uk?QL}Ido&BWZ+rl1RAhdh0MbAjL^6^U zT4qX9@1be;On&|;*wyxxUs4yD3$qmidyHiQ0C#uQJUEza zcj!OwH18V4?CL0>1E$`7h=#BaGD&dA0t$Mqrs@5GXc{bc?z3SHQ>Z07@q|J5`D^(s z?d00>i#I&3;FT;)uTjcb zc8eDF-sq{qfK_0&_c$AZAh{90lwD!ob#+*aO5?z8Gyezyb-)hx_Ss)0(^hwO6Ce`?XH7kQH1llsXzRd_@=KJk(mPR?U)XP7V_ zl;N+ZGOSxkTMruDpe*TZ(+3Y?K2~}(!K6tS>yi0E+llN!)HN%s;Hn%0Pt{q(s{oAT zv~5tRe*JVyK;y9o@Y7X&ddv0XBM;vPv`)$ZSV3XAl328Pgw%7aAQ=cmNeX0Fd9BD^ zAb}cj$HxXiRRCJO6x>ZJ;a}hL$6%#ise=?ErN8<@pdial84u zPUg^Eyruc~n{Q*hZGOZAXKOWSQI=dCUN%aRs*bl6?z-NQ;HB5($$|S=?7nd;6UiT1 zgl*BzxjzQUfbf2`U`*y1%(UD$ynKSpDj}dp6;)vLPjK*Iw&X`nCnUbw3D3@1ffs|e zLU8z>c?h8aPG1Ijop^%6N#Ky*X=EUmelXoR%(&8071)hs)_1pW;w+_Al5Y;5tF8xT zl)AWz>Y zca;>d53a?aTNqoQ6l@ok8G4Jwb5v)Ne6)Am7C2`b!+Ys58eE85w%_VLqNJs8Mp&CF z-FX`-IT)HNl|kGYOsZJ<4HmSY|83OX3je|5RhV%!yfC-d8TC`vwu3I7Yb`$a!xFII z>wk&xKH1P?}@Vvgnsh|8837Xj;GZ$oP&z=%&MvwAg6qrNw z=T+1>ae?RT+oV)D(C6$G?H;Y67+n%^cvDrNCjYbSRovny!Gi0*O_iKJh6;LzX-C8T#uM7dq*02r!EEz?}6>nj3C^*kbcM z#Vd}CW3P@eJbBWV9ZTBZn4F})a0dxd{#ig45Wit?p;|*?*p=?ncj+c43( zF7F;d-PL}Z^DlK&%TMrNS?TI%3~kd0+j{q<`x&m}Ziw<-)*EvZVnE`5QOjxl3De}X>-fU{?b{_oV^0f;SoN^r0)feNss54cr`%KjhE98{W^KwXLLY>H?A3=a zsfj~J(cXj1<_&>LzQcPVPDWxU@M7o&Gtpdsme9IsSUGXs#HgYX^(FIm2?|dbh7o9# z)XV~8O*NbUfJR~R3yFUia_YYf7Q1sslixQG$U?sQQEJELV9m^oG|EEz!f zy#cs6CIjIQ6B>u%J_0MJH@=W1=I_xCE>Av&9YsYNCzbBx?HgJ%JU<8!&U(>P0hGiz zZ+nVI2QNL9x3ubRty4{y|F}gWct`g0DG(@KAgN_Oi7y^ccDy?tCDFe7G)Xo+-Pco_ zkv*bM@@tsaqMgL##+`c2@o$(=J{_BHj4fZ5t9rkT5<#M8$`;Lj_mTJv{fctHq#6Vp z#0S0N^(#38HqIfL-U_p05drOTE_NXaV$SRUUT;aG zdK%=2^7J4ubVU~%_8+|PZl7V@+CdjF9f&aEhcJg=S~0hzisL+AiTYat%`zDfDA=QQ zj|vf2rU%>-RXjOQ1>nKS<2_pj0|>3*<=Y_vXkW#vKySbjb)&6_^lhYQe5EXTrV{OR zeoY*juU-v!&0u~*e@f3FpAPAYh6Z|i1liwzhk*l+_wyr;XZR5!pAdu}?ein8@XVhg8-;(lm=oH{%V4GymY%hwo}JR|XcWE#wmnC~Mw8S$UD`hi0-ujg z8ii~oD4gZnEq=$Fy?CML$)f;SerdWvR}b`%np(#^nQ3ka1rnoWL?qB{KQ}Bpd+T<# zP*j0!Yd5Sht6@VaH|q99f;7CCS*Mi#Emw?tkZJxNA<|dO*jui6$wqN&7Ofq06g^Id zGUx{nvvrgkt}4pO@T##tTodBfms5!7!pq;4&C#}r=|G;I)@1Co9@>Ktv&Rm5U;n*2 zDfI*K7)|B)-?_;Dm~#J5Zt(x%BLByz`~N>K@_&rQ|JPjPf86;$pZEX8MKZH6GX5`I z(D*vEn!+yL+;l&u09kxV~IEdfy5uZ-feSvViU#t zCE4qh6)H($sb430}5p3S#TLNI;CM^FNjzh7OU&3R zPFH`o8t2|JH47>on_qdfdkQ$7bz7?JkI^fGc};bNau7`ZopSh^Pn9CpH5Y3*iFnL8 z*K&qvP15u$R|(jVRJ>h^^o0lMVW~68lLJ!B--LeE^+%CkW@3)f<+5Q0fGmhVL@9`L zsi6TOv8Zj9f(uVp0~_a&xR)gNa|nr?k<+XL8v_N#BSGp@e{cve9RPjPFC+V?nhKQI zchRy{v2CM(a|_nBb)^T2UWHNa<{Qo!yua@4T6UlcQt>C;yHnWlo(hO;CrLu zm%0?%q4of#FhcyzQx2E(XGc9e#D)%^Jwq$rxq@1^9{fVM+h}jb8O64|;N&&6Y>&Fw z5uv!;U3eqnVc^ypUREPzAg z43+6>FZT04*^qc~(CDQ6J|GPV(%K0lMHsgrvb$`WGa@p;n3lhS*ntAcA*gS=&C!Q; zlyeQp?n6wr=$kjYPp;3N^)wVmDdhO{vfW1FBM`FJTD^dmsTgwmtGJsWNlCPitB5Xb zRLv45F9IJqx?`n+Y%|X_fpuk=R312Xnqp~ntq!9iJ^1Q&Ew4Yg4{|bBM>bWs2Nl#z z74BA!dv0V(_^wHkVzd2=sY>uucHy+5BW&Dsa}_J#{2m&a9X3+%EZfW^`w#^{I+&Jj zsqlg7Ne@J(zg1!{y^W}I%oY`h8NuPRneYgIUbvIkH{0*x!{}n=kmgvsFzKj+$pmaX zaM+K5YIPl_|L4chO?h~a5th53nrfrsj6h+BH?cL>Um!a%?PKL623UKhL6>izQ!D~~ zSs#A})FrvoA2I!M5D$Nt3U zLE@{k00+Kfc^ph`LksV}KA1LWD zY0CVvkB9)I3q;)zNeHNok+a}9lOKZrm-Sq*+M6M-WFv#@MAUceIs=2^w?w`}w;waa3=gppM+Kxn>lp@)YL*T8NYV$7Enu}Ull z8eH(k0m8@Gju`3CJf@A_o$JZAtvF7xlQe&6=Ai``@dg~2Vg1?o#P*{90elATbCTqA zWq3|_hIWrnuJC+g8GQap9`cw0H0duL4VGxV%*Q0$id(*$4(9S4nFoDao4H!{N;ptP zu1|TG%_L=_#H_bM2_w$u<8Ql(i+zFmhTQ?k#kNOZ`(=7ID`E}pHEPSW>XnZAW?K1+ zl>rF)zqWG(gYy*Xih7PMVJY=YK;}AFbA!-wq3Y)!T<(lRV2CYk_B%=Vyy^$J0@22N z=8o75`QkSFh!cDAdr=wmhV8e1e_`*GSoRl6j8*evviLv+TsF^e9gId#fRg4K+uTp< z$N2xy>J3qGB8uTS9W*6bn^CQe@}8qnr{<9hm08G4haH022R^I+1}+UACnY;qhQ#4f zq4;H6Gu4(M9z#aj5S{g~P64OcSNb}xLr$rEBVZO2g-B?k3m6t1r3H*+q=e>PIzEeN zhcRXpK8{smKxB-!V5sSQ{njhSu6jn{$Mh)<%4H9Z$G>TmYi=4^G_H?pB{1=<`Mv{X z*N)m1a9}5pA@3lN>Wh|AVQ#w1SXBR6A^Qu((p@~Xte4r5_DU&MOA6nn2QxLgzQ6dM zR7P@3$E2&Ff$3bq)7{OmHQ6}w&d-K=jv}CNF4qK8zFgy3Y)-Al>{zwiNcmkph#{xh zoU>%NG2r_zn#%b@q5$g~5fEPq#DaK5nLE&muIbZw;j_%wI`5Yq)y5ZnnKw5Vt^GAy zrkHZnRIUmqxm78?VNPrWdv-Pee7VyT$!OOm2>0pFZ+%mT0ujVVYh`nxsvi$V1qUxUKT$zkV z<$=DYU{CDU_=)GiymDc-{D&7WKn0H%yJrZx*JQ%7T~iihoVsBex-ViC50+05_P3lU z+AlaR9fgl(Hso)QXN#qw;s>z0{m|legabc0WV_Xgk(XsW3gM|jO}HZe1X{=w=PkRA zeLT!3hedKYK-e#NY;0L*J3XKrpC%Yx6rzePe>2NyV34q=%tt2zj?ty%E=XlZO%2@|qkJ@unJuB?V(z zi*ic|z?ey|&HU-4hjbI;MqtAy2XTE0yj*WeGVR3)z=;I=5=*T z!n>cVKo=NXvpFo*p|g}mxYJTU?6I38rj05pFTba!1O)=Qux+q@IFuvC)P%Q8aS$d8 z5K12%=?8Wm(W)@Bi6yU}$atjIQQQs3J|`f$+YvA&|6Go3OzeaKi|Y zI^~y*N41q78q2U@hRqa}m0gP{jS*Cf+|U1UJv>A)JzR10EdVl(dXn?V#v+p^zXt%! z&|E&nj62RFEJXB$0RPib^?G?7|9QuOTcAUl>-@CNPiiJ18FpmxkPJ#Ll6E!6y2Eho zgAt%(`i~BzR%CVPCKm7hBJ=Ai!gYf9*5=g#G!lW|c28%3<2lMLo6Y){77D`(IRK*~M z8)34ozH~gndx=&0$id3~KSQ@a(^}V#IIU=(x21i(V@c2ex*qO~DfPtV zHW!r9l{U*vX;YbMvXOuC5>zh#e*47ssLujRM93bAA2bZcT06Qy-QfR;^15vY!mMVZ zifov#I7@C66s`3h5XFW15=&83U@SkdPfcM>RH1Pnh1$@t%9d2sFi_eWk19J#hQnIz zZWz}}32bNwq!b{d*z-~%MO|t{41(SRpx7#{lSR6WD@nN(G?J48orE3*O=|xzs~+e5 zL6A5u(;j+sQltYmnwdcBKNa-|$~vgjwa+z7aWmHzdEevtDDW0J4D2xt>j684!A>a) zeCCj&f}CxH#-F7X4e_VfFj5{%wAXh)^dO`{bsokJ3-XV}t}PH0wh~Cc??QHnAJ-Xil z40ygKvpAL8l#5RbM6Y5ATg*OSeJp-uEuVfTsBQ zczL|Hfiq`+GNngWBi8MFL#f|7JJ_O)}u-HT?5>|Z-q{rbPoXaKi%TAav-u>4}fu^EKlh! z`jVut%2abt`qR)lml|47>KX zY@5>%S)3GDJs8gaI;8{pJMF*JY_|*l5#-8q>p%0m5brz^y)2%@a6wsz5zA&umV_w@ zWEnJHAaNFgz8EVK$qVa88A*w(%L*uI1yh&d$8M~dM>HWLzKyG*z1 z@u^BjzLMhG0Kf+;0DT$nhndSHJS_Y3G5`^*xe z_Cb?$FnoP6Ovh_bOKh{lB4vsuw0J2`C}wdu;lOcvidcKD@cOZQkfT&t94;QRMs_}_ zgb*GMQNSl?Li2Z*(8-_Z=EWD?JZs)hS{+4{08#Xqa6CgP8Gv$^YvF!xH#Rt;cZHG& zqL?TYGVo~~n_vrBOI|RcAD|F_j*yLm_W;(gN^oSNGuj9riA{jZ6ZAa@aI6sh5$v|H zYIhW;#e8IW60^obvgUYV!)$E_ajLecDuuzUs4xGFsvX{J;)S#>9FtA1&yMYdvNM4x38`Udxl}4ek#T;n-$2LEZ52T%5ldjJdqJ zEm_jbJB!S1TNxj#`o8&evpcez>wCi7%b(+r)n8nkotMAqWpi>ajP%_Xqet%oyOW~& zrS}PJT^Dk`1iNiZnSm7b`?Z!*8LtKrUaMd9`O0r!=OlRv{%tkbMs^pzOy^ED*6vpVAD`7{cVhcc9ifj)GUn;(Ts_$|jn(SAb&s0T)$``Qz2DXh0sjUL>!+Qr zj#p2J8*z94GC~cwJx~^cqJNm5R|xF4AQ1^}Aa@bK`=>dbe$1IRc10)_W+mhn(GJrQ z-NIu7J7~aR1Cx&n9jME6jk&POR4B)6~8yrh4Zb znQ>i;%1$U$7Q!rZ!fBHLW1u`@!ciO)+tr)C4%y`$L9et;4DdmI*w^!n8Zp* zB3D_dCn!@AOO$|J;VtvbX|7(N1Y@@v+!>Eh!`LxkUK?^_*#<}x_ca1gb_8G02qW`H z&wgCjD6%INI-Ai2X~0l2Th9sKr?Q#J(v+hxsD%oTYJu)YbEy&Jf)MTB7TTaq$!Fwl z&~Bl)$%AiiQslVI&Rff#-r#ZfUR}8OXZciuw}Jf68s59{J#QD5TgJy}gew1S5E4ca zBZSz^F{7+K%@j1e@Z`#xAuAf`^Ro&|2cEme+}?&SI5NInN*=91dk1!}Wd!Rgyg{a6 zQ2|=0M;3StvBmlZu|+5iF@O{=;Xo}t-qoclbQ`dwW=EdH`RLwy-ek_&T9iEez+GBL zMLG!99ae*29aU=HWM7#g275fhDVyhDr*r4o$XS`2dC&PO_oU$UN3H}9PthMVFd}Q- zIiHtgfT}gbCfaVAK*^8k=BF*Nkq#w+LQAR*IKBO%5vzwatAvitMHJ^kV3e|{!$&Sl z{x$K!(Df)jkTkh1v;i;-#~8uf(g`@;kK`175?&Tr66>*#5>ggKlu6o*d2h2Eh^gu) zbRO1BFdxiNK*f95+ore5bA*r&(CSOI`V0Ss0XW35Bo0+qQ+5SVS@f;it4(ab?@{cqszsO3eb*N98<9`sC1RkI zi3ci|nZN|8X%vToEO0rmVS$(2!f74RNQ4c%Gt6&Yzp~zo*b9P3AOkdwK|cnO1KO(uH6ddNeOzAv zrMSL?h=4){umxPqYuZd$+dvxIY#rbP+YU#&13H~TPacuyVy<*Q7$6CdDb-EsTv%|g{-oI|xgI=89&xGCZ z7HvZ|7S{>G0~~Zq*B7Vm>IR%MwABf7XR;yZAM@bA58N^ml;w({uX^`z6X@M>3-0;W zr3V3Wd-x1Sz7|ImSLuU;@ZftgMsDC15V80rcmQ)1W){5$|NWxH=)OT0I(ymt29a56 zW@xYb-Gbh`r$97Ad2_j~S^M>c?PyjE%CCh{1cEZnzIaaSsYQ#n=ePDZU@exj;=8$g zW!jLg`ssCeuN~97l|v8J83E(E%$AYXY#EcAV;}n%8Dlr9--yv&6(K^;i@u*=2NSCt zGsbxb4OY48?9;vIADpe(2M;=GgZEHD+=lU#&${D1*AF&aHF5q+Z= zv?J=G!M62Gb=rMrYSibhog#lV2!ScVeP=ve2Cjc{F2;SZ0=P}N*JBYj%d_VOl#Ww^ z7YkQjq0)rbf;_O5$(aK8l%vgXWc8MRB| z(v_{qkX0dYp36(kkq>?Gx0s)iglWV~PGjl8o0G|c!?IaevRQ^FpRUV%QFPj)#}+0z zFYRkg;+$u*DDPCbm1ulV0rK;4c6?~SV4_wkU@eg>tUZsSyJwWzj&ZK-chIsXr_bfP z44S5v@LT#z>ZaSf)Wgx3_;r(QI0^j(%$ELf@JUI6hG&zm@!|PR4q}kql((i!*j3ox z>*Nr^8B(d?jZ`}3Bm(9v0%x>2S9Va;RDc|2vLu@DO%8yhTG^ z{Pelxy420!l%!~(f7rvBIY2LZQ|s#NY5+fV|Dx zxQ!5wM_Mdy(XC*cj6vq2wQ|zU-y&0kwdT}?UJPC`D1p?x1dBj;kW45fs>Zu?&R}^8 z{n2e17wB`dmBIt%N0ItAhNF$Sz*qQ;r)^};L0Focnb67Vb zG8d}O(}dlKf43xMN=CZYB+J5`u2XD5&snJrK&=pAgo0>oH0pB^=u8o3Q>)`N69r$k zz6rV(XdxO!or#k&X$=kI&34L$uy zNl=ZdQIu%!7b%k^_M{*OFzPLI5KiVLxk7#korPb?Fz+-qH~A=v&DGP9CNLTDUgZYN z_6HXSI=JN5#wdDds@cp+hl5V1r<(xHI+ue^SIrYM1fLbnZ%kXN=+L>kE)n#_YM!;= zB5n?zRN{t&I0nVx?@chi&H*37=AWB_wYOqqnQ~o72!X0R3L&COMz8c>D9@XJA@x_>m{ITBEH861bXP1TKQV-G@R6 zK?~vUP60wJ|NP4+>pC^iUcO6a!L1QFOoEoPbz3qWz? z$dDniJs8Oubcbp>IRF;{zDDzu{Q@EjROeF;gbRss7L<-!0{j$F6!#ky#UDxXHR_S2 za(Wp0(RMb{vp>-4vH@*nFrabH{EoCy#ve+rJn0vAyp^$s=kTC2envfbUt+DkB&{~e zszd~yv<70(!F!Jilkm6JnU83J%cv`bi2+iBmMZSmIJg|3?n9t6xcZOEQ*?y_>tztF zm3uqvmO*Y^vn=CgABh9GhRmEW;Nz`phDhAt3Ype7Uk}tZ1%fF&#bEvWRkn>5Dn`8k zn4n)Z{6$$JlKOmFr{q`nKBX~@gCG-+(#$3(KMe8-y=Y4fU5N|*wTXT+FHA@tjU?x9 zpkbPJf{{@li+@eSMxJ~75Aq7(JKly0umV8Q`w0(e7Ynz$H0V}5XHXOpD-W3N%n6+6 zYlNy9eeju^rn`2@Ay2em2Hm4QRELWyc#!-)TXHXg5u?);v11LfG<-@2{f9MOxtFTX z_(5v?I{%V}4ypNb>NTzSk4zm#ZDrBj1SFAaqafv8NK^>fxdJaDS=E~G-wVk|*ttkD zkE>SN68GN^XHw0Y=U#}s#trMVUSfZP|K%k7yE8M$EWh9DncL(-sli#j(#*m2$=n>> z5ZNr-UtF8=C0Sm3bNfN7>F{I@@L@sz4izR#Eo8Upwye2Og~w>3;ivhXn{{^nUa0l} zi%D1Uj%#S|%x9qr;>Wn|@p&P4V6t5UB(9FX@opW+KVpS%buKVZ;mapPe_!OG^_WKn zD|;DLlKJher%hM+Y^v)!%u&{A0HpI3=y4Ht@5R`dQeSR>K~sR zrT2ZixqLKLt&Pp4HC@(*#h(s?If1P+XQg@F+2yp_SpG0pY~E|GZpvM$G}xqpQSVIJ zCSR^eV!H@k;jm+WRyDK!-W7V&Vg{j*_-IA9#KWD6Zv7hX zfn%PeRL!(@U5m4JKn=X?1d=KEs(+?;;kNWqKqhL_O`nf6M)oXeI~js!s&AE+#R zRmLn+x;*@YMk1U?yzH*Ua13KOg*SzZLsgf--eJ>?5{6q}MXENuusTK>4|S7Aw5P60WEELud3FNLe($EVHt_H)p86S%I`--0 zz7~RW*rp=>LR}*Mn)>UYqt;Kqd!K7w@)Ms*IOGb76KxbAB>q{ujwGh!*sR-tlGd~*MQw*c7LPe+M;Es-uL)JZpwy({D+IxXPN>9PfrGUznVJ+3ne zq2zx<&@56@@DxMKYdbe<@HgNJ=o!k}B*7R%cKkhn{TS;Bh>V0ypTmdpS!xtF-OT#wvzP#SIXul%s-6aU35G28zMNHK9T{5N6d zzZm=d(QG*XQ?udxU+s2(mbGk@aKwxGYP9)Z=7}&M z^=b|!-&u*cV)d$;SJOa3{P@r@HmF?TggVOv^{4dl!bzQ{z(vrxxSK?z^U*ZdX5A4$ zFk}sm!UcT@`+ZY=?71BtFoRXl<%S^X)^Yo5Sg-zsxIo4IBD1d3C$TUv`h98~Je_K! z9)QK*z&p%_oK|2pFbx1R!z9A`7PRVF7X)poLl@qZWxd#FvCvh{}eJBN2I13;sY- zKBi(Qr2G^_gCiHt6^5+Q;0x%*CW*qLLMdY<_0z(Anusr1k|dfE*oYQ*R=W~&UJJS> zbdezm$gk~jg9WX-fFP|Uibi4%VuJ;)1a4{wPOkK^us9nq>aF0D;E*?*Qbl8M3a+j6 zv7tWy6mB7cl(N>rr<5!5z(Nl+sm^zCfG@#CdJmuq2r8{CytT1eS@_HWQ>5p{CI=4V zatUuOC9sA5+f=6D%aSmlxm3=dL)ZX2UNeOb@tsL5I5Ma$TANLRzQTYGDQ;&HGuFxo zLO-9tWnjOY#H}Oyj|KB*$*}noMAfo`MrHHwt?kw0ePd^S66 zR(A_2+h^Wmj{htw*B3e4>+_|}cDT1bgfZz&*x7X=WaQ^_hMpZ(@L0fyU4X`vu!o?U zZag9sv!ZC^1i&)^K{@O7bKv-AuNyT}Sn{gs3=iGCefb=gZUbz$eFF05_^<*GUUe_} z4+RAp_wQ6%!|32{eS||jBy=?S-DD!WOgZUFHewoi0Zh~Lz!Wz1TFL6 z%#dr+kPpKWDy75LRPEGE;AbF5j+K*p01_M|eNYfOoo&fL{KQ}LfL!a_+P$Ydw(#pGqONml*!McWFXOX@yNh3*k9pz-(pQV)(|E_4D zL-Za^q-v3HnCRaE;69Bxj00N{`9N624p^wtLuf!)1CF6Bs%8*hkW&FSMf9625=uZU zu<+)$Z0?CyMYB`F(avKQ{;kF2ENalc>$`R25gNag7C5l&n_*y;3@}g zX{X&B3MY?=dq)5mh$GB@86?54K=Ft=+?RdoxVXU|sb~04Aj-q1IBCacHS>8m^kYkS zuewOLWtqHI1Putbil~_(1^Lil_ z%4`#vjd$abq!@rTU8W+7jmUl_3|2a}bZm3q7MaF^@|1+*Whj!WW5stWs=2_3D$3Me z%%3ChSDn<-EYQa}TLs$EK8S|>yJPFul5$HZy=%F+>^L9RaduzVwG`CqGz$26D6c%SMVt zbD6MEPX)QPuT)Mh)TlOWL4shWc4t2|p;02TgBs875eyPKf4rtq3XKOS)Tn?H5UMMe zp0!dF#If=_=nPtxqA&VSE zn?Y{L|NVPUx(D0L>vN}$p|w( zOP=8gC_B-UdC&YR7w9T_6tnA#R<;V&dPROWanz?Kt*wqeO8z8~c-z4lP&T4DZ4f}a zq5B?@O@d%7+i9Q4M?JQ4dE23UsE-eK;awiywu$A?636MZH;ce1hDI!j0dv|LlRFJU z5kUA+QT(*LZU7b_xG0w4F$R;j?-3i3KEXVOQzHtlWZ8Zwk0ZOHqa+~ zREE+*#^djz&qeQI+2~3kyNalx#4K*%zGIWIn19hApDlbLX%8HDTu9$4ZWIZAn}>q0LE~#?#D>u90jA2k?mM ztr!Ex2m^)PeDYeTIbw^qk~H~85u?cPG4&Loi+MWc0%m{3P=$4h!gr1GY0!75l_!rfDSR0i(Y4w8vwMJSZs(7!vNcWJNfEUV<@Kw z6s$PHceun>R_AgZdRFImQAabAAX#BbXXO-v zrV})wBpue?8`0gB4p1hcI zC;b-8h;L#2@E2;|i1e4PK%v3I8%?vn-e^e%(Rq-KQHO7{&dBgtZ!O!T@VGjk4V0dJ zdr5Y3)CLy?bt2pjfdg5Jts$2Q^l%+2=24UK?Jx7HXJ+d&XLOhGmS9W_N6{T9fw_@x zjO){Q>BtYLC5n&puv{-6Y8J-I*z|o7++1%|K&35pEItdT#!CzjvOiZhUte;!w#zeH zW>aaKi$zX-Z_E6mDS|923o$+$E7)z;tv34YPn#^kqVuhjw>|Bb*iK1YM>`J{SZ|69 zViw^>t4qkaZHM~prWr{!pxaxl?P~cxJ9B28jZLwW?0nxmm!7_O$Ws%XN=A#ei^pG! zo8^kT9{=g}^6<5J&HY&pswSSjO<_EGZ;!t2iZ&=`X0oNf2$Hh!`(=7~D%uZBKJdL^ z)^v4Fj!nfK%u&*XV07__;Pw81eVWFn#42C(c!Bx(`=3ui^guIKD;?s$$G@F%xx0FW z9-YluuLZr&I3FT8jSXbH)Z6Rr{3%y7ySog}5S!c(+z2Za4!y1sdTCnkS~?SpdIZ~k zpPSgnxLCR@sW31NsJ}|wjm^Eu{fura7nU}7h}Y}KEzvh^cH`QC)}rS9wwvBglzv!usK35q zipXHnMb($$oFB(fVqA+Cx%=;V{~Zjt$7|ZDF8-=n-(O4AOHx2H8dmA`MKhI*f8o8Q zEa}9la8?&>yOSoF+z6f zYf{y{8a7xoXuk>i*wZdgQoUp@q8}%E02Yb|^{e0`#H z-dU>=%$ZM)sdHp#PE9!}L=)$-v0+pO^nJSM#4a zK8%cv%q;)2EV2>P3Z|U3iOeQlUmz-#ubwAx4{&pHTLl6R1QU-Gc8Kg$%4_Qs4mc2v zLe>03EUKB;_Bih}!+W~*_uI;6cS3XA*EA=Cx6#bB*Y3<>sd4XY09=ubq8i?u&NHiS<5GzU#=Jetmvav>t|MEVI z+-E)x*h56zGx{9FCESN}2+<782BOjrrX9LB5R<9{6@W2?3L)hAo&+nbqXpTgfdq7P zb~Xm#?O!pd;VAr4_2))4fSC*KBdW1Qr0%;-2CmQ-8`CSVH<|}+vdO>WN7H1m3g%uz z193;>5TGTJy@Nl?fQq6IVY&tx7tmuq;)1*rDvg@NwrpT7NHjGe=hFif-{ z+qP}nwr$(}wQbwBZQHhO+qUn&xe*gHn_1QyRGrF`xwWIe+J`Hc^UDCHtu=^~Ga#3% zK#uLtx(o=UkfdrR?oOZqXh2@ICsGfL^J)O^3M`Dk#|h-u<-uWwNls0fUPL?$2{`tNo5!+@YV=`$o7>+PX>|wUI$V=l7)uF8mjHq~8i9x606OXWn<@!%_Y>eEq79%<#)f zDC7U93FN@8;xh^WqOX;hGvejQ=^>59ycR zvz~Z);E8@z_^MZkCprM?+7KiAH?0!?6=nluUa7gZ-G}PqvU6Z70B;=hF{g- zeQ2EUm*UtC#sj1BFIIST0?F*f>yyL79ne5sy`Fqk_yHdQzCY{8P^N|e&(E11VEh(D zm?s?o&+!#hV@RjL7dM6;*1TjxPS>>lg=b@-_c^95fQpgTIE6Pfmy?6zJ9psGH8RM0{71 zO)PW~Zn5sUQ)3Kzx)H&rY3cMTQuD6a40Xzc@6Ay>Ys-~VigU-fUM~0RZh4vQ{V|_$ zQR+@>L2Gzc55E^n(z%bEAa~SS;IkaPXrfg8dJDc}4ii!zw(|63seTmR+?lEFU7Cm+ z*ddZ8-$*>%%Is}sB8@2$6yOg29t&a(n($^84|y@YQ!nQzSdBPlSXrgnJQbvyo)Kxg z`cWMm96T-3v!ZV}jDj=tHcv6MD8e`dtfGVyf9|r%9JXv$@bv`tppqRjvu{$ivW8Vq(8Xf(FwJE4v@{pd}%9G**d+0?PwV?N%0C z%AIEIx0pp823p}UC;t+6hv$C6UcIa~$!e-ALG4D&(+|8m2N<)ylOBj;yDMS zeyVx8a6EqNf5{zjQrj(zi>gRyON5l4W z#kbdQO92(uzINNb#WMp`YRtmw{WHCk4{jEW>>18R4D2z9=9Gu^pIP5!fF; zDkbLCy38{f$CkBY_EH-V=VlPrY}evZwpRlD2|ztltnx~>^g3zoKCfuLyC57L+ZHKR-o@R{beDT<=iWA?FUhv2GbF#^~i#a+E1e(=y+ zH$W`eNVH%LJ7&!9c_nr3HO|^>$z=uguQQ*i|D3>W?{RjEZOdVaQ}3dfDI`2xd6^#9 zKk+GOXzp60fnRECO{j74o8|KPb;2jNMjg@w8Q!A~>incQu zR=T#LF4YNy_6A7IlKOkElb*ZT%g$D6ur^B|!(l^3m-9jahse?Jr6m3&9fqYTgGDFR z?g~ZdK{W6QQeioC{Iy+5ez1|-N6CAC1Buu$|x8C6jK zRXT}=C-?aORmix|Coc^nLFsWH@%5r}=HocY+POXHl(({){u0zZx2%r6A4dtcb1NP> zrSy2yshy7YLa^iMzcva56q>VgHh1sGf(4Qz1m(c&aiHuf$?2C6%=c#4!cMq*Egyv_ z8Zg?m?MZN)kLxiV%=G6B^_F`LHvZP$vwH-cX9B9gvk$(B^!{QuT03VnXP^zUM91j8 zE@EY(K@@xrkaN3&()!rlG_b2o%(hdPEp*T?$*WzW-`$X;GtbzR4zf&IUNK-s^+Lyh zEdSfTQ~;Oe)V7X`fYyDMB7_uh#W0D%AZ~cH6{0($iy9u4EYeLN@-1~~&d5;-;UPDlvxL=9sxgxA%_Vu$3={5VOva_~r(xl!xc}!Sv`QUO zTfU@!2CV>zIbt}Qxi)0VnufH5Ts6DX#-^Z$r!gnv*J6-hou}brtZ)VS^uBDO-ja8j zpkMaF2RpLflrV9Tp`qP+>zZ$bjJZO}1^t51!OKCi7Cvm{u*_Ann#bTWs}RTwSshWgEtd+)?MJS7csrs60M4!ro98xu^sY6@>HmCV(WupXb zs-J((5yyJ~zvzSr`^MA4&4-km#ZEsCnslb|gLFztgKO zRWK4sHi}4%798NiL(RCRfa#8F=&5^XF+Hm?Na0M8zV^zISwZHy}) zS}{n-g~nKAGE~W7>-*?=!c{@if9)%IMq`bNrF&S>Orh~MHKxC}sE5^yV5Han=D1Tg zqH>baQPO*(THx?xRj18x%bA@Jj5>!5WXVBn6QYEvlY4W+?zsMv0S8;xk5Tb3bx(2d z>gwW+Mx{zlm2fl0nP2I7A~;d*EG4#Sxs29C$x&4P8(EeAWO?|x<{bhs8Sn1t&`r8J zdk!Wu%g%Wd5~v{|j}UWp>~nAL0%d_&{~;0EkJC1BTT41S4jpfIM=AuPb z;ESP@9c8gCHYrw#@Vhp%+sW;4wJdChd!>3gMGR}|7ef?!M13fg z+nftvh~C?tQ4csrMl-P5yO|hiX|m}Ah^`rGIP#Q?Whnqo-Aj$rkhu(h(lWv*@@5(`Eaoa#};NXbhx+C0~!_5*TB zf{uh9vz760E=F*=ur8^?!PssRmmz25EC|uxA-ZfJ;?wB+PWuMkA@=_q4-ad8SnZd* zKz+=aAX7PWrBQIW+58)Si{kZTa|yORx{r=_1)3)52QH4O%eL^iq-p9qN`+2gO zTt&J`AqPvsRv>KRc^vYWtj*~eow(7tfhS68V~>eYX`r30|D%e2^8%L(*J<-X3IFe(u`w zC7#Yysh)#Ot+VCTc3}a&R#!a4+m*ly8~Ts_0O}M9^5J@3F?V#?dt<(JrFDS!{U~#z=-x*929zS zW%U`FQK!~NWuxaj7*6((rCvjVWh-!uFs{@JLQDnDW@fi>stvv_kiPQHD>0HOA#qwG zYO@L#P1QLfn^BGpZ^F@`!sL`q?OaqPJhn?|O%ixX<{yqM%jQ&?^)t*8E5qd_^p!HG zy)AQ*r!8!DrYCdiC=tocm{6E=#L2z0lo^YVG-p8veNJ~dy%gE}GRuFe9VCUQNxm%}*AC~lsK<$evKSTTG$jvq@{|i!O9Jt; zc`UKqQ``I~EUv&{A=2Y>GB0`?}w{mPEpo7P=nJ-i_2l3|Y##HyROq8j6$r zl*z;cpMvCepzy&<=SjMLY9*y-*epJoaCPbp42`G7{^4s*q(D2Y4r|2$L4oSbPlSQl z@T8(;-JXDg#NIyhhU$2@df}w9(;LVpB;Z;A>vY{gQ&h*7c-Fjjg*j!{vExvg=XTHW zXX^L8zl&JBRI1#T8kLn6*EV9J_qE`X%^_d9t=;I;nBbDTtZAjGke6Bl zS*z=LfB0zD$-xx5Iv>1|XCED2W5kMDBpRUlwewWUMeM_<4SLrp%h6ErE0P);6{HAz zkY5c{3fp^^k-2lNRAj7a_ud>%lNB>4Ek7YRi*jE^ZG9;cojvlUWZJq!?~otvGnK5# zRYG2eNx8=*^)Zj`Ikku!qdGK1dnwQXuiD{O5=+lH{^sh_2-moOleK7m{a5S` zRg{h_e^Feg8;AQ6Iju*cArg3}?7f`0nP!I18@S7W>`%u%$OuH5z%rTT& z_WqSevR4WmaDGlWzC+2duSsL{$k__+`uIROMFGjIzZCEtyb%(54@nt@tuxcdD)FWG z6Zm7Et3vJbt{UkrV-uh9pZIUDG^*@0`JP}U6TEdCQag1Edl|a}(r6DWXw`>)>Nz9n z5|WLK;*nl_X9IN<>LfbZg*R(_QQWQeh^Swyn+^<4(?%aNNgr3|PA#(KoDxGti>K%b zwiqgrftGGfJF-xdfpj~M>clvw4_rZI)ZFlN>fTm?>%1crvdC#qw;U#mmwmxE>Gq9j zrY7@IOJ)dp%9iz5*>yl`@d|$3g3p>Yb@IJ@fE;$S9E9^r&sP`(WL)#@cv5{%_`?i} z`a}b!OWcv9$nrl`qpPSELpr7yaP!CH$B$mvNRLF87Vf#D#O*Mo3O!-$)w&+gO? z6gVYy$4V>9)q{3nU~ce#7&Q=z^Pnl_{1 zP<_eRb!&VTd1MA??gy$xXf7Pw04TV^E0=nlf>Np#H|L#c%c4#{`jD<*3w7sBu*c5X zJ3LBqCWuQ+k!P3UG2m63Nhqw88j+&Gq4*R$^TSAeCm*)mH6_$zzcl&BMKG7Lf1twR z))^MYVoQO(kDhpFE7y6gv{(aCUAye(W67Zvss5^ZT;+GO%wWa1nokY#^oGIl3xJYo zs8if0_1bF46=3rGCd&RQa)$KQIpi&F=U=gG_zf1POp$0zar%aGDc=}}#~#L84LhU=WxA9yaU>x_=R8U$+epD|vh**@y9S9y3ehYqd>SZ4GVWPn=5H z7@Jqhp2wENqxGtdqzE}R2&Hl+fP{NEP8As z!d-xn65ReBstR%!LcO+><%E_!;py8!@MN@+gR_5frx8@}nN8O9L_eA1f|CT>Ewe}D zlJ-h1*vGG{1LNZ|OL(klv#@L8>pSAkFeZLzXfeS?2v^UDN)Wb#5J_b{Oo=?o?uEWe zRew32pnnneWTYt4x!}JiYKy-S2VWO$0>9(1M3iUhXm&UqWhUx`7LK1VK$-nAMxJ`^ zzRr%+vdnV*BZX~NAmPk@?4RGGcp7;phcQ~&b!joP1o#nB$kE_b7^(c4cQ-@yjp);o zG{E~$bm4*NN&<<)wo68Ek-laAtG1|o#^7@rL!3%}|Jw=pl$%3SEeK$pUxg7qGhI$0 z@bFJW+CIF$BimL*(9EEx(Rdbz! z-P$Je*JDI{_8AZ|tSJW)HMaPkh)jRk2xsbR)jf51(5NxnE{~}!bWO@8OP6k9n+V-` zB7a>1M_x^bx^nvDgSTlZ##bPvzq#=vsO%A9v+jZr){b8SKu^@4EK;!2n|5fDqT!{* z3J-$~rY_^lhB>2OmQ!W0e5eHLGNP`?9=*C&UkWPy5-;i=*32YNR-%~? z*3ubzGv%bONM-wL`mJx~m;0alLJeUgNX)IYv~E2zRc8-NpU_Ya6`R8#f#qYkL5!d7 z=0qF)%78usIuI5$GB{AtGo(K04sgF9<{TNtRtjV3PdwUWUt9<6#m6}vU3gFP2ZYC> zLyPj#8?Ki^C(jWY{SS^QG8JNNTfSDgD0kpw%s{Ms39f?+lLSSn=;s=Duu zv^?VANWw7uMVuJ)&9Mqdfe2pKYmI6x%?BjqNQqgSP-rEB@J%V7j4fA#cjR-Ti4(2h zWAX@QnXMif?gBl2RZSqfgkIJrMZJ=(B5{UW>+2BE3R|^TyPLFDDZ=+Obcg2fSEfh% z@YO7FHQzM^?v~EHFBf#O01AiM6G`Lh+mE`)OU;!^f;Nr%0J;uFR~`NH54>wPV3Gx#^iK6!ratp1jM=*0-_Pr@r!m8eDy7LIQEc*|O-;B`Kt-o))W*4?Ofee% z9E#h`#R{A+^D>+(V=1lB-Xs#6yfIOt(HQ+Yf_}trn#oLlhbK=)m#^U))%}ew_;e5H zU#my?UYu7_81Fi)eeW5o<`2~z_`>m{kq=AX{~r9-n}^Frhs5w2i?>d06!Rbm8bJol zH}ppb>f}nu643A^F&TH$3JfR=v7y@fSHbr4^ziFmm~W$s_3JSQW1mZRp^*2tf(;7l z)&AWG$j00LBvy!WZ&|n}w=Z6*4N@o_n#$l2?g7ipj2$-V=Iw1PDuHtub2#FgzdYdj z;d0?Bb(C9V>FPIyhB=D+8KS?|$e%N)4azwDsNKk8$z4qr0Ci(>H%ErC+``ukQ-FU( zjwk0&gTBt-h&!Wzg{2)!WmRaGb8(;YNuC9n7;QavM!wEGSyP+jG$R^+Mr-IKn`qU% z$#gk`u@$mAyS%f=e97h_XOKD>^*rJB)Z$bNIK_TNL?a4h4@CmoLXhsdSwTLa-^t4n z!F$*QS3_l0=D3xQ()^i)EC@Bm`dy`CbGiT0O1{fGj47VFfJP88Q#u^UC)j2i=q{ z{7f1$eIB{QKMa$?W<^1HmBYbUj|SgX{(kG`Th|i}5UXOVQ?i$=2==7WAWh3x;}fG! zL+jlM54Od-B)IMRGS?rDh>^NdRd=HH6)Fk6`vrFd6%7cRCK@2r}K;GS}1r!YUl0 z;yk_wI**csWi@h&P8lxbUIEE?-{WSb3$n2n>l3dcE)GrrrSJ=idDtd@8Ss)XYPwX}OY zmr}_L4JEHV*ZV%OqX1osq0BQ|K9bZYah{HC4rw47{!-WO4sIF5oSi^hP z{A%0G&vdQu#v8gt9^jl0gdW!cQY4WS>q# z&JO$oIv2N-@Fp(`o162RKYT9#l~ z5E%7^Njs3oA#{R-Pem!LsF*O9_X*st%FPL0?S<8=^7fE?L@E-9J|cFxe7fVajo+%8 zavVbX-)88mwY#=I^B`v{yD5_6d)w$xTd36Hda0!xyJd z&UbcwiS0A)@RGj}DilQhwIF*pE4EYL(Un)@V%rO&j7#RV-uTtZR#~m$5lC$UKcktT z{(}hlR<+LN0*Yb=7TKKx{d_I|}l<5jA&~<$G z#1XaK_5u;QB)z5*APMt!UJLm#bIpjWizMr%69*v2Pa#U)c%v0!rli0qR}*JDe)b)9 z3Fm1nunhkmAW0urpD@Rf<-816n#w7;N2dAy#ZW0((sTN899{)%y_5V)8#jIqFR@bzyaGJ^IL-*{KKXU#tzc`Ymfs?`9xhszUu%f+T$vwpHDBHI z)F#q}Ng6TYTCNKJc#n_MKFv}T^NA~mAv(BgSs%`IpQ5p%n`KEo`G@LCGRs$~bw zZU2yD{bBr&WKxJ<2LExRmQVxhH2OtT1!rkXqr{EQ*sypnOBOilf(*zxXOy--D_;?o z1aUbA#jk-b4{_;akTe)B0Q%edC6^s)Ob@#^x^Z%eH5wU`CTNVB(QN0P>Ef`~yl0yc z0=-BkL zVUfGq;<^zf-*h1wzygduDCvB9_YvN_=4SR@-^=^8pK3(YjYk&NUB@_q=VyI`M(R#> zmqXIlG+*fD+p3qne8PHbW2#nOEhb>VAwakM%~!VBN@LvfTu-SpYFrY<^dx-~O>2pi zONPUqN<9?u>hBBI^C0J$xvzwIabZ~V7|=v$>ko2i(0|;#)qHlN$b1tU0Y4j@(Ah{h z6d`qauM3%JvehV+{KI*W{8#E0MZ!c<3)BNm%7M0GHl3XH$5t}3Q8G4)zfD{?gJvzj zJOPV@)8CU3v!=0s$3pdkM#tnl#gH?(aj-}^(ubdnx-pD)mdcxPcTZQ4moC?M{DZ4m zD3`$b*07cmOAcMsr{l1(2=^~}^HObsod*16JpLfw1m``9I)Emy|Lk732%rCQ)DtYZ zi1Ehij~Z0SNPKlG_JQY7VDWKyhd`w~{1&}Ce4TGpyfb)lahz&NEo&q%k&0qEWaG$1 zzbc04GIROAMD8NEtCP@??qxKC#SWFZrExDwck!~lc4RbW-;~H`?dm7i%F&bJH=GT| zNm|8g?tA;^F5)btvYUktQ|$46S@;S)o-&@<;Es4)hj{1N{jycGal}%$U*$*Mi@s`Z zFLQ48THNY1BMe6t#DTq0cd|Y?JpP;ueR}DNa@LO5&8WY{*1#uW)=yRKDViv24g1L( z(U4CAx9>vGcczz9r#k2{`&WrtRm8?;92;uRBEs^EtHSF$#_wrcmGh@yowAVHHy_-? ztLnTBY`pI*lA4KM+bm6^16a>kBw{!ZdV=h>%%_Ke#pr{wu0q8^2s}O9G*?BIWLL6C zSJ}QB1vYyS=}UPMCJ7HW>VQF;QB21+TLOc`Kg5l+L$#H^5!fAR5a3PA1Pt5R9E3Ui z7;vnI{W5IP-XA`0wHWYkg7K=xk#Q!&C9-cR;;;IwQ09*TbK&D>C@7XTY>~sN0J9jG1iM~x zY|H-&dx%}S#9`0&&Pq~)UlVY!n77!z3(=~Er6$TkJffE3>RZgdV5@V5F?>VH`4GZ} zYe0KI6(=+(q8cFOD;}3x&w08O5my`+B`0h0k?s;S8+CyB+s%k~Bmq9=(p*C;`3!CX z{UURpYEUk_u;SsX++N_(kZX53)Ya}4_*D%8=cg-k^!nEKrVR5XB&H6F!(V(kc4Agm zcwWJArjt;GbYxW(_n1%5u;k zU!jG3Uw!~W3JI?NFYn9o|IPcdurdBG)%#xt^uJZU|2_SmxGx72$Nxq9x`L`C>#ng; z>QaRt11z#S6Yu0CGW7!pPa_DIIhQpjDg`KLE79hjf4h2M7SLBTzik6HIGj z5CA&{X#lBk0!T4Xtb=ChVV#~|z%;Z55aT`7k@`;rV)m1gko3QD;}To|xQ1%@=L4uB zY=d3=YE~T z(LlE(hjMcG7ucg;>;Fs$WDlT)+q@lrJ2kp0q;oHS(GNiZwKRXS2A5P3m(igd9z&@m ze?SM?8~$yX!-fLC`v(H?1PTDGLjt_k*B^YV>WwWSeshn%OvR-4uWccoLevYv0KSH3 z1R(OS@6r*lGXUIPL%qKI&h_)tTGP?_lMVyHF@S3e=db_O#@Ywf{H})&xrMp|MEgVB zIsp3j@%@MSB0M(+3*PYl!T$O5W;2COE-GnN`;q-}laYcx0k}Uw0IYX>_(OC)LIHvx zK=1jfEdU7qUIM+}sfd=N!t{fFFVPxh{jM}@>4O-2O5;rX`=KcZ5o$n#G5lm5j|%YR zgC0g*{mH!SQU39V{#8EqC4Bc`CpxvX{o$H@;{N#!5`c&IoaqCASm+)=0G1CTF!}$o ztKff&H&+@+hgS{xiK8A61S60XtU@p~IXyT6c>KK+(m5i)*O!2S*cv{CG5LLW_7$7K z2L!Sj(8cS!K@&kkeAi(J>7%)Ze+_{SOz{)OLkn5o?~T1rfe{}+&+(ZQpfOD8cOIP{ zf%|9Y2m0ewR3S3hrY|w4g>r(`st$> z)Pt`BdD&u_5h7V@<9&b1TcZ$6dcqrHI_L*`22BP0hGC zO=N7gR!DN{n)zgX9Q^czcCIG9W#?$wPGxTL_mQvNf`#NJILf?Y}Bo0-djt3Ot><^fO7MW*XCCv7eV z7rb{xE9dKlfQW;$g-}lCH+IY*ffAOWr#$^sOY}D#N5Qm0iNfnh1k>Ht^8vWz(d+Cu z^DCimExXq$PQ#e@1~F{^YfnD9o!52lB6xR_HojO}%QazQ?sz&k1;ozIcN9DNNwmm! zIfd`9#}5E~yON2qq7k*ERhJR?9JkARrdO^L1qC0LT=js1EXI`$D-wHT^ADz*HQt-P z_@B4`WnSVtbM7-K7uC*(MA9Ct+OH%GIIx_BI;ndcOO1H_)q`^M_YzqfQ2e3%O}LUJ zwxK?}N^)rll^oNz*;d?<&7N{pXrWwmeH-evl}?2BaY~9812pm$@^vG7o=yQKBSIlg zGzTMq8|fyjoT)g~iK5)+anW*F9P%Yt6{)+>>b3arV<2qacuCT2x6g|!2}3E_kexs@ zp?z>{)PvM^&5<76C;}A-ds%gft2g+>aTB>!g7y8UmTvoz)-tgU9bvNbyz}~RBZuv~ zjyXuycae&j^)pTY1K$MthL2a{LPq3oX1gS+p0zbHwpWf*g447eh@RSooK;$Gu_-&~ zVW9h6d$^-#VN5zUf1*m|{JOD%>TI4FU4k^y`EPPLjABN1?w1kO;-2TwQ3P3ss6Rcn zB^t%u=sQ7^(fdL8_54|LO!9mH>D7>qKnoq5OSEVWcPY~gCc~j3ecRtK?&yzCUOu`O z%SY-_SApv$*oN%lN{u!djqa1(Y2$@F-P)@7OQFPyIKN|3QgG5bSuaFt5kE)Ik-`IE z)B5Woy*mV%$**MG3Fb@xvk@1ptv@kaY~9=TfBFqN-}bVSr-bNHQ}uf5j>vuPO0^VY zBr;9ve($p~3zl_-c;L?~87o@#V`0S%$c9bHQ*I8blr z>M=0n>5RkMS5o%Z07 zUF+L&Ot7OVY9hS@+BtVPcrQC7pbtG|V#db&w(qO7i{DA#nu6WW-tucMXM(@gRlO0& zVM+jvE`&X~3s6X~vK)?ns6X0BxX4w4BnWIyiUbFnx&s_==qOF+N738x@zI(k6b|=C zu5ykjrN2duoE_4RrtHxsxr`Rs^BeixQRDGoi8OnUS3ZVpCRLSJO1pUh8O?FRQJ@ag zW{R>AHLvkp3}$_2YnNRl<~>UCIJ-;Jmvq%T7l1@LtQaqg(%6wAI5#MG?4cdtJP?Lc zh%N$iU;WpShBufLB|BkhJXrz9$&qB;Zzg>_x;@v=n9E8`PIJC)-lnPd2{h~G{=JdQVcGBIYg^wC zXn>#TisFP__HO8o#F9DaYnH{JL{Tt5uAu#1f@YI1lZTvmHpvhfKzuYKiyLy4IlJjK zEeuPg-Q;$iL7$#!U+)u)86@tgkS+%vM&}KzAfATx5UHUoSP}Vih+>Zg5$RwO=2ill zTGpSc=}NmDe!%Hb>5q;|i`}Sx_8&s64?zNM2&u#?j8YM|gH-@O(5x(G^h~QcPn4n0 z;uQz<(+?|LS;Sm2^wNA_-H_qZ)fN?$*y*l1#TP7PNB@>8pf31_RL4y+g%a_2vGIlu zgN=-=(^vW$-!(|uS<%H7sLM3J$$tsrI6JGuCg76eM4?4QYjlQ>>x>CjU|@nus%ZL zFKlb&mvg!h55%w?i|IE0+n+6TEJxt?^zvzwo%g@BQpYU()W)l12G6^2__(^mq1?}( z6)8BBcG|@-YodB%G3_$pM{n44P&erb?igF7RV}eq%5hb^n%lL>*Z6*KQOM$hN+L8? z)Z22b0S%OWoo8<4{fMHUVAJV$^mu#|I!rqyp-Vr`PxzTXpktakITkS$W)p#uAY>suIyJPht_F<4$%AvO-2>g?DlFjVoyHV%D>q+&iDAKDi3Tq7XVAKd}S8}&9 zp0&fiE|}`JX`U!b>>x;GJ-IET!MX{GO*FI1kA*fae=&_r~m?-a1aYNA{72 z%h#Usg6ps@b6L$rupKYDa%pc);42wb7WFi2FjC)XOhu|zg^%pUWAIgTj^HbBW~j22 zjp>Ltw9^Z{U})3Rm)uyZo*rdhyWk%S4tV>n0EeZdJhR0D#jTr~_Y6N;`5{@y%w~ok zHOmtN1Ba8`jL&E%b^LPnu)>ghZ;xaltFgwG8OeKCWQiNvccG%1IUc*4m2vBrTxlLu z6R3qS0*rs*!x&(#R%?)uhk_}n_jZab6-C4O(RKM5GwwOL6Hl$Y@IFoP-)`BGg8={} zs4?3CXzDo-Ve4!1a>5cq>jCK<5NU;U_5@2*?UdU6MDnP6oCv(^5DPNq7C>}<>en;tS;^_;_Ks)gm>{vN8MENp1$fEuJ{e`qJ?cy-@ zS#$K_jwzb!ch~)(Q{Aj}QhLeHTiL#C0gGan!N7HtkOk(GJZwsDUUHV8X;Mggr_0UV z8fG7)(k`t1x+=}EeSy~PN~5YyeQG%0{iz5h_Wc3vn`Zpe{a~4L#3q&DV_<}jFlu-1 zAsuAc=;H!=rVNQ@YT<3geoU6LI~;Eef&Pge^w#1X^kMEvi=2cWVg4hWm4w51U1`)3 zp0-CXR#}%_mPYY{cwAOSeP*VS+({Y?!oDvL^Is*`G{Z~)xj_8MuHi}IhlJtIjALz= zb(R!eyMO#`OMRhfMeZ+4K|S2(!SVUJt>HbhgAvUFik1AGRvYdmg+J(fi0VlbP( zspsruYO1-OH!N#$drxOnZs%pCT-<6>RF+X655tu#6G~AD)t!?PG9aJhrS^0Mim#Xu z`WV$7Pr_P|5aO-97$9T!7h9v&7NpG#;`@lVLAm&pmTpC<~iO_$Ya^Nt%PWeoa;-79;ISr*B*!xeUt zV%vpPbOP90y3QziaysLMZ8u2nvibWhdm23Ny^4&H$>t;v21S8R)i{r%wIw*7j=1sF zE3{bOnFzTYgWT5roTRO!^n;I1hk~NfY{6*2-l{os6rNJ+FpKuQreA-@$8Yu%*)NP^ zMQ}*wt^G3N$+Ypx%pWeZT=svKNq$zKoDqv<4MslC0LR~oN7><{jFyZEOf;jwi!aUm z_pKKs`ZBTU(bXhJP7L*|h_uA%6JdiX%NjkrnM+XVDo+K`UP~?vg4W8+qIoecN;n1U%_1O@U^&~YaIL4h!(QyMKM+Dc4V?7jboygaVH4R z4`CsL&FX^%a~b$BcP-~f0a~ye^ym*7;}kN3mCqOlg&Q?cv^j9gzy&@4)C~9zlg|cC z^>S=ki`~Nqi5}Y-JoX_+R2wR1a^6{K>Bn(zT?=aq&pg3jr%-3K*H$=2&p`9?xkINw z=o$Pte8ZeWV$@d`uqSVR^=}SVeTs`;Ap9QgkA5%vb5raBOHh8>vZW%0dc>iX;6v+m zLD(sFU|LDuzzUHP@gO!4MhofmoVI?T?1YJl z^?5p_bBw5}BKcfZXzttghNI)wM}1LKgC?douI?;}YBZ3VyG7BJ+c<-nx@Rm^=VI8n zl}rg({fMMy5V>xc;z=d%{WK#lUERtQ40Pt1G`wiRofFk^7v$pLmfcJe?;aq}X!yI8 z(nORvtBw@QEl=|e0aaFR1)@Rbr-mw}-n)HQqpw#GS5jflwNAvN-vQ00om$c$FjQLV zY=`~x;oJB#ojQix+2i~)TM6bPu6yh$sA|fsAOo{h%sX7U(u_qyKinsICCY*sN@oSQ zYzrQ>COP$4fGlhC#)INYmQ9M>)*~#J8;@*}(UU4}`-%w-?>FBJ3Uja!S}#>>=krP#DTbVxtIps=WXM>WOVin_M$b;oPA zBreEB_3XS~$mGifzi{GQ@VGU7A&F*37{_dg(|$T!0Fn>JGokq3JToV5Msfv&*DKk| z|4mh}Y-H}#;v4KbeirYdR6ID#_Nth4A~b*-=(+>wc7JYwM>%gxIas8rgVt5 z!mQuL?p3wC>Z#NcMqQ{%l=VO>(iK^nRY}h`nvW3 zPN*I*ZlAEBv*z)5x+4k;>7#r_gTfGx*7810DQ~#i|Tk{G1 zH$+e0gR9XLUFV>2qpxP9pn9}o;a6oEyWXg9t9JCBJzWp=YkrMrYNUAB=-C{v*Nrh~ z9tu*R_f~EoQ*@N$MD4t*)Y;BTN>@M(s%$um?0THtOEp4Yo@vjU=e2uZCY&_E%u*Dn z@R8X`M@r7o>cyD-Y7l5f3bD@eblplmVmf0@z0c4~5^WVL25C?!ft~r;N+H_lip~u% zT+$G_2_92w8wTFwsWq{w>X9cqbVPU8xRXm+C4@#pk@VtPf*BSJnK1u|DA4;f&#!}pRR za}OhhpiNSty9JwKCH{KD$9SB0l+jiP>tPXmxXFe(uZJ%GF#67bh2^QgzRix2)#3HS zZeS?TaQZKtvsg7%Zzc1-!@%@EjJ?y6FiaF6*|u%lwr$(CZQHiHzqW1Lwr!jHPsC2d z%+6lS8`RaQ6IB_RCSk_`cVxv_A7%2x;V-~J1t2`o)xg8{b*T=As z==^+dreo#@f}7HVV&G;Hi9mrs)89&jmj&{nvDX?Uku77!))?;<_r@;1*D&`oruZA1 z*QSX#GDB+3Yo)T)f;vKN%GB)wR$Bv&R%aYtuNiV!P25>M_)^ItDxa#LC=1>}Hn+eB z@)U0GhyG?T-48qc~N3hWn9Q{)fHg%unIV6SebVv#!Xr*t1_ zP%n@_O>>*Z;VpH}R>$NXTxshJ?j6rE{LmwM!Pe?R18%GOptP2qex z3Kn+MQHVjXp_lUcLsYe&!X;JS4sClMCbBD9>_rkCE}2$*e+~TM*uJ=Bsz^-CU)O*b zaI5=|0p3p=3d%*IRzJ?#J~p;Ef|^xo@hiZRrRJz1Ng5nqSo);GG*TZCr}-nxGhktA z5HM4$prCr*-!(8#w2!QL1Po_@<#Z@BbK|ihc^=@GDHXemCOdm4kc3}S^qP{xaoy23 z4k|VY(!CpDs|ii>EVh;tw&W&;v_x-}Vc|}O=h%!Pu{UWFV>I{e|#}y%)AqO-AZSl2Ls>xsmsO@$Mf7LffAHbzR zF#({hYmUW&5?>GrTNr){I}hkNEc9YpPLUmbmUxF~+&A!rJvPBTV1%msN+&|cyE&UF zo5Ck!3C!d1@s^K)G(kV$e#?^}mJT~Z%{RW>g&s;X+w*@F19y^Sr+v9v!Q8Vv9Ny>+0 zSA~V#LpH_dtLT_InfFoMhF0-5JN$_Xa=?ka^EHAq=;B_5Tm+ph#RkVrx-=TjMeoSl zcdN1h9zpY3o7@{y-yLGl6rBxe9vExr+Oc1kO?2~6rPTVPS=67_X7%v#elpC-z zwdTX7N)-!k0j4+fZQ${zy4sTEGX^>jPkM-HSX2MQ5%JHa#mINBKyb2SnE3P_>xv8Q zpPTRKXn;7~)U5?=I=*6N+>HeUDza--z~qUUXOf&{L&*!b>nqYmP785Q%cn=L04i5` zlBfk<{#|O8yew!~UktU*GlA#Bz_f>gl<_aV4sc8RBmVeVyiVV!ll zd^L}ng&&vMy9`lQ#mia4({C@B{*gF}?5BPIEK(;y%#RD+%#Un~O5#7qJ0V){&}1jL0DqWLbfn zVzYc2ak37>+mN9SRL~X<$yVoai5+rH7dCQkPM;%fsIOh^acIvR-$|F}M#dD~#q1o@ z{H^VIVCNCQq93|Tt{DOy6YS?V6I(1q+qzf37zY8lhw}xb!R*s@TiE4n=%$LMg3i}91WBrG9GX3;{A5yYr3FnNpIZ6wVBfETU*6ut) zfvsbtYc-(9n$tDoX{rN{|6F2Nbe0!)pGKpBFCO|qS$^AuhF4;XtNJ!jZXIkAcx@xm znTFp9ZFYbA1|^OfiS>mXi~aN?3DxR@Ps-OJpwy8s=~RDh{SRo*+#dPYv@hm)a<)-LV{VxKX}G5hbS=Jz7@2SHx=ZeFB+#j zs+ljheU|S(kl{UUnM);*q}M}yg*`jY z@yiV&-VCv!az7NUjRd_)dZF(ji;jh;PXZc+vAtGT6&gO1kjk(gIr=S@DdV#!*QB90 zcdJ(@u#A;xz4{@UA#}M`ym!=in%55}yxK5~RQi@vH{sTMsiRV?hxkQ?pABfFB%BSj zA^(9Tx{_WYJwNK6;SqSQS=mfmltV)2oWfk$j54n3Q<%Io~M6JvTI zvty8`OAxYZmv982v=gTq4d6=kR-B9!l$?;@UgM0Uo{S6gsY)5j7(LjyepPtd3wK*TICJBxN5 z0)^7nsGZ06wr`&fR0w7I*eV?1n zPz(fsg^pOtcXQ=tE~g$xgz;e05SHn0m7BwyZ7nqr?|&KsyljL5F!ip#$sd672V(&G z&4LYx&AhSi>}&K#7PR@30L#o+-&hZ}*&%E_1z?U~#VDZp*AL?w%mgIRTG|IJxGLv1 z_d$S;FpOpLjdL%4LJ*KrP6hD1y{~`6naLq^T_`s#hj6t=+xT7Tnb%lSQ_-Fq3%ibX z8S>f12N^-Ue(ZUDOXI&=om!JyRdc4_4`XC)_1XogZ0?OFs~r){tf6*Tmtc;3$n}x_vX?&#~c`ozH#$*xc3xp25ow_!^WEnD4K^n=3$P z0IKju%Y!p0UrISc~D0G2Imqxfg&&lWuMJ3NR%!*1CH87xL%WNAuXob!n6YcofC@(z_MeQeZM&<@brY5If%Ww`!!R`K1DunXL|KPrlrP>egm1@FP z15|GE@jLe^XEf@ozxTYiso~3ypM&S>DSlmovNO}*U&q)!#&^%$-!3>wZDj7HJ@2vE z5m*3DuAptj{JLLEM?jv9JoIIh>(}r`K$_`RxA`-ae&;zo0A_CS<-N7(p%)2@Rd!!0WjZyT710 z+4eucKkF#6*|@kl<6q(LIpSaV-y>Bpu&zK^g){SO84w_vDqyWzYSBpD%vLc_#Q5Y| z*Y!*>XV`?oo+RWj>xRnTwOn$RDUUutos~t}I%<&SxtYl2_ zIUe0Xxe-sjM1^Ss)_xOf@`#=TdWY*!MM7BrjX)wBtKBNN;ZFhO9bWV^saS1_5n}Z9 zqUBXZ&5Y6j`N1;R`dTnsmfN-U!%l*d37xjc&-RB4UyC9osL*bMEm*5+>yfFI-hp4z zYrMr-2YycUzZ&F90*clW0scr3a;4B!CAd>xv%o38NosjxOB_Z_t{%wF_QCU-WxX3; zko^59!R(s|+cSC~-QKjXkvGetDZrMJZH-q;vC5&n);O!m*`Ksyy74?P$b%ofW|36q zoCuR{&T-ykOGDC%`di8Y5R2O6Zq>dP)1y8K!A#Ppd6Re&`dr*hK9Tg9Oif%ettJO-8PU8}}=e2U{QU7v9hhYU&) z7I8(#TFUgdP(u(qVrcw)D5Fj-Ud*hQij8!tQfOsgf0>lU@Kh$r8NI`ByrDagU9%~Z zi?8RlH1&2LHY&^0|Qbeh+~y4th;vAfCuf`AcOcQLID3u zTDA4;sDi|77&ShL`|#bO{9G;`6Dq5YZ4bd8w(s6t#%MGcbYIq>jyk{5*%ng(Qx5uSHi*dnU0Tx`OdmmwT)Y;Rtto>q)QVez1HsRyzKZ^XmMjL?;qsib_w0P;poo6pG?9cP^bQC`!1qU|_IR(KUfbbsXB26CmZtqg3?*)& z_4nzmVecmvhET&g#^k;j42TKZi^dxnjNzgBg~(qV<9k2T^XhXQm>;gBZU zfOG!VD!FSh~jbCL#Uy4$~I`pLSePWn`NuJfLF&>_H4wKyZaHZmt%6pnN@wz3+;2ariNX10Z#3IuDi}N%LkX($J zSa6X-6u>lz)>HSYuA2}Re1pxA>XS-OCJ%hfy0K8K$jirWP@qO95sZGs8(VF_cahgL zfX5@c6hP?|)lY^*e6p}8ryz%L)G$2#*H(UO{U9%9V~Bv7>8x3XNLHujegN?;0VfR*_j5}N|i zc(EE_A~K_Ia%;fn;($_4aTR~P5U24jiPdqxtS%J3BwYqlXCK{yTOy_mC)l^j-Wrz3 zVeq{cyZ<)|+=VbDzDm)wu9K~7_7y|QCa3iyx(#?=Lz#sYa$oxkNHPQ4c!-ZC3X5gq z5PZ;SV|5tjg#&avK+UC3w79e37K$il;!F zf!%Kl06jXtDenzAo1^YyAu2JB{S0-(WN#njQ?90}(1Z8T`X9w_q^<6qLIEW}nAkPa z)uZYBpc)pO_Kf)L(bJ=KuVKriuJKoJ|%NO>q#<%gX4naqsF%@a1Sl9{@-z zhS9+K(K}MsYGXT5`G9mAcaj2-w&Mj!3M5K?c)+~=)9T;m1@=l5#w^xtaemO&0h$7+VwjWjhGgF-BLgKt z;;ye2?}GYq@|K@d?C;LZRi|TBJM6QzKxVmsIC*auQr($%O5h|;MFaZ(RJ|ySzODJr$$UN>Ve|u065@}DrGlG~?DlUNLv6KmG0?qy z8^+U{M0hoYHskV^C_hwms%bd|*2#z#0d543k(lKEvzDclpBfSCF*^Asc4~0k)<#O- z|DJ{aF&i%3HdFZ>hje+UNO!a@@%(~`xu0;kTD0U>gE6))N7QW_Vtbt9T$zKgDzj!t zQCm+#NhriFHih_S>>J5?N)GvEMWN{pdE=tT5jHK7UGk45e~R`YF<}SI0IrJaIbdV$ zZbKP5`rDTJ2X&IWz+M^Do1%E1x@+%%2KU^^DktB9+Plm?M9g=1vx#=~OsFw6Nu2Jq zTrvJLqrCLG(SbYs7eWQA#$|#}>^DYpKljfI@{9PF*e<5iX|tV4Z#GXtM$_9vm-(TT zo2`O;t5C&$fO}vugU!D5Gyx*PZ z(s1a9?Hy@>y&%sLF)tL2hs;)c%vzwtp-F1;*U~LYMOr-1zLy-v8tuOKVW-K?S!cSb z*G>J-RRd-^tdr1k6-uGeZy80%B^hOtA$r{&jMs;QK2pCg?hOvLZEioGjZ&vdz;`?xoWdXL9OSOi|K%SUJE-6@B8_h_9A1oe1T~#BP zPIV9g#IhPobPTnD)$fXMs<{Wwc)4@U%h!n zKpI?WDN&{ns}ZWjw{A%NS|H)7z`s0g7oVlf>h>{fR6>DJ{VX)Vg~y{Hn4TQ;h(QTk z!%2pw{}!A1EfQE~!KAeK?z@WiL1{8U{hCpa9!L`^Pnt2c><`8xV~(`q!-Xm?o0gWK z{d*&+L^nwOB4dC;iN(N@;FY<%eXd<^HTD~6h7D?X z2r)lWhrDZF%Y&r9`xt0Hqd*LP$713|kSwEKD3ev(6zglv9?Mb$*-n#D2yRX3!_Axob{7`o6lP} zo*JKgTTrynGeM=JqGxRi-6nxx^%S2YsWaVJPPTgQuE9`v1Sf_Jq67y@mw4{4NR`LDb6a|Q3nn0<+75e~n}8eONji!?~CZphcsHUFZg zD#TMf`7-gqWnY`HOLZ|?MUs8?(3X%R>nu9zM%uWRYdds~+eqyRwfM*FvEA&jtgAq9 z4jYX23<&Loi|b#kruSm2@M? zkFk$ywhgy$>7{D1*YVljFXMJM)B?}7*SFWMzkzxFa$)YUV_Cmi$;lobmlOY&ez-j? z$Q3eR;fyCv`-ee`IQ#vG=0ennqGJ7NtB^EI%_>BylByS*XXQ3o^4#lehzHyy&E^4@ zOW8@j@^-It^2Gp3lv1SZz{adsyTI#rhTRlsgmf9ZU^Ft4BC!k)7U5_In<(tuo|($6 zQuy7!E?EXeoy|JWpbmD|oKN^D%R=boWXP+Ak04L@Jr=&j4!2tCnJFj_^lm;Y6Vspg zAS2>qZ3Lyt&BZ^uIR*E)xY%7x&tMr%v3?HEM42cYdsg|a55^?nxZvM7i?bsAZJ@26 zes(8nf&XWBGDRfl0o=W8t;bXk=mA4}K zumY~6y>|amNGWM}aK)uJSFZAT(tpc<8*};WvpqbwC1Ud%L+zw%E=oArX4UfV4DrR2 z_FwhK`q8&JNk)kIcZRJdK=JktdRn~}4)%t=tF0VmE+zI5N=({isv)#UbSPc_cXoM|f2MOxc*=wfx5KV$M=kIbtm{<^(AtXIR`0Krg2D)i4Es;X^ zQUVp6*7gHAqwVfFa=4L`+n>ZTDice$!Z6+YXo=z{3B$AcHUq#WH1kR14anqb^xA$V zsIXS&u5yyNeQIupw~Usx{14ZdMBUi3Bz~Zs6YKlPCeGQl{C7o1BbF5=6&kWyZNU<#IRN;vxOZIPK>)2wKWGj8HAFU%0aoXQf5p9xfug%+ z!nAqqO5cJEKX@l27paqxzL|{4GC2q2{B2Ezo2}wHdVdMXVw1~n=8Gpo&Ne#b|D~hs zDKi<|Cx5yw*3bTVBe-KT>~1wm`g}XF5?QpL3!)e)-8JK(;^aR{h$sH?_DKl<*k2)$ z-vW;rH%I|A{j{Yb*)iPyO$!LRSvR6k8&rX(Z78J zD93vAna;G$s{c+*`)-d$mtpLOd`8)O3*lzJqg5lc37LlIUL02|VL%BnPE%Y=k;;mO z=EH@)xPXk*H&T^SGcahd^JyvMa#1*)FAe67*7D7{^m_0e7VzF{Ir}ZqP!-B&XxY*Z zS<8N99y#iY1fOx?shvgfgj$EBgNz+>R*^7DVooIXOlUzVK8Z94jfX3&%*=illkSG& z-}J^Idy<-C3ARz5DWMao87|`;H}-T8BG3c=_n=-3BGj`z!!$&_9$< z6|s&uO!1wt#>DLw^iPg7xFW1h2q>XK3HiM>mI&`Wy!GNfKmQDCOD{WNEwh1cgnlRRhUGjFx2Cc~0=#HZRkFMmpS9_Y7F zN>ARm`9Lcf#CKTJw9#|V^o@b*u_Q%mxTtXiyHa&C4r}~ixKhcm4~@t%x%sAPR!YrO z7+kR8ROqq&16jmiISt)WvY|+RY9w!YyYSxVp6eG#5(n5&-Lp||>qb4umh|hhiSwRq z%Ai1Z@}^-CP9PG2L4SrjvV$N&%yr>WS7k?~JY)<{xMUdN<8xPjp)B;JN}N-^nygIT ziMVjOx8`6(?`-Axcs!WChT;ZO@6{m5tJ?IPAQmKl(FHXIO|XXd5O`1?)<2N2Yo^*X zLl@@WV9t9hO{QxJl2XPPJ2F`{QY!-;a&8186Vng9n6GT0)WzT?rWO7;C)KvQNqYL8 zuq)SGv$bL)!$e9C;>KCiD{VCO_`_t3I#6C+w{8v#YoDEEJa~Otzp=DRQJywJ@2^*N z$Q5qX7d>{w>`s8~~bDO@FDLc;Yn=>{J=Ii;m@p^ae3oS^;q0 z8FUf$ox99cAIEF^64gK5y|L|*Y-Y{v`A*|HBIB;rmSyMEqH0o@J(9m_(Tqf=9$mOL z+Fa}}#$0Ov8&~MCjW%RNRp2}F%avNEKG?Hw%R?MuNqhoV}2#(t89vas{Tg?=e0 zknho^XXq%y^bA*GNixmbC)5irwj{ITp^_@6C6Wc!Y1>FP+Cu>;Mibxc$c%T^7*8Dp z+fkZ(QuM`(QKzglCDAie`?TmT1AgA_-fz^`vpXdE%O*c zk#;zPmi!*j*KE(NPg5%7y;U|GACqjK@t_eoAAeje41P78#R(sk%5L?xUGW{4co0Z* zF}ob7%(3TDmYY(KOpGR0nLJ+~$8)!Bo?YRSeHL-9`K%W}>Q121CP_1Ev5ZYT2Wa(O37s#KF+>xTi6A0`8w+?jqVT~Rm$DHq{$q<5%z zZ*uec^6mp1wyJNa0Y2n-tS|s4Lkk;7RjX=m+|K86 zHx6b7B77JzS_T@#CW#(BMPJijKD3@KqKz=b3BYBi-h*zL<)w@m+DPZm_A+-HxJsgr zIJfrqUy*T+$BTum3PSbsS5>|*c_?P9RXd`w{%j4BLwKUFATO7m>gjws-iMR;mr&E( zhEdacJU2+5n^~w5?^eLWj;JGvW#;Eq4>AAWnsF-o)6k=h^@Nfm^iy1^;UYH&a4ozd zjF^rVw6k$TuR?6MkGE^adBJ~R>jdpAr}1r!NP$?LDK^nAdbwG5AcD*$aaV3H1ToU^ z21lh%m@@c?KcGLC6HNd&>9-f;u{`7_QoF>qgi~u}YLyFZ6(XEz{Xw&QCrFdZgDbd* z>(Ls#W+)d*a5O#b6|I!rm@97q(bPqLb2D?idK6WoJ?4}7c>8J!QwZd(6MfaoU~gjW zsh)>(zNW0WQ4^032(GHCEMHhu^ii0FAfHNuB!MMc>8me|PR?uG9c$NpHHxfx&hg=f zauB8JCL@)BG8t4pg}9j;^fJ0!Q9Eh5K&}xwoDRsC8r4_n_P0(rf+R9epfRcMI*X=;kUx4d|ICwCJN=Jqgy`Vo<9E z-CyLva2ptO_wSfOmYlyENcw<=@jy;~E^o&~_=EOQo4UlgB-CwB?T%~F4tBa#bk#Q5=YW@2Q{3vXUDz>%f@$&&c{T&glGRI{{-! zuGBvlTx>2Z*Kb>vnkfnSDN{Kt!3$g4Oh@JyieZ{}K$|-<>GtaLq5xs3KO&9# z40~Zk-5Zj$h&;z(VTx6i^oz2UCOk*@zr@Ose78PNC?|x<>huVk18wJne5=i6&4m!OdlXRt)x90IY1ox4tXs2`8T+=9%`c)?*HI&J{eg9*50-m%67n|HT4@;c$>gK- zsr46hjwI|bBT_7P5BaX>F%D{Cmb%Y{1#?|}v9ldZ7Oc;V?pCQmF9SJgk$~kOTgi6@!1iq$i_kP+Wv43gL+(xx{-4hg;;)3Zgc)v_ zRQbo&j9n`g z2NM^io{gc61f445<-&p8I>fc8#(AA#(ddzxLD4&{sSWBD#i2t8Ou;Pzzjy+1@)-F6ZQ3hO(R#rOGh0PAdF$FIV(H+yBw-7^XE|w_IBcL}ZN^aAK zZQm#)V3u|DFxC1MLfRvb&wA~-F)xuU^$1tPXcdP$SiV1wm;BiyQqk{5M56zFy|1Gi z#hwp31Vi>Ua}h(9UOl+eV*Rm6a!fQx;`USdxMyPH)S+oo;_@+B@{UlXAMsvQDQry) zR}_i(LQD6{g7(OizBYJy%)gJLi0YJJTV|skk<35 zqsrJl41}R^TJEb+!80oNgm&}OFxkYx!z!%wO9hV5AaTYp{E5yuVYBQFPH!BfzS14a zKpfSy^FD@`PTAP6YZX){my{`)k^gK}G8h;bhn1r$4-|ygb=HTPPWusFD zS<-XpWBHZOp*-2a-^mI8rd_yTrBn@~%6-khOH@7GvY0zficp`eJ1_k0!)V>NG;k!j z=9&>!UrG=^!)DFCFH6UstJ24oJhF3csMTC{H5Y6FJjV(}ai8f3g>aC2oEh9cza&jq ze;!#zK4GqAOJxxgbBYFA(XtIsOk{>K;4(?QgCv;RLzm5RrP)biv6Tt5IY49+79E2z zdjAf;f@f-BAZy@-q)!hIN5X%rWHJhBH31d8@Ni4Fs5F%L$)yn!UH+NPDRL`u29oZBC0 zuv1)|s0V&S}WulEW=g#b<-okN>V;O{;Kx9gUrt0 zhh9ufe!4Ihi17TnVA_F=AjwHox-ED0MUy*MG=x=5eRKS=NmqBLnW|}dORx+`MbmCP zUaA+9T;vF9Npf>e&Qx||cBhaa zr%0IetXhbV;Ck7NpWJ7SyMm%hCMmvfJvz8D>uq{koedQS+^OGsMbjIi;)#nvCb2k6 zyF!1d01wHo99Q~)j&?Yox7y3Mu|j(EYh zt>@-Bu2SWV=2*}u)BKxIQU_%KJs|J;_YSvS`tN^)v*!Ey&yW}p*`IgTbT61n9#J;j z(hK6TMrxdC9$pECTpbiymJ~*2pn9HBYrd%jW_?gb{@7p&_z@_&uZ72Jdl91~`qP9e zT6`uG&vN(SR$cch4Iq`{gqdIpXjD1%!D=oOQ5H_htGn($le@-$#)nJDoCH(3{L+g@ zG0WWDt&*|0iwX54&R0vE2gDhArF-kOVks?h>!~Yv5F2GUKRRsZ-@Q=baO>8fiQD&a zWkOYZ^x{$jqQqM1oqn+L4PGrYIjrBo({<7v=d!Op0@QI^reDc9zN{%^Ch&Zsd&38NZRQR@_W?u9*rIb`|r^)0p?1zId5puh!!f{>61PGMQx zk#J|Hcqo+bnfv;xdGWo{yXu|W{o4G}`O2~Wb8KQbKX;rEN>EcEB^eBb9-pBGOITZ0 zNdoV@bvtE(9n23pnIL~0|uc1Q%GUPiA4Bh1>M)6-k%3y?^`5CA*|3kP870JM?-SRL+Xb+ z1pp8g4dwJN12(}epy0p=0k8yh1>hyYfOCELR)=(h#70LKXT-z%FCc4| z5X{VuWJ)_S0O=6kwGNOckXuN>P62XXWf_1r4*02VzYRhI;EUb2wy*n4BdFFEu(vG;K&q(=aNat? zkL?0hydOt5yFKghr7!#VP37!88wC-;vp4`4<={y6J|Yho7ZhXk0_*7zObZ{Rmhf2T%^a9(J~d_L&zq zzbCj)|7MHMw;LxR4shLySPqW^*7Jkl!5zF^0DzuCy*&2C5B%2(5g-5n0_O&(Ay{(& z5#(RF*I8K4f2|E!u#X3zysHfg1lZk|*Qb8kMifkd_?q|E@4v?sUs<@TjQcU>|MKmw zA_sQ?cz+561=Riy;tBYlItfAG-R377`D(KrXFVz?{SY&6@C6jV4SGhUUUW&W&afQeF)xN zEy!DdkjnwReg?nsV+h`{8=bJ88p?I*y^X|fXuFC*hV_|a+ZHesmrtAeiNvj>-z{qQb zkDSZ95Yo%(sjm3T(XwpC@QWEC)r&cBfMME+nP^o0!ZqNStKjdo+AJ@ZW9a481TsH2 z&jdVq63RHms)ZgUpUVDAlkLzGNXMkA-XXS3W-*)ZJM0M;(@H!wd{5|5-S?wv>>Rm| zdcOPHwGR>^w2R9aWL>)^lBxLT3n4HLH6@9h0%bZ$FfsvcRU#OKX1FVO-RO>k(w|op%V^m8>105tkD;2;+YJQU} zu)ooJ)g>V1E_F4}zqgEWWTYHl|I;_25^FM-<8E29Gf79eY9+Xe4P866W_P4bA#1u< zH#pV|634+uT~=-u5w5MfFe?auo>axgcsH4qnr$ZPm|CHkh2kFgYVY_B={yqbraadk zF)Ki8CeBy6y5yZYvOLc&eln5pTB$Va)wQ#&oNW8>ocPaE8S*P*FS4wBPL?kPGc6Ax z;Mm|Ot}*k5>=8h!YZV2OG`>Wq6{60CM?r)=Vh@czBBq%4C=p2_qlrE0=s-S_6(Wt6 zjqFw$%zW4^ZI3qZBV}T}-6~-X@|SGN@WAUp5lVl?3SictaI6>IMK~3#b!Q)|z-kTr z|H6a4CpWgd#&`1nVLB0fqJ_2fm;Y4*b7lu`>V6oVWiX|kl^UF!rP`2kiPR!I&My0r zc!a%ve^Q^GD2*%xP;*o|RsBm1&$B~@RTK%WyQG?AO`Md0q?uLRzkcraZBN=`y zV>g)_^5CGh!_>A%Us(2PRBO;16p33GcGsP;gyKbMMQUm8ObxHaf}C6Q$I(V}1B8G- zfnW+)Ft?vA%sfd7tGcbzc)>i-W-*A#?>eh<&ab)2_9%KP^Kj=;81vLqx_IDh^)?@> zF%t+=x8TvTH&b`W9fdU7AXxhbM)7T1(j4`Wu+}1kOQ)51j`ZKUFJZ3`M=q}~agFwb z5P5jHpOLet-iG~`%Lj6We%`MXUZPE|)?rNK69leOlK72s*ODcI<(#+ps_t8IpB$7ScMSCH$}U~-;mZq4N4 zRcK40B})8iOD9ghwU~E&CDOq!@^!gObRx|o#1>N`T^;a=os(6tpSHis9v_onRHfnxdfaan9bOsqX6ggOCQ05&0NcE(&oQ4hO(31^^h5D(!?Ag**%#K z?YnDxOFmj`ELd{mHdA(5G!4A?LXMaur$*&?5&PM#JfqloC>Po!rX z5!Wvs9}f!n_%Mk}Z$K`V-5;XyEt+JW2uLU$8tle2m=g6nT7y>_aD;o+65p9 zWw)*>WrYqcTq4|yBd=qv8{ja|_D%0XWJn@0e=X1n{7*~(ysd$_+&v>_YyK$QWRq1L zDlf#w_nqeo2h6zty5Q*auBL%7rS`ll^es`}J9BRob8n(t3CVDrg*2@Mh2`OryKJZ#B5Xvp{xBszZ*=cr5*P48{l_L)UdWz-;}1((KCZ^wlZcgig#7 z{xq5!Mx4c+g6FM0=}OX0!nfC7Kl;wJ!C@%xG`X|@vd{VfG~@$b$K6;5hg2#k*|M$- zg%6cnF*P%_OZ6<=SkXRF+TyY^mI=u&8Pw%WIm-fXGW@8nOm{WqHrz7Rnty*U)YE;m z*#Xjnr}w&?lo!k8WaOvOG!nhD<1^?I`4p9Ro(=|?4C}l5d_^F@jE0k8>AyQLh2Fin z)+V2MeBnVyW@dc~@;|LZY67%L7OJ>^heBqCt3m4PCAG)mb%wAO*DPog#~#TH1u~T0 z(P*DsQ^9P&h{VD0O-Mx=9|4(4>CoL<{EJ^(l^y0kEGR0yxo$K281vI5o%kP?twOWl z8Mc%~xu%J{lv8X95g`OF$>3bEFRj~4t-@JfuZ%a(Y|p=Lpq0mB$cw&!C?8rbA7qRqGeqeRtk}_)^*>H-T zGMkY{ddp0*jIGZf2nai@Pt5pH(pXBiRj`E7-e2(YNy97}eQki%?Nmf${oM)SQgYTV zh{JFc_cnkf7`E1zNe+89i%=XZGZ}XaY>v4nF=!J4MY+I(sz%kmJxrvh< zQ@zP+wN+ne_K31_^roh^{8CIPedy+&7No#yq zy#66=eGk4PxpHf@sl4v1?Y5r;M{9pbh>yi%N`qI(N<)nuBUN!*yp zOSQaPa@1v(TS`PS78ku;q@fiGhd9K&C{QYcFd4@H7YU!wyu2l>`tO7wk@^EKr-1kIj7 z&~ogU+FW`jMWE<0y+*#4jD+TOa7BYtl>wn{b{-z*@5|nj`6(RP;-xWa*2-eO?fhX- z&o$asUpRE!Tge8@Q}$H#8Xc)HrJCt-6FYTo}3W9JYoj1q*`YumPM+cy4d+qP}nwr$(CZCiO+B$Y}wS~B7S!hKJ!SFgtiv>KDm z)$xpzSQ%qw9yKYqF=Kt5id8pTT!PgmTotfDo3owy-UNqLa7~Uvn;sT zdwZJ3q6&tqW>}YB>xF`er5_&=@|h}FY(=TU-)}03YhU~LHFJU>iKbJw(lf_5+^R-3 zKqYM<*BCwyHIM&Ub;xpRF-Z{5_l2 zddthzDbbAV)fiF=l4Qg!87#+7KDZhas6>*hYWTvjv@@w^a$eR52<>56wFETOp0PKTAa=JYpp~xq84IUMGwlvr zTtdVXR>AVTArcx^G%KkIh|;x4i;n6HWk7E(mouVuqQda@Ej&6^s*Xzjw!Y16>lwR* zk8yX7^qC`QU~P&n_f1aXq8fe63F8OxPXwZIRr5^ZR1Z8)&td#{|2oTEsq)?FC3RJD)q&Jsf>ZR8Si31~o9>F2XT~pt#gJs;qRPT&`6*;_r~3}EajYneZ3EeFtEpd}M^LgU{4q(d z^SBe~Fw2IQUWBBD631FB1e4PbFF-$g4KaWtJs-@=w#n5Rpp7em`lHi9WGOag+n)-bc~!8Jn8dh5=EKcMInJl>a)p&wBPVD zD|UFV@>x~?=9`x-66V>fa~OCmG0f)LkLLjXip5z3@3v=4!>&63ufm1bM4MC!%+&Vn zE|^Z!eHs3_j<E6LfsjVK`s7B25Y-_f)nd0+15GY!_jb>h0MEy1J2Iy8a0O~ihw2&MGPLyB& zMts%&YyJuH-pODkKxQP<;L+8Vq=WH9#oXN zIE+IA7d7ciYFK#YRBwuLQ5GrpgDP&rV>%}SKVD0QBj}Rw979pv{29}8?Vq@$i^4!& z9_jjRM!YmYSS3Q8^QQ%i>lWu#{d1FtL-oOBV`dO{-xB^0CkomEI;60Uc!vnX5!=+S+yAFPC%d=~`w!%or)&R}%L6h-%q-L0DGs6`KEwj*N_= z!ncIs0`_!tH+8(EuW{I-E~iQ1v^zqkVNc9Y{;LQ(n;gIIgGu!qD?-n|l)9oLA+WtZ zj#Zswn<`gmw<-+5n(MUIx<_>(QU&p8i&lr%hQd_j&5ol>H^RrLrl=Sy+&K#a!)(tl zud=KAs@5$pD9^)-WPj&Hn-h*Vtm98Osu|it87cm&nYs z-0{_mCzqo^&!Q7PUML0 zz8gIG;3Pfnrs{d2s>N*EK3l|pv(=+~h8eKHHwa$P#$}c`r=aTc^Z=}rkUvc5_UnAS zfok*wsLC8YqWek9!+a&FbL|9q>&1q)1DvBvi1c*bvCQ?Hhyg5y2n`kNmH{D+D_P=bws3t3 z35M&b+l3TUKZj{~HCA0MeX>`U`X)s21~D#;7chcqI1#vNr$R0(OfL3uCQU*KIiVA` zuM+VUL3y8A#|g53#2t*7Wtw$NsQD3^>Vt-_^ubmwb}-2nmABJtYD@L{QQv}cSJcA> zsXX&wlBL|Kls)_CY%_L#9Cr4NVF``Wl;23N-GkT5fqOLbZ8-Z>D)-#9MU_&B{S$Pq z3o4f|Xk@&_LtftR7pn8tH5-&T0Y|Pmn;S2Vd~NJV0E}UgQZ^m*#NHNupg=^_CC^lD zp(1kOg(+@|b7GMCX$7COLMNT@r5;53M>g_h%6=7kITgV+jwvdgpqnD(@96I%)ksjevh!dH}=DyH{X4t z5a5*fsryZ8l34qkOfntx)96K&LdMT_y)CzSMH2g=gaW^Ow|No{EocVa5)8ox_Z z_{~dng!bUxuAQ#$^G-Aek$7(vO-_xy8~dV8R}DXRUin?_wSF*$+U~_1;AEyR@>FVe zE`-()WSzy=mY<}gN;N5*@Z)^g`H+Miuh*{6W&T4i`#)IU9j~RLLGFvQ>tP=Lm&Y+2 zT+*aSA$W%&=y=ZQ9{jARnp>Z;480+mvn;r0)rFZc7GHmMAKI;>fUzL(XvdAP%}{)Q zo1#4we*GzqbLL>`o8rU_+fgn|q&a%Wi};S)@X0&=&)luy_T`d<#3NCSH^q6NbMh3Y zouJo@Qo{<~_<4M1Mq>lT5z( zd?5dG1G|}ePF2)PC7&#nXU`zWd1leuk3%Ys0rRYqSAXam_)qm-Otw0SW-(3%FHinu zc*P_^^fLq3WE>fk(b#4MKK~pt!i`**;+!I#&6?u5a*B2&A{|lwUK+m$)V--9LRjSw zJGc!sSGSTFN3pR8aQJ|ofc3Ru{0an0uCp((mv^-{mcm8^eiNk*fUiNR2%Qk3$s-IzN1;I=(`NgyQDmO8Qg34RW}>_TwG)^52Q5MqgD+mU-_jEMrfE#pV&Wm1mCoA@KDZ+N5VA zwb1;4pvEpbI&0VzbeKc0cDw{%rlJNMeajJ_30R;^bfcm1{7;#)wRY}1>V{^<2Z7Is z0V@}U59oe>s>*wI<%>61I>*;k@n&(eRB93x=RLB2N|7jR10%aE@pJMY`=V!n-TNH3 zax&yR(slr`I+ZrLMbF(3xj1!BuB!;Yz|xWgYl)-Z`5{U<=XU|99Rmr{ztX>*W*~+y zQt3CVRFhL#Q#vMaM~0maQR<*g(oRV%Zc6W?{>eun+*>JMXOE0;FzrBd-%O14vd%+f zuKz6m_`6w$!>hjFE5%{ALF=eNwofSV=S}#S#rZO!fUkxy^VFXvpwX|P)j=v8e2)(` zBm`ZfO&#*!BAyfZ=m3W>K;Ab~7ha1(vub|UdYPDhiRK4md5Em;MjSK|U9>+d9H$p8 zX{NH|N|@a4E`2b4{)&xlb`Gg_cTPH0@gY-gj3z)TNW=Z-p$Nbzb{rDmr_H?mZ>EF{rqEG(@y zswwq|EEU>EiN6aIT zx&HYi@*mOR=Lti^ZPN{KmE{8-4QV^Va^gdn4e_J1`Ew4^^6ELtD!1@bnRY5u+OnoI z)rskb0uqC<85rbG^}Ejt(eZ4Ul`Zc#Tm}oiRoCunNkEtusTOG9VYqy~44VHH40 zu|u96F=<{$4>v6~)9cUicZcD9A6b}jt(aSh8Wqe1B4S-qXpw8wJxQ+ke*L+OAud3j+`+6{*_(F&RyCJgMw{9>SoB|f^%H$Ls6387#GS<#5tAUo#1sxW4Mz! zKat)Y&4FCSy<07+BDP>sF-N);80^7!6Jc-vM5v9b*FC)zgSB^GGwUtN&sQ(p#VY9N z_a1i#MSIzKyp*Exvo0LUp&xOTj~r7*L2aUT1YBIP(^Fs~!M>K@i44w~&^NEv#i2dr zy*9CC1SO4@lmn+-*6CPc?`>g17(;Qns?DoE4Cp0qT=`aU;0*L|^wF8xO1ngqmw!%L zC|Z?0a_G2Q$Y^U;%HDh9Oi@1U=(yC$47w4G1y_t3=@*wIwZ$2jr~XsiTQGHjc5*cH zEp?5Tk9Q1yQtQin1n`|;z`k>huz=3jUGc9Z(+Z{hP%QpBq)siRxm3sEFjWYJ*_Bxg zJ5F@MACz-!SKVcjZx|oS;(<%PLs|D;crQHI(G(1}C{=W3PzZhH+o{E9%+uY>E7K=+ z+u>AOMTsou$_|>m&aji*B=*&o*7UBVTB0vi(EmwPKA&gMMX%1pnT+5`f06r3ZYM(j zpu-28T5u!lT?)MJ{=;0QuHW{kEM9avHt1^04~;(Hhvr>Gai;ui*i*f}Z4;E=vvj(^ z&SJCozPK@M0ar_tzJi-8AGC-V%ix5J!I=R(1);oLhp7O^5 zSSn)yFtf9h@8BN*7-;1OrBpCN5ZGNCLpJ;HE-bHubz(}A7uuM~f^S4|TIFq9t zgX{0F9ukv6iE#XmbpXQz%mtte4_+=c1&DIvpU*;^ znYqRIJ4bhB2kt#A;iK&nHK45wcO6du7YgXy=0ASrkHDidiz^^dHcocHZtfq;x0aBh zDOkEj1{a`=KbjgrabHtkWx%Q5WZjTky(92BQ;%aDX8-fo%O3fUx@Sg!Alt29*B_&v z7^)&Gr2*q6KjPmS84-{xu=`>YBjCBldIrFBpXBJr=l;(fi`1x^U&=$=KZ|%yjQ$_9 zmO7hH`4KulME}palYGE$?lhqHlokPimpzg-BSSMLA0MONztT^9!awXGKeG?Ngl|7I zk^^g_r?8Aq_^&?`w$_$Lhrg+Vl;&BvI%ooTUmf82Kj#&Y-;U--0cL8mtv`ztS0-N_ z5QF%T8NV&_6AFV9Fc#%TN2ZqVBwD}A6+gR-7*vRI5ZC5UpBjL3J@F@g>$)nF&xe;w zd+(BCe6szk)9)_{hj_~M>$k{;dMAKrT%72g1l_Q2ss>=53_Z66nDbZg2*798IxKefMt1J4zTAN9ji5QbkHqZ7{*>l@v%Kd+F#A`@Ry zGUEHbLo3{9Ki3O>tk^wQud}s-U)(_;eU?A&<2Ddi*Y~g-)PC~^_ypK~^AGq0+ zKEOuCzY>>sblX;S1Xs4%*guKa$Rm7;3_XW$8xud?O+<4m6R6hz3)HR(##p5yH2wQVNbkN-axV=YyPNVRtLeq zaL*&K4wuvg9*N|0L8Dmj^QG=5r{HzsLvvI{S~C(&MI5}u9pHm2J0ju1&z3@4y7I5O zSikrM*o1zQ3dWnh|MA{Ah7Y;#J}oALuel#u>%( z2MGh53&@1t{X8zhS>2tv{nHp8gb5!qQO7GoW~(&`^l>CdusVxGyj(+c(wZSDQY7WQO^YV>wJ9FV%zy|Y zFSX!S%)O1}zcmHG{}unDO$H>X%A{A~1PiuR9pg$fi$VhTE9i(|S z49er8K3L-|)K}k9X*0|J%V668*5_Z}$y{<7IjIH5iaGPL}LDBgz8iNrLzL(-Hi*h6}!M10R) zLq$>A=S`f0DV%5&&|kCslN#yJk#Ht0jAepXjq0!88HE@D&@jL*`qElQMfM;ADjlK9 z6U7pqTZR+_W%S~qf}sjl6A0*9TP3ApiXk*wff3lal!Q!|T7-1b(>H2FAxLfFHhcMx5*W%1Bx|uhqc+ zuw-SqX{v1OM7Sc$+?`-M`Rl8s^ANt%WP>Hy-z=o!NJsBPo>wrV!i8~kIMERJW}S_&Cc>gbpi*7LOp_UXQ@y2I8TB)PBPcWgrs2-JJM4?_waGJ>826*rHa zA^45LWmX^OO(~6@JJ#r=EoFL6G8VRc3jbl($-SE#-DCfUL#K^+J(=(mXe1T%W_4^T zd$&w9R1vLIZ+^5Sv33FsA$QaNBL3|P?NOQ$m}@Sqd3)b|`0^aCkV_VYJwcboTamrt z{xQmZA23JO1ZJd?2hpc+a`J;nsjS`Qine|f`+aWvT)GxlSap5&kH7V5^ARhGuf5#~ zRKfP0gu>VOH^&4dELfo*%yIHrdO*a@2EC$)L|n^I0ho831brrsnL3^CTMfY9(7=OkU^|bh>3{>qjgDpe za#m<&nF871TyLYUzK5}J^+g1UY;=m*;2i&MyWQknul;+9u^QHQJEQBTSRg_1xOe=%GL~<}a4pFJ>gASxdShN5qf~lG? ziI{Tmyq9$O1AK{d=nlRkgORUo8^ect zXy=e7mH|e44|>{U2CCh1vTm(55c6HUKd`fd>)aDa09x6;2u|6shvIb9j zYKN*+lgIe)4%MN*B-oZ1Q4g=r?g@8|XC#Xu+Xt1yW%{0$GHxR_6VvUxAU=PjTNkgG z?$E#ip8sIK17k(j;!W}v1S)ZJHxTzGoZKBeOTmtNJohjB2H9xb1medg=-{0c;Voj5 z(vFTv(o-6|%A?S8n%!E!8}{wOp_2ro5)`YsPZLD8xD>D_RK7@PquBP45pOzpZ4;&2 z6+J7vnH2?@*rD^;_&ZR=)>EdBX`nnuMrBNzgqkxk+{BsQ#ODa2hnF{x2&t1Ea zNMF{e_lu637bl&a2S%24(nOdv4N+c+T$22syZc{kS+2db|a65(xDPh_qBldARr>}J%DZVGVt)Fo?tbCQ^ zia^ZrAe>YICY&lUkV0osn}yHu0+i=<}{*0 zFjrM7g?GVyT*UiouIp@wZN3TErA=uHrtnB$Z`v%7dP|cSLW;jU+z3OTQ!GPn46so) zS5j0_Z2^ksniLu`Uv#RHL*dM#kI>t4hPL47qR_%;rVSIkph$W5+Eht`9>sOB%rR5Z zgzHVBri>;KRsd>_)<%P40&*!tP+E~Yty@qjZqx)NlGljXObJmAinAb_!p--=&n71B zh{W*;20hY#p&1{wof~72Nqa%=NEs=;v2J~rJ~ejKqXE}CNHZD>Zo~bLBuS8idJa!H z^DW8_9IIZo-`qwfl$*CxmVhWBDk@3D>mZAW!Q$g`2`3-kmSHbAUPb0QfEFt?VS4;* z!q18y7XK9_=y&G;No%z5ZPs$lTELdccZr z<&I7gQMOlTWt7kmsoglI!(+QwD|wM1n|waF!$b~OhLh1qz3qs;1zB%D$r8n*v&_XL zgfG6Vp`eG>VL-i9zy*1pTIU2iBF*K>{{9qS9`AJJ)LjD8)#gH9)=)VTXMeHRblbj4 z6P}>_Qg*`Byy4y(1Q)y7-e0-x zpi#OrDWV?(H%!h9_VpRbTAI|1Iks1#2IV#nl3VOBp$+f#QHF8a3^o&LBDh8h6LB7z z5}q&g10T#%8ySNoHvs+T*}v9ual8TR=0MdJ-<)gy-jWal(WXmnEl(v}ery4OYzb1V zbWzj%uSQGKC7**e=@{V79{Dw}k$1VQaF-r`r5sDXui(k|D5}K|JafnS)vYlB*(7%D z5~v;?k%Vx=FZZGmf9?r=I~wOjA5FEyhIm@h@b;My>{Ym;5r(iSb(~~!4jzPbT_I0) zIguEF9q=oq4a4RJW!;36kTuUAQI{nLx@l?@Q7OWtiYo>g)p~Z}a+klW%aw~B`e3&b zcvQlV)RG+MR(Lx>PDqMa#?lT|&Uk-H={oZ?LY)N%iNE+EY8qDRs_#iT#Hjbb_Vsl0 z!FmzgWmUL@CYsgKJ*ay{7k5{7Q}A(W3u!djm`5b1Ara)uA(WT{OW}PHFzAM_5!#w) zMPz~<-ya(P>|M-%d-P-`xS27%2jMsVxcjZ?;mtGigbe&#I*JLbkBk-GyQNWSObv&; zd$Zn`Z%+C&F(2!t!Qz>UK6X9&uc6J9!SR(SCPaJC*3#RIF!P`w10g4Qbch1wZ3T)N z)0;j9+GH}9x4Vr4PHci-uUV89v0IeZhW-=b-%rl(SVbM|S5k(X19jiKuuKz$BGHYw zR8AgajPH_2w6ZVccVkzZpI|q&o94jAeG`~aR|UFC6{|@Sq7~@DzXkFnp>8e--CYH$ zLub8tYbIFQjS5xYFX(&333CJJMYIYLnoyrjW%r;JhrEca_&=Y!zGNtRp=q({mfD&} z;(u(S>uW4T#&clRkQ&7DK6t=q0E&9|z60i_D8)AxJ^I6!Ccq~`Dz?iaq&7(($6cEL zy+ohVU04g28ST$MNU`O*i9Uk;)@R+<05<$q9|azWn-x8O95zFDZg{0I)0)1BI)*$B z7exb^6Fb@}e8_3Ny1L*mmJ)weK7YElT7^|yI+@1R%49NasPQVErqxFFYe6p^h4Tyl z@DhT>u9|)*aAE~2o^CDCdr0KhH#O44_uKYaC~t@1VO1Uqa`M?_thhMYBsy>OM85 z^`CUU;;{@_OL4E~L7+EgLW5VE8~x)<`*fkPan1e1;O4{`TXq%LBSz}#JdKFRWhV|* zp9svD+fSbFYkXw_meN#WpJ8NOxmbeZ4*)e(PbzJBUxXHGU#Hh;01faxr@c@ z>xkpUz|1o>IDPAhn6JTz6=27*!$tW^T{@7Ohx0O*`GzB%GTOS-p5=f*U;6Kd`Ae>E zURZ88)vc`#d-FBI6qm+(5{+W{L755p9JrF)G9)HnE@4d6co4v}SYQZl4KV_@XB)#r zZx;ADqB;Sfzq~ZQaEOBO%l*Qv&!|B^X{zoN54dOS9^T=<*{n%ms}Lx%(}8Aa+L|fB zy?*2H1t-wUa9TVgbhIxt;nA!-!yGFTrZJ^=u7>8@oiwaSY4L(v{$_y}4eh>qNXv$E zx8X)qsS-GovYG5Mtme4QDZl|$y`+^mI&THr$HPN0PEa@tPe*#CVu6Oe{7k5+V9tqG zo)ICHcMOf}+~Y1U`a7Jq#~(aCM`>H9Vf~Ne*h)uRSS?vIUc4#ldp8L>nM{hZIb+C|DWA1A+BW9pe9HSkOu76Q; zSoSXx!ZN0l)D;zy&@*1u0?UMj@NMEX^6hr$8#s56RGj3uQHkvI)*u@qQP(fSUk7uR z8878X>~EgjAoA>BNe}ZPAoJthl;JkIUsM2$J+=PqO0!8g^piXCMH4C)lhr{&YV(4g11a~6GEP=;aKUPSr>K%8sOnqT zSR|CerF=27gfZ3PiAc>&?zH#gOLYeC04wwiDRV!9nG@J%g=%rrPH5N%!KyyHMQ7D} z9?FMRoX`8(w)ZKEQU?Gr?$#LSn*BwdyK7$RnUBiQ)!};UuSq;rrmJ^PSk!0@Lo^3B zUI|aVtsH@S^XyO~gcCy2j-%G`DISz@p+Yw3dv<`%v%EMxfxz8PoyVn?Dh))B?%&f< zW!73yT)`UhhNbeV2^yX65B&01YFR6Dqx_TJD_Yf~gmlC_V~o7nV^3b)!cT!;C(D*I zJgZ4$-ADI00Xn;EYQNF^6i17K^U1H7hAl`B5(OTLA}KlC$87aISWKPo*cxZfYipKKIxRh^C9=RtL^HM^?Vy*H z@W=iX>g|hLI#}1?{WsV|f~j)5<$akvLT7bg9Kq*Mk?D-D5R)xcDgi1{t_1N{7~C zH3WQ%yUW*Qb&2O=C~1E@MR}X#NWHm&v5*CRqe25^+wDEKO|Ui=^}791 z-gRXfy*XF^5D@{(+;cQKVchpL3=C2tS zNXyYaFwmZM)tmwp#Va=5M3ZKN`P23X=BQ$1WLFvoPmQs}2hrO$5M0SWteoJdrvP>} z6z<jh&FDlb`F{^CCn61E8xt=8HZ>Ks|FvyjA$h z50-pU_`Bf_Vw5i8gH&+7wec6KBc{rbbn3D5SkBV&(xqS+;;8JQN{i~x=9z|9` zZo_A8cQ3V_J-lUAGIK}#Z3YZ9uwDvxK~%UGFwHok=r^9qjRWfbQmu$Br z{mN2mgoWRB7j7*i9iY)WdB073l(}MqLM{k(2=Yv5DpI88^jfpkGUkX$I^h3l;`?p- zC2C5;2n04Q3gQ9odRCVMBTr<1G8O>fY9H_b4cw#JY)RlkCSPq zh3^+*g2D3vo<96}R7OnKei^-oW$O8O8luEJ5nPow>V+!_0V=erlO5qf&s#5`SJhO- zFkg$d^rL@Xa`W$!Zf6M+RuWHqP*$kX{uaN>`4LJ^I_oJ-t7%UGalQj2GMFJ8+l$XJ z`ZL&wpdd2FSi0W;KYvXIFLkwnNqJMsdT#sL3V~%8M}Rp&MhPxXWV7J91+r?LdMetu zWT}*S{zql4C%#w2Aa>nqrc5Ymy9;v6&06tl(`6Khf1|`Otvo*F-G_@Y74db4=Y?=R zCdLs?@Z&kBJN@#Eg~i{=Y(7Xg5zQC7YKk|}HQvFMi=%QsRDKbh)$Tsfq7!jac-SLB zD>*wWjLKnWZG@Jy-{O6!G7X;eObI@MoJQx=zGZY<)uExAdQ<*nVwH<%9dr&E2Gsck z$ojS!-xP%b@Zsp!bl6;Zp@JYq&nEc*M@YWm-s3n6y#`i~=TS4FmK8&|(zVy#U4DoU zZpfX6TyVj5XTLl#rHwm39Alg9DXAGj5(uCM<%->mOyn2TFP zEuc9586f7RQS$mJK@q&ffo_ z#KSRmpF^dV(j8?caQ7aIIjf8{!<=>*fm3jL*1R&%V6@f2&ESC_yIDSzck9jRomB2v z6l3p(=(@q%wHP9Bv(T~=M9#p+hQpJ_4$fLIb9j?JsMLt z3Q}{Cr>>4;;S`T3J9Oc`PoNdBF`1ZzF;*u zX{=QRKTe|5X4Th_P)Ia3qy8M<4{$JyabtX8n?gl45WiTl)6=!XE7`{!NXX2TQQ|JQt}oqo7Mg!M3%GM+@Hj zH{7k9D1zT0y=OAZZj{GxD6WcT6}uLBFMCAy>p65jdAf&-q0|@0us`o*PrYZzZE!JG zJjDf<-8MG76r3&z@BYh)dXIp|M6_CMBX5&oHyZ39$&;;UpI)cl;XwrKNuTLQvTg!` z%TzbwwqE<0MPHMS7||7he2>V@S?#S-vT6sYvI)E~$RjRqG(L{?aZ<;Svk2oZo(#J6k&fiyjuZ` zjM3fA5|&oK7{u3LQCxZVjLKp=XWHdO_I-zh)5M90tA`Vn2P0#%NN)Tn2`w|dS{Qk; z5!$=}BgQBJn~GIl@(~;^@M?z_v#?T%5KzaA6AHQL}LsodCS9ZQ+*`-TK_D;d|-H`-uiLiu;WAQgou93jOWf7FwA1gsJ^=&LIh=|od#-4lZlScxKMSlc3r&?VPu;E}3O zaTiN^E$oL6{ETRKI6W+F8HsicbtZ{@}W;NkgI zjVCRZWcmZmo;f&$FxT>VIr&Vpc4caI5fuV4=ZcRjyiJfcTN6_soCW9@%+IPj7I4}P zA1BRzmr94|*^d6O?5f`ZUWM8@x{#raOsOYwn!Xy;c~!YlELw0U2MXX&9;lL zp_isAUdS0SY<(}SFnD74a)$Z9L7n)S+!W29vR-8xM$A_cAAZhGS)@fa! zdmnp*#Sjc$xyeuK1Pt`bdb43$WT{S|1Jia zur@Jc%Z&TD0yo1#Tk|| z%A7tZ^sDlREhOtmKp4N(x_*gN=b`?I7QFHKsJOz^j``A}>Lg)u(}H zdydaR98e<6+Y1d@febJ8bNVHm)27wX9tRJ@Zj3W06^Tl9Rfx?{IZc@OdbG{9;;|L( z;n5J;zL#oiK7`pIcjxX}o%~aJsCPJnArJ5q4jwm%=~`atH^PVe9|K06(6}33kZCo> zjp}iP#S64ps;vsKCn?f$f9=}?&e=H`_4JJb~izBz5 z|0$(^kv^GMV?r%795V#Rbo%20>jm($dzf5SX$}j+UuWR5k0Pk=$~VvCU+2aB zc~aiPL7RKR6gO)_(KWYu#8cwk-~Fz0fint1W8LFqucoZ_;0S0LIPalT<(x?FRg7|B zVNK}3K9Ocz*h=^RgRPEa$3qA5UI&Z5_96}u^ipv*QGFte=?T#Q6mGZKvNFKyYfZu!f{^H%;9#e)XZQ9 z7>KCv`7r{2p_knx67PQ-B1-H8i5CBuW23wT^A7ZGEv;Y@}KpYv)_Gc753E6CD zqiakl@Vzr$8HFE;_jk|H8u%iv(z?Mes@?--lKChyL)%7&y@>q0S8-M@l_cibgC_I+ z(EkuPdKF0C4ygdBf+Q89Kw~5H(;@;`M|L!s54>$ID>g;BbVP>yP#`ODhL0wd^~q{QKB7F`ZR$bh`W8tJ^ScA? zIME()$05W`m<7;RFsc(E&Sc4IUt`|(E^m|E5_IM5>u74d)PZ`Gk+~k{9o*5|51yQ_ zsw%wnRtU7-JNPlX;Vo)s$NoGfj=9zB1LUc#0Y){(?K@3d4897|&J%WWoZ+xZegYcl z7i|0YJDn;%D>|(HJTw>U&*OA<=@W+YMwqgqfz5aUyfckxFA^H@ii-6#mKgDM$JvvBftwW^$ve?KKst ze>B->8T9)tZ50i_@bVlO4Je)`5kekgaj3Ndt7;UB)xaL#9^VQ)!th3|oMFBX6%|6| zKGrrX%+g>8!9d7*CcYq^o8IqwsOA6Fn<-54HWHA@MX025_$cM?KSEGkJ%GDhu51O|1u-1$Tw!^ zQ7wX1;vFA}22h)ALlim)SwvrGq?27a00Wq{#?<;&$-gWbcUgZF{KGO#7IL>W#)_Zr zh&bx{Hrb=2H<_?hXEC7c?3R;I;9NT#o=6?-Y(I(3>`QsbT|U&0N$yd)prmnxhyT=ed>|qym2&#D z)TB2?9!yO!*nmA;5p$}|0bx}pGoF%Y+%5c5dpr^L<~qOUD?89b=GWwERsnc)=(}>^rY$p<&p58F{H&7FgdHD4^!P*4a%1-Q=kO}Ox;z3z) zbmCFbB?}XQfOqlXv2zS({Z$SFniR3p6idBl*$L_*pcYozj6|!Gqk+>8aL@XOqsdU} zE`EZ0rSOs^!y2D6)0zfcbN^gv?RLV4k3hxs{MyYloMx|9VwmWeo(7XMZ*WUyG~L`U4-X&_{> zL2^B=Fy5#RsmC=zV|r-PXQHjpbf%5thoX9$0GRutTAW3n`iw0SgP|^|OmS2!xw0y!F632-vp*FB^AL!d7;qjAM`z@5K|HnP z&c^mgg1bji9$*bkD4k>;FEj?p8SU2l>Lq|J5rHlu9R=lgTXb_vZ9-ch1qq@rc#5i* za%E}jJjcNAYgt4JrzA&o_KeCpYO8`fTB7GmZA@4!A>R8kuqt;Y#mod@PQ<)E$C!H{ zplvT8v6n_3H7~*)Y4(^K+CbT%6!wE9`F@qzw6H>;^+R?UUDaOoi3wB{3Wc=G#*1$W z=+C-tRKA?TO`|0jh%8PF2EGY5dg(a?H7*$qxQ#ENi&-Dt60zY=3$78_cL?kr+e`Ex z4E4-ZQG&>iXNG91ow7KCafjKH(OZySUCd^UJ7bba-w8vJ=eex?SYN+v@OU^ z0_2RT+RDJn7`=w%Iq^*H6vVEn7pA*1f`c6E$7fH7GU83$$vs<+4E?dlo2TL$alS9z z7+8J0QlPIAm7^hXSi^=sdX(7zl(VJ7Rg5)H^Fk66;o>wyam2htPYPkY-;|AXnq`$w zVEp`(oHgV%E-dJ!)EHLTP&=a?caUikgotvo#3#HXs?-sNGy~0hE0}D>c7PROUNPqw zowa*$eTYzZkmS<}7k=}nz+h-qKE>V8QdSpz)*fkgr5}WH|jB383pmv zF*900DOxMqKx}m)8zOG#w%n?AYwThAcUUrL_5gm$u`h+4PW4T8Uz2v zdBtMax)*&{hD~D(4(72f+##|0=Ivma%P^vx56Mz5a36jz$WJh1Eoih4jG)i!0G_Me z8dmfR^@8coj8}{M{6nhR7C0~R$=EMe$+`AF5d40axUT~{GSV-*Z@J)unFuAOZ6^bI z>L(GTL=`pTCb^9j)XOcSnbj;28Q~s^3az(Ui&I7J!j@)0abj<^Uu-)MzvINKsHivO z1+#A^b%(va*vt_Ksk!9IJJHYS)>O{t(-k5`aV-T`apgz|f|F?fhGozS4u%fx0Nr_d4M%Wd#DC_aHP&@wpi^KOG>-j6xZrxfNd z{hbJAR2w@yFMNhw-_ta^F}cuY@w|1&bCLLqre#Kq+)FX5Irc&eOoks>Ppr{0mGNgo znkcwwr$MDX$ut@7c*K#w8*KC{?#pX}APf^C9wYr*_aG&#B54jZ>VUp!;&3*G{X)-& zSSu}8*4J~;zXnyrtg>iRbqMYLYdA=_t zbfQWY>w`O~)czWOft`IjRpxpt9dX_cu4NkBW{xY*6XFtM29-xYVZ?6JKOxd}4ONPg za-0@QPW&$DTS=N;rJm98tG=)?5>#J%CJxu?XHNL)hU)9lbUR@&NE%l(zNZd!P^sFb zV0Ves`ukt+Ghj&$UWn?4R>V|rf4?K&4RGhEmfX){)@kTU?=z5uw-2aU}4jxnx0oJ{yMfktu2ZANX`~i<2mex!4BN_K5hg>eU>^2pymltZW7RBW`BuEsZZOqxl!pZj!Z zk@Qr?KY1;*#Ohk-fN|8xGsgg~WM=3n0kXqGBY<${>=C+xMy6%4RCbheCRcp&<6i1r zBXYNkOKV|%BIHKosTh>^a+q$2;8t&xhIGE#kkk) zEH)zDR-)42oY6Oig@ z5}DXXq!?{s{Pkr&Jyjj|A1JEo%~mrjGj$1N<<#06y^3clQRoPOY%^y~_T0pF#(pO4 z1+x;18Ed?i_K}1Nj6d~~Le!{P!$bG%t4pR0k6XnB5eEJM4|6ec)mDdpDKuO4MJoPCR?e2i;o!E2P(IMWGWn*QwLt4oYoTb83z?&t z+L&3mD>1gyKWWsF6MDt1#Sj5EM8W1=+H+004jZGlD`Zf|R6XY@GAv6tTAnl% zg3c9CO6x~MP03*ZCKg!t2O2C2y+$=Ir!YynPd#EA~yimxh(yuUpbXd4-w#_ic z!h^Yvu#^PrmAF<*QOM;^;ZBRm%Rb`B+!B2CtcK5#qD@>7yE~=KKF#@>VYPx3^17*l z&ku|hgm{bJ@nx33VNRnO5PxN36^ANv^|rR2y{TQI4O;r39kUzLG&a)?y^Df_SoL3? z7;fiRGpFTIEHgOZbQ`AMxaIY1c1%^`ePYUqUAWuuw6N%tZk%eR?Bic@u)gj8fYK}Z zS6qqmtT1$glOjk!m3v|#~x(9C11+;Y`5 zo2QzZrcx(8sjmr(?6u}rd*J8T3r@*lF&bJ$kx3yXNbcp65)!nKR?@n>sx^{VF+B$) z=T;)_1YQQx}z zJsZ>i3abLCud<5h{z$t!iXrS#l&31#l>Ax z93>w1*iW(@X1;!!x^1R3COdMrZoHp4>3EkH_u}hCH2M$YAY5o5Sk*wt3yP^BKmy#_ z`u^boFgDO^ZXrICLH+Xvb8reEMkM+vO0f&#-@2h!Fa79B!$Ja7dbR}-aP>m~L=4S^ zz<@af3<&x$2z5jS92el;Tjpc7&SgLXbO5HCAjtC4+G}>ceo_B+0IAog10?M4_s{fc z1un|`S8Yp44pa)})DpnHWzy)+0pt{`Vw>7A(<4wDzTVcs8R5&PqocDaN5*PhSW(4> zO*RXCZ4JH{+}5YXt+(8}a|N`NCsWIdbpS>O>~ytj?bFX8hV4RIN(ti%&(>e{52D2b z96peF64f;ayY!c`vuGPk_|2s9wcv~Vy0Qd7xEb3s@OAXXiGXt#!nimNb#@3N{Mw7y z%!l1d3{y&2Gk$e_H4Pa^ROy2)fV&m@@+~JzzKLk=W^*gLCzsoqh=$<4v!lD!rry?{ zwYAl{wHw{T3GxN!;4@|qVS!ngfDE&D4fd*?L$!%&?BsL7lgm4N?#t&+`1#GX(Tlju z(xX}XYzuZqxJ!daN4nNSbxqjIn@T;2I|>gL02Xo7a_v&`lkOeXeE%wCG~<;kLJbt)+D8ldIWp7 zyMq8~bA9dOg9r=(CwKLMcy&RMCjYGY+xzqSm(VhnZ;v;ktEcD(})}2JiZ1Q&n)=24LSu`bp2Hx&mtw>w538M}ySm^b1am&=U8jTc|aIYZKeJ3eu&e z{v+Y9&%S#P`XpksuNl$SZVx^R0XhiGH~!X_iaPryFP8O-=cgcOhi>! zI(!cR!udJW6X0gdtIj_7JOA~{EY|TCcz_>)HOTzeHmK{44!|tf8PqGcECdF`ysiJ5 zfX{#rfxt`X@lJd#0m5U93;+;FpBC4($s>MX4mw1=-;Uz9jqeE_pL^>!EMM=-pXMJ@ zC}4h>pVXZZ(M^|k)?Swyk?$5y-ROs}i$L4Jwbq{ifp38yl9io4LQlR~-m;q;fJ3l{ zPM?l%k?SYx7tN;@PyCUsY1C)kr=1gr7lCi&_!GR>g*{z#o1;DVob9ieq1K%7-(Kc6 z8^$EIF=#55s0KG|11-D-8*Nhl-M$7k0=Aycg3rkC5$nQYPzorrDca zWIW(PRs>u|)?sgk?c<|mAc@y)v<`bTFhVWzRK|fx-j|9qZXwmgO~>&KCcX2~AsbUTZ8 zgiI(z(gpFHWgE7L>=d?wyBZs<0NI6(9OSFFs0Gw`r6fisT_2=G_Mh~7TXg~kv9vq- zrqopmNuV#kiwiSZ_d7H9AmsAG_>nyVPj_lhH=w2(zbqDl5>ckhwA+*yUyuL3!DpA8KZ{$adajnj7;!=VnSnefE`#UsB`>FCN|L|97H&0P-4?(ES-#~ z1{zLNHgGsuwu6-^Qh$Z+oo696Zv9YEvCJd5$TQKwhN2;|sIFo%t3141!I_~jXH!`X zpCr>dY%3+LtXVjYusOoM5o!IK6tT)dPwS(Yru5q49kU3_@QsKL%z|rbiWbWt=(WDh z=?sY`h`kg&ZYNL6`!qZB!ffU)lbZmhyX>o~qXgOEX0`#`eRHbImk~G>Y7HKx=5f@s zI>NdaZZD(=DKfo3+mKBOXj{`aLe+*45 z=sPPc{9-zG=!HYmF%9C953-#e4F9PmjKO|E>K)UVYZ{Z`vUQt0^pzzYqnqjW$edGQ zqtpdG{IwXZ$Z>$WQU6>gM5c~k2Cnzx0jrh{t0%=0se7~M-VCT~(BHVLoHTxmBFHwO zW=64OmR`j7`98hWFw$mQby}|}s4pw%cjptR_zDJ>GNZ>=uc|nA1QOuZTq5!+cyCT& z0ohSCQiz%^i|pntp(1&ru&glNR4mU2^i90zP`)jueJtEsV=h&>PZqdfU;at| zhOGFom)i8uD6Xn?%kaSY$>1^Fdz2+;bEVWUAoHZSgL6PO>V@+#D%uH^;NN<@+wbrK>VFKg(in2ufXuMycZRDI(9ikm`1jJ(eN$F^*QwdkO5qMDI9ee!MxJS4 z02IWocynp(y?6hj3}}18bqcwxJnTjwXv1imzSxc&vbxD+g^_%kQj}qeM{mH$CuzlF zi;zNjTR7w!;lATUT5m~kr{&oc8k>Cs*(^{JXb~OO(;MRHpJ=VjlB%jnW3*}c!D$A! zB7de<5tY^mvyEPr?F&B^5!2(12KeD7R|bUFWCAPB-Jf0uf9tTf#F`*N@$Zdo#9dIr zEHz->Dg+?r!o}2P_>@XK*ELovSIT8~EBA^7+i5;Ug;Zp)_W(gxb=ZBV7|WuVv3I5%;x4EL5ktAfQe|X zBSI+H&Y-cyl;GOAygjj>#QS=mM@OKktc@aBBZznB7OXSaO4mc-`EhBB_#GicBz;i_KwI@WZrkNSXU@(Qx@!S-qG;GN7Q)#=+(qRFb`CZ6z1 z>fF^4o2oZsaN4Z*vDYM=bG6@UaD1w^y`AN4yEF2?4`qzszvZF zn=8S{NW;-wpUuq|J+X+vZJHL7!_!}MG>bUqOT>+=>vck_e5xtOqFAY2wj}ofDY(Z) zp1@F(2vI0;^_N>$lum_q_sxtFR3)~`az$cr-EVIaB{8ZoVP`3e9um}QJc`v zJEeI@aD05DC`4aLmKL{}Ic+Zb__ia-$upS3c!ne3X`P1)$&b`LL{Oo#h?wZxS96l~ zUvTOXw+jXARCK=)#ik5-7fOs;#ADE)j7#bjIRT07hj?dsle|waq-^W=9k~9r zRd*+A-loTs@#NPfyPzZLp;x`)_lF1)YKNY`p3Ng6ck z@lxQ5nUzTw28$#GKAYH`B{Sg3QB8!W77OY%$kZ|bN%8Tc<$!~2xL5qZFQz9AckFJ_ zJhVFVZI6e_ELOk*BJJs$5mb9Pth(KT0b;@SA`?aew2sO>Oq7YXZv;>JD2b#VmdWrt z`3#LZQNwL3*>gI#vr?xr#6T~tE)fELdQ)CZVc$W=SutYpdUnbVB~N7ai=eZ>DxfQ0s5R_y=u;VP1<;v_iwi+3HjK56vSdI>gh65WAQ?A42% zwUp_9V`4)5am1SlnOWy$I$OxORE;;ocg5*s-6&)J`a3#+p|kmUzsuOG8EaXkAsXG8 z-NVEwPi$pxs#~Kf1f+iHugYI&BjCF6acdjJvvq{3K?53e3?xz0ae5}mxtKKGT>VXI zB{M_oUjunWB`?6SauNADHdrbh$^6DL(}l=CZXY| zUODQlDI5R*)E>yfv+eb1&y>9+&{pH>FOm9Tl;Z5H+YJvgfk*i=ix^j_aW}C)f2<$N zRZ16F@5)u%Gh6VTWS`cRa!Eic^qQ+VB&93&1eerwFWL~WUmR<3;t-CDDTm^QUd;X+ zkzci!G*ajqrMHK$;j9V$?+Jcl09+YQoK0DEVx}^#z3EukUTV*6uU8LAnKo0 ztGJfU9|U5gP_B(;D9=Gt`A9#dhEjPAEw2iKhw$-o2YCvOj;N(zj3-LGKskMOJIPGo z2|3URk>SuwPzODKY|M;@m_FTyZEzEpa4eMib!2C~a#hnfd0Lau6lf?Cfcs3|84{Cn zgB_P9PJ3!b59C;tb6R&xPeoyiIq7M!aD+hP#|Pl$;IeibV(OvfxRU{!QH%Skd`05C z7GEb-X~C3obB=iy?DUYcgiiO`O(tr#0oqHc$H@>LsnkDg5x2gZ5J))c8ZA~xeRG#}nY;BS$*D@~h1>#K(wcVdr*txvuE3zfZrro(PJtb?waP0$90w8>ff)y9OKP_$0XTeB8K8~ESu(?#T z#^%{6PD31;O0$nBQtQa7`Q*JncJuviH;>-5KMG*jh(^WY{W9GX(HsjVjT9# zWOFt3@gPXmS_NSg&%p#SJQ9txhUXyyNi#jL!(96hXVpOnvs|#Fw?pA|?~OA&g)V=& z{J0*L^&0}bhAV*@9`iYs2NJcL@WO3Q&1STAq;tZrd>X+LCnuIdAFHoi50wvR1}7PsNAv~7@h)(YF7WA8 z#Q+hV2HDgn^0IelhIetv-sDoUo0F?k zJ6e`1zB(IIsgrRxjPh*U^!1AH!|vhA@GJlNZv|4PvrgNlDz2YqYLsA#40&PB;l*eq%Aa zbXaceT7lYqM`XQQQsVvLxORCdqAK}5!yV~{h41pDbg5Up(#oCYG4p2C($JYM^kV?6 z7<-b(G8F9KWLJKL?OCLQvWlc76{Q$KQo1J8ap5Y&_PVpw6%aY^t-mLXZUKY_dDi~N zPG%~kCh0`{;76>axGnG;Wd@?cw?1H0plf$znPU)`DQF+1i{xsx^w`jVM!$&7OL0Gn zbfzczbNaq*5L1DFlC;|KDFLR6X%?7qg)ybR%5UCtHTp)7-06WWfc8SesQ^BSah%ef`!#UA+AY|+D z{efia8i_<>HYO{(*CW_cpQ$X;CUz}OU;**18A=>Jp?Y)=p8|FZxFu|0H)eot0XP1IX%YE@za9OW+x0k(dLo|J@) zZRB86RINjIf*e(fFKyg5A8Qfyx@^A7CN|WvdIm^Mz-d`gA}b!l!(Qk#4CpaubYw#M z!{gPTQ`L3!Wz7n+M%IOz{7#L9G&_IP*+%+CR+?S7a3l6SG^mlDdXDC^x<{Wo1${sp z>N==@VkJQoYe?b7?|YAwNq=Ir;Y!w-II?qP&@g=8%3+^5WYGvIjviKOMPs}|~+kyV5}d5|I5 zpn#isuE`;Srgc(;b{pm|-R?wEEsIhy3aiANSbbclU;6et&Qi8Weq3j6lV;8E#27VU ztk()^?Ne4Nxz_6@Z)v;m2a2Pz1KaVYaIWL!S_iFLOh7tInv z_?|)Xp%7Z5Swz(`re6nIsJ5T!XY-fPb{1XttZ~A}f9vZF;U}$LF$ruz%Y3V zwnIm;p%i}+PSsI$ogX+|6|@xy!fbXWBU{{+r(4gZ^GinwCvc9;P)chMsqbJiS`yH; zaaF&E#B9rN5&o)x^`-*G9wrQb z$CxL<)o5n9;EM?Ov(AUL|H;ZZyuD*GYruzL%JUmcW1E3tvyOTN*Zq5=6F*kX9Fxam z(h&V;3`GRKhETp6Rg!2LT;>umXnM$scJbiz+)9Sw(4UCJYLOAm3X-AijH(iogHlkO z{DHS)pQZ*;R-vP9`R-0p_{_HHBJK%6KGmZ~RI{_;m1ah)wsslkg4Gv^xSTboCglLk zV_JqckV?@EKYPr`sg@kJovOkaN{AMfT^AD6g~wLw)+3>IafY(@DSoleRLP&{_21t` zCM?)rn%cv~U4klN?7_M>sWomB3UU;i+8R#~G7UqXzq^x5!rkdeq_ar>!vv6t^}!N% z7lX(LpNIftEMWyi``PO%5bwf~C5gd~4rQYF?q+yB=|VA-q$Afq!m1T zd$3{GW<{+m2QLL2Q5sW>xQ<5Z5j~C$#sl4*bXJo>q3csGN79rlvK%%9CLG zW7VE2VSi>3KQk9!duO|Vjn}g}=kIEn|NI0`jwtv^n=)s*Zh4zuAXV_qCI9}blw0)L zgvQX)B=MIMKR3E28;;b%m&8e9$>yo}GFv$i(kOcQ&AK06;lg+2AUMHM1qoOY30DHq z5F}MXACW5z)naj`;{>g}mwvE2$=CHzdH=){T}6L$0#W)$U41ueTkxe4Q9<~pw#1*% zI``m0P&b=c$42M-J9;)XKQ-5FbKEUc{D>9ZY~{%DE4Mzncri)H@+mV(#d$e|#63-d zs|X`D%3Qz9jr+shZehI9Ag4KEh{mXcEh^DIT0Hzk^Fdh?OtBwosIdfyHqc`0StpMB z+^#RGOU0OmFq(@ktM+&>?p0^vm0EJ27`1xxu`fjr_o>c5Y_&m=<}Zx7FX7cYB)bLV z--sUzllEQX%>91Zp%1(zV7aw>7kMb>lh}3O#PjvOeR5q8;@x)xSXst92sgLiq|dIbc@?A z;Vpe@L_3ys)Tc`HG&=l@Kh91D`IZg zdGG6rF(Y);9@7&A>E=gM`gy287u&0~1DIxN+U+FTq?6R*ysXo>Mr_7FUWB>GGrL}7 zc;5*M8%^HCl}@gFS!eMz8)R8qp8I`t%4XzhDKr67$6)Sel?N1ylly}O4Oo^5nRBfH zF4y!N;$E}mzoJV&Rl8q>Pb6U)*cB$8CE>%Jl>SfgyvdBQLBu6=o74{mHa=O zca)Z;5N7WYtJADw*|u{0AvdQ)!@Yopy3GPWAMz>u|MVH8ui-E$KBNAngaENP*N z8g!X)8*i@~{zkR5#mlpA^cqqdZ^1(CQr@F*<*V4Z2Nm0jNPe5p(J`&lEoh^qr!~Tq zKxB5_JDZhJF1BzxGdR(T9!?Sz_mUA{Q__?ss41qoQb8_sD>59IS_<7pGPs5R2$UH< zSU`Cn@e(2;ti4G+4bUF7<>-uX5_A4Q;dG@Bjq&$HpJelDOKNJ8`M?@xn9}R2iK&Zv zA#tTqaihOc!tatFlV~kco~OT7jU7B2+1)&BCFPwTXkJ(hRY-dB)6Y~=PL#SYJxQ4^ zpbG>Gef)hUpzH4&bN<>S3~){yo$0Wum;+~SP9q!ij_l(>ymQlh_p~IOOsFP2IU51= zrvp*Mh+c=?<1wljDgbY~MG=9x5ts})xsmBS?yE|VR;rw2SuBiLYSa&7LD;qtyj-6PH-nG^0`oemdX9vsN?>PZac_lIFx%tJ93* zO;=4u`MK<2qAph_ENchBXjo;BKgw}kNw59QEm%2JrVMvJnDp<>Kh%uiU%m1t-OGXi zIkt=3{K3L}$3opyU?~bG%3cd^UU#qMMn}bJVv~Exr+45GzVX_iNoMe5Dd9Jp%v(!D zxUY_!z}XXz{-HJtCI|mPr|((C8FO>6Q0=Ra4Q6EZf4iDV9#i+w5he-WF3q3%K#(`C zA0Fc*U}me9QFqk0qqO8MgC{vvMpx?FTq;m_X?`_}`Y`F4@S;p5vBFoo@-mh}zpW=UE+_bhsDsI_jjvR^k2O+Ve$?YySnLB$jsxi9$>6t1W=(_XPt zUrSMb38eBijzo;ZQ^wkJ@#TqsE+!}_Qi>o))!VZQH?1FL&@3PgkMEQ&sRgZmp@UV! zR^vti%A9Yu$3Ua%?i8e1 zE6NYMn}km(&NpUKc3`5mvpI?1zMwLoc~L@h#9t1(5t289bk@$j$ z=gQ{StHk1D%^^m@&>J%+p2ix1wa4c5A#Kb_!uNgd-qP&o$+PrKz$VuAV#&Sq*fM~d z3QOzmr|9_;$6U|U&b(!e@`Ie|=OU6y$f-XQc9l@^B2m+=(8&JKQmYAyM&do;b{y`V zR7&jAF5`CFhPQ1w^Ps*blh2<-6&PEI?Qda#A zw`J;{DoRwL82`trCU&wxanMal62xjShh``3v9qyEHz=GQ|L-P2o1Z6E(!woHNh!CaKKN^dVQjaxvScdgn5doD3neaq@XAe@w%VZYLVnj;*#v z&cu1xox$2SD6)eYyvU8icfZs^;6l&x7XEh_=#u>hy0cv4pGaFpgDoV% zSSUU7KIxrv3-kD;_U7)xnLaJ}>e;Z52az+oSsP#>c3|$QOR?!Idc3AcT}C9XRC=@Z z%j{^O)$F3)a4c%OM)Q~gaCQHDpHqk9JbhbbTx4LUQ5iU1&BGGavTHyUegN~*WRXSt zx<*C{A_t5ix7N?(M;srblaVy6gSP_=U)W3=BnN{gb1kin*-riuveGPRQ?MPmejnr| zOHP|3C430cLmw}kJQC4YZ%l0Oy+`g>V#%3+HlleoG;AB_ZDA8+Gx|%cO$_egUCG19 zU*SSVU|D=xsSdgnQ_vb*h`STn5iEa1Zfm(8yH@E2z?-cQ;u6~KyO>S&IsLWl*G4K} zx6q8t2m`89dO)*ZIqt>2opyH;bTz_9FL7PfDNcd*IvnP+but7eYIJLuX_pm7(?;*hH)zIM6;FiplnLpbFFU zR7z=&B2=|j3!FlA48)T|MO9XP2LBx``^*g3R(GD^Fmz!i&d+@K4n;*(t*khlVLG~j zWi!O;6Mr~!+9)EZ3r)mFF{u~n^9WX$oa=*i|4<+6ZE}=1!XqS7k2CjAcrA+>g}q*f zh{HZxxFw+Q56LuB)&3RWABu-vo~3ug76;?)@Iwr+=))Fk`M79dSU;jR#Qxm3=7NM- ziw{<@X&852T#D5RBq^xQRW-a`N89X{0r-8;Mpc zo)5@^i>5eSWhCL>x;4~ugoJaBaj=uV%2T24JYj|WNEFCE2OAO(yYWx`n>i9m52=+^=2>yQ?)jGqYzqPc`$$=j=?FkO>kXx>3a&z<^JgDn2NNaVyr=LKBB9r0v6sHPDhcBNIff3U39&CEW6tnRUNW=JWr;vo6Lx-q@FrGwi#OOF8?ECgXtR@nW6-X zU0Gz^I{>}Chq8URzdxX($K*qhyWL@fOF&#*f&~f*`vMo-Muia~pa&%Y5?>4)05HFn z1IPjJl@*JWRf|kP@12>Td}l?x{tG4t;Lc|WkiH4P%m#BAJU{~P^6VV6x<(v(@%aVu z53~;ORY*99{RaYkl*3P(kbnRt7gA_7AS;&A-&f9;2L}X@xbxQ+Q4z=uv_~~OaBy}u z2J2{l5ZtjYUS|iyMF`>Hi?<4Uc@EeN_-T!q3+f2;vxLP8huqtXxBpxsh;JQn3)1cn zCI*GymVV2t<%)Q91+= ze@=E_y={b4++H*wP~gTSrdC892pIqb<5U55Gq;GOu2)XzrP=Gkx z@1-2&o3Gd>?QE+ z+iFeVA4_x3My;L8F?}Gv)@ENhl#g93!gNn6E(RdNAu1{o(jl;~Ho!mHSnin{P?*lF zJ|DIp-#G5q4~~H>z~)hw-fsj=x_jV}71&ciFaoWuzVGgzUnDwoNDTZxU_e5E<$s(I zFef{gVi=YmB~e^Hs-ft;k?0h>JODR0E4;GDVnJ)YdU7{DXFfReG2O{!{@Gk3y3{`h zi3tH7fSzry!hl-&0-XRnJUoQHwY3DjKRpkp0E9kEcldSXbee2@k2CghACE3$cs^#n zPc?vgz@IKO)NBfE{{Sv}1bq4^N1+9}@4k2^zG7m3c$0pn?|o3;e^d$&;ex*ROuiCs zf9`;@2;^>hFvO19iDMOWAw{QwE`7>o`h23R|Ez-TUqANfD1#ud!`9Pr7Us9TX4^gR zd?1IkQt)^7vTz`PjDE{5eTHFwXS0%nfGzuV@O$sjjgsqZ|J)IVz#N8l3U9{Fe-40( zOwan%R6qdtS$V@__v9h~oSs8H4)bR-&m)2SrWQ)(!7iUdQUSR(>DYiUf%u+J;cJ6B z_CI;l2>AhGE^SWXB~#&h3qE5=?_qikZfi(?$KQ7hDFMJPe>K?4=R@jG@SAH80M|0# z$`8P6oG&E;NU*=vPXgI3`X}$*=O~n=ue0;6k0OEQ3BSls_M1DeC$;pD4JC>N3QjjeUq&l`cyQEuA+ z0_J;F*`KC20vAwc(G; zWYWsdL*oFPlm&1}JvORLgc>oA#B32^BZG(OaQvg^`*D(ON$>K=l>Y`x3$@}Lw=Z(; zsedR>5*8wH#zJ!lmXW|rt3L*v8$XKVzIpPsb*?#^dju9}SXZJ&Sn=msmoZufeQoP2 zX-5m0^e%~RSA{_7Co=_US`3!g^gn%kQa6F-buv~IWA;AixA{a@uyKKsl}Slcm43;U zgtx9KNH3skCufa&{?>Is!KZ6x+di|g%;};8vg8YOFkZJ?3M?ezOLocyjHA@QmU1*; z^D%!xa@(}w@#lc(%-6fOEM)p4Bx$6XFXASzew zojZREwS=}fb06=G)XU9SF*ddQUDlTuv8cC+lMNFp_wkSw}h85%H9xBxV& z;|ZP>Fje=;{Fm^lPy1`uQ>T?HII0AkXmS{B{=Ou`%ULUWZFnLuiMZmZB0jlzp|OVo zKoUq^Q_TmmI7+8Y6ZXR255flhyPFdcy9+#W?*CSzw@Loo{KR%4XZG|a`sQIADGwVr z$lQ~d6+_#eO%>0g%)KXn@c^iuj|xT^rsZ)8LFIWuzl`?2PYrET!vV9p!QgW(P=!#r z7K&(nZ`t57beNDI5INi`zSv-KeAwhjo;CkffbNGiSnB@liEoxr|eU+#fvCe6OOITt?tz&Y*#JnX%d#|Ns~Rt^GMt^qaFNo<^l2{M}J0Ay|-bh z+w)7W()P*i4OW0ep)R^o8oby8H=p!}6v`iWSc{*&SH8n~cPl8WJCa9| znpk%@dFH{CD!qCxc27RMj@C|E;a+6m_ulW^&(ZxoqKXKe}FirtTC-1>7f%+*kC-I zWaWBCpN$_Lq+(`QWE0GD@KE}^3A4vMrTFyaLS8=}2xAOs&)IF;TMY&B@3XxrDU=2d zbfFN2&->Mf=G%n9z_gGaNJ5yr-nYYuDKXtV~#8%!_@wIfVBp1tzXtA|}Xf!znp)I5oTQ)paxQ)$(aql|A4DgrANZdIi6e%8ODgonh z$l+h>M+T#x1g3bYjMYELCnOo^KtKG@p}EgmDilJ3^ueH?9Gfv&d6~nvTD*-eY@(Ds zIXbjW2k!GM3bN8G>hNx$d7W-Ovl%Un3D&d<}SCq`*)k?X(niWg>OD$T7<_!Q9PNk*DTjsdo zFx|q9z^!U>cjEqgZP&s;nh()}Q&?4E>4I1SKRYP>ojnIKie^EsXBZ*~ys>Mh6~d?b z_AegWil{=``HwkU(v>FUhcBwmgHe!uGru!;TU`Mvpj8EyeA^VGAU(vrJ@(vWiCYnJ zpUwvw3{4beJ+-;uont0^L2j4Ao&oak->?9>!AK`uP{#ZD$!*Z3WG75geQKRZ90e)U8ut| z5fCQQ$HE>F+Tev+{K7Dim-c9xGLfS`+`lmJi?m{0IQQwTb?o%PHEfk{e@iNScAd(M z`B9mo9i`_${An(nTL0ZPBqyk#h0!N08^QcC4De@A`5mim<(NA1cNds4YVkpDSCw=f z-d+?UT}&lbd7K{&_AYOBrO6Xc;o@}L8mj}~f}uku_Q;6rxX-iOog?U{*DgKL3PJid z7vlD8L^xi`ZKQ>{6Rqm#WlJT8*`LjV3syKbRPs56E zdj}mQg-{=lS>VD1Js9Xe?Un7X z>@ocqLxG{%G*sMa0JbnJ)}#DIsQ-D z8UBpGq14V4R>(9fD_y49s!I7x50+8YPWZ=kS{Nxpw?;t%+Gg8mv^FLlyVDFz>CwBW1NC@hhy zwo||toh|7X@ogbfe6J}dX!EyI2Yt&nqlhoc;>bs>Eph$foZTA7WY1C6(N)}&Bl#gZ zamp<`+6-szfE2f6b(vJAw;;+`_h6y2pv?9z`&edf#N4Egd4%w>iQ56>NMmV%71^Bo zJ6ad-^^uoD85&q^a(R`83~Wa$_fB#)1PZy%GRdxaY9R|Jv>rE_%9O1K$}N64vN0_z z`KHg|Ww?&M1Ub3g-!dmNwsoDyt7xr}7mt-5D~Uhjl9f`=XZQF7+YhJ3_omKi@lE=m z_lBWfc+OT7JqEt)$5|`4kmU`F>}b~ z2FdA}krPk-;4DoOPUZ}ioW;k~J&BAZ|F9C!4+B0Ekhk#NSC0OGxQ_AXMf8~3=%^Cp z8Pbm0y2j00pV8FzK*9>{O~DS4a*(REzAJlDZ$??ag6cAN)OGy{s=i*g&(BG>#07R$ z3?(}lFcFbWM0?OSVM+;||1lVGpkSM%{oq&muAG5;Q7Qg)L$piQMP9;@kLwMO7-Lx8 zmvOhSjvrg(Vo#=U$i8e`8B@10mPNhI}6!}UCrM+XX^h1~d^DfpuX(ptG+ zeUe5_>{Hf2zm!CEr5e0Owf-A3Ll13iwTyZ(#)SH$gFv2@n+_r2Q=BMzkx4XX_R6mR8V(CgOj!IRzbdUXLs6Bu@4hYx z4?od#G_7-YP1#K9M4Pr~Iv8W)m1q^lprpo5AsjxsY+T40IPEh07*wSY7k=P!C(?9V z5)lCy5HX^=$t6qHaXlMB1&3=d>K;p=tBlC%$Fy}#cP2YM`KX<$PDt`HhHh$+7*H0x z*v(O~VG2+9Gfo~?d_^vinzn=+jUdWO*2JFRw{C`buH+dsp7eR zXB1W$4-~;tOH)p3j$}CagVyJl%q*3mwmJ@>T;uDrC>%$`hG=+m^P#k65bkay;S4Gw zR(`*^3=0R3WYCq{H2*E0ZS7|&lA9ec;!aHPLq4S`R2*MbMh$L9CZaSyMV7w3ZxUt9 zCLtvmKiQk<(P^iTifoVMHh%t#^O*rqt+%?(++Nz?P7 zzG2e`t?cKz-L~cAD8cVZT1&e8B>Y{j{xs>pXb9KozBX)OK3Z*fUg-D?sh%hzTH>(H zSyg$s*zp_|Y5;JnEq4p|x=UPQ<`+2{f2li;JDb=of??eqbVW#QU_V46Ez5=Jm&E4fQi6Qj%&8~UOn zF~2Jb1~}39Fu_xRZ_6bGPOxjw;)IIn_B@o^HmC``{kzaXhwudq7&JWgFw^Z9RlR+IKu7Zi+4Y_zdz=xEqMT(dF2Pwc$cT5KToBjO{j_EP>SN^O%V za@jyOL|ftRa0;H`WqLCYu2iU{1UvWkP=_Jp&V|iB6boYgiYRART?qhFN zb{kdKjBEt{9iOp}`z8(Hgg2M=R+q8NF#-4igtFCX+{h(5HI!*cM9v?!3-RdwtC>2L zyag1V2~y(Q zBzo$aocRyZ0>D=Lw-Z(&e0~(t;MDu1j0>>~_JCpb;SjAPA%(UJbxRyzszFkXq1Mqa z;*IiqSUC(5n_KvTtdn&02SKcV&w(6yX%&OC9NpC^$If)2F&pLsX4od1Z9sCtE@IvW z97k||Ing1c3a*p5eT;3Mh{usLwBGc<0j zXwSC!4o&0MaVkbHrtI~xn|M>K+roR#f)#ToWtJk%ZH=;KiJt_M0E?SBIG%zs+oeC^ zgU1D^3Q_FyhTCd*Nj%a!K<(Z)L}=j!*zZ4=d{g;%K@OmxzVhaS2~b$wd)-?pXYg}X zMB4{uxH;1_^nQ`O-TT|*C=oOMrM;}4l=z6ns?knBU+m$yv#3SDq5jS(EdORvvu{w_70PO@#* z82uy~*i$c~&r){@PU^{z0mssLJE;4b&y`W(Eqb0joy!Ya{My>&PfZFs^AA zVBnX6_avX2ISqsfC^xUZ8_ngJhqN*`#o6CJVEEC~)ewQfg<64~b`i$QQuM#@Qw?5S zV#uW!cmeOcUXEEv(v9>NXrIeK)fbhv^@2GmO2x_K9}XlWQ(`o(1i}x()5v2G*O06p(Kd|5awm(%v66 z{ga%`R{22$e;pb#!%5HltTRXd*4|o}-#mJPLH%&LW;u!273`sky=oO})}KQ{qoVy) zF}!#Gc%`|t+qS4^Je2e%m#7h%1;x)vm;hf4L<%-LKehlsW-ITQg{Eof8k?)mY@QU0 z=uFG9)Fb+VG?17cwNqqetiflI&z*k-s)wW;&D;qw+s%n3 z<2GDs)CRB23 zD7FnDWKzAG_P5z;*5G!1P?|0S2^)oOrL0W?b?^S_XI?2#H~&bQ;%ns7y9T+pX>0MO zQ=%$SaZmTdbqc9a`6TMW6`1Ua|o? z++-_6lxUSa?yf8nchw z7}#5?U14k8*Gs#9Pg###BCmqnlc3A4oQS_2*uq z^^;L!tSP%u{v<`ZvgJN`#E;r0iotqyw>Q_9ulDGO&+N97X&Zt?Dy(~WDy9a~t>8Ua zet+A`8>R6xuCZG{d>M6QqX+NbXJKz>eZq$%N>q(#H zn|Ca7o1E+w)YD^^0S>K)?Wl_-I8(1*?F`_6$=az#VJIX-M zoXgFLnZaoJbK!MSKc`Q7F^fnSW@zau{pT2EMgn=4$DSDXV~uBIw3VH8>WgMGUoK!g zoO@{C%+C~L`X-dGl4uI=C^I23y)&?k+}q=(2oyTO>jlN4-4DQG1g>`iF4TXD8#NZ7 zkg6gZR&zIB%>4WgdWu zGMryDcXcH)cSpz*4yiJr(a-XC1<>%XOsT<7*?WiToO1d=F&KQgs28C-j?wP(BcaoX zng?0x`X_MfNd4KP7xwt@abg!A`^@-DoZ*>A=MY!}Jz~i72D*7Oy@bc_q^z3ewNbBI%`k?B{2R zoPqD~*A-jD$l74Jn%05_e~SR72OU!9CC%6cU>z76y%Lq+h&kU$Yd++}s=ZK&Zv4Uq zGDnB@aV!NoVG4m6X+I&s7ggSAz~n@#1Fyz{l9C9O&vYXpILg!#MBDLXi5Zx1KDY!U z7u{cEnTZX2)MZYIhWcRVvN@i-{yrg{;M(RXO zA;=2^GDjxYkayKf#G2i0p#2a00s1`Ik?@C(5Up4KZ zI89~r?{x*Fe9uqmuGG9RT}b*~%%V^y`4EEXd#S`3I9j2?d9YJ&4wvgjR89@VO&4l? zxw%)@rl?T=i#>}4SkRGCJTLkPxUs^i;XeY4A!P$GWnuRm?XkKAWTo%1gN{D{&f z{VTNl65Nl&(>?=NNO0KdZYj)=OoPlz_Ur3W;N|a+^c>8@ti8|!?~aceZ5<3@sIyrB z?31(<)!>fulx{WKQA~vM*#2;;=}siH9_fE(QaQfbNOMR?H&Y;V?mCcB$8^Lro(U8{ zYFsz;IK_vPL~uEVntlR5u9sFsc4VMzD^=IJ=?_vbWE#ZYEWGaA-H*dH?-gdfW9S7h zwbI)F@@%|oDpK_%ea`MX$Jz0cJiNv^Ha)m z2~L{>O?$D4`g@TKl;dvx{FwJJ7Dk9d@rrv2iRw%lWevpW(=Tf~VuiW>ID7rTA@#1U zsYdF9D@zw(GGy}7#*!~k1rKAbO)Fx%eW@<8ypc-Ot>`Gn$JZ@a6#t}cg2L@tY`|6^ z5e~(>P%bY^_$B|MGE}iS%L;ePC7bZ12LD32AEeWoGe?+JY75(BB1vwTwc;ZX4X!}1fFNVMZbK_WVC8xz{&JMPr)M)rIeAmwga@@h_> z9kqGqoNf2uKEbBEkv~RdFSU7VaIPz23Y@KkpCP?Eq8XwS?*6WZ+Bt+e8}em;m}Ep} zt^Kdx#|W+Sq?V95E_r79^}1a6YVsOgA|>sjX}v<0wYBHD6XpkcHI#F&Gts;Sh+eNNhWw|hg1A@}X^+}nPTsCn zTrn}qq7}3|qMI{q&x7oxbW2r!Iw4Dz|BOrHre^Q1&JuAYIriBcGm^G+LKR2H(}1)i z=1nrac?jtk(%`FBC%X1iA(L}5=uxlTaaXB%GuYc#RU6nbmi1;=6&Ytp~r#4Q)AjfK%uH0Rw7 zHCdEXB}a{J1?$%fF`1_UT{r4Oo@vjHKH{HibGKrl*SsRg-|JT{auJrrDWBL`#mxf> z@3rPDBK%KJEjq6G`l(G7D1%yCa@%c^CH#zD%v%ZO4bE6^1?rhKKAJxaCvIj|jWyd$ zQN+5-`SMx`E~3|46kaZ@i+#O&qpi@@g|A~PbzIa;IP2wqShRiG2Y;m!q!_`(TGpGd zIsNuLdQrfiM6U!t?oWkMRAT4l4|5|r1SO@b0ziG-!Tl4DJKLQtw~EvTkX_4bbDgb- zM@-pi@C9WBO%=k4krAC))ky8|Y z%o*}E0ki|bIn2#Z|Io`flEl$=*6@F*m<6q44 zO4vPx>1UDJvTrJ7fj#3ZtO}>~%C%c5eTNv(vNj$`HoV=fs_1r+6TPflCx-VabraT% z6ItlMQnO|kQAJdoWGj`^^&9o>@Pm@ph?_u(P$%5E_lWv>tA$&0BXsw^C-%M1o1730 zEG_&XazBVyOr9U>KSpOWYC?+H#t@+ttghhwz{8j!Sp07djrsqqp)qkV{D1L`5ucTw z^}nRF|E{62(KE38PYullRC(!kg;v}(FzG7}!45lwHW}TJ!VG*al&>zN9$F zM+^W4A>^3l*`G)NgfIjQAVlJmgN4w-Y<*vS16p8=37i;V@gKSXZYVGjLwZnh%)v!| zLI4$bQ+|F31cYQ1gv20z009W$16^TaNhEncj{$2ySo*vO;l8c#_M`Y3Uh=kXV9dtp z-X0)s)-FH4pdgGhS5Ev(AfbNiJP3Z^2p7M0J(nhbPGAplEOwad$5X;q~29P(U5KCg411$IyIk{g%F3e?XZs=&M;HJp)?)UBH_k@KvFW{O&w* z3_rlEeOCG)F493@eP|)Tv}r&dRA>H4)Q~qJ)n6e1K;Ky~1OVu-&aK@m-Qc~j-Eny= ztfELNlzm{aHDDJzQ;fXgA~;dcLID62{m)1UXBRPphx{D*Hl`&^p|@=glz$EyU|t&F zZ_KGpU_fWVcK?mtsV>pOFJ&Nyu}Dxg_rfq}2!AK??}Z#-Ou)Kc%y#JS>@+7qoDM{9 zFEkhXz{<@kLJMxq7d)aJ8+=;CfG!jm;SanCybv%U0;Gb1z5>7rSYMYl_M30=>Z^V5 zHyqSg00T0}TRWjPAlDQ^9Y7ln%%i~7Dco}qpjpy?ZrAyO|FjdLApltIvzql`n!t-8 z{FZWpg{*)7HKfG@eFc*yz_^A4h|{h0^<^3zn?wt@dwGZde*J!^KdJ@6ep zI*Qxz%gqC@6BAU&KtMo410Ny=@$>UloevrKbpd>rtAHASgB1TVM{|_?wOD(+{eJv< z2BW*1)yNQ!GSdf`^<}mJL-b$M+X4CMP5$9J{w2NBRr%4y{JjlH;?BzU4R!Y!{f(tx z0=>C>=$g(V&V4f`#@9Qbil1vY_xwR^uUgTjos_op7fEj;D|8qf>7!^6I* z0eKBsw-}sfh4V#u1owTLG@r2pk;XcQ`+YX+Hxj`AMIBt59D#g%vl|_IaD@o5pXGa1 z5njW$_Fb2j7e?_bkeA0ZfDn}lASCq51sI8Kp}*Y~1bgd;AjV7t(ldbpxQZh`&|Qrv zpM-Y|`EFRK?X!g`MDkHX!FD9>jq|lKJ@gmUFY8tDKR?#J+(irR@6u--Vp0;vDz_Wm zxJy~I_-j(jWhwL)Icco`Il>c9Xm)e1#Ru*j0CUX1#zD0iae1rM%$LHAnf+jT^69~O zWxbM)+HiLz0Ea16Zz^JQI}_<@8k+r5ht(oZ`iWTo@6cai8_rpUqFT~c(wYEUN=r2K zZySShRrkltahE=R4N%K(z)vquF!ClTqY)I2`o0y=0V`T_haL!ps>$ ze)n;Kcm(EwmcA{glG4>Nn8aQePW4UW7xt^n$9nOdpU?q6U<*tl=xW&X;^cTq=${Xz ze7w45seZPT>9_Z;rw5D@V@g2}t$tNEja({moSfSVI!M|(8&7_E1nKF7YspJ% zlBCO;pF!)=@pU|p zMN$>c<`XZp$0W*-5SCdNQ>rXvr}mrn8Y4xv$ZfI=qSpS>vXiY577m|;S03Yi0r=D8 zL|{1mqVeY=(i3)2lL1>C4ZtMVb=nL4D2vxH0Aq&H=q&0Ty{qj=PWfvcNgELY+wgG1 z@%6jFV~8boJO%ch&+x}Kd&CwzlWUxjMczN)jSY>E6Ii;&L8KOzPQnGjO^w&`itwi} z&Q6D-IwO9=>W<&TBe`DNTw8lk7psM?>|n0C2}`;k_~AjXnJEnWiZ5#vwlI zrAaIBd!?Mh@ixV0?IVH*U z2?GPxdnJJWAgUg`HPMutvq~L%t1n97cAt6S`XUlhlb`O|u%av}!KQ zlArG?SW>-hqVcGZ-oeQ-`TTHUjonjov_}l_z25(RVqEvsLTv6gR;-Xh5k$Hp5%NuU zcYnF^(R|^;FHl(U=~WWz`EEM4V5j^t;5aQU^K0aaI2%CJX+TN@y=<0ngHw{av1yR?o@FCY`6cbn!l>@4&N&>?fFDp+xGI6X znWrVHEm7%|&_G^cv(i1pMFaqhj1GBY$=){&RoZwKF}mN1)UshHQa4oV`3Y_FQ=;F@F7SpnZ3%)uTG1u)nE^i*( zy~d13pU(xaK0}H6(B(f9u+sO1=h$j8RI8ovc;bJCoRPomjq`3p?IspUmaDFDWpFC; zJggh0)Osv5T{s0bjoieGmk4NDVR_^>N}kWCDHPm)YUcztUb|L4^{%AdweNV**h~xW zMPJ5SKMml8r>#T9dCj2d*{S{Xz1&R*C3ro14+sU*{JTlYL37xL?1%T%%#bT&RMeiDqPAYtpUH!i?etOW7vsFrm# zeT^~rOoobY^KTfA}i3OJs_Qw5~V3IZvFnTil-%!^>Pg)>oAy@w35IUD%Ev zgj>js3(Vk|%crp{MH3;{jf(@P%!lrf!Mo2Ka-Z zhqG3L@qzdW6AtwnyOv#DlN|#18VAKhN+j25PMr>kPyTtArT7ZEhXh?mMS1228fv8h;8j7p;JC0y zO^6!oUBe}W_&(CDc7!Auz9dElDwRpbCHUETg!YWIkhXPbXqYVqwKsx>KfSzf=5;NU z`%cz*zj<$3HS{JTY@Lz)p4OjfE_J1Dj?}~wE$Wfk2Dr6erclyc7MGV6r|0HoqKE0F z_|vr0qnyp8mg+m_x$A|S zF28Ri+kss&&XHR-DaS{Pf(%Q`)#XmnjbYU`QMt&;$tRs+P41ra14=l(E@Li(s&+Rx z^uu^Us!O_R(V>TNQ@N`z6Pjp|0`&h7t9}h@6Yn1xUPXX+s55<4hK|VgqdW{AwE}nmGf{OPg=2+2W{W~f1g4uhm#9n|6OV=-n z?!3oYp%zs?aBH$r&y=%j8L_eoYrJ;)i-buw*}lCuQakOC`nKg=^RI+bom>Z>ev+X< zCMkJPCp0=Tf!?{Kw_X*Iu@F5m+18l|_g&=2OgBcdEi)6rQs%N&({%slB`%$@o3(FP zGD`M7?#rYG@`r^6F|Ut1kQ?b)nturi@&oGpyxsxt6^{XRXr9B_$Br8c98S#Fn-&^| zPeh})fu^7;jkRDybpgwqvTDbaIJ$FngpjG_rqCFU^e`q8zt&4U<==Z&kDYgte+w5{ zWP@_8IwnqS;74WLf>T|Wm|-UJ(D3Y6nAYs)#S}Sv7DgNvc3O;BWx z20Csan{2b^e zI@&OG4AU-#|BN5~1lAFWercu-ZYiecQHglkc1I5xP_{6RsJ{dJiCmEgs2^$j*~OK00_8WP5Gv(#!PP_v$U zr}&-*KjyD68AzO+_S3VFt#p^Z83ZHY2r(#_7UA}9yLyuELQKzH6mY8SX>4r}7n*c9 zbupE#????$M#?I97v_@!FAooBA?G669^Sj>M)`!KoGQ{Bg@8Naf95Kr^Z9F-Ql7we z-MFOgfO(jE3f@vPz|aS5%y8DN;vaG7`oPwI&^ zPQ8pTliTIk?tc4_jOH@Mv)^DorQa#QUp4HJXE?@0#wOe+bI_b#e0%COj(gK0GI;R-i%*Q?U)k z7ztDe@fh=Cy8S>Ms=;Xb5;$GF)u4m#q?DNOg_4}#{w;a#N2ESr8 zd?tX;n$Kq^cL!C$VLO5Mvu^Uyebii5^{88#h}_@6%Bkj8XNWk1G*Q zjAo^-G|L~Wd|{IuKx;FhCASubZUfBvKVG}K4Trwri_#*(JS3;SGLb|wKV{_V22R$R zqLU#qv*!v)3l;%max~5{pIFJO$+Rps$~=x@Hl~;@{pF%L=5UjPXvtX#PeqRkTnSK}w&6 zWnzN3{ozIeQJCOYH{e6%a5uT0z=_<$wxgsraDp}A8UcmTU(ti4ppf?Yj)2=6xHPo9 zRZ1t_36vujY;CHc z7J@ecR!ewk4N< zY~bt>kv)*Y_q?-GqHFe?o}ffEqrHe@+6*ZlTeVmgh*?|sc(HKQi(Xp>qigoMCynsX zkU6CkJSBr>(D|={e%93T^K)JLI4MaoX`7(pm~qOfH_aH%OtaA#tKiAhH~`Luv`Pf4 z9o;izokuKe};f{cwky?SUj_XzTsTfS-IsQyXznML98U1py%s8JkxDW(lLV|NvY?8f7Mub~M8UFmbCX;R3BuVF_mbOZoWL+yC z?NIuJV%l_5#C4k%l7Z{|5w(LxftJUWlaLwpohQnI&D0gaxWS7T`ZSvE8Hl5)!7; z=s;z>bnZ^k0S&6OlrsH}4`cHdgFnARFUFvWmMx?Q=~3Hr`S=)H$D{+llf~XWO|Cj& z;qcXUo6o@pPV09u0*gJ9-Nd=KNXkxIEnI^)+j6|qIGsl__;`dJkA5V(Ayv%y)KNl^ z#EgxDo-O5UZkm{y#2rfKIvr)De7s@2Q|opa|2G%5+v_#Mo=EjxLXSDL zbc!q@{@r7RHt}L0ucB^&cO~hjW0{(8jc`3{yh-A1bnn|o^-}X&Cbcb5+3)Xi_%}7h z`MOtF^_5(IigQN*H)H;bWqwwY5&+#6-QOd|;lAUK&6D=3kspq5_J}4%JH5u=6Tg(T zGb-cSG@xiV6v;~hU7y2f*JQHw4O9b))lXfcH#zorwSR%c;kP*KH7Rj3*cv`+xf_aI zRZVbERwkaX!AW2+{ z5nsaButvVSPXv!543%r^YEGZ0*3?$WEFNA2T{o8K}Zt#b)ew-(@;)>$Uy z##59YSHGw;A3lngHQ9+0yY6olUcHT}VAeINwRte*8QqPEyB-KM_7K<@i;m$t$z9hs$~b4FoM9iOH$XTI^MTMj-i-@)x#E=C`Wq`j9-5SCLF9z39R#86}2 zy^`(W0xJpyH|;R(g$m_&O>yzaUWp7=iOw%Fx(*0+^B%(jG1VMW224=Ll+l&(jpAc6 ze7b6PHkcCXSxi$)= zMV=n7JWI2_UhqJXUt4^Kqf9~cmXaRdrE$qT-o1H(U-c`GXV;2<4!_(yMEip&7e|F? zRW*H1dZd;(s##?C34c!8Be#F@3Dgpd@46nC8d9C^COzZyOUea?*s2np-$KvPNDg-( zmS@#I>oBc~&?HaCyZO^bkJPPwuW~Uty-xl)kz~uG7c6;*P%bZsX%-!)=v;ho?-xq6 zEeK_|o$iFWzvUoRa385~=aUqguStL~uP_>4qwo#qYmKZ)yhoEzO3<`s-972o3?-E!?%(GaK2`V>QO8XI*)Jd6&W+oXyT?lnZrJUxEtW4&f4{ky_p= z3Nu>#8ipeLn=92&v=C47B6}><3hfxh+P{zr4ug)Un^dzyf@|W99s^tDpL=od6((no z$vXDSxzDJgSE#A`rqd`;U;lCFO+8E$Sr)GE=c+@=c7IHo{+F6{CJ)gD<{Cx6Va`=tLD>b%M zs?FPyB%9qF&e0t$=iEU#YIo&4Q1=b$!8g2aw1V~+ZN^t4xi3jx=i?ePe+?~TxUwPrI*BE>G|jjQdyvfJBLw^ z4OX-(a~Y4(JzKqvRCCKJWek?o2NuETS|4h(E}nfIzB$cLjCO9p4)Z4y33c}0!+R9< znIxwyThw>xpV%3d*yCM?(I6r%=lY=Z<)AWPrVqpS{_hoZM7kqbHpz#?s@0i{>f!p; zrt{m<4n4fFrR3uRAw;svY3+r-GZtBwqv)?GgZ5CZHMpCnuQ@a;`<>hLwyHG6ciI_b zOdf;O;uOwxnwKaL4L=1}_Kvx3YF^&^RE#jVgDqV8$SZ#d7H#(&+l&=2y8u`$)?=Sw zvB-ERvz{|=J#O~!$L@j{M|@G`G?B3pYDJC@mcN++;%_T?X=Dp8ZtfL*=j-sdr7hMW zHt-Dhw2j@Y*VX4a(qD%!AA2^2#dzVLy!m*S&KCIibHnmmjxOYAq)O$opC)o_pj}(E z>W=MU>Bfve>Z8=nE`7%w5f@i^ych$Om+LLZYqA7t>2q~ZJi6Uyg-^tdDoW+I#Wm_Y z?P3}g`D2(UbiXJrn(Qu*p(pUUQ02%#&b0jgEE&efy8|%g>8y3|l83VIH84rbQ>iS?X7m6I%2S@CJexA*dx z2k4o_#Y36JBVh*rWvTk;o!AtS7DyJdkrEUMwFCT|TqE-a*e*Cuzh^#wEx&&=nseM= znh$q8cUPb57%k5q#?%R^^CBSFBfy6y$>8FYR#}h$@9rV*9`5gv8yYV9rL!OfEegUgn9MruLe}5_ax_6Qiw)Bj`4s17^Lw9 z4Yox{$E5;t^ z2ZR#iK>oRq!wm@%oU?od_-X(959q<(Jg4e|25M@2V-73~Bfg=)IXd`PjQyepgh2cT z{uNRHAmC-t*B4L#Sb_v_4qXHI2lgKAf__{AeEQEIy}GawV*se05ajXFP*J|c&W>SR zf`R14(aU02e_g&d2|@e;Qs^O|^Z=Vf`XPUnaA1Y1f7Z?>#Rj$jNxjT&`~kdreSW)m zgcc`}09#+*PApHUGeV&AblkoN)Zy7c8 z)^x4!zRA=;ZGr*9zR%IROM1Cnz9Rv!eZvEh?`}0PA($=m0b+jRwvyz+-~)X8etOIQ z6YP!rKd?vq5A306UtRlla`=4y!n3Ubn%v&20c14Mk~aY?A)5W^`{h~!_z-Klke5n} z9Q5^6k=JWNFxp!&V|?@jaeoK--J>@ZN#j~lgboQ<`^ulf`#Ps9Umx6)rwL-ZT5Sc* z9v*$w2k}IB$Uh&VBL=wx$_F)v zbpD+-0*FJ8;m=nBIQ!!bpb9~}Uu%hq1_WU2BhX8ufCwP|g z$KHXCzl8fC<@>8=HU#_!n);B3VeqTI~rWAiMQQ=LzW==@lfH5}%+jCnzfw>w`}Vhb?C0H4rucsIEj>;+euc<6rAe^?1=K z>d7)6BBcZj#v+M`$efAA_+0h)x-{tZ6!HzJSe3-IrJwiro~WH1BmYD;xem(UNuhCb z3T~D3Mz90EImHp+B$yBmY-Ex_?2oo)Klldk{Lw$Wni!zg^0OUq>IC1{L zh9g8Qw-qr_SRU|qjX6Z zE9j-j+M(aB{i4+Ah#hz_W?(N|97hf4FhtogNw;QZIwI88J#x{`Rw+TSe4VA*1jKwM z+?8CVszOKAG~Dpf6Q4$o9r~1Fp9xV>qBlL?_4^}E84LF}q$YhyRa|~gsJMeQ0-UlW zTp$2ow}qm`+k28BKI`5U+jJ@3&@Kp zw@G^FN>)w!=t>L8BA%RVml(Ye`Mc)CzMkS-7553dus$2mtT`3bmvx{oNq(TxSX!Ma zI@~XZ%Id$zK2H7T-E5-Cp7tdTk(}T!S{waHk;?;eGoh_{GxdmSYX@F+XjmCQb%YAAT5^>omF9bd28y){CjLu&AI}F^((sN5 z`ua!ef{cs=tqLZ&DuS8(O@hC>OJ>JEPg~8e2i13);W{}uptXc#KfevKouYX{Fkrhe zKy&NJ&#bnhJl#kv4HJJiHI?C+`ZUw~Z^q0uSzJIxp|XrXjMV}Brra*a-Vm$zK?hO5 z?GwnFHq!Um3!)1eg%~!xNLiU5dr4go2z?t@^WvG#%JHn~J*LIghPL}Z$3*fAP}bKh zR$YlyQ;aqHD(y{-jZmp+SdlmM}rWHXsL@_yB1r;^^hvfg?{ZR$8L zyxBHV^h)f({a-jOOu`#n4V7a!ES5!>p zI!L7I-DyT?#(I- zoT0*+Sg6BBIbaHC(D~oc!=%tHhGc4kMQA;^n1zsF;&Y~pa^gxhF4!YH4E&aH3X4!XX2;WQ@w1MyF)c!wCWB0T< zHJn;vQR0(r;;srL7Sg0&tS*g=#{{NnsiTAS%^A!YbgnIz!-|v{hkq8xA|ggxb-+uk zaP*~z-Y%z=;#0Xy4I|g_voIKupZeiddjcu+h!^qH4Qi3gZR?Q)vpI3?7-Sh9b!VYd z49-ewcIk**S5^2Z3H9SKoQk$PQ_@cXVK~k*Cz9o69&XW z1Ok^P>mxp^d>T_;TNW%QQPRb5>2MeJ-``L~*eT?tM zlR;G-EEIIvn4aF1jP3aOxZRl)Io_Cz!x+X9h7Sv88%XBzPU6`tweQRa=wBaHFF}g; zzLp>q%?F7cUhJNiR`=R`6T;w>`VT^?eGjpg;HYO}!my~rINB1m z<4#85PsT>LmQHi6=ljqT68MxpO(b~s5=sb=0%&d~KlY1T_nL`&;O-U+_JPQtPf{jI zk5F?qAuJBvxOV^5IS$zGZ-p3%jbiJeRz%g)*Iyb&DH8>eK&ylsORs8MXaar8E{h(m z_>QPlyMhcE6ixK%u)I|qur{4J&IY_^P`wT7N0cqYl=f9=DGZN@pBJCvt!|`e@g=mW z8CJtm9!uVa;rc&|LRu8zJJ+UHLr#L%y2lYiqG(v$vvkH~(P&dr!=A9XE%haT?JJIR z5M&GWDfSgkw1p0uO?N)N;dJlqs3*AjOTH3Z4O=H9xo`pxM9(Gha%JYN#s~#TP&IBi zE_RVW1}N36<5qT9JWkVuYcX(jTqll&hv?R-M$m2(Qz`$0v2%#d1ZuZ*Y`bDRso1ui zifvmJ+qP}$8+&jd|EWIPZMaubFW4&J?siX4cN zQRV6-sw_0S-OTw{1wp%e2cez3#I+!hl?j}V_iux5wnMlwvK{5+(*G*F8Ap-%mf>V~eI17Z>MbqA5=~)pM(Po1x zCMEp44^y8CN~SG|-EaiVe%*#ww!pae1R%gyv-Zr_@akNp~ba&k=Q7uG`8w5aDk z1Onb4x|_D5G}HHlcQb00kO_aM;>=v)a15qaDBUNXk!209c&ot()l#BI2QnFVyZtv^ zEq~Sh>IQ})=<326rqc=fm)l(||86Ifa$h&y5z#k{WVX5y&~q%7U(>w64Bsd;Xj5jJ zb!hJ74TsjDS_0u`;1$RjFuBnbfALSk=Co3;JcMQ?Y#N;=6&9-nRdSLAx_QJlP1vbY znPyZ<{thT~d1snSPh}WL8c95qzQ<7c+DMbr^+m8Q00BfgRhalJNtSj%?NX0RRF=)sGXboC** zgmcq?c;0St2vF5pEIOgyFY%EGD&y<_t2Se$O*uaIQj8}RZa8hjl=T^;*QnyR8^q>2 z5kbBk_k5-G^e{AZ)9L_|;gM$YUBoEb3>d&DXgan>kpd-2W~9Tfhh_BP;;Qvx7wqPj zBweH`^!duOazLweRKZkUDRJT?1CV#a?P9N84w4`e7%)tGH|cU~-SoWM6p4JHvL*UX zSPh);OIoT7Ti&zcE!+olIrfSU<~MXyb>$94bf55TFq-P-ee!%j?Y=MExL{DZs`e&I z2x`(n@pbImJawUm}Xh=12ypC&yUpoRlxbo z-!8revtXxMQ-miY{PHSJ4K7x>OECgneCA^`CEJXr%ncW~t%H zMW05*QVIkG+M^XbDs`>2-ME?9tK4k@1Geu?vlVpOAz?Df*cZ(slD2b**ciCfSQ<{2u-(}aVJLa=(J8on}kaukrn~r zxUcdyTpBSWFMsr~q;Bih(d1HuQ_H**aZZm$3Y8B{tZLQ=GUF*L?>GoMS$*2CG*Cqm z6SdDa94;FBj@H8{Q_82`I0>KA19(iVrFc4Pn8 zAb&bJRR!TD$;1A3F6eJ_2#BfsseJL8X%QI}+A<@_;JZoolLyS$ygsMI&aM)E z_jksMul3K<<3kCij~ocg>%Ll55t#%$*W~GCSjpsc7w{yo3 zN8kkiQNk>_#za)qKR2`l)vzAEVE47RMMqbcoe?bjsU73p*D8RaI1pHIE)#&laUbU%t$$RR_@x^@FpDLw=)a5ucJC?t3?P5AO8EfcZnsQdZ z{VUgOT3PIS52oWbnwCH>`!n_wrcHaV}Ejf(HkfQ2FAC)q^({BHEK1{>_WxQ zeFrb*>bGPEI_ae^XgXeWt?UEp0c)}|Md)5npXU=C)3vc?a06qj7sQiKHS20AABmBU zH*Uy}V>~6`k?$7`r?&JDReV!cXNF{(-oQq>7p>zVG-Wq9m<5+Xb7I&PvA0IT4#93+CCqNvb-*%Su57cLv82T3)nd`&7Q~5 z*GupB{Nt;2N>g}<|2lAULF8_n)oN$gEbq;sl6Cg=&(&zCo2yM*$Xjl7Fv-R2-+0qM z{<%_3-}`K%0hT{m?&))UGj)G38_uIUeJt*yj46+HJJ__;HAo+5UuAO*z$BMdW%t;0H9kW+^60o3-@g7C>V@lxjs(>e4^|tYy>+ z#O5$aDjMwReANCzb$dmAlAT=JOb+Ur$u3xx=)h)?tXc^DyB%v|6}*J3%{+U6YQj8r zo@&yGsnrl&+U}IRi-?*}vyEwp@>D7zK3?NOfjuMXzPQ9{7fO~ONv6922mFbUlV$D5 z`w7!jUcJ^s+- zaRFKnj}%YTsc*fV41iM?&`lX}?XYyHKwB?Wk-EUGAMBcjhH%6)fMTJ500&|#|G1aJ zB%qfJii$(%01ZQ#+jzjRW*z|g#b=?INDY&{RPWh{Sp^PHqv zLM+bb>09|QK6tvIg*iSaHu(U!0$iC&S)to<2@Hq_HXgfsK!}Ym=dP_hw)pZ;VNSIn z%M9cdwWeVG8CpM5q{hAQxeVX&*<|8TaCNplj`cI<)rA%TOTf-uTw3z>-+2+R?b&I- z51FPtaZS;Xsq;FdB|Vs-o>;L(&z>-z&yUpR=ebG*Br)U4Q&cHmt|>m_QkRT!tM?O( z>kPp@a06g!O_!9G$mud+4JF*iKKtAe9)`#m@d$KcPcYL@oGJWBK>*589Rz1k@De8Y zhw5^+e==**C65FLJ2dy5XUOj+oa;DRYGdnP0EGyn>V^t@BPcRK;~Z*!w*dy)u@EFw zG}}dmh@^KTLtF%ZgvKeiw;JilZ>jPR$-|c_I9gP9r=EV7(Pe#_u1b8gTlZ={hNBEU zfOcyh`%w+1oB0dQBGUJnU1vvmZjoiC-B>}pnt|cQXa(DLq?4 z*uKGOV#}ppNWsq0f0}`<)FRm85=@Q!bww>-Tt7UKye@YxTi!M$&Ej8ri=T_HHwY7+ z(vg=Bj@RhJmaSOjEe7R!pd}d`B1pYK9VyVQuL+40ZQuGJ zeUsQY-pnbxb()bC0#+`OG;ngGyo#*0)@5c6LnH&ObuzHvJ4jel2}xLteiVIr>htqI z-#u?5dc1sApXYE*!dw}n?_9}t+XI>$s=HKf9I%Zx;|`$yKY> z@6O53tbc!zyG3Mqf9DzPOLW0b(X4qmXUDMKpZl3Y-S2mAa?HlOz2S|^vvABk;ntou ze+Oefu-S4)hR0cT!$$Zh%y8TUR3{(QYLCxnLclZ~>*=(u=l!03qeh2d#*8b3x#VSz z3V*01n#`CsK$I3MsN$nQi(UA0%`s#uv>gpBL;T_iS=!|enuKwy z^Gfrh{PB3hgwIlvsRKJx2t(97+qKiFupdQb`10P7xc$tgN%9Zp7<(chj^XdnCI10!=VsTM- zXc|ghZ06vgKriv2&3R>g<7Uok-dO6vpm)OXB&Cav{hu&o4`u|M#EFrmEA_*zSMBMU z99T<_6O1-RzPKV+nYCzHN2)FGh7YLKhHJZTI)1Bk8dJl2e$QfR*)#v%d`-1zxucRR zA0*5Lb^SNK4t6uXWd&O!Ms59Vb|ZPQ>{JEA$xlObX~Q9&Fs}6_;Uz{_E_vNH0h~f3 z*Xji0OP9R7%$O+k@0E!TDeL_NeH*+5mBd~@Y(`j183nSSLZFVsd&n5YojbA2P*bC7 zCG8}bU17N#rrVCPUSPVCZ!53Vc|P$Dt8l4bh&k-6X4wND{ZR+TZW;-eP<%s&AA@{# zuFq5TBrz(w7o6=gVAC_I?ane{iC1--^srihM zu99Z=ABGQctMqjz7}ywk9$PZ)U~#TC#xB#&r$tzzheJ_x5)epmJ16g8;tyQrkz~F7 zNS;5rGTGCM>@CK|H-%uxxd5!0^_(`dyN1*RHHQ^zET2+R7Dx()>d@4(Wd9l z&sTSIw_SGgH0Q_L)AmfG2M4??m`X1cWEccU3^EcjS_*jCS-ScdP*Cs?Sa7iDn7g}7 zJ{H#DZ<%2u1i}1#sMgCLM+IR)KP=o5gu&gI$HN`GM*yAc4gUi@NvrA)x`O;p!Ju z!!ig6?fPc9{BYcYeqX~2h$tNHoPCS^NPz|aAV35NK(Uh|#RT_f1H~v{f$8Vv(}dj( z--7zt-~JXSgp2MS0_F8rz?uam@y0v9!$4KSy?TnQ8EncsDN z!^f=(v3CmWWi)Tl`zjY!L_)INs2B2;TSkw$4fy!h;Sk!>AJG%`kg4hLe2s2#pQ+3tAQIu!#x` z_4D`p>jg>tHv z1d!Js=4c|McL4m}&!FW19x_lm|JHuXnI4|!HyO~5p2H@@Cvz$v$cQGC-wi)0067H- zVo#U&XGi4+@7~wwwU+khcfyaGFg8BJsvYx=-N%msM7yBDY7YX({9k>0kXhkfW1t^9 zHP}&txpTo@1w_D4i=~kt2T@sXw!JY15;7(l#!sN|9JYcT)GAU0Fz3%d=)QTGx~Q+f zF^J?J^4+dwuh`%JV={0Cdl=EdKg*%}%_eAn|7N!3X^#Z*DQ#AOk^n>q13s7leQ-)j zO$2<4-Up2WclSMI>=#Ff>)#g)WY7E#ii=Fypf^HIObvnr0-Bv=Z*&0H!>H&Nmk9|6 zD!Om^+5fGGbm%X%7xa>e*=qaU{9Ww`HHZU3{BaKroZxw>^wN4%Bo;g*t$)XR_h_vp zlBFu&3Krr2c!mULiyv=5p11?)^Zemokd6BNR zg*8L~>jXIEY@QysCz-wj>k!0oe*1 z5mUyYtj@qltzmQVs`w{svoQ^r2B$(DJIN&@w7g~Qmdpo@o(9+|bkGrK5t3X23k%_Vv`>6rTK%ac+oz!9qxHPc@lCiAFZ2V@%}~W0+f1|2L}( zU(U)0SGW9RVV|TPUDzh!u1=viFD;X@(kwxK*1+hbbQD(iV!`rODDz%+Qftrx7>VwjGa zj(Nn%hK{t+^IdYiJiT(4kZYoPu0)<#P{8-ut#IR+fBv1=Wh))4u8WEpBJ0*;D*4tP zxJhF}Ut#+SF2s#W*>lU_(B^!?*R_xD)(PPh$^Jd=1pV1d*ps(1l&r>iE&@wvT^EY2Bbo-$i=#a#?YhwhiPtKAtrBi%mO6-#qY$OqmW*!0_9Pcc$fTb zW(GW7*Q4ii)15&`z6lJqdk^WO(N3?Z#>W^VzWpmu6Hu?T0;P^i#(6!c3ZZO6VtP4D z)_UG6&nmUkjg0^d$9tTay!SN;?%acc%rWh?C-SUx5{nJ8XEHVSg+j2Tv@VF#EQn4w zv(lT!YtIi4F!;*`Q!?h7*s3}a*`y+w8^Q3`D(hko8(*Dpovq|j zgJ=NPG}-$`^s0~ON+6ps|NB%%cs<2(E=~+PcSyPgkN$lJ>wD;-yj_xaWmN+V2}`wT zfZimugugErX$u&Pl$ zMfjbO<9%##{kD*(czONJQY{%1uS{UXHgb%IN&K6@5o*&i_-{1CfaA^>du268+Kd~2 zD^iAv2WyJE{KFVf@CffWLbm@igu%P9s1B6K-S9N5{pi!6mhq>`H8;LeqHAda{{HA- z&|ET2NTJ$GyLD&;{`9>ZkP$ehQ#11ld`?9dn2!P43Y82?)zm>LTi97vhRMd3XH#4hFM>vw-1~k54+l9mhp5hh;dm zmddhwR@)6yuEFTfa1wfE8S^Uo)ar9`i{a_L)G&M*m*?5)IcVWTjs6B}jU>qevx6#4 z$>(`q*@>y_EQ)78c{rCG_NUl)5CU(mZtWae!*BGMA~JuST!QBA`G?A05x%cZj?~)f zx}M&f5!)eTdDxepBb3^cSyA zf6{XQ_a8gWeS-&j4*@ozLX1C;e&byQ@<7wOsJg_;SE8xFtq5k{iUJRW*AbQkEfRa; zON&JHJ~9_kf$}Hbb$lnWGQ7-f6eT+Z4LLEU6dg==TH*IB3?PytsRFkYwMd&ARyUks z5B-=uwC%r_N=`)3@yXXNaeEG}>46v^sb8^Ko9Edps0Lt)*69k024JTSu0?RH3$_|e z%`hswuo?&qViP}MMMw zUKA>2?to`L!LjtbH7O#M>J{^RrvX>Agip`8x?=9i5b=(7@Hr#{;J2VYB)%$A5r)_Y zOg=8%a%S@2Leq7x>?Fcup|?FJvNhu|s#`cAKB%&0CdjD1$>N;MS6j{KZ56)xRJUuM z@2dX&)}pCGpsXz9_~cZy@1B0Q0Z)_EY#XqMkC5yq)WN>N51Uo!J6D3W)ID>b=ab=X ztU$U9*i5d!l##;kSSSV?bPM9i^9bW7T7D7a787gpAHNMck}YsZk5LY-rrGv>)Wuty za#;XcP3?+`3Z&SX&Puaen(%})QF6lBJqm7OKl9R=PUwbT&d^6i9Vh*rI2$j0R@5Or z6w)pHA~l0xBl-4SJl+uFR}I$X$FCvUHsl;eIjsAMTEuL#F#*izS&|~B!AM%f$QK4P zhM2||b@7HKN9t%V8+|d{KUEsv{dL2@jk7L?pr#lGTk}>)fPUIJ$tP{s>o0aWb4e# z4%-JpKiLP)r89vl6xJ87B;;xI6`gmN?c>du&iGV#+n znC1k`xmm`A6oK&D0;#J4!Kj!r;cuUjFv+tQCodZT_`r)? zHPy)pD2z?SWQYU&85Py3!MYnAH}VBg7rD*SX7#RL>4bVS|2!^rkB2_1pD>{$=y>1+psz*Qn*G+~YE}lSqy2y0g|bOd)rS@b~Tw4Ye^-g&P^+ zqbpH)mf&EoW79^+JMr8nZ;^<^93%QZmeVlW?CMoOKabDQ zzTp1b+a?)auX7q3?*BYDFLDiV=v^{+lV>o5p;_c7DPH)IRqles2`W2P3-Lh)y9r#Umd;}snl;WE!OT@bM0^YS!NV61yVq-GsNeX}`}sRMkM+JL1y^THwt)kYToC zfFf+stS&9iKBVO7GOsSEt1gmBT<{z^$Mt^b%P;v!cxj$f!7$F}(g~4kZ(`%i_h1BE ztTa3DI9fK;j1SD&4nu1cNQ7X(S2QGBHL{sAL@~}J99UcaIs0d58h|948v$Li^Pr;9fF48!iUfap=n>1nFxRC`dfS9l-stU_KFpLF>QWT^WPkqt?5DOs%) zs?Ir{Q&i?;^R`v~bpYmaZ@X@}8ftiD1-3g8%Puy3(UqG~?s_O670J}%K5>yaBhkA3 z9)a0Lc^(YM|MEi-u@(;8>5soo1LJsJ@+emy-bC9(GxQN4R|jRW3`<*W#Hu>ri_^($ zLR?HtpXN#UBpUo4KMExQa5JFT1iIxoI95t9y=~=d{Vm4be{AV+kpCY0dyzyl(kxWo z7wRky>34MLF^N$BoMV`k4#*bTeRt$iPT_0cg@y#FpkAN3ab#$bifmwGoTAr#uiR-9 zieM^JRSoqQ4pE@)*s55EXO^b>zx!C%6^?$Sl3pD0dE`ydr(|$D>TJt4KhAWN791*l zdF!0foUvP4xqgn$B%Q_~$}y93X(Fzbds?tC$s;B^qEEZ=UfN$rH|okjY5#m#@ewNN z0Gi76zV{1kg(R0mzcATjPZ~RFMQZK|wG|KaPEAKZ1z#{1fgx3kpKp6xBU*%Gg6;>y zQ+1D3M#`Z#hkCyVve1QTR3U}hD9|>giHA`5MAh`@Al`cHq1u$3Tm-C&tCKeNHYR64 zy8D(UFF)ldqqOrLy`;Ryp&%(fXN`rp@f?=VEL|Nr+gs}vKHc;C7%#VIK9T?@h$&^s zU?2(?hk2!cHvR#89z&VyzA&v|ptu;E(jPZdboX>2im5H$CYFO@S6wDRr)Jk|WtGTF zxio+@`I?Z2QS&HqENv=D@^&y-r{v=C)6WuARC^G2ZI5)WoT-vour)q>Q%Cd}04S^Z z^VE$=zWfm9#j-a6lSN2od__S=`Iv{-K6pUKzghQ`>=GZ{I6C9Aw@F0<=w|Y%XZgwJ z^Ip$?rN#>=d1gsz8wYF33Hp`rPUKow&2ke}fJ^r30B$^4|Bx7#;uCGV0r)0$Oo`8V zp+qWTHlQ!aSDO%ODob`$^nCFf&Shv4h1NR{R{9&m!|Zs?4C<7CwsJ5c>&(wMx>l%_ z`~;i8T#Smxd84X67Ka)wDh{8pj{7k)`oUs!HVkk3F2(bx$i+Sp=~VaQAz3l>B6&gT zx+~T?lJO&Ie!Os5q!gG@UB+?F-jHDk>lRI+SbxP1TZ{x(6ku_d-6~7zRh`|V zy(2S{jI6sQ{rBf&`MO*82C<}?gjMx^tbv!>`6z)-_Q!_q^3j^^{CQf zt${2SvJ!wW%DgqOeVA9H*NvagXoPd}9fLQvL>s4)qL>>?VjJgNdVW((bnkPrw{-qJ ziQ2UHTuz!LZ*p<|dOmgrD{50Q4EY=N{zf93oDTw9lR}sGLlDLS{tS*elJV|&JqM&{ zfl(&iTjdwJz0TFXLKgozO~EW13Zc0248DizfN~pI?$|;Qq$qt$&5n6UT(xzaAi>?TW8(C5~|FED8HR)v}dhGbZ zXcpgxa2BNU)6`n2UAU{5H1wEx(67loUc?jR)!g13o(B_lim!xPRcMU}vq5KWZyY{$ zI6buqYMU`5j@@GR0l1K7Z9F@aataBnd>f+_vPoBL94sZ2PUB5%?^7lxtwl)-mn(Ej zPs57eLR@~AR5uSLa>(6tu?|7CV;wi3>|uY#c09< zM=S>w083&>Z(=M-SMbsSO&WEiS5PCPn&Ni0);_Fv;ZU(+TW-1RkO7hqQRir8GVHq7 zQQfU-%bctd_2tCInq4SYM?e)LZl$8hy@$s1uc>!a0wbbu_4AyDsTr}jzm3LoCf*2h zQ<(3H6sLMx$cy!Dg6_T3Jk?YYeSY;%%`blRKb0m(2lFpUp z#!m34O`kKHEzA$xHOGxaO*s)=`W>e@B;+Z6ogKuCoJpVmB5r%~Db!Uxi z26SqF!Df}#_eyn}^8O@b!n(a$D!PNh`o&Jj?yITghY+P5IS1pHp;dO> z!sCGzituMtC+cRI=?td1MRWn>PG_@T%$4}ZFd~I%(~`w(IxUHWqD=g1xgFAx=XVt{ z*UfKOe%ax!8dpL-qfY3IANP%N4C*i=mO;`oA<278l~r$p^n` z*E)5lc?IG#Vmw{T&K(g)7!Dy-xTx(NW?-|PA2eH?*cEdJbjM19Q~c}3s`Q8iw>}&< ztLVE3-bisoc2lj2=%-kh=&WM60T|FA=FPja?GK6x4Z$Q_!Pe+`M8Ks^Wfj8c5*C@7_77?Ht`q=8N8-0@HwEX#qAFH(PpKzr&*HrgUJY4YHYI+^glZRVh z_{Ge`WephwOW-wUH??TX-&xwb*h5enr!OPs`iA7>_>_ja+?5rf0{iNrF?3&+(9y%+ zhv;Sfv^iNGxBc^pK~hem3L^}XW^b;D}Sp&G-^q=k-fRmw?bhAG??Efopl==7Gf60CI}?YRoHfY z)VP>e)OM^;eDL?cO>0!-CSDZs$EM=#UwVX$oNx)|C1N={^s; z&P|H2Gl_}`s8RpA++29A%d{2w*3X>nu;mr_(0qE$`m^aZ!hMJA=^t&=sTQ&ccSuTHwVhwsQhLNZSK69M zv0V;aQg6;DBSB@#SRd9&B1M{9Va1M&P~+k15y#z9QEsY(9i}w%DJG}y^gJ!Hkivi` zg~@ay>81RGF#gZia>o517qV4?e5a@tW*~Xe`E+s^q3PSBF^ibV;QsTJL{i~P1pp1g zfb*RgF{~n9XPy~wD$~4agH?1;SL({Bv(vk*zGFV@HCZNnvx{evVe{odb9l~l_x#x` zq$ORr`++SZ4-3I{ns4UvA6+Bw7Kx6~GQ<2wyz778Kijzy5Vmn)9kQ{MQVZAj9kZCK_U=t{n*g>iS$RPgG- z=B;;27Xtac=Zm!E`A{2OiuA4pQdKQO3i5a?2~Xq)`da#tSx4uCXWzwx_Tm6{N z&*aU|7mz-y=1}KrY&^-yxw-UyHSsUbDUNf&GyDzgH>hfLfd~-8zt={7if(D@7hs7A zXXHbj30iKdwDK1=)ex}6)$%B|W*HWO5)k_;Qm%<6DaSj=Nm!?FvJA^eEavwzvcz)8 z_dA74N9^)oaIc$|P6mrX)?Ah~ONn$z;kE+>14h7yP{){CQ+iFmkzYZ&HUBB?oyzoBo{0l|k?AdwCecB7fd^HfnwGS>XSb;gz`&DLiA<_oylLG|XSQg02 zysVa09#ZCv5S2I)s}~<-1GWg(jx^ESk3=R!fbAz04SQJEx+NAFd+Nwhk(3J-oS7G3 zWeKbub_LGiM;mtrspQv|0<49Cr)>=%tN@zTNw_T3i(JysMoJC^g~t*G$D}R<6DkOt z?sx0j8*dJ}`sNn}UN;3I0ITkW3l!P^EddzKkp^Qt9wTM?Rq_#s zxnDYiY7E+r#j`vM1nJieG)m%`e?o7+|Kay9vo}j?RXDE)@e))a*v8Kv2_5a5=u?A~ zA4#8?Q$O!#2ed~MiWVbJz?f|p_^%M$;LN2EyM#_%@PnBU&n}@DB|oiS`o|Xs9tw37 z2($TT?(G|L;grtgrCYkKj`f@P>?GVV@b`LqyI%`}T$yqw0zLy8K8Wv>k$eEg#Vbzg zXkNeHw@_QZ+q-VVP5}f92Brw=D{CqptqMJq`6pUCju@sehELrOVDp6PNA}1`h5$z(OOoEjn_V>&4x2+1Od90!AMm3=NHp`C6B5cZJY znh?zHfB__kN?LdtPIwNmUrU-3oq7n+`h93|Ebwd)L5jkhd8o%lD#$1^Vi~239hsAf_^Q#9$;8;RUm-fD-}c2c zPqn&dSm|53O6>OVYBmuYpVq%Hd`YjHojUZ|)qcH1OaA@Y!`XOp6jJZI&NtOLr@Enf zZ2ii8=Z~FBw%NW;%}DI9j)k2D9i^r7Lj3qyi(~AIRV*jH8A515=f+e$fCnY9mfX`M zw@oljXSwjH*tJrGm|97#|C=j9-xogI(&Z?DH@~sy>Hp;IxYX-q>B0hjwf-`T$V|Rb?V5U*K zUJXL31X^JLg7qsB-z^d0#997ZczaIN%XqstVDj@9$$~b?BIb$>G{OfCS!GX_yLE*# z&~#PYTG7UPW>CF@*Itr~O2iJ?cJMvczidY@4M0DQ&#{8MfhHq`I_i(uFrTRNhI9Fs zl&YcWTUX(=3vnsIORF?w47W9r$R!#6gsD8?)&T)IdYqng{(uvtS?M2OK7=JlRs+On zt^V!pvyNlhEj+r2X$~7Qg0H?-tDjLA3#qE7xA0H3zz7pJT%b+zQm-feKNohwL*XGY zT#IH1PrAiMB95Nm+CCeV$6jL<(UQo^(!-i92ehdbK8|sTUO7HyGRTVZHk!5sZhpA< zl>*z2!c_auSZ?9l-=8GU>w;Inc5j-dOT60-Uu2M?xbzd*3wJ)p;f&qC*|ZJ*Cj7n& z@@-eAm^BmFM6KGM7gu%N=;0&6^ffnY^wUN8D)H4Kn&3BQcvUeOvmW^%_~w~ZWfzRA#G*2{Iht{iC7uJ6Yj-tKJw`_es^fLNqVx51f~aUTf&$+|5k8|GCc z_*Y`~U!zuHhu+L%;psSll8vU3G-3U3l%B1}>@DT5bfZRB;Z=#<=d^5UOhYxUhZrL^ z4BD|e%GH+!3Oe`O%aPb1m6LLkl6^d%Zb)06hm|sfx%$ecdR(7#6h$aAI-`jT7Db1= z18SkRs*~~Fj%~7|E6#JenRnS5wgXt)BC@Pg<#Yq4vkZ8ebyu@q=ANT7Hx1n5oYwOK z1y)@Q_LTdhKG#%X#7dBzMN+a=ROA4YMrG;+#c)jSnV_&vEEWsOC8%lcC$Vb;PGzBX zlEc6-!wEq;PX9dI4Hbz^O_U2$$0H6aBg?{Hh88ImqXz@+`C1P;BJDG$YcbTifXCLR zdS!CAte+9-)XVKjViBIJTH>{R+@pADwR2{+Ow6kVqT>(P)s%}j51Y+LjrlJl&dL28 zp`xbRc{6mRHCCMjWZSL-O-tAK=E7rSh(f$Q(^uRbo(D1O;;AxYR`N^lV)ybplSG*O4i7^T`pYYY>mf>fSnQ=OFHch)|BV z)Iy1HHMO}dV7p?0o&NafNiSkbk)YRtHnSc1E)SzTNj$MaVuCjdWr(Wm0t}nT!}uP` z@aSr%M52;N^&hU^0!KhydTHc_Ua7Vpke!L{Kt*2nfY4%O}$?33ahAY zBDsx0a@MIu##Gl_HO4PG)@${?sg@YXa(_cw7R6*8$S=QkB-QN z??wn>FUoHsKbnZAYOJhK4*DCGoC~3z3iwo>E0NYi{b?e~wyL+RC@whJRxFtzZ`i7T z9?2J(%LlBDF6y$3BBk$-Y$M?*X$vls z&Xb&901h$SD;Z_R%!B5i-uo|IH>s|WHON_>sv?Q%30CpKhbXc`?~j}cSeyM;oiDZ% zdDf3KPUIGo#D8nkE18v>rr6sJ1T?Av1GrTSs*H;pZ61qB6mb`CUvi5sD<;A-M&F+) zzZOa(i)%v$iN8>bhF@Gn5m+hJ4j!%?OL$Y(DW7r>BhihBO?1hze)Fy|RbtWE)9WDb zfJNFdRpPhI#nop1GtkZ~{l!X5Sbx;5ed`EXYWX-oCIpF^q)GzqbZ zjf{5)5&o_bYaE)OCK=Ch_he1V8EGLn9*dAgSp`>&m9~AhbxMSl%G>$P?A-qAnb@EQ zEV_<{_3Voql60qg;Ok#J!UDGLz2jjyZ*ZT6;36nDec3g~jwlp+-8=k4H%7JlG?8ox z^tDKZHZq-u{nVS*A^F0heC)D!R~k01;YA?soWt~@+UH?`ywwU)j}Ks#k!+9kd}4S# zqbs0{ZOv`F7Bp#7Th;U%9@)5N4aRmynE<+m3OG^hY3n-u4|?lYs6c;P2*MUagc6a?O&^6^xaZXm?8OHH8}ly^HrLLq z7y+_MLL|yjAMUjej3AuU?ywgGDac77DC~_oI2bjTFbIJqLx#MtKOTje9>J}?34|$W zH&8$%AgmCHUV#-3V<3Li-b^Lp7u0cKf&mZI2{My<6c7qh9xhm79I{eWWEijqC)B+L zSPB%fby}x+nm)LgDd?%n`-wBjT!jc_2|@@bE{_tF5hEoAf_oVduyiMeVz_xfOfQz2 zXb?C`R#a%Az6wxiJebQ7!>u7WP@1)U5ihiO6bv-9Y5fu5Rp$hgI`RYl|E3I$znbiPel4kKeV*kw;t|ggRs$Jt>2V=dx()D(IiFpJuy#% z92{!R#Bf^VenW;FAt3Qm`m5_8oY|XX^eELBM0tvgS%kuV3Q~i>`1B=Z_(2wk=J?bS zHfw@@$Hgt(?Lj2ykz>4yJ;WM)6k1(LP$<#%ly0{BxFdsM4TDa0a`oM*8vM2flM7bZ zt0jxN&!bM3i-~@+*K&4xYq+v)Qx#ShavmGyJ0qhX>dm%oL`}9&fvZ($kOSPMGto!E zE*e9+OK#sC@(mK>r_a^ZI`zvC2O&7rKG2~xU~WmG$`r4R@9bZIs7>WvI@vGv*?XR?)yfx}KL?^ASGlrouvKD( zh>hL8?<(@Al{~kLWR0acoKtRBs8E(7OE4g&M7yY`33BeUUktVOCXCQr7OE%myIh`V-|T>_<-v{IdHAQAtV z!*%cc@O2XUFuW7eaX%iRrs@M@`4;w6@Xk8A1*#hD$xcKygw(gwid39fQ%4dddX$#3yYAUJ-lz0TJZu_|JE-*rYW%;SJR|v{pW2d&5_&6^Bw4@SyU~vQ+aQxS_$ynNJ1d_3rH%8C(*t%a7gZC<0to zf(h2EYo)7gjJbv~JA<*ZG8bI!%Nl89nzzDSv<7o2CcX7kD)u5Y4t{BWVJ)ijSjKD* zwYC3h?FN-UWEh9KwCe1#W1gc@<3LeqD2slgX!{H+soTl=tvRi^S=jDb{C~A~^g%HphHyZEe)u>O9>kU*k>@cC?R4z0zpO ztsI|IP^pEjDaDt67&DcavYpQBUyZA8%-6n}Q+4l!xTq{T zzbb2c`L1gf(a+>3f4|;X_OF|z&YzcL)J-|drksk7YRQb8z4Q9AtCg>v5&pRQrQId- z-fDF>w=EffH*A^t&2y~{D{lPdRzvwK^-#M%ZiHfE`J&^V_VzsW5eHi<(mn^%aq$| zKKeGPf8B&^`=L&EV(8lko2p$~-fFeX?pi&V9(gkFX3qT`w@z{uM*XS% zLo4mpubV2CDs#;@A9!cSs9i63yUuKAwt%<%AE=3LAAKnsI&vao%|pbjqKi@WU*71# zZI^!DxySm!`E@ny_KtY7H}!bhsb}&#FE3C&*wB%(Xej)l(=9)6{gQLWcU8ISwX4qG zlq}D&mM$~PYNu7L%^dOMxl=6}O>5R4OIvty&4}D0YuVdP=k6|;V7u4UDRKO`QguFq|3Ji6+; zJ#DRm9rb6lZ9}G%SDtsZTo{sHeQBO}zHYH+Ma37>GsuCfRu`SUFD|QWe16CK+fN>x zc`jp8C=CUP@<0$(J8SIJbT=`5%&_2al{;v+IT9Bbvt4 zEc&3#GiK>l-QmU^&t_bd=~U7{XG4WH&I(y)xoDQ9&5(EbcF(#3TQ3-)aPzCgC4DUy(t$>DrxAJFWp?nv~S=}@V6$Dz!B$xyTPNlJo z$wTor{JMiWK-Dyl@j05}eC`@-oE`KYlp0vl<)TdxtRwAinkT0KNyhk`0Q`?T1mX|W zY9Ix=55d{#0020Zc3J=;7#}~^+3XxJ2J7qqO)X6^CLrejP9s@|8{!)$GIo!{>4v~x z*Gyw+la1m4xF`l}L2wo{141Dj{LTa(+KOlhmjbzDEi^-|prtrL$dyW^2{)3IS*F0v z1g@Y+oJQpoE!C(=3Y1cW3^k!hVB_)(*86q`dnwg<&dktkAFmRl1++xLD zU+vq7N63-LUP^ zmBP%&YlhpW3$x>!iO*k$N~yb=Q;|&@1(~&j?NQnDHx1P;+&k}B-l!)gwl2bs&fNOmpvYKJgy@ky_T5UTG=riV(8KBi^A9awW};K=>8 z3e!h23|U;dVeFe@&)z65{3J$sIJs^}M8`{0+4q+Y$ekaP!(Y%q{vvQ`q5e-l0{sZ| zBhZgPKLY&-+;IfJ;{znic>#SCV5m&+#1lzVbOLFBp97WQ-8nAk9e+Xun* z*E8&Iw-jW)z*d0whM3`*v=kR3@@NDBUiIR>cZ~XWGvD6CH^_T|vp&|#fBQMFpYm!n zLO(4M;?ls=Bm5=N(;R6cITDhAcheCl9iB`&Xg4@ReP>f#v@?O?_Yn{-=U;nIhtt5e z0Kh@R8E$$q2x23h7*BCJ7ejw>DLZuHg7Y)tO-;}@LqF(bi>*DRDaW; zLmG{r%n1eR30{6TLUWLjw%DBUqK=wc5o9yPi?XD8MDI$Zt+q);EIqAgvVkhfr<5kq z1dTxLRe2pQ2k0K;b=aM5l{a2Q0>)3Pz%gG8iy)r}mme=m;47ePeHxU=urx$~T?Q(q z5CVmyV820NN~P>6uqQzj{E$TCVhm9c3KfC`r<6z|0EcSUWLBkXbpeCmEM8>gIF|~B z3kwS+g}8)aEiej*K8#>6hKYfM*geb1kzTRW{kUIAP>+^&Q>@M9gPzw*8W|54FB0*F zxSus&CZKoZylXJtU1ckemgSKiDr7||`<$V@^shl@y>Or8F9$rm?oeMAR zG0WqxvXf3ryvQpy(Pq+P=R|$_60XGOOW#&`e>i?K8E(_p&u}GvZ~_4QU!H{7^J5n> zD1wgoEQORq|7Ea%Nzpx8oNkG4N=PWi0eeXo7%52jNCDC+UnGI%xBVJ^H5Ma;7?B#l zii{#E5J^zOy@WyrPInE%8W_f|`HhQyh>3urUN*pbWHZm|?IIGmZ-7M_%vHaV5Xs&; z0xRMFq$N}~pyzkHLSP>DeT6^;xI%dN6#|8-;EgJDjH~&IV37H1de$7?5tPS>sG6|%_viNkm=WAOul~q(pETB zUR4OA`R#+7?`xQ*-y3Ey4fXoIaSqOUha-Gg`I@M-4CUePA<0^e$73_8aGEg7NmM45 zDx|cSP-3K*1Q9ARE;Ex-QencBGQu~{^!m`YA*lKFCOZLDbW(IsuYyEmN~4?$VWME#dyr)eqNgA#hv5{iEx5gDWJQ0OBF>qCyZX5ccGbfkl)jR{9a-Lo`lL1lR$n? zsnjX4ghZJR(JAl*LZOiB5~aEXMH2Efro>QGGZRjBnrQC~5KIGEL=eA0eeoKMFE=xg zFUFQ0jH_S@-mwDkvX2Z-XBf`cfDg_1@{Tf`@CRD>EGL{bgU?DLGkc;f))u4DWZ7pi r=H;y(Ja*(WbLXGd%^eUi;Qr1*DShD79r6s*0R#deNlJ*k1c6{0Kp^NhaF2iyKlbu&5a{s>Q(<9w zNnv49d0Q(ZQ*%QQNaAh0GOUVX4|az7OGy(SI0^X1w_gk5P}QIzKKh17L8HG2gBR*3 zrhQi9hz3DW_iQ=4fQHmeRC7CfQnOE3^;O(!+DUnrSjf7o#`7kpCab+$yY;mDxc)|` zN1$~4j8`c^TaZx<)KO1F0?Rt{bIT>tK@iYch>yJmA{i3PR#x;uajn+^YXc4@NNXXX zG27Rd_s?7*-=(2|&{1si1P6zLE|ftB=uNMbK%fzvt)hG!iFjx7jz`Q%q#ZAx3@WXl zKN)eySn~;FDKvny)n;S_38%oBmK!%A&j1E^fs@%0pg!4xi~ zO!yu~37o!&Od4b+(KX(w?+-O;)k~B1#f#S)VG4*}s7q1Jg!|(*D8&ja7*qAos2qpI@+9Qft)NPq<NHO3MJEvyw7!PPe*Y9{$dX?!z8S4!;5j^xOO*Ii5)u}bP(fVm;$otD ziZ}|htuNf~Vcx;xFC>0#a1Q5_#ab7AcB+J$+KY(6*5oV?p%L}QlUGR%HS_%-#!&xK z_*>--KO7(276@H$7))ye-;boQ!85KYu8Rz(($I?#c-@blFJ_NCc76ZJh~gjxE~Iq< z72e0ao8c834RnC~y{SY&Q=K>MH}iMBU>sh5P7)D6-V612M=_5@r69b7!Y}GK-IL6S z343ez9n3$x9WlZ5YoJXRlG5X33d0o*BjsMEbVeoi?rJfEBiyTD*yBjr#c^vBe$KN5 zv4sE5&)O`+*=Hx!RYiw((;JPPmCe{wlf@ENwedin7xhTkGVN_D2xk^UOmC%?u?lC* zmNl8C;6CA+gw6e%Lpafwc;A1Q5Hwb6gnSy$!g_4sKB%0I z-QspqoiM3qF5rmI6OsM}Sy#q8faps~DdME=6Jj+{ua8P2Iu+2b`D>%ZZ!~!`DD%o< zZ6{nOEGHtjY9V!_k8a^O6?0h(mdzC)LXj43o?|Pwk#PC0?QN~YdLQv*d&)HGeQH91 zJD$avYZC=Qk0U*Pd~+s>GY8Xhw*ivh_Z*qpXqoVV^JX!-L{NRF7DU4UEeOMX@Rs?} zdJ8^hi|ecp2ONlulrRj!h7|t2Pftl7c}<3)4tEmFy5CEAWF_y)ECh2%^;X#fmPy!@ z7BXwX8{|PhsYU!6BxN}qX9U+)g5gL~IQVzq#~rw(g63$(9YlwszERc`k0b@ZMm?q= zh$claz%E0j7FQyB-HrVo`4WaJm{5F>e7Bo!mH%sag9v{X?h9cgd6qF`qJXPxb5?wr z=Tz^eHd!lh>4XyB#hcL85m<;s=4_0ZnZRCQ?zV&S0+^Vj`eBa0aHTHan;6jPg)wBh z&I@bG3yd27Lx1x&`{&f}d`r@;y{!@WWiiX64tHM{qmpI>vR71^$9I3>kMtjhYAZ=k>a4z94 znJ>|5Gqa^ib1xK^pF;LN?zQb@e}TA0o*VjA?pw~ZBGgC8F~TkPH%}^kTti%gu3kt< z^}XnmGfPWQG0RZO9oH&iQ9G}kA3ZUZWkt3iml0AIn-Ss>s~2?>%^%&}Bs;Nph48>@ zjPUgJjJ%UgeaH7QwSaCoqd>E0?t_QwbuzMOmr_s>i)y|~{&VBzLD6(#&5+`Bdhx`3 z9`S0m^Q=9jIexytj8v^Ot)}^xjhe2;r^MT_C%Y%@r!ZGfuGCNEHl3Im1KIrA7g?~G ztC(b&>K+F_I(wwyN9bqkmx(m}*cIs%i4RHfap>a$BoqQiMy5QX*uH*!dgDEPEn`ny zBla*pX-@N=l0ea|1dma02T8Qp-4_l7WE2#sMxjTO^VDS+lFpKoQ$0os zQB+Nub7%lL$nLH*!a#jZM!Tm7qgQAZia$ldUr+Oscbr)N%t zo5-!mql9mWin-B=Jc#UwI5@RzpQksZiO7DF#YtB%wlXd~ezb9h=8xtHrU1VYpS6Bh zTcU}exuv-mX%G>HSF2+%+HIU;E|wdq#ay!eYlPK;`s8}*SVhb zeXU*3Z+?4dOH30vQ!4@a<@v*QIU6zzffFj9MYW2wG8;S^4Cj&N=lI$A@%Y*JIoy%l zS3DB0G7iBP0apX3JgevP3p33vUYYmDphWLkZ%v3u@tH{MhenI5kg7z`~~LI2r^uq#fKMsAYVsXfx62?ehbk*jxC|5cyEA5>|$i2e_~U14IMk11bZy zgQ$X(0~SI{Lb@Y9L~e$kgrwoQ(1xI55mhp8J(>vX+ZeZT>$(U_=36&lrQ>F*dv+xh zrWi(>XGqKK*gyGAf4^h8^MzjOvLGRcrNiu;^Yw-4VRJY*B9ug#Z%@}(y{*uH^lexN z_1k*%1&RPlI=Q;^ov1>Tt? z;(LNxZ{{=HZ9T>Agx)q$DBIe8x*W^?xck!B^kap7%6&!UsH@>f*{-b!zvR4z4v1q1 z2NOAj1oIrx51{~YK}IgQsafK)#7leKz|pWLEW}vinD?w0nLU|P+&5x<;GUY ze*HaZqudj&mOZn@F44!1gZYC)>Gxfb6EFqX4O&TcCAl4i23nFEDA59AiEk2nUs%y1 zs8pCTHK{bzSiJ3uIhEp1gzp`UuTM~p^U~bLU&d%!{ zk0Ys0hKY00eY3g!`sO9&8ErFUM&vj)@^BV>w^R`sq5;!^UDz%{a|?JAu7jEG1xLa% z-d7%z2M0&sG4K=dM-kX0yF8S9<958)&c@qu<1EzKG>?Mg3W7IG8LMs~&NVYT@^pX~JR zE7vLyX@@qBd-7dg4G>^h+0SCmy1UctkB15%-tRQ??ISPAPHE27W1UOyf4l2D)OO=; z;6YwMsrOnETK1bszZuN;>bbv~e0>ykSF#-aC8w@yFA~K;++N$2c}a3Y@%!jq#@FW4 zyJDC1gPn;DvLS|(i2YqxGB>6J+wU|h$~;o3i_;ow0!3AE8h=8 zdC#ElFqAT3UN0jFLN!oVZ>Q;lb^_Yzp>2nt1Z!W*AwYZx>KYyn=Iv|O91!)RB5teq z@liGcMX7-!(eDZHo4Sii-C3TkiOl z3?vuu))K0AAQ1MGhyM_gFDVW{Ajn6iuT<<+WTd(Ett{wu4XpGG>76aCflq@#yw2Rf zTMI*bT~cQYb4xpJXFl?OKEVyVe;8&UC;jIm_GWzKDl+nE2&AN> zytW2L+%HAM{=FUei;vvI-rky1A; zGo7U!_{Sta=Mgcq)3-IXwl}r1Bz>4ySI^49o{yaT;X%Lt{aB}=v+3_AS=#-(EntHT z4_6qN=ouOQZ@1Z-8vQ?Rd${uBwtx2Z<8izXlX1(NIvbj+ikMm$TG|0i<7Z-KV(0zm zIsbF%_e%e`RppOc*;p9=y!DSuf86@87H&CPQ$s*Z55nMQ;$`@sv420$%kUtnKP2}< zE&q%Hdf`XlW%#9IeuS}zLR=6?5F{xg^vW4xrx7;km0`-+y}bjnJ^4o9BMJmK2~2r~ z)?icVu!t)ed#cSnf20Mrdo!m-$FmumW$u-l!NQ0z-A>vN=y=jBkshuf%R1A|w1Tbs zS%$RrvG0m=-(;K|usj4bL|><0WGs9v=HBqkJonVQ!EYmlK>z=}e4bJ*zCAiCzoZa^ z{Qtdl;5wqA;G;l)zXZ48b%xDlWWrx5DWw=^4pFrdJ2*J_ia&q;eA@|E)T}f3?zkhk zYo+!gxb}csDf3V*vlaa0iD(RZZ2ysheX#knpYsX&qh&1;=~DR*ko~>jU~|aI%1Yby zempLZs|uIS?d)uFE~mY;xWq&$506IY#`(aYTaVYT<6kK&6WDN+MV48p;b7$WR`V|} zFH^9ykMpK|KIG@(QY|Yhdv7*T{Iy7(<9Kr zm{juT(2ooB@q(hF0fd~^f>jnXM#R@=yRq#-D1D{+UGLw&Uwz53@O>hPF@kpg?)JJb zOUTb)bNC&zQ9mvok7MCu0(NO;W@c_aFyt>am}Ce(4pm}Dc`NlFdD?41cK7l-A7mA( zmWw6Os*-1VoF!voV>@b*>hd1-_e&@9x|H>&^C%njCy{~0!lK5;#u%%->&btLESMb< zvms|UthDhzy3{2Dk?i^ULaNr<<~H1(&6Jr>F>|?{nX8-)q(h?%I-Z|=A6?6E+lw~) z+^F;jnb4&0C1m0<&u`N~eYZFu2k}!|Kh1y>uEp;f5av-Y&FAj607S$6`NoJR7wogp zIxb&7YYWug-(4HF`ob`~o|q`YvCQr+-u;p`c`68Iznfpcoapaa1(V=O%dfkm!AC&? zH$rz8T>>e-ah5U%&b%>6Nl!KF?3p6%J!EC1V*M|i-;TJTnv{l#XX@*nG>R{5n|X|W zEQ|dnrg#9F5F6qyk_~lN`Xu0Ls+t_9>D(grsIML-M19_-i|A-IRt`VX%G&6+2E0YR zMQP~J-6?+x^QXR^L?tFtdEFgn`i0EF!^3~Ace28ZNu{~1Xwi!#=EEn}tapr$TU|YV zUL7)5T3Wh1B2MdXHIu{gwt_!+E`@3THN?zrZC#$&;K$dGcl2eqp@yjBGFY3wQ^}@9 zZEbCN53SYOZLBt)&ts$ok=z{wF&lJ8d0)B<|2&Vwwea!>d$Svv;&MNSewmR79u~551LqZHz0+Gtp5dAIZ z8&pZ%XIPq+a*;;}(vcSK@6K~mGjJaL)`Pd;&V9ZR=6{TcVt5LE%p~tHh0Sa=**GJb z&+QC)F<3bj-N1gq<9zODSQw=zj#`m|k1t)%36xvq;#-KEjDVojwzb-y z%mR_^+Y3+Qac8_Pju=-7c=D;NjuX;a{jgfdISb=ix6AU^C|*A3xECv2@FG zl9YV=;G+uN;1(YLw(6{0cmb&Y>@qzA6hcv~-8?^;oK=#IbuhR0nSbuwV~szV!z$xS ztV_N8f{+qYQc}|P^u6Trx8(#ZwOQNi2qGl6;t5mrD)Z>-1yA+jnq`EQ?K#F+hF|v1 z{RBcTpZ5(h>u)jt*w!Rm8n?rX1O{zOT4wXuCoC+A>;1_&dgmG;bB>I6j76l*oAg=!F&$*r6H+=!3t3vXX1D!xNr^PfXMjM(QGI%))o2O~J|%sajZ zI8$p?>Q?a;6|C2^O?x0n;4no~E9UnC?gl#fTxs!!h~Hi1c0!<>@-X?QHnK18rD~G;jCifF0IX%i?@~E@lpXbXGda6}xF;fNd z+V_UJ2>dnYC~DT?oT)4uO5D$(9}c%A9E3nZ%xy2R2y20Y`67+eCOgZS9Lx+yy6xHG z4Z-|^Wq%jKY9E72Rzg)Z*@Id8mxb6r2Rt9olH>;2uc05()t~^i65!3Bd3UGh-pv7s z=&Z+`2m(6FC6mQOUQkNM%yw^<3+xKpzew;?c0RJ=fH?Dc)_8S(4*lyBcpwa5z&w-0 zhlhtT@#%DUcz8c%Tg;y?Q2s1N*XqLSa%7P6J?&R89j=7~4zI>Ws<_nOhj)=wUQ3Jq z^70ZwF*Y_fT#j{D8nQ&BBlZ1zitnG&(EvvSvFo$A%Nq%Sc!2cNWCZg`1zYPC(~O8I zeh&ROB7%&N@$vC5<>gTsd4Tv@=dg><7;Z)G=iRju{c7N7(B5ESg%=weTTBc*h46Dz zKFDBTw)SDWuKyeXBAJ$rV|f3U7tS+aCME^uZ!{@r$nr3EGRMmwGBZFiz2j!^kex7^eVitZVJ@TcXJ;dHttPpU@&}YB+r?9)X$R7jLqhbNQ_43knLL+1Y-1 z2cJPHzzR0_&UtNr3hW;%*gSzIjc6P1zyo}JOqOZ~u#iPZ&l}HX0E&p6u|~TIYBm3wg48FN3b0D@k1Tq6dL2309Kb4^Pi_QH9K}kGziUM7|2k>(+JIRz zEZFsd!GDJ(lR%KaMdz9*shG1Y!)KP>oPS}HPr}0!nYA=h{+8Y%Gdb`?&*4FDzQCa; z$1}Br3r>$A>^wCZ>iCEwjnRk z4<(9<7cJS6MiO*h_swN#+y^aLyj3asr^l{<1+dhvQ2Y$V-|G%Wfb52I#E_tN7C-xL z$0IOa+ri@ZbE#R!=!@}!|0{A*h$pE1T?GFq-J4~_(a|@(ubUU4D&*IVd~mGn1!j?r zA_wd_m*fdJc4#-PdZWL5@BhAOlU*#sY}g*_+ufNee{ccR^z`gQSXfxg-?CY7uK-NR zCbDmW87U)#jcGUn+W=cc=1xsb9h00)4LCcbNPmC-60e#X;lK6z_g>+seEP%=0!=i5 zgI@2r8b3;cMlB2E98jv1fv1$8yKvHlDPYyGxigv{Ie1tN_Y)yUnd8LO0-(#BDE)>I1CAu zW)ld^bqwd;-6%`*s(ejZS%PP~GZWSqz}aCo?8SVDYyD|lik)G2U?8j^9bfwXlxwXdmUKqmz;E zW+LO)(yM3z=jF73GxY6cK3_R^Z8w-8z}+2?bd_sodf?2r&qKGd6SJ|g88zM3lnerx ze-)?sBH-};?rNf$9*Cf&3~dvCZRMBm|M3Pj9yN!0Gn*E>J?f_z3%Ur z%{S%0kCf-z4-6(07Sc+}%3?=iyZBEM6`)9+h%xmUV0GkB(g)9=ZjtF+SHMvr*evsj zSYmF9obfa?pb+yu6^|fe_P{Ub^?I| zsX*l{yvXN%QBumpWxXiaLPn;~0|pCI%BDS?(DrJS&SaOVbJ)f%kv4XLlHCXiT|0Kz zHuzpRkfR8!{!r z+`@on!ET7}0g3k#RWHn&ezEk1KryHq0`i-?rTzPPYdlVC9T1B_)&6X);@wHUfTV?m zMGJ4!e-gyM_T^&&Mt$weQ5JK2bR_-mg^IHZgbmIY9Fm%Q&&y7ZCNe);+d|d!J1!+U z4W0d?P5sCo-yq_cCXee!jMQ{=-<~H(8Q$OBLX2Mi!YV%ui?j}YF$2Cb(i#OOwH<&T z-2h}y+CiVok1wM7DQ1&E!B?s&q=+s<8GK~`=<#m%2~+4ds}?|wyg2=rh_NQEcP!byD22Ra}-1M-vI2{}gI$Pr!$>s~z8 zr#eCg{q24G_N}HX=R}OLR=-X8A8Q~_5d@frS~<0g#OCfG63?d+n9p14R%y=XY0kHx zDm`?JIbUG}^g68WOjnx8be;pp=>3Ne62vYSy2&iY$l?QHC&@-Dz@+pXkeh}6sSr(F zc!1vNsJulsr>RV{o|J`w1;CKEWNa?7qoT{k1>>OGZ78h(}=lrMd91{oR>rM1)CU1EF+^ z;I$G#{{eXB_J?N!uU)xC;D$2$?=ST^zTLU45KAl`fuo|M$yki~qY6GZaW5`rufKRS z1qT34N{lH_=tEbg@f>j!00>(8g1F&a0l;qp4>x~stp5Xf|N1F{;-g3OvGx_>FoRmf z2eNX4q9CjDBqsd_ItBtZHZ6@-cx)aTn+iytn2z1IZX2EUwOmdsC&DH;LZ@I!SN;L! zCLEB~OwK@L32%H=zw1vx>C=}4LU)RuBdYY}U`7e~W;e*y4_1P)dWCQ7F9s6EvpEa} ziUgBt5XHE?-G4a=K>x^)Y$+8-x!8IB;qWnjJ3eN2t;jUOW}Zeyd5^!kBrJx1m+OK4P=9Q-RUd` zqQjy=^Gwgdpm#iy<=i?JdM?+xG8fMEhe#F$8owaRzkX#FS~i2%6yeq0LUZ#-v7(}4 zc#u;L9yi3XYh75(m)n*=Bm#q#&T!kg%89z7UekY7B?4l96)AA%3}#q%oF?Lsf>e+J zrQb3%UFZ$#Kb$oH;EwnRwtOk!72AZSHF9hvAVRQo7hZUl_#Ze1hXbL}XEjqLqg14} zRwp$Jh9Q6tbx{=(>mgPYI9TgT?Bm4J@-5o06PEpPXAK1;u8SXe`{1%$VueDnG-M(* zg#8rXP#Z@VSY?4pGXd{J*3V$tq4Y#)u#Gd%#Vft`ng0dFE6jdTw+mD_mnxK$J!7rn387?55v`rm}9rM@MSjq7olg%YW)t8ny?1{6L>b^AOUPq zX1uS(<+<#?y{E7Nhd1AfuEt0N=3mj=`&`m`bYwf#Y?ZmXwoz}HiSc`_q%rU!@r&W1 z?8Y^3s|O7)_@lfDSPYzM4v{os_y6N;xKmmHrxCUb$J{svIdRs#Z264$nX53a6XGnx zY9>D&kK>MY>cGE-@gQH+5$Nm}2gnKUyb+nj5aFIOREMtU2;-}l7}Ebl_y4M4co6!< z3#ss2$&$InChDXliz1AiY-h#3G(I;aWMW7NwV?FJ%l*DClt8HyfY}&9Bxixw#q0h`D}dQx8t=1N56WZ{C-b$iHCg ztN#ec&ONS1C8oWIM*GIhEEjOHA+I&|0k2!~g){wk2qBLEvOy`{Ck|?i$Nt!%Tma}H zs z0uNsx3JJY_R|Jw8;nU|SgMYAxAb1f*AKQV3!3n*Xr4k3$>z52x2=iz+K03d%5d4SK z3{KJngI36{JrL=rCqJ`yeIRw9r0wLy{`*{gwIG~8t}y73_aUzFTck**@@sZR5*T+3 z4WG5;X2*k=Zx`J5`7SSqyettAa`Wi3P6>gL-b z^M$54Ry+=bz63g!DJI1{Y27@piZqF;*grH9CaCGrs79?6ko)?yj$x9G`M24VraY`{ zY08&`rDIQ7+f7Ex#xA6RCtG>3t#|Cw#Pu z_cbDW4R%e3=ax%*wa#&> zT&t(ImzlsvCF0E%!|mmh%U2fiQR%HUyzmrHo=7%(-a;ZH^Uo(?j~cjSdB6V6g#F{S zAmPRe46_|b&>3@x<^>M|i{O7{#NN=^ZvorIPNUOMDZblbaRHcA=&3p-3M#5p^F6Ib zSJl{lJ9qbn$NfFgK$^%V9b^(g&H@C2Z1-A2sdoFOng+O&%@JW@msPZ$k>kiA2;K%N znG}li1+V4~XFdAQerqGYZ2|=E9}bE!A$1J`_rETnJo*FG14ZP6hAu6+g9%c-8)wXC{wJxrOH5EnL;AKpzIPkf&UUU2k`hkeGJXC z)w8yUF#Ey$>gGQU0;tR2@+HN@pksqdETzYwiT{9JA{Y>ADgM?~r2a&_)`Hj{7m*IX z;?->Ke8k4K^w|jo+)DjG%<{6H%YEbd`>d=M2YxCoVrXff7a?dX9jH&|q1)~3Z`L~C-uX{x|w9e>}gUSOY^JNRPo$6W8xTj0J{R8*9( zGNdiLsvrmR{EBg#m;k58VV4qpsS2dzG|I*Hn&?yYHJj3pmn~o;8!=BWI?L5tP;OZ0 z{NWE%0kxodLOvA?ZQg$-EZ-5W3 z9ask_AHUUskP0Ar z*1$BK0163TUt8+|qLEC32au^gr2H23v8dI7Rau34@kgIQC z07(Uh+Ru zs_kGn3T&1L<=MY@5n}(%JO|*d*xjJkPp{rLG)Nyzp-wSVSt@dqn8odVhuD0_84%5w$Uu@i<^?9Z+&=j>kRgDtJP_IsRXG(ar|FGAJ2X43{**6JpX&b0!2qm_`7~8eO zf7=()^K*9AZ%0McHHB1&(^Hclqf3DhvYV;0I7)235v}s9eZ9QAVsNzDa}@vCU9`C2 zs2AI!pb}9%`w;MEVVa!}ak%#G^s^Vy7$odb zi{T9ma{b@!Plr`Hg>)QS*qnmJr$;-_-|KRBf6#;`1fHeleUV}>sKca^=(IG zIC|!s7A!<`Z}_t49?C;Q0{62OD9`!x^t;VuWg|3z;KuB*^$JhGv*CSSUfo`CUY=T& z)dIb?`(Xg}qtIpuWBcuKnZ3GgdOT(Wi5A-6UDSf5dZZ55O`hz!y^yu$wdD%|BGM zc5OU~5AeKI!Xr@N2Hnnfm^c_w6Ap>n4uSHXiDPgoj%JzWY%R6;dYBwd;ktMve75j~JKmGt%}9Unel@ z@6r#d5hQ9(5E6lrSR2=8s1Z!CQ4p!~%5*oKPO9%nw6caxz>K-h({`3%0SsuXpSU}4exK$ep)&vMP0FLm{2yXHO zs@<-I^$gWI0Nd2GoR?r?xx!Cog%A67T z;ByEFY@7>AcD$Mo;zri$K~IQ<-M<(=dQM9#o~CDAa;x-ODYUg8I&>c>z z!Onf|I!S(C1fuet5^It=-R+kPVzi}7F_@Oxr9&ZW5MWBl!w zT;z^PaLZ&h3!}%-9$#MUVmQYQJN8BKXtZ%nT8sbNjFQ6$H@cZi{M1kvF z#~XZx`$x13e+cn5XPiEuYy2t)@J-nzU^pxXu^2{fJgsAg3X$Ketd zGIBCf@iUh7GL}u3M&LmP?Iw-8%gp;J18eoZEXLKZhEm~K$O0BS7?3PwS%=913v8BU zr0n1oLcG0%?nvW`)3rqHgoi#B+p&ciI_n$M8Mo7|Z+fi+Gk%-lJCx>K)73McYRpJ8 zdVfR~3JgJyXvt?U7}Tr!Dfl^OLRR4^bZX$|CB~m3$4vTNQR!E#Bkj!oEj`|m$xZ7@ zt~BxrvZy;S9 z*i@~Bp%%6P_L)_>9kDQ!03S0|M2U;J8i3RUC6C8NjkwGuGd!Jd!E-H#b(}g7~oBP(Stkf&JM)2G)#xxS!^S~G!rcy825J|9KepWXzkqX8utBG z^YnKf1mpw7K8vLu#|}*ieb*p)8eaweW9&hc?gj?^vB4#y-LhCNN1uGKxa^=Ay2A>VyX45^rySUx= z(ynvd#W#NqR?5*t9nN%KhSxXNqYEP_0>Z>Z@I@;EiI5Jmqx86Aifh%l)r(hFZ#=Gf z%|m^w)8Vv#p+u2q5R?6yPPeCJ!s3wGO5q+A>d9L7Yo?m1hprZzk0}(=>?wqG@GuE7 zi@?W>wtpod51khn#)D3+*Tru|rya2^FsI|F%$Y5}?qKq^5oO>;_MBJ_c#_>rvs4sW z2wDeDIM}r@ifkyT8NfkSV|7;qR!S=R>~gcX=-~JgWaM>Nnx&es&}t5k9298Zep(7d zBtJnr#nCP^c-!;5EMbG?w{D_Za?u2-Zgpf#TDqTyt@GG#%C|pKP&T^vfij9q_jpB$ zZUKbtfrh|*U8jXhn!8g|8Y11AMW_gX27_Upb<;d;I zMHLibiE{pjPi}=%k%WDyf6!{w$VU+Ky}|xcxd2oj2iTJ5A_+!yxe^l-CrTv4(9_s0 zQmAd`m5V_C($N$k$YJ!}-d^bQlM>#5C)l*gOxbYYHl~+^&15A!qF;4O+)N8Y@wF$l z01%}b>Cb>J7_&@G6c5w1xRLU1W=k7_$LTnHexMrjcLS z1*je)t&)-3L5JyMKA3&V&CWNSGg5K)+J}39qoa(1S1UJZ|ik?HcS2LCEJrqTO$ecWZdwAZNYSrrt zgZMswdga^rc<9WR|Pntw^bh3XFUmY>e3rrtc1Y_xLASSlYBsd5RXaEAE>mXs9Ar24LT093p+lm zU$~VmuG@Ncc^K(6yA($4%yFnt60*crDv>(C>|5=r$|#XV2Ui1MZq-rGm?vppNEgAL$DQumc(5$4S z?Zwc`)?T|5qBi<)U8WyRmyfUU3mKx`g-Kh}2;*)G$@yKtlM%sN55q9l!9mul>ky5> z^!0bgHQexmt3IogwuMRiHU_F^(V3_NMHaMTvIf0tT*C-iZG$i{4bipeq7$m>=1N5t z3v)CXt?*5ttdD;CjWw)iK8NM32{%C$ZH?s|_pv(iQhg&-LzG9PY#@h&2=I-nK`3)6 z`5`(Er(j3)6V_#(K{8e%15f?h>Ur0`$*E;tVd2)Npfr7Z>#X+d95z{mc^P-t;Z$D~ zcTUJg%8MNRD8UMh68^r6cO~Z?%i^%wQ5R%ySFiVs*1{A66-S^0@aSYz zu5bBEC_xcq={3;6zv-|AXv#>=ZG-4D3MiK?Lgq5zy)CuRv5&6xh zO+YX10F##6ZlxG>mrW2$)ayt)P&Bd6j%z~@>cadLv~$Bj8{#^IQH`u%;2q!jtiH%O zlYS@b7`uOypBcP?>q`02cYv6dC1QH?ZiaXgIbnOI`m=}aq_*OLB_x+WkMrC+Cn)N> zU91aG&IXiM*5ik2>Vr>$w`xLWIer_@yLuTVaLVd;Kr67_N$f@oY9o2ZoTPsq>w!aCWX0Xa^l>=ci@W1OnJgWpHKt z)oh;u*cgaE@w0hrlU#lUi@I3he&iVb^~g8ps)T<yu4|atr57ZKpX0+w(am4)pqT z9#}=Vg-u*RvOd7+%ulB2aM1wEkgZt&3@On06Lw5TREv&p^_tMwm{E!J985E5_1dr^ zHnJ6QwTB%(d<7eX`@Gp3GyD)joom#n!!`K(ViP!o`4Q`cNwI$!ViO`CZlW5OPi+j^ z*jKB9rE;#$4O_xnO>|lqHFis{{ymOQKr=DQ+8(a~9K4X+udyvbs;89`5Y~L&xZeX* zP!_uDI@F45jVU7ANUlHTXE0|BcAtq+vSdHOn;-X#BHW^MZV!jJek0kk?KX&HXV4$7 zFD-VZeRqTdwg=PTL9he;N~~2x3zvgVtAjlI=G7g1C4##0DlMG)07KU~4n4KYc~%v1 zRAw9d4Y_mQz^UZtc3li_y2$`g#shDwb$pCONuT}~e)P{`!k<`;n0 zka|GU<|=kzsfV|tAE#7e7}c^S2x^ioVJ`I?wwA{I0=myLL2afNZW(+o@s?UKo!4WY>zXUxqDF z)$~~%>?|y2VkQo4kS%aBEPUhzkR)u&o*|U=Y7mh&n9(AE+=Z{?$IAI2m#+Z)6W� zcm1@YR=53;qWd)0XS#VDOl;gthwIYTdO{5~d=*$Cr~}2Wji)b}8(d%}`jb0IzL~I@ zqMUUFgnrV&GAfecc;cMHfgsGdDAhsg)8_-aBQAW7Gk&Opi;f_qB49gi&;JYCM+w%z zy>h!f5^a*ZJ27l@Z(7LbFd*lzWa|;wjz6U$Sm%4SI=PzXei1=C+YgmGN+`nT9_o*(nmw)^W50y=yG~Y3 ziaPBeDzN}4!ThPwRKm3Yzynafu~?v-_7^vU#AXK~S;3-R$K(BR)E#e!;n+B!>F0a0 z?F=9Nr#G(_5zk;lQ4n{eeGTy!Q4ktU=IWiCW_a_X1;^057hZXKdJ5K$C~|sSop_rL zG}gv3%&b?<&E8a9`B+&Br2RtbsQi$`1MJ7&D{HkrL5nz4Do12~L`n+esHwI5F8^JO zV9DPR?0vj~*-*+7Ol?6YT`?nM-TnaEP{kmD^waDqrRf44w6aPPsT7XVdkZ`XPrszF zLK}DEYRdL{x|x+(>}ghjiLGyK~z+KF*-Nwl`X(@#+m&Po)k zU<>1yRy+@ESOj7w3>JkYKz0NGzfD- zp>D5#CowKT)Ve{-s{5$E=v(kg&b~wo{Q`C%gRRfvwJg}@1BLf|Ly>wldj%2kDNuc7 zX-~qZ3_O7J;%U7rey-B^Ep*YUl1=-dXr4^@SCfQ^BBX@urwO@JoaoOKOI~~ru zu^PWUhVsN!(qSrGg`;hgwT6v@b0yfhIZ&hbl|@f|4hV$_T1WG6$~d#a9pR!k1XTaoA)%=+$8@BKvVm)kd~P|Mk)dI3DVxjj00+$HnP*YDk;f3b z5D_Ta*V7YWUUiLNoMvMHT(YRn4~tJTTho@vl)^$=nQ#FOc-3;qmuw-**~3)mZlxA! z+Yyfu=E;WTlo&|TSWoI|U}Uq))e0*K*WYb)&<)$Ms}*##ZTXCNLMN?_c$%lHcS^vX z@Oxf;&qpekzW~JtjMQS#>hYC^2kvJn4}ZcYH0P7(gjDhwd}R4m zpvn#f6+`!K-IS?@Dm2+-Y4LM!#lPrkR9aw-?B61x=}Bq9UOAL{86tOecGRZWTjceVBElK#f+pa*|ZZ_j8t&Er`d)+Yy^m9h$qVv5ug5JCo%}41d4?Md} zDm#1#f7=S7DE~X2?6YJ(*)&dF;M-GElV^r%$N0(TK=(dGL0g6+0CA6iKC!B2!UP+5 zb<{gDQE+d?#l===>Lbi${PzgjNtW{c=83DfK3wPz*r{-;1o^ti3h4K@lc4fXp3mAv z>RiC(Simnr;tD?nzQsX*f8Bgf^G^vD0Q^N)ITkW~C0^CUoYE+{iHLob?7qA8Y%_?J zjpJ1#hklT_4`^zpJ8xdp;jCp%k_m|(cl{z`ZYIN z=gl}WzG?p+8_+zZL!@Fkv-qor#V3MF{v+NT&)~)Cz^#^x7GK?c-4~irlnaBIqf-T@_=G61#vMDdH6J!-qdYF6KL7R;;VJK%w3uz?$~z$%<&XtW4OvG?8o<+?D@*HDi?b;0;YeIVL($mvZD#xtH7Q)#w+Dm86dqC=T_~o7rD=$4=!Gvd>18Z}@ z@$AiV!xCp&p^fZt{hPO!G8T!)zfMh?cuT$uB&?LjQP=M2QK!;p!X9y7pYB@bW?G)D z*s|%+x6u5DQqNzeKPHqXYYf7cw9S0pBlR@)W-_!-g|17+h)vu>m6Lq0R_ilN`UdPo zCT_|eVJnVJxUt{EGf2ar7h#ZEXDp!Em_wF`=H{`rF0{mi`ZIwh+HjFM#%vQ? zP&hKkn3Tm6aE8DaM;6n*WuFf-=_o=T5}x&Ry9W(N;1-@jMVsyu5=APUln6Y0T`=_Q z+gO{#77K3arAVP%dH$NnBc!~>0^dFHM2Xdz|yO1BF3E?8$hVxCSbY^tYXz>GqCrEe1` z+U4R=>cMxXa#$tY-|gR9mg_#1sl?`xuvBep&6}ylGRGqn|Ik)GDh4}af5kF&j<>^B zRw!_PW5;sxk-C*okMZtNlq5hPiPK|jk- z5{YqGoFFVZE};S%aq?>O)wj?6{Nf+kqE5lOMUnF_?On6@E_AJrXP!T*Qw;0s2EBSd zUu~rgFv-m}H#N5a@xdA&SLAWi=-{&QX;<`u}!z zlWTI5ZQHhO+t_JxO`1H}wr#s6+mmh1v-_O$J?A{Xf7)xcTD4ZU-nd@Z9as+zk_H!l zO$22iEy!rl?bkWW3Ivwy>)L0PB0+G&&%cs6ARVDBGjP+bQaf&bs}i|$hiahEta@AW ze@}V)!_m#;PM>S3wEU$-XsNe02d#}nM5dWhm<+kvKSSdP`lfc6AmOu?hcVW~B3_Tl zAZpRof%*tw>M2@?y8W0iwHGVBXJ^U670XHupqxt$E=D=w#IO|HSTs?KdTUFt|$d@ZZ0QW+bO{bq!M66W_ z4>m3dGwU3Q3iQ)H$>d4XVUDWmvst-zCc^n~QYD*NU1^ynoDI!D@lqrr${~tD-KOn{ zT$=s}tL#u?z*=}`DCAR~2<-d`Tl($WHu;)YB_1I=HMmHeh?a4=wN{ zL}Fm?oqksBM7w>xap||T{L^qG2IG_B1O^jsYl?Q>^7N4CJV)LpSF{YV8xV=P?LCQ> z_r}*JDG=T$j<<*b?7bUsHGWF<3rZEByL?kr;%0CA6auhE^Zz@W7kou6(eP~(96Yt7 z)+b5#7B}d`lvE0M5q6dP0k!x@@qaFWxYAA&vwo>=boA$Yb6L{PNXfsp7&UX$`Z2CHIPa$r6ZH^tAyhEprfJ{1*uS*JKX_7tRz_cKXkaIAfV|R!R$G>=_9xpIS zMUhaB_>qi&%LyQ5;@)x}T(5`!OrQu?WMqqN_%D5obxK9Dsm5LVL+OMwf{Lk zcPHOALpnnffO*1gyB@+l_*~mO2Q)!A!`#(S_SWF3LP1fO-u7QW9ByGR6Z{d%ka!TV zm8Ct!$a1*K-Whp$%nP8W@5i=Q%M7`tYBOzaw)x?@MZxfgOl93UZe3F00?;=@+kb9$^Tp zQw?0=VUQaYgE*lkDe`b5unZGYJZUF?!Qbd=S{49MW&7Mn?cqZ(p&N)JvlIF~?YLuC znXCW=J;i&nz+;QR^4LWe@y>zw8c2e@5nx6yN}}d_OPBq|q4?8~1zaC3bLEal^fW$T zBMr`HG_O-bpKIt|X1$A^p9Z=4@5SZEluvRBt(LKYre91)B2;x5lCgq?m0}j(pq`XsKE8|Bocmm zqs!m;`xN`v52=?h3C=Up zy)CkWZzloU_l-Gc9CA>HBfU^-bLsI>(mGyacaAN8Qia&Ne7s<@7=u=icoB_8Z!f`2 zRyouYfbjFY6F6J&?J$yBp4icjM)86;xgY9K6@xA=rmT|lemKJRLNt&3{M$J}Fx#8m z4Hfflmn{y%ovu0%@e4T?f;!e#L{4-(G&=F|3EFMe?X*bbk{>Qm0~UA`1a$av5OUxT zZ8ZuZ^x*@;8A4oBdcPiPeg#Ygq8vUGjq3v5m&Iwju>g=ZaLUnb?vBR);GY@uXNC89<*w;Hlx zz<`&q9@Mc&T5xQfwG*(PxC%R6%-wGC1Fp+~=WFXue^f5k$Z!039#O#E*)09!Fd-+c z06p2v;vz(_mM7KDtUjpCPvE0Wu4-xed6q=t02lzeHGvYsCT?Kcht95)LG+pJlYtWe z8Ic}Np|dyNrVIVijhve)%pUBl3OeLsj!;bGSwIigd=|KaRW%jfk^v9pYR% zJaYdZ{vQ|(d5zyl+t72p*hOT8^377d_I`G%=H=y;-&F;Xn18tku-A(FY)G4#sMRK_ zYh-5cJP|I@jMl<3bJj-6%FUu!!&24B)VDfj8X=i__AeqVVoL!;M#AyHTG)9jNo>zk z9W3#yz`Y-j@wpJqWd3#hUwVh*grV z!T2;MeMSQS9SDBt5z4T|Kv98laxDD6_5m@7q?E)FXq%hrfkaJcQYdVJ966BZRMuih z$~svPK3`o}Ww4OM_mO*2po5Pj&+UHTDd#qliZ|Mtio|~9>f;sGDR+}e#Z`Kb6G~<$ zn1mGd*X+=hHq5rt`yHhx9k%vGZ!Ey^|B}_=!eBq^jno3i0Wv*9Mt3r|BW&*`2ZBPK z^UD=v<#+cnVA+WX59t#Z^(T{^l|}0?8x)P4g;-^t`7?33X$u=7kQdjZ*vw)q?J5Q8 z@~Y?YdCU2~n+BxAOE=T>AtW} z-1X)RRlOSjyJ{t!;fJ7JaN1XlP>@f2RojjM&IlOHX~|AE#+L1wnDd$?x_EcdqR1kb zAo4b~+H^f)6Uz-evZ!}(%VkV8)FM!b7!Fj4>f7u4;T1=7WG z-fiPfk6cQZyUO3mR&B)e0~+FiMElU@dUx>VW}E@{RQ>SbXH6)=;ioCZxpA?r|5Xz1 z${EdTc4(2YzY(HB)-V7*QXOW+KAFlLYJ?G5fi`x+k!B_UghyAlUBw2X$t`E^D`wp? z19PWR&=+;u8ecbfQ*V-b!uuJ<69O^1I4T0z&oh-@^{e_eLbe|=O=DOH3ODH80B3nM z)E@4Odh7pyzCeN~SUzW!#<^jhBArdeyAm@$SZlUX^Y@FK3R!Z$uGi}-*HW6?ID@S%0_FqPl8t(4+7V-N#(6iDc}!&Ytod{Qk3 z*rI!X=$C{i&Df_#G*WUQ0b0PvKTO3;Dy*RF7xQV*>-kbdJ!%?L2@)Hi5rFclMWnkr zQ){yZIj95<7txhfLR(cGsyRTYGCUdcMU|jr~GzR z2dnu5Q*^)W&H78>w(usf5i;08GsRFfhEEY3!PuVk$A+banwr`7=Se5A|< z&eY~!u2ceXRHT3+!~q5USXJZ4cxQ~l{Qw(+#}Khx^IY?_%wYj}Me zKh%iJ*XRsQZh?NJUejTJAa{%S%(>CDfH?;Yehr1ei7cG)!QBI9O@4?rK}O5hL<7!= zzV~*yNW!;>$1llKaANR^{(FH2yn7urK$La*tvC%a@Wh%dUqK?AZ0S`rk&nl`L{&-w z`UWei`AeCc$BAP1OU*`4PMBBn#Hgkh)!5sL29q7ZGq)pBKqIV}wL&hgrL5vhc0CH4 zRq14>N?1&bTy?F2kWZ_jF5rL1n%y)V{OQyMfJL53 z$Zw!4r%xOtf`=0eSgz%wd^zI@&0!G_Gl)Ik(kRnlNO(ENE%cjVl*;f*AVuif^=WGM zh5UzP3Xm5D$um<4^kDSAZ0ZTRH0J;cUk>T$UY0S>Vcl?#ARJ{XLJ%2O2`0AI>|T)r zb~X^>aEJveWVa9Ttp(f1M@M0iJ8J3A7S*eCt?CBX)=;7PUPX}jOnrt8ywBNgd7}2} zZ0Z-UiQwO2{onEp=NEu0VPbr(5oT*3i`ud)0%^(E(+n2a{NBlyIeh_fVtrcBGc>IY z7wA#&bf#&y>tc%R=pG{~UjAR329UeT;cimTM{rFUk&cSHwwAlm0z{#gCPiSlm9Y>~ z-i&9t__ekjdiCPE$oSsZ)fWjzDkqQZoG6#hJ=&v`yOXV4j{@U;%JM4k3Hna3Lnj3- z4-IFudL+Z;?&C8J5zb~qwh@md2ZJG!v6s|yP*X|u9IBF=CjhO#g8-Xk>>tszWg5U0 zrkCtH6*Llo>}-30yr+K85VJyLSf7k55GfDz7Nl{^{*|6i<5H}UG#|uMV1J6WTV0j- z(z!NZpho{;^GCYxifLC$s$PBPA1uuk2MpNOuZN>ZJ4)6-57?WY8Uwte3!D_1w+t6r%L^jSU!t;;i%?1BuGG4{E!U9Xl(_UWJ*gr5qwRb zk_nfP|G#X}3@RAET3KY-yK~NRan~3Vvyh#XYC7xA>|t&y0Y>WkjZvzGLsKJiBDX>T z@S@m0``YUx8vWu-SY1AwmsnUQSKlUcTIO~l7O+lR@K@+gHb(BJkanVTnYml6ylfI@ zrut=dLSNcmUE>qlidLO?S;v90x`%q(fLqcxD~)46dd!gt`7^p^Ie?@z!Oi%NNLXP_ z&CF^C_G*VPOQ|ti`{^c7)n?Ss>aAIwjeV{F^5`uAM53|H9J=q_^DB5vVf6*>ty5>| zq)yl?*o~X5)O<5NW6zeRe;V-W{U$RyDtU0Aef%f&jUo=x$Lz}LX}#9S%8HgcF*8R5 zXqMTh1R{%(4D^YB2=$fF;NLbKW05hZ(w{u6$czS{)P zz(78_g4Qk!q1pJMtv!DI%o~7nf5~5wWON>|Nu^8KG>nzuE8v5_0&#MB61@@KneC2?Rll;1-BRgPaqgCHGy_Sf+n30Hh$p5pUMfNy>cfdNvYl!W7z179+ zbg}YNi1*7I!3K00j2@W6fPvzePPbq#`^orQiNjgFoqow;{jm4ZEq!ywAGjo{1Kgj8 z8$Wva&z3s>Jx41XZ>3WA2Cc5+&gb(mG(&P6B(!h1?^uZqsAh-;scV;!ZoHc7 zdI!Y~+(xVx^;u~yU=-;Q|8MXyXAW7>#-2<2Pr{&tPu)kb0^C&A<5ATNs7W^7<5-Z! z0Gp`;$r=v_iTDLR3XPbWU+M~jI+S}v9QEYMrk;vbU7Lrsx<}!Qdpl%Zy~=!@sbwB! zq3md)5jDVIVo98!Md8OO+`eexi!3n9QJV?KCZA9xNIWMiFYw+4X=ImzS>_E6_IYa4)#RyBS`(XkCfMwwN+_wPO z{*j&ZAJC$|=(y4GI-K}U8dmx{$6K5<#+ER38TQE4Wj1z%uM=MeJX8fV7hV+Oc$%gK zrPBB%Q0J#VlX8M!nMoi&2x9QP3*8C)){olJ^N#K5pb%bRLr1>JA#dajmSuwSpqVO% zSwluuc#)p=o#Fu2J{MW=n6!@e>;;d=r8}9?Tf)2*J+7KXK0x&gc_bmRy9?+$y4K-H zmqhP)@>ASebM$Ejuu{WzaKIy3H9~qb4+8ZYr}A7Ih46|-W6~G1yCYvNcLuKCM}S*u z2A~-&zETT2Y6#-Wh-NVh!&HJZOtEJU7V9)>N&+N1(t7eGjAA}dEVAL`y$S>dxkCv7 zlwajD2LVi>rV_(Xn8Ni8{8zvQ^lY`i<^Y@-)((@(#v(Oc=Nl?`j_1zox)D^j>}i-6 z#=S3kG)>%gRU){%_220mDG$go+7y=5zy7teSqZi1%$1p`xY&d(WfnS@sgjpYVfDR? zTK?sEoX#sNZYG;RcgUY?efbPEI5c48-dvTBy~!W&3!l<+c+hKqY?g1oeJg|XfDC&7 zHkx9d<;B>YYe37CpkDznSe%_^oJ@ISO27w@Ox{EniMqGsF}Vw!xz{>$E9zmR@M(D; zo9bA!IOWTVvkQfY44i`;duZ6V3EiN=F#1^$bdVWfGpj@rHoipIDQ4d>MDo!#iMqDN zz@);boN|WoSEzAXYW9}#9!Kgc*Ox2~ERF#89uc6RlH2mv{ov5mKWeZBfdGOH?~#_; zy{N0B2DX6hPOCZcR0034($uAo%7}Hoo?SB_RZ#@qvnd_kj@%AJNidzm*j>?q3?(I> zb|kd|5GCvy#q1P!=bG9Asym~v>Dadpn&#{^uM<4!HLvxr9ER+R?s z{rPrgA;4m=2o$7paJYC5A!GheSaun9z{c1m25vQIKFf5eHd2_3Uf@<0#=z+}4N~!N z1ew4twzg@=YSLMGWg??{fcO3!!_HTtQx6(e^1f zvat*+TC1o-j8l*;ql^T&lk9yl61Uvup(?qQZu^es)dnCniZ{QuuyOY&d#Q-+);7j-C-165E#+%i zaupvauWqJTIbcDS7HL8Fx6wCWN8P9 z`jx|B({^fW5=c(VeR;` z76us+elsC}U?qJI>lq|hJ^+Re#i$l+FLCWVltK~lr3LuRz(H@nzcBgc;e$DpET5n0 z0ZYTk^^y)l(&-~zh^xV%vM%Iylu6j-uWF!3FJYH~_umX&CDz$kbYg8}cS#W| zw*~Scwn>?0K8uL)>D=;zE)pg<^10^F!|q89Q6J9dcid8!@steRaTMhO0(8K@ERrOF zmFD0B7{{c&6hxEQQym7xj1kDJQF08oXm3TjeVY)fiGsB6iXtBckJ=r-gYVv`Y~sLZ z5GlPJ%XK_6_``mA#m_YS^nyQgNTR!F0~$)?5%~?CR)B41P@3z1+>N?W5TRw_?yu*~ zxQHN_=nu=y4%t-v;c3K|g0DGApn@q$t?@!SN_faDoA0Fz?>b6bLB6ONlToxw%Iz@SU{de_gU06(gm zyD+EZ2}OaP!z1z?JQStp&q2k*%Qg}sAIH;`NI?TM!08J57HD4!=B4fL;x~}s0Cgqs zz4YEfLoc^gvK*c(yaQ>nG|>I^AMQ5~X1;93w@w&d35aLjCisS2|4U7&DU_t&d z?d<is{(5RL>N1Yc*i>BrBfZ_my`BKYxf|H|43&Eat)}29_qI=+`pKaJ z8y~H-Q9f=ek@_~40+02P$L;jz^(Z>wyvYH3DL%V-MIi<`bH3^m7dqg+7poQ|Cx?d+0@v8=D*P z^N&pB`UjJ1jEvu8CI#lt?YlHINd@JqQAdmQa;xLfpK&vw{iKKQZJtUc+VS->KJjzK z4zhxRD33Vk8Mul)VSPz;dqXY)<{hXVI`5N-c-G*eW`v!O-gpjin_+DLD$|naqC;$O zvU&OhXR_PMvzSKF4PlCQWFRK(Gk>=O0|vJLRH)35yIOB!tFwPSjs;tv(bmE34Yr#P z2)dY8LU9Ai(Rdu0{jP!tzit^JaMeJ|zm%z!Pef$p7}F=8mv;3_uEj3phL}GQg`yjO z&ApGBzovwTSxdgmyvJD~y}!Rl6w{9>XJ9Ey%Rd~#ZgC8D`T&OeqGc{7o$S*u^MgS6 z!D&UY@ehAg{+pr;kR)=f8e+&keBEcksP#B_zB9+p+$NTZ^)wSzk17~4=qS2KIEh;e zeIgUVmnbT`;;Su|_)R}iy^xnUd}?i~;#O)~NgWr@9ktqF>2HirQ?-_0jAr`N+)ZJj z;$rp%&!OG^@wu~z@*w8-LS3b2NJb@B<#_Q(=<*t(0Ua#qr>D zz5$QQi9B9BaDFr3@pcswdh$M>I;Z@)qC9z|q2#;B3!EH@{qtO?Zz*um>4lkyhtq%j)yfF#5r)N&|;rC|}Aqc}!>Uye2j+bGB2{8(SteLm6Xwmy?} zltY!q<8z)T&FI6yOvB|yS*5liSQ856XtIf(Z(fD4b3GVKLUco_Jf5<^3p29`1p75& z9Y%!Ip1zpn0&}r#i8R03V*wi*^P}WVOyUwW6oU7DUga}@kWO9Z{vFvb?z~e}paCXB zu_6dso`|3&yiULQp!c8r?2ydAm*rX2nv}1=Y(DPUQMV4`sCgh0c!@8=9LYk(Ml1ZKb!VBk_)1b%+%4awB(q z0B)lmov2^(^NIFnVi3Alsa|YcRjHVPp5HW=RW8FMrc2l;JT={0Sy0X;xB@2=2?dy# zwp6RrIW{yO2tS=Rs1W;CKFRmmyzd?^h3_J_Hu9ZB82?+;)Itlp?TrO?_UM1*TUuJl zG@6$TiN$Td1PtAee1y8QyPqwy*TULIZt*lsT3hI3er-OREAvos zPvIuqMN)O2)Mdy?B4{-7+K@#7S%6EBugG>YG_Cx$-ln>7x9?hRSB!KoE_9gd>nA(- zHK!YxL?O?|1*_574nja#-t<0b(zW;%s*mXtP6#;qb~`L%^JB_!(JSh|=aJ(vL>;OL zsRm0c(m^SwwVr#qyQc1+l!IX(=B9Ruw&l8xJytFRB+m-7`DKVAgO zJ8xyaDGid8I>9oN)<#lEdx;sBO-8S2pS-zL0@zdLF{}f|d+d^ydUs6|_KTuZx=s!^ zRG&HrcPn+tx=!p+(|M(MsZ`kVc{ZAUz|}jwPxPmS2PUd7{s!U@lX9GO9q=)P2`V=H zNiNxRDFFQ6XEO2_{tSA}z!CBBqD%(>Ey5JTp_4xl=6#WW^`=$#(XFgYyo^4BHGHLZ z71NdYPRaWhGe%IX`UUGEqrQLU{Aqt(0Com@(@N3Psr6ua>hF86;Xwmk(vKVFbE1-z z%YF0+r5(cEfOpW)smD)0ZPJEXM=1d9Vm$tL@K>&Meaf(M2F$}gU%fcEwQ<$E zho|v^I_rE}?sn0s`Hb$_O}(UIEpx&W&1_1MIdYud%}bhvFX3{i3GaoT;?_G8d`!Cx zT>c`2b7Uf@RcYi>Xcm%D0Kh-|@3u1q2qMgV%THR^T2$gvGV=UA_t`wLKkuK7Y668q z7b%kYa#5nS)1eF^Cs&T$RF8u&BmPWl#XZ3=A{Ka)_D17)*O;Lb>w~BT) zwvbz|HN+YSG|cwa%VP6H8y!k#?-zIKhuf$x308AOqrjMuj;pO*rz6k?3lflUca$G1 z&Cp0I6bnH;Zmjt&p9xe~aTgpxfY7ucr=Ez7t?@cA14wcIGavi>I%5U)T3C5b4lV2{n z`jU116jq9Klw5LcYJ#bK_1`&LmCiwnLT%q#o23j4f9eW7<_Ydvu71*ksWmb`L;L!* z9kaT8;Wh{ha$O!STJ zVOO-@N&$^X$!9I}yXD#rQ?&({Qg2V1r3$lOph*E5?r|-%XrxwSjcLmcm-{`TtU7u; zaK?&uN&k#XQm{dvICPBnKcx(!4&(7)ePlkFJE!lTM9+@%c27WH%$OoLv8$0$E;cMA z$}+*%V-qgMgMA6fTk(Xs{H!# zddZ=GSOWXiS}-weV`Z4o-&WjB$U!963}(&_o73a{^^t@7C|4v5j6FK)UP0h}emNlu zhmG1W>pj}c%2-YWx`(E^!|su~M+-ce5-4A`cTDX$gutYl!4I?28;psX z5vavq86$s){^oE+Bz&NPAl5S~rhpjiP@Ym2vB2=Eb);ff2pdk^mP!J-5W4-%_aoNLM4! z2l|tNsK?or{rL;|-s)SL0Yvt(a2N=W<;!ikZK4mr30fmop!ME&$xMP2QVr6=@u);u z>;g#Y%v>&A@rfw4bQBun#u8HI7K&0gsia3YjIL=(cVhBvBI9OrP7)t$9c7J&xPj72iHaA&;ek+kz^mH)Bj%q7h5C&19gS*df34ahy#in7 z^v)r#xmQn@7_ei5bukQ4!+R-#%OpQPK!$c;h72bIF@DPmzJcwp zy*F04Zi19*>Bn@#x9VAtzkjDUz1fGI%q{wh+bO1r4uMx|56mAtF{Oxj_4Iu?{jf*h zv8tuZ;^MO#B*&!gmWT50r~bv{^Wn{#i`CPOB#nUh5?WqXaBQ~8`9YcI2Z}npWs#bv^^5JE?z*jM5 zOX(HL?lTtoT5Hgi#Fc}Wy%P!IIuLI?fY1F zz|4)%7_MTKMUGF*ZVMBenKJO#*oQ5g>B>5nDK-IZSaJ2xS=@qKuOE+z=i|CCe)OuN zV7h-uwXP?652wbT`yu`sLp2{hTA3N4RGc+*g2;))j_?0 zjynEyW{AD9R1L=TFAXe>`u;ftYGX*VCIpxtpHlpvQ||iU8PLxurmjDb=hkue2zM=! zj=!#>Xx07Y@W17_1IFi6;x^AL=C-z~%aU$Hup$TJN`{fyUB8zSUWCW$ToHa9250ae zleWM3`PRd&g*#Psw$`km7Itut8u*=v2nGi1KOaGYV7$APOp!6U$Ola51syyi+E!o@ zC9_q4^fX~E>PFNi^4D~?li0QS@B;-CKQXSi)XX8q$?c67KXS3+ompRIc4?90qk z2bO!05%Ar{6|_8jqPFHI=@Elq-O2Ah=Q5i`ad*DjCk8Tw7a4(RYU{S`C@jOJEP$BB z#Iqu{!glz#^xN3uiM2mO6|ylwXH)rJPMhqK`Ye8^n;W=)L_I}N<;CT|TiGv2Z(qdf zLSHb@Dm7FSyyxhh+34NAbe7C0=zKFviZ63BAkK(6D&W8}kLQ+z`CmFA>k&$swhX=6;8SB}q ztefKOE2_nefyq}RMfub5$GN5-DJ2M`UD#nSh>ILr=yi5B{F&?JGDb#0w^eD*20aZH z7aO@xaeu$vP9cujZpwAxLyxF!B~DUvLZ_7ebEFKwA$09iZnW%eEmgawt2-ZXfLi?+ z005A90PD^B7dU*(2aXI3Hm8K?6%N9B7*kTOr)9AR?9EdY*#`xxIrTVHPNzWRY&2fwQ;weBQWV?ZIyC_*LMkYu5~W ztD3tDGq@Q%FF|fQ3d{p0d5Ps|9mNv{f?*GLUp6U>pzHR|37)+583|gTB9gExVzH@)xy7 zZUgLd#6&6vE4LY{zl=Mp7@awADqqOGEnNm(8Y*wdZjM{O^$F!iu_xl^9Q4Ymo|~CD zporZhy0f7d&-0B7c|Hbq;Ez`g4q91`U)cpGiJd3%5xlAO^R$G)Zk}*U>s#i}uS|~u zH$Ou_^|oI3eJ>A#;ko4Rq9q==mpg7+K_Vjf?W|y;pIfTMbJ>+llmm4>1FmcY6l`@6 zHCS+$rNJDR33aGrTj{V4^s81w0-zo~A!m1bB|F1C*WM!-fshDS&I@euK=0Aw2vO_W zQoOQw3YJE))0#>?PCmH0y48HNsf-_CRDYJQ?YsyBeQDmbTLP4_Qj((Qog zbefo%IYTA&io6cZ7om-8zNU*cL8$pRbT8;f94VOK&{HSK$2b%KX3Kswc~9&ILdOW& z@MiJEpvuU40plG;>#n$HGNF#*)nPQd9KR2!`H<6sGu9%Ov=?~pjFvi}uSqZ{f z;QJELYeyj{bONppKY?b9xUmApgd*9^x|_6SBN=pZ+2_9;wuilq^qPEAb3n$ADn5Pi zSI3rY?>-IM#b*x~QK`7>91QD9K5qd>KKPtKIFZ5>FiyxXL2i>uv3F}66Qzf&Ewo>! z!I6zyzI15)JigDRlV3xfR_v2C!N%PytV7>s=JL#pJCm@mT?SD!YsEEr>8EKm-B0<%4ezTTgz2z`T~u#z|2~WV z`w_4U^VFlg^j%=+vOll~M5^#m z5}5!j)>1#1R|KR+;e}4zvWxpos|6tiBkZ_heNg{lcBhZuL1Zlryh*fxP<6#5E-Bx9sRjkhmN2INM{DRV`zMlY_Em& zu^iB7n_q+~FlFEJVH}V*+~&c&<98~E38cL#Y$=Pmj07d6znWc9Z9U>S2I+-!#EQDJ zf5cn)3g%;JBeX%%Wa3_hTTo{WT22!6KC&J+Fd>t6>&ZD74cKemSK0=>nedb*&Hc2% zstgtzf4G?(fJLTY?TljmOHi_4k~o1^q@0lrA0ib!6WOvAlFasJ8HOy@Up94a7=2~Z zu0~Gg&&1*KRzc7BR<^nSE}lfuKTlZR3z(YK^h~tX)zu@Nt(RnFlx(1D8YM^8nK^gz zhq<~U&*sWRJCoIz_2t8Zd!eCuAw$9_@Xbo<516tIi#dY3cLS%c15Xaz35REkJ)&$h zea|dQhJ8uX5mIMwNHm#Rxl>D=xH3u5_$eXvvRAiU^_Lv}=5XZQsfivwzb#hniw@4T zdr4VnI#O#a0s&3EuQy(Qpts=vNH^QA2m_6U2=C`xAC=OgHHyFZrW7){3sDJVeQrCq zT@DMt4WJVaeEhY}rytm(4uQP@dYr&gfzSsRU)1xu&ThY@-YWY4@Ammwt4V+bpsy1x z)2x7{kGNyW*I*14;bg`v=(z5W0lt=nW&tO}1#Vl#RgfBmG_zK^G7T#qyh!4L)JfJ)2LyBGG{Kd z@3|b)Hw&IGMhG&KFrx*=i}gm16I(s-X%nm?j1M#fE4vDd`iWg(@$X!vw^4|46)Ft* z+jypA(99Q$x{p6;NjI>noRb4XzZZg zY2J2Ju+!ODPwsA*gPP|1=%H{SDv_hLtzI~J6}O=sK=*3&q&adQHZ5N%|I*58)*}>1 z961{&{>B!lgr_ft5_3Pab($|-y)q>16gsA-yhT$<4CZ7Hu*4s;nZs*$QMYNc($XR;F5SihzbC4x%B#NF`@QBj8AgUYZS4W$t z48;psImEvs?M`V;q8X?!4cjy7GL~waSray!O|Y!2a!k~JFztdxVmH+@O1U%}rnM80 zJ4bH|AvcxhK2;7`{1Hy^d3!Syb1W*3j4IQ1USO}GvivwXdqZdTd4Yo0=_AeGiTf+JAieG3KTbe!#v*l=7padx+*up zmZM1v@-^XCO2sQt^GXc#@^K~2X!D`glP3pHSi-;RLj?%13J7y%*V{jnC%2-ycWBOW zz>;lRwinJz{qRsHccS4uzm4~=|9$KU*O(XVe=Glg^#MJ2D28N@MCcn9LeBm%fr%Cu z+UP?ii`>Y|>DIKXpxG7_K2K^jx!T3PcHGf{f*a6z-X1~n2Uo#aIFtsGB8u%6{F@|`qjbtKLAh7an;q42Y(39SLjvk4O`=v9_JRnOk#x7P8 zHmFMCtCh(CqOp3dxF>$wDY2=eDcR1)8=5P$ESpKUaxuUDQA zB$NA(7<#8tC$sM97xzp%^U*T|t0z%vbERDMERr5k(-3uN?ck>>diECwyK3;^8Rqyw zk48%;5%rGeyx8}+wrOyb=T^=dp?^OMZ5&5@@+%%`f2S(h)FJfLW|JK9@otrg7Ir+e zpWWxjxI)}IsLWwvk>i+oym{4w8|S=M2CaLw@(&+UX+DnJ*_unbMk5;T%^|6Z$reT( z6lpK-l2gkf7u#epatPfTP&`lAx2`t|*v+4y;#l!uDab`G#WHO!_MP14D#2F22%6B~ z7ewMJRq`}^CjW0sRxcz7bGed3y7oU!+CPUX78}elBxk%I^ZiziO*bY!U zt~z%9lSd+oJ(Tt3mW{roD8gEZ7c-JFv4LYdcjAFe<4Wq67O~SwQ^f?mlb2OeHM$tp zxK-;~c5ylVdfLJ|wx;wl(PZk8d!QXVxAf!eSIJ9wlWgGtyaHfrX6f>LtGbsNvWjV^ zU5c9+(Gd_BiRGwA#8f+>c0)%A%-b-EeN{W$MoJ4jlHKYQDNUf(ypcU6Ka zXoiNQ-jI`-y*mqkhsHN&Kh>6Idr4@7LhK6(>g;F@FATt4R$^_rllGfu>IL1vG>F^TU$xr%@H$1#C z50>P4-F1NX>s+QtbATl~Ry0bkm`VCuhV$&=iS!Ro7RjdIq>b=;2fX)dmy+)HL{fuY zR6X$C^Pd|Xa_dpQqpz&W9%ysN#<;`Vy?eL1BR-tq_Bm+UoX*H#fBX2=*|Wu$A5+~_ ztudcxOe#@MwDU-XS!bTxd?-Ew4L_-H|GBDqf>4nAUVEQLwEv%5}G2t&aHe^Y0CU6zmd;VD}(+W;Av*bGcvWVkm#&{Z&&IGTBeJY z)NW%X@;nDA278-Eosn5n>NsM5z=3Fk22W}U^|$qC4UHWSiQE7lchZk#Sc1~+gELic zsUH3(M9m9;>VDLy#W&|X)LgBjcDXCEvjPn6jSsQa`>0_W;#xNlUL$lp-Sevjuvp#Pz$O@_C6W1ryjzo%zlod=KyH!{3b*P>9?Z`h(Bt#et#m3SLzAQ}Q zR1fU*sAqAyP-Gs%!Da2(aF@`KI_B$g>p3j>5=Ve1bT#jE^wdt)8h2-ot~6~2c>IcI zrXTukLfg~vs;167Zb`J1?Wt$(eW8sZNoU04F0jEIYpR@W2nu2!|`_Qc7PRXTSA%`C?QEXs>ID@#&-`wiM|k6jX59 znuVh8M8o%+`8`ids5|2#%D}-m4EhW&1zIT;E}lDpZZ`nhqr1GtD|;}yLAO6w~K z@K&#)!1omt{_mma0zh=VMIV$4NN|DwKbMmrGG(A3I_YCHQ>6T(&HyBWfgJ~&>gvLk z^CmpTV}yP>l!Wcg_aOU<8B3Q=`L$c#j!0HHD&(+EB2)$Pp<@Kq4M^$L4t&jpbF&-t zvWtxmxYcd=xI-CRn%%2_i>RzZ6_U%}z@n3~Q?AXyt{58+9CGEIxiN&Dgs=BeU&25$ z#I0Ic+#7K;E|QZ2jo?zzJ*9(pR>JwvJjhOAt3$R_A(paEr!qjJb;T)68`5|D6gJ=(d;dy_%l^_zgr^?--az^>|rVY=$Dp?FoK{TuV6ov>NFlRNzW*A zX6P`XI?Bp7Kv$0#AXoI{*@(I<(DIM@e{MLaSnLzSEYtRm?OS7wIOumZpQx#cIFGN%jS&R}x z|LVe>*pAFOgeEg&3VomP)eAV(3^#t#Z?{f5kN6XcO6Ykcvo_iRb$Mq9TOoimYH3gQ zc(dR_+#&Pr$Uwhp7B+)=U?Cv@=hu7$#FXc}*lYQi6@=;I!4u4xyz@INqL{Y@vy|C~ z`l|Xn2^?sCvLN*82*nzrG&UmZ#fFgn*=aE=cCN*&!uFb84Zb|?v`En*juz#B7P9R2 zUN9~4%m2)OuPlj(f*1zF|XnVR`z-u@; z7R0*$BtcCY8$8OHV!DREPzFIpyMjyeFsXwG$<1BS3?hUmI}@*ECCJoI*6=*)uE4=% z6qsvK*~3U9Ju$4GCl3s&3JOk>I!;&{EGz#wod!%9PJlGCAvzc06A5nVJ@R%(z&L__ z^u9LTL$wYZOOj5sB zX$aR0&_7x2&i5sf1YT@2tNl|0w=1N;Jz~u>>gYAhzu?QiC&x?C8}>Sk*?jZK-QB|J zD~o!Kbi2ay{9-LcrZKNq{~$RS9k6z@;YluR7-P*1EPrACVT;5j*b1PwRTFV^fCy^E z8oy-M=KaMa;xGHxUJM=4xzUHe6Fq*z-ZWOJ4AG~yxz?eO&DAplUIV-~zdJ%BI)Fwi zK{YTKzSfzdTe^7@UqA*dQeF+LyuvF>p~=Wkq1-Q(;qwDe*>pJ^JAZ~R9bv`&*#Nx9V|LrltIP0&y@Yf=%bWfJV5@*&s=0u&+!Yn zGiN+pw55)`%YFFU9MkF&O`IO*PFY_yp$zc~wjvJu>iO~o)XC}8XL(T9zQt2t`Afph z^<|cRPSAtbuh0^dialDyZ)@^~4E)LZ!gW=jB0xf^p2lCXPℑFrs+snWn#B8@=ri zhA^Y7-U&Pl227*jP1!VY%b00$l1LrW=2&g@OEOAdzX3*|x>dBdD@Cp+MC?m`{dYPBOW3!+DtKo9kYvM_LkJ&8=~d=JV!1sHIjGd$ zc|uNMq{Ak--j@9Bgh(n?zDK>t3WCh%o}Ta(A`27yhzP4fM|wv6f2%4f3-n697pwjJ z)5qvbNjnSadWbYCMd*TKpnCCqopQD?fXv}{apPB zc#P5+8=HD>^w`ZF)_$uHmH9|?ljaYsDJ@qjG&c|n!z$x}Ic|O7IuBP`<@QI~w|T(= z3J;q<_Gc-{`6fmi{E6DK^>Cg9uek6`q!mL$MIDPRO+{M`2sQfpX@tieYq*L>6NAoA2B#TuLp-F2h`LWiS z@w6(rX@r=4xml5?t41$RPrsB`Rh2wHdw;RF{{hyftH{cZg**pWV*MZ3^f3yfR%9cV z%C7xG(M$9TZtnTe3sc0Ej~!Q2`dKnAs&AHpXl`B@_k+m7cfJ*&^Dn_$P9fJKXPBGu zbmQ<58w}*FZGZ!mN77OeOk5;Q$n@e?lkl39`~Hf*v&U*Ef(6L9K71;!O9^jS2qH1g z!?7&zLEW#kH+#Jl&c^M8S=YuPJlNCzeX5xkvHrym+?R(ueyf4&A4gWGSy&4fH<~QoYHyBjV8wdwauv71BYjtAmc9lVB19Py#0f@oU z5b94z2v>60n0_?cDzyf6Eay8U&PrQxev1Q{JH$IE6Zn%|(DdF)OLNc&7${3@qmbLM z`xkH|yv;hC*h5i0U1Rk%q+0t^YY#l?U6V9SQ|N;y)HZ_^ikao~s>klroIIo5L5 zugax*aO(Q<6-{85cOr$1u`IZr|M~=DTwgHUAc58MfwP{{DS82CRo{U#FK5B(8Tq5B+~W0?!r@V}J>GyE(g{JGrp>iAxwGY(QgFQd zEI7TmthiV_;%el^eq0vmzi>fvU@!hTU?t?GsR9?JKMUHIz~!s!yU@aB2<}DY^v_N| z&*Uv#xNHn$b$!ipJnZrugo;lQBb)L`iq!qCgyoki+L@q^y9Hy77QF6XOv=A5gUfv= z)q$jvcM3q~XODZoOYq#OMj3vx_K2|CAMT5hJ`x`+P*WItFx^{3UCO*<;?O_%yb-(z zd;=v4p-5hM+H2_}1+-uuje+do#Q6gH*A=Ph{BGGxrhQQ<@HQ77Gq`J%i^zruO`M8^ zUlagiJ%qE!TXoK$iAhj{V(`4ekDa498#?2vanbAn3tSgpB{^f8{y`SyoDE8gAdn^5 zm2C8vv(pR}C@Q)gkTZ%ih0f?%ZW*Y9X^H;*Et5P4XHa~+7U z=v(FkQ_Kxn&dz0IV+BfAS$FoOl5Zy2c{Uu!)61(A$oB34eozmx@Z%VE8hN6@AyD!%zU{lVpc_Dv4CwSv>7KiHh`I$rK z_dRq%qdyy3mgOhq`-x;C(Kh(OYMG*J6z@wr&>yt?>HTb^lb?xGR-gFKd;{VX-L9kU z)M)}PE=q#;P@#5#_ki7jv$9nMrgS_Jn!mKUUt~RZf_+JiJ`eWKmmWQz!7R>+us3hGAV??{LmM(N1)tzUf;FRQV-FLZnVAv-t=>Uq|v=Ksbd-^f}L& zWM+b%z@QVD0CF&RB>)BulxOjNurU&cbGRzI9N$ju( zTcs$Rdk8A{4P|?)Wb9SJc`igPv7KD9auJJTYR38?4~AMPlkuYGujt+6&B>)gC3jX= z;-6wsg)l5xWI%a}*vQ=IYjQ85!#sNTZ8A7`%d@q7q$*cnq;~=KZps41M4ap>&=Pmg2H_xE1YixGJbIfD;3)bK<#+U zC?cCb*t3g;&-_93>(H@xKm}9HvC*~iV^7%?!=R2|s3AO7#lLF+vg}?e?3DjtvH}qB z0!yLXSnXERc_sO8=T>(UM(;^d(zJ%I`GG{-%b(3F(!pyLX221yi$^T)yDZocQ%it< zO;w=e7tlVO9ZnC#c4biZ;t$8LIcGuxEv>>5*WSTe#lmp5LN+h z2gXaj8HQ*1ej0jk*!Ak~BAFgMc^gGf?VI-TIbdiMXw1xdV-S5j!sCb0nSR452YsKF zOD);zhvF}IPP5!ctSt{&2dqV6zyu>neGS{6tc49Nc)IiJp z=U+&yDJ5$Qcl40ZGvu1t)y3`6^t_V)4c0SQJXMUSJXOl;Uw34ZBjC4Dv;vxE>3~&4 zd>sjRg#&i^q`!mnt`t{u1mc$8Etcud{yk%Ps$mMixz%SBOu1O=XOTuv&GLa zsks#V%;b%Qi(+dNjLD>ql;ra@1l4(C^=6`G3UZYTx&NLqN;NOAyaTWN($^&_yA5rnjr|O%x({lrF%(k{tGkA{=1JDK-g=Mp2)%iOB15#Xo`6s^%f)wil#A# z8?FKrp>psYne1r0+Vd)3fK#Sa7?{cu4~Zn=5EHz(u6KL9+PXz5Hp*(nA9JJ>1XvzG z`ne%*)8o!~RS&QxcB+!nmHtssP_+2red@@PjN!-eBHlH~oIDjYr2>2=>S1U|?Sf-!sM%~46BiSh9=uyzl}`Odow z1UCqhF3ZwcJ^yu!gf=a#*jFR%yNQcf3>q0884SmQFo`+YLrY%QZ%j@FJtfLeftAxj zs$;MG612XvU7HH_wiv(?os4$7GSDU{%YS9N34 z2uJn!B$Pe3Qd+E73^fUBSH2V(jX6cL>&eoY7*|o0l8$8tV{Y{Rex6Gr_HjH_+3gBN zU6~(#W+QXoLC06fVhD%eltT>WR68FdRC3Tg0T@zlO`QzPp2*kIq=Cib$@yAoH=p<`)Bi`u_wPEyHv3aakm>0ZlP7td>6+%LB)*q`H)GZH9)cewgtV5Czw z-qt_7&N2ID;u=~_J+kTsl}N3-uH5PrRvL*X56jRgPTqMN61j!%JG**FwdErikUi#Q z`*i@)qCTQTw=hvfPpMktjBatcf}O{kTA+t0ErDo)r;T-a`^eY@C91h7C6@G1{61ka+b5BK+TyxQG4e15u<9HN)d4iDh4&l%yjdEwc=OYGFVymq3i8gk|T zT};3LL7WKU_sllO*a_|dIcLvnPPMr!Jp*kV27Ok z_TK+~b7mh*GWe~&v~Yjwr_pBv4e)FHvm=Yp*KT3oi0$R@wxw~;oMxI1rV3VU3Gjp) zMcHf;ox_>`BVBCYz*;(SYf$Xatt{Se{UM}Lze0UX%4=%R>*K|ghmn8rkqV>=b~$qY zbS{%qPPba+e52q>`Rm*o>A6t;s88ck&uyd$!xF_Ez6|-%#oG z(1^f$)zD61ytI^>%~C`Ndc2`B$vxdxvRil7FATe*aDy$VF~ya*&s?E2h4B(Z${9u; zaB~f<`>y%~$ZqKYs}BRwd2FqiWI-|jtBNF841XLhVX^{|v*<#4`aX_?Ai=S&L4^ch z&HUo^9;khK*Ok(juo!QnvE!6qea|5HYX}H1AL9Rnn|VFo8#Lz6sGuJ<#}8HXB6(B! zOlkv`4^)8$CUrGEupGd3;f8XDEnWB# z)k5=lo)oDY*j#Vzs94*Nq`@79IYmuDep4N|Erber#rN8-CJC=#AFlzl027J0h+AFc z9qH{ZRKIQGMw$U;ClKvC?+Cdhe)&?Wey+l^lGK-SU(oC|F8D9hy$BxC!}mwA8k*Q-7K)1M$o_B%^G z&cDBzM}IU$b`yu(@3TNy66rfvazvKe$F@cYPu;S;+h{I!Tw=O}mGeEpRFGxTdQ1T7 zMs;%TrOF_;PkD#fG%ot4GErhj6N%wwK>5P2ERUcxj@9|1G|XH>NzxMBqW4^7cZZq* zryCY)(+;T^Q%`2?pRcVQg{MzE4CX0zkdI-8H{}sWnbRg-Hy>Bc22x0+ zXBR>Ewn}-_TDR=3Cz9v$Sj#L}|2zuYvf|ryl%3(>;U|A@eJY&W`{d1&?|A&P(w}`L zYrK~qlXsfwJ@d=Hd2D4t^>01_chZet4&u)MF zDtL~l{sa8}1rJHBptXa(?&SM+*a>g8FZU&x>r_c<`FKX#8rPEkE}YrC7QzaBcr~1y zN9V1Tz8#aum=fvZgJej4P4t_pYqgKYlUpj;M8ANpYgxskKpVYkgGT;s&Epmy7vCwG zJ{+ftt%*k*5^2aMbO#$2g9wIJrc1^$Tbk6!Rck~$*oS*`fpjcj+)xD(Ii`_i8T@z|v`a96 z-uNBMi( zCEYE7Vovf(YPnW_4&0Q zpbsB3y8@w@&9$1(Tm4?Ry1=`9VJ2&hxEVVB{ONgSSgSP=@8f&wXXzzfYqUwOca`lO z-``Ub$_xz~yZW5YJUd$~eF6^I&D3Y+`1f^(hjbASl)X&+uAn8QtOY~A0Ys64Kv*W8 zJ0WMpYln5o8-M_)t&1$x75P;6xdQP=JECPZ-Qrd8;IELo@sOZ2Q8dV3mx{>`NU?uZ zy5N*6MqjAe61aqdSu=ovl2Q_|lVn}wZn$PX6FeS{ua~9t58dZauoIoyBO&TCcwu$$ z?o%CR+-v^!-cNgIab@XBWLb8ioHW^YVrCaCCIU$ePw z3Ew^N*k8+-LZZp96oxQ44;R?bX)dH-u|NQJ1Z(ddgE5e5)A_iQ;mBSpUScsV6p}yD z`g+tx7K7aHJ${_$SNo)4qi=G(=z?Q_B!I}JF8!?{iSczZ5 zc057Ub0tZmjs2*AvG=t#f?DQkV5b{08cz}3sp!}sVY9@WgbA%ubBX%L+gEU`lE}@t zq(YGUn$8o7F2F$n**p$>I0MCiH=f>3LAGW&G*uc2UaK(|t?W`4pVRxPT9M zOGbCjJ2>k$LouIMJWao#Z=JWKpET*Qu zk3nx90`12);CKyn72io-KI#~?mW<$IDwV=A@@-hmHVH-ZfpVNoR=yP|>TPQYM?FjD zOFTQp@-kp*Hf||N9$!R68!}ZDFZJ@VSFpS4`;cq`N!JXY{u1Cyi^S<{H5K( zCeT zmJp`?b2ON@GKB&1u_>9rm4)i>(hZ7Ywz@ z)>;0mx7z*X>kC6_=9{f4>qOkMgy+S7A-WnUuP1nn%}Nld3-%_K)vu{fA3Z%@TqrKb zzS2nwuN<&wHm~6$Hw_3rDOHoQ@K>F9S zQ}x2(V4Ry00HnWXZjEkJc_2v93?2wxTSZ5Vs-~l(Gy7&<_}_Z+SJ>+ctqt@;gI<3j zUxqcw-G;{d(K%x^ud|YVUOi2x>6ZaCES=}_Jrr|w>2LxlJN(#nrC^gvFF1|s^Jvws zMdXj5@MEA=2Qr9yPyg25u!kjGEB@(kVKuw$Frn7`1t761u}*JP^c`p9na2(qqPy9Z zB?ZVkeQ0{bbz}huEc4ME;OY+yzGrn`E+~Lmy|B-8QRBEUmZUTnGeQ0>-A6+xWA8D7 z>%7Q>T4y-(2-ywY8`=EPq(AY)Q*NkCX4o1^?M244U!FHTxb?@QUsG5~87wfgTx^*h z)wiA&oKT6+U}%dRGNdr zA$D1>47qBI8N)#%sbI?j(!J1Rt;njfd*G`f`kPumEVJdS8n)rVdvuBdKq@b_Lk8&; z11#r{u}SddM@zVz9>H-OHZ#8m4xs`DS3}>K`@hqTj%)o>sEsY5N%{LbDk>_rzicQo zvFOx)KX&X4MmdNU>plBDmvndt`DvvgPGb`Y1d4g$ky9G|n+o(~g_LLIsuOlBmXaPW zxOC@HLw6{~K;Q9TT+^AcI0U5Q5OCs`iw2^wfVVJs+ETVow) zH^v3f_UIj^;8F64_>NP&UiaD6AXPad$m)#CZ zD!qL7zvzi?D)5u?7C9kEA-wi{Md9d|jnA5h)_+aLA!vhe|*>AX3&)(QrRpkW0?yvCN12qW^-W8g+WBd!-XefeV_m zoM{mdEP-9o!RyHvd~^+cuHa4%0mCN1B&vGcX3Y79OG)!=Y>{Mi%xU@KSld-Qag+a= zxb25_j|7LAE3fZg)?OA0u;MK|TVkukmvDD2dT|+QCn=&I@U1`Zs((Jmj+e6@=Q@|> zA?aKrq5r&?ru2u7>;k&U9aJaS;`@&jfiZFnUXB=z8&k8PA*O} zkw*d&{n~!!G{EKhQ`{cKbh95h1;Y{Wa$s#1#W4HD$e&FAml=+lr^|~C1H?<5N%=Ky zlok9E2cb{{3d&0RY4(_QcNF{4_S*$?gq4q{$kR_BvD@2vOG9tTHpMM#?qefL0>Y5M zoOID!afZ`Rx^QTIu1+}T7CrrYrB>i^?6*_$@EqHbJhr${UgW$_qA0yM=1-_0=3Lsm zDgz!2SLc0J6zYZ^g>W@LS6_U?t@doNZB%R*VNh5~W@QWsVEx4P?6xJb?%5w`LgNcf zdnjoXfH5!ToX=!52W$acpLCduT`N9z5yc1bYz4rNgWTp*w%d}^c>lT1BIu6jp0@A~ zNGvb5ZGB-3w*z5DSc{9wJ~F=$A!s@)qPB;cX`rB>8or2gVgBoUw`E1iQHHqm(sD#0 zI?X)5<`TI(q6@yRwaYB3USw923$V|q`Ph}mUX=j*N5xl8?{b1A>L#h6@CRF`&*B$O zXlc}?1*bwNK4B&aPEUyHr6ko>dk|yI3q(b^9m(r!V#WX8SsI&5zCTtE$Y7-rUJW{=OM!2j5|pR_o2e)`b+&W_kQ>A#M`+;F)Z5O=yL|6Q+{@p=2E*U9rbT136m zjlYK`OAvlWBmd}Xnsk16VP`Cm(ODV+qS-<$Km7h7UUz#p7e7@Q{a3F`L5-O^+*6B8Vi!(ay@1i{+76{FZ{oqSswJ?%e($bfslY8^S)?0 z)PpxlQ|=ck1hbqDcy*>*=&rD*iF5D~ff2%ge+_>dI!4Hy6a`vQ*9N9Bm;@lkOty0?vaW%>XT+TCsW?Ja;w}XaeWf|t*M34wM-@&9#*Er(2ke6 zOg+3%-?gaWCw>ED#v~t4cRqK{7^}LlF2)9@48SNz&Y6Lw3>>%hZg80+{H(1`U3*12e2=%5-1OC(K5Rh2MvXo!o_TWy^cz%<5V{E!KP+bHKvg# z0X6fb_b`f(x`HV|>Vl;*p>OP3@VK$%+T~Hm_4RsfSQO;Mv)sxCVlxP`nl$nkm5^UesZ*!(CauRH1Js&y4;Da#KbQ>gVn>)f1qYVC+ngqVP(UrkMhZ1C3da zlJ6sOE-8HoDWE6 zyld9Klhp*b+(DO47ENm4@HL5xj;CSWB53ZqmnH+`comNdPDzz$XOQQU!}_jVz|7nP z*!t^Hkh9d+;8Q;0xI^0TM-!Ia!QjOI5z|9W3E6+?F@8+o-mdzFD>1J|3LMkKVH>%$ zvu;PjY&^cqhjDHZ5ge#_gQ&jQQD|wP52o8`04S=ngaj1a*h5kype=W7|D0`5=VqV>!^#}!mmf*Z_r^3KGV3^oz) zi)2s5wi5kD3ctyJ+--y2;RE7jwd010^8SOg^^s)1MMWdpr`D4@Nbd{7{7;KqMMKcj zkgk+H;_~z|;>$<$RV5gDYwZ0O4Jz0SutNj^#2_P-YL+eDM^EphQBF}spue7(_+Siy z{R7j3*A5^oqQ_vUPWds%kFz)`X4{1af~uGTEKm<*XeF9J4SHmzSnDUl9`5f2K>fAy z@2!T09FA~o)@63;-IL3z$t3ZQB>k_g>3`6VeRR)Cc!zsX9^q^M)$iUE1=A(?+POmf zok^k1|KIea13i8n)z&OmoV;CrW0Y(Px_+-*E()1!rq@2%9@=ja59FV)oa)RqOo3IH^O}@~`4-<=vb+O8cf+p*+HZI_#S9hGUeA zT9K;u+}u`TwfB6$WyJ6v%qfKn2V`9qw4O!Ha3ug)01Wt6WLD(_IOMJQu(%(o++o=Q z9J6+Fv7kERO7ji?iU@k?(1;$E%sCYN7?j0+Oi%X$($!hsr8@t1#6Y0~?omO3lRax1 z98b8XQacm#T0UvhNFWCj#FEGk4f70uhGST3N)H3Sq zFqMF%5H-*zf^T+HtIrdq=aT|Sm&H2^2IaTRYFsE&hUYt-jID_jwWh7O@4;)q*@f1E z+9|(W?lZ4aE|_CxKK8;dez}86*fjg@b87PB2v0?~07PmZKe4hXq)|qsD)M^6d`(bG z;fv}I^srBA^Aq-3vL7$+D!sZNWh97MzeA8BaeYv@lXewm9&PPW$WH_fR|KeBe`;Z! zU+)bIO)B;y zGoU>KBb}raW@Jd59F>t{fkiF6H>xC~QAoK@M6|Xd{dQr}G?>2x zbL_x}oO7wii!{+hrLVpz8@4bFB3HNl!w1>_ zOt2tNO3(`W=6IA@)Cj5gG*#=6*=K6Y_zz}WVH=jdC|o5e|AkE;M7I${0>`=m@Mm9( zK_{0D#}u9I=~~uzf2zWN>uoZqxX6^2?!avD!v8?#=M=y0f_dM7+eX;nD*3RfZyZ9& zf>NNpMF5ah3O>FJv1&;z1?1WyU0K_gwG(Z(bfS#Uk#wt?PVa<4Gq_#RI`qZu!2ceu znQgBJtAGxo_vc;qO=mRZ&P?p)&W&KiI$@4j!@g%fAh6zq$wJbIk*vcpd0|9d*~tM7 zlz%yFj!axwLtVKpbIRol{TQ`x`i2DQZdgpUR5$dko_p-#W^|Ixgy`G&I>MpZ6A?p- z72@#$-G{|ayfos~(bFz*a{EkV7F@ZV*#1gKzaiWO;AlS7;9lh1mEEK=sMk0*yZ1}t#EJQtpNkK}&cbFcX+>LfD5b&a*nI%uHT`_F!G?n-`#kS?ciGme$R(1W& z1@AD|vbyN>mloDsBhB^sbr`Dm+iY-7N2gppC5@&S_G@OQ@4xgEyxbz|^Bw+UeseWBbw8cHaV zp5jgV(&Wvhp+C}-F2BubdxSLRK2`;pHOOsojr_39eMpVGl*#xzxj;4f9S&31xAV(Z zRDSF#QpITV(wqL8mJI1(40XHahFzGWJmMlw$77iXf$(k^CcC9`Nr9%A&bGSCpyI!o zFZF!wd+5*Yq2s(51dPNH3VOa-jggGD6_R6NZ zAXmX+OO6{FFdZrfvM z0qxbHf%ymS|FqECveM)aQZEsdY{~uEN_yCvE*)O-o>o7o5J*F>Hgwag{!M~=He$&1 z4L->CNd9q~QV&gc0h{RtQ9UvnVeessI$QRC6iEH~%EVx_pG2 zSZZqaDJQOcHcCxTRSXRvlkO?rh$Zo0nc&b(5Ha@iMd+BnLeU3n`D8EXPtnUYGaw`r zHZ;JqoNRw1ySBFM`_eX_V?n;0AC9SKJa@(-k9@0F&Vt<|dPE!n&HQ>G09o;H|mYRfS2$UMYl*@fg zVPBpKA(v0+FhlZMTV~u%Bvn)!O;<*NUq$)sW?JF_`NkP!uMS0<_1ya_^uc!u7AGKO zD0UiN6}$UXktdC2>fxu_B#a)ur*cTsP?sGH#Ae`2G~9(~-xzVi4VNDCp^nDdHU8^j z;j>ht3NwBCjP*C8htCrz?HsVv{xPT9zG%0{v9)w-`fxrY`j?U<<*3t}ea6(WL3fvf z)-k>lA2t2*qg^mQ;|XGwsh@gnMk3fZBeY}ia>%;h-h>jARv*J)`xzjfrBI8cqYX>y zeGQt&Ojzemd>wyRFb?ay)RAlVAgRrMXUr1!OX+q@vZaE)8Hg)dvAZHk*aqO!hk6Ko zVrThZwIc|c0&EJS*mS)giW@dfk)ZVbLwkM$ndxn$&qxZ`*~tA@E)N}4 zLk($bz#d2uAdlLdda%MsQ>)dVX3iZk(88jl|Dphs&T+kS;b|UaF(}q68}xXlNP9ws zU1+tlDELDlC=-$e*nrQ1uG}v{WSdwJ<<>lo?_sv}8H8prQK0z51m;Zdj zU%`n0e9$lGSwHugA~i6S(RpoDIbX&#eUyQ;aAC)O>{+8wyvLO)_SRM;Rs05!YHKh- zy!~AeGFcl($8Qn-LE`}d9S8&{+8nM@?7NE-@F!?+D!VxZhxOb0($hvG9X4l86En1k z9)(0qB({la5xAvXLR|}q97zig*8#!u(4c1Z&JXOJX0sRaw*06?FSx5eJ7Cg#zi9IN z#oKz~&yyv9+!cctH~m*KR+O<>7MKTYZqe8df?z+kd_x;u!L(E$GxS6ewza1(%Xf^Y z2~K@dd30)+ln3BSqEJ21Aa^R%AHD)~)#DD@Bb`KBa}KOrAIIV^T+17f ziHWXB#oTAmA-`U0NA9Lf_qOlHUL)sad)lj^FPmjTcg0hrS=5T0h$Ka^*`QVy0X4Q% z@P7|h_g&?uR~3+?ZWZ8AuhT35u_m`y7r+L`Wt6jwQ6d@Gp@M_}Qu7B(Th@clKtU=H zz0O|1Gj;2q6goYuia*RJ8cqAFZV8=dE%Z&`4HOoN|J*!Jc5u{yPu@drZ)|WN67cR+Sd@(NS)|JDgL(8=m2eOORhVZ3Io#F@(UG~_2XpH|Y%`oJ>&`SX9 zno?2M0RQQt`7Yepfn8jv%d)PG?^jI&W}d;~rn|LO^2H97GbfM&ejef{ZEzATdpjM0 z^99iAz!p^}J_wBm$pql6e4c}x;Q(PJad54I_Ri#5dgTo?t~&C(O;%Uifb!1$U^Tr@ z(*4XKq;vg-S_Qm)vo(kSVom>=Si>hP7l`LJ-o5e70czClo~k>s$*xyn`=Fg{KOYSm zIDiNUo2)ZoFAR3;8znx8D}NdP(km$rBx+7xbqjIT&S+gl_K#ejJ?!!VKm56^Gsfv6yBujciu$$IYer5|3@_M%Fb0^g{~#^oCNV2rxRONh`=7;GKXSm{UU3GQBaTc^7VoFVrk8 zNqDszgB%T#Ual|h!V0>wbS2Ydw8dToPtBJQjimNY?2OI41cc;W-(zB;%Eu1=D@FGO z{ylS2kBr6j(&?PS0f#P0GQU^0-=eE;1u}h``-fF}t}jz0&-?S>gbbD*`K_l*kDuMu zm!chGeE;`F<|Xe{glJLmyxC&OaK$6-dd;PbDsm`tgDwZ;&dGk?$J6}kA&v_QlIdi6giL|TX1U2fU;UX(Mtkz zEJ+EbM;JwuPS*u=vi&)=Z|(gE`HD)xJitwp>0N!5s}csmT3PCaM8;u-%QzEbL$rEk zg8T_L{nxLa4-D*zkt{+#ewEBe$^5Qdm60-_jC(SFgN_nE31G+gp;TPk)63Ck&Mi!c zl1Kg~s{{39vaZ6oGWQ)iOukeKk&AQhq>zQS^CE@9(ar^3O~^gU^}%`Lz4@m?`4#K} zusauSOt&X?<8y89vX*N{81ue)dga)%6}7w18|LvW2>6(i=rFH%!x)YxglVOQ#ph0;`17+B z!0kp&GQwxa=&Ia8>39EahPS{I^FKxeUlMfB`ptV>&yke|J73?N&453C&(nXNS@`^( z?{aj_H6ACkxljJQuJ;s@M#~DnU&sF}+MTV26)r_eiT!ua{fLNROc5>E`m~n-^yNFJ zn&U8?_W{zpjeRMjqkSYj^pg`H6haa{0iZgQlwa-v>^*S8=&-!#XI_^wjhVv`T{%13 zA7JUN2@dfXR*c%XopPsQhzlzKBAF6}0{2GmrjKrbu?a-=4co3>s`cFwiL{UT8*0rc z6%EZO&mH6&o#Y)o5Y9E0*J#4CMY)P9h?~EJX^# z;vErmDDkDrwrr*q?s0{n<cRZ!yy70svbV__0{E+6Ga!VOKOA8~D(f2Lo!Bz-%T(&xWR$3a7D3F;pQ6R)Ou1DQ5j|r#>|zvTXBdbn z03Ezh{8Bc%Y2SB zG1(jZzy@M?rJ%Ku4(&g`qyLFy5W$um@F7zCcs`L^v!o9R^8j`qw};EiDey$H)=hS9 zk|S!@8w80PGr`8m<8Q*X`5_{%snw|v%1Jvh`nxb9Gs~R>f!zyB@cdxY(J8}6GWgyh zWXpI6TlRTR`ebla?^DKcNw-9Ly{L}XJ@!*nn7gT4bm%qg{?3c)4)!`EUecC<#gFub;)(@kO9RjxFUdz1xSx|9B9#&%S|M zyN1qUHcuBauPedlqkwm-s3Ftwcpn34I8H7u`dz+Yu~b_-XK<)1pT{M!n}-Kp=Z6Eb zZvoIKsHk%_0dHTu?=!8`KTf><{$~XEfAPS|#6di+Fx(@`G4)$T?->f=x+uCvsg!Z6 z!Nx9C{|m<2Vd<@LsarSJDV9P_f)Mf|pBVgG3DVhB@V|-OJF`oT6rOix5>sk=;UYnO znMO>HUkZX=4^i4f#>E`E&z)dzrgy3{0N)1U{_F=OkrO`_r_Vo~8=`=1jeHY!CMBjN z9mX9XA9kBi}e!xS}d=}Vj?@%v=cq8(N14n+I;Dg8^+79%iHOjBGTN+ zR`j!6$7ZD?TJ`domOrLgK_LG?Q#`*sEaoA|$tnDe{7#T3TC3RK7>Et#3ec2azJ4P2 zz=MHHpAcm{=uoT#cRkzud7Bf3tWYNuC7Rp?TId`coc0DH7qmpz-GvU2X*ed?yriTgc(oEe zITkE$*_M?E6m)Y40htxO0Ms*Dp6yB&EcvV?GplV$iS@IB`MMf63e1PU-^(eiVpfJD zF42h{*>Z2$AYM5Mk~b?354hqk!4})l+bw4uEGgVVR5wD52olc0Ay(G*%g6P%Kks5zJe>xXxXxXMuWRcu;A_v!5tEUYvb+? zjR$wv;O_1OcLD@=cXvpb&b{x=%pd6f);hJ$soJ##!r|?RJ22nCvvOi^hL@Y?8I7vj z&rLV)xWbmX2s6sQ$(s{1hnmth{dL`4WNS@pCjW8@-7Jn1@Q03@_AUQ!K`U%MQ5^bqpj}iwjb&W-FPM#_DNAG* z7R#T#p}$o>QjBjO$%PT3qqk8tlL9Ugq^990B(Z?%d>#Y|#0ZAyZ!wi#2>kPuzn{;G zSGrzCVOpZ(!m5R-j2l%c)&S`nB~V_Q;3x%}7mP^{6y>15p1#^SHnyFx%jDQLJl(q( zz|DmLsuTqzLK0m|gthn&iedb{cGXgn_k{0?fNipo(s@}q0|VQsjL?DV+d7b518%O4F8vyxi-z1}+BgSxYU-l#&`Nx=%+yp`Wt$Dg zbU^jr`;N_Ih|;Z#CF2o#+g!Fq zVZEVd7%Xv#^PQ5&17#rNLs-HG%fySQS;E9@LzI$3n2iGwU4f@mnDv+mQcMqaN7Kp$ zZ}f=+T)?7D5V5ME1@9*A@F&(cbsVhp8zP_;6KddZz0CsS7L4*543@hRIti?Rhemc? zb+IG0FbC9EwICt1zd9T%^r_?o&O26`c{%xC)axnCf5ubfJPahi@VAQv<}<32+;u*3 zu7~RT= z9MmA^M%%#IK2*820}5{4auWNmz&&xOuiDHfjWVQ9%x0Y6Uc&4A`a8WVxHKSa8&k-r zHCNIdxl;E$`2Q8sM>OQFk}f|t()85V$IDbmgy6`WvIvv1@N;3S?z;6*y%e0s;TIE;lnlj|7%-s0 z;Nk2jdI#8(mT++?s+lpN3t-+o$6O>{O*#!;G#|#w#1JKPer1tqkG6P4zNuYj=-&orcrG;6XN=N(Ct*Af6ExP!*$fs0gIvqRyeM);aR++M~dxt8DHnmL;E@)p}mAp zK_H-qbB7iJ?iFE;DSBm*RA6bYSys=UZ5)Z=FA?Nttdt^EH4BXcD;!2%wGNav1j4uh zZXGkTs)3^@#f0OLIqqLx^@Y}!lCFp z7Jx@D806LS2$7 zku0bBb!t`VcWFay2nDRK90-!eGHQ30>h!Lny2;Wc=x3OD8S;97M>P$6@4r6pv-p=K zw4sKX$UU&Jjxz1Xj$BMlPAWcJOq^$uvI-e`8OnHoWvO-IKF9RtkXjf!jU@weW4;6z zRd?U2@M^zv1Io4c`sC%I1NeZUPF#i9G0zzQw?$d%VvvIym&`}7Bp)>3QINGAugDA% ztx>&y;fEM71V>eA^0TABRRDWy3DYKyx-Ao`-o0L^3`&sNw@yJO6W-0cKEMpYOf=_b zN;^Jy?=_A);0$^KI&b=f9+tNSX-oIUwF9LK=_&@$g2Il!eINxJNR&bZ{bBBEftz6( z`l0Tt9vR5z^_p%nkTaZlW^OS|9K{|Du&j9-)+vW2EWCwshE2GU5=A?MueP#05)Q9t zv)pE!%c~biizb#x$iIA!TUHU@Tg0)G(FN$W+tj;C639SVE>Kp&Y173^K>>7>>}z@> zW8r*kZK7e4CM3^v9@HWG%@cR;TiK*h&(?0@s@+`JOj}1a?ya<-O*MlufE@6N^lrC%5y^HeWFPHIXD;hQltyAW%mU~fG7WzT!}KcRToZ1FTZ44+Vr zC{53LlXdFb)3AufpGZWH$0PQJ|GaPgYcMh)`BX$oUnFung!A`g7GjU*Kh{CTWu%!V zQ=3%YTpTx>GoXDT9D*v;F4j!*z0AX{89;A3Vk+ z5|&uLLBD$5``jTYtY5eh3qadbJVD=+9scp)sx$W*Zc9&62^zCgvDW7B#|QIJ^R=6# zVjU?ZO;*{q`i?nUguykr-ti*p@gm+42jJ8uSA|dxN~H)>>iHsgIJXdE+@OOmL`Tf< z1x?5X!CAt10ACSYM9W1_r+qG&t}kL^!IV#&)?&GJC9txLeOLP6zkO3Oq)}ckAeYqQ zNewj`yOFM=XjyZjz~6ClmH}|@7EzdD2H#IV7;*WsZLJ!1!RI+w-`%3YAP-;i@-*K` zJEAD5MA_=tbzfnbmYS5psWHB~$!?j*6^V`&VIZ=9v%x+rJpQiQNIMm!J^E(+|LP+& z2411JBg}aaBw;6$bTvn`TYyZkrr>1x?@j~4;xTH@WKL$7Dxx9tqd5QvAlj{cX_1%s zECF}Bncw!T8sCKr{6t`Y#nW)R1nj3E$PbJ9dx6O@p*rWdjQAX|a)|&pWgAGk1*3!S!QDk||U6XPwjO<(da#K2-LfG;Eu++*7*{B2lZ&M?%0 z*@wPEK6uPI908$vbXmGXi6JVSX}{50!zGqQZKd(}m2*H}8dW0PGps)fWJ_6yPE*2S zqmwn?1H66uF)i>%DIAtvAUTgLSd0_dyMOLCKzelPv_yp9qKD@LvnWEs~Pupeb~5wjma8B8srqcfiY1KPKd z1N!W$#8@SC|w%FGlD|?b6cT>N&V8P zoQTMp*O!1z48Ycp1+1f*Kx5^1pp=%%)F(F~z~fcfgRP7pHzLd6KWeYJeDMpBbNZ5>n%hl(R{yc>UmsMA5Ji}&YWE9rb zsitAYJ*Hvb{XQl*KJn1}wy@mDjg|&>PtXn|ds*YLTT{WS_{F?t*E0K@!wVJfJ_l)u zRnb(!auD&}Pka8#H`}gqe~!)fub3n{9L1tdo`ysk{^}9ndHkPm7dwJt0T=!OwEO$g zQ+);0Hw8E@vi6)x$>cy)eC=l{3lW0CMD^z$uU<-{mZ4uvmBMd9ti0fWG$0y0TpoYg zK`t-8%K#hmWpz`2t#v?$bij7DLIV_IfzM}L;TG}5I);Vj$W6QJh=qpyTb$>M z-C4$HKePd$)VSX)@W``{OCE=OwM+GJDwks6qAlq!lTxBO1`ATQA6UG92()0UCnKT; zna9Xk96&ol*E&aqR!YcS$}srq_lVVsjoqvvz3gL3G0Zf^N%CvX?XnRDh}!rxAh>p} z%ak8IZeDykKwGEYiY|;SN0HP{o{t_}p&Oj5yM7>G&|k@(JB;9>lqWVB3M$f_xfDZ& z+e2`=tU@05Hl-*F^_eY5w2iQ>Q4T$Y#upM845CVDtFNe|x8g)tp8Fb*@<5fsO|bhN zjY|Dsuee3wVbLbO0p<1g??Kb?o1BFBvN)n&diJg8KeGMd0FM|JF779X(&%Xjugr2w zp2XnC&mJ6bSH(%A(G`G>N0(nRv1`>}(8MzLAA78;7~6yc_kXR%%Lok6!G5EY&U`8> z9uki>7V-h_i*RjdDBSh4k2qL>l2RgI64I+CA@)wvC}vO&a~!cWDvG_ z-Iwcj`)DcU3RgWeKr}_vS`(A#N8PTcDZ~P93aF%lr8kdtcEHVsh6YoJptRm;UoK>G zFmMl1W4AgIqp+s^D>XbCNfN|@YV`T`FhqFADF&YwtUNwC8egVfLN9)vKrIg%OQPEe zJ{kC9w=T54cG=xlvirER!%Gx)E=QLLPwF8m{HIKr4);mud_`Q>F@m&H5mVk=e0Wo6l5w+{)2PCB6zPQg(Bn`OBk>B)>2PnM= zDukw82{86v)(I#pl2*24LNra*N6(6>hVA`sGd~>=wQR1eS@mfQ**RT90xZ8e@ zZrz@2uHO)2}6T&|zd zf}4GzS8gx4*S=IRSYmRX3rd#@CTj(AW52gWG4R@!$x(JI!F#|1%DG{m^Cztf!%i`_ z+<3qHaL9tsTpF9Vay@$V@W+3lSu2L$N0#GWI|cb0Rpu>FZYm zbh;lCvnL)Mp{F2o-nYxQ0XYP(8c&Dl%FSAR2&_UI5`tV#M05>h3=3=DP3%hnGOgk;|-Wf%}A@%M& zdl0UL9_+sx&9hh4vZ0nID0U99cp87Y-o^3zoR>q+>)T{LO`1#=W%xJu?{V%}1P%lC zLqa1GY5)q+8dR8Q6}%@7qLqG^n<5v#@7L$Rfge~=t%A3Ab0_(~-|eOzv*8hj>Lp%( z%l9M{49Apj(|*8XPBPDVPMXLOsPtV8rQtI^nIw|z0vXY#W*@YuAx19MnGm<5<=qR3S z7QgFAaVGDs>!DuMo||aVXYX9Sf3@l0Gw)#3FPz2>O0D z(ChJ&;I>^UJ(>Q&4-A@yd|06<{yJ#6yqw-OF<%h9??N&XcNF4;_gits;uBhI2W{^D z;o*3qvT#}c$cvnnA(!t^`@pT1qhp=V_6LKb9ggZ-2sA^NdmT!6%7MDQadXW4H9lM1Dw$iKi#+zr)lgFLHqBDjLQbr(Qyr3t$NiTiaCGPm?(bOVFCbFx5~! zA}b`S_mlFD4XN#)&m{v(r%)={KynWN|N5d23Lqo@(t4%&4AAIAVwWBroFuQ-K(z^I zoE_U3Pl}paP{DHXK95U0>V)Tj+TXi_1$11BUKo~ucyB;%3qkCZFf3fMN=gKXJTk42 zWII}$ATx(5O@JF*vdvEuzyb{nqQVAW#Njx?l+M9s@##g4TJOGSMgFJjQW;=!W> zD|8J{A7gh=FFIDk&CB%`(^PaB160dx`OUT#y<1}--VL6ZzJ(Az!3L?f#uvIVJ60ol zQ>D9=Yt@jIp5UObaWfttDtDc2WfkiTJ~Z}0tbJ435sL0=>we+xF!tY4=3+2)8NLoK zCv5Me7=9N1oUryd6^OAO<8SEhRKfhQ#sFEqZa6~OWqp~pQk=XJl~Q7g(x^zd&lYfg zAJw8nU8fuSIhFK|)@#?*V7u#6YGw>%uz$}F^V?Dt*I-H)j?{+5r>m*J(RDUgdUF=EafrNZ*c61SoUxxXuoo4!o z(RwQVKS!AtE7qg$Y5xT`epyF&5qVfLxq(dbT4s|O zIFbp4zz=^$Uohl7_LIM1{~d5mVGilcg7Uo9KjrzdzyozDEUXT^!2jX(yr24euxL{d zidRZUUljDuRO&sEZ*!OwV)W4b_S*B_@dmMMIX_xkGGbSI>bmq*J}!B@W=7$WHcZo= z6mY-zqRQu%1dJuXp&C(a=2+f1OIlXN*gCK$X77*5B^L_Nr8GI5nu_dYuqRd^93=|c z@W9Gb5`?<)p@Al(2b*2jRVh! zg|45c{q;$G?^L%@I2Vq1q-;muN~T-=yBtfgTl$RD>xSBAr0)p&+&6qoe7XJq`aIv2 zh>+}a3?khz~X$GlpP= z6BitbdP?DNx20L3+l7T`m`snS=T|Ig7F#>=U3lSep<@!hwg&m79pst|sOX?uDmJZP z>G!lcY`0Y+$W36DhjLL4(Pwe>PBi-KP@!wj#{fajs8_Y98rZ*yi7fxFt8nqIhHlg2 zZrS6DG|e~nqXjIemfM?u+@=AqlfishE$_9n6M|N}u6>LGQZqh8LBMc#--V-9ZG0Oh zU~dB~VTz$A!%5YHcw}%`^Q>$FJG`M)!c?M|Z9;SD6kdGQqIi9eAR~cF|Hx;jK?Tlm zI=)uBh=LmG0=e3vA?qrk{`L7rnyqY-Cd>MPWsT9BDKUZbg^&7!SE%si0uhpVP^5^W zp|ooVR|5P-CejoI1X;VRQ=X;eYT~Z$0~yH-N?E6%v~e?4KA_t6trW?2?3O#hOFfo5 zg4Zd3{exVTQ|lMZaVgeDhTf9}k;f)z1d$mvn3>g>ZYuRGemy&Qz*&CMwc1$@)wc{K z3jANq>L(?Ktr1jYY1TvwBGpje;%nDSMcQ(K!A-tw=zS9V(m?`{MBTN+t zdZM`?#H_Cz8eFXxsQ=P`M$V#UiHD7F4vph^ppKn>5{6F`7lQq$p^3fATwmZ_-u9g%UCL33_uoTxUiz#!zVU z@mrNP&ezTEx1WFF0Z+TRZ<EL`8+^P5$fRvFE)jfqR>6 zy~YfB!`I`00FfW<{D(W#L>I(~lLRlc`GXaTDfAvyK?+8uW;$Y37GD<+T5S-yhl0bG zcd#rR8i{*6^E^IK>1UEMbG+MP;3l&0r4~ z#V#Bj56FFPNLZpLqfj;ARLW9 zndL#g!vle5K9(AY_EE%mrO?WeJR)aa%963nA0#gC}XVY%nt zeVZNZGvw+?xmQxuCJ9Mg(0OLWAhDY?FG6s+?r+CwtgrkS?`|7>QpsTK-Ubu~t*x1}kZpNOWNZF|<>(F+222OPZw#nc_@`cd)`pTVFpVaj#x} z<%=?dHhB=AGvZTgQ5@4@mh&6?B-?Tbn9nH@b+^sr19YeC3Ff%u>8z5WOCi2G=4xQ# zlE^!fh0+H7e)~l}Y6F+yZiB=G zoxE+W4e^W@vl`~e7w5^En8wN6QtgZiIK!pssTT+^55iNHZ#^kqGM~U29$}M}tsU{R z{Dn}VTir1B;Oz4kRs&hOSj^Xf{-yLMZy)cAm*Af9g6GX%w1bS*87(A$r$*#?f^~khg)g)Xg_W1~=uT5Wd*40T+v1_oM|rcqiH<7Dtd- zZ;7E*NAdQsMXdm4c|R9~N$#LCM$CyYg8Bnv`BwTn(X7aijMY|ssqce`th(k9)c2ZX zl_lVob`Vi?jn6ekQ|P!I^Puv-2krF$a4n?^lEY<}{Z9PjPq?y=cr;BcEymABd-fh# zq`eLiY3=Y7+HIzP$1w zqm_F6UE}wa)bGhi(qoPlue&6X?oSZen<(3OlPlt9XCY&x_2{9+vCYXZ{qZsfb6~F> z2I4NV>F;>x*tAm;2C75J!BPvU-K_?bz|PC-iQB+i=+5pKi!n>qFP_`18RDV>3m$!c zP8NGK@}8u?IgwCba4B{`+M8bB!{EO>2~UP4BVdX8XmVCcD{XjL*2LM52CplNpo58{ zFfaB9M3;m=${H_Z?@!XODIDU%M9}FYXTgZGCk3f1Yz_ngAodJIFOH05qB&8+3zqnS z#QA#~>nt+D^koJ1AMo~CWE(yn4Q%ZC9~6|t%mgUo>JsR5!?FchCQIqy`xla z4u0mri6Eo1TI3N-i}()7uqG;WUj6)__a>E#gNr>z87r8dpZC&ky?ShSGL(rrO%QPZ z8DKxQz&er-tL?EHeos&^4as}tT@=-+m?E( zx2vh-IE9INx$+BH7f{AmVWA=>u{Cj-EDx7@T3^ozCPP;PAixz+dC?GuXMy6D4BY)& zDcUS3^O-MQmagx_%&Er$p^U{kM3j%SEq3uzO^y0@w_MY;zy=akjko%!EUQtrnS!qQ zFAz#&h-_A~tTH38Ru6IJ=A%9@MM$W3**-!UqiygP_Y ztm8FeX-E-saef&_wV?2<0rsLgmcYjlR_+99PRAc*aFuU0lIWbeNvN)TA%>%uc!48o zw@P^wGnP_E59_5DeP4m_mz_6zGggHOV@6b0)wu)g$6*U;G-y^a1OtV~7+Qh_RWOr5L1OK|(&IgC#g z^5e<2GdFfpet^lRO6_Q23nG_pjyTpN-$*m=CyPe!2{A?J-?}s^ zPq9z6j&`ei0Kl*Z;r;J~n?akujss!sLXx5ePgIN2v6FH&BRzBm{U2JNgu&DH8*!|G zC?M|+R;R$lY|DSIXBw%@01VKerMu;;zSl7|tebN-0f*TLt;q8z>3wauP~7jgwT5ZB zH}K^%XMHoGS)#&Y5sNRK6;NdJ9ucHY8e+(@uk!r2ilB~gtRU{~5zqe`@8pjFcOPZn zK7;~T@#wpQOV~W%`b?@k5psDs%1TN}t&5;*J>&_!eI50LP=^MG*?9lSUc56zxYa=M zF~hN^ed{7NGmoAnN&P9VXiQnzkdmMjG?x>~`j?hM;+o+5#;rJK)umwXR5X~ODSCu> zAu5|%Yg9@NM?1YctzLq*A#=jWjXjBpLi5kRcybgvwiWnOZs#Edhz(Xx)zUO@9C6B7 zhuEs$P2z#u9$9KgDO;9>4rW%Jh*LW^Ui2kobz8!tKHAmvb87q-w>1UL>qr0hM-m>< zi`?O<{YtbT*jSOjtr3On9-^D*oV55#z3GH{o#B?Qhe_nT_T|J#U)9uR_v08fBB57~ z8#bUf*6@9ck3%hA&+Dx5u)$r0ehdZC07l!e6(d0JtjeB%e5<-@foS`ibLKoQQ!^ZI5OHgHeBYCV~+9pV^v`7Iw#f!h@WY{DM9n0hkjL}CTd8fo1 zF|C!Ny`s_7t*!b9$Vp@e1UVTr*feR3V=X`v7`eNBSwkIq(0p{ELYfRrX(0nVf!=UY zOx1UDwg1|Ahf=)iui{gi{A7AvX?nD;NF=lIQ9nD~ai~PnAj%6!yF#q4Z+_hk@`vauEc~=KJes%7&S*`Hp%q z*gbCd+Oq(AW05*4#RMSN%zA0HuGCBpeu&u@s2OPBO8u*C##+gv(S@QM$U=f@!}oDL zI6w*_er5d}$iE5XFd@2Sb=T=3CKXet&o2v@M2(0S84Fig^@QM`vK24_6es+N%T?55 zAZc0KayoTUoztO8?uw+87F<58CbvaRnYE%0R2G0>br#hQz zhOK_Npzj>J?Dp038{F&*yLP@({*NWoQ787y9FQe6WbiV)1}v{B$dvIAZIBJYe9~rJ zK~gEY#WS9`m+5V3VFwb#PwkIp>@pKlFgO6~scX1563(M}ijWZLqkHY@+Z*DOoK&@Q z1QWHW7}m99;X6FnKz3$)NQIoX+zHC!EI-y;vmpMSsMlh``R~a3{lWzbqcjSk`j51O zDa{Cmk51tAOb5HyZyV%+-d+Rn2INm9)=An9N@?^D`8!Lwp?8ny%t@@w#DdK(TRCnM zhlPYag~Ozb_XorLYI_*U)q=s(G_^52I}Jcgp*BPsebb#WPH=_S2k`bf_F4M&q$}gY z$Hvrq3z69Gl&7AKpm&i8k;K{ufgt>c1VrOWrkQV0qqvz=9{2gdR#+9%^J9p9M#eML zlr}fXd~RB7^$bgs!Zg7mQhx}V+EWY2(j&GA5;snm5Dp$C?Yqu`i`|6|?uWL-RmXS- zA1-*0&tbL2QJjj6YR%+ibt69u`y*}9o5w*MTGC@~s3N5S4FkqnHA?b64M z&al*^q|#rrgrs@4k(57M?AFUi99G!>Bwe1NnlJWV?2RVkIP1oe9WCw(`ctM1_?|{T z>DlU4`Kjhk;o;#)^u#uG{Wpb`pw z87<3EUr|Oo2u$Z>Z$Z?DxE(S7@a6wSkT^J52=fkcHe9MhU7nZ^q3x9i@aDKK8V&16 z_hgAW2|8#RRF`-z6!5riHw_TwZs7j_&8G%LUfh*?ROkBa$PPM`415=k7`2WHryfB) zRAgH4(ortBe;qSlbF=rs)xo>%_@7baCk#^OgY+KfUC1e$u|LI~owGW>ed9A=PeVNN zmG!Q}`jnt{4}l;)LHC18XH`bI?QA)zDC{@|wZqaXxpZ7oJ@bqef=k1@Yrr}G!hZZ< z*)qGpAWT`<)UFIfwn;SQus4=f$z^D}k>ZR34;wKU$3B`QdyF>Hd4>Ymd6kXLAlKSL zy1LM=Yb)L@JOnG!VlK}`ZWYInc-(tNKO`p(r+ zy!TYj1;j@SAZmNSESnmqGnW+jsQN3e+3dIjQ}w=-UnKh&CL2N3jmbRAxq(9|Zi_Ud z79VEWd6Il12oy=ezww}I61~8l`d^rjd<^( z&p8ISWENW5Tm75B!o|I>$YeH69eIb;MCAH617CC0nlLgy1nqqsCzx_{suv*$NGF8# z$?<*bliQ@s8M$WyzUdj8g=y&PJY*c$MoxrSqPh5z>UL@Cf#4l~WJ?Bzhch6mJb9+CDfWh>*dTg+JebjwHR4<)>BC$nTYDG7k49oy)%Bs5^%qcrw z<%L!psU{qanO|VkVn>z0@(K`q0zk#Wm*Gd=`@}-(In2= zX~4Jxk9C&?B-#Wwv*(DBe=}CpD{gETc#OTZo;)gbJ-peQ4$;XN^xw&QYVJWLXZ|KG zqi_t?Xz6mm#vkZ^Yzmdte>cXxuYqzaAXxN@mq19`A=Y!CTi$S|?-dZR;-P5V#|4)q z@%@Tb_)b3`W>A?9(4kdQM`U24v#Y~R{ca+dz!j6p$PH-tV~cVGlOE@Oin9mX>mvNp z#4=Uu!p9O!CU-_hAHHvG=rlY=*A)DAgOQ+V2G!~ZkYzk~475GtQJTMmTk66I2+KTi zIDKo`H=OK{u{%y8AQ*Qfo#kH#MB7=9!59ZAd6k;7R9hbP7_Z{$NM#bodsC0OJuGH3 z7}KTQm5nd%z9{3o|9wohJ_|{xx8T}S3H8sDy+m`~fHWNe8{Xi{Jz!_LpsIb+ z-9EzG24Q&cfX2hwasic6)BSU|GVu_?)xy}?`TTK23gWgKW;|Zo>K{j;7;#$F#DseS=cGA+SG90s6Q}cp!_{xGMs^k^>>taxW`aw`O zF;^Mq9OrI2b}}M1T#u_19#$Dc4Rx1gJ?)F>`sCq0gd?CVNKw=Cw;i%IZY%f{c74^( z`G4uQFH4;`Sh)?II9P4#sG8lYI*l4vdm4czLq2W8nL+nE!Pri~U2M`=Zf!yCU+l z7Pm5wgD+3ofGkP9#a0=2sJji(_wU8KzK>uY6(8M(F)x_`s{q08CKDd<_nCtc;4l-H zW3WY&dUqjoy+TKI7)aoyH}m&a>n=K~5!Lv>S*;)vcQ<8mqRA%v@^K10Md}@Qpgjt{ zZ9ak65B@v#)l55i8fXV~UCU4?YAZJbD}KzudfJZeh0Wr35q?)E&aG$?6@m4fzpM^+ zVZj-W=Q8MqkL)9uRk4U5%ckS3m3n7t(^0}Y5BA@#!(fTA*(MoH0upe+hI=a%h-D23 z_wi~*%fxx=Up@BiL9zefgU)Pgx|1?qU1yCM^(lVfMs)NtCg*BO*G!ltAvW4fHTx`Q zl3Rsw_TpslVvB*5--sx39d+h5cBHltQr|v-gP)lhbw3|VAJI~^-R|?GMgg}K#kM0( zvLl;FGa3l{Vb7L|8FVL$1}6L(X>$cJB!#foh&;`Y7%KwY$b(3{gz2xTG?H(_0(Kgie%!WLt3~T^&SoKhUh2?u*su@l-yEshKtq z{+o2yN=V83UC4T~t$9X^>^K597W35IhXnc2R({bUF)KOIKT3cjM z#k&iMGuDUDp5vqdrC$)PEcLC58Gq7#kfl$w?RJRNwH2n8K4~5;k{YQBn6!jJXkvdS z7zMHSxD~juU@hEN1e6h>>V{Nb;)2&p_yHrVng{Vi?q9#28G1(+<@UM<1)(i!M7|#l zV>0)wTw515X^9`kM3TKsO@&`Av%+@@pmwHmbjsPo|8W}H46F#2O2aNV2C#CZo9aUs z5Jur|tf>K3Ziu7fE+gL6rkqqmABI2?@iQd%7{I{F7)+{KVyv$dN0HH(G*8Hduuyhn zFa@u_Iq<8*zQ(y(gPle?QYF}#=RP*vwm-NhG5pX~BhlRGAgbt{4HH)EkOZfFgVhEx zq-~JiNf(glrTe7E2ohYTQ*!;4E4ytOjdBQCKw_w3hX8!(7TE{;OA z$g>=jSMskY0rGHJu0vYDn;Nw;AUPQ&7ZcFHpgsK-rJEp*t7o^ExJN z+YE$yoKfAy^Z7qr8Oh{+DPJ>A5;kJ(o4{CFhE8~Q*=(zMHH(==1|71?QiNH>6^;Ku zxQ+r7FK-p2=%LkO9rBrhRPCc!5B4R^VHe&>?Q=+QxQ5HD71wDdmpn;C{B)yAf1pw@id91vTqYp!QU^fs4o0kvAI7?!wN z>|^w)b|JvMZd7Y1%j?|;R{V90QMY@ttzSsBM<07TVGLb!#V}hnj@*a{64kuUnA3q8 zJp1xAfV+!WZ7&HXr@G@fAKlyHFOB+Y6M5u~-YlFX8iqWk3Tn16bQoX=ivseBYIUi51e}MGB}F%!uF4w%C!Y#zOopv*ZqK zdyYg^T(hfQb^=n~{O%z+4Q^>R=%-s{P>gJD@;$xnadRPTv#>kH@0y*TUnWhLzBePm zx(PLvs>Xq;s_vKqq;=toHS_Dfhe6rFyNuFH82TAV=GhUA38v(1Qva|ZdEAl?R3jRpGj+@>;}W6DS-yornG))<%>kLdVc15G3k27zaz%wLv}s_vuD z`@))Gwwm_w*ZDAuc1s<4f9NFdtaeC1<9iy(DkeIpcNvEWAjDDDTKtF0@mK?2N@7cO zKOVmhthpTe#9%|^Ip+Rn8`;C!1FJ3%l5|m?`}m_h z2GN7|cmks}f9mFTT7)Iau$-~sviX6Bk~boq8gR&S z;l_T%OadyEczmcR)rLo@reW%uE_yBvGjy_d2QTzdmxIu#h;6*hn!vVpirGldK}~>B zIP|!%>B@91<6Jg_Ko42eP3U+kge_G5pKjoF=8<&dZx#2FdxE0#tV>OntrxRk#oL#0 z(b=(i;N~8J4)kmk^ta<0Ks8Pwv%-igu$>^u5$eefh0DEi7ws9)x!~e+X-R`wnPk|X z3D6uDh=9Nb6qv1WoW!!Yzi_>+F&aZu^iX;ikt#2+4};49Ivwnl-W}^6`?gDWE`SxH zVd=eh?L3o>+0Z)5u;Qcx9qfLhl5zB_1MYNMLmbR6n0MV^KY0<%!C2E0ib06V=rsO_ zovAoiuH|s#YyzGdnAchP+^Qgx3!!~;mj>rwpRCpqcNaCvCYAjn`L-hE-bmc%dNJU6 z1$F25nQ=-D+w_!;RX33$s{P8ZQ$BF`A&4&~1z0P9u+`C2CianmCmd_#WK<9hu8AG* z-+aRQT~O3!;JfX_zK@7`cf$tZB83vB^$NF1D%$9EpJ2$W*pK$kH5y z(X$sXO{!WyrtR0lQ9>teo&mW#g=vnzu^oEv1~5{Q7gn=|5p=%YjLU5ayZLrMsVHdn>*ECeFQ;s0^td6gaF7qs(xSv_j_87Pj! zwjkek_40ANqp+~Br((Y14@&T~*H^KI+JEE3V+cI2?z@KdXO!hl_~wWGjPDaVPgH|GBMo}~3!$Q>V+noOlN$H*VFno6z!01RQa?$f|6((H?XX+<%h=q>y$nOu zlX#GAxWoN%dz}hk5DSf*TZ%)JM%OD(Q|waXtqW~J`yK5D@rQNlV1@`ZCenBqSI4W9 z?`JE$o^Pw9ORC)IiFIou41n%8@b4-Sw5p@= zhnD$IGv0_xTT^M~R&wN%;~V5fmK^a<&A>K<+51clED?Hng3y}pluJeNwKnT;`#NIZXDt!8w4F%(%An z^M_WOhbm7ZRMwsl*Ru%&gMGt%5VhQweP|Q?Af&qzIG(ZlDw3 z4;NYaqZayO;>5RPFSEexHqyDjW}jdjXh&kajtR096qbh$+yVl0LZ81Hy9O``$V@;q zUwE1u5Ai00{ue+h?6n<0Eq7KGDe|QpFdMxiRp&&M(s0m-6Bc~=8OlDeMhd`KchNi} zZ%q0noPk8kX?T(DH$Fm8BbJQ`9Y^bY!H;OIY-)g}vf*L2cWf|WQe`NUSg$}J_}kWt z>Gg$&y7)H=togOS#Hht=t5Wm{Of;)f6rM)~yEZesc-51(_GQeN> zMMf@mAC1WNOqH6T*7z-x5kOYr-Oh&NFpTaok?WGH?(^xgpP2}>4Bh%4pQ@2pcAMFD z2iPp({1zo;qFaoax&En(@V&{YVbwI@810}pnz)8e;Dy@y&)wvuq@+@f*YNfg!y+*x zULc`$dyrL9xXpSy&gixTz4F##_XF49SuvTy>GD6tOGE5M8&Is(*y5jS`4sw<1`Eir zSS@y>aeE(%J(3R?5{~0#9Z?mfFd$V-_F{4O`lmC>iM8(K0JOZRNOSbM9D7jrPwwR4 z@6}5bF|u7=>*GM0F?BvhK2T^yNO=QUMH(}om|{mjJ^9#W2wlwl>Aw5;qs|M=Ug9%3 zb5fni0O$gB*t#C<5vX1kEZkNAQYm0;!Q&0eitAy$6vB&AS`t&N16(-BlK%Ih#FQ099^tK-IF*4o@KA94WzVzse8~C^c znpJz0wAg}Z`$ZePjtAxDjw$xjwF$G+L+WP(UIb18&nPF&UN&5wH*~_6b_$OE%Q`7b ztOq?QuMLo$a@d5LuXeSKguz1PxKJ;-K9}f~Eud@eS8lYl)2|#xpvHruefn9Ar~DMR zs2R{GhJ5Lk;pUv3KH28<2uT|~&+tYr(gb)DsxK|MDrzk^p-ED(D(!|Jw2+eY#ZfW0 z1at63*aPq71rOjAHmITdvAXDVK#RS%K-|kI<@rD8s_Y{`Osl}%!OC`Vo<^8m#^9F+ z5I%5SO0?B){Rg}9Xo8UU!-#v&tKM>#H&6RQZ9+SB!)u+gAWb#)pDv$L;@`dVbHL8m z(aTN%L=;0V^13|Tek6z$H7;q~-;vyXR3gFZJ{Jw|aS^4tM!2;;S?=g>{8PRl7+C_g zlLVoe-5xxDIooiqg(l?_?L)Bm40G2HY4O3Rzt^h%J%B;;Fc7@8cwZYtB*XsF_ZgI$ zQywvrzEV3eSJxRXN!U-}>kSspyIh3U=R2~E!-`|IL~udD9W)KpnE~aJ zFA@Lx>ecdx=nc#|bHN2vn`5xDJUzHJ2dWvgAhfnd)i-tu*d;b}iS6U0vG}EY$dx|4 zG}lZ3F28q5b90fUWp3A%vA7$Oq7>WLrYbFTRE)4wASei!x&az5X>Wls{5feP2+t$8sLziFzPmSB5)r=R4U_P?#>`(6()@Cd(+a08RH9 z{4oa>%I(`nii=?``;q5RiJzB^6_X`>qW+30`$E)`bi4Ut_VP$m{XR+c^0n6}GKsp9 zy8wqvdK~YU{y5HzvSy6SSm>^j$*%#hmti{8vnsSx)Myb{?JuhE<6FQ$ObmPL%y|Wt zK*s9_TV|erch;3R7{F<&8E<t-*0XSy6gKOjpRH46;f>NbL2Z_#W6FBIPcta*ZM1N6-!S1T>G2j~6^7XJpW;7b}Eo zoB0uFlYWO++WfGkh=wo8I{L=lr?dMYhDacnu5t;n8Mnrk(!{53nHfV)DMR!?OW`nD z=!d+;4}iLcV$sjl+>JjhIO2R1IZ!8alT4E(O)BgED5M1oh3JsmeWGMVpTvt2+i1i| z- zH7>BoTpV-)Q4Bo}NAIFc0qX*%KMS3YbF%)HXV{4Vlq6)%7VBXUPuxsM4JiS`W>F zicvxg1dqq#F>{uz4LDlu$6x^DrSs0$BQdVbUZc5SJ>V;fRECEBf}Yl`$PnqGXdRf< z0lK?c8>UMWIhibOGUmYPTp$XmD&HN{KcRkoHvR)v=#1uy^n;x_e=*rv>gZV(u_~ex1x|8)!;ZV-h#R>1KSaG{Sd`(`{yhUjcXziS(jhg3bR#7QLnGY{4k1W)x1`eD zFi3+m(%sVC;5+X9?Dv0M-{+VQ_r30Gt#$s+GbST8nFkGsdP@b*y!@f)yz#*!imD2M zxIFhif(lGyoVY7}P0erMQ+VXMCnc*KELYf7HX|d0&U;D$eV=t=6cczF`Vd-*|L)y8 zo=^BLF#uPJgMP+bW##*mHd0|kG6M2gNBB}19*RzRFfgBcP4n>jn?#3u?BgaPz#v{r8n(c+2X-*QTV2e*AP_T{%AtZ!|7YeR)_7?n^_e9@bWPZXyT?s&GgI3_m6E{Mh_>maKAO+=kloh}yHui&6UT26+ zS)UpdbLezmz;Oo)ZS(`J>fn2!JRCdcYy4xXQpA>l=T;bH4wfZXkFvRsAYj`5My?Qq zPww53#Mc6M-}y}yN2ef-po8pG?=eP$5XbySWm8c-i0+f-w?^+bpE=-*gIH=70YCca zYf~x>4gp4fch!taS)}EW##76WIVI#-CI0&cO(|ctr7UD{+v17a$=kzEbEP|jz0mw4 zapUw3$Kv6zbUQNC;EnM<#{G`9QiY;v3%b8yM4(P9B8>kM6s3?E6tK?-b>SmULkxGm zG-LpJ#pniHE@Xf8u z%@LXRdLW9AdzN7n@sxJPIaMoML4GW4Adpm|tn3ZfX@9S(Iu*j?*-^;iuekk(ryJcx z*)913&zm_HihUTM`aB-x%DDn6UGrHqrqt`+lwv;h)zW*ogroCxG{P=2H8IhQYV|I% zS_rG2C(Gdv;oW$$x6NHL(HUyDk=*mJuQjWKM@Fq~-vcyaFJ*r{Q0www{2yq6>kAl0 z)m)&AU)iBs@MYkzh-0BM;}a93KQ&t*Ac*rT?|7limJlDI&n(gV{kAO9UW&N6yY#t` z(iwH!KpWs6BUSK-tGA;4vdel_Vpif;DJ9iJKbXP+DDwrH16gq<){s~E>OBwhn+))f z5b#mEj@#%;$n)l~o(+S(AljHP-eN*ch)iADRU>JuanUyV(4n&su3>7>7!Yosh5B2v zXXmdEVExhKl|INoGJgJq0G1hUvd6&9A;E`TZ4Fwd`dRQ%bp1V%@)XV2kMa@xDnnP* zqqfBg8P;o$t~PSMP8EwFVeDK}k|me#NR`)?&-w)QT3NXx*LdDLcJjlM12(e1ODVH#b!!*;3#o+_W zq!)*-0=`cWx7K|fj|6>V>1*-~llf8hesZEui!?l3yrYN=&3cdNqg6-SLweW0;YFMu zP85ZpYRYSa;`-9`a!p=SX80Z{(fe`&=PD>o)=#D?4IF(2r~KHXZS9w&y+3GZEPUZo z(4+}Z5=*CH$i^ITUybou?5%!W0k!)I6$LRBVQOAn90hrKV7T`$kV(a!KQp_2l=8BS&|062Q6!rg+Bo*!>VLa``(+y@Pt ze*8GzP&bG_{_^1==*Pt-^O=HX0tLZ(uZCJ8pnc0}sCnpYu*8a0TLFh%U z^tVPth?_B>ZV6?5X%O|q9Dy- z;%X`H6ZR;v@Su$*-=8&dy&fS5iUy0Xpi2;&hq!&5JaX$s(*}lE<;7rFjb)!fgK;Vf zFzQ~7GEQFWD$W8!o?-ULka0SsbHLwbP@8R`Spa1!D~?~G&Z?9)RtJZtJu@i#RA}+S zNCl5}lNA(RpQmq$psd2NQOGZ*rMb&-^1CuYJ57Ooy4!vj!MO!to@d7@DgSSU^yZq_ z&c1DAdBO&tc$h~!g{pH)5nUFGW5FA{nVnbbb?#K1j&k@Tn9x-Yk~ShFrxI12ye6z? zoW%FyanEszDHNI2JQ_4IKcfL9w~D2oGD8rXv~%(7ybw`HU=7Wvd*~l@ojFj^2>u3G zPpmdi=_A0iF)zySg#y5oTg;hI&l0O&!tj;#6k_iixCFcsYHy=ytD~>a7KTlw36j{f z4JQR&)>(~v0Dgjot$wA^!N0F0!zGM8Uq4;3R8B4~P9b%*zyX+_jN!+h@Nwgbr3LUg7!Hz=*P;-l3C8d^%Ot zZO8+>q(SNr@w{a5R5`#RCs0 zs>QM6OJF%}^{E;IL(TK zu7BMwm!If5;EsoWlpbj!?lt1H0q-#4YH9f3*dd*_hYQO{CQRis!U}Nt^D8=i7t-<* z28jC{2qr7g%yOQyRsYsJYJ?#Yc94TnTrdLh>hka#N=uj=ZN+n&;~33>`@!sJ;(+&M zsEqeHc!tF!1J|{9i6cLjc$Za7pK9?4WqUb{R?|tY*v9d+0ESL5_pd9Fa68GhW2nD) z&0Y8KzTs~s8X*?f47A8-X}Atb78_Pb|^$_L^IQzs zJkcqwm)oM;s7K>kV{0LRgH>|fnvgLNpPwWlooB%&8Bz~!jcVVljfenK@ zP0#w#oRYHY^04$VG@#1+Pv|ij4W?VmrY9Oe0=iHpL{@ZI`;hmdUud>+UVUohK$B^= zaYK7#=x7MdcyHXt*h&^-_^dX0sV8wHhD=s?OKUZS{VflB1I+Xg_xgu%U5hRxd;i$e zE(FCktnzK45>$@cx`F_m0SjVBYc>QCV{)phMK4_s$F z;vUFd{rdWNrA=2gONh>OmupYTEmui95Z)oPuAJ)CGMv+n8ZQ@n{Hj@+ICT^ng}-5f zR&|}7ssYc3#v>x9?b8|&8N*Ni@a-{E(*C;KmwFDvW?a+9l{(z{3DxYkNIKdS6%h%9 z(}0xE2U@v23oBHs$8BUrgEL}pz0UHg%?i2IyEiy7KQQ*pb87_K94|JYU(MchtA%APsBRr21HEUhqf2bh1u6YJg5)!OEu~K>Yj>~Tqoh*8cKT?cXU&}Pv zSSJh@VrwwwW$}u%-~~ueOMqtc#q{hhXaeW60w}NR59~7_PjbmpS#N>AB z_PF6sSp2WJL^V+4f|}lc>xDZrW!UhWQiy|0N>7hl1YwyF5F>9IBX^LMrmwR?S2U*6 zw}tU9Cl8Cxc;3%$UsIvVC}ofNnq?du_3y5S&YxtEZxd!Pze~q$qM9pT`O~NS=*G2s z`qoK{Zww_;GSx#|HF^Jko{pY3YWwS+ZG5{(oo9wnh!xEs2{~SgtzPi!X54I zbtZKtWMpr!ZLsmKd`?>S2nW+?PS^`|TjP-Y?$iYfA9}1+8f# ztv=A~MGD7ux;41`hsatvmskI1?%(^|k;^j?k+0^YVO#%rj90WS8$Xd6FoOE$DnBOb z8hO9#yhyHM?B%N}D@(LrYE+PxUP5F>dmag4> zS?3VxSbN$PypZ^NDRE$#4^LPTUl==jzeVOxK_Rn_wT_vfZWm)069K;HmvYJm1aM4H zw)sbAkJb*87Lig8UChSAV8MKR~X? z###JtrgLBTD#sO-l&&+QGhz>UDSO}_REK?D>gmCFhJr@3fd8sXp}RmEH(dt(#d8sp z1!FRuq2m|xS5RVWN84RzJ#*@MsKhJG5pTvqWi^8IIIHBMf-^ESbxrnpH7yBntu2rS zF7_F8hOS_>ZahA`I?IVihg8CcXsNU&OPJOkuKS-qlk2ZU2a*dfHLJm8S~}n+s-bmM zYg<`}$Qr+_4vA=4T4l=^@Te|-4!$*3$H$u`tPZ@YMVz>9c*_DFE^Nm7F~yQQjlJto z;x&eqVoY>e))loF)PUQ)6PBxhde*O^Zl^Dt(CQW~6bGH~yfOn^dN_|}(KL*1ynN{{ z`^S`Gq&Sgtjq>fMI}OX!DRU@68U#Z}^FPYs*!Pplb8H!?ZOSSny7{W65j z?w;mkhe$Fmhj{p)T+bJj-Xqd*YEcLf@j%4}CgYv_O-3lL4_i zco^st_O`S;FZ3Uml+s|nw?~sz(^9)PPmDz#< z$H>pYFgU)LZhaE83!!pB_hSsRftwbtqPOgHM0C#3)zwjh7~0wCz6PSy9;5k$W!##f zKYujLwK11pL?4Xj7@%{X#&_n1VYQ)e zk4$X#j*G$ivsWo8MoUrwffDJ znkLuT?~P?^fJF|Kn1J|~gVt(lYPwy#)?m9J@72z`zBj`$R3b^O&_;=um%7|%<-m;@ ziM_B8*dx+e<1>S@Yd<8Xw&r~M1x|xR|6o?*3xu73D@uv*pM%1>Y~(eb&f)31?7ZN! z46IlfX$3CC%Fa|OTI`XT@inWh6Fpo~+X$Z?BTW;zkhsHbiZc1x@0Frm?UcLvI-y*ah|i2+*W* z)Ox~8v>r*(YmJS(!Zr44T)CDVH*4f^1hxG)pjsGJ;1;`@M6GESN@c^hJQLKqRD^rM zq_o^pi)PoaIr!%4wvNDp{N!$ANB&p<@a}Yw$`~oFTxANqV?#hoXkR1)9w>w zOg30}@pMHEP4vPwc8`AQ6&;N^D)|ela8LoDEq}+B9rm8)NUi{YF%zVgOMdbUAFSgG z-8j!!zMjzcP|jg8cVw|4=6XQ$6M>UtkNcVc^XvdsHwx(%Lk8HCXJzP45d)oY#Np%J z@z<|STlg&OuJKxeVRZ=`Kd4`tQH`Z#=8!jgu;=!A?fJwLy=0wdRPXa986%R-eC*9qhidr9`5oF6 z!SoatxONroJ@lWnikPWJ(sV1(stTecJ`hbjVU}~K%6pa z9y2!DKFrIqygmBgZD7Ri%#M-;Pq1Mbw!0AoX298&73v$=zJ(0CP6Rh8=<`wYHn5NSO6U@m(SUs{p{0j>4 z_G1Fws)?OegbC2{POaYuKRtR{>!kNoVyW0HG&>)DSN(v+=!{tpo0)~l2{bWp{d75s z^Cqy^8`#05)JV*sJ%wMNSZM<8@>@S~(aV2iJu&939C1h8=h1_m)@Zz^mQ%5hZjZ*p z6jdb`(L)aQYBvlMtohjH!3N2OzIAV4oBT%RPk`ZdDfkfgXc-3;Of037Yu>B(G0>L# z3paC@=dNrqX70~>KQY(!g2i8T++(enTk`_?r7t&%x;bt2ZXkwJs=yGSl~?Fa<)h%bJ3M%T^vUw@=tpLJO+nE>Zk zjE`^RCL9}|BQ#E@zK(nC_Y+ID8StXOZvmfl(siwqk>D}R1{2ClV=Jm1fKOu#Y&(@H z9~Ka)7DXlses{@OFEs#!ZiEbZh^Ck*fNpP8M+xE5C+!bnLKZyYJoGrf?UIRkC{5@F zrRwW#iDTv2G@$Vh8%8g2$;TonXQvz<>Ns71g%Euh40Mn*pOW7~agh_!c|tL-L)JKn z4#pd=fw&tSeVJFbFzg8!9fxG5ELJe-sVdKms2zk^Y9lls=OM+Lc60wpIF;%f(%g%5E9T z(T_+q{jSEG+f0rNzsU_+A9v4^ctd*Rb6G&s8a*aXVt0lhFZ#|{_#uH57?QWL(Ry3> zZO3H>#|XL#ydvm3QE*D!{Gk5U2xe2a1a|vepAI6`=+r^wD0IQd4&nDs z0nK`9&?f(8N^72&;2sKU*{iQ4fWWeoD3SvjV}I=!T67t3GS(F__!Ut)5F!groD40Y z9h7iCm^l%!c$r0^ri~j?eV+)L6!^r*l>a=Nsuk3-cGoYMM2I3{?eP}mzUFtS@*AzD zz~llM>(0{ZJ>uvg2FY02I;x1ShcafI-~EWOjz(L~fn0T_hU{>0b%#rChVvSz@P0B% z+_XeBJhkg-r0WR(-7Z#$`?|ZjzQ*^rXL|QI4v|#slJ`YQsXyck8vQ-Sy5N_mnbFXA zz1ng86N9yf6uAA90XwnhFa`3V9PFOvWrHRuK-j;3pX#t*_32`VXQ9P4EMnP38q_c7 zxXSSlYUf(xjg0y?wi4fJ_|ZjHdrW#CRen0|x66Cb-n(jE;D?MX_N@C4kR@F?;rmT< z_H3;tm^vRjy12&0*Y%)F~9ZqiVp&(q*!wY^Xj~ zD!qyEg4^_WItB|_z0u@hu5m#@F2j0!_gXTFF*;yC2elMq&M_vZJU5R;^ZZvLkh%Iz z6xO<1HOd(P?guNmOu^8zgp_UHL^Zw;IOg{{VBb;jTgCM-2WgGT8@T-ZIP_t~t6y45 z8DrZ+=v97`

7;$n$xuyr<`$It_FxK2zA^ASqMGM-2u@+5yH-*gNmPsUPnMHCaZ;63Y5_ zE1Fqf!FomBYllxB@DE{&=jQf4&u2K%XjvYzC;NdCTli3jyCn zTC=1fQ_;77N%>sF8qR^_JAc16NP9NFy9^+~DVn%ltTB%O(}<75RheyFb(HKHm5#2M0_BTCUd#%X9#2?xOZX!&5c&XCI?b zEb^2rL9fw9#}y6TEg3gnHa2C_)Z<-YK_FNm38$TeeY0V#@xo)PA9e1wJtoTDX0h5- zO-rkAdBnc7$@FRfaOt){rFvl_O}Dt%3Wv-~)b#wok@CJO`U%F`vU>3II(nhYMs z)V{EIySq_GpZ%GBxAoe09jDrBMwFy{i&GLHh0LLF^-*s7BX*jLcd5kgNb?NirYvhk zuD)X1_z~{ zT*|;H(JH>i7d)k>cQVQ201;>2fW=4U^JLJw)u45{aLl#=O3Q49DTRj}lQk=%g!g)d zJ1jv@D%+=86O5)5;}&@tvszs&iR6X09=EN`lL= z!Iv@bQESAE6+3XY$ZWK z%7GV&96-cNgR|Ga*@d~WvNEG&(Z@}!3&1>sJ|U}rAILw$V+ET+4HC+CecS|B`hwz5 zP@Eb6#*hh@E^-jZUI%GJAcinfsoSsW+86dS!(>npoi##_&!v43PPJ|MW5X!dMaYY#? zXwGTciJ1VnSgqY0BR7R9EcK9tWW%Rs9ro|}mWfKB6@8r;%=?hNH_?N1!|?DO%_-p& zcmd8`tbiR!iHj+@3OpHUf6U&%;gux$ecWom?V6nlRjWZB?9zARNz#GOMdpz|Y)~q= z|69a|PV2Z#lJ{mI?=%2n;e)UAR9)rqO5>ROq$pi`<)2p$2I}B>A7%GJv?|oba6~IW z3a9;9F1%N4A;TMl-Ya+yIdU#~ouEK!8~zFZ*1tSW_K|qF3r7He<7IM)8j%|+;@6SO zH+VQqZ4+1zoXn)sOE^nMDDu^!X^yd1tI=Fngm5~$JL9z9{YpOjI>dMUrdOO1y5Ex_ z5(sO|Gjol~V($4JinnP!0>8xT{cTZJ8MImS@8tT*cW>cota+%(0Da^ju^Nj3D-uJf z=}nb*8Uaz5c5U$0y^i%)<{P|`v1*Qz>*>nf(Mx2E3Q62C42W6UYyHHL%JO2om~dMf zzgm>8U0Ppp?_hk#luctB(d%8e#yqyQGio^GP_dt{P@o`;q`J& zcs1{L@N`n*A|C=m{W)8(HXj_Ry`fQY_!X zS@CvCHPJr@qD7@}R>7mt59yOji$Ng*(6g7EqzfR+Nfl>J27&#C6xA5%mS*HOWBpO4 z;vO}Z+4m!|0iwWaICyTuPcz*OU};BWc@{h(7qe(H*PQ$5x6ZD5pyM#Q}?`I zF8b?|`9oQyHAwG_uDz4{0{sp$g7_V>C1^->V_e>dBr|he;#l)51)eEn6{UBD-0t#B z$#IM-mJD` z7>7#W@_It7o`Ez2OSeh=tUwz3c2ivs0eUtPq#lFyd67W(b$58X)ApQI(Phj8UY}!6 zs_-3+xFrt?*@aNX0wOJGnKNheA6>fhTv||`B$%a22px5%7B3Q<02veZ&6qT}+Q06e zrUiY*4{3HCK*Qx^k`RO_9YH0IW8WelW`eep^*6di0e&M#+?r}iI>aJ8gJ@?eaIqfD z)C?VXT%mw%-AUPoM>>UD?;aB{p0f>Gz3=D^I0Zrg+5Mi3blpb(iiHefZ|YjNE8 z(HV=y%xVlFC+0aqXt~YlytfB9yb2x>iQbZVL=HE50rxA%-`r5L1DwtAR(-wY$6DJ4 zv5RDj25}?eA=;W2*WWUC)3JeI4c1?*pUDpE$0)SGX0}!0(iP&M_#=NnpJ4$Iz2tzr zUi=O)|5zu@IV2&)lj`3Y*1w!#8+YB(6kCk*_*j3bc)6EM@VSjo;>;Oi?+zV^!xbmq zc>~H*jgPhCV49NpXv~E5m$`oLQ{DHcaw_Ina?#3(j8e;G6Dj1$OCaV~Yx{k2yM~W! zQ@FPqdr-l9WL0l6uue&@)pu8yFK@9W$zsJxptFeM$Up-&L%&-?kZh{u;FwAm9E9+X*?uQ#`h_x`nSkC%nN&Fp-(G%^E?*%=*AmD*v$L5 z8ezUkx2I`0wDDZ_m{h#zNqJWoN&#YTu!2{N{~@1Q5CTJRY7&+khrfvAg!TZS-ajJZ z-E2|mtx}%tP_tVwrOtnyHGfFpqH-vdFvBC&Vndk~+wLgNr7h$`egw@y8Txu{=k?lU`z;A;$QENMC7p zSC_?6v*UR5IK_P@3Ci4~s5$}CbT|t38s+*5?nP(CsE*+q&6Y3@RA2MHr$6Ze`n}bF zPzd&`@M2Ib$zzJ$b=(k*+__%*1wxpz2hD7*NK_G5c`0ClAXJHB`CBQ68bq?l_{kc# z2^v3Axx=BpBy_#IA&kO|Jhq4uU1rpLr0E4N9}r}JUwSh`3si*V&2IEioyoo*s5Zu4 zzwNiSJ~kstp^2B6V7kAobon&+~sj$_F`)vF*ODGk$02hbVx^eqJzp{xtj{P5xBd9ax8= z!t*RQ+cYXZq>PAT(#XM+oWG&J#|!U%QCwVP`F#te0%=}RHGM&MZ18SemRu7){j`!J zm@xSFUT*Kh@NJCIUA{jeWX~MblZ{qE5BdjghuFK0L8XLJ&ay0U$XHY^c#XQEq!?I@ zhC24si(S^6O}k%E6%Cjr99Skq(%#6od!>G5`qB|hFrOoIF{K`T_dN`=Umfco4$a2A zm1s>_E$Iz#&?}YGIT}3#f8$4pO)QWKiR%4abe~=NQ?G33f1&Ap2SBx}9Fxtmh3G2q z^jq^lyBb`ET_C49p~9>NK=3}+cB5(2<+FIK(c|CQy|yiG z`SyR-pqyD|$gPV1p1Q4S1eB#kMh6|!r}#HutmQu^60ieX2{?~MT%lMAA&9aP#cs*D z<{XxDu1^BKcfX4AzN`sOQj4?r1e8bqX!q2NE}C8zajaS`m(Nb3AYEeT=#P)<2Fj#O z0_pZB8RJNFLm(giVfmFE9)mc^FMol&OVXSi!$69iZNcB!tdmQ+wjLjRejeGfH;SoR z@KZQ#x}1k(z$NS3CP zuPMkL;}X3Zgngs2cWrsQB4}b2BC5cIIFo(t!F{97C7X{Ubs6&6uPAKd*7+sueaH?^ zC${U2vqJW!9+|7GR^Db1rHUm2{;k^AZOhFy-^Hn!K2UR?7H5^6dBPXyg?=eUG}Pk_ zIK=on_u6tK5T24jxB3-8wzO*o)OGgle-_nYZjb9%v0w4q?>mrcJ4+VYJq7Kx57x74 zbUvy(evdbk%KW`!Mfb7t)9Hdxer3RuKOITeav?otg(??5!F*j}bYD#U6GAj$8629) zFGr`Uq?kWRNtp&TX8hbBsXbhBs%kchgUB!wFyGGTZ3lLMs>~}DdsjkujJT!YK7Um< zn9JtdxcX_B1*F>TSumKPiaR8fl9g4iVDc>#`nvY|U4%)A#6&y_Dj1FUBW#uC1d`98 zRTDP~0S1WOrNQ#upo(tJQ z!ue01WV}{<_RER|=%RjJ027e=P^$ zi8w2tUwDAE5py(=5ZC(MCSMI9+ORBDFRO)@0;CI`-7{ce45w9V=!a#Fk6q{rAUgvpKAw>-$ExazSW}} z4gYvmHIOZ*=a+Or z{OIq{E1HJZ5l`KbI#Ss99B-65bztV(El`_Oro=-M$l6aggcW`2nO2`KX~aE=;TOm{ zJT6lRs5Tsv+~%6Vs;t9wUOrd703Q*%33?qwB#cc2?lJVtg~;EO9nXatQT=;1i-de) zL0o|%cFuT?h4iok*1f(8e7urCP88|Yi2ES^R*5e zVv+meK?vTnaS|tJGD+;H_EQ0+cDWcD7R>j3e3P;bmMTj9%RNGAGvp2{&bj|FDlcx* zOW`C#)?#Tx#pSXtm4ZlFh(b!av{%vQ!u!ZpZ`-W)Cas0sYd8=P1+-?se@BP*!3#Ec zlHCI65kp+>`4ocNc1Y!j0Xmj>Yt6e?Sa&#fum@pGLkh)&fq?G@v2hPk&nj|spss#(h=9pNI7TSq zE^b=%F7rF)@%cdwNvo!Yr=UZ2;C93K$?nmejg7>I%q}5@xy$uvgyn=F@pKz&3UjSY zWylnk-n*~(ql|vzU5{S~Fb4_#`TjU02x|8Rk0PgyKvwT;FvgeG+itXeD$>Gt1MIQC zB=JKXT-zY#fzon+U;P{)qvct96|eC;USuGVN}(ot6RogmccrXccDnE#thH`{P6s|# zXC2N=k}B43!(J8Srdq#2GntF#+47S^aR%}%Ek(zO}F6S8@lvi%dm z=c5^8i*I%EhCup;+wH8wxBKouB{f=XMW>O3fZKmLn_3JOi%FFOsFybY*RUe8)>^u> zs>a0a^cdIzIn6%ylTFkNXPRZ0O#4PZNK?NO(ENcX3Gs~^rGIRn`}()2UhA+M?TzBg z^pQSC6l_>m5}h*VaxpEYKI~7n^fQ?hFo-xjBnR`MiRK%GbP~B&6|c8Ar;A>5HryR! zK}FNmvy1um&u5ec>2>(_gn?Aj7K;ijDb!ipoOdu$>gxwSJyyk^{CG?r(jIPs&u@dc zaEHVJFAWgVroQI1JJ!tii2XdyHc9v%9UKDd8z zE*a!Mts7|YO=F^BiPtX%u~A;r{wDik`*nQ!bKq1Kk6Wpqy(1%|2j|(mj6YAWL~b{s#ey?>s_@m4pWX~7(mol(*8t;7W}AFDZJSGe!(iTuovaR>5tjL+_2Z<`8zNN1z>AJ~d&KhI^g`H*`%B8vUjef+yiCuwv+Mz`EO0&U z0S!~t2AM|LBzdS&C%=wZ$gHQ>NMQDD^?==8lYuKwx9_clzQgM>hAiSTF&v9#E#Z0 zq`h|@KEJm2;>1C>M5xUn=6KII(3Le}%z_(vmg~vNg!}S#Z_BK|%eGhk@Je=`V%ajj z7TE;aT!TZEC;yFAv*{HmQSm`8O!QDbmCfLJ_vtm3`iQr~X9`in)~Ps-2dXGR*G;(_ zVB493Kj5z6gHQZh?qVox?oW!tx6U*|mhipB>mkb6W}24R(^dmmLn~po^SMi83_Vj3 z4mw#AP0QE)-C^Il>^jEtX)9zon!*`g{T8By+vDS%f@d%*}Xw@)oGkyuPWAk?(w|kk;bvH2e2rP07VLZ>dNqs8?VCC9 zg8&?$wZ)?!`pKGR!MF+=pTzKSf^!KAnd5Jku+2K~sBKy!aU)QHP7@xU2K{=LhKmHQ6&lxL z-%sc|Wn<{r-Ony%aK?h^zc}j2)hyW*6kKLk>JVUb5(aj59f@Cb&Sl_Nxa z(;s1?%N;|Be!WGlCNZ2Z@6#Ra?_~VPcW#EQr7d50M|w0@vV2fXiq3G7|HBi;UbADl zcl9>7R+`dVrLi_ljF)8`gNTP7%vUsa4`_)6u#NQAkXRnzM;d0F9n@ufJCciUK;wn_ z?9H;2sj$Wxo6XW#LYgOyxY!sP1fG+dxOuw!?QH`r2$eaDgwnWg@S|c)du)Qy@nWkp z5wLmDo`vhklQ9O&!-V!z4|ljx7G>-h`wn|B&H4xhG`jJfNOs}d*PHw{na@g?=21wA z!gWu|vRsj&ANkDiDb}g5;qR}=ya_s!p|b-fDw}hv25kS9uTZFc3*9Ss!CUwtZ=ZWA zedDNI+9(~_|E~$}yhNto|9u)GEM8>yLgD)$HTj(lF$Nj~X2pVRL7HCb{4aSNlWjd3 zw}SU!oCQ2IKiJ=O`5V!d4r26PPlk6+6Wxz8j?`Yo;$U&voy0um`@ia90+4ev$-1cn(9O9qCSA z{|s}r8^7m#k5cm*mVX}Z+^rU^`}Rtl)}XjFvh=9P+6){(`2Egk>AxIn- zsREV16Tg#th{k*9$bRTqh1TaYlCt$(bR#lQ!%no>|}yV{rzwTODt|Iy9)g(wFXIzjaTI!HnW;ir=-700iW+6A8@46&%GsS&&$ z0)9h=fBe{g+0)Eq6ut@^o{W#NO)jId1g+${MTDU}IagJ;U`OpD0}xSVq*Y z2qGAp;U^nG+ISau-|`VI;;+|s)q33jT`6-DP!3@hgN68T9GBrQ3wg8Z&}S72u(;Yz zuYbEgXj+=RTPLec0Snc2JKJ;M33mnfmGYW{b_MJm+c>Q9a<0cq&DwQNE9J?p8W)84 z_zcV`JGW)*z5Bau{F{-foYT#4!zo7O#c5tegPU4ax?)U^K zl_^WYLQ+Tm?BAsUJ+2&LU)$ju3%o9O?h9saGi{@b%hqXNFy#tk0JfbSv1T&za%Uq*Ec!>qEP<-I7heK!c9v#q?($me?jXQy0@#a%4sj-myB*$lu(SpO+ zPb?%7@?7*JN`)wM3WoCb$&K9vz>D%_5Yv9jUhn%)ge^RBk-gL{vHm*Y^2bng?BXqS z(Q9#OzcW(z0&HY3mgr5tN-+}IvejQCBG^yTUpK&nJS_kwQt!G3e9n?`LCIiWRx8t2 zpVj)6V3|NQ`U6KIEuI4BF4gf|FS)N`V%F>jPoaU+`Qy=9`W(y_ryD=&85ts`W5Ccc zQ_o2S=M7(p+2t)0>!&+?2XMKfXeY@VNeoORXl2aWOIy`&pqO7g zc3y>O{^%YWZqRPqc2)ApEa zYfUWlhC8p?2Hx*ifA#q`b;GA2m-C>-Ki+`O#Yf7CUEo<|7dj8m3Z#y5BcH@UkXH zvmi_j69UpBkxHXwyrXzLp}-9Vavkk~ff3cU9bSM$N`v7vqtMCRWC-dzzvaeL1}k|U zEzae!_(wbqE=m`6=$&)?84%|r`}U1E!Fekt)r;(b zRj#k?&vQ&P^v?){eQDv_UE6WG!A>}PCqm(BZ}$KG%HsDDu6lhE{jj)w0=V7(Eyg%X zq52V#luN?|BKN2}ktmKOJiETvdQZyi23_*_8|;2YRk8S*jW`{y-ewM2R_wWjmQAeo zu3UW9s4L&7`W+lY*~6pI7x=dG=!~+ZB(HjiK(JKT-bTu+W~;6f3C0n~&k_tZrFj3U zE1M9{{a_sKU}8GpEm`W?z{Jw595J7Rb}i3})uP9N0@hp$)m(p{F!vK4WN%$621j!8 zRlhd4uKu4-=hv=4)*oo>QYZ8C3OVw)gll0=j2$MM>Z<}tIrf8L9(#CA$@6K%bCeEK zHqQca29n>DyC_N|R0SQaN$%)J*_(+2gr4CIbWrs4Ao2HB$*eRo`he=8uy4mq>%3lx z`h5sA%lfig`~xXz9M+SP5JcVLG?g^Fy%dP^?zu`K zML!TTnp%x%{Hby28je9wulPZZmS=j-01f>&A2bLmmc`i7!A3{&ADXuJuf&oTz@%*w~$|Hr0DFbr}6p$Jc!!YXF{;AsMk>V;*=F8y@yKce>EH&7W@2)eb z{q7BV84f7~G{0TRnT}m?RyL_+3G~hRlb7mWf143-PeenzVkPGPfPQ?$n_1Eo{|#6C zl~>jYPv1OU^J1m}(3&Tev)ts5ws1W{E*xdvRK%0h(|M*VHnA=6!ou&8m6L_0yZyx4 zVtom_x|tK1aCw7jMQw4Pmo^1qNi(&o@foSu_`>4Eafve6Ul4o{HhpjjbYE2IOBC`vOd6aX1U{x$K5|pbVYDGJ?9xiWAb^=Hvl0(CLcExGl zE8`@>hT{A9ZvHJ;U(AAT2-kPZ9BR|HEwJD;72=@d7ROsqmn@Lk4#{2C{?DK3+z2&` zCq|JXD0rQbu*jy{{(WKV{;y#|UlvZB<^u37fgTl+6*Tv`tr1~XJ9&2 zyz4jcL2G;YCs)Sv6)L7jeyhz|@&%XXnzpuZjFqa=-R#Pzow2^)O~(C5i$i^>ft90?lVkCXa9*f3n0N{hI}Gf>#dWN zvro5k?*rf%s=mG2UZ$k`NKz?3pZ4t79cefm$PG9#qy+KwU&*vJhMP6KyGE>hJ6F5r<2wCmU3Q5%M z`iWP+d~WZFRzoKABV<;eO9AjWUgIBEz3Sh;y*OmHHpruC#iitLa$b{2e{Tb8L3GA= z30Da1LaZ~OJi@g%R3}f@>l_I|ayQjW|28MuJw)V({9Q=TREA4P@++q<`CU z@~kjf@E1We<}~dhsG_z&LkHGDowr%_BGmOt%yq43)LC4@f35yTzhv4sN5j)d^`c{R zzv}qMYwp~`ke=GC!)c$GPiJ8ldK>iuVIJ0`EpFR zsS@_+EoJhexR+-{CUu#~)CO*Q&Tpb$6M47|YPhPQ^~A2Sm))8(%` z05&tJ4^WZ~y1Jsqr(Zx;fq9uCuv<^WL5|JjcVef7G({Y_>MvS2GB~q3my{aA%fMzY z6Vea0nM2pX(z%+?^@j?ntw0u4L)48X3jDlkN0A@m8Ut@SzvrPZR~MAI|LtaFG=6*o z82FmAh8no{JYg7Pj-g#t{i|`@z{Q=_lRPnTnxMUtQLTGj>|*ef@Q5)4cM|< zfleX>#r{ReKVmWa9Ss-!;C?%j6cgt4#D#q2Bm-7%DR(4d@s}e^gR2+SisqcVwzIhcWAFaI72pf# zv&Ybjwb4HpC{m;&UH_r6Z2tO$6FrqG*7_eBOH*ifMhS*fOg9!3564aQhyKBzzbw*t zliFs4wl=B1x@$muz8?U}83Zvk&a;5ZAj$Pyg<++I#x=~d=v1lTDeQ5VW{_OtZ%z^Jq=^@y#%{k_i?g7qi+qbg zc_M>t;?_kSw&Q>MG(=D+&n;V84aQ0*f~g-42Yy|=vLn+&U;Bpyqi@hZ@e_i z7u4igoLhEWE%fn2g(+Xt-?JBlY3xR+PZ8>+X3Oq!7kJC_o!$HR$LsiLou?7d;=9(O zBTK~F4Q|BgAiFHia&5z^`|0_lNws(pyFic88Dpd&G988eLs z#DuO+Dz5(VEkLEN{>D(vspG=bZV0`vtOZMbV1a)M|_QV8~s$BBYoOfvSYe?Jj8x!~H*1xoki#}RF=2zFPjqxsmLorGEOM8UpnT$|#K5l_(9X41x@UpH#RO-W0HeNNJc% z{nq?|UU}Z~Im5yvMM2ebaDEl%GJQ#@Znq<8rUFO_fWxI;?9VcHv!z)spt|W|C9A5* zYhE?4+&iWVSlBK|&V6Kvo&9QsRavCLko38EIVAMTDd3Dmy5N(v)LGN&=g2(Ch~jiC z4M&nqGXQEzD&oh7{IPd$%butzw@x%~flxKF>k!GCReEutw6+|M2Z}+I?O) zcb_I}`gisaF80zsY6LFKENlGI9kD9zvH|x!Pn4x@IlEop-@UYbf?H8~p@8%hKh7ED zBR#afK}Mv?KvO7D6zC)4O%t*jXD)NXZCnJ{3JYq?61oA1K*>Z5;<>37df(xqY+m^g zQg5=z-Wi)CcMxE?aHV$ty+ z-^(Q(W#m9yM$*GdCsN)qw-q$kg%`L*o}-zj%+J<@(L^>>eKKiuv}uCReyFl39H<8A zBLpG9iN;4p%xG=a?f82~qgsc8sSO~XodR>hOx(`3Ayd|LQ2~18EC9@(@jC6-d|0Ty z5!9TkeeBBo-M5O~^#`plJQI#Rq~I%+Yypd9e7EdF@Ja7C{wZu&p~K%%^+sh^pC>?G zxo2z1prz_hBP~6;r)^q`;SBCWFT`6L$DUdN^#s(VR^NIXg@s&kGnzI=54-~>*v>d^ ztj+oMiPxyv7b}^ruOsHu;=XS|BjDgzN{An@EF!JLLY#A9(eImmsgk8x>$){?S$u7O zedrWeQff!YsyEd!Qrv1h^7>svDs-!O3vU@!&f?3n z%yh0(RtdQu+-DZ}XO|M5xg%f2%WOY||Dj|s`L4?XV*Y-B1j z2wp^`X2}k@e6EWHjzghR;T*w`_PQ;Jt>3K)rCtir4t(KjQuU|zm*h>K2(G&8n6pyK zbsoOEQjjUx%9{H}5@bIS(sHc+3T#UHap}9Z-(c&Wt&GYRFKY1bnz9csDvmW!9Tfgr z{2~!0O7I6Pif4)TQqNFKd-eA%gkd`6eM})0p0+#G%g1S}5$)gh_yOHRh4!a8NlEKg z^;gSpfAXH^By(XGBk-4Hu8k!^9jUzhe6Q@^tfab|hP{rqdpKMt`g6EYKiHo{@AB~_ zMqMJO+uxy3`XU+#MVSX(o&sl838k)@ni>_Lb?u8~oYq)>;A>)oa~ZY9j`X!0?a_2p zoAqLS>-p~Fsol}>?BD4m^>3nQx&H*`>2pxOoA{be$$~QBgBqtYxBo~i8dkbv-fRK4 ztRA|b2ZxQ)8WT|71A0TCU{cj6JeN1Z4|I7BOUX1fHKXrn16~zZdbf{#V89jEy!eeR zTKfEVA&XUlBAwb*N`;>^UqeSn#SzTn)W^7bkm7C?eIS1m$l^GmOAC~dl6xVL<`DDG z-TjHSf8WNEpVlvVWPT>)pZK%53q#Ru(6LMK_r9D)s!^snssu;%wI@|Y2*PI1E>zK?* zl6r6|L3imwmbI_!<#IR%awDevh^@9y;*twRX*l%x!S=sV<2pNVDsalW_9K_ z1igM-a)dd7#tKE2^&4&1L-+!TK;KbvH{7o%qVv|=&Yni@(i#;+kJguW*s(mYivd-}p=QSPm;Pu90DB$yMUEFX(gVeEJq^0$W|)$R*bj zH!#5PO{(@7N~#VaCK;FFjUOZ?75PJWQ|FL?W9byi#3t9!24|gh-Ka z06yn5gJek3rqL&7L8B#U7K`^+W`Q0A;B=tlmEYGR`_7`RnKIFq?oCm64pB;SN*(0< zfCrsp5$)&tenopZs9ENg?Q9WpDs+2L!^BwZZ3Ksk7Z)D}K?jhq>b^j?2hTXr>o1Zk z|GMOB?o>H*&pH`eW#-3^j{5rexfyirZx$s*pGU)8jM;kKQJMiFptyg*)U|~L)11@! zs?vFzJ;{CWu=tSIGT_P`u^`c&F*~n9nU1v$y}$W;)@AxDa%MDQ%QbLy&{mMR0r8zt z@YR<;$?hzAwQ@iCeZ)d4n-w*0UARRSjB=;OQR=ofqZFbs4vD~bT@TE5aaq9Eo{qLBn z;}IDhVVX#*K{|)fywo_8m@y^RsE0oy&-lsdM)CjpR|a3#rNt8T?qHg-ljlz_wW6-X zK=gxq7*9;nRB4Q$5cu zIVLp==H*<;Vev=DEm^oI3p~FSq{k8A`Tts$d z|GBY`_y6%s)O|U@Z66$rBv9pqvfG^vpZJ>|`maDfV1=h)N#=FCf1eab6;u;Gk_cLs zR-17|ih*#z&5uAVNJZqLNQH5qkV(5STV(oN=NkxKKo;da&zaE2mH!sfE4Qjnrj&_E z4uzuqrBr)c7X5eo;0?@mJT%YSsNC&Qz7Tb|<5C)@`!BZAz7RTS7&sRsapHV4K)Vew zr-P#4l9C#)i@7D_k^#A}&aOWrXM6x+&kxv2&~(UtXA(l)4f$8O)RhKh)~|Qebg)*x ztUq-4Q|?Rw#}hU4&-&|xRmb{P5>!79uJfii6W}QLFi%en%>_`!Ozx2#wBC+lyu+yA9dkI2oRzV!u$nz!NvkKSn$yJg>MYs$d6sw~>yi}Q<_ zHrEhwnn!-{KGWOgc0?Ubzv=>NW)|+)Dw#Y=iQ|fG3WE5CNe6DrleJQ7_QCp&jndwM zHTI>s1GgRM zhnyX3qd*jgav4amU6tY1*eb6Qf45h7haq|VPa%!1`&P9{`QlB0 z0YS$Mxb>^q?L^9d2yj12U%gV?Jsd1Z(eUjV$Tmw>7zUNS2o^feK^ylc9(-9T%!iH? zga_xXhoWaDWLUbpXxMp_HzedvU{x=uamttSdmALrP+Z^#2d5M2@^sSC=begtV*7lY zK@Cl)bv237bY!pUDF3nH|7WskLv1Ad_--R1%QX>jNrF=#**P@~ectBP|S$%|Rs_OoG0{l6c zZ+TnmN~g-I6=m;8tskv4>1)`@?R&421A^*>^MY+_)_~rylgzT#6~Q7&rx}cMZGe=t zWaP^>Jg@W(45`uhlO`o8-kDioRvY#riW#QA2$$>3Or=Zup{NCU3;Fd{9CpMW_z*)) z_a!+AHGOs;Mc4B~kz&!58EgcY1e9yL7#8rC*slv$o{k0|O1BS_NiS#m1mc0K=(mQAGVc|I+{1 z*C^s4w=;Xs2wubQLc34}lv21UD~&sl-Ic-6qJSSwnKKMIKrL`eV8ImCg(h$C9x?_) zm{ZGettpviFx>)9%54_Ezl>wsjpf&-FAAUy@M%;U|DWS?njimKxhCcqRA2)0|HAL( z^K-z6pVwn&BC9uk+kz`Pyt|Y5KnSQ;4{?SM$^!A$#gIQ{iFeqA=(rK0 zVmdFY99+=?#0=|*s^G2firM)>|5-C01cIy6vO-vR+5u0st+a#<@#R(TE1(jwAn^(v8t7L&m20m-d z&Uiu|dPn_&XJ9gC?AuYf+y@moOHc9w-m`(AFZJ8h5lelw;1dJO zMlD^A3A(a}T>PMC?KMM8HR$tQ>D0_g*7gPsS3eqS3a}t7z`NSwC20O_$8jG)o2Blg z4&xjmg3U$BM}lMv)HvjV-+$ghyQiy(opSZQG#+?Bd3^i3y87nFf(}ET3IG%IngT9T zr^=Yok|E2#6 z#i|sYUy#~lQKElXwL-jLCMZPFvxYd0GZXo<<{aq!2MKf&T=@H?LUL&T@nw6W$m+#{Ngvklg0v8TILrqu+nT=|9Cc&=FO--9BkLM~| zfJ8)qYDt}*pl#$oeS?oZRQ;jxUa`XLF{w0Q~> zu}o8Yl#o*(p){qI4U1%}KQWg4E@$hO9fslLfzxt1zmHH4=&aH!S`Ku9_ue>B0&$?H zy=&AA9UhZnkpQS@xpixx>2X(~Za%MRK55*JHUgSc5v` z;EuU;F(*&h(Rp(Po8-;EZkuJUt}xrn_M6Ohm&$@{tm8mO6={b48z6_PA8<2hB#=2S z5XxjV@4FaXX^|eq8f6OC_FnH_KWPl~(5WPCnVF^mMem=$?`lMExvT;KSm~({8uu)- z2VJt+pxY`#R4+x~BGt~E?kB;Ig}*F&Q3P?lC_p6em(bZLK7>=`i!168@RE0Vi%|pX z@tSLA<|SiSbYK#=rQT`fD667I{UTn%7#HW=I90!L>*JT36@(0C1a<+`H@`7o@Dr0 z4&0PAN2oNQWn2}>>Ed4tCnw~dRBN#w`PpGm%&8?y-D-Ed89K_&6KvxO`+e=~tY*tO z5#L~V+z8)JhfjX0oy7M`|_2a42TAlK*Hgq|T2Qiq@X$DE0#rjdg6}FIwV8kYm zm!ff56P9+(I%DA~(}V}?*?1pb%#upvES!jd8wcFB0|1p*7Rkk|F`oP$L+2s?4rk>3 z^o8i{+-R0mx)9-Dx1G#~b8>@3IO6Xf(>dWiY-@1OZxtW(cYljuJkJ$!DkN-$B)Y$5!uY( zaPPw?#(wkVh}sG7hnwv%2!)fh$63~H)o{D#vXjuGt)}2h340p?i5!PzPjG8GYSNXF zcjfPhOYXp%v_QsMGOF+cv1WqcUf*coW0OTg?PYNE-peuYTsClX@wcK*e;giDPfQo@ z{>$Z(JA_lhmW9;|!2+*CuQDA=(0VP~e6@Rwn`ousntLO0Rp5^;^?gRvV%$muuRtUg z_+i)q%8GaF{~&xqzR7?ES_2yUju)1;hE%yYI;N;v5$-o@GKqOV>lDpTItmdi|Au&f zSN|Fwe{I^_9I*AraeN|l=J|AD%|u+hXH9$AzaR6XBslb5YUO_Y<-^a%9o~eKW#SFj zAR}aNrxkkuxE;He>4(p$+;K~g!wv&)T4Q=5(U;QX_sWWnkd?>FzRrD?+9gwVyXT4i z?=;wxRDE((R9-|KnQoSaWOZ=TRrv`l?i9Ahw6o57V)WaEt**OHo*Q0#f;4VElsU3FVPMsclsc{eH$1(Q7h}3?@OG13%>#wW1JOtAkhx-umw!=aEZVnNbPRk)*xYvEo+t zS`)m$<7c<+kGF9HnYOymF%8-h)TiaCV~dSoVS~6rBTw$BU?@RUD|L|!_emLOlGSof zj{0Hw_#U2A0Nb;H!NEC@hYwo{7hKc1D*%Ln>@>x~JYk52SiuyADtuoC!GKkkVZl1i z%fB~e6s(j*ih?4+b&#FJb5^F`klNEPPfhX?Pa_VM4@sNMQ8UzQ!)L4R7W@z_kX^B* zE;;BISVq?|z$*a!-iEm2HW<89hTpgt4hR#(iA|5)hnOPiaU$wHF$Y(OJ;8+Z+LY7qxze7n`erb>4WteEsi z@n2x)v^*`dMLO-8I3yle{IletycK8=D?PjfA}e}KQQntK#k!Urpv5=@9TwOV@LnGO zQ2ilqx zC4?0hM)%W3{PMOi;8Oy5IPN1m0J~ zEnyvxnpT!8d{s8T@AK6TlMth-^uq`pV_BFf+^F&Ez2hN|g6vUOzR$Cr3`v1-6e8eE z$rxMfuDpJBlr8Q~Kfb&L83@`!l3#3X6Fq|&InuSHua1yXBz21A;Quo&ntkcC&d0KO zDNF}En6S@rKupVVCfLzDPnPVZ#>L7m(EDc=3;aIK&(VV_FAzQJgsWaO8WnpXzjl^)h)BB6POQc?LB# z0`Ry9nDLP2XPnO^y%9dA$6L3Wjkp7|F8k*{5)vT{>?{El)f@c9g5P3r4Dk%ipDbo*0YSin+@i1t@MrYDxTjvPs_{qN*VqpI+?WsZ7V(1pn(*ev7Sw@JBOQ3cNS6G zJ%0nvNyO)f{Kd%aeAM(%4BQ6oI85}3s5tI}zeH&#Hh6q0$2dQ`3e78z6N+szxq%!v zh9s-3HoXZiS9ojg`4AKTu8WV|XOihe%!GUd_b(Kdp$Ck9_kk!T&-0~2 z4nj|VvQ3YAue}6g!+5d7B{UexI*!9G3)!2pJ8Q1_UHm>roKIMD!@>)uv9IJG7H8KD zVz2^BzpgLiHo$AQj7AAIH$+~BB&Xji=CN-p4P8y?S7XChe!gHYKlBhy(#eq1@|J|% zq$e)0V57Y^Q#4IC1u4YapQG7nD)x6ySW`!gr-#W8j%B4MCJu2YyX9VndYZiAp`&N& zb3~T~FaE6F9=o{+vcqt~i#{5nKbBwH9~JZ1&f2$)T}oI)@56rH-5!9@W#~-f!PXmg zq;p@reG5FsR%X*Yy;b7a7d1X5>3nsUDw~=b^qtwWet`tMTc2KxLNeq7=eBGDwL|$I zaius7qPV#$j?bf*_{~Lv>KXmfP68n~x+r0#o0k2GbTsF`-0IM@2+mL3&Bl5&>*&7D z1vjp5m1PwezY)vCo6l}w{n9cLS?Z==<)}}NQjq!v^XSwl0L&v-Y5FIMk42e{Z@E4C znknDaX(b79*De%1o<_^2YhT!go_ii}Q_YwyXFvB*(k=;Sp5PW)t#|bH>n4UPUNXxh z3;rj{%w*nkj;Ngy^VnWbCrZEHWqXM&uCfP$pwW0aqrGJORbl0oqc8Q4x+$`R%dx*s zUZGBH{7LG253H5g#Gxse8at(K<9WFqb|0|;*kN7Z8I)y$d}y4cl3ifqlZWO32)=xN zTgOqXA0}Z;OPz~xoZ>b8@uQ`l_E?VY)AJ!0xP>sF;v*}>|9Y`LmrDN19X0G1C)F=- z3I(goF5)NoeLwi_GU4 zcgkb=&F!T_oiYQd+#iNXG)ql)cAZj&+3DZ#ht0&8#|R;7Dm9G_uCZ;q)Au?!5EgNd zoKR2CJeDZhAMBRvr#u?VD>3hB(zj04JJ zuh7yNarQtT_sJPKm=mA8({OHfKNUwO0x|RZC)@hs$?oCdQl0GSBx7Fn0@Ze_2*-?* zxa%PF45mNgP)LW5%qDAmV@IEck{|u!e=phpf4e=sf{x+8`f6F*_t18^jAr@M zP7ItBhhqjRUi5{Ca8~gd7RJlFaFrgVs|5DxhTB*i{N=N=%CR=eL<%F5P~L(T#kSqT ziKRJy)A#SAtR}HIDhxnn<>H?&9Zwt=*_Pv8=SR>?r^ybl&?4i43;jODQl+iewFGuZ ztotPT6gE-VPHr|jN(#I?4A*&mak=LFRk33t9~+f-dZ{~i@7Bu)1Yv1Cl`0euDaA!`j-6(Bx8Qa8Ug0?M5j@;^p|3}tag~hooU86v7cXt}M;KALk zk>Kv`(nxS8xVr@>xVr}l65QS0J>+!O{`UI!^PKy>>37zwSv6|Z7?9m-qA4vHd?B&O zHR;F71y2`{%U__)JU`Rs#Ju1S3i>Jm2lrV^f2}d}{m8{&#&msq{Z1qUv9dt@E*%$v zMkRDGRHgG}!=*`tVv8Lbd;7c|sW7VO|Nq@u@dB-{Fx477paGTfS$Ya!W*71O%mu2d z_3bgIs@Mf{N6}RnO0UAG{QggE@=m1P83z3eSQ4{Td!;Q7C?%vwa*D(G->dq&o4P2u zu;!(Xzb&*_JL#mx39qZH2O9a$9V*7VRSy;=IiDR$DNK(9#`A@EgN|ue+{z!P{+w3L z^VR|Ma|4JGct)q#D9t{lxqt%l%W8S$qMOMMO8GP0^QZC@5% zT)KA8UAu6tWxnx`<%>grTC)AG64d?=w%7TnSN7}sbDI0%JPAJ+hzT$g_h2z~!KGa* z0XWrlJfD=+(}V9PVxW&iK%}|e+l6c0TBQ7VAW=-Z1|DIPInnV&x`YoXf0rrehZ zk%Oknbc8*34zFqec$&(>c2Tr}>rJj(}YtkW6IoKGp2^Odh5c_(yBUIa3R$)>wK z$r$k)9r^DYYJbe^&y+?eq#;o=y&7%%PaF|~wo_T_rJPmi6RO$Gmx_avd0@)SZnoA=;%-u8xcKT}B;bqKft zRbj&(PKh_rf?^_hcpaUFiy;LYp+)dvzJ7d**>x?>rs$+SI9UH=y#M+Q{SWWldV|G8 zLulh|8ryvtQMB(XJ8vQ48wFkB>4Vm~NeubPSNj+wtWf-qltoACSz+dU%t|)0VXrE} zXU>UQxO-iDwcn76$Ks%}h}x1nA!qn224aU!W98yy?O$gPiR)iYZW!Gdu=nIoQLc{+ zmI?UxP>BF;8`^CK@$0N$&2wZvbcH&0%Mgh!+80~$o|b~3T;;vZom8FVJmSJtqO2BH zTR!?WEO67dMcaVaO9|H*b>Y{sqbyLjT*;q<&@UL9BDKa~liEC|%WGo1rbV}QbqxF6Dj!idW#Odb@H^>N6<@w!sZ z;;`N%b|W6@4EYWS%>dNmWa8Azx8djV@r3{OtH8r=Cb6X^<7x%(StX7_kV`2{p8Zwi zV;CS6=9!X$G9R3N>pCQbtE*%WG=Bl-xx1m;WuT|MUJ<0inwp*EY&V^Db{kBo}0oWrM0p!j*hEI1=kXU4`17;(@-vh8Do z@462_52=1m+t@1^>K?dZFU3wIHuoD1G8W5>u$WrjI*U;Tr7P*t?(^g)slOVT$NBDdEI25KJtC$4jS0x#QdDvWn2=bFZX+q}eMMxqT)nu63BneyN%(2MUDi ze9@hyr`O}7)%cS#MkxYTLsm(nmZNfH&;+_72Ch(UO{R+4v#CgH{__E=rNNXhzMND> z&FT?()-C{;wep?Ll_f0+Y@0Ir7v35J8x;NJHDN|d3?d10|8In@5kY;UDFlKXhoy&Z zD7I#UF`Y3rQ)8_IKTY;Bn5|@2$g;Pq$~p)Y6Wnt!D4v^EnTcPY2Zwti1D|pCjN|n^Jcb9BZ=R{)Zun~-1NafW$&!Q29>>Ys{oOZ`BemaaAtrB= zY`L*FQj_*()OLlMJhW1YAq#Rs{x-g!!KeF3-TS&`D>JcP@*NF|VeoXviL+M%~H#iibN|F6A|6-E&KA3a~AhoAG zM|8@_Q?{LbfEH0|+LfLocy!ecQ0<+jLBID_i++0Wm-fx_n5%U=nMMrEq5{`^S*AsP z|B1?KiGZjJuu7ldWDY+q*aj*dOhS;9anh9b_wRWd5Pl2x1y6bFt!HVp!G@7`tIZP> zy_JifZ~y1=(?PFAL7c-;ZiIOax%ze%tbFa~9!x2Ki4UmO{Yri=>|5xw5HNBAy$x33 zOPa4{a&a%H8vLg9LGy6L;oTu_U}2}9{@QVs3NWDV>k6&9h0dyIvS(4~Vu+>I+zCtR zYZ^?GWn*VAhS>1~FL7X-=9yaN(i!mG>}D*ZmRe;~5@c78l| z3CvqR+>ef2q_!y^yldethv|YmS6!UiHxUF!N_bLAIQPyuO z>ZzS)idhruF;+xZB5B~fU5~KE98~2NH%k(7XD8ru`D*Z!x$DY)^B8SBc^=>hP|7 z{783}QSj8E?z`Qlr&RrmW+y!}Z;c&GEXlHc42DDGi=>h}t zAeY}Dq@o32F}>cc()Q`9E%0TOmZ_v}8S1t-?K!zMiBrd2%4o}=@bvNi>?-qi=qem`w z3}41E{AxJ&?P_HmX=?panqf5BM`#4oPR6`t6TZ)fCuq418-dKq48QSsQMz9VR_+|o zzk`|Z*Y&j)9Zga#3NOs%g_t(xIMkUEi&@DYN!2a!364(o97B+l#8WwHEHYTmN2EKp zCwOw)+pFqX@;KlgU9dMz*y#)2r)qnp2;Seh*ol`BF%sDx#?W2KPejNhgD1BLZ|3wo zGS4=jTU_<@{y_P@H%M!PeS0yeSZI}p-L?mFhUak0ArQ60W3zs@HZU?uiOb-NsX8{?e4^a~_g^TkYzdf|; z_D>^DZnCl@q~Zr%9HY0t(m0=vR$V{sJC$LaR|V;f4u+mwn3zpu6X)e7!>%)ii=kkK z>@1Q5dKmjDC=G6=u+nbCN3PX^?nTQw{89JorB~uPRV!8cCtQ5(7+EY{#MzP@i!#%X z=Nfj`-WOw$k2dc*(QCOzg05!0j(xu)t$r?TUO1Dw#5{1Z9_^9@#Zu@+e^m>mU&`Lw3O==9hk@6fHNk-ub&Csv zXooB~;6h(FVC$DQvYzJfRC37vXk=`1Cb%_RxbA7rekHvUyq7Gz!EcGC^-_6i=N=4NMYHDeE~k&S)f)WfF`vm%d(H@onh-#Csp; zD|F2u^(TfmbVQf;SUy+mxpT+*J)sJrszz~pELM)IB}Iru!>`efzSSIy1Sw;-5H9{> zvj)Ru6lQ^fx~E|WQ>ZJg#ErSdZR2EAT(qRJBNiIaaX!pOgQ9j2yyWZ?38~TXKe4)% zMI};rycR-zc`u%mUT@B6Du;>K25co47uB8dHmJAKy1bG$D{WC)DdcF3wYMe5cjFv( zXA_N3-rkr0&pEZ?L6@+3n-P;Z%x@16eRkclP>b7BN{T8o$vH=@r-% zrX(!binnRYIA(ZCK;pLnTNMlTd8|>Gije2@2YzMl7z&?cX9jjamoyDak@R?gzh#HV zQY97R-{$8(Fd_uB6&4VXI9#w&lIZhAAqnPd{(`b=#2 z<>hN<8iSGGI6-Qhrmz}r z#As)Xri@urEI#|jq_rFJCbCb}$B1j|yIk_Y+flv0uN1J5Jfbo2lBGowkso59F{r-LMql2KW3M#yZ$B4kGj>ECqO;_7$o)s6 zayCnB132vMrmyLqDQ8vubZTuFZP|R0A*sA>ghyq{TM4v7 z9n}pBlIlPHr2Yja9gjmbOTYgYBMQ`^5)oZO0jc|OT8T9=v%~K{TyaL&=FuxZEY(+& zGB}ilnpnwPUQ05{*eSLQVbN_Rxym@_BH^r2$qa@;CM)ffqBB`1VP7o)L5H8_NW|^i z3jaNT_$3R=HLEO|3~k0FCiTtlGIW|~U_Kyv%+;wMxfZMG2D%JsNl><|PMa|d2sEXY z$yxaG44HZUzzZvc2Pd8d58XzJYHsaxkcqa__`~*6R`1m6^^E}}PeRUABrh97C?ws& zD~sIr4#6)GH|xzm%-0_GRRJ7Y+L8)=W9M`?iEpn2bRE)isdARa>kpNTC2z`ED3Ksr z!#{Hc4!i;F)TqLjtRfDF39a?`G%GG&mP0y2AJ%RYaIM3JWWS5SwRN$ys-SXqk$>EY zuPk>}l3v*eqpGL%7#zg{R@Q$eOLGsy;5&=o(0M_k>*nFbmB}>FY-3=``D6kuM5|>` zyaHItCp#Z>N57#SRg8iETbf0 z|1`@29Q8#;B5caXQuwqN4RA+zfeE=_D7?0nAb$E$f$W}ee#7|+S#b+rCafmJ>i%hO zk#d5upzL-`Chj6$B^=sS=<5spvKkJ~#x1wgGF150gF7Y0x^}W%YAu|sS#VYT#CD1( zXqQ*Fm5n^((E!Z-lsmh|$c{Qk*W-P9^yc6Ca+bLl!qNeGQTM6Q?Nq#etsoL}c|yN< zy8HR6f?Ai5lecw}1ZSE7eHktx-v#r$HabI=EgAt0xIvtnBln}2RF)|Zk%!Ob(kEn( z$g#vWtTDWK1o9Oo(pxBgL8SC7iX=53qkM@+8m-=b^xhVyk(*5{eDI2bgZ)H!QWN?F zjnNY~kCA+^g`BJx_D!$j8>ZAO1A@>4_S=urp)$v8O|taeqC}yWlJrHEzLPzS>&vCm z#4QayAXh{B-=~4?m-?&fe__G^F^C5MB_1tXi2F(^23;%MHdhAJc2~>iB+GU;0=P*1 zUZg?3_$i7w8X@>EGN4lfwSH!V$m+;w)1+v7d^M0P;SbuK`w<4@bw$7xqDg-eKZpO3 z8>zS@T*1u->CNb+-F*H=q`Z>DNbwz4TV`IOg`?7YUdDQbKe(m`S4UuawfLv-cMe}p z%_aD?&)b(tDdjh)UWJL{DOelYTA2#1@5tq2a{}k&Rnx9WHwNK?kV%u)-S@S$5pCUX zLr^+u0j^$p&=bOTX69zFC|3+a(>5E&+pGgP#?asH5)hA45sgM z(#l^@L_0M)c1J%f15#z-(P8sXXpHrcb#i>80I4YC!(<46ACJjo4t$3!*zNBGK!?SB08Tw1kJB7Jq>&8e8n38Q z#N>1a5!1&85zt(;lB;ZT_!0X-j)F@6z3fa^{8C%~B$)Ji7>YeIjRq~O6qYTS`>Qge zK_lf=$;2`id-|)MgV~E2o$Io!#NMyY#7UN`{;Ts2x0A2`Ii)Cx{Pb2Ab{;;>cL7X% zT9W>(L7j8>#x|&RJE$o^lD%fy7f$$#GOG<1-<9m+Ec>1I{YGXhea7M8bMOGM0MuYc z!iZJ}S@)88M`JROgE^_;?b;L6j z3Kht{=@JL|H2q+;Makm~gs@a?wmq)A**@|g13gGN^Gtqx>Qj(S;C>9w{LkPHF%Ty( z0FB`%eDbe-V=>vxFjj7RCEwU^`{$aA%!SUJookPLAPdcb;=Ry|zR5tl8@0DL>8zQoH&66HLYpI@k} z$7u3vHi<1FGo|Eibg(#^MM{|CDv^{OPp~x|KOb+)q^nD(_{}^WcUr~C$?|-WM!$Ti zCu*iOj^mdyT{?(QFXtH?%XS-a*s-O8EKT91qKWYRUJXfNa~f5<_?D$X^E_)9$t3_( z!KG*yJwll=I}r5!_9fx%2V)MPE<@wzaCEJ)EP1ME5T`fABzcM@6jl6EmWa2b z?J#hiMz;{ZnW*YE62bq6z*iZ!&X3Re5Ea2M!)Q1>gIo245Lfs>!>q>J?Bc1Had(F2};8)g#CM#0YD6BonjvHrQG}*vRCw~CLb^G@7 z1#0rOiyO(!EsDT)Ma01nBicj8mqKLKz_3Z96HS0J*ZmA$y#QTH4?O+rY6Vqv{WHY+ zTUi@PQUVoNWT)(PQtTYkDbk~9#SJf%MM3^<#!_DPy^j3o^71scF04UQ)UGD+vn`)UEZB@(eanrC;+NKmt#!zo zHI5cNs?PbW1;OJ^>;Unyi8+Rt8fWT;%Z^nlOdMBhB@L9Tr*y(?qZVIgWf3#A#OSQGbde zVVsx8Sl{&o!IzeAFl_@lJcT5WpfUp*Wl38((Oy1;3((=)Zpcy&V?qMwTjyvGKSq z`MLDlzhyhWXuu%%@8&55tw~Ser?Q%B(vEI}q{k=H*ice` z1HyJGYG7KzEvU}~A9$-bR=N)#!g{Wv-*2oY0Ah_^@DkyMtJRLYDv6>A9QMKmJeFe9F2Y0V^b1_FR=I)T&+{ba|%9c4Tx18<|TU$v;tnoN-RqDUZxQ-r09_1{#Iw~qgD;5Z6+MU(&qZzqTs zz#?p2wx<>hSoR3EekLvRCrqVb9f!u$sQ)$Y4c29pY@Qe7n^G;e*q1aQT<`hdWhZcT z?S~-C$U4x{@d5DkSnF#$5#?U_fv8pxQNV3l)+*!m1dC0hC6Ww*u}P%ZWFu24ikFQB zOxBhvy1DPhDLHA;{X0p}-7WI_{NJLoH%dCdt&wX$Ruj3WwBmKHmHN-)A&hK^5ti6C z%BL)?9O^tpY_l2LQ9xLsREE|FnRD{jz3AJ$@5Z0S?wd7A(huZ+!mF=ZcMf_6T)l5| zi}xES682~6-G%G{utOm`=R%A{RpHn>R`H+(^$CRNP_lX{_dlvP1c><*XwZj+ZGN)* z^2znPm=_1iF~ z817Xt^%maM`Ce|mlYr`M-Mt-zBS|D+yhU7e3R$n~DWOpCk!WND?SpUxhVS%{xu&Em z7L<0QqxWuVr}KO=+AC8=(7;fNhHiU4^yaLp?oDe1)@j!L)v*w!LtuT~zU*>`Mzj{JD;B#t`-AlxffvI17) zeIpPUh^{cX*d4_6;V5~fkrEQ+;#oh=f->4Nr^XhXWc)106*#CIPiHbKlgI^n7W;QQ zCa~hUu57=GU>G2;q$p&mvF8%GG0D$_LeFuo7Btd(xz5&qllF&m2B6+29n z0qouEkKc??#WCGA{KFbpgM?~CN*5#1ARTEr(8{VpcWzO0n;}P1*-($HPTpz=X#Tt( z!h@wjgUBeoZNJYdFZ7-VVqrVpRj`8n+E=Tm@p0S!pD8vvqaZWvNQDi1C8+x3HH!*} z&HUC=isa(Zi_5v1eMHusJ-JVAw{y*q~k|(MWo2niM@8Oo8Q1>Q;evKU!ixF1qe znJVtWm||&US$8IVi}WTeW^9ywLAzs(a=ixbheVq;Z3 z;)O)gD5EoKxhfX&z7|!TE`pGtl|lARlsP3r_UH!mzI>$p%Luzi6)GezMNV#8st3FJ zQMTZ*YH1eXS~Pwv1kC*qm{U)SEGc-tqlGgH7zWYSLH_X=2FBPJaiUX9!cEr{%eQoTUg3QNgWie&)$~@`DVs27@;{A|LpVf=;Po1^ z*D7`yKo3^*?YDs|3n~H#~j+f=9 znmwJ9PH_z<-3oIVKjkb0WW$;P%xuQ`U*SJRmk;Xl`J~${yV@$Fbon^_re&o13MFZ- zb6~Fp_Y!$}ROuc0CC3wO7i+}3QqsUoP_?VGi__Dj#|?i&7SXmZ9Y(6-ShPwb!hdds z$Ai&?=oDjOFcCum=+5bDb}ZLWrbn;Lx@gp-CuAm z_F8OToMWVp*(+Z$t*Gm0O*&_g{4$az7oeidrWu{Zo;FwT?ghXH`#lEvhVHd_`Qim5 zFtb`>0lj_ppJf_23-q;5jr1|&pC4JJld`||u+q|OV(8=xY%t9r%;?t8AL~cr-Y%!l zl0{_r5>d%o*qt+>ZzTHSFye}Mleyp=+xLwD{I|cQTPpwbW}3{7%NdX0b^82M)D6}l zy{5iKz?Q2Ny-Y#`VVbH!1{fkp>AOFw2FB*xb%WQB?jhSKHqeKwLd- zVnYexNp=9*5OoJZ6P1_`rltKs%UB#nBA`=^SI1-}UGJ{7vt8Jmp-Ys9MTwLU2@0^| zKK{c-EM%LD;vy9)SkU1u%<5JqPDeY{p(*5*#ak7dGOBW_O>zDUN1~MVDq@`Yi#To zc;lvL94t7&a+-e=J7h95Gea4k2NH_~ua=c|sDL+{x|`tbz-Wp8W)1)S74%u*a6>*a zd7W9%MhbQec|tB?4R|)HlR52@&mNCUfOrguD8ms2ouU+a@n2WHAeZ)8a^>b-(JZ2T zv;-Mcf2+OHW9W5V>~w2Zw*$PA%ck_KFupT)$c@j>6;e)zVR%n@5V_z`y;M_{v)HF< zhz>f{s-;=-A-^#*oowTpTUJhcm<5e}O5VVmO^R*rXx#*5&bn^}v)Z#q@bX?E7`-ZmIdEhsUCVAJ|76nLqSg z_OfVVY%qNz6_+N*)XrRF-G$_zHChxKv9EQHduqPOJ)WTFC*mqcZzX}^@#pATPd)Mc zH)6mz3`!vM$c1N(?#%|58f^Yru3X_S#BG;H8^zqq=Fq59ley=u`53(1hO6%uf2T7m zA1T3YM)j2U^oxjh_K&MyISCO0^{^TM5dBGoI28%Qg=Re@07q^ICYzgDMj+CicP+<< zkpyO=iM*98NcGA>bcQc5>|U$dP^x~>3_X>a@WHipzomF`m9s^ADS~%Ev?tad0*d}H ze)|p=O$%WZuqlz%Lb|bb_)7+kG0wPV$SL9iqbzev-}>H|9ua;!58u|L&_|bqUG!1h znaYn%`A=y&=z77|vs8$cv@&&*w6kycPpkK0$m(PRKR$_xZeVnsZ$UGvcZ4m`Mwgxrav-Tcg$uT zkoO2#)|c^fjX5Fc@O`u#Z4XScBi~77cK7dwzzDj4r zCQFM9Pjui0&}UH})suEvFuRMvP@$9NcP$OU1nQ@g3va^)J%l_7_I&Zl>!&!)M|mXp zD2q*-$Y6ZOkRCgv&bHNxoFKQoX-*%aq0L+D zh)aEPEWX-lDjj)MUpQ2GAwn!=Dg)sAIoE~B&>+}I^{>tBbrgLKL)kz44=p)pUvCJ+ zOYa{qQB#>F@mIMzY>|xDb`S2+;4Y*;2+GD0EqNWJQ8PFlY<%rjh1cbtqor=aE~0@L z!Ps}JhX@j3?Dv69qkiInE+Y$dD!_5#P%-BjLSjKnb)rgCBZWQw&Aw8NRXgFTj-=F9 zP&h0z=xOYQIq;=%maN>SZ{cFk0Hs`&LGp1&AEgGmIBXu=q_6C zKsv7h4^yl=wG@nUOg@TE1JpT#Wu&w()(MBMeo2e7EnlGVb5q~xcBTa!tXRM0rTd}{ z{IoRRU;5=nL7%2(IR4Q7gQUKHndeNcP)ErFjtF3kCX@CfejX&tT^l!p1T?3&+cL`u zImzBw8yX3Cy9lp2O5y-lYLib178R`DNqfbU;$O8~OK8A15 zBuBB<8!=Nu;s`>Ws@UvlpX6ungqq}f&9qsqCMkg|4;jC^Fsm45ld5xcM&W^tc{tlwHTRIjQ0uAAoSu zVB-1Ay#XDe9{T+T?lK1dQT#^NC{}EIFcsb@n~k&X8QU?kqo*jnyyP_abqLFYI*yUJ zJ>CU+IEH#YCXsg(6{mdKfBIc;i(aI7rM&MrE>K#KG!WiCP&RNhdDjS9ROwX3ZRJ56 z5Kp9_$c>2pvn{?e^iq*aKOmzxN#W$^Sm&BmiSR#J{sIT`#lyii*?z_HFB~1npa~t6A^?_%D@Hu2C>PAFwc@+ zkC0v7f686;%VTj=4Bwys6vkOtAmcA8JhvJHbSxcb5(AMMoSBlO-nw?s>7*(ggeOQa zkym~=J>+JaZgsf%p0Z%XpQvJxuB(K0Nt7X!F@i=pYK~Cs7E9yE>;FNvO(YqVlawhbvx@Dk8tLLyS1T> z9C-8QX@RQO`%|2E8c9qelQ!KFn->X5Vwnj5`LzswjX>cmLG2!?G^iTwP3a<4w0A@!F#9SywpKg;|9NsONXQq zmBL%0aGOx6bilQH*|);g*D(P{ zkX0oiH0s6`ONEkd4ApL}dJ2NKl)#2Np)%2p{jVJheZLYLnRut~PL-;&7|Uld@3}`d z!b;6Ne<#&Ke4THPxQ(5HZj(ByJ$lcHwQR9a|E*sr)aY_(^u+}Sm#!A_&fS=dt6O^7 zfhV&7nCHojKg!EXlVN%Zrl)tr_OFV~=$&3$4z_re%Efm;7;HXBMqRx(Z$h5D{WGKj z1IV%%bUztvX$q<%pSiSgn7Al;B^@uK#es~;D^H1{-4$veQQoE90Gl`sH6hoso~)CG#r%5GJ2M=V?IF|3J}ynE?SIc=80uMxFR45 zs6v*5JCnPhk%=?=nCvRRv-RYH)|=+@$!F+V;fu%ppCGez>O3VHoKw`x)YI~4*G9xq zkAcZC^%L>PK=l^((&_1ofoLBagWJp?ETm6Mwf5JIeVO3qUCrCoQ>3p;yHW7!viph5 zq^Rx`dQyHDiQ6Eb*rGxPl$K-Erfjxs0xp7p@V?{dBLxlzBblyPsYQNkzrOJsv?BF6 zF&mHfWOGqRwx`{LkmqSq5<4>8w>=yXvvCu93numQ-%WXC-Fo;1De%~@CUO{CnTg(1 z&^JyGQj?XPx|njsVa|B^U*=)@22%iOQXx6H9HOl2$)f;}g*CLwwX`os`F_eAJ;8`x z^4|%lwYv-npFugkr=rndl0AhAoD3c2=OY+{e5<3i34L7GmoHVb(EQ2sPYxb-DrJN} z2BB7&t|`&i)y-epxeFhUF0LC@W$D*?n?lf%gA)y;s zw0wvj^4z0GQE$iIxC`&*x>gMnxq3rCrspYPbRWJ^Nu~NV{c zM-U#m;s<@mp@(NXQ3FNMb*Mah?sR{2`;_4TO;pd5dKw#fpP#gCGFnQ#Wg!oMp^+W) zXQo7z#48rqP1_YwmOuFpO;W5fQsP8`???x4U?Q5Diusq9TYWdoCAG&XF`*acgHS;I9<;%;7x$ayre zS4>pb`4q44*bMyB=$DW{qd%+C)IGlw_k_O~x-p3IaYuNLvs~K`#;d-BX@sJn z5n!>-&Tj(_^^AU>+|T*iqi@~+!fO>e>(n~(UMNXEDPx2QL_SGl9D#K5UQ4YBW9E%k z#?ASvY>&D8bqx*)L$ruMR|!>X@`&&w^kjM1R$A5yWi>^oVzMo^U}+b~;^XMm2E-S~ z!v-B*0oLKV4eSNRxJX?$Kczr7zFb*8lG;Xcqki64*b4Kfgn~~{=H_1UN0aHYqgwO` z1o#Y}agy4MpG|Juj}?j2yf+z^(Ckv0r*Y}Hc|PSd`=-tVLG03=G;by+?S6q0X7F5>6!vD6s}I^Kdct)3BY&zOuX5rnvO!<-{p`te-t3k;1O-7 zrjd-BiwuiH1ep?1z7j;vIdflzzP@kGO_7Y0(LfRVsd%)+n8@CD;7A+54e@NuhCw zH#32Xe7Q~IQvdTqr96#_6yqXe=-{}CNisD9`HzQh0s9=^cu1qFPmn`CS#3q_b-&?q- zCl;#ZW%F5;^oOWOs(0OTvi|e_;}_|VQ`on*FM_Mrg?f}Pm7dD;KvV>$ieR&f#nbNw zRR{V(y%W`F;ry&_g8HgK>bMSol#=0{ELkikJdfreQ zD&6`tcfaBYoZqoLF`NfDVf1$mBu0UK)n zFGG_Uh3mgnGGZXVM1U;VuX0j#VjZSQ!ON_!3Tr}FDVo7 z=Wx{XMT>EVfukR4^?w24(r$k3oFMtDH6=-zz8X zIjowP5Lr0(B$;smWNx3Iqg)sw1kVzH+j7vHZZb@6UmQFH^}R4FfYqV__mrnccM8G< zYAiQl17&%_!~rkPuIBn8Gv4S_?iFz1PQqs(Jv#QKKblk}#2vYewpr7%VNfD#oN2peKet4S^M2NUa6F#mPzpOlj15S zRfz3p$(L0cDUbacOV7N5?!rq>Dd-6cII9q9Pq>>NsQH_>@Xd;vgSW zVm4@rnrZe$UF0jX{A0!!Rc3E7jMf_w9;i3_B6`yj@$Z3Erxrw^#QTX-B>UWE)&qmF zjji*5n!r1jC|*!ll@ARNt_vpbk`KVO_SNI!?D!{KewchZ)t2{5HZjpFjFdR3^dX_t z4~1?dmo-|SlQ<@=wE2qG=9mzXgJi3+$7d#bnD~9DPNY@_Cw~yXansEmQX+!%H>Vrd zy3&u7-^^p4NWD~jbv;=>walhP zTb=e%AX#?&eNmqj`8x|&*Kt!bVL2G4=J3T&9YjTp{nL+ z3xb^p+|=Zg0|^1Xu>}cKZ4%CEOMzPC`0SHT_n*m|qA|pa{#+Ye_!e~9^MUfM@G758`P%lqXg_KxT5Ry1E?oXSMWcLzKlTaEg~%|OIX2_@ZYgi#8DV*gu~AG59w zhUDUxA!jVr%88A9GN9X{{v7zLF>pvfL3K{wyB%tmskXrceg<-17=9lw)np$1$jxS9aAFiwe1i8U zojql`RY&LFjyDs(xE575{gC%fD}ZKAA3wr|JP^dsm5P$8plFja)d}@1O)`Mx?8#Qw zPVUZyP$VDQ6xJxREi{Ad;j7eKWS2v~c(UYE=B@S#Dtt?bNT@hvH5Oz~AxnarI26Ga z3>_Rvi6nUbnIS7MdXrj>HhM!}_H8`)le3ws;fbw6%EEp_<*ydPHX4tVn(m*op!Xvn zyH9}*m?JEjtuka!RmX9wkqpJ>yOOuZ$RE!Ii1onUCcm^L;eM}m>9Pbo4oR!F`YN4W zCuGQnSb7`3e%P@;t)QbEbw)yT6g^aw1WpjR6EW+mh%HWX7FP3q75JD&(fw5DShB7b zF6xJ7vh2DZW?FhU+&^0#lIrU`XG{i=1}-LFAjH1lhx~Uyln@OYV~+=Onp$9&=gaxv z`ZefnMb>6?XUNs`W`8itiWUyMAa?bYZV+aFp=;elB2QA*$UbrC2+@t*s!a2~*Mf~w zxoG3qO_aVeD&RHvKKy;}HZkxV;}nl|1L>`Ut$s+?TX;uf*57Y7lNTX2b{WJ zSH0Hfwf~P@->Xk4Lj5TFB=_eoh+dO6pA!;NEJ2S-o%3+TzU)a306BU&A;U7-jCZc! zHh{@mB`0uC@C==islAkQjD*5_xrexHquHSa)5CC8XJB7bT@cMcPug45$+SD?8I8k7P0 zykJ=iPqWR9yJ6(pp3|RqS!ea-DfdEJS8f-48xH*wA4Zncd}Y^8r$bz$AfMB4W<+MS z$@{6YemEnFE7o{*RAnOaS(M|ldIkE;cZbsFIV(w}uqGhC!C<_9c&&$r$u7YMB#5Vt z#CQi5A`fLT`jE+mNElR$G*Z*awyTU=g1Oxc2FjUWioNyj2)iK;ySgAV6)5P(<3W{Y zn;m9?QD9#cuY?Np*gms68voR{o$DuG#C+GKU`L%~?BELf2D{wx466*>54+0+J2sP^ z5Y2S9P=d7_+M0E~zbu&;E@y#8tajG<1S)h5ngy%RE<**@jwa^H(JE4))hpVT+Yhn# zBF|%M;kxh){Anq^m)f*-#7e%^=?h!#qd9M4ou_<^d>ZL?lXAT$RSfC1su&xe^Vf## zG)YG78#USLQ+=#2)(vy=)CO9)occa);+{&&vx*od6(A^1FDjPEPzg8e0UV%jZwq$KW1i*01(TsKO3QbjZi1-BOXX~_q?k#7w zEm5zmhn#707&}vdCV{a317_6_KJ+9?=rfD3M3T!q-d35D%6=G_1V-Wv8myQqR*lFz z^~7z4ai*M;%jCVX97=sZW-{g&tB?stX|6bEgqgGnLOH>@B1}X@Gpu*W7*+XxduHCq zD1kCCG1qWE*+{f2fic(RG0cYJ^@Ayg8xNhGl5_X&#H5w06|>_Nr=f0B0czFm5$zLw z5ma(g1Ywh-bdR3IG1nT-oCHwoYCCgO65ajLfrO+`M)~Q5p9XG>FX8MuBy(VIp zt!;3?ePeml+`0(Ss{($*vBfcg)MZPh>3y~7e*KSIbv;G*;R{I1b&!%k1ILd{20Yvj z5x(w%DFYFYp7h9pjRsbG7>NuH|6kGAvF) zU;7FooRHA-wVqs^xByEU3ENQsgcsk=rn5k@DCV6x{;-e?4zNWz-;Fe3<3vCMn`ckv z4$tvaQHTOf-VOfzUSJKv7^up+xx6obsTw&!&#Y{CkGB8(BUGOe&6ATSMCu#%7_x~` zERK(R(^Eyl)L1E7Fgs!4HcQ(2I`G;3x5b+E$j#Pzf|W&e8c^F_x;LIPxtrrFGUiFT zdFmd7;^W{&{n0)o{3G<5SL(?)G1iOJ4VIxGm_OR;fP=nO)>!p!jhVqf0RBhCS-kd6 zaJ1Pe&mamHQJWbGFS5~N6Z;s+EVzkg2Bms%M;hX($^2s(+0Dj#ql<>@2bQ1?Ws?Iv zE0S6uo}&?jOPtau`=Tgv1?Qb^oGbFE6D)vMb!IZsgJAWAwf>#=W zHElKuKD3QrByvgJz1JK|U+=H79h zoSP-pZrV}E2k<0EB%lP<@x8F=mDO6((J(4){Upun^#|1MB(gbk11s@T3Kdmh&JmJs zRg6VZPSHPMU*QV+sW77-!S?+6nx}so7PCw1KSk%k@v6kZMk#zk{uKU>-2&q9QjWFK zJS*2ii`XA&SFHWhfj?c7Z&O;_*-`2Dmsb27@=D?tmx76T?!&H;&7V5ux6`}f9Q}cb zOt3l!Ae*BcK7J@*Ka9CfD|=hjGkM}O^n2C6r=69!+iYcM{1JkI{S>ODb<25y#Y#1+ z2cK@<>n=q)sR-q5aNtll#0)wdijJ&)x?g30|IYYE)$n>)&^nm(BNls66P0 zYLh>UxlD>AEX=XEI z|G!DU;Siyr@t=rXOnvb}A52XO(T$*a+~ZmkS(sPj`WRRSotQ{0>>KRoEf8~Ajy*Q! zhqi|xdxCZT&9y zhVEgS@h)Zx{FwVh{l#`M_mwc^%z6Ci@2HhUfH!1|HNbn{5Nj)_c-zi`K43&gC1kVm zo`xvKJ_$i!W|$RO+yHJ0^Lrw!BRN6HB_eLqA3MgA2Fa|cA< zJ{78|X-2TCI8}2{n$ZI@#q_;%3i_RMA!2x#&5?V~M)&*4)arA^BJq2(s5V{Ztq=jT zhIuMEp=?PzWD)Bl-zgm-N=_uzQ40~%SlXX77%ksSZ*=O0}Uji}fu+ z5AOxEPiLijAf#s)6zAiR^lt?=4z(q@bG|obO|0Jj%DctptLz^-!0ct5KM`k5wq`Q` zZ9|8wwF9+mjAn2K;r6G^XZ^1QJZaWeSdk9`kKEdsAK1sQJ(=l+C8q)nQsi?>9d9Dt znu!Tz%wki^7KHxstmHay6;mrI*$i!jQS+sK<~)5Co?U=>?1n4<(*u(^gL_`+6a$dI zjveQ@G5i;Y9(uLxQH8aQ{dQq&wPTXB!xs8b@T+l~R}Zh$F&1y(4)qR?y>J>;R0g`M z?8anCUeI(`T=P4>133RNGU+m4s%K%kYUL^=%Y27$s$;+hK0A?IaP8Mp_h-4jP}FYu zB~kQta!@a+KMa+|b-?h^=lpCQoXoA&!e|gvsw+l9ypUK6ABSHX{HdjWIK$$XZayp9-?{Vddon^AO? zs7eZ!`k)(`@6y`EVjeN7K5#y~6lcX6y_K2`CTb?r_fQbc|D<&;oz54Z9M=&Xq#@J(|mLFXN z*ydb{5x_Jse?@jZkkeTsU;A-d&HdX-Q!9U|3tGt(I~O#WYxJTH5%twB$2ef_G=u1~ z%bM^e@B%#tQ!X0p7|}!&35(7HNlOFPg1f$m=X@uz9gk%1`G>QXW6p8dkMDyneZmFe zM=g0#M_;Bk!TtSx-Dm3GA0YvFzch^oWcsgPT)$BW)jye#*=5q}5QEP18zpDt$~02R zC^KQwrkj)Dq60*3vn5TzPX4GC(It|+9YxXrK_9FJX%NvPXHGBcSCc7C(#u~CcXb}j zpC>cfcDUuFswj{q_=;nQ3pVTGU9)YdXJA~eqW=;WB$5xR;ljQ5dKmEq(lHozC0bJ% zAF&RObz?EQDB;~8kMOXdjX`g%YW7*nSIT?h{V*D>oTX^(t=W`XYu3Q^{lvI)t(@Yd z!?c2u)`{QX(hN6`d)iOg_n4bs?una0Yq3J7U-ew<`xV3#Tg9@$2WHk~Bl!pqSY`ix zEfj`eKkK?Q<>YWDhfu1%g>8=nhRRm9OKq<+aSuyBhgnfAJxw#ioTA^@-o{5c%P=+= zed8l``Mk{l`PU37n0GNaS-#;4fa}Fdx2`n?OP9#0_iDSS6YJf*3K&l4p4~#2c4z&+ zHEF%kH6DCY+4*3?AE!GMT`XT5HxCmVV zuY@MlLt3;Xhg7DJ12+eRWo)R!FK&~9mxxD;IHJJwmA^)SD`a!0_JK$l4S@2=)!#&fR0^LwFd@U2@lY_`b zci~tOhe>Pn9hY`Nk z%U6MkAKrh2?qf{-Arhvyn&W6B2PJ41$=Wht38uv9Yy-OM_-(ml<7J^d>^`El-QGyg z=BS$Kh$;ysP^^B^2PYR6venhql~&$E@1LI~a39O!sjbq^N}#d@jgsa3N5_R+HvdE{Pr0heo4_tUllHd+<&dF)b0%iHa{R11DtdHg_Z?E-qoGFXpn6sfJk7=Ex7wpHH= zPeNA%V6BPnbi;W1V-gTc3=tnZmraO@;*4wbh|B*NR*d*t{Y;XYgL<61l|f0*lQ*;H zc;1F>AT#kE`;n7uRHavSP~a`P%QQG;6ytD&)6t7vJFD$r5gX~iCMw^9xl zao{swU8yG2*V$O;XMSera}nA{F7TNGqJsR+GO=S0*)rC&_BWw73QB-RME#8 z$Tw|AI8lC^sf@nE-!1`gn>kB80Y`8y2f`LpDjX<}on0M?b3W6CLsagK)8BJQ*@caL z_tb9z1YY@KMfIL`pV9Vy6RvHv-)2U5I`aVHIIVHcW#Ax;VL!-vaFsbnJq#ZnXWJqz zG&u07t@U4nLcRuzx8uk4|MS8s;{bTK!136C6;qi2Jswo!b3_kQIP8bKou!0cr0(Y{ zU0h)rA*j*_Y>62XyMA{X5&nLy;_UL2`QP5<%rm}-^EKdb(g=_b*pNxo)lySvYhC?D8*U*kzGsXDK<$ezhJ|5IC2yV$unl)lmGV>!{vbb**!=7%nfTl|G z(d;}6KCL=v$kz-72%Ac0c<4>Ly8PJrH2Dz2e~tWBlqYXuLQQNa+B18SIy0j!CS_!$ za zLG6}C3?k9Myf}zRBJP|X{@&PH+4EKruJx=C&q51yz0_KKtwBhZ${ieV9EMc#p{L&% zpZarUkigmbVF7NmTqg@~GbU2G=O?9`%+T zw&z4Rj{0|Z4Q7eJPGB{)XFGF}Ob}A(ZmXj!ar6KgJzjD(n-ug1=Rbg{rS~85Mv)d1 zLL6Pshn6=itzGB>g^!vI6uaU6vchoWC46%DKAhZOo(9p~QC@NTZbWJETmZ9EY$^Wk zW^U;TiWwkh0Bb#CX@TbFf;F*un;2?%5yU<#VmP(0d5p&Uwk0eQo(AC=P}i(1k?R#> zH`0|=<_uGN#WO`6bOjPRlW`W*{$?PtmiWxiE#+H1hZq2@qCBv98gG*ez772qjDSmW zc^u3yvKT?1DJ)m37tVVpfiCcQ`tAd80d@`;wv4e!mPE_@c$i^NX*$&t5AZ6@%bAK}*eip{kDX%tx>e+m0<;NF}o!R6&YH(KiLkLPWwPU}jRZ@XNE3^; z;muenB}0zCGY$bHut6}V{n_|T!~nlv-*ChrI)H5e;Q*YftueOlmnIf&%6B9wJC)SE zWkZl*XPEPlpD9}{_K9i3hZl-&-qRhUi{m$4iD{JIFb6}O_O05BR%{G7!3!xVYcfuN zhv^?bSSfBCXvLT6wa%3yi`sW~X6BZvZUu1h@MQ6_+$!K{_kn_j;Y-VghW6>He5FP7 zz-zxhq?gcke&_)8p3b?@JHUg;Ldk@zu>#>|s4C?v@=I2Rgi}wh;9GkFkJju{Z{eWg z+1CIL5M2O3XEwNV8fH9NVR(a&9O{f(>^6wPg=6Y^z{{x`X=06hiib!B&^^?Q-AQYh zwm-*KzPQTis~c#y*%QwgZIL6am^b&=@@`T@F6&f=0sFXa4#4TASIWUA-PkQa`&{nw z-ZD)!Q8wKw!>oe}dg{k|E+BkU0Oaki8SieIP9aB4_i6!m(twLS>I1pfWeYPSUi`%N zBmP^)Fxq8WV-nbc^P2f>8&%NiUYlr^o_mKBu%0#H*2XsR?IV%m_I2+C9lSyjU?DM1 z5tt6LZ1NdY+zzq{Mx3U}{Bg_?@IWh)sX;RVh>2hj>ordrf2SGxca5(Qn9Hrb{>F4YPt!Qp2fwT#*DAamf4s+`|FvfcJzi(m18QR>bIBdV6vi4!d0j)lOja z`1#)IpHSXjr7q0B! z6(OB}Iu147kURon-2_&#R_YM^Z+g-tMJTFMj3B{^C1`D9&>5mtBuhy=Gv*VPTzMjB zcryH+kj_If1&(H{*#c1Y5bt?u;Zm~-^>P}2eD)H7W1SQc@kC=(p|Dc!mmN);EiHod zi;s4ef<7tSc@kDz>l)DOG|G&OZmf1q3ADiC23)|;N;VzxYM-3N?Dt~q?{%#Ya8JRT zb#wNr{CLVwLzYEt>6|KC>XozQT&en73A=GX7r;a;-? zahd_zItHzjqu6hGs_`|X0I*pSugiWny3j&>ijn^ia{!t0hoy)$ldRWK4`d!>v#0-sN+B3U$UvxZU(q_ z8aJD=S6c*p4fS<~7c&JhU_(+?(FFLW#t)k9x)C34tFthZM90Xi7_ z{M9u5q^7Qk+3RUn2dfv~esz^x!qv++xQ7Ul;r)6ZLbQS+7I8LboOx)h=0q}1znHJ> zRdS@%WJIsgcw;GyFKjyNjS8lwdx66*a;*>Z&j0~4K63X!;z=34WJ!me0~a$Hi7F5uvgbnr!Is3Cfd zrm$~oU1H3hyIz@w4a;K&Us>?_lngN%LXwCH9FqspgZ7eVXnd$C+}~DxIB_=hb~E?q zzrP{^Ola0N1qVcYI9XI}2byvj%)Htccd1`D0#Qi@eljw1h9$Vk;d7#pjK+DyFq9PT zCPaM4N})1Q)Yh^T{_&uG(bOi{&kg^60>^Ed7}|SV9R`O=#gCii9x-S4j&G|_L=-1L zG~lYY!P_8I@biuL)CV;doC?70;|>$|YdJoIelU!ZxryrMu%KEx&nB`&ps^w( zBs8Bb5H6KIQj)Q(sMYQK%*e=SnvpAdyaKJH<@0c=&hL6CrzFnE#B{W|`?rl*Kgw^4 zdl6dW2B5R^3+#*&cg+gzlW{m`(zEpn2pO~U##*`_?W&pfCb|z7GWDP4kU#pGxqet3 z?p7I|t0F~e^j$A_JgCl4Bycu@9F{!}EImLD8h8}{(gFXnod(aYOL*Acw%^?bB=>!& zvDq>`J|_9&$T8?jekpx7L7NUx5hZHvt-cqoMKM;}fSRUo8$gJx-=s${43 z%$iM13n0kwj9FR>Vl2%-8lXYR+0)fa8<};}X0jdbH4*f8{kMm#YO!%BJmAl558dt@ zgmxW(sh-&1jO}BYG@J?k`GuG1I$nP~Xw4bCI|3*Wy$(1U0i*V8#)t`+eEFc6nn&;Q zW9R9UKm@~rMSOF`cUaD19Ai54HEy1hO|=e;Y=hckA8yCyu6ma=-m6RBfkLq?Y;E`^ zhcp0_2>Gk@Va)S!D-lhWutEOa#`kf$FgYAHIB#h0LLlJ8)lMtHIVqtNR>|*^kTKK_ z+L#Boor&+j$6_5UI|TiXz#aT^4e`bPE zTElFzCOKs+5XUYZ>CtSGWbj%8KR0s|k$gvX2mG-bOE_&}Kyj?6;6QZ&0}?usO}2H6 z=gy8{x(p*C9tlr9u+X&u&I7@4mr8`aK2B38V?X;~K@^r=jT>*&4dz5S>u z^*3>Yi3o(?XB^v(Xcd0JMvP`>Qh~e~3xo@mWR)6}qavZvO{ad8>22$Px(;z%F-o(a zFOSv@l^=)PkgHP8kCu__wHxr&ac8)f$FxV}BZD=4_qBIdk{eD?t0J2;D+iw5VL5Si zu$(s}ao+3}2N%uLt&VKdlQU#IO7C}TFaXmB@z-_z>P8rJwVQ=GZv`+NJOru3DdGbf zZ~w`Ug75B3F#eRvN;Dk-F~vz?=}%HGO0d%B)4Pw;pL9R0p-$VLt4~NqgVxJg&{z6Q z064|uS%Qs|q*|Ny$i_c3$nJ&S9a^4OwlYiDl|NnuSYxjg5fGinyzbof5q&A*>u>M) z$?i1H6l{kJcS;5vEL~j)aq2|T?c$w{Sg(SeMAK<{qii%m7mRCD#oyT6r;ve>nvxoI zz!%un<$_xT#^~Ls(dRo-lc8>Rm5ANW4@pEwNV=yB%mCg>h&H}F<;%P{t8 z0F!`FNJb)In&`GrU1O>dd?PvNPx}3}-rz;Qs56v$>>HD~B5AYBoeXr3nfoOATJFqd z1wnfH!z^L{y8zsrdKZzX2laOlrj)MooWV~jvxkVeBXkVqz$#JV!r~L3#)UWB*;mr~ z7;mviAe-88)iMv`co!l zUJ9VyaVt?bnDq1Cisb<{NxHseJvNfR-QR!CmZfxY%%c!EK1$-50st#RX0w1PKa}G* zk0u840_Gstp0eaIwN@(DTJc2y^ZFO4_v)8omq~leX)5o`9~S`6Fz00%miwr4s_+ zSyn9+VR8C3HLhvg>aHf26LhpAmzb(V0k{ESE`W z;?&d>+5+g&FIdLnDw)<`;Te-U(0SmJmhObWVlx72VT@Lmzy7G zMeTSFdx$|hO1OoLqkU4eaQ#i}QC8xj7A~W3I;qWi9R2YY<^f+4NS3%PPy*1Wzd^ey zgM%MjL9^^x3*tftx@d4?2)?1%W~Y&5Qo=U{h#uqeu1wPo1zWvyUR>}P<3 zNsCF8XPIr46*SB)2>tgn;c3$G>rq6Vtcq{9*tz*&);yid;&Pk|!@>Hm2FG(#fv&qO1Xt_#Pn2HhA3af!ye z)W0poL^xx)_rQntDhyH2wu&(>WK2q&df;`|>}6og!NxB*BmDXVW?=6s*5UI;k6#+? zm}v_%SCS3BE;m(`rOb3cg}~Y-)t+bkQ3?FP{oy}kH(x{oDvn63HFk}hcyM$?*K_Io z#4AEuK!?uT=T3vl=k}K~&3CBT+;g|nO*XjtMP=#s3CdVmQ8g3C!^0Flb-JbV9w1nY z(jnv2^IVZ9?8jR{ZZW6xZ>7DDMz762TF3G4$KsEJcB8ilN{UpMbm{or5qWfBsva%f zr(u4BhuWaaYlFPU3$N7c?iOGL?tzVY7b6eW-;0%$+&f@GWGCRF4)e zi0F1YcKM-DZe1t|OFOSqUCUgQ^qp75e9UGW&d7qDtWFLN-j=&>3g2CGqdg)us5($| z%|Y8Ki^kh=HYg9|-ea}-Y0kk&jdq2yVFjd*_3$(jj|&{89Z+uLvk0~3SfJ4t8<+ri zx+U{q`QA>g#*~)ih$`nwqp9&WV9Yc55lOhd70~J!hhX8WN>2^EvJe${F%4Xi2JMUn zH=tkFkXoDRH7fJF-u!YuJPQ3232s*MD_~ZtNyS7f^FtpoZ9(4w)$MF9eDa4q^4#ym zqshW=&%JndzWD(I5AZ}Q{OKlyNfP!K4&CA{qO7=-5L~g=_0e$%944c%6jew|6mLk* zWX(Yvxho3_E?|E{eGhV^{gaZOb@&w08-hiV-&HxgCNS57!qSlzGh_uGtb>{)>z-%g z0Ne2FMv05)Q1ZqcVtm@DNvw_97fBO62L5wh_hcJP#Wi?hDw5--K+N?dSPrN#^f%gz zsgz`f86Lf&-sg_BqVUX^W7p2Gxa)w|rwMlVQI7+EFR%75Vt8Fp(Jaa~Sle99qF0xf zXjiKC7t}vGG=Zl;TSuC&4qzOOpXs;kVzBR6fqY zlrMpHoyxpyQ8N2VZwOrNGz2@OZ#-NKgn;5`!rcH^{KEi>Qn?9tW%vHcs`^pwh}kD9IzlIZ9GafeHzC|H+BO z8`viK4!tTLLghV$y^#laU{5&vs1)C@>+{jpV4@^f@^ zMPD?46dxh%Xey!Mjc~$Sw7YnM<=4G!BgyoWJEJZy0uF&S*{*cUv9Uh2BB00%e&EKP zI+YE0ny(IB0?&G1X18s6p8#{n*=$A~YI8b^LCOJ>` z=BS$eWRAHYBF?Ly!_4C6^B*Mg-l1yaYG?yjZgWeUk>+WC?hR!t1web^MS3>wsq^n) zP+fJ`tv3oeFyQU_X{SeV^ty z=uQocjMy?+DUjWUKOqcJN0ZEbIG_!elu%+ltmJdWE*2D!K3jtgpTYlL*vUc6XCZ^;xTIn@Q(2nNsXI6k}bS)PICcRI|uERbb3TC`H2@ zz^y#{K^gNYI4m?{n28Y{hTzZSmCf^%nO1R!SYD0OqWR(^Xsk4!e^KfwZGt#yk zzB1qy@kKMm<1gKh%3u5eczYS^00Cf$!!`MGh|XI&N>ThyRMoUuK6pI-FBd2FxvcAy z=km&gS9*oMgd!59|SDlhbZ$ZqDhG+`4bH7KKEzSKw+6+7lNL~T= z5FZ0feC|!;)ljeyuVo#)>~0N#Zdn)!}ng1^8FsQ@}L8 z%Snvfoz-5+fmj&%S9|w2ebw2^Q;ZOf+-uOs$31VL|8iXT{b=?s!$Rw8kAP9@n*wy9 z0Z#v77e{0^GJ{GHADh>TTjR~so*ocN^?=*<0}IX=5?3t0MLo1XNSb5|TmGyA!!WZ_ z;AxeFYo^b*ubd<$%U=@FK>fz9$I0-ypH$-;8!NQW&(A5Dxv{}GakW{z2c$({aBJIS zBv}BpQ_pS0lH|g$b&sK{$a9(hzt`Qbs~;mo9-lBf2`Ty1CQ{OgeN9AJ+X3;1SbBV7 zDpgMH8HM`$!_7fjNCjQP<pYLHe5={KN7>4w7j{>7GR3*bFvQ`H7SRUnLE124ynbMN zHUbyUuiwrwbyeE(IpOmnW;T)~kJ+$=jqiEi!5z6nNwM^H*i(T2=N*%l_UwUnY>Zqk2Ki6v7ef%& zSV#r&^`F));!k`E-X^StJ7T$}pIf}y_Swy z;pci&m>s#ptU^bWi@N#NDB9s>C-MhljmtYUv)ZoFcr8KZt7rxAM2T_sw8%}N%NbPm zms;g@a=+|htELY*Hs&a--M=9hy)tW?A&{w~sQ}t51~Ut=WbMJ&?rMD$C2I9d~-7Rp2Q> z4GuDJDc0&$t1UJVz~f>!IgQ)#F9M&FZLg!c_MMc7h={EFIY^CGUCMu~l0I}8W?DI- zN@z-{@DGieG8nC908i$FPitL>H9ZN`>ERJ!6J}RjUoW-*KMcGJcY)BZfY3oR9k>)u zuo7Dm4qSG9V_RXYhhzFMC)w@-@7XPte2%R&H7lrGO+mP|i2*#4mIm9Py$H|^J)0hc zW$#TzRU@jAEgIEfZHueC-A=HeA>_-w@)^nbHG@NhrQ0PemlO~5Zt9&d&Z;VQY`e1^ zFA>ggeHNwF4S((+fxnb{=s<;1C^X3n@rOf8xmhV<=|f-!f8oLWk~NI^n|}duE|+kp zi^JCmpyad_|2bj!zIlFSbyj$vVRG%fmueMGWn64PjC~Ne<|GHtAMP4X-C35l|8Cog z_glvzWzzkDfnDt=0@agvZJN4wUyW(!YZ9C|YRQ*2c4{=}Rkj%LeWFx1(jCT2>i)F~ zdeAjPMLP>TNEU;}cH`~lKW{Pd!aQT)e{XRHn*5Jgq5$*PuAg&Ts1rMaIhVcV6RnQQ zZ5a|@mj)u5sZh7zWhSaErwA&GA|RjA!6I*y96H=+wVMl1j4)1h*n-R8 z8@xF_wj{vE$AAAI9C#c-Ik^J6Xr4H0w`GM4dJ?>RsgZ^q-s&Q+4;nuAnf+h7&ePI4 z2;nPjZEX+H{_de2=I*{#@ZT7_C-942kvcZtI)uGJz>;9t9a%#xf1r;-X zC;hLO*Me#JI@j&h7Na5;p9zsK<>N1?l`dE%r=m4{?LK&rJ@oIaq7IDp51af<(y@)D znp7O)_TDmy+PMjo*Lel1)A+M6HP!nlUk!FG>21eglJ0kB;YhzE3bC}=` z+Mw=rFS!DfP}Fvyuj_#Le|jXDG4j%us#Xt4;?8R!Xz|^_-wMN3^v-7~(sLu&j1>R$ zHUN^te?nDgbxBRjL2KoW#xwRhJ@-koD`N|9W4g!V5Do4{bWJdh$mJCkGX9)?Jm$fv zX!GBt-RA@-8U#gK{Ko$P$QAerwQgl0ndC3HT`{2{$6lQaZ&W&BoQO?n-bAEy^QIJ= z7Tnp}GeB8`_?u8=ZDQ>Z?vP#w5dX*<9rz1C*p>+l6U{D&g>!yz`x=#PicvY>*4_Qm z3^^`QPC_AU1EnxT2!ivL(3ED@CM`Viy@66bW4RZ~WGMH`llzf8_YSwU+v|J-(uz?e zE9A3F{cen=djIAf;z+AQ`+18l2Ux$Khezw%df|KL!{g&b zfv}%x*3KpKmGqbW~V8T`-g`Y|Ts-<+wJ8}AV z0PpIDz4nk8Xd*7LFlAyoIBalG+-A%e%EC++=<6mH{7oOv>A^x;I@}-9y_*j9KM|bV zz1_^}S4LB+gwM*053L>X$=QNEC2{JYDMyEHtQQ+K_t=6k1a5wLna;yy!kBm8PN&Jl z0Hu#}7Q1zCr^Zq{&x74cu0ER(z(-68E8@6q61|kWlMlL4PPyPJD39va=JbLCN?haG zf0<6h1--+F;C)cep*r}0Ty*e!7#wZ+hEZEhXQ8| z_h)rZI%Rf-ea*t#Z~||L16!j!wDyjb?obnEs4v?W=^eM~tU~f+$w`djCP5aXm*UNU z)m1!bUq1>PZ`&$8S73~2!W&FAoUb2xXOoa!E=+RsiT5fg0qT>Y=BUDY9wg-pXBSs^ zp%>Kp9B(H$B~0=|O@=0i-WfJ@3g5U36@hYxW)H_oil^zjyW`eO9tXril4)hZ?=TxO z*k(5N+_cM#UjD^W)NO94bmFDzVc4<8T=ri{9cdt1gW_nQj#4Ooe>c#TuO-~9MJ=-N z5+Q4=doo*&={%RRq0>mmHk}tecZCvUVbG`9*wHDC4(}xU^k^Ao#)a)dkRpF>37@5n zYJ+K;utS{C)T3Phyj;Y;32DW2_>$bJWgHvQ`Ql>fs}SL3R0O@h3PX6x@q!$O6=r61 zDab5{)E`}8U#9QLPR2O+!YXN1kV4leLyi&62XwX@Paq`}L6h-HS@Zi7k#7}S3Ufy@ z1$1|U3%2J##j{C^NS0zmSZO1Z*MX``h+5fZrJ$~E$xN$(`SRievKM5u8+o~FpPQTd zR)s0A&S-WtiF1ed?H2DQU0USzvKe35X&WBKhRvw2_V0rQZ?5v0A6D8C**Buf7gth< zI!DOH3mNe8kB`E5(!PVaAKhXr0rDi+^qs=cgR=UFg=ZxK|JUhaUk zz2k{6v0sC`e_%mfa)IzY*(a+yZjSUQD(pDZq#*`Z)e?Mu)OG?`chGI=0WP?oxm)|gNgR$r{W zYS~qwj=yyIZ_z-tmQg+906K!a6KPiy=N)s^1uQqyG~zcF_O7pZ5f%o;JV!@4zw?K^ zIPW2sGvk>MasM+hso3+PIQvgQke!pz{1g;1HG5MkiW^}8thl^%J_4BWYVZ5s!ceDNlUSq9%))J zLeDAQ7{Aebyb1Z^x<*oxSrR<-MqsOHXwP^Y{(6&p6ec|%NH&-KZ#g#?79&Wh04fs} zd7Z;VC|E{0I{KSrB(MP2^>>UXh*SbQ-foZKh*z&r+{;P>4Pi2%tGLF>gGF5lF7khiv)%8s41*VNPc~Uy#nA7 znke|1ZMF%09tHpD83sIRj#L!R%^b^o07Zk){H%x3fVF#{Hd>OTqXiW0Jp1aFNyTMv zQCU&1m-Dnj%q^V|;DPd)&z;Y=ny>-$QgwwI{M{+K#k-rUn7~YpJ_&mA{#k$H?C5X4kl63k!B8mPiZc_WiLm*n{CQ769SZfoxd>$-@-u*}| zfzI6F4r^No>~Fy?)sR(Ixeh!`TTt9D=U9+8-OaB{=HH9`_?*hIsc~$66dns`of0yZ zDHsJYqh4zYRuK>7@J9#1=-iE^&>uobFciYybz^u+VTUIC4{o#u_7%y_)sv~htLrN8 zEDku1%Zp;9Va!K^aaEl*zThkw7OH$&LoC}rg02qp&kpGC7cm##v4VE+(9ROSo zl0X3nW&hj$o&h&{KmPogNVxfJTSD~nAk7W~|c^!_0 z#fk)(s0>!pGRGBT84n>wfrf_9GhQ@QWWI_2p+2S2Zd%90H_obRx5Ca2U+Q=+I9_U&h7k zNbzIk7>YB%qMsqbfMZRsTqD^}it!+8B{32L??$oIt&BDTbv?V|ujx1Otw*>~Bp{Zb zNf}6x15_zJs-4>Kk6E$%QN)-bQ1GLa`389zoj7ZwwpqLGIU*R>2DM1=x39B|NzIPt z3Hx-+R#nLTRzlzm>Y`Bj3^!kRD*Y|QcPATeT{0lIvtZ*EwL^3WD-;EPt(5!s{ES!G zh#xfQ>YjQN=&I;X^z8@JzeF_JGd`8@bX)E3yNgGeevjh3>GKu7P3-YtE zwj!l>eq0tTS)X(lp7Zdikr$%h!XDa>x%Q`gE(0?yOLreTPvy!ZyQ0~Dr^Pf#5T3)R z#@ycD_InC`S0utpV>`e35|}ed;5yH``Y}(cV$+8+;ieT}>xcMV?)2PsV8tZklxrR1 zvw0ID8uX3G)m17NpeK}yncH!STtrmhvIfJ~0a@DJRH_ddW!2-Fc|D{|FC5Snf03GR z^?eHD4k-ru5>3$0K3!)nD#`FWlPcYlrzrn`Yi365z`C*gV^Raj!0wtdC&1q&ax+T8 zSx*EBUP6d$V}BjzK)5BKL`Qci*r_%ebf5qkwQQbY+fzw#u6P62cxnD18fDDvg-SOc z>M%876i(VwibA1;F)FPvGC{ix5zZjK0I2~U78d36^K$o^%8a)Xubf7cV zn~FQ1av(v#%wchQdU})RI;M}Odih&@m#t4Lr4eIt)=G@ulGbN9UNiR~yE`i`2)D3v zKl~phE{3`vbhA?5l}tBXPk77NLz>E(#3s?JAEd%H3+mfIl7CN18w-dBy1l>!54(0) zdK$S8+m30@8a4KAR#OKfM*!txt8H)L@rRk_jM)A$O6WQf7Y_=E)FzZo-!etJ<913$ z2JYGEsoFCke*Qs-7B{?r#>$*l!v-Gxo*qo-0^n$9?)k}9v8>lAntS&m_2tF4Gw{7@ zt1m$BNX*zUI*m8Pz=lA9b2=rRY6JbjC6c3Lcuth?A+tL9Lc5tj-6=pO4Xw1oC#yZ_15(}GK;|NZ4rX61=2CyMf7*@=CQno-g`*fV5( zf$BX~ZGnEUgsF1;#kC-di6XA_}VxYGAViE^3b530~r1#@!)G1O)HQDJFv=;>{+ zC<>PHeE5VqlR|E(!cz(ax6u!o+{X(#PNYI}BmmHAX4(kNjoOJg}KTz#R5g-_QoEXsP| z^jCSfN>elnh%G{fx;3lvYkIV3T56Ja-T}e*V&kZ*qVum_;pg03axX2dj29+W)(o1X z@+M|(`dHuV=$dxPeAcZ+n!lxm6g?#SHy3Td2NfZ2uKA|y&1}*+;enIXXj>5eUFY%c zcDL8^{r2{DT}6-Tx7YS>MDh+CH+-t`kC$g>>Ou74Mk~$L)eLu}KfB{Rj>wJ9F6yU# zlq0YeMjk)KMBQpne`m zKxQy-Dnzz8lgJ-sd;<4)BSeDWR$E~qeUZ7+i4FcGywB(BEaKw zuOP=t^)KODSd}02v(M89DCBiPP67j}`qGLi6>u$e_hQIG-X7^^CgwzT_m)R=olG3` zTa|KXWDQ>a|D)-u;-cuk{w|Glmvl>a!xGYs5>g8+A>G{|9ZN`eBVE#+D@aH;N_V%w zi=XHJ-pt(0)$Yvso%5~J^nm{5VOw(@M`*T*D4`(X89@fbE18a;ya;XhG^IR)Lp*>;LK%m}d#mTw1yI%lP#&E!G1`u3_tZap@OB?pf(VoPe@y=2zIMchZ$F@y1Sc^P@uP>HLWIr zr^yGu)u(F9U;)AN8sF6oL~?M}{pp~3>QSMr@zE}e*1Vdh-4;{il(9l^jgZ97yFbwf z@i4+=;r8v3Yi+MxgUl^y{5*EKq_=YNLCXj&*AfhtGrNp`*f5iMk^efQN9uT~G53(& zdK2bEze7JtHr=okC-#%g6M3G%%=XI^t6w>GXHhxn>yu(;VuFs1DWkXX!Y13hp&R5O zbF{t%ZjJwd#8A>&_LWr7^lk{*7IOT&KSEO!-n3ZlVJbP?yl}}r9M%~s<2?}1`ZN`%krC;(K0kMy_wc{CdPT%+1 z=Oik64xfaXYg98#=nOIB=l-SU8R_ z4)v-hmWH3(LKxWTAS0{{|K-axuAs|@K5XDoW~~MR zk>+QC3H$$bCKrHhMbcL!=zU`KD}%o>dO&%hk<)oi*+?V_@8zT1noe69y@0Cmx&YfmRbxET0=qx% zANQk&(=@w^&@SkSdJe?H_6astK2R!y!C&-&S^9=b1cl27aM)=eWR9cDsP5;syLigv zjo4ADC_8B5Za2HOv=kGAo)epKh18iXm~J6I_wy%HEG8tdMZSUCj-uQ+E-DqNi_=$? zgELmve3=RSTHX5gZos2eZM#Ww&;T$8ozB>gzd_zT$nT0Xla0~%Jt367u&G(5B1)30 zs#TI+$DFC7Fe*g&Uzgm0jBFASUH@556x&eu#dj0vo?H>0VAy|<0Ekhl~idggu|Y0HT@QR_s?J{Rjj$|@DF2;vZ$ zRC~2?`y7M`L+TBDg0==+(7xw+R)Zyer5aW5fAoG~KL673svOd1TMse-?I9P{>e(U! z+VHl_OuFCv6Zi>0Z9Ag>N;gw`U5L^=$d4-wvILoG1V_ry(RIWpJ8c%p_|X2nn(5;l=PjRC(<{Q zA}s&;Q--gU+9nZr=7TeL3gWII%6IsbN`w|Sock+WwoiyI&$qezV>NJu0@!NiA49H8z zz_DRkxghtdTfJ>7h#H3^7k_Tj%&b#Yq|*OWH~8gbpJ1jmnM1P7*vgSIQPV%_-kY~X z)|=pgKTB$-&s2?aYJZLG``B)NyiUlrlW@^laagE&*Cpe}2*Wd6sgn*tIb$qWGubO1 z;LhF<9g90BZsq=Fvex=yL^}amyC$R3X$&)H6xKfxYouq4* zHz)Q?;L z)O$28!aM@KI1gL(; zh?ho`;Hjs!ySrxa>0) zCV5aO7yo0z|Ayy&IN-0Gkn7%L83YCy?X!_*cxiRn#b3_d1+NnONd>yG$Ie6Z1ZZ(b z=F}`$533E^Ax{t2Fn*1BDCxpKCYh8ot->a)GSHX3oMQrrVwCi{Qa;Dlcdf>Z1X+f7 z(eah&gH256vl+qKu}I@fQCWoh6EfIQYO&4Ax*CX1QL4746 z?_Bu&-5#Ocut(_?X3#4C*i|>e5dU?l2qltv*vtz7u)TVPB`tsj!xfSeH-)HU{c)gA z)F4e7Zka;;hM1Y@y=EIaZZXXWz;4Ibxcu5x==^P$RzCUd2kI|h_bZ^U@db`%+=}6| zY}wE4BWXDz88Oc0H<$_y@j(B;MQlu|E(kGc3cL^36K+wEm1ouo8Gjb*|tGTJK3jhfm#a^W(13`uW>XLI~qs0H2e zv76&d5#A6?0&S6FoI#dxUrGvd-prM&+?)t2ww5v%dMcFjQVOL@-1Nb@65ghz!Gh!z^3=k z-z{C`RlBVuF3)i}Xh0Ra1-zmdXjpp_=BiAIFiPzA<~caI5MxMGs@wu+QbdQotT9Np z7NsbIPpJK4pOKj!N#q;$F4I7=)Y2ti!399=qgdeTZXq4zEQhH~BG&PU^_5?NU)6_q z-Lu&Y{6A6x192#hh*%QO+9(3F4Opm_O?@Xex_*UCwSPgv4sxEhSbz0yiam-8Oj!N* zx(i(c8mgM5bII1hfpb$~-{9Fk^-T=-Uhw~5;Qo+cFnVmR?X+CDTx#Mkw6GHW$}^or zu+OuEuMVJrd{8hr7?NjVA3SFmyGX8r^RbTu@y_M|mP8_}nii8RI|-IaKdVxcVvbAl zE1X*{*@Tu|02g#@U?=2WnOpb><<$B{dM3M~wJc$%75#)B4IhaO#O;P1=0uo}M^e@7 zzcPZ~Gz%3SM$10wjX(E5p`s-7y!uqB$Le0&f`+rxOaZ#R9I<^yAl1^Sx?HG|^Y1+8;};WW}V4^7f3`4GS3= z3;Zm6!V!m*SNKZO|D{XB!WsF#Ls&K-p|~UypKAd`4W&(>*W-hD>vQt`yy}67f>2TF zJy30py3j53;AlazRDvWC#OMgycafVH{glt@TxIEW39MFdrAM z?>NZzE`1jD9n04>u79a9?yg?wot>SHFvxB9z?e|UOA)tB$0fPm$@PEuTwYP3)c6Sq zLm2yaqWJUPbH@*Ee)HiYvx_SC>%z^sl_acZ?J!t~GPUFe;L;kIO0X zw6C_kP-ph$$U+P?m_x5#W;>2k@>C{=EP!PB#S84L1JU2wSFEsQlEO^$S_p-ZMJv39 zhJW9~H0jC7&c~qzticQQVJ{6406I~jr5R3CeA79M1fNHX7qs9nR4RFKiiu9W9F+R8 zA?T7rBm#Y|m@LGY{K0!65tuULq>mB_{#Zz5S<$^$6d}C4;pV&LY@Pzkl2rACRH>Tp zn_3P)GEp|EVIb~{Y@rf)`LXwAD&a?qkaR8=gY|oF@7MXVMrWM0`G4$O54`O-25`4y zt_qfKQQMO6IXh;SRGM4SbRCkuc7%KhG>PW*PYOaC31*G1WR{_If=gd$-K8Q;)bW*e z?ptQ`09wxn7F#1!Wn0N;)@}~TUl6nSTjo3IA-dnv>>Ux51p2}QPs4sIIk!EU6@Qfr zm<+a3e(3L)mu-Dp8D%9e@G7SnN0bLg$S&!|ZgJ|)1!Wchsn9V1M-1{PR8QjlT&y?f zfK@m7n+sRE-_eC{Gh^2QjO`%4Zvcw0k+ZNYRG$VytSxoI8tmO~v6BbvLj~vYZpN(? zQ;5EVN5uGVfEy=++oVIf7^m0hP&FeX(IZeTR|Of_jCT@HfFW-RN@ZjO&CA=@YX zZp9~tyT^%_zY~fanH$*1Xk|bZ671mh*Rhi4ThiF&(PD#K&?*s!k+Sa4zLES!a>gPC z2F9yPwHjoC`F8AU!uC%{7D5#s*R_(8(rl-qx}m&~_D;rlVBSvr z@3<^wpu!QV?=V@?>g_{6cg#(~Feol^ot?nnGDrrBh&s5V4tjV6irFG8yU~;#1h%#m z$=UPq6~B?dc#m8ba8xXL-_MYAvCFluC0s_xW8`%woWASC!WTHxDtpsu!k zOIw2k>+{rWs5QKpJI=<8X9V8Hw9SjQ{PzXytijv*8Xe7SH4H&J(Ckh^1o&DPRqwHD zzf((_Lad1)h3*mes`lTbRF z_WpGy!x8^#vSylyG-Sv21;av)oF05sap`QUv$yb*PYDRf@tYnmPmjFkOu#K;)eHOlgIZa4#S>%ks)tA|8ap@pR%c%_b8bXAS$nt~bteV83CS7mh;jB#~lhQ0-7Xm_)7skte?y~}h<{9Y)#cu97X|-;h={TO=#lu-^QOfNE-7=w?4=5RauR{D2W?5uB2k#C!gE-3{_bdK_jy ztiI0N`fwX-_6-D_H{M|$e|6MH6Gk7=ne|tbifE(XP}x|fv!%OSyJC+g4@+A!%ar5! ze>5Kd3_w=ka~cYH;j3-C<|kjmZWif(gR+j$qbguwW{hmt#Ym+8mEzWduCNG#+S_%` z8ai&`*Tdp)yPD+wvQfsr23Wug2l(m)_1Zxc@c~dj>IQYB$ua}P)jzGjM$M#tXa@## zO>)*})xeF4J$xPuOCI@llnv!?EhmjPNIf2tWBScapedN6COaR3Q+;1e?TQ7yJtM(x zJGEplx66lFzAr17?Ub^eJc#4HE10*u@}%W4F_=`hX}GH~1i`;kGO%eL;zX}ZU;MMw zC>^vmH^%DZ;Hlg))(G>VA~$;zZ&o* zgPGu|oAErihJ?5FgfW@82AZZluqGh*Tlu0`A~ITB(FDr2yPDvoVnFAq4CebYk_pse z%|3Y$q|Ri^7Iz3pW_gW^DskT7De=%`1?ZB)c>eW?bfEnOzP6WVP@~Dp^{bGXcOaM- z$PVX?FgjHK?b|!A>scLw+E&NkQnmF&?;Mi>%)59nU+9w(2|j}(U9BuMu7^~Tx86K6 zBV&fSJXN{&@4q&QU_n@0h@l}4zuzc;|_S>-%iGgt>p8=&4319 z$ac-ACPl7#FN}RM@)bHq6+q_pjuVGLOCA!VXAVU6I~VXa;661#10F6CNh0xBBw@QF z48rY#ZPH=W;(2a*KP1qV4-xisxF9`PnqeiHA114zK7`49MQGlq#Y8xZKl+&-HLd6@s! z_4X=nP2l!-9tOz?uk0H~z}Cd`(S!x>I};jlFXHbeMSEfqMwBvJd!@~MpJiztP31ej zmV`r=@trfq!W`r~^nQ;)*RJw>e^E-&8SwrHKMhrVf%+o-Q6*e5ixF)alg(%F!c27h zRNStK{%O@CSHc$c+|IfKxGyI}hb1zV{Omw3=zK_* zNcBScFI*#yA`KC%_RzvMjjNR|Nnr?^vuh3~LQtmql?G)(%j(pJUbM+$qfk07G6>f*_fhL65qTbs^fmA4=MiyVYHA5#LoOoI zEo>`K9xk+W4E_m=I&c2pw+othCaweU7y<*ggW{-0g7kz3Bfv3tc1dZR;pv~4gtiYn z-H2kCa_Gd>H3FqDv7Yg_P3`yS@5K~Vyd=ZpvV|+t3W9Punt|>vc}#fJ-)BzQWt02i zIHSv`VdHZjVtRN^%^06Ms1=uGSc?Fs2slU&NO)PFddBO#_~iuwAks+vsyOcAb}Kg? zr-_BzGtbgmP~vc_ZLHN(=bzKjFKzWWsgrDTTXE@Ki1RMpJMlrY% zp=+*6pHal)CGn71wT^feC;>mBiiWW8w>`#{xWF~_JlE`pDba|!l5u!+v-(UWA zzmzYOLDp4EHKM+ld+ug?KwjOjit}k3M%-riM&A4MhzNMt6gK)##0X|;Iik#Rac@Zw zul00-9}s%nXgBX9o;M{vh`lny-#BtEk^$H4r(G2XBa&edS;wTFy%LqonWiF9G;=FY zJ6w`&!;#lY8iKX8884x&{72@3{exs^QrAHFp_&F`6SEL~rt=gweC2hJVa^MUJ4 z&iUObJoo*9OYqL+&j2d@mxA?*x3%)F7|if}KnjL0S*o<2@)p9y0k5;%rS`{5^?I)q6PtX|*JGrz?}SIGN=s}{=?q33#&xDP?h2gMQ{=neMGdlKvm^k_HZZ&KqoExxqkHnn!c$>43*aa?KAqH6$ z1J8EEjP}@5Gp_jXMC22zl4mf9g_Z4WE-OP2CS3NQqG3MO*yM==fm(^u^ai$0G|3VI zlw*{1l^w`Ctbr#Q(u_1K;g}SC2Ar55^R@L-iAqX;J9{4Jz>l84!0uh6N> zfA`=9BySLtjBj$Oxut3d2klZrWq01C7a-or1LaSad`7|&7A1BS&uG8Ap*5<7_54~kOJ(qdCy_0mz@fb~En|`Mz&2V4if6a2= zi{+n(8|MrNx~0ig2wskixg`y<$DE;qABuf+%8Q;qdo4BZqJsSYG{AfW);w#RA2G=I zW9nZvo4EqwPl4YP#yzYqp50U)(9L!|$(h(3_zP3FrMjS~!I}%Ao(|gu*|Qjd?eKu& zgxdalai|GZ7fS2^tFPuK%^mMRnW#EATLEGnUHt!mQ2b)@>mXH6hu zL=3qWf$uTD)l=cxL*R4s$vu&A>e==tsM;pA16A<4C3gOj<~!JqO7XHm?i+)|Q9~Mm zp%BTZd?( zsBDVvt?pYOTBUA}AW!?CF5uvSD-&nQZNpq)yNVSeyuKur_VDthl*C>mo?%#m{*s5)<|nDX*ulmhdR3PWql!B>jc)5|G4k zT#g0fm$QMe^40>*fi3EV24_0(kSe z4ynPbxh4IXPI2!ofN+@@ikq9@ptb>~*H`>wKrG=xRys2lHeK=G0jz*KX+(b*k!FQO~oyzjwnD+V%JlDLhVk z!73Z5T6hk>-)r?R2ABsIB?BXoudg4l-|kW_4lAXqUT4$1DWkK=Io5Qr_s=_!2j(Ww96z}gK1bs_%s5^+iD{0NEsw0X$2=I{{f zee*W$ck3(2XZq#xO5!kG1#A_Si;igu#ZV0sUWbpV&KppmDI7yXF1r(7XmQ$vU*(C6 zyDeik6B)taY)A8pMxtwz!{as89cOBh`g-L5=PA1Niq?F~8Q{GRKb80DO8r?+)eQ>xcqo+35<$Mv^R{&_vR;audR0hk3-w_E~+(>DuBk1r%wdCXz!_ z-8DQG0Wwpt-s3p4wujZ3%f^b~?dh8rPUhmDA2FalL_PL&#jfm9w3Y?7x+BwhlH(Bn zPb|bWE$oG1W?G}mM(qZb`^2-HcA6Atn_;Emw`8d_W5xcBA8SCDU9&`l@%;s^?TiIB z5(!BH(r|m63#;O;Wv+!MH*g~_qOrSS33$^cm?N?H?G@PhwMe(OpWNb8y$IFRB3Mog z2d{G8StnE$9D#g#_JAU?hX*~BNo4Ouih|>U=T@ovd?Y zIWqj5i3QQ)In=WvTM`FPN4u`o_QBUyjck0HoMTlszOjhD9D;a?vb37z20{*!& z-LNh(-@95CqpT!y9Ci(9z(e1;(c;2X z?KqDX*b2dtAQp@9$KWvN0g3v8+<6w)v^v8&2p{;io_a?@A+Lvv6Wp;fx=>EZomKB} z+HU|HGMoSNWp0JAlNLF2hX;0vb2dIYp#``j4kz^>kaSQiQBR4OfI}|0W2NKHNxe4P zLd+$YX4nlvzv8*`@S$Qgq#|fAl#%+G@~)yo-8`fSHG+J4IyBt?$k;*@JwlfFdLGQmZDnOrmKgkR1y!z!0!JL0EGSi&YZ%6db?nHwDz zKu2F({{>zEoBEMDZS`lEsVt4vVDLqIO1{L`Ha~LNxh3p;tKuz)NnOhUHe#e#;TOrJ zv-Or3gx9Sk#D0SES{Zh_h2bUQ4sdH)xA|TO|Mh2Mk;rXSY8RQA)Iu&~N7Fc!F;8~Z zn5DD@o*yL}srzNE7?662cJ;Qsc%|lvf}3ms1H%;{M%QEUw|mJGz%f4W$DTFWdYP*CV#A zM#(9FsFhIh)n)D7b5evTW5{%f2f!w_g?FK+)K~5OY|Y82#VUW(kC0*lX%iq#0^(dT z;H_Y4$9lbxbzYuL;Pud^-6rM!mEp>ck)FZuB<5#0fWYvHxK?w1R zlaURKx1Hm&nUjA7oC{PKI%2Mi+yxF{2r;r|V&zpo>(6|XiPGPkRZ?b#z$-t?Qza`q zD;m>r*Qa=i*IS^9s?G^Ip3mubYd@^Q;v`|wM8>`vT`y0kEMAF_Wfj-foDJv{06{4U z*oRQ;)me@qu_%f6MEZPHDiJ#+WvS*U&@;R^*9^-Bfs@ znMMJ-3yN2^mu85x2pF2-Tia&*$y6&e~^JOl^{|8CBu%tZ`sOX@tQ5fd2mYZY>5MFN%A6HV#Q>mY1=edcsC<18- zS$U!y4{LL_iJVWyp-a`WjX0Ou0rgP8U5HCr<+e;U7{}UjB+fWs>qbr#r63W3!R8k~ z)ErSdYN!zFXA)}>w65PJD)Gn#RwGw$Cq$$EL#7YUylCSB&SKR@IQ%{3yKoQ|LTrPpRTg z>hF=1_vtp>X3Zrm*19ePN<3@68sqo|L`KVbsX_fMQ}>zxO?>@z)c9y3g_^B9R5TJO#N zP@w!4vdN=(7As2P6_s*qg;3oeJ|ND0p1#=mjn+fFgv8)s_$eou#!EA$pLWsH-#VMP zDI*oB`*UZ6D?rI<10MC}St|JHG;bOgZCs_q8Xd#*T|N!s;rP=Si z!ImEa#IFzk&0c|5KIlZ{j#@V~Pg>WvOMQ)xqo;gIy0@a+t#q^e#-EOy_kBuG{#TUv z1S8!u0y=6!3|aArr~>Ba?~mydPrd9y^XdcS&>a(fPf6|iMy3@pjJu*jh@OIJWDxNJN(zRYG?mfI8`Pjww z8W)`$n(O4^;(tMr)>SjQH3~lY&*=J^zmF;ks;#12^3=(r^d%Ce=UcRjAkkg6=jA@^ zS*T{KAK4y4;kHB^-$w%EY}QffH_ICZZ;J2H_!mS^p6Me49zm2+-UN7j&iE3b9()GYFFX%u(P^@x^5Uigd|Ia}y)CR(PHsNE%2#iWa39UR47+DrProh+xnL*}Bc-5f&#={iTZhGX zPZ&Qf=`dzxaW6XkNyQWOdDt)g>I%O&k3fj(hzDSxQbLVsvYA(n4ii}HZWC4V6}r<$ zw(q`~tx>W0BT117zHyllWAwQ>(ugq(-k4FDd#(7;N=7^p)j1S@T;-B+7jD{q@8LM| zDD!OFOc*QUM!VA{gV+6b>Q`}Z8qVZABDe1oSwe+Z{fsUYM$)ph>h_EY`}1dCb&S#- zoqxy-D>TOZo1JT@M|*5We7+_!cIX_Y%)>I8Y)V`)t}mT8Lg0B|uIsJjO~+npb?DQd zA<>r<`4HISX?G1$A&TRrQPsC^n(z!2IyHpP>90RHe%?e~g{aeV#Br(kmHA)wROSKq za{KhjgS9^}ZSJ_zFkw0{6a(D^+_^T-m>WEHNzk|~ubW0mn6d`AK)54ms)gQvSh9`)KN|1#KT%oz*XX-ZX2|{LZ0Kq92JvC$zp4^4h5HyY zUi0zMMoWIwvQ9L;S;TLvJHLYztJpUo_O{`cgJiGxz@Kc9FWXt4dP!3PzZH>Th$ylq z!-bCW@NT6|nv3aT5drL*rH3;MkK6&Rh=6VDJifOyYtP`)=?cy&t>D$yl)x>|`A3wR z4s>nb(AG&o*N@d#0r^))R|9MtsAZ1btM6-~m!q)jk%343P_;8dV66vn;4KMY-3i@x z?v1#n!bgK9t1P?M7+m5vDUl60eQVU`hT@D}6B5Cp($POIj=lZ}6;D-(#G*cAMIQ{H zrZoSM{Z_+SnsgIL&UEFBPWLoL8htd11?%!w$$&!3(I@6u_+~nCukwdirXnAU`+zBQ z&lXF>!2Eod9+@is&=6I9c@`rhGTb6_)HAFisK z^xq#ICIA+=e*fNU?dvl6IyRe`PM@<1M%q>$u3d*Hem>#Jq{x$j*K2^qEd4?-eKl5O z*(ND)FoN{-^;yQC=in$Wn}zrIwyjq-GsUMYo%;jzwac*f0)`(utnTXnv_^Fw5y05U2r z2`!r-u}tS#I_DZAq+wcc!u!IAJ}LKM?;jc93utw?v35pyBK}_070f^53l1PEc)3K7 z7w??B=;DtVhy>8M(E|Ko%N2Eks}9no%Ii#nCDQT+{^h3;Stk#~Ay_zxfaL%c zX@OVXusy=njRiFspXJ8NiS#P1qFS;nHt@t-v7Z7lJOs~z1)T3he`^Q*IO=*`?B6B;9^oxYgItlr(SI(oo z@s%Pj0vh0EjZV9+Tx0Ot`A1u!C~}dy&4s!o7u;dSfW*u#IeXu@fPpx*mBhoOLqYa> z^NIx1gn@#8yJSuQ3V~GK!#CNFqU)x$4bg@(tAkP*I;7*K?(RE}Yw3%A-Mc<(yMqeV z4`R-wfj4#|DV2!rzt4SZ6OqOHX~%2xd$1rxYXGX8c(7v^i!ndQ(h~=8`hnm~>DPdU zgT)k#aNVwT(E}*F3D2{0=W1N5KkiPR@@-|C8{=WH4QFq(DVDyhrxDP&)t9r$q>S3h z_wp0vNk?L%XDJv4K>Jp#Pk?74LcBKX~>MVxe^trXX4bgL9dYdiWYs%NaMEqV;}*=@wVVKGO2M} zh2QOEh)qxwPmH(xha@hdu z6d1=MOjY68!OZG&DCOL$k>tBFUP*rii8aj9qJm^^I*!5;VmgpIdpw_K+693oJzD8;kzNeN6kM)KqRrC{FYHop;rAfVx}brrwZDN2EcNYAct`%S z683OwByP=K-2ctCF-O1yxA|b4sY$pr>p@{(N3t98BzR`Ex~O@N6WT(iY3sDP z^!0K81FsnyPl zo5P{W049VP=8=3{Dj8Oc6}WEbV28dTR`Q(%sTTv_1!xmv?4gs-(|Qx2+ml?|Mo6{S zhE?tX#{0BlCV~+qi+E5Sb=t%7P0)C&zlEr6X&?ZS3tc@3^NlQ@7Gr3RYvG}6x@%tq z`esfn<3h9%kaGrcuy}uvr)l)=PDG9c-(ALCV4E$dBw4JpEqdHC{&~+22Xw%6Rm_?m z#4sF42Ci8p3>slpJ@^3Zjl)tr==%GDBk3(f0>`<-_~UC?vWEU7pV-Am%tcGJrH<$Q z(NF#|SdbD_=uq)T;>3*!GujqqTD*-SPy6&$u#F#`L<&1sQo-0FrD{!Jr?rx&;#!pj zXAhFXa$-+uUl@E+ALjPCtrN8fX$^OS1n)O?k%y|`PchIZ(~4MdCafRWMiPC3r<7f51Q-bU5ciHog) z!s=iif;GhQSRG!BLE`+j-&M-O$(U`Mq`!U+v;wmol?~t@GDidLc>(yejY512Nh#}S zfAEe_dv9}IbwpD+^ucXb8Yfq2Bj^o&{jyvvFiD;26Bmu;MAh(V_T~>cH;2SEi6qH6 z;vZe^_7JfeX?`p|98fjNb!WI6h^vn|oSV0PLVi?M9Cc_WuJw|-JC((#wl%~uE~F?3 zmc)h?1>aX-&zzYLX$*hT%$qL}X z%hxT&7bia>{A<@VH}ah8^pcPO>wIOQ)ntpavgvq!k5+ROfL=zRJLN$TVH1$`AT;i5 z8O-7P4V%;yNj>wkznXM2yZ6mh7X9@jwC+GM%E-7@=_75aC~EAX=B~1y{@=VtDXn&i zg=k(yk(+WEP_uUySYRB8*Pf&VY=RY;=b<~@_DkPMu4_7qP)Pex1OLc_K`?tk2tU{(vY@ynI z1V}Uj1c32*?OR10GGnyipNRq>IfSQAK%N9T^{S@4Toc0UzyM>4QblZz`< z7ISC3B`V@%KZm|t20X``q9g?=fi#UT`GPbL@YLK2>H3?ypN@mN+)P$UrgiE+F^h12 zj3r&`->*#~$YPhRJ>khQqXVTKzvb9axraLV9qKEbel(Ki&Mj>_7k@SBbTf}BPUa5w zx>*t(m63t{Ib ztV|>J_ynk-n8jJeqHuTVKRr3W=4et6k)YLgOy0SAe6?kILip1aXmI+Zexa^!ZV2nI zZ@YWuvS_oI_&6PW4V_#Laau%NvBc?v-@cN18s-Xf20cEK(Dhi+dbuOHV=wN_+T)uu>6O^MUqq5U2LeQjF(#Yc`-bq=Y>_6v^>NQB11qzPQ zXxP&Q-9ZiDu>EOE)l&q`wgH+hJLlii>@EwL%(LGq!lE|y6>}4~b$G9%Ke;A<221`R z>nt^QKQYzQZh616TSXA=7V|IyKxhKP2bX%x;$k*p*a`Yt)wKY2Fs$5m?FZHi=MUl} z@&@;Dcl)*rjy-w%F6?dk*aeY!BgrcSq7K*W63A$tLw43TF9L~N(B!x{ANTdp`||8B z9h+3`~dNQ@j_HSNa6($AnAPc%(iZzz4Hh$Ull<( z3u6d~`e~ZU{{1iVAY8Ujg%4j&Y;jsQNwn+a9vP%gq$f;|&P0@BO{`l|8zFialelZR z?{(+QFx&3b_tOCvyzl`}6Z{}2|Jy*2?9~JBc>E4@qV?0n3rlzv<2YjsKBDv63aQq} zm!K8*+77iDn}cQt6Ov##{DKu-6LJq|sS*=$)6NKk;r@>#G?blcPhpw_x?mbIxDL@; z6`uszuWUm-iNXT{52_V^SllM}-F34Q%~+u1+qqG|2DGE%`mQamaz~xfzQ5P+>>S3P zCLc7?F5rG`VoLUHjpd0-k2!5fRCGc>6=aq6yTNJA!;i>(;f56g5j&Srr;`+JhHr1} zzfhd_TR?e?N*V6n?#3N>_tlfd6cUO?+d*GB8=Pc2K&Qu8oP7E~Lnq!_i?PfO&uUU? z`YrfTG9sO&zw)Wqw=g!qy4MK4Jo3iRKgr2|_up%W+T(@*5~_bJH&*FIknfPC`Oa&9ovsyFO%)1=u>I;l2L-6*q}6G&j0Tz046w0{#< z&|iiZ|MTu2k(Sp0?B!$u!|fWNW!kp!UxA@prq-PARhs-lv`keBWk$^df9hs zt3vx)dvlau-*-~v#Q*{vH>2=-+VCm+viPQY6vHQT5)N}V6C|@BUDMN5Yj;fNcw*#oh-!yf2rVy$9C6beTHja#I_Jm7G~k( z4E#=AFRWXe_^>+Ts2r`)tY5JH`Lj^?@4T7s9#xAGmgQP-;6C+dIRVwTU!a%=?^9&P zL)4gUr55Co!8^M3e^h>P4WXAP)25ExEOx48|M7Di9{Bn!$XJo`5zxHN@q2Ged`(%LRW`c)DE52 zt(~2cD#6_i*ccHPMOwB)g4{P-=VrMiRct$f3E+aE-B+(Kh287c?fn-Q+fWeDa#FXU z6Ft37gga(%d|+YEAHVKsNN}G4V4vvddimw=g-HN1WdEq1wp7Mh_Ri>Pv*D-UxFLQw z#IQ)5RV)I{a^r0#*A2I#!ojZmY{n+7PB80C-cBmg#7CjI=Zuy8ZiZ+y0TA3aDuF=B z!3wiP9F2}G+}@$O@Y<(Z)Xn;PD7V+!!*VvXVj$g_aXXd&OaW?z@_NK=W1Kc%BmAQn zqyD|?2vXd$mtyNn=?IWV05_cmlPmLoQGu>rftqv>mYFrg1r^iXKrbAWF4WGGs;?Q! z(%7Z?sJd%vGs-c&px6@||9Ibx{S>q{)uJ-JP{1uIzV1{kY2PJPaV>p~fwe}XGuy(N z^7?4A>e0%>xmFWqXy@d1b?ONyxl@7d)IM;XQRD`=Qk@|6h!DgY81%b`Z6q~tb~OOs znPF8rGad$q7ATeJ^JU?}U8>qd=qA#rIiFI#9x*u;d`W)ZH32TsYkZWT9`{0-L~r;z z*Jlb_Y*VWH05j!db9;p@+y9TMv+Qas>egt0;O_43Zp915p}0H2-QC@ayB9CTi+gb? zUaYu7f#5DTeXophe?Y!vpL6zF^O;WzajKGs2{~bbjFG&MV}NMf7akGlb%He>raqxn z^73~4t(Ck8rnBREXb{!+P%UcuFKYxeZ4T{77i?Ka+}s(%YE%fv6?&DQj+yjMt4JGG zV-<$FUFdZ<46y`m$*u|m!fNK9{Aez=IU6prJHV8RYM**x;JvtvAcd$ubz3&&X5_wOWqW@J69BbP#)Q+K6*%@=A#-45bU*E_W>rweNK%x?nKI;ikh zv(e0FCz-WtX+(IC)6}p7g<+Xf$#}w?E{sIn?&44X zw6gbi>y_^rh$7uH8Ty__-DGZ&I!wz`RTwpxhcv14=VKL4Dj?@9`YE zI3S2MuLdo~5nNPOD2M`N&xaZqsK-7qYtj%={>|Vu4*?=Hv7zcRhVp$+}nv0-lcx0Wz90_?B<5MkC@@By^~X>wsC;w z+rJD0R0+gPtQxTJJQkY5($;4AE5{`y21psjEHBq`e*1T6f38fS(Q&;aturyO)8lVO zp0E$saRZ{Kwgv^7>^+z(sPt>G_}pFmZNir?Xg;sEOZ((++vJhmku0@x&SGa7<$;Y4 z#}JT}Iq3a9DDkwW9{T?FIn7Ra`63%csbi!*uLce=SQAY%Q?#5cEzyu;v@OS=NaTm- z`>^XM@m6}xooY&h%IdZsnqbK0HpLW z=0MIQY|jRE$&uJztpk@|kz#cVpxi{TxNqS;>>C`Kx{s)aMMMr%=4MJq695F~rJvi2b2T=&z9PL8^vfPOaATnN{Xih7B!&3IB( z`Vzk9yLivsM+XA+XN;ZH{{KDrQEY@qaBcPBZ3kTB0D*WVJfW7jmGV7y1)6V8 zLOfKIl5$ucm~(F#llAf0j~oWtf`LbXtyj?>2dn)bXIO!7{SL;3UGNkyvoC6z-&4Sx zJQO8D#5(JW*f)`vFzCY}$(rJ*X13!sOdE{gmKQBK?)q_Wj}2E{qc%-Wgqy%G4y4H( zh(2GaD87cvz0M?3kCx#z{O(2&zxM){(o>af!GSd|%yPmNtv+td&eC`? zj^N(IBN)AvsN<2C&b5kT$H=X{wz_G{l0|Z(s(MGDORJS`q`MGK&Nf5l3r*t|YW@ZF zJY*!Oy(UCHKqFljep0*h@FHDWjDxKv84z{P_ z_I%>AN1Vs7{c*PxpI#es*B9jVF^Aq5XC-`&GA|Pfm^ti$nZXYai>k&_$QR(0CW7`( z-6qW+nbOI<#cn{GBl3c}=?ZggYtUZUF53B&S9EU z`q!Ntz%NhkTCVyRi>ANgC!|xcUYPj_-E_S&0J801gg`*MONjo4v`!%o-***eSWh7z z@Kdm*sXS(;SUH08>!^yQaP~T|GpySQx)RPj=Mx)kv6w%!FA9%z@! z@wfQu3{5EwtAk*!j7#|CnHe)xo06N_>w*%~zleTTBL&5DP>l6^wq^)m?=c&*?w3{ft0%Jy~Fco!fwfLJNZ4 zd>&Vqdg!Kb8lMq)$VGfLLhNFMWij%&u!Jin()Gru@U-o1Z9j^!e=Vfn-|7$hD2E1} zVf?a#uRcCQoAkEf2mWVK!tzkRO)g?3Jm0kt!#=95t<@@OMJpXCJUw6UblvKM@;Pl7 z!4cwrd%b-7W#@jrCg`)DuAO%7*0`&orNsp2*LXkDk$-QyM}$t#MxwDi<9fDVThls%ewHOVTVHTv~BWC@H_;A66KeZyy{wSzYKR*bAoj~+4~?8`N5*mr1^+-5^-!EO{g%+NUbg1rR+4-G1=d1yW8+Nbx(A5&C!JF%9>8*-dcxUmH zFiuos^J zY!m9gd#|DmI>&=8PRS7^ ze(k&yIP8ZQTQ-@d`6&sF5QUCKZ6}ZN&v>D_eK=&dW`aVHCzL@361{Gv!OC!Myi#t`I|?rp=rrY-1z_!`x z6AnLoKE<_BY)&Zn?Vk>XUT+ODG|Y!)OC%So)mgHd{%XPq;0UdM^m%mM47eXFS7LBa zho;sU+kL;v?8RveOC^+;OCT2HP)@kLzh{nQnGQHz=7e=G6bmv6@n$K1=-hl&=7TJ> zxl9%le~tk$AZqkalubg}4TXP~>OSAyRko!5p0rCtxuA1?+KwV0hrGkwhRoO*83}*8 z$gIZLn~yhN^vGE*pjLp832(4@Ux~0l{E%Z-orY!F>x~L-KP-qTkPj$GrKT4XsH&w5 z0fVHg68*rRAjRqNeXaok-4|~(Gs@zHsVb9Q6kC&rDNDJ1_ulmK@k+EN(~41@YACf^t%+7W2hT-PEm89ROeBYfr=w$Mu(GPqII;4e0w+yG>RrCkBK5 z%E3Ei1BcKA!k&bEZm-_QMxB5swyDivQQ%&HZ0-#-N$r?%aje$VFT+UA<)fE8bXS!I zb6-U_LB6sAep+QNG;eq(=!-z|0U^m3c=D*%TY~$1l?YbW59dCxzQzHoDve9<2It=DP=p#LO6#cgDRm8~nzqjr9FOt%ImqZ7|ti9zK$4`h8>w zKkoHc4&`T4I9l{TY~6r;6!{!rWI?j)=gX9f=>2)W+Nxz8q6-fBegPP$9}ZNyGe$P0 zAaKAMj&j}kLWh4CZowPOv+jEFt1~cCll7_PvKG;O6Ulo&wwFBKG0J|DkpxBI;aUR` z!-E*xMuWjn2&lZu@(oAc= z!<3p!mPb(rHp86apJ3@}R7}_1NSfXNo!uS}G<9G5w}_G5|9*#*?M-)*+m%}-vN>~* z&~7Ur(@~u^Rns1BTMdQH!?DBM3_sdyA`b<;?`Cxy^B-hChSPKLqg{%VAMl*`4Wxj7 z$XXcLBRCE1is!%jgDm|uYUr2QJOZq6XU?L~it%l7{0kss_~dNC>-l+yqYZshO_Mp6 z{=GQ>w}yzZ?1WxV~9vLt=7@M{24meem*hi#r$7Xl@h|dj^*&3oPip!(@4=!=$Ny_ zFQlOKLJ#y?9n=45(_%66Dw9D{*b5b>!{FBqFr&2V*H`Jz1S~2@PAS9q^+bE1u@i9^ z4Dp8i%$Wu@XX6$bOP)kRQm^!C-l*@pVs9{?K2MZF5=B1@Heb zpsK@qWBXfX450^Jz`(jUMbkW&6F)0bDGulzrJ367Zj8f7a{D-9Vwl} zD3pUfE4P?}iSJi#4d1uKwq}D{RKibT_A*AF$orXOUmHEVil)-GjyUrTkR?sFChe0- zQuj+DV5;aWpNIW66HV_g%Uz*4dp^3CO$4#QR#C zd7hf5mGyH5j-%S4v3L@fQ-}=r3JSlN} zsrV+sQ`MK@@=5OuN1zV5x8ELM?pT?!(sp?A#ox*?o&~x(oZCTJ@}glhpFMFuQ-K$n zCvx&OVEvf7(JXq zL4OjfSCarzp#}=TV7tFn{qkpM-;kaP17B%=#Iq`IS0ylK0MMx#PE*D&&qVZ$DF|0M zgiLDs7<4G~lIK3aBeK3Xn7 z%m2(K>$io*#mF=d?>*3t7konCu;tSk9Rjt7#t~yNp_^!BFH}%xdx{~1p}2or-@)mk zsmHdxQ6M`@{t!6R7mpbBSmT0adq9F>JvZP=E?oFXRYP_m;g%wP@74QkScaN+1Onxz zj47zZ2lF>K)0+vS^=pSt8DMK9@^e{=U1v{^4xo#Xyf3!B(dj(h{c)Q37bRD4b94J? zj)7w(hS)cm%l|nxj$TVAF0dpGAw>5sRot>mQ(JrD-$Y^j?(EO*Cei$69tFjGCebvD za`q&GS`#Zvo*a2%Yai9h6pMg-P>MtTBtxs~`|CY(Ro2g+$+z~Yq)~r-P{-U41XrS@ z%8ezTK4>l_9nOJ&L$Z3Q)C)O~`cJE`bO}Dh)BSQO-~h0nyo}haAY$;f=s_vcvtYpL z4PwYf-bL|ubPq^}@DLz08Dj$vgKkHY8)o1_7OQ}^g# z_w0SKyV<1H5rbrqnH9Bt^!^8!U#`{fp;THZfn={tUYbZvuH04>&CBvsjnqUuZK~E- z)UF_$j98I(C|QjSbTjq0${ceEO2sdvyzdr+jggz8$gw7pi&7znB_Gsmy^vbgaKYRB zG~Re1EJLIy!gvSZgQQuZdKk-a@^j_3-v{?riJxAM(!|lrA)F00W-ZGqD1ra~br$a% zJVy)J#MgS+s0C9@Af&ZJ73`ZdK7+W$^*B0X%rS+sbwfkbW{!;_B8t43P?BnRsOncY zmnfs2^;A(iwQbz}FohohlWZShUCfKpVEX(hgD*bmtN~UUe~mVIU|@s=oqPAa&2EWX zWJSnaXlya0=X7ZT7~JR<-2sQ&;x*yE_YA+zr64;HV42n-2~ZL}hV`8jsIZSML?4Dw z8Vl>Ru99Pi=a+_w3Dq6fcUKz{FW20b@jY+3eeyH<-w--Q*;hE5A2Lqi`*?KaweEJI zG@ph}4vHADm)*GGME(5!?4x9fdts)vm^<%DT-cBN0xJ)05VXjc2c=>w943F-j!KJh zOykN0aO-R8El3hOcBveT(RTxc>i7%|beE5R=rgd&YBGzGn9otAhY;-ZDAFf~p=>?twQzn240H7N zWUv|ZOP{WV+|U4#@@l7zvh=~He*p~%VnhDFzK=j-U>+3TVcy@u=nE&V$}Uj`nf=)D zkNaL%k2d?lcb;0cG?`)Xiv}n-7yNNgTEwX(gu)v;gDY2oDaoUn7!hOXwGFIlHD>Lz zY!$;D6pa$=Qs~}87o9J=^X0>u)d%#CS9=xHo7+drc3xDF}leJ#gUF*g_i0#OX~S=V6s z?s)-Y0bx+o zyz3q|f{3{(Ols1@+Ce7COf$sdkQ-ry%`qhTxU)Pkli+`gHTUj(EH`s>jNcC2`U4+1 z{LM920Bf+V${sVyj-RuBWoe$qi&IV$-r=>nM|23u6&k1VzZ16sN~fD=q!UnBNvJ3c)C&p177>CHkvGJ^*cU{s$L!m6S`39n z#tD|SbY@C;-MeJ;lThJF-rwIJi$o>ftEwnS$>z4ATeVR9V|P;(md4>zP@cJ!%Y!#LeDaa$l?q2{-&v%LkjnYXrzK>sD7k<4K@ZCbkM^An64byAQX5X^`Yn7+x%wiuh{#4_1qGs? zXqbXC$8*#!(p2^$OH$8&E?wU&rIBBK_3E>q*7Qh^zoLVR2j_Ho%ckTY znn0RG{(Lwz7inPmMp;2T1eYQR4EAh;H}Pi=lmw{gC;hfIc1hf`|3iCsT=Kl$YJ$aa zdYowjv2Tea?-ZQejDBgLAYL(o*&-Rq|7HnECEku_pYcI9R}|EcW#ty!9{SxT+L%*6 z+G~+=s^@5*ry16RQ9bg_4@4@Zi@*umTqV7?$2 zo%K(R<$DsE92OmRwM6j=t!H`!YH$T5CY~^-cLu|zW-zLaTr7N}aeIy!e%tDRy$sVr z>&{^hBVfyS&oiHUC2M%FHp(1FwNc4MbPY-ozvaBrL_EBJ;tu!ACjQ4ctT?xwH_04Y zHFN$Q-SR=X55E$jW?%tpha#$r3K-KsT~Y3QK_(dL{KLZr-RMfZpbTJ@%oPF7vAYNW$0Zh>a()*hRqF+lW^dIimB!U@TPV+;suP7MHjE z^(Sc&@vZnPQWgZ+;Di)vX=;q&j~@S2KKsQ{WJFhgJ}$DaY^Kd`Rrc{(w#BM?E{s?c&s{WkiP$(MU`_a&zI%#=nsUlb^bfOSKH1E3=J{$a;MiG2u z;8)=bM_zdXHbbt7r;9CGWt++()}eb!UX<&qLHf7JEXG_pW2NPF0)$tqc6DQkfe+N0 zr72530wr}-w=d0g0ZI^iAJ1B?xo_f9^iq-u{~z3-x+|lDK@_m&_~2kzUzhf8-tTe$ z<}O{4KySt+$wkjDNcO7``&`HyRqR>N=oyt9%`Q-U)IKo znPAs6lp24S_X1wLCC<^AIbR{U%aDB%ah5||a@4ne4dkn^SrU^tZ9!M_XocZ>?$^~Y zv)#iEwBo6`^L`=)U_EsN12IGm`hD-S`vD)bDsA!qx&V4B^u!H1)`Muvs~r6bH1-xM zy}1t(P+m<#j9Q0`LMV;b!2C@?ubDK~V~7Qu(}61LVSQaOxGS0O}7 z)8GwNNim-peJ1Do4N2mox6n(=-fqGLB zq!{6Zw{f26Lot~Vcz}8}No_+5R$V{pt_>|$5E)re3`#B$mYz=NpM%hsr&(_{_0*wi zshzH&RZgZaZLQS7g3$HPtfSc!`^+28%GKsXKh|2zd;lRTNR~(2FBq|VK8a-UIO8yW zX~W-^diafDI|W$IZ~sWATjFgRT!S0@f~TRIs2tLAYT$HK;L4(SbAu`Bv4s zWE3ZJRqBHI2ooPsIR0!7eCPmW9@u`qMt#b66Bo0uY@f%AY6Ju$kzw-RoGFEh6^HHK89WJUb`!kVdeLyre8ok>A%P*E?!=) zrN9Ny`;P)K{rf1yle-3p?0$RO_t0KP0|0 zqy@-=KyfK$Pye*XYO1QmG}NOs`IXAvU)@}YZ!@a019pc|eRffgywPxAXl7*a?heJ? zePB=MpM+OxpYP7p``G^|i6>*>8;okaA3}7SrS=ZcDS12(5QMfWYZtg~?7bZkUS$5& zEzy&By2+BrV}zX31ZZ=K{4UKCSipprVrqP;`x88$wR^*v-Q6 zA4q_@@@sjQ_Az=(NgE9;C!`zW@$iSuJdQ$sDw^2y$~4@{qJQEF{6gFN9(~Yfr3L5Q zS#M*vl+XxPK}7Kw;#Z^n=GTed7lm6A0fyYwJ1fGr$x{D_RiE?-)DBjjt6Fz@si0$A`R2FVf% zLG~sYM}O0=%J~3e#~2=SgT+Wi1M`yZ%1zgfUYIL-w3PyN6ho)#Zw(-r2U6%q34SrN zPnLfz<6t=hufu&c)~q2*g>u#nUqL7eVe(VU##X^EZegT`;V$VgoOC0B9mf&Ow3t46 zn~d{zu%5;-pm$%1=${@4x1`d-tFSAnGW}~t(RiQEjT?JdO=7S)_{VdslblVr<^2&9 zV&UG+FT!9qW2Pb|22*nBLzoY71kS$elK25p!b2$xVKH`B#ZR0kVX5yAw>x14FOgUp01+m({?3?~=4+*b>(K$yRL)<^WQlaMwhHp0W zX&C9o?Jz~a)uS|cj1#Ocob({qoO36MndoT8>jte?5@wya?~r@F}Nrn(S^;;}AA z_gRobXTx|q$j%Z8RKoTX#2v06li~Vpgdv!HJtMgHd6a>rQorcENDgqy{~8p`Ixv-jdBISojG{%K98y3Ux1`_(;-2?(cuJQ z3kU#!J%{kw6V1(U5GK&170eU4pP7_o2gu$eUmT1<`7ka@}*K&|P^m8Y(5*AmeJUkwuF+7`8(PmPPbB&u%_AdFi0}OU9 z7OgZg)Q`KKCgT?dXF^*?5E23CEeR3LS)ZTl_ka<)>}ji%WXo<*2#T46CrE0MhI=os z->u>(0&)u;O+GOFM;~WBk(qFOqGQNj?ck(f4u2XX4Bl9O0`qOOQVuhP;r!&nDN&4y z%)?LK{8SHfci%iQ+rwww8$s!lM9&7pFuVjp3a>XpZ|Q^aDNFvz=)2owhKfi4l#S90 zqV?!Lgj$oK(i+dbiR#ca(Z~)Xx2E+-`U>}Vi1FDIM%E8rLczUUFCQu-1QwQ~MsNbk zQ;e}C4>j8SYbqk64Q#FUGE58*Z$J`IjDn4)RWEI*Pljc63rz*bD46b(lq@2S`if*N zTHAM>6Xl)OD9J0E84%b&8scwR3sa<_comL`p*~N3Ph2ZT8}N;@awQ8p^Mjyk=5RAS zGG_V*t8o;sW_bx(Wcq2NG}HRr-B>)~TtC|7R&qiDa+8bTL*R#JZw^kx=8rWazx!1K zqxHhSMO%;~y>UJ8bBRC&M^Va@Zu>M(OPv8wP!w~0$tZTyDX8LDu%u{I*0w{~IBg_Cf?7sMosGE9s*5&%?$9l!|0Q|z>g#hb$S$HHodv8m5h z8Jll+tw=M8n^CVc0{@QS%5&gWh zB8|yAhd=v&gDyP?YbogIi?jO04+6U|mm%N3k7T0o1B8Wg8%v<++ze6lg?pQ;tLCJ< zZ@>45kkkvn03UdJaG*&C8cMw@scMxBR^-(M|7{oihz^X>-w^|Mba7`PQMYE)tx_oL z;Tmel4T$vv?kwJ#vMIA2F{C8Tlx*Z z_jwWTKgZ))4qrA%V)cFXDEWL=gVo`NJdKT{22DeMQ9~?N4N^M!d!v-hyJJcm+wrGD zd)Tp%DkwYn9;aQ!lKbB%NwyGPTvVmXYlK35Zl-!{?PDYbCN-U0zGJmvYEvbaa$8HK zIOvR|T9|XQJa)aTk%ATx?F_+xmZEMK^71al z0hq3F5CJQY+IpX-nuRSQ!z}QiR+6pY_opOcy?v&nb_N3tIJjwd;Z}tP2Rb-Wa{77b z){FR_c!>d0cl`` zBB|mwkU=MO??1ZHn6obGFJc)jgVo0ifsN6wvU4uv?PS&*)?vQn7{wTDt}w|81HvS)T*YV@4$BHwYB7sUA~wDsm4 zzvm(X6Rc@Teqlu0B(|}@3+$VCrZ7BxesDv(=l9rI(Q5o5Xd_XdJB>+?<9W6k@wmC? zLJ$&QTT7o4J~ut)S6I|)llm7*K7qsuX@VHg6#)1yM{@#yxJw84>sDi0AIQ6a5rYvY z%V%;qj#b|^^lc0musfWB?2S^2d|tG$=3y@Si}|Eh#J0{XB~dr6yvr- zUe)-PQ7g_($F4$*DBkLrR(y)q5`&-J3G8;`n6kZFPwU+H5P;uI=R7sJ;qUik-j#(- z{}Ogjsxviu_dC?YU9wtucv%eA*9$PpCPShV4`$@QbHGA{Wiwa9VjR4lLas`D>YquN@<|{&`#tv#C21e}?5EP!?$z~Z=tNaKb%Y{}`7KL{w?3Wr z+?q+c#}p|e=hZb?H|D4U!`D9hUf6iG%*k;>3g+0Bam7()0%m{u55tu$637C3Ladab z>tv1BD6^dC!GHx@c1YsblcTdxrRlEZ!?}RhS5Qp1S&KCcEK~lyBknyMP60Ia^p6|g z;33N@%CY`Tp)dUjrKq>UP1b7V304{~lqjwTB`UPHcg!61WBv+U>(_19+qw%sNdaAU zyBp#vO6Bo>f-My*%z0VktSTs(D%^1YHo^%*L0QG7pOT!|;q6B9O1V0$#=Gde%XEpdq>KjAr6N$) zD=t1bU$Igb&_oCwT@eGfb&HZdOf8Tmvfl_Kt6z}-7ylV?L5d7P1Bl^@gmtjUHEIQs z_7+?}R+c~}9CehmN(_G?qtCi4fv(6@pSs2Xh^HhO9C+V(^7u6kk?`o0cwa++lGlI^ zirxxh;VlbKRXOEP9I{Gjqyx?=HN{@rN~l zUU7Mq3Tbxfo-YB&<{Z@Z3Hmy|oH$&L=3oNpY53)CyuAoTeV9HQ%gurtNUyXfySOCk zHd2%0*#p{aLXi4KDRI72zg2uVxpKiB;O2aQsPGF^*W;tGYype(oiS82){0r$pt+Vw zj2j#s>uMRi0>oX3Z5R8UOv{Dk&>3^1HR}3cK)m}V?t7!yvX}518F6KOsZTgdU_wud}29j;w|c z$zRfYkt1ZupenTlK!ul%GZ<0~h(G`clt7fwv=542J($Ek{JKBGAPsWT(-Y~lsw6vZ z=D&L`P-m3UTnP@I((`*X>W7(5{!N@!L> zNYDcPL%eHW-wzedF04)LW4>}Hy<#N>ggwcb>qXyA)QZ7-RybtS(qO&f7;9#UZJ_~^ z#rl#*t_cxwA8cp{Q7GB{2pUo|&JwRT0;mOjHpVt7lN$U&DuhE(TvwTrolsEz~E4m#q!`I{b2k-ZO>7%hjvC`3*r|s4$r%G`1rcK4-_C@#ehV0WP%A z0?=7~DySRPS&sz)ku?Q>x07=};d6u;M*#S~ArJS-*z~Q$mQHFi=8hK(it--mE{yD6 z(~C1&*F`*`hpluI$IliYuPACabsUELeibNH^z8F$fEl^W_u5iN(MZNS5J3^y`P2N3 zpa6OX1>So%iGE*N79muf_ivC z`vymW+9DPF&(jKq?}VlKR6```hhrOK(c90c=s-Bkq-P0V26YLCnT6JUhY?@wo;Nf4 zFLNt&mIgYP{D#G`3n%`VTe6VNkqC3+8RE zuL^>!tlwC?A&C~EGO+Sv%C!FhxBL{%eEg9J8pG%sT`LDjW)81gOHK`R-k0l@>$Sm8ktz&}TYOcbhxJ3)lLd z(E7k=r-za+TjJljQMWuOGvG!w?}%bEuCGA>BVp@n%CBI-QD}&Qpi@x~epsbBz^ZtD z{oC>%z8};D2omL9AtgACG(!{uyv(nT1`Yj|uENW>)~XRKucquELC#7tj=R=nUc+N= zY~g7<^9H%Nuq%(~%f5r*U@WD$J4VRA|NX-PikY`THQ^gg(<~kfeN#6Kw+6b=uh~t*Kmr&3U zZs?B}z#fsp)>a<3eDj7Ef0;=F*!l-hEw9rR_q3{7JSzdLBv-`nWGi&sGD25g8FWfy zd2>1X9IY80GcaO<9yS8hU%;d)t5yr2+?)b*NKD+B(|*@?K61U1Ay9~RFOy|-FAc@T`0(S~D_9J;dA5g}KO=yWSG4yYkp#QN)fwGwzOq9w z5|ae2U@A!;g09J5hUMUlyJpyQFru?LpS(ye$V2~o>Hv)eQ-$3v+^la0#JNJAwN7#> zr6{>-bu=z`8H`x)Jfm*nYhG`@Dl-QIRA`6r^51y-`Q#xcD_ZpoENp)z0M~j1(fqN= zUGjIGM$<89OEE;pCMSc@uLn6;90pdos#D>RxtdY_km6R(5(qMc`Up8coU|Vi>Rri+ z`i<{W?M==V0=#S+)XyV}`0KzRg6HeI{?^}8amiIvhyFGv25xV!OAy z9yACB20VhVX1Rz`smbrZoC4J!GgIYGu>(H8p8spHGR%BtK0{?Q?`^hF z?p4&Hka0Z)vBsm@@ZduOyeyKh^A{z)V4r|mRu=Fk>I5xE``FQed1YdAd|~P0}*LVqU5|iNomLO8q7HwkLW{zWNar&o^LSrV6?8F*?Gn?Ky@{TWpyadzPoJN z_i4tAFu;fqAeP=ed^Ramrn&)IK-o)$YXnft# ze&h;qkkd!*l3>x@HHy;DJTC{<`s7#&qI++aQyDY2abYzJT}h~)=s*Z+L7pHHWm;}1 zaFu)WWJ}IJV+$L)N>4ZojI9gy(W1i#0Js7W`n#og8SWCb>#(nNM-iu~nhEqXz&C#6 zOwz=Cb&2}0tDA|ym!XcQTtE&{yaE1toa4Gqj+Q5|^)Q_wiA98!=v}pH*0berlK)JD zwqDomiFkoYVcy>l-$P5&KM84=lomq$!~%4xb8?fw^(CZL_q+l+(V-tADT-z+L~JY1HEq2TfG*n2x;*Nd=2grby`cZDC;%EAd@{7ULn{W>zL0k1K?~=ktvFHzJ8m z$b^~UBGZI9L_IVLn9yFIXrOKx`fQmC$yknsz`%zGb0h?F;5Yj9UM4un4#gwcw9OaM zaEt=2$Zbxk>DdrGu}Ny62!!*}BA-;?-nN0jejn&tV6+EE!u<+$qA(S@$jwZW7RN;J zQqo_e`fkZ+iDj|Z)nhv{^Ts+#3k3npOKnI^=t<9Nt5abPs7U%L8e0aT_(9i5+ek(p zsX=V`IjwHxGxScmMHD=eI19zIFY6v=qH-MTNcS+g94A4R61OfEdt2vdM6;u#>)vJZZRhAGg zB>Co3C@g>XSuTYpER$bRFsA(?nHzR-tk<4WEk)go*WD5GRQY(@+<-;@fQtCruzyga zcR8~T_9$T%YveDSiSXK7wEY1w#I`tPXA(FG`4)q0dTcHM9J1|z;X_=YLAB}@h>&N~ z-ED{Vy(g$g$*312rHdq4bLKFxZJh4D$hi!YWJ!#B79w55VGq$NsZjWG+jJDAeZu)H zh8;3Ph!hHS~A$hT^UesCZiPYtCuZlk+7iz`Vc`tkY#0CD= z zDlos3v#aTXoh5{(O#weXv}$C0wYDh#^#v+(B8ORo!1Gu-sQK{*RUxPYjyhezJGq z4v)V#Vih+z0U%0AHuYZ!X#e6Ua?=EVY9}V^w?KTs%fl@RH#tS%)X$<-bYy|ge>RyO z(YfZA>WtY7pB5^xPMofZ8tV)ie{~s=@5#Jyu0R2=>^S{LzWwQGo+br4s8ZV3g~J4kLfe5E3JHQYl8#PSEIDyOxx=(_+Mx z(N6(x`Cx!PFhG%mJIwCacXL)1c0BEaM%s~`kK_04OHP_YtKBkp@(;rnI92hZidDN? zs}aOba)2v(JUqZb5~Ht>I98cv=&i@s8iTqYJtMB?V{82V3&SA35#j%-^Hke~O2N>psm=hm}eo&Vk9QTjbf@A>v4e{nw_NZ+(WgdYFDVq3a8t zf9C%%;R}-@EK)VyuS3{c||s1i#MZO_=|S?Uo@RnR2y8^Zj%t)9ZHen?(P(Kin~j3w^ATL zp-|jiin~i8P@u(&yA&zz4#D~Jo^PD%jFGGC?6ucg&zzL9IC#1KddNtAa+v%9Yq|tw zp9$)e>3x1$=To5Uvz9xll7fL`(xkQDTRdt7)2sRERFm%6RaZ#Ub#@K5mt^^ujxdJ3 zi-(dF`wY#FnAsYwbdls`5dtx&04}}egJJz2b9$KH6AfBtV2%jFnb+uE)hEYoK;3lJZtUrS%@{pmK+fNk#N zF@;>7SVd8&!upNm-AX2wk7iQSI6Tko7ex9^l}Ng2g+)*Q2Ob`sbAs?e{~fy|6@j}M zHO(FQuizrC#=%U~ zD~e84%bbwearlJHwyNmf*Q6@EW{$UC#(g)^hOB{WKg|5{G4*)9S!3=^℞kRru*D zW zA{!V}8wz;i)A5egRXwa4n330$o#HOm*28ROVig{7q9C8Q_?V(=FD2l$Zj^rd>CMSs~;K??eK8G!sp*h6YVn96b*np6eHG*Ccz;X6n46nl- zwZfuYDNdVfVcsNxXLx++S;{O>#*8yI?IAIm%fAK6PRnrmg$^46n;F_1QoXv$9V!ts zfBD;I&X{-c-sI(e=r{wz%6)|N)M1G3o{MXT;OiXfyjq-gLF94qo8=RZ@8U$$ zo;UVIYAO_Pl0#&Oc4>?(E4e4Jg5P7&rmW2)C%VC*+$}mUMj)~;{PDEc*?;FuddD>d z<60<1ZX7~@M~rAsPfyd}A~F_K)JEH~!VjPRBQ;#YMHd6S`TYzP{av1W;~6JfC)f^d z>%QxOl^I)O*#adU9fl$Qv`Q#bZ2XUE+P2MJcFbnQ(H?a5`n2#=}Y0zni8|Hf*4X;|`T3q}WJ{Mg#cqO`?V53mQyAhq#G|9k#a3 zL7=QvUBHUNSa)V-WX4=*LsgS4?zWLfKYG_`&(}d2>8X(^eVO^>uUG?*(x!$=SnN-18;cjQMj~?o z?=?+Z2cMS?aDXX76PYH$g%mP~k7e9$A{fOS_IxL$9*ooP#j%%^YAIX4Ar>=Rzbmq- z-)&-Cb*gI6Hii(pitstF3XS!0sl>-X0s-GNLFgSooOGa1O{MPNV?UiKhVk9#mB9q! zhRKe~t5{Y!JU`Q3=~wni&4iKpXrK=VonU7}D35nW<6_Mh7vBJxIx7mHKd$;t4 zhS4m0siU#o%?+n7yVaWWv?)^<&Fx!6` z`q8RP2G6S9k^BhC+AyM&M}V?XMC~-#g^2NnhZSqO`O$qWewaZbmqCR_D#mQlQT0yv+y# z%1rUBbK+M?jYVyX)GI*ey1d+Jzb-+Yb%=7zf*U%fqZC-*+K*-WRwjzEG60C9D_HOr3qk4LLi~fAh{@33a!PcqQp5aFADQ z7n@^1h&)ojmXtdju;{+p_12;Yh5Z94uHhYCyFz@|r%f z=!`G}WtjvmjrjnUSJA+f6r&U`CR_do=y42CPTL$L`xNT|%aI%ztJm`Ni3Q`uZn*sj zPKR)5jK^B44e#m1;=^7N{{a-pE|m%+Ti*N?9^qbs*w8Si8vzr<#}CM_2;6+Juuz^) zw@fSSHzkFgPD=Q9A)U>Iyj%!h3OHYE_WvfjCimdIV{tnv^fS9BUB*NbaTwP}18hhS ze9@#QBH(DH7MV&)mH>nnxdMKhkokt5t*Bwtvx(u>ZiXS*my@!)&4kJ<{gCX_r!E;z_e4nKA|d~AI@ z8~U2-I_x}QQ{PURXcG?WCny?iOCNfeRv$Y4+s|m(_~uP7lXV^SB+6r*T#w5{<~xZ2 zX1*~4)cOEoFK8QlT0Nsq=1K)NbRhj;3o;OO5#pr)r0OkNfwK&{SE`10zD@2%8Ac4{m#2H}ac-b6HV z*w?>b^CAeW+h5|^^EN5WxqicYAz0zrg)Q&O1xA0RYE8jeX5q3R*zrtyi)jf8pU8D!5ldTT;wMMUHhX z!#S6;`Rm4QDvRE>yu?EyGyO=nJs28%Q)MQlJ6b_cqi;M7Kdl!OL%#afR^hU`>P;hj zT|IPOKMgh-ITS;bDZ(x&`8w^vSWHEp@V&}*pOY+3>Cogr@Rya96~f6@`x*NC?C$&Q z6wq2?ll)7GHaVU852yEkeTmIsbbxh%dS05BBe|zN8Y*GDBndYS3Cn)9V^?0aBtBl= z@*sH4pV2E#m53f<5rmDmVT)^|Bzhqbi=Xp^x%EpW-|w8PnT4r79Ry)bl|?+78V}Ox zN%BY?TQi#c>mu{`!57VN&6Gf}3}a0O9y1(Fy?_WvxtQ|Uem#H8d*1Ti;oJ6MKVG4H zp4uA(`!(s85FNfXN}iI(ykvRDYQ=>ageE=Tmj*t!b#mVu&+QGkft&ZFPjzfr8iqI+ z*yS88hGIW<^$==ENNxRk&}8H$<-mb}Zz_ELWt=X%-T+iuzB+gX3`-j*2{NoCooGJAGd4t|~ff<}7+y^r`Gt3>k< zh$Q;t!cWB30NgUva7tt#HrRR1MMDijzySdC<#eBviYIlXe$lS(&iqoU%dUnSAosC} z_P(;T{wQBmULO z!$Cx)&l`M>!mjBnN-;{4-P-v#2PY>oSb{y@o946GhX_zQ73*qV7$`kK_#UT4|1hE9 z4=BAS7&-QxHakTs2(mLa#^$jFOSXaW?QLlSS4Cld?^&bnZE_4!Yxd$)-($)Vt% zsO&C_^-?HLO#mJS@#JTu`g(tx@%Js|zfvblU6Afpw`-DhgQdSblYjggLq{hJY~Ji{ z(3cQjaEZLRGiZdsr5ZGKKOZU&*Z*_Ua;o6`{b&t_-C}k990=Sr)5>1iH3h!cM1{CQ z))Odjhgv@lvG++_K-KqM`{}V~qqd#;+%4s4b8`G1Pufzi@!>giG$BP?*JvWPZ|l69 z>oJO?RrCVa_~E)OaYU#VQCze6njPy!*NB-LKx<)ogici3EAdsRZ(TsZT3Z99La?IH(xtnK$itu<4B%5Wy3tyklBl~ZJz(~QoII2aRl^|_E|C4uSa z>8S)%3LX@5Xs@Tvn*DR^-+i&@R=L74BG<0Yh1*7EC86IsV!cfmSMDaek|C?a4OUJX zmJNlH#f}v4c8j#(hG{2d*URs>-lMMeD8E47dVSEng~PZ1YOt$9DOE6eoG(Q;`cM4u zSPSxVF_m!YIN%aas=TwElF6-!_oI+$dYhs14NJpLWX=y3`S3lz7V`mK*+xOm!WKxZ znwYGH&Za~{L-&czOnrR4kvENlCM3zs4aW!#5^&;2}*Ce0&$~M^&O-IBklsT)O@n zfQZzsOf5Hw&|r|HQ@j zaB@Gt)9?G$(}>m!1-beh{LqRHJJ0jatOFUYxJ2{b?IBT~M9@ymt}`DTss}(2GGP{_ z$UwtpKu@R>5%)Ycr8p~`fPhpVtPofhKa0He2%cM6UM83v32n6Ymw4DOx*V#N-_8p- zBW;LeZRzrUk59)EIJrSD0$oDCZ97W?)j|=Rzdes_?v0{R41Wd;qo$F?^1Wd+xXC?( z>sdzLtn>Wb_4aBv9#BO!OU9g_6A&QApXXzg6q0Y~Y|)^}SScsQcly;q$irl^h!yJ^ zy0K4YqeyRQh%$)s_rqY5zEu>?lUUG2KXK~lqT3#cGo?Xx*m_HjHU`4Et%@)^y5={V z>*vyH#q#fJ@O|2(jm*t6-lmbCu&y&HL;g^5S_k4sp{y+G&-67vF6Zcf9vOmbABaciTh`m z6CG`1n)jp675eIKrPTbur;nFs;72kiVvG*@{&N#me|(n3wRiP~o9K@pamX->3cE^B z5IxIu0LAe^6Y5Fn?7O!EuZ>MxHfQT_>L z*jRIgVEmFm%7jHOsE9!4>0rLvfCetWxUM&60?GuLC1ol-JE|?yT1mkZF2&uXiQGr= zTR%%`Kf}}R={8i-?NXujk}p_ zm)e_psPfY($3`tKEb&Mn;tQhK2sZ(4>NF!3{x(kAH@v|8{=9BMm1z z;la@wN8Sn`R3NI-`8*6d&>d9i)Qc!V=~!jFR`6Hhi=i?n6G2j)=MRJ;^0`-!Bcd27 z->5o_1*GD!e5 zauDf$oUva8w87w8-nfv}E(Nn9Tx|zrlsGekiim0;{I9Uz>8`l%EajNh&lN5VZWR_ zex+22Q`5L2VBQbS)`b@m>xuX&X76+0G+0-SkiHQQ4*!5zy;88kMeEjw*2#&np0$q& zvp2bk%P&ou(UwiIYmN?hRkK1o7Fu1CUe>}aE#&uI=BhWI>gt=&a0I+6e5afzd4M0n zQ-c)DTiaX!i8euUnwNmjay-Vt%;8B5XXP76G8DBIrx~5EzN;t#=pgYE|J=j^al@Gf zNF(;A*0;H4w<=wa5!Ifwe!b^WKwf0_T-q1MsLaa;uM&;3aidhp2Cw}cO{m;X}H@PV4O zPV(4*iYj(Oj|S!d>=R(!cvmuO8c`EJb^^OsY(!e)mL~JVKo}`9SQkHYobzSA?Pm!@ z({=#oe78&V4Ut2k75&OU+MXo_7jhEAA7Idg=l9xZHc-$W0+{1?KY6|jd1oj1_4^3Y zyC0cKR%XNe^ET3p>O?#gED1vw`RL)~qypo^CY26?4R)Fi5208#=tqmMO8*&wPl$)@h*h{j;tw61HUYRrPWrJRJoy0Lt%uRU3r{(IsEz(EPh+f9w;L&_~lZzV)~oBqX)QL`dl z7rFfB7dqZ|DuODPlokiyzbcPUxmM!+1f3(rtp5xQkkiPg9R;i%gyI-?!^NCaAFHrM z&mmQ3cT8H&hnsY|nqmvoGvkftDWq?b)f(z`nIh!kn{Xf!RXB5}yx$jCJjwCU@;2iW zPK$=N?U`&;83kZF@Jhw`NH?)xdrv!J6bs_JtmFN#H1BLge)Rg^>-36ri>THn*m_rU z{h~sNzzJOx$B*hcy19KiN~6x&Qh!P$>7c?e}x0jnkijRaT^Z(iNSyUfC17 z6ps25tGXtCLSoeG5$>Z#4s+iFYAz_E5AoPUO#m-RB!z_2Nw%4mHr+)Q=+_{ktq)}5 zIhuE`b&@isD1R0$o=r(SyHitbiv?=_4XO2~xOqK=RD5u{7qNhS|3EK4UEXZf2XmMo zo4Q!t56$G1JZUC8Efd1t0@BuDkwn{o z58J=vX0!%Fxu{j{vQ3by)d9=BVz5eH{j(Hz?NC^tC;{nJ%a9(0x(kS?3addi$f~H7qM6y zuQVWG24@_2OBi6?+i^{X?*Mspq_yML#3+bGeJPW;u@5-D7(9k^6+Jpy6fiz-(@>If zDas_GN=jq|AmU76i@MbT=6f_$kmqAkjtEmcxBblFeL*b2FvQ$%AJC|FRIc zIJG6sWVBu^8TpI*zh`jDT{4_R2?Ad{LKPI`h zyPtMApxfOqkL}%i?9&2Q8Kc|QCKgH4rL1<3vEAd*cfW08h2wR#K-KX?ssik>$eE9(g%tdXz$(2 zwUA^r86Q@1h<+4n_@&20*}aQRT+QI&o?1yc$Exy&t7YS!RVcHZAXnE#2Oyqf?1ZOD zY3z1F=~)_B*o~t;UtlNVx_*t>Xw+)E|Jx^dU4E=#Zs7HcTkNJDcXoyAmfwu-_{ilzWM^>&2mwm(dxBEr$9abAGcy6Aq zn`EJVVjvO|d9|lW&$P6=z;nHgkRF5(OJV0o5DVvVvwp!ii8bm*R#pURR``tV4$jBgIi@DwFx=oi@=|M^DQ#%= zA-_~77fV{{X}FcEHf^w!?s&Ev4xV;v=NyyOW$RC+7!(?R9Ck4%{&8OR`OM#^cT0GR zq%yng^OEvR$aF>ow9d^<7sbwaG{wgFq-nM6c#=UT{epk!wpZUc`k;pY(358}PaQ$gCUmf* zR{OlL;N0;#UXHC`qnae|o?b(in6P27JPtz{khKCch7Ow0z) zFciB`x+tu}hyBbS2=xXgIVQ*r4uU99NB^hBs<{LlH#hcgxC%^(X-G4!Vg?HLZK z`&SH_Jdx}8LU)q~^g=do+l$=@WE7R;#1o=|*f+lq3O z5U7b2FYPt8rA|89wVFU00uFr?M06&t1 znc-n&mC6qphoXv*#FRtT6ZuO3)sJ(G>)w{&^e85ZyiaL_k+ON?Kh{x#xLqE0ID#{i zc24H_=D7Uk>#4svDi%7&m}5jqSe$uI{0e2LU(ZH___|V{{lxz7lByHcs5Cv=9JW{y zVsTRcwiBBZl~Mb>CE%Aw6IccmEDemX5IAT!9R$%N*sTJp3|oCeS4F(; zw9R2cx#qCr>U{AXV9RmzSO2A0%2pyabjQ`Z!v5kt@+s*&TA##=RdJ>JM{_GBY&RR2 zgY1AWf2&9V*=iu*@WRq2Si$^8Gi1JtR8y8Rk^OZ^hbzF^b+(lvEw44s{pvVUb&MLC z?U8~in9E%M1{It3o2VmUd6#lX4SI_Q&5}d^o!Bht^`?L~Xn<_l=&g1@?n5YVhV!Mx z!%bU6omzB&-Sejvny93xexB7s49HnZT615*PHBs?V&=+?bewW%A-Q***YF#@=7ps= zo;p-2iGLZQsfIr@MYN(5W0b0$^Vg30atB0M^Xgnxh*3SrV46%}?lh*G^<6JLuxuCCKK!uTOgt>Ipeiy<408 z(W`xI9O%#D>;$Of7T#REvz{a$RN4zUki9YzSeoMzIP5$G32vA z+7ukp_&bD|6Ac(|9to2Byf01J7=^FJ^X96{RO)_>lESc7P5t|aoi5U<3cwcwOa!ZZDnvjM!sg`0pJ}+GWWuM&WlGPyIvh|ZhhId zYJ~2DI{{c<=S`fk~-3wPkQfFs;?gJ@ubh2K!M;{!)POM@5Qmogqx0yGHtOa&(^H zp71F4__KRG8GLttUvS;J?A@vpQZ-XEc%m>Y;^IB_trK|m;UtBaMkL2hY zjhC(>Sw-evhKca9hkmUd|K2`BzVt122u)=*vr)|=Xzp(RAQ=GjD7woubPRNkoq1w! z-~aZr1~k>jN`H%?tZWd3=7yyeS&%gYrc`(rwhpEs`9}c&EH~OjBh)|XgoF44kH!38f{tRHSts zwFZ<Q+tRR+>ddP)OVQI|5^yE2&Ts)S3nBK*izx75o zru%`yII=DuPvOn6*!wpAEkai+&HY>Z*LgvnHt zO0HVEmNFy58Y#Tk;Ju^dN}Gcn=&Xoq+=bePcxITMl|1V$T4uK6S|~IZsC1)rvt_d9m9qk(PJj3H{*e1826TOs zdZ2mgTAXfwPK-KoRqA3~W}1}G2j3LK_O7vx+PalL%(L&YcGz)V2B!z9T` ztND9xRZGcw19#Ctk0!3L>a*?MK?EXP{n^*xYfZK4^ln*fB5oTH$13ov{>876dKKqX z&)22==ga{5$yzO7_pnXaDkhE!rHVNc4#_%&s9$|m%_cHP5Uec$YoD-D4OpYAm_?I+ zx*wW}7l{zM*?zEQ7TLM`Mf`Ikw6OlRoxY0{zONN^&NQLY<6bKPiz*8kze3s-46@}z zvdZxyx~FXPGDBKHzy|+!jipckC@P7Sulj#;(G|ojvjlAEvJ|caScZ)gM?;l*((Hza zRoKy&G`ZgI#U;w=!1UJG4T9qjrBHv|6nptE2)u3k6e!NzgC2WI8vZR3RO|I7MqU5A z#XA2P^s~RKHuZ>V%Y=|UsE2*R+&|A=g1sWt0Ck#v4Q3EP3?Xz37+gN0#EWd{M<(&k z`HpaG%4!Qc8A%aiaV%2}pi=$2oLb!Ief8;t`o_clA_A=GlPUfc{QhDR+i8R1qu%Vt zvTLZ>>H-_~uPG((U^8wuC%f3o`_3!g8)x^G>Wu|<#9sp+!{rsFU|j?3PpN;5FtL8y zb9MMKxtFYyKw^m^#mdUFzq`pi|5A=EqqU#y0_U%5f9!T-u56|*-kXLBlRpyHp!gef ztoJ8ryc;eddi$WBddt)E*pT+z`fqk-`X3Bokt_B4+VbWYzfO`&zf$p*LH6RLeD=C` z_f_kKc;&|&HWKfKhh{AEyn@B?js@qdgFWcB%3?errClnAR}$0b@$mj4c|<=6=Z0M| z;m!r!Yxdl}gzLfI{Zanl%_%D)=g&GUO3*+Y&GonJm8}W~B?cVSfzm%T5q#}w~>au0M|!LR$@v_oa5w1?}lo-GYpG1@u*? zPZs_Lhhh#+`(W>H#BffVTYc{q)x_9cTz`FD7lC-dZ@*TnM=X)^HJ|{{E-B{>X#*^I z2_IZBz{AG%U;Br_!Yc(@t$`o~ShU&Gua^tT*D2sH)-i@*BK()No@}RdoBBZn#`h~E z8z^r52;}A@c%Sd!t5AZLi-%!1vgeQAF8~mt7^_ptH6RplzaQ_fZUb-~66v8H1M@!w zM}xry0wH{7KY{>LE5zp{5tmQ?SL6YISHu^64^bl(Pf-pt#sMwBzY-Tw>Wjh8b+2oU{;)oV`CNMt6S9bRPN=yr+@_NP{Sn5h! ze*T}wgIz%xCt*wLtCu;aGiIp}#?H@Hox@)wh&|a`TI%CFlyw?vlCH~ylAnbAQ&esg zVdOupT7EBdzjzaqNcnuR|1Ty8=#kv# z!Kl({CPGVf^zWglRR`h=1u$2egj)xcGD}ENEJmgN z$qiIrigKJ+(U)TNZCYN1ha9?aW}eh~*7kAr46Lb$2Z=u6Nq4FR*FRzbb(hS<_eFFT z2K7y9_`1$xTEwfka|Nlj)m4ln&uCkH7qCOI5iTK@Dji=^k6;X@SKJ3@X8dAKJk0pO zvvNx=S0=6<7(XgN2&YZ%x!O2`s|Th5?kKkoIZc(rylzE3k9$~VwkQOJR4UV1$*A|O zUn3u7cRZpvYYP45m#q?WDJNMkiWj8uFD8EDcp`MehTMlC!J6iq`jC8qmT^m7pN&P88@pa-8>Im1lLb)4Vt_EMw74Xb0xG4oTxB%u*r=QjBk58iIyOL zEE64!N1xDLKf?ajw@Z~Jckk8TM}kI{+D)WZrjBPdqtdc{EhST)V`9=@1es_7)RVp!QhO z$I{AKC!w8>_2Hb;tYZeMrIr3>yd{$)Qf!|*8MV8@bNP>~7CmDuOGZ*kCy59VkepVS zrbJet(g20cTP*{{C(~ZG)nEE_tM#WCG??@23^ZDwE&)|EFK~YU?}ogCbYRKBAHe-v zedZos@}9Z;tR4(R5^xNH8~uR=H)Nk2n+mr8FEhdmz6cOu@KlfB?qapy z(#yOL14mdjTFCf|ah(?;P>_DVm#;TobbY2p=W|a}gkuKgt0sLY-L{|w9|%S(9^pOC zSK6hq;8le=J;yZXL$b>G8#o2LZkL~K(d%(Pl^w88d6x=*(lOV8S3vOFkc0@Ew{_6@ zIWfZ-2WLKt0qP-x=$1?HCt$ifVGK7rKoCO+5q{;(=hvsv?%HNUFco80{FO}QH%AgJ zA!bGBgCe_o7iobbd8>@5$(lgZy_FK3ww2LKV=nYWOreic4_|A#qzt_;^VfxYPQ&4i zk+-jULXU5Wvm3o1i5&e;Euzuy;&O4I*O2BgzIv>5JwdUxoZKe_pAB7;(~~lYSp3oLBTfQF+Q_qA_c|y)MWbD z*5<3-ETG3muj*!>X#84W@`%*?hjTx&JLMjM`FVC015B2ZIC{Te{suAHA!Mb z(+l6nm4Eu#fHO}9KfV`nv z;Hdt*`z0)$NPDsR($hKR0rC3TccI(DHRqEqRd8F5VhCiPbm!`1)4ffwKm-kN2%PcQ8!5COt|O>PMOvSp2ocU4USJ?#e@3+0yAs7bpyY& zjN+FD9!~;={+6xQzWlynSk~pVDGmRFSJ$m~_XBcy8yN5wy0TIlUAz_7Q0STJS5BPU zSGx|TL^=V|8^WEIUdl-ZwSUl&Sj=GxKt_u*t_%95taWq!Ri71SmtV*0d9L|DW58Fq z>)aKp*rg{92t()SoNS1?$}PdthrwZPXD(49H~;$k-fm&Vy@ zCWJU2Pf`In4aDxDp4^Go9@$H>@t_|3pyeypwRIjt?I%UbiA_)%6UGHmuSMSwC=fQc z7cRnRrVL#Q1Kyyzh(BLz)pjFW51@>6`kspsTO)Z**c#DEN(U6UP%P$D#z7`c3usw- zKdJg9#QbZQ6Gx8OdvimRaXK8op|!Xd#uo}UR)%=j(y5$kN7UI5&UFMEq$Z5WVR0u{ zUiZR@WFg3FdK4r&1dWciGENQFn7nld+`A7tpx)U!tn7Ds+)ed;>`DB-4eCjdub%CY ziX}@|5baJC5CSxR_hF;W(td?K0qaawM_{>lIb+zbWRdxtpu6Y~GMBDjHjH@f(S@4~%|K{_* zljOrdm47l&^HFd9mKa5SU$efh;KrTE>rP5fZu%$w!pCY}&8aO;z=~>a6s6-zobZXu z17>$Baa?OVA+a!~+v{ye;JoZj$ieU+iY&cST|fiB@50x>%@15AD#vL1VPc}FeanIy0jUpW?<4Rkn%UE4C(aNLBh-U%~m8h-prmw>} zdsGRY6%xM}1>nndkLX$M@Rd1zpS0dX98Ygyn18Ah1a04B7up-TR&NnDV|bIEipmKQ zFxL_{Y8E@}d25Z95fd=rhZ`Z>(Hw?&&}p@MNZy01flIz+9cFV^p&mH$viJIw?*re_ zi!TqLX=m?Uzdry<@;09Vm6KzA?wj(TM^C$8YZQSpmp`BH$u!PkL1(bPhlwiBVp1%+ zqi*pS^X3QCt6=?%ar2rruNhUJ1ry(r)K~@BiuQ^>Qi3@V`H2dE$DCPsB@l`{`|N1;m?d_%5vCSeG^mEKD7oHY*^l;kT_%x>TaA3p;0Fruxya6{mynB@{_>EORn$Q0q7=E(ktWinmC4BGZR}=>BhUB?OgJ|VOIMEAm%_W zmT>aw21CKh!GGw~5T{{SCp5lAYJ$y(o5v|%n89)(H}y+|zr@=@U%Ukq6aMkE{csln zZbU0Yh=~bTuS=4)R3>E!Wg+*?4lls8%qV_|tSrAlV4`y$;`(}~L}%tUzF+0k|0RBj za7)4xKicl0dwkO_L~|-xEnUFywQ&E)sOfQ@;-S-kRVH3K(Y@n&Lp=KQ z#Qcrd365^z?37_1pN-r?>BjF3F#yqV_gNQ>NB3j0?zDWt&2yg`B5l$xA+^d%ic*8l z=Z=>(caIy>@3(Hc78TI5=e>`Fj9pDF(j%KO;*|T~?yf*%4HdwZ0a}JdWm+!YVwa)t z`q5#01*Hl&<=_sjcuP#F+uk<-nt$^^8AZ>KKD#*GAP_lbl3Fjp&2Ywd+PaY1*Jvud zj%c|0fx5@2kQ4P0=qG@tA~*PIKI5X8N4th!jh3k)y1J`tns5#UK7Z%#H-srnf6PS> zEfJP0m(1M!!`@WCcoY<^940#7F|z}3TLF$Gaw}pLy!(eYEViLaO09!mV|}j_%_^uD zyx%DvwzJw1RMXOV@r~9nskZGFov_LzRl9 zlVMs_h*MKJ-gdaL5eT*T+w$AS(Fw#4_{oR$ObA z;M(cYh1O}=J)V0Uvts6?Z^C`{t%A2yUf z`?K+YkZ2gm0wA(%rd0iHA_FDeoyh-w`aAw?Ei_H-mSZ zUc!-|>6hyuatx_eEz>h<@1c~ek}YB<+@CXP<95#1%QP~X_|g2O2(v1+_|l(?3!kC! zT`H3?uh!^kHlk0NY0_-^1J*}MF-{swJtEeQp2C1uqbHTY%VCY3k1QP<+$>pq!IEDw zgHo0e087`v;RuR0%5(9hLU1c`kxwO2WKGG- zzf?8K{m|5#TmI!Loj9gZh>%!8yo5pUXuS?Lffm$4nHJHFH{W`!tvQSicH+>ZcUcRHpU~0UIf-^HwSNPqHnZa6!yRss5HY(~2f zE`3*pKRq7B#{h!;%H5_Z(^Ke~c)CoyB&zb>e+DMO4d>$F`t7Ftu*Q;G0EE=ZfRaQ~uhbP1^Rymo~< zv{C+7FM+VHen1f1z+=hJFUwpdYomMnu=AH54u)kK1y zgfX~B9u0;;a z`?i~RLXtH`X4(j!U$Xf;l@oq68V>&x-tLWT%}vg5SL;dvXjDP;b5xl@^b>F-yd#sh zYW1nJCda#QNw#jx6%n%DV~#q}AOl=$*Bmaw``=S8;^fXPT{Wso`b=zhw6U+$&!uvs zZk6uu*Tq)crcD!#6{CZ;1dzPxlyv=p=53)4R!RE5UIKXnYjMavU6ixrq`~0xSf$_< zBTY)*<5K}O3CFE(r5)l0f|~OP=e4dP_FuDLi_qApPoMP&rE%#VnS>VJ$65xo_&OF1(oGOJet;<515!+M3!|9Q zxS11(zQvph>()vn^fkKevPPSDhw&+o(E6OOo@!O*_F;9~jZKKsBKh?xrF{ggEVZ3O zHT+9@&hZ$mHlG>Sn0ui7fKIVsjD8WPy5~n2Lw!ny{;xROBtAS0TVg6yjz!NQ1b|^2 zn4jJJD2vbWxG$>DXJY%dvZ_`oJB4|@79B%G^6Nz4sVA0Xz;33U@q50c0{EHH4SGH@ zgMyvb_$0+cPyW-a9ACRw$RiQ?QRz`Yq?9OQv}J^|MeJ%3a6PApfWE_9020-FY$~)N z%<=)>B>;8>@w8SBjS08-Eik2o5~h1t&t^1mh!0tmrwp8>OHlDPrWFEgBX=&?KEk0ZjWM7 z?4&0qX!>6XMKg>5(Jkv+G!CS4h(|dNI?Et&UB12j_hYrYX;s|QCnWZwfsX~9a4H+n zDe8qp6<&M#MiH}fl8QeMa)#6(a8{nPe+}(Q0>HCCk$kO;-Ox#TF21%rgQ{ZB385&^ z$XU`HQ^o2Z1`035Q`;1_>&jH9FQj7k#?n*#of|W13SJ};dk$^=BNBQ#yB2B0ZI-W& zVe-t-ouY2*rko?8`P@&tuY}`9Z)vNJJv45`d(PFE>h3N%)ja&LQj>u=-;T^K(8LlcLk*>B$!SZj-(6f2l4TuL^DCBq-6A>?Xo3%2wIIit z1IevxA*)f!7C@*noIS6vYqOvi1OHg0{mCktekI(hu5HFy{@8rWG*I`{IR#t-RTQP#L4qXk?{Cv<~YS2#_oAgSvjFM9b)=Y9(1xg{PkUVA ztbVg{r6xUa%>EjlJu1w~UgY=}{lH09jLVT55dYijK)O51;ew_$fU|hDzrJ zg{mZBHE1zFUogbC*AP@rr&hkmZj<5%R=?hCR^OziDCc3?`5jDdlHE#MkJ zT4mx22B622Cj(5`F`+_<(jA`c z0Ck9n_>v*vkrv-_dx~toH^yR&GE0_g|h&Q+(;KP;;BDYEHV#R(L+}s|ExAW z;HqYNYnZTgPNa3r(#~`IyC${Wh-(t}t?(cG*a_{OfYKj3*=AC%gz_4GrwY&- zothh1tRS6I%LAa&GSaB&MTJFeEA7U#VFUbEv`8e9jG$&|N6PLvWtswI^vq1jIjG(_ zok#FWbmb29+_;2~%jgL}`fM-Cz%RHWq@N%=0WuT99)py9e4q_GPe_4R@@MUK0dAnj z7N+j+lD}OJfw2~TGv(Lj@A$XRG(LUAqlf3%7?f!(E;|~eA1hH=o+vM{uiZIa2$e_` zy2)BejH6XDr~THVLC#0DD!YcHQs6gbf|(T!@BdER&k&+rh90qb=c<~Q9rsmJjGpw* z)ql(*`yM?&>RwhJ_px{n!wX?ITEbH|UHR4Eq}NQ4?fR>4ETds|hYJ5Yo4+%Re7Aiy zZBBF@=}T-0#xWW8X+sZMn@DD;CuTT3m%cEc*IaT}ScVs5hy_!plaNl~YpPur=Nnc} zN`T?N_HUov_U?+#%Si=$MBnD0Lf~mvjZ2C(z+#AX+_37Q#-ARr33LGLVQ_nq_W5P; zJ7$57YuSWijs%eh$nGfDjDy-Sc!(PKF|AkHiR=?ZQv+ypLK}E04N0$lugY3o(nG#C zCx{~}?Hr_5^tDr?7k_QORM~K~;s#1B#gg z+uLA~CpM+ch)hVU_ts?7&NeLFk?LW7Kz%m;UR?zVvzZ%71%xGvn1WVR$U80n8`|Ir z1FlusYmBs-Q&#GuGUm?OIoZTd%1!-N)u-5OVoo<`Zb3@NMsajra&nvce&X7#kg~>f z<)sUKmw>qJH1Cx>l-1NY`+>&grn-(I?PF=bv6MS~KMuLIS}*@pj^G!vl6QTZ zoZyfQD3d{vKT=ti!=hy^4wCJgF?BU&1AjTCHu;Oe{X$?{ROa3f7@svRa| zCMGRT?!^z}e4Z?~JjxmltsK6@y&rDK`o6%^>dR2Vs@7(6r}w$lPaf8QH11zS<6saq zaEP^q3hi)mxQ^F%xrq*ctFI*yPH}yOuNIV2m{=Akc#B1XL%c#)wEVuRRf$FRu^-&T zs&1EzzS~jZmyu`%JiLxFVa*|GKf-52>)Q>WrO{*a@9GGpU?<)_f(Ze+#Wt26Dn6(? z@J^yu#=RZRQ7Su7UH=gAR^dL^y%Vx8X+!iJ#dm^3&93*W=1Kp~xq5zO#wXJvHco1G z<@AduE+D$kRE9F2vB%(ut_&^8=V-m^w1`W)&8=A~nxf$vi=)KZvrb_c&(Wsln!=z= z4?%z@>ciE!(~!!-*GXoQ22&E9&m~3fdcve}tcX`wi}MP~N|f1kiaAx*>~P@H@i3_pvAn3#3;& zKLOmhv~#1WicAT_MCW7(>!7-vhg{3^XEQ6I|NM+u5kc1f2M_F-xQ(VYgw6;7qh3 z8fmKh?bLcZ;BV{A7&m+X=xa%NGr>$WtrdcHeLY_l+`L;Q-%d`LI#R|91LHX&!!(f@ zY9J0N#nWb+x`Wb0%2f&_4z7_7mwqxtQH>T_{0bX4F7%6|`8~NvWh?QPHycQmE6Q%E zexz~R4tajf#-*E^hX-l&S)6B;O?X}P4y$%-w%K(^^UJT3b-U_nk-M?%1@IKEy6#@j zbL59MHc$}>Jyf^H!B5MPx_Ex@FR;p`E~~#|!l!ah-ylCkZkc0YgwB5AD#ZsjsmG1k zmYVAG#y#;xMcpV4rI8cnwvJ4j{O92*(>T$thx5#}=ikZF9Pe?(5|Hc2q!Z{`Y_6z{ zamqf@rS5sz2BUCI%(V80dCb~7#W7G=d>3*ON<)S|jO_R`>}@ywWl~0x;xBFVhMxR# z$`3ZwVJ`ZhRl@))3G~t!b&!&HI`j(aIcvbzCpoVRS-KXmKT(}9tZsufs@A%7`Vaj_ zpoYKJuGgu;N*3<)DRvzt{B^%dUECH+`ChMDL`N$N?qx-3{p{5NtEND|eDV<0o70N@ zb)Eat-93EZ8oY<6E7Tm@E9VU1*4mqo2FR?uJ|!q{=pc=}|4Fu5rIgM`{}$Kd-B6KB zJ)Q8nIq31Lxp5}~<~aO^O^N;+L7F}O@_qf4EBh(S&;s)Fpt5s?YX;cvc{snme;ym{ zN5?4GJ+y<3K!_k{U~g;`SNEp&qd&YFiJ)uFaDc0gzW|!WsOFgB7Kn}!@q*k`Sn(|Q z%qYs5rE0gqxS3=jvfQyD(Ep!l9*WDE0l*8}^8jOv%4^Mk7s#1SI5DlCXU5%9ME31H z-gTX1`1Y|bPGhz`p{vpZTRKStHtgr7WI&Esg_H~UvvX?w65Rtl^_@psc~=)BMN5l3 ztq#}95Z>iZ%BNGCSQ*lC*QEy&6IS#uavg-td?WZaNm4AHzVh$z@##&w!gSp7<>DN;i_`LXz#8z46))`T z+nTMQON^eOsI~+$5yeZg%N&l_%}mh$wi5xTt5gz>d|+@okR~h4bI$_$#P&Me-3n2Z zrgys9oTWf+`gi(P{N&b@|AN`xvL~^22}~Y!=z%pI@Vd-P49cok^j80ZkTBW_I`B_H6IRnx~?jnhezzDSPTBr)m01xo`}fxa!@(W zB}Lc&B@coddyijaX$!*Gi9IvR1w1-Gw5#}btgzGro}+`s*Z4 zcTA(37DX(L@*%PBO~;Zy`+h-3p~asKLiSQ8XrsaPW-A8RO90CwV(UVl!@m9Ok|9HgJeT&CDkA5c;HIHbD+Z_&1z+hE` zfi3^~8V8|J-sX4%a#8~@v~4RcZ<+_V%b$x%OI`iF*!@?R1c)mq!>}aB=#saNVb$JA zt|B8NBk+===SL5^!w9=qut&p&8NX9d7s;_)R(T}Wy&2-5rE)}hKt(`ZF%uxbvhP^$ z;V-zF0SnfODU+n;k9GeZJ)fcn^hmS5rZ!vSATuwby9O&^FTzeqpS5pE=Tu)DtMB3% zPC?3k#_H;yA*(XK*&2S^*^SL7FBIW{Z^CE4UJnn+*p2M*n*Jhs?Hewa`@j&iqS2xZ z)I~W>bbS|YIAt5h?X7J0N0O5>Z!>lMuYjq?>fe+!0S<+846p+EvZMXMoP60lS}#a@ z=%dt=FNA?g^tRQJ5(+P-Q~F?BYbLL|$NvY-&Qfd8p)5)^*WmDE!`WBK?zk~354ELz z^-JV2UHrt=_VU*ta$s$c8h&)2G2B5m7F?lH5ZVKj{{TVD;#8pM9MEYU)9C zbe(qpd-u70mUX-pd`$aVE3)C1iOQ=07;ve1->VHrdnIbo0|NLVn!ujK>N}4+2GcLC zHg21R`{nB6GllAZK&=ueY#@5IZ&`;mg#2!+rXo-wS4)Tt3T94#p_W7Zz#VL16{gtn zSu9>025L`@j5oi?rFtp?>D~K|{+fT8F4nmIm)vTIvcn8qb?U(qP(uFi?bWL>TrX-e zN^0-3e-kBy+DdsN?Sahu{YtY*4G<6y;M4dhkEdUwj?BrUlOyDRoF(Er*%Em{>zaU( zqVljIe2c`HLcq__ei?Trd{#j-S6xz4vI@1K)GU_4y*^oWM7XWo?+C{wJ?-7QCFRP- zwdrXFCHMWoWhu0ky$H!{qMQaC~g;6df!SX)S{JTFv^wy(%Bo=%}PWd&Ax=xo4u{0Sq+b5=Ry zSlpRD-FATi4rlbK`H)Yf{JRBdDCJv(WueeVNXy?av)iUbC|#_IH}cG$>q9N#7XwFjf2OZ}7)`Y_Ku=hz)h;4*cj_;hKK)8i&KUZQ9f- z58i(595I)@C+e6kegt>aE7OKH+%t7nzoI{GI5;N$%eTQXfVNdTFiH`Ag+fhpmb(hj zO4;2hJ!U9lbNij`y-gBWO;L*TbWmE^A^6!>^httqz3pPGw)3I2v(^MrmUn%-5xr#K z*uE9~+S-^yzwUkZk0mX_%gM8wn~ob1--|!|6lQP0C%tF*9y?(tb%>&Ak0UZabm3Ep z3qaSH{nAQZrT>vFJ7n-x_Wu4G@1nFcQZoXaz<3?REbj~QF!xi|!{t%qsz=UEoA(8( zPg-5)r(yIe-;pFXo10&e@r+8!5B?p2&X>Dt4+ycF{pxK$e@5N3o>iuW;in3!Y@qU9 zA;PP$d*9_(sp4{HUAozRYx087JbL`42j)k$jVtYB3L;%cn{OE3{%e;&I|g~UVzv9Y zsGKj;IwO7?cziT@0Bycabo2jmzff^uRTj%_{1Zw0C(587nMH|N`5uZxI{^&izUq2| zmeFHax6^ayNFG$UgLjfo&c3;4-=ktuAsUJ|Zdmgl_w<9Ms>lU@b(VzcQ!wJz2qQ7+4ZKeHw5 z_=gp0%S=7uiE1t=ev|hm$G5AgiePh>fgOKM#0Z1&_0`I@30q8oy7hK+?D5TvsfUT0 zp!C+TTGwPo_8*!jvP#jeJ?}<}MzcR?+=py|((-ot3x4VPf{YshdQaS%U)I&>3s^Hs zlFegD=Sod*4{9r^8#_5oy~4ViExZQE_It-xjsP~|d-GlXv)Y$&A&C240Fh#4!(i{5 zQz7mzks(*i&8IFwD~07oEJ}ab;P=O81*j1xs~eRP16ChA4#vJ;t^CC^xL&52$MeeR z0YR1k?*P?`mq6%16ve@&F5vuP0!-KgRj@4R>1e(E8v*~uM>TSkh=EF%!@o9!xF1?a z3!i@n^*XejNqbVXJ)Lj0=jYE1E&JWHuDYKjyk2{~_CU7!82UEx)zL-vi=T9ZVaGK6 z`vEi*8*}BLq_kHLfmIX@IOx#a)n?_eUJ(Z15 zOLirdgu1|Eyv$MtT??Tj>Yv~F9l>5x>9@s#08p{Q&<6e;*a(6jY^Q=#gw0l22_C3*Y1XV)=x;Hqnx#geq`D!s>46NWY&QxG(?AB1?~#KV-=F#V7D^A|G5zP&RD zhaB5%eDq+Cbf7ObEcF9<%TsaUm@pR3hC zPQ=~}=;(a?QA+vu=3_O>QHWV*b*SbLWxd$itu;z9VK`ibPF=QxTOM;sj#7%*fnb-d z!SkyNejU1Ilx5B}<73B0^c%VOWl^`^NX<*0?TKC%f4@ijzQXr=whO8fCu zR8miFr_V&lU8|4H%`yCXT0@1N&I2)LABi#r=rSxwKn~+=` z(fR|v1DqbPvTH9hJprdsB<#(2wDGj-`9Y4($C|U?&rjGdr`YWC3FS4D*ND2R{d+pd zyg5iR#2YI`U|zBUutSHJ#clBeG#wA?TZJ6a^;zUA@WsCYsmHCZ4>4xD0ZdC=YsoXdI(Tobabp(3rw#FYrz zAszM3(*!Id+EtHMpUce*3zUxO9%T^-T;NQ;Z=^Cm_pG7CJ zB?nwO@L)PKEOhDB1gcS`ku_W}U{;2{Et~8)DsL#?tMdl)CvFC*GTP72rGK%vIV-|N z@gfQvK`c-r;K*BB8`ul6+y3lKTL=QpLvE&=uhT`ZvvNZ`04F*V7hhws^=IX^ZWI+B zH5HQq1JpNPwNBD#DJX-5rE}ujn*xiyJ{^6#GZf`*MFzBU9cpo4QYI$m@b)M?E(C6T}9S>S$shk2UGodE!^! zDZ9d*J0D*^ui6hvgoG7d99<}$^SiT*F8mn2_o1U_YHT0S$tbrXSE?kdOCnTfBBnw$ zy*|(Gyj6_nAoyRby!~Y0Qm8gLuE&w;&=DT)JF%ie8v?fGS@!eZ=NM*)4`x@ z7b8kAQvELiUis=cb2GfEH;Gj*u1bXJ88C_}3#68_q^n`mVQsOSX;+kZ8DVc7rMHv{ z4Ov4+ojTi~dTD~Y&l%}i?O2o^b~%gcQUai~XY8z2y3M<9L2f;Vy}DiJP!RS!f;C>K z6W0k8LCp#MfV(4SRi%s2xd`pfFdBogIp2bX5`kr)G(?4GXT8{CkC>a!V)6CC3160T z=L7s?G8hqr3m`6zw%ZKMsbmBL|GOU^shq#C&6;zEv*$D{T=8G#6B#-M37G^Q#C-{z zAFB#PnEO7Lzfn?2Dk?6XaJ4*TiT0lDPAM#RSZIYB;j+~<#^<`r#upx9UGaxcx&kdmH`O#+ZILicF&vw*s1Rk|i zLSLY`p!MjR9;^b1dKHCwN&TR+DaP*h5 z54wgx`F;K&wQnr7R9Dy8h*tI~Pz&iR!K>w!WVScEv&?ZMqS7~yTydi$!39}{9rE?r zB$J!kDUA6*50&@Kjfrtw&BRqgTgE-LxYyTrX4=eXP>Cgj&T<(VX&ZNRf7xHh>+8IA zFMTl;ZMpGB?b2~_zP;DSLv8Y`g>B{F^x0NAhp}ywGCVveK^8Y0QOx9S?ZUX{=$Wm& z=4sY0<>^pcM7;j%T%OUF_6ZWz5uQ#PZ=+5u!Uh$p%J7ARFC%Ef1KpODA@JI-p$wSM zq_N)9i6RmYz0}2t5P3Gx8*JZ|a!D3{VO!Zg%cgPdNOcUup##_lT-RndQ+J1nUeXM3 zTL@gqR>x2#0YE1AlgWmYl~gac15v!517WGrbN_PzPi*#N_bK8}F(#S4UM6D@N-_JM4hYfb;W`7x`aqM|{8y_t@M+85E!$!5~A zT-}7xP{19B_xlspt>2UToPospT0bu`?kN+*Q;>;ZSVFApM`G8tBVY`Yc*zU7p`+-X z%K|F*yy-aUc*tl&?`rHKrDg(`F`C5fdrjLS+`7`g_q#}gJ}uG$gmMD72aiSg(J9Mx zt4+t_)NZ4Fk*>ugj@v?#FP^N?|wd|NKTcXr+80!qt|0tHcbHHLNVgO-x6;woku0hNZv&19oP9Q~- zE+DUJ`wM#9jBCIbP9L{I*>j_e%iKGNoFhoD`ZsTWMHUh%{YCt6q;$9+vvgYAM0kqS zwnoGBza(kdf`ubZ=rLEwFr~3DoFVbO01DWXyJ;yI|I(8x=%9KwQ~%2gWCfo}l4hvn zTLi2oSk04J&O#|LI-~w+!_=(4y>@ExO&d$MRW&E4lH$cL3Cr@(cPHY5WaT0_wJn!< z5tNC)1>&JKmZpOh!Yrm#YSi{Kiq(75FPL*%l4*HCTa|2AvsrmuSo0zXU(Qt`{`s53 z{^m<6`dF76!Q~p6mKQitE~lX#FG0l7Z)bk2uNiXD3MYKu==zYRgfunFJFjql%-D2K zm%-ri42@%UV?zndJcX3W57kSz6?@M6v7yvkBok*ay|wLZv*H)V0`DOn^@ zdOl8{MVTk;c^*DX4@eQUSzmV_+jkWr_K_B|h@0TcEDYhX@3sYOk{GT)yyK=Fg!T&t%YuPzL2RYeY#*l=pW!WiUd=(g#AOLIlHJ;Cr||ZpwV(Vo-yWdb;v-L5uwyo!ap^ zP*vBc5(?d<7;a=MLP~(jX7kbiKgz2$fr}{JxxGlA$rsHzO(9js96a)>zrYqb-SiCp zu0V(Tm2`)ep{v(lkHUa~pJ`v#(8QePMgl2Mcz~#WQDVE%;AHInCJ)XWj2~-4V$frX zag4Otj7T{UArV|HcTRMz8=X1`Wm^p*7!I`RgFj zi(masA~(vTX;2nluJba9taM%`a~&;D0GtKItu~D=fe}8U#^oQ)LFlL)|)O1Q1I zZdgf-+0X{ab0u|$de7dk3^g~qe#i~N_@a&vDq!mzS{iP6uTgg7`cl{Y)_0m9$}P)I%S-^))Xgx4xhB$Yh# z!1Hmgq0+fEp5{FVPHvHP@YLbh<&vTQj$12Pmd3~CdZdgNG~ApR8m{rz%oPp6=e8k} zZV#e57IL1;O?d6~c5rKZ4iU36)V)Y5uYuq43`9h&+`{sB_ykCQkjP@th{r#?uD1N$ z1t2Uy7sri1a8np=!>3U1tiFdA0q7kSV4i4hwyY>RW{21k$hPL>aXWT7z&5IyWkML!c;7Azy{n(~ z8!S6LrDG8lF^;^iDPxtn97`;}QI!QZm@9t_0enD8*mz}L9DQlfB>v>HV1YDHY7`S8 zM+b6396AK{iMDBFT?b;)ouX4G1O%;laZ>Tj7)GY@dihX;0ApnIRU?RA&}es2RZcQ_nV|CLI?3Y&M1W7L%`+d+ zH!`h&z}V7?7G{=66&TTi7n1`LzF0-k^hNZcxQ(&BP)*5_;<(-@jT=KO6u~F#xZ> zCa%4GGGpE#87sk???ndu`0>Lql^fnk9^uUL1XT$*$A3ToS-X%O&4HT+Am?-P%el#+ z83H)T5!XBMYTIZ{+9q7O?eC{_p;`%`#PNH&;(vddlR+MY&=q&x=M~q7`kPFbv>Sl)G8Cn5Yh-M)lFlT9$ zC<00s^6=yXRWIX{N1vg<-Ui}ynGp5Q&Y1+Z#~mGYA* zYH?s&rmP#y2fL7GAH}26Uf7<4KdbJpFR`J%2VL&CsVhs8VCZ(t>?d`k>TR~kqX1)Z4cadxuforCYkFx3 zSWrB$k3WkR2^PmTDCjiW_e8)k6@rwi-<{|!^(QBAIz$mDW{DPQ_>Bh~av6hdIGvDX z%^+iIU%RjYw2IY^0T<~cMjG!AE9>5y2Q&E|4hS2XX{Iy%JibVXbh(?ZGLY&P5z^eQ zrcX5ol6yxYCAFM)W79p+2C4o+&3OF-1v9L0UdUeQ&7-lZp#wg$-%cqP4kKq5p8ozI zH1^vs7?b z;Zo4etD_@$w0pgl8z&I*xoc7zSoDlounIiPXuOO1zV)ZnYvOKlMbyUr>*nz1?I>gi_EEL8|4}$!vrZ9HHRx6j+iF5ZY3EUB6QQkITAT`b5RW#Ykz8c9qUxY zS#)jhERhMC8kI8Cm+Pyjq;00#+5b5myYJO*pU&a^tM#N~>F3C}rLxuXT$L?QOQ+KKXj5xEWSa!` znlsKhh#wU}OKGI-fS!BMQZZwQuLT8IyrRrUc9$wU*L{}iyyK@@lr0ZIggk-NDNbVo z5xyBoE*BZO#>5+xj*7};fF=g(7`t208o??K*g^`|z3u6G$w(yrhH7-xI>;4EL|y8< zI%b*XJG7bUQ_WfAuX1j*bwOYI#DgJM28)lSDWqcZ4icnS3XedF+EuQsJwlEw+T z2CgZ&%$Yl7+xjCadIU|JUg*ezbhD)Df~Iw0l;im?hTHpN5WhsWq8V?Qmy-a_B*KV1jCG?Ln zX*UZ8g;{lb`TFuFakcLLnM>HFt^7l(ahg$M_5wZvK5g|2 zizwVuH%Icz8hFU-#XRLzKE{8q*DC8M!JHt~!8~t7YdrfM=GUXm{A7S_F)IHM8UrVv z-npMl$laY1vR*nH;`?F@J8}WSYo!&syE{KciD{^yrvKZOUFB6M3IlLSoP1E721j^^ zS6qL{!$+2qDo+$~jD3%IeGw=j`9|0`QDpYVtK37yoKvX|gZHdhN9VS^6&2Oix#khm zCY1k8TdP!vTBol(hPNhhI;huc>52*P2SxuQ7YW2}Xd|+Ox9{^2F<91;HG{`n+=!VH zsy{_{a5ee+x)i7@z>z^xk+>hO`cI%JpA*K98*CG5VGq5rM3y#{Lwq}I$+B0-OD&g^mAqh)sZnV`U)FluQX27gGZT%PiW>tX z2KZNl1omR`w68O!vK&^Ywm-zXonj1NoN)wBVGysWYPZC z#4t*fK5SUY9ESbqrx2Lv8l4^{EKMb^G1!r`%TO5*S|9jyD^r`~?`SP*2Aicq5Z{Fk z@zYQ;EYo?6(R@Udq6u zwZ`pETlCE??61`ly*G?;agzT_Dj~Ayq z_PaJfmm=x&ImgQ+kZEYuH;@P2f_ge#i=gjtSdPu(H=iYz+Fo(kCqCn3vkF}}zd}cz z<@X?m%C>2IoQ>?~y=?M_@ujRsWeSaIp12#cm{$?syM#vo7hQnvl*j72#QOrCB>nEl zy+7bzANcreP6Z-?>|8B9QWrBPqZ7y_Lmq9{8Ba5-{=-1wyWEA5kHryoV#a zDxRVZVbiFu=v=#5Dn#G=96B*x_*QCXk-Lqa+>!*X?wPAhXPMfwIs6Wr-9gMdcXSP^ z8m+DTxhe$WU*WNw1z&wjqRXMkL9%PX7QBcL7lq2#Ojw>zG!-n*AqzeB*IWGkZ{A|+ z+01f-2mcOXkZyvezj#$$$i7O$`lI{eTzf_0gbYsi-9$`R@NUnm(%ot=#a4r*Zi(BS z0S@=pFz{^Gc^<6kdNFZ-uFWy{2Jyf-074Ck^C3-lpSrq_l2mr7s-IUJnK^EJj@LmNcFQRchnaa-Y`PqbVPSc$tJ z7s`IFZfOy`r;(01MsWsT~nt7!k+MTeB{aiiSN^1k!3bGJGwOz$UnIjm2|z}s`6 zNz4)!qQot5#}9LQ<#{NNgajbo0gjNPlHWESGv8Xv-#;S$Ub6m!f}JZ5-6a*QX=ck^CQ@7eNZKRACe%;qwY~0Cs7bM=>9@|lii)a zrR}mp&;HBsAl*^dE!ypj&KWON%}nZb4a{)R|7Yk4CZ->WY_<7eACZZo0S;<{KX7DU znX=x$l&S&aipHSLJmgQhk(rfFNSV*{ICo1t%SVyV*qk_)&HjRBs&hoA@j&WlQ*l(D z@8MHUWOKNd9Py!w3I?guSK7u5`mCv8&ON;slM3uwS^b~MwV6%C^Kw4Q{a_HX#K>_H z+#tQqFZW>~({*?qL1z#Sm-W!gNn~jIOH`*Tq^?jVD?okvuuBsWes=_QtVD`i`@+Ul z+m7~T3BS{4kkV@nI4Aw^%FQ=SF2IVrU)_rMg+;r}sf=-6;8S;i3cDiZQ)cCw2Qv}S zx;sW5)val6imObW!m6kNxDAa7bw1=jW@Fg*$EdptJr2jJ{-2R**fcHvxQb^<2qPIDqMR0rfvXWJ#GZ={x z^!-pJ2WJlhGN}mRe?Y3rk5gE0wIj0ta^?l*Weq)#K&wV#7#WyJ%v!K~K9fVlFqhENfnT z=K;~$1J3?DD2h!~Q{~hlhJB9_P}u@Az&5_&ZYhc!%fo yJZ!oe=$sGTa`H&p4% z|HDR@fjuJaix?ygGRuFI9|K>Xg`jvGd#%3dIebSwFUZvrExA-Cwbsbv-rcv3gfQxr z8EG%ZnmeRKEL2W`lC<7NHpul^>Dd~}5u0IYYdA--Rklp^zkMTGER+5E9Z90@($Z|e zHZY=*@r&BG?#Ux|p@CP-CvQ*T8lTExJA>y4Nu6Y@Gk#f>^dXFihgI04jbKb@=~ZEV zbc|Iq`bm0^_ZoHhM4QF;p+vJ7lv50acbQyg+r)uqRwng-I7F;?BGT>dmctv0EEi*j zlk-@zbyVhS_ws0n6L^N?8!zL`cy>_^pO-qH464<$oWB|azDIsNa|;>%>jCjWT?1t7 zF<@sz4Pm#WrZS*aedxHZuUzo#xS-%CMgzYy5L`QTB6T;%Ln-RddzaWXyLk_M&f~d6 zrt&@HdWh(}ea-mt(HAV9T`!rO$ryU~Q&DbRueRL!ctP2PNw`72_R!_E4ZVDkOC7J4 zQiIO^;^8W#@9^G-TDlKL@W~m*DUbbr$*&j$*|7}g3|y%JM1K5_lsV-f)NziffpIbC z=-hRz?@*Cc4rvJLHkW@W)gTQN^()>`j2#CLl{I{Wi{5g!UECyVbicRr5(L4%BPRdV zmVkANDb|BYM~#JZw)(sjI1+ByCH_SI$bO0#W<&k^T`^8$M5CVnjtPmCLEZ1qQ0=L- zIn9DJ`=6AuhjgiR?B+Fh{?z^S>Au{Sf>MCTU+Y@j!^JyuDHGF{lnd$dy24n)Iu(+n@9 z2iYZ7MS_%ZYMwZTJe30}p*WIH9G+r!_DI714y;sx19jNOscN;Ug}{*2f!92-7Q`U& zxX)K=C0win8(Dc-3&_V|FtZ-_{NRiK;|ym(q^nES1x+Gt{9nl4^c^NOb&P?yZdp|7;*U!%p>ro31T5S0FoVZaDGw0)u`Z z7U2&!Mh%5|tCSaX8*!Zvwpj!-qam|gqxmGMg=j?<>VQw5;Vte=EI{2149v?EAgi2( z4Ku0&L}Drs!Q!>g0Ud|qExq4?ST6y^ET9_Aey|9BPr6Us=tXkpV?GFn1QQ992Z}Z> zSGbzIZ`eGKir#&$CayvJ12M)+EzX!m;Y`6mkC$FVK75N>is{3{<*uH|k-h|2`OMPe zfIP2aQC06_Tgn>pyr&Yl$lFDGM;5P==kJogL(a^kWx{LXKO}pUtgmc6~)W6v?m1VAek0(q?#!_W0i9C>%1R1(JTS7wF3ILDN-dwC*!aAV9u)C?;8HMi! z{^kp)diZWGA5hEkCE6i+(Yd^2L4&B#*}{^CxrcC8of>v)sJ^ze<{yi85@IT;lB9f7 zBpaI@&l)kTh5YQ#A0P)s|P!6EoUnM{kC&jo20{%c93**uAO^%LvQ zwLC>c2)e}zh4`V)l-C+VN;+b}zgroP}qyrgb_Qf*d6lZXbuNR^DY zW0-+1f%<^#>Lg$3QG<6kd}95HaWOB6Ie{LVpfw2!lD6*iPClOB1Gk5E4sH;LQk;kl6MKEV z!D>zA%R%E|2&T)&C((dVsx^+JGIf;{6V7%q+5X-*45E>|)bAI;{!+fAB^F1BksSc( zhM5{^E>cbmnC-{R;m2V$zkUH1ad|@}SF!@c%tj=m1tF4e{k)PY5S@wO}amMqJVeTITJ|Pn7Knm~es&gcW z&$DoOQBldvyDPHHu6|Z#TtgqWXkcHL$MSe;8N?8X|N4iWwpuFNdv+p# z@rUKUqpL@{Jio%vrRAd6JWEC|p&&~cCJb{q^A!4z83{wma;d`a%UU03ltVtQc6p@8I2%>f^?xX?k!fI%Y~ zOE%D+xf$e*(Em5x@a9|q=ur9n1^}-_rdNoOh6cv2S20%*bB|mqoPwLZoeH_68#3{?N$1XX0qNoNSx18ORMD;=@$y-96YOcU54p#R5pMQv?q9`0&*wwmL?Bxzdaf=qSiMF-( z71%VddU{HfZ1fJ(TQ#fV6Dlv7MA}jtI@JX=9nVc#5%U=2lX%!tS3fup-vJG ziUQx9vs$)EzzNy(H;p45=V4^6-kpCgmEq{d@w?H_ge0;5MuWhJo*53O@;1qZs&rtR zMmejw!zrRC@4s;&BMOpLuNnr#&UVjZWWi%tc7?b<%8&y_4T-5bPcm>El8sxtL(0jv zkwUUhyh9rxi)t9w#j8O(LC}f^v`Cze4~Uw0a|A+WAiY57*FCHrJoxO~yu)&m>2u!p zQIJ~;(7RMAb`q2)7uZH{NQOv8?E?WPH^^RgG>q+g``$IB^PE)N&C!el|!^6sH z^lf*3Hf!I*d9;2Ww_sUh{+)=IS8wh&El0ywVPT4QnsAd#HDpxP8v&d{P2KBf+m4xR z0}rqwMvbjQT#59$BK5R6oqx~};OKtA2K)z-=Da=pnK(lI4VmX3^9BM;6q?mQ#nWI4 z$?Qtrc;f2wud~QsL7B@4Q28>*%wk~RW7x|h%oXW90FzS!Ts6A{pgN_5i=>R+hIEqb zs;La4qo)jm$+)_@#fanI2B0-zj(nF8D5GfjwKtdEsge0^ijP48vq3|N^s&lx_-NqFHtkO&scQphc3V#{C{!un4 z$jU}^4#3ZNj$Q)pqI^>%vsUU0jH{9-%MHCdr-kOOAog-NG$eU6->bgNl$70sfXcD$ z+6uD*hPghqQ{!5o4gz*VB?d*3u%++Nhr5~E5ZKA`6Rh?+O6YhnoqPLhb})Bar!e&P z=guU8)!W!iCl-qHi#sEP`NN1Wyu~@ph(s?GH$|^k?l5CUJMO@;#ZTM(opRKPfa43{ zU|glY%Hp5;KOeppm(T9I{YKPm%o2lx#`#`IYlr#6F=*1T-!<9Hw1h7 z3(L<*RE3%=B4KB84Xl8++O46r|ANq@tI%k>)eD(Pw&IErNrarn`*&6`63q4fYKheI z>sGM6F*!GOD#Hb4R%O%U ztA}Boj=w4MoQWh5dTi6D85G^GLHz>6hXCrD(KHE`wKyxkj(;3b3g!h}dVe$E0em>4 zIX7Puk!-=r^OZw)S&@!71?U9JCa9 zLxIS;VvwdgyazxitUO|N2qAXR+4Sx|R`QU=enk|XP8@}YsJ&6!wHtC%O^4a#P;dIh4Qj}Tv@YbV`00Yno1QtVNCxOsF*Klzil=|hpUaM`hwZ#nLgTM!E zaT`rVTV5{~3SN)6kjYScJMqrz&zpu(S2Tl(s946-smX1-okUz#1~dAE@B8GNNBGW; zH7`qV&i5Ig$EV`F|7qxW{etNGXt)%fBeqk?wjFZ5%PjR&=(KcPMQlEb1o)fG_%?s- zUcNcKrQeb&h9Iakgso0A%@OwlzSANTjj#DH@w~bjcWqh5V(QO$lKw%fYBGAmeqf#m zijl>$cf>$_#fss4ePM|2i$!n?j>n!KlHfP6kRL&)paEK&B>Tk^@M{cQ zKg@2u0g#n24Qi8!lA?Vym0*qJ|98wb3gwPQ#XtQ7#(qF^wc+B2O!;Xa0O6_6+ZbX{hb)8#CIf37NqFCil&El1wu=<6 zf&MYSvno5+8|HHi)>@n1@?=#QWRIDgo%QKZ?r$t{p)4M8QfFoJxUV&zsro-+!UC&g zm{%Lint(33iZY4ktS(6=)_bTf`uJ&|b9BjuBup_WijyK?=knhC>Ks7H^OPIykK=%R zWKE*8Xpfgk>8FFSS@w+cL0yWPKp^Khn>4XqE9wTtHP1?lqz2N~7$ylSSi+vz!egkA z#`>wyO85c)oR*HCq}UR5VRQ~8bT_g6QhY&JTo^T#XpIaOZbHmm%Dq`c^IB8GV#_{G zEugwLsjn?H4>(EDkKv8e6*xkI}V$G$ zozm`jj<%*ZI5>ofeRkB$?Ua{_Kb~wP4yFYo@TI5Fp=y>+pCH`+3LDq}rVY}v46lOM zUnJr`1c4)nh!Bw~E-?Lw4zwu1VSVa^a5_2UYR=Dq7mpI=`@sDW#~2r2Ym9{re>rjZ zqsjmj?m6aMd!lmLYyycUW)?hEvSNToFJKf$h?+`ETRDwPq`mCGPTU<~vDT5OsJf?o zdPas^G9l`p_Iy}I!TTjoL|rAl15I123+HjDAlzl8E@HymIa z--6eGBv;rcat_9QK@_xWE7Fz|u<14_Aw=4i*dIKFpC|oo%zfa#=fWPl(C?f;$UCHe z%b$tDz^qz4&GaU8LxFn*Xh}eB@-&+*y9rjDWIk)uUgJvq46;o2`a7X(IGETg4yDNq zamn77Us{~bWOH0NX-o+gqu9L${pjmg}c zr3h#GW7yp=?vc8=dGnL^LkDTYI8BYKY!8hsI5hyFl=J-nc07mo)7ZioB&gn|+G#IF z7pu8;9}>6RcaZU#j+KEO)W}4y{@~mvo;lkhk#cs$0vCT`P?B|AQn=pity5j`jY_uV zXPQ+eSS^ooDxeRNL#O|}Vcsf7DOV~;D{C_!NFX2yNo^t4A#W@l+l`rF`0y?UM zvyvqy*ZH5xFqcXt>M@@x z!ZtK0j^zEaW{fnHsLm(-?knn)v*!gpx@Yp!#H4izOP`3}8bdK((rK9M7oXjc6}Ci` zw-PxyL4*)nBz>yeT1wu)zr=&iRrJ1g(n{66ObbrviXVeQ0wq)3Zb_rEX6a1bNywD{ zZriRj>t~G@YOX_T&nG#I35(Y1Esl;2}e}01zSBHP(xtZ>g@RVN0t>h}< zqhXrQsngZ2;lsxbg}MG}gp+M7t~0v0jN2#({^Nl7lr3^mHH_*$DDP7Cn-Jb} zwU$Lc;+;)mn1{+vLeFBGN6TJCKOe{xS60WLV5-Lo!xlz5P1#PH1*PR6lMeulsY)Nb9y=aJ>`PnFwdLDUwy7e`F zPwk#*32zKcIo)CN3e;G@==}(AQ{Y1?lRNjeOyS^$D|$knbGnH8C2yU7k?J@wRS(sVH*%p(JADSXA1;&P={ zyC1{z1SUDgScJh5<-h0ZZ-uwb@AVeJ87DybSmm%Ny_TVO^)yZ3JJvn=H(ruySW8>H z@F_lEm4NdV3nIo?Lo)%M;JYcbi27k~6S-bvuBkqQ-)5thz!eksdCUIjCC+BxE7e|) zO8M=Q#zQX0$0nG`GMt9reg;!D^=`Rb6XM3A@eO0eJhU5~b@xd!qd{}E^}}w1#D{wZ zEX{@n{|3c|JrLN1rSfLz>S;2s7%aRn?YK&GSoO#=#OL7olU*rGC%Mlr^tfeR3ilYD zuRW~Yf4(S2xW?n;C`PeM)R;Km5IehnTLd*gm}_J0@PyxXzazud2mflSyY@ACHKskXww3i8j_(eSP`dPdtbg zKRH+f8vwW?#b3CXm*DXcKz!4^PEeL$HyAs-Oy?r$=UbJjA~>lU1-d8`15oduP&#iu z@acwzAu~|&ud~R+{Ts|a5V@{50dny30tM#p24z{?)OR?@g@Uk_$Er6QdUhLCrDH*GQ_D^#Jg?if93e9A_=Zuf=`!YYd(jwDeX;r( z;mC&U>EWE$<0l`qbG9nRGg_W6g2VcY7qSMo$R?7)bf;h5=%5QGSmunUx+W}(gAglW z>|W*J&zS)wLb2O2xg~}~oW<97skfJJn$5lVv)+D~vOtpZfsB10YkIY%sJIR@Y3SUY z{-y5C#R-0=lZ(?994#x;5hB7<$LKzdzOl77A9Xyz{R0SmK9V@;D=I3Kl@fQMwZ{Wf z8e7j;4L1+uHSBROF|7JXdv)In_3k3NeCLGj(JBcgg#^bR#&QQGOgI+Mx&-weM0-! zgqg9t-bL0&lSHi0DyEo^Sv{{wx25BUf5gdsVT*Amz+{P=7kPW$SUCw%7Wh=M_)3yR zV^Zc#qhjBAbnTDTb^^>`#7fic+Mj3E48lAZn1 zD1dtNu<^9PQZm+vmfJ|)yo~FWN=blSM1NkWH7j-&+G?;#NAHJ+g{P>!Zt=^^7`W)o z&*6qCr+rEP?Pv*H#HEMNAwIWZ7!}a_ab`iBa}I%E^UgGL2Edy)-RZG&$0Yi*R;g>V zi2UzKQ5c_8O;B5A{Nvuq5v@_C;fbg*S|&d{rPrOc7PFm4L%GvdRI1D95;zrii|)rT zbZ;Kqz?-E6N87Y~c;SXzlS_^xMzm}gh}Q95#->m1F>6Pmq)I5RKb8CG#F(CK_j9z) zK}A4cLFVKf^+WR?;z$e~XkI2uK!g&9W7CXJbqDa5n)Gfr5<73GX;I)~e}O(O<$~u$ zoOPty_G^DchehHCy+&)5d8MiCyPle1WohX}+lTy7>+*j<2VugjpRDf4EebL*vaCGb zCnFv>`(<*1br;jhTVluR6z$+6s+mR?^10mM**3*WCw-*w*q-rnf{BMK%K>;{{ygcy zdl77KhWysOJF|MSQ1Mp_QCkq?vrtmEal^7QmLoOgGmYxqnB%6RT;tfY_#^YxR=R+) zN-oRA8_w$a&dr>=!{txsy-DZn$w?nhj^NCzqM3xgt`?lWq{8$ZVGS>;1~=KiY8;VDP4B9hUdk3iN`d0X>c0p?I&TikW%3N+3+7k!V)bqg@E!;cP7?yA>g4hPY z(vO5jH|0eUgEPEla^4NE0ZO7aDyI>N?Uu3C;p3OUKhl;t%;a~h_ z2&8cv@e4A=rtOn|91~=#t*M0ZWlf38F?tP#JfUtpj7|qT99a=#LMsv44tM2pWFbFE zlm*(utn^oH;o4b%bnTqOS5Rmao5c6|WcU&D)+YADwdto)oVvppSsA{t9BSZ&w7%rY zWD&6*v|N_@-?nFll~IYMT`h_6weENFl!H$XODU7sG5fyEw}_;85BIk?DJ~KURDx8R z;T;ENa||V7=fB5I9_$Vd8*?$1GjCf2e+?{*XQP2RFCnMd=vXW7@Y zjw&%H?(BLq-^d2+xHcB$ym!>)p^nb|Nz-ptL=){yRWuMu%0C>7AI)2lefV*@#Ko}S zG1=25^Y48ZgbXuy>KZ~{c=v_>jWQp_=F7(3>rUCvr*TzShaA12hD-VLR*$4wqwY5G zs1cSK?_&~otjge1Mrq-&QzInT7b=e=BOf3PBgX7WSROMYXuF5TH*H5{gIhZ$jRp{< z>CV|h7k7_|``&78qD-??gw$G{9ALk3YZyURqIlxuOZVtlZnB2fyMDe|+t}D}>2%Z2 zg0XTDpZRjo7^4%Ts+W7DJGiPiTj`N4eNv+8hNc)8We;dThX~Cdo-y(=&+ag4`pV6m zgvji$$xAghoVP_1#Lp8^S zH`Jd}ae#T4N``ezQ}JUHMG5|7&*yTs{6D+4A`a_HXx!JH(*MEuYlDwW3OpH=q1jJ~ ze_dmp>M2bSkQ7JGuS1Q`)i1}GZgL@lGR14E=UP8G>`H-8y!0q@XGW=AGdg_gy1JsJ zTdTN5_0V-2MRalFI$51bT;$ZFQ54}$M0e4}wx-22m4iHD9mRkOci!r3F>w~|PTX5WrQZ~zw7{&}qaHR>)m4pb0^Ym9l zXMV52QSX;ggQ}+k6fjD-W5JWmw^}CRfHf%a)bxeeBr#;Dg6_*3$e4KnJ>JXPkF#;7 z>JMJ$?@FEyWtOf*{$$yY$0L|&Jywhf_JFBC(-%<}ysX9PuG4~SOU?CMW}ZH1-%j%l z`XIpLw@&caeFc}X52ViDCta7FX3GvPRupG~I;3@12VMvly$Q7el#%9pi%UEQ6wvCE za=LE!jFKj^CP{A6pC3~3R`0_MDR!BxM0*xW;zl1L4*k45k)G6^-`X~Oj(?G@C!1$* z9v5jz2&~j-8Myx{YmDXZ+As(>aAxPT9(HXMh$OTaPEzTJ(#8rA%u!4$=e2L0#9sm7 zS?oM|8}u5q*2qbbftsu$yL>kDl^lYSgx(fERng0uoesJy6UXV9M#3KmnmA1vQ#^% z^GcPoO3gtjf?^I{%7xVXvF1#v50C2#!sG;gWPNMtjuT>wU#6UHFyk-an6Ar~dHa#b zE?Rr`MMyQ&vL_{+8AtZVNvf`PBB=Luc0`FTdo#R&) zjWgl+&sR1L$+5&g-aDWe%wmOM_rP}`RJe1+gl*VLKBL{ryxE-}+f8Bo+ab zICbZU8M3-~DqqXxIcj4k-rXnsMSrW2-zwSag0w{sVa6Rh6Ctl?2~ztQ>^9^bK3>kd z4o~$w-ZpMy=8<>S`-Lss{{0@g zKD8Rb+eJ}YLvo6BU^-WuCIxOoJd*gQzG7~(Gpg##W?r7@cM&`xV~_h6b+vB8J^tc} zvS)4;aMI3~qPdi;?Ixf9*+}T-I%#}=iPnGGz~NN(?pE#tz;q+wW2W92oh|w19Y#Vz z)ZZ2fib5{Np;l*~qPo(F9y+f4>bHK&y)Z1?UEqbIysh;KzN?R_;cMB8ZQn4BKd8NF zqp-3}==HzC-s58!!$o+_e+=AG( zvb4&{D+DmHNg;q-cgy--&Yy5GyViHcG9QKJq&29$dk|{D5#9s=HV0pbIAg-?hl|u; zy|D6+tIJ<#7EHXL$|5^IzUxO@D_pqeUAi#z?bi;&9Ta5Q-+Rtib3J^&I+;K8nUv*l z|Jf}2ifbe0Hb~Vdgh5$sO^DhtgC(&vgvPez%Is=W?7>p=c}2w$8qCiHC7#-`)t-;* zzji48@RGH@NyIJ}ooB)NcD8_W!}}xKdxS#iW`coOil;)Mah?_0 z57?4d&jo9!ff~9x{`fRFX>{3ge+_XM{f{hJ$B2`GL{XPQ55@KkgN$qtcQMtW|)}_8%x9ste486kwLPmrbC6rbO@r~Eg zfSu_x3h5tqXd#k^5FS+K&KmP%Pe($H`T5a)wMWl4PHw&hG#$jO*ghdMC)c!8NX+%d zDh93n-_=a3UIq|u_`K7f8U=3f@$t>7eJob=mPz@h z55(>*;ebIw0@(4@*K}tn|C3f~=i zZrx>-@Sz$Z!7*QAx;77oWL8`ohawKtb2ZM!oSou>#`- z`57NCre!Cw?>Ad;n)X0#wdfG{8w0mxEPBHZX+K%Q@{0DN6Y{E_F^+^jNkS15r{45^ z$@G!Ep!t2?D?#F8bnD(Ts8XHG%)5_GLFJ-4T0aEV#naARR;~JmLsR}`^^32U@8;?q zm3;MEyz1*!a`ZTNy04*$A$8pc0iDf}7oBy(v^H;ulX4pLR?^o_F3*}}mP#`;hab`p z{T5dJTz;`E>J$vv&PSbmjfddCsVYrAV=UG-k@4y-sK0BSWzj6Lo`2u>(M0@*Muv?6 zz3H{jVxPz7ux6wEa!sAt7DbAA?|0qMXf_Sf;yBJfzZQ=LsK@7%^%ml^Z^kh5v3Zt> zSZ!2YYCU<=B%Qr;y;=jH6@N)W*l+Y#SQ20Avog&7aH(DB@^);+(UwN5VZ+I$e_iB6 z6)Yclzj1|W{<7j~E`xraGbyPNT@NuC z|5ph@X`}3kHzRBa8J=-;I!_Lis^H^m{R|3Q@a7Ch@hkzW4db%3Wy{Q|-p~8%Y{|bG zRkv>`AN0gU%W#GVlA6BYvre*9(Ibt4TYNS2I{szG{h?cD(TmVJgqrp(_K4B|X4Grr zZanUcHXqn%<)ne9d&SJ2V24?%h3n~zC2%G4!ai_XeEzDQ%%IW`@8&Me_x>tq{jM8g zmvn~}^-EwmkYu2cp5xc)oT1KsCpfQ`*F-#O`@=84M3CJI<~8Nas&$ZJN7_yQ#jG6% z8YEGoV+#Cj&P^tCv$JH|narQ`$a?QupkF5n%Pf`uJ`%dHs_s%A-BBTPKP! z!|hGW`A<8F8bMr)TKKdqU-s@-Yg|Z9g*{c6cYb@z>T)W2Q2GN#6Xm!kL6a=f-$IW~ z58%V^?YSs%28X2uMM-c!Ly@2X2R(u7394-cDFAE+e2h?;1*GDCOs1BbDzv0~fPo%W<-b1~|aY#_c?}%Px(%`+#6Plxg!u;FA zE9y`6IDL|!X?Jl|v&gW1p|8ecL-zrprOYoCTxclbI;9!?QMLsU9VI93Qs))A6Q~K( z_zD}#+_=|Bo1gwIgj=2I>na!Yls|S~Yxe3{WkeB9G&4WpYhvu5CG970jx`PZ=$44h z6632DcX>SJ5mM9ivOFSOB9~1{yt*5lYs{cw;Dz15rk=McUMJNd8I&rMcX;Ky+kgYK zj4T?*fDpJziB{k$kQ63j6%=KT-~A{SfZaWyjfAoMZK)n=1mw<`m8d0uHWj{MbcQBs zGt+lr>*1IZ#?#$}O-qh+>x*MT&(Mi$Sm^ij2Q;WB=xtZY30%;@k~Lhv%3@TDmdrco z`a_vV6h~GBywc}(m1gtg_l9=WG8*ct24sp#Pi5oc0IJ9qxAL&ARkUeL^j z1Jz0RL~Ka;X$lBPHB$82LNfSB-dio61mRiHmq<(aYf3(?&8n2*6u6Mh8U`(p9D?vF zr%$%?GY{(j;*4bMhE5G8tG<-*nX~UnmJ(zkkj0q%ZC#JjK;MyO;!PfCgJ|Mc+Wwl^JuW}e3kCPM+2tHS>`Zhel?i4 zURwi-q~dKAKVed@9)M5D#5-b<>8&V_2e^~pQI#o zwBKqWnTdAjmkUv^+Z}M=hKl^>HI5|DvRkjw6KD$ZIZ?_yilc4`1H8B1M}y1(=;709 z6uvmY*cJmpoT)ogUf9No>misGWdlr4_Bs!}4?S@~Mh%Ou=Z=89wn(JN#S~0Tf-LG9 z#MRL^z|fd#494)i9qlqLn-_W>|>@kvp-j+~a=-;oYgnFu04o>@&seR8@?LNM`gv0M`7-$Wpz$y|?50&VwM?6&~WVFH|ntqdm6f z$qgqnFkPlrZkOsY1%vm4=DP%2-hE8@s{8$?TWhyvJAN(lFaXN_u+P4 zolvbb2ZpXF8EW^O0{IdY-1an*|0zSQ`zS}`At=#}_J_cZCND_P_>J~;oQ$cCx_--P zbrfC^Ggn(mw-{UBBah1Jw+l8pY@^y5n$`R$<53qK%~6ln0I(s+M=T*dNsKmtRimoN-|Hj6F|(})ne|C`2Of$kf( zCAUBgyxzRp=2tZ7iFnstVE5lCpvb1#dbE_1r4r?Y;#-cf`Ao{Hjo?w1JJVThFq!kC z+B8X=ZY5ix2!iZc68|@3A8PX4Si3x&6Q7CX%qV?bk~+wN+vOVRTCRr@^L;7YCbEG9 z=cTNXUkYe`jS{ElGk*SjHDof(1Y*B5YuB2t>eL^MeFR%L4+YIgYQC&Va9xc!LTPA~-TN>W3`{??(+G;A42n?4~o7#D^Hb5ItF7yA+IbCDtTnTT=D zATYfq<%6QC<#7JFSBbZ0F=?#1rZL8|aCJkhkuT8+Pb5WyLqx*h*EY3#2>j|S+={ei9KT6mg_=WwcSL72K z-fg`QS&}9U?0iYWU8ehl%HrVjoF}<&vsv+Pj4H&M!8yHe~}`T z+Tk7ADzj~YW}ore$|l>?X95KYF4<=S{!XEg8!cj%W6)BbVXgHwpWCso94NzwYc1~0 z?2I#s8N#tAxH)Vh5jTAlhAofo)Yz^hADRzAi{OI`@z|A4Zn3W@n?o7X<`(MWEEgq9 z#x14oXaTwV0j27Xe{g%PO`V2qbxz+QRjwXke(YTDJ33$q=wKE)R`|((cgSN!Az?eiWyVqmJOX7OiIVmRXn;a|u=ldrk`bUC^ZvTP zcaKRZ06r>pVjvOsZH>c|v()@dpBamE@IwAh(eKo2P9q7?mwJLPb^;BJxJH8tu9-JK zoV4-AJ=qYBB^r`c!`?7wHa@|4^(5fSE)?SOT+|q&Kkxf*?)10pnjT*0!DiS4Pu7*7 z){B7TkiYdR+-PoW(+$ofeL7}dn{Ug|jr6@g%}lj8T;b@h)rXp?WxAhcI=rU~X=@II zQm`1*1pJ7c(fSn;IwrKS}% z8ZiAuilQy0FvhcIY`EQu5ehefT;HO{@DCWX6IWEV%`o<5QCV;8@HhHO1B&y(1tI5i z2}DC{k~`q1*l!5i;6*yyc2LUnEZ02ax^p|4fjjY%+uit}7avHP=5C_8R+FumQ|m^5 zo)2lT(;N-0Q9Yog75yzgK8F8VYFL@kTX8%COB_S9bmERoeDk*~*Toa5k=f6`R9+E( zU4opq;y->YqcMhQ=H&iE%DL&L-+!ob@jpimxUWV{y4GyJ8UysFms-8~yW*Z> zRz=I#fj63BJwl=}7T?+TKZn>V-BGhryjq_59=9&i=CjkVxs~#6>|#Zo*sxwPM^Z=6 zN>l!9Tm@QV)EswE*JxX_{S#9TUECJr34~y-W0q{=A;J;pp6@IC7&Q@I3^@S14JW}G ztjfjti4wsLc~*`ms+asIqQ5J|u?>OKrf4n;R#i!oLe~fyHE45!vdJd##H~}Bn|m?BS-TczjC`ME^`%*`|U1fHj1lkXPF1<>|)+^(doaPiOsVoZKfrH zJ1Jf^Qvu6Q$S?k;Srz!U-p|V;;M3n*feo%@&y^5HHH_;EFQ}ZXILO0pyIbDx-$A>q z3FP2D(vuAB&}2^-HLDWxPHWjF<)d1CO#Bu-PXF9ipAfsa{!)-^bAqC-%pZmi$`NqF z+GbV_u(O2SPu7aNgEJBsuUz9I%j1r*kAm@o{++o_({A6R-zk1b=(U2a30WabHy2{cEf()-s~PU%?G3%)eAHHP+Piv%^Ud9)e}r)` zOwm96#8l{kc^wq;Q$FjND2<=m{7M{()l0P}rtSYu@8Dnz_xaFqYETfi;Q4R$!EP_4 zbwL>JBP25kiFl$lBNU!G{WPuZ1Pyp07Tgck9DEr2uHPux~J>@x!bz<~7WA zlL<@|&r=mMvq6u3jFlRS)vtuIC<2c^1#y;xwHe8O9X1Vj1Ex9|k#jixisKZtI&yVV zI@AU0Tw{0ae>SWB1mcpciJ=!lr7OFp<8I8hCz|W%o1zUlcY)91{4nBchSQiF%yK#H zlVBwJgGjY?cx$U=phqQhz4MQ|nasCF*@lStMxjjQXbBIqP%x3!_KO|@?vqtxtpyJ1 zR>Q3EL^pK@P0skCMgspD=`EAylW%{WhZ>wo;84YFm)$R(?140An~tv`C%?y4DEO%E zFqaZgf{`D}$ACBFj%t)`f8|nv% zGw2aa$2Po%&S23vQe;o2#5eEuOc1bp#6<3#%4?NiB+ktzS$A9*?e({v&<7Dp2+1@d zK8>P}5a=KxYpVM|H(PT=u`um1^6!bp@Ia)0bPzi#XOF#hTMeAepe(T9Y3@0H(zo^6 z4p@j2$%+g`$V$g2^aJx*6+GmcWsRkHXHju-(1n+fZ&tZd600WOw&DlZV}5E+9l+#8 z2-6;nkYZoe>G{E$T?_iQ1M0Hqc`65vMxl}l2C7qYg`U|`r-XFToa_1A#(jE*P8kNT zgVya797HU}PWf-PdGsSyke}uins#?rsa`=1*x>%qW|pDF1-@Xj_h9xaF`NT`0Wf6{ z>z)HSE)W9$MksQoDtLD`PNMAxIP?m%X=gR1g3n{D2xp@hR^tepMHyFv4l%s&D7d=P zF46fu#VPlUR&~A|T%j5EulYW|W3MqZm-R`#R9iC+3MQEQlY@zO7TJxfJ%*K9dy z1F(+N(*tTGCCTSyc4i@A_ej3xSc+dJPhC7YDHdes<~(M9o}f{O6I&e>7{Jx@nM5W0 zN~M(Z9Gh*SGp2-kM;mQ$uPN_H{bojLWniL+i&jRx88AkE8guyEOWHG!vb51*&$^{^ zsxOrJLN7~y4kvA$KBU(?jKAfIdTLCh?G9J&=RfwiH9@#Ab~*G?`~x#bg*63<`EZ7f zW|Jy^{?mXMTE><^z6D3>TB1@*!fpogoh}Mt3mW3(vOkcxA1lvS7m#_pEOWt~Kc70H zqdk4aQ>QUC4Q#F68yRo(Mq&CYU61zg1EffCa~CW`m*ydQ^QD#MBFHq9|GB-+H#gIw zc|G~Jt6U6(hoeMsk}_X%go|nFeycvR)p8PjAt{FWIm;Y{p zvHQNIYFF5s{%XOIE6bZ;neTR94;&Q#gh{lA$@c0MEqy|HS(&M|F*+YR$TyKDYt zO^?LkVz3(S#Pk8*K%<}r3xyac+AMvbWJ-v+XQ076g9S7m5=`T^oWip%H{#WTz=p8 z-3AZc;M+c1*-|G z!#R_VbBEg|8WX9e#y%Ega!U} zWCh&8&#r<4PS)uUl9A_gty=*^!gVV4zBtdYyEx9gi}Ia6<4KA92;i2GVjXGBn#wn2P!xA0m8aq?k}x973F9+Gr#pXg^zK8&Ss; zyqv)7yp`i6A@kKM2f0qL{)daTILtz3*)1I}Q0RWIFA?6jXmAtPRK3A;Rd&pqtXi9B z{k}34kDcbHvpvZtnnX8~WdHfn0vf6!Fb@)U3znKK|HqWArsc00di;FLWGZw3TQ;JH zc9_L0h>hd3B+8YwWCmj6Eew?2iJ6}OegcSfLf^lVSO5BdklHOOZ8&W>tI0^F`0AP} zO2my8x>^$Ei=7rYoyO#5@{KUy?0?xS6cbLvurhcr0M*;gh3o`8dZ;~%K^j0vZLJs z*=6W!$+r6qc>;{&Q9e|n(9!IaLhhBga}FI)%y9tOoEPs7TuE*Rc_TJ_IKy)cPpB~!Kh+;>wf=%@>P68yVhF_rtkEcRI94}& zFLE{(Hut)_S$tqeD*}nax4oTaxwuP0t7z5&XP8y&V2WMcGIp#YC{BhylTYNK>C|+m zs-Rg}y_$S~DRW$enwHNUT>-ToEkiAbn0CnAXjsy{NU@KE)zEX|R!&%kjdvNMSLMlc z8qWjXOG?ed@=LsOmQNX4l6ZJXwRhIcd_S=;m8zz~m$sM%erH4_vO8YOz*4(qOQuu!pb$g^`qAlh|3CYGOxbIoksI|K zjteGIHdPz~hNI(gUrhN1e_81(O{9M1&- zj#%9sBahh)>Ax?giTEjyOal_optSD5^mxdXVw1q|rWd|N|6>e*I-j!}o)^>0TE$tz zb+y@E-63#>2J-wWc0=mOom7*P_-Y51iPlFh^M^q}D7~08{O^>)xqep6OAni#v`+{> zQPDC0PO=@3?%e+)ut|EhEt+K+<`c&ST!D*L^(}jyYg_N@z z(#zdlCPKihw$MRRj(C~1`0$Gcmg$>^tgu~39M$>s;KZ}9eW!yBYYmq1Qs?J|vZ<`W zRq~A(9nOWb@Ao-JgxFtSS>NazXgf!;+P%Mx-;EZq4B?YEt&^74I?Snd#95+>^m-ZH zjT5)td|gzrL#689cR(;n&FmL5lxn<5rhgxrT8FU&Z}sjE#{rnN@1;KtnP6r?CS3D? z^blc>T7U*6E#3_lL}vKYAmfl^NK)nZAIW>*ltAgYTpl#Br-e})2Z@u0{pw90CK{oY z_4GWjI#zx&?RCczcGYl|M*QKj7E*Uj@(0A)6e zqw&4FW}MYaYgVSo%U-14E9)3`8?onLC`#ph}`C|oi5m}6090;*0UFRG=rz|E9h zI)?K~XdvNqNQh(AJ*lbv8WU52ZwA{K_tm-*-}S8dS21n~w!@2|^nzCCLreZ)a$NhA z#Pt`^-hk_k{vRa!-8r~Ocp{`{qiCRcxlTV;b~|fW8N=TydU&fe?ENo9CVjaB8c5ss zuUcgU6Nw{xx7TuWfSb8_qa@?`rRiwp3C!rp?jWTx*(!;{e@KgYDwTcv3irHugcCSW zQ0pVD>8~k5@&x%Hrc}r4)^m|1Gr~_Qrg*E=LspN7=Vk#lG|F?&w#WHb2}?OCC*9I_ z1|C(|K|vIgw)^ID7yf-e)|u)_1FPN_P)#Ej&(BwBb7aA_FO5e?Q7mr?W|f8Zi#^Nt z)(X}{?YErbV=#|`o|!NV{h-Gr3Vzw*?9qnPB;>u^dLpvKObEF6*1Tko^ezmp)qQx3 z^@{4RrL5s(K_DuMx#vqsVS9H6ttnS&vkvuanf?s=K^cAaH^ilv?6H?!Zo|CfyM-%Wl0eyr6$4COj84<7iZmHb-Bnm#5bJ?{?EsNfBO`>g6{6HZFGG_)` zY){r^96rd--VHmTITSd=G#0rPa?JZuT>fi#-mN37Ufm4c>sBQ#uw{>L zrE1ce18{26F@$1lm1G~v-8-t+w38jk{~*^2U*M+Z?go_Md8+K1jPIS6|Et*TIz#oo zxgHTqJoJ0xjx6_g^Z)y`JZ#r5KB#z%j(tZ?U+YH&W9FCRs6Uj&0tyKv#&e>_T_o#) zB+6TF@zT6X-ZXs?^g?sYDdEorB^Jg-2XJCQt8d~MQypm=JMP7xbZ$y90)j9$CS1=v znnu`xcxh#$(R$Vp4DOnN46%Iozd#)b4m4t4W6A72Q`yUDakEXK>i>eLR_6#Y_ z3(`_bmozBh5F#zzDGbuxIiz%VD=pm(Lr8ZwNJ)3+UhMsSzd889F~eHVbKmE6UT_}m zY0@MTN{P*m4;;7RzQ@wblO_sKTl~8EV&-3g7D~1^d5KPEih~OQzp6YhrS> zm^O|ThHlK>v@x#5H9e^+T6Aoxv^-T7`Y!z`-8swz2i_X%hcb8%l&_|l=De~8Qo^Nf zmLhDvu?|brYsV-7U!SMiJSq$8e6&4Zy*{bygP%s1krtH>wiMCgGtH5w8#$m6?>uC7F{~a|y3p-@YIUA%Sl!)3Fj>(#P!f(2H`kh3+ z1=Emw&{y0cmd<}mk%Po$8$ERRu#db4xZC;Xw0oi@^*?9+J^)SJPeE1oSBvVy=wk#b zEF%fCh?}>|MAor~s5_B&zUOffqo<)?ntxq)o${OZy8b%-x-H&c-H?=J1@$AuzB@1` zu+Q6|Yoq0mZcz@uH!1TJZJiqp&aKYCx3m2AVI2{#Xvv~UCcaba&0;>Avn<;M!X)!r_ayl9YiASD&#^O0dEJ16b9|HZZHZu9tYA6 zOP5aJ-IT-j5JztiWBh-zt4mT`4;km|hGIViGr(1yaB1W{d{Z29-YMCjo=7t0)!Pvl zUPEQhaTsIwChm+oHJD={66GPBglj@|)Ki`WJY=wEL<3@Ly-?!PTqh=0;_8!OH}u<; zYbNSEAv(m#$vEe{-Mlk6>&j`CNE=6$B2*yaevneJw5}C%8QrKo=IZ~!7*4_bn1DL_ zHm+BcmcMD8>kbjh#635x@q@dUXI3Y!!Uu5+T;eCCiwQ^nG!{kT1BNo-Y#h`SO@?<% zpJ^--P+ngM+ytXSD|#%5V`&7yI-s?fZ%k7+hJ!EMq-_qW0WKoCjkW5}#etF5Yk+*< z?Z4Peh%8Ao&LiW9b6~O6Cbx7Wt~U5B_RVhK_1TBY|B&$2PF#JrhFcIJH=)dB?Dts; zsK(#7hts}i#ym1iF$wLj>IiYw|JC}N>RTc@B+3HO3HGEembi_y$)I46jbCvSeolB< zp{1Qd(qczfG$`WkKPkW(pc_dY8fqmWgSrmCCcZ#r^TT&m&aQ^jIm>;@l=8RQnnbqx zY#Rk9TO@?dEmSi0gDtho76J)UNRr)HHL$VuNL5TkFWFw0F&6X894hZpl^+<*;e5(G z>y;7!Xv=(R`j!|^0V1qX*365#44@*jVcA9K|erKuZDuKhvn(pe%WuB#8nW!(uk|A0{@BurF?f&K0?=LX>HBn-tb}u88`1K zV1ErxN`~2D`(1b@BiqGA$>GW=V2z=#2^&5jb*0OyV($q{(Tl}hrPuUtM)u>$7@1Mt zMNGebKShIUA`H)~#wsd4EC$`yl`lx)`uHo#tQr~#?-^jRTJgq+KMSSt*7xp@aQzdz zCRz)pnE*O*dAkn0->lWFFws+ABU3@@@%a<5I^^`8QwstFq2 z5=!DOd7(>{E}gop%bD-S9~u&+s6Irr{rQc$sTOLsW7B!Y3%7681Xy1SBP2D0($cnpzZUVC_!`MyL54aSiA#1|9ltqKE}Wk zkFO&gUdTmn%6{&bH?JH-NmShekP@FiY<* z`F1O>qPbPQv|*RacDwO8hwi zYdMymQ8iwhwwZvvEP1EuET2ujrB?Ho43Wzd#{_ld^dRlY=ZyK9s&kyD;%}}Xy49Bg zV>)(F9Tb`ugp4MM4(r>bi2g`KMe56ckfnl21#f=AvrrzoaA3ayS$}#;0M(=I>7VDH zagmvB!RH7kol}1sU}F_VDPy2~P>|wRJ$iq#PZ>8aS|t%zj68@gg<)*B z^L#;00lIIg2a?6g@_W((_QPl7#7%-F zOWl*~{&3ox2HhU9XWu6Hw&ajG>2v6jJx8&&U_gl#TU|1?AsmV%M%^2(a|e2hba13u zZ9@AdQJgT%1_8GqR2{$V;1^%GRQKzbg$yg-s%P~)dnSR~(lda>PU^p(U!x}5P*eM* zRYbDBW8<~29aMCb(8O(J8e4Z&CwKIC!Ft5eUA`2h$)VD>S*HH*<%1V|QKob&saD-J z`|X?P3>1{DoYM8P4k9vIx!?^aYi86atN{xDFuw8rI`Hp=!`83RjD!Em6F8CeT8*tL z2{mV$AfjO8tN}8blF>3=R-2Z`cOjqg`0z22q-iyHZ4 z5RJn_0)(=oPr3|md230N3}sW_rg_-_L% z`@M{kAr``vJvQ-scII@dFd>_-Szwy$`R|nYaN)b1oS@P{qyRMPa0qweIh2Ox>7wA1 zS0m%PR>m8^?j)p*LiptO6MHU#Ef={knPx&5wjzt^u-mI5?DunI6JLTCLMMegs56Qr z$YJ-{C({`9z-)oS>l=->#)7u&+W1TyC%kE0`4nJH%ZJa;i3AvgK zRIDID`5jRcPcdA-uP8d4DW6rhNyWPLQqAGLpOoa{sb?zP@EG1G_sr|+rKd(OoXtf< zkbOyf6VQ|rxF4{eh{e>H_4Zh-b6%!LqmSS9r5M99R))L~qw>@m-{o8>K~_^r7~~#D z{Eq@L8D~r`9p|=_S;C$&IunUQDv@u+wTni=jEHx8Bq&`;k`lLk0%hrWeA|Q|p_-g( z1-{qwa4&P0cnUtgXgdXHfoui}24z7Hb>x=uy*3MPalJ=wI@ZIt9ub%WKXbb94rnT0 z=Xs_HFt%LOq9=MTj5FmVOzY-Q)lbIjml)I!GXG_%Xp?a9gf4zdX?##aLzRIprV1Gw zPrL4_e^jxUbf9A0<^JGB7R6{feU@+TQcMxabLl~qyQcqV_7Web##i2SgOsLMwR+La zw+bB%>r~D5faN*yDwPUDp;2Q9p;;#eM7WJ>K!*aul*H`YMN$E4-C}Jyd$%<@|815< zIr}5A-XN(8GU;IWfrYhr@ls(GlWL1nJ>~1($&P^Q@?_<3*>~Xr85i+KF}ahje?ozT zQ=9=5kpbNC-e}+naJHqbWq{fQ4h^El3Cb1%)b+UR43O_~uoHs3UH|!mf)n)LELsR@nOiJdNhV`1^%kN+ zLdhjgT(o{X1~Q3Q%e#wR zI_ig<=bM;{c3%LfaL+;2XbkE`nnmj2qCpn^LO5ap<758Surj~;$E+Izm&RZ*G2R`O z%6Z23URF%ZKi%tU-h`H{xZm_$Ie#@g*FWEewCAAZi5aw#I z0hDN*hVzJ+J;Ad_2fYw$4sbP_a(FuS#MvB2r2g~v%M8-y5SpP`VZ?x+lidgJvIYtKUWoNV;<=mipH`wC<2q2eAO1G&lk(%*rPe}iVBcISd!(htA3@JWF+mH&aEP@y(A55_}W-QH6)Cq#(EA}PD`SS!c+QJjBrx5d{-98^LT?7Y! z(Ej`0p4+Y!)N*M^ohfAr&gINBZ28WE1$U^*m24aAinXm-X^hMWYA3dkLMIq#n2FA4 z+=vvw3`^~%G@|Y2ag>vC{HSRg$dELB=`w(1r?(Iyevn#gfv$-8{087?{(*Z~=9a57 zQxX(-)ktF2u1V*Hx7Yi8Dy5oebrd*`NJ<>3>11k0r9`)MPlE2z(kM8EsWp>IMzI7I zm_N=&GY5AC`!~{SB9?slk}<95`6B_M$38H?)Ab|-@N}HTY%l3!{O>@zCeTDx{I|vw zh7+>{iGYVV$H-CE$=E)kc*Mr=@-Aa_Xay3ggeSjQAy8lTUWn)hJPaf4?a z?f=siSwmbovThPhiiAf&liAh5N?G1_W{90MgD_lN#Lx$z$c+#7>cDJ{|A9?&{pXmI zZDtfS6xgpE0M4Xy8xVu!*9U+Q=BC0StEO%gQOFWBw0kNeE(f>7d}!E=mB9=ns|fFZ zCEN}uyV_#c7$oMK9OQ|=7JQ zKQJIvJ$cXi1W1iG|0HC#|8JJD`5qY4 zpgY@4jYsU=k7~^h?nUy3^g}*C_+&0pdA`gJqDH(QOs(ri`_6!y*c9ulL{R3UnJ`xZ zAi-MrN%M>gx%PCwOEK3Dd6YHN6?7@jqd5X~I}dr(FSpMSq!B)Xz9Bww7TNp7!``xM zj&*rmPOC>0&uvCgr9|kzu(Z}vx|@r$pf34*bl{qex+W1f<|ibn0J^FWzX9e~w&dFA zV`⁢8sIOoFl9w63K7UG%EsUT&hwa?^pU(9xK2GQ(dq6v}>kD1POs?Wo`c%58jgT zwMrxgN*w_Rl_mVcK+rQ7KLvysB%nEB&Ez3Gh*0tP{IvQ!_>Zy4({k<_v{K`b9CE_} zbNNZ%%<|V~J){?Zpd%UM#2XGqeO*$%h6)E=IP8|soQ%&^8e#6FAFd!?B`>?79Efry zdf<|E+DH8*H4+3Nos$MnWi;Kd0)nc3#LK4gLFylGzLkMN0w5z}pJ0pzRJUE>E+z&w ziFx9QnKX_c#Am_pBFBX49Vc0n$Vxndsb54DA&m2BzN(y(P%v@z?|uxFt|xyS;pqMH z_LUk8q_CG}xNTvO*mAK1i&VH&`}#a72e*{TQEQviGU8AD-%gMF{}%xSggB`@W_;)8 z$xC<6Dkks422=Ya=vqe;R#>CxytkHum`Q)%{B;$TsU1 zt+}odX!6DazbphyJL`du;=F_m;2?+5@5t0rgdp28YTiOYfW`|~F*vh%xZV|7<7%0_ z?|BY8_HA*`7Q4nvZ~jPkJsf7f)^@5g>PZ~;b+&ga*p7PMLsD`;$T3jjwT{&!7T)0N zCF`i&=JzRlKOqVd395r^zqbxQ7ptk=WqL(LxBd2dJPoQ3Z+W4iuv7*5f~BunV?ujp zY>Zt5;;{LJRq_t36Q}MB>WS`u>Te$iL4YUntTls4)T_c?`!5>!)_i_?5DL(11VanS zlsB$xzGc{cU`4RMG6`u5*HN+|+$hof#jV84iDnJ`Jb_}WTfG@iJ3>69tf3?u)LOCh z8u#1F!F;?6X`J-ZcbCUvhNVlRHtT*g@EU~4lbC|YRPEG_&US*MVeg!p(hnV4_7gb=6HY#(Seh3 zmFIpYs%MbP^~09W;x$BG5JcEg^MS2?Bx0atR6w)A{ZoR|@LLO&Igi!9B8+0A-S5(dLr;U${p%NsVC4EcemV-nP$>xE&U<)TR3JZaeB;?3wRA8zm{YJ$8&;NF%vxi#Gcv|B~@iJSz0dN1CQ@DdKH6vg=j@CI5a= z^Q*bxzr2>Z5!tgf6ThZ%H=enwtTye5c;5KsR2Ik}PWwHQ9x zcKmEO5>nczuH7F36!xHDggEjKAP8$cXX~kuOm)VADRU0uTmtrzi}F2aq$3e|Xmg&l z+z=+CfxDcpNVz9&B#rQ5@b z9{vW6Qc2@BSNK+Pc^e*V2}^M%CMa6-t-Ed0mT1}2MTK}Z*4wWB5clOKEu|J-O|>O=1oTKJ9uy*)fR`hXKQ=;)Z%|r( zqnNT{hpbhvYI3cYaGCj!02Kp$RP+D40BWuOZ<1XrTo==pCsrfRW|7@so>#wXA|>~p zzQzM0a;LCm-DJ2`hL+WQE9WVeQ`2@=Qqz7BFD|Ul5R-?#`TkjSexDWZh%Z_;AT8`T zX*iIgu)LU$1%e=n;0fqdf>R2!MfSPrkW9&{!zsrQD*CbD%us`(cT_lAztSyl907lc zO%)>`LH;+AVL`{k4qxs|4BB!6bV&U`9LrkcPYoDEmd)3+x$_#)q;WVIbHasTAE1h? zk`?<%sCdAG@z7yC13*d5Isc83tEq3MkmxbcyGOj3j|7d_@lh(Wqi|b9zgxXkG1YH# z@&!Y6T+Vm|*#_rm=$UFubHERhYck3Z99o6L$($N2k15txFT}%t z9~|M)t{(AnG8A~SvOo=OBv9g;q%|9iq?wGbm2%$aQai ziVM5zucNyr9SZiNwk$8XTC=8M%d>|XAa_2&NU$IwJ-_h_D<)pIKV6n%rG1~Tf}$KC zOxYqDMZuELHUZQavv2s!J8?_^(GVn)cnj1VJ(Ulof0&#i7?!QCbOIBNcN=p`rIdm@ zJJbCb<%E_^FOcbiWML`nok4VNo%vs76NUhg z5Z=&nc?Vo6)hOI|sKwYo2Xxk_c*Tn|Bvi4j$_-amXA$j+S%9Nlw(WlT*!^vX)qWQj zn!6eX9uAlDS*pgIj6F#_83G1#rt7c}x?lJ0zbu=%F`A-f%Zt3PL|#mMD~>sufBRbN za%;LvtR0WCIvVIt{Fo?zktk;wbk(5YDfKT}k zsJv9I2LHgMs!@T5&hVWg4so!l44_?JXf*rhj)w)(U?Gx7o8t^4BPHDgG8h03_JNL? zB&MG-@QF;gH>n~Q^q71BR7bCJd$T!eR(+tv*M}V?>ACmU_zMx1Fy3Ku{#T=DQ|Yqm zHEU@($P-}Ai&N%BtVWZB4ox&0sd8BGvkSXgYg9lDB2#lg^)HCTv zQyebvfq4T0PmnX02_i4S0;sL5w0{(mf7?IfY^8c_r>*XrD#=rMD{#J(5wz$_kImH)*Bbw6F_KM z{Jl5x+ny9XaT*2?q0&?

4d1I_hTQXpWLTVYJ<4VA_!Jez?SP`dMwFgh;ywSpo;i zYc@H*)@mWKzdoz~S;Pg(Rd4M=>!o$2d`Q%*i^EIOsr(1NNI?rv@JrY{AX~EQ|FnO z0Cqo21IHQ7?`SynU&Ez7%BI#7NM+Jo)9(FvPD@LZ6Ur!lb(5wYj0PmXNTS-Y!%}e1DN+GqOGDFT0dm~8_sF6b$F&#n}wwd%YLaRoV z%&fZe6(>pUCccK0>4)e3R6n9$YS;I9bV6LI9_TiUri|tgXWx%p9UggP7HD6aQ2#F@ z*mGiqDT?oRSykIpc8i+x1nS)~5Dh2SB7Ij39l86L_hG`6f?4ZRT-3m7JerdSAn{br zW6{_hAPo6JrrLi07?CFMQJQ${3}w*8)^q(S=~TmULn7gKT3L}bw4^!_Qd%P``q=W0 zprUf@=~?d#G=UAEr$X}na<33kD*A^}B+)QVuNDPdN()**U#2493yptc$@V%o1Ekoq z`QivED)QnwtOtf^e&#nxbkZI*_6CTGAg|-$)88aiRTa_V7;A#MLA^_+vSkMLaXTXA z3#3iS)hc^Px@VhL6|1LN4#!{^8nHgjDkvh;b69diK@Wd@8P*?FG~T7Cp+aU-(}I#|2}3 zX$n>!W`PgbA60{()13OM&X$zpwGoQZ5A|?Yv{rA3O##QYZTkg6TyjH*9QnKhY!+5n zBJQxU!XQsc-)=%cWycy457bEvqS2>U^tWNr7@TJW$g!z^T@}my>wAE1_mh?s7pLoB z+r2XD^5V_Y@kgPxOcJs0DG%y^MTj2yZ*fp)>c zk-F9l6GI8Yrg?RmdcWTlR+Z6b$`_N*1x|u%9+Q3ozVmf#VwACB973ck}6)58egj$W66AFFx;!jghafnEHTq0z-{2RSVx1ZT{S`+EBGd+$pLHq(l^N9 zi_-ZvMU=y#*#mi9W*|s^K6{LmnL;CUB;YpNAG?auW_OK zlg5sJ7WuB8CIH>gbkd;}Z14e#kjwq@7R9CL{TeTv6Z3NcxT))e`2r{wM+S=P`O=Wy zgP`7N8V`8L*?nms zx*BF(C{f*k*1SCmyjZj`5l{SRVm(e8-9TQv#tgr{M^V0=^XU^%dnfUPnE&xH^yUi4 zzHnET5$&y&;FN=FQ@-OG=>pJkzPw}#BoadRV;WJfMBQF!`D|tO#92n>W^3-3P(|B2 zHXP443HK{u1L@Ot)2)O>YN8sH3G8-^f0>Ou9Czd#<+bAkn++SSk8Wu1)qKYPiyCl; z{bYB6+aueGwM=zZ}!{+$kg;FrH@-bUIEj%Wo49#93 zUs4&=?9pl4ZUQe+74@MLgr9;x5b)B;$V0Zzmfm1U&=@sy-FEPYJcCb6abm?=u7+O* z*cprFo#c>Y)D4Dfydy8zvgM9W9|4Jw70wa3Rzx|-LyL)?f zDF88yJv#W(70Ly&RT~D(N!lAi+>@tzw-6zAWCEyUt$)zJ;k$Ar_xp(Sd*y|?Y7 z{?P}_HxyJ9;`(VtxVOGs6G?#}0t4IJbWS_e2)2=AeDcoEcSlNkf6FS#;JXfOg02rxGynU|sr`wg!!My1 z{YR3%_q?|y9v#bWkd@5p%0z_4^NU|Zu^3HK{F#E^AiG4fxd$czD+3(`8n{mC?;?id z$iGXe17fQL#vcUXoR5b9v7J!Wa?F7SQgZ{@zVUfDb(;kTrI>rc-Y5e5ut@^C%3y97 za18Lop>c-=i~$B(D4mk#ehU{hnU$uZw@CInL!`!&F4r7vn zhF6ymS%xXZy5PTeZ~tr~=Ny1mN;n-zF(1AP-*#Iv9X>3TmVUtF|5nLwmyU!$1HCD* zLJow6JYe-_AyBtmFx9{k7cn?c{z*N36XphL z9U3e(O+yCO!=5L_1ada2_?pC``AuVzJ^y_8>_EQ2*A82uUp%~@4&K5;m%=^?SXovB z(4roj$ud)dJMxipvnggkXQ$`6QgNXxI!a`&DqJP0|LyJ+uWJwYiE7 zB)LKIuRU}|opc{JZYlbbP&J0ToiOHxiMQ(rG>i6zL+cAN-KEQ)UHo?d(Q{zn^wxVqV=T$1?YD6pSfGo)IfcuKu1cH`5>bt$@C!%)o5B&_PSTG( z7&CI0FRv}CTpFw+Hxm=KDmRnhg8K1|1C8kfRWM7v(jVA9Ara zjcjN`CcGiy*VBF&>Hc;|x{7xd4po`^=LH`rsKB#W-gCfhURG1d>pfA{_%rw+MnUuk zWp?l>svAL1s&U0zqJI}re?8!X6l*kMREOv{Gf3Pqzxgf8isYsvt#7rqOBlnBBZ zFnUR<9{I?89IG^Pes#gafx>JLQZ!t0_(Y#Fe1kS8x4v9z7hFBEgb_nRV<;;4>OS-4 zwc8tz4c~th>05Q>jcmaM!L{>_ac9+r44ZiLlWBF5nHF2|&05D&D{nH0&712xx zZjxXXDq^h=J9`%_$&AGFDElv>>Ubyn4G(WgEQy(qUi2sUUvu>!=QzJS+$L$qvBS{7 z3lGFj+A1r}1WYEzqy^ie14Tvp+KzQ*+CK@tD}+{RS>>@#8Q!C5qY`(e$_LJjZzx>{(M#6 z-VZ1k@v%pRK^KObQD;yXVqYPM6LEsSoIuY(j+Xw|UX!p#g!@Lb(E)glq)pSjq3q!! zYvp*V_|`M4KAboEXymqx2&{jLG*5ei{I;MUDP?1=PNW}$xd7ant@^`TqZpo}ux{}Z zYmuu#83}E6=O_vuEv8~7WVigBNI|A@W@Gz9%5N6ma45RpmT)5+1Z^Ff_%lFCoTf zTiUx`Zu|cIe-(sp?%S`b948oMU?JM!v7*?<-)lZnhNRrF*sXh&P1wP3f*KYP;#g@#o&~|aY=Zsalvh3=-&fAW;r%{}*-%>5PPl{Sq4@Jdh zbbSACTW^nLklh*E2t3gv;!qdK{+Vv}#hBR1K;+bKtWVcz(WlgUzS)sO$fT{;(wh(} zBnE^rK#h>N=C5sl9SN~Q@8!rY$B)G?fJ9KZO0Etrd3Ts{g{Y#mPgGGR@M@Nljt@o& z&mn-=Dzz3NQ_}93j;a^3noUlHI?oSR4B6H-@2_i+Pt#(5OhMz{EgSRMGef)+rv;I~ z4q0Re9mIa$0Rzu7z3U|SYKz;s7TkJKze?J*4E(3n70VTi+X9X<*8co>oHp?ZDW_<4 zIF)KTr??p_`^z>(m@J}e-0)v?IL$n(Vp5#_=zPNUg|8jAsRaa&f4%RW@kCqP&^2h) zj$pt?;W)LDFnbZ*OY|AGG^AY7w!wxZr8ycXOI?QL_X$Rhk%E}zE6etN+yc(kk~3TR zNsMm>ZjRjiToNWH+|IyQ&MGr76cxv5@!`NQ#!l>Gq*@Ylga;~en+v%LO@cJ{%J;>$ zB-KT12d1^ET5qek+0yB0-$}@brcjAUF{U*euC(X;p- z=hwJz47$;?Nq~zdP95k=1vf_jUUn%zPA+wv9$Fz9JmM6~|GcDnL|Ue{#*1+(@d}|k z$D)pf7@3Of^@P*Q<#DcJ&_He80|_)rkghZ^5N-0N9*=q{ttRR|0Uk`iNw$OPGzmWS z_zhS%$j*R%^~v}L!;bfQFnBIi*G!ZaF_&$m|F!JYzpWc~9)S7KQ*K`nqNM5~YQOoc z95(wXICPCf+LwB}_1=e(B^JFa{T`Q>2h*j;w=mEy`W!65&U?1*e!>?PqWdBVKl#r| z;Ni3tr6~+0`Q6LoF9k4sU7#rL%r5s7E=GW{#%(76IA^ zNAV`aW?Co#qXZ_GXH>^$PU(H;bC;jSR?0a;b1hoDJTocwly&5-p@YWytTM4uYK#~U zyK=?Q$|sZ}6?`;-kn&o+kK(aVJ@JTL@y@srVfpL(cIB1D zlhhJrUZ+xoUY%5Xs3Z~nSvt~WjWj8rAd6husv4*{KM(b-oRUsu8cpc^qBW0=GFGgm z0^LLp(Z#VEBJ0mE8^Y@anUudC`Nvtu?NfVx!@8fI$q^lA+aJQYpZ2kk%V#A;efKB+ zPFraqnd&}YS;Xp0q1RO4->V-8XokAi57S6a&qzKtR}UZK>L)p$b-JCm z0oPxa4DY+${JM8m4uPp{#7CZ)IAi@n^$1G1y3k50KiEq#>E$UpGp?_-_`6Rys2P4W^?TRjADDH=7U9rSV>v~|g zpAA)=SWN96?A*O*H?L9FxJK!yKuz1J;zbUy(1FY>$f8ueg-048}0LnrP|G~kG z?o0d8>&_9M*ti6I^5vNYDO`TcqYXh!Ff4o{{4k!Mit1H$bO|1UhF%Lw3rZ>vd=AOu z5)kh4og-&)s&$Uh+9IJ*jZjs#Mj~asaA=b_2>;ZQ+pQSsXO#Q6vlhKDTA?kuS2ypy zPcf7UL#fE~E_DzjelE_f+*Yy@AKNtT(p5`-$jc)>H=K2u4d;ACI<>!@`AyF#6S3rl zVA`r0WaGM4^Z0nW8d%^fnDgN;&k|+71r;SJ!$g0X;7R>`OA$i57r~O=tbvFskJ82JT|UaAe#f5+x-`<&;~AS+b>6Zu z8zoL{nXGWu^4N?)k3ojg)#0~^cF_~!ftXCI@`Tprr9vsPW?pAKmsOQ!r86Xy@iVe> z%aoQ%&Mt@FSS@1X=P%#)-S4l)AKr(@N%==6{cSxrI{~e zTORY}<~piq-7EJ;#FiMX!m&~q62zqhWRXhmGt9M$?mZ>mJJ-N%C-(@H?l1f&F8+Fi z_FI?-NSk-L7iC?B0+H6EEQ%u37I`-9^qH^cKl~g+LhFVC;y>#mgPYL(L3L20DWKV z@l-dHSx?4qX!qWAp7reJhf6M{3&E>_VSpxJoD|+Ls4jf{@zeQG_3JSfCsqBi>qKAi zg$nIK5|DEbGZ!YYW+^N?$(9Gw#051fYrWE{ULzhd*NdZ*g|?(Vi@1ky zL-5VF@Wn%=LDy)Y4s0jnHOt$xt)Rny-V~P}Ai^q1(2dk5)SZ0idZKc0xvv@)F7B@f ze4Y^94!ZT*pBLIofiO}LdFd1oX*0sTGa%44`MbvNzib>@`3gYmQMBqTQ{Wo(%s;NG z*KE@Nptv)B{|pL*3;^3GS(G=%C{=gsD?eoKXf=jfL@H8ef$9+BZKWz?hX1x{eMnzH z+-?ObKgG>LT*g3f$Ioz79$3BKLP`MXstxm;*M6EDr>u-2C9m|P&kw?W-d2BH`+WU> z$JLz30(V47p%}~vxKj*NjZ*qv2nTc11FwACCP~dy68WmcWwKe6L7v`T39^Uv5tiyo zne9FG4*6AYky{4+YJV2B>(LkQCDwpjW-UsO=Pe3=MvpFpyIF=;Z8cY3MK*>S^$wlU z?dE08t<~Sgya>8x9R0r1CX}cectj%f^qK|&mPI+U$D^P?=lVpePSA>&_LICv4wako zFf;n^(L}sb3_TSNd6DC)8eP$QvE%B18Dzqvg0CIc4whIYG)ZjnP4nea$NrHM=K`ZY zj*=!ATonu~iByp^qX(#FmFS(co^p3{uH~Y$r3QaamFUpP4dNu8d0{8U{#-=C*?PVr z4c0*nF96V7SpsHH`3TWBc-oVr-s-`uC00t8QuA2(O@J#t!MiJhFBuOp-n{|fIc2T( z7<}tTb~^l)a>EKtqX!QnnVex-LBXZ^MZ>I(ZqVSdHH7Zi6H$`Tzkg z2z_GYHodN!@n7W540bd0q@m}1Z7A0mC( zMe>T+a8CG4A*c3){M?^U$;=uKzOtfl>j1lm(Fz_jfsO(GDE&DJB*B+U7fD5$FguQ- zT11J^%%2c}H93#|*9I7daCDLcL7Z6~hlu`ogq>}h_qWq9)RyyN8=pGseDFY|3Q`u{ zpC&Gj7GLv2js~0MAKH1i{ug)LB{?SQ${+uHHA7TOl!Kik2zjypceHR*2M9I z(*IP2wbkk&YSZtln^Rb!Uk&`Cc4}o7{@vb+W&B>J*81U2Z)WbXMb25&PhB9BtqfSglB~R-A zK}3<6UqO{R{B?`qu_$f6;cj;GPu6Tfj%f4EChVL)(OkR$%}Z%R8Dk>PD_w~Y^0?$9 zom2Hko8(kVs#K2=%Vsowg4~7R6y}mT@<4ez2?AlGu$!guQ@p~aVyptDzw(ym*W>xw zM(7n%w*{h^nti@29O|we8?IiI1YtM12HyDJ-P4`F5av``LP`fKrW^5{$s*cic z@IOkQ2fMD5IxE_U>lXsey@xSEhRXNqC*MSaVa`UhmS&SlFlMW%Ior#$R!y zdlJXJ>4_u{@^CxS=`aj}lGApjo`(E!>A$cItZ_|0FHA{|4?w^*P*i}pNI${LXdFzc z5FQm@fxmzV%!3f8D!sv))ED#UYZ=;NGu}t_dWd?6-+E|g9;gtJgE)K@I6uFNMkYFr z%xS9_2Q`7U`pfL{nwl1jr@LFj{}XZOu}Z!wGnnMCQD|cuG2pWb8jpBF<7`0Cz=6mn zDyJjgyLSA**bJf1V)vo~Z7yUCy+aDx!I*t}H2ZF(>BxN1PeD&TYQyIr&)7R21L750 z^tu#L%3<9pJGs4t9ZdKzpBnE>!DizhInMhWlWc+(C;xA6CRgMJnEu>4lP4>{7as#3 zp-=VfEvU?00u1QI1L(*t#kH~_2|RL5_D;hekp;ED#%;_qO2pGz3&t8!p!AwgEbzqC zMK2i?$aE;6-x?^#>>Q)OUdk@1|PY3BOsa1Wfv{mJ{_Ity|eb-Vzo&{{{Cx9}kO>D}Y! zJf2R<$)?r8;jgimGP!ok`aJPvJfa?y*-qtL?=|))+N+N>ldBx>Gx7|7=;ocS+SEPi zfNM9aXq5^KoQ}I{-UP6Q8A&H0EdWYqaRZKl_?0B!%`Lec{++h=1Np^Q2K*M+-sN25 zP3+Qt=f^E5XN6!)t>l;&%MF&oC7{hGL7~Ndl_ye&wvSH5$|4U@Bn}KL)07l2SQ5M# z6GJ)3F9i)%%ussY7$OEtw2NY_O#$G%A&7IX@)d|0P7=n9px5)+6o2>6loXw*0rD7` z*Lf)ZTEvmToPBwxY`vd@IT4*dcx4jF2qyh=%3XxLB9`ZYx6k5I$+{7o6K?W~zXJkxKjaWgS9m?osWaiF~ z1)m~kAz!CJaHf5QlLJm*PtW1Z$I3`dRoGp642w4oth_?ilr4+C?P+iU6zzZ7D2FEJ z!rAu<%&1bG=qo;H?r#Dhktdn<UL0rg&w=NNZDnZrdC*x%~#1!Hc&`Lxomr`49 zNnzs`&pKme>8G-_x>$(`VCufO_tB&E8-nv>gHi@2YNBbz_hrsqZC`@cUzICQW{Dy? zrJ$RMCOOuudA_aBw480f2A)XLtjrYOlPK`AV4Ya2(B19bMfv_FV6sLDvq&ImExGEd zaX#10nt0-@+sm#QJ*1QyC`93Z&UN-xxu#(Dk|EH*)~>;J`(^3DIAKJ;pXO^OAEPuz z5#;h)ipY~C|EN}vPdb&mRK~^^;qo&yXX2BQ-Qb()Huxq>{?sWqvh^AtK#^4WxM+Mgyo zcpKGZQd+Kl(GV5ri!rjr{Q55^@7r@%Zef!0Q{Lt5Q^qVrj~fz#i|L#!594Rgw#^+8 zJRjng;4xx{aE4v3xt=~6LwOJwx&WRT1lM+M!tm>83P29=S2Y#k6F97i^91HyJPssI zEsSy?eju$vlzPStO0fG6?k3#}#Ddj{lJ05^c{*r>4=TDg52{Cbvqf|k%ojx%(cV12 zRPNADCm%QHzl23TY(|THBT%V09Dxox03)N>E&E`$XF__Pp-7`}d36?jYKxgNjxe3i zBs%MwKXzrk6xBgL4V~j=vflr7GdR`xADYfGDyoKU+cOMZf*@T=OM`@TNH-{*(hVXZ zISc~Q2t#+nO(UH{cL+$Aba&^weZKYmboqDKdtYZ9=U&Dct8C9pdc^>2JcOfA+fSR* zb?WEY2j#;BfkdwUnah*yQ?i{RRFDxVN6skfuC;ev4RuEuK-}$|+VOZafqEUJj`<$B zT6T1^Q5KG`NJW`MQHlCAFiXier&OK)D>LO=t`T006_k93u_4b?0D+}0xpqLHS4PCW z^l~v4G98$pw`6Yw7PG&9LumwHhf1OB+^^S-!sr)xcWp9>{q^$;-3G7w>}XhVrkFdf zR!ZJEcs0Vpqb?>;n4_r-^EOpdIwr}Mj`O2aH!Rq!*22~XxU-xj*)!GNLN54S@S#hQ zdMvk*DYZ8FVock=jrU!mORO#L9H)Jkr!*LjnY$KVDFoZ=8!REcl^5~_GWT8GH#O-=Xdp1@(iH)dM?y+Y6?KP(^_qI`{WA{ax6#q(~biUqM zUX5OdBMM@F`4hv9-KeMnT+7|Ns=78@L6*~$v1VTJ z&ADYN&R5^7p-||;Qr$bIbT+uxeCPZF?tewXyi#@oO><~pacm`{DMFW;M3Sxi*%w8b zT7Wl86D@ouhqbD_WIq9O`3SPlH4!M_rRk!sAuV9Z;TA>%b7_c2HIC?R~jB^r6?SKt)cg32S;YgdpxD`84?p&7-1hi^`+QDpvKi|1|8~s zreZr;!^j|ymC-gQ+nnWMc82o&k1#tl&Mh^F+k!)`u74mG?EV%Ipn^DSZ$cNKlbIT_}*jClo~)$6}~*J?re9KM}aiw|O0;?)vB($zw4DO#fJd;eaOgOo=X zM1CL3=86UtDZLlKG~?u$Kg9fwm&zudb-9xp<*2#Uz0^K_jFF(XkdCd)0%r&$6feNb zSAsp(+}}Dpy;~(+zMZTU)8wB5VILc1!sZ>%J9hb4;+iwHT2~*dmF2%}Nm&%^d27Qz zu$hI>n}7WDm%_eY&ma5~1q{Vd^E+JQ2cDw#HL zGU>W<4+TvoGGbq*OE`D2{Ft!Z$BTs6rK{L5ms_(u>0%!LgN$4-!cIdeP?A!2Q0n37 zy4^{)G*TLF5*|Y~ycQm0!VKxv(7yf$Tie^S)$Ak9rR-IXal^Qg$J_&UUuu_+jeaJI zq3^}G|DLw1Xq}#_Mi$0}Emi9LW^C&Di3zjsFq66DcL*BzP)t5Ab&Ko~kXtmGI^@#$ z#5rk-Sj&5ZjB72%>U1|rDG_b(_2nO@0i@NZno`@0GNmkMoo&V>2|ck*C4(vpOk99i zd%Zrs%whZ#T5REL}*O6_R)gj)@>emz8&5Jv$whZ(>8f_^oB{B2hWI~%& zR(3lWl$;aL-$Ua=mOxeT06UryH(x=njzSsJik59n2QYyDS|Jel+v6ioZC?PY?H|Bf zyVFT6rtLew|4;}XJBd=Mf9e+zhrrpA>-p%P^-^#N-|oueQWax~y|wdpHB%^HlOMde zo&Y;t+F9tAE%^ShXf(n6^+0M>DIw)_CgKXt_xJe8g_EF_NVQdl1#)Congg}0HB;bjqP*{yi=tPjT&3tns8UjjoqSAAcc$uWJmziD-LPPJ?l zY=1aa!FGm^HPRsRl$u@-9;tV_JW_KDBg`KyiCd{K44r@FRUpj{3aj##$Mh;k@7o1a zmDW-T+%v#Oj26Aq;2+cfYY)xHPE-T2f%To!xn~kt-;Fptsa_VNN-5Yq!)=!iH-c+5 zo`VatgiPFXN+lI!j_EASdKD&9;x+Cc2qrF6?vU7We&?_KHp{#I$*6b=ts7R^{{B=p zBX0i=@fljlqDwMPHuMfRkklmEYenLOFEcWvLt4nBXnnTx#C`6qfFazp@#$_~*})0h z2a)3=q%S}Y>VsBvxOROoQ)g7@RjVNI?KEQh_#ej%QLylErqY40!hjEuLM@N9e^qG0yMW$pJVS89;}ZV&u~8^yo*Eq{5nMvs{udkJE`ZQfl(b9GC>KHjJ}fc zCWWZ?TS@Og4EH}D_>Ca?iKtBR9rIK`y+4;Z;6r7`ZP<3AiJ@qqmf;`aLzIIypd@Os z)TDKWvyS9G3aopP?KjQLMvMucN9ZPz>!Y?do4uPsTIhW&Eoll{^N6?xm}9A?GjSq6 zTKhc@=HmqrE)MM_1h71FWRqvS53hOR{9<~(^}N!yO+XZrItX8rJo);)TLm9K?9656 zr`l$5CC8wU$DU2E)j_YHy234fAkAU%=WSg7N;OY!cFe$?e${le94bUSWWL0~r0mtO z$;+HvE`A%4FF#knoo#>mqwGPPc8_rUDJxqhfxiaUc7U|nYJB{J`H{uWu;VB`;MmlI zdcvv_Hd}^;HND?7@ zy0JvR#pVA~(cF+_hG>z}T~;WontcOgi&NbB(`ZM*-vS$McTS2mtSE5HYR%}yu6a@TBwB0AT4!h_r=+V=MLU;)d? z>;yBfPH?Oir@f=4c1gTPTy~cInt8|Nyc^pp_c7jG5O!b`X8g;<+v!+y{%&9gVdNQH z(`CE=(OrhxMgl|EiB{IrG*lLi45)%h#$F}oVmshy?h~j0>$9tJmMj)>}R+l z(dA!qISASaXjNGa*bcCh7~dG?DU@j%|GHS=wm47xTuAFkc78bb-#dh0T(Uw6-7Cg2 zbyhb`DFvfj0cJ(*I;29TBAtQZTvYmvq`j||sjW973oLPGFxV20n1ZC^r_u6$`ewV2 ze7+vIuae=+oWhk24kKF(C>4p!Cat=p9a!-ELrfLPPod@LhRX))sZaK5MAxacu|Vt}A6Muio^AG3H0R+vwhD!I^gyG(zgtkqIbsMYXNQF};y`S5k_N4Y43X zj+yy&U)6E52>14|2VY5?>X&T#8clto8qaH*sEd4zf4muLy@J>!Z(;CV4;#0}ISFvh z_ck)o6pqUZVaDS53mWAd?R>bk@9~*PO5m%X9^IJ;I~qD1wZa7M*OebkRQ^q;1}l35 z(W*fJVwdPn1d`mFAz;^v2l=o`Z-5@vk2F|RRrw36t#q8VumQ#wq zUdmF51#aj!06T}WjBnP>wO^AleMdE^5Pg0)?Z*z<#`rpDW-rh13ZqvlkvPYzK@DqS%WkldYSE7cDN*S!s#7x%K79Yt1`3@g%{ zJb-H)=XjYk<0a=(B&Gp}hSoI?b>$6glHxJa611O_(8G-|b(q-~#hPZ^w6OT9s+~n1 zLoxix*D*QU|F~XRtVQZpy&9EXZl$8mRDQ+Y<%>t~m4 z$bFDl{;YidmYP;MvdnEugY1VKpS9tUp2Y_n<>Pn1xfw#&o?=VCeM(+ZWf@vf78)11 z)T0}$w zO5#Re_F@=|qp=a>bQ+Y!azI3+x9EM`iZd&pz6)$j7Djep z3kB<~2w;QW!6}m7*=R@*;dIaCIP$Nus^q;AEfhw`Vu{&;I}SZ=m)B?}dI4B-Ep({{ zOhb`y4LE7mpgJFD_~9j`l~Zp7=~;>Kqe6z~S}0LgeA6I2E?}3s^v~S#Y0ga)+)!cu zpmqis;x+5K+TA&dQo8+gh|&3obskan3SgD~;g_9aktsRl>Le+;Z_>wh%@NXE-m4+?DDAKGlA|wkEPG)x85b>2e zSVi>K+|?l`sbak}^=O>Wcp^{8fPSU7(?;B3O_i^3;~Pq?A@irS2EBdPv6;K&3jd_1 z^v@mDaqJ&&dzKX7Hl^a}qlzrHnrASiCI8e!`1XqGpx%FK0yj>98ZFu^WUrPt6~azbI>lHM}>GIKo(zjH5R;*9U(xm*WYI9EG^4twRp7So9PY}Mk={q%N z?>efcS~d)ucbARvd+F{9dtVsC?g84yE0iAXJl{e>8;h?mcrRPSy{U^ zH%l)%`+HUd?7V{pU?YO?m2EjMEezFAt#DSatibqiBfnb<%?yNS^F{bJiq+FvI7d_-yO0TKGKiTs zVy0Z*t``SE#;pg`{szZ+BuP?_fNIu1P=eAfig=QhpK+9na)O_}KbeP`CM!T2xTgpH~Nr2uGa>7k1qqJ!U*?bP_#8svjOJon~YY z9~Nbc$0eChw8&6PpmJBkuy?P?V79tw_&pPe5(ZVSn!lNU`$;EOfxAflDf&aqW$@7w z-=wTq1>xS?T7RP#p7j;f&xcy&V499kVa!ive)?+7rL3D+$IV&HV&%j ztA`M8G~3Ll!{EYa5^)cYOANO=1VIMH#xL=*l-P*b*I%6!uzQMrucjcc<#L)TRW{?A zOi;eN?JfAqS*t_*io)=>HiOp3ffC;RP3lyw!OnR%oA%nn0;8+(YK8YYcD~fP6#=A4 z8}2Jibr%krlY-y0hkiC74SA;{bvQaWT^(xk>9`lqt1i!-gtgS|Vd!eE3<}q^bEsck zR2tFZlz1P5HS?i9F9+c+G<`2iB8iJ=Z zyKbw0=kq(S2KfFswW5Cc4Z>Bdyy6|jQNhiBU&Iyx`u_Lb$$M5c@hTt8U=f-uLr;9h zV7QgOcUljhVOQoA63y1+>s5oDmz7BfP!@k?RsR}*A~h2~_Ss`yXl&SmYd|AaKpld= zDnrJ(ux#*=nQO*n(mozZBsFOjbzzf4by3cIbzYc`vd02@x{iuH{C&Zo4>LhBc}Yqs zydbQ&SZ|7{OZso@WI`d_*~j)W(`{P!rwI9?6sKfkCb0U+4#s6~Iq4jqoCDX(C$<9} z=MmUvoKZdE?aNf_);m=@V`7G{C{rlz+D4-e=NT7z*NlGVzEe)i6(*KcCr!!Sz<| zZ-eA@OS3%m=HgUe^qkhd3G|WK_dUK&&Z&9HRAv=^L}{Vy#X{1mvhS>KnmwSjDX;K~ zZb^%DS#?h`p|aDiWhbWH(O zeS98w`+iCqdXV2wHBNzI@tfv-<4*|hf+;kp-;&gEz?ZU_*6;(~Ri?S(vE|@hhiKAE zK6PR7Ft5XMnyX*>!k-jKZ;LnnyLh}vsqD9K*|fTJYj9^o?P?QMqnE0WpTM|RT$+4Q z2dpiOKu>O1R zCibmTBWTa0DdHo@APr)B5qsqWM5i{&KA<_|Iluw$8nei!1BKWe`2ytnZ8No4#st** z_vW`~l6B>{>7XVI9KweyDdeJKy8hC-3TYv_y|K;sVU75(Z^=E}Y}D752WbZ#D@EGP z7~~8waXvJBEkfx$i$l=}toVv-uX~~N5oGAXq(UeQBu>$To=%iH_kd>hP1bjXq)rhG zsV5+brP{2GL8sOmq_=E7>0I`|9P3vDNGTU6Hz{R?^@O}MeC3pO(@J&gD@d{09cEE% z-F&F%r#E@|3xrD$VUAl+O1a6KM6DAD9cv2YTz*Ls@h!qxl| z@eSp*=iq}pA|R+ocYH~)g%=O9LA#83R(4LNwqT%3vkT?_Fj>1l;g;)H`_cCB=iZ4Sh-z5g`;dnq~Q1i5bftWOExl_7tta#W(d2pr957$_38`9w5*3+QwkEBc&Ixu zAGNj8UZFRG4)AMyd-SUdXwJ(l29dP2HM=?kj27WdSa(DQ_`NAijQsvdB|+f%lu+G{o)Xr{*dA8XE(4$6 zJzp-kWK*wA>u49MK&>SuC7Xak%eOi|Tjemr0aaEUeA{I9x5cNB57J8w5ONsGQUnj7 zE&|o?-#-YjUdaIO)7lTFBf7fP=Aq!1jnwC5LJPr_bpmVfnN_38PLYh=wyKrw>L9M* zCzuKL*h3Q6-vtUzWZj}zL>LPc*F5aIuZlPlw=it?Dnb?B5h@uw0DsRohFdD9pAp;+ zUI0*8&vFWNAAS@2D^&yt*g|P&DjJ4hC|F9I8K5MV2(j6Zv+NyJ14|q#$5jMO?@`po zbVfdh;-RlG&H4`8EYcp4(aq)&^r~|5k*~-Ci?m4VPWAVCwsH9PY@*Rx z1=x6k?rEmKz7j#EqnQ|M6`y~2BTA~D=ht>ot`_`jttGm(Fx-NzYt^xt#VmJJw|dAO z8|4`7>vI$*7uL2cptTf7DzCsEbBsLNt0fBRuAlTOysdBh?f(nCa&?e} zP4ij<7xXAwN<7nlYFgJHn2QCab(guqv-ShUZQ|ewV>Wqw9tDIySW}cgUd31Y*1!jz zLf&Q>-*~er@;vq#L9(quh~S_NlP~Kh2=)&2zSG-1?RMJ;NAEXCo_YG6mM~wGA3d-@ zbu96ho2)PsMu(tV#Y2}tKE#Ee_tioHDpM35uD&P*>S#cqVhoL^=xiQ`ZGlRt^D4tea3zcI-Ii^$L9=dmF(b8l8nBcC*A%9eL&Y=77 z4)BFZ1iGldY5I@|?)4jS%mbkeCxr%3ORgrjhKYigdwmJl^Riu58EWNg%aIg|=?)V| ztA}G1Nf|VY$o`Af)>pkWTmKEQx3XSnC|prAI+6<6@R%i+c+5vdcBXx>)S(!%seD2Y zw^;@#5C!(H0=^tn5OE2}RlK8V*=$Z~?NI4q&y64tu(5ZtM@FKDcZR;jqvGNHdcWm~ zXkIXuTnQ-R1+6|l$jTRwbWXVgeh%mwO|R_(hLD3any1`Y7n&W;@5AuT149M#*y#gH z(;-O=&xhDxFI}DODfOcdW=WnbH8tJkt*HHkD9wzvk;k7OS#c-e6Fppe2_)mqzYdvy zS5r%|$n9k=zu!?n^2J}K4ho*bVwn!$F| zz6HJWy^wH?Jc>#)kT{E_^oU!Q&7hO^{ZH@=t37%~ynY6x@*?=UJCp#2MqwZbAi~!v zA3Dya`akX)Zwjs4M#--SiG<}!uvyR842DR8B$#_TVJ`03OrUQ`V$gi3F(@nu*^O=X z@gG4&hcK+Y_&i(+vXkzlHq0IR-e1kR2AyP82^E6X;hX!ADh|SOP??ne=n%%S4Qbd+ z=>%>2T~2V};EliO2QS2IlhXtTwV2#?L2-FbIz7cfd-d&)4ti|*2y2BuY2HVT!T3v6 z3H9y7Akpysr&TmDPAu88MS{xp<0=&4(5JM3M%0JZ2H~ONnt#x65B<+(WHw{Lp*g+LqxzA(JTupfn*bx>C3MxR z5*J(7#6?G+zT7KZzgc*dvYusafj|hSv_y3PD_pahncxSdH5=Wh%k2epx~V5$g6ix3 zH@AzU^j{3zs<74gJSogSX$B7e>0uONk;d%AWjbVw^Li1x{?&BwZ~kVw$cK%4Cu;*X zAf!GQdhP@K493d2ZB|dY%U8_HQ|!8BEh<*A9gb_A&jsf5-fm zaw+s_`!^B6MKaB0hP~oZMCG8l+bVT{0Cs zfnzj1x7}}Edps`-YeH4(A}~QJ1zAxG1*2_@H=QIqQK2nprL(|nxRURez00%z7rnjW zt+f9AhM?#U_{p*YsipRf%Nb+-X&R5lmEEz^ zNA(Iv{PCY?oa-%0OCH7bYy3*i`%ZGq9Jvx9h$Z})(S%l=2^jX$s{$0t^ zIYUjmv;}Qm-tlQuq!^RIR7pKNl9UC9w$|zRx%si})78%jm$*FpM3=*(?e+_@odGh$ z&1iQ_cNLjUm4^0W7_S1O+Qn4fjl*~2ALUP4y$dkC<;47i)$$y)FpM_Rg zM>EA%1e#d=cIb`BR*jH6O{#dbJykFc)Hp<0U*CX>o)Fa3*18V_?zcb!`W-=52Xt&v z$`nK5KW(FLJ@BC9Ql)SF5SSG*A~o@U$pSXJthVxH&Io43j)o{5P?`q$dT*p6OMcxZ z?Uu)jt>f)NF(;rbA>bb5g0=uzpo@YnodORZWh$UCU={+RFknf6IEn`=)aO;-2Zi7%)MgBA{NkRL3hsmLBKZ;~R+6J*0U3Tb$Um z5_n-hN0%8oQmKmXs00J zdO{lTk#-nEKH-lY28?;#~Ne>!wR90gdE z#TgVlVx8*d=uD!s^vX|KDvu0RS{K<6T(&8O>>|Z$5>gzCW;vfCBsA)-B{Z7l6jP@x zJ-%Nr34pUt$oNVS8GZj`hLTGmgK2L|j9k4U+lXSF z)4TC+4hp1^lrP}Gig}yQ;ajZyCZ7qjOmqkMKasS$ zhK3GA(ZcHyJeYe^tI&>jg^QTHy)F#+gB@ydgyZC^*?34�=LW*NbMr4k;h2ex1@k z6BLQe#q!JCmE}AVyP5|XbQbf#PTYr^psD1<9xOm0?h*tdoZ(j5;@MQ}Kgu#{V1cX5 z`CeC{ns|tfZ9d+)?c*eU0irDA?);bIq{p4*z8Q+-kHBHy6o*R0W<+OB$o1TS)RhEf z;Z0tDJDh56UlkSFtO7pFhyPZWrKInpa8+WJFoVJH2#b6VQ5UP!pMZD+xp&xbW&EicFoZ@X&yj(cbt?pf@uTmF8SgIBHuNZ_9pc z*{ESb0TSj5_7XUR1w;%R9n&>}hTW&9B)CNqVPPmFAOnFjk1|H~;Dnv4BL$t*{d8 zE2Eg4#*|O%(eF<3+&F{KDgmbnr{U-f2`EEFLGA)YK*Rk%1E13#n@#*1Ts7OSI~)h- zc4a)e4*Chsudo`m*`T~xA5N2P61d?aA0s7piD?M{>#c^ zRxMTF>6bG@{{qiw%cRLV9OQR8;uv#I?T_5mkB4pQ4s5?DWC(YUw5-WhUay`2hJ?M? zk(NGmzQXs=?rbMFIwh7L-kKfFYJfr@sPq~FaSj#-U(?vz)ziu9Y_A!?m_3Ks>hn;T zOv=Dnl{Z8P4;`eg)YG79347AG1}pUO@4EL>-0%ODe7fYMqlJ0Wus|y_d${{yckA}b zWHb$fcjTZlVoW4)}R}BD3L|KM#J?2&Kr!B?arUpxI&WxX=Qt$D$ zP+4XrSv5xA^bSk8yz13I5S|}u4NOP+jr1Ap70uG@4W#NAJYW0-twFAMHn0^*PS52G zjvJ!thak&9%yGq)yJhCiULNC15EFVaCHfhIG0M{(lRCD`BCeR$^_aGMSDK>bt-GnaYh(n?A zCU?#ktK@fb`)=1_9|yzMhIEK;FJx@>myQjgc4z_l%Z zauRyK=}qUU=PE_feRUbEeq>PW5k*scQ&8-q;`*px5zt}>>Y}J5I>FrH5GSG`$fCvG z2Rz;yJ}~w_Dgb)ahlXp(dvZPa_Yu@R>l<#10*Th)`K4-R)QN!1_&T1bt_nuZGlhsFlWuE*leCQqN2 zU&~?7wgP%tcYdhNA)*{6GA7*V#jiD8ZfG~H7~mt3mGFK}@%j&R4C}aUX0%>dm5fQF zy(OoWQM$cPm4uJxH37464wmLop16m{Pj0vW?roA|dq~ObDUQ~@%;jqPzpwcM{a4j7 zt+?^~_#fyh>+CNnxsH*+YqPrpdIB^mwp_31kp|U8Q6<7p$r|*bBRsYL4HV{!UEI-! zd9jpui}_L(Gs!>vV^CWp+$(2>h;GDk=`0d}ti=Wp}z%1TU)!pMLl? zy8@6v9LjOT*K7*YEumeK2@b19UHBW96N((Q25-^~6kwp$U>v;qv^=yHa2m>@9{`fm z)0qKvKv62Qx=I6aZ_bA&$C84i4gZ|B#H~@If)1$?uc7=?shbqYYo4RULeyG_A4)ON zqIdnmsdb~A+qLV&cWxcNZRcyeK=aZ9hf|g3>7!lD9l(X)HzSl_Q9!|Oi7El=oK|fiz43%YwevK(mBR-AKERSbGX=QdjlSY(>Q^1gE{3 zFdBQmO<~s3tnxBg$nE{VMlu*#D#L4!8NwaM?hW|iB+x;hpCQlFrG{p+ypB5zRq6D^ zeIGy^;4s+TFzi3?JuZRPQ#?SrAZbaht787)3Ajr5HjtoBcMuGuPKj~$VNaT8(^6g_ z5v5~HwbD@Z4%(#zYQA0&xg`?!J`S6pndKFI(~kBhNt#4H-h0SsMJ}dKI;^w%CB5#-Ya~~xEA>M!T7LyMKLnKaL{XrJU_m=Ks`XljpS{ZqQysD zm{o&UwpepXh2h+o;8xk|oA*Zgg-Yn4;;{pavV4d1Ku zUW+Mt5o`Ap@h7Kt0@kZ6rASh8D!&uFX=FjpWfF7u({H-?$7}e168Cb?=ElssqM;}b zfI1amkA0ME|~cwPPSaZ1*=9Lrd$wx;7l%75wD zaw-Gai(RI)oC~#oG!qS!ek^nH9ZDmP;b5oXek^2v%WJrVG754r^@YgvHf~unq<4u2 zpGLEp21(C%vQz$YKNN&m&WZ)zZQHFJVo~GSqkPg@ z?DD_F1|GpU+kUr6>UYx85$$&7OxZ@Zc|TwxHf0re;{{T!3)Z_0MMjZBVXBiO8||rU z#u8MJmppaQw{E+ESo#9dgtFiL=3`lpe=7WV4@p|#RU$5ORV`d^>8Z;V^GEj%+n@+w*G zuEp~<{n#v;Fyb!O79-6;cq}4Az@Q{MIck?`oxE-%**!;f*M0w|ZT|@HZ`rxUdt6~7 znX6@GzIWwXAfNBp>eKw;pL#zX@a9FgG(=tCqe6VqZY)3ds+awzmz_1lI;jmK`7?-$ zY_fwZgEmHi_;JWs>^)Vwu2+rXoK*QG_u$)&x=ZWFHbW!Gk^&@xnlm^F&A@c{`v4Lx zeEkH%s;BwPW5u!An^d(vxv-1NPAnTDQu**HK-NJv3+d(niY&3hXOo4E6s;z`k?%k$ za3qx<;|jBbYU?X*xk+nP%6k_XzRA2ZJ=-3$6N{)JvLvuP%N-&U?14;)fiphbo3m~T)Dr94FMKRl`<||r%QDU zGXIT5Lh8M}P%pFAWpv{(Uin(2wUNC-&o1|%2nw|Yw6-&V5NAuh!d*)aR&4Ao2hFcK z^D9b{?#B=AMTsdUF^SQDFIB&}RD8h!H!TpPna^5HJyD4H!KQ~6hd#{fveMaW>3JXS z40}|L$bIt%AY;m6^5L$U&F_hNZ4DMylH2ZlTT$0?z)3LzS`pEc1O{v zuzcv6aA7zRo9#dnMl&^M3RAemh{Be!trqv_Ki0N`0vlcp!;S1}O3zLX6*-BvOBlc@ zYOd*taFzqFt>bdjClu8Xk zz7LwQt7x~Zmc|v_G4a*vWG0s-q8<~YLBaM+3>sWZ1uX&F6sI)O<-}9ZekDLPlv>wV z?Cy6owrMac22{~U8iWwQ>X1Y#K`wMKnXgMUVKw0oSZ%-%WL!7`Prk?=k3$mn{9P=IWaE#xq1w z`?V*Bdkv_0jZP23d8JeDQz-4uU+2$twO0xmFC1izi!*F3`=q@@-hWR1%7Jem1lL`T4RUmorW zWul$+J%si&LErJ`zwIo)Da#?Z;VY#kp-F#i!=t$(3C`=5r&gd4KM6w6+8c=TlBf%W zPTl1D@ndl}NvhodOEw7r$#ZH-pc@?gZ4XKL=&7-#Prj3jlE*S)VE#4A+$&g$`Ng8o z`A9(lA3c^%H?u-t%sXv`FL)F*Zi(l)ViX!si{5ET3^OXwE->`yK%ol!TQq5P-kVE4KXI+~}nZqhZ{=SQ2wW4}{bGj&y77wP@o z9v8}*NQgKea+PtHEFa_Erm3Y&cq7i=+0Zd7c|~dRbn>_GYb_RAyIDkz%EPhWwGhOb z055kqdI(qojF7_nFaP&b3%O@Mu)$DONFL;eNaUCT2j%u|<-AX(9k5!4Y3t`czcEASqJ zEmZ0V(eL&nuLe=dt|opP4Aa-@_1mgnGKTc5Xze~Nors)}^_PQDIiQ@jE}aP@32U9WA&ZvS2jtQ#nnzaH-MQT<9{NAhA!^tyD>@BYxTBLYzP%jjF@4mGWo zC;5-S69iltJH(ISL#+zNo(#mkHF8GZF5^o(u*#|Jr8S1;3BIB?gCH;QItsIE3)!BR zrpv+N>|5Z8guZBUr`ZLlarrMv&KS`A3%?V{Hz3_J?7byQ0Uk!j3ZZn@smt8hbk)%s9us@q zRgGNl^$e5hYl+MqtHs&l91M0bt{g?yh1B$5UgLu|$Na8-eakdT4q$V zyZPZfc!TE*Iw+VzpXtDy2{aMNxBSv7D}V;(BD(+LzyOW#GkK4~YG@yGfwO;zoa6j%-5V~2V`AY->U>xKqH#IbK3_F6l zoqX2Gg9ET86a0u$Fh;(2f55uW5>cZ@q~2A`X~c4}{>Y1K3;ErVha-nLKHC&F-2lm$ zmEyYu&*3ZxEB*DOf2nFiI2z(glIZ;^x45)LseoBLw#*!h)t5*jd&`Hf3bE+_IO9(m zj2Vm*K6Mg?i99q-1ju3H9upul%3e`i)A3nGmN3CToCs1O5Dz#R<3a;QH!OWwm&Y^u zIBOQ2?D8@z{FMA8{pzG8&YjXCW(c+nZ-Or2%u-V5_xESB5_k>En&2Z+-$PP+QIdYY zT4z3(@nI(#@WkcBu*1ab#B{}T$1sOAR3kg+d(S5z@FJ`cpS6peB7Hw>X_v!BkUXWX zARzQ>P-iQe&^sN5;$Pcl2OZP2<0#=2%?VZ+=ck_^a_lAA1~AhPLsnMoXv)bDvRQBv zWEySsi!*TGhVpj0M@E`wXQ=L@xW}_kdx#urLZ$dGF9RUd zK|w8I+-7Zc9~BvhBbR`O;CkX&7qQq?d4EaBv*K};q<*Y=g`aQ6)bly8efX34>)&WU zKH)L8To~X02I;nu{tAyQWEzA162o1N0er&nM`)o_jbxc*765-nM{0(+MAHVWhp*#> zpbJFNkMaeFH$&kI#!&D?i}Md2c};@wFRfMx6Q~A--JPzH7Q4`4i)IJ$Q&zM9KjMjlk0^vRn^*t(g~cvWQqncVcp*hzQ^Ba$FQG3>0kZlP!h2z>+>uS7 zTco2q%9TXRcf7nVbOk?RHAAn_Hs93JN{|S84ZuF_klrP?ZS%lTD~B2~rn+fKkoK_? zm_UknNrUbbzz+dBBmN5&R7GNJ+I6C&Yr6P3~+a3y*}kY};6@*Kg}KG6f}e9keRM6qHFCs*=lDwnEo;(Sr$OV`(F8f|nfd|br z@ma0xyArbD7@PAs*sJ;?o7FvNRw^N^68ZxqVt}^)*}DSI#6>2QzYNiIE z^mv;24X0ZIVt#|Sk=OFlHPwy5Wuj<1lwepOjpOh8K6TSmn?d5&5$6$R+JrVFfSn4_hifd;~wx->N>3eM^pWi%P8h1@`sI(#XE@zfZ- zBO3p_O8PdH|01qd{)&!|K!V8LWXq5!2Kht(r%G+l-h`CO1hkqIbDzZ0r!_`>K7hv1HN1fWeTdvzqoOnl+NON$naL5zBee+|g3DR9}2FioX z%B(6-RnIZ-yWI??Gr7K8$S4K_gP_Cvd*1O9kc3U;`6`PkZWA8pdjEPBlBbozpI%TF z-_^eg4jEd|3b^;L2@>w=>M1FK14(Hz_Q>&xY`(<^^B+p}ERBv16m|E9gNefks@NjhEl zyOp{g{f!`86QD7=1Ik{~UhOpG4CZP!V8Tc6+@NU$B?gJkoOP{nlN49;?wZ;p!%Uo= zJ1Qxatey08pgpUu`c-|hrrhm};c z&Clv1Cz|{`r#OAsz@#`S<<5-V8{;Yi6-=UOj8)Ng5*|s+kN9B8_14N*HDbC`vN|4- zmqWlvqtXc&cV^iiIsQFc8f`#gBrA#A#d;3b50L3g#P*L=PQO^`?wj6*UCbwHI|38p z?_5s}eNk&7qAcgU91j#1)OC+=#pWs(9lQ$_dPIPmef^>PME%>=3?Z|x*}em8m-zRP zRH8IA>NMgudR@8Xhaon~G5?jvcX+t*S@)L<^$ln?S=rg@Xcca~vvs)Ibw}zm*J-Y! zT%*hcv;@s=2VggO6kNyXuyIE0R#G8BWx9_)!&1^#|d zMj2{?c7$1}G}3LXYOmtPoTFT*xC8Dk2(<7XK^L0>0{c5?S%krqnd&p~X5Xt;e=eYn zs!sipFl8`s@XI;zdr(E^nma6(oAR3nka}Vhz)l#41o#? zPNxXm9^G_8!lcN&@R@I=?~us%y+AujY;$?s6`SdXi5XbwC!m;BihvE;fNj^|?ic#M zTD^-~*K4jR9YFTIKbB)(ck_HZ8(<`d&Ld3=hcA{a{vSj+>)W@Rv`>4>W>-e(Do*DvxSOBDZ1 zD5sUZ5qqwRO6aeM#3BH)at3T|HL3+Y{nAGJAY;H~ z62lK2xZg@a?7Dn(wDLm{N{p!(bF0QnCaZ za*0cxj-ovQosQP6Wiaxq$o8LHn0u4B>5{-bGkrGmI-@&D-+x=mHJhcf@C>PoiPW57 zWlEa6COpUxN+34dX2*s#(oMGZ*Sf}FfqH(Dpo&6d2NUl7NVa_}i$#sb-Dof7wJ;Z> zxD%9<1k|mA34@PRtV7M8D(d7(lB-a6| z04S#BMg~)qFZN6?1eSyI*=p}>gj7#V{9@q227m{A6-aXj*ceK^3y3Fe2R#*MXV#H- z1p(Covp^jiPjP7C2{5!(+yYd+;bo|d2g$0%vOET=*m=>1?Z@rt-&go~Q)3^?GcfGBA4z1VY=`g04(84yPi@VR-;}eWUF6uSriF`%C!ks*au@-%S?}ZE2;J+ z?3R68GE~>hNK5~+(P@_%ex)gp=5EXw7%OX$f zp^jWlK9o;hv=Y+Zr4lCnQItMVOjyk`wm2bYcJL@juz#=eagurc8u~eCxOHm9N&%n) z?+U;U(j?l6JHM9>Ze%QC&301^q8O3TpmQV7nfO!ZC0d?q^a1bV+s5Ufa|GErpAb2=ZG$(Luw z!-{zV=uo}>Bl5Kq8k$dCxUOiJyaab$`DsqP+z%E6xz#>h1kwx>k!o<8_slnQ>?yVU z{dqUV`0E^anF{2u69+I%)7hsb9dV{v7ketCvCa%|s=EZOfHw~_Zt6k43~cF26de4- z%X83peO?ipA9Y<_BWZPmb%@@Sy3-~Z|U zJ7g$V=>=e+E>VyY#HNv2n>Z~DttF+q|I5UB@d3dpSHI-cKNQ|Ghy-iurNoqVhQfui z{5K0{G_Vcvt%=$zzS1r{^?P!MjHMW+^DuHFJadJ{89LQ*JxK1Y1MX_bU%RbH)S17On;BntteR@w>{#vt{AnxyoXL;E zAs%|Qb~3m)zE`@^eUdXU_edw%lpGX&X75V1>a;4i$_v`=r<$@THtmrKdO&B*$m!&> zL$HHo(`nRxFtlY&R)qKbM;urZ0dRqts3ZZ8qN%C8i-V9TG>Hqb7v3-pPQ%V)7bsj< zhysupdS6u>)v}01Ad)nE?uicoi9^fAhM?SPOb^qf(uiRoZqmv7$jhKZRe9GN;ZF*# zr#s!g(H-qRccgYvn=}@h@TX7K)wL@0r=wYd);g_V|a; z*~T{SItU%5U^1?anSLL3z14ApD*AD=bx_#A;4u=2cX~S4hn0ZY5T(7_WdyN$=E0(J z7@nCH*$-%1oPq55|{7C+vR2sf;i?b#9$+be6eY?qm{Jb5W+ZNw!x`zC8BgJ*0aXaV)D z|JEWNn;Iuq*E-d%_mNB!9iUww5h-G)1%745ibw(sE67630)-xGJAHWEN$7!lh_SH5 zZP+%x^f#)WtH6n?3ncjXkNr(XeKi6{C^?njrwHCR9+Q3z8Ig}IJugZhxttL|8d{CK zu?CQ2O!=j^^@6!C=ok2-YY8$FksF5)$BH3sCfl2h9U>7s7+E4dR2Kb^fVigbbY!}1 z^Wr2{c7UmBGC--M(<3$g3^J^*lu#{x{nN&Eq>=JCF7&}RCDbsrP8hoV?355}Rub+yn0I`d?RXPJqp>u~~2ud=ehePBcJ}>%)ho=N9Hq zJYRZC_M?KZV?_RG6g;};d4Ky${b(r4CXG;UNRnR1g(**)cq*O7LG&K-)kjoW=uy5p0096fsfub*)x+=NasieOSrGj|xnkVAUkp<(Jco{%(otvE zw}mb&$r~S^e9M0o$rQq=?xm56@SklWX*O)`sE1h>;Loe- zsK>0$ALTy4yfPUtQgP( zEu*dJQe)PVts$vE<1d%REVI>jUb<=zl6`E(l*r5d{^=}gpzx~DY8dotqV%}`>=27o zWAN~Fx#sA$xf@0CnbM3iEq=NgwgT--Ec#U-+-J?9R{y>h66n{t+EqAmi1#KlchMOE zP1E4uro$BL3_e<8H?7=mJ?uQnsSJq;#{XTLExgU5oEXFkRp`)~)Y|M|ZFmD_*>@Tb z37i}d1;m~vWL{-+1zD%YXm>2B_R=Is3#J><*E7w6`Xnm=Ws>J9@4_PwTe&;pdfosg z1JBx6tM&ho^JG?X%mh7Ckw@abvlXBMQ85CfP*8{#_m`NXPoj&1(750(_7@*I3iXIZ z@F61Mz!_mQuziJhjbBnt(x2nry;YXqXDx>_$YJ?NdDwNalp#~{An1XiDCXc>O|iom$hx^*9+bymjm_|I0ht8J(rg$~UMqkr(nfj` z2aw9(h+3G&_zw=bv)P1=b9~?b4ayvg{$Hecm6bp=ooEng^$ZFbVPBh%n}2_az?2 z(&Qz_{hJNd#ZtVUkKdvj1#m*WNq`?vc?x;(h=Y2-0&X$veKOvAhU zgUxV~7<#W#j^YK>c3fo;B`>5@pJC-ZpK=JkPD{{V?}{O);VM|zgRhG|l$E}kw2TqH zD||EMfh6r@-4tDsKh@bBB1x!o#Ty*+wzX|n`L-Dp zpG~=~KTgUj^u2;EJ_A_API2U6Zrw`b!ggokqpt})<|z~c{Be$Eo~XV7+~BH!4z(?hh2BSe;ef@~7Joo7{n;zVe@V8+)|FSd0! zsBxJg+(~};Q7Aj)$-~wIrSX-Nej4K6M%9Tnde?szvaaVUO8Z7?1dQyDR5U{`@0E5% z+>JDM8J4EacM)pDK@BpqI3~c!xr6xgf8!}7y){k858Awb)8kGtO1i}E>ZT!|d3Dl* zPv*=u=!MbgYrR5c;F$wuAgnm6kO}QR|7v^hC}SqMTTO{h-v}r%rB}5uAk7Z zGkH`olktf>9Zuc~USX(OQIMwFBjBBVQBpU&{?0d8{2hhG!1*fQKCqV7izb;232Yb< z16tBh2gg~5Y^i#*Va3b8X%0liJdW)*e;I_kDnclH{(jP}CUBWP^t8ZI@gQ{KV(@xu z2fFRP1a%oD52lK5*HhTygT>nX019WNM9?J^X<+D{!#2uQ9!2~`cIrI?oT?ARR*7YA z$n99MARNpYC0d%;rruuz@1xE$z3Ey1VBt5zuHJi7qAA;R17fLBvhQRqLxkuILtI&; zV;q@6JV5=yDwy@oy}vgA5!htr<=mQ7WuiXQb9>3*cbf#;<^SJVokZq&Nuw)xNG>!V(GdUDc^K! zqjI{uGLzQG!S-M8QeCL{TgVQo-9J}`}ara!oEx>b?okV zLlU3sa{~TV{!Y3 zVPakwGN3>nf1YwN3;;_87?t?p`)4=zm#nuDqD>umcWFEA9@W_cvglHieFw(H#CeHK zGd*T(A8*vBa1Kw-RiK8ai02xn&@BL6Yu`3ke8mbba?2gHLFD)w-5%F2)+Fs&=~x$q<#X^`Vnaf!mfPHzXi8ppFHKN`=)aFkGe=V{vsusJJ|)>7|l?~jPK z<3q>wWJvu>{q3o;YZDW2oGnU;L0m-~9o32nOQ5ZW+EOT4EJNrV$9n;xk3YCZgZmbD zE#mslH*yWZB3^<_$|w)abZLm(Fl`$BXt&o;or63Ojda%m8m1%%iA~QnVfaB_FDDU1 zRO~2m+exNOUx<#J|DVsHLQ22)Ydo>r6$I={lA#ai_yJm|#$V!noF`bvM>iJ-Iw0O1 zL9)42SF4LZ2w#73pRO6Z*ieml@9I42T+H!^j&ObYztSPf0B`EPcVy4~IEVxJ?wVjtm0|9)v}&@WwMKgD2meGYE}CqJFy zTq_oZEIYI~`7&XYP&PqDTKL!SEAwUZPEQbEO5ptATKhE&6X!jSD*zDf@nI*Yv{+R5 z5;Mq>FsfHMG|=5D2hZpv-OP8j4+8E56k3TVa7 z-X6v;*%$j*M|+)p2~!Jyb*dNn7)Mo~Q>qYEclY)X2@pDsC$V1r8TZX>B?eBVMfeB1 zh9Go^C-ohNX_nV-xAf@4PPfsAnB74#aj&+Y@6yAY>0h4rm(J|OXiMJ7WiIun)`L&L zk{=|Cr*W)Y1EmwbXM*TN5$awv6Zg=>6x`(yQ&#rKSQCwe8+wj6buO%!EZw-Q*+eVshYO*JV|M{o zbr&alSYJpmWZxCeBqE*=N30)$LC(E{KSs8<#mG4H@=TuySuH6*b=vbXM8$FG`*7;- zli^;!^^2D*%cc*u-Agy%4|VW98emVg08`yVzw7vUPXfWhWlt~6hLL&Vo;3VUL(PNr zdTTR{p+@fVqD4qbq+U=2 zw7RsekyO!|_+>_kX6_UqY*}srpjviJK zO9WINuV0y%SnX;bNqX+iMdqT>wc819F#eV39Y6dmwNUWn!?7xy^)K7%uOav^p+n$) z>i>rK2g3lQ*r3>K$(%5>Gtd@1He$(%f$ zTG>aT!NfLQQ#k8tE=dl8s4*iN@=C|W(Zo8Ed27leAU?^NYP0c@(AbUfwL>amHW_t{ zT{p zlzP;pC(9nT^*w5KxDuUVd2!&>^9&1#(SmDDD5mmVrO(#jZVQ$p^6!-mCcCzVBqTZc>`y|;YN;z|N6 zq{#*cuy8NpGsNW|69sMw%*n2l_j2X3%waEg^{!s^UfWsPNBJqHX@GMw!Nk(W=DADg zqlRta$5_49U{}}oL0vUnj+W4I!;ICf^j*Y=jTo#n{>2U)Ia@`H@1xZvyzW578+_f% z-T-j#ckFjX;72o=8|{1bKS6mXd~##$<>eI-7;c-2~em-I>_v!NVrb`fyyElvpx4wmMGf(>;%UqMWNv{f>MWZ zeg#@A)QnyK_XouiBR}Kjmm%3eb;K5@o*{li4BQq=LbMG*YJd|MMn*k|RgGqBKw?qw z4p+&y_=5hCgEY+fst;~unl`gH`%3Sw1eac%TJL>@Bp)e`{~b>V2{6mv-wY4>hBwCN zL|g)Ok3!C7#6BQ*k189DAAPXtrLyBtLguF+kN^DO-<=g;NenKAT5-er3m8zTZ`pA$ z0JO1Y#6g%a?WAd7~T)-Y?2Q;b_J}YbI~KW-a_}pP-Duo5M`pPBHbzXypmXTCClS9ZZhz zgPHjrQ;bxbCX{Q_>X_Kr04*^KIzwtP*UYMcdp{m_Yr?f^*ofk{dMn1L8B^?Wd`U5k znmC#n?mGDDn!1cj4FZ!9YZ>(|g77~7?&~o1hs{@S+kS23lS<_aG-v)d>H_6ihy&X} z_o$}0Y^ZrkCB4*=b4`3UUQoqy;qMZfb5(;6J&fKRP{LUnTCEP_2i)&gk_&U}i|eqA zxs_3qSyDHpo>!e-G=(@nc(jv*^9pY%EKh13pIKK!*Y|$?6ZmLcX8$J3w|4>RIm{aL z6T4(DY>NReq*VTvKg70{*yd6V9PSZ=L&TJ*^D#dDqmr@n9#b7id53ux8|;8}Vz}F* zmbgg?s_r8;0Y`OD=T$J!G}<&enkowlBbc*tCeHNIuCw&Nj02Jh%Bp(c$H2?kMFu=F zD@Ukf(pyr1AD~>)9|28YcP<^OWGrO_e7_ zUZd|CSoFaR7aLM#=XoIDp5(V(&>%Do;n4CfBH>%FJ3B}31H{wwIHO(gs+Swd*eEqB zx476Iy@T4#z@}~`UaT{vT1OoV;|sg#NOEUgfyrcIA%h7;V%XTL1XqRm#X-=*di-KV z;`;&76%pk!fE@*thxdQ&?J^`#IcSsiw-oEBvLIZ3dd6h!m2R2pySz2^&+GuP9>~}0 zNLp8lPB(zLopM7E^D|hv6;djAWu6n_(KPGK#$M+SPTIY^0UZ9a5hbt@ttDl{%d}vCGBfJj{3tV;iVzxA#C6XIFN9v zF7|<{B#e%R)x22}-|`pyZynlZH&ymz>RaEyN&rL^h3GLNCT~3+!riwjdkn&dmKrb1 z$cPy04@Y@mL(XG*L{#kLwu&&I?LvSZvY(B&T^7(r4x9h)<>JMV^^W#9+EJf8<4Jig zzT`nag+(Oek{TxIt)ayYl-BV6dpwv%cr5RvTlv~ne_}O-Dvt|+-cWLphtr_H1fk)po(3hgj=T>PPtI*XzKOU2uPSelP9WeL83)snSbL^oQHlw1OboGUIBigw78F{LgpiVfA(m6gfbNMBp=h*4oGYg&FTdQil}pA~-e1zq z^A+|U=}k5HPUA(syLk&+m-%};jDyp@>Bv)qt>znhN3LuZTt-`f>~;jnC0Se4-%#(| zd(v3ZJ)z8@9-raU9-$n1@W9||EmZ=vets$`NWhSi3ne5~~clO!$ley-D z@6mg{IOGk^sSi;&f1P|1ySCQjv_C%C&oP~sxyj21qP-kkV+Tj->n05B-Tk!@PvllT z3gV3m%{{Jv9u5-y?b*)spqLs06+2CPgsX2`$;NZ6jL#iUR+r@*pS|aZUgu{6x=q9f zJs8di!goNQWBTtckvMxCux^#gEuhdJ|2j1Jr0!ucgNT9M-+W#Eycc);fX?e{9aFcV z6#3GZK`oh=giBFTvMh1r7lUex^qn3^rb%xZL5Ib^74RCBBX|fXkL$}>prJ$A3trFD zI(1y>u`4v+Mae&+{vvKk%NrPzI42(-@BoU7?WwagW}Yt{4Uf#Hp&OoO>>pMjxE1u*^oZl-;l!YCUF zZ&4hdJT}Y%gfF96-mxIMpJTS921ehUQ&0b*{2}-r z_@|7=*}Kp1sWeqJ54F94s%CVU<7aFN$>0Le^q3CPP6_<2+k7z&2)MHe?irLgs~QAO zm>@qHac7K$iS>V;P=jQc6OdQABgiT>TX1qt9jm9UUKK?4wO=r9d(A!F#|kEnR5)V`@Dv9ki5nNt zn(@ze;|>;L0&;ym%$DGGKgxUVF@*>N6pyJT-d)*UTi93S?NAbtvng z-CF3Wcj2toF(gUV$!&d!O_ILo&@prrLr}i*nRAj``=&StY_19}A1o`NvJD;|IG9em zb4L)5zdnHjI_*JjHAM~Wbep@fLXEq(H0fX^k z(9aOzCE3rR|1P7(P;6SzT)fYe$uTrn~XGa*jM5c0-m(ts4)`hmr$?f%e~(tT`VL%SgD~Z ztZ^~w)&)|=2KY`l#d1v%O5Mi@!_-F8?yous_wE3k*BY_GQ_pNqy;4j#Hd?v)lMR@{ zbbcGW?d_aZs2mq6D0y5%=@cp6{{rYq96B@ zqgr(n^d|qkGohg#*>&jQ>XI-G$o!*O>8WKMU+*R}5`{U(fe8_qrJDT)zm=&)4R^PFsTpSzWbi zMJu8223v|FBB~dBQeAah-Fyqpv;*J7)A|m?lv(|wM=f5nmDxECrak^rufizQG|2Mz zhHIB%>#aP&{696gV8o+pud?&Vfv{!9qvDx|+|doom&apQhkD!!;A{6JjX|bEEm|On z9veN~_xd|e$OrGkRon@3D2?9qK;hrRKp#1%{SjTk2Uqw4{t^!Rie=mD7{=SZvnj{b zykD=`zFJRB7&;qo*DMAY6I`s+^*>t*#CCC=NuexJV8%fiVDz~1vFZgYZbOPjfL8|L?V*2S7k-xb{4Fr>=WI?C zixt!S2Eh@EAH&8%de)f~(>ufraB>yAI$-Q1uinVsWGsACMDwvy{oWsQ>nS>5LB`B> znk#`(Sq)%&{$AEs8nVIrj|Ue3^~c}tWQGRsd_>pRHEhQPoodv1QsPLBtY&HZ{`f{n*4%EXYuW_ho9(q+PEr|^v;s;4I6 z$=tDm?mL_&cdxIEL7u`HWquQ9r6Z0mg1{Top&MPr{@gz=PMziF+sspRZ&Vu@x>25u z7em&WSrEyasR@kMQXv~*pZ0llAr}orP8DUcQ}3db-43dzP+hP0?4nLyj#h7w ziM8KoaukUilj;byibU2ZPvIJ-!DM%5lyG1c30(rp?q%)A(2loGT=5*(C_pth-a2xc z#C6EU#p3w-@T3ALgN}JOxGsV!)dxn4akLez8SN*Hol^ z(AiyeDc*gl#N<%7XkoC#lEi}K2n{LR1Gy=++QHf~R2Gc=kH^2v<4sg$DfZ#|GgT=h zEB>RF7C-qd(>y2hDn2?2X@v3damXrtp6c$wF5XkmnS}>YDdrEh5_r{OM{D7WL!sq$CD-024=Us6Fb9e)zLbDDX#!LUvSM?d!us8rUJ=on_*yzifjwd2k# zzcIxOzVUyvx1%22V~YO<5hE|YZ4XGsLOOHJ%}~C5jk}le6jYAqe?32x4drU3)L`?K zKJ||-6S!aWJF12nH(g~GqLoHaVnz+TWixw$w_!?oJ{jGZ%=2-P`=lxfSF9P$G_%k$gTX%NAAy4`e0JBf>jR?Glf|i4$YFe5hWzw6Mu;$WbRK$ki?>?}o{1x+2tr}uzB zJ*F+ZCGj&pl03FwQNVp{w&)W;4f@fz?URmCp4UpRv%_(jP_tD46aCsHHam0n#CKzA zCg4Y~1ZrOIw)`+4A!yx>5#VqF9ilYad>I76&(2>N?R&_)8EnWb>;g<6?#|${XS2_` z71PAUDTX`H{)J?H2tt0p`a8A||- z(_$+n+$=@Tlwm=z^1Y@@b!8RauFl?1SwH{8s|2Z&Nv&sL3OB93Gwi>3Y7U39;mi%H za0X8YJO_n`N#UYfO~|KQwWjuCuwbke&`;b0H~uH)3#&ZgWHQbjr7>#`$KBNeN=ZyE z&Cd^fM-m-Yq9k_lRbz-T*lgm6FIDf~MZBvli{d%JNZ@u>92nfI&AF;c_n6B&YiPc0 zi0-6WOJuEpltVgmfLp=Mo6eIL@SPnG5YpkB-7Vi%$LZc#z>i95&m6O&k2bqBhzGJK zUKtTpRV*vPdMmHlRDR7Y(IsR={kV9r@>oNnIr#pA!EyycdC)_%$O+GYLEniD(w2Ni z^VL4!+MB%*`+Gth|I#hWJe>Ky$pvuBTaiTOpozU=a=u&zEZU(e;5MdnIw@m*W5My`h^8o zJNzr8Uch^AVp|PzdTp`R*!$iDbhK{v3c@4qB8_02mI=peZS)o8r|m^7ln(rUrYN6d zO;q9JrM_&a{zpYPAl~flIN#C3FJA}+KSa@#Ep~Ch{BG!9g`TTqH3Y2oOn9<)zB|G^ zQt1$?I^M`;h}wA_&Lu?pCrR^P;7Vm4y@v;n|DXBP-AOFiMBugASrq6YY7yq#!@y`~ z)x*%uu-*i@%80{UC7O#VOC)@nXDK^w@xt2d^GkQLyR5g`xlw<@xy!~@qEG9}@-b$t z98~G)aDgI6H)sEXYB=NGdHu2MCC7H$G5$@jpc^9pZ8s-$fPVe zv{^L@2b=D*4kNKG@_`LJ++2lzi1yI49I`n9;NZn{Y>y6=rgt;Etp`^0it(_g;k7&p zC51e|x{zc(2)T;hoM+zF*$Z+-GG#miWQ)kV zj*A8}7ye;o@TcWAeU_F3Do=^H)220&{MrRdt@UD{Q@~*Nu9_GUPd5v#YP# z=JeV<%3bChsSl2bhqNmsm%e|JuQWy6Y#QLfrqpKr-_ZDPm2tw`^6Or4Tm~7uDK10!_g3B;&=0L-Po**l6ZigGuN9p8V*f2YgZ3X zA1(I!_vI-4i|F8?Jk=dax^1?xWdkonOdMytt*CsKgPIRaar%NhBNZc;)(s;kr-do8J6OdPXGN>}!Ah+{bZ@r&PGw;?Yo9zczbm7jqHK_4 z31^cZIk0>!+b`ESH&YHAUv+qz|L#WSUuzW}PYAcCRgQK^Oo=-_EsVJav5oCj4BZr0 zHa3%G5+-O*YyVQ14LO zvl?w=#SR%n>#+Us>7PvrR{wZ0I0c@th}?zk3z&FDBHCKU63_E4Rft$F*Ax&Q$G}Q& z+Rq;|Wk9U(h7R!r{ZDHxF^V%;NpFZ|%jpBkco+bu&4xDRCFcSTVxN)P_9)UAG4N>q zl0oOWW&}|ozx3sMsg=Vtb7)1_;wW(QSzX&Hh>pdI0s;$fO$#|SiGCTW^e>6(edvPY zAH#DNb!6opYsLWwmjp!cGKl^R&|?ff;eW+nMQB!tSP%rp z=8Enhg?GnePhZ0hB+qAww%_z*vsV5=@=p-UCg6_Ehya?48YaGfzxCNLJK&tVj}2xG$w>O+!kxgLI0jaYEA=NaSHAXVn(SW{TxB3Xp1YrF1p+j0aFv_s`O)ej}%p!0KnHNz4Pa zb+5vI5xIdBbki4UIjz+P&Q(5J&({|lLzaiEh2@E=CzC6`cOsT1@0RMfoyCf0=J z4Y4k1EbpV?Y5TfGzY<+;VgYyMAC#LwCErn*O4m0ta6}D^%Q4>W;=ay9kiTaBd z6E&ffU7ehy_e_<|ICPF9hST-*LI^Jh#UliA)lzk)ww{Kl&9j@BX*klTu0J|{F{Ld| zqPR%*G|-P!@|oS%Jot*_0y3!Lchr}B`NY|qcx4O*`Pr3Qb5$fa3IO!C@)AJAF9FH z(L=r>p%KZ8j5@rR%y5@g8=Npqn1v?=dhwW!1s6VL-s>S0P5()Ut=v1Ar!Cx_3;JFA zV%x)(pY2&zJ50qSo0z+V;9u1T+gwvpR<@_m_Xk69W@lI=0Am`J`fIz_WA@K$K>Asd zY@d;m^pQ)tg2x|z9}6_eagvsHOXlpf`=Xo(0Laz_0GmJzO{DKmy|W4J?wiSx)sJrE zdl4R8?tuVHxr6YSM>zMYF4c2OF4Z=lka~gUa>IGyV%16Slmt$GdXGi1EMBaHcqg9n zE3km$R>q3O;BYW=6u)JhMxZn5bvlrRZ< zGR>hG0#!?esm+7;V(-$~QL2Fx1$r-9A66TTbs`^%$28VND~o~=11XN>-d`;oBql{+ zxn(L3m1$;zpU2o@)-1ODF{B4PXB^u)_j-)B#9dP4HN$E`YORtb_ZPb{cpdVb z38PFWM;py{qpJ=FrE54}SAG^TKEQ>RYd=MmDPPp8r$;`xh{9UvUMf1!@t}xZkozro zc$uZ+k}rLu9(`{eZY1iDjr>ikqG|bmjn~=L?_lid4XMXI;e55@Y+5vh9Fn~N#YTxF z*-%+WG>ob3MA0HTnjjMk0aPmqSCt+S;j)Wn5fAE}BDzGJw9@GyuI1=9-e#gXB4qnF>2XR7$_C?{N%ocn+jjyaijrTd-`nx3M=-6{11GTnWylbAlG_hlwpqa9dH@&)+V;5LZK3 z1Gf*f!n7HdTjEJ1&)V@%`+wlk{{`>9IaT&4$(b}4&P-}KfD_P=CHfz}r2pH#_^{=B z3uQ8^U<&r@peTw}HoQm@AH0Sb7kIo10tZ`ajD!?(G@hv?vGv0VK2%;_3~vR@T9QN8 zz4Xhm_ZAHa$wz|amU1SaFUQ|--0-lf@@Y%Fw-n;VM~A7>&_tzQEtH(3_6GD058aIH zH3)Rb5{YL*78tjPxNIcP2C#Sj;K3I%f1CXrMrS))yy>+OzfU8BJvW~SerM&D({964 zT$pzRsC+VqS|=1TAIvnN(dd@=bonplr(;RRw5Krr$C8q#^>x92xub(EK{em*C$f3& zzd3)VrNN@I#C7J(#kMeVFiLi)G_`q`@f^&RCD%Q~6j9o?8>h485m{~kFLhWO{dZl) zBp=9)J?z5WNY1Xq`LLtLtrp=CQ9VleR)+hb{NY@|Tt8$kp7aKjqu+=h(q6njFOn&JYv|#16|`br=ib1jCex&F%D?*A{(Vu&Q4Q_yg_i18 zoC^9}SJj;7)nYWH0 zw|6uDReOw-Ig&4OUAUBxs@&>_rqtDbTieQW>mGHx`7D0?0*{NMjW6j+cC^!PQVlaa z7rehz1s^xP5y%?bxioi^OMeBQxe3?lsUwrlEJtM9fN<>0>WCd@$Yz~!Y~N~mc(<5<9{u>EQ!193}tv=>a z(Sf47nAy}Q$}g_S;PioS+nP7Q1Ri{y@lTyOX2KUHOP@=vrj_h8k9*h9lXz+CqWN3 z;es&-2E)`ai4RC`GEI?J?D7Et`SSHKRoHBgL0QHZj0`t zy8~8>dMNf!{LQON-uq$>1IYD=n(={;W`s|0#1Y%^;=3z?`r!EqYzNd(G~)NuKn%0d z1?$|kIx~ljJ8AkT%p9CcrPS$%<3jIa3~GvK|1_k9@&Y+$H;-F4qL|MVLw zHy!_NpKwJ}a&DH%OW8p(X(vvhN7s`=mj+4}l<-JboXaPu;o|!WF&y~G^cxqE*8RIg z==DqNj2#o-war50YcI2AcgjrqwO@9E&Du&-v&VUKRT`736ZBZgQ@nMPR-tKJ^3Yx% ztPjT0qHw;J*_4@Fn~vTaE2=*MZ$hK6_%f=XM~&>bq2JC)Ty?fTu3V~gEZ|aZU|{g? z%EF8Y6&a${`Zru1&J>cL!PQ0QlC;>J7@d{_x5#uE>r5tAL*_oc_{7DLC}my;?`@~* z*%=mGD&j2ZqC!airo?q5Ono#PIlhW-(NzOA42mB;?S`(!buKeeKH^Dtdo=}1C=u)#vkiRR|Kyau`5a4v^V!#j z9vOj=0H4#DF2&>2OluOsUWQUqy~_^uC3vyG#l+`()DKtbEjgh2`Z{(uFJqTmfr z?!(74QbEbbJCn@;+>w_(JekB>441O6I!-O33+BsA4`(KEOv4-zsa)AbTk&|^X7dZq z1@n@f|D=3#J!{UQqhfxupr#8OPo(Jgqm_GNjK}Y;fBv9fX}~ZF{%M5ifsG}Kz6=|( zNn*)Ruwo7KBVBTQQVpBc)L6Q&SuiGvbVv)#X6y1Z@mlT}t-Y$`y?j~iaJno4k^r(p z+?wf-D?l4U9|fuhh94&gduIt`fhLps*6CSzixi5VosBVhSyYCZU)Hkll^+X;?|yzi zobK)F^+t-9s^Va{xbePl?;tONUWt+?{b~ge_E2k&Dw0Nx3L^9WDb$I)hEHO)iF>I`0 zDRbv*pH8a;@*$wY`}=Pe%Qa)?fObWg$jk4Xk=Y^kaFg9Pi=NFf;}TFjSnPr1BiC!Q z@1G~6!Tzu0GB^3g@JvY#u=1@4D#cLR`T3_tL$>7@Lzf|_O~1cwq7SLtctE~+O3!hJ&6nVh8u z75FiO4UlgI8DFb6U*Ddu-QEM8cfYg~lLJPu?O_LWgbnI77pn5jooLGS7*66sdtIlm zbRZpB4WR_9-NzMr&ez8;FE+EAx|ZAi$zhL)&&Z?)69KxKJ2yB|k#8jBgz!C#U}U*r z2_rZ{x{->QF-7+EhZ4F(SrLouxwZvG)%jvTu~Dx>-~TNeC^1c!H;&B*t)?dUY=VGc zgQqy*24)1Ug-JWGi4m)oL4&q5#vja+&VaIN#7v=nE)PEl$tJ}1n3|1~8>>1H{>#l| z>_gs=N#neJBmrQ#_;7rVrAUzUd!M*vpVM_=A48_?3PSE1ntuRsQwLoTTgOWQi5udj zJgSk@J$^KvaHTSNa={)T`rEK?9f8iQxU(N_J(WcbcnjFdD*O9eo8Pm3%kRsm5Z0Uh zj8~_pp?gWGXgpMnkI@R=(QW4KVIb&#Xgce#Cg1n{FX)n%1|>v7x&@{v4T5w?4WvW5 z85o2#5`vU;Z*()25S0=bqr0TL;rH5GW8ND&Erwz@5Vly;kS|)9Cp~(bJE0hca7P zEe%3!a4G-GFBc}ltD{v6nK|SgN&g#H6oKWc#EhPjTKpMHg>5QXQdJBayGH(aiK?u= z7omK`mRRgr8pTPYg6r5(n%4aO6_;Mi@7V2{0l9CF)GRc4%kqrJ`=onZO_85&2P@x# zfikyZ{zlm-!W<~)xzqr=OBP?>%HnYw-u*>91^kQ%?bjnX@UZw(0$6AF?Uu$U_ntFy zzTPbN%M7;l$5JYE)nQ4J9j64;#nslh&ex?M>SkA*HNy-^9*q6=AZtmoU2kYXczPRHo7uGjFAhs-NVf(ozV5IG1 zDD18o{@j{l<^9};hz1n&nWX*7qQrVu^w^-77c=|Z)eZo;v5Z}*(mF8rcjbE>Zpx-%RG%(buw#77@?ZHiVvWI)&9y z_?Gr{P3&ZyvfyJZ>)&0uZPM8t5b7%JMe35p=)TAOlw$fi{40nIM63-G>2A;{!&U@nk^O7GyKhaP(iGTl`sw5772_LKcG$1=of>CXj zvWo7+(A&_f@(!1b7Ef@NTp8${hh$+u=T$0EkeZ#{n0R8NIJ;17_Lm!Lkkuk2-&xyl? zOw{#J5?xsx$~e?9M*KD5FYn$Svw=mikfZd$;Gt&X{JRFmChJ%;!il`mhZrY#O^TX3 z$tN}+9^*>38|09lNm6j--GP|UnAbOdpMhl_oVil%0SPRTshTaPHv-+C2T*o)w|a87 zSAUIDE?Du;ias4Oj0{#XM^>W-TN&{9DE1-A-OT1Y6Y-O*4z37`73Z>c{y#~36mtY4 z3zrL~vfVNKe~jEt7g^#&`Z_LDZ^P`q{2!NKiCRSt%I<@kJLzL2C* zs}C`~m0rma1;&)t=ZuaUWy>k%j}WzJ+bwa#kCx49HPm`xMqxN9NLc0qpx506;12R+ zV#B=5!bYT}0H7;+zxv6_v-f?VIV*U^TbA;7Tb(>iYVp4`&jNV@ z`C(6~kJDXk-twPE-Jg$aQMN=%Y1RDW#9{1?UJeoCUsT@A@LvAF ztD*$Z&Ru+SlGOrRkB{F&v~UMi!ouZCLM|QvN>e;R6Hvy!Wwlb+{Nfgy-WO*CO)3Ik zcQ}|v3Zlxq6hGd-V8fO@mER2BJE=J6w%^hiV>wQ79)F$T{FF(~Z{pwP&)dF?7 zM9y+Ox;Ee&BRqUWIFK-a@`1he{`0Q+aZoMi;|Fd~cVI#EJDd~^3eZ2rok{LX;BgM+ zMjVCWvk+*0Vq=i(=Y9h^*E5Z~RYyAK3EhN>r9O~U{HflE{H*ImtN2(eZe|Hd)E!Es zXAufbkS4ee0buHQXc} zizf)1>*$K+kCJFR)A)foK0Fv*g}GMnVIh%E2?No2ofbSWz4}an!H47vOq9rgO_b6b zphfu51l>ke3Vl|B7{`QGmLeqPu<4mmdr)d*@puLIgo_>2YH^u5&4$rbgn#vA31lV~ z*9m3c@bbuxHB`_uJTr6RWsj9P@ON#WKPv4|!7V(TG=E(~z5)WmE{G7W0nXZeFMb2+ z?|WN?d%5DF+P>Qb`ZbEuy#rTge}&(Rb5UbAo)p{bV>+AA$)p0zRg?H60sQiJ_8Y>V zvvI*A${xRWY)D15p>e5%FCDGYH*081g;Cd?vrf|8GiLWu_(1D`}+B=Gxn)JJe;#)Sn`ub zuXx^=&(PO^b`oEK<}tZ}z-R_?4kA;bbYoO#w{KeeO&V->mi6ppp)*O7g!3;%>OOf_ z)c0oR>Swf#2ty0f*0uak4cRMMc-h^{H(x}^IEo~Qlt|e@YEPtshVw@sqj3Htu`}a> za$k{hS>Uzi>F@tHVUZ!V7>2B4!7#QQm{p6zqTZ)YjdPBl;QTO4*s&c%t24)WRE_aq ztJ`&!j;?RQ*FuXC%GJ2Pj+)^5mjA}S1}|RYiRB{nk^E&|_(wmV0b&)if=T zS+>Ic&ed-Jj(Qn`VA=m^V1`L7L7PMIt!naHC${`a(VKV4hotFGI8=Lnak1?w@9QV! zuCMyQi$7_JKWp(PU7>g&rIEhjIYfc8?&{8fYk zjyEmvW7hwO43KbeZXw;HF?S5?hZuiQ_M}v=X~+ynI_8Lw3VvW0viys#s9`@DD54Km zuU(9j4>p87KvHv$>#8Crbt$Ncrck3eE>{cG-fG!jluz!h;1?QEkGVv0rjW!U2Si_i z?yL}6&#j%w;}gNNe}spAzO}Ic+MXyWl8`bN^qSDQT(9am*z{iwvyu!KlFHYJ^w;=yIE#O=q%+1IY(PqbsdK?QG7)Q#z&}t8P6@* z!D}n)hU?vVvFmadzzVUceKRy60=OSSIwS zg?wz^ldLV+g&zun0d9XO-)zHv$J9apa?(x{A#|lehD0wHN zi$7mtc}cB5_*98z4u~v^vi(fzt+m(XyKvs;p!bp;MUE${Kc~Q^=Uux&dP}&4PHo2VT+H-)}Zq0 z{~h3-U%`5&*Don_i9U=!ont55Y<92V<|`xk6#Kve|6lM$x2r&{ePJDgh@=g15&Ykh zR14{n?A77$4<^Kk#FSeQJzs|*6EKqmFU8F5Dfi$OOOmAs=+}ykopPX=mHujH2+rZT z!S3u)m)oW~;po%kbij+)_yzT3c<0(cQc)=4l;IRTN}PmsTKQE9!7Sl~K5a^B878gF zf0&bTRT96g{;#K+M2LV_R-+$mU<*wit7Pzyo}DhG19a_+vWiyxH1f?^W5^LDqjq#} zq06?!2_D!<*JyapObvV|Tcd}VJWn9ndyGZl@_eJpoZ#o4?1`H?$!Q2rH@-z=^iwAd z_#`kWflkUmX-n$&ftqK=4&D52>K>|SnIr6@z6PdneYofjCr*G!I>r_yXXNNy-0PBW z<&5tM{~FhIoj<#E?6L6(ulZell)$JSk7N0sS6qd(L9a~!HL3&S>DVfk<~#|&`V=m8 zt~8l%?y4QguEn)Q)&C0Gm~fmtS|GNeJmvI?ew6K@eXC^MT`tRBm3u^LIEbt2FYYdR z*;_9BcvK_2+bfKrgX5yq;4_GjH)6=jE}22;hu-3DbMQZT`J2^+l5AO;FooF9e(t{M zJYh~S!3Sx>6kS{?Lda~QP@XyT%3~1K=3|h;f4=haP#1gjIU%xKIHDqZQx@Ub`UC|B z+0;dXxS)S=!_Q3|%Dy%nKEq{KceQtx!RhJr?-d7qj+0tRdvEMlE4^B!s^1usb(Gk> zzy))176uKTXFHxjb}=hm#;t&*jZCN!)CJVj^BMZmia4#qw0wuvzj(^t1+RkU);vIO z>H>!_I3n@2kk%k`t-d&wt~8GQGY7hX^*7GO{s6!9U5a1=Dl1qbsK3Kw8g%~9sC9-(^Uxk881bYa_RK%i-tSpFClhl}86;RXC=fZJ0a`kSvt9o0o^f|H|T6XAuK z7{6o1{C&S-LNlj`M}3r=$M_$$BY%L~(DS>vGTkZQ_O4LCpJVb_*AQ+fT;Gq9Ztya8 z>fgRy1xlK1o3*1||EYRMSxm}!%ojXitf@K!KRIwc6)%lH#Wl`r+guhXbM!rH{fGq2 z^=$;^myeJ7#n=dFl`Yz^oJO=JyBxkvTlJG+(7$Ke7psh656KAY%PllQbP8UEbp@~A z!H_yP#X{^pyK`>P89-zhWh|c%r)O|i`5%=*F5Y^~%f)4_aN{o!p? z4Tm3*q`)lB$56g}uSEIu9`)!}OHJs4iG{?1F|~>;q4wUaLs?r}704A%eG&mIQQIuc z4=;6O^N^1W_}hqOn|qvbU%T&Gye_Oc`!J(NSdMgwWoB{ML zJDApxctL3AE6738uhMb4|25OFwQP4&Y-*5{(c-V3KEPmS7mJ6Lnfppa2^LgLlkc7T zaYsIo?jtt+t={iK-%cD_tWn$~;jZx@kCaL+l?-55hzg|?)WAJBiIv$V=r#JYjKXW^ zcDgjy20aWdg}f$w#i#{!R$?$`dh0bJB-p3}PJ@!ZEEJKoFoPO%{tPWO17OI|M52HV z*>Z1~n`xEMC>Ghn65wR0M!t9=-SKXQiOM1&j0XWiApY)@HfDL+2A)iL3Dy<{-TbF^aG66fD)~Gr@*B$XH^=3ZJPKIi#n|u17T3n|LeXV%>R?vCC~~Nyeo4`G{M{_wJJSck1ZbofD-oZOUJ+Q~|N^PD0O{l&ulbp3TFVV|9L$H{?WN*eKc9Nt z!l0XS)61|HiAQdTy$j+;4DAd^r$M4+>3?!RNC<2_o^Vtcec4QFG*BLJTWgz>yF`ay zS+TEU&U<5x@_c{;$ZG7BH^155ulWG~XyK#Ec4iaR5)A5?;cm$NsJ#|^Y>jkR+t1kX z!{IdStSCMF59PTyZdE|J*T09^E%KuA;GOG6GCyk4A;fd$xjuqvU}48M{7QD0du+3JpUO>ga;lkF|0cB&k}Rg2W5aU2xDheEEfp% zCWgZ)lx>6#bfOx?=}}gHF>V`TP~A%l8qfpkW-vY7n~COp2u?D|Zu6cZ_>{3o;~i?K zRvsll&~c9@$HCft_#s})o4RB$i{)z^O-CGm z!;m85dkiiJ@8mg;+(5k#K&^bdEi-qcAu*%-#ba9vYzQ4uiyv+X7#7q0+76r&_~flg z2TKFD*LJiyG{aJ66cK?@{~d0=W_+yPMom+*gMvu1z!f3O*wZkuN&WjUYTumf!|I5eu)>0*z-4(MYrrtfy%=1dTv= zC#`3^>wJ%HDY0^4(&F3sWV0fLG~dV^d1(Ld@pP&&0TZzGIhTZym;wg*89xZxR_~gH z>r@%A_+VfJ zv2$LanCqL-f1mkPfyCwjx&nQlIs69P8hf|PZ(Kq;en}lSq6}XeQIH9`v)1Q3tihQH zVIY37W5LUmXNKP~hj#Jhj6>Ia!yOQc*rmilB(M zibsHEosJkBE43%dUzu<00gE1K7yjBYzH%Hh1l*kqFY7xcZ^1(NGQG4lMcd#vqH`I{ ze-gz8Uof1Sr>n}x@WgRC=ERAicLigCme#^{Pb)9ZwI@XZiY%5yzpJ@tOs$SbNc<$ArF!Rd zoa^y9zkB_k2e_snyp>3sb^rg2^*tUZETyTyu88fC$ zg+frRs}IU;>lKBiQbg6_4>*k@&(7OthPnj-br!~9k#uIfKA|Z{oiBGmTD+gX*e2@$P|M!rwz#OXuD^&JIRO%=j)oB_zwKK@Hu(%U{%e9}J$+oBiRH zRBY(lb`%!-w+&v}Q+#b+4b>VLQ!$#a%tNV;6zf_)7~WurgFl|=v3T8_{hz3Ks0j^D zDuvfZD{q0=MqIJ!R#z1!R{Pq2Ytu(`$M0LxPMVC0=?j6G3ooA2eLT8__uO%oD0K|3 z>WM1%SeB?H*{WXfcTxvdY}z&A*U~d{CuMsP%XE7y6G7Jrr>jq#@GROVvMRQPRu61% z8|`*{An=k4{#M9_W5`3ER?7D>G&}k#^~IID(CT-o+>`tUtAQZ&!z{!lEx%a3KUrB8anHhHIi|C!fTL(k{7y3LdH{-hrf{1JrzS9|A7G9YI< zGww*`A+@X15hot=B^qMzQuE+S^BaoowA+~+p!#HVaSpTo}n;idHBU)svBugy(S zGIVE$?YvRn8^TUO*omX_wvCYO~$L(Y0V*nb($^+q6yM@>tK=v^25#vXW= z(slH82_ZjZw#c9@scavfC9!C;%tYUA6LG{mo*JPA`{D!O+@M_D^tr zzTF3fnRzig5lZg0VlcqB-MZ0lnQn=%C$DBv{mM&4z1@NEMHUz~KvSqFoAVLrw^&fgI;?R{l*p24saz$38Jn%z%ZWA_f{J(bYuW zGFhlW1-;VXw@qmZdZzL)Ijz=Y-^|#TuO#a`@lq~<0T$K7N-cvz*<#b3c*??L=VQUW zmqAkD2L-FDaq|-vYfa(K?prq%94tMk^zDuMbn{?-#~e-4)1bY@vzlP@;0v^g-be8s zJwKfWq>T9RNRJe*e8twnkK0&meAGXN2PXF{1OBQ!prQQ0`hnKM5 zJaDwIVnFV~_txHXE9*@RThBXL8b2JS!BL#Y5`gF>IWamKlIcupoUcjz#EPB22jZ4| zv1TLYGNAs}C=Yu7vc2%5-}$01R2BIbd2h3R`x+>npT>iRg=q_E+=wtsnxbnGb-f-LNlLKQ!>qX$r> zJtFwm3D#i7oYcb;9`J&y+G33;G_p3AnXOQM-28&LB8D zvR#@2e)u2(p)HY4wtxy!s_tsLKaURac-3>il6cSt@ST!6`He}?^az=&2m04o^2);> zR|NcBTv@$!7W@#KYv9g}5c^%I9IyIUWm82Mvo&cP=fcm+TW4>j^fIA%5}?*a@z-O& zVyx*9CS`nt3f`TPU26!pKla{v=AF%33}w=kou$)cnO46-U6IBw(}EtnWAl{!rzhY)P_MR5#EJ_ACnO9A?U?2}ifhkKt z&q;QIv9RMJ`Jh@!Al$AnuOu8AyHz}qNMq=H3+g;BTkHC!bABZt*L23zLl-c_d*ybm|O z(#4J+Pn3tY4}ugBLqQlL+xJcq>}sEIXT^3Z2c^FX;7RvCA?Q4^941a5eoynb!a9B2 zFC#aD=R274&p7vHVTKD)jzo?L*QBDEhUgN+Op{6p=f^!Fylk9qU?USfQ}U_54r}Ng zanHTf|BWbevPD6)Haaei^B;082|3P)#5vVWG)aTl{JtM6o9U0&w-*VNxVr~O$bY-K ztbR{`w9JbUH|9=@4ewIzVX&S=BF+RK+EK`_4gtor2Xq)sBHsZC^hEc|9}_GpOapI1 zyZ`fiI0RkP^zZ z$gl)|P3ma^y_|B$D0j(*m-hr5cVzK9PsHTP8W=a-A1}P$D{U21t|OSQ$JkZJ6Z`ym zGLCy@xxIzNq-#vdPmo&?p~ExbfOn((iQmK{y<_x9BE$2LZ!7EQhCM<63FKT4`gwl3 z%781bOo)NpI(SuP_MxWy)uClMS2@S{WMNG!Za0M9D4?xV&`ydNQeSdE%+=<{t*~?J zv&H91a_rG|XFh6)T^`WLs6pteh@~`0J)d{8q~(TI36m_?7XF3f7#9BhvTu58c0V_V zikIN{LP>NisCoUyUipyHJWQL)BxvEV^t;^a!3PNkr}ja_JC5r@UU3yl(7kbP*oG6S znr@6&yf@IpLCN83tq|A3O=Na}FfIkpG-7U)mUDFRyrbGj_A9FMFfUmPznw9p<)BtN zb`11Hyc}o3`~FIIJyfZb(Xd{IOz`P$mHERKci^34KEK~GrKB(nK*MKQ%RC`Gk}eN= z#2+xuuaj*yk1 zA00R^AV7VvopsmvGo39D#%*JlOlGrDD@^>#R3Pi4kCQ5R)@d?uM3I#+@ zX_ymTh4gPMvLNBN^bwTH?M=<()$VY(m&ViqK9Go9zA zZmMLoRe0Qj_wsbuRmA2~m%DWNny4e|>dc{%W~DVX-h0vsNt?9r|1F*PMQG2r29*9}@NAqb1ym@1a@NsUG%?jMS&r8tXd6?MmC;dD?S?qs`<<9OWY zo3aHF!#CJT(4=9P{?(V8n$K`>OHj&mg1UF`@?S%j^Hc^Xv+hOkg(k0MM;+}qb(f+l z{n?LI;FMFb(k#IVMM}iGtmgA%t9o!C=kL(vyhx8$pk^awjDuX%q1C9^*n{L}6e_z6 zJ4F8O{XO}k^7jd6S^(kCAiyg?3vn*54`L5#o-~PbibIm# z;R>pa=#AOReSn`1PvGz}oDzx3?V_O{0Y+iqnhfSy$SAz?pgO3VLkLT>>t$O1y(!vU zVAX}7<=64E*MhQO&E#~(B(JG#R2&D|zfIG53Df_Ae*K~ys{8frkT_EG1~`_bYM)r@ zM2pmy(-TtTt(8T~0Ko((x3!37z&lWy5*3a2A&%BHum_yRQ+UEh+An*i4@wSQ!eILR z6xB=zTQ=$dC>h>Un2riKbB!lN+|i<1G)GktqEjch5YzUKLoEB^hlgcQ^)-h7n0oNL z3h@g^51zzi^iquYl%45@n}4~BTthwFLk)B@EOT9w*1mpdc~#uvS2+~RnLw@&p6 z;zdlby&bBiPpa0dA|09PajO0#&`4EFn25VRktzE5il41(>brZjB`4SDdI*`lOzrPS zEhF3Nnz+oXQnzDQ&q}bm%hgx#+ldh6h@$U>w+_+VKSnK-o5mHKo4L7^_%i%7u*MU? z%Kqz#@vbaRJIBF+ei(c@$CPGr7U(pcilplC5mL7`0 z7DYd&w~uW%!LoPaiL}hjw{GF0wGUB*lCPpWkHxv3ocf}-eO;O@SM~f<;_ItV3{%8o zCcP(}!+#x}5#H>kgb+l20QR=BvAAH_1&yi|=w)B$zS&PUeLDst2?>y+_XVMEf`s>miy_ARk-FW(#xs_882X8M2eW; zIs6|xG4~+Wk1#U zj2R+05I&vCHVmmg);5)h@hJuHkM*S2cTB~E#i zM`$X@D0^68#1WCI5A0UZmoLb+WIuxiLKkD7xSxOi=YeR*cjN`<0MswqE|?0P=@I>ktCp!pPe!(ha$l7c*e>(>bi)j?HB@g#=G&1jxWEm-R4lxouU@} zooo7*>6MunV#l0%Ca>RBH#=1dj9hGiJWlCHu=~hiS?a%w>Pu3YPBARO`S6E7@agX%$c7Jw|H{m-9PEy4)B|ZVEY*rnbUtP_A0-dW zl8_#bsSc84E^EIgtsMdNWPfut5TDvtBMnH<$sMB`)a|_mXVbn$!_5503%VvY%BNGn zn0F;aUr?<$K0E%aEm0l*eIw&(R4wFC_T!k3W6(uVnKeK$*d($ek24v|s~!MG`1mPi zM1^ZAMYcS)RBHGBFKyFd2YSoU!VvJtIcC1;4lAFgm5vVAUFb=!gQz&&+EzM{lb5>(o_ukxzVick zCyU$rFMwlf>7*J@dITne%n+dxY0_}HxVMIP-^yDFnGxmG$!QV<^ql-7Nwo?znCmyO z5oqsHLfTN0w(9nekDBf5{0%M6ajfKtkr|I*;BQScjUX4wfEf1$1l_o$cYpZ(@{oV_7o1$#8G_%lRP{GynZzL=`uXV8&hy&oW5%@A3 zOktd`_WUFN)>Y|l>cpA)Ud;;ryBuA8F@+#?;ux-uemTRAL`-xKz-lCGTdb00g2O1xBO5<`FV5n9ZtZ?CBmiG zZ0-UcCr1m)IlRb|EmFI_6K~QnN#Gt({;^4FBJJP;;43_V22UoMV66$3>WnVu z@Z}Bp&Jz9S85|omc$_ygh(LGQs{D01m6`8fcSfg@>t(80P0}#h^`{BtRRsp`5tvXo zBgDq&%#W*6F}dv)8JwczV}J9@-&lG825e{gyfMJP1Go+ShJSIH)jeM6wuAj9_`GWJ zn^G{^4qOcTT5|u?x;*rQxG5#}IR%pVvKCDLkRUGGbt3P~^0y_C#OPWF;78@H($Jpr zU5p8Rb+-y^8}8Ov^t6PbXY%N~awMBP@~NMsn>Ei&_MY+oRJ;{?5L;@!TG+EJ=^u-%YGsMV+>3SwH3r1K1}t*nNtiP zj7C19f=R?1+fWpq*?oUB6za|JrV?R>AXgMu^b8EDg~uGqO~SJ2HoBuMBRTE9Y{FYS zK*74&mWu(kMpA?RKv*hw)&A&<)5uG;wy#by`$dD4{ZdExz%w@uO(JVFr;+w}vDUEF z3{`hx!DCA$k4JXzuja{KcP@s;oE;9oFt{VKd9wojgXiElyJ8p%-(2~aOZM*fEtde0 z2*~C43@V_BftV~(aV%S>ZXPGz0}pE_2-3u{ZMM`kJfb8E;M9zggS4bhNP4GgBm`=h z6b!uqu0}5VoS9FSNutR;>0*PScyuP2$TTrQeh=_@V?bPhP2{aFs3%?%8o5*?I41$vHj<5NRAu)QQa<@57d}A z4onKHES5u&p(!lZ!X0U*zbb9c;1-yXv#vM9t*E9thi|V9gl!iUo;>V9h)g`Ah~U+M zrafC7d@M+DJF@~IN7mnYDHK71#@5&J;wr@q*Sbyjh5iecGn0aN!Rg^l?#jxwR>1`b zd~*o0JkVs4)B?wX33k6RbufBMgyYP~(_Z$jFR=@_AnD$ancV)OQq&Q~+!gy!@LlMg zerG<4KQ(Iaf4(|*r6kxw?@4A|rUAdC!5~t@#q!Kj z;g@^Bv6%cNR$+e|$Wt+QXC2GIJll>i#2E@0Bd`^7XX15dkG%FDxe)J&QBWVwr zeTk38LG(Ec8uk+J4vgWO%MVD-glN2ww!^5d-v0G$^i0;z$UBx7EGlV-(Il zy7&NPg%KiM0iO>roh{Au{*9^)jYxf$x2k_8&8tcbDX^=R}aSqX6 ze9@1S9l9Z2V+~yUb`LG1uY?jo*oWLQrXXbjt*cR64c!-4CD*biF^;4--xs<;K5?L8 z(7c(!JT6@}&(gb+V2y*z!a}^xh*Crd5F1KK?r?lRYb%y(u=fF;Rv+5LPBiEm(NfT1t`*{b7ZTcf70?(E6&$36hFL;D z*JlGEEUHMMql@0X?UdNQBZChALYxQ|!ty5j<&}K;!|fFBgEzO&IhPI;W2a*1wDof$ zW|b=6s;(`tB((=XhmH$gN1WIWWHEz0GU8PJ)h9JRDkQw{&W@?tIATb;gai=k@=1V# z0%e26)VZM2a0@q z3##{}M*J3B@ck?ad^ZwEuj)(yHml2oS^J6W5#c91y@8s+@=7T~`~?{zg+C1{?uEmJ)%wE~ah=Wsy9iCZDoDKqc3KzQ z(^7~pAJGtS&2ZItpJ;1ybVv43YfZ1{uFPBpu$$QgA$u}aQ<5qaCv)qir}&FFGUP2C z2wV~AN;WVv`qSp(vWI>P{1}4|G88&qIvVqY89ABHMFoiq&Tz~$V6A>@RhM@Zi)jgL zl_FOw&@Ra@5FS0>3_Y9{yjJfjPvWS>y_vgI4ok*Ig0KOi9bIaI-a>K9tQO+evxcA( z0Rj02?g&w6fYZ!8D)4&Y#+2$N1f_0$S)#6gIe#aFz~cRwF(EQ)XTi8n;Bz`aQg&?& z7haoIHMvb9_l_ZEYb8}=A`MH}g?c4Mm5hEr(WCbwToK?BW_;WDDN6tD!iVPWBIZ;M z9@(~?pdDhy`yG3vu6$8)zvd$=YAN9C1M)YQgP3=(rd%$z!ZK+MF#MZ!4q@!ElK07n z$qzc~@tNFUd1V6|7)QB~n_IWcReWYQYlmd|vBT-6mAW zfvFBZX9IV3+=2&C{K#iGOaMH+OHki>cr~NvRxcFv5(9DQzk2tc)6azz3WNK??JbF` zdqLKEeA!ofYS_Gv4+$&vScDF+l zmWwm4KYVh}M{q~*?omiZ)DF?{Eb=d7)NLHDyrqi&W~Z(|buggU-R0v2ue@y*@WpKJ zy{8o%ZXNH z)Q%h8ru5=Fbu32&!g4!++$C;%|3Sn(e1BL0q9PmIH;b;6;H2Fl53x*jYaNnzI;>JE5ez>Kb|9T0c=lU zJcl~kCq~`WY*gY-R@VKG!+z@?ZvDQY&n=F%c$@o=cw?KVtenzVb>yt&6Q9n}qCg!k zT6^?4@JTx>J00u8iA!G{K2{pkuCsRH(eIbuD2Lfe-8yl;m5wdC%L!FU8a`!5 zYR0AS15oUdmSZrZ{l3amvy@0j1dF-OKOHrC@h$$4o0Iuw<#!e#MO&I!KR&k{2~gR3 zvIEtancPzh%vB7%Q_p2J_Nc~lTqk4?_ev5pCt};rWIPZcQ+ogO()jaj4cHZO*%Lw{ zBTH^}W1lSRRZfra%@E55SU3v#JkU>@ivw!;5SIY{kihLYh2%b`OouX2&3xWuU9ThR z2Fxvfrt3C$)7`6IY^*t1y2~Ezw|CQYC!pd-V0(F}*=>HeZO~m#2?P5Iw)m=kbj!i= z&nHwqRDgS?bCYn>R?t$|M`n?iFetfK=gtn zOI2kC=1gi5EVy(`FJN)A+4?eoitEKKMQuGYkM@C^-C785U)oR@(KqM19f!bKcBJuu z%ko@9O2(f?!dgc`^rgy|Jmp(1O*GYAkCp6^j_pg8Hqcbe3O%)Blnsfv$ zY7dr9WX3=l{dW^OU$x_y*GkW46y!9}dR}UBZbEJL|EGDmim|ys-c`1D{|oiZ4a(8y z!lJzh8FN-^S;p7>@09>^WmWKplx1F>H zK+_)E_J4_2#_?s;k?*9&1UZ-Mx~e!0GrFfc@=B%GORN{n>^A{S) z9J+K_jic7P1F&g{85P(4`r_fLV&kU-!BWp}H+U-`NkInpZGLFB{SKYcc@CNey$1@_ z2Zubkf*=OL@z5R(sxdMGODZ~;A~jkN^vo6elP!8jY)`0K0O#yhzT)1xYkl|@KJhGQ zMd&|cP8=SVv!d$}&_9D5;=HWednCT$u@Gao8rv7|AhzO2JKGP8sW*67EnYW0-0dzP zwg2iI?P0&b-qQZE=^GOWFN5`zqRVT+=RSw>_5SpKfvH0?D5WlJ$)|1ORaXXJbeM>E zVa0%Y=teEb(8XZM+%R52SM=c0^>-HanE6mkGIthsPWC8HeVcuj~BIX zM|Mmpwbg{s)&Je4|7@|D{o;@Ama#Ry&^SpIKfMA^m`*0_VCXe3c47nhGGsiqD|4RaO zlS&+MGb6JHb0qSdQ5!wkC_kGSw6FswaLB92;vqxz^z0s5PnSoD)l{CoVDbmbFB^$+t&?{46@#SpIbg^!VakgHoEx2*&~!|U+@`=({&PN&3=8rgKurAvfV z9yRwHb4H2$qeL{|oSt;tTxo?e_1xPAm@xvnR7eV7>Pd@x+q7sm{_=|r$^~oU!tI9H zEPSX#!#CZA171Njl2z98K0I+0sVG5{#E$i{Yt8q|Z1crlViR(cRjfOoi`Qn29S(|q z`!weSU(0}h60Evw&i$KSqH=mX2F|bpXlT_9#5|XBSIdbPdk&Hz0=G7dN2JPH5K-J| z9)lUJ>VUd>Eh$$=b*VGtuFD__dUK4&3eU5K`B6Q zroSS0{F_{AhZLnAQY0q=R12;rP|(Ya^9hd3IQzFhf{hqMfP~TezSz2s2q97$wjXvT z@1INyShK(>Z6TkIUcXvpNbVfDrj z-oe~68?|r*irg^1Tt6M@Il%VwIF}Gw%a@k*%> z+A5+C&P3;ci@@a}xBZAVb3ryT_6@PO4C+*_sSfok1|F_`A=phfJDG5sG6RV)ngjDq z`;{bFxvW{m#~7WzrktV^=eEi@Wrw)Aa-kprnF|QZ;3UG+X6cmhU^!sY&NFK}{B8_f zb7%L`T-Cqq1frKBbO0Gp-82*ZGl=B#)ONVie*YwU*Us$l{0&??S8L7Kw7e-hrNq z?cSbJBgC;Z4r-14KXNMy@lgOWA!Le2B=`jJp--!J?{R4LsHSX({6lEE7xLz8H3Vsv`cYkni>B$v@(>m~WBuFY+ylH}|Q z`eh9l!448_2)s*nenUu_(bvk``t|Xixy<{LzE$4#n~@E$DHffi64uracBd?8Dunev zjYM$*So;ug29*x5dsOVtuaW^vV|Bk9;Psj)yy9vu005sP@u zazIvWnK6zSR-y>!Vg65&UWte$V+ZC4Hio~AzL-@=uL`GRMk(d|f>Fc24b`4(+}9Fv zcW|M0Xk-;9qr`omqoOp5rKv|4x{H@3LovnkX*6XOoW_Jq8yE-UOI+@QO(0%jq#_re zF)zIW&E}4v)Oij6N6qRp~;q^$M!PP|Wh7? z987O$Yy6Y?S46$5wZ|P^f1M1@J6LM%2)`d7`vG&e85k;rlv;0$$p=TjAJC^$a#T^k zf@BCCXrmwH+l<POv78Z~b=#bZ_?Ftmi_`_zB5a=Mb2DT}0Ik%kHOnkKTY2%C zk%FEkVtw%5w^(KMg7ENY{OySW*u0EemtE-22Qj)c&y4j;^Fox(r5Py2uGUrx4H_6LFFnflxT) zlI30r1$h}@h0cX4r_jsdeco76Xi{+{UT6DV;0;!OAv7~q>jP`#h@Mn!A^1kI5u%e` z+1yh-xz=M501CU)+7D&ePP8h587kQT(sK-ZLWzu^Zd66V z$UMAvZ|YcP8CZ-6;_N4}RUXg3_&z#A%?rkRfgR@$W~e!6u=Wi@gU}7Nt^*=U5+EC@ z_`n!cB#B)E<+9cWp@0A&(<3cEh@LX?t$nT8J_n^=CNv4zYth7-$Irloq@V|X*HU#U zJT_C81}miBuwjz$7dxp+gzlj;+nv#cbwF&D7B8s@g>J2NWk_N2TP81S?%W1n|ML6e zR3U0z^_*Z&cshDl`;W&G)Zw|OaW{tqBRu_cECZsP?&?DH`L>BEh@XJgOhK$(FP{TK zUeh7?YFUQxoAiIr^qM4kgo9F2KE`S_te^e+5zL>;h0~2f=@oSHN ze;BKz`}~Pt!n_?c0fONYM1#veTEQvFFm`v3_xoU#-RaLwm7sc+Pv6lv$nk|273JfK z52LT2%7p6~t_;T^1#?tpwTPCP!Jl97PHa_Gfz$2*H+ufuXZJO`mcF+p2SC^F0qyup zC94f^UqSMR0wyhAay-g_+6k>oM2h3>HF9symi9#NBL7_Y6`7wNCcRMoz z+O^uwTrl)RDAhYA*9x7{;TA7zTfTadB0n1HKvo-7eoK89bYDZDd-&Aos>pam>N!Y3 zZQ3C?qv!)RwF#q_Fv8PVBNR<)7DTTN|S{RqgfxMZQWBre?Ie=K<1;sn#`$&+>_^?ruLzJ;T@*?)!RFX0@)A1EPM)m|SC;j^-sN*f=ZyH^N^!?q)uGBBpas zd7Ofw3fQvK1UrypVNZI?z?2aHH2lOczyDMnRI!TpV<&n8ri6qC-Wm)XJRFVxXjZP) zxc{u5g8oXljOI;r>4QSmQi#Q+DLLbedg=VV)-tOy;pPnOXe(fVLW!btXjo`7MNj-O z@u0k)nd{sq<1_cWH$aPhG&GceR99jFvnh{wSD2`Ry0FD(U)05u2c6a-MoR1DcgXu5 z8kgROSFcl)Gsk(Y&Om{P+#FJwDq@9M_33 zUu;9mHoY;Zh8N))iPYI>Q+JF@bIpDEUr3*W@r1iLN}dmecgv_9%v#z%T=crMvbhmD zp^R1Q0;d5gx>&5x{#mPXBdZ#8S-s~q2F9fPU%x*w#; zFxtRjRbg@z+rOhgDVm2r0YS+wd~tt2YwXAWXWn(7j*d+H!SeYunD)1}NXo*_%Re{+ zZ;9)|V=9Nxwg+9@04 z*CTmuU*8||#nvOIS>Np`h|R#brj|Z;(w6Vj-5NR1NNUpYu2OACX<^kPoZGuH8-8_s zIjAe?)lBL+Xf8l!n*4J`Zl^Y~oJLV90s0$`C3Xbm5p81RV;6S{J)&}=TdUV|HTzQm|(n`Svi zyl#nS4e4-hKCIt&|B9a}IytqSYDkt)$5Uk5cN_jX(6Vi$ehCjsEQbZZ)wL`VlTZ-f zEg2f{lH!_Fd9iML{Mk8|k`K1UNZd2Ihv5B?%1*;s%{Ro1d{AfbZp&{wD(j%P07WoH z=Jvqg$E503Ucf~fOgP4Ca(#?inzATVl6( zW@d8?#N_4IU>IE;Z5^HFp%c>wi>GXQmmj|d4dzn#*j?rJtWb3K-8V`Y`yk?)JoyD- zd6`S-vPK0al>yW{^%6zp^dsF&il?xyyRS?C=LImb&|>gy^b+UkcCOtZ%Y7%^Sg-Q4 z8?Fv(1Rocv(|>F-^SIbw#q(^i{g`nWVb4^CfREo9W}X(O=A(*fS#6 zhj&Pk5Q|5yOV@6ImNq)c&UE9%xW>4BjwDn$H$CacUCS7m43v+L(|$Yp6_v63eAgRY zbG4%8@v?wZ&m~?bjI_o|eWT_NCsh%-@&M`)eCQH8M_|5I+>Odn%%cq`)ekD+{9-0| z0t;94Z)2&%jB~Ah85n+CzI~S(IaB>h`H!#P3a{_g&c^E95z8v@?8BeGwj9DSk%!%p zBUSw9;D~~F51`Mx;apMCmICkM`Y#D^ujT%gIx^5Q0eB5OO3ii@T8kmN13z(NYO#mu z;(Vj$MuJA8i^CH;p|$t+-uv(1y7Tr9IbiZZ52r(Q@;#WVIV#2Fe}46>*Dr-@kTiKn zRwftb`4EZVrv97Z=rd|>fEESjtBbFf0G_`7s6y7`U1t2%Q;e_CFT$tyD6N>D{q{2PvWx^#2Q@j4rL4>n{5yD;^Z&S?KrtHyIzSN{+= z+dXfFW}n1D;6?DZH+kyk$$%HH4$La1(21DiFh?IAa6gi?uzYXlkvMSS6p+D8bVFkM zUCj|JY)5o)RR;z!KmyNezB0O1DwT4D>3iLMvE3`8wFtF$VZ9)k?jt!b+`BS2VN)b? zgK}+amK5LF7A>%eI5ozEZzZ|nr20)pWz1B5`&T)PqeZD z*&@u8_^W%+XJk*W8M$~_6yVqf3>Xo4oNhhXa^Px_1GmFnICjiDrReuOh`@kFR}s{nRRUf@mhSrAPE{X zypy$u``hM@`0fCf`=w#P(G7H0ulO3XM7aUG#1@=vzH>8a*$+ zbpPxA*VTJ=_wGgl=Zm^zN?>EiaQLK15)(bAHdnJlbS1^Dx_e+#?)fk5Wcc%+qoy-u zn)wDn2Ym^Mo*92;zP?Q2yJde#T0oVDOb=0`=#b$~X6qdLD6(XcquK0oNUvPlH%to= zWNG~Nu?MwAAB`*m(L#ghHpdrXw{Q&KzX97Xj9I6)uvGJF$~^I8A5!~nz3md}9_f|a ziI0rp#n}*>xu!WM;z#}Ip@+LG-VcLG;hx&X~1{Jo+iwkrI` zSeUMGVs5K6`DDiQig!PD!ut_o&26arqDfx*jCJb7FG;Xca}ItrT5$ylAN6x&5h_VZ zwxDah$ikOi0h(EJtfj51PDbSeiL$p9jGK|4#N=KIK3;Ds?J5WkWjK!KiSGd44?<7r z*$JBx3wlUIM<-=o&{gNJLeV1RpCK@X^v$E7mT6DtbIiZlh-BMZ#`@VEib>dGdAiYK zLZXuP^8GT`$3l%~IB7p4Yk6Kv69=2V$@3}R=gTCZ|3#lFsU$8r)F7C@OQ1#2?dC3t z_)Q1<;*3tMD3DLyLjJ%DqZiZhX;<_~CqaLwQ0m8+mPTJCxJD6v|87%+*fnxLUGB({6)Q%8)ja(h6fQv5c;-u}8OQ~Xci+uXqB+f{UN5QENc(8_z=|>WZ;o!36+#|)BA zVvP#DVGCG#5x}xB|nGYmDfql-HY8Lue8MCBy`N$+spk-nP}o|oqXJ#tc2KLHqt*wFLT@^ zrf-k#u9GFPOq6h4&7FBevP8~&Hoe0kumL1*))1^*9#;zGaBE5&tIQ{9a64V9-q%_fYZ(N?I22p4;RIGUq7-xu zqWu!rS$eGueIytduxIz6Z~v~0tR}mV5WA3bi>2|S0lf9IpHlONUSNqTie!gM3lKi- zBq*?A2Z;R2#C`}o^_u|V6YAEI2Bgo*GGd8@*4khCF?WuI%!QJfv{F1NtkrLEdbmYq zRnQ2S*)c`$tC90dGJ2Xp#iuOapd9t8l0*8!WxSga;vV9Mv+9o6nxl<9FAAYi=!qmu zlu2f0UYIEQ9wCil%Dd{&=D~XQ8GVoRV3bq}vVnI;V7S|-_gY^2{+sm^FuS0M>!#78 z@uJb_EMy83ZxY${)@g9~cGErY9@t!TJW6s zuoaR0(@bB_&xm2e#wWj|@FZ!*)0|K~n^5|3%qQHl0q;0Bs&BSwP7V=Cb{#Won*YDI)$t0RLWPh;mxhKGLJAqeu#v(# z9DhRaY~kz9_C4DgK)h^3n^h}Gt>L8fjb)n0>VRO|+ni9f-Tq;E<#Azg!z-M%QR`yb z+GEzy;SX0NfuAh6PgE8ixIesp&gY=pZru8u<9$#$u9^p~#>C_~%A1@kRRbQvXgE0G zP%11Wh`d{$e{GH=c0VjcI);^shBq7yo`HwR(U)k~Xnx@le+Q}bY1Q*My;S{+eAnwe zQXjVu!mKsYpOp*x3|c+pN=+{R%xrt)*BZ^O&WWXqPmyS_T#q!0rTfM5ZcjSevSXW?yur|BR2zN>f}R)Bno$e0GT(A!dr4 z<}W_-AZuu&cenn(>P3qS$-^U)YYL3*oR_}O7)0+OKC`4 zr>|sVv`>1j-|UiXCQM_^`ue+?J(tZqJ9Sf70jl_R^v7NVD>98WdMz(s-zNUO|6!5; zOClY|)YaBktf$_Ux^-pqE@E$~UQ3h&5>c^k*OD*EDl+D36ru4h(^@z{rMO#p}wjtbOPvc@_+Pk>ze)mN=5 z9sp#q$X%unTkN_210S4lup-SAXKD~1bGf4`X8wQ8iMl!OdB->Qum?;dUQK;bQE5QNYH|yoDoOCvdg1>%oUMO3&ksor zd5e<-V$)QkhGov~TZtKK^Q;9lCncB*#zXZGzw*7GDpsoXK`KCFYhnMKihE4Wqk=V! zCGXPbD1GrF6bEv8pG+P8^QxSsmVgnDdto0Fl#wMDWyKsUs z$BIVgprIgd+no*}nzZIVFHtavz05@e(|LpLd6XdbFnT?WMTzcwxskHCHE9xFi`Kh3 zE7~nFyV1nC_Mu{&qF~S!{XtVOtOJD=&-)T7{o)S+pB} zDyq4Wo6F&5WO3UrPEUV#N5gk%v;Sk(t2wPh51F9qcz`Klw@%p_6hR(r;O)>xs(mb& zOuaN_S4B0Pf0V$ML@N35`V4N)wp*LLXdaW~CvB2;3RvB$YM)D9!kX3`&&3y}Sr_O}t>Dkfg8z>%3A-Op z0r&nL;lf~}&%GcW%1==*B;)DBlEK0S3 zDUan;abYmCk+^h<>_8ENou95lTbdXX#}b*i(}Fwo1Oh#_fFp}XR_P~Pj%B9ysB!u9gKSZN@jYy#g(GD z(WN|*qJ{Do^mAw1KT2=}W{>!y5An9UmPe#H`mVf_Vyc!Fmg&`S3!u4{IbgBA& z^$=Z;*>{?9BBPdmfOR&)LiD9#ldnsI<9-3vIuqnH zL+K_WA?6+SYdHAVMA{mlu6>7tjKgxDSk-(aaNZ~S$f45Y5Q>6!t{_d6z+PS(ouX=R zLw4;uDHW0+N=RcA*GpqA-Zk$nxUDFli=pS*<5_V-` zxP~gQ#Gx;g6BkxWX3LW+Lv{~+;$P3)EU4AjtL^4o`{hV$#2rSNaoClS80!z)rCF}} zjdZ>MPl~GvX!gD(cTi?DR%MUdPNxyL#vBU%*Ed7ammR%|Jx;+ zk+_R%3UUcQunmGTEe|V=+SC26s5Hvaz8+#&ZL!wo4d$IUH8C2atpd%&>2+S~Eewm5ey)Gn_W0>f12~;^RWTSG2ubBc zf$Y$OAg@y~r}f@sky(D70N==>!L~GtuU&6d`&SUIkz`<~@a?V2i1ZyW#XsMH^5G|| z#^*9De5cxe2(1(NX2rf3QWJG{rzaD*4oy-)uaa9KAW4-9!w>a%{>B|NQYD<(^cqx= z&F)9ka=&48R*?uMHo%Fi4yCYsXpQmZ&Bgz@_a)cv_U|Fn=2=A%}r!ZRrut33slm7dmN15+~rIXEh39!AB97JZw?cL0*ZS;A#-7d8^uw(ml z`o5=#^5ra@o@kgI4@bZU*G6I4<#v^>w*XD)tb+F z#W0dIS|nM(nagSwbJ%>)5VPkyHkNwnY- zwJ=OB9`@hb2A!!N&J?bMKH$s~#;f0r9yL_?&ykC4)3;dCZ(0{jnBKdqBup!13vhq^ z9-m9u=m{u;VB{F48zr)LX-}+rh1D%j6mlQ9uCxY;m=)3mSk=a_S?pt)Tz1pJprHJky^Ex)H{AtG< zpO6&hFfRmeg~5A$?F*0P>=0`)QqQIz9zq!7JAk~-miiuJE2VOhOyZgDBRa?Tz^JWoR8 zYd*+3c@dLpMwHR){i)BANTo0zypXeGGEzGY>^L+F^e#7LKU0E@9JZP9(UF>lZ!LR~Iht%#v9X)_dRGeUBG z9~(mDl?h zz2IQW6!x;E#%OE~RI$%pF*>8%Xe-4oHb=>YURqN!GPAW_ObQJNca{L=f(p?;$sRC3 z8R3IVe=1-hhrJ3N!CPU;U(M$bx#R2c>y z3wu{0UkCWLN5!)t@ACl|g>8i0D`A~dr%oj5(~>UeT3HH8qiYnTOlldSs1pqP%EwytHZQakCxN{L!xBx*=m zlfh+KYxtD~If5>wfqycAJ`f4mK^iIrBcMu(?6y7LTGO_u!xmOCK**?J9OZIkG0AKc zRXGYyV!mc{bB9W;jO^&L&zE=0$DT@&B5Thhn+laQ1$N$+TTYpMREf?Ur^W2!IR%UW zdy#xHr%7K-@(A+LsiTd&A5tz;tnlA7uF=BD-JMMP6mGro0znMX^L6ftT~IxqkbsJP zUr-$Tga~%dYwuSmdCHDoWfIyNXH)3fr#byQ{o$hX?+Zodu30N5=DFUpsu(VSg^kD$ znDcrgLjG*@I;hstpO-w7fJQlquGaWhqKcp#s|nOVX&7k#GK(~j;0Tbx3{Z<+AKx?q zQlO`@FJf~Z0gEm&EQCQqU0DbcXcd!1_Rd%3KRD_I-&SLKLA5j<^~ULF0ZXg1_FThU zX!7mhc+_h_5>fy%W^llMf!d$ppv75XW6d^Pr8>{&&NqjHW~}r@c=6 zkw(ljMR3uS`ak?6bNovcAQfU{P-m5lTu{>Rtny`pLENxoPY61RR9f%|r3tn6oZ1BH zL^LF~?rR7L8C#@~^qv>nq%j_5(iAFKMo1)gI9`JRQtThhnUAhJwi{zRmrshC!7_+p z!^bm1OJdxtf>%_)=kkaTkqC~^ty)h+{UYPey zI;MqG%{obOCyY10?lfml0W}~dLt%8DSHR-v?NcE0=27L_U?BQ_EnRdMfZvWCh71-? zDP3~8?nw6t55?dE3rQhc_S$GrV;yL5umhkdc5{9U5xx8lNRQ!cb>Cc_H#?f(9ObAz zRU!pc)u*T<41|VK*l;N)8yq(aBZ$UqKHl*KI93~YY{knC0|z+PhX4y2VjBwbKE8lm zzb(2ol~u7158WZ*{|-bLytCa0?s05-NTUSInkliy+j4ESnC?(k!Bt21rfsW}_Vb~G z7_CY@_uN`;pXi^veTSkR3cs66)f2+J(LN+}QiSK7I@r%i42L>3JR z&9O~&-H^0_YICw8N9teLg_Z;M*kZ8St2}81R?np0y9AEy0rRv|zxI$7|6><@q^vw2 zb!5kw?Slrfq5wil(xWkfedep$t5}*P8`a?q?xn>>MLc}@FUr}4@fZVD&_52e z8Iy~QR|~K1*c?A({;sTypK+3+xkhvX3b917#lrmc5rY`Z^xG)h)pV$tn=WVHU6txZ zSryO2jMfrRVGYI&u{I#7Nuw-8Q_#m4=?8e5owXhV5*;Vl{e^WkTl@7JMk&fw{Y~ZG z;AG@|iKBK6p*~Ws{KBzr7C5{3937jK>iWI4_9v12+=jm5U3F-?4#1^%YbX(7h!lSL z^}w13F<5Q0H~M@_QWS$o4hA&b7*XiuDE=VfCt{aaMO5lz03(Z-&1bhTF zUA^sM2Cnjj(^LRIx6Qn&21b%llSA}dOQV|~?GGbE#btJ^M~=<58X?}})yCahx86?= zR}xXxsu_ajm6lWW(RXUz8vmn~Ptak%vMxKpc=9nGQoQpTmGo++5ipRZuz~+a90SsZ zvNf>J1wXvJW&;^nuUxP{8~ZPO0ibq@lMlr^2)A5cz;>>FQ6aAxHH{8*K|ErABH293*uvYnkwyA+vp4ILA1+__7~ zO~AGS92O1Q5v7h3TKKS4SnJ&>q+b`mJ2b<_Wp;ZuB4QuLL~r zEvEOpn&qNS4aslrU#mAO+rm-iLqRl1o9pC|_IXdC%>4mWSu=@8X_H#hcbrdVrPOcX zF>K-cm1>Uj1}C>a#-+@^Rpln3;V+Ov-N?Sgu+BDOuXGya?^6~2eefz^4e%p>6Ew0u z<}w+!wQL=0U`>4utuuciK0{yTQYN)KlKJv4CxDJP_?KW*n8Er>NuU4V1K`f$c9P1c zl=-)l%GJ+AO1;cJsMk!||IPPewSY!>4~o1XR}VcT(qJmA=MWlOx9kf2=Go~=eZl%5 zmIIWUuQ9xw10iS{gt=a4;m_@aS5DYpGMsatY<0i80LCHsRBLnY@O>j$uSW%)e;ehv zZG`&elZhp{l~N2OB&tP z+rCjtvD#XGveu}w8`LG?gl6g!LfF^K3apJ%jF^^h8$B+q+?DI7l2aYwA*jeJH70$; zWk`XrzZ6B33`kum*t;aQffs1P`T23yg=GI;gIdzJJ=J_E6de_#D+r3ujHZ^{BWYd6 zZ6sS8mO`?4AmRXC+r!Sgsa9Fnn%rljD0`s~#l0cEeqJq2xYsTXAzx`FQ!9x0gg$3Zu^ZDaZ`UV2Ey= zRndLAbGH3J0hp>|N6EfAwf3j zC6tI%AUvEt+SHuk_{U=d-1W{zy&kmO9LV`jj(P_RgAe86|9tbzH5?~|ezYyN7&p}7 zFv5z+8W)}i*;?E4=k{2;*$8o|o>JSI5y|9tOZ8Hi=tTj`yZXbOrQ+8@u!PJk3hmNTtgA}Q30GAzXtn9Z#Aa)?_g`B+3ou*;l3-@J z-)gd?w2?~0S_DGnMh56CwdYMrXi0Q5t2Fx826xj3@i>Y&>g7rRGmJuj7ayD{qM1Xv#R}N!#lk& z{0xy~nx1v3-qM6|0bS+aeIkc_tW-#5q_sv*TG?6&Biuk{)?D>ES9%4K0{k7#0Z0EG zcBoV~)A4f6R7?Abw`Gb>jfAw5cqW=u&x^VMfiSjNwM<@n9>b+*nf@)KOIDIdApXG3 zeC`23XeShs(H>J<9?KS-dqyV2C;mO~!!O{h^YZ2aK;xIz2i2pceW0c5?*KhKJ)uhr z0I?|iJP0(eKrx;x&3^W|)pP*o6c5N~o@`Xt1JqltbUol* z(ac3|xh^+2ngPI$ zm0xncU^nuk>ER+}(Hd=!rggRbA3B7U?m+%k*Wsf)AxlG4B3@G_@N|FPTAqP6DxC|3 zN>q@z;fv3|m}2}|^uJrgbCm`CMn`>nMmWgx1^TPa4*jvu(4rCH z=zDx=;*>iBB$N^2bzLi{EJs$DkCrp#7G8*g5NIzBk^dq*%qL!J$sVQk;3nYrzxn-ez`-{H`N+q{mW$WJml@96>MgiUo(XY+F3RbeJltPRz~ zI8qgGPeVoM%NzU0tA!E6PTSg)75F&A!m7=bVZADKr~Y#!UC#!$g_f(%dU6;N)HsYI z-sWW|UgB+|`3D&>0QPgA-eB*v7pt2cC?&VJA#q<72-r9TU5>Dp5?ZWy`h}AjmqAyW z2CHP=?c^#vB5mid8sZ3N;~WRZefPpvw{CEa@rN#9Dl0G5MySoe4u}kd{?FcqX{S^l z4WW5<1cVaeEdw9IY!sPtOYOkR{kbvc!$r-oWBRH{vUdR1e+>1jj~gNNxm^PHh^nLV z)nEZn{d5YZSpdy8m|jaPrjCnhlc@pRk-F>gYHO>G#SXkRP79TEgz2Yx`%tQ9jPhH zMu{n8#H96{hefkb}pd5{cdgZ$x%FMW%SKn1ukx$j>O8OVP6Tv=tEDhJZ$p7K}znhjn^%XDl-LI~%AdhSe9vhwbQM$qun-kW4t5gdHP1<^QToH%nOGq%vfVw z1gVUJV47w#h9>y6^e+tT$Eh*VbezAUxsc;dGGUK2C>5J$qwE%=?20kKRqcb$S{a>Vk*7X-s>$28NA=?Ba$@(V?@7jI5r$)+dr++Mc&X0vc zNGR_0AU);9SU}rTRLOHWT+H;i{L`DiTtr2Pe+lMeX#!Fx5;Rab$9=Y0C2FoFA8?)-ybQGi(P%3(s{Q^x@@9L^(6j=-oGfI% zR|5AGgI{<=Nv+iyn(}X{LCU{1q$d4L6-N#KTG48{gmSf?NvjespG5PG9+?e4u``CR zB~*&g-HTq!9;`vb(FipE+Z>^x!{>&QztAn$zG|^qY7F?5Y5m9~;Q7^jy%AZY^EL;Q zGZT)&v3QxZ=x3gIU@eXn5B+>eUQ~h^7p+3d@J{^HabG&_b{@?U*NY;>PvAEwcHW!( zNDBHCf0E=+E;7SoUjHjtCDCB}b7peA-qR^%SyT&A)b`sg`2hjfMCfet)B+;}DHI0s z{3ju3lO-DZozTik>PKxf$wdFD!CKWeRm>66`N`55FIoRSR<>Y}Pvd8pWd^Ukoy);I zPggtbFWm*_=RmXA zctr2Jg_@)<*_mf=85Gg^P~`bm_~^YPErK4ODw3*8PpBJRT-X3bUX&QABDEBbjF2?1 z?IH~-jD|LsZn!RfyihUwlTw000Wsd{^|iS3U7Mx<$82~q+GzF4z~@C#^n4T{?qkKZ z2q?HqC9%>Hie1W^+VWgFirDm$241JqQzdHDHG~l!F94zNPaNfcKna5)-EEPfiGxLo zZhM?)mvUgX`L9WLFS8C9VSEmVb%;^5U4V9U0VbODtE6ox&GUkf599S32B|=p1H-jP z(wG|aH@g5MG9b|qXYL^?X&X*mOPP~-as7T%Gsf_5e>`>1QJmH5GJQeUBj(H)HFVf~ z@}(3Y##ZDJ*Opub<7LIh-61IGoNDdRd*x>csE)(A%gG5w$btmSWLz+@;Q*{o6a>F3 zZL7D>2;-XSX_Nd3E0+JY4CGC`>0!(HXk^Phi~KUh{!kKwi5=+9%UyU`#(bhs%=$=b zod{+nm^y!C?(#UBGCz$GV-|DE zrp{^x=PsrMza=a763vv?+a}=GExU0A&LybLxA`|R5M7*N&FXXK8B+(7nIcsFrmBn59&Na1IL_m>dqLJ`=D0VLKqX_Q6kV8z$W1LP zVh&ck*TZW{&tkft{j`01aj-DOY|t{lUZ9eP@k>|%=THboI6VPF{oi|wl7Yz&TsA&n zszOEynT$hRcXP=F&KS>yU9+>O9Ox-kOW)8s0R}xY0-p)BQSK=GkgT4}@xFqZr|T%D zYW+6&#VOb=kRlH??q#S|2rxqabT?b^4k0jah4zL?qNJopb$&4Jicoklq80-Am?8BB zC4%LpTi$&P=LxbefO|hhv&LWoWQhsLKTWGiJia3M2iI_6X;$Z&DP)nwqU`3Y z#WQwW-xE5|%ZnvRlo+^gCnsoc{qAtTP{3NHG1Ue%+k|ZXTXTA>^^#hOwyUER6T{Qg zlU4HXSS!rKpr5AC(0cHpwQcilz=6F@`<1|eGr&;jCNi4hHw}?M9WtxTJ#Ikg@r!iMDnNA%PBBj*K+Kf^$#e}PbasDxaPVF!6D#;_O6d?i>#uZe*H9=KMXnJQI0|HAbZYw#YYpR)0!Re0NhHfGR~{ zQ?>sIDs)X8&6^Y|yLm~Ty4+&e?vu|W>(EUHZ>?~&`EaXGLUNiT#QN|9usA`1fD`z& zULvaoKS>5Fzca5U+ql(lhluV!XicvQ=APPR7x8Eq<0$Y!aWP&HrPkTTMbcxu`o_6GV`2sa5)$(VY)QHWh_Qyp%Fj%nzlshU5 zu8jLI*h1nu$~huN9WbZtUyL~-&L1D{prAy?K}NU`eC*F~aB7bE6+qB*h6S6zkP$cj z%oIE!ltNxPLK;3={iOIC0(!_FK&}^3h3gixf+YzHOmmh19QDSp=rK(bU&AEOzsdNG zHi7v(N{bTpHyF#3UG+U`4W-KHjnN<*=jz)PW2kNagW}b4(=2%!ZP@%D=O*TboVVk7 z2!sIe3S#&*$+CwP2>7`LFLRww9vfen{4Ljc;}|Thr?X_E3+*LMBEj<1zpXN0iFiMY zLf^DW5GM9_^7{)W+@zUK2Tj_Nh=M3Eout@OR*Hd+81!o6i)m!?`dH9u)_LL*6pz0b z9N+-bL0QUn9o(ckm(aVR)NVe}W4O`Kd8U#bS?z9j`=&iQom2;M`{|N+-u+Vc>IoCj zGK~=1dA?-!CwUSSGL)dYgUzjvAr*|!A|5~}GeVXPJ84L4$0|uteDoCb~W?BS6q|{B%L=yK|<#VMV3mVA}62%B|yyzz8 zItlO!sQ{6(O%<1%|I-OmRA3u@bGwatE+KZhurQi(VPf(zp+aPXEc?D^>}260ai#En zb+uhh>a0=FZkg}&aVG~OT;ehTdc1|0kn8<|vd8wPJ5eX#bsd(CByaw4w*g{|ZSZTJ z4gs!*KcAGCTc#C5ay_U4QsqEcPFZc2FTnF>CrU3gnuO=*8<`2ZYr=}DVqJ*S=Ce&~ z4s;R>&{*V*JMM%*g69DvNzwD^@WMTTqFj89a%$56D$!T|p@MdiDSjFGdT0fy)m%2g!*;{fjbwe$W-&YB0w)&KDAwyd3)3T}qGIxP4bWY0dnk9`mcy29|p?EB`q@46Wnfewj-#;FQ%>rY>(j>l)?NGkZKQUynBUY?sDYyQ z?FBaW+oRFyr?uXuh`R@%u-!HoyN%m7oGlv+{4C{)g$`|F#)2pLXegQOPZh@kU#-md z?JRw#%J<=`bFLY0uKuAS8jd_(m$vsh<`26S0m~4#-sk2-8a-`@;Y1?7ZYjRzgiF`M z@r4`w@^Xc-uyTOgrIu^3%AT~pe&7G2 zgM)C$p2r?p*^<45?2zoeNA}(;n`Fx-WTeQJ?7e00?47OOeR_Yszd!xu^*FEBecjjf zTo0kM`NzHh;AnpZbuWN5;{>N`uy8e|-eWw;atY(y28s0wMr4PqJHm{NY}X z>fJUDGMiK&*;btjTKMi7E$!IeC9%d3qjYQ%-Jg!Kf|f^A_RfluRI`d2{T^tdQtIGa z)HqwU0Zlh&%@uVT9yMxv5Q$X4u z#8c%1wg^i_t_}6qy)7e7-{!Q)dH6bu;E7g*KXv3+Oog>93&F+2{~MfFXvIPYxjtEk z?8$79n3J1`W=ysUDM}%%6$iN5wdOJFf7>&o^Yi%ZNAp4ji?qKCc2dvdE{!}&;C+t? zVMX9fPm=0UD6}~~?wH?+Wyh4zRkkVDYE|fN0^ecMKu(_w{-SC{fBjY~?*$vT$I)^* zmhxs)+_SHd5xJHsrM_=hz0iJp;s<)*s^A=Y98c9UBU{BhDEwZ6BNO8#?z3rGvSlKm zh8r}OurLtJ)wS{?{KXn6)fNFcckeOS?U|6c$MCVMm}3S>B{phH z_~rhn{NhD!pcxQ+TvSi3=qC7tE45w5rp6llYcH!{mj*~Z?Ol25{oQ4yi zT7IMvQIP5qgg^kR-8}0qQPxnw_%!LIO|lkA}XHV`U$~QjdlrV_VV*t$K~es)K9FgGrtki zXH)Ed@RH#8Xc}VvRfa7GQ=)Wyu^Jx$OvV7BXD#4V(g2R4lqAW`?L&MP4LLkws9KZY zo2vQ^ZzdMG6RxN5o7pd7D?={nZI^gFpTw=ijg_y8F&A@q2x+X$jFt&m4{k(+6K&UC z_2{Wq=9jMsNBZ-NEV8!vd^Z;{`fLJJ_koVEWf#}60(o=Lk?EkVXKPLJX)-v-bsMVV z7H;)yrvP=RH{4{*Bb{BlZh82(i*%a>&YH6(SMRW}6ZXnac*Db|4e!68Zf(uxtD9?)8Uka5ivN8R_y$5QmzX^R3 z8VjJh>q(5?Fm1K?-Fa1GiAyVq9jSjLeZ;Dj*J9x8P$bW&zX5%5IZs2>{VNnT1)RnO z3%&NII|x_K5gAge&5ye-ec8{@0u*F#x5KAoqBj-g(LCE}21#y|74+ysG-@ zo=4uiI!rae;1Z;PJ~2r?sxMZ;M|2U+fojNp-JRb(E2#a%lX#Y_%Xl zC2Qa0>0o~mtQ=(OEW%G|eG*sTTOA_3D2_tnnMJbqxX znBnlEaG1Fg4{E{Lz)xTx<1o#n-CR{xo)>Vw1|tkjkyTRBCh(KJS6)_1=SeUPm&LD3 z!)Izxl^S=-Qo>BsLk=RA=6TcOYZcPd1u-iEmNq_wRD)GvzD^?T>AddPh-HeokO-Or zQ8GO+=y4J0IR>)&`DDlaPi68}dilwVmUnf7pBP_eXBxT?Zh9c<&p&I|B{UvQT|7LG z=*j-=RsOCTbmd(DbS#xuixY0pdjo>$Nqqz-wlb5#l85*+ttEQg_5XsoND;KRw68I% z{R#~5uD)joP4WWHIOGbbLJEu+c6LgT!T&2MdSow_=hzAseoJ?vpbwvxOq{C@D#am$ zc(bx%!cDbtY4>3?@v6`fNIdpzC3;>4`5&scbzPfuC5nzq7c12h=!F9yuG8@TB(*g{ zjpC+bC zwtdraSF$O;zkmD5tDLPelUM(w%pADdH`~SLt0Cy-faFWSlDuoA4c5XbhnkWh-A}dN zuJ$MI5<#A;CN4aBzsSwhSY3&U+A<5ol9eTcan;#>RUrhd>wRE6D4W@AaEVu!5UBkc z93RI5D~8w0>w6n!H8^i5RFAydnTIW$ZVeN8D_2=8z#g$`{`zY7grLouidaepAna+; z0W3}27r%A}z;`0^z`qdzHiG#p4IrUWq{Jx5ejQACzVwT7tlQ69S`XIZqv(9&??uq) zL^cw5HqaTShla^;L|e9AEN_LMTmc;&K8I(bDN!=D@oW&594Ivl{fi<+Wtngzi;r!2 zfvBnU3du)qe$O2LK}jd1foprhUmDI!W4Th9ErhF%QU2NAnxxxsTS_v3e#YKP4qP(sxTc1}uU1}p^DBS{>CI2DbWK0zi4eh|XZGWF_>Yf4Fw&X?+ki>2y}@+w^Bd4Z8Ci{UKk&O)So z(uH53nOrr+bPlk^R|dXy+8N79vfB)WUI^fa>aa(dax}1kQje&qC+C||7rAOXZS$vn zx&O-om=e0|ms}lpe4-vSNTeZt`JzT84{`=J>mK(dGN@OE4*ip-p&>=&v@SZyZYs)I zJz}Qhf6Fu@cyelgr1F=YNxk|!cnIjuaujy-X99Cp*B4+Pdb&LUHi$C6f9d1G! zM9jQrm=w%QaXBWYV5)yqb5i-y7)l2Qx$Y0wJh2{l?RD$lwe4<1( zuM&uDn{9P3cigekVus;`Y3*Zjdy4RmW5%ZY>s?y;Y!??c=aa^PNNFVclGr_SRk0sb zgjOQVXD(d+cNG7=ssGWs&cP1|2@zI7^&-UtN=_(R*dr1eiJ;xeM&%G;Rb4W*(4Gbz z6Uf6LvN}N=W7K{j=!6<*vbKP;%Ub5`O3j5u9)OwzpAD{UFJERg2gfu&Zc!2Eoh_XDn1ezKnBqT~RW2z2% z!DVW>89+)KRo1U!oPxx2+IIgG>?7EX2et9diudv-ImtSZ`y@5NG=QdwK_`HbHRsT} zP*wWze?ZZHf)Sc34&))xYxUi^L*#RgDa!a!Ra8N;POcqi3)nr&;DjX3A8*(lMbu4z;@vqN40WHwYeDVX{>97IS;d^Z*Fz=n9M( zcqF96oiE3%OTr3dnCSLqM+*KjpO76ZW5%dK61N%=NOHqxM6yE>$_ zN-X1evDDpc%xtlSraBr#S1xGHhiQ>W}X@6 zOQd|-^Pq;pRCDJCP9JP<@HSzff{c8sXiyn=C#r4$Sv8+H;|bK(ddvr zr-~Ajg2wMAiYDOLFSRVdP1_|35ag+V>_%2hpC_1HSILH4h}Nq#KWXt!>w8y}zW!F} zE%-%tig)JgbFgUw5S`h$ht|*~lQ=e9PvwDUQ8&FH78b5qI}_z-Z>ynJAt{mZHtL~M zvueCaRtK+zU4TV{jc%{&2!ffCL;$NegS(ZrS`a^?z$J|Z136^0QKdDpM3O#adCRH? z$1#Q>8qdK3f&$fz8ngb+?9h{Mv2laxWI-Wp_mx;&A@rv;QLU9 z6CsDbUZOV3BklS|$4EB%q?X4WB?0i}1})n*P;`>0(i6rsv=EgPKkzNWoBOsNW0ou! z@1M*1mna0z+xrpz43tM(TsJXCNdc2xBwR9Su^L(i@r{9BG{g~>N0kSQ&E9mN2$-JL zeoPR;S`ZY~jGOVO%8ry!9lBLX0kZrNgk(8vGhU+~!8~>a)TH}lX7ZI8atA+8i_s#| z^FInZ+tmGLJ*nVDcJ)=u^%U@yVqhplIzPfjlNFAliFbm=w^isj|GEV{JP%;S2GXgb z*q?_|D;~f6!>01!4B`FYRiL6KVCF7x5is>&K$(s|kzsub65na%ndMm`X;_-xv%U7> zeuL+pewTZ~(BRfildYy)uGIG{QT|om@0P=H+D;M7T2T%hVMa?{|5oiQ4e{^u2M6lY|FJ!*Nscma<*~MZPrr4k28) z`LB8LaZ0pDzvn1>{%ABY>4$jw&YC0AdrLiXfp$;?jX5=y4x+0rxX_oh}= zMJv{YZk~~EpLlEgECZJUDK+UVHHyc`8hvRv34gn`d&9 zdD?k;=&z5oL_IjqHSBQ(jVLM*Ro(=n-(icwHI38OxW&QRnNWo!@c| z_@VaiS0RUdu`&}7*il71Q-D+?WHsHU5|_$|U;H-N>OKgoC%d_If2Z;A>I7OkQ)lza zWw+v66z>Z#5$R!8Qg8V6(#O!1F%^QYe6OEA$?0S<|9H4CRsVaOC>$biAKE(@)s(*M zj~4xmIYo^^Ehte{L#p-uDUHC&&JYpwSTk^JM@hgPUjI{)Mt$B( zhJHV!`jz%xY=ctMaS`CZm>&7I8&L&&-2rvkQ=qxPZQ5oI^$7Q;?c|D- zmQ_`H^RKDTM#Ls$zu}~)q=7Lav+7eXR<-5s3S`^P_}9~QPyb|t@GBIX(h%FKR*17y zYFA5azBu`9!ztV2i?0Wo*a~!oM>)tpvCR^hbouP(Kk&ZYl*@+`9wx`5 z`rg&}^-MGJMgBFK!!bX2?Gids{Fcy6giP(fp|CUNfz-oJ$tppznDQ&VkAYP(UNmB^ z(-~8%ti(KLCbT*?QV`YAtrmEja73o%(Q^Bk3Dk^3X-IwJ!f3en%EDwnFe@C>*`ZuY z`-!wwVTW*P>uYE6+j0^dLH|SjW~FKSH??w({FR(k?P+1(GIMTk5P=~`qhLsZ^;$f* z1OY(f&o7sQ(K`q$MQ!*h1tI=rEblqDD!SFc*zp%O@=Nk>Wm>E@ZUjLf9(`<*^V8(V z7Fn+E+g}MpW!-2qrmUJW@qSpFb7;0>P|P$uif9BUy6{RVit1vMp7c^h4Shuz+&9PH zZ5F=Qy)AbDNf-R5jt}X38QO~yXem#@yDhwV??ITS8{Q+^et2pgnvpyg;0Y{rg-=I8 zvN@xvhyv+z3?0Y+7>Ia6DBYD;@y`!$VLH$PJh3u=cf#k_o!pSj4zIJ{qnilxZLRqr zUb`ePASwb)sS=njX=>~9J3@UPxw<>9;Xr%)kKV`ji3)k7!Ky|wad9DoPa=ojJPSV{ z!JhI#IkhfkXg%&C3*9qs#+}T>tu@T*pxp{JW%R&49wu5EN2q3{;fP^533t>V@kt{i zqhPEP8SjGt5yCq68V*uMPf*f?5#VaAcr zH7-v~YVC$+l+19M$`2&0d~BAB+cxpb{5DgHo9(<9UcG+6T)v5*^ftab?3`;%2X{$c z5{R7i(4w}=1Vv#Iy74f42c~rsRjxwPjFuwMT7)wo`&82TFG_~(sdZ4>Ey32UOQF=z z{B@hOuSp|;%*aR(6@peE0MQwwx#I8SCkW8KFxtnR^d{4M+Oh!ZBi6efVvFW!FeLbv zU*P$1qWyLB|IzDTTi$AkCto?-^n;K-!Ng>t#^?ts_1C0n97K!J01OePGO9XKY74VX zo-V!qXjr7CB7j+@UhYrj;Ar**C^*f`)&s3O0>pjc2)vv_N0{Z~>W~hx2YC~oUr^#? zBWD5I_VXab^b;`6w>x;BW)?Bh%DjV72^3Gjo!nwzAZnFFXN(+8&f{jX;`OUON@m}8 z)=02!y?H^odMk}!2U@>%_L-(Ozb$|>;f0E9WQl~w%Y9X4js9S`tb>lbI8*jvLINJ~ z4j9Jq14}^l4QYZC$CviDEVdu+o;FDv@~=W}u0D{LR+^m*|86A+d@C6+4+PyJctVfU z8Br04Z(dDopIgFtJAmQ}aFiV%qtlQkW{GgG|1v`Jq?$}GNmEs$y@#THrSu6UiQl_4 z5e0XTDP8yNCz7M>Ez5|c_uksdG z4~-KKmZT`e^GDYW7quI59lQIvqv(XMGL3G@q%jvGz>vw9VQUxU+m9fKrx-*Y-*!_O zs3q^QI#=AaM-~!V)vC=@}2V-B{_FcHRK1#%N*LD7dk--vmHZ#iSU)1)e@RFzF zjkYC1GEtypPucYzQl*#Bry6|EIbOkaCga8F6)xacI0UGx{1w9Bx$j;36}BugAl+R8 z&RtsIgPaR)^8qp7aqbZ~+=Qfr8KWgHE+^=tsRox) z)S!lpd+^quYIyC~??dC;jLCZ%? z7}NYEXXcN5tp1&dBX8)fL*w3spIYl@@ZzHaq}%q()%*BBL?5f73cMVs(LrST_(YlJ zlU-MX?06<1t(rL79+%w=lzp>1Rl!|@jxlXLJ7%_d=>NBou7+*`GVK7a^*ngk*&k|n z;3tjJ#Iau?DDCULNgH<&OYSPvt3T$0ObU<#FE&w#^xzp!72cwa{xi6NmPH#%$M0h9 zk`VUY){jWJMkvz7)~j*?YKS97@XA^2gY?HSMUlAs*SHbLNY2#hJfMb5ezBcZD_e$% zhfu8d!UnX{;-8>B6i41NAB^YlZ<~2`DJkfK-5#?6Hzs$!Ff_D7J0{oEWYD5k%HSaw zOWVwxU!%^#X$1_|$1;t1!8{Ms$6<-eJ{zi^1yLStIZrVFlIgVa1Rjy1&RzXLo}n>~ zV>*FLy%>UXUx}#lpgI8W+{@Ckzz}p)G8b+1kOcuY4{YCTZV2BT273>!#ax%_45X{; zk#u<(y-V1qd#xs@K%k5><+^i02`hVMb2k8P9;ct4@OP#o_Ph~Q%gtDF8aTV~;gy1x zKWci$ac{n%cIKNDuf>!n!4u8obBfb$5!h43zxQ`PQJG8Xu}v1q`0P0m`3DG};6SR0 zT18~cqf>L=&DSVS#Pz?QBA(J65wIh4d-jbWP!bPm0>Z?^lu-EMnJG=<9i0zrwhtDe zPkeKHaW7J-T+KJ2l27w?uF1MR-M)3edmEv;DOO6ejuL1cXG&;b+2W)7ApbhRR;R_s zGiVZfI_82|>$!G@Y5KEH+?UB&K)LuSNc`%=k6&A9tCfNx10XTPvl;~h*$me0%Pxg7 z=Q|1t5OMjWEwXanwq5lisMTf|jCJu zhPfW1VJpsXA{PU4Cj$(B#=?}X*^y;=3!N_E_ys&TZjYe^m-$z@!Rzzd2FTDYiOrmG%6TC%xqlrI4BAZ8%W zT~{?mY6XpWqs~}0pe(-gLy-t8R8Pz;UwP%u6SP>eWAoivPby`pBD6BJ)o25 zI@_J*aDELR(rj=xqt01avP^+EZ4;TLsXZyi;RD$w_ ziL%E2yFvguZi2u%{85GEX~BVp-_?k3$roV=@vRJvmBKy3K!VCB>{PY14GX1+a$y>^ ztg0AFAyJzA1tB5>fGcKDvW63=dgOB%1wywEZQ^+n<&33+380H3OlRP8y$$K&6d4@W z$;ka}9vq}5N2HzM$aZ|g;B+CZawVoe51J9cQVG@^nHW3geLh&_D4Pj!>o+5 zU&a+eLt-9WVfhBD=&Thg#R9(sO|NH{yl7G3XJ9KXMI{y zeDTe_9gicnxXk*X$M0NC+kaq&p>pTJHhYO|$fi)m`|&pW!_1R46Eh!DV@Ek3=&aYS z*C1egD_~2Yo95?va4v>G>AoV4;n!3dv?2sPO~+U&$Gg?Q=l#d_ID`TB{OQpk9Gtb~7kN0!@vN`K`tZAfoc$5f3H~N^P8cc6RiG8OQlSbEk4^=7Ah8G9J-Z)fvS?cPv z`rVD7t2*Cb9S-ux;rQq|_rV#~(|Gzi7ilM-FVA1%yWX{Y4FqZ#0MtkW<_!%NhIU>BBOD3*mY^*|Kka(4-!6XBWPMw8S}X(S zyx=`Y;DAwR?T7Ag0hAmMnya8~m?Aa&{Pf+&aXxt#Ys;oTKA6cAu&B%AL_H8j3QK#1 zzp%XEx#~gp(Hy&10dEM)6T?Yyo2j=MM_lb)9Xfqw6OO8PV{X3?eTL6x5K;J%op@ew z)yp)nO#-UsKiU0hK>voSeK)yT>zl}TFxy4h2zXI~=MdHu8GTDPm5NdsMA7(&Io8s)co$fMeHd2P^sIRQ5`I% z@YfyLdoFr55GwsXiwiI9xN?KAIAZp)EyJI1&9?|C;${r!B%HO2lU%!ioywBZ>o+yG z&!uDaIoyC=7ALXeW7Y^IG>GCD!uRy-EO5PBIfUVN=HqBw{4*o8KRihc%6KUv)+dJf zCUOp}P+;L@wm#G#=roFxjVng9lF>jRljd#bY91w44i&h;u_csKkd32cQ?Q&Ep|fRb z@p++3UU~_FK;%*#(U?Bxzmp)zLNBxA=eX#p3t8XP#U|q$V14~nv65~NL!$|!*s!9*Kz!4P-uMOSc%E4_L{lZ% zWYh$Vw{0K8AA~SpjHhv1Fu+P-&@(;^<}CMVvTQ3{?t9EpldT->V6|(VBqMGZ!x^w9xN?S*%@+si~yg;ga&Tr zK;IkkyQl`g9g8q(=9}1FzE^A>e?R!4jX_SaJh$h`I%^{>AN#EK@_k@c_&nEu;Tr+- z0pioPU>xY|P;~><$_mA!&B4_Fj#Gm;xHRT-i~mKa=s@G+*$rCe!BT5~+#8(Yh_JV& zj8s9y27Ea|QvJLVQa{7+kn4W@Br>qA1nS9c;%uv4Vk}DPdf9ix)cTQ3KP-(OVl!F! z%zkOJfz^b{#QHSA6N;&^H!f|p#fWc6^)S2QentEw*{DMV+-^;X$oASBaFl`kog)a+ zfvC^D>OD5@Mvylv{mFcia;@2RFJ0J;pzk|EBaB=K>DtcDew&0yu9ME>5oSbdLGdIQvy&Mr~Ot^ExuZYEd{i`e102#J9ev3x9v zmZ2o~kXFX>&)6t(;~a7dBaG?l&T9I1y+l*9XJCdyvzPCH7ULMovM)tTBRb;>#N ztF1Uq^b*tSujMeebyKf5Y9=M0i-?eIt5&x48r|%yL}GK1&Yw~ai^uJ9$|xNGhh6r{ ze7_ziDqoc4k+KN6`3Mi*l09E>kY?meB#0>-L9k4DmN=)Gp`Ncy)ujF)plmZAkifBVd^G%4+GB)0#*Hb z!Q*FTmV|?V`imZTF_OhmE}MRx8z58ha686p0mVhUAvOwS*v5e9?p=mV7L2$wowzz) z8-yAR#O3@Cv|@!|Q0lA5VTe$@XMd9}HsKie6Z6mO*GiH;oF)RK1W z+=XHeYTpRnr`Itr|AOReSFe6ms0iMk`}SEcY5C#|j9v%O_$@VJ|&~FY)B5xBZxUw1?{dyeAUw^Ox$&3h91U#<2I^>*u1v>+6y*-mE5VJs} z&y!R(j0Cnw<$IQpChYxnAmN6fow!OVa7I=!L`>m7`lSld)3DN=BR)vDDPIUbWKE)R znIA$YrFqqNaJf#^ zZC=X}u?b#Po~lUeY#1Be7>px%p%IdCDh^pz*9LU>h%iQe`fxjCs+#uZbGJQhZs6$D z>8y%h*0ugO{=o>5VY4LZK$tBkh`pmI z(tos@{md@ibC#vi>g1yKrzo)xB|wK~=D|jXUlRh*cOoxeKf|3_+f>d!QHf`yigPg%_B7w% zR$B0KEi^L4ccG)&(pxXCj7siP-JAv3|Ew6+O_SGi#P#?EcO>QTqwk&TpD3~4(A<*3 zz(?yh)R{|lc^=1q6MvgPw(VsKn=V^CstV_5VWf5=B(p!J{siwG>LdwWl zjPyju?|jnNZ0*_A&9#FxJPX!F;{@`{jC})FKir~Zd}n%?(4FDX!aT?le8G7jTGD&` zCALOYc&nWSMVkLK^sLB2g{4E3QNYmv&fj?eRqTxkb^@WS8JleBXa*Q}f_Wtfi#MMz zmG|CLRWB0)^x46S|K?pN8EA!m$Y_9T96>L0O1xcio3m46&nTyPKuPFQ@<@f}k~EoY ztOrjGmw+vj&ft<+HVxJtNR)L*{S6?%a2HSzGC*?}`E44rP7$1RX>sT2H}3L5`;H+@ zA3(}Zi8YfZmW|O$EY$@qok+nwA^;hK{$5E%MuD3SU#dy=zf>qFCKCRfb}AMzr;= za^Iy2?sre(7e>XEO$54JB++9=Ycg!@?JO zz}*H4aIQpbM|MmrGb4VkE)B89Cy)itry-8HWkS)u@{&&u!y~mi?bqqixFkLQp*bj_-Svj@h*%~9f?%Z^&CDA=v z#8NDk#&6+#N5Riw8HBKWpzQm^T5e^z=6&Qx*A8;N(|Fb&B|gmYZ|OxKa%w~9)rT%( z@hS`$?G%}`)}!CpQ^#1t;$nZ=WtO4^;pUNFtwryA_+aJRiSrqz?TyUPDVeKwrZncrP45f!v;|LB} z1rh`;3I9)(&4ipl9dL&h6$4V4N&05w%#ZO!Hj>q8ge)}B!j6iPp1GhWM)7RZ1Qs-r zy?mAvY)VFe8ojY@ICM!4b_jN6f*6HG)?C%JWvYl&{*5Jexq2OqW9ii#>)Nh6+wY<^ zvz@Lc)ztt&FTY@<>+WUDVO4OSP%~mL8l!kjkptdiXYhkb9w12=v}Wk`jksaS`Ad3C z(}oJUV^)b;720!2(Q4}1o&`D7tnpRpn7Shg1}>uQx*^Zm2H?fvQ1g6jGF&3q2vgt9 z`L4wfm|P(ezwQ*3DXV=7o}C%|y-uC^I)WC_l(f@Vg}>151XTF)A(RMZ(;4}yw?>3m z5N%kAyK-?0zQ7`^iM_Hlq zieqAtkoV@C9-cMOP1hcNw`*Sv4GdU2>=M?>uDxes(Ls|`@ceObXD0S8>!T{?_LeZ^ z193A2AV648=koG_t70BgzD1&zBzYpm8O^LA+|s2gOYoHpmr<^^9>^&oU$SF}`V3ST zN9K{wyefY?51s+Wjyx|(%|9f#MeYKK1;rJb(2Y~1Ae0UT+Gmh?3vy#*jeLasZ2MQ; zC)>80BN7SZu4M7Zyqcz?=J(sLFdpm zKr66g!4P@Wk~OmN6M11_dqwkX^}9Krl71fbvyzkWqtl>sMZqRWl3mm(ocwbxSRIUKqg}A8|S(oVMnuK^Zy5 zm_6zMyyO`7Bhzt`#2awFxhr(PateQU;})*0m(V};JmvF_`2ErX85vxrTytOV;5H~H zJW!*Pm*wYPvzuW?b3@hGMs^ZE&8zT2dF4T3qus;a-HpR1k8CdvW^La4*X#Az%Q?u3 z)Kb!1fEno6cP0-K`{E#af#MY9rL(xkE>F)R^`~)+{2dH?6uqVB-~2A^ciqQ0wg7>E z@laX#zq=JJG{DP)3SaSB5_}@@WDsq~Y9`v1yvRt*zH7L$Rd$ftOtGPI$vCqsUA4`8 zeRYWi^&$6D?YGMg9zab*!p8~a;{d@_jD2@N5hgs5*u(UcRi~_=WKm_Z3802LrkK$< z3LL7RYwOE^D<%0y#Mun1qlf?f-Jw4}E4zoM{CjH8m@qZS$Lpv3GOp|X*reUnm?SiaD2V0q{Mq8SFownIu{uo4xH zFeFwWFWz>nRzA#i8En&|9wfAxEH~5rYD>ZbpLef%CDjvHC(GHB#@RgCx&Aay&awOgMUxNfI!EIkmlfYQ z@TSY*O)g)ZoCrn=%9pF#)>r4+=Wv-t@xZaXpRNw!{-LEqj>hDBQdNk4EtU5LkhfPOoNyR1bae_QYVE$wF9-TdGy2iEr^Di$v>QB&VJRV5Buwzy#LGDJ+^SQ@9(x8za36tqs*Z;o-A-{D(LU__uI5~jra7H z`S9l_`=3|M^heg8cqI1v&y@Z-f{Dpr=qukCbdU|ee_T2bFXVf_>3Zn4WdF34JBA29yA@@WuRUNCY;n&?e3o=cAr{twvNZRW6e;(WDNE+^ZA1N5*v%8yRUXYE=!&c?x9ZNxgt8DC(}DXiPPUlB_Az%Ze^ij z5+S?-pmIjHxxH{}t@Vu4IoqHdKU%*nGVev+?0HzucS+uhUHZj-i^IGhM`$2HRy*{} zKlpp~Fpg*kx!-`(Cgg?B7M+{U#`$JN|6o`S5#y~_FRk)ZO@#>_M*Q9ti_1j{^Wh-_ zwr$_^UW1aL-d7K9KGP)%t-PDP>0YF0P0z}h$}m{+@87##7Or*A*jIAW7C+q;8dnNj z?M@3Se&4@{bY4sl$RqwBh`7)dpTK%u9O~F}u6GU{H*f9;BTp&TP!6H!rg$acybW|= zX+WA6@r!g6X_s2=ZXVS|TwEE2jpb_j8p8>9E3X@t5v@8y5ol1iGdU1|^l<$WYOIoE z@=2D1 zfme@}h|cy{cW~a`HeFK6vy>5O@H3sKQDqPdd!5BgP03D%JwaariOk6Z6041dwL#7| zKvI|vh+i|Q#G%`n0HYtsRDXbZJ*u1k@Kq&M_V@oDVjVw_qA^CN$t;fKYQ?_RXHEaK zm(NDf7$v&W3-_(t~c8MEF@f~h{!`?#eK3*LXXZnBnGs$a5b%zRmaw!0WanC z#^t8LRQlu`5&f;#%8%Hm#T0MG$-O zo-EEDl7b#X8yvGG$S7zJ+~=W3vDUsFx&b@l5w2xe)Ir;!k7Yp5c;Eq|pF$kXMZ}FW z^s+svuc5Rhc!Fa7i*>!nNjJSHP5HR}Hw6;YFv;Yg4PKpT= zfphS|dmlL3K)JpQUzFPe8<-iZWhHU1@VWaK> zBCtH|ZUVi?cJT;>wSDTv=!3^H7({s^N>@`Sb^7ofd+e{>*R~G#W-;_lj|mo~v7a!!XZVT3k>WV?<*K_f%Y6D( z#$fiaNL?&5{BEhrl>bTw>C+LrV>y*l;ljxI@rXpg^JqU7pgu|p`(xW8=_8xMQG5Is zNFP4{M&InpGFZR{KVlZaUwkQ3OkQ8tCl~r)@bsJU&nWpt%_)p09Z-!05C|(=^+E?A zIGL&BMC}SQ?M-ctD;=SUv}go71944wG&$JL7GQbnHb6uT^dLi><6p*x;Gh0WV9;vm}4l8w`e2XJDDSy3PV(R3Y>_$jw4tg zp(0VspbI$6$1raxalMSvEqvVNLqZ#kU5UB4FtcB8_%Li2m05A@V9k4MFjRIk%$?TX zLXV1Q?wdoZxpT=o?cD!F8u4!+E%#=hNm|Xnd0JF7|9xHfE!uz$?Iz}~?5&=ki$X%? z<3#}vf9rk4&D*oOtDk%o0~i^vl9@b`tu)s?ToeNzdK8=9N$fB-vaQ@T&^Jxn8YCV) zlqF&{XTdKui=xoyS~;J;`!Qr5XE)Jclf+Yl&v8i3GJZ<%tYe)+ZDMcsK6v)D(2i-a zd0{oab-lM}dA4qFWn-B0Dy}bW@WsJqNoxi4Rs?xnC%zW3QV~IinInYe4H%zk<)9fQ z^h;^aJ!@?5C1n~7eS_-AM8?660%wk`odg%a0SrC|sZ$c`h-Dkgg%r}Zb6=JAbl{Dz z%C)HlDMNT{@TT6Fv6WJqV@K2YgEbDD0IkP2!f6n-c_{U?9p3%Nhz&+w`%j59fOu;I z-?N{QA@Ydei}0}OzisA7uE-%C;2#bE?fJo^54=g$9r#)4+8?J+Q!C3qqbBg>*j@Xs zQu!gXvqtO+h+hUke8(d`YLIgJXZ70Y4cx1No%L%_jG*dXt)*dtT7@p};bKxdW*d3E zeUog1GGw|6M5ooXnLG|gN&ByVoRwalGlY$UaiZ%XpZA-MQ zs@FpPa6xO^&hNe#pUI$?e6*@iFi)9QeffhFGRw5f$U`P%YMKDyMG%X}gyE3-gjOVX z6+6eqt2Bh5oL}G%a2?Z6V^R{0K5SWdrRO9agd%rjQFEHvFk*Z9F`SZ%qxH7t3J_dB z`7`t$s|g7D4-HkT-?3WTr&lETqdla_Bv0+rb#CSiI)7w+3zP@w4azO8Aj*&WoVxi1 zxy{X!^;<2fF4(_H2e1ebTkTGWe=P;><5d|$fLiB?wB0|f$*2)%T86L5y|sE9w9}Cq zz$qPreB7@Ge}S%W1;;x+t^`>RGVlKwNh5aDaNEvs>L?<%^Z*5*+qR^NM6?|`i{&>? zr!}`jd3>%W#vl46^`}yIzgew3;w1L+^<+mU8r>aKd7twCuN4Rq!`&VAHD2*CZ`{ah zt+sZ!IaWTDQa|qWDU#jzp}3vzven<{IsI8{;V$dSerp*0#}j95>hby>r%ltF4;eic zU?&6-t5F}h>-##+QX}PBgNmPg`tlRst!K5~a~`!f-3{j7 z>|z_-x6Es&@%FB8Y9TW##alj?d@uV9>LYsHzt9h2QrX3pEY0ITs}1YjO0$G-J^1Z# z9r2*x2#gnOoy=3#?C_%M6-3(jj8Xlx%T0s_QXMZu=&KKVCUIz2ls3*LpNf#=46R># zS*Q#3o(=+?!LqOi(z=pKRhMyZ)Wi(Mj8aZ@z zrttT0d+n=oy5lOJDd!3?+#A;~f@NZ=s;;Mp^GOStKdpP*%lR6=He3BU=ulYUPw^6| zo#U%zHN_xTT_~e*Q7+r6CEG<&NajJQ_)R21_>v5Peky5^Gl%lJxr!~4OYS6EhaTld48^u4_=5JCL?MRRdwUWA>|PdLJMxFDOpLs(lEl!4E|T9 zo5XV?>evMDKKN{|=lwaJx!t@?!X)lFn(w@LU+#OcRbhU|5jn_$Nx)=jO|ChgnH6oG z(m?X+j~|hOZ>pxN!~MP6>M6NNcp*{>jdg&}ne*{%pQ=&1>Er zUefnh)O(A9@|A1F9k2A8_hzpTlnzih4UHcWzq5-{!h%T1|7M$rzgf7M_dgi4YvA|9 z8~YuC{V_yek{hyyIur1;{$i2sMNOYv`botSq3knmJh+vN35C^XQvnMg)~LPk?n(t#R<*MW=u<+22y9j56qs4S#aDOTEz00?fUXqHm$@O5D>bqxx1XxZd6KIqkZ6!$y zTb!q=e|oMX9}e$C5ASIO0$?>awypVf>-9?Qw)pNmmK;92^lhTG z1Pzpn=%(xz_?~!!@}qIh21HP8TEX%)A1g8;QnZ+?cpKg##fI{Xn>OS-9GMCC2tQ04 zB>D|MlJB$eXamXBo?L(-Pu5g;$=Gy;R)->WNMeym4N`FbKvw1m-x15@nj4KFoAC^1 z1@LV6)vyv2HWCGyE~<+8XXNlhp8757Z>!TBJbHI@+SNgyFwzxf0rFqE&=UPl4#&f! z+h`1N<)m_@>|SUkPc&K)nRapi(m~3p<|NT6k+Q#i9a(HOdaATyeO01{32ltlWbvJ+ z<(7@sB$PMG-S7KN$P3p*`?wtYzAXI0T6m4WHARHJ6xfvG1vPqi#7n=c-Fco}2N>|CmV*G<=0)Iz`DAvv4%sE1I?k~@Xq;)#iY+}d8}l~7UT zG&WRg3!g7k{#?38lY{Cc={$q0YbuxirWWRTKw4Tm;_ z6*-(3>4gW?Dw!dN1Mcq~=(_1vPn-C|7zINRkRan4rSQPDI|7&XIVO($Z@}DR9cRs; zM;PAT!6VSHiAz>1@i~zriR8y!pz5eh@x`#hSR7jU3v|ZJ+~D_^F<5eC?+c6aU&pdx zMcLmrQA|FYcDrq=<`tL!5l~tSQ78a0u_M~!2rHb7RVYSgdj?iC&{Wba!&Ov?l5oCB zZ#X=mt*K>U5U%kZdqK5NO^RKL>{Uwm>Gpe>6!U5q`ebfdnyhtoUy|m^{>%2ze6K8( zFKR3u^lJGnzn)v?Q}dEXf`~<#q+W5f=qX!YFUm;GPj$W4!Z|EU+-M~!y#na#iunFh zOoJ$DauT}=4UWC~=xpgv>Q2pHyghxE;8@YAA&nW^9;i@d;b}tiotJpdq!}TJfE*Xd zCk;G2X)tJ=z}J@AZgO0a0BfhcL!O2SRo#l&4Pq#El9Xbc7;6kg=o6!fDN15XLTk&| zRV_z;?dFB#03l@WbWbZY-nIy%@gwIG4JaW@+_5>}zS(uFQ7^x~eg?mo3WQ4OIrq|c zNfg%kR(HP!?}{++j|@07`!Q9*t>9-mT7WW5V}6ubmFkF8SO$)Kd+pWB1*$)bjh9Iv z+VvGeoZ<%ZJZJdDyj$bvG$FFAXpt|!t z67fSi2F7`$r%fi^*peQ#r0u(bp|CqoFa;_e&w%QkVOHPNRio+CPZIyD3X1rEcySXr z{zz>I(l>rPi0%Da^TBrVS>n~sy9uFg4wBx}Kw&htf@gR`L`%3e5C)FlLR zTKod;@I7&1P5p)2uBI_;k!)IS@aD7p+ry!*snSCEatYs1ms9!~|Elv-d#SDi3S$UN zMr{;O8Kp{resuobK2f0a{&)ia{@oZ~X679{G8{#QzVM?keZ z8fg~^<`|;Ih$J5znkLROs}~VF4_44Tz(~}<$Gep9o|Hj0Fr662uW11D-#Wst0^;jm zuu$MgeqQv#Gr*@W$=6Bu`hPT?Wk6K#*R=&{kVd+@5u~KM8-|h)hVC4?yBnmtJEcKs z1e9*11?g_yGr#}ye$#I{=iKMsd+oKa1#Dd%B#jkqYtkDYW^M0J++F~okk)66u08QA z8iQl-@%NhOlj!i$)qJ8b*W*Sn>OjuMzc9M|!!PYj3fhFt?Rb*!5SK`Sqm(~RfvFaF z-J!1KUKcgeL3(X%^K6yui)h+dKt(6yA{B+IKI~!hRZ7=DgEp@`M~<%)|AEfu&~uHQ zOU0aVGpFWWf~oM6vnnWsJ!MLMJvFBwwz0`8_^2GT@lPi;=I6rJxLy}0-sa^#5qBG9 zd$8}-skJ$i^2!d0`EG_+Uij^CC4CpLK4ATawdcEG62D3H{AhFXSEart_GV&O9jE#Z ztPe1UVCUf*6gWB{B(d~An-1h$)|pV&5|pG4{;(84u-<4EJ&JSw+kIa?#^UT38Mn3O zw69qUCI2#1Gy_n0t-pF(Y!)&FYs$+uBn~I*riM5M^lP^pZ&b0FfHW_EoL&{zLvPyhX!gJ2T}MQ zR+R0;37l~75H@Gg5Mq-&Vnk>_un$uG+E)N5K0HG1?puT_NUzz=0Xq*R$vzq8NB;WY zuD<7hGxIlr&ZMx5$UW(ukW-%I532&~D}EdW&5%>W`>PohB`m74_`3$KzVD_kKsJoK z>h>Gcw)cT-QKDvibS|@FJLEQng`cfI4`_A?7XP9Tzm+GwSF5#sP+*)L`2Q?`!b8rb zMa71(B4?D{@*{gEJJ~%srQ$J$P5=lJE1>kn+<{QrF$j#PZgw0pCg4Ue$jx&SnY7&Q z`S6!6(O`uZ1S%A4GxAyUmUsM4Gy2Iqiq()XJl!`59S$HOTG-B<&C-=o<%QoVYafe%TLy_Y;t9!4Ymzza$Q4cx6vDH|jM1m`;5G9*YiKrUZps znASwjT95gEe@_y9(+f^1!yII(kg$p(UuP`K-a`I9yXL0ZOcSFl<+3j%I|IbGfPh$1 z`!x7Zb>2?n#qeNv6VdF#TEMmzrxs%jft5Q7HU3Hmui3!udDf2@8{Rf^0uT(p1|qr( z0<$u$CSOS0@rXVGo1&)bH>-tOgVH)hS&n-Cf7MNjztyV#9E?DIwN6ka(7|cW#u`C- z$%L2MMd->qBNg$iUX1IFl!=p;GZ8xHCc#P*V%_51nX8`_=SJ6Hzj9JCb4UGqaB+rb zJu82;ArihuQb81}@p8X@xA2-lm8P`v`$5}B?y!D0rjt@ z@@x9$ym};>z&FJ#IRC0$C6B}!yg=?IzA}b+W3bUXoaLSSQ+ebICKsfVgm>-$Ia%nW zyH#-WQ^GA2w?YvT@Qa>Y5a2p$-F?VsEqj`uGByg5LS1k|EF{$2nTQNq9d27+RoKe{OZypalHH*{gtlZB9ss z{1J}1l8hZL7@1B_wXNPK<+KckAqAS*lCX|8-zAU6r7AuetA}icu^~09(zfQF)vj%* zx+8EqV9yG@|HLSm|0IjuThkYQKlIi6*7y-D`GeCvK!uGQ|Kn-N;TX64lV8aoQ*Wg( z<}Gjfmer4@j?t^GTt-IFL35ilD#*SuR$}DM^xvy?{&RWezBq_ z*=XM+DPi<)+a*yp^1&Npp-nA_o?O_VVrPn7)eM3$O5pnqtn%r%pvue78?^U<^OT}5 zk3c{u!E~0&ryIHmF`aHX$}>$kP#~1*vI;CPn`3YIP6B+YaVSd-SWcAxWb{LQ2fF^z zj!yGI@}nme{OV|hbUay(IwjnEcnqNqBl7RKgs_E4!Ar#!tS&9!R@y$X&br0g;!qQ1 z8xe92N{!L!S54^Qiqp>aTdo1>fM4yH^&yb`j=Wah_kqg6ZxpUxPG4W9G^rq;1~~<) z@hQ|OBh-jIXeq?ilIvH`0QH1pM`+Nn95cT02KdKc$!qJaDknK1@B!smf-VR}H%2}r z5au>cxJ*8AdP}-xQ*^}egtRgZh}I_RmE8ZBu;Jm!C2HKaw=4GM&?l|ZSw&gk_#+p? zm9u}gH@FR2+aF?%s5V^o3HG9CJYqNdd-4nO`)i8E9p-qs-F8)~FX>l}fwgzwn|5eu zJEOVOA0Nq6BQ#~0QYG;ZQs<1k%x`8)Qhm)tCm9$g1wIG$;CdSji(}UqQ2(xsr%~rt zp-M%i#n!73dKW43=;%gn)uA^AFHzkUV>{!Z-YzKTzoU6+_2t5Ue}2EunqilS*4o3Di(~56AQbZt!(Mv})_F-RmEDbaDsuB~MjIogZV$9i z@l@R1)m$>Dki7LlPVX&2IqkMKQ?J^O|Jqw6%xZoxMUdI?Ps~IBV?oz6v0n1#C@FIa zUw$o&d+T&b|H-qWCCbTQ^2GfM+{hzEA!X!f>PS`ur9>FPCSue-%^loo^g)xINc!9e z4SEeh>;g3TzW`-P@IXLJIK;#BccGN@SwLkrg|^^chUpHlDe=)$a~fZsPmF?q1N_n2 z1GJmtHCEyL@N*^^RMp8IELsNST9^K!1N3}Wo)Ew+-U&_MEm?3jS~&T?(pwZ-dIwet zl>tXC;UjFh5~ZZ>p=^?(C`~Q^AP!@oyT2&(g#+`>Ez>Jz7(XRuQRA78ah~;R(!9!T zM9?VrJy%rKB;zq_BSrbrd*t{vt%I(gx>t8x2uG9n{PTlrokLW2VmP4&m?xu~7mFsdKpHKaqF-6=iwm zS~q41-}^l9@;HmyDW)+_k-EEa6&{|DAcOx^*12Dy$IpeJjgn@H=pPE-s}>5hS+gqj z!XduHGmgu*w3Ru;Ass|7lQffj=x+kyAOJv%QzlxVuu|5oKg)Gn>NTU7!YYhnC@yS( zr0@}_|5EZ^uF3$%gaS-rELCLx1Tf8q%Oa)!X2Gz~P}9Fovm_SbvM$kWrW%#L4ZL!; z2uaWs!Sl+H#r=(PXak#nN$FV6Lq~2KJ;G%q1zs|2=~k^J)`GPC^qB4x^6F`+mEO}l zNgs>wc1u@5;cDFds0F!I-&(nZ*<@|Ou35?VxrNb&G+UO4C>%@C70=EOxWTljRirHA z8Od8tZqRm_M2_9z?JpBWlCt0%i50*-yqmT0<{EasojHM!z>WA;gnzFT1|=qLTo|{| z74x3b69WM-AJZ5ex=X6)Gy{*}JXe6|gIypZi|4-l(yLK_h!$|Kr&GuAecx%k+T2N2 z;VH}pgC2gnkDLH|DMl|hZM}q8usXCT;E{%8+Wdy?AK}@sh0l-I@%sD<{v#F@S(33t zv;Y1l>;xW%QPEJl`l5f-#OLB3qoKTJvz+Mxr zwC8)G4~0QuIYD{6!K4VJi|uC}3qde%XxNK+E3W}4&+xnIGr?j@tPNdu{07$(R2t!z z6x?`dWeztbn{ur9lf%Qzs$So7$7d2+Bfy+esTSG4%{z`9yJRkERB2zduF-F;{YYoF znQ=7&!j>d|D62Op1VwB48E7ynRNW}dO6jRpH|j)dO{%`0hlGTV z|HD&ZW&2tX%EuKwn8$6{R@tmv5Z~5`_dCkD!r-DIB)#&szE;PX3S?k5au(p_i-_X= ziG8I;ioy&jK|-ybB#9v226w>T%t@a;L}?7_GQkkO%WqJ0n*4D+qA?<%tF}lc=8ws5 zY$m?0{N*P&Xf8-a_`Vp6kfK`jN~wW38%l7BhU_bs+9JrHEK=`{p#s< z8>|+*ikKAn(8?N#L=^6tD7 z5cN5PJY~rrnNsd{T3T)6JkqI`ezYBLgQI8{JN+x!ET(3puqen)cByzABSRRcM(svj zlHb*eeYk@z)mPKG=EZkiLXn0*XCip;nP|!$#9ZjA{CRCi2VTXlHeKuI0Hln2a;6l z!d%$z;!GB{;F1*|&+3fc5*IYLu*NR^o5Rnox&ucUZz{C(51XaTy)7xoSMB3-pvRX#)aM>xRXs1QB!mAb{?$dsc zO;W?`uAD)sYZ`}X)VGZPjiRa3PBdWj6<`PwB@qaqr~EojEaG~9_s{6ndUi}1UCD*A zpn;%3m6pbyQ_KkJEI0iZ#+lg_Cu1U<1w^Z`cychgf#%!aQW2r{0aOLygSo_Po0HXc z=_MsBcX~`dV^km(a%7~6imFV+-R8fp5_*;2cteE%4|JF$?xgR~q==KAM|-G!>S(!T zJR$n-z>`tc;b^HzM)>LM2c49AJ%6C%fcLL|Ob!VA6YpH>hx>3c;a;HuE5X=lnmiC& zna(SVkr|Wg`Og`?-?0^nD+K=;xhkKT#h#%hx5^GC?CH0zxr)c^P7#~ntpHv zxalimYA$_C3oNi?QUQ$HXf@)5>RaA*FJ+~zJ=D7L?s=+5>CwY*w7oe#UCf18_bi%h z|HMn2{+d-@+|_5FINJ)~R=Kiig4$%#QhL~#$AuHu3MLwvn@0sH9xzV*l3aAg+Juct zlUDUm`_m1BzJ5=6v4_W=6AXq;BgCPTyV0EBPPu9YL&h9j(gi5nF?xPM>&qRW9O35v zOi@JHL#e5ex}7M|0}#B2P!c{blLBOpkMK031TWor=zs!5j&tTnF!5q&{|7ZxIqU$b4O<>Zo&A{15KpxGK6x1ml*FrM-9q*a6i zXo>`j|5FnUWq?Ox*c;sX3}_)?ZzQRrmZ6U8i@WW3Vp#O=iM0NUEFKfLnQ%CH_D|IZ z_+wZ>V*O6Tq!vdaXXHmQ@~F7Knk=SxlHWsDuIqi0A7xGQjv9ZtJ~#alE+7d)GRGdO zVRP1eKsz~OyFDxpZPH8^!)J29)ew2TpNbWVCB-cHmt|gOiY1Eyi`li-g>uKuK98tC8gQ4bz1CH4n?t- z6uWD`{pAN=1i7K$uQrzdVRNu1c8N|n_)+rkM_w}XOK$hzMq4lV^$!j5&3T$J#dX9Y zS1AgNGe7R{>b_!*EnrFoXv`U@J{2S96xNjX|-cf)J zxSg_-xZ}L~wpL1cUlA7E-}WXAd)j)0gZyPJXRr1-EJ}CW^sWCjwbw3kgxS0@M{F)1$x~N5=1Q zWn(Ox-z5f{Xb$-;^~r9c4B65E^#_C7BJKq-?vOEyzX=76RxUGCX^P*WWD|z|^A2|w zaXpvVI7eH1`&vfxkcV6`{NxXjQH%(Ag4jl2k8ZR)fc$er|92@+BE*Gbr)PH@T+!qZlVb1 z8F^W}OFD-?);Ox&6h9%o#*UY|k*ju(ec!Zd?D5ek|Cg`i;SHXOzh58#rhHG1{Sp!p zT1ngJ&^B<@M(Dg6CY4W%L?Pav6byT`IEU30mj9OWjXPn&w^0NzhY2!@U=r^qm;wOL zH%!Eg6D3E7vr}0u?DMxEe86BBj*5iJ7m8YTvtqg=lf(w1EOnNU{m5l=Ys;}6m z_K2v~|ImQVPDMf0kZdQUg>L}(XTmLK`)K|@G1G%I@TxZN@{=BLXkeoIC}jd@VkO@* z!wWuU)1-snHD=Mw>gGa5h*zQz{!GZ^ogr6OSEm4ya)$=~+nt^oquzDRJjf48O46>M zx~<3!hoJ!jWW0XatA3Bi=A!#IhC7e4l=(oy%{Us1xnf?y_`*tjvz1EMS@P?FivRKv z?cF4se(O(`{u~}VJ$X&p3B!>dOW9S&rC8hS4POY6THW5EG}y3FY`iq>v^o<0%x|AEO|nlQ8kq=hF2Y-7pel#<4Bg z6l1`kG?;1)S4u%dcf>J)GecZ`1H>dHo*$dHZ*m362V zVd(P%HkIhOM==T}Y2Fm#^IA=E`vW0fL@+8G8I)2|Qg$aO_dLgwb8=NNiYW8*h)j1t z49ZG`0x%Q@b6jS!7SG^!wg4|D3+zT%fR=|pG3SjNv@?*P5*3fAge|FPD*i>;@6dHF z-Gm#zZ-@rm_Fzi6G74jpgyu#?+?E=F56Xg*s8ebU$$h4#jpngTODP0&stS3I-;swT zIPg&NUB3htM$mSksZ;o=k@1UdP+X|hNyI=(Vc?S$?i4xY0(*CXb!g_n4i@*jv(4Ps zxKFoJKzW=)2;8OFO2+6$6;@uGsVV!%JY+=!2BF&{AtWrJxjH^ zk%3FweD5~x$(;#wu)5+{tz4sDNh6Rz-`)6-C8KsDN|+)5LfDOQLbqwNW9d?$!t+l* z>&KYY_71M>!l=xOoD^r+Je?9&f6cAzRV1Q%Uz>bZYlr>d8aK=4VN^&AQn)hydWYgY zr=MGF155GFw1=auw23s8WHv>z3 zv?yy(*%_3-Vo2NB?o0EVCU4@p|Gd+0JC?WkR7g-Ib6Pve0|6Ct9dm=`5#P|GKux~r z>_*S=l%k1HQT0z^U@lIa0czcczrh5zUZOi(<-UM49ut&fqKx^B`3SIgxp~+OPmAn& zrSiF`RcpsiFj}Q|N_Mf9zVVil&3_mL!5BNxb~mk7Lj;0VD=JT>BoNJ%fMFV%zv_?$ zBz@btbC_{zrHKFQ3&}wq*JtTHm6XJ_xJ0!M(nSAev=PFB5PzbPJ)IKlHRh{^(K#WO z!lyA$jM>aItFr}Ar~nvpjp!hI*L06vRjxfbRM}#ug@^r@R|j^j`*md(cJZY3Eo=m5 zy(9GkCoH5Y56Drn~kGGmvvh@O7;;y zbj~>$8$jD7aQocS-Gt<-2Pca}*>&D-Do0sq+{XF+fUlTDu3q~GCEhusq*!!PYvERY zMLzn$=`Kb839yDt*`e0K*Rwn7#YQHtNK$8mzy+Yl9O_pKl*(<+E3L1TFDq5Z-!u3sR~eJ#Yf@GOMng z?6LqWxXpc}YyrgBLfK6_sVC(^pq2C36#u9E=C9W_e`*HW=_-|5^qzcm^}uz9A3qZ_ zP3eyJ(Afw19$qF%VvI)b_kq%IBflxb8YpPWi20q1fo)L(0FyB1p-OyHPXMi50h5N1 zId{$@ZUh}0u;*>sorYF{E;jW;$lcfnhEmCwP?AT6)J-#6eR(bJbcNTQC6A3$@~X@8 zGRD~lu&kCM(c!@9G}fbVex<;7iLy&7`|u&49!}-Da9zqA&&r}2BL&U;rU|ON>_e58 zoXehNLtVHIU=uHdg_~wn32j6wNyrDT0Z}g1gzEg$@jZzff+W=#T9S9luPYnCBUdUy zvp!MLztW^sAUa{@n?G`0B7= z6705t3#%zWXe0(fMki(L@3+=2>0JS|5LU4O5)4#vSrgDzyWCEikMKExy|*m>?qYOp;fi9_BT{+`ntJpPeHatARfGuK*4Km&N4KtdzC^$0G2Q_AvvtYG?A|>QCT4n;3ZP zJ_#mnBi@(vGIh;hl^ia0m$s^};KX%)cBhaSV%p3p^4I8)7qv%preo+|o3agFQ%;RJ z5lIt0aSf#q;=Ai~ORuJmPyMrrBUNQq8R(q`7Z#IHZDk=hnW8b6m%gE8AAW4Xj7eb> zDyzgoaR3Nco$Xo~laH)RTkw-KkIZ#l(=-sG(llz^#E=m?8_`duFc(=HPttz(<3?jm z{@(M8bn@HT#`-FxxBL%*#uRE163U^yo+fN0x0~;U1Np+cRA}}_=P*D2-!E|nHGgQCeF#{+SQS9?D@DMGq9dX|=C?zwpxiI`O4G7S4-yKU84p_?-vii2JS6A@FkL5eCRsOBhQmo6Mr!oihzef;(#8k)BAxHH(CPPI4h1U-vIxJ&T7LJpn&R{A)p>A%?;;5D&#sxfu`0zIO>HV1v9{&O_cZ@{i7e;w6 z6;SByoAZi6`A63{{d0CKiu%@1Q z0`C_b2$0!64!{FR7T}JafwfMbcA)4@Zj7RiFTkX8lN*@=Ob<2^M5YsAl>%DA3z*B* zf}vMKot+&W%Zt5gKlXrpZR=J`-_POtXK;$&5MU{sxn$jk-bHX=ngZJ)v{o&?sF`0d zpi>yY14RP$Kwan?6GJ6|ViXu`0nH|cPBm#9hEB%f@C&#VGIsW^zLJ;>+taKN+~}l zvbVgAmfIZiC=2tv4lDTFcy~U*GdXl$&lj`I5>R*DeUHBQBY{DLDnt~*(O)sh39ML2 zZ23D#=sUi#lMaw@a=4(o(0@3)T=8Su#vtAZ;_`W=+%ezzf`maa+mAs!0ClmEZt_bVHePV=VAOLLp#qM-XN{z>^IH|5uQlXUcx@><-9A!09 z2pK{tz10FfL)P3TywbfZ95&|Xr>E7SanCzI43S3gEyW?3A!PQ!L)?qmVc*m5C8L9v2-J4dCZVSugUw z1FJ&vNS0REx4lclj}QV$H}$?24Kj^mM`^hOgG?^XwKb7llw^vl|;i~)$XXQ&C z1PzYi+a2)j9|wAA#b#g5K=Zw>& znMZj{htN#h5|U6$?rCWLiy%=0b2w%ISa}?yo{zj02JGQX5hWRDV8CLs;K+)AMsrnO z*o~Xe9y)bGHx6rjBdGLh{QmvZ zmYc9ZrE#xUG~t>|t3H>p&O+x_4o6C0^V7XJ0wz+kJ0I*BFd2+X5~CjYF%K6@{?r|# zhfqNCegPT)yA>Y4Cr_1VdzywVN&j~!*AZ~dSh`Ruj(C~cwE2cV8Bb$u(LEF9p=q3+ zZ*7@0^@Z-+A%pyT06|9@*BRLJ9%xB*;XDvEAbc63RIUG?OQr)G7PPsRdeVAaC6%8{ zEn1tAm&ZPsDOd4;r5?Au#)tj>5~{b9PC4;yv!Tm1ER z;b1ftPT8LgJb}1-EkFUGXa8*zf&aDZa>9lEYS4;WDhN>Is#E$g4($Quf6G7e5TS(k zwu4KO0hiOd0=USu$$ZYlwxy<~EoRm2wB+3oKHHMBz#d2&tGFo|>JXE&yI?bV4OoFs-i?hi%g_*nk5iw?u)3_1wtNbBm5{O*S z5Be!w@?pEAzt8lR-A%a198QxgkC}Em@fC`#dj_l*m=}a(@#aFUY@~mL&W15Ni+0ba z`%rOTuBVP<)}@}YrRun)!aZQvgOJzHbUSCPu=+BOkJ~nY!EV-SsoyBTEVqu*qu;Bp zfqA?21ZbV9Ksz$96EtZ7Y{NZI@NTdq(9RY>8v-*cC78CT;>+1-i5^`CdL2aq=1h zMC>><)vAq;rWN>} zucndQ*;siBV6=ItNCwaudPZk-=N3RoEB%|IqcBj=_-?NE$p^!2<9Pp13l#orhb8Zw z!~dLi&ItdXd_xKYlm?KHPUDsTN&{RNY=@*TX;hOL!V(vqyTdtolDOjNW^iNrbqGwj zX&=@Bn@^Z#@v;Ef0?iTTiy_AB1Dc@f4^dZWMzKzpI~!m*Q7EyQL`v+a$(d`6Hi1^wQ&tbhs*NXpHw zS+B$5CT)Ewc=pCD;A)hNO2TlJYC|$dEWq zcPm|kYRjzMXXeCfW~td9os@^xEj55eqo{@H0o~GL>BRLNTw_y{Qcn;=pck#6jDZi} zC>{qgKfY?(ORvQP^{hBF{1{kzto`8o;HpucG#6lpJiCx^?Z-M)d1?DjY+WkO9f0f* z5AqJU>ceJXq1YBGmMNo(8NwYXDGylpfI%HjaqX9TL}qO(kZeKh!ki~UR6O?mM7#bq zzoGvWP#P-Z*lcX9hAHTTO*!z*AsPz}b}$XT`dv-iI%n>8Tz^Ts&6WVZ>>~Iezvq8O zSzDsbc{`-sXmEUTpNcEe-v(vSmh|2YvS%tStD)6>Zda#xAbe_;3Qe~6QMG^lgD8^V z|4`=78BBgF3O~r3y9;RAWw`F_)%15pFlq}Bmx%}U{E ztej2L6MSfr+fIXCwR2WTIvciKhM`dn!9}N>@gLRmT@Qy{Ej^f{0sQS-lC66n5-!>5 zuwo)a_#VR9d%5$?Wq*>}osJ=GP0Y}vA09s=)#PMBze7b>90<)j;!391_?eq(q5SJa zas_L@JI!8qRHk6UpmWxH1Fza$!dBun33-S!8`ajbuE`|9*ZIrrq5Z!uaIKlh|E6tS zF@OZ>eSfml3U$)dhzAT{2H}c)k(H_zl|?x}zRU~_F(nLykPp=1TwzT~;I3m<8DgZY zOlYOZ3|;_BkVFmx&?##|d3k@9Kx@&LfUQ#K4&B-hP6L@|2?4_9v+Vxq`pq9Ph~4tD$-69RWsbWN z2joZ0Z5qgC`^no?RGAc8v9ko2OKV#dj7g!HyWFR950%gI{OZi_)mI_Mz2ZU=)v6NdztmDD1^2%-123s34Vi6SvO(HG@a3%Td@!l98zs~7PG>%kO>jDN?0xcZRrL^AQ>$d!RjC{Y zE6BbZG)OEtJTZ0l9@*4Ae-Eye=$Ng=_%85Xy)$9%lLA(P=)7nP=Wjt;i^97m>8chv zvE}o#3NPI6`kE8(;PX6>U6HRe>x_vF5MYM=VuQA-_vEin?{kH`cb0mEY`W^! z4((;vag_P`F^B97`em~i8|6OOfo9cILP;`L8v(O!2rYrR95K6Pl6#U{l&d(CIGg*BG2vf<(=MCp&#HfM z3~3|OaKwIPr6MweH~Wf&{4 zLSvtWWEw)bn4!9JKBFSST_zo=R2w>oyanr=qIngZoV?v|kwAjv?6vpvt202=C(Lt! z^y)QYuwncsB?(bGHn01((m6x%+F3SY(L$U!#{@BSCK?HNFB%YqpGt2g^yBMz0C$``__? zvy9rb9~T@RGo|u{Fp-#tb#Nl(TAA8X_w6GTcS-4S84uPb=y$Ed1vJ~jsl=_nz-}6p zVnE>LzJraWG}vz z7}?uiE$i+4?hn>V*ST)Em>{jj%@VfjcsdIgv287leq3}|8NSTC6!+>3{+#KK@mC~Y z3Cx@PW-%?HNo=eW+3HAL$B7>Zd659k#LpuXA{}M2Weo_4pj zl#U_zqAAVN;C5uyM?&Qf#2q5|rTr)@JVfh%lPFgTBoGYVS@r<^nRJB+kT4!BWAV4> zI2Zs1B1viqcQ*(!HML2XaFQgi^ZQ*F+S>-cR3wtnen)LmmvAqduT_I3j!s&uoL?ub zO-y*{d|?Z{sdcRRS;dr?)G^e7)65}~!Aie>ozzblOQUQ$p1culMJOMoc5$2b%8loA|LyTHk=Tfm=HUWaBjc4lq5}%`@OV zl+WZcJJkyBKIF}3S4a&H9a__N`6h?Ff03}p?_y7!#@6^bt&`vU7wslLF7A!BWyAv1 zxHn&GV1oqm8}0?zSEe`~!2CJWr@7`iK#`u_0}u}8DK$i?dH6h^aK<9zM0xFz#EAH?4UI-`&LdO!e1EYhGAJsjTvuW8&o0u=`C zHQ;n_gU;um%Ql-&xX5nFE0JTT^M=D@4nU&=$j;0FHRz-oGJga8=2-^4Q9zNirNlb- z$^Bp&_OylH%OP1I;ADHzkNyH{H#`~g(hjt&?0bFO6%!qMZS;sfU=u9;NXHj^HF@3=tpf4}^@YviKNvgl?DE&AkG4u&mMyQ7D1T8z1D&_=pW1j)>6?wlUKl z^TM;`2)Dd~e#d|+?POb)vp$N*VWOTU$qsJNs`JaVpIkpI7RTEyf28dRe%4qXu-p}^ zFt|^h{pqWHnC4dq&pJ*6svtY|5($0_HJ27>oRl>e89af@GboGmd~cS%MS42pfabq& zPrrxfs^|P2KY`>ocAON%!;P@lG1PWaF8VHAN#&1@MydZ7rX~}XUTcb zM;6k%Ynhi$EHpx)Gp|==B81HEF9c3m3=xpP5)#QUGOSrVN_u2Q2NG6LNwhEIJ1vv9v9?jjP|j z6xl9y459&)y#^|nX<~02TU(uqKXb;q=Kvyx=Jnd>)huf0({p}&dHP*jWajwz>r1xq z65!AzMM|*}8-oDtZ_b<=a)rl3e%f0djmk%+A15W3`Q;tk{<}#wbIMxQy;==2J?iWy zYw{-PVG`CyyayVrpmxRr9kbT=Rf0@qs&PM+j}KEjENk8$ zuCg$X;g9T>oQ`D%=T&S8Ng(XS%-?WpDV^3VF^!MoGqJ|IcMCVBP>`nx=!tNRc~*QO zp1*Xce$W$U^^_R<@p!em^r>Anf8U<{F|j;p6))^tTv$(%>|d@(Dfxjs{?9A3S0_W? zS7_C_wei+FY2L5bt=K&*z4NlwL^V>jzTtY8V>1!Ar{K22tMIp5o2JqHYwkxw3H?1Za_oSJ3xc=Iy^8`2$^A ztmqG+O$;laF~+hCllX}mW7}i55pp1)i4nk|e^Zl7mN9hfhcC?s+e{5gJ_FV*j4xY$ z2h$}%MBV^?NctK59D_0^Mij=GxaAQ?Meqx#WLntykyOB)05$aoy1?pAOpRTe&^qvu z0Nxl{IGqJ^sKy8UnGlZRx2$7DO0KNyTUa^4Nao6SKDS-vxyGY=z}RfJVVEo#C}XE- zhOUn9_w#til^i+_=#tMaGqvBApzjD3GrmQQFotkg1ri}AWdtg52BY74uDFn6dtdB~ zUcA2CzsgCONo7ybJO`qg>oPx^1?+_i`w|;A=g_v}mJ~X`y^;}faF(0*{k!RZYQ0=s zV1+f5$p_u{Uo2-}m+0-V{3!GLJ@GqzV|`pz2YjAe-qp>+G}fE(Cr|UMb8ORsbaCfo zEFOMwn(a@}_itGuen|bj+tw|-{aeMdaz_J;q!p>$l?d7n?-um+eE2iIIyZKHD#Qs% zRoMO47!Ow1m1j-RHIqHz#>*S6??UFxCxj(lNzP!JUBdzqCopL_@y2E>Hy)+b$?uOW zU$BE+c2Snpx|N6U6%zqbri6of@I6CALIYi7SlX>Np2Ylr6d8iLTu zP(Emyuq$Xi+o<^Z1!e z)I^j>(ueE}8zrnBL#p1*+7BnNuh<+Md?mdEr33Tmk}ggEGZvFM#w&Y6m$$9ANC(|+ z1>zlWxdJz)FKNkSR{H5a;8ST=vtwu8AwRDE_j>5SVPn;!oJvX_xd1|2z5+#ptUH$u zJ2P`KG{K!k$p^Xy4ftS&%&E>7Vjl`r+!FEB!R3?it?SG zcY%uXV-BnDKrl8fukS!+m>&n0+x49GIMBSA;yz8D1J2XGKaq|!nUi>VD<3?yH9=K) zqYs?Vk6KtbHA0M1)^ZoVfkwCc@*eDJr}lWS+;FR=YJn=sMAgY%jC5V8L}|yB7whUp z>%VG8RLN5}tyQM=A)_LkG`30-B(P2MN*Z-_Kl~R;El6YIUmJ>ah-YQ^gN_lJ?nGn{}v{#nbXU2-m zwFINc7o^;f$)a^M9}WNLcm z%zdLXjjEtJC!Jza%uD4NI!_LqT$erg)*X4m-{=rjspp<54Dzw^>G!>d$37CEICp#$ zoIpBTQF@Vukv`hSBs%Lp-@!=nFqUP+r@ew z3|kVw{4LeZVY96%bqOW*B`I^Chu@;2T4-d9-@+!B^d7DW1hWEHQMv!(6B ze*UX#GmIFG&<`mS%x;CnM}t(YmGoFqN7ZO+qX;^Q8l5KXV2zY7t?Z6JxqKcwLL(Pm zD|}g^dYtZACHv91sfez5$*{&SKtYdJh+;^#k%qqn<$(U(0>&L2?2R}g$ODq&(nC_c%rL!;~O zkM?!F9RxPrG9`?Qm^$`tHQjD_1?k*r#>mGq)?eOZt?LwAsngz-lj(g@i#!!_9D7(E z{qgL)S)RWGcP$r1olo=6@A}BFw(_`q904xXot?IB*n<0gPR$HDYgJ9cRMpL3Md$tP z=afWdi=Epv+nv9RXd`<+MdLK3$C{CL%}bhy?KBSyxvdScLD=4(B?{y~Q%4m`#UZza z-$1V8e<@8-;!=fmW3MU44sS;A5!aKi5qqaiiKn88d@R@b_8RZXMMoVj2KgDO6YfCSNYYxekPppm8a_ zMN#*+un@YSd*zAP^Yf={zn`#YUYc+aAX~((9H?6+9UL4C`zQ=RZS<9nrp-}|*8N|f zOO3rfJ=;f%fH(lll&u|-iu#aX$FM)r1QKyUW8MG@AjpowQ`hD#Ja3EQD*WGx4LRC* znOG9DD2Pc5pUpfAA8`ZzKMMeMBR=5S=Kh&ri5lA7D8~hC6Dz78p<_=0 z(WB!4#S#oeq@J{WdJ-Nd19lzlaVg8^8xll?9*fAI%O`@9(wloQxR(l)_8HBc7BPWRDJ{*(lA;JwQH@Cg7-3J)*ReK1g-kHQzh za+YVQ@T3jy#B2rNf?H2WoMP{C>D%R*_RF$nq_rIG`)U>>^*)FoIq^E3 zHivJel@I2WM}mkQ98rw7?vLU28Gim{4Tp#@D)XOoy*}&P1$x;>KR7=I`Cgxu-cI1F zuB87oq3t%HX(c1nP#4i_Qh(Bo4XJ0eC$w+=vGq_s;2S7TJF-$|>6R~(h`m;3BQk4E zt6x<@C&^L`Vt#`8Oufs#C1xZ39o6O>WNW2o*S(1wb~%Y^gb^l-p6XK}ttr@$|_ z&gi^Eh;50>!w{>}G3M(kh)0;s@ulB4gimSC8HBihvubi5$eA;W56SyR7s4@asaDU` zC*HF2|A_hrzdrx}{U6U*ZY|q3mRnx7jkUb^$XvE-*{)@C*~@xl+phi2p0D@!^ShjX z!g-$e`who&J^GDU2RoeLM_9ZBm3_Y4arhB&e2Z-0cL+4Q7mN{+Zb_}alh_3$`VLZ^ z@e8UU59Z&SibgEL_0FoIEpufXn7)$M*Fg#4mHB`_hQCbbC;e=Beqvgx4wW#owN?L^ z9&ba{L$mK}f3dSx#!Y?AAY1=nDo~zXY<3@JWx?Kz$NzE4PkOynXp{FzmvFWVqY@=M zehyH|HgF@R0TI=<)gN8{>fEkX#rgB*Q}Im64z(KmJPd7X36>OG_X68yL|(u;&OMn0U~Y%BP5j!@?@$!V z?EXGc&9CF2WOcc_);zG7z44rh3%Cst?X{R{UOn;Gr&$8KK*GZ+EI$YiCHx3Yff%+c z;eXe{MXVGBY>yw;z{7jW=xy(?!}omof%N4=yq5dEu#fV_kHDgT*}X-5Mc(RhpiJHo z!BLNfG=K8*HZt#N{ftiKg`{`X52##7gAF-|=0H7^t#mKoWAk_U-3*x9k=J5x(AUC} zX^sB;`5*G;H$wfpaH@%r!L#6fsqz)W?+1nZdoZXnLO$jI{Z{L7701^mUCT`_1SJpC zVRoz8A?hQo5Ve<$Kr}g%anga&9&d5HzMMcvm?NXmS<`6V0j!6|VMQOzCbd~4ZRBk~7+|`{7bC=xM1idyvvld|vWob@Y(q?PKt)Bw}=B*vAw2>F%)E65DP` zb-VMq5dPZ43jt9i<-IZ%*(mzXlsUDL>7)41{0V;X-2K|%$V^1yowHC{<2G6K4kvoF zp)IAf_<1XW90^usk zhhbAt6!APO?X{5HOC&k@?azakl>U*O*C_l>v=T$Yb%7N1(aAjQ$XO_M0W!&KKw<+y zV*Xm89;h>Z;OO76O3K2=4P$lbatYbyf=hC(k?#aAX%x=+*^g@hNn!-T>Cu8z=e^G$ z*@L=A75;NU#A=OE%vXKXJ5A4;F}L-7EtkTdbA$Y?*1D#nH=cXvb5iU{7kApV)fg$9 zC&uY_v#N^2@30}q7>NjM#70sW4dR^?TSRdx^g+4r3B@ge*R@B-fM(i`qZAb{=D|M$ z2wQa2U*>b#lS`NZRJ&~~j~&kq4K7ze4?g-%QA$W)#Sq~imKgdQk9gGz5a7T@Jyt4= z*b9}aES|O;rZIU2W#Wown8Tct|5q8g5d+_p=NtAi>iZa}R0LuU#_9vs-`LQ19~jCe z7;mUy57Tj$9_yy(YzOGz%D*n7@t**-vyqAenu-JJQ+P4uM{M*$^lmJ{){Ow9t>oOI zEuBNYkeOnDHT`R=3^^E=m9M8e)SvDi>yvXH{Sfa2l5RVX_TE_cRS=HBcUqGm9baHr zQM8VwFClOKhkU~YMrO|bc{@{ishuV3;!JxZp-vKp(hy0LuLom=!SpI49(=tZVLs}g zYNK8V>TDGO28ptg_|kU8Og8y4nD&~mcggro#r4v`m}`GHu4k(#Rqx8mJPmFkmsD2{ zhQ}1=%^)?w|s^Y;C32%2#P*%Vf;D;t!wmG4OE5l8MU*?Y$o;WjoqUJ=RX= ztkveg-BBM<|8g2|sU^zp<4h@AY5gL4Z6OQJ8JIsniFL6W@$GM6mObKC{vj667-bad&vKVzBBRcn(hHJ#GnKczUYQ7BL1Lh z#Qy6gkkB2deQdM5_L^Sar#U=pZWIds<5sc)W%ez*$psn}4#Y4JaOxIC)6F*GULS8 zhjh?Qjw15f+hg{>C1k#Jz)$tL5cKtHn0Bu$88w`XS4anb>?3l;E-r8HK}sRJ*GmkHl5;5t$(Mm!C1Tbi!8Gb$9jWarIJh; zxeA}gPGS$_a5M-mT-YHzd$**lxj266#n$D+ibELRYvyXX&>Ak{iIS+76BOCRrQqzu z4y&fItPn^k?6ffVLt3@?ee|yZlT`jBM&B;0t{2)V&G2Or4~s{q!q4XjbQAw{G?JLO zt?a5oMm!D2QMEO=HCu6Br3KpwY(?F&b1JRKNvT{2c?@N&x4mnWW6{P1dmVKs+_k~|5duOyQ-#g(Z|zC!Xios|FU*j0-=1G zzfKi1loB-9iRdvwAfC>_th+z^n&nvAXvF_CJcS|-cO<~eyDCj?SsG9v4Qk7-`?L68 z?sfg^9mQrud$pAaNB4Ap|D?l}4STD3x4%BZo-XNm+TlR$w2=5b zQHTx@{)Q{-UvGljK%;=`%lhr?b*1Z7H@zlQGLL$}7|P#ku*T4sM1l_uggRRmyb=g( z8~=kTks5tkyNh_AW@^FcA#9jOiGEhDfkX_c-32fvtYwKkf$*b1!>^xxGr$~Hjg-=` zkPY0^EyEBGe-Ha=m*rxD%3ZTEG&C^~RCiUxqz$P`gmJ7ZJUi1ORq9{wpIf~?yMn885KFL|onjGGY zcbIS70g-M)00@PK!=Z-~u8&oN)D{o9Wim6`8!kgmhIP?wn4z!96J1i7?u_L=M#%l| z(;qw-_FQq277MJjr+yY6B(nMhoxpqJxjs$V3nTwQUPs5dEQa#C4$mAYsvS)%iZCM+mh zr0D6#x#qbwj#xFk%j8hp%vD6BPMd-+h?r`WC`1U|?wMlJTAll(89nM%;&OE430*)JXOv+=oErUBBNw3#dRKPqhiA~_#L6+p6#1GJ3G~9 zqtGos^C(4fPgiL-_xuj%!RMj~?bw?kJAqqJAS3gRS zFrz?yD;vt{au~sxo4Jo_>u<5ZRe>PYyXR5U&wc);B7_*L5tE z17U*4WX1!VKpLJ2^`#`@-K5qxu-7&LDp}hmu9X9I`$0Z$?_SiDA~q)YdkMP>!^W zL(MiLALdG>fhMdKU%qDK-4>qMo`tC*ajjXl=cA|&wibn-{ZLq1C@nHM!^2^ypwV@n z;D|)UvAOPR&6jpK$yRVTF~vtUPcS#2mG*P?Ljk)U_I<0RZXUBEx%BVRQz&_N;TxvSwj_85;ROt z)mg4L7@UM`5kOiZ!K&G8U;!%vQU{TgFW}+dd+=o`rB0_5QoeNRW3ChvuboZ3(Ca8O zcM^9{E*5uT-a&?yfWLwlbOdH^J9_pgKRYL4ZdYo4YGbju*NukgYQTb|8FZ=mG7v+; z0)SqkA8qX((~e>&QwBuQSZq#IR@nd^{kzd-7mzWr|EzxQIA5`t&Ytsl-|s8O)Zr(1 zMN83B4-RJ!EC>h~P}+=_Wwxx7 zAGzN&UvK))Y@?3?d|sdie!J&)bzuDmNE>qL>GRfOW-?-Dsg{;Pklq>a@Es z(F(rpgCrAUizdmLNU>fKjH_kuF>OPPYHd1HB2xM2ju=%Ni2m@Dy8n1`Th%ie87~g3 z|IPK-_CztBtc{nZPc0d9U{fm!`?ns>{*pdUrET(w8;EU#j3r11v^;8PtT;Y;_@Zv81o zkEbea7T;ul4E-3!o#wke&poiVXrta?gbG9aNS%t$BiGoJEKNPBQ}-?Eozoh}tAj8@ z6nhkVApE>EsiQ9(Ot=Az2)XyELbiLXv}W~x+|)ua;T$c)Y-I4 zuVL7EjEbavyvf_Y#d+zQiZlLJO54h*&7EXW4l_wm2R<$8)=4nQ+%+89@LD;rS8aSw zTikX=eEPj9EpNoXHHuqM0P4h?r;_=;-2)CKd9Eo@K%KRPr1Ul`({DNx3+DHS4Igb= zX|EW3;((JT{fG6cbu1W}sp`A0VM}Zxqm-`a-$?ZnO*Sk*R5g~p)+znTo#!cnApN5^ zpuWu5=r#${(3AlmRnKK~DtDaC5RM5Om6%0O9aV5Iqd-b)4{7;;K8BfOiA_;=uEh_; z+5`gwb?t&?9p_R(8$+AVsA7 zqJ5M)h$Rrqh(IE0Iq~n@8nQ?Jz^y*A$Cl!U-}wRGrW}^cQ_?(_2sh6M3MkI<1w<=j zjt~ewo~32WjlS3;z&OI(V-h0&gz* zwf)v~Qg@1aW(OpHRLE4riMAlnmosq4BANwpCO@lOsMkl zdqi|lY;eXMyyvl*KYpXsO>Q!SLvAun&F`v%Fm-yms)8R|&kpbmELC?5w?Mytz<+wJ zADVcU@@rR?vbJr_014?MiJ_Y21F3AA%Yv8aanQ*kqso4-!SGe8PI{=%MD~JwFM#Gg zG0MkW#o7UAvFw8iKQjNG72!krNEv$Hs+;nP`V5)1r1eQ}iOxo8H~+{b^W^Q~*D92J za{)A+{iT`UL9Z2`sHZN~hpTr5fB8+ucIr(Q=b={1)d)kR$+CL~mG0FuU=Lj_`F$wd zXmyrk`r^IyQkkYT=!zox*7k_UfGOEa`>QlRvL#U`{OtLaKJ2YYo-G|mE7xk|bE zR#UH!rZVVKiKK7DwdrULo;@-h#V&wd?lyf=#%)){^eblN6nVx`&-P3qf}7hhiP?-# z=nvICmEqHaGa{MAw%J3jxm%w#4}nIS8tBUpUcUBJBr%_VLPJAUEcQjgb6EfJ zwF|&c>YTzWWXW#I+MJiHK=Uegk?pof>IUlJoAZnF;eOm0Io@Ha_$_{D`#*(|7R)mI z`!pM^>aOCyYex*i1h)ZR!n0&T$o*=ETF{J+c9cxHKL_U0BsSE3xqg_jO*~F?8ZBOKI8nRQeR>}@jDw}B`j{E^6(=%8hCY3&)AI3glqdr(t+P4Di+G|5Tgm)yhv_$0M}^ zzEys7R#j`%2t`&7@RDx2dluwFM;w*8-K>fVCTRV;iduHG7i#xbxmOl6yx9Wu3{-7{ z7Q3bR?OCL@X9A^eOdPTK3m2nzQ~0G}ln?!0qp-D!lq5^1-_usF8L7scI(JL3Ix1}c z6t6sZJgaRIF)8oI58#tmw#az*j12GTRX*y;#zYY_ru-_5psamC!jL}JU!lzVa5^+m ziAg6+s_ZSV4Pw$Oo#*_8^XPQlmtvUXv&Nq^YnPF+>rqoS;*qC2x9-qL!&iF9azvvo zrNF*#Ww~bX4-;_zj#%bpDId?+SQqG; z1BQwDrI}mpYrmNGjdt;WvVDBpf!hJUONRB{J8<$+OM=rrN0?*Lkl2B@==MARnx*jdcprgW0Ow_y|Wg*e>7OUlYaQfpeQ>j=fmzuoRfY& z0%pTx978YV4?yzJ!scy4;>!)CgosCR?6ygJ%*L-qax)EhlG7i?>R#JU)w^{$-nYJ@YHhK7UHlZo=^Ueo#yz0uz zO!QAZ5DPT`fmxB`=5;kay4yS61`qo?i<@pS-efwj0f4EDy!>mIsUz8upYyo^?M$&EkGrjPRqzjpX~KTaetfX9 znwpu7TvhwkNP+GA(CDxQX=kZAJFv#6n;!KBx*kJ7mNV>GW8e^wfvETSA26U>+ zASV_tmT-W0kyacI996VAQW+zHF`SLUXMm0BEwF?~**Fj}%{!U9#;)zpm+jw@-}@eL z9HoP-=n8zMETn!?_Zj2Lr84NaVrs`;3VJXc;sYob!{*zGCmOI1^y)#r?HuIihx-=x zp(8l0;QVV{s}us942C?Hh3Kg66Lgif6V(5axQOm|6c>6Et|z;tVNO z)xnwj_KfH$KfbpKjH@K^+)?w39v84z+>x$hxZ}aH=U$lcwm+-oBmavQQ+-QT409Lm zXM_%tJY-U?kh>XZq)e2yo(xE0Q#Vx*tc52Y#*@9Zu~gs>imqY?p>XHkwv5v zQ74zFMK0rUKed#K99D+eK769U;eCC3K$T`njT_{~VZV|RFXFfU*CNY(z|EvhQ7rlg zAiit*8Wi=q4%kST-ql&dM48v|P9mi1KnM0OyW`m}p`zpt-iIf_i4|Q##9u$Q08?B$ zmXi0YB)c>#P@W3jcpIotA|Qm4@`lAzenpL-ghW(C$B30;g``)eVjS!0Z1|^hzIJ+c zn0B~y$gdlsIMX56bY98#Y4ZGKqSWn&$5Ut1ef>fsjTk+hl=73!si8yvCsQ>8`}?vt zFfs8#)P?`Xmy_JzQ*(yy&z`9T-ucpBjM}~Hoiq}!0d%p6+#$Q;?1sd;+Hu;yOs-hq zVP&u)gl3%_*{E{FnvAeRb zG%iolsfz5br~BM38|2o?N{o}diAwzSD@mep0rYHFKnb3o8 z@}>U(O@UEzoWSpjk!a4(+3T+2?#p!SLsP>XFW3BhXHo6-Gf;l;V#1%qjb8bqdF5>6 ztUb&SD8lQcR9oKQDR}{{gamc#cd-yP&3oooa5iK?imq$RgVwXbv+&=Hqjv+!Jzbfy z)u%X%-8zTF2qvRRa#1V?vjlnW!|N}ZQ8)2jqxeJrJ>M(+k=>f+72mAq0cYF1h$;#z z>QAe;=dORAX1|J%*c2fP{kX@_Lyl)9aM4vHAv)e&;t0uA_0uwJH<%lOv41>Uwc(fL zJ|6?!?P=;0Mba%$ScgY?53B=GMo(rrg`UX${8Q-;{dCYniXl{V5$7r%34DQTSD=xF zjuHCuu^&0~zjYIP6@9J}zPIy_)s7($gmVv1j^Rt=`ymPuqb9b$mO|k0^uW(FK%BRH zBf!ual5lW>XeD{mmsZ4Louo$+&_5^gA)G*p6nPB6#?zKV4lzR2AU==HY;oJnYzkj* ze^eaQX<^)*R0$m8@Mzr1C-WX2@L%faOIDMrOU$2I0$8m zLnqX@@vR@ziE;hnoa1yfHrTxHAc$h6?ch-gqSNq0g8MNiJB8$gcH}SbLX(|l#6XoX zjQl~Yd~BV1+>VFo{-H-~M#(Xu!CAr;`w&O2;~eAHLx=CX=UJ%mn!#dXf4U-g-qx%i zcV3C>W*s-(BW^rwJ9F&uV_i*wr2A;gFBRp4+kQ*>AaH{gKM$x#lzAWg?HAh>Hn@EIAwX{w2r)IZbDtEf^2Yb-!ehjYoJm zezxhk6KY-6QUs*Ac~We*drh@jEZXzl7%1HEEx}eEW&BJ2?<|-)#UJtmH8m+Q8@_)K zn%3Qtt3BKz5_D_`M&p})<&}*(X5yOKwEFtFN}rMKc;js6ZAWaMfFJqU7&ty{dvGD` zgn^+gTP30e++Wwo9C;pay_Rv%C#!y}fe|ZM52S7L&+~XU-)=N0Q0wzAb^y6P+g={% zpzQ4=>C5@-_Vu%p)kdY?rQk~nDB?Nm5cX69m>eCGoeqIU+?p=00=k7 z9K-$`uYeAMc>)mkrS?)J$t5Ovl6YP8uoX(ZpZemAHCaH+L}pyjTig08GclCqR%$4$a{%8OYkM%p{<-l^mGA^;Zk!!}@FzIW4e$`A6fs?dp!8Zu zB3Hcd`(bZ}f?Ng1z9HEBG!B{s&IH^6{NI)hX`k{AbHuuTo!i9UFL`Ef`9Y(V*mhcP zrgl%OYiKuUS!60sbW0ku8cjhx?>1FE!x=mVWyoBT72E>ezi5|%fjDc25F*#m$h=k; zi=6uqp?VwE&Z0irpY${Q{%cP)t(qv^t#dewuRw09)Nfq{mE8X21d2f8j4$V{4F?yD z=j%l`Sod91ssi|^se~mk)6Td}5|>%9l2{+tcxttH2yI$++4IArk_q)016_pBjV?Gkl8#MxYDQ?~-^CUtE%7kc}pzGWBV@|#?Y&e~-{F6E0Y$EU2n zsa~e={9`?}$cM^*dUaw{t!S8<@Ao20lD-f9!?@2V8L2POK1rOq=8IT85TYH8Tc^Zk z#SE`;hk|~hsV|lujX+Z#ZE*97@j!h01~C%CN!f2xH^@mNIGxEkat%KFBZ?pKSLF6$ zgxwAQH~jAq7X&jyiYIXmFn|^YLOHILMoh9FmL`1~7wy_kzbz^zSC{)>Ga(AF>_ZKb zr<9HJ8!fl4RXu#+$qMUNb}iQ=CnCugf+lW)p0<^>YMw*s%X>+Bdfd};@x zpg36Ie(z1h41<7CAa~Z(-@Q?oNC(dL$nA6QbI;2SbxW&I59p3}u)S=Yyo zP9QPHdEE2u#_n=9;uWU-j~avOyw`OkZL)!xc+CK2ez<%JvAPWgF1VbTy-bU>KqM_~ z=294H>UDO-9;;eDjc-q7G}U(xU$9DxtAO><*~pbe(DjZ?-Z*|l-J1j_b+s<$SGk+Z zNJKw>e zv_e)Bx4rnpS1V)Uco>V%`Fr{~xOHYmX1*JN{X?*#`0>1ZsC3$*#hI828c`MJou9so zYX$lrO#d>&YlicyotJpdQmA}XgwN{+NEO;IfT=CY$eG@J1m0)EAAVqU#%`aD@+Xm7{*q#q>@!Wnd zcYjjB?=*=bLCh9Eq1jgol1J$k^9r&VC2 zZZN>)TtqDfFDnq}wE1NOcH$tunwSk83qEothJcS98Y_zp5SQp1STXt>6D)6?C(}{N^$!8Wy zA112iX0q>E*TVhpc`Nm2Uh99Yi+xo6Uk%t~4H2;o*f-5C!xX(t;HDNNR|b}ixkWaC z%8rk{r>#R_?g~-}IItRr%zEOm=;CH&Q zlPf}vIq6pr`MP-%(zfinsq<6C3xJyt{&NrM*7bH#!e@zTKF7kDBpyfv2+DP~iUB}6FXj`!Kpet2=VJ70i!cZ#NgPodlHoF=&& zdH7bW7%Ckh?n?U0c4pSrF3++lC}dOTXB}k3<36gX+ZslHEt$(O{U+%M+BlA1`u82I?s>LkitzhjXgbYo z?@p7#*e2bqb2|(tqA9soR#u512tQS#hK5IzFf_D@FEK<5&{Lj`pCZ`&4__zN?HSg* zkJGlIc-CpNe2t^G(xldCvz}jDFhZfF%kn{Vqy;Hc78c2$ryNh%KZdiBJSbgG7#c9H z`CKjZCl-^itUdmzlbFoTM%(`(GdeBW`z7`KElP7MyY~?4_iXes$L*Y&rn2mcO^1BV z9nJjPe#}+zBFXRHih{SZpQDMY-T;_3UqBtw$WRW4!&kmg6h|wQ1=ZWz$P-91l8d=r1OJ* z8q3)0Rph(M?(*%d0iY{LVz;)i%l_~4neU$ZZiL=ABBmPmGF##Q{@6`Hu+}gl*8(`K zf`_;JE|MsJfR)7;07m^n=$4$2p3AF*G5y zm#a-fNr+J|Qmec)Ttzzb>7So8X|dBk=cd~C*2evPtbtuuWt@_zuycV4b)2#q1g6hG z+(_a&iBU>lhGtj2RL?N$x67?@<#epBr&FT-j{BE(w}-!j5h28_0$FvrXes8E4fEm1 zOIIL{<2q-Wd>nUsHjmAFtaG1-{Qi|m0qyqJS<`<0$ydY6v+FJv4+E5tZ0?a;BDlU# zbb!qzAx;kl@KG}Z1soEri=*tuy+2d8TVB8wZ@g@okZX&>13cgE1n*ZrLN5D0ruZIm zY}o4Qd(X|WHArc9-8BQUU60GONiS-s?+iTDD=QR@`K#xHK;4k6kQiDK-;(|a+ zuZMlD>AM6z6xxdfGKJZXPy#bP%C{y7-Yrr{`W78udH#Q2$Jl}hT)Rc*#P!EI-~{@H zfnqd*n474&SbE!SU&{JBclT+{C=li8lPIs+(H|A%Z{3sTDf-xA;3U}5$@^DCO`@{a zo7)z|leY;_C&ze+sR*w$;z8hH6yDrvUInTdJx2$g#a9Sn#G7xpc3rP`-hAzJU<=yy zAS!4++%rOq>C}p*EP=)u=pZe>MSs-HQ$^ZqrFk}C&pk_#)F&WqSNG*WO86JEyg~!a zQ>=Rj58Hr8QM>vW8#n3lr@s<|(MT0Tz;)%-iP7H|B#FfUpYsfT9mzQG)0sMuj4*k= zaD{qZLl5-o^4Gz#(^`sLiFhFH2EibY?l;@Nn#+NHz2hofF95bf%sMrvz`NWcsh#b% z6}Gjq{^qKe^4bcQ~z~K00qlGYZvd26Sghgd4%vqCq)k_l5l7q zPl||%tyo+ZGC`k0d|xkyH0(4`Pc~c!3tH!+eoj@aRd%KXM^k8tYhs#0qOXw<70`Cc zvb1qZY7}~U0E9QMNNf(YdWLy(3~F+7@xrA3mubx${?{yu)knS~4?y%a_*&j^Or36n z>3`^|n(5HExFVaNdd6}$cviSdm^ZztKAJrezyAK--=A+;?~TW`b7pqpd$kf_DKhj7 z2)s%BF@s@@OCWmy%i{yC&^u>l`FoHu3(OPn^E#So8N;%P6m&s6%$G8ItG6n>z2^;I zs=rmnYSAe`ytzQMCv_luSkKf=@G%s9m%fGCVO?Zh@?YaWYc^$aOe((egg-clSuViX zFt$1BTE=>olfDwUN=eSn6h>n~8RNJYU~?7<>ftFPn)>+gSC=Fn`$OHso1yTh?wp2* zuCeE}t+@ryUjHr$w)+g=P6!&hM`LDX_gke1NAw>TJYPJ_zs&2}4?gN9hB_|sB;Ml;tV!XkI!?LK=O zv?83Ol|h7-RV*KIxjgb1Y3XNq-z_0vvfaF-GZSV}W;7@q3MUeYBsey+Ka3imAJJ4- zc8=!!3HUZP_w`0y(p#PNT7uT-c=T(ve9hYK>Irtyw}!FDb+KZ|jbA>Ht1yn-n6JnY z7$P%rV56Iva6!y=$V|w_1h2$ z`PJ$%GfG$r60(8-aDjL%oxkDk@ze7XurkL+F>9yFaW5H6X;kCh5F+BlGS5rB|Z(Wi)11?Ob)|bDP zj)KS8Kx%-o*_$r>;ZN1R*O2`0!q%;;Gfy=x>uW(y;ZALTe=W(Obvqd~A*5cpIiek& zq6$51G=`xsD`j($kcFpavvx$$J+_T@JJwy@+`S&K<(s~FJQI84eeSRe6}Pm=9)YA3 z%)Q+Bt>{gaWr(hIVE#jQop6?IT9@kj|NZ7gGr)mgtSa>;^}j1%pVRMk?04UI25JCK&V&>lu!>g z^xf0l?vi{~>Y5xpOXSa_Ak5PtTps{JlZSzPa|VZPN^j`9#&+coUVl9UQFz8-q@x}{ zYne~A3F{E8b$#9VRYQu^iO~!v5U-njU7kkyW2ncH<>%vN=^!!P8qeN&e^x>=19xV# zQq2oge)!`+&^9rA%q&sFHzFuZVjy>*ABb$2VwVEdwbnli7MDE!$)Hm_Q;K0Zg^5(9 z=FK4pbN9}4nWqza`WwUj`*@dw3$DHaosv}v_=^i$m=o9CbP@d_5AoXV)m zE_3wS7cZyIA?)Wk$vkis@Y|(E%SSs!<6A#H#O9eyeL4SUn1hj$r&jAlbdU&wgH1Kdsnp&YM@B-obU zD)19Tj$C`(UVD88I#=vRCy=gNgeu-oen)%J*H>iW}slZj5Qnotf8Yl#0i-W)QF%)Wc6 zq82neG&brcl7&>8&}nCU5mV6zV3{RVK1NK}e=HpZW9Cg7g9Fd_C)`A??M z3sm8~VG`6m!YI3)y4iEI3GmUx=#CJEoQ?800nANlVRCp&B4kDsjFRWmVKENCBRu7l zN*2n^8o2oZ+Yu#v-0b!2xBf{}kIlypC!1ujg@C$hN?3!7ZhPd8@hLdYpb&KiySW zuQ;;jsVw}FMlNz&2rS(7ziA+_{)qvuWw4-aoa}!?1Z1vQWTY{coa%%X0;02_R2b9+ zJR8&R5L~#hs7HOty;G31P#r#5kLA8_?v+%Rp9}ec{Q;3KRHVs++)NOs8!ZbqR&)Tkfg~});SfB-Z0Grc+S9f zO%B>^?7Wj_VnN5c5+O0!H${j*bvgth1c6mP`ww$pqpKnBKKu+YnqD}s!6NELl(y1T z5#$}5eqhC^XQ=Ams2>>qw2JI!bMFJ)5`6}#pJBL66~?W>lk-w6bXyv1*;-+ay1z3f zPbY>6ags9$An-V@#w$i2*KI?+E46%Dn#M6Xk7C+4))7-ofa-gnv!~v1hh7! ztwLs%Q@*zmxmeFswgH8ie$u;tJC|V-mfF|8chnZ?d*9CW1DCGO!wFB7s^*w}%N^wN z(;ub4=fFbKTlW3$qpm%M=DF2CPyqXcrFq9OnltLj+305ca_q!-5X25A4`k^sBxs0R zN`>D9jXr!p2+MlCv!Ads`qgC~Aa6y)jZa`CX6TLNd7%y%9B*4U=y$pv#a0jh-)iR| zhJNtU$bT?oU;)5qHm)B4^I$ZX)Xd64OOUp@0WF6O^~sMR8KtY5ri7#t*GM2Hgnzam7E1VjjN0|Epj-NqXeO3=`!2ZV0jY(1gSFzVNzpq+7JGB}RZ zn|!PYtvGC4yLmQ(jmQ0KfE5D{01ERZEIvJ;H{=lD>_)uO_#Aoy2CW}{x?p3DG|h>u zfm-}Zdhc;ui9=*GAfY~X{!ZK7Zl_htRz*xFpba}kk?X;N@iEn-7HRRw_J3P(OJ;}Y zwqU%c9zncFD3cJR2|A#(Z1x&JNE#R>%vlv7%~5Ayo3B9H`+5%}?W!WMzFHvAG2Y~S zqGMr$`)_ge%GK1>)3}5C*Lt4V{a9W2XmztdZObjRNCuzwKE#s>Q79Dqq%%Hkq1bLC zTmz<2n+5c4LsSC}1f6=sll#6~$;e(#G)CN>9|JQPfSa8Kco=+Tc ztTX*@N|+0WiyMW@DQZ#OdQ`RrU>+jQ#cVIYc}KnY0q@kkk#n0nfhxQ3;^!D-_C(305k=%f1V+ygp-W$>t64-Jii~we58=$Z;AUG* z)}9P05yX_a3-d=xU>K2YHHcYx|N-Z(Bz; zz#PONtw(dPgWlk&ghhpnAlJ7oiv5}*ya<8~zk*i%m@ zz+?hXPnDv_UO8FL2ftLXfd#GPlz6LtL*W_zNkfb6rj+gPWm7-4Zr?2b z=^fhy5_~1p{b=5#<3wulb6pd+#toV$#r;6T6YVMX_a@yIDf~rWWky>AZ|`d&s%8dYk6? z1z96PeqzR`0s*qm!T3F<=QhgJBz}P`ZJ7mQr>Q+p$SN}a&ClAmp&B{06E)?}nl05) zjC{+v&@=Y)S(Cl93jQ`kExX83ojcT!G)Z0x<^vKkyAOd)IK@W1sgp!%IT| z0rz*a?6p4sDRDG&WQRY8yU~MQio%Ff{~Y|pSU3o1c&>*oI4!0sdD;EJRo8eMmB=^K zE8ed~JeP!wa{vLJJfQvv$q%-dOINi4ZEy`RT;c6Ic~^h>QGvXyfR8ny+qKX&2YaEL zJR5vRw>PB_ZlNp17Rr{8B&O?bPnp{0r(#sp5p3k_iIJw=S!SNYQ{I{fJ?*-RM?dKpN&uu(p6D_R8UKcgyk_6^YVsjo z(v(?$;V9FmfkfYl9ang{h=@%xG3JkGSIs&3KnRv|_Veog*6T7|`tt$Wu29Mz@-62b zZ}ex_=e#c0qqzV7%~SDy^JshTwf*nrsV{^yLJCA$R6#{DH-hYdv=NOxu21_Wf_VN7 zxdfU5uO#%cZpE%m-a??humE2lrn?u{R89jgS_H>^C8%#+!jDrc3-=KM0gf_|{j1{y zgtVW5Upb#Y)=x=rksz-YTZo#2xVqBw3MA> zb!{-`P-^AxW@i4OW1+BM@7}QUw;AykWT4TL8Oru7^RgGq-y{H=?=+36i`A?Qc~##X^>9o9FRu38)T^W z%@-CY$%^u@E(G0**MTl&6fgF+kIdJha zrdx}lt(on?4g0P5Ie|QQ$Gcd#;uI%6gUQBFBok2=u)K7j^`Q)Xk4H!_LJVR^W`#0T z!%4ZUpObe!W6ROyWQdxa0q+Z^5xfZ3xuT)oZb$^>W!^uZnrNh=S-k>NZv6bwv>g)1 zZR~xX_2-ed-5s|b$5n*^WFRh_%x9d%eK&8QS%0VdpvSt9;R2E>^ne(_lny(lVu%_s zd05A25HK_8%%A2~pKg|M@kezUObd>bmDDsjOvc(K9((L?Ej(YqR;tdBB&H+^i(o^V zvBUjNyfOQXqXB7NdD%bJ7p_$aKkM5dqnn+eWCA^b!NS7?(HMF6O{Tj!c~&qY9P*SVga}gb-4iM9 z5-q^-cFY43syN7)@0lJ~rRfN(yS+3RC=X;R$k->sr^s}>-hWjk&_WuLrQ^i0?aLYP zG*14m{P0xqWS?kKF^`F-X5r1NG3em(YbvUNC{%V^hmvOTMd2w;X(0atV*6k3GaSv~ zkWfBdhHt3%t~h-=tFFv+D9#*Rw&zq9d~rxcD5dKT0H08_+%>O^)(y+NE4E$Q#tK5M zfAMI7ruIwB{~&!Bd)hsPQbta{IrjySy65$q6HO68PON^kM!0%? zDcNOp*CPeG69<$F{7Vb`0hY&S3tOVnf7i+Bz?irg{vtd-N5(6s{}?!$QYH#C7L!&DMLE@Q;-tx*7_|tRE>_ zII49#O%n=GBtf5oUsW_ntgow|D8ueJX|7R_J%POcg5G~MFdx(z_ zh`HA}iGA#x|KWSf+ugSuA|!-fXF!^ast8l|g{{?u=nT>4nkI-_XJM>CeKd%T|GA`0 z{yWuB{~VR|XIJ^>UnJXvHaSAh#J36s5zGlZS)X#nziRmPwSaC8o<)B2lb7ClJL$7t z((Fd`N#0Bn>J3rjZ`fk}_M-3ZTm&|k2dL@5!QWb^?{o4~K##a`BYHwg3~*h}ScCoc z4euLoA#pfe$4H3S24ImE)=#EpFU*pmxuoo4YGZP>YOe$>Y^?fR-DdpGW;>oMFbK^W zTB{DT_gM_s=Pos7R}23Pz<@mf+OtdhYCb}IMkspg?`O`3MT_9$Yq!tjPmltj0}Ro# zZu*E{ck`v4)_7vGLx`Ih16exx=_EiSkq3@!I&PjiZr`t+csB;oyR7FbX*%_GKH?U+ z4Pfx*EMrwXAkHA-KRHs(j5s>hgLja)%yS}5=ly@KER*cDCD>sh*s!xmiCt=$qQH0U z)RcM5#FA~|&l-e4cUGJr%R=Pl6QZ3Y+nF`I$lH^5q#yC0nU6xoeq@G34fOa*Gvi6e z2P@VETmJq<7#RuArUFCRt4i1Lve`78{I#pI`S}ZYHYl z?W<>nrI_}2CEzvQ-WzG4!E15Lk#fsZAKDP~SHJ8r>8VOyzjso{&I>ND>2pq<){p)y z5I8D`e%fI`_F61n{(fP-jKyUVF9qG*`5GyRFi16^lVvhv&Cktg??dt%i z?V0|Yxp3@sIL)^9b9e`Ez@dtu2+88-+2p}%&PN6Ddu}ZogaJ`b;;Y248q-H$bL#9_ z9)h1A{p?PD&tLD%v#$4pc-ADxb@($s0wVdV8i(?J;b`~qos*|4<}+sB19n~0!mbX0 zc*AgOLy)+}D2TIs%mhj=r0YZdu3uJqA&NHKd1LNy4PsNq4bGr{iAR5u(kQC_`lv{R zjr!Ovl+orMeQvX-#d-zEA8hOL+w8sw8FPFLOk$@(Gei0e%@CL4o|T9w?B(Z{ex1|N zz^~Eoy6Ow!Lr{3-bBpo7Xlt>6gdep*h2~nlbFpWl%f|((Vb}ckGm}YUvl^G6rAld= zIjQg)Rpe|>5pO2_O2lT1-dod#kq{l5<2A6~+FY|nI^TkkWM!JS*}#Qo0CEgWnI9xw z)z#j*HY0FTnUsBBPVzmUQ@5j@EU(@7pZEABpPpaLN%>TrtA61-6PZX15d9)X<3pbQ zuz99&*gr_rYtoQeCG2{NsG$Cm-oE#%Bk>2nRC?ad7|Ck-1t>%B%G%1{zn`R_8s=d2 zx^6(N=bx|Zt9)?br!sQ|)iX~JYX-cy4KVXa2V2!4KF*$TQ0civZxrvG2Jp?i3lY8* z0YjsW{X(D%v$@>ViBCotKCx%UBX<0@4CX(WP9@pb>G4m@xC)`Ib^N+m$^q_{;s#xE zLp%MHXTYUVE0PeNI)vEa4iF2rNWoHP|BVd7yKq}e@r(p=)QBeY=&6Z3=m^sDE(ph16FCPbGAMU9PXUi0+sZ?R*%%iS16%JqR- zfZZ3WPS-IN*=9tjAKuUzfR}t^W-YBx8Kd;$4m&^2YHFky40?5Huoe2_)SNRDX*qFr z;xlk7Qssg~*~Px#+MS&F`&Hb54&{-u$to==D-h4WLJ)2TDs#TV?6ZqMkFPzv5W#t0 z;g{@9)I>pf&rBIDQX+3rJl88mmpq)zr^K4LfHE-0iVJeOxaC#i(n>IHd=0ddRU8%!k52!B9T;IU*x2wpj@Y;}z`1AmUmSk^;MFw(l zCuRQRgy%(lRR6|N~*9H3*+OaASG<`7}%sR;lJKfm1^ty=1` zm6=f&r)A=v@H@%z2aW5%Gfn7QRRn$x9S}al6m*w5tCM&k=QGH<_6It*G$37r?ZD6v zcsic#Qa`Ik(=WlyPk}pY@%8=dY5D|>pyRGzKNqn;M+Ua|4UnPI$bOkauz?AEj~KO? z(X()^t)u`?jZ!_Z;}ls2>XFUtgvTnK`!aGlosJ9ky*5e{Rw_kJN_?Ef81QF_$xPJ` zo%w7~i``FAy5&~fVUdxCi^=q3rl)zYK-uoegBwb+=@l%=iu6)fDJFfNT|9a}ev~w# ziYCNJif(ZyT54#LuJ`d(l=nd|9N2qgr5Bksd6u3qe0F;AEUWW;blR{LFW0}vn6Vt4 zB(;zg$*R_g;}P)RUIJ~yEcjz<+M{;)pF5^5wAnt%8&Q4P-EL_zFe*48%I47du46(8 zV9g$e6D;ty$@ve-5Q*KPEqBjCOYN~a7^N2e${SQ=dgsJ4{bc2};F7*P>*=a# z2m@8%d%%$sG7M4~)V6}%H`hy@Z8)2%*Y$5btb~wO#Or7w?V26(tVdWNvgii69EG3>ZGgi6Q9WK1X0&M9-(5 zUrad(KCW?)Weo|Js;t3XFR zWB-*j`-IK9|V13zs%sV2G*o&<8`(>`%1YXlfbRvrDNchD1 zYAHf`cFTKLN~yw`Of|0(W%z*6E8j10ekar?R5Z%FUDAQD(4lFKKp5ZW3zSDe_E8~(<;q6de9AkBRm&$uZy zWivUa6U_BbI=qycc7o5aybEwv7a4uFNfRSizMI~^%jS8>hnV0S8C&{?2Qc7gWteMs zYG;-Fvk+u!-My8uiM?%cCl!dg>;Q6=^c;E;&W^Ur2P1dxiwJjC%#Uj!&wxFPefSR$ zE(y#0q?rkNB%ZaNi|*&_Y#qq>C|`$-|Hf#bms9Pc zUBY`a{R6she`nX=%%lB9m*I)cowlqJeKtA5*Fv9O3~sC2Wv1lK(`+FPx1w`z4ZkER zT;cm=v1ar^MR+#TzN)%gaEl&Z%Z1Jeh2-^6>Az|@Or!OuO56u@*!C;VF3n%H!e+~% z)PXFwGI(3@9$JrN)&z{0fF=%0%-^5I)#0)k4%`6$F|kzcbRNfsbL}z!6Htx+A}8JJ zSHxTNsRVNv@1|WhCR~oWH#;p{`x0}RmzTmotxq1UrP}WP{y8s2Lt_VbSo|`{O(f1G zXt|lmDNpRd7koF^RFAsqP~MDS9ynBz;&#sE)xRphUNuQi;B$V`mlt-I%d@zuy^#~2 z0l_lfvY^3>jB|1g&c%Ielj^bI^yFw@$&-)!aFSj=KsPoZW z=H38^loH7uSNwDDWEd%BWR;^lQlUup+F`WCVdLVM$394GGB70QUf{xcQdbUR-3)u>ExkqwhkGs za&6}5ig_&~F8N&FqReC(XfI#-THjE#c=P8%+Ke;95ujM3XAl9*3=wCIxLvV2wL6j* zl6$WmnV)f)gcGZJ+S#RhKH$G`(g+j30J?T4*ap{EH%P2;MRDTd!ROj%Jpun3XmWvN zSzEo7eeAO@e;F1K)a!zwig#}3b@e|Kr^pIu1VGrl>iPp1#@`&|_*kqb|trFCUrjIHpkUy|Pyhvy6ikssNOYSKqAtd`vq%f;f=*x$1QE_1roG zXgf-;Z~J>_c5`9e(~@eAdkcppj8|I9KSKiT8C@cO0uwmZ=oHJNiltBi1u-lG+2kwr z*Mp)0+c`4|{^#mf#vOBHLp!k=l8N!Mw2+pR96sHUrc?bI-^c%gVCmMteHcfj^1So! z1O%M`sXHY`)w}#Wct+(yC=97zIR&f_A#X?p#Ixh5|7coWGf>-6KV3_8b-=3kv)t}x zdY^~OVHp*pCneYv0}c3g2z~c%u|Q3a`aRJx)+sb1@Jd&qd0Bi+;&dG0Yvzof*XiA< zt=3A?1@i2sZ_}Ec5^5cl3_g?uPivSW%5r4N=Wedgx`J*_fsWwF@)sfB8_$0Q<$!BF zz>kSogahd4CgYKrsuAwi9-^t4La*+u(hXB3In-H~fV4B_tB+D@r&|)o$8cBXKM?%_ z&h55Bw_|!88J*^UPJ@tCvBAfIJEhjWXB()&^_g!XV+7N2Ewbn$zJ%2vn$qFiA z=+j}<>@jP!vlCa+B!Jo#E|^%YSONkWbzwgcn6Pddt=p z=&B7*uRg28B?%jj5Mt+!xIX^}M+DQ8TMTC-`?R^H4^PgI3crE}8bTPobN^t(yrXS2 z0j|ItSi2Jk-kCf>q&Ti@+xf+3&TUkMkat)*P{FpaOg`C!*7#vFuh>4&1AdwCG<~=T zbotK$8;}uEE)F8sE8-qf&@KpaU}lvo$STcG7?Lv;n7SoSye@;;xj3WrtgyS#LDAE(h`ViY6de!vhWA0nY(s5g_O*;Bya0f2S$3@N9{a~6x+ z@$z^E_2V;^krW%juL&QD#Dza_r3$G#vPai3x%h`SP$;BdI1?n8gJ+2vE1R~rBzxU^ z)BXkS>NKHZr&SWucjGz#E&_E3LG>%PFVp#9rJt!MeBK5zm#J>uA)tpv`4-=2`hF-_ zJa#wx^c9<3rK&qmJY}=rTM1@O}2qFREqlJlk^6l5vdOM zL*`*VF>(*HR&;j*QNaR?utxh9lK`~B%NdB*rKGbfZ6QFi;6xs9a2ZA}1B*bO9X{%n zhs0o6Q5#VaQ5p&E-I5!qLZAkoAtYN&R>K6`y4`eh&A;I*of=zM{#ZAN)*#xw6kMc)o zI>Jo@da{iwS-NO*ymG)2XOtG$%~)iR+V^YgCe&rCPYBG877*{x9|ms04dE8-9W`rq zWbUThKBiFetwc%OD-2fJ!Bf9I@>9Wc+qknN_kLc-y?0}5191LgWbY2HSqlJckZStI zl!ycrR-*I|kUJj9v~GEOCAF(xoM$Jb@k)K#2t~pNisq7Gog)BFq>fS0NE1$dKsDVW zK=+ut(31h7qPPB;(XKTW4Xau@MwAyNGHolMz2nP?e6DlH|L@G0xcDDJ86`BtPpIhG zA`13^s)hb|+e|J`lpY-T{5F`!bQkoBS|a=o4A=4#{am;*e94Kj^U=Lb=qh!%(mF`J z90P5D^0RI04kRnr4tu#xeq2{inERN$xcgiIDFvs_g{Xs`y3>{_4Q?IRd+5Dfl>4Bi zW8hx*<6A0p2*(5C3*|4Q+Yiyp_SXZhGx~SQsxE7o;|OLKsqu)x<=3qS#}3(TTl-_5 za6K!5%-0gLZSzPm_zTw*!&<0V>4Z2U1vHaqzy?mBb=952=cz$tJVReGfDX2u7=tKC z``dk+fU2gB%d`ICjjgjzIwvZxpDdT7Y1a?M-(*E^E?+|4Vq=B%QGJ%!56SJ5-2)^Gd>fg%VY4Rsw1eDX=q;VbwXx4s-#-6tOqKx_%v)Z6 zzCvj>ru9vwc7VTj{5j@LhOgrmdDr`sF!OHR4a+iNC5!LC`MG_}dZ*9ixQ{>Lc~P-a z`0ba_0g*L_3PJxzHw}w$r6oc*57`HDrhTGZ?PBe3vnOl7uWtWEkk4puZj}J!E0*So z_Bl85`9&U|!q(%M`uSqIvFC9rz$g7GRg!*D9B`fduPUnrO7WyWS7ydlqhlf^E3t}WLElv7N1?t#%V0qA2J}8Tni!@s(q+ml@fmoXj zh-N&HsUE3?Ox;$JK*~vWd=gGss$4z63sKTQ8G62m_D4`r>|+L(ZWjK2^^7evnxS;! z5lq(ZUZ+@aY0N!9x_@uwat|@^j2E)*X$*=YSicwhlX_sLVoNryI2@X76s2jcELkYMSYF04xQkdMf;v_Fg_I1O$oIy-S^7w$h4b$BxQ8Iy_ zOSs?`IL5-_64|~+C*{yO&44lO)km(@^&wA2Dnr3n@R-m8d*g@krln`XBIsG5(vF@% z6|ix?=9iMyzw`C>Taq*NvzE{wii16X#r^M(Oi5thJ|kMV`|e*e_If-FDexqm+~;Ep zbUBVVHhM($k98B{qflwcCjk$nN;sJqTY*?AjhBm^z$MLeTMGgl3JRb$ogyy{)Vq7> z0bD)Sy-p16mK$e9H1SBhukGQENYBK_tDR{6A;lE1?39UgZW3Qlpg^+&j>ld3de4(l zNANvR5|>N~SlNa-zWbK)%VtJ)I#4(Q$4qgnK1DGEYzQv=8Pa!uL^<;=$uK0HA=in1 zGXRuhX{~a}z-+f0&GYS6@<}B@LKAWl=rm;!C;M{6sMwW=ys}GOFTs#|Saq0gSt?8i zr!P1t(AbR#zVeD0sh1}T;|#dDcp<-i)_B%1sYW}imh$LhMsKn(3BMI&|5(el7m$o- zx9oQBp!3CDV#0|R=HSyqk}E8j++2NuWAHa3$ytCOk~maW4fENp%>i<3kA5dy4u9kc zCnA_9_tTP$P}nkONBM6>9@DtxH$5an6g)I))=sN`9B#GYCR(sA*A&N@Sz@k40ilv+ z$gEYnTG!SmBlUo9X`6+=x66lYC-a^*SHv*fJD zn<6NOKVl5F^n!cJui3x177&r0<;GP%e|_lr@5g+C!YH(}{1N@YLs| zn07j*_U_tK++9{=tUl7Bnf?-0-AEbez>F6nrw0;U)r!2eFa=+GkxmkVOI6FiFt0VN z_V$_ySOYVdme!@ch8)$>kn1&oF9Q4z20L)1k6UmDPAMNgJ4qL`t^{Q@@CV6BYjDbI?pQiV;Bh8=AEz&Cl}MRSr}k4IJ?TASs6`&bAR;P69!3QDk`gq4>v zBE>nSstKC2FY1HKduUt4GCvZ_uB&je9X-xyT$n;nG->(8iNJ zkIqt$6#|Kk%+J4PUZ65^0~=1K9*Ae@pWL;-gZ(}?_E%@Wc3)HT<)|cGuHDRu&>@_m zul`ilpZBD@YT9AirR1!qx1>Gh1<*WhHunAnryAh7U4J1mn9w#o{7jGd|6r>I3~c3H zZNlUCj}TZ0hG8u+z(W^ToVe`hxqf};i=+{T3K8_4(SI1ERw06arqgRw>bsK;9b!tD z)CscT*c_S`1Qx00t%aXDGkZp?nw7|%fQmdIY7bq|mo=Bl|02Mux#wqb07Mh%Zz0c6 zO2C|}LbJ0etd6j;M8&cc5pzm7^*_53&3Wr$zJtL!-5xU@%&uHUIMNV|9{ z=(p}VrNl|O7a?mxh5hd2S(l&Wk5X^70bRdVzak~j$@hdNjCD;e+rK(F>>Ky87LLd0 z=Z2^$%z4-5MO>qQ7k{>K^6maqdt>bO*H!#t z>Icfhq9{YxIH{O~iPUmH^izO087-7(z3zK3C3Asb6(OGhA2GN*8hR}#X2Kw!m>iAw z76#}Ta-X>y`bPRcjIQlTj*2$d3G;lGDiHamIp9w!2vxale!YTxu4djLS|&^yaMU0} z7jff2YJMCpI1pO9shL<2Ek(4gjhZ`sLJ#Y-5xa`>IcKn{Uk{sei5n$fi}P8(IW+@0 zT@6vc!dB05xk&L5MUMaITGUQ;Jr+8Ozn*_OHb1$5%OR0o@%8)Ado+i^f9kNF0%i;2 zJ|#Z!5I7?t5&+-sC8AMA%;ST+UrVv9q&Lwg zS;$z63Z1?1xR4~>k57vO)zf%2gSm181!gVd8bQW*$8EY@>D+6#QQ6@K7%!yPR(~~X zdOM=%S(=vg;wXql-uqSu&zXw*%NPm6!80g!j-~cAVa^)JgHO2OnaXpE()i4Y8DXx>y1 zcmK*ja+zObf;K)O9+cN~xl-aBzFCcQKB=ez-4&ZBTVL^X8&O`zTB31%!84~CVQtH7 zWUz!pYo(95ioyVajUrA zVOtQ2ZQeVm2^)0n&h^OqP}})+kRI=FKu50O*!g7nCI1bgv1i==+CJuc$eifs6BY5% z-Bf%3&r&MaCx<_@{VW5n31^PUHZlnFA)wgZaPwDyV?gkjWq|fXlYI*(C*$B%k?(m{ z-gy(*D}Qxt27>H zmOAYoZxqJhIaPM|nSn_i5a@SnL*|(6(<<@R%hp43Z};HI`tB6}8RxE!7w%I@1N|Sz z`DvMkeg~jgx|;m$cAutKHyki7!ksqsXipBPs`~=|uIqsPIt&9)@V#m`eE0YEkPoB2 zyx*0P+}i3^wok1Xt_720%P8?qb2t|<4}LrtYViXSkDEResE1@tUw5Kp4w}iHA`|_L z^#`lDxf_x`E{CK-Gc#k0f;pbrf7x7^|9Fia#w~Rksc95J>7#eln+ljp@x5w+{pA-h z*Jvun?4vwru3T58ntrXmRjoNFk~1W+fGt6a_}o6vXMyQ6$qq-jMng}L3IkM8HXHc` z#UEZfpNxO>KhD_j7;U(q+n2i$sRow`&-)(Xc6z)aeKgzFDlH$uNcrnC`fhWDI4XYv z>JRSvEMsi!?z0ehVctWc%8@QCe1-vuS~zh6>h6^V6r6G1&@rztn>7pGb7aS6Cg6fD zKz4eMUP5>R1Eq92=x@oo?PoznR)iV>0{sJqfZw$BRZO&)wYxL*Ky1Iy0(EDBcE9$s zZQ&Zo{Dg8x-SWGw&W5C@C9v4O3LeCMvY9lZqj-gU{y_h!feY(1x=OsR!tZ}f^s9nt*0|kY3@|=C-D;oR26h4eEbwSt(@onR zn_z=pK9}DonPAtq{$(p-RwUSUaurS2`2jxG5*Ms~rL%5|on5~c(~ZTQo9?*r`1L-< zVWOCrKK9G-+=`pu(zL)K?;?q-txztams(AybEsj-mLV<5Rz2*PuHJM++N^AZIpNY2 zoZ_P;t`Z#S>9_p#{@Ne`BjjVkw;jy?`KS3t;fR`Jtn_SlYLB5|>yqZ=O*|ZyQ!IJa z9UFRr^3-O~CSJ(r6RiEO?0i#z6%irHGOo0m=1t zMPSWs<_E1AC7=8x34XYZhunfYqy$V86Jk}FtAWIPs%BhzQ=2)%?a7c$sZpJo?4`s$ zeG(C}^MuGn0@uPuI(S-YGr`Uex18#@#_=Ja8 znsFt%%B1dZ^rSyp9boXBDPu>@_xm$85l6-|UJd(b^+Bh^__~%73a=$^B>qwFfTt5` z7;fnmGA{J@(rI=Yf$O%KiRSRR7Iq*El?xb!Sx!F2BYj&!psY2*o6rbH2ujt%sC7z;S)4-KNrKr1{ zJDn`v(XCD}c~X+K^EF7dTxPT!cEMn~k7{O&4Vz=}!FoVZpi*ykyUMJC(Bs^)yb}shbJ*vhMcIVlR9el7WqMhgBv9ynf5?%O5!A3{;XwetU8OoV-f%P;Fv@Yw1y0 zeZjYseu;#VqN!HH;6$zl6r%K4v$ijOa`hWoU)bh{Ut!Kgeo1(pjjyosIP$+q#_5{< zq(O~rx=+@x&dYE38bF&r84xNorsHz}5AuTUGQ&Jipg<) zkvyGY`<{OitNqQ7K6A^6j@;fXjXadV`G+u_!YcRH8b&Nk{DXceCLZXJNh5F?;<{|| z;A*w$FFgH{P@)d;99X%YJ%EU;Cp_=+4>GoLz2*F3@)7>;ysGM;vGEfstJ zp$<~@WB7I_oF-R|xF~$up~R7s3Hm7zUme`qEpn^d8Dy;YHhDDgp>WEh%i_y$)d1L? zJYv3Y-k@ZwjizR&bi$knVeHE>6(ofI`3OAbvERvPqXy!|bh(3jq512;yC5Fs_Z~|3 z>5vZn?SDRr2SPKVYd)Um%#Kl^o5?>)leXk)s!0k##6e8yOzP$2pWu2YFZ{QlA-#wX z?p-za=%tW*+Q=1nFQiaV4YD78pP4beVw@Jyh?S~!MDrj_sKXEBLzG8vGaQW1T{Bd1 z+1*olE1dV=sr?5VDS)FuoBsdN$7xSLS?dbz#>bl5@OpyE5|r2X9yb48W5 zU(YGG?&W}*>tkKh(e)13)s1)wOiam^Ma>TG3ol}yhWYml@EnD=8H$mE26jGFCIkU- z5?)E7&hK!w&*Zb!RpAv@iR8;a&xmSZHNA;*g?^&k6=j!818$2oM~|*DW;`Q2S9&r2 zxPS5!Z84B+xyQxY6vjkH0Ho+4sEG+~!N1;?IVhDOe(;3ax+M5{b-_E+AQc@d&}Z*d zca&a-XVb-O_sdTOWRtDboPx-nrh?J6v0~)&?cw}`v~Wx*kQjtM{COwBG1y6D9mEIg z!|62TjY~A?$?^012*$4gsiU~}g!aQtiM<~}+Q<^^FRb|!3 zOFfg;cZu3Qul)*)kH8A;jxKM3(N(;JT@?8vi}0JHb4-|`>vi7}G1IRTs&Bppz3Ib4 zYWNZF+Z)oDq)?!-#*%Wz7dN8zW-bdI=wrvv>pu^|ybUf&P0Akmm=~G_L4zWG%9|M* zVH9Dd#i(}e=GPhXM4g^_gfdepxWcEacYuF-@!O$?2-yNVgPu;^{Z`qV<%$l(>Vhzj zL6HSI@c?(|q?Qw1a~`|&N;odA5fe@0Db99VL(#G zjEqScvC=n5|ZklDojAD{O^nT8-Mze0m4!> z67YgD*3lgt_P*e)P5Eh61ho-Mi?7^Y7J2sm*^?CuCq-&V z>@ct3X8U(1P45qPW}E{{KK8d_H9~^aPD>=+OCP1BAVV9$tCoK4GaW7C_rW%aha)BuktAD4D1?D$>Zxe3m~WkmY~ipoU@K1))1+s7 zP*;!$(mqkM*9#GPE-BgsWHzSBS~ZHbi2qD{0ZUC9pEv`#9>sJ=+sJ-69|)`^TC<~6 zg4|hK5Y%2Tp}jIAbPz%z$LSR;Qf$?Bdd`_!pCxhCZ+}-QFxy=qp=hxhxU<{)JnQ4M zh!dmLzc$8hAP5r3v>K89A8JJ%Op7oCJ(@6d?eC7vhXjS^U;>jwfuhN8{E$#+&$tS; z2JxeP_&@#}(qoksD*{tqi0<-7dyA;7`LTnP$Gy~#mcj+i3<}}!OtA1!A=hSSbYS97#Q-4f#3ac-3GNr%fCgV)oIT5oOlH*+nPMj zt~9i)bzI?A^5)dkx|GZbL(Y5m)Qr+Z(21D$@woUdcr1*ZpPrW1Ri-+heXWs#aYq#Y z%dC~9Uy0h(G$uc1*qW4xFv7O(g)I7;`0*+(D8Y3A{Gs=Lc(|VVJX$k?>cPaI6hHlt zf$ve$e0Ve@8J4;=K2Y~Ee8zLnkAIV(S>?uJQT7SYYb)|d{Q@Xm2tRsR%lM7FFsJjY zoBV&X?048Fn0yZLx#YhyikA)Y>l{bCAe(GxIrNzRg#3C)zsaHnH@f)60-8HXH^w z^**SvzbdmP!LiL5N&J_i735LtsuDXdl#}_&sQJHtj5{XbfFW?5 z_Brtv2usr&fdD#ZJCR_?1sP-wh;w|8gcKK>FaCC7MunmFF#aYe3hT?=;jRdSjd&`fm&3o=n64Djqsjp~ z#uoE{*^c!h)}cRElTBexq=0A;S#`FZ>u2z~de}3O?qRu!07G-9+ z26WS=N!1sHzDEDDJ^Mqz%o?H~v8w;~GC5X)5=4ga)V-=3GTGMa%-F-|x8t|=wO=#8 z3;GPe<=5PAC;>f5?WGE25B$*L^%9dKMS$N%Nm*nAP58>Z`_|g8wS=@4q8TW9eZr5}DjfrqEpll{ej7F}3LZu}qdgzP11nPL>d% zD3xC+pDMAe@uk;HcYss>0kj#u(%)t^2h6RG?J+tVAep{bTe7tSv&OtDa!wIJ$$m;O>3e`?Ud-exK5o%AYe=9EC2Y1nlKZs0Oxi!O*{r!0 z?cXA%btPHKFey1WbCfx)dbV4w77}E`z)F;$YB6Dq5^?>|pg+E7(D=U5X70WM2WS29 z-G6A+Ut+i9_O;f29{Tg0)?dm@Zu2LAa`k{oNBAHir6vDT==@zIN zl%K?hS_#JXHTMLE=Oam=8lilrTtJ#Yxr4lahKDJMgqyPdZN#SlXh4~IFBfMp$38_^ z0*l_YLB@qgn`fQ_Tz=b~S>*&N>8{OwMa#?_D?5wkQ*Ul@X>9^0DS?=-vsE!~HWEJW zHh3xJM3^9WqH;x$i+W$y{yZp!Q&N$#o!=o)2eVqkYB)KH(eYlWwD!k2GSANuBhQ`O zO;+M<=10<0u8&{i-lbhCmCQGKLQ~Gs_!v3q&abd~R z4(MBDM74Lm^uFe1L0xF2@|+KWV>1Uh)5R=-y)xS0z`nO`Os!UIc)Pa`zcbQ(P<%Z~ z=_1+EtY6W(OoPItjta^+*`T1vYvx-;hCUKF)BPN7-c+qN1As=BlP0lyCj}-~oQyC7 z54ZDr@%s{873**0f9q-NzTeciIn>R#eevkLD{x-xiA=`D%HDrck_smB6=ip3xP`eR z>ls3kWFfKqFPDFG8k)Cn1J&95h7`8h#jVt4vUueskW>KBp=e%bmp)f2tS4~@m#oXJ z2U$>uxUAo*jql0KhXy~8$9T|g6Uw<~v-(i{n*~q;rPH51e%72&<$ZmAI~)40l0h9v zUi`Y_4LA6uzI%F#jdFs6zws>|>p+;D5@v2U?!TjMo!vRg`V>@ zm+1#ewxW~33Msrw^Lq)0GSIS^+CHj|C*$))(yQAJsUd-j$scA5w>!vX?E@!3gou=pwlKAj4neqaPmXZwk><-*l&he`)m8%4R_ zi19-&K@-HGxuVWsWbP)XYrf;kzfnL4J0H`_SqSqV5Qpx z29Ff5dRwjq^3GCLvCZp?qUxoVxXw#ap)6)*&?O z%!e*7|A_mn*{JCb^A?n?HyR`CCA)BMiHeWS2sS0=P;Je%G?aK78#wS4%uxaj{R~G7 zd}hdH(duO)=_HEd4zn=$Z7n}OK*9U+u*o`iQtrDAhZ&M<|J z3BFs)W{38lbL#0e8K8Q{C?}Go$4z8L2*Oe+r&VD5?Etd>$cQCT?7fiX&b~NU=B%?N z)1qgpErHstJl{;sjiR(^&B>5gI7>1^U4iN8%2xfkU}xbaidrq)2a>C}&BijM1$!G0~tsSp^ zPqrghNn+dT2V7Z0)F~&0f|1=T$*6JvRZqZV=lDTWRqXC*@8SFgENC8F)c=hl(-*4j z`qsyoENx@rQP8j1UBe}*WL@K)1|Vxy2zxq$eJe4>nBG@O^p)t(8T`=(qAf2@pZ^Rk z)cTkk$*YsJwA8;E$1*KK_Kta(A$2Ft>B2!5lS#72ly!%B(`zmPyt3xaS563OQxS7~ z{+Q2vt@OI9=>y_)-FZ^|bAfd1X}&If;N)Ucdck`PL_+sVt2QAI?>9;1@|vYstAX@s z2;2xs41J&=4olJ2_{ils;q;VSGB;X{A~%`JR2{TGP({Vrg9Gu;mGLU{`AWAN`o`nvbHHg^1hiU zN>naafd>GL6Y(W7~gK{>(#`6WDRG4?2v_1d?pn92!_2X#K-3nN^vp2 zXL>ErLmkxECW=0cZ=yen&$bO&l5pC%-SkIJc?q(75AR_cGX{dK7Y}gA5H|IKCQ$Da zxFQpE1Y)j&St3^=e(nmM9zVh78Dl5;I$Unm>4|)-8fs%~PVl3bx9O3129k{kigj8* zw@^PSt8#*Y#bgU1_tZ|I}s zOyVv38@F(z|2$UyWzqj#Z821RLc8?jZG@(eba1dhb zWm|>!8|3`;9QjMd5E$yxtKnM9xcZpe7I>DrocmU#`lND@_*7tdKezybv5mJI&gKsG z#^+Z8{tdwb@{%yd$|UQ1|BEf;!?%SyEMqKqw5oXY79?VB+Z$0qT8)zjEN^R6TNBJC zp&Cf;1oh2>*b?8n!Ornptxj0X=!gj?5(4!?krPuz8}n@sSZN!H!8;{S*DG@BP|AG2 z$^x`$*j>{o^A5Av&9oRHO3lszIu8>D&eDR?9ZA`ZQq^$8g93s7`KoE8)D_0Hj6 zTnmYb{9}ag<2j8?1-|B;cX0$+ppAg9dpdBhnjtC`4rcON2y6vcqQ9ING}+u$yk(W_ zED!7kb=205SNcdgI>jsvg~(JN!mE$nQPjxtlTYM5zDwiEqIvXhxZfxz2F}A>2BsRt zi!|E53MnTR&eHn;eytmVwcdvh)c*H`{3oRxWBgGf|387?3ye>Z#+ay*Q*fV}SA&ZW z7)jj8x!9EX7C6i?$HNEr-o0S70P8t`edHOa(N_w3}zplTa5 z4RtY%$3~(jOPC&9qeo0^T@@*0^rZB~++s~+--yS_nZQb|O_)I$b*e0vn-If=@Veh0 z9`tC1H6uNY0J9Yb{lsxBuu|rBR))GTLP2Ki~JnfIHy{8CWRv+GSuRu{q{zs>Zn41!*ZzL}vkuGq5Tu>aj0;NVe3aFUfi-VskA09{beb8Bgs?-}gOG zFC7M-h~4=A+Fbx!A_iE|idg>dx|W4noL_Ehgear&Es@n&;0lmruD@PWH( z@*9=?xV?9g=Iihd8%Bf3I)JKTU3F_(c!O{DG`}n0$SZkkdC(pvPN>yzqUVZ_b4R!? zH~bFzp;g8!LWGfsJQt{{5}M+g{ywTqs^@(_i}IR#f?$70Nh2B2_0=d-#u2z#3^>}j zS-gaAGR=wcrg?AX<@%)ONwLwU)3HH%Rvb=${lN6^;nG9XKd;N6Hh=`=a_dc2^P3hN z#&B~cwjW$5k>`dQZyvhNK&$qE>%gnq;+GN^S=+CB5_=V{^aU#yXuGDj6s9H1&8Rz5 zPi_hMknWHaq=xSAjPLV4@AuQQmagU8=iGbmYhSUZ^2LxA z6PF!}3x8WnWVsWRy381%V4LWoXr!zh3ouyquiwnZp^V2rcR zjqV`Ru&eh3kx&}c4MIO1;8w;w{@q0Jt>eS*IV_dZH*lRr#6&|8*ieIuJqcDzc%=7A z)GZe#ug;O-<6^Zd)bq!c)V%v+_|o=Y8wg@_+=Y3rLS3}T;k#CJ5-ORITvUyDj7K$ybajdKHo9`To?g}cvFe@3#th^x7qW7t@wJ>YWZzPS$dXHufg zx|5F@JSBj*RxtiDgJX}h&HvBjy{s2JPUY3GcEq!kxI)Le=p4<7tN(O6K>5u;!_JL5=oLw(t)2=kJ=4?b3f9D`i)LF+?r)MGN19`%F2i+(Mi0`?164Dk5)y1HRcXMK8W`+M%X0FlYNe9b`C z!;7aT^>vLbcON9sq!AS&m%8EO$n8(RFs0vLV|OxxWX|=9VA>ULqLi;G6vgzTWS_>t@UpT@ug zgYC=NyL*F(vc>nzBtK0{*2*g-Z3tX_s@QSNSM$>xJ}fzlz5M1{{eW$=o5pc&1T3vH zamPk+fDGh0^b6ox7EJ+?!nD%!llSnq+jq0(b&m~VT+xP79{@DYER??}K;mGP;1>8iOY1r~!}U)U2F~RgeJ-bU>O5xuoXcAf=sh=qW)bz_H*H=3 z;rW%ec=ZO_PVg$RW5mAwnK(YC*CL<*$`(E=b$gDC za0G<%G1G`rb1y-S8qVS3J6xNZ9`+)Ve6w)NEqDboP(2ZI3;33Rg{0c@_zt1W4*a?f zNZIK;(A!Dt&TlS8o4Om#0XFMho9a1Cg=Ud&sQjrxqGnf$lixd@iaJjK_+@fi(qVxC z%kxj5KeQ88#jNTSa7yVrC%!NIzP%n(y1+;5EfoL#wQYBkjwbIujY*o%gk# zl5nfpLpvZ?;oh0Uv4N@BFpZj&hmxsPH2df8GWdydwo&{a69NF&(Vl9y-I7~y|8uwG zg3W(fC_wfTn-GBQs#xo=RaY)UEUt>U;0&{k#_2xf6 zDSin0>@Cn5d~z{xc8LZEqk81ztm@(everP!fN4`i3{mk7WfErAiW3qosjj5LxkyjB z_ObuLh_mFhAnzROVp32Ex}))dWUn0qWH8(!2_;{w_Yhq%ef^%!f@ zobctTEQ7nbv`55HQw8lhiyvd)jI`r`>L0Zga?sSEYf>e+XP_;)2?;$^8hy$oR^Hga z^Cf`N7G!y-?CzUy8;Y7gqacFQ8LF^A+_1bo4#nu!ZEcitg*aYdCRd^Fr5Ej9?C#>j zR+iYs42X{)@m9K1u{OP_zsBXP}SK8d=Megn)R2=HER{J(b&pDB9g zYJW5!@}FgY^083+k7l4ljR27Ow=-tX@r2?ZzFY3y{{rEQ(O1=@3g9r|`t<35jd?0i z)iURm5ncQm^`A~a4o~%cj{qALoQw_LEXk>Q`UuLdy?fb0Q z13p(D8DZ!27qVKBZ3d1lkL3uR)3vGQKrToRDe zl}MAx|Lae)63}zkOY#4StcV_iC@t9gJAODRe3LfE1;1EpD$QAb_cL;w`-MOvS$R|6 zI}A!A0BHZYggpW>-O`;LbNFp^`KA9QX9+EsnlTERPPie!lw3hH)&Ri9ITek7ec9ya zo2?up@RI|zwx#mId{J;d2+lV=Hfm^ zuNi*>5*=|rZ&{#T$^v`anjbom$$u|z2IQAaf^NW2_5Y16&*zfj$*0rVMlCYi zZ_g==G||gO{*W~5yF>hw7>G1HQ~lCYwAtaVkLdU37E^o2mU}Du$crVw0zc6In)mrn zy|h0v|F1uCdx`Fk;#m*<{?i}5c|Zh`2i=KOG5d+a611R{ru=#Nr%F{vU}nbtVf&^) zKNrc<9I7BovokSvMF$IPMphv;&H35K+Wn{7wa6KM{`obB9_%;I*ubPxzzD%_)J^Qa zAB3A+Z`}Ix$ylaLNim4tz8?mbe^tgDjur8|&@b>kyxzgWCSRc7^d3_|r4ab2U77b7 zEP#ejyMV3LBA=$jwPf3*2?Wmh6Hklr5)i8JlmZ$BT#tG5ARr{@sUV|;)gAVdV4d2P zBTF||Rtz5^&FP+K+qiRAaj2qqdAPGI;ClN2q;AQwkf6h}?(oz3t-)bRt&XtDAi%-m zdD7XK@xcBLj+1Jt5J&!Yg`AiuY1~4iQ5b9{ec;Q=6-j4c0c2a>MBQWC#{Eye@ZlYH zPsyO;y7Z6TGxmlcAfx!}ubUGt-Q@|VtQt~T6nr~p2*f!xG_f; z9$Tn47}WP`5f0`cKf=m#E^^vIIfiXjHR3(i5i!M-Ho4Aa7X>s~O<&O+Q<3Y3 zc<=AK!gKtY5+(pFfrfY)6GLR1b83fp?pE3v@bQ1%-aMzh?sHEM_|<0#y@zqYv;JY~ zh|YxpYO_D8`c@k01S5;hml^!H%o|*aIO!ObJAPL*^$XVXNuiq;+hx%lYVjq_9$Quy z>G3v{3-jxQkG2{A^<*t91MV!N#oB(Bf1JKFfSX#4lAlp+R}NqkWn&A)(_`ceyGIe` zJSdS*Bepv0_3`=3aHhXe2EAz4fR6x{v!X#AQ|mjn&Q#?J)Fe+n-6k+6N)3~KSD_zo z#C3W$L(Op?x0`yUjf>D5l=gI_n&0Wu!NP|?ottYlKWtOeVHgK5c7YHDFsc7-gwO_4 zDevIqAK_fz6(Q@7;Hg5`l&K1Eql;!SYJ*xr`8?auU-L7cxh|N(;tbm?`Q-xprkdB& z96&Y+9lozW#_vWr;4vc4R^X_<*vF<&eN`37^Hp5dTd9*>$U^DYf!kZ{7o?nt_qyfe zfZYS#b5eQsY;4?YHcgIq*{N#5DXp}T4JeKVD>?}u*KEcO=)i9sit-LqYEWdQ+ zk`h0Y+Up81nw)MBIYzjiG{7bz`X$AzGFv7uN-L2UP^7oEcCcA&VCPoOl~P~k8WU5( z*({oO0`fgcsqGof_%3rTqI*;7ZxN?4xddnAU&Rl!(4u#e&@~b8z#U(q$_zL?JyuXX&tPrCmQ?p+_iy4zN2PCdO zqTz{JwQN|L0>IAX#OGG3ywtkbL>{Wid=I*gj*Q!wrEM^m-O$WN)?%(iQ=5nn8U^5ly0H#Tn0xy4;U9f&1GhNE*wTx=!)(>`zaAEh5q@uH803v+~<>x}9~=RA5itxN>@F>)M!YCCiFd z)oAGw(7X8HH&g%#wK_B(r^~$uZNnA@$|hmam!7KN>*%B!(LIo-$_#N%L%CCs7&h)9 zQ~C^$$um2_;G211g<9?XeHj!rzhM3hBO`?UXC`#CIKEsp+)3wn+^}@pCo&5Wg@}l} zL_{@L)oec{mT=2n^qY}H?xM3`LQW4HLyLe+h*O(py_xz&)IE;BKRobr>yl$(c=1NO zJ;?ayFodz%@$Qx@Wd%niaAjkS*(Jt{JX~qmD8qDG^GrLN=~SI_NsCTlN5u*_KMp6o zblV#H5_RzDPrUzDO3y=8A^OBV;;$c$fiCC;TlvfvA5T={7P)D81Fh43*y8O2<=uoT zC225k04I67nY$xuVbz1najS5EiJk4FRT=qaFg2m?8(=DJ4uXwVv42NzDgKbzxg>rqaHKvNqAW7;76r>IY+)m?=H?+ zkzl(<&G!DZ#iRAD`8}9tYSyD3z+vm$GLFNUNg|GW9nC8!&r}ag z1_uCtBux!XvQxSE5&+3L-e)^c7d9dLPq5%DsObtX&G()Dacu6!dyzVah3Bf)MpOpBaUx@NS+82f`8|T!{jcjT5yZFHv zgF1|G&%J<>I-B3f2w%U>Oq z4<-FBj)cxh9=^^E4p;NHyk|A0Zlr(Th)e9^!!eG?zoLCQ`7BJsQu=IIGezP`f`wiOe$zZ^xJHmOT)&Yi3|4F#j?xjBy z!}lC`?U$(5!;HPRGSiRs-6eQJ8ac}DC__FbB#9&>a@$uFhD%%jUrh|N% zB4Fs{3?V1k4SiAJLGX>I?|Vbi&S!teonZdXJ=`UO*<94VidWilnR|hdWHkcxCT8wH z1`g}qXa9uf=Ssyeg_N^|Pl91CV!%HYCqlj_*gm$JC_;f;_E&AVf_?|AZrlw*BRtr@ z(Zu0YOzr%des>@Ckg)#v>4^3uz$wRM1PSlA3mgf+7~o)BKWxghKO!w3O=?m78eCdx zL-*bNG_Q4E-d04@WiTq~so3l5`4CC=L%X&ub(XZsye;3(W@)CN5ClsF<6^RzlvV9t z@B1b!{_eJ2iE<7CZ-uiV5lEvZ*<>YT#RNk;$6YD2YXP_gh=zl$9gAa|85Cu*E5 zPo%bWO|PQRD)2C&YpR1XFX~HL5V54_F;XD&;K_gM#AYrAxLN#*gQ57}CuF){`e(9C z`-~U_A$3bcToZ?YW8Ol3WOyRW39E*3FqwTy$#o9GWUZQNJcPnHxi8lcnlBwf`@&N_ zu4`tE=2~@4*Cx*cj(qwjhF3E7wbx9!<~#~@(WlcID^1KkPC8X3>KsT~jtosCq-|D^ z;k0~25^bZ#5D97O2$L%__L6ygw<>d-S{xoJmV#AHwMka&jekd$Rm>;PwmES=f!dgV} z58By(>LPX(7uLM~NF9Bbm2H8`TW$1YgN;hhEfHn;KT)~&L#g=aL|2e`@zQ(#m1+0K|b&AUZL} z?|zy|!V~xJXCKM+V-u}ye3|COO9pASW7+G8wI^PLCNe^#asONr@?Bg`-ulsCTI;7A zt0KG-$0Nj>fp)(ZcKD?YYtcw8Lu_YY>*^4xdL5Ug zR~uz;A;?6W6J61eg!fF)1MVkW!3Ab~n&$hq>f$YltigVz-+l)UiS%kVfuX=7`ENQx zW6OMrP zQbk|!m>1Tnvqsw&Wr*^}hu=ib?5@y9eqYL-}i4z>%alrSOzb9{Qh%e z$&m473-?k>c)PJ+%1I>V_KpM2FtOiE_MZvh2|0hwoFqmac%8R?rh( z@LG8b^i~pKav2jp^IxM)v);8)rKcDko}@xyE*K=r`*w!CqQkuIaMM4s0=_1`aPYC(`4?b%oTzQa?;=E`DNz0MBU>Apd2`rx zDdj9`AKN7@newRwiK^&waCJ(~HHnwE;>?!X3cGonA0HYB3tYV4nqxF8z6$8ZtOb<3 zc-iC_jpxx88ed1RT7@^xpNXW&CGHGep16tvaE^w2+!fsmIbTkwFaX%pYAO29?$_2m zTy0L-&{Fl?2p`if-aITG=sjeK%+ZSy4F!rgP}toJ0znJ&+R$AJbXjl5FN7-)^JYJR z^YxN%p957((OC~B1Lk3sUwYZr=`*C&*MwJ0F*(~w!YnlXxRC5Zc>q~YnrJsO>48;49{TL&Z&dsbfyTEoTYVF9Y|8?Hn!{Q4v6oI53A`rY8!d1?1o*7QN8V?tKS}Xmr41j9uPUfLEnzLM$Sc=E{Io>T zp7=bMq>8-aiG$l3AHH@>`eYa|x@Y&Y)G)HyzX`V95IqjQ-iPu&en0t7cg6GyI0mLF z;~dSu4}^@t(p@f&G&CsM1f^W15v3^*k>b}&?m${;#xi*l1=H^%D-tJDIYh1dpDK^e z0REBU#(rgqs_|vX9~8kB3KyaVB9S(!j|BEm0$qn({T83ELU?_%$*|WuCOnPPmQtIv8^b81lD3m|s0IPHkV z#BBsEipo}iIxR;+L->{@(9xF(40)9plV~OPOm*eX_X#OzTIb+IDP=(L;>fyJuxg3` zOHI>-r|<5xg`vnDzA-`H^V1i^x7Gr|@u5tahfs>WSwTaT4>s52UL+0b?!SZIW(`o# zeT*Q^w|~oqwi=c+S--EnG?xE{#W#Bl>xb6g#-qO+VPXq+@;J^Oed!`rriRI903jQY z{{4_}_9V!u`Lrv7gw!F>K@I0>BSeSQT{7V2Y71>i*?+iGDv_%w0XtY~!g74~sdYM5@3X#hY<^v1Qe=BnXUrl^ek3$OMIr?l zPimv%P9Fo&siYs6pk_W=g7Xc$NSjOVffPZu5{o|1aSu;mS@;&MT-}5f>|7XOKC%@T zvpIy8h6o%qy)Mih$mtOZpJ=El*Jku z*`RH;*16e!={u0jKVCSoaQA;Lt1%}~045*bJ^g2<(}MSW+9#K$Ml#YrXElPNxUy@g zUj5b@a}?l+$ouszZLGyR;CS04FA9;boR-)(q^J&6+J{Jg0Ye3^lNWqqn4WR@*NHvr@ z{*)aq`RMjy8?8FnsX|KHr^RtFu-~l4sj{9eBCl(U>&On=u}#qa1sHGESly1!rjY^K zXjs2j%_`(WYv2AT0p#O>hV=s&Ierl#&9`A@x8Ng$XIp{yIj1qg*z+>rC{EQpyPOXg z$)xoU%$sqiTHI=WZYN+VCe3aj6RlRV7csgOj3*<*2^s#5jAq$4M?F$`cSVK2Rtsb) z(Sp&&lNNk>bCg9bcx9|t5pDc5AE~SzQJ9@RDhUs|=M*KQE>S)55>wq@{WI%@r?{gp zGOSWh1}Ps6DDid&X%u4p&OpIY#gyW1bP4?I&lBc@lfr~g?( zi^9brP_6}i^j8*(@8>8;k4;?R40DMH#G}M`5P@3QnsiAz$5w@v83E>W5c;24UxzWF zA41eN3(j`3$SFH!4Vth>;?-Lc73KvU_D@dqMq65BNU+(LZH~n4UlHn-w<`5{caiDj zN-Zwa8RBrPogXw#<5QYMA>9jEHGcrn9GXB*re1Fm^}et};1Edn`pO~xeimddibl9X z=;JD8Cx3n^DphObZMJajw9^69m(w#743(JaR@ z68U~cZvf%V)&04pl~J^3r?%-%kJHrFC>)CMqg&Np2ABMx2X--eIS{8Rks=%Nez9ag z%w}WOp~`*+CntD#D~#utl|irR)u4jZN#uduquJI2{lZ5@LcTp-#y9zW*m|e5Tw;@y z$TV@9#CW1V^gtrA0X_DmfAil8`nRSkqHC(glUG^`ai7jBYPxwL2mP!qi- zAL-U#%U$R+@YPthOT`T#&kG18_*Mtkhu7vU!XV{WM(%gGfVyCAzp!v@xpIDG%#c8k z1wQN=EBnr?7L#<-%a)P;8Wm*0NE-B9D%jz7P3yHwz>aS7H9+$a3{*SER%knI*~_Cm z)~+1Wad9iM%c56xUBSm5ZPg~3*(N@tQCnD#Z?CI}zgOWPin&h} z-`RbV#>QrU0yyugx=$^Kv3ytXHxaj5HG_YS60Q|B&$)2|Dz+w?K6;_NhLHWD7p@hy zcP1I9PB~QGgc+=n;(lYKhq0EJ#H^jl76sn zBVZ#-K(62q6AkT!?8IG2q^W%FjgEAr zomy0w{dD57@(xBP$xH!7Z#~HCo!>>g@@v;vDHsLCv|Lr>S7j=br~r5#RPgF#WYaP; z5a1%Vp`-6!CF7^|W>(mJ3&xX}9N5B;bL@U>PQZjc4;AmOH7)Yq30tlENOmtTsn(Z9 z@p|Z9-?KD!5=QRC6M&O2jvWtcFmdT+83#6Z@v@)8Ez2A+eqTIo$tY5#vBqcVUfL4D z-E+F`^1RCbN|RaxSy(@0NY3m=xvV8@U)EV=XxZdZz*27ickdj%1ipY44ar@a|9k<% z`527lj7uov!q$&qQo!)>oQaaK?meT`@jKfOT8kAur+z@c{8KppF zo#*cwwz3(KoEIN=O0G{8sn$#uLh>5`TFoq@^&P=-VBF&&&6zlTc$|sRO>bU$fY11< zXQttVo2O>*bZf;^M3Ex^e#&Wl^MTX>ixId1;vCJx$Dg@RB_p>deu}oMS>#10@IW_Y z28}~2W7*7$t!!1?RwU5)U$sOMYGWRXZzacTZkbYCSh0u`B=aiPgVim;|JSJk-9zF; z)#c{)?M4|q#yS|6xfk9smBuwII;v*$N?L5<{>m?{d}zcKKs~G$78QZjwUwHS+_i^%8s;@ed505mEAu7G?LlUb)>jU^W1qW zlK(tWECI=baeXgFGgaVSSW17q==A!U0csDMTH_eS?g53;T|kkl4y{mnD3jwN%NZeE zzP1Lf2U2s&@HPSCwKk{#hGz3QEEMIH6XL|W)=A~Wudp#605lFPh4_rak)g_}psan? zc99=QLG@&kwMVah?+`s|zRmy-^*s?#0nON{g2nm7eSdUM*D=ZB&vnSh00PJDff zsem*N?OxNK|M+TeoX?#Y4*WZ%jWb{I)~Q6is@F091m<^Be5%&rUtg1{ziY+`8UjrA zgaTi}PNA-Uo(t@vHLAty$jn6#ALBOE_;vy{fqq4oBk-TI03oT42rDXn(Kqe=EOhS1 z9{UzKfRGTckwJoy+~;&$;MKZCf1k(Z-H}JWKQ{Q@6HvJf%i!dd3*`0G`V6Ft35LY< zZ4{W>I#V)Xc^OfAfE-q;q2Pmas@2q?jV{O0Ub|`mM1P!%bq=V>N#=r-DQS_{(tieZ z_x7Jl2N#R_Gk|4>YCf}I`VT%~YKGO`A?CWSxp>ws63eC`8FX4a%mA{H^1530O?nac zd^n^hyB@)sVToZ)4_IDrovlQd?E-tm#H2%=SZrtuOyC5v&)qLLWlIe@6XrSAF}Y84 zXLY0@OYE5YjqW*aGtBY?eUl;;V>jre=sal4w$YycL*(r8kf8Ms&ZG@HY}7Xw z&?jhf2zcwc06F9{qORNQxV!yA&p! z@6JsvO97}44jT5)jQ^GkT&x*VzFr8PaywjwM0{`h*)}@lan#D*Wb=CfT;7tB#^>JpYBm0S6XBeVqTK30o#PDV`v%AOV;3#!|xN;G&?At z3`4zIkO>@ON-kg68W{5&=2K)VM-1?^3%5suKYta$rlhZ$VYV)4qX!@|4nyS>K-lRw z6R&(uWuIvAB>)!XHSdE(>Ev~ZVXVzV_@?l3B&jtXM8AZS`qkDx&p;s!v&Fs;@7MZ1 z(e54<#>s(3&Bf>0(5LpsZGdm`<)|yS?Q6SHUawb^L;>gND)b#1eAAiGDODME5~RNI zwfoXcZ!@8XJz}q$JXC$Tosz3LQ3pGjm3fD-SrYKn#1{5gYZ=`CJg7Hlk+OBLZITqZ78!+zCd9b-JWkGdZo06FkeO-O__R?ZT(_2Jkbf|9 zDMr;JVFmNLoKLunmi(hv4fs$nmmA;C$F?!_{L`qaWpSWSRA4IKI6!LmR1;0cZlg5XymTyw?eYSM)<8*uWDog(yS0t z&+m|A|2YmebgeXnmCa!1lpJ^P3IY1&S$aOS73KJLky$Kr@{4(B@CnP0bBy}mD`Hl5 zdsv3r1%y=6b>pw3E3YEof@h3Z3reMy2EATCC%xNzzMiIIZjh!$?V0*olmt6?qm|FD zyE#2FddvM+XLzr4@}lQQWo9H0?GHsQ)O0+AYo%`<*{6-&vH_`K( zzek|kLB^*C(e{c#{ctT-#i)8Q0&MmZS<_iJL9!&QTm2e-tV7Mr_Sz{eX+}NFZopPp zK5od^3(TXamv}5rND04-Gu(L})7s=wae{O`T-mKNA7 zM~(-O^t_7R3#57A2V_YcmfPYlaUA0J!BJ2wMd=)4uW9{X$nR+sEAO=H2^QM49pJh! z4nJ6n*Srb7b<@n(VL}}vcP$KmsQkEuDYkdfw!^WiDRH?uW0g#3=R4dnj!ve>wuGB~T8??a zps+Dq_8ZS_SXc(f6wIe7m#xy5OXrjMg58V#;LqVCu{-x3zOKbOj0t4s_Y+(1x8~Gu_lCkhdOQ?*&NJ_`pVqw~DA%yWV7-Xzv^JJ&N=-IY)VG z_A?e`G+O=d7Rf|6qpCGzFrxp=V%D$Pndd5(&@x4C79J^~4#DZ_-`c01;1-#Mikk zQ0oQa?NEtNO~RsmpRMI;2F@SI)l7{Gc-9gn$!<2?oVNu%thPVip;lIcUoEz^YFY6X zYNW(RSZz;{V@hll=8(V3f;xs|Zi+Bzk<{$HK}2eG8?2DkbDi+&VsD`*#NMW+wDaCm zj3lsZIg&LIp6wqWSIfGJU)U2-V{naIPe-WRr!!A?fG+NGd045jyj6!$9I=tL-6m8^H36JJ2*3VHkhV(l<^RN%bv1a7EB+ zNa;bi;VUVg*?g4H^zf(P54R!zf%t)76~sKhf4;y+ekQ+=6j=rRB#@4!Y-q%;cjdLR$Fcc`l>s)tAsK1B@N&il2~ zO!7nKB_{VpixHE0RvDNA!C#kmi0qQWvmr--{9P9t;gh%F1M}xKDH7?wN>HFrz{`?a zU3&U8N@Tj8+qQWYEW8j3CurB^sc;k*yZI@K71?w_lM~e_bVCbR+KvNy+G+AW%;1#@ z0(}pNF7?wIu>g3svmhI6S!O#rsm_VCgHF$E zX8<{n;Um`^*p8XvdwL{KDyn0*f#sI6`OUitNszG0*o1eAm*&Pep*tj`(R_~6tj?d` z=j6}Z?g1+MOV_hqVC|VAo5_cLQD-}PGv_)~vfFrBY60Yu_zVd;*cNRuFHWAznuHS| zzMELuuZF0<(0%Y}uA%)LAV2CD`Jb?> zJ+GSSutG?HVE^x~A_ML!WDN!EFHp@$Dj%mvuL#Ykd@+YjW2Z(37@lvb|p8x7Zl()%(N+ds?s+lqW*e zhwt=R$lm@jL6jJueSQ;q%YKMIyyhf4^JqUO9Xi#Yt7Mw7cEeZ^U<*;U14`Z*x1-8Z zlc7Kvlre(xPt}{jmsw#24>oaRKUR<9TV6+XPEO}sFx(z6P~hJ~Rb}3CmB?3Q(<6;` zrt3?hJiWQF@7J*S;T=uXy2KKft2S9A_YU(1EPTni=`*0f#A2`)uy+4Yq0As0`m@U5 zcY)No&2f7WaqiUmnnVe78bBZW>l#rruDgJv#@Ahdeph=r-R=!^odhAz-im+uehW$} z;k#I6lS&b`dn|dG(NQll)rVzH3n}3*HLNi=#M~=TN{NO3cCF3GxypL-BXhP$n2WX5 z%6D4jm;qZ=4zx6XP5HgVBkhU%+jk2M(J*6uwdEz&%UD|GT3+DgqWX zmo@7T7ys#p?D6-vYMQASmk#VTbXiHHDiA<^)tS&w!5Bq5-oOizYQ0VGxx;bOdjsiOPM9`al*;)Rij zjK)yU2<^E2N#r{0(W0yjoUG4)^_alxkamo`+NQmj9y|X^<(2WF%I!CbRyE}`VeSsP zbBvEi>XysDABFnm-e^nTl9sL)R}HUB!6YcHTGz4VxRF}?G9ci%jYIRky^DZH>v4%=39C}_FqtyS zkB;gApii&ORX>-^=>%@HjP4%PwL@znAPKxG-B0})gCnBGJ@@`Vgbh2v$6#643rRqy z!D@OAhuo3BNZeWULT>)1+R*zH)i`TcrHq=Gu)8_b{YtX$4e z4cjgrA14hHl|1mAB8-Wu^GkzM=_D?ItqTN0MBWbvZb&FG8P!g`g#0n%g zUN9xF#!pUkatn8y`cBe88TWRy^2=;4jPiT$3jFHY9TORx&FgUR^i6gA~ zUSfNuaLo5~H^@Q)OfPk^55vo#m3VF=mp7V5ga;;oArf<;1HP+<8yBbYfk?ak|;k3 zP6--VJLDF=O>J8o1FVi8x`~q}TRoOmA_nP+AEZ;D!p*9<4OMuaQG5(IKQ#GzPCTHB zIEQ{=2?Zmms8Lh3E;6y6ZI97GQ(J)CQe|)LHgFU``HeozOXzO0u0cvmOkepU0~O*} z^R79dIFt^>`@P+JzDA+;ZMLEyTwYBP-?yqWqH&2<*bXdX6AK* zv?SAtnozYR$UWwve;f3VnmZZNkXIqc>N> zJiZQxFCS<~yFCb`WFIq8iG0!8Bfr#oyI04}yPIH=Dy3ro(*O51RpCdfepurFD6eww zfKTa#EVmrhKUhboCSa9xUD}N5!vr6$j&-Wxl2)|Jg!rp~up9;8<-5IDbA~=UHN8!d zb#rLLSxnhLvN#KRb0(Ib*}HhfH!|GI0_c`iQ&SD>23cx9@c(*CxDCIbC7Uvy=RIUE zKFP*6P*wihOa)Fg{OS_Rw4Lgc+z$+zhJ?FeA`ew{ot;{+d0uEFBMd#6b_z2vTtEWm zky1MeI0pbo+qBzNHrN~O(VZsdc%^u1M>yUZe4l#Y&_i@POc?b&j;eE2ftxTS;Zc^W zNL0lUU#T6SGe+|@GJmB+zYUo)Wh{9*wLE58XxqSMZEHzjo~gwnY-?z{vms(a3+#>j z7psnbGeC{-z~-*1<|WR3^}bVPVMLw3CK5Z($-8@W4O!)YBBSbVFRdGcP9*ppy$~61 ziSb!t(fV7Ffhbw1Z<_a(Dq^Gb3wMHoE<2~SU1@L8Y>n${`2)xE{IZK^(*N#8BT0cN zJ32l!5|G3Gtt*6I;R@`$){IdFyu%!wVZGT=nVmyiZ0|w88E(%CgkU>~I`dgn451u;YhI1b++BSTI+NXI&0Ri?6R z6OW^Y5eVPAAGxvDSs{jR?YYFUf^AwL32y6UNHJ_VaWAv)-&8}C+Ou(QNKw87d6jEW z68EH28hQEmSCI*22!HjGv-yr<;v&O+>${5u|8u%wTndOeqQpQIQY(okZ=qxe3p82- zn!Tpt<7qwnRZaC}kzCA16`gX7+FdsqEJ}N@*GZzPg#FfD-G{Gsvga|<(Rr{7Qun&Q zK@3Xlb)8t(Y?(E`&(j91p*YhzXWHJ~3ybNk>0hO9;j@m1{mXI5Zg&Ex06z6(QQQAa zCPFIUVOigod_)#tL9b(afVbV-UpBzU=)YZ3$LuIh4{x0<3-6f%BJGo2d!}u!TU1KC z8Ax88zvBxmhTng1#mBzP3CDCndsg(uRboQjF!0(V@*$w}_3Ix5T9G;n*E7P=lAt^# zI3W{`;~rKC8L=deJt(&F3jL#}?!t+pzc+?44ZETlpexUXXW-A;b6wn+)?Ijos1!~u z3f0@X%{lFY{R_(k&ae0UP5jO)cy-Xmq8R=&UInqj>o>pnZjrZFsu)S<#@Z_Tjo8dU zAfrP;tSuzwSF&x7vVffX*MVz)qi$SmTKaQBH$qazTJLzTK*%V1U_-_m8n1Ax`Tuwj z#_Z_6M-zvJm8!w4=AX21W)?V24*HI0SZ?ot2hqW5q=*PBPnB-hHlu2$Y=y|3Zh6E! zz<^LKN~^XiN`*qGGQ505Z2llE!~aD*_zVHWgPwRJ_sqb1 zzd!rrd^3q&nTF8BZ+u+q_}wEg>H_v%i+ZPvvg~&AQu{97hxJ@y{zCZSj4s=3k}a{N zg`jX?>Qg_&;cPflPPSFp2Gft(600ER)Cb@E5)7Jt=ic;xrK7z5=-JE^)#h(L{KC&~ zjnhOSO+PU$rZH@h1cMz&(|AXDnE%xoW=Fp*Dw3Q6U6@s!bvk%V;S|0n z<(x>z8QcAbK@^J13di$7O!X=HMR;H)mn1dFF|7XFB6|o-@qRV>FJ<6&L5c{)kALZYJa93<2o7kW%}Bs%&o6>GY!q zNRWA;GNh@cgPUnJ;Px~?=Wu;ckyFbn!1KwMustB<>o<%s|7fnkwMcxgxk`T+B`fSN zKwK`+u{>ntGl?~HAI?53g@sLNR;7+$8<_Ux{C<&)+SFQ zbr`NUU*Px$frgWeJoG-y8zuhMD)ZHuhS zrG4akIjgFPjyV;WvS9iM^+q)8Htw0!tz>)mq5j`KXcqWtc58n*|F^ka=NNX`yhQKM z5=qfvhIpiX%u}X09C0tw!j5x9;_-N#xYG%S9bXfAwH+u2%odMWBzvy>1;`f?l{lM* z+1h2>0&lXZlP@6nN+*Fim4>FF%G^}YcKR$zLhLkYN9R18Alj$%MLK&$j`Xv#>1Plr z(7iRYF^)Ko!TvO}jeyo`sozldJ6Ffw;;IK`P0Ko%-8&TT1!FReZ)Atjr)H_0)0y#0 zvwdNRB(q%5>73j`eJMb^bPlJ=aKU9&+nZgy@%Uzh1MAK9N|tze3W+J+ zJ8^u5_+|5(W|9|jbo^T(oo90!k~&5J834})T81bA+}6(J5ci41EBMYZ~!szJ{@Rii1b}8Q!0kwoqF2TgeYaA87jn%+5Jd zxkqh#n+@iRcd;i4dusd^EAach?9xw)XMk|=uN<%PnV%}cqU?TQ-t~3f^go#-YO_t5i^t~{kzkY0@H^}0=*890&zCSk-?6) zCTH=7OHY9>1ahkXN7Y$IMb*Dwe`e^CR5}zXX;3-_P(o5#x*I9!8bYK|0qGJ16{I_d zE@6-^X&fYnZg|ezzdQcVTJy>muEjZX&U~+Z?fuyq+yXr7tu_(>E9rZd+5yOifcKgI ztqmrBDWDVi{biE!?sKys%Z+Q`iE~AxZ0Q?BOH@#@T|mB)eT=E3_@nnuj<)XFk!xT(X8c&$O+DuV+l;Gg36Zq0NpV$kdn&yxi+Zly#6dEqNe{muO zo9gO#rM#*XBBuzc&G`+E!7_1t-1lMQROxg9d-aMZ}%C4683h9 zDc!%{{C4z(PJOg*^1n+D$Nvl}x9=G6r`YZTmKPU`H^+-)^Xyn)!ftKjk!X7dyb2}j zHdcmT&F5V|YOEyL$hUyd2J5s7MCt>1`EO$A($0@!L)sBmFTmjOSE$=igdBCo{l{MksE4a9v^{J4TfoNs-J;Q?hiwfc%^oC&&yY+{cP;x4UP_Ulol{xdT=udIv1)YH1V+}X>o^HtAP4h#%y(yZ$&N09$V#@%=W z%x(U8e)EF=6Lxdo<6G^$(D?Dx3y?EQYU$gYX~#jbzH#UdZuLaBL_Knir7Ch%{+Mi< zRoL7|oiJc7_kD5z!ARd+_{DnL{7dCziyUaRsL`6za~XhO6HtOgLMU^|h`4wGr?B=y zN;B~v(0GUyOEWvdWx&xS!t8;%+|qM@99L*FT`dz*hZc0=u++J; zQ<4KpXtoJ?%8Bhh`Z4xB`~j*&+VcTNVk@2xO$?PiR5?##;k4D$fF^FU%NeJ%zshJv za?b~wbF1xYu&n?Y;#N7P6#SWApJ2(4f!2225)ems?d&rAX5hhYUDOSOZkn`ri4E&H z5hU^>01Wy|BVY`eZ61|0tubHtMYyI*9x_H)JgXikA<*jgaas-{0VG}L#-eeK-}mzG zj7i3g_1Ic20I#$$$DDpc`)Q9B%IjY-o6ll`|JFRhA^++dfe5fs|I1j2`Ymk74s`xSGj8ZM)9{{eKDvIX_b-r|Sj&~Jm! zMO5kn*_A?MgBhY1JS1Xdnh~55+dgCv2}?th-Ou+i!hu&FCLzLSa5lso@5n~P&Tmv+ zq2?okla1IO_U1l@**CUw?%q=`Oe0WcAtZ>QLKc4`gIev+*yaKHbRF1e(sSlrMKL1v z#=KnS6A8_x3sa2{6*g0MEjHyug~!{b#eNJb;K04LzDXGf%?Uo?Md+{7avpo2BBgpv;czfxMrzg1o{nT(JL(G0AKxXZF}g%(E;wGXKgT zl&CSf2C7jM8G>KB^pGy>117CO*~WE`bU#e}YEzOo$bt*x3lZ%Am+V*xlQsbN`XCv^@;BFFmzR^h^1CUD-=xa#X zdtRC){ByFlZthjnn$B?fqv~Ox3_yclDnu)0l*2ybtw`ZbG31k zUisbDSbtK!1=ahY_MLDRHy(sgceLqWnEII-V1evlluYu8glF}w6SVLq@PG{K^bqbxDLAgE~g7a5LMbfH)6W$pR z)SyJ!Mj167b%s-+K5LJNWr-wZ_42X`5IMxP#9O)!W4tn3I=E=N$@>M0l~qi-4qob7 z_u(HuK9VsPqPx64ucSM8eO+AryXJcu;^!vvWMfoi4K!``iez8@S-vn6Ni%2hhj6o>b>-{UZ>O0>qcFF=p9$Q@d}r$!4JH zhm;HtT%ekE_Kogz%i+>dkXVHuWALTRFWoPJpzOl!`V-C~bkw~Ln9+zQD^gFt$ z6s-TS&28{c^J0pk(NYuVP4V^<%s+ zPTczZsua}iytE0>;I1nC{tWOA)jjuQDizO9II*uu+b_P76mWI_C(wY4rOOBCNo8ht z8M^=W)#wLdso1F+$f(^XhouUD`7QirUq|cFxs0Njs;X+L&$o~%i_V*ld?P)sAoe{y zP@m>Dz}_q1e#KK(17s^I#g@a#KX?mr!$=uiJk3VND|vWKHyN9k@Ccn?R7ZVyeIS)C zapYI_t0*D#c)}L;R%nbkf_Uj!%lbP25^&ZzM;q{sZ6URJ*4e3_Af<>^jyOyK&uw#Y z>!fX+v2VaLf5;)fnFE-VMlj_$_BkL7SD(6*)>+6QZ$U_OaQ+0Nf( zC>XO;5{ev3!A}4xgyM_X%dX5z~tb7CROy2=4lO`erh4`EL|jBbO0v zha#?_@cnyZXIB7W{RA^fgSG<3GM%DK_vfL%qy`zvncj@BUDNU0_pd(`sdA%4R0@Pd zLA%e9IXMFeIpU4a1d8h}1rJAP?7m=N=kEMv00$~1$wY7r*rgTqZq*W>aDdyyZ0kYC zGE98+*-7Lin5}Ol-0qBEWP1;AR%gF`c5Qegqt(N9oKH7kCsz+p4(h+Fa~4r8nla~= zwPuhM1-w|N{gXo-7XHgTVAY<>Ni~hiGW?1}4VS{^3vH>`Sj6HPu}jHcYTdj!XaElv zrzLK$=b5uZ{Rg3errBu+u71FfJaZWF_WXKTWV81I1q>l`UZQ@74{I&HlK(*~QU>&v zbVEv6f_%Wnd-D8yJe_^<4|KdadaCrcSSx$?C|3|;0q}X=?Eyu=BzgwlCG+=qXRJAR zSTxgK4!9vaR)<`CJp?{p-07?@XU|U59Vh{kVwxGl2wcSYOqFfXA_W?!vidcd$nzR} zzU<_2aPPm=r!DXZoqFs%TljmFrYQocH*=QOe?rG;<_@qcLok6gyJ0#-UEs9sEnh`# z7cCzbxro_l(5!tC3$IHK8295Pa=Nd1PTsGwfgwRs;~`u6ek=K27LHvSv??glI~%IX zSpYj*fbrL3)Q7mSglh?rD4vloGy2$XQqH~&%H2ri+^-sKm+i z<{apATU4OM{P4oq&MdpW{PcDW)4~4eZ*HqS+!SJuf~AZU5Rc6J00T&4bvlcwUXI>x z=el1)V5H%z1{P{hYEgI1sUC{rr?JPf@E@(tUJl-~4tV)lmjI&01wRVnB}nLpt?&8C znBRhL()Hm|&-hU;Eh={{9_erT`iF z6z+3XKTh{9jw+2pRrE46k!-&XI)OMo1%G5FZ#zGB`8MNWqlfM#nll6IcUBpfXu1ME zUpV%(&YlUz12|C`v_hv_g10jb6+pSWhF-gyEDm$FE0WhhXxn)fYM}f}g>-Q5Kl_jN zZoUU{=JWBwa!;!}z|s5LpRuAMDWX@QUvrb1=eT&xw0IrM zuNRh>@-anx#)gDh^l_!;^fhuYa<^d3*Z9gOyb*UsPSMKr@v%!lpc#hhqRp9`I&?IZ z_i4B5L+mQbvZIyP&I>&sDlC8u1gkp?_{lmRQrI>MF$Obv_95MgWF;|2QM8d zv1KJm9H0Y)4_9+5da5)8uxXTsMOI_0Lm!&<0xq&R-t08p0ex<-+v`)LmgXFp{IhEq zYKA;uDcpzjpIvD-8l56pHDmW3s_o{4p7<{zN)h!Cgo74wXa%5h5f$1{K%PiDl-cBxOyfFzEJH2 zxY{|)JR@~~mXn+p1jrG&6(Z!# zf$$h+jT|vx%YArhc!?gqkCE z`CvuVMgn`Td%X~6&%Nn6<@yn-=uOoxr3gMb% z-t&$8*kKRT|3Q5`(t$xMt|f>QcfSM06#QSLS_8-u0j#nTrRKlYRT6xz6v#{l2?eOf zrxUVZ{X;cTuUzYl_&#|T9`r%M5x z9Z~#Pxz?}y`|Aa2*Rh;C<#s&kKk&!r^#;D3?HX-qpIx37853+jY(KQ>2;V9G<-I8B z4683-XwBx$7JV$RKxKRMB5-tCGBsqVhWbzKv_*_VQI^+pTK-XVMS-aewd7?iZ5WF+ z1x6sS(NzzoF2!i-`Pm&uIje({clsD0c-uLC3 z|26GID1*uUTp_p=7kLbO>BzdzD?+^xdX*8hK8lF}z?Zue=u0cPH^pGNN+Q$5R3PTn z-URis!M%Nbj0@*!tbnkV$KVJRl(Fr@hwESsXc-xMh*b0Gu+-&t^;46VEjVx(vqe^z z#Px?Hq5|7(pIfm#b$QyouVbT^Pf~EqAa2#Z2=k9IM zz5`U65{SVY-ds8ATGkZN_$(bzCMJW7*6LT3=z^syxp>aoQ&%=`giyF5tinXx~A9Pm4EeAF9Rz?{x=)G0KO*CP4)KhhUT_f{&+Om zv{A!r!yIU z*F%O<*>7sfpF)LwhQ}6fXaI-gHwM58P~Gq~zi}llM=t#fB3ai@sm71My=`a5MLDP8 zBsNWOwj-v#h(D(8T0!dI{pM8Lx#vNjuCAqmTJ@ayTY7_tXgrK{pXC^n)Skqeg&N&a z?IvsOB_%cQe*G_3Om)rF!fXKMu%p;VTJxWAi3Fbz&8^F;iBkXf1-Y&ZqWj{1npPcs z%OQkB(~4aa2q%4fL)NY{lhSO>{`~wn*m+1qD0=uqkld~hMSg~@=p)Pfb;_dErj6eB z!6<;8Kf%<-Zv5)6ysFHuEnCK#a<|&NoP>PtLjY7`<=NN3DRPo-0>FyGsOIL8RfK>k zwm4x7yeASiqs54A4z*aa53Gp@;$qm#6!rMfTZkebXcZCBpJKjg*~W(z%o3@ay}R3o zxmS` zOZU-n{fF@<0A4r!!h5*LEyPW){!s+(wTWS0_F9i%qd+4Hbox@Xbp2$t>4r-5jVlLH z>p@Rb!107aP4?G(O}ocC9RKHDaT$cXUzV!b5a=oT=jZ{=r|452RP7tY)NTek7>fbF zSJS~xYoN1$soK1U3^Wgb91Dd+US%_v=`U0$uk`B$l`)!PIK$ZMiR)2{LmJB0Qe+7<+|CbngQPjv`H9GGZfl+7o#Bv z!E!E~kFlr9gpY!h`D}eu^7VOd0)(XOYp}~+!U&$uyLJ-Mn(A4$5z5;4|v63G99+mYuc3gBNE+@_fY% zMuR!ccpm&oZyP7DcEA4Oe`H_QVKYw7WDn@wHh9M7@xZC>y^)}odVW3;<69qObh3XfGFmD~{!9yz zu_L9Gbzm07YhUx9RSw*?2p>UAw5`o_*LT#L6Cz*iNm`0g5tkF-tsV;S=i)VVF#kFg z0?eqj$Xo$5WoBYp*U$t2Hzk|K{lmur?i61*WO-RKoNwRjpXY9b1M8q5!!{33iWf@m z#PCz1`!Dj5VOR(#(nCfQm76oB9(0xHaFRLGKX-@Z1I!I}1T>b|&!xul3?KxFlm47m zBK zE!dS&ra!*UW@4`2E-T@s(`v!}Y;}uy9sOQ)nsmwgW#V3F&c)|)`ku|qYWopw#;J&V z6Sm(eNH&!&am)`rtHtG$1lIZP_h7D{I}JLfy-@KdH~7L;x5xjDUn03UI<`sI0=5=L z%@&9_#8Wx#1q8ytjXa!UBw$;S?P0X8aeqebzF^FZVRhY|nkzBGwCvG;euzY>p15syVlv30)uW<1>KACBBz|Rbdr%fXutwcUKA);3{IrS366`$q)btu{ z!B>k&yh=N*;aL6w-^&w}f=i%H#Y zR{lqi1nyu7J6be-;UG3Z{Wl|k3JZosZlaubh^-5Q1N9M^66eoR76L$S?RPxuK5Jj@ z>8D&JOMJ1X@+LQxDMhIz10cUp64qOx6N*l4Y7fW*w1<_#BiUBMW$`_vHN+@85GoDD zf+bK(+Q1F@96=(#fM*HMAw(CRCh*)9!r4$j zEl)NLXtB82FL|?@v!y=BZ|cUlR#o`An>XmaMAI9`5j~HU&cPADz%*f&FjjaYNj=td6;SIl1HA-tw&_1 zP9xr+xyox%1^q7sJoQZ9V_k_ys9xKOaCYw2=E(zjLg`rsWtD8PsW9xgnmTU-34`gwiBN%;7^brbd2OU z{6D6QyQ;v@z-bVt;QP;roe#s~Kf7-P$u+lciSkYBGQR6^)Iq?j!eApo7DANhOzynk ze*F=o?DoFfP3P58MsJR48*DEVMr#s;76&2RP;7W=O9nXQ{W~fsoNfnphe=zF>5<&q zvyl!yMG!wbqysk%{Ow5D;>XV(U-@tTp16b%s9cE4LIP8+2FA>4)6|mq7Wbm*`G6i- z^?_KY0BHZ6+?}sN(`I1-4q`T_ueT?bi_V-XIoEP?X_Ee4pY&GlsfTdq1rX0&+vB3Z%&Chc^S&wyN+lclJ;DR;%k)o>L zN05kVK#*nCJ#NNvx_BUHUE297r`XX`PK)83sc~!c;JC~`5dYNTb1#tBN}e@t6;dp_ z{z^+DV1ov^{_!tWR^WsrbsoY+sQ*<-aIrp`ghVd49Hn;)|9iGE*MhO7;_a9v8j$;e z+O4F*uu)*emm>%GRZnR|Hl{GCU?M<1RE<0!yUlu_;=L~_J;y$_$rbxSeMvW1A}v4BKIH0c%rI%Op{=WO{+u{446 zGM!m-zvqN5OzQUSKE=a(j|x=ag87N9Rn1DbI(4!1xt~wok&8H3V>A6|n!?ZVTgj8q z4+x4NgEts)FQw%%ZirjwfHQo_IUVt$WDG$K*`R5l2Z@bZ<4w}Hgw76+dOcC>pV8Sj z0^!2CqP-%tC!AWVF@+t>MXGJjyw8TS!!frZNg%Rx@FVmx09{cdgy+=Qvo&^}E0WM#$h!Vc zdW4|)-hzUmhP*XBq00IQhUhq+ep08v5rmGjv)JVN+xWdV??H1utN7NMWwfA!l^9;N z46@KmSrPVP0Rm3`)Ls{@ty0EAYtIlJet-l^=34`6wbJSXQq#`*&AaU$t7(2%GRl2~ zUN#BrQO%?nEnyk=wdVC(UIk_894iYEF&%-v1O+(5NmWT3ff<xj7ifG3d?hOzg1ys_h`C_mQPtX%!QrP5gP1qO5l<^NzH z-$3e5%V{I~XklP#=pG6%Dp8)ygrh zFz*OJ`xpNp^93O85+NZh@UBHPP*N72^iFTaSNsO(QS?9fc<&pGCs)9Ad>pf~pHTxd z00TOZHCF|kPAY$Euq~x{!y-T0D-wK^a{@NYwS^bY>DeYbB7=KaDCLw0?0Z@k>&8o*XrN-+5q+P=| zaE6XS%Lk(Po>y?mQ~#yFfg}!lm8sgbDIfEaNgki+%lRi%>i;do^Wc>LsMLSvb&Siu zOLBTW5EtJ|uQhAi4#I$Kz&_U>R&sO&p@tGOxRXVG2zk~kI2%F>!@Ef`9^f|YH$B(k){4LIo@x_XJaPRS- zCubP7V0pmtZUR{}qfafoQO->{B-#cqHXF%sWpvmJmyQv1;^h8b@bnq-PdqI?YZvWj z%l+JJW(5CUqJoT{P36~K1k?CJ0gz6svp-I~_*wBD3?b_PN>k1NsV`dBQv_j*{D@*J zOXl1((*HEC`%A$PNM#smHX)E(O~b`+W%_rF=v)G&*boHQ&)QCr=Vm$~<>E2Vp%ux` z%p^&;gAbnK_>S6m_#HngQ{#+-IxbecTt}PorPUNxC(vu(IGQKl$Qp6i5K0WxOg^r( z`LTMXFBUM^v4ajB@C-svEKE|?Jyrb#F=@n;YE(Mj)+g9P@|l=lO8RDBaPFB(+q&J_ zK;3wEeh8-GwCx)zQW@C!!|I5>dAOGzN^F6Ha-!lE2s(|2wf^(Hz0UTKo|eAf)Z;k1hf9~Jp0%-wZ`0MaX^fM z(L*8n?O`7kZ1AdNk^sO^^#!_;DL0no7|!;N?*qI};C4*>=Bq()*zp*)KT9}9Q2Px) z4iukgX~dcaJwV0*5i|RrYhnmrEtgHSzawpC)t?Gm2$svmWb+;cfLx)`U$bc);&8#@gnuduq=05{%(C zN8jpfo#&}iPsREcU)-_8=5;yMEgW6?fEZhJ9~C;L&+d`^6zdS;fVjUi8IjYImT8pH z4ySVdEE`z$d@<1!`}t1lTVK4d$1nE|7rc0g-4~{;59TvO+$=U3FQm*|VvFCZzNhq; z!Npif>pgqPTFl#ZQHEC39$=*bAZ!WeX>_EGQ-Fd_FhI21m(Cx&A1~*JC zdc?LE5snFjxTWO(_mrUy92EzPOauN0)dp_qMm>aeh4lsw!nKn%VqJ(d!(0M=LXoU- z+xm(TH#S=}U#YbAmAYckpiO`i;!(7R0J#L{kBzU~KPbo^ht3t<&x zUYr??tw3&`@}S&`Z^nPGMN1#1iLrz~4bc^_OY0QW13Q= ztem(LPda^s0PZ~n!J_^^svX^vc&?}^?lUKkQEEY(0;15_T~$EO9+WCKLK#{M0iI^fb&FZ}ojNmr6CF%frcE+1~q;(U_Xz_m8y1 zYQ(v#)%HA~WoSw^+*aF<%?d$0r;HC z=+=P06qeUU;6#fBS0>psINsp8y7*4DP?<2f10NPw$=h4@wng5u5RN4lxx7plSG;-Y z)mTBY`5$|SudpLPBz)EdYzyJ=Oy*R4d<+>g3StX07Pe)K*8Mma?HuRscC6Y=9ImPR zen1bC0?8N5MG&>?=Uo}NAD!{}F|}DA>i%OapCa`Qxn_UmzVSZ?4SFZ+wKF9eG_!(z z_B9bCxT0X##UX&3Nfn|xqLI)No;~~knhN+X!jlD=jrEzc&GOWZ&iihBzPdyB>0sO% zYG@?Qe*&vQ4Vlu@ zS>XC+<9kMqyMZ2@*jbrLhKn{`&A{k4R|;%@tVg?)CRR-YB_;?~ zWw3vjnmd8koy7)R3rz8xtyULCX|qaopNI6L&0wRCknJz}NY8Z;v+b@APlZ`;&)B5Z zdY-LvTjFP}zX%LjnAK@9ChWalrTIr0gGZMFck^xw*3YbN?!52FtS}FJ$_y$rPC89*H>Wtbh+$ux4Zr6G z7c-kR=jb`URz_O4Bvia!nD?FVMdqZ$%AbqHM&H1V&H3*kL$*9Ti-xEj-8B)jSwZ%M z!~Lm18^oL*j`D zkW4#@MQxMd51xzu?5s(mPsMTppJp}_PloPx948?d-vt67%MvtdNt@@?{RY5~&eZyT zzUg1W)*g$wBg&C@Wq*j?-r;L$#_u0hUns=7x=qJneF!kv*Mf6-_c+!4A6|>xt>iMlAP?nt&k3!d%7z-*WYO#Hmnw=_6%m4wSI(T-JR)Bix$ao} z-XiS%*)kp#kWy~=%Zhk))KItWgqpqg3+Y!6e2LR3CR zIg52F#p)Xk8ODo|w;%TV9z{0373AYIg@4yZBnt5LB<)Q24%F{SUFvQ%2h-oG^k1(n zFX#qrRc^yukRMR|FFj0i-|+u9duXL|o`(4DRT(143m`GcncoAio#CkW;OSx7_rFi+ z*ExGfZ2724*BUp)9kosL+H8#q+Jc7c{v%N1Vnyfyzki*@wnp6lU_v&&L6*|q(Zh3; z#LwPKPTrBeLJ9HOm}TP3wO!A(v9Lp=U~pNMqpk1^+uZdHA$Oy|;}>{lVbd8-l}a_e z4F1)=oMFNrhk`e?a-I)fzBvYk!k?nd3w#0`F=R2ry0@VV5t+u=6ffT4c2@&L8V)na!Tn3RTXmM5~vM61XSUYyk`BP%D; z4XV9+ksI#MS$0+F09gN&u}emw#{l6%70KZu91>V|^yet>7;JLHR9u_5i~{^U$<4Vy zc;NI-8kQ%B@URELrzMVIqI^~o*ARcn*LrTE)?>*qyjw`rLST<#S6Dh*E!9-VGmff&^@?`ii?@{xIX9ZDQ(UVNmnw$ijKpGR zx#Nt7=K}?Cf{>)_`2)7L9;AS%sr0?V&*4+U{qnf97L%v1HLww)@*$ZUP9?}|;|{N! zu=4{A;;j#DO7J<|m&3(-cGFHZhB zgyuoBjbiYed|#g&a0}NxUd9%1>cJj>f#Db%TY?Pj*Z2X+jOD>oO$%vI0?_lfVu~ce zlcPQ`#Z2AY9!(Fvz6cwpF2(1s_w`s85>kxZl??U4NSKpWp^DN@u0)Oyh=vOH-9(vQ z_FVDQL6@?rKVwV##-_7Nupz{PP#Q+vr>j2OjPTJ8`vIl;g00r5%S#A_(lOx)K~kal zK)ro@ogNS%bUnc49t6`w>kux4g_#Az_B8W82Y=_L#)5 zPqOBt*}D$POEnkd@(*dX0~YIVoql^}$+fEt+tXy0I zwVS3&2lpJ*S+-9CT{F!!QtvG;zifow0%=H=_$7LMFy`R%zlx&?V&U+!Y?WMl=bKZx~NU7maa?9GXdKTznAGPT? z(nfxMd*Ql%zx3Zlc*zD@SN>@TO_KiKqh!{_ZuVg)jO2`V;=qeLv0rNMH{cGq1A>wV zLdU}Af5)3CNwclv$R)MhA%Ow`_r~JyR|EJYp)EoZoGrGOFW){}r$2*uRqEwWJzibM z+fHT}mJqXNofOt6B|6U*!Zv!s{q;84wATF_f^PCzDvoE#%@&*&xp*mIjSePL*y`mh z?c<4gksk~e5sAJLC7Fc0KFy9(aDMet)`w3u=yp~5hS?W#=%8b|NqqLo;@YYuBWOGx zz7%|e3|8Zx1Tb;HQ!(fyk}hbg7M-VhiKvx0^nEQz@+Lf~`LX29-p4>EI}`HY_0i%M`u6+D@8{GqKk($$623I7@> zP102-B#`*?X8zM2uy{9?1O$``zpb*VGY!q-%C5G5(@BMB`1_wH6z2s0ASxncz@Rm> z=F3;uJWqSO95(^5*mK|t=Ti0H+E^e`6mtiK^9kOO36jsqo>{6==^%|fC5#Zdi~4wO zJURuVhS^p7?_|NuyI;#EPn>sA9exGtkpE|0hn#JFDtn21$RE=?AQ3i zpi+?zc%24!vsb%-8A&}O7e6-4s#%>e_-dcR3!I4oX_~+WNqBbHVQusGh#ZLUkn>I| z^R_&0f3?1>R1&nN*UE z9b#(mKcXm_0SSOigp{|Y-_=9uQA!=XYj?)X7U3t*Pr#zXnwwUJ(KnsBb9L986vC|X?NtlB%sIPkSBa`q#(>gzpL8S%MRxEdL={m zeO2dBq-%P^+kd1|DGM)0$D;+5p|8;U)$b-x8g@Z<5k8|7i0p89Rz|u9Rdxzu=&ME+?N?G{{;bgLx z4s&s3}5D6(_=ES$cH!O zs?y5S-<>2PdE2fIs?QBy>hj0^M|~h%8keiMLvQPANglpg2Q^uM)>4{ z78Ve_=Qpngt4=7t(%WH3yz+nVb9!*6=G-pA@}Qm87jQNy?dK`)>B;lJ;;`2*Tl)N^ z7qw{3amCk@w6G;Sk`?IfIF-|5nVY+OPi>g75*8bKy{`Rs`M=dvc0^}-PF+Kb7vrDr zc=5UHU3lYM)&;epUFLjZ#|TN@k{~x{K87n3qm>52*=S+jl3|U0{Ss9HR%*wTht%Gu zfT)NL7@{7O?HHK(nS8EzIJJ8$$`LTCtf#hGP9i*u)tNjZ{C{0fGXSBhWqY<;_}}+S zt0u^9DWvY^Vyh@W?vXdZ3cmT)cx-&|t5dVuBqP(K^N_*H=kP54x)fPKI74z4Lr zzVFdKk(qrxSY>}WhN!imI)q`3`pROMsVWaJ?G3bVWt@6Pct|+oVE8u>1#B7K8UuBS z(qN9|M?tqux<9s4BpCHxrZpw6k&dGcnb;Ojo7x0keg|p)ezh1DRlxEFvF=V0zh>t^wE?ChM-HGD#iDlsst z|LH~jh|&{rQ9~`gW2|wq9uV&iDuoKJrl=a@2;#3F(jVF+1GXX4HNlRW8od$IbIO!8 z1Zz%n6ZN-yDOBZDtUkX^zX{ih`Zd-X1le zD9MTre6Yd3uF8Dapep)}b7>0OKbDbDMzjoW8F6)d_045{Rpw&7w>7iF0OWM!)6Hoz zll)G&d87MeGFV35HM#d3?J-wP7y0V99CL%cxUNd*wd~vVT$UHtJ; zg6X|q_~q&2$hoSSp1+`={lc!J@#5>~)6X%Qx0k2Ojipt)4JmVb9DBluVGi$?5MsU@0t?h(!N~$kI5ux>FwYX4K9-XR_DQw?=Im|h=Icd$;t(R+y%!3M>ut4q3=QV<*1=sbhBC zv0(khtWJZ&Z$X=|-bn&31y)hiS;s>)&yvqqq^5KtnW#NHEw$tfig@41)8 zeCVSM58lQ3r1nj07c-BhqDrS&R|t<|sxa{KgyW8Wu(V*qgO@)d9gH%7?Pf2gKHYMC zn9gT5koN^n!)D~d(fPE_knII=fNy%lC9Xm%B82z)XLM=QRyrGb{X*+iqPR%t;L3>& zqz}Nk7IZCg2Dj3sD6xtnUw6Ba+NG6{wFi552Q7Cc3gWi>iT3{@_x8@o-kmV<&)heX z>HL-vqMwzUR9V0G=F(sg0Yw-*0!&#-JKBa%p_u3o(-@v2YWRq=;NFxPB%%lWir0=37Dynh3>QLj|XWqsh*gvuS?>0u{-Vh>g{uwoFeN~60)}fb4y~ScFVC+e+m-0Vx;CN17q1-sWMmWu~uHSnrJo8Wn89TdZ3ot zmtT#x+M;6o!K67s!)*j^{L+v_ol3;$y;E9J#Y9%sN0oTJ5xTR$95X)g~#8wAh!^A$*cQGba_;6 zSbeAu>@229G^ilp#fn1b~YNYG#o>R7fb+qJ%csrWj?(jLAIe$#?QjRk7Whb`bhxZOQI05%|7&F@f zr7UL{he~ZE)!>b*-q@bN*A0v#U)K6H6ZlWHE1VrJ9%ROepkkM#xf@&5q5n*!wGb$@ zFBYS=F(-6s7J#@33b8+<4fvT;)_UO}E__R0W<+kmX=m$M_rys-s9C|RFkxvW;_ej9 z+hBd*8}3clD^h?2l;01Rs=*eZxSNl!_*mvsf)Uqmn`lWzjCW|NMF(n}CPssTqX$n4 zrL%$btdPA+<8{~Kz6+S2w!YH$IaBOa-u2ajF+d!9<9oJ$@<+|;XN&W$#x0a!Qj)(u>}kN;<-_?# z**`Z$4>N!Zhewv7S7BRxzl+?sE$CWveh8NV;JBwZ0ozH{ak=UJpLZg~uWh2Us*F%DCw@V%U>*htt&?YB_&Ev0*^%kH^LE>W)6YQF2{JLK~Vs7rBVt1Jllt1SVu zzwq)BWZw56ECh4+uGHlxV$|jH*I3ulmv5!+zS^5QE}OT#VmRzlb<=4&DaB*!AD0&? zlz!0TaUHmfvh5hC6se?!%f+rs*?dwRe(S-m7(~n4a->PVJUCkRGUcWl4vKdg&S@QZ zS}CC#ZrLpH6MB`6nv=B&^cf~J*xw^N&1K9ymhjBS+odkGJc{U$0mtCq)8kV@#A417;}J z1KbDvyBkLAB22H}S_mWGls~cPihPhT#Qf0Mt^4k8A3_9UyNA1g4DAZv1MK*IBlf3! zE7BXxk>0pdA~K{-t_p9D0is_zGs9bU2or>pAYNs1NZal1{U68x!LyL1$flG%*X9S0 zJnp#NH#!iWFBG|TJA2S|pK7#>By(`nBrf5_sO<>?es`(|`GMR&bVSL-SHF4-_%Exs zI^lO4299)Qqo@p%cL?X+EA5d+QCI6%1iZnUD4%vjv>1JVs&OYK2xiugS>|emcZty! zQ%>0Zs!cMCUFE0`_MnYEXhl2RB}jR7#T&!C+7^+$pA#MMJIDeRx9BR}*KtCZxXKUa zJ>_-g-U+q)A!Xj~KmVI>_h-?P#_aXkF-i3w(& zr}?})9F{~Fzute=lU7f?YrKmSL|qcSTdYnbLbQ-V64AqosJnWL5=2{;Aklm0_wxQc$@9!_ zzB9()4`XikeU)>a>l_1`WKwGG^v~AQlE}5j^RetPrcalft2eN|gt|cP6j^DK2H)u& zfmKD(@p8MYQzBb^$)?UXHM9UZJC78>eazV>v81J%EBJ_pRXyZ&H53&X88IT~Hff$A z*%!>nCfIndF2MJ$x(qY-Iw%Tr8=vK#t@JY_Enf3{GJB|^#k#VQ5VBrUvVkH6uLiB? za|9oMXtIvMYO^qMbk_Q9m&wAR=UI2*Ke}vN6J)%lR)%Sq1xG&H+|*o+p|5I>+STp% z0lZd6o=m^wyUKst<5Lr5Zfd?dpmJIz&Wt6B>kFB-j)Pm%vFpHQc}dV`kDu4&Tt=_h z8sreGA{zNtD1(I3L{kcA@jgY&^&jmp#rNua5?b9{uuztAv3k9V9NE4*JI&kT2BoSS zO%G`g-x3mlF||@nnac>T(nHSrixufY>X&aSdMzn9Qn>82t~%qwIqw!J9Bzxc7jF8; zedH3SyKWR<;NSLBVkNus{Ec;0NgJzBTMw=vPJjc1n0ej^A2Rw|Io%c~rI~!*dCQ;q z|NdX0nL;5UAt_b*nh$=H1(&t*2b0uxG@N>n*$LkFP0V!`{64z`PCgkIIt zuhB0+3qd3l5UHS-ut^;N{-X6X$@z`PD)SZ^! z5N25hMSGt1t3q6Se|nRWGMBOpyI+fNk1vTYPb1vkY1Oc!(Ll838>}N~*10fcTRA`$ z?aiD8%^t0+afXXzdJVMt*sCAuo6IiE-;$cTnyq{~w-<3jf9pVXnB@dCOGmZ0&*?sn zG80Btoe~Li1@{lSMjOAd*TjwP1-oEyAOYWa1Qg9B4UmwFh>FD@0LCA z{A!T;(2w6^wXDT`IwED(LO1i`=`5k+1Fev{=tt8RBrLy%C33o*aObaA_O|h?U@=`*Xoc1ZCA7U%BJsUn?{FyfuIp z-}{lHy$NoKoKt;*pk?Gm(F3>vVvqQxJ5zq(B%c36BteWy5j#gW{*JSa7}Pk?Yefl@ z+b#D-!6jQ%Om+Uv5rII_WWwvjeeHi$s~UwzB+2P|Ldq@x;8nDDxX-{Q@no_+TDOY5&ZZcCD~Dbn^jHc&~6`WS^@j zLvNK)u`s#@Xy5ga#L=0TM}SgjH(%ma7S^I+0EJ4sb)o9YVmU+jIk}0)Db*Ko+wh;t zC?QNL<^VYk4LGbzd=*!cSp=TK&J~8gYO#9CwhvK)eEZO}y*w6XN_%hA;Qr5OdaeRw z(b^SlQ@mmvuj*u3-LHDQy5u_FG4}Epdu6V|B%Hlb&G=!=Vk`Q&=ucr-AUl+X(hX^R zKwJNDP0%JXH1DyElW)R%ml&ZbYCdcf$736{BArB@xxu*$Yxh>DBloyltGktB5IkS7 zo z$JX25e5^HIR~DqLlOAKaoLPX&l5Yu%%EUP6K$q3iUIkkD^qG9h!cG6 z7boV^kt-99bn)@=+smVQfhTGqhsg!(Mda1L$73-BrO?Jzg#=gPb@r|4U2ezVqr)xS zQas}uSXf=%%}ZFw$>{{_uFuktbD9SW#x6ZW?oCa#Z0q^Ut5Td2r9-Pv z#%by3;<)7ddnRh?eo?z)nirC8m=O+zWW~QMz?kczeH%(I49R8Gm7ZKveFwJY$n*i! z*K`*af0XNB{qEGaR^LdFH7FImudluHh*=e)X6ED3%;;deg^bqQcW!i)9cf7t-+P;i9uWaHgx3*^Pfqut7w~-5opz!&-1sDI6tLf}V zPZF)3;(mZynMJL@QwK&0w^Tc2iJ-B=S@?0RdQ9NcXt~Y2r~Xl%m78-i^1I7~;L6>0 z$0D|RDddQI&Zp}|!bI6q)(C@(jj;sV?2xJKSwaaS;j%>9Zvm};5P(<^fB@vhzI_+- zf7pwfECf1AYQ&Jg0NBDVq>XQ6c~6#to+WTAzRNtPuZUI^^hWAxv;kWNrw?6k5m~{C z<+VN(*_+y2$SX9oxi1jRTn*NI&tQ*JQn*<4AC#p|w}g=B6U{HNL;S;%qDEAmhD7}} zLW0m~+^j1P#-~KrUZ2LXOEtk{g8*7J=c4=KWFOTok3E0cM2Kk2;^S6km;)W^O&LZ*$(qW$jA*|!Kw_WfzM9E&nEis zPJ_rS6=tUUTyVV9R%ZWbz3co~2PJCzzzUC`!|Fh${Fbn~^JPfZR*ivCW z;?tB4m&#Xw!d~<#;1&qRwPWV4QI~yByk6vun^k$AV$N*b3~~>|>dS^cU{XY;D%Xpc zkGVt70i_n#32-oDYUBpL3;yZv)hMJ>)UxpBJ^dYI^*%BEEutyOl)Mt#T5YF5k1_Wt zqi@NGqVs|Qk+z5*-5@aNB}f|^_(Rs@-1=oNz^i-zUTn46TFbQsEmpxME}+J*_QP!o zF&@>Q9@dL#rjwF!#Vn;nQ%`4oig?u_4>r&UAhG$i-pcK^E{CYX!3-|QIkN|cfukQx z7T;H8Ha$LALl$aax}UY5=KvEAh(mLA4cm!naS!wqZ!le#H|WVB6&NStsUW<_rM7JU z<%b3a4Q0}?i(v)&4yx-MYe;l0fc3=EUFADr>O=wSUoY3;;c8%qtoe-x-n-gdC2TK*aloE-Nd?=s` zXj_{y^NGNz$EtE+#h4~+T{W+J`bKt8!)}cTT27*lNT!X&9Va%Jr$?B^4sh+thTp_* zqf-(+T+;S7&Yb_2uhA#OtLf6U0u}nQJHfHzm8QMNwJHg!yRxn$3o1ahMwwvCE+kis zOa<>ZL8;dT5JX)2-51vhOtlVSa(pAAd=jw0j@*^ymdiMACE42?`krt}C~> zwE-gLwBCR(z5O=S_IbmA{-5wb4zeqzyhJ|rp62ff1OJT?MWSqV0Y*(lJT!WyO+>qb zmNwUaZ*5x8YQx*y3n3r^??fnBKKa_(9Q^=OqWa()^sHst1xBnHi*S`-t|(C6EY&R# z9Fzo#cdS%|f10A788Noxo;NmbRlB-n19i3L!qa6!xrlU$ua&{gy!(s%u1Dx~L9dx6 zEta`BBfYuH@u6wL5WqmzR=Q^m7$Sz@*dGzd#f<_LGIA*r)x#gXH}izSv2En1fSr{a z!~KoK{kW?MYM})$x+5;do5uQsrFcu9Zf^YS1wg1(x#Z#CL_`Zk&RH31`>Npu8xF7- zdcu7DhqpZ@JLptqyJMe8HDs+rMrbnw3!;0gua0#`R5~~I9Pq3I_m`I@w&&wundO; zHj@j})g3Ln1(yr49-YXu9&ZB6ak|wx9N32CxPo3^zCDu)i<7kUgL4virvsiq_UUK3 z4+J05$2MjFJ7o=md)*QKvPxCXzP+D`3Mhh@e&+u4fWVdol{mY(jg@d6W7$ux@A`jg z0%I}{pZVX<#7Tx&Py`@_Q3F&6Bf|mOU0UOsNDZ#8 z=Ng7_6Xh7uNqfwL=(TIf_qt~z@Y?8zu~g@+{A|CD@h;t?t4owpG_z8U`@%J>3wJn9E$f-Iv?tufEX^b|M-TH%Z-89k-hfJ*=glxmZH}eU*4W_*#T8~ z>IB}QgYCtMky2Z+N{kBt8ap=m6d}(?%)eYw4ijG2I(iq;EYq4x$oF1_)ss&9`Q6{9 zV8=|$l?O{pG!X6FZMJs}hTQGU50Dq7N~P=1|BKUf@j;`!=get8Bmb#eH?m1!5-a9- z<}SWnRC^7fFtb^ zcv|rpt8pZ#dZCePUM`t`oD+03E`lk{bkw3H9@22;bsWht+~4jm(X-Zp^3Py0NKKSLbsaE_DvBP#pb-J6Z;=su(Npo^gKT*PZ1T2s zpu9Evro|ZIS2QRXJI(t$MJYXVdH^-2ho}zXQJpOO{j_$UMZDrU~jX z7$CPcVhNZKwg#`fmUU>Aq=zLN3 zlU0bz@tar#y>0RZ>lY8$dHsn7U`L;P{j4J$e|vv)yJJq^5MFk?Ux)We#bFSgJ* zq%v#P0JXuo<;tt1$k8JXbC|WgvvO zmaS3ufku`4QwJB>Rx9plUAq$Vw9LI4uTT8^_x}PINoHqLpP_9-r@vKU3|~kAW<=|8 zdjl!?#9&qaT^14>%i$u6Ta_AZnhh7T$xy!mRZ>|w5e?|7;^U>MM;A|D&{Dp593~RR zl}O~jD{k>+u&f^9=)0xjmFPNJ(T-m~Jt#iC9DvMu(q_E!3^Ow=ko2R4&WL?jA>|fP zp(Q!GgnQn5CP-(Go_jr0WK4P*reR`=DNYeGkez03!8}7WiChkgY`xU!UnH~Q%sSqO zAJNTH_`Z>gf~3S75G0D&*{vl>hGqJMF@uPT_C6s?w5LFxfW>_g*PM%itDddX=WeXr z>Iscj;7B?bo6m^#j-uyuNbny;Lk;Q+SJF7Lxk4fPGZp1uiHf^IHV@OpdgXB^C3aQ@ z&wVL&42tN(i*l#BZ%G|xOYRv@hURuD-uis?pJ-N=159j|>LV4%|0D*(uZmdRIH?7`n2-aY)q<%mm*A)a(?qhe9?1UbaiP zl+tI2!O8{KduFQ-0VNrvfb#xq3d1yK-xrf&%byo!)$oqNTQw!_KKY9|(+Ym~;S|3w z8Y$BqpnnF#QHzeA=68Jb{UrW*!_{hPVcz2AT3O+L01RPLbkSoQwmdO?3;YeF@VQdv z+s+H!TO&kBC)Ch4&^!{&H2o7BZ0H8Z2|9nRZX_F_z-b7h4=}5UvDrFRc)tRl&CCiGM zr%KfAR-4SpE#6w^}{V z!|VfAjRv}}PAIACg0mQfX^}ikbiNIlgc$`*mVRW;W!f#zK|J@==8F6dXsl$1S&a?3 zxUN5K7952!z>}IvKh&^)omMENW0!2`p&zdDK0TySJ|;05S3%zI;f#V4;o^2wARn?2 zl_^^bAHP?kM7ia>)o7l>Hk!P@Q%es_1Tp0TmcemUtUJukx@d3Mx(&k?|upLCM zNR)D5D-4W~6iPiZ7JNat5K7X_lkmOnru`Q>M{^J39vj^L)~j-| zXX}4AeC8(TH>eBSsENwj=?@|ru$!x49BX43B;C!Cdf8Mov|ckU@#X4qXVfL#KGmb4 zl0frAfn$vSbs)%LTX)^QH5{1xxUqPP!B^=9VSl0-F93mU&fi_s{nK|9g9d-RPM|Sj zGj|VN9LP`n>Dy{Hh|P!=Qk!Dug57~j zl96Y2OU4~i6fFSzTi=oPXnQ35peKUOa^cM9??To>!eXfH^E6)R()O?O2e2UK&~Trx z3x}jhX`!caA{pxZtayUqk)TRzEa7Lg@-+JvCsj5W&k<*17#Y+$Kso-}8Ztq?cm^K# z#0s&vFKyaUud9@DDvejZ*~R_m;)J;er@{yA81=w(=lS~nA0 z7&FmT6i;;3wxg}zUFid~WN>IWUXMa~{0ry{YD*`eQ1>J*2`677iBRJa%d-s7*X6ky zr)i3LJR8s|--7tv{`suNly`yjq9zV7;L6UHJcB8&6QFNfb?8a^<HKcsKOJRKp{OsrMDbIf!(C@Ppr8>Ko7t^#9<$*vR~%(y}qbDZxFsTV|M@O?s?$ER#ScwXpjy#LK&Qe&iTJk6$u$A)@7{niHSK% zYg!-(l&ss*YUgJ?P1Txv15HjwonD8Tz=Q*;7rL!hw?I2-~A@XO%-dP@Nttn3JtstMyqHOdv zVnT)O>21+0H&4Xvao0S@wV;jz=j2u%Q0cNCU4_&$8}W*lE-H^RuEqiZG4!%@8w7{j zptJRsgNRl{e08Q`W50c=-N+!5@tA|{q?zr$Gr3C1TJvWHp;Eixi|6Yh?liIf4-%1E zckIPUYqZ>zX$xh4wBVSU$R0-yKz71a(}&bR>VHvN9?jiNojsbH z%v%L3H_hf}@+y7Z3+(D^#fI_IIw!pnH51RE%;ekoyA;Ru{yz|L<%=v`Zd;;NU)_*>n3iEkwtI#yj zG*;GS^o?^ENyjYatSX3}M|y*k$%Z$3RqNXhggG7esK?tfC0t$8e2mh3ULd}ZLDIUG zN~Wl7ks~GGI}j@~t7a(akA=yHJzmBZ7y{_KD4jbrh(<|TCDYk6nD?9^I^VIQc|Xh^-if@i&!uik_(quO3ar56CgF#%&dhRNlj1m`}EPj zEo=R%&v0AeFu6Wu+ZLr&0Fyt|6UbkMqwG&lj+fh$=5vDUMy`oMTB7x?n;fNJ33kban3sI~-W7gj!m104i{{C1j z%g3@lR+9{o#x>C!D8(e^O>M`^O-iy!YM?G9@n7NFDYC2`<=R|V)5H>V{Su*(R-M)8 z`I)gc-{}}_b1lPdBeqQ5gh%-C60kEcaeV+=#-e6K=g9jGkJRUD?zz_5SEY|k*Ik}b z)^{!vp(V=M$R!Kq?#0hs=&Q$ukp|D#SzG7e!=OR@d!9iU0``>S!F3@?rl_XCjxUH3 z$TTV`YSDu$TdBcRdQndr34Yg7;RtD0~*0CW|c zM~)#O>daidO59-9z-Utzyj@H$wgA;Gaj&lMY6VT680vD#`nphQjna6q76EY0nwMh; z?75h=*WI86@J;k<%pw_iU3VE$EMY-2k93Y&s`ZxiM7ain!OdnwfS(g6-NwXv{8atr zH~JnKc3EfB+>zyBovjl5EbiDC}rYT5B%UKqayFGSt`S# zq1^4C>2vPp$^enEyYi;aU+QAg)F+kyqeTDj^IL(Cq`A$ybRm0X%s7nKF?C zxugQnG;h_l8pn_y0m{i9-5E08V)~D)R|a1vs*Dna%jD}{GSg?(mu!fSfXRv+DB4O8 zZsWDNdu;>=tB`Km)X8q}=`h+NPu*Q@cj?D~1@Mc_6iwCYi2=ZZlLK?{d~c2$+2!Nc zKw-dl!P9WYP%x5T)O-q?t0@N$)&bQ6jQV)xLUwF!FyD2!q2cr9Cv@<7lyAzd6?nZo zBhtP|q$v;;(a`26icCx@)jNbVKJnAOui5EFY1rpTHHUCv#g#wF`eGMhyo1{ z9KPgh*v@5)FdqL*H{9p{C!K`;2AY!^Ki|a%e_<_o4U%Mj)*5*kfSsd7AxWW(SMms` z6_HU2Jc&e{0E*3{VVkVeDcAS_neaQF#gU7SoBsIP$7H!tB# z83X+*5#O%fQD8t(eDfh-vr%mPy3!*JC=6};Y@PwcHjE#UC6ZR@X^F>4rh&E5P@mQW zAJz4rfF^)r8L%NiB9Scj%Q~=bTPs zXQ6P(_PHu2NgQh+VCMiN$19V~0137Z+vJ2~9`grn;wgreR@ji8Tgzj^D>@#y>Romg ztHW=4iEtiAKc$kXu||==SRppRDqhjE*V9E~USSn?O>{uM2Y39d_77GH42IQyg4>o( zi|ajljQk;gatk>05r4?7EtC3#=kjI{$FowF;pRq=Z73Itv9Fu0iG%DyQ9ojZq-qs_ zB$=HG%J&jJ#JycxexG1MMZJQZVPICYju_))KrG-iru65r7hiMaGLs@i@$RsTcM467 z7GCO1X>m0}GCvu6=X^=!44jFVyK7DtCQ61Nr^>u%YS+du$V@pC8-zCGF?febid*X> zq0@f|4DzGZ-^5e%xGi(KkdVk-xQ0}}eN@+R*m08Zzz;13Xkti_W`Mw~MXE%(@bl)1 z$U|aBYqfh$se3PYjJSz!-<%7Y{lXj=He!HUz2Y`Gj$Bm_r}`oF@D@T!&>S*oE9W-O zI@+p6ZzL>9Pw6)Fw)X^B(=YLoinbp&m^uDc{@;UZK4Xs{G?&%?DGPxpc#dWYrY&k` z-K2nYG4Dj^<1{YeNO@X)!RZ>e$%}rLfKPdXk5C!o>rw1cVRrR;Hw8y&tJ+g{K}nd; zqS#<-W<^hk3xrS81U?@HjpbAlMH`}90QMx}8hmF>Sn<7nxtEAl zjU2l(s~oO|=@Yf9<7f9YfCj-ynyOJbk|Ci5<~RG?z@28;or-jSO44xx97Dhm>7F%& zJs~!pKVV$G)IPyoNuDofq>ak4=id1V#5j^%>^0H<|E+2UQb7^Bs>>g^8F-A%OrYjf zpNpB5m`9-TudR)`eA+E$1dId5?TmvG9gIanT*fLM&QLM(I448bPs+F9dAZ)i$oYm{ zY+5mvc+PfxzrXj4XA#dvPGQ}c;zNgYI~Rm`i^#QY6%W=l4BY?uf;)W*^HdbnmcG<7 zVcV@8%T}8`W?T3_;X#|wsX5Bmjnf%@;BmmjK?=wB%;9uu+3;d2I7 z71pz|ncV6>+5W>fJVRGP`Y!4?hD`M_jJ8-SUd1Z>8ei!{QuTi!a)1l^4 zbno#Fxpp&mhCjwXlF~$;`~rvon$j)229(kqYE#*b6FpPs!i84rPwOT;om;KwTJx0c z-@7w)p6(@{Ug~^z*W}*=K)#9tK=v1qv^#&3B{;ML8se_aLJcetxSK+>#hy7c3LvW-}iT$gD~EKGfTDoKm}r_dvzZT5a;Kc2{?td26C4PghbHKj`OZ~3?voReTxnl&y_^CaLogCJ;>X- z$FYd{NaSWkV{0MUU(=j+mzE3>&I>x2{9a$Pz}&-DrP>J?8`Fmn9s;=r_SO?5*qky_6lP!hlzrb2pw!H)8sEo0*s_@(*s?;G0xckZTNCIC^nTz`D9llYyRiJG(1o9? zORMq21b1YK{FNlJDspza-EsUD3W@_#O*Md$!N(&sxwPzBje1Ym3)==Y3WQ{5&jt`$^FEF2sFyUnIM_>a zzVvoeTwbEAlb6QcbNU`A?6g(FOUtK$w}_5G($|(tBBcx^tlDsXJyVF=)Tb$Q$Cs3I zSYekIb!m$fcK!P0RWF?_0~2!-{1eOQ5$lH6g-yz?TQtl)G3xkCvTIqXLNSN1ttT%OGm_dx9 z1LL_5HKe6}U0~KiQSw81y-ZV(3tgfwl*7c<5qRek=$y1+nKh0o>MA$u{u-$A_ai90Eu?kAdCHMrzyJ;!nuDQ;E#0{V; zq+R7GtHCWWk2Y_|_3}^N|I!QaQpo@!?w+)J(qhD7PUDq>#-Z8c$#xP*GSYlNmxrWd zdogeG56eCP3V_|bMP)rkejr=U_zW%QEJe+EHwL3kgq@mq>0odhWujbB zkYE`71mSJ`MPVn!rfm*(YxnnoOs5W50l_EY(w6q0qf(Zr`RxL~M>V9Ys z1EnvgSi$N(yAdW?(LVs{U%E&Q>h<7PC;UzH1UBufWRH=fDn7@Z-X}37En<%aKZeCj z`K&jyiFrjjHIq;lBbp!t_3%jb^I4U9B~D3Gtx-oKf*y2Z9s37`Zl}ty zE5~zfuM@WJ{}3S}d`AG{TeeuhwZU^gHnE?9%QeD;_Noj$@ABbZm21aIf1njN6}Kt7 zoz;dB+KnopC6U+d#+T*Gi;7gVZ6|er3}u&mFz_qx3>7&AsDdV9QwRy^a0l#ezJZ*a za=k?syd1yY8(8p{V+3S37|_I&U45kbw~2un;wZpd?jcnV z2U_rV@JcX5+p1u{fM}i~#s}&F6~*IH3{>QgIs^qWPfi|t14>Y7YYY7Rrin9rW%C+* zEj*9Eg;wI{aZ_YQT!7V7R`X-9SyR|Yc~-zKS`8nGGR4f4(9)_005Nn0&~_~^jy{0i zp|WPNmgg$4G9=5FzwwY_at-l(pGQCQM&}(d7hzX|B>zivJ{7yD+Lq4J?9qsdDBekR zk60f?pC?BQHU<6S*GYH`^px+GW7{rx(g_8AeX=;DMHSZMa_mo#9rXs}7}DKUfC`Bd zw6S=5=cB4%n7`TUyO(Rko`0^-YEKvv9Nu2`oADX*C8aGgKxy$htYHX(*#$oH z%T*Qtsn8{XjOsreL6{-O*+K!8*0ScmS5O*5Vsn8g+S$XcII+V$riY-*zBS_ zK6X*$Z9K;`rV4M5r;N3I${tk$ZbdaU#S+g;fqSwPo|LT~olZHo#K(PGgcqSyW+;Si zQc$A=&zt*3UXwj@4T zwFbxgTb|h-YD!V(4`Vime6N#cgBF$A4UL;W&k55A{#Y8wH!$XYH@Z{94=FYgJZAAe zN)xycz4x+=<=9t$<6ha$VIARg+|wc)9e@4b^SFE+NP${3kN)<|z~s}4?DL~x5C1{& zgVT-V;rNi)a8|y41ENlyB5?0Dm?SSeqW-QZrV93a@VbVIsP5u>E1}nU6h_||LykoVHz7iYffWd|K48!{rwp%DTTrv zFYRjstebY}=?+OZF(+Th)l5wh%4?|kqD)7jI%H2nySs^|nVA6GPF*xEl3A;(hc>fH z%G+J?0XT3QNT@^m^Csagd=A|u$+U(r1STZ@73a{G?e|2n;IZ?cJPaX~m?*^C=@uvj zEwdyH#Qd3QX!MB_H-sCwy_=ZiS%JfL_>2>m>%H@<4`=EQhxAf!HxhVb)0oGnN}48m zprjgsm#&wK!=wV~_!LDc76A~usd!2G@L)bInDyN3mMU@!;C%7f6H3(E9IUA8P=kpC zDRSzw>c>9GGs}IP-}1#ZJ_%ZGPs<`PCN(F^m^EDhqbK+Ki z^e!OdxMZEv=&c%<=T&^$y~j~H*bmV)pl+}Cqe{$^xhJ?t&eCKJY?orFri#K!^6pyzCZe4=9^AVeYdy$Np zLER=5pE%o_8=nD9g6d}zW)vK0I%!+JFY7Xl87A+7vVM&MPzo?_!~z7XG$)Q1$}7aj zC}G4`$U9tEnj?+Gw zx9m-_lz*G1dMO#bRb^;JQndCZgtJ@cQ0^-AESDhe=lR)?W}L9se4NJk#J-A$THaju z-uTe@(yW_=YF8a7+_-mp0RP(C{npYOZd-5n+kq7|@@-~^GmO_9K%@rFoo*%bKdtj^ z+@BvKobFWBo2iPf;IRparZJtsBJB3|e_$>a9U$bP?6&^%BTNVcx{?bd^h(KJ&^%eP z%lbv<%y+J@$NwLd`%W27`>pz@-y&>LNd;? zAZ|A^F~{oJG2ar7J>SzDQ+B3hmMclCI`YnQ-fbLPYPhy@Xnp7trgzfv*^a3V;I$qa zi=E7V_*irq2IxtC?$FCt`cWj6%rCmdxWnmK&$d#?L`Y)PbJ$OJ%zmivMg;=zK-M#4 z#jeUTg~=HRtW` zT+68jG-)kf;D2zdRzu{Tsf>zOTW%Etq&ndf&uK@G5nm1DUnU!r?ED#Wnn&^ZKZi66 zA;pWSuHO$BMPQ?!t6kFC)8?{Qr_&mwUmWWu+;#8~bqCN0DOSu(xnr;F3;8giLtFJD zZb_?<+Q>tPz|4XgW@3|z^iO35huHR!j}KzmL0CXoR4+{{(;iI1w)`+ZE455|p21`! z$~bc>9??_Rq=7M*FLNlnD%g#Gm=Mw#LO$#SC^oo$d!;@tu6s2{&Mn)58g>(*QY?DD zRyI?v)!`u^W6*&*ran05oc3*iu^;ehXhrz*Ob1+t&EBz>0#~?CHwmOVpkPhI?>jV& zf7EfrHNKzB_jVgr=AaN+elpu0$|{s?nm46a-zrn|pCT-V33y>fVWXD+rcPu7NRrQX zSlq&*#%ozut@%@YL)03(&Q;0xuw*deB@X6F1P}-MdTBYSFaev35hK7`TOHj2pmaUR zSJVbmY=|v~)U$SZGq4-#jbk|{S1uM%6{&1!Z2gL-+wZDQ8II>?ThA~-PU091x*tWc z1@AilkcdEJ^_0dV^q+we9IZ0nHx*w#R?a(w_bS;|@6<9kA~<6g z_{@JRJ#VbNJ4&ny^-oflqIv_21}&m4lAHZyBLmIyC7{GVf3aZs@5Bsfs)L|Ocm@8u z#Dn-Oz;(U-k#_{&=g*9u%Ks3glSzbW>GOpI?Cgre{!h zhTILaEYBzjfaT^Ukd+hkD4q|MsYws^(RD@M{6<%+0y9(vM?R(I(9IQl32UG-fUQm4jL` zFy<+j-i^0fwm7i=;r7W+@!%0^IQrNlCp!(>VEk{oH#7ngm&kR)vDiN{HvkgzES&_! zj<6_N$1WLD!G*l3vqOh#?rX`SvbrA}TAMnf(VTw(cTz3HRK@qLBxi4oxiSq8a zr{GQg+XMHp4lbh=*P^Y}AGgZ)G~J@&;uQZ?Br@-}^TV-bchXYPn!IFjTXkFqW_vw85^z7{?I~bpem*EZ zB;NG6RrN$lYwaEVSsRlfY28$Gw08Wv1^_(aQuTl$kC%9m5dDsu6~VL1^v&)fy0|cE z0VtktsPIsLhUp0dCO#VgIL+X?GG0BM<8c6pLaYb=GQg^P#4BDj@Y`DGGAHDGMz}{9Gadt7|^UWUs}HkUN6DI zJWdmZf~!s**`% zH5%jZa@^xPpTZN=CcpZ6dN-dpF@1BR4m4?Ao|y9WM4mSwDJ=CcoD^`tR;(eN&oY^f z4tw@|`#-~#jx)9^ht)&le~~+I=x?ErZ+?KA(r8m3#6a$%*@U7uYt|7%@-qYjg&~DA z-pIV^7t$Q22mXfBxT0m1Xfd|r2ylW{09$i$^Q>rYiR#&>urN7>Uw|iVI(u9>7xfh* z;fmO{RA(_N{+Fy*KHGcGH^|`R6B_6g$EVgDB>7lNYjKK`LPVdht_qDA%it7it|9Mx zUO!W!2)^@(W!l(Esl8JB&eXLGgZqCJy!oLxt(`JvVABWQ$v^@KNovZvg`v zai$x{xOTwyVG*EB&NAq&$p2kp0B~GZAkIG5x_S8TP!4!EtYnxzK+W>y<}#zXq2ZJ( zV6%YyYM!dAh8-8XUpIb&fAbtQ-EUFpY}PRh%KarMhkv`Y`%_MhD>1A4h<^H68cP`t zMZ)g~ENuXrJN`2!Hls_b|;-yVe;#siHg$8 zv70b>w$pf(8{vb}ZSAEDbqe!|Q(%iyOh`4ZFgKL$mAgc-K~Z1hwIG$tXZ)&; zR|SDU5dHgMM?p$)6Yo;&#$Prq9p5agGQ+b12+wGFCP~F5UB693d~B-HWCJYwOb@f> zChM;WDqi5ru!VkMiVFJ{L&DCMB69-B9!e*(MM-z|>F~NR`?VMeFU)rW!_GV`pluQEM5Q^oW$BjL1hs2+a5sOS1? z@5F#XQPovD`Y`V=i_9y<(vzNXXZ+~Fbi#8~*Y9!a!0b@+jg@rst?%tAVpJG^NpY&k zY`@>aa;njazlJ_#=qZdMs!#u2a)kXqQ;D4@DSFQI%G=U_#PB_!qL4-T{p>JqU%c)K zrSt2bV?{v1=ZaZvGHvKR(q(kO}ldwQy^bmw3)kI=>2X> zh<@~n+8~`s7ErM3SIXEpn}P;WUNRbrMJRM*32RnG+mqkp!bcrMBg`$n(TL3TsQv}eSOZy=lsFvcmMADy07`YzSpj~D@lD375=a3 zO>rg>Mf+~w?HI0~IjEQS^Sh0+4f@8nYGLXT>6T>ns#b-b1z<3_cIw22twNYxxlemF zs^v@t=e3f$<`3@{_t1|uk3;E5y+&Vpo0+7k;`VETosZO4*%Vq@makH7oNI}9sN+$| zHht-Y6@8R1l)p?vfYju{^OWW;*tJ&GaSPl^ZBILYut$|JrTHU*l+ zbeY$$=qN539%ff|H4~eifTC zRz9=O(hIn-q?@zDSg07OY&tT(;GvQeDA^q3eCu#4CAcH`@D!=kok}Tj8@HW2mfVWI z_|;e9SD+mYI<^g?yyYg&l8PN!Cju&hl|`+2n61m!D2-Z8unwLzHnMBCjL4^FeOCs3 zwVK7Am4UtloOa4Y1*@c3ZgbvaRqx16`>sb-W(E z+;^ep{ZM2Mn=N}kd-zMKhR!eABz3Omg8DlF8s|vZ+Fa)Cg$jY}us0C9)Po}N9$=th zC%~ot@(ZF-#Nn^IdqA?|r4&U4RmDzZe}|8n8P@fIE)shDE05viXe|%5kE)pd@0BRs ze08PPue(TQp8Y!|t$%PANz5piDYuF$Ss4aXF#e8n6V!#1)fS4k3?Gs+M~m=g_-y=i zSFdaCq=f$_|D%Lgt|Kj<(DniqUKFAy1yV`{Wd)_q=1yO9!(GjEHeJ$@?vIR=&nO=d>2Xl;|)sLi=P~91rlbEJ7>z zhnIj-!UB!ek8euqgNkPH(ZPLMmiVF7Hhmz#`riZ!gfjm*P4{B2wRp(UC;JTFTxD5M z<&IXQ<;;x;HWVcRfhwxw_!-s}evyh0l zs29q}W@^-PN)BN;aG3O|PzlxJ4*8JLE(W2y-dnLcKj-2{k6t~In*TxMwePJui7*^K zQhjE1Fp<~I!#SgeyW=uia!zGJ_3GWNn{Nnt>B-Cmg6>d`lv^qjtsWDaKXDo z>F*H^qBIM!CP1)P?!ayO7%aJ@7>2Wpcsg}Uhm;(&C?oU?2MB0JbJDE6mwT09fu#cX zW*3zxZmyZX5pJsv?mcG4;C+|zTOY?}*mIf%6VC~4k-#IlQxZ&8vZOd1h(6__A@q#T zwzuRZOl=pAWw;;P5B$5r;YD{0Ka|CMqOG56 zX4^t9)~uU7H)lNJgu#{90ru`w6)};M&~=?%TXChaOqvFnPm%yoq*0)q?s*9L@uzJB zHj`a)FsV>o`I$=7FDfYk?P4vr zLK1sXXU||>?{~|8p_?Rs;!=)Ne{Ii&hE{5^%(iFSq^NR16-ZNo&E}(B>YcL?fpZX@ z3nhmtmrCQ0Y!NV%aamjGs>cP&ppTKh(mLRB6nW=pK9u01$eEfqYIho7x~<-cTcpW++Yq;B75u9wpda1tGEcC zH>vgeUFXrOffAdqI6D|gG{)FyO?n0?XXi5WsPgew$B-v+j_3I-^Tx6s5+az`;U(rA zK3?*vJ7fl>2;)I9hIxSfkHsFdG53=)r+wzPlOZc7Ld<<%=sTeFOCbNbBL?H*?oiuQ zUNH+<9ao14X5lZ)9XWjRDW=D4Y_q05F88p5+LTA!^@ej^t3~wRU^)6q# zF$wQ+jMy?hFYaBl(2P3(CjNr*vyE&Fa6|O^7{}W0#hoH79 zqs=tX7qt{x`D6OE0$a;{eCl>7X!wm|=Qci(L`7BkNjBfYpIe(!F-2+tnmX-k!7YeL z?x63{bad&2x!_nJWul~KmpP%(P#{dv)r}j~-tP(sAmJ_j^V1FP<81}bmO+Ep#qR!Z+?ive|HQux5|VE;b!uA+&Va4vNnv8k7PD^=rNKz#w#o+` zHQb5(ELhAtBsj}JTIyt{%AH@Hz>==|(>2J=WyDE%g|*L*Te*K!+AQ63(YU~VxWr|A zBus%q;LRF$!4zKWME)yU{NXFQH%9os7QTJa)h)u8tsbTC8PvO9iwzl#hw`7S?hg`+ zDaxZ18-Z>(3z^T15pwHQl$XMZC3*j7#df{&&4MP@tjiUFp8j?q)s$iDL>x>OIV?8_ zNlt;{fpik&Z@QoW|7yDiAs)i^QrD|K350<`pZOQ@56^5wQLDu% z9)>GOQC^FXpSx~LvN(9M0#1hl%O*i#zMD1dy{&kftUJa2lzTIOp~WJ9kxZv;^Nt4s zx@XiWGZ1=heX4QYg-T(O9n0Bq4yaC?w{nWO^hV$n2YsgS6|Lmi{4XSxT_*MSjPo=|l;I_~4~tqSFmML*_mvmE}MoMl#ib6{3pq$Z`lIZZoW^Qmf-iM-v{40AEj z;lVe`9~b627bzDqF*d-=)B?_puyp0ab~@DwBezjpKk9VEjchdDk(_x^vgrDE+Yrga`085a zv76YRjABe z)%Nv27o?2q%KvIarz!tb?Lt>`1<4r=2}zZ*>I66y+O_5XW0BhsVVs{so%WBdKePNU zkI)DvmU%?x`M>4o7L(;c`rM*Y{s@mkO-x%zw9t$96p-WM?OZ1w4wkL3>v;z|vzz8QmzPVYjgs{k~&%O=;)*WWDbzF@}$xEp_{}7%*^s z)kKL0DSq*ae7AQfOrU9bE-~)%;C@;V{Ch& zaKEhg%92uzkfdx>d6>wuK3ZChH6x-+3+-FOoxY+ysE1$6Zqx|$PK{vdfGN(_8tH7M zy>>CVe)20@drlTatSJn$dA*xp%|P($J&o$o`uz4vpG1n5EX}1kSPHdCbTu^;^B3HN zwL~yWy9;eMJEEI1g@)dj|143B@d<4_wIl)ST1x(ClBUyiuVqa*^W)z%d9c^w4q;{{ zk84DanuM9ytzaU3HTXf*aa^`FSk*p%UO7jWA(#xk{O+~3!%i>HUicWaSMVNXFHV@& zW|zJ9THM}0e+IuNHo&VYs&?_0s({ShplyUbloh`!rG-y_aOEQe}aB=!42 z38pSeM?B_$GBt+~1!KO=em>|}smwHr!n%&%pm*{3_dW5Q=T(faq2J7{*Y~Vkld%c0 z)H9}LjdH%iH2{$6YpZ0L2Qw!)UXU@vnZBH!zgG?`8>ALA$E-Zy&tW&x(f4Svz-UEY zwJIedcyzp-qam?^IiAy2MONc&yxR{`j5&?;%~nN&3lWV#>bF~)s_*Kr49a{P(6RbMTNg&Gp&|Zrf3RoNkVkAiQpP6 zKk^*Cvy5ySta1~Iw5JDt9ZF{AlEk{y8D#vvO#ZKCw{zXbaFNL1{hq$>8}k0@3*&=J zYnwq*H4CO*3B~`un2OukuYP>w3kuYx_7giXTF9u!5tS|;^a`96a@zTH((S9Fet5OJ zQa!=%ZBke1eJ;Tfr1Pz8*rZuf!-b!D?`13{U_c4s|ZMWXz+fqi21;zV8P{vAb-WJuOCEOGhA z>&j>TBEUw0;61itx4+zSCx>-?p zMaBI2@=k(bj#^$W3$R);GSJ6q04W$=(~jve_37QN78#f}z+~U~qC(g(=T#_h%|5Yu z6V*kL|K503`x{Gn^NKC=jTMCZJCN;byetn(f^pB9(Y7h=3T`*dun_K|uEF{>_8qN-K@TCU4ZG#%C;paQ6L<)ziTR@eP_gKew z!+cD1GX!D(TEPHY>VrGxi)^Y<(&J||*BeuwqfGa{{8Hk$>;y7b`su0KF8oJ21`#TN zW*QU1wOl+K_0>vML%E87aWqTTQ@uGp#S0C$;pa*(^l)aI95J$;qm`OY*X~K27o>z) zw#GRAExcG$m+sSG8F>+PpG(QhA~(Y%uS!_Q=?e@98ysjzqMiWm_Gg{rP_m*#p4Gu2 zEh${buHNg-TS=1eNPxRg|9q569;i*OfpVbiFt=3w65^SG(qt0`-6z zaOJs+$!~YoQzCR^YRt6|Zrmbduv}4E*-EF#J36r45?#Eht2Bp8cj1-g0}wbjz)_?^ zW!LW_!SQi%gv#>)CT^IjN6E;mcY^td_|fLcfQ`B0*1M)@!xBjytTo$9^5!eY zr`WeC;(Qonm(hCsX4h53eFa1u&o{C0umnDQ2y?LNL5Ej;ANo{5BHu_^F&pppGb|o( XXWrBL{Dp!)9sH=P=qP8My5#p?F4>+9 diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/Get-PTB-WT2.sh b/others/GDAS/data/Get-PTB-WT2.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 12f28e6..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/Get-PTB-WT2.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -# https://github.com/salesforce/awd-lstm-lm -echo "=== Acquiring datasets ===" -echo "---" -mkdir -p save - -mkdir -p data -cd data - -echo "- Downloading WikiText-2 (WT2)" -wget --quiet --continue https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-v1.zip -unzip -q wikitext-2-v1.zip -cd wikitext-2 -mv wiki.train.tokens train.txt -mv wiki.valid.tokens valid.txt -mv wiki.test.tokens test.txt -cd .. - -echo "- Downloading WikiText-103 (WT2)" -wget --continue https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-103-v1.zip -unzip -q wikitext-103-v1.zip -cd wikitext-103 -mv wiki.train.tokens train.txt -mv wiki.valid.tokens valid.txt -mv wiki.test.tokens test.txt -cd .. - -echo "- Downloading Penn Treebank (PTB)" -wget --quiet --continue http://www.fit.vutbr.cz/~imikolov/rnnlm/simple-examples.tgz -tar -xzf simple-examples.tgz - -mkdir -p penn -cd penn -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.train.txt train.txt -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.test.txt test.txt -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.valid.txt valid.txt -cd .. - -echo "- Downloading Penn Treebank (Character)" -mkdir -p pennchar -cd pennchar -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.char.train.txt train.txt -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.char.test.txt test.txt -mv ../simple-examples/data/ptb.char.valid.txt valid.txt -cd .. - -rm -rf simple-examples/ - -echo "---" -echo "Happy language modeling :)" diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/ImageNet-100.txt b/others/GDAS/data/ImageNet-100.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 841ddf3..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/ImageNet-100.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -n01532829 -n01560419 -n01580077 -n01614925 -n01664065 -n01751748 -n01871265 -n01924916 -n02087394 -n02091134 -n02091244 -n02094433 -n02097209 -n02102040 -n02102480 -n02105251 -n02106662 -n02108422 -n02108551 -n02123597 -n02165105 -n02190166 -n02268853 -n02279972 -n02408429 -n02412080 -n02443114 -n02488702 -n02509815 -n02606052 -n02701002 -n02782093 -n02794156 -n02802426 -n02804414 -n02808440 -n02906734 -n02917067 -n02950826 -n02963159 -n03017168 -n03042490 -n03045698 -n03063689 -n03065424 -n03100240 -n03109150 -n03124170 -n03131574 -n03272562 -n03345487 -n03443371 -n03461385 -n03527444 -n03690938 -n03692522 -n03721384 -n03729826 -n03792782 -n03838899 -n03843555 -n03874293 -n03877472 -n03877845 -n03908618 -n03929660 -n03930630 -n03933933 -n03970156 -n03976657 -n03982430 -n04004767 -n04065272 -n04141975 -n04146614 -n04152593 -n04192698 -n04200800 -n04204347 -n04317175 -n04326547 -n04344873 -n04370456 -n04389033 -n04501370 -n04515003 -n04542943 -n04554684 -n04562935 -n04596742 -n04597913 -n04606251 -n07583066 -n07718472 -n07734744 -n07873807 -n07880968 -n09229709 -n12768682 -n12998815 diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/README.md b/others/GDAS/data/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2da686d..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -# ImageNet - -The class names of ImageNet-1K are in `classes.txt`. - -# A 100-class subset of ImageNet-1K : ImageNet-100 - -The class names of ImageNet-100 are in `ImageNet-100.txt`. - -Run `python split-imagenet.py` will automatically create ImageNet-100 based on the data of ImageNet-1K. By default, we assume the data of ImageNet-1K locates at `~/.torch/ILSVRC2012`. If your data is in a different location, you need to modify line-19 and line-20 in `split-imagenet.py`. - -# Tiny-ImageNet -The official website is [here](https://tiny-imagenet.herokuapp.com/). Please run `python tiny-imagenet.py` to generate the correct format of Tiny ImageNet for training. - -# PTB and WT2 -Run `bash Get-PTB-WT2.sh` to download the data. diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/classes.txt b/others/GDAS/data/classes.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 88aa58f..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/classes.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1000 +0,0 @@ -n01440764 -n01443537 -n01484850 -n01491361 -n01494475 -n01496331 -n01498041 -n01514668 -n01514859 -n01518878 -n01530575 -n01531178 -n01532829 -n01534433 -n01537544 -n01558993 -n01560419 -n01580077 -n01582220 -n01592084 -n01601694 -n01608432 -n01614925 -n01616318 -n01622779 -n01629819 -n01630670 -n01631663 -n01632458 -n01632777 -n01641577 -n01644373 -n01644900 -n01664065 -n01665541 -n01667114 -n01667778 -n01669191 -n01675722 -n01677366 -n01682714 -n01685808 -n01687978 -n01688243 -n01689811 -n01692333 -n01693334 -n01694178 -n01695060 -n01697457 -n01698640 -n01704323 -n01728572 -n01728920 -n01729322 -n01729977 -n01734418 -n01735189 -n01737021 -n01739381 -n01740131 -n01742172 -n01744401 -n01748264 -n01749939 -n01751748 -n01753488 -n01755581 -n01756291 -n01768244 -n01770081 -n01770393 -n01773157 -n01773549 -n01773797 -n01774384 -n01774750 -n01775062 -n01776313 -n01784675 -n01795545 -n01796340 -n01797886 -n01798484 -n01806143 -n01806567 -n01807496 -n01817953 -n01818515 -n01819313 -n01820546 -n01824575 -n01828970 -n01829413 -n01833805 -n01843065 -n01843383 -n01847000 -n01855032 -n01855672 -n01860187 -n01871265 -n01872401 -n01873310 -n01877812 -n01882714 -n01883070 -n01910747 -n01914609 -n01917289 -n01924916 -n01930112 -n01943899 -n01944390 -n01945685 -n01950731 -n01955084 -n01968897 -n01978287 -n01978455 -n01980166 -n01981276 -n01983481 -n01984695 -n01985128 -n01986214 -n01990800 -n02002556 -n02002724 -n02006656 -n02007558 -n02009229 -n02009912 -n02011460 -n02012849 -n02013706 -n02017213 -n02018207 -n02018795 -n02025239 -n02027492 -n02028035 -n02033041 -n02037110 -n02051845 -n02056570 -n02058221 -n02066245 -n02071294 -n02074367 -n02077923 -n02085620 -n02085782 -n02085936 -n02086079 -n02086240 -n02086646 -n02086910 -n02087046 -n02087394 -n02088094 -n02088238 -n02088364 -n02088466 -n02088632 -n02089078 -n02089867 -n02089973 -n02090379 -n02090622 -n02090721 -n02091032 -n02091134 -n02091244 -n02091467 -n02091635 -n02091831 -n02092002 -n02092339 -n02093256 -n02093428 -n02093647 -n02093754 -n02093859 -n02093991 -n02094114 -n02094258 -n02094433 -n02095314 -n02095570 -n02095889 -n02096051 -n02096177 -n02096294 -n02096437 -n02096585 -n02097047 -n02097130 -n02097209 -n02097298 -n02097474 -n02097658 -n02098105 -n02098286 -n02098413 -n02099267 -n02099429 -n02099601 -n02099712 -n02099849 -n02100236 -n02100583 -n02100735 -n02100877 -n02101006 -n02101388 -n02101556 -n02102040 -n02102177 -n02102318 -n02102480 -n02102973 -n02104029 -n02104365 -n02105056 -n02105162 -n02105251 -n02105412 -n02105505 -n02105641 -n02105855 -n02106030 -n02106166 -n02106382 -n02106550 -n02106662 -n02107142 -n02107312 -n02107574 -n02107683 -n02107908 -n02108000 -n02108089 -n02108422 -n02108551 -n02108915 -n02109047 -n02109525 -n02109961 -n02110063 -n02110185 -n02110341 -n02110627 -n02110806 -n02110958 -n02111129 -n02111277 -n02111500 -n02111889 -n02112018 -n02112137 -n02112350 -n02112706 -n02113023 -n02113186 -n02113624 -n02113712 -n02113799 -n02113978 -n02114367 -n02114548 -n02114712 -n02114855 -n02115641 -n02115913 -n02116738 -n02117135 -n02119022 -n02119789 -n02120079 -n02120505 -n02123045 -n02123159 -n02123394 -n02123597 -n02124075 -n02125311 -n02127052 -n02128385 -n02128757 -n02128925 -n02129165 -n02129604 -n02130308 -n02132136 -n02133161 -n02134084 -n02134418 -n02137549 -n02138441 -n02165105 -n02165456 -n02167151 -n02168699 -n02169497 -n02172182 -n02174001 -n02177972 -n02190166 -n02206856 -n02219486 -n02226429 -n02229544 -n02231487 -n02233338 -n02236044 -n02256656 -n02259212 -n02264363 -n02268443 -n02268853 -n02276258 -n02277742 -n02279972 -n02280649 -n02281406 -n02281787 -n02317335 -n02319095 -n02321529 -n02325366 -n02326432 -n02328150 -n02342885 -n02346627 -n02356798 -n02361337 -n02363005 -n02364673 -n02389026 -n02391049 -n02395406 -n02396427 -n02397096 -n02398521 -n02403003 -n02408429 -n02410509 -n02412080 -n02415577 -n02417914 -n02422106 -n02422699 -n02423022 -n02437312 -n02437616 -n02441942 -n02442845 -n02443114 -n02443484 -n02444819 -n02445715 -n02447366 -n02454379 -n02457408 -n02480495 -n02480855 -n02481823 -n02483362 -n02483708 -n02484975 -n02486261 -n02486410 -n02487347 -n02488291 -n02488702 -n02489166 -n02490219 -n02492035 -n02492660 -n02493509 -n02493793 -n02494079 -n02497673 -n02500267 -n02504013 -n02504458 -n02509815 -n02510455 -n02514041 -n02526121 -n02536864 -n02606052 -n02607072 -n02640242 -n02641379 -n02643566 -n02655020 -n02666196 -n02667093 -n02669723 -n02672831 -n02676566 -n02687172 -n02690373 -n02692877 -n02699494 -n02701002 -n02704792 -n02708093 -n02727426 -n02730930 -n02747177 -n02749479 -n02769748 -n02776631 -n02777292 -n02782093 -n02783161 -n02786058 -n02787622 -n02788148 -n02790996 -n02791124 -n02791270 -n02793495 -n02794156 -n02795169 -n02797295 -n02799071 -n02802426 -n02804414 -n02804610 -n02807133 -n02808304 -n02808440 -n02814533 -n02814860 -n02815834 -n02817516 -n02823428 -n02823750 -n02825657 -n02834397 -n02835271 -n02837789 -n02840245 -n02841315 -n02843684 -n02859443 -n02860847 -n02865351 -n02869837 -n02870880 -n02871525 -n02877765 -n02879718 -n02883205 -n02892201 -n02892767 -n02894605 -n02895154 -n02906734 -n02909870 -n02910353 -n02916936 -n02917067 -n02927161 -n02930766 -n02939185 -n02948072 -n02950826 -n02951358 -n02951585 -n02963159 -n02965783 -n02966193 -n02966687 -n02971356 -n02974003 -n02977058 -n02978881 -n02979186 -n02980441 -n02981792 -n02988304 -n02992211 -n02992529 -n02999410 -n03000134 -n03000247 -n03000684 -n03014705 -n03016953 -n03017168 -n03018349 -n03026506 -n03028079 -n03032252 -n03041632 -n03042490 -n03045698 -n03047690 -n03062245 -n03063599 -n03063689 -n03065424 -n03075370 -n03085013 -n03089624 -n03095699 -n03100240 -n03109150 -n03110669 -n03124043 -n03124170 -n03125729 -n03126707 -n03127747 -n03127925 -n03131574 -n03133878 -n03134739 -n03141823 -n03146219 -n03160309 -n03179701 -n03180011 -n03187595 -n03188531 -n03196217 -n03197337 -n03201208 -n03207743 -n03207941 -n03208938 -n03216828 -n03218198 -n03220513 -n03223299 -n03240683 -n03249569 -n03250847 -n03255030 -n03259280 -n03271574 -n03272010 -n03272562 -n03290653 -n03291819 -n03297495 -n03314780 -n03325584 -n03337140 -n03344393 -n03345487 -n03347037 -n03355925 -n03372029 -n03376595 -n03379051 -n03384352 -n03388043 -n03388183 -n03388549 -n03393912 -n03394916 -n03400231 -n03404251 -n03417042 -n03424325 -n03425413 -n03443371 -n03444034 -n03445777 -n03445924 -n03447447 -n03447721 -n03450230 -n03452741 -n03457902 -n03459775 -n03461385 -n03467068 -n03476684 -n03476991 -n03478589 -n03481172 -n03482405 -n03483316 -n03485407 -n03485794 -n03492542 -n03494278 -n03495258 -n03496892 -n03498962 -n03527444 -n03529860 -n03530642 -n03532672 -n03534580 -n03535780 -n03538406 -n03544143 -n03584254 -n03584829 -n03590841 -n03594734 -n03594945 -n03595614 -n03598930 -n03599486 -n03602883 -n03617480 -n03623198 -n03627232 -n03630383 -n03633091 -n03637318 -n03642806 -n03649909 -n03657121 -n03658185 -n03661043 -n03662601 -n03666591 -n03670208 -n03673027 -n03676483 -n03680355 -n03690938 -n03691459 -n03692522 -n03697007 -n03706229 -n03709823 -n03710193 -n03710637 -n03710721 -n03717622 -n03720891 -n03721384 -n03724870 -n03729826 -n03733131 -n03733281 -n03733805 -n03742115 -n03743016 -n03759954 -n03761084 -n03763968 -n03764736 -n03769881 -n03770439 -n03770679 -n03773504 -n03775071 -n03775546 -n03776460 -n03777568 -n03777754 -n03781244 -n03782006 -n03785016 -n03786901 -n03787032 -n03788195 -n03788365 -n03791053 -n03792782 -n03792972 -n03793489 -n03794056 -n03796401 -n03803284 -n03804744 -n03814639 -n03814906 -n03825788 -n03832673 -n03837869 -n03838899 -n03840681 -n03841143 -n03843555 -n03854065 -n03857828 -n03866082 -n03868242 -n03868863 -n03871628 -n03873416 -n03874293 -n03874599 -n03876231 -n03877472 -n03877845 -n03884397 -n03887697 -n03888257 -n03888605 -n03891251 -n03891332 -n03895866 -n03899768 -n03902125 -n03903868 -n03908618 -n03908714 -n03916031 -n03920288 -n03924679 -n03929660 -n03929855 -n03930313 -n03930630 -n03933933 -n03935335 -n03937543 -n03938244 -n03942813 -n03944341 -n03947888 -n03950228 -n03954731 -n03956157 -n03958227 -n03961711 -n03967562 -n03970156 -n03976467 -n03976657 -n03977966 -n03980874 -n03982430 -n03983396 -n03991062 -n03992509 -n03995372 -n03998194 -n04004767 -n04005630 -n04008634 -n04009552 -n04019541 -n04023962 -n04026417 -n04033901 -n04033995 -n04037443 -n04039381 -n04040759 -n04041544 -n04044716 -n04049303 -n04065272 -n04067472 -n04069434 -n04070727 -n04074963 -n04081281 -n04086273 -n04090263 -n04099969 -n04111531 -n04116512 -n04118538 -n04118776 -n04120489 -n04125021 -n04127249 -n04131690 -n04133789 -n04136333 -n04141076 -n04141327 -n04141975 -n04146614 -n04147183 -n04149813 -n04152593 -n04153751 -n04154565 -n04162706 -n04179913 -n04192698 -n04200800 -n04201297 -n04204238 -n04204347 -n04208210 -n04209133 -n04209239 -n04228054 -n04229816 -n04235860 -n04238763 -n04239074 -n04243546 -n04251144 -n04252077 -n04252225 -n04254120 -n04254680 -n04254777 -n04258138 -n04259630 -n04263257 -n04264628 -n04265275 -n04266014 -n04270147 -n04273569 -n04275548 -n04277352 -n04285008 -n04286575 -n04296562 -n04310018 -n04311004 -n04311174 -n04317175 -n04325704 -n04326547 -n04328186 -n04330267 -n04332243 -n04335435 -n04336792 -n04344873 -n04346328 -n04347754 -n04350905 -n04355338 -n04355933 -n04356056 -n04357314 -n04366367 -n04367480 -n04370456 -n04371430 -n04371774 -n04372370 -n04376876 -n04380533 -n04389033 -n04392985 -n04398044 -n04399382 -n04404412 -n04409515 -n04417672 -n04418357 -n04423845 -n04428191 -n04429376 -n04435653 -n04442312 -n04443257 -n04447861 -n04456115 -n04458633 -n04461696 -n04462240 -n04465501 -n04467665 -n04476259 -n04479046 -n04482393 -n04483307 -n04485082 -n04486054 -n04487081 -n04487394 -n04493381 -n04501370 -n04505470 -n04507155 -n04509417 -n04515003 -n04517823 -n04522168 -n04523525 -n04525038 -n04525305 -n04532106 -n04532670 -n04536866 -n04540053 -n04542943 -n04548280 -n04548362 -n04550184 -n04552348 -n04553703 -n04554684 -n04557648 -n04560804 -n04562935 -n04579145 -n04579432 -n04584207 -n04589890 -n04590129 -n04591157 -n04591713 -n04592741 -n04596742 -n04597913 -n04599235 -n04604644 -n04606251 -n04612504 -n04613696 -n06359193 -n06596364 -n06785654 -n06794110 -n06874185 -n07248320 -n07565083 -n07579787 -n07583066 -n07584110 -n07590611 -n07613480 -n07614500 -n07615774 -n07684084 -n07693725 -n07695742 -n07697313 -n07697537 -n07711569 -n07714571 -n07714990 -n07715103 -n07716358 -n07716906 -n07717410 -n07717556 -n07718472 -n07718747 -n07720875 -n07730033 -n07734744 -n07742313 -n07745940 -n07747607 -n07749582 -n07753113 -n07753275 -n07753592 -n07754684 -n07760859 -n07768694 -n07802026 -n07831146 -n07836838 -n07860988 -n07871810 -n07873807 -n07875152 -n07880968 -n07892512 -n07920052 -n07930864 -n07932039 -n09193705 -n09229709 -n09246464 -n09256479 -n09288635 -n09332890 -n09399592 -n09421951 -n09428293 -n09468604 -n09472597 -n09835506 -n10148035 -n10565667 -n11879895 -n11939491 -n12057211 -n12144580 -n12267677 -n12620546 -n12768682 -n12985857 -n12998815 -n13037406 -n13040303 -n13044778 -n13052670 -n13054560 -n13133613 -n15075141 diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/compress.py b/others/GDAS/data/compress.py deleted file mode 100644 index e84df9d..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/compress.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -# python ./data/compress.py $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012/ $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012-TAR tar -# python ./data/compress.py $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012/ $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012-ZIP zip -import os, sys -from pathlib import Path - - -def command(prefix, cmd): - print ('{:}{:}'.format(prefix, cmd)) - os.system(cmd) - - -def main(source, destination, xtype): - assert source.exists(), '{:} does not exist'.format(source) - assert (source/'train').exists(), '{:}/train does not exist'.format(source) - assert (source/'val' ).exists(), '{:}/val does not exist'.format(source) - source = source.resolve() - destination = destination.resolve() - destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - os.system('rm -rf {:}'.format(destination)) - destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - (destination/'train').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - subdirs = list( (source / 'train').glob('n*') ) - assert len(subdirs) == 1000, 'ILSVRC2012 should contain 1000 classes instead of {:}.'.format( len(subdirs) ) - if xtype == 'tar' : command('', 'tar -cf {:} -C {:} val'.format(destination/'val.tar', source)) - elif xtype == 'zip': command('', '(cd {:} ; zip -r {:} val)'.format(source, destination/'val.zip')) - else: raise ValueError('invalid compress type : {:}'.format(xtype)) - for idx, subdir in enumerate(subdirs): - name = subdir.name - if xtype == 'tar' : command('{:03d}/{:03d}-th: '.format(idx, len(subdirs)), 'tar -cf {:} -C {:} {:}'.format(destination/'train'/'{:}.tar'.format(name), source / 'train', name)) - elif xtype == 'zip': command('{:03d}/{:03d}-th: '.format(idx, len(subdirs)), '(cd {:}; zip -r {:} {:})'.format(source / 'train', destination/'train'/'{:}.zip'.format(name), name)) - else: raise ValueError('invalid compress type : {:}'.format(xtype)) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - assert len(sys.argv) == 4, 'invalid argv : {:}'.format(sys.argv) - source, destination = Path(sys.argv[1]), Path(sys.argv[2]) - main(source, destination, sys.argv[3]) diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/test.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/test.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8079cdf..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/test.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3761 +0,0 @@ - no it was n't black monday - but while the new york stock exchange did n't fall apart friday as the dow jones industrial average plunged N points most of it in the final hour it barely managed to stay this side of chaos - some circuit breakers installed after the october N crash failed their first test traders say unable to cool the selling panic in both stocks and futures - the N stock specialist firms on the big board floor the buyers and sellers of last resort who were criticized after the N crash once again could n't handle the selling pressure - big investment banks refused to step up to the plate to support the beleaguered floor traders by buying big blocks of stock traders say - heavy selling of standard & poor 's 500-stock index futures in chicago beat stocks downward - seven big board stocks ual amr bankamerica walt disney capital cities\/abc philip morris and pacific telesis group stopped trading and never resumed - the has already begun - the equity market was - once again the specialists were not able to handle the imbalances on the floor of the new york stock exchange said christopher senior vice president at securities corp - james chairman of specialists henderson brothers inc. it is easy to say the specialist is n't doing his job - when the dollar is in a even central banks ca n't stop it - speculators are calling for a degree of liquidity that is not there in the market - many money managers and some traders had already left their offices early friday afternoon on a warm autumn day because the stock market was so quiet - then in a plunge the dow jones industrials in barely an hour surrendered about a third of their gains this year up a 190.58-point or N N loss on the day in trading volume - trading accelerated to N million shares a record for the big board - at the end of the day N million shares were traded - the dow jones industrials closed at N - the dow 's decline was second in point terms only to the black monday crash that occurred oct. N N - in percentage terms however the dow 's dive was the ever and the sharpest since the market fell N or N N a week after black monday - the dow fell N N on black monday - shares of ual the parent of united airlines were extremely active all day friday reacting to news and rumors about the proposed $ N billion buy-out of the airline by an group - wall street 's takeover-stock speculators or risk arbitragers had placed unusually large bets that a takeover would succeed and ual stock would rise - at N p.m. edt came the news the big board was trading in ual pending news - on the exchange floor as soon as ual stopped trading we for a panic said one top floor trader - several traders could be seen shaking their heads when the news - for weeks the market had been nervous about takeovers after campeau corp. 's cash crunch spurred concern about the prospects for future highly leveraged takeovers - and N minutes after the ual trading halt came news that the ual group could n't get financing for its bid - at this point the dow was down about N points - the market - arbitragers could n't dump their ual stock but they rid themselves of nearly every rumor stock they had - for example their selling caused trading halts to be declared in usair group which closed down N N to N N delta air lines which fell N N to N N and industries which sank N to N N - these stocks eventually reopened - but as panic spread speculators began to sell blue-chip stocks such as philip morris and international business machines to offset their losses - when trading was halted in philip morris the stock was trading at N down N N while ibm closed N N lower at N - selling because of waves of automatic stop-loss orders which are triggered by computer when prices fall to certain levels - most of the stock selling pressure came from wall street professionals including computer-guided program traders - traders said most of their major institutional investors on the other hand sat tight - now at N one of the market 's post-crash reforms took hold as the s&p N futures contract had plunged N points equivalent to around a drop in the dow industrials - under an agreement signed by the big board and the chicago mercantile exchange trading was temporarily halted in chicago - after the trading halt in the s&p N pit in chicago waves of selling continued to hit stocks themselves on the big board and specialists continued to prices down - as a result the link between the futures and stock markets apart - without the of stock-index futures the barometer of where traders think the overall stock market is headed many traders were afraid to trust stock prices quoted on the big board - the futures halt was even by big board floor traders - it things up said one major specialist - this confusion effectively halted one form of program trading stock index arbitrage that closely links the futures and stock markets and has been blamed by some for the market 's big swings - in a stock-index arbitrage sell program traders buy or sell big baskets of stocks and offset the trade in futures to lock in a price difference - when the airline information came through it every model we had for the marketplace said a managing director at one of the largest program-trading firms - we did n't even get a chance to do the programs we wanted to do - but stocks kept falling - the dow industrials were down N points at N p.m. before the halt - at N p.m. at the end of the cooling off period the average was down N points - meanwhile during the the s&p trading halt s&p futures sell orders began up while stocks in new york kept falling sharply - big board chairman john j. phelan said yesterday the circuit breaker worked well - i just think it 's at this point to get into a debate if index arbitrage would have helped or hurt things - under another post-crash system big board president richard mr. phelan was flying to as the market was falling was talking on an hot line to the other exchanges the securities and exchange commission and the federal reserve board - he out at a high-tech center on the floor of the big board where he could watch on prices and pending stock orders - at about N p.m. edt s&p futures resumed trading and for a brief time the futures and stock markets started to come back in line - buyers stepped in to the futures pit - but the of s&p futures sell orders weighed on the market and the link with stocks began to fray again - at about N the s&p market to still another limit of N points down and trading was locked again - futures traders say the s&p was that the dow could fall as much as N points - during this time small investors began ringing their brokers wondering whether another crash had begun - at prudential-bache securities inc. which is trying to cater to small investors some brokers thought this would be the final - that 's when george l. ball chairman of the prudential insurance co. of america unit took to the internal system to declare that the plunge was only mechanical - i have a that this particular decline today is something more about less - it would be my to advise clients not to sell to look for an opportunity to buy mr. ball told the brokers - at merrill lynch & co. the nation 's biggest brokerage firm a news release was prepared merrill lynch comments on market drop - the release cautioned that there are significant differences between the current environment and that of october N and that there are still attractive investment opportunities in the stock market - however jeffrey b. lane president of shearson lehman hutton inc. said that friday 's plunge is going to set back relations with customers because it the concern of volatility - and i think a lot of people will on program trading - it 's going to bring the debate right back to the - as the dow average ground to its final N loss friday the s&p pit stayed locked at its trading limit - jeffrey of program trader investment group said N s&p contracts were for sale on the close the equivalent of $ N million in stock - but there were no buyers - while friday 's debacle involved mainly professional traders rather than investors it left the market vulnerable to continued selling this morning traders said - stock-index futures contracts settled at much lower prices than indexes of the stock market itself - at those levels stocks are set up to be by index arbitragers who lock in profits by buying futures when futures prices fall and simultaneously sell off stocks - but nobody knows at what level the futures and stocks will open today - the between the stock and futures markets friday will undoubtedly cause renewed debate about whether wall street is properly prepared for another crash situation - the big board 's mr. said our performance was good - but the exchange will look at the performance of all specialists in all stocks - obviously we 'll take a close look at any situation in which we think the obligations were n't met he said - see related story fed ready to big funds wsj oct. N N - but specialists complain privately that just as in the N crash the firms big investment banks that support the market by trading big blocks of stock stayed on the sidelines during friday 's - mr. phelan said it will take another day or two to analyze who was buying and selling friday - concerning your sept. N page-one article on prince charles and the it 's a few hundred years since england has been a kingdom - it 's now the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland northern ireland scotland and oh yes england too - just thought you 'd like to know - george - ports of call inc. reached agreements to sell its remaining seven aircraft to buyers that were n't disclosed - the agreements bring to a total of nine the number of planes the travel company has sold this year as part of a restructuring - the company said a portion of the $ N million realized from the sales will be used to repay its bank debt and other obligations resulting from the currently suspended operations - earlier the company announced it would sell its aging fleet of boeing co. because of increasing maintenance costs - a consortium of private investors operating as funding co. said it has made a $ N million cash bid for most of l.j. hooker corp. 's real-estate and holdings - the $ N million bid includes the assumption of an estimated $ N million in secured liabilities on those properties according to those making the bid - the group is led by jay chief executive officer of investment corp. in and a. boyd simpson chief executive of the atlanta-based simpson organization inc - mr. 's company specializes in commercial real-estate investment and claims to have $ N billion in assets mr. simpson is a developer and a former senior executive of l.j. hooker - the assets are good but they require more money and management than can be provided in l.j. hooker 's current situation said mr. simpson in an interview - hooker 's philosophy was to build and sell - we want to build and hold - l.j. hooker based in atlanta is operating with protection from its creditors under chapter N of the u.s. bankruptcy code - its parent company hooker corp. of sydney australia is currently being managed by a court-appointed provisional - sanford chief executive of l.j. hooker said yesterday in a statement that he has not yet seen the bid but that he would review it and bring it to the attention of the creditors committee - the $ N million bid is estimated by mr. simpson as representing N N of the value of all hooker real-estate holdings in the u.s. - not included in the bid are teller or b. altman & co. l.j. hooker 's department-store chains - the offer covers the massive N forest fair mall in cincinnati the N fashion mall in columbia s.c. and the N town center mall in - the mall opened sept. N with a 's as its the columbia mall is expected to open nov. N - other hooker properties included are a office tower in atlanta expected to be completed next february vacant land sites in florida and ohio l.j. hooker international the commercial real-estate brokerage company that once did business as merrill lynch commercial real estate plus other shopping centers - the consortium was put together by the london-based investment banking company that is a subsidiary of security pacific corp - we do n't anticipate any problems in raising the funding for the bid said campbell the head of mergers and acquisitions at in an interview - is acting as the consortium 's investment bankers - according to people familiar with the consortium the bid was project a reference to the film in which a played by actress is saved from a businessman by a police officer named john - l.j. hooker was a small company based in atlanta in N when mr. simpson was hired to push it into commercial development - the company grew modestly until N when a majority position in hooker corp. was acquired by australian developer george currently hooker 's chairman - mr. to launch an ambitious but $ N billion acquisition binge that included teller and b. altman & co. as well as majority positions in merksamer jewelers a sacramento chain inc. the retailer and inc. the southeast department-store chain - eventually mr. simpson and mr. had a falling out over the direction of the company and mr. simpson said he resigned in N - since then hooker corp. has sold its interest in the chain back to 's management and is currently attempting to sell the b. altman & co. chain - in addition robert chief executive of the chain is seeking funds to buy out the hooker interest in his company - the merksamer chain is currently being offered for sale by first boston corp - reached in mr. said that he believes the various hooker can become profitable with new management - these are n't mature assets but they have the potential to be so said mr. - managed properly and with a long-term outlook these can become investment-grade quality properties - canadian production totaled N metric tons in the week ended oct. N up N N from the preceding week 's total of N tons statistics canada a federal agency said - the week 's total was up N N from N tons a year earlier - the total was N tons up N N from N tons a year earlier - the treasury plans to raise $ N million in new cash thursday by selling about $ N billion of 52-week bills and $ N billion of maturing bills - the bills will be dated oct. N and will mature oct. N N - they will be available in minimum denominations of $ N - bids must be received by N p.m. edt thursday at the treasury or at federal reserve banks or branches - as small investors their mutual funds with phone calls over the weekend big fund managers said they have a strong defense against any wave of withdrawals cash - unlike the weekend before black monday the funds were n't with heavy withdrawal requests - and many fund managers have built up cash levels and say they will be buying stock this week - at fidelity investments the nation 's largest fund company telephone volume was up sharply but it was still at just half the level of the weekend preceding black monday in N - the boston firm said redemptions were running at less than one-third the level two years ago - as of yesterday afternoon the redemptions represented less than N N of the total cash position of about $ N billion of fidelity 's stock funds - two years ago there were massive redemption levels over the weekend and a lot of fear around said c. bruce who runs fidelity investments ' $ N billion fund - this feels more like a deal - people are n't - the test may come today - friday 's stock market sell-off came too late for many investors to act - some shareholders have held off until today because any fund exchanges made after friday 's close would take place at today 's closing prices - stock fund redemptions during the N debacle did n't begin to until after the market opened on black monday - but fund managers say they 're ready - many have raised cash levels which act as a buffer against steep market declines - mario for instance holds cash positions well above N N in several of his funds - windsor fund 's john and mutual series ' michael price said they had raised their cash levels to more than N N and N N respectively this year - even peter lynch manager of fidelity 's $ N billion fund the nation 's largest stock fund built up cash to N N or $ N million - one reason is that after two years of monthly net redemptions the fund posted net inflows of money from investors in august and september - i 've let the money build up mr. lynch said who added that he has had trouble finding stocks he likes - not all funds have raised cash levels of course - as a group stock funds held N N of assets in cash as of august the latest figures available from the investment company institute - that was modestly higher than the N N and N N levels in august and september of N - also persistent redemptions would force some fund managers to dump stocks to raise cash - but a strong level of investor withdrawals is much more unlikely this time around fund managers said - a major reason is that investors already have sharply scaled back their purchases of stock funds since black monday - sales have rebounded in recent months but monthly net purchases are still running at less than half N levels - there 's not nearly as much said john chairman of vanguard group inc. a big valley forge pa. fund company - many fund managers argue that now 's the time to buy - vincent manager of the $ N billion wellington fund added to his positions in bristol-myers squibb woolworth and dun & bradstreet friday - and today he 'll be looking to buy drug stocks like eli lilly pfizer and american home products whose dividend yields have been bolstered by stock declines - fidelity 's mr. lynch for his part snapped up southern co. shares friday after the stock got - if the market drops further today he said he 'll be buying blue chips such as bristol-myers and kellogg - if they stocks like that he said it presents an opportunity that is the kind of thing you dream about - major mutual-fund groups said phone calls were at twice the normal weekend pace yesterday - but most investors were seeking share prices and other information - trading volume was only modestly higher than normal - still fund groups are n't taking any chances - they hope to avoid the phone lines and other that some fund investors in october N - fidelity on saturday opened its N investor centers across the country - the centers normally are closed through the weekend - in addition east coast centers will open at N edt this morning instead of the normal N - t. rowe price associates inc. increased its staff of phone representatives to handle investor requests - the group noted that some investors moved money from stock funds to money-market funds - but most investors seemed to be in an information mode rather than in a transaction mode said steven a vice president - and vanguard among other groups said it was adding more phone representatives today to help investors get through - in an unusual move several funds moved to calm investors with on their phone lines - we view friday 's market decline as offering us a buying opportunity as long-term investors a recording at & co. funds said over the weekend - the group had a similar recording for investors - several fund managers expect a rough market this morning before prices stabilize - some early selling is likely to stem from investors and portfolio managers who want to lock in this year 's fat profits - stock funds have averaged a staggering gain of N N through september according to lipper analytical services inc - who runs shearson lehman hutton inc. 's $ N million sector analysis portfolio predicts the market will open down at least N points on technical factors and some panic selling - but she expects prices to rebound soon and is telling investors she expects the stock market wo n't decline more than N N to N N from recent highs - this is not a major crash she said - nevertheless ms. said she was with phone calls over the weekend from nervous shareholders - half of them are really scared and want to sell she said but i 'm trying to talk them out of it - she added if they all were bullish i 'd really be upset - the backdrop to friday 's slide was different from that of the october N crash fund managers argue - two years ago unlike today the dollar was weak interest rates were rising and the market was very they say - from the investors ' standpoint institutions and individuals learned a painful lesson by selling at the lows on black monday said stephen boesel manager of the $ N million t. rowe price growth and income fund - this time i do n't think we 'll get a panic reaction - newport corp. said it expects to report earnings of between N cents and N cents a share somewhat below analysts ' estimates of N cents to N cents - the maker of scientific instruments and laser parts said orders fell below expectations in recent months - a spokesman added that sales in the current quarter will about equal the quarter 's figure when newport reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share on $ N million in sales - from the strike by N machinists union members against boeing co. reached air carriers friday as america west airlines announced it will postpone its new service out of houston because of delays in receiving aircraft from the seattle jet maker - peter vice president for planning at the phoenix ariz. carrier said in an interview that the work at boeing now entering its 13th day has caused some turmoil in our scheduling and that more than N passengers who were booked to fly out of houston on america west would now be put on other airlines - mr. said boeing told america west that the N it was supposed to get this thursday would n't be delivered until nov. N the day after the airline had been planning to service at houston with four daily flights including three to phoenix and one to las vegas - now those routes are n't expected to begin until jan - boeing is also supposed to send to america west another N aircraft as well as a N by year 's end - those too are almost certain to arrive late - at this point no other america west flights including its new service at san antonio texas newark n.j. and calif. have been affected by the delays in boeing deliveries - nevertheless the company 's reaction the effect that a huge manufacturer such as boeing can have on other parts of the economy - it also is sure to help the machinists put added pressure on the company - i just do n't feel that the company can really stand or would want a prolonged tom baker president of machinists ' district N said in an interview yesterday - i do n't think their customers would like it very much - america west though is a smaller airline and therefore more affected by the delayed delivery of a single plane than many of its competitors would be - i figure that american and united probably have such a hard time counting all the planes in their fleets they might not miss one at all mr. said - indeed a random check friday did n't seem to indicate that the strike was having much of an effect on other airline operations - southwest airlines has a boeing N set for delivery at the end of this month and expects to have the plane on time - it 's so close to completion boeing 's told us there wo n't be a problem said a southwest spokesman - a spokesman for amr corp. said boeing has assured american airlines it will deliver a N on time later this month - american is preparing to take delivery of another N in early december and N more next year and is n't anticipating any changes in that timetable - in seattle a boeing spokesman explained that the company has been in constant communication with all of its customers and that it was impossible to predict what further disruptions might be triggered by the strike - meanwhile supervisors and employees have been trying to finish some N aircraft mostly N and N jumbo jets at the company 's wash. plant that were all but completed before the - as of friday four had been delivered and a fifth plane a N was supposed to be out over the weekend to air china - no date has yet been set to get back to the bargaining table - we want to make sure they know what they want before they come back said doug hammond the federal mediator who has been in contact with both sides since the strike began - the investment community for one has been anticipating a resolution - though boeing 's stock price was battered along with the rest of the market friday it actually has risen over the last two weeks on the strength of new orders - the market has taken two views that the labor situation will get settled in the short term and that things look very for boeing in the long term said howard an analyst at j. lawrence inc - boeing 's shares fell $ N friday to close at $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - but mr. baker said he thinks the earliest a pact could be struck would be the end of this month that the company and union may resume negotiations as early as this week - still he said it 's possible that the strike could last considerably longer - i would n't expect an immediate resolution to anything - last week boeing chairman frank sent striking workers a letter saying that to my knowledge boeing 's offer represents the best overall three-year contract of any major u.s. industrial firm in recent history - but mr. baker called the letter and the company 's offer of a N N wage increase over the life of the pact plus bonuses very weak - he added that the company the union 's resolve and the workers ' with being forced to work many hours overtime - in separate developments talks have broken off between machinists representatives at lockheed corp. and the calif. aerospace company - the union is continuing to work through its expired contract however - it had planned a strike vote for next sunday but that has been pushed back indefinitely - united auto workers local N which represents N workers at boeing 's helicopter unit in delaware county pa. said it agreed to extend its contract on a basis with a notification to cancel while it continues bargaining - the accord expired yesterday - and boeing on friday said it received an order from for four model N valued at a total of about $ N million - the planes long range versions of the will be delivered with & engines - & is a unit of united technologies inc - is based in amsterdam - a boeing spokeswoman said a delivery date for the planes is still being worked out for a variety of reasons but not because of the strike - contributed to this article - ltd. said its utilities arm is considering building new electric power plants some valued at more than one billion canadian dollars us$ N million in great britain and elsewhere - 's senior vice president finance said its canadian utilities ltd. unit is reviewing projects in eastern canada and conventional electric power generating plants elsewhere including britain where the british government plans to allow limited competition in electrical generation from private-sector suppliers as part of its privatization program - the projects are big - they can be c$ N billion plus mr. said - but we would n't go into them alone and canadian utilities ' equity stake would be small he said - we 'd like to be the operator of the project and a modest equity investor - our long suit is our proven ability to operate power plants he said - mr. would n't offer regarding 's proposed british project but he said it would compete for customers with two huge british power generating companies that would be formed under the country 's plan to its massive water and electric utilities - britain 's government plans to raise about # N billion $ N billion from the sale of most of its giant water and electric utilities beginning next month - the planned electric utility sale scheduled for next year is alone expected to raise # N billion making it the world 's largest public offering - under terms of the plan independent would be able to compete for N N of customers until N and for another N N between N and N - canadian utilities had N revenue of c$ N billion mainly from its natural gas and electric utility businesses in alberta where the company serves about N customers - there seems to be a move around the world to the generation of electricity mr. said and canadian utilities hopes to capitalize on it - this is a real thrust on our utility side he said adding that canadian utilities is also projects in countries though he would be specific - canadian utilities is n't alone in exploring power generation opportunities in britain in anticipation of the privatization program - we 're certainly looking at some power generating projects in england said bruce vice president corporate strategy and corporate planning with enron corp. houston a big natural gas producer and pipeline operator - mr. said enron is considering building power plants in the u.k. capable of producing about N of power at a cost of about $ N million to $ N million - pse inc. said it expects to report third earnings of $ N million to $ N million or N cents to N cents a share - in the year-ago quarter the designer and operator of and waste heat recovery plants had net income of $ N or four cents a share on revenue of about $ N million - the company said the improvement is related to additional facilities that have been put into operation - flights are $ N to paris and $ N to london - in a centennial journal article oct. N the fares were reversed - diamond offshore partners said it had discovered gas offshore louisiana - the well at a rate of N million cubic feet of gas a day through a N opening at between N and N feet - diamond is the operator with a N N interest in the well - diamond offshore 's stock rose N cents friday to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - & broad home corp. said it formed a $ N million limited partnership subsidiary to buy land in california suitable for residential development - the partnership & broad land development venture limited partnership is a N joint venture with a trust created by institutional clients of advisory corp. a unit of financial corp. a real estate advisory management and development company with offices in chicago and beverly hills calif - & broad a home building company declined to identify the institutional investors - the land to be purchased by the joint venture has n't yet received and other approvals required for development and part of & broad 's job will be to obtain such approvals - the partnership runs the risk that it may not get the approvals for development but in return it can buy land at wholesale rather than retail prices which can result in sizable savings said bruce president and chief executive officer of & broad - there are really very few companies that have adequate capital to buy properties in a raw state for cash - typically developers option property and then once they get the administrative approvals they buy it said mr. adding that he believes the joint venture is the first of its kind - we usually operate in that conservative manner - by setting up the joint venture & broad can take the more aggressive approach of buying raw land while avoiding the negative to its own balance sheet mr. said - the company is putting up only N N of the capital although it is responsible for providing management planning and processing services to the joint venture - this is one of the best ways to assure a pipeline of land to fuel our growth at a minimum risk to our company mr. said - when the price of plastics took off in N quantum chemical corp. went along for the ride - the timing of quantum 's chief executive officer john appeared to be nothing less than inspired because he had just increased quantum 's reliance on plastics - the company much of the chemical industry as annual profit grew in two years - mr. said of the boom it 's going to last a whole lot longer than anybody thinks - but now prices have and quantum 's profit is - some securities analysts are looking for no better than break-even results from the company for the third quarter compared with year-earlier profit of $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N million - the stock having lost nearly a quarter of its value since sept. N closed at $ N share down $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading friday - to a degree quantum represents the new times that have arrived for producers of the so-called commodity plastics that modern life - having just passed through one of the most profitable periods in their history these producers now see their prices eroding - pricing cycles to be sure are nothing new for plastics producers - and the financial decline of some looks steep only in comparison with the period that is just behind them - we were all wonderful heroes last year says an executive at one of quantum 's competitors - now we 're at the bottom of the - at quantum which is based in new york the trouble is magnified by the company 's heavy on plastics - once known as national & chemical corp. the company the wine and spirits business and more of its resources into plastics after mr. took the chief executive 's job in N - mr. N years old declined to be interviewed for this article but he has consistently argued that over the long haul across both the and the of the plastics market quantum will through its new direction - quantum 's lot is mostly tied to polyethylene used to make garbage bags milk toys and meat packaging among other items - in the u.s. polyethylene market quantum has claimed the largest share about N N - but its competitors including dow chemical co. union carbide corp. and several oil giants have much broader business interests and so are better against price swings - when the price of polyethylene moves a mere penny a pound quantum 's annual profit by about N cents a share provided no other are changing - in recent months the price of polyethylene even more than that of other commodity plastics has taken a dive - benchmark grades which still sold for as much as N cents a pound last spring have skidded to between N cents and N cents - meanwhile the price of the chemical building block of polyethylene has n't dropped nearly so fast - that quantum badly because its own plants cover only about half of its needs - by many accounts an early hint of a price rout in the making came at the start of this year - china which had been putting in huge orders for polyethylene abruptly halted them - that excess polyethylene would soon be around the world other buyers then bet that prices had peaked and so began to draw down inventories rather than order new product - kenneth mitchell director of dow 's polyethylene business says producers were surprised to learn how much inventories had swelled throughout the distribution chain as prices up - people were even bags he says - now producers hope prices have hit bottom - they recently announced increases of a few cents a pound to take effect in the next several weeks - no one knows however whether the new posted prices will stick once producers and customers start to - one is george a analyst at oppenheimer & co. and a bear on plastics stocks - noting others ' estimates of when price increases can be sustained he remarks some say october - some say november - i say N - he argues that efforts to firm up prices will be undermined by producers ' plans to expand production capacity - a quick turnaround is crucial to quantum because its cash requirements remain heavy - the company is trying to carry out a three-year $ N billion program started this year - at the same time its annual payments on long-term debt will more than double from a year ago to about $ N million largely because of debt taken on to pay a $ special dividend earlier this year - quantum described the payout at the time as a way for it to share the with its holders because its stock price was n't reflecting the huge profit increases - some analysts saw the payment as an effort also to takeover speculation - whether a cash crunch might eventually force the company to cut its quarterly dividend raised N N to N cents a share only a year ago has become a topic of intense speculation on wall street since mr. dividend questions in a sept. N meeting with analysts - some viewed his response that company directors review the dividend regularly as nothing more than the standard line from executives - but others came away thinking he had given something less than his usual performance - in any case on the day of the meeting quantum 's shares slid $ N to $ N in big board trading - on top of everything else quantum a disaster at its plant in morris ill - after an explosion the plant in june the company in september to within N hours of completing the process of it - then a second explosion occurred - two workers died and six remain in the hospital - this human toll adds the most painful yet to the sudden change in quantum 's fortunes - until this year the company had been steadily lowering its accident rate and picking up safety - a prolonged production halt at the plant could introduce another into quantum 's financial future - when a plant has just been running flat out to meet demand lost profit and thus claims under insurance is - but the numbers become and subject to between insured and insurer when demand is shifting - you say you could have sold x percent of this product and percent of that recalls an analyst at shearson lehman hutton who went through this exercise during his former career as a chemical engineer - and then you still have to negotiate - quantum hopes the morris plant where limited production got under way last week will resume full operation by year 's end - the plant usually accounts for N N to N N of quantum 's polyethylene production and N N of its production - not everything looks grim for quantum - the plant expansion should strengthen the company 's in the polyethylene business where market share is often taken through sheer capacity - by lifting production the expansion will also lower the company 's raw material costs - quantum is also tightening its grip on its one large business outside chemicals propane marketing - through a venture with its investment banker first boston corp. quantum completed in august an acquisition of inc. in a transaction valued at $ N billion - is the second-largest propane distributor in the u.s. - the largest suburban propane was already owned by quantum - still quantum has a crisis to get past right now - some analysts speculate the weakening stock may yet attract a suitor - the name in rumors is british petroleum co. which is looking to expand its polyethylene business in the u.s. - asked about a bid for quantum a spokesman says we pretty much have a policy of not commenting on rumors and i think that falls in that category - rjr nabisco inc. is its division responsible for buying network advertising time just a month after moving N of the group 's N employees to new york from atlanta - a spokesman for the new york-based food and tobacco giant taken private earlier this year in a $ N billion leveraged buy-out by kohlberg kravis roberts & co. confirmed that it is down the rjr nabisco broadcast unit and its N employees in a move to save money - the spokesman said rjr is discussing its plans with its two main advertising firms katz and - we found with the size of our media purchases that an ad agency could do just as good a job at significantly lower cost said the spokesman who declined to specify how much rjr spends on network television time - an executive close to the company said rjr is spending about $ N million on network television time this year down from roughly $ N million last year - the spokesman said the broadcast unit will be dec. N and the move wo n't affect rjr 's print radio and buying practices - the broadcast group had been based in new york until a year ago when rjr 's previous management moved it to atlanta the company 's headquarters before this summer - one employee with the group said rjr moved N employees of the group back to new york in september because there was supposed to be a future - he said the company hired three more buyers for the unit within the past two weeks wooing them from jobs with advertising agencies - the rjr spokesman said the company moved the N employees to new york last month because the group had then been in the midst of purchasing ad time for the networks ' season - the studies on closing the unit could n't be completed until now he said - the group 's president peter was n't in his office friday afternoon to comment - the u.s. which is its quotas is a larger share of its steel market to developing and newly industrialized countries which have relatively steel industries - meanwhile the u.s. has negotiated a significant cut in japan 's steel quota and made only a minor increase to the steel for the european community - brazil similar to mexico and south korea is expected to negotiate a somewhat bigger share of the u.s. market than it had under the previous five-year steel quotas which expired sept. N - brazil and venezuela are the only two countries that have n't completed steel talks with the u.s. for the year ending oct. N N - in recent years u.s. steelmakers have supplied about N N of the N million tons of steel used annually by the nation - of the remaining N N needed the negotiations about N N to foreign suppliers with the difference supplied mainly by canada which is n't included in the quota program - other countries that do n't have formal steel quotas with the u.s. such as taiwan sweden and argentina also have supplied steel - some of these countries have in recent years made informal agreements with the u.s. that are similar to quotas - the bush administration earlier this year said it would extend steel quotas known as voluntary restraint agreements until march N N - it also said it would use that year period to work toward an international consensus on up the international steel trade which has been managed subsidized and protected by governments - the u.s. termed its plan a trade program despite the fact that it is merely an extension - mexico which was one of the first countries to conclude its steel talks with the u.s. virtually doubled its quota to N N of the u.s. steel market from N N under the previous quotas - south korea which had N N under the previous quotas is set to get a small increase to about N N - that increase rises to slightly more than N N of the u.s. market if a joint steel project is included - meanwhile brazil is expected to increase its allowance from the N N share it has had in recent years - the ec and japan the u.s. 's largest steel suppliers have n't been filling their quotas to the full extent - the ec steel industry which has been coping with strong european demand has been supplying about N N of the u.s. market compared with recent quotas of about N N - japan has been shipping steel to total about N N of the u.s. market compared with a quota of N N - in the recent talks the ec had its quota increased about N tons to N N of the u.s. market from N N in N - but its quota has been as high as N N in N - japan however has agreed to cut its quota to about N N from N N previously - japan the ec brazil mexico and south korea provide about N N of the steel imported to the u.s. under the quota program - the balance is supplied by a host of smaller exporters such as australia and venezuela - the u.s. had about an extra N N of the domestic steel market to give to foreign suppliers in its quota talks - that was essentially made up of a N N increase in the overall quota program and N N from cutting japan 's allowance - negotiators from the white house trade office will repeat these quota negotiations next year when they will have another N N of the u.s. steel market to - these increases to the steel quota program are built into the bush administration 's program to give its negotiators leverage with foreign steel suppliers to try to get them to withdraw subsidies and from their own steel industries - inc. expects fiscal second-quarter earnings to trail N results but anticipates that several new products will lead to a much stronger performance in its second half - a telecommunications company had net income of $ N or five cents a share in its year-earlier second quarter ended sept. N - revenue totaled $ N million - george chairman and chief executive officer said in an interview that earnings in the most recent quarter will be about two cents a share on revenue of just under $ N million - the lower results mr. said reflect a 12-month decline in industry sales of privately owned pay telephones 's primary business - although mr. expects that line of business to strengthen in the next year he said will also benefit from moving into other areas - among those is the company 's into the public facsimile business mr. said - within the next year expects to place N fax machines made by in japan in hotels municipal buildings and other public around the country - will provide a credit-card reader for the machines to collect store and forward billing data - mr. said should realize a minimum of $ N of net earnings for each machine each month - has also developed an automatic call that will make further use of the company 's system for and handling credit-card calls and collect calls - automatic call processors will provide that system for virtually any telephone mr. said not just phones produced by - the company will also be producing a new line of convenience telephones which do n't accept coins for use in hotel office and similar - mr. estimated that the processors and convenience phones would produce about $ N of net earnings for each machine each month - britain 's retail price index rose N N in september from august and was up N N for the year the central statistical office said - medical inc. said it adopted a shareholders ' rights plan in which rights to purchase shares of common stock will be distributed as a dividend to shareholders of record as of oct. N - the company said the plan was n't adopted in response to any known offers for a maker and marketer of hospital products - the rights allow shareholders to purchase stock at a discount if any person or group acquires more than N N of the company 's common stock or a tender offer - measuring may soon be replaced by in the room - procter & gamble co. plans to begin testing next month a detergent that will require only a few per - the move stems from learned in japan where local competitors have had success with concentrated - it also marks p&g 's growing concern that its japanese rivals such as corp. may bring their to the u.s. - the cincinnati consumer-products giant got clobbered two years ago in japan when introduced a powerful detergent called attack which quickly won a N N stake in the japanese markets - they do n't want to get caught again says one industry - retailers in phoenix ariz. say p&g 's new detergent to be called with color guard will be on shelves in that market by early november - a p&g spokeswoman confirmed that shipments to phoenix started late last month - she said the company will study results from this market before expanding to others - are n't entirely new for p&g - the company introduced a in japan after watching the success of attack - when attack hit the shelves in N p&g 's share of the japanese market fell to about N N from more than N N - with the help of p&g 's share is now estimated to be N N - while the japanese have embraced the compact packaging and convenience of concentrated products the true test for p&g will be in the $ N billion u.s. detergent market where growth is slow and have gained over - the company may have chosen to market the product under the name since it 's already expanded its tide into N different including this year 's big hit tide with - with however it is n't always easy to persuade consumers that less is more many people tend to dump too much detergent into the machine that it takes a cup of to really clean the - in the early 1980s p&g tried to launch here a concentrated detergent under the brand name that it markets in europe - but the product which was n't as concentrated as the new in a market test in denver and was dropped - p&g and others also have tried repeatedly to hook consumers on detergent and fabric in but they have n't sold well despite the convenience - but p&g contends the new is a unique formula that also offers an that prevents colors from - and retailers are expected to the product in part because it will take up less shelf space - when shelf space was cheap bigger was better says an analyst at salomon - but with so many brands for space that 's no longer the case - if the new sells well the trend toward smaller packaging is likely to accelerate as competitors follow with their own - then retailers will probably push the brands out altogether he says - competition is bound to get tougher if a product like attack in the u.s. - to be sure would n't have an easy time taking u.s. market share away from the mighty p&g which has about N N of the market - officials previously have said they are interested in selling in the u.s. but so far the company has focused on acquisitions such as last year 's purchase of andrew co. a cincinnati maker - it also has a facility in california - some believe p&g 's interest in a detergent goes beyond the concern for the japanese - this is something p&g would do with or without says mr. - with economic tension between the u.s. and japan worsening many japanese had feared last week 's visit from u.s. trade representative carla hills - they expected a new of demands that japan do something quickly to reduce its trade surplus with the u.s. - instead they got a discussion of the need for the u.s. and japan to work together and of the importance of the long-term view - mrs. hills ' first trip to japan as america 's chief trade negotiator had a completely different tone from last month 's visit by commerce secretary robert a. mosbacher - mr. mosbacher called for concrete results by next spring in negotiations over fundamental japanese business practices that supposedly inhibit free trade - he said such results should be in dollars and cents in reducing the u.s. trade deficit with japan - but mrs. hills speaking at a breakfast meeting of the american chamber of commerce in japan on saturday stressed that the objective is not to get definitive action by spring or summer it is rather to have a blueprint for action - she added that she expected perhaps to have a down payment some small step to convince the american people and the japanese people that we 're moving in - how such remarks translate into policy wo n't become clear for months - american and japanese officials offered several theories for the difference in approach mr. mosbacher and mrs. hills - many called it simply a contrast in styles - but some saw it as a classic negotiating - others said the bush administration may feel the rhetoric on both sides is getting out of hand - and some said it reflected the growing debate in washington over pursuing free trade with japan some kind of managed trade - asked to compare her visit to mr. mosbacher 's mrs. hills replied i did n't hear every word he spoke but as a general proposition i think we have a very consistent trade strategy in the bush administration - yet more than one american official who sat in with her during three days of talks with japanese officials said her tone often was surprisingly - i think my line has been very consistent mrs. hills said at a news conference saturday afternoon - i am painted sometimes as perhaps because i have a list of statutes to implement - i do n't feel very - i do n't feel either hard or soft - i feel committed to the program of opening markets and expanding trade - when she met the local press for the first time on friday mrs. hills firmly reiterated the need for progress in removing barriers to trade in forest products and three areas targeted under the N provision of the N trade bill - she business practices that the u.s. government has identified - but her main thrust was to promote the importance of world-wide free trade and open competition - she said the trade was mainly due to factors and should n't be by setting targets - at her news conference for japanese reporters one economics journalist up the japanese sense of relief - my impression was that you would be a scary old lady he said drawing a few nervous from his colleagues - but i am relieved to see that you are beautiful and and and a person of integrity - mrs. hills ' remarks did raise questions at least among some u.s. officials about what exactly her stance is on u.s. access to the japanese semiconductor market - the u.s. share of the japanese market has been stuck around N N for years - many americans have interpreted a N agreement as u.s. companies a N N share by N but the japanese have denied making any such promise - at one of her news conferences mrs. hills said i believe we can do much better than N N - but she stressed i am against managed trade - i will not enter into an agreement that to a percentage of the market - traditional industries inc. said it expects to report a net loss for the fourth quarter that ended june N and is seeking new financing - the seller of photographic products and services said it is considering a number of financing alternatives including seeking increases in its credit lines - traditional declined to estimate the amount of the loss and would n't say if it expects to show a profit for the year - in the year ended june N N traditional reported net income of $ N million or $ N a share - the company did n't break out its fourth-quarter results - in the latest nine months net income was $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - separately the company said it would file a delayed report with the securities and exchange commission within approximately N days - it said the delay resulted from difficulties in its accounting of a settlement with the federal trade commission - under an agreement filed in federal court in august to settle ftc objections to some traditional sales practices traditional said it would establish a $ N trust fund to provide refunds to certain customers - information international inc. said it was sued by a buyer of its computerized system alleging that the company failed to correct deficiencies in the system - a spokesman for information international said the lawsuit by two units of morris communications corp. seeks of the system 's about $ N million purchase price and cancellation of a software license provided by the morris units to information international for alleged failure to pay royalties - information international said it believes that the complaints filed in federal court in georgia are without merit - closely held morris communications is based in - the units that filed the suit are newspapers corp. and florida publishing co - corp. completed the sale of its a. & co. subsidiary a men 's luxury to investments - terms were n't disclosed - as 's core business of retailing grows a small subsidiary that is unrelated becomes a difficult said president of the parent in a statement - a spokeswoman said operates a total of seven stores in the u.s. and overseas - operates N apparel stores in the u.s. - the oil industry 's profits could through the rest of the year - major oil companies in the next few days are expected to report much less robust earnings than they did for the third quarter a year ago largely reflecting deteriorating chemical prices and gasoline profitability - the gasoline picture may improve this quarter but chemicals are likely to remain weak industry executives and analysts say reducing chances that profits could equal their year-earlier performance - the industry is seeing a softening somewhat in volume and certainly in price in petrochemicals glenn cox president of phillips petroleum co. said in an interview - that change will obviously impact third and fourth quarter earnings for the industry in general he added - he did n't forecast phillips 's results - but securities analysts say phillips will be among the companies by weak chemical prices and will probably post a drop in third-quarter earnings - so too many analysts predict will exxon corp. chevron corp. and amoco corp - typical is what happened to the price of a major commodity chemical produced in vast amounts by many oil companies - it has plunged N N since july to around N cents a pound - a year ago sold for N cents at about N cents last december - a big reason for the chemical price retreat is - beginning in prices began accelerating as a growing u.s. economy and the weak dollar spurred demand - companies added capacity - now greatly increased supplies are on the market while the dollar is stronger and domestic economic growth is slower - third-quarter profits from gasoline were weaker - refining margins were so good in the third quarter of last year and generally not very good this year said william a securities analyst at first boston corp - oil company refineries ran flat out to prepare for a robust holiday driving season in july and august that did n't - the excess supply pushed gasoline prices down in that period - in addition crude oil prices were up some from a year earlier further profitability - refiners say margins picked up in september and many industry officials believe gasoline profits will rebound this quarter though still not to the level of N 's fourth quarter - during the N second half many companies posted record gasoline and chemical profits - crude oil production may turn out to be the most surprising element of companies ' earnings this year - prices averaging roughly $ N a barrel higher in the third quarter than a year earlier have stayed well above most companies ' expectations - demand has been much stronger than anticipated and it typically in the fourth quarter - we could see higher oil prices this year said an analyst at painewebber inc - that will translate into sharply higher production profits particularly compared with last year when oil prices steadily fell to below $ N a barrel in the fourth quarter - while oil prices have been better than expected natural gas prices have been worse - in the third quarter they averaged about N N less than they were in N - the main reason remains weather - last summer was notable for a heat wave and drought that caused utilities to more natural gas to feed increased electrical demand from air use - this summer on the other hand had weather than usual - we 've been very disappointed in the performance of natural gas prices said mr. cox phillips 's president - the lagging gas price is not going to assist fourth quarter performance as many had expected - going into the fourth quarter natural gas prices are anywhere from N N to N N lower than a year earlier - for instance natural gas currently produced along the gulf coast is selling on the spot market for around $ N a thousand cubic feet down N N from $ N a thousand cubic feet a year ago - the bush administration trying to blunt growing demands from western europe for a of controls on exports to the soviet bloc is questioning whether italy 's c. olivetti & co. supplied valuable technology to the soviets - most of the western european members of committee on export controls the forum through which the u.s. and its allies their policies are expected to argue for more liberal export rules at a meeting to be held in paris oct. N and N - they plan to press specifically for a of rules governing exports of machine tools computers and other high-technology products - but the bush administration says it wants to see evidence that all cocom members are fully with existing procedures before it will support further - to make its point it is challenging the italian government to explain reports that olivetti may have supplied the soviet union with sophisticated computer-driven devices that could be used to build parts for combat aircraft - the london sunday times which first reported the u.s. concerns cited a u.s. intelligence report as the source of the allegations that olivetti exported $ N million in flexible manufacturing systems to the soviet aviation industry - olivetti reportedly began shipping these tools in N - a state department spokesman acknowledged that the u.s. is discussing the allegations with the italian government and cocom but declined to confirm any details - italian president promised a quick investigation into whether olivetti broke cocom rules - president bush called his attention to the matter during the italian leader 's visit here last week - olivetti has denied that it violated cocom rules that the reported shipments were properly licensed by the italian authorities - although the of these sales is still an open question the disclosure could n't be better to support the position of in the pentagon and the intelligence community - it seems to me that a story like this breaks just before every important cocom meeting said a washington lobbyist for a number of u.s. computer companies - the bush administration has sent signals about its policies reflecting divisions among several competing agencies - last summer mr. bush moved the administration in the direction of gradual when he told a north atlantic treaty organization meeting that he would allow some exceptions to the cocom of strategic goods - but more recently the pentagon and the commerce department openly over the extent to which cocom should exports of personal computers to the bloc - however these agencies generally agree that the west should be cautious about any further - there 's no evidence that the soviet program to illegally acquire western technology has diminished said a state department spokesman - salomon brothers international ltd. a british subsidiary of salomon inc. announced it will issue warrants on shares of hong kong telecommunications ltd - the move closely follows a similar offer by salomon of warrants for shares of & shanghai banking corp - under the latest offer hk$ N million us$ N million of three-year warrants will be issued in london each giving buyers the right to buy one hong kong telecommunications share at a price to be determined friday - the N million warrants will be priced at hk$ N each and are expected to carry a premium to the share price of about N N - in trading on the stock exchange of hong kong the shares closed wednesday at hk$ N each - at this price the shares would have to rise above hk$ N for subscribers to salomon 's issue to profitably convert their warrants - while hong kong companies have in the past issued warrants on their own shares salomon 's warrants are the first here to be issued by a third party - salomon will cover the warrants by buying sufficient shares or options to purchase shares to cover its entire position - bankers said warrants for hong kong stocks are attractive because they give foreign investors wary of volatility in the colony 's stock market an opportunity to buy shares without taking too great a risk - the hong kong telecommunications warrants should be attractive to buyers in europe the bankers added because the group is one of a handful of blue-chip stocks on the hong kong market that has international appeal - financial corp. of santa barbara filed suit against former stock ivan f. boesky and drexel burnham lambert inc. charging they the thrift by their relationship when it to buy $ N million in high-yield high-risk junk bonds - in a suit filed in federal court thursday the s&l alleged that a disproportionate number of the bonds it purchased in N declined in value - financial corp. purchased the bonds the suit alleged after mr. boesky and drexel negotiated an agreement for hotels to purchase a N N stake in the thrift for about $ N million - hotels was controlled by mr. boesky who currently is serving a prison term for securities violations - officials at drexel said they had n't seen the suit and thus could n't comment - in addition to $ N million damages the suit seeks $ N million in punitive damages - also named in the suit is ivan f. boesky corp. and corp. the successor company to hotels - officials could n't be located - financial corp. said it agreed to buy the bonds after a representative of ivan f. boesky corp. visited it in november N and said financial corp. could improve its financial condition by purchasing the bonds - shortly before the visit mr. boesky and drexel had met with financial corp. officials and had signed a letter of intent to acquire the N N stake in the company - however the agreement was canceled in june N - financial corp. purchased the bonds in at least N different transactions in N and since then has realized $ N million in losses on them the company said - ideal basic industries inc. said its directors reached an agreement in principle calling for north america inc. to combine its north american cement holdings with ideal in a transaction that will leave ideal 's minority shareholders with N N of the combined company - the north american holding company of swiss concern financiere ltd. previously proposed combining its N N stake in st. lawrence cement inc. and its N N stake in cement co. with its N N stake in ideal - but 's first offer would have given ideal 's other shareholders about N N of the combined company - ideal 's directors rejected that offer although they said they endorsed the merger proposal - under the agreement will own N N of the combined company - ideal 's current operations will represent about N N of the combined company - the transaction is subject to a definitive agreement and approval by ideal shareholders - ideal said it expects to complete the transaction early next year - while corn and soybean prices have slumped well below their of N wheat prices remain high - and they 're likely to stay that way for months to come analysts say - for one thing even with many farmers more winter wheat this year than last tight wheat supplies are likely to support prices well into N the analysts say - and if rain does n't fall soon across many of the great plains ' areas yields in the crop now being planted could be reduced further supplies - also supporting prices are expectations that the soviet union will place substantial buying orders over the next few months - by next may N stocks of u.s. wheat to be carried over into the next season before the winter wheat now being planted is are projected to drop to N million - that would be the lowest level since the early 1970s - stocks were N million on may N of this year - in response to domestic supplies agriculture secretary last month said the u.s. government would slightly increase the number of acres farmers can plant in wheat for next year and still qualify for federal support payments - the government estimates that the new plan will boost production next year by about N million - it now estimates production for next year at just under N billion compared with this year 's estimated N billion and a N billion in N - but the full effect on prices of the winter wheat now being planted wo n't be felt until the second half of next year - until then limited stocks are likely to keep prices near the $ level analysts say - on the chicago board of trade friday wheat for december delivery settled at $ N a bushel unchanged - in theory at least tight supplies next spring could leave the wheat futures market susceptible to a squeeze said daniel a futures analyst with co. in chicago - such a situation can havoc as was shown by the emergency that developed in soybean futures trading this summer on the chicago board of trade - in july the ordered s.p a. to liquidate futures positions equal to about N million of soybeans - the exchange said it feared that some members would n't be able to find enough soybeans to deliver and would have to default on their obligation to the italian conglomerate which had refused requests to reduce its holdings - has denied it was trying to manipulate the soybean futures market - hot dry weather across large portions of the great plains and in areas in washington and oregon is threatening to reduce the yield from this season 's winter wheat crop said leslie a futures analyst and head of leslie analytical in chicago - for example in the oklahoma N N or more of the is short of - that figure to about N N in portions of kansas he said - the soviet union has n't given any clear indication of its wheat purchase plans but many analysts expect moscow to place sizable orders for u.s. wheat in the next few months further supporting prices - wheat prices will increasingly off of soviet demand in coming weeks predicted richard vice president research for inc. in chicago - looking ahead to other commodity markets this week - orange traders will be watching to see how long and how far the price decline that began friday will go - late thursday after the close of trading the market received what would normally have been a bullish u.s. department of agriculture estimate of the N florida orange crop - it was near the low range of estimates at N million boxes compared with N million boxes last season - however as expected brazil waited for the crop estimate to come out and then cut the export price of its concentrate to about $ N a pound from around $ N - friday 's selling of futures contracts erased whatever supportive effect the u.s. report might have had and sent the november orange contract down as much as N cents a pound at one time - it settled with a loss of N cents at $ N a pound - brazilian after a delay caused by drought at the start of its crop season is beginning to arrive in the u.s. in large quantities - brazil wants to stimulate demand for its product which is going to be in supply - the price cut one analyst said appeared to be aimed even more at europe where consumption of brazilian has fallen - it 's a product and the strong dollar has made it more expensive in europe the analyst said - new york futures prices have dropped significantly from more than $ N a pound at midyear - barring a cold or other crop problems in the growing areas downward pressure on prices is likely to continue into january when and processing of in florida reach their peak the analyst said - energy - although some analysts look for profit-taking in the wake of friday 's leap in crude oil prices last week 's rally is generally expected to continue this week - i would continue to look for a stable crude market at least in futures trading said william an energy futures broker with & co - friday capped a week of steadily rising crude oil prices in both futures and spot markets - on the new york mercantile exchange west texas intermediate crude for november delivery finished at $ N a barrel up N cents on the day - on european markets meanwhile spot prices of north sea were up N to N cents a barrel - this market still wants to go higher said a first vice president at shearson lehman hutton inc - he predicted that the november contract will reach $ N a barrel or more on the new york mercantile exchange - there has been little news to account for such in the oil markets - analysts generally cite a lack of bearish developments as well as rumors of a possible tightening of supplies of some fuels and - there also are reports that the soviet union is having difficulties with its oil exports and that has about reached its production limit and ca n't produce as much as it could sell - many traders a tightening of near-term supplies particularly of high-quality such as those produced in the north sea and in - if a hostile emerges for saatchi & saatchi co. charles and maurice saatchi will lead a management buy-out attempt an official close to the company said - financing for any takeover attempt may be in the wake of friday 's stock-market sell-off in new york and turmoil in the junk-bond market - but the beleaguered british advertising and consulting giant which last week named a new chief executive officer to replace maurice saatchi has been the subject of intense takeover speculation for weeks - last week saatchi 's largest shareholder asset management said it had been approached by one or more third parties interested in a possible restructuring - and carl spielvogel chief executive officer of saatchi 's big backer spielvogel bates advertising unit said he had offered to lead a management buy-out of the company but was rebuffed by charles saatchi - mr. spielvogel said he would n't launch a hostile bid - the executive close to saatchi & saatchi said that if a bidder came up with a high offer a crazy offer which saatchi knew it could n't beat it would have no choice but to recommend it to shareholders - but otherwise it would undoubtedly come back with an offer by management - the executive said any buy-out would be led by the current board whose chairman is maurice saatchi and whose strategic force is believed to be charles saatchi - mr. spielvogel is n't part of the board nor are any of the other heads of saatchi 's big ad agencies - the executive did n't name any price but securities analysts have said saatchi would fetch upward of $ N billion - the executive denied speculation that saatchi was bringing in the new chief executive officer only to clean up the company financially so that the brothers could lead a buy-back - that speculation friday as industry executives the appointment of the new chief executive robert who joins saatchi and becomes a member of its board on jan. N - mr. formerly chief executive of the pharmaceutical research firm international inc. has a reputation as a financial manager and will be charged largely with saatchi 's poor financial state - asked about the speculation that mr. has been hired to the way for a buy-out by the brothers the executive replied that is n't the reason dreyfus has been brought in - he was brought in to turn around the company - separately several saatchi agency clients said they believe the company 's management will have little affect on them - it has n't had any impact on us nor do we expect it to said a spokeswoman for miller brewing co. a major client of backer spielvogel - john director of advertising at painewebber inc. a saatchi & saatchi advertising client said we have no problem with the announcement because we do n't know what change it 's going to bring about - we are n't going to change agencies because of a change in london - executives at backer spielvogel client inc. as well as at saatchi client lighting co. also said they saw no effect - executives at prudential-bache securities inc. a backer spielvogel client that is reviewing its account declined comment - mr. spielvogel had said that prudential-bache was prepared to finance either a management buy-out and restructuring or a buy-out of backer spielvogel alone led by him - ad notes - new account - california 's federal bank awarded its $ N million to $ N million account to the los angeles office of group 's agency - the account was previously handled by davis ball & advertising inc. a los angeles agency - account review - royal crown co. has ended its relationship with the boston office of hill - the account had billed about $ N million in N according to leading national advertisers - plea - as expected young & rubicam inc. along with two senior executives and a former employee pleaded not guilty in federal court in new haven conn. to conspiracy and racketeering charges - the government has charged that they officials to win the jamaica tourist board ad account in N - a spokesman for the u.s. attorney 's office said proceedings are just beginning for the other two defendants in the case eric anthony former tourism minister and businessman arnold jr - korean agency - the group and bozell inc. agreed to establish a joint venture advertising agency in south korea - bozell corp. as the new agency will be called will be based in seoul and is N N owned by and N N owned by bozell - already owns korea first advertising co. that country 's largest agency - bozell joins backer spielvogel bates and ogilvy group as u.s. agencies with interests in korean agencies - citing a payment from a supplier and strong sales of certain products corp. said earnings and revenue jumped in its second quarter ended sept. N - the maker of products said net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from year-earlier net of $ N million or five cents a share - revenue soared to $ N million from $ N million - said its results were boosted by $ N million in payments received from a supplier for a certain line of products that is n't going to sell anymore - said effects from the line may have a positive effect on future earnings and revenue - a spokeswoman would n't elaborate but the company said the discontinued product has never been a major source of revenue or profit - benefited from robust sales of products that store data for high-end personal computers and computer workstations - in the fiscal first half net was $ N million or N cents a share up from the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - robert g. N years old was elected a director of this provider of advanced technology systems and services increasing the board to eight members - he retired as senior vice president finance and administration and chief financial officer of the company oct. N - southmark corp. said that it filed part of its report with the securities and exchange commission but that the filing does n't include its financial statements and related information - the real estate and thrift concern operating under bankruptcy-law proceedings said it told the sec it could n't provide financial statements by the end of its first extension without burden or expense - the company asked for a extension sept. N when the financial reports were due - southmark said it plans to its to provide financial results as soon as its audit is completed - alan N years old was named chairman of this of prescription claims succeeding thomas w. field jr. N who resigned last month - mr. field also had been chairman of corp. resigning that post after a dispute with the board over corporate strategy - mr. is executive vice president and chief financial officer of and will continue in those roles - pcs also named r. N executive vice president at as a director filling the seat vacated by mr. field - messrs. and are directors of which has an N N stake in pcs - products inc. said a u.s. district court in boston ruled that a challenge by to the of a u.s. patent held by inc. was without merit - based in sweden had charged in a lawsuit against that 's product line on the patent - the patent is related to acid a extract used in eye surgery - in its lawsuit is seeking unspecified damages and a preliminary injunction to block from selling the products - a spokesman said the products contribute about a third of 's sales and N N to N N of its earnings - in the year ended aug. N N earned $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - said the court 's ruling was issued as part of a trial in the proceedings and concerns only one of its defenses in the case - it said it is considering all of its options in light of the decision including a possible appeal - the company added that it plans to its other defenses against 's lawsuit including the claim that it has n't infringed on 's patent - said that the court scheduled a conference for next monday to set a date for proceedings on 's motion for a preliminary injunction - newspaper publishers are reporting mixed third-quarter results aided by favorable newsprint prices and hampered by flat or declining advertising especially in the northeast - adding to in the industry seasonal retail ad spending patterns in newspapers have been upset by shifts in ownership and general within the retail industry - in new york the teller and b. altman & co. department stores have filed for protection from creditors under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code while the r.h. macy & co. bloomingdale 's and saks fifth avenue department-store chains are for sale - many papers throughout the country are also faced with a slowdown in spending a booming category for newspapers in recent years - until recently industry analysts believed in retail ad spending had out and would in fact increase in this year 's third and fourth quarters - all bets are off analysts say because of the shifting ownership of the retail chains - improved paper prices will help offset weakness in but the retailers ' problems have affected the amount of ad they usually run said edward j. industry analyst for salomon brothers inc - retailers are just in disarray - for instance co. posted an N N gain in net income as total ad pages dropped at usa today but advertising revenue rose because of a higher circulation rate base and increased rates - 's N daily and N newspapers reported a N N increase in advertising and circulation revenue - total advertising was modestly lower as volume increased while there was softer demand for retail and national ad said john 's chief executive officer - at usa today ad pages totaled N for the quarter down N N from the N period which was helped by increased ad spending from the summer olympics - while usa today 's total paid ad pages for the year to date totaled N a decrease of N N from last year the paper 's ad revenue increased N N in the quarter and N N in the nine months - in the nine months 's net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue gained N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - at dow jones & co. third-quarter net income fell N N from the year-earlier period - net fell to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - the year-earlier period included a one-time gain of $ N million or four cents a share - revenue gained N N to $ N million from $ N million - the drop in profit reflected in part continued softness in financial advertising at the wall street journal and barron 's magazine - ad at the journal fell N N in the third quarter - affiliated publications inc. reversed a year-earlier third quarter net loss - the publisher of the boston globe reported net of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a loss of $ N million or N cents a share for the third quarter in N - william o. taylor the parent 's chairman and chief executive officer said earnings continued to be hurt by softness in ad volume at the boston newspaper - third-quarter profit estimates for several companies are being strongly affected by the price of newsprint which in the last two years has had several price increases - after a supply crunch caused prices to rise N N since N to $ N a metric ton analysts are encouraged because they do n't expect a price increase for the rest of this year - companies with daily newspapers in the northeast will need the stable newsprint prices to ease damage from weak ad - mr. at salomon brothers said he estimates that times mirror co. 's earnings were down for the third quarter because of soft advertising levels at its long island and hartford newspapers - trouble on the east coast was likely offset by improved ad at the los angeles times which this week also unveiled a - new york times co. is expected to report lower earnings for the third quarter because of continued weak advertising levels at its flagship new york times and deep discounting of newsprint at its affiliate forest products group - times co. 's regional daily newspapers are holding up well but there is little sign that things will improve in the new york market said alan an analyst with shearson lehman hutton - washington post co. is expected to report improved earnings largely because of increased cable revenue and publishing revenue helped by an improved retail market in the washington area - according to analysts profits were also helped by successful cost-cutting measures at newsweek - the has faced heightened competition from rival time magazine and a relatively flat magazine advertising market - knight-ridder inc. is faced with continued uncertainty over the pending joint operating agreement between its detroit free press and 's detroit news and has told analysts that earnings were down in the third quarter - however analysts point to positive advertising spending at several of its major daily newspapers such as the miami herald and san jose mercury news - the miami market is coming back strong after a tough couple of years when knight-ridder was starting up a hispanic edition and circulation was falling said bruce an analyst for national bank - general motors corp. in a series of moves that angered union officials in the u.s. and canada has signaled that as many as five north american assembly plants may not survive the mid-1990s as the corporation struggles to cut its excess capacity - in announcements to workers late last week gm effectively signed death for two van assembly plants and cast serious doubt on the futures of three u.s. car factories - gm is under intense pressure to close factories that became unprofitable as the giant auto maker 's u.s. market share skidded during the past decade - the company currently using about N N of its north american vehicle capacity has vowed it will run at N N of capacity by N - just a month ago gm announced it would make an aging assembly plant in ga. the eighth u.s. assembly facility to close since N - now gm appears to be stepping up the pace of its factory consolidation to get in shape for the 1990s - one reason is mounting competition from new japanese car plants in the u.s. that are pouring out more than one million vehicles a year at costs lower than gm can match - another is that united auto workers union officials have signaled they want tighter provisions in the new big three national contract that will be negotiated next year - gm officials want to get their strategy to reduce capacity and the work force in place before those talks begin - the problem however is that gm 's moves are coming at a time when leaders are trying to who charge the union is too passive in the face of gm layoffs - against that backdrop vice president stephen p. who recently became head of the union 's gm department issued a statement friday gm 's toward union members - the auto maker 's decision to let word of the latest and product out in separate to the affected plants showed disarray and an inability or to provide consistent information mr. said - gm officials told workers late last week of the following moves production of vans will be consolidated into a single plant in mich - that means two plants one in ontario and the other in ohio probably will be shut down after the end of N - the will idle about N canadian assembly workers and about N workers in ohio - robert white canadian auto workers union president used the impending shutdown to the free trade agreement and its champion prime minister brian - but canadian auto workers may benefit from a separate gm move that affects three u.s. car plants and one in quebec - workers at plants in van calif. oklahoma city and mich. were told their facilities are no longer being considered to build the next generation of the and chevrolet muscle cars - gm is studying whether it can build the new profitably at a plant in st. quebec company and union officials said - that announcement left union officials in van and oklahoma city uncertain about their futures - the van plant which employs about N workers does n't have a product to build after N - jerry local president said the facility was asked to draw up plans to continue working as a plant which could build several different types of products on short notice to satisfy demand - at the oklahoma city plant which employs about N workers building the cars steve local vice president said the plant has no new product lined up and none of us knows when the cars will die - he said he believes gm has plans to keep building cars into the mid-1990s - at however the decision appears to hopes that gm would reopen the assembly plant that last built the model - the plant was viewed as a model of cooperation at gm before slow sales of the forced the company to close the factory last year - union officials have taken a beating politically as a result - dissident members have used the plant as a symbol of labor-management cooperation 's failure - merieux s.a. of france said the canadian government raised an obstacle to its proposed acquisition of connaught inc. for N million canadian dollars us$ N million - merieux said the government 's minister of industry science and technology told it that he was n't convinced that the purchase is likely to be of net benefit to canada - canadian investment rules require that big foreign takeovers meet that standard - the french company said the government gave it N days in which to submit information to further support its takeover plan - both merieux and connaught are biotechnology research and vaccine manufacturing concerns - the government 's action was unusual - alan executive vice president of investment canada which oversees foreign takeovers said it marked the first time in its four-year history that the agency has made an adverse decision about the acquisition of a publicly traded company - he said it has reached the same conclusions about some attempts to buy closely held concerns but eventually allowed those acquisitions to proceed - this is n't a change in government policy this provision has been used before said redmond press secretary for canada 's minister of industry science and technology - mr. issued the ruling based on a recommendation by investment canada - spokesmen for merieux and connaught said they had n't been informed of specific areas of concern by either the government or investment canada but added they hope to have more information early this week - investment canada declined to comment on the reasons for the government decision - mehta a partner with mehta & a new york-based pharmaceutical industry research firm said the government 's ruling was n't unexpected - this has become a very deal concerning canada 's only large or pharmaceutical company mr. mehta said - mr. mehta said the move that could allow the transaction to go ahead as planned could be an settlement of connaught 's dispute with the university of toronto - the university is seeking to block the acquisition of connaught by foreign interests citing concerns about the amount of research that would be done in canada - the university is considering a settlement proposal made by connaught - while neither side will disclose its mr. mehta expects it to contain more specific guarantees on research and development spending levels in canada than merieux offered to investment canada - some analysts such as murray of toronto-based inc. believe the government ruling leaves the door open for other bidders such as switzerland 's ciba-geigy and chiron corp. of calif - officials for the two concerns which are bidding c$ N a share for connaught could n't be reached for comment - french state-owned rhone-poulenc s.a. holds N N of merieux - international inc. said it canceled plans for a swap but may resume payment of dividends on the stock and added that it expects to publicly offer about N million common shares - the company said it planned to offer an number of common shares in exchange for the N shares of its preferred stock outstanding - the exchange ratio was never established - said market conditions led to the cancellation of the planned exchange - the concern said however that in january N it may resume payments of dividends on the preferred stock - suspended its payment in october N and said it has n't any plans to catch up on dividends in about $ N million but will do so some time in the future - additionally the company said it filed with the securities and exchange commission for the proposed offering of N million shares of common stock expected to be offered in november - the company said salomon brothers inc. and howard weil inc. underwriters for the offering were granted an option to buy as much as an additional N million shares to cover - proceeds will be used to eliminate and restructure bank debt - currently has approximately N million common shares outstanding - earnings for most of the nation 's major pharmaceutical makers are believed to have moved ahead in the third quarter as companies with newer prescription drugs fared especially well - for the third consecutive quarter however most of the companies ' revenues were battered by adverse foreign-currency as a result of the strong dollar abroad - analysts said that merck & co. eli lilly & co. warner-lambert co. and the squibb corp. unit of bristol-myers squibb co. all benefited from strong sales of relatively new that provide wide profit margins - less robust earnings at pfizer inc. and upjohn co. were attributed to those companies ' older products many of which face competition from generic drugs and other - joseph an analyst with bear stearns & co. said that over the past few years most drug makers have shed their businesses and instituted other cost savings such as consolidating manufacturing plants and administrative staffs - as a result major new products are having significant impact even on a company with very large revenues mr. said - analysts said profit for the dozen or so big drug makers as a group is estimated to have climbed between N N and N N - while that 's not spectacular neil an analyst with prudential said that the rate of growth will look especially good as compared to other companies if the economy turns downward - mr. estimated that merck 's profit for the quarter rose by about N N propelled by sales of its of fast-growing prescription drugs including its drug a high blood pressure medicine an and an medication - profit climbed even though merck 's sales were reduced by one to three percentage points as a result of the strong dollar mr. said - in the third quarter of N merck earned $ N million or N cents a share - in n.j. a merck spokesman said the company does n't make earnings projections - mr. said he estimated that lilly 's earnings for the quarter jumped about N N largely because of the performance of its new - the drug introduced last year is expected to generate sales of about $ N million this year - it 's turning out to be a real blockbuster mr. said - in last year 's third quarter lilly earned $ N million or $ N a share - in indianapolis lilly declined comment - several analysts said they expected warner-lambert 's profit also to increase by more than N N from $ N million or $ N a share it reported in the like period last year - the company is praised by analysts for sharply lowering its costs in recent years and shedding numerous companies with low profit margins - the company 's lean operation analysts said allowed sales from its cholesterol drug to power earnings growth - sales are expected to be about $ N million this year up from $ N million in N - in morris plains n.j. a spokesman for the company said the analysts ' projections are in the - squibb 's profit estimated by analysts to be about N N above the $ N million or $ N a share it earned in the third quarter of N was the result of especially strong sales of its drug for treating high blood pressure and other heart disease - the company was officially merged with bristol-myers co. earlier this month - bristol-myers declined to comment - mr. of bear stearns said that schering-plough corp. 's expected profit rise of about N N to N N and 's expected profit increase of about N N are largely because those companies are really managed well - earned $ N million or N cents a share while bristol-myers earned $ N million or N cents a share in the like period a year earlier - in madison n.j. a spokesman for schering-plough said the company has no problems with the average estimate by a analysts that third-quarter earnings per share rose by about N N to $ N - the company expects to achieve the N N increase in full-year earnings per share as it projected in the spring the spokesman said - meanwhile analysts said pfizer 's recent string of lackluster quarterly performances continued as earnings in the quarter were expected to decline by about N N - sales of pfizer 's important drugs for treating and a heart medicine have because of increased competition - the strong dollar hurt pfizer a lot too mr. said - in the third quarter last year pfizer earned $ N million or $ N a share - in new york the company declined comment - analysts said they expected upjohn 's profit to be flat or rise by only about N N to N N as compared with $ N million or N cents a share it earned a year ago - upjohn 's drugs are a and a - sales of both drugs have been hurt by new state laws restricting the of certain and adverse publicity about the excessive use of the drugs - also the company 's drug is selling well at about $ N million for the year but the company 's profit from the drug has been reduced by upjohn 's expensive print and television campaigns for advertising analysts said - in mich. upjohn declined comment - amid a crowd of stocks technology inc. 's stock fell particularly hard friday dropping N N because its problems were compounded by disclosure of an unexpected loss for its fiscal first quarter - the software company said it expects a $ N million net loss for the fiscal first quarter ended sept. N - it said analysts had been expecting a small profit for the period - revenue is expected to be up modestly from the $ N million reported a year ago - technology reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - while our international operations showed strong growth our domestic business was substantially below expectations said paul president and chief executive officer - a spokesman said the company 's first quarter is historically soft and computer companies in general are experiencing slower sales - mr. said he accepted the resignation of thomas wilson vice president of corporate sales and that his marketing responsibilities have been - the company said mr. wilson 's resignation was n't related to the sales - technology went public in may N at $ N a share - it fell $ N a share friday to $ N a new low in over-the-counter trading - its high for the past year was $ N a share - in the previous quarter the company earned $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - the bronx has a wonderful garden a great its own little italy on arthur avenue and of course the - however most people having been to news of the south bronx look at the borough the way tom 's sherman did in of the as a wrong turn into hell - but 's bronx her bronx of the is something else altogether - in a lovely sleeping arrangements N pages $ N she an exotic mainly by jewish and the catholic real like her friend the age five - ms. a novelist and playwright has a vivid and dramatically sense of recall - she her bronx of the a place where the of are only relieved by steep into into the bronx a world with sex and death and - in the bronx jewish people lived in buildings with names like towers after owners and morris whose and were with of ancient and of - for ms. the architectural matched the she felt living in the towers as a little girl ordinary all to - and funny but never mean she 's a a bit like if he 'd been jewish and female and less - little as ms. calls herself in the book really was n't ordinary - she was raised for the first eight years by her mother whom she as a who history to explain why 's father did n't live with them - this man who may or may not have known about his child as a war hero for 's benefit - died young and has remembered her as a romantic figure who did n't interfere much with her child 's education on the streets - the games bronx children played holding kids down and them for example seem by today 's crack standards but ms. makes it all sound like a great - without official knowledge of sex or death we with both she writes - she families by their sleeping arrangements - her friend susan whose parents kept her she was unwanted on a narrow bed into her parents ' as though she were a temporary - her friend 's father was a professional thief they did n't seem to have any at all - maybe became so with where people and how because her own arrangements kept shifting - when died her moved in and let her make the sleeping and other household arrangements - they painted the apartment orange and white according to her instructions - with detail she recalls her uncle an orthodox and song who river with in a love song and uncle a investigator who looked like lincoln and carried a change of clothing in a manila like an president on a mission - they came by their - 's no baker the heads of from the family and around her philosophy for women - the book loses some momentum toward the end when becomes more with dating boys and less with her weird family - for the most part though there 's much pleasure in her probe into the of the bronx - the bronx also figures in bruce jay 's latest novel which back to the new york of the - but both the past and present of the current climate atlantic monthly press N pages $ N feel and - for his sixth novel mr. tried to the of his N work about harry towns - harry is now a writer whose continuing with drugs and marginal types in hollywood and new york seems - harry the old days of the early when people like his friend would take a on a date to analyze what was doing wrong - an l.a. solution explains mr. - line by line mr. 's can be amusing especially when he 's on the hollywood social scheme the way people size each other up immediately the desperate ones who merely almost made it - harry has avoided all that by living in a long island suburb with his wife who 's so to soap and mystery novels she barely seems to notice when her husband disappears for into manhattan - but it does n't take too many lines to figure harry out - he 's a - gulf resources & chemical corp. said it agreed to pay $ N million as part of an accord with the environmental protection agency regarding an environmental cleanup of a the company formerly operated in idaho - in N the epa notified gulf resources which was a of the that it was potentially liable for sharing cleanup costs at the site under the federal superfund program - the area is with lead and other metals - gulf resources earlier this year proposed a reorganization plan that would make it a unit of a concern potentially it from liability for the 's cleanup costs - the company said that as part of its agreement with the epa it made certain voluntary with respect to transactions entered into after the reorganization - the company which issued a statement on the agreement late friday said that $ N million of the payment was previously provided for in its financial statements and that $ N will be recognized in its N third-quarter statement - the agreement and consent are subject to court approval the company said - gulf resources added that it will seek to recover equitable contribution from others for both the amount of the settlement and any other liabilities it may incur under the superfund law - under the agreement gulf must give the u.s. government N days ' advance written notice before issuing any dividends on common stock - the company 's net worth can not fall below $ N million after the dividends are issued - the terms of that agreement only become effective the date of gulf 's reorganization which we anticipate will occur sometime in early N said lawrence r. mehl gulf 's general counsel - in addition gulf must give the government N days ' advance written notice of any loans exceeding $ N million that are made to the holding company - gulf 's net worth after those transaction must be at least $ N million - separately the company said it expects to hold a special meeting for shareholders in early N to vote on its proposed reorganization - many of the nation 's executives friday 's market plunge as an overdue for speculators and takeover players - assuming that the market does n't head into a free fall some executives think friday 's action could prove a of good news as a sign that the leveraged buy-out and takeover frenzy of recent years may be - this is a reaction to lbo rather than to any fundamentals said john young chairman of hewlett-packard co. whose shares dropped $ N to $ N - if we get rid of a lot of that nonsense it will be a big plus - a few of the executives here for the fall meeting of the business council a group that meets to discuss national issues were only too happy to their criticism - people wish the government would do something about leveraged buy-outs do something about takeovers do something about donald trump said rand chairman of itt corp. whose stock dropped $ N - where 's the leadership - where 's the guy who can say enough is enough - the executives were by the plunge even though it billions of dollars off the value of their companies and millions off their personal fortunes - i 'm not going to worry about one day 's decline said kenneth digital equipment corp. president who was through the bright orange and yellow leaves of the here after his company 's shares plunged $ N to close at $ N - i did n't bother calling anybody i did n't even turn on tv - there has n't been any fundamental change in the economy added john whose procter & gamble co. took an $ N slide to close at $ N - the fact that this happened two years ago and there was a recovery gives people some comfort that this wo n't be a problem - of course established corporate often tend to the setbacks of stock speculators and takeover artists - indeed one chief executive who was downright by friday 's events was robert crandall chairman of amr corp. the parent of american airlines and the target of a takeover offer by mr. trump - asked whether friday 's action could help him avoid being by the new york real estate mr. crandall broadly and said no comment - on friday morning before the market 's sell-off the business leaders issued a report predicting the economy would grow at roughly an inflation-adjusted N N annual rate through next year then accelerate in N - of the N economists who worked on the business council forecast only two projected periods of decline in the nation 's output over the next two years and in both the declines are too modest to warrant the phrase recession said lewis chairman of j.p. morgan & co. and vice chairman of the business council - the real estate slump that 's pushing down the price of new york office space and housing is also affecting the city 's retail real estate market - in manhattan store sites sit vacant and newly constructed space has been slow to fill - retail real estate brokers say tenants are reluctant to sign leases because of uncertainty about the local economy turmoil in their own industries and a belief that have not yet hit bottom - there is an amount of space available says faith senior vice president at associates store leasing inc - there are about N stores for rent up from a more typical range of N to N - this further retailers she says - they wonder should they sign a lease if prices are still coming down - is this the wrong time to open a store - who is going to be in the space next door - in addition ms. says tenants usually can negotiate to pay that are about lower than ' initial asking price - a handful of hot retail locations such as the street and madison and fifth avenue areas have been able to sustain what many see as - and in some neighborhoods have merely hit a - but on average manhattan retail have dropped N N to N N in the past six months alone experts say - that follows a more decline in the prior six months after manhattan had run up rapidly since N - the same factors limiting demand for office space have affected retailing - as businesses contract or the number of employees who might use retail services says edward a. senior vice president of helmsley inc - he says financial problems electronics fur and furniture companies key categories in the local retail economy have further the market - hardest hit are what he calls secondary sites that primarily serve neighborhood residents - in these locations mr. says retailers are increasingly cautious about expanding and have remained steady or in some cases have declined - weakness in the restaurant industry which is leaving retail space vacant the problem for - it is also no comfort to and small new york retailers when the future of larger department stores which retail neighborhoods are in doubt - hooker corp. parent of teller and b. altman 's is mired in bankruptcy proceedings and bloomingdale 's is for sale by its owner campeau corp - the trend toward lower may seem surprising given that some communities in new york are the loss of favorite local businesses to high - but despite the recent softening for many of these retailers there 's still been too big a jump from the rental rates of the late 1970s when their leases were signed - certainly the recent drop in prices does n't mean manhattan comes cheap - new york retail still run well above the going rate in other u.s. cities - madison and fifth and east street can command of up to $ N a square foot and $ N is not uncommon - the thriving street area offers of about $ N a square foot as do locations along lower fifth avenue - by contrast in the best retail locations in boston san francisco and chicago rarely top $ N a square foot - and on beverly hills ' drive generally do n't exceed about $ N a square foot - the new york stock exchange said two securities will begin trading this week - precision corp. ore. will begin trading with the symbol - it makes investment and has traded over-the-counter - royal bank of scotland group plc an scotland financial services company will list american depositary shares representing preferred shares with the symbol - it will continue to trade on the international stock exchange london - the american stock exchange listed shares of two companies - aim telephones inc. a n.j. telecommunications equipment supply company started trading with the symbol aim - it had traded over-the-counter - columbia laboratories inc. miami began trading with the symbol - the pharmaceuticals maker had traded over-the-counter - the national market system of the nasdaq over-the-counter market listed shares of one company - employee benefit plans inc. a minneapolis health-care services company was listed with the symbol - when justice william marks the start of his year on the supreme court today the occasion will differ sharply from previous of his tenure - for the first time the justice finds his influence almost exclusively in dissent rather than as a force in the high court 's majority - this role reversal holds true as well for his three liberal and moderate allies justices marshall harry and john stevens - but are these four players three of them in their ready to assume a different role after N years of service on the high court - every indication is that the four are prepared to accept this new role and the that go with it but in different ways - justices and stevens appear about it justices marshall and appear fighting mad - the four justices are no newcomers to dissent often joining forces in the past decade to the court 's conservative - but always in years past they have the trend and have been able to pick up a fifth vote to out a number of major victories in civil rights and cases - now however as the court 's new conservative majority continues to victories for the liberals are rare - the change is most dramatic for justice the last of the liberal majority under chief justice warren - in the seven supreme court terms from the fall of N through the spring of N the of the warren court 's power justice cast only N votes in N cases decided by the court - last term alone he cast N votes in N decisions with the contentious ruling as his only big victory - but justice his new role strongly defending the importance of in a N speech - each time the court an issue the justices will be forced by a dissent to reconsider the fundamental questions and to the result he said - moreover in recent months he has said that when he was on the winning side in the 1960s he knew that the tables might turn in the future - he has said that he now knows how justice john felt a reference to the late conservative justice who was the most frequent from the warren court 's opinions - associates of justice marshall say he was depressed about the court 's direction last spring but is about his role and determined to speak out against the court 's cutbacks in civil rights - we could sweep it under the and hide it but i 'm not going to do it he said in a speech last month - he like justice considers highly important for the future a point that has n't escaped legal scholars - harvard law school professor laurence tribe says there is a flavor to current - the in the warren court he says appeared to be writing for the short-term suggesting that the court 's direction might change soon - and marshall are speaking in their to a more distant future he says - justice who will turn N next month also seems about his new role - associates say he takes some more personally than his colleagues especially attempts to curtail the right to abortion first recognized in his N opinion roe vs. wade - friends and associates who saw justice during the summer said he was no more discouraged about the court than in recent years - and his outlook improved after successful surgery in august - but his level of frustration showed in a recent speech to a group of hundreds of lawyers in chicago - he concluded his remarks by and at some length according to those present the late martin king 's famous i have a dream speech from the N march on washington - justice stevens N is probably the most of the about his role in part because he may be the least liberal of the four but also because he enjoys the intellectual challenge of arguing with the majority more than the others - if the role these four are assuming is a familiar one in modern supreme court history it also in an important way from recent history court watchers say - the of the warren court were often defending a legal that they inherited says prof. dick howard of the university of virginia law school but the today are defending a that they created - the government sold the deposits of four savings-and-loan institutions in its first wave of sales of big sick thrifts but low bids prevented the sale of a fifth - the four s&ls were sold to large banks as was the case with most of the N previous transactions initiated by the resolution trust corp. since it was created in the s&l bailout legislation two months ago - two of the four big thrifts were sold to ncnb corp. charlotte n.c. which has aggressively expanded its markets particularly in texas and florida - a canadian bank bought another thrift in the first rtc transaction with a foreign bank - under these deals the rtc sells just the deposits and the healthy assets - these transactions leave the bulk of bad assets mostly real estate with the government to be sold later - in these four for instance the rtc is stuck with $ N billion in bad assets - paid premiums ranging from N N to N N for the deposits and branch systems roughly in line with what analysts were expecting - the buyers will also be locked into deposit rates for just two weeks as has been the case with previous deals - after that the buyers may the rates paid by the former thrifts - but it 's uncertain whether these institutions will take those steps - ncnb for example has been one of the highest rate in the texas market and in florida rates are especially sensitive in retirement communities - the rtc had previously targeted five thrifts for quick sales in order to spend cash by certain budgetary deadlines but the delays illustrate the tough facing the agency - these thrifts are said an industry consultant based in va - for example the delay in selling people 's heritage savings kan. with $ N billion in assets has forced the rtc to consider selling off the thrift instead of as a whole institution - ncnb continued its into the florida and texas markets - ncnb will acquire university federal savings association houston which had assets of $ N billion - ncnb texas national bank will pay the rtc a premium of $ N million for $ N billion in deposits - as a measure of the to which the texas real estate market has the rtc will pay $ N billion to ncnb to take $ N million of bad assets - ncnb also acquired freedom savings & loan association tampa fla. which had total assets of $ N million - ncnb will pay the rtc a premium of $ N million for $ N billion in deposits - ncnb will also acquire $ N million of freedom 's assets from the rtc which will require $ N million in assistance - meridian bancorp inc. reading pa. will acquire hill financial savings association red hill pa. which had $ N billion in assets - meridian will pay a premium of $ N million to assume $ N billion in deposits - it will also purchase $ N million of the thrift 's assets with $ N billion in rtc assistance - in the first rtc transaction with a foreign buyer royal ltd. toronto will acquire pacific savings bank costa mesa calif. which had $ N million in assets - royal will pay the rtc $ N million to assume $ N million in deposits - it will also purchase $ N million in assets and receive $ N million in assistance from the rtc - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - american co. offering of N common shares via merrill lynch capital markets - limited inc. offering of up to $ N million of debt securities and warrants - california performance plus municipal fund inc. initial offering of five million common shares via alex brown & sons inc. john & co. prudential-bache capital funding and hill - health systems inc. proposed offering of N million common shares of which N shares will be offered by and N shares by america inc 's N N via dillon read & co. inc. goldman sachs & co. and dean witter reynolds inc - inc. offering of one million new shares of common stock and N shares by holders via drexel burnham lambert inc. and j.c. bradford & co - trans world airlines inc. offering of $ N million senior notes via drexel burnham - time magazine in a move to reduce the costs of wooing new subscribers is lowering its circulation guarantee to advertisers for the second consecutive year increasing its subscription rates and cutting back on merchandise - in an announcement to its staff last week executives at time warner inc. 's weekly magazine said time will dramatically its use of electronic such as telephones in television subscription drives cut the circulation it guarantees advertisers by N to four million and increase the cost of its annual subscription rate by about $ N to $ N - in a related development the for the fourth year in a row said it wo n't increase its advertising rates in N a full page in the magazine costs about $ N - however because the guaranteed circulation base is being lowered ad rates will be effectively N N higher per subscriber according to richard time associate publisher - time is following the course of some other magazines that in recent years have challenged the publishing that maintaining artificially high and expensive is the way to draw advertisers - in recent years reader 's digest new york times co. 's mccall 's and most recently news corp. 's tv guide have cut their massive circulation rate bases to eliminate marginal circulation and hold down rates for advertisers - deep discounts in and offers of free and watches have become accepted forms of attracting new subscribers in the world of magazine - but time as part of the more time warner wants to itself away from expensive - besides time executives think selling a news magazine with a radio is - just give people the wrong image said mr. - that perception takes the focus off the magazine - time magazine executives predictably the circulation cut as a show of strength and actually a benefit to advertisers - what we are doing is out the readers who are only related to the magazine and do n't really read it said mr. - we are trying to create quality and involvement - however time executives used the same explanation when in october N the magazine cut its guaranteed circulation from N million to N million - and time 's paid circulation according to audit bureau of dropped N N to N in the six months ended june N N - still time 's move is being received well once again - it 's for advertisers to know the reader will be paying more said michael national media director at bozell inc. ad agency - a few drops in circulation are of no consequence - it 's not a show of weakness they are improving the quality of circulation while their profits - mr. said the changes represent a new focus in the magazine industry a magazine 's net revenue per subscriber or the actual revenue from subscribers after discounts and the cost of premiums have been stripped away - the question is how much are we getting from each reader said mr. - time 's rivals washington post co. 's newsweek and u.s. news & world report are less on electronic and in recent years both have been increasing their circulation rate bases - both magazines are expected to announce their ad rates and circulation levels for N within a month - when the news broke of an attempted coup in panama two weeks ago sen. christopher dodd called the state department for a briefing - they said follow he told reporters - that shows how far ted turner 's cable news network has come since its birth nine years ago when it was considered the of television news - it is bigger faster and more profitable than the news divisions of any of the three major broadcast networks - its niche as the network of record during major crises draws elite audiences around the world - but for all its success has hit a - although when big news breaks it during periods of calm - executives worry that the network 's but news format may be getting and wo n't keep viewers coming back as the alternatives for news and information on cable-tv - just the fact we 're on N hours is no longer says ed turner 's executive vice president news gathering and no to ted turner - you ca n't live on that - so a unit of atlanta-based turner broadcasting system inc. is trying to itself as a primary channel or what people in the television industry call a top of mind network - tonight to kick off the effort will premiere its first prime-time in years an show at N p.m eastern time to air against the network - the show will be by bernard shaw and a former texas judge and campus beauty queen who has never held a job in television or journalism - the new show is perhaps the in a number of steps the network is taking to build audience loyalty by shifting away from its current format toward more signature programming with stars - to itself is also expanding international coverage and adding a second program - it is paying higher salaries after years of to lure and keep experienced staffers - and it is on an expensive gamble to break major stories with a large team - the next stage is to get beyond the opinion leaders who use us as a point of reference to become a point of reference at ordinary dinner tables says jon executive vice president of headline news 's sister network - but that wo n't be easy - networks like other consumer products develop images in peoples ' minds that are n't easy to change - it also takes money that has been reluctant to spend to make programs and hire talent that viewers will tune in specially to see - and the cable-tv operators 's distributors and part owners like things just the way they are - the bid is aimed at 's and what may happen to it as the cable-tv news market grows more competitive - already is facing stronger competition from financial news network inc. and general electric co. 's consumer news and business channel both of which are likely to pursue more general news in the future - in addition many cable-tv systems themselves are airing more local and regional news programs produced by local broadcast stations - wants to change its viewers ' habits - its watchers are on the whole a group of and news who spend an average of just N minutes a day watching according to audience research - that 's less than one-third the time that viewers watch the major broadcast networks - the brief attention viewers give could put it at a disadvantage as ratings data and advertising become more important to cable-tv channels - 's habits have been by its format - its strategy in the past has been to serve as a tv wire service - it focused on building up its news bureaus around the world so as events took place it could go live and longer than other networks - it filled its daily schedule with called and but the shows little in content or look - now the push is on for shows - our goal is to create more programs with an individual identity says paul executive vice president for programming - is adding a show in the morning because surveys show its hour in the afternoon is among its most programs in viewers ' minds says mr. - and it is exploring other original programs similar to its larry king live and talk shows which executives hope will keep people in - then there 's the world today the prime-time featuring mr. shaw and ms. - until now has featured its hollywood show during the key evening period - but N N of the households that watch news do so between N p.m. and N p.m. the network discovered so wants in - mr. says the team will probably do two live interviews a day with most of the program at least for now appearing similar to 's other - some in the industry are skeptical - i find it hard to of people switching over to for what at least in the public 's mind is the same news says frank the former president of nbc news and of the report - the evening news is also slated as 's stage for its big push into journalism - in august the network hired producer hill the former head of news at abc - she 's a staff of about N reporters who will produce weekly segments with an eye toward breaking big stories - executives hope the created by such will generate excitement for its programs in the way N minutes did so well for cbs - that 's such a departure from the past that many in the industry are skeptical will follow through with its commitment especially after it sees the cost of producing pieces - they 've never shown any to spend money on production says michael a senior producer with who notes that is to his job - the network 's salaries have always ranged far below industry standards resulting in a work force - recently gave most employees raises of as much as N N but they 're still drastically compared with the networks - says mr. is my wire service they 're on top of everything - but to improve they 've really got to make the investment in people - in any case operators have reason to fear any with 's format - they market cable-tv on the very opportunities seeks to discourage - we would obviously be upset if those kinds of services into more programming says robert senior vice president programming of continental inc. which holds a N N stake in turner broadcasting - the second u.s. circuit court of appeals opinion in the case did not the position pennzoil co. took in its dispute with texaco contrary to your sept. N article court backs texaco 's view in pennzoil case too late - the fundamental rule of contract law applied to both cases was that courts will not enforce agreements to which the parties did not intend to be bound - in the litigation the courts found pennzoil and oil intended to be bound in they found there was no intention to be bound - the principle in the cases is the same - but the outcome of a legal dispute almost always turns on the facts - and the facts as found by the various courts in these two lawsuits were different - when you suggest otherwise you leave the of reporting and enter the of speculation - charles f. - valley federal savings & loan association said imperial corp. of america withdrew from regulators its application to buy five valley federal branches leaving the transaction in limbo - the broken purchase appears as additional evidence of trouble at imperial corp. whose spokesman said the company withdrew its application from the federal office of thrift supervision because of an informal notice that imperial 's thrift unit failed to meet community reinvestment act requirements - the community reinvestment act requires savings and loan associations to lend money in amounts related to areas where deposits are received - the transaction announced in august included about $ N million in deposits at the five outlets in california 's san valley - terms were n't disclosed but valley federal had said it expected to post a modest pretax gain and to save about $ N million in operating costs annually - valley federal said friday that it is considering whether to seek another buyer for the branches or to pursue the transaction with imperial corp. which said it is attempting to meet community reinvestment act requirements - valley federal with assets of $ N billion is based in van - imperial corp. based in san diego is the parent of imperial savings & loan - in the first six months of the year it posted a net loss of $ N million - call it the we 're too broke to fight defense - lawyers for dozens of insolvent savings and loan associations are trying a new in their efforts to suits filed by borrowers developers and creditors - the thrifts ' lawyers claim that the suits N to N in texas alone should be dismissed as because neither the s&ls nor the federal savings and loan insurance corp. has the money to pay judgments - though the argument may have a ring to it even the s&l lawyers concede there 's little precedent to back their position - still one federal appeals court has signaled it 's willing to the notion and the lawyers have renewed their arguments in texas and eight other states where the defense is permitted under state law - the dismissal of the pending suits could go a long way toward clearing court in texas and reducing the 's massive legal bills which topped $ N million last year - the s&l lawyers were encouraged last month by an ruling in two cases brought against savings & loan association of dallas by the developers of the valley ranch best known as the training center for the dallas cowboys football team - foreclosed on the ranch - and the argued to the fifth u.s. circuit court of appeals that there will never be any assets with which to satisfy a judgment against savings nor any means to collect from any other party including - if true the court wrote this would justify dismissal of these actions on prudential grounds - but the court said it lacked enough financial information about and the and sent the cases back to federal district court in dallas - charles a lawyer for says he plans to file a brief this week urging the district judge to dismiss the suits because 's liabilities exceeded its assets by about $ N billion when federal regulators closed it in august N - this institution is just brain dead says mr. a partner in the dallas office of & a houston law firm - but a lawyer for investment group the developer of valley ranch such arguments as a defense du - attorney richard jackson of dallas says a judgment for could be satisfied in ways other than a monetary award including the reversal of 's on valley ranch - we 're asking the court for a number of things he can grant in addition to the of victory he says - we 'd take the valley ranch free and clear as a prize - kenneth j. who was named president of this thrift holding company in august resigned citing personal reasons - mr. said he had planned to travel between the job in denver and his san diego home but has found the commute too difficult to continue - a new president was n't named - south africa freed the anc 's sisulu and seven other political - thousands of supporters many flags of the outlawed african national congress gave the activists a tumultuous reception upon their return to black across the country - most of those freed had spent at least N years in prison - the sisulu sentenced to life in N along with black nelson for to the government said for blacks in south africa was in reach - the releases announced last week by president de were viewed as pretoria 's of the anc - considered the most prominent leader of the anc remains in prison - but his release within the next few months is widely expected - the soviet union reported that thousands of tons of goods needed to ease widespread shortages across the nation were up at ports and rail and food shipments were because of a lack of people and equipment to move the cargo - strikes and were cited and premier warned of tough measures - bush indicated there might be room for flexibility in a bill to allow federal funding of abortions for poor women who are of rape and incest - he reiterated his opposition to such funding but expressed hope of a compromise - the president at a news conference friday also renewed a call for the of panama 's noriega - the white house said have n't any right to abortion without the consent of their parents - the administration 's policy was stated in a brief urging the supreme court to give states more to restrict abortions - ten of the nation 's governors meanwhile called on the justices to reject efforts to limit abortions - the justice department announced that the fbi has been given the authority to seize u.s. overseas without the permission of foreign governments - secretary of state baker emphasized friday that the new policy would n't be by the bush administration without full consideration of implications - nasa the space shuttle atlantis ready for launch tomorrow following a of the flight because of a engine computer - the device was replaced - the spacecraft 's five are to the galileo space probe on an exploration mission to jupiter - south korea 's president roh traveled to the u.s. for a visit that is expected to focus on ties between washington and seoul - roh who is facing calls for the reduction of u.s. military forces in south korea is to meet with bush tomorrow and is to address a joint session of congress on wednesday - china 's communist leadership voted to the party of hostile and elements and wealthy private businessmen whom they called - the decision reported by the official news agency indicated that the crackdown prompted by pro-democracy protests in june is - hundreds of east germans to bonn 's embassy in warsaw bringing to more than N the number of expected to to the west beginning today - more than N others escaped to west germany through hungary over the weekend - in leipzig activists vowed to continue street protests to demand internal change - 's president met in southern france with rebel leader and a senior u.s. in a bid to revive an accord to end 's civil war - details of the talks described by a official as very delicate were n't disclosed - plo leader arafat insisted on guarantees that any elections in the would be - he made his remarks to a plo gathering in - in the occupied underground leaders of the arab rejected a u.s. plan to arrange talks as shamir opposed holding such discussions in cairo - christian lawmakers presented to arab at talks in saudi arabia proposals for a new timetable for the withdrawal of 's forces from lebanon - a plan currently under study gives two years to pull back to eastern lebanon starting from the time 's legislature increases political power for - hurricane jerry threatened to combine with the highest of the year to the coast - thousands of residents of areas were ordered to as the storm headed north in the gulf of mexico with N mph - a group of arby 's franchisees said they formed an association to oppose miami beach financier victor posner 's control of the restaurant chain - the decision is the latest move in an battle between the franchisees and mr. posner that began in august - at the time a group called partners ltd. consisting of eight of arby 's largest franchisees offered more than $ N million to buy arby 's inc. which is part of corp - is a holding company controlled by mr. posner - one week later leonard h. roberts president and chief executive officer of arby 's was fired in a dispute with mr. posner - friday N franchisees announced the formation of an association called a.p. association inc. to preserve the integrity of the arby 's system - the franchisees owners or operators of N of the N arby 's in the u.s. said we have concluded that continued control of arby 's by victor posner is totally to us because it is extremely likely to cause damage to the arby 's system - we support all efforts to remove victor posner from control of arby 's inc. and the arby 's system - the group said it would consider among other things royalty payments and a class-action lawsuit seeking court approval for the - in florida a senior vice president at responded we do n't think any individual or group should disrupt a winning system or illegally interfere with existing relationships for their own - september 's steep rise in producer prices shows that inflation still and the over interest rates caused by the new price data contributed to the stock market 's plunge friday - after falling for three consecutive months the producer price index for finished goods shot up N N last month the labor department reported friday as energy prices jumped after tumbling through the summer - although the report which was released before the stock market opened did n't trigger the 190.58-point drop in the dow jones industrial average analysts said it did play a role in the market 's decline - analysts immediately viewed the price data the inflation news in months as evidence that the federal reserve was unlikely to allow interest rates to fall as many investors had hoped - further fueling the belief that pressures in the economy were sufficient to keep the fed from easing credit the commerce department reported friday that retail sales grew N N in september to $ N billion - that rise came on top of a N N gain in august and suggested there is still healthy consumer demand in the economy - i think the friday report combined with the actions of the fed weakened the belief that there was going to be an imminent easing of monetary policy said robert chief economist at northern trust co. in chicago - but economists were divided over the extent of the inflation threat signaled by the new numbers - the overall N N increase is serious in itself but what is even worse is that excluding food and energy the producer price index still increased by N N said gordon an economist at the national association of manufacturers - but sung won chief economist at corp. in minneapolis blamed rising energy prices and the annual autumn increase in car prices for most of the september jump - i would say this is not bad news this is a he said - the core rate is not really out of line - all year energy prices have the producer price index which measures changes in the prices producers receive for goods - inflation has fallen back from its pace last winter when a steep in world oil prices sent the index surging at double-digit annual rates - energy prices then plummeted through the summer causing the index to decline for three consecutive months - overall the index has climbed at a N N compound annual rate since the start of the year the labor department said - while far more than the pace at the beginning of the year that is still a rise than the N N increase for all of N - moreover this year 's good inflation news may have ended last month when energy prices up N N after plunging N N in august - some analysts expect oil prices to remain relatively stable in the months ahead leaving the future pace of inflation uncertain - analysts had expected that the climb in oil prices last month would lead to a substantial rise in the producer price index but the N N climb was higher than most anticipated - i think the in inflation is going to continue for a few months said john chief economist at bell a washington economic forecasting firm - he predicted that inflation will moderate next year saying that credit conditions are fairly tight world-wide - but van president of the national association of said that last month 's rise is n't as bad an as the N N figure suggests - if you examine the data carefully the increase is concentrated in energy and motor vehicle prices rather than being a broad-based advance in the prices of consumer and industrial goods he explained - passenger car prices jumped N N in september after climbing N N in august and declining in the late spring and summer - many analysts said the september increase was a one-time event coming as dealers introduced their N models - although all the price data were adjusted for normal seasonal fluctuations car prices rose beyond the autumn increase - prices for capital equipment rose a hefty N N in september while prices for home electronic equipment fell N N - food prices declined N N after climbing N N in august - meanwhile the retail sales report showed that car sales rose N N in september to $ N billion - but at least part of the increase could have come from higher prices analysts said - sales at general merchandise stores rose N N after declining N N in august while sales of building materials fell N N after rising N N - producer prices for intermediate goods grew N N in september after dropping for three consecutive months - prices for crude goods an array of raw materials jumped N N after declining N N in august and up N N in july - here are the labor department 's producer price indexes N N for september before seasonal adjustment and the percentage changes from september N - financial corp. said it expects to report a loss of at least $ N million to $ N million for the third quarter - in the year-earlier period had net income of $ N but no per-share earnings - 's president and chief executive officer john said the loss stems from several factors - he said nonperforming assets rose to slightly more than $ N million from $ N million between june and september - approximately N N of the total of nonperforming commercial real estate assets - estimated that it will provide between $ N million and $ N million for credit losses in the third quarter - added that significant additional loan-loss provisions may be required by federal regulators as part of the current annual examination of city federal savings bank 's primary subsidiary based in n.j - city federal operates N banking offices in new jersey and florida - mr. said will also mark its portfolio of high-yield corporate bonds to market as a result of federal legislation requiring that savings institutions themselves of such bonds - that action said will result in a charge against third-quarter results of approximately $ N million - also said it expects to shed its remaining mortgage loan operations outside its principal markets in new jersey and florida and as a result is taking a charge for discontinued operations - all these actions mr. said will result in a loss of $ N million to $ N million for the third quarter - he added however depending on the resolution of certain accounting issues relating to mortgages and the outcome of the annual examination of city federal currently in progress with respect to the appropriate level of loan loss reserves the total loss for the quarter could significantly exceed this range - centrust savings bank said federal thrift regulators ordered it to suspend dividend payments on its two classes of preferred stock indicating that regulators ' concerns about the troubled institution have heightened - in a statement miami-based centrust said the regulators cited the thrift 's operating losses and apparent losses in its junk-bond portfolio in ordering the suspension of the dividends - regulators also ordered centrust to stop buying back the preferred stock - david l. paul chairman and chief executive officer criticized the federal office of thrift supervision which issued the saying it was inappropriate and based on insufficient reasons - he said the thrift will try to get regulators to reverse the decision - the suspension of a preferred stock dividend is a serious step that signals that regulators have deep concerns about an institution 's health - in march regulators labeled centrust a troubled institution largely because of its big junk-bond holdings and its operating losses - in the same month the office of thrift supervision ordered the institution to stop paying common stock dividends until its operations were on track - for the nine months ended june N centrust had a net loss of $ N million compared with year-earlier net income of $ N million - centrust which is florida 's largest thrift holds one of the largest junk-bond portfolios of any thrift in the nation - since april it has its high-yield bond holdings to about $ N million from $ N billion - mr. paul said only about $ N million of the current holdings are securities registered with the securities and exchange commission - the remainder he said are commercial loan or private that are n't filed with the sec and do n't have a ready market - centrust and regulators have been in a dispute over market for the junk bonds - the office of thrift supervision has been centrust to provide current market values for its holdings but centrust has said it ca n't easily obtain such values because of the relative of the bonds and lack of a ready market - regulators have become increasingly about centrust 's and other thrifts ' junk-bond holdings in light of the recent federal thrift bailout legislation and the recent deep decline in the junk-bond market - the legislation requires thrifts to themselves of junk bonds in the new regulatory climate - in american stock exchange composite trading friday centrust common shares closed at $ N down N cents - in a statement friday mr. paul challenged the regulators ' decision saying the thrift 's operating losses and apparent junk-bond losses have been substantially offset by gains in other activities of the bank - he also said substantial reserves have been set aside for possible losses from the junk bonds - in the third quarter for instance centrust added $ N million to its general reserves - mr. paul said the regulators should instead move ahead with centrust 's request to sell N of its N branches to great western bank a unit of great western financial corp. based in beverly hills calif - the branch sale is the centerpiece of centrust 's strategy to transform itself into a traditional s&l from a institution that relied heavily on securities trading for profits according to mr. paul - most analysts and thrift executives had expected a decision on the proposed transaction which was announced in july long before now - many interpret the delay as an indication that regulators are skeptical about the proposal - branches and deposits can be sold at a premium in the event federal regulators take over an institution - centrust however the branch sale saying it would bring in $ N million and reduce the thrift 's assets to $ N billion from $ N billion - it said the sale would give it positive tangible capital of $ N million or about N N of assets from a negative $ N million as of sept. N thus bringing centrust close to regulatory standards - centrust said the branch sale would also reduce the company 's large amount of good will by about $ N million - critics however say the branch sale will make centrust more dependent than ever on deposits and junk bonds - mr. paul that he intends to further the size of centrust by not renewing more than $ N billion of certificates of deposit when they come due - the thrift is also working to unload its junk-bond portfolio by continuing to sell off the bonds and it plans to eventually place some of them in a separate affiliate as required under the new thrift law - on a recent saturday night in the midst of west germany 's most popular prime-time show a bet the host that she could name any of N different after just one while - the woman won the bet - but perhaps even more remarkable the make a bet regularly wins the top in the country 's tv ratings sometimes drawing as many as N N of west german households - as the N economic integration approaches europe 's cultural have taken to the against american cultural threatening to impose quotas against such pop as dallas miami vice and l.a. law - but much of what the europeans want to protect seems every bit as as what they are trying to keep out - the most opposition to american tv imports has come from french television and movie producers who have demanded quotas ensuring that a full N N of europe 's tv shows be produced in europe - so far the french have failed to win enough broad-based support to prevail - a through the television listings and a few of the european television dial suggest one reason why - while there are some popular action and drama series few the high culture and production values one might expect - more european air time is filled with game shows variety hours movies and talk shows many of which are authorized of their american counterparts - one of france 's most popular saturday night programs features seeking out their for - a game show has as its host a belgian to be italian - one of italy 's favorite shows a variety show is so popular that viewers to buy a product whose were sung each week by even though the product did n't exist - the on another typical evening of fun on a won a bet with the show 's host thomas that he could identify N german over the telephone - a celebrity guest u.s. ambassador to west germany richard burt also won a bet that someone could pile up $ N worth of quarters on a coin - mr. burt nonetheless paid the penalty as if he had lost agreeing to spend a day with west german foreign minister and selling their combined weight in potato - if this seems like pretty weak stuff around which to raise the barriers it may be because these shows need all the protection they can get - european programs usually target only their own local audience and often only a small portion of that - in germany or italy rarely make it even to france or great britain and almost never show up on u.s. screens - attempts to produce programs have generally resulted in disappointment - one annual the song contest featuring from each of N european countries has been described as the world 's most boring tv show - another where from european countries make of themselves performing tasks is a hit in france - a under the title almost anything goes fast - for the most part what 's made here stays here and for good reason - the of the british crop the literary that are shown on u.s. public television as theater make up a relatively small part of british air time - most british programming is more of an acquired taste - there is for instance one man and his dog a contest among sheep dogs - also to the british are hours of even more hours of lawn bowling and still more hours of - european drama has had better though still mixed fortunes - the most popular such shows focus on narrow national concerns - a french of dallas called and set in a french had a good run in france which ended after the female lead was injured in a auto accident - black forest clinic a kind of german elsewhere set in a health is popular in germany and has spread into france - italy 's most popular series is a drama called la or the which the fight of an young investigator in against the mafia - it was news in italy earlier this year when the inspector was down in the series - spain 's most popular this year was the story of an aging - the trend is pretty well established now that local programs are the most popular with american programs second says brian a former director of programs for the british broadcasting corp - given a choice everybody will watch a show - but frequently there is n't much choice - thus europe has begun the recent crusade to produce more worthy shows of its own programs with broader appeal - we 've basically got to start from to train writers and producers to make shows that other people will want to see concedes young head of britain 's national film theatre school - while some in the u.s. contend that advertising is the of television here many believe that its absence is to blame for the european tv industry 's sluggish development - until recently national governments in europe controlled most of the air time and allowed little or no advertising - since production costs were guaranteed it did n't matter that a program could n't be sold abroad or put into as most american programs are - but not much money was spent on the shows either a situation that encouraged talk and game shows while discouraging - now however commercial channels are coming to most european countries and at the same time satellite and cable technology is spreading rapidly - just last week greece authorized two commercial channels for the first time spain earlier began to allow commercial television alongside its state channels - the result is a new and huge appetite for programming - but perhaps to the of those calling for quotas most of this is likely to be filled with the cheapest and most programming now available reruns usually of shows made in the u.s. - sky channel a venture of press rupert murdoch offers what must be a cultural mix to most of its audience - the financially struggling station offers programs obviously made available from its boss 's other ventures - in a madrid hotel room recently a caught the end of a badly acted series about a fishing boat on australia 's great barrier only to be urged by the british announcer to stay for the further of the - in bonn in milan tim in london and in madrid contributed to this article - british aerospace plc and france 's s.a. said they are an agreement to merge their divisions greatly expanding collaboration between the two defense contractors - the N joint venture which may be dubbed would have combined annual sales of at least # N billion $ N billion and would be among the world 's largest missile makers - after two years of talks plans for the venture are sufficiently advanced for the companies to seek french and british government clearance - the companies hope for a final agreement by year-end - the venture would strengthen the rapidly growing ties between the two companies and help make them a leading force in european defense contracting - in recent months a string of cross-border mergers and joint ventures have the world of european arms manufacture - already british aerospace and french on a british missile contract and on an control radar system - just last week they announced they may make a joint bid to buy ferranti international signal plc a smaller british defense contractor rocked by alleged accounting fraud at a u.s. unit - the sudden of british aerospace and traditionally bitter competitors for middle east and third world weapons contracts is controversy in western europe 's defense industry - most threatened by closer british ties would be their respective national rivals including s.a. in france and britain 's general electric co. plc - but neither nor unrelated to stamford general electric co. are sitting quietly by as their competitors join forces - yesterday a source close to confirmed that his company may join the ferranti fight as part of a possible consortium that would bid against british aerospace and - companies with which has had talks about a possible joint ferranti bid include britain 's group plc west germany 's daimler-benz ag and france 's dassault group - but it may be weeks before and its potential partners decide whether to bid the source indicated - plans first to study ferranti 's financial accounts which auditors recently said included # N million in contracts at a u.s. unit international signal & control group with which ferranti merged last year - also any bid might be blocked by british antitrust regulators ferranti is 's main competitor on several key contracts and its purchase by may british defense ministry worries about concentration in the country 's defense industry - a consortium bid however would 's direct role in ferranti and might consequently ministry officials - a british aerospace spokeswoman appeared by the prospect of a fight with for ferranti competition is the name of the game she said - at least one potential partner insists it is n't interested in ferranti - we have nothing to say about this affair which does n't concern us a official said sunday - the missile venture the british aerospace spokeswoman said is a needed response to the new environment in defense contracting - for both thomson and british aerospace earnings in their home markets have come under pressure from increasingly defense ministries and middle east sales a traditional mainstay for both companies ' exports have been hurt by five years of weak oil prices - the venture 's importance for thomson is great - thomson feels the future of its defense business depends on building cooperation with other europeans - the european defense industry is consolidating for instance west germany 's siemens ag recently joined in a takeover of britain 's co. and daimler-benz agreed to buy g.m.b - in missiles thomson is already by british aerospace and by its home rival france 's s.a. to better compete thomson officials say they need a partnership - to justify N ownership of the planned venture thomson would make a cash payment to british aerospace - annual revenue of british aerospace 's missile business is about # N million a thomson spokesman said - british aerospace 's chief missile products include its family of missiles - thomson missile products with about half british aerospace 's annual revenue include the missile family - pipe line co. said it will delay a proposed N million us$ N million expansion of its system because canada 's output of crude oil is shrinking - canada 's biggest oil pipeline operator and a major of crude to the u.s. said revised industry forecasts indicate that canadian oil output will total about N million barrels a day by N N N lower than a previous estimate - canadian crude production averaged about N million barrels a day during N 's first half about N N below the N level - the capability of existing fields to deliver oil is dropping and oil exploration activity is also down dramatically as many producers shift their emphasis to natural gas said ronald vice president for government and industry relations with 's parent energy inc - mr. said volume on 's system is down about N N since january and is expected to fall further making expansion unnecessary until perhaps the mid-1990s - there has been a swing of the back to the gas side he said - many of canada 's oil and gas producers say the outlook for natural gas is better than it is for oil and have shifted their exploration and development budgets - the number of active drilling in canada is down N N from a year ago and the number of completed oil wells is down more than that due to the increasing focus on gas exploration said robert manager of crude oil with calgary 's independent petroleum association of canada an industry group - mr. said the main reason for the production decline is shrinking output of light crude from mature conventional fields in western canada - about N N of all crude produced in western canada and almost N N of 's total volume consists of light crude - nearly all of the crude oil that canada exports to the u.s. is on 's system whose main line runs from to major u.s. and canadian cities in the great region including chicago toronto and montreal - canada 's current oil exports to the u.s. total about N barrels a day or about N N of net u.s. crude imports said john president of the new york-based petroleum industry research foundation - that ranks canada as the source of imported crude behind saudi arabia and mexico - mr. said canada 's declining crude output combined with the output of u.s. crude will help intensify u.s. reliance on oil from overseas particularly the middle east - it 's very much a growing concern - but when something is inevitable you learn to live with it he said - mr. stressed that the delay of 's proposed expansion wo n't by itself increase u.s. on offshore crude however since canadian imports are limited in any case by canada 's falling output - under terms of its proposed expansion which would have required regulatory approval intended to add N barrels a day of additional capacity to its system beginning with a modest expansion by N - the system currently has a capacity of N million barrels a day - inland steel industries inc. expects to report that third-quarter earnings dropped more than N N from the previous quarter as a result of reduced sales volume and increased costs - in the second quarter the steelmaker had net income of $ N million or $ N a share including a pretax charge of $ N million related to the settlement of a suit on sales of $ N billion - the company said normal seasonal softness and lost orders caused by prolonged labor talks reduced shipments by N tons in the latest quarter compared with the second quarter - at the same time the business was hurt by continued increases in materials costs and repair and maintenance expenses as well as higher labor costs under its new contract - the business was hurt by reduced margins and start-up costs associated with its joseph t. & son unit - the company said it is beginning to see some improvements in both the and segments which should result in improved results for the fourth quarter - inland said its third-quarter results will be announced later this week - in the year-earlier third quarter when the industry was in the midst of a boom the company had net of $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - predicting the financial results of computer firms has been a tough job lately - take microsoft corp. the largest maker of personal computer software and generally considered an industry bellwether - in july the company stunned wall street with the prediction that growth in the personal computer business overall would be only N N in N a modest increase when compared with the expansion of years past - investors taking this as a sign that a broad industry slump was in the reacted by selling the company 's stock which lost $ N that day to close at $ N in national over-the-counter trading - but that was all of three months ago - last week microsoft said it expects revenue for its first quarter ended sept. N to increase N N - the announcement caused the company 's stock to surge $ N to close at $ N a share - microsoft 's surprising strength is one example of the difficulty facing investors looking for about the financial health of the computer firms - it 's hard to know what to expect at this point said peter rogers an analyst at robertson & co - the industry - to illustrate mr. rogers said that of the N firms he follows half will report for their most recent quarter earnings below last year 's results and half above those results - among those companies expected to have a down quarter are hewlett-packard co. corp. and sun microsystems inc. generally solid performers in the past - international business machines corp. also is expected to report disappointing results - apple computer inc. meanwhile is expected to show improved earnings for the period ended - another message comes from businessland inc. a computer retailer - in july the company reported that booming sales of new personal computers from apple and ibm had resulted in net income more than doubling for its fourth quarter ended june N to $ N million or N cents a share - this month however businessland warned investors that results for its first quarter ended sept. N had n't met expectations - the company said it expects earnings of N to N cents a share down from N cents a share in the year-earlier period - while the earnings picture observers say the major forces expected to shape the industry in the coming year are - companies will continue to war over standards - in computer publishing a battle over is hurting adobe systems inc. which sells software that controls the image produced by printers and displays - until recently adobe had a lock on the market for image software but last month apple adobe 's biggest customer and microsoft - now the two firms are on an alternative to adobe 's approach and analysts say they are likely to carry ibm the biggest seller of personal computers along with them - the short-term outlook for adobe 's business however appears strong - the company is beginning to ship a new software program that 's being as a for owners of printers sold by apple - the program is aimed at improving the quality of printed material - john adobe 's chief executive officer said the mountain view calif. company has been receiving N calls a day about the product since it was demonstrated at a computer publishing conference several weeks ago - meanwhile competition between various operating systems which control the basic functions of a computer trouble for software firms generally - it creates uncertainty and usually down sales said an analyst at financial group - mr. said this probably is behind the expected weak performance of corp. maker of a widely used computer publishing program - he expects to report earnings of N cents a share on revenues of $ N million for its third quarter compared with earnings of N cents a share on revenue of N million in the year-earlier period - officials could n't be reached for comment - on the other hand the battle of the bus is expected to grow increasingly irrelevant - a bus is the data highway within a computer - ibm is backing one type of bus called while the nine other leading computer makers including and compaq computer corp. have chosen another method - users do n't care about the bus said daniel benton an analyst at goldman sachs & co - he said apple 's family of computers for instance uses four different buses and no one seems to mind - the gap between winners and will grow - in personal computers apple compaq and ibm are expected to tighten their hold on their business - at the same time firms will continue to lose ground - some lagging competitors even may leave the personal computer business altogether - technology for instance is considered a candidate to sell its troubled operation - has done well establishing a distribution business but they have n't delivered products that sell said brown an analyst at prudential-bache securities - mr. brown estimates whose terminals business is strong will report a loss of N cents a share for its quarter ended - personal-computer makers will continue to eat away at the business of more traditional computer firms - powerful computers designed with one or more microprocessors as their brains are expected to increasingly take on functions carried out by more expensive minicomputers and mainframes - the guys that make traditional hardware are really being by machines said mr. benton - as a result of this trend longtime ibm and digital equipment corp. are scrambling to with systems of their own - but they will have to act quickly - mr. benton expects compaq to unveil a family of high-end personal computers later this year that are powerful enough to serve as the hub for communications within large networks of machines - a of new computer companies also has targeted this market - population drain ends for midwestern states - iowa is making a comeback - so are indiana ohio and michigan - the population of all four states is on the according to new census bureau estimates following declines throughout the early 1980s - the gains to be sure are rather small - iowa for instance saw its population grow by N people or N N between N and N the census bureau says - still even that modest increase is good news for a state that had n't grown at all since N - between N and N north was the only state in the midwest to lose population a loss of N people - six of the N midwestern states have been growing steadily since N illinois kansas minnesota missouri south and wisconsin - the northeast has been holding its own in the population race - seven of nine states have grown each year since N including new york which lost N N of its population during the 1970s - and although pennsylvania and massachusetts suffered slight declines earlier in the decade they are growing again - at the same time several states in the south and west have had their own population turnaround - seven states that grew in the early 1980s are now losing population west virginia mississippi louisiana oklahoma wyoming and alaska - overall though the south and west still the northeast and midwest and fast-growing states like florida and california ensure that the pattern will continue - but the growth gap between the sun belt and other regions has clearly started narrowing - more elderly maintain their independence - thanks to modern medicine more couples are growing old together - and even after losing a spouse more of the elderly are staying independent - a new census bureau study of the population shows that N N of people aged N to N were living with a spouse in N up from N N in N - this does n't mean they 're less likely to live alone however - that share has remained at about N N since N - what has changed is that more of the young elderly are living with spouses rather than with other such as children - in N N N of those aged N to N lived with other than spouses down from N N in N - as people get even older many become - but even among those aged N and older the share living with a spouse rose slightly to N N in N from N N in N - like their younger counterparts the older elderly are less likely to live with other - only N N of those aged N and older lived with other than spouses in N down from N N in N - the likelihood of living alone beyond the age of N has increased to N N from N N - more people are remaining independent longer presumably because they are better off and financially - careers count most for the - many affluent people place personal success and money above family - at least that 's what a survey by ernst & young and indicates - two-thirds of respondents said they strongly felt the need to be successful in their jobs while fewer than half said they strongly felt the need to spend more time with their families - being successful in careers and spending the money they make are top priorities for this group - unlike most studies of the affluent market this survey excluded the - average household income for the sample was $ N and average net assets were reported as $ N - the goal was to learn about one of today 's fastest-growing income groups the class - although they represent only N N of the population they control nearly one-third of discretionary income - across the board these consumers value quality buy what they like rather than just what they need and appreciate products that are distinctive - despite their considerable incomes and assets N N of the respondents in the study do n't feel financially secure and do n't feel that they have made it - percent do n't even feel they are financially well off - many of the affluent are n't comfortable with themselves either - about N N do n't feel they 're more able than others - while feel some about being affluent only N N give $ N or more to charity each year - percent attend services regularly at the same time N N feel that in life one sometimes has to compromise one 's principles - odds and ends - the number of women and minorities who hold jobs in top management in the nation 's largest banks has more than doubled since N - the american bankers association says that women make up N N of officials and managers in the top N banks up from N N in N - the share of minorities in those positions has risen to N N from N N - personal income in the u.s. grew faster than inflation last year according to the bureau of economic analysis - the amount of income up for each man woman and child was $ N in N up N N from $ N in N - per capita personal income ranged from $ N in mississippi to $ N in connecticut - there are N million students in college this fall up N N from N the national center for education statistics estimates - about N N are women and N N are students - this small dallas suburb 's got trouble - trouble with a capital and that with and that stands for pool - more than N years ago prof. harold hill the con man in meredith 's the music man warned the citizens of river city iowa against the game - now spirits on 's town council have barred the town 's hotel the grand from three free pool tables in its new - mayor lynn and two members of the council said they were worried about setting a precedent that would permit pool halls along 's main street - and the mayor in an that bears a to prof. hill 's warned that alcohol leads to betting which leads to fights - the council 's action is yet another blow to a sport that its fans claim has been for years - obviously they 're not in touch with what 's going on says tom vice president of the national association - pool is hot in new york and chicago he insists where upscale places are adding tables - with today 's tougher drunk driving laws he adds people do n't want to just sit around and drink - besides behavior seems unlikely at the grand where rooms average $ N a night and the cheap mixed drinks go for $ N a pop - at the manager elizabeth wo n't admit in jeans or tennis shoes - but a majority of the council did n't buy those arguments - introducing pool argued would be dangerous - it would open a can of - is no to cans of either - after its previous mayor committed last year an investigation disclosed that town officials regularly voted on their own projects gave special favors to developer friends and dipped into the town 's for trips and - the embarrassed town officials although they argued that the problems were n't as severe as the media suggested - now comes the pool - i think there 's some people worried about something pretty ridiculous john says - i thought this was all taken care of in the music man - the only thing robert goldberg could about cbs 's new show island son leisure & arts sept. N was the local color unfortunately neither he nor the producers of the show have done their - for instance white is not the ultimate is - richard as a in a and rolling up its long - and the local expression for brother is not - and even if a would wear flowers in her hair while on duty if she were engaged she would know to wear them behind her left not right - sorry the show does not even have the one quality of genuine local color - davis - of all the ethnic in america which is the most troublesome right now - a good bet would be the tension between blacks and in new york city - or so it must seem to mason the veteran jewish appearing in a new abc airing on tuesday nights N p.m. edt - not only is mr. mason the star of chicken soup he 's also the of a tradition dating back to duck soup and he 's currently a man in hot water - here in neutral language is the of mr. mason 's remarks quoted first in the village voice while he was a paid spokesman for the rudolph giuliani mayoral campaign and then in newsweek after he and the campaign company - mr. mason said that many jewish voters feel guilty toward blacks so they support black candidates - he said that many black voters feel bitter about racial discrimination so they too support black candidates - he said that have contributed more to black causes over the years than vice - of course mr. mason did not use neutral language - as a of ethnic humor from the old days on the belt live television and the circuit mr. mason reached for the - he said were sick with and he called david dinkins mr. giuliani 's black opponent a fancy with a - if mr. mason had used less language to his analysis of the voting behavior of his fellow new would the water be quite so hot - it probably would because few or none of the people upset by mr. mason 's remarks have bothered to between the substance of his comments and the fact that he used language - in addition some of mr. mason 's critics have implied that his type of ethnic humor is itself a form of - for example the new york state counsel for the said that mr. mason is like a - people are fast leaving the place where he is stuck - these critics fail to between the type of ethnic humor that aims at another group such as polish jokes and the type that is aiming as well as - the latter typically is the humor of the and it was by both blacks and on the and stage as a means of their white and audiences along with themselves - in the hands of a like bruce this could cut both the and the audience to - but by a pro like mason it is a form of - why - because despite all the media about comedy and politics not they are similar in one respect both can serve as for easing and the of groups in conflict - that 's why it 's dangerous to have thought police on college and elsewhere all critical mention of group differences - as elizabeth wrote in the new york times just before the mason perhaps would not over with such intensity if honest differences were allowed to - the question is if group conflicts still exist as they do and if mr. mason 's type of ethnic humor is then what other means do we have for letting off steam - do n't say the tv because that happens to be a that in its desperate need to attract everybody and nobody resembles politics more than it does comedy - it is true that the best do allow group differences to vs. blue-collar in children vs. adults in the cosby show - but these are not the differences that make - in chicken soup mr. mason plays a jewish lynn an irish widow and mother of three against the wishes of his mother and her brother michael - it 's worth noting that both are - at least they both speak with strong as do and - it could n't be more obvious that chicken soup is being made from an old - and a safe one imagine if the in question were between an orthodox and a member of the nation of - back in the 1920s the play and movie versions of 's irish rose made the theme of between the of jewish and irish so popular that its author anne lost a suit on the grounds that the plot has entered the public - and it has remained there as by its in a N cbs called whose sole was that it led to the marriage of meredith and david - clearly the question with chicken soup is not whether the pot will over but whether it will at all - so far the have been few and far between - part of the problem is the tendency of all ever since the days of norman to about social issues - to some extent this tendency emerges whenever the show tries to us about ethnic by them - for instance michael not because he 's a jewish businessman but because he his job as a salesman in order to become a social worker - even more is the between and mr. mason 's comic - the best moments in the show occur at the beginning and the end and occasionally in the middle when mr. mason into his mode and starts out that old-fashioned jewish to other people as well as to himself - but too often these lack spark because this like all is about mr. mason 's stock in trade ethnic differences - i 'm not suggesting that the producers start putting together episodes about topics like the dispute over the at - that issue like racial in new york city will have to cool down not heat up before it can - but i am suggesting that they stop requiring mr. mason to his classic with some line about for other people that would sound on the of miss america - at your age you ought to know that you ca n't make soup without turning up the - the official white house reaction to a plunge in stock prices has a history of calm right up through friday - treasury secretary nicholas brady said in a statement friday that the stock-market decline does n't signal any fundamental change in the condition of the economy - the economy he added remains and the outlook is for continued moderate growth - sound familiar - here 's what ronald reagan said after the N crash the underlying economy remains sound - there is nothing wrong with the economy all the are up - heard that before - after the N crash herbert said the fundamental business of the country is on a sound and basis - james robinson N years old was elected president and chief executive officer of this maker of magnetic recording heads for disk drives - he has been president and chief executive officer of electronics corp. a division of north american corp. itself a subsidiary of n.v of the netherlands - charles j. lawson jr. N who had been acting chief executive since june N will continue as chairman - the former president and chief executive eric w. resigned in june - the senate 's decision to approve a deficit-reduction bill without a capital-gains tax cut still leaves open the possibility of a gains tax reduction this year - late friday night the senate voted N to approve an estimated $ N billion measure that had been stripped of hundreds of provisions that would have widened rather than narrowed the federal budget deficit - lawmakers drastically the bill to blunt criticism that it was bloated with special-interest tax breaks and spending increases - we 're putting a deficit-reduction bill back in the category of being a deficit-reduction bill said senate budget committee chairman james d. - but senate supporters of the legislation said that other bills would soon be moving through congress that could carry some of the measures that had been cast aside including a capital-gains tax cut - in addition the companion deficit-reduction bill already passed by the house includes a capital-gains provision - house-senate negotiations are likely to begin at and last for a while - no one can predict exactly what will happen on the house side said senate minority leader robert dole r. - but he added i believe republicans and democrats will work together to get capital-gains reform this year - white house budget director richard darman told reporters yesterday that the administration would n't push to keep the capital-gains cut in the final version of the bill - we do n't need this as a way to get capital gains he said - house budget committee chairman leon d. calif said in an interview if that 's the signal that comes from the white house that will help a great deal - the senate 's decision was a setback for president bush and will make approval of a capital-gains tax cut less certain this year - opponents of the cut are playing - senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine said he was confident that any house-senate agreement on the deficit-reduction legislation would n't include a capital-gains tax cut - and a senior aide to the house ways and means committee where tax legislation said there are n't any plans to produce another tax bill that could carry a gains tax cut this year - one obvious place to a capital-gains tax cut and perhaps other popular items stripped from the deficit-reduction bill is the legislation to raise the federal borrowing limit - such legislation must be enacted by the end of the month - the senate bill was back in an attempt to speed deficit-reduction through congress - because the legislation has n't been completed president bush has until midnight tonight to enact across-the-board spending cuts mandated by the gramm-rudman deficit-reduction law - senators hope that the need to avoid those cuts will pressure the house to agree to the bill - the house appears reluctant to join the senators - a key is whether house republicans are willing to to their senate colleagues ' decision to drop many pet provisions - although i am encouraged by the senate action said chairman dan d. ill of the house ways and means committee it is uncertain whether a clean bill can be achieved in the conference with the senate - another big question over the debate is what president bush thinks - he has been a bill without a guaranteed vote on his capital-gains tax cut - but republican senators saw no way to overcome a procedural hurdle and the N votes needed to win the capital-gains issue on the floor so they went ahead with the bill - the senate bill was stripped of many popular though provisions a number of which are included in the house-passed bill - these include a child-care initiative and of tax breaks for low-income housing and expenditures - also missing from the senate bill is the house 's repeal of a law called section N that companies to give workers comparable health benefits to top paid executives - one provision that was originally in the senate bill but was cut out because it lost money was the proposal by chairman lloyd d. texas of the senate finance committee to expand the deduction for individual retirement accounts - mr. said he hopes the senate will consider that measure soon - to the of some doctors the bill dropped a plan passed by the finance committee that would have the entire system under medicare - to the of many low-income people efforts to boost medicaid funding especially in rural areas also were - asked why senators were giving up so much new mexico sen. pete the ranking republican on the senate budget committee said we 're looking like - things had just gone too far - sen. dole said that the move required sacrifice by every senator - it worked others said because there were no exceptions all provisions were - the senate also dropped a plan by its finance committee that would have increased the income beyond which senior citizens have their social security benefits reduced - in addition the bill dropped a plan to make permanent a N N tax on long-distance telephone calls - it no longer includes a plan that would have what remains of the method of accounting which is used by military contractors to reduce their tax burden - it also drops a provision that would have permitted corporations to use excess pension funds to pay health benefits for current - also was a increase in the maximum safety and health administration penalties which would have raised $ N million in fiscal N - a provision that would have made the social security administration an independent agency was - the approval of the senate bill was especially sweet for sen. mitchell who had proposed the streamlining - mr. mitchell 's relations with budget director darman who pushed for a capital-gains cut to be added to the measure have been since mr. darman chose to the maine democrat and deal with other lawmakers earlier this year during a dispute over drug funding in the fiscal N supplemental spending bill - the deficit reduction bill contains $ N billion in tax increases in fiscal N and $ N billion over five years - the provisions which affect mostly corporations would - prevent companies that have made leveraged buy-outs from getting federal tax refunds resulting from losses caused by interest payments on debt issued to finance the buy-outs effective aug. N N - require mutual funds to include in their taxable income dividends paid to them on the date that the dividends are declared rather than received effective the day after the tax bill is enacted - close a regarding employee stock ownership plans effective june N N that has been by investment bankers in corporate takeovers - the measure a N N exclusion given to banks on the interest from loans used to acquire securities for an if the owns less than N N of the employer 's stock - curb junk bonds by ending tax benefits for certain securities such as zero-coupon bonds that postpone cash interest payments - raise $ N million by for one year an automatic reduction in airport and taxes - speed up the collection of the payroll tax from large companies effective august N - impose a tax on chemicals such as those used in air and in beginning at $ N a pound starting next year - income taxes from the of certain farm workers currently exempt from - change the collection of gasoline taxes to weekly from effective next year - restrict the ability of real estate owners to escape taxes by one piece of property for another instead of selling it for cash - increase to $ N a person from $ N the international departure tax and impose a $ tax on international departures by commercial ships - the measure also includes spending cuts and increases in federal fees - among its provisions - reduction of medicare spending in fiscal N by some $ N billion in part by curbing increases in to physicians - the plan would impose a brief freeze on physician fees next year - removal of the u.s. postal service 's operating budget from the federal budget reducing the deficit by $ N billion - a similar provision is in the house version - authority for the federal aviation administration to raise $ N million by charging fees for commercial rights at new york 's and john f. kennedy international airports international airport in chicago and national airport in washington - increases in nuclear regulatory commission fees totaling $ N million - direction to the u.s. coast guard to collect $ N million from users of coast guard services - raising an additional $ N million by increasing existing federal communications commission fees and penalties and establishing new fees for radio operators ship stations and mobile radio facilities - john e. contributed to this article - in response to your overly optimistic piece on how long unemployment lasts people patterns sept. N i am in the communications field above entry level - i was laid off in august N and after a and job search was hired in august N - my unemployment insurance ran out before i found a job i found cutbacks and layoffs in many companies - the statistics quoted by the new census bureau report from N to N are out of date certainly as an average for the northeast and possibly for the rest of the country - i think what bothered me most about the piece was that there seemed to be an underlying attitude to tell your readers all is well if you 're getting laid off do n't worry and if you 're it 's a seller 's market - to top it off you the showing the average number of months in a job search as time off - are you - looking for a job was one of the most anxious periods of my life and is for most people - your paper needs a serious reality check - - cambridge mass - bull information systems inc. is a u.s. unit of cie. des machines bull - in friday 's edition the name of the unit was misstated - moody 's investors service said it reduced its rating on $ N million of subordinated debt of this beverly hills calif. thrift citing turmoil in the market for high-yield securities - the agency said it reduced its rating on the thrift 's subordinated debt to b-2 from and will keep the debt under review for possible further downgrade - columbia savings is a major holder of so-called junk bonds - new federal legislation requires that all thrifts themselves of such speculative securities over a period of years - columbia savings officials were n't available for comment on the downgrade - franklin savings association kan. - moody 's investors service inc. said it downgraded its rating to b-2 from on less than $ N million of this thrift 's senior subordinated notes - the rating concern said franklin 's troubled diversification record in the securities business was one reason for the downgrade citing the troubles at its rothschild subsidiary and the possible sale of other subsidiaries - they perhaps had concern that we were getting out of all these said franklin president h. hall - i think it was a little on their part - just when it seemed safe to go back into stocks wall street suffered another severe attack of nerves - does this signal another black monday is coming - or is this an extraordinary buying opportunity just like oct. N N eventually turned out to be - here 's what several leading market experts and money managers say about friday 's action what happens next and what investors should do - joseph - i 'm the only one who said there would be an october massacre all through late august and september says mr. once a widely followed market and still a well-known newsletter writer - everyone will tell you that this time is different from N he says - well in some ways it is different but technically it is just the same - if you 're a you the signals - right now they 're telling me to get the hell out and stay out - i see no major support until N - i see a possibility of going to N this month - mr. says he would n't even think of buying until at least N to N stocks have hit 52-week lows about N stocks hit new lows friday - most people he says have no idea what a massacre pattern looks like - - a analyst with shearson lehman hutton inc. ms. had warned clients to take their money out of the market before the N crash - friday 's big drop she says was not a crash - this was an october massacre like those that occurred in N and N - now as in those two years her stock market indicators are positive - so she thinks the damage will be short-lived and contained - those lasted one to four weeks and took the market N N down she says - this is exactly the same thing as far as i 'm concerned - thus she says if the dow jones industrial average dropped below N it would just be a - my advice is to buy - as she it the average stock now sells for about N times companies ' earnings - she says that ratio could climb to N given current interest rates and still be within the range of fair value - davis - friday 's fall marks the start of a bear market says mr. davis president of davis research inc - but mr. davis whose views are widely respected by money managers says he expects no crash - there was a unique combination in N he says - margin debt was at a record high - there was tremendous public enthusiasm for stock mutual funds - the main thing was portfolio insurance a mechanical trading system intended to protect an investor against losses - a hundred billion dollars in stock was subject to it - in N such selling contributed to a effect - today could even be an up day mr. davis says if major brokerage firms agree to from program trading - over the next several months though he says things look bad - i think the market will be heading down into november he says - we will probably have a year-end rally and then go down again - sort of a bear market - he expects the downturn to carry the dow jones industrial average down to around N sometime next year - that would be a normal bear market he says - i guess that 's my forecast - leon g. - i do n't think the market is going through another october - i do n't think that 's the case at all says mr. a partner at goldman sachs & co. and chairman of goldman sachs asset management - mr. sees this as a good time to pick up bargains but he does n't think there 's any need to rush - i expect the market to open weaker monday but then it should find some stability - he off several major differences between now and two years ago - unlike N interest rates have been falling this year - unlike N the dollar has been strong - and unlike N the economy does n't appear to be in any danger of - but the economy 's slower growth this year also means the outlook for corporate profits is n't good he says - so it 's a very mixed bag - thus he concludes this is not a good environment to be fully invested in stocks - if i had come into friday on margin or with very little cash in the portfolios i would not do any buying - but we came into friday with a conservative portfolio so i would look to do some modest buying on behalf of clients - we 're going to look for some of the companies that got friday - john kenneth - this is the latest of the capacity of the financial community for says mr. an economist - i see this as a reaction to the whole junk bond explosion he says - the explosion of junk bonds and takeovers has a lot of securities in the hands of investors and loaded the corporations that are the of takeovers or feared takeovers with huge amounts of debt rather than equity - this has both made investors uneasy and the corporations more vulnerable - nevertheless he says a depression does n't appear likely - there is more in the economy at large than we commonly he says - it takes more error now to have a major depression than back in the much as the financial community and the government may try - mario - new york money manager mario an expert at takeover candidates says that takeovers are n't totally gone - companies are still going to buy companies around the world he says - examples are ford looking at jaguar bellsouth looking at lin broadcasting - these sorts of takeovers do n't require junk bonds or big bank loans to finance them so mr. figures they will continue - the market was up N N since president bush took office mr. says so a correction was to be expected - he thinks another crash is unlikely and says he was at selected stocks during friday 's plunge - stocks that were thrown out just on an emotional basis are a great opportunity this week for guys like me he says - jim rogers - it seems to me that this is the that has finally the balloon says mr. rogers a professor of finance at columbia university and former of one of the most successful hedge funds in history quantum fund - he sees economic problems financial problems ahead for the u.s. with a fairly strong possibility of a recession - friday you could n't sell dollars he says - dealers would give you a quote but then refuse to make the trade - if the dollar stays weak he says that will add to pressures in the u.s. and make it hard for the federal reserve board to ease interest rates very much - mr. rogers wo n't decide what to do today until he sees how the london and tokyo markets go - he recommends that investors sell stocks but hang on to some other stocks especially utilities which often do well during periods of economic weakness - frank - many people now claim to have predicted the N crash - newsletter writer francis actually did it he stated in writing in september N that the dow jones industrial average was likely to decline about N points the following month - mr. says what happens now will depend a good deal on the federal reserve board - if it promptly cuts the discount rate it charges on loans to banks he says that could quiet things down - if not we could go to N very soon - frank w. - stock prices would still have to go down some additional amount before we become positive on stocks says mr. president and managing director of renaissance investment management inc. in cincinnati - renaissance which manages about $ N billion drew stiff criticism from many clients earlier this year because it pulled entirely out of stocks at the beginning of the year and thus missed a strong rally - renaissance is keeping its money entirely in cash equivalents primarily u.s. treasury bills - probably are the right place to be he says - regarding the oct. N letter to the editor from rep. tom chairman of the house subcommittee on employment and housing alleging - N that your sept. N editorial committees was inaccurate and deliberately misleading - i thought your editorial was accurate and deliberately - N that mr. supported the rights of the witnesses to take the fifth amendment - yes he did - as i watched him on i heard him speak those lovely words about the bill of rights which he quotes from the of the hearings - he did repeat those nice several times as an indication of his support for the constitution - he used about N words defending the witnesses ' constitutional rights - unfortunately by my rough guess he used better than N words on the witnesses for exercising the fifth - he his of constitutional meat between large of commentary - as your editorial pointed out samuel former hud secretary and wilson mr. 's former aide are currently being held up to for taking the fifth amendment - that certainly is not the supposed distorted reading indicated by mr. - N that his committee does not deal with any possible criminal activity at hud - my colleagues and i fully realize we are not a court etc - - by any reasonable man mr. and his colleagues have a whole bunch of people tried and convicted - apparently their verdict is in - right now they 're pursuing evidence - that 's not a bad way to proceed just somewhat different from standard american practice - how was that practice referred to when i was in school - yes something called a star chamber - of course mr. protest that his subcommittee simply seeks information for legislative change - no doubt that 's partially true - everything that mr. says in his letter is partially true - he 's right about his subcommittee 's responsibilities when it comes to obtaining information from prior hud officials - but if his explanation of is true why is his investigation so as to identify criminal activity - why not simply questions designed to identify sources and causes of waste and - such as what happened when congress wanted to know about $ N toilet seats or whatever they supposedly cost - no mr. 's complaints simply wo n't wash - N that the journal the fraud waste and abuse of the public that took place while mr. was secretary of hud etc. and so forth - no to my mind the journal did not defend fraud waste and abuse of the public trust - it defended appropriate constitutional and practical common sense - the problem which the journal so pointed out in a number of articles is not the likes of mr. who after all is really a bit player on the stage but the attempt by congress to enhance itself into a body - of course we 've also got a judiciary that seeks the same objective - the system is the problem not an individual member - individuals can always have their hands - it 's when such does n't occur that we 've got trouble - i do not by any means defend hud management - but i think the kind of congressional investigation that has been pursued is a far greater danger to american of liberty and freedom than any and yes maybe within hud could possibly generate - the last time i saw a similar congressional hearing was when joe did his work - raymond - n.j - i disagree with the statement by mr. that one should not draw an adverse against former hud officials who their fifth amendment privilege against in congressional hearings - the fifth amendment states in relevant part that no person shall be in any criminal case to be a witness against himself - this privilege against the drawing of an adverse against a criminal defendant who chooses not to testify - thus in a criminal case a prosecutor can not comment on a defendant 's failure to testify nor can the defendant be to take the stand as a witness thus forcing him to take the fifth - the privilege however has been limited in with its plain language to protect the defendant in criminal matters only - the supreme court and some states have specifically recognized that the fifth amendment does not preclude the where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil cause - v. N u.s. N N - thus in a civil case a defendant may be called as a witness he may be forced to testify or take the fifth and his taking of the fifth may permit the drawing of an adverse against him in the civil matter - he may take the fifth in a civil matter only if he has a good faith and belief that his testimony may subject him to criminal prosecution - allowing the defendant to take the fifth in a civil matter is not based on a constitutional right to refuse to testify where one 's testimony him in the civil matter but because the testimony in the civil matter could be used against him in a subsequent criminal prosecution - the risk of such prosecution a court may order the defendant to testify - thus when mr. asserted the fifth in a proceeding particularly after presumably receiving extensive advice from legal counsel one must conclude that he held a belief that his testimony could be used against him in a subsequent criminal prosecution - the subcommittee congress and the american public have every right to draw the adverse and to with mr. 's own belief that his testimony could help him of a crime - drawing the adverse in a congressional hearing does not the fifth amendment shield against - clark s. jr - park - it was friday the 13th and the stock market plummeted nearly N points - just a - or is fear of the number N justified - in a so-called friday the 13th effect has been set up and shot down by different professors - robert and professors of finance at the university of miami found evidence that the market is spooked by friday the 13th - but their study which the N period has since been shown to be by an choice of data - in the the market took falls nine times in a row on friday the - but the date tends to be a plus not a minus for stocks according to yale a of stock market - another study found that the N the 13th in the N period had higher than average returns higher even than in general which tend to be strong days for stock prices - on the only other friday the 13th this year the dow jones industrial average rose about four points - professor says the original study titled friday the 13th part was published - in a similar he adds that the anniversary of the N crash and saturday 's full moon could have played a part too in friday 's market activity - of those during the N crash that as stock prices plummeted and trading activity some phone calls to market makers in over-the-counter stocks went - we could n't get dealers to answer their phones said robert king senior vice president of otc trading at co. in atlanta - it was like the friday before black monday two years ago - whether phone calls had any effect or not nasdaq stocks sank far less than those on the new york and american exchanges - nonetheless the nasdaq composite index suffered its biggest point decline of the year and its sixth worst ever N or N N to N - ten points of the drop occurred during the last N minutes of trading - by comparison the new york stock exchange composite tumbled N N friday and the american stock exchange composite fell N N - on oct. N N the nasdaq composite fell N points or N N followed by its devastating or N N slide three days later - nasdaq volume friday totaled N million shares which was only the fifth busiest day so far this year - the record of N million shares was set on oct. N - there was n't a lot of volume because it was just impossible to get stock moved said president of a new york company that makes markets in thousands of otc issues - most of the complaints about phone calls came from regional brokers rather than individual investors - mr. king of and others were quick to add that they believe the problem stemmed more from traders ' inability to handle the volume of calls rather than a attempt to avoid making trades - the subject is a one for nasdaq and its companies which were widely criticized two years ago following complaints from investors who could n't reach their brokers or trade in the chaos of the crash - peter dapuzzo head of retail equity trading at shearson lehman hutton declared it was the last hour of trading on a friday - there were too many phones ringing and too many things happening to expect market makers to be as efficient as robots - it was n't we were all busy - james head of otc trading at hambrecht & quist in san francisco said it was just like two years ago - everybody was trying to do the same thing at the same time - mullins the otc trading chief at dean witter reynolds in new york said that his company executed every order it received by the close of trading - but he added you can only take one call at a time - market makers keep supplies of stock on hand to maintain orderly trading when imbalances occur - on days like friday that means they must buy shares from sellers when no one else is willing to - when selling is so prices fall and fast - two years ago faced with the possibility of heavy losses on the stocks in their inventories market makers themselves began shares the slide in otc stock prices - on friday some market makers were selling again traders said - but with profits sagging on wall street since the crash companies have kept smaller share on hand - mr. of hambrecht & quist said some prices fell without trades taking place as market makers kept dropping the prices at which they would buy shares - everyone was hitting everyone else 's bid he said - so while otc companies incurred losses on friday trading officials said the damage was n't as bad as it was in N - two years ago we were carrying huge inventories and that was the big - i do n't know of anyone carrying big inventories now said mr. king of - tony head of equity trading at & in minneapolis said that actually made money on friday - it helped that his inventory is a third smaller now than it was two years ago he said - joseph president of the national association of securities dealers which oversees the nasdaq computerized trading system said that despite the rush of selling he never considered the situation an emergency - the pace of trading was orderly he said - nasdaq 's small order execution system worked as did the automated system for larger trades according to mr. - nevertheless the shock of another steep plunge in stock prices undoubtedly will shake many investors ' confidence - in the past the otc market on a firm base of participation - because nasdaq 's trading volume has n't returned to levels traders and otc market officials hope the damage wo n't be permanent - but they are worried - we were just starting to get the public 's confidence back mr. mullins of dean witter - more troubling is the prospect that the overall collapse in stock prices could permanently erode the base of support the otc market was struggling to rebuild in the wake of the october N crash - mr. of says some action from government policy makers would investor fears - it wo n't take much more to scare the hell out of retail investors he says - the sellers on friday came from all corners of the otc market big and small institutional investors as well as individual investors and market makers - but traders said the sell orders generally ranged from N shares to N shares compared with blocks of N shares or more two years ago - shearson 's mr. dapuzzo said retail investors nervously sold stock friday and never returned to - institutional investors which had been selling stock throughout last week to lock in gains made through the third quarter were - we had a good amount of selling from institutions but not as much panic mr. dapuzzo said - if they could n't sell some of them put the shares back on the shelf - in addition he said some bigger institutional investors placed bids to buy some otc stocks whose prices were beaten down - in addition mr. dapuzzo said computer-guided program selling of otc stocks in the russell index of N small stocks and the standard & poor 's 500-stock index sent waves through the market - nasdaq 's biggest stocks were - the nasdaq N index of the largest issues including the big otc technology issues tumbled N N or N to N - the nasdaq financial index of giant insurance and banking stocks dropped N N or N to N - the otc market has only a handful of stocks - but they fell sharply - mccaw cellular communications for instance has offered to buy lin broadcasting as well as metromedia 's new york city cellular telephone interests and in a separate transaction sell certain mccaw properties to contel cellular - mccaw lost N N or N N to N - lin broadcasting dropped N N or N N to N N - the turnover in both issues was roughly normal - on a day when negative news did n't sit well with investors commercial a maker of engineered metal parts said haas & partners advised it that it does n't plan to pursue its previously reported $ bid to buy the company - commercial plummeted N to N - the issues of companies with ties to the junk bond market also tumbled friday - on the otc market first executive a big buyer of the high-risk high-yield issues slid N to N N - among other otc issues intel dropped N N to N N transportation lost N N to N N the american depositary receipts of jaguar were off N to N N mci communications slipped N N to N N apple computer fell N to N N and dropped N N to N N - friday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate - N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds - N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate - N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money - N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. - N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper - high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N - N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit - N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market - N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances - N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars - N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor - N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates - canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills - results of the tuesday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million - N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac - posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae - posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust - N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - pension funds insurers and other of the investing world said they began up stocks during friday 's market rout - and they plan to buy more today - or many giant institutional investors appear to be fighting the latest war by applying the lesson they learned in the october N crash buying at the bottom pays off - to be sure big investors might put away their in a hurry if stocks open sharply lower today - they could still panic and bail out of the market - but their N performance indicates that they wo n't abandon stocks unless conditions get far worse - last time we got for going out and buying stocks when the panic was the worst said john w. rogers president of chicago-based capital management inc. which manages $ N billion of stocks - mr. rogers spent half his cash on hand friday for our favorite stocks that have fallen apart - he expects to invest the rest if the market further - portfolio manager james craig was n't when friday 's rout $ N million from the value of the $ N million fund he oversees - i waited to make sure all the program trades had kicked through he said - then he jumped into the market - i spent $ N million in the last half-hour - other money managers also opened their - i was buying at the close friday and i 'll be buying again because i know we 're getting good value said frederick a. president of asset management inc. greenwich conn - there is no on the fundamental level for this crash - unlike mutual funds which can be forced to sell when investors rush to withdraw money big investors such as pension funds and insurance companies can decide to ride out market without stock - most often they do just that because stocks have proved to be the long-term investment attracting about $ N trillion from pension funds alone - if you bought after the crash you did very very well off the bottom said stephen b. chief investment officer of chicago-based kemper financial services inc - the $ N billion california public employees retirement system for one added $ N billion to its stock portfolio two years ago - the last crash taught institutional investors that they have to be long-term holders and that they ca n't react to short-term events good or bad said stephen l. senior vice president for the pension consultants associates in santa calif - those that pulled out of stocks it he said so i doubt you 'll see any significant changes in institutional portfolios as a result of friday 's decline - stocks as measured by the standard & poor 's 500-stock index have been performers this year rising N N before friday 's plunge excluding dividends - even friday 's slump leaves investors ahead more than N N well above the annual average for stocks over several decades - you could go down N points and still have a good year in the market said james d. president of new york-based capital corp - mr. however worries that the market could go down N or N points in the next few days - it can happen before you can turn around - he said he many parallels with N including the emphasis on takeover stocks and the of computerized program trading - the only thing you do n't have he said is the portfolio insurance phenomenon on the rest - most institutional investors have abandoned the portfolio insurance hedging technique which is widely thought to have the N crash - not really insurance this was designed to soften the blow of declining stock prices and generate an offsetting profit by selling waves of s&p futures contracts - in its test the $ N billion of portfolio insurance in effect in the N crash did n't work as stock buyers disappeared and stock and futures prices became - even without portfolio insurance market conditions were grim friday money managers said - neil whose new york-based capital partners had converted N N of its $ N million investment pool to cash in recent months said he was besieged by wall street firms friday asking him to take stock off their hands - we got calls from big block houses asking us if we want to make bids on anything said mr. who happy with his returns on investments up earlier declined the offers - mr. predicts stocks will appear to stabilize in the next few days before declining again more investors - i think it will be a rally he said - meanwhile friday brought a for money managers whose investment styles had put them at odds with the market rally - especially were the short sellers who have been by this year 's market climb - the sell borrowed shares hoping to profit by replacing them later at a lower price - the nation 's largest operation is brothers palo alto calif. which said last may that its short positions had shown losses of N N for the year up to that point - all that now has changed - we 're ahead for the year because of friday said the firm 's kurt - we 're not making a killing but we had a good day - food and drug administration spokesman jeff said the agency has turned over evidence in a criminal investigation concerning pharmaceuticals inc. to the u.s. attorney 's office in baltimore - neither nor any of the gardens n.y. company 's officials or employees have been charged with any crimes - won approval to market a version of a blood pressure medicine but acknowledged that it a plc product as its own in tests - mr. also said the fda has asked pharmaceutical co. to recall at the retail level its - but so far the company has n't with that request the spokesman said - the subject of a criminal investigation by the fda and the inspector general 's office of the health and human services department only agreed to recall two strengths of its version of as far down as direct customers mostly mr. said - of n.y. earlier began a voluntary recall of both its N and N versions of the drug - the fda has said it presented evidence it uncovered to the company indicating that the product for its own to gain government approval to sell generic versions of - has denied that it switched the product for its own in such testing - the west german retailer deutsche ag plans to challenge the of a widely employed anti-takeover defense of companies in the netherlands - the eventual court decision could become a landmark in dutch corporate law because the lawsuit plans to file would be the first to challenge the entire principle and practice of companies issuing voting preferred shares to trusts to voting power of common stockholders - up to now only specific aspects of these defenses have been challenged though unsuccessfully 's dutch lawyers noted - should the courts the of this type of defense will then ask the court to such a maneuver recently deployed by - says the international food retailer had n't reasonable grounds to issue preferred stock to a friendly trust and thus the worth and voting power of and other shareholders - speaking through its dutch lawyers also disclosed it holds a N N stake in - it was previously thought held a N N stake that was accumulated since july - a spokesman for said his company is confident of its own position and the of the issue - he termed 's legal actions as to international cooperation among european retailers - chase manhattan bank chairman butcher is a conservative banker and a loyal republican but on friday morning he had few kind words for president bush 's economic - there are some very significant issues out there such as the fiscal deficit the trade deficit our relations with japan that have to be the subject of major initiatives he said in an interview - i 'd like to see that initiative and i have n't - there is n't a big shot an agenda - a few hours later the stock market dropped N points - politicians tried to finger each other for the blame although many analysts doubt that washington was responsible for wall street 's woes - but mr. butcher 's comments make one thing clear some on wall street wonder if anyone is in charge of economic policy - consider this - by N p.m. tonight president bush must order $ N billion of automatic across-the-board cuts in government spending to comply with the gramm-rudman budget law - the cuts are necessary because congress and the administration have failed to reach agreement on a bill - we simply do n't have strong leadership to try to reduce the deficit and make tough choices house budget committee chairman leon d. calif said yesterday on nbc news 's meet the press - for the last two weeks the bush administration and the federal reserve have been engaged in a battle over international economic policy - the administration has been trying to push the dollar lower the fed has been - one of the things that continues to worry me is this monetary between the treasury department and the federal reserve board said lawrence a bear stearns & co. economist on abc 's this week - the administration has sent out confusing signals about its response to a recent spate of airline takeovers - last month transportation secretary sam skinner forced northwest airlines to reduce a stake held by royal dutch airlines - but he has since run into opposition from the treasury and the white house over that decision - and he has kept on how his decision might affect a bid for united airlines which includes a big stake by british airways plc - some analysts say uncertainty about washington 's anti-takeover policy was one reason that financing for the united airlines takeover fell through the event that triggered the market drop - in many ways the backdrop to friday 's stock decline is similar to that of october N 's crash - then as now the budget debate was behind schedule and automatic spending cuts were within days of taking hold - the treasury was locked in a battle over international economic policy although at that time it was with west german officials rather than the federal reserve - and concern about official actions aimed at takeovers then by the house ways and means committee rather than the transportation department were making markets nervous - the N crash brought the reagan administration and democratic lawmakers to the table for the first budget summit resulting in a two-year plan to reduce the deficit by more than $ N billion even though the deficit actually rose by nearly $ N billion during that period - but barring further drops in the market this week a similar outcome does n't seem likely this year - lawmakers and administration officials agree that friday 's drop by itself is n't enough to force both sides back to the table to try to reach a deficit-reduction agreement that would be more serious and more far-reaching than last spring 's plan which still is n't fully implemented - one of the biggest reasons that new talks are n't likely to come about is that as everyone learned in N the economy and the market can survive a one-day tumble - everybody thought we were looking at a of N that we were looking at a recession rep. said yesterday in an interview - that did not happen - they learned they could survive it without much problem - but administration officials privately agree with mr. who said a drop this week is going to force the president and congress to take a much harder look at fiscal policy - in that case there will be plenty of blame to go around - there is an underlying concern on the part of the american people and there should be that the administration has not gone far enough in cutting this deficit and that congress has been unwilling to cut what the administration asked us to cut said senate finance committee chairman lloyd d. texas - nevertheless it clearly will take more than friday 's 190-point decline to overcome the bitter feelings that have developed between lawmakers and white house budget director richard darman over the capital-gains fight - hill democrats are particularly angry over mr. bush 's claim that the capital-gains cut was part of april 's budget accord and his insistence on combining it with the deficit-reduction legislation - there is no prospect of any so-called grand compromise or deal next year because the administration simply did n't live up to this year 's deal senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine said yesterday on cbs news 's face the nation - during last week 's on the bill and the capital-gains issue there were signs that senate republicans and the administration were at odds - at the very moment that senate republicans were negotiating a deal to exclude capital gains from the deficit-reduction legislation white house spokesman marlin fitzwater told reporters that it was the president 's policy to include it - when an agreement was reached to strip capital gains from the legislation oregon sen. bob packwood the ranking gop member of the senate finance committee hailed it - asked if the administration agreed he replied the will have to speak for itself - friday 's market tumble could spur action on the house and senate versions of the deficit-reduction measure a process that is n't expected to begin until tomorrow at the - senate republicans expressed the hope that the house would follow the lead of the senate which on friday agreed to drop a variety of spending measures and tax breaks that would have increased the fiscal N deficit - the market needs a strong signal that we 're serious about deficit reduction and the best way to do that is for the house of representatives to strip their bill of similar provisions sen. warren r. said yesterday - the white house office of management and budget whose calculations determine whether the gramm-rudman targets are met estimated that the house-passed deficit-reduction measure would cut the fiscal N by $ N billion almost half of the congressional budget office 's estimate of $ N billion - rep. said that 's figure would still be enough to avoid permanent across-the-board cuts but added we 're getting very close to the margins here - no one in washington was willing to take the blame for friday 's drop in the stock market - but some players were quick to seize the moment - before the sun had set on friday richard the chief economist of the u.s. chamber of commerce issued a statement the drop in stock prices to the senate decision to postpone action on capital gains - investors who had been holding assets in anticipation of a more favorable time to sell were spooked he said - there have been many reasons advanced to support a capital-gains tax cut sen. mitchell said during his television appearance but i suggest that is perhaps more than any of the others - the following u.s. treasury corporate and municipal offerings are tentatively scheduled for sale this week according to dow jones capital markets report - $ N billion of three-month and six-month bills - two-year notes refinancing about $ N billion in maturing debt - $ N billion of 52-week bills - connecticut light & power co. - three million shares of $ N preferred via competitive bidding - crude carriers ltd. - four million common shares via salomon brothers inc - baldwin technology co. - N million class a shares via smith barney harris upham & co - blockbuster entertainment corp. - $ N million face amount liquid yield option notes via merrill lynch capital markets - chase manhattan corp. - N million common shares via goldman sachs & co - corp. - $ N million convertible debentures via merrill lynch - industries - N million common shares via merrill lynch - eastern utilities associates - N million common shares via painewebber inc - employee benefit plans inc. - two million common shares via dean witter capital markets - corp. - N common shares via goldman sachs - inc. - N million common shares via montgomery securities - oregon - $ N million of general obligation veterans ' tax notes series N via competitive bid - washington d.c. - $ N million of N general obligation tax revenue notes series via competitive bid - virginia public school authority - $ N of school financing bonds N series b N resolution via competitive bid - austin texas - $ N of various bonds including $ N million hotel tax revenue bonds series and $ N million convention center revenue bonds series via a morgan stanley & co. group - california health facilities financing authority - $ N million of kaiser revenue bonds via a painewebber group - connecticut - $ N million of general obligation capital appreciation bonds college savings plan N series b via a prudential-bache capital funding group - pennsylvania higher education facilities authority - $ N million of revenue bonds for university series N via a merrill lynch group - tennessee valley authority - three billion of power bonds via first boston corp - university of medicine and of new jersey - $ N million of series c bonds via a prudential-bache group - west virginia economic development and tourism authority - $ N million of parkway revenue bonds series N via a painewebber group - san antonio texas - $ N million of gas and electric revenue refunding bonds via a first boston group - south health & education facility authority - $ N million of rapid city regional hospital bonds via a & inc. group - small investors matched their big institutional in anxiety over the weekend but most seemed to be taking a approach and said they were resigned to riding out the latest storm in the stock market - i 'm not losing faith in the market said boston lawyer christopher sullivan as he watched the market plunge on a big screen in front of a brokerage firm - but he 's not so sure about everyone else - i think on monday the small investors are going to panic and sell predicted mr. sullivan whose investments include amr corp. 's american airlines unit and several mutual funds - and i think institutions are going to come in and buy - i 'm going to hold on - if i sell now i 'll take a big loss - some an optimism that had been when they did n't the market in N - oh i bet it 'll be up N points on monday said a retired in lexington - mrs. said her investment club 's portfolio lost about one-third of its value following the black monday crash but no one got discouraged and we gained that back and more - at the annual congress of the national association of investors corp. at the hotel in minneapolis the scene was calm - some N investors representing investor clubs from around the u.s. were attending when the market started to slide friday - but robert an official of the association said no special or emergency meetings of the investors ' clubs are planned - in fact some of the association 's members long-term investors welcomed the drop in prices - we hope to take advantage of it said john a member of a los angeles investors ' club - he has four stocks in mind to buy if the prices drop to the level he wants - not everyone is reacting so however and many wonder about the long-term implications of what is widely viewed as the cause of friday 's slide reluctance by banks to provide financing for a buy-out of ual corp. parent of united airlines - marc a tampa fla. investment banker said the market drop is one of a tremendous number of signs that the leveraged era is ending - there 's no question that there 's a general for leverage among lenders - mr. believes however that the market could be stabilized if california investor marvin davis steps back in to the united bidding with an offer of $ N a share - albert a dallas law student says she 's generally about the stock market and the takeover activity that seems to fuel it - i have this feeling that it 's built on sand she says that the market rises but there 's no foundation to it - she and her husband pulled most of their investments out of the market after the N crash although she still owns some texaco stock - partly because of concern about the economy and partly because she recently quit her job as a legal assistant to go to school i think at this point we want to be a lot more liquid - others wonder how many more of these shocks the small investor can stand - we all assumed october was a one-time shot said san francisco attorney david greenberg - we told the little guy it could only happen once in a lifetime come on back - now it 's happening again - mr. greenberg got out just before the N crash and to his regret never went back even as the market soared - this time he 's ready to buy in when the panic wears off - still he adds we ca n't have this kind of thing happen very often - when the little guy gets frightened the big guys hurt badly - merrill lynch ca n't survive without the little guy - small investors have back into the market following black monday but mostly through mutual funds - discount brokerage customers have been in the market somewhat but not whole like they were two years ago says leslie quick jr. chairman of the quick & discount brokerage firm - hugo senior vice president at charles corp. says schwab customers have been neutral to cautious recently about stocks - individual investors are still angry about program trading mr. says - a cornell university finance professor says government regulators will have to more closely control program trading to win back the confidence of the small investor - but it 's not only the stock market that has some small investors worried - alan general sales manager of a chrysler dealership in houston said he and his mother have some joint stock investments but the overall economy is his chief worry - these high took a big today he said in his showroom which is within a few miles of the dollar homes of some of houston 's citizens - and i can tell you that a high roller is n't going to come in tomorrow and buy a chrysler by - and finally there were the - i got out in N - everything said an ohio plumbing contractor who was visiting chicago and stopped by fidelity investments ' street office - i just stopped by to see how much i would have lost - would mr. ever get back in - are you - when it comes to money once N times shy - the crowded field for computers is about to become a lot more crowded - compaq computer corp. 's long-awaited entry today into the notebook field is expected to put immediate heat on others in the market especially zenith electronics corp. the current market leader and on a of promising - compaq 's series of a trend toward in the personal computer market - one manufacturer already has produced a computer called a and two others have introduced even smaller - but those machines are still considered with only a could love and screens to match - compaq 's by contrast may be the first in their weight class not to on features found in much bigger machines - analysts say they 're faster and carry more memory than anything else of their size on the market and they 're priced aggressively at $ N to $ N - all of this comes in a machine that only six pounds and fits into most - in recent months compaq 's competition including zenith toshiba corp. tandy corp. and nec corp. all have introduced that weigh approximately the same and that are called perhaps - one analyst noting that most such machines are about two inches thick takes exception to the name - this is n't quite a notebook i call it a he says - that ca n't be said of the $ N computer introduced a few weeks ago by grid systems corp. a unit of tandy - instead of a it features a writing surface an electronic and the ability to read block printing - at N N pounds it may be too named but it nevertheless opens up the kind of marketing possibilities that make analysts - are n't far behind - corp. 's portfolio introduced in europe two months ago and in the u.s. in early september less than a pound costs a mere $ N and runs on three yet has the power to run some and word processing programs - some critics however say its ability to run programs is restricted by a limited memory - computer corp. meanwhile has introduced a much more sophisticated that can run lotus N and other sophisticated software programs but costs five times as much - at stake is what mike compaq 's president of north america operations calls the of the computer industry the search for a real computer in a package so small you can take it everywhere - the market is so new nobody knows yet how big it can be - i 've had a lot of people trying to sell me services to find out how big it is says tom director of marketing for grid - whether it 's $ N billion or $ N billion it does n't matter - it 's huge - consider the growth of which now N N of all personal computer sales - generally anything under N pounds have become the fastest-growing personal computer segment with sales doubling this year - responding to that demand however has led to a variety of - making computers smaller often means memory - it also has use of the faster more powerful microprocessors found in increasing numbers of desktop machines - size and weight considerations also have limited screen displays - the competitive can get pretty at times - a spokesman for example the portfolio because it requires three while the needs only two - both are dismissed by notebook makers who argue that they 're too small a problem also encountered in focus groups admits director of marketing - trying to avoid the label responded with the tag line the pc a very big computer - despite the few question the of the move to small machines that do n't make - toward that end experts say the real battle will take place between players like toshiba zenith and now compaq - compaq 's new machines are considered a direct threat to start-up firms like inc. which introduced in june a computer that like compaq 's uses an intel N microprocessor and has a hard disk drive - but the product is twice as heavy and costs more than compaq 's - compaq 's announcement also trouble for zenith which last year had N N of the u.s. laptop market but recently agreed to sell its computer business to cie. des machines bull the french government-owned computer maker - zenith holders will vote in december on the proposed $ N million sale a price that could slip because it is pegged to zenith 's share and sales - compaq is already taking aim at zenith 's market share - rod compaq 's president and chief executive officer notes that zenith 's $ N uses an disk compaq 's new machines use the more common N disk - john p. frank president of zenith data systems simply off such criticism noting that N were also when they first replaced disks - we do n't look at it as not being a standard we look at it as a new standard he argues - analysts do n't see it that way - i ca n't imagine that you 'll talk to anyone who wo n't tell you this is for compaq and a for everyone else says gene president of professional marketing management inc - adds bill senior industry analyst for a high-technology market research firm we basically think that these are very hot products - the problem compaq is going to have is that they wo n't be able to make enough of them - compaq 's machines include the N disk drive a screen that is only thick and an internal expansion for a in other words almost all the of a typical office machine - others undoubtedly will follow but most analysts believe compaq has at least a six-month lead on the competition - toshiba 's line of for example features the which is in the same weight class but is much slower and has less memory and the which also uses a N microprocessor but which almost twice as much and is three times the size - a third model marketed in japan may hit the u.s. by the end of the first quarter of N but by then analysts say compaq will have established itself as one of three major players - what about big blue - international business machines corp. analysts say has been burned twice in trying to enter the laptop market and shows no signs of trying to get into anytime soon - honeywell inc. and international business machines corp. received air force contracts to develop integrated circuits for use in space - honeywell 's contract totaled $ N million and ibm 's $ N million - boeing co. received a $ N million air force contract for developing cable systems for the missile - general dynamics corp. received a $ N million air force contract for training sets - grumman corp. received an $ N million navy contract to upgrade aircraft electronics - corp. received an $ N million army contract for helicopter engines - sharp increases in the price of fresh produce caused spain 's september consumer price index to shoot up N N from the previous month pushing the annual rate of inflation to N N the national institute of statistics said friday - the monthly increase is the highest recorded in the past four years - the index which registered N at the end of september has a base of N set in N and is n't seasonally adjusted - prices have risen N N in the first nine months of the year both the initial N N inflation goal set by the government of socialist prime minister gonzalez and the second revised goal of N N - japan 's wholesale prices in september rose N N from a year earlier and were up N N from the previous month the bank of japan announced friday - the wholesale price index stood at N compared with a N base of N - plunge - what plunge - new york stock exchange issues hit 52-week highs during friday 's trading despite the dow jones industrial average 's 190.58-point plunge - stocks of utilities held up relatively better than other market sectors during the sell-off - and among the issues hitting new highs were detroit edison co. and power corp - other major issues hitting highs included american telephone & telegraph co. westinghouse electric corp. exxon corp. and cigna corp. the big insurer - of course many more issues N hit new lows - these included international business machines corp. which during friday 's session traded below $ N a share for the first time since june N - ibm closed at $ N down $ N - other new lows included international corp. union carbide corp. and bethlehem steel corp. all of which are included in the industrial average - meanwhile two initial public offerings the market in their day of national over-the-counter trading friday - shares of rally 's inc. an operator of fast-food restaurants closed at $ N each up from its $ N offering price and shares of employee benefit plans inc. a health-care consultant closed at $ N up from its $ N offering price - ford motor co. said it acquired N N of the shares in jaguar plc - jaguar the london stock exchange and the u.s. securities and exchange commission are being notified of the transactions the company said - the u.s. federal trade commission advised ford last week that it would n't raise any to the acquisition of as much as N N of jaguar shares - the no. N auto maker disclosed last month that it wants to buy as much as N N of the british luxury-car maker the maximum allowed under current united kingdom government restrictions - general motors corp. said it had discussed the possibility of a joint venture with jaguar before ford began buying shares - gm said it still is talking with jaguar about acquiring a minority interest - investors who bought stock with borrowed money that is on margin may be more worried than most following friday 's market drop - that 's because their brokers can require them to sell some shares or put up more cash to enhance the collateral backing their loans - in october N these margin calls were thought to have contributed to the downward of the stock market - typically a margin call occurs when the price of a stock falls below N N of its original value - if the investor does n't put up the extra cash to satisfy the call the brokerage firm may begin the securities - but some big brokerage firms said they do n't expect major problems as a result of margin calls - margin calls since friday have been higher than usual but reasonable a spokesman for shearson lehman hutton inc. said - merrill lynch & co. officials do n't expect margin calls to be as big a factor as in N because fewer individual investors are buying stock on margin a spokesman said - hugo senior vice president at charles schwab corp. the san discount brokerage firm said he did n't expect any immediate problems with margin calls for schwab customers - he said schwab had increased margin requirements so customers have more of a cushion - he added we learned a lesson in N about volatility - inc. following rival hertz corp. 's lead said it is backing out of programs with three airlines - the garden city n.y. company said it wo n't renew contracts with nwa inc. 's northwest airlines unit pan am corp. 's pan american world airways unit and airlines at the end of this year - but it remains involved in programs with amr corp. 's american airlines unit and delta air lines - industry estimates put 's annual cost of all five programs at between $ N million and $ N million - a spokesman for would n't specify the costs but said the three airlines being dropped account for far less than half of the total - budget rent a car corp. of chicago and national car rental systems inc. of minneapolis both said they had no plans to follow suit - in fact budget indicated it saw some benefit to staying involved in these programs in which earn miles and can get discounts - i can not see how this news by hertz and can not benefit budget 's programs said bob wilson budget 's vice president marketing planning - northwest and are two of the five airlines with which budget has agreements - national also in the northwest program along with four other airlines including delta and usair group inc. 's usair unit - a month ago hertz of park n.j. said that it would drop its marketing agreements at year end with delta america west and texas air corp. 's continental airlines and eastern airlines and that with american airlines ual inc 's united airlines and usair also would be ended sometime after dec. N - at the time hertz said its annual fees to those airlines amounted to $ N million and that the value of redeemed topped $ N million - analysts and competitors however doubt the numbers were that high - budget said its costs are substantially below 's level - robert d. vice president of marketing said the proliferation and costs attached to programs have significantly diminished their value - this year has been difficult for both hertz and said charles industry analyst at alex brown & sons - they 've been looking to get their costs down and this is a fairly way to do it he said - cbs inc. is cutting the pat show down to one hour from its current N minutes - cbs insisted the move was n't a setback for the program which is the network 's first entry into the talk show format since N - i have every intention of making this the best possible show and having it run one hour is the best way to it said rod who was named vice president of late night entertainment in august - this will raise the energy level of the show - cbs will continue to program shows to follow the hour - but cbs news will extend its by N minutes and begin at N a.m - the show despite a promising start has slipped badly in the weekly ratings as compiled by a.c. nielsen co. finishing far below tonight on nbc a unit of general electric co. and on a unit of capital cities\/abc inc - further the audience is the addition of the hall show syndicated by paramount communications inc - tandem computers inc. preparing to fight with international business machines corp. for a piece of the mainframe business said it expects to post higher revenue and earnings for its fiscal fourth quarter ended sept. N - tandem said it expects to report revenue of about $ N million and earnings of N cents to N cents a share - the results which are in line with analysts ' estimates reflect a continued improvement in our u.s. business said james tandem 's chief executive officer - in the year-earlier period tandem reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - tandem expects to report the full results for the quarter next week - analysts have predicted that the cupertino calif. company will report revenue of $ N million to $ N million and earnings of N cents to N cents a share - commenting on the results for the quarter mr. said the strength of the company 's domestic business came as a surprise to him noting that sales in every region of the u.s. exceeded our plan - the company 's u.s. performance was helped by a record quarter for new customers he said - tandem makes computers machines with backup systems that run stock exchanges networks of automatic and other complex computer systems - tomorrow the company is scheduled to announce its most powerful computer ever which for the first time will bring it into direct competition with makers of mainframe computers - tandem 's new high-end computer is called - prices for the machine which can come in various are $ N million to $ N million - analysts expect the new computer to a hefty of business away from ibm the longtime leader in mainframes - we believe they could perhaps two to three billion dollars from ibm over the next few years said george weiss an analyst at the gartner group - that will spur tandem 's growth - i 'd be disappointed if the company grew by less than N N next year said john an analyst at goldman sachs & co - ibm is expected to respond to tandem 's by discounting its own mainframes which analysts say are roughly three times the price of a comparable system from tandem - obviously ibm can give bigger discounts to users immediately said mr. weiss - but mr. questions whether that will be enough to stop tandem 's first mainframe from taking on some of the functions that large organizations previously sought from big blue 's machines - the answer is n't price reductions but new systems he said - nevertheless tandem faces a variety of challenges the biggest being that customers generally view the company 's computers as to ibm 's mainframes - even mr. is reluctant to abandon this notion insisting that tandem 's new machines are n't for ibm 's mainframes - we 're after a little bigger niche he said - do n't jump yet - the stock market 's may turn out to be good news for the economy - in one wild hour of trading the market managed to accomplish what the bush administration has been trying to do unsuccessfully for weeks - it is forcing the federal reserve to ease its grip on credit and it took the wind out of a previously dollar - the resulting decline in interest rates and the value of the dollar could american business indeed the entire economy - this may sound optimistic - after all until a few years ago the stock market was viewed as a barometer of the national economy - when it went down by all tradition the economy followed - that has changed partly because the two years following the worst stock-market plunge in history have been reasonably comfortable - the N crash was a false alarm however you view it says university of chicago economist victor - the market seems increasingly from the rest of the nation - its ca n't be to fundamental business conditions nor do they appear to major shifts in the economy - the market today has a life of its own john chairman of international business machines corp. said saturday - there 's nothing rational about this kind of action - of course the health of the economy will be threatened if the market continues to dive this week - sharply falling stock prices do reduce consumer wealth damage business confidence and discourage the foreign investors upon whom the u.s. now relies for financial - the financial-services industry was battered by the N crash - what 's more although the stock market is far less today than two years ago the u.s. economy is weaker - growth is slower - profits are softer - debt burdens are heavier - but if the stock market does n't continue to plummet the beneficial effects of lower interest rates and a lower dollar may well dominate - the fed which until friday had been moves to ease credit is now poised to pour money into the economy if needed to the markets - fed officials may protest that this does n't necessarily mean a fundamental change in their interest-rate policies - but the experience of the N crash suggests the fed is likely to bring down short-term interest rates in its effort to calm markets - anticipating the fed 's move money traders lowered a key interest rate known as the federal funds rate to N N late friday down from N N the day before - tiny movements in the rate which is what banks charge each other for overnight loans are usually among the few visible tracks that the fed leaves on the monetary markets - the dollar also began to decline friday as the stock market 's plunge caused some investors to their desire to invest in the u.s. - treasury officials have been arguing for months that the dollar 's strength was out of with economic fundamentals threatening to the export boom that has sustained manufacturers for several years - the market drop has now apparently convinced foreign investors that the treasury was right about the dollar - a modest drop in the dollar only a modest one mind you would be welcomed by the u.s. - that was n't the case in N when the dollar was so weak that some economists and government officials seriously worried that it might collapse producing panic among foreign investors and the flow of foreign capital to the u.s. - another big difference between N and N is n't so - in the third quarter of N the economy at an inflation-adjusted annual rate of N N - the consensus among economists is that it grew a much more sluggish N N in the third quarter of N which ended two weeks ago - the plunge in stock prices is happening at a time when the economy has already slowed down says economist lawrence of group a pa. forecasting company - a lot of demand is gone - consumer spending did drop in the months following black monday N but only slightly and for a short period of time recalls mr. a longtime student of business cycles - that was offset by strength elsewhere - the effects were much less severe and less prolonged than some had feared or expected - today he exports and business investment spending may be insufficient to pick up the slack if stock prices sink this week and if consumers in reaction - what 's more the corporate borrowing binge has n't in the past two years - we 've had two more years of significant accumulation of debt just at the time when earnings are being squeezed mr. notes - the more a company relies on borrowed money the greater its to an economic slowdown - a company with a strong balance sheet can withstand an unanticipated storm a highly leveraged company may end up in bankruptcy court - the fed of course knows that very well hence its to pump credit into the economy this morning - but in the process the fed risks inflation - even before friday 's events harvard university economist benjamin was arguing that the fed wo n't be able to live up to its tough words on eliminating inflation because of its responsibility to protect fragile financial markets banks and highly leveraged corporations - the biggest threat on the economic horizon right now is n't recession he reasons it 's an of inflation - in the end the N collapse suggested the economy does n't move in with stock prices - the economy does however depend on the confidence of businesses consumers and foreign investors - a panic on wall street does n't exactly confidence - surveys suggested that consumer confidence was high before friday - a 190-point drop is n't likely to make much of a that a few times over though and it will - if the reactions of executives gathered saturday at hot springs va. for the business council meetings are typical business leaders were n't overly rattled by friday 's decline - and if foreign investors become a more cautious well the dollar 's recent strength suggests that the u.s. can stand it - on the bottom line the most fact for the economic outlook is that we 've been through this before - two years ago about the only point of comparison was the N crash and the subsequent depression - the had a audience - the prosperity that followed black monday permits a more optimistic view today - at the very least the establishment here is taking comfort from the nation 's success in handling the last - as sen. lloyd d. texas observed yesterday the fed avoided a last time - they are more sophisticated this time - the chemical industry is expected to report that profits eroded in the third quarter because of prices in the commodity end of the business - producers of commodity chemicals the basic chemicals produced in huge volumes for other manufacturers have seen sharp inventory cutting by buyers - once the chief beneficiaries of the industry 's now boom these producers also will be reporting against exceptionally strong performances in the N third quarter - for some of these companies this will be the first quarter with year-to-year negative comparisons says leonard a chemical industry analyst at prudential research - this could be the first of five or six down quarters - perhaps most prominent dow chemical co. which as of midyear had racked up eight consecutive record quarters is expected to report that profit decreased in the latest quarter from a year earlier if only by a - though dow has aggressively diversified into specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals the company still has a big stake in polyethylene which is used in packaging and - analysts ' third-quarter estimates for the midland mich. company are between $ N a share and $ N a share compared with $ N a year ago when profit was $ N million on sales of $ N billion - a dow spokeswoman declined to comment on the estimates - at the investment firm of smith barney harris upham & co. the segment is seen pulling down overall profit for N companies representative of the whole industry by N N to N N - you will find the commodities off more than the others and the diversified companies about even or slightly better says james wilbur a smith barney analyst - first boston corp. projects that N of the N companies it follows will report lower profit - most of the N have big operations - still some industry giants are expected to report continuing gains largely because so much of their business is outside commodity chemicals - du pont co. is thought to have had steady profit growth in white fibers and - moreover the wilmington del. company is helped when prices weaken on the commodity chemicals it buys for its own production needs such as - analysts are divided over whether du pont will report much of a gain in the latest quarter from its inc. oil company - the estimates for du pont range from $ N to $ N a share - in the N third quarter the company earned $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - du pont declined to comment - monsanto co. too is expected to continue reporting higher profit even though its sales of crop chemicals were hurt in the latest quarter by drought in northern europe and the western u.s. - the st. company is expected to report again that losses in its searle & co. pharmaceutical business are narrowing - searle continued to operate in the red through the first half of the year but monsanto has said it expects searle to post a profit for all of N - most estimates for monsanto run between $ N and $ N a share - a year ago the company posted third-quarter profit of $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - monsanto declined to comment - but the producers are caught on the downside of a pricing cycle - by some accounts on wall street and in the industry the inventory reductions are near an end which may firmer demand - but say growing production capacity could keep pressure on prices into the early 1990s - in the latest quarter at least profit is expected to fall sharply - for inc. how far down it is we do n't know says leslie at salomon brothers - the projections are in the neighborhood of N cents a share to N cents compared with a restated $ N a share a year earlier when profit was $ N million on sales of $ N million - faces lower prices for its mainstay product while it goes forward with a heavy capital investment program to bolster its raw material supply and develop new uses for whose markets include the packaging and automobile industries - the company based in wilmington del. is by montedison s.p a. milan which has an offer outstanding for the shares it does n't already own - at quantum chemical corp. new york the trouble is lower prices for polyethylene higher debt costs and the of an important plant due to an explosion - some analysts hedge their estimates for quantum because it is n't known when the company will book certain one-time charges - but the estimates range from break-even to N cents a share - in the N third quarter quantum earned $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N million - another big polyethylene producer union carbide corp. is expected to post profit of between $ N a share and $ N compared with $ N a share a year earlier when the company earned $ N million on sales of $ N billion - quantum and union carbide all declined to comment - the following were among friday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - dow chemical co. - $ N million of N N senior notes due oct. N N priced at par - the issue which is back to the company at par on oct. N N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated single-a-1 by moody 's investors service inc. and single-a by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - capital corp. - $ N million of N N debentures due oct. N N priced at N to yield N N - the issue which can be put back to the company in N was priced at N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated by moody 's and by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by morgan stanley & co - federal home loan mortgage corp. - $ N million of remic mortgage securities offered in N classes by prudential-bache securities inc - the offering series N backed by freddie mac N N N securities with a weighted average remaining term to maturity of N years was priced before the market 's afternoon surge - among classes for which details were available yields ranged from N N or N basis points over two-year treasury securities to N N or N basis points over 10-year treasurys - federal home loan mortgage corp. - $ N million of remic mortgage securities offered by citicorp securities markets inc - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N N securities - pricing details were n't immediately available - federal home loan mortgage corp. - $ N million of stripped mortgage securities underwritten by securities corp - the agency 's first strips issue collateralized by freddie mac N N securities into a single security called a giant will be divided into and securities - the collateral is being sold by a thrift institution - the securities will be by securities into a freddie mac remic series N that will have six classes - the securities will be sold separately by securities - the securities pay the principal from the underlying freddie mac N N securities while the securities pay only interest - freddie mac said the securities were priced at N N to yield N N assuming an average life of eight years and a prepayment of N N of the model - the securities were priced at N N to yield N N - there were no major or foreign bond offerings in europe friday - the economy 's will be taken from several points this week with on trade output housing and inflation - the most troublesome report may be the august merchandise trade deficit due out tomorrow - the trade gap is expected to widen to about $ N billion from july 's $ N billion according to a survey by international a unit of mcgraw-hill inc. new york - thursday 's report on the september consumer price index is expected to rise although not as sharply as the N N gain reported friday in the producer price index - that gain was being cited as a reason the stock market was down early in friday 's session before it got started on its reckless 190-point plunge - economists are divided as to how much manufacturing strength they expect to see in september reports on industrial production and capacity utilization also due tomorrow - meanwhile september housing starts due wednesday are thought to have inched upward - there 's a possibility of a surprise in the trade report said michael director of research at - a widening of the deficit if it were combined with a strong dollar would trade problems but the dollar weakened friday as stocks plummeted - in any event mr. and many others say that the easy gains in narrowing the trade gap have already been made - trade is definitely going to be more politically sensitive over the next six or seven months as improvement begins to slow he said - exports are thought to have risen strongly in august but probably not enough to offset the jump in imports economists said - views on manufacturing strength are split between economists who read september 's low level of factory job growth as a sign of a slowdown and those who use the somewhat more total employment figures in their calculations - the wide range of estimates for the industrial output number the differences the forecasts run from a drop of N N to an increase of N N according to - a rebound in energy prices which helped push up the producer price index is expected to do the same in the consumer price report - the consensus view expects a N N increase in the september after a flat reading in august - robert h. an economist for lloyd 's bank in new york is among those expecting a more moderate gain in the than in prices at the producer level - auto prices had a big effect in the and at the level they wo n't he said - food prices are expected to be unchanged but energy costs jumped as much as N N said gary economist at financial group - he also says he thinks core inflation which the volatile food and energy prices was strong last month - he expects a gain of as much as N N in core inflation after a summer of far smaller increases - housing starts are expected to a bit from august 's annual pace of N units - economists say an august rebound in permits for units signaled an increase in september starts though activity remains fairly modest by historical standards - street - if the law 's fair why should we not then the to require that all employees give similar notice before they quit - s. - comment - when research projects are curtailed due to government funding cuts are we caught with our grants down - - assuming the stock market does n't crash again and completely and trading rooms american television audiences in a few months may be seeing britain 's concept of both - capital city is a weekly series that here three weeks ago amid unprecedented by its producer television - the early episodes make you long for a of the crash of N - let 's make that N just to be sure - according to the program 's publicity prospectus capital city set at a securities firm with # N million capital follows the fortunes of a team of young dealers hired for their particular of style and energy - but with all the money and of high finance come the pressures to do well pressure to pull off another million before lunch pressure to anticipate the market by a fraction of a second - you need n't be a securities lawyer to realize the prospectus is guilty of less than full disclosure - the produced series has been criticized by london 's financial as inaccurate in detail but its major weakness is its of the characters ' professional and private lives - turned loose in 's trading room the dealers do little right - judging by the money lost and mistakes made in the early episodes 's capital should be just about exhausted by the final 13th week - in the opening episode we learn that a junior bond trader has indeed pulled off another million before lunch - trouble is she has lost it just as quickly - rather than keep the loss a secret from the outside world about it to a man while ordering lunch over the phone - little chance that is going to recoup today - traders spend the morning selling bonds in the belief that the u.s. monthly trade figures will look - columbia - the trade figures turn out well and all those recently bonds in price - so much for anticipating the market by a fraction of a second - and a large of the first episode is devoted to efforts to get rid of some nearly japanese bonds since when is anything japanese nearly - surprisingly the week only to have a senior executive his way into becoming the target of a criminal insider trading investigation - instead of closing ranks to protect the firm 's reputation the executive 's internal rivals led by a american demand his resignation - the plot is when the firm 's major on the other side of the globe home to support the executive - but the investigation continues - if you can the that the rewards for such are salaries you still are left because few of the consume very - in fact few consume much of anything - two share a house almost of furniture - lives in a hotel room and although she drives a she has n't time to clean or repair it the vehicle can be started only with a huge pair of because the key has broken off in the lock - and it takes the ' man of the cast until the third episode to get past first base with any of his - perhaps the explanation for these is that britain is n't ready to come to terms with the wealth created by the regime - after all this is n't old money but new money and in many cases young money - this attitude is clearly illustrated in the treatment of max the trading room 's most flamboyant character - enough he lives in a converted church wears designer clothes and drives an car - but apparently to make him even to the the script max into an master of N chinese - he takes his wash to the where he meets a french girl who him into providing a home for her pet and then promptly his car and it in - in producing and promoting capital city has spent about as much as loses on a good day - the production costs are a not # N million $ N million and would have been much higher had not the cost of the trading floor set been absorbed in the budget of dealers an earlier movie - another half million went for a of advertisements in six major british newspapers and for huge in the london subway - these expenses create a special incentive for capital city 's producers to it or a version of it in america - 's u.s. marketing agent donald is preparing to do just that - he is hopeful citing three u.s. comedy series three 's company too close for comfort and check it out that had british - perhaps without it mr. simultaneously has put his finger on the problem and an ideal solution capital city should have been a comedy a worthy to the british carry on movies of the 1960s - the seeds already are in the script - the first episode concluded with a scene in which the crew a baby the casualty of a broken marriage at the firm - and many in the young cast bear striking to american tv and movie known for light roles - looks like a young william armstrong who plays max could pass for and douglas for james is a and could easily double for hall the of the boys - so ok kids everybody on stage for carry on trading the cast is searching the office for japanese bonds that suddenly have soared in value because dai-ichi kangyo bank has just bought the white house - the pressure is too much for who a security guard - he into a desktop computer terminal which covering hall 's face with - and all the while the bonds are in the baby 's diaper - it should run forever - mr. is senior in the journal 's london bureau - assurances of france gave details of its financing plans for its proposed $ N billion acquisition of farmers group inc. in amended filings with insurance regulators in the nine u.s. states where farmers operates - the proposed acquisition is part of sir james goldsmith 's unfriendly takeover attempt for b.a.t industries plc the british tobacco retailing paper and financial services concern that is parent of los angeles-based farmers - in an attempt to u.s. regulators ' concern over a goldsmith acquisition of farmers sir james in august agreed to sell farmers to axa if he is successful in acquiring b.a.t - as part of the agreement axa agreed to invest $ N billion in investments ltd. sir james 's acquisition vehicle - of the total $ N billion to be paid to by axa about $ N billion will come from available resources of axa 's parent group $ N billion will be in the form of notes issued by axa and the remaining $ N billion will be in long-term bank loans - in an interview thursday bebear chairman and chief executive officer of axa said his group has already obtained assurances from a group of banks led by cie financiere de paribas that they can provide the loan portion of the financing - the other banking companies in the group are credit lyonnais societe generale bankamerica corp. and citicorp he said - mr. bebear said group has more than $ N billion of assets that we can and will sell to help pay off debt from the acquisition - he said the assets to be sold would be assets including a beer company and a real estate firm and would n't include any pieces of farmers - we wo n't put any burden on farmers he said - the amended filings also point out that under a new agreement has an obligation to sell farmers to axa upon an acquisition of b.a.t - we hope that with what we did the regulators will not need to evaluate and they can directly look at the agreement with us because wo n't be an owner of farmers at anytime mr. bebear said - any change of control in farmers needs approval of the insurance commissioners in the nine states where farmers and its related companies are incorporated - the amended filings were required because of the new agreement between axa and and to reflect the extension that sir james received last month under british takeover rules to complete his proposed acquisition - dropped its initial # N billion $ N billion takeover bid after it received the extension but said it would launch a new bid if and when the sale of farmers to axa receives regulatory approval - a spokesman for b.a.t said of the amended filings that it would appear that nothing has changed - the new financing structure is still a leveraged one and axa still plans to take out N N of farmers ' earnings as dividends to service their debt - that dividend is almost double the N N currently taken out of farmers by b.a.t the spokesman added - it would have severe implications for farmers ' policy holders - to fend off sir james 's advances b.a.t has proposed a sweeping restructuring that would it to a tobacco and financial services concern - dismal sales at general motors corp. dragged the u.s. car and truck market down below year-ago levels in early october the first sales period of the N model year - the eight major domestic auto makers sold N north cars in the first N days of october a N N drop from a year earlier - domestically built truck sales were down N N to N vans and sport utility vehicles - the heavy use of incentives to clear out N models appears to have taken the steam at least initially out of N model sales which began officially oct. N - this appears particularly true at gm which had strong sales in august and september but saw its early october car and truck results fall N N from last year 's unusually high level - overall sales of all vehicles fell N N from a year ago - without gm overall sales for the other u.s. were roughly flat with N results - some of the u.s. auto makers have already adopted incentives on many N models but they may have to broaden their programs to keep sales up - we 've created a condition where without incentives it 's a tough market said tom kelly sales manager for bill chevrolet in dearborn mich - car sales fell to a seasonally adjusted annual selling rate of N million vehicles the lowest since october N - the poor performance contrasts with a robust selling rate of almost eight million last month - furthermore dealers contacted late last week said they could n't see any immediate impact on sales of friday 's steep market decline - gm 's domestic car sales dropped N N and its domestic trucks were down an even N N from the same period a year ago - all of the gm divisions except cadillac showed big declines - cadillac posted a N N increase despite new competition from lexus the luxury-car division of toyota motor corp - lexus sales were n't available the cars are imported and toyota reports their sales only at - the sales drop for the no. N car maker may have been caused in part by the end in september of dealer incentives that gm offered in addition to consumer rebates and financing a company spokesman said - last year gm had a different program in place that continued rewarding dealers until all the N models had been sold - aside from gm other car makers posted generally mixed results - ford motor co. had a N N drop in domestic car sales but a N N increase in domestic truck sales - chrysler corp. had a N N drop in car sales its generally slow performance all year - however sales of trucks including the company 's popular minivans rose N N - honda motor co. 's sales of domestically built vehicles plunged N N from a year earlier - honda 's plant in ohio was up to build N model accords a honda spokesman said - we 're really confident everything will bounce back to normal he added - separately chrysler said firm prices on its domestic cars and minivans will rise an average of N N over equipped N models - firm prices were generally in line with the tentative prices announced earlier this fall - at that time chrysler said base prices which are n't adjusted for equipment changes would rise between N N and N N on most vehicle - a totals include only vehicle sales reported in period - c domestic car - d percentage change is greater than N N - x there were N selling days in the most recent period and N a year earlier - percentage differences based on daily sales rate rather than sales volume - antonio l. N years old was named president and chief executive officer of the atlantic research corp. subsidiary - mr. had been a consultant to the subsidiary 's operations - mr. succeeds william h. who resigned to pursue personal interests - makes and repairs jet engines - it also has interests in military electronics and marine transportation and machinery used to make food and beverage cans - it was n't so long ago that a radio network funded by the u.s. congress and originally by the central intelligence agency was accused by officials here of and - now the network has opened a news bureau in the capital - employees held an open house to and even hung out a sign radio radio free europe - i think this is a victory for the radio says de a former who works in the west germany headquarters as deputy director of the service - in fact the network hopes to set up offices in warsaw and anywhere else in the east bloc that will have it - but the rapid changes brought on by glasnost and open borders are the network 's life in more ways than one - in fact radio free europe is in danger of suffering from its success - while the network currently can operate freely in so can others - in addition competition for is getting tougher in many ways than when broadcasting here was strictly controlled - instead of being denounced as an evil agent of radio free europe is more likely to draw the criticism that its programs are too even boring - they have a lot to do these days to compete with radio says andrew a student at the technical university in - the radio reporters seem better informed and more critical about about what 's going on here - indeed hungary is in the midst of a media explosion - boys on busy street corners newspapers of every political - are packed with a array of magazines - radio and television are getting and - the british broadcasting corp. and the u.s. state department 's voice of america broadcast over though only a few hours a day each in - australian press rupert murdoch has bought N N stakes in two popular and newspapers while britain 's robert maxwell has let it be known here that he is thinking about similar moves - but radio free europe does n't plan to away - with its mission for free speech and the capitalist way the network 's staff says it still has plenty to do in hungary and in the great eastern beyond - radio free europe and its sister station for the soviet union radio liberty say they wo n't cut back their more than N hours of daily - they are still an important source of news for N million in N exotic from and to and - the establishment of its first bureau in warsaw pact territory shows the of some of the changes in eastern europe - months before the decision by the communist party to itself socialist and try to look more appealing to voters the country 's were trying to look more - it proved a perfect time for radio free europe to ask for permission to set up office - not only did the ministry of foreign affairs approve radio free europe 's new location but the ministry of telecommunications did something even more amazing they found us four phone lines in central says a radio free europe who helped the location - that is a - it 's a far cry from the previous treatment of the network which had to overcome of its and of local who filed reports to the network by phone secret or letters - in fact some of the network 's say they owe radio free europe loyalty because it was responsible in many ways for keeping hope alive through what one writer here calls the dark ages of the 20th century - during the past four years many of us have sat up until late at night listening to our says the writer - there were some very - the too had to be - through much of the war ii period listening to western was a crime in hungary - when we listen to the europe station my mother still gets nervous says a - she wants to turn down the volume and close the - now the competition for radio free europe comes during the - radio often its most politically outspoken for around midnight - television which most of the time is considered rather has entered the running with a new program the end of the day which comes on after N p.m - it is a talk show with opposition leaders and political experts who discuss hungary 's domestic problems as well as foreign affairs - those who want to hear even more radical views have to get up at five on sunday morning for sunday journal on radio - the competitive spirit is clearly radio free europe which is trying to beef up programs - the office plans to hire free-lance reporters to cover the latest in country towns from in the west to in the east - the service has a daily news show called with international and domestic news plus a daily news review of opinions from around the world - there 's also a host of new programs trying to up on the traditional diet of politics - a daily program called the march of time tries to find interesting of news and from around the world - there 's a program for women and a science show - and to attract younger radio free europe the latest in western rock groups - the pet shop boys are big this year in - we are for all the news says mr. the student - every moment we want to know everything about the world - proposals for national service like up from time to time depress the resistance of the body run their course and seem to disappear only to and public life - the disease comes to mind of course not as an on the advocates of national service - rather it is born of frustration with having to combat constantly changing of a idea that one thought had been eliminated in the early 1970s along with - it is back with us again in the form of legislation to pay under a national and community service act a proposal with a serious shot at congressional passage this fall - why does the virus keep coming back - perhaps it is because both military experience and the social - if only we could get america 's youth into at least a uniform we might be able to teach again and revive the spirit of giving - a quarter of a century ago national service was as a way of the of the draft by of all things expanding the draft - those of us who resisted the idea then suspect today that an obligation of government service for all young people is still the true long-term aim of many backers despite their protests that present plans contain no - choice of the volunteer military in the 1970s seemed to national service as much as the draft - but the virus was kept alive in departments until a couple of years ago when it again was let loose - this time it attempted to two connected problems the rising cost of higher education and the rising expense to the federal government of educational grants and loans - why not keep and even expand the loans and grants the advocates but require some form of service from each - military service moreover could be a option - thus undoubtedly it was hoped that the new strain of national service would prove conservatives and liberals - the democratic leadership council a group the plan surely thought it might help the party to attract support especially among college students and their parents - a provision allowing grants to be applied to purchases was added to appeal to those who had had enough of - the plan trees children and for $ N a week tax free plus medical care - with a tax-free $ N payment at the end of each year the would be making a wage comparable to $ N a year - mind you most of the would be N to some not even high school graduates and many saving money by living at home - they would be doing better financially under national service than many taxpayers working at the same kinds of jobs and perhaps supporting families - as it happened political resistance developed among educational and minority interests that count on the present education grant system so the decided to abandon the supposedly crucial principle of give in order to get - opposition to national service from the pentagon which wants to protect its own process also led to the option being dropped - clearly a new rationale for national service had to be up - what better place to turn than sen. edward kennedy 's labor committee that great of government where many a pot of is kept on the back until it can be brought forward and presented as - before the is printed the house may add more also changing the initial price now posted at some $ N million - it is widely known that too many the but that wisdom does not necessarily reflect the view of the especially if they are senators - the omnibus bill coming out of congress may be but the chefs are happy and the restaurant is pushing the very hard - the of is in the air - is the voluntary sector so weak that it needs such unsolicited assistance - on the contrary it is as robust as ever - according to the poll american adults contribute an average of two hours a week of service while financial contributions to charity in the 1980s have risen N N adjusted for inflation - even if government does see various needs national service is not the way to meet them - if we want to support students we might adopt the idea used in other countries of offering more based on something called rather than on the government 's idea of service - or we might provide a tax credit for working students - what we do not need to do is start a war and then try to justify it by creating a bill - to the extent we lack manpower to staff jobs in hospitals for example we should raise pay pursue technology or allow more legal rather than high school graduates as short-term workers and cause among permanent workers paid lesser amounts to do the same jobs - will national service in the current highly and form enough appeal to get adopted - not necessarily - polls show wide support for some vague concept of service but the bill now under discussion lacks any public backing - nonetheless senate democrats are organizing a roll of supporting associations and some of which may hope to receive the paid - so far the president seems to substitute any of the omnibus for his own proposal to a points of light foundation with $ N million to inform citizens of all ages and them to genuine - however even this plan could become if the white house gives in to congressional democratic pressure to add to the scope of the president 's initiative or to involve the independent foundation in federal funds for volunteer projects - there 's no need for such concessions - the omnibus can be defeated the virus controlled and real service protected - national service the idea still wo n't go away then of course but the millions of youth performing works of civic content will be only in the of their - mr. is a fellow at the hudson institute - this article is adapted from remarks at a institution conference on national service in which mr. also participated - drug inc. said gary N years old who had been president and chief operating officer for the past year was named chief executive officer of this chain - he succeeds his father philip t. who founded the company and remains chairman - robert e. iii N who headed the company 's philadelphia region was appointed president and chief operating officer succeeding gary - american physicians service group inc. said it purchased about N N of prime medical services inc. for about $ N million from texas american energy corp - american physicians said it also replaced four texas american representatives on prime 's board - american provides a variety of financial services to doctors and hospitals - prime based in n.j. provides management services to rehabilitation and diagnostic centers - for the year ended june N prime had a net loss of $ N million on sales of $ N million - the inflation-adjusted growth rate for france 's gross domestic product for the second quarter was revised upward to N N from the previous three months from the initial estimate of N N the national statistics institute said - the state agency said the latest revision left the growth rate for the first-quarter compared with the previous three months unchanged at N N - if the economy continues to expand by N N a quarter for the rest of the year it would leave growth for all of N at N N the institute said - that would be down from the N N rise posted in N - the canadian government announced a new 12-year canada savings bond issue that will yield investors N N in the first year - the annual interest rate for each of the next N years will be set each fall when details of a new series are released - canada savings bonds are major government instruments for meeting its financial requirements - the government has about N billion canadian dollars us$ N billion of such bonds currently outstanding - only canadian residents are permitted to buy canada savings bonds which may be redeemed any time at face value - the bonds go on sale oct. N - the debate over national service has begun again - after a decade in which more than N established their own service or conservation corps and dozens of school systems made community service a to high-school the focus has shifted to washington - at least N bills proposing one or another national program were introduced in congress this spring - one by sen. sam d. and rep. dave d. okla. would have restricted federal college subsidies to students who had served - an omnibus bill assembled by sen. edward kennedy d. mass. and including some diluted provisions along with proposals by fellow democratic sens. barbara and christopher dodd has been reported out of the senate labor committee - it might well win senate passage - president bush has outlined his own youth entering service yes plan though its details remain to be specified - what is one to think of all this - doctrine and special interests govern some responses - people eager to have youth pay their to society favor service proposals mandatory ones - so do those who seek a concept of a concept imposing stern obligations as well as rights - then there are opponents - to mandatory service is an and voluntary systems are uses of tax money - of the market question the value of the work national service would perform - if the market wo n't pay for it they argue it ca n't be worth its cost - elements of the left are also opposed they see service as a cover for the draft or fear the of youth or want to see rights not obligations - but what about those of us whose views are not by formula or - how should we think about national service - let 's begin by recognizing a main source of confusion national service has no agreed meaning - would service be voluntary or - short or long - or full-time - paid or unpaid - would participants live at home and work nearby or live in and work on public - what kinds of work would they do - what does national mean - would the program be run by the federal government by local governments or by private voluntary organizations - and who would serve - only males as with the draft or both - youth only or all ages - middle-class people or poor people or a genuine - many or few - those are not questions and the label national service answers none of them - then how should we think about national service - as a starting point here are five N consider the not the name - ignore national service in the consider specific proposals - they will differ in crucial ways - N service should be service - as commonly understood service implies sacrifice - it involves accepting risk or giving up income or deferring a career - it follows that proposals like whose benefits to are worth some $ N a year do not qualify - there is a rationale for such bills federal subsidies to college students amount to a bill without the those benefits should be earned not given - but the earnings exceed by N N the average income of young high-school graduates with full-time jobs - why call that service - N encouragement is fine is not - service is unconstitutional - it is also and - who will throw several hundred thousand in jail each year - but through tax policy and in other ways the federal government encourages many kinds of behavior - it should also encourage service by all classes and all ages - its encouragement should strengthen and not undercut the strong tradition of in the u.s. should build on the service programs already in existence and should honor local convictions about which tasks most need doing - N good programs are not cheap - enthusiasts assume that national service would get important work done forest fires fought housing students centers - there is important work to be done and existing service and conservation corps have shown that even who start with few skills can do much of it well but not - good service programs require training and supervision all of high quality - they involve to participants - full-time residential programs also require housing and full-time supervision they are particularly expensive more per participant than a year at stanford or yale - programs are cheaper but good ones still come to some $ N a year - are they worth that - suggest that good ones are especially so if the effects on participants are counted - but the calculations are - N youth are a special concern - are such expenditures then - yes if targeted - people of all ages and all classes should be encouraged to serve but there are many ways for middle-class kids and their elders to serve at little public cost - they can volunteer at any of thousands of institutions or participate in service programs required by high schools or encouraged by colleges or employers - youth do n't have those opportunities - they are not in high school or college - they are unlikely to be employed - and they have grown up in grim circumstances among family structures breaking down surrounded by and bleak prospects - but many of them can be quite by productive and disciplined service - some wo n't accept the discipline others drop out for other reasons - but some whom nothing else is reaching are transformed - learning skills producing something feeling useful they are no longer dependent others now depend on them - even if it is cheaper to build or apartments or plant with paid professionals the effects on the young people providing those services alter the - strictly speaking these youth are not performing service - they are giving up no income deferring no careers no risk - but they believe themselves to be serving and they begin to respect themselves and others to take control of their lives to think of the future - that is a service to the nation - it is what federal support should try hardest to achieve - mr. a carter administration budget official heads his own washington-based strategic planning firm - he is a co-author of national service what would it mean - lexington books N - government officials here and in other countries laid plans through the weekend to head off a monday market but went out of their way to keep their moves quiet - federal reserve chairman alan greenspan was on the telephones making it clear to officials in the u.s. and abroad that the fed was prepared to massive amounts of money into the banking system as it did in october N if the action were needed to prevent a financial crisis - and at the treasury secretary nicholas brady talked with friends and associates on wall street while assistant secretary david mullins carefully data on the friday market plunge - but the officials feared that any public announcements would only increase market jitters - in addition officials at the fed and in the bush administration decided that avoiding actions and statements over the weekend would give them more strength and flexibility should friday 's market drop turn into this morning 's rout - the disadvantage at this point is that anything you do that looks like you are doing too much tends to reinforce a sense of crisis said one government official insisting on - the fed 's efforts at were partly sunday morning when both the new york times and the washington post carried stories a senior fed official saying the central bank was prepared to pour cash into the banking system monday morning - fed chairman greenspan was surprised by both stories according to knowledgeable sources and insisted he had n't authorized any public comment - nevertheless fed officials acknowledged the stories were reasonably accurate of the central bank 's game plan - it is prepared to assume the same role it played in october N providing money to the markets if necessary to keep the financial system afloat - the fed provides money to the banking system by buying government securities from financial institutions - the of federal officials was evident in the appearance sunday of budget director richard darman on abc 's this week - secretary of the treasury brady and chairman greenspan and the chairman of the sec and others have been in close contact - i 'm sure they 'll do what 's right what 's prudent what 's he said - when it was suggested his comment was a mr. darman replied it is a - but in this context that 's the smart thing to do - at the treasury secretary brady issued a statement the stock market 's drop - today 's stock market decline does n't signal any fundamental change in the condition of the economy he said - the economy remains and the outlook is for continued moderate growth - but administration officials conceded that friday 's drop carried the chance of further declines this week - one possibility is that this is a surgical setback reasonably limited in its and not a major problem said one senior administration official who also asked that he not be named - the other is that we see another major disaster like two years ago - i think that 's less likely - nevertheless fed chairman greenspan and vice chairman manuel johnson were in their offices sunday evening monitoring events as they in markets around the world - the action was expected to begin with the opening of the new zealand foreign exchange markets at N p.m. est when stocks there plunged and to continue as the trading day began later in the evening in tokyo and through early this morning in europe - both the treasury and the fed planned to keep market rooms operating throughout the night to monitor the developments - in tokyo share prices dropped sharply by N N in early monday morning trading - after the initial slide the market appeared to be turning around but by early afternoon was headed lower - in the bush administration the lead is being taken by treasury secretary brady undersecretary robert and assistant secretary mullins - the three men worked together on the so-called brady commission headed by mr. brady which was established after the N crash to examine the market 's collapse - as a result they have extensive knowledge in financial markets and financial market crises - mr. brady was at the white house friday afternoon when the stock market 's decline began - he was quickly on the phone with mr. mullins who in turn was talking with the chairmen of the new york and chicago exchanges - later mr. brady mr. greenspan sec chairman richard breeden and numerous contacts in new york and overseas - aides say he continued to work the phones through the weekend - administration officials say president bush was throughout friday afternoon and evening even after leaving for camp david - he had frequent telephone with mr. brady and michael chairman of the counsel of economic advisers - government officials tried throughout the weekend to a appearance in order to avoid any sense of panic - treasury undersecretary david mulford for instance was at a meeting of the business council in hot springs va. when the stock market fell and remained there through the following day - and as of last night fed chairman greenspan had n't canceled his plans to address the american bankers association convention in washington at N a.m. this morning - ironically mr. greenspan was scheduled to address the same convention in dallas on oct. N N - he flew to dallas on oct. N when the market plummeted N points but then turned around the next morning and returned to washington without delivering his speech - following is a weekly listing of net asset values of publicly traded investment fund shares reported by the companies as of friday 's close - also shown is the closing listed market price or a asked price of each fund 's shares with the percentage of difference - b as of thursday 's close - c translated at commercial rand exchange rate - e in canadian dollars - f as of wednesday 's close - N - z not available - put down that phone - walk around the room take two deep - resist the urge to call your broker and sell all your stocks - that 's the advice of most investment professionals after friday 's 190-point drop in the dow jones industrial average - no one can say for sure what will happen today - and investment pros are divided on whether stocks will perform well or badly in the next six months - but they 're nearly on one point do n't sell into a panic - investors who sold everything after the crash of N lived to regret it - even after friday 's plunge the dow jones industrial average was N N above where it landed on oct. N two years ago - panic selling also was during other big declines in the past - the crash of N was followed by a substantial recovery before the great depression and awful bear market of the 1930s began - the october of N and N were scary but did n't lead to severe or sustained - indeed some pros see friday 's plunge plus any further damage that might occur early this week as a chance for bargain hunting - there has been a lot of emotional selling that presents a nice buying opportunity if you 've got the cash says stephen b. chief investment officer of chicago-based kemper financial services inc - but most advisers think the immediate course for individual investors should be to stand pat - when you see a runaway train says steve partner in the san francisco investment advisory firm brouwer & you wait for the train to stop - even for people who expect a bear market in coming months and a sizable number of money managers and market do the advice is wait for the market to bounce back and sell shares gradually during rallies - the best thing individual investors can do is just sit tight says marshall b. front executive vice president and head of investment counseling at stein roe & inc. a chicago-based investment counseling firm that manages about $ N billion - on the one hand mr. front says it would be to sell into a classic panic - on the other hand it 's not necessarily a good time to jump in and buy - this is all right now and when starts to run it can run further than anyone anticipates he said - so it 's more prudent to wait and see how things stabilize - roger professor of finance at yale university and head of the market information firm associates inc. says my real advice would be to just ride through it - generally it is n't to be in and out of the stock market - mr. thinks that this week is going to be a roller-coaster week - but he also thinks it is a good week to consider buying - john former president of the los angeles chapter of the national association of investors corp. an organization of investment clubs and individual investors says his fellow club members did n't sell in the crash of N and see no reason to sell now - we 're dedicated long-term investors not traders he says - we understand and euphoria - and we hope to take advantage of and buy stocks when they plunge - one camp of investment pros sees what happened friday as an opportunity - over the next days and weeks they say investors should look for stocks to buy - friday 's action was an old-fashioned panic says alfred goldman director of technical market analysis for a.g. edwards & sons in st. louis - stocks were being thrown out of windows at any price - his advice you ought to be there with a basket catching them - james craig portfolio manager for the fund which has one of the industry 's better track records started his buying during friday 's plunge - stocks such as foods corp. stores inc. american international group inc. and federal national mortgage association became such bargains that he could n't resist them he says - and mr. craig expects to pick up more shares today - it will be chaotic at first but i would not be buying if i thought we were headed for real trouble he says - he argues that stocks are reasonably valued now and that interest rates are lower now than in the fall of N - mr. front of stein roe suggests that any buying should concentrate in stocks that have lagged the market on the up side or stocks that have been beaten down a lot more than the market in this correction - his firm favors selected computer drug and stocks - other investment pros are more pessimistic - they say investors should sell stocks but not necessarily right away - many of them stress that the selling can be orderly gradual and done when stock prices are - on thursday william a seattle money manager used futures contracts in his personal account to place a bet that the broad market averages would decline - he thinks the underlying inflation rate is around N N to N N far higher than most people - in the pension accounts he manages mr. has raised cash positions and invested in gold and natural gas stocks partly as an inflation hedge - he thinks government officials are to let a recession start when government corporate and personal debt levels are so high - so he thinks the government will on the side of inflation - as a result mr. says i think the ball game 's over and investors are about to face a bear market - david m. jones vice president at g. & co. recommends treasury securities of up to five years ' maturity - he says the oct. N employment report showing slower economic growth and a severe weakening in the manufacturing sector is a warning sign to investors - one strategy for investors who want to stay in but hedge their bets is to buy put options either on the individual stocks they own or on a broad market index - a put option gives its holder the right but not the obligation to sell a stock or stock index for a specified price the strike price until the option expires - whether this insurance is depends on the cost of an option - the cost or premium tends to get fat in times of crisis - thus buying puts after a big market slide can be an expensive way to hedge against risk - the prices of puts generally did n't soar friday - for example the premium as a percentage of the stock price for certain puts on eli lilly & co. moved up from N N at thursday 's close to only N N at friday 's close even though the shares dropped more than $ N - but prices may when trading today - it 's hard to about a reasonable price for puts - but investors should keep in mind before paying too much that the average annual return for stock holdings long-term is N N to N N a year a return of N N is considered - paying say N N for insurance against losses takes a deep out of the return - james a. white and tom contributed to this article - banker commercial group said it sold $ N million of common stock to its employees at $ N a share giving them a total stake of more than N N in the commercial real estate brokerage firm - the firm which was acquired in april from sears roebuck & co. in a management-led buy-out had planned to sell up to $ N million of stock or a N N stake in the company to its N employees - though the offering did n't sell out james j. chairman and chief executive officer said we 're pretty proud of the employees ' response - he noted that unlike an employee stock ownership plan where a company usually money from third party lenders to buy stock that it sets aside to award employees over time here employees had to out their own cash for the stock - they came up with their own money instead of borrowed money mr. said - it 's totally different - he said the offering was designed to create long-term incentives for employees - we 're in a service business and in that context it 's vital to have your employees involved in the ownership so they have a stake in the success - the brokerage firm wo n't pay a dividend on the stock - employees have the right to trade stock among themselves and the company will establish an internal clearing house for these transactions - they may also eventually sell the shares to third parties but the outside investors who own the remaining N N of banker have the right to first refusal - those outside investors in banker include group a closely held washington d.c. merchant banking firm whose is frank former secretary of defense v. senior adviser to group mellon family trust of pittsburgh westinghouse credit corp. the financial services unit of westinghouse electric corp. bankers trust co. a unit of bankers trust new york corp. and a group of japanese investors represented by the investment banking unit of tokyo-based bank - bankers trust and financed the $ N million acquisition from sears roebuck - banker also named three outside director for its N member board - the are gary wilson chief financial officer of walt disney co. james montgomery chief executive officer of great western financial corp. and peter former commissioner of baseball and now a private investor - the first major event this morning in u.s. stock and futures trading may be a at the chicago mercantile exchange - under a reform arising from the N crash trading in the merc 's stock-index futures will break for N minutes if the contract opens and stays five points from friday 's close a move equal to N points on the dow jones industrial average - the aim of the would be to ease the opening of the new york stock exchange which would be by such a volatile move on the merc - that is just one of a number of adopted after the N crash - the big board also added computer capacity to handle huge in trading volume - several of those post-crash changes kicked in during friday 's one-hour collapse and worked as expected even though they did n't prevent a stunning plunge - but the major circuit breakers have yet to be - a deeper market plunge today could give them their first test - a further slide also would debate over a host of other more sweeping changes proposed but not implemented after the last crash - most notably several of the regulatory steps recommended by the brady task force which the N crash would be revived especially because that group 's chairman is now the treasury secretary - the most controversial of the brady recommendations involved establishing a single regulator to handle crucial questions such as setting consistent margin requirements for the stock and futures markets - but for the moment attention focuses on the reforms that were put into place and market regulators and participants said the circuit breakers worked as intended - big board and merc officials expressed satisfaction with the results of two limits imposed on of the merc 's standard & poor 's N contract as well as communications among exchanges - those from N p.m. to N p.m. and from N p.m. until the close of trading a half-hour later forced traders to buy and sell contracts at prices at or higher than their frozen levels - during the first halt after the s&p index had fallen N points the big board 's computer program automatically was triggered - that system is designed to separate program trades from all other trades to help exchange officials resolve order imbalances in individual stocks - one merc broker compared the action in the s&p pit during the two to a fire at a school - you do n't want the fire but you know what to do said howard an independent floor broker and a merc governor - there was no panic - the system worked the way we devised it to work - after for about N minutes the s&p index tumbled to its limit and the second freeze went into effect - traders then spent the last half-hour watching to see if the dow would drop N points mr. added referring to the level at which the stock market itself would have closed for an hour - one estimated that N N to N N of the s&p traders were just standing around watching - but the circuit breaker never had to kick in and on the chicago board of trade 's major market index also were n't triggered - the mmi and the s&p N are the two major indexes used by program traders to run their computerized trading strategies - the programs are considered by many to be a major cause of the N crash - the process of post-crash reforms began with calls to the markets and wound up a year later with a series of rather technical adjustments - in october N just after the market drop washington was in talk of sweeping changes in the way the financial markets are structured and regulated - over the next year that grand agenda was down to a series of steps to soften big stock drops by trading to give market players time to and reconsider positions - in addition limits were placed on computer-driven trading and steps were taken to better link the stock and futures markets - few changes were made in the way the markets are regulated - at the outset the prime target was program trading which was much discussed but little understood on capitol hill - there were also calls to strip the stock markets of derivative products such as stock-index futures and options which federal judge stanley for example to attached to the basic market - and there was much criticism of the new york stock exchange 's system of having stock trades flow through specialists or market makers - when the brady task force 's powerful analysis of the crash was released in january N it immediately the reformers ' agenda - arguing that the separate financial acted as one and concluding that the crash had raised the possibility of a financial system breakdown the presidential task force called for establishing a to oversee the markets to make margins consistent across markets to clearing systems and to install circuit breakers - only the last of those recommendations ever was implemented - the reagan white house held the brady recommendations at arm 's length and named a second panel the working group on the financial markets to review its analysis and those of other crash studies - in may N the working group made up of representatives from the federal reserve the treasury the securities and exchange commission and the commodity futures trading commission finally endorsed only circuit breakers - after several more months of arguments among various stock exchanges and futures markets circuit breakers were set in place with the most notable trading after N and N point drops in the dow jones industrial average - privately some free dismissed such as to - after all this free-market argument went the dow only dropped more than N points once this century - circuit breakers set to soften big drops - if s&p futures fall N points at opening contract trading for N minutes - if dow industrials fall N points at opening contract trading for N minutes - if s&p futures fall N points equivalent to about N points on trading is frozen for half hour to that price or higher - on nyse program trades are diverted into a separate computer file to determine buy and sell orders - if s&p futures fall N points trading is restricted for an hour to that price or higher - if dow industrials fall N points trading on the big board halts for an hour - s&p and mmi contracts also halt - if drops N points big board halts trading for two hours - trading in mmi and s&p futures also halted - brady task force recommendations jan. N - establish an regulator for financial markets - systems - make margins consistent across stock and futures markets - sec proposals may N - require prompt reports of large securities trades - give sec authority to monitor by affiliates of brokerage firms - transfer jurisdiction over futures to sec from cftc - opposed by new sec chairman - give sec authority to halt securities trading also opposed by new sec chairman - congressional proposal - create a task force to review current state of the securities markets and securities laws - breaking the soviet government 's television monopoly an independent company has gained rights to show world programming including american films - there must not be a monopoly there must be freedom of choice for both journalists and viewers i. the president of the tv company told the weekly newspaper - the company is already working on its own programming in several cities and hopes to be on the air regularly in about a year the newspaper said - mr. told that he recently had been to the u.s. to pick up the rights to show N u.s. films in the soviet union - 's article was accompanied by a picture of mr. singer john denver in colorado - even though it will be independent of official television will have an oversight board that will include members of the communist youth league - south africa 's national union of said that about N diamond miners struck for higher wages at de beers consolidated mines ltd. - de beers said that workers at five of the group 's mines were on strike which it said was peaceful with orderly at one of the mines - the in negotiations occurred with de beers offering a N N increase in the minimum-wage category while the union demanded a N N increase in the minimum wage - japan 's opposition socialist party denied that its legislators had been by owners - the had been raised in parliament by the governing liberal democratic party following magazine reports suggesting that money from called pachinko had politics - secretary general of the socialist party acknowledged that nine party lawmakers had received donations from the pachinko association totaling N million yen about $ N but said the donations were legal and none of its members acted to favor the industry - the world wide fund for nature said that spain argentina thailand and indonesia were doing too little to prevent illegal trade in endangered wildlife across their borders - a report by the conservation group presented at the convention on international trade in endangered in accused the four of trading protected ranging from to - fund official simon said world trade in wildlife was estimated to total $ N billion of business annually - a nato project to build a for the 1990s was by the of three of its eight participating nations - britain france and italy announced technical reasons for but some officials pointed to growing reluctance among the allies to commit themselves to big defense spending while talks show signs of success - small wonder that britain 's labor party wants credit controls - a few hours after the party launched its own credit card earlier this month the raised the nation 's base interest rate - labor 's visa card is believed to be the first linked to a british political party - labor gets N pence N cents for every N about $ N that a user charges to the card - as with other plastic in britain 's environment the labor card by bank carries a stiff in this case N N annual rate on the unpaid balance - china 's program has achieved some successes in runaway economic growth and stabilizing prices but has failed to eliminate serious defects in state planning and an drain on state budgets - the official china daily said retail prices of foods have n't risen since last december but acknowledged that huge government subsidies were a main factor in keeping prices down - the state statistical bureau found that more than N billion $ N million was spent in the first half of the year for pork subsidies - the newspaper quoted experts as saying the subsidies would cause the difference between prices and real values of commodities to become very and reduce needed funds for investment in the already difficult state budget - the aim of the measures was to economic growth which soared to N N last year to N N in N - economists now predict the growth rate will be about N N for the year - in a sign of growing official for russian orthodox were allowed to the anniversary of the moscow in the kremlin 's where were - a $ N million of was completed on a hill outside hong kong facing china - the is the of director of the lin who said hong kong is such a place we also need some kind of symbol - it all seemed innocent enough last april one steven b. visited justin products inc. here identified himself as a potential customer and got the word on the little company 's new players for children - it is almost identical to the sony product mr. after seeing and pictures - replied a justin salesman exactly - the justin merchandise carried wholesale prices some N N below those of sony corp. of japan 's my first sony line - the enthusiastic and promised to return - but instead of a new customer part of a from sony justin got a costly legal - mr. it turned out was a private using a hidden tape recorder to gather information for sony - his recording later turned up as a court exhibit - seeking to keep justin 's my own product line off the u.s. market sony last may filed a suit in manhattan federal court the of trademark infringement unfair competition and other violations of business law - since then life has changed a lot for leonard justin 's owner - i have n't been able to get a decent night 's sleep since this has been going on he says - it 's the most thing in my life i ca n't even attend to my business - his company annual sales about $ N million may suffer a costly blow losing an estimated N N of total sales if sony annual sales about $ N billion - justin 's plight shows what can happen when a tiny company suddenly faces the full legal might of a multinational - with considerable irony the case also shows how completely japan has turned the tables on u.s. business - americans used to complain bitterly about being by products from japan - now sony whose innovative products are among the most in consumer electronics is bitterly complaining about a little u.s. firm with a cheap produced in china - the of this is that justin knocked off the sony line and sony wants to stop it says lewis h. sony 's attorney who previously 's - sony itself declines to comment - if sony wins mr. says its little rival will have to try to sell the products overseas - at worst he adds they 'd have to them all up and throw them away - mr. denies the suit 's charges and says his only mistake was taking on sony in the marketplace - i made a similar line and i produced it cheaper he says - today u.s. judge john e. is expected to rule on sony 's renewed request for a pre-trial order blocking sale of the disputed products on which deliveries began in july - the judge turned down an earlier sony request for such an order a decision upheld on appeal but sony returned with additional evidence and arguments - though hoping to settle the case justin to fight on if necessary - but the battle is more than justin for - i had no idea i was getting in so deep says mr. who founded justin in N - mr. had sold inc. a taiwan electronics maker and retired only to find he was - with justin he began selling toys and electronics made mostly in hong kong beginning with mouse - the company has grown to about N employees from four initially mr. says - justin has been profitable since N adds the official who shares his office with numerous teddy bears all samples from his line of toys - like many others mr. took notice in N when sony in a classic example of market changed the plastic skin and on the famous line of portable audio equipment and created the my first sony line for children - the new products looked more like toys than the adult models - in court papers sony says it has spent more than $ N million to promote the line with resulting sales of over a million units - sony found a new market niche but mr. figured that its prices left plenty of room for a competitor - his products are n't exact copies of sony 's but strongly resemble them in size shape and especially color - sony uses mostly red and blue with of yellow and so does justin on the theory that kids prefer these colors - to be successful a product can be any color as long as it is red says charles e. justin 's attorney - by last winter justin was showing at toy in hong kong and new york and sony noticed - indeed concerned that sony sales personnel were threatening legal action or other such as desirable sony products against justin 's customers mr. fired off a letter to sony in april - he himself threatened to take the matter to the federal trade commission or u.s. justice department - but justin has n't pursued those charges which were without merit according to mr. the sony attorney - recalls mr. our purpose was to influence them to leave us alone - we never intended taking on sony we do n't have the resources - sony answered the empty threat with its real suit - off and on since then the companies have in court - and justin in a news release says once competitive sony now resorts to tactics in american to out and protect niche markets - sony 's lawyer insists that the company 's tactics including the use of a private as a buyer are routine in such matters - he also insists that sony no less than others has a legal right to protect its trade dress in this case mostly the colors that it claims make my first sony products distinctive - justin claims it began using the same colors on electronic goods for children long before sony entered the children 's market - whatever its merits sony 's aggressive defense is for justin - it 's also costly - mr. says he has paid more than $ N in legal fees so far - of sony mr. says they know there 's no way for them to lose - they just keep me in deeper until i reach the point where i give up and go away - for now though he to hang in - charles h. ii chairman of corp. purchased N shares or N N of 's common according to a filing with the securities and exchange commission - the stock was bought on thursday in a privately negotiated transaction the filing said - as previously reported n.h. and gas & electric co. mass. are targets of unsolicited tender offers from eastern utilities associates - eastern utilities has offered $ N a share for and $ N a share for gas and has extended both offers to dec. N - both companies rejected the offers - dresdner bank ag of west germany has announced a friendly tender offer for control of banque de a french bank whose main shareholder is france 's societe generale the societe de said - the tender offer by west germany 's commercial bank is in two stages - dresdner is offering to acquire N N of 's capital for N francs $ N a share - the terms of the offer put a value of N million francs $ N million on the N N - the societe generale banking group controls N N of the while societe generale de s.a. owns N N and financiere tradition a holding company owns N N - mexican investor joel said he sold a block of N shares of smith laboratories inc. common stock to companies affiliated with him - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission mr. said syndicate inc. ii inc. and iii inc. bought the N shares on oct. N for $ N million or $ N a share - mr. said that he group ltd. ii and iii are all affiliated and hold a combined stake of N shares or N N - mr. has said he wants to purchase more shares - in san diego smith laboratories president timothy said the transfer of the shares is n't significant - new york said it and the management of sports & recreation inc. bought the operator of the sports chain for some $ N million - the investment bank becomes majority shareholder in sports & recreation a sporting goods retailer said oliver e. a member of 's management committee and a director of the chain - sports tampa fla. posted revenue of $ N million for the year ended july N - the company is very profitable on an operating basis mr. said but he declined to specify numbers - in N sports & recreation 's managers and certain passive investors purchased the company from corp. of ill - in the latest transaction management bought out the passive investors ' holding mr. said - hammond co. newport beach calif. said fidelity national financial inc. extended its previous agreement under which it wo n't purchase any more of the mortgage banker 's common stock through oct. N - the previous agreement expired thursday - hammond said that its discussions with fidelity an irvine calif. underwriter are continuing but that prospects for a longer-term standstill agreement are uncertain - fidelity has increased its stake in hammond to N N in recent months - statements made in securities and exchange commission filings led hammond to request a standstill agreement - giant group ltd. said it terminated negotiations for the purchase of airways a regional carrier that operates the united express service under contract to ual corp. 's united airlines - giant a beverly hills calif. collection of companies that is controlled by hollywood producer burt sugarman did n't give a reason for its plan to acquire the airline and officials could n't be reached for comment - giant agreed last month to purchase the carrier - giant has n't ever disclosed the proposed price although inc. an aircraft consulting concern has valued 's fleet at about $ N million - the airline would have become the latest in a of giant companies which are involved in making cement recycling newsprint and operating fast-food restaurants - the state-controlled insurer assurances de france said it has obtained regulatory approval to increase its stake in the financial holding company cie. de navigation mixte above N N from the current level of about N N - friday 's approval was needed to conform with rules regarding companies with bank interests and follows a similar approval given wednesday to cie financiere de paribas - both paribas and have been increasing their stakes in navigation mixte recently for what they have termed investment purposes although the issue has been surrounded by takeover speculation in recent weeks - did n't comment officially on its reasons for seeking the approval but people close to the group said it was done to make sure the group would have the flexibility to increase its stake in the future should interesting price opportunities arise - an official did specify however that there was no foundation to recent rumors the group might be acting in concert with paribas - lockheed systems co. a unit of lockheed corp. said it agreed to join with s.p a. of italy to propose a new generation of jet for the u.s. air force - the air force is looking to buy N new primary jet with a total value of $ N billion to $ N billion between N and N - the aircraft would replace the made by the aircraft co. unit of general dynamics corp. which the air force uses to train jet pilots - lockheed said the u.s. navy may also buy an additional N aircraft to replace its made by the aircraft corp. unit of corp - under the agreement with lockheed will license lockheed to build the jet and will supply certain structures - lockheed will build additional structures and perform final assembly of the at its ga. plant should the air force order the craft - a lockheed spokesman in calif. said he was n't aware of which other companies would be competing for the air force contract - striking auto workers ended their of a metal shop at a s.a. factory in eastern france friday as pay talks got under way in the capital - but the came as a nationwide dispute by finance ministry employees disrupted border and threatened the government 's ability to pay its bills - the began filing out of the shop which makes auto parts at the plant in after voting N to N to abandon the - their withdrawal was based on promises by to open negotiations in paris at the same time the last man left the premises - the strike by customs officers tax collectors treasury workers and other civil attached to the ministry of finance may pose a more serious challenge to the government and the average - ministry employees complain that they are poorly paid because of a complex system they say fails to take into account their education and level of technical expertise - the market for $ N billion of high-risk junk bonds battered by a succession of defaults and huge price declines this year practically friday - trading ground to a halt as investors rushed to sell bonds only to find themselves by potential buyers - stunned they watched brokerage houses mark down price quotations on their junk holdings while being able to execute very few actual trades - the junk bond market is in a state of gridlock now there are no bids only offers says independent investor martin d. who manages nearly $ N billion and who recently decided to buy securities for a new fund - this is far from over he says - junk 's collapse helped the selling of stocks that produced the one-day dive in the dow jones industrial average since the oct. N N crash - simultaneously it also helped trigger this year 's biggest rally in the u.s. government bond market as investors rushed to move capital into the securities they could find - but an the junk market friday as prices tumbled on hundreds of high-yield bonds despite no active trading says john an economist at moody 's investors service inc - for example the price of corp. 's $ N million of N N N bonds due N sold less than two years ago by goldman sachs & co. plummeted N N to just N cents on the dollar - but not even goldman would make a market in the securities of the owner of the nationwide chain of N convenience stores that is strapped for cash - goldman officials declined to comment - junk bonds which from less than $ N billion at the start of this decade have been declining for months as issuer after issuer sank beneath the weight of hefty interest payments - the shaky market received its biggest jolt last month from campeau corp. which created its u.s. retailing empire with junk financing - campeau developed a cash squeeze that caused it to be on some interest payments and to put its prestigious department-store chain up for sale - now dozens of corporations including allen tw services and york international that are counting on at least $ N billion of scheduled new junk financings to keep their highly leveraged takeovers and buy-outs afloat may never get the money - the music has stopped playing says michael a principal in the investment firm of levy - you 've either got a chair or you do n't - in friday 's aftermath says r. douglas a director of high-yield finance at first boston corp. much of the $ N billion forward calendar could be deferred depending on the - in august first boston withdrew a $ N million junk offering of ohio bonds because potential buyers were very - the outlook looks shaky because we 're still waiting for mutual funds in particular to dump some of their junk bond holdings to pay off redemptions by individual investors says king senior vice president at & an investment arm of xerox financial services - indeed a moody 's index that tracks the net asset values of N high-yield mutual funds declined for the consecutive day friday - in a stark contrast the benchmark 30-year treasury bond climbed more than N N points or about $ N for each $ N face amount to N N its biggest gain of the year - the bond 's yield dropped to N N the lowest since march N N according to technical data global markets group - the yield on three-month treasury bills considered the of all investments plummeted about N percentage point to N N the largest one-day decline since N - the main catalyst for government bond market rally was the 190.58-point drop in the dow jones industrial average - when you get panic in one market you get flight to quality in the other said maria ramirez money market economist at drexel burnham lambert inc - nevertheless the problems of the junk market could prompt the federal reserve to ease credit in the months ahead - this marks a significant shift in the interest rate outlook says william sullivan director of money market research at dean witter reynolds inc. new york - any sustained could be a lift for junk bonds as well as other securities - robert dow a partner and portfolio manager at lord & co. which manages $ N billion of high-yield bonds says he does n't think there is any fundamental economic rationale for the junk bond rout - it was - he adds the junk market has some trouble and now some people think that if the equity market gets that means the economy will be terrible and that 's bad for junk - i do n't believe that 's the case but i believe that people are running scared - there is a flight to quality and the quality is not in equities and not in junk it 's in treasurys - even as trading in high-yield issues up over the past month corporations sold more than $ N billion of new junk bonds - for example a recent $ N million offering of gas services l.p. bonds sold by first boston was three times oversubscribed - a $ N million offering of turner broadcasting system inc high-yield securities sold last week by drexel was increased $ N million because of strong demand - first boston estimates that in november and december alone junk bond investors will receive $ N billion of coupon interest payments - that 's a clear indication that there is and will be an of basic business going on says mr. of first boston - i do n't know how people can say the junk bond market disappeared when there were $ N billion of orders for $ N million of junk bonds sold last week by turner says raymond of merchant banking at merrill lynch & co - when the rally comes insurance companies will be leading it because they have billions to invest and invest they will - there is plenty of money available from people who want to buy deals it 's the stuff that 's financed on a that people are wary of - but such highly leveraged transactions seemed to have this year casting a pall over much of the junk market - michael director of fixed-income research at kemper financial services says the quality of junk issues has been getting poorer contributing to the slide in prices - last year we probably bought one out of every three new deals he says - this year at best it 's in one in every five or six - and our credit standards have n't changed one - however mr. said the slide in junk is creating one hell of a buying opportunity for selective buyers - for the moment investors seem more with the bad junk than the good junk - the market has been weak since the announcement of the campeau cash squeeze and the company 's subsequent bailout by olympia & york says mr. of merrill lynch - that really affected the market in that people started to ask what else is in trouble - well before campeau though there were signs that the junk market was through one of its worst years ever - despite the relatively strong economy junk bond prices did nothing except go down by a seemingly endless trail of bad news - in june two months before it would default on interest payments covering some of its $ N billion of speculative debt securities new york-based integrated resources inc. said it ran out of borrowed money - in july southmark corp. the dallas-based real estate and financial services company with about $ N billion of junk bonds voluntarily filed for protection under u.s. bankruptcy law - by the end of july the difference in yield between an index of junk bonds and seven-year treasury notes widened to more than N percentage points - in august resorts international inc. which sold more than $ N million of junk bonds suspended interest payments - in september just as the cash squeeze hit campeau financial corp. defaulted on $ N million of notes and appeared unlikely to pay interest on a total of $ N billion of debt securities - meantime regulators are becoming increasingly worried as the rush to leverage shows no signs of - moody 's says the frequency of corporate credit is the highest this year since N - in addition there are six times as many troubled banks as there were in the recession of N according to the federal deposit insurance corp - the era of the 1980s is about compound interest and the reaching for it says james grant editor of grant 's interest rate an early critic of the junk bond market - what we 've begun to see is the damage to businesses of paying compound interest - businesses were borrowing at interest rates higher than their own earnings - what we 're seeing now is the of asset values to a future when debt will be hard to obtain rather than easy - friday 's market activity - prices of treasury bonds surged in the biggest rally of the year as investors fled a stock market - the benchmark 30-year treasury bond was quoted N p.m. edt at N N compared with N N thursday up N N points - the yield on the benchmark fell to N N the lowest since march N N according to technical data global markets group - the flight to quality began late in the day and followed a fall in the stock market - treasurys opened lower reacting to news that the producer price index a measure of inflation on the wholesale level accelerated in september - bond prices barely until midday - many bond market participants will be closely the action of the federal reserve which might repeat its october N injection of huge amounts of liquidity to the financial markets and keep the economy from slowing into a recession - prices of municipals investment-grade and mortgage-backed bonds also rose but lagged behind their treasury counterparts - mortgage securities rose in hectic trading with most of the activity concentrated in government national mortgage association N N coupon securities the most liquid mortgage issue - the ginnie mae november N N issue ended at N N up N point on the day to yield about N N to a 12-year average life assumption - investment-grade corporate bonds were up about N to N point - but the yield spread between investment-grade issues and bonds widened - and the yields on telephone and utility issues rose relative to other investment-grade bonds in anticipation of this week 's $ N billion bond offering by the tennessee valley authority - despite rumors that the tva 's long-awaited offering would be postponed because of the debacle in the equity markets sources in the underwriting syndicate said they expect the issue will be priced as scheduled - one of the sources said the smaller portions of $ N million each of five-year and 10-year bonds have already been substantially oversubscribed - municipal bonds rose as much as N point - roger contributed to this article - friday 's 190-point plunge in stocks does not come the climate of anxiety that dominated financial markets just prior to their N october crash and have been put in place to keep markets more orderly - still the lesson is about the same on friday the 13th the market was spooked by washington - the consensus along the street seems to be that the plunge was triggered by the financing problems of the ual takeover and it 's certainly true the rout began immediately after the ual trading halt - still the consensus seems almost as wide that one bid is no reason to write down the value of all u.s. business - this leads us to another piece of news moving on the dow jones shortly before the downturn the success of senate democrats in the capital gains tax cut - the real value of all shares after all is directly by the tax on any profits all the more so given the limits on deductions for losses that show gains are not ordinary income - and market expectations clearly have been raised by the capital gains victory in the house last month - an hour before friday 's plunge that provision was stripped from the tax bill leaving it with $ N billion in tax increases without a capital gains cut - there is a great deal to be said to be sure for the garbage out of the reconciliation bill - it would be a good thing if congress started to decide issues on their individual merits without - for one thing no one doubts that the capital gains cut would pass on an vote - since senate leaders have so far it up with procedural promises of a cleaner bill are suspect - especially so since president bush has been weakened by the panama - to the extent that the ual troubles contributed to the plunge they are another instance of washington 's fingers - as the best opportunities for corporate restructurings are exhausted of course at some point the market will start to reject them - but the airlines are a clear case given anti-takeover by secretary of transportation skinner who to believe safety will be if and british airways own interests in companies that fly airplanes - worse congress has started to jump on the skinner - james the minnesota democrat who chairs the public works and transportation committee 's aviation subcommittee has put an takeover bill on speed so that it would be passed in time to affect the american and united air lines bids - it would give mr. skinner up to N days to review any bid for N N or more of the voting stock of any u.s. carrier with revenues of $ N billion or more - so the ual deal has problems and the market loses N points - mr. secretary and mr. congressman - in the N crash remember the market was shaken by a danny proposal to tax takeovers out of - even more important in our view was the treasury 's threat to the dollar - the treasury is doing the same thing today the dollar is not under pressure - also traders are in better shape today than in N to survive selling - they are better capitalized - they are in less danger of losing liquidity simply because of tape and clearing and settlement delays - the fed promises any needed liquidity - the big board 's with the chicago board of trade has improved it will be interesting to learn if circuit breakers prove to be a good idea - in any event some traders see stocks as today unlike N - there is nothing wrong with the market that ca n't be by a little and common sense in washington - but on the bearish side that may be too much to expect - first chicago corp. posted a third-quarter loss of $ N million after joining other big banks in further adding to its reserves for losses on foreign loans - the parent company of first national bank of chicago with $ N billion in assets said it set aside $ N million to absorb losses on loans and investments in financially troubled countries - the addition on top of two big N additions to reserves brings the reserve to a level equaling N N of and long-term loans outstanding to troubled nations - first chicago since N has reduced its loans to such nations to $ N billion from $ N billion - despite this loss first chicago said it does n't need to sell stock to raise capital - during the quarter the company realized a pretax gain of $ N million from the sale of its first chicago investment unit - combined foreign exchange and bond trading profits dipped N N against last year 's third quarter to $ N million from $ N million - gains from first chicago 's venture capital unit a big leveraged buy-out investor rose N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - interest income and most fee income was strong - greece 's second of general elections this year is slated for nov. N - for those hoping to see a of political restored in view of greece 's under and subsequent three-month with a coalition government there is but one bright sign the scandals still former prime minister andreas and his fallen socialist government are like flies around a - in the round of voting gave no clear mandate to any single political party - the ad interim coalition government that emerged from was in little more than the of ideological on one side the new democracy party headed by - on the other the so-called coalition of the left and progress a and rather deceptive title for a merger of the communist party of greece and its the left - the bond for this was plain mr. 's party as common political enemy - the goal was a of government corruption at all levels but the main marks were mr. and his associates - in point of fact this was overdue by decades - when reduced to status in however the notion into a promised assault with targets primarily for political gains not justice - with regard to greece 's scandal mr. 's principal remains george former owner of the bank of and now in a jail cell in mass. from where he is fighting proceedings that would return him to greece - mr. 's credibility is at best - he has ample motive to shift the blame and his testimony has also been found less than on numerous points - nevertheless the new democracy and communist parties herald his as proof of - among questions are whether mr. received $ N million of stolen bank of funds and an additional $ N in as contended whether the prime minister ordered state agencies to deposit some $ N million in mr. 's bank and then off the interest and what 's cut was from the $ N million mr. - two former ministers were so heavily in the affair that members of parliament voted to refer them to the special court - but parliamentary probe was the case of millions of mr. into new democracy - in the end the investigation produced only evidence and indications that point to not proof - on another issue were told how their national intelligence agency the regularly monitored the telephone conversations of prominent figures including key opposition politicians journalists and cabinet members - despite convincing arguments it was never established that mr. personally ordered or directed the - the central weakness of the scandals debates was pointed up especially well when discussions focused on arms deals and - the coalition government tried to show that ministers had received hefty sums for the purchase of fighting falcon and mirage N combat aircraft produced by the general dynamics corp. and france 's dassault respectively - naturally neither general dynamics nor dassault could be expected to its prospective future dealings by making disclosures of sums paid or not to various officials for services - so it seems that mr. and his communist may have served mr. a moral victory on a whether guilty or not can now the the whole affair as a hunt at mr. 's expense - but while high alone wo n't help regain power mr. should never be underestimated - first came his predictable he charged the coalition of the left and progress had sold out its leftist by in a plot aimed at and the course of socialism in greece - then to his credibility with the left he some smaller leftist parties to stand for election under the - next he continued to court the communists many of whom feel by the coalition 's birth by bringing into a communist party candidate - for balance and in hopes of gaining some votes he managed to attract a former new democracy party representative and known political enemy of mr. - thus heads for the polls not only with diminished but also with of approval from representatives of its - crucial as these elections are for greece pressing issues of state are getting lost in the - the country 's future nato participation remains for instance - greece also must major pieces of legislation in preparation for the N targets of heightened common market cooperation - greece 's relations with the u.s. need attention soon as well - for one the current accord concerning u.s. military bases in greece in may N - negotiations for a new agreement were frozen before the june elections but the is running - another matter of concern is the of a palestinian terrorist who is wanted in the u.s. for the N of a pan american airways flight - the courts have decided in favor of in the case but the matter final approval from greece 's next justice minister - the seem barely aware of the importance of the case as a test of whether greece will be counted in or out for international efforts to combat terrorism - that could win the elections outright is the press previously eager to palm off 's line has turned on mr. with a - yet the possibility of another government is all too real - if mr. becomes the major opposition leader he could a coalition - also he could force new elections early next year by frustrating the procedures for the election of the president of the republic in march - new democracy has once again underestimated the opponent and linked its own prospects to negative reaction against to tend to either program or the of internal - as for mr. - he 's not exactly sitting pretty at this stage - but since he is undoubtedly one of the most bull who ever it seems far to view him as but certainly not yet eliminated - mr. carpenter a regional for national review has lived in since N - u.s. officials moved to head off any repeat of black monday today following friday 's plunge in stock prices - fed chairman greenspan signaled that the central bank was prepared to massive amounts of money into the banking system to prevent a financial crisis - other u.s. and foreign officials also out plans though they kept their moves quiet to avoid making the financial markets more jittery - friday 's sell-off was triggered by the collapse of ual 's buy-out plan and a big rise in producer prices - the dow jones industrials skidded N to N - the junk bond market came to a standstill while treasury bonds soared and the dollar fell - japanese stocks dropped early monday but by late morning were turning around - the dollar was trading sharply lower in tokyo - prospects for a new ual buy-out proposal appear bleak - many banks refused to back the $ N billion transaction but bankers said it was not from any to finance takeovers - the decision was based solely on problems with the ual plan they said - the surge in producer prices in september followed three months of declines but analysts were divided on whether the N N jump signaled a severe worsening of inflation - also retail sales grew N N last month - a capital-gains tax cut was removed from the senate 's deficit reduction bill but proponents still hope to enact the cut this year - bush wo n't press for a capital-gains provision in the final deficit bill when house-senate conferees meet later this week - general motors signaled that up to five north american assembly plants may close by the mid-1990s as it tries to cut excess capacity - u.s. car and truck sales fell N N in early october the first sales period of the year dragged down by a sharp decline in gm sales - warner and sony are in a legal battle over movie producers peter and jon peters - the fight could set back sony 's plans to enter the u.s. movie business - hooker 's u.s. unit received a $ N million bid for most of its real-estate and assets from an investor group - the offer does n't include teller or b. altman - the boeing strike is starting to affect airlines - america west said friday it will postpone its new service out of houston because of delays in receiving aircraft from boeing - saatchi & saatchi would launch a management buy-out if a hostile suitor emerged an official said - british aerospace and france 's are a pact to merge divisions - new u.s. quotas will give a bigger share to developing nations that have relatively steel industries - japan 's steel quota will be cut significantly - four ailing s&ls were sold off by government regulators but low bids prevented the sale of a fifth - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N off N utilities N off N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N up N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - a federal appeals court in san francisco ruled that shareholders ca n't hold corporate officials liable for false sales projections on new products if the news media revealed substantial information about the product 's flaws - the ruling stems from a N suit filed by shareholders of apple computer inc. claiming that company officials investors about the expected success of the computer introduced in N - lawyers specializing in shareholder suits said they are concerned that use of the press defense by corporations may become popular as a result of the ruling - according to the suit apple officials created public excitement by touting as an office computer that would the workplace and be extremely successful in its first year - the plaintiffs also alleged that prior to the fanfare the company circulated internal indicating problems with - the suit claimed apple 's stock climbed to a high of $ N a share on the basis of the company 's optimistic forecasts - but when the company revealed 's poor sales late in N the stock plummeted to a low of $ N a share according to the suit - the shareholders claimed more than $ N million in losses - in N the san francisco district court dismissed the case largely because newspaper reports had sufficiently the company 's statements by consumers to 's problems - late last month the appeals court agreed that most of the case should be dismissed - however it gave the shareholders the right to pursue a small portion of their claim that to 's disk drive known as - the court ruled that the news media did n't reveal 's problems at the time - lawyers are worried about the ruling 's implication in other shareholder suits but pointed out that the court stressed that the ruling should be regarded as very specific to the apple case - the court was careful to say that the adverse information appeared in the very same articles and received the same attention as the company 's statements said patrick a los angeles lawyer at the firm of & which was n't involved in the case - the court is saying that the adverse facts have to be transferred to the market with equal intensity and credibility as the statements of corporate insiders - shareholders ' attorneys at the new york firm of weiss & last week for a of the case - they wrote the opinion a new rule of that if a wide variety of opinions on a company 's business are publicly reported the company can say anything without fear of securities liability - nfl ordered to pay $ N million in legal fees to - the national football league is considering appealing the ruling stemming from the u.s. football league 's largely unsuccessful antitrust suit against the nfl - a jury in N agreed with the 's claims that the nfl major league football - but the jury awarded the only $ N in damages because of the antitrust claims - last week the u.s. court of appeals in new york upheld a $ N million award of attorneys fees to the league - d. of & then of & was the lead trial lawyer and his new firm pursued the application appeal - douglas r. of & says about $ N million of the award goes directly to the to reimburse it for fees already paid - & will get about $ N for the costs of pressing the application - the federal appeals court held that the nominal damages and the failure to prove all claims did n't exclude the from being - antitrust laws provide that injured parties may be for lawyers ' fees - but an attorney for the nfl says his client will consider asking for another hearing or appealing to the u.s. supreme court - mr. of slate & flom in new york says the ruling is wrong and the fee award is excessive because the lost its major claims including its that the nfl trade through television contracts - the was not the prevailing party mr. insists - alliance - & of houston and robertson fraser & hatch of calgary alberta are to help serve their clients - the is believed to be the first such cross-border arrangement among major law firms - the firms are n't required to refer work exclusively to each other and remain separate organizations - but they will work together on energy environmental and issues and conduct on topics of mutual interest said jr. of & - in addition & 's washington d.c. office will play a key role as the firms work together on regulatory issues particularly natural-gas exports for their clients - the arrangement reached after about eight months of negotiations grew out of robertson 's desire to develop ties with a u.s. firm in light of trade barriers between the u.s. and canada said francis m. of robertson - in what may signal a turnaround for asbestos manufacturers grace & co. won a N trial in pittsburgh over whether it should be required to remove asbestos from a local high school - mount lebanon high school near pittsburgh sought $ N million in damages from grace arguing that the asbestos which can cause diseases and lung cancer posed a risk to students - grace successfully contended that removing the fire would pose a greater health risk than leaving it alone - a spokesman for the company said the verdict is thought to be the first in favor of an asbestos manufacturer where the plaintiff was a school and the asbestos in question was used for - fcc counsel joins firm - s. will join morrison & as a partner in its washington d.c. office in - she will help develop the practice of the san firm 's communications group - ms. N years old resigned as federal communications commission general counsel early this month after nearly three years in that post - she was the first woman to be appointed fcc general counsel - richard p. formerly eastern airlines ' top lawyer joined the new york law firm of lord day & lord barrett smith as a partner - mr. N spent N years at the miami airline unit of texas air corp. and was named general counsel in N - he left the company in N - mr. said he will split his time between the firm 's offices in washington d.c. and new york with in aviation and labor law - apple computer inc. said it will offer cash rebates on several of its machines from oct. N to dec. N as part of a sales promotion - apple will offer a $ N on its apple with any apple monitor and disk drive $ N on the basic plus central processing unit $ N on the central processing unit $ N on the and $ N on a with any apple video card and apple monitor - the rebates as a percentage of the retail cost of the of each system amount to N N to N N - the company is also offering a free trial of its computers to consumers who qualify for its credit cards or leases - electric industrial co. of japan and siemens ag of west germany announced they have completed a N $ N million joint venture to produce electronics parts - in the venture 's first fiscal year siemens will hold N N of the venture and a subsidiary electronic components co. N N - a basic agreement between the two companies was announced in june - the new company is to be called siemens components g.m.b - it will have its headquarters in - 's share in the venture will rise to N N oct. N N and to N N the following oct. N - siemens will retain majority voting rights - the parent companies forecast sales for the venture of around N million marks for its first fiscal year said - sales are expected to rise to one billion marks after four years - the company will have production facilities in west germany france and spain - roger editor of u.s. news & world report resigned friday from the weekly news magazine - mr. said he resigned because of difficulties with between his home in new york and the magazine 's editorial offices in washington - frankly i missed my family said mr. - in mr. 's tenure the magazine 's advertising pages and circulation have grown significantly - but at N million weekly paid circulation u.s. news still ranks third behind time warner inc. 's time magazine with N million circulation and washington post co. 's newsweek with N million circulation - b. chairman and editor in chief said mr. would be succeeded starting today by michael the magazine 's executive editor and merrill a senior writer - mr. and ms. are married to each other - mr. said his magazine would maintain its editorial format which is a mix of analysis and trend stories with articles - mr. a senior writer at time magazine before joining u.s. news & world report said he had numerous job offers from other magazines while he was editor - the offers were to work as a writer not an editor - he said he will now consider those offers - aviation s.a. said group profit before taxes and contributions to employee soared N N to N million francs $ N million in the first half of N from N million francs a year earlier - the french aircraft group pointed out however that financial results from its sector of industry are frequently because of cash flow from large contracts - it noted for example that group revenue for the first half was N billion francs down about N N from N billion francs a year earlier - still it said it expects sales for all of N to be on the order of N billion francs reflecting anticipated billings for two large contracts in the second half of the year - for all of N dassault had group profit of N million francs on revenue of N billion francs - the group has n't yet released earnings figures for the first half of N nor has it made a detailed forecast of its full-year earnings - consolidated industries inc. expects to report earnings before extraordinary tax benefits of about $ N million or about N cents a share for the third quarter compared with a loss last year said glenn r. simmons chairman and chief executive officer - after a tax benefit of about $ N expects to report net income of $ N million or about N cents a share mr. simmons said - for third quarter last year reported a $ N million loss from continuing operations and a $ N loss from discontinued operations for a net loss of $ N million - revenue for the latest third quarter was about $ N million up N N from $ N million last year he said - mr. simmons said the results signal a turnaround for the maker of wire and wire products which has struggled to remain competitive in the face of imported steel - a new $ N million steel rod which got off to a rocky start in early N now is running efficiently and a new management team is more heavily marketing 's products mr. simmons said - as a result the company hopes to report net income for the year of about $ N million or about $ N to $ N a share compared with a net loss of $ N million last year after a loss from discontinued operations of $ N million - revenue for N is expected to be about $ N million up about N N from $ N million in N - for the nine months ended sept. N expects to report net income of $ N or about $ N a share after an extraordinary gain from $ N million in tax benefits - last year the company had a net loss of $ N million including a $ N million loss from continuing operations and a $ N loss from discontinued operations - revenue for the nine months is expected to be about $ N million up about N N from $ N million last year - mr. simmons said 's new mill is expected to produce about N tons of steel this year up from N tons in N - production at the mill has exceeded the ability of 's casting operation to supply it he said which will force to purchase or steel bars from outside the company during the fourth quarter and next year - will have to consider expanding its casting operation at an estimated cost of $ N million to $ N million within the next N to N months mr. simmons said - under robert w. singer who was named president and chief operating officer last year has expanded its sales force to about N people from about N and hopes to expand its sales from the middle portion of the country toward the east and west - prior to a year ago was an - now i think we have a group of marketing people who are out selling to retailers and mr. simmons said - still he said the company plans to continue its strategy for its distinctive brand of wire and other products - the company claims a N N share of the u.s. field business a N N share of sales and a N N share of wire sales - freeport-mcmoran inc. said a temporary of operations at its bridge facility in will result in slight earnings improvement to both the company and its freeport-mcmoran resource partners limited partnership unit - the company did n't elaborate - the diversified energy and minerals concern said that a depressed market is responsible for the temporary of the plant but that the plant can be quickly when the market improves - more than N pounds of a year have been produced at the facility during the past seven years - a second plant at uncle sam that produces more than N pounds of annually will continue to operate - freeport-mcmoran said the shutdown wo n't affect sales volumes under long-term sales contracts of its recovery co. unit but will reduce the amount of product sold on the spot market - freeport-mcmoran resource partners as owner of the technology receives royalty payments - business week subscribers may hear this week 's issue talking back to them - a ad from texas instruments inc. running in approximately N issues of the oct. N corporate elite issue of the mcgraw-hill inc. publication contains a speech between two of the pages - readers who pull off a piece of tape and press a switch will hear a tiny but voice announce i am the talking chip as it into a on its own attributes - the talking chip is n't cheap the cost to texas instruments is about $ N and that 's without adding in business week 's charge but texas instruments believes it is a first - previous efforts have included musical ads featuring simple chips that play a tune but the voice in this effort is much more sophisticated with none of the that one for example when calling telephone services - and for those who miss the message the first time around not to worry three tiny provide enough for as many as N - financial corp. dallas said it will ask a u.s. bankruptcy court to allow it to hire lazard & co. to help it sell its leasing unit - by merrill lynch capital markets has been trying to sell its equitable leasing co. for several months apparently without success - the real estate and mortgage banking concern had hoped to use proceeds from the sale to reduce its debt - without cash from asset sales and unable to reach a new agreement defaulted on $ N million in notes that became due sept. N - it filed for protection from creditors under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code sept. N to give it additional time to work on a plan to restructure its $ N billion in senior debt - said merrill lynch which owns bonds and equity in could n't continue as 's investment banker because it is also a creditor - it said it chose lazard in part because of lazard 's offices in europe and japan where investors might be interested in a u.s. leasing company - canadian imperial bank of commerce said it will increase its loan-loss provisions to cover all its loans to lesser developed countries except mexico resulting in an after-tax charge to N earnings of N million canadian dollars us$ N million - don senior vice president and chief said the bank 's strong earnings enable it to be the first major canadian bank to set aside provisions covering all its c$ N billion in debt - it the continuing uncertainty with respect to the ultimate value of the loans he said - the bank said about c$ N million will be added to its existing and general loss provisions in its fourth quarter ending oct. N - mr. said the c$ N million charge to earnings would amount to about c$ N a share - the bank 's net income for the nine months ended july N was c$ N million or c$ N a share - mr. said the bank will restructure its c$ N million of mexican debt of which c$ N million is in mexican notes secured by u.s. government bonds - the bank has a N N reserve against the remaining c$ N million of mexican debt and expects to swap that for other mexican notes supported by u.s. treasury zero-coupon bonds - mr. said the bank 's experience with debt has been painful and this latest move represents the final phase of a program begun seven years ago to reduce its exposure through debt sales and debt swaps - he said the bank will no longer participate in lending but will support trade financing and other transactions that meet the bank 's standards - the among takeover stocks friday does n't mean the end of but simply marks the start of a less ambitious game wall street 's big-time deal makers say - suitors from now on are more likely to be companies rather than raiders or financiers - and they will be launching and perhaps fewer deals now that it 's tougher to finance them - this is an sign for a stock market that lately has been fueled by takeover speculation and bidding wars for companies that put themselves up for sale - whenever the 1980s merger boom seems to be shock waves through the stock market - the market is not cheap says alan of the new york firm - he recently began increasing his cash position to N N of his portfolio - i look at where deals can get done he says and they 're not getting done at current prices - lenders are growing increasingly nervous about takeovers investment bankers say - you had a week of a deteriorating junk-bond market that ran into the news on friday about what appeared to be happening to the bank debt market says steven a partner and merger specialist with lazard & co - trading up friday in the market for high-yield junk bonds often used to finance takeovers - it was the latest in a series of setbacks for the junk bond market where prices began weakening last month after campeau hit a cash crunch - and banks appear to be taking an increasingly skeptical view of requests for high-risk takeover loans - the group trying to buy ual announced friday that it could n't arrange the $ N billion in bank loans it needs to buy the parent of united airlines for $ N a share - takeover-stock traders today will be scrambling to learn of any ual developments and other takeover stocks are likely to trade in - investment bankers representing the buy-out group and ual 's board spent a weekend trying to out new terms that would be more acceptable to the banks - after ual the stock viewed as most vulnerable is american airlines ' parent amr the target of a $ takeover proposal from new york real estate developer donald trump - trading in amr shares was suspended shortly after N p.m. edt friday and did n't resume - before the halt amr last traded at N N - late friday night the london office of jefferies & co. a los angeles securities firm traded amr shares at prices as low as N - similarly delta air lines and usair group dropped N N and N N respectively on friday and could weaken further - over the however two developments in other deals indicated that banks and wall street firms still are willing to commit billions of dollars to finance takeover bids launched by major companies - vitro s.a. a major mexican glass maker said yesterday that it agreed to buy glass container in a tender offer for $ N a share sweetened from the original $ offer vitro launched two months ago - on friday shares fell N N to close at N N - for the broader market the greatest significance of the deal may be that it was put together late friday night after the market rout and involves a $ N million temporary bridge loan from donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities and a $ N million loan from security pacific national bank - moreover to complete the entire glass purchase and existing debt donaldson said it is highly confident that it will be able to sell $ N million of junk bonds for vitro despite the current disarray in the junk bond market - donaldson 's statement is n't merely an idle because those bonds will have to be sold before donaldson 's bridge loan can be paid back - security pacific meanwhile said it expects to arrange $ N million in bank loans for vitro - in another takeover battle a spokesman for mccaw cellular communications said yesterday that mccaw has been advised by three commercial banks that they remain highly confident they can arrange $ N billion of bank loans for mccaw 's tender offer for about N N of lin broadcasting notwithstanding recent events - mccaw is offering $ N a share for N million lin shares thereby challenging lin 's proposal to spin off its television properties pay shareholders a $ special dividend and combine its operations with bellsouth 's cellular business - on friday lin shares were among the few takeover issues that did n't fall much dropping N N or N N to close at N N - traders and investment bankers said lin shares were n't hurt much because bellsouth is viewed as a corporate buyer unlikely to be affected by among bankers or bond buyers - investment bankers interviewed over the weekend see a silver for the merger business in the stock-market drop - potential bidders for companies were saying that things were beginning to look expensive says mr. of lazard - nothing makes things look cheaper than a drop in the dow mr. says - just as there are people waiting to become bargain in the stock market there are people waiting to become bargain in the deal market - investment bankers expect most of those bargain to be corporations - in the past corporate buyers were often discouraged from making bids because of competition from lbo firms which were often prepared to the corporations says j. hill head of mergers and acquisitions at shearson lehman hutton - now corporate buyers should be willing to the acquisition market because the competition from buyers has been reduced - many takeover stocks plunged friday as speculators retained their confidence in corporate buyers but fled from the stocks the targets of rumored deals - columbia pictures entertainment which has agreed to a friendly $ bid from sony of japan fell only N to close at N N - but several stocks long rumored to be for a takeover or restructuring fell N N or more - they include usx down N N upjohn down N N campbell soup down N N paramount communications off N N woolworth down N N delta air lines down N N and mca down N N - the market and investment bankers are even less about companies that have had at least one bid merger agreement or restructuring plan fall through already - given the weakness in both the junk bond market and the stock market traders fear that these transactions may be revised yet again - examples include whose agreement to be acquired for $ N a share by collapsed last month - shares fell nearly N N on friday to close at N N - ramada which first delayed and then a $ N million junk bond sale that was designed to help finance a restructuring fell N N to close at N N - ramada has said it hopes to propose a new restructuring plan but has n't indicated when it will do so - shares of american medical international which agreed last week to accept a lower price from a buy-out group that includes first boston corp. and the family of chicago fell N N on friday to close at N - the buy-out group is offering $ N a share for N million american medical shares down from its offer in july of $ N a share for N million shares - but investment bankers say the market may have some stocks - hilton hotels for example was among the issues falling N N to close at N down N N on friday - hilton currently is soliciting bids for a sale of part or all of its hotel and casino businesses - people familiar with hilton said over the weekend that the of the sell-off in hilton shares was unwarranted because none of the likely buyers would be dependent on junk-bond financing - however they conceded that some potential bidders would rely on bank loans and would be hurt if the troubles of the ual buy-out group a general among banks to provide credit for takeovers - hilton officials said they were n't worried about the drop in the company 's stock - william hilton 's general counsel said plans to consider a sale of the company or some of its assets are on track for what has been described previously as a slow and process - i ca n't believe that any potential buyer for hilton would be affected by one day 's trading mr. said - but the stock market as a whole bolstered as it is by takeover speculation remains vulnerable to any further by takeover financiers both in the market and among commercial banks - for suitors the takeover game has been over for some time says new york money manager neil of capital who has been keeping N N of his portfolio in cash - the market is just up to that point - in los angeles contributed to this column - of all the one-time expenses incurred by a corporation or professional firm few are larger or longer term than the purchase of real estate or the signing of a commercial lease - to take full advantage of the financial opportunities in this commitment however the corporation or professional firm must do more than negotiate the best purchase price or lease terms - it must also evaluate the real-estate market in the chosen location from a new perspective - specifically it must understand how real-estate markets to shifts in regional economies and then take advantage of these opportunities - when a regional economy cold the local real-estate market gets - in other words real-estate market indicators such as building permits and leasing activity plummet much further than a local economy in recession - this was seen in the late 1960s in los angeles and the mid-1970s in new york - but the reverse is also true when a region 's economy from a slowdown these real-estate indicators will rebound far faster than the improving economy - why do local real-estate markets to regional economic cycles - because real-estate purchases and leases are such major long-term commitments that most companies and individuals make these decisions only when confident of future economic stability and growth - metropolitan detroit was written off economically during the early 1980s as the domestic auto industry suffered a serious sales depression and adjustment - area employment dropped by N N from its N peak and retail sales were down N N - however the real-estate market was hurt even more - for example residential building permits in the trough year of N were off N N from the N peak level - once metropolitan detroit 's economy rallied in the mid-1980s real estate rebounded - building permits for example soared a staggering N N between N and the peak year of N - where corporations and professional firms are now asking are today 's opportunities - look no further than metropolitan houston and denver two of the most depressed overbuilt and potentially undervalued real-estate markets in the nation - of course some observers have touted houston and denver for the past five years as a play - but now appears to be the time to act - metropolitan houston 's economy did drop and then in the years after its N peak - in the mid-1980s employment was down as much as N N from the N peak and retail sales were off N N - the real-estate market suffered even more severe setbacks - office construction dropped N N - the vacancy rate soared more than N N in nearly every product category and more than N N of office space was vacant - to some observers the empty office buildings of houston 's were of a very troubled economy - as usual the real-estate market had - actually the region 's economy retained a firm foundation - metropolitan houston 's population has held steady over the past six years - and personal income after in the mid-1980s has returned to its N level in real dollar terms - today metropolitan houston 's real-estate market is poised for a significant turnaround - more than N jobs were added in houston last year primarily in biotechnology petrochemical processing and the computer industry - this growth puts houston in the top five areas in the nation last year - and forecasts project a N N to N N growth rate in jobs over the next few years nearly twice the national average - denver is another metropolitan area where the commercial real-estate market has to the region 's economic trends although denver has not experienced as severe an economic downturn as houston - by some measures metropolitan denver 's economy has actually improved in the past four years - its population has continued to increase since N the peak year of the economic cycle - employment is now N N higher than in N - buying income in real dollars actually increased N N between N and N the most recent year available - the rates of increase however are less than the rapid growth of the boom years and this has resulted in a loss of confidence in the economy - in a therefore the region 's real-estate market all but collapsed in recent years - housing building permits are down more than N N from their N - although no one can predict when metropolitan denver 's real-estate market will rebound major public works projects costing several billion dollars are under way or planned such as a new convention center a major the metropolitan area and a new regional airport - when denver 's regional economy begins to grow faster such a recovery could occur as early as next year business and consumer confidence will return and the resulting explosion of real-estate activity will the general economic rebound - what real-estate strategy should one follow in a metropolitan area whose economic health is not as easy to determine as houston 's or denver 's - generally overcapacity in commercial real estate is dropping from its mid-1980s peak even in such economically healthy metropolitan areas as washington new york and los angeles - vacancy rates in the N N to N N range today may easily rise to the low to N range in a couple of years - under these conditions even a out of economic growth catching cold in the healthy metropolitan areas will create significant opportunities for corporations and professional service firms looking for bargains as the industry - those looking for real-estate bargains in metropolitan areas should lock in leases or buy now those looking in healthy metropolitan areas should take a short-term three-year lease and wait for the bargains ahead - mr. is managing partner of a real-estate advisory firm based in beverly hills calif - industrial corp. said it expects its third-quarter net earnings to be between two cents and four cents a share compared with N cents a share a year ago - analysts had been projecting that the company 's earnings would be between N cents and N cents a share - the year-earlier third-quarter earnings amounted to $ N million - the company said a drop in activity in the industry reduced sales volume at its two operations - also the company said its commercial products operation failed to meet forecasts - a maker of truck and commercial equipment said it expects its fourth-quarter earnings to be more closely in line with usual levels which are between N cents and N cents a share - common cause asked both the senate ethics committee and the justice department to investigate $ N million in political gifts by arizona businessman charles keating to five u.s. senators who with regulators for him - mr. keating is currently the subject of a $ N billion federal lawsuit him of bleeding off assets of a california thrift he controlled lincoln savings & loan association and driving it into - fred president of common cause the citizens lobby said mr. keating already has conceded attempting to buy influence with the lawmakers democratic sens. dennis of arizona alan cranston of california john glenn of ohio and donald of michigan and gop sen. john of arizona - mr. based this on a statement by mr. keating that was quoted in a wall street journal story in april one question had to do with whether my financial support in any way influenced several political figures to take up my cause - i want to say in the most way i can i certainly hope so - in a highly unusual meeting in sen. 's office in april N the five senators asked federal regulators to ease up on lincoln - according to notes taken by one of the participants at the meeting the regulators said lincoln was gambling with ' federally insured money and was a time bomb - mr. keating had complained that the regulators were being too - the notes show that sen. called the federal home loan bank board 's regulations grossly unfair and that sen. glenn insisted that mr. keating 's thrift was viable and profitable - for the next two years the bank board which at the time was the agency responsible for thrifts failed to act even after federal auditors warned in may N that mr. keating had caused lincoln to become insolvent - lincoln 's parent company american continental corp. entered bankruptcy-law proceedings this april N and regulators seized the thrift the next day - the newly formed resolution trust corp. successor to the bank board filed suit against mr. keating and several others on sept. N - mr. keating has filed his own suit alleging that his property was taken illegally - the cost to taxpayers of lincoln 's collapse has been estimated at as much as $ N billion - details of the affair have become public gradually over the past two years mostly as a result of reporting by several newspapers - in the midst of his N re-election campaign sen. chairman of the senate banking committee returned $ N in contributions after a detroit newspaper said that mr. keating had gathered the money for him about two weeks before the meeting with regulators - sen. after months of off intense press criticism returned $ N only last month shortly after the government formally accused mr. keating of lincoln - in addition sen. last week disclosed that he had paid $ N to american continental as for trips he and his family took aboard the corporate jet to mr. keating 's vacation home at cat the from N through N - sen. said he had meant to pay for the trips at the time but that the matter fell between the cracks - mr. keating his family members and associates also donated $ N to sen. 's congressional campaigns over the years according to press accounts - but sen. says mr. keating broke off their friendship abruptly in N because the senator refused to press the thrift executive 's case as vigorously as mr. keating wanted - he became very angry at that left my office and told a number of people that i was a sen. recalls - in july california newspapers disclosed that mr. keating gave $ N in corporate funds to three tax-exempt voter registration organizations in N and N at the of sen. cranston who conceded that soliciting the money was a pretty stupid thing to do politically - in addition sen. cranston received $ N in campaign donations through mr. keating and the california democratic party received $ N in corporate donations for a N drive that benefited the senator 's re-election campaign that year - also in july ohio newspapers disclosed $ N in corporate donations by mr. keating to the national council on public policy a political committee controlled by sen. glenn - that was in addition to $ N in direct campaign donations arranged by mr. keating to the ohio senator - mr. said the senate ethics committee should hire a special outside counsel to conduct an investigation as was done in the case of former house speaker james wright - wilson staff director of the ethics panel would n't comment - sen. said he would cooperate with any inquiry but that his conduct had been entirely proper - sen. said he had been deeply concerned at the time of the meeting that it might seem to be improper but decided it was entirely appropriate for him to seek fair treatment for a - sen. glenn said he had already made a complete disclosure of his role in the affair and i am completely satisfied to let this matter rest in the hands of the senate ethics committee - sen. said when all is said and done i expect to be fully - sen. cranston who had already his help to the federal bureau of investigation in any investigation of mr. keating portrayed his role in N as regulators to act - why did n't the bank board act sooner he said - that is what common cause should ask be investigated - trinity industries inc. said it reached a preliminary agreement to manufacture N coal rail cars for norfolk southern corp - trinity estimated the value of the pact at more than $ N million - trinity said it plans to begin delivery of the rail cars in the first quarter of N - it said the N rail cars are in addition to the N coal rail cars being produced for norfolk southern a norfolk railroad concern - when china opened its doors to foreign investors in N toy makers from hong kong were among the first to march in - today with about N N of the companies ' products being made in china the chairman of the hong kong toys council dennis has suggested a new label made in china by hong kong companies - the toy makers were pushed across the border by rising labor and land costs in the british colony - but in the wake of the in beijing on june N the hong kong toy industry is worrying about its strong on china - although the manufacturers stress that production has n't been affected by china 's political turmoil they are looking for additional sites - the toy makers and their foreign buyers cite uncertainty about china 's economic and political policies - nobody wants to have all his eggs in one basket says david chairman and chief executive officer of international group ltd - indeed and other leading hong kong toy makers were setting up factories in southeast asia especially in thailand long before the massacre - their steps were partly prompted by concern over a deterioration of business conditions in southern china - by diversifying supply sources the toy makers do n't intend to withdraw from china manufacturers and foreign buyers say - it would n't be easy to quickly the manufacturing capacity built up in southern china during the past decade - a supply of cheap labor and the access to hong kong 's port airport banks and support industries such as printing companies have made china 's province a premier manufacturing site - south china is the most competitive source of toys in the world says henry executive director of toys consolidated ltd - hong kong trade figures illustrate the toy makers ' reliance on factories across the border - in N exports of domestically produced toys and games fell N N from N to hk$ N billion us$ N billion - but mainly from china jumped N N to hk$ N billion - in N 's first seven months domestic exports fell N N to hk$ N billion while rose N N to hk$ N billion - manufacturers say there is no immediate substitute for southern china where an estimated N people are employed by the toy industry - for the next few years like it or not china is going to be the main supplier says young vice president of enterprises ltd. one of the first big hong kong toy makers to move across the border - in the meantime as manufacturers and buyers seek new sites they are focusing mainly on southeast asia - several big companies have established manufacturing joint ventures in thailand including and industrial co. the toy manufacturer headed by mr. - malaysia the philippines and indonesia also are being studied - with the european community set to remove its internal trade barriers in N several hong kong companies are beginning to consider spain portugal and greece as possible manufacturing sites - worries about china came just as hong kong 's toy industry was recovering from a N sales slump and bankruptcy filings by two major u.s. companies of wonder inc. and industries inc - hong kong manufacturers say large debt and other financial problems resulting from the N difficulties the local industry causing it to tighten credit policies and financial management - the industry last year and this year as a period of recovery that will lead to improved results - still they long for a toy to retail sales in the u.s. hong kong 's biggest market for toys and games - the thing the colony 's companies have to a u.s. this year is the series of action figures manufactured by holdings ltd - introduced in the plastic are based on an american comic book and television series - paul managing director of says N million have been sold placing the among the N toys in the u.s. - should sales continue to be strong through the christmas season which accounts for about N N of u.s. retail toy sales mr. said the could make N a record sales year for - other hong kong manufacturers expect their results to improve only slightly this year from N - besides the lack of a product they cite the continued dominance of the u.s. market by entertainment system an expensive video game made by co. of japan - buyers have little money left to spend on other products - many of the toy makers ' problems started well before june N as a result of infrastructure and beijing 's programs launched late last year - toy makers complain that electricity in has been provided only three days a week in recent months down from five days a week as the province 's rapid has its generating capacity - manufacturers are upgrading power plants - bank credit for china investments all but up following june N - also concern exists that the beijing leadership will tighten its control of which has been the main laboratory for the policy and economic reforms - but toy manufacturers and other say beijing will be from tightening controls on southern china - they say china 's trade deficit is widening and the country is too short of foreign exchange for it to production in - the chinese leaders have to decide whether they want control or whether the want exports says mr. of - the bush administration urging the supreme court to give states more to restrict abortions said have n't any right to abortion without the consent of their parents - general kenneth argued that the N supreme court decision roe vs. wade recognizing a constitutional right to abortion was incorrect - he also argued that the high court was wrong in N to rule that have a right to abortion that ca n't be absolutely vetoed by their parents - the administration 's position was outlined in a brief filed in one of three abortion cases the supreme court will hear argued and will decide this term - the administration filed the brief in an appeal involving a minnesota law that requires that both parents of a minor be notified before she may have an abortion - the administration urged the justices to adopt a legal standard suggested by chief justice william last july when the high court upheld missouri 's abortion restrictions - under that standard which the votes of only three of the nine justices a state restriction of abortion is constitutional if the state has a reasonable for adopting it - that is a much easier standard for a state to satisfy than the supreme court 's test since N which requires a state to have a compelling reason for restricting abortion - on the provisions of the minnesota law the bush administration said that requiring that both parents be notified is a reasonable regulation and that there is no need to have an alternative that allows to go to court for a judge 's permission instead - the case vs. minnesota will be argued nov. N - aluminum co. of america hit hard by the strength of the dollar overseas said net income for the third quarter dropped N N to $ N million or $ N a share - the nation 's no. N aluminum maker earned $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - analysts who were expecting to post around $ N to $ N a share were surprised at the lackluster third-quarter results - it 's disappointing said william an analyst with smith barney harris upham & co - much of the earnings decline was led by rate adjustments which affected the bottom line by $ N million or N cents a share compared with $ N million or four cents a share the previous year - lower prices for aluminum and certain products and a shift in the product mix also contributed to lower earnings the company said - in addition costs were higher partly due to scheduled plant for modernization work the company said - excluding the higher tax rate which rose two percentage points to N N and the negative exchange rate adjustment the company would have met analysts ' expectations said r. wayne an analyst with goldman sachs & co - noting that the third quarter is usually the aluminum industry 's mr. added the third quarter is never a bang up period for them anyway - nevertheless the company said shipments were up slightly to N metric tons from N the impact of the unexpected earning decline - the results were announced after the stock market closed - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday closed at $ N a share down $ N in a sharply lower market - for N years federal rules have barred the three major television networks from sharing in one of the most lucrative and fastest-growing parts of the television business - and for six years nbc abc and cbs have negotiated with hollywood studios in a attempt to change that - but with foreign companies up u.s. movie studios the networks are pressing their fight harder than ever - they hope the foreign deals will divide the hollywood opposition and congress to push for ending federal rules that prohibit the networks from a piece of sales and owning part of the shows they put on the air - even network executives however admit privately that victory either in congress or in talks with the studios is highly doubtful any time soon - and so the networks also are pushing for new ways to the provisions known formally as the financial interest and rules - that became clear last week with the disclosure that national broadcasting co. backed by the deep pockets of parent general electric co. had tried to help fund qintex australia ltd. 's $ N billion bid for mgm\/ua communications co - nbc 's interest may revive the deal which mgm\/ua killed last week when the australian concern had trouble raising cash - even if that deal is n't revived nbc hopes to find another - our doors are open an nbc spokesman says - nbc may yet find a way to take a passive minority interest in a without violating the rules - and any nbc effort could prompt cbs inc. and abc 's parent capital cities\/abc inc. to look for ways of the regulations - but the networks ' push may only an increasingly bitter between them and hollywood studios - both sides are to sit down next month for yet another meeting on how they might agree on reducing restraints - few people to the talks expect the studios to - the networks still are in their authority over what shows get on the air charges motion picture association president jack the most opponent of the rules - studios are to get shows in prime-time and keep them there long enough to go into lucrative sales he contends - and that 's why the rules for the most part must stay in place he says - studio executives in on the talks including officials at paramount communications inc. entertainment inc. warner communications inc. and mca inc. declined to be interviewed - but mr. who represents the studios asserts the whole production industry to a man is on the side of preserving the rules - such leave network officials all the more doubtful that the studios will - they do n't seem to have an incentive to negotiate says one network executive - and there 's no indication that washington is prepared to address the rules - that 's the problem is n't it - indeed it is - congress has said repeatedly it wants no part of the mess urging the studios and the networks which license rights to air shows made by the studios to work out their own compromise - but recent developments have made the networks and nbc president robert wright in particular ever more that the networks must be to survive - the latest sony corp. 's plan to acquire columbia pictures entertainment inc. for $ N billion and to buy independent producer guber peters entertainment co. for $ N million - i wonder what walter will think of the broadcast system evening news with dan rather broadcast exclusively from tokyo wrote an nbc vice president in a commentary in last week 's issue of broadcasting magazine - in his article mr. who was in europe last week and unavailable complained that the restraints in rules have contributed directly to the acquisition of the studios by non-u.s. enterprises - he did n't mention that nbc in the meantime was hoping to assist australia 's qintex in buying - an nbc spokesman that mr. 's was entirely consistent with nbc plans because the u.s. rules would limit nbc 's involvement in the qintex deal so severely as to be light years away from the type of deals available to sony and everyone else except the three networks - the big three 's for deregulation began in the summer when the former time inc. went ahead with plans to acquire warner - although time already had a long-term contract to buy movies from warner the merger will let time 's largely channel home box office own the warner movies aired on hbo a integration that is effectively blocked by regulations - nbc 's mr. wright led the way in the networks ' inability to match a combination - he spoke up again when the sony bid for columbia was announced - since nbc 's interest in the qintex bid for mgm\/ua was disclosed mr. wright has n't been available for comment - with a qintex deal nbc would move into territory possibly raising at the studios and in washington - it 's never really been tested says william iii who as a top cbs executive spent years lobbying to have the rules lifted - he now runs policy communications in washington consulting to media companies - rules do n't block a network from buying a passive small stake in a company that profits from the networks ca n't enjoy - hence nbc might be able to take say a N N stake in a company such as mgm\/ua - if the transaction raised objections the studio 's operations could be spun off into a separate firm in which the network does n't have a direct stake - but such would still block the networks from a big chunk of the of - under current rules even when a network fares well with a series abc for example made a killing in broadcasting its popular it is n't allowed to share in the continuing proceeds when the reruns are sold to local stations - instead abc will have to sell off the rights for a one-time fee - the networks admit that the chances of getting the relief they want are slim for several years at the least - six years ago they were close - the federal communications commission had ruled in favor of killing most of the rules - various evidence including a institution study of some N series that the networks had aired and had partly owned in the 1960s showed the networks did n't control over the studios as had been alleged - but just eight days before the rules were to die former president ronald reagan a one-time actor intervened on behalf of hollywood - the fcc effort collapsed - the networks and studios have ever since - network officials involved in the studio talks may hope the foreign influx builds more support in washington but that seems unlikely - in congress the issue it 's about money not program quality and hollywood has lots of clout given its fund raising for senators and representatives overseeing the issue - a spokesman for rep. edward j. markey who heads a subcommittee that oversees the fcc says mr. markey feels the world has been forever changed by the deal - but he said mr. markey hopes this the networks and studios to work it out on their own - and at the fcc meanwhile new chairman alfred c. has said he wants the two sides to out their own plan - recognition equipment inc. said it settled a civil action filed against it by the federal government on behalf of the u.s. postal service - the government sued the company in april seeking $ N and other unspecified damages related to an alleged scheme - the suit named the company former chief executive officer william g. moore jr. former vice president robert w. and five defendants who were n't part of the company - the suit charged the defendants with causing peter e. an of the postal service board of governors to accept $ N in and - mr. was previously sentenced to four years in prison and fined $ N for his role in the scheme - in the agreement recognition agreed to pay the government $ N in return for the release of all claims against the company mr. moore and mr. - the five additional defendants were n't parties to the settlement - a trial on criminal allegations against the company and the same two former executives began sept. N in federal court for the district of columbia - they were indicted last october on charges of fraud theft and conspiracy related to an effort to win $ N million in postal service equipment contracts by the maker of data management equipment - the company and its executives deny the charges - in a related development recognition equipment said the postal service has barred the company from bidding on postal contracts for an additional N days - the postal service originally suspended the company oct. N N and has been renewing the ban ever since - the company said it will continue to pursue a lifting of the suspension - intel corp. reported a N N drop in third-quarter net income partly because of a one-time charge for discontinued operations - the big semiconductor and computer maker said it had net of $ N million or N cents down N N from $ N million or N cents a share - the lower net included a charge of $ N million equal to N cents a share on an after-tax basis for the cost of abandoning a joint venture with siemens ag of west germany - earning also fell from the year-ago period because of slowing demand - sales amounted to $ N million down N N from $ N million - intel 's stock rose in early over-the-counter trading friday as investors appeared relieved that the company 's income from continuing operations was only slightly below the second quarter 's earnings of $ N million or N cents a share and that sales actually exceeded the $ N million for the second period - but intel later to the stock market 's plunge closing at $ N down $ N - in august intel warned that third-quarter earnings might be flat to down from the previous period 's because of slowing sales growth of its N microprocessor start-up costs associated with a line of computers and costs of preparing for mass shipments of the company 's new N chip in the current quarter - on friday andrew intel president and chief executive officer said intel 's business is strong - our bookings improved as the quarter and september was especially good - for the full quarter our bookings were higher than the previous quarter and our ratio exceeded N - for the nine-month period intel reported net of $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue amounted to $ N billion up slightly from $ N billion - walter sisulu and the african national congress came home yesterday - after N years in prison mr. sisulu the former of the liberation movement was dropped off at his house by a prison services ' van just as the sun was coming up - at the same time six anc colleagues five of whom were arrested with him in N and sentenced to life were with their families at various places around the country - and as the men returned to their homes the anc outlawed in south africa since N and still considered to be the chief public enemy by the white government returned to the streets of the country 's black - a huge anc flag with black green and gold was over the gate at mr. sisulu 's modest house while on the street out front boys displayed the anc colors on their shirts and - at the small home of a leading anc and a former in the group 's armed we stuck little anc flags in their hair and a man on an horn in anc - i am happy to see the spirit of the people said mr. sisulu looking in a new gray suit - as the crowd outside his home shouted anc anc the old man shot his into the air - i 'm inspired by the mood of the people - under the laws of the land the anc remains an illegal organization and its headquarters are still in - but the release of the seven leaders who once formed the intellectual and core of the anc is a de of the movement and the of its internal - the government can never put the anc back into the bottle again said a veteran activist on hand to welcome mr. sisulu - things have gone too far for the government to stop them now - there 's no turning back - there was certainly no the tide of anc last night when hundreds of people into the cross church in for what became the first anc rally in the country in N years - of anc and we shook the church as the seven aging men vowed that the anc would continue its fight against the government and the policies of racial on all fronts including the armed struggle - and they called on the government to release nelson the anc 's leading figure who was jailed with them and remains in prison - without him said mr. sisulu the of the others is only a - president de released the anc men along with one of the founding members of the pan congress a rival liberation group as part of his efforts to create a climate of trust and peace in which his government can begin negotiations with black leaders over a new constitution aimed at giving blacks a voice in national government - but pretoria may instead be creating a climate for more turmoil and uncertainty in this divided country - as other governments particularly poland and the soviet union have recently discovered initial steps to open up society can create a momentum for radical change that becomes difficult if not impossible to control - as the days go by the south african government will be ever more hard pressed to justify the continued of mr. as well as the continued banning of the anc and enforcement of the state of emergency - if it does n't yield on these matters and eventually begin talking directly to the anc the expectations and promise raised by yesterday 's releases will turn to and unrest - if it does the large number of whites who oppose any concessions to the black majority will step up their and threats to take matters into their own hands - the newly released anc leaders also will be under enormous pressure - the government is watching closely to see if their presence in the leads to increased protests and violence if it does pretoria will use this as a reason to keep mr. behind bars - pretoria has n't forgotten why they were all sentenced to life in the first place for sabotage and conspiracy to the government - in addition the government is figuring that the releases could create a split between the internal and external wings of the anc and between the newly freed leaders and those activists who have emerged as leaders inside the country during their - in order to head off any divisions mr. in a meeting with his colleagues before they were released instructed them to report to the anc headquarters in as soon as possible - the men also will be faced with the generation gap between themselves and the country 's many black the so-called young who are anxious to see the old in action - says peter president of the south african youth congress we will be expecting them to act like leaders of the anc - they never considered themselves to be anything else - at last night 's rally they called on their to be firm yet disciplined in their opposition to apartheid - we discipline because we know that the government is very very sensitive said andrew another early leader who is now N - we want to see nelson and all our out of prison and if we are n't disciplined we may not see them here with us diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/train.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/train.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 04d78dc..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/train.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42068 +0,0 @@ - aer banknote berlitz calloway centrust cluett fromstein gitano guterman hydro-quebec ipo kia memotec mlx nahb punts rake regatta rubens sim snack-food ssangyong swapo wachter - pierre N years old will join the board as a nonexecutive director nov. N - mr. is chairman of n.v. the dutch publishing group - rudolph N years old and former chairman of consolidated gold fields plc was named a nonexecutive director of this british industrial conglomerate - a form of asbestos once used to make kent cigarette filters has caused a high percentage of cancer deaths among a group of workers exposed to it more than N years ago researchers reported - the asbestos fiber is unusually once it enters the with even brief exposures to it causing symptoms that show up decades later researchers said - inc. the unit of new york-based corp. that makes kent cigarettes stopped using in its cigarette filters in N - although preliminary findings were reported more than a year ago the latest results appear in today 's new england journal of medicine a forum likely to bring new attention to the problem - a said this is an old story - we 're talking about years ago before anyone heard of asbestos having any questionable properties - there is no asbestos in our products now - neither nor the researchers who studied the workers were aware of any research on smokers of the kent cigarettes - we have no useful information on whether users are at risk said james a. of boston 's cancer institute - dr. led a team of researchers from the national cancer institute and the medical schools of harvard university and boston university - the spokeswoman said asbestos was used in very modest amounts in making paper for the filters in the early 1950s and replaced with a different type of in N - from N to N N billion kent cigarettes with the filters were sold the company said - among N men who worked closely with the substance N have died more than three times the expected number - four of the five surviving workers have diseases including three with recently cancer - the total of N deaths from malignant lung cancer and was far higher than expected the researchers said - the rate is a striking finding among those of us who study diseases said dr. - the percentage of lung cancer deaths among the workers at the west mass. paper factory appears to be the highest for any asbestos workers studied in western industrialized countries he said - the plant which is owned by & co. was under contract with to make the cigarette filters - the finding probably will support those who argue that the u.s. should regulate the class of asbestos including more than the common kind of asbestos found in most schools and other buildings dr. said - the u.s. is one of the few industrialized nations that does n't have a higher standard of regulation for the smooth fibers such as that are classified as according to t. a professor of at the university of vermont college of medicine - more common fibers are and are more easily rejected by the body dr. explained - in july the environmental protection agency imposed a gradual ban on virtually all uses of asbestos - by N almost all remaining uses of asbestos will be outlawed - about N workers at a factory that made paper for the kent filters were exposed to asbestos in the 1950s - areas of the factory were particularly dusty where the was used - workers dumped large of the imported material into a huge poured in cotton and fibers and mixed the dry fibers in a process used to make filters - workers described clouds of blue dust that hung over parts of the factory even though fans the area - there 's no question that some of those workers and managers contracted diseases said phillips vice president of human resources for & - but you have to recognize that these events took place N years ago - it has no bearing on our work force today - yields on money-market mutual funds continued to slide amid signs that portfolio managers expect further declines in interest rates - the average seven-day compound yield of the N taxable funds tracked by 's money fund report eased a fraction of a percentage point to N N from N N for the week ended tuesday - compound yields assume reinvestment of dividends and that the current yield continues for a year - average maturity of the funds ' investments by a day to N days the longest since early august according to donoghue 's - longer maturities are thought to indicate declining interest rates because they permit portfolio managers to retain relatively higher rates for a longer period - shorter maturities are considered a sign of rising rates because portfolio managers can capture higher rates sooner - the average maturity for funds open only to institutions considered by some to be a stronger indicator because those managers watch the market closely reached a high point for the year N days - nevertheless said editor of money fund report yields may up again before they down because of recent rises in short-term interest rates - the yield on six-month treasury bills sold at monday 's auction for example rose to N N from N N - despite recent declines in yields investors continue to pour cash into money funds - assets of the N taxable funds grew by $ N billion during the latest week to $ N billion - typically money-fund yields beat comparable short-term investments because portfolio managers can vary maturities and go after the highest rates - the top money funds are currently yielding well over N N - dreyfus world-wide dollar the fund had a seven-day compound yield of N N during the latest week down from N N a week earlier - it invests heavily in dollar-denominated securities overseas and is currently management fees which boosts its yield - the average seven-day simple yield of the N funds was N N down from N N - the 30-day simple yield fell to an average N N from N N the 30-day compound yield slid to an average N N from N N - j.p. vice chairman of grace & co. which holds a N N interest in this company was elected a director - he succeeds d. formerly a grace vice chairman who resigned - grace holds three of grace energy 's seven board seats - pacific first financial corp. said shareholders approved its acquisition by royal ltd. of toronto for $ N a share or $ N million - the thrift holding company said it expects to obtain regulatory approval and complete the transaction by year-end - international inc. said its & unit completed the sale of its controls operations to s.p a. for $ N million - is an italian state-owned holding company with interests in the mechanical engineering industry - controls based in ohio makes computerized industrial controls systems - it employs N people and has annual revenue of about $ N million - the federal government suspended sales of u.s. savings bonds because congress has n't lifted the ceiling on government debt - until congress acts the government has n't any authority to issue new debt obligations of any kind the treasury said - the government 's borrowing authority dropped at midnight tuesday to $ N trillion from $ N trillion - legislation to lift the debt ceiling is in the fight over cutting capital-gains taxes - the house has voted to raise the ceiling to $ N trillion but the senate is n't expected to act until next week at the earliest - the treasury said the u.s. will default on nov. N if congress does n't act by then - clark j. was named senior vice president and general manager of this u.s. sales and marketing arm of japanese auto maker mazda motor corp - in the new position he will oversee mazda 's u.s. sales service parts and marketing operations - previously mr. N years old was general marketing manager of chrysler corp. 's chrysler division - he had been a sales and marketing executive with chrysler for N years - when it 's time for their the nation 's manufacturing typically jet off to the of resort towns like and hot springs - not this year - the national association of manufacturers settled on the capital of indianapolis for its fall board meeting - and the city decided to treat its guests more like royalty or rock stars than factory owners - the idea of course to prove to N corporate decision makers that the buckle on the belt is n't so after all that it 's a good place for a company to expand - on the receiving end of the message were officials from giants like du pont and along with lesser like steel and the valley queen factory - for the executives joined mayor william h. iii for an evening of the indianapolis and a guest victor - champagne and followed - the next morning with a police of executives and their wives to the indianapolis motor by traffic or red lights - the governor could n't make it so the governor welcomed the special guests - a buffet breakfast was held in the museum where food and drinks are banned to everyday visitors - then in the guests ' honor the out four drivers crews and even the official indianapolis N announcer for a exhibition race - after the race fortune N executives like over the cars and drivers - no the drivers pointed out they still had space on their machines for another sponsor 's name or two - back downtown the squeezed in a few meetings at the hotel before the buses again - this time it was for dinner and a block away - under the stars and of the indiana nine of the hottest chefs in town fed them indiana and with a - knowing a and free when they eat one the executives gave the chefs a standing - more than a few say the treatment them to return to a city for future meetings - but for now they 're looking forward to their winter meeting in february - south korea registered a trade deficit of $ N million in october reflecting the country 's economic according to government figures released wednesday - preliminary by the trade and industry ministry showed another trade deficit in october the fifth monthly setback this year casting a cloud on south korea 's economy - exports in october stood at $ N billion a mere N N increase from a year earlier while imports increased sharply to $ N billion up N N from last october - south korea 's economic boom which began in N stopped this year because of prolonged labor disputes trade conflicts and sluggish exports - government officials said exports at the end of the year would remain under a government target of $ N billion - despite the gloomy forecast south korea has recorded a trade surplus of $ N million so far this year - from january to october the nation 's accumulated exports increased N N from the same period last year to $ N billion - imports were at $ N billion up N N - newsweek trying to keep pace with rival time magazine announced new advertising rates for N and said it will introduce a new incentive plan for advertisers - the new ad plan from newsweek a unit of the washington post co. is the second incentive plan the magazine has offered advertisers in three years - plans that give advertisers discounts for maintaining or increasing ad spending have become permanent at the news and underscore the fierce competition between newsweek time warner inc. 's time magazine and b. 's u.s. news & world report - alan recently named newsweek president said newsweek 's ad rates would increase N N in january - a full page in newsweek will cost $ N - in mid-october time magazine lowered its guaranteed circulation rate base for N while not increasing ad page rates with a lower circulation base time 's ad rate will be effectively N N higher per subscriber a full page in time costs about $ N - u.s. news has yet to announce its N ad rates - newsweek said it will introduce the circulation credit plan which space credits to advertisers on renewal advertising - the magazine will reward with page bonuses advertisers who in N meet or exceed their N spending as long as they spent $ N in N and $ N in N - mr. said the plan is not an attempt to shore up a decline in ad pages in the first nine months of N newsweek 's ad pages totaled N a drop of N N from last year according to publishers information bureau - what matters is what advertisers are paying per page and in that department we are doing fine this fall said mr. - both newsweek and u.s. news have been gaining circulation in recent years without heavy use of electronic to subscribers such as telephones or watches - however none of the big three recorded circulation gains recently - according to audit bureau of time the largest had average circulation of N a decrease of N N - newsweek 's circulation for the first six months of N was N flat from the same period last year - u.s. news ' circulation in the same time was N down N N - new england electric system bowed out of the bidding for public service co. of new hampshire saying that the risks were too high and the potential too far in the future to justify a higher offer - the move leaves united illuminating co. and northeast utilities as the remaining outside bidders for ps of new hampshire which also has proposed an internal reorganization plan in chapter N bankruptcy proceedings under which it would remain an independent company - new england electric based in mass. had offered $ N billion to acquire ps of new hampshire well below the $ N billion value united illuminating places on its bid and the $ N billion northeast says its bid is worth - united illuminating is based in new haven conn. and northeast is based in hartford conn - ps of new hampshire n.h. values its internal reorganization plan at about $ N billion - john rowe president and chief executive officer of new england electric said the company 's return on equity could suffer if it made a higher bid and its forecasts related to ps of new hampshire such as growth in electricity demand and improved operating did n't come true - when we raising our bid the risks seemed substantial and persistent over the next five years and the rewards seemed a long way out - that got hard to take he added - mr. rowe also noted that political concerns also worried new england electric - no matter who owns ps of new hampshire after it emerges from bankruptcy proceedings its rates will be among the highest in the nation he said - that attracts attention - it was just another one of the risk factors that led to the company 's decision to withdraw from the bidding he added - wilbur ross jr. of rothschild inc. the financial adviser to the troubled company 's equity holders said the withdrawal of new england electric might speed up the reorganization process - the fact that new england proposed lower rate increases N N over seven years against around N N boosts proposed by the other two outside bidders complicated negotiations with state officials mr. ross asserted - now the field is less he added - separately the federal energy regulatory commission turned down for now a request by northeast seeking approval of its possible purchase of ps of new hampshire - northeast said it would its request and still hopes for an review by the ferc so that it could complete the purchase by next summer if its bid is the one approved by the bankruptcy court - ps of new hampshire shares closed yesterday at $ N off N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - norman N years old and former president and chief operating officer of toys r us inc. and frederick jr. N chairman of banking corp. were elected directors of this consumer electronics and appliances retailing chain - they succeed daniel m. retired circuit city executive vice president and robert r. u.s. treasury undersecretary on the board - commonwealth edison co. was ordered to refund about $ N million to its current and former for illegal rates collected for cost overruns on a nuclear power plant - the refund was about $ N million more than previously ordered by the illinois commerce commission and trade groups said it may be the largest ever required of a state or local utility - state court judge richard curry ordered edison to make average refunds of about $ N to $ N each to edison customers who have received electric service since april N including about two million customers who have moved during that period - judge curry ordered the refunds to begin feb. N and said that he would n't any appeals or other attempts to block his order by commonwealth edison - the refund pool may not be held through another round of appeals judge curry said - commonwealth edison said it is already appealing the underlying commission order and is considering appealing judge curry 's order - the exact amount of the refund will be determined next year based on actual made until dec. N of this year - commonwealth edison said the ruling could force it to slash its N earnings by $ N a share - for N commonwealth edison reported earnings of $ N million or $ N a share - a commonwealth edison spokesman said that tracking down the two million customers whose addresses have changed during the past N N years would be an administrative nightmare - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday commonwealth edison closed at $ N down N cents - the $ N billion N plant near ill. was completed in N - in a disputed N ruling the commerce commission said commonwealth edison could raise its electricity rates by $ N million to pay for the plant - but state courts upheld a challenge by consumer groups to the commission 's rate increase and found the rates illegal - the illinois supreme court ordered the commission to audit commonwealth edison 's construction expenses and refund any expenses - the utility has been collecting for the plant 's construction cost from its N million customers subject to a refund since N - in august the commission ruled that between $ N million and $ N million of the plant 's construction cost was and should be plus interest - in his ruling judge curry added an additional $ N million to the commission 's calculations - last month judge curry set the interest rate on the refund at N N - commonwealth edison now faces an additional refund on its rate that the illinois appellate court has estimated at $ N million - and consumer groups hope that judge curry 's N order may set a precedent for a second nuclear rate case involving commonwealth edison 's N plant - commonwealth edison is seeking about $ N million in rate increases to pay for N - the commission is expected to rule on the N case by year end - last year commonwealth edison had to refund $ N million for poor performance of its i nuclear plant - japan 's domestic sales of cars trucks and buses in october rose N N from a year earlier to N units a record for the month the japan automobile dealers ' association said - the strong growth followed year-to-year increases of N N in august and N N in september - the monthly sales have been setting records every month since march - october sales compared with the previous month inched down N N - sales of passenger cars grew N N from a year earlier to N units - sales of medium-sized cars which benefited from price reductions arising from introduction of the consumption tax more than doubled to N units from N in october N - texas instruments japan ltd. a unit of texas instruments inc. said it opened a plant in south korea to manufacture control devices - the new plant located in about N miles from seoul will help meet increasing and diversifying demand for control products in south korea the company said - the plant will produce control devices used in motor vehicles and household appliances - the survival of spinoff cray computer corp. as a fledgling in the supercomputer business appears to depend heavily on the creativity and of its chairman and chief designer seymour cray - not only is development of the new company 's initial machine tied directly to mr. cray so is its balance sheet - documents filed with the securities and exchange commission on the pending spinoff disclosed that cray research inc. will withdraw the almost $ N million in financing it is providing the new firm if mr. cray leaves or if the project he heads is scrapped - the documents also said that although the mr. cray has been working on the project for more than six years the cray-3 machine is at least another year away from a fully operational prototype - moreover there have been no orders for the cray-3 so far though the company says it is talking with several prospects - while many of the risks were anticipated when cray research first announced the spinoff in may the it attached to the financing had n't been made public until yesterday - we did n't have much of a choice cray computer 's chief financial officer gregory said in an interview - the theory is that seymour is the chief designer of the cray-3 and without him it could not be completed - cray research did not want to fund a project that did not include seymour - the documents also said that cray computer anticipates perhaps another $ N million in financing beginning next september - but mr. called that a scenario - the filing on the details of the spinoff caused cray research stock to jump $ N yesterday to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - analysts noted yesterday that cray research 's decision to link its $ N million note to mr. cray 's presence will complicate a valuation of the new company - it has to be considered as an additional risk for the investor said gary p. of group inc. minneapolis - cray computer will be a concept stock he said - you either believe seymour can do it again or you do n't - besides the designer 's age other risk factors for mr. cray 's new company include the cray-3 's tricky chip technology - the sec documents describe those chips which are made of as being so fragile and minute they will require special handling equipment - in addition the cray-3 will contain N processors twice as many as the largest current supercomputer - cray computer also will face intense competition not only from cray research which has about N N of the world-wide supercomputer market and which is expected to roll out the machine a direct competitor with the cray-3 in N - the spinoff also will compete with international business machines corp. and japan 's big three hitachi ltd. nec corp. and fujitsu ltd - the new company said it believes there are fewer than N potential customers for priced between $ N million and $ N million presumably the cray-3 price range - under terms of the spinoff cray research stockholders are to receive one cray computer share for every two cray research shares they own in a distribution expected to occur in about two weeks - no price for the new shares has been set - instead the companies will leave it up to the marketplace to decide - cray computer has applied to trade on nasdaq - analysts calculate cray computer 's initial book value at about $ N a share - along with the note cray research is about $ N million in assets primarily those related to the cray-3 development which has been a drain on cray research 's earnings - balance sheets clearly show why cray research favored the spinoff - without the cray-3 research and development expenses the company would have been able to report a profit of $ N million for the first half of N rather than the $ N million it posted - on the other hand had it existed then cray computer would have incurred a $ N million loss - mr. cray who could n't be reached for comment will work for the new colorado springs colo. company as an independent contractor the arrangement he had with cray research - regarded as the father of the supercomputer mr. cray was paid $ N at cray research last year - at cray computer he will be paid $ N - besides messrs. cray and other senior management at the company includes neil N president and chief executive officer joseph m. N vice president engineering malcolm a. N vice president software and douglas r. N vice president hardware - all came from cray research - cray computer which currently employs N people said it expects a work force of N by the end of N - john r. stevens N years old was named senior executive vice president and chief operating officer both new positions - he will continue to report to donald president and chief executive officer - mr. stevens was executive vice president of this holding company - arthur a. hatch N was named executive vice president of the company - he was previously president of the company 's eastern edison co. unit - john d. N was named to succeed mr. hatch as president of eastern edison - previously he was vice president of eastern edison - robert p. N was named senior vice president of eastern utilities - he was previously vice president - the u.s. claiming some success in its trade removed south korea taiwan and saudi arabia from a list of countries it is closely watching for allegedly failing to honor u.s. patents and other rights - however five other countries china thailand india brazil and mexico will remain on that so-called priority watch list as a result of an interim review u.s. trade representative carla hills announced - under the new u.s. trade law those countries could face accelerated investigations and stiff trade sanctions if they do n't improve their protection of intellectual property by next spring - mrs. hills said many of the N countries that she placed under degrees of scrutiny have made genuine progress on this touchy issue - she said there is growing around the world that of rights all trading nations and particularly the creativity and of an country 's own citizens - u.s. trade negotiators argue that countries with inadequate for rights could be hurting themselves by discouraging their own scientists and authors and by u.s. high-technology firms from investing or marketing their best products there - mrs. hills south korea for creating an task force and special enforcement teams of police officers and prosecutors trained to pursue movie and book - seoul also has instituted effective procedures to aid these teams she said - taiwan has improved its standing with the u.s. by a copyright agreement its trademark law and introducing legislation to protect foreign movie producers from unauthorized of their films - that measure could taipei 's growing number of small to pay movie producers for showing their films - saudi arabia for its part has vowed to enact a copyright law compatible with international standards and to apply the law to computer software as well as to literary works mrs. hills said - these three countries are n't completely off the hook though - they will remain on a list that includes N other countries - those countries including japan italy canada greece and spain are still of some concern to the u.s. but are deemed to pose problems for american patent and copyright owners than those on the priority list - gary hoffman a washington lawyer specializing in cases said the threat of u.s. combined with a growing recognition that protecting intellectual property is in a country 's own interest prompted the improvements made by south korea taiwan and saudi arabia - what this tells us is that u.s. trade law is working he said - he said mexico could be one of the next countries to be removed from the priority list because of its efforts to craft a new patent law - mrs. hills said that the u.s. is still concerned about disturbing developments in turkey and continuing slow progress in malaysia - she did n't elaborate although earlier u.s. trade reports have complained of videocassette in malaysia and for u.s. pharmaceutical patents in turkey - the N trade act requires mrs. hills to issue another review of the performance of these countries by april N - so far mrs. hills has n't deemed any cases bad enough to merit an accelerated investigation under the so-called special N provision of the act - argentina said it will ask creditor banks to its foreign debt of $ N billion the in the developing world - the declaration by economy minister is believed to be the first time such an action has been called for by an official of such - the latin american nation has paid very little on its debt since early last year - argentina to reach a reduction of N N in the value of its external debt mr. said through his spokesman - mr. met in august with u.s. assistant treasury secretary david mulford - negotiator carlos was in washington and new york this week to meet with banks - mr. recently has said the government of president carlos who took office july N feels a significant reduction of principal and interest is the only way the debt problem may be solved - but he has not said before that the country wants half the debt - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - three computers that changed the face of personal computing were launched in N - that year the apple ii commodore pet and tandy came to market - the computers were crude by today 's standards - apple ii owners for example had to use their television sets as screens and data on - but apple ii was a major advance from apple i which was built in a garage by stephen and steven jobs for such as the computer club - in addition the apple ii was an affordable $ N - crude as they were these early pcs triggered explosive product development in desktop models for the home and office - big mainframe computers for business had been around for years - but the new N pcs unlike earlier types such as the and had and could store about two pages of data in their memories - current pcs are more than N times faster and have memory capacity N times greater than their N counterparts - there were many pioneer pc - william gates and paul allen in N developed an early system for pcs and gates became an industry billionaire six years after ibm adapted one of these versions in N - alan f. currently chairman of seagate technology led the team that developed the disk drives for pcs - dennis and dale two atlanta engineers were of the internal that allow pcs to share data via the telephone - ibm the world leader in computers did n't offer its first pc until august N as many other companies entered the market - today pc shipments annually total some $ N billion world-wide - & co. an australian pharmaceuticals company said its inc. affiliate acquired inc. for $ N million - is a new pharmaceuticals concern that sells products under the label - said it owns N N of 's voting stock and has an agreement to acquire an additional N N - that stake together with its convertible preferred stock holdings gives the right to increase its interest to N N of 's voting stock - oil production from australia 's bass fields will be raised by N barrels a day to about N barrels with the launch of the field the first of five small fields scheduled to be brought into production before the end of N - esso australia ltd. a unit of new york-based exxon corp. and broken hill operate the fields in a joint venture - esso said the field started production tuesday - output will be gradually increased until it reaches about N barrels a day - the field has reserves of N million barrels - reserves for the five new fields total N million barrels - the and fields are expected to start producing early next year and the and fields later next year - esso said the fields were developed after the australian government decided in N to make the first N million barrels from new fields free of tax - corp. said it completed the $ N million sale of its southern optical subsidiary to a group led by the unit 's president thomas r. sloan and other managers - following the acquisition of by a buy-out group led by shearson lehman hutton earlier this year the maker of decided to itself of certain of its businesses - the sale of southern optical is a part of the program - the white house said president bush has approved duty-free treatment for imports of certain types of watches that are n't produced in significant quantities in the u.s. the virgin islands and other u.s. - the action came in response to a petition filed by inc. for changes in the u.s. system of preferences for imports from developing nations - previously watch imports were denied such duty-free treatment - had requested duty-free treatment for many types of watches covered by N different u.s. tariff - the white house said mr. bush decided to grant duty-free status for N categories but turned down such treatment for other types of watches because of the potential for material injury to watch producers located in the u.s. and the virgin islands - is a major u.s. producer and seller of watches including watches assembled in the philippines and other developing nations covered by the u.s. tariff preferences - u.s. trade officials said the philippines and thailand would be the main beneficiaries of the president 's action - imports of the types of watches that now will be eligible for duty-free treatment totaled about $ N million in N a relatively small share of the $ N billion in u.s. watch imports that year according to an aide to u.s. trade representative carla hills - magna international inc. 's chief financial officer james mcalpine resigned and its chairman frank is stepping in to help turn the manufacturer around the company said - mr. will direct an effort to reduce overhead and curb capital spending until a more satisfactory level of profit is achieved and maintained magna said - stephen currently vice president finance will succeed mr. mcalpine - an ambitious expansion has left magna with excess capacity and a heavy debt load as the automotive industry enters a downturn - the company has reported declines in operating profit in each of the past three years despite steady sales growth - magna recently cut its quarterly dividend in half and the company 's class a shares are far below their 52-week high of N canadian dollars us$ N - on the toronto stock exchange yesterday magna shares closed up N canadian cents to c$ N - mr. founder and controlling shareholder of magna resigned as chief executive officer last year to seek unsuccessfully a seat in canada 's parliament - analysts said mr. wants to resume a more influential role in running the company - they expect him to cut costs throughout the organization - the company said mr. will personally direct the restructuring by president and chief executive - neither they nor mr. mcalpine could be reached for comment - magna said mr. mcalpine resigned to pursue a consulting career with magna as one of his clients - lord chairman of english china plc was named a nonexecutive director of this british chemical company - japanese investors nearly bought up two new mortgage mutual funds totaling $ N million the u.s. federal national mortgage association said - the purchases show the strong interest of japanese investors in u.s. instruments fannie mae 's chairman david o. maxwell said at a news conference - he said more than N N of the funds were placed with japanese institutional investors - the rest went to investors from france and hong kong - earlier this year japanese investors snapped up a similar $ N million mortgage-backed securities mutual fund - that fund was put together by blackstone group a new york investment bank - the latest two funds were assembled jointly by goldman sachs & co. of the u.s. and japan 's daiwa securities co - the new seven-year funds one offering a fixed-rate return and the other with a floating-rate return linked to the london interbank offered rate offer two key advantages to japanese investors - first they are designed to eliminate the risk of prepayment mortgage-backed securities can be retired early if interest rates decline and such prepayment forces investors to their money at lower rates - second they channel monthly mortgage payments into semiannual payments reducing the administrative burden on investors - by addressing those problems mr. maxwell said the new funds have become extremely attractive to japanese and other investors outside the u.s. - such devices have boosted japanese investment in mortgage-backed securities to more than N N of the $ N billion in such instruments outstanding and their purchases are growing at a rapid rate - they also have become large purchasers of fannie mae 's corporate debt buying $ N billion in fannie mae bonds during the first nine months of the year or almost a of the total amount issued - james l. executive vice president was named a director of this oil concern expanding the board to N members - ltv corp. said a federal bankruptcy court judge agreed to extend until march N N the period in which the steel aerospace and energy products company has the exclusive right to file a reorganization plan - the company is operating under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code giving it court protection from creditors ' lawsuits while it attempts to work out a plan to pay its debts - italian chemical giant montedison through its montedison acquisition n.v. indirect unit began its $ tender offer for all the common shares outstanding of erbamont n.v. a maker of pharmaceuticals incorporated in the netherlands - the offer advertised in today 's editions of the wall street journal is scheduled to expire at the end of november - montedison currently owns about N N of erbamont 's common shares outstanding - the offer is being launched to a previously announced agreement between the companies - japan 's reserves of gold convertible foreign currencies and special drawing rights fell by a hefty $ N billion in october to $ N billion the finance ministry said - the total marks the sixth consecutive monthly decline - the downturn reflects the intensity of bank of japan intervention since june when the u.s. currency temporarily surged above the N yen level - the announcement follows a sharper $ N billion decline in the country 's foreign reserves in september to $ N billion - pick a country any country - it 's the latest investment craze sweeping wall street a rash of new closed-end country funds those publicly traded portfolios that invest in stocks of a single foreign country - no fewer than N country funds have been launched or registered with regulators this year triple the level of all of N according to charles e. simon & co. a washington-based research firm - the turf recently has ranged from chile to to portugal - next week the philippine fund 's launch will be capped by a visit by philippine president aquino the first time a head of state has kicked off an issue at the big board here - the next province - anything 's possible how about the new guinea fund george foot a managing partner at management associates of mass - the recent explosion of country funds the closed-end fund mania of the 1920s mr. foot says when narrowly focused funds grew wildly popular - they fell into after the N crash - unlike traditional mutual funds most of these portfolios are the closed-end type issuing a fixed number of shares that trade publicly - the surge brings to nearly N the number of country funds that are or soon will be listed in new york or london - these funds now account for several billions of dollars in assets - people are looking to stake their claims now before the number of available nations runs out says michael porter an analyst at smith barney harris upham & co. new york - behind all the is some competition - as individual investors have turned away from the stock market over the years securities firms have scrambled to find new products that brokers find easy to sell - and the firms are stretching their far and wide to do it - financial planners often urge investors to diversify and to hold a of international securities - and many emerging markets have more mature markets such as the u.s. and japan - country funds offer an easy way to get a taste of foreign stocks without the hard research of seeking out individual companies - but it does n't take much to get burned - political and currency gyrations can the funds - another concern the funds ' share prices tend to swing more than the broader market - when the stock market dropped nearly N N oct. N for instance the mexico fund plunged about N N and the spain fund fell N N - and most country funds were clobbered more than most stocks after the N crash - what 's so wild about the funds ' frenzy right now is that many are trading at historically fat premiums to the value of their underlying portfolios - after trading at an average discount of more than N N in late N and part of last year country funds currently trade at an average premium of N N - the reason share prices of many of these funds this year have climbed much more sharply than the foreign stocks they hold - it 's probably worth paying a premium for funds that invest in markets that are partially closed to foreign investors such as south korea some specialists say - but some european funds recently have skyrocketed spain fund has surged to a startling N N premium - it has been targeted by japanese investors as a good long-term play tied to N 's european economic integration - and several new funds that are n't even fully invested yet have jumped to trade at big premiums - i 'm very alarmed to see these rich says smith barney 's mr. porter - the newly premiums reflect the increasingly global marketing of some country funds mr. porter suggests - unlike many u.s. investors those in asia or europe seeking exposure may be less to paying higher prices for country funds - there may be an international viewpoint cast on the funds listed here mr. porter says - nonetheless plenty of u.s. analysts and money managers are at the trading levels of some country funds - they argue that u.s. investors often can buy american depositary receipts on the big stocks in many funds these so-called adrs represent shares of foreign companies traded in the u.s. - that way investors can essentially buy the funds without paying the premium - for people who insist on jumping in now to buy the funds 's mr. foot says the only advice i have for these folks is that those who come to the party late had better be ready to leave quickly - the u.s. and soviet union are holding technical talks about possible repayment by moscow of $ N million in russian debts owed to the u.s. government the state department said - if the debts are repaid it could clear the way for soviet bonds to be sold in the u.s. - however after two meetings with the soviets a state department spokesman said that it 's too early to say whether that will happen - with the talks the state department said it has permitted a soviet bank to open a new york branch - the branch of the bank for foreign economic affairs was approved last spring and opened in july - but a soviet bank here would be unless moscow found a way to settle the $ N million debt which was lent to the country 's short-lived democratic government before the communists seized power in N - under a N law the johnson debt default act as amended it 's illegal for americans to extend credit to countries in default to the u.s. government unless they are members of the world bank and international monetary fund - the u.s.s.r. belongs to neither organization - moscow has settled debts with other countries in recent years at less than face value - the state department stressed the debts as the key to satisfying the johnson act - but the soviets might still face legal obstacles to raising money in the u.s. until they settle hundreds of millions of dollars in additional debt still outstanding from the world war ii program - in another reflection that the growth of the economy is off the government said that orders for manufactured goods and spending on construction failed to rise in september - meanwhile the national association of purchasing management said its latest survey indicated that the manufacturing economy contracted in october for the sixth consecutive month - its index inched up to N N in october from N N in september - any reading below N N suggests the manufacturing sector is generally declining - the purchasing managers however also said that orders turned up in october after four months of decline - factories booked $ N billion in orders in september nearly the same as the $ N billion in august the commerce department said - if not for a N N surge in orders for capital goods by defense contractors factory orders would have fallen N N - in a separate report the department said construction spending ran at an annual rate of $ N billion not significantly different from the $ N billion reported for august - private construction spending was down but government building activity was up - the figures in both reports were adjusted to remove the effects of usual seasonal patterns but were n't adjusted for inflation - kenneth economist for society corp. a cleveland bank said demand for exports of factory goods is beginning to off - at the same time the drop in interest rates since the spring has failed to revive the residential construction industry - what sector is stepping forward to pick up the slack he asked - i draw a blank - by most measures the nation 's industrial sector is now growing very slowly if at all - factory fell in september - so did the federal reserve board 's index - yet many economists are n't predicting that the economy is about to slip into recession - they cite a lack of imbalances that provide early warning signals of a downturn - inventories are closely watched for such clues for instance - economists say a buildup in inventories can cutbacks in production that can lead to a recession - but yesterday 's factory orders report had good news on that front it said factory inventories fell N N in september the first decline since february N - this to the soft landing scenario said elliott an economist at donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - i do n't see any signs that inventories are excessive - a soft landing is an economic slowdown that inflation without leading to a recession - the department said orders for goods those intended to last fewer than three years fell N N in september to $ N billion after climbing N N the month before - orders for durable goods were up N N to $ N billion after rising N N the month before - the department previously estimated that orders fell N N in september - factory shipments fell N N to $ N billion after rising N N in august - shipments have been relatively level since january the commerce department noted - manufacturers ' backlogs of unfilled orders rose N N in september to $ N billion helped by strength in the defense capital goods sector - excluding these orders backlogs declined N N - in its construction spending report the commerce department said residential construction which accounts for nearly half of all construction spending was off N N in september to an annual rate of $ N billion - david economist for the mortgage bankers association predicted the drop in interest rates eventually will boost spending on single-family homes but probably not until early next year - spending on private construction was off N N to an annual rate of $ N billion with no sector showing strength - government construction spending rose N N to $ N billion - after adjusting for inflation the commerce department said construction spending did n't change in september - for the first nine months of the year total construction spending ran about N N above last year 's level - the government 's construction spending figures contrast with a report issued earlier in the week by mcgraw-hill inc. 's dodge group - dodge reported an N N increase in construction contracts awarded in september - the counts money as it is spent dodge counts contracts when they are awarded - the government includes money spent on residential dodge does n't - although the purchasing managers ' index continues to indicate a slowing economy it is n't an imminent recession said robert chairman of the association 's survey committee and director of materials management at pitney bowes inc. stamford conn - he said the index would have to be in the low N N range for several months to be considered a forecast of recession - the report offered new evidence that the nation 's export growth though still continuing may be slowing - only N N of the purchasing managers reported better export orders in october down from N N in september - and N N said export orders were down last month compared with N N the month before - the managers ' report also added evidence that inflation is under control - for the fifth consecutive month purchasing managers said prices for the goods they purchased fell - the decline was even than in september - they also said that vendors were delivering goods more quickly in october than they had for each of the five previous months - economists consider that a sign that pressures are - when demand is stronger than suppliers can handle and delivery times prices tend to rise - the purchasing managers ' report is based on data provided by more than N purchasing executives - each of the survey 's indicators the difference between the number of purchasers reporting improvement in a particular area and the number reporting a worsening - for the first time the october survey polled members on imports - it found that of the N N who import N N said they imported more in october and N N said they imported less than the previous month - while acknowledging one month 's figures do n't prove a trend mr. said it does lead you to suspect imports are going down or at least not increasing that much - items listed as being in short supply numbered only about a dozen but they included one milk and milk - it 's an odd thing to put on the list mr. noted - he said that for the second month in a row food processors reported a shortage of dry milk - they blamed increased demand for dairy products at a time of exceptionally high u.s. exports of dry milk coupled with very low import quotas - in new york contributed to this article - here are the commerce department 's figures for construction spending in billions of dollars at seasonally adjusted annual rates - here are the commerce department 's latest figures for manufacturers in billions of dollars seasonally adjusted - judging from the in 's a wild sheep chase N pages $ N baby boomers on both sides of the pacific have a lot in common - although set in japan the novel 's is almost entirely western especially american - characters drink dogs b. and watch bugs bunny reruns - they read and talk about and - they worry about their careers drink too much and suffer through broken and affairs - this is japan - for an american reader part of the of this engaging novel should come in recognizing that japan is n't the society of contemporary american - it 's also to read a japanese author who clearly does n't belong to the school of writers who the notion of the unique japanese by outsiders - if a wild sheep chase carries an implicit message for international relations it 's that the japanese are more like us than most of us think - that 's not to say that the plot of a wild sheep chase is rooted in reality - it 's and often funny - a hero sets off for snow country in search of an sheep with a star on its back at the of a with a stanford degree - he has in his girlfriend whose sassy mark her as anything but a - along the way he meets a christian who offers the hero god 's phone number and the sheep man a sweet figure who wears what else a - the 40-year-old mr. is a publishing in japan - a more recent novel norwegian wood every japanese under N seems to be in has sold more than four million copies since published it in N - but he is just one of several writers tokyo 's pack who are the charts in japan - their books are written in contemporary language and usually carry hefty of - in robert 's you have macmillan N pages $ N the give way to baseball in the version we would be hard put to call a game - as mr. describes it baseball is a mirror of japan 's of hard work and harmony - is japanese for team spirit and japanese have miles and miles of it - a player 's commitment to practice and team image is as important as his average - polls once named tokyo giants star a soul as the male symbol of japan - but other than the fact that is played with a ball and a bat it 's fans return balls to stadium the strike zone depending on the size of the ties are permitted even welcomed since they the shame of defeat players must by strict rules of conduct even in their personal lives players for the tokyo giants for example must always wear ties when on the road - you have is the often amusing of how american to two per team fare in japan - despite the enormous sums of money they 're paid to stand up at a japanese plate a good number decide it 's not worth it and run for home - funny business N pages $ N by gary is anything but - it 's the complaint of an american whom sony for a year while he was on a in tokyo to the regret of both parties - in sometimes amusing more often even vicious mr. describes how sony even the most mundane aspects of its workers ' lives at the office where employees are assigned lunch partners and at home in the company run by a - some of his about japanese management style are on the mark - it 's probably true that many put in overtime just for the of solidarity that the system is so that only the assistant manager can talk to the manager and the manager to the general manager and that sony was of letting a young short-term american employee take on any responsibility - all of this must have been frustrating to mr. who went to sony with degrees in business and computer science and was to another - but sony ultimately took a lesson from the american management books and fired mr. after he committed the social crime of making an appointment to see the venerable founder of sony - it 's a shame their meeting never took place - mr. certainly would have learned something and it 's even possible mr. would have too - ms. the journal 's deputy editorial features editor worked in tokyo for three years - more and more corners of the globe are becoming free of tobacco smoke - in singapore a new law requires smokers to put out their cigarettes before entering restaurants department stores and sports centers or face a $ N fine - and private clubs are exempt from the ban and smoking will be permitted in bars except during hours an official said - singapore already bans smoking in all theaters buses public elevators hospitals and fast-food restaurants - in malaysia a deputy minister in the prime minister 's office launched a week at the institute of technology near kuala lumpur and urged other schools to ban smoking - south korea has different concerns - in seoul officials began visiting about N cigarette to remove illegal and advertising imported cigarettes - south korea has opened its market to foreign cigarettes but restricts advertising to designated places - a marketing study indicates that hong kong consumers are the most in the N major markets where the survey was carried out - the study by the backer spielvogel bates ad agency also found that the colony 's consumers feel more pressured than those in any of the other surveyed markets which include the u.s. and japan - the survey found that nearly half of hong kong consumers what it identified as values compared with about one-third in japan and the u.s. - more than three in five said they are under a great deal of stress most of the time compared with less than one in two u.s. consumers and one in four in japan - the cabinet endorsed finance minister 's proposal to build a $ N million conference center for a joint meeting of the world bank and international monetary fund two years from now - the meeting which is expected to draw N to was going to be held at the central plaza hotel but the government balked at the hotel 's conditions for undertaking necessary expansion - a major concern about the current plan is whether the new center can be built in such a short time - arafat has written to the chairman of the international olympic committee asking him to back a palestinian bid to join the committee the liberation organization news agency said - an official of the palestinian olympic committee said the committee first applied for membership in N and renewed its application in august of this year - the plo in recent months has been trying to join international organizations but failed earlier this year to win membership in the world health organization and the world tourism organization - a beijing assistant has become the first chinese to get aids through sex the people 's daily said - it said the man whom it did not name had been found to have the disease after hospital tests - once the disease was confirmed all the man 's associates and family were tested but none have so far been found to have aids the newspaper said - the man had for a long time had a chaotic sex life including relations with foreign men the newspaper said - the polish government increased home electricity charges by N N and doubled gas prices - the official news agency said the increases were intended to bring low energy charges into line with production costs and compensate for a rise in coal prices - in news south korea in establishing diplomatic ties with poland yesterday announced $ N million in loans to the financially strapped warsaw government - in a victory for environmentalists hungary 's parliament terminated a multibillion-dollar river dam being built by firms - the dam was designed to be with another dam now nearly complete N miles in czechoslovakia - in ending hungary 's part of the project parliament authorized prime minister to modify a N agreement with czechoslovakia which still wants the dam to be built - mr. said in parliament that czechoslovakia and hungary would suffer environmental damage if the were built as planned - czechoslovakia said in may it could seek $ N billion from hungary if the contract were broken - the dam ca n't be operated solely at peak periods without the project - a painting by august set a price record when it sold at auction in stockholm for $ N million - ii was painted in oils by the playwright in N - after years of decline in france showed a N N last year with N more couples in N than in the previous year the national statistics office said - but the number of last year N was still well below the N registered in N the last year of increasing - ltd. said it agreed to issue N million canadian dollars us$ N million of N N senior debentures due nov. N N together with N bond purchase warrants - the toronto-based real estate concern said each bond warrant the holder to buy c$ N principal amount of debentures at par plus accrued interest to the date of purchase - the warrants expire nov. N N - the issue will be into fixed-rate u.s. dollars at a rate the company said is less than N N a spokesman declined to elaborate - lead underwriters for the issue are inc. and dominion securities inc. both toronto-based investment dealers - said it expects to complete the issue by the end of the month - as an actor charles lane is n't the of charlie 's spirit - steve martin has already laid his claim to that - but it is mr. lane as movie director producer and writer who has been with 's little tramp in a contemporary way - in N as a film student at the purchase campus of the state university of new york mr. lane shot a place in time a black-and-white film about a artist a man of the streets - now N years later mr. lane has revived his artist in a movie called sidewalk stories a piece of work about a tramp - of course if the film contained dialogue mr. lane 's artist would be called a homeless person - so would the little tramp for that matter - i say contained dialogue because sidewalk stories is n't really silent at all - marc a college friend of mr. lane 's who earns his living playing the double bass in classical music has prepared an exciting score that tells you what the characters are thinking and feeling far more precisely than or even words would - much of mr. lane 's film takes a highly view of life on the streets though probably no more than mr. 's notion of the tramp as the free spirit - in lovely black and white by bill the new york streets of sidewalk stories seem benign - on wall street men and women walk with great purpose one another only when they for - the artist hangs out in greenwich village on a strip of sixth avenue by and other - this clearly is not real life no crack dealers no men selling four-year-old copies of no one up in a box - the artist has his routine - he spends his days or trying to - at night he returns to the building he calls home - his life including his with a competing artist seems - he is his own man - then just as the tramp is given a blind girl to cure in city lights the artist is put in charge of returning a whose father has been murdered by to her mother - this child turns out to be a blessing and a - she gives the artist a sense of purpose but also him to the serious of his life - the at the mission seem far when he has to a little girl into one of them at night - to further load the stakes mr. lane up a highly for the artist with a young woman who owns her own children 's shop and who lives in an expensive apartment building - this story line might more strongly if mr. lane had as strong a presence in front of the camera as he does behind it - mr. lane 's final purpose is n't to the artist 's existence - he has a point he wants to make and he makes it with a great deal of force - the movie ends with sound the sound of street people talking and there is n't anything or in those rough beaten voices - the french film maker has managed another kind of weird achievement with his story of women - he has made a harsh brilliant picture one that 's about a character who viewed from the most sympathetic would seem - yet this woman carries historical significance both as one of the last women to be executed in france and as a symbol of the government 's - while with the germans during world war ii in the deaths of thousands of resistance and its officials needed a - a was their woman - she became an and continued because it enabled her to buy cocoa and other - she was and in one job killed a client - her was and brief - although she was kind and to her children she was to her husband she openly brought her into their home - as presented by mr. and played with intensity by called in the film was not a nice person - but she did n't deserve to have her head off - there is very little to recommend old a confused of the carlos novel of the mexican revolution - most of the picture is taken up with endless scenes of many people either fighting or eating and drinking to victory - i mention the picture only because many bad movies have a bright spot and this one has gregory peck in a loose and energetic portrayal of an old man who wants to die the way he wants to die - video tip before seeing sidewalk stories take a look at city lights 's tramp at his - boeing co. said it is discussing plans with three of its regular japanese suppliers to possibly help build a larger version of its popular N - the discussions are still in preliminary stages and the specific details have n't been worked out between the seattle aerospace company and heavy industries ltd. mitsubishi heavy industries ltd. and fuji heavy industries ltd - the three japanese companies build the body sections of the N accounting for a combined N N of the aircraft - japanese press reports have speculated that the japanese contribution could rise to between N N and N N under the new program - if boeing goes ahead with the larger N the plane could hit the market in the mid-1990s - this is the year the negative ad for years a secondary presence in most political campaigns became the main event - the irony is that the attack commercial after getting a boost in last year 's presidential campaign has come of age in an election year with only a few scattered across the country - but in the three leading political of N the negative ads have reached new levels of raising fears that this kind of empty of significant issues is in a new era of campaigns without content - now says joseph a pioneer in political television the idea is to attack first last and always - a trend that started with the first of politics accelerated with the of the television age and became a art form in N has reached an entirely new stage - to get people 's attention these days says douglas a political consultant your tv ad needs to be bold and entertaining and more often than not that means - and unlike a few years ago you do n't even have to worry whether the ad is - in N as often as not the principal fights in the major campaigns are prompted by the ads themselves - take a look then at the main attack commercials that set the tone for tuesday 's elections in new york city new jersey and virginia - new york city - the screen with a small tight shot of david dinkins democratic candidate for mayor of new york city - david dinkins failed to file his income taxes for four straight years says a male voice - and then this television commercial paid for by republican rudolph giuliani 's campaign and produced by roger the master of negative tv ads really gets down to business - mr. dinkins the ad charges also failed to report his campaign contributions accurately his links to a failing insurance company and paid a convicted through a phony organization with no members no receipts and no office - david dinkins says the why does he always wait until he 's caught - nasty says john mr. dinkins 's issues director designed to a case of political corruption that simply does n't exist - by the giuliani ads mr. dinkins 's tv consultants robert and david finally a negative ad of their own - the screen shows two distorted photos presumably of two politicians - compare two candidates for mayor says the announcer - one says he 's for banning bullets - the other has opposed a ban on bullets - one claims he 's pro-choice - the other has opposed a woman 's right to choose - funny thing says the both these candidates are named rudolph giuliani - who 's telling the truth - everybody and nobody - it 's a classic situation of ads that are true but not always fully accurate - mr. dinkins did fail to file his income taxes for four years but he insists he voluntarily admitted the oversight when he was being considered for a city job - he was on the board of an insurance company with financial problems but he insists he made no secret of it - the city 's campaign finance board has refused to pay mr. dinkins $ N in matching funds because his campaign records are incomplete - the campaign has blamed these reporting problems on computer errors - and says mr. dinkins he did n't know the man his campaign paid for a effort had been convicted of - but say mr. dinkins 's managers he did have an office and his organization did have members - mr. giuliani 's campaign chairman peter powers says the dinkins ad is deceptive - the other side he argues knows giuliani has always been pro-choice even though he has personal reservations - they know he is generally opposed to bullets but that he had some reservations about the language in the legislation - virginia - democratic gov. douglas wilder opened his gubernatorial battle with republican marshall coleman with an abortion commercial produced by frank that analysts of every political agree was a tour de force - against a shot of on an american flag an announcer talks about the strong tradition of freedom and individual liberty that have for generations - then just as an image of the of thomas jefferson from the screen the announcer continues on the issue of abortion marshall coleman wants to take away your right to choose and give it to the politicians - that commercial which said mr. coleman wanted to take away the right of abortion even in cases of rape and incest a charge mr. coleman denies changed the dynamics of the campaign it at least in part into a on abortion - the ad prompted mr. coleman the former virginia attorney general to launch a series of advertisements created by bob goodman and designed to shake mr. wilder 's support among the very women who were attracted by the abortion ad - the coleman featured a of a young woman in and the ad suggested that she was an courtroom - a voice says now do n't you have - then an announcer it was douglas wilder who introduced a bill to force rape victims age N and younger to be about their private lives by lawyers for accused - so the next time mr. wilder talks about the rights of women ask him about this law he tried to pass - mr. wilder did introduce such legislation N years ago but he did so at the request of a a common legislative technique used by lawmakers - the legislation itself noted that it was introduced by request and in N mr. wilder introduced a bill to protect rape victims from - people have grown tired of these ads and coleman has gotten the of being a negative says mark a political scientist at mary washington college - wilder has managed to get across the idea that coleman will say anything to get elected governor and more important has been able to put the for all the negative on coleman - mr. coleman said this week that he would devote the remainder of the political season to positive but the truce lasted only hours - by tuesday night television stations were carrying new ads featuring mr. coleman himself raising questions about mr. wilder 's to rape victims - new jersey - the attacks began when democratic rep. james florio aired an ad featuring a drawing of and a photograph of mr. florio 's rival republican rep. jim courter - remember says a female voice - consider jim courter - and then this commercial produced by bob gets down to its own mean and business - pictures of oil into focus and the female voice that hazardous waste on his mr. courter 's property the neighbors are suing for consumer fraud - and the nose on mr. courter 's face grows - the only fraud involved cry mr. courter 's is the florio commercial itself and so the courter campaign has responded with its own commercial produced by mr. - in this one the screen with photographs of both candidates - who 's really lying asks a female voice - florio 's lying the voice goes on because the barrel on courter 's land contained heating oil was up and caused no pollution - mr. courter 's long nose while mr. florio 's grows - who 's telling the truth - stephen a political scientist at new jersey 's institute says it 's another example of an ad that 's true but not fully accurate - barrels were dumped on the courter property a complaint was made but there is no evidence the barrels were a serious threat to the environment - even so according to mr. the ad was devastating because it raised questions about mr. courter 's credibility - but it 's building on a long tradition - in N on route to a re-election rout of democrat frank gop gov. nelson rockefeller of new york appeared in person saying if you want to keep the crime rates high is your man - a seat on the chicago board of trade was sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale last friday - seats currently are quoted at $ N bid and $ N asked - the record price for a full membership on the exchange is $ N set aug. N N - japanese investment in southeast asia is the region toward economic integration - interviews with analysts and business people in the u.s. suggest that japanese capital may produce the economic cooperation that southeast asian politicians have pursued in fits and starts for decades - but japan 's power in the region also is fears of domination and fresh policy questions - the flow of japanese funds has set in motion a process these economies will be together by the great japanese investment machine says robert vice chairman of goldman sachs international corp - in the past five years japanese companies have tripled their commitments in asia to $ N billion - in thailand for example the government 's board of investment approved $ N million of japanese investment in N N times the u.s. investment figure for the year - japan 's commitment in southeast asia also includes steep increases in foreign assistance and trade - asia 's other countries are following japan 's lead and pumping capital into the region - in taiwan and south korea rising wages are forcing manufacturers to seek other overseas sites for production - these nations known as asia 's little also are contributing to southeast asia 's integration but their influence will remain subordinate to japan 's - for countries such as thailand and malaysia the investment will provide needed jobs and spur growth - but asian nations ' harsh memories of their military domination by japan in the early part of this century make them fearful of falling under japanese economic now - because of budget constraints in washington the u.s. encourages japan to share economic burdens in the region - but it yielding political ground - in the coming decade analysts say relations will be tested as tokyo comes to terms with its new status as the region 's economic - japan 's swelling investment in southeast asia is part of its economic evolution - in the past decade japanese manufacturers concentrated on domestic production for export - in the 1990s spurred by rising labor costs and the strong yen these companies will increasingly turn themselves into with plants around the world - to capture the investment southeast asian nations will move to accommodate japanese business - these nations ' internal decisions will be made in a way not to their largest aid largest private investor and largest lender says richard director of the international business and research program at the university of southern california 's graduate school of business - japanese money will help turn southeast asia into a more economic region - but analysts say asian cooperation is n't likely to parallel the european common market approach - rather japanese investment will spur integration of certain sectors says kent a specialist in east asian economies at the wilson school for public and affairs at princeton university - in electronics for example a japanese company might make television picture in japan the sets in malaysia and export them to indonesia - the effect will be to pull asia together not as a common market but as an integrated production zone says goldman sachs 's mr. - countries in the region also are beginning to consider a for closer economic and political ties - the economic and foreign ministers of N asian and pacific nations will meet in australia next week to discuss global trade issues as well as regional matters such as transportation and telecommunications - participants will include the u.s. australia canada japan south korea and new zealand as well as the six members of the association of southeast asian nations thailand malaysia singapore indonesia the philippines and - in addition the u.s. this year offered its own plan for cooperation around the pacific in a major speech by secretary of state james baker following up a proposal made in january by australian prime minister bob - the baker proposal washington 's intention to continue playing a leading political role in the region - in asia as in europe a new order is taking shape mr. baker said - the u.s. with its regional friends must play a crucial role in designing its architecture - but maintaining u.s. influence will be difficult in the face of japanese dominance in the region - japan not only the u.s. in investment flows but also it in trade with most southeast asian countries although the u.s. remains the leading trade partner for all of asia - moreover the japanese government now the world 's largest aid is pumping far more assistance into the region than the u.s. is - while u.s. officials voice optimism about japan 's role in asia they also convey an of caution - there 's an understanding on the part of the u.s. that japan has to expand its functions in asia says j. michael undersecretary of commerce for trade - if they approach it with a attitude there will be a net gain for everyone - some asian nations are about washington 's demand that tokyo step up its military spending to ease the u.s. security burden in the region - the issue is further complicated by uncertainty over the future of the u.s. 's leases on military bases in the philippines and by a possible u.s. troop reduction in south korea - many regard a u.s. presence as a desirable to japanese influence - no one wants the u.s. to pick up its and go home mr. says - for their part taiwan and south korea are expected to step up their own investments in the next decade to try to slow the japanese - they do n't want japan to the region and it up says lee professor of east asian politics at the university of pennsylvania - rice could hardly believe her eyes - while giving the comprehensive test of basic skills to ninth at greenville high school last march N she spotted a student looking at sheets - she had seen cheating before but these notes were - a is an example of a profession in trade and finance - at the end of world war ii germany surrendered before japan - the conference committee is used when a bill is passed by the house and senate in different forms - virtually word for word the notes matched questions and answers on the section of the test the student was taking - in fact the student had the answers to almost all of the N questions in that section - the student surrendered the notes but not without a protest - my teacher said it was ok for me to use the notes on the test he said - the teacher in question was nancy yeargin considered by many students and parents to be one of the best at the school - confronted mrs. yeargin admitted she had given the questions and answers two days before the examination to two geography classes - she had gone so far as to display the questions on an overhead and the answers - mrs. yeargin was fired and prosecuted under an unusual south carolina law that makes it a crime to breach test security - in september she pleaded guilty and paid a $ N fine - her alternative was N days in jail - her story is partly one of personal - she was an teacher who won and inspired students but she will probably never teach again - in her wake she left the and anger of a principal who was her friend and now calls her a of colleagues who say she brought them shame of students and parents who defended her and insist she was treated and of officials stunned that despite the nature of her actions she became something of a local - mrs. yeargin 's case also some light on the dark side of school reform where pressures on teachers are growing and where testing has enhanced the temptation to - the N statute mrs. yeargin violated was designed to enforce provisions of south carolina 's laws - prosecutors alleged that she was trying to bolster students ' scores to win a bonus under the state 's N education improvement act - the bonus depended on her ability to produce higher scores - there is incredible pressure on school systems and teachers to raise test scores says walt an education professor and testing specialist at boston college - so efforts to beat the tests are also on the rise - and most disturbing it is educators not students who are blamed for much of the wrongdoing - a study released in september by friends for education an n.m. group concluded that outright cheating by american educators is common - the group says standardized achievement test scores are greatly inflated because teachers often teach the test as mrs. yeargin did although most are never caught - evidence of widespread cheating has surfaced in several states in the last year or so - california 's education department suspects adult responsibility for at N schools that changed wrong answers to right ones on a statewide test - after numerous of questionable teacher help to students texas is its security practices - and sales of booklets for classroom instruction are booming - these materials including school publishing co. 's scoring high and learning materials are nothing short of sophisticated sheets according to some recent academic research - by using them teachers with administrative blessing telegraph to students the precise areas on which a test will concentrate and sometimes give away a few exact questions and answers - use of scoring high is widespread in south carolina and common in greenville county mrs. yeargin 's school district - experts say there is n't another state in the country where tests mean as much as they do in south carolina - under the state 's education improvement act low test scores can block students ' promotions or force entire districts into that can mean - high test scores on the other hand bring recognition and extra money a new computer lab for a school grants for special projects a bonus for the - and south carolina says it is getting results - since the reforms went in place for example no state has posted a higher rate of improvement on the test than south carolina although the state still posts the lowest average score of the about N states who use the sat as the primary college examination - critics say south carolina is paying a price by stressing improved test scores so much - friends of education rates south carolina one of the worst seven states in its study on academic cheating - says the organization 's founder john mrs. yeargin is a way for administrators to protect themselves and look like they take cheating seriously when in fact they do n't take it seriously at all - paul director of testing for the south carolina department of education says mr. 's allegations of cheating are without foundation and based on unfair - partly because of worries about potential abuse however he says the state will begin keeping closer track of preparation booklets next spring - south carolina 's reforms were designed for schools like greenville high school - standing on a hill in a area of this old textile city the school has educated many of south carolina 's best and including the state 's last two governors nobel prize winning charles and actress - but by the early 1980s its glory had faded like the yellow bricks of its broad - it was full of violence and gangs and kids cutting class says linda ward the school 's principal - crime was awful test scores were low and there was no in programs - mrs. ward took over in N becoming the school 's seventh principal in N years - her immediate predecessor suffered a nervous breakdown - prior to his term a teacher to death in the halls by a student - mrs. ward says the school was having trouble serving in harmony its two and evenly split student groups a white elite from old neighborhoods and blacks many of them poor from inner city neighborhoods - mrs. ward resolved to clean out in the school 's faculty and restore safety and she also had some new factors working in her behalf - one was statewide school reform which raised overall educational funding and in a new public spirit for school - another was nancy yeargin who came to greenville in N full of the energy and ambitions that reformers wanted to reward - being a teacher just became my life says the mrs. yeargin a teacher for N years before her dismissal - i loved the school its history - i even about school and new things to do with my students - while mrs. ward fired and restructured staff and struggled to improve mrs. yeargin worked days and fast became a student favorite - in N and N she applied for and won bonus pay under the reform law - encouraged by mrs. ward mrs. yeargin taught honor students in the state teacher program a reform creation designed to encourage good students to consider teaching as a career - she won grant money for the school advised ran the club proposed and taught a new cultural class in western and was chosen by the school as teacher of the year - she was an lady she had it all together says a freshman at the university of south carolina who had mrs. yeargin in the class last year - she says that because of mrs. yeargin she gave up ambitions in architecture and is studying to become a teacher - mary beth a greenville also says mrs. yeargin inspired her to go into education - she taught us more in western than i 've ever learned in other classes says green a greenville senior - in the classroom students say mrs. yeargin distinguished herself by teaching approaches forcing kids to pair up to complete classroom work or using type - on she came to work to prepare study plans or sometimes even to polish the furniture in her classroom - she just never gave it up says mary mary beth 's mother - you 'd see her in the stands at a football game - some fellow teachers however viewed mrs. yeargin as and too yielding to students - mrs. ward says she often defended her to colleagues who called her a - pressures began to build - friends told her she was pushing too hard - because of deteriorating hearing she told colleagues she feared she might not be able to teach much longer - mrs. yeargin 's extra work was also helping her earn points in the state 's program - but the most important source of points was student improvement on tests - huge gains by her students in N and N meant a total of $ N in bonuses over two years a meaningful addition to her annual salary of $ N - winning a bonus for a third year was n't that important to her mrs. yeargin insists - but others at greenville high say she was eager to win if not for money then for pride and recognition - mary elizabeth another teacher says she believed mrs. yeargin wanted to keep her standing high so she could get a new job that would n't demand good hearing - indeed mrs. yeargin was interested in a possible job with the state teacher program - last march after attending a teaching in washington mrs. yeargin says she returned to greenville two days before annual testing feeling that she had n't prepared her geography students adequately - when test booklets were passed out N hours ahead of time she says she questions in the social studies section and gave the answers to students - mrs. yeargin admits she made a big mistake but insists her were correct - i was trying to help kids in an unfair testing situation she says - only five of the N questions were geography questions - the rest were history finance subjects they never had - mrs. yeargin says that she also wanted to help lift greenville high school 's overall test scores usually near the bottom of N district high schools in carried annually by local newspapers - mostly she says she wanted to prevent the damage to that her students would suffer from doing badly on the test - these kids broke my heart she says - a whole day goes by and no one even knows they 're alive - they desperately needed somebody who showed they for them who loved them - the last thing they needed was another blow - school officials and prosecutors say mrs. yeargin is lying - they found students in an advanced class a year earlier who said she gave them similar help although because the case was n't tried in court this evidence was never presented publicly - that pretty much any that she was out to help the poor child says joe watson the prosecutor in the case who is also president of greenville high school 's association - mrs. yeargin concedes that she went over the questions in the earlier class adding i wanted to help all students - mr. watson says mrs. yeargin never complained to school officials that the standardized test was unfair - do i have much for her mr. watson asks - not really - i believe in the system - i believe you have to use the system to change it - what she did was like taking the law into your own hands - mrs. ward says that when the cheating was discovered she wanted to avoid the public disclosure that a trial would bring - she says she offered mrs. yeargin a quiet resignation and thought she could help save her teaching certificate - mrs. yeargin declined - she said something like you just want to make it easy for the school - i was mrs. ward recalls - it was like someone had turned a in me - to the and of her and legal authorities and perhaps as a measure of the of standardized tests yeargin won widespread local support - the hearing at which she was dismissed was crowded with students teachers and parents who came to testify on her behalf - supportive callers unfair testing not mrs. yeargin on a local radio talk show on which she appeared - the show did n't give the of mrs. yeargin 's saying only that she helped students do better on the test - the message to the board of education out of all this is we 've got to take a serious look at how we 're doing our and our testing policies in this state said the host - in the greenville newspaper allowed that mrs. yeargin was wrong but also said the case showed how testing was being - the radio show us says mrs. ward - partly because of the show mr. watson says the district decided not to recommend mrs. yeargin for a first-time offenders program that could have the charges and the conviction from her record - and legal authorities up an investigation worthy of a murder case - over N witnesses mostly students were interviewed - at greenville high school meanwhile some students especially on the were crushed - it 's hard to explain to a why someone they like had to go says mrs. ward - soon appeared in the that carried the school 's familiar on the front - on the back the shirts read we have all the answers - many colleagues are angry at mrs. yeargin - she did a lot of harm says rice who had discovered the notes - we work damn hard at what we do for damn little pay and what she did cast unfair on all of us - but several teachers also say the incident doubt on the wisdom of evaluating teachers or schools by using standardized test scores - says key a teacher the incentive pay thing has opened up a can of - there may be others doing what she did - mrs. yeargin says she pleaded guilty because she realized it would no longer be possible to win and because she was afraid of further charges - mrs. ward for one was relieved - despite the strong evidence against mrs. yeargin popular sentiment was so strong in her favor mrs. ward says that i 'm afraid a jury would n't have convicted her - since first touched slate have wanted to know what 's on the test - these days students can often find the answer in and their teachers give them in the weeks prior to taking standardized achievement tests - the section of the widely used california achievement test asks fifth what is another name for the roman - it also asks them to add and - in a called learning materials sold to schools across the country by school publishing co. contain the same questions - in many other there is almost no difference between the real test and learning materials - what 's more the test and learning materials are both produced by the same company a joint venture of mcgraw-hill inc. and macmillan 's parent britain 's maxwell communication corp - close parallels between tests and practice tests are common some educators and researchers say - booklets software and are a booming publishing - but some practice products are so similar to the tests themselves that critics say they represent a form of cheating - if i took these preparation booklets into my classroom i 'd have a hard time to my students and parents that it was n't cheating says john a city mich. teacher who has studied test - he and other critics say such aids can defeat the purpose of standardized tests which is to gauge learning progress - it 's as if france decided to give only french history questions to students in a european history class and when everybody the test they say their kids are good in european history says john an n.m. and founder of an educational research organization friends for education which has studied standardized testing - standardized achievement tests are given about N million times a year across the country to students generally from through eighth grade - the most widely used of these tests are 's cat and comprehensive test of basic skills the iowa test of basic skills by co. and inc. 's metropolitan achievement test and stanford achievement test - sales figures of the materials are n't known but their reach into schools is significant - in arizona california florida louisiana maryland new jersey south carolina and texas educators say they are common classroom tools - says well over N million of its scoring high books have been sold since their introduction N years ago with most sales in the last five years - about N sets of learning materials teachers ' have also been sold in the past four years - the materials in each set reach about N students - scoring high and learning materials are the preparation tests - michael kean director of marketing for the division that publishes learning materials says it is n't aimed at improving test scores - he also asserted that exact questions were n't - when referred to the questions that matched he said it was - mr. the and william a michigan state university education professor concluded in a study last june that cat test versions of scoring high and learning materials should n't be used in the classroom because of their similarity to the actual test - they devised a scale one point for each measured on the cat test to rate the of test to the cat - because many of these the of figures metric measurement of volume or pie and bar for example are only a small part of the total mr. says the preparation would n't too many if their real intent was general instruction or even general with test procedures - but learning materials matched on N of N - scoring high matched on N - in cat sections where students ' knowledge of sounds is tested the authors noted that scoring high concentrated on the same sounds that the test does to the exclusion of other sounds that fifth should know - learning materials for the contains at least a dozen examples of exact matches or close parallels to test items - rick senior editor of scoring high says that messrs. and are ignoring the need students have for becoming familiar with tests and testing format - he said authors of scoring high avoid exact questions but he does n't deny that some items are similar - when scoring high first came out in N it was a publication of random house - mcgraw-hill was - in a N advisory to educators mcgraw-hill said scoring high should n't be used because it represented a parallel form of the cat and tests - but in N mcgraw-hill purchased the random house unit that publishes scoring high which later became part of - messrs. and kean say they are of any efforts by mcgraw-hill to modify or scoring high - corp. said it completed the acquisition of sacramento savings & loan association from the & c. foundation for $ N million - the s&l which has N branch offices in north central california had assets of $ N billion at the end of september - new york-based is an insurance and financial services concern - the purchase price includes two companies - the department of health and human services plans to extend its on federal funding of research involving fetal-tissue transplants - medical researchers believe the of small amounts of tissue into humans could help treat and such diseases as 's 's and 's - but anti-abortionists oppose such research because they worry that the development of using fetal-tissue transplants could lead to an increase in abortions - james mason assistant secretary for health said the ban on federal funding of fetal-tissue transplant research should be continued indefinitely - he said the ban wo n't stop privately funded research or federally funded fetal-tissue research that does n't involve transplants - department officials say that hhs secretary louis sullivan will support dr. mason 's ruling which will be issued soon in the form of a letter to the acting director of the national institutes of health - both dr. mason and dr. sullivan oppose federal funding for abortion as does president bush except in cases where a woman 's life is threatened - the controversy began in N when the national institutes of health aware of the policy implications of its research asked for an hhs review of its plan to tissue into the brain of a patient suffering from 's disease - the department placed a on the research pending a review of scientific legal and ethical issues - a majority of an panel recommended late last year that the research continue under carefully controlled conditions but the issue became in politics as anti-abortion groups continued to oppose federal funding - the dispute has hampered the administration 's efforts to recruit prominent doctors to fill prestigious posts at the helm of the nih and the centers for disease control - several candidates have withdrawn their names from consideration after administration officials asked them for their views on abortion and fetal-tissue transplants - antonio novello whom mr. bush to serve as surgeon general reportedly has assured the administration that she opposes abortion - dr. novello is deputy director of the national institute of child health and human development - some researchers have charged that the administration is imposing new ideological tests for top scientific posts - earlier this week dr. sullivan tried to these charges by stressing that candidates to head the nih and the will be by standards of scientific and administrative not politics - but the administration 's handling of the fetal-tissue transplant issue many scientists - when scientific progress moves into ground there has to be a role for society to make judgments about its applications says associate dean of the yale medical school - the disturbing thing about this abortion issue is that the debate has become so that no mechanism exists for finding a middle ground - yale is one of the few medical institutions conducting privately funded research on fetal-tissue transplants - but dr. warns that dr. mason 's ruling may discourage private funding - the of federal funds and the climate in which the decision was made certainly do n't provide any incentive for one of the more visible foundations to provide support he said - despite the over transplants federal funding of research involving will continue on a number of fronts - such research may ultimately result in the ability to damaged or to turn off genes that cause cancer or to regulate genes that cause down 's syndrome the leading cause of mental according to an nih summary - the nih currently spends about $ N million annually on fetal-tissue research out of a total research budget of $ N billion - hope that two new england states will allow broader interstate banking boosted nasdaq 's bank stocks but the over-the-counter market was up only slightly in lackluster trading - the nasdaq composite index added N to N on volume of N million shares - in terms of volume it was an beginning for november - yesterday 's share turnover was well below the year 's daily average of N million - in october the busiest month of the year so far daily volume averaged roughly N million shares - the nasdaq N index of the biggest stocks gained N to N - the index of the N largest nasdaq financial stocks rose modestly as well gaining N to N - but the broader nasdaq bank index which tracks thrift issues jumped N to N - the bank stocks got a boost when connecticut bank & trust and bank of new england said they no longer oppose pending legislation that would permit banks from other regions to merge with connecticut and massachusetts banks - the two banks merged in N - bank of new england 's shares are traded on the new york stock exchange - the stocks of banking concerns based in massachusetts were n't helped much by the announcement traders said because many of those concerns have financial problems tied to their real-estate loan portfolios making them takeover targets - but speculators anticipating that connecticut will approve a law permitting such interstate banking soon immediately bid up shares of connecticut banks on the news - a lot of the stocks that have been under water finally saw a reason to uptick said george head trader of banking issues in shearson lehman hutton 's otc department - the biggest was northeast bancorp which surged N N to N - the stamford conn. concern has agreed to a buy-out by bank of new york in a transaction with an indicated value of about $ N a share that expires next august - ed a conn. money manager who follows bank stocks said the announcement effectively gives the deal the green light - mr. said northeast bancorp also fared well because takeover stocks have returned to favor among investors - another otc bank stock involved in a buy-out deal first constitution financial was higher - it rose N to N N - first constitution has signed a merger agreement with l.p. and corp. under which all of its common shares will be acquired for $ N each or $ N million - among other connecticut banks whose shares trade in the otc market society for savings bancorp based in hartford saw its stock rise N N to N N - added N to N N shares of a new london-based bank holding company rose N to N N - among other banking issues savings association more than N N with a gain of N N to N N - the pennsylvania bank agreed to be acquired in a merger with corp. of pennsylvania for $ N a share - valley federal savings & loan a california thrift issue gained N to N N after reporting a third-quarter loss of $ N million after an $ N million pretax charge mostly related to its mobile home financing unit - dan e. valley federal 's president and chief executive officer said the one-time charge substantially future losses associated with the unit - he said the company 's core business remains strong - he also said that after the charges and assuming no dramatic in interest rates the company expects to achieve earnings in N - weisfield 's surged N N to N N and ratners group 's american depositary receipts or adrs gained N to N N - the two concerns said they entered into a definitive merger agreement under which ratners will begin a tender offer for all of weisfield 's common shares for $ N each - also on the takeover front jaguar 's adrs rose N to N N on turnover of N million - since the british auto maker became a takeover target last month its adrs have jumped about N N - after troubled heritage media proposed acquiring pop radio in a stock swap pop radio 's shares tumbled N to N N - heritage media which already owns about N N of pop radio proposed paying pop radio shareholders with shares of a new class of heritage media preferred stock that would be convertible into four shares of heritage media 's common - rally 's lost N N to N N - the restaurant operator said it has redeemed its rights issued monday under its shareholder rights plan - the fast-food company said its decision was based on discussions with a shareholder group giant group ltd. in an effort to resolve certain disputes with the company - giant group is led by three rally 's directors burt sugarman james m. trotter iii and william e. trotter ii who earlier this month indicated they had a N N stake in rally 's and planned to seek a majority of seats on rally 's board - sci systems slipped N to N on volume of N shares - the ala. electronic products maker said it expects to post a significant loss for its fiscal first quarter ended sept. N - in the year-earlier period sci had net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - the internal revenue service has threatened criminal sanctions against lawyers who fail to report detailed information about clients who pay them more than $ N in cash - the warnings issued to at least N criminal defense attorneys in several major cities in the last week have led to an outcry by members of the organized bar who claim the information is protected by privilege - the irs warnings stem from a N law that requires anyone who receives more than $ N in cash from a client or customer in one or more related transactions in the course of trade or business to report the payment on a document known as form N - the form asks for such details as the client 's name social security number number and details about the services provided for the payment - failure to complete the form had been punishable as a until last november when congress determined that the crime was a felony punishable by up to N years in prison - attorneys have argued since N when the law took effect that they can not provide information about clients who do n't wish their to be known - many attorneys have returned incomplete forms to the irs in recent years citing privilege - until last week the irs rarely acted on the incomplete forms - this form forces a lawyer to become in effect a witness against his client said neal r. president of the national association of criminal defense lawyers - the irs is asking lawyers to a criminal problem to the government added mr. a miami lawyer who has heard from dozens of attorneys who received letters in recent days and has himself received the irs forms sent by certified mail - mr. said that clients who pay cash may include alleged drug dealers who do n't have domestic bank accounts - these individuals may not necessarily be under investigation when they hire lawyers - mr. said there also may be other circumstances under which individuals would n't want the government to know they had retained criminal defense lawyers - filling out detailed forms about these individuals would tip the irs off and spark action against the clients he said - the defense lawyers ' group formed a task force this week by new york attorney gerald to deal with the matter - the american bar association 's house of delegates passed a resolution in N the irs reporting requirement - michael ross a new york lawyer who heads the aba 's grand jury committee said that lawyers are prohibited by the aba 's code of ethics from disclosing information about a client except where a court orders it or to prevent the client from committing a criminal act that could result in death - mr. ross said he met with officials of the irs and the justice department which would bring any enforcement actions against taxpayers to discuss the issue last may - at that meeting he said the justice department assured him that enforcement procedures would n't be threatened against attorneys without further review and advance notice - mr. ross said irs officials opposed the justice department 's moderate stance on the matter - but in the letters sent in recent days christopher j. of the irs computing center in detroit told attorneys that failing to voluntarily submit the requested information could result in enforcement action being initiated - in some cases the irs asked for information dating back to forms it received in N - a spokesman for the irs confirmed that there has been about incomplete but he declined to say why the letters were sent to lawyers now - individuals familiar with the justice department 's policy said that justice officials had n't any knowledge of the irs 's actions in the last week - lawyers worry that if they provide information about clients that data could quickly end up in the hands of prosecutors - prosecutors need court permission to obtain the tax returns of an individual or a business - but they have obtained N forms without court permission and used the information to help develop criminal cases - some criminal lawyers speculated that the irs was sending the letters to test the issue - in a number of recent cases federal courts have refused to recognize attorneys ' that information relating to fees from clients should be confidential - the war over federal judicial salaries takes a victim - often judges ease into more lucrative private practice with little fanfare but not federal judge a. ramirez in sacramento calif - on tuesday the judge called a news conference to say he was effective dec. N to join a san francisco law firm - the reason the refusal of congress to give federal judges a raise - a couple of my law were going to pass me in three or four years and i was afraid i was going to have to ask them for a loan the judge in an interview - federal judges make $ N annually in february congress rejected a bill that would have increased their pay by N N - judge ramirez N said it is for judges to make what they do - judges are not getting what they deserve - you look around at professional or accountants and nobody an eye - when you become a federal judge all of a sudden you are to a sum - at his new job as partner in charge of federal litigation in the sacramento office of & he will make out much better - the judge declined to discuss his salary in detail but said i 'm going to be a high-priced lawyer - union troubles are no laughing matter - trudeau is suing the writers guild of america east for $ N million alleging it mounted a campaign to and punish him for crossing a ' picket line - the dispute involves productions inc. a tv production company in which mr. trudeau is a - mr. trudeau a writers guild member also was employed as a writer for which was covered by a guild agreement - the guild began a strike against the tv and movie industry in march N - in his lawsuit mr. trudeau says the strike illegally included and the refused to honor the strike against the company - a spokesman for the guild said the union 's lawyers are reviewing the suit - he said disciplinary proceedings are confidential and declined to comment on whether any are being held against mr. trudeau - mr. trudeau 's attorney norman k. said the consists mainly of the guild 's threats of disciplinary action - mr. said a guild disciplinary hearing is scheduled next monday in new york - mr. who will go before the disciplinary panel said the proceedings are unfair and that any punishment from the guild would be - in addition to the damages the suit seeks a court order preventing the guild from or against mr. trudeau - abortion ruling upheld - a federal appeals court upheld a lower court ruling that the u.s. can bar the use of federal funds for programs that include services - a department of health and human services rule adopted in N prohibits the use of so-called title x funds for programs that assist a woman in obtaining an abortion such as abortion counseling and - the rule also prohibits funding for activities that encourage promote or advocate abortion - title x funds are the single largest source of federal funding for services according to the opinion by the second u.s. circuit court of appeals in new york - the panel ruled that the restrictions do n't violate the freedom of speech of health care and that the limits on counseling services do n't violate the rights of pregnant women - inquiry clears texas judge of bias in comments on homosexual murder victims - dallas district judge jack had sparked calls for a judicial inquiry with his remarks to the press last december two weeks after sentencing an defendant to N years in state prison for killing two homosexual men in a city park - the judge was quoted as referring to the victims as and saying they would n't have been killed if they had n't been the streets picking up boys - but robert r. murray a special master appointed by the texas supreme court said judge did n't breach any judicial standards of fairness although he did violate the state 's judicial code by commenting publicly on a pending case - that the judge has never any bias or mr. murray concluded that he would be in any case involving a homosexual or as a victim - mr. murray also said judge 's comments did n't the judiciary or the administration of justice - the report is subject to review by the state commission on judicial conduct which is to impose sanctions - gaf trial goes to round three - attorneys in the third trial of gaf corp. began opening arguments yesterday in the manhattan courtroom of u.s. district judge mary johnson lowe - in an indictment the government has charged gaf a wayne n.j. specialty chemical maker and its vice chairman james t. sherwin with attempting to manipulate the common stock of union carbide corp. in advance of gaf 's planned sale of a large block of the stock in november N - the first two gaf trials ended in earlier this year - this trial is expected to last five weeks - switching to the defense - a former member of the prosecution team in the affair joined the chicago firm of mayer brown & - michael r. a member since january N of the trial team in the prosecution of oliver north became a partner in the washington d.c. office of the firm - he will specialize in white-collar criminal defense work - mr. N also has served as deputy chief and chief of the narcotics unit for the u.s. attorney 's office for the southern district of new york based in manhattan - tire & rubber co. said it has reached an agreement in principle to buy buildings and related property in albany ga. from inc - terms were n't disclosed - the tire maker said the buildings consist of N million square feet of office manufacturing and space on N acres of land - fujitsu ltd. 's top executive took the unusual step of publicly for his company 's making bids of just one yen for several local government projects while computer rival nec corp. made a written for in the same practice - meanwhile business and government leaders the computer makers and about the broader statement the companies ' actions make about japanese pricing - fujitsu said it bid the equivalent of less than a u.s. penny on three separate municipal contracts during the past two years - the company also disclosed that during that period it offered N yen or about $ N for another contract - but fujitsu japan 's no. N computer maker is n't alone - nec one of its largest domestic competitors said it bid one yen in two separate public auctions since N - in both cases nec lost the contract to fujitsu which made the same bid and won a - all the contracts were for contracts and involved no hardware or software - the ministry of international trade and industry summoned executives from the companies to make sure they understood the concern about such practices according to a government spokesman - these cases lead to the loss of the firms ' social and international credibility a ministry statement said - japan 's fair trade commission has said it is considering investigating the bids for possible violations - we would like to for having caused huge trouble fujitsu president read from a prepared statement as he stood before a packed news conference at his company 's downtown headquarters - the bids he added were contrary to common sense - nec released a statement saying we feel sorry for having caused trouble to society a form of common in japan for companies caught in embarrassing situations - japanese companies have long had a reputation for short-term profits to make a sale that may have long-term benefits - but the growing controversy comes as many practices historically accepted as normal here such as politicians accepting substantial gifts from businessmen or having affairs are coming under close ethical scrutiny - the fire is also fueled by growing international interest in japanese behavior - so far there have been no public overseas complaints about the issue - but in one of the auctions in question international business machines corp. made a bid substantially higher than the fujitsu offer according to the - the bids touch on issues central to the increasingly trade debate - foreigners complain that they have limited access to government procurement in japan in part because japanese companies unfairly undercut them - the u.s. government in recent years has accused japanese companies of slashing prices on semiconductors and products fujitsu and nec make - asked whether the bidding would hurt relations mr. said this will be a minus factor - the controversy first came to a head last week when the city of hiroshima announced that fujitsu won a contract to design a computer system to its waterworks - the city had expected to pay about N million yen $ N but fujitsu essentially offered to do it for free - then wednesday fujitsu said it made a similar bid to win a library contract in two weeks earlier - it also said that in july it bid N yen to design a system for the library and two years ago it bid one yen to plan the telecommunications system for - the company said it has offered to withdraw its bids in hiroshima and - the municipalities said they have n't decided whether to try to force the company to go through with the contracts - fujitsu and nec said they were still investigating and that knowledge of more such bids could emerge - mr. insisted that headquarters had n't approved the bids and that he did n't know about most of the cases until wednesday - other major japanese computer companies contacted yesterday said they have never made such bids - one yen is not ethical an official at the japan federation of economic organizations said - profit may be low but at least costs should be covered - papers - group inc. agreed to acquire atlantic publications inc. which has N community papers and annual sales of $ N million - terms were n't disclosed - is a closely held media firm run by former cbs inc. president john - tv - price communications corp. completed the sale of four of its tv stations to inc. for $ N million in cash and notes retaining a N N equity stake in the new concern - was formed by communications corp. and capital - stores inc. which owns and operates a chain of specialty retail stores said october sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - sales in stores open more than one year rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - furukawa co. of japan said it will acquire two construction machinery plants and a sales unit in france formerly to industries inc. of the u.s. - the company said it made the purchase in order to locally produce operated - last october the company also bought a manufacturing plant in west germany from - furukawa said the purchase of the french and german plants together will total about N billion yen $ N million - structural dynamics research corp. which makes engineering software said it introduced new technology in mechanical design that will improve mechanical engineering productivity - - money market N N - a average rate paid yesterday by N large banks and thrifts in the N largest metropolitan areas as compiled by bank rate monitor - b current annual yield - guaranteed minimum N N - lsi logic corp. reported a surprise $ N million third-quarter net loss including a special restructuring charge that reflects a continuing slowdown in semiconductor demand - in september the maker said excess capacity and lagging billings would result in an estimated $ N million to $ N million net loss for the third quarter - but company officials said yesterday that they decided to take a $ N million pretax charge for the period to cover a restructuring of world-wide manufacturing operations citing extended weakness in the market as well as a decision to switch to more production techniques - over the summer months there has been a slowing in the rate of new orders from the computer sector our primary market said wilfred j. chairman and chief executive officer - in addition recent industry forecasts for N indicate a slow environment at least until midyear - as a result the company said it decided to phase out its oldest capacity and make appropriate reductions in operating expenses - the $ N million net loss N cents a share - not counting the extraordinary charge the company said it would have had a net loss of $ N million or seven cents a share - a year earlier it had profit of $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the charge partly reflects a switch from older to silicon with which to chips - related to that decision the company said it was converting its santa clara calif. factory to a research and development facility - a spokesman declined to speculate about possible reductions in force - this is a company that has invested in capacity additions more aggressively than any other company in the industry and now the industry is growing more slowly and they are suddenly poorly positioned said michael stark chip analyst at robertson & co - i think the stock is dead money for a while - yesterday 's announcement was made after markets closed - u.s. chip makers are facing continued slack demand following a traditionally slow summer - part of the problem is that chip buyers are keeping inventories low because of jitters about the course of the u.s. economy - co lake n.j - william g. former chairman and chief executive officer of general public utilities corp. was elected a director of this maker of industrial and construction equipment increasing board membership to N - the dollar posted gains against all major currencies yesterday buoyed by persistent japanese demand for u.s. bond issues - while market sentiment remains cautiously bearish on the dollar based on sluggish u.s. economic indicators dealers note that japanese demand has helped the dollar against the yen and has kept the u.s. currency from plunging below key levels against the mark - at the same time dealers said the u.s. unit has been locked into a relatively narrow range in recent weeks in part because the hefty japanese demand for dollars has been offset by the mark 's strength resulting in a - jay with capital insight inc. reasons that while the mark has posted significant gains against the yen as well the mark climbed to N yen from N yen late tuesday in new york the strength of the u.s. bond market compared to its foreign counterparts has helped lure investors to dollar-denominated bonds rather than mark bonds - trade is the driving force in the market said tom a vice president with banque paribas in new york but i 'm not convinced it will continue - who knows what will happen down the road in three to six months if foreign investment starts to erode - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks up from N marks late tuesday and at N yen up from N yen late tuesday - sterling was quoted at $ N down from $ N late tuesday - in tokyo thursday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from wednesday 's tokyo close of N yen - douglas madison a corporate trader with bank of america in los angeles the dollar 's recent solid performance against the yen to purchases of securities by japanese insurance companies and trust banks and the sense that another wave of investment is waiting in the wings - he contends that the perception in japan of a u.s. response to sony corp. 's announcement of its purchase of columbia pictures entertainment inc. has been temporarily - he cites the recent deal between the mitsubishi estate co. and the rockefeller group as well as the possible white knight role of an undisclosed japanese company in the georgia-pacific corp. takeover bid for great northern nekoosa corp. as evidence - the maturity in november of a 10-year japanese government bond issue valued at about $ N billion has prompted speculation in the market that investors the bonds will diversify into dollar-denominated instruments according to mr. madison - it remains unclear whether the bond issue will be rolled over - meanwhile traders in tokyo say that the prospect of lower u.s. interest rates has spurred dollar buying by japanese institutions - they point out that these institutions want to lock in returns on high-yield u.s. treasury debt and suggest demand for the u.s. unit will continue until rates in the u.s. - the market again showed little interest in further evidence of a slowing u.s. economy and traders note that the market in recent weeks has taken its more from wall street than u.s. economic indicators - dealers said the dollar merely drifted lower following the release wednesday of the u.s. purchasing managers ' report - the managers ' index which measures the health of the manufacturing sector stood at N N in october above september 's N N and also above average forecasts for the index of N N - some dealers said the dollar was pressured slightly because a number of market participants had boosted their expectations in the past day and were looking for an index above N which indicates an expanding manufacturing economy - but most said the index had no more than a minimal effect on trade - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce down N cents - estimated volume was a moderate N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong thursday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - the cosby show may have turned around ratings at nbc since its debut in N and the family still keeps millions of viewers laughing thursday night on the network - but some of the tv stations that bought cosby reruns for record prices two years ago are n't laughing much these days - the reruns have helped ratings at many of the N network affiliates and independent tv stations that air the shows - but the ratings are considerably below expectations and some stations say they may not buy new episodes when their current contracts expire - meanwhile stations are because many of them say the show 's distributor viacom inc. is giving an either sign new long-term commitments to buy future episodes or risk losing cosby to a competitor - at the same time viacom is trying to persuade stations to make commitments to a different world a of cosby whose reruns will become available in N - viacom denies it 's using pressure tactics - we 're willing to negotiate says dennis executive vice president of marketing - we 're offering this plan now because we feel it 's the right time - but says the general manager of a network affiliate in the midwest i think if i tell them i need more time they 'll take cosby across the street - viacom 's move comes as the market is being flooded with situation that are still running on the networks - one station manager says he believes viacom 's move is a strike because the company is worried that cosby ratings will continue to drop in over the next few years - cosby is down a full ratings point in the week of oct. N over the same week a year ago according to a.c. nielsen co - mr. at viacom says the ratings are rising - and executives at stations in such major markets as washington r.i. cleveland n.c. minneapolis and louisville ky. say they may very well not renew cosby - dick the general manager of the station in miami for example says the show has been a major disappointment to us - at the prices we were charged there should have been some return for the dollar - there was n't - neil the general manager of the cbs affiliate in louisville says cosby gets the station 's highest ratings and he 's pleased - but he adds i feel pressured disappointed uncomfortable and frankly quite angry with viacom - the life insurance co. of georgia has officially opened an office in taipei - david the company 's representative in taiwan said atlanta-based life of georgia will sell conventional life-insurance products - life of georgia is part of the group based in the netherlands - in this era of competition for ad dollars a lot of magazines are getting pretty with advertisers over them in articles and offering pages of space - so can a magazine survive by downright its nose at major advertisers - garbage magazine billed as the practical journal for the environment is about to find out - founded by brooklyn n.y. publishing entrepreneur garbage made its debut this fall with the promise to give consumers the straight on the u.s. waste crisis - the magazine combines pieces on topics like on such things as what happens after you flush your toilet and pieces on alleged environmental offenders - garbage editors have dumped considerable energy into a through supermarket in a bid to identify corporate america 's good guys and bad boys - in one feature called in the editors point out a product they to be a particularly bad - from an advertising standpoint the problem is these offenders are likely to be some of the same folks that are major magazine advertisers these days - with only two issues under its belt garbage has some would-be advertisers and raised the of others - campbell soup for one is its microwave product was in the premiere in the column - the magazine 's editors ran a giant of the product with pointing to the packaging 's foam and film all plastic items they say are - it 's precisely the kind of product that 's created the municipal landfill monster the editors wrote - i think that this magazine is not only called garbage but it is practicing garbage a spokesman for campbell soup - he says campbell was n't even contacted by the magazine for the opportunity to comment - modifications had been made to the product at the time the issue was printed he says making it less an than was portrayed - he admits though it is n't one of campbell soup 's better products in terms of - campbell soup not surprisingly does n't have any plans to in the magazine according to its spokesman - some media experts question whether a young magazine can risk turning off madison avenue 's big - you really need the campbell of the world to be interested in your magazine if you 're going to make a run of it says mike white senior vice president and media director at ddb needham chicago - the economics of magazine publishing pretty much require that you have a pretty solid base of big-time ad he adds - the first two issues featured ads from only a handful of big advertisers including general electric and coors but the majority were from companies like waste management inc. and international firms that do n't spend much money advertising and ca n't be relied on to support a magazine over the long haul - a waste management spokeswoman says its ad in the premiere issue was a one-time purchase and it does n't have any plans to in future issues - we do n't spend much on print advertising she says - but ms. the magazine 's editor and publisher contends garbage can survive at least initially on subscription revenues - individual copies of the magazine sell for $ N and yearly cost $ N - it is of course printed on recycled paper - according to ms. journal corp. her publishing company printed and sold all N copies of the premiere issue - the first and second issues sold out on she says and the magazine has orders for N - asked whether potential advertisers will be scared away by the magazine 's direct policy ms. replies i do n't know and i do n't care - i 'm not saying advertising revenue is n't important she says but i could n't sleep at night if the magazine bowed to a company because they once took out an ad - ad notes - interpublic on tv - interpublic group said its television programming operations which it expanded earlier this year agreed to supply more than N hours of original programming across europe in N - it said the programs largely game shows will be provided by its television unit along with international a producer and distributor of game shows of which it recently bought N N - it said that volume makes it the largest supplier of original tv programming in europe - interpublic is providing the programming in return for advertising time which it said will be valued at more than $ N million in N and $ N million in N - it plans to sell the ad time to its clients at a discount - new account - financial corp. philadelphia named palmer brown & philadelphia as agency of record for its $ N million account - the business had been handled by baltimore - at&t fax - american telephone & telegraph 's general business systems division new york awarded the ad account for its fax product line to ogilvy & mather new york a wpp group agency - billings were n't disclosed for the small account which had been at young & rubicam new york - first campaign - enterprise inc. breaks its first national ad campaign this week - the st. louis firm specializes in those provided by insurance companies for cars damaged in - developed by free & new york the $ N million campaign pitches enterprise 's service and its free and service - associates - young & rubicam said it completed its acquisition of associates a san francisco firm - acquisition - communications pittsburgh acquired & co. a los angeles and firm - terms were n't disclosed - sea containers ltd. said it might increase the price of its $ buy-back plan if pressed by temple holdings ltd. which made an earlier tender offer for sea containers - sea containers a hamilton shipping concern said tuesday that it would sell $ N billion of assets and use some of the proceeds to buy about N N of its common shares for $ N apiece - the move is designed to ward off a hostile takeover attempt by two european shipping concerns holding ag and plc - in may the two companies through their jointly owned holding company temple offered $ N a share or $ N million for sea containers - in august temple sweetened the offer to $ N a share or $ N million - yesterday sea containers ' chief executive officer james said in an interview that under the plan sea containers would end up with a cash surplus of approximately $ N million - about $ N million of that would be allocated to the buy-back leaving about $ N million he said - that $ N million mr. said gives us some flexibility in case temple raises its bid - we are able to increase our price above the $ N level if necessary - he declined to say however how much sea containers might raise its price - mr. speculated that the that sea containers has means that temple would have to substantially increase their bid if they 're going to top us - temple however criticized sea containers ' plan yesterday it as a highly conditional device designed to management shareholders and prevent them from accepting our superior cash offer - a spokesman for temple estimated that sea containers ' plan if all the asset sales would result in shareholders receiving only $ N to $ N a share in cash - the lower figures the spokesman said would stem from preferred shares being converted to common stock and the possibility that sea containers ' subsidiaries might be required to place their shares in the open market - temple added that sea containers is still mired in legal problems in where the supreme court has temporarily barred sea containers from buying back its own stock in a case brought by and - the court has indicated it will rule on the case by the end of the month - temple also said sea containers ' plan raises numerous legal regulatory financial and fairness issues but did n't elaborate - mr. said reaction to sea containers ' proposal has been very positive - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday sea containers closed at $ N up N cents - the transportation department responding to pressure from safety advocates took further steps to impose on light trucks and vans the safety requirements used for automobiles - the department proposed requiring stronger for light trucks and minivans beginning with N models - it also issued a final rule requiring auto makers to light trucks and minivans with belts for rear seats beginning in the N model year - such belts already are required for the vehicles ' front seats - today 's action transportation secretary samuel skinner said represents another in the ongoing program to promote vehicle safety in light trucks and minivans through its extension of passenger car standards - in september the department had said it will require trucks and minivans to be equipped with the same that have long been required on passenger cars - the big three auto makers said the rule changes were n't surprising because bush administration officials have long said they planned to impose car safety standards on light trucks and vans - safety advocates including some members of congress have been urging the department for years to extend requirements to light trucks and vans which now account for almost one-third of all vehicle sales in the u.s. - they say that many vehicles as commercial light trucks actually carry more people than cargo and therefore should have the same safety features as cars - they did n't have much luck during the reagan administration - but now there seems to be a fairly effort to address the problem said chuck vice president of communications for the insurance institute for highway safety - we 're in a very different regulatory environment - sen. john r. praised the department 's actions noting that crashes account for almost half of all deaths - we could prevent many of these with minimum standards he said - sen. and others also want the department to require additional safety equipment in light trucks and minivans including air bags or automatic seat belts in front seats and improved protection - the department 's proposal would apply to vehicles weighing N pounds or less - the would be required to withstand a force of N times the weight of the vehicle - during the test the could n't be depressed more than five inches - in detroit a chrysler corp. official said the company currently has no and shoulder belts in its light trucks but plans to begin them in by the end of the N model year - he said chrysler fully expects to have them installed across its line by the sept. N N deadline - chrysler said its trucks and vans already meet the resistance standard for cars - john executive engineer of ford motor co. 's office said ford trucks have met car standards for resistance since N - ford began the belts in trucks with its crew in the N model year - the new vehicle set for introduction next spring will also have the belts - mr. said he expects ford to meet the deadline easily - consolidated rail corp. said it would spend more than $ N million on N for autos - the scheduled for delivery in N will be made by manufacturing co. a chicago heights ill. division of closely held industries inc. ill - this year the railroad holding company acquired N such - sir peter walters chairman of british petroleum co. until next march joins the board of this cement products company on dec. N - sir peter will succeed sir john N who as blue circle nonexecutive chairman on june N - bank of new england corp. said it has held talks with potential merger partners outside new england although it added that nothing is imminent and it has n't received any formal offers - the discussions were disclosed as the bank holding company said that it has dropped its longstanding opposition to full interstate banking bills in connecticut and in massachusetts - later yesterday a massachusetts senate committee approved a bill to allow national interstate banking by banks in the state beginning in N - currently both massachusetts and connecticut where most of bank of new england 's operations are allow interstate banking only within new england - richard vice chairman of bank of new england told the dow jones professional investor report certainly there are those outside the region who think of us as a good partner - we have and i 'm sure others have considered what our options are and we 've had conversations with people who in the future might prove to be interesting partners - he added there 's nothing very hot - mr. did n't elaborate about who the potential partners were or when the talks were held - a bank spokeswoman also declined to comment on any matters but said the company decided to drop its opposition to the interstate banking legislation because prevailing sentiment is in favor of passage - bank of new england has been hit hard by the region 's real-estate slump with its net income declining N N to $ N million or N cents a share in the first nine months of N from the year-earlier period - the company recently said it would sell some operations and lay off N N of its work force altogether reducing employment to less than N from about N - it recently signed a preliminary agreement to negotiate exclusively with the bank of tokyo ltd. for the sale of part of its leasing business to the japanese bank - products inc. cut its quarterly dividend to five cents a share from N cents a share - the reduced dividend is payable jan. N to stock of record dec. N - the maker of hair accessories and other cosmetic products said it cut the dividend due to its third-quarter loss of $ N or N cents a share - in the year-ago quarter the company reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share - the company also adopted an anti-takeover plan - michael henderson group chief executive of this u.k. metals and industrial materials maker will become chairman in may succeeding ian butler N who is retiring - mr. butler will remain on the board as a nonexecutive director - rally 's inc. said it has redeemed its rights outstanding issued monday in its shareholder rights plan - the company said holders of stock of record nov. N will receive of one cent a share as the redemption payment - the fast-food company said its decision was based upon discussions with a shareholder group giant group ltd. in an effort to resolve certain disputes with the company - giant group is led by three rally 's directors burt sugarman james m. trotter iii and william e. trotter ii who last month indicated they hold a N N stake in rally 's and plan to seek a majority of seats on rally 's board - when warren of 's leap wine in valley announced a $ N price tag for his N N cabernet this fall few wine shops and restaurants around the country balked - this is the peak of my experience mr. declared when he introduced the wine at a dinner in new york and i wanted to single it out as such - it is in my the best wine 's leap has produced and with fewer than N cases available it is sure to sell quickly - the price is a new high for california cabernet but it is not the highest - diamond creek N lake cabernet weighed in this fall with a price of $ N a bottle - one of the fastest growing segments of the wine market is the category of wines limited in production of quality or so perceived at any rate and with high prices - for years this group included a stable of first grand and la or sweet wines or from germany and from - these first magnitude wines ranged in price from $ N to $ N a bottle - in the last year or so however this exclusive club has taken in a host of flashy new members - the have in price to meet the competition and it almost seems that there 's a race on to come up with the single bottle among current releases from every major wine region on the globe - france can the lion 's share of high-priced bottles - 's first from N and N are $ N to $ N each except for the smallest in terms of production which costs around $ N - these prices seem rather modest however in light of other french wines from current - the leading now goes for well over $ N a bottle for a lighter vintage like N the rich N runs $ N - in champagne some of the prestige are toward $ N a bottle - the first champagne to crack that price barrier was the N salon de de - the salon is $ N - at $ N a bottle sells out around the country and 's de champagne de is upon that level - the great of the valley have soared in price as well - e. 's N la for example is $ N - none of france 's wine regions can steal a march on however - the six wines of the de la N of the most precious acres of anywhere in the world have price for several years now - with the N vintage they soared higher la $ N $ N $ N - another small estate has just offered its N for $ N - from italy there is angelo at $ N a bottle 's la a $ N cabernet from and at $ N - spain 's N released only in its year is $ N as is australia 's N - there are certain wines that can command these higher prices says larry shapiro of 's one of the largest wine shops in dallas - what 's different is that it is happening with young wines just coming out - we 're seeing it partly because older are growing more scarce - wine auctions have almost exhausted the limited supply of those wines mr. shapiro continued we 've seen a dramatic decrease in demand for wines from the and which go for $ N to $ N a bottle - some of the newer wines even at $ N to $ N a bottle or so almost offer a bargain - take lake cabernet from diamond creek - it 's made only in years when the perfectly the last was N and comes from a single of that yielded a mere N cases in N - owner al originally planned to sell it for $ N a bottle but when a retailer in southern california asked is that wholesale or retail he the matter - offering the wine at roughly $ N a bottle wholesale $ N retail he sent merchants around the country a form asking them to check one of three answers N no the wine is too high N responses N yes it 's high but i 'll take it N responses N i 'll take all i can get N responses - the wine was shipped in cases instead of the usual N but even at that it was spread thin going to N retailers in N states - we thought it was expensive said sterling wine director at 's in ill. one of the top stores in suburban chicago but there are people out there with very different opinions of value - we got our two and they 're gone - mr. that he thinks prices have come about because producers do n't like to see a hit wine dramatically increase in price later on - even if there is consumer resistance at first a wine that wins high ratings from the critics will eventually move - there may be reaction initially said mr. but as the wine is talked about and starts to sell they eventually get excited and decide it 's worth the price to add it to their collection - it 's just sort of a thing with some people added larry shapiro - they like to talk about having the new red rock one of diamond creek 's or the dunn N cabernet or the - producers have seen this market opening up and they 're now creating wines that appeal to these people - that explains why the number of these wines is expanding so rapidly - but consumers who buy at this level are also more knowledgeable than they were a few years ago - they wo n't buy if the quality is not there said martin of martin wine in new orleans - or if they feel the wine is and they can get something equally good for less - mr. martin has increased prices on some wines like hills now $ N just to slow down movement but he is beginning to see some resistance to high-priced red and and in the $ N to $ N range - image has of course a great deal to do with what sells and what does n't and it ca n't be forced - wine merchants ca n't keep in stock but they have to push salon even lowering the price from $ N to $ N - it 's hardly a question of quality the N salon is a beautiful wine but as mr. noted people have their own ideas about value - it 's interesting to find that a lot of the expensive wines are n't always walking out the door - in every major market in the u.s. for instance you can buy la or virtually all of the first growth except as well as one and from california and at the moment the 's leap N N - with the biggest period of the year looming as the holidays approach it will be interesting to see how the fare - by january it should be fairly clear what 's hot and what 's not - ms. is a free-lance wine writer in new york - signs of a slowing economy are increasing pressure on the federal reserve to cut short-term interest rates but it is n't clear whether the central bank will do so - a survey by the fed 's N district banks shows economic growth has been sluggish in recent weeks while upward pressures on prices have - the economy is clearly slowing says robert black president of the richmond federal reserve bank - if you look at the third quarter as posting roughly N N growth i do see some slowing in the fourth quarter agrees kansas city fed president roger - nevertheless both mr. and mr. black say the slowdown so far is no cause for concern - we 're coming closer to the stated objective of slowing the economy to a point where hopefully some downward trend in prices will occur said mr. - bush administration officials are looking to the fed to bring down rates and financial markets seem to be expecting easier credit as well - i think the market had been expecting the fed to ease sooner and a little more than it has to date said robert johnson vice president of global markets for bankers trust co - the fed cut the key federal funds interest rate by about N percentage point to N N after the oct. N stock market plunge but has shown no sign of movement since - the report from the fed found that manufacturing in particular has been weak in recent weeks - the philadelphia fed for instance reported that manufacturing activity continues to decline for the fourth month in a row - and in the chicago district the report said a manufacturer of capital goods noted slower orders for some types including defense equipment petroleum equipment food packaging machinery and material handling equipment - retail sales also were reported slow in most districts particularly for discretionary items such as furniture home appliances and consumer electronics - and construction also was described as slow in most areas - despite the economic slowdown there are few clear signs that growth is coming to a halt - as a result fed officials may be divided over whether to ease credit - several fed governors in washington have been pushing for easier credit but many of the regional fed presidents have been such a move - mr. black said he is pleased with the economy 's recent performance and does n't see a lot of excesses out there that would tilt us into recession - there is always a chance of recession added mr. but if you ask me to put a percentage on it i would think it 's well below a N N chance - hotel & restaurant co. said its planned rights offering to raise about $ N million was declared effective and the company will begin mailing materials to shareholders at the end of this week - under the offer shareholders will receive one right for each N common shares owned - each right the shareholder to buy $ N face amount of N N bonds due N and warrants to buy N common shares at N cents a share - the rights which expire nov. N can be exercised for $ N each - which owns and operates hotels said that group inc. has agreed to exercise any rights that are n't exercised by other shareholders - a cleveland merchant bank owns about N N of - corp. a specialty steelmaker said N workers at a plant in ohio began a strike after the united steelworkers local N rejected a new contract on tuesday - the previous contract between 's ohio steel tube division and the union expired at midnight tuesday - the union vote to reject the proposed pact was N - said it does n't expect a strike - it said it has taken measures to continue shipments during the work - the treasury said it plans to sell $ N billion in notes and bonds next week but said the auctions will be postponed unless congress acts quickly to lift the federal debt ceiling - michael deputy assistant secretary for federal finance said the treasury may wait until late monday or even early tuesday to announce whether the are to be - unless it can raise money in financial markets mr. said the federal government wo n't have the cash to pay off $ N billion in treasury bills that mature on thursday - without congressional action the treasury ca n't sell any new securities even savings bonds - but despite over the debt ceiling which has become in the fight over cutting capital-gains taxes congress is almost certain to act in time to avoid default - each day that congress fails to act will cause additional disruption in our borrowing schedule possibly resulting in higher interest costs to the taxpayer treasury secretary nicholas brady said in a speech prepared for delivery last night to a group of bankers - to avoid these costs and a possible default immediate action is - the securities to be sold next week will raise about $ N billion in cash and redeem $ N billion in maturing notes - the new securities part of the federal government 's regular quarterly refunding will consist of - $ N billion of three-year notes to be auctioned tuesday and to mature nov. N N - $ N billion of 10-year notes to be auctioned wednesday and to mature nov. N N - $ N billion of 30-year bonds to be auctioned thursday and to mature aug. N N - the treasury also said it plans to sell $ N billion in cash management bills on thursday - they will mature dec. N - none of the securities will be eligible for when-issued trading until congress approves an increase in the debt ceiling clearing the way for a formal offering mr. said - the treasury said it needs to raise $ N billion in the current quarter in order to end december with a $ N billion cash balance - auctions held in october and those scheduled for next week will raise a total of $ N billion - the remaining $ N billion could be raised through the sale of short-term treasury bills two-year notes in november and five-year notes in early december the treasury said - in the first three months of N the treasury estimates that it will have to raise between $ N billion and $ N billion assuming that it decides to aim for a $ N billion cash balance at the end of march - lancaster colony corp. said it acquired foods inc. in a cash transaction - terms were n't disclosed - a maker and marketer of frozen and pasta based in iowa has annual sales of about $ N million lancaster said - investors took advantage of tuesday 's stock rally to book some profits yesterday leaving stocks up fractionally - bond prices and the dollar both gained modestly - the dow jones industrial average finished less than a point higher to close at N in moderate trading - but advancing issues on the new york stock exchange were ahead of declining stocks N to N - long-term bond prices rose despite prospects of a huge new supply of treasury debt this month - continuing demand for dollars from japanese investors boosted the u.s. currency - analysts were disappointed that the enthusiasm investors showed for stocks in the wake of georgia-pacific 's $ N billion bid for great northern nekoosa so quickly - the industrial average jumped more than N points tuesday as speculators rushed to buy shares of potential takeover targets - but with the end of the year in sight money managers are eager to take profits and cut their risks of losing what for many have been exceptionally good returns in - economic news had little effect on financial markets - as expected a national purchasing managers ' report indicated the nation 's manufacturing sector continues to contract modestly - the federal reserve 's book a summary of economic conditions across the country indicated that the overall economy remains in a pattern of sluggish growth - in major market activity - stock prices rose fractionally in moderate trading - big board volume totaled N million shares - bond prices were up - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond gained about a quarter of a point or $ N for each $ N of face amount - the yield fell to N N - the dollar rose - in late afternoon new york trading the currency was at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen - mitsui mining & co. posted a N N rise in pretax profit to N billion yen $ N million in its fiscal first half ended sept. N compared with N billion yen a year earlier - net income more than tripled to N billion yen from N billion yen a year earlier - eaton corp. said it sold its pacific sierra research corp. unit to a company formed by employees of that unit - terms were n't disclosed - pacific sierra based in los angeles has about N employees and supplies professional services and advanced products to industry - eaton is an automotive parts controls and aerospace electronics concern - investor harold simmons and nl industries inc. offered to acquire georgia gulf corp. for $ N a share or about $ N billion stepping up the pressure on the commodity chemicals concern - the offer follows an earlier proposal by nl and mr. simmons to help georgia gulf restructure or go private in a transaction that would pay shareholders $ N a share - georgia gulf rebuffed that offer in september and said it would study other alternatives - however it has n't yet made any proposals to shareholders - late yesterday georgia gulf said it reviewed the nl proposal as well as interests from third parties regarding business - georgia gulf said it has n't eliminated any alternatives and that discussions are being held with interested parties and work is also continuing on other various transactions - it did n't elaborate - analysts saw the latest offer as proof that mr. simmons an aggressive and persistent investor wo n't leave georgia gulf alone until some kind of transaction is completed - he has on their like a pit bull says paul a vice president with morgan stanley & co - he appears to be in it for the long haul - mr. simmons and nl already own a N N stake in georgia gulf - mr. simmons owns N N of valhi inc. which in turn owns two-thirds of nl - nl is officially making the offer - mr. was n't surprised by the lower price cited by nl saying he believes that $ N a share is the most you can pay for georgia gulf before it becomes a bad acquisition - georgia gulf stock rose $ N a share yesterday to close at $ N a share while nl shares closed unchanged at $ N and valhi rose N cents to $ N all in new york stock exchange composite trading - j. martin nl president and chief executive officer said nl and mr. simmons cut the price they were proposing for georgia gulf because they initially planned a transaction that included about $ N million in equity and a substantial amount of high-yield subordinated debt - however the junk-bond market has collapsed in recent weeks the likelihood that such a transaction would succeed - now he said the group plans to put in several hundred million dollars in equity and finance the remainder with bank debt - he also said that the group reduced its offer because it was n't allowed to see georgia gulf 's confidential financial information without agreeing that it would n't make an offer unless it had georgia gulf 's consent - in a letter to georgia gulf president jerry r. mr. martin asked georgia gulf to answer its offer by tuesday - it was n't clear how nl and mr. simmons would respond if georgia gulf them again - mr. martin said they have n't yet decided what their next move would be but he did n't rule out the possibility of a consent solicitation aimed at replacing georgia gulf 's board - in other transactions mr. simmons has followed friendly offers with a hostile tender offer - although georgia gulf has n't been eager to negotiate with mr. simmons and nl a specialty chemicals concern the group apparently believes the company 's management is interested in some kind of transaction - the management group owns about N N of the stock most purchased at nominal prices and would stand to gain millions of dollars if the company were sold - in the third quarter georgia gulf earned $ N million or $ N a share down from $ N million or $ N a share on fewer shares outstanding - sales fell to $ N million from $ N million - a licensing company representing the university of pennsylvania added johnson & johnson to its lawsuit challenging a university faculty member over rights to medicine - university patents inc. based in conn. said it seeks johnson & johnson 's profits from sales of estimated at $ N million a similar amount of punitive damages and the right to license elsewhere - in may university patents filed a suit in federal court in philadelphia against albert m. a researcher and professor at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine who developed in the 1960s to combat - dr. the medicine while employed by the university but later licensed the to a division of johnson & johnson - in new n.j. a johnson & johnson spokesman declined comment - criticism in the u.s. over recent japanese acquisitions is looming ever larger in the two countries ' relations - officials from both nations say the u.s. public 's about japanese investment could color a second round of economic talks scheduled for next week in washington - not that washington and tokyo disagree on the japanese acquisitions indeed each has come out in favor of investment in the u.s. - where they disagree is on the subject of u.s. direct investment in japan - the u.s. wants the removal of what it as barriers to investment japan denies there are real barriers - the talk up by recent japanese investments in the u.s. is focusing attention on the differences in investment climate even though it 's only one of many subjects to be covered in the talks known as the structural initiative - the japanese should see this rhetoric as a signal of the need for a change in their own economy says charles u.s. assistant treasury secretary who has been in tokyo this week discussing the impending negotiations with government and business leaders - we have a long history of maintaining an open policy mr. says - u.s. investors should have a greater opportunity at direct investment in japan - the japanese openly about the u.s. public 's - one clear sign of japan 's nervousness came this week when a spokesman for japan 's foreign ministry devoted nearly all of a regular half-hour briefing for foreign journalists to the subject of recent japanese investments in the u.s. - we believe that it is important for those japanese business interests in the u.s. to be more aware of the and concerns of the american people said the spokesman - at the same time though he the media for paying such close attention to japanese investment when other foreign countries notably britain are acquiring more american assets - fears that japanese investors are buying up america have sharply in the past several weeks with sony corp. 's purchase of columbia pictures entertainment inc. from coca-cola co. and mitsubishi estate co. 's acquisition of a N N holding in rockefeller group the owner of some of manhattan 's most exclusive real estate - even before those moves added fuel the fires of had been well by the highly publicized experience in japan of one u.s. investor t. boone pickens jr - the texas has acquired a N N stake valued at more than $ N billion in an company manufacturing co - but he has failed to gain any influence at the company - has refused to grant mr. pickens seats on its board he is a trying to pressure 's other shareholders into buying him out at a profit - mr. pickens made considerable political with his troubles in japan - the senate finance committee by a fellow democratic sen. lloyd last month urged u.s. trade representative carla hills to use mr. pickens 's experience in talks with tokyo to highlight this problem facing americans who seek access to the japanese capital markets - while mr. and japanese officials say the question of investors ' access to the u.s. and japanese markets may get a disproportionate share of the public 's attention a number of other important economic issues will be on the table at next week 's talks - among them are differences in savings and investment rates corporate structures and management and government spending - each side has a of recommendations for the other - the u.s. says it is anxious for results - we feel very strongly that we really need action across the full range of issues we 've identified and we need it by next spring mr. says - both sides have agreed that the talks will be most successful if negotiators start by focusing on the areas that can be most easily changed - but they have n't what those might be - after the first set of meetings two months ago some u.s. officials complained that japan had n't come up with specific changes it was prepared to make - the japanese that the first round was too early to make concessions - just to say the distribution system is wrong does n't mean anything says a ministry of international trade and industry official - we need to clarify what exactly is wrong with it - that process of out is likely to take time the japanese say no matter how badly the u.s. wants quick results - for instance at the first meeting the two sides could n't even agree on basic data used in price discussions - since then a team of about N and u.s. commerce department officials have crossed the globe consumer prices - by monday they hope to have a of documents both sides can trust - little by little there is progress says the official - both sides are taking action - contributed to this article - while worry grows about big japanese investments in the u.s. japan 's big trading companies are rapidly increasing their stake in america 's smaller business - for japan the controversial trend improves access to american markets and technology - but for small american companies it also provides a growing source of capital and even marketing help - take the deal with candela laser corp. a mass. manufacturer of high-tech medical devices which three years ago set its sights on japan as an export market - partly to help clear the obstacles facing any overseas company trying to japan tiny candela turned to mitsui & co. one of japan 's largest trading companies for investment - in a joint-venture deal mitsui candela through tokyo 's bureaucratic - it eventually secured ministry of health import approval for two candela laser products one that breaks up kidney stones and another that skin - at last count candela had sold $ N million of its medical devices in japan - the deal also gave mitsui access to a high-tech medical product - they view this as a growth area so they went about it with a approach says richard a candela vice president - indeed for many japanese trading companies the favorite u.s. small business is one whose research and development can be for future japanese use - the japanese companies many small u.s. companies with promising products or ideas frequently putting their money behind projects that commercial banks wo n't touch - japanese companies have financed small and medium-sized u.s. firms for years but in recent months the pace has taken off - in the first half of N alone japanese corporations invested $ N million in minority positions in u.s. companies a N N rise from the figure for all of N reports venture economics inc - the needham mass. concern tracks investments in new businesses - in addition of course some of the japanese investments involved outright purchase of small u.s. firms - heightened japanese interest in american small business parallels an acceleration of investments giving japanese companies control of large highly visible u.s. corporations such as columbia pictures entertainment inc - only this week it was announced that mitsubishi estate co. had acquired a N N stake in rockefeller group which owns new york 's prestigious rockefeller center - while the small deals are far less they add to japanese of the u.s. market - as the deals also improve japanese access to american technology and market knowledge they feed american in this area too - even a product like plate glass can catch a trading company 's fancy if there 's a strategic fit - free state glass industries of va. a small of architectural glass was under its original management - last year mitsubishi international corp. the new york-based arm of mitsubishi corp. bought controlling interest in the glass company in a joint venture with ronald a glass industry executive and mitsubishi consultant - the deal is designed to give mitsubishi a window on the u.s. glass industry says an executive in mitsubishi 's general merchandise department in new york - it 's not just a simple investment in a small company mr. says - we want to see the glass market from the inside not the outside - mitsubishi 's investment in free state is very small less than $ N million mr. says - mr. declines to comment on the arrangement - trading companies such as mitsubishi mitsui c. & co. and corp. which make many of the japanese investments in small u.s. concerns have no u.s. counterpart - these integrated combines some of which got their start in japan 's period deal in commodities construction and manufacturing - they operate ships and banks - all the are looking for new business says arthur adviser to the president of mitsui u.s.a. using the japanese term for the largest of the global trading houses - adds senior vice president of c. america inc. we have a great interest in making investments particularly in new ventures - a host of electronics firms in california 's silicon valley were financed with venture capital - profit at least in the short term is usually a secondary goal - strategic objectives not financial return drive many of the deals says a venture economics spokesman - in investing on the basis of future transactions a role often performed by merchant banks trading companies can cut through the that owners often face with their local commercial banks - it 's the classic problem of the small businessman says malcolm managing director of trading alliance corp. of new york - people are at the door to take his product but he does n't have the working capital to make the thing and commercial banks are very - they want assets they want a balance sheet which has no to the business a company can generate - adds mitsui 's mr. unlike corporations in this country trading companies are n't so much interested in a high return on investment as they are on increasing trade flows - to the extent they can do this they 're quite content to get a return on investment of N N to N N - mr. says mitsui has N u.s. subsidiaries in which it holds N N interest or more and the trading company hopes to double the number of its u.s. affiliates in N - sales by these subsidiaries in the fiscal year ending last march were more than $ N billion - a N N to N N return on $ N billion ai n't mr. says - hudson general corp. 's president and chief executive officer alan j. resigned - mr. N years old could n't be reached for comment - a company spokesman declined to elaborate on the departure - hudson general which provides maintenance fueling and other services to airlines and airports reported a loss for its most recent fiscal year and last month omitted the semiannual dividend on its common shares - mr. who had been with the company more than N years and had been president since N will act as a consultant to hudson general - his duties as chief executive will be assumed by chairman jay b. - for N years went to her neighborhood bank because it was convenient - a customer that banks for she did n't give much thought to the rates she was receiving nor to the fees she was paying - but in august first atlanta national bank introduced its crown account a package designed to lure customers such as ms. - among other things it included checking safe deposit box and credit card all for free plus a good deal on installment loans - all she had to do was put $ N in a certificate of deposit or qualify for a $ N personal line of credit - i deserve something for my loyalty she says - she took her business to first atlanta - so it goes in the competitive world of consumer banking these days - for nearly a decade banks have for customers primarily with the interest rates they pay on their deposits and charge on their loans - the competitive rates were generally offset by hefty fees on various services - but many banks are turning away from strict price competition - instead they are trying to build customer loyalty by their services into packages and targeting them to small segments of the population - you 're dead in the water if you are n't the market says anne moore president of research corp. a bank consulting firm in atlanta - ncnb corp. of charlotte n.c. recently introduced its financial connections program aimed at young adults just starting careers - the program not only offers a car loan up to $ N but throws in a special statement to help in saving money - in september union corp. of memphis tenn. launched the edge account a package designed for the crowd with services that include a credit card and line of credit with no annual fees and a full percentage point off on installment loans - the theory such individuals many with young children are in their prime borrowing years and having borrowed from the bank they may continue to use it for other services in later years - for some time banks have been aiming packages at the elderly the segment with the highest savings - those efforts are being stepped up - macdonald vice president of retail sales at barnett banks inc. of fla. says the company now targets within the market by its popular seniors partners program to various life styles - age geography and differences create numerous ms. macdonald says - she says individual barnett branches can add different benefits to their seniors partners package such as athletic activities or travel clubs to appeal to local market interests - an active in may care more about senior olympic games while a in panama city may care more about a on health she says - banks have tried packaging before - in N wells fargo & co. of san francisco launched the gold account which included free checking a credit card box and travelers checks for a $ N monthly fee - the concept a slew of but the banks stopped promoting the packages - one big reason thin margins - many banks particularly smaller ones were slow to and could n't target market that would have made the programs more profitable - as banks ' earnings were squeezed in the mid-1970s the emphasis switched to finding ways to cut costs - but now computers are enabling more banks to analyze their customers by age income and geography - they are better able to get to those segments in the wake of the deregulation that began in the late 1970s - deregulation has effectively removed all restrictions on what banks can pay for deposits as well as opened up the field for new products such as cds - where a bank once offered a standard savings account it began offering money-market accounts certificates of deposit and checking and staggering rates based on the size of deposits - the competition has grown more intense as bigger banks such as corp. of minneapolis and chemical banking corp. of new york extend their market-share into small towns across the nation - today a banker is worrying about local regional and banks as well as thrifts and credit unions says ms. moore at research - so people who were n't even thinking about targeting N years ago are scrambling to define their customer base - the competition has a much consumer - the average household will spread N accounts over a dozen financial institutions says michael p. sullivan who runs his own bank consulting firm in charlotte n.c - this much makes attracting and keeping today 's customers costly - packages encourage loyalty by rewarding customers for doing the bulk of their banking in one place - for their troubles the banks get a larger audience that is less likely to move at the drop of a rate - the more accounts customers have mr. sullivan says the more likely they are to be attracted to a package and to be loyal to the bank that offers it - that can pay off down the road as customers especially the younger ones change from borrowers to - packaging has some - the additional technology personnel training and promotional effort can be expensive - chemical bank spent more than $ N million to introduce its line several packages aimed at different segments in N according to thomas jacob senior vice president of marketing - it 's not easy to roll out something that comprehensive and make it pay mr. jacob says - still bankers expect packaging to primarily because more customers are demanding that financial services be tailored to their needs - these days banking customers walk in the door expecting you to have a package especially for them ms. moore says - some banks are already moving in that direction according to alvin t. sale marketing director at first union corp. in charlotte - first union he says now has packages for seven customer groups - soon it will split those into N - says mr. sale i think more banks are starting to realize that we have to be more like the department store not the - iras - inc. said it will a registration statement filed with the securities and exchange commission to a plan to sell N newly issued common shares - the chandler ariz. company said it will the registration to cover only the N million warrants each exercisable for the purchase of one common share - currently has about N million common shares outstanding - develops and markets low-cost software peripheral equipment and accessories for computers - five things you can do for $ N or less - N buy a new chevrolet - N take a vacation - N send your child to a university - N buy a diamond - N make a lasting difference in the regulatory life of an american savings-and-loan association through the foster corporate parents plan - americans today spend $ N like change they do n't think much about it - but for an ailing savings-and-loan association on it can lead to safety from imminent demise and to a future full of promise - your $ N will help keep a savings and loan and out of the federal budget deficit - as a foster corporate parent you 'll be helping a neighborhood s&l in areas crucial to its survival - like healthy regulatory capital - a steady deposit base - performing loans - at the same time you 'll give your foster savings institution the gift of hope and freedom from the federal regulators who want to close its doors for good - as a foster corporate parent you will experience the same felt by robert bass lewis william simon and others who find ways to help troubled savings institutions and their employees help themselves - that builds confidence not to mention critical regulatory net worth - do n't wait a savings institution needs your help now - every day you delay a savings institution 's health and the federal budget deficit grows worse - think about the good you can do for just $ N a month about the cost of a chevrolet or two at a state university - then send your support to a savings institution that has taken a bad in the press and on its bottom line - every $ N you send will go a long way to boost sagging net worth and employee morale and keep your foster savings institution off the federal budget deficit - mr. is a lawyer in new york - the chicago mercantile exchange said it plans to institute an additional circuit breaker aimed at stemming market - separately john phelan told a closed house subcommittee meeting in washington that he would support securities and exchange commission halts of program trading during market - but the new york stock exchange chairman said he does n't support a collar on program trading arguing that firms could get around such a limit - the chicago merc said a new one-hour price limit would take effect in its standard & poor 's N stock-index futures pit once s&p N futures fell N index points the equivalent of about a drop in the dow jones industrial average - if the limit is triggered after N p.m chicago time it would remain in effect until the normal close of trading at N p.m - with the limit in effect members would be able to execute trades at the limit price or at higher prices but not below it - the exchange said it decided a new circuit breaker was needed following a review of the tumultuous trading in stocks and stock-index futures on friday oct. N when the dow jones industrials plunged N points and stock-index futures prices skidded as well - late that afternoon the s&p N stock-index futures contract fell a total of N index points hitting a merc circuit breaker limit that remained in effect for the rest of the trading session - the merc said that its existing limit on s&p N stock-index futures trading equal to about N points on the dow jones industrials which was triggered oct. N will remain in effect - leo merc executive committee chairman said that the limit appeared to the selling panic oct. N - but when the contract reopened the subsequent flood of sell orders that quickly knocked the contract down to the limit indicated that the intermediate limit of N points was needed to help keep stock and stock-index futures prices - several traders maintained that the merc 's the market slide oct. N by additional selling pressure to the floor of the new york stock exchange - all of the changes require regulatory approval which is expected shortly - the exchange also said that the circuit breaker which currently provides only a one-hour during market will become the maximum one-day limit for the s&p N stock-index futures contract the one-day limit now is N index points - a final was made to the opening limit for the contract - the merc said that limit will remain in effect for the first N minutes of trading - the limit under current exchange rules if contracts trade above the limit price during the opening N minutes of trading - in washington house aides said mr. phelan told congressmen that the collar which banned program trades through the big board 's computer when the dow jones industrial average moved N points did n't work well - he said that firms could get around the collar by executing trades - in a news conference mr. phelan who has publicly expressed concern about market volatility said he told the house finance and telecommunications subcommittee that he would support the program-trading halt proposal providing the sec would be comfortable with the language in a bill - the program-trading issue is heating up on capitol hill as it is on wall street and several legislators want to grant the sec the power to shut off the programs when trading becomes too volatile - sec chairman richard breeden has said he would be willing to consider circuit breakers that have trigger points but he does n't want discretionary power to stop programs - a house aide suggested that mr. phelan was so vague and that it was the kind of meeting where people of all could come out feeling good - at one point mr. phelan angered the subcommittee 's chairman rep. edward markey d. mass. by not going much beyond what already had been reported in the morning newspapers - markey said we could have done this in public because so little sensitive information was disclosed the aide said - mr. phelan then responded that he would have been happy just writing a report to the panel the aide added - at another point during the hearing rep. markey asked mr. phelan what would be discussed at a new york exchange board meeting today - mr. phelan said the big board is likely to study the program-trading issue - that response rep. markey house aides said and the congressman snapped back that there had been enough studies of the issue and that it was time for action on the matter - of the N subcommittee members attended the hearing most notably rep. john dingell d. mich. the full house energy and commerce committee chairman who has been willing to let mr. markey carry the legislation in recent months - mr. dingell expressed concern sources said about problems in program trading which uses futures to offset stock trades - the futures industry is regulated by the commodity futures trading commission which reports to the agriculture committees in both houses - the art of is to the english and like most english to the rest of the world - l. the nine - england - of all scenes that rural england this is one of the an ancient stone church stands amid the fields the sound of bells from its tower calling the to - the of st. michael and all angels stop to at the church door as members here always have - in the tower five men and women pull on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in N - but there is also a modern note in though it ca n't be heard by the enjoying the of bells this cool autumn evening - like most of the other N in britain with sets of bells st. michael once had its own band of ringers who would herald every sunday morning and evening service - now only one local ringer remains hammond - the others here today live elsewhere - they belong to a group of N ringers including two and four youngsters in training who drive every sunday from church to church in a effort to keep the bells in the many of east - to ring for even one service at this tower we have to says mr. hammond a retired worker - we 've tried to train the youngsters but they have their and their and they just away - mr. hammond worries that old age and the of youth will the ranks of the east group that keeps the bells - history after all is not on his side - according to a nationwide survey taken a year ago nearly a third of england 's church bells are no longer on because there is no one to ring them - it is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes - the less complicated version of playing on bells as do the of continental europe is considered by the english to be fit only for foreigners - a exercise the english invented N years ago requires physical some bells weigh more than a ton combined with intense mental concentration - proper english bells are started off in from the bell to the lowest a simple scale using in larger as many as N bells - then at a signal the ringers begin the order in which the bells sound without the steady of the striking - each or change can occur only once the rules state - ringers patterns of changes known as methods which have names like kent bob major or - a series of N or so changes is a and takes about three hours - a look at a thursday night practice at st. mary church in the district of london gives an idea of the work involved - ten ringers stand in a circle one foot ahead of the other in a 's stance each pulling a that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber - no one speaks and the of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves by the ceiling - totally absorbed the ringers straight ahead using peripheral vision they call it to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls - far above in the the huge bells mounted on wheels swing through a full N degrees starting and ending surprisingly in the or position - skilled ringers use their to advance or the next swing so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change - in a well-known involving church bells english novelist l. described ringing as a passion that finds its satisfaction in and mechanical - ringers she added are filled with the that comes of performed - ringing does become a bit of an admits master of the band at st. mary and one of england 's best female ringers - it is a passion that usually stays in the tower however - more often than not ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the - when their changes are completed and after they have worked up a sweat ringers often off to the local leaving for others below - this does not sit well with some - with membership of the church of england steadily are pressing equally and often ringers to attend services - two years ago the rev. vicar of great got so fed up with ringers who did n't attend service he the entire band the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest - they were a club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises the vicar says - an entirely new band today at great several of whom are members of the - but there still are n't enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells - at st. mary 's church in the bells have fallen silent following a over church attendance - the vicar jones refuses to talk about it saying it would reopen the wound - but marshall vicar of a nearby church feels the fault is in the from the bell tower that are located next to the - so crunch crunch crunch bang bang bang here come the ringers from above making a very obvious exit while the is at he says - vicar marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue since he is both a vicar and an active himself - the sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church he says - i live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that life - the central council of church bell ringers a sort of parliament of ringing groups aims to improve relations with says john c. baldwin president - it hopes to speak to students at colleges about the of bell ringing and will shortly publish a for every vicar in the country entitled the bells in your care - says mr. baldwin we recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience - mr. baldwin is also attacking the greater problem lack of ringers - one survey says that of the N trained in england today only N of them still ring - also ringers do n't always live where the bells need to be like in small rural and inner-city - but the council 's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful says mr. baldwin - right now we 're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of N he adds - one bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once field more than a third of the ringers today are women - they are n't accepted everywhere however - the oldest group in the country the ancient society of college founded in N remains a fact that 's particularly to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for britain 's most prestigious st. paul 's and - this being britain no woman has filed an suit but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to the ringing world a weekly newspaper for ringers - one writer signing his letter as balanced male on the frequency of women in and suggested that they settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings - in the of replies that followed one woman ringer from observed that the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be badly dressed with and a large frequently and in - another women wrote from to say that in her N years of ringing i have never known a lady to in the - i have seen one or two men die them - investors unsettled by the stock market 's gyrations can take some comfort in the predictable of quarterly dividend checks - that has been particularly true this year with many companies raising their payouts more than N N - but do n't too easy those dividend increases may signal trouble ahead for stock prices some analysts warn - in the past they say the strongest dividend growth has often come at times when the stock-market party was almost over - that can be a trap for investors says richard bernstein senior analyst at merrill lynch & co - strong dividend growth he says is the black widow of valuation a reference to the female that attract males and then kill them after - stephen boesel president of t. rowe price growth and income fund explains that companies raise their payouts most only after the economy and corporate profits have been growing for some time - invariably those strong periods in the economy give way to environments he says - and environments are n't to the stock market - indeed analysts say that payouts have sometimes risen most sharply when prices were already on their way down from cyclical - in N for example dividends on the stocks in standard & poor 's 500-stock index soared N N following much slower growth the year before - the s&p index started sliding in price in september N and fell N N in N despite a N N expansion in dividends that year - that pattern has n't always held but recent strong growth in dividends makes some market watchers anxious - payouts on the s&p N stocks rose N N in N according to standard & poor 's corp. and wall street estimates for N growth are generally between N N and N N - many people believe the growth in dividends will slow next year although a minority see double-digit gains continuing - meanwhile many market watchers say recent dividend trends raise another warning flag while dividends have risen their expansion has n't kept pace with even stronger advances in stock prices - as a result the market 's dividend yield dividends as a percentage of price has slid to a level that is fairly low and by historical standards - put another way the decline in the yield suggests stocks have gotten pretty rich in price relative to the dividends they pay some market analysts say - they are keeping a close watch on the yield on the s&p N - the figure is currently about N N up from N N before the recent market slide - some analysts say investors should run for the if a sustained market rebound the yield below N N - a drop below that N N benchmark has always been a strong warning sign that stocks are fully valued says mr. boesel of t. rowe price - in fact the market has always - always - there 's never been an exception says gerald w. a chicago investment adviser and money manager based on a review of six decades of stock-market data - the last time the s&p N yield dropped below N N was in the summer of N - stockholders who took the hint and sold shares escaped the october debacle - there have been only seven other times in N N N N N N and N when the yield on the s&p N dropped below N N for at least two consecutive months mr. found - and in each case he says a sharp drop in stock prices began within a year - still some market analysts say the current N N reading is n't as troublesome as it might have been in years past - it 's not a very meaningful indicator currently because corporations are not in a traditional manner says james h. head of stock investments for cigna corp. the insurer - in particular mr. says businesses are paying out a smaller percentage of their profits and cash flow in the form of dividends than they have historically - so while stock prices may look fairly high relative to dividends they are not excessive relative to the underlying corporate strength - rather than increasing dividends some companies have used cash to buy back some of their shares notes steven g. einhorn of the investment policy committee at goldman sachs & co - he factors that into the market yield to get an adjusted yield of about N N - that is just a below the average of the past N years or so he says - what will happen to dividend growth next year - common wisdom suggests a rate of growth reflecting a weakening in the economy and corporate profits - painewebber inc. for instance is forecasting growth in s&p N dividends of just under N N in N down from an estimated N N this year - in other years in which there have been moderate economic the environment the firm expects in N the change in dividends ranged from a gain of N N to a decline of N N according to painewebber analyst thomas - the minority argument meanwhile is that businesses have the financial this time around to declare sharply higher dividends even if their earnings weaken - dividend growth on the order of N N is expected by both mr. of cigna and mr. einhorn of goldman sachs - those dividend bulls argue that corporations are in the unusual position of having plenty of cash left over after paying dividends and making capital expenditures - one indicator investors might want to watch is the monthly tally from standard & poor 's of the number of public companies adjusting their dividends - a total of N companies raised dividends in october basically unchanged from N a year ago s&p said wednesday - that followed four straight months in which the number of increases trailed the year-earlier pace - while the s&p tally does n't measure the magnitude of dividend changes a further in the number of dividend increases could be a of slower dividend growth next year - in any case opinion is mixed on how much of a boost the overall stock market would get even if dividend growth continues at double-digit levels - mr. einhorn of goldman sachs estimates the stock market will deliver a N N to N N total return from appreciation and dividends over the next N months vs. a cash rate of return of perhaps N N or N N if dividend growth is weak - but mr. boesel of t. rowe price who also expects N N growth in dividends next year does n't think it will help the overall market all that much - having the dividend increases is a supportive element in the market outlook but i do n't think it 's a main consideration he says - with slower economic growth and flat corporate earnings likely next year i would n't look for the market to have much upside from current levels - your oct. N page-one story on the renewed plight of western union says that western union had lost its chance to be in the telephone business by turning down alexander graham bell 's offer to it of his because it supposedly felt that voice communication would never replace the telegraph - such is hardly the case - bell 's g. hubbard wealthy and obtained financing to start the american bell telephone co. in boston which even had a subsidiary in new york called the telephone co. of new york - this is where bell 's patents went - western union indeed wanted to get into the telephone business - it acquired thomas edison 's patent and then immediately sued the bell co. claiming that the invented by my which had been sold to bell for a $ N infringed upon western union 's edison patent - when bell established that the patent was registered N days before edison 's application western union dropped the lawsuit and agreed never to enter the telephone business the basis for the company 's current plight - oliver beverly hills calif - troubled nbi inc. said it fired more than half its work force and is its hardware business to focus on its software and service operations - the ailing company which has reported net losses for N consecutive quarters said it wo n't manufacture network computer systems any more and will greatly reduce its costly direct sales force - altogether nbi said it will eliminate N jobs at its headquarters N field sales jobs and N jobs at its canadian and united kingdom headquarters - the company 's work force will fall to about N people - stephen g. president and chief executive officer said customers were n't willing to commit to an expensive nbi hardware systems because of the company 's financial troubles - further he said the company does n't have the capital needed to build the business over the next year or two - we flat ran out of financing resources mr. said - we had to do something and different - as a result he said nbi will focus on its installed base of systems trying to provide maintenance for other manufacturers and expanding its software business using some of the applications it developed for its hardware - the company currently offers a package for personal computers called - the company which recently said it lacked the profits and capital to pay dividends on its series a convertible preferred stock said it has hired an investment banker to help it raise additional cash - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday nbi common closed at N cents a share up N cents - it was richard nixon 's first visit to china in N that set in motion the historic between beijing and washington - but the former u.s. president 's sixth visit to china during which he spoke at length with chinese leaders was nowhere near as successful at easing that have recently the relationship - mr. nixon the most prominent american to come to china since beijing 's bloody of pro-democracy demonstrators in june on international over the massacre - the chinese in turn took aim at american in china 's domestic affairs - one official newspaper legal daily even directly criticized mr. nixon who is normally referred to here as an old friend - the paper accused him of being a leading of peaceful evolution a catch phrase to describe what china believes is the policy of western countries to socialist nations into the capitalist - the tension was evident on wednesday evening during mr. nixon 's final normally an opportunity for about friendship - instead mr. nixon reminded his host chinese president that americans have n't china 's leaders for the military assault of june N that killed hundreds and perhaps thousands of demonstrators - many in the united states including many friends of china believe the crackdown was excessive and mr. nixon told mr. who was directly involved in ordering the attack - the events of april through june damaged the respect and confidence which most americans previously had for the leaders of china - the chinese responded in an equally fashion - in talks with mr. nixon chinese leaders expressed no regret for the killings and even suggested that the u.s. was involved in the demonstrations this spring - in a meeting tuesday supreme leader deng told mr. nixon frankly speaking the u.s. was involved too deeply in the turmoil and which occurred in beijing not long ago - china was the real victim and it is to china for it - despite the harsh exchanges the u.s. and china still seem to be looking for a way to relations which have deteriorated into what mr. nixon referred to as the greatest crisis in relations since his initial visit to china N years ago - in his return to mr. nixon mr. said the relationship had reached a - relations between china and the u.s. have been since june N when chinese dissident and his wife took refuge in the u.s. embassy in beijing - shortly mr. bush imposed a series of sanctions including suspension of most talks which could be in u.s. congressional legislation in the coming weeks - mr. nixon is traveling in china as a private citizen but he has made clear that he is an for the bush administration - mr. nixon met mr. bush and his national security adviser scowcroft before coming to china on saturday - and he plans to brief the president at the end of the week u.s. sources said - mr. nixon was to leave china today - according to an american member of the nixon party the former president raised a number of controversial issues in his N hours of talks with chinese officials - these included china 's economic policies human rights and the question of mr. - mr. nixon also proposed that china restore its participation in the program a u.s. academic exchange - china pulled out of the program in july - in his talks the former president urged china 's leaders to acknowledge that their nation is part of the world community and welcome the of outside contacts and ideas - ideas are going over borders and there 's no sdi ideological weapon that can shoot them down he told a group of americans at the u.s. embassy on wednesday - there are no signs however of china 's yielding on key issues - but in one minor matter mr. nixon appears to have gained a - in a meeting with premier on monday mr. nixon said that he hoped he would n't guards with machine guns during his visit to the u.s. embassy - sure enough when he arrived at the embassy two days later the guards were gone for the first time in five months - a few blocks away at the u.s. ambassador 's residence the guards the compound also had discarded their arms for the first time since early june - but the guards there retained their and a large contingent of police remained nearby in cars - moreover police and soldiers continue to americans who have filed several protests with the foreign ministry in the past week - several times chinese guards have pointed their automatic at young children of u.s. diplomats and the trigger - the were n't loaded - your oct. N article japan 's financial firms lure science graduates states industrial companies are financial institutions of japan 's economy by raising the salary stakes for new employees - the japanese industrial companies should know better - they are up the wrong tree because it is basically their fault they ca n't attract new employees - president of fujitsu ltd. believes the money among young people caused the problem - he is just passing the buck to young people - what 's wrong with asking for more money - money is not everything but it is necessary and business is not volunteer work - it is not to choose a job - unfortunately japanese manufacturers have neither good working conditions nor good compensation packages - i get the impression that some japanese managers believe working harder for less money is beautiful - i visited a lot of major japanese manufacturers but i never felt i would want to be employed by any of them - many of them recently have been spending a lot of money on public relations and advertising to improve their images but they should realize that the most important thing is real change not changing people 's perceptions - if the japanese companies are seriously considering their survival they could do at least three things to improve the situation raise salaries higher than those of financial institutions improve working conditions better offices and more for example accept and hire more labor from outside japan - - in reference to your oct. N page-one article barbara bush earns even higher ratings than the president it is that you must continually define blacks by our among liberals N N have positive views of her while N N approve of the president 's job performance - in part this may reflect the fact that she speaks a more language than her husband as columbia 's klein puts it - among professionals N N have a favorable opinion of her compared to N N who approve of her husband 's performance - while a quarter of black voters of mr. bush 's handling of his job only N N have a negative view of his spouse - the statistics that of blacks approve of mr. bush 's job performance and N N of blacks approve of mrs. bush - if the assumption is that it is surprising that so few blacks find mr. and mrs. bush the positive view is even more - such an editorial point of view an perspective - why are we blacks continually defined by our minority and the lowest common - g. foster birmingham - the national association of securities dealers the organization for the over-the-counter securities markets disciplined a number of firms and individuals for alleged violations of industry rules - two firms were expelled from the nasd three were suspended or barred and nine were fined - first securities group of california and a principal of the firm louis fernando of marina del rey calif. were jointly fined $ N and expelled for alleged violations of reporting requirements on securities sales - also mr. was barred from association with any nasd member - neither first securities of beverly hills nor mr. could be reached for comment - a operator had no listing for either party - henry & co. miami and a principal of the firm henry i. of miami were jointly fined $ N and expelled for alleged improper use of a customer 's funds among other things - also mr. was barred from association with any nasd member - henry has n't any miami telephone listing an operator said - mr. who apparently has an unpublished number also could n't be reached - securities corp. of fla. and a principal of the firm alvin of fla. were jointly fined $ N and given for allegedly selling securities at unfair prices - has n't any telephone listing an operator said - mr. who apparently has an unpublished phone number also could n't be reached - securities of calif. and a principal of the firm george chase also of were jointly fined $ N and given 30-day as part of a settlement - while neither admitting nor denying wrongdoing and mr. chase consented to findings of violations in connection with sales - officials of could n't be reached for comment - mr. chase did n't return a telephone call to his office - crane & co. securities inc. of mount mich. and its president glenn r. crane of sterling heights mich. consented to a joint fine of $ N - without admitting or denying wrongdoing they consented to findings of violations of escrow and rules - mr. crane did n't return a call seeking comment - first commonwealth securities corp. of new orleans and its president kenneth j. also of new orleans consented to a $ N fine - also mr. received a suspension in a principal capacity - without admitting or denying wrongdoing they consented to findings that they had represented the firm 's net capital maintained inaccurate books and records and made other violations - mr. confirmed he had consented to the sanctions but declined to comment further - securities corp. new york and three of its principals dell eugene and william jr. both of island wash. and thomas albert of red bank n.j consented to a fine of $ N - without admitting or denying wrongdoing they consented to findings that they failed to return funds owed to customers in connection with a offering - reached at his office mr. currently chairman said an implication that we failed to return investor funds is inappropriate and inaccurate - he described the situation as an escrow problem a timing issue which he said was rapidly with no losses to customers - & co. of del. and its president william n. jr. also of were barred from principal trades for N days and were jointly fined $ N - the firm and mr. allegedly sold securities to the public at unfair prices among other alleged violations - mr. denied the firm had sold securities at unfair prices and suggested that the examination practices of the nasd need improvement - the firm and the nasd differ over the meaning of and he added - shearson lehman hutton inc. new york which is by american express co. consented to a $ N fine - without admitting or denying wrongdoing the firm consented to findings that it failed to respond in a timely manner to the nasd 's requests for information in connection with a customer complaint - a shearson spokesman had no comment - the following individuals were fined as indicated and barred from association with nasd members or where noted suspended - except where noted none of these people could be reached for comment or had any comment - john william davis fined $ N jeffrey gerard fla. $ N and suspension eugene michael la canada calif. fined $ N ordered to $ N and suspended one year stewart la canada fined $ N ordered to $ N and suspended six months - mr. said we got what amounted to a parking ticket and by complaining about it we ended up with a sizable fine and suspension - the matter did n't involve anybody 's securities transactions he added - the following were neither barred nor suspended rolling hills calif. fined $ N and ordered to $ N stuart lane calif. fined $ N and ordered to $ N valley calif. fined $ N - mr. a registered representative in the insurance business said he up because he did n't realize he was breaking securities laws - insurance agents have been forced by their companies into becoming registered he said but they are not providing compliance and training so that we can avoid stupid mistakes - i was n't ever actively engaged in any securities activities said mr. - i never had any clients at all - it was just a stupid mistake to get the license he said adding i 'd just as soon not get into details of the settlement - program traders are of predicting that if they are blocked in the u.s. they will simply to foreign stock markets - but in london and tokyo where computer-driven trading now plays a small but growing role traders say a number of hurdles - government officials especially in japan probably would resist any of program trading by players trying to off the u.s. furor over their activities and abroad with their business - japan is very concerned about the possible effects of program trading a senior japanese official said after the oct. N stock plunge in new york - u.s. stock-index futures are n't even traded in japan now - and because of the time difference the japanese and the u.s. markets ' trading hours do n't - it all adds up to a barrier to index arbitrage the most popular form of u.s. program trading that seeks to exploit brief differences between prices of stocks in new york and the price of a futures contract in chicago based on those stocks - about N N of all program trading by new york stock exchange firms in september took place in foreign markets according to big board data - yet it is difficult to imagine japan racing to introduce stock-index futures - japan 's finance ministry already is institutional investors ' activity to see whether policy changes are needed to cope with the current level of program trading said utsumi vice minister for international finance - program trading has taken off in japan since last year 's introduction of stock-index futures trading on the tokyo and osaka stock exchanges - but regulators are wary - they have n't forgotten the leap in share prices last dec. N when the first of index arbitrage drove stocks in the last half-hour of trading startling regulators who thought they had written enough rules to prevent such a swing - japan 's finance ministry had set up to limit how far futures prices could fall in a single session and to give market operators the authority to suspend trading in futures at any time - maybe it was n't enough a finance ministry official noted after the dec. N surge - japan 's regulators have since tightened controls on stock purchases - tokyo 's leading program traders are the big u.s. securities houses though the japanese are playing - some u.s. firms notably salomon inc. and morgan stanley group inc. have a hefty chunk of their japanese earnings from index arbitrage both for customers and for their own accounts - morgan stanley last week joined a growing list of u.s. securities firms that have stopped doing index arbitrage for their own accounts - both c. who heads salomon in tokyo and john s. who heads morgan stanley there a good part of their firms ' success in tokyo to their ability to offer sophisticated futures-related investment strategies to big institutional clients - they do n't have plans to cut back - it has not been in the markets here mr. said - the real difference seems to be that the cash market here is big enough and liquid enough that the futures market is n't having the same impact it does in america - the british also are program trades - index-arbitrage trading is something we want to watch closely an official at london 's stock exchange said - we do n't think there is cause for concern at the moment - london serves increasingly as a for program trading of u.s. stocks - market professionals said london has several - first the trading is done over the counter and is n't reported on either the u.s. or london stock trading tapes - second it can be used to positions before u.s. trading begins but at prices pegged to the previous session 's big board close - in addition to the extra privacy of these trades the transactions can often be less expensive to execute because the parties do n't have to pay a floor brokerage fee or a specialist 's fee - still much less index-arbitrage activity is done over here than in the u.s. said richard chief investment manager at standard life assurance co. which manages about # N billion $ N billion in united kingdom institutional funds - britain has two main index-arbitrage instruments - a financial times-stock exchange 100-share index option contract is traded on the london stock exchange 's traded options market - and an ft-se futures contract is traded on the london international financial futures exchange - both contracts have gained a following since the N global market crash - the average number of ft-se option contracts traded on the london exchange has surged nearly tenfold since the contract 's launch in N - this year the average of daily contracts traded totaled N up from N a year earlier and from N in N - but a survey early this summer indicated that the volume of trading was only N N of the size of the underlying equity market exchange officials said - this compares with estimates that the u.s. market is perhaps four times as large as the underlying domestic market - the house voted to boost the federal minimum wage for the first time since early N casting a solid N vote for a compromise measure backed by president bush - the vote came after a debate with complaints from both proponents and critics of a substantial increase in the wage floor - advocates said the rise to $ N an hour by april N is too small for the working poor while opponents argued that the increase will still hurt small business and cost many thousands of jobs - but the legislation reflected a compromise agreed to on tuesday by president bush and democratic leaders in congress after congressional republicans urged the white house to a bit from its previous resistance to compromise - so both sides accepted the compromise which would lead to the first lifting of the minimum wage since a four-year law was enacted in N raising the wage to $ N an hour from $ N - under the measure passed yesterday the minimum wage would rise to $ N next april - the senate plans to take up the measure quickly and is expected to pass it - there are no about this bill rep. pat williams d. said during house floor debate yesterday - but because it 's all we 've got i 'm going to vote for it - while the minimum wage had traditionally been pegged at half the average u.s. manufacturing wage the level of $ N an hour in N will still be less than N N of average factory pay mr. williams said - but rep. r. n.j instead praised the house 's acceptance of a new youth training wage a that gop have sought for many years - adopting a policy means getting beyond the nickel and of the minimum wage mrs. said - policy makers regard the youth wage as helping to limit the loss of jobs from an increase in the minimum wage but they have lately touted it as necessary to help job skills to into the work force - labor unions and democrats long fought the idea but recently to it in the face of bush administration insistence - the compromise sets the training wage at $ N an hour next april and at $ N an hour or N N of the minimum wage in april N - employers can pay the for N days without restriction to workers with less than six months of job experience and for another N days if the company uses a training program for the young workers - the training wage covers only workers who are N to N years old - the white house previously insisted on an six-month training wage that could be paid any time a worker of any age took a new job - the u.s. chamber of commerce still opposed to any increase said the compromise plan to lift the wage floor N N in two stages between april N and april N will be impossible for many employers to accommodate and will result in the elimination of jobs for american workers and higher prices for american consumers - zenith data systems corp. a subsidiary of zenith electronics corp. received a $ N million navy contract for software and services of over an period - rockwell international corp. won a $ N million air force contract for replacement aircraft - martin corp. was given a $ N million air force contract for navigation and targeting equipment - federal data corp. got a $ N million air force contract for intelligence data handling - for six years t. marshall hahn jr. has made corporate acquisitions in the george bush mode kind and - the question now can he act more like teddy - mr. hahn the chairman and chief executive officer of georgia-pacific corp. is leading the concern 's unsolicited $ N billion bid for great northern nekoosa corp - nekoosa has given the offer a public cold shoulder a reaction mr. hahn has n't faced in his N earlier acquisitions all of which were negotiated behind the scenes - so far mr. hahn is trying to nekoosa into negotiating a friendly surrender while talking tough - we are prepared to pursue aggressively completion of this transaction he says - but a takeover battle opens up the possibility of a bidding war with all that implies - if a competitor enters the game for example mr. hahn could face the dilemma of paying a premium for nekoosa or seeing the company fall into the arms of a rival - given that choice associates of mr. hahn and industry observers say the former university president who has developed a reputation for not for anything would - there 's a price above which i 'm positive marshall has the not to pay says georgia-pacific 's executive vice president for pulp and paper - says associate jerry vice president corporate development at industries inc. he is n't of the old school of winning at any cost - he also is a consensus manager insiders say - the decision to make the bid for nekoosa for example was made only after all six members of georgia-pacific 's management committee signed onto the deal even though mr. hahn knew he wanted to go after the company early on says mr. - associates say mr. hahn picked up that careful approach to management as president of virginia institute - assuming that post at the age of N he managed by consensus as is the rule in universities says warren h. a university official who is a book on mr. hahn - but he also showed a willingness to take a strong stand - in N mr. hahn called in state police to arrest student protesters who were a university building - that impressed robert b. georgia-pacific 's chief executive at the time whom mr. hahn had met while for the institute - in N mr. mr. hahn into joining the company as executive vice president in charge of chemicals the move many in georgia-pacific who did n't believe a university administrator could make the transition to the corporate world - but mr. hahn rose swiftly through the ranks a raw intelligence that he says he knew he early on - the son of a mr. hahn first grade because his reading ability was so far above his - moving rapidly through school he beta from the university of kentucky at age N after spending only N N years in college - he earned his in nuclear physics from the massachusetts institute of technology - mr. hahn agrees that he has a memory but friends say that 's an - they call it photographic - mr. hahn also has engineered a surprising turnaround of georgia-pacific - taking over as chief executive officer in N he inherited a company that was mired in debt and hurt by a slide in its business - mr. hahn began selling businesses such as oil and gas and chemicals - he even sold one unit that made covers - at the same time he began building up the pulp and paper segment of the company while building products on home repair and remodeling rather than materials for new-home construction - the idea was to buffet building products from cycles in new-home construction - the formula has paid off so far - georgia-pacific 's sales climbed to $ N billion last year compared with $ N billion in N when mr. hahn took the reins - profit from continuing operations has soared to $ N million from $ N million - mr. hahn attributes the gains to the philosophy of concentrating on what a company knows best - the record of companies that have diversified is n't all that impressive he says - nekoosa would n't be a diversification - it would be a good match mr. hahn and many analysts say of two healthy companies with high-quality assets and strong cash flows - the resulting company would be the largest forest-products concern in the world with combined sales of more than $ N billion - but can mr. hahn carry it off - in this instance industry observers say he is entering waters - says an analyst at first manhattan co. this is the greatest acquisition challenge he has faced - a house-senate conference approved major portions of a package for more than $ N million in economic aid for poland that relies heavily on $ N million in credit and loan guarantees in fiscal N in hopes of future trade and investment - for the agency for international development approved $ N million in secondary loan guarantees under an expanded trade credit insurance program and total loan guarantees for the overseas private investment corp. are increased by $ N million over fiscal N as part of the same poland package - the conference approved at least $ N million in direct cash and development assistance as well and though no decision was made both sides are committed to adding more than $ N million in economic support funds and environmental initiatives sought by the bush administration - the agreement on poland contrasts with the major differences remaining over the underlying foreign aid bill which has already provoked veto threats by the white house and is sharply confined under this year 's budget - these fiscal pressures are also a factor in shaping the poland package and while more ambitious legislation is still pending the appropriations bill in conference will be more decisive on u.s. aid to eastern europe - to accommodate the additional cash assistance the house appropriations committee last week was required to an estimated $ N million from the pentagon - and though the size of the loan guarantees approved yesterday is significant recent experience with a similar program in central america indicates that it could take several years before the new polish government can fully use the aid effectively - the action on poland came as the conference separately approved $ N million for international population planning activities an N N increase over fiscal N - the house and senate are divided over whether the united nations population fund will receive any portion of these appropriations but the size of the increase is itself significant - in a second area of common concern the world environment an additional $ N million will be provided in development assistance to fund a series of initiatives related both to global warming and the plight of the african elephant - the sweeping nature of the bill draws a variety of special interest amendments running from an import exemption for a california museum to a small but intriguing struggle among sugar producing nations over the fate of panama 's quota of exports to the profitable u.s. market - panama was stripped of this right because of u.s. differences with the noriega regime but the central american country would have received a quota of N metric tons over a period ending sept. N N - about a quarter of this share has already been according to the industry but the remaining N tons are still a lucrative target for growers because the current u.s. price of N cents a pound runs as much as a nickel a pound above the world rate - the potential sales are nearly $ N million and house majority whip william gray d. pa began the bidding this year by proposing language that the quota be allocated to countries of the caribbean such as jamaica and - rep. jerry lewis a conservative added a provision of his own intended to assist and the senate then the list further by including all countries in the u.s. caribbean basin as well as the philippines backed by the powerful hawaii democrat sen. daniel inouye - jamaica wary of its caribbean basin allies has apparently instructed its lobbyist to abandon the provision initially drafted by mr. gray but the greater question is whether mr. inouye who has strong ties to the sugar industry is able to a claim by the philippines - in separate floor action the house budget restrictions and gave quick approval to $ N billion in supplemental appropriations for law enforcement and anti-drug programs in fiscal N - the funding is attached to an estimated $ N billion transportation bill that goes next to the senate and carries with it a proposed permanent smoking ban on virtually all u.s. domestic airline flights - the leadership hopes to move the compromise measure promptly to the white house but in recent days the senate has been as likely to bounce bills back to the house - the most recent example was a nearly $ N billion fiscal N bill funding the state justice and commerce departments - and after losing a battle tuesday night with the senate foreign relations committee from both houses are expected to be forced back to conference - beauty takes to safety on bridges - everyone agrees that most of the nation 's old bridges need to be repaired or replaced - but there 's disagreement over how to do it - highway officials insist the on older bridges are n't strong enough to prevent vehicles from through - but other people do n't want to lose the bridges ' beautiful sometimes historic features - the primary purpose of a is to contain a vehicle and not to provide a view says jack white a planner with the indiana highway department - he and others prefer to install such as the type f safety shape a concrete with no - in richmond ind. the type f is being used to replace on the street bridge - boone who teaches art at college calls the new structure just an bridge and one that blocks the view of a new park below - in hartford conn. the charter oak bridge will soon be replaced the from its to a park - are possible - citizens in peninsula ohio upset over changes to a bridge negotiated a deal the bottom half of the will be type f while the top half will have the old bridge 's pattern - similarly highway engineers agreed to keep the old on the key bridge in washington d.c. as long as they could install a crash barrier between the sidewalk and the road - - drink carrier competes with - just got easier or so claims corp. the maker of the - the chicago company 's beverage carrier meant to replace at stands and fast-food outlets resembles the plastic used on of beer only the hang from a of - the new carrier can as many as four at once - inventor marvin says his design virtually - are n't even needed - he also claims the carrier costs less and takes up less space than most paper carriers - a few fast-food outlets are giving it a try - the company acknowledges some problems - a driver has to find something to hang the carrier on so the company supplies a window hook - while it breaks down in prolonged it is n't - and unlike some there 's no place for food - spirit of perestroika design world - an exchange of u.s. and soviet designers promises change on both sides - an exhibition of american design and architecture opened in september in moscow and will travel to eight other soviet cities - the show runs the from a to chairs to a model of the citicorp building - the event continues into next year and includes an exchange program to swap design teachers at and 's institute - dan leader of the group sees benefits all around - the soviets who normally have few clients other than the state will get exposure to a market system he says - americans will learn more about making products for the soviets - mr. says the soviets could even help u.s. designers renew their sense of purpose - in moscow they kept asking us things like why do you make N different when all you need is one good one he says - they got us thinking maybe we should be helping u.s. companies improve existing products rather than always developing new ones - seed for jail solution fails to take root - it 's a two birds with one stone deal group architects propose using grain elevators to house - it would ease jail while preserving historic structures the company says - but new york state which is seeking solutions to its prison cell shortage says no - grain elevators built in the 1920s and have concrete walls and a shape that would easily contain cells with a control point in the middle the new york firm says - many are far enough from residential areas to pass public yet close enough to permit family visits - besides says grain elevators are worth preserving for reasons one architect compared them to the of egypt - a number of cities including minneapolis philadelphia and houston have vacant grain elevators says - a medium-sized one in brooklyn it says could be altered to house up to N at a lower cost than building a new prison in new york - a spokesman for the state however calls the idea not effective or cost efficient - the labor department cited usx corp. for numerous health and safety violations at two pennsylvania plants and proposed $ N million in fines the largest penalty ever proposed for alleged workplace violations by an employer - the department 's safety and health administration proposed fines of $ N million for alleged violations at the company 's hills pa. steel mill that was a record for proposed penalties at any single facility - osha cited nearly N alleged violations of federal electrical and other requirements - a second covering the company 's pa. coke works involved more than N alleged violations of and other requirements for which osha proposed $ N million in fines - labor secretary elizabeth dole said the magnitude of these penalties and is matched only by the magnitude of the hazards to workers which resulted from corporate to worker safety and health and severe cutbacks in the maintenance and repair programs needed to remove those hazards - osha said there have been three worker at the two plants in the past two years and N deaths since N - gerard the head of osha said usx managers have known about many of the safety and health deficiencies at the plants for years yet have failed to take necessary action to the hazards - particularly mrs. dole said are the company 's numerous failures to properly record injuries at its works in spite of the firm promise it had made in an earlier settlement agreement to correct such discrepancies - that settlement was in april N - a usx spokesman said the company had n't yet received any documents from osha regarding the penalty or fine - once we do they will receive very serious evaluation the spokesman said - no consideration is more important than the health and safety of our employees - usx said it has been with osha since the agency began investigating the and works - he said that if and when safety problems were identified they were corrected - the usx represented the first sizable enforcement action taken by osha under mr. - he has promised fines though the size of penalties sought by osha have been rising in recent years even before he took office this year - the big problem is that usx management has proved unwilling to devote the necessary resources and manpower to removing hazards and to safety and health in the plants said linda osha regional administrator in philadelphia - usx has N working days to contest the and proposed penalties before the independent safety and health review commission - before the usx case osha 's largest proposed fine for one employer was $ N million for alleged safety violations at john & co. a subsidiary of united brands co. cincinnati - the company is the fine - due to an error a letter to the editor in yesterday 's edition from frederick h. mistakenly identified the - it should be the natural resources defense council - your oct. N editorial the ill homeless referred to research by us and six of our colleagues that was reported in the sept. N issue of the journal of the american medical association - your comments implied we had discovered that the principal cause of homelessness is to be found in the large numbers of ill and people in the homeless population - we have made no such statement - it is clear that most ill people and most do not become homeless - the causes of homelessness are poorly understood and complex in any individual case - in from our research you emphasized the high of mental illness and - you did not note that the homeless people we examined had a of physical disorders in addition to their psychiatric problems and substance abuse - they suffered from diseases cardiovascular disorders skin problems diseases and the of and rape - homeless people not only lack safety privacy and shelter they also lack the of and basic health care - in a recent report the institute of medicine pointed out that certain health problems may a person to homelessness others may be a consequence of it and a third category is composed of disorders whose treatment is difficult or impossible if a person lacks adequate shelter - the between health and homelessness are complex sweeping as to cause or effect - if we look to the future preventing homelessness is an important objective - this will require us to develop a much more sophisticated understanding of the dynamics of homelessness than we currently an understanding that can be developed only through careful study and research - william r. j. department of johns hopkins university school of medicine baltimore - a study by prof. james wright says homelessness is due to a complex array of problems with the common of poverty - the study shows that nearly N N of the homeless population is made up of women and children and that only N N of the homeless some combination of drug alcohol and mental problems - according to dr. wright homelessness is simultaneously a housing problem an employment problem a problem a problem of social a mental health problem a family violence problem a problem created by the cutbacks in social welfare spending a problem resulting from the of the traditional nuclear family and a problem connected to the recent increase in the number of persons living below the poverty level - e. president robert wood johnson foundation princeton n.j - to quote the highly regarded director of a privately funded center for the homeless in new york if you 're homeless you do n't sleep for fear of being robbed or murdered - after your first three weeks of sleep you 're in touch with reality any more without psychiatric treatment you may well be unable to fend for yourself ever again - some of the homeless obviously had mental illness or - but many others have fallen through cracks in the economy into the grim world of our city streets - once there what ways of escape are open to them other than drink drugs or - maxwell brooklyn n.y - you dismiss as the view that the reduction of federal programs by N N might have played a significant role in the increased number of men and women sleeping on our city streets during the years - there is no sign that you bothered to consider the of your logic namely that mental illness and substance abuse might be to some degree consequences rather than causes of homelessness - your research stopped when a convenient could be made - robert s. cambridge mass - of the approximately N sponsors of the recent march in washington for the homeless you chose to cite such groups as the national association of home builders and the international union of and allied that the march got its major support from groups that know a good thing when they see it and that the crusade was based on greed or the profit motive - but is n't the desire for profit the driving force behind those who subscribe to and in your paper - why did n't you mention the or the or catholic charities usa or a hundred other nonprofit organizations that participated in the march - as for the findings on the N baltimore homeless who psychiatric i suggest you conduct your own survey - choose N business executives including perhaps someone from your own staff and put them out on the streets to be deprived for one month of their homes families and income - i would predict that within a short time most of them would find a satisfactory substitute for chivas and that their normal and substance abuse would increase dramatically - ruth k. nelson n.c - rogers communications inc. said it plans to raise N million to N million canadian dollars us$ N million to $ N million through a private placement of perpetual preferred shares - perpetual preferred shares are n't by the holders the company said - rogers said the shares will be convertible into class b shares but that the company has the option to redeem the shares before a conversion takes place - a spokesman for the toronto cable television and telecommunications concern said the coupon rate has n't yet been fixed but will probably be set at around N N - he declined to discuss other terms of the issue - the house passed legislation designed to make it easier for the transportation department to block airline leveraged buy-outs - the final vote came after the house rejected republican efforts to weaken the bill and approved two amendments sought by organized labor - the bush administration has threatened to veto such a bill because of what it views as an into the affairs of industry but the N vote suggests that supporters have the potential to override a veto - the broader question is where the senate stands on the issue - while the senate commerce committee has approved legislation similar to the house bill on airline leveraged buy-outs the measure has n't yet come to the full floor - although the legislation would apply to acquisitions involving any major airline it is aimed at giving the transportation department the chance to review in advance transactions financed by large amounts of debt - the purpose of the bill is to put the on airline acquisitions that would so load a carrier up with debt that it would safety or a carrier 's ability to compete rep. john paul r. ark said - the bill as it was approved by the house public works and transportation committee would give the transportation department up to N days to review any purchase of N N or more of the stock in an airline - the department would be required to block the buy-out if the acquisition is likely to financially weaken a carrier so that safety would be its ability to compete would be sharply diminished it would be put into foreign control or if the transaction would result in the sale of assets unless selling such assets had an public benefit - the house approved an amendment offered by rep. peter d. ore. that would in addition to the previous criteria also require the department to block the acquisition of an airline if the added debt incurred were likely to result in a reduction in the number of the carrier 's employees or their wages or benefits - rep. james d. ohio said the amendment which passed N would let the american worker know that we consider them occasionally - but rep. said that the provision which he dubbed a special interest amendment was likely to make the bill even more controversial - on tuesday the house approved a amendment that would require the transportation department to reject airline acquisitions if the person seeking to purchase a carrier had run two or more airlines previously that have filed for protection from creditors under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code - the provision called the amendment by its supporters apparently was aimed at preventing texas air corp. chairman frank lorenzo from attempting to take over another airline - report - you now may drop by the voice of america offices in washington and read the text of what the voice is broadcasting to those N million people around the world who tune in to it each week - you can even take notes extensive notes for the voice folks wo n't look over your shoulder about what you read - you can do all this even if you 're not a reporter or a researcher or a scholar or a member of congress - and my newspaper can print the text of those - until the other day you as an ordinary citizen of this democracy had no right to see what your government was telling your around the world - that was the law - and i apparently had no right to print what the voice was booming to - it was censorship - it was - and it was stupid - the theory was that the voice is a propaganda agency and this government should n't its own people - that sounds neat but this government any government its own people every day - government press releases tours of military facilities publications are all propaganda of sorts - propaganda is just information to support a viewpoint and the beauty of a democracy is that it enables you to hear or read every viewpoint and then make up your own mind on an issue - the restrictions on and of voice material were especially absurd an agency in the information business was not being allowed to inform - in june N i wrote in this space about this issue - assuming it was n't one of those columns that you and put on the door i 'll review the facts - the voice of america is a government agency that news and views some might say propaganda in N to N million around the world - it does a job - its budget $ N million is paid for by you - but a N law barred the of that material in the u.s. - the law let scholars reporters and researchers read of material only at headquarters in washington but it barred them from copying - and of course there 's that word - how 's that again - you may come by the agency to read but not copy either or by a voice official explained when i asked - what if i tune in my radio an editorial or program and print it in my newspaper - nor are you free to such material i was advised - that sounded a lot like censorship so after years of letters and conversations that went nowhere i sued - a couple of weeks ago i lost the case in federal district court in des - at least that 's the way it was reported - and indeed the lawsuit was dismissed - but i i like to think of it in terms of we all of us won the point - for a funny thing happened on the way to the ruling the united states information agency which runs the voice changed its position on three key points - the usia said that on reflection of course i could print anything i could get my hands on - the word it decided referred only to itself - the usia officially and publicly declared the right of everyone except the usia to agency program materials in the united states my lawyer the mark mccormick of des said in a memo pointing out the facts and trying to make me feel good after the press reported that i had lost - the court noted the new usia position but just in case officially found that congress did not intend to preclude plaintiffs from usia information domestically - the usia said that on reflection anyone could view the materials not just the reporters scholars researchers and congressmen who are mentioned in the statute - the usia publicly and officially stated in the litigation that all persons are allowed access to the materials notwithstanding the statutory because the usia has determined that it will not check the credentials of any person appearing and to see the materials mr. mccormick noted - and the usia said that all of us could take extensive notes - the agency publicly and officially declared in the lawsuit that persons who examine the materials may make notes and while the agency position is that persons may not take notes no one will check to determine what notes a person has taken mr. mccormick reported - i had sought in my suit the right to print voice material which had been denied me and i had sought a right to receive the information arguing in effect that a right to print government information is n't very helpful if i have no right to get the information - but the court disagreed - the first amendment the government from passing laws the right to free speech judge donald o'brien ruled - the first amendment does not a duty upon the government to assure easy access to information for members of the press - so now the situation is this - you have a right to read voice of america scripts if you do n't mind traveling to washington every week or so and visiting the voice office during business hours - i have a right to print those scripts if i go there and but no longer copy them out in long hand - but neither of us can copy the material on a xerox machine or have it sent to us - in an era when every government agency has a public-relations machine that sends you stuff whether you want it or not this does seem odd - indeed judge o'brien ruled that it would be easy to conclude that the usia 's position is inappropriate or even stupid but it 's the law - so the next step i suspect is to try to get the law changed - we i assume you 're in this with me at this point need to get three words for examination only eliminated from the law - section N of the united states information and educational exchange act of N says voice material shall be available to certain of us but now thanks to the usia 's new position all of us for examination only - if those words were n't there the nice people at the voice would be able to send you the information or at the very least let you it - this is not a issue - you have raised important questions which ought to be answered what does usia say about america abroad how do we say it and how can american taxpayers get the answers to these questions a man wrote me a couple of years ago - the man was charles - at the time he was director of the - he had no answers then - now there are some - this democracy is suddenly a little more democratic - i feel pretty good about it - mr. gartner is editor and of the daily tribune in iowa and president of nbc news in new york - r. gordon mcgovern was forced out as campbell soup co. 's president and chief executive officer the strongest evidence yet of the power that dorrance family members intend to in the troubled food company - herbert m. baum the president of the company 's campbell u.s.a. unit and edwin l. harper N the chief financial officer will run campbell as a team responsibilities rather evenly until a successor is named - the board already has been searching for strong outside candidates including executives with considerable international experience - wall street reacted to mr. mcgovern 's departure and its implications - in heavy trading on the new york stock exchange campbell 's shares rose $ N to close at $ N - the profit motive of the major shareholders has clearly changed for the better said john a food industry analyst for prudential-bache in new york - mr. mcgovern was widely seen as sales and not profit - new managers would think a little more like wall street mr. added - some of the surge in the stock 's price appeared to be linked to revived takeover speculation which has contributed to volatility of campbell shares in recent months - campbell 's international businesses particularly in the u.k. and italy appear to be at the heart of its problems - growth has fallen short of targets and operating earnings are far below results in u.s. units - for example campbell is a distant third in the u.k. frozen foods market where it recently paid N times earnings for foods plc and wound up with far more capacity than it could use - similarly campbell 's italian operation d. & co. has been hurt by and distribution problems - such problems will require considerable to resolve - however neither mr. baum nor mr. harper has much international experience - mr. baum a marketer who is said to have a good with campbell employees will have responsibility for all domestic operations except the farm unit - mr. harper a veteran of several manufacturing companies who joined campbell in N will take charge of all overseas operations as well as - in an joint interview yesterday both men said they would like to be the company 's next chief executive - mr. mcgovern N had been under intense pressure from the board to boost campbell 's performance to the level of other food companies - the board is dominated by the of the late john t. dorrance jr. who controlled about N N of campbell 's stock when he died in april - in recent months mr. dorrance 's children and other family members have pushed for improved profitability and higher returns on their equity - in august the company took a $ N million pretax charge against fiscal N earnings when it announced a world-wide restructuring plan - the plan calls for closing at least nine plants and eliminating about N jobs - but analysts said early results from the reorganization have been disappointing especially in europe and there were signs that the board became - campbell officials said mr. mcgovern was n't available yesterday to discuss the circumstances of his departure - the company 's prepared statement quoted him as saying the ceo succession is well along and i 've decided for personal reasons to take early retirement - but people familiar with the agenda of the board 's meeting last week in london said mr. mcgovern was fired - mr. mcgovern himself had said repeatedly that he intended to stay on until he reached the conventional retirement age of N in october N unless i get fired - campbell said mr. mcgovern had withdrawn his name as a candidate for re-election as a director at the annual shareholder meeting scheduled for nov. N - for fiscal N mr. mcgovern received a salary of $ N - he owns about N shares of campbell stock and has options to buy more than N additional shares - he will be eligible for an annual pension of more than $ N with certain other benefits - during mr. mcgovern 's term as president the company 's sales rose to $ N billion from $ N billion and net income increased to $ N million from $ N million the statement said - mr. baum said he and mr. harper both closing some plants as long ago as early N - you 've got to make the restructuring work said mr. baum - you 've got to make those savings now - mr. harper expressed confidence that he and mr. baum can convince the board of their to run the company - we look upon this as a great opportunity to prove the fact that we have a tremendous management team he said - he predicted that the board would give the current duo until early next year before naming a new chief executive - mr. baum said the two have orders to focus on profits and to take a hard look at our businesses what is good what is not so good - analysts generally the performance of campbell u.s.a. the company 's largest division which posted N N unit sales growth and a N N improvement in operating profit for fiscal N - the way that we 've been managing campbell u.s.a. can hopefully spread to other areas of the company mr. baum said - in the interview at headquarters yesterday afternoon both men confidence and seemed to work well together - you 've got two sitting right before you said mr. baum - we play to win - wednesday november N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - robert l. bernstein chairman and president of random house inc. announced his resignation from the publishing house he has run for N years - a successor was n't named which fueled speculation that mr. bernstein may have with newhouse jr. whose family company advance publications inc. owns random house - abrupt departures are n't of within the newhouse empire - in an interview mr. bernstein said his departure out of discussions with newhouse and that 's the decision i reached - he declined to elaborate other than to say it just seemed the right thing to do at this minute - sometimes you just go with your gut - mr. bernstein said he will stay until dec. N and work with his successor who is to be named soon - mr. newhouse meanwhile insisted that he is n't unhappy with mr. bernstein or the performance of random house the largest trade publishing house in the u.s. - the company said the publisher 's annual sales volume increased to $ N million from $ N million during mr. bernstein 's tenure - bob has handled the extraordinary growth of the company quite said mr. newhouse - the company is doing well it 's stable it 's got good people - bob has an agenda and this seemed like the natural time - publishing officials believe that while random house has enjoyed spectacular growth and has smoothly integrated many acquisitions in recent years some of the bigger ones have n't been absorbed so easily - crown publishing group acquired last year is said to be turning in disappointing results - as a private company random house does n't report its earnings - mr. bernstein who succeeded bennett has been only the second president of random house since it was founded in N - speculation on his successor centers on a number of division heads at the house - possible candidates include susan president of random house 's huge and successful division - some say anthony head of a recently acquired british company century hutchinson could be chosen - there is also speculation that mr. newhouse could bring in a powerhouse businessman or another newhouse family member to run the business side in combination with a publishing executive like robert who left random house 's alfred a. to run the new yorker also owned by the newhouse family - not included on the list are evans recruited two years ago to be publisher of adult trade books for random house and mehta president of the prestigious alfred a. unit - when ms. evans took her job several important divisions that had reported to her predecessor were n't included partly because she did n't wish to be a full-time administrator - mr. mehta is widely viewed as a brilliant editor but a administrator and his own departure was rumored recently - mr. bernstein a tall energetic man who is widely respected as a publishing executive has spent much of his time in recent years on human rights issues - congress learned during the reagan administration that it could the executive branch by again and again the same seven words provided that no funds shall be spent - this phrase once again is found throughout the many appropriations bills now moving through congress - it signals congress 's attempt under the of the public to deny the president the funding necessary to execute certain of his duties and prerogatives specified in article ii of the constitution - this of congressional action is on an interpretation of the appropriations clause that is and unconstitutional - the appropriations clause states that no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law - the prevailing interpretation of the clause on capitol hill is that it gives congress an veto over every action of the president through the ability to funding - this interpretation was officially endorsed by congress in N in the iran-contra report - as of congressional power understand a power of the so broadly would the presidency and the principle of separation of powers - it is not supported by the text or history of the constitution - the hardly discussed the appropriations clause at the constitutional convention of N according to madison 's notes - to the extent they did their concern was to ensure fiscal accountability - moreover the believed that the nation needed a executive with the independence and resources to perform the executive functions that the confederation congress had performed poorly under the articles of confederation - it would that objective if the appropriations clause technically a on legislative power could be read as placing the president on congress 's short making the executive consist of the president and every member of congress - as it went to the conference panel now the appropriations bill for the executive office of the president for fiscal N contained some attempts by congress to rewrite the constitution under the of protecting the public 's money - during the coming weeks president bush must decide whether to veto the bills containing them or alternatively to sign these bills into law with a statement declaring their on executive power to be in violation of article ii and thus and - the N appropriations legislation attempts to strip the president of his powers to make certain appointments as provided by article ii - article ii places on the president the duty to and by and with the advice and consent of the senate judges and other officers of the u.s. - it also the president to make appointments without senate approval the president shall have power to fill up all that may happen during the of the senate by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session - yet section N of the appropriations bill for the executive office provides no part of any for the current fiscal year contained in this or any other act shall be paid to any person for the filling of any position for which he or she has been after the senate has voted not to approve the nomination of said person - thus with one brief passage in an appropriations bill congress the president 's power to make appointments under article ii - section N also imposes unconstitutional conditions on the president 's ability to candidates of his choosing - the language of the appropriations rider implies that any nomination to any position of a rejected will result in the president being denied funding to pay that person 's salary - the president could probably not avoid this restriction by choosing people willing to serve without pay because the act prohibits voluntary service to the government - the N appropriations bills also contain a number of provisions that violate the recommendation clause in article ii of the constitution - provisions which might be called laws as well prevent the executive branch from even looking at certain policy options let alone from recommending them to congress - such laws violate the provision in article ii that requires the president to make recommendations to congress but which gives the president the discretion to select the subject matter of those recommendations - typically these laws seek to prevent executive branch officials from into whether certain federal programs make any economic sense or proposing more alternatives to regulations - probably the most example is a in the appropriations bill for the executive office that prevents the president 's office of management and budget from agricultural marketing orders to any scrutiny - there is something suspect about congress 's the executive from even studying whether public funds are being wasted in some favored program or other - perhaps none of the unconstitutional conditions contained in the appropriations bills for fiscal N better illustrates congress 's attempt to executive power than section N of the bill none of the funds made available to the provisions of this act shall be used to implement or enforce any regulation which has been to a resolution of adopted in with the applicable law of the united states - this provision amounts to a legislative veto over the president 's execution of the law since a resolution could be said to be adopted even though it would require neither action in congress nor presentation to the president for his signature or veto - the supreme court 's decision in v. held that legislative are unconstitutional - president bush should veto appropriations acts that contain these kinds of unconstitutional conditions on the president 's ability to his duties and exercise his prerogatives - if president bush fails to do so in his first year he will congress for the remainder of his presidency to rewrite article ii of the constitution to suit its purposes - what becomes custom in the bush administration will only become more difficult for future presidents including democrats to undo - president reagan learned that lesson - by N jim wright was discussing arms control in moscow with mikhail gorbachev and then attempting to direct the president through an appropriations rider to treat the soviets as though the senate had ratified salt ii - if a veto is because it would leave part of the executive branch the president could sign the appropriations bills into law and a power of declaring the rider restricting his article ii powers to be unconstitutional and - the constitution does not give the president such power - however the president does have a duty not to violate the constitution - the question is whether his only means of defense is the veto - of appropriations riders that trespass on the president 's duties and under article ii would be different from the line-item veto - as discussed in the context of controlling federal spending the line-item veto is characterized as a way for the president to perfectly constitutional provisions in a spending bill that are merely because they conflict with his policy objectives - the of unconstitutional conditions in an appropriations bill would be a power of far more limited - one could argue that it is not an of a item veto at all for the president by a power of to resist unconstitutional conditions in legislation that violate the separation of powers - there is no downside if the president asserts a right of over unconstitutional conditions in the fiscal N appropriations bills - if congress does nothing president bush will have won - if congress takes the dispute to the supreme court assuming it can establish standing to sue president bush might win - in that case he might receive an opinion from the court that is a of the president 's right to perform the duties and exercise the prerogatives the thought should be to the executive - if president bush loses at the court it might be disappointing as morrison v. was for the reagan administration - but the presidency would be no worse off than it is now - moreover the would have received a valuable lesson in how the separation of powers works in practice - as it stands now congress after the reagan administration that the white house will take unconstitutional provisions in appropriations bills lying down - president bush should set things straight - if he does not he will help realize madison 's fear in the no. N of a legislature everywhere extending the of its activity and drawing all powers into its - mr. served as an attorney in the reagan administration - his longer analysis of executive power and the appropriations clause is to appear in the duke law journal later this year - despite one of the most devastating on record net cash income in the farm belt rose to a new high of $ N billion last year - the previous record was $ N billion in N according to the agriculture department - net cash income the amount left in farmers ' pockets after expenses from gross cash income increased in N states in N as the drought cut into crop yields and drove up commodity prices the department 's economic research service reported yesterday - most of those states set farm income records - the worst crop damage occurred in the midwestern corn belt and the northern great plains - what saved many farmers from a bad year was the opportunity to reclaim large quantities of grain and other crops that they had to the government under loan programs - with prices soaring they were able to sell the commodities at considerable profit the agency 's report said - in less areas meanwhile farmers who had little or no loss of production greatly from the higher prices - to the surprise of some analysts net cash income rose in some of the states including indiana illinois nebraska and the - analysts attributed the increases partly to the $ N billion package enacted by congress - last year 's record net cash income confirms the farm sector 's rebound from the agricultural depression of the early 1980s - it also helps explain the reluctance of the major farm and many lawmakers to make any significant changes in the N farm program next year - commodity prices have been rising in recent years with the farm price index hitting record earlier this year as the government curtailed production with programs to reduce surpluses - at the same time export demand for u.s. wheat corn and other commodities strengthened said keith collins a department analyst - farmers also benefited from strong livestock prices as the nation 's cattle inventory dropped close to a 30-year low - all of these forces came together in N to benefit agriculture mr. collins said - california led the nation with $ N billion in net cash income last year followed by texas $ N billion iowa $ N billion florida $ N billion and minnesota $ N billion - iowa and minnesota were among the few major farm states to a decline in net cash income - despite federal disaster relief the drought of N was a severe financial setback for an estimated N to N farmers according to the department - many lost their farms - department economists do n't expect N to be as good a year as N was - indeed net cash income is likely to fall this year as farm expenses rise and government payments to farmers decline - at the same time an increase of land under after the drought has boosted production of corn soybeans and other commodities causing a fall in prices that has been only partly by heavy grain buying by the soviets - last year government payments to farmers slipped to less than $ N billion from a record $ N billion in N - payments are expected to range between $ N billion and $ N billion this year - after years of struggling the los angeles herald examiner will publish its last edition today shut down by its parent hearst corp. following unsuccessful efforts to sell the venerable newspaper - the demise of the herald once the nation 's largest afternoon newspaper with circulation exceeding N turns the country 's second-largest city into a town at least in some - the los angeles times with a circulation of more than N million dominates the region - but it faces stiff competition in orange county from the orange county register which sells more than N copies a day and in the san fernando valley from the los angeles daily news which sells more than N - nearby cities such as pasadena and long beach also have large - in july closely held hearst based in new york put the paper on the block - speculation had it that the company was asking $ N million for an operation said to be losing about $ N million a year but others said hearst might have virtually given the paper away - an attempted buy-out led by john j. chief operating officer never materialized and a stream of what one staff member dismissed as and had filed through since - the prospective buyers included investor marvin davis and the toronto sun - the death of the herald a paper in a freeway town was perhaps inevitable - los angeles is a newspaper market and advertisers seemed to feel they could buy space in the times then target a particular area with one of the regional - the herald was left in limbo - further the herald seemed torn between keeping its hearst blue-collar and and trying to provide a upscale alternative to the sometimes times - hearst had with a conversion to tabloid format for years but never executed the plan - the herald joins the baltimore which and the boston which was sold as of the old hearst newspaper empire abandoned by the company in the 1980s - many felt hearst kept the paper alive as long as it did if marginally because of its place in family history - its offices were designed by architect morgan who built the hearst castle at san - william hearst had kept an apartment in the spanish building - analysts said the herald 's demise does n't necessarily represent the overall condition of the newspaper industry - the herald was a from a age said j. noble a media analyst with painewebber inc - actually the long deterioration in daily newspapers shows signs of coming to an end and the industry looks pretty healthy - founded as the examiner in N by mr. hearst the herald was by a bitter strike that began in N and cut circulation in half - financially it never recovered it had its moments - in N hearst hired editor james who the editorial product considerably - he and his successor mary anne restored respect for the editorial product and though in recent years the paper had been along on limited resources its were notable - for example the herald consistently beat its rival on disclosures about los angeles mayor tom bradley 's financial dealings - the herald 's sports coverage and arts criticism were also highly regarded - robert j. vice president and general manager of hearst newspapers stood up in the paper 's yesterday and announced that no buyers had stepped forward and that the paper would putting more than N full-time employees out of work - hearst said it would provide employees with a placement service and pay them for N days - some employees will receive additional benefits the company said - hours after the announcement representatives of the orange county register were in a bar across the street recruiting - the reaction in the was emotional - i 've never seen so many people in one place at one time said bill johnson an assistant city editor - so long l.a. was chosen as the paper 's final headline - i 'm doing the main story and i 'm already two beers drunk said reporter andy whom the times hired away several years ago but who returned to the herald out of preference - his wife also works for the paper as did his father - outside a young filling a news box with an extra edition herald examiner closes refused to take a reader 's quarter - forget it he said as he handed her a paper - it does n't make any difference now - olympia broadcasting corp. said it did n't make a $ N million semiannual interest payment due yesterday on $ N million of senior subordinated debentures - the owner and said it was trying to obtain additional working capital from its senior secured lenders and other financial institutions - it said it needs to make the payment by dec. N to avoid a default that could lead to an acceleration of the debt - in september the company said it was seeking offers for its five radio stations in order to concentrate on its programming business - if you 'd really rather have a buick do n't leave home without the american express card - or so the might go - american express co. and general motors corp. 's beleaguered buick division are joining forces in a promotion aimed at boosting buick 's sales while encouraging broader use of the american express card - the companies are giving four-day for two to buick buyers who charge all or part of their down payments on the american express green card - they have begun sending letters explaining the program which began oct. N and will end dec. N to about five million card holders - neither company would disclose the program 's cost - buick approached american express about a joint promotion because its card holders generally have a good credit history and are good at making payments says a spokeswoman for the division - american express also represents the upscale image we 're trying to project she adds - buick has been seeking for the past few years to restore its reputation as the doctor 's car a product for upscale professionals - sales were roughly flat in the N model year compared with a year earlier though industry sales fell - but since the N model year began oct. N buick sales have plunged N N - for american express the promotion is part of an effort to broaden the use of its card for retail sales where the company expects to get much of the future growth in its card business - traditionally the card has been used mainly for travel and entertainment expenses - an american express executive vice president says the promotion with buick is his company 's first with an auto maker but hopefully will be the first of many in the company 's effort to promote its green card as the total card - to that end american express has been signing up gasoline companies car repair shops tire companies and car dealers to accept the card - many auto dealers now let car buyers charge part or all of their purchase on the american express card but few card holders realize this mr. says - until now however buyers who wanted to finance part of a car purchase through general motors acceptance corp. could n't put their down payment on a charge card because of possible conflicts with and state disclosure laws over finance rates says a spokesman for the gm finance arm - but gmac approved the buick program he says because the american express green card requires payment in full upon billing and so does n't carry any finance rates - mr. says american express considers gm and buick very sophisticated direct-mail marketers so by joining forces with them we have managed to maximize our direct-mail capability - in addition buick is a relatively respected among american express card holders says an american express spokeswoman - when the company asked members in a mailing which cars they would like to get information about for possible future purchases buick came in fourth among u.s. cars and in the top N of all cars the spokeswoman says - american express has more than N million card holders in the u.s. and over half have the green card - gmac the list for holders more than N years old with household incomes over $ N who had n't missed any payments the buick spokeswoman says - some N million of the five million who will get letters were for credit with gmac - these N million people also are eligible to get one percentage point off gmac 's advertised finance rates which start at N N for two-year loan contracts - a spokesman for visa international 's u.s. subsidiary says his company is using promotions to increase use of its cards but does n't have plans for a similar to the american link - three divisions at american express are working with buick on the promotion the establishment services division which is responsible for all merchants and companies that accept the card the travel division and the merchandise sales division - the vacation packages include hotel and in some cases tours or tickets to local but not meals - are chicago las vegas nev. los angeles miami beach fla. new orleans new york fla. san francisco and washington d.c. - a buyer who chooses to fly to his must pay for his own ticket but gets a companion 's ticket free if they fly on united airlines - in of the vacation buyers can choose among several prizes including a or a stereo videocassette recorder - card holders who receive the letter also are eligible for a with buick cars or a hawaii vacation as prizes - if they a buick they get an american express - this is n't buick 's first promotion - a few years ago the company offered two tickets on trans world airlines to buyers of its luxury car - the promotion helped sales exceed the division 's forecast by more than N N buick said at the time - the united kingdom high court declared illegal a variety of interest-rate swap transactions and options deals between a london borough council and commercial banks - the ruling could lead to the cancellation of huge bank debts the london borough of and ran up after losing heavily on swap transactions - as many as N u.k. and international banks stand to lose several hundred million pounds should the decision be upheld and set a precedent for other municipalities - an appeal is expected - in response to the ruling futures swiftly plunged more than a point yesterday before recovering much of the loss by the end of the session - or british government bonds which also fell sharply initially some of the losses to end about N point lower - the council which is alleged to have engaged in over N deals valued at over # N billion $ N billion lost millions of pounds from swap deals - at one point is reported to have accounted for as much as N N of the sterling market in interest-rate swap dealings - when two parties engage in an interest-rate swap they are betting against each other on future rates - thus an institution obligated to make fixed-rate interest payments on debt swaps the payments with another making floating-rate payments - in most of the british transactions the municipalities agreed to make floating-rate payments to banks which would make fixed-rate payments - as interest rates rose municipalities owed the banks more than the banks were paying them - the court hearing began in early october at the request of anthony district for who argued that local are n't vested with constitutional authority to engage in such activities - the council backed the audit commission 's stand that the swap transactions are illegal - although the and council was by far the most active local authority engaging in such transactions the court decision could set a precedent for similar transactions by N other local - while this court ruling was only on it will obviously be very in other cases of a similar nature a representing one of the banks said - already N local have refused to honor fees and payments to banks incurred during various swaps dealings - other financial institutions involved include barclays bank plc midland bank plc security pacific corp. chemical banking corp. 's chemical bank citicorp 's citibank and mitsubishi finance international - if the banks all of appeal it is possible that they would seek to have the ruling work both ways some market sources said - banks could seek to recover payments to local authorities in where the banks made net payments to - officials from the various banks involved are expected to meet during the next few days to consider other arrangements with local authorities that could be questionable - the banks have N days to file an appeal against the ruling and are expected to do so shortly - in the aftermath of the stock market 's 190-point drop on oct. N kidder peabody & co. 's N stockbrokers across the country began a telephone and campaign aimed at the country 's second-largest program trader - the target of their - their own employer kidder peabody - since october 's wall street has been shaken by an explosion of against program trading the computer-driven trades of huge baskets of stocks and futures that can send stock prices reeling in minutes - but the fight over program trading is about much more than a volatile stock market - the real battle is over who will control that market and reap its huge rewards - program trading itself according to many who have studied it is merely caught in the middle of this battle unfairly labeled as the evil driving force of the marketplace - the evidence indicates that program trading did n't in fact cause the market 's sharp fall on oct. N though it may have it - on one side of this power struggle stand the forces in on wall street the new guard consisting of high-tech computer at the major brokerage firms their pension fund clients with pools of money and the traders at the fast-growing chicago futures exchanges - these are the main proponents of program trading - defending their are wall street 's old guard the traditional money managers tens of thousands of stock brokers the new york stock exchange 's listed companies and the floor traders known as specialists who make markets in their stocks - so far wall street 's old guard seems to be winning the program-trading battle successfully public and congressional opinion to their - the chicago mercantile exchange a major futures marketplace yesterday announced the addition of another layer of trading halts designed to slow program traders during a rapidly falling stock market and the big board is expected today to approve some additional restrictions on program trading - by charges that their greed is turning the stock market into a almost all the big investment banking houses have abandoned index arbitrage a common form of program trading for their own accounts in the past few days - a few such as giant merrill lynch & co. now refuse even to do index arbitrage trades for clients - the old guard 's assault on program trading and its practitioners has been fierce and broad-based in part because some old guard members feel their very is at stake - some such as traditional money manager neuberger & have taken out national newspaper advertisements demanding that market regulators stop the numbers on wall street - big board stock specialists in a bold palace began shortly after oct. N to telephone the corporate executives of the companies whose stock is listed on the big board to have them pressure the exchange to ban program trading - charles wohlstetter the chairman of contel corp. who is other to the trading cause says he has received letters offering support - they said without a single exception do n't even compromise - kill it he says - wall street 's new guard is n't likely to take all this lying down for long however - its new products and trading techniques have been highly profitable - program trading money managers have gained control over a big chunk of the invested funds in this country and the pressures on such money managers to produce consistent profits has them to the ability to move rapidly in and out the market that program trading gives them - what 's more the last time major wall street firms said they were getting out of program trading in the aftermath of the N crash they waited a few months and then back into it - even some members of the old guard despite their current advantage seem to be that the future belongs with the new guard - last week robert m. bradley one of the big board 's most respected floor traders and head of a major traders ' organization surrendered - he sold his exchange seat and wrote a bitter letter to big board chairman john j. phelan jr. in which he said the big board is too focused on machines rather than people - he said the exchange is headed for a real crisis if program trading is n't - i do not want my money invested in what i consider as nothing more than a casino mr. bradley wrote - the battle has turned into a civil war at some firms and organizations causing internal and employee against employee - at kidder a unit of general electric co. and other big brokerage firms stockbrokers battle their own firm 's program traders a few floors away - corporations like contel program trading yet contel has in the past hired pension fund managers like bankers trust co. that are also big program traders - the big board the nation 's premier stock exchange is sharply divided between its floor traders and its top executives - its entrenched N stock specialists firms are fighting and against programs - but the big board 's leadership over the specialists ' protests two weeks ago began trading a new stock basket product designed to facilitate program trading - a lot of people would like to go back to N before program trading mr. phelan said this week - i would like to go back to N - but we are not going back to N - again and again program-trading 's critics raise the casino theme - they say greedy market have made a of the nation 's system turning the stock market into a big gambling with the odds heavily against the small investor - the public did n't come to the market to play a game they can go to betting for that says a. murray chairman of murray foster securities a traditional money management firm - the program traders on the other hand old-fashioned stock pickers as the of the industry - critics like mr. murray are looking for and people who use computers to trade are a convenient says j. thomas allen president of advanced investment management inc. a pittsburgh firm that runs a $ N million fund that uses index arbitrage - just a blind fear of the unknown is causing them to the regulators for protection - for all the furor there is nothing particularly complex about the concept of stock-index arbitrage the most controversial type of program trading - like other forms of arbitrage it merely seeks to take advantage of discrepancies in the price of a single product in this case a basket of stocks in different markets in this case the new york stock exchange and the chicago futures markets - that divergence is what stock index traders seek - when it occurs the traders place orders via computers to buy the basket of stocks such as the N stocks that constitute the standard & poor 's N stock index in whichever market is cheaper and sell them in the more expensive market they lock in the difference in price as profit - such program trades which can involve the purchase or sale of millions of dollars of stock occur in a matter of seconds - a program trade of $ N million of stock typically earns a profit of $ N - to keep program-trading units profitable in the eyes of senior brokerage executives traders must seize every opportunity their computers find - the speed with which such program trades take place and the volatile price movements they can cause are what program trading critics to - if you continue to do this the investor becomes frightened any investor the odd mutual funds and pension funds says larry managing partner at neuberger & - but many experts and traders say that program trading is n't the main reason for stock-market gyrations - i have not seen one of evidence to support restrictions on program trading says a university finance professor stoll an authority on the subject - says the big board 's mr. phelan volatility is greater than program trading - the oct. N plunge was triggered not by program traders but by news of the of the $ N billion buy-out of ual corp - unable to unload ual and other airline shares takeover-stock speculators or risk arbitragers dumped every blue-chip stock they had - while program trades swiftly kicked in a circuit breaker that halted trading in stock futures in chicago made some program trading impossible - susan del head trader at travelers investment management co. says critics are ignoring the role the takeover stock is taking in the market as a source of volatility - many are she says and they have to sell when things look like they fall apart - like virtually everything on wall street the program-trading battle is over money and the have been losing out on of it to the new guard in recent years - take the traditional money managers or stock pickers as they are known among the computer - traditional stock managers like to charge N cents to N cents for every $ N they manage for big institutional investors and higher fees for smaller investors - yet many such managers consistently fail to even keep up with much less beat the returns of standard like the s&p - not surprisingly money managers have been losing clients to giant stock-index funds that use computers to portfolios so they mirror the s&p N - the charge only a few pennies per $ N managed - today about $ N billion or N N of all stock investments is held by index funds - the new wall street of computers and automated trading threatens to make of the N big board firms - these small but influential floor brokers long have earned fat returns of N N to N N a year on their capital by virtue of their monopoly in making markets in individual stocks - the specialists see any step to electronic trading as a death - and they believe the big board under mr. phelan has abandoned their interest - the son of a specialist and once one himself mr. phelan has nonetheless been with products like the new stock basket that his former colleagues dislike so much to keep index funds and other program traders from taking their business to overseas markets - meanwhile specialists ' trading risks have skyrocketed as a result of stock-market volatility - when the sell programs hit you can hear the order printers start to go on the big board trading floor says one specialist there - the buyers walk away and the specialist is left alone as the buyer of last resort for his stable of stocks he contends - no one is more unhappy with program trading than the nation 's stockbrokers - they are still trying to lure back small investors spooked by the N stock-market crash and the market 's swings since then - small investors are absolutely that wall street is the deck against them and these wide swings are scaring them to death says raymond a. mason chairman of regional broker legg mason inc. in baltimore - stockbrokers ' business and pay has been falling - last year the average broker earned $ N N N lower than in N - corporate executives that their company 's stock has been transformed into a piece of a stock-index basket - index traders who buy all N stocks in the s&p N often do n't even know what the companies they own actually do complains andrew chairman of champion international corp - do you make or - oh you 're in the paper business is one reaction mr. says he 's gotten from his big institutional shareholders - by this september program traders were doing a record N N of the big board 's average daily trading volume - among the top practitioners were wall street blue morgan stanley & co. kidder peabody merrill lynch salomon brothers inc. and painewebber group inc - but then came oct. N and the negative publicity by the old guard particularly against index arbitrage - the ' strategy for the moment is to down and let the furor die - there 's a psychology right now says the top program-trading official at a wall street firm - wall street 's cash has been but i do n't think anyone has proven that index arbitrage is the problem - too much money is at stake for program traders to give up - for example stock-index futures began trading in chicago in N and within two years they were the fastest-growing futures contract ever launched - stock futures trading has dozens of in their and - now on a good day chicago 's stock-index traders trade more dollars worth of stock futures than the big board trades in stock - now the stage is set for the battle to play out - the are getting some helpful from congress - program traders ' power to create total panic is so great that they ca n't be allowed to have their way says rep. edward markey a massachusetts democrat - we have to have a system that says to those largest investors - sit down - you will not panic - you will not put the financial system in jeopardy - but the prospects for legislation that targets program trading is unlikely anytime soon - many people including the big board think that it 's too late to put the back in the bottle - the big board 's directors meet today to approve some program-trading restrictions but a total ban is n't being considered big board officials say - you 're not going to stop the idea of trading a basket of stocks says 's prof. stoll - program trading is here to stay and computers are here to stay and we just need to understand it - short of a total ban some have proposed several reforms which they say would take away certain advantages program traders currently enjoy in the marketplace that other investors do n't - one such proposal regarding stock-index futures is an increase in the margin requirement or the payment of cash needed to trade them to about the same level as the margin requirement for stocks - currently margins on stock futures purchases are much lower roughly N N compared with N N for stocks making the futures market much faster and potentially more speculative - program trading critics also want the federal reserve board rather than the futures industry to set such margins - futures traders respond that low margins help keep their markets active - higher margins would chase away dozens of smaller traders who help larger traders buy and sell they say - another proposed reform is to have program traders answer to an uptick rule a reform instituted after the great crash of N that protects against stocks being beaten downward by those seeking to profit from lower prices namely short sellers - the big board 's uptick rule prevents the short sale of a stock when the stock is falling in price - but in N program traders received what amounted to an exemption from the uptick rule in certain situations to make it easier to link the stock and futures markets - a of the uptick rule for program traders would slow their activity considerably - program traders argue that a of the rule would destroy the pricing efficiency of the futures and stock markets - james a. white contributed to this article - - big board chairman john phelan said yesterday that he could support letting federal regulators suspend program trading during wild swings - thus the psychology of recent days picks up new impetus - index arbitrage is a common form of program trading - as usually practiced it takes advantage of a rather basic concept two separate markets in different locations trading basically the same ca n't trade them for long at prices that are widely different - in index arbitrage the widget is the s&p N and its price is constantly compared between the futures market in chicago and the stock markets largely in new york - to profit from an index-arbitrage opportunity someone who owns the s&p N widget in new york must sell it and replace it with a cheaper s&p N widget in chicago - if the money manager performing this service is being paid by his clients to match or beat the return of the s&p N index he is likely to remain fully invested at all times - few if any managers will risk performance by owning more than N N exposure to stocks and equally few will want to own less than a N N position should stocks rise - by constantly seeking to own the cheapest widget index-arbitrage traders hope to add between N N and N N to the annual return of the s&p N - that represents a very thin excess return certainly far less than what most fundamental stock pickers claim to seek as their performance objective - the fact that a vast majority of money managers fail to beat the s&p N may contribute to the surrounding the issue - as more managers pursue the index-arbitrage strategy these small opportunities between markets will be reduced and eventually eliminated - the current opportunities arise because the process for executing a buy or sell order in the actual stocks that make up the s&p N is more than in the futures market - the new york stock exchange 's attempt to introduce a new portfolio basket is evidence of investors ' to make fast and easy transactions of large numbers of shares - so if index arbitrage is simply taking advantage of thin between two markets for the same widget how did program trading into the evil that is the of so many observers - all arguments against program trading even those pressed without fact conclude with three expected results after reforms are implemented N reduced volatility N a long-term investment focus and N a level playing field for the small investor - but many of these reforms are even harmful - reducing volatility - an index-arbitrage trade is never executed unless there is sufficient difference between the markets in new york and chicago to cover all transaction costs - arbitrage does n't cause volatility it to it - think about what causes the difference in prices between the two markets for s&p N stocks usually it is large investors a buy or sell in chicago - a large investor will likely cause the futures market to decline when he sells his futures - arbitrage simply transfers his selling pressure from chicago to new york while as a buyer in chicago - the start of the whole process is the key someone must fundamentally increase or decrease his ownership in to make widget prices move - why does this large hypothetical seller trade in chicago instead of new york - perhaps he is willing to sacrifice to the arbitrage trader some small profit in order to get quick and certain execution of his large trade - in a competitive market this investor has many ways to execute his transactions and he will have more alternatives both foreign and domestic if his volume is profitable for an exchange to handle - if not chicago then in new york if not the u.s. then overseas - volatility surrounding his trades occurs not because of index arbitrage but because his is a large addition or to a widget market with liquidity - eliminate arbitrage and liquidity will decline instead of rising creating more volatility instead of less - the speed of his transaction is n't to be feared either because faster and cleaner execution is desirable not - if slowing things down could reduce volatility stone should become the trade ticket of the future - encouraging long-term investing - we must be very cautious about investors as long-term or short-term - policies designed to encourage one type of investor over another are to placing a sign over the big board 's door saying buyers welcome sellers please go away - the ultimate goal of any investor is a profit motive and regulators should not concern themselves with whether investors are sufficiently focused on the long term - a free market with a profit motive will attract each investor to the liquidity and risks he can - in point of fact volatility as measured by the annualized standard deviation of daily stock price movements has frequently been much higher than it is today - periods before the advent of futures or program trading were often more volatile usually when fundamental market conditions were change N N and N for example - it is interesting to see the fundamental stock pickers on program trading when the markets decline while the great values still as the markets rise - could rising volatility possibly be related to uncertainty about the economics of stocks instead of the evil of program-trading - some of the proposed for what is labeled program-trading volatility could be far worse than the perceived problem - in using program trading as a boy investors stand to gain the high ground in wooing small investors for their existing products - they may however risk bringing some damaging from outside the markets themselves - how does a nice new tax say N N on any financial transaction sound - that ought to make sure we 're all thinking for the long term - getting a level playing field - this argument is perhaps the most interesting one for program trading not because of its merits but because of the firms the cause - the of these reformers are money managers who cater to smaller investors - they continually advise their clients on which individual stocks to buy or sell while their clients continue to hope for superior performance - even with mutual funds the little investor continues to high fees high commissions and poor performance while managers slowly a better record with lower fees lower commissions and less risk - yet our efforts are somehow less noble than those of an investment expert press on each company he follows - almost all new regulation is introduced in the interests of protecting the little guy and he invariably is the one least able to cope with its consequences - if spreads available from index arbitrage are so enormous surely any sizable mutual-fund company could profit from offering it to small investors - the sad reality is that the retail investor continues to pursue performers first while leaving institutions to with basis points of performance on large sums of money quarter by quarter - index funds just are n't enough to justify the high fees and commissions that retail customers frequently pay and that institutional customers refuse to pay - each new trading is likely to be beaten by institutions seeking better ways to serve their clients here or overseas - new trading will only make things harder on the least sophisticated investors - so what is next for program trading - left to its own devices index arbitrage will become more and more efficient making it harder and harder to do profitably - spreads will become so tight that it wo n't matter which market an investor chooses arbitrage will prevent him from gaining any temporary profit - if government or private insist however on introducing greater between the markets limits on price moves execution higher margin requirements taxation etc. the end loser will be the markets themselves - instead we ought to be inviting more liquidity with cheaper ways to trade and transfer capital among all participants - mr. allen 's pittsburgh firm advanced investment management inc. program trades for institutions - some democrats in congress are warning that a complicated new funding device for the two federal antitrust agencies could result in further cutbacks in a regulatory area already reduced sharply in recent years - the funding mechanism which has received congressional approval and is expected to be signed by president bush would affect the antitrust operations of the justice department and the federal trade commission - as a part of overall efforts to reduce spending congress cut by $ N million the bush administration 's request for antitrust enforcement for fiscal N which began oct. N - to offset the reduction congress approved a $ N fee that investors and companies will have to pay each time they make required filings to antitrust regulators about mergers acquisitions and certain other transactions - some democrats led by rep. jack brooks d. texas unsuccessfully opposed the measure because they fear that the fees may not fully make up for the budget cuts - but justice department and ftc officials said they expect the filing fees to make up for the budget reductions and possibly exceed them - it could operate to our budget james the justice department 's antitrust chief said in an interview - under measures approved by both houses of congress the administration 's request for $ N million for the antitrust division would be cut $ N million - the ftc budget request of $ N million about $ N million of which would go for antitrust enforcement would also be cut by $ N million - the administration had requested roughly the same amount for antitrust enforcement for fiscal N as was appropriated in fiscal N - the offsetting fees would apply to filings made under the hart-scott-rodino act - under that law parties proposing mergers or acquisitions valued at $ N million or more must notify ftc and justice department antitrust regulators before completing the transactions - currently the government charges nothing for such filings - proponents of the funding arrangement predict that based on recent filing levels of more than N a year the fees will yield at least $ N million this fiscal year or $ N million more than the budget cuts - when you do that there is not a cut but there is in fact a program increase of $ N million each for the ftc and the justice department rep. neal smith d. iowa said during house debate - but rep. don edwards d. calif responded that a recession could merger activity reducing the amount of fees collected - the antitrust staffs of both the ftc and justice department were cut more than N N in the reagan administration and enforcement of major merger cases fell off drastically during that period - today is not the time to signal that congress in any way sanctions the dismal state into which antitrust enforcement has fallen mr. edwards argued - any money in excess of $ N million collected from the fees in fiscal N would go to the treasury at large - corporate lawyers said the new fees would n't inhibit many mergers or other transactions - though some lawyers reported that prospective were scrambling to make filings before the fees take effect government officials said they had n't noticed any surge in filings - fall ballot issues set a record for elections - elections attract relatively few ballot issues - but the N fall total of N while well below N activity shows a steady up in citizen and initiatives says patrick editor of family law and democracy report - he says the N issues on state this fall represent the most in any this decade - ballot questions range from a maine initiative on banning cruise missiles to a on increasing the north income tax - ballot watchers say attention already is focused on the N elections - in california two petition drives for next year 's election are essentially finished says david author of citizen lawmakers - mr. cites three completed efforts in oklahoma - hot ballot topics are expected to be abortion the environment and insurance reform - taking a from california more politicians will launch their campaigns by backing initiatives says david of young university - photograph collecting gains new as prices rise - price records are being set at auctions this week - at christie 's a of N prints from alfred 's equivalents series sold for $ N a record - other works also have been exceeding price estimates - in part prices reflect development of a market structure based on such as the number of prints - this information used to be poorly and largely says beth of sotheby 's - there is finally some sort of sense in the market she says - corporations and are among the serious buyers giving greater market stability says robert of the photograph - when i see prints going into the hands of institutions i know they are n't going to come back on the market - most in demand classic photographs by masters such as and man ray - but much contemporary work is also a great deal of money says miles of the international center of photography - dialing N brings callers a growing number of services - currently a $ N business N telephone service is expected to hit $ N million next year and near $ N billion by N as uses for the service continue to expand says joel gross of donaldson lufkin & jenrette inc - the service which costs the caller from N cents to $ N a minute currently is dominated by celebrity and lines - but more serious applications are in the wings and that is where the future growth is expected - i 'm starting to see more business transactions says west of american telephone & telegraph co. noting growing interest in use of N service for stock sales software and even service contracts - colleges she says are registration through N service - charities test the waters but they face legal barriers to electronic fund raising - the thing that will really break this market right open is merchandising ms. west says - much of the N service will to N predicts jack general manager of us 's N product - family are improving recovery rates of patients at columbia hospital milwaukee - patients who receive or visitors are found to have lower blood pressure and improved appetite and be more to therapy says mary ann program coordinator - tired of trimming - & co. offers a christmas tree that the need to string lights - the $ N tree is designed to send changing light to dozens of - medicine transplant growth of japanese trade and travel beth israel medical center new york to set up a medical practice - funded by a $ N million gift from marine & fire insurance the service will follow japanese medical including emphasis on medicine - diaper services make a comeback amid growing environmental concerns - concerned about shrinking and the safety of chemicals used in parents are returning to the diaper - tiny inc. campbell calif. says business is up N N in the past year - we 're gaining N new customers each week says jack of general health care corp. n.j - in n.y. service 's new marketing push environmental awareness - among its new customers centers that previously the service - the national association of diaper services philadelphia says that since january it has gotten more than N inquiries from people interested in starting diaper services - launched a diaper service last year because state college pa. where she lives did n't have one - diaper shortages this summer limited growth at diaper services mass. where business is up N N in - also spurring the move to diaper covers with fasteners that eliminate the need for safety - briefs - only N N of new watch the local news the lowest in the country says a new study by impact resources inc. columbus ohio - a bearing the of is marketed as a $ N tool for analysis - program trading is a complains edward a white plains n.y. investor and electronics sales executive and it 's not to the benefit of the small investor that 's for sure - but although he thinks that it is hurting him he doubts it could be stopped - mr. 's dislike of program trading is by many small investors interviewed by wall street journal reporters across the country - but like mr. few expect it to be halted entirely and a surprising number doubt it should be - i think program trading is basically unfair to the individual investor says leo fields a dallas investor - he notes that program traders have a commission cost advantage because of the quantity of their trades that they have a smaller margin requirement than individual investors do and that they often can figure out earlier where the market is heading - but he blames program trading for only some of the market 's volatility - he also considers the market and cites the troubles in junk bonds - he adds the market may be giving us another message that a recession is looming - or as an interior in arnold calif. puts it all kinds of funny things the market these days - but she believes that program trading creates swings - it 's not a sound thing there 's no inherent virtue in it - she adds that legislation curbing it would be a good idea - at the charles schwab & co. office in atlanta 's district a group of investors voices skepticism that federal officials would curb program trading - citing the october N crash glenn miller says it 's like the last crash they threatened but no one did anything - a. donald anderson a los angeles investor who says the stock market 's fluctuations and gyrations give me the does n't see much point in program trading - those who still want to do it will just find some way to get around any attempt to curb it - similarly rick a asset manager for a dallas real-estate firm would like to see program trading disappear because i ca n't see that it does anything for the market or the country - yet he is n't in favor of new legislation - i think we 've got enough securities laws he says - i 'd much rather see them dealing with interest rates and the deficit - peter anthony who runs an employment agency in new york program trading as limiting the game to a few but he also is n't sure it should be more strictly regulated - i do n't want to it because it would be like capitalism he explains - and surprising numbers of small investors seem to be to greater stock market volatility and say they can live with program trading - glenn a new york financial analyst who plays options for his personal account says he is the market 's volatility into investment decisions - he adds that program trading increases liquidity in the market - you ca n't hold back technology - and the practice should n't be stopped he says because even big players are n't immune to the of program trading - also in new york israel an lawyer comments that program trading increases volatility but i do n't think it should be banned - there 's no here - the market is just becoming more efficient - on differences between spot and futures prices is an important part of many financial markets he says - he adds that his shares in a company savings plan are invested in a mutual fund and volatility on a given day may hurt the fund - but i 'm a long-term investor he says - if you were a short-term investor you might be more leery about program trading - jim of atlanta program trading because he believes that it can bring the market back up after a plunge - if we have a real bad day the program would say buy he explains - if you could get the of the program trading you could take advantage of it - what else can a small investor do - scott a chicago is going into money-market funds - mr. says he had just the $ N he lost in the N crash when he lost more money last oct. N - now he plans to sell all his stocks by the first quarter of N - in october before the market dropped mrs. of arnold calif. moved to sell the speculative stocks in her family trust so we will be able to withstand all this caused by program trading - she believes that the only answer for individuals is to buy stocks that 'll weather any storm - an chicago has become immune to stock-market - mrs. took advantage of low prices after the N crash to buy stocks and has for other bargains since the oct. N plunge - my stocks are all blue chips she says - if the market goes down i figure it 's paper profits i 'm losing - on the other hand if it goes way sky high i always sell - you do n't want to get yourself too upset about these things - young 's market co. a of spirits wines and other goods said it will merge with a new corporation formed by the family which controls young 's - under terms of the agreement shareholders other than the will receive $ N a share at closing which is expected in december - the family said that holders of more than a majority of the stock of the company have approved the transaction by written consent - researchers at american telephone & telegraph co. 's bell laboratories reported they raised the electrical current-carrying capacity of new superconductor crystals by a factor of N moving the materials closer to commercial use - the scientists said they created small changes in the structures of the superconductors to raise the amount of current that single crystals could carry to N per square in a moderately strong magnetic field - the scientists said they made the advance with superconductors cooled to or minus N degrees - their report appears in today 's issue of the journal nature - the finding marks a significant step in research on bulk superconductors which are aimed at use in wires for motors and other applications - scientists had obtained even higher current-carrying capacity in thin films of the new superconductors but have had problems increasing the amount of current that bulk crystals could carry - superconductors conduct electricity without resistance when cooled - a family of ceramic superconductors discovered during the past three years promise new technologies such as cheaper electrical generation but only if their current-carrying capacity can be raised - the at&t advance shows how one aspect of the current-carrying problem can be overcome - but it wo n't lead to imminent use of new superconductors cautioned robert b. van dover one of the at&t researchers - he added that the current-carrying capacity of samples of superconductors remains too low for most practical uses because of so-called weak links between crystals - such materials will probably be needed for commercial applications - mr. van dover said the at&t team created the crystal changes by superconductor samples with neutrons a process that creates some in the samples and may not be for large-scale commercial use - still scientists a collective sigh of relief about the finding because it demonstrates how to overcome the problem that earlier this year was widely publicized as new superconductors ' potential - the problem involves the motion of small magnetic fields within superconductor crystals limiting their current-carrying capacity - mr. van dover said the crystal changes his team introduced apparently the magnetic fields in place preventing them from lowering current-carrying capacity - mr. van dover added that researchers are trying to determine precisely what crystal changes solved the problem - determining that may enable them to develop better ways to introduce the needed patterns - the at&t team also is trying to combine their latest superconductor process with growth a process discovered earlier at bell laboratories - the combined processes may significantly raise the current-carrying capacity of samples - william c. jr. an executive at san nationwide bank was named president and chief executive officer of holding corp. and its principal operating unit fidelity federal bank - the appointment takes effect nov. N - he succeeds james a. taylor who stepped down as chairman president and chief executive in march for health reasons - edward l. kane succeeded mr. taylor as chairman - separately posted a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or N cents a share net income of $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the latest results include some unusual write-downs which had an after-tax impact of $ N million - those included costs associated with the potential valley federal savings and loan association acquisition which was terminated on sept. N N - in addition operating results were hit by an increase in loan and real estate loss reserves - in american stock exchange composite trading shares closed yesterday at $ N down N cents - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - international business machines corp. - $ N million of N N N debentures due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the 30-year issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's N N N bellwether long bond - rated triple-a by both moody 's investors service inc. and standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by salomon brothers inc - the size of the issue was increased from an originally planned $ N million - detroit - $ N million of general obligation state aid bonds due N and N tentatively priced by a chemical securities inc. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there is $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced at N N to yield N N - serial bonds are priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the bonds are insured and - santa ana community redevelopment agency calif. - $ N million of tax allocation bonds N series due N N and N tentatively priced by a donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the N N N term bonds due N are priced at N N to yield N N and N N N term bonds due N are priced at N to yield N N - serial bonds are priced at par to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the bonds are rated single-a by s&p according to the lead underwriter - maryland community development administration department of housing and community development - $ N million of single-family program bonds N fourth and fifth series tentatively priced by a merrill lynch capital markets group to yield from N N in N for fourth series bonds to N N in N for fifth series bonds - there is $ N million of fourth series bonds the interest on which is not subject to the federal alternative minimum tax - they mature N N and N - fourth series serial bonds are priced at par to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the N N term bonds due N are priced to yield N N and N N term bonds due N are priced to yield N N - there is $ N million of fifth series bonds which are subject to the federal alternative minimum tax - they mature in N N and N - bonds due in N have a N N N coupon and are priced at par - the N N N bonds due N are priced to yield N N and N N N bonds due N are priced at N N to yield N N - the underwriters expect a double-a rating from moody 's - co japan - $ N million of eurobonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via daiwa europe ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through nov. N N to buy shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing price when terms are fixed tuesday - fees N N - sweden - N billion yen of N N eurobonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via mitsui finance international - guaranteed by - fees N N - & co japan - N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with a fixed N N coupon at par via yamaichi bank switzerland - put option march N N at a fixed N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note is convertible from nov. N N to march N N at a N N premium over the closing share price monday when terms are scheduled to be fixed - fees N N - mitsubishi pencil co japan - N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due dec. N N with a fixed N N coupon at par via union bank of switzerland - put option on dec. N N at a fixed N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note is convertible from dec. N N to dec. N N at a N N premium over the closing share price tuesday when terms are scheduled to be fixed - fees N N - corp japan - N million swiss francs of N N N privately placed notes due nov. N N priced at N N via dai-ichi kangyo bank - guarantee by dai-ichi kangyo bank ltd - fees N N - although his team lost the world series san francisco giants owner bob hopes to have a new home for them - he is an fan of a proposition on next week 's ballot to help build a replacement for candlestick park - small wonder since he 's asking san francisco taxpayers to sink up to $ N million into the new stadium - as san francisco digs out from the pretty big one opponents say the last thing the city can afford is an expensive new stadium - a stadium craze is sweeping the country - it 's fueled by the increasing profitability of teams - something like one-third of the nation 's N largest cities are thinking about new stadiums ranging from cleveland to san antonio and st. - most claim the new sports will be for their city - university economist dean at that - he has looked at N baseball and football stadiums and found that only one private stadium brought more money into a city than it took out - stadiums tend to existing wealth within a community not create more of it - voters generally agree when they are given a chance to decide if they want to sink their own tax dollars into a new - san francisco voters rejected a new two years ago - last month phoenix voters turned down on a $ N million stadium bond and tax proposition - its backers every important interest on their team a popular mayor the chamber of commerce the major media and spent $ N on promotion - but voters decided that if the stadium was such a good idea someone would build it himself and rejected it N N to N N - in san francisco its backers concede the is at best running even in the polls - george christopher the former san francisco mayor who built candlestick park for the giants in the 1960s wo n't the new - he says he had candlestick built because the giants claimed they needed N parking - since the new park will have only N mr. christopher thinks backers are playing some fiscal games of their own with the voters - stadium claim that without public money they would never be built - miami owner joe and he can prove it - several years ago he gave up trying to persuade miami to improve its orange bowl and instead built his own $ N million with private funds - he did n't see why the taxpayers should help build something he would then use to turn a healthy profit - this stadium shows that anything government can do we can do better mr. says - but to moon the former new orleans mayor who helped build that city 's money-losing questions of who benefits or the bottom line are of little - the is an exercise in optimism a statement of faith he has said - it is the very building of it that is important not how much of it is used or its economics - an egyptian could n't have justified his any better - but has moved forward since then - today taxpayers get to vote most of the time on whether they want to finance the building schemes of our modern political or let private money these for public - reed international plc said that net income for the six months ended oct. N slipped N N to # N million $ N million or N pence a share from # N million $ N million or N pence a share - the british paper packaging and publishing concern said profit from continuing lines fell N N to # N million from # N million - while there were no one-time gains or losses in the latest period there was a one-time gain of # N million in the N period - and while there was no profit this year from discontinued operations last year they contributed # N million before tax - pretax profit fell N N to # N million from # N million and was below analysts ' expectations of # N million to # N million but shares rose N pence to N pence in early trading yesterday in london - reed is paying an interim dividend of N pence up N N from N pence a year earlier - sales fell N N to # N million - earnings were hurt by disposal of operations in its restructuring reed said - wall street 's big securities firms face the prospect of having their credit ratings lowered - the reason risks from the firms ' new merchant banking activities are rising as revenue from the industry 's traditional business - the downgrading of debt issued by cs first boston inc. parent of first boston corp. by moody 's investors service inc. coupled with a moody 's announcement that shearson lehman hutton holdings inc. is under review for a possible downgrade sent through the brokerage community this week - with the came the that some of wall street 's biggest players are struggling to maintain the credit standing required to finance their activities profitably - securities firms are among the biggest issuers of commercial paper or short-term corporate which they sell to finance their daily operations - the biggest firms still retain the highest ratings on their commercial paper - but moody 's warned that shearson 's commercial paper rating could be lowered soon a move that would reduce shearson 's profit margins on its borrowings and signal trouble ahead for other firms - shearson is by american express co - just as the 1980s bull market transformed the u.s. securities business so too will the more difficult environment of the 1990s says christopher t. a moody 's vice president - a sweeping restructuring of the industry is possible - standard & poor 's corp. says first boston shearson and drexel burnham lambert inc. in particular are likely to have difficulty up their credit standing in months ahead - what worries concerns the most is that wall street firms are taking long-term risks with their own capital via leveraged buy-out and junk bond financings - that 's a departure from their traditional practice of almost all financing risks to investors - conventional securities financings are structured to be sold quickly wall street 's new for leveraged buy-outs and junk bonds is resulting in long-term lending commitments that stretch out for months or years - the recent disarray in the junk bond market suggests that brokers may become longer-term creditors than they anticipated and may face long delays in getting their money back says jeffrey a vice president at s&p which raised a warning flag for the industry in april when it downgraded cs first boston - wall street is facing a situation says mr. of moody 's - merchant banking where firms commit their own money is getting riskier and there 's less of it to go around - in addition he says the buy-out business is under pressure because of the junk bond collapse meaning that returns are likely to decline as the volume of junk-bond financings - in a leveraged buy-out a small group of investors acquires a company in a transaction financed largely by borrowing with the expectation that the debt will be paid with funds generated by the acquired company 's operations or sales of its assets - in a recent report moody 's said it expects intense competition to occur through the rest of the century in the securities industry which combined with overcapacity will create poor prospects for profitability - it said that the temptation for to ease this profit pressure by taking greater risks is an additional rating factor - both moody 's and s&p cited first boston 's reliance in recent years on merchant banking which has been responsible for a significant portion of the closely held firm 's profit - the recent cash squeeze at campeau corp. first boston 's most lucrative client of the decade is proving costly to first boston because it arranged more than $ N billion of high-yield high-risk junk financings for campeau units - in addition a big loan that first boston made to ohio co was n't repaid on time when its $ N million junk financing for a buy-out of the company was withdrawn - these two exposures alone represent a very substantial portion of cs first boston 's equity moody 's said - total merchant banking exposures are in excess of the firm 's equity - cs first boston however benefits from the backing of its largest shareholder credit suisse switzerland 's third largest bank - shearson also has been an aggressive participant in the leveraged buy-out business - but its earnings became a major disappointment as its traditional retail or individual investor business showed no signs of rebounding from the slump that followed the october N stock market crash - in addition shearson 's listed $ N billion of capital is according to the rating concerns because it includes $ N billion of goodwill - shearson really only has $ N million of capital says mr. of s&p - a shearson spokesman said the firm is n't worried - a year ago moody 's also had shearson under review for possible downgrade he said - after two months of talks our rating was maintained - drexel meanwhile already competes at a disadvantage to its big wall street rivals because it has a slightly lower commercial paper rating - the collapse of junk bond prices and the cancellation of many junk bond financings apparently have taken their toll on closely held drexel the leading underwriter in that market - the firm also has been hit with big financial settlements with the government stemming from its guilty plea to six related to a big insider-trading scandal - drexel this year eliminated its retail or individual customer business cutting the firm 's almost in half to just over N - recently drexel circulated a private financial statement among several securities firms showing that its earnings performance has diminished this year from previous years - the firm 's capital moreover has n't grown at the same rate as in the past officials at these firms say - drexel remains confident of its future - we 're well positioned with $ N billion of capital a drexel spokesman said - and as a leading investment and merchant banking firm the fact that we are no longer subject to the uncertainties and of the retail business is a major plus in our view - moreover we 've probably been the most aggressive firm on the street in reducing costs which are down around N N over the last six months - lewis c. the father of the team that created the highly successful ford and mercury cars retired early after experiencing recent heart problems - most recently mr. N years old has been vice president of product and manufacturing engineering at ford motor co - but he is best known in the auto industry as the of a team approach that produced the two midsized cars that were instrumental in helping the no. N auto maker record profits in recent years and in enabling the company 's ford division to general motors corp. 's chevrolet division as the in the u.s. - under the so-called team approach mr. and other ford product planners sought the involvement of parts suppliers workers auto designers and financial staff members from the initial stages of the development cycle - the concept 's goal was to eliminate bureaucracy and make ford 's product development more responsive to consumer demands - it was later applied to other programs including those that produced the ford and mercury - ford chairman donald e. said yesterday that mr. has helped to change the world 's perception of cars - mr. worked at ford for N years holding a variety of car and positions - the limits to legal stretched another this week when the supreme court refused to hear an appeal from a case that says corporate defendants must pay damages even after proving that they could not possibly have caused the harm - we can understand and share the that makes judges sometimes wish to offer a kind of aid to those who 've been hurt - but this case is a stark lesson in how the failures of the traditional process have left the courts as the only forum this country has to debate risk technology and innovation - too often now a single court decision becomes the precedent for other less compelling cases - from the until N some two million women took the synthetic des to prevent and morning - the drug was approved by the food and drug administration and marketed by some N pharmaceutical companies often under generic labels - in the 1970s scientists reported cancer cases among the daughters of des users - the cases quickly went to court but the mothers of several thousand des plaintiffs could n't recall whose brand they used - beginning in N courts in several states including california and new york decided to suspend the rule that plaintiffs must prove that the defendants are the ones who are liable - courts made the assumption that all des pills were essentially the same and created a market-share test so that damages would be assessed against drug makers in the proportion of their share of the original sales - this has some logic - drug makers should n't be able to duck liability because people could n't identify precisely which identical drug was used - but courts quickly tumbled down a - just as all plaintiffs are not alike it turns out that des defendants marketed the drugs differently and may have offered different - the ultimate result came in v. lilly where the highest new york court expanded the market-share approach for the first time to say that drug makers that could prove 's mother did n't use their pill must still pay their share of any damages - but as duke university law professor william van notes by this a defendant could be held liable in new york for a bad apple even if he sold all his apples in california - despite the supreme court 's refusal to hear the case there are serious constitutional issues of due process and from the defendants - the big problem however is that there 's no guarantee that this will be limited to des or to drugs - the problem here goes well beyond legal doctrine - the california supreme court last year reversed direction to make it much harder to win des cases because the justices saw how all the pharmaceutical litigation has the introduction of new drugs - the court rejected strict liability for prescription drugs citing the huge hidden social costs - public policy favors the development and marketing of beneficial new drugs even though some risks perhaps serious ones might their introduction because drugs can save lives and reduce pain and suffering the court said - the california justices noted that the fear of litigation already forced the only remaining drug off the u.s. market - this raises the key issue what to do about people who suffer serious injuries from beneficial drugs - we now know that holding drug makers liable where there 's no evidence that they or anyone else knew of any risks only means the drugs wo n't be available to anyone - as liability expert peter tells us after the case if any drug maker an drug it 's time to sell that company 's stock short - we also know that the system is a way to compensate victims anyway some win the legal others get much less and lawyers take a big cut either way - des daughters and other victims of drugs would be better off if their cases were taken out of the courts - congress could create a compensation program to help such victims while protecting the national interest in encouraging new drugs - but a N law that supposedly replaced lawsuits over children 's with a compensation fund has predictably led to even more litigation - everyone by now understands that congress is utterly of writing legislation to help people without its becoming some billion-dollar - we have no doubt this is one reason judges in new york and justices on the supreme court are willing to trash the law in the des cases - they must figure that justice has to get done by somebody but know it wo n't be done by congress - partners limited partnership an investment firm completed the purchase of may department stores co. 's discount chain for $ N million plus the assumption of $ N million in debt - based in conn. operates N stores in the northeast it reported revenue of $ N billion last year - may stores st. louis runs such well-known department stores as lord & taylor - n.v said net income in the third quarter jumped N N as the company had substantially lower extraordinary charges to account for a restructuring program - the dutch chemical group said net income gained to N million guilders $ N million or N guilders a share from N million guilders or N guilders a share a year ago - the N N state-owned had eight million guilders of extraordinary charges in the latest quarter mainly to reflect one-time losses in connection with the disposal of some operations - the charges were offset in part by a gain from the sale of the company 's construction division - last year had N million guilders of extraordinary charges for the restructuring program and other transactions - the earnings growth also was fueled by the company 's ability to cut net financing spending by half to around N million guilders - also substantially lower dutch corporate tax rates helped the company keep its tax flat relative to earnings growth the company added - sales however were little changed at N billion guilders compared with N billion guilders - inc. said it received food and drug administration approval to sell the lens the first lens available for surgery - the 's enables it to be inserted in smaller than are now possible for surgery the eye care and skin care concern said - refer to a of the eye 's natural lens - a man from the bush administration came before the house agriculture committee yesterday to talk about the u.s. 's intention to send some $ N million in food aid to poland with more to come from the ec - the committee 's members are worried what all this free food might do to the economic prospects of poland 's own farmers - rep. gary ackerman noted that past food aid had farmers in el salvador and egypt - however well food transfers have the habit of growing larger and the market incentives for the country 's own farmers - the first world has for some time had the bad habit of other people 's economies with this kind of - it should be constantly stressed that poland 's farmers mostly need a real market for their products - industries inc. said it expects net income in the year ending june N N to fall below a recent analyst 's estimate of $ N a share - the ill. maker of fasteners also said it expects to post sales in the current fiscal year that are slightly above fiscal N sales of $ N million - the company said its industrial unit continues to face margin pressures and lower demand - in fiscal N earned $ N million or $ N a share - the company 's stock fell $ N to $ N in over-the-counter trading yesterday - truck corp. wis. estimated earnings for its fourth quarter ended sept. N fell N N to N N below the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - the truck maker said the significant drop in net income will result in lower earnings for the fiscal year - in fiscal N the company earned $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - truck attributed the downturn in its earnings to higher start-up costs of its new division a softer market and higher administrative costs of compliance with government contractor regulations - the company said it is in the process of out john deere its current source of production for midsized motor home - in anticipation of the start-up of its new factory the company said a supply has been built to carry it through the transition period - tokyo stocks edged up wednesday in relatively active but trading - london shares finished moderately higher - at tokyo the nikkei index of N selected issues which gained N points tuesday added N points to N - in early trading in tokyo thursday the nikkei index fell N points to N - wednesday 's volume on the first section was estimated at N million shares in line with tuesday 's N million - declining issues slightly outnumbered advancing issues N to N - investors switched trading focus quickly as they did tuesday reflecting uncertainty about long-term commitments to any issue or sector traders said - speculation on the other hand sparked buying in certain issues though rumors underlying such shares eventually proved - the development traders said showed that there is more than ample liquidity available for investment despite the market 's recent trend - dealers led the market wednesday by actively trading for their own accounts observers said - institutions mostly remained on the sidelines because of uncertainty regarding interest rates and the dollar - the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which gained N points tuesday was down N points or N N at N - the second section index which added N points tuesday was up N points or N N to close at N - volume in the second section was estimated at N million shares up from N million tuesday - managing director of nomura investment trust management said that if the u.s. federal funds rate declines to around N N institutions would acquire a idea regarding the direction of the market and thus more participate in active buying - tokyu group mitsubishi estate and which advanced tuesday declined on profit-taking - wednesday 's dominant issue was fire & marine insurance which continued to surge on rumors of speculative buying - it ended the day up N yen N cents to N yen $ N - due to high gold prices tied to uncertainty about the u.s. currency investor interest was directed toward oil and mining shares which traders called a defensive action frequently taken when the dollar is expected to fall or during times of inflation - oil also by rumors of speculative buying advanced N yen to N - shell gained N to N and mitsubishi oil rose N to N - metal mining fell five yen to N and nippon mining added N to N - among other winners wednesday was nippon which was up N at N - advanced N to N - london share prices were bolstered largely by continued gains on wall street and technical factors affecting demand for london 's blue-chip stocks - the financial times-stock exchange 100-share index closed N points higher at N - it rose largely throughout the session after posting an intraday low of N in the first N minutes of trading - the index ended the day near its session high of N which was posted within the last half-hour of trading - dealers said most investor interest was focused on defensive blue-chip stocks particularly those with limited u.k. exposure - also several key blue chips were pushed higher in thin volume because of a technical squeeze among market makers - sterling 's firm tone combined with a steady opening on wall street also some investors to come back to the market dealers said - there were concerns early in the day that wall street 's sharp gains on tuesday were and due for a reversal - the 30-share index settled N points higher at N - volume was N million shares up from N million on tuesday - dealers said institutions were still largely the sidelines on fears that the market 's recent technical rally might prove fragile - they cited wall street 's recent volatility and the lack of a clear indication over the market 's short-term direction as factors in the institutional caution - jaguar a u.k. luxury auto maker being pursued by ford motor and general motors gained N pence N cents a share to close at N pence $ N - it shed about N pence however after dealers said the market was disappointed that ford did n't move to tender a bid for control of the company - dealers said the u.k. government 's decision tuesday to waive its golden share in the auto maker raised prospects of a bidding war between the two u.s. auto giants - but the waiver also was seen as a signal that ford a major u.k. auto industry employer was able to gain government acceptance of its bid for control of jaguar - dealers said that interpretation sparked expectations of an imminent bid by ford - b.a.t industries which is being pursued by sir james goldsmith 's investments rose N to N on speculation that will its bid dealers said - like jaguar b.a.t also eased off its highs in afternoon dealings - reed international a u.k. publishing group gained N to N despite reporting a N N drop in interim pretax profit - analysts said the fall in pretax profit was due to the group 's recent restructuring and sale of peripheral units and that its remaining businesses are performing well - dealers said the market agreed - stocks boosted by market-makers shopping to cover book requirements in ft-se N shares included communications which climbed N to N - drug companies in the key index also gains as market-makers searched for stock in anticipation of demand due to the sector 's defensive - wellcome gained N to N on a modest N million shares - the u.k. 's largest pharmaceutical concern advanced N to # N - stock prices closed higher in stockholm amsterdam and frankfurt and lower in zurich - paris brussels and milan were closed for a holiday - south african gold stocks closed marginally lower - elsewhere share prices closed higher in singapore taipei and wellington were mixed in hong kong lower in seoul and little changed in sydney - manila markets were closed for a holiday - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - corp. offering of N common shares via goldman sachs & co. and & inc - water co. offering of N shares of common stock via legg mason wood walker inc. and howard weil inc - resources inc. initial offering of N common shares to be offered by the company via chicago corp - municipal fund inc. offering of five million common shares - occidental petroleum corp. shelf offering of $ N billion in senior debt securities - prime motor inc. offering of up to $ N million zero coupon convertible debentures via drexel burnham lambert inc. and montgomery securities - service co. proposed offering of N million shares of common stock via mitchell & garrison inc. and blunt ellis & inc - western gas resources inc. initial offering of N shares of common stock of which N shares will be sold by the company and N shares by a holder via prudential-bache capital funding smith barney harris upham & co. and inc - hold the - with and there are still beauty plans left to tackle but as the years go by it seems that before i i should - pat - criminal charges were filed against electronics inc. and two company officials alleging waste disposal violations in its calif. facility - the los angeles county district attorney 's office filed seven felony and five counts charging that late last year and early this year the irvine calif.-based manufacturer illegally of acid and heavy metals into the system and hazardous materials in or containers - named as defendants were matthews president and peter executive vice president and chief financial officer as well as a former plant manager - the company said local authorities held hearings on the allegations last spring and had returned the plant to routine inspection in august - the company does not feel that it or any of the individuals violated any criminal statute and the company expects full in court - are scheduled for nov. N - consumer confidence stayed strong in october despite the gyrations of the stock market - the sharp stock market decline in late october appears to have had little or no effect on consumers said executive director of the conference board 's consumer research center - survey returns received after the drop in the dow jones average were about the same as the views expressed prior to that event - the nonprofit group said its consumer confidence index was N in october barely changed from a revised N in september - the index was N in october N and in the past year has ranged from a low of N to a high of N - it uses a base of N in N - in october more people said that present business conditions were good than in september - an equal number in each month said that employment conditions were good - and N N of consumers contacted believed business conditions will improve in the coming six months compared with N N in september - also more people said conditions will worsen in the period - fewer said conditions wo n't change - in october N N N said business conditions would improve - in october N N N said more jobs will be created in the coming six months compared with N N in september and N N in october N - only N N in october compared with N N in september and N N in october N said income would increase - the sustained level of confidence can be attributed to the continued favorable circumstances which affect the consumer 's day-to-day economic life said mr. - unemployment continues at a relatively low level providing a sense of job security and a low inflation rate has kept the purchasing power of the weekly reasonably strong - the consumer confidence survey covering N u.s. households is conducted in the first two weeks of each month for the conference board by national family opinion inc. a toledo ohio market researcher - buying plans were mixed in october with fewer households indicating plans to buy cars and more saying they will buy homes and appliances in the coming six months - in october N N of respondents said they will buy a car easing from september when N N anticipated a purchase - in october N N N said they would buy a car - home purchase plans increased to N N from N N in the two recent months - in october N N N said they would buy a house - in N home purchase plans have ranged monthly from N N to N N of respondents - in october N N said they will buy appliances in the coming six months compared with N N in september and N N in october N - despite a of economic news the treasury market remained quiet but the corporate market was over international business machines corp. 's huge debt offering - there were so many economic reports but the market did n't care about any of them said a money market economist at drexel burnham lambert inc - so the focus turned to other fixed-income markets corporate and mortgages in particular she said - ibm the giant computer maker offered $ N million of 30-year debentures priced to yield N N or about N percentage point higher than the yield on 30-year treasury bonds - the size of ibm 's issue was increased from an originally planned $ N million as money managers and investors scrambled to buy the bonds - in the investment-grade corporate market it 's rare that you get an opportunity to buy a name that has such broad appeal and has such attractive call features said james a drexel industrial bond trader - money managers ranked ibm 's offering as the most significant investment-grade sale of the year because large issues of long-term debt by companies with triple-a credit are - syndicate officials at lead underwriter salomon brothers inc. said the debentures were snapped by up pension funds banks insurance companies and other institutional investors - in the treasury market investors paid attention to the day 's economic reports which for the most part provided a mixed view of the economy - whether you thought the economy was growing weak or holding steady yesterday 's economic indicators did n't change your opinion said charles a managing director at manufacturers hanover securities corp - the government reported that orders for manufactured goods were essentially unchanged in september while construction spending was slightly lower - both indicators were viewed as signs that the nation 's industrial sector is growing very slowly if at all - a survey by the federal reserve 's N district banks and the latest report by the national association of purchasing management that picture of the economy - in a monthly report prepared for use at the fed 's next federal open market committee meeting on nov. N the nation 's central bank found that price increases have and economic activity has grown at a sluggish pace in recent weeks - among other things the survey found that manufacturing activity considerably across districts and among industries - the philadelphia and cleveland districts for example reported declines in manufacturing activity while the boston dallas and san francisco banks noted that business expanded - the purchasing managers index of economic activity rose in october although it remains below N N - a reading below N N indicates that the manufacturing sector is slowing while a reading above N N suggests that the industry is expanding - mr. said the diverse showing in yesterday 's reports only the importance of the employment data - the employment report which at times has caused wide swings in bond prices is due out tomorrow - the average estimate of N economists polled by dow jones capital markets report was that expanded by N in october - the economists forecast a N N rise in the unemployment rate to N N - treasury securities - in a surprise announcement the treasury said it will reopen the outstanding benchmark 30-year bond rather than create a new one for next week 's quarterly refunding of the federal debt - the treasury will raise $ N billion in fresh cash by selling $ N billion of securities including $ N billion of new three-year notes and $ N billion of new 10-year notes - but rather than sell new 30-year bonds the treasury will issue $ N billion of nine-month bonds essentially increasing the size of the current benchmark 30-year bond that was sold at the previous refunding in august - credit market analysts said the decision to reopen the current benchmark the N N N bond due august N is unusual because the issue trades at a premium to its face amount - some dealers said the treasury 's intent is to help government bond dealers gauge investor demand for the securities given uncertainties about when the auction will occur - the treasury said the refunding is contingent upon congressional and presidential passage of an increase in the federal debt ceiling - until such action takes places the treasury has no ability to issue new debt of any kind - meanwhile treasury bonds ended modestly higher in quiet trading - the benchmark 30-year bond about N point or $ N for each $ N face amount - the benchmark was priced at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N tuesday - the latest 10-year notes were quoted at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - the discount rate on three-month treasury bills was essentially unchanged at N N while the rate on six-month bills was slightly lower at N N compared with N N tuesday - corporate issues - ibm 's $ N million debenture offering dominated activity in the corporate debt market - meanwhile most investment-grade bonds ended unchanged to as much as N point higher - in its latest of performance statistics moody 's investors service found that investment-grade bonds posted a total return of N N in october while junk bonds showed a negative return of N N - moody 's said those returns compare with a N N total return for longer-term treasury notes and bonds - total return measures price changes and interest income - for the year to date moody 's said total returns were topped by the N N of longer-term treasury issues closely followed by N N for investment-grade bonds - junk bonds trailed the group again - even the N N return from the three-month treasury bill has easily the N N return from junk bonds wrote moody 's economist john in yesterday 's market report - little wonder that buyers for junk have been found wanting he said - moody 's said the average net asset value of N junk-bond mutual funds fell by N N in october - mortgage-backed issues - mortgage securities ended slightly higher but trailed gains in the treasury market - ginnie mae 's N N issue for november delivery finished at N N up N and its N N N issue at N N also up N - the ginnie mae N N securities were yielding N N to a 12-year average life - activity was light in derivative markets with no new issues priced - municipal issues - municipal bonds were mostly unchanged to up N point in light cautious trading prior to tomorrow 's unemployment report - a $ N million issue of health facility revenue bonds from the california health facilities financing authority was temporarily withdrawn after being tentatively priced by a first boston corp. group - an official for the lead underwriter declined to comment on the reason for the delay but market participants speculated that a number of factors including a lack of investor interest were responsible - the issue could be possibly in a restructured form as early as next week according to the lead underwriter - a $ N million offering of santa ana community redevelopment agency calif. tax allocation bonds got off to a slow start and may be at lower levels today according to an official with lead underwriter donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - the santa ana bonds were tentatively priced to yield from N N in N to N N in - the market trend an issue of $ N million general obligation state aid bonds from detroit mich. apparently drew solid investor interest - they were tentatively priced to yield from N N in N to N N in - foreign bond - west german dealers said there was little interest in treasury bonds ahead of thursday 's new government bond issue - so far they said investors appear about the new issue which might force the government to raise the coupon to more than N N - it is generally expected to be the usual 10-year four billion mark issue - rumors to the contrary have been that it would be a six billion mark issue or that the last a N N issue due october N would be increased by two billion marks - elsewhere - in japan the benchmark no. N N N issue due N ended on brokers screens unchanged at N to yield N N - in britain the benchmark N N N bond due N fell N to N N to yield N N - the N N notes due N fell N to N N to yield N N - standard & poor 's corp. lowered to from the rating on about $ N million of debt - the rating concern said the textile and clothing company 's interest expense exceeds operating profit by a wide margin and it noted united 's estimated after-tax loss of $ N million for the year ended june N - travelers corp. 's third-quarter net income rose N N even though claims stemming from hurricane hugo reduced results $ N million - net advanced to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share including net realized investment gains of $ N million up from $ N million a year ago - but revenue declined to $ N billion from $ N billion - travelers estimated that the california earthquake last month will result in a fourth-quarter charge of less than $ N million - the insurer 's earnings from commercial property\/casualty lines fell N N in the latest quarter while it lost $ N million in its personal property\/casualty business compared with earnings of $ N million a year ago - travelers 's employee benefits group which includes its group health insurance operations posted earnings of $ N million compared with a loss of $ N million last year - in the first nine months net was $ N million compared with a loss of $ N million in the N period - the year-ago results included a $ N million charge in the N second quarter for real estate and mortgage loans - the british department of trade and industry ordered an investigation of the competitive impact of michelin plc 's planned acquisition of national service ltd - the department said it referred the takeover to the monopolies and mergers commission because of the purchase 's possible effects on the u.k. market for distribution of replacement tires - plc a u.k. industrial conglomerate said in june it had sold its national service business to michelin investment ltd. a u.k. unit of the tire maker for # N million $ N million - michelin is a unit of france 's michelin s.a - michelin officials could n't immediately comment on the but they noted the purchase from has already been concluded - national which has N branches throughout the u.k. had N pretax profit of # N million - rep. john dingell an important sponsor of president bush 's clean-air bill plans to unveil a surprise proposal that would break with the white house on a centerpiece issue acid rain - the michigan democrat 's proposal which is expected today is described by government sources and lobbyists as significantly weaker than the bush administration 's plan to cut utility emissions that lead to acid rain - the administration 's plan could cost utilities mainly those that use coal up to $ N billion a year - the proposal comes as a surprise even to administration officials and temporarily throws into chaos the house 's work on clean-air legislation - as chairman of the house energy and commerce committee mr. dingell has almost control over clean-air legislation - people close to the utility industry said mr. dingell 's proposal appears to guarantee only an estimated cut in annual emissions that lead to acid rain though additional cuts could be ordered later - mr. bush 's legislative package promises to cut emissions by N million tons basically in half by the year N - although final details were n't available sources said the dingell plan would abandon the president 's proposal for a cap on utilities ' emissions - that proposal had been hailed by environmentalists but by utilities because they feared it would limit their growth - it also would junk an innovative system for trading emissions credits among - in addition it is believed to offer a cost-sharing mechanism that would help subsidize the costs for the utilities in the country their customers from in their electric bills - the administration sticking to its of avoiding tax increases has opposed cost-sharing - mr. dingell 's staff was expected to present its alternative to other committee members apparently in an attempt to midwestern lawmakers from states who insist on cost-sharing - it is n't clear however whether support for the proposal will be broad enough to pose a serious challenge to the white house 's plan - while the new proposal might appeal to the utilities it might not win the support of utilities many in the west that already have added expensive cleanup equipment or fuels - lawmakers representing some of the cleaner utilities have been quietly working with the white house to devise ways to with the administration bill to address their concerns - american city business inc. said its president michael k. russell will resign rather than to new headquarters in charlotte n.c - mr. russell who the kansas city local business publications concern here said he would have a five-year consulting agreement with the company which recently an ownership change - earlier this year shaw publishing inc. charlotte acquired N N of american city and has an agreement to acquire a further N N from co. next year - ray shaw chairman of american city said he would assume mr. russell 's responsibilities if a successor is n't found this month - a for measures to stop the market from plunging too far too fast - several moves were taken following the october N crash to coordinate and sometimes deliberately the stock and futures markets in times of heightened volatility - on the big board a side car is put into effect when the s&p futures rise or fall N points - the side car routes program trades into a special computer file that for imbalances of buy and sell orders - on the chicago mercantile exchange s&p N futures are not allowed to fall further than N points from the previous day 's close for half an hour - if when trading the s&p futures fall N points from the previous day 's close a one-hour trading halt takes effect - also the reforms allow the big board to halt trading for one hour if the dow jones industrial average falls N points and for two more hours if the dow an additional N points on the same day - system the designated order turnaround system was launched by the new york stock exchange in march N to offer automatic order processing - a faster version the was launched in N - used by program traders and others to zip orders into the exchange handles about N N of all orders entered at the exchange - futures contracts obligations to buy for those who have purchased a contract or deliver for those who sold one a quantity of the underlying commodity or financial instrument at the price by a certain date - most contracts are simply by an opposite trade before they come due - indexing many investors mainly institutions follow an investment strategy of buying and holding a mix of stocks to match the performance of a broad stock-market barometer such as the s&p N - many institutional index funds are active program traders their stocks for futures when profitable to do so - program trading a wide range of portfolio trading strategies involving the simultaneous purchase or sale of N or more stocks - generally any wall street analyst who employs research techniques - the newest breed also called rocket scientists because of their backgrounds in physics and devise the complex hedging and trading strategies that are known as program trading - stock-index arbitrage buying or selling baskets of stocks while at the same time executing offsetting trades in stock-index futures or options - traders profit by trying to capture fleeting price discrepancies between stocks and the index futures or options - if stocks are temporarily cheaper than futures for example an will buy stocks and sell futures - stock-index futures contracts to buy or sell the cash value of a stock index by a certain date - the cash value is determined by the index number by a specified amount - the most common program-trading vehicles are futures contracts on standard & poor 's 500-stock index traded on the chicago mercantile exchange the major market index a index that the dow jones industrial average traded on the chicago board of trade and the s&p N options traded on the chicago board options exchange and based on N stocks selected from the s&p N - stock-index options options give holders the right but not the obligation to buy a call or sell a put a specified amount of an underlying investment by a date at a price known as the strike price - for stock indexes the underlying investment may be a stock-index futures contract or the cash value of a stock index - for example there are options on the s&p N futures contract and on the s&p N index - uptick an expression that a transaction in a listed security occurred at a higher price than the previous transaction in that security - new york financier saul steinberg sought federal permission to buy more than N N of united airlines ' parent ual corp. saying he might seek control of the nation 's second-largest airline - although takeover experts said they mr. steinberg will make a bid by himself the application by his reliance group holdings inc. could signal his interest in helping revive a failed labor-management bid - such an application for federal antitrust clearance is necessary for any investor that might seek control - but some investors have used such filings to boost the value of their stock holdings which without buying more stock they then sold - takeover stock traders were by the reliance filing and cautioned that it does n't mean mr. steinberg will definitely seek control - maybe he just wants to make something happen said one takeover expert - one investment banker said mr. steinberg may be trying to position himself as a friendly investor who could help ual chairman stephen wolf revive a failed labor-management bid - mr. steinberg he suggested could replace british airways plc which has withdrawn from the buy-out group - reliance had already bought and sold ual stock at a big profit without making an antitrust filing before the collapse oct. N of the $ N billion $ 300-a-share labor-management buy-out - reliance acquired a N N ual stake early this year at an average cost of $ N a share and reduced its stake to N N after ual accepted the bid at prices higher than $ N a share - market sources said reliance has already sold its entire ual stake and thus would n't have any reason to file the application simply to boost the value of its stock - but the exact amount of reliance 's current holding has n't been formally disclosed - the filing adds a new twist to market speculation that coniston partners a new york money manager has bought more than N N of ual stock and may challenge the ual board 's decision last week to remain independent - speculation about coniston has caused the stock to rebound from a low of $ N - ual 's announcement came after the market closed yesterday - in composite new york stock exchange trading the shares closed at $ N up $ N - ual would n't elaborate on a statement that it had been notified of the filing by reliance - reliance confirmed the filing but would n't elaborate - some takeover experts were skeptical saying it was possible that mr. steinberg made the filing only to help boost the value of any remaining reliance stake in ual - mr. steinberg is thought to be on friendly terms with ual 's mr. wolf - the investor was instrumental in mr. wolf to run the air cargo unit of tiger international inc - mr. wolf 's success in that job helped him land the top job with ual in december N - but any potential acquirer must attempt to reach some kind of accord with the company 's employees primarily its pilots and the powerful machinists ' union which has opposed a takeover - williams corp. was merged into primerica corp. new york after a special meeting of williams shareholders cleared the transaction the companies said - primerica which had owned nearly N N of williams will pay about N million shares currently valued at almost $ N million for the rest of williams - the financial-services company will pay N share for each williams share - williams shares which were to be from the new york stock exchange after the close of composite trading yesterday closed at $ N off N cents - primerica closed at $ N down N cents - williams ga. is an insurance and financial-services holding company - its subsidiaries ' services are marketed by closely held williams & associates - primerica as expected also acquired certain assets of the agency and assumed certain of its liabilities - terms were n't disclosed - intelogic inc. san antonio texas said it bought N million shares or about N N of its common stock from an shareholder for $ N a share or $ N million - the move boosts intelogic chairman edelman 's stake to N N from N N and may help prevent martin ackerman from making a run at the concern - mr. ackerman already is seeking to oust mr. edelman as chairman of datapoint corp. an intelogic affiliate - the action followed by one day an intelogic announcement that it will retain an investment banker to explore alternatives to maximize shareholder value including the possible sale of the company - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday intelogic shares rose N cents to close at $ N - mr. edelman declined to specify what prompted the recent moves saying they are meant only to benefit shareholders when the company is on a roll - he added this has nothing to do with ackerman and it is not designed particularly to take the company private - but mr. ackerman said the buy-back and the price paid prove that mr. edelman is running scared - dow jones & co. said it extended its $ offer for telerate inc. common stock until N p.m. est nov. N - the offer valued at about $ N million for the N N of telerate that dow jones does n't already own had been set to expire nov. N - dow jones which owns about N million of telerate 's N million common shares outstanding said that about N shares have been tendered under its offer - telerate 's two independent directors have rejected the offer as inadequate - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange telerate shares closed at $ N up N cents - telerate provides an electronic financial information network - dow jones publishes the wall street journal barron 's magazine and community newspapers and operates financial news services and computer data bases - rockwell international corp. reported flat operating earnings for the fourth quarter ended sept. N - the aerospace automotive supply electronics and concern also indicated that the first half of fiscal N could be rough - in an interview donald chairman said first-half profit certainly would trail the past year 's primarily because of weakness in the and markets - still he added if the industrial sector remains relatively stable rockwell should be able to recover in the second half and about equal fiscal N 's operating profit of $ N million - for fiscal N 's fourth quarter rockwell 's net income totaled $ N million or N cents a share - that compares with operating earnings of $ N million or N cents a share the year earlier - the period includes a one-time favorable tax adjustment on the bomber program and another gain from sale of the industrial business which made net $ N million or N cents a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - mr. said that he was generally pleased with the latest numbers and cited a particularly strong showing by the company 's electronics segment - overall pretax electronics earnings soared N N to $ N million from $ N million - all four areas had higher revenue for the three months ended sept. N - for the year electronics emerged as rockwell 's largest sector in terms of sales and earnings out aerospace for the first time - the graphics business which also was singled out by the chairman as a positive saw its operating earnings for the quarter jump N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the year bolstered by the introduction of the press graphics earnings almost doubled - aerospace earnings sagged N N for the quarter and N N for the year largely due to lower program profit the last of the rolled out in april N - that was partially offset by the of space shuttle flights and increased demand for engines - the company also took hits in the fourth quarters of N and N on a fixed-price development program probably the according to analysts - for fiscal N the company posted net of $ N million or $ N a share down from $ N million or $ N a share in fiscal N - excluding one-time additions to profit in each year earnings per share were $ N up N N from $ N in fiscal N - sales for the year rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion in fiscal N - dell computer corp. said it cut prices on several of its personal computer lines by N N to N N - the austin company which specializes in the direct sale of personal computers and accessories said its price cuts include a $ N reduction on its system N computer with N of memory a hard disk and a color monitor - that package now sells for about $ N - a computer using the intel corp. N microprocessor with four of memory and a hard disk now sells for $ N down from $ N - personal computer prices for models using the intel N and N microprocessors which the dell models use generally have been coming down as chip prices have fallen - world sugar futures prices soared on rumors that brazil a major grower and exporter might not ship sugar this crop year and next - prices also were boosted by another rumor that mexico usually a large producer and exporter might have to buy a large quantity of sugar - although traders rushed to buy futures contracts many remained skeptical about the brazilian development which could n't be confirmed analysts said - the march and may contracts rose to fresh highs of N cents and N cents at their best levels of the day - the march delivery which has no limits settled at N cents up N cent a pound - the may contract which also is without restraints ended with a gain of N cent to N cents - the july delivery rose its daily permissible limit of N cent a pound to N cents while other contract months showed advances - according to reports carried by various news services the brazilian government told its sugar producers that they wo n't be allowed to export sugar during the current N season which began may N and the N season so that it can be used to produce alcohol for automobile fuel - one analyst arthur stevenson of prudential-bache securities new york estimated that N N or more of brazil 's newly made automobiles run on alcohol and ca n't use gasoline - this is a demand that must be met regardless of the price of oil said mr. stevenson - brazil is the third-largest producer and the exporter of sugar in the world - a shift to producing more alcohol and less sugar had been expected but the latest news if true indicates a more drastic shift than had been anticipated - during the current crop year brazil was expected to produce N million tons of sugar a drop from N million tons in N - its N exports were expected to total N tons in contrast to shipments of N million tons in - it is these N tons that are in question for this crop year explained analyst for shearson lehman hutton new york - producers were granted the right earlier this year to ship sugar and the export licenses were expected to have begun to be issued yesterday - as a result ms. said it is believed that little or no sugar from the N crop has been shipped yet even though the crop year is six months old - more than a half of all sugar produced in brazil goes for alcohol production according to ms. - also there has been a switch in the past decade to of orange trees in areas that were previously used for cane and this change is being felt now she said - most important ms. noted brazilian officials said that no decision has as yet been made on the suspension of exports - thomas sugar analyst for painewebber in n.j. said i am highly skeptical that brazil will curtail sugar exports particularly with the price of sugar at over N cents a pound - above all mr. noted the situation is extremely confused - professional sugar people here who have strong contacts with the brazilian sugar industry have been unable to confirm the reports or get enough information to clarify the situation he said - it 's the type of nervous atmosphere in which a report can be put out such as the one saying exports will be suspended and no one can confirm it - mr. observed that the situation in brazil is also very complicated - on the one hand brazil started an program about N years ago to fuel a huge portion of its national fleet of cars and is now committed to this program - it has to weigh on the other hand the relatively high price of sugar it can earn on the export market in making decisions as to whether to produce sugar or alcohol mr. said - mexico which is normally a sugar exporter has had production problems in the past two years analysts said - last year it had to buy sugar on the world market to meet export commitments they noted - this year it is expected to be a net importer and is said to be seeking to buy about N tons of sugar to meet internal needs analysts said - in other commodity markets yesterday - energy - petroleum futures were generally higher with heating oil leading the way - on the new york mercantile exchange heating oil for december delivery increased N cents to settle at N cents a - gasoline futures were mixed to unchanged - but the strength in heating oil helped push up crude oil - west texas intermediate crude for december delivery rose N cents a barrel to settle at $ N - the in heating oil was attributed to weather in parts of the u.s. and to the latest weekly report by the american petroleum institute which showed a decline in inventories of the fuel - grains and soybeans - prices closed mostly higher in relatively light trading as farmers continued to their crops from the marketplace in the hope of higher prices to come - trading was in part because of the of all ' day across much of europe - continued export demand also supported prices - as an indicator of the tight grain supply situation in the u.s. market analysts said that late tuesday the chinese government which often buys u.s. grains in quantity turned instead to britain to buy N metric tons of wheat - traders said prices also were supported by widespread rumors that the soviet union is on the verge of receiving most favored nation status from the u.s. - that would among other things provide more generous credit terms under which the soviets could purchase grain - the soviets are widely believed to need additional supplies despite running up record purchases of N million of corn in october - copper - futures prices rose extending tuesday 's gains - the december contract advanced N cents a pound to $ N - buying for the most part carried over from the previous session and traders apparently ignored reports that a mine strike may have ended almost before it began an analyst said - according to news service reports most workers at the mines owned by exxon corp. agreed to a new two-year wage contract that includes a N N increase and other benefits - however some workers have n't yet accepted the new contract and are continuing negotiations the analyst said - separately reuter reported that the guinea government urged its parliament to extend a state of emergency in bougainville island for two months - the bougainville copper mine has been since may N because of attacks by native who want bougainville to from guinea - the parent of younkers after failing to find a buyer for the chain of midwestern department stores said it will sell a stake in the chain to management and take other steps to reduce its investment in retailing - equitable of iowa cos. des had been seeking a buyer for the younkers chain since june when it announced its intention to free up capital to expand its insurance business - but equitable said it was unable to find a buyer willing to pay what it considers fair value for younkers because of recent turmoil in the bond and stock markets and in retailing - younkers up sales in N of $ N million - it operates stores mostly in iowa and nebraska - younkers management is likely to buy a N N to N N interest in the chain in january said fred s. equitable 's president and chief executive officer - he said equitable hopes to eventually reduce its stake in younkers to less than N N - tony lama co. said that investment ii limited partnership has proposed changing the offer for the company to $ N in cash and stock from an transaction - under terms of the new proposal managed by capital corp. houston would pay $ N cash and one new preferred share with a liquidation preference of $ N a share for each of tony lama 's N million shares outstanding - previously it offered $ N a share in cash or $ N million - the el paso texas maker of western and leather accessories said the preferred stock would dividends at a N N rate but would n't be paid for the first two years - the stock would be redeemed in five years subject to terms of the surviving company 's debt - neither nor tony lama gave a reason for the changed offer and tony lama could n't be reached for comment - however tony lama said it would promptly submit the offer to a special committee of the company 's board - reuters holdings plc said michael reupke resigned as general manager to pursue unspecified interests a move the news organization termed an amicable separation - mr. reupke N years old and a reuters veteran had been the company 's general manager for only six months - his appointment to that post which has senior administrative staff and policy responsibilities followed a tenure as reuters 's editor in chief - no successor was named and mr. reupke 's duties will be split among three other senior reuters executives the company said - in a telephone interview mr. reupke said his departure was for personal reasons which he declined to specify - there is no business reason for my departure nor any disagreement over policy he added - he also rejected reports that his departure stemmed from disappointment the general manager 's post had n't also led to a board at the london-based news organization - mr. reupke was one of three executives on reuters 's executive committee who did n't also serve on the company 's board of directors - if i were choosing the people of tomorrow i would have chosen the people who are now on the board he said - a reuters spokesman said the departure reflects no change in strategy or profits - mark an analyst at phillips & drew in london said i suspect the departure will be fairly irrelevant for the company - i would be very surprised if his departure signals any change in strategy or change in profit expectations - on london 's stock exchange reuters shares rose five pence to N pence $ N - in the u.s. over-the-counter market american depositary shares for reuters each representing three shares in the london market closed unchanged at $ N - the senior of the three executives who will assume mr. reupke 's duties is nigel N finance director and a reuters board director - peter N deputy general manager becomes director of corporate affairs - and patrick N international technical manager becomes director of group quality programs - dd acquisition corp. a partnership of unicorp canada corp. 's capital group and cara operations ltd. extended to nov. N its $ offer for all donuts inc. shares outstanding - the offer which was due to expire yesterday is conditional on N N of common shares on a fully diluted basis being tendered and on the withdrawal of the company 's poison pill rights plan - dd acquisition has launched a suit in a delaware court seeking the withdrawal of dunkin 's poison pill rights and employee stock ownership plans which it claims were put in place to deter bidders - dd acquisition said N million shares or about N N of the shares outstanding have been tendered under its offer - the partners said they already hold N N of all shares outstanding - has set nov. N as the deadline for the of any competing bids - dd acquisition said the extension is to allow this process to be completed - is based in mass - cara a food services chain operator and unicorp a holding company are based in toronto - corp. reported a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or N cents a share compared with year-earlier profit of $ N million or one cent a share - a spokesman for the stamford company said operations had a loss of $ N million for the quarter in addition the loss was magnified by nonrecurring charges totaling $ N million and $ N million in adjustments that he described as unusual - the charges were partly offset by a $ N million gain on the sale of investments of two joint ventures he said - revenue declined N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - cited a general softening in the demand for office products in the market segments in which competes - corp. said it expects to report a third-quarter net loss of $ N million to $ N million because of special reserves and continued low natural-gas prices - the oklahoma city energy and defense concern said it will record a $ N million reserve for its defense group including a $ N million charge related to problems under a fixed-price development contract and $ N million in overhead costs that wo n't be - in addition said it will write off about $ N million in costs related to international exploration leases where exploration efforts have been unsuccessful - the company also cited interest costs and amortization of goodwill as factors in the loss - a year earlier net income was $ N million or six cents a share on revenue of $ N million - a lack of enthusiasm with the latest economic data hampered the stock market 's bid to extend tuesday 's sharp gains as prices closed slightly higher in sluggish trading - while renewed optimism about the outlook for takeover activity boosted several so-called deal stocks traders said profit-taking weighed on the market with bearing the brunt of the selling - the dow jones industrial average which had jumped N points on tuesday drifted on either side of its previous close and finished with a gain of just N at N - standard & poor 's 500-stock index added N to N the rise was equivalent to a gain of about six points in the industrial average - the dow jones equity market index gained N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index went up N to N - advancing stocks led decliners on the new york stock exchange by N to N - big board volume amounted to N shares down from N million tuesday - the october survey of corporate purchasing managers as expected provided evidence that economic growth remains subdued - an index of economic activity drawn from the survey stood last month at N N a reading above N N would have indicated that the manufacturing sector was improving - but with the index proving somewhat better than expected and the widely anticipated report on october employment scheduled to arrive tomorrow stock prices firmed only modestly in response to the report and then faltered - this market 's still going through its said philip head of equity trading at prudential-bache securities - the psychology is still we want stocks up but if they do n't carry we 're going to sell them - uncertainty about the prospects for further action to curtail stock-index arbitrage a form of program trading blamed for recent volatility in the market also contributed to its lack of direction mr. said - trading during the session was confined largely to a round of buy programs near the close which helped offset the impact of profit-taking among blue chips - trading is expected to remain subdued as the market tomorrow 's release of the jobs data with the hope that it will point toward a decline in interest rates - i sense that some people are reluctant to stick their out in any aggressive way until after the figures come out said richard president of associates fair haven - campbell soup jumped N N to N N as the resignation of r. gordon mcgovern as president and chief executive officer sparked a revival of rumors that the company could become a takeover target - prudential-bache securities boosted the stock 's short-term investment rating in response to the departure analyst john said he believes the company will turn to new management that 's more financially - other rumored takeover and restructuring candidates to attract buyers included woolworth which went up N N to N N avon products up N N to N N paramount communications up N to N N and up N N to N N - upjohn a rumored target within the drug industry advanced N to N N - the company said it plans a fourth-quarter charge which it did n't specify for an program - amr climbed N N to N N amid rumors that new york developer donald trump was seeking financing to mount a new lower offer for the parent company of american airlines - mr. trump withdrew a $ bid last month - ual rose N N to N - drexel burnham lambert analyst michael said he sees a N N chance that the parent of united airlines the target of a failed $ 300-a-share offer from a labor-management group will be acquired or restructured within six months - georgia gulf added N N to N N after nl industries controlled by dallas investor harold simmons offered to acquire the stock it does n't already own for $ N a share - nl which closed unchanged at N N has a stake of just under N N - great northern nekoosa which surged N N tuesday after georgia-pacific launched a $ N billion offer for the company dropped N N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares - georgia-pacific which went down N N tuesday lost another N to N N - other paper and forest-products stocks closed mixed - mead rose N to N N federal paper board added N to N N and scott paper gained N to N N while international paper fell N to N N champion international lost N to N N and dropped N to N N - texaco rose N to N N as N million shares changed hands - most of the volume came from trades designed to capture the stock 's next dividend texaco has a yield of N N and goes ex-dividend today - santa fe pacific dropped N N to N N - the company 's proposal to sell a N N stake in its real-estate unit for around $ N million has caused analysts to consider whether to cut their estimates of santa fe 's asset value - tumbled N to N - the company forecast that fourth-quarter income from continuing operations would be significantly lower than a year earlier - went up N to N N - the food and drug administration allowed the company to begin marketing a new lens for use in patients - the american stock exchange market value index gained N to N - volume totaled N shares - old warehouse rose N to N N - its net income for the september quarter rose about N N from a year ago - freeport-mcmoran inc. said it will convert its freeport-mcmoran energy partners ltd. partnership into a publicly traded company through the exchange of units of the partnership for common shares - the company said the restructuring is n't expected to have any impact adverse or otherwise on its financial results - freeport-mcmoran a new diversified energy conglomerate said the partnership will exchange its assets for common shares of a entity - freeport-mcmoran energy partners will be liquidated and shares of the new company distributed to the partnership 's - will receive two additional N distribution payments before the trust is liquidated in early N the company said - it is expected that common shares equal to the number of units outstanding about N million on sept. N will be issued during the first quarter of N - freeport-mcmoran the parent company holds roughly N N of the units outstanding - nissan motor co. japan 's second-largest car maker announced wednesday that the parent concern 's pretax earnings in the first half ended last sept. N rose N N to N billion yen $ N million from N billion yen a year earlier - nissan cited strong domestic sales against the backdrop of economic expansion - profit surged N N to N billion yen or N yen a share from N billion yen or N yen a share - sales totaled N trillion yen climbing N N from N trillion yen in the year-earlier period - nissan scheduled a interim dividend payment unchanged - executive vice president and chief financial officer of nissan said the company has experienced a remarkable turnaround in terms of profitability since the fiscal year ending march N when the sharp and rapid appreciation of the yen caused many difficulties - it can be said that the trend of financial improvement has been firmly set he added - heritage media corp. new york said it offered to buy the shares of pop radio corp. it does n't already own in a stock swap - heritage which owns N N of pop 's N million shares outstanding said it will exchange one share of a new preferred stock for each pop common share it does n't already own - depending upon how many warrants and options are exercised prior to completion of the transaction heritage would issue between N million and N million preferred shares a heritage spokesman estimated - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday pop plunged $ N to $ N - the preferred stock which would have a dividend rate of $ N a year would be convertible into heritage common at a rate of four common shares for each preferred - new york-based pop radio provides through a national network a music information and advertising service which live radio - heritage owns and operates television and radio stations and advertising and promotion programs - inc. hurt by a plant accident and other unexpected costs said it expects to report that fiscal fourth-quarter profit from continuing operations will be significantly below last year 's $ N million - the company also said that full-year profit from continuing operations will be far below last year 's $ N million - last year 's figures include a one-time loss of $ N million for restructuring and unusual items - but the automotive parts and aerospace concern expects that net for the year ending nov. N will exceed last fiscal year 's net of $ N million or $ N a share primarily because of $ N million in gains from sales of discontinued operations - harry an analyst at mcdonald & co. in cleveland said 's unanticipated losses come largely from an accident at a government-owned assembly plant in kansas run by a private that makes for 's business - corp. san francisco said third-quarter profit was essentially flat despite a large one-time gain a year earlier - the insurance and financial services concern said profit for the quarter rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share the year earlier - the results reflected a N N gain in income from its finance businesses and a N N slide in income from insurance operations - said third-quarter investment gains were $ N million compared with $ N million the year earlier - it said insurance profit reflected a $ N million loss from hurricane hugo - it also estimated that losses from the oct. N earthquake in california would be no more than $ N million and would be included in fourth-quarter results - international inc. heights n.j. facing a squeeze said it is seeking other financing sources and from debenture holders - the company said that because of softening sales it is n't in compliance with requirements that it maintain $ N million in working capital - distributes electronic devices and produces power supplies and plastic literature displays - said it had a loss of $ N or N cents a share in the third quarter compared with a year-earlier loss of $ N or two cents a share - sales rose to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months the company reported a net loss of $ N or N cents a share compared with year-earlier net income of $ N or N cents a share - sales rose to $ N million from $ N million - meridian national corp. said it sold N shares of its common stock to the mcalpine family interests for $ N million or $ N a share - the sale represents N N of meridian 's shares outstanding - the mcalpine family which operates a number of multinational companies including a london-based engineering and construction company also lent to meridian national $ N - that amount is convertible into shares of meridian common stock at $ N a share during its one-year term - the loan may be extended by the mcalpine group for an additional year with an increase in the conversion price to $ N a share - the sale of shares to the mcalpine family along with the recent sale of N shares of meridian stock to holding plc of england and a recent public offering have increased meridian 's net worth to $ N million said william chief executive officer of toledo meridian - ratners group plc a fast-growing london-based raised its price for specialty weisfield 's inc. to $ N a share or $ N million from $ N a share or $ N million after another concern said it would be prepared to ratners 's initial offer - the other concern was n't identified - ratners 's chairman gerald said the deal remains of substantial benefit to ratners - in london at yesterday ratners 's shares were up N pence N cents at N pence $ N - the sweetened offer has acceptances from more than N N of weisfield 's shareholders and it is scheduled for completion by dec. N - the acquisition of weisfield 's raises ratners 's u.s. presence to N stores - about N N of ratners 's profit already is derived from the u.s. - carnival cruise lines inc. said potential problems with the construction of two big cruise ships from finland have been - last week miami-based carnival disclosed that waertsilae marine industries the finnish shipyard that is building carnival 's new cruise ships planned to file for bankruptcy - yesterday carnival said a new company has been formed in finland that will carry on waertsilae 's shipbuilding operations - carnival said it will be an N N shareholder in the new company - carnival said the fantasy a ship that was slated to be delivered this month will be delivered in january - a second ship is now expected to be delivered late next year or early in N - carnival had expected that ship to be delivered next fall - a planned third ship still may be built in the finnish shipyard or may be built elsewhere carnival said - valley federal savings & loan association took an $ N million charge as it reported a third-quarter loss of $ N million or $ N a share - the van calif. thrift had net income of $ N or three cents a share a year ago - the bulk of the pretax charge is a $ N million write-off of capitalized at the mobile home financing subsidiary which the company said had been a big drain on earnings - the company said the one-time provision would substantially eliminate all future losses at the unit - valley federal also added $ N million to loan reserves and eliminated $ N million of good will - the thrift said that after these charges and assuming no dramatic in interest rates the association expects to achieve near record earnings in N - valley federal is currently being examined by regulators - new loans continue to slow they were $ N million in the quarter compared with $ N million a year ago - the thrift has assets of $ N billion - first of america bank corp. said it completed its acquisition of midwest financial group inc. for about $ N million - first of america which now has N banks and $ N billion in assets announced an agreement to acquire the ill. bank holding company in january - midwest financial has $ N billion in assets and eight banks - the midwest financial subsidiary banks will continue to operate under their current names until early N when each will adopt the first of america name - first of america said it will eliminate the N management positions of the former midwest financial parent company - first of america said some of the managers will take other jobs with first of america - but it said that severance payments to those executives not staying with the company will reduce first of america 's operating results for N by $ N million to $ N million or N cents to N cents a share - industries inc. a once toy maker whose stock peaked at $ N a share in the early 1980s filed a chapter N reorganization plan that provides just N cents a share for common stockholders - under the plan unsecured creditors who are owed about $ N million would receive about $ N million or N cents for each dollar they are owed - in addition they will receive stock in the company which will be named industries inc - after these payments about $ N will be available for the N million common shares outstanding - the avon conn. company 's stock hit a high in N after it unveiled its home computer but the product was plagued with and the company 's fortunes plunged - but bounced back with the introduction of the patch whose sales hit $ N million in N - but as the craze died failed to come up with another winner and filed for bankruptcy-law protection in july N - the plan was filed jointly with unsecured creditors in federal bankruptcy court in new york and must be approved by the court - ortega ended a truce with the contras and said elections were threatened - the nicaraguan president citing attacks by the rebels suspended a cease-fire and accused bush of promoting death - while he support for the country 's feb. N elections ortega indicated that renewed u.s. military aid to the contras could thwart the balloting - he said u.s. assistance should be used to the rebels - a white house spokesman the truce suspension as but brushed off talk of renewing military funding for the - the contra military command in a statement from honduras said sandinista troops had launched a major offensive against the rebel forces - east german leader krenz called the protests in his country a good sign saying that many of those for democratic freedoms were showing support for the for socialism - the communist party chief in moscow for talks with soviet officials also said east germany would follow gorbachev 's restructuring plans - thousands of east germans fled to czechoslovakia after the east berlin government lifted travel restrictions - the ban on cross-border movement was imposed last month after a massive exodus of to west germany - also a communist official for the first time said the future of the berlin wall could be open to discussion - health officials plan to extend a on federal funding of research involving fetal-tissue transplants - the assistant hhs secretary said the ban should be continued indefinitely - while researchers believe such transplants could help treat diseases like 's anti-abortionists oppose the research - rep. dingell of michigan plans to unveil today a proposal that would break with bush 's clean-air bill on the issue of emissions that lead to acid rain - the democrat 's proposal is described by government sources and lobbyists as significantly weaker than the president 's plan to cut utility emissions - house-senate conferees approved major portions of a package for more than $ N million in economic aid for poland - the plan relies heavily on $ N million in credit and loan guarantees in fiscal N in hopes of future trade and investment - south africa accused armed guerrillas of crossing from bases in neighboring violating peace plans for the territory 's independence from pretoria - south african troops were placed on alert - guerrilla leaders said pretoria was attempting to sabotage next week 's elections in namibia - in lebanon a saudi embassy employee and the took responsibility for the to the of N by 's government in september - also in a group vowed to kill americans if the u.s. a policy to seize suspects abroad - nixon concluded five days of private talks with chinese leaders in beijing but apparently failed to ease in ties caused by china 's crackdown against pro-democracy protesters in june - beijing 's complained to the former president about u.s. in china 's domestic affairs - mexico 's president salinas said the country 's recession had ended and the economy was growing again - in his first state of the nation address salinas pledged to continue his program of modernization and warned opposition politicians that progress could cost them popular support - pakistan 's defeated the first motion in the nation 's history surviving the vote that could have brought down her government - the prime minister 's opponents claimed the balloting N votes short of a majority in 's assembly was - the white house said the meetings next month between bush and soviet leader gorbachev will take place in the waters off - the location was disclosed as the u.s. began planning the issues to be discussed at the dec. N - bush unveiled a package of trade initiatives to help establish economic alternatives to drug trafficking in the nations of south america - the president 's plan includes a commitment to help negotiate a new international coffee agreement - pan am has several government agencies including the cia and fbi to determine whether they were warned that a bomb had been planted aboard a jet that exploded over scotland last december killing N people - the airline is attempting to show that israel and west germany warned the u.s. about the impending attack - died james a. N retired chairman and president of mutual life insurance co. of new york tuesday in new york city of an condition - sony corp. completed its tender offer for columbia pictures entertainment inc. with columbia shareholders N N of all common shares outstanding by the tuesday deadline - sony columbia acquisition corp. formed for the columbia deal will formally take ownership of the movie studio later this month a spokesman said - sony is paying $ N a share or $ N billion cash and is assuming $ N billion of long-term debt - still is sony 's effort to hire producers jon peters and peter guber to run the studio - sony 's planned acquisition of entertainment co. for $ N million is scheduled to close monday - has been locked in litigation with warner communications inc. in an attempt to get out of an exclusive production contract with warner - both sides are in talks to settle the dispute - xerox corp. has told employees in its & personal insurance operations that it is laying off about N people or N N of the staff - a spokeswoman for & said employees were told early this week that numerous staff functions for the personal insurance lines were going to be as a cost-cutting move - she said the move would result in a after-tax charge of less than $ N million to be spread over the next three quarters - by comparison for the first nine months xerox earned $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - earnings at xerox 's financial-services operations actually rose slightly but that was largely because capital gains at & offset hurricane hugo payments and the reserves set up to cover future payments - property\/casualty insurance has been a tough business in recent quarters as pricing has been and natural disasters such as hurricane hugo and the california earthquake have resulted in huge payments - ltd. a large integrated maker of construction machinery posted a N N unconsolidated gain in first-half pretax profit - for the period ended it earned N billion yen us$ N million up from N billion yen the year before - sales rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income surged N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - brisk domestic demand due to increasing capital investment pushed up sales sharply in construction and industrial machinery divisions - domestic sales of construction machinery such as power and rose to N billion yen from N billion yen - demand from europe and southeast asia also grew but due to increasing production at local plants overseas sales edged down N N - predicted that for the fiscal year ending march N sales will climb to N billion yen from N billion yen pretax profit was forecast at N billion yen up from N billion yen in fiscal N - net is expected to rise to N billion yen from N billion yen a year earlier - economic growth appears to be off latest reports suggest - factory orders and construction outlays were largely flat in september while purchasing agents said manufacturing shrank further in october - still many economists are n't predicting a recession anytime soon - the fed is coming under pressure to cut short-term interest rates due to the apparent slowing of the economy - but it is n't clear yet whether the central bank will make such a move - campbell soup forced out its president and chief executive r. gordon mcgovern the strongest indication yet that the dorrance family plans to take charge of the troubled food company - campbell 's stock rose $ N to $ N in reaction - the chicago merc plans an additional circuit breaker to stem sharp drops in the market - also big board chairman phelan said he would support sec halts of program trading during market crises but not any revival of a collar on trading - georgia gulf received a new takeover bid from investor harold simmons and nl industries of $ N a share or about $ N billion - the offer which follows a $ bid that was rejected in september steps up pressure on the chemicals concern - the minimum-wage bill worked out by congress and bush won easy approval in the house - the compromise plan which boosts the minimum wage for the first time since N is expected to clear the senate soon - steinberg sought clearance to buy more than N N of united air 's parent saying he may seek control - takeover experts said they the financier would make a bid by himself - an airline buy-out bill was approved by the house - the measure would make it easier for the transportation department to block leveraged buy-outs in the industry - usx was cited by osha for several health and safety violations at two pennsylvania plants and may face a record fine of $ N million - random house chairman robert bernstein said he is resigning from the publishing house he has run for N years - a successor was n't named - cray research indicated that the survival of a spinoff company which is developing a new supercomputer depends heavily on its chairman and chief designer seymour cray - light trucks and vans will face the same safety requirements as automobiles under new proposals by the transportation department - the treasury plans to sell $ N billion in notes and bonds next week but will delay the auction unless congress quickly raises the debt ceiling - u.s. farmers ' net income rose to a record $ N billion last year despite one of the worst ever - two antitrust agencies may face further cutbacks because of a complicated new funding device some democrats in congress are warning - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N up N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N up N - dollar N yen up N N marks up N - junk-bond an ongoing securities and exchange commission investigation a drexel burnham lambert connection a buy-out rumor - all this has cast a pall over columbia savings & loan association and its chairman thomas spiegel who built the $ N billion beverly hills calif. thrift with high-yield junk bonds - bears have targeted columbia 's stock because of the thrift 's exposure to the shaky junk market - and some investors fault mr. spiegel 's life style he earns millions of dollars a year and flies around in columbia 's jet planes - columbia stock recently hit N N after reaching N N earlier this year on rumors that mr. spiegel would take the thrift private - moreover junk professionals think columbia 's huge third-quarter of its junk portfolio to $ N billion was n't enough meaning another could be coming - but in recent days columbia has edged up closing at N N up N yesterday on revived speculation that the thrift might restructure - mr. spiegel 's fans say columbia 's southern california branches are highly and the thrift has $ N million of shareholders equity underlying its assets - that 's almost $ N of equity for each columbia share including convertible preferred shares though more junk would reduce the cushion - columbia has only about N million common shares in public hands - the spiegel family has N N of the common and N N of the votes - other big common holders are carl 's american financial investor jacobs and pacific financial research though the latter cut its stake this summer - while many problems would attend a restructuring of columbia investors say mr. spiegel is such a plan to columbia 's junk problems - indeed columbia executives recently told reporters they were interested in creating a separate unit to hold columbia 's junk bonds and perhaps do merchant banking - columbia wo n't comment on all the speculation - but like other thrifts it 's expected to seek regulators ' consent to create a distinct junk-bond entity - plans to do this are due to be filed in a week or so - new rules force thrifts to write down their junk to market value then sell the bonds over five years - that 's why columbia just wrote off $ N million of its junk and reserved $ N million for future junk losses - but if columbia could keep its junk bonds separate from the thrift till they mature at full value unless the issuer goes or the junk portfolio might do all right - columbia a longtime drexel client wo n't provide current data on its junk - but its N big junk holdings at year end showed only a few bonds that have been really battered - these were allied stores western union telegraph gillett holdings sci television and texas air though many other bonds in columbia 's portfolio also have lost value - possibly offsetting that columbia recently estimated it has gains on publicly traded equity investments of more than $ N million - it also hopes for ultimate gains of as much as $ N million on equity investments in buy-outs and restructurings - one trial balloon mr. spiegel is said to have to investors columbia might be broken up as mellon bank was split into a good bank and a bad bank - but columbia 's good bank would be a regulated thrift while the bad bank would be a private investment company holding some of columbia 's junk bonds real estate and equity investments - some think columbia 's thrift which now is seeking a new chief operating officer might be capitalized at say $ N million and to a commercial bank that wants a california presence - the thrift surely could be sold for more than the value of its equity financial industry executives say - meanwhile the bad bank with the junk bonds and some capital might be spun off to columbia shareholders including mr. spiegel who might then have a new career investors say - it is n't clear how much a restructuring would help columbia stockholders - but the concept is - you sell the good bank as an ongoing operation and use some of the proceeds to capitalize the bad bank says thrift specialist lewis of associates in new york - mr. spiegel 's next career move is a subject of speculation on wall street - few people think mr. spiegel wants to run a bread-and-butter thrift which current rules would force columbia to become - they are n't really a thrift says jonathan gray a sanford c. bernstein analyst - of course regulators would have to approve columbia 's reorganization - and some investment bankers say a restructuring is n't while the sec still is mr. spiegel 's past junk-bond trades - in los angeles contributed to this article - columbia savings & loan nyse symbol - business savings and loan - year ended dec. N N net income $ N million or $ N a share - third quarter sept. N N net loss $ N a share vs. net income N cents a share - average daily trading volume N shares - common shares outstanding N million - note all per-share figures are fully diluted - genetics institute inc. cambridge mass. said it was awarded u.s. patents for and bone protein - the patent for covers materials and methods used to make the human blood cell growth factor via dna technology - ltd. has licensed certain manufacturing and marketing rights for from genetics institute and is conducting studies with it - may help in treating blood cell deficiencies associated with cancer treatment bone transplants and other disorders genetics institute said - the second patent describes bone a substance that can induce formation of new - the patent covers type proteins and pharmaceutical and methods for treating bone or defects genetics institute said - the company added that it has filed patent applications on a large number of different proteins and the patent on is the first it has received - products may be useful in and in treating bone loss associated with disease and certain cancers the company said - the bush administration 's nomination of thomas to a seat on the federal appeals court here received a blow this week when the american bar association gave mr. thomas only a qualified rating rather than well qualified - people familiar with the senate judiciary committee which will vote on the nomination said some liberal members of the panel are likely to question the aba rating in hearings on the matter - mr. thomas currently chairman of the equal employment opportunity commission would add another conservative voice to the closely divided court - groups have accused him of policies that narrowed rights of older workers and of ignoring discrimination by large companies - members of the house with jurisdiction over the have said they oppose mr. thomas 's nomination because of serious questions about his judgment and respect for the law - a senior justice department official however said the administration is n't worried about the aba rating - we 're pleased the aba rated him qualified david runkel the department 's chief spokesman said in an interview - the aba gives a qualified rating to it believes would perform on the bench - in contrast the lawyers ' association gives a well qualified rating to those regarded as one of the best available for the vacancy - ag said it agreed to acquire N N of ag from the ferdinand foundation - terms were n't disclosed - a diversified frankfurt west metals group said it is buying the stake in the specialized engineering company to expand its production of environmental supplies for power plants - ' product mix of specialized and pipes provides a good fit with its own g.m.b h. plant engineering unit the company said - the move is part of a strategy to focus on its core metals trading processing and plant engineering activities while shedding peripheral units the company said - had N sales of N million marks $ N million and has a current order backlog of N billion marks - the sale comes in place of a planned initial public offering of stock - a plan to bring the stock to market before year end apparently was upset by the recent weakness of frankfurt share prices - the u.s. international trade commission issued preliminary rulings under the u.s. act that imports of from hong kong taiwan and south korea may be a domestic industry - because of the rulings the commerce department will continue to investigate complaints by u.s. makers that the imports are reaching the u.s. at unfairly low prices in violation of the u.s. act - the law unfairly low prices as ones below the cost of production or below prices in an exporter 's home market - officials said final commerce department and rulings wo n't come until next march or later - if both agencies find violations of the u.s. trade law the u.s. would assess penalty duties on the imports which already are subject to import quotas under textile and apparel trade agreements - imports of in N totaled about $ N million from taiwan $ N million from south korea and $ N million from hong kong according to the - in another action the dismissed act complaints filed by du pont co. of wilmington del. against imports of a type of synthetic rubber from france and west germany - these imports totaled about $ N million last year - upjohn co. said it will offer an early retirement package to as many as N employees in a cost-cutting move expected to result in a fourth-quarter charge - upjohn officials said they could n't estimate the size of the charge until they determine which employees and how many will participate in the retirement plan - but the pharmaceutical company said it anticipates the long-term savings resulting from the plan 's will more than offset short-term costs - the program available to upjohn employees N years old or older could increase an individual 's retirement benefits N N to N N - in addition upjohn is offering a one-time retirement bonus equal to six months of base pay - chairman called the program part of the company 's two-year strategy to implement budget constraints and an effective program - but some analysts questioned how much of an impact the retirement package will have because few jobs will end up being eliminated - it 's a cosmetic move said jonathan s. of wertheim schroder & co - according to upjohn 's estimates only N N to N N of the N eligible employees will take advantage of the plan - upjohn further estimated that about N N of the employees who leave for early retirement may be replaced - as a result upjohn will likely trim only about N to N of its more than N jobs world-wide - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange yesterday upjohn shares rose N cents to $ N apiece - an upjohn spokesman said he had heard nothing to suggest the early retirement package was spurred by shareholder pressure or a potential bidder for the company which occasionally has been the target of takeover speculation - the company earlier this year adopted a plan to ward off unwanted suitors - the spokesman said it is the first early retirement plan offered under its two-year strategy - earlier moves have trimmed about N jobs the spokesman said - inc chandler ariz. - jerry managing director of associates was elected a director of this business telecommunications software and systems concern - he increases the board to seven - feeding frenzy henry holt N pages $ N a highly detailed account of the wedtech scandal begins on a reassuring note - right up front in the co-author william gives us an example of his own integrity - when offered a free trip from the bronx wedtech 's home to washington d.c. by one of wedtech 's principals he tells the reader of accepting anything of value from those i was writing about i declined - any question as to why an author would believe this note of assurance is necessary is answered by reading this book about fingers and - bribe by bribe mr. and his co-author c. harrison jr. lead us along the path wedtech traveled from its inception as a small manufacturing company to the status of defense contractor with the task of producing vital equipment for the army and navy - the book around john the founder of the company and fred neuberger who became his partner soon after wedtech 's creation - although started in N wedtech did n't really get rolling until N when mr. neuberger discovered the federal government 's section N a minority business program - this is a great society creation that certain government contracts be awarded to minority businesses - mr. neuberger realized that although of italian mr. still could qualify as a minority person since he was born in puerto rico - the two partners merely had to the true ownership of the corporation - instead of N it became on paper only two-thirds one-third neuberger and they were in the program and off to the races - besides being a company wedtech was located in the south bronx a area made famous by carter in his N presidential campaign - the company itself right into carter campaign rhetoric about rebuilding the south bronx and kept using the minority south bronx through the reagan '80s - starting with congressman mario now serving a jail sentence the company began a career of federal state and local public officials and those close to public officials right up to and including e. robert close friend and adviser to former attorney general ed - wedtech did n't just use old bribery - it made ample use of the modern techniques of influence peddling retaining politically connected respectable law firms investment bankers and political consultants including reagan - when necessary it sought and received assistance from organized crime - sometimes the became partners in the company - wedtech management used the merit system - if you were especially helpful in a corrupt scheme you received not just cash in a bag but equity - if you were not an effective you found yourself out in the cold a fate that eventually mr. the firm 's minority person - but despite the nature of the and the tabloid writing style feeding frenzy often falls short of reading - none of the scams show much auditors found the first day on the job - wedtech 's simply them to shut up - the themselves were low consumers who wanted big houses mercedes cars beautiful women expensive clothes - among the lot of them not one is with good and evil or especially or even temporarily - the one character at least somewhat interesting was irving louis a who changed his name to kent london and became a master and author of a book on - he enters the story toward the end just in time to get arrested - absorbed in out feeding frenzy 's the authors over the root causes of wedtech namely the section N a federal program under whose the scandal took place - they do at least come around to saying that the courts might want to end rigid action programs - programs like section N a are a little like leaving gold in the street and then surprise when thieves walk by to it up - numerous other scandals among them the ones at hud have the same as wedtech - they take place in government programs that seem for corruption - why are programs like this not eliminated - feeding frenzy does provide a few clues - in and around all levels of government in the u.s. are groups of people who can best be described as to a political insider commercial party - they know that whenever government is wealth commerce or maintaining a large defense establishment there is big money to be made in or selling the processes and decisions of government - they are our version of the east bloc 's and they have absolutely no wish to see anything change - how many government programs and policies exist because they line the pockets of political insiders - this is the real issue raised by the wedtech scandal - mr. stern was chairman and chief executive officer of the new york state urban development corp. N - the finnish government and major creditors of bankrupt shipyard waertsilae marine industries oy agreed in principle to form a new company to complete most of the troubled shipyard 's backlog of N ships - the new company will attempt to limit the shipyard 's losses participants said - the situation is that the bankruptcy court will get out of the shipbuilding business - everything will be taken over by the new company said christian andersson executive vice president of oy waertsilae former parent of waertsilae marine - once its ownership is the new company will open talks with to buy or lease waertsilae marine 's shipyard facilities - will be offered a settlement and a swift transition to new management is expected to an exodus of skilled workers from waertsilae marine 's two big government officials said - under an accord signed yesterday the government and union bank of finland would become major shareholders in the new company each N million finnish $ N million - oy waertsilae is to contribute N million most of it as subordinated debt and take a minority stake in the new company - customers holding contracts for waertsilae marine 's ships are expected to subscribe most of the remaining N million in share capital government officials said - waertsilae marine 's biggest creditor is miami-based carnival cruise lines inc - carnival which has three ships on order from waertsilae marine presented claims for $ N billion damages in the bankruptcy court this week - waertsilae marine 's bankruptcy proceedings began tuesday in a court - its plans to be acquired dashed comprehensive care corp. said it plans to sell most of its psychiatric and drug abuse facilities in california and some other assets to pay its debt and provide working capital - in all the company hopes to repay $ N million in debt through the sales which will completely its secured debt the company said - in addition the company has replaced its president and chief executive naming w. james head of the company 's contract health services to succeed b. lee - mr. said he was extremely disappointed in the continuing deterioration of the company 's operations while it attempted to conclude the reorganization during the past four months - with mr. 's appointment comprehensive care moved its corporate headquarters from irvine calif. to st. louis where the company maintained its contract services offices - mr. continues as chairman - comprehensive care had agreed to be acquired by closely held first hospital corp. of norfolk va. but the sale almost from the beginning and finally collapsed last week - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange yesterday comprehensive care closed at $ N a share up N cents - ralston co. reported a N N decline in fourth-quarter earnings reflecting restructuring costs as well as a more difficult pet food market - the st. louis company earned $ N million or N cents a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales in the latest period were $ N billion a N N increase from last year 's $ N billion - for the year ended sept. N ralston earned $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share - this year 's results included a gain of $ N million on the disposal of operations - sales for the full year were $ N billion up N N from $ N billion - ralston said its restructuring costs include the of a battery facility in greenville n.c. the recent closing of a in cincinnati and a reduction in staff throughout the company - the battery plant which makes nickel and carbon products will be closed over the next year or so a spokesman said - ralston attributed its fourth-quarter slump partly to higher costs of in the pet food business as well as competitive pressures which required higher advertising spending - for the year pet food volume was flat the company said - its cereal division realized higher operating profit on volume increases but also spent more on promotion - the continental business benefited from higher margins on bread and on increased sales it added - ralston said its battery unit was hurt by continuing economic problems in south america - ralston shares closed yesterday at $ N off $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - first chicago corp. said it completed its $ N million acquisition of closely held financial corp. another chicago bank holding company - the record binge by the soviet union is causing serious in the u.s. grain pipeline - the soviet purchases are so massive that exporters are struggling to find enough river and trains to move the recently midwest crop to ports for onto soviet ships - river rates have soared N N this fall from a year earlier - railroad companies and some ports are a sudden of business - and some grain analysts are predicting that corn prices might this month as exporters to find enough of the crop to meet their obligations to the soviets - the soviet union bought roughly N million of u.s. corn in october which is the most ever sold to the soviet union in one month from the u.s. - the soviet union wants much of it delivered by january which would be a strain in most years - but it is particularly difficult this autumn because of low water levels on the mississippi river on which flows much of the u.s. corn that is shipped overseas - we are shipping the most corn in that short of time period to one customer on record said william a u.s. agriculture department transportation expert - it is going to be real tight - because of persistent dry weather in the northern plains the water level on the upper section of the mississippi river is so low that many river operators are already trimming the number of their push at one time - in a few weeks many probably wo n't be able to operate fully loaded south of st. louis because the u.s. army corps of engineers is beginning to reduce the flow of the missouri river which feeds into the mississippi river - the army corps is cutting the flow of the missouri river about two weeks earlier than normal because of low water levels in the that feed it - rates on the mississippi river sank yesterday on speculation that widespread rain this week in the midwest might temporarily alleviate the situation - but the army corps of engineers expects the river level to continue falling this month - at st. louis the water level of the mississippi river is already N feet below normal and it could drop an additional N feet when the flow of the missouri river is slowed an army corps spokesman said - similar levels shipments last year in the wake of the worst drought in N years - so far the grain industry 's problems have n't been a major factor in the trading of corn contracts at the chicago board of trade - many grain processors and exporters use the price of the corn futures contracts traded there to calculate the price they offer to buy corn from farmers - at the board of trade yesterday the price of the corn contract for december delivery slipped N cents a bushel to settle at $ N a bushel - corn prices have been sluggish this fall despite the huge soviet orders because the harvest has allowed farmers to rebuild the by the N drought - with the harvest down however some analysts are that prices might jump in some regions as u.s. exporters try to gather the corn they are obligated to deliver - farmers are in the best position of many years to push up corn prices - because the drought reduced u.s. they have more than enough storage space for their new crop and that permits them to wait for prices to rise - in parts of iowa for example some grain elevators are offering farmers $ N a bushel for corn - many farmers probably would n't sell until prices rose at least N cents a bushel said reed president of chicago central & pacific railroad co. of iowa - it is n't clear however who would win a waiting game - although u.s. corn shrank by roughly half in the wake of the drought the agriculture department projects that nearly of the harvest will still be in storage before the N corn harvest begins - some analysts are worried that reports of the grain industry 's problems might spark investors to begin buying corn futures contracts only to see little appreciation - the public is buying the market when in reality there is plenty of grain to be shipped said bill inc. research director - although much of this country 's export corn goes to new orleans by it is possible for exporters to the mississippi river by shipping a amount of corn by train to the port - ports in the great and atlantic coast can also relieve pressure on new orleans - one railroad for example is already increasing its grain service from indiana to baltimore - and it is n't clear that the soviet union will stay on its record buying pace - the soviet orders were into the month of october because of delays - the soviet union usually begins buying u.s. crops earlier in the fall - but its purchases apparently were delayed by a reorganization of its agricultural bureaucracy as well as budget problems - in other commodity markets yesterday - energy crude oil futures prices increased in moderate trading but much of the action was in heating oil - prices rose on the news that a sizable west german refinery was damaged in a fire tightening an already tight european market - heating oil for november delivery ended at N cents a up one cent on the new york mercantile exchange - west texas intermediate for december delivery advanced N cents to $ N a barrel - gasoline futures continued a sell-off that began monday - precious metals futures prices eased as increased stability and strength came into the securities markets - december delivery gold fell $ N an ounce to $ N - december silver declined N cents an ounce to $ N - january platinum was down $ N an ounce at $ N - precious metals gold in particular currently are being influenced more by stock market gyrations than the dollar as traders seek greater investment stability according to william vice president of research at elders futures in new york - the recent rally in precious metals was a result of uncertainty and volatility in equities he said - yesterday the stock market rose strongly creating a more defensive attitude among precious metals traders he said - silver and platinum which have more of an industrial nature than gold were even weaker he said - silver is also under pressure of extremely high inventories in warehouses of the commodity exchange he said - yesterday these stocks rose by N ounces to a record of N ounces according to an exchange spokesman - copper futures prices partially recovered monday 's declines because miners voted to strike - the december contract rose N cents a pound to $ N - in chile workers at two copper mines los and el which belong to the yesterday voted to begin a full strike tomorrow an analyst said - reasons for the the analyst said included a number of procedural issues such as a right to strike - the analyst noted that also inherent in all metal markets was a sympathetic reaction to stocks - in the case of copper he said the upbeat mood of stocks was reflected in demand for futures contracts because a stronger economy means greater buying interest for the metal - also contributing to the in copper the analyst noted was a report by chicago purchasing agents which the full purchasing agents ' report that is due out today and gives an indication of what the full report might hold - the purchasing management association of chicago 's october index rose to N N after three previous months of below N N - the september index was N N - a reading below N N generally indicates a slowing in the industrial sector of the economy while a reading above N N points to expansion - the chicago report raised the possibility that the october survey of the national association of purchasing management would also show a reading above N N - ncr corp. unveiled two models of its tower line of computers and introduced advanced software to allow the tower family to operate as a central hub in a network of computers - the new software is based on inc. 's network operating system software - usx corp. posted a N N drop in third-quarter profit as improved oil results failed to offset weakness in steel and natural gas operations - the nation 's largest steelmaker earned $ N million or N cents a share compared with the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - the recent quarter includes pretax gains of $ N million from asset sales while like gains in the year-earlier quarter totaled $ N million - in the N period usx also had a $ N million after-tax gain from a tax dispute settlement - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the earnings drop appears particularly steep in comparison with last year 's unusually strong third quarter when the company was riding an industrywide boom in demand and pricing - however third-quarter operating profit fell N N as usx sold sizable chunks of its diversified and steel segments eliminating income from those operations - among segments that continue to operate though the company 's steel division continued to suffer from soft demand for its goods serving the oil industry and other markets - peter marcus an analyst with painewebber inc. said that a downturn in the industry coupled with sluggish automotive sales hurt usx results - moreover usx exports more than other steelmakers and the overseas market has been under more severe pricing pressure - the company attributed lower sales and earnings for the steel segment to the loss of results from the ohio plant which now is a N joint venture with japan 's kobe steel ltd - in the steel division operating profit dropped N N to $ N million - profit per ton of steel shipped dropped to about $ N a ton from $ N a ton last year and $ N a ton in the second quarter analysts said - still usx fared better than other major steelmakers earning more per ton of steel shipped than either bethlehem steel corp. which posted a N N drop in net income or inland steel industries inc. whose profit plummeted N N - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday usx shares closed up $ N at $ N as the reported earnings exceeded projections by some analysts who had n't expected as great a volume of asset sales - the rise in the stock 's price may also reflect the fact that usx 's steel segment fared better than some other steelmakers ' - charles bradford an analyst with merrill lynch capital markets said usx may have received orders lost by competitors who were involved in labor contracts earlier this year - he said usx also appeared to sell a richer mix of steel products such as the more profitable pipe and galvanized coated sheet than structural goods - the energy segment with a N N rise in operating profit is clearly the company 's strongest - higher crude oil prices helped boost operating profit for the marathon oil co. unit to $ N million from $ N million - the texas oil & gas division continues to operate in the red although losses narrowed to $ N million from $ N million - usx announced in october that it was soliciting bids to sell 's oil and gas reserves - proceeds of that sale are to be used to reduce debt and buy back shares - the company noted that it has reduced debt by $ N billion since the end of N and bought back about N million shares of common stock since the fourth quarter of N - usx has about $ N billion in long-term debt and N million shares outstanding - the announced sale of the reserves was followed by news that investor carl icahn had increased his stake in usx to N N and threatened a takeover or other business combination - mr. icahn has said he believes usx would be worth more if broken up into steel and energy segments - profit for the nine months jumped N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - john f. barrett N formerly executive vice president and chief financial officer was named president and chief operating officer posts which had been vacant - leon j. level vice president and chief financial officer of this computer services concern and f. warren a professor at harvard university 's graduate school of business were elected directors increasing board membership to nine - david a. president of metal container division was named to the additional post of group vice president packaging products at this packaging industrial and aerospace products concern succeeding a. davis who was named president and chief operating officer in august - two leading experts said president bush does n't have the legal authority to exercise a line-item veto - professors philip of the university of chicago and laurence tribe of harvard law school said any effort by president bush to claim authority for a line-item veto would the text of the constitution and the intent of its authors as well as the views of previous presidents - a line-item veto is a procedure that would allow a president to veto part of a big congressional spending bill without having to scuttle the entire measure - mr. bush has said he would like to be able to use this procedure - a white house spokesman said last week that the president is considering declaring that the constitution gives him the authority for a line-item veto to a test case - but the two legal experts responding to an inquiry by sen. edward kennedy d. mass. wrote in a joint letter that the president lacks the constitutional authority to exercise a line-item veto - the two professors represent different ends of the political spectrum mr. is a conservative and mr. tribe is a liberal - the two professors said the constitution the president to veto entire bills not partial measures - moreover they said the first appropriations bill passed N years ago covered many different items and there was no discussion of a line-item veto - they also said that more than a dozen presidents have called for line-item veto authority since the civil war and all have shared the view that such power is beyond the reach of the president - sen. kennedy said in a separate statement that he supports legislation to give the president line-item veto power but that it would be a reckless course of action for president bush to claim the authority without congressional approval - trinity industries inc. said it reached a preliminary agreement to sell N to train co. of chicago - terms were n't disclosed - trinity said it plans to begin delivery in the first quarter of next year - in an oct. N review of the at chicago 's goodman theatre take the stage in city leisure & arts the role of played by kim was mistakenly attributed to - ms. plays - motor cars inc. said it expects its u.s. sales to remain steady at about N cars in N - the luxury auto maker last year sold N cars in the u.s. - howard president and chief executive officer said he anticipates growth for the luxury auto maker in britain and europe and in far eastern markets - bell industries inc. increased its quarterly to N cents from seven cents a share - the new rate will be payable feb. N - a record date has n't been set - bell based in los angeles makes and distributes electronic computer and building products - investors are appealing to the securities and exchange commission not to limit their access to information about stock purchases and sales by corporate insiders - a sec proposal to ease reporting requirements for some company executives would undermine the of information on insider trades as a tool individual investors and professional money managers contend - they make the argument in letters to the agency about rule changes proposed this past summer that among other things would exempt many executives from reporting trades in their own companies ' shares - the proposed changes also would allow executives to report exercises of options later and less often - many of the letters maintain that investor confidence has been so shaken by the N stock market crash and the markets already so against the little guy that any decrease in information on insider-trading patterns might prompt individuals to get out of stocks altogether - the sec has historically paid to the ideal of a level playing field wrote s. of ill. in one of the N letters the agency has received since the changes were proposed aug. N - apparently the commission did not really believe in this ideal - currently the rules force executives directors and other corporate insiders to report purchases and sales of their companies ' shares within about a month after the transaction - but about N N of the insiders according to sec figures file their reports late - the changes were proposed in an effort to streamline federal bureaucracy and boost compliance by the executives who are really calling the shots said brian lane special counsel at the sec 's office of disclosure policy which proposed the changes - investors money managers and corporate officials had until today to comment on the proposals and the issue has produced more mail than almost any other issue in memory mr. lane said - the sec will probably vote on the proposal early next year he said - not all those who wrote oppose the changes - the committee on federal regulation of securities for the american bar association argues for example in its lengthy letter to the sec that the proposed changes would substantially improve the law by it more closely to contemporary business realities - what the investors who oppose the proposed changes object to most is the effect they say the proposal would have on their ability to spot of trading activity buying or selling by more than one officer or director within a short period of time - according to some estimates the rule changes would cut insider filings by more than a third - the sec 's mr. lane disputed those estimates - the rules will eliminate filings divisions such as sales marketing finance and research and development mr. lane said - the proposed rules also would be tougher on the insiders still required to file reports he said - companies would be to publish in annual proxy statements the names of insiders who fail to file reports on time - considered as a whole mr. lane said the filings required under the proposed rules will be at least as effective if not more so for investors following transactions - but robert president of a north miami fla. company that packages and sells the insider-trading data said the proposal is so that key officials may fail to file the reports - many investors wrote asking the sec to require insiders to report their purchases and sales immediately not a month later - but mr. lane said that while the sec who files the law tells them when to do so - investors who want to change the required timing should write their representatives in congress he added - the sec would likely be to legislation that required insiders to file transactions on a more timely basis he said - the nation 's largest pension fund which oversees $ N billion for college employees plans to offer two new investment options to its N million participants - the teachers insurance and annuity retirement equities fund said it will introduce a stock and bond fund that will invest in responsible companies and a bond fund - both funds are expected to begin operation around march N subject to securities and exchange commission approval - for its employees to sign up for the options a college also must approve the plan - some N institutions are part of the pension fund - the new options carry out part of an agreement that the pension fund under pressure to relax its strict participation rules and to provide more investment options reached with the sec in december - the new social choice fund will securities of companies linked to south africa nuclear power and in some cases northern ireland - also excluded will be investments in companies with significant business stemming from weapons manufacture or tobacco - percent of the fund will be invested in stocks with the rest going into bonds or short-term investments - the bond fund will invest in high-grade or bonds mortgages or asset-backed securities including as much as N N in foreign securities - the fund also might buy and sell futures and options contracts subject to approval by the new york state insurance department - under two new features participants will be able to transfer money from the new funds to other investment funds or if their jobs are terminated receive cash from the funds - the investment choices offered by the pension fund currently are limited to a stock fund an annuity and a money-market fund - new scientific co. a maker of biotechnology instrumentation and equipment said it adopted an anti-takeover plan giving shareholders the right to purchase shares at half price under certain conditions - the company said the plan under review for some time will protect shareholders against takeover tactics - w. ed tyler N years old a senior vice president at this printing concern was elected president of its technology group a new position - solo players have to be creative if they want to work a lot because their and audience appeal are limited - the has taken a hard line about the problem he commissions and contemporary scores and does some conducting so he does n't have to play the same and over and over again - richard stoltzman has taken a more approach - years ago he with the new music peter and fred in the very chamber group which won audiences over to contemporary scores like 's for the end of time - today the has mostly dropped the work though a touch of the old still and now goes on the road with piano bass a slide show and a that ranges from light classical to light jazz to light pop with a few notable exceptions - just the thing for the set the audience that has embraced new age as its very own easy listening - but you ca n't dismiss mr. stoltzman 's music or his as merely commercial and - he believes in what he plays and he plays - his recent appearance at the metropolitan museum dubbed a musical was a case in point - it felt more like a party or a highly session with a few friends than a classical concert - in his trademark black suit the announced that his new inner voices had just been released that his family was in the front row and that it was his mother 's birthday so he was going to play her favorite tune from the record - he launched into 's the from carnival of the animals a favorite piece for with lovely glossy tone and no - then as if to show that he could play fast as well he offered the second movement from 's for a that reflected the side of the stoltzman - and so it went through the first half an chosen of pieces none longer than five minutes none that would or challenge a - mr. stoltzman introduced his colleagues bill douglas and an old buddy from yale and jazz eddie - an section was built around pieces by mr. douglas beginning with golden rain a lead in to the sky which gave mr. stoltzman the opportunity to in a high register and show off his fleet fingers - 's air followed - mr. stoltzman tied the in by him the great of the century and then built on the image by joining with mr. douglas in some two-part arranged for and by mr. douglas - keeping the mood light the two then and their way through some devised by mr. douglas as an alternative to 's dry techniques and then with mr. soared and on the 's tight - the end of the first half however brought what the crowd seemed to be waiting for the pop singer collins who appears on inner voices - glamorous and as ever ms. collins sang mitchell 's for free about an with a to which mr. stoltzman contributed a and mr. douglas 's setting of a blessing deep peace - deep peace also featured a slide show of lovely but predictable images of clouds etc - it was all too to be believed but they probably would have gotten away with it had they not felt to add ms. collins 's signature tune amazing grace and ask for audience participation - that went over the permissible line for warm and feelings - was this why some of the audience before or during the second half - or was it because ms. collins had gone - either way it was a because mr. offered the most substantial music of the evening just after steve reich 's new york one of a series of reich works that a live performer with recorded tracks of his or her own playing - mr. reich 's new different trains for string uses the technique - mr. stoltzman must have worried that his audience might not be able to take it he warned us in advance that new york lasts N N minutes - he also unfortunately illustrated this with mr. 's images this time of or in a of the musical structure that was from mr. reich 's piece and mr. stoltzman 's elegant execution of it - the rest of the concert was more straight jazz and sounds written by charlie parker coleman bill douglas and eddie with pictures for the douglas pieces - it was to hear accomplished jazz without having to sit in a club but like the first half much of it was easy to take and ultimately - is this the future of chamber music - managers and insist that chamber music are a hard sell but can audiences really enjoy them only if the music is of threatening elements served up in and accompanied by - what 's next - to illustrate - it was not an evening certainly thanks to the high level of performance the of mr. douglas and the obvious with which mr. stoltzman chooses his - but it was neither deep nor lasting light entertainment that was no substitute for an evening of - ms. is a free-lance writer based in new york - one of ronald reagan 's attributes as president was that he rarely gave his blessing to the that passes for consensus in various international institutions - in fact he the u.s. from one of the world 's most corrupt organizations unesco - this is the u.n. group that managed to its own charter of promoting education science and culture - ever since the remaining members have been desperate for the united states to this group - now unesco are lobbying president bush to on president reagan 's decision to - but we can think of many reasons to stay out for the foreseeable future and well beyond - the u.s. along with britain and singapore left the agency when its financial corruption and top leadership got out of hand - the personal of agency director drew much attention such as when several of his top aides were uncovered as kgb plants and from france and when a office fire was set just before congress sent accountants to u.s. funds - mr. was an extreme case but even his replacement the more personally spanish mayor has had little success at reforms - several ridiculous projects continue including the new international economic order which means from the west to pay for everyone else 's - the new world information order would give government officials rights against the press journalists would be obliged to to their government which would have licensing and censorship powers and indeed duties to block printing of wrong ideas - unesco somehow converted the founding u.n. of individual rights and liberty into peoples ' rights - conferences were held to on subjects such as ethical responsibilities of scientists in support of and the impact of the activities of corporations - the agency was so totally from the high principles of its founding that even the soviets now wonder about an agency that seemed so to them - glasnost may be partly responsible but soviet foreign minister eduard shevardnadze last year admitted the ideological approach undermined to unesco - unesco is now holding its meetings in paris to devise its next projects - mr. mayor 's hope that to press freedom would survive seems doomed to failure the current is the public and media to avoid manipulation - he has n't been able to replace the - soviets remain in charge of education programs a former head of an african military for executions is in charge of culture and a hard-line polish communist in directs the human-rights and peace division - of the agency 's N staff members N are in the field working on actual projects such as and research - the position of the united states which once contributed N N of the budget is that nothing has changed - john the assistant secretary of state for international organizations told congress that the continuing restrictive programs make any time soon extremely unlikely - this has n't much bothered the unesco delegates who last week could n't even agree to raise funds by selling off a fancy french the agency somehow owns - other countries including west germany may have a hard time continued membership - we see an even stronger argument against unesco than its failure to reform - this is that the reagan revolution eastern europe and square shows the power of ideas by international civil or government - free markets free minds and free elections have an appeal that seems to get only when delivered through u.n. organizations which of course are made up largely of governments that fear these principles at home - the of the united nations are experts at - this can have its purposes at times but there 's no reason to cloud the importance and of western of freedom and justice - we can see plenty of reasons to stay out and none to unesco - researchers at plant genetic systems n.v. in belgium said they have developed a genetic engineering technique for creating hybrid plants for a number of key crops - the researchers said they have isolated a plant gene that prevents the production of - the gene thus can prevent a plant from itself - such so-called plants can then be by from another strain of the plant thereby producing hybrid seed - the new generation of plants will the known as hybrid similar to that now seen in hybrid corn - the development could have a dramatic effect on farm production especially cotton said murray robinson president of delta & land co. a inc. subsidiary that is one of the largest cotton seed producers in the u.s. - on a commercial scale the of the male part has only been achieved in corn and feed grains - that 's because the male part the and the female the are some distance apart on the corn plant - in a process the seed companies cut off the of each plant making it male - they a row of plants nearby which then the plants - the first hybrid corn seeds produced using this mechanical approach were introduced in the 1930s and they yielded as much as N N more corn than naturally plants - the vast majority of the u.s. corn crop now is grown from hybrid seeds produced by seed companies - a similar technique is almost impossible to apply to other crops such as cotton soybeans and rice - the male part the of the plant and the female the of the same plant are within a fraction of an inch or even attached to each other - the in these plants are difficult to off - in china a great number of workers are engaged in pulling out the male of rice plants using and one-third of rice produced in that country is grown from hybrid seeds - at plant genetic systems researchers have isolated a gene that can be inserted in a plant to male - jan research director said this gene was successfully introduced in plants a major crop in europe and canada using as a carrier a gene developed by robert goldberg at the university of california in los angeles - the gene is expressed just before the is about to develop and it the of every in the plant - mr. said this genetic manipulation does n't hurt the growth of that plant - the researchers also pulled off a second genetic engineering in order to get plants in large enough numbers to produce a commercial hybrid seed crop - they attached a second gene for resistance to the gene - both genes are then inserted into a few greenhouse plants which are then and allowed to mature and produce seed - the laws of that half of the plants from these seeds will be male and and half will be male and susceptible - the application of would kill off the plants leaving a large field of plants that can be to produce hybrid seed - mr. said the hybrid created with this genetic engineering yield N N to N N more output than the commercial used currently - this technique is applicable to a wide variety of crops he said and added that some modifications may be necessary to accommodate the of each type of crop - he said the company is with the technique on and plans to include cotton and corn among other crops - he said that even though virtually all corn seeds currently planted are the genetic approach will the need for mechanical of which costs u.s. seed producers about $ N million annually - in recent years demand for hybrid seeds has spurred research at a number of chemical and biotechnology companies including monsanto co. shell oil co. and eli lilly & co - one technique developed by some of these companies involves a chemical supposed to kill only a plant 's - but there have been problems with chemical damaging plants ' female reproductive and concern for the of such chemical to humans animals and beneficial - however paul monsanto 's director of plant sciences said the company 's chemical these problems and is on the female - genetics corp. calif. is developing a containing a gene that spreads from cell to cell and with the genes that are responsible for producing - this gene called is carried into the plant by a virus that remains active for a few days - robert president of called plant genetic 's approach interesting and novel and rather than competitive - there is a large market out there for hybrid seeds he said - mr. robinson of delta & the seed producer in scott said plant genetic 's success in creating genetically engineered male does n't automatically mean it would be simple to create in all crops - that 's because while easy in corn because the carrier is wind is more complex and involves as carriers in crops such as cotton - it 's one thing to say you can and another to then successfully the plant he said - nevertheless he said he is negotiating with plant genetic to acquire the technology to try breeding hybrid cotton - a bitter conflict with global implications has erupted between nomura securities co. and industrial bank of japan two of the world 's most powerful financial companies - the clash is a sign of a new and in japan 's financial circles - not only are japan 's financial institutions putting their enormous clout to work increasingly they 're off against one another in unprecedented public fashion - already the consequences are being felt by other players in the financial markets even governments - what triggered the latest clash was a over the timing of a new zealand government bond issue - nomura was attempting to the N $ N million borrowing in japan at a time when many japanese banks led by industrial bank of japan were the wellington government to help them recover loans made to a investment bank that had been owned by new zealand 's pension fund - unwilling to put up new money for new zealand until those debts are repaid most banks refused even to play administrative roles in the new financing forcing an embarrassed nomura to postpone it this week - the dispute shows clearly the global power of japan 's financial - aside from nomura 's injured pride the biggest victim so far has been the new zealand government - barred by its budget law from making any new domestic bond issues wellington 's debt management office had been casting abroad to raise the N billion new zealand dollars us$ N billion to N billion it needs to come up with by the end of its fiscal year next june N - with japan 's banks aligned against it though raising money may be difficult - not only can they block wellington from raising money in japan bankers here say but as the largest underwriters in the market they might be able to scuttle borrowings there too - new zealand 's finance minister david out at such suggestions - he told reporters in wellington tuesday that the government had n't guaranteed the loans to new zealand ltd. an investment bank by the national fund and would n't bail it out - it may very well be what the japanese banks want he told radio new zealand - i think it would be irresponsible and i am not about to be by japanese banks or any other international interests - no less significant than the japanese banks ' attempt to cut off funds to pressure a foreign government are the implications of a confrontation between japan securities and banking industries - anxiety is rising over recent government proposals to eventually lower the strict barriers that now separate and protect the two industries from each other - both sides are their turf and relations have been at a for months - the banks badly want to break into all aspects of the securities business - meanwhile the securities companies most of them smaller than the banks are seeking access only to limited kinds of banking that would n't open them to the full brunt of competition from the banks - nomura the world 's biggest securities company largely by virtue of its protected home field and industrial bank of japan japan 's most innovative and aggressive bank in capital markets abroad the opposing sides - and their of each other run deep - in the past year both have tried to stretch the limits of their businesses - nomura started a credit-card venture with american express co. that allowed to use their nomura securities accounts like a bank account attracting the of banks - and industrial bank of japan started up a london securities subsidiary that sells japanese stocks to institutions overseas a move that the anger of the stock brokerage firms - the new zealand bond issue simply has brought the two institutions face-to-face - itel corp. reported third-quarter earnings which were mistakenly shown in the quarterly earnings surprises table in yesterday 's edition to be lower than the average of analysts ' estimates - on a pretax basis itel 's third-quarter earnings of N cents a share were actually N N higher than the average of estimates - raymond e. ross N years old formerly group vice president u.s. plastics machinery at this machine tool plastics machinery and robots concern was named senior vice president industrial systems succeeding david a. who resigned monday - john a. jr. N was named a managing director at this investment-banking company - he will be in charge of research equity sales and trading and the syndicate operation of rothschild - mr. was executive vice president and director of the equity division of the international division of nikko securities co - as might say it 's all over again - at once oakland 's master thief up a and it to second - in the paul blair the ' gold winner a fly - on the former red great luis the master of N moves throws an strike - their manager a fellow named who in a different time handled four world series teams and now handles the gold coast - he says - perhaps - but for the next few months these boys of long past are going to be in an indian summer of the soul - now that the baseball season is officially over you see it 's time for a new season to begin - today is the debut of the senior professional baseball association a new pro sports circuit after the highly successful senior tennis and golf tours and complete with good salaries a cable television contract and even expansion plans - one hundred and two former near hardly and begin a three-month season in stadiums up and down florida - for everyone involved it 's one more of that of youth baseball - someone always makes you quit says legendary st. louis flood the league 's commissioner - you feel you want one more one more one more hit one more game - until the heroes of today reclaim these for spring training there is one more - and not just for the players - it 's one more for the lawyers accountants and real estate developers who up about $ N million each for the chance to be an owner to step into the shoes of a gene or have a beer with fingers - nothing can be better than this says don owner of the west palm beach - early in the morning mr. an estate lawyer over last and - midmorning he an uniform and for fun may field a from dave - it 's one more too for the fans who dream of a season that never ends - i feel like a little kid says a alex de a car salesman who has stopped by a workout of the to slip six cards to the great man himself to be - the league 's hope and tourists will join fans like mr. de and pack the stands to see the seniors - the league is the of colorado real estate developer james once a himself who says he had the idea last january while lying on a beach in australia - when he sent letters offering N retired major the chance of another season N responded - eventually about N made the trip to florida to compete for the available - players have to be N or older except for who are eligible at N because life behind the plate is so rough - for some players the lure is money up to $ N a month - others just released from the hope the senior league will be their bridge back into the big-time - but as they that rather than and old in the sun it 's clear that most are there to make their fans again or the of seasons past or prove to themselves and their colleagues that they still have it or something close to it - my is good - real good says pete working in the midday heat of the camp - mr. who started with the washington senators says that when he left baseball in N he never looked back - for a long time he ignored baseball altogether even the sports pages - now mr. a lawyer claims he 'd play for free - you ca n't give it up that easily he says - i tried - the nagging memory of one afternoon years ago drove jim a lean to take a leave from selling insurance in texas to try out for mr. 's team - it does n't replace pitching in the but it proves to me that i would have been able to play if i 'd stayed healthy he says - back in N late in the season a mr. made his only major league appearance five and two-thirds for the texas against the chicago white - he gave up seven hits walked five and did n't get a decision - arm troubles forced him back to the the next year - there 's a satisfaction in going against the rules offers will once a with cincinnati 's big red machine - he means the rule that a player ca n't cut it after a certain age - these days he to jobs in his chevy pickup before and after training with the - while a beer after practice he getting the red 's carl to pop out to end the N world series and the feat against the ' roy white in N - some of the game 's dislike the idea of men attempting a young man 's sport - i personally do n't enjoy seeing players who i remember from their playing days running about and being about their deficiencies says roger new yorker magazine 's resident baseball - i feel people should be allowed to remember players as they were - worse says baseball author lawrence someone will get a heart attack and that will be the end of the whole story - but the disagree - most are trim - some have been training for months others only recently left active status - no one has worked out the players ' average age but most appear to be in their late - and there 's pride - i 'm not going to look stupid former pittsburgh second sweat his as he prepares for some practice swings - it 's going to be a tough league promises the mr. - there will be a lot of - men who have played hard all their lives are n't about to change their habits he says - nonetheless one ca n't help wonder whether the game will be just a little bit slower - at the beach municipal stadium mr. blair the 45-year-old former knows his power is n't what it used to be - so he - he no longer the plate - he 's not thinking about home runs anymore just base hits - still how sweet it is he says the fat sound of the line drive that off the center field wall - and do n't expect many complete games by perhaps three out of N mr. fingers the former oakland - expect tricky stuff from says mr. the manager - expect but no says mr. - even expect stolen bases says the and fit mr. if you know how to slide it 's no problem he says - and expect slower - i 'm not so young anymore concedes the mr. - i wo n't be throwing N mph but i will throw he says - at N the league 's oldest player and a with the has lost even more speed - a of red man into his he admits the he brought into the in N has become a - its maximum is N mph - but he is n't worried - he will compensate with the learned from his years in the - he has good control - he will keep the ball down move it around - after all he says even to make love you need experience - corp. said it will acquire the N N of branch telephone company inc. 's cellular franchise that it does n't own already - terms were n't disclosed - holds N N of the franchise which has operations in s.c. and - which provides local telephone service in N states said it exercised its right of first refusal following an offer from an undisclosed third party to acquire the majority position in the franchise - stewart & stevenson services inc. said it received two contracts totaling $ N million to build - the separate contracts were from light & water commission a utility in and pse inc. a operator in houston - stewart & stevenson makes equipment with diesel and gas - liberty national bancorp said its acquisition of deposit bank ky. first announced in april has been completed in a transaction valued at $ N million - liberty national exchanged about N shares of its common stock for each of deposit 's N shares outstanding - liberty national a bank holding company has assets exceeding $ N billion - was appointed president and chief executive officer of this financially troubled department store chain effective nov. N succeeding frank robertson who is retiring early - mr. was previously president and chief operating officer of inc. a retail chain that is owned by toronto-based hudson 's bay co. canada 's largest department store operator - tuesday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - canada 's gross domestic product rose an inflation-adjusted N N in august mainly as a result of growth statistics canada a federal agency said - the august was up N N from its year-earlier level - is the total value of a nation 's output of goods and services - statistics canada said output in august rose N N from july - output of industries increased N N - separately statistics canada reported that its price index dropped N N in september its third consecutive monthly decline - it also reported a N N decline in its price index for september - columbia pictures entertainment inc. was dropped effective today from the recreational products and services industry group of the dow jones equity market index - columbia pictures is being acquired by sony corp. which is based in japan - people 's savings financial corp. said it will buy back as much as N N of its N million shares outstanding because the stock is undervalued - the holding company said it has been unfairly associated with other banks in new england that have had major loan losses in recent quarters - the company said its people 's savings bank unit does n't have a large exposure to construction and commercial loans that have caused the loan-loss problems in many of the banks - a seat on the chicago mercantile exchange was sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale - seats currently are quoted at $ N bid $ N asked - the record price for a full membership on the exchange is $ N set march N - in a surprise move the british government cleared the way for a bidding war for jaguar plc by agreeing to remove an obstacle to a takeover of the auto maker - trade and industry secretary nicholas ridley told the house of commons yesterday that he will the government 's so-called golden share in the company as long as jaguar shareholders agree - the golden share restricts any individual holding to N N and expires at the end of N - it was in jaguar 's best interests for the company 's future to be assured and the present climate of uncertainty resolved as quickly as possible mr. ridley said - mr. ridley 's decision fires the starting for perhaps a costly contest between the world 's auto giants for britain 's leading luxury-car maker - both general motors corp. and ford motor co. have been trying to N N stakes in jaguar - ford which already has an unwelcome N N holding is prepared to bid for the entire company and had lobbied the government to lift the takeover restrictions early - gm has been negotiating a friendly transaction with jaguar that likely would involve joint ventures and an eventual stake of just under N N - but the government 's action which caught jaguar management may scuttle the gm minority deal by forcing it to fight for all of jaguar - i ca n't believe they gm will let ford have a free run said stephen reitman a european auto industry analyst at & drew - i am sure they will be going for a full bid - many investors certainly believe a bidding war is imminent - jaguar shares skyrocketed yesterday after mr. ridley 's announcement following their temporary suspension on london 's stock exchange - in late trading the shares were up a N pence $ N a N N gain to a record N pence on very heavy volume of N million shares - in the u.s. over-the-counter market jaguar shares trading as american depositary receipts closed at $ N up $ N - analysts expect ford will make the first move perhaps today with an initial offer of about N pence $ N a share - such a proposal values jaguar at more than # N billion $ N billion - speculation about a takeover fight has sent jaguar shares soaring in the past six weeks - the share price was at about N pence before ford 's sept. N announcement of its interest in a minority stake - ford is in the driving seat at the moment observed bob barber an auto analyst at brokers james capel & co - an aggressive ford bid for jaguar would put pressure on gm to make a better offer as the british company 's white knight - such a could end jaguar 's hopes for remaining independent and - but it is n't clear how long gm would be willing to fight ford for jaguar - because of their longstanding gm just wants to make sure ford pays a huge for jaguar said john lawson an auto analyst at london 's nomura research institute - people close to the talks agreed that ford now may be able to shut out general motors - it 's either going to be a or there only may be one player in town one person said - another person close to the talks said it is very hard to justify paying a silly price for jaguar if an bidding war were to start now - in a statement jaguar 's board said they were not about the ridley decision in advance and were surprised at the action taken - the statement emphasized that holders representing N N of the shares voting at a special shareholders ' meeting must agree to lift the takeover restrictions - jaguar officials in the u.s. noted that ford as jaguar 's largest shareholder now has the power to call for such a meeting - u.s. auto analysts also noted that ford is in the best position to benefit from the large number of jaguar shares that have moved over the past month into the hands of arbitragers waiting for the highest takeover bid - jaguar 's own defenses against a hostile bid are weakened analysts add because fewer than N N of its shares are owned by employees and management - ford officials in the u.s. declined to comment on the british government 's action or on any plans to call a special jaguar shareholders meeting - but gm officials said they too were surprised by the move which left them to consider all our options and explore matters further - although gm has u.s. approval to buy up to N N of jaguar 's stock it has n't yet disclosed how many shares it now owns - in a prepared statement gm suggested its plans for jaguar would be more valuable in the long run than the initial investors might reap from a hostile ford bid - our intensive discussions with jaguar at their invitation gm said have as their objectives to create a cooperative business relationship with jaguar that would provide for the continued independence of this great british car company to ensure a secure future for its employees and to provide an attractive long-term return for its shareholders - jaguar was shocked by mr. ridley 's decision because management had believed the government would n't lift the golden share without consulting the company first - indeed the government is taking a calculated risk - mr. ridley 's announcement set off a of protests from members of the opposition labor party who accused the thatcher administration of backing down on promised protection for a privatized company - the british government retained the single golden share after selling its stake in jaguar in - the conservative government 's decision may reflect its desire to shed a politically sensitive issue well before the next election expected in late N - it 's now a very good time politically to get this over and done with observed daniel jones professor of motor industry management at the university of in - the government already by high interest rates and a slowing economy has been badly hurt by last week 's in mrs. thatcher 's cabinet - at the same time the government did n't want to appear to favor gm by allowing a minority stake that might preclude a full bid by ford - mr. ridley hinted at this motive in questions from members of parliament after his announcement - he said he was giving up the golden share to clear the way so the playing field is level between all - bradley a. in detroit contributed to this article - dow chemical co. midland mich. and eli lilly & co. indianapolis said they completed the formation of dow a joint venture combining their businesses as well as dow 's industrial business - the companies said dow will be the largest agricultural concern in north america with projected revenue of $ N billion - dow will own N N of the venture with eli lilly holding the rest - the venture will be based in indianapolis - william a. N years old president of the el paso natural gas co. unit of this energy and concern was named to the additional post of chief executive officer succeeding h. N who continues as a vice chairman of the parent - the founder of this maker of data communications products and a former chairman and chief executive resigned as a director - dataproducts is fighting a hostile tender offer by dpc acquisition partners a group led by new york-based investments associates - under the circumstances dataproducts said mr. said he was unable to devote the time required because of other commitments - mr. will remain as a director - the company had no comment on whether a replacement would be named - robert president university of florida and a director of this maker of medical devices was named chairman - dr. N years old succeeds alexander t. N who did n't stand for re-election due to mandatory board retirement policy - technologies said william p. was elected chairman and chief executive officer of this troubled electronics parts maker - the 45-year-old mr. who has a background in crisis management succeeds alan d. N - jerome j. executive vice president and chief financial officer said mr. was resigning by mutual agreement with the board - he is going to pursue other interests mr. said - mr. could n't be reached - mr. the company said will retain the rest of the current management team - for the nine months ended july N technologies reported a net loss of $ N on sales of $ N million - that compared with an operating loss of $ N million on sales of $ N million in the year-earlier period - in national over-the-counter trading technologies shares closed yesterday at N cents a share up N cents - sales of new cars in europe fell N N in september from a year earlier and analysts say the market could continue to soften in the months ahead - after a pace early this year analysts say the market after a series of sharp swings in recent months now shows signs of retreating - statistics from N countries which normally account for N N of europe 's passenger car sales showed new car totaled N in september down N N from august and down N N for the year to date - tokyo stocks rebounded tuesday from two consecutive daily losses in relatively active dealings - london shares also rose while trading in frankfurt west germany ended higher - in tokyo the nikkei index of N selected issues was up N points to N - the index fell N monday - volume on the first section was estimated at N million shares up from N million shares monday - advancing issues outnumbered decliners N to N while N issues were unchanged - buying targeted at issues pushed up the nikkei - but other sectors failed to attract investor interest and remained sluggish making overall trading appear mixed - individuals and corporations as well as dealers trading for their own account actively bought tuesday - an official at securities said these investors feel the need to make quick profits despite external factors such as political uncertainty tied to the ruling party 's fate at next year 's lower house elections an event which could directly affect the stock market - the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which declined N on monday was up N or N N at N on tuesday - the second section index which fell N points monday was up N points or N N to close at N - second section volume was estimated at N million shares unchanged from monday - institutional investors mostly remained on the sidelines tuesday - a fund manager at a life-insurance company said three factors make it difficult to read market direction - first he said domestic interest rates are likely to stay at higher levels as increased anticipation of inflation followed rising consumer prices reported last week - second the dollar is showing persistent strength despite a slowdown in the u.s. economy shown by economic indicators - third oil prices have n't declined although supply has been increasing - the topic that attracted participants ' attention was mitsubishi estate 's purchase of N N of rockefeller center properties announced late monday in new york - mitsubishi estate ended the day at N up N - the gains also sparked buying interest in other real-estate companies traders said - realty & development rose N to N - real estate gained N to N - investor focus shifted quickly traders said - many of the winners turned out to be losers by afternoon - in other stock-market news the tokyo stock exchange said that for the week ended friday the balance of margin buying rose N billion yen $ N billion to N trillion yen $ N billion - the balance of short positions outstanding fell N billion yen to N billion yen - in london prices finished at intraday by a reassuring early performance on wall street and news that the british government will waive its golden share in auto maker jaguar - but trading was very as investment decision makers remain wary from gyrations and of recent weeks - volume has been said a dealer at a british brokerage concern - the market was dragged up by the of its neck by wall street and by market makers getting caught short - no one wants stock on their books - meanwhile the broad-based financial times 100-share index added N points to end at N while reaching its minimum of N a half hour into the session - at the close the narrower 30-share index was up N points to N - volume totaled a modest N million shares up from N million shares monday - the market also moved at early afternoon on news that jaguar shares were being temporarily suspended at N pence $ N each - secretary of state for trade and industry nicholas ridley said later in the day that the government would abolish its golden share in jaguar the luxury auto maker being by general motors and ford motor - the golden share dates from jaguar 's public offering in N and was designed to protect the company from takeover - the golden share was scheduled to expire at the beginning of - but although the golden share has been a hostile bidder for jaguar would still have to alter the british concern 's articles of association which ban of more than N N - jaguar shares closed at N pence up N pence on hefty turnover of N million shares - as the london trading session drew to a close the market was still listening to the parliamentary debate on the economy with new chancellor of the exchequer john major expected to clarify his approach to the british economy and currency issues - on the frankfurt stock exchange share prices closed higher in fairly thin trading as selective buying by foreigners helped prices - the dax index closed at N up from N - despite the modest gains traders said the market remains with investors remaining cautiously on the sidelines - contributing to the market 's reserved stance was the release later in the day of new data on the health of the u.s. economy in the form of the u.s. index of leading indicators - additionally the end of the month might have also played a minor role traders said - elsewhere share prices closed higher in amsterdam brussels milan and paris - prices were mixed in zurich and lower in stockholm - stocks closed higher in hong kong manila singapore sydney and wellington but were lower in seoul - taipei was closed for a holiday - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - french consumer prices rose N N in september from the previous month and were up N N from a year earlier according to definitive figures from the national statistics institute - the state agency 's figures confirm previous estimates and leave the index at N up from N in august and N a year earlier - the index is based on N equaling N - a breakdown showed that food prices were the most active part of growth with a rise of N N - an official linked the gain essentially to higher prices for beef and pork - he said summer drought problems that had hit several southern agricultural regions had stopped being a major source of price pressure in september - japan 's index of leading indicators rose to N in august above the so-called line of N for the first time since may the economic planning agency said - the leading index recovered from july 's revised level of N on strong performances in consumer and machinery orders among other factors according to an agency spokeswoman - the index is intended to measure future economic performance - a figure above N indicates the economy is likely to expand one below N indicates a may be ahead - metromedia co. said its metromedia long distance unit has been renamed long distance reflecting acquisitions from itt corp. which licenses its name to closely held metromedia - metromedia said its unit is the provider of long-distance communications service in the u.s. with projected N revenue of more than $ N million - metromedia headed by john w. has interests in telecommunications painting computer software restaurants and entertainment - south korean consumer prices rose N N in the first N months of this year matching the government 's target for the entire year according to the bank of korea and the economic planning board - according to reports released by the two government agencies domestic consumer and wholesale prices each rose by N N in october from the previous month - as a result consumer prices for the first N months of N surged by N N and wholesale prices by N N - the south korean government had been projecting a N N consumer price increase for the entire year - martin corp. said it won a $ N million contract from the u.s. postal service to manufacture and install automated machines - under terms of the three-year contract martin said it will make and install N of the new machines at N postal offices - the new machines are capable of by zip code up to N large flat mail pieces including magazines and an hour - thomas a. N years old formerly vice president west coast operations at this concern was named executive vice president and chief operating officer both newly created posts and a director filling a vacancy - said it anticipates naming mr. to succeed richard f. N as president and chief executive officer effective march N - mr. will remain a board member and will be a consultant to the company - yields on certificates of deposit dropped slightly in the week ended yesterday - the average yield on a six-month cd of $ N or less was N N compared with N N a week earlier - the average one-year cd was down to N N from N N according to banxquote money markets a new york information service that tracks cd yields - this week was for the cd market said mehl chairman of banxquote - the major banks have n't even reacted to sharp rises in the three-month treasury bill rates in the past two weeks - banks that adjusted payouts on cds in the most recent week made only moves he said - the cd trend runs counter to the direction of short-term interest rates at the treasury bill auction monday - the average six-month bill was sold with a yield of N N up from N N - the average three-month issue rose to N N from N N - typically banks offer cd yields higher than those on treasury bills which are considered the short-term investments banks need a competitive edge to sell their products - but when market interest rates move up rapidly increases in bank cd yields sometimes lag - most yields on short-term jumbo cds those with denominations over $ N also moved in the opposite direction of treasury bill yields - the average six-month yield on a jumbo cd was at N N down from N N banxquote said - for longer-term cds yields were up - the average two-year and five-year were up N of a percentage point to N N and N N respectively - however cds sold through major broker-dealer networks were up slightly almost across the board - the average six-month cd in that category added N percentage point to N N for example - mr. mehl attributed the rise specifically to the treasury bill increase - among the major banks surveyed by banxquote in six regions of the country N N is the highest yield available - it is offered by the flagship banks of new york 's manufacturers hanover corp. in the one-year maturity only - the yield is offered across a range of maturities at san francisco 's bankamerica corp. and wells fargo & co - just two weeks ago bankamerica 's yields in many of those maturities was N N - still on average the major california banks have the highest yields on cds according to banxquote - the average yield there on six-month issues is N N - i had to reach back to french N when the over my shoulder during the coffee phase of dinner and asked whether i wanted to ride in a - i was a last-minute read at a french journalism convention and so far the had been taken up entirely by eating drinking smoking sleeping and drinking - the man with the represented a attempt to introduce a bit of into our - but as the french a state of when it comes to athletics try finding a machine in paris my fellow were having none of it - the at my table simply more and at the suggestion of a perfectly good saturday morning to go or even ballooning to you the brothers french of course were the world 's first - back in the u.s.a. this kind of activity wins responses - as in you went ballooning - in france - americans it seems have followed malcolm 's lead and taken to ballooning in a way - during the past N years the number of those who have passed a federal aviation authority test have swelled from a couple hundred to several thousand with some estimates running as high as N - some N balloon shows are held annually in the u.s. including the world 's largest of the international balloon that attracts some N enthusiasts and more than N some of which are to resemble or a - the balloon was denied official entry status this year - but in a gray river town adjacent to france 's mountain region none of these for things was evident - ballooning at the de hour of N a.m. held all the attraction for most people of work - feeling the of a culture i promptly signed up - the first thing anybody will tell you about ballooning is that it requires zip in the way of athletic or even a measure of - so long as you do n't look down - they will also tell you that even if you hate heights you can still balloon - i still say do n't look down - at least not when you are - what they wo n't tell you is not to go in anything you do n't want to get - i 'm not referring to the traditional champagne during the - i 'm talking about landing in a - in a basket - with a pilot who speaks no english - to my and are referred to as began at on a and ended at noon in a field - balloon flights almost always occur at or when the are - in between came lots of coffee drinking while watching the and lots of standing around deciding who would fly in what balloon and in what order the baskets hold no more than four passengers - when it was n't my turn in the balloon i followed its progress from the chase car listening to the driver into a - after long of this ground activity came N or so lovely minutes of above the watching the silver rise off the river and the french about the fields - it 's hard not to feel that god 's in his with this kind of view of the world even if your in silly kept pointing out how it all was - eventually little french farmers and their little french came out of their stone houses and put their hands above their tiny eyes and at us - no wonder - we were coming down straight into their - see the other rule of about ballooning is that you ca n't steer - and neither can your pilot - you can go only up or down by heating the balloon 's air with a propane which does make the top of your head feel hot and ride the air - which makes the chase car necessary - most seldom go higher than N feet and most average a N miles an hour - when the balloon is along at a steady there is little sense of motion - only when one is or in our case a does one feel well in a basket - what 's he doing my companion who was the only other member of the convention and whose were white - attention our pilot as our basket plunged into the - you bet attention i back leaping the propane tanks i 'm wearing - our pilot simply fired up the and with another blast of lifted us oh a good above the water level - we along for a few feet before he plunged us into the drink again - eventually we came to rest in a patch of field where we had the pleasure of scrambling out of the basket into the while the french half of our ballooning tag team scrambled in - i looked at my watch - barely - back in the chase car we drove around some more got stuck in a the aid of a local farmer to get out the and pull us out of the - we finally with our balloon which had come to rest on a road amid a of who watched us our craft another of activity that included the precision routine of the balloon to the ground all the air out of it rolling it up and it and the basket into the - it was the most exercise we 'd had all morning and it was followed by our driving immediately to the hole - this meant returning to the golf course where we watched a few french the first while we sat under me nursing an and my - a whole morning of ballooning and i had been off the ground barely N minutes - still i figured the event 's back in the u.s.a. was near - as for the ride back to camp our pilot and all the other passengers into the chase car - my american companion and i were left to ride in the basket - as we by a i could n't resist up on my and - ms. de is a free-lance writer - treasury undersecretary david mulford defended the treasury 's efforts this fall to drive down the value of the dollar saying it helped minimize damage from the 190-point drop in the stock market oct. N - before a house subcommittee mr. mulford said that if the treasury had n't intervened in foreign-exchange markets in september and early october to reduce the dollar 's value the plunge in the stock market might have provoked a steep fall in the currency that might have financial markets - mr. mulford responding to critics of intervention also said intervention is highly visible is taken seriously by financial markets and works better than was recognized some time ago - differences between the treasury and the federal reserve on the of intervention to help restrain the dollar at the hearing - fed vice chairman manuel johnson who had from the treasury 's policy told lawmakers i became convinced about what looked to me like an attempt to push the dollar down against the fundamentals in the market - intervention he added is useful only to smooth markets not to fundamentally influence the dollar 's value - rep. john d. n.y said mr. johnson refused to testify jointly with mr. mulford and instead asked to appear after the treasury official had completed his testimony - a fed spokesman denied mr. 's statement - mr. mulford said reports of tension between the treasury and fed have been insisting that they involved - mr. johnson also said that in the scheme of things these things are minor - on other matters mr. mulford said west germany is contributing to imbalances in the world economy because of its success as an exporter - the solution is stronger domestic growth in germany he said - but because the growth of the german economy has been stronger than expected mr. mulford said it 's difficult for the u.s. to argue that germany ought to adopt more monetary and fiscal policies - germany 's trade surplus is largely with other european countries rather than with the u.s. mr. mulford acknowledged - but nonetheless u.s. companies might be more successful in european markets if not for the german export push he said - the board increased by one to N members - in the past year one inside director resigned while three others retired - some u.s. allies are complaining that president bush is pushing talks too quickly creating a risk that negotiators will make errors that could affect the security of western europe for years - concerns about the pace of the vienna talks which are aimed at the destruction of some N weapons as well as major reductions and of troops in central europe also are being registered at the pentagon - mr. bush has called for an agreement by next september at the latest - but some american defense officials believe the north atlantic treaty organization should take more time to examine the long-term implications of the options being considered - for one thing pentagon officials who asked not to be identified worry that the u.s. will have a much tougher time europeans to keep some nuclear weapons on their soil once soviet forces are out - at the same time they contend that a reduction of nato forces under a treaty will increase the possibility of a conventional soviet attack unless the west retains a force of nuclear weapons in europe - allies concerned about the deadline include the british french and smaller nato allies some of whom do n't have adequate staffs to provide quick answers to the questions being raised by what generally are considered the most complex arms-control talks ever attempted - so far no ally has complained openly preserving the impression that nato is in line with the bush position that a quick agreement bringing soviet conventional forces down to parity with nato is the west 's top bargaining priority - but even though nato negotiators have only N months left under the bush timetable they are still over such seemingly fundamental questions as what is a tank - five of the six categories of weapons under negotiation have n't even been defined - tanks currently are defined as vehicles weighing N tons or more that carry large guns - the soviets complicated the issue by offering to include light tanks which are as light as N tons - a. the chief soviet negotiator in the talks argued that this would mean the soviets would have to destroy some N tanks while the u.s. would lose none because it has no light tanks in europe - but the issue is than it seems - france britain and italy all have light tanks they would like to keep out of the talks - and some u.s. army analysts worry that the proposed soviet is aimed at blocking the u.s. from developing lighter more high-technology tanks - combat aircraft is even tougher - the soviets insisted that aircraft be brought into the talks then argued for some N russian planes because they are solely defensive - nato has n't from its insistence that any plane has offensive capability - the dispute over that issue according to one u.s. official is a potential treaty and only president bush and soviet leader mikhail gorbachev may be able to resolve it - accounting problems raise more issues - greece and turkey for example are suspected of their in hopes that they can emerge from the treaty with large remaining forces to deter each other - other nations are n't sure how many weapons they have in their own - it 's just going to be sloppy both on our side and theirs the warsaw pact 's says one nato analyst - so far neither the bush administration nor arms-control experts in congress seem moved by arguments that these problems may take more time to out than president bush has allowed - they argue that the bigger danger would be that the west would delay action so long that the soviets might back away from the current attitude - so what if you miss N tanks somewhere asks rep. norman d. wash. a member of the house group that visited the talks in vienna - the bottom line is that if we can get that warsaw pact brought down to parity we ought to keep pressing ahead as quickly as possible - i worry more about things becoming so unraveled on the other side that they might become unable to negotiate - international lease finance corp. announced a leasing contract with charter carrier american trans air inc. in a transaction involving six boeing co. - the value of the jets including is in excess of $ N million - two of the are new aircraft to be delivered to american trans air the main subsidiary of inc. in december N and january N - four of the planes were purchased by international lease from singapore airlines in a previously announced transaction - delivery of the first aircraft is set for early november a second for december and two for april N - norway 's unemployment rate for october was N N unchanged from september but up from N N in the same month last year - the figure a record number employed by extraordinary government work programs the labor announced tuesday - including those in the state programs there were N or about N N of the work force without permanent employment in october up from september 's N - the number of people registered as jobless at the end of october declined by N from september to N - those employed in special programs increased by N to N in the same period the said - in october N there were N fewer employed by government programs - coca-cola co. aiming to boost soft-drink volume in singapore said it is discussing a joint venture with fraser & ltd. its bottling franchisee in that country - the venture would be the latest in coke 's rapid expansion of overseas investment - so far this year it has put nearly $ N million into bottling operations in australia new zealand and france - the move also reflects coke 's eagerness to have a hand in developing the soft-drink markets in pacific basin countries - aside from europe the pacific division is where coke will be focusing much of its attention for years to come - that 's because when coke looks to the pacific area it sees an economic and gold mine - in countries such as taiwan south korea and singapore economies are growing resulting in a rise in disposable income that consumers can use for soft drinks - and unlike europe and the u.s. where are aging the pacific basin countries have growing of the heaviest consumers of coca-cola and other - a coca-cola spokesman said it is too early to say how the joint venture would be structured or how much the company would invest in the transaction - in the past however coke has typically taken a minority stake in such ventures - by acquiring stakes in bottling companies in the u.s. and overseas coke has been able to improve ' efficiency and production and in some cases marketing - coke has to increase its control when results were sluggish in a given country - that does n't appear to be the case in singapore a country of about three million people with a relatively high soft-drink consumption rate a key indicator of coke 's success in a market - in singapore consumption is about one-third that of the u.s. - and combining fraser & 's own soft drinks with coca-cola 's gives the singapore company more than half the share of the soda market there coke said - fraser & which also has interests in packaging beer and dairy products holds the coke licenses for malaysia and where consumption is n't as high as in singapore - coke could be interested in more quickly developing some of the potential in those markets - a coke spokesman said he could n't say whether that is the direction of the talks - coke said the joint-venture arrangement which needs approval from both companies ' boards should be completed early next year - american brands inc. old greenwich conn. said it increased its quarterly N N to N cents a share from N cents payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the increase follows the company 's report of strong earnings for the third quarter and reflects what american brands called its tradition of sharing earnings growth with shareholders - american brands is a consumer products company with core businesses in tobacco spirits and life insurance - as of sept. N american brands had N million shares outstanding - giovanni agnelli & co. announced a transaction that will strengthen its indirect control of fiat s.p a. and will admit prince aga khan as its first shareholder - giovanni agnelli a limited partnership that is the master holding company for fiat 's agnelli family owns approximately N N of the shares in which in turn owns approximately N N of fiat italy 's biggest private-sector industrial group - the company said maria sole agnelli sister of fiat chairman giovanni agnelli agreed to trade her shares in ifi for new ordinary shares in the limited partnership which will give her control of N N of giovanni agnelli & co - the aga khan meanwhile agreed to trade some of his stake in s.a. another agnelli family company for N N of giovanni agnelli & co. 's capital - his new stake would be in the form of preferred shares which receive higher dividends but have voting rights only in extraordinary shareholders - the aga khan owns N N of 's capital while ifi owns N N - as a result of the transaction which is expected to be approved at a shareholders meeting nov. N giovanni agnelli & co. will control N N of ifi 's ordinary shares - its capital will also be raised to N billion lire $ N million from the current N billion lire - ifi also has preferred shares which are quoted on the milan stock exchange - the value of the two transactions was n't disclosed but an ifi spokesman said no cash would change hands - the move the existing links between the and the aga khan the head of the world 's who is a longtime family friend and frequently goes sailing with mr. agnelli - mr. agnelli and the aga khan also have some business ties and a spokesman for the agnelli company did n't rule out that the current agreement could lead to further collaboration - for instance earlier this year bought an N N stake in the aga khan 's airline which flies between italy and - giovanni agnelli & co. which was formed in january N as a way of keeping the ' controlling stake in fiat together despite an family tree has been playing a more active role in the agnelli group of late - it raised financing of N billion lire for the purchase this summer by another group of the food concern s.p a. by selling a chunk of its ifi shares to s.p a. - said during the weekend that it agreed to sell the shares back to giovanni agnelli for N billion lire - your oct. N page-one article on people riding so-called on railroad tracks was a to your readers - it unfortunately encourages others to engage in a highly dangerous and illegal activity that only a very few are doing now - and it such activities in a fashion with total to common sense and public safety - saul - vice president - public affairs - - mci communications corp. said it received a three-year contract valued at more than $ N million to provide network credit-card and other telecommunications services to drexel burnham lambert inc - congressional democrats and the bush administration agreed on a compromise minimum-wage bill opening the way for the first boost in more than nine years - the agreement ended a long between the congressional leaders and the white house over the wage issue - president bush in june vetoed a measure passed by congress and said he would n't accept any minimum-wage rise that went beyond limits he set early in this year 's debate on the issue - the compromise was a somewhat version of what the white house had said it would accept - under the agreement with the house and senate leaders the minimum wage would rise from the current $ N an hour to $ N an hour by april N - employers could also pay a training wage for N days to new workers who are up to N years old and then for another N days if the company institutes a specific training program for the newcomers - white house officials were that the compromise includes the concept of a training wage which mr. bush has fought for throughout the year - for the first time in history we have a training wage that will be part of the nation 's labor laws said roger porter assistant to the president for economic and domestic policy - white house aides said that although they made a small compromise on the length of a training wage the final minimum-wage increase will meet the standards set by mr. bush - the bill vetoed by the president in june which the house failed to override would have lifted the minimum wage to $ N an hour by late N with a training wage for up to two months generally for a worker 's first job - mr. bush had been holding out for a bill boosting the wage floor to $ N an hour by the end of N coupled with a six-month training wage for workers newly hired by any employer - under the compromise the $ N level would be reached nine months earlier while the training would be shorter unless it is tied to a training plan - democrats argued that the training wage was a way of allowing employers to pay less than the minimum wage while new workers need far less than six months to be trained for their jobs - democrats had been negotiating with some republican congressional leaders on a compromise lately - with congressional elections next year gop leaders have worried about opposing a minimum-wage rise for workers at a time when congress is moving toward a capital-gains tax cut that would directly benefit taxpayers - republicans have been the white house to compromise on the wage issue - in the senate edward kennedy d. mass. chairman of the labor committee and pete r. ranking minority member of the budget committee have been working on a compromise and their showed that the senate appeared to be heading toward enough strength to override another bush veto a democratic staff official said - the house is scheduled to vote this week on the compromise as a substitute to a new democratic bill itself down from last spring 's version - the senate will probably vote not long afterward - some democrats thought they might have too much - rep. austin murphy d. pa. chairman of the house labor standards subcommittee said they might have done better if we 'd held their feet to the fire - mr. kennedy suggested democrats yielded a great deal on the size of the increase but he cited concessions from the white house on the training wage which he said make it less harsh - with only to eligible N N of workers getting less than $ N an hour who are adults wo n't be subject to the training wage he said - the which previously opposed the administration 's idea said the compromise has adequate so the youth are not and older workers are not - gerald f. contributed to this article - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered the ratings on about $ N billion of houston lighting & power co. 's securities because of the company 's low levels of interest coverage and internal cash generation - houston lighting is a unit of houston industries inc. a utility holding company in houston - downgraded by moody 's were houston lighting 's bonds and secured bonds to single-a-3 from single-a-2 unsecured bonds to from single-a-3 preferred stock to single-a-3 from single-a-2 a shelf registration for preferred stock to a preliminary rating of single-a-3 from a preliminary rating of single-a-2 two shelf for collateralized debt securities to a preliminary rating of single-a-3 from a preliminary rating of single-a-2 and the unit 's rating for commercial paper to from - moody 's said houston lighting 's current situation has some positive aspects including managing very well the construction and commercial operation risks of units N and N of the south texas project nuclear power plant - capital requirements will be declining and no new generating facilities will be required for several years moody 's said - scott c. smith formerly vice president finance and chief financial officer of this media concern was named senior vice president - mr. smith N retains the title of chief financial officer - armstrong world industries inc. agreed in principle to sell its carpet operations to shaw industries inc - the price was n't disclosed but one analyst estimated that it was $ N million - armstrong which has faced a takeover threat from the family of canada since july said that of the carpet business would improve total financial performance - the move also would allow the company to concentrate on core businesses which include ceramic floor and furniture - moreover such a sale could help armstrong its investors and deter the who own a N N stake in the lancaster pa. company - analysts expect armstrong to use proceeds of the sale to reduce debt buy back stock or perhaps finance an acquisition - the carpet division had N sales of $ N million or almost N N of armstrong 's $ N billion total revenue - the company has been manufacturing carpet since N - recently it upgraded its plants so that it could make products with higher quality - for the past year or two the carpet division 's operating profit margins have around N N high by industry standards but disappointing compared with the N N to N N margins for two of armstrong 's chief businesses and building products - analysts hailed the planned transaction as being beneficial to armstrong and shaw the market leader in the u.s. carpet industry with an estimated N N to N N share - shaw based in ga. has annual sales of about $ N billion and has economies of scale and lower costs that are expected to boost the profitability of armstrong 's brands sold under the armstrong and names - yesterday in composite trading on the new york stock exchange shaw 's shares closed ex-dividend at $ N up $ N - armstrong 's shares also listed on the big board closed at $ N up N cents - yesterday armstrong reported flat earnings for the third quarter and nine months by the stock of an employee stock ownership plan adopted earlier this year - for the quarter earnings were $ N million or N cents a share including a one-time gain of $ N million - in the year-ago quarter earnings were $ N million or N cents a share - yesterday armstrong announced an agreement to sell its small applied color systems unit to a subsidiary of the swiss company ltd - the price was n't disclosed - armstrong expects to close the sale of the color unit in late november and the carpet sale in december with the gains to be applied to fourth quarter or first-quarter results - the government 's primary gauge rose a slight N N in september but economists said the report offered little new information on the degree to which the u.s. economy is slowing - the small increase in the index of leading indicators which had climbed N N in august but was unchanged in july does lend support to the view that the economy has slowed - however it does n't give much of a clue as to whether a recession is on the horizon - i do n't think it provides much new information on the economy said richard economist at dean witter reynolds inc - so far this year the index of leading indicators has risen in four months fallen in four months and remained unchanged in the other month - in another report yesterday the commerce department said sales of new single-family houses plunged N N in september to an annual rate of N from N in august - the declines were particularly in the northeast and in the south where hurricane hugo was a factor - although september 's weakness followed two strong months for home sales the decline supports other indications that the drop in mortgage rates earlier this year has had only a limited beneficial effect on the housing market - the september drop was the largest since a N N drop in january N but monthly changes in this measure are even less than those in other economic indicators - because the figures are based on a small sample the department said it is N N confident only that new-home sales fell somewhere between N N and N N during the month - the department also said it takes four months to establish a trend - so far this year N newly built homes have been sold down N N from the like months of N - the index of leading indicators got a major boost in september from a surge in consumer expectations as measured by the university of michigan - this measure had dropped sharply in august - the commerce department said that as a result of a new adjustment to the formula used to calculate the index the influence of this component has been reduced - of the N components to the index only three others rose in september the money supply the length of the average work week and stock prices - several components that track the health of the manufacturing sector of the economy turned down in september - these include new orders for manufactured consumer goods lead times on vendor deliveries orders for new plant and equipment and backlogs of orders for durable goods - meanwhile the national association of manufacturers said yesterday a recent poll of N executives on its board found that N N do n't expect a recession to occur until N or later - the remainder expect a downturn to begin sometime in - although manufacturers often are quick to call for lower interest rates N N of the executives said they would prefer that the fed keep as its top priority even if that means higher rates - the other N N said the fed ought to worry less about inflation and bring interest rates down - all the figures are adjusted to remove usual seasonal patterns - here are the net contributions of the components of the commerce department 's index of leading indicators - after various adjustments they produced a N N rise in the index for august and a N N rise for september - september and the change from august are from N in the previous month - boston edison co. said it will take a previously reported $ N million charge against earnings in the fourth quarter - the charge resulted from a settlement approved yesterday by the massachusetts department of public utilities - as expected the settlement limits rate increases for three years and ties future charges to customers for operation of the troubled nuclear power station to that plant 's performance - in its order the state regulatory agency said the company must be held for the mistakes made in the management of the plant 's operation - had been closed for N months - the average interest rate rose to N N at citicorp 's $ N million weekly auction of commercial paper or corporate from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted - accepted bids ranged from N N to N N - citicorp also said that the average rate rose to N N at its $ N million auction of commercial paper from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted - accepted bids ranged from N N to N N - the bank holding company will auction another $ N million in each maturity next tuesday - an novelist writing a about might a clifford stoll but it 's unlikely - it 's also unnecessary - clifford stoll is a real person or as he might put it a person - he is N an with impressive credentials and something of a at making computers do his bidding - he once described himself as a berkeley and played the role well jeans a of long hair and rejection of all things conventional including for a time at least formal marriage to his matthews - he also is an entertaining writer combining and with detail and of how computers work - in the 's egg N pages $ N he a remarkable tale of his efforts over N months to catch a computer spy - the result last spring was the arrest by west german authorities of five young west germans accused of stealing information from computers in the u.s. and europe and selling it to the soviet kgb - one of them hess of allegedly used the international telecommunications network to break into more than N computers in the u.s. searching for secrets - he probably did n't any files but the kgb in east berlin was willing to pay two of his associates peter carl and $ N for some of the material hess collected - they promised yet more for really good stuff - mr. stoll draws his title from the 's habit of laying eggs in the of other birds making them parents - the computer spy had discovered that a popular mail program called could do with the widely used unix operating system created by at&t - using the spy could substitute a program for the one that routinely up the unix system every five minutes - once his 's egg was laid he could enter unix and become a with access to everything - mr. stoll was the at the of the lawrence berkeley laboratory in N when his grant ran low and he was asked to switch to helping run the lab 's computers - he discovered a in the charges made to various departments for computer time and it to a user named hunter who had no valid billing address - mr. stoll suspected the was one of those students who has fun breaking into computers - but after much tracking it became evident to mr. stoll through various clues that the hacker was not on the berkeley campus or even in california - finding him became an for mr. stoll - he made a midnight of all the printers he could lay hands on so that he could monitor all the telephone lines coming into the lab 's computers - after that the hacker had taken over the account of a legitimate user named joe he up an alarm system including a portable to alert him when came on the line - some nights he under his desk - his boss complained about of other chores - the hacker was over the berkeley files but also using berkeley and other easily accessible computers as stepping stones to the network of computers used by the military and national security agencies - the white missile range and cia contractor inc. were among the targets - when the hacker moved mr. stoll moved too calling up other systems managers to alert them but keeping his own system open to avoid - sometimes if the hacker seemed to be into a sensitive file he would drag his across the terminal to create or slow the system down to his - the fbi initially showed little interest and he had the impression other federal security agencies were up in legal red tape - the cia told him it does not do domestic - one a lot from this book or seems to about federal bureaucracy - seems to because it 's possible that the cia and the national security agency were more interested than they let on to mr. stoll - finally he got help - is a major network linking computers - one of its international specialists steve white took a quick interest in mr. stoll 's hunt ultimately the hacker to west germany - the west germans then took over and finally found hess - eventually mr. stoll was invited to both the cia and to brief officers on computer theft - he the humor of his appearance among these - back in berkeley he was by a lady friend for with such people - he became angry in return - he had developed a for the hacker and a appreciation of the federal who make national security their business - at several different levels it 's a tale - mr. is deputy editor of the journal - mips computer systems inc. today will unveil a new computer that will compete with more expensive machines from companies such as sun microsystems inc. and digital equipment corp - the closely held sunnyvale calif. company also will announce an agreement to supply computers to control data corp. which will sell mips machines under its own label - the new mips machine called the will cost $ N for a basic system - the computer processes N million instructions per second and uses only one central processing chip unlike many rival machines using several processors - the machine employs reduced computing or risc technology - at that price an analyst familiar with the machine said the computer offers up to N times the performance of similar machines - in the price range it 's a product said an analyst at the firm - the machine is part of an effort by mips to establish itself as a supplier of computers not just of technology - mips also wants to wedge into markets other than traditional risc applications such as engineering mips said the new machine will also be used by businesses and for communications - this clearly demonstrates that mips is a systems company rather than just a chip company said mips vice president john - the control data deal is a for mips because it gives the the company one more ally as it more established electronic concerns such as sun hewlett-packard co. motorola inc. and intel corp. for the emerging market for risc machines - risc technology speeds up a computer by the internal software - for mips which expects revenue of $ N million this year allies such as control data are essential to attract software developers to the company 's risc architecture - the thing it says about mips is that they 're on a roll right now said ms. at - they 're getting some major wins she added - last month for example mips agreed to supply its computers to computer ag of west germany and france 's bull - sony corp. tandem computers inc. and digital equipment have agreed to sell mips computers and companies such as japan 's nec corp. and west germany 's siemens a.g. have agreed to make mips chips under license - today 's agreement gives control data a machine to compete against digital and other computer makers said john a analyst at group inc. of boston - the machine is essentially a mainframe computer he said - suddenly control data has a competitive product to fight back against the a machine digital announced last month he added - control data based in minneapolis minn. expects its sales of mips systems including the new to amount to more than $ N million by the end of N mips said - bull and others will also sell versions of the machine said mips president robert miller - mips will start shipping its new machine in the first quarter of N he said - the machine uses a single which makes it easier to program than competing machines using several processors - the computer can process N million calculations called operations every second - the machine can run software written for other mips computers the company said - another fight is brewing between congress and the bush administration over how to pay for the savings-and-loan bailout without adding to the federal budget deficit - in a hearing before the house ways and means committee the general accounting office and the congressional budget office which both are arms of congress advised the new s&l bailout agency to abandon plans to raise temporary working capital through debt issued from an agency that would n't be counted on the federal budget - officials of the resolution trust corp. have said privately that such a plan was the most likely alternative to raise short-term cash for the bailout - instead the and the congressional budget office said the rtc should consider using treasury debt which is less expensive and subject to oversight by congress - the spending could be from meeting deficit-reduction targets in the gramm-rudman budget law - the rtc has projected that it will require between $ N billion to $ N billion in temporary working capital - the borrowing to raise these funds would be paid off as assets of sick thrifts are sold - the new s&l law allows the rtc to issue notes for as much as N N of the value of the assets it holds - but higher interest rates paid on debt could add billions to the bailout costs and would n't be subject to congressional scrutiny ways and means members argued - to allow this massive level of federal borrowing without prior congressional approval would be irresponsible said rep. stark d. calif. who has introduced a bill to limit the rtc 's authority to issue debt - the rtc will have to sell or merge hundreds of insolvent thrifts over the next three years - the new s&l bailout law allows $ N billion to be spent to sell or merge sick s&ls and their assets but that is a net cost - in the meantime the agency must raise cash to maintain assets such as real estate until they can be sold - then the short-term debt is paid off through the proceeds of selling the assets - david mullins assistant secretary of the treasury said that the working capital is necessary to reduce the final costs of the bailout by allowing the agency to sell savings and loans without their bad assets then hold the assets until they can be sold under favorable conditions - he said it has n't yet been determined how the rtc will raise the cash but the administration does n't want it to be included on the federal budget because it would the budget process by requiring either from gramm-rudman or big increases in the budget deficit - but the worst possibility would be raising no working capital he said - if working capital financing is not provided he said the rtc may have to slow s&l sales or dump acquired assets through fire sales - eastern corp. said it applied on behalf of two of its subsidiaries to the federal energy regulatory commission for permission to build a $ N million pipeline system from county okla. to independence miss - the natural gas pipeline concern said the N million cubic feet a day capacity pipeline would be built by a proposed joint venture between two eastern units texas eastern transmission corp. and gas co - texas eastern transmission will build and operate the system which will the basin with several interstate pipelines - now was that a quarter cup or a half cup - not a question unless you 're the of this city 's restaurant and you 've just lost your personal notebook - was listed among the top N restaurants in the world this year by magazine - the black with N years ' worth of held together by rubber was in shere 's when it was stolen from her house recently - the berkeley police do n't have any leads but doubt the crime was driven by a passion for - instead they figure the probably took money from ms. shere 's and discarded all the tips in the - whose founder alice waters is considered the inventor of the cooking style known as california and whose make reservations a month in advance has n't exactly to ice because of the theft - for one thing ms. shere can draw on her published by random house four years ago which is with for such as fool a made with crushed and a la - for another sympathetic fans have sent ms. shere copies of her from magazines over the years - still the restaurant 's of it supposedly has n't repeated a since opening in N requires constant - and that puts added pressure on planners - we make what we know how to make says business manager richard - many in the bay area 's community express that ms. shere kept only one copy of such valuable notes but she has received moral support from baker 's dozen a group of california chefs that meets regularly to discuss issues like how to keep from and how eating habits affect butter - ms. shere has offered a $ N reward for the book 's return but figures she 'll have to many from - it 's an overwhelming job she says - there are so many possible when you consider how many things are made out of eggs and butter and milk - newport electronics inc. named a new slate of officers a move that follows replacement of the company 's five incumbent directors last week - milton b. hollander N years old was named chief executive officer succeeding barrett b. weekes - mr. hollander 's stamford high technology holding co. acquired most of its N N stake in newport in august - mr. hollander was named chairman last week succeeding mr. weekes who was among the ousted directors - the company has declined requests to discuss the changes but mr. weekes has said that mr. hollander wanted to have his own team - scott was named president and chief operating officer of u.s. operations titles that had been held by mr. weekes - mr. was vice president of the instrument and controls division of closely held engineering inc. another company controlled by mr. hollander - a company spokesman did n't know mr. 's age - james r. N vice president of newport 's european operations was named executive vice president and chief operating officer of european operations assuming some former duties of mr. weekes - arthur b. N an attorney was named secretary succeeding john virtue who was another of the ousted directors - corp. declared a 2-for-1 stock split - the wilmington mass. service company also boosted its quarterly dividend N N to three cents a share adjusted for the split - the dividend had been five cents a share - the split and quarterly dividend will be payable jan. N to stock of record nov. N the company said - the split will raise the number of shares outstanding to about N million - separately reported that net income rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share adjusted for the split for the fourth quarter ended aug. N - a year earlier earned $ N million or N cents a share adjusted for the split - sales rose to $ N million from $ N million - corp. said it completed the previously reported sale of approximately N acres of near calif. to closely held sierra pacific industries corp. calif. for $ N million - the lumber and concern said the transaction which includes a swap of other interests would result in a $ N million after-tax gain to be recorded in the fourth quarter - healthcare international inc. said it reached a standstill agreement with its healthvest affiliate calling for healthcare to pay healthvest $ N million right away and additional amounts in the future - under the agreement healthcare a manager of health-care facilities said it would pay healthvest $ N million in overdue rent and mortgage payments and repay $ N million in funds that healthvest advanced for construction work on facilities - in return healthvest agreed that it wo n't exercise its rights and against healthcare during the period - after the payment healthcare still will be $ N million in on rent and mortgage payments to healthvest a real estate investment trust whose portfolio consists largely of properties operated by healthcare - healthcare has given healthvest a N N note for that overdue amount to be repaid over three years - in addition healthcare agreed to make monthly rent and mortgage payments of $ N million to $ N million to healthvest during the standstill period to be paid when healthcare successfully asset sales - because healthcare actually owes healthvest $ N million in rent and mortgage payments each month the amount due above the amount paid will be added to the three-year note - the funds should help ease a cash at healthvest which has been unable to pay its debts because healthcare has n't made complete rent and mortgage payments since july - a spokesman said healthvest has paid two of the three banks it owed interest to in october and is in negotiations with the third bank - healthcare which has been in a severe liquidity said it is able to make the payments because it completed a transaction with rehabilitation group inc. in which purchased stock and warrants for $ N and healthcare $ N million - the loan is backed by healthcare 's N N stake in healthvest and interest in certain facilities - i was pleased to note that your oct. N centennial journal item recognized the money-fund concept as one of the significant events of the past century - actually about two years ago the journal listed the creation of the money fund as one of the N most significant events in the world of finance in the 20th century - but the reserve fund america 's first money fund was not named nor were the of the money-fund concept harry brown and myself - we telephone redemptions daily dividends total elimination of share certificates and the constant $ N pricing all of which were painfully thought out and not the result of some on the part of the sec - president - the reserve fund - the moment in the career of joseph f. o'kicki came as N local and state packed into his elegant courtroom here last year for his in as president judge of cambria county - baskets of and his bench - the local american color guard led the way - as the judge marched down the center in his flowing black he was by a fanfare - to many it was a more a king than a rural judge in the isolated foothills of the southern - but then judge o'kicki often behaved like a man who would be king and some say an arrogant and one - while his case may be extreme it reflects the of many small communities to judges - last march nine months after the judge 's the state attorney general 's office indicted him on a sweeping array of charges alleging more than N years of official in cambria county a depressed steel and mining community in western pennsylvania - the allegations ranging from theft and bribery to and a picture - according to testimony in a public report handed up to the state attorney general judge o'kicki cash from lawyers favorable loans from banks and local businesses for more than a decade - prosecutors in an indictment based on the grand jury 's report maintain that at various times since N he owned a secret and illegal interest in a beer hidden ownership interests in real estate that presented an alleged conflict of interest set up a corporation to buy a car and obtain insurance for his former girlfriend now his second wife and maintained N accounts in six banks in cambria county - in testimony recorded in the grand jury report court employees said the judge now N years old his secretaries made imperial demands on his staff and anyone who crossed him - claimed they were required to him to and from work his lawn his wood fix his car and even drop by his house to feed his two grown and - one former charged that the judge him by on a promise of a better paying job after a $ N bribe - some of the allegations are simply bizarre - two former secretaries told the grand jury they were summoned to the judge 's chambers on separate occasions to take only to find the judge in his underwear - one secretary testified that the judge once called her to his office while wearing nothing at all - the judge suspended from his bench pending his trial which began this week denies all the allegations against him calling them and political - he blames the indictment on local political with his aggressive efforts to clear the courthouse 's and a by state investigators and prosecutors angered by some of his rulings against them - i do n't know whose i 've stepped on says the judge - i 'll find out eventually who pushed the state police into action - even if only some of the allegations stand up however they provide ample testimony to the power of judges in rural communities - that power can sometimes be abused particularly since in smaller operate without many of the restraints that serve as measures in urban areas - lawyers and their clients who frequently bring business to a country courthouse can expect to appear before the same judge year after year - fear of that judge is pervasive says maurice founder and director of the rural justice center in a public interest group that rural justice issues - as a result says mr. lawyers think twice before appealing a judge 's ruling are reluctant to mount or even support challenges against him for re-election and are usually loath to file complaints that might a judge 's integrity - judge o'kicki a stern and man has been a in the local legal community for more than two decades - the son of an of he was raised in a small borough outside the cambria county seat and put himself through the university of pittsburgh law school - he near the top of his class serving on the school law review with richard thornburgh who went on to become governor of pennsylvania and now u.s. attorney general - it was also in law school that mr. o'kicki and his first wife had the first of seven daughters - he his first wife three years ago and married the daughter of his court clerk - last year pennsylvania supreme court justice john p. called mr. o'kicki one of the judges not only in pennsylvania but in the united states - clearly the judge has had his share of - after practicing law locally he was elected to his first 10-year term as judge in N in N he was effectively - six years ago judge o'kicki was voted president of the pennsylvania conference of state trial judges by the state 's N judges - he has been considered several times for appointments to federal district and appellate court in pennsylvania - and when he ran unsuccessfully for a state appellate court seat in N the pennsylvania bar association rated him one of the best available after local lawyers - he probably was the guy who ever sat on our bench says a former president of cambria county 's bar association who like most lawyers in cambria county refuses to talk about the judge publicly - he 's sharp as a - he could grasp an issue with the of an eye - for more than a decade virtually no one complained about judge o'kicki - what about those institutions that are supposed to be the of society the banks and the bar association wrote a columnist for the a newspaper in nearby shortly after the scandal became public - if only a banker or a lawyer had spoken out years ago the judicial process would n't be under the it is today - officials with the pennsylvania judicial inquiry and review board the arm of the state that judicial misconduct counter that they had no of anything in - nobody told us nobody called us says an official close to the case who asked not to be named - nobody had the to complain - certainly not the lawyers - attorney richard j. green jr. out $ N in loans to the judge over five years he said in testimony to the grand jury - the judge never made a of the money said mr. green - eventually mr. green testified he began out of his office rather than face the judge when he visited - when mr. green won a $ N verdict in a land case against the state in june N he says judge o'kicki unexpectedly awarded him an additional $ N - mr. green thought little of it he told the grand jury until the judge walked up to him after the courtroom had cleared and suggested a - do n't you think i ought to get a commission or part of your fee in this case mr. green said the judge asked him - mr. green never paid the money he testified - but he did n't complain to the state 's judicial inquiry and review board either saying later that he feared - mr. o'kicki said he will respond to mr. green 's at his trial - like most of cambria county 's lawyers and residents who had dealings with the judge mr. green declined to be interviewed for this article - and no one with a complaint about the judge would allow his name to be printed - i do n't have anything much to say and i think that 's what you 're going to find from everyone else you talk to up here says local attorney edward f. - says another lawyer the practice of law is a matter of one 's when you live in a small community - one had best not dance on top of a until the lid is tightly shut - the judge was considered and ambitious those who practiced before him say - he tea sweetened with from his leather chair at his bench while notes ordering to stop or to take off their hats in his courtroom - four years ago he jailed all nine members of the cambria county school board for several hours after they his order to extend the school year by several weeks to make up for time lost during a teachers ' strike - visitors in his chambers say he could cite precisely the years months weeks and days remaining until mandatory retirement would force aside the president judge giving judge o'kicki the seniority required to take over as the county 's top court administrator - the judge they say was fiercely proud of his and - my name is judge judge o'kicki told a car salesman in when he bought a new red in october N according to the report - the dealership recorded the sale under the name judge o'kicki - yet despite the judge 's imperial bearing no one ever had reason to suspect possible wrongdoing says john president of cambria county 's bar association - the of a judge his the way he handles people are not a basis for filing a complaint says mr. - until this came up and hit the press there was never any indication that he was doing anything wrong - state investigators dispute that view now particularly in light of the judge 's various business dealings in cambria county - the judge came under scrutiny in late N after the state attorney general 's office launched an unrelated investigation into corruption in cambria county - the inquiry soon focused on the judge - even his routine business transactions caused trouble according to the grand jury report - when the judge bought his new from james e. black in five years ago the dealership had certain about the judge 's reputation according to the report - the dealership took the extra step of having all the paper work for the transaction by 's local lender laurel bank - then as an additional the car dealership took the judge 's photograph as he stood next to his new car with sales papers in hand proof that he had received the loan documents - but when the judge received his payment book he the deal - there was no loan there is no loan there never shall be a loan the judge wrote the bank on his judicial according to the report - later the judge went a step - after laurel bank tried to the car a vice president asked him to intervene in an unrelated legal dispute involving a trust account - the judge wrote again - i find myself in an adversary relationship with laurel bank and i am not inclined to extend myself as far as any favors are concerned the judge wrote back in a letter attached to the grand jury 's report - perhaps if my personal matters can be resolved with laurel bank in the near future i may be inclined to reconsider your request - the judge now says it was unfortunate that he chose to write the letter but says there was certainly no intent to there - the bank - it the judge 's loan lowered its interest rate and accepted a that had n't originally been part of the deal a beat up N chevy the dealer had to repair before it could be - the incident was n't the only time the judge got special treatment from his local bank - two years later he wrote to complain that the interest he was paying on an unsecured $ N loan was absolutely onerous - paul l. kane laurel 's president at the time quickly responded - the bank he wrote back was immediately lowering the rate by N N as a to you - the judge says he ca n't discuss in detail how he will defend himself at his trial although he contends that if he were as corrupt as state prosecutors believe he would be far than he is - his and brick house outside of is up for sale to pay for his lawyers - the judge says he is confident he will return to his old bench - already he notes the N charges originally filed against him have been trimmed to N - most of the allegations no longer pending were ethics charges withdrawn by state prosecutors as part of a pre-trial agreement - the heart of the case official remains intact - if i lose i lose my position my career my pension my home and my investments says the judge - my god and i know i am correct and innocent - many thanks for alexander 's comic u.s. economy a house built on junk-bond sand viewpoint oct. N - the use of the construction practices in the soviet union as by the collapse of sand apartment blocks during the earthquake as a for the u.s. economic system was a example of mr. 's - i await his the economic and social of the san francisco bay area and the outstanding work of the local governments and the private charitable organizations there as for the of whatever failed system mr. now believes in - it should be a - william s. smith - as a money manager and a i was very disappointed to read in the premiere issue of garbage that the wall street journal uses N metric tons of newsprint each year but that only N N of it comes from recycled paper - by contrast the los angeles times for example uses N N recycled paper - with newspapers being the largest single component of solid waste in our and with our country with trash all sectors of our society and all types of businesses must become more responsible in our use and disposal of precious natural resources - the wall street journal is an excellent publication that i enjoy reading and must read daily - please make me and thousands of other readers more comfortable with our daily purchase of your newspaper by raising your environmental standards to your overall quality levels and increase your use of recycled paper - virginia - first american financial corp. declared a special dividend of one share of class b common stock for each share of class a common stock payable to holders of record on nov. N if the securities and exchange commission approves this as the effective date of the registration statement - shareholders of the santa ana calif. company approved the creation of this second class of stock which will be traded on the national over-the-counter market and which the company said would be used for acquisitions and other general corporate purposes - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - continental inc. - $ N million of senior subordinated debentures due nov. N N was priced at par to yield N N N - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue which is for five years will be sold through underwriters led by morgan stanley & co - beatrice co. - $ N million of notes due nov. N N was priced in a two-part offering through underwriters at salomon brothers inc - the size of the issue was scaled back from an originally planned $ N million - the first part consisting of $ N million of N N N senior subordinated reset notes was priced at N - the rate on the notes will be reset annually to give the issue a market value of N - however the maximum coupon at which the notes can be reset is N N N - the minimum coupon is N N N - the second part consisting of $ N million of senior subordinated floating-rate notes was priced at N N to float N N above the three-month london interbank offered rate - the initial coupon on the floating-rate notes will be N N - the issue is rated by moody 's and by s&p - new jersey wastewater treatment trust - $ N million two-part offering of bonds apparently was won by a merrill lynch capital markets group - the group 's bid for $ N million of wastewater treatment insured bonds series N a produced a N N true interest cost - the series N a bonds are insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - the group 's bid for $ N million of wastewater treatment bonds series N b produced a N N true interest cost - the series N b bonds are uninsured and rated double-a by moody 's and s&p - both the series N a and series N b bonds were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N according to a merrill lynch official - county navigation district no. N texas - $ N million of pollution control revenue bonds houston lighting & power co project due oct. N N were tentatively priced by a goldman sachs & co. group at N N to yield N N with a coupon of N N N - interest on the bonds will be treated as a preference item in the federal alternative minimum tax that may be imposed on certain investors - the bonds are insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - federal home loan mortgage corp. - $ N million of remic mortgage securities is being offered in N classes by a morgan stanley group - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N securities - complete details were n't immediately available - mortgage funding corp. ii - $ N million issue of collateralized mortgage obligations is being offered in four classes by a morgan stanley group - the securities yield from N N to N N for a 30-year issue with an average life of N years - the N N yield represents a spread to the 20-year treasury of N percentage points - the collateral consists of collateralized whole loans with a weighted average coupon rate of N N and weighted average remaining term to maturity of N years - the issue is rated triple-a by s&p moody 's and investors service inc - the issue is N N to N N and N N of the loans are covered by a general electric pool policy covering losses of as much as N N of the original principal balance of the loans - j.c. penney co. - $ N million of master credit card trust asset-backed certificates series b with a final stated maturity of oct. N N was priced at N to yield N N with a coupon of N N - the certificates which have average life of N years were priced at N percentage points over the benchmark treasury 10-year note - rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p the issue will be sold through first boston corp - the issue is backed by a N N letter of credit from credit suisse - electric railway co japan - $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via nomura international ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N through nov. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed tuesday - diesel co japan - $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via yamaichi international europe ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N through nov. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed monday - electric power co japan - $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N N less full fees via nikko securities ltd - fees N N - monte di singapore branch italian parent via the law debenture trust corp. - N billion yen $ N million of N N bonds due feb. N N priced at N N via daiwa europe ltd - finland - N billion yen of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N via international - inc. said it acquired prof. dr. a german maker of scientific instruments - terms were n't disclosed - the mass. maker of scientific instruments and electronic parts said expects N sales of more than N million deutsche marks $ N million and employs about N people - is based in west germany and also has operations in belgium - john m. 's chairman and chief executive said the acquisition will extend 's core technologies strengthen its position in the european economic community and assure a strength and presence in the eastern european market - he said it especially will strengthen the company 's efforts in the rapidly growing field of instrumentation and in applied nuclear physics - separately said it sold most of its mason research institute subsidiary to sciences inc. a closely held biotechnology company based in mass - the sale for $ N million in cash and securities will leave with a N N stake in executives said - mason is the largest lab in new england with annual revenue of $ N million and N employees - mason serves commercial and government customers including the national institutes of health - the combined companies will become profitable by january N said james p. 's chairman and chief executive officer - the internal revenue service said it is willing to let the u.s. tax court decide how much oil man william herbert hunt will owe the government after his assets are liquidated - the surprise announcement came after the irs broke off negotiations with mr. hunt on a settlement of the one-time 's personal bankruptcy case - although the action one obstacle in the way of an overall settlement to the case it also means that mr. hunt could be stripped of virtually all of his assets if the tax court rules against him in a N case heard earlier this year in washington - the irs has been seeking more than $ N million in back taxes from mr. hunt - separately a federal judge hearing mr. hunt 's bankruptcy case yesterday turned down a proposed $ N million settlement between mr. hunt and minpeco s.a. another major creditor in the case - the minerals concern had been seeking a claim of $ N million against mr. hunt - in addition to turning down the compromise judge harold c. abramson said he would allow a claim of only $ N million - minpeco attorneys said they would appeal the decision to a federal district court - regarding mr. hunt 's taxes he and the irs have apparently agreed on a basic formula for his estate in which the irs would get N N of the proceeds from a trust and N N would go to other creditors - but they have been at odds over how much mr. hunt would owe the government after his assets are sold - the irs had demanded $ N million but mr. hunt would agree to no more than $ N million - iii a government lawyer warned that mr. hunt stood to lose certain oil and gas properties $ N in english a colorado and other assets he might have kept if he had settled with the irs - but they wanted to roll the and we 're going to let them mr. said - stephen mr. hunt 's attorney said his client welcomed the gamble - the tax court is n't expected to rule before early next year - japan has found another safe for its money u.s. home mortgages - an increasing number of big japanese investors are buying up u.s. home mortgages that have been and packaged for sale as instruments known as mortgage-backed securities - as much as N N of new u.s. mortgage securities issued by the federal national mortgage association or fannie mae and federal home loan mortgage corp. or freddie mac now flow into japanese hands - that may not come as a surprise to americans who have watched the japanese up properties in the u.s. from golf courses to a stake in rockefeller center - but it marks a big change for the japanese who mortgage securities after getting burned by a big downturn in interest rates a few years back - you ca n't say it 's a wave but we 're making some says fannie mae 's chairman david o. maxwell who visits tokyo at least once a year to explain and drum up investor interest in mortgage securities - interest is a great deal higher than it was a year ago - the steady growth of the mortgage securities market in the u.s. has even triggered talk of building up a similar market here - evidence of the growing japanese demand for mortgage securities - earlier this year blackstone group a new york investment bank had no trouble selling out a special $ N million trust it created for japanese investors - industrial bank of japan which claims to be the biggest japanese buyer of u.s. mortgage securities says it will more than double its purchases this year to an amount one official puts at several billion dollars - and a fannie mae this week promises to draw hundreds of prospective investors who can be expected to channel tens of billions of dollars into the market in the next few years - last year there were only several big investors who were interested says a vice president at the international arm of nomura securities co - this year some investors are changing their policies and investing a lot - ultimately he says strong demand could help to drive down interest rates on mortgage securities - at the moment nomura is the only japanese institution authorized to act as a primary seller of fannie mae instruments - but other japanese institutions say privately that they are considering asking to join the selling group - these securities are attractive to japanese investors for three reasons - first they are safe - while they are n't backed by the full faith and credit of the u.s. government as treasury bonds are it is widely assumed that the government would support them if necessary - u.s. treasury bonds are still the dollar-denominated investment of choice for long-term japanese investors - second they are liquid - the secondary market in federally backed mortgage securities now exceeds $ N billion or nearly half of the $ N trillion in u.s. residential mortgages issued - third they offer high yields - at the moment some offer as much as N to N percentage points over treasury securities of similar maturities - but there is a risk which the japanese discovered when they first dipped their into the market nearly five years ago - since most mortgages can be prepaid or at any time issuers of mortgage securities retain the right to buy back their bonds before maturity - that 's a for long-term investors since it forces them to reinvest their money usually at lower rates than the original mortgage securities carried - two or three years ago the problem was that people did n't understand the prepayment risk says nomura 's mr. - so they were surprised and very disappointed by prepayment - the trouble to japanese investors mortgage securities pay interest monthly since most mortgages require homeowners to make monthly payments - but japanese institutional investors are used to quarterly or semiannual payments on their investments so the monthly cash flow posed administrative problems - as a result japanese investors clear of the mortgage securities - but they did n't lose touch with the u.s. issuers - since N japanese investors have bought nearly N N of $ N billion in fannie mae corporate debt issued to foreigners money that fannie mae uses to buy mortgages from u.s. banks - and japanese investors took up nearly all of two $ N million real estate mortgage investment a kind of collateralized mortgage obligation that were offered to foreigners this year - in addition further packaging of mortgage-backed securities such as blackstone 's fund have reduced the effects of prepayment risk and automatically reinvest monthly payments so institutions do n't have to - freddie mac for years has offered a so-called participation certificate that guarantees it wo n't be prepaid for a set number of years and offers semiannual payments - as georgia-pacific 's bid for great northern nekoosa has shown takeovers are still alive despite reports of their demise - therefore the debate about poison pills will continue to rage in the of corporations and the halls of - although poison pills come in different colors and they usually give current shareholders the right to buy more stock of their corporation at a large discount if certain events occur typically if a hostile bidder acquires more than a specified percentage of the corporation 's stock - however these discount purchase rights may generally be redeemed at a nominal cost by the corporation 's directors if they approve of a bidder - supporters of poison pills argue that their adoption forces bidders to negotiate with a corporation 's directors who are thereby put in a better position to pursue the long-term interests of the corporation - recent studies by & co. conclude that corporations with poison pills have experienced greater appreciation than corporations without poison pills during the past few years - critics of poison pills argue that they harm shareholders by letting corporate management defeat takeover bids at premium prices and by premium bids from ever being made to shareholders - these critics are backed by several academic studies showing that the adoption of poison pills reduces shareholder values not merely in the short run but also over longer periods - institutional investors that must evaluate poison pills on a regular basis are interested less in this general debate than in the answers to specific questions about the corporation issuing the pill - does this corporation have a high-quality management team with a good track record - does this team have a viable strategy for improving shareholder values and does this strategy require over an extended period - will the adoption of this particular form of a poison pill significantly improve the chances for management to carry out this strategy - if the answers to these questions are then institutional investors are likely to be toward a specific poison pill - however the problem is that once most poison pills are adopted they survive forever - although the current management team may be outstanding who will be the ceo in N years - although the five-year strategy may be excellent what will be the strategy in N years - the solution to this problem is a poison pill - the limit could range from three years to seven years depending on the of the management team and the nature of its strategic plan - at the end of this period the poison pill would be eliminated automatically unless a new poison pill were approved by the shareholders who would have an opportunity to evaluate the corporation 's strategy and management team at that time - one rare example of a poison pill is the shareholder rights plan adopted by pennzoil last year after it received a huge litigation settlement from texaco - pennzoil 's poison pill covers five years in order to give current management enough time to put these proceeds to work in a prudent manner - another interesting example is the poison pill adopted recently by national intergroup inc. a diversified holding company - the state of wisconsin investment board which owned about N N of the company 's voting stock worked with management to devise a poison pill - this pill automatically expires after three years unless continued by a vote of the shareholders - the attitude of the wisconsin investment board reflects a growing to poison pills on the part of institutional investors as shown by the discussions at recent meetings of the council of institutional investors and my informal survey of several retirement plans with large stock positions - more widespread time limits on poison pills would allow shareholders to evaluate a specific poison pill within the context of a specific management team 's strategy - such concrete analysis is likely to lead to more dialogue between management and shareholders than the debate about poison pills - mr. is the general counsel and a managing director of fidelity investments in boston - michael blair former president and chief executive officer of enfield corp. failed to win election to the company 's board at a special shareholder meeting - mr. blair said after the meeting that he had filed separate lawsuits in the ontario supreme court for dismissal against enfield and for libel against its largest shareholder canadian express ltd. and two executives of hees international bancorp inc. which controls canadian express - holders at the meeting elected a full slate of canadian express to enfield 's board - mr. blair and hees have been for months - yesterday 's election was a to enfield 's annual meeting in june when mr. blair in favor of two hees - the ontario supreme court mr. blair 's decision - he later resigned from his executive positions with enfield saying that actions by its board amounted to my dismissal - mr. blair said his libel suit seeks N million canadian dollars us$ N million from canadian express and hees executives walt and - he said his suit against enfield seeks two years severance pay equivalent to c$ N - hees and canadian express executives could n't be reached for comment - enfield is a holding company with interests in manufacturing concerns - it is N N owned by canadian express another holding company - hees is a merchant bank controlled by toronto financiers peter and edward bronfman - all the concerns are based in toronto - buying N N of rockefeller group inc. is right up mitsubishi estate co. 's alley in one sense the huge japanese real estate company is entering a long-term relationship with a similarly conservative u.s. owner of tony urban property - but in another sense the $ N million purchase is industry analysts say - the usually cautious giant will become the majority owner of the company that owns new york 's rockefeller center at a time when over japanese purchases of u.s. property are at an high - officials of rockefeller group and mitsubishi estate prefer to focus on the nearly the threat of a backlash from the u.s. public - we think there will be positive as well as negative reactions says raymond senior vice president and chief financial officer of rockefeller group - on balance we think it will be positive - but some japanese government officials and businessmen worry that the prominent purchase is just the sort of deal that should be avoided for the time being - in particular they the timing coming as it does on the heels of sony corp. 's controversial purchase of columbia pictures entertainment inc - officially yes we encourage the free flow of direct investment says a foreign ministry official - but they did n't have to choose this particular moment - during the past year government officials and leading business organizations have repeatedly urged japanese companies to from flashy real estate purchases in the - since the mid-1980s japan 's other major real estate purchases in the u.s. include dai-ichi america corp. 's $ N million purchase of an office building at N east st. in manhattan in N and mitsui inc. 's $ N million purchase of the exxon building part of rockefeller center in N - in los angeles arco plaza was sold to corp. for $ N million in N and life insurance co. paid $ N million for atlanta 's ibm tower last year - altogether annual japanese investment in u.s. commercial real estate grew from about $ N billion in N to about $ N billion in N - many japanese companies have taken the warnings by the country 's leaders to heart and sought development partnerships rather than landmark properties - critics say mitsubishi estate 's decision to buy into rockefeller reflects the degree to which companies are by the pressure to act for the good of japan - those who have no money and are n't buying think it 's right to but those with money who want to buy for themselves pay no attention says an official of the business council - but to mitsubishi estate the acquisition has just the elements that should win support from both sides - first of all it is a friendly acquisition in which rockefeller sought out mitsubishi estate and asked it to buy a majority share - the two companies found a similarity in their business and development and intend to cooperate in a range of activities from real estate to telecommunications - finally mitsubishi estate has no plans to interfere with rockefeller 's management beyond taking a place on the board - we 'll continue to work with them in keeping with the reputation of the company and we 'll rely very much on their leadership says mitsubishi estate president - rockefeller may well have found its match in mitsubishi estate a company of long history strong government ties and sound resources - in asset terms mitsubishi estate is the largest real estate firm in japan - the core of its holdings is N square of expensive property in the district the business and financial center of tokyo often called mitsubishi village - the mitsubishi family company acquired that property from the government some N years ago when it was a portion of residential land running from the of the imperial palace east toward the of tiny shops and that made up the merchants ' district - at the time japan had just opened its doors to the world after about N years of and needed a western-style business center - mitsubishi built the government 's dream development the story goes in exchange for the official decision to tokyo 's central railway station there - that was just an early step in a relationship with government that has earned the mitsubishi group the dubious of literally a title that has the of doing the government 's bidding but also suggests the clout inherent in maintaining such close ties - mitsubishi estate is one of the dozens of companies in today 's mitsubishi group - it 's known for its in part because it has had little need for bold overseas ventures in the year ended march N N N of its total revenue came from office building management - its earnings can rise N N to N N annually simply from the natural turnover of tenants and automatic rent increases says mcdonald an industry analyst at james capel pacific ltd - for the latest fiscal year the company 's net income jumped a robust N N to N billion yen $ N million - for mitsubishi estate the rockefeller purchase will it firmly into the overseas real estate business the one area where it has lagged notably behind japanese competitors such as mitsui which had purchased the exxon building - japanese companies need to invest in overseas real estate for diversification says an industry analyst at goldman sachs japan corp - rockefeller is n't the first overseas purchase for mitsubishi estate it has already played a leading role in designing los angeles 's citicorp plaza - but the rockefeller investment is its largest - nonetheless it will barely make a in mitsubishi estate 's finances analysts say - mitsubishi estate has n't decided how it will raise the funds for the purchase which are due in cash next april but the holdings alone are estimated to have a market value of as much as N trillion yen to N trillion yen - moreover as a member of the mitsubishi group which is headed by one of japan 's largest banks it is sure to win a favorable loan - analysts say the company also could easily issue new convertible bonds or warrants - meanwhile at home mitsubishi has control of some major projects - it is the largest private-sector of the N project a development in the port city of about an hour outside tokyo - the project is one of a select group of public projects opened to u.s. firms under a construction trade agreement reached last year - the centerpiece of that complex the landmark tower will be japan 's building when it is completed in N - mitsubishi is also pushing ahead with a controversial plan to into a business center of high-tech buildings a project for N years and six trillion yen - time warner inc. and sony corp. may be today 's public enemies but the two entertainment giants could end up becoming partners in a number of ventures as part of a settlement of their legal dispute over hollywood producers peter guber and jon peters - the warner bros. studio and sony signaled they are close to a settlement yesterday asking a los angeles superior court to postpone a hearing scheduled for tomorrow on warner 's request for a preliminary injunction blocking mr. guber and mr. peters from taking the top posts at columbia pictures entertainment inc - in separate statements the two sides said they want to have further discussions - sony is acquiring columbia and guber-peters entertainment co. in two separate transactions valued at more than $ N billion - warner communications inc. which is being acquired by time warner has filed a $ N billion suit against sony and the two producers - warner has a five-year exclusive contract with mr. guber and mr. peters that requires them to make movies exclusively at the warner bros. studio - the two sides in the legal battle have accusations of at each other for weeks and both warner and sony have accused each other of trying to sabotage each other 's prospects for success in the entertainment business - but it may amount to little more than the two have continued settlement talks over the last few weeks and people familiar with the talks say the matter could be resolved within a week - both warner and sony declined to comment on the terms of the settlement discussions - but the people familiar with the talks said that warner is n't expected to get any cash in the settlement - instead sony is likely to agree to let warner participate in certain of its businesses such as the record club of sony 's cbs records unit - warner has sony as the largest record company but it does n't have a powerful world-wide record club like cbs - the two sides are also discussing certain business ventures involving cable rights to columbia 's movies - in addition sony is expected to agree to swap columbia 's N N stake in the calif. studio that warner and columbia share in exchange for the old mgm studio lot that warner acquired with the purchase of corp - still it may be tough for the two to have a smooth partnership in anything in the wake of sworn affidavits filed over the last week - one for example came from cbs records chairman walter yetnikoff who will head a committee that will oversee sony 's entertainment division including both records and movies - in his affidavit mr. yetnikoff accused warner chairman steven j. ross of having an bias and said that mr. ross had tried to talk him out of letting sony buy cbs records two years ago for that reason - mr. ross who will be chairman and co-chief executive officer of time warner after the merger is complete denied that in his own affidavit and called mr. yetnikoff 's remarks vicious and his claims reckless irresponsible and saying warner under his leadership has started a number of businesses in japan - mr. ross also said he enjoys warm professional and personal relationships with japanese executives including sony chairman who has visited my home here - but despite the between mr. ross and mr. yetnikoff officials of the time side of time warner have reportedly been increasingly interested in a settlement that might yield attractive business opportunities - time executives such as the company 's president n.j nicholas who will eventually be co-chief executive of time warner alongside mr. ross have no personal relationships or at stake in the fight over the guber-peters duo and were never directly drawn into the fray - talks between the two sides could of course as they have more than once since sony announced its plans to hire mr. guber and mr. peters - but both sides appear to be more willing now to meet each other 's terms to resolve the issue - and although warner has said it wanted the producers to fulfill the terms of their contract the producers said in sworn court that they did n't believe the relationship could be repaired after the of the legal battle - any settlement is also expected to exclude mr. guber and mr. peters from any of the projects they were working on at warner - the guber-peters duo have N projects in various stages of development and production at warner including of the and a bright lie - but that does n't mean mr. guber and mr. peters might not eventually get their hands on some of their projects studios develop hundreds of movies but produce only N to N each year - once a studio chooses not to actually make a movie that is in development producers are typically free to take it elsewhere - mr. guber and mr. peters also almost certainly would n't be able to participate in future to batman the blockbuster hit they produced for warner - but in acquiring guber-peters entertainment sony will actually get a piece of the profits from batman since the publicly held concern gets certain revenue from the movies mr. guber and mr. peters produce - the two producers own a combined N N stake in guber-peters - southern co. 's gulf power co. subsidiary pleaded guilty to two felony charges of conspiracy to make illegal political contributions and tax evasion and paid $ N in fines - gulf power 's guilty plea before u.s. district judge robert l. yesterday marks the end of only one part of a inquiry of southern co - the company is the subject of a federal grand jury investigation into whether its officials and its utility subsidiaries conspired to cover up their accounting for spare parts to federal income taxes - the terms announced today are strictly between the united states and gulf power said u.s. attorney robert l. - this is only a further step in a lengthy investigation - the plea settlement does not allow southern co. to charge any of the $ N to its customers or take action against employees who provided information during the federal inquiry - gulf power had been under investigation for violating the utility holding company act which prohibits public utilities from making political contributions - in a statement southern co. president edward l. said we believe our decision to plead guilty to these charges is responsible and proper - and our action today will allow gulf power to avoid prolonged legal proceedings - he did not say what effect if any the $ N fine would have on the company 's earnings - mr. said yesterday 's plea by gulf power which came after months of negotiations was based on evidence that gulf power had set up an elaborate payment system through which it outside vendors primarily three florida advertising agencies for making illegal political contributions on its behalf - the agency for example allegedly made contributions from N to N to various funds for political candidates then submitted bills to gulf power - the contributions were funded by monthly payments of $ N to $ N to in the of a special production fee in effect the nature of the payments from the internal revenue service federal prosecutors said - the government also indicated that former gulf power senior vice president jacob f. was the behind the use of the ad agencies dick leonard group ii inc. and & corp. to make payments to various political candidates from N to N - mr. who gulf power 's efforts died in a plane crash in april after learning he might be fired following the of in a company audit - government officials declined to say whether the investigation includes the ad agencies or the politicians involved - in new york stock exchange trading southern co. rose N cents a share to $ N - frequent offer up debate - to grab a bigger piece of the declining market seagram co. has launched a controversial frequent promotion for its chivas brand - under the program dubbed chivas class customers who send in two labels from chivas bottles will receive an upgrade in class on some trans world airlines flights - repeat customers also can purchase luxury items at reduced prices - but at a time of mounting concern over alcohol abuse some liquor marketers consider seagram 's frequent buyer promotion risky - i 'm surprised they 're doing this says penn president of & co. which markets walker - i would be very leery of anything that says if you drink more you get more - others question the impact on chivas 's upscale image of a promotion that has customers off labels - it 's really bizarre says albert creative director at the wells rich greene ad agency - chivas has an image of something you would rather than - chivas class is n't the first such promotion - last year offered N frequent miles in exchange for a label - and 's gave discounts on scottish merchandise to people who sent in bottle labels - but the scope of seagram 's chivas promotion sets it apart - the current campaign is just the first leg of an aggressive direct marketing plan - seagram says the promotion is designed to build brand loyalty rather than promote heavy drinking - seagram asks customers to buy only two or three bottles over a 12-month period says richard shaw vice president of u.s. direct marketing - we 're not asking them to save up N - we 're not saying drink more we 're saying trade up - a milk for hispanic - most food companies these days are trimming the fat and cholesterol content of their products to appeal to consumers - but foods inc. believes it can milk some sales by the trend - the n.j. company has formed a joint venture with a distributor called la to market a milk targeted at hispanic consumers - to give the taste says hispanics prefer the new brand has a content of N N - that compares with N N for whole milk - a spokesman for inc. the nation 's largest milk producer concedes may be on to something - sells considerably more whole milk than in southern and hispanic markets he says - even tested a milk with N N in the south but decided the market was too small - is selling in nearly N grocery stores and in new york and parts of new jersey - and it 's adding N to N new outlets a day says sales director at la - because of 's success he says the joint venture is developing other dairy products tailored to hispanic - jewelry makers copy cosmetics sales - for years jewelry makers fought a losing battle - jewelry displays in department stores were often and - and the merchandise was well fake - as a result marketers of steadily lost space in department stores to more fashionable rivals cosmetics makers - but lately retailers say fake has become more fashionable - and jewelry makers are beginning to use many of the same marketing in the aggressive world of cosmetics - last year the total women 's fashion jewelry business topped $ N billion says karen editor of accessories magazine - and it 's growing fast with annual sales gains of more than N N - to increase their share of that business jewelry makers such as crystal brands inc. 's and units and inc. maker of anne klein jewelry are launching new lines with as much fanfare as the companies - they 're hiring models to the sporting their and they 're even beginning to borrow a favorite of the beauty business offering a gift when consumers make a purchase - we 've started trying just about anything to keep sales moving in the stores says kim a vice president - but there are limits - ms. says retailers a promotion for with animal - her idea bring in live animals - whose national ads earlier this year included paper of its takes a approach - the company focuses on the aspects says andrew e. philip president - now trains sales help to advise customers on the best styles - but cosmetics firms still have one big marketing edge they sales people with commissions - jewelry makers rarely pay commissions and are n't expected to anytime soon - odds and ends - despite growing interest in the environment u.s. consumers have n't shown much interest in packages for household products - procter & gamble co. recently introduced versions of four products including tide and mr. clean in canada but does n't plan to bring them to the u.s. - marketers believe most americans wo n't make the convenience - ltd. tests a beer with oat bran rather than rice or corn - called 's original oat bran beer the costs about $ N a case - no cholesterol of course - northwest airlines settled the remaining lawsuits filed on behalf of N people killed in a N crash but claims against the jetliner 's maker are being pursued a federal judge said - northwest a unit of nwa inc. and mcdonnell douglas corp. which made the aircraft also are pursuing against each other in the crash near detroit metropolitan airport - terms of the settlements for the remaining N lawsuits against northwest were n't disclosed - a total of N lawsuits were filed on behalf of crash victims - u.s. district judge a. cook jr. announced the settlements as the jury trial was to begin yesterday - he reset opening arguments for today - the jury will resolve the claims against mcdonnell douglas northwest 's claim that a in the aircraft caused the crash and mcdonnell douglas ' claim that the plane was improperly - the national transportation safety board ruled that pilots failed to set the plane 's and properly for and failed to make mandatory checks that would have detected the error - also a warning system failed to alert the pilots the and were not set for the said - the only passenger who survived the crash was then N of ariz. whose parents and brother died in the crash - she now lives with in alabama - sun moon the korean who in N founded the unification church remains the mystery man behind a multimillion-dollar political and publishing operation based in this country and to the american right - but there may be less there than meets the eye - mr. moon planned to convert millions of americans to his unique brand of in which he plays the role of old political messiah and then to make the u.s. part of a unified international - his original strategy in itself a brilliant innovation for spreading a was to create new economic enterprises each time he wanted to extend and fund his various - tax-exempt airport and were intended only to provide start-up funds - more stable industries were to build an economically viable infrastructure for the moon movement in north america as they had in japan and south korea - then he would move his movement to europe - but that was not to be - throughout the 1970s and early 1980s spokesmen for both the unification church and its opponents in the movement gave wildly membership figures - their lives on - it is still common to read in the press that the church has N or more full-time american members and N associates - some estimates have gone as high as N members - but internal church documents clearly show that at its heights as when it organized a spectacular yankee stadium rally in N there actually were only about N full-time unification church members in the u.s. - mr. moon 's support for a richard nixon the scandal and his prison sentence for income-tax evasion did not help the church 's efforts - and kept member turnover high - that the membership number has even kept close to its N size is the result of the of the church - many of the enthusiastic young of the nixon era who remained to father moon are now parents producing new members by rather than conversion - the wealth of the unification church is another matter of - yet these purchases can be misleading - most were obtained with huge of church money from south korea and japan minimum cash and sizable mortgages - those teams of young selling flowers peanuts or outright at traffic brought in somewhere near $ N million a year during the 1970s but those revenues were a compared to the costs of mr. moon 's international conferences speaking tours and land buys - only his factories in japan and korea his at wages and producing everything from to to expensive marble kept the money flowing - virginia commonwealth university sociologist david who more than any other researcher has into the complex world of finances has concluded that profitable operations in the u.s. have been the exceptions rather than the rule - likewise journalists john burgess and michael of the washington post have estimated that at least $ N million was transferred from japan to the u.s. to deal with the church 's annual operating losses in this country - mr. moon 's two u.s. newspapers illustrate the scope of this financial drain - start-up costs for the washington times alone were close to $ N million and the total amount lost in this black hole was estimated at $ N million by N - since then moon 's organization has a pair of high-quality glossy opinion magazines the world and i and insight which are a further drain - insiders say that not even their editors know for sure how much these publications along with the newspapers have cost mr. moon - many american businesses such as a $ N million factory to build fishing vessels are - some components of the american church had their budgets cut in half last year and again this year - the relatively small academic conferences that have attracted conservative guests and press scrutiny in recent years are much more narrowly targeted and than the in fancy digs and exotic of years past - i attended several of these in the dual role as a of research findings as well as an investigator of my hosts - mr. moon 's house eventually even published three of my books on and politics - according to veteran watchers of affairs such as dr. j. gordon director of the institute for the study of american almost all operations are being drastically reduced as mr. moon now more on developing his empire in the far east - everything one senior consultant to the unification church recently told me in an interview is going back to korea and japan - europe had proved even less than north america - european politicians were less reluctant to have their governments investigate and new - so mr. moon is in retreat on the far east - south korea and japan continue to be profitable - moon 's industry conglomerate is now investing heavily in china where church accountants have high hopes of expanding and attracting even in the wake of the bloody massacre in square - motors is one such investment - according to senior consultants to the church mr. moon has successfully negotiated a joint venture with the chinese government to build an plant in province an area of china with a substantial korean minority - mr. moon has agreed to put up $ N million a year for N years and keep the profits in china - in return he has the government 's blessing to build and spread in that country - whatever respectability and ties to intellectuals and the publications and conferences bring really are salvage not the rev. moon 's original final goals but the ones for which he will have to settle - mr. is co-author with david g. of in america church and crusade and strange the great american scare - the manville personal injury settlement trust said it is considering several ways to ease a liquidity crunch that could include the sale of manville corp. to a third party - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission the majority holder of manville acknowledged that the cash portion of its initial funding of $ N million will be next year and that alternative sources of funds will be necessary to meet its obligations - the trust which was created as part of manville 's bankruptcy-law reorganization to compensate victims of diseases ultimately expects to receive $ N billion from manville but its cash flow from investments has so far lagged behind its payments to victims - for both the trust and the company refused to comment on whether any talks with a possible acquirer of manville had actually taken place - the trust is considering a sale of its manville holdings but manville has the right of first refusal on any sales of its stock held by the trust - manville a forest and building products concern has offered to pay the trust $ N million for a majority of manville 's convertible preferred stock - manville and the trust are discussing the offer but no decision has been made - the filing also said the trust is considering a sale of manville securities in the open market an extraordinary dividend on the common stock or a recapitalization of manville - the soviet union 's jobless rate is soaring to N N in some areas pravda said - it said the situation is caused by efforts to streamline bloated factory - unemployment has reached N N in N N in N N in N N in N N in and N N in the communist party newspaper said - all are republics along the southern border of the soviet union and all but have reported in the past six months - the newspaper said it is past time for the soviet union to create unemployment insurance and programs like those of the west - pravda gave no estimate for overall unemployment but said an association of the has up that says the number of jobless is N million soviets or N N of the work force - an dispute involving australia 's N domestic pilots has slashed airline earnings and much of the continent 's tourist industry - the only people who are flying are those who have to said frank moore chairman of the australian tourist industry association - he added how is a travel agent going to sell a holiday when he can not guarantee a return flight - transport giant which owns half of one of the country 's two major domestic carriers said the cost of the dispute had been heavy cutting 's profits N N to $ N million in the three months to sept. N - brazilian financier who was arrested on monday after N days in is likely to be next week by the brazilian judiciary - mr. who provoked a one-day of brazil 's stock markets in june when he failed to honor a debt of $ N million owed to his brokers yesterday blamed his on the president of the stock exchange a few days before mr. 's failure the exchange raised the required margin on transactions - china 's parliament ousted two hong kong residents from a panel a new constitution for the colony - the two and martin lee were deemed because they had china 's crackdown on its pro-democracy movement - the committee is hong kong 's constitution for when it to chinese control in N and chinese lawmakers said the two can only return if they abandon their stand against the chinese government and their attempt to the joint declaration on hong kong - nuclear for israel - israeli officials confirmed that energy minister and his canadian counterpart discussed a possible israeli purchase of a $ N billion canadian nuclear for producing electricity - however a canadian embassy official in said that canada was unlikely to sell the to israel since israel has n't signed the nuclear treaty - israel has been accused in the past of using to seek elements needed to develop nuclear weapons - the south korean government is signing a protocol today establishing formal diplomatic relations with poland - the two are also signing a trade agreement - south korean government officials said they do n't expect that seoul can loan money to warsaw but it can offer experience - poland is the second communist nation to recognize the seoul government south korea established diplomatic relations with hungary in february N - venezuela will hold a auction friday with N potential bidders participating - earlier this year venezuela announced it was opening up swaps to foreign investors but said the program would be limited to a net of $ N million a year - friday 's auction will be limited to $ N million by the central bank to potential investors - the office of foreign investment has authorized some $ N billion worth of investment proposals said edwin of foreign investment - most of the proposals are in tourism basic industry and and projects he said - under the program potential investors will submit bids on the percentage of discount they are willing to purchase the debt at and the bids will be allocated based on these discount offers - the central bank set a N N floor on the bidding - a song by american singer jailed black leader nelson was banned from south african state radio and television - the south african broadcasting corp. said the song freedom now was for broadcasting - britain 's house of commons passed a law that will force english fans to carry identity cards to enter stadiums - the law which would of cards must be ratified by the house of and is expected to become effective early next year - a federal judge ruled that marcos was n't brought to the u.s. against her will and that privileges which protect spouses from each other do n't apply in her case - as a result judge john f. keenan of new york ordered mrs. marcos to turn over to the court all and documents she may have filed in foreign countries in opposition to u.s. requests for evidence - mrs. marcos had claimed that she did n't have to turn over the documents because she was brought here and because providing the materials would violate her privilege - in N a year and a half after mrs. marcos and her late husband ferdinand marcos the ousted president of the philippines fled the philippines for hawaii they were charged with racketeering conspiracy of justice and mail fraud in a scheme in which they allegedly more than $ N million from their - much of the money was through purchases of prime manhattan real estate federal prosecutors have charged - mrs. marcos 's trial is expected to begin in march - u.s. law requires criminal defendants to turn over foreign documents such as those sought in the marcos case - the law is meant to overcome delays caused by defendants ' use of foreign procedures to block u.s. requests for records judge keenan said in his opinion - for instance the documents could involve foreign business dealings or bank accounts - the u.s. has charged that the ' alleged crimes involved bank accounts in the philippines hong kong the u.s. and other countries - on the of judge keenan wrote the suggestion that mrs. marcos was brought to this country against her will is by affidavit or - the judge also said the two privileges cited by mrs. marcos do n't apply - the first one permits a witness to refuse to testify against her spouse - but judge keenan said that privilege 's purpose is harmony in marriage - because mr. marcos died sept. N the privilege can no longer apply the judge said - the second privilege cited by mrs. marcos protects confidential communications between spouses - but judge keenan said that privilege is meant to protect private not litigation papers filed with foreign governments as mrs. marcos 's attorneys maintained - though judge keenan threw out most of mrs. marcos 's objections he agreed with one of her concerns that turning over the foreign documents could violate the defendant 's constitutional right against - as a result he said he will examine the marcos documents sought by the prosecutors to determine whether turning over the filings is - judge keenan also directed the prosecutors to show that mrs. marcos 's fifth amendment right against wo n't be violated - mrs. marcos 's attorney in new york declined to comment on the ruling - mrs. marcos has n't admitted that she filed any documents such as those sought by the government - charles the assistant u.s. attorney the marcos case did n't return phone calls seeking comment - u.s. and british law firms announce rare joint venture in tokyo - & austin a leading chicago-based law firm and morris a midsized london firm of are scheduled today to announce plans to open a joint office in tokyo - the firms will be registered under japanese law as foreign legal consultants and their practice with japanese clients will be limited to advising them on matters of foreign law - the office may also be able to advise foreign and multinational clients on international law and general matters - the office will provide shopping for japanese financial institutions and other clients seeking advice on access to the world capital markets according to a. bruce 's senior banking specialist who will move to tokyo from chicago to open the office next year - the venture will also be by another partner specializing in corporate law a partner from concentrating on acquisitions and a japanese attorney - the office will tap the resources of 's N lawyers in the u.s. london and singapore as well as the N staff members in london and brussels - is new to the far east - will maintain its association with the law office in tokyo - the united auto workers said it will seek a of a u.s. appellate court ruling against the union 's claim that the state of michigan in against female employees - a panel of the court in cincinnati made the ruling saturday - the is seeking a hearing by the full panel - the union sued the state in november N alleging that it intentionally job by sex and paid employees in female jobs less than males in comparable jobs - the also charged that the state applied its own standards for determining pay in a manner - in november N a district court judge in detroit ruled against the - the union is the bargaining representative for more than N michigan state employees - new jersey merger - one of the largest law firms in central new jersey has been created through the merger of & marcus a firm and & a health-care specialty law firm with N lawyers - is a firm that has expanded recently into such as banking labor and environmental work - the merged firm will carry 's name - drug wars - a texas legislator proposes drivers ' licenses of some drug offenders - the bill would courts to order the licenses as a condition of - state senator brown a republican who is running for texas attorney general introduced the bill - he said an altered license would be an embarrassment to and young adults and would act as a to drug use - richard executive director of the texas civil union called the proposal political and said it fails to recognize the drug problem as a health issue - the amendment offered by rep. douglas d. calif. was approved N during debate on a bill designed to strengthen the transportation department 's authority in dealing with leveraged buy-outs of airlines - the bill would require the agency to block the acquisition of N N or more of an airline 's stock if the purchase threatened safety reduced the carrier 's ability to compete or put the airline under foreign control - debate on the legislation which faces a veto threat from president bush is to continue today - the amendment would require the department to block the purchase of a major airline by anyone who has run two or more carriers that have filed for protection from creditors under chapter N of the bankruptcy code - in N texas air 's continental airlines filed for bankruptcy - earlier this year texas air 's eastern airlines filed for bankruptcy - this ought to be the do n't let frank lorenzo take over another airline amendment said rep. james d. minn. chairman of the house aviation subcommittee who argued that the provision was unnecessary because the bill already would give the department ample power to block deals - for years a strict the staff meetings at nissan motor co. 's technical center in tokyo 's western - employees wore listing not only their names but also their dates of hire - no one could voice an opinion until everybody with more seniority had spoken first so younger employees often the most enthusiastic and innovative seldom spoke up at all - but in N the and the do n't speak out of turn rule were abolished early steps in a cultural revolution still rolling on with all the of a freight train - in recent years nissan has instituted work schedules and allowed employees to dress even in blue jeans - a rule staffers to own competitors ' cars has been lifted and now many designers drive foreign cars to get useful ideas - nissan 's corporate song filled with to mount fuji has been scrapped in favor of a tune sung by a popular japanese - and in a japanese corporate first nissan recently opened the first company for single employees at the suburban tokyo technical center - we had lots of internal debate about this one concedes a senior public-relations official - but in the end top management decided to follow the voice of the younger generation - this corporate glasnost is a big reason nissan after years of making lackluster cars and profits has up its rigid ways and now is riding a string of hits ranging from the sedan and to the a sold only in japan - the company 's turnaround is far from complete many crucial tests are just beginning - but its surprising progress so far holds important for companies in trouble - the big one a company 's culture ca n't be changed unless top management first admits that things have gone badly and then publicly leads the charge - nissan 's executive vice president for finance helped set the tone in december N when the company was heading toward the first operating loss by a japanese auto maker since the nation 's postwar recovery - this is a time of to discover what is wrong with us he said - kume who took the helm as nissan 's president in june N added simply i am deeply disappointed - no wonder - nissan japan 's second-largest auto maker and the world 's was getting beat up not only by its bigger rival toyota motor corp. but also by honda motor co. the most successful japanese car company in the u.s. but a relative in japan - nissan 's market share in japan had been dropping year by year since the beginning of the decade - its u.s. sales sagged partly because of price increases due to the rising yen - worst of all nissan was with management and corporate - consider the experience of a designer of vehicle who joined nissan in N - at that time tasks were assigned strictly on the basis of seniority - the oldest designer got to work on the she recalls - the next level down did doors - if a new person got to work on part of the that was a big deal - this system produced boring cars that consumers just were n't buying - desperately hoping to spark sales nissan transferred N middle managers and plant workers to dealerships - meanwhile president kume ordered everyone from top executives to designers to go town watching to visit parts of tokyo to try to gain into developing cars for - some were downright comic - one group of manufacturing men from the company 's plant outside tokyo was supposed to check out a trendy restaurant in the city - but when they arrived at the door all were afraid to go in that they would be out of place - other trips were more productive - mr. kume himself visited honda 's headquarters in tokyo 's upscale district - he liked the lobby display of honda 's cars and trucks so much that he had nissan 's gloomy lobby exhibit - later nissan borrowed other honda practices including an engineering idea contest to promote - one engineer developed a car that moves - such sudden cultural shifts may come across as a bit forced but they seem to be genuine so much so in fact that some older employees have resisted - nissan handled the in a typically japanese fashion they were n't fired but instead were neglected says the personnel manager at the nissan technical center - despite the pain of adjusting the cultural revolution has begun to yield exciting cars - a year ago the company completely revamped its sedan the $ N which competes against a broad range of upscale it replaced its body with lines - since then nissan also has launched new versions of the $ N and sports car - the costs as much as $ N and is off against the N which begins at $ N - besides new the new have more powerful engines and more sophisticated suspension systems - all three new models are their by wide margins - in its home market nissan has grabbed attention with featuring odd enough to be - one is the a tiny with a top and that give it a look - nissan initially planned to sell just N but sales have passed N and there 's a one-year waiting list for the car - then there 's the an delivery van with a body that inspired its name - nissan helped develop a tokyo restaurant with both vehicles as its design theme - the chairs are seats and a gift shop sells such items as alarm like the 's - all these vehicles have sharply improved nissan 's morale and image but have n't done much for its market share - nissan had N N of the japanese car market in N before beginning a slide that continued through last year - strong sales so far this year are certain to turn the tide but even the N N market share that nissan expects in N will leave it far below its position at the beginning of the decade - nissan concedes that it wo n't recoup all its market-share losses in japan until at least N and even that timetable might prove optimistic - everyone else is going to catch up with nissan 's innovative designs says a. auto analyst at first boston japan ltd - nissan 's pace of hits will slow he adds just as toyota its own batch of new cars - likewise in the u.s. nissan has grabbed N N of the car market so far this year up from N N a year ago - but even that brings nissan only to the share it had in N and leaves the company behind its high of N N in N and N - why - so far nissan 's successes are mostly specialized vehicles with limited sales potential - in compact and cars the bread-and-butter sales for japanese auto makers nissan still trails toyota and honda - nissan hopes that that will start to change this fall with its new version of the stanza compact sedan - the stanza has been a compared with honda 's successful accord and toyota 's - but this year honda has revamped the accord and made it a midsized car - nissan instead has kept its new stanza a bit smaller than that and cut the base price N N at $ N stanza prices start $ N below the predecessor model yet have a engine - accord prices start at $ N - nissan 's risk is that its strategy might get lost amid the highly publicized rebates being offered by detroit 's big three - but on a new car a does n't work well because it the vehicle 's image contends thomas d. executive vice president of nissan 's u.s. sales arm - even if the new stanza succeeds nissan will remain behind in the segment where its does n't measure up to the honda civic and toyota - nissan will introduce a completely revamped next fall - at the opposite end of the market nissan its luxury infiniti division on nov. N three years after honda japanese luxury cars and two months after toyota 's lexus went on sale - nissan started advertising infiniti fully eight months before the cars hit american - the ads featured rocks and almost anything but the cars themselves - the ads have generated some but also plenty of attention because they are so unlike any other u.s. auto advertising - on the other hand nissan 's sales goals for infiniti are modest compared with toyota 's targets for lexus - nissan will build only about N of the $ N infiniti each month sending about N of them to the u.s. and keeping the rest for sale in japan - toyota wants to sell about N lexus next year in the u.s. alone - when i saw the lexus sales projections i got worried who led the infiniti development team - but on reflection mr. says he concluded that nissan is being prudent in following its strategy instead of simply copying lexus - infiniti is nissan 's big business move for the century and we 're in no hurry to generate large profits right away mr. says - despite plans to add two new infiniti models next year bringing the total to four infiniti wo n't show profits for at least five years he adds - these days nissan can afford that strategy even though profits are n't exactly robust - nissan had record net income of N billion yen $ N million in the fiscal year ended last march N a remarkable recovery from the N billion yen of two years earlier when the company lost money on operations - nissan has increased earnings more than market share by cutting costs and by taking advantage of a general surge in japanese car sales - but nissan expects to earn only N billion yen in the current fiscal year a modest increase of N N - the big reason for all its cost-cutting nissan remains less efficient than toyota - in its last fiscal year nissan 's profit represented just N N of sales compared with N N at toyota - to help close the gap nissan recently established a cost-cutting committee - nissan is the world 's only auto maker currently building vehicles in all three of the world 's key economic the u.s. japan and europe - that gives it an strategic advantage at least until its rivals catch up but also plenty of headaches - for example nissan 's u.s. operations include N separate subsidiaries for manufacturing sales design research etc. that report separately back to japan - and in july nissan 's tennessee manufacturing plant beat back a united auto workers organizing effort with aggressive tactics that have left some workers bitter - we are in a phase from being a japanese company to becoming an international company based in japan says mr. the executive vice president - he promises that nissan will soon establish a holding company overseeing all u.s. operations just as it 's doing in europe - perhaps the biggest challenge however will be to prevent a return to its former corporate as its recovery continues - already personnel officials are talking about the need for a phase two effort of some sort - we are still only half way through the turnaround of this company and there are many more things to do president kume says - he adds however that the momentum we have generated is - as expected warner records said it agreed to form a and joint venture with former mca records chairman irving azoff - warner said it will provide financing for the venture but did n't disclose terms - mr. azoff has n't named the company yet but any records it produces will be distributed by warner - warner is part of warner communications inc. which is in the process of being acquired by time warner inc - mr. azoff resigned as head of mca records a unit of mca inc. in september and had been discussing a joint venture with both warner and mca - in a statement yesterday mr. azoff said he chose warner the largest record company because their standing in the entertainment industry is second to none - president bush and soviet leader mikhail gorbachev will hold an informal meeting in early december a move that should give both leaders a political boost at home - the white house is not calling the meeting a summit so that there wo n't be any expectation of detailed negotiations or agreements - rather senior administration officials said that the unexpected meeting was scheduled at mr. bush 's request because of his preference for conducting through highly personal and informal meetings with other leaders - the two leaders will meet on dec. N and N the two days of meetings between a u.s. and a soviet naval vessel in the sea - the unusual meeting wo n't disrupt plans for a formal summit meeting next spring or summer at which an arms-control treaty is likely to be completed - in announcing the meeting yesterday mr. bush told reporters at the white house that neither he nor mr. gorbachev expects any substantial decisions or agreements - instead he said that the purpose is simply for the two to get better and discuss a wide range of issues without a formal agenda - despite the informal nature of the session and the calculated effort to hold down expectations the meeting could pay significant political dividends for both leaders - mr. gorbachev badly needs a diversion from the serious economic problems and ethnic unrest he faces at home - american officials have said that a meeting with the leader of the u.s. could help bolster his among soviet politicians and whose support he needs - for his part mr. bush has been criticized regularly at home for moving too slowly and cautiously in reacting to mr. gorbachev 's reforms and the historic moves away from communism in eastern europe - a face-to-face meeting with mr. gorbachev should damp such criticism though it will hardly eliminate it - senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine who has been the most prominent democratic critic of mr. bush 's handling of the soviet relationship praised the president for arranging the meeting - but he added the mere fact of a meeting does n't deal with the substance of policy - mr. bush said that the december meeting which was announced simultaneously in moscow will be held in the unusual setting of ships at sea to hold down the fanfare and force the two sides to limit participation to just small groups of advisers - by doing it in this manner we can have i would say more time without the press of social activities or mandatory joint appearances things of that nature for public consumption mr. bush said - soviet foreign minister eduard shevardnadze at a news conference in moscow said as the two sides plan to hold a summit in late summer next year they found it useful i would say even necessary to hold an interim informal meeting - although no specific agreements are expected mr. shevardnadze said that does n't mean they will be without an agenda - if the two leaders cover the subjects that have been featured in lower level u.s.-soviet meetings their talks would include human rights soviet reforms regional disputes relations with allies economic cooperation arms control and joint efforts to fight narcotics terrorism and pollution - the president specifically mentioned u.s. economic advice to moscow as a possible topic - mr. gorbachev has for months been publicly urging the u.s. to drop its restrictions on soviet trade - he recently told a small group of american businessmen in moscow that he hoped to sign a general trade agreement with the u.s. possibly at the N summit - the soviets hope a trade agreement would give them nation status which would lower the tariffs on soviet exports to the u.s. - in an unusually article about the latest economic unemployment pravda yesterday reported that three million soviets have lost their jobs as a result of perestroika and the number could grow to N million by the year N - economists in moscow are now proposing that the state start a system of unemployment benefits - but one bush administration official knowledgeable about the summit plan cautioned against assuming that there will be bold new initiatives on the soviet economy or other issues - do n't take this as some big opening for major movement on economic cooperation or arms control or the environment he said - those things will all come up but in a fairly informal way - instead this official said this is vintage george bush - this was george bush 's own idea - it 's george bush wanting to meet a foreign leader and talk to him directly - aside from the soviet economic plight and talks on cutting strategic and chemical arms one other issue the soviets are likely to want to raise is naval force reductions - western analysts say that given the meeting 's setting at sea gorbachev is unlikely to pass up the opportunity to press once again for negotiated cuts in the of both the north atlantic treaty organization and the warsaw pact - that theme has been a one for soviet military officials for much of this year - they argue that as the kremlin follows through on announced plans to cut land forces the soviets ' area of greatest strength the u.s. should show more willingness to cut sea forces washington 's area of greatest - one of the reasons bush administration aides are anxious to insist that the coming meeting will be informal is to avoid comparisons with the last such structured gathering former president reagan 's N meeting with mr. gorbachev in - that meeting sent through the western alliance because mr. reagan was pulled into discussing the possible elimination of nuclear weapons without consulting american allies - mr. bush said that he initiated talks with the soviets on the informal meeting by sending a proposal to mr. gorbachev last july which the soviet leader readily accepted - but word of the possible session was closely held by the president and a handful of top aides and word of it did n't reach many officials until the past few days - indeed many senior officials had been insisting for weeks that mr. bush was n't interested in such an informal - though president bush 's political critics at home have been urging him to open a more direct dialogue with mr. gorbachev it actually was the arguments of leaders within the soviet bloc itself that led the president to seek the december meeting - mr. bush decided he wanted the meeting after talking in europe in july with the leaders of poland and hungary who urged him to support mr. gorbachev 's efforts to transform the soviet system and to urge him to loosen his grip on eastern europe a senior aide said - while flying home from those discussions mr. bush drafted a letter to mr. gorbachev suggesting an informal to their formal summit next year - peter in moscow contributed to this article - del said its potential losses from lending to could reach N trillion lire $ N million marking the bank 's first of potential costs of unauthorized lending by its atlanta branch - bnl previously reported that its georgia branch had taken on loan commitments $ N billion without the management 's approval - state-owned bnl italy 's largest bank has filed charges against the branch 's former manager christopher and a former branch vice president alleging fraud and breach of their fiduciary duties - bnl also said that its board had approved after an discussion a letter to the bank of italy measures the state-owned bank has taken or plans to take to improve controls on its foreign branches - the central bank had ordered bnl to come up with a suitable program by yesterday - bank of italy has also ordered bnl to shore up its capital base to account for potential foreign loan losses and the rome bank has outlined a N trillion lire operation - bnl was unable to elaborate on what measures were planned by the bank to improve controls on its branches abroad - hardly a day passes without news photos of the police dragging protesters from some building or in one of our cities - of recent note are the activities of the and anti-abortionists anti-nuclear activists animal rights protesters college students concerned about groups various environmentalists and those with the pace of the war against aids - maybe he did n't start it but gandhi certainly provided a beginning to non-violent civil disobedience as we know it today - the or great one several campaigns of passive resistance against the british government in india - unfortunately according to webster 's his policies went beyond his control and resulted in and and later a renewed campaign of civil disobedience resulted in and a second - i am not a of everything gandhi did but some of his law breaking was justified because india was then under by a foreign power and indians were not able to participate fully in decisions that affected them - it is difficult however to justify civil disobedience non-violent or not where citizens have full to the ballot box to effect change - where truly representative governments are by constitutional of human rights and an independent judiciary to those rights there is no excuse for breaking the law because some individual or group with it - there may be a few cases where the law breaking is well and so completely of the rights of others that it is difficult to it - the case of parks the black woman who refused to sit at the back of the bus comes to mind as an illustration - but most cases of non-violent civil disobedience are not nearly so benign - the public has a tendency to demonstrations with non-violent civil disobedience - it is true that both are non-violent but there is a fundamental difference between them - demonstrations such as peaceful and other that do not the peace or cause a public or interfere with the rights of others are rights guaranteed by any truly free system of government - civil disobedience violent or non-violent is law breaking - the subject of this discussion is non-violent civil disobedience but before we get on with that let me make just a few remarks about demonstrations - they are useful to call public attention to but they have little value in anyone about the issues in dispute - the of television in dramatic confrontation encourages of through gestures signs and other inspired tactics - and an environment where compromise can begin are lost in a hostile posture by media interviews - at best demonstrations are and at worst they can become the that lead to law breaking - demonstrations are particularly apt to into criminal conduct when they leave the site of the and become mobile - criminals and street people looking for excitement themselves like to the of the crowd and use the protest as an excuse for rock throwing auto window breaking picking and general - soon the whole purpose of the demonstration is lost in mania - there are better ways to promote a cause - where non-violent civil disobedience is the centerpiece rather than a demonstration that may only attract crime it is difficult to justify - some find no harm in the of trespass minor property destruction blocking traffic and the like - they say these are small prices to pay for action for the cause - the crimes may appear small but the prices can be huge - here are two cases to illustrate - assume a neighborhood demonstration to protest speeding on a certain road or a accident involving a police car - the protesters lie down in the street blocking traffic and will not move until the authorities carry them away - assume that someone caught in the has a heart attack - there is no way to get an in quickly to move him to a hospital - he dies - the demonstration was non-violent and involved only a simple but its impact on that individual was violent and terminal - assume that a tv network is airing a celebrity interview program with a live audience - the politician appearing is highly controversial and has recently generated a good deal of amid certain groups - in a planned protest against his appearance several members of the studio audience chain themselves in front of the tv cameras in such a way that the program can not continue - the network must refund money to the advertisers and loses considerable revenue and prestige - the demonstrators have been non-violent but the result of their has been to seriously the rights of others with their dispute - it might be alleged that tv has done more than its share to and promote non-violent civil disobedience so the second situation above would be simply a case of coming home to - or maybe the tv network would lose nothing - or phil would probably pull up another camera and interview the protesters - let us look for a moment at another type of non-violent civil disobedience that only other people indirectly yet does damage to the nation as a whole - i am referring to those young men who chose to their country 's call to arms during the vietnam war and fled to canada or some other to avoid combat - their acts of civil disobedience which they tried to hide under the of at a war they characterized as weakened the national fabric and threw additional burdens on those who served in that conflict - even more at fault are those leaders in and out of government who urged and supported their thereby giving great help and comfort to the enemy - it is amazing that the mass executions in vietnam and cambodia do not weight more heavily on minds so morally - worse it remained to a but president of the united states to the final upon those who fought and died in vietnam - under the of the of the nation president carter thousands of draft thus giving dignity to their allegations of the war 's - the precedent having been set who can complain if future generations called upon to defend the u.s. yield to the temptation to avoid the danger of combat by simply declaring the war and until it is over - finally i think it important to point out the extraordinarily high of non-violent civil disobedience in these days of intensive media coverage - give television a chance to cover live any breaking of the law and no second invitation will be required - this brings into question the of those who lead civil disobedience demonstrations - do they want the for themselves or for their cause - here is a good rule of if the movement produced the leader the chance that he is is much greater than if the leader produced the movement - in either case ask yourself whether you have become better informed on the issues under protest by watching the act of civil disobedience - if you have not it is probable that a airing of the dispute by calm and rational debate would have been the better course - mr. was vice president of the u.s. from N until he resigned in N - gov. george deukmejian and key legislators agreed to back a temporary increase in the state sales tax to raise $ N million for repairs and relief associated with last month 's earthquake - the tax increase which will be considered at a special session of the state legislature that begins tomorrow would cover only part of the estimated $ N billion to $ N billion in total damage caused by the oct. N quake - aside from as much as $ N billion in recently approved federal aid the state is expected to draw from a gubernatorial emergency fund that currently stands at an estimated $ N million - i am not aware that there is anything but bipartisan agreement for the general of the plan said a spokesman for the governor after a monday meeting with legislative leaders over the question - the tax increase on top of the current per dollar sales tax would become effective this dec. N and expire dec. N N - the plan was preferred over an alternative that would have boosted the state gasoline tax - some legislators expressed concern that a increase would take too long and possibly damage chances of a major ballot initiative that voters will consider next june - despite continuing problems in its newsprint business corp. posted a N N gain in third-quarter net income - the consumer-products and newsprint company said net rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - after a flat second quarter tied largely to lower newsprint earnings attributed the gain to improved results in its consumer businesses in north america brazil and korea - those gains came from higher prices particularly for disposable and tissue products and from increased sales primarily for products the company said - newsprint results continued to be depressed the company added because of industrywide price discounting - the comparison was also enhanced by charges taken in the year-earlier period including $ N million related to the modernization of a pulp and newsprint mill in alabama - in the N period also interest expense and tax rates were lower than a year ago - in the first nine months profit rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share up $ N - intensive audits are coming to N taxpayers as research guinea pigs - this is the year of N personal returns are being picked for audits to help the irs update its criteria for enforcement audit selection and use of resources - the last taxpayer compliance measurement program survey covered N returns - the project starts jan. N and is to be done by may N N - specially trained irs agents will look for income and deductions and credits - the agents will make more than routine inquiries about such items as status and dependents they want to look at living standards and business assets - but they also are to see that taxpayers get all tax benefits and to ask if who sought irs aid were satisfied with it - courts have ruled that taxpayers must submit to audits but the irs will excuse from the anyone who was without change for either N or N - rewards have been suggested but never adopted for who come through audits without change - penalty overhaul is still likely congressional sources say - proposals to the more than N civil penalties and make them and easier to are in the house tax bill - but they were stripped from the senate bill after staffers estimated penalty revenue would fall by $ N million over five years - still congressional aides say penalty reform is a strong candidate for enactment even if not this time around although some provisions may be modified - sen. d. a leader on the issue who generally backs the house plan wants some changes for one separate sanctions for negligence and large of tax owed not a single penalty - he would ease the proposed penalties for delayed deposits and for form N and other reports that taxpayers correct voluntarily - the general accounting office urges congress to ensure that all penalties retain their force as - taxpayers ' rights are defined by a growing number of states - the N tax act created a federal bill of rights out irs duties to protect taxpayers ' rights in the assessment and collection of taxes - states are following suit - california enacted a rights law in N - in N illinois kansas ohio oregon and south carolina have adopted rights laws the federation of tax administrators a state officials ' group reports the features vary - and taxpayer groups are urging legislation in many other states - one group is the committee on state taxation which N corporations and advises the council of state chambers of commerce - the group 's mark says its efforts begun in N have led to the introduction of bills in massachusetts minnesota and colorado to establish procedures affecting all kinds of taxpayers - the group also seeks among states in provisions for taxpayers ' rights - this week new york city announced a policy on the federal bill of rights for taxpayers - the rate allowed for business use of a car in N has risen to N cents a mile for the first N from N cents in N the irs says the rate stays N cents for each added mile - also N cents for charitable activities and nine cents for medical and moving costs - ira could be used to qualify for bank services under a bill entered by chandler r. wash and d. texas - the bill would thwart a recent labor department opinion that investing funds to earn free checking violates the law - hugo vast - south carolina 's congressional delegation has entered senate and house bills to provide special treatment and other tax relief for growers in the hurricane disaster areas - he rode his but he could n't milk it the tax court says - the court often deductions of costs do they stem from a activity or a - but it 's rare to see both functions in one case - charles o. of mount ind. investment broker and son of a former stable owner tennessee walking horses for six years raised cattle for four and never made a profit on either - he claimed losses totaling $ N and the irs denied them all - special judge noted that managed in a way he kept detailed accounts practiced soil conservation enhanced his experience by consulting experts spent several hours a day doing chores and dropped the sideline when his best died - yet he took little care with his cattle he had no prior experience and did n't seek business counsel about them - the judge said may his $ N of losses from horse breeding but rejected the $ N in deductions from the cattle operation - briefs - the irs already is doing intensive audits of N returns for N and fiscal N filed by corporations with under $ N million in assets - president bush says he will name donald e. to the new treasury post of inspector general which has responsibilities for the irs - the u.s. and finland signed an income-tax treaty subject to - an arbitrator awarded eastern airlines pilots between $ N million and $ N million in back pay a decision that could complicate the carrier 's bankruptcy-law reorganization - eastern a unit of texas air corp. said it is the ruling to determine if it can appeal - it 's unclear whether eastern will succeed in the arbitrator 's decision made in a pay parity dispute that both the carrier 's chapter N petition and its N acquisition by texas air - all eastern 's previous court efforts to head off the pilots ' demands have failed - an eastern spokesman said he does n't expect that the arbitrator 's ruling will have any overall material effect on the company 's strategic plan - bankruptcy experts said the law is n't clear on how such an arbitration ruling can affect a company 's case - like any other creditor the pilots will have to apply to the court for payment of their claim - that may leave a lot of for u.s. bankruptcy judge burton r. to decide what if anything the pilots actually collect - in august he issued the ruling that let the pilots pursue their before the arbitrator - the pilots ' contract with eastern calls for a acceptable private arbitrator to resolve such - in a statement to employees eastern said the company was disappointed by the ruling - the obligation is totally unwarranted the statement said - james a lawyer for the air line pilots association said the pilots were extremely pleased - this is a blow not only to eastern but to the creditors committee he said - eastern 's creditors committee along with the company has consistently opposed the pilots ' claim which if paid would have to come out of money both hope to use to pay off other bankruptcy claims - eastern and its creditors are in the final delicate stages of negotiating a second reorganization plan to pay off the airline 's debts - an earlier plan which had received the creditors ' approval in july fell apart when eastern changed its business plan - it is n't known whether the pilot claim was figured into either plan - the dispute between eastern and its pilots is over a pay parity clause in the pilots ' contract - the clause was part of an agreement in which pilots accepted a substantial pay cut as long as no other labor group got a raise - shortly after texas air took control of eastern some machinists union supervisors received a N N pay raise - the pilots argued that this triggered a pay raise for them - eastern has disputed the claim but a federal district court an appeals court and now the arbitrator have all with the pilots - the two sides do n't even agree about how much money is at issue - the pilots put the amount as high as $ N million the company at $ N million - another arbitrator is hearing another pay parity case between eastern and its pilots resulting from a similar set of circumstances involving a separate pay raise granted another union - a decision on that case is n't expected before - ironically many of the pilots involved have left eastern or are still striking the carrier which filed for bankruptcy protection march N - about N have crossed the picket lines and returned to work - few people in the advertising business have raised as many as alvin a. achenbaum - the general public may not know his name but he 's famous make that in advertising circles a marketing consultant he slashing ad agency commissions to the of advertising clients and the of agencies - now after beating them mr. achenbaum is joining them - backer spielvogel bates worldwide named mr. achenbaum N vice chairman of professional services reporting directly to carl spielvogel chairman and chief executive officer - he joins nov. N his consulting firm achenbaum associates - in years past the ad industry 's most distinguished executives did n't hesitate to mr. achenbaum - they have since although one senior young & rubicam executive others said i think ad agencies owe carl spielvogel a vote of thanks for getting him out of the consulting business - but industry executives also believe hiring mr. achenbaum is a move for backer spielvogel a unit of saatchi & saatchi - mr. achenbaum has counted among his clients some of the most visible blue-chip advertisers in the country including nissan toyota seagram and backer spielvogel clients hyundai and j.p. morgan - at backer spielvogel he will work with clients and potential clients on marketing strategies aside from agency compensation issues he helped nissan for example come up with its and pricing for its new infiniti line - his client contacts meanwhile could prove a gold mine for an agency that has had few new business wins of late - i 've done over N ad agency searches for clients so i have a pretty good notion of what clients are interested in when they look for an agency mr. achenbaum said - as a consultant he has given at agencies including ogilvy & mather on how to win new business - mr. spielvogel said he hopes mr. achenbaum will do some strategic consulting at the agency for in hopes that they become clients - at backer spielvogel mr. spielvogel 's has been personal involvement with all major clients - he them he invites them to parties he strokes them - mr. achenbaum too into his clients ' business - carl has a much higher degree of with his clients than is ordinary for an agency his size - and with al 's record of being a and a detail guy you can see how the two fit said alan an analyst with painewebber - mr. achenbaum 's move follows the announcement last month that his consulting partner stanley N would retire - when the announcement came out i picked up the phone and said why do n't you come to us mr. spielvogel said - mr. achenbaum who had been considering down his firm or it with another small consulting outfit soon agreed - the two men are longtime friends and tennis partners having met about N years ago - before becoming a consultant in N mr. achenbaum was a senior executive at j. walter thompson co - he spent most of his career marketing strategies but became best-known for away at ad agency compensation - ad agencies typically earned a straight N N commission if a client spent $ N million on tv time the agency made $ N million - but mr. achenbaum negotiated fees which often worked out to less than N N - more recently he negotiated in which an ad agency in some cases must pay a client if it drops the account - he ultimately became so well-known for cutting compensation however that clients did n't seek him out for anything else - i was very frustrated he said - the fact of the matter is i am a marketer - that 's another reason for the backer spielvogel job - it struck me as a way to get back to what i really want to do - mr. spielvogel added the pressure on commissions did n't begin with al achenbaum - mr. spielvogel said mr. achenbaum will work with clients to determine the mix of promotion merchandising publicity and other marketing outlets and to integrate those services - he will concentrate on among others j.p. morgan and hyundai - mr. achenbaum helped morgan in its recent agency search and he has a long relationship with hyundai which is having severe troubles including declining sales - the trail of revenue is increasingly going away from pure advertising and going other services mr. spielvogel said - instead of being just an ad agency he said we have our mission here - our mission is to help our clients grow and to use every tool of marketing communications to accomplish that - industry executives are mr. achenbaum well - leonard matthews of the american association of advertising agencies called mr. achenbaum a in an N speech - yesterday mr. matthews now a consultant with the stamford conn. firm matthews & johnston i think he 'll be very good at that new job - and much better at that than at the he 's been doing recently - cotton inc campaign - cotton inc. the fiber company that represents cotton growers will begin a new ad campaign developed by ogilvy & mather day - j. nicholas hahn cotton inc. 's president and chief executive was an outspoken critic of wpp group 's acquisition of ogilvy group earlier this year - during the takeover mr. hahn said he would put his account up for review if wpp 's bid were successful but he did n't - cotton inc. 's new $ N million campaign calls cotton the fabric of our lives - the campaign its take comfort in cotton ads and marks the end of its national cooperative advertising efforts - for years the company 's ads were tied in with pitches for sheets or for example and an announcer at the end of the ads would tell customers where to find the true performance label - with the new tv spots ogilvy & mather has opted for a family style with lots of and - we 're making a fairly obvious plea for some emotional reaction says tom creative director at ogilvy & mather - cotton inc. will spend nearly $ N million on broadcasting on day alone advertising on such programs as good morning america macy 's day parade and the nfl holiday game - frank dies at N - frank l. one of the of advertising targeted at black audiences died at the age of N after a - mr. was chief executive officer of the group which he founded in N and which created ads for the black market - clients include miller brewing co. and general motors - mr. was sept. N and died monday according to samuel j. the agency 's president and chief operating officer - ad notes - earnings - group inc. new york reported third-quarter net income rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue increased N N to $ N million from $ N million - prime minister lee singapore 's leader and one of asia 's leading for N years recently announced his intention to retire next year though not necessarily to end his influence - the prime minister whose hair is and gray and whose face has a perpetual nonetheless continues to display an energy a precision of thought and a willingness to say publicly what most other asian leaders say only privately - the mr. lee recently spent an hour discussing the state of asia and the world with two journal reporters in his office - the interview did not touch on singapore 's domestic affairs - personal mr. lee picked up exactly where he left off several months earlier before the government crackdown in china when he had warned that the orthodox leadership in beijing feared a of views - follow - on china 's turmoil it is a very unhappy scene he said - it took former premier and party chief N years to build a team of economists who understood how the western economies work and now that team is part in part being and part missing - rebuilding that team mr. lee predicted will take another N years - that 's very sad for china and for asia because china could have been a good engine for growth not just for hong kong and taiwan but for japan korea and the rest of asia - on between china and the soviet union in important the soviets are different from the chinese - they are already industrialized - their problem is one of of an industrial economy - the chinese problem is much greater it 's how to to begin with - asked if the soviets like chinese officials wo n't one day face a similar conflict between the desire to economically and yet retain political control mr. lee said i would think that the soviets face a deeper dilemma because they have been more in than the chinese i mean keeping their people cut off from the outside world - mikhail gorbachev he said is ahead of china 's leaders in his awareness of the world - but i think the soviet peoples are more than the chinese - regardless he said he still believes the soviet union while falling far short of the efficiency of a western economy may well manage to improve considerably - on prosperity if america can keep up the present situation her markets open for another N years with adjustments and japan can grow and not cut back and so too korea taiwan hong kong singapore australia and new zealand then in N years the economies of these countries would be totally restructured to be able to almost sustain growth by themselves - in such an arrangement all benefit he said - and if the europeans come in they benefit too - it 's not a game - asked about the possibility of greater economic cooperation among nations which will be discussed nov. N and N at a meeting in mr. lee said the goal is to have a free and open world trading system - an asian bloc is n't intended he said - that 's not possible - on relations i 'm encouraged - i think the earlier notes struck by u.s. commerce secretary robert mosbacher and u.s. trade representative carla hills have been more - i believe the u.s. is becoming more patient and he said - it 's the total relationship that is important - the total relationship as mr. lee sees it is the flow of dollars to the u.s. to fund the deficits the investments the japanese are making in the u.s. in order to satisfy american demand that american products consumed in america should be made as much as possible in america by americans with japanese technology and capital - japan 's recent political turbulence mr. lee said may mean japan will slow market adjustments - they 'll be more in their own voters like opening up more to agricultural imports from america hurting their farmers - on u.s. military presence in asia asked if his offer to allow the american military to use facilities in singapore would help preserve america 's presence in the region at bases in the philippines he said what we have done is make it easier for the philippines to continue to host american bases without it being said they are of the and the only ones in asia or in southeast asia - we are willing to share the political burden of being host to america an imperial power - we think it is n't such a great burden that it carries no and we are prepared to do it - on relations it 's such a relationship going back into history - i really do not understand how it is that feel so involved in this father figure that they want to of and yet they need - i just do n't understand it - my relationships with the british are totally different - they it over me - they did me some good - they did themselves even more good - they let me down when the japanese came down during world war ii - i do n't feel down or done in because i show british on my television network or read their books - i mean it is a normal adult relationship - but the and the americans when i talk to them there 's so much passion about filipino being diminished as a result of being upon by the americans and so on - the tries to put on but we let it pass - it 's just comic when they try to they 're still the master race - mr. lee added that the are making it very difficult for the u.s. military presence to last beyond five or N years - on military alternatives if the u.s. pulls back the soviets already are present - i sooner or later the japanese would have to fill up a large part of the gap on the naval side - maybe the chinese maybe even the indians - on economic consequences of a diminished u.s. presence america is the only major power in recent history that has used its military might to sustain a system that enables all participants to equally benefit without her as the provider of the security taking royalties - asked why so few nations seem to share his views of america he said many people see it that way - but they have just taken it for granted - on cambodia let 's assume that former leader prince does what the press wants him to do and joins up with leader sen - is the trouble over - can and sen knock off the khmer rouge still supported by china - he ca n't - what is the way forward - to get the khmer rouge as part of a process for elections - and when they lose then we can expect china to stop aid - let 's put it - the chinese can not be seen to have made use of the khmer rouge and then them - ms. house is vice president of dow jones international group - mr. is editor of the asian wall street journal - everything looked good as walter levy and colleagues carefully cut away a woman 's tumor at the cleveland clinic in N - using small electrical shocks applied to her feet they were able to monitor nerves - the shocks generated that traveled via to brain and showed up clearly on a monitor indicating no damage to the delicate tissue - then says dr. levy she up - the damage was to her motor nerves which could n't be monitored along with the nerves he explains - the tragedy he adds galvanized me to look for a way to prevent similar cases - dr. levy 's answer may come with a new kind of magnetic brain probe a device that he and dozens of u.s. researchers are studying with great hope - besides holding the promise of safer surgery the probe could improve the of brain and disorders such as strokes and multiple - perhaps most exciting the device is open a window to the workings of the brain - the probe which is and apparently employs strong magnetic fields to induce small of electricity within the brain - if positioned over the brain 's area the hand-held generate that zip down motor nerves and making say a finger - in principle they will enable doctors to check the body 's motor system the way an tests a home 's electrical circuits by running current through them - until now we 've had no objective way of measuring motor function says keith a conducting clinical tests with the devices at boston 's massachusetts general hospital - all we could do was tell a patient squeeze my fingers as hard as you can or raise your arm - under the best circumstances such tests are when a patient is they do n't work at all - magnetic brain started in the early when researchers produced of light in the field with - in the 1960s clinic researchers developed magnetic devices to stimulate motor nerves in the hand and other - but for brain tests the machines would have required patients to stand on their heads says a researcher at the university of california at san diego - the field took off in N after scientists at britain 's university developed a handy compact for brain - since then at least two commercial versions have been put on the u.s. market and an estimated N have been sold - in august a chicago conference on such devices attracted more than N researchers who reported studies on everything from brain to physical therapy - we do n't feel we can use the devices routinely in surgery yet but we 're getting close says dr. levy who is now with the university of pittsburgh - a problem he adds is that brains are more to magnetic than ones - the devices could help indicate when surgery would help says charles a university of toronto - for example victims occasionally have some intact that if by emergency surgery enable partial recovery - but such operations typically are n't performed because there is no sign right after an injury that surgery would be beneficial - the cost of magnetic stimulators would seem like peanuts if we could retrieve function in such people dr. says - scientists caution there is a chance the technique might spark seizures in - but no significant problems have been reported among hundreds of people tested with the devices - the main besides feeling like a with is like a on the head says sam a who has studied the brain stimulators at yale university - one apparent side effect is a minor increase in a brain - and some doctors who have conducted hours of tests on themselves report temporary headaches - at least two companies laboratories inc. of wash. and medical systems inc. of conn. now sell versions of the magnetic devices - the machines which at $ N are by medical standards have n't been approved in the u.s. for marketing as brain stimulators but are sold for nerves in the hand and other areas - researchers can apply for permission to use the for brain studies - at the university of kentucky a team led by dean a physical therapy researcher is testing the stimulators in with electric shocks to induce muscle to help prevent of after surgery - similarly a university team led by heart researcher hopes to develop ways to induce muscle - the devices might someday serve as temporary or for stopped hearts says dr. whose prototype was dubbed the - the devices ' most remarkable possibilities though involve the brain - probing with the stimulators national institutes of health scientists recently showed how the brain resources after an - similar studies are expected to reveal how patients ' brains a first step toward finding ways to bolster that process and speed rehabilitation - scientists also are exploring memory and perception with the new machines - at the state university of new york at brooklyn researchers two groups of different letters on a computer screen in front of human guinea pigs - between certain areas in subjects ' brains are jolted with a magnetic - when the jolt is just right the subjects do n't recall seeing the first group of letters - where does that first go paul - trying to answer that is suggesting all kinds of theories such as precisely where and how the brain processes signals from the eyes - he and others say that the machines are weak enough that they do n't jeopardize the memory - both the team and researchers at the national laboratory in cambridge mass. are working with more potent magnetic brain stimulators - among other things the stronger devices may be able to forth memories and induce mood changes say - du pont co. hewlett-packard co. and los national laboratory said they signed a three-year $ N million agreement to on superconductor research - the collaboration will include at least N researchers and will be aimed primarily at developing thin films of superconductors for use in electronics the companies said - the materials discovered during the past three years conduct electricity without resistance and promise smaller faster computers and other new technologies - programs have as u.s. companies seek to spread the risks and costs of new superconductors and to meet the challenges posed by foreign especially in japan - the latest research pact du pont 's growing portfolio of investments in superconductors - the wilmington del. chemicals concern previously signed research superconductor agreements with oak national laboratory and with national laboratory - last year du pont agreed to pay $ N million for rights to superconductor work at the university of houston - hewlett-packard is a palo alto calif. computer maker - the los laboratory is one of three u.s. department of energy national laboratories designed as pilot centers to foster joint programs to speed the transfer of new superconductors to the marketplace - j.c. penney co. dallas said it issued $ N million of securities backed by credit-card receivables - the offering was priced with an N N coupon rate at N N to yield N N - the retailer said the securities are expected to be rated triple-a by standard & poor 's corp. and by moody 's investors service inc - they pay interest only for N months with principal payments beginning thereafter - the expected average life of the certificates is N years with the final scheduled payment in october N - first boston corp. is sole underwriter - as part of the transaction j.c. penney will sell a portion of its credit-card receivables to its receivables inc. unit which will then transfer them to a master trust - the trust will issue the certificates - credit support will be provided by a letter of credit facility from credit suisse in favor of the trustee fuji bank & trust co. for the benefit of the certificate holders - j.c. penney will continue to service the receivables - japanese industrial managers here always buck up nervous newcomers with the tale of the first of their to visit mexico a of N years ago - from the beginning it took a man with extraordinary to succeed in mexico says president of mitsui group 's engineering inc. unit - here in this new center for japanese assembly plants just across the border from san diego turnover is dizzying infrastructure bureaucracy intense - even drag bars where japanese over recorded music are prohibited by mexico 's powerful musicians union - still N japanese companies including giants such as industries corp. electronics components corp. and sony corp. have set up shop in the state of northern california - keeping the japanese happy will be one of the most important tasks facing conservative leader when he takes office nov. N as the first opposition governor in mexico 's modern history - mexico with its desperate need for investment and japan with its huge budget surplus would seem like a perfect match - but the two countries remain by a cultural barrier wider than the ocean - conservative japanese investors are put off by what they consider mexico 's restrictive investment regulations and loose work habits - from the ' viewpoint tactics of japanese managers do n't count for much in a land where a saying says there are no fixed rules - japan ranks as only the fourth largest foreign investor in mexico with N N of the total investments - that is just N N of all the money japan has invested abroad - mexican president carlos salinas de would like to change that - the young president so japanese discipline that he sends his children to a japanese school in mexico city - he already has a $ N billion loan from the japanese government - but mexico needs more help - mr. salinas 's unpopular institutional revolutionary party or faces congressional elections in N - for the to stand a chance mr. salinas has to press on with an economic program that so far has succeeded in lowering inflation and providing moderate economic growth - but maintaining the key components of his strategy a stable exchange rate and high level of imports will consume enormous amounts of foreign exchange - mr. salinas needs big investment inflows quickly - the problem is that japanese businesses make decisions with a view well beyond the coming months that weigh so heavily on mr. salinas - the japanese will come to mexico but not immediately says of the japanese external trade organization in mexico - if not now when - when the fruit is it falls from the tree by itself he says - pressed on the matter he is more specific - there will be big japanese investments probably five to N years from now - japan 's ambassador to mexico agrees that mexico may be too eager - there seems to be a in some sectors of mexico 's government that there is a lot of japanese money waiting behind the gate and that by slightly opening the gate that money will enter mexico - i do n't think that is the case - mexican officials maintain the japanese reserve is only a result of - because of distance it takes a while for them to appreciate the economic stability we 've achieved says one economic - mexico is sending a number of to japan looking for a major investment in telecommunications petrochemicals or tourism - it is hoped that other japanese would then follow the leader - but japanese investors say that their reluctance to invest stems not only from concerns about mexico 's economic outlook but also reservations about mexico 's recently revamped investment law - unable to get a new law through a congress with a strong leftist bloc mexico the existing law 's regulations - it created special 20-year trusts to allow foreigners N N ownership in some industries - it also made use of as industries some that had been in the national - those devices do n't give sufficient to our bosses in japan says representative of the industrial bank of japan - mr. cites the case of a customer who wants to build a giant tourism complex in and has been trying for eight years to get around mexican restrictions on foreign ownership of property - he could develop the beach through a trust but instead is trying have his become a mexican so his family gains direct control - some say the best hope for the is catching the eye of japan by promoting the one industry the japanese clearly like the border assembly plants known as which are open to N N foreign control - we must do more to help the japanese here in if we want them to invest elsewhere says mr. the of the national action party and himself a businessman - plant operators are by mr. 's pledge to cut corruption associated with the ruling party officials - but mr. that an even bigger problem could be from the u.s. where some politicians oppose what they consider japanese efforts to use to crack the u.s. market through the back door - shaken by tumbling stock prices and pessimistic projections of u.s. economic growth currency analysts around the world have down their of the dollar 's near-term performance - most of the N analysts polled last week by dow jones international news service in frankfurt tokyo london and new york expect the u.s. dollar to ease only mildly in november - opinion is mixed over its three-month prospects - half of those polled see the currency lower over the next three months while the others forecast a modest rebound after the new year - in late afternoon new york trading yesterday the dollar stood at N west german marks up from N marks late monday and at N yen up from N yen late monday - a month ago a similar survey predicted the dollar would be trading at N marks and N yen by the end of october - sterling was trading at $ N down from $ N late monday - in tokyo wednesday the u.s. currency was trading at about N yen at midmorning up from N yen at the opening and up from tuesday 's tokyo close of N yen - the average of estimates of the N economists polled puts the dollar around N marks at the end of november and at N yen - by late january the consensus calls for the dollar to be trading around N marks and near N yen - those with a bullish view see the dollar trading up near N marks and N yen while the dollar bears see the u.s. currency trading around N marks and N yen - a number of those polled predict the dollar will slip as the federal reserve interest rates - david owen an economist at kleinwort benson & co. in london said he expects further cuts in short-term u.s. rates in an effort to encourage a narrowing of the trade gap and to ensure a soft landing in the u.s. economy - robert white a vice president and manager of corporate trade at first interstate of california agreed with that view and predicted the u.s. federal funds rate will drop to between N N N and N N within N days from its current level at N N N - fed funds is the rate banks charge each other on overnight loans the fed influences the rate by adding or reserves from the banking system - mr. white also predicted a cut in the u.s. discount rate in the near future - the discount rate currently N N is the rate the fed charges member banks for loans using government securities as collateral - he expects such a cut because of problems in several sectors of the economy particularly real estate and automobiles - his argument the commerce department reported yesterday that new home sales for september were down N N from august 's revised N N fall - the drop marked the largest monthly tumble since a N N slide in january N - in last month 's survey a number of currency analysts predicted the dollar would be pressured by a narrowing of interest rate between the u.s. and west germany - indeed in early october the west german central bank raised its discount and rates by a full percentage point - several other european central banks notably in britain followed the west german 's lead by raising their own key rates - and a week later japan raised its official discount rate by a half point to N N - the japanese discount rate is the central bank 's base rate on loans to commercial banks - after a surprisingly sharp widening in the u.s. august merchandise trade deficit $ N billion from a revised $ N billion in july and well above expectations and a startling 190-point drop in stock prices on oct. N the federal reserve short-term interest rates knocking fed funds from around N N to N N N - but predictions that central banks of the group of seven major industrial nations would continue their massive dollar sales went as the market drove the dollar downward on its own reacting to wall street 's plunge and subsequent price volatility lower u.s. interest rates and signs of a slowing u.s. economy - consists of the u.s. japan britain west germany canada france and italy - senior deputy manager in the treasury department of mitsui bank ltd. in tokyo suggested that uncertainty about u.s. stocks and bonds has made japanese investors leery of holding those securities in the near term thus dollar demand - but mr. added once u.s. equities regain some stability players will move back into dollar-denominated investments especially treasury bonds whose value rises when interest rates decline - mr. said the key exchange rate is at N yen - if N is broken some panic will be seen he predicted explaining that japanese institutions are comfortable with the dollar anywhere between current levels and N yen - a senior trader at manufacturers hanover trust co. in frankfurt said he expects the dollar to recover within the next three months to around N marks as u.s. economic data particularly u.s. trade figures level off - he contended that the fed wo n't ease rates further but predicted officials will relax key rates in west germany - alfred chief trader at bank of boston in frankfurt took an opposite stance - he said he expects u.s. interest rates to decline dragging the dollar down to around N marks by the end of january after a short-lived to N marks by the end of november - west german interest rates he said will remain unchanged - but i 'm not one of these great dollar bears you see more of these days mr. said - i ca n't really see it dropping far below N marks - scott greene chief foreign exchange dealer with & co. in new york fits the of a great dollar bear - he predicted the u.s. unit will below N marks to around N marks this month and N marks by the beginning of the new year - we 're finally seeing the culmination of all the buildup of the last few months he said noting a continuing downward trend in u.s. interest rates a shaky stock market and economic times ahead all signal a significantly lower dollar - in the wake of british chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson 's surprise resignation and sterling 's subsequent most analysts had little good to say about the pound 's near-term prospects - mr. owen of kleinwort benson suggested that the new chancellor john major will take a tough line in his autumn statement later this month helping to the pound - but he warned the currency will remain at risk - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery dropped $ N to $ N an ounce in moderate trading - estimated volume was N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong wednesday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - christopher hill in tokyo nicholas hastings in london in frankfurt and and douglas in new york contributed to this article - west germany will repeal the unpopular turnover tax on securities transactions as of jan. N N economics minister helmut said - he said the government will also repeal the N N transaction tax on the first-time purchase of stakes in companies - the announcement follows several comments by government officials that the government will speed up the repeal of the tax which was originally scheduled to fall with the start of the single internal market in the european community at the end of N - the tax has been long criticized by the west german financial community because it tends to drive securities trading and other banking activities out of frankfurt into rival financial centers especially london where trading transactions is n't taxed - the tax has raised less than one billion marks $ N million annually in recent years but the government has been reluctant to abolish the levy for budgetary concerns - in the interview mr. did n't specify the amount of revenue the government will lose after the tax disappears - the new date means that the tax will be officially before the end of the current parliamentary term at the end of N and guarantees its even if the current coalition loses the elections in december N - earlier this year president bush made a final it offer on the minimum wage an increase to $ N an hour over three years and only if accompanied by a lower wage for the first six months of a job - now the white house has decided to accept the higher wage over only two years - the wage would apply only to first-time workers for N days - the white house had enough votes to sustain a veto but chose to avoid a confrontation - the only permanent losers will be the N or so workers everyone agrees will be priced out of a job at the $ N rate congress is likely to approve today - it is such as this that convince washington 's liberals that if they simply stay the course this administration will from its own course on this and other issues - the head trader of chemical banking corp. 's interest-rate options group has left the company following valuation errors that resulted in a $ N million charge against its third-quarter results - chemical said steven resigned recently but one individual close to the situation said the resignation was forced - mr. could n't be reached for comment - a separate inquiry by chemical cleared mr. of allegations that he had been by a new york money broker - that inquiry has n't resolved similar allegations involving another chemical options trader - in other personnel changes stemming from problems in its options unit - chemical named james kennedy a trader in swaps contracts for the bank to assume mr. 's duties and to be trading manager for derivative products including swaps and interest-rate options - lee vice president in charge of options research who discovered the valuation errors and was asked by senior management to out the mess resigned to take a position in asset and liability management at continental bank in chicago - mr. whom chemical tried to keep did n't return calls for comment - separately chemical confirmed that it took an undisclosed charge in the second quarter for losses on agreements involving foreign currency written by its branch in frankfurt west germany - a chemical spokeswoman said the second-quarter charge was not material and that no personnel changes were made as a result - the spokeswoman said the frankfurt situation was totally different from problems in the interest-rate options unit - according to individuals familiar with the situation the frankfurt loss stemmed from a computer program for prices on agreements that failed to an interest-rate environment where short-term rates were equal to or higher than long-term rates - while the incidents involving interest-rate options and agreements are unrelated some observers say they echo a N incident in which bankers trust new york corp. restated the value of its foreign exchange options contracts downward by about $ N million - these complex products require close monitoring because each must be valued separately in light of current market conditions - in an interest-rate options contract a client pays a fee to a bank for protection against adverse interest-rate swings for a specified period - in a agreement a client agrees to an exchange rate on a future currency transaction - some competitors maintain the option loss in particular may have resulted more from chemical 's taking large and often positions than a valuation problem - started three years ago chemical 's interest-rate options group was a leading force in the field - from N to N the value of chemical 's option contracts outstanding to $ N billion from $ N billion - more the volume of options written exceeded those purchased by almost - with such a book of options traders say chemical was more vulnerable to valuation assumptions - the chemical spokeswoman said the bank has examined its and internal controls - we consider our internal controls to have worked well she said adding that some procedures have been strengthened - its valuation she said are recognized as some of the best on the street - not a lot was needed to be done - when thomas w. wathen went big league last year he acquired a of along with a well-known but ailing security business pinkerton 's inc - there was a wanted offering rewards for the arrest of express and train frank james and w. james and the original pinkerton 's with an open eye and the we never sleep which inspired the phrase private eye - then there were two gold watches once owned by pinkerton who founded the company in chicago in N - but there were supposed to be three mr. wathen 's company claims - the missing watch is of the problems mr. wathen encountered in building his closely held california plant protection security service into the largest and security agency in the u.s. through acquisitions - the mr. wathen has learned that while acquiring a big company can be a to growth it can also bring a host of problems - we cleared out a lot of ' says the security veteran - mr. wathen who started his career as an air force investigator and worked as a security officer for several large companies built his california plant protection from a tiny security firm here in the san fernando valley - he joined the firm in N and bought it from the owners the next year - over the next N years california plant protection opened N offices around the country - yet although california plant protection was bigger and bigger clients the firm provided security for the N summer olympics in los angeles it still did n't have the name recognition of pinkerton 's - so when american brands inc. decided to sell the unit in N as part of a divestiture of its food and security industries operations mr. wathen saw a chance to accomplish several objectives - he decided he could easily merge pinkerton 's operations with his own while slashing overhead costs because the two already operated in many of the same cities - he could acquire a staff of loyal pinkerton 's employees many of whom had spent their entire careers with the firm he could eliminate a competitor and he could get the name recognition he 'd wanted - mr. wathen also the chance to demonstrate an entrepreneur like himself who 'd spent his whole career in the security business could run pinkerton 's better than an conglomerate or investment banker - the security business is my favorite subject - i love this business he says - most of the lbo guys do n't know how to run a business anyway - but there were not the least of which was that mr. wathen says he almost in doing the $ N million acquisition which was completed in january N - we were n't allowed to do any due because of competitive reasons - if we had it might have scared us off he says - five years of rapid expansion under american brands with an emphasis on marketing the agency 's services instead of improving them had hurt pinkerton 's profits mr. wathen claims - he says his team could n't tell whether accounts had been paid or not - pinkerton 's had locked itself into contracts to win new business with no hope of profitability until the contracts expired he adds - and regional offices were he claims - one office had N people doing the work of three and half of the employees had company automobiles - american brands declined to comment on mr. wathen 's accusations - the acquisition combined the country 's second-largest security company pinkerton 's with N sales of $ N million and the fourth largest california plant protection with $ N million in sales creating the industry 's biggest firm which took on the pinkerton 's name - even after itself of $ N million of unprofitable business the new pinkerton 's will have sales of about $ N million this year and operating profit roughly double the industry average of N N of sales says lloyd of & co. in los angeles which arranged the pinkerton 's acquisition - mr. wathen says his turnaround strategy has been simple just away at the fat - he began by closing N of the combined companies ' N offices in two months eliminating about N N of the company 's staff including more than N sales positions - he shut down the company 's tony new york headquarters - pinkerton 's world headquarters today is a office building across the street from the small van airport - next mr. wathen raised pinkerton 's rates which were lower than california plant protection 's average rate of around $ N - and he got rid of businesses that just were n't making money for the company - mr. wathen who says pinkerton 's had a loss of nearly $ N million in N under american brands boasts that he 's made pinkerton 's profitable again - but mr. wathen 's team still must pay down about $ N million of long-term bank debt from the acquisition within the next four years - last year earnings of the combined companies did n't cover debt service and pinkerton 's was forced to borrow $ N million of subordinated debt - we would n't have had to if a lot of the problems had n't been there mr. wathen says - this year mr. wathen says the firm will be able to service debt and still turn a modest profit - now pinkerton 's could become in a legal with its former parent - the company recently filed suit in state court in los angeles against american brands seeking at least $ N million in damages from the old greenwich company - the suit alleges that american brands the financial condition of pinkerton 's before the sale failed to disclose pending lawsuits and material contracts in which pinkerton 's was in default had n't registered the pinkerton 's name and trademark in the united kingdom and did n't tell california plant protection about some labor - we have previously had discussions with representatives of pinkerton 's inc. concerning the sale of the company and we concluded that we did not have liability under the contract says american brands - as this is now a litigation matter we have no further comment - and then there 's the case of the missing gold watch - the lawsuit alleges that an inventory of pinkerton 's disclosed that one of the watches had n't been over by american brands - american brand 's failure to surrender the gold watch has damaged new pinkerton 's in an amount as yet to be determined and deprived it of a valuable for which it had the suit charges - the key to pinkerton 's future will be sticking to what it does best being a security company says mr. wathen - the company is also renewing its emphasis on investigations particularly investigations for corporations - although investigations now account for only about N N of pinkerton 's total revenue that side of the business has traditionally been the more glamorous of the two and it carries historical and value - author who wrote the falcon was a former pinkerton 's - american brands just had a different approach mr. wathen says - their approach did n't work mine is - farm prices in october edged up N N from september as raw milk prices continued their rise the agriculture department said - milk sold to the nation 's dairy plants and dealers averaged $ N for each hundred pounds up N cents from september and up $ N from october N the department said - commercial led by and rose N N in october and other rose N N - prices fell N cents in october to N cents a pound while turkey prices rose N cents a pound to N cents - egg prices averaged N cents a dozen down N cent from september - rose $ N to $ N a in october while beef cattle slipped N cents to $ N for each hundred pounds and dropped N cents to $ N - soybeans averaged $ N a bushel down N cents from september corn averaged $ N down seven cents and grain averaged $ N for each hundred pounds down N cents according to the department - paramount communications inc. new york completed the sale of its associates corp. consumer and commercial finance subsidiary to a unit of ford motor co. for $ N billion - paramount which agreed to sell the unit in july said it would realize net proceeds from the sale of $ N billion with an after-tax gain of $ N billion - paramount said the gain would be recorded in its fourth quarter which ended yesterday - paramount said the sale the strategic restructuring it began in N and would enable it to focus on its entertainment and publishing businesses - ford said in july it planned to operate associates based in dallas as a separate entity in its ford financial services group - paramount said associates has about $ N billion in total assets making it third-largest in terms of assets among independent finance companies in the u.s. - sea containers ltd. in a long-awaited move to a hostile takeover bid said it will sell $ N billion of assets and use some of the proceeds to buy about N N of its common shares for $ N apiece - together with the N million shares currently controlled by management subsidiaries and directors the completed tender offer would give sea containers a controlling stake - describing itself as asset rich sea containers said it will move immediately to sell two ports various ferry services containers and other investments - of the proceeds $ N million will be used to fund its tender offer - sea containers added that the recapitalization plan will reduce its debt by more than $ N million - the company which has N million common shares outstanding said in that it was considering a restructuring to ward off a hostile takeover attempt by two european shipping concerns - in late may holding ag and plc launched a $ or $ N million tender offer for the hamilton sea containers - in the companies through their jointly owned holding company temple holdings ltd. sweetened the offer to $ N a share or $ N million - officials for temple declined to comment - news of the restructuring plan sent sea containers ' shares up $ N to $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - walter an analyst with painewebber inc. said that offering holders a higher $ price is a fairly effective method of blocking the bid - michael an analyst with tucker anthony & day added that the sale of assets would allow sea containers to focus on its core container businesses - for holders who decide not to tender their shares sea containers will issue one share of preferred stock with a stated value of $ N plus a cash dividend on the common stock - the company said its directors management and subsidiaries will remain long-term investors and wo n't tender any of their shares under the offer - sea containers said the offer will proceed after the supreme court or an interim injunction the company from buying its shares - that injunction resulted from litigation between temple and sea containers last may - the company said the court has indicated it will make a decision on or about nov. N - sea containers will soon set a date for its annual shareholder meeting to seek holder approval for the offer - you 'd think all the stories about communities and developers getting hud grants would prompt congress to tighten up on upscale housing subsidies - no way - congress has just made it easier for the affluent to qualify for insured loans from the federal housing administration - it appears that the only thing congress is learning from the hud story is how to its control of the pot going to special interests - right now the largest loan the fha can insure in housing markets is $ N - last week housing persuaded congress to raise the ceiling to $ N making fha loans more accessible to the - but it does that at the cost of the taxpayer 's exposure if the fha is forced to pay for more loans going sour - this is no idle fear last year the fha lost $ N billion in loan defaults - but the higher mortgage ceiling is only the for what senator alan cranston and majority leader george mitchell have in mind for housing - the senate banking committee will begin hearings next week on their proposal to expand existing federal housing programs - other senators want to lower the down payments required on loans - that would be a formula for ensuring even more fha red ink - experience has shown that the most important element in predicting a default is the down payment - because a can use an fha loan to finance all points and closing costs the fha can wind up lending more than a house is worth - if housing prices continue to fall many borrowers would be better off walking away from their homes and leaving taxpayers with the losses - much the same thing happened with s&ls a problem congress just solved with a $ N billion bailout - we hear that hud secretary jack kemp is with going along with some of the proposals - that sounds like a formula for ensuring that he gets dragged into the next hud pit - a group of N senators has written mr. kemp urging him to reject and focus on programs that the poor rather than create vast new government obligations - but even if he agrees mr. kemp does n't write the nation 's housing law congress does - and the majority of members view the current of hud as mainly a chance to through their own slate of projects - exhibit a is last week 's house vote to fund N pet projects out of the same discretionary fund that is at the heart of the hud scandal - none of the grants had been requested by hud or were the subject of a single hearing - more and more observers now realize that the key to ending future hud scandals lies in forcing congress to clean up its own act - this week a baltimore sun editorial said the subcommittee on hud should forget about sam 's testimony for the moment and call some other witnesses the various congressional sponsors of the N pork-barrel projects - the sun concluded that mr. is only part of the problem and a part that 's gone - if hud is to be it concluded members of congress will have to start looking into and doing something about the practices of their colleagues - of course is about the last thing this congress is interested in - proponents of expanding fha programs say they merely want to help home buyers who are frozen out of high-priced markets - but the fha program is hemorrhaging bad loans - jack kemp has submitted a package of reforms and they are surely headed for the capitol hill - like the s&l mess before it this is a problem congress should be solving not ignoring - gillette co. boston said it is planning to restructure its south african subsidiary - under the plan gillette south africa will sell manufacturing facilities in springs south africa and its business in and plastic bags to pharmaceuticals ltd. an affiliate of american corp. a south african company - terms were not disclosed - a final agreement has not been signed and the moves will not have a material effect on the company gillette said - the company said it is part of a continuing world-wide restructuring in which it has or sold operations in several countries - gillette said its continued presence in south africa enables it to make meaningful contributions to south african society to the lives of its employees and to the communities in which it operates - gillette south africa employs about N people - about N N of the work force will continue with gillette or transfer to pharmaceuticals the company said - the soviet legislature approved a N budget yesterday that its huge deficit with cuts in defense spending and capital outlays while to improve supplies to frustrated consumers - the vote to approve was - a proposal to raise prices of beer tobacco and was rejected N - soviet president mikhail s. gorbachev told the legislators they had made a good start but that the most difficult work was still ahead - the tass news agency said the N budget anticipates income of N billion rubles us$ N billion and expenditures of N billion rubles us$ N billion - those figures are almost exactly what the government proposed to legislators in september - if the government can stick with them it will be able to this year 's N billion ruble us$ N billion deficit - officials proposed a cut in the defense budget this year to N billion rubles us$ N billion from N billion rubles us$ N billion as well as large cuts in outlays for new factories and equipment - tass said the final budget and economic plan calls for a sharp increase in the production of consumer goods - trial and - at times i sequester my mind when i must think with precision from all other thoughts while trying to reach a decision - but often nothing 's resolved to my frustration and with pros and in limbo i feel like a hung jury - arnold j. - daffynition - applause - marvin - ocean drilling & exploration co. will sell its business and took a $ N million loss from discontinued operations in the third quarter because of the planned sale - the new orleans oil and gas exploration and operations company added that it does n't expect any further adverse financial impact from the restructuring - in the third quarter the company which is by murphy oil corp. of arkansas had a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a restated loss of $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - the latest period had profit from continuing operations of $ N million - revenue gained N N to $ N million from $ N million - ocean drilling said it will offer N N to N N of the business through an initial public offering in the near future - it has long been rumored that ocean drilling would sell the unit to concentrate on its core oil and gas business - ocean drilling said it wo n't hold any shares of the new company after the restructuring - after N years of pushing labor proposals to overhaul the nation 's health-care system seidman of the is finding interest from an unlikely quarter big business - corporate leaders frustrated by double-digit increases in health-care costs are beginning to sound like liberal democrats - failure to check rising medical costs ultimately could lead some of us who today are free-market advocates to our thinking and positions with respect to national health insurance arthur a general electric co. vice president warned earlier this year - the impact of health benefits has driven business and labor to a surprising consensus - both the and the national association of manufacturers are calling for measures to control rising costs improve quality and provide care to the N million americans who currently lack health insurance - agreement on these points is a long way from a specific program and nobody expects the u.s. to rush toward radical restructuring of the health-care system - but there are signs that labor-management cooperation could change the politics of health-care legislation and the economics of medicine - i ca n't remember a time when virtually everyone can agree on what the problem is says mr. seidman who heads the 's department dealing with health matters - because the bush administration is n't taking the initiative on health issues business executives are dealing with congressional democrats who champion health-care revision - business across the country is spending more time addressing this issue says sen. edward kennedy d. mass - it 's a issue - business complained earlier this year when sen. kennedy introduced a bill that would require employers to provide a minimum level of health insurance to workers but does n't contain measures - partly in response a bipartisan group of senators from the finance and labor committees is a plan to attract broader support - it will feature a provision designed to keep expanded benefits from fueling higher care prices - at N N of gross national product u.s. health costs already are the highest in the world - by contrast japan 's equal N N of gnp a nation 's total output of goods and services - management and labor worry that the gap makes u.s. companies less competitive - chrysler corp. estimates that health costs add $ N to the price of each of its cars about $ N to $ N more per car than foreign competitors pay for health - the cost of health care is eroding standards of living and industrial strength complains walter a chrysler specialist - labor is upset because many companies are using higher employee insurance premiums and to surging medical costs to workers - health benefits are contentious issues in the strikes against pittston co. and nynex corp - in their new contract this year american telephone & telegraph co. and the communications workers of america agreed to look for prompt and lasting national solutions to rising health-care costs - some analysts are about the new corporate interest in health-care overhaul - carl president of the health insurance association of america at capitalists who want to the entire financing system for health - they hope they can buy some government cost discipline but this is a false hope mr. says - he asserts that government has done an even worse job of controlling its health bill than business - so far neither the bush administration nor congress is prepared to lead the way toward revamping health care - the administration lacks a comprehensive health-care policy - congress still is struggling to the unpopular catastrophic care act of N which boosted benefits for the elderly and taxed them to pay for the new coverage - a bipartisan commission established by congress and headed by sen. john rockefeller d. is scheduled to present new plans for dealing with the uninsured and long-term care for the elderly by next march N - a commission appointed by health and human services secretary louis sullivan is taking a broad look at the economics of medicare for the elderly medicaid for the poor and the health system in general - it is expected to report next summer - no magic bullet will be discovered next year an election year says rep. stark d. calif - but N could be a window for action - the pressure for change will rise with costs - i think employers are really going to be the ones to push for major change says sharon a health expert at nam - any major attempt to the health-care system is likely to trigger opposition from politically powerful interest groups particularly the american medical association and perhaps from the public as well if congress takes steps that patients fear will limit the availability of care - the nam efforts which both the administration and the medical profession have begun to measure the effectiveness of medical and then to draft guidelines - advocates hope that such standards will improve treatment while limiting unnecessary tests and medical procedures - hhs secretary sullivan estimates that as much as N N of the medical procedures performed each year may be inappropriate or unnecessary - limiting care wo n't be easy or popular - to slow the rise in total spending it will be necessary to reduce use of services the nam warns in a policy statement - this will require us to define and what is necessary or appropriate care - this involves and it cuts against the grain of existing consumer and even provider of what is necessary - the also treatment guidelines - in addition it 's with an approach that would impose or budgets on the government as a whole and on individual states as a way to slow health-care spending - at a meeting here on nov. N the labor federation plans to launch a major effort to build support for health-care overhaul - inc. said it plans to shut down three plants moving their operations to a leased facility in ontario - the company said the business has been under severe cost pressures for some time - the fasteners and are sold to the north american auto market - a company spokesman declined to estimate the impact of the on earnings - he said the new facility will employ N of the existing N employees - the steelmaker employs about N people - said it has an option to lease a building in and proposes to spend N million canadian dollars us$ N million on the facility - the three existing plants and their land will be sold - first security corp. said it tentatively agreed to acquire for stock valued at about $ N million - terms call for first security to issue about N share of its stock for each share held or a total of about N first security shares - it has about N million shares outstanding - with about $ N million in assets is the parent of the bank which has six offices and headquarters at utah - the purchase price is equal to about N times 's roughly $ N million book value or assets less liabilities - salt lake first security with $ N billion in assets said the agreement is subject to shareholder and regulatory approval and that it hopes to complete the transaction early next year - georgia-pacific corp. 's unsolicited $ N billion bid for great northern nekoosa corp. was hailed by wall street despite a cool reception by the target company - william r. nekoosa 's chairman chief executive officer and president characterized the $ bid as and said nekoosa 's board would consider the offer in due course - t. marshall hahn jr. georgia-pacific 's chairman and chief executive said in an interview that all terms of the offer are negotiable - he added that he had spoken with mr. whom he referred to as a friend by telephone monday evening - i 'm hopeful that we 'll have further discussions mr. hahn said - on wall street takeover stock traders bid nekoosa 's stock well above the georgia-pacific bid assuming that nekoosa 's will either be sold to a rival bidder or to georgia-pacific at a higher price as much as $ N a share according to some estimates - yesterday nekoosa common closed in composite new york stock exchange trading at $ N up $ N on volume of almost N million shares - georgia-pacific closed down $ N at $ N in big board trading - takeover stock traders noted that with the junk-bond market in disarray georgia-pacific 's bid is an indication of where the takeover game is headed namely industrial companies can continue bidding for one another but financial buyers such as leveraged buy-out firms will be at a disadvantage in obtaining financing - the way the world is shaping up the strategic buyer is going to be the rule and the financial buyer is going to be the exception said one trader - for the paper industry specifically most analysts said the deal will spur a wave of takeovers possibly involving such companies as union camp corp. federal co. and mead corp - the analysts argued that georgia-pacific 's offer the first hostile bid ever among major players in the paper industry ends the on hostile bids and will push to look closely at the industry 's several attractive takeover candidates - consolidation has been long overdue - it was just the culture of the industry that kept it from happening - the georgia-pacific offer has definitely changed the landscape said gary of oppenheimer & co - added mark rogers of prudential-bache securities inc. it 's much easier to be second - a georgia-pacific acquisition of nekoosa would create the largest u.s. forest-products company - based on N sales georgia-pacific ranked third at $ N billion behind weyerhaeuser co. at $ N billion and international paper co. at $ N billion - nekoosa ranked with sales of $ N billion - the combined company would have had N sales of $ N billion - but such a combination also presents great risks - at a time when most analysts and industry consultants say pulp and paper prices are heading for a dive adding capacity and debt could squeeze georgia-pacific if the industry declines more than the company expects - moreover any unexpected strengthening of the dollar would hurt georgia-pacific because two of nekoosa 's major product lines which is used to make shipping boxes and market pulp are exported in large quantities - nobody knows how deep the cycle is going to be said rod young vice president of resource information systems inc. a mass. firm - depending on how far down you go it may be difficult to pay off that debt - one person familiar with georgia-pacific said the acquisition would more than double the company 's debt of almost $ N billion - it also could be a drag on georgia-pacific earnings because the roughly $ N billion in goodwill the amount by which the bid exceeds nekoosa 's book value of $ N billion will have to be from earnings over a period of decades - georgia-pacific 's mr. hahn said that a combined operation would allow savings in many ways - the two companies each produce market pulp and white paper - that means goods could be manufactured closer to customers saving shipping costs he said - moreover production runs would be longer cutting from adjusting machinery between production cycles - and georgia-pacific could save money in selling pulp because the company uses its own sales organization while nekoosa employs agents - mr. hahn said georgia-pacific has accounted in its strategy for a significant downturn in the pulp and paper industry an event that he said would temporarily earnings - but he said that even under those conditions the company still would realize a savings of tens of millions of dollars in the first year following a merger - the fit is so good we see this as a time of opportunity he said - georgia-pacific which has suspended its program would finance the acquisition with all bank debt provided by banks led by bankamerica corp - georgia-pacific owns N nekoosa shares and would need federal antitrust clearance to buy more than $ N million worth - u.s. clearance also is needed for the proposed acquisition - for nekoosa defense options may be undercut somewhat by the state of the junk-bond market which limits how much value the target could reach in a recapitalization - the company 's chairman mr. and a group of advisers met at the offices of lipton rosen & katz a law firm specializing in takeover defense - nekoosa also is being advised by goldman sachs & co - georgia-pacific 's advisers are & co. which stands to receive a $ N million fee if the takeover succeeds and the law firm of & sterling - people familiar with nekoosa said its board is n't likely to meet before the week after next to respond to the bid - the board has N business days to respond - in addition to the usual array of defenses including a so-called poison pill and a board nekoosa has another takeover defense a maine state law barring hostile bidders from acquired businesses for five years - nekoosa is incorporated in maine - georgia-pacific has filed a lawsuit in federal court in maine challenging the poison pill and the maine merger law - nekoosa 's poison pill allows shareholders to vote to it but georgia-pacific is n't likely to pursue such a course immediately because that would take N to N days and would n't affect the provisions of the maine law - among companies mentioned by analysts as possible for nekoosa are international paper weyerhaeuser canadian pacific ltd. and macmillan ltd - i 'm sure everybody else is putting pencil to paper said an analyst with first manhattan co - international paper and weyerhaeuser declined to comment - canadian pacific could n't be reached for comment and macmillan said it has n't any plans to make a bid for nekoosa - investors were quick to spot other potential takeover candidates all of which have strong cash flows and low-cost operations - among paper company stocks that rallied on the big board because of the offer were union camp up $ N to $ N federal up $ N to $ N mead up $ N to $ N and temple inland inc. up $ N to $ N - in over-the-counter national trading inc. jumped $ N to $ N - some analysts argued that there wo n't be a flurry of takeovers because the industry 's continuing program is eating up available cash - moreover some analysts said they expect a foreign paper company with deeper pockets than georgia-pacific to end up acquiring nekoosa to the rest of the industry that hostile bids are - this is a one-time event said lawrence ross of painewebber inc. referring to the georgia-pacific bid - but many analysts believe that given the of paper companies ' cash flows as well as the consolidation of the paper industry in europe there will be at least a few more big hostile bids for u.s. companies within the next several months - the buyers these analysts added could be either foreign or other u.s. concerns - the georgia-pacific bid may open the door to a new era of consolidation in the paper industry said mark of shearson lehman hutton inc - i do n't think anyone is now immune from takeover said robert of duff & phelps inc. chicago - he added every paper company management has to be saying to itself before someone comes after me i 'm going to go after somebody - prudential-bache 's mr. said he does n't see the industry 's program takeover activity - several projects he said are still on the drawing board - moreover it 's a lot cheaper and to buy a plant than to build one - indeed a number of analysts said that japanese paper companies are to acquire additional manufacturing capacity anywhere in the world - some predicted that nekoosa will end up being owned by a japanese company - meanwhile shearson lehman 's mr. said that to stay competitive the u.s. paper industry needs to catch up with the european industry - since the wave of friendly takeovers was completed in the u.s. in N there have been more than N mergers and acquisitions within the european paper industry he said - inc. ill. and research inc. los angeles said the food and drug administration granted full marketing approval for a new drug for the treatment of a condition in which the heart between N and N a minute - the condition known as leads to and - the typical healthy heart N times a minute - the drug called returns the heart to a normal within seconds according to - research developed the drug and licensed it to for sale in the u.s. and canada - private industry 's labor costs rose N N in the third quarter matching the second-quarter pace as health insurance costs continued to soar the labor department said - the increase in wage and benefit costs in the third quarter was greater than the N N rise reported for the third quarter of N - wage increases and overall compensation increases are beginning to upward a little bit said a labor economist at the conference board a business research organization - one would have thought this would have happened two or three years ago as the labor market tightened - it is a considerably delayed reaction and it 's not a severe one at all she added - the new data underscored the of the nation 's health-care cost problem - in the N months ended in september wages and salaries of private-sector workers rose N N while health insurance costs by N N - the consumer price index climbed N N in the same period - despite the big increases in health-care costs wages still account for a far greater share of overall labor costs - the overall private-sector employment cost index which includes both wages and benefits rose N N in the N months ended in september compared with N N for both the N months ended in june and the N months ended september N - labor costs are climbing at a far more rapid pace in the health care industry than in other industries - for instance wages of private-sector hospital workers leaped N N in the N months ended in september compared with N N for workers in all industries - in the third quarter wages and salaries in all private industry rose N N compared with N N increases in both the second quarter and in the third quarter of N - for the past five years unions have n't managed to win wage increases as large as those granted to workers - for private-sector union workers the cost of wages and benefits rose N N in the third quarter - for workers the costs rose N N - labor costs continued to rise more rapidly in service industries than in industries the report showed - it also found them rising much more in the northeast than elsewhere - including employees of state and local but not the federal governments the employment cost index rose N N in the third quarter compared with a N N rise in the same quarter in N - the index rose N N in the second quarter - for the N months ended in september this index was up N N - it rose N N for the N months ended in june and N N in the N months ended in september N - unlike most economic indicators none of these figures are adjusted for seasonal variations - inc. said it is N employees as part of a restructuring aimed at producing pretax savings of $ N million annually - under the plan said it will sell certain assets and businesses that do n't meet strategic and profitability objectives - the des ill. chemical coatings concern which has about N employees world-wide said it plans to sell its domestic rigid container packaging and flexible businesses and its chicago heights ill. plant - the company said it plans to use the sale proceeds to invest in business opportunities more closely identified with the company 's direction - stateswest airlines phoenix ariz. said it withdrew its offer to acquire mesa airlines because the n.m. carrier did n't respond to its offer by the close of business yesterday a deadline stateswest had set for a response - however stateswest is n't abandoning its pursuit of the mesa - stateswest which has a N N stake in mesa said it may purchase more mesa stock or make a tender offer directly to mesa shareholders - stateswest had proposed acquiring mesa for $ N a share and one share of a new series of stateswest N N convertible preferred stock it values at $ N a share - earlier mesa had rejected a general proposal from stateswest to combine the two carriers in some way - stateswest serves N cities in california arizona and nevada - mesa flies to N cities in new mexico arizona wyoming colorado and texas - a new takeover deal sparked a big rally in stock prices which buoyed the dollar - bond prices also edged higher - georgia-pacific 's $ N billion bid for great northern nekoosa helped drive the dow jones industrial average up N points to N in active trading - the dollar drew strength from the stock market 's climb - long-term bond prices rose despite about what a key economic report will show today - analysts said the offer for great northern nekoosa broke the pall that settled over the takeover business for the past three weeks in the wake of the collapsed ual corp buy-out - great northern nekoosa soared $ N a share to $ N substantially above the $ N a share georgia-pacific is offering - that indicates speculators are betting a higher offer is in the wings - prices of other paper makers rose sharply although georgia-pacific fell $ N a share to $ N - despite all the furor over program trading program trading played a big role in yesterday 's rally - some traders point out that as the big brokerage firms back out of program trading for their own accounts or for clients opportunities increase for others to engage in the controversial practice - that 's what happened yesterday - the rally notwithstanding there are plenty of worries about the short-term course of stock prices - a slowing economy and its effect on corporate earnings is the concern of many traders and analysts - unless the federal reserve interest rates soon to stimulate the economy profits could remain disappointing - yesterday 's major economic news a N N rise in the september index of leading economic indicators had little impact on financial markets - but the next important piece of news on the economy 's health this morning 's release of the national purchasing manager 's survey for october could prompt investors into action - a report late yesterday that the purchasing managers survey showed increased economic activity in that part of the country cut into gains - if the national survey confirms a pickup in the manufacturing sector it could further depress bond prices while stock prices and the dollar - meanwhile bond investors are under the of a national debt ceiling debate - although the treasury is expected to announce details of its november quarterly refunding operation today the nov. N schedule could be delayed unless congress and the president act soon to lift the nation 's debt ceiling - in major market activity - stock prices rallied in active trading - volume on the new york stock exchange totaled N million shares - advancing issues on the big board surged ahead of decliners N to - bond prices rose - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond gained less than a quarter of a point or less than $ N for each $ N of face amount - the yield on the issue slipped to N N - the dollar gained against most foreign currencies - in late afternoon new york trading the dollar was at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen late monday - s.a. a diversified construction concern based in paris said its consolidated profit for the N first half after payments to minority interests surged to N million french francs $ N million from N million francs a year earlier - revenue rose N N to N billion francs from N billion francs - the company did n't specify reasons for the strong earnings gain - but said its first-half profit is n't of the full-year trend because of the highly seasonal nature of many of the company 's activities - for all of N had consolidated profit of N million francs after payments to minority interests on revenue of N billion francs - the group has forecast N revenue of N billion francs - network inc. said it completed its acquisition of cos. for about $ N million - agreed to pay $ N and share for each of 's N million fully diluted shares - the acquisition brings together the two largest competitors to home shopping network inc. which now reaches more viewers than any other company in the video shopping industry - among them home shopping and already control most of that young and fast-growing market which last year had sales of about $ N billion - coast savings financial inc. reported a third-quarter loss citing a previously announced capital restructuring program - the los angeles thrift holding company said it had a loss of $ N million or $ N a share for the quarter ended sept. N - coast earned $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago quarter - the year-ago results have been restated to comply with government regulations - the restructuring program is designed to increase the company 's tangible capital ratio - it includes removing $ N million in good will from the books issuing $ N million in preferred stock and an exchange offer for $ N million in convertible bonds - during the third quarter the company charged about $ N million against earnings in reducing goodwill added $ N million to its general loan loss reserves and established a $ N million reserve for its high-yield bond portfolio - the company said its junk-bond portfolio after these moves had been reduced to less than N N of assets - philip morris cos. is launching a massive corporate advertising campaign that will put the tobacco giant 's name in tv commercials for the first time since the early 1950s when it stopped advertising its cigarette brand on television - the campaign a celebration of the anniversary of the bill of rights does n't mention cigarettes or smoking cigarette ads have been prohibited on television since N - but even before it begins the campaign is drawing fire from advocates who philip morris 's attempt to bolster its beleaguered image by itself in the document that is a of american democracy - philip morris which became the u.s. 's largest food company last year with its $ N billion acquisition of kraft inc. seems determined to beyond its roots in country - the company 's research suggests that its name recognition among most consumers remains unusually low although its array of brands including maxwell house coffee and miller beer blanket supermarket shelves - the company is expected to spend about $ N million a year on its two-year corporate campaign created by wpp group 's ogilvy & mather unit in new york - the initial spots will appear during morning and prime-time news shows - philip morris hopes that by taking its bill of rights theme to the in addition to publications it will reach the possible audience - until now its corporate ads mainly promoting its of the arts have appeared almost exclusively in newspapers and magazines - most people whether in toledo tucson or have n't got a clue who we are says guy l. smith philip morris 's vice president of corporate affairs - if they think well of the company through our support of the bill of rights it follows they 'll think well of our products - mr. smith says the bill of rights commercial which the themes of liberty and freedom of expression is n't designed to have any special appeal for smokers - although philip morris typically tries to defend the rights of smokers with arguments this has nothing to do with cigarettes nor will it ever the spokesman says - but some activists disagree anger at what they see as the company 's attempt to purchase by association - i 'm because this company is portraying itself at the heart of american culture and political freedom and in fact it 's a killer says michael former chairman of the federal trade commission and a critic - it should be treated like the drug mafia not the founding - mr. adds that the new commercial perfectly with major aspects of philip morris 's political strategy - these include trying to protect its print advertising by the first amendment and wooing blacks by portraying itself as a of civil rights - the commercial features among others the voice of martin king jr. the civil rights leader - many marketers say philip morris 's approach will be effective but they agree that the ads ' implied smoking message is - this is advertising that really says smokers have rights too says al chairman of & inc. a greenwich conn. marketing strategy firm - this is designed to get the in a circle and defend the smoking franchise - richard a partner at boston consulting group adds it 's very popular to yourself in the flag these days - if you can do that and at the same time send a message that supports your business that 's brilliant - rjr nabisco inc. and american brands inc. say they have no plans to follow philip morris 's lead - indeed rjr nabisco is currently under fire for having sent touting its now brand to consumers who smoke american brands ' - despite the criticism philip morris 's corporate campaign runs little risk of getting off the tube - they are n't showing james madison taking a or lighting up says laurence tribe a professor of constitutional law at harvard university - all they are trying to do is borrow some of the legitimacy of the bill of rights itself - technology stocks up helping the over-the-counter market rise from its recent doldrums - the nasdaq composite index surged N or about N N to N - it was the market 's biggest gain since rising more than N points on oct. N - advancing otc stocks decliners by N to N - but the move lagged a stronger rise in new york stock exchange issues - the big board 's composite index was up more than N N and the dow jones industrial average jumped N N - nasdaq 's gain was led by its biggest industrial stocks - the nasdaq N rose N to N - the financial index of N biggest banks and insurance issues added N to N - other strong sectors were indicated in gains of the transportation index up N to N and the utility index up N to N - national market system volume improved to N shares from N million monday - many of nasdaq 's biggest technology stocks were in the of the rally - microsoft added N N to N N and systems rose N N to N N - intel was up N N to N N - but traders who watch the stocks warned the rise may be yet another one-day phenomenon - technology stocks the brunt of the otc market 's recent sell-off and traders say it 's natural that they rebound sharply now that the market has turned around - but they caution conservative investors would do well to sell into the strength - they are always the first to be sold when people are taking profits because people are most scared of the high-technology stocks said robin west director of research for 's division which specializes in emerging growth stocks - the technology group includes many of the otc market 's biggest stocks which dominate the nasdaq composite index - analysts say rallies in the group historically have lifted the market while weakness in the sector often sank share prices broadly - but increasing volatility in the sector has exhausted investors who try to follow its and swings - the stocks have been repeatedly by inventory and disappointing earnings as the industry and - some even claim the group has become a lagging not leading indicator - the technology sector of the dow jones equity market index has risen only about N N this year while the nasdaq composite index has gained N N - while the composite index lost less than a third of its gains in the market 's recent decline the technology group 's gains were more than - the otc technology sector is far from a unit - the group is divided primarily between software semiconductors and computers - while computer stocks have taken the biggest hit from the slowdown in the industry many software and semiconductor stocks have continued to outperform the market - microsoft is up more than N N this year while intel is up more than N N - the technology group is also split between large companies and small with the biggest stocks trading as blue-chip issues in the institutional marketplace while the smaller stocks on their individual merits or analysts say - the volatility of smaller technology companies has served the group well overall in recent stock trading according to hambrecht & quist 's technology stock indexes - the brokerage firm tracks technology stocks with its technology index which only N N in the first nine months of this year - but the firm also tracks smaller technology companies as a of the larger group - that index which contains technology companies with annual revenues of $ N million or less gained N N by sept. N this year still lagging the s&p N but leading larger technology firms - yesterday bank stocks lagged behind the overall otc market - the nasdaq bank index rose N to N - george who trades bank stocks for shearson lehman hutton said the stocks tend to fall behind because they are n't traded as much as many other issues - but he added stocks in general are stalled - the interest-rate are n't with the rest of the market because of fears about what the federal reserve will do mr. said - he said that investors will the october employment report due out friday for clues about the direction of the economy and the immediate outlook for interest rates - on the other hand mr. noted that the recent slide in bank and thrift stocks was at least halted yesterday - shearson lehman hutton gave small investors some welcome news by announcing that it would no longer handle program trades for its accounts - shearson with its in-house order execution system has handled the bulk of such program trades in the over-the-counter market - the trading has been blamed for much of the market 's recent volatility - jaguar topped the list as its american depository receipts climbed N N to N N with more than N million adrs traded - britain said it would waive its golden share in the luxury auto maker if shareholders vote to allow a suitor to acquire more than N N of the company - the announcement effectively the british government as an to a takeover of the company which is being by general motors and ford - gen-probe was another active takeover stock - it surged N N to N on volume of more than N million shares after the company agreed to be acquired by japan 's chugai pharmaceutical for about $ N million almost double the market price of gen-probe 's stock - corp. lost N to N after filing for protection from its creditors under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code - mci communications added N N to N N - the company has up over $ N million in contracts in the past two days - monday mci announced a $ N million contract with the investment bank - yesterday it received a $ N million three-year contract from drexel burnham lambert - florida national banks of fla. slid N N to N N - late monday the federal reserve board said it is delaying approval of first union corp. 's proposed $ N million acquisition of florida national banks pending the outcome of an examination into first union 's lending practices in low-income - florida national said yesterday that it remains committed to the merger - industries gained N to N N after it said it agreed to buy & associates and two affiliates for cash and stock - the value of the transaction was n't disclosed - the companies being acquired provide telecommunications services to the telephone industry - industries whose stock has suffered steep losses in recent sessions surged N N to N - the stock was one of many in the paper products industry that rose following georgia-pacific 's $ N billion bid for great northern nekoosa - a permanent smoking ban on virtually all domestic airline routes won approval from the house which separately sent to president bush a nearly $ N billion fiscal N bill including the first construction funds for the space station - the smoking prohibition remains attached to a $ N billion transportation bill that must still overcome budget obstacles in congress - but yesterday 's action put to rest any resistance from tobacco interests - faced with inevitable defeat the once dominant industry declined any recorded vote on the ban which covers all but a fraction of N N of daily flights in the u.s. - the sole exceptions are an estimated N flights of six hours or more beginning or ending in hawaii and alaska - assuming final enactment this month the prohibition will take effect N days later or in early february - on a N roll call the house adopted the underlying transportation measure - but the bill still faces budget questions because it also is the vehicle for an estimated $ N billion in supplemental appropriations for law enforcement and anti-drug programs - the additional spending the measure more than $ N billion above its prescribed budget ceiling and the house appropriations committee leadership must now seek a waiver in hopes of completing action today - the separate $ N billion bill sent to the white house had budget difficulties too but was saved ultimately by its importance to a broad spectrum of interests in congress and the administration itself - no single bill this year includes more discretionary spending for domestic programs and apart from the space station the measure far-reaching provisions affecting the federal mortgage market - the current ceiling on home loans insured by the federal housing administration is increased to $ N during fiscal N - and in anticipation of increased lending the cap on fha loan guarantees would rise to approximately $ N billion - separately the bill gives authority to the department of housing and urban development to facilitate the refinancing of high-interest loans subsidized by the government under the so-called section N program for families - this provision met early and strong resistance from investment bankers worried about disruptions in their clients ' portfolios - but the promise of at least $ N million in new savings helped to forge a partnership between hud secretary jack kemp and lawmakers wanting to protect their projects elsewhere - the estimated $ N billion for the space station would be double last year 's level and total appropriations for the national aeronautics and space administration would grow N N to nearly $ N billion - a string of costly projects including the national aerospace plane and the advanced communications technology satellite would continue to be developed within these limits - and while imposing a statutory cap of $ N billion on future spending the bill would give nasa $ N million for the start-up of the mission a successor to the space probe - separately the national science foundation is promised a N N increase to bring its appropriations to $ N billion - and while pursuing these initiatives congress and the white house are squeezed too by steady increases $ N million in veteran 's medical care - the result is that all sides resort to of hand to make room for competing housing and environmental programs and the commitments now will drive excess spending into fiscal N - senior members of the house budget committee are reduced in frustration to raising doomed parliamentary obstacles to individual bills yet admit that much of the now stems from the fiscal associated with their own summit agreement with the white house this past spring - it 's hard to get the administration 's attention on anything said rep. bill r. minn. because the whole agreement was built on - among the subsidies continued in the transportation bill is $ N million to maintain commercial air service for an estimated N communities often in rural areas - senate appropriations committee chairman robert byrd d. strongly resisted deeper cuts sought by the house - but at a time when the white house wants to kill the entire program republicans have been among its leading - sen. pete r. n.m. the ranking republican on the senate budget committee used his influence to preserve more than $ N in subsidies for air service to fe n.m. and more than $ N million would go for service to eight communities in the western nebraska district of gop rep. virginia smith on the house appropriations committee - express an independent airline serving much of nebraska estimates that nearly N N of its revenues come from the subsidies that in some cases exceed the cost of a ticket - for example a passenger can fly from neb. to denver for as little as $ N to $ N according to prices quoted by the company - but given the few number of users the cost to the federal government per passenger is estimated at $ N according to house and senate appropriations committees - the house action yesterday came as the senate remained mired in difficulties over a $ N billion measure covering the budgets for the state commerce and justice departments in fiscal N - the compromise bill passed the house last week but has now provoked fights with the senate foreign relations committee which protects its prerogatives over operations at the state department - the same can breed confusion however in the absence of any authorization bill this year - house and senate sought to establish a nov. N deadline after which their bill would become the last word on how funds are distributed - but on a N roll call this provision was stripped from the bill last night after foreign relations chairman d. complained that it was an on exclusive powers vested in his panel for more than three decades - coda energy inc. said it arranged a $ N million credit facility with ncnb texas national bank a unit of ncnb corp. of charlotte n.c - the dallas oil and gas concern said that $ N million of the facility would be used to consolidate the company 's $ N million of existing bank debt to repurchase N million of its N million shares outstanding of series d convertible preferred stock and to purchase a N N interest in certain oil and gas properties from one of its existing lenders national canada corp - the remaining $ N million can be used over three years for oil and gas acquisitions the company said - ted coda 's president said the loan carries an interest rate of prime plus one percentage point with N N of the company 's net oil and gas revenue each month dedicated to repayment - the company put up virtually all of its oil and gas properties as collateral he said - general dynamics corp. was given an $ N million air force contract for aircraft and related equipment - loral corp. 's defense systems division received a $ N million air force contract for a weapons system - southern air transport inc. won $ N million in air force and navy contracts for transportation services - international business machines corp. was given a $ N million air force contract for satellite data systems equipment - directed technologies received a $ N million defense advanced research projects agency contract for advanced systems research - international inc. got a $ N million defense agency contract for combat - santa fe pacific was the kind of story wall street loved - since the value of its assets was n't known analysts were free to pick a number - in one of many scenarios bear stearns 's gary wrote in march that its real estate alone had a value of $ N billion - throw in its railroad minerals pipeline and oil assets he and others argued and the chicago-based conglomerate should be worth N a share - and why should holders expect to realize that presumed worth - that was another reason the street loved santa fe - with real estate experts olympia & york and samuel 's itel owning close to N N of santa fe 's stock management was under pressure in a favored phrase of wall street to quickly maximize values - but value it turns out is only what a buyer will pay - and with the company 's recent announcement that it is contemplating a partial sale of its real estate the values suddenly look poorer - santa fe has disclosed that it is negotiating to sell a N N interest in its real estate unit to the california public employees retirement system for roughly $ N million - since the real estate unit also includes debt the value of the real estate itself is close to $ N billion - the implied current net asset value of N per share is well below the N level that the street believed painewebber says - the upside was in the real estate which is no longer an - so what is santa fe worth - if the railroad is valued on a private market basis at the same multiple of earnings as in the recent sale of cnw it would have a value of $ N billion - a compromise between bulls and bears puts remaining assets and cash including its N N stake in its publicly traded pipeline at $ N billion - santa fe also has $ N billion in debt - in addition its railroad lost a $ N million antitrust suit which is on appeal and which analysts say could be settled for one-third that amount - that out to about $ N a share for the company on a private market basis - but santa fe currently trading at N N is n't likely to realize private market values by selling assets because the tax against it would be onerous - its plan instead is to spin off the remainder of its real estate unit and to possibly do the same with its mining and energy assets - robert d. santa fe 's chairman argues that since its businesses are valued in different ways the sum of the parts may be greater than the whole - but it is n't clear why that should be so - the spinoff argument after all the current notion that assets are worth more to private buyers than to public shareholders - and real estate usually has n't traded well under public ownership - salomon brothers says we believe the real estate properties would trade at a discount after the realty unit is spun off - and what about the cost and risk of waiting to realize the hypothetical private market values - some analysts remain bullish - mr. of bear stearns says he is the worth of the company 's assets and in the meantime is sticking to his buy recommendation on the belief that he will find values of N a share - he adds if for any reason i do n't have the values then i wo n't recommend it - first boston 's anne values santa fe at N down from her earlier estimate of N - her recent report the stock as a hold - but it appears to be the sort of hold one makes while heading for the door - from the report the stock 's narrow discount to asset valuation makes it a relatively investment at current prices especially given the risk that our projections could be on the aggressive side - chairman says the california pension fund is getting a bargain price that would n't have been offered to others - in other words the real estate has a higher value than the pending deal suggests - since most of the unit 's real estate is in california the pension fund will be a useful political ally in a state where development is often held to boards - and as mr. says with itel and on the unit 's board the real estate will be run by a very unusual group to say the least - it is possible then that santa fe 's real estate even in a state by earthquakes could one day fetch a king 's - but as drexel analyst linda dunn notes its properties will be developed over N to N years - so despite wall street 's talk of quickly values holders could be in for a long wait - santa fe pacific nyse symbol - business railroad natural resources and real estate - year ended dec. N N - revenue $ N billion - net loss $ N million N cents a share - third quarter sept. N N - net income N cents a share vs. net loss of $ N a share - average daily trading volume N shares - orkem s.a. a french state-controlled chemical manufacturer is making a friendly bid of N pence $ N a share for the N N of u.k. specialty chemical group coates brothers plc which it does n't already own the two sides said - the offer which values the whole of coates at # N million has already been accepted by coates executives and other shareholders owning N N of the company - the acceptances give orkem a controlling N N stake in the company - orkem and coates said last wednesday that the two were considering a merger through orkem 's british subsidiary orkem coatings u.k. ltd - orkem france 's third-largest chemical group said it would fund the acquisition through internal resources - the takeover would be followed by a restructuring of orkem 's u.k. unit including the addition of related orkem businesses and possibly further acquisitions - orkem said it eventually would seek to make a public share offering in its u.k. business - intelogic inc. said it is exploring alternatives to maximize shareholder value including the possible sale of the company - but b. edelman who controls about N N of the san antonio texas company insisted that the announcement did n't have anything to do with the ongoing battle for control of datapoint corp - any sale of intelogic could have an impact on the battle between mr. edelman and new york attorney martin ackerman for control of datapoint - intelogic holds N N of datapoint 's common shares outstanding - mr. edelman said the decision has nothing to do with ackerman - mr. ackerman contended that it was a direct response to his efforts to gain control of datapoint - intelogic was spun off from datapoint four years ago shortly after mr. edelman took control of datapoint - marks & spencer plc reported a N N gain in first-half pretax profit mainly because of improving performances in the u.k. and continental europe - in the six months ended sept. N pretax profit at the british clothing and food retailer rose to # N million $ N million from # N million a year ago - the results analysts ' forecasts which averaged around # N million and marks & spencer responded in trading on london 's stock exchange with an eight pence rise to N pence - profit after tax and minority interest but before extraordinary items rose N N to # N million per-share earnings rose to five pence from N pence - marks declared an interim per-share dividend of N pence compared with N pence a year earlier - sales increased N N to # N billion from # N billion while operating profit climbed N N to # N million from # N million - sales in north america and the far east were inflated by acquisitions rising N N to # N million - operating profit dropped N N however to # N million - brooks brothers which marks bought last year saw operating profit drop in half to # N million - federal and state thrift said they saw evidence of criminal wrongdoing in the collapse of lincoln savings & loan association and a california regulator described an attempted by deputies of chief federal regulator danny wall - in a day of hearings before the house banking committee the described finding documents a panamanian subsidiary millions of dollars into a swiss bank and a attitude by mr. wall 's deputies one of whom was portrayed as acting more like a public-relations man for the thrift than a federal regulator - a california official also said he sent the federal bureau of investigation a of documents relating to a previously reported $ N contribution from lincoln 's parent by sen. alan cranston d. calif - federal examiner alex said lincoln 's operations amounted to debt to provide a life style for its owners - another federal examiner john said lincoln 's principal owner charles keating jr. and his family drew off at least $ N million from the thrift in salaries bonuses and proceeds from securities sales in the N N years before federal authorities seized it earlier this year - lincoln 's collapse may cost taxpayers as much as $ N billion according to estimates making it the most expensive thrift failure in history - i think there 's overwhelming evidence to indicate probable criminal activity said mr. who participated last year in an examination of the irvine calif. thrift - he said the evidence pointed to wrongdoing by mr. keating and others although he did n't any specific violation - richard a california state official who last year examined lincoln 's parent american continental corp. said he also saw evidence that crimes had been committed - it sure like it he said - he said N N of the loans he were dead meat on the day they were made - the state examiner also said supervisors of a parallel federal examination seemed so reluctant to demand write-downs of lincoln 's bad loans that he immediately grew - later on my concerns about a became even more serious he said - he called the sour loans and added you opened the file up and it just jumped at you - leonard a washington attorney for lincoln 's parent corporation said in an interview we deny any criminal behavior by the association or its officers - those who testified yesterday have consistently maintained that anyone who did n't agree with them is part of a a or the subject of excessive influence mr. said - we simply do n't agree with that or the findings of their investigation - mr. wall 's deputies complained that they had n't been given an opportunity to respond to the criticism brought out during the banking committee 's hearings which committee chairman henry gonzalez d. texas has used as a forum to mr. wall 's handling of the affair and to demand that he step aside from his job - a couple of things mr. said were at least misleading said kevin o'connell one of the washington regulators responsible for the handling of lincoln - in an interview he said federal regulators eventually declared one of the loans the state regulator cited to be a total loss and forced lincoln to make an $ N million downward adjustment on another - our response to the would simply be look what happened another washington official alvin said in an interview - federal officials seized the association in april a day after the parent corporation entered bankruptcy-law proceedings - the government later brought a $ N billion fraud suit against mr. keating and others - rep. gonzalez has complained that regulators waited far too long however ignoring a recommendation from regional officials to place lincoln into two years before it failed - he took the reckless course of ignoring the evidence rep. gonzalez said - state thrift examiner eugene said he found the chief federal examiner steve scott to be totally in one allegedly fraudulent series of transactions - frankly it was like he worked for the lincoln public-relations department mr. testified - and david a federal examiner who worked under mr. scott said he found his chief oddly upbeat about lincoln - asked to comment a spokesman for mr. scott said mr. scott has spoken to his attorney who has advised him not to talk to anybody - mr. said that a day or two before lincoln 's parent entered bankruptcy proceedings he and other saw a truck with a sign on it that said it was from the document destruction center - we observed at least two large plastic bags of paper loaded into this truck - mr. said the paper had been donated to a charitable organization that sells it for recycling - they it simply because it contained financial information about their creditors and - mr. said his were aroused by several foreign investments by lincoln including $ N million paid to credit suisse of switzerland an $ N million interest in saudi european bank in paris a $ N million investment in a trading company and a recently discovered holding in a company holdings - mr. said i can see why an s&l examiner would regard these as unusual activities but said the overseas investments essentially broke even for the s&l - ltv steel co. is boosting the prices of flat rolled steel products by an average of N N following a recent erosion in the prices of such crucial steel products - the big questions are whether the increase effective jan. N N will stick and whether other major steelmakers will follow suit - it is widely expected that they will - the increase is on the base price which is already being discounted by virtually all steel producers - but ltv 's move marks the first effort by a major steelmaker to counter the free fall in spot prices - major steel producers are selling cold rolled sheet steel at about $ N a ton compared with a peak price of $ N a ton in N - companies are receiving even less per ton - ltv 's planned increase which was announced in an oct. N memo to district managers does n't affect steel or plate - ltv confirmed the plan saying the move is designed to more accurately reflect the value of products and to put steel on more equal footing with other commodities - a spokesman for ltv steel which is a unit of dallas-based ltv corp. noted that steel prices adjusted for inflation increased only N N between N and the fourth quarter of N while the prices of other industrial commodities increased nearly five times as much - at the same time steelmakers are trying to invest more to modernize technology and make themselves more competitive - but analysts say the company is also trying to prevent further price drops - moreover they note that ltv may be trying to send a signal to major customers such as chrysler corp. and corp. that steelmakers need more money - both companies are in the process of negotiating contracts with ltv and others - they ltv may believe this can impact contract negotiations and is their signal to the world that now is the time to get tough on prices said peter marcus an analyst with painewebber inc - mr. marcus believes spot steel prices will continue to fall through early N and then reverse themselves - he is n't convinced though that the price decline reflects falling demand because the world economy remains relatively strong - and while customers such as steel service centers are continuing to reduce inventories through the fourth quarter they eventually will begin up again he notes - it wo n't be clear for months whether the price increase will stick - steelmakers announced a round of increases last year but began offering sizable discounts over the summer - in fact ltv was the first steelmaker to publicly boost discounts for buyers of cold rolled sheet steel and hot-dipped galvanized sheet steel - in composite new york stock exchange trading yesterday ltv common shares fell N cents to close at $ N - the treasury plans to raise $ N billion in new cash with the sale monday of about $ N billion in short-term bills to redeem $ N billion in maturing bills - however the treasury said it will postpone the auction unless it has assurances of enactment of legislation to raise the statutory debt limit before the scheduled auction date - the offering will be divided evenly between 13-week and 26-week bills maturing on feb. N N and may N N respectively - tenders for the bills available in minimum $ N denominations must be received by N p.m. est monday at the treasury or at federal reserve banks or branches - j.c. penney co. is extending its involvement in a televised service by five to N years - shop television network inc. of los angeles said penney agreed to continue its exclusive arrangement with shop television which does the production marketing and cable distribution for the j.c. penney television shopping channel - the channel reaches N million homes a penney spokesman said - michael rosen president of shop television said penney decided to extend its involvement with the service for at least five years - if by that time the network reaches N million homes the contract will be renewed for five more years - earlier this year penney abandoned another home shopping venture corp. after investing $ N million in it - the company took a $ N million charge in the fiscal first quarter ended april N related to the service - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - plants to produce the billion-dollar idaho potato - set out to that feat and with new life forms - in N james watson and his colleagues the double of dna acid the genetic key to - years later two california stanley cohen and herbert boyer made dna a 's gene into bacteria which then genes - when boyer met robert an in N they saw dollar signs - with $ N apiece and an injection of outside capital they formed genentech inc - commercial was born - genentech 's first product a brain protein called proved its technology - the next to be human insulin had market potential and genentech licensed it to eli lilly which produced N N of the insulin used by N million u.s. diabetics - their laboratory credentials established boyer and headed for wall street in N - at the time genentech had only one profitable year behind it a modest $ N on revenue of $ N million in N and no product of its own on the market - nonetheless the $ N million issue they in N opened at $ N and leaped to $ N within N minutes - the trip from the test tube was not without - boyer and cohen for instance both still university researchers had to be talked into applying for a patent on their technique and then the patent office refused to grant it - that judgment in turn was reversed by the u.s. supreme court leaving cohen and boyer holding the first patents for making dna now assigned to their schools - now is an part of the drug business - genentech 's N sales were $ N million both from licensing and its own products - the portfolio unit of the french bank group credit lyonnais told stock market regulators that it bought N shares of cie. de navigation mixte apparently to help fend off an unwelcome takeover bid for the company - earlier yesterday the societe de was told that a unit of s.a. also bought navigation mixte shares this purchase covering more than N shares - both companies are allies of navigation mixte in its fight against a hostile takeover bid launched last week by cie - financiere de paribas at N french francs $ N a share - navigation mixte 's chairman had suggested that friendly institutions were likely to buy its stock as soon as trading opened monday - the credit lyonnais purchase for N regular common shares and N newly created shares is valued at about slightly more than N million french francs - unocal corp. los angeles said it and de venezuela s.a. would create a petroleum marketing and refining general partnership in the midwest - the joint venture co. would generate total annual revenue of about $ N million and have N employees a unocal spokesman said - unocal said the venture would enable it to recover more of its refining and marketing investment and prepare for expected growth in exploration production chemicals and other areas - it said financing would consist of $ N million from a private placement obtained through shearson lehman hutton inc. and a $ N million revolving credit line underwritten by chase manhattan bank - in addition to unocal 's N refinery near ill. the new venture would control N distribution terminals a and packaging plant and N company-owned unocal service stations - it said the venture expected to take control of the facilities dec. N would also serve another N independent unocal gasoline stations - will supply N barrels of oil a day for the refinery unocal said - mitsubishi heavy industries ltd. said unconsolidated pretax earnings in the fiscal first half surged N N to a record N billion yen $ N million reflecting strong demand for a variety of products - in the period ended sept. N net income rose N N to N billion yen or N yen a share from N billion yen or N yen a share - a year ago the tokyo company had pretax profit of N billion yen - sales amounted to N trillion yen climbing N N from N billion yen - encouraged by the brisk performance mitsubishi plans to raise its per-share dividend to N yen from three yen - company officials said the current robust domestic demand that has been fueling sustained economic expansion helped push up sales of products like ships steel structures power systems and machinery and resulted in sharply higher profit - senate leaders traded proposals aimed at speeding action on legislation to narrow the deficit and raise the federal government 's debt limit but the major block remains president bush 's proposal to cut the capital-gains tax rate - democrats want the tax provision to be a separate bill subject to the usual procedural obstacles - republicans meanwhile want to try to protect the measure by combining it with two politically popular issues that democrats could find hard to block - the talks between senate majority leader george mitchell of maine and his gop counterpart sen. robert dole of kansas are expected to resume today - last night after meeting with mr. bush and administration officials at the white house mr. dole proposed streamlining the fiscal N deficit-reduction bill now stalled in a house-senate conference committee and passing a long-term extension of the federal debt ceiling without any accompanying amendments - under this plan two provisions currently in the house version of the bill repeal of both the insurance program and a controversial N tax provision intended to counter discrimination in plans would be made into a separate bill - republicans would try to a capital-gains provision to that legislation hoping the political popularity of its other two parts would democrats from blocking it - democrats want to avoid having to make that choice by making the capital-gains tax cut an individual bill - sen. mitchell is confident he has sufficient votes to block such a measure with procedural actions - both plans would drop child-care provisions from the house version of the deficit-reduction legislation and let it progress as a separate bill - while that could make it vulnerable to a veto by mr. bush democrats argue that a presidential rejection would give their party a valuable issue in next year 's congressional elections - senate democrats are to meet today to consider the gop proposal - yesterday mr. dole seemed of the bush administration 's strategy of pushing the capital-gains measure at every chance in the face of democratic procedural hurdles - pushing the issue on legislation needed to avoid default by the federal government he told reporters does n't seem to be very good strategy to me - at N a.m. est today the federal government 's temporary $ N trillion debt limit expired - to avoid default lawmakers must pass legislation raising the limit to $ N trillion from $ N trillion by next wednesday according to the treasury - pressed by chairman dan d. ill of the house ways and means committee treasury undersecretary robert told a congressional hearing that the administration would give up its demand for the capital-gains tax cut if faced with a potential default - price stern sloan inc. said it hired an investment banking firm to assist in evaluating restructuring or merger alternatives and reported a net loss of $ N million or $ N a share for the third quarter ended - these results compare with net income of $ N million or N cents a share for the corresponding period last year - this quarter 's loss includes pretax charges of $ N million on the proposed of the company 's troubled british subsidiary and $ N million of other write-offs the company said were and related to inventory publishing advances and costs - the publishing concern said it retained the investment banking firm of donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities inc. to act as its financial adviser in the evaluation of various financial and strategic alternatives including debt refinancing raising capital recapitalization a merger or sale of the company - the company also retained attorney martin p. a director of the company and former head of the publishing group as an adviser - net sales for this year 's third quarter were $ N million down from $ N million last year - the company attributed the decrease in part to the exclusion of the company 's british sales from the current year 's figures as a result of the subsidiary 's status as a proposed discontinued operation and in part to lower sales in certain key foreign and domestic accounts - u.k. sales for last year 's quarter were about $ N million - stock prices surged as a multibillion-dollar takeover proposal helped restore market players ' confidence about the prospects for further - paper and forest-products stocks were especially strong as the offer for great northern nekoosa by georgia-pacific triggered speculation that the industry could be in for a wave of merger activity - the dow jones industrial average climbed N to N even though some late selling caused the market to retreat from session highs - trading was moderate with N shares changing hands on the new york stock exchange - aside from the takeover news big buy orders were placed for blue-chip shares in afternoon trading - traders said the buy programs came from very large institutional accounts that were also active in the stock-index futures markets - at one point almost all of the shares in the major market index which the industrial average were sharply higher - some N big board issues advanced in price and only N declined while broader market averages rose sharply - standard & poor 's 500-stock index climbed N to N the dow jones equity market index added N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index climbed N to - great northern surged N N to N N well above georgia-pacific 's offering price of $ N a share amid speculation that other suitors for the company would surface or that the bid would be raised - nearly N million shares or about N N of the company 's shares outstanding changed hands in big board composite trading - with stocks having been battered lately because of the collapse of takeover offers for ual the parent company of united airlines and amr the parent of american airlines analysts viewed the proposal as a psychological lift for the market - the $ N billion bid which had been rumored since last week creates a better feeling that there 's value in the market at current levels and prospects for a hot tape says a.c. moore director of research at research corp - traders and analysts alike said the market 's surge also reflected an easing of concerns about volatility because of moves by a number of brokerage firms to curtail or cease stock-index arbitrage - much of the in stock prices lately has been blamed on arbitrage trading designed to profit from differences in prices between stocks and index futures - people are looking for an ability to try and read the market rather than be said a. manager of equity trading at donaldson lufkin & jenrette - he noted that institutional investors showed pretty general interest in stocks in the latest session - but traders also said trading contributed to the market 's surge as buy programs boosted prices shortly after the opening and through the remainder of the session - georgia-pacific fell N N to N N but most paper and forest-products stocks firmed as market players speculated about other potential industry takeover targets - within the paper sector mead climbed N N to N N on N million shares union camp rose N N to N N federal paper board added N N to N N gained N N to N N stone container rose N to N N and jumped N N to N N - forest-products issues showing strength included champion international which went up N N to N N weyerhaeuser up N to N N up N N to N N and cascade up N to N - the theme of industry consolidation had surfaced earlier this year among drug stocks which posted solid gains in the latest session - pfizer gained N N to N N schering-plough added N N to N N eli lilly rose N N to N N and upjohn firmed N to N - also rose N N to N N - an advisory committee of the food and drug administration recommended that the agency approve the company 's heart drug - two rumored restructuring candidates in the oil industry moved higher chevron which rose N N to N N on N million shares and usx which gained N N to N N - pennzoil is rumored to be a stake in chevron in order to push for a revamping of the company investor carl icahn has recently increased his stake in usx which separately reported earnings that were in line with expectations - paramount communications which completed the $ N billion sale of its associates corp financial-services unit to ford motor gained N N to N N after losing one point monday amid rumors of a delay - the company said the sale would produce a $ N billion gain in the fourth quarter - bankamerica climbed N N to N after painewebber boosted its investment opinion on the stock to its highest rating - the upgrade reflected the N N decline in shares of the bank since the firm lowered its rating in early october based on the belief the stock had become expensive - sea containers which unveiled a proposed restructuring advanced N to N - the company said it would repurchase half of its common shares at $ N each sell an estimated $ N billion in assets and pay a special dividend to holders - shaw industries which agreed to acquire armstrong world industries ' carpet operations for an undisclosed price rose N N to N N - armstrong added N to N N - corp. rose N to N - the company agreed definitively to be acquired by ogden corp. in a stock swap valued at about $ N million - ogden gained N N to N N - ocean drilling & research dropped N N to N N following news of a restructuring plan that calls for the company to its drilling business into a separate company and offer a N N to N N stake to the public - the american stock exchange market value index rose N to N - volume totaled N shares - imperial fell N N to N N in the wake of its third-quarter earnings report - net income was down from a year ago when a gain from the restructuring of a retirement plan boosted - cilcorp inc. ill. said it agreed to acquire the environmental consulting and analytical service businesses of hunter environmental services inc. of conn - the utility holding company said hunter will receive N shares of a new series of cilcorp convertible preferred stock with a face value of $ N million for the businesses - cilcorp will also assume $ N million of hunter 's existing debt - as part of the agreement cilcorp said it will pay hunter $ N million in exchange for agreements not to compete - cilcorp said the businesses to be acquired had revenue of $ N million for the year ended march N - separately cilcorp said it plans to purchase as many as N million shares or N N of its common stock outstanding from time to time on the open market and through privately negotiated transactions - the company which currently has N million common shares outstanding said it has no specific plans for the shares - bush and gorbachev will hold two days of informal talks next month - the president said that he and the kremlin leader would meet dec. N aboard u.s. and soviet naval vessels in the to discuss a wide range of issues without a formal agenda - a simultaneous announcement was made in moscow - bush said that neither he nor gorbachev expected any substantial decisions or agreements - the meetings wo n't disrupt plans for a formal summit next spring or summer at which an arms-control treaty is likely to be completed - the two leaders are expected to discuss changes sweeping the east bloc as well as human-rights issues regional disputes and economic cooperation - israel 's army lifted a around a palestinian town in the occupied west bank ending a campaign of cars furniture and other goods to crush a tax - while residents claimed a victory military authorities said they had confiscated the equivalent of more than $ N million to make up for the unpaid taxes - east german leader krenz arrived in moscow for talks today with gorbachev on restructuring proposals - in east berlin communist party officials considered new forum the country 's largest opposition alliance as about N demonstrators staged protests in three cities to press demands for democratic freedoms - the house approved a permanent smoking ban on nearly all domestic airline routes as part of a $ N billion transportation bill that must still overcome budget obstacles in congress - the chamber also sent to bush a nearly $ N billion fiscal N measure that includes the first construction funds for a space station - nicaragua 's ortega postponed until today a decision on whether to end a cease-fire in the conflict with the contra rebels - in washington the senate voted to condemn ortega 's threat to cancel the truce and bush said he would review u.s. policy toward managua including the possibility of renewing military aid to the rebels - chinese leader deng told former president nixon that the u.s. was deeply involved in the turmoil and that beijing last spring - nixon on the fourth day of a private visit to china said that damage to relations was very great calling the situation the most serious since N - afghanistan 's troops broke through a guerrilla on the strategic highway allowing trucks carrying food and other to reach kabul after a missile attack on rebel - the of about N vehicles was the first to make deliveries to the capital in about N days - turkey 's legislature elected prime minister as the country 's first civilian president since N opening the way for a change of government under a new premier he will select - the vote in was by opposition politicians who vowed to oust - he begins his seven-year term nov. N succeeding - south africa 's government dismissed demands by conservatives the nation 's main opposition party for emergency talks on pretoria 's recent of dissent - the government also urged whites to from panic over growing black protests such as the massive rally sunday on the of - researchers in belgium said they have developed a genetic engineering technique for creating hybrid plants for a number of crops such as cotton soybeans and rice - the scientists at plant genetic systems n.v. isolated a gene that could lead to a generation of plants a - a bomb exploded at a leftist union hall in san salvador killing at least eight people and about N others including two americans authorities said - the blast which the opposition labor group 's offices was the latest in a series of attacks in el salvador 's civil war - hungary 's parliament voted to hold a national on an election to fill the new post of president - the balloting to decide when and how to fill the position which a collective presidency under a pact signed by the ruling and opposition groups is to be held - the state department denied to a vietnamese man who escaped from his by himself to the housing of a tanker for two days in - a spokesman for democratic sen. of island said however that the and service would review the 's request - ogden projects inc. said net income jumped to $ N million or N cents a share in the third quarter - the fairfield n.j. company which is by ogden corp. new york had net of $ N million or four cents a share a year ago - revenue soared to $ N million from $ N million - ogden projects whose shares began trading on the new york stock exchange in august closed yesterday at $ N down N cents - the stock began trading this summer at $ N apiece - ogden projects which has interests in recovery and cleanup said it has N facilities in operation up from seven a year ago - meanwhile ogden corp. which also has interests in building maintenance and management reported third-quarter net income of $ N million or N cents a share more than twice the $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - under attack by its own listed companies and powerful floor traders the new york stock exchange is considering a collar on program trading that it abandoned last year according to people familiar with the big board - the exchange also may step up its disclosure of firms engaged in program trading these people said - big board officials would n't comment publicly - but in an interview in which he called the stock market 's volatility a national problem big board chairman john j. phelan jr. said we are going to try to do some things in the short intermediate term to help the situation - mr. phelan has been viewed by many exchange members as being to swings caused by program trades - he said he is very surprised by the furor over program trading and the exchange 's role in it that has in recent days - mr. phelan said that the big board has been trying to deal quietly with the issue but that banning trading strategies entirely as some investors want would be like taking everybody out of an automobile and making them ride a horse - the exchange has a board meeting scheduled for tomorrow and it is expected that some public announcement could be made after that - big board officials have been under from both investors and the exchange 's own floor traders since the dow jones industrial average 's 190-point tumble on oct. N - mr. phelan has n't been making public remarks in recent days and many people have urged him to take more of a leadership role on the program trading issue - what the big board is considering is a collar on program trading when the market moves significantly - early last year after a one-day drop in the dow the big board instituted the collar which banned program trading through the big board 's computers whenever the dow moved N points up or down in a day - it did n't work - the collar was on a number of occasions meaning securities firms figured out ways to conduct program trades to the collar and use the big board 's electronic trading system mr. phelan said - that was when the exchange took a new by publishing monthly statistics listing the top N program trading firms - exchange officials emphasized that the big board is considering a variety of actions to deal with program trading - people familiar with the exchange said another idea likely to be approved is expanding the monthly reports on program trading to cover specific days or even hours of heavy program trading and who was doing it - meanwhile another big wall street brokerage firm joined others that have been pulling back from program trading - american express co. 's shearson lehman hutton inc. unit said it all index-arbitrage program trading for client accounts - in stock-index arbitrage traders buy and sell large amounts of stock with offsetting trades in stock-index futures to profit from fleeting price discrepancies between the two markets - shearson which in september was the program trader on the big board had already suspended stock-index arbitrage for its own account - also cs first boston inc. 's first boston corp. unit the program trader in september is preparing a response to the program-trading outcry officials of the firm said - first boston is one of the few major wall street firms that have n't pulled back from program trading in recent days - mr. phelan is an diplomat who normally appears to be in control of the big board 's - but he has been getting heat from all sides over program trading - mr. phelan 's recent remarks that investors simply must get used to the stock-market volatility from program trading have drawn criticism from both the exchange 's stock specialists who make markets in individual stocks and from many companies that have shares listed on the big board - mr. phelan said that his predicting continued volatility is just how the world is - if bringing the message is a crime i 'm guilty of it - but he said this does n't mean he is satisfied with the market 's big swings - we 're trying to take care of a of a lot of constituents mr. phelan said - each one has a different agenda - for example in a special meeting monday with mr. phelan senior officials of some of the big board 's N stock specialist firms complained that the exchange is no longer representing their interests - we are looking for representation we have n't had a specialist said - we 've had - after another session mr. phelan held yesterday with major brokerage firms such as morgan stanley & co. goldman sachs & co. painewebber group inc. and first boston all of which have engaged in program trading an executive of a top brokerage firm said clearly the firms want the exchange to take leadership - many specialist firms the big board 's new basket product that allows institutions to buy or sell all stocks in the standard & poor 's 500-stock index in one shot - ultimately the specialists view this as yet another step toward electronic trading that could eventually destroy their franchise - his phelan 's own interests are in building an electronic marketplace said a market maker - the basket product while it has got off to a slow start is being supported by some big brokerage firms another member of mr. phelan 's constituency - mr. phelan has had difficulty convincing the public that the big board is serious about curbing volatility especially as the exchange clearly its role as the home for $ N billion in stock-index funds which buy huge baskets of stocks to mimic popular stock-market indexes like the standard & poor 's N and which sometimes employ program trading - the big board wants to keep such index funds from to overseas markets but only as long as it handles it mr. phelan said - despite what some investors are suggesting the big board is n't even considering a total ban on program trading or stock futures exchange officials said - most revisions it will propose will be geared toward slowing down program trading during periods said officials working with the exchange - computers have made trading more rapid but that can be fixed with some - i think if you can speed things up you can slow them down mr. phelan said - that 's different than them - while volatility wo n't go away he said volatility is greater than program trading - what i 'm trying to say to people is it 's proper to worry about program trading but it 's only a piece of the business - for example mr. phelan said that big institutions have so much control over public investments that they can cause big swings in the market regardless of index arbitrage - a lot of people would like to go back to N before program trading he said - i would like to go back to N - but we 're not going back to N - indeed mr. phelan said that if stock-market volatility the u.s. may lose its edge as being the best place to raise capital - japan 's markets are more stable he said - if that continues a significant number of u.s. companies will go over there to raise money - in coming days when the big board its responses to the program-trading problem mr. phelan may take a more public role in the issue - lewis l. vice chairman of smith barney harris upham & co. said this is a problem that 's taking on a life of its own - the program trading situation seems to have driven individual investors as well as others out of the market and even europeans are - the exchange should take a position - for now however mr. phelan said i refuse to get out there and tell everybody everything is - we have a major problem and that problem is volatility - craig contributed to this article - a new minimum-wage plan has been worked out by congress and bush opening the way for the first increase in over nine years - the compromise proposal ending a long between democrats and the president would boost the minimum wage to $ N an hour by april N from $ N now - the legislation also includes a lower training wage for new workers who are - the big board is considering a curb on program trading when the market is volatile - the exchange which abandoned such a collar last year because it did n't prevent sharp price swings has been under attack recently for not taking action against program trading - great northern nekoosa reacted to georgia-pacific 's takeover bid of $ N a share or $ N billion though the suitor said all terms are negotiable - great northern 's stock soared $ N to $ N on speculation that a higher bid would emerge - stock prices rallied as the georgia-pacific bid broke the market 's recent - the dow jones industrials finished up N at N - the dollar and bond prices also closed higher - leading indicators rose a slight N N in september a further indication the economy is slowing but without any clear sign of whether a recession looms - meanwhile new-home sales plunged N N in the month - labor costs climbed N N in private industry during the third quarter matching the second-quarter rise - costs soared - time warner and sony could end up becoming partners in several business ventures as part of a settlement of their dispute over hollywood producers peter guber and jon peters - a bidding war for jaguar became more likely as britain unexpectedly decided to end restrictions blocking a takeover of the luxury car maker - sea containers plans to sell $ N billion of assets and use some of the proceeds to buy about N N of its common shares for $ N each - the company is trying to fend off a hostile bid by two european shipping firms - eastern airlines pilots were awarded between $ N million and $ N million in back pay by an arbitrator a decision that could complicate the carrier 's bankruptcy reorganization - ltv steel is boosting prices of flat rolled steel products an average N N but it 's unclear whether the increases set for jan. N N will stick - southern 's gulf power unit paid $ N in fines after guilty to conspiracy to make illegal political contributions and tax evasion - more big japanese investors are buying u.s. mortgage-backed securities a recent trend - usx 's profit dropped N N in the third quarter as improved oil results failed to offset weakness in the firm 's steel and natural gas operations - miniscribe reported a negative net worth and hinted it may file for chapter N - the disk-drive maker disclosed a major fraud two months ago - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N up N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N off N - dollar N yen up N N marks up N - bond prices in trading rising on reports of economic weakness and falling on reports of economic strength - treasury bonds got off to a strong start advancing modestly during overnight trading on foreign markets - we saw good buying in japan and excellent buying in london said jay market strategist and trader at capital insight inc. beverly hills calif - the market 's was helped by the dollar 's he said - late in london the dollar was quoted at N west german marks and N japanese yen up from late monday in new york - british sterling eased to $ N from $ N - when u.s. trading began treasury bonds received an additional boost from news that sales of new single-family homes fell N N in september - the was twice as large as economists projected and was the sharpest decline since a N N drop in january N - economists said the report raised speculation that the economic slowdown could turn into a recession which would the way for the federal reserve to lower interest rates - but later in the day a report by the purchasing management association of chicago cast doubt on the recession scenario - the association said its october index of economic activity rose to N N after having been below N N for three consecutive months - a reading below N N indicates that the manufacturing industry is slowing while a reading above N N suggests that the industry is expanding - bond prices fell after the chicago report was released - by the end of the day bond prices were mixed - the benchmark 30-year bond was nearly N point higher or up about $ N for each $ N face amount - new two-year notes ended unchanged while three-year and four-year notes were slightly lower - municipal bonds ended unchanged to as much as N point higher while mortgage-backed securities were up about N point - corporate bonds were unchanged - in the corporate market an expected debt offering today by international business machines corp. generated considerable attention - the giant computer maker is slated to offer $ N million of 30-year debentures through underwriters led by salomon brothers inc - traders expect the bonds to yield about N to N percentage point above the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond which ended tuesday with a yield of about N N - the last time ibm tapped the corporate debt market was in april N when it offered $ N million of debt securities - ibm 's visits to the debt market are closely watched by at other corporations and by credit market analysts - some analysts believe the company has the ability to pinpoint the trough in interest-rate cycles - in october N just days before the federal reserve raised interest rates ibm offered $ N billion in debt securities - the boost in rates sent ibm 's bonds tumbling leaving underwriters with millions of dollars of losses and triggering a sell-off in the overall market - the company ca n't be bullish if they 're doing a sizable 30-year bullet said one analyst - others said ibm might increase the size of the offering to as much as $ N billion if investor demand is strong - the company has $ N billion in debt filed with the securities and exchange commission - i think the $ N million is a little bit of a fire drill said jim head of the industrial bond department at drexel burnham lambert inc - i think as the pricing time the bonds will come a little richer and in a larger amount - treasury securities - treasury prices ended mixed in light trading - the benchmark 30-year bond was quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N monday - the latest 10-year notes were unchanged at N N to yield N N - short-term rates also were mixed - the discount rate on three-month treasury bills rose slightly from the average rate at monday 's auction to N N for a bond-equivalent yield of N N - the discount rate on six-month treasury bills fell slightly to N N for a bond-equivalent yield of N N - corporate issues - two junk bond issues were priced yesterday including a offering by beatrice co - a spokesman for underwriters salomon brothers inc. said beatrice cut its high-yield offering to $ N million from a planned $ N million after it became clear the company would have to give investors higher yields - in the two-part offering $ N million of senior subordinated reset notes were priced at N and carried a rate of N N N while the $ N million of senior subordinated floating rate notes were priced to float at N percentage points above the london interbank offered rate or libor - the one-year libor rate yesterday was N N N - since the recent deterioration of the junk-bond market at least two other junk issuers have said they plan to scale back planned high-yield offerings and several issues have been postponed - william beatrice chief financial officer said favorable market conditions in september prompted the company to plan more debt than necessary - however given the changes in the market conditions that have occurred since then we decided to sell only the amount needed to proceed with our contemplated recapitalization he said - under the firm 's original bank credit agreement it was required to raise $ N million of subordinated debt to be used to repay some of the bank borrowings drawn to redeem $ N million of increasing rate debentures in august - a month ago when beatrice first filed to sell debt the company had planned to offer $ N million of its senior subordinated reset notes at a yield of N N N - the $ N million in senior subordinated floating-rate notes were targeted to be offered at a price to float four percentage points above the three-month libor - by october however market conditions had deteriorated and the reset notes were targeted to be offered at a yield of between N N N and N N N - mr. said investors also demanded - continental inc. via underwriters at morgan stanley & co. priced $ N million of junk bonds at par to yield N N N - mortgage-backed securities - j.c. penney & co. issued $ N million of securities backed by credit-card receivables - the securities were priced at N to yield about N N - underwriters at first boston corp. said the j.c. penney credit-card securities are the first with a 10-year average life which is much longer than previous such issues - elsewhere ginnie mae 's N N issue for november delivery was quoted at N N bid up N from late monday to yield about N N to a 12-year average life assumption - freddie mac 's N N N issue was quoted at N N up N from monday - fannie mae 's N N issue was at N N up N - on the pricing front an issue of $ N million federal home loan mortgage corp - remic mortgage securities was launched by a morgan stanley group - the offering is backed by freddie mac 's N N issue with a weighted average term to maturity of N months - municipal issues - municipal bonds were little changed to N point higher in late dealings - we were and today we bounced back - some accounts came in for some blocks in the secondary market which we have n't seen for a while said one trader - there were no sell lists and the calendar is up a bit - there 's light at the end of the tunnel for municipals he said adding that he expects prices to inch up in the near term - the market 's tone improved after monday 's pricing of $ N million new york city general obligation bonds - the issue 's smooth eased fears that supply would demand in coming sessions traders said - demand for the bonds was strong enough to permit underwriters to trim some yields in the tax-exempt portion of the offering late monday - a two-part $ N million offering of wastewater treatment bonds by the new jersey wastewater treatment trust was more than half sold by late in the session according to lead underwriter merrill lynch capital markets - the debt was reoffered priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - foreign bonds - most foreign government bonds markets were quiet - west german bonds firmed a bit after monday 's fall but traders said the market remains bearish due to speculation that interest rates could rise again - in a speech given friday but released late monday vice president helmut suggested that it was risky to claim that the booming german economy has reached the peak of its cycle - his comments were interpreted as a sign that higher interest rates are possible - on oct. N the raised the and discount rates by one percentage point to N N and N N respectively the highest levels in seven years - germany 's N N bond due october N was unchanged at N to yield N N while the N N N notes due july N rose N point to N to yield N N - japanese government bonds showed little change - japan 's benchmark no. N issue due N ended on brokers ' screens at N down N point to yield N N - british government bonds were little changed as investors an address on economic policy by john major the new chancellor of the exchequer - britain 's benchmark N N N bond due N rose N to N N to yield N N while the N N N notes due N were unchanged at N N to yield N N - paramount communications inc. said it sold two simon & information services units to macmillan inc. a subsidiary of maxwell communication corp - the two units are prentice hall information services which publishes tax financial planning and business law information among other services and prentice hall information network which electronically tax information - terms were n't disclosed but industry executives said the units were sold for $ N million - arthur h. previously president of the prentice hall tax and professional services division was named president of the newly formed macmillan professional and business reference division - simon & retains the corporation law service which will become part of its prentice hall law & business unit - a governing body of both the financial accounting standards board and the accounting standards board voted to give the fasb jurisdiction over accounting standards for certain government-owned entities - the financial accounting foundation voted N that fasb accounting rules gasb rules in regard to utilities hospitals and colleges and universities owned by the government - gasb rules still apply for other government units - after the gasb was founded in N N years after the fasb the government-owned entities were supposed to follow fasb rules unless the gasb them - the gasb had told governments they did n't have to follow fasb rules on depreciation making it difficult for agencies to compare private and state-owned schools which compete in the public bond market - the foundation vote is effective for the affected government entities with fiscal years that begin starting next jan. N and makes the financial results of the hospitals colleges and schools easier to compare with businesses - but it may lead to separate financial reports based on different rules for the government entities under fasb rules and those still under gasb rules - managers of government entities are often more concerned with the political and legal structure and with businesses is n't always as high a priority a foundation spokesman said - avery inc. said it completed the sale of uniroyal chemical holding co. to a group led by management of uniroyal chemical co. the unit 's main business - it valued the transaction at $ N million - avery which continues to operate a coal company it expects to sell at a loss said in proxy materials it intends to seek control of one or more companies - after fees and repayment of debt avery is left with about $ N million in cash and securities from the uniroyal sale - avery paid $ N million including various legal and financing fees to acquire uniroyal chemical conn. in N a move that avery with debt - in over-the-counter trading avery shares were quoted yesterday at a bid price of N cents a share - according to avery for the year ended sept. N N uniroyal chemical had sales of $ N million and a net loss of $ N million - an avery spokesman said that the loss was magnified by accounting adjustments and that the company 's loss was smaller on a cash basis - uniroyal has N employees and facilities in the u.s. canada brazil italy and taiwan - in a related development avery said it completed a recapitalization in which its controlling shareholders and top officers nelson and peter w. may surrendered warrants and preferred stock in exchange for a larger stake in avery 's common shares - on a fully diluted basis the two raised their stake to N N from N N - in december N messrs. and may sold their stock in industries inc. a packaging company they controlled to corp. of france - the executives had by building american national can co. 's chief asset - in january N the two men acquired the assets of including a controlling stake in avery and by extension uniroyal chemical - in the august proxy material avery said that unless it sold uniroyal its ability to service debt would be hurt and avery 's shareholder value would continue to erode - until avery makes an acquisition messrs. and may will waive their direct salaries and bonuses the company said - for at least the next six months however avery will continue to pay $ N a month for management services to a company controlled by messrs. and may according to the proxy material - inc. said a plan to sell its clark inc. subsidiary to a group headed by anderson industries inc. for $ N million has been terminated - a maker of packaging and products said the two companies could n't agree on terms of a definitive agreement - the sale price of the unit which makes packaging products was to consist of cash notes and an amount to be determined by the unit 's future performance - said it is inviting proposals from other prospective purchasers of the unit - both and anderson are based in ill - rally 's inc. said it adopted a shareholders rights plan to protect shareholders from an priced takeover offer - the plan provides for the distribution of one common right as a dividend for each share of common outstanding - each right shareholders to buy one-half share of common for $ N - earlier this month a group led by three of the company 's directors burt sugarman james m. trotter iii and e. trotter ii indicated it had a N N stake in the louisville ky. fast-food company and that it planned to seek a majority of seats on rally 's board - the company said it was concerned about the announced intent to acquire control of the company by a group - fujitsu ltd. said it wants to withdraw its controversial bid to design a waterworks computer system for the city of hiroshima - meanwhile japan 's fair trade commission said it was considering launching an investigation into whether the bid the equivalent of less than a penny violates laws - hiroshima last week held an auction to pick the contractor expecting to pay about N million yen for the project - eight companies submitted bids but fujitsu won the contract by essentially saying it would do the job for free - news of the bid drew sharp criticism from other computer companies and industry observers - fujitsu itself which said the bid had n't been approved by its headquarters was clearly embarrassed - the bid was n't acceptable a company spokeswoman said - hiroshima officials said they still consider the contract in effect and had no immediate plans to cancel it - they said they wanted to wait for the outcome of any government investigation before deciding what to do - the city 's department of consumer affairs charged & lewis inc. with failing to deliver on its promise of lowering prices - in a civil suit in state supreme court in new york the agency alleged that the and chain engaged in deceptive advertising by claiming to have lowered every price on every item as part of an advertising campaign that began june N - the agency said it monitored & lewis 's advertised prices before and after the ad campaign and found that the prices of at least N different items either increased or stayed the same - in late may & lewis announced a plan to cut prices N N to N N and eliminate what it called a standard practice of negotiating individual deals with customers - the consumer agency also disputed & lewis 's continuing strategy of advertising new lower prices when there have n't been price reductions since june N - richard d. lewis president of the chain defended the company 's pricing campaign saying it did n't use the misleading expression reduced from original prices - mr. lewis said the company marked price and advertised at its lowest possible prices for all its merchandise to reduce public confusion - mr. lewis said the company gave the consumer affairs department volumes of documents to its statements and made every effort to comply with all the agency 's policies - in its suit the consumer agency seeks fines of $ N per violation of the city 's consumer protection law costs of investigation and an injunction to prevent & lewis from continuing its allegedly deceptive advertising - wary investors have been running for the stock market 's equivalent of bomb shelters buying shares of and utility companies - those two groups have recently been leading the list of stocks setting new highs - on friday when only a dozen common stocks hit 52-week highs on the new york stock exchange five were issues and another four were utilities - on monday when a mere seven common stocks managed new highs six were utilities or - at first gold and utilities seem strange - after all gold prices usually soar when inflation is high - utility stocks on the other hand on because the fat dividends utilities pay look more attractive when prices are falling or rising slowly - but the two groups have something very important in common they are both for scared money stocks for people who hate stocks - it 's as if investors the past few days are betting that something is going to go wrong even if they do n't know what - if the stock market and the economy catch their breath and show that they 're on firmer footing these stocks might well fall back - indeed that happened to some extent yesterday as industrial stocks rebounded partly on news of takeovers in the paper industry - still a lot of investors clearly have revived their interest in gold and utility shares - the primary thing is that people are frightened says martin a new york money manager - the aftershocks of oct. N when the dow jones industrial average dropped N points are still - certainly the oct. N sell-off did n't settle any - beyond that money managers and analysts see other problems - inventories are creeping up car inventories are already high and big auto makers are plants - takeover fever has cooled removing a major horse from the market 's - britain 's unsettled political scene also worries some investors - the gyrations in the british government add political uncertainty on top of high inflation and a stock market says john hoffman assistant director of research at smith barney harris upham & co - one of the three major markets in the world is getting up pretty bad - if the fed does not come to the rescue and produce lower short-term interest rates over the next N days the market 's going to says larry a market analyst with prudential-bache securities - with this sort of sentiment common it 's natural for investors to seek out defensive investments - utilities are a classic example even in recessions people continue to use electric power water and gas at a fairly steady rate - such defensive issues as food tobacco and drug stocks have been in favor for some time - but many of these stocks have now become expensive - mr. points to coca-cola co. and pepsico inc. as examples they 're selling for N to N times estimated N per-share earnings - gold stocks are n't cheap on this basis either with many selling for N times earnings or more - even utility stocks are n't all that at an average of N times earnings - but the two groups represent a further step in - if gold stocks and utilities continue to lead it may signal that the market is in for rough times - that 's just what joseph expects - we are going to lower says the flamboyant market who had a huge following a few years back - anyone telling you to buy stocks in this market is technically irresponsible - you do n't want to own anything long except gold stocks - one reason for his is a weekly tally he keeps of stocks within a point of hitting new highs or lows - last friday N stocks on the big board hit new 12-month lows - but by mr. 's count N issues were within one point of such lows - robert a veteran new york money manager and president of securities has money in both gold and utility issues - i think we could very well have an economic slowdown beginning very soon if not already he says - mr. does n't expect an actual recession - but he does expect a of an economy with very slow growth maybe one quarter of no growth at all - in such a climate utility stocks look good to him - he favors group inc. florida progress corp. energy inc. wisconsin energy corp. and dominion resources inc - the appeal of gold issues mr. says is that they 're a counter group - you go into them because they move counter to the general market - he adds that gold stocks had been down so long they were ready for a bounce - his are american resources corp. echo bay mines ltd. and mines corp - nevertheless mr. that you do n't buy gold stocks based on powerful fundamentals - in addition to having high price-earnings ratios most pay dividends if any - the earning power of gold mining companies is restricted unless the gold price up over $ N an ounce he says - cohen an investment strategist for drexel burnham lambert also thinks it makes sense to have some money in both utilities and gold - my outlook is for a decline of about N N in corporate profits in N she says - but a bunch of utilities should post profit increases - among utilities drexel currently favors corp. and general public utilities corp - as for gold she notes that it usually rises when the dollar is weak as it has been lately - among gold stocks drexel likes battle mountain gold co. gold co. and freeport-mcmoran gold co - it never to me how the business world continues to the world 's environmental problems is science or private gain driving ozone policy by george business world oct. N - to suggest that a N N drop in ozone by the middle of the next century would be negligible is irresponsible and - consider the fact that a mere N N drop in ozone would increase birth defects and by allowing solar radiation to alter the dna structure - even a small reduction is and to suggest otherwise is and - the reason environmentalists do n't mind seeing new crises arise is because there are new crises - crises larger and more dangerous to the quality of life than they were N years ago - if you are doubtful consider for a moment that the in northern new jersey which supply the area with drinking water are with toxic - this is a fact and not the product of some environmental or a group 's to create a market - it 's time business leaders and the general public learn that does not rule over this natural environment but is rather the player within nature 's workings - mark t. jersey city n.j - mr. 's column was right on the money but i wish it could have gone one step further - as an employee of a major and manufacturer i have been heavily involved in dealing with the political of the theory named after the researchers who found in N that chlorofluorocarbons contributed to the depletion of ozone in the earth 's atmosphere and the montreal protocol - an important part of my effort has been to understand the science so i can explain it to corporate colleagues facing major changes in product design - in my research i have found a paper by joseph of the national cancer institute and several colleagues reporting an decrease in uv-b radiation at eight u.s. measurement sites - our concern for the ozone layer of course grows out of the potential for increasing uv-b radiation which could damage and - the last of the measurements reported was in N but recent conversations with mr. indicated that he knew of no recent changes in the trend - i understand but have n't yet that there are studies by russians and the max institute that show either or declining uv-b at the surface - to me this calls into question the of the theory and hence the whole chlorofluorocarbons replacement effort - this in turn threatens the massive vested interests of which you have written - my questions on this subject at a recent meeting at the world resources institute with representatives of the national resource development commission the environmental protection agency friends of the earth etc. were greeted with and some comments about that report being - when i expressed that no one was undertaking a more current and credible uv-b study i was urged to get back to the agenda topic which was ironically a schedule for getting rid of the so-called soft cfcs that are such an important part of the scenario - subsequently i have learned that a private group of which du pont is a part is funding a modest program to continue data gathering at the report stations as well as to develop more sophisticated measuring instruments - but this is almost an underground activity - to my knowledge no government entities including the epa are pursuing uv-b measurements - the topic never comes up in establishment meetings of which i have attended many - it seems to me that such measurements are a vital part of any honest evaluation of the threat posed by cfcs - while recognizing that professional environmentalists may feel threatened i intend to urge that uv-b be monitored whenever i can - frederick h. vice president industry and government relations white consolidated industries inc washington - the relationship between surface release of cfcs and global ozone loss was identified back in N - although like all scientific theories it had its initial opponents few experts question the connection now - the discovery of the ozone hole over and the results of and aircraft experiments conducted over the past several years serve as evidence that ozone depletion is related to - in the september issue of scientific american thomas e. distinguished member of the technical staff at at&t bell laboratories and paul j. director of the air chemistry division of the max institute for chemistry in west germany wrote it is now quite evident that chlorofluorocarbons particularly and are the major responsible for ozone depletion - mr. quotes peter teagan and the name of arthur d. little inc. to support his statement - however unlike messrs. and who are both in the study of atmospheric chemistry mr. teagan has no special expertise in the area - he is a mechanical engineer not an atmospheric - it is and to say that scientists needed new crises to generate new grants and contracts and that environmental groups need them to stay in business - solving the global environmental problems we all face will require an unprecedented level of cooperation and communication among industry policy makers and the scientific community world-wide - karen fine publisher global environmental change report mass - nearly two months after saying it had been the victim of widespread fraud miniscribe corp. disclosed it had a negative net worth of $ N million as of july N and hinted that it might be forced to file for protection under bankruptcy laws - richard rifenburgh chairman and chief executive of the colo. disk-drive maker also said the company continued losing money in the third quarter and expects to sustain further losses through the end of the year - mr. rifenburgh told industry analysts he is moving aggressively to negotiate settlements on a number of shareholder lawsuits but noted that the company could file for bankruptcy-law protection if settlement talks fail - mr. rifenburgh also noted that N million shares of miniscribe common stock were traded during the past three years so there 's a tremendous amount of exposure - miniscribe has said that its financial results for the past three fiscal years would have to be restated because of the allegedly fraudulent accounting and marketing practices that inflated revenues and net income - miniscribe also has n't filed any financial statements for N - mr. rifenburgh said such statements should be ready by the end of november - he said he expects the company to have $ N million in sales for this year - he did n't say what the company expected to report for year-earlier sales which will be restated from the previously reported $ N million - the release of miniscribe 's new balance sheet came one day after it introduced its new line of disk drives on which it is much of its hope for survival - although it is not the first company to produce the drives which store information in personal computers miniscribe says it is the first with an drive the company plans to introduce a drive next year - analysts and consultants had mixed reactions to yesterday 's announcements mr. rifenburgh 's efforts but questioning whether the company can survive in a highly competitive marketplace - it 's a attitude said dave vice president of storage research for international data corp - others pointed out that at least four other disk-drive makers will have competitive drives early next year and that the industry already operates on very thin margins - the company also faces by the national association of securities dealers - the company continues to trade in the over-the-counter market with an exception to listing requirements - miniscribe filed a status report with the nasd on monday detailing its efforts to comply with listing requirements and an extension of the exception but has n't received a response - miniscribe common closed yesterday at $ N down N cents and has been trading for several months at less than $ N a share - meanwhile u.s. attorney jerry in denver is reviewing the report prepared by miniscribe 's outside directors to determine if criminal charges should be brought before a grand jury - the miniscribe report a host of allegedly fraudulent practices including the shipment of bricks and defective disk drives that were booked as sales and inventory in accounting records - the internal investigation also criticized miniscribe 's auditors coopers & for allegedly ignoring numerous red flags - mr. rifenburgh said the board still has n't acted on most of the internal report 's recommendations pending of the balance sheet - he added that he expects to make a recommendation within a few weeks on whether miniscribe should file its own lawsuits against former company officers and directors - american enterprise institute scholar norman in the oct. N tv guide on what tv news does n't report about congress and should - by concentrating all their resources on the pay raise wright and tower the networks actually some major stories that showed the flaws and of the institution - an producer could easily have created a and interesting piece about how congress really works and why voters in say west virginia got a federally funded university project and building while voters in arkansas did not - but nobody did such a piece reflecting a contemporary the more a scandal has to do with a congressman 's duties as a congressman the less likely it is to catch the fancy of a network - michael in one of his institute 's recent publications on journalism in the year N - the definition of will favor virtually use of personal sensitive and intimate facts - traditional standards of and importance is this something the public ought to know will be replaced by a much broader test is this something the public is interested in knowing - and since the public has always been by and reporters and editors will strain for creative to justify the of collateral facts about private lives including sexual activities and domestic relationships activities of family members and all matters about mental and physical health - similarly images will be more vivid and sometimes - one consequence of the trend toward tabloid standards of taste will be fierce attacks from politicians who will find sufficient evidence of abuse to an already public to control the press - bankers trust new york corp. won permission from the federal reserve board to move the company 's private placement department to its fledgling securities subsidiary - the seemingly mundane action which was opposed by the securities industry association a trade group has important implications for banks ' recent entry into the underwriting of corporate securities - the fed 's action increases the volume of publicly registered securities that banks ' securities affiliates will be able to underwrite - several other banks have similar applications pending - over the past two years the fed has given a handful of banks ' securities affiliates permission to underwrite and deal in a variety of corporate asset-backed and municipal securities that had previously been the sole of securities firms - securities firms have challenged those fed approvals saying they violate federal laws the banking and securities businesses - however the fed limited the revenue that banks could earn from these new underwriting activities to no more than N N of the revenue earned from other securities activities long open to banks such as dealing in u.s. treasurys - for some banks that N N ceiling created problems - but by allowing securities inc. to handle private the fed boosted the volume of new types of underwriting that the unit can do - private involve debt and equity securities typically in denominations of $ N million that are sold to institutional investors and are n't registered with the securities and exchange commission - last year bankers trust said it placed $ N billion of corporate debt and equities privately - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - j. was named an executive vice president of the american express travel related services co. unit of this travel and financial services firm - she retains her duties of director - joe f. lynch the chairman and chief executive officer of first continental real estate investment trust was named to the new post of vice chairman of this bank holding company - every at N a.m. 40-year-old mike sinyard cycling clothes on a bike he keeps at his morgan hill calif. office and sets out to cover a distance most people would travel only by car - as many as N of his employees at specialized bicycle components inc. ride with him - when they return to their desks at N p.m. they have N miles - such for cycling helped mr. sinyard build a creative company at the of its industry - founded by bike enthusiasts rather than businessmen specialized spotted the appeal of bikes that go almost anywhere and began them in N - in the past five years the company 's sales have grown to $ N million from $ N million - today so-called mountain bikes account for two-thirds of the $ N billion spent annually on all in the u.s. - with N N of its sales coming from mountain bikes specialized is widely considered to be a market leader - accessories largely for mountain-bike users account for much of the rest of sales - but today the company needs its entrepreneurial spirit more than ever - one large competitor after another is leaping into the booming market specialized helped create turning out mountain bikes with such well-known names as and - thus mr. sinyard 's company must more than ever to stay ahead of them by developing new products specifically for mountain - at the same time though it must become more structured to better manage its growth - both will be a act as challenging as riding a - it is a problem common to small companies that have grown fast especially when their success attracts big-time competitors - the big word around specialized is passion says eidsmo a former executive whom mr. sinyard recruited from citicorp to run marketing and sales - what i hope to bring to this is another word process - that 's my challenge - it 's mike 's challenge as well - mr. eidsmo is one of several key people from outside the cycling industry who were hired to bring the fast-growing company under tighter control - we had a lot of problems mr. sinyard says - while the company 's sales were soaring we still had a system that was probably appropriate for $ N million to $ N million in sales - adds mr. eidsmo what felt good that day was done that day - since his in may mr. eidsmo has put in place techniques learned while working for citicorp such as detailed project plans and forecasts of company sales and product trends - we 're finally getting and it 's been very painful some understanding of what the company 's long-term horizon should begin to look like mr. eidsmo says - but it 's risky he says of specialized 's attempt to adopt a corporate structure - you do n't want to lose the magic of the company 's creative drive - hoping to stay ahead of the pack the company is innovation - at a recent trade show lined up to view a new specialized bike frame that just N pounds a pound less than the mountain-bike frame on the market - by replacing the frame 's steel with titanium ones mr. sinyard 's company plans to make its next generation of even lighter - at the trade show specialized also unveiled a revolutionary bike developed jointly by specialized and du pont co - made of materials the are designed like wings to N minutes off the time of a rider in a race the company claims - it currently costs $ N though mr. sinyard thinks the price can be reduced within three years to between $ N and $ N - he was able to slash the price of the company 's least expensive mountain bike to $ N from $ N in - but demands on the company 's creativity are certain to grow - competition is as larger companies a mountain-bike market mr. sinyard 's company once had virtually all to itself - u.s. cycling federation official philip says mountain is growing at such a rate that a lot of companies are getting into this - one especially specialized market the new players are targeting is mountain-bike accessories which mr. eidsmo calls the future of our business - accessories not only sell faster than whole bikes they also offer profit margins nearly double the N N to N N or so on sales of complete cycles - to get a piece of the business inc. ore. introduced a line of mountain-bike shoes - about a month ago michelin tire corp. greenville s.c. began selling mountain-bike tires for years a specialized - competition in the sale of complete bikes is heating up too - bicycle corp. which accounts for of the $ N million in annual sales at its parent corp. entered the mountain-bike business in N - previously made only traditional road bikes but it did n't take a rocket scientist to change a road bike into a mountain bike says 's president dick burke - the segment now makes up roughly two-thirds of his company 's total sales - at giant bicycle inc. calif. sales have tripled since the company entered the u.s. mountain-bike business in N - a subsidiary of a taiwanese holding company with world-wide sales of $ N million giant is one example of the sudden of mr. sinyard 's market niche - bicycle co. chicago established joint ventures with bike companies in china and hungary to sell bikes - in the past year international corp. has acquired such major brands as and - in response to the of the business mr. sinyard 's company is replacing independent distributors overseas with wholly owned subsidiaries - the move will cut out the cost of a and give specialized more control over marketing and sales - but as bill austin giant 's president puts it with some of the bigger players consolidating their strength the game has changed - carl e. pfeiffer chief executive officer was named to the additional post of chairman of this manufacturing concern - robert c. a director and chief operating officer of the company succeeds mr. pfeiffer as president - roger m. president was named to the new post of vice chairman - michael who had been executive vice president operations was named president and chief operating officer - manufactures systems for mainframes and minicomputers - richard j. was elected a director of this single-family home increasing the board to nine - he is a senior partner with the law firm of & and is a partner in venture management - john franco N years old formerly vice chairman of capital holding corp. and president of its accumulation investment group was named chief executive officer of this insurance holding company effective dec. N succeeding robert t. shaw who remains chairman - also named steven b. N senior vice president since N as president succeeding john w. who will join the acquisition corp. division of & co. which has agreed to buy most of 's subsidiaries - mci communications corp. said it won a $ N million contract from co. a denver investment banking concern to provide voice and data telecommunications services - the agreement calls for mci to provide data service N and service a private network service - the companies would n't disclose the length of the contract except to say it was a agreement - the head of british satellite broadcasting ltd. said he hopes to raise about # N million $ N million before the venture makes its delayed debut next spring with a major chunk coming from new investors - we 'll raise it through bank loans - we 'll raise it through new equity - and we 'll raise it through existing shareholders as well as through junk bonds said anthony the private consortium 's chief executive - he said he believes the bank loan to be arranged by february will supply about half of the financing - british satellite which already has raised # N million from N backers initially expected to seek an additional # N million - mr. said the additional financing may leave british satellite owned by about N investors including australian entrepreneur alan bond whose nearly N N stake would be reduced to as little as N N - bond corp. british satellite 's biggest investor would like to withdraw from the consortium and analysts have speculated hollywood studios might buy the bond stake - but mr. said he is n't talking to any studios about investing - besides bond corp. british satellite 's other backers include plc reed international plc and group plc - the consortium faced a setback in may when technical problems forced it to postpone the september launch until next spring - continued uncertainty about the timing of the consortium 's debut could make it hard to find a # N million cash injection - mr. conceded that british satellite 's potential u.k. lenders are saying when you 're on the air you 'll actually get the money - the bankers also insist that the loans depend on the consortium raising more money from new and existing backers - british satellite today is a # N million advertising and promotional drive for the consortium 's planned five channels of movies sports entertainment and news shows - as part of the drive the first N viewers who put up # N each will get a package valued at # N including a satellite receiving equipment installation and a three-month subscription to its service - british satellite faces competition from sky television a venture begun last february and owned by rupert murdoch 's news corp - the rivals currently are locked in a costly bidding contest for hollywood film rights - shares closed sharply higher in london in the year 's volume monday supported largely by a technical bounce after last week 's sharp declines - tokyo stocks posted a loss monday while trading in frankfurt west germany was mixed - in london the financial times 100-share index finished N points higher at N - the index settled off the high of N posted after wall street opened stronger - but it showed strength throughout the session hitting a low of only N within the first few minutes of dealings - the 30-share index settled N points higher at N - volume was only N million shares breaking the previous N low of N million shares recorded oct. N - turnover was also down substantially from N million shares on friday - dealers said the market was supported to some extent by a firmer pound gains on wall street and shopping by market-makers to cover internal requirements for selected stocks in the 100-share index - dealers attributed most of the day 's gains to market-makers moving prices higher rather than an of significant buying interest - prices were up across the board with most blue-chip stocks solid gains - though the market was stronger dealers said fresh buying interest was ahead of a potential debate in the house of commons set for tuesday - it will be chancellor of the exchequer john major 's first appearance before the opposition labor party - the market is interested in hearing what he has to say about the status of the current N N base lending rate - in london trading courtaulds a chemicals and company increased N pence to N after it disclosed plans to spin off its operations into a separately listed company on jan. N - it was the most active of the 100-share index at N million shares N million of which were traded by midday - jaguar ended N higher at N - dealers said fresh buying was drawn into jaguar after a senior executive of daimler-benz the auto maker told a british television during the weekend that the west german company held talks with the luxury auto maker over possible joint ventures - although has said it is n't interested in mounting a bid for jaguar dealers said its name further the growing interest in the british concern - was the biggest jumping N to # N $ N on anticipation of a stock split next week - total turnover in was a thin N shares - in tokyo stocks had a loss monday in quiet trading with the exception of concentrated buying in some issues - the nikkei index of N selected issues fell N points to N - the index fell N friday - in early trading in tokyo tuesday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on monday volume on the first section was estimated at N million shares down from N billion shares friday - declining issues outnumbered advancers N to N N issues were unchanged - investors who took profits friday mostly took a attitude monday amid uncertainty in the foreign-currency market and new york stocks traders said - an analyst at securities said expectation for lower interest rates made investors step back from real-estate shares which advanced last week - some traders said institutions were waiting to see the u.s. jobless rate to be issued friday - the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which fell N points friday was down N points or N N at N - the second section index which fell N points friday was down N points or N N to close at N - second section volume was estimated at N million shares down from N million shares friday - monday 's losers included railway and high-technology issues - the energy of participating investors into tokyu group shares pushing prices of its companies up across the board - tokyu group announced during the weekend that each group company will buy the others ' stocks to defend themselves against a rumored takeover - the announcement fueled speculation for future advances in the shares - tokyu department store advanced N to N - tokyu corp. was up N at N - tokyu construction gained N to N - other winners monday included metals which attracted investors because of a surge in gold prices on the back of the unstable dollar - petroleum companies were also popular because of expectations of a weaker dollar which cuts dollar-denominated prices - share prices in frankfurt closed narrowly mixed after and trading - the dax index closed at N up only N - traders said turnover was particularly thin as investors waited for wall street to set the direction for the week - most expect the decline in new york stock prices to continue this week - another factor weighing on the frankfurt market involves fears about the impending wage talks between the ig metall union and industry representatives which could result in a wave of strikes next spring traders said - a few blue-chip stocks posted strong gains boosted by special factors while the majority of shares ended little changed - elsewhere stock prices were lower in brussels milan and stockholm and mixed in amsterdam paris and zurich - stocks closed higher in hong kong manila seoul sydney taipei and wellington but were lower in singapore - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - deere & co. said it reached a tentative agreement with the machinists ' union at its wis. plant ending a strike by workers at the facility - the maker of farm equipment said the three-year labor agreement with the international association of machinists and aerospace workers at john deere works deere 's primary facility for producing lawn and equipment takes effect immediately and through oct. N N - about N employees are covered by the new agreement deere said - courtaulds plc announced plans to spin off its operations to existing shareholders in a restructuring to boost shareholder value - the british chemical and textile company 's plan which requires shareholder approval would create a new listed u.k. stock with a probable market capitalization between # N million $ N million and # N million analysts said - the establishment of the separate company to be called courtaulds could be effective as early as next year 's first quarter - investors welcomed the move - courtaulds ' shares rose N pence to N pence the entire company at about # N billion - courtaulds ' spinoff reflects pressure on british industry to boost share prices beyond the reach of corporate raiders - courtaulds ' restructuring is among the largest thus far in britain though it is by b.a.t industries plc 's plans to spin off roughly # N billion in assets to help fend off a takeover bid from financier sir james goldsmith - the courtaulds textile operations had operating profit of # N million on # N million in revenue in the year ended march N - some analysts have said courtaulds ' moves could boost the company 's value by N N to N N because the two entities separately will carry a higher price earnings multiple than they did combined - in addition courtaulds said the moves are logical because they will allow both the chemicals and textile businesses to focus more closely on core activities - courtaulds has been under pressure to enhance shareholder value since takeover speculators including australian financier kerry surfaced holding small stakes last year - though mr. has since sold his stake courtaulds is moving to keep its institutional shareholders happy - even without a specific takeover threat courtaulds is giving shareholders choice and value said an analyst at london stockbrokers barclays de zoete wedd - in a statement the company said both parts can only realize their full potential and be valued by the market if they are separately quoted companies - the sharper definition and the which each will thereby gain will benefit shareholders customers and employees - courtaulds chairman and chief executive sir christopher will remain in both posts at the surviving chemical company after the spinoff - corp. said its affiliated company in malaysia established this april will begin manufacturing steel doors wednesday - its partner in the joint venture is kean metal industries malaysia - company officials said the new company kean is capitalized at the equivalent of N million yen $ N - the japanese concern has a N N stake while the local partner has a N N stake - the new company was created to meet growing demand for steel doors with increasing local concern about fire prevention the company said - barbara franklin president of franklin associates was elected a director of this building products maker - ms. franklin N years old the position vacated by g. who retired earlier this year at age N - nec corp. said it plans to more than double its british subsidiary 's capacity for the production of semiconductor - officials at the japanese semiconductor maker said the company intends to increase investment in plant and equipment by N billion yen $ N million to N billion yen in the year ending march N with the extra funds used to increase production overseas - officials said they were n't sure how the money will be distributed among overseas units but added that nec semiconductors u.k. ltd. will receive priority - officials also disclosed it 's possible that nec may reduce domestic production of chips to five million a month from six million beginning january because of deteriorating market prices - japan 's steel exports fell N N in september from a year earlier and were down N N from the previous month the japan iron and steel federation reported - september was the consecutive month in which steel exports failed to reach the year-earlier level - a federation official attributed the decline to brisk demand from domestic industries backed by continuing economic expansion in japan - japanese steel companies are apparently focusing on domestic sales but the official said it does n't necessarily mean that local sales contracts are increasing that - they are just too busy to meet domestic demand and have little room for overseas shipments the official said - after a bad start treasury bonds were buoyed by a late burst of buying to end modestly higher - the market was pretty for most of the day said robert h. vice president at bank plc - he said some investors were reluctant to plunge into the market ahead of several key economic indicators due this week especially friday 's potentially employment report - during the first hour of trading yesterday prices fell as much as N point or down about $ N for each $ N face amount - but market activity was as investors started to view the lower price levels as attractive - and the treasury 's $ N billion auction of short-term bills which generated strong buying interest helped to lift the bond market out of the doldrums - we saw good retail demand by small banks individuals and institutions and that is one reason why the market advanced late in the day said sung won senior vice president and chief economist at corp. minneapolis - he said the change in sentiment also reflected perceptions that the slate of economic due this week will be to a bond market rally - the employment report which will provide the first official measure of the economy 's strength in october is expected to show smaller gains in the generation of new jobs - other key economic indicators due this week include today 's release of the september leading indicators index and new-home sales - tomorrow the october purchasing managers report is due and on thursday comes october sales - despite yesterday 's modest bond market gains economists say investors are anxious about the treasury 's huge quarterly refunding of government debt the timing of which depends on congressional efforts to raise the debt ceiling - although the treasury will announce details of the november refunding tomorrow it could be delayed if congress and president bush fail to increase the treasury 's borrowing capacity - the debt ceiling is scheduled to fall to $ N trillion from $ N trillion at midnight tonight - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond rose N point - mortgage-backed securities were up less than N point and investment-grade corporate bonds were unchanged - strong demand for new york city 's $ N million general obligation bonds up the municipal market - traders said most municipal bonds ended N point higher - the new york city issue included $ N million of tax-exempt bonds priced to yield between N N to N N depending on the maturity - the $ N million of new york 's taxable general obligation bonds were priced to yield between N N to N N - as expected the longer-term tax-exempt new york bonds had yields nearly as high as those on taxable long-term treasury bonds - the yield on the benchmark 30-year treasury bond ended yesterday at about N N - bond dealers said the rates for the long-term tax-exempt new york city bonds were among the highest as a percentage of treasury rates for any new york city issue in recent memory - a spokesman for new york city comptroller harrison said the high rates reflect investors concerns about the city 's financial health and political uncertainties - new york bonds which have been in recent weeks on the pending supply and reports that the city 's economy is growing weaker rose N point yesterday - treasury securities - treasury bonds ended slightly higher in light trading - the benchmark 30-year bond ended at N N to yield N N compared with friday 's price of N N to yield N N - the latest 10-year notes ended at about N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N on friday - short-term interest rates rose at the government 's regular weekly auction - the average discount rate on three-month bills was N N and the rate on six-month bills was N N - those rates are up from N N and N N respectively at last week 's auction - due to the treasury 's need to raise funds quickly before the current authority to issue debt expires at midnight tonight yesterday 's auction was structured differently from previous sales - the treasury bills sold yesterday settle today rather than the standard settlement day of thursday - and because of the early settlement the three-month bills actually have a maturity and the six-month bills have an maturity - because of the early settlement the federal reserve was unable to purchase bills for its system account - however analysts expect the fed to buy treasury bills that were auctioned yesterday in the secondary market - the treasury also held a hastily scheduled $ N billion sale of management bills yesterday - here are details of yesterday 's three-month and six-month bill auction - rates are determined by the difference between the purchase price and face value - thus higher bidding narrows the investor 's return while lower bidding widens it - the percentage rates are calculated on a year while the coupon equivalent yield is based on a year - both issues are dated oct. N - the 13-week bills mature feb. N and the 26-week bills mature may N N - here are details of yesterday 's cash management bill auction - interest rate N N - the bills are dated oct. N and mature dec. N N - corporate issues - the junk bond prices of western union corp. tumbled after the company said it wo n't proceed with an exchange offer to holders of its reset notes - the upper river n.j. communications firm said it is considering alternatives to the restructuring of the senior secured notes because of changes in the high-yield market - in june western union was forced to reset the interest rate on the senior secured notes due in N to N N N from N N N a move which increased the firm 's annual interest payments by $ N million - although the notes held at a price of N to N immediately after the reset they started falling soon afterward - yesterday western union 's senior secured reset notes fell N N points or about $ N for each $ N face amount to close at N N - other western union securities were also lower - the company 's N N sinking fund debentures were quoted at a bid price of N N and an offered price of N while the N N N subordinated debentures of N were being bid for at N and offered at around N N - the N N N debentures last traded at N - high-yield traders said spreads between the bid and offered prices of western union junk bonds have been widening for some time and in certain cases bids for western union securities are not available - elsewhere prices of investment-grade and high-risk high-yield junk bonds ended unchanged - in the new-issue market for junk securities underwriters at salomon brothers inc. are expected to price today a $ N million junk bond offering by beatrice co. - the two-part issue consists of $ N million of senior subordinated reset notes maturing in N and $ N million of subordinated floating rate notes also maturing in N - portfolio managers said expectations are for the issue to be priced at a discount with a coupon of N N N and a yield of about N N - the chicago-based food and consumer goods concern was acquired in april N in a $ N billion leveraged buy-out engineered by kohlberg kravis roberts & co - proceeds from the note sale will be used to repay a portion of the bank borrowings used by beatrice to redeem its $ N million principal amount of increasing rate debentures in august - meanwhile underwriters at morgan stanley & co. are expected today to price a $ N million high-yield offering by continental inc - the senior subordinated debentures maturing in N are targeted to be offered at a yield of between N N N to N N N - mortgage-backed securities - mortgage securities ended N to N higher in light trading - ginnie mae 's N N issue for november delivery finished at N N up N and its N N issue at N N up N - freddie mac 's N N issue ended at N N up N - in the derivative market insurance companies have scaled back their purchases of remic securities or real estate mortgage investment as they assess potential claims from the recent california earthquake and hurricane in the carolinas - this could mean diminished issuance of derivative mortgage issues during the next few weeks - insurance companies have been major buyers of planned amortization classes during the past few months - the appeal to insurance companies and other investors because they have higher yields than corporate bonds and carry the guarantee of freddie mac and fannie mae agencies - in the asset-backed market beneficial corp. offered $ N million of securities backed by home-equity loans the second large deal in the past week - last week a unit of financial corp. offered $ N million of home-equity securities - both the and beneficial offering were underwritten by merrill lynch capital markets the leading wall street firm in the home-equity securities market which was created early this year - municipal issues - the improved tone in the municipal market largely an of the new york city sale 's reception helped municipal futures rebound from early lows but the spread between the contract and futures continued to grow more negative - the spread or difference between the municipal and futures contracts has been near lows in recent trading driven basically by concerns that new-issue supply would demand - december municipal futures ended up N point to N having pulled off a morning low of N as cash municipals rebounded - but front month futures settled the afternoon session up a slightly greater N at N - foreign bonds - british government bonds ended moderately higher encouraged by a pound and a rise in british stocks - the benchmark N N N bond due N rose N to N N to yield N N while the treasury 's N N notes due N rose N to N N to yield N N - west german government bonds fell as much as N point in light nervous trading - the N N treasury bond due october N ended off N point to N to yield N N while the N N N notes due N fell N point to N to yield N N - japanese government bonds continued to erode as the dollar remained against the yen - japan 's no. N N N bond due N ended the day on brokers screens at N to yield N N - so-called cross-border acquisitions totaled $ N billion in the second quarter down from $ N billion a year earlier according to the accounting firm peat - in a cross-border transaction the buyer is in a different region of the globe from the target - such transactions numbered N in the second quarter up from N a year earlier - however the total value declined for deals of $ N million and up - the downturn in total value may be only temporary suggested a peat partner - he explained in part that restructuring to prepare for the common market expansion due in N has become more of a strategic priority both for companies inside and outside the european community - in the second quarter cross-border transactions deals under $ N million each numbered N and totaled $ N billion compared with N such transactions totaling $ N billion a year earlier the firm said - large cross-border deals numbered N and totaled $ N billion in the second quarter the firm added - that compared with N such transactions totaling $ N billion as year earlier - foods inc. said its board authorized the purchase of as many as N of its common stock purchase warrants at a price of $ N a warrant - the food company which has N warrants and about N million common shares outstanding said it may increase the offer to purchase any or all warrants that are properly tendered - a warrant permits a holder to acquire one share of common stock for $ N a share - the warrants expire on oct. N N and may be called by the company at a price of $ N - the offer is scheduled to expire on nov. N unless extended - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed yesterday at $ N down N cents - seasonal - problems though often quite grim this time of year leave us in when we notice around our airport a holding pattern for - edward f. - - i am myself i 've said in moments of heat without ever to at the feat - adams - - the ultimate blow to the is learning that even your mistakes go - ball - gen-probe inc. a biotechnology concern said it signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by chugai pharmaceutical co. of tokyo for about $ N million or almost double the market price of gen-probe 's stock - the move is sure to concerns about increased japanese investment in u.s. biotechnology firms - it is also likely to bolster fears that the japanese will use their in u.s. biotechnology concerns to gain certain trade and competitive advantages - gen-probe an industry leader in the field of genetic which is a new technology used in diagnostic tests last year signed an agreement for chugai to exclusively market its diagnostic products in japan for diseases and cancer - chugai agreed then to fund certain associated research and development costs - that arrangement apparently has worked well and thomas a. bologna president and chief executive officer of gen-probe founded in N said the sale of the company means we will be able to concentrate on running the business rather than always looking for sources of financing - chugai agreed to pay $ N a share for gen-probe 's N million common shares outstanding on a fully diluted basis - yesterday in national trading in the over-the-counter market gen-probe common closed at $ N a share - because the u.s. leads in most areas of biotechnology largely because of research investment by the u.s. government the sale is sure to increase concerns that japanese companies will buy american know-how and use it to obtain the upper hand in biotechnology trade and competition - the biotechnology firms may be setting up their own competitors said richard president of the industrial biotechnology association - he added that until now the japanese have only acquired equity positions in u.s. biotechnology companies - they are onto developed technology he said - during the past five years japanese concerns have invested in several of the u.s. 's N independent biotechnology companies - chugai has been one of the most active japanese players in u.s. biotechnology companies it has an equity investment in genetics institute inc. cambridge mass. and a joint-venture agreement with upjohn co. mich - the japanese government mr. said has stated that it wants N N to N N of its gross national product to come from biotechnology products - it is becoming more of a horse race every day between the u.s. and japan he said adding that some fear that as with the semiconductor electronics and automobile industries japanese companies will use technology to gain trade advantages - mr. bologna said the sale would allow gen-probe to speed up the development of new technology and to more quickly apply existing technology to an array of diagnostic products the company wants to offer - by N when only N genetic tests of diagnostic diseases of humans had been approved for marketing by the food and drug administration eight of them had been developed and sold by gen-probe - deputy president of chugai which spends about N N of its sales on research and development was unable to pinpoint how much money chugai would pump into gen-probe - we think gen-probe has technology important to people 's health he said adding we think it is important for us to have such technology - he and mr. bologna emphasized that both companies would gain technological knowledge through the sale of gen-probe which will expand significantly as a result of the acquisition - in N chugai had net income of $ N million on revenue of $ N million - had a net loss of $ N million on revenue of $ N million - recently gen-probe received a broad u.s. patent for a technology that helps detect identify and through the targeting of a form of genetic material called - among other things mr. bologna said that the sale will facilitate gen-probe 's marketing of a diagnostic test for acquired immune deficiency syndrome or aids - chugai also will help gen-probe with its regulatory and marketing expertise in asia mr. bologna said - the tender offer for gen-probe 's shares is expected to begin next monday the company said - it was supposed to be a routine call - a soviet space officials in tokyo in july for an exhibit stopped by to see their counterparts at the national space development agency of japan - but after a few the soviets unexpectedly got serious - the soviets have a space program the guests noted - would n't the japanese like a piece of it - the visitors then listed technologies up for sale including launch services and hardware - we were just surprised says 's director for international affairs - shocked - that moscow with its economic machine would try to sell high technology to japan one of the world 's high-tech leaders sounds like a notion - but the soviet union has areas where it is n't behind japan says mikhail of the soviet ministry of foreign economic relations - we have obtained through the development of the soviet space program technologies you do n't see anywhere else - the sales pitch might n't be as as it seems - trade relations are these days and some japanese favor their reliance on u.s. technology in light of the when u.s. officials reversed an earlier decision and refused to share certain crucial technology - and despite its image as a technology japan has a lot of weaknesses - it 's a world leader in semiconductors but behind the u.s. in making the computers that use those chips - it 's a world leader in auto manufacturing but its aviation industry is struggling and its space program is years behind the u.s. the europeans and the soviets - one question being in the soviet union is how to use the defense sector 's expertise in the rest of the economy - many plants that used to make military equipment are now being ordered to produce videocassette recorders small and machinery - the soviets also hope to make better use of their considerable expertise in theoretical science which has helped them win twice as many nobel science prizes as the japanese - where they lag behind the japanese is in turning the scientific into improved production - by contrast the japanese have proved at making use of soviet - kobe steel ltd. adopted soviet casting technology in N and used it for N years until it developed its own system - steel corp. bought a soviet patent two years ago and has jointly developed the system with the soviets - in N the soviets will take a japanese journalist into space the first japanese to go into - soviet efforts to sell their technology abroad do n't appear to worry the u.s. japan 's principal ally - we have never opposed the development of economic relations between our allies and the soviet union says a state department official - frankly i would n't expect the japanese to get on anybody 's technology least of all the soviets - under mikhail gorbachev 's perestroika the soviets have sought economic ties all over the world including new export markets - they believe technology is one of their best bets and some soviet officials say moscow will even consider military know-how if the price is right - the soviets held export that included high-tech items in new york and west germany - last week a soviet delegation came to japan to push more space technologies - japan is a major target for the soviets - in august representatives of japan 's largest business organization visited moscow to explore exports and investments that would help the soviet economy - out of the blue the soviet chamber of commerce handed over details on N technologies that the japanese might want to buy - these mainly involved such areas as materials advanced machines for example and medical developments derived from in space such as blood vessels - a main motive is hard cash - but while the soviets ca n't expect direct technology flow from japan they also hope to benefit from japanese manufacturing expertise - the soviet union has a lot of know-how but it has been difficult to put that into actual production because of various structural problems in the economy says mr. the foreign ministry official - the soviets are contemplating a flexible system under which it would be possible to develop technology jointly and even to market it jointly he says - even if the japanese find soviet technology desirable such discussions would be with political - still from the international backlash over the sale two years ago of sensitive military technology to the soviets by a subsidiary of japan 's toshiba corp. many japanese are eager to avoid appearing to help the soviets in any way - another hurdle concerns japan 's attempts to persuade the soviet union to its war ii control of four islands north of japan - so far the soviets have provided only the information about their technology and business plans - and what they have shown is n't impressive - my impression is that there is n't anything which our interest at first says an official from japan 's ministry of international trade and industry - peter in moscow contributed to this article - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - may N N signaled a may day for securities houses which were forced to end N years of charging fixed commissions - it scared brokers but most survived - it took effect after seven years of bitter debate between the securities and exchange commission and traders and exchanges - despite warnings from such leaders as former federal reserve board chairman william martin that commissions would undo the industry the sec in september N said full competition must start may N - the timing for change was right - institutions had become active market players in the early 1970s and sought exchange seats to handle their own trades - and the industry was with brokers trying to secure big client orders by using gifts women and - within three weeks of the N end to fixed rates there were price wars among brokers fighting for institutional business with rate of N N to N N below N levels - ray jr. sec chairman said the and of the discounting is more than i expected - even a federal measure in june allowing houses to add research fees to their commissions did n't stop it - longer term the impact is unclear - the change prompted the rise of discount brokers and a reduction in securities research firms - but there are currently more exchange members than in N with the bigger houses gaining a larger share of total commissions - commissions however account for a smaller share of business as takeover advisory fees have soared - foreign stock markets with which the u.s. is also have ended fixed commissions in recent years - it came in london 's big bang N deregulation and toronto 's little bang the same year - paris is currently out fixed commissions under its bang plan - president bush said that three members of his cabinet will lead a presidential mission to poland to gauge how the u.s. can help the new government 's economic changes - mr. bush announced several weeks ago that he intended to send such a mission composed of top government aides and business and labor leaders - the mission will visit poland from nov. N to dec. N the white house said - in remarks at a white house marking polish heritage month mr. bush announced that agriculture secretary commerce secretary robert mosbacher and labor secretary elizabeth dole will lead the u.s. group - michael chairman of the council of economic advisers also will be a member - in addition the white house said that charles harper chairman of inc. and john chairman of manufacturers hanover corp. will be among a group of at least N business and labor representatives in the presidential mission - mr. bush said the group is to focus on economic sectors where u.s. expertise and cooperation can indeed make a difference - mr. bush has asked congress to provide more than $ N million in economic aid and food grants for poland 's new government but has been by democrats for failing to do more - warner communications inc. is close to an agreement to back a new recorded music and music publishing company in partnership with irving azoff who resigned in september as head of mca inc. 's mca records unit - warner and mr. azoff declined comment as did mca where mr. azoff had also been discussing such a venture - but record industry executives familiar with the talks said mr. azoff and warner came to an agreement yesterday to form a N joint-venture company funded by warner and run by mr. azoff - among other things they said mr. azoff would develop musical acts for a new record label - the agreement is said to be similar to warner 's N partnership with record and movie producer david whose films and records are distributed by the warner bros. studio and the warner records unit - although mr. azoff wo n't produce films at first it is possible that he could do so later the sources said - like mr. 's arrangement the venture gives mr. azoff a link to the world 's largest and most successful record distributor in the u.s. alone warner has a N N share of the market about double its competitor sony corp. 's cbs records - for warner meanwhile it gives the company a second young partner with a finger on the of the hottest trends in the music business - the mr. azoff a former rock roll manager is credited with turning around mca 's music division in his six years at the company - but mr. azoff had been negotiating for more than a year to get out of his mca contract which expired in N - mr. azoff reportedly was and frequently with top mca management over a number of issues such as compensation and business plans - mr. azoff also was eager to return to a more entrepreneurial role in which he had a big financial stake in his own efforts - in an interview at the time of his resignation from mca he said i 'd rather build a company than run one - part of a series - tom had a perfectly good reason for not using the $ N machine he bought three years ago - i a bad got food and had to have a shot in my shoulder he says making it too painful to row - the he admits went away about a week after the shot - yet the machine has n't been touched since even though he has moved it across the country with him twice - a san francisco lawyer mr. when he first got the machine but he complains it left marks on his carpet and it was boring - it 's a horrible machine actually - i 'm i own the stupid thing - mr. has plenty of company - nearly of the people who own home exercise equipment do n't use it as much as they planned according to the wall street journal 's american way of buying survey - the roper organization which conducted the survey said almost half of the exercise equipment owners found it than they expected - it is n't just exercise gear that is n't getting a good workout - the fitness craze itself has gone soft the survey found - fewer people said they were working up a sweat with such activities as tennis and - half of those surveyed said they simply walk these days for exercise - that 's good news for marketers of walking shoes - the survey also detected a bit more interest in golf a positive sign for country clubs and golf club makers - the survey 's findings certainly are n't encouraging for marketers of tennis and home exercise equipment but people 's good intentions if not their actions are keeping sales of some fitness products healthy - for instance sales of exercise bikes and the like are expected to rise N N to about $ N billion this year according to the national sporting goods association which sees the home market as one of the hottest growth areas for the 1990s - but even that group knows some people do n't use their machines as much as they should - the first excuse is they do n't have enough time says research director thomas doyle - the second is they do n't have enough discipline - with more than N million exercise bikes sold in the past five years he adds a lot of and must be with them - still the average price of such bikes rose last year to $ N - mr. doyle predicts a trend toward fewer pieces of home exercise equipment being sold at higher prices - electronic are key - international inc. for example the electronic cycling a $ N cycle - on a video screen riders can see N different including urban mountain and desert scenes and check how many are burned a minute - nancy who works in corporate payments at bank of america in san francisco may be a good prospect for such a - she 's trying to sell a $ N exercise bike she bought about five years ago for her - but rather than write off home fitness equipment she traded up ms. just paid about $ N for a bike with a showing average and maximum speeds and a comfortable seat that feels almost like a chair - i 'm using it a lot she says - i spent so much money that if i look at it and i 'm not on it i feel guilty - the poll points up some between what people say and what they do - a surprising N N of people said they exercise regularly up from N N in N - this up images of a nation full of trim folks and suggests potatoes are out of season - of course that is n't really the case - the may be because asking people about their fitness regime is a bit like about their love life - they 're bound to - people say they and that may mean they 've been to the beach this year says spain research specialist for the president 's council on physical fitness and sports - it 's hard to know if people are responding - people are too embarrassed to say they have n't done anything - while she the fact that more americans are getting up from the television to or garden she says the percentage of americans who do real exercise to build the heart is only N N to N N - so many people on answers about exercise the president 's council now uses specific criteria to determine what is considered vigorous it must produce of large muscle groups must achieve N N of maximum capacity and must be done three or more times a week for a minimum of N minutes - one of the council 's goals set in N was to see more than N N of adults under N years of age getting vigorous exercise by N - that target has been revised to N N by the year N - but even that goal may prove optimistic - of N activities the journal survey found that N including skiing and are being done by fewer americans today than eight years ago - time pressures and the of the fitness fad are cited as reasons for the decline - only walking and golf increased in popularity during the 1980s and only slightly - a california lawyer gave up running three times a week to play a weekly round of golf finding it more social and - it 's an activity she feels she can do for life and by pulling a golf she still gets a good workout - i 'm really wiped out after walking five hours she says - most people said they exercise both for health and - if you sit down all the time you 'll go stiff says a n.c. who walks several miles a week - and it 's - sometimes if you have a you can go out and walk it right off - only about a quarter of the respondents said they exercise to lose weight - slightly more like leslie a law in san francisco who dance five times a week exercise to relieve stress - working with lawyers she says i need it - but fully N N of those polled felt they did n't need to belong to a health club - they 're too crowded and everybody 's showing off says joel bryant a student from pasadena calif - the guys are being and the are walking around in little things - they 're not there to work out - but at least they show up - nearly half of those who joined health clubs said they did n't use their membership as often as they planned - feeling they should devote more time to their families or their jobs many are their workout - even so the association of quality clubs a trade group in boston says membership revenues will rise about N N this year from last year 's $ N billion - a spokeswoman adds however that the group is considering offering a course similar to a program to teach people ways to stay with it - there are bodies of course - the of west an studio in san francisco 's marina district which was hit hard by the earthquake says people were going the minute we opened three days after the quake - the emotional aspect is so they needed a good workout - perhaps the most disturbing finding is that the bowling alley may be an endangered american institution - the survey reported the number of people who said they bowl regularly has fallen to just N N from N N in N - the american bowling congress claims a higher percentage of the public regularly but concedes its membership has declined this decade - to find out why the group recently commissioned a study of the past N years of research - three reasons were a preference for watching bowling and other sports on television rather than actually bowling bowling centers and with bowling itself - people who start bowling expecting it to be a exercise have been generally disappointed the report said - but not richard a san francisco driver who in two weekly - he hit the three years ago on the advice of his doctor - it 's good exercise he says - i ca n't do anything but i like meeting the - he says bowling helps him shed pounds though that effort is sometimes by the fact that when i 'm drinking i bowl better - his tuesday night team the is in first place - wpp group 's ogilvy & mather expects profit margins to improve to N N in N in the u.s. - yesterday 's edition did n't specify where the improvement would take place - concerning your sept. N article retailers face cutbacks uncertain future the outcome of our leveraged is looking very positive - unlike most of the other retailers mentioned in the story a. bank inc. is not in serious financial problems - we did experience some difficulties with the initial lbo terms and as your article made clear successfully restructured our debt earlier this year something those other retailers have yet to accomplish - your were on target regarding industry problems but wide of the mark in portraying the financial health of this company - chairman and ceo a. bank inc. mills md - private housing starts in japan were unchanged in september from a year earlier at N units the construction ministry said - the flat report followed a string of declines - the down trend was partly the result of tighter credit sparked by a discount rate increase by the bank of japan in may - the central bank also unexpectedly raised the base rate by half a percentage point to N N oct. N as part of an move that indirectly increases interest rates charged on new home construction loans - if there 's strange in your neighborhood - if there 's something weird and it do n't look good - who call - for some people call ed and warren - when it comes to ghosts the conn. couple are perfect - they claim to have spirits and other in hundreds of houses around the country - they say they now get three or four legitimate calls a week from people by haunts - i firmly believe in angels and ghosts says mr. warren whose business card him as a - if do n't work but your house still seems you can call any one of a swelling band of skeptics such as richard - a professional and he heads the pittsburgh branch of the committee for the scientific investigation of the - mr. says there is a scientific explanation for all haunts and he can even tell you how to encourage the spirits - all you have to do is eat a big pizza and then go to bed he says - you 'll have weird dreams too - either way the business is going like - of haunts and are beyond the nation 's streets and - i get calls nearly every day from people who have ghosts in their house says raymond hyman a skeptical psychology professor at the university of oregon - in a public opinion poll published in the october issue of parents magazine a third of those said they believe that ghosts or spirits make themselves known to people - the movies the books the even nancy reagan is boosting this stuff says paul a philosophy professor at the state university of new york at who heads the committee for the scientific investigation of the - the committee formed in N now has N around the world - the spirits of course could hardly care less whether people do or do n't believe in them - they do n't even give a to human by celebrating halloween - for the it 's just another day of business as usual say the holiday seems to occasion no unusual number of ghost reports - one of the busiest is robert baker a university of kentucky psychology professor whose gray at the mere mention of a ghost - mr. baker says he has personally more than N haunts from aliens to - mr. baker heads the kentucky association of science educators and skeptics - like hollywood 's kentucky 's stand ready to roll when haunts get out of hand - but they do n't around in an old cadillac wear funny suits or blast away at spirits - mr. baker drives a N chevy and usually wears a on his - i 've never met a ghost that could n't be explained away by perfectly natural means he says - when a louisville woman complained that a ghost was her mr. baker discovered a dragging a trap across the - a supposedly plagued a house in - mr. baker found an opening under the house that led to a coal mine - when the weather mr. baker says often hole up in abandoned houses - people see activity in there and the next thing you know you 've got a he says - on a recent afternoon mr. baker and a reporter go visiting a lexington woman who has the university of kentucky to report in her house - mrs. says she never believed in ghosts before but lately her vacuum cleaner turned itself on a telephone flew off its stand doors and she heard in her empty kitchen - i was doing the and nearly broke my neck running to see who was there and it was nobody she says eyes wide at the - mr. baker her out around a bit asks a few questions and proposes some - of the vacuum cleaner he says could be mrs. 's dog - the flying telephone you the base around a chair leg and the receiver does seem to fly off - the interstate N is a block away and heavy traffic can sure set a house to - i 'm not sure he 's explained everything mrs. says - there are some things that have gone on here that nobody can explain she says - mr. baker promises to return if the continues - for especially haunts mr. baker carries a secret weapon a of - i tell people it 's the of he says - i a little around and tell the to leave - it 's reassuring and it usually works - oregon 's mr. hyman has investigated claims of flying and and has come up with a explanation he says for every one - invariably he says are - two years ago a canadian reader bet omni magazine $ N that it could n't the in the oregon a former indian ground in southern oregon - to viewers from a distance visitors to the spot seemed to shrink relative to the background - the magazine called in mr. hyman as a consultant - he showed up with a carpenter 's level carefully measured every surface and showed how the apparent was caused by the perspective - a very striking illusion mr. hyman says now his voice with skepticism but an illusion nevertheless - the canadian wound up writing a check - the rev. a professor and expert at st. university in n.y. frequently is asked to spirits and he often - on certain occasions a spirit could be and make itself known he says - it happens - father often uses what he calls a a few and an to the spirit to leave - if the person believes there 's an evil spirit you ask it to be gone he says - the suggestion itself may do the - but sometimes more energetic attacks are required - to with a in a house owned by a conn. woman the recently called in an the rev. robert a dissident who to the catholic church 's old latin - i attend and so does a television crew from new york city - mr. warren the case your typical - a scottish built the small red house N years ago and now his ghost haunts it mr. warren says - the owner who asserts that the appearing as a dark shadow has her her around the living room and out a of hair - two previous have failed - this is a very ghost mr. warren says - father moves through the house in latin urging the to split - suddenly the woman begins and then - she 's being attacked by the mrs. warren as the water over the woman and the television camera - a half-hour later the woman is smiling and the seems to have gone - but mr. warren says the woman has burns on her back from the confrontation - she declines to show them - this was an powerful force that 's almost impossible for a to mr. warren says as the up to leave - this time though he says i think we got it - from by ray s. parker jr. N by golden music corp. and music - all administrative rights for the u.s. jointly controlled by both companies - international copyright secured - made in usa - all rights reserved - by permission - brokerage hiring amid market turmoil - but earn more - shearson lehman hutton inc. counts under N workers down N from the start of the year and off N from after its merger and the market collapse two years ago - another major firm has cut N workers N N of its staff since black monday - the bureau of labor statistics says securities firms in new york city alone have slashed N jobs from the december N peak of N - average annual earnings of those who have hung on though surged to $ N last year from $ N in N - any hiring is confined to retail sales - illinois company investments had been trimming its ranks until last summer - but then it was acquired by household international inc - now it offers richer commissions to lure a broker a week - lane inc. this year adds N people N of them in retail to its staff - a.g. edwards & sons runs training classes and looks for experienced brokers - we 're always going to hire someone we consider to be a winner an edwards official says - skilled workers are available to cope with earthquake damage - i do n't any shortages over the next few months says ken allen an official of operating engineers local N in san francisco - ironically up until the quake we desperately tried to fill jobs especially for crane and operators - but the oct. N temblor put a halt to much building and heavy last week slowed the rest construction workers for earthquake repairs - the supply of experienced civil engineers though is tighter - in recent months california 's transportation department has been recruiting in pennsylvania arizona and texas for engineers experienced in road and bridge design - but with the state offering only $ N a year and california 's high standard of living there are n't too many to choose from says scott a recruiting officer - he says the department now has N and wants to hire N civil engineers over the next N months - the irs may what the labor department - but stay - specialists drew a collective sigh of relief in early october when the labor department backed away from a proposal that companies let former employees and beneficiaries along with active workers borrow against in N k and similar savings plans - in an advisory letter the department said that starting oct. N loans could be limited to parties in interest which generally means active workers but also includes who continue as directors and N N shareholders - now comes word that irs regulations being drafted could put companies in violation of the tax code if they make loans to shareholders and directors but do n't make them available to other former workers who usually earned less - the irs says the question wo n't be settled until the regulations are issued shortly - but violation could bring substantial tax penalties to both employer and employees - it 's a severe case of regulatory complains henry of consultant a. foster & co - frederick of buck consultants has asked labor to its rule to remove the irs threat - corporate digs deeper - consultant right associates says the average pay of its clients fell to $ N last year from $ N in N severance pay dropped to N weeks from N - both reflect the dismissal of and executives - first teach - executives believe workers should know their benefits - but three out of four managers ca n't accurately state the value of their own packages consultant noble says - - fully N N of the doctors surveyed for metropolitan life insurance co. think their fellow physicians are responsible for rising health-care costs ahead of hospitals N N and patients N N - no you work - only one in four companies with flexible benefit plans lets workers buy or sell vacation days consultant towers says - employees like the option but firms say it 's too tough to run - students burger for jobs tied to careers - some even study - fast-food jobs are n't popular no matter what they pay says a official - working students she explains want some satisfaction - university of michigan students look for jobs related to planned careers - mellon though says some students conclude they can help their careers most by hitting the books they 're to build their through good grades and leadership roles in - slowing economies in some areas limit student choice - student job at boston university slip N N this year following a N N drop in N - still the school says there are an ample number and pay is up to $ N an hour from $ N last year - candidates at the university of pittsburgh earn up to $ N an hour on marketing or computer projects - the - corp. a university of wyoming graduate with degrees in and petroleum engineering for $ N an hour to tend wood fires at a colorado ski resort - is somebody telling us something - our copy of labor comes through the mail around two sections of baseball card news - democracy is making a return with a to latin america 's most and deeply country - on nov. N when a president for the first time in N years the country 's N million voters will have N candidates to choose from - the candidates have been this huge country of N million people holding rallies and televised debates in hope of being elected to what must be one of the world 's most political jobs trying to drag brazil out of its economic and social mess - i feel sorry for whoever wins says a brazilian diplomat - who that winner will be is highly uncertain - a candidates backing policies ranging from to are given a chance of winning - whoever says he knows which of the six will win is out of his mind says antonio a member of parliament - the favorite remains fernando de a 40-year-old former governor of the state of - he came out of nowhere to grab the lead in opinion polls probably less because of his vague program to build a new brazil than because of his good looks the open backing of the powerful television network and his reputation as a hunter of or and civil - but after building up a commanding lead the moderate to conservative mr. has slipped to about N N in the polls from a high of about N N only a few weeks ago - to avoid a one candidate would have to win N N of the vote a feat that most analysts consider impossible with so many candidates running - two politicians socialist a former governor of de state and luis currently are running neck and neck at about N N and three other candidates are given a chance of reaching the dec. N election between the two biggest social democrat mario and two conservatives a former governor of the state of and - the uncertainty is sending through brazilian financial markets - the dollar the best indicator of the country 's mood has skyrocketed on the parallel market as has gold - capital flight is reported to be strong - the big question is whether the new president will have the strength and the political support in congress to take steps to cure brazil 's economic - president jose who took office in N when the man picked by an electoral college became ill appears to be simply trying to avoid - the unpopular mr. whose task was to bring about a smooth transition to democracy after N years of military rule is n't seeking re-election - what comes out of the ballot box could be crucial in determining whether brazil finally lives up to the potential of the world 's eighth largest economy or keeps living up to its other less title that of the developing world 's largest on the brink of mired in deficits and with huge economic and social under the surface - if brazil an economic strategy allowing it to resume growth and service debt this could lead it to open up and its economy analysts say just as president carlos saul has been doing even though he was elected on a platform - depending on the president we could either be a economy by the end of the century or stay where we are says political scientist de - and where we are is bad - despite efforts by finance minister inflation came to N N in september alone and is expected to top N N for the year - that might have been considered not long ago but argentina price increases of almost N N in july before bringing the rate down sharply in august and september - still massive internal debt has forced the government to borrow on the domestic market and to offer inflation-adjusted returns of N N to N N a month just to get investors to hold on to its paper - about $ N billion is estimated to be tied up in the short-term money market which acts both as a hedge against inflation for consumers and an of inflation and deficits for the government - by some estimates brazil 's internal debt or combined public deficit could reach N N of its $ N billion gross domestic product - much of the money goes into subsidies or keeping inefficient state-controlled companies operating - among the results is a frequent breakdown of public services - it 's not uncommon to wait three minutes for a dial tone after picking up the telephone and then to be interrupted by a busy signal before finishing dialing the number - officials also say a national electricity shortage might not be far off - economists businessmen and some politicians agree that the answer is an orthodox economic program including reduced state spending focusing spending on vital areas such as education health and welfare turning state companies private the tax system raising public service rates to match costs and possibly a temporary wage and price freeze and a devaluation of the - analysts also say it 's inevitable that brazil will seek to its $ N billion foreign debt on which it suspended interest payments last month - analysts say however that a tough economic program would have to be accompanied by measures to shield the poor from its effects for instance by subsidizing food items - about N N of brazil 's voters are believed to live near the poverty level - of the three candidates with a serious chance of winning mr. comes to the sort of measures that economists say are necessary - but his raises doubts that he would have the political power to carry them out - the mr. has been vague about his intentions and often in his rhetoric but analysts say he probably would be - mr. a former factory worker and labor leader is the most radical to payments on the foreign debt and saying he would n't go around putting the country up for sale to the highest bidder - but despite the differences in what they say according to some analysts here economic constraints mean the next president may not have many choices about what he does - hospital regulation kentucky - which is the best medicine for runaway health costs competition or regulation - the question is at the root of a between humana inc. the big hospital and insurance company and its in its home state of kentucky - the battle focuses on the state 's law which investment in new medical technology - the law has prevented $ N million of unnecessary expenditures since N according to william s. conn president of the kentucky hospital association - but according to david jones humana 's chief executive it technology monopolies innovation and raises prices - if the legislature does n't repeal the law due for revision in N mr. jones says humana may move its insurance operations including N jobs in louisville to another state - the company complains that it paid $ N million to hospitals in its latest fiscal year for services provided to its insurance plan members - but humana says its own facilities could serve its insured for less if they were properly equipped - mr. conn charges that humana 's own actions undermine its argument - when a hospital in lexington installed a last year demand for a similar machine at a humana hospital in louisville fell N N - the humana hospital responded by up prices to make up for lost revenue mr. conn says and now charges as much as $ N for the procedure which costs only about $ N in lexington - humana contends that $ N represents an extreme case and that its regular charge for is $ N - meanwhile another hospital 's proposal for a is pending before the board that the law - humana which wants to acquire one of the new machines itself is on the record as opposed to the proposal - doctors seek financial security - health-care experts have long worried that young doctors emerging from medical school with a mountain of debt will choose careers in instead of primary care where more physicians are needed most - now there 's a new in what young doctors want more than half of N residents responding to recent survey said they 'd prefer a guaranteed salary over traditional compensation in their first professional position - and N N preferred a group practice or health maintenance organization while just N N favored solo practice - ten years ago a physician would go to a town and take out a loan to start a practice says james president of & associates an irvine calif. physician that conducted the survey - they wo n't do that very often today at all - they 're looking for something that 's very safe - the numbers behind such fears the average debt of medical school graduates who borrowed to pay for their education jumped N N to $ N this year from $ N in N says the association of american medical colleges - that 's N N more than in N - money is n't the only reason for the shift in practice preferences - it reflects values of a generation that wants more time for families and personal interests says john h. iii who directs searches for international - this is a change in the social fabric of medicine he says - related trim hospital bills - when spent several weeks at the medical center of vermont recently with a bone infection in her she shared a room just like most patients - but unlike most patients her was her husband - it was certainly good to have him handy mrs. says - the cooperative care unit is one of about N nationwide where a family member or friend helps care for a patient in the hospital - the philosophy is to make the patient and the family very responsible for a portion of their own care says anthony j. medical director of cooperative care at new york university medical center where the concept began N years ago - it helps us and them while they 're here and it certainly makes them a better health-care team when they get home - it also money - because patients require less attention from nurses and other staff room charges are lower about $ N less per day than a regular room at the vermont hospital - cancer patients prolonged radiation therapy diabetics learning to manage their blood sugar levels and patients are among those who spend time on units - the approach has generated so much interest that is host to the first conference on cooperative care nov. N - it 's really part of the hospital of the century dr. says - odds and ends - the chief nursing officer can be responsible for more than N employees and at least one-third of a hospital 's budget a head typically oversees up to N employees and $ N million - so says the commonwealth fund a new york that 's a $ N million project to develop joint masters in business and nursing programs at N universities - medical college in tenn. a new research publication in the spring the journal on health care for the poor and - a group of michigan investors has offered to buy knight-ridder inc. 's ailing detroit free press for $ N million but has left unclear how the offer will be financed - the offer came just prior to arguments before the u.s. supreme court over whether the free press should be allowed to enter into a joint operating pact with co. 's detroit news - the group led by birmingham mich. william d. did n't name an investment banker backing the deal or say how much its members will contribute to the offer - indeed some individuals identified with the group said they have n't committed any money to the bid and were n't aware of it until they heard about it in local news accounts over the weekend - knight-ridder would n't comment on the offer - the company has said the paper is n't for sale and has rebuffed mr. 's earlier requests for access to free press financial statements - in his letter to knight-ridder president james k. mr. said he arrived at the $ N million figure using knight-ridder 's corporate financial statements and comments by knight-ridder officials that the free press has a $ N million value in salvage - but in an interview mr. said he and his investment banker would need access to full financial records before up the offer - mitsui & co. said it started a joint venture with chemical co. a major pharmaceutical manufacturer in south korea to manufacture - the new company is capitalized at about $ N million - mitsui expects the products to be exported to southeast asia and africa - it also hopes to enter the u.s. market - nrm energy co. said it filed materials with the securities and exchange commission calling for it to restructure into a corporation from a limited partnership - the partnership said it is proposing the change largely because the provisions of its senior notes restrict it from making distributions on its units outstanding - nrm suspended its common distribution in june N and the distribution on its $ N cumulative convertible acquisition preferred units in september - however unpaid distributions on the acquisition preferred are cumulative and would total $ N million a year hurting nrm 's financial flexibility and its ability to raise capital nrm said - in following several other oil and gas partnerships that have made the conversion to a corporation in the last year nrm also noted that tax advantages for partnerships have diminished under new tax laws and said it would save $ N million a year in administrative costs from the change - under the plan nrm said holders of its common units will receive one share of new common stock in edisto resources corp. for every N common units owned - holders of nrm 's $ N cumulative convertible acquisition preferred units will receive one new common share in edisto for every N units they own - after the transaction current common will own about N N of edisto current acquisition preferred holders will own N N and current stockholders of edisto will own about N N about the same stake as edisto owns now in nrm - edisto currently is the general partner of nrm - as the largest holder of acquisition preferred units mesa limited partnership would own about N N of edisto after the transaction - as part of the transaction edisto agreed to give mesa an texas oil and gas partnership managed by t. boone pickens jr. a seat on its board - nrm said its $ N senior cumulative convertible preferred units will be converted into an equal number of shares of $ N senior cumulative convertible preferred stock of edisto - the transaction is subject to approval of nrm of record on oct. N among other conditions - nrm said it expects to vote on the restructuring at a meeting dec. N - co. and corp. said they 've discontinued talks toward a definitive agreement regarding ' acquisition of 's chemical group - the companies reached an agreement in principle for the sale in august - terms were n't disclosed - produces and coatings while the los angeles-based coatings group produces industrial coatings - corp. agreed to sell its headquarters building here to manufacturers life insurance co. of toronto and will lease the facility until it moves to a new quarters in N - the concern did n't disclose terms of the sale which will close in the first quarter of next year - proceeds from the planned sale of the building will help reduce the debt incurred as a result of our july N recapitalization said a official - the recently revived enthusiasm among small investors for stock mutual funds has been by a jittery stock market and the over program trading - after hitting two-year highs this summer net sales of stock funds slowed in september according to the investment company institute a trade group - the sales recovery to a halt this month some analysts say - confidence was starting to come back because we did n't have wildly volatile days says tyler research director for & co. a boston research firm - now everything such as program trading and wide stock market swings that everyone had pushed back in their is just sitting right there - net sales of stock funds in september totaled $ N million down from $ N billion in august the institute said - but if reinvested dividends are excluded investors put in only $ N million more than they pulled out for the month - october 's numbers which wo n't be released for a month are down further mutual fund executives say - investors in stock funds did n't panic the weekend after mid-october 's 190-point market plunge - most of the those who left stock funds simply switched into money market funds - and some fund groups said investors actually became net buyers - but the stock market swings have continued - the recent outcry over program trading will cast a pall over the environment in the coming months some analysts say - the public is very close to having had it mr. says - investors pulled back from bond funds in september too - net sales of bond funds for the month totaled $ N billion down two-thirds from $ N billion in august - the major reason heavy outflows from high-risk high-yield junk bond funds - big withdrawals from the junk funds have continued this month - overall net sales of all mutual funds excluding money market funds fell to $ N billion in september from $ N billion in august the trade group said - small net inflows into stock and bond funds were offset by slight declines in the value of mutual fund stock and bond portfolios stemming from falling prices said jacob the institute 's chief economist - many small investors went for the safety of money market funds - assets of these and other short-term funds surged more than $ N billion in september the institute said - analysts say additional investors transferred their assets into money funds this month - at fidelity investments the nation 's largest fund group money funds continue to draw the most business says michael vice president marketing - in october net sales of stock funds at fidelity dropped sharply mr. said - but he emphasized that new accounts new sales inquiries and subsequent sales of stock funds are all up this month from september 's level - investor interest in stock funds has n't stalled at all mr. maintains - he notes that most of the net sales drop stemmed from a period following the friday the 13th plunge - if that follows through next month then it will be a different story he says - but mr. adds sales based on a few days ' events do n't tell you much about october 's trends - one trend that continues is growth in the money invested in funds - buoyed by the continued inflows into money funds assets of all mutual funds swelled to a record $ N billion in september up fractionally from $ N billion in august - managers meantime went into october with less cash on hand than they held earlier this year - these managers held N N of assets in cash at the end of september down from N N in august and N N in september N - large cash positions help buffer funds from market declines but can cut down on gains in rising markets - managers of junk funds were their cash after the september cash crunch at campeau corp - managers raised their cash position to N N of assets in september from N N in august - in september N that level was N N - investors in all funds will seek safety in the coming months some analysts say - among stock funds the conservative portfolios probably will remain popular fund specialists say - there will be a and possibly greater focus on conservative equity funds at the expense of growth and aggressive growth funds says an analyst at strategic insight a new york concern - secretary of state baker we read decided to kill a speech that robert gates deputy national security adviser and a career soviet expert was going to give to a student the national security conference - we keep wondering what mr. gates wanted to say - perhaps he might have cited mr. gorbachev 's need for a stable currency free and competitive markets private property and real prices and other reforms - perhaps he 'd have called for a political and economic system without a dominant communist party - or political arrangements to alleviate the and demands of soviet ethnic minorities and republics - why a bob gates might even have said nor are soviet problems susceptible to rescue from abroad through abundant western credits - if mr. gates had been allowed to say these things we would now be hearing about and disarray on foreign policy - dark hints would be raised that parts of the administration hope mr. gorbachev would fail just as they were when vice president quayle voiced similar - it 's somehow ok for secretary baker himself however to say all the same things - in fact he did the quotes above are from mr. baker 's speech of two weeks ago - so far as we can see there is no disagreement among mr. baker mr. quayle the mr. gates we 've read or for that matter president bush - they all understand point one nothing the u.s. can do will make much difference in whether mr. gorbachev succeeds with perestroika - perhaps mr. gates would more than mr. baker the many hurdles the soviet leader must leap if he is going to succeed - but everyone agrees that mr. gorbachev 's problems result from the failure of his own system - they can be relieved only by changing that system not by pouring western money into it - gatt membership will not matter to coal miners short of soap nor will a start treaty make any difference to - on the other hand so long as mr. gorbachev is easing his grip on his empire everyone we 've heard agrees that the u.s. can benefit by engaging him - if a deal can be made to cut the world 's loose from moscow why not - we do n't expect much good from control but talks might eastern europe - there 's nothing in the least in all this and it would be nice to think that washington could a reasonably sophisticated complex view - yet much of the political culture seems intent on the bush administration for not helping mr. gorbachev - so every time a bush official raises a doubt about mr. gorbachev the washington community cold war and and an administration spokesman is quickly out to mr. bush wants perestroika to succeed - mr. baker seems especially sensitive to the washington known as - its symptoms include a cold sweat at the sound of debate hands in the face of congressional criticism and when someone writes the word controversy - as one unidentified official clearly in the late stages of the disease told the times baker just felt that there were some lines in the speech that could be and seized by the press - in short the problem is not disagreement but with the prospect that might fail and its political opponents will ask who lost gorbachev - mr. baker may want to avoid criticism from senate majority leader george mitchell but as secretary of state his audience is the entire free world not just congress - in any case he 's likely to find that the more he his colleagues the more leaks will pop up all around washington a lesson once learned by henry - letting officials express their own can be educational - we note that in rome yesterday defense secretary cheney said that european euphoria over mr. gorbachev is starting to be by a recognition of the magnitude of the problems he was trying to deal with - it is in the western interest to see mr. gorbachev succeed - the odds are against him as he himself would no doubt tell you - the ultimate outcome depends on what he does not on what we do - even if the press is ready to seize and these are not very complicated thoughts - surely there is someone in the administration maybe bob gates who could explain them to college students or even - e. jordan was elected to the board of this transportation services concern - mr. jordan has served as executive director of the united college fund director of the voter education project of the southern regional council and to the u.s. office of economic opportunity - his election increases ryder 's board to N members - the american stock exchange said a seat was sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale last friday - seats are currently quoted at $ N bid and $ N asked - two entered a maryland restaurant ordered two employees to lie on the floor and shot them in the backs of their heads - the fled with less than $ N - describing this and other killings sen. thurmond r. s.c recently urged fellow lawmakers to revive a broad federal death penalty - the ultimate punishment he declared will protect the from the vicious individuals who commit these crimes - there 's just one problem the law that sen. thurmond is pushing would be irrelevant in the case of the maryland restaurant and almost all other killings - most are state crimes so any federal law probably would turn out to be more than substance - yet the bill is riding high on the furor over drug trafficking - senate republicans after repeatedly failing to amendments to unrelated legislation have finally gotten a bill through committee - the democratic leadership agreed to allow a floor vote on the issue before the end of the year a debate certain to focus on the alleged racial of death sentencing - even some democrats concede that there is probably a majority in the senate that favors some kind of broad measure - the pending bill introduced by mr. thurmond would revive the federal laws by legal procedures required by the supreme court - in N the high court aside all laws federal and state alike as unconstitutional - but in N the court permitted of such laws if they meet certain procedural requirements - for instance would have to consider specific and factors before deciding whether to condemn someone to death - since that N ruling N states have the death penalty - but congressional democrats have blocked the same from at the federal level with the exception of a N law allowing capital punishment for certain drug-related - the thurmond bill would establish a federally death sentence for N crimes most of which were formerly punishable by death under federal statutes that the supreme court - among these crimes are murder on federal land presidential assassination and - the thurmond bill would also add five new crimes punishable by death including murder for hire - separately the senate last week passed a bill permitting execution of who kill americans abroad - amid the of punitive rhetoric surrounding the issue one critical question involves whether a federal death penalty on top of existing state laws would deter any would-be criminals - for one thing it 's unlikely that many people would receive federal death sentences let alone be executed - most of the crimes incorporated in the thurmond bill are rare killing a supreme court justice for instance or deliberately causing a train that results in a death - in fact only N defendants would have been eligible for federal death sentences if the thurmond bill had been in effect in the past three years according to a study by the senate judiciary committee 's democratic staff - the last federal execution before the supreme court 's N ruling banning the death penalty took place in N meaning that the federal government did n't exercise its execution authority for eight years - in that sense the whole debate is sort of a fraud argues a democratic senate staff member - it 's attention from serious issues like how to make fbi and customs work together on drug enforcement - republicans acknowledge that few people would be executed under the thurmond bill but they contend that is n't the point - many scholars are of the opinion that the mere existence of the penalty many people from the commission of capital crimes says sen. hatch r. utah - executions regardless of how frequently they occur are also proper for crimes mr. hatch argues - thomas boyd a senior justice department official says the new federal drug-related crimes punishable by death since last november may result in a jump in capital sentences though that has n't happened so far - in addition to the old issue of whether death sentences deter criminals this bill has made race a major part of the debate - before the bill left committee sen. edward kennedy d. mass attached an amendment that would allow a defendant to escape from a death sentence in shown to have out executions in a manner - the amendment prompted an ironic protest from mr. thurmond who complained that it would kill capital punishment - a large number of studies suggest that state judges and have imposed the penalty in a fashion - and the kennedy amendment would not only federal but state in two important ways - it would allow all defendants to introduce statistical evidence showing disproportionate application of the death penalty in the past - and it would shift the burden to prosecutors to that discrimination caused any statistical racial - that burden is very difficult if not impossible to meet says mr. boyd - how do you prove a negative - since most prosecutors would n't be able to demonstrate that racial considerations did n't affect sentencing executions everywhere might come to a halt mr. boyd explains - at least N major studies to show that particular states have imposed the death penalty against of whites compared with blacks and against black defendants compared with white defendants - conservatives question the of the studies and note that the supreme court ruled in N that such research regardless of its is n't relevant to a constitutional attack on a particular death sentence - the kennedy amendment would in effect around the supreme court ruling - lawyers would seize on the provision in their appeals says richard director of the legal defense and educational fund 's defense team - mr. kennedy failed to get his amendment incorporated into last year 's anti-drug legislation and it will be severely attacked on the senate floor this time around - but if it it could prompt other statutory changes according to the mr. - it might force congress and the states to narrow the death penalty only to convictions shown to be relatively free of racial by repeat offenders who their victims perhaps - narrowing the penalty in this fashion would clearly reduce whatever effect it now has - and that in turn would only strengthen the argument of those who oppose execution under any circumstances - a state judge postponed a decision on a move by holders of telerate inc. to block the tender offer of dow jones & co. for the N N of telerate it does n't already own - vice chancellor maurice a. iii of delaware 's court of chancery heard arguments for more than two hours here but he made no comment and asked no questions - he could rule as early as today on the motion seeking a temporary injunction against the dow jones offer - dow jones has offered to pay $ N a share or about $ N million for the remaining telerate stake - the offer will expire at N p.m. est on nov. N unless extended again - robert an attorney for the telerate holders told judge the dow jones offer is arrogant and hostile - he accused dow jones of using unfair means to obtain the stock at an unfair price - michael an attorney for dow jones defended the offer as adequate based on what the company considers realistic projections of telerate 's revenue growth in the range of N N - he also contended that the plaintiffs failed to cite any legal authority that would justify such an injunction - telerate provides information about financial markets through an electronic network - dow jones publishes the wall street journal barron 's magazine other and community newspapers and operates electronic business information services - japan 's exports of cars trucks and buses declined N N to N units in september from a year earlier the japan automobile manufacturers association said - the association attributed the drop to a trend among auto makers to move manufacturing operations overseas - with the exception of august when exports rose N N exports have declined every month from year-earlier levels since march - lone star technologies inc. said its lone star steel co. unit sued it in federal court here seeking to recover an valued at a minimum of $ N million - the lawsuit was filed by lone star steel 's unsecured creditors ' committee on behalf of lone star steel which has been operating under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code since june N - lone star technologies said it and its subsidiary 's creditors agree that the parent company owes the unit money but they have n't been able to reach agreement on the amount - lawyer for the creditors said the creditors group is challenging certain accounting on the parent company 's books and estimates that the owed the steel company could be as much as $ N million - the lone star steel lawsuit also asks the court to rule that lone star technologies is jointly responsible for a $ N million lone star steel pension payment that was due but was n't paid in september and that the parent company ca n't recover the amount from its subsidiary if the parent company makes the payment - separately lone star technologies said the bankruptcy court granted lone star steel an extension until year end on its exclusive period to present a reorganization plan - the exclusivity period was to expire yesterday - under chapter N a company continues to operate but is protected from creditor lawsuits while it tries to work out a plan to pay its debt - nothing was going to hold up the settlement of vs. - not even an earthquake - on the afternoon of oct. N after hours of with five adjusters over settling a suit four lawyers had an agreement in hand - but as judge thomas m. his so he could give final approval the major earthquake struck its epicenter not far from his courtroom in city calif - the walls shook the building rocked - for a while it looked like the deal not to mention the courtroom itself was on the verge of collapse - the judge came out and said quick let 's put this on the record says the judge 's court reporter - i said now - i was shaking the whole time - a water had onto the floor the red carpeting - lights on and off dropped from the ceiling the walls still shook and an evacuation alarm outside - the four lawyers climbed out from under a table - let 's close the door said the judge as he climbed to his bench - at stake was an $ N settlement involving who should pay what share of cleanup costs at the site of a former gas station where underground fuel tanks had and the soil - and the lawyers were just as eager as the judge to wrap it up - we were never going to get these insurance companies to agree again says john v. trump a san francisco defense lawyer in the case - indeed the insurance adjusters had already out of the courtroom - the lawyers went to work anyway noting that the proceeding was taking place during a major earthquake - ten minutes later it was done - for the record jeffrey an attorney for fireman 's fund said he was rattled both literally and - my belief is always if you 've got a settlement you read it into the record says judge now known in his courthouse as shake down - the insurance adjusters think differently - i did n't know if it was world war iii or what says of morristown n.j - reading the settlement into the record was the last thing on my mind - edison brothers stores inc. said it agreed to buy N women 's apparel stores from specialty stores corp. a unit of ltd. of toronto - terms were n't disclosed - edison said the acquired stores would be integrated into its current operations - brown-forman corp louisville ky. - david r. jackson formerly vice president managing director of corporate communications for maxwell communication inc. was named vice president and assistant to the chairman of this maker of and consumer products - your oct. N front page noted that british lawyers have to wear in court and that these are made from horses ' - do you think the british know something that we do n't - yale jay - md - applause for sometimes talk is the best medicine in your oct. N marketplace section - indeed the art of does contribute to better health results and unwarranted litigation - on the concern about doctors ' earnings in order to spend talk time with patients we are finding the quality of the time spent is the key to true - even brief conversations can show and trust and need not restrict the efficiency of the communication or restrain the doctor 's earnings - the issue is far-reaching - right now the american is spending about N N of our gross national product on health care - that amounts to more than $ N billion a year - and it is estimated that more than N N of that $ N billion goes to defensive medicine those measures taken by doctors to protect themselves from the most unlikely possibilities - so we all stand to benefit if relations become a partnership - president north american physicians insurance risk group - chrysler corp. chairman lee a. said the nation 's no. N auto maker will need to close one or two of its assembly plants because of the slowdown hitting the industry - in an interview with the trade journal automotive news mr. declined to say which plants will close or when chrysler will make the moves - but he said we have too many plants in our system - so the older or most inefficient capacity has got to go - according to industry analysts chrysler plants most likely to close are the st. louis no. N facility which builds chrysler and dodge models the toledo ohio jeep plant which dates back to the early and two canadian plants that build the jeep and chrysler 's vans - chrysler has had to temporarily close the st. louis and toledo plants recently because of excess inventories of vehicles built there - at chrysler 's N model last month chrysler motors president robert a. said the no. N auto maker along with other u.s. manufacturers might be forced to capacity if market demand does n't improve - but mr. 's remarks are the most specific indication to date of how many plants could be in jeopardy - general motors corp. has signaled that as many as five of its u.s. and canadian plants may not survive the mid-1990s as it struggles to trim its excess capacity - the overcapacity problem has in recent years with foreign auto makers beginning car and truck production in the u.s. - with companies such as honda motor co. toyota motor corp. and nissan motor co. running so-called transplant auto operations japanese auto production in the u.s. will reach one million vehicles this year - unless the market goes to N million units which we all know it 's not going to do we have the fact that the transplants are adding capacity mr. said last month - the plants eventually will have the capacity to build some N million vehicles in the u.s. and that will translate into market share that is going to have to come out of somebody he added - already chrysler has closed the wis. plant it acquired when it bought american motors corp. in N - chrysler has also launched a $ N billion cost-cutting program that will cut about N white-collar workers from the payroll in the next few months - revco inc. the chain that filed for bankruptcy-court protection last year received a $ N million offer from a group led by texas billionaire robert bass - revco reacted cautiously saying the plan would add $ N million of new debt to the highly leveraged company - it was revco 's huge debt from its $ N billion leveraged buy-out in N that forced it to seek protection under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code - revco insists that the proposal is simply an expression of interest because under chapter N revco has exclusivity rights until feb. N - those rights prevent anyone other than revco from proposing a reorganization plan - also under chapter N a reorganization plan is subject to approval by bondholders banks and other creditors - a financial adviser for revco bondholders david of partners had mixed reactions to the offer - he said he feared a revco reorganization might force bondholders to accept a cheap deal and that the bass group 's offer would give them more money - however the group is offering to pay off bondholders in cash only $ N million and no equity - the revco bonds are high-yield high-risk junk bonds holders have $ N million in claims against revco mr. said - revco received the offer oct. N but issued a response yesterday only after a copy of the proposal was made public by bondholders - acadia partners limited partnership a fort worth texas partnership that includes the robert m. bass group made the proposal - mr. bass is based in fort worth - analysts said the nation 's second-largest chain was a valuable company despite its financial woes - its problem they say is that management paid too much in the leveraged buy-out and the current $ N million debt load is keeping revco in the red - if bought at the right price it could still be profitable said jeffrey stein an analyst at mcdonald & co. cleveland - in addition revco 's N stores in N states represent a lot of real estate he said and are helping the nation 's aging population will boost demand for prescription drugs - last week revco 's parent company holding corp. said the company reported a loss of $ N million for the fiscal first quarter compared with a loss of $ N million in the year-earlier quarter - sales were $ N million up N N from the previous year - the company based in ohio said its operating profit before depreciation and amortization increased N N to $ N million from $ N million - acadia partners and the bass group declined to comment - the partnership also includes american express co. equitable life assurance society of the u.s. and shearson lehman hutton inc - the offer consists of $ N million in cash and the rest in notes - acadia would sell up to N N of the equity in the company to creditors and bondholders in exchange for the cash distribution but creditors and bondholders would receive no discount for their shares - revco 's chairman and chief executive officer a. sells said both the company and the bondholders have put forth reorganization plans but little progress has been made since negotiations began this summer - he said he has not met with representatives from acadia - any reorganization proposal mr. sells said is difficult to assess because it must be agreed upon by the company bondholders banks and other creditors - revco has $ N billion in claims outstanding - it 's not like the board can decide by itself mr. sells said adding we 're to the bass plan - we just want a plan that creditors and at the end leaves a healthy revco - but mr. the bondholders ' adviser said revco was dragging its feet in responding to the proposal - they want to it does n't exist he said - mr. who met with acadia representatives on oct. N said it 's certainly a responsible offer - it 's not an effort to steal the company in the middle of the night - copper futures prices failed to extend friday 's rally - declines came because of concern that demand for copper may slow down - the december contract was down three cents a pound settling at $ N which was just above the day 's low of $ N - futures prices fell during three of five sessions last week and the losses and were greater than the advances - two of the major factors prices the prolonged strikes at the highland valley mine in canada and the cananea mine in mexico were finally resolved - also the premiums paid by the u.s. government on a purchase of copper for the u.s. mint were lower than expected and acted as a price analysts said - the mint purchases were at premiums about N N cents a pound above the respective prices for the copper - at the time merchants were asking for premiums of about five cents a pound - all this has led to prolonged selling in futures mostly on the part of computer-guided funds - prices fell through levels regarded as important support areas which added to the selling - the reluctance of traders to buy contracts indicates that they have begun focusing on demand rather than supply - at least one analyst noted that as production improves the concern among traders is whether the prospective increased supply will find buyers because of uncertainty over national economies - demand from japan is expected to continue strong but not from other areas of the world into the first quarter of next year he said - japan normally depends heavily on the highland valley and cananea mines as well as the bougainville mine in new guinea - recently japan has been buying copper elsewhere - but as highland valley and cananea begin operating they are expected to resume their roles as japan 's suppliers - according to fred demler metals economist for drexel burnham lambert new york highland valley has already started operating and cananea is expected to do so soon - the bougainville mine is generally expected to remain closed until at least the end of the year - it has n't been operating since may N because of attacks by native - a recent attempt to resume operations was cut short quickly by these attacks - however traders a potential production disruption in chile and a continued drop in inventories - workers at two mines los and el which belong to the group will vote thursday on whether to strike after a two-year labor pact ends today - the mines produced a total of N tons of copper in N - according to drexel 's mr. demler the potential strike is expected to be resolved quickly which may be one reason why the situation did n't affect prices much - another analyst said that if there was any concern it was that a strike could encourage other in chile - london metal exchange copper inventories fell N tons last week to N tons a decline - but that development also had little effect on traders ' sentiment - mr. demler said that stocks of copper in u.s. producers ' hands at the end of september were down N metric tons from august to N tons - outside the u.s. he said producer stocks at the end of august were N tons down N tons from the end of july - consumer stocks of copper in the u.s. fell to N tons at the end of september from N tons a month earlier and stocks of copper held by consumers and merchants outside of the u.s. at the end of july stood at N tons down from N tons in june - the high point of foreigners ' copper stocks this year was N tons at the end of april according to mr. demler - in other commodity markets yesterday - grains and soybeans - the prices of most corn soybean and wheat futures contracts dropped slightly as farmers in the midwest continued to rebuild that were by the N drought - buying by the soviets has helped to up corn prices in recent weeks but a lack of any new purchases kept prices in the doldrums - coffee - futures prices rose slightly in a market filled with rumors that a new international coffee agreement might still be achieved - the december contract ended with a gain of N cents a pound at N cents - according to one analyst prices opened higher because of reports over the weekend that brazil and colombia at the summit meeting in costa rica had agreed to a reduction in their coffee export quotas for the of creating a new agreement - the reports attributed to the colombian minister of economic development said brazil would give up N bags of its quota and colombia N bags the analyst said - these reports were later denied by a high brazilian official who said brazil was n't involved in any coffee discussions on quotas the analyst said - the colombian minister was said to have referred to a letter that he said president bush sent to colombian president and in which president bush said it was possible to overcome obstacles to a new agreement - the minister was also quoted as saying that a new pact could be achieved during the first half of next year according to the analyst - precious metals - futures prices showed modest changes in light trading volume - december delivery gold eased N cents an ounce to $ N - december silver was off N cents an ounce at $ N - january platinum rose N cents an ounce at $ N - the market turned quiet after rising sharply late last week according to one analyst - last week 's uncertainty in the stock market and a weaker dollar triggered a flight to safety he said but yesterday the market lacked such - there was some profit-taking because prices for all the precious metals had risen to levels at which there was resistance to further advance he said - the dollar was also slightly firmer and prompted some selling as well according to the analyst - corp. said its board authorized the purchase of as many as five million of its common shares for employee stock plans and other general corporate purposes - the forest-products concern currently has about N million shares outstanding - in yesterday 's composite trading on the new york stock exchange shares closed at $ N down N cents - when the supreme soviet passed laws on workers ' rights in may N and on cooperatives a year later some western observers assumed mikhail gorbachev had launched the soviet union on a course that would lead inevitably to the creation of a market economy - their only doubt concerned the possibility that mr. gorbachev might not survive the opposition that his reforms would and that the whole process might be reversed - if mr. gorbachev 's goal is the creation of a free market he and these western observers have good reason to fear for his future as economic within communist leads to demands for fundamental political reform accompanied by civil unrest - these fears were clearly apparent when last week secretary of state james baker blocked a speech by robert gates deputy national security adviser and soviet expert on the ground that it was too pessimistic about the chances of mr. gorbachev 's economic reforms succeeding - yet the soviet leader 's to on foreign visits and steady accumulation of personal power particularly since the last politburo on sept. N do not suggest that mr. gorbachev is on the verge of being nor does he look likely to reverse the powers of perestroika - indeed the soviet miners strike this summer clearly demonstrated that mr. gorbachev must proceed with economic reform - but is he so that he has achieved the political equivalent of making water run - and has he truly persuaded the communist party to accept economic change of a kind that will sooner or later lead to its demise - an alternative and more convincing explanation confirmed by recent events and a close inspection of the gorbachev program is that the new soviet economic and social structures are intended to conform to a model other than that of the market - for example while the laws on individual labor activity allow a citizen to earn a living independent of the state strict provisions are attached on how far this may lead to the development of a free market - before becoming self-employed or setting up a cooperative workers must seek permission from the local soviet council - permission is far from automatic the soviets have the legal right to turn down applications and impose conditions and they appear to be exercising these powers - private for example is allowed in N soviet republics but banned by five is allowed in seven but illegal in nine - the controls on cooperatives appeared relatively liberal when first introduced - but that changed following a resolution from the supreme soviet banning cooperatives from operating in some areas of the economy and permitting activity in others only if the cooperatives are under contract to the state - all independent media activity is now illegal which perhaps is not surprising but so is the manufacture of cosmetics household chemicals and sand - medical cooperatives among the most successful in the u.s.s.r. are banned from providing services their main source of income carrying out surgery and treating cancer patients drug and pregnant women - earlier this month the supreme soviet adopted two more resolutions restricting the freedom of cooperatives the first enables the soviets to set prices for which goods may be sold the second bans cooperatives from buying industrial and food goods from the state or other cooperatives - if mr. gorbachev is looking toward the productive forces of the market these latest resolutions are nothing short of reckless - along with some other indicators these developments suggest that while mr. gorbachev wishes to move away from some rigid central controls he is on creating economic structures of a kind that would find favor with the or chicago schools of economic thought - mr. gorbachev has ruled out the use of the market to solve the problem of insufficient consumer goods - he told the congress of people 's deputies on may N we do not share this approach since it would immediately destroy the social situation and disrupt all the processes in the country - having rejected central economic planning for economic reasons and the market for fear of the social political consequences mr. gorbachev seeks a third way that would combine the discipline and controls of the former with the economic benefits of the latter - most important this would leave the party intact and its monopoly of political power largely - indeed mr. gorbachev 's proposals display a close conceptual to the of italian whose architects spoke specifically of a third way of having produced a historic of socialism and capitalism - they too promised to combine economic efficiency with order and discipline - the emergence of russian had been anticipated in journalist george urban 's introduction to a series of can the soviet system survive reform published this spring - communism will reach its final stage of development in a in form in content and in style that will the world with of and - the concept of an organic society in which citizens were and morally unified and prepared to sacrifice themselves for the nation - this unification was to be brought about through policies and institutions that would workers and employers with government in a fully integrated and society - the key to the creation of the organic state lay in the formation of natural groups that would the role of - by contrast a parliamentary system based on political rights and groups was held to cause rather than resolve conflict - the of soviet perestroika to the social blueprint of was evident when mr. gorbachev presented his economic vision to the soviet congress - in doing so he neither rejected a socialist planned economy nor embraced the free market - instead he proposed a economy in which there would be a division between state direction of the economy and economic management - the latter would be undertaken by enterprises joint stock companies and cooperatives - these would not function but would act together to form combines unions and associations to tackle problems and coordinate their activities - mr. gorbachev is in a much stronger position to pursue the ideal than was who was never able to influence business giants such as and fiat - the soviet communist party has the power to shape corporate development and it into a body dependent upon it - to ensure the loyalty of the business sector mr. gorbachev may offer concessions and powers that will allow the business community to preserve its own interests probably by restricting competition - however mr. gorbachev must ensure that within this alliance the business sector remains subordinate to the party - at the same time he must give it sufficient freedom to provide the economic benefits so desperately needed - it is the promise of economic returns that is supposed to make the model attractive to both the party and labor - the work force provides the third arm of the alliance - within the alliance it is supposed to act as a force against excessive control by government or abuse of its economic position by business for either could result in a deterioration of its living standards under the new resolutions workers may demand that a cooperative be closed or its prices be reduced - by providing workers with the opportunity to move into the private sector where wages tend to be higher and by holding out the promise of more consumer goods mr. gorbachev hopes to revive the popularity of the party - at the same time the strategy requires that he deal effectively with those who seek genuine western-style political - the most important development in mr. gorbachev 's policy for the opposition movement is the claim that the u.s.s.r. also from terrorism - an increasing number of by the soviet press to opposition groups now active in the u.s.s.r. particularly the democratic union that they show and claim that they would be prepared to kill in order to achieve their aims - it is possible that in such the ground is being laid for the arrest of opposition activists on the ground of terrorism - mr. gorbachev would appear to see his central task however as that of ensuring that foundations of an alliance among labor capital and the state are properly laid before the demands for a system reach a - if he were able to construct a popular and efficient system he or his heir would be to rein in political opposition and to control in eastern europe - the weaknesses in his plan do not lie in the political calculations mr. gorbachev is a political leader perhaps one of the greatest but in its economic prescription - contrary to widespread belief failed to live up to his promise to make the trains run on time it is doubtful whether will make soviet trains run on time or fill the shops with goods that the consumers so desperately - miss brady is deputy director of the russian research foundation in london - new construction contracting climbed N N in september to an annualized $ N billion with commercial industrial and contracts providing most of the increase according to dodge group - through the first nine months of the year the total of all new construction was $ N billion flat compared with a year earlier - the south was off N N after the first nine months while the north central region was up N N - the northeast and west regions were unchanged - a small decline in total construction for the entire year is possible if contracting for housing does n't increase in response to this year 's lower mortgage rates said george a. christie vice president and chief economist of dodge the forecasting division of publisher mcgraw-hill inc - the seasonally adjusted dodge index reached N in september its highest level this year from N in august - the index uses a base of N in N - newly contracted residential work edged up N N in september to an annualized $ N billion largely because building rebounded from a very weak august - at the end of the third quarter there was still no evidence of renewed home building in response to the midyear decline of mortgage rates mr. christie said - housing has been weak all year and especially so in the past five months - contracting for buildings rose N N in september to an annualized $ N billion - commercial and industrial construction rose sharply partly because of three large projects each expected to cost more than $ N million - institutional building such as hospitals and schools eased in september following a surge in august - although the third quarter was the best so far this year for building weakness early in the year held the nine-month total to $ N billion up just N N from a year earlier - and utility projects also known as contracting grew N N to $ N billion in september but the nine-month total of $ N billion was down N N from a year earlier - the sept. N end of the federal fiscal year may have contractors to get any road and bridge construction under way before the ran out mr. christie said referring to threatened N N across-the-board budget cuts - a monthly construction contract values are reported on an annualized seasonally adjusted basis - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered ratings on long-term debt of cs first boston inc. the holding company of wall street giant first boston corp. because of first boston 's aggressive merchant banking risk in highly leveraged takeovers - in downgrading cs first boston 's subordinated domestic and swiss debt to single-a-3 from single-a-2 moody 's is matching a move made by the other major credit rating concern standard & poor 's corp. several months ago - moody 's also confirmed the rating its highest on cs first boston 's commercial paper or short-term corporate - in addition moody 's said it downgraded financiere credit boston 's senior and subordinated swiss debt to single-a-2 from single-a-1 and lowered financiere n.v. 's junior subordinated perpetual guaranteed by financiere credit suisse first boston to single-a-3 from single-a-2 - about $ N million of long-term debt is affected according to moody 's - a spokesman for cs first boston said we remain committed to a full range of businesses including merchant banking - we think that the ratings revision is unfortunate but not unexpected - our commitment to manage these businesses profitably will continue - first boston 's merchant banking risks mounted last month as highly leveraged campeau corp. first boston 's most lucrative client of the decade was hit by a cash squeeze and the high-risk junk bond market tumbled - first boston incurred millions of dollars of losses on campeau securities it owned as well as on special securities it could n't sell - first boston financings for several other highly leveraged clients including ohio unraveled as the high-risk junk bond market plummeted - moody 's said its rating changes actions reflect cs first boston 's aggressive merchant banking risk as well as the risk profile of its current merchant banking exposures - it said cs first boston has consistently been one of the most aggressive firms in merchant banking and that a very significant portion of the firm 's profit in recent years has come from merchant business - moody 's believes that the uncertain environment for merchant banking could put pressure on cs first boston 's performance the rating concern said citing continued problems from the firm 's exposures to various firms and to ohio - these two exposures alone represent a very substantial portion of cs first boston 's equity moody 's said - total merchant banking exposures are in excess of the firm 's equity - quotron systems inc. plans to cut about N or N N of its N employees over the next several months - this action will continue to keep operating expenses in line with revenue said j. david president and chief executive officer of los angeles-based quotron - the move by the financial information and services subsidiary of citicorp is a response to changing conditions in the retail securities industry which has been contracting since october N 's stock market crash the executive added - quotron which citicorp purchased in N provides price quotations for securities particularly stocks - quotron also provides trading and other systems services for brokerage firms and services - independent of financial information including quotron have been under some pressure as the major securities houses try to regain their hold on the production of market data and on the related revenue - shearson goldman sachs & co. morgan stanley & co. and salomon inc. are discussing formation of a group to sell data - the job cuts to be made in a number of areas at various job levels are a streamlining of operations a spokeswoman said - the company has no immediate plans to close any operations she said but quotron may some work that it has been doing in-house including and production of quotron N equipment used in delivering financial data - the spokeswoman said the move is n't directly a response to quotron 's loss of its two biggest customers merrill lynch & co. and american express co. 's shearson lehman hutton inc. to automated data processing inc. earlier this year - the spokeswoman noted that last week kidder peabody & co. the securities subsidiary of general electric co. chose a quotron subsidiary to provide services - and oct. N quotron said it will market the automated trading system of broker-dealer government securities inc - quotron is n't profitable on citicorp 's books because of the interest charges the new york bank holding company incurred in buying the concern for $ N million says ronald i. analyst for sanford c. bernstein & co - but citicorp does view quotron as being crucial to the financial-services business in the 1990s the analyst added - this past summer quotron sold its unit N to phoenix technologies inc. a closely held firm in valley forge pa - terms were n't disclosed - the oakland athletics ' four-game sweep over the san francisco giants in the world series may widen losses that the abc network will incur on the current final year of its baseball contract - the N series disrupted by a devastating earthquake and diminished in national interest because both teams came from the san francisco bay area is likely to end up as the series of this decade and probably since the event has been broadcast - the first three games were seen by an average of only N N of u.s. homes a sharp decline from the N N rating for last year 's series - a final ratings tally from a.c. nielsen co. is due today - the sweep by the whose and dominated the giants will only make things worse for abc owned by capital cities\/abc inc - the network had been expected to have losses of as much as $ N million on baseball this year - it is n't clear how much those losses may widen because of the short series - had the contest gone a full seven games abc could have an extra $ N million in ad sales on the seventh game alone compared with the ad take it would have received for regular prime-time shows - abc had based its budget for baseball on a series - a network spokesman would n't comment and abc sports officials declined to be interviewed - but some industry executives said abc in anticipation of a four-game sweep limited its losses by up the number of commercials it aired in the third and fourth games - a world series typically carries N commercials but by the fourth game abc was in N to N ads to generate extra revenue - abc 's baseball experience may be of interest to cbs inc. which next season takes over the broadcasting of all baseball playoffs in a four-year television contract priced at $ N billion - cbs sports president neal pilson has conceded only that cbs will have a loss in the first year - but other industry executives contend the losses could reach $ N million over four years and could go even higher if the world series end in four-game - the series typically is among the sports events on television - last year 's series broadcast by general electric co. 's nbc was the series in four years instead of featuring a major east coast team against a west coast team it the los angeles against the losing oakland - abc 's hurdle was even higher this year with two teams from the same area - the series got off to a start oct. N with a N N rating the next night it drew N N of homes - then came the earthquake and a damaging delay of N days - some people had hoped abc 's ratings would go up because of the intense focus on the event in the aftermath of the earthquake - an analyst 's opinion to that effect even sent capital cities\/abc shares soaring two weeks ago - but interest instead decreased - the third game last friday night drew a disappointing N rating - bargain helped stock prices break a losing streak while bond prices and the dollar inched higher - the dow jones industrial average gained N points to N in light trading after losing more than N points last week - bond prices continued to edge higher in anticipation of more news showing a slower economy - although the dollar rose slightly against most major currencies the focus in currency markets was on the beleaguered british pound which gained slightly against the dollar - trading volume on the new york stock exchange to only N million shares yesterday as major brokerage firms continued to throw in the towel on program trading - kidder peabody became the most recent firm to off stock-index arbitrage trading for its own account and merrill lynch late yesterday took the major step of the trading strategy even for its clients - yet that did n't eliminate program trading from the market - the dow industrials shot up N points in the opening hour at least in part because of buy programs generated by stock-index arbitrage a form of program trading involving futures contracts - but interest as the day wore on and investors looked ahead to the release later this week of two important economic reports - the first is wednesday 's survey of purchasing managers considered a good indicator of how the nation 's manufacturing sector fared in october - the other is friday 's measure of october employment an indicator of the broader economy 's health - both are expected to show continued which would be good for bonds and bad for stocks - in major market activity stock prices rose in light trading - but declining issues on the new york stock exchange outnumbered gainers N to N and broader market indexes were virtually unchanged - bond prices higher - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond gained about an eighth of a point or about $ N for each $ N face amount - the yield on the issue slipped to N N - the dollar gained - in late new york trading the dollar was quoted at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen friday - the british pound pressured by last week 's resignations of key thatcher administration officials nevertheless rose monday to $ N from friday 's $ N - if japanese companies are so efficient why does transportation co. sometimes need a week just to tell its clients how soon it can ship goods from here to osaka - why until last spring did the long-term credit bank of japan sometimes take several days to correct errors in its paper work for international transactions - because the companies have lacked office computers considered standard equipment in the u.s. and western europe japanese corporations ' reputation as is only half right - their factories may look like sets for a movie but their offices with rows of over and are more like scenes from a novel - now the personal-computer revolution is finally reaching japan - a freight company set up its own software subsidiary this year and is spending nearly a year 's profit to more than double the computer terminals at its main office - in april the long-term credit bank linked its computers in tokyo with its three american offices - overall pc sales in japan in the first half of N were N N higher than in the year-earlier period - combined pc and use in japan will jump as much as N N annually over the next five years according to some analysts compared with about N N in the u.s. - and with a labor shortage and intense competitive pressure to improve efficiency more and more japanese companies are concluding that they have no choice - we have too many people in our home offices says the president of the japan management association - productivity in japanese offices is relatively low - with japanese companies in a wide range of industries from heavy industry to securities firms increasing their market share world-wide the prospect of an even more efficient japanese economic army may foreigners - but it also offers opportunities americans are well poised to supply the weapons - japan may be a tough market for outsiders to and the u.s. is behind japan in certain technologies - but for now at least americans are far better at making pcs and the software that runs them - after years of talking about selling in japan more and more u.s. companies are seriously pouring in - apple computer inc. has doubled its staff here over the past year - lotus development corp. has slashed the lag between u.s. and japan product to six months from three years - inc. has a bigger share of the market in japan than at home - but the japanese have to go a long way to catch up - typical is one office of the ministry of international trade and industry 's machinery and information industries bureau the main bureaucracy overseeing the computer industry - personal computer are lined up on nearly every desk and copies of nikkei computer crowd magazine - but amid the two dozen bureaucrats and secretaries sits only one pc - while american pc sales have averaged roughly N N annual growth since N and west european sales a N N japanese sales were flat for most of that time - japanese office workers use pcs at half the rate of their european counterparts and one-third that of the americans - moreover japanese offices tend to use computers less efficiently than american offices do - in the u.s. pcs commonly perform many tasks and plug into a broad network - in japan many desktop terminals are limited to one function and ca n't with other machines - the market planning and sales promotion office of nomura securities co. for example has more than N computers for its N workers a respectable ratio - but the machines are n't on employees ' desks they ring the of the large office - some machines make charts for - others analyze the data - to transfer information from one to the other employees make and enter the data - to charts to branch offices they use a fax machine - meanwhile a woman sitting next to a new fujitsu terminal writes stock-market information on a chart with a pencil and adds it up with a hand - in an efficient the same pc could perform all those tasks - in the u.s. more than half the pc software sold is either for or for analysis according to lotus - in japan those functions account for only about a third of the software market - machines dedicated solely to word processing which have all but disappeared in the u.s. are still more common in japan than pcs - in the u.s. of the office pcs are up to some sort of network - in japan about N N are linked - computers here are used for data gathering says roger j. who manages the group in & co. 's tokyo office - some japanese operations such as rooms may be ahead of their american counterparts he says but basically there 's little analysis done on computers in japan - of course simply buying computers does n't always solve problems and many american companies have by purchasing technology they did n't understand - but healthy skepticism is only a small reason for japan 's pc lag - various cultural and economic forces have demand - because the japanese is so huge japan has no history of use and so especially among older workers remains a common - i have no experience before with such sophisticated machinery says a executive vice president of japan air lines explaining his reluctance before accepting a terminal in his office this summer - while most american employees have their own private space japanese usually share large common tables and rely heavily on old-fashioned personal contact - top japanese executives often make decisions based on consensus and personal relationships rather than complex financial projections and fancy - and japan 's management system makes it hard to impose a single integrated computer system - besides a computer processing the japanese language needs a huge memory and much processing capability while the screen and printer need far better definition to accurately the - until recently much of the necessary technology has been unavailable or at least - some analysts estimate the average pc costs about N N more in japan than the u.s. - but the complex language is n't the only reason - for the past decade nec corp. has owned more than half the japanese pc market and ruled it with power - with little competition the computer industry here is inefficient - the u.s. market too is dominated by a giant international business machines corp - but early on ibm offered its basic design to anybody wanting to copy it - dozens of small companies did swiftly establishing a standard operating system - that competition and growth allows users to change and mix brands easily and increases software firms ' incentive to write packages because they can be sold to users of virtually any computer - if a record industry lacked a common standard sony cd owners could listen to a sony version of 's like a but not one made for a player - that is the state of japan 's computer industry - nec wo n't release its code and every one of the dozen or so makers has its own operating system all with each other - ibm established its standard to try to stop falling behind apple computer but nec was ahead from the start and did n't need to in competitive allies - meanwhile the big players have n't tried to copy the nec standard - corporate pride as well as the close ties common among japanese manufacturers help explain why - most rivals have a working relationship with nec often through of technology the japan personal computer software association noted recently - they hesitate to market machines nec of such machines and marketing one would jeopardize their relationship - the result according to many analysts is higher prices and less innovation - while tens of thousands of software packages using the ibm standard are available in the u.s. they say only about N are written for nec - a year ago japan 's fair trade commission warned nec about possible violations of laws for discouraging retailers from discounting - in japan software is four to five years behind the u.s. because hardware is four to five years behind because nec is enjoying a monopoly complains the president of corp. one of japan 's leading publishing and software companies - there are no price wars no competition - an nec spokeswoman that prices are higher in japan because customers put a greater emphasis on quality and service than they do in the u.s. - she adds that some technological advances trail those in the u.s. because the japanese still import basic operating systems from american companies - but the market is changing - the government is funding several projects to push pc use - over the next three years public schools will get N million pcs a increase from current levels - in the private sector practically every major company is setting explicit goals to increase employees ' exposure to computers - toyota motor corp. 's sales offices in japan have the computers per employee that its own u.s. offices do over the next five years it is aiming for rough parity - within a year corp. a major cosmetics company plans to eliminate N jobs by putting on a central computer network some work such as credit reports currently performed in N separate offices - by increasing the number of pcs it uses from N to N electronics co. of hopes not only to make certain tasks easier but also to transform the way the company is run - managers have long been those who their subordinates so orders would be properly acted on a spokesman says - but new managers will have to be and and for that purpose it is necessary to create an environment where information from both inside and outside the company can be reached easily and also shared - meanwhile more computer makers now are competing for the new business - corp. a to the industry fought off a legal challenge and started selling nec last year - it has won about N N of the retail pc market - sony corp. which temporarily dropped out of the pc business three years ago started selling its work station in N and quickly became the leading japanese company in that market - in a country where room is scarce laptop machines will take a large portion of the industry 's future growth - toshiba corp. open that sector this summer with a machine that for less than N yen under $ N one of the smallest cheapest pcs available in the country - fujitsu ltd. is the most expensive promotion campaign in its history including a at tokyo for its sophisticated fm towns machine which it for everything from the family to practicing bar - many of the companies are even dropping their traditional independence and trying to band together to create some sort of standard - two years ago most of the smaller makers joined under the microsoft corp. to adopt a version of the american ibm at standard - that has n't generated much sales but this summer microsoft rallied all the major nec competitors to make their new machines compatible with the ibm standard - a healthy japanese market could also make it far easier for japanese companies to sell overseas where their share is still minimal - but it could also help american companies which also are starting to try to open the market - as with many other goods the american share of japan 's pc market is far below that in the rest of the world - u.s. makers have under N N share compared with half the market in europe and N N at home - though no formal trade barriers exist the japanese computer industry is difficult for outsiders to enter - if it were an open market we would have been in in N or N says pfeiffer who heads compaq computer corp. 's european and international operations - his company without any major effort sells more machines in china than in japan - although it has opened a new zealand subsidiary it is still only studying japan the only nation that has n't adopted specifications - and because general retail centers such as have little presence in japan sales remain in the iron grip of established computer makers - but the americans are also to blame - they long made little effort here - ibm though long a leader in the japanese mainframe business did n't introduce its first pc in japan until five years after nec did and that was n't compatible even with the u.s. ibm standard - apple did n't introduce a machine one that handles the chinese characters of written japanese until three years after entering the market - critics also say american companies charge too much - japan 's ftc says it is investigating apple for allegedly discouraging retailers from discounting - but the u.s. companies are their efforts - apple recently hired its first japanese president away an official of toshiba 's european operations as well as a whole japanese team - earlier this year it introduced a much more powerful operating system and a laser printer - ibm just last year started selling its first machine that could run in both japanese and english and that substantially with its american products - it may take five years to break even in japan says john a. who runs the office for & dodge a u.s. software company - but it 's an enormous business opportunity - from a reading of the somewhat medical literature on ru-486 the french abortion pill emerges as one of the around - this is not only because it the a job at which it actually is not efficient only N N to N N of them depending on which study you read taken in with the pill boosts the rate to N N - by contrast surgical abortion is N N effective - abortion via the pill is far more of an than conventional surgical abortion - it is the abortion part alone lasts three days and the clinical part a week 's worth of visits bloody one woman in a swedish trial required a although for most it resembles a period with bleeding lasting an average of N days and painful many women require shots to ease them through - and are other common side effects - timing is of the with ru-486 - it is most effective taken about a week after a woman misses her period up through the seventh week of pregnancy when it is less effective - that is typically about a window - so far all the studies have concluded that ru-486 is safe - but safe in the definition of bass of the reproductive health technologies project means there 's been no evidence so far of mortality - no one has the long-term effects of ru-486 on a woman 's health or - the drug seems to for three to seven months after it is taken - some women clearly have no trouble eventually again the studies have reported in their programs - but there are no scientific data on this question - rather studies reveal that ru-486 can cause birth defects the british medical journal reported in N - however dr. the french physician who invented ru-486 wrote in a science magazine article last month that the results could not be in and - the drug has a structure similar to that of des the drug that has been linked to and cancer in some of the daughters of the women who took it - all the published studies recommend that women on whom the drug proves not carry the pregnancy to term but a surgical abortion - a risk of birth defects a sure source of lawsuits is one reason the u.s. pharmaceutical industry is steering clear of ru-486 - one might well ask why bother with this drug at all - some abortion advocates have been asking themselves this very question - ru-486 probably represents a technical advance in an area where none is needed or at least not very much said president of the national abortion federation at a reproductive health conference in N - many physicians have expressed concern over the heavy bleeding which occurs even if the drug fails to induce an abortion - it typically takes from eight to N years to obtain the food and drug administration 's approval for a new drug and the cost of testing and marketing a new drug can range from $ N million to $ N million - the health and human services department currently the national institutes of health from funding abortion research as part of its $ N million contraceptive program - but the population council a $ N million nonprofit organization that has the backing of the rockefeller and mellon foundations and currently most u.s. research on has recently been paying for u.s. studies of ru-486 on a license from its french developer a joint subsidiary of the german pharmaceutical company hoechst and the french government - in the year since the pill went on the french market the national organization for women and its former now president 's fund for a majority have been trying to the u.s. pharmaceutical industry into getting involved - its prediction the pill will be available in the u.s. either legally or illegally in no more than N years - following the and lead has been a generally press - a june N article in mother jones magazine is typical of the general level of media ignorance - for a woman whose period is late using ru-486 means no waiting no walking past picket lines at abortion and no feet up in for surgery health writer fraser - it also means she will never have to know whether she had actually been pregnant - wrong on all counts miss fraser - ru-486 is being in france only under strict supervision in the presence of a doctor - reportedly has every pill marked and accounted for to make sure none into the black market - thus a woman who used ru-486 to have an abortion would have to make three trips to the clinic past those picket lines an initial visit for medical and those with previous pregnancy problems are eliminated and to take the pill a second trip N hours later for the either via injection or and a third trip a week later to make sure she has completely aborted - furthermore because timing is so critical with ru-486 she will learn via a examination and not only that she is pregnant but just how pregnant she is - no doctor who fears liability would likely a patient to the risk of hemorrhaging - many women may even see the dead embryo they have expelled a sight the industry typically them - at seven weeks an embryo is about of an inch long and human - at the of pro-choice members of congress a four-year bill for title x federal assistance now contains a $ N million grant for development evaluation and bringing to the marketplace of new improved contraceptive devices drugs and methods - if this passes a senate version has already been cleared for a floor vote that is likely early next year it would put the federal government into the contraceptive marketing business for the first time - it also could put the government into the ru-486 business which would please at what they view as in the private-sector drug industry - we do not know whether ru-486 will be as as some of the earlier methods released to from educated people who should have known better - remember the dalkon shield and the early pills - we will not know until a first generation of female guinea pigs all of whom will be more than happy to volunteer for the job has put the abortion pill through the clinical test of time - mrs. allen is a senior editor of insight magazine - this article is adapted from one in the october american - on june N a major part of our trade deficit went - no figure no just improved recording of some of our exports - the result - the commerce department found that u.s. exports in N net of imports were by $ N billion a year and at the annualized rate of $ N billion in the first quarter of N - more than half of the newly found net exports were from just a few categories - some of the biggest exporters american companies for example have yet to be fully included in our export statistics - nearly N years ago representatives of companies worked out a plan with the commerce department to improve the data on exports - both groups believed that tens of billions of dollars of service exports such as tourism legal accounting and other professional services to foreigners financial engineering and construction services and the like were not being counted as exports - the monthly trade deficit figure is limited to traditional merchandise trade manufactured goods and raw materials - in the quarterly report those merchandise trade figures are merged with statistics on exports and imports of services as well as returns on investments abroad by americans and returns on foreign investments in the u.s. - over time through benchmark surveys the corrected data on service exports and imports have been gathered - the first three major areas of the service sector to be revamped were expenditures by foreign students in the u.s. net after expenditures by americans studying abroad some exports by professional firms a law firm billing a german client for services in watching legislation in washington is as much an export as shipment of an american jet engine and improved data from travel and tourism - in just these three areas the commerce department found $ N billion more exports than previously reported and $ N billion more imports with the net result that the u.s. service surplus in N increased by $ N billion to $ N billion - combined with and revisions in other trade areas the value of u.s. net exports that had not previously been recorded was about $ N billion a year - that means that the u.s. trade deficit was running closer to $ N billion than to $ N billion in N and $ N billion annualized rather than $ N billion in the first quarter of N - these revised figures also may explain some of the recent strength of the dollar - the smaller trade deficit may have been already discounted in the market - what does this mean for trade policy - too early to tell but a trade deficit that is significantly smaller than we does suggest a review of our trade posture - it does not relieve the need for our efforts for both goods and services but it does suggest that it is our exports of services and not just borrowing that is financing our imports of goods - mr. freeman is an executive vice president of american express - the collapse of a $ N billion labor-management buy-out of united airlines parent ual corp. may not stop some of wall street 's top talent from collecting up to $ N million in fees - according to one person familiar with the airline the buy-out group led by united 's pilots union and ual chairman stephen wolf has begun billing ual for fees and expenses it owes to investment bankers law firms and banks - the even covers $ N million in commitment fees owed to citicorp and chase manhattan corp. even though their failure to obtain $ N billion in bank loans for the buy-out was the main reason for its collapse - under a merger agreement reached sept. N the ual board agreed to reimburse certain of the buy-out group 's expenses out of company funds even if the transaction was n't completed provided the group did n't breach the agreement - the failure to obtain financing does n't by itself constitute a breach - the merger agreement says the buy-out group is entitled to be repaid $ N million in fees for its investment bankers lazard & co. and salomon brothers inc. and its law firm paul weiss & garrison - the buy-out group is also entitled to $ N million to repay a fund created by the pilots union for an employee stock ownership plan - in addition to the $ N million for citicorp and chase salomon brothers is also owed $ N million for promising to make a $ N million bridge loan - a spokesman for the buy-out group was n't immediately available for comment - separately ual stock rose $ N a share to $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange on reports that los angeles investor marvin davis has asked united airlines unions if they 're interested in with mr. davis in a new bid for ual - but neither the pilots nor the machinists appear interested and mr. davis is barred from making a new bid under terms of an agreement he made with ual in september unless ual an offer below $ N a share - wall street continued to buckle under the public outcry against computer-driven program trading - kidder peabody & co. a unit of general electric co. announced it would stop doing stock-index arbitrage for its own account and merrill lynch & co. pulled out of the practice altogether - at the new york stock exchange which has been by complaints from angry individual investors and the exchange 's own listed companies chairman john j. phelan jr. held an emergency meeting with senior partners of some of the big board 's N stock specialist firms - the specialists a trader said were about mr. phelan 's recent remarks that sophisticated computer-driven trading strategies are here to stay - many investors blame program trading for wild swings in the stock market including the 190-point plunge in the dow jones industrial average on oct. N - a specialist is an exchange member designated to maintain a fair and orderly market in a specified stock - mr. phelan 's meeting with the floor brokers comes as he prepares to explain the exchange 's position on program trading to key congressional regulators in a closed session tomorrow according to exchange officials - a big board spokesman would only say we 're working the problem and looking at the issue and meeting with a broad number of customers and constituents to get their views and ideas on the issue - the program-trading outcry was taken to a new level when giant contel corp. said it and N or more of the big board 's listed companies are forming an unprecedented alliance to complain about the exchange 's role in program trading - the decision by merrill the nation 's largest securities firm represents the biggest retreat yet from program trading - merrill has been the stock-index arbitrage trader on the big board this year executing an average of N million shares a month in such trades or about one million shares a day - merrill 's move is one of the most sweeping program-trading of recent days because the big securities firm will no longer execute stock-index arbitrage trades for customers - most wall street firms in pulling back have merely stopped such trading for their own accounts - merrill has been one of the main firms executing index arbitrage for customers - merrill also said it is lobbying for significant regulatory controls on program trading including tough margin or requirements and limits on price moves for financial futures - merrill in a statement by chairman william a. and president daniel p. said index arbitrage has been clearly identified in the investing public 's mind as a contributing factor to excess market volatility so merrill wo n't execute such trades until effective controls are in place - in stock-index arbitrage traders buy and sell large amounts of stocks with offsetting trades in stock-index futures and options - the idea is to lock in profits from short-term swings in volatile markets - last thursday painewebber group inc. also said it would cease index arbitrage altogether but the firm was n't as big an index as merrill is - other large firms including bear stearns & co. and morgan stanley & co. last week announced a from index arbitrage but only for the firms ' own accounts - kidder made an abrupt on program trading yesterday after a special meeting between the firm 's president and chief executive officer michael carpenter and its senior managers - just a week ago mr. carpenter defended index arbitrage at kidder the most active index-arbitrage trading firm on the stock exchange this year - index arbitrage mr. carpenter said last week does n't have a negative impact on the market as a whole and kidder 's customers were sophisticated enough to know that - but yesterday mr. carpenter said big institutional investors which he would n't identify told us they would n't do business with firms that continued to do index arbitrage for their own accounts - we were following the trend of our competitors who were under pressure from institutions he said - kidder so far this year has executed a monthly average of N million shares in index-arbitrage trading and is second only to morgan stanley in overall program trading which includes index arbitrage - most of kidder 's program trading is for its own account according to the new york stock exchange - kidder denied that ge 's chairman and chief executive john f. welch had anything to do with kidder 's decision - but at least one chief executive said he called mr. welch to complain about kidder 's aggressive use of program trading and other market sources said they understood that mr. welch received many phone calls complaining about kidder 's reliance on index arbitrage as a major business - kidder has generally been sensitive to suggestions that ge makes decisions for its kidder unit - our decision had nothing to do with any pressure mr. welch received mr. carpenter said - this was a kidder peabody decision - a spokeswoman for ge in fairfield conn. said absolutely no one spoke to jack welch on this subject and added anyone who claims they talked to jack welch is n't telling the truth - supporters of index arbitrage have n't been publicly sticking up for the trading strategy as some did during the post-crash outcry of N - but merrill lynch in its statement about pulling out of index arbitrage suggested that the current debate has missed the mark - merrill said it continues to believe that the causes of excess market volatility are far more complex than any particular computer trading strategy - indeed there are legitimate hedging strategies used by managers of large portfolios such as pension funds that involve program trading as a means of protecting the assets of their pension beneficiaries - merrill 's index arbitragers will continue to do other kinds of program trading so there probably wo n't be any layoffs at the firm people familiar with merrill 's program operation said - meanwhile bear stearns chairman and chief executive alan c. greenberg said his firm will continue stock-index arbitrage for its clients - at the firm 's annual meeting last night he told shareholders that index arbitrage wo n't go away despite the public outcry - if they think they are going to stop index arbitrage by causing a few wall street firms to quit they are crazy mr. greenberg said - it 's not going to stop it at all - mr. greenberg noting that stock-index arbitrage rises and with stock market 's volatility said that for the first four months of the firm 's fiscal year beginning in july stock-index arbitrage had been a break-even proposition for bear stearns - in response to a shareholder 's suggestion mr. greenberg agreed that european firms will simply pick up the index-arbitrage business left behind by u.s. institutions - pressure from big institutional investors has been the major catalyst for wall street 's program-trading - and there was speculation yesterday that fidelity investments and other large mutual-fund companies might soon follow the lead of kemper corp. and other institutions in cutting off trading business to securities firms that do program trading - a fidelity spokesman in boston denied the speculation saying the program-trading issue was more of a regulatory problem - but a much smaller mutual fund company the investment management co. unit of san antonio texas said it informed nine national brokerage firms it will cease business with them unless they stop index-arbitrage trading - with N mutual fund accounts manages more than $ N billion $ N billion of which is in the stock market - michael j.c. roth executive vice president called program trading - he said there is no valid investment reason for stock-index futures to exist - a move is clearly on - charles wohlstetter chairman of contel who is helping the alliance of big firms said he had no time to work yesterday because he received so many phone calls and letters supporting his view that the big board has been turned into a gambling casino by program traders - we are reaching the moment of truth on wall street said rep. edward j. markey d. mass. chairman of the house subcommittee on telecommunications and finance - wall street is beginning to realize as shakespeare said the trouble is not in our stars but in ourselves - craig and anne contributed to this article - an ancient or drinking cup was recovered at sotheby 's this spring and has been returned to the manhattan couple who lost it in a three years ago - robert guy an associate at the princeton art museum was a june sale at the auction house when he recognized the which he as a specialist in and a careful reader of the stolen art alert in reports knew was stolen - the timing of his visit was the man who had brought it in for an estimate had returned to collect it and was waiting in the hall - to confirm mr. guy 's sotheby 's and exchanged photos by fax and the waiting man apparently innocent of knowledge that the was stolen agreed to release it - the cup had been insured and in short order it was given over to a & son representative - the original owners repaid the claim and took their home - a former of the museum of art in n.y. pleaded guilty in july to stealing and selling original signed and dated comic strips among them N dick strips by gould N prince sunday by foster and a dozen walt disney according to barbara hammond the museum 's director - he sold them well below market value to raise cash to pay off mounting credit-card debts incurred to buy presents for his girlfriend his attorney philip russell told - the sherman of greenwich conn. had worked his way up from in seven years at the museum - the theft was discovered early this year soon after ms. hammond took her post - sentencing was postponed on aug. N when mr. was for depression - his efforts to get back the stolen strips had resulted in recovery of just three - but on oct. N he had reason to - two days earlier his attorney met in a park avenue law office with a dealer who expected to sell N of the most important stolen strips to mr. russell for $ N - instead new york city police seized the stolen goods and mr. avoided jail - he was sentenced to N hours of community service and to the museum of $ N - authorities at london 's airport are investigating the disappearance of a paul young woman in a red that has two on its opposite side - valued at $ N million it was part of a shipment - the number was changed en route and paper work showing that the had cleared customs was so it was a week before three of the four could be located in a warehouse and the discovered missing - although authorities have been watching a group of allegedly for some time the may be lost - chief inspector peter of the criminal investigation department at the airport said it is not uncommon for property to be temporarily or - officials at the university of virginia art museum certainly would agree - their museum had purchased an column and shipped it from london - it was reported stolen in transit en route to washington d.c. in february - months later the arrived in good condition at the museum in having traveled by a route through - two mexican college not professional art thieves have been arrested for a N christmas from the national museum of in mexico city - about N and including some of mexico 's best-known were taken - the government offered a reward for the return of the but routine police work led to the recovery - as it turned out carlos and garcia had hidden the haul in a in the family 's home for a year - then they took the art to and began to trade some of it for cocaine - information from an arrested drug led to the two men and the recovery of almost all the stolen art - among other happy news from the german democratic republic the leipzig museum of fine arts announced that it has recovered cemetery in the snow a painting by the german romantic david - the artist 's subjects bring high prices on the world market and the u.s. state department notified of the theft in february N - according to a source at the east europe desk two previously convicted were charged tried convicted and sentenced to prison terms of four and N years - the precious cut from its frame at the time of the theft was found in nearby hidden in the of an easy chair in the home of the girlfriend of one of the thieves - no charges were brought against her - painting is meant to fool the eye but robert lawrence trotter N of square pa. took his seriously - he painted one himself in the style of john and sold it as a original to dealers in conn - mr. trotter 's painting showed a wall of wood boards with painted tacked down in a behind the were faded and papers and currency - mr. trotter 's fake was offered at a bargain price of $ N with a phony story that it to his wife 's late in new conn - the dealers immediately showed their new acquisition to an expert and came to see it as a fake - they persuaded mr. trotter to take it back and with the help of the fbi taped their conversation with him - after his arrest the admitted to and selling other paintings up and down the eastern - ms. is executive director of the international foundation for art research - ford motor co. said it is about N of its because the was improperly applied to some cars - separately ford and mazda motor corp. 's u.s. sales arm said they are about N mercury and N N N and N model mazda equipped with engines to replace the oil cap - mazda makes the for ford - as a result of the problem on the ford may easily separate from the car during impact the u.s. auto maker said - when properly applied the is designed to retain the in place in a crash test at N miles per hour - a ford spokesman said the dearborn mich. auto maker is n't aware of any injuries caused by the problem - ford said owners should return the cars to dealers so the can be removed and - mazda and ford said a combination of limited and improper maintenance could cause engine oil in some of the mercury and mazda to more rapidly than normal causing increased engine noise or reduced engine life - they said the problems are n't safety related - both companies will replace the oil cap with a oil cap - both also will and replace if necessary oil filters and oil at no charge to owners - for owners who have followed the recommended oil maintenance schedule mazda will extend to five years or N miles the warranty term for engine damage due to engine oil deterioration - the normal term for the N and N model N is two years or N miles the term for the N N is three years or N miles - ford said the term on its warranty is already six years or N miles - separately ford said it will offer $ N cash rebates to buyers of its ford sport utility vehicle - it said it will also offer buyers the option of financing as low as N N on loans - ford also offered the low financing rate option on which previously carried a $ N cash discount - ford said the new offer will begin saturday and run indefinitely - the supreme court agreed to decide whether the federal pension benefit guaranty corp. may require ltv corp. to funding responsibility for a $ N billion in the company 's pension plans - the high court 's decision expected next spring may affect the stability of many large corporate pension plans that have relied on the availability of pension insurance provided by the federal pension regulatory and insurance agency - the agency which is funded through insurance premiums from employers pension benefits for some N million private-sector workers who take part in pension plans - it recently reported assets of $ N billion and liabilities of $ N billion - in its appeal to the high court the agency said the federal appeals court ruling which favored ltv threatened to transform the agency from an insurer of troubled pension plans into an source of industry - the ruling also may determine how quickly ltv is able to complete its chapter N reorganization - ltv filed for protection under chapter N in federal bankruptcy court in N - the filing was partly the result of the $ N billion in ltv 's three pension plans operated for its ltv steel co. subsidiary 's employees - in january N as ltv steel continued operating while under reorganization the agency terminated the three ltv pension plans to keep its insurance liability from increasing - termination means that the agency 's insurance assumes the liabilities and pays the pension benefits already owed under the plans but workers do n't new benefits - a few months later under pressure from the united steelworkers of america ltv instituted a new program to provide retirement benefits similar to those in the terminated plans - because the federal pension agency had taken over the old plans ltv would be responsible only for benefits paid under the new pension plans - but the agency viewed the creation of the new plans as an abuse of federal pension law and an attempt to transfer the liability of the $ N billion from ltv to federal insurance - the agency also concluded that ltv 's financial status had improved while it was under reorganization - in september N it ordered ltv to liability and funding for the three original plans - ltv challenged the order and a federal district court in new york in june N ruled that the agency improperly ordered ltv to responsibility for the plans - in may a federal appeals court in new york agreed that the agency acted - the appeals court said there was no evidence that congress intended to allow the pension agency to consider a company 's creation of new benefit plans as a basis for ordering that company to liability for old plans - the appeals court also said the agency had to consider a company 's long-term ability to fund pension plans not just short-term improved financial status - in dallas ltv said that it was disappointed that the court agreed to hear the case because it believes the move will further delay its chapter N proceedings - the company has n't been able to come up with a reorganization plan in part because of the sizable disagreement with the pension agency - but ltv a steel aerospace and energy concern said it is confident that the supreme court will the decisions and said it expects to continue discussions with the agency about a settlement while the case is being reviewed - pension benefit guaranty corp. vs. ltv corp - the commercial was absolutely silent - breaking into the chicago match during last week 's monday night football game it was nothing but simple block letters on the tv screen - due to the earthquake in san francisco nissan is donating its commercial air time to broadcast american red cross emergency relief messages - please contribute what you can the ad said - the nissan on the screen for a moment and then came a taped plea for donations from former president reagan followed by the silent print telling viewers where to call - within two hours viewers pledged over $ N according to a red cross executive - call it disaster marketing - nissan motor is just one of a slew of advertisers that have their ads to the devastating san francisco quake and hurricane hugo - sometimes the ads attempt to raise money always they try to boost good will - by advertising disaster relief these companies are hoping to don a white hat and come out a hero - but the strategy can if the ads appear too the companies may end up looking like rank instead of good - that has n't plenty of companies - along with nissan grand metropolitan plc 's burger king and new york life insurance have tied ads to red cross donations - other ads do n't bother with the a if american telephone & telegraph ad that aired sunday of the devastation in san francisco and charleston s.c. with interviews of people how at&t helped - at nissan we felt we wanted to do something to help them gather money and we had this on monday night football explains a nissan advertising creative manager - what did we get out of it - we got some exposure and pretty much good will - the ads are just the latest evidence of how television advertising is getting faster on the draw - while tv commercials typically take weeks to produce advertisers in the past couple of years have learned to turn on a to crash out ads in days or even hours - the big brokerage houses learned the art of the instant commercial after the N crash when they turned out reassuring ads inviting investors right back into the stock market - they out another crop of instant commercials after the sudden market dip a few weeks ago - nissan created its quake ad in a weekend - but as advertisers onto disasters with increasing frequency they risk hurting themselves as much as helping the cause - they chance the customers they hope to woo by looking like - people see extra messages in advertising and if a manufacturer is clearly trying to get something out of it if it 's too then consumers will see through that warns john philip jones chairman of the advertising department at the newhouse school of public communications at university - it can because companies can step across the line and go too far be too agrees gary a principal with new england consulting group conn - the ultimate form of charity is when you do n't tell anyone - still he says that only a few of the campaigns have been and that the majority have been truly beneficial to the people who need the help - we do n't consider that chasing - the companies running the disaster ads certainly do n't see themselves as either - burger king 's chief executive officer barry stars in ads saying that the fast-food chain will N cents to the red cross for every purchase of a - the campaign which started last week and runs through nov. N with funds earmarked for both the quake and hugo was barry 's idea a spokeswoman says - barry felt very committed - he felt we should be giving something back - while the campaign was mr. 's idea however he wo n't be paying for it the donations will come out of the chain 's national advertising fund which is financed by the franchisees - and by donations on a new line the fast-food chain is trying to push burger king works a sales pitch into its message - toyota 's upscale lexus division a sponsor of the world series also put in a plug for red cross donations in a world series game it sponsored - the world series is brought to you by lexus who urges you to help relieve the suffering caused by the recent earthquake the game announcer said - and new york life made a plea for red cross donations in newspaper ads in the san francisco area onto the of the red cross 's reputation the red cross has been helping people for N years - new york life has been doing the same for over N years - nancy craig advertising manager for the red cross readily admits they 're on our reputation - but she has no problem with that she says in the meanwhile they 're helping us - the red cross does n't track contributions raised by the disaster ads but it has $ N million since it first launched its hurricane relief effort sept. N - ad notes - new account - king co. golden valley minn. awarded its $ N million account to & a iowa division of young & rubicam - the account had previously been handled by saatchi & saatchi new york - tv guide - & kennedy ore. was named to handle the news corp. publication 's $ N million to $ N million account - the new york agency that had handled the account since N resigned the account about two weeks ago - no alcohol - miller brewing co. will introduce its first beer jan. N - the called miller sharp 's will be supported by ads developed by & milwaukee - radio - viacom broadcasting inc. definitively agreed to acquire am and in san francisco for about $ N million from pacific fm inc - the supreme court let stand a new york court 's ruling that the manufacturers of a drug once used to prevent must share liability for injuries or deaths when the maker of an individual is unknown - the high court 's action refusing to hear appeals by several drug companies is likely to have a significant impact at several levels - the most immediate effect is in new york where former manufacturers of the drug des the synthetic female face the prospect of shared liability for damages in many of the N to N des lawsuits pending in that state - the lawsuits stemmed from the development of cancer and other problems in the daughters of women who took the drug - on a broader scale the ruling could encourage other states ' courts to adopt the logic of the new york court not only in des cases but in other lawsuits as well - the new york court of appeals ruling parallels a N decision by the california supreme court requiring shared liability among manufacturers for injuries when it ca n't be determined which company is at fault - paul a new york lawyer who represents des victims said that before the new york ruling only the states of washington and wisconsin had followed the california decision - now that the new york decision has been left intact other states may follow suit - generally when new york and california go one way it has a tremendous influence on other states especially small ones said mr. - the high court refused to hear appeals by drug co. which went out of business in N and was taken over by trust squibb & sons inc. a unit of squibb corp. and eli lilly & co - the appeals involved des which was approved by the food and drug administration for use from the until N to prevent during pregnancy - in N the fda banned the use of des after studies linked it to cancer and other problems in daughters of women who took the drug - lawsuits over the harm caused by des have flooded federal and state courts in the past decade - in many cases the lawsuit was filed long after the drug was used the cancer in the daughters was typically not detected for years and there is no way to prove which of several companies manufactured the consumed by certain women - under traditional legal theories inability to prove which company manufactured a drug that caused an injury or death would lead to the lawsuit being dismissed - but in its ruling last april the new york court said that all producers of the drug should share liability when the manufacturer of a specific ca n't be determined - each company 's share of liability would be based on their share of the national des market - the new york court also upheld a state law passed in N extending for one year the statute of limitations on filing des lawsuits - the effect is that lawsuits that might have been barred because they were filed too late could proceed because of the one-year extension - drug co. vs. squibb & sons inc. vs. and eli lilly & co. vs. - government contractors - the high court leaving intact a $ N million damage award against general dynamics corp. declined to resolve questions about a legal defense against civil lawsuits often used by government contractors - last year the supreme court defined when companies such as military contractors may defend themselves against lawsuits for deaths or injuries by that they were simply following specifications of a federal government contract - in that decision the high court said a company must prove that the government approved precise specifications for the contract that those specifications were met and that the government was warned of any dangers in use of the equipment - but last february a federal appeals court in new orleans upheld a damage award against general dynamics rejecting the company 's use of the government contractor defense - the appeals court said the defense is valid only if federal officials did more than rubber a company 's design or plans and engaged in a review and evaluation on a par with a policy decision - general dynamics appealed to the high court backed by numerous business trade groups arguing that the appeals court definition restricts the defense too severely - general dynamics was sued by the families of five navy who were killed in N after they a through a chamber - the accident was caused by operation of a - a federal district court awarded damages to the families and the appeals court the award - general dynamics corp. vs. - court in brief - in other action yesterday the high court - let stand the mail fraud and conspiracy conviction of john a former vice president of corp. a unit of nestle s.a - the conviction stemmed from federal charges of consumer fraud for sale of phony apple between N and N - vs. u.s. - left intact an award of $ N million in damages against dow chemical co. in the death of an oregon man from exposure to agent orange - the award was made by a federal court to the widow of a u.s. forest service employee who contracted 's disease after using containing agent orange in a program - it can be hoped that spanish prime minister gonzalez will draw the right conclusion from his narrow election victory sunday - a strong challenge from the far left the communist coalition failed to topple him - he should consider his victory a mandate to continue his economic reforms and not a demand that he move further left - if he follows the correct path he may be able to look back on this election as the mark of opposition - the far left had some good issues even if it did not have good programs for dealing with them - it could point to plenty of that the spanish economic so far has failed to cure - unemployment still is officially recorded at N N the highest rate in europe although actual may be lower - housing is scarce and public services the court system schools mail service telephone network and the highways are in condition - large pockets of poverty still exist - the left also is critical of the style of the socialist government a remarkable parallel to the situation in britain - mr. gonzalez and his colleagues particularly the finance minister carlos are charged with having abandoned their socialist principles and with having become arrogant who refuse even to go on television controlled by the state to face their - in response to this the socialist prime minister has simply cited his free-market - they are very considerable since N when spain joined the european community its gross domestic product has grown at an annual average of N N the fastest in the ec - in that time more than N million jobs have been created and the official jobless rate has been pushed below N N from N N - a N N inflation rate dropped below N N - net foreign investment through august this year has been running at a pace of $ N billion about double the year-earlier rate - mr. gonzalez also has split with the left in spain 's nato commitment and in renewing a defense treaty with the u.s. - mr. gonzalez is not quite a revolutionary however - he did not go as far as he could have in tax reductions indeed he combined them with increases in indirect taxes - yet the best the could do was not enough to deter the biggest voting bloc nearly N N from the direction spain is taking - now he can go further - he should do more to reduce tax rates on wealth and income in recognition of the fact that those cuts yield higher not lower revenues - he could do more to cut public subsidies and transfers thus making funds available for public services of money for six years - the voters delivered mr. gonzalez a third mandate for his successes - they as well as numerous latin american and east european countries that hope to adopt elements of the spanish model are supporting the direction spain is taking - it would be sad for mr. gonzalez to abandon them to his foes - monday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp. freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - oh that terrible mr. ortega - just when american had pulled the arms plug on the contras and their friend ronald reagan along comes mr. ortega in costa rica this weekend to into the hands of what are often called conservatives - conservatives are the in u.s. politics which always said that mr. ortega and his friends do n't want to hold an election in nicaragua - liberals are the that says give peace a chance now they are saying mr. ortega should give them a break the conservatives ask them to vote for bullets instead of - we suspect daniel ortega knows the difference between a and a strategy - he knows that making george bush look silly in a photograph with him will trigger and that announcing an end to the liberals ' cease-fire will produce mainly their concern over the contras ' military activities in northern nicaragua - mr. ortega understands better than those who worry about his behavior that what the sandinista movement is not democratic peace but - it is the presence of internal and external enemies which justifies the need for a large active army that mikhail gorbachev 's soviet union continues to supply with bullets - annualized interest rates on certain investments as reported by the federal reserve board on a basis - a discounted rate - b week ended wednesday october N N and wednesday october N N - c yields adjusted for constant maturity - corp. said the government of spain approved the marketing of its drug to treat kidney cancer - the biotechnology concern said spanish authorities must still clear the price for the treatment but that it expects to receive such approval by year end - four other countries in europe have approved in recent months - is currently trying to obtain federal regulatory clearance for u.s. distribution - the treasury department proposed that banks be required to keep detailed records of international wire transfers which officials believe is the main vehicle used by drug traffickers to move billions of dollars in and out of the u.s. - in recent testimony on capitol hill treasury officials said they were considering the new reporting requirements and the expected publication of the proposal in the federal register today is the first official step toward creating final regulations - the treasury is still working out the details with bank trade associations and the other government agencies that have a hand in fighting money laundering - among the possibilities the treasury is considering are requirements that banks keep records identifying the and recipients of international wire transfers - another suggestion would draw banks more directly into tracking down money by developing a international wire transfer profile which banks would use to questionable payments - but banks may prefer using a profile that targets selected transactions rather than a blanket reporting requirement - banks now are required only to report cash deposits or withdrawals of $ N or more - but wire transfers from a standing account including those bigger than $ N are n't reported - officials believe this has left a that illegal drug businesses are - authorities estimate that revenues from illegal drugs in the u.s. total about $ N billion annually - sen. john kerry d. mass. chairman of a senate foreign relations subcommittee that oversees the issue of money laundering criticized the proposal for ignoring wire transfers between foreign banks that are executed and cleared on u.s. wire systems - the american bankers association did n't have any comment on the plan - the proposal now enters a comment period after which the treasury will propose final regulations followed by another comment period - western union corp. took steps to withdraw its proposed debt swap for $ N million in high-interest notes and said it is looking at other alternatives for refinancing the debt - western union had said two weeks ago that it might withdraw the pending offer which would have replaced $ N million in so-called reset notes now paying N N annual interest and set to come due in N with two new issues paying lower interest - yesterday the company said it had filed a request with the securities and exchange commission to withdraw the registration statement regarding the proposed swap - a western union spokesman citing adverse developments in the market for high-yield junk bonds declined to say what alternatives are under consideration - but some holders of the western union notes expect the company to propose a debt swap that will give them a substantial equity stake in the company - western union has had major losses in recent years as its business has faltered in the face of competition from facsimile machines and as other business ventures have gone - the major question said one holder who asked not to be named is whether new york investor bennett s. whose partners controls western union is willing to offer a large enough equity stake to bondholders into agreeing to a new swap - the $ N million in notes the largest chunk of western union 's $ N million in long-term debt stems from the company 's major restructuring in december N - the notes became when reset provisions allowed their interest rate to be raised to N N last june - western union had offered to swap each $ N face amount of the notes for six shares of common stock and two new debt issues a $ N note paying an interest rate starting at N N annually and rising in later years due in N and a $ N note due in N paying a fixed rate of N N and including rights protecting a holder against a decline in the trading price of the bond - western union must make $ N million in interest payments on the reset notes on dec. N and a company spokesman said it fully intends to meet the payments - but western union has said it must lower the interest rate on its debt to regain full financial health - genentech inc. said the west german distributor of its heart drug tpa reached a joint marketing agreement with a subsidiary of hoechst ag which makes the rival agent - the biotechnology concern said the agreement between its longtime west german distributor 's dr. subsidiary and hoechst 's subsidiary was an attempt to expand the market for drugs in general - a genentech spokeswoman said the agreement calls for hoechst to promote tpa for heart patients and for other purposes - investors in the over-the-counter market dumped banking and insurance issues sending the nasdaq composite index lower for the third consecutive session - all nasdaq industry indexes finished lower with financial issues hit the hardest - despite some early computer-guided program buying the nasdaq composite fell N to N - the otc market now has declined in eight of the past N sessions - the nasdaq bank index fell N to N while the insurance index fell N to N and the other finance index dropped N to N - the largest financial issues as measured by the nasdaq financial index tumbled N to - meanwhile the index of the N biggest stocks the nasdaq N gained N to N - profit-taking accounted for much of the slide in otc stock prices according to david mills senior vice president of boston company advisers - he said many portfolio managers whose year-end bonuses are tied to annual performance are selling now rather than risk seeing their gains erode further - the profit is definitely going on said mr. mills whose firm manages $ N million for boston co - tax-loss sellers those investors who sell stocks so they can their losses from this year 's income are also getting out mr. mills said - that 's helping put pressure on both the market 's winners and its losers - the stocks that have been the best are having big and the ones that have been the worst are getting clobbered mr. mills said - he expects the market to sink further and to reach a low sometime next month or in december - the selling by money managers and individual investors is turning traders bearish as well - we are advising a lot of our clients to make moves that make sense to them rather than waiting until the last minute because things have been so volatile said william head of otc trading at a.g. edwards & sons in st. louis - ralph head of the otc trading department at smith barney harris upham said many market players are awaiting some resolution of the current debate over program trading - much of the market 's recent volatility has been blamed on this large-scale computerized trading technique that can send stock prices surging or in a matter of minutes - the problem has been particularly damaging to the otc market traditionally a base for the small investor - weisfield 's surged N to N after agreeing in principle to be acquired by a unit of ratners group for $ N a share - the stock jumped N N friday when the company announced it was in takeover talks - ratners and weisfield 's said they expect to sign definitive agreements shortly and to complete the transaction by dec. N - federal savings bank advanced N N to N N after it said it is in talks with a possible acquirer - the bank said the talks resulted from by its financial adviser - jaguar assumed its recently place on the otc most active list as its american depository receipts gained N to N N on volume of N million shares and daimler-benz joined the list of companies interested in the british car maker - said it has had talks with jaguar about possible joint ventures - meanwhile general motors and ford motor continue their pursuit of the company - ford has acquired more than N N of jaguar 's shares and gm has received u.s. regulatory clearance to buy N N - pizza time gained N N to N - the company reported third-quarter operating profit of N cents a share compared with N cents a share a year earlier - a third-quarter charge of $ N million related to planned restaurant closings resulted in a net loss for the quarter - employers casualty which reported a $ N million third-quarter loss late friday fell N N to N N - the loss was largely due to a $ N million addition to reserves - employers casualty had a loss of $ N million in the year-earlier quarter - old stone fell N N to N N - late friday the company reported a loss of $ N million for the third quarter after earning $ N million a year before - the loss came after a $ N million addition to loan-loss reserves - the bank made a $ N million provision in the N quarter - old stone repeated projections that it will be profitable for the fourth quarter and will about break even for the year - lincoln federal savings bank sank N to N N after announcing a that will change senior management and the bank 's mortgage business as a separate unit - the bank also said it will establish a loan-loss reserve of $ N million to $ N million against a construction loan that is in default - the bank which previously said it was for sale said it has received no offers and that its board will review whether to continue soliciting bids - medical scientists are starting to a handful of genes which if damaged the chaotic growth of cells that cancer - scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops - an emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention - that is for the future - already scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that for the first time can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer - it 's a set of says vogelstein a johns hopkins university researcher who has just found a gene to the triggering of colon cancer - only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the level - today we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can a cancer and then it into a deadly state - scientists call the new class of genes or simply genes - when normally they make proteins that hold a cell 's growth in check - but if the genes are damaged perhaps by radiation a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division their proteins no longer work and cells normally under control turn malignant - the newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called - must be present for a cell to become malignant but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cells suggesting that do n't cause cancer by themselves - in recent months researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert an may turn cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged - like all genes tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies one from each parent - either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth so for cancer to arise both copies must be - a person who is born with one defective copy of a gene or in whom one copy is damaged early in life is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop - emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such individuals in what some scientists believe is a new age of cancer - bill and are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings - the mass. couple knew even before became pregnant in N that any child of theirs had a N N chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma an eye cancer that occurs about once every N - mr. N years old knew he carried a damaged gene having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby - because of the of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene it became possible last january to find out what threat the baby faced - a test using new genetic showed that little will had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma gene and therefore faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer - it made our new year says mr. - this test was the first to predict whether an individual could expect to develop cancer - equally important the initial discovery of the gene that controls cell growth made by a boston doctor named has opened a field of cancer study which in recent months has exploded - it turns out that studying a but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental about the most basic workings of cancer says samuel director of the national cancer institute - all this may not be obvious to the public which is concerned about advances in treatment but i am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon - to date scientists have two of these - dr. made his retinoblastoma discovery in N - then last spring researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which if turns healthy colon cells - soon after that report two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and cancers - colon lung and cancers are the most common and forms of the disease killing almost N americans a year - right now about a dozen laboratories in the u.s. canada and britain are racing to other suspected genes - they have about seven candidates - researchers say the of tumor-suppressor genes alone or in combination appears crucial to the development of such as cancer of the brain the skin kidney and - there is evidence that if people defective versions of these genes they are especially prone to cancer perhaps explaining finally why some cancers seem to certain families - the story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s when a named alfred g. jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects - he that in the eye cancer an inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other - the tumor he suggested developed when the second normal copy also was damaged - but there was no way to prove dr. 's theory - back then scientists had no way of out specific genes but under a they could see the N of in the cells that contain the genes - occasionally gross chromosome damage was visible - dr. found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome no. N from a parent who had had the disease - under a he could actually see that a bit of chromosome N was missing - he assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer - but he did n't know which gene or genes had disappeared - then a scientific team led by webster then at the university of utah found the answer - the team used a battery of the newly developed gene of genetic material that can track a gene 's presence in a cell - by analyzing cells from eye they found defects in the second copy of chromosome N in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome - the finding medicine - it was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the of a cancer - it was extraordinarily satisfying says dr. now at fox chase cancer research center in philadelphia - i was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers - it was an claim - but in baltimore dr. vogelstein a young at johns hopkins medical school believed dr. was right and set out to repeat the experiment in cells from other cancers - his was one of two research teams in N to report dual chromosome losses for a rare cancer of the kidney called 's tumor - dr. vogelstein next turned his attention to colon cancer the second biggest cancer killer in the u.s. after lung cancer - he believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple hits on cancer genes because it often seems to develop in stages - it often is by the development of in the which in some cases become increasingly malignant in stages from less severe to deadly as though a cascade of genetic damage might be - dr. vogelstein and a student eric began months of and often frustrating probing of the searching for signs of genetic damage - they began a confusing variety of genetic some existing only in benign others in malignant cells and many in both and malignant cells - gradually a picture of cancer development emerged - if both copies of a certain gene were knocked out benign would develop - if both copies of a second gene were then the would progress to - it was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop - their report galvanized other - it was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor says ray white at howard hughes medical institute in salt lake city - but dr. vogelstein had yet to the identity of the gene that if damaged a colon cell into - they focused on chromosome N - for months the johns hopkins researchers using gene down the length of chromosome N looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells - such a piece of dna would probably constitute a gene - when they found it last winter dr. vogelstein was dubious that the search was over - his doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a princeton university researcher arnold levine had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into ones - the dr. vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53 - but mr. levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth the johns hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that growth - despite that when the johns hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the mr. levine 's p53 gene they found the two were identical it turned out that in mr. levine 's cancer studies he had been a damaged form of p53 a gene - the discovery suddenly puts an gene right in the of cancer formation says robert a leader in research at institute in cambridge mass - evidence now is emerging that the p53 gene is involved in other cancers too - researchers in scotland have found that in N of N one copy of chromosome N was at the spot where gene p53 lies - the scientists say that since cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families the gene when inherited in a damaged form may women to the cancer - the p53 gene has just been in lung cancer - in a report out last week john and colleagues at the national cancer institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene - there also are reports from several labs as yet unpublished of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney brain and skin cancers - at the same time the johns hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes - dr. vogelstein hopes soon to one on chromosome N also involved in colon cancer - ray white in utah and walter a researcher in great britain are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer thought to be on chromosome N - dr. believes people who a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome N are especially prone to lung cancer - recently he and others reported that the retinoblastoma gene may also be involved in some lung cancers as well as several other more common cancers too - where these will lead scientists can only speculate - already two major pharmaceutical companies the squibb unit of bristol-myers squibb co. and inc. are with gene to turn the anticipated cascade of into tests and maybe new - some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the proteins normally produced by the genes - the idea would be to to patients the proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes - it may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions though no one has come close to doing that so far - in any case says dr. of the national cancer institute we 're the discovery of one of the most important steps in the of cancer - many investors give michael foods about as much chance of getting it together as - but now at least there 's a of hope for the stock - burger king which breaks thousands of fresh eggs each morning is quietly switching over to an alternative egg product made by michael foods - known as easy eggs the product has disappointed investors - when the company this month announced sales of easy eggs the stock dropped nearly N N - michael wo n't confirm the of any easy egg customers nor will it say much of anything else - two minneapolis shareholder suits in the past month have accused top officers of making various statements - these suits accuse the officers of failing to disclose that easy eggs were unlikely to sell enough to justify all of michael 's production capacity - but at least burger king has signed on and says that by year end it wo n't be using any shell eggs - the miami fast-food chain owned by grand metropolitan of britain expects to consume roughly N million pounds of eggs annually - so there is reason to believe that michael 's hopes for a egg were n't all - easy eggs are in a process - still caution is - a company official says michael 's break-even volume on easy eggs is around N million pounds a year apparently well above current shipments and a far cry from what the company once suggested was a market waiting for such a product - perhaps to the analysts ' talk of michael today will take some of the skeptics on a tour of its new minn. plant - there has been no announcement of the burger king arrangement by either party possibly for fear that mcdonald 's and other fast-food rivals would seize on it in advertising - but burger king operators confirm using michael 's product - other institutional users reportedly include which is moving away from fresh eggs on a basis - the extent of 's use is n't known and officials could n't be reached for comment - michael foods has attracted a good many the people who sell borrowed shares in a bet that a stock price will drop and allow the return of cheaper shares to the lender - many analysts question management 's credibility - the stock in my opinion is going to go lower not only because of disappointing earnings but because the credibility gap is certainly not closing says l. craig of - mr. says that at a recent conference in new york he asked michael 's chief executive officer if the fourth quarter would be down - the ceo richard g. replied yes but would n't elaborate - the company did n't put out a public announcement - a spokesman said later that mr. was being conservative in his estimate - but the spokesman added that while michael will earn less than last year 's $ N a share it thinks street estimates of $ N or so are low - analyst robin young of john & co. minneapolis calls himself the last remaining bull on the stock - he argues that michael foods is this is a growth company in the packaged food industry a rare breed like finding a white - earnings are n't keeping pace he says because of heavy investments in the egg technologies and costs in its potato business - mr. however believes the company 's egg product wo n't help the bottom line in the short run even though it makes sense it 's more convenient and justifies its price which is higher than shell eggs because of health and concerns - prospective competition is one problem - last week a closely held new jersey concern high-grade egg products co. rolled out an packaged item called table ready - company president steve says will be among his clients as well - michael shares closed at N N yesterday in national over-the-counter trading - says new york-based short seller mark in my mind this is a $ N stock - michael late yesterday announced a $ N million stock buy-back program - michael which also processes potatoes still relies on for about a fourth of its sales and nearly half its pretax profit - but dry growing conditions in the red river valley of minnesota and north are pushing spot prices of potatoes beyond what michael contracted to pay last spring - company lawyers recently sent letters to growers saying that michael would take very seriously any effort to its potatoes to other outlets - still analysts believe that profit margins in the potato business will be down again this year - pierre peladeau a canadian newspaper publisher in the u.s. figures to become a big player in north american printing and his ambitions do n't end there - yesterday quebecor inc. a montreal printing publishing and forest-products company by mr. peladeau agreed to acquire maxwell communication corp. 's u.s. printing subsidiary maxwell graphics inc. for $ N million in cash and securities - the purchase expected to be completed by year end will make quebecor the second-largest commercial printer in north america behind only & sons co. chicago - the printing customers that quebecor will gain through maxwell graphics include the sunday newspaper supplement parade time sports illustrated and tv guide - but the transaction is just mr. peladeau 's latest step in a larger design to build quebecor through acquisitions into an integrated paper publishing and printing concern with a reach throughout north america - he already has achieved integration on a limited scale quebecor can put a weekly newspaper on almost any quebec without using outside help from down the tree to making the newsprint to it up onto the - analysts say quebecor 's purchase is part of a trend toward consolidation in the north american printing industry - along with says an analyst with thomson inc. in montreal quebecor has positioned itself as one of the two key players - he adds i think this is a great strategic move for quebecor - they are buying an operation that is running well - mr. peladeau says he is n't trying to catch up to which has annual sales of over $ N billion - size does n't matter mr. peladeau says - what counts is the bottom line - some of mr. peladeau 's ventures including an earlier push into the u.s. market have n't paid off on the bottom line - quebecor started the philadelphia journal a daily tabloid in N and closed it three years later - the venture cost quebecor $ N million mr. peladeau says - more recently some former quebecor executives started their own printing company specializing in printing and distributing advertising - quebecor still in the quebec market while mr. peladeau 's former employees are expanding across canada - mr. peladeau took his first big gamble N years ago when he took advantage of a strike at la then montreal 's dominant newspaper to launch the journal de montreal - the tabloid 's circulation soared to N but plunged to under N when the la strike ended - still mr. peladeau stuck with the venture - now the journal flush with ads and profitable is even with la in weekend circulation and it N to N every - mr. peladeau has never made any for publishing the tabloid a mix of crime and sports - i 've read he answers critics - it 's tabloid news from a to z - quebecor also publishes a second tabloid in montreal the struggling montreal daily news in quebec city and manitoba and dozens of covering most of quebec - a series of recent acquisitions made it the dominant magazine publisher in quebec - after a recent merger it is also the only distributor of magazines and newspapers in quebec - finally with maxwell communication the company controls N N of inc. a quebec city pulp and paper concern - in yesterday 's accord quebecor agreed to pay $ N million in cash for maxwell graphics and to give maxwell communication a N N stake valued at $ N million in quebecor 's new printing subsidiary - the new as yet subsidiary will combine quebecor 's existing printing unit and maxwell graphics - it will have N plants from coast to coast and $ N billion in annual sales - quebecor will own N N of the new subsidiary - de placement the quebec government agency will pay $ N million for the remaining N N stake in the printing operation - peladeau the founder 's son and the executive in charge of the acquisition says quebecor has n't decided how it will finance its share of the purchase but he says it most likely will use debt - the maxwell deal is quebecor 's second big printing acquisition in just over a year - last october quebecor bought N canadian printing plants from inc. a montreal telecommunications manufacturing energy and real estate company - that purchase doubled quebecor 's annual printing revenue to $ N million - maxwell 's sale of its u.s. printing unit was expected the last major business to be of in a major of assets - according to its most recent annual report covering the N months ended march N maxwell communication bought $ N billion in assets including macmillan inc. and official airlines and sold $ N billion in businesses - now maxwell founder robert maxwell says he has an appetite for new acquisitions in the u.s. adding that he could spend a good deal more than $ N billion on another u.s. purchase - in london trading yesterday maxwell communication shares rose nine pence to N pence $ N - in montreal quebecor 's multiple voting class a stock closed at c$ N us$ N down N canadian cents - quebecor class b stock closed at c$ N up N canadian cents - craig in london contributed to this article - searle & co. said the food and drug administration approved the sale of a drug developed by a joint venture between searle and a french concern - searle a unit of monsanto co. said the drug is the first product to reach the market through pharmaceuticals the u.s. company jointly owned by searle and a french pharmaceutical concern owned by france 's s.a - the u.s. equal employment opportunity commission sued new york state for age discrimination against appointed state judges - the suit filed in federal court in manhattan charges that new york 's mandatory retirement age of N violates federal law - separately the commission intervened in a connecticut state judge 's suit in federal court in new haven - the commission 's filing in that case challenges connecticut 's mandatory retirement age of N for appointed judges - the new york suit was filed on behalf of justice rubin whose appointment to the state appellate division expires at year end and all other judges hurt by the alleged age discrimination - the suit assigned to federal judge wood seeks a permanent injunction back pay for judges who have been forced to retire of retired judges and other relief necessary to the effects of new york 's unlawful employment practices - justice rubin a state judge since N said the age the court system because it the state of experienced judges still capable of serving on the bench - the issue is n't age age is just a number - the issue is one of a judge 's experience his and his physical ability to serve on the bench justice rubin said - i 've had no problems performing my duties and responsibilities - because justice rubin turned N on may N he is n't eligible to be to the bench at the end of the year - the suit 's impact on new york may be narrow however - most new york judges are elected and the federal law does n't apply to elected officials said james l. lee regional attorney for the in new york - under new york law elected judges must retire at age N but then can be appointed to two-year terms until they reach N - a spokeswoman for the state 's office of court administration declined to comment on the suit - but she said the state currently has N appointed judges who are over N - in connecticut however most state judges are appointed by the governor and approved by the state legislature - the parties in the connecticut case have agreed to stay proceedings pending the appeal of another case against vermont - in the vermont case a federal judge ruled that the state 's mandatory age of N for appointed judges was illegal vermont 's appeal of that decision is pending before the u.s. second circuit court of appeals in manhattan - connecticut 's chief court administrator declined to comment on the suit and the 's intervention - he said the state has N appointed judges and N trial who are former judges over age N and serve a restricted role on the bench - organized crime strike forces likely to be abolished next month - u.s. attorney general dick thornburgh 's plan to the N regional strike forces is expected to go into effect next month despite the opposition of democratic congressional leaders and lawyers in the special units - the units are from u.s. attorneys ' offices and focus exclusively on cases - in february mr. thornburgh announced his plan to abolish the units - he says the lawyers will work more efficiently under the supervision of u.s. attorneys - mr. thornburgh will be free to the strike forces after congress approves a $ N million for federal law-enforcement and agencies according to david runkel a justice department spokesman - the bill is expected to pass in congress next month - congress temporarily halted mr. thornburgh 's effort with an resolution that prohibited him from using funds to implement his plan - opponents say mr. thornburgh 's plan will break up longtime tightly units that have successfully prosecuted major figures - they predict that activity will increase once the units are and their responsibilities transferred to u.s. attorneys ' offices - some former personnel say the units have already begun to break up - the eastern district unit in brooklyn n.y. lost seven of its N attorneys this year partly because the lawyers were troubled by the proposed reorganization says a. who left the strike force to join morrison cohen singer & a new york law firm - those who have left have expressed an opinion that the strike force should continue ms. says - but mr. runkel contends there has been no exodus of lawyers - he says N lawyers have left and N have been hired since mr. thornburgh announced his plan - at the time the plan was announced there were N lawyers - some congressional leaders intend to continue to fight for independent strike forces - a spokesman for sen. edward m. kennedy d. mass says mr. thornburgh would be required to the units next year if an proposed omnibus crime bill is passed - among other things the bill calls for a reorganization of the justice department - the senate is expected to consider the bill shortly says the senator 's spokesman - mr. runkel says he doubts mr. kennedy can enough congressional support to the justice department - we will vigorously oppose the bill he says - i do n't think the reorganization is going to happen - & lawyers from firm - the new york firm will bring in at least N partners and a not yet determined number of associates from & which will dec. N - with N lawyers has lost several partners during the past year - some lawyers wo n't be invited to join & according to partners at both firms - & managing partner f. said the will enhance the firm 's corporate and litigation departments - short not welcome in texas court - hancock a male county court judge in houston refused to let a woman plead guilty to a charge because her stopped three inches above her - the woman appeared in court thursday to enter her plea but when she started to approach the bench she was stopped by judge hancock - he told the woman 's lawyer victor that the short was inappropriate for a court appearance - despite mr. 's protests the judge her case for nov. N - kelly an assistant district attorney who was in the courtroom disputed suggestions the action was saying she had seen judge hancock turn away male defendants dressed in tank tops or muscle shirts many times - judge hancock did n't return phone calls - warner communications inc. and sony corp. resumed settlement talks on their legal battle over hollywood producers peter guber and jon peters but continued to level strong accusations at each other in legal documents - warner has filed a $ N billion breach of contract suit in los angeles superior court against sony and the guber-peters duo who in turn are warner for trying to interfere in sony 's acquisition of columbia pictures entertainment inc. and guber peters entertainment co. in two transactions valued at over $ N billion - although settlement talks had been dropped attorneys for the two sides apparently began talking again yesterday in an attempt to settle the matter before thursday when a judge is expected to rule on warner 's request for an injunction that would block the two producers from taking over the management of columbia - yesterday in documents filed in connection with that case warner accused sony officials of claiming that they never read the five-year contract requiring the two producers to make movies exclusively for columbia citing securities and exchange commission filings made by sony that described the contracts - warner was referring to documents filed last week in which sony corp. of america vice chairman michael and walter yetnikoff president of its cbs records unit said they had taken mr. guber and mr. peters at their word when the producers told them that getting out of the contract would be no problem because of a previous oral agreement - wayne smith an attorney at dunn & in los angeles representing sony said the sony executives had n't seen the contract because it was n't relevant once guber and peters told them warner would let them terminate it at any time - mr. smith said statements about the contract made in sec filings were made by attorneys who did have access to the contracts but who were n't part of the negotiations between sony and the duo - warner executives also filed new sworn affidavits denying claims by messrs. guber and peters that the two sides had an oral agreement that enabled the producers to terminate their contract with warner should the opportunity to run a major studio come up - but mr. smith said sony intends to prove that the oral agreement did in fact exist and that even the existing written contract does n't preclude the producers from taking executive posts at another studio - warner described as nonsense yesterday sony 's in prior court filings that mr. guber and mr. peters could in theory run columbia while still their contract to produce movies for warner - such a dual role would be and warner said adding that concept is as silly as suggesting that the head coach of the los angeles could simultaneously be general manager of the san francisco giants - warner which is in the process of being acquired by new york-based time warner inc. also said it paid the two producers a fixed annual salary of $ N million - dataproducts inc. said it filed a lawsuit in delaware chancery court to block a tender offer by dpc acquisition partners alleging that the hostile offer violates a standstill agreement between the two concerns - dpc an investor group led by new york-based investment associates had itself filed a suit in state court in los angeles seeking to the agreement - earlier this year dataproducts had rejected a $ N a share offer from dpc saying it was n't adequately financed - dpc last week launched a new $ offer for the hills calif.-based computer printer maker - dpc said it could n't comment on the suit - boeing co. 's third-quarter profit leaped N N but wall street 's attention was focused on the picket line not the bottom line - in fact the earnings report as representatives of the world 's no. N jet maker and the striking machinists union came back to the negotiating table for their first meeting in two weeks - doug hammond the federal mediator in seattle where boeing is based said the parties will continue to sit down daily until a new settlement proposal emerges or the talks break off again - despite the progress boeing indicated that the work now in its day will have a serious adverse impact on the current quarter - for the third quarter net rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share - sales climbed N N to $ N billion from $ N billion as the company capitalized on the global demand for commercial - because it 's impossible to gauge how long the by N machinists rank and file will last the precise impact on boeing 's sales earnings cash flow and short-term investment position could n't be determined - the investment community however strongly believes that the strike will be settled before there is any lasting effect on either boeing or its work force - the company 's total firm backlog of unfilled orders at sept. N stood at a mighty $ N billion compared with $ N billion at the end of - although the company could see fourth-quarter revenue shrink by nearly $ N billion if it is n't able to deliver any more planes this year those dollars actually would just be deferred until N - and the company is certain to get out some aircraft with just supervisors and other employees on hand - before the union rejected the company 's offer and the strike was launched with the shift of oct. N boeing had been counting on turning N aircraft out the door in the present period - that included N of the company 's N jumbo jets its most successful product - it 's not a pretty picture said david smith an analyst with raymond james & associates - but it would just mean a great first and second quarter next year - of merrill lynch capital markets added you do n't want to minimize this and say nobody is looking at it - but the strike has n't gone on long enough for boeing to lose business in any real sense - that 's the primary reason the company 's share price has held up so well when in mr. smith 's words most companies would have unraveled by now - in new york stock exchange composite trading boeing closed yesterday at $ N a share off a N cents - still boeing went through its normal and played up the downside - in a statement chairman frank asserted that the company faces significant challenges and risks on both its commercial and government contracts - for instance he noted that spending on pentagon programs is shrinking and boeing is either the prime contractor or a major supplier on many important military projects including the b-2 bomber the aircraft and the air force 's tactical fighter - because of cost overruns on fixed-price military work mr. said the company 's defense business will record a significant loss in N - moreover mr. added increases that have been implemented on the N N N and N programs have resulted in serious work force problems - suppliers and are experiencing heightened pressure to support delivery schedules - and of course there 's the labor situation - besides the machinists pact accords representing N of the company 's engineering and technical employees in the sound and wichita kan. areas expire in early december - also a contract with the united auto workers at the company 's helicopter plant in philadelphia expired oct. N - this contract covering about N hourly production and maintenance workers is being extended on a day-to-day basis - the machinists rejected a proposal featuring a N N base wage increase over the life of the three-year contract plus bonuses of N N the first year and N N the second - on top of that boeing would make cost-of-living adjustments projected to be N N for each year of the contract - the union though has called the offer - the company reiterated yesterday that it 's willing to the package but not add to the substance of it - for the nine months boeing 's net increased N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales soared N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in a separate matter the justice department yesterday said boeing agreed to pay the government $ N million to settle claims that the company provided inaccurate cost information to the air force while negotiating contracts to replace the aluminum on the tanker aircraft - the settlement to four contracts negotiated from N to N prosecutors said - they added that the settlement is the culmination of a N 1\/2-year investigation into the company 's aluminum pricing practices in connection with - a boeing spokesman responded all along the company has said there was no grounds for criminal prosecution - that was out by the justice department 's decision to settle the case - foothills pipe lines ltd. filed an application with canadian regulators to build a N billion canadian dollar us$ N billion pipeline to transport natural gas from canada 's arctic to u.s. markets beginning in - the application by foothills owned by calgary-based corp. of alberta and energy inc. of vancouver canada is expected to kick off what could be a contentious battle for the right to transport vast quantities of gas to southern markets from fields in canada 's mackenzie river delta - this is a strike by foothills said rick natural gas manager of the calgary-based independent petroleum association of canada an industry group - foothills wants to make it clear to other pipeline companies that it 's on first as gas from the arctic to southern markets mr. said - at least two rival applications are expected to emerge in coming months including one from transcanada pipelines ltd. canada 's largest natural gas pipeline operator - another is expected from a consortium of oil and gas producers who won conditional approval this month from canada 's national energy board to export about N trillion cubic feet of mackenzie delta gas to the u.s. starting in N - the producers include shell canada ltd. a unit of royal group esso resources canada ltd. a unit of imperial oil ltd. which is by exxon corp. and gulf canada resources ltd. a unit of olympia & york developments ltd - the national energy board approval of the exports just the starting flag for the next stage the rush to build facilities to transport the gas said bill an analyst with brady & a washington d.c. law firm - foothills ' main rival to build a mackenzie delta pipeline is likely to be transcanada pipelines - the toronto-based company together with tenneco inc. of houston has had an incomplete proposal filed with canadian regulators since N that it is now - like foothills transcanada 's gas consortium plans to build a pipeline directly south from the mackenzie river delta in canada 's western arctic with an initial capacity to transport N billion cubic feet of gas daily - industry sources said they expect a fierce battle to emerge between transcanada which has a monopoly on canadian gas transportation east of alberta and and which control the pipelines within and running west of alberta respectively - this is virgin territory and it 's going to be nasty said one who asked not to be named - neither is going to back down easily - transcanada declined to comment on the foothills application - but last week gerald president and chief executive officer of transcanada said the company intends to be a party to any transportation system that goes up there and that it would consider joint ventures with other players to ensure it has a role - a number of issues still need to be resolved before canadian regulators give any project the final - first the price of natural gas will have to almost double - kent president of foothills said the company believes the project would be viable if gas prices reach us$ N a thousand cubic feet by N in current dollars up from a current spot price of about us$ N - mr. 's us$ N estimate is somewhat below the $ N floor price that calgary-based consulting firm paul & co. recently said would be needed for mackenzie delta gas producers to see a return on their investment - u.s. gas buyers must also decide whether they want to enter firm contracts for mackenzie delta gas or develop alaskan reserves in the bay area first a project that has been on hold for more than a decade - robert chairman and chief executive of foothills said it 's too early to say whether alaskan or mackenzie delta gas would flow to market first - but foothills said it plans to seek regulatory approval to build an alternative line the alaska natural gas transportation system further north toward alaska - if that option is favored by gas buyers and regulators foothills said it would build another smaller pipeline connecting mackenzie delta reserves to the alaska - it 's also likely that regulators will try to forge some kind of consensus between the would-be pipeline builders before undertaking any hearings into rival projects - douglas vice president of shell canada noted that producers would prefer to avoid hearings into competing proposals that would the regulatory review process and down development - pipe line co. an oil pipeline operator rumored to be a gas pipeline proposal of its own said that is n't in the cards - instead richard president and chief executive of 's calgary-based parent energy inc. said the company would prefer to work with other interested parties on a joint proposal - as for foothills ' bid mr. said if they think it gives them some kind of priority position well that 's their strategy - the federal reserve board said it is delaying approval of first union corp. 's proposed $ N million acquisition of florida national banks of florida inc. pending the outcome of an examination into first union 's lending practices in low-income neighborhoods - the decision reflects the fed 's tougher stance on the community reinvestment act a federal law passed in N to help low-income residents obtain loans - in recent years unions and community groups have won big commitments from banks to make loans in certain neighborhoods by threatening to hold up proposed acquisitions with protests to the fed about reinvestment act compliance - few however have actually delayed or mergers - the current dispute involves allegations that charlotte first union has n't lived up to its responsibilities under the reinvestment act - during the summer legal services corp. a florida legal aid group filed a petition with the fed on behalf of residents in four florida counties - the petition challenged first union 's lending record in the state saying that the bank-holding company had shut itself off from contact with the low-income community and is almost every black neighborhood that it serves in the state - in deferring action on the merger the fed said the board does not believe that there is sufficient information in the record at this time to allow it to reach a final conclusion on first union 's record of helping to meet the credit needs of the communities it serves in florida and north carolina including low to neighborhoods in those communities - the fed said the comptroller of the currency is expected to begin a community reinvestment act examination of first union 's florida and north carolina banking units in the next two weeks - first union with assets of about $ N billion said it was disappointed by the delay but said it would cooperate with regulatory authorities - the bank added that it believes the review will demonstrate that first union is in compliance with the requirements of the community reinvestment act - the company has already missed its initial oct. N target date for completing the merger - it said yesterday it still expects to close the acquisition later this year or early in N - florida national if acquired would almost double first union 's banking franchise in florida to $ N billion in assets - that would make it the second-largest bank after barnett banks inc. in a state widely considered to be the most lucrative banking market in the country - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday first union shares rose N cents to $ N - florida national stock closed unchanged at $ N in national over-the-counter trading - earlier this year the fed denied an application by continental bank corp. to purchase grand state bank in ariz. on grounds that continental had n't fully with the community reinvestment act - at the time the fed said the the first ever on such grounds signaled the agency 's new emphasis on the community reinvestment act - eastern airlines ' creditors committee backed off a move to come up with its own alternative proposals to the carrier 's bankruptcy reorganization plans according to sources familiar with the committee - in a meeting in new york yesterday the committee put on hold instructions it gave two weeks ago to its experts to explore other options for eastern 's future the sources said - the consultants had been working to finish a report this week - that means eastern a unit of texas air corp. of houston can go forward with its pitch for creditor approval as early as today when it is expected to deliver a revised reorganization plan to the committee - the committee intends to meet next week to make a recommendation on the new plan - in another development yesterday creditors were told that $ N million they had expected to become available for a reorganization may not according to one source - texas air has run into difficulty about $ N million of debt securities because of problems in the junk bond market the person said - and plans to raise another $ N million through changes to an insurance policy have hit a the source said - an eastern spokesman said the $ N million will have no effect on the asset structure of eastern 's plan - million in the total scheme of things is not that significant - it is unclear what caused the creditors to do an on exploring alternatives to eastern 's new reorganization plan - however since eastern first filed for chapter N protection march N it has consistently promised to pay creditors N cents on the dollar - because the carrier is still to do that some committee members successfully argued that there 's little reason yet to explore a different plan according to one person familiar with the creditors ' position - earlier this month the accounting firm of ernst & young and the securities firm of goldman sachs & co. the experts hired by the creditors contended that eastern would have difficulty meeting earnings targets the airline was projecting - ernst & young said eastern 's plan would miss projections by $ N million - goldman said eastern would miss the same mark by at least $ N million - the consultants maintained eastern would n't generate the cash it needs and would have to issue new debt to meet its targets under the plan - eastern at the time disputed those and called the experts ' report completely off base - yesterday joel an attorney for eastern 's creditors committee declined to comment on whether the experts had ever been instructed to look at other choices and whether they now were asked not to - he said only that the committee has not yet taken any position on eastern 's reorganization plan and that the two sides were still negotiating - in every case people would like to see a plan he said - eastern and its creditors agreed in july on a reorganization plan that called for the carrier to sell off $ N billion in assets and to emerge from chapter N status in late N at two-thirds its former size - eastern eventually decided not to sell off a major chunk its south american routes which were valued at $ N million - such a change meant the reorganization plan the creditors had agreed on was no longer valid and the two sides had to begin negotiating again - eastern has publicly stated it is exceeding its goals for getting back into operation and has predicted it would emerge from chapter N proceedings early next year operating more flights than it originally had scheduled - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - new york city - $ N million of general obligation bonds fiscal N series c and d including $ N million of tax-exempt bonds and $ N million of taxable bonds tentatively priced by a goldman sachs & co. group - yields for tax-exempt bonds range from N N N in N to N N in N - yields for taxable bonds range from N N N in N to N N in N and N - the bonds are all rated single-a by moody 's investors service inc - the underwriters expect a rating from standard & poor 's corp. which has the issue under review - collateralized mortgage securities corp. - $ N million of remic mortgage securities offered in N classes by first boston corp - the offering series N is by a company established by first boston for issuing remics and other derivative mortgage securities - it is backed by government national mortgage association N N N securities with a weighted average remaining term to maturity of N years and being offered at market prices - beneficial corp. - $ N million of securities backed by home-equity loans through merrill lynch capital markets - the offering with an expected average life of N years will float monthly at N basis points above the rate on an index of 30-day commercial paper which now yields about N N - the issue has an expected final maturity date of N - the offering is rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p based on the quality of the underlying home equity loans and a letter of credit covering N N of the deal from union bank of switzerland - the offering is being made through home equity loan asset-backed certificates series N - rochester community savings bank - $ N million of N N certificates backed by automobile loans priced to yield N N via first boston corp - the issue through trust was priced at a yield spread of N basis points above the treasury N N N note due july N - the offering has an expected average life of N years and a final maturity date of may N N - the issue is rated triple-a by moody 's based on the quality of the underlying auto loans and a letter of credit covering N N of the deal from credit suisse - south australian government finance authority agency - N million australian dollars of zero-coupon eurobonds due dec. N N priced at N to yield N N less fees via bank ltd - guaranteed by the south australian treasury - fees N N - government insurance office of new south agency - a$ N million of N N N eurobonds due dec. N N priced at N to yield N less fees via banking corp - fees N N - swedish export credit corp sweden - N million swiss francs of N N N privately placed notes due sept. N N priced at N N to yield N N via citicorp investment bank switzerland - call from sept. N N at N N declining by N point a year to to par - fees N N - west german insurance giant allianz ag entered the takeover battle between france 's cie financiere de paribas and cie. de navigation mixte - allianz said it won french government approval to buy as much as one-third of navigation mixte a diversified financial transport and food holding company - the move comes a week after paribas announced that it was preparing to bid for N N control of navigation mixte - allianz 's brief statement said it is acting to protect its own interests as a shareholder of navigation mixte - that would be a blow to both paribas and navigation mixte - each had claimed allianz europe 's largest insurance company as a ally - the allianz statement also reinforced the belief that the takeover battle could be a long one - it led to broad market speculation that paribas now will its bid which is expected to be formally launched later this week after approval from french government regulators - allianz 's entry reflects the increasing eagerness of west german companies looking ahead to the reduction in european community internal barriers in N to get involved in what until now were considered internal french affairs - deutsche bank dresdner bank and commerzbank all also have expressed eagerness to expand in france before N - dresdner bank this month moved to acquire banque des a small french merchant bank that deutsche bank had looked at and passed over - commerzbank had hoped to buy a stake in credit lyonnais until the returned to government last year and canceled plans to the large french bank - deutsche bank has actively sought a french acquisition for at least two years - lately analysts say deutsche bank has shocked some in the french financial community by indicating it wants a strong bank with a large number of branches - we are still looking said a deutsche bank spokesman - the banks we think would fit into our concept are either government-owned or not for sale though deutsche bank would be able to pay a good price - while allianz officials were n't willing to comment in any detail on their plans they said allianz currently holds between N N and N N of navigation mixte an apparent increase from the N N stake that navigation mixte officials had earlier announced - paris market sources said they believed allianz was buying yesterday morning and navigation mixte moved up N francs $ N to close at N francs in heavy trading - it was the first day of trading following the suspension of navigation mixte shares last monday when paribas announced its plan to pay N francs for each navigation mixte share - allianz also holds a N N stake in navigation mixte 's insurance subsidiary one of france 's largest insurance groups which it bought for about N billion francs just before paribas launched its bid - navigation mixte holds the remaining N N - allianz said in its statement that it was acting to protect that interest which ties it to navigation mixte as a partner - allianz 's statement stressed the company 's previously announced position that paribas 's offer price is too low - allianz also suggested without saying so directly that it regrets that paribas is n't bidding for all of navigation mixte 's shares - the problem here analysts say is that if paribas wins its N N remaining navigation mixte shares will fall in value - that many current holders such as allianz which could n't be sure of selling all their shares if they tendered to paribas - the allianz statement led to speculation that allianz eventually could sell to paribas - that would be bad news for navigation mixte 's current management which was counting on allianz to help fend off paribas - allianz did n't say whom if anyone it will support - it said simply that it will boost its navigation mixte stake as it sees fit over the coming days to protect itself as long as it has french regulatory officials ' approval - paribas currently intends to offer N francs a share for navigation mixte shares that receive full dividends this year - it is to offer N francs for shares created on july N which receive partial dividends - alternatively it would offer to swap three paribas shares for one navigation mixte share - paribas already holds about N N of navigation mixte and the acquisition of the additional N N would cost it about N billion francs under its current bid - the bid values navigation mixte at around N billion francs depending on how many holders of navigation mixte warrants exchange them for shares before the bid expires - penn central corp. cincinnati said it agreed in principle to acquire noranda inc. 's carol cable co. unit for $ N million - the company said carol cable based in r.i. is a leading supplier of electrical and electronic wire and cable for the distributor retail and original equipment manufacturer markets - carol cable which operates N manufacturing plants had operating profit of $ N million on sales of $ N million for the first six months of this year and operating profit of $ N million on sales of $ N million for all of N - the maker of telecommunications and defense equipment said carol cable 's portfolio and market focus would the company 's current wire and cable businesses - the plan is subject to a satisfactory due investigation of carol cable by penn central a definitive agreement and regulatory approvals - fletcher challenge ltd. said its unit agreed to acquire certain alberta oil and gas interests from amoco corp. 's canadian unit for about N million canadian dollars us$ N million - fletcher challenge a big new forest products concern with operations in canada said the assets include stakes in four natural gas fields and one oil field near alberta plus gas processing facilities and about N acres of undeveloped land - the proposed purchase requires approval from investment canada which monitors large foreign investments in canada - amoco canada petroleum co. which operates the major properties included in the asset package said the sale is part of a plan to streamline its assets - a new oil and gas producer said the planned purchase would be its first oil and gas acquisition outside its home country and would form the basis for a new exploration and production unit in canada - miniscribe corp. colo. said it introduced a high hard disk drive that it hopes will prove popular with makers of laptop and portable computers - the troubled disk drive maker aims with the new N disks to revive its reputation and sales growth - miniscribe said the disk drives have more memory capacity than other disks that size - miniscribe said it expects to begin full volume production of the drives in the u.s. and singapore in the first quarter next year - a drive with N of capacity is scheduled for release during the third quarter of N - miniscribe has been on the rocks since it disclosed early this year that its earnings reports for N were n't accurate - after an internal investigation the company found that senior officials used a variety of schemes to sales gains including counting shipments of bricks and defective drives as sales - the new york times co. said it reached a settlement with independent home delivery dealers in the metropolitan new york area that will free the newspaper to expand home delivery circulation - the settlement stemmed from a lawsuit the dealers filed in N when the times began its own competing direct delivery service - the pact calls for the times to pay dealers $ N million over six years as well as other payments in the form of subsidies over three years based on the number of new customers started by the dealers and on pricing structures the times said - the amount of the settlement will be taken as a charge against earnings in the fourth quarter - the settlement which involves most of the N independent newspaper dealers in the new york area will allow the times to freely operate its own direct home delivery system - home delivery is the fastest growing segment of the times 's N million daily circulation - currently about N N of home delivery subscribers in the new york area receive the paper directly from the times - mercury savings & loan association beach calif. reported a third-quarter loss of $ N million or N cents a share compared with net income of $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier quarter - mercury attributed the loss to rapid prepayments of loans and costs incurred in refinancing many house loans this past spring and summer when interest rates dipped - the thrift hired an investment banker earlier this month to advise it regarding a possible sale or merger - mercury also is shrinking itself part of its plan to change its emphasis from buying mortgage loans from mortgage brokers to making loans directly - such a focus is more profitable more efficient and gives us a greater sense of control said william a. mercury 's senior executive vice president - as of sept. N mercury 's assets were $ N billion down from $ N billion a year ago - for the nine months mercury posted a loss of $ N million or N cents share against net income of $ N million or N cents share a year earlier - mercury shares closed yesterday at $ N up N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - bancroft convertible fund inc. new york likely will reject a renewed offer from florida investor robert i. green to buy bancroft for $ N a share - levine bancroft secretary and treasurer said the closed-end fund 's directors will consider mr. green 's offer in a couple of weeks at a regular meeting - he has n't added anything mr. levine said predicting the board will again reject mr. green 's proposal - in a securities and exchange commission filing mr. green said he had boosted his holdings in bancroft common to N N from N N and renewed an offer he made in march to acquire the fund - mr. levine noted that bancroft 's shares have been trading at or above mr. green 's offering price for the last several months - he said bancroft attorneys are scheduled to meet with mr. green 's attorneys in delaware chancery court at the end of this week to respond to the investor 's request for company records for the past five years - mr. green could n't be reached - giant group said a federal court in delaware has denied a motion by rally 's inc. seeking to block a group led by giant chairman burt sugarman from acquiring more of the company 's shares - rally 's a fast-food chain based in louisville ky. is that mr. sugarman and two other company directors failed to disclose to the securities and exchange commission that they intended to acquire a big rally stake - mr. sugarman has in turn contended that the other major shareholder group whose interests are represented by three other directors connected to trusts in the name of the children of the company 's founder james patterson has ties to a competing fast food chain wendy 's international inc - the company last week assembled a committee of directors aligned with neither side to analyze the situation - each group controls more than N N of rally 's stock - the company just went public earlier this month - rally 's had no comment but was expected to make an announcement this morning about the situation - singer midler won a $ N federal court jury verdict against young & rubicam in a case that threatens a popular advertising industry practice of using performers to products - the decision in los angeles federal court stems from a N mercury tv ad that young & rubicam worked up for ford motor co - the ad agency had approached ms. midler about appearing but she declined citing a longstanding policy of refusing advertising work - the agency then turned to a former backup singer for ms. midler who appeared in the ad and what was generally considered a more than credible of ms. midler 's N hit song do you dance - the appeals court held when a distinctive voice of a professional singer is widely known and is deliberately in order to sell a product the sellers have appropriated what is not theirs - the judge in the jury trial said there was insufficient evidence to hold ford liable in the case - in a statement young & rubicam called the award unfortunate but - peter a los angeles lawyer for ms. midler said we believe that the verdict her position and our position that advertisers and advertising agencies can not with the voices of well-known performers - that is a property right that belongs to the performer - the award although far less than the $ N million including punitive damages that ms. midler sought is likely to force madison avenue to further how they use famous in ads - last year 's appeals court decision for instance spawned several suits reportedly including a recent action by the of singer bobby against mcdonald 's corp. over its mac tonight tv commercials a rough of mr. 's mack the trademark - the decision last year was particularly surprising because the same court had dismissed a similar case in N involving singer nancy and a tire ad also a young & rubicam product - ms. sued over the use of her these are made for song in the ad - at that time the court held that such a claim would interfere with federal copyright law which has always down on the unauthorized copying of and musical but never actual performances - one thing that is a little is that you had three old men on the court of appeals in california coming up with a statement that nancy is not distinctive but that midler is - i am not sure that judges many of whom i like very much are proper for making about pop said richard a new york advertising lawyer - nonetheless mr. said that the latest decisions are having a effect - it has made people think twice about how they use music and is forcing them to be more about doing a particular of a song in its most famous form he said - contributed to this article - james river corp. richmond va. said it acquired the tissue operations of n.v. of the netherlands for about $ N million - the dutch unit known as is a leading maker of consumer and tissue products for the region - in addition the acquisition includes production assets of a maker of household tissue products for the u.k. and ireland - the combined operations had N revenue of about $ N million - james river a maker of pulp paper and plastic products already has interests in tissue businesses in france spain italy and turkey - the company said it plans to form european ventures with italian and finnish companies - the operations would become part of those ventures - vitro s.a. of mexico said its corp. subsidiary has entered into definitive loan agreements in connection with vitro 's $ tender offer for glass container corp - the agreements are with security pacific national bank and an affiliate of donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - proceeds of the loan agreement together with funds from vitro will permit the purchase of all shares outstanding of and the payment of all related costs and expenses - vitro said the definitive agreements require that obtain a waiver from its bank lenders of existing defaults under its bank facilities - since is still seeking this waiver vitro said the tender offer is being extended until N p.m. est tomorrow - the dollar finished mostly stronger yesterday boosted by a modest recovery in share prices - the dow jones industrial average climbed N points in a spate of bargain-hunting following last week 's declines - attention is fixed on the stock market for lack of anything else to sink our teeth into said robert white a vice president at first interstate of california - some analysts predict that in the absence of news to push the u.s. unit sharply higher or lower the currency is likely to below N marks this week - but others reject the view and forecast the dollar will continue to hold its current tight trading pattern - they argue that weakness in both the yen and sterling have helped offset bearish u.s. economic news and have lent support to the dollar - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks up from N marks late friday and at N yen up from N yen late friday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late friday - the dollar rose against the swiss and french francs - in tokyo tuesday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from monday 's tokyo close of N yen - last week the surprise resignation of british chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson sent the british pound into a tailspin - while sterling bounced back from session lows in a of yesterday foreign exchange dealers said that any hopes that the pound would soon post significant gains have - traders said that statements made over the weekend to concern about the stability of prime minister margaret thatcher 's government and the future of her economic program largely failed to investors and bolster the british unit - in her first televised interview following mr. lawson 's resignation mrs. thatcher reiterated her desire to keep sterling strong and warned again that full entry into the european monetary system 's exchange rate mechanism would provide no easy solution to britain 's economic troubles - she said that the timing of the united kingdom 's entry would depend on the speed with which other members their economies - mrs. thatcher 's remarks were seen as a to several leading members of her own conservative party who have called for a more british commitment to the ems - at the same time a recent poll shows that mrs. thatcher has hit the lowest popularity rating of any british leader since began N years ago - comments by john major who has succeeded mr. lawson also failed to damp market concern despite his pledge to maintain relatively high british interest rates - according to one london-based analyst even higher interest rates wo n't help the pound if britain 's government continues to appear unstable - one u.s. trader however dismissed sterling while acknowledging there is little immediate upside potential for the u.k. unit - there is no question that the situation is bad but we may be painting a picture than we should he said - he predicts the pound will continue to trade in a very volatile fashion with fits of being and before recovering its losses - dealers also note that the general lack of enthusiasm for the yen has helped bolster the u.s. dollar - they that persistent japanese investor demand for dollars for both portfolio and direct investment has kept a base of support for the dollar at around N yen - the dollar began yesterday on a firm note in tokyo closing higher in late trade - in europe the dollar closed slightly up in a market dominated by cross trades - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce down N cents - estimated volume was a moderate N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong tuesday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - general electric capital corp. 's bank usa acquired a visa and portfolio from commercial federal savings & loan association an omaha neb. unit of commercial federal corp. of omaha - terms were n't disclosed - the portfolio currently includes $ N million in receivables ge capital said - ge capital is a financial services subsidiary of general electric co. of fairfield conn. which also has broadcasting and businesses - ge capital said commercial federal savings will continue to market visa and programs while provides operational and marketing support and actually owns the accounts - with the acquisition blue ohio has more than N million total accounts ge capital added - east germans rallied in three cities to demand democratic freedoms - as the country 's new leader egon krenz prepared to travel to moscow today for talks with soviet leader gorbachev hundreds of thousands of east germans in the streets of leipzig and to call for internal freedoms and the of the new forum opposition group - krenz however vowed to preserve the communist party 's hold on political power and said east germans should n't the nation with demands - communist officials this month have faced nearly daily pro-democracy protests accompanied by the flight to the west by thousands of east germans - soviet police with demonstrators in moscow following a around the kgb 's headquarters in memory of those under - more than N attended the service - a group demonstrated in square where the police and a number of protesters - police in about N ethnic who were the trial of the former communist party chief of the southern province of - and N others are accused of and strikes and opposing constitutional limits to 's - if convicted they could be sentenced to death - a court in sentenced a palestinian to N life terms for forcing a bus off a july N killing N people israeli radio reported - he also received 20-year sentences for each of the N passengers injured - it was considered the sentence passed since the start of the arab in the - u.s. and soviet negotiators opened talks in new york aimed at differences in proposals to reduce - while the kremlin has urged a ban on output of the poison the white house wants to continue producing the weapons even after an international treaty calling for their destruction is signed - south africa 's government said peaceful demonstrations such as the rally sunday near have helped ease and political changes - about N people attended the rally at which leaders of the banned african national congress refused to violence to end apartheid - secretary of state baker expressed concern that nicaraguan president ortega may attempt to use alleged attacks by the contra rebels as an excuse to scuttle elections scheduled for february - ortega had threatened to end a - baker 's remarks came as the white house urged both sides to honor the truce - the lexington returned to in fla. following an accident sunday in which the pilot of a training jet into the ship killing five - the of the aircraft carrier the oldest in the navy said the was making his first attempt to land on a carrier - four people three u.s. flags on the central steps of the u.s. capitol in a bid to test a new federal law protecting the american flag from - all four demonstrators were arrested - the law which bush allowed to take effect without his signature went into force friday - chinese officials said armed police would replace soldiers in square as part of a down of beijing 's state of emergency - separately the u.s. embassy has filed three protests in as many days with china 's government alleging of diplomats and their families an embassy source said - authorities in said the toll from two earthquakes sunday had reached at least N dead and about N injured - the heaviest damage was reported in about N miles west of - as rescue teams continued searching for victims hundreds of accused the government of a response following the - britain 's thatcher summoned senior advisers for strategy talks as opinion polls showed the prime minister 's popularity had hit a record low following the resignation last thursday of chancellor of the exchequer lawson - one poll conducted for the british broadcasting corp. found that N N of voters believed that she should quit - lawmakers in hungary approved legislation granting to many people convicted of crimes punishable by less than three years in prison - they also established an office to control government and party finances - the laws take effect next month - died robert v. van N chairman of mutual benefit life insurance co. sunday in morristown n.j. of cancer - fluor corp. said it was awarded a $ N million contract to provide engineering and services at a copper mine in indonesia for a unit of freeport-mcmoran copper co - fluor based in irvine calif. will direct expansion of the mine 's capacity to N metric tons a day from N metric tons a day - completion of the project is expected by - in N fluor had revenue of $ N billion and earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - computer ag citing continued profitability problems said it will have to reduce personnel further notably in research and development sectors - the troubled west german computer company said in a statement to its employees that the number of persons working in product development will be reduced world-wide to N from N by the end of N - the number of workers in production sectors will be cut by N to N by september - the cuts will be made half within germany and half abroad - in the first nine months of N said sales rose N N amid good growth in selected areas such as banks and trading companies - the company also cited some success in cost increases and said it wants to return to profitability in N - it cited the expected beneficial effects of a concentration on key products further structural changes within the group and cooperation agreements with other companies - great northern nekoosa is being sought by another big paper company georgia-pacific for $ N a share or about $ N billion - the tender offer which surprised analysts because it appeared to be unsolicited could spark a period of industry consolidation - analysts questioned whether georgia-pacific will ultimately prevail saying other paper concerns may make competing bids - two more securities firms bowed to the outcry over program trading - ge 's kidder peabody unit said it would stop doing stock-index arbitrage for its own account while merrill lynch said it was such trading entirely - also the big board met with angry stock specialists - a big case will be reviewed by the supreme court - the justices agreed to decide whether federal insurers can require ltv to take back for funding its $ N billion pension - drug companies lost a major liability case - the supreme court let stand a new york ruling that all manufacturers of an drug are liable for injuries or deaths if the actual maker is n't known - revco received a $ N million takeover offer from texas financier robert bass and acadia partners - the chain reacted cautiously saying the plan would further swell its huge debt which forced the company into chapter N protection last year - rockefeller group agreed to sell a N N interest to mitsubishi estate a major japanese developer and property owner for $ N million - officials at some rockefeller units are said to be unhappy with the agreement - continental air replaced its top executive for the sixth time in as many years - chairman and chief executive joseph corr was succeeded by frank lorenzo chief of parent texas air - united air 's parent may have to pay as much as $ N million to the labor-management buy-out group for fees and expenses incurred in their failed $ N billion takeover bid - gen-probe agreed to be bought by chugai pharmaceutical for about $ N million - the sale is likely to fuel concern about growing japanese investment in u.s. biotechnology firms - boeing posted a N N jump in third-quarter earnings but wall street 's attention was focused on the continued strike at the aircraft maker - the fed delayed approval of first union 's $ N million acquisition of florida national banks pending a review of first union 's lending practices in low-income neighborhoods - allianz of west germany entered the takeover battle between france 's paribas and navigation mixte - maxwell agreed to sell its u.s. printing unit to quebecor for $ N million making quebecor the no. N commercial printer in north america - new construction contracts rose N N in september led by commercial industrial and projects according to dodge group - western union took steps to withdraw a $ N million debt swap citing turmoil in the junk bond market - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N up N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N off N spot index N off N - dollar N yen up N N marks up N - pacific telesis group said its pacific bell unit sustained property damage of about $ N million to $ N million from the california earthquake earlier this month - the san telecommunications company said it carries $ N million of earthquake insurance with a $ N million deductible provision - sam chairman and chief executive officer told securities analysts in new york that the company expects somewhat slower per-share earnings growth in N although annual growth should return to the traditional figure of about N N thereafter - as factors contributing to the temporary slowdown he cited one-time rate reductions prescribed by california regulators as a prelude to a new that profit constraints - he also mentioned increased capital investment by pacific bell for network improvements - mr. said the company 's cellular operations now serve about N customers up N N from a year ago - general motors corp. is planning to build a new engine plant in europe that may be built in britain provided the company can reach a satisfactory agreement with unions sources said - officials of motors ltd. gm 's british unit were meeting with union leaders late yesterday in hopes of winning such an accord - the engine plant may plans for a joint components venture with jaguar - alternatively a separate engine plant may be built as part of gm 's planned with the british luxury car maker the sources said - sources said a complex and detailed announcement of a joint agreement between general motors and jaguar would be made by jaguar some time in the next N N weeks - cray research inc. won government clearance for its proposed reorganization of founder seymour cray 's supercomputer design team into a separate company - internal revenue service approval of the move as a tax-free transaction was the last hurdle to splitting up the world 's dominant maker of which mr. cray founded in N - cray 's directors set nov. N as the record date for distribution of shares in the new company to be called cray computer corp - it will trade over the counter under the symbol cray - the plan calls for cray research holders to receive one share in the new company for every two shares held - an estimated N million cray computer shares will be distributed cray research said - under the accord cray research will transfer to mr. cray 's fledgling operation $ N million of assets primarily related to the cray-3 development project his team is undertaking and will lend cray computer $ N million - cray research will retain a N N interest in the new company which will be based in colorado springs - when it announced the planned breakup in may cray research said development costs of several competing projects were its earnings growth - after the split the two companies presumably will be rivals for orders from government and commercial customers - systems inc. ann mich. said it will report net income for the fourth quarter ended sept. N fell to $ N or N cents a share from $ N or N cents a share a year earlier - chairman carl l. said the decline occurred although revenue rose N N to more than $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - the company which makes computer parts said fiscal N earnings were down slightly from $ N million or N cents a share in fiscal - the company said fiscal N revenue increased about N N to more than $ N million from $ N million - mr. said that early signs point to improved earnings and revenue in the first quarter of fiscal N - the current backlog of orders is strong throughout the corporation he said - corp. said it filed for protection under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code and announced a N N reduction in its world-wide employment - the filing in bankruptcy court here follows a string of quarterly losses and product for the maker of drives for minicomputers and - had a loss of $ N million for the fiscal year ended july N compared with year-earlier profit of $ N or two cents a share - revenue for the year fell N N to $ N million - the staff announced yesterday will bring 's employment to about N workers less than half of what it was before a similar reduction in august - the company yesterday also said it was one of its major new products a drive which while technically did n't hold much promise of generating substantial orders because financing problems caused a nine-month delay in getting the product to market - the french economics ministry approved a planned asset swap between the defense and electronics group s.a. and the bank group credit lyonnais - the ministry said the swap details of which were disclosed last thursday will allow both state-controlled companies to reinforce operations in their main markets and argued that the move shows the of france 's concerns - the approval also ends any hope that banque de paris another bank might have had about taking credit lyonnais 's place in the accord - it hinted over the weekend that it would have been interested in a with - under details of the accord credit lyonnais will take slightly more than N N of finance in exchange for about N N of its own shares - the move will help the bank to keep up with international ratios being phased in by the bank for international settlements and will also represent the first time that its voting shares have been held by a party other than the government - general corp. received tenders for N N of its N N convertible senior subordinated notes due april N N and N N of its N N convertible senior subordinated debentures due march N N - in exchange offers that expired friday holders of each $ N of notes will receive $ N face amount of series a N N senior secured convertible notes due jan. N N and N common shares - for each $ N face amount of debentures holders received $ N of series b N N senior secured convertible notes due oct. N N and N common shares - a new york maker of genetically engineered products for human and animal health care said it made the exchange offer to reduce its interest payments - japanese companies have long been accused of profit to boost sales - but fujitsu ltd. has taken that practice to a new extreme - japan 's biggest computer maker last week undercut seven competitors to win a contract to design a system for the city of hiroshima 's waterworks - its bid one yen or less than a u.s. penny - the bid created such a furor that fujitsu said it is now offering to withdraw from the project - from a viewpoint it was not acceptable a fujitsu spokeswoman said yesterday - hiroshima city officials could n't be reached to find out whether they would drop fujitsu 's bid - fujitsu said it issued the low bid because it wanted a foot in the door of a potentially lucrative market - we desperately wanted the contract because we want experience in the field the fujitsu spokeswoman said - we expect a big market in the future so in the long term it will be profitable - it 's a kind of an investment - hiroshima 's waterworks bureau said the municipal government had about N million yen $ N for the project - i was head of the bureau was quoted by news service as saying - i understand the firm 's enthusiasm in getting the deal but such a large company would have been better off showing a little more discretion - indeed fujitsu officials admitted they may have been a little - the fujitsu spokeswoman said officials did n't approve the bid in advance and will take measures so this kind of thing does n't happen in the future - it 's contrary to common sense she added - specifically fujitsu won the right to design the specifications for a computerized system that will show water lines throughout the city - the system could be used in a fire or earthquake to problems among other things - a waterworks official said fujitsu will have to design the system so it would be compatible with other makers ' equipment - but industry officials expressed concern that the initial project might give fujitsu an edge in winning more lucrative contracts later - fujitsu said it hopes the hiroshima contract will help it secure with other municipalities - japanese local governments are expected to invest heavily in computer systems over the next few years and many companies expect that field to provide substantial revenue - in the near future it will be a big market not just for waterworks but for all systems the fujitsu spokeswoman said - we can expect a market - no foreign companies bid on the hiroshima project according to the bureau - but the japanese practice of deep discounting often is cited by americans as a classic barrier to entry in japan 's market - earlier this year the u.s. complained that japan 's supercomputer makers were effectively closing out foreign competitors by slashing prices as much as N N for universities - fujitsu was n't the only company willing to sacrifice profit on the project - three competitors bid between N yen and N yen according to the hiroshima government office - other bids ranged from about N million yen to N million yen - american airlines will expand its service N N beginning next year with six new daily flights between the u.s. and europe officials announced yesterday - american a unit of amr corp. is the nation 's largest airline - the new flights starting next may will include a second daily flight and a second daily flight the officials said - chicago has the largest population of citizens of polish heritage in any city outside poland - with the new service american will fly N flights a week to N european cities - the additions american 's position as the third-largest u.s. transatlantic carrier behind corp. 's pan american world airways and trans world airlines - ag said sales for its domestic group rose N N in the first nine months of N from a year earlier - the west german retailing group also said that the results of the first three quarters suggest it will meet its profit goal for the year - earnings at the department-store division which generates the bulk of profit should remain at least stable while income at the mail-order and tourism units is likely to fall slightly from N the company said - did n't give any group sales or profit figures for the first nine months - georgia-pacific corp. offered to acquire great northern nekoosa corp. for $ N a share or about $ N billion - the offer capped a week of rumors that georgia-pacific an atlanta-based forest-products company was considering making a bid for nekoosa a concern based in conn - executives at nekoosa could n't be reached and officials at georgia pacific declined to comment - analysts however were surprised because the tender offer appeared unsolicited - it 's quite a said one adding that the offer could spark a period of industry consolidation - the two companies would appear to be a logical fit because of their lines and analysts described the offer representing a N N premium over nekoosa 's market price as fair - nekoosa closed yesterday at $ N up $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - but industry observers still questioned whether georgia pacific will ultimately prevail - you have to watch out for said one analyst - international paper or weyerhaeuser could step in - the bid for great northern a notice of which appears in an in today 's wall street journal is the first big takeover offer since the collapse of a $ N billion buy-out of united airlines parent ual corp. oct. N - that collapse following on the heels of disarray in the market for high-risk high-yield bonds cast doubt on the entire takeover business which has fueled both big profits among wall street securities firms and big gains in the stock market generally - while georgia-pacific 's stock has outperformed the market in the past two years nekoosa has lagged the market in the same period - yesterday 's rise in nekoosa 's share price came on volume of N shares four times the daily average - according to dow jones professional investor report options trading in nekoosa was also heavy ranking only behind international business machines corp. and ual in volume on the chicago board options exchange - according to the value line investment survey demand for nekoosa 's commodity paper has weakened prompting earnings to decline by N N in the third quarter ended sept. N - value line added with discounts widening on business papers and with newsprint and shipments flat we expect negative earnings comparisons through next year - by contrast value line said georgia-pacific is in a good position to deal with weakening paper markets because its production is concentrated not in the northwest but in the south where it should be able to avoid some of the cost pressures from rising prices - also it is n't exposed to the weakening newsprint business and is strong in the tissue business - the purchase of nekoosa would easily georgia-pacific 's $ N million acquisition of pulp & paper co. last year - that acquisition which also included the assumption of $ N million in debt was designed to allow georgia-pacific to capitalize on the strong demand for pulp as well as reduce its exposure to the housing market - & co. is the for the offer which will expire nov. N unless extended - ratners group plc 's u.s. subsidiary has agreed to acquire jewelry retailer weisfield 's inc. for $ N a share or about $ N million - weisfield 's shares soared on the announcement yesterday closing up $ N to close at $ N in national over-the-counter trading - ratners and weisfield 's said they reached an agreement in principle for the acquisition of weisfield 's by sterling inc - the companies said the acquisition is subject to a definitive agreement - they said they expect the transaction to be completed by dec. N - weisfield 's based in seattle wash. currently operates N specialty jewelry stores in nine states - in the fiscal year ended jan. N the company reported sales of $ N million and pretax profit of $ N million - ratners which controls N N of the british jewelry market would increase the number of its u.s. stores to about N stores from N - it has said it hopes to control N N of jewelry business in the u.s. by N currently it controls about N N - mcdonnell douglas corp. received contracts totaling $ N million for N aircraft for the navy and helicopter spare parts for the army - general corp. a unit of inc. was awarded a $ N million air force contract for missile rocket motors - rockwell international corp. received a $ N million navy contract for missiles - honeywell inc. got a $ N million navy contract for aircraft missile warning sets - aircraft corp. a unit of co. received an $ N million air force contract for aircraft support - devices inc. said it may purchase as many as one million of its common shares over the next several months - also said that a one million share buy-back program announced in march is substantially complete - the company which makes integrated circuits and other electronic parts now has about N million common shares outstanding - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday devices closed at $ N up N cents - john lehman 's editorial-page article on the pentagon as a house the real roots of its ghost population in the pentagon the walk oct. N - the media 's treatment of the defense department during the vietnam war the carter administration 's of the military and the public of col. oliver north have all served to the poor who live there - the resulting house tends to reward not leadership it creates about wearing the uniform and raises doubt about having the will to fulfill the ghosts ' role to be able to win if called on - perhaps the halloween season is a good time for congress to be looking at funding for some equipment - mike greece former air force career officer new york - where does mr. lehman get off gen. george marshall for in on naval prerogatives - ever since the days of alfred u.s. naval officer and naval and teddy the navy has been the service most favored by washington - mr. lehman the fact that the navy its own air force the carrier fleet and its own army the which in turn has its own air force - of course these turf are and potentially dangerous and should be resolved in the interest of national security but mr. lehman seems to be part of the problem rather than part of the answer - texas - i agree with mr. lehman N N - is n't this the same guy who resigned as navy secretary because he could n't get his navy - i personally do not want to mr. lehman 's demise but i can see him figuring in his own article - carl jr birmingham mich - for the sixth time in as many years continental airlines has a new senior executive - gone is d. joseph corr the airline 's chairman chief executive and president appointed only last december - mr. corr resigned to pursue other business interests the airline said - he could not be reached for comment - succeeding him as chairman and chief executive will be frank lorenzo chairman and chief executive of continental 's parent texas air corp - mr. lorenzo N years old is the job that was his before mr. corr signed on - the airline also named as president - mr. N is a veteran of texas air and texas international airlines its predecessor - most recently he had been executive vice president for planning and finance at texas air - top executives at continental have n't lasted long especially those recruited from outside - but mr. corr 's tenure was shorter than most - the mr. corr was hired largely because he was credited with returning trans world airlines inc. to profitability while he was its president from N to N - before that he was an executive with a manufacturing concern - at continental he cut money-losing operations which helped produce a modest profit in this year 's second quarter - but mr. corr a pilot in his spare time was understood to be frustrated by what he regarded as limited freedom under mr. lorenzo - while not officially an executive at continental during mr. corr 's tenure mr. lorenzo is known for keeping close on texas air 's operating units - continental is texas air 's flagship and was built painfully to its present size under mr. lorenzo after emerging from bankruptcy proceedings in N - it 's unclear what role if any mr. lorenzo 's recent exploration of a possible sale of a stake in continental had in mr. corr 's departure - one source familiar with the airline said however that mr. corr was n't informed in advance during the summer when mr. lorenzo began discussions with potential buyers - during his tenure mr. corr attempted through a series of meetings to inform managers of some of the company 's future plans traveled widely to talk to employees and backed training sessions designed to improve the carrier 's image - mr. is one of a handful of executives mr. lorenzo has relied on over the years - previously he had served in financial planning positions at the company 's eastern airlines unit - another longtime ally phil currently heads eastern now in chapter N bankruptcy proceedings - mr. previously had a turn at running continental - among the other are stephen wolf now chairman of ual inc. and thomas president of pan am corp - cos. said its payments have been extended until may N N to give it more time to sell its wilson foods corp. retail and fresh meat operations - the company was to repay $ N million in debt on dec. N and $ N million on march N - the company acquired the debt when it paid $ N million to purchase wilson last year - an agreement to sell the wilson assets for $ N million in cash and notes collapsed in late september when the buyer a company controlled by george gillett could n't secure financing - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - charles d way president of this restaurant operator assumed the additional post of chief executive officer - he succeeds alvin a. mccall in the position - mr. mccall will remain chairman - australia 's inflation is expected to rise as high as N N in the quarter ending march N but could fall to around N N by june according to economists - the government said the consumer price index rose N N in the quarter ended sept. N from the previous quarter and N N from a year ago - charles a. pearce N years old will retire from his post as chief executive officer of this bank holding company effective dec. N - he will remain chairman - charles r. simpson jr. N president and chief operating officer will assume the chief executive 's post - it is a peaceful time in this part of western india - the summer crop is winter has yet to begin - farmers in loose and fancy spend their laughing and at the markets - one could imagine such a in the lives of the arabs before the of oil prices - for just as the arabs were in the 1960s the farmers of sidhpur are on the brink of global power and fame - the arabs had merely oil - these farmers may have a grip on the world 's very heart - or at least its heart disease - that is because sidhpur has a on the world 's supply of seed also known as or in western psyllium a tiny seed that according to early research may reduce cholesterol levels in the blood - ever since the link to cholesterol was disclosed americans have begun up psyllium in their breakfast - if further research proves the seed 's benefits this dusty farm district could become the epicenter of a fad to rival all since oil - this seed 's not grown anywhere else in india or anywhere else in the world says a vice president of procter & gamble india ltd. a major psyllium buyer and - the proper conditions do n't exist in many places in the world - patel a and exporter of the seed if psyllium takes the place of oat bran it will be huge - whether psyllium makes sidhpur 's fortune depends on americans the u.s. food and drug administration and of course the outcome of further research - only one thing is certain here is likely to remain solely an export item from sidhpur for a long time - local farmers say it is as good a cash crop as or a - but they have no desire to eat a bowl of psyllium each morning and perhaps little need lean the farmers are in the world of cholesterol - psyllium is an annual that has been used for centuries by folk doctors here mainly as a and - as such the fiber has an almost following in northern india - i can assure you a lawyer in new with a raised from personal experience it works - a prominent businessman in gives a similar i have been taking it daily since N - folk doctors also it for kidney and problems and - some apply it to - the plant has a stem that produces flowers and seeds - it is the seed 's and size N of them weigh only N or about as much as two paper that explain the historical to - the of the seed is removed and crushed the seed itself is fed to animals - some N N of the crop which was worth $ N million last year is exported - for decades psyllium has been the main in such as procter & gamble co. 's the brand in the u.s. and ciba-geigy corp. 's - but some time ago researchers discovered that fibers also lower cholesterol levels in the blood - p&g took an interest it ordered two studies on psyllium and cholesterol - one of the studies done at the university of minnesota tested N people with raised cholesterol levels - after N weeks the group that took three daily of saw a significant dip in their general cholesterol levels and an even larger reduction in levels of the so-called bad cholesterol - in late N p&g asked the fda for approval to market as the first product in the - in april the psyllium got more crowded - general mills inc. the food giant launched a breakfast cereal called benefit containing psyllium oat wheat and bran the words reduce cholesterol were displayed on its package - in september kellogg co. launched a competing cereal called - suddenly on television in advertisements and on their cereal boxes americans were with news about the seed - the flood of claims and worried consumers and actually hurt sales of the new - this month the food and drug administration expressed concern that americans might someday in various forms too much psyllium - currently there is a in the psyllium war - the fda has asked kellogg and general mills to show research that their are safe - it also ordered p&g to produce more studies to its claims that can lower cholesterol - but the agency has n't psyllium off store shelves - if the fda approves the new uses of psyllium other companies are expected to rush to market with psyllium products - it 's going to be a thing says mr. of p&g in - says psyllium exporter mr. patel i just got back yesterday from the u.s. - in the newspapers on the radio and tv psyllium is everywhere - but the news of the boom has yet to down to the farmers - they only know of one use for the crop as a and with psyllium prices currently in the wake of a crop they think of the seed as a marginal crop something to grow between summer wheat crops - psyllium 's not a good crop complains a farmer from the village of - you get a rain at the wrong time and the crop is - even at the basic chemicals pharmaceuticals and cosmetics export promotion council the government agency that the seed the psyllium boom is distant - the staff about psyllium 's hefty contribution to american without quite the implications of the research on cholesterol - the council 's annual report has psyllium on its last page with such export items as and a plant that - in one way the psyllium middlemen the buyers and exporters are glad to keep news of the boom to themselves - they want psyllium prices low for their purchases next year - but there 's a catch - sidhpur and adjacent districts are the only places in the world where psyllium is grown in large quantities - this is partly due to the particular demands of the crop - psyllium needs soil during the first few weeks and then total when its seeds are maturing - small crops are grown in pakistan france spain italy belgium and brazil but their quality ca n't compare to that of indian psyllium - big buyers like procter & gamble say there are other spots on the globe and in india where the seed could be grown - it 's not a crop that ca n't be doubled or tripled says mr. - but no one has made a serious effort to transplant the crop - in sidhpur it is almost time to this year 's crop - many farmers too removed to psyllium 's new in the west have decided to plant or seeds - mr. is thinking of passing up psyllium altogether this year in favor of a crop with a future such as or - maybe i 'll plant seeds - his brother whose head is in a vigorous - so when next year 's psyllium crop is in march it may be smaller than the N metric tons of the past few years right at the crest of the psyllium boom - and the world could experience its first psyllium shortage - co. said it completed a previously announced acquisition of manufacturing corp. a new york-based maker of and wear - the apparel maker would n't disclose terms of the agreement - said sr. president of will continue to head 's management group - a seat on the chicago mercantile exchange was sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale - seats currently are quoted at $ N bid $ N asked - the record price for a full membership on the exchange is $ N set march N N - small businesses say a recent trend is like a dream come true rates for insurance initially at least - but then they wake up to a nightmare - the reasonable rates can be followed by increases of N N or more if a covered employee files a major claim they complain - insurance premiums for one small maryland concern went up N N in less than two years the last increase coming after one of its three workers developed a disk - there 's a distinct possibility that i may lose my job over this the employee karen allen of floor covering resources md. recently told a congressional hearing - she said her employer ca n't afford the rate increases and she fears she wo n't find another job with a benefit plan covering her - for employee and employer alike the worry is widespread - surveys repeatedly show that small-business owners rank the availability and rising cost of health insurance as one of their biggest concerns - the house energy and commerce committee 's health subcommittee headed by democratic rep. henry waxman of california is looking into complaints that small businesses not only ca n't keep reasonably priced insurance if claims are filed but often ca n't get coverage at all if a worker is termed - i have an old-fashioned name for people in that position sick people who need health insurance rep. waxman says - what we 're seeing now makes a of the idea of insurance collect premiums from the healthy dump the sick and let them pay their own bills - some lawmakers may seek legislation to limit overly restrictive insurance policies - the concern grows out of increased efforts by the insurers to woo the small-business market - as larger companies increasingly or use reserves to pay their own workers ' medical bills the insurance industry has turned to the market that was once a for them - insurance companies will offer a good rate if no one is sick but it 's a roll of the says of the small business service bureau a group representing N small businesses nationwide - one case of cancer or a high-risk pregnancy with a sick and rates go up N N to N N - small-business people end up paying insurance premiums worth two to three times the cost of one illness - in addition the group says some of its member companies have been denied insurance because individual workers had medical problems that ranged from a mild condition to psychological counseling after a and - the health insurance association of america an insurers ' trade group acknowledges that stiff competition among its members to insure businesses likely to be good risks during the first year of coverage has the problem in the small-business market - but it says that rapid rate increases are directly tied to the soaring cost of health care - some business analysts blame the problem on tough competition in the insurance market - they say insurance companies use policies aimed at excluding bad risks because their competitors do - but the general practice makes it more difficult to combine small groups of people into larger groups thus spreading the risk over a larger base of premiums - i 'm not insurers of of duty robert of the u.s. chamber of commerce told mr. waxman 's panel - you ca n't ask one carrier to underwrite on social grounds when that might destroy it in the marketplace - rep. waxman and democratic sen. edward kennedy of massachusetts have proposed regulation to deal with the problem - the proposal is just part of legislation that would require businesses to provide health benefits an idea that is strongly opposed by small business who say it would just compound the problems - but small-business lobbyists say they support the idea included in the bill of new laws or regulations requiring greater use of community rating which rates to the use of health care by a community or other large group and is designed to prevent insurance companies from taking only small companies as clients - but first on the list of priorities says the national federation of independent business is to prohibit state laws requiring the of specialty items such as psychiatric care in basic health plans - such requirements they argue make it difficult to provide a basic low-cost package - before the state of wisconsin mandated that care be covered there were only N in the state now there are N says miller an lobbyist - she contends that similar have driven up insurance costs N N in maryland and N N in california - the association also strongly with the proposed community rating which does n't save one dollar argues james 's washington counsel - it just makes healthy businesses subsidize ones and gives each employer less incentive to keep his workers healthy - mr. says the is working on a proposal to establish a privately funded reinsurance mechanism to help cover small groups that ca n't get insurance without excluding certain employees - the of the insurance problem make the outcome difficult to predict - but to ms. allen the employee whose back problem triggered a huge increase the issue was simple - what good is having health insurance she asked when it 's so expensive that it becomes impossible to keep after only one major claim - the belgian consumer price index rose a provisional N N in october from the previous month and was up N N from october N the ministry of economic affairs said - the index which uses a base of N as N was calculated at N points in october from N in september - annual inflation rose to N N in october from N N in september - belgium 's inflation has been rising steadily for the past year but the ministry said the latest rise is slower than gains in september and august - nashua corp. rumored a potential takeover target for six months said that a dutch company has sought u.s. approval to buy up to N N of nashua 's shares - nashua immediately responded by strengthening a plan and saying it will buy back up to one million of its shares or N N of the N million outstanding - nashua whose major business is selling facsimile machines and related supplies said & co of the netherlands filed a request with the federal trade commission under the hart-scott-rodino act for permission to buy more than $ N million of nashua 's stock but less than N N - previously an affiliate of unicorp canada disclosed a stake of less than N N in nashua according to daniel m. nashua 's treasurer - nashua 's stock has sharply on takeover speculation rising to a high for the year of $ N a share in june from $ N in march - but the company has had weak results so far this year with earnings declining N N to $ N million or $ N a share on a N N decline in revenue to $ N million through the first nine months of the year - its stock has slumped recently closing unchanged friday at $ N a share in composite trading on the new york stock exchange at that price the company has a market value of about $ N million - nashua announced the request after the market closed - mr. said nashua 's intention is to remain an independent public company - the company said it amended its shareholder rights plan by reducing to N N from N N the level of ownership by an outsider that would trigger the issuance to other holders of rights to buy additional shares of nashua common at half price - in addition the company 's board authorized the purchase of up to an additional one million shares - under a program approved by the company in N that did n't specify a share amount nashua had purchased N shares through sept. N - alex henderson an analyst at prudential-bache securities said that while nashua 's performance this year has been the company nonetheless is attractive as a classic breakup candidate because there 's no similarity between its four businesses - he estimated the breakup value at $ N a share - in addition to selling and facsimile machines in europe and supplies in the u.s. nashua has three other major businesses labels and tapes data storage disks for computers and mail-order - the closely held supermarket chain named frank vice president and treasurer - the mr. joins grand union from singer co. where he was treasurer - the current account deficit on france 's balance of payments narrowed to N billion french francs $ N million in august from a revised N billion francs in july the finance ministry said - previously the july figure was estimated at a deficit of N million francs - seasonally adjusted figures for august were n't available because of a recent strike that has disrupted the ministry 's data collection - weisfield 's inc. said it is in preliminary discussions regarding the possible sale of the company - a spokesman for the retail said the company would provide more details today and that it expects to reach a definitive agreement by the end of the week - in over-the-counter trading friday weisfield 's gained $ N to $ N - at that price the company has an indicated value of $ N million - weisfield 's had about N million shares outstanding as of july N - the stock gained $ N thursday to close at a week high - in the aftermath of the beijing massacre on june N economists advanced wildly views on how hong kong would be affected - among the most upbeat was brokerage asia ltd - in a june N reaction the bankers trust co. unit proclaimed the economy - others were more cautious - in a july analysis titled from euphoria to carr far east ltd. another securities firm said that eroding confidence might undermine future economic development - today with business activity in hong kong staggering along at an pace the economy itself seems locked in a struggle between hope and fear - manufacturers have survived the turmoil in china largely - signs of revival seem evident in hong kong 's hotel sector - but in the stock and real-estate markets activity remains even though prices have regained much of their lost ground - demand reported by retailers and even fancy restaurants all reinforce a profile of a community that is sharply tightening its belt - as many economists and businessmen see it those underscore a that seems likely to the economy throughout the 1990s - that is hong kong 's economically rewarding yet politically relationship with china - as a model of capitalist efficiency on southern china 's hong kong 's prospects look good - china 's land and labor offer alternatives to local industry - freight through the territory 's port - in the decade since the communist nation emerged from its trade with the west has lifted hong kong 's status as a regional business center - these benefits seem secure despite china 's current economic and political troubles - but to hong kong china is n't business - it is also the power that come N will take over this british colony - china 's leaders have promised generous for hong kong - that promise sounds shaky now that those same leaders have fallen back on marxist and force to crush their nation 's democracy movement - outflows of people and capital from hong kong have been growing since the sovereignty issue first arose in the early 1980s - a widely held assumption all along has been that given its robust economy hong kong will be able to attract sufficient foreign money and talent to offset the outflows - with interest in emigration and investment abroad soaring since june N that assumption no longer seems so safe - investment and emigration plans take time to come to - only four months have passed since the beijing massacre and few are prepared to predict its ultimate impact - the only consensus is that more money and people may leave hong kong than had been thought likely - this expected blow has cast a pall over the economy 's prospects - the question as many people see it is how long such uncertainty will last - fraser an economist with carr a subsidiary of france 's banque believes that the territory may not be able to regain its momentum until some time after N - it may experience an or two in between - but with local investors shaken by china 's political and economic turmoil she says a genuine recovery may not arrive until hong kong can prove itself secure under chinese sovereignty - investors have to accept the possibility of a significant slowdown in economic activity in the to N she says - over the next few years i would advise caution - in a published book on the territory a political economist has derived three future scenarios from interviews with N hong kong government officials and businessmen - nearly half of them argue that hong kong 's uneasy relationship with china will though not inhibit long-term economic growth - the rest are split roughly between who expect hong kong to along as before and who chaos - the interviews took place two years ago - since the china crisis erupted mr. says the scenario as by the group bears a remarkable to the difficulties hong kong currently faces - the consensus of this group which he is that the local economy will grow through the 1990s at annual rates averaging between N N and N N - such a pace of growth though respectable for mature industrialized economies would be unusually slow for hong kong - only twice since the 1960s has annual gross domestic product growth here fallen below N N for two or more consecutive years - the first instance occurred in N when china 's cultural revolution triggered bloody street in the colony - the other came in N from the combined shock of world recession and a severe local stock market crash - during the past N years hong kong 's economic growth has averaged N N annually - given hong kong 's record mr. 's might have sounded conservative when the interviews took place two years ago - under the current circumstances he says their scenario no longer seems - the city could lose some of its entrepreneurial flavor - it could lose some of its says mr. a director of baring securities hong kong ltd. a unit of britain 's plc - it does n't have to be a disaster - it just means that hong kong would become a less exciting place - going by official forecasts of which measures the colony 's output of goods and services minus foreign income mr. 's seem relatively close to the mark - after taking into account the fallout from the china crisis the government has projected N growth of N N - the forecast published aug. N compares with an earlier forecast of N N published march N and a N N rate achieved in - sir jacobs hong kong 's financial secretary says a further downward revision may be justified unless the economy stages a more convincing rally - we are n't looking at anything like a scenario he says - but clearly we 're entering a difficult period - many factors besides a of N will have a bearing on hong kong 's economy - one concerns japanese investors - barely visible on hong kong 's property scene in N by last year japan had become the top foreign investor spending $ N million - the market has grown relatively quiet since the china crisis - but if the japanese return in force their financial might could compensate to some extent for local investors ' commitment - another and critical factor is the u.s. hong kong 's biggest export market - even before the china crisis weak u.s. demand was slowing local economic growth - strong consumer spending in the u.s. two years ago helped the local economy at more than twice its current rate - indeed a few economists maintain that global forces will continue to govern hong kong 's economic - once external conditions such as u.s. demand swing in the territory 's favor they argue local businessmen will probably overcome their N worries and continue doing business as usual - but economic arguments however solid wo n't necessarily hong kong 's N million people - many are refugees having fled china 's cycles of political repression and poverty since the communist party took power in N - as a result many of those now planning to leave hong kong ca n't easily be by improvements in the colony 's political and economic climate - emigration applications soared in N when britain and china ratified their accord on hong kong 's future - in N hong kong 's most year for a decade N left up N N from the previous year - last year N went - the government predicts that annual outflows will level off over the next few years at as much as N a projection that is widely regarded as low - a large number of those leaving are managers and professionals - while no one to know the exact cost of such a brain drain to the economy hardly anyone doubts that it a threat - when the economy loses a big portion of its work force that also happens to include its most productive members economic growth is bound to be affected says an economist with hang seng bank - while wall street is retreating from computer-driven program trading big institutional investors are likely to continue these strategies at full blast further the stock market trading executives say - to a mounting public outcry three more major securities firms bear stearns & co. inc. morgan stanley & co. and oppenheimer & co. announced friday they would suspend stock-index arbitrage trading for their own accounts - painewebber group inc. announced a on thursday from stock-index arbitrage a controversial program-trading strategy blamed by many investors for encouraging big stock-market swings - though the trading halts are offered as a sign of concern about recent stock market volatility most wall street firms remain open to handle program trading for customers - trading executives privately say that huge stock-index funds which wall street firms in terms of the size of their program trades will continue to launch big programs through the stock market - wells fargo investment advisers bankers trust co. and mellon capital management are among the top stock-index arbitrage clients of wall street trading executives say - these huge stock-index funds build portfolios that match the s&p N stock index or other stock indexes and frequently swap between stocks and futures to capture profits - they will do it every chance they get said one program-trading executive - consequently abrupt swings in the stock market are not likely to disappear anytime soon they say - in fact without wall street firms trading for their own accounts the stock-index arbitrage trading opportunities for the big funds may be all the more abundant - more customers may come to us now said james president of bear stearns - executives who manage these funds see the current debate over program trading as a repeat of the concern expressed after the N crash - they noted that studies completed after the N crash program trading as a source of volatility - the issues that are now being raised in classic fashion fly in the face of a number of post-crash studies said fred chairman of wells fargo investment advisers - a bankers trust spokesman said that the company 's investment arm uses stock-index arbitrage to enhance investors ' returns - officials at mellon capital were unavailable for comment - stock-index funds have grown in popularity over the past decade as pension funds and other institutional investors have sought a low-cost way to match the performance of the stock market as a whole - many money managers who trade stock actively have trouble consistently matching the 's returns - some stock-index funds are huge - wells fargo investment advisers for example managed $ N billion in stock investments tracking the s&p N at the end of june according to standard & poor 's corp - mr. said $ N billion of that is used in active index arbitrage - stock-index funds frequently use the futures markets as a hedging tool but that is a far less aggressive strategy than stock-index arbitrage in which traders buy and sell big blocks of stocks with offsetting trades in stock-index futures to profit from price differences - the 190-point plunge in the stock market oct. N has heightened concerns about volatility - and while signs of an economic slowdown softer corporate earnings and troubles with takeover financing all have contributed to the stock market 's recent weakness many investors rushed to blame program trading for market swings - the wall street firms ' followed their recent by several institutional investors - last tuesday kemper corp. 's kemper financial services inc. unit said it would no longer trade with firms committed to stock-index arbitrage including the three that later suspended stock-index arbitrage trading on friday - phoenix mutual life insurance co. and asset management inc. also cut off brokerage firms that engage in program trading - though it is still doing stock-index arbitrage trades for customers morgan stanley 's trading halt for its own account is likely to shake up firms such as kidder peabody & co. that still do such trades for their own account - morgan stanley has consistently been one of the top stock-index arbitrage traders in recent months - indeed morgan stanley 's president richard b. fisher said the firm is putting up money to form a group of regulators investors and investment banks to find out if stock-index arbitrage artificially stock-market volatility - we have to clear up these issues and find out what is present that is creating volatility mr. fisher said - there is no question that investor confidence in the stock market is critical - joining the call for some kind of study or regulatory action merrill lynch & co. recommended program-trading reforms late friday including higher margins on stock-index futures and greater regulatory coordination - separately mr. of bear stearns said his firm is working with regulators to balance margin requirements to enhance - margin rules determine the minimum amount of cash an investor must put up when buying a security - current rules permit investors to put up less cash for futures than for stocks - some observers say that different rules governing stock and futures markets are partly responsible for volatility - these rules they say permit faster and cheaper trading in futures than in stocks which frequently the two markets out of line - stock-index arbitrage because it sells the more expensive market and buys the cheaper one attempts to the link between the stock and futures markets and the adjustments are often abrupt - but trading rules allow the futures market to trade differently from stocks which invites frequent of stock-index arbitrage in the first place - there has to be better coordination on a regulatory basis said christopher director of trading at securities corp - one agency should have the authority over all equity products - like so many trends in the entertainment industry the current spate of rape on television seems to represent a of and - the former comes from the latest wave of political in hollywood especially around issues such as abortion - the latter comes from the perception on the part of many people in network tv that their only hope of keeping viewers from to cable is to fill the with an increasingly raw - put these together and you get programs about rape - the best of the crop was last week 's season premiere of in the heat of the night the nbc series based on a N feature film about a black philadelphia police in a small southern town - in the series howard and his wife johnson have settled in miss - because the show has acquired a sense of place by being on location in georgia this episode in which gets by an arrogant white does a decent job of the social of the crime - obviously it 's harder to establish a sense of place in a tv movie - but tonight 's offering settle the score N p.m. est on nbc does n't even try - this tale of a chicago returning home to find the man who her N years earlier is supposed to be set in the - but it 's more like an illustration of what ben stein describes in his study of social attitudes in the tv industry fear of violence and because of race or fear and lack of about the politics of small-town people produce a powerful wave of dislike of small towns in the minds of tv writers and producers - the writer and executive producer of settle the score steve sohmer is a graduate of yale who participated in a pbs aired this summer in which six members of the yale class of N about their lives since - at one point in the mr. sohmer who is jewish says he felt rejected by many of the and he met at yale - he quotes one student saying you 're just the kind of we ca n't stand - mr. sohmer that it was partly in response to such attitudes that he is now a on one of the two islands off the coast of america - but is in hollywood enough - not to judge by settle the score in which mr. sohmer seems to be settling a score of his own - of all the of small-town america i 've seen on tv this film is the most nasty - the sole sympathetic character is the daughter kate smith and she is only by virtue of having nothing in common with her a truly pack of southern whose grim existence consists mostly of growing and sex - i mean these folks are so that they blame pretty kate for the fact that when she was a someone tied her hands behind her back thrust her head into a and beat her and then left her to die in a room - her pa howard duff is the kind of guy who while saying grace at the table at the word and at the daughter he has n't seen for two decades because he knows in his heart that she enjoyed what happened in the room and has been the same taste ever since in the of chicago - people like pa do exist of course - but in mr. sohmer 's he is but the tip of the - every man kate is either or all three - add the fact that any one of them including pa could be her and you have a setting that does n't resemble small-town america or even hollywood 's nightmare of small-town america so much as a like margaret 's the 's tale itself soon to be you it a hollywood movie - there are two exceptions jeffrey the local doctor who has always loved kate and lincoln richard kate 's but brother - makes passes at kate when she 's with anger and fear but we know from the outset that he 's not a member of the evil - how could he be - he 's the director of the local planned chapter - as for lincoln if you ca n't guess why he 's so sweet to his sister when everybody else her then i 'm not going to tell you - as for the women they 're - kate 's is a moral - her wright is a afraid that kate will all the married men in town including a particularly fellow named tucker whose idea of fun is to leave his wife at home to her and cigarette burns while he kate into a dance that consists of on her while trying to break her - at the very least it would appear that is a poor judge of - yet even these are not as bad as the moral at the heart of settle the score - in the episode of in the heat of the night we saw being attacked but we were n't invited to enjoy the - in mr. sohmer 's film by contrast we are urged to share the excitement of the creeping up on his victim as the camera kate in various stages of and on the sight of her body during frequent to the rape - at this point the truce between and gets mighty uneasy - take the scene in which kate stands naked by a window to her hidden look all you want - starting tomorrow i 'm you - or the one in which she and are in the city and after insisting on separate motel rooms she on his door to pour out her feelings about the rape wearing nothing but a and a - surely the question is obvious - with friends like mr. sohmer do the of hollywood need enemies - crossland savings bank 's stock plummeted after management recommended a suspension of dividend payments on both its common and preferred stock because crossland may not meet the new government capital criteria effective dec. N - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange friday crossland closed at $ N down $ N a N N decline - a spokesman said the savings bank may not qualify for the capital requirements because under the proposed guidelines its $ N million of preferred stock does n't meet the core capital criteria outlined under the new financial institutions reform recovery and enforcement act of N - he added that final guidelines to be published in early november will determine whether the bank is in compliance - crossland said it retained three investment bankers to assist it in developing and a financial restructuring plan - it would n't identify the bankers - additionally crossland reported a third-quarter loss of $ N million or $ N a share compared with net income of $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - a major factor in the third-quarter loss was the write-down of $ N million of goodwill - the spokesman said that the proposed guidelines caused crossland to revise its business objectives and consequently to write down the asset value of some previous acquisitions - crossland recorded an additional $ N million in loan loss reserves in the third quarter - net interest income for the third quarter declined to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - however non-interest income rose to $ N million from $ N million - third-quarter loan dropped sharply to $ N million from $ N billion a year ago - standard & poor 's corp. lowered the rating on crossland 's preferred stock to from and placed it on for possible further downgrade - it also placed on for possible downgrade other securities including the rating of crossland 's certificates of deposit and the rating of its senior subordinated capital notes - about $ N million of debt is affected - the in the mail - open it and two eyes on a boy 's brown face out from the page - does the have a good mind about to be wasted - is he a victim of gramm-rudman cuts - no but he 's endangered all the same his new on abc needs a following to stay on the air - abc has n't had much luck with shows featuring blacks in recent years and the producers of one new are a bit desperate - a show about a black ad executive who gives up the for a classroom is the ratings test - so producers and spun their and gathered names of black opinion makers to mount a direct-mail campaign - by wooing a core black audience they figure they might keep the show alive at least until the spring - using direct mail for a tv show is like fishing for with a hook - it just is n't done - but this kind of plea to black makes it even more unusual - still mr. thinks he can reach a good chunk of the three black homes he needs by mailing to the almost N blacks who form what he calls the - the is n't organized but you and i know it exists says mr. referring to the often small world of black professionals and community leaders - this is a very personal ethnic style mr. says - i want people in the barber shops and the beauty shops and standing in line at the to be talking about the show - i want white america to talk about it too but i 'm convinced that the is what 's happening - abc says it is aware of the producers ' action but the mailing was sent without the network 's blessing - the letter in fact takes a at abc for being a in black programming - meanwhile as the sunday evening show struggles to stay afloat against the tough competition of murder she wrote the idea is threatening to turn into a the apparently has inspired sample but are slow in coming - doug a black advertising executive who tracks black patterns gives the an a for marketing but is n't alone in his reaction - some shows just do n't he says and this is one of them - transcanada pipelines ltd. said it plans to shift its headquarters to calgary alberta from toronto next year to cut costs and be closer to the natural-gas industry - gerald president and chief executive officer of the natural-gas pipeline and marketing concern said the company 's future growth is increasingly linked to decisions made by calgary-based gas producers - since deregulation of the market in N producers have become much more intensely involved in both transportation and marketing mr. said - it 's a matter of being close to those suppliers many of those companies do n't know us as well as they should - transcanada all gas that moves from alberta - that includes all the gas consumed in ontario and quebec along with the bulk of canadian gas exports to the - walter vice president of gas ltd. a calgary-based gas marketing concern said the industry will welcome the move - having more than a presence here should enhance communications and business relationships mr. said - since the cost of gas is so important to producers ' ability to sell it it helps to have input and access to transportation companies - the move which could cost transcanada as much as N million canadian dollars us$ N million in relocation and severance payments should be complete by next summer mr. said - all N toronto-based employees will be offered positions in calgary the company said - the company will save between c$ N million and c$ N million annually in office expenses and other administrative costs by moving to calgary mr. added - part of both the costs and the savings could be passed on to shippers on the transcanada pipeline through which are based on the value of the pipeline system and the cost of operating it - transcanada is N N owned by holding company inc - since its founding in N brooks brothers the of the ivy league look has flashy sales promotions and fashion trends the rules that most retailers live by - but with sales growth sluggish and other men 's stores putting on the heat the venerable retailer can no longer afford such a attitude - so two weeks ago thousands of brooks brothers charge customers customers to wait for clearance sales got a surprise an invitation to come in and buy any one item for N N off - during the four-day promotion shoppers at the short hills n.j. store lined up to pay for items like coats and suits - that 's not all - from its newspaper ads featuring of a suit or a brooks brothers is marketing an image in a new campaign that carries the the surprise of brooks brothers - one color photo displays a rainbow of dress shirts tied in a another picture shows with bold designs - the message is loud and clear this is not your father 's brooks brothers - as part of its national ad pitch brooks brothers will show less women 's clothes moving away from its business - one ad shows a bright red with a black leather - and the ad copy is how can you be a wall street hot shot without at least one brooks brothers suit in your portfolio - brooks brothers hopes that shaking its will attract more young men and more women and change consumer perceptions about its range of merchandise - we have men who only buy their shirts and underwear here or younger customers who only buy their job interview suit here says william roberti chairman and chief executive officer of brooks brothers - we want them to buy more of their here - industry watchers agree that brooks brothers is long overdue in its image which has its growth - when acquired in may N by british retailer marks & spencer plc brooks brothers ' annual operating profit was about $ N million on sales of $ N million - mr. roberti concedes that since the $ N million takeover sales growth has n't been dramatic - for the N months ended march N operating profit at the chain totaled $ N million on sales of $ N million - as brooks brothers into the fashion fray it will be playing catch up - many especially ralph have in on the recent popularity of ivy league and english styles - in keeping with men 's broader fashion scope today businessmen are in english and italian suits that are conservative but not - the rigid ivy league customer brooks brothers ' bread and butter meanwhile is becoming - thus brooks brothers has lost customers to stores that offer more variety such as paul stuart new york and louis boston - brooks brothers no longer has a lock on the ivy league customer who is about his clothes says charlie president of the shop a traditional men 's store in cambridge mass - by making a break from tradition brooks brothers is seeking a delicate balance - if it fashion too much the shop risks its customers by value it risks down its - fashion industry consultants also question whether the company can make significant in its women 's business given that its customer base is less established and that conservative business dress for women is on the decline - brooks brothers ' aim is for N N of total sales to come from the women 's department up from the current N N - everybody that there are fashion cycles in classic merchandise observes carol farmer a retail consultant - for women for success in a real structured way is over - despite these challenges marks & spencer sees big potential in brooks brothers noting the widely recognized name and global presence - marks & spencer plans to open roughly N more u.s. stores in the next five years - brooks brothers says business is robust at its N outlets in japan and two shops in hong kong - marks & spencer is also considering opening stores across europe sometime in the future - alan smith president of marks & spencer north america and far east says that brooks brothers ' focus is to boost sales by its merchandise while keeping its traditional emphasis - the british parent is also streamlining brooks brothers which continues to make almost all of its merchandise recently shut one of its two plants in paterson n.j. and has closed boys ' departments in all but N stores - brooks brothers is also remodeling its stores - wednesday it will unveil a $ N million at its flagship store on madison avenue - with newly installed the store retains its signature look but is less - more shirts and will be laid out on tables instead of sitting behind glass cases so that customers can walk up and touch them mr. roberti says - because the biggest growth in is in casual brooks brothers is chasing more of that business - the entire second floor of its madison avenue store is now casual featuring items such as ski leather and a $ N baseball hat with the store 's crest - the centerpiece of the overhaul according to mr. roberti is the men 's tailored clothing department where brooks brothers has added new suit styles and - the perception out there is that we are very conservative and we only sell one type of suit mr. roberti says referring to brooks brothers ' signature suit with a and fit - but it now offers more versions and suits with a fit - it also plans to add suits cut for athletic men with broader upper bodies - next spring nearly N N of its suits will have compared with virtually none a couple of years ago - says mr. roberti we want to turn the customer on - corp. said it will buy back as many as one million common shares - the maker of chemical and industrial materials did n't say how much it would pay or when it would make the transactions - also said it would cancel the unused portion of a N buy-back plan for administrative reasons - the plan calls for the company to buy back N shares which reflects a stock split this year - so far the company had bought back N million shares - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday closed at $ N down N cents - arthur price abruptly quit as president and chief executive officer of mtm entertainment inc. a los angeles production company that has fallen on hard times - mr. price N years old also stepped down from the board of tvs entertainment plc the british tv company that last year bought mtm producer of such tv programs as hill street blues and the mary tyler moore show - a tvs spokesman said he did n't know mr. price 's plans - james gatward tvs 's chief executive said in a statement that he will assume overall responsibility for mtm 's operations until a successor is named - industry analysts speculated that mr. price 's sudden departure may have stemmed from conflicts with mr. gatward - mr. price wanted to run the mtm business and may have selling the company to tvs suggested charles managing director of zenith productions a subsidiary of communications plc london - mr. gatward declined to comment and mr. price could n't be reached on friday - in the tvs statement mr. price said leaving mtm was a very difficult decision but added that it is now time for a change - the $ N million purchase of mtm represented an international move for tvs which then was about half the u.s. concern 's size - at the time mr. gatward said his friendship with mr. price had the way for its link with the small british company - but tvs stunned industry analysts last month by disclosing that it expected mtm to post an operating loss for this year - in that announcement tvs also said it was trimming production finance and hiring a new u.s. sales manager - mr. gatward has spent a lot of time since late september at mtm 's headquarters he eliminated three departments and fired six executives according to the tvs spokesman - further staff cuts are likely the spokesman indicated - obviously we are looking at making economies across the board - tvs blames difficulties in peddling reruns of mtm shows to u.s. broadcasters for the problems at mtm - the market for reruns sold to local u.s. broadcasters has been weak for the past three or four seasons - mr. price mtm in N with u.s. actress mary tyler moore and grant her - mr. later left to become chairman of national broadcasting co - the tvs spokesman said mr. price still holds about an N N tvs stake acquired as part of the mtm acquisition - in late trading on london 's stock exchange friday tvs shares rose four pence to N pence a share - two rival bidders for connaught extended their offers to acquire the toronto-based vaccine manufacturer friday - merieux s.a. which offered N million canadian dollars us$ N million or c$ N a share for connaught said it would extend its bid due to expire last thursday to nov. N - a c$ bid by ciba-geigy ltd. a pharmaceutical company based in switzerland and chiron corp. a concern was extended to nov. N - it had been due to expire friday evening - merieux previously said it would ensure its bid remained open pending a final decision by canadian regulators on whether to approve the takeover - merieux a vaccine and firm based in france is controlled N N by state-owned s.a - the canadian government previously said merieux 's bid did n't offer enough net benefit to canada to be approved and gave merieux an until to submit additional information - merieux officials said last week that they are highly confident the offer will be approved once it details of its proposed investments to federal regulators - both offers are conditional on regulatory approvals and enough shares being tendered to give the bidders a majority of connaught 's shares outstanding - merieux which already holds a N N stake in connaught said that at the close of business thursday N shares of connaught and c$ N million face amount of debentures convertible into N common shares had been tendered to its offer - at the close of business thursday ciba-geigy and chiron said N common shares had been tendered to their offer - at last report connaught had N million shares outstanding - separately the ontario supreme court said it will postpone indefinitely a ruling on the lawsuit launched by the university of toronto against connaught in connection with the merieux bid - in a statement prepared by lawyers for the university and connaught the parties said they agreed that as a result of reaching a c N million research accord it is unnecessary that there be a judgment on the merits of the case at this time - lawyers for the two sides were n't immediately available for comment - the university had sought an injunction blocking connaught 's board from recommending or supporting an offer for the company by merieux - inc. said it is calling for the redemption on dec. N of all the N remaining shares outstanding of its $ N series a convertible preferred stock at $ N a share - the insurance concern said all conversion rights on the stock will terminate on nov. N - until then said the stock remains convertible into common stock at the rate of N shares of common stock for each share of preferred stock which is equivalent to a conversion price of $ N a common share - in new york stock exchange trading friday closed at $ N down N cents - energy corp. said the ohio water development authority approved terms for two series of tax-exempt bonds to finance a control and disposal facilities - the authority will issue a total of $ N million of revenue bonds - proceeds of the sale will go to 's operating subsidiaries to finance the projects located at a nuclear unit located near cleveland - the bonds will be issued for a term of N years at an interest rate of N N - goldman sachs & co. is the underwriter - general motors corp. 's truck division put a $ N cash incentive on its N and suburban trucks - the program which runs through jan. N also offers financing in of the cash - after days of intense but negotiations a federal judge last week threatened to convert william herbert hunt 's chapter N personal bankruptcy case into a chapter N liquidation - judge harold c. abramson raised the possibility after talks to end a between two major creditors failed and all three reorganization plans in the case ran into - if the case is converted to chapter N what remains of the oil 's estate now believed to have a value of less than $ N million would be sold off quickly with most of the proceeds going to the internal revenue service whose claim for $ N million in back taxes has priority in the case - hundreds of smaller creditors could get nothing according to attorneys involved - while admitting such a move would be devastating to most creditors judge abramson told a courtroom filled with nearly two dozen attorneys that he was concerned about the toll mounting legal bills will take on mr. hunt 's shrinking estate and about the fact that following voting by creditors none of the reorganization plans appeared to be viable in their present form - it would be a shame to have a chapter N after all the progress in this case said judge abramson - under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code a company continues to operate under protection from creditors ' lawsuits while it works out a plan to pay its debts - under chapter N the assets of a company are sold off to pay creditors - despite his reluctance to take the latter step the judge indicated he would move quickly after hearing testimony later this week in the bitter dispute between manufacturers hanover trust co. and minpeco s.a. a minerals concern owned by the - the manufacturers hanover corp. unit which is seeking repayment of a $ N million loan has asked the court to give its claim priority over that of minpeco which won a $ N million judgment against mr. hunt his brother nelson hunt and other defendants last year in a case stemming from their alleged attempts to corner the silver market in - while claiming that penalties legal fees and interest have driven the value of its claim to more than $ N million minpeco has agreed to settle for an allowed claim of as much as $ N million - but even that is disputed by manufacturers hanover which in alliance with the irs contends that minpeco has already collected more than its actual damages from other defendants in the case - under from judge abramson a minpeco executive flew in from peru last week to talk directly with executives from manufacturers hanover on a settlement - despite long private sessions in both new york and dallas the two sides ended the week N miles and many dollars apart according to attorney ray who represents manufacturers hanover - meanwhile inside the courtroom the judge said he would fine attorneys for the two creditors $ N every time they referred to each other with terms such as or - all three major creditors the irs minpeco and manufacturers hanover voted against and effectively doomed a reorganization plan proposed by mr. hunt - a reorganization plan proposed jointly by the irs and manufacturers hanover was stalled by a negative vote from minpeco - the mineral concern 's own reorganization plan met a similar fate after opposition from the irs and manufacturers hanover - neither plan is dead however and the judge could force creditors to accept some version of them after ruling on the hanover dispute - meanwhile settlement negotiations continue between mr. hunt and the irs which has already reached a tentative agreement with nelson hunt - the two sides have been far apart on how much herbert hunt will continue to owe the government after his assets are sold - stuart e. a partner in the washington law firm of & murphy was named a director of this utility holding company increasing board membership to N - pacific first financial corp. said it signed a letter of intent to acquire the construction lending unit of old stone bank of california - terms have n't been but the transaction is expected to close by year end pacific first said - old stone 's construction lending portfolio includes about $ N million in real-estate loans outstanding - the unit has N employees in four california offices the company said - pacific first owns pacific first federal savings banks and other financial services firms - general electric co. 's leasing unit completed the $ N million purchase of similar businesses from national corp. and corp. by the sellers said - the buyer was ge capital services chicago a major owner of railway equipment and part of the ge capital operations - new york estimated it had a gain on the transaction of $ N million including its part of 's gain - because of tax-loss carry-forward said it expects to escape taxes on a substantial portion of the gain - the estimated gain for is $ N million including a tax credit of $ N million the sellers said - the credit for income taxes is a result of having provided deferred income taxes applicable to the sold assets at the higher income tax rates in effect in prior years the sellers said - automatic data processing inc. plans to redeem on nov. N its $ N million of N N convertible subordinated debentures due march N N - the concern will pay $ N for each $ N face amount of debt - the conversion price for the debentures is $ N a share - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday automatic data closed at $ N a share down $ N - if all the debt is converted to common automatic data will issue about N million shares last monday the company had nearly N million shares outstanding - automatic data is the bonds because the after-tax cost of the interest on the bonds is higher than the dividend yield on the common a spokesman said - dow jones & co. extended its tender offer of $ N a share or about $ N million for the N N of telerate inc. that it does n't already own until N p.m. est nov. N - the offer which telerate 's two independent directors have rejected as inadequate previously had been scheduled to expire at midnight friday - dow jones said it extended the offer to allow shareholders time to review a supplement to the dow jones tender offer that it last friday - the supplement contains various information that has been filed with the securities and exchange commission since dow jones launched the offer on sept. N but it does n't change the terms and conditions of the offer except to extend its expiration date - in delaware chancery court litigation telerate has criticized dow jones for not disclosing that telerate 's management expects the company 's revenue to increase by N N annually while dow jones based its projections of telerate 's performance on a N N revenue growth forecast - in the tender offer supplement dow jones the different growth forecasts but says it views the N N growth rate as a goal of telerate 's management and not as a realistic basis on which to project the company 's likely future performance - telerate shares fell N cents on friday to close at $ N each in new york stock exchange composite trading - dow jones shares also fell N cents to close at $ N in big board composite trading - dow jones has said it believes the $ price is fair to telerate 's minority shareholders - late last week representatives of dow jones and telerate began negotiations about the terms of the offer but those talks did n't result in any changes in the offer - telerate provides information about financial markets through an electronic network - dow jones which owns N N of telerate publishes the wall street journal barron 's magazine community newspapers and operates financial news services and computer data bases - manufacturing corp. won a $ N million army contract for shell - avondale industries inc. received a $ N million navy contract for ship spare parts - air & water technologies corp. completed the acquisition of falcon associates inc. a pa. concern for $ N million of stock - air & water which provides environmental services and systems paid about N million of its shares for falcon - in american stock exchange composite trading friday air & water closed unchanged at $ N - at july N air & water had nearly N million shares outstanding - the canadian totaled N at oct. N down N N from a year earlier said statistics canada a federal agency - for breeding and totaled N down N N from a year ago - fla. charles bates president chief executive and chief operating officer will resign from these positions and the board effective oct. N - norman j. harrison chairman will succeed him as chief executive - roger l. sutton executive vice president was appointed as the new president and chief operating officer - kerry p. will become executive vice president and retain his positions as chief financial officer and treasurer - upset over the use of what it says are its exclusive angels corp. is fighting back in court - concord new corp. of a N movie called nam angels used the gang 's name and without authorization the corporation says in a complaint filed in federal court - nam angels a group of the cycle gang 's members on a mission to nam during the war years - in addition to being broadcast on cable television the movie also is being distributed on the suit alleges in seeking unspecified damages - also named in the suit is media home entertainment inc. of city calif. its parent communications inc. and television of los angeles holders of the copyright on the movie - a concord spokeswoman called the suit but declined to comment further - besides being upset with the film 's use of the angels name and the angels are angry with their in the movie - there is absolutely no way our board or membership would have approved the portrayal of the angels in this movie said george christie president of the club 's chapter - portrayal of our members as to each other is totally contrary to the most important values of our organization loyalty and trust - nam angels shows angels fighting with each other and also them as showing no when a member is killed - both of these actions are n't characteristic of real angels mr. christie said - angels was formed in N and incorporated in N - in addition to N in the u.s. there are N in foreign countries - douglas h. miller self-employed in the oil and gas securities business was named chairman of this oil and gas exploration company filling a vacancy - mr. miller who has been a coda director also was named chief executive officer succeeding ted who remains president and chief operating officer - lawrence m. jr. president was elected to the additional posts of chairman and chief executive officer of this utility holding company effective feb. N N - the mr. who was also elected chairman and chief executive of all subsidiaries succeeds john a. warren - mr. warren will remain on the company 's board - the american stock exchange said a seat was sold for $ N unchanged from the previous sale oct. N - seats on the amex currently are quoted at $ N bid and $ N asked - the world had a big recently when the soviets reported a rash of ufo one of them bringing tall aliens who in the dark to - it is the opinion of timothy good author of above top secret the world ufo N pages $ N that the world too fast - here is a for ufo watchers complete with pictures of people who say they 've had personal relationships with aliens - one photo shows a woman sporting a she says was made by a laser beam a weapon from the looks of the wound - so far anyway our visitors seem more intent on our than us - mr. good much serious space to the events of feb. N N when american spotted strange lights in the sky above los angeles - sounded the alarm at N a.m. N air to duty - soon all hell broke loose - ground targeting an odd of aircraft traveling at highly unusual speeds opened up a - the sky filled with several of which fell back to earth destroying homes and buildings - when the smoke cleared six people were dead three from heart attacks and everyone what in the world they were shooting at - mr. good who documents these things as best he can provides an official explanation in the form of a memorandum from chief of staff george c. marshall to president N pounds of he wrote his in chief were on unidentified aircraft flying at speeds as slow as N mph and between N and N feet - well thousands of californians on the scene insisted the had been aimed at a large ufo but you will just have to make your own decision about such - one thing 's for sure there have been a ton of them and greater beings than the editors of the national have shown interest - gerald ford a fairly fellow once sent a letter to the chairman of the armed services committee recommending that there be a committee investigation of the ufo phenomenon - i think we owe it to the american people to establish credibility regarding and to produce the greatest possible on the subject - carter went further in a N campaign promise if i become president i 'll make every piece of information this country has about ufo available to the public and the scientists - i am convinced that exist because i have seen one - but you know about campaign promises - it still does n't look like governments are up everything they know - still despite their efforts to convince the world that we are indeed alone the visitors do seem to keep coming and like the recent there 's often a detail or two that suggests they may actually be a little on the side - for instance witnesses in say the and their robot friend after around the city park left behind some rocks - now why you have to ask yourself would beings haul a bunch of rocks around the universe - or land in russia so often - in a N incident a soviet mail plane disappeared off the radar screen just after its position to ground control in sverdlovsk - a search party soon found the aircraft in a forest clearing much too small to have allowed a conventional landing - what 's more the seven mail personnel aboard were missing - again you have to ask the obvious question why would beings seven soviet - speculation as to the nature of aliens will no doubt continue until we wake up one morning to find they 've taken over the today show the way they an entire town in jack 's of the body & N pages $ N - maybe some of our hosts and have already been taken over - the point of this N novel which spawned two movies is that the people by plants are virtually from human folks - another guy who thinks they 're out there and closing fast is whose new novel N pages $ N takes a look at a reported N ufo crash near the army air field in a new mexico desert - mr. knows a lot about aliens - he even had sex with one sort of and not intentionally as readers learned in his a book recently described in the new york times as a best seller - the way mr. tells it in his the intelligence officer who found the craft 's strange debris was forced by the government to call the parts of a weather balloon - the apparent crash became top secret and the creatures went away upset with the ways of human beings - we lost our chance to with visitors about four feet tall who looked as though they were made of - mr. is an editorial writer for the rocky mountain news - trustcorp inc. will become society bank & trust when its merger is completed with society corp. of cleveland the bank said - society corp. which is also a bank agreed in june to buy trustcorp for N million shares of stock with a market value of about $ N million - the transaction is expected to close around year end - when the economy in the mid-1970s akzo fell out of bed - overcapacity in the synthetic fiber business which accounted for half of the dutch chemical company 's sales led to huge losses and left akzo 's survival in doubt - it was n't until the early 1980s that akzo itself back to health - now as a new downturn in the chemical industry looms akzo says it is in far better shape to cope - investment analysts generally agree - aside from slashing costs and investing heavily in its plants akzo has spent N billion guilders $ N billion on acquisitions since N to give it better balance - during the same period the company has sold about N billion guilders of assets - the fibers business whose products go into carpeting and industrial uses now accounts for only N N of akzo 's sales - we have definitely become less cyclical bergsma executive vice said in an interview - still akzo has n't yet found a way to achieve another goal a large presence in the u.s. market for prescription drugs - mr. bergsma said prices for u.s. pharmaceutical companies remain too high making it unlikely that akzo will pursue any major acquisitions in that area - but he said akzo is considering alliances with american drug companies although he would n't elaborate - an indication of akzo 's success in itself will come thursday when it reports third-quarter results - analysts expect the company to show profit of about N million guilders up N N from N million guilders a year earlier - a bigger test will come next year if as many analysts expect bulk chemical prices slump in europe - maybe akzo can surprise the investment world a bit said an analyst at bank - he figures akzo is likely to be one of the few major chemical companies to show profit growth next year - the bank projects akzo will show per-share earnings of N guilders in N up from an estimated N guilders for this year and the N guilders reported for N - at james capel & co. in london analyst notes that akzo is less exposed than many of its rivals to the most volatile chemical products - for example akzo has only minor petrochemical operations is small in plastics and does n't make - thus while akzo less than many rivals from the boom of recent years in petrochemicals and plastics it has less to fear from the current slump - the company is exposed to bulk chemicals however - although prices have begun falling in the u.s. they are generally stable in europe mr. bergsma said - a decline may come in the first half of N he said but the market does n't appear on the verge of a severe downturn - to reduce the danger of such pricing cycles akzo has invested heavily in specialty chemicals which have highly specific industrial uses and tend to produce much higher profit margins than do bulk chemicals - akzo 's biggest move in this area was the N acquisition of chemical co. 's specialty chemical business for $ N million - in a less glamorous field akzo is the world 's biggest producer of industrial salt used as a raw material for the chemical industry as well as for such tasks as ice - akzo also makes products derived from salt such as and soda - in the fibers division profit remains weak largely because of persistent overcapacity - but akzo is still down it recently announced plans to eliminate about N jobs in the netherlands and west germany - although the and markets remain mostly bleak akzo has high hopes for some emerging fiber businesses such carbon fibers and extremely strong fibers used to reinforce tires and metals and to make such products as - akzo 's fiber is a distant second to du pont co. 's which dominates the market - mr. bergsma said world-wide industry sales of fibers are expected to total about $ N million this year - sales growth of N N a year seems possible he said and akzo expects its business to become profitable in N - akzo also has spent heavily on acquisitions in auto and industrial coatings - in august for example it completed the $ N million acquisition of reliance universal inc. a u.s. maker of industrial coatings for wood metals and plastics from tyler corp - mr. bergsma said akzo is likely to see strong profit growth from coatings as it cost savings and other benefits from its greater scale - for akzo 's drug business where profits have shown change for the past five years mr. bergsma predicted moderate profit growth - akzo is the leading seller of pills in europe but is still seeking regulatory approvals to enter that market in the u.s. and japan - mr. bergsma said akzo hopes to have approval to sell its pill in the u.s. in N - akzo also has small operations in diagnostic tests generic drugs and products - products are showing especially strong growth mr. bergsma said - among the leading products is a shot for horses - we 're sorry to see nigel lawson 's departure from the british government - he is a politician with the of true conviction as in exchange controls and in particular slashing the top rate of income taxation to N N - but in the end his resignation as chancellor of the exchequer may be a good thing especially if it works as he no doubt intends by forcing prime minister thatcher and her counterparts elsewhere to the genuine intellectual issues involved - the early we admit suggest so an outcome - the fleet street reaction was captured in the guardian headline departure reveals thatcher poison - british politicians divide into two groups of those with their cut and those the sky is falling - so far as we can see only two persons are with a dignity recognizing the of the issues mr. lawson and sir alan walters the of the chancellor 's difficulties who also resigned as personal adviser to mrs. thatcher - the problem is that on the vital issue of monetary policy and exchange rates conservative free-market economists divide into at least three camps - there are the strict who believe that floating exchange rates free an economy to stabilize its price level by stabilizing the monetary aggregates - there are the who seek to spread the advantages of a common currency through fixed exchange rates - and there are the who to balance trade flows - this is a problem not only for prime minister thatcher but for president bush as shown in the ongoing over the dollar between the federal reserve and the mulford treasury - in the british case mr. lawson is the thing in london to a - he not only slashed marginal tax rates initially fresh growth in britain but he wanted to regulate monetary policy by targeting exchange rates indeed joining the european monetary system - while no doubt agreeing with mr. lawson on everything else sir alan is a inclined to defend floating rates to the death - to make matters even more confusing the earlier u.s. experience made clear that mr. lawson 's tax cuts would have effects on britain 's international accounts and the value of sterling - they increased the after-tax rate of return and made britain a far more attractive place to invest producing sudden capital inflows - by accounting this had to produce a sudden trade deficit - as in the u.s. it also produced a sudden burst in the demand for sterling that is a surge in the sterling monetary aggregates - at this point the options were crunch money to stop the boost in the aggregates as sir alan surely advised and forget the soaring pound - to push the pound even lower trying to cure the trade deficit a policy britain has repeatedly proved - or to supply enough money to meet the increased demand and stabilize the exchange rate as the chancellor argued and ensure the of this policy by joining the ems - faced with a similar situation paul let the dollar soar though monetary aggregates also grew so rapidly issued warnings of inflation - but this the u.s. manufacturing sector laying the seeds of - mr. lawson though not allowed to join the ems chose to shadow the deutsche mark - he inflation along with rapid growth no doubt sir alan 's predictions in the prime minister 's mind - but more recently the pound has been falling with high inflation which has also seemed almost to the high interest rates mr. lawson deployed to stop it - so the british experience presents a genuine that reaches far beyond the of - we had been soliciting opinions on it long before mr. lawson 's resignation and offer some of the collection for the benefit of his successor and one-time deputy john major - to begin with we should note that in contrast to the u.s. deficit britain has been running budget surpluses - in pursuit of this mystery and need not apply - we should also add mr. lawson 's own explanation as we understand it - unlike the u.s. britain never achieved even a reduction in real wages - the wage which studies confirm is particularly high in britain gives its economy a structural bias toward inflation - inflation is easier to spark and harder to control - we should also concede that in the british experience the cause some of the credibility it lost in the u.s. experience - nearby paul craig roberts a distinguished with argues the case for sir alan - perhaps the fiscal shock of tax cuts is after all best absorbed by floating rates though of course in the event mr. lawson resigned over whether to support a weak pound not restrain a strong one - we recall that mr. roberts not only the chancellor for being too easy because of a desire to sterling but also led the chorus saying that mr. was too tight when he let the dollar rise - somewhere in between there must be a golden mean perhaps measured by but perhaps measured by purchasing power parity - the tend to think mr. lawson ran onto technical - in rates the choice of initial is crucial for example and perhaps he picked the wrong rate - for that matter perhaps he fixed to the wrong currency - we with mrs. thatcher 's reluctance to tie her currency to one by the domestic political of west germany - perhaps the shock would have been less if they 'd fixed to another economy - alan reynolds of adds his that the is the budget surplus - those who can shake ghosts out of their heads might recognize that the retirement of for cash is equivalent to an operation indeed it is the definition of an open market operation to expand the money supply - mr. reynolds also notes that since british banks have no reserve requirements high interest rates are less likely to curb inflation than to cause recession - we would add that in political terms mrs. thatcher 's problem was failing to decide between the chancellor and her adviser - in the end neither policy was followed and instead of learning anything we are left with a mystery - in particular a currency is anything but it is an open announcement that the exchange rate target has no credibility - all the more so when strong voices are heard opposing the policy - better to have a true policy just for the experience - so mr. lawson had to resign - in the end his move was sparked by remarks in from sir alan 's in the american economist a academic journal - but it was the underlying situation that became - what mr. major and mrs. thatcher will do now remains to be seen - they inflation and a sagging economy that is to say - this can not be solved by a further downturn reducing the supply of goods does not solve inflation - our advice is this immediately return the government surpluses to the economy through tax cuts and find some monetary policy target that both supply and demand for money which neither aggregates nor interest rates can do - this was the version of economics that in the late 1970s and early '80s worked in america and world-wide to solve a far more serious than britain today - ogilvy & mather whose declining profitability prompted its takeover by wpp group earlier this year will see its profit margins bounce back to the N N range in N said graham phillips the agency 's new - the ad agency 's pretax profit margins were slightly under N N at the time of the takeover according to analysts london-based wpp 's goal is to increase margins to N N - mr. phillips made his comments during an interview detailing his plans for the agency - the ogilvy veteran was named last week to succeed kenneth roman who is leaving by year 's end to take a top post at american express an ogilvy client - surrounded by of paper two computers and photos of himself and flying mr. phillips laid out several changes he hopes to make at the agency - first and mr. phillips said he hopes to improve client service - ogilvy under the mr. roman gained a reputation as occasionally being in its treatment of clients of what strategy a client should indeed must follow - and some of its top executives including mr. phillips were to the point they were with administrative duties with little time to see clients - but mr. phillips recently freed himself up to spend more time with clients by much of his administrative work to a deputy - he also plans to get to know clients that mr. roman was closer to such as brothers american express and seagram - the two men are planning joint visits to a number of clients to attempt to smoothly hand over the reins - clients want to see more of our senior people involved in the business not once a month but two or three times a week he said - mr. phillips also hopes to finally implement a reorganization announced earlier this year but put on hold by the wpp takeover - the reorganization is supposed to make shopping buying advertising public relations and design all in one place or ogilvy in a reality - under the reorganization ogilvy plans to name one executive on each account as a client service director to work as the client 's single contact for all those services - there is little or no integration of our work quality is there is no single focus mr. phillips complained to staffers in march when the reorganization was announced - now mr. phillips says he hopes to have the new system in place for several clients including american express american telephone & telegraph and ryder by year 's end - industry executives and analysts are divided on whether mr. phillips is up to the task - he is n't as well-known to clients as is mr. roman - under his watch office was often rampant in the agency 's new york operation and the office there has had a dismal record for more than a year - and while last week the agency hired a top executive bill hamilton to try to bolster its work graham has to get the revenue of that new york office moving says james an analyst with county natwest securities - the one thing mr. phillips clearly does have going for him is although it is n't certain if that will be enough - as mr. says the last thing they need is enormous disruption at the top and graham is obviously a long-term member of the ogilvy mafia as we call it - mr. phillips and mr. roman are indeed quite similar in substance if not in style - while mr. roman is a mr. phillips would rather delegate leaving him time for his interests outside the office - mr. roman by contrast seems rarely to cut loose at all although he did appear at ogilvy 's halloween party friday out in duck feet and a duck hat as a duck - mr. phillips said the company 's expected margin improvement will be all but inevitable given that the company 's profitability was dragged down this year by an expensive move to new new york headquarters - the move at about $ N million actually came in at about $ N million he said - but margins will be helped too by some other steps - ogilvy eliminated the mail room staff closed the executive room and after the takeover let go half a dozen financial executives - wpp which assumes financial control of its businesses in a way instituted a new financial system and plans to some floors in ogilvy 's new headquarters building to outsiders - the fact that the agency will now be part of a u.k. company under british accounting rules will also make the profit picture look better - 's klein steps down - arthur klein president of young & rubicam 's new york office stepped down temporarily in the wake of charges by a federal grand jury in new haven conn. that he the agency and another top executive tourist officials to win its account in N - in an internal memo alex the agency 's chairman said mr. klein decided to remove himself to minimize negative reaction from prospective clients and others and to prepare for his defense - the fact that he is in the process of defending himself against the present charges could have an adverse impact on mr. wrote - he said mr. klein will return to his post at the end of the trial at which he will be - mr. klein will work with mr. on some of the agency 's joint venture activities and acquisitions while the case is pending - peter president of 's ad operations will assume mr. klein 's day-to-day role - wells rich 's new partner - wells rich greene named heller as an executive vice president and creative partner in its image group which on fashion and advertising - ms. heller N had headed up boston agency a unit of wcrs - the agency with about $ N million in billings will be with some of its staffers absorbed by wcrs 's della femina mcnamee unit in boston ms. heller said - she said it was too early to say what would happen to its clients including reebok and apple - at wells rich ms. heller will concentrate on accounts that include philip morris 's benson & hedges cigarette brand which relies on print ads ms. heller 's specialty - as previously reported the account is troubled with philip morris asking backer spielvogel bates ogilvy & mather and possibly others to try their hand at developing new creative work - wells rich declined to comment on the status of the account as did the other agencies - waxman industries inc. said holders of $ N face amount of its N N N convertible subordinated debentures due march N N have elected to convert the debt into about N common shares - the conversion price is $ N a share - the company said the holders represent N N of the face amount of the debentures - waxman sells a variety of hardware products for the home repair market - r.h. macy & co. the closely held department store chain said in a financial filing friday that its sales for the fiscal fourth quarter ended july N were up N N to $ N billion against $ N billion a year earlier - comparable store sales for the quarter were up N N - the net loss for the quarter was $ N million against a year-earlier loss of $ N million - the loss in the fourth quarter of N reflected in part expenses for an unsuccessful bid for federated department stores inc. as well as the restructuring of some of its department store operations - for the year sales were up N N to $ N billion compared with $ N billion in fiscal N - sales for both years reflect 12-month performances for each year of i. bullock 's and - macy acquired those three businesses in may N - on a comparable store basis including the new acquisitions for both years sales for fiscal N were up N N - macy reported a net loss for fiscal N of $ N million compared with a net loss of $ N million for fiscal N - the company 's earnings before interest taxes and depreciation which bondholders use a measurement of the chain 's ability to pay its existing debt increased N N in fiscal N to $ N million from $ N million - the $ N million figures includes the new acquisitions - excluding those businesses earnings before interest taxes and depreciation for N would have been $ N million - as of feb. N N the stores will operate as i. stores - altogether macy and its subsidiaries own or lease N department stores and N specialty stores nationwide - although management led a leveraged buy-out of r.h. macy in july N the company still makes financial filings because of its publicly traded debt - the company estimates its total debt at about $ N billion - this includes $ N billion of long-term debt $ N million in short-term debt and $ N million of the current portion of long-term debt - in a letter to investors chairman edward s. finkelstein wrote that he expects the company to benefit from some of the disruption faced by our competitors - while our competitors are concerned with their financial viability and possible ownership changes we will be concentrating on buying and selling merchandise our customers need and want - mr. finkelstein is apparently referring to b. altman and teller two new york retailers that have recently filed for chapter N bankruptcy protection as well as the retail chains owned by financially troubled campeau corp - those chains include bloomingdale 's which campeau recently said it will sell - other retail properties for sale include saks fifth avenue and marshall field retailers now owned by b.a.t plc the british tobacco conglomerate - in his letter mr. finkelstein also referred to the recent san francisco earthquake - mr. finkelstein flew to san francisco the day after the earthquake and found that N to N of his company 's stores had sustained some damage including the of most windows at the i. store on union square - the volume and profit impact on our fiscal first quarter will not be positive but looking at the whole fiscal year we do n't see the effect as material wrote mr. finkelstein - rjr nabisco inc. said it agreed to sell its baby ruth and candy businesses to nestle s.a. 's nestle foods unit for $ N million - the sale at a higher price than some analysts had expected helps the food and tobacco giant raise funds to pay debt and boosts nestle 's N N share of the u.s. candy market to about N N - the candy businesses had sales of about $ N million last year which was roughly N N of total revenue for rjr 's unit according to a memorandum distributed by rjr 's owner kohlberg kravis roberts & co. to bankers last december - the nestle acquisition includes a candy plant in franklin park ill. which employs about N workers - the sale which had been expected is part of kkr 's program to pay down $ N billion of a $ N billion bridge loan by february - roughly $ N billion of that debt has already been repaid from previous asset sales and rjr expects to use another $ N billion from the pending two-part sale of most of its del monte unit - that sale however could still fall through if financing problems develop - thus it remains crucial for rjr to obtain top dollar for its smaller assets like the candy brands - louis jr. chairman and chief executive officer of new york-based rjr called the sale a significant step in the company 's divestiture program as well as a a strategic divestiture - since kkr bought rjr in february for $ N billion of debt it has agreed to sell nearly $ N billion of rjr assets - rjr 's executives have said they will with certain brands in particular that are n't leaders in their markets - rjr nabisco and will concentrate more on our own core businesses mr. said friday - baby ruth and are both among the N bars in the u.s. but rjr 's overall share of the roughly $ N billion market is less than N N - nestle 's share of N N before friday 's purchases is far below the shares of market leaders foods corp. and inc. which have about N N and N N of the market respectively - this means nestle is now in the business in a big way said publisher of magazine - for them it makes all kinds of sense - they 've been given a mandate from switzerland to expand their u.s. operations - nestle s.a. is based in switzerland - the new candy bars make an important contribution to our nestle foods commitment to this very important strategic unit said c. alan macdonald president of nestle foods in purchase n.y - aetna life & casualty co. 's third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share reflecting the damages from hurricane hugo and lower results for some of the company 's major divisions - catastrophe losses reduced aetna 's net income by $ N million including $ N million from hugo - last year catastrophe losses totaled $ N million when net was $ N million or $ N a share - the year-earlier results have been restated to reflect an accounting change - the insurer has started processing claims from the northern california earthquake nearly two weeks ago - but because these claims are more difficult to evaluate and have been coming in more slowly the company has no estimate of the impact of the earthquake on fourth-quarter results - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday aetna closed at $ N down N cents - in the latest quarter aetna had a $ N million loss on its line compared with earnings of $ N million last year - profit for its commercial insurance division fell N N to $ N million reflecting higher catastrophe losses and the price war in the property\/casualty market for nearly three years - however aetna 's employee benefits division which includes its group health insurance operations posted a N N profit gain to $ N million - third-quarter results included net realized capital gains of $ N million which included $ N million from the sale of federated investors in august and a $ N million tax credit - in the nine months net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share last year - out of the of are coming words of - here at a stadium near the black township of yesterday were eight leaders of the african national congress seven of whom had spent most of their adult lives in prison for sabotage and conspiracy to the government - here were more than N anc supporters gathering for the first anc rally inside south africa since the black liberation movement was banned in N - here was the state security poised to on any words or acts of let alone revolution - but the words that over the messages of peace unity negotiation and discipline - we stand for peace today and we will stand for peace tomorrow said walter sisulu the anc 's former secretary general who along with five of his colleagues served N years in prison before being released two weeks ago - some members of the huge crowd shouted peace - these are times in south african politics - the government and the anc the of enemies are engaged in an elaborate dance designed to each other to the negotiating table - pretoria releases the anc leaders most of whom were serving life sentences and allows them to speak freely hoping that the anc will abandon its use of violence - the anc leaders speak in of discipline hoping the government will be encouraged to take further steps such as nelson the most prominent anc figure and the organization - the government of president de is using this situation to improve its international image and head off further economic sanctions - meanwhile the many organizations inside the country that back the anc are taking the opportunity to regain their strength and their supporters even though the state of emergency which has severely curtailed black opposition remains in force - the result is that the and are happening - six months ago government approval for an anc rally was - equally is that the anc given the chance to hold a rally would extend a hand to the government - in a message read out at the rally anc president oliver who ca n't legally be quoted in south africa said the country was at a and that mr. de may yet earn a place among the of our country if he chooses a path of genuine political settlement - still this does n't mean that either the government or the anc is changing or that either has moved significantly closer to the other - the government may ease repression in some areas but it still keeps a tight grip in others - for instance it releases mr. sisulu without conditions yet his son a newspaper editor is restricted to his home much of the day and is n't allowed to work as a journalist - the anc to keep up pressure on the government - yesterday called on foreign governments to increase sanctions against pretoria and urged supporters inside the country to continue emergency restrictions and racial known as apartheid - we can not wait on the government to make changes at its own pace mr. sisulu said - because the anc remains banned both the government which approved the rally and the who it denied it was an anc rally - they both called it a welcome home gathering - nevertheless an anc rally by any other name is still an anc rally - the recently released leaders sat high a in one section of the stadium stands - behind them was a huge anc flag and an even bigger sign that said anc lives anc leads - next to them was the red flag of the outlawed south african communist party which has long been an anc ally - in the stands people anc flags wore anc sang anc and anc - today said mr. sisulu the anc has captured the center stage of political life in south africa - as a police helicopter overhead mr. sisulu repeated the anc 's demands on the government to create a climate for negotiations release all political lift all bans and restrictions on individuals and organizations remove all troops from the black end the state of emergency and cease all political trials and political executions - if these conditions are met he said the anc would be prepared to discuss its guerrilla activities - there can be no question of us abandoning the armed struggle he said - to date we see no clear indication that the government is serious about negotiations - all their are vague - a phrase from mr. de mr. sisulu said let all of us who love this country engage in the task of building a new south africa - when westinghouse electric corp. its massive steam plant in pa. three years ago it seemed like the company had pulled the plug on its power generation business - but now westinghouse is enjoying a in demand for both steam and combustion and may even join the growing of independent electric producers - and with its new venture with japan 's mitsubishi heavy industries ltd. announced last week it is poised to growing markets overseas - for the first time since the mid-1970s westinghouse this year has seen a significant increase in orders for power plants - most are from independent producers instead of regulated utilities and westinghouse believes it will ride a wave of demand stretching over the next six years - analysts agree predicting that the revived market could significantly boost westinghouse 's bottom line in coming years - westinghouse 's earnings could be enhanced in the mid-1990s or sooner says russell l. of salomon brothers inc - the company expects a need for N of new generation in the u.s. over the next decade - already this year it has received orders for four advanced combustion from florida power & light co. and for two plants from energy corp. among others - westinghouse 's own role as a supplier also is changing - in the past the company usually took equity positions in power plants it supplied as a to close deals - but last june 's that westinghouse would put up all of the $ N million to build a new plant could herald a new age - westinghouse 's plant will provide electrical power to the southern california edison co. and backup power and steam to the u.s. & chemical co - we have n't decided on a strategy yet but we could become an independent producer depending on whether we 're the developer or just the supplier says stern executive vice president of the company 's energy and utility systems group - at the same time westinghouse hopes its venture with mitsubishi will help fend off growing competition particularly in the u.s. from such european competitors as asea brown boveri ag siemens ag and british general electric co - under the agreement westinghouse will be able to purchase smaller combustion from its japanese partner and package and sell them with its own and other equipment - westinghouse also jointly will bid on projects with giving it an edge in developing asian markets - in addition the two companies will develop new steam technology such as the plants ordered by florida power and even each other 's plants at times to take advantage of currency fluctuations - even though we 'll still compete against mitsubishi we can also work jointly on some projects and we 'll gain a lot of flexibility mr. stern contends - the venture was designed as a transaction any possible antitrust concerns - westinghouse carefully the agreement because the justice department earlier this year successfully challenged a proposed steam joint venture with asea brown boveri - it is expected that the current surge in demand for new power will be filled primarily by independent producers which unlike utilities are n't regulated and therefore do n't need government approval to construct new plants - westinghouse expects about half of its new orders for to come from independent producers for at least the next six years - despite of the company 's and east pittsburgh plants the company believes it has sufficient capacity to meet near-term demand with its much smaller and more efficient manufacturing facilities in north carolina - still westinghouse acknowledges that demand from independent producers could if prices for fuel such as natural gas or oil rise sharply or if utilities which have been pressured by regulators to keep down rates are suddenly freed to add significant generating capacity - even if that scenario occurs westinghouse figures it is prepared - the company already is up for a renaissance of nuclear power even though it has n't received an order for a domestic nuclear plant in a decade - john c. marous chairman and chief executive officer says he expects a commercial order by N for the company 's nuclear power plant which is under development - once we see an order we expect it 'll be on line by N - among the things i learned covering the world series these past few weeks is that the richter scale which measures earthquakes is n't like the one in your - a quake that measures two on the richter is n't twice as severe as a one it 's N times worse - a three is N times N again and so on - that put the seven of oct. N in perspective for me - think i 'll buy one of those i survived after all - by standards the show that the oakland athletics put on friday and saturday nights in putting a swift end to the game 's longest short series rated somewhere between a N and an N - the boys with the white on their might not have made the earth move much but they certainly did some impressive things with - the pale propelled six of out of the unfriendly of candlestick park during the two games en route to N and N wins over the san francisco giants - combined with their two victories way back on oct. N and N the scores were N and N remember that gave them a sweep of the series - the joke here is that the giants lost by de fault - that 's correct but a unfair otherwise - they showed up but did n't or could n't challenge - they led for an inning in the four games and managed to stir their fans only once - that came in the seventh inning of game four when N they scored four times and brought their big heat will clark and kevin mitchell to the plate with one out and a on - but clark out to short right field and mitchell 's drive to left was caught on the warning track by henderson as N sets of as one - i went out to burns the a 's and told him that we were n't let this guy beat us said oakland terry of the decisive confrontation with mitchell the national league 's king - i told him to make mitchell reach for everything and that 's what we did - the ball he hit was n't a strike - if it had been he hit it out - but if the a 's had n't won in four they would have prevailed in five or six or seven - the best team won this series which is more unusual than it may sound - baseball ai n't football where the good teams beat up on the bad ones - the best baseball teams win six of N games and the worst win four of N - without becoming overly contentious allow me to suggest that several recent of the world according to us as in u.s. might not have ranked no. N in many polls - that list includes last season 's the los angeles who rode a home run by kirk and two pitching performances by to a over a bothered oakland crew - these a 's however got few grades as low as b on their N report card - they led the major in regular-season wins with N and the toronto blue four games to one for the american league before their rivals - the testimony to their domination of the came from giants ' manager roger craig after his team had fallen in game three to a that tied a series record - asked what he would do differently on the craig allowed that he might play his deeper maybe on the other side of the - the a 's offensive showing in the series got an a as in - their N total bases broke a record for a four-game set and their nine home runs tied one - eight oakland players hit with dave henderson getting two both on friday - henderson the man had nine hits and set or tied four-game series marks for N and stolen bases N - the sole a not to homer was cleanup mark their regular-season leader with N and he contributed five hits plus a play on a ground ball in game three that stopped a giant rally while the issue still was in doubt - think i 'll my image get this changed to a the big first saturday night the gold bat he wears on a neck chain - even with that power show though the oakland series ' star certified by the most valuable player award was a dave stewart - he shut out the giants on five hits in game one and allowed three runs on five hits in seven friday after the break caused by the earthquake - stewart 's honor was a nice note on a couple of grounds - one was that despite his N regular-season wins over the past three seasons in the land beyond the late news he has been by his and missed out on prizes that might have been his due - the other is that he 's an oakland native and lifted residents ' spirits by his visits to areas last week - afterward as the a 's their victory with beer they with traditional champagne in to the quake victims stewart said he thought his ring would his individual - give me four or five more series with these guys and i do n't care if i ever win a young he said in reference to baseball 's award - indeed the possibility of an a 's ring cycle a was a major topic of discussion saturday so much so that the team 's general manager felt obliged to it - people change teams change he cautioned - it 's easier to get worse than better in this game - he might have added an interesting historical fact the last series sweep by the cincinnati came in N which also was the first year of baseball player free agency - it was widely predicted that free agency would allow the glamorous big market teams to the best talent but quite the opposite has occurred twelve different clubs have won titles in the N seasons since its advent - the number includes such as well oakland - the rationale for responding to your customers ' needs faster than the competition can is clear your company will benefit in terms of market share customer satisfaction and profitability - in fact managers today are probably more aware of speed as a competitive than ever before - however for many managing speed does not come naturally - most of us grew up in the makes waste and do n't cut corners ideas that seem to run counter to the concept of managing speed says dean vice president for product integrity at grumman corp - but in the real world you learn that speed and quality are not a - speed is a component of quality one of the things we must deliver to satisfy customers - companies that actually market speed as part of their service train their managers to lead and participate in teams that increase speed and improve quality in everyday operations - managers learn to spot opportunities to increase customer satisfaction through speed and shift some responsibility for analyzing improving and streamlining work processes from themselves to teams of employees - one team at the federal express ground operations station in mass. focused on a particularly operation the morning package sort - every morning trucks arrive at the ground station from boston 's airport carrying the day 's package load - in peak periods that load may include N pieces - the packages must be quickly and distributed to smaller vans for delivery so can be on the road by N - no customer is present at the morning package sort but the process is nevertheless critical to customer satisfaction - we 're committed to deliver the customer 's package by a stated time usually N notes glenn a federal express who led the team - the sooner our vans hit the road each morning the easier it is for us to fulfill that obligation - following a formula used by teams throughout federal express members of the team monitored their morning routine carefully noting where and when the work group 's resources were used effectively and where they were idle waiting for others in the process to send packages their way - we suspected there was built into our process - but we did n't know just where it was until we completed our data gathering mr. says - we used the data to our system and put our resources where they could do the most good - the team even created a points system to identify those and that were doing the most to reduce cycle time - winners of the friendly competition earn a dinner out with their spouses - monitoring shows that the team 's new system really does reduce cycle time for the morning package sort reports james chief operating officer at federal express - the vans leave at least N minutes earlier on average than they used to - and service levels have increased to the point where they 're consistently above N N - a team at union carbide 's n.y. facility which produces plants followed a similar path to reduce manufacturing cycle time - the team included from the shop floor as well as engineering scheduling and purchasing personnel reports alan director of quality - first they produced a detailing the process by which an plant actually gets built - then they identified in the process - the team determined that for were the main problem and identified which kinds of delays involved critical and which were less critical or could be handled by workers already on the line - the team then proposed modifications in their work process to management - the manufacturing process benefits our customers in at least two ways mr. concludes - first we have better quality assurance than ever because the people building the product have taken on more responsibility for the quality of their own work - second we trimmed more than a month off the time required to deliver a finished product - at grumman 's aircraft systems division a team reduced the cycle time required to produce a new business proposal for an important government contract - the team was composed of representatives from engineering manufacturing corporate estimating flight test material quality control and other departments - we needed contributions from all these departments to generate the proposal says carl manager for grumman 's combat aircraft program - but instead of gathering their input we formed the team which reached consensus on the proposal objectives and produced a statement of work to guide all the functions that were involved - armed with this shared understanding and background information each department developed its specialized contribution to the proposal data and cost estimates on a closely managed schedule - we cleared up questions and very quickly because the people who had the skills and perspective required to resolve them were part of the task team mr. explains - the team trimmed more than two months from the cycle time previously required to develop comparable proposals - the team eliminated the crisis mentality that proposal deadlines can generate - the result was a more complete and competitive proposal mr. concludes - the successes achieved at federal express union carbide and grumman suggest that managing speed may be an source of competitive advantage - managers in all three companies recognize speed as a component of quality and a key to customer satisfaction - they effectively lead team efforts to reduce cycle time - and they prepare all their people to increase the speed and improve the quality of their own work - mr. is president of a consulting firm in burlington mass - home taping of music cuts into record industry revenues but banning home taping would hurt consumers even more - that 's the conclusion of an independent report prepared by the office of technology assessment at the request of the house and senate judiciary committees - the report is to be released today - the report says the availability of such advanced recording equipment as recorders does n't seem to increase the quantity of home copying - that finding the report says doubt on the record industry 's that the new generation of digital recording equipment will inevitably lead to wholesale abuse of material by home - the longstanding position of the recording industry association of america a trade group based in washington d.c. is that record companies performers and music publishers need to be by fees on the sale of blank tapes and recording equipment to make up for royalties lost to home taping - i think it is a in the in any royalty tax proposal says gary shapiro vice president for government and legal affairs of the electronic industries association in washington - what the report shows is everything we 've been saying for the past eight or nine years that audio taping is the best thing to happen for the recording industry - the people who tape the most buy the most - a for says her organization has n't received a copy of the completed report yet and has no immediate comment - a recent agreement between the recording industry and electronics manufacturers requires that any digital audio tape or recorder sold in the u.s. have a device that restricts its ability to make second copies from tape copies of digital compact disks - but the disappointing sales of machines here and abroad so far have not seemed to warrant the three years of legal that went into the agreement - under current copyright laws it is considered fair use to material for one 's personal use or for use by one 's family or friends while copying for purposes of resale or profit is prohibited - a survey contained in the report copyright and home copying technology challenges the law found that most people consider home copying for such personal use a right a right moreover that was exercised by N N of americans over the age of N in the past year - the study says that the legal status of home copying makes it appropriate to examine the effects on consumers as well as on industry - reports by the office of technology assessment do n't any specific legislative action but suggest a range of options that congress may pursue - the study also says that advent of new communications technologies makes an explicit congressional definition of the legal status of home copying more desirable in order to reduce legal and market uncertainties and to prevent de changes to copyright law through technology and says that finding an appropriate balance of and benefits is a political decision not a technical one - switzerland 's most famous raider says he is n't one - werner k. rey believes fortunes are made by being friendly - and in little more than a decade of being friendly and at the same time the swiss business community with some and dealing the mr. rey has grown from a modest banker to a billionaire - he achieved this in part with an talent for getting his foot in the door of established european companies - his latest coup september 's of the five billion $ N billion merger between s.a. the world 's second-largest temporary employment agency and international s.a. a company - shareholders must approve the merger at general meetings of the two companies in late november - but approval is almost certain since mr. rey and a friendly management are in control - after the transaction mr. rey estimates the value of his N N stake in the new company to be held by his omni holding ag will be about N billion swiss francs - this will be his return on an original investment of between N million swiss francs and N million swiss francs - mr. rey bought a controlling stake in for N million swiss francs in N building up the engineering company with european and u.s. acquisitions - i like to succeed says mr. rey during a recent morning of working at home which he also likes - home is an estate with green opening onto lake geneva and a house whose rooms the water and offer a view of the french - in the corner of his reception room is a delicate desk high with - there is a small on the wall - magazine lists mr. rey as having a fortune of about N billion swiss francs - writes no one in switzerland ever came so far so fast - he was simply the first in this country to realize that were just lying around waiting to be picked up - in short rey found companies with weak earnings but rich assets - however the swiss financial press in general as well as many analysts have had a hard time making up their minds about mr. rey and his ways - for switzerland 's most prestigious newspaper mr. rey seems to remain the former bally raider an image that has proved hard to overcome - in N as an in the eyes of switzerland 's establishment mr. rey laid the foundations of his with an on bally the country 's traditional - sitting a banker at a in london where he was working as a financial consultant he learned that a large of bally 's shares was up for sale - looking into bally he could hardly believe what he saw a company with enormous real-estate holdings in major european cities and a market capitalization of N million swiss francs it had N employees - investing four million swiss francs earned from his financial transactions and two million swiss francs from his parents and his wife mr. rey acquired N N of bally 's shares - but such tactics were to switzerland in N and still are n't common because of share restrictions that companies are allowed to maintain - eventually mr. rey was forced to sell his bally shares to the weapons maker holding ag as establishment pressure grew on this hostile move into the swiss old boys ' network - mr. rey made N million swiss francs on the sale - bally was not an unfriendly takeover he insists - buying from willing shareholders makes an unfriendly takeover impossible mr. rey contends - i bought from willing shareholders - nevertheless mr. rey has been very careful since then to make sure his moves are welcome - and he has worked to shed his raider image - in N his career as an began with the acquisition of the swiss metals works based in - with the metals business undermined in switzerland by tough foreign competition and high domestic costs this looked like a undertaking - but mr. rey brought about a merger in the next few years between the country 's major producers the increased efficiency has up the industry - three years later machinery producer de de s.a. was to become part of the rey empire - once again the company 's future looked less than - but after restructuring under new management the profits began rolling in - a major boost to mr. rey 's respectability among the swiss came in N when he sold N N of his bank to the conservative swiss banks - they renamed it swiss and are using it to expand abroad - in N mr. rey leading publishing houses to take over switzerland 's jean ag a major producer of magazines and newspapers - and with the recent acquisition of N N of machinery manufacturer ag mr. rey has enjoyed the status of white knight - preferred him to financier whose on the company 's stock had led to a bitter battle - meanwhile as such strategic investments have mounted the arm of mr. rey 's omni holding has been buying and selling dozens of companies often after a financial or corporate restructuring - today this branch of mr. rey 's empire runs under the name offering services and handles mergers and acquisitions placement of securities and real estate - in its portfolio are such diverse companies as united air europe inc. a u.s. company that makes supermarket machines industries a u.s. manufacturer of securities systems systems inc. a u.s. regional telephone company and major real-estate projects in the u.s. and europe - for financial analysts reading omni 's accounts is a tough challenge - companies move in and out says of swiss investment - financial analysts note that mr. rey is attracted to companies that are undervalued on the basis of their real-estate interests - in august omni unexpectedly bought 's N N stake in ag of west germany a company - the internal transaction within the rey empire 's small shareholders but analysts say it makes sense for to focus on its main businesses of product inspection and temporary help - mr. rey says the move is yet another example of his - he explains that companies with real estate give security - the real estate can be used he points out as guarantees for bank loans for corporate development - he says he wants to influence but not manage companies - i do n't want to be like financier alan bond and the other - i do n't want companies to be built around me as a person - i want them to stand alone - ultimate corp. signed a letter of intent to market hewlett-packard co. minicomputers the companies said - ultimate expects the N 1\/2-year agreement to generate $ N million in sales but it would n't estimate profit - under terms of the pact ultimate a concern will market the full line of N series N minicomputers - hewlett-packard is based in palo alto calif - in the second step of a reorganization that began earlier this year boeing co. said it will create a defense and space group to consolidate several divisions - meanwhile boeing officials and representatives of the machinists union met separately last night with a federal mediator in an attempt to break the strike that has shut the aerospace giant 's assembly lines at a time when it has an $ N billion backlog of jetliner orders - the two sides were scheduled to meet with the mediator this morning - machinists already have rejected a package that would provide a N N pay raise plus bonuses over the three-year life of the contract - boeing has said repeatedly it wo n't expand its offer and the machinists have responded that the offer is n't good enough - however the resolve of some of the striking N machinists might be weakening - about N signed last week calling for boeing and machinists representatives to schedule new meetings - the two sides had n't met since oct. N - while boeing 's commercial business is booming its military business is feeling the effects of a declining defense budget after a strong buildup during the reagan presidency - in may the company consolidated its aerospace and electronics groups the new defense and space group will contain the aerospace and electronics division and advanced systems both based in the seattle area boeing in philadelphia boeing military airplanes in wichita kan. and in sunnyvale calif - b. dan president of boeing aerospace and electronics will become president of the new group which will become operational jan. N - in addition boeing said it also will all its work in wichita into military and commercial divisions - all of the changes will reduce its overhead and streamline operations boeing said - analysts agreed - it 's a further step to better returns in the hemorrhaging defense business said steven an analyst with bear stearns & co. in new york - they had to do it - howard an analyst with lawrence morgan grenfell inc. in new york said the shift reflects boeing confidence in mr. described by mr. as an expert on doing business with the military - his side of the business has been successful in a tough environment mr. said - a two-day meeting of representatives of cocom the group that oversees exports of sensitive goods to communist countries did n't take any decisions on trimming the list of items under controls - nor did it ease restrictions on exports to poland and hungary according to u.s. officials who attended the talks - the u.s. had been under pressure from several cocom members especially france west germany and italy to ease restrictions on some types of machine tools which those countries argued were now widely available to east bloc countries from members - for several years some european countries have complained that cocom lists and restrictions served more to their trade than to add to western security - some countries also have been pressing for special treatment for hungary and poland as they move toward more democratic rule just as special treatment had been agreed on for china - but u.s. officials said representatives at the meeting decided that this was a matter for further discussion at future meetings - they added that all of us cocom members look at the changes in hungary and poland in a positive way but a question of this scope deserves further discussion and study - the officials also said the meeting agreed to continue treating china as a special case despite the recent repression of dissent there but to offer no further concessions - the u.s. officials said that despite the rapid changes under way in eastern europe and the soviet union all the cocom members agreed on the continuing need for this organization which was founded N years ago at the start of the cold war - the officials said the meeting agreed to continue working toward streamlining cocom 's restricted products list and to improve procedures for companies that do n't comply with the export restrictions - the officials said this meeting put in motion procedural steps that would speed up both of these functions but that no specific decisions were taken on either matter - unisys corp. 's announcement friday of a $ N million loss for the third quarter showed that the company is moving even faster than expected to take write-offs on its various problems and prepare for a turnaround next year - at the same time the sheer size of the loss coupled with a slowing of orders made some securities analysts wonder just how strong that turnaround will be at the computer maker and concern - unisys is getting clobbered - just clobbered said weil an analyst at weil & associates who had once been high on the company - the quarter was terrible and the future looks anything but encouraging - unisys whose revenue inched up N N in the quarter to $ N billion from $ N billion in the year-earlier quarter had an operating loss of about $ N million - on top of that the blue bell pa. concern took a $ N million charge related to the layoffs of N employees - that is at the high end of the range of N to N employees that unisys said a month ago would be laid off - unisys said that should help it save $ N million a year in costs again at the high end of the previously reported range of $ N million to $ N million - the company also took a write-off of $ N million to cover losses on some fixed-price defense contracts as some new managers took a hard look at the prospects for that business - in addition unisys set up an unspecified reserve apparently $ N million to $ N million to cover the minimum amount it will have to pay the government because of its involvement in the scandal - unisys also noted that it paid $ N million in taxes during the quarter even though tax payments normally would be minimal in a quarter that produced such a big loss - the tax payments will leave unisys with $ N million in loss that will cut tax payments in future quarters - in addition unisys said it reduced computer inventories a further $ N million during the quarter leaving it within $ N million of its goal of a reduction of $ N million by the end of the year - still unisys said its european business was weak during the quarter a worrisome sign given that the company has relied on solid results overseas to overcome weakness in the u.s. over the past several quarters - the company also reported slower growth in another important business systems that use the unix operating system - that would be a huge problem if it were to continue because unisys is betting its business on the assumption that customers want to move away from using operating systems that run on only one manufacturer 's equipment and toward systems mainly unix that work on almost anyone 's machines - in addition unisys must deal with its increasingly debt load - debt has risen to around $ N billion or about N N of total capitalization - that means unisys must pay about $ N million in interest every quarter on top of $ N million in dividends on preferred stock - jim unisys 's president said he is approaching next year with caution - he said the strength of the world-wide economy is suspect and does n't see much revenue growth in the cards - he also said that the price wars up in parts of the computer industry will continue through next year - he said the move toward standard operating systems means customers are n't locked into buying from their traditional computer supplier and can force prices down - that he said is why unisys is its whole business it needs to prepare for a world in which profit margins will be lower than computer companies have been used to - we 've approached this not as a response to a temporary condition in the industry but as a fundamental change the industry is going through mr. said - the industry is still going to be a business and we 're confident that we have tremendous assets as a company - but we do n't minimize the challenges of the near term - securities analysts were even more cautious having been burned repeatedly on unisys this year - some had predicted earnings of more than $ N a share for this year up from last year 's fully diluted $ N a share on earnings of $ N million - but the company said friday that it had losses of $ N million through the first nine months compared with earnings a year earlier of $ N million or $ N a share fully diluted as revenue inched up N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - and unisys is expected to do little better than break even in the fourth quarter - so steve at first boston said he is cutting his earnings estimate for next year to $ N a share from $ N - i was feeling like i was too high to begin with he said - mr. weil of weil & associates said he will remain at $ N a share for next year but said he whether even that low target is at risk - the break-even point for next year is much lower but is it low enough he asked - reflecting the concern unisys stock fell a further N cents to $ N in composite trading friday on the new york stock exchange - if a tv gets facing the camera again after a questionable forecast donald h. straszheim surely understands - the chief economist of merrill lynch & co. finds himself in such a position as he the midwest on his first road trip since on a major prediction - mr. straszheim expects he will take some heat and he 's right - since the last time he traveled this way several months ago he has a series of bold forecasts of a recession - in february N for example merrill lynch 's weekly commentary announced that the economy is likely to fall into recession in early N - the forecasts were widely and in a ad campaign launched in the summer of N merrill lynch urged investors to buy bonds - it said long-term interest rates then above N N could drop to N N by the end of N so bonds which benefit from falling rates would be a good buy - the firm also raised the percentage of bonds in its model portfolio from N N to N N and later to N N - but this september just when many market economists including some at merrill lynch believed that mr. straszheim was about to be proved right he took a if not a - he the talk about a recession - now in fact he is predicting economic growth of N N this year and N N next year a more optimistic outlook than the consensus of some four dozen top surveyed by blue chip economic indicators newsletter - and just recently merrill lynch cut the recommended back to N N - while such changes might sound minor they are n't merrill lynch manages or oversees some $ N billion in retail accounts that include everything from mutual funds to individual annuities - two well-known colleagues who believe mr. straszheim was right the first time are david jr. and a. gary both of whom run their own new york research firms - mr. said in august that his index signaled recession - mr. who was merrill lynch 's chief economist from N to N has a recession for months - my own personal opinion is that don threw in the towel just about the time he should have doubled his bet he says - now a rocky stock market and weak corporate profits may further threaten the economy - and mr. straszheim conceded after a recent drop in manufacturing jobs that it may prove to be the case that we got that we pulled the recession forecast at just the wrong time - he adds that 's the forecasting business - however risky the business it 's brisk these days - by bosses brokers clients and media people and pushed by their own wall street economists are forecasting about everything from broad economic trends to the monthly indicator - but the surprisingly durable seven-year economic expansion has made of more than one forecast - this is n't the quiet economic science practiced in the universities - this is the commercial version - carrying the new message on the road mr. straszheim meets confrontation that often occurs in proportion to the size of the client - no sophisticated professional expects economists to be right all the time - some smaller clients do n't seem to notice his switch - but with some clients the talk can heat up a bit - dennis o'brien the treasurer of commonwealth edison co. in chicago a approach waiting for an opportunity to ask about the forecast - a good half-hour into breakfast at the palmer house mr. o'brien looks up from his plate after mr. straszheim says something about people who believe interest rates are about to - i 'm one of them who hope they will with $ N billion in debt on the books - is that the forecast mr. o'brien asks trying to down the economist - he does n't fully succeed although mr. straszheim lists an array of interest-rate scenarios - in a conference room at alliance capital management in minneapolis in contrast the firm 's money managers seem ready to mr. straszheim to the wall - alfred harrison the manager mr. straszheim 's back at him do we want to go through this - or can we ask you why you changed your forecast just when it 's about to be right - in his chair mr. straszheim replies that the new outlook though still weak does n't justify calling a recession right now - it 's all in this you do n't want to look at - we could still have a recession at some point - one of mr. straszheim 's themes is that the state of the economy is n't a simple black or white - sometimes like now it 's gray - this assessment moves one alliance portfolio manager to ask so what is this a recession - another challenges merrill lynch 's bond recommendation last year - we 're not running that ad campaign any more mr. straszheim in a rare show of - he adds i think it was a fairly decent call - explaining his change of mind mr. straszheim says later it 's hard to this on one factor - he says the economy and especially the employment numbers look much better than he expected interest rates have generally declined inflation has n't run - our business is constantly looking at all these things he says - his new forecast calls for a soft landing - and it may be right judging from last week 's report that inflation-adjusted gross national product rose at a N N annual rate in the third quarter - mr. understands mr. straszheim 's problems - there 's pressure on economists to forecast these numbers he says - you make a forecast and then you become its prisoner - it is indeed hard to back away from a widely publicized forecast and mr. straszheim is with the on this trip - his approach to the is direct but - for some time we had forecast negative third and fourth-quarter growth - we pulled that forecast he begins in a meeting with & inc. officials in minneapolis the first stop - crane co. said it holds an N N stake in milton roy corp. an maker and may seek control of the company - crane a maker of engineered products for aerospace construction defense and other uses made the disclosure in a securities and exchange commission filing - in the filing crane said that in the past it considered seeking control of milton roy of st. fla. through a merger or tender offer and that it expects to continue to evaluate an acquisition from time to time - crane officials did n't return phone calls seeking comment - crane holds N milton roy shares including N bought from sept. N to thursday for $ N to $ N each - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday milton roy shares leaped $ N to $ N each while crane sank $ N to $ N a share - john m. chief financial officer of milton roy said the company has no comment on crane 's filing - milton roy recently off unsolicited from corp. a mass. maker of products - milton roy disclosed in may that it was approached for a possible acquisition by which agreed to purchase milton roy 's line for $ N million in february - acquired some N N of milton roy 's common stock before throwing in the towel and reducing its stake in early september - group began raising its milton roy stake in july and holds N N according to a recent sec filing - it has n't made merger to the board - earlier this month milton roy signed a letter of intent to acquire automated custom systems inc. orange calif. and its sister operation environmental testing co. in - the companies are concerns - under the terms milton roy will pay an initial $ N million for the operations and additional payments during the next four years based on the earnings performance of the businesses - in the nine months milton roy earned $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N million - last week the british displayed unusual political - the chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson resigned because prime minister thatcher would not fire her trusted adviser sir alan walters - the opposition labor party leader neil in a display of the male typical of the british lower class denounced mrs. thatcher for having an independent mind and refusing to the men in her cabinet - the british press making a mountain out of a an unnecessary economic crisis by portraying mrs. thatcher as an who had thrown economic policy into confusion by driving a respected figure from her government - behind the silly lies a real dispute - mr. lawson and his colleagues want the british pound formally tied to the west german mark - sir alan considers this an and costly policy - as there is an effort to the dollar either to gold or other currencies the dispute is worth - until his resignation mr. lawson had been conducting british monetary policy as if the pound were tied to the mark - when mrs. thatcher cut the top tax rate to N N mr. lawson flooded the country with money to prevent the pound from rising against the mark - as a result he the inflation that mrs. thatcher through a long and costly effort had subdued - with inflation surging the pound began falling against the mark - to keep the exchange rate pegged mr. lawson tightened monetary policy and pushed interest rates up to N N - this doubled the mortgage interest rates of the many new homeowners that mrs. thatcher 's policies had created producing widespread and pushing labor ahead in the polls - instead of his mistake in letting the exchange rate dominate both british economic policy and mrs. thatcher 's political fortune mr. lawson pushed for the pound formally to the mark by entering the european monetary system which subordinates all member currencies to german monetary policy - this put mrs. thatcher in a - the concept of european integration is one of those grand schemes that appeal to intellectuals the media and the but are full of practical - if the pound had been tied to the mark the british would have been unable to cut their tax rates - the reason is simple - when a country cuts tax rates it makes itself more attractive to investors and drives up the value of its currency - it was fear of disturbing ems exchange-rate relationships that caused the government in france to be about cutting tax rates - the finance minister at the time was sold on the policy but was concerned that his government would be criticized as for disturbing the linked european currency relationship - the price of attracting capital whether one 's own or that of foreigners is a trade deficit - to avoid this deficit mr. lawson inflated the pound in order to prevent its rise - this policy could not prevent a british trade deficit - consequently mr. lawson mrs. thatcher with a record trade deficit renewed inflation and high interest rates three political failures in a row - little wonder that mrs. thatcher 's opponents were so anxious to keep mr. lawson in office - it is extraordinary that the british treasury thought it could prevent a trade deficit by the pound - the british statistics show that after the top tax rate was cut to N N the flow abroad of british capital slowed to N billion pounds $ N billion at the current rate in N from N billion pounds in N - this change in the british capital account required an offsetting change in the trade account a change that could not be prevented by the currency - nigel lawson was a victim of the confusion in thought that has been characteristic of western financial circles during the 1980s - the most important governments have ignored the role of low tax rates in attracting real capital investment instead financial flows in response to high interest rates - this has led them in a and policy circle - first comes monetary expansion to drive down the currency 's value that was pushed up by reduction - then when the currency falls interest rates are raised to attract financial flows in order to stabilize the exchange rate - this policy is totally and sir alan is correct to point out its deficiencies - britain and all of europe need to reconsider the prospects for european integration in light of the possible reunification and of germany - a unified germany that remained within the western alliance would give germany such an position that all other members of a unified europe would become of the german state - unless the soviet union german reunification is likely to require germany 's - the implications for britain france and the rest of europe of having their currencies tied to the economic policy of a neutral country need considering before we judge mr. lawson 's resignation to be unfortunate - in the least we must recognize the of trying to use exchange-rate intervention to offset the effects of reduction on capital flows - mr. roberts was assistant treasury secretary under president reagan - joseph p. jordan N years old becomes president chief executive officer and a director of the bank company - mr. jordan formerly president and chief executive of national bank in n.y. succeeds donald broderick who died at N in an automobile accident - personal spending which fueled the economy 's growth in the third quarter was clearly slowing by the end of the period raising questions about the economy 's strength as the year ends - personal spending grew N N in september to a $ N trillion annual rate the commerce department said - it was the smallest monthly increase in a year - at the same time personal income was held down by the effects of hurricane hugo which through parts of north and south carolina in late september - the department said personal income rose N N in september to a $ N trillion rate but would have climbed N N had it not been for the storm - among the economic effects of the hurricane was a sharp drop in rental income - the figures came a day after the government released a report showing that consumer spending propelled u.s. economic expansion in the third quarter while on an inflation-adjusted basis business investment slowed government spending declined and exports were flat - but the new statistics show that by september the burst in spending seemed to be off - many economists expect the weakness to continue - i think the consumer has pretty well played himself out said david senior economist at manufacturers national bank of detroit - i do n't think there 's a lot in the wings in other sectors of the economy to keep growth above N N he said - in the third quarter the economy grew at a moderate N N annual rate - in august personal income rose N N and spending grew N N - analysts have attributed much of the summer 's in spending to bargain car prices at the end of the model year - car sales in september after the N models were introduced - according to the commerce department report spending on durable goods items expected to last at least three years including cars declined by $ N billion - the nation 's savings rate was unchanged in september at N N of after-tax income far below the N N it reached in july - all the figures are adjusted for seasonal variations - here is the commerce department 's latest report on personal income - the figures are at seasonally adjusted annual rates in of dollars - ltd. said it agreed to sell a N N stake in its coal mine in the state of new south to mitsubishi development of japan - the price was n't disclosed - the agreement is subject to government approval - acquired the coal mine oct. N when it bought british petroleum co. 's australian coal interests for $ N million - said then that it was looking for a partner for the mine which produces more than three million metric tons of coal a year - is by corp. of britain - control data corp. which just months ago was hemorrhaging financially thinks it will be healthy enough soon to consider public debt - moreover the company whose approach nearly proved fatal now sees alliances with others as the way back to prosperity in what it calls the data solutions business - i 'm not saying everything is but we have completed the transition robert m. price chairman and chief executive said in an interview - transition is a reference to the company 's five-year restructuring effort - during that time control data had losses of more than $ N billion - now following asset sales that shrank revenue by more than one-third this year alone control data is flush with cash - so its senior executives are talking openly about possibly buying back some of the company 's $ N million in subordinated convertible debentures next year - we 'd like to continue to reduce debt president lawrence perlman said - noting that the company is offering to buy back $ N million in senior notes paying N N N he said the response will help determine future efforts - the offer was automatically triggered by the recent sale of control data 's disk-drive business to seagate technology inc - mr. perlman who is also acting chief financial officer and the favorite to become the next chief executive said the company is modest positive cash flow from operations and we expect that to continue into N - he said the company has no intention of its short-term bank lines for a good part of N - sometime next year control data will develop a new bank relationship mr. perlman said - in recent months a group of lenders led by bank of america has extended control data up to $ N million in revolving loans through january as well as $ N million in letters of credit - loan require that the company achieve specified levels of operating earnings and meet a rolling profitability test - last week control data reported third-quarter earnings of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - through the first nine months the company had a loss of $ N million largely reflecting the closing of its supercomputer unit - while a few assets are still being including the sports and entertainment portion of the company 's unit mr. price said future restructuring would be a question of strategy - we do n't need the cash - 's automated business which operates in a half dozen states is not for sale the company said - rather mr. perlman said control data intends to bid for the coming minnesota contract and is seeking new applications for the technology overseas where there is great interest in games of - he would n't elaborate - control data 's semiconductor business inc. continues to lose money the executives acknowledged but they said they consider some of the technology vital to national defense and so are reluctant to of it - the company 's strategy for keeping its computer products business profitable it recently achieved profitability after several quarters of losses calls for a narrow focus and a lid on expenses - partly costs will be held down through strategic technology alliances management said - control data recently announced an agreement with mips computer systems inc. to jointly develop machines with operating software - james e. computer products group president said such arrangements could help slash control data 's computer research and development costs in half by the end of N - he disclosed that before control data scrapped its systems inc. supercomputer business this past spring those costs were running at nearly N N of group revenue - at the same time four of six design projects were he said - asked how the company hopes to expand its computer hardware business mr. said it sees good opportunities in systems integration - we think we 're getting only N N of the integration dollars our customers are spending he said - we 're in environments that are going to spend a lot of money on that - control data mainframes are designed for intensive computing users such as the scientific engineering and academic communities - utilities management is a major commercial niche - reviewing the company 's with disaster mr. price conceded it had tried to do too much on its own - absolutely he said - but while its stock is selling at about half control data 's estimated breakup value neither messrs. perlman nor price said he spends much time considering the possibility of a hostile takeover - we 've been listed as a candidate for so long it 's not worth worrying about said mr. price - well the arrogant east coast media have spoken again going for the green editorial oct. N - having in the great state of california for the past seven years i find it hard to ignore our environmental problems when i start my commute to work with eyes and head from the air when i try to enjoy the and come home covered with and oil when i hear of numerous deaths related to irresponsible processing of and use of chemicals in fruit growing - perhaps it 's entertaining for those like you to discount the concerns of environmentalists suggesting that their initiatives are and referring to so many citizens as activists - strange that we do n't hear similar criticisms of the east coast activists who seek to clean up boston harbor or rid their of medical waste - while there are no easy low-cost solutions simply ignoring our problems will result in their increasing and spreading throughout the state the nation and the world - if nothing else such initiatives as these will provide an awareness to citizens and lawmakers and encourage appropriate action - before your next editorial please spend more time out here the situation it just may change your view - john barry calif - i realize you were just looking for something to say about california and its environmental movement but picking frank lloyd wright to say it for you was a bad call - wright 's organic architecture demonstrated a keen to the environment decades before it became fashionable among activists - indeed wright said all his life that the greatest he learned were derived from the study of nature - obviously it 's lost on you that about N N of the american people these days and in fact the president of the united states consider themselves environmentalists - as for california being a state run by liberal environmental let 's not forget where ronald reagan came from - perhaps mr. reagan who claimed that air pollution is caused by trees is the man you should be to back up your position that economics is more important than the earth - but it was frank lloyd wright who said is this not - the that knows no god but more - robert santa calif - your editorial was and neatly matched by the readers ' comments in letters to the editor scaring on the side of caution - the and of john h. adams 's comments for the national resources defense council fully justifies your of california 's greens in particular as activists - we may all hope that california 's voters will the scientific realities that their own university 's prof. tom provides them and ignore the by their wealthy hollywood - i have a different approach to offer not only to californians but to all americans - in a free country the law should restrict citizens as little as is consistent with good and public safety - would-be should have the burden of proving reasonable necessity when they urge a prohibition for enactment into law - w. brown jr warsaw va - the N airlines in the international air transport association last year posted group net profit of $ N billion on revenue of $ N billion - according to the association 's annual report scheduled to be released today in warsaw members have n't posted such a strong performance since the late 1970s - revenue last year increased by more than N N over N and net income nearly tripled from restated year-earlier net of $ N million - the group attributed the strong results to the favorable economic climate rising demand for air travel and improved average yield revenue received per ton of traffic a - airlines carried N million passengers last year N N more than in N - but the distance while carrying people increased N N in N - the association said that lack of airport and air space capacity is the biggest problem facing the airline industry - the kgb has abolished a unit known for the government newspaper said - the newspaper quoted kgb chairman a. as saying the definition of crimes had narrowed the laws had changed and people no longer have to fear a simple slip of the - mr. was quoted as saying that in place of the a new unit would work to the of foreign intelligence services to create and use organized groups in our country - czechoslovakia has restricted exports to neighbor countries because of massive buying out of food by tourists from poland hungary and the soviet union the daily said - rising inflation in poland and hungary makes food clothing and shoes relatively cheap for visitors from these countries - the paper gave no details of what the restrictions would but said the measures were necessary to protect the domestic market - west germany 's biggest union ig metall said it is ready to back demands for more pay and shorter hours with strikes against the nation 's automotive steel and engineering industries - its chairman told the union to prepare for the worst in next year 's confrontation with employers over a new three-year wage deal - a major goal is to cut the working week to N hours from the present N - last week came news of alarm in venice over a plan to tap gas fields off the city 's coast - now comes word from a scientist that over the next century venice will sink nearly three times faster than the present rate because of the greenhouse effect - global warming means higher which will lower venice by another N inches in the next N years giovanni of the the new venice consortium said - the consortium of scientists and companies was set up by italy to help preserve the city of - venice has N inches in this century - west germany 's said it will establish a mail-order operation with two local partners in the soviet union next year - saying this is a first for a western company west germany 's largest mail-order group said the newly established company is scheduled to begin operations in february N - will initially only send the textile and clothing section of the catalog translated into russian to soviet customers who have access to convertible currency - the european community commission has imposed provisional duties on imports of south korean sets - saying that a surge in imports had damaged ec producers ' profits and led to job losses the commission imposed a duty of N N on tvs made by daewoo a duty of N N on co. N N on and N N on tvs made by other south korean producers - the commission said that ec television producers lost important market shares and suffered an pressure on prices because of the korean companies ' marketing and pricing policies which it said were in clear violation of international trade rules - in other news concerning south korea 's television industry signed an agreement with the organization of the soviet union to swap korean television sets and videocassette recorders for iron from the soviet union - south korea and the soviet union have no diplomatic relations but exchanged trade offices earlier this year - sri where more than N people have died in six years of ethnic turmoil said it will ban sex and violence from state-owned television next year - many programs we have now come from the west and are not suitable to our culture a government minister said - a star attraction on the national network is the u.s. 's - a poll of south koreans showed overwhelming opposition to efforts to curb consumption just because it foreigners - broad inc. said it doubled its regular quarterly dividend to five cents a share from N cents on common and to N cents a share N cents on class b stock payable nov. N to holders of record nov. N - the financial services company emerged from the restructuring of & broad inc. which spun off its subsidiary into & broad home corp. earlier this year and changed its name to broad inc - for the fiscal year ended sept. N chairman eli broad said he expected earnings results to analysts ' estimates which the company said have been revised upward to N cents a share - this would compare with an estimated loss of N cents a share for the comparable N months last year which included restructuring costs - if this battle were a movie the producers would be fighting over two scripts with nothing but an opening scene in common - in the sony corp. would agree to buy columbia pictures entertainment inc. in a transaction valued at close to $ N billion - shortly after that sony would offer to buy guber-peters entertainment co. for $ N million and offer its peter guber and jon peters the chance to run columbia - mr. peters would fly to new york with the intention of telling warner communications inc. chairman steven j. ross that guber-peters planned to end its five-year contract to produce movies exclusively for warner - that 's where the two scripts would - in affidavits filed in los angeles superior court in connection with the $ N billion suit warner brought against sony for hiring the two producers mr. guber and mr. peters tell one story - warner tells another - in the affidavits mr. peters says he was shocked when mr. ross refused a meeting and made it clear he would stop them - mr. peters claims he reminded mr. ross that robert daly and terry semel the top executives of the warner brothers studio had repeatedly agreed that we had every right to accept an offer such as sony 's - in response mr. peters says mr. ross referred to his colleagues at warner with an and said tell them that they do n't have a job - you can take them with you - warner denies mr. ross ever said any such thing and in fact denies virtually everything mr. guber and mr. peters say in their affidavits - tomorrow warner will file another batch of documents that the of everything these guys are saying is basically lies says warner 's chief outside counsel stuart - thursday a judge is scheduled to rule on warner 's motion seeking to block the guber-peters duo from going to columbia - the battery of legal documents filed in the past week in connection with the suit provide a into the inner workings of this hollywood - but they also make it clear that the first thing a judge will have to decide is which if any version of events in this is and which fact - the matter may never even be tried in court - warner says that what it really wants is for the producers to fulfill their obligations but the of this battle and the accusations flying on both sides make it unlikely that the relationship between warner and its two most producers can ever be repaired - warner which is in the process of with time warner inc. says it is willing to settle the matter out of court - so far however sony has n't been willing to meet its considerable financial demands - mr. guber and mr. peters do n't have much to gain from a battle - sony for its part could decide that the cost of a warner settlement or court fight is too high choosing instead to find someone else to run columbia although that too would be costly given the financial arrangement already guaranteed to mr. guber and mr. peters - in that case mr. guber and mr. peters might not suffer financially but they would be left without their dream job of running a studio and with a considerably relationship with warner - at the center of any court fight will be the of the written contract between warner and the two producers but other issues will play a big role - sony and the guber-peters team are hanging much of their case on warner 's willingness last year to release the producers from another contract and on an oral agreement they say allowed them to terminate the current written contract if the opportunity to run a major studio came up - warner denies such an agreement was made and disputes the guber-peters version of virtually every telephone call and meeting the two sides had on the matter - just how the relationship has become is clear from the versions of the two sides ' current business dealings - mr. guber and mr. peters say in their affidavits that warner already is taking steps to freeze them out of their projects at warner notably the film and cash - mr. peters says in his affidavit that the movie 's staff was told last week that warner was taking over the picture and another producer would be giving all of the orders - over his objections mr. peters says the film 's release date was moved up by many months to december and plans for a worth millions of dollars were dropped - de la an editor on the film backs mr. peters in a separate sworn declaration - mr. de la says warner brothers production president mark canton called him oct. N and said mr. peters is off the picture - if he calls you up just tell him everything is fine - the editor also says the new producer on the film bruce told editors to screen the picture without telling stars and kurt russell or mr. peters - the less they know the easier it is for us - if someone asks just lie and tell them it will be done mr. de la says mr. told them - that says warner 's mr. is a total N N lie - the movie he says is in its stages of cleaning up the film - he says mr. peters and mr. guber as the producers with rights have been invited to and to give their input on the film - dozens of guber-peters staffers are still working on the warner lot and consulting on various projects on a daily basis the attorney says - mr. guber in his affidavit says that when he advised warner president terry semel of the sony offer at lunch on sept. N mr. semel and me and expressed that we had finally realized our long-term of running and having an equity position in a major entertainment company - mr. guber says he brought to lunch a release document warner had agreed to in N when he and mr. peters made an aborted bid to buy part of mgm\/ua entertainment co. to run the mgm studio - mr. guber says he had crossed out mgm with a red and written in columbia giving the document to mr. semel - mr. semel said absolutely nothing to indicate warner would have any to our assuming management positions at columbia mr. guber says - mr. semel in his affidavit does n't mention any or - he says he told mr. guber he could n't sign any documents and that the deal although apparently a good one for him and mr. peters would have a very negative impact on warner - he said he would contact mr. ross and warner brothers chairman robert daly and that in a conference call the three agreed they could n't let the producers out of their contract - mr. ross in his own affidavit says he and mr. daly instructed mr. semel to tell the producers warner would n't terminate their agreement - mr. guber says that mr. semel did convey that information and that mr. semel said mr. ross was crazy because of the time deal meaning mr. guber says that mr. ross did not want to to his new merger partner time inc. that warner 's agreements provided for our departure under these circumstances - mr. guber also says in his affidavit that mr. daly told us that even if sony did not want us warner 's relationship with us already was damaged that there was no way to put the egg together and that it would sue sony for tons of money - moreover mr. guber claims mr. semel told him that mr. ross probably would n't object if it were anybody other than sony - but sony is a problem - the guber-peters side has said warner is particularly concerned about the prospect of a huge japanese company controlling important segments of the u.s. entertainment business - some in hollywood suggest mr. guber and mr. peters took encouragement from warner studio executives such as mr. semel and mr. canton too literally - according to this theory warner executives hoping to strengthen their relationships with the producers encouraged mr. guber and mr. peters in their ambitions to build a major entertainment company - but the warner executives in their affidavits deny ever telling the producers they could get out of their written contract - mr. the warner attorney says the studio still wants the producers to come back and fulfill their contract - they are like a they have N projects in development for warner he says - but mr. guber indicates in his affidavit that not all of the projects will be used - for example he says that since N he and mr. peters have developed over N movie projects and warner has passed or chosen not to produce at least N - as for the projects remaining at warner mr. guber says mr. semel informed me that warner 's producers have already started a feeding frenzy for our projects - co. said it has acquired a georgia cable television company and a massachusetts publishing firm - terms on both deals were n't disclosed - the media company said it purchased cable usa inc. a privately held cable television system in county ga. a suburb of atlanta - the system is still under construction and will serve a market of N homes - the company also has acquired publishers and distributors inc. a family owned producer and distributor of educational materials in mass - despite politicians ' about the federal budget the government ended fiscal N with a $ N billion deficit about the same as the two previous years - even white house budget director richard darman had trouble finding a silver in the report - i you could say the good news is that the deficits are not heading up he said but you ca n't be satisfied with deficits at this level and we 're not - the federal deficit was $ N billion in N and $ N billion in N - the N deficit would have been nearly $ N billion larger had the government been able to spend as much as congress intended on cleaning up the thrift industry before the year ended on sept. N - because the resolution trust corp could n't spend the money fast enough the savings-and-loan outlays were pushed into fiscal N - nevertheless the N deficit still exceeded the $ N billion target set by the gramm-rudman deficit-reduction law by $ N billion a reminder of that law 's - the law sets a deficit target of $ N billion for fiscal N - a fight over cutting capital-gains taxes has slowed the progress of N deficit-reduction legislation almost to a halt triggering across-the-board spending cuts under the gramm-rudman law - the white house and the democratic leadership in congress blame each other for turning capital-gains taxes into such a divisive issue this year - neither side showed any sign of retreating - meeting with reporters friday mr. darman again said he would rather live with across-the-board spending cuts than accept a deficit-reduction bill like the one passed by the house which would increase spending in future years - the size of the deficits of the past few years the treasury report showed that for the first time interest paid on the public debt $ N billion exceeded spending on social security the single largest government program - in all federal outlays amounted to $ N trillion in N up N N from the previous year the treasury said - federal revenues rose N N to $ N billion - the treasury said a surge in tax receipts noted earlier in the year did n't turn out to be quite as strong as it first appeared - the treasury marked up its forecast by $ N million in july but that proved to be about $ N billion too optimistic - the government ran a deficit of $ N billion in september compared with a surplus of $ N billion in september N - outlays for the month totaled $ N billion up from $ N billion a year earlier - the increase reflects spending on the s&l rescue as well as payroll and social security checks normally issued in october that were issued in september this year because oct. N fell on a sunday - revenues were $ N billion up from $ N billion a year earlier - cms energy corp. said it would begin paying a quarterly dividend the company 's first since N - consumers power co. now the main unit of cms energy ran into financial problems over its $ N billion midland nuclear plant which was abandoned as a nuclear facility in N because of construction delays and high costs - cms is nearly done converting the midland plant to a facility at a cost of $ N million - cms management said thursday that they planned to recommend paying a modest dividend when the board of directors met friday - the dividend will be paid nov. N to shares of record nov. N - the company suffered a loss of $ N million in N but its financial situation has been improving since then - humana inc. said it expects to receive about $ N million in federal income-tax refunds and interest from a court ruling on a tax dispute - the health-care company said it expects the refund to be included in the first quarter ending nov. N - the refund is about $ N million - accrued interest on the refund was about $ N million as of oct. N - the refund stems from a court ruling that found certain payments by humana subsidiaries to its insurance subsidiary during fiscal N through N were deductible as premiums for liability insurance - polly peck international inc. 's agreement to acquire N N of sansui electric co. proves that foreign companies can acquire japanese companies if the alternative for the japanese company is - polly peck a fast-growing british conglomerate will pay N billion yen $ N million for N million new shares of sansui a well-known maker of audio equipment that failed to adjust to changing market conditions - japanese government officials eager to foreign criticism of japanese investments overseas hailed the transaction as proof foreigners can make similar investments in japan - polly peck 's chairman the official japanese view of the accord which was announced friday - the that japan is not open to concerns from outside has i think been at a mr. said - but analysts say sansui is a special case - it expects to post a loss of N billion yen for the year ending tomorrow and its liabilities currently exceed its assets by about N billion yen - if you find sound healthy companies in japan they are not for sale said george a at tokyo-based asia advisory services inc - statistics on acquisitions by foreigners vary in detail because unlike sansui which is listed on the tokyo and osaka stock exchanges most of the japanese companies acquired by foreigners are privately held - but by all accounts foreign companies have bought only a relative handful of japanese companies this year while japanese companies have acquired hundreds of foreign companies - nor do analysts expect the sansui deal to touch off a fresh wave of foreign purchases - if the strong yen and the high stock prices of japanese companies were n't enough of between friendly japanese companies and fiercely independent japanese corporate attitudes most would-be - usually when a japanese company is ready to sell it has few alternatives remaining and the grim of sansui 's directors at a joint news conference here left little doubt that this was not the company 's hour - sansui was once one of japan 's premier makers of expensive high-quality stereo gear for - but in recent years the market has moved toward less expensive sets and and software players that could be on top of each other - some of sansui 's fellow companies such as co. and pioneer electric corp. responded to the challenge by quickly bringing out products of their own by moving heavily into the booming compact disk businesses or by diversifying into other fields including laser disks or portable players - sansui was late into the business and failed to branch into other new businesses - as the yen soared in recent years sansui 's financial problems became a vicious circle - while competitors moved production offshore in response to the sagging competitiveness of japanese factories sansui lacked the money to build new plants in southeast asia - our company has not been able to cope very effectively with changes in the marketplace said sansui 's president - but even a japanese company that looks like a dog may turn out to be a good investment for a foreign concern some management consultants maintain - a management consultant for & hamilton japan inc. said his firm will likely be recommending acquisitions of japanese companies more often to foreign clients in the future - attitudes toward being acquired are still negative but they 're becoming more positive mr. said - in some industries like pharmaceuticals acquisitions make sense - whether polly peck 's acquisition makes sense remains to be seen but at the news conference mr. with that he can turn sansui around - sansui he said is a perfect fit for polly peck 's electronics operations which make videocassette recorders and other products on an original equipment maker basis for sale under other companies ' brand names - he said polly peck will greatly expand sansui 's product line using sansui 's engineers to design the new products and will move sansui 's production of most products other than sophisticated audio gear offshore into polly peck 's own factories - whatever capital it sansui needs so it can compete and become a totally global entity capable of competing with the best in the world that capital will be mr. said - and while polly peck is n't the structure of sansui it is bringing in a former toshiba corp. executive as executive vice president and chief operating officer - such risk taking is an everyday matter for the mr. who is N N owner of polly peck as well as its chairman - he took polly peck once a small fabric and used it at as a base to build a conglomerate that has been doubling its profits annually since N - in september it announced plans to acquire the business of rjr nabisco inc. 's del monte foods unit for # N million $ N million - last month polly peck posted a N N jump in pretax profit for the first half to # N million from # N million on a N N rise in sales - s. in london contributed to this article - the bolstered cellular agreement between bellsouth corp. and lin broadcasting corp. carries heightened risks and could fail to fend off mccaw cellular communications inc. the rival suitor for lin - moreover the amended pact shows how mccaw 's has pushed lin and bellsouth into a corner forcing huge debt on the proposed new company - the debt estimated at $ N billion could mortgage the cellular company 's future earning power in order to some lin holders in the short term - the plan still calls for lin to combine its cellular telephone properties with bellsouth 's and to spin off its broadcasting operations - but under new terms of the agreement announced friday lin holders would receive a special cash dividend of $ N a share representing a payout of about $ N billion shortly before the proposed merger - lin said it expects to borrow the money to pay the dividend but commitments from banks still have n't been obtained - under previous terms holders would have received a dividend of only $ N a share - in addition new york-based lin would exercise its right to buy out for $ N billion the N N equity interest of its partner metromedia co. in a new york cellular franchise - that money also would have to be borrowed - in effect mccaw has forced lin 's hand by bidding $ N billion for the stake earlier this month - we 're taking on more debt than we would have liked to acknowledged michael lin 's vice president and treasurer - although he expressed confidence that the proposed new company 's cash flow would be sufficient to cover interest payments on the debt he estimated that the company would n't be profitable until N or later - analyst estimate the value of the bellsouth proposal at about $ N to $ N a share - they value mccaw 's bid at $ N to $ N a share - the previous bellsouth pact was valued at about $ N to $ N a share - mccaw the largest provider of cellular telephone service in the u.s. already owns about N N of lin 's stock - in response to bellsouth 's amended pact the wash. company extended its own offer to buy N million lin shares for $ N apiece which would give mccaw a N N controlling interest - over the weekend mccaw continued to call for an auction of lin - analysts said they expect mccaw to the bidding again - this game is n't over yet said joel d. gross a vice president at donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - at some point it will become for one company - but i do n't think we 're at that point yet - under its revised proposal atlanta-based bellsouth would have a N N interest in the new cellular company and would be responsible for half of its debt - to the pact further and to ease concerns of institutional investors bellsouth added a provision designed to give extra protection to holders if the regional bell company ever decides to buy the rest of the new cellular company - the provision described as protection would require bellsouth to pay a price equivalent to what an outside party might have to pay - mccaw 's bid also has a similar clause - only mccaw 's proposal requires the company to begin an auction process in june N for remaining shares at prices - to shareholders concerned about the long-term value of the company under the agreement bellsouth also agreed to pay as much as $ N a share or $ N million if after five years the trading value of the new cellular company is n't as high as the value that shareholders would have realized from the mccaw offer - we 're very pleased with the new deal - we did n't expect bellsouth to be so responsive said frederick a. president of asset management inc. which holds N lin shares - bellsouth 's protection was flawed previously - we think this is a superior deal to mccaw 's - we 're surprised - we did n't think a sleeping bell mentality would be willing to take on - but kenneth leon a telecommunications analyst with bear stearns & co. finds the bellsouth proposal still flawed because the company does n't have to wait five years to begin buying more lin shares - how many shares will be around in N he asked - there 's nothing preventing bellsouth from buying up shares in the meanwhile - bellsouth 's revised proposal surprised many industry analysts especially because of the company 's willingness to accept some of future earnings - william o. president of the company 's bellsouth enterprises inc. unit said the revised agreement with lin would bellsouth earnings by about N N in both N and N and by significantly less thereafter - indeed bellsouth 's cellular operations were among the first in the country to become profitable - for N bellsouth earned $ N billion or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - analysts were predicting N bellsouth earnings in the range of $ N a share or $ N billion but now those estimates are being scaled back - in composite trading friday on the new york stock exchange bellsouth shares fell N cents to $ N - in national over-the-counter trading lin shares soared $ N to closed at $ N while mccaw fell $ N a share to $ N - the proposed cellular company including the newly acquired metromedia stake would give the new entity N million potential customers including about N million in the nation 's top N markets - mr. leon of bear stearns speculated that mccaw in an attempt to buy time might consider filing an antitrust suit against bellsouth with the justice department and u.s. district judge harold greene who oversees enforcement of the consent that broke up the bell system in N - indeed mccaw seemed to hint at that option in a brief statement - urging lin directors to conduct a fair auction on a level playing field mccaw asked how well the public interest would be served with the bell operating companies controlling over N N of all cellular potential customers in the nation 's top N markets - market makers in nasdaq over-the-counter stocks are adding their voices to the swelling chorus of complaints about program trading - their however has a strong practical aspect program trading is hazardous to their - the most controversial form of program trading stock-index arbitrage is making it tough for traders to make money declares robert head of otc trading at donaldson lufkin & jenrette - stock-index arbitrage the computer-guided buying and selling of stocks with offsetting trades in stock-index futures to profit from fleeting price discrepancies affects the otc market directly through the N stocks included in standard & poor 's 500-stock index - the s&p N is often used in arbitrage strategies - the portion of otc volume attributable to program trading is n't known as it is on the new york stock exchange where it amounted to more than N N in september - estimates from traders put it at less than N N of nasdaq 's average daily volume of roughly N million shares - other program trading also causes the nasdaq composite index to lose ground against other segments of the stock market - because of program trading it is more difficult to trade many otc stocks without sharp price moves a condition known as - moreover the price volatility that is by program trading is efforts to woo individual investors back to an otc market that misses them - some of these problems are neither new nor unique to the otc market - but the big often tumultuous slide in stock prices this month has turned some of those who have been from the practice against it - peter dapuzzo head of retail equity trading at shearson lehman hutton acknowledges that he was n't troubled by program trading when it began in the bull market because it added liquidity and people were pleased to see stock prices rising - we were n't as concerned until they became sell programs says mr. dapuzzo who now thinks it adds unnecessary volatility - shearson lehman however program trades for clients - merrill lynch goldman sachs and kidder peabody in addition to shearson do otc stocks - shearson merrill lynch and goldman sachs say they do so only for customers however - kidder peabody does program trading for its own as well as clients ' accounts - of course there were sell programs in past years too but they seem to hurt market makers more painfully these days - that 's largely because of defensive measures they adopted after the N crash when individual investors fled the market and trading activity - market makers to cut costs slashed inventories of stocks they keep on hand to sell investors when other holders are n't selling - and to protect their reduced capital investment from eroding further market makers became to lower price quotes when sell programs are in progress - on days when prices are tumbling they must be willing to buy shares from sellers when no one else will - in such an environment market makers can suffer huge losses both on trades made that day at steadily dropping prices and in the value of their inventories of shares - it makes no sense for us to put money at risk when you know you 're going to lose says mr. of donaldson lufkin - but this mr. says is creating liquidity problems in certain otc stocks - it 's harder to sell stocks when the sell programs come in because some market makers do n't want to take the orders - no one has big positions and no one wants to take big risks - joseph president of the national association of securities dealers which oversees trading on nasdaq agrees that program trading is hurting the market 's efforts to bring back small investors - but he observes while makers suffer losses when program trading the market down they also make money when program trading the prices higher - sometimes traders lose sight of that he says - the otc stocks in the s&p N include nasdaq 's biggest such as apple computer mci communications tele-communications and - these big stocks greatly influence the nasdaq composite index - when the computers say sell the composite as well as the dow jones industrial average - the problem market makers say is that while the industrial average and the s&p N usually recover as buy programs kick in the nasdaq composite frequently is left behind - eight trading days after oct. N the day before the stock market plunge for instance the nasdaq composite had fallen N N compared with N N for the s&p N N N for the new york stock exchange composite index and N N for the industrial average - this gap eventually closes but slowly - three days later as of friday 's close the nasdaq composite was down N N compared with N N for the industrial average N N for the s&p N and N N for the big board composite - the main reason for this lag is that individual investors own N N of the otc market 's capitalization according to mr. much more than on the big board - such investors tend to be more cautious than institutional investors are about the market after massive market makers say - friday 's market activity - the nasdaq composite index tumbled N or N N to N on friday - for the week the index dropped N N - weakness in big technology stocks hurt the composite as well as the nasdaq N index which fell N N or N on friday to N - the nasdaq financial index lost about N N or N to N - friday 's trading volume totaled N million shares - the average daily share turnover for october is almost N million shares - lin broadcasting surged N N to N N lin and bellsouth sweetened their merger agreement in an attempt to keep shareholders from their shares to mccaw cellular communications - mccaw which dropped N N to N N has offered $ N a share for a majority of lin 's shares - the revised agreement boosts the dollar amount of the special dividend lin promises to pay shareholders - lin now plans to dole out $ N a share in cash up from the earlier $ N amount - intel eased N to N N - the semiconductor concern said the in shipment of its N computer chip will be brief and have little impact on the company 's earnings - the stock fell N thursday amid concerns over problems discovered with the chip - intel told analysts that the company will resume shipments of the chips within two to three weeks - weisfield 's N N to N after the jewelry store operator said it is in preliminary discussions with a party it would n't identify regarding the possible acquisition of the company - savings bank rose N to N after the federal deposit insurance corp. approved savings bank of new york 's $ acquisition of - medical fell N to N - the company said its third-quarter earnings will probably be lower than the N cents a share it reported last year despite a rise in the company 's revenue - earned $ N on revenue of $ N million in the N quarter - the company blamed a number of factors for the earnings decline including softer sales of - london share prices closed sharply lower friday in active trading after chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson 's resignation the market and wall street 's rapid initial sell-off knocked it down - london shares were depressed initially by overnight losses in new york and by the drop in sterling after mr. lawson 's resignation - it showed some early resilience after central bank support firmed sterling but the weight of wall street late in london trading and signs of further weakness in the british pound proved a hefty load to bear - new york stocks recovered some of their losses after the london market closed - the financial times 100-share index shed N points to close at N down N N from the previous friday and N N from oct. N when wall street 's plunge helped spark the current weakness in london - the 30-share index settled N points lower at N - volume was N million shares up from N million thursday and the week 's most active session - dealers said the turnover largely confined to the 100-share index stocks partly reflected the flurry of activity typical at the close of a trading account and the start of a new account - but they said friday 's focus on the stocks active overseas selling and showed the broad-based fears over the status of the u.k. economy and britain 's currency in the wake of the upheaval in prime minister margaret thatcher 's cabinet - a senior dealer with warburg securities noted british gas the most active blue-chip stock at N million shares traded was affected by the political implications of mr. lawson 's departure and mrs. thatcher 's cabinet - he attributed the unusually high volume to broad-based selling on fears that the thatcher government may be in turmoil and britain 's labor party positioned to regain control of the government and renew efforts at - british gas shed N pence a share to close at N pence $ N - other dealers added that the blue-chip stocks in general were hit by profit-taking over concerns that london shares will continue posting declines and the uncertainty over sterling given that mr. lawson 's successor john major had only been in the job one day - besides british gas british steel skidded N to N on turnover of N million shares - british petroleum fell N to N on N million shares traded - dealers said the multinational oil company was pressured by recent brokerage recommendations urging investors to switch into shell trading & transport - shell eased N to N on turnover of N million shares - among the other actively traded blue-chip issues imperial chemical industries dropped N to # N hanson skidded N to N and british fell N to N - in tokyo stocks closed lower but above intraday lows in active trading - the nikkei index was pressured down by profit-taking triggered by sharp advances made through this week and fell N points to N - in early trading in tokyo monday the nikkei index fell N points to N - on friday the tokyo stock price index of first section issues was down N at N - volume was estimated at N billion shares up from N million shares thursday - an official at securities said ' excessive expectations about recent advances in tokyu group shares and real estate issues were dashed friday - dealers placed heavy buy orders in the morning to start the first trading day for november transactions - but they failed to sell these stocks to client investors who were cautious about the sharp gains these issues made this week the official said - fund managers said friday 's was a natural result of the week 's fever in buying real estate shipbuilding steel and construction shares - frankfurt prices closed lower again friday the fourth decline in the past five days and the culmination of a week that saw the dax index lose N N - the dax dropped N points friday to N - traders said the continued turbulence in other markets coupled with the drop in london following the lawson resignation were responsible - traders said that selling pressure was n't enormous and that the dax dropped friday more on a lack of any substantial buying interest - they said contributing to the downward was the fact that many professional traders had chosen to square positions ahead of the weekend - it 's the whole uncertainty about what 's happening around us said von a trader at credit suisse first boston in frankfurt - if you take away the outside influences the market itself looks very cheap - what 's happening here is n't justified by the fundamentals - traders said the market remains extremely nervous because of the wild swings seen on the new york stock exchange last week - that 's leaving small investors with cold feet they said and prompting institutions to take a reserved stance on the sidelines as well at least until the market in new york down somewhat - elsewhere share prices closed lower in paris zurich amsterdam brussels and stockholm and were mixed in milan - the british was widely cited for the declines - share prices also closed lower in sydney hong kong singapore taipei manila wellington and seoul - concern about declines in other markets especially new york caused selling pressure - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - last week 's best and worst performing stocks among those issues that make up N N of the world 's stock market capitalization in local currency - source morgan stanley capital - apartheid foes staged a massive rally in south africa - more than N people filled a stadium on the of the black township of and welcomed freed leaders of the outlawed african national congress - it was considered south africa 's largest opposition rally - walter sisulu the anc 's former secretary general who served N years in prison before being released two weeks ago urged peace negotiation and discipline - president de 's government permitted the rally and security forces did n't interfere - pretoria 's approval of the demonstration and the anc 's tone appeared aimed at setting up negotiations to give blacks political rights - congressional leaders backed bush 's criticism of nicaragua 's ortega - while lawmakers have n't raised the possibility of renewing military aid to the contras following ortega 's weekend threat to end a truce senate majority leader mitchell said on that ortega had made a very move - minority leader dole plans to offer a resolution tomorrow the nicaraguan president whose remarks came during a celebration in costa rica marking regional moves to democracy - ortega cited renewed attacks by the rebels - lawmakers must decide next month whether the contras will get so-called humanitarian aid under a bipartisan agreement reached in march - spain 's socialist party claimed victory in nationwide elections saying it had retained its parliamentary majority by one seat - with all the votes counted a government spokesman said prime minister gonzalez 's party won N seats in the or lower house of parliament - the held N seats going into the balloting - thousands of east germans attended public rallies organized by the communist leadership and demanded free speech controls on the security forces and an end to official privileges - the in east berlin and elsewhere were viewed as part of a government effort to stop activists from staging protests to press their demands - in czechoslovakia said the nation 's pro-democracy movement was growing despite the government 's move to crush a protest saturday in 's square - more than N demonstrators had called for free elections and the resignation of communist party leader - police more than N people - federal investigators have determined a flaw that developed during the making of an engine disk led to the july crash of a united airlines jetliner in city iowa killing N people - congress sent to bush an $ N billion military construction bill that cuts spending for new installations by N N - the measure also moves more than $ N million in the pentagon budget to projects from foreign bases - u.s. and soviet officials are to open a new round of talks today aimed at reducing amid differences over whether to stop making the - the talks in new york are the first since bush and soviet foreign minister shevardnadze unveiled proposals in september to scrap existing weapons - afghan guerrillas kabul in a weekend assault that western diplomats called one of the biggest since the soviet union completed a troop withdrawal in february - the rebels also reportedly tightened a on roads leading to the capital and government forces a area in western afghanistan - lebanon 's christian leader an emergency meeting of his cabinet after indications that he might parliament in an attempt to scuttle an peace plan - gen. aoun rejected the pact because it fails to provide a timetable for a syrian troop pullout from lebanon - authorities in hawaii said the of a missing plane with N people aboard was spotted in a valley on the island of - there was n't any evidence of - the plane failed to reach 's airport saturday while on a flight from the neighboring island of - the oakland athletics won baseball 's world series the san francisco giants in a four-game sweep - an earthquake oct. N in northern california had caused a delay through the championship contest which ended saturday at san francisco 's candlestick park - died von N chairman of ag of west germany in of - the west german machinery and plant equipment industry 's orders rose an inflation-adjusted N N in september from a year earlier despite a sharp drop in foreign orders the german association of machinery makers said - before adjustment for inflation the association said orders were up a nominal N N - while domestic orders climbed an adjusted N N and a nominal N N in september foreign orders declined N N after inflation and N N on a nominal basis - in the third quarter orders rose a real N N and a nominal N N - domestic orders were up a real N N and a nominal N N while foreign orders rose a real N N and a nominal N N - when michael s. took the at a recent cosmetics industry event more than N executives the room snapped to attention - mr. who runs unilever group 's world-wide business to the crowd - i see we have about half the audience working for us he said in - the other half we may have before long - members of the audience or nervously their industry has been unsettled recently by acquisitions - first unilever the packaged-goods giant spent $ N billion to acquire brands such as faberge and elizabeth - it now holds the no. N position at u.s. department-store cosmetic - then procter & gamble co. agreed to buy noxell corp. for $ N billion - that acquisition to be completed by year end will include the cover girl and makeup lines making p&g the top marketer of cosmetics in mass-market outlets - it 's not so much the idea of acquisitions that has the cosmetics industry as the companies doing the acquiring p&g and unilever bring with them great experience with mundane products like soap and toilet paper in the cosmetics trade but they also bring marketing clout fear - though it is far from certain that companies best known for selling promise and tide detergent will succeed in cosmetics there 's little doubt they will shake up the industry - for now both companies are keeping quiet about their specific plans - but industry watchers expect them to the marketing strategies they use for more mundane products with the more approach typical of cosmetics companies - likely changes include more emphasis on research soaring advertising budgets and aggressive pricing - but some executives wonder whether techniques in packaged goods will translate to the cosmetics business - lauder inc. inc. and other cosmetics houses traditionally have considered themselves fashion enterprises whose product development is by the creative of their executives - cosmetics companies roll out new makeup colors several times a year and since most products can be easily by competitors they 're loath to test them with consumers - just because upscale cosmetics look like packaged goods and like packaged goods it does n't mean they are packaged goods says leonard lauder chief executive of lauder - they 're really fashion items up in little - in contrast to the more artistic nature of traditional cosmetics houses unilever and p&g are the of organization men in suits - both companies are conservative marketers that rely on extensive market research - p&g in particular rarely rolls out a product nationally before extensive - both can be extremely aggressive at pricing such products as and to the extent that some industry consultants predict coupons for could result from their entry into the field - p&g already has shown it can some traditional packaged-goods techniques with the of the cosmetics trade in the mass-market end of the business - consider oil of which p&g acquired as part of international in N - the introduced in N had a image - oil of brought with it the of being used basically by older women who had already aged says david williams a consultant with new england consulting group - p&g set out to the brand by the product line to include and for sensitive skin - it also oil of 's packaging the traditional boxes with gold lines to create a more look - moreover p&g shifted its ad campaign from one targeting older women to one featuring a woman in her not to grow old - the company says sales have soared - like unilever and p&g have enormous financial advantages over smaller rivals - next year noxell plans to roll out a called navy says george l. jr. chairman of noxell - without p&g 's backing noxell might not have been able to spend the estimated $ N million to $ N million needed to accomplish that without on its existing brands - packaged-goods companies will make it tougher for smaller people to remain competitive mr. says - further in the industry could follow - rumors that unilever is interested in acquiring schering-plough corp. 's unit are widespread - unilever wo n't comment however denies the brand is for sale - the presence of unilever and p&g is likely to increase the impact of advertising on cosmetics - while the two are among the world 's biggest advertisers most makers of upscale cosmetics spend relatively little on national ads - instead they focus on events in department stores and pour their promotional budgets into gifts that go along with purchases - lauder for example spends only an estimated N N of sales on advertising in the u.s. and mr. lauder says he has no plans to change his strategy - the most dramatic changes however probably will come in development - nearly N N of cosmetics sales come through outlets such as drug stores and supermarkets according to andrew shore an analyst at shearson lehman hutton inc - that figure has been up for several years - as the trend continues demand for mass-market items that are high quality but only particularly products is expected to increase - this fall for example group ordinarily a high-end line rolled out a line of products called which retail for $ N to $ N - the packaged-goods marketers may try filling that gap with a spate of new products - unlike the cosmetics houses unilever and p&g both have enormous research and development bases to draw on for new products - p&g in fact is noted for gaining market leadership by introducing products that offer a technical edge over the competition - sales of its tide detergent soared earlier this year for example after p&g introduced a version that includes a safe for all colors and - that 's led industry executives to speculate that future product development will be driven more by technological innovation than by fashion especially among mass-market brands - there will be more emphasis on quality says guy chief executive of inc. the u.s. of - you 'll see fewer - but success for unilever and p&g is far from guaranteed as shown by the many companies that have tried and failed to master the beauty business - in the 1970s several pharmaceutical and packaged-goods companies including colgate-palmolive co. eli lilly & co. pfizer inc. and schering-plough acquired cosmetics companies - industry consultants say only schering-plough which makes the mass-market has maintained a meaningful business - colgate which acquired in N sold the brand seven years later after the brand - unilever already has experienced some disappointment - the mass-market brand which it acquired in N along with 's inc. has lost share according to industry analysts - the world of department-store cosmetics retailing where unilever is concentrating its efforts may prove even more - in this niche makeup colors change seasonally because they are linked to - because brand loyalty is weak and most cosmetics purchases are careful training of store sales staffs by cosmetics companies is important - and a luxury image strong enough to persuade consumers to pay more than $ N for or eye makeup requires a touch that packaged-goods companies have yet to demonstrate on their own - there may be a truce in the long war of nerves between the white house and congress over how this country secret intelligence operations abroad - after years of born of past of the central intelligence agency and the iran-contra scandal president bush and the senate intelligence committee appear ready for now at least to trust each other when it comes to setting policy on covert activities - if that attitude lasts it could covert action planning with a level of care and confidence that has n't been seen in years - over the past week the president has agreed to keep the committee informed usually in advance of covert actions and to put key intelligence decisions in writing - that was n't always the way the reagan administration handled such matters - mr. bush has pledged as well to respect the 14-year-old executive order barring u.s. agents from foreign leaders or helping others to do so - congress never fully trusted former cia chief william and national security adviser john to honor the ban - despite objections by the cia mr. bush also has agreed to the establishment of an inspector general at the cia who would be independent of the cia director - in return the senate panel has dropped efforts to enact legislation requiring the administration to inform it within N hours of the launching of any covert activity - it also has removed a ban on cia use of a fund for covert acts and has agreed to wipe away some and restrictions on coup planning put in place to ensure that the cia did n't get back in the assassination game - we 've finally been able to convince them that and oliver north do n't work here anymore says one administration official - the new understanding did n't just spring to life in a of and light - it emerged after a display of intelligence politics that followed this month 's failed coup attempt in panama - the white house used television appearances and leaks to argue that imposed restrictions on covert actions made u.s. support for such coups difficult - mr. bush even disclosed privately that one deal with congress required him to notify the panamanian dictator manuel noriega if the u.s. learned of a coup plot that might endanger his life - the president also hinted he might veto this year 's intelligence authorization bill if it is too restrictive - intelligence committee chairman david boren d. and vice chairman william cohen r. maine for their part accused the white house of classified documents and trying unfairly to shift the blame to congress for the attempt to topple gen. noriega - the white house got the better of the exchange but took care not to press its advantage to the kind of constitutional confrontation sought by conservative republicans who do n't want any congressional oversight of intelligence activities - instead mr. bush and his aides made it clear they respected congress 's role and felt they could work with the conservative mr. boren and the moderate mr. cohen to iron out their differences - the senators responded in kind - sen. boren told reporters that there had been a meeting of the minds with the white house and that the committee had given mr. bush a clean slate free of the imposed during the reagan years - sen. cohen said the relationship has to its character - there still are some details to be down - mr. bush is the right in rare to keep congress in the dark a constitutional the committee does n't recognize - and a pending justice department interpretation of the assassination ban could raise questions that would have to be settled - moreover both sides may face political critics - some conservatives will accuse the president of promising congress too much - and they continue attacking cia director william webster for being too to the committee - at the same time some congressional liberals will accuse sens. boren and cohen of out and they will warn that the lawmakers ' concessions raise the specter of more internationally embarrassing covert operations like the mining of nicaraguan harbors and the iran arms sales - but if the cooperative attitude holds and there is greater on covert activities the country could be entering an era when such schemes are scrapped before they get off the drawing boards while risky but secret operations can be undertaken without fear that a congress will - several of the new york stock exchange 's own listed companies led by giant contel corp. are joining for the first time to complain about program trading and the exchange 's role in it - claiming program trading has turned the big board into a gambling casino contel chairman charles wohlstetter said that he and at least N other corporate executives are forming an unprecedented alliance - the group mr. wohlstetter said in an interview wants to end the market 's wild price swings that critics blame on program-trading strategies - the group will complain to washington to the heads of program-trading firms and to the heads of the big board itself he said - they should call the exchange trump east charged mr. wohlstetter the founder of contel who 's also a former investment banker and stock trader - what is the mission of the financial community - to help some or or help corporate america - contel is a $ N billion telephone and electronics company - pressure has been building on the big board in the past two weeks to do something about market volatility which many investors say is caused by program trading - the market 's friday-the-13th plunge of N points in the dow jones industrial average and the big board 's response to it galvanized some longstanding among companies listed on the exchange - last month program trading accounted for a record N N of average daily big board volume - mr. wohlstetter for example said he wrote to big board chairman john j. phelan jr. about program trading after the 190-point dow plunge and as in previous what i get back is - he said he 's upset that mr. phelan trying to calm investors after the plunge said that investors would simply have to get used to the market 's big price swings - the big board is partly to blame for the price swings because they 're said mr. wohlstetter - their powerful members manage them - the focus of the outcry has been stock-index arbitrage which accounts for about half the program trading that goes on - index arbitragers argue that their trading is healthy because it links markets but critics say such trading market movements and increases the chance for a crash - the big board has refused to be drawn into a public debate about program trading - richard big board president last week said only that the exchange is concerned about all its constituents - privately exchange officials worry that without a system for program trading at the big board billions of dollars in trading will simply to overseas exchanges such as london 's - it is partly for this reason that the exchange last week began trading in its own stock basket product that allows big investors to buy or sell all N stocks in the standard & poor 's index in a single trade - one intended customer of the new basket product is index arbitragers according to the exchange - investors have complained for some time about program trading particularly index arbitrage to little - but according to some big board traders an organized campaign from companies might make the exchange finally consider big changes - they wo n't fight the listed companies - now the assault is on said one top trader - the big board ca n't ban stock-index futures of course but it could ban use of its electronic trading system for program trading or at least encourage securities firms to back off - the exchange put a bit of a on program trading when last year it simply started to publish monthly statistics of each firm 's program-trading volume - contel 's mr. wohlstetter said the group of big board companies is n't ready to go public yet with its effort and that he does n't plan to be the leader once it is public - however he said he planned to spend the weekend making calls to gather additional support - among those mr. wohlstetter said he has been talking to are sanford of primerica corp. which is the parent of smith barney harris upham & co. gte corp. 's james johnson and itt corp. 's rand - none of these chief executives were available for comment - among the targets of the big board companies ' campaign will be some corporate pension funds that use program-trading strategies to maximize returns on their investments - for contel 's part the company a month ago informed each of its money managers that it would drop them if they give business to program-trading firms - it was just those kinds of that last week succeeded in turning up the heat in the debate - kemper corp. 's kemper financial services unit said it cut off bear stearns morgan stanley oppenheimer and general electric co. 's kidder peabody & co. unit - all of the firms except kidder which is the program trader on wall street quickly announced from index arbitrage - kidder officials stand by their aggressive use of program trading - chief executive officer michael carpenter said that despite the outcry even by some of kidder 's own brokers he believes index arbitrage does n't have a negative impact on the market as a whole - however pressure on kidder 's parent ge could change kidder 's policy - ge chairman john welch has been besieged with phone calls complaining about his unit 's program trading according to a person close to him - margaret thatcher 's response to the latest upheaval in her government is to promise business as usual - that may be the last thing she needs - as the air clears from last week 's storm of resignations and the government faces a job of rebuilding confidence in its policies - the prime minister and her new chancellor of the exchequer the john major need to haul the country through something like a recession to bring down inflation and set the economy moving again - mrs. thatcher has to come to terms with european economic integration beginning with the european monetary system which britain is committed to joining fully someday - finally the government has to convince a rattled financial community and voters it is proceeding toward its goals - it sounds like the work of a decade but the deadline is late N when mrs. thatcher is expected to call another national election - what 's worrying her supporters is that the economic cycle may be out of with the political timetable - she could end up seeking a fourth term in an economy sick with inflation high interest rates and a heavy trade deficit - though mrs. thatcher has pulled through other crises supporters wonder if her ways are the right formula today - there 's a rising fear that perhaps mrs. thatcher 's style of management has become a political liability says bill martin senior economist at london brokers & drew - the prime minister 's insistence on keeping a private of advisers including an economic who openly criticized former chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson confused the financial community - last week the strategy of playing the two experts off each other up mr. lawson quit in and sir alan walters the adviser announced his resignation within an hour - the confusion could be costly - currency traders mr. major wo n't defend the pound sent the british currency sharply lower friday against the dollar and west german mark - analysts expect further jitters this week - a continuing slide in the pound could force the government to push through another rise in the base rate currently N N - that could a weak economy into recession - economists have been anticipating a slump for months but they now say it will be deeper and longer than they had thought - britain 's economy is developing rapidly toward says j. paul international economist with smith barney harris upham co. in paris - a mild slowdown probably would have run its course by early N economists say while the downturn now expected could stretch into N - recovery could be hampered if britain 's major trading partners in europe which are enjoying robust economic activity cool off as expected in late N and N - that would leave mrs. thatcher little room for maneuver - for the to win the next election voters will need to sense economic improvement for about a year - though mrs. thatcher does n't need to call an election until june N she would prefer doing so in late N - if the economy shows no sign of turning around in about year 's time she will be very vulnerable says john a at the london school of economics - there 's an equally pressing deadline for the government to define its monetary and economic ties to the rest of the european community - it has sent mixed signals about its willingness to take part in the exchange-rate mechanism of the european monetary system which links the major ec currencies - at a june ec summit mrs. thatcher appeared to ease her opposition to full ems membership saying britain would join once its inflation rate fell and the ec capital movements - since then the government has left observers wondering if it ever meant to join - sir alan the monetary arrangement as in an article being published in an american economics journal - that produced little reaction from his boss reinforcing speculation the government would use its two conditions as a for avoiding full ems membership - despite the departure of mr. lawson and sir alan the over the ems could continue - sir deputy prime minister and a lawson ally on the ems has signaled he will continue pressing for early membership - of immediate concern is whether the thatcher government will continue mr. lawson 's policy of tracking the monetary policies of the west german and responding in kind when the frankfurt authorities move interest rates - mrs. thatcher does n't like taking orders from foreigners says tim economist with & national holding plc - as conservatives rally around mrs. thatcher during the crisis many harbor hopes last week 's debacle will prompt change - we wo n't have any more of this behavior says sir peter a member of parliament - the party is fed up with of good people - it 's an expectation - as long as a decade ago mrs. thatcher declared she did n't want debate in her cabinet she wanted strong government - over the weekend she said she did n't intend to change her style and denied she is - nonsense she told an yesterday on london weekend television - i am staying my own sweet reasonable - joseph l. chairman and chief executive officer of mcgraw-hill inc. was elected to the board of directors of this electronics manufacturer - he succeeds the retiring james w. - base data - computers that once were the state of the art the bought three years ago are now - as we start the search for we know the new one we purchase in hopes it will do despite every wonder that 's stated means more speed more graphics more memory too but also more quickly out dated - - - i know when dividends are due when bonds should be retired but what gets by me every time is has the milk expired - ralph - daffynition - to - elliott - wives may not benefit when men do chores - when take on more they tend to substitute for chores done by the kids rather than by the wife - rand corp. researchers linda and a large sample of married women with at least one child at home between the ages of six and N - the women indicated which family member usually did various household chores and the share each did - not unexpectedly wives whether working or did by far the most about N N of the shopping and cooking and about two-thirds of child care and family paper work - only for and home maintenance did women do less than half - but the researchers found that while children 's household tasks eased the mother 's burden the husband 's helping hand appears to the children 's load almost on a basis and to reduce the wife 's responsibility only modestly - this pattern was particularly evident among more highly educated couples - in these families took on N N more chores than in couples with only school education - but the kids with highly educated parents did N N less than those in families - it is clear ms. says that most of the effect of increasing education has been to shift who is helping the - her share but only slightly - nursing home patients apt to be private - far fewer elderly nursing home residents bankrupt themselves than was previously believed two recent studies declare - state governments place very low on how much property people may own or how much income they may keep if they want welfare help on medical bills - conventional wisdom has long held that anywhere from to one-half of all elderly long-term care patients are obliged to spend themselves into poverty before for medicaid assistance - but separate reports from and of the institution and of the urban institute find that a surprisingly small proportion only about N N of residents start out as private but spend down to medicaid levels in a single nursing home stay before they die or are - another one-third are already on medicaid when they enter the nursing homes a considerably higher proportion than the analysts anticipated - but a high percentage over half are private throughout their stay even a fairly lengthy one - about one-third pay out of their own pockets while the rest are covered throughout by medicare private insurers or the veterans administration - both reports are based on several thousand patients in a N nationwide government survey - the and urban institute authors caution however that most nursing home stays are of short and reaching the medicaid level is more likely with an unusually long stay or repeated stays - moreover they note those who manage to pay their own way often do so only by selling their homes using up life savings or drawing heavily on children and other - reagan era young hold liberal views - the reagan generation young men and women reaching political maturity during ronald reagan 's presidency are firmly liberal on race and according to the social science research center at the university of chicago - many political analysts have speculated that the reagan years would produce a conservative younger generation - 's most recent opinion surveys find the youngest adults indeed somewhat more and than other adults - but says chief investigator tom smith this does not translate into support for in general or into conservative positions on and civil rights issues - answers to a dozen questions in the N N N and N national surveys reveal that men and women in the N to N age are considerably more liberal on race and than were the N to N year in 's in the early 1970s and early 1980s - they were also as liberal or more liberal than any other age group in the N through N surveys - for example N N of the N to N year in the four latest surveys favored an open housing law homeowners from refusing on racial grounds to sell to prospective buyers - that compares with N N of the similar age group in the N through N surveys and N N in the N through N surveys - asked whether they agreed or disagreed with the claim that men are better to politics than women N N of the reagan generation disagreed compared with under N N of younger men and women in the earlier years - odds and ends - and men and women are far more likely to be smokers than married persons the centers for disease control - graduate students are taking longer than ever to get their doctor of philosophy degrees the national research council says - it estimates the time between college and the of a d. has by N N over the past N years with the average gap now ranging from about N years in the physical sciences to N years in education - october was an month for the practitioners of glasnost the official soviet policy of allowing more from the nation 's media - for one of the of glasnost korotich editor of the weekly friday oct. N was a day that turned from tension to - he had been summoned to the central committee of the soviet communist party after he finished his lunch at the hotel an unlikely prelude to a bureaucratic naked float on their toward a ceiling with all surrounded by laid on with a 's and supported by marble columns whose are of gold - why had mr. korotich been called - i told my driver he said that he was taking my to the central committee so they can his hand made vigorous gestures on his left palm - they feel the need from time to time to educate me - and indeed as he later reported that was the import of the meeting - anxious allies of president mikhail gorbachev are media leaders to take it easy to be careful not to do anything that could be used by mr. gorbachev 's opponents - the government is nervous - according to mr. korotich who was present mr. gorbachev 's publicized of the press on oct. N was more of a plea be careful boys use good judgment - we 're standing in gasoline so do n't smoke - u.s. and northern european diplomats confirm mr. korotich 's assessment that glasnost is in no immediate danger - in fact a very soviet official told an american official at a diplomatic dinner that no change in the policy was contemplated - the day after that conversation at the residence of the u.s. ambassador the editor of pravda victor was replaced by a college of mr. gorbachev 's - have more to fear from mr. gorbachev than the he gave to the press - at the end of the very week in which mr. korotich was called to the central committee was again its independence by printing a poll that showed that N N of the soviet population a believed that mr. gorbachev 's economic reforms perestroika would result in only change - a good measurement of the popularity of like is circulation - when mr. korotich took it over in N it sold N copies today it sells N million - pravda meanwhile has retained only N N of its N - glasnost has made of men like mr. korotich - prevented by the communist party from getting on its slate of for the new supreme soviet he stood as an independent candidate for congress from his native and won with N N of the vote - the same evening that he was summoned for a warning from the party he was cheered by thousands of his supporters at a rally of what can only be called the korotich party - but as as the changes that have already occurred are there is a to glasnost - censorship is n't a marxist - the were no civil - as late as the the russian government prevented any coverage of - it even directed newspapers not to publish anything that might the honor of the 's wives - so glasnost is not a value with steel into the fabric of russian society - it is an public relations program initiated by a single political leader during a four-year of history - it is public relations of the highest that recognizes that credibility is enhanced by honesty up to a point - what is that point - will begin a series of reports analyzing the failures of perestroika - i 'd be destroying myself replies mr. korotich who then asks what would that accomplish - his answer reveals his it also draws the line that soviet society must cross to enter the normal dialogue of western culture - it is the line beyond which the press can report not only on the bankruptcy of factories but on the failures of even leaders - mr. is editor and publisher of the ala. star - a state trial judge in illinois gave preliminary approval to a proposed settlement of a suit against a bank of new york co. unit irving trust co. over the interest rates on irving 's former one wall street account money-market deposit accounts - judge albert green in cook county circuit court in chicago also recognized the suit filed last may by robert and cynthia as a class action covering thousands of irving customers - the plaintiffs accused irving of paying less interest than promised in a marketing - irving maintained and still does that its actions were proper under its account agreements with customers - under the proposed settlement customers with valid claims to be submitted by dec. N will receive valuable bank services such as credit cards with reduced finance charges for two years - larry attorney for the plaintiffs valued the settlement at between $ N million and $ N million - a bank of new york spokesman in manhattan owen brady said that 's the maximum outside figure - federal reserve critics used to complain of stop and go monetary policies - they claimed that the fed would first give a green light to the economy by making credit readily available and then turn on the red and bring growth to a halt - but under alan greenspan that has changed - a cautious man the fed chairman is forever yellow - indeed his caution has become legendary within the government - he over economic statistics them in dozens of ways probing for hours in search of potential problems - after of information he often concludes that more data are needed and when he finally decides to act his movements sometimes seem small - such caution was evident after the recent friday-the-13th stock market plunge - some bush administration officials urged mr. greenspan to make an immediate public announcement of his plans to provide ample credit to the markets - but he refused claiming that he wanted to see what happened monday morning before making any public statement - mr. greenspan 's decision to keep quiet also prompted a within the fed 's ranks - a senior fed official spoke on saturday after the market to both the washington post and the new york times saying the fed was prepared to provide as much credit as the markets needed - the statement angered chairman greenspan but it was greeted with applause by the bush administration and the financial markets - and while the fed member has n't gone public some fed governors most notably vice chairman manuel johnson are known to have disagreed with the chairman 's decision to remain silent - ironically the official 's comments have earned some for mr. greenspan who is mistakenly seen as the source - at a hearing last week democratic sen. chris dodd of connecticut told treasury secretary nicholas brady that chairman greenspan 's announcement over the oct. N weekend was a very important statement - mr. brady replied that he was n't sure whether mr. greenspan made a statement himself or whether that was a newspaper report - the fed chairman 's caution was apparent again on the monday morning after the market 's plunge when the central bank took only modest steps to aid the markets - a surprisingly small amount of reserves was added to the banking system - and by the end of that week the key federal funds interest rate which is largely controlled by the fed had settled at N N barely changed from the level of just under N N that prevailed the previous week - bush administration officials appear increasingly concerned that mr. greenspan is cautious to a fault - signs of growing weakness in the economy with indications that inflation is staying well under control have caused them to wonder why the fed chairman is so in reducing rates - those concerns are n't expressed in public - in fact the administration and the fed have been going out of their way in the past two weeks to any impression that they are at odds stories about an split added to the stock market 's jitters - still the split is there - the administration 's concerns are - the economy is showing signs of weakness particularly among manufacturers - exports which played a key role in fueling growth over the last two years seem to have stalled - factory and production fell in september and the auto industry and housing are in a severe crunch - but mr. greenspan remains reluctant to loosen policy partly because he faces a of presidents of regional fed banks who oppose credit easing - in addition the chairman has a wary eye aimed a year or two down the road - inflation may be stable at the moment running at about N N - but if the fed too soon mr. greenspan fears prices may begin to accelerate again next year - moreover if the fed holds tight it may be able gradually to reduce inflation moving toward the goal that the fed chairman embraced in testimony to congress last week - so far mr. greenspan 's cautious approach to policy has served both him and the nation well - his hand on the monetary seems one reason why the economy next month seems highly likely to begin an unprecedented eighth year of growth without a recession - we 've gotten through two stock market crashes and we 've gone through an election without any major problems says david an economist of kemper financial services - i think you have to give greenspan a good rating - but such caution is no guarantee against mistakes - the fed 's reluctance to ease credit now could be laying the for a new recession perhaps starting early next year - if that happens chairman greenspan could well become an open target - already congress is with legislation to curb the fed 's independence - if the economy turns down such proposals could gain strong momentum - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - environmental inc. initial offering of N million shares of which will sell N and will sell N shares via oppenheimer & co - co. proposed offering of N common shares by holders via robert w. & co. and william blair & co - first capital holdings corp. proposed offering of $ N million of floating rate senior notes via shearson lehman hutton inc - industrial funding corp. initial offering of common stock via alex brown & sons inc. and & - technology corp. initial offering of N million common shares of which N shares will be sold by the company and N shares by holders via alex brown & sons hambrecht & quist and arnold & henderson - union camp corp. shelf offering of up to $ N million of debt securities - spencer j. president and chief operating officer of this consumer and industrial products company was elected a director - mr. N years old succeeds who retired in september - in an age of the federal judiciary is one of the last of the - a judge must jump from murder to antitrust cases from to securities fraud without missing a beat - but even on the federal bench is creeping in and it has become a subject of sharp controversy on the newest federal appeals court - the court of appeals for the federal circuit was created in N to serve among other things as the court of last resort for most patent disputes - previously patent cases moved through the court system to one of the N circuit appeals courts - there judges who saw few such cases and had no experience in the field with some of the most technical and complex disputes - a new specialty court was sought by patent experts who believed that the had too many important multimillion-dollar cases - some patent lawyers had hoped that such a specialty court would be filled with experts in the field - but the reagan administration thought otherwise and so may the bush administration - since N the president has filled four in the federal circuit court with lawyers - now only three of the N judges chief judge howard t. markey N and rich N have backgrounds - the latter two and judge daniel m. N are approaching senior status or retirement - three seats currently are vacant and three others are likely to be filled within a few years so patent lawyers and industries are making a new push for specialists to be added to the court - several organizations including the industrial association and the pharmaceutical manufacturers association have asked the white house and justice department to name candidates with both patent and scientific backgrounds - the associations would like the court to include between three and six judges with specialized training - some of the associations have recommended dr. alan d. N a former patent agent with a in organic chemistry who now is associate general counsel with corp. in philadelphia - dr. says the justice department interviewed him last july - their effort has received a response from the justice department - we do not feel that seats are reserved for patent lawyers says justice spokesman david runkel who declines to say how soon a candidate will be named - but we will take it into consideration - the justice department 's view is shared by other lawyers and at least one member of the court judge h. robert mayer a former civil who served at the claims court trial level before he was appointed to the federal circuit two years ago - i believe that any good lawyer should be able to figure out and understand patent law judge mayer says adding that it 's the responsibility of highly paid lawyers who argue before the court to make us understand complex patent litigation - yet some lawyers point to eli lilly & co. vs. inc. the patent infringement case the supreme court this month agreed to review as an example of poor legal by judges who lack patent litigation experience - judge mayer was not on the panel - in the lilly case the appeals court broadly a federal statute to grant a medical device manufacturer an exemption to a patent under certain circumstances - if the supreme court holds in 's favor the decision will have billion-dollar consequences for the manufacturers of medical devices color and food and all other products that required food & drug administration approval - a lawyer and director of government relations for the industrial association contends that a judge in patent law and the concerns of industries would have ruled otherwise - and judge a former patent lawyer wrote in her dissent when the court denied a motion for a of the case by the full court the panel 's judicial legislation has affected an important industry without regard to the consequences for research and innovation or the public interest - says ms. the judgment confirms our concern that the absence of patent lawyers on the court could prove troublesome - friday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac - posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae - posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - the financial accounting standards coming rule on disclosure involving financial instruments will be effective for financial statements with fiscal years ending after june N N - the date was misstated in friday 's edition - kidder peabody & co. is trying to struggle back - only a few months ago the securities firm seemed to be on the verge of a racked by internal and - its relationship with parent general electric co. had been since a big kidder insider-trading scandal two years ago - chief executives and presidents had come and gone - now the firm says it 's at a turning point - by the end of this year chairman cathcart the former chairman of illinois tool works who was as a man when ge brought him in to clean up kidder in N to his lake forest ill. home possibly to build a shopping mall on some land he owns - i 've done what i came to do at kidder he says - and that means michael carpenter president and chief executive since january will for the first time take complete control of kidder and try to make good on some plans - mr. carpenter says he will return kidder to as a great investment bank - wall street is skeptical - through the first nine months of the year kidder ranks a distant among underwriters of u.s. stocks and bonds with a N N market share up slightly from N N in the year-earlier period according to securities data co - it 's quite a fall from the early 1980s when kidder still was counted as an investment-banking powerhouse - gary s. president of the group an executive search firm said i 'd like to see kidder succeed - but they have to attract good senior bankers who can bring in the business from day one - in N kidder out a $ N million profit mainly because of severe cost cutting - its brokerage operation reported an estimated $ N million loss last year although kidder expects it to turn a profit this year - in fact kidder is a minor player in just about every business it does except computer-driven program trading in that controversial business only morgan stanley & co. rivals kidder - but even that niche is under attack as several wall street firms pulled back from program trading last week under pressure from big investors - mr. carpenter a former executive who has a love for task forces says he has done a complete of kidder in recent months - there have been a dizzying parade of studies of the firm 's operations - more than N new managing directors and senior vice presidents have been hired since january - the firm 's brokerage force has been trimmed and its staff increased to a record N people - mr. carpenter says that when he assumes full control kidder will finally tap the resources of ge - one of ge 's goals when it bought N N of kidder in N was to take advantage of between kidder and general electric capital corp. ge 's unit which has $ N billion in assets - the leveraged buy-out group of ge capital now reports to mr. carpenter - so far instead of up ge capital staffers and kidder investment bankers have - yet says mr. carpenter we 've really started to exploit the between ge capital and kidder peabody - the units have worked on N investment banking deals this year he says though not all of them have out - we 've had a good relationship with ge which is the first time you could say that let me withdraw that - it 's been a steadily improving relationship says mr. carpenter - still without many actual deals to show off kidder is left to stress that it finally has a team in place and that everyone works harder - a month ago the firm started serving dinner at about N each night about N to N of the N people in the investment banking operation have consistently been around that late - we are working significantly longer and harder than has been the case in the past says scott c. kidder 's head of investment banking since june - everywhere kidder the always working theme - a new in-house magazine kidder world which will focus on the firm 's strategy says mr. carpenter that on mr. often gets ideas while flying his on the way to - the firm 's new head of mergers and acquisitions under mr. talks of the opportunity to rebuild a franchise at kidder - the kidder name is one of only six or seven that every ceo recognizes as a viable alternative when considering a merger deal he says - now according to a kidder world story about mr. all the firm has to do is position ourselves more in the deal flow - with investment banking as kidder 's lead business where do kidder 's brokerage network and its N brokers fit in - mr. carpenter this month sold off kidder 's eight brokerage offices in florida and puerto rico to merrill lynch & co. speculation that kidder is getting out of the brokerage business entirely - mr. carpenter denies the speculation - to answer the brokerage question kidder in typical fashion completed a study - the result kidder will focus on rich individual investors and small companies much closer to the of goldman sachs & co. than a firm like merrill lynch or shearson lehman hutton inc - mr. carpenter notes that these types of investors also are sophisticated enough not to complain about kidder 's aggressive use of program trading - as part of the upscale push kidder is putting brokers through a training course turning them into investment with knowledge of corporate finance - they will get new and improved tools to sell particularly to the affluent investor says brokerage chief charles v. - the brokers will then be able to leads on corporate finance opportunities to kidder 's investment bankers possibly easing the longstanding tension between the two camps - however skeptics caution that this kind of between brokers and investment bankers looks great on paper but does n't always happen - kidder competitors are n't hostile to the firm as many are to a tough competitor like drexel burnham lambert inc. that does n't have kidder 's long history - however competitors say that kidder 's hiring binge involving staffers some with contract guarantees could unless there are results - the mr. cathcart says he has no worries about kidder 's future - mr. cathcart who will return to the co. board of directors in addition to his personal ventures is credited with bringing some basic and planning discipline to traditionally kidder - he also improved the firm 's compliance procedures for trading - mr. cathcart says he has had a lot of fun at kidder adding the crack about his being a man never bothered him - it was an absolutely line and one i used many times he says - smiling broadly when he talks about mr. carpenter mr. cathcart says the new kidder chief is going to be recognized shortly as one of the real leaders in the investment-banking business - in coming years mr. cathcart says kidder is - or as mr. carpenter again drawing on his background puts it we 're ready to implement at this point - under a proposal by democrats to expand individual retirement accounts a $ N contribution by a taxpayer in the N N would save $ N on his taxes - the savings was given incorrectly in friday 's edition - in what could prove a major addition to the philippines ' portfolio a taiwanese company signed a $ N million construction contract to build the centerpiece of a planned petrochemical complex - taiwan 's far east corp. a petrochemical company the agreement with an unidentified japanese contractor to build a according to lee who heads the philippine company set up to build and operate the complex - mr. lee president of luzon petrochemical corp. said the contract was signed wednesday in tokyo with far east officials - contract details however have n't been made public - the complex is to be located in about N miles south of manila - far east will hold a N N stake in luzon petrochemical according to papers signed with the philippine government 's board of investments - the proposed petrochemical plant would use to manufacture the petrochemicals and and their and polyethylene - these are the raw materials used in making plastics - the contract signing represented a major step in the petrochemical project - at an estimated $ N million the project would represent the single largest foreign investment in the philippines since president aquino took office in february N - it also is considered critical to the country 's efforts to both attract other investment from taiwan and raise heavy industry - the project has been in and out of the pipeline for more than a decade - however workers ca n't break ground until legal to block the complex are resolved moves which caused the signing to remain questionable up to the last moment - as previously reported a member of the philippines ' house of representatives has sued to stop the plant - the legislator garcia had actively backed the plant but at the original site in his constituency northwest of manila - the country 's supreme court dismissed the suit but mr. garcia late last month filed for a - in addition president aquino has yet to sign into law a bill removing a stiff N N tax on the principal raw material to be used in the - however at a news conference thursday mrs. aquino backed the project and said her government was attempting to the feelings of residents at the original site adjacent to the government 's major petroleum refinery in province - we have tried our best to tell the people in that maybe this time it will not go to them but certainly we will do our best to encourage other investors to go to their province mrs. aquino told foreign - the project appeared to be on the rocks earlier this month when the other major partner in the project china general plastics corp. backed out - china general plastics another taiwanese petrochemical manufacturer was to have a N N stake in luzon petrochemical - however mr. lee said that far east is confident other investors will take up the slack - he said far east has applied to both the asian development bank and the world bank 's international finance corp. for financing that could include equity stakes - three new issues begin trading on the new york stock exchange today and one began trading on the market system last week - on the big board & co. atlanta begins trading today - health care plans manages medical and aspects of worker 's compensation injuries and is involved in claims adjustments for insurance companies - also beginning trading today on the big board are el paso refinery limited partnership el paso texas and franklin trust san mateo calif. - el paso owns and operates a petroleum refinery - franklin is a closed-end management investment company - on the nasdaq over-the-counter system allied capital corp. washington d.c. began trading last thursday - allied capital is a closed-end management investment company that will operate as a business development concern - the yale political union does n't pay an to - in thursday 's edition it was incorrectly indicated that the union had paid a fee to former house speaker jim wright - president bush insists it would be a great tool for curbing the budget deficit and the out of government programs - he wants it now - not so fast says rep. edwards of oklahoma a fellow republican - i consider it one of the ideas of the 20th century he says - it 's the line-item veto a procedure that would allow the president to kill individual items in a big spending bill passed by congress without the entire bill - whatever one thinks of the idea it 's far more than the budgetary it may seem at first - rather it 's a device that could send shock waves through the president 's entire relationship with democrats and republicans alike in congress fundamentally enhance the power of the presidency and transform the way the government does its business - president bush badly wants a line-item veto and has long called for a law giving it to the president - now the white house is declaring that he might not rely on congress which has n't shown any willingness to surrender such authority to pass the line-item veto law he seeks - white house spokesmen last week said mr. bush is considering simply declaring that the constitution gives him the power exercising a line-item veto and inviting a court challenge to decide whether he has the right - although that may sound like an maneuver of little interest outside washington it would set off a political earthquake - the are enormous says rep. don edwards a california democrat who is a senior member of the house judiciary committee - it 's a real face-to-face arm challenge to congress - white house aides know it 's a step that ca n't be taken and for that reason the president may back down from launching a test case this year - some senior advisers argue that with further fights over a capital-gains tax cut and a bill looming mr. bush already has enough pending with congress - they prefer to put off the line-item veto until at least next year - still mr. bush and some other aides are strongly drawn to the idea of trying out a line-item veto - the issue arose last week when vice president dan quayle told an audience in chicago that mr. bush was looking for a test case - white house press secretary marlin fitzwater confirmed that mr. bush was interested in the idea but cautioned that there was n't a firm decision to try it - mr. bush former president reagan and a host of conservative activists have been arguing that a line-item veto would go a long way in restoring discipline to the budget process - they maintain that a president needs the ability to remove pork-barrel spending projects that are attached to big omnibus spending bills - those bills ca n't easily be vetoed in their because they often are needed to keep the government operating - conservatives note that N governors have the line-item veto to use on state budgets - more some conservative legal have begun arguing that mr. bush does n't need to wait for a law giving him the veto because the power already is implicit in the constitution - they base their argument on a clause buried in article i section N of the constitution that states every order resolution or vote to which the of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary except on a question of shall be presented to the president of the united states and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him or by him - this clause they argue is designed to go beyond an earlier clause that the president can veto a bill and is broad enough to allow him to strike out items and riders within bills - senate minority leader robert dole r. kan. for one this argument and earlier this year publicly urged mr. bush to use the line-item veto and allow the courts to decide whether or not it is constitutional - there 's little doubt that such a move would be immediately challenged in court and that it would quickly make its way to the supreme court to be ultimately resolved - it 's a major issue and they would n't want to leave it at a lower level says stephen a new york attorney whose have been instrumental in pushing the idea that a president already has a line-item veto - rep. edwards the california democrat is one who that he would immediately challenge mr. bush in the courts arguing a line-item veto would expand a president 's powers far beyond anything the of the constitution had in mind - it puts this president in the legislative business he declares - that 's not what our had in mind - in addition to giving a president powers to rewrite spending bills meant to be written in congress rep. edwards argues a line-item veto would allow the chief executive to lawmakers - he notes that as a from the san francisco area he fights each year to preserve federal funds for the bay area rapid transit system - if a president had a line-item veto and wanted to force him to support a controversial initiative rep. edwards says the president could call and declare that he would kill the bart funds unless the congressman up on the issue - proponents maintain that a president would choose to use a line-item veto more than that - but there may be another problem with the device despite all the political it would cause it might n't be effective in cutting the deficit - big chunks of the government budget like the programs of social security and medicare would n't be affected - governors have found that they have to use the device to maintain political - and it is n't even clear that some pork-barrel projects can be hit with a line-item veto because they tend to be listed in informal conference reports accompanying spending bills rather than in the official bills themselves - still proponents contend that the veto would have what mr. calls an important effect on all manner of appropriations bills - lawmakers they say would avoid putting many spending projects into legislation in the first place for fear of the embarrassment of having them singled out for a line-item veto later - whatever the outcome of a test case president bush would have to move cautiously the very attempt would not just democrats but republicans says louis fisher a scholar at the congressional research service who specializes in relations - republicans have as much interest as democrats in the way the system works he notes - indeed although a majority of republican lawmakers favor a line-item veto some ranging from liberal oregon sen. mark to conservative rep. edwards are opposed - rep. edwards voices the traditional conservative view that it 's a mistake to put too much power in the hands of a single person - conservatives pushing for a line-item veto now he notes may regret it later sometime you 're going to have a democratic president again who 'll use his expanded powers against those very same conservatives - every order resolution or vote to which the of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary except on a question of shall be presented to the president of the united states and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him or being by him shall be by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill - this has n't been kellogg co. 's year - the craze has cost the world 's largest cereal maker market share - the company 's president quit suddenly - and now kellogg is indefinitely work on what was to be a $ N billion cereal plant - the company said it was delaying construction because of current market conditions - but the memphis tenn. facility was n't to begin turning out product until N so the decision may reveal a more pessimistic long-term outlook as well - kellogg which has n't been as successful in on the public 's desire for oat bran as rival general mills inc. has been losing share in the $ N billion cereal market - kellogg 's current share is believed to be slightly under N N while general mills ' share is about N N - led by its line general mills has gained an estimated N N share so far this year mostly at the expense of kellogg - each share point is worth about $ N million in sales - analysts say much of kellogg 's erosion has been in such core brands as corn rice and which represent nearly one-third of its sales volume - kellogg is so anxious to turn around corn sales that it soon will begin selling boxes for as little as N cents trade sources say - and have away sales normally going to kellogg 's lines simply because they are made of says merrill lynch food analyst william - they are not a happy group of people at battle creek right now - kellogg is based in battle creek mich. a city that calls itself the breakfast capital of the world - another analyst john c. maxwell jr. of wheat first securities in richmond va. recently went to a sell recommendation on kellogg stock which closed friday at $ N down N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - i do n't think kellogg can get back to N N this year he said - kellogg 's main problem is life style - people are reading the boxes and deciding they want something that 's healthy for you bran - mr. maxwell said he would n't be surprised if over the next two years or so general mills ' share increased to N N or more - in announcing the plant delay kellogg chairman william e. said cereal volume growth in the u.s. has not met our expectations for N - he said construction would n't resume until market conditions warrant it - kellogg indicated that it has room to grow without adding facilities - the company has five other u.s. plants including a modern facility at its battle creek headquarters known as building N which is to add and capacity next year - general mills meanwhile finds itself from boosting sales further because its plants are operating at capacity - a large plant in ga. is to come on line next year - a kellogg officer who asked not to be named said the memphis project was pulled in for a of costs an indication that the ambitious plans might be scaled back in any future construction - initial cost estimates for the plant which was to have been built in ranged from $ N billion to $ N billion - a company spokesman said it was possible but highly unlikely that the plant might never be built - as we regain our leadership level where we have been and as we continue to put new products into the marketplace and need additional capacity we will look at our involvement with our plan he said - the new facility was to have been the world 's most advanced cereal manufacturing plant and kellogg 's largest construction project - the company had retained the fluor daniel unit of fluor corp. as general contractor - but in recent weeks sources reported that early preparation work was slowing at the site - said they were told that equipment orders would be delayed - fluor daniel already has most of its work crew the sources said - last friday 's announcement was the first official word that the project was in trouble and that the company 's plans for a surge in market share may have been overly optimistic - until recently kellogg had been telling its sales force and wall street that by N it intended to achieve a N N share of market measured in dollar volume - although he called current market conditions highly competitive mr. kellogg 's chairman and chief executive officer forecast an earnings increase for the full year - last year the company earned $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - as expected kellogg reported lower third-quarter earnings - net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the company had a one-time charge of $ N million in the latest quarter covering the of certain assets - the company would n't elaborate citing competitive reasons - parker corp. which is selling three automotive replacement parts divisions said it will retain its automotive and impact divisions - the divisions that parker is retaining were n't mentioned in thursday 's edition - the following were among friday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - sun microsystems inc. $ N million of N N N convertible subordinated debentures due oct. N N priced at N to yield N N - the debentures are convertible into common stock at $ N a share representing a N N conversion premium over thursday 's closing price - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by goldman sachs & co - hertz corp. $ N million of senior notes due nov. N N priced at par to yield N N - the issue which is back to the company in N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated single-a-3 by moody 's and by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - canadian imperial bank of commerce canada N billion yen of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via international ltd - fees N N - the singapore and kuala lumpur stock exchanges are bracing for a separation following finance minister 's long-awaited announcement that the exchanges will ties - on friday added to an otherwise address on malaysia 's proposed budget for N by ordering the kuala lumpur stock exchange to take appropriate action immediately to cut its links with the stock exchange of singapore - the of companies from the singapore exchange may not be a smooth process analysts say - though the split has long been expected the exchanges are n't fully prepared to go their separate ways - the finance minister 's order was n't sparked by a single event and does n't indicate a in relations between the neighboring countries - rather the two closely linked exchanges have been apart for some years with a nearly on new dual listings separate and different listing requirements trading and settlement guidelines and aims - quantum chemical corp. 's plant in morris ill. is expected to resume production in early N - the year was misstated in friday 's editions - italy 's trade deficit narrowed to N trillion lire $ N billion in september from N trillion lire a year earlier the state statistical office istat said - the deficit was N billion lire in august - for the first nine months the trade deficit was N trillion lire compared with N trillion lire in the year-earlier period - istat said the statistics are provisional and are n't seasonally adjusted - imports rose N N to N trillion lire in september from a year earlier while exports rose N N to N trillion lire - in the nine months imports rose N N to N trillion lire while exports grew N N to N trillion lire - import values are calculated on a cost insurance and freight basis while exports are accounted for on a basis - as competition up in spain 's crowded bank market banco exterior de is seeking to shed its image of a state-owned bank and move into new activities - under the direction of its new chairman francisco luzon spain 's seventh largest bank is a tough restructuring that analysts say may be the first step toward the bank 's privatization - the state-owned industrial holding company de and the bank of spain jointly hold a N N stake in banco exterior - the government directly owns N N and a financial services company holds N N - the rest is listed on spanish stock exchanges - some analysts are concerned however that banco exterior may have waited too long to diversify from its traditional activities - catching up with commercial competitors in retail banking and financial services they argue will be difficult particularly if market conditions turn sour - if that proves true analysts say banco exterior could be a prime partner or even a takeover target for either a spanish or foreign bank seeking to increase its market share after N when the european community plans to financial barriers - with N branches in spain and N banking subsidiaries five branches and N representative offices abroad the banco exterior group has a lot to offer a potential suitor - mr. luzon and his team however say they are n't interested in a merger - instead they are working to transform banco exterior into an efficient bank by the end of N - i want this to be a model of the way a company should be run mr. luzon says - banco exterior was created in N to provide subsidized credits for spanish exports - the market for export financing was in the mid-1980s however forcing the bank to face competition - at the same time many of spain 's traditional export markets in latin america and other developing areas faced a sharp decline in economic growth - as a result the volume of banco exterior 's export credit portfolio plunged from N billion $ N billion as of dec. N N to its current N billion pesetas - the other two main of banco exterior 's traditional business wholesale banking and foreign currency trading also began to under the weight of heavy competition and changing client needs - the bank was in its efforts to face the challenges of a changing market by its links to the government analysts say - until mr. luzon took the helm last november banco exterior was run by politicians who lacked either the skills or the will to introduce innovative changes - but mr. luzon has moved swiftly to streamline bureaucracy cut costs increase capital and build up new areas of business - we 've got a lot to do he acknowledged - we 've got to move quickly - in mr. luzon 's first year the bank eliminated N jobs - now it says it 'll trim another N jobs over the next three to four years - the bank employs N people in spain and N abroad - to strengthen its capital base banco exterior this year issued $ N million in subordinated debt launched two rights issues and sold stock held in its treasury to small investors - the bank is now aggressively marketing retail services at its domestic branches - last year 's drop in export credit was partially offset by a N N surge in lending to individuals and small and medium-sized companies - though spain has an excess of banks analysts say the country still has one of the most profitable markets in europe which will aid banco exterior with the tough tasks it faces ahead - expansion plans also include acquisitions in growing foreign markets - the bank says it 's interested in purchasing banks in portugal and puerto rico - but the bank 's retail activities in latin america are likely to be cut back - banco exterior was one of the last banks to create a brokerage house before the four spanish stock exchanges sweeping changes in july - the late start may be a for the bank as spain continues to open up its market to foreign competition - but mr. luzon contends that the experienced team he brought with him from banco where he was formerly director general will whip the bank 's capital market division into shape by the end of N - the bank also says it 'll use its international network to channel investment from london frankfurt zurich and paris into the spanish stock exchanges - general motors corp. 's general counsel hopes to cut the number of outside law firms the auto maker uses from about N to N within two years - harry j. pearce named general counsel in may N says the reduction is a cost-cutting measure and an effort to let the no. N auto maker 's in-house legal department take on matters it is better equipped and trained to handle - gm trimmed about N firms from its approved local counsel list mr. pearce says - the move is consistent with a trend for corporate legal staffs to do more work in-house instead of it out to law firms - mr. pearce set up gm 's first in-house litigation group in may with four lawyers all former assistant u.s. attorneys with extensive trial experience - he intends to add to the litigation staff - among the types of cases the in-house handle are disputes involving companies doing business with gm and actions including one in which a driver is suing gm for damages resulting from an accident - mr. pearce has also encouraged his staff to work more closely with gm 's technical staffs to help prevent future litigation - gm lawyers have been working with technicians to develop more uniform procedures the way a vehicle is has a lot to do with its - the lawyers also monitor suits to identify specific automobile parts that cause the biggest legal problems - mr. pearce says law firms with the best chance of retaining or winning business with gm will be those providing the service at the best cost similar from gm 's auto operations to suppliers - this does n't necessarily mean larger firms have an advantage mr. pearce said gm works with a number of smaller firms it highly - mr. pearce has shaken up gm 's legal staff by eliminating all titles and establishing several new functions including a group that has made films on safety and drunk driving - federal prosecutors are concluding fewer criminal cases with trials - that 's a finding of a new study of the justice department by researchers at university - david burnham one of the authors says fewer trials probably means a growing number of plea bargains - in N N N of federal prosecutions concluded at trial in N only N N did - the study covered N major u.s. attorneys ' offices including those in manhattan and brooklyn n.y. and new jersey from N to N - the justice department rejected the implication that its prosecutors are currently more willing to plea bargain - our felony have been consistent for N years with about N N of all prosecutions going to trial a department spokeswoman said - the is somewhat in that the researchers said they based their conclusions on government statistics - one possible explanation for this decline in taking cases to trial says mr. burnham is that the number of defendants being charged with crimes by all u.s. attorneys has substantially increased - in N the study says prosecutors surveyed filed charges against N defendants for each N people aged N years and older - in N prosecutors filed against N defendants for every N adults - another finding from the study prosecutors set significantly different priorities - the manhattan u.s. attorney 's office stressed criminal cases from N to N averaging N for every N adults - but the new jersey u.s. attorney averaged N - on the civil side the manhattan prosecutor filed an average of only N cases for every N adults during the same period the san francisco u.s. attorney averaged N - the study is to provide reporters academic experts and others raw data on which to base further inquiries - marcos asks for dismissal says she was - the former first lady of the philippines asked a federal court in manhattan to dismiss an indictment against her claiming among other things that she was from her - mrs. marcos and her late husband former philippines president ferdinand marcos were charged with more than $ N million from that country and then much of the money through purchases of prime real estate in manhattan - mrs. marcos 's attorneys asked federal judge john f. keenan to give them access to all u.s. documents about her alleged - the u.s. attorney 's office in documents it filed in response said mrs. marcos was making the and claim that she was into this country in order to obtain classified material in the case - the office also said mrs. marcos and her husband were n't brought to the u.s. against their will after mr. marcos was ousted as president - the prosecutor quoted statements from the in which they said they were in this country at the invitation of president reagan and that they were enjoying the of the u.s. - lawyers for mrs. marcos say that because she was taken to the u.s. against her wishes the federal court lacks jurisdiction in the case - the federal court of appeals in manhattan ruled that the dismissal of a N indictment against former bank of owner george should be - the indictment which was and apparently forgotten by investigators until N charges mr. and three others with tax fraud and other violations - he made numerous trips to the u.s. in the early 1980s but was n't arrested until N when he showed up as a guest of president george bush at a government function - a federal judge in manhattan threw out the indictment finding that the seven-year delay violated the defendant 's constitutional right to a trial - the appeals court however said the judge did n't adequately consider whether the delay would actually hurt the chances of a fair trial - mr. is fighting proceedings that would return him to greece where he is charged with more than $ N million from the bank of - his attorney could n't be reached for comment - pro bono in an effort to off a plan that would require all lawyers in new york state to provide hours of free legal aid a year the state bar recommended an alternative program to increase voluntary participation in pro bono programs - the state bar association 's policy making body the house of delegate voted saturday to ask chief judge to give the bar 's voluntary program three years to prove its effectiveness before considering mandatory pro bono - we believe our suggested plan is more likely to improve the availability of quality legal service to the poor than is the proposed mandatory pro bono plan and will achieve that objective without the administrative burdens and possible failure that we fear would an attempt to impose a mandatory plan said justin l. of rochester who headed the bar 's pro bono study committee - dallas and houston law firms merge jackson & walker a firm in dallas and & a firm in houston said they have agreed in principle to merge - the consolidated firm which would rank among the N largest in texas would operate under the name jackson & walker - the merger must be formally approved by the partners of both firms but is expected to be completed by year end - jackson & walker has an office in fort worth texas and & has an office in new orleans - on - on government that general electric co. may have covered up fraudulent billings to the pentagon two shareholders have filed a civil racketeering suit against the company - the suit was filed by plaintiffs ' securities lawyer richard d. in u.s. district court in philadelphia - he seeks damages from the company 's N directors on grounds that they either participated in or the illegal acts or utterly failed to carry out their duties as directors - ge is defending itself against government criminal charges of fraud and false claims in connection with a contract for the army - the trial begins today in federal court in philadelphia - the government 's of the were made in last minute pretrial - ge which denies the government 's allegations denounced mr. 's suit - it is a suit defective and which was filed by a lawyer as a result of newspaper reports said a ge spokeswoman - she added that the company was considering bringing sanctions against mr. for making grossly inaccurate and allegations - the head of the nation 's largest group is telling dealers to just say no when auto makers pressure them to cars on their lots - in an open letter that will run today in the trade journal automotive news ron president of the national car dealers association says dealers should cut their inventories to no more than half the level traditionally considered desirable - mr. who has been with the big three since he took office earlier this year said that with half of the nation 's dealers losing money or breaking even it was time for emergency action - u.s. car dealers had an average of N days ' supply of cars in their lots at the end of september according to ward 's automotive reports - but mr. said dealers should slash stocks to between N and N days to reduce the costs of financing inventory - his message is getting a reception in detroit where the big three auto makers are already being forced to close plants because of soft sales and reduced dealer orders - even before mr. 's some large dealers said they were cutting inventories - ford motor co. and chrysler corp. representatives criticized mr. 's plan as - it is going to sound neat to the dealer except when his car supply does n't include the bright red one that the lady wants to buy and she goes up the street to buy one a chrysler spokesman said - southern co. 's gulf power co. unit may plead guilty this week to charges that it illegally company money to politicians through outside vendors according to individuals close to an investigation of the utility holding company - the tentative settlement between gulf power a fla. electric company and federal prosecutors would mark the end of one part of a inquiry of southern co. in the past year - a grand jury has been investigating whether officials at southern co. conspired to cover up their accounting for spare parts to federal income taxes - the grand jury has also been investigating whether gulf power executives violated the federal utility holding company act which prohibits certain utilities from making political contributions - the individuals said gulf power and federal prosecutors are considering a settlement under which the company would plead guilty to two felony charges and pay fines totaling between $ N and $ N million - under one count gulf power would plead guilty to conspiring to violate the utility holding company act - under the second count the company would plead guilty to conspiring to taxes - the guilty would be made solely by gulf power the individuals said - no employee or vendor would be involved - a spokesman for southern co. would say only that discussions are continuing between gulf power and federal prosecutors - we have no further developments to report he said - officials at gulf power could n't be reached for comment - and prosecutors declined to comment - while southern co. has been reluctant to discuss the grand jury investigations edward l. chief executive officer has said the company is prepared to defend its tax and practices if any charges are brought against it - mr. has said southern co. and its units do n't illegal political contributions - neither mr. nor any other southern co. official has been charged with any wrongdoing in connection with the current inquiries - the probe of southern co. has attracted considerable attention this year because of several events that have the company including the death of a gulf power executive in a plane crash and the disappearance of a company vendor who was to be a key grand jury witness - witnesses have said the grand jury has asked numerous questions about jacob f. the senior vice president of gulf power who died in the plane crash in april - mr. gulf power 's efforts - on the morning of the crash he had been put on notice that an audit committee was recommending his dismissal because of in a company audit - investigators have been trying to determine whether the crash was an accident sabotage or - gulf power said in may that an internal audit had disclosed that at least one vendor had used false to fund political causes - but the company said the political contributions had been made more than five years ago - exxon corp. is resigning from the national wildlife federation 's corporate advisory panel saying the conservation group has been unfairly critical of the exxon oil spill along the alaskan coast - the federation said friday that it regrets the resignation but issued a response that called exxon a corporate that should keep an open dialogue with environmentalists - the federation with N million members nationwide has been one of the sharpest critics of exxon 's handling of the N million tanker spill and has accused the company of repeatedly ignoring requests to meet and discuss it - the march N oil spill hundreds of miles of along alaska 's southern coast and havoc with wildlife and the fishing industry - exxon 's exxon usa unit was one of the charter members of the corporate conservation council a panel of executives formed in N by the national wildlife federation to foster frank and open discussions between industry and the federation 's leaders - in a letter to the federation raymond exxon 's environmental coordinator said recent public actions by you regarding the oil spill have failed to demonstrate any sense of or fairness - the federation was among the plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in august against exxon seeking full payment of environmental recovery costs from the spill - first tennessee national corp. said it would take a $ N million charge in the fourth quarter as a result of plans to expand its systems operation - the banking company said it reached an agreement in principle with international business machines corp. on a systems operations contract calling for ibm to operate first tennessee 's computer and telecommunications functions - further under the agreement first would continue to develop the software that creates customer products and - because personal computers will soon be on the desks of all of our and customer service and loan representatives information will be instantly available to help customers with product decisions and provide them with information about their accounts according to john executive vice president and corporate services group manager at first tennessee - however about N employees will be affected by the agreement - first tennessee by ibm said it will attempt to place the employees within the company ibm or other companies in memphis - the process will take as many as six months to complete the company said - the agreement is subject to the banking company 's board approval which is expected next month - the treasury department said the u.s. trade deficit may worsen next year after two years of significant improvement - in its report to congress on international economic policies the treasury said that any improvement in the measure of trade known as the current account is likely at best to be very modest and the possibility of deterioration in the current account next year can not be excluded - the statement was the u.s. government 's first of what other groups such as the international monetary fund have been predicting for months - continued strength in the dollar was cited as one reason the trade position may - the treasury 's report which is required annually by a provision of the N trade act again took south korea to task for its exchange-rate policies - we believe that there have continued to be indications of exchange-rate manipulation during the past six months it said citing the lack of market forces in south korea 's exchange-rate system and the use of capital and interest-rate controls to manipulate exchange rates - the treasury expressed pleasure however with the government of taiwan which was cited for exchange-rate manipulation in last year 's report - the treasury said taiwan has its exchange rate system in the past year - the fiscal N budget deficit figure came out friday - it was down a little - the next time you hear a member of congress about the deficit consider what congress did friday - the senate N voted to increase to $ N the ceiling on insured mortgages from the fha which lost $ N billion in loan defaults last year - then by voice vote the senate voted a pork-barrel bill approved thursday by the house for domestic military construction - compare the bush request to what the senators gave themselves - for construction in west virginia mr. bush requested $ N million congress gave senator byrd 's state $ N million - senator byrd is chairman of the appropriations committee - for iowa a $ N million request became $ N million for senator ranking minority member of a military construction subcommittee - rep. jamie whitten of mississippi and chairman of house appropriations turned a $ N million bush request for his state into a $ N million - senator of tennessee is chairman of the appropriations subcommittee on military construction mr. bush 's $ N million request for tennessee increased to $ N million - in a remark someone should remember this time next year senator said i think we 've seen the peak of military construction spending for many years to come - tell us about spending restraint - tell us about the hud scandals - tell us what measure short of house arrest will get this congress under control - costa rica reached an agreement with its creditor banks that is expected to cut that government 's $ N billion in bank debt by as much as N N - the agreement was announced by costa rican president arias friday as president bush and other leaders from the western gathered in the central american nation for a celebration of democracy - costa rica had been negotiating with the u.s. and other banks for three years but the debt plan was rushed to completion in order to be announced at the meeting - the government had fallen $ N million behind in interest payments - treasury secretary nicholas brady called the agreement an important step forward in the strengthened debt strategy noting that it will when implemented provide significant reduction in the level of debt and debt service owed by costa rica - under the plan costa rica will buy back roughly N N of its bank debt outstanding at a deeply discounted price according to officials involved in the agreement - the remainder of the debt will be exchanged for new costa rican bonds with a N N N interest rate - the international monetary fund and the world bank are expected to provide approximately $ N million to help support the deal and additional funds are expected from japan - treasury officials say the costa rican agreement demonstrates that the brady debt plan can benefit small countries as well as big such as mexico - the treasury said it plans to sell $ N billion of bills today raising all new cash - the bills will be dated oct. N and will mature dec. N - no tenders will be accepted - tenders available in minimum denominations of $ N million must be received by noon est today at federal reserve banks or branches - the treasury also announced details of this week 's unusual bill auction which has been changed to accommodate the expiration of the federal debt ceiling at midnight tomorrow - the 13-week and bills will be issued tomorrow rather than thursday nov. N as originally planned - the three-month bills will still mature feb. N N and the six-month bills on may N N - the treasury also said tenders will be considered timely if no later than sunday oct. N and received no later than tomorrow - the treasury said it wo n't be able to honor reinvestment requests from holders of bills maturing nov. N held in the treasury 's system - the department will make payment for bills maturing on nov. N to all investors who have requested reinvestment of their bills on that date as well as to all account holders who have previously requested payment - american pioneer inc. said it agreed in principle to sell its american pioneer life insurance co. subsidiary to inc. 's insurance cos. for $ N million - american pioneer parent of american pioneer savings bank said the sale will add capital and reduce the level of investments in subsidiaries for the thrift holding company - recently the boards of both the parent company and the thrift also voted to suspend dividends on preferred shares of both companies and convert all preferred into common shares - the company said the move was necessary to meet capital requirements - the transaction is subject to execution of a definitive purchase agreement and approval by various regulatory agencies including the insurance departments of the states of florida and indiana the company said - in the second quarter american pioneer reported a loss of $ N million compared with net income of $ N million a year earlier - the banking operation had a loss of $ N million in the second quarter largely because of problem real-estate loans while the insurance operations earned $ N - october employment data also could turn out to be the most confusing - on the surface the overall unemployment rate is expected to be little changed from september 's N N - but the actual head count of employment payroll jobs is likely to be by the impact of hurricane hugo strikes and seasonal adjustments economists said - the consensus view calls for an overall job gain of N compared with september 's N increase - but the important segment which last month plunged by N positions and raised recession fears is most likely to be by the month 's unusual events - several other reports come before friday 's jobs data including the september leading indicators index new-home sales and october agricultural prices reports due out tomorrow the october purchasing managers ' index and september construction spending and manufacturers ' orders on wednesday and october sales on thursday - friday brings the final count on october auto sales - the employment report is going to be difficult to interpret said michael economist with international a unit of mcgraw-hill inc. new york - mr. added that next month 's data is n't likely to be much better because it will be distorted by san francisco 's earthquake - what 's more he believes seasonal swings in the auto industry this year are n't at the same time as in the past because of production and pricing differences that are curbing the of seasonal adjustments built into the employment data - wednesday 's report from the purchasing agents will be watched to see if the index maintains a level below N N as it has for the past couple of months - a reading of less than N N indicates an economy that is generally contracting while a reading above N N indicates an economy that 's expanding - samuel d. chief financial economist at kleinwort benson government securities inc. chicago said that the purchasers ' report is valuable because it often presents the first of economic data for the month - but he added some people use the purchasers ' index as a leading indicator some use it as a indicator - but the thing it 's supposed to measure manufacturing strength it missed altogether last month - david wyss chief financial economist at data resources inc. boston said that the purchasers ' index does miss occasionally adding when it misses one month it tends to miss the next month too - the consensus view on september leading indicators calls for a gain of N N the same as in august - economists said greatly increased consumer optimism a larger money supply and higher stock prices helped lift the index - all components such as orders and building permits are thought to have been weaker - data resources ' mr. wyss added that he will be keeping a closer eye than on october sales - usually october is n't a very interesting month for retail figures because school clothes have been bought and people are waiting for december to buy christmas presents he said - but mr. wyss said he will watch the numbers to get an of whether consumers ' general buying habits may slack off as much as their apparently has - he noted that higher gasoline prices will help the october totals - seasonal factors are also expected to have taken their toll on september new-home sales which are believed to have fallen sharply from august 's N units - construction spending is believed to have slipped about N N from august levels although economists noted the rate probably will pick up in the months ahead in response to hurricane and earthquake damage - factory owners are buying new machinery at a good rate this fall machine tool makers say but sluggish sales of new cars and trucks raise questions about fourth-quarter demand from the important automotive industry - september orders for machine tools rebounded from the summer doldrums but remained N N below year-earlier levels according to figures from the association for manufacturing technology - domestic machine tool plants received $ N million of orders last month up N N from august 's $ N million but still below the $ N million of september N said - machine tools are complex machines ranging from to that are used to shape most metal parts - overall demand still is very respectable says christopher c. group vice president at cincinnati inc. the nation 's largest machine tool producer - the outlook is positive for the intermediate to long term - september orders for all u.s. producers in fact were slightly above the monthly average for N a good year for the industry - aerospace orders are very good mr. says - and export business is still good - while some automotive programs have been delayed they have n't been canceled - september was one of the biggest order months in our history says james r. roberts vice president world-wide sales and marketing for & lewis inc. du - at a recent meeting of manufacturing executives everybody i talked with was very positive he says - most say they plan to spend more on factory equipment in N than in N - but sales of north cars are running at an annual rate of only six million down from N million a year earlier - and truck sales also are off more than N N - auto makers who began deferring some equipment purchases last spring can be expected to remain cautious about spending if their sales do n't pick up machine tool builders say - machine tool executives are hopeful however that recent developments in eastern europe will expand markets for machine tools in that region - there is demand for machine tools in the soviet union and in other eastern european countries as those nations to improve the efficiency of their ailing factories as well as the quality of their goods - however there 's a continuing dispute between machine tool makers and the defense department over whether sophisticated u.s. machine tools would increase the soviet union 's military might - the commerce department says go and the defense department says stop complains one machine tool producer - if that controversy continues u.s. machine tool makers say west german and other foreign producers are likely to grab most of the sales in eastern europe - september orders for centers machines boring mills and other machines that shape metal by cutting totaled $ N million down N N from $ N million a year earlier but a N N increase from august 's $ N million said - orders last month for and other machinery to form metal with pressure surged to $ N million a N N rise from $ N million a year earlier and a N N gain from $ N million in august - today 's are large and costly machines and a few orders can produce a high total for one month that does n't necessarily indicate a trend - machine tool shipments last month were $ N million a N N rise from a year earlier and a N N increase from august - shipments have run well ahead of N all year as machine tool builders produce against relatively good backlogs - u.s. producers had a $ N billion backlog of unfilled orders at the end of september - that was up N N from a year earlier even though orders for the first nine months of N were down N N from the comparable N period - $ N - $ N - $ N - $ N - in stock market circles the is - at least N companies are coming to the capital market to raise $ N billion an amount never thought possible in india - when they talk mega-issues they 're truly talking says s.a. dave chairman of the securities and exchange board of india - the capital market is booming - but the mega-issues are raising about the rapidly indian capital market - one is whether there is enough money to fund the new issues without stock trading - moreover in the relatively indian stock markets investors frequently do n't know what they are getting when they subscribe to an issue - a prospectus in india does n't always tell a potential investor much - some of the large amounts are being raised by small firms - in addition once money is raised investors usually have no way of knowing how it is spent - some analysts are concerned that the mega-issues in such an environment could lead to a - the rate of failures will be much more than the rate of successes in the says patel a former chairman of the giant mutual fund the unit trust of india - they 're going to have - the indian stock markets have been on a five-year high with and since prime minister gandhi started industry - but the last stock market boom in N seems small compared with the current rush to market - the $ N billion that some N companies are looking to raise in the year ending march N compares with only $ N billion raised on the capital market in the previous fiscal year - in fiscal N before mr. gandhi came to power only $ N million was raised - this year 's biggest issue $ N million of convertible debentures by engineering company larsen & toubro ltd. is the largest in indian history - and it is n't the only giant issue together the top four issues will raise $ N billion - convertible debentures bonds that can later be converted into equity shares are the most popular instrument this year though many companies are also selling bonds or equity shares - these mega-issues are being propelled by two factors economic and political - in the past the socialist policies of the government strictly limited the size of new steel mills petrochemical plants car factories and other industrial concerns to resources and restrict the profits businessmen could make - as a result industry operated out of small expensive highly inefficient industrial units - when mr. gandhi came to power he in new rules for business - he said industry should build plants on the same scale as those outside india and benefit from economies of scale - if the output was too great for the domestic market he said companies should export - india 's businessmen had to be persuaded but they have started to think big - some of the projects being funded by the new issues are the first of mr. gandhi 's policy and they require more capital than the smaller industrial units built in the past - the industrial revolution has produced an explosion in the capital market which is a far cheaper source of funds than banks where interest rates for prime borrowers are around N N - the second factor spurring mega-issues is political - mr. gandhi has called general elections for november and many businessmen fear that he and his congress i party will lose - some companies are raising money in anticipation of a government less predictable than mr. gandhi 's and possibly more restrictive - the rumor mill also says that some of the money raised in the current spate of issues will be used as campaign donations before the elections - no one admits to anything but india 's have a history of making campaign donations - so far the mega-issues are a hit with investors - earlier this year iron & steel co. 's offer of $ N million of convertible debentures was oversubscribed - ltd. a marine construction company had similar success with a slightly smaller issue - larsen & toubro started accepting applications for its giant issue earlier this month bankers and analysts expect it to be oversubscribed - still to come are big issues by ltd. a petrochemical and company and corp india a semiconductor maker - while many investors are selling parts of their portfolios to buy the new issues prices on india 's N stock exchanges are holding up so far - i do n't think it will lead to any chaos in the secondary market says mr. patel only a sagging tendency - says chairman of the unit trust of india the markets are headed for growth of and before - but with growth come growing and never has this been on the indian capital market than now - in the past the government controlled the markets indirectly through its tight grip on industry itself - various ministries decided the products businessmen could produce and how much and government-owned banks controlled the financing of projects and monitored whether companies came through on promised plans - the government has been content with this far-reaching form of control exercised on a basis with no clear rules or guidelines - but now with large amounts being raised from investors the government 's on regulation and disclosure requirements has a more dangerous aspect - the securities and exchange board of india was set up earlier this year along the lines of the u.s. securities and exchange commission but new has n't pushed the legislation to make it operational - mr. dave its head acts and patient but he makes no about the need to get to work - or we feel the prospectus standards need to be considerably improved he says - disclosures are very poor in india - he says the big questions do you really need this much money to put up these investments have you told investors what is happening in your sector what about your track record are n't asked of companies coming to market - instead he says most investors have to rely on the indian press - an example is the biggest offering of them all larsen & toubro 's $ N million bond issue - the engineering company was acquired in a takeover earlier this year by the giant reliance textile group - although larsen & toubro had n't raised money from the public in N years its new owners frequently raise funds on the local market - reliance a $ N million petrochemical company in N that was at the time the largest public issue in indian history - the media has raised questions about larsen & toubro 's issue pointing out that it exceeds the company 's annual sales and its market capitalization - even is the case of a semiconductor company with N sales of $ N million that 's raising $ N million to build an iron plant - once the money is raised it is n't always certain how it is used - larsen & toubro for example says it 's raising $ N million to use as supplier credit on large engineering jobs - unlike other companies it has n't specific projects for the funds - and even when specific projects are described in the money often is used elsewhere according to analysts - someone must monitor where the funds are deployed says mr. dave - mr. patel agrees there is no proper monitoring and of the use of these funds - they 're trying to plug the various but they 're totally for this - because of the large amounts of money being raised the loose disclosure requirements and the casual monitoring of how the money is used some analysts fear that there could be a few which could hurt market confidence far more than the small that followed the boom of N - the government insists that such a possibility is low - it says that despite loose regulation of the market itself its longstanding regulation of industry will prevent such crashes - contributed to this article - lion nathan ltd. a new zealand brewing and retail concern said friday that bond corp holdings ltd. is committed to a transaction lion nathan would acquire N N of bond 's australian brewing assets - lion nathan issued a statement saying it is applying to australia 's national companies & securities commission the nation 's corporate agency for a to takeover regulations similar to that obtained by s.a. brewing holdings ltd - brewing an australian brewer last thursday was given approval to acquire an option for up to N N of bell resources ltd. a unit of bond corp - bell resources is acquiring bond 's brewing businesses for N billion australian dollars us$ N billion - s.a. brewing would make a takeover offer for all of bell resources if it exercises the option according to the commission - bond corp. a brewing property media and resources company is selling many of its assets to reduce its debts - lion nathan has a concluded contract with bond and bell resources said douglas chief executive of lion nathan - finnair finland 's state-owned airline joined the wave of global airline alliances and signed a cooperation agreement with archrival airlines system - under the accord finnair agreed to coordinate flights marketing and other functions with the airline of norway and sweden - the pact also calls for coordination between finnair and switzerland 's national carrier with which entered a similar alliance last month - finnair and said they plan to swap stakes in each other - neither disclosed details pending board meetings next month - officials hinted however that would take a stake of at least N N in finnair valued at about $ N million at current market prices - finnair would receive shares valued at the same amount officials said - general motors corp. and ford motor co. are now going head to head in the markets for shares of jaguar plc as gm got early clearance from the federal trade commission to boost its stake in the british luxury car maker - gm confirmed friday that it received permission late thursday from u.s. antitrust regulators to increase its jaguar holdings past the $ N million level - ford got a similar earlier in october and on friday jaguar announced that the no. N u.s. auto maker had raised its stake to N N or N million shares from N N earlier in the week - a spokesman for gm the no. N auto maker declined to say how many jaguar shares that company owns - in late trading friday jaguar shares the downward tide in london 's stock market and rose five pence to N pence $ N - trading volume was a moderately heavy N million shares - in the u.s. jaguar 's american depositary receipts were among the most active issues friday in national over-the-counter trading where they closed at $ N each up N cents - analysts expect that the two u.s. auto giants will move quickly to buy up N N stakes in jaguar setting up a potential bidding war for the prestigious jaguar brand - british government restrictions prevent any single shareholder from going beyond N N before the end of N without government permission - the british government which owned jaguar until N still holds a controlling golden share in the company - with the golden share as protection jaguar officials have rebuffed ford 's and moved instead to forge an alliance with gm - jaguar officials have indicated they are close to up a friendly alliance with gm that would preserve jaguar 's independence but no deal has been announced - ford on the other hand has said it 's willing to bid for all of jaguar despite the objections of jaguar chairman sir john - analysts continued to speculate late last week that ford may try to force the issue by calling for a special shareholder 's meeting and urging that the government and jaguar holders remove the barriers to a full bidding contest before december N - but a ford spokeswoman in dearborn said friday the company has n't requested such a meeting yet - individuals close to the situation believe ford officials will seek a meeting this week with sir john to their proposal for a full bid - any discussions with ford could postpone the deal headed for completion within the next two weeks - the gm agreement is expected to retain jaguar 's independence by involving an eventual N N stake for the u.s. auto giant as well as joint manufacturing and marketing ventures - jaguar and gm hope to win jaguar shareholders approval for the accord partly by it in a way that would n't preclude a full ford bid once the golden share expires - there 's either a minority stake package capable of getting jaguar shareholder approval or there is n't said one knowledgeable individual - if there is n't the deal wo n't be put forward to shareholders - union sentiment also could influence shareholder reaction to a accord - gm 's u.k. unit holds crucial talks today with union officials about its consideration of an port site for its first major engine plant in britain - one union leader said if they try to build it somewhere else in europe besides the u.k. they are going to be in big trouble with over any jaguar deal - these are the last words abbie hoffman ever more or less before he killed himself - and you are there sort of - abbie i 'm ok jack - i 'm ok - listening - i 'm out of bed - i got my feet on the floor - - two feet - i 'll see you wednesday thursday - he - abbie i 'll always be with you jack - do n't worry - abbie lies back and leaves the frame empty - of course that was n't the actual conversation the late activist protest leader and founder of the ever had with his brother - it 's a script together from interviews by cbs news for a a dramatic by an actor of mr. hoffman 's ultimately unsuccessful struggle with depression - the segment is soon to be broadcast on the cbs news series saturday night with chung thus further the between and reality in tv news - it is the new journalism come to television - ms. chung 's program is just one of several network shows and many more in that rely on the controversial technique of events using actors who are supposed to resemble real people living and dead - ms. chung 's however is said to be the only network news program in history to employ casting directors - abbie hoffman in this case is to be played by hollywood actor paul who is n't new to the character - he was mr. hoffman in a N los angeles production of a play called the chicago conspiracy trial - television news of course has always been part - broadcasters have a healthy appreciation of the role entertainment values play in an audience - but as cbs broadcast group president howard puts it the network now needs to broaden the of television and that includes some - since its premiere sept. N the show on which ms. chung appears has used an actor to the rev. johns a leader and one to play a drug dealer - it has the of pan am flight N over the scottish town of - on oct. N it did a of the and of associated press terry anderson who was in march N and is believed to be held in lebanon - the production had actors playing mr. anderson and former david the rev. benjamin and father lawrence - abc news has similarly out into entertainment - prime time live a new show this season featuring sam donaldson and has a studio audience that and that one night to the embarrassment of the network at the camera like the crowd on let 's make a deal - abc stops short of using an applause sign and a comic to warm up the audience - the stars do that themselves - nbc news has produced three episodes of an series produced by called yesterday today and tomorrow maria chuck and mary alice williams that also gives work to actors - call it a fad - or call it the wave of the future - nbc 's are produced by productions which also makes the successful prime-time nbc entertainment series - the marriage of news and theater if not exactly inevitable has been nonetheless - news programs particularly if they score well in the ratings appeal to the networks ' corporate parents because they are so much less expensive to produce than an entertainment show is somewhere between $ N and $ N for a one-hour program - entertainment shows tend to cost twice that - have been used successfully for several seasons on such syndicated tabloid tv shows as a current affair which is produced by the fox broadcasting co. unit of rupert murdoch 's news corp - that show whose host is ms. chung 's husband has a particular for and stories having to do with sex the robert chambers murder case the lowe tapes what have you - gerald stone the executive producer of a current affair says we have opened eyes to being a little less conservative and more in how to present the news - nowhere have eyes been opened wider than at cbs news - at N w. st. in manhattan one floor below the offices of N minutes the most successful prime-time news program ever actors wait in the reception area to for saturday night with chung - cbs news sends scripts to agents who pass them along to clients - the network deals a lot with including scott who portrayed mr. anderson and bill as father but the network has some big names to contend with too - james jones is cast to play the rev. mr. johns - may former california gov. pat brown in a on the last man to be executed in california in N - saturday night has cast actors to appear in future stories ranging from the abortion rights of to a nov. N segment on a man named who calls himself a monster and is to be the prisoner in new york - cbs news which as recently as two years ago fired hundreds of its employees in budget cutbacks now featured actors beginning at $ N a week - that is n't much compared with what bill cosby makes or even chung for that matter who is paid $ N million a year and who recently did a guest shot of her own on the murphy brown - but the money is n't peanuts either particularly for a news program - cbs news is also the N three mile island nuclear accident in pa. with something less than a cast of thousands - it is the town of N for about N - on oct. N the town 's mayor robert made an announcement on behalf of cbs during at the high school football game asking for - there was a roll of through the stands says joe the editor of the weekly press and journal in - they 're right now at the bank down the street and they want shots of people getting out of cars and kids on - they are approaching everyone on the street and asking if they want to be in a - mr. says he would n't dream of participating himself - no way - i think - though a may have the flavor hollywood on the hudson it is n't - some producers seem tentative about the technique even - so the results while not news are n't exactly theater either at least not good theater - and some people do think that acting out scripts is n't worthy of cbs news which once lent prestige to the network and set standards for the industry - in his review of saturday night with chung tom the tv critic of the washington post and generally an of cbs wrote that while the show is impressive one has to wonder if this is the proper direction for a network news division to take - events has in general upset news including former cbs news president richard s. and former nbc news president frank former cbs news walter and the new dean of the columbia university graduate school of journalism joan - says she once you add it 's no longer news it 's drama and that has no place on a network news broadcast - they should never be on - never - criticism of the abbie hoffman segment is particularly among people who knew and loved the man - that includes his companion of N years as well as his former wife - both women say they also find it that cbs news is apparently concentrating on mr. hoffman 's problems as a - this is dangerous and abbie 's life says ms. who has had an advance look at the script - it 's a piece about someone who is not here to defend himself - mrs. hoffman says that makes the truth flexible - it takes one person 's account and gives it - cbs news interviewed jack hoffman and his sister as well as mr. hoffman 's in township pa - also jonathan who with mr. hoffman on two books - mr. says i wanted to be interviewed to get abbie 's story out and maybe talking about the illness will do some good - the executive producer of saturday night with chung andrew lack declines to discuss as a practice or his show in particular - i do n't talk about my work he says - the president of cbs news david w. burke did n't return numerous telephone calls - one person close to the process says it would not be in the best interest of cbs news to comment on a work in progress such as the hoffman but says cbs news is aware of the concerns of ms. and mr. hoffman 's former wife - neither woman was invited by cbs news to participate in a discussion about mr. hoffman that is to follow the - mr. the actor who plays mr. hoffman says he was concerned at first that the script would an political mind one that i but that his concerns were - the producers he says did a good job of someone who had done so much but who was also a - dentsu inc. the world 's largest advertising agency on the strength of its dominance in the japanese market is setting its sights on overseas expansion - last year dentsu started a joint network with u.s. ad agency young & rubicam and eurocom of france - a few months ago dentsu acquired N N of australian agency fortune communication holdings ltd. for N million australian dollars us$ N million - dentsu has u.s. subsidiaries but they keep low - now the giant marketing company which holds N N of japan 's N trillion yen $ N billion advertising industry is considering the acquisition of an advertising network in the u.s. or europe - what is driving dentsu 's international expansion largely is the need to keep up with its japanese clients as they grow in the u.s. and europe - if we do n't do something we wo n't be able to catch up with demand says a dentsu spokesman - our president said acquisition is an effective method - last year dentsu 's foreign business accounted for less than N N of total billings but the company is aiming at N N in the near future - so far it appears cautious about taking the big step - for example the spokesman says dentsu has been approached by banks and securities companies a number of times to invest in the troubled british marketing group saatchi & saatchi plc - but he said dentsu has n't looked seriously at saatchi - though dentsu says it has no concrete acquisition plans or deadlines it is laying the for international growth - it is setting up a special team in charge of international markets and training workers to do business abroad - for the year ended march N dentsu sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion and net income jumped N N to $ N million from $ N million - dentsu 's billings last year were larger than those of young & rubicam the world 's second-largest ad agency according to a survey by the publication advertising age - but success overseas in markets could be than for other industries such as manufacturers - on its own dentsu 's muscle in japan may count for little in major foreign markets when seeking clients - thus an acquisition may prove the necessary course - but japanese agencies are cautious about expanding abroad because client relationships are different - japanese agencies do business with rival clients in the same industry a practice that would be by traditional western conflict rules says roy the london chief executive of saatchi & saatchi 's communications division - although acquiring a foreign company would expand japanese advertising agencies ' business to foreign clients many clients would also be japanese companies expanding overseas says the dentsu spokesman - but the different business system would make it hard for dentsu to provide these japanese companies the same kind of services they do in japan - ciba-geigy ag the big swiss chemicals company said that it agreed in a letter of intent with corning inc. to acquire corning 's N N share of corning corp. based in mass - corning which had been a N venture between ciba-geigy and corning has annual sales of about $ N million the announcement said - terms of the transaction were n't disclosed - corning makes clinical systems and related products for the industry - the announcement said the acquisition should be completed by december after a definitive agreement is completed and regulatory approval is received - ciba-geigy intends to develop the corning unit into a substantial business making the unit an part of ciba-geigy 's comprehensive disease management concept - the nbc network canceled its first new series of the fall tv season killing brooks 's hotel comedy the house - the show one of five new nbc series is the second casualty of the three networks so far this fall - last week cbs inc. canceled the people next door - nbc 's comedy had aired at N p.m. and in five had drawn an average of only N N of homes lagging behind the jamie lee comedy anything but love on abc and cbs 's one-hour drama and the - nbc a unit of general electric co. has n't decided on a permanent replacement for the canceled series - john ltd. said it plans a private placement of N million canadian dollars us$ N million in preferred shares to be completed around nov. N - proceeds will be used to reduce short-term debt at the beer and food concern said robert vice president finance - the preferred shares will carry a floating annual dividend equal to N N of the 30-day bankers ' acceptance rate until dec. N N - thereafter the rate will be - mr. said that if no agreement is reached other buyers will be sought by bid or auction - the shares are after the end of N - mr. said the share issue is part of a strategy to strengthen 's balance sheet in anticipation of acquisitions to be made during the next N to N months - 's has no takeover bids outstanding currently he said - lead underwriter to the issue is toronto dominion securities inc - texas instruments inc. once a pioneer in portable computer technology today will make a bid to itself in that business by three small personal computers - the announcements are scheduled to be made in temple texas and include a so-called notebook pc that less than seven pounds has a hard disk drive and is by intel corp. 's N microprocessor - that introduction comes only two weeks after compaq computer corp. it had a lead of three to six months on competitors introduced the first u.s. notebook computer with such features - despite the inevitable comparison with compaq however texas instruments ' new notebook wo n't be a direct competitor - while compaq sells its machines to businesses through computer retailers texas instruments will be selling most of its machines to the industrial market and to and manufacturers - the also mark texas instruments ' plunge back into a technology it has all but ignored for the past several years - although the dallas-based computer giant introduced the first portable data terminal in N a monster and the world 's first portable in N the only portable machines it has introduced since the first part of the decade have been terminals with limited processing ability - it stopped selling a standard personal computer a while ago - now that is about to change as texas instruments begins marketing two laptop pcs with N and N hard drives - the are not revolutionary and indeed are in a market first opened by grid systems corp. now a unit of tandy corp. almost two years ago - but the notebook with the more advanced microprocessor and hard disk is more innovative - weighing N pounds with battery the notebook measures N by N inches has a hard disk drive and boasts a screen that is N N larger than compaq 's - its according to industry consultants is better than compaq 's but its battery life of two to three hours is shorter - it does n't have an internal disk drive although a drive can be purchased separately - its greatest may be its big enough for one consultant to describe it as - list prices on the heavier texas instrument will be $ N for the model N with a N disk drive and $ N for the model N - the notebook the model N will be priced at $ N - shearson lehman hutton inc. said it applied to taiwanese securities officials for permission to open brokerage offices in taipei - shearson 's application is the first since the taiwan securities and exchange commission announced june N that it would allow foreign brokerage firms to do business in that country - taiwan officials are expected to review the shearson application later this year - under current rules investors in taiwan can buy overseas stocks only through the purchase of mutual funds issued by local and foreign investment trusts - the new rules will allow investors to buy foreign stocks directly - a spokesman for shearson said the brokerage service will be directed at individual investors who want to buy foreign and domestic stocks - it 's an attractive market with good growth opportunities he added - retailers in the west and parts of the south are entering the critical christmas shopping season with more momentum than those in other regions - in a new report the international council of shopping centers said sales of general merchandise in the west for the first seven months of N rose N N above year-earlier levels - sales increased a more modest N N in the south and N N in the midwest - but sales in the state of texas surged N N and sales in south carolina jumped N N in the period the new york trade group said - in the northeast however sales declined N N in the period with sales in new england falling N N - the numbers show that we do n't have a economy said council research director - there are a lot of have and markets - sales nationally rose N N through july the latest month for which the figures are available the council said - the northern california earthquake and hurricane hugo are likely to temporarily damp sales growth in the west and south carolina - but mr. predicted the regional trends would continue through christmas - the big is as much of a factor in retailing as in politics he said - the christmas quarter is important to retailers because it represents roughly a third of their sales and nearly half of their profits - the council 's report is based on data the trade group buys from the u.s. census bureau - the information on N metropolitan markets is supplied by retailers such as sears roebuck & co. and k mart corp. as well as closely held concerns such as r.h. macy & co - the council plans to release its regional reports monthly - mr. said strength in employment appears to have the biggest impact on sales growth - el paso austin and fort worth the three strongest retail markets in the nation are all located in texas where employment grew a relatively strong N N - massachusetts which has lost jobs in the computer and industries was the weakest link in bleak new england - the results reflect a reversal in the fortunes of the regions during the past two years - in N the west had the sales growth and the south and the midwest were first and second respectively according to the council - mr. said that although retailers probably wo n't ever recover sales lost because of the california quake and hurricane hugo they could see some benefits later on - stores such as sears that sell durable goods might actually get a boost as consumers rush to replace items lost in the disasters he said - corp. said it will spend $ N million to purchase land and its storage facility to clark county nev. from henderson - the company said it will move the storage and operations to a site N miles northeast of las vegas to distance the operations from residential areas - is an that is mixed with a to make rocket fuel used in the space shuttle and military - in may N an plant in henderson owned by an american pacific corp. unit was by a series of explosions - after the explosion temporarily shut down its facility just south of las vegas for a safety inspection - american pacific and are the only two u.s. manufacturers of - when the plant was destroyed i think everyone got concerned that the same thing would happen at our plant a spokeswoman said - that prompted to consider moving the potentially volatile storage facilities and operations away from town - said it has purchased N acres from the federal government in clark county and plans to begin construction early next year - the new facility is expected to begin operations in early N - the henderson plant will continue its other chemical operations the company said - this maker of electronic devices said it replaced all five incumbent directors at a special meeting called by milton b. hollander whose high technology holding co. of stamford conn. acquired most of its N N stake in newport in august - elected as directors were mr. hollander frederick frederick ross arthur b. and rose - removed from office were george robert e. davis norman gray john virtue corporate secretary and barrett b. weekes chairman president and chief executive officer - newport officials did n't respond friday to requests to discuss the changes at the company but earlier mr. weekes had said mr. hollander wanted to have his own team on the board - co. japan 's leading cosmetics producer said it had net income of N billion yen $ N million in its first half which ended sept. N - exact comparisons with the previous year were unavailable because of a change in the company 's fiscal calendar - the tokyo-based company had net of N billion yen in the previous reporting period which was the four months ended march N - sales in the first half came to N billion yen compared with N billion yen in the period - predicted that sales for the year ending next march N will be N billion yen compared with N billion yen in the year ended nov. N N - it said it expects net to rise to N billion yen from N billion yen - bruce w. president and chief executive officer was named to the additional post of chairman of this architectural and design services concern - mr. N years old succeeds thomas a. bullock N who is retiring as chairman but will continue as a director and chairman of the executive committee - merger and acquisition activity in the third quarter exceeded the year-earlier pace said merrill lynch & co. 's & co. unit in ill - a total of N transactions were announced during the latest quarter up N N from the year-earlier period 's N said - transactions in which prices were disclosed totaled $ N billion up N N from $ N billion a year earlier the company added - counted N transactions valued at $ N billion or more in the latest period twice as many as a year earlier - the largest was the $ N billion merger creating bristol-myers squibb co - in the first nine months N transactions were announced up N N from N in the year-earlier period - transactions in which prices were disclosed totaled $ N billion up N N from $ N billion a year earlier - citing current stock market conditions and the trend away from highly leveraged transactions said it was n't certain that the total value of transactions for the year will exceed the record $ N billion in N - medicine international inc. declared a stock split and substantially boosted the dividend payout - the of said the added shares will be distributed dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the company also changed its dividend policy under which holders had received an annual N payment by declaring a dividend to be paid quarterly on shares - nbi inc. said that it can not pay the oct. N dividend on its series a convertible preferred stock allowing the stock 's holder to convert the shares into as much as N N of nbi 's shares outstanding - nbi said that it has the funds to pay the dividend but that it does n't have the surplus or profit required under delaware law for payment of the dividend - all the preferred stock is held by the office supply stock ownership plan - under terms of the stock the can demand that the stock be redeemed for $ N on nov. N but nbi said it is legally prohibited from making the redemption - failure to pay the dividend allows to convert all or some of its shares into nbi common after nov. N at a conversion price based on nbi 's closing stock price - nbi a maker of systems said it ca n't predict if any of the preferred stock will be converted - nbi also said it has hired prudential-bache securities inc. as its financial adviser and investment banker to help it restructure financially and improve its balance sheet - insurers may see claims resulting from the san francisco earthquake totaling nearly $ N billion far less than the claims they face from hurricane hugo but the recent spate of catastrophes should jolt property insurance rates in coming months - the property claims service division of the american insurance services group estimated insured losses from the earthquake at $ N million - this estimate does n't include claims under workers ' compensation life health and liability insurance and damage to infrastructure such as bridges highways and public buildings - the estimated earthquake losses are low compared with the $ N billion in claims that insurers face from hurricane hugo which through the caribbean and the carolinas last month - that 's because only about N N of california homes and businesses had earthquake insurance to cover the losses - however insurance brokers and executives say that the combination of the bay area earthquake hugo and last week 's explosion at the phillips petroleum co. 's refinery in pasadena texas will cause property insurance and reinsurance rates to jump - other insurance rates such as casualty insurance which would cover liability claims are n't likely to firm right away says alice an industry analyst with research in avon conn - she believes the impact of losses from these catastrophes is n't likely to halt the growth of the industry 's surplus capital next year - property reinsurance rates are likely to climb first analysts and brokers believe - the reinsurance market has been by disasters in the u.s. as well as in great britain and europe says thomas director of research at lane inc. in atlanta - insurers typically retain a small percentage of the risks they underwrite and pass on the rest of the losses - insurers buy this insurance protection for themselves by giving up a portion of the premiums they collect on a policy to another firm a reinsurance company which in turn a portion of any losses resulting from this policy - insurers such as cigna corp. corp and aetna life & casualty co. buy reinsurance from other companies and lloyd 's of london for one catastrophe at a time - after hugo hit many insurers exhausted their reinsurance coverage and had to tap to replace that coverage in case there were any other major disasters before the end of the year - after the earthquake two weeks ago brokers say companies scrambled to replace reinsurance again and lloyd 's syndicates turned to the london market excess lines for protection of their own - james senior vice president of & inc. a new york-based reinsurance broker says insurers who took big losses this fall and had purchased little reinsurance in recent years will be asked to pay some pretty hefty rates if they want to buy reinsurance for N - however companies with few catastrophe losses this year and already big buyers of reinsurance are likely to see their rates remain flat or perhaps even decline slightly - many companies will be negotiating their N reinsurance contracts in the next few weeks - it 's a seller 's market said mr. of the reinsurance market right now - but some large insurers such as state farm mutual automobile insurance co. do n't purchase reinsurance but fund their own program - a few years ago state farm the nation 's largest home insurer stopped buying reinsurance because no one carrier could provide all the coverage that it needed and the company found it cheaper to - the $ N million of losses state farm expects from hugo and an additional $ N million from the earthquake are less than N N of state farm 's $ N billion total net worth - since few insurers have announced what amount of losses they expect to see from the earthquake it 's impossible to get a clear picture of the quake 's impact on fourth-quarter earnings said herbert at prudential-bache securities corp - expects an after-tax charge of less than $ N million against fourth-quarter net hartford insurance group a unit of itt corp. expects a $ N million or N cents after-tax charge and fireman 's fund corp. expects a charge of no more than $ N million before taxes and after using its reinsurance - sharp corp. tokyo said net income in its first half rose N N to N billion yen $ N million from N billion yen a year earlier - the consumer electronics home appliances and concern said revenue in the six months ended sept. N rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - sales of products and electric parts increased a strong N N to N billion yen from N billion yen and accounted for N N of total sales - in audio equipment sales rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - sales of electric appliances were flat and sales of electronic equipment declined slightly - sharp projected sales for the current year ending march N at N trillion yen a N N increase the previous fiscal year - it said it expects net to rise N N to N billion yen - sun microsystems inc. a computer maker announced the effectiveness of its registration statement for $ N million of N N N convertible subordinated debentures due oct. N N - the company said the debentures are being issued at an issue price of $ N for each $ N principal amount and are convertible at any time prior to maturity at a conversion price of $ N a share - the debentures are available through goldman sachs & co - nelson holdings international ltd. shareholders approved a consolidation of the company 's common stock at a special meeting - at the same time shareholders approved the adoption of a rights plan and a voting approval requirement - they also approved the relocation of the company 's registered office to toronto from vancouver and a name change to nelson holdings international ltd - following the consolidation the entertainment company which has film and television operations in beverly hills calif. will have about N million shares outstanding - the number of authorized common shares will remain at N million - under the rights plan holders will have one right for each common share held with each right the purchase of one common share for N canadian dollars - the rights plan would be triggered if a person or group acquires N N or more of the common shares outstanding without making an offer to all shareholders - under the amendment certain mergers and other transactions would require approval of holders of N N of the company 's common shares outstanding - wilfred american educational corp. said a federal grand jury in boston indicted the operator of and business schools for mail fraud - the charges in the indictment which stem from events that allegedly occurred in late N and early N involve procedures of six students and the preparation of certain reports wilfred said - no individuals were charged in the indictment - wilfred american said it will vigorously defend itself against the charges and added that the charges to procedures that it has since changed - eight representatives at two of wilfred 's former massachusetts schools previously pleaded guilty to charges of and counseling students to submit false applications - wilfred closed its massachusetts schools earlier this year - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday wilfred fell N cents to N cents a share - rally 's inc. said it filed suit in u.s. district court in delaware against a group led by burt sugarman seeking to block the investors from buying more shares - rally 's a louisville ky. fast-food chain alleges that the three investors who are directors of the company broke securities laws because they did n't disclose their intentions to acquire a big rally 's stake - the group led by giant group ltd. and its chairman mr. sugarman owns about N N of rally 's - in the securities and exchange commission filings the group has said it may seek control of rally 's - mr. sugarman called the lawsuit not nice and said his group will continue to push for control of the company and the removal of certain directors - he asserts that some directors who have joined forces with company founder james patterson have ties to wendy 's a competing chain - the patterson group which controls about N N of rally 's shares also may seek control - rally 's also said it formed a committee of three directors who are n't associated with either the patterson or sugarman groups to analyze the situation - leaseway transportation corp. said it will restructure $ N million of certain subordinated debentures to reduce its debt obligations and interest expense - the N N subordinated debentures due N were issued in august N as part of the $ N million financing for a leveraged buy-out of the company - leaseway provides transportation services for manufacturers distributors and retailers - leaseway said it has begun discussions with certain institutional debt holders to review the proposed private placement transaction which would exchange the debt for new subordinated debt instruments and equity securities - specific terms are subject to review and a final agreement with debt holders the company said - but the proposed transaction calls for an exchange of the debt for new debentures of lower face value and reduced cash interest - also debt holders would be offered an equity position in leaseway which in total would represent a controlling interest in the company - drexel burnham lambert inc. is the adviser on the transaction - company officials said leaseway payment requirements of its debt obligations since the leveraged buy-out but our performance since the buy-out makes it to implement actions that will further improve our cash flow - nicaraguan president daniel ortega may have accomplished over the weekend what his u.s. have failed to do revive a constituency for the contra rebels - lawmakers have n't publicly raised the possibility of renewing military aid to the contras and president bush the question at a news conference here saturday saying only that if there 's an military offensive that 's going to change the equation N degrees - but mr. ortega 's threat over the weekend to end a cease-fire with the rebels seeking to topple him effectively the contras as a policy priority just as they were slipping from the of their most supporters - senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine said yesterday on 's meet the press that mr. ortega 's threat was a very move particularly the timing of it - the threat came during a two-day celebration in costa rica to highlight central america 's progress toward democracy in the region attended by president bush canadian prime minister brian and N other western leaders - mr. bush returned to washington saturday night - mr. ortega announced on friday that he would end the cease-fire this week in response to the periodic contra against his army - saturday he amended his remarks to say that he would continue to by the cease-fire if the u.s. ends its financial support for the contras - he asked that the remaining u.s. humanitarian aid be diverted to and the rebels - not only did mr. ortega 's comments come in the midst of what was intended as a for the region it came as nicaragua is under special international scrutiny in anticipation of its planned february elections - outside observers are gathering in nicaragua to monitor the registration and treatment of opposition candidates - and important u.s. lawmakers must decide at the end of november if the contras are to receive the rest of the $ N million in so-called humanitarian assistance under a bipartisan agreement reached with the bush administration in march - the humanitarian assistance which pays for supplies such as food and clothing for the rebels along the nicaraguan border with honduras replaced the military aid cut off by congress in february N - while few lawmakers anticipated that the humanitarian aid would be cut off next month mr. ortega 's threat practically guarantees that the humanitarian aid will be continued - senate minority leader robert dole r. said yesterday on meet the press i would hope after his mr. ortega 's act yesterday or the day before we 'd have support for quick action on remaining humanitarian aid - sen. dole also said he hoped for support for a resolution he plans to offer tomorrow the nicaraguan leader - while renewing military aid had been considered out of the question rejected by congress and by the bush administration mr. ortega 's statement provides contra supporters with the opportunity to press the administration on the issue - the administration should now state that if the february election is by the sandinistas they should call for military aid said former assistant secretary of state elliott abrams - in these circumstances i think they 'd win - sen. mitchell said that congressional democrats intend to honor the march agreement to give support to the contras through the february elections although he added that the agreement requires that the contras not any military action - mr. ortega 's threat to breach the cease-fire comes as u.s. officials were acknowledging that the contras have at times violated it themselves - secretary of state james baker who accompanied president bush to costa rica told reporters friday i have no reason to deny reports that some contras some sandinista soldiers - mr. baker 's assistant for affairs bernard while maintaining that the sandinistas had also broken the cease-fire acknowledged it 's never very clear who starts what - he added that the u.s. has cut off aid to some rebel units when it was determined that those units broke the cease-fire - in addition to arguments in favor of ending contra aid mr. ortega 's remarks also played to the of some u.s. officials and conservatives outside the government that he is searching for ways to manipulate or the february elections - administration officials traveling with president bush in costa rica interpreted mr. ortega 's as a sign that he is n't responding to the military attacks so much as he is searching for ways to strengthen his hand prior to the elections - mr. abrams said that mr. ortega is seeking to the contras prior to the elections to remove any pressure to hold fair elections - my sense is what they have in mind is an excuse for down on by creating an atmosphere of a military emergency he said - milton petrie chairman of petrie stores corp. said he has agreed to sell his N N stake in deb shops corp. to petrie stores - in a securities and exchange commission filing mr. petrie said that on oct. N petrie stores agreed to purchase mr. petrie 's N deb shops shares - the transaction will take place tomorrow - the filing said petrie stores of n.j. is purchasing mr. petrie 's deb shops stake as an investment - although petrie stores has considered seeking to acquire the remaining equity of deb stores it has no current intention to pursue such a possibility the filing said - deb shops said it saw little significance in mr. petrie selling his stock to petrie stores - we did n't look at it and say oh my god something is going to happen said stanley vice president and corporate counsel - mr. said that mr. petrie or his company have been deb shops stock for several years each time issuing a similar regulatory statement - he said no discussions currently are taking place between the two companies - corp. said unconsolidated pretax profit increased N N to N billion yen $ N million in the first half ended sept. N from N billion yen a year ago - the tokyo camera maker said net income more than doubled to N billion yen or N a share from N billion yen or N yen a share - said sales rose despite the adverse effect of japan 's unpopular consumption tax introduced in april - increasing personal spending and capital investment are fueling growth the company said - rising export sales also contributed to strong growth added - total sales gained N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - exports made up N N of the latest year 's total up from N N a year ago - camera sales showed the strongest gains rising N N to N billion yen - forecast sales for the year ending march N will rise N N to N billion yen - pretax profit is expected to increase N N to N billion yen and net income is expected to rise N N to N billion yen - oil co. said it signed a definitive agreement to acquire gulf canada resources ltd. 's u.s. unit for $ N million - a denver oil and gas concern said it will acquire the properties and operations of home petroleum corp. which includes two regional systems and proved reserves of about nine million barrels of oil and N billion cubic feet of natural gas - said the properties are generally in wyoming north texas oklahoma and louisiana - gulf canada calgary said the transaction is part of its plan to sell assets and focus operations on canada indonesia and other international areas - a spokesman for gulf canada which is controlled by toronto 's family said the properties account for about N N of the company 's assets and produce about N barrels of oil and N million cubic feet of gas a day - he said gulf canada will likely report an extraordinary gain from the sale in the fourth quarter but he would n't offer a specific estimate - the transaction is expected to close by nov. N - nec corp. a tokyo-based computer and electronics concern said net income rose N N to N billion yen $ N million in the fiscal first half ended sept. N from N billion yen a year earlier - sales rose N N to N trillion yen from N trillion yen - nec said first-half computer sales totaled N billion yen up N N from N billion yen a year earlier - sales of electrical devices rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - it said sales of home electronic products advanced N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - in the period just ended computers accounted for N N of total sales nec said and electrical devices made up N N - nec forecast sales for the year ending next march N of N trillion yen an increase of N N from the previous fiscal year - it said net income will rise N N to N billion yen - montedison definitively agreed to buy all of the publicly held shares of erbamont n.v. for $ N each - montedison now owns about N N of erbamont 's shares outstanding - the companies said the accord was unanimously approved by a special committee of erbamont directors with montedison - under the pact will make a $ tender offer for erbamont stock outstanding - the tender offer will be followed by the sale of all of erbamont 's assets subject to all of its liabilities to montedison - erbamont will then be liquidated with any remaining erbamont holders receiving a distribution of $ N a share - the companies said the transaction is being structured this way because the laws of the netherlands under which erbamont is organized do n't provide for merger transactions - a unit of dpc acquisition partners launched a $ tender offer for the shares outstanding of dataproducts corp. and said it would seek to liquidate the maker as soon as possible even if a merger is n't - dpc acquisition is controlled by investment associates wilson investment group corp. and catalyst partners - the investor group owns N dataproducts common shares or a N N stake - the offer is based on several conditions including obtaining financing - dpc acquisition said it had received the reasonable assurance of chase manhattan bank that the financing can be obtained - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission dpc acquisition said it expects it will need about $ N million to buy the shares and pay related fees and expenses - dpc acquisition added that it has not begun discussions with financing sources and said it expected to repay the amounts borrowed through proceeds of the liquidation - dataproducts officials declined to comment and said they had not yet seen a suit filed in federal court by dpc acquisition that seeks to a standstill agreement between dpc acquisition and dataproducts - earlier this year dpc acquisition made a $ offer for dataproducts which the dataproducts board said it rejected because the $ N million offer was not fully financed - dataproducts has since started a restructuring and has said it is not for sale - jayark corp. agreed to pay $ N million in cash $ N million of N N convertible debentures and N million common shares to acquire closely held imports inc - in over-the-counter trading friday jayark was quoted at N cents bid down N cents - at the market price the transaction has a total indicated value of $ N million - is a new york holding company for inc. which imports furniture and other items - david l. president and chief executive officer of jayark holds about N N of jayark said - jayark new york distributes and equipment and prints promotional ads for retailers - in the quarter ended july N jayark had an average of N million shares outstanding - the transaction is subject to approval by a panel of directors the company said adding that shareholder approval is n't needed - co. a tokyo-based concern said net income in its first half rose N N to N billion yen $ N million from N billion yen a year earlier - sales in the six months ended sept. N were up N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - sales were higher in all of the company 's business categories with the biggest growth coming in sales of such as coffee and frozen food which rose N N - oils and also did well posting a N N sales increase - sales in the category that includes pharmaceuticals and chemicals rose N N - predicted sales in the current fiscal year ending next march N of N billion yen compared with N billion yen in fiscal N - it said it expects full-year net of N billion yen compared with N billion yen in the latest year - the new york mercantile exchange the world 's chief oil futures marketplace is at a critical - several longtime observers of the commodities industry think the fortunes of the merc over the next decade will be determined to a large extent by how well its new natural gas futures contract does and how successful its new president is in raising the level of compliance by floor traders with exchange and commodity futures trading commission rules - if the exchange in these moves they say it might once again fall behind its chief new york competitor the commodity exchange - on friday the merc 's board announced that it had approved pipe line co. 's henry hub in as the delivery site for its long-awaited natural gas futures contract - it also said that it would start trading the contract as soon as the cftc approved it - the cftc has N days to respond to such applications - the merc first started working on developing this contract in N - only three weeks earlier the merc had turned to one of its own executives 40-year-old r. patrick thompson to replace t. as president - mr. thompson is believed to have a mandate from the board of directors to help improve the merc 's reputation as an exchange whose floor traders do n't follow the rules very well - ms. had been forced out in july in a bitter power struggle with chairman and a longtime floor trader on the exchange - mr. told one person familiar with the new york exchanges during the search for a replacement that he was looking for a president who would be responsive to the needs of the membership and the board - mr. thompson first came to the exchange in N and has been executive vice president since march N - he previously held posts of senior vice president of compliance and senior vice president and general counsel - by contrast the comex in july imported a highly regarded outsider arnold f. as its president - mr. N was a senior officer of the philadelphia stock exchange and is considered a specialist in new financial products - mr. thompson is n't of experience with new products however - for the past two years he said he and the exchange 's research department have been working on the new natural gas contract seeking a good delivery site and studying the natural gas market - our members are eager to begin trading this contract so we expect no difficulty in attracting to the natural gas pit he said - the educational effort of teaching companies in the natural gas industry how to use the futures to hedge would have to continue for another a year or two he added - the merc 's extremely successful contracts in crude oil gasoline and heating oil have made it the largest futures exchange in new york and third behind the chicago board of trade and chicago mercantile exchange - in a recent interview mr. thompson said the biggest problem facing all commodity exchanges was one of image - earlier this year the u.s. attorney indicted N floor traders and one clerk at the two big chicago exchanges - federal authorities in new york started investigating exchanges in may though no have been handed down there - so far they have issued scores of some of which went to members of the new york merc - mr. thompson will have to face some of the consequences of those - in a recent general accounting office study the merc was found to have been the most in exchange rules - it the smallest number of of traders and fines of the four largest commodity exchanges studied over the past five years - it also had both the and least experienced investigators per million contracts traded - the merc received considerable criticism in N when it was discovered that its compliance director kevin p. conway who then was responsible for the exchange 's busy oil and metal pits was engaged in other personal business activities on exchange time including trips according to a new york merc report prepared last year - mr. conway is no longer at the exchange - we had a management breakdown in N in terms of compliance mr. thompson says - we recognized the problem and took care of it - he says that even if the natural gas contract boosts volume at the exchange strongly the N business plan calls for having adequate compliance people to ensure that exchange rules are being followed - for years the five new york exchanges have been talking about in various aspects of their business in order to improve the efficiency of their operations - there has even been talk of mergers between one or more exchanges - so far there is little to show for such efforts - mr. thompson believes the case for working together is stronger now than ever - the cost of competition has become extremely high he says - we must find ways to save money for the futures commission merchants who do business on our exchanges - he thinks that progress in cooperation can be made in areas where no vested interests have built up - one of those areas is the development of a hand-held electronic device that would permit floor traders to enter trades as they make them - the has recommended the creation of a system to record trade data so that an independent audit trail can be established to prevent customer fraud - the merc is now with the comex in developing such a device to provide such an audit trail - the chicago exchanges also are working on such a device - another major electronics problem faces mr. thompson the creation of a 24-hour trading system that can be used outside normal trading hours - in january the new york merc signed a letter of intent with the chicago merc as a preliminary step to joining their electronic system called - but in may the chicago merc said it was looking into creating a common system with the chicago board of trade and it suspended negotiations with the new york merc - mr. thompson says his exchange is n't waiting for the results of the chicago exchanges ' cooperation - it recently began a pilot program to test an electronic trading system called the automated trading system created by the international commodities clearing house - looking ahead to commodity markets this week - copper - michael metals trader for painewebber inc. in new york said there is good technical support between $ N and $ N a pound for december copper which ended friday at $ N a pound up N cents - he views the $ N to $ N range as a buying opportunity and considers the market - i think the market could pop up to the $ N to $ N level without too much difficulty he said - but he said it wo n't climb further and he expects it to remain in a trading range between $ N and $ N - he noted that the equity markets will set the tone for the industrial metals this week and traders should keep an eye on wall street - william research director for elders futures inc. in new york said for a rally to occur there must be demand from the far east - he added that talk of strike settlements at producing mines has been fully discounted - however to resume the bull trend according to mr. copper would have to close over $ N - he said there are two reports this week that might affect prices the purchasing managers report on wednesday and the unemployment report on friday - precious metals - friday 's strong price gains confirmed a turnaround in the precious metals markets according to painewebber 's mr. - most traders will be looking to buy on he said - he thought the moves in the metals last week were most influenced by the uncertainty in the equity and other financial markets - according to mr. floor traders say there is good support for december gold in the $ N to $ N per ounce area around $ N an ounce for december silver and in the $ N to $ N an ounce range for january platinum - william research director for elders futures inc. in new york said the price action for all of last week is the best he has seen on a weekly basis in more than a year - he said last week 's activity in gold could a move to $ N an ounce for the december contract - he also said traders should keep an eye on the stock market because if the stock market rallies that could trouble for the precious metals - he said traders should be on the for how metals producers react to this rally - i expect to see some selling but will they kill this one as they have every rally in the recent past by selling and in prices for their production - he noted that for the first time in months there was some light investor interest in the metals - grains and soybeans - prices this week will likely be dominated by reports on the progress of the corn and soybean harvest as well as by speculation about more purchases of u.s. crops by the soviet union - in recent weeks warm and dry weather has the midwest harvest and that is permitting farmers to rebuild the that were cut by the N drought - if the weather allowed farmers to work in their fields over the weekend many midwest grain elevators will probably sell futures contracts today at the chicago board of trade in order to hedge their weekend purchases from farmers - that selling of futures contracts by elevators is what helps keep downward pressure on crop prices during the harvest - traders will also watch for whether the soviet union continues its traditional fall buying of u.s. grain - so far this month the soviets have bought about N million metric tons of u.s. corn - there may be some activity in soybean prices this week as investors try to get rid of the contract for november delivery - investors usually do n't want to take physical delivery of a contract instead to profit from its price swings and then end any obligation to take delivery or make delivery as it expiration - employees of the globe and mail a thomson corp. newspaper in toronto voted to accept a tentative contract agreement saturday a strike at canada 's leading daily - under the terms of the three-year contract similar to one reached at corp. 's toronto star newspaper earlier this month the N globe and mail workers will see a raise of N N in the contract 's first year and N N in each of the following two years - vice chairman of the southern ontario newspaper guild the union representing the workers said thomson made significant concessions in the final round of talks - in addition to wage increases the union negotiated improved vacation plans benefit packages and pension plans mr. said - he said more than N N of the bargaining unit voted in favor of the agreement - wall street is just about ready to line the with paper stocks - for three years a healthy economy and the effects of a weak dollar propelled sales and earnings of the big paper companies to record levels - as the good times rolled they more than doubled their prices for pulp a raw material used in all sorts of paper to $ N a metric ton this past spring from $ N a ton at the start of N - but now the companies are getting into trouble because they a record expansion program while they were raising prices sharply - third-quarter profits fell at several companies - put your money in a good utility or bank stock not a paper company advises george of smith barney - other analysts are nearly as pessimistic - gary of oppenheimer & co. expects a N N decline in earnings between now and N for paper companies which account for the majority of the industry - robert of duff & phelps sees stock prices falling N N to N N in N perhaps N N if there 's a recession - paper companies concede that business has been off recently - but they attribute much of the weakness to customer inventory reductions - generally they maintain that barring a recession and a further strengthening of the dollar against foreign currencies the industry is n't headed for a prolonged slump - it wo n't be an drop a weyerhaeuser spokesman says - last week mr. lowered his rating from hold to avoid on cascade champion international great northern nekoosa international paper louisiana pacific and weyerhaeuser - oppenheimer 's mr. meanwhile is steering clear of container stone container and federal paper board - mr. is cool to georgia pacific and - lawrence ross of painewebber would avoid union camp - the companies in question believe the analysts are too pessimistic - great northern nekoosa said the odds of the dire predictions about us being right are small - international paper that it is better positioned than most companies for the coming overcapacity because its individual mills can make more than one grade of paper - a spokesman referred to a speech by chairman john in which he said that markets generally are stable although some risk of further price deterioration exists - stone container chairman roger stone said that unlike for some other paper products demand for stone 's principal commodity remains strong - he expects the price for that product to rise even more next year - container said analysts are skeptical of it because it 's carrying a lot of debt - champion international said we 've gotten our costs down and we 're better positioned for any cyclical downturn than we 've ever been - louisiana pacific and georgia pacific said a number of other analysts are recommending them because of their strong business - federal paper board said we 're not as exposed as the popular perception of us - the company explained that its main product which goes into some advertising materials and white boxes historically does n't have sharp price swings - because the stock prices of some paper companies already reflect an expected profit slump painewebber 's mr. ross says he thinks that next year the share prices of some companies may fall at most only N N to N N - a company such as federal paper board may be overly discounted and looks to him he says though he is n't yet recommending the shares - wall street is n't avoiding everything connected with paper - mr. recommends explaining that it is virtually the sole major paper company not a major capacity expansion and thus should be able to lower long-term debt substantially next year - a spokesman said the company expects record earnings in N and we 're still pretty bullish on N - the analysts say their gloomy forecasts have a side - some take a warm view of paper companies which buy pulp from the commodity producers and should benefit from the expected declines in pulp prices - estimates on how much pulp prices will fall next year currently run between $ N and $ N a metric ton - analysts agree that the price drop should especially benefit the two big tissue makers scott paper and - a spokesman for scott says that assuming the price of pulp continues to soften we should do well - 's inc. said it will report a write-off of $ N million or seven cents a share for its fourth quarter ended yesterday - the restaurant operator cited transaction costs from its N recapitalization as a result of a $ N million restructuring of its bank debt - the write-off will be reported as an extraordinary item in the company 's N operating results - in addition the effective interest rate on the $ N million of total remaining bank debt after the restructuring is N N - the combined effect of these changes is expected to save the company about $ N million in interest expenses next year or six cents a share - 's said the latest restructuring affected bank that was incurred to finance $ N million of the company 's $ N million recapitalization that took place in - the company has made payments of $ N million against the original $ N million of bank debt incurred in connection with the recapitalization - these payments of $ N million in scheduled payments and $ N million in prepayments funded by $ N million from operating cash flow zero-coupon subordinated debt and assets sales - asea brown boveri said it signed a contract for the power plant order in the netherlands - said the contract signed with the dutch utility n.v is valued in excess of $ N million - the accord is for a plant at the power station in amsterdam - asea brown boveri is the dutch unit of the electrical engineering group asea brown boveri ag - said a significant portion of the order will be placed with dutch adding that a group has been set up for this purpose - the dutch utility firm serves the amsterdam and areas - the planned plant is expected to go into operation in N - nissan motor co. expects net income to reach N billion yen u.s. $ N million in its current fiscal year up from N billion yen in the previous year kume president said - mr. kume made the earnings projection for fiscal N ending next march N in an interview with u.s. automotive writers attending the tokyo motor show - the executive said that the anticipated earnings increase is fairly modest because nissan is spending heavily to bolster its dealership network in japan and because of fluctuations - during the next decade mr. kume said nissan plans to boost overseas vehicle production sufficiently to account for a majority of sales outside japan - last year mr. kume said nissan exported slightly over one million vehicles and produced N cars and trucks at its factories in north america europe and australia - but by N he added nissan will build one million vehicles a year outside japan or sufficient to equal exports - by the end of the 1990s he said we want to be producing roughly two vehicles overseas for every vehicle that we export from japan - that will involve a substantial increase in overseas manufacturing capacity he acknowledged but did n't provide specific details - national intergroup inc. said it expects to report a charge of $ N million related to the sale of its aluminum unit 's division for the third quarter - the company said it has agreed to sell the division for $ N million to werner co. a closely held firm based in greenville pa - the charge is offset by an after-tax gain of about $ N million in the quarter from the previously announced pact to sell national aluminum 's rolling division - national intergroup in the year-ago third quarter earned $ N million or N cents a share including a gain of $ N million from the sale of a steel tube company - revenue was $ N million - the company also said it continues to explore all options concerning the possible sale of national aluminum 's N N stake in an aluminum in - the sale of the division is subject to audit adjustments for working capital changes through the closing - the agreement also provides for potential payments of additional proceeds to national aluminum over the next two years depending on the plant 's shipping levels - the unit produces and painted custom for building products and construction industries - in fiscal N it had sales of about $ N million and an operating loss of $ N million - the municipal bond market is bracing for tough times through the end of the year as it struggles to absorb an of bonds and two of its best customers turn into sellers - commercial banks and property\/casualty insurers which together own about N N of all municipal bonds have been their securities for weeks - last week traders said there were three institutional sellers for every buyer - every day we 're getting new bid lists from would-be sellers one trader said - most dealers can not continue to absorb this supply - as a result yields on long-term bonds now stand at about N N of long-term treasury yields the highest such level in more than two years - there is incredible negative psychology building in the market said a vice president at merrill lynch & co - people are very concerned about who is going to step up to the plate and buy municipal bonds in the absence of institutional buyers - the yield on a group of N revenue bonds compiled by the bond buyer a trade publication now exceeds N N - at this week 's new york city bond sale traders expect yields on the 20-year new york bonds to nearly match the N N yield on 30-year treasury bonds - for an investor in the N N federal tax N N tax-free is the same as N N on a taxable investment - that 's a yield nearly three percentage points more than the current yield on 30-year treasury bonds - how quickly things change - this past summer investors ' appetite for municipal bonds seemed - individuals eager for tax-free income drove up bond prices making state and local government debt one of the types of fixed-income investments during the period - but while analysts say that municipal bonds still offer good value you would n't know it by the way institutional investors are rushing to dump their holdings - bond market analysts say the institutional selling was triggered by several factors - big banks such as chemical bank and chase manhattan which have been taking heavy charges to expand their third world loan-loss reserves are n't looking for tax-exempt income - we do n't need the shelter of tax-free bonds said a spokeswoman at chemical - in recent weeks traders said chemical has sold more than $ N billion of tax-free bonds - the spokeswoman confirmed that the bank has significantly reduced its holdings but could n't immediately confirm the amount - insurance companies are rushing to sell before the end of the year when some of their tax benefits associated with municipal bonds will be phased out - there is speculation that property\/casualty firms will sell even more as they scramble to raise cash to pay claims related to hurricane hugo and the northern california earthquake - fundamental factors are at work as well - bond holders are worried about the impact of a slowing economy on tax revenue at a time when many state and local governments already face budget deficits and huge spending needs - the recent natural disasters and the need of many other cities to rebuild crumbling infrastructure suggests that supply of new issues will continue to rise sharply even as demand off - there is just so much going on that it 's difficult to pick just one factor that 's driving the market said ronald ian heller vice president at first chicago capital markets inc. a subsidiary of first chicago corp - some of the recent selling could actually be considered a positive sign - mutual funds for example are said to be selling existing municipal bonds to raise cash to buy new issues - because municipal bonds yields have risen at a time when interest rates generally have fallen some portfolio managers are assuming that bonds bought now will appreciate in value as the municipal bond market - ms. believes that the mutual funds are selling bonds that have a negative those that have in price slowly relative to the decline in interest rates - such bonds she says are those that are their call date - but traders said the market 's tone could pick up this week if new york city 's $ N million bond offering goes well - the offering will include $ N million of 20-year tax-exempt bonds and $ N million of taxable bonds - a few weeks ago new york sold $ N million of - new york city bonds have been beaten down for three straight weeks - on friday some issues fell nearly one point or close to $ N for each $ N face amount - the sell-off in new york city bonds was triggered by concerns about the city 's financial health and political uncertainty in view of the impending mayoral election - the city 's economy is growing weaker and expenditures are rising as tax revenue is falling - the city has issued so much supply recently that some people are getting a little concerned - they 'd like to see some other names in their portfolios said michael s. first vice president at shearson lehman hutton - but he thinks investors may be to the market 's problems - overall he says municipal prices are very cheap and represent an excellent buying opportunity - friday 's market activity - treasury bonds fell sharply on confusion about this week 's treasury debt auction and rumors that a major japanese investor was unloading large amounts of long-term bonds - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond ended at a price of N N down nearly N point from thursday or about $ N for each $ N face amount - the issue 's yield rose to N N from N N - late thursday the treasury said it needed to raise $ N billion quickly and would do so by issuing new securities this week - credit market analysts expected the treasury to cancel today 's three-month and six-month sale and to sell $ N billion of cash management bills - instead the treasury announced it would sell $ N billion of cash management bills today and said that the weekly sale of $ N billion of three-month and six-month bills will take place today as usual but the sale will settle tomorrow instead of thursday - by moving the settlement date ahead the treasury can raise money under the $ N trillion debt ceiling that is in effect through tomorrow after which it to $ N trillion - the market also was hurt by rumors that nippon kangyo a japanese brokerage firm was unloading some of the 30-year bonds it recently purchased - one dealer said the talk was that the firm sold about $ N million of bellwether 30-year bonds - the firm is thought to have purchased up to $ N billion of 30-year bonds in a buying spree on wednesday and the previous thursday - dealers say the firm apparently has wanted to its recent buying and subsequent selling of 30-year bonds by using securities corp. as a broker - provides price quotes to telerate systems inc. a widely used electronic system - nippon kangyo 's moves traders and created confusion among potential investors many of whom decided to stay out of the market - as a result of its large-scale buying some analysts now say that liquidity or the ability to easily buy and sell has been in the benchmark treasury bond issue - in other markets - the junk bonds of rjr nabisco inc. rallied friday on news that the company is selling its candy bar brands to nestle foods corp. for $ N million - the sale price which was above wall street expectations sent many rjr securities up by one point - it shows that there are buyers of high-quality assets at high prices in today 's market said robert long managing director and head of the high-yield research department at first boston corp - many of the rjr securities which had been trading near their 52-week lows earlier in the session bounced back after the company 's announcement that it agreed to sell its baby ruth and candy businesses to nestle foods a unit of the food concern - the sale expected to close before the end of the year also includes a manufacturing plant in franklin park ill - rjr 's subordinated discount debentures of N which traded as low as N friday finished the day at N N - other rjr securities also closed higher - rjr holdings capital corp. 's N N convertible securities maturing in N closed N higher at N N after trading as low as N N - most other junk bond issues finished a lower on rumors that campeau corp. was filing for protection from creditors under chapter N of the bankruptcy code - a spokesman for campeau called the rumors ridiculous - most investment-grade bonds fell N to N point - mortgage securities fell N to N but held up better than intermediate treasurys - dealers said some defensive investors were buyers of mortgages as were dealers seeking collateral for remics priced earlier last week - among major issues government national mortgage association N N securities for november delivery ended at N N down N point for a yield of about N N to a 12-year average life assumption - the premium the elderly pay for coverage of doctor 's bills under part b of the medicare health insurance plan will rise to $ N a month in N from $ N the department of health and human services said - in addition a second part b premium to cover the cost of the new program of insurance against catastrophic illness will rise to $ N a month from $ N if congress does n't change the program - the house has voted to repeal most of the catastrophic coverage act of N however which would end the monthly premium as well as an unpopular income paid by about N N of the medicare beneficiaries - under a senate plan the monthly premium would continue rising to $ N next year but the would be abolished - medicare part b pays N N of a 's doctor 's bills after an annual deductible of $ N - the catastrophic coverage act would add a stop-loss provision next year to limit the maximum beneficiaries must pay for doctors - both the house and senate bills to reduce the cost and coverage of the plan would eliminate the cap on doctor 's bills - if the house in its efforts to kill the plan the monthly part b premium will be $ N next year - if the senate plan the premium will be $ N with the additional $ N going to pay for expanded hospital coverage under part a of medicare - most of part a 's costs are paid by a payroll tax on workers and employers - lockheed corp. said it will trim its systems work force in california and georgia by several hundred workers reflecting the defense industry 's decline - the lockheed unit has N workers it expects to make the cuts through a combination of and - the reductions should be complete by the end of the year a spokesman said adding that the exact number to be cut has n't been determined - lockheed reported a $ N million third-quarter net loss largely because of cost overruns on fixed-price military contracts - noting that other defense contractors are complaining of losses on such contracts analysts say taxpayers have been getting bargains on weapons systems in recent years - defense contractors can not continue to get contracts on that basis said howard an analyst with lawrence morgan grenfell inc. in new york - the pain is too great - jim industries ltd. one of a group of closely held companies owned by entrepreneur james said it intends to seek control of innopac inc. a toronto packaging concern - jim industries a holding company with annual sales of about c$ N billion largely from car dealerships and grocery stores did n't elaborate on the statement and a company official declined further comment - the company said it currently holds about N million of innopac 's N million common shares outstanding which have an market value of about N million canadian dollars us$ N million - separately innopac reported a fourth-quarter loss of about c$ N million or N canadian cents a share reflecting inventory write-downs - the results made net income for the year ended aug. N c$ N million or N canadian cents a share down from c$ N million or N canadian cents a share last year - revenue was c$ N million up from c$ N million in N - martin innopac 's president and chief executive said innopac viewed mr. 's decision to seek control as a very positive move - i 'm happy that he feels about our company he said - mr. would n't say directly whether mr. has disclosed potential terms for his planned bid for control - among other things innopac is involved in recycling foam products that are often used by fast food chains such as mcdonald 's corp. for food packaging - a joint venture involving units of innopac and mobil corp. earlier this year opened the first u.s. recycling plant in mass - program trading is being by more securities firms but big institutional investors are expected to continue the practice further the stock market - to criticism bear stearns morgan stanley and oppenheimer joined painewebber in stock-index arbitrage trading for their own accounts - still stock-index funds are expected to continue launching big programs through the market - several big board firms are organizing to complain about program trading and the exchange 's role in it - the effort is being led by contel - personal spending rose N N in september the smallest gain in a year - the slowdown raises questions about the economy 's strength because spending fueled much of the third-quarter gnp growth - meanwhile personal income edged up N N - factory owners are buying new machinery at a healthy rate this fall makers say - but weak car sales raise questions about future demand from the auto sector - southern 's gulf power unit may plead guilty this week to charges it illegally company money to politicians through third parties - the tentative pact would resolve part of a broad investigation of the atlanta-based company in the past year - lin broadcasting and bellsouth sweetened their plan to merge cellular phone operations offering lin holders a special $ payout - but the new pact will force huge debt on the new firm and could still fail to thwart rival suitor mccaw cellular - unisys posted a $ N million loss for the third quarter as it moved quickly to take write-offs for various problems and prepare for a turnaround - but some analysts wonder how strong the recovery will be - rjr nabisco agreed to sell three candy businesses to nestle for $ N million - the accord helps rjr pay off debt and boosts nestle 's N N share of the u.s. candy market to N N - gm and ford are expected to go head to head in the markets to buy up rival N N stakes in jaguar - gm confirmed it received u.s. antitrust clearance to boost its holding - sansui electric agreed to sell a N N stake to polly peck of britain for $ N million - still analysts said the accord does n't suggest japan is opening up to more foreign takeovers - kellogg suspended work on a $ N billion cereal plant indicating a pessimistic outlook by the cereal maker which has been losing market share - insurers could see claims totaling nearly $ N billion from the san francisco earthquake far less than the $ N billion from hurricane hugo - nashua strengthened its plan after announcing a dutch firm is seeking to buy up to N N of the new hampshire company - mobil is cutting back its u.s. oil and gas exploration and production group by up to N N as part of a restructuring of the business - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N off N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N off - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N off N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - thomas jefferson sold congress on the idea of the system for currency thus saving americans the headaches of pounds and pence - but he struck out with the system of metric and measures the french had invented - instead congress opted for the inches feet and yards the had brought with them - americans did n't dislike they simply ignored them - scientists felt differently - in N the swiss who headed the u.s. coast and survey made an iron that he had brought from europe the standard of measure - by the end of the century scientists had embraced the system - businessmen took their from the engineers - when congress finally passed the metric conversion act in N industry was far ahead - because the law made compliance voluntary it inspired little more than jokes - the press had a field day with questions about what would happen to and - today though the public is barely aware much of u.s. industry particularly companies manufacturing or selling overseas have made routine - general motors for example uses metric terms for its automobile bodies and power trains - in auto advertising however items such as are still described in inches - makers such as caterpillar and deere work in the metric system - the liquor industry went metric N years ago - the pentagon has led the charge particularly as military alliances spread world-wide - new weapons systems will be around until the next century notes john the defense department 's metric coordinator - still like the auto makers when dealing with mr. the pentagon to the tried and true - soldiers and are still measured in inches and pounds - whittle communications l.p. which for months has fought a public relations battle with education leaders said it has signed N schools in N states to subscribe to the controversial channel one news program and its sister programs - channel one a daily program supported by advertising is scheduled to be launched next march - whittle said its field staff signed up the N schools in N school districts after only eight weeks and company executives now expect to reach their start-up goal of N schools before the end of this year - christopher whittle chairman of the tenn. media company that is N N owned by time warner inc. said that by december N he expects to have channel one installed in about N schools with a potential audience of six million - installation of the tv system which includes providing free tv sets in begins in january - what we 've done in eight weeks shows we wo n't have enormous difficulties getting to the place we want to be said mr. whittle - he said his sales force is signing up schools at the rate of N a day - in california and new york state officials have opposed channel one - mr. whittle said private and schools in both states will be to see if they are interested in getting the programs - schools get the daily channel one news program whose four tv ads during each show have drawn protests from educators - subscribers also get the classroom channel which will feature educational programming similar to some shows and the 's channel which will offer programming for teachers and school administrators and will be supported by advertising - whittle has met some resistance - the educational network as mr. whittle has named the three programs has been offered to N school districts and whittle continues to negotiate with N districts - about N N of the school districts approached have rejected the network - mr. whittle said that so far three of the six schools that carried the program in a test last spring have to the program - one of the test schools high school in cincinnati rejected the project - john associate director of communications for cincinnati public schools said channel one was rejected because students watching the program did n't fare particularly better on a current events than a control school without the program and school were almost unchanged during the period when the program was being aired - the number of correct responses was N N on the test and school did n't change much said mr. - the pilot program was received well by teachers and students but there was n't reason enough to sign up - we even invited the public to stop by and see the program but there was n't much interest - advertisers are showing interest - last month whittle announced it had sold $ N million in advertising time on the network to national advertisers - mr. whittle friday said several more advertisers have been added - whittle is spending $ N million initially to launch the network - installation of satellite tvs and videocassette equipment will cost the company about $ N per school mr. whittle said - the following u.s. treasury corporate and municipal offerings are tentatively scheduled for sale this week according to dow jones capital markets report - $ N billion of three-month and six-month bills - $ N billion of cash management bills - associated natural gas corp. N million common shares via dillon read & co - b & crude carriers ltd. four million common shares via salomon brothers inc - chemical banking corp. N million common shares via goldman sachs & co - pharmaceuticals inc. N million units consisting of two shares of common stock and one common warrant via painewebber inc - corp. $ N million convertible debentures via merrill lynch capital markets - energy service co. N million common shares via alex - brown & sons inc - bancorp inc. N common shares via shearson lehman hutton inc - inc. two million common shares via kidder peabody & co - immune response corp. three million common shares via merrill lynch - pharmaceuticals inc. N million common shares via smith barney harris upham & co - corp. of inc. N million common shares via merrill lynch - municipal - new jersey wastewater treatment trust $ N of various bonds including $ N million wastewater treatment insured bonds series and $ N wastewater treatment bonds series via competitive bid - eastern municipal water district calif. $ N of N certificates of participation treatment plant projects via competitive bid - california health facilities financing authority $ N million of health facility revenue bonds catholic healthcare west series via a first boston corp. group - detroit $ N million of state aid bonds via a chemical securities inc. group - maryland community development administration department of housing and community development $ N million of single-family program bonds N and series via a merrill lynch group - county navigation district no. N texas $ N of pollution control revenue alternative minimum tax bonds south texas project units no. N and N via a goldman sachs group - new york city $ N of bonds fiscal N series c and d including $ N million tax-exempt bonds and $ N million taxable bonds via a goldman sachs group - santa ana redevelopment agency $ N million of tax allocation bonds N series via a donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. group - pending county tenn. $ N million of refunding bonds series N via a first tennessee bank group - hewlett-packard co. said it raised its stake in octel communications corp. to N N of the common shares outstanding - in a securities and exchange commission filing hewlett-packard said it now holds N octel common shares including N shares bought from aug. N to oct. N for $ N to $ N a share - hewlett-packard a palo alto calif. computer company said it acquired the stock to develop and maintain a strategic partnership in which each company remains independent while working together to market and sell their products - octel said the purchase was expected - hewlett-packard it does n't plan to obtain control of octel a calif. maker of systems - according to the filing hewlett-packard acquired N common shares from octel as a result of an aug. N N stock purchase agreement - that accord also called for hewlett-packard to buy N octel shares in the open market within N months - in addition hewlett-packard acquired a two-year option to buy an extra N N of which half may be sold directly to hewlett-packard by octel - following is a weekly listing of net asset values of publicly traded investment fund shares reported by the companies as of friday 's close - also shown is the closing listed market price or a asked price of each fund 's shares with the percentage of difference - closed end bond funds - flexible portfolio funds - specialized equity and convertible funds - a ex-dividend - b as of thursday 's close - c translated at commercial rand exchange rate - e in canadian dollars - f as of wednesday 's close - z not available - - twice in two weeks the of the ual buy-out the stock market - now stock prices seem to be in a general retreat - since at N on oct. N the dow jones industrial average has lost N points or N N closing friday at N down N - the number of issues falling on the new york stock exchange each day is the number of gainers - and the number of stocks hitting new lows far the number setting new highs - but why should an $ N billion leveraged buy-out deal shake the foundations of the entire stock market - opinions vary about how important the ual deal was to the market 's health but analysts generally agree that the market gyrations created as the ual plan revealed a fundamental change in investor psychology - if this had happened a few months ago when the atmosphere was still very positive it would n't have been greeted with anything like the impact it has had over the past two weeks says dennis a market strategist at kidder peabody - there are of course analysts who view the that briefly through investors on oct. N and again on oct. N as of good judgment that have only temporarily undermined a healthy stock market - sure price action is volatile and that 's scary but stocks are still a good place to be they suggest - the reaction to the ual debacle is says john connolly chief market strategist at dean witter - ual is a small deal as far as the overall market is concerned - the only way you can make it a big deal is to draw that just do n't make sense - he suggests for example that investors may have assumed that just because ual could n't get financing no leveraged buy-outs can get financing - carried even further some investors assumed that since leveraged buy-outs are the only thing up stock prices the market would collapse if no more lbos could be done - there will still be deals argues mr. connolly - there may not be as many and the buyers may not get away with some of the things they 've done in the past but deals wo n't disappear - he forecasts that the emphasis in mergers and acquisitions may soon return to what he calls strategic deals in which somebody is taking over a company not to milk the cash flow but because it 's a good fit - and even without deals mr. connolly figures the market would remain healthy - he notes for instance that there has n't been a merger or acquisition among the N stocks in the dow jones industrial average since N yet that average only three weeks ago hit a record high - those stocks are up because their earnings are up and their dividends are up he says - even the volatility created by stock index arbitrage and other computer-driven trading strategies is n't entirely bad in mr. connolly 's view - for the long-term investor who picks stocks carefully the price volatility can provide welcome buying opportunities as short-term players scramble to sell stocks in a matter of minutes - who can make the better decision the guy who has N seconds to decide what to do or the guy with all the time in the world he says - what on earth does the ual deal have to do with the price of which i was able to buy on oct. N at a very attractive price - kidder peabody 's mr. also sees some benefits to the stock market 's recent drop - we 've run into a market that was beginning to run out of steam and get he says - the balloon had been up so big that when somebody came along with a in this case the ual deal we got a little pop - the pop up investors who had been getting a little too says mr. - it provided an excuse for people to get back to reality and to look at the economic data especially the third-quarter economic numbers and to realize that we ca n't continue to over what is going on in the junk bond market - but he figures that at current levels the stock market is valued even with the economy obviously slowing - just because we 've got some back in the market does n't mean it 's going lower from here he says - the bottom line is that it 's healthy to have this kind of activity especially after a N N gain in stock values over the past N months - he 's now estimating that after a period of consolidation the dow jones industrial average will once again forge new highs - maybe maybe not - joseph cohen a market strategist at drexel burnham lambert is n't nearly so about the market 's chances of surging to new highs anytime soon - her view is that stock prices have three major merger and buy-out proposals earnings and the economic outlook - at current levels of economic activity and earnings stocks are fairly valued she says - but any chance for prices to surge above fair value lies in the speculation that a vigorous merger and buy-out business and ual has obviously put a on that - stocks are n't cheap anymore there have been some judicial and legislative changes in the merger area and all of this changes the of deals she says - i 'm not saying they 've stopped altogether but future deals are going to be structured differently and bids probably wo n't be as high - but that 's not the only problem for stocks - the other two earnings and the economic outlook are troubling too - is getting all the right now but these other things have been building up more gradually she says - third-quarter earnings have been generally disappointing and with economic data showing a clear slowing the outlook for earnings in the fourth quarter and all of N is getting worse - there are a lot more downward than upward revisions and it looks like people are questioning corporate profits as a means of support for stock prices she says - with all this can stock prices hold their own - the question is at this point she says - it depends on what happens - if the economy into a recession then this is n't a level that 's going to hold - friday 's market activity - stock prices tumbled for a third consecutive day as earnings disappointments a sluggish economy and a fragile junk bond market continued to weigh on investors - the dow jones industrial average fell N points to N in active trading - volume on the new york stock exchange totaled N shares - declining issues on the big board were far ahead of gainers N to N - for the week the dow jones industrial average sank N points or N N - oil stocks escaped the brunt of friday 's selling and several were able to post gains including chevron which rose N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares - the stock 's advance reflected ongoing speculation that pennzoil is a stake in the company according to dow jones professional investor report - both companies declined to comment on the rumors but several industry analysts told the professional investor report they believed it was that pennzoil may be buying chevron shares as a prelude to pushing for a restructuring of the company - usx gained N to N N on a report in business week magazine that investor carl icahn is said to have raised his stake in the oil and steel company to just about N N - earlier this month mr. icahn boosted his usx stake to N N - elsewhere in the oil sector exxon rallied N to N N amoco rose N to N texaco was unchanged at N N and atlantic richfield fell N N to N N - mobil which said it plans to cut its exploration and production work force by about N N in a restructuring dropped N to N N - the precious metals sector other dow jones industry groups by a wide margin for the second consecutive session - mining rose N to N battle mountain gold climbed N to N N mining rose N N to N N minerals added N to N went up N to N N and ltd. jumped N N to N N - gold mining stocks traded on the american stock exchange also showed strength - echo bay mines rose N to N N gold advanced N N to N and class a gained N to N N - unisys dropped N to N N after posting a third-quarter loss of $ N a share including restructuring charges but other important technology issues were mixed - compaq computer which had lost N N thursday following a disappointing quarterly report gained N to N N - international business machines dropped N to N N - digital equipment tacked on N N to N N and hewlett-packard fell N to N N - trading swelled volume in merrill lynch which closed unchanged at N N as N million shares changed hands - the stock has a N N dividend yield and goes ex-dividend today - erbamont advanced N N to N N on N million shares - montedison which owns about N N of the company 's common stock agreed to buy the rest for $ N a share - another unit of montedison added N N to N N - milton roy jumped N to N N - crane said it holds an N N stake in the company and may seek control - crane dropped N N to N N - comprehensive care which terminated its agreement to merge with first hospital dropped N to N N - the company 's decision was made after first hospital failed to obtain financing for its offer - federal investigators have identified the problem in last july 's crash of a united airlines flight in iowa a structural flaw that developed during the making of a titanium engine disk - for several months officials at the federal aviation administration and the national transportation safety board have suspected that a flaw in the disk led to a crack that ultimately caused the engine to break apart in flight - the explosion sent of metal flying the 's or control systems and led to the crash that killed N people - but investigators could confirm their theory only after the recent of a big chunk of flight N 's engine from a near the city airport in iowa - the safety board will begin four days of hearings on the accident tomorrow in city - among the issues the board will examine is whether united airlines a unit of ual corp. should have been able to detect the cracks through maintenance checks - the engine involved was a made by general electric co - anthony broderick the faa 's acting executive director for regulatory standards and compliance said that recent tests of the failed engine disk indicate that a flaw known as hard occurred in the titanium during its production almost N years ago - he said there was n't any way to detect the flaw at that time and that the process has since been changed to decrease the chance that such flaws would occur - the faa already has ordered that all N disks made by the old process be removed from the planes and to an test in a chamber - such tests make the faa confident that a accident wo n't happen again said mr. broderick - a spokesman for ge said that the company has been working with the faa all along on this issue and will comply fully with the required - but he also pointed out that the recalls will have no impact on ge 's engine production - the series engines are n't being manufactured any more they are only being used in the series N planes currently in service he said - a frozen in may offer an important clue about whether the earth is warming - researchers at ohio state university and institute of and in china have samples of ice in and say temperatures there have been significantly higher on average over the past than in any similar period in the past N years - the ice samples are an important piece of evidence supporting theories that the earth has considerably in recent times largely because of in the air and will warm far more in the century ahead - a substantial warming would some of the earth 's ice raising the level of the and causing widespread flooding of heavily coastal areas - if you can use data to what happened in the past you have much more confidence in predictions for the future said thompson a research scientist at ohio state who for and the ice samples - to compare temperatures over the past N years researchers the changes in of two forms of - these measurements can indicate changes researchers said because the rates of of these atoms differ as temperatures change - analysis of ice from the ice cap a in N feet above sea level show that average temperatures were higher in N than in any other period since before the last ice age mr. thompson said - some climate models project that interior regions of asia would be among the first to heat up in a global warming because they are far from which moderate changes - but the samples are n't definitive proof that the so-called greenhouse effect will lead to further substantial global heating mr. thompson acknowledged - according to greenhouse theories increased carbon dioxide emissions largely caused by burning of fossil fuels will cause the earth to warm up because carbon dioxide prevents heat from into space - skeptics say that if that 's the case temperatures should have risen fairly over the past century reflecting the increase in carbon dioxide - instead the record shows increasing temperatures from N through the early 1950s temperatures from the late 1950s through the mid-1970s then higher temperatures again through last year - other data show similar swings - climate drastically due to natural causes said mr. thompson - but he said ice samples from peru and all show substantial signs of warming - corp. said its vice president for manufacturing resigned and its houston work force has been trimmed by N people or about N N - the maker of hand-held computers and computer systems said the personnel changes were needed to improve the efficiency of its manufacturing operation - the company said it has n't named a successor to ronald the vice president who resigned - its houston work force now totals N - cnw corp. said the final step in the acquisition of the company has been completed with the merger of cnw with a subsidiary of chicago & north western holdings corp - as reported cnw agreed to be acquired by a group of investors led by blackstone capital partners limited partnership for $ N a share or about $ N million - congress sent to president bush an $ N billion military construction bill that cuts spending for new installations by N N while revamping the pentagon budget to move more than $ N million from foreign bases to projects - the fiscal N measure builds on a pattern set earlier this year by house and senate defense committees and at a time of for the military and concern about the u.s. 's standing in the world economy overseas spending is most vulnerable - total pentagon requests for installations in west germany japan south korea the united kingdom and the philippines for example are cut by almost two-thirds while lawmakers added to the military budget for construction in all but a dozen states at home - the result is that instead of the pentagon 's proposed split of N between domestic and foreign bases the reduced funding is distributed by a ratio of approximately N - the extra margin for bases in the u.s. the power of the appropriations committees meanwhile lawmakers used their positions to as much as six times what the pentagon had requested for their individual states - house appropriations committee chairman jamie whitten d. miss helped secure $ N million for his state or more than double the pentagon 's budget - west virginia home of senate appropriations committee chairman robert byrd would receive $ N million four times the military 's request - tennessee and north carolina home states of the two democratic chairmen of the house and senate military construction receive $ N million or N N above the pentagon 's request - though spending for iowa and oregon was far less their increases above pentagon requests N N and N N respectively were much greater because of the influence of republicans at critical - the swift passage of the bill which cleared the senate and house on simple voice votes last week contrasts with the problems still facing a more $ N billion measure funding housing environmental space and veterans programs - by an N margin the senate approved the bulk of the spending friday but the bill was then sent back to the house to resolve the question of how to address budget limits on credit for the federal housing administration - the house democratic leadership could seek to waive these restrictions but the underlying bill is already under attack for excesses elsewhere - appropriations committees have used an of devices to as much as $ N billion in spending and as critics have to these devices the bill can seem like a trying to make it past ice and to reach safer winter - much of the excess spending will be pushed into fiscal N and in some cases is temporarily in accounts in anticipation of being transferred to areas after the budget is completed - for example a house-senate conference increased the national aeronautics and space administration budget for construction of facilities to nearly $ N million or more than $ N million above what either chamber had previously approved - part of the increase would provide $ N million toward ensuring construction of a costly solid facility in mr. whitten 's mississippi - but as much as $ N million or nearly N N of the account is marked for potential transfers to research management and flight accounts that are spent out at a faster - the bill 's managers face criticism too for the unusual number of conditions openly imposed on where funds will be spent - conservatives embarrassed by republican scandals at the department of housing and urban development have used the issue in an effort to shift blame onto a congress - hud secretary jack kemp backed an unsuccessful effort to strike such language last week but received little support from the white house budget office which wants to protect funding in the bill and has to turn its eyes from pork-barrel amendments - within discretionary funds for community development grants more than $ N million is allocated to six projects in michigan home state of a subcommittee chairman rep. bob - house speaker thomas foley won $ N for a project in his district in washington state and $ N million earmarked by sen. daniel inouye amounts to a business subsidy under the title sugar mills job - the powerful democrat had first wanted to add language environmental restrictions on two mills on the coast that are threatening to close - when this plan met resistance it was agreed instead to take money from hud to subsidize needed improvements in two settling for the mills which employ an estimated N workers according to mr. inouye 's office - dennis 's oct. N page-one article river of about the poverty along the mississippi memories of when my parents were in arkansas only a few miles from the river - although we were white the same economic factors affected us as affects the black people mr. writes about - fortunately an with a college degree bought a small farm and moved us N miles north to good schools and an environment that opened the world of opportunity for me as an - though i 've been with academic degrees and some success in the world i 've never forgotten or lost contact with those memories of the 1930s - most of the land in that and other parts of the delta are now owned by second third or fourth generations of the same families - these are the families who used and sometime abused their people who had no encouragement and little access to an education or training for a better life - following world war ii when one family with equipment could farm crops formerly requiring N families the surplus people were dumped into the mainstream of society with no social security no skills in the workplace no hope for their future except welfare - and today many of their children and remain on welfare - in the meantime the continue receiving generous subsidies that began during new deal days - or those who choose not to farm can lease their and crop for sums - farmers in the midwest and other areas have suffered but those along the mississippi continue to with holdings that were built with the sweat of men and women living in economic - and when they were no longer needed they were turned loose to build lives of their own - harris - chairman - bank - atlanta - because the cycle of poverty along the lower mississippi goes back so many generations breaking this cycle will be next to impossible - the cycle appears not as waves but as a downward - yet the evidence that we have not hit bottom is found in the fact that we are not yet helping ourselves - the people of the delta are waiting for that big factory to open river traffic to increase government spending to fund programs or public schools to educate students - because we refuse to face the tough answers the questions continue as for the commissions and committees for the media and politicians - does not lend itself to solving the problems of pregnancy or lack of parental support or - does the delta deserve government help in attracting industry when the majority of residents black and white do not realize potential employers - should we focus on the region 's rate when the and the school boards and legislators prohibit schools from teaching the two ways or of pregnancy - delta problems are difficult not impossible to solve i am just not convinced that we are ready to solve them yet - leslie falls - little rock ark - i would like to issue a challenge to corporate america - the next time expansion plans are mentioned at the old company and somebody says guys nobody can do it like japan or south korea i wish you would in and say hold it why do n't we compare prices and use our own little third world country - we would even save on freight - there is no mystery why the delta the blues - eugene s. - miss - your story is an to the citizens of the mississippi delta - many of the problems you presented exist in every part of this country - poverty is only two blocks from president bush 's residence - for years we tried to ignore the problem of poverty and now that it has gotten out of hand it 's a new crusade for the media and our democratic congress - nobody should have to live in such poor conditions as in sugar but when you travel to washington boston chicago or new york the same problems exist - the only difference is in those cities the poor are in apartments each consisting of one room with pipes called plumbing and everywhere and elevators and with the building by gangs and drug dealers - many middle-class people would love free food medicaid insurance utilities and rent - then maybe i could stay home and have seven children and watch like in the article instead of having one child and working constantly just to stay above water like so many families in this country - ann wilson - greenville miss - mobil corp. is in the midst of cutting back its exploration and production group which finds and develops oil and gas reserves in the u.s. by as much as N N as part of a new restructuring of that sector of its business - management advised employees friday that it was going to reduce employment in production operations of the group by N N or N people - the exploration side of the unit has recently a similar overhaul during which it also lost as many as N employees a company spokesman said in response to questions - mobil exploration & producing u.s. inc. the group involved currently has a work force of somewhat less than N - a few years ago mobil restructured the entire company during an industrywide - but since then u.s. oil production has declined and mobil wants to focus its efforts overseas - mobil to the cuts last week when it took a $ N million charge as part of its third-quarter earnings and attributed it to a restructuring - mobil officials said that it is unlikely any additional charges related to this move will be taken in future quarters - on wednesday mobil will begin offering separation packages and voluntary retirement in its u.s. production operation - mobil officials said they have been studying ways of streamlining these operations since early this year - during the coming months of management will be away and regional offices will become more - for greater efficiency employees at those locations will be into teams responsible for managing the properties under their jurisdiction mobil said - the main feature of the new organization is that each local manager will have both the authority and accountability for profitable and technically sound operations said charles e. president of the mobil unit - field offices at new orleans houston denver midland calif. oklahoma city and liberal kan. will be maintained - but the staffs at some of those locations will be slashed while at others the work force will be increased - for instance employment in denver will be reduced to N from N - but on the west coast where profitable oil production is more likely than in the region the calif. office staff of N will grow by N to N - the reorganization will focus on the value and potential of assets mr. said - wanted an investment that 's as simple and secure as a certificate of deposit but offers a return worth getting excited about - with $ N billion of cds maturing this month a lot of people have been the financial landscape for just such an investment - in april when many of them bought their cds six-month certificates were yielding more than N N investors willing to look could find double-digit yields at some banks and thrifts - now the nationwide average yield on a six-month cd is just under N N and N N is about the best around - but investors looking for alternatives are n't finding it easy - yields on most fixed-income securities are lower than several months ago - and the stock market 's recent gyrations are a painful reminder of the dangers there - if you 're looking for a significantly higher yield with the same level of risk as a cd you 're not going to find it says washington financial planner dennis m. - there are however some alternatives that investors should consider investment advisers say - short-term municipal bonds bond funds and annuities are some of the choices they mention and not just as a way to get a higher return - in particular advisers say investors may want to look at securities that reduce the risk that cd holders are right now of having to reinvest the proceeds of maturing short-term certificates at lower rates - a mix of cds and other holdings may make the most sense - people should remember their money is n't all or nothing they do n't need to be shopping for the one investment and putting all their money in it says md. adviser karen schaeffer - here 's a look at some of the alternatives - short-term municipals - investors with a heavy tax load should take out their - yields on municipal bonds can be higher than after-tax yields on cds for maturities of perhaps one to five years - that 's because interest is exempt from federal income tax and from state and local taxes too for investors - for an investor paying tax at a N N rate a seemingly N N yield on a one-year is equivalent to a taxable N N - rates approach N N on five-year municipals - some of the more cautious cd holders might like municipals - these securities get top credit ratings because the issuers have put aside u.s. bonds that will be sold to pay off holders when the municipals are retired - it 's a you do n't have to worry about diversification you do n't have to worry about quality says steven j. executive vice president of the new york bond firm of & inc - consider a bond portfolio with issues maturing in say N N and N advises malcolm a. a r.i. financial planner - the idea is to have money rolling over each year at prevailing interest rates - bond funds - bond mutual funds offer diversification and are easy to buy and sell - that makes them a reasonable option for investors who will accept some risk of price in order to make a bet that interest rates will decline over the next year or so - buyers can look forward to double-digit annual returns if they are right - but they will have disappointing returns or even losses if interest rates rise instead - bond resale prices and thus fund share prices move in the opposite direction from rates - the price movements get bigger as the maturity of the securities - consider for instance two bond funds from vanguard group of investment cos. that were both yielding N N on a recent day - the short term bond fund with an average maturity of N N years would deliver a total return for one year of about N N if rates drop one percentage point and a one-year return of about N N if rates rise by the same amount - but in the same circumstances the returns would be a more extreme N N and N N for the vanguard bond market fund with its N 1\/2-year average maturity - you get returns from bonds if you guess right on rates says james e. wilson a columbia s.c. planner - if interest rates do n't change bond fund investors ' returns will be about equal to the funds ' current yields - deferred annuities - these insurance company contracts feature some of the same tax benefits and restrictions as individual retirement accounts investment gains are compounded without tax consequences until money is withdrawn but a N N penalty tax is imposed on withdrawals made before age N N - aimed specifically at cd holders are so-called annuities or certificates of annuity - an interest rate is guaranteed for between one and seven years after which holders get N days to choose another guarantee period or to switch to another insurer 's contract without the surrender charges that are common to annuities - some current rates exceed those on cds - for instance a annuity from north american co. for life & health insurance chicago offers N N interest for one year or a N N rate for two years - annuities are rarely a good idea at age N because of the withdrawal restrictions - but at age N they may be a great deal says mr. wilson the columbia s.c. planner - money market funds - that 's right money market mutual funds - the conventional wisdom is to go into money funds when rates are rising and shift out at times such as the present when rates seem headed down - with average maturities of a month or so money funds offer fixed share prices and floating returns that track market interest rates with a slight lag - still today 's money funds may beat cds over the next year even if rates fall says guy an editor of the bond market newsletter in atlanta - that 's because funds currently offer yields almost N N percentage points above the average cd yield - mr. likes the dreyfus worldwide dollar money market fund with a seven-day compound yield just under N N - a new fund its operating expenses are being temporarily subsidized by the sponsor - try combining a money fund and an bond fund as a bet on falling rates suggests back bay inc. a mutual fund unit of new england insurance co - if rates unexpectedly rise the increasing return on the money fund will partly offset the lower-than-expected return from the bond fund - federal drug regulators concerned over british reports that diabetics have died after shifting from animal to insulin say they are considering a study to see if similar deaths have occurred here - the united kingdom reports came from dr. patrick toseland head of clinical chemistry at guy 's hospital in london - in a telephone interview friday dr. toseland said the number of sudden deaths of diabetics he had seen this year was N compared with just two in N - at least six of the deaths occurred among relatively young diabetics who had switched from animal to human insulin within the past year he said - dr. director of and drug products for the u.s. food and drug administration said fda officials have discussed dr. toseland 's findings fairly - while there have been no reports of similar sudden deaths among diabetics in the u.s. dr. said the fda plans to examine dr. toseland 's evidence and is considering its own study here - dr. toseland a said he was preparing an article for a british medical journal raising the possibility that the deaths may have occurred after human insulin critical warning signs indicating hypoglycemia or low blood sugar which can kill diabetics - the usual warning signs of hypoglycemia include anxiety and - with proper warning diabetics can easily raise their blood sugar to safe levels by eating sugar or food - the data certainly shows that some of the people were not aware of the rapid of hypoglycemia dr. toseland said - at the u.s. national institutes of health dr. robert e. chief of the program branch said no evidence of unexpected deaths from hypoglycemia had shown up in a study of N diabetics that has been under way at nih for five years - however he said officials conducting the study had n't been looking for signs of problems related to hypoglycemia - we are now monitoring for it much more closely he said - we do know there are slight differences in the way human and animal drive down blood sugar dr. said - the drug starts the blood sugar dropping sooner and drives it down faster he said - but we do n't believe there is enough of a difference to be significant dr. said - reports of dr. toseland 's findings in the british press have triggered widespread concern among diabetics there - both the british association and the committee on safety in britain 's equivalent of the u.s. fda recently issued statements noting the lack of hard scientific evidence to support dr. toseland 's findings - on friday the american association issued a similar statement urging the six million u.s. diabetics not to to the british report - a loss of the warning symptoms of hypoglycemia is a complex problem that is very unlikely to be due simply to the type of insulin used the american association said - the fda already requires drug manufacturers to include warnings with insulin products that symptoms of hypoglycemia are less with human insulin than with products - eli lilly & co. the drug manufacturer dominates the u.s. human insulin market with its product known as - lilly is building plants to make the insulin in indianapolis and france - in its latest annual report lilly said sales have shown excellent growth - lilly officials said they had seen reports of among some patients making the shift from animal to human insulin but did n't know if the problem had caused any deaths - dr. thompson a lilly group vice president said the company 's clinical trials of both its animal and indicated no difference in the level of hypoglycemia between users of either product - dr. toseland said most of the british diabetics who died had been taking a insulin made by a manufacturer - none of the diabetics were using lilly 's insulin - corp. said it will reduce its work force by about N N effective tomorrow in an effort to stem continuing losses - the company which makes data base systems and software said it expects to report a loss for the third quarter ended sept. N - defense intellectuals have complained for years that the pentagon can not determine priorities because it has no strategy - last april the new defense secretary richard cheney acknowledged that given an ideal world we 'd have a nice neat orderly process - we 'd do the strategy and then we 'd come around and do the budget - this city does n't work that way - with a five-year defense plan costing more than $ N trillion it 's about time we put together a defense strategy that works in washington - this wo n't happen until strategists come down from their ivory tower and learn to work in the real world of limited budgets and uncertain futures - as it is we identify national goals and the threats to these goals we shape a strategy to counter these threats we determine the forces needed to execute the strategy before finally the budgets needed to build and maintain the forces - these procedures consume millions of of labor and produce tons of paper and each year their end product the five year defense plan promptly away - the on the left shows how this happens see accompanying illustration wsj oct. N N - compare the past eight five-year plans with actual appropriations - the pentagon 's strategists produce budgets that simply can not be executed because they assume a defense strategy depends only on goals and threats - strategy however is about possibilities not hopes and dreams - by ignoring costs u.s. strategists their responsibility for hard decisions - that puts the real strategic decisions in the hands of others and - these people have different - and as a result as the recent vote by the house to undo mr. cheney 's program suggests the of jobs is becoming the real goal of defense strategy - how can we turn this situation around - reform starts in the pentagon - strategists should consider the impact of budget uncertainties at the beginning of the planning process - they ought to examine how a range of optimistic to pessimistic budget scenarios would change the defense program - they would then develop priorities by identifying the least painful program cuts as they moved from higher to lower budgets - they would also identify the best way to add programs should the budget come in at higher levels - this kind of analysis is common in war planning and business planning - there is no reason that it can not be done for defense planning - two steps are necessary to translate this idea into action - step N up our books - our five-year plan contains three accounting devices negative money an above management reserve and optimistic inflation estimates which the spending the pentagon has committed itself to by almost $ N billion - negative money was invented in N to make the N five year defense plan conform to the numbers in president reagan 's final budget to congress - that plan exceeded the numbers contained in his budget message by $ N billion - to make the books balance as is required by law somebody invented a new budget line item that simply $ N billion - it is known in the pentagon as the negative wedge - the pentagon argues that the negative wedge is the net effect of $ N billion in the unidentified procurement reductions that it intends to find in future years and $ N billion in an above management reserve that accounts for programs that will in the future - the N plan also assumes inflation will decline to N N by N - most including those in the congressional budget office assume inflation will be in excess of N N in each of those five years - at that rate the defense plan is by $ N billion - by adding the negative wedge and the remaining program using a more probable inflation estimate we arrive at a baseline program costing $ N trillion between N and N - step N how four lower budget scenarios would change the baseline and how these changes would affect our national security - the on the right which assumes a N N rate of inflation places these scenarios in the context of recent appropriations see accompanying illustration wsj oct. N N - note how the baseline program assumes a sharp increase in future appropriations - step N will answer the question what happens if these increases do not - scenario N known as the constant dollar freeze the pentagon for inflation only it upward at N N per year - this scenario has been the rough position of the u.s. senate since N and it reduces the baseline by $ N billion between N and N - scenario N the current dollar freeze has been the position of the house of representatives for about four years - it the budget at its current level and forces the pentagon to eat the effects of inflation until N - this reduces the baseline by $ N billion - scenario N the recent between the house and the senate it the difference between scenarios N and N by increasing the budget at N N per year - it reduces the baseline by $ N billion - finally scenario N reduces the budget by N N per year for the next five years a total reduction of $ N billion - this can be thought of as a pessimistic prediction perhaps driven by the effects of the gramm-rudman deficit reduction law or possibly a of with the soviet union - the strategic planners in the joint chiefs of staff would construct the most effective defense program for each scenario strengths and weaknesses - they would conclude their efforts by producing a comprehensive net assessment for each plan including the assumptions made an analysis of its deficiencies and limitations the impact on national security and the best strategy for working around these limitations - this exercise would reveal the true cost of a particular program by forcing the strategists to make hard decisions - if for example they choose to keep the b-2 bomber they would have to sacrifice more and more other programs such as carrier or army divisions as they moved toward lower budget levels - these would priorities by when the cost of the b-2 became - some may be to argue that the idea of a strategic review merely the concept of the carter administration - but did not involve the strategic planners in the joint chiefs of staff and therefore into a drill driven by budget politics - anyway 's procedures were so that everyone involved was crushed under a burden of - a strategic review is fundamentally different - it would be run by the joint chiefs under simple produce the best possible force for each budget scenario and provide the secretary of defense with a comprehensive net assessment of how that force could be used to achieve u.s. goals - it might be feared that even thinking about lower budgets will hurt national security because the door will be opened to budget cutting by an irresponsible congress - this argument plays well in the atmosphere of and the pentagon and congress and unfortunately there is some truth to it - but in the end it must be rejected for logical as well as moral reasons - to say that the pentagon should act because acting will congress into acting leads to the conclusion that the pentagon should deliberately its needs in the national interest in other words that it is justified in committing a crime lying to congress because it is morally superior - strategy is not a game between the pentagon and congress it is the art of the possible in a world where constraints force us to choose between or alternatives - if we want meaningful priorities we must understand the they before we make commitments - strategy is not a separate event in an of events it is a way of thinking that threats to our interests in a manner consistent with our financial cultural and physical limitations - mr. is a permanent pentagon official - this is a version of an that will appear in the january issue of the naval institute proceedings - the views expressed do not reflect the official policy of the department of defense - although bullish dollar sentiment has many currency analysts say a massive sell-off probably wo n't occur in the near future - while wall street 's tough times and lower u.s. interest rates continue to undermine the dollar weakness in the pound and the yen is expected to offset those factors - by default the dollar probably will be able to hold up pretty well in coming days says a foreign-exchange adviser at credit suisse - we 're close to the bottom of the near-term ranges she contends - in late friday afternoon new york trading the dollar was at N marks and N yen off from late thursday 's N marks and N yen - the pound strengthened to $ N from $ N - in tokyo monday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen down from friday 's tokyo close of N yen - the dollar began friday on a firm note gaining against all major currencies in tokyo dealings and early european trading despite reports that the bank of japan was seen unloading dollars around N yen - the rise came as traders continued to dump the pound after the sudden resignation thursday of british chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson - but once the pound with help from purchases by the bank of england and the federal reserve bank of new york the dollar was dragged down traders say by the stock-market slump that left the dow jones industrial average with a loss of N points - with the stock market and dollar buyers discouraged by signs of u.s. economic weakness and the recent decline in u.s. interest rates that has diminished the of dollar-denominated investments traders say the dollar is still in a position - they 'll be looking at levels to sell the dollar says james a foreign-exchange marketing representative at bank of montreal - while some analysts say the dollar eventually could test support at N marks and N yen mr. and others do n't see the currency sliding under support at N marks and N yen soon - predictions for limited dollar losses are based largely on the pound 's weak state after mr. lawson 's resignation and the yen 's inability to strengthen substantially when there are dollar - with the pound and the yen lagging behind other major currencies you do n't have a confirmation that a sharp dollar downturn is in the works says mike senior currency analyst at inc. in chicago - as far as the pound goes some traders say a slide toward support at $ N may be a favorable development for the dollar this week - while the pound has attempted to stabilize currency analysts say it is in critical condition - sterling plunged about four cents thursday and hit the week 's low of $ N when mr. lawson resigned from his post because of a policy with other cabinet members - he was succeeded by john major who friday expressed a desire for a firm pound and supported the relatively high british interest rates that he said are working exactly as intended in reducing inflation - but the market remains uneasy about mr. major 's policy strategy and the prospects for the pound currency analysts contend - although the bank of england 's tight monetary policy has fueled worries that britain 's slowing economy is headed for a recession it is widely believed that mr. lawson 's willingness to up the pound with interest-rate increases helped stem pound selling in recent weeks - if there are any signs that mr. major will be less inclined to use interest-rate boosts to rescue the pound from another plunge that currency is expected to fall sharply - it 's fair to say there are more risks for the pound under major than there were under lawson says malcolm roberts a director of international bond market research at salomon brothers in london - there 's very little upside to sterling mr. roberts says but he adds that near-term losses may be small because the selling wave that followed mr. major 's appointment apparently has run its course - but some other analysts have a forecast for the pound particularly because britain 's inflation is at a relatively annual rate of about N N and the nation is with a struggling government and large current account and trade deficits - the pound likely will fall in coming days and may trade as low as N marks within the next year says nigel an international economist at james capel & co. in london - the pound was at N marks late friday off sharply from N in new york trading a week earlier - if the pound falls closer to N marks the bank of england may raise britain 's base lending rate by one percentage point to N N says mr. - but such an increase he says could be viewed by the market as too little too late - the bank of england indicated its desire to leave its monetary policy unchanged friday by declining to raise the official N N rate that it charges discount houses analysts say - pound concerns aside the lack of strong buying interest in the yen is another for the dollar many traders say - the dollar has a natural base of support around N yen because the japanese currency has n't been purchased heavily in recent weeks says ms. of credit suisse - the yen 's softness she says apparently stems from japanese investors ' interest in buying dollars against the yen to purchase u.s. bond issues and persistent worries about this year 's upheaval in the japanese government - on new york 's commodity exchange friday gold for current delivery jumped $ N to $ N an ounce the highest settlement since july N - estimated volume was a heavy seven million ounces - in early trading in hong kong monday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - we are deeply that a recent editorial stated that the americans with disabilities act of N was primarily by democratic senators kennedy and with a based on the that most americans are hostile to the disabled - perhaps even more offensive is the statement it is surprising that george bush and the white house inner circle would ally themselves with this philosophy - this legislation was not drafted by a handful of democratic - quite the contrary it results from years of work by members of the national council on the handicapped all appointed by president reagan - you the bill as something democratic leaders the administration into - the opposite is true it 's the product of many meetings with administration officials senate staffers advocates and business and transportation officials - many congressmen are citing the compromise on the americans with disabilities act of N as a model for bipartisan deliberations - most national council members are themselves disabled or are parents of children with disabilities - we know the discrimination addressed by the act to be told there 's no place for your child in school to spend hours at home because there is no transportation for someone in a to be denied employment because you are disabled - your editorial this legislation the lawyers ' employment act - for the N million people with disabilities and their families this legislation is the - swift - - national council on the handicapped - a group of investors led by giant group ltd. and its chairman burt sugarman said it filed with federal antitrust regulators for clearance to buy more than N N of the stock of rally 's inc. a fast-food company based in louisville - rally 's operates and about N fast-food restaurants throughout the u.s. - the company went public earlier this month offering N shares of common stock at $ N a share - giant has interests in cement making and newsprint - the investor group includes restaurant investment partnership a california general partnership and three rally 's directors mr. sugarman james m. trotter iii and william e. trotter ii - the group currently holds N rally 's shares or N N of its shares outstanding - giant group owned N N of rally 's shares before the initial public offering - a second group of three company directors aligned with rally 's founder james patterson also is seeking control of the fast-food chain - it is estimated that the patterson group controls more than N N of rally 's stock - rally officials were n't available to comment late yesterday - for the year ended july N rally had net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - dpc acquisition partners a hostile suitor for dataproducts corp. filed a petition in federal district court in los angeles seeking to have its standstill agreement with the computer printer maker declared and it with a $ tender offer for the company - the offer would give the transaction an indicated value of $ N million based on the N million shares the group does n't already own - dpc holds about N N of dataproducts ' shares - lawyers representing dpc declined to elaborate saying they did n't have a final copy of the filing - jack davis dataproducts ' chairman said he had n't yet seen the filing and could n't comment - dpc made a $ bid for the company in may but dataproducts management considered the $ N million proposal - dataproducts had sought a buyer for several months but it is now in the midst of a restructuring plan and management says the company is no longer for sale - power co. a subsidiary of american electric power co. said it will redeem on dec. N the entire $ N million of its N N N first mortgage bonds due N - the redemption price will be N N of the principal amount of the bonds plus accrued interest to the date of redemption - the european community 's consumer price index rose a provisional N N in september from august and was up N N from september N according to the ec 's statistical agency - the rise in the index was the largest since april said - efforts by the hong kong futures exchange to introduce a new interest-rate futures contract continue to hit despite the support the proposed instrument enjoys in the colony 's financial community - hong kong financial institutions have been waiting for interest-rate futures for a long time - the contract was first proposed more than two years ago but shortly afterward the colony 's markets were hit hard by the october N global stock crash - the subsequent drive to reform hong kong 's markets also has the interest-rate futures contract - the securities and futures commission a government set up after the N crash to try to restore confidence and order to hong kong 's markets had been expected to give the contract conditional approval last week - but regulators this week said officials still have a way to go before they answer all the remaining detailed questions about the contract - the exchange had forecast that the contract would begin trading by december - but securities regulators now say privately that it is n't likely to start until the first quarter of next year - analysts and financial officials in the british colony consider the new contract essential to the revival of the hong kong futures exchange which has never fully recovered from the october N crash - many believe that without a healthy futures exchange hong kong 's aspirations to be recognized as an international financial center will suffer - in addition local banks say the new contract is important in helping them offset their hong exposure - the contract will be based on the three-month hong kong interbank offered rate or - it is almost a carbon copy of the chicago mercantile exchange 's eurodollar contract which is based on the three-month eurodollar rate the rate paid on deposits in london banks - if the contract is as successful as some expect it may do much to restore confidence in futures trading in hong kong - the contract is definitely important to the exchange says robert executive director of the securities and futures commission - two years ago the futures exchange was the envy of other would-be futures centers - after only N months its main contract based on the hang seng index had grown to be the second-largest contract in the world - a futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity or financial instrument at a set price on a specified date - in the case of stock-index and interest-rate futures the instruments are given an underlying cash value and are settled in cash - but in the week following the N stock crash the exchange on collapse and the stock and futures markets in hong kong were closed for four days - only a bailout kept the crisis from the exchange - trading in hang seng index futures remains by the experience - volume for the entire month of september totaled only N contracts compared with a daily average of N in the month before the N crash - despite the thin trading and after two painful years of restructuring the futures market has shown itself to be in two recent tests - while asian markets struggled to cope with the uncertainty caused by the oct. N plunge in new york stock prices futures trading in hong kong was relatively heavy and went smoothly - that was also the case in the days following the june N massacre in beijing which caused a sharp drop in hong kong stock prices - there was no problem at all says douglas ford chief executive officer of the futures exchange - most important to the contract 's success is the commitment of hong kong 's big financial institutions especially the two leaders & shanghai banking corp. and the local subsidiary of britain 's standard chartered bank plc - the two big banks were instrumental in designing the new contract - if those two banks are there then the balance of the banking institutions will be there says mr. the securities and futures commission official - colony banks have a major stake in how interest rates move because of their enormous hong exposure - even though the currency is pegged to the u.s. dollar with a fixed exchange rate of hk$ N to the american currency the u.s. and hong kong economies do n't always move in lock step making it difficult to predict where interest rates in the colony will go - in early N when the three-month eurodollar rate was between N N and N N the three-month rate was as low as N N - just a few months ago the three-month eurodollar rate was around N N while three-month hit highs above N N - the contract quite a bit of the problem of interest-rate risk in the interbank market says eric a director of james capel far east ltd. the hong kong arm of the british brokerage firm - despite the initial support expected trading in the contract is likely to start slowly - the from the N crash have n't yet and not all claims against the exchange by those who bet the hang seng index would fall have been settled - companies and financial institutions familiar with hong kong remain wary of trading in its futures market - and mr. that there may be limits on how much the contract can grow because the hong kong dollar is n't a widely traded currency - he says the contract will be considered a success if it starts trading N to N lots a day - exchange officials also point out that futures were designed for institutions and corporations not for the type of small individual investors who were very active in hang seng index futures and defaulted in the N crash - mr. says the low margin required for trading futures attracted a lot of small investors before the N crash who did n't realize that their risk was virtually - you 're not going to get your taxi drivers and and all that says nicholas a director for securities company elders bullion & futures ltd - that should help to confidence mr. says - but many bankers remain nervous especially as the start-up of the contract continues to be delayed - two of japan 's largest paper manufacturers paper co. and paper co. posted unconsolidated pretax profit gains from a year earlier for the first half ended sept. N on continuing robust domestic demand for paper products - paper the nation 's largest in terms of sales said its pretax profit rose N N to N billion yen us$ N million from N billion yen - sales jumped N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income increased N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - paper 's sales strength was evident in overall paper products sales including printing and papers which rose to N billion yen in the first half from N billion yen a year earlier - pulp processed and paper sales also surged - for the full fiscal year ending next march predicted that total sales of N billion yen up from N billion yen in the previous fiscal year - pretax profit is seen at N billion yen down from N billion yen while net income is estimated at N billion yen up from N billion yen - the company did n't provide an explanation for the softer pretax profit performance and officials could n't be reached for comment - paper said its pretax profit rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - sales rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income surged N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - general paper product sales including and other papers accounting for the bulk of sales rose to N billion yen from N billion yen - paper predicted that for the full fiscal year ending next march N sales will total N billion yen up from N billion yen - pretax profit was estimated at N billion yen down from N billion yen while net income was estimated at N billion yen up from N billion yen - unocal corp. 's decision to put its norwegian oil and gas interests up for sale earlier this week is another step in the company 's strategic review of its properties and shows that few of them are - the company declined to estimate the value of the norwegian holding - but eugene l. an analyst at dean witter reynolds inc. forecast that the sale will bring in $ N million or substantially more - the proposed transaction is the latest in a of assets by the los angeles-based oil company that has included the $ N million sale of its headquarters property and the pending sale of half of its chicago refinery and related marketing operations to de venezuela s.a - mr. said he particular importance to the proposed sale because it suggests that the company is willing to sell oil and gas assets that are n't part of its major strategic strengths - unocal said it expects to complete the sale of its unocal unit by next march or april - in addition to an N N stake in the offshore field the norwegian unit has interests ranging from N N to N N in three other norwegian oil and gas production licenses - in N unocal sold a N N stake in the field to deutsche g.m.b h. a west german oil company for an undisclosed amount - in N it sold a N N stake in the field to the swedish national oil company resulting in a $ N million after-tax gain - however those sales were early in the field 's history before production equipment was installed - the field is currently being developed and is slated to start production by the end of the year - it 's expected to produce about N barrels per day - a company spokesman said the field 's gross reserves were estimated in N at N million barrels - however he added that that estimate made before extensive development drilling currently is being - the spokesman said unocal has had considerable interest from prospective buyers - the company has retained j. henry schroder & co. as financial adviser and agent for the sale - france 's unemployment rate was steady at a seasonally adjusted N N in september the social affairs ministry said - in september the number of jobless rose N N from the previous month to N million on a seasonally adjusted basis - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - tenneco credit corp. $ N million of N N N senior notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's seven-year note - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - tenneco credit is a unit of tenneco inc - health system issue of $ N million of revenue bonds tentatively priced through a morgan stanley & co. group - the offering includes a new issue of $ N million of tampa fla. series N revenue bonds for st. joseph 's hospital inc. due N N and N - the bonds are tentatively priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the other two portions of the deal are of outstanding debt rather than new issues - the bonds are rated single-a by moody 's and by s&p according to the lead underwriter - city and county of $ N million of general obligation bonds N series b due N through a bear stearns & co. group - the bonds rated double-a by moody 's and s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N and N - federal national mortgage association $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by shearson lehman hutton inc - the offering series N backed by fannie mae N N securities brings fannie mae 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total remic volume to $ N billion since the program began in april N - pricing terms were n't available - electric power co japan $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N N less full fees via yamaichi international europe ltd - fees N N - toshiba corp japan $ N billion of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via nomura international ltd - each $ N bond carries a warrant exercisable dec. N N through nov. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed nov. N - credit lyonnais australia ltd french parent N million australian dollars of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N less full fees via bank ltd - guarantee by credit lyonnais - fees N N - world bank agency # N million of N N N bonds due aug. N N offered at N to yield N N via baring brothers & co - tap on outstanding # N million issue - also issued were N billion yen of bonds due dec. N N priced at N N with coupon paid in australian dollars via international ltd - interest during first year paid at N N - thereafter interest paid annually at N N - the world bank also offered N million swiss francs of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N via credit suisse - option by to increase issue amount to N million francs - corp japan N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with fixed N N coupon at par via nomura bank switzerland - put march N N at a fixed N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note convertible dec. N N through march N N at a N N premium over closing share price nov. N when terms are fixed - nippon air co japan N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with fixed N N coupon at par via yamaichi bank switzerland - put march N N at fixed N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note convertible nov. N N through march N N at a N N premium over closing share price nov. N when terms are fixed - credit suisse finance ltd swiss parent N billion lire of N N N bonds due june N N priced at N to yield N N less full fees via del - guarantee by credit suisse - fees N N - maryland national bank $ N million of securities backed by home-equity lines of credit through merrill lynch capital markets - the bank is a subsidiary of financial inc - the securities were priced to float monthly at N basis points above the 30-day commercial paper rate - the issue formally titled home equity loan asset backed certificates series N will represent interest in a trust fund of home equity revolving credit line loans by the retail finance division of maryland national bank and secured primarily by second of trust or second mortgages on single to residential properties - the securities are rated triple-a by moody 's and duff & phelps inc - they are expected to have an average life of N years - maryland national bank 's retail finance division will continue to service the loans - first national bank of chicago will act as trustee and the transaction will be supported by an N N letter of credit issued by dai-ichi kangyo bank ltd. chicago branch - province of $ N million of N N N debentures due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue which can be put back to the province in N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated single-a-2 by moody 's and by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - bausch & inc. said it plans to introduce next year a new line of containing the that protects against damage from - the optical products company has signed a licensing agreement with technologies inc. a closely held firm in san antonio texas which has developed a method to the synthetic into plastic lenses - terms were n't disclosed - security pacific corp. has set its sights on buying its second bank holding company this year - security said it signed a letter of intent to purchase la jolla bancorp agreeing to pay $ N of its own stock for each share of la jolla - based on the current number of la jolla shares that gives the transaction a value of $ N million - la jolla is the parent company of la jolla bank & trust co. which has N branches in san diego county - as of sept. N the bank had assets of $ N million and deposits of $ N million security pacific said - earlier this month security pacific which is among the N largest bank holding companies in the u.s. completed the acquisition of san southwest bancorp - south africa 's current account surplus swelled to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of between five billion and six billion rand $ N billion and $ N billion in the third quarter reserve bank governor chris said - the surplus was two billion rand in the second quarter and N billion rand in the first quarter - he said this improvement means it is still possible to reach the targeted current account surplus of four billion rand for N - corp. said its board approved the repurchase of as many as N common shares when market conditions are suitable - the maker of telecommunications management systems had N shares outstanding as of sept. N - in over-the-counter trading yesterday closed at $ N up N cents - service corp. international said it expects to report net income of N cents a share for the third quarter - the company said it expects to release third-quarter results in - the home and cemetery operator changed from a fiscal year to a calendar year in december - in the comparable year-ago quarter the second quarter ended oct. N service corp. had a loss of about $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - results for that quarter included a $ N million or N cents a share write-down associated with the consolidation of a facility - your sept. N criticism of credit-card foreign-exchange charges is unwarranted - i have just returned from france and the net exchange rate charged on my visa account was more favorable than i obtained for 's checks in any of the several banks where i converted them - vincent wash - the state-controlled french metals group s.a. said it has signed a preliminary accord to sell its paris headquarters to and for N billion francs $ N million - the sale which had been eager to make for several months is still subject to certain unspecified conditions and is expected to be completed during the first quarter of N the group - hong kong 's main measure of consumer prices rose N N in september from a year earlier the government said - the consumer price index a which measures price changes for the N N of urban households that spend between N hong kong dollars us$ N and hk$ N a month edged up N N in september from august - index b which monitors price changes for the N N of urban households that spend between hk$ N and hk$ N a month rose N N last month from a year earlier and was up N N from the preceding month - september 's hang seng consumer price index which measures price changes for the N N of urban households spending hk$ N and hk$ N a month was up N N from a year ago and up N N from august - the main factors for the september increase from the previous month were higher prices for services food and housing - prices fell marginally for fuel and electricity - west german and french authorities have cleared dresdner bank ag 's takeover of a majority stake in banque de placement dresdner bank said - the approval which had been expected permits west germany 's second-largest bank to acquire shares of the french investment bank - in a first step dresdner bank will buy N N of for N french francs $ N a share or N million francs $ N million - dresdner bank said it will also buy all shares tendered by shareholders on the paris stock exchange at the same price from today through nov. N - in addition the bank has an option to buy a N N stake in from societe generale after jan. N N at N francs a share - furukawa electric co. one of japan 's leading electric wire and cable manufacturers said unconsolidated pretax profit in the fiscal first half ended sept. N fell N N to N billion yen $ N million from N billion yen a year earlier - sales increased N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net fell N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net fell to N yen from N yen - the growing sales sustained by domestic demand failed to counter rising material metal costs and declining profitability in overseas construction furukawa said - rolled copper product sales were major to overall sales growth - sales by category rose N N to N billion yen reflecting increased production in automobile and electric machine industries which are major users of wire and cable products - sales for electric wires and rose N N to N billion yen - west germany 's cost-of-living index rose a preliminary N N in october from september and was up N N from a year earlier the federal statistics office in said - the increase follows a monthly rise of N N in september from august - preliminary cost-of-living data for the current month are calculated based on inflation data from the four largest west german states north and - the philippine government awarded finland 's oy the contract to upgrade the facilities of philippine associated & refining corp. according to documents from national development corp. one of philippine company 's owners - the project costs $ N million and is intended to boost the company 's production capacity by N N to N metric tons of copper a year - is a mining trading and construction concern - september sales at major japanese retail stores rose N N from a year earlier to N trillion yen $ N billion marking the monthly increase the ministry of international trade and industry announced - according to the ministry retail sales at major department stores were up N N to N billion yen while sales at supermarkets rose N N to N billion yen - september 's growth followed a N N rise in july and an N N increase in august showing continued expansion at high levels - a ministry official said the growth leads to the conclusion the adverse effects of a consumption tax introduced in april have diminished - shell canada ltd. said it plans to build a lubricants and packaging plant at ontario with start-up scheduled for N - a spokesman said the plant which will replace older and manufacturing plants in montreal and toronto will cost about N million canadian dollars us$ N million to build - is about N miles east of toronto - shell canada an oil and gas producer and marketer is a unit of royal group an concern - when the going gets tough it 's tough to trade stocks in continental europe - that 's the troubling conclusion reached by many international investors and money managers angry at the on continental stock exchanges during last week 's global market turbulence - they say the recent market volatility has underscored the of the way many european exchanges trade stocks - the weaknesses of continental exchanges are driving some fund managers to switch business to stocks traded on london 's stock exchange which quotes firm trading prices for about N blue-chip issues from N major countries - i 'm not saying london covered itself in glory but the events of the past week have certainly exposed europe 's weaknesses says stewart a director of scottish amicable investment managers in scotland which manages about # N billion $ N billion in institutional money - he says the problems on european exchanges included delayed execution of buy and sell orders and trading - the events strengthen london 's hand in becoming the center for trading european stocks mr. says - unable to unload a large block of a french blue-chip company 's shares in paris for two days last week a frustrated scottish amicable fund manager finally down her phone in and called james capel & co. a london brokerage firm - the firm did the trade in seconds on the london stock exchange 's system - on so-called manic monday oct. N stock prices plunged across europe and trading problems erupted - london had some problems too - the london exchange 's electronic system provided only or prices for about N minutes on manic monday - some dealers say other traders were n't picking up their phones - but london 's problems were nothing compared with the continent 's - in brussels which recently spent millions of dollars on a trading system traders watched as a software failure before opening on manic monday prevented trading for two days - for N hours no one had any idea precisely how much his securities were worth - by wednesday frustrated belgian brokers reopened the market by using the method of stocks with on a - the belgian computer system finally was repaired and on tuesday of this week with the aid of toronto stock exchange officials who developed the system - in frankfurt which only has a daily session even in the best of times stocks did n't open for the first N minutes because of order imbalances that brokers blame on a wave of sell orders from small investors - as banks processed of sell orders the crush led to manic monday 's worst decline german stocks ended down N N - exchange officials extended trading hours N minutes on monday and N minutes on tuesday to clear up order backlogs - in france more than half the top N blue-chip stocks including such giants as bsn and did n't open until wall street rallied late in the european trading day traders say - the rally transformed some big sell orders into big buy orders solving an problem - but by that time many big institutions had switched business to london - belgium was closed for two days france closed for a couple of hours germany was stuck - it was a nightmare says susan noble an investment manager at robert fleming holdings ltd. 's international investment management unit in london - it 's very worrying that these markets ca n't cope - on manic monday the volume of german shares traded in london more than tripled to N million and the volume of french shares rose N N - by comparison german domestic stock volume in frankfurt only doubled that day - the switch to the london market during such times is significant - for one thing the size of the affected market is enormous the european stock markets account for some N N of global stock market capitalization with an estimated value of $ N trillion according to morgan stanley capital international - the continental markets alone contribute about N N of estimated world market capitalization of $ N trillion - though the widely traded shares that are quoted in london account for only a small portion of those totals they still are the most closely watched stocks and are often viewed as a barometer for the local markets generally - the switch to london the fact that despite the economic restructuring associated with european community efforts to develop a single market by N european stock trading remains a highly and very activity - against this backdrop one thing that does n't seem likely to result from N is a single european stock market - rather there increasingly is a group of international brokerage and trading firms that operate in most european financial centers including european giants such as barclays bank plc and deutsche bank as well as merrill lynch & co. and shearson lehman hutton inc. of the u.s. and japan 's nomura securities co - these firms which often have acquired a local brokerage firm are calling the shots when it comes to deciding in which market to a trade - and senior officials of two u.s. securities houses say they switched trades in european stocks to the london market last week when they could n't positions on the continent - meantime brokers on the continent are worried too mostly by the potential loss of business - i would be much if this volume in german stocks were in frankfurt rather than london says head of international equity sales at dresdner bank in frankfurt - he acknowledges that spreads were too wide and volumes too light in the extreme conditions on manic monday - already the germans appear to be acting at a special meeting on the day of the decline directors of the frankfurt stock exchange voted to extend their trading hours although they have n't decided when or by how much - a frankfurt exchange official acknowledging the brokers ' says the market still feels it ok during this crash - the dutch who had some trading problems because of insufficient computer capacity say new equipment to solve the problems ought to be installed within a month - says a spokeswoman for the brussels nobody around here will tell you they are happy the system did n't work - but it 's just one of those things that happened - investors can be assured now that this kind of problem can never occur again - but for others the echo the promises made after the N stock crash when similar problems led many markets to develop the new systems that performed so badly last week - they all said they invested huge amounts of money - but they either did n't buy the right machines or they wasted it says fleming 's ms. noble - canadian steel production totaled N metric tons in the week ended oct. N a N N increase from N tons the previous week but a N N decline from N tons a year earlier statistics canada said - the federal agency said that in the year through oct. N production totaled N tons up N N from N tons - trinova corp. said it will resume buying back as many as three million of its common shares under a program announced two years ago - trinova which had N million common shares outstanding sept. N had N shares since october N before this latest announcement - the company said it is n't making a commitment to purchase a specific number of shares - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday trinova closed at $ N up N cents - inc. and inc. said they plan a joint project to develop biological products to control such plant diseases as a potent agent - under the plan the companies will use 's technology to such as a bacterium to enhance their biological activity against plant diseases - an agricultural biotechnology concern said initial work will concentrate on a strain of which has shown promise for controlling - the strain was discovered by & co. and licensed to a unit of uniroyal chemical co - is released by during grain and seed storage - the recent appearance of in such foods as corn and butter has sparked public concern and consumer scrutiny of food handling and storage procedures - european community employers fear that the ec commission 's plans for a charter of fundamental social rights is a danger to industrial competitiveness - we do n't want brussels deciding conditions for workers unless they are necessary and useful said secretary general of the employers ' confederation - an for the union of industrial and employers ' of europe fears that the charter will force ec countries to adopt a single pattern in labor relations - workers and management mr. said would lose the flexibility and diversity that has so far allowed them to to local conditions and - the british government also strongly opposes the charter in its current form - it argues as does that labor relations are best left to be regulated at the national level - france will propose a slightly version of the charter to be discussed by ec ministers on monday officials said - but the cosmetic changes are n't expected to win over britain - we still have serious differences with the text a british official said because it provides for a regulation of the labor market - mr. said the charter would put poorer ec countries such as spain greece and portugal at a disadvantage - it would force these countries to introduce minimum standards for pay and working hours and provide for collective bargaining and worker participation in major corporate decisions - this he warned would prevent these countries from the difference with their richer ec - indeed lower wages in greece they are a third of the ec average are n't enough to offset higher transport costs and lower productivity in the southern countries - increasing labor costs mr. argued would only put the countries at a further disadvantage in competing in the ec market planned for after N - but the official said that producing a charter acceptable to both britain and european industry is n't an goal - the charter would just have to be restricted to a list of workers ' fundamental rights without seeking to impose any - a key provision in the current version of the charter would give the commission a mandate to produce an action program detailing on what points ec member states would be required to comply with the goals set out in the charter - this provision lies at the heart of the british and fears of social engineering by the commission - one possible political solution an ec official said would be for the commission to present the action program in late november before the adoption of the charter at a summit of ec governments on dec. N and N - this would leave britain free to adopt the charter after having the action program - the charter was approved by the ec commission on sept. N - france 's socialist government which currently holds the council 's presidency is committed to having the charter adopted by all N ec states before the end of N the of the french revolution and its universal declaration of human rights - bruno chairman of brothers lumber pa. was named a director of this bank-holding company expanding the board to N members - sam ramirez and his men are late - they pile out of their truck and begin together steel pipes linking a giant storage tank to the a oil well two miles deep - if they finish today the can pump tomorrow - one hanging by his hands from a his weight on a to loosen a stuck - we 've been putting in long hours mr. ramirez says weeks and days for the last two months - a year ago when almost nothing was happening amid these dunes you 'd spend two days working and two days in the yard he recalls - after a three-year nightmare of uncertain oil prices budget cuts and sweeping layoffs fear is finally leaving the oil patch - independent are sinking into the earth 's again - some in big oil are easing the grip on their - investment capital is creeping back and oil properties are more - prices are even up - what happened - in terms stability has quietly settled into international oil markets - mideast politics have down and the within the organization of petroleum exporting countries seems under control for now - the fundamentals of supply and demand once again are setting oil prices says victor an arthur & co. oil expert - after years of wild swings oil prices over the last N months have settled at around $ N to $ N a barrel - that is n't the $ N that producers a decade ago or the $ N that pleased users a year ago - but it is high enough to the search for future supplies low enough to promote consumption and most important steady enough for both producers and users to believe in - not that oil suddenly is a sure thing again - the current is fragile and depends on steady strong demand and continued relative harmony within opec producer of more than N N of the world 's crude - a recession or new opec could put oil markets right back in the soup - also the new are and some question their extent - drilling activity is still far below eight years ago there 's no hiring surge and some companies continue to shrink - with all this even the most wary oil men agree something has changed - it does n't appear to be getting worse - that in itself has got to cause people to feel a little more optimistic says glenn cox the president of phillips petroleum co - though modest the change reaches beyond the oil patch too - the same roller-coaster prices that halted u.s. oil exploration and drove many veteran oil men and companies out of the business also played havoc with the nation 's inflation rate the trade deficit and oil users ' corporate and personal budgets - now at least some has returned for everyone from economists to - corporate planners can plan again - management does n't want surprises notes jack who as director at american airlines buys some N billion gallons of jet fuel a year - prices had been so unstable that two years ago mr. gave up on long-term forecasts - and consumers should be comfortable adds w. moore u.s. deputy secretary of energy - i do n't see anything on the horizon that could lead to a rise in the price - the catalyst for all this has been opec - about a year ago it ended an internal production war that had put prices on a roller and pitched oil towns from houston to into recession - saudi arabia opec 's abandoned a policy of flooding the market to punish - about the same time the war which was oil markets ended - in addition global petroleum demand has been climbing - it is projected to keep growing by a million barrels a day or up to N N annually for years to come - for opec that 's ideal - the resulting firm prices and stability will allow both producers and consumers to plan says saudi oil minister - opec explains consumers offer security of markets while opec provides security of supply - this is an time to find mutual ways to prevent price shocks from happening again he says - to promote this balance opec now is finally a internal problem - at its november meeting it will try to revise its quotas to satisfy persian gulf members that can produce far more oil than their - being held well below capacity greatly them and has led to widespread cheating - opec has repeatedly raised its production ceiling to some of that unauthorized output - oil ministers now hope to solve the issue for good through an iranian proposal that gives a larger share of output to countries with surplus capacity and reduces the shares of those that ca n't produce more anyway - but if they walk out without any effort to resolve their problem production could increase to N million or N million barrels a day making for a very troublesome first quarter warns a consultant and former opec delegate - that would send prices from what some u.s. oil executives still regard as too low a level - patrick early president of amoco corp. 's unit says that despite recent stability he plans continued tightening of costs and exploration spending - the view of some others in big oil he maintains is very much similar to amoco 's outlook - just this week mobil corp. disclosed new cutbacks in its domestic exploration and production operations - out here on the plains of new mexico however the mood is more upbeat trucks along the dusty roads and men in hard hats sweat and through the afternoon sun - santa fe energy co. a unit of santa fe southern pacific co. bought from amoco the rights that allowed it to drill the - a mile and a half away looms the rig of the due to be pumping by december - talk is that everybody is going to drill more wells says - santa fe aims to drill about N wells in this area in N and double that next year - it is more aggressive than most but it is n't the only company with a new attitude as it found when it went looking for a partner for the - we went to six companies over two days pitching the prospect says tim parker a santa fe exploration manager - five were interested - mitchell energy & development corp. became the partner up more than half of the $ N in drilling and start-up costs - mitchell will get a in the oil - a kind of mentality had been activity says don mitchell 's oil exploration chief - now everybody is a lot more optimistic - one attraction for oil operators here and in other fields is the cost of drilling and equipment reflecting service companies ' for work - oil co. a small texas independent is currently drilling two wells itself and putting money into three others - one of its wells in southwestern oklahoma is a rank a risky well where oil previously has n't been found - at this price $ N plus or minus and with costs being significantly less than they were several years ago the economics are pretty good says george head of the company - if you know you 've got stability in price you can do things you would n't do with the volatility of the past few years - the activity is enough to move some prices back up a little - some prices have risen N N in the past month - in the gulf of mexico a boat to deliver supplies to offshore now costs around $ N a day up nearly N N since june - some service recently were auctioned for about $ N million each up from less than $ N million two years ago - at the bottom of the slump inc. was discounting N N on an electronic evaluation of a well now it discounts about N N say - still there is money to be made - most oil companies when they set exploration and production budgets for this year forecast revenue of $ N for each barrel of crude produced - prices have averaged more than $ N a barrel higher than that not a but at least a bonus for them - so according to a dun & bradstreet corp. survey companies that had been refusing to spend even their very conservative budgets may loosen up before year end - it says N N of those surveyed report that N exploration spending will exceed N 's - funds for drilling may inch up more next year if oil prices stay stable - texaco thinking in terms of $ oil for N may raise spending especially for prospects an official says - outside investors scarce since are back - although it 's still difficult to raise money for a pure program says william thomas a texas commerce bank official in houston institutions are starting to see there are cycles to these things and this one is beginning to turn - wall street generally likes the industry again - the appetite for stocks has been especially strong although some got hit yesterday when shearson lehman hutton cut its short-term investment ratings on them - contractors such as parker drilling co. are raising cash again through stock offerings and for the first time in years two companies recently went public - they are grace energy corp. of dallas and marine drilling co. of houston - most oil companies are still reluctant to add to the office and professional staffs they slashed so deeply - but a few new spots are opening - arthur the accounting firm has increased its energy staff N N in a year - out in the oil fields if activity picks up much more shortages could appear because so many and others left after the crash - already it 's hard to get people - they 're so busy says one santa fe drilling here - for most field workers it 's about time - mr. ramirez who arrived late at the with his crew because he had started early in the morning setting up tanks at another site just got the first raise he can remember in eight years to $ N an hour from $ N - norman young a at the well has worked all but about nine days of this year - last year i was off a straight month then one time for two to three weeks and another two to three weeks he says - who sells equipment for davis tool co. is also busy - a native of the area he is back now after riding the boom to the top then surviving the running an oklahoma city convenience store - first year i came back there was n't any work he says - i think it 's on the way back now - but it wo n't be a boom again - no major no major setbacks he predicts - business has been good enough that he just took a weekend trip to the mountain area of something i have n't done in years - the figures confirm that there certainly is n't any drilling boom - only N wells including N dry were for oil and natural gas in the u.s. in the first nine months of the year down N N from the like N period - but that was off less than at midyear when lagged by N N - and the number of active in the u.s. is up - according to baker hughes inc. N were at work in the u.s. last week up from the year-ago count of N - in N before the the rig count was above N - global use shows a similar upward trend - some equipment going to work is almost new - grace energy just two weeks ago a rig here N miles from to drill the well a $ natural gas well - the rig was built around N but has only two wells the last in N - until now it had sat idle - for owner and a cook at the a building in all this has made for a very good year - after N a.m. or so we have them standing and waiting she says as she out orders for and the daily special beef and on whole wheat potato and plus coffee or tea - price $ N - mike a is even making it in his new career as an entrepreneur - he started arrow inc. a year ago with a loan from a friend since repaid and now employs N - he got three trucks and a cheap - i want to add one more truck mr. says - i sense that it 's going to continue to grow - that 's the word - the word is out - eight people including a supervisor of security pacific national bank 's central vault were arrested in an investigation of an alleged drug operation - the u.s. attorney 's office filed a criminal complaint against six bank employees charging them with conspiracy in the scheme which apparently was capable of handling millions of dollars a week by cash through bank accounts - two other men also were charged with participating in the operation - the capped a investigation by the internal revenue service the u.s. attorney 's office and a security pacific internal investigation team - walter s. fisher executive vice president and general of the bank 's parent security pacific corp. said no bank funds were at risk during the investigation - arrested were jose o. N years old of calif. the vault supervisor carlos o. N of la luis a. N of los angeles jr. N of baldwin park N of bell gardens and ana l. N of park - m. N of los angeles and n. madison N of were also charged with participating in the conspiracy - each defendant faces a possible sentence of N years in prison and $ N in fines - the defendants could n't immediately be reached for comment - s.a. brewing holdings ltd. began laying the to launch a rival offer for bond corp holdings ltd. 's australian brewing operations - such an offer could a plan by lion nathan ltd. of new zealand to acquire half the brewing interests - but it would probably increase the amount of cash that bond corp. would earn from the transaction - australia 's national companies and securities commission said it will allow s.a. brewing to acquire an option on as much as N N of bell resources ltd. a unit of bond corp. that is in the process of acquiring bond corp. 's brewing businesses for N billion australian dollars us$ N billion - s.a. brewing which is by elders ltd. australia 's largest brewer will make a takeover offer for all of bell resources if it exercises the option the corporate regulators said in a statement - bond corp. a brewing property media and resources concern controlled by financier alan bond is selling many of its assets to reduce an a$ N billion debt - contrary to what might be expected based on the headline on john r. dorfman 's recent money matters article pros hit right where it oct. N i was able to stand before my finance students and that the findings of your experiment on stock picking is completely consistent with what they have been taught in the classroom - in particular i do not find the fact that your group of pros ' monthly of four stocks the market in general to be with market efficiency - mr. dorfman states that an investor who invested $ N a year ago in the first four stocks selected by your pros and then sold those one month later purchasing the four new pro picks and repeated this process for the year would have accumulated $ N excluding account dividends taxes and commissions - in contrast an investor holding the dow jones portfolio over the year would have accumulated only $ N - accepted theories of asset pricing offer a perfectly legitimate explanation - accepted theories state that investors require higher returns on riskier investments - thus rather than seeing the excess returns to the portfolio as being i see those returns as simply for taking on added risk - i believe the risk for each individual stock selected by your pros is very large - if you asked me to select a stock with the highest expected return i would select a stock with the greatest amount of risk as i am sure your pros do - your hypothetical investor is simply being for taking on this added risk - moreover your hypothetical investor has the gains to be had in reducing risk by diversifying his portfolio - a portfolio is still exposed to a great deal of unnecessary risk - this means the returns can vary a great deal - mr. dorfman provides confirming evidence of this phenomenon when he reports that your staff of would have accumulated only $ N by four new stocks to be held in a portfolio each month - scott e. texas university texas your investment article misses the target - the fact that stock pickers have a selected portfolio in eight of N months has no bearing on the theory - what matters is that the stocks recommended by your pros tend to be substantially riskier than a diversified portfolio - for example your pickers ' recommendations for the coming month are on average N N riskier than holding the market portfolio according to value line 's beta estimates - james morgan 's pick for october is a substantial N N riskier than the market portfolio his pick is N N riskier - eric c. - peter w. president of university bethlehem pa. was elected a director of this maker of industrial parts and systems - his appointment the board to N members - california make travel agents jittery - being a travel agent used to be pretty glamorous - now it 's getting downright dangerous - in recent months more than N agencies have been robbed compared with only a handful all last year according to police and groups - most of the cases have been in california where one agent was and another was shot and killed - los angeles police say the thieves seem to be part of a crime network that knows how to convert blank tickets into real ones - already the stolen tickets have been used for flights all over the world - so far the thieves have stolen N blank tickets according to airline reporting corp. a ticket processing center - police say the are usually pulled off by two to five men who walk into the agencies near closing or lunch time when few employees are there - they looked like ordinary at first says owner of travel air service in monte calif. describing five men who entered his agency last june - but then he says they put two loaded to his temple and demanded he open the safe - when he initially refused he says they him in the back and made off with $ N and N blank tickets - they said they wanted to show me how serious they were he says - as word of the crime spree has spread many agents have started changing their policies - at el monte travel center in el monte calif. customers now can get in only through a and lock system - it 's hard to deal with clients this way in a service business says ralph conner owner of the agency which was robbed of N blank tickets and $ N last month - but we 're just too nervous - the also have set off a controversy involving the airlines - agents say airlines which track ticket numbers of all stolen tickets should be doing more to catch the thieves by the tickets when they 're used - they have the most sophisticated computers in the world says mr. - they ought to be able to do this - but airlines say it would be too expensive and cause too many delays if they started using computerized to check tickets at the gate - texans get reasonable car rental insurance - consumer advocates have long claimed that car rental companies charge too much for car rental insurance - now a new law in texas seems to be providing the proof - the law the first of its kind requires car rental companies in texas to charge only reasonable rates for waiver insurance - specifically the law says the rates must closely reflect what the company 's actual expenses have been to replace damaged cars - before the law went into effect last month car rental companies were charging as much as $ N a day for the waiver in texas - now they 're charging as little $ N a day - if they 're telling the truth now then they 've been charging N N more than what is reasonable says steve an assistant state attorney general in texas - a spokesman for hertz corp. acknowledges the waiver is n't a source of protection for consumers but a source of revenue - but hertz points out that at least it 's now charging only $ N a day in texas while some competitors are charging $ N - the state attorney general 's office is investigating rental car agencies charging higher prices - flight attendants lag before jets even land - if your flight seems a little it may be because he or she has been working N straight hours - a recent study for the federal aviation administration found that major airlines sometimes make flight attendants work N hours or more straight despite union contracts at some airlines limiting duty time to N hours - some flight attendants on charter planes are putting in work days the study found - this happens because the faa does n't have any rules on duty time for flight attendants by contrast it strictly restricts duty time for pilots and air traffic controllers usually to a maximum of N consecutive hours - as far as the faa is concerned says air safety director at the association of flight attendants flight attendants can work an number of hours - experts say such long hours for attendants pose a safety risk - for instance tired flight attendants might not react quickly enough during an emergency evacuation - at the end of their day they are says john president of the aviation safety institute a group in ohio - they have to work such long hours and then we expect them to be heroes if there 's an evacuation - in response to the study the faa says it is considering changing its policy or lack of it on flight attendants - the agency may not have much choice a congressional bill has been introduced that would force the agency to limit flight duty time to N hours on u.s. flights and N hours on international trips - odds and ends - golf has become the latest diversion for travelers stuck at some airports - golf games in which players hit golf balls into have been installed at airports in denver and pittsburgh - the average cost for breakfast at a decent hotel restaurant in new york is $ N according to corporate travel magazine - the cheapest among N cities surveyed was $ N in el paso texas - mark was named executive vice president and chief financial officer - mr. N years old formerly was and chief accounting officer at communications inc - management co. manages and produces markets and finances entertainment - why do you continually ignore the effects of indexing the basis of capital gains for inflation - why do you maintain the house-passed capital-gains plan is a temporary reduction when it is not - i think the reason is that you are confusing tax rates with tax payments - your sept. N page-one story on the house-passed capital-gains plan is a good example - you lead readers to believe that the house reduced the capital-gains tax for two years only - you virtually ignore the power of indexation which in many cases is more substantial than a lower rate - the monetary tax benefit of indexation for all gains in excess of inflation can be measured using the following equation tax rate times inflation rate times basis for the gain - depending on the size of the gain and the rate of inflation indexation can mean a lower tax payment than using the N N rate without indexation - but in any event and this is the important point tax payments on capital gains will be lower with indexation than under current law even though the tax rate is the same under both systems - as you can see the capital-gains reduction plan adopted by the house would not be temporary but permanent - i hope that you begin talking about the plan 's permanent and in my view most beneficial feature indexation - rep. robert k. r. calif washington - that the for the two-year reduction to N N is budgetary does not mean it is not in the public interest - the reduction the burden on portfolio changes and capital to seek more productive or more appropriate uses - but what is really significant is the indexation of capital gains after N - to argue that this is not likely to affect the economy in positive ways is contrary both to recent experience with capital-gains tax cuts and to common sense - a large part of the long-term appreciation of assets reflects inflation and the taxation of capital gains is - does the journal really believe that people ignore the prospect of having a substantial part of their capital confiscated when they decide whether to save or how to invest - under current law it is not financially rational to consumption - real returns from financial assets are on the order of N N or N N a year - the capital-gains tax reform is a step toward one of the structural weaknesses of the u.s. economy the closely connected of low savings rates weak capital formation and high capital costs - j. nielsen richmond va - N years old was elected president and chief operating officer of this designer and marketer of graphics video cable and other equipment - he succeeds alfred N who continues as chairman and chief executive officer - mr. formerly was group vice president of marketing and product planning for and president of the and video products division - grace & co. said it formed a new company by combining its and business with sierra chemical co. calif - grace a maker of specialty chemicals that already owned about N N of closely held sierra said it owns a N N stake in the new company - grace said it did n't invest any additional capital in the venture which will be known as products co - the business is expected to have sales of about $ N million in N grace said - the new company 's product lines will be aimed at and the lawn and garden industry - the financial accounting standards board said it will soon issue a rule requiring disclosure about the financial risk of certain financial instruments - but the chief body for accountants backed off one part of its original proposal made earlier this year that would have required a breakdown of certain items related to sheet instruments - the detail was opposed by many banks and thrifts that felt the cost of supplying such data was n't worth the value of the disclosures - under the initial proposal for example banks would have been required to disclose that portion of for loan losses that reflects specific letters of credit for which customers had defaulted - the final rule wo n't require such a breakdown of the for loan losses which appears on the balance sheet - the fasb rule will cover such financial instruments as interest rate swaps financial guarantees interest rate contracts loan contracts loan commitments and options written on held - it will require companies to out in more detail collateral and of credit risk for all financial instruments - the rule will require companies with financial instruments that have sheet risks to disclose data about the value and terms of the instruments any accounting loss that would occur if the outside party involved in the instrument failed to perform and the company 's policy for requiring collateral or other security for the instrument - scott miller an fasb project manager said that a final rule will be issued before year end - but he noted that the initial effective date of the earlier proposal had been delayed by six months - poughkeepsie savings bank said a plan to sell its south carolina branch offices to first citizens bank of columbia s.c. fell through - poughkeepsie also expects to post a one-time charge of $ N million resulting in a net loss for the third quarter - the charge represents a write-down of the goodwill associated with poughkeepsie 's investment in the banks it is trying to sell and its north carolina branches as well - the thrift announced the plan aug. N - among other reasons high fees regulators imposed on certain transfers of thrift deposits to commercial banks substantially altered the economics of the transaction for both parties poughkeepsie said - additionally the bank is increasing its loan-loss reserves for the third quarter by $ N million before taxes - in the year-earlier third quarter poughkeepsie savings had net income of $ N million or N cents a share - poughkeepsie said it is continuing to try to sell itself under a june agreement with a group - the bank also said its effort would continue past the nov. N deadline set in that agreement and that the litigation between the two sides might resume as a result - the thrift and the holders had suspended their lawsuits as part of the agreement - joe frank jr. was elected president and chief executive officer of this producer - joe frank who is currently chairman chief executive and treasurer will remain chairman - the current president and chief operating officer j. johnson was elected to the new position of vice chairman of the board - inc. was dropped from the consumer services industry group of the dow jones equity market index because the company split itself in a restructuring - it was succeeded in the group by industries inc - both moves are effective today - a potentially safer whooping cough vaccine made by novel genetic engineering techniques was described by a team of italian u.s. and japanese scientists - the team reported they managed to induce bacteria to produce a version of the produced by the bacterium that causes whooping cough - laboratory tests showed that versions of the are capable of an to whooping cough the researchers reported in this week 's issue of the journal science - the current vaccine for whooping cough or pertussis is part of the for pertussis shot given most and young children - the vaccine is effective in preventing a disease that still about N million children a year world-wide causing an estimated one million deaths - the vaccine however causes reactions that can be fatal - the reactions stem from the fact that the vaccine contains multiple copies of the whole pertussis bacterium which causes whooping cough - this bacterium produces a toxin that if used as a vaccine can induce to whooping cough - unfortunately the toxin is also - the scientific team said they had succeeded in getting bacteria to produce a version of the pertussis toxin which could be used as a safe vaccine - the researchers reported they have been able to the five genes that produced the toxin out of the pertussis bacterium - it turned out that although it took all five genes to produce the toxin only one was responsible for the toxin 's - ordinarily in genetic engineering each of these genes minus the one that caused the would have been transferred to another bacterium called e. which would then produce a version of the toxin - the researchers said they did this but the toxin did n't induce to whooping cough - the scientists then took the five toxin genes and triggered a in the one gene that caused - then using a new technique called for introducing genes into cells they transferred all five genes to bacteria closely related to the pertussis - these ordinarily do n't make the toxin - but the genes were accompanied by a piece of dna called a that turns the genes on - the new bacteria recipients of the genes began producing pertussis toxin which because of the gene was no longer toxic - experiments showed that the new toxin is capable of according to the researchers from the research center in italy the medical college of wisconsin in milwaukee and the japanese national institutes of health - carl e. president and chief executive officer of bank one dover has been named regional president a new post at the bank-holding company - mr. N years old will be responsible for the company 's N banks in the eastern region - dan j. N executive vice president of bank one dover was named president and chief executive of the dover bank succeeding mr. - no one was named to succeed mr. - at a time when foreign banks are pouring vast resources and personnel into west germany 's financial center the opening of a office on a frankfurt side street should n't attract much attention - unless of course it happens to be run by the rothschilds - after an absence from the of the family banking empire the return of the rothschild group to frankfurt was greeted by the glare of television lights reporters and a mayoral reception in town hall - like other foreign banks establishing a presence here the family describes its move as a calculated decision to set up a financial services in europe 's largest economy ahead of the integration of european community markets after N - yet the rothschilds do n't deny an emotional element to the decision - in N mayer rothschild founded rothschild & sons and later sent his four sons to london paris vienna and to begin the bank 's expansion during the early 19th century - the original bank in frankfurt closed in N after the death of carl von rothschild and the family 's banking activities focused on london and paris - de rothschild the family 's spokesman explains that by the end of the 19th century berlin had replaced frankfurt as germany 's financial center - yet the chief reason for the he says was rooted in a family tradition that would n't allow a bank to bear the rothschild name without a rothschild in its management - at the time we had only daughters explains the so we had to close the bank - much of the family 's remained - although its residence was destroyed by during world war ii the rothschilds ' place in frankfurt 's history is still recalled by the city park and a street bearing the rothschild name - the family 's long absence is - the family was in allied countries during both world war i and the long period of economic of the 1920s - during the third reich the rothschilds were a target of propaganda against jewish financiers - the pursued the rothschilds across europe as the grabbed countries the family 's property in the process - american journalist william l. in his book the rise and fall of the third reich wrote of how in vienna he had of men off silver paintings and other from the rothschild palace - in the immediate postwar years the rothschilds concentrated on rebuilding their other european operations delaying their return to frankfurt - for a member of the rothschild family the return to frankfurt is a very meaningful event although it might not mean as much to german banking as it means to us says david de rothschild 's younger and a partner in rothschild & cie banque in paris - indeed the competition is n't greatly concerned - it would be surprising if they did n't come to frankfurt in time for N and they bring an interesting tradition - but the market really is n't going to be stood on its head said a banker at one of frankfurt 's big three banks - the return of the rothschilds is modest - the new representative office with one manager and two none a member of the rothschild family will carry out no banking operations of its own - instead it is to seek out corporate financing business and sell investment products on behalf of the family 's mainstay banking units rothschild & sons ltd. in london rothschild & cie. in paris and rothschild bank ag in zurich - the constraints do n't bother the office 's manager erich - he left his job as general manager of shearson lehman hutton holdings inc. 's frankfurt office because he says when the rothschilds called i could n't resist - each rothschild bank is linked by family ties and - in march rothschild in london and rothschild bank in zurich showed assets of # N billion $ N billion and N billion swiss francs $ N million respectively - the paris bank does n't publish that figure - in europe the rothschilds banks are focusing on mergers and acquisitions as european industry ahead of N - yet the group 's limited resources makes it a niche player - obviously there are limitations on the assistance we can provide concedes david de rothschild but we feel we have some cards to play - among them he says is the family 's traditional ties to old wealth and in banking and industry throughout europe and beyond - the rothschilds hope to use a long history in private banking and an of exclusivity to attract private and institutional investors - as at the zurich bank the minimum investment for individuals will be high about a million german marks $ N three times what many other west german investment banks require - but we do make exceptions says a smiling de rothschild especially if they are very young and have very rich parents - as program trading comes under renewed attack for causing stock market gyrations a few people on wall street say it is time to consider extreme measures - the real answer to curbing wild swings in stock prices they say might be to curb or even abolish stock-index futures - a stock-index future is a contract to buy or sell the market value of a basket of stocks such as the standard & poor 's 500-stock index - since stock futures were created in N trading on the chicago mercantile exchange and other exchanges has to the point where trading in stock-index futures rivals that in the stocks themselves - the conventional view as voiced by goldman sachs & co. partner black is that stocks and such as futures and options form a single market and that make it a more liquid market - but increasingly people are questioning that view and the critics include some of the country 's most successful investors - warren buffett has been on record as opposing stock-index futures since their inception in N - and mario another star in the investing world says my gut says the of futures and far outweigh the benefits - like others mr. says that if futures cause investors to lose confidence in stocks they will move away from stocks as many have already done - and those who remain he says will demand a higher return and over time raise the cost of capital to companies - essentially the critics of stock-index futures fall into two camps - one group says the futures contribute to stock market volatility the other contends that futures are a of speculation that from the stock market 's basic function of raising capital - before futures says new york investor michael you actually had to pay attention to whether the thing you were buying had any value - while it was once expected that futures would mimic stock prices traders now routinely check the futures markets in chicago before they buy or sell stocks - when chicago futures prices jump up or down the new york stock exchange follows - on tuesday for instance the dow jones industrial average plunged N points in little more than an hour - then in the space of a coffee break the average rallied almost all of the way back - paul who manages more than $ N billion of investments at capital management inc. blames futures markets for leading the way - the fundamentals do n't change in an hour he says - i think they should close down the futures exchange and then we could get back to investing - index arbitrage the buying and selling of stocks offset with opposite trades in futures is frequently blamed for adding to stock market volatility - although index arbitrage is said to add liquidity to markets john managing partner of edward d. jones says too much liquidity is n't a good thing - the kind of instant liquidity that is implied by index futures is that you can buy a portfolio over two years and get out in one day - it 's too he says - it is n't investing - but stock-index futures have plenty of support - defenders say futures make markets more efficient and provide ways for investors to reduce risks - they note that stocks experienced volatile swings long before futures - and defenders say few people complain about futures when stock prices are rising - louis managing director in charge of equity options and futures at salomon inc. says that trading baskets of stocks began in the 1970s a decade before the advent of futures - futures he says merely cut down on trading costs - he says blaming futures is like blaming the - since stock-index arbitrage merely narrows the gap between prices in the futures and stock markets it ca n't add to volatility he says - futures do n't need defending says andrew a spokesman for the chicago mercantile exchange which trades the s&p N by far the largest stock-index futures contract - despite the current outcry over stock market volatility few people expect stock futures to disappear - for one thing the chicago futures exchanges have political and financial clout including many friends in congress - and traders say that futures have become an accepted part of the financial landscape - all life is about change either you or die says one chicago futures trader - if futures are n't permitted here we 'll take it to australia or tokyo - average daily volume in s&p N futures last year was N contracts - based on yesterday 's closing price of the s&p the average value of one day 's trading amounts to $ N billion - by contrast average dollar volume on the big board last year was $ N billion - many investment managers say futures are useful as a way to hedge portfolios - if managers fear that the overall stock market will fall but want to continue owning stocks they can hold on to specific stocks and sell a corresponding amount of futures contracts - average daily volume in s&p N futures last year was N contracts - based on yesterday 's closing price of the s&p the average value of one day 's trading amounts to $ N billion - by contrast average dollar volume on the big board last year was $ N billion - many investment managers say futures are useful as a way to hedge portfolios - if managers fear that the overall stock market will fall but want to continue owning stocks they can hold on to specific stocks and sell a corresponding amount of futures contracts - and although criticism of futures generally comes from wall street one chicago futures trader notes that brokerage firms rely on futures as hedging tools when they buy and sell big blocks of stocks from institutions - one reason futures are said to add volatility is that unlike in stocks people can speculate in futures with little money down - margin requirements for speculators on the chicago mercantile exchange are currently about N N - for $ N million you can move $ N million of stocks a specialist on the big board - that gives futures traders a lot more power - by contrast an investor in stocks must put up N N in cash - some critics say futures encourage people to think of stocks as a single commodity rather than as investments in individual businesses - thus they say futures inhibit the basic purpose of the stock market to accurately price securities so that capital and investment flows where it 's needed most - the s&p N index futures transferred the identity of N stocks into one unit making them a simple commodity to trade says george senior vice president at a. webster in philadelphia - it took away the need to know the bad third-quarter report of ibm for example mr. says - of course portfolio trading the increasingly common practice of buying or selling baskets of actual stocks also stocks as commodities - there is a class of investor that wants to be exposed to the whole market says assistant vice president at travelers investment management co - the s&p futures are merely a cheaper and way to get access to all N stocks he says - the big board yesterday began trading in its own basket trading vehicle representing the s&p N stocks - but owning index futures is n't the same as owning the underlying stocks - stockholders as a group can win because they own a share of corporate earnings which can grow and boost stock prices - futures on the other hand are a zero sum game a market for making side bets about the direction of stock prices - you do n't own anything says stephen boesel a money manager for t. rowe price in baltimore - you 're making a pure bet on the market - the european community commission challenged an agreement on routes and fares between france 's two largest airlines on antitrust grounds - meeting in wednesday the commission voted as expected to formally object to the accord between air france the state-owned airline and state-controlled domestic carrier air - an ec spokesman said the two companies will be notified so they can begin negotiations with brussels on how to modify the pact - at issue is an accord dating back to march in which air france gained access to five domestic french routes under air 's flight numbers and the domestic airline got to fly to five cities outside of france under the flag of air france - the two shared results from this route swap and followed rules on ticket pricing - the ec commission decided that such an accord does n't benefit consumers enough to merit an exemption from antitrust law - the airlines presented it as offering consumers more choice and better flight connections - an air france spokeswoman said we 're absolutely ready to study all solutions - an air spokesman said because they the ec have doubts we will work again on the text and the of the accord - a state appellate court the N convictions of corp. and two of its executives on charges of assault for workers to toxic mercury - the indictment charged that operated a machine to crush broken and recover the mercury in an illegal - the charges said that one worker suffered permanent brain damage from mercury exposure - the judge handling the case in state supreme court a trial court had out the jury ruling that the matter should have been handled under federal safety and health administration rules - but the appellate division of state supreme court held that federal law did n't the states from such a prosecution - elizabeth district attorney for brooklyn n.y. said the appellate division has agreed with our view that despite federal laws state prosecutors have the power to protect working people - lawyers for the company and executives could n't be reached for comment - the executives face five to N years in prison and fines of $ N or double the profit made by failing to comply with the rules - the company could be fined a maximum of $ N or double the profit - general motors corp. wants to buy as much as N N of jaguar plc marking its first in a possible battle against ford motor co. for control of the british car maker - gm sought u.s. antitrust clearance last week to purchase more than $ N million worth of jaguar shares but does n't own any yet according to gm officials here and at the company 's detroit headquarters - the no. N u.s. auto maker then wrote jaguar that it intends to go to that N N level once it wins the u.s. clearance to go beyond $ N million a jaguar spokesman said yesterday - the gm move follows tuesday 's declaration by ford which holds an unwelcome N N stake in jaguar that it is prepared to bid for the entire company - gm is close to completing a friendly deal with jaguar that is likely to involve an eventual N N stake and joint manufacturing ventures - speculative investors betting on an imminent clash between ford and gm pushed up jaguar 's share price five pence eight u.s. cents to a N pence $ N in late trading on london 's stock exchange yesterday - since tuesday the shares have gained nearly N N - but an bidding war between the world 's top auto giants for britain 's leading luxury-car maker seems unlikely - we will not go over a certain level said david n. ford 's vice president for finance at a news conference yesterday in dearborn mich - there 's some price at which we 'd stop bidding - he would n't specify what it was - and powerful political pressures may convince the conservative government to keep its so-called golden share which limits any individual holding to N N until the restriction expires on dec. N N - i really do n't see the government doing something that jaguar does n't want over the next N months said kenneth warren a conservative member of parliament and chairman of the select committee on trade and industry in britain 's house of commons - the golden share is a single share but it is the magic share - the government retained the single share after selling its stake in jaguar in N part of a practice of protecting former government-owned enterprises to criticism of privatization - the N N restriction covers any would-be suitor british or foreign - ford is willing to bid for N N of jaguar 's shares if both the government and jaguar shareholders agree to relax the anti-takeover barrier - as jaguar 's biggest holder and britain 's biggest car maker ford could turn up the heat by a special shareholders ' meeting and urging holders to drop the limits early - ford might succeed because many shareholders are speculators keen for a full bid or institutional investors unhappy over jaguar management 's handling of its current financial difficulties - the government probably would n't give in readily to a hostile by ford however - it has a golden share only once before during british petroleum co. 's # N billion $ N billion takeover of plc in N - in wooing british lawmakers gm has pointed out that its willingness to settle for a minority stake would keep jaguar and independent - this week the u.s. auto giant paid for N house of commons members and two house of members to fly to detroit and tour its operations there - while the visit was unrelated to jaguar gm chairman roger smith answered the legislators ' questions about it over lunch tuesday - he said jaguar should n't be by anyone else recalled one participant - politics also influences the government 's thinking on the anti-takeover restriction - the conservatives do n't jeopardize marginal seats in where jaguar has headquarters nor can the government easily back down on promised protection for a privatized company while it proceeds with controversial plans to most of britain 's water and electricity industries - prime minister margaret thatcher might however be to any request by jaguar chairman sir john for the restriction 's early removal to let gm more than N N or mount a friendly suitor bid against ford - in the end sir john rather than the government or jaguar shareholders may hold the key that the golden share - swedish and group ab skf said its pretax profit rose N N to N billion kronor $ N million in the first nine months from one billion kronor $ N million in the corresponding period a year earlier - skf said sales increased N N to N billion kronor from N billion - earnings per share were N kronor compared with N kronor - skf said demand for the group 's main product rolling bearings remained favorable in europe which accounts for slightly more than two-thirds of group sales - latin american markets continued their recovery after a weak start to the year skf said - the company said the situation in the u.s. is still uncertain as reduced production in the country 's automotive industry has resulted in weakened demand for rolling bearings - analysts said skf 's results for the first nine months lived up to market expectations as brokerage firms had predicted a pretax profit of N billion to N billion kronor - the three business areas engaged in rolling bearing operations continued to show favorable sales development - sales of rolling bearings increased N N to N billion kronor from N billion kronor in the corresponding period the previous year - we read with interest robert 's sept. N page-one article on robert redford the kid gets little respect around - conversations with us mr. argued that mr. redford 's environmental views are at odds with utah residents - this may have been true N years ago but times have changed even in utah - mr. redford no longer stands out as an - he has not changed but those around him have - many of his views on the protection of areas and are now embraced by mainstream conservative - recently some N environmental and groups representing such points of view as the sierra club the league of women voters and the national association joined together to request a of the environmentally central utah project - while utah is not yet a haven for environmentalism public views toward the environment have significantly improved - in one of the most conservative republican states in the entire nation the of robert redford 's neighbors is the real story that mr. missed - sam gary city utah - if mr. redford wanted to be accepted by the people of utah he should have taken an advisory role instead of one of forcing his personal preferences - furthermore his actions that it is too damaging or costly for society to provide jobs through construction coal mining or to build roads for public safety because of the adverse impact on the environment but it is just fine and for him to transform a mountain high in the range into a ski resort - it me he can his and greedy actions in utah - an excellent environmental actor he is - david student university of colorado - mr. redford like it or not is like a system on a runaway truck kind of slowing it down into control - he 's rich famous and and has the time to do something that not even the federal government will do - mr. redford is slowing down a speeding known as the progress of - personally i 'm glad there are people like him around to slow down the profit and those who are in such a blind hurry for something that may appear to benefit them in the immediate future not about the implications - ron - when president bush to costa rica today he 'll go with little of the fanfare that many of his foreign - but the two-day trip still has managed to fuel controversy over his administration 's policies in central america - some conservatives say mr. bush should n't make the trip during which he will participate in costa rica 's celebration of N years of democracy - these critics object to mr. bush 's participation in a meeting that includes nicaraguan president daniel ortega among the guests - in addition they argue he wo n't help washington 's standing in the region by the u.s. commitment to democracy less than a month after his administration played an role in the failed coup attempt in panama - i believe it will do more damage than good because it will people like daniel ortega says windsor who served as u.s. ambassador to costa rica during the reagan administration - mr. windsor among other analysts connected to the conservative heritage foundation fears the gathering of N leaders mostly from central american nations will force mr. bush to explain and redeem himself in the wake of charges that the u.s. failed to do enough to aid the removal of panamanian dictator manuel noriega - at the same time liberal and moderate democrats note the irony of mr. bush 's joining a celebration of costa rican democracy at a time his administration has sought sharp cuts in u.s. aid to the tiny country - the administration proposed only $ N million in so-called economic support funds for costa rica this year down from the $ N million the u.s. provided last year - the administration said improvements in costa rica 's economic condition warrant the cut in aid which the country uses mainly to make payments on its $ N billion foreign debt - but costa rican officials argue that the recent drop in coffee prices combined with the country 's continuing struggle to its economy make the support as necessary as ever - we are crossing the river and we need a little more help to get to the other side said an economic affairs specialist at the costa rican embassy in washington - democrats argue that costa rica deserves more assistance for the same reason that mr. bush is attending the celebration this weekend to reward the country for its stability in a region with turmoil and for its efforts to promote peace in nicaragua - however peace efforts by costa rican president arias have n't always helped the country 's cause in washington - mr. arias 's refusal to support the u.s. 's campaign against leftist nicaragua earned him the of the reagan white house - and more recently he insisted on signing a agreement intended to nicaragua 's contra rebels faster than the bush administration would prefer - i think bush 's going there is a helpful sign said sen. terry sanford d. n.c a member of the foreign relations committee who pushed to provide costa rica about the same amount of aid as it received last year - lawmakers in both houses support the higher level - administration officials defend mr. bush 's decision to make the trip - while they acknowledge the president will attend several meals and a working session also attended by mr. ortega they insist that mr. bush wo n't be extending the nicaraguan leader any special - the administration also made clear its continuing for the leftist nicaraguan government in recent days a package of electoral aid to the nicaraguan opposition renewing the u.s. trade against the country and continuing to complain that the country supports rebel groups in the region - officials also insist mr. bush will use the trip to highlight his own initiatives for pushing democracy in the region fighting illegal drugs and the less developed countries - let me say there is a component to this trip secretary of state james baker told reporters wednesday - there wo n't be any formal resolutions or i do n't think - but we still see this as an opportunity to discuss many many very important issues - in N the presidents commission of the ncaa which oversees most u.s. sports contracted with the washington-based american institutes for research to do a survey on the college of what the body chooses to call - a brief executive summary was issued last april and attracted some but not much attention - reports followed and attracted even less notice - i suspect i may be one of the few people to have read them all - the sixth and last report now is out and it puts the effort in perspective - titled comments from students it focuses on the real shame of college sports what happens to young athletes once they enter - it 's little less than a cry for help from those who make the costly show possible - the previous five reports were mainly statistical but clear enough in - they showed that participants in division i football and men 's basketball the big-time revenue sports entered school with poorer high-school grades and test scores than and students who participated in other activities and they got lower grades once they got there at least partly because of the athletic demands placed on them - the football and basketball players spent more time on their sports in season than they did on class attendance and combined N hours a week N - almost half N N reported suffering mental abuse from coaches and almost N N said they had been pressured to ignore injuries - but even those numbers do n't describe the situation as well as the athletes do in their own words - the composite portrait that emerges is n't of a marking time until he can land a pro contract he 's part of a tiny minority - rather it 's of a kid we 're talking about N to N year here having a tough time making the best of what will probably be his one shot at college - the question coming at the end of a lengthy confidential was this are there things about your college life you would like to tell us that we did n't ask about - of the almost N athletes surveyed N took the time to respond - here are a few of their answers they say that i am a but really i 'm an - they to me on the recruiting trip - football is the no. N thing here - junior football player - being a at college is a lot different from high school - first the sport you play is no longer a game it becomes a job - your coaches demand a lot more out of you even though some of them are not willing to take the time to watch you progress - you become - your interest is not taken to heart because people only care about your performance - freshman basketball player - the coaches should have a more personal and sympathetic attitude toward the athletes not treat us like pieces of meat - they always say to get a degree first but they do n't allow us time or to practice to study for a test - they just want to get their job done at any cost to the - freshman football player - the pressure put on us to win at all times has resulted in physical violence such as and by coaches - some days the coaches make you feel as though you are part of a large of animals - in other words they treat you like a piece of meat - football player - playing sports does n't give you a lot of time to spend with others - we are almost left out of campus social activities - this mostly happens because we go from football in the fall to lifting in the winter to football again in the spring - freshman football player - you talk about free time free time - time to relax and enjoy ourselves is always taken up by something to do with football meetings lifting or films - there is no recovery period it 's go go go - abuse to our bodies is overwhelming - with our schedule it 's hard to sleep well knowing what is going to happen the next day - junior football player - physical and depression are common in my life and in some of my ' lives - football player class unspecified - more often than not college athletes go through college never really experiencing life to the - one has to establish one 's own identity away from athletics and make athletics only a part not a whole of the 's life - basketball player - somehow and i do n't know how the game needs to be played for fun again and not for the big bowl revenues or lucrative tv contracts - football player - there have been that at long last changes may be in the works - the knight foundation of ohio has established a national commission to look into reform and the ncaa presidents commission earlier this month recommended cutting spring football practice in half moving the start of basketball practice back by a month and reducing maximum schedules in that sport to N games from N - the key word in that though is may - ncaa executive director richard in accepting a place on the knight commission urged that the panel take a balanced view which looks for all the world like a plea not to rock the boat too much and the presidents ' recommendations could face considerable opposition at the ncaa 's full convention in january which will vote on them - i read that one athletics director predicted that the proposal could fail because of real world economic considerations - but the real world also includes the truth that colleges are cheating the athletes they have and won - if they wo n't change their ways voluntarily maybe somebody bigger congress should make them - they want to the labs - they want a 24-hour library - and like college everywhere they are talking about a demonstration where protesters would gather quietly near the science building and raise their hands classroom style - such is the fiber of the that intellectuals let fly at of harvard university 's new society of and or song - are mad as about campus and they are n't going to take it anymore at least not without trying a few really neat ideas first - we could have called ourselves the academic intellectual society but then everyone would have said oh you mean the club song 's adviser told N at the club 's meeting earlier this month - membership has since swelled to between N and N - some people may think of as individuals with for their pencils and a with computers and matters - by at least one definition are circus - but song founder a harvard junior thinks of and more as with a - one of the group 's first projects is a hot line that students could call when they have an urge to delay studying - the club plans to show movies such as real in which physics pop corn with and naturally the of the a tale of college males with and - one of its more ambitious goals is to get the los angeles high-school teacher featured in the film stand and deliver to come to harvard for a guest - and sometimes find themselves a bit isolated at harvard - so mr. says high priority is being given to creating a computerized service where instead of being matched for eye color you could be matched for similar intellectual interests - for instance - i 'm a major but i want to know about - hopefully i 'd find someone in who wanted to know more about - it could work - meanwhile finding a volunteer to write the computer program is n't a problem - savings bank of new york was cleared by the federal deposit insurance corp. to acquire savings bank of n.j. the banks said - holders who approved the plan last april will receive $ N in cash a share or a total $ N million - the fdic cleared the move yesterday and the banks must wait at least N days before closing the purchase - a closing date has n't been set - industries inc. directors authorized a split of the common payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the split was aimed at boosting the stock 's liquidity said chairman of the n.j. maker of plastic film products - after the split the company will have more than N million shares outstanding - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday shares closed at $ N down N cents - federal savings & loan association edison n.j. - lawrence b. seidman N years old was named chairman of this savings and loan institution - he will succeed charles l. chairman and chief executive officer who retired last month - is conducting a search for a chief executive - mr. seidman a director of since july is general partner of seidman financial associates which owns N N of - william j. was named senior vice president public affairs and advertising for this financial and travel services concern 's american express bank ltd. subsidiary - mr. N years old previously was first vice president public affairs and advertising at the banking unit - environmental concerns are beginning to have as much influence in spending plans as the price of crude does - in the wake of the exxon spill in march new drilling bans are sharply exploration in promising locations offshore and in alaska - at the same time moves toward tighter standards are spurring interest in lighter or alternative fuels that do n't as much as fuel refined from heavy generally high in - over the years the world 's stream of oil has been growing heavier - so the scramble is on for lighter and for natural gas in the u.s. - recently saudi arabia and venezuela traditional producers have of new finds of light oil by their national oil companies - venezuela has also earmarked $ N million in new money for exploration - and some oil companies are trying to lock in future supplies - typical is italy 's state-owned energy company which not long ago acquired through its agip oil subsidiary a N N share in the consortium accounting for half of 's oil output - agip already has an oil stake in libya - both countries produce high-quality especially to making motor fuel at minimum refining cost - franco chairman looks for sweeping structural change in the oil industry he calls it a revolution requiring huge investments as a result of environmental issues - he made a special trip to examine u.s. environmental trends because they are often followed in europe - needs to know what 's coming as it prepares to spend some $ N billion on upgrading its refineries he says - oil companies world-wide will have to spend a lot of money for the cleaner fuels that will be required says john h. the president of the petroleum industry research foundation - it will go for work ranging from refinery to changes in the distribution system including the way service stations pump fuel into cars - in the u.s. the search for oil had been headed toward environmentally sensitive areas believed to have vast reserves - alaska 's arctic national wildlife refuge alone is thought to hide more than three billion barrels of oil - until the tanker spill big oil was slowly convincing authorities it could produce from such places - now the wildlife refuge has been closed to the industry possibly for years - similarly a group of companies led by chevron corp. has been unable to pump oil found off the california coast in the early 1980s - a huge production system built in the sea off santa barbara and is sitting idle - but the push for cleaner fuels is increasing the of natural gas - more than half the domestic drilling now under way is for gas partly on the assumption that demand will rise for a fuel that is cleaner to than either oil or coal - activity has revived in the largest u.s. regions such as the gulf of mexico - santa fe international corp. which is owned by kuwait and is n't related to santa fe southern pacific 's unit is stepping up development of a well off texas ' island where it found gas in N - we could have sat on it longer but the impetus is to get the gas to the marketplace says richard senior for santa fe international - we 're trying to get it on line as soon as possible now - this month exxon corp. announced plans for a project drilling for gas about five miles underground in the basin of western oklahoma the drilling project in the u.s. - exxon will use a parker drilling co. rig built in N that can go down N N miles - as the soviet union with its worsening economy leading reformers have drawn up a blueprint for change designed to push the nation much closer to a free-market system - the proposals go far beyond the current and rather confused policies of perestroika mikhail gorbachev 's restructuring of the economy - they lay out a clear timetable and for the system of setting prices breaking up huge industrial monopolies and putting unprofitable state-owned companies out of business - they also address such subjects as the likelihood of unemployment and high inflation and recommend ways to soften the social consequences - while many solutions to the nation 's economic troubles are being discussed the blueprint is attracting widespread attention here because of its and presumed - although it was published in the latest edition of the weekly soviet sources say the article was written by and a small group of colleagues - mr. head of the academy of science 's institute of economics was recently appointed deputy chairman of the soviet government and head of a state commission on economic reform - it 's clearly a for the next stage of perestroika said one analyst - the economic ideas in the document are much than current policies - for example the proposed overhaul of prices an extremely sensitive political topic is far more precise than the vague plans announced by mr. gorbachev in N and later dropped - but the proposals also display political some of the most controversial ideas in cautious language so as not to powerful conservatives in the government who stand to lose out if they are implemented - seeking a middle path between opponents of change and who demand overnight solutions the article advocates what it calls a approach - the document is to be discussed at a conference of leading economists late this month and will probably be presented to the soviet parliament for consideration this year - as draw up proposals for the next five-year plan which starts in N the blueprint represents a powerful first shot in what is likely to be a fierce battle over economic reform - the authors make a gloomy assessment of the economy and concede that quick and easy to success simply do n't exist - instead they out a strategy in several from now until N - most of the measures would probably only start to have an effect on beleaguered soviet consumers in two to three years at the earliest - the key steps include property - rigid ideological restrictions on property ownership should be abandoned - the document proposes breaking up the system of state-owned enterprises and farms and allowing a big private sector to helped by tough legislation - the economy would be thrown open to numerous types of ownership between now and N including factories leased by workers or owned by shareholders cooperatives and joint ventures - some forms of private property would be - such moves would greatly reduce the power of government ministries who now guard their turf and are seen as one of the major obstacles blocking economic reform - finances - emergency measures would be introduced to ease the country 's financial crisis notably its $ N billion budget deficit - by the end of next year all state enterprises would be put out of business or handed over to workers who would buy or lease them or turn them into cooperatives - similar steps would be taken to liquidate unprofitable state and collective farms by the end of N - a unified system of taxation should be introduced rapidly - to up some of the N billion rubles in circulation the government should encourage home ownership including issuing bonds that guarantee holders the right to purchase an apartment - labor - a genuine market for labor and wages would replace the present rigid system - from decades of soviet the new system would lead to big differences in pay between workers and almost certainly to unemployment - to cushion the the government would introduce a minimum wage and unemployment benefits - prices - the entire system of set prices would be and free-market prices introduced for most wholesale trade and some retail trade - consumers would still be able to buy some food and household goods at subsidized prices but luxury and imported items including food would be sold at market prices - wholesale prices would be divided into three categories raw materials sold at fixed prices close to world levels procurement prices for a small number of key products and free prices for everything else to be determined by contracts between suppliers and purchasers - inflation-adjusted social benefits would ensure that the poor and elderly do n't suffer - foreign trade - the current and of foreign trade would be taken much further - soviet companies would face fewer obstacles for exports and could even invest their hard currency abroad - foreigners would receive greater incentives to invest in the u.s.s.r. - alongside the current ruble a second currency would be introduced that could be freely exchanged for dollars and other western currencies - a domestic foreign exchange market would be set up as part of an overhaul of the nation 's banking system - the blueprint is at its when referring to the fate of the two powerful economic institutions that seem likely to oppose such sweeping plans the state planning committee known as and the state committee for material supply or - but it hints strongly that both organizations would increasingly lose their clout as the changes particularly the introduction of wholesale trade and the breakup of state monopolies take effect - ready willing and unable i always lift the when my car does n't start if at home do n't work i take them apart - i 'll admit there 's nothing wrong that i ever do find but it 's nice when people say i appear inclined - adams - shock - at the movies today in detail you see what the would n't show in three - robert gordon - comment - do n't worry people will learn to read as long as there are tv program listings - john - albert engelken and robert thomson had never met though for N years their lives had been in a way to the sports world - mr. engelken now a executive in washington d.c. and mr. thomson a salesman in n.j. had n't even talked to each other - but one recent day they became much closer - mr. engelken a baseball fan over the sports pages to chart the of my favorite and teams and players - he often he says at the clutter of sports stories about drugs alcohol gambling and some player 's about the millions he is offered to play the game - his morning paper the washington post even carries a sports column called that the latest and convictions of players and team managers - like many sports mr. engelken has turned - but his is a story about a hero in an era of sports and about what ruth mr. engelken us once called the only real game in the world - to mr. engelken it is also a story about love because i 'm to have a wife who still thinks her slightly husband 's birthday deserves the ultimate present - to understand what mr. engelken means one must go back to a october afternoon in N at new york 's grounds stadium where it can be argued the most dramatic moment in baseball history was played out - it was the ninth inning of the third game of a between the brooklyn and the new york giants the predecessor to the san francisco giants scheduled to play in tonight 's world series - baseball fans throughout new york had out a long summer with their teams and now it had come to this a battle between the two for the national league down to the last inning of the last game no less - some N fans the stands and shouted at the top of their - mr. engelken was doing the same across the hudson river in new jersey where with his nose pressed against the front window of the national bank he watched the on a television set the bank set up for the event - the series had the giants fan - the giants struck first winning the N on a homer off ralph mr. engelken recalls with precision today - the giants got in the second game N and trailed N going into the bottom of the ninth of the third and deciding game - the giants scored once and had on second and third as bobby thomson advanced to the plate - the rest as they say is history - mr. thomson a tall stepped into the 's box - thomson took a called strike mr. engelken - the tension mounted as ralph again on the down the - he wound up and let loose a - the pitch toward bobby thomson high and inside and then with a crack of the bat was sent back into the lower stands - giants fans went into euphoria says mr. engelken - and bobby thomson was made a - the same bobby thomson it turns out who sells those today - there ca n't be an older baseball fan alive who does n't clearly remember that bobby thomson homer who ca n't tell you where he was when he heard the famous radio broadcast the one that concluded with mr. shouting over and over the giants win the the giants win the - mr. engelken and mr. thomson drifted in different in the subsequent years and the grounds located under 's in upper manhattan was replaced by a project - mr. thomson played and third base until N posting a lifetime N average and up N home runs before retiring and going into sales - mr. engelken moved south to washington but he took with him memories of the homer of N - when his wife came down the on their day in N mr. engelken no on the romantic front gave her the ultimate you look than bobby thomson 's home run - the couple 's first dog homer was named after the great event though friends assumed he was the of the - and when mr. engelken 's sister who was born two days before the home run reached her birthday mr. engelken wrote his sports hero to tell him of the of events - mr. thomson sent off a card to it does n't seem like N years since i hit that home run to your birth it read - was pleased but nowhere near as much as mr. engelken - the family license plate reads N the first three letters of the family name and no surprise here bobby thomson 's uniform number - and on mr. engelken 's birthday his wife bought a book detailing the big homer and sent it off to mr. thomson to be - what could have been better asks mr. engelken - engelken asked the same question earlier this year when her husband was about to turn N - she had an idea - on her husband 's birthday after an N years of marriage it should be noted al and their son set out for new york to visit university - mrs. engelken had scheduled a stop on the new jersey turnpike to she told her husband pick up some papers for a neighbor - the papers would be handed over at a bank of telephone just off exit N - it sounded like something out of ian fleming mr. engelken recalls - at the appointed exit the family pulled over and mrs. engelken went to get her papers - mr. engelken turned off the motor and rolled down the window - in a matter of minutes she was back with a tall man in - she down by the car window and addressed her husband with her favorite - she said happy birthday - this is bobby thomson - and there he was recalls mr. engelken - the hero of my youth the one person in history i 'd most like to meet - keep your thomas or st. or i 'd take baseball 's flying without - they talked of the home run - i thought it was in the upper deck said bobby thomson now N years old - they talked of the aftermath - i never thought it would become so bobby - mr. engelken says his wife was by the whole thing - it was worth it just for the look on albert 's face - the two men spent an hour at exit N the event the dream of a young boy now turned N mr. engelken says - his hero signed photographs of the homer and called ralph a very fine - and when mr. engelken asked him why he took time off from work for somebody he did n't even know bobby thomson replied you know albert if you have the chance in life to make somebody this happy you have an obligation to do it - in an interview mr. thomson who is married and has three grown children says he has few ties to baseball these days other than playing games now and again - but his fans to his constant never let him forget the famous - his mail regularly recalls my one event and has been growing in recent years - in response to the letters mr. thomson usually sends an photo with a note and rarely a - but when engelken wrote him saying she could stop near his new jersey home it seemed different - what a good feeling it would be for me to do that he says he thought - when the engelken family got back from its trip up north mr. engelken wrote it all down just to make sure no detail was missed - on the way home his notes recall it took concentrated effort to keep that car pointed south - my mind was miles north at a place called 's where a real sports hero had captured the of a kid who never fully grew up and is all the richer for it - take heart sports fans he wrote - real heroes exist - you might not find one in the column - but who knows - you might meet up with him at that bank of telephone just off exit N of the new jersey turnpike - southam inc. said its unprofitable weekly newspaper the financial times of canada is up for sale - analysts said the announcement the latest in a series of and restructuring moves is aimed at improving southam 's earnings before the expiration in june of a standstill pact with corp - when that agreement expires will be free to increase its N N stake in southam or to make an offer for the whole company - of the southam family hold an additional N N stake in the toronto-based company canada 's largest newspaper publisher - the newspaper could fetch between N million and N million canadian dollars us$ N million to $ N million said one analyst who asked not to be identified - a spokesman for southam declined to comment on the price the company is seeking or on estimates of the paper 's annual losses which most analysts place at between c$ N million and c$ N million - yesterday southam reported third-quarter earnings of c$ N million on revenue of c$ N million down from c$ N million on revenue of c$ N million in the year-ago quarter - to be profitable the paper requires more circulation and building circulation is an expensive undertaking said john the paper 's publisher - southam said the level of future investment required by the paper would have restricted its options in other areas - the acquisition of the financial times of canada is well within reach for any number of media companies both public and private said james an analyst with toronto-based james capel inc - possible bidders include christopher a toronto financier and vice chairman of hees international bancorp inc. a holding company controlled by toronto 's bronfman family - mr. sold his stake in corp. to hees earlier this year and is said to be seeking a media acquisition - mr. could n't be reached for comment but roy chairman of media a closely held concern that publishes two business magazines said his company would take a close look at the newspaper - mr. said the sale of the financial times which southam has owned since N is consistent with southam 's strategy of cutting costs to obtain maximum profits from its operations while of assets - southam agreed to sell its N N stake in communications ltd. a broadcasting concern to hunter ltd. for about c$ N million last year - this year it has moved to cut costs in its newspaper division through layoffs and asset sales while reaching joint venture and acquisition agreements in other areas - the financial times of canada has no links to the british daily newspaper the financial times - norton co. said net income for the third quarter fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - operating profit for the engineering materials and petroleum services concern was $ N million or N cents a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share - the company had a tax credit of $ N million - in the year-earlier quarter the tax credit was $ N million - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - operating profit in the company 's segment rose N N while operating profit in the engineering materials segment rose N N - however the company 's petroleum services segment while profitable was hurt by high financing costs associated with the company 's buy-out of a N N stake in eastman co. from texas eastern corp. last june - norton and texas eastern had each held a N N stake in eastman in a joint venture - norton announced earlier this month that it was exploring the possible sale of all or part of eastman - for the nine months norton had net of $ N million or $ N a share and a tax credit of $ N million - in the year-earlier period the company had net of $ N million or $ N a share and a tax credit of $ N million - norton had operating profit of $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - park and her family for four years to buy a tiny apartment here but found that the closer they got to saving the $ N they originally needed the more the price rose - by this month it had more than doubled - now the whose husband earns a modest salary as an assistant professor of economics is saving harder than ever - i am determined to get an apartment in three years she says - it 's all i think about or talk about - for the parks and millions of other young koreans the dream of home ownership has become a illusion - for the government it has become a highly volatile political issue - last may a government panel released a report on the extent and causes of the problem - during the past N years the report showed housing prices increased nearly - the report laid the blame on speculators who it said had pushed land prices up - the panel found that since N real-estate prices rose nearly N N in a speculative fever fueled by economic prosperity the N seoul olympics and the government 's pledge to rapidly develop korea 's southwest - the result is that those rich enough to own any real estate at all have boosted their holdings substantially - for those with no holdings the prospects of buying a home are ever - in N a quarter of the population owned N N of the nation 's N square of private land the report said and N N of the population owned N N of the land devoted to housing - meanwhile the government 's land bureau reports that only about a third of korean families own their own homes - have soared along with house prices - former national hong now a radio says the problem is for many people - i 'm afraid of a popular if this situation is n't corrected he adds - in fact during the past three months there have been several demonstrations at the office complex where the land bureau is and at the national assembly demanding the government put a stop to real-estate speculation - president roh woo 's administration has been studying the real-estate crisis for the past year with an eye to partial land - last week the government took three bills to the national assembly - the proposed legislation is aimed at some of the in the current system - of the bills as currently are a restriction on the amount of real estate one family can own to N square in the nation 's six largest cities but more in smaller cities and rural areas - the government will offenders but wo n't property - a tax of between N N and N N on property holdings that exceed the ceiling - taxes of between N N and N N a year on excessive profits from the resale of property or the sale of idle land to the government - the government excessive profits as those above the average realized for other properties in an area - grace periods ranging from two to five years before the full scope of the penalties takes effect - the administration says the measures would stem rampant property speculation free more land for the government 's ambitious program designed to build two million apartments by N and perhaps boost the popular standing of president roh - but opposition legislators and others calling for help for south korea 's say the proposed changes do n't go far enough to make it possible for ordinary people to buy a home - some want lower limits on house others insist on higher taxation for larger homes and lots - the citizens coalition for economic justice a group leading the charge for radical reform wants restrictions on high taxation of capital gains and drastic revamping of the system on which property taxes are based - but others large real-estate developers and business leaders say the government 's proposals are - led by the federation of korean industries the critics are lobbying for the government to weaken its proposed restrictions and penalties - government officials who are urging real-estate reforms at the arguments of business leaders and at their pressure - there is no violation of the principle of private property in what we are doing says lee director of the government 's land bureau which drafted the bills - but he adds the constitution the government to impose some controls to the shortage of land - the land available for housing construction stands at about N square a person N N lower than in taiwan and only about half that of japan - mr. lee estimates that about N property speculators are operating in south korea - the chief he says are big companies and business groups that buy huge amounts of land not for their corporate use but for resale at huge profit - one research institute calculated that as much as N N of land is held by N companies and that as little as N N of that is used for business - the government 's office of bank supervision and examination told the national assembly this month that in the first half of N the nation 's N largest business groups bought real estate valued at $ N billion - the ministry of finance as a result has proposed a series of measures that would restrict business investment in real estate even more tightly than restrictions aimed at individuals - under those measures financial institutions would be restricted from owning any more real estate than they need for their business operations - banks investment and credit firms would be permitted to own land equivalent in value to N N of their capital currently the proportion is N N - the maximum property holdings for insurance companies would be reduced to N N of their total asset value down from N N currently - but mrs. park acknowledges that even if the policies work to slow or stop speculation apartment prices are unlikely to go down - at best she they will rise more slowly more slowly she hopes than her family 's income - corp. n.j. declared its initial quarterly of five cents a share payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the maker of specialty chemicals has about N million shares outstanding - the company said the move recognizes its strong financial position - although profits were squeezed in N mainly as a result of higher costs the company said it is confident about future earnings and cash flow for N and beyond - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday shares rose N cents to close at $ N a share - the justice department said it is seeking to join a private lawsuit challenging a pittsburgh suburb 's ordinance that sharply restricts the locations available to group homes for the handicapped - this would be the department 's first suit challenging a local ordinance under N amendments to the fair housing act - under those amendments which took effect in march of this year the federal government can intervene in private lawsuits - the ordinance in moon township prohibits a group home for the handicapped within a mile of another such facility - in papers filed with the federal district court in pittsburgh the justice department alleged that the ordinance by limiting the number of group homes that can be established in the township makes housing unavailable on account of - the private suit was brought by three people who live in a group home in moon - smith moon township manager said the ordinance is intended to prevent the concentration of group homes for the from changing the character and flavor of the neighborhood - he said the ordinance also will benefit the - our intent is to spread them out to insure they are well integrated into the community he said - energetic and concrete action has been taken in colombia during the past N days against the of the drug trade but it has not been sufficiently effective because unfortunately it came too late - ten years ago the newspaper el espectador of which my brother was editor began warning of the rise of the drug and of their leaders ' aspirations to control colombian politics especially the congress - then when it would have been easier to resist them nothing was done and my brother was murdered by the drug three years ago - the most have not their press more than the drug colombia 's - the censorship is through terrorism and assassination - in the past N years about N journalists have been forever murdered - within the past two months a bomb exploded in the offices of the el espectador in destroying a major part of its installations and equipment - and only last week the newspaper liberal in the city of was and its installations destroyed - journalists and their families are constantly threatened as are the newspaper distribution outlets - distribution centers are and advertisers are - censorship is imposed by terrorism - if the colombian media accept this new and censorship there is little doubt that the drug mafia 's terrorism someday will extend to all the newspapers published in the free world - the solidarity of the media world-wide against drug terrorism is the only way press freedom can survive - the american people and their government also up too late to the drugs posed to the moral structure of their country - even now the american attack upon this tremendous problem is in to the magnitude of the threat - i can that a recent colombian to the u.s. was offered drugs three times in the few blocks ' walk between grand central terminal and the hotel in manhattan - colombia alone its government its people its newspapers does not have the capacity to fight this battle successfully - all countries must jointly decide to combat and punish the consumers and distributors of drugs - the u.s. as the major drug consumer should lead this joint effort - reduction if not the total of drug consumption is the requirement for victory - much is being done in colombia to fight the drug mafia - homes and have been by the military authorities and sophisticated and powerful communications equipment have been seized - more than N planes and have been at airports and a large number of vehicles and has been confiscated - the military has also captured enormous of powerful and sophisticated weapons and other - much has been accomplished and public opinion supports the government and the army but on the other hand none of the key drug have been captured - there has been a lot of talk that a large portion of the colombian economy is sustained by the laundering of drug money - in my opinion this is not true - drug money has served only to increase the price of real estate creating serious problems for low-income people who to own their own homes - drug money has also gone to buy expensive cars airplanes and where drugs are consumed - but most of the drug money is kept in investments and in financial institutions outside colombia - in fact the cooperation of those financial institutions is essential to the success of the drug battle - what is of much more importance to the colombian economy than the supposed benefits of drug money is higher prices for colombia 's legitimate products - the price of coffee has gone down almost N N since the beginning of the year to the lowest level after inflation since the great depression - market conditions point to even lower prices next year - the coffee had to be formally this summer - as a result colombia will earn $ N million less from its coffee this year than last - our coffee growers face reductions in their income and this them to crops for coffee - u.s. interests occasionally try to impose barriers to the import of another important colombian export cut flowers into the american market - a just price and an open market for what colombian produces and exports should be the policy of the u.s. - i take advantage of this opportunity given to me by the wall street journal to make a plea to the millions of readers of this newspaper to become soldiers dedicated to the fight against the use of drugs - each of cocaine consumed is a deadly bullet against those in our country and in the rest of the world who fight this terrible - a crusade of no to the consumption of drugs is - mr. is president of el espectador a newspaper founded by his - it has more drug users than boston has people - thousand of its children live in foster homes while N residents have no homes at all - its tax base is shrinking a $ N billion budget deficit looms and the city faces contract negotiations with all major municipal unions next year - this is new york city - when the dust and settle in an mayoral race the man most likely to gain custody of all this is a career politician named david dinkins - running the nation 's largest and most city may be no treat but at least mr. dinkins knows what to expect from it - as the campaign hits the home stretch however voters still have very little idea what they can expect from him - after N years in city politics david dinkins remains an - the manhattan borough president the first black man to win the democratic nomination for mayor here does n't have a single prominent political enemy - while he is widely described as a man with deep convictions he has few major political programs that he can call his own - asked about his greatest achievement in public life he first speaks about the quality of his staff - now as election day even some supporters wonder what he will do if he wins the on nov. N - they wonder whether he can be firm with his longtime allies including union leaders and political who may seek a place at the trough - they wonder whether he has the economic know-how to steer the city through a possible fiscal crisis and they wonder who will be advising him - will he if he wins be in the of the most liberal of his allies who advocate such policies as rent control for commercial buildings or will he tilt toward the real-estate interests that have money into his campaign - after his decisive primary victory over mayor edward i. koch in september mr. dinkins until recently on a lead over his republican opponent rudolph giuliani the former crime who has proved a something of a as a candidate - but mr. dinkins has in the past two weeks over his campaign 's payments to a black activist who is a convicted and over his handling of a stock sale to his son - polls also have recorded some in mr. dinkins 's support among jewish voters and projections now put his lead at between four and N percentage points - in an interview with reporters and editors of the wall street journal mr. dinkins appears quite confident of victory and of his ability to handle the - a lot of people think i will give away the store but i can assure you i will not he says - i am aware we have real budgetary problems - the city is full of aging bridges water and roadways that are in need of billions of dollars worth of repair - renewed efforts to fight drugs and crime will be costly - but city officials say tax revenues are lagging - and after a decade of explosive job growth on wall street a period of is under way - mr. koch already has announced he will drop N jobs from the city payroll but that wo n't be enough - new york state comptroller edward predicts a $ N billion budget gap for the city 's next fiscal year a gap that could grow if there is a recession - if elected mr. dinkins will probably have no choice but to raise taxes on businesses or cut spending in already neighborhoods - he is going to face a mess says city council president andrew stein - his supporters are not but their solution to everything will be to spend more money and he wo n't have any money - by and large mr. dinkins has the touchy question of whose he would - instead of focusing on the financial future mr. dinkins has sold himself as a for a city recently touched by racial violence and as a to N years of generated by mayor koch - the thing about the dinkins is that it offers hope to a broad range of people says a real-estate executive and former aide to gov. mario - it is a - no doubt mr. dinkins has been a influence - he is an figure who the of colleagues ' children opens doors for women and almost never has a bad word to say about anybody - more important he emerged as a last summer after the central park rape of a white in which a group of was charged and the racial murder of a black in the white brooklyn neighborhood of - rather than scaring off white voters as many predicted he would mr. dinkins attracted many whites precisely because of his reputation for having a cool head - keeping cool is a dinkins priority on days this summer he was known to change his suits as many as four times a day - but even in his campaign he has shown signs of the and confusion that some say has plagued his tenure as manhattan borough president and might him as mayor - over the last few weeks he has away roughly half of what was once a lead in the polls over mr. giuliani - a story about how he the sale to his son of his stock in a media company controlled by his political sutton was allowed to a full week before mr. dinkins faced the media - he has canceled numerous campaign appointments and was largely to the media until the stock story broke - his campaign was caught amid allegations it paid almost $ N for what it said was a effort by black activist carson a convicted who later said publicly that he is - critics have said the payment looked like an attempt by the dinkins camp to get mr. carson to stop leading demonstrations the murder protests the campaign may have feared could cause some white voters to turn from a black candidate - mr. dinkins also has failed to jewish voters ' fears about his association with the rev. jackson despite the fact that few local politicians have been as for jewish causes in the past N years as mr. dinkins has - these campaign problems have difficulties mr. dinkins has run into before - a former u.s. marine mr. dinkins got off to a quick start in politics joining a local democratic political club in the 1950s linking up with black urban leaders such as charles paterson and mr. sutton and getting himself elected to the state assembly in N - but his chance to become deputy mayor under mayor a plan boosted by mr. sutton was because of mr. dinkins 's failure still largely to file income tax returns for four years running - i always thought of this as a thing that could always be done tomorrow he said at the time - later mr. dinkins became more deeply to mr. sutton and other city including council president paul when they helped him get appointed city clerk a largely post responsible for the city 's marriage bureau among other things - mr. is now one of the lawyers for mr. sutton 's media company - the debt rose further in N when mr. sutton resigned his position as manhattan borough president to run for mayor - mr. sutton recalls when i left i sat down with charlie paterson and david and david said who will run for borough president and i said you will - david mayor koch 's longtime media adviser says of mr. dinkins he really is the of the system - but the guy is so personally decent people tend to forget that - mr. dinkins lost twice by wide margins before finally getting elected borough president in N - but by most accounts he made little of the post and was best known among city politicians for his problems making up his mind on matters before the city 's board of estimate the body that votes on crucial budget and matters - colleagues today recall with some humor how meetings would into the early morning hours as mr. dinkins would march his staff out of board meetings and into his private office to discuss en certain controversial proposals - he taught me how to drink tea instead of coffee at N a.m. i 'll give him that says deputy mayor robert - often mr. dinkins 's prevented him from having a say in the way things turned out critics claim - on the campaign he often points out that he was the only board of estimate member to vote against a controversial real-estate project at manhattan 's columbus circle - but board members say he took so long to decide how to vote that by the time he decided it was too late to try to draw other members to his position - says one city official everybody else had brought in the and made their deal - he would have got a lot more done if he made up his mind faster - one board member bronx borough president ferdinand was said to be so with mr. dinkins 's behavior at many meetings that he withheld his support for mr. dinkins 's mayoral effort until late in the primary campaign - i had some problem from time to time on the length of time he would take to make up his mind mr. admits but he maintains that he did n't delay his support of mr. dinkins and that he backs the democratic candidate - mr. dinkins 's campaign manager and former chief of staff bill lynch denies that the manhattan borough president has taken too long to decide important issues - we did n't everything that came to us mr. lynch says - on some occasions when mr. dinkins has discussed the issues during the campaign he has run into a familiar kind of trouble - some supporters were stunned this summer when mr. dinkins suggested weakening the law public employees to go on strike - he withdrew the remark - when he later with striking hospital workers some allies a little more concerned that mr. dinkins was setting the wrong tone for coming contract negotiations with city employees - then two days before receiving an endorsement from environmental groups mr. dinkins promised he would issue a three-year on construction of plants - that announcement was criticized by mayor koch who has endorsed mr. dinkins because the city faces a garbage crisis and has already spent $ N million planning for an incinerator that would be scrapped under mr. dinkins 's proposal - while his public statements have at times been confusing mr. dinkins 's position papers have more consistently reflected sentiment - he favors a form of commercial rent control which the financial community believes would make it more difficult to attract investment in the city - in the midst of a labor shortage he proposes linking city subsidies to businesses to their record of hiring new york city residents - with an local labor pool many experts believe that policy could drive businesses from the city - and he favors a more cooperative approach toward the neighboring states of new jersey and connecticut in the battle over companies thinking of moving employees out of new york city - many officials say the koch administration 's aggressive approach helped save N chase manhattan bank jobs from moving across the hudson - but mr. dinkins 's economic do n't seem to bother the business community where he draws significant support - steven president of the real estate board of new york an industry organization says mr. dinkins 's economic development program is but when it comes down to it he can be reasonable - mr. dinkins 's inner circle of advisers appears to include both and leaving voters with little clue as to who will be more influential - the key man seems to be the campaign manager mr. lynch - a son of a long island potato farmer mr. lynch is a veteran union who worked on the presidential campaigns of sen. edward kennedy and mr. jackson - but as the dinkins campaign hit tough times this month andrew the politically son of the new york governor is also said to have taken a more active role on strategy - another close ally is ruth a manhattan city some of whose programs such as commercial rent control have made their way into mr. dinkins 's position papers - if she remains influential with mr. dinkins as some suggest she will his may take on a more flavor - but lincoln center president nathan leventhal who would head a dinkins transition team is more mainstream as is real-estate executive anthony another insider - mr. dinkins also has said he would receive economic advice from a board that would include american express co. chairman james d. robinson iii investment banker specialist lewis and attorney joseph flom - some business leaders and others also believe that mr. dinkins would place significant responsibility in the hands of a deputy mayor with a strong administrative background - names of possible deputies that have surfaced include former mayoral candidate richard former schools chancellor frank and messrs. leventhal and - then there are mr. dinkins 's colleagues such as u.s. rep. former deputy mayor paterson and mr. sutton - having positions of real influence or wealth these men constitute the old guard of new york city black politics they are less than the younger more activist black political community that has been based largely in brooklyn - part of mr. dinkins 's strength is his ability to win the support of both the brooklyn and - we know there are for the city out there says mr. paterson mr. dinkins 's former law partner - if any of us think we 're going to david 's determination to be the best possible mayor because of his obligations to us we are making a sad mistake - adds ms. who is expected to win the borough president 's job mr. dinkins is you have to remember david is a - but mr. dinkins 's sense of often comes across more as an insider 's determination not to upset the political apple - he is taken in an interview when asked whether as mayor he plans on the political that the of new york 's school system - i will sit down and talk some of the problems out but take on the political system he says with a shake of the head - despite many doubts about his white new who gave mr. dinkins N N of their votes in the primary are n't expected to desert in sufficient numbers to turn the election to mr. giuliani - the former u.s. attorney who prosecuted targets ranging from mafia to wall street executives has succeeded in raising questions about mr. dinkins 's ethical standards but so far has failed to generate excitement about his own - as a republican in an democratic city mr. giuliani has an inherent - as a first-time candidate he has been slow to learn the of new york city - mr. giuliani is finding that mr. dinkins in his many years in public life has built up considerable good will that so far has led many voters to certain - the bottom line is that he is a very genuine and decent guy says malcolm a jewish community leader - in the end i think david will be for being david - johnson pulls a tape measure across the front of what was once a home - a deep now runs along its north wall exposed when the house two feet off its foundation during last week 's earthquake - a side was away - the is a pile of bricks on the front lawn - the remainder of the house against a oak tree - the ms. johnson dressed in jeans and a as she through the steady afternoon rain is a claims adjuster with aetna life & casualty - she has been on the move almost since last thursday when an army of adjusters employed by major insurers the san francisco area to help policyholders through the rubble and restore some order to their lives - equipped with cellular telephones laptop computers and a pack of blank checks they parcel out money so their clients can find temporary living quarters buy food replace lost clothing repair broken water and walls - some of the funds will used to unstable buildings and clear sites for future construction - many adjusters are authorized to write checks for amounts up to $ N on the spot - they do n't at writing them - that 's my job get policyholders what they 're entitled to says bill schaeffer a claims supervisor who flew in from aetna 's conn. office - the house that ms. johnson is has been deemed by town officials - but she asks a the bricks from the lawn to give her a boost through an open window - once inside she spends nearly four hours measuring and each room in the house gathering enough information to estimate what it would cost to rebuild it - she photos of the floors and the that has fallen away from the walls - while she works inside a returns with several friends to collect furniture and clothing - one of the friends broken and shattered glass from a and starts to pack what can be from the kitchen - others grab books records photo and chairs working in the fear that an will jolt the house again - the owners william and hammack are than many others - a few years ago mrs. hammack insisted on buying earthquake insurance for this house which had been converted into apartments - only about N N of california home and business owners carried earthquake coverage - the ' own home also in los suffered minor damage - ms. johnson who works out of aetna 's office in creek an east bay suburb is by the earthquake 's force - it really brings you down to a human level she says - it 's hard to accept all the suffering people are going through but you have to - if you do n't you ca n't do your job - for aetna and other insurers the san francisco earthquake hit when resources in the field already were stretched - most companies still are trying to sort through the caused by hurricane hugo in the carolinas last month - aetna which has nearly N adjusters had deployed about N of them in charlotte columbia and charleston - adjusters who had been working on the east coast say the insurer will still be processing claims from that storm through december - it could take six to nine months to handle the earthquake-related claims - when the earthquake rocked northern california last week aetna senior claims executives from the san francisco area were at the company 's hartford conn. headquarters for additional training on how to handle major catastrophes including earthquakes - since commercial airline flights were disrupted the company chartered three planes to fly these executives back to the west coast and bring along portable computers cellular phones and some claims adjusters - because of the difficulty of assessing the damages caused by the earthquake aetna pulled together a team of its most experienced claims adjusters from around the country - even so few had ever dealt with an earthquake - some adjusters like alan singer of san diego had been working in charleston for nearly four weeks - he returned home last thursday packed a bag with fresh clothes and reported for duty friday in creek - offices were set up in san francisco and san jose - in a few aetna knew it would probably be out big even before a client called or in a claim - for example officials at creek office learned that the hotel near the san francisco airport which is insured by aetna was badly damaged when they saw it on network television news - the secret to being a good adjuster is counting says an aetna adjuster from santa ana - you have to count everything - adjusters must count the number of and - but they must also a price to each of these items as well as to floors and to come up with a total value for a house - to do that they must think in terms of by the square foot carpeting by the square yard by the roll by the linear foot - using a and a guide for such jobs as painting plumbing and in each major region of the country adjusters can figure out the value of a home in today 's market and what it would cost to rebuild it - sometimes repairs are out of the question - when aetna adjuster bill schaeffer visited a retired couple in oakland last thursday he found them living in a mobile home in front of their yard - the house itself located about N yards from the collapsed section of highway interstate N was pushed about four feet off its foundation and then collapsed into its - the next day mr. schaeffer presented the couple with a check for $ N to help them build a new home in the same neighborhood - he also is working with a real-estate agent to help find them an apartment to rent while their home is being built - many of the adjusters employed by aetna and other insurers have some experience with construction work or - but such skills were to johnson - four years ago she was managing a shop and was totally - a friend mentioned that she might want to look into a position at aetna if she was interested in a job that would constantly challenge her - she signed up starting as an inside adjuster who minor claims and does a lot of work by phone - a year later she moved to the commercial property claims division - she spent a month at an aetna school in pa. learning all about the construction trade including plumbing and electrical - that was followed by three months at the aetna institute in hartford where she was in learning how to read and interpret policies - her new line of work has some - recently a contractor saved her from falling three stories as she investigated what remained of an old house by an - i owe that contractor - i really do she says - as ms. johnson stands outside the hammack house after up her chores there the house begins to and - the ground her - it is an one of about N since the earthquake and it makes her uneasy - the next day as she prepares a $ N check for the which will cover the cost of the house and clearing away the debris she at the noise - on further reflection she admits that inside the ' house the previous day was n't such a great idea - during her second meeting with the ms. johnson reviews exactly what their policy covers - they would like to retrieve some appliances on the second floor but wonder if it 's safe to venture inside - ms. johnson tells them that if the appliances ca n't be their policy covers the replacement cost - mr. hammack is eager to know what aetna will pay for the house which has to come down - when will i get that check for a million dollars he jokes - the adjuster had n't completed all the calculations but says we 're talking policy limits - in this case that 's about $ N - it suddenly on mr. hammack that rebuilding the house in los an affluent community in santa clara county may cost more than aetna 's policy will pay - we can lose money on this he says - and you did n't want me to buy earthquake insurance says mrs. hammack reaching across the table and gently his hand - earthquake insurance costs about $ N to $ N annually for every $ N of value and high mean it generally pays only when there is a catastrophe - so many californians believe they can get by without it - even ms. johnson herself made that assumption - i always knew that the big one was coming but not during my lifetime she says - now she says she 's thinking of her own insurance agent - for ms. johnson dealing with the earthquake has been more than just a work experience - she lives in oakland a community hit hard by the earthquake - she did n't have hot water for five days - the apartment she shares with a daughter and her sister was rattled books and crystal hit the floor but nothing was severely damaged - her sister cynthia wishes had a different job - we worry about her out there cynthia says - last sunday ms. johnson finally got a chance to water her plants but stopped abruptly - i realized i could n't waste this water when there are people in who do n't have fresh water to drink - she has n't played any music since the earthquake hit out of respect for those who died on interstate N where the roadway collapsed - the federal communications commission allowed american telephone & telegraph co. to continue offering discount phone services for customers and said it would soon its regulation of the long-distance market - the fcc moves were good news for at&t which has been since the breakup of the phone system for greater in pricing and reduced regulation - alfred the new fcc chairman deregulation of at&t at his last job as head of a commerce department telecommunications agency - but it has been an open question whether mr. an extraordinarily cautious man would continue pushing deregulation at the fcc in the face of what is likely to be great political pressure - it means that is serious about the deregulation of long distance said jack a telecommunications analyst at painewebber inc. who attended the fcc meeting - all the commissioners were in amazing agreement to regulation for only having been together for a few months - the fcc took three specific actions regarding at&t - by a N vote it allowed at&t to continue offering special discount packages to big customers called tariff N rejecting appeals by at&t competitors that the discounts were illegal - then by a separate N vote it chose the possible grounds to strike down a different discount plan called tariff N that at&t offered to holiday corp - at&t gave a N N to N N discount to the memphis tenn. company that oversees holiday in response to a similar discount offered to holiday corp. by mci communications corp - the agency said that because mci 's offer had expired at&t could n't continue to offer its discount plan - but the agency specifically did n't rule whether at&t had the right to match offers by competitors if that means giving discounts not generally available to other phone users - indeed joe at&t 's vice president for services said at&t offered a similar tariff N discount to resort international of indianapolis to meet another mci bid - the fcc did n't say i could n't do it again he said - apart from those two actions mr. and the three other commissioners said they expect to how at&t is regulated since competition has increased - richard chief of the fcc 's bureau said he expected the agency to propose new rules next year - at&t the fcc 's actions - the time is long overdue to take a look at the fierce competition in the long-distance business and the rules governing it the new york telecommunications firm said in a statement - but mci of washington was with the fcc decision concerning tariff N arguing that at&t can not be allowed to fcc rules - united telecommunications inc. 's us unit said it was obviously disappointed with the fcc decision on tariff N - us said was it will petition the fcc decision in federal court - we believe that the court will find it unlawful said a us spokesman - separately at&t filed a against mci it of misleading consumers through allegedly false and deceptive advertising - the at&t action was the most recent blow in a nasty fight - earlier this month mci sued at&t in federal district court claiming that at&t 's ads are false - at&t assembled three of its top executives in washington all angry to try to mci 's charges - mci has made out of the upper of at&t said painewebber 's mr. who said he expected at&t to become increasingly aggressive in dealing with its longtime - in philadelphia also contributed to this article - billions of investors ' dollars are pouring out of the nation 's junk-bond mutual funds a of support in the already reeling junk market - last week alone an $ N billion out of the junk funds or nearly N N of their total assets according to estimates by financial services inc. a boston research firm - in the past two months the nation 's N junk funds have lost a total of about $ N billion more than N N of assets through sales or transfers of shares says - it made the estimates based on data collected from more than a dozen big junk funds - interviews with three major fund groups fidelity investments vanguard group inc. and t. rowe price associates inc. confirm the trend - their junk funds combined have had net outflows totaling nearly $ N million or about N N of their junk fund assets in the past two months - some fund managers say negative publicity has investors ' concern about recent declines in junk-bond prices - people have been seeing headline after headline after headline and saying i ca n't take it anymore i 'm getting out says kurt brouwer of brouwer & a san francisco investment adviser - the withdrawals could trouble for the $ N billion junk market - if the heavy outflows continue fund managers will face increasing pressure to sell off some of their junk to pay investors in the weeks ahead - such selling could erode prices of high-yield junk bonds already weakened by a rash of corporate credit problems - mutual fund groups have n't lost control of much of the money says louis 's president - mutual fund officials say that investors have transferred most of it into their money market accounts and to a lesser extent funds - so the impact on the $ N billion mutual fund industry as a whole probably will be slight - but tremors are likely in the junk-bond market which has helped to finance the takeover boom of recent years - mutual funds are the among the largest holders of junk accounting for more than a quarter of the entire high-yield high-risk market - the N mutual funds investing solely in junk bonds hold assets of about $ N billion - other funds hold a of junk bonds too - the $ N billion fidelity high income fund has had a net of about $ N million in the past two months - about $ N million out last week alone double the level of the week following last month 's campeau corp. credit squeeze - about N N of the was transferred to other fidelity funds says neal a fidelity vice president marketing with most going into money market funds - you get a news item it hits you have strong redemptions that day and for two days following then go back to normal says mr. - the fund with a cash cushion of more than N N has met all the redemptions without having to sell one thing mr. says - he adds our fund has had positive net sales every month for the last three years until this month - vanguard 's $ N billion high yield bond portfolio has seen $ N million flow out since early september $ N million of that out friday oct. N alone - still two-thirds of the has been into other vanguard portfolios says brian a vice president - the fund now holds a cash position of about N N - at the $ N million t. rowe price high yield fund investors out about $ N million in the past two months - those withdrawals most of which were transferred to other t. rowe price funds followed little change in the fund 's sales picture this year through august - the last two months have been the whole ball game says steven a vice president - holders have barely broken even this year as fat interest payments barely managed to offset declining prices - through oct. N high-yield funds had an average N N total return the price change plus dividends on fund shares according to lipper analytical services inc - that 's even less than the N N total return of the merrill lynch high-yield index - fidelity 's junk fund has fallen N N this year through oct. N lipper says the vanguard fund rose N N and the t. rowe price fund edged up N N - people who remain in junk funds now could get hit again some analysts and fund specialists say - many funds in recent weeks and months have been selling their junk issues such as rjr nabisco to raise cash to meet expected redemptions - funds might be forced to accept lower prices if they expand their selling to the securities of borrowers - and then asset values of the funds could plunge more than they have so far - says michael chief investment officer of republic national bank and manager of the group in new york it 's a time bomb just waiting to go off - the surprise resignation yesterday of british chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson sent sterling into a tailspin against the dollar by creating uncertainties about the direction of the british economy - the u.s. unit also firmed against other currencies on the back of sterling 's tumble as market participants switched out of pounds - the pound also dropped against the mark falling below the key level to N marks from N marks late wednesday - mr. lawson 's resignation shocked many analysts despite the recent speculation of a between the chancellor and prime minister margaret thatcher - indeed only hours earlier mrs. thatcher had called mr. lawson 's economic policies sound and said she has always supported him - there was a general feeling that we 'd seen the worst said patrick foley deputy chief economic adviser for bank in london - the resignation came as a great surprise - graham manager of foreign-exchange operations at hong kong & shanghai banking corp. in new york added that mrs. thatcher 's comments reinforced the market 's growing confidence about sterling and compounded the unit 's later decline - the market was caught totally the wrong way - everyone was extremely long on sterling mr. said - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks up from N marks late wednesday and at N yen up from N yen late wednesday - sterling was quoted at $ N sharply down from $ N late wednesday - in tokyo friday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from thursday 's tokyo close of N yen - few analysts had much good to say about the pound 's near-term prospects despite the fact that most do n't anticipate a shift in mrs. thatcher 's economic policies - mr. foley of noted that mr. lawson 's replacement john major the british foreign minister will take time to establish his credibility and in the meantime sterling could trend downward in volatile trade - but mr. foley predicted few economic policy changes ahead commenting that mr. major shares a very similar view of the world with mr. lawson - bob chief economist at bank in new york also noted that the pound 's sharp decline is pegged more to uncertainty in the market than a vision of altered united kingdom economic policies - unless mr. lawson 's resignation leads to a change in british interest-rate policy mrs. thatcher 's administration firmly supports high interest rates to keep inflation in check or toward full in the european monetary system 's exchange-rate mechanism mr. lawson 's withdrawal will have little long-term impact on exchange rates mr. concluded - also announcing his resignation thursday was alan walters mrs. thatcher 's economic adviser and mr. lawson 's - the pound which had been trading at about $ N in new york prior to mr. lawson 's announcement sank more than two cents to $ N prompting the federal reserve bank to buy pounds for dollars - the fed 's move however only proved a to the pound 's slide and the fed intervened for a second time at around $ N according to new york traders - meanwhile dollar trading was relatively throughout the session according to dealers who noted that thursday 's release of the preliminary report on the u.s. third-quarter gross national product was something of a - u.s. gnp rose at an annual rate of N N in the third quarter - the implicit price deflator a measure of inflation was down to a N N annual rate of increase in the quarter from a N N rate of gain in the second quarter - in europe the dollar ended lower in trading - the market closed prior to mr. lawson 's announcement - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery rose $ N to $ N an ounce in heavy trading - the close was the highest since august N - estimated volume was five million ounces - in early trading in hong kong friday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - cos. shelf offering of $ N million of debt securities - coca-cola bottling co. consolidated shelf offering of $ N million of debt securities via salomon brothers inc. and goldman sachs & co - first brands corp. proposed offering of N common shares of which N common shares will be sold by the company and five million shares by holders via first boston corp. and credit suisse first boston ltd - home nutritional services inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of inc. proposed initial offering of four million common shares of which N million will be sold by home nutritional services and N million will be sold by via smith barney harris upham & co - technology corp. initial public offering of N million common shares of which N will be offered by the company and N will be offered by holders via alex brown & sons inc. hambrecht & quist inc. and arnold & henderson - communications inc. proposed public offering of N million common shares of which N shares are to be sold by the company and N shares are to be sold by holders via morgan stanley & co. and hambrecht & quist - on an office wall of the senate intelligence committee hangs a quote from chairman david boren do n't hold your ticket the show 's over - he once used that line in a meeting on panama meaning do n't shrink from taking action against manuel noriega - so how did a good senator like this end up a policy that required the u.s. to warn mr. noriega of any coup plot against him - i agree it 's ridiculous says mr. boren and indeed by now ridiculous may be the only way to describe how the u.s. decides to take or rather not to take covert action - george bush disclosed the policy last week by reading it to gop senators perhaps as a way of shifting blame for the panama to congress - but the broader truth is more complicated and - the policy was contained in an exchange of letters last october between the senate intelligence committee and the cia and national security council - staff lawyers for both sides were busy agreeing with one another about what the u.s. could not do to oust the panamanian - they simply got carried away with what the executive order banning assassinations really meant - mr. boren himself did n't discover the until mr. bush told him privately at the white house last week - it 's ironic that david boren should be in the center of this - a former oklahoma governor he 's a of presidential powers in foreign policy - he 's a rare democratic - he 's the senator most like arthur the gop senator from michigan who worked to forge a bipartisan foreign policy in the - and are heroes of mine mr. boren says referring as well to sam the democratic house speaker who with president - they allowed this country to be credible - i really want to see that happen again - if this were N mr. boren might even succeed - but in N most senators have other ideas - last july his committee rejected a reagan administration plan to support a coup in panama - ohio democrat howard refused to support any plan that might get people hurt a notion for a great power - maine republican william cohen said the plan might violate the assassination ban - so the administration dropped it - by october when the committee rejected a much more modest covert proposal even the administration was agreeing little should be done - mr. boren does n't think all this influenced the failed coup this month but he does concede that congress has made mistakes - in the aftermath of vietnam in the aftermath of iran-contra i can understand some people might think that if they plan a coup they have to bring their lawyers he says - but even mr. boren congressional oversight - writing in the harvard international review he says that his committee approves covert operations only when there 's a consensus - so what does consensus mean - it does n't mean he insists though he implies it means a bipartisan majority - the of u.s. foreign policy is essential he explains - why was so successful - because it had bipartisan support - mr. boren is confusing consensus on general principles with agreement on specific actions - elliott abrams a veteran of intelligence committee debates doubts that even or the would have taken place if consensus had been required - and were enough to leave specific operations to presidents modern senators mr. boren notwithstanding are less modest - the result is that the senate committee has what amounts to veto power over every covert action - i would n't say it 's quite a veto mr. boren - but would n't a president who acted despite senate objections be taking grave political risks - he would agrees the chairman - but that is something the president ought to know before he goes ahead - mr. boren even a silver - he figures the episode will help clarify any between the committee and administration - he points to a letter on his desk his second in a week from president bush saying that they do n't disagree - more broadly mr. boren hopes that panama will shock washington out of its fear of using military power - maybe this will jolt us out of the syndrome that we never are prepared to use force he says - maybe if every senator shared the principles of mr. boren - but it 's just as to argue that if even david boren can get mired in this sort of mess the problem goes beyond legal interpretation - maybe the problem is a political system that wo n't act without an exchange of letters that insists on running foreign policy by committee that a president as just another guy at the table - the of the and is that we ca n't abolish these oversight committees because we 've seen too many abuses of executive power - but panama illustrates that their substitute is a system that produces an absurd gridlock - the lawyers are now in charge of our national security - in panama the u.s. interests at stake were minor the only people killed were foreigners enough to trust american will - americans may not be so lucky the next time - i was impressed by the of your sept. N story rural enterprise tough row to - we lived in rural areas many years but now live in st. louis county - this morning as i drove the N miles to my law office and the routine heavy traffic during that i thought of how it was that we made the decision to be residents of an expanding community with so many opportunities and where so much is happening - the presence of so many people cars and competing businesses is evidence of a healthy economy in a place where people want to live - i thought back to our time in small communities - i remembered how hard it was for an outsider to become accepted by residents and what an original in that were long accustomed to safe ways of thought and action - i remembered being fired at age N with five children at home when my views and actions were deemed by a small-town employer - how difficult it is for a thinking person to live among rooted in the past - now i in the freedom culture activity and diversity of this great metropolitan area with its traffic and perpetual projects - yet when my youngest child died two years ago i buried him in the church cemetery of a small missouri town - so after all even the critic of rural exclusivity harbors a continuing for those scarce rural thought to exist amid fields and country - ronald edwin - finnish government officials are negotiating with creditors of waertsilae marine oy a major shipyard that filed for bankruptcy protection this week amid confusion and mounting doubts that collapse of the nation 's entire shipbuilding industry can be - at stake are almost N jobs in an industry that has been the mainstay of finland 's economic revival - shipbuilding became a point of pride as finnish remained profitable long after rivals collapsed all over europe - but if as many now fear waertsilae marine joins the ranks of failed it might turn out to be remembered most as a on finland 's international reputation - the shipyard 's N billion finnish $ N billion backlog includes about N ships ordered by big international shippers including three for carnival cruise lines inc - miami-based carnival said the first of the three ships is scheduled to be delivered next month just in time for the winter tourist season in the caribbean - the second ship is scheduled to be delivered in fall N and the third in fall N - one analyst said the first ship probably will be delivered close to schedule but that carnival may have to pay up to N N more to get the second and third ships - all the ships are covered by loan guarantees from a state export financing agency even though it 's not clear whether they will actually be built - bankers worry that if the government makes good a threat to withdraw its guarantee commitments shippers will counter with a of lawsuits - state loan guarantees are rarely a source of controversy - however some bankers cited possible parallels between the waertsilae marine case and the collapse of norway 's state-owned as two years ago - in that case international banks and investors incurred big losses because they incorrectly believed the company 's debt carried implicit state guarantees - doubts about the quality of state credit guarantees could reduce the competitive strength of finnish companies in world markets where financing often is the key to winning orders analysts warn - moreover state-owned finnish companies lacking formal state guarantees could face greater difficulty raising funds in international financial markets bankers say - the decision by a majority of waertsilae marine directors monday to file for bankruptcy was an abrupt from previous government policy - in august the government played a major part in a sweeping restructuring of the troubled shipyard - at the time by oy waertsilae a conglomerate the shipbuilding unit faced potential losses estimated at one billion and was on the brink of liquidation - under the rescue plan waertsilae sold N N of its stake to a group of banks and pension funds - the government in turn guaranteed financing to complete the order backlog and took control of the board - government officials were expected to combine waertsilae marine with two other struggling firms and thus ensure finland 's survival as a shipbuilding nation - the government spent most of last year attempting to carry out such a plan but was when the parent waertsilae concern pulled out at the last minute - after the restructuring of waertsilae marine and bolstered by state loan guarantees two big bank creditors union bank of finland and state-controlled resumed lending the shipyard working capital - but the bankers got cold feet recently as government officials complained they had been about the shipyard 's actual financial condition and hinted the credit guarantees might be withdrawn - people familiar with monday 's board meeting said it was the state 's refusal to the credit guarantees that led union bank and to halt lending to waertsilae marine - then in a directors voted to file for bankruptcy apparently under instructions from finland 's industry minister - analysts say mr. had grown increasingly worried about the state 's potential financial exposure as waertsilae marine 's losses to more than double the figure estimated in august - noting that sweden wound up state subsidies of about N billion swedish kronor $ N billion during the 1970s in a attempt to salvage its shipbuilding industry one analyst suggested that mr. may have decided to cut finland 's losses once and for all - senior ministry officials with creditors during the week in an attempt to agree on some form of restructuring that would keep waertsilae marine operating - the talks may drag on for weeks before any concrete result is announced people familiar with them said - one solution would be to sell the shipyard to an outsider - but there appear to be few if any suitors - indeed the potential losses make any rescue scheme unlikely unless the politicians once again change and agree to pick up the bill analysts said - meantime shippers with vessels on order from waertsilae marine will remain in limbo - turner broadcasting system inc. said it expects to report an extraordinary loss of about $ N million in the fourth quarter due to early retirement of debt - the cable said the loss will consist primarily of prepayment penalties and issue discount and costs related to its $ N billion refinancing of its long-term debt and some preferred stock in one of its subsidiaries - a turner spokesman would n't speculate on the extent of the charge 's effect on the quarter 's earnings but said the company continues to expect to report a net loss for N - the company said the repayment or redemption of the long-term debt and the outstanding class a cumulative preferred stock of cable news network was made possible by an offering of about $ N million of debentures and notes and $ N million in bank borrowings - the offering included $ N million of N N senior subordinated debentures due N and $ N million of zero coupon liquid yield option notes due N - the notes were priced to yield N N and are convertible into the company 's class b common stock at a price which represents a N N premium over the market price on oct. N N - in addition the company called its N N N senior subordinated notes due N with an principal amount of $ N million for redemption on dec. N - as a result of the refinancing the company said the interest on the debt will fall to slightly more than N N from slightly more than N N - in american stock exchange composite trading turner 's class a stock closed at $ N down N cents - general motors corp. said it will temporarily idle its texas assembly plant for one week beginning monday because of slow sales - the closing will affect about N workers and eliminate production of N cars - the assembly plant builds the cadillac chevrolet and - in addition gm 's truck & bus group said slow sales are forcing it to close its detroit assembly plant the week beginning monday - the plant builds for recreational vehicles and about N workers will be affected by the closing - the no. N auto maker scheduled overtime this week at its wis. assembly plant manufacturer of the chevrolet - the nine major u.s. auto makers plan to build N vehicles this week down N N from the N a year ago but N N higher than last week 's N - ford motor co. slated overtime again this week at its mich. wayne mich. kansas city mo. and norfolk va. assembly plants - they build the lincoln town car continental and mark the ford and pickup trucks - chrysler corp. scheduled overtime this week at its st. louis assembly plant no. N newark del. and sterling heights mich. assembly plants - they build extended minivans and the dodge spirit shadow and - d percentage change is greater than N N - e estimated - f includes chevrolet and toyota - r revised - x N figure includes through july - the surprise resignations of two top economic government officials more uncertainty on london 's financial markets which already have been under worries about britain 's ailing economy - the last thing markets like is uncertainty said ian chief economist at warburg & co. of the resignations of chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson and chief economic adviser sir alan walters - i think you 'll see share prices go down and sterling now is under something of a cloud - the pound immediately began to take a after the resignations were announced - in late new york trading sterling stood at $ N down from $ N late wednesday - the british economy is hardly the picture of health these days - at N N base interest rates are the highest in eight years and the N N annual inflation rate is by far the highest in the european community - unions are pressing demands for wage increases of more than N N despite general belief that economic growth next year will be less than N N - increasingly the financial markets are reflecting the - the financial times 100-share index has dropped about N N from its N high of N on sept. N - yesterday even before the resignations were announced the index N points to close at N - we are expecting a recession says donald franklin chief economist at investment bank - the only question is how deep is it going to be - the outlook for corporate earnings is fairly bleak - it 's quite likely we 're going to get of the mid-october market shocks - red ink already has begun to flow in the wake of the market breaks of oct. N and oct. N - london-based holdings the largest of traders in the chicago options and futures markets said yesterday it will incur a loss as a result of the market plunge - the company which also will its dividend did n't specify the size - but company insiders estimated that the loss could approach the equivalent of $ N million - christopher chief executive said in an interview that the loss stemmed from the default of three options traders who had bet on a price rise in ual corp. shares before oct. N - the price plummeted after a proposed leveraged buy-out of the airline fell through - holdings shares plummeted N pence to close at N pence N cents a N N drop on london 's stock exchange - of london 's financial district are themselves for heavy - a lot more of our customers are staying until our N p.m. closing time says christopher brown managing director of & restaurants ltd. which runs five tony wine bars in the district - there 's a strong sense among the set that there 's more bad news to come asserts roger chief investment officer at morgan grenfell asset management - people in the stock market were very much thatcher 's children very young and wealthy - now it 's on them that they can be - the has created a for the days of the mid-1980s before a rash of mergers on the of the industry 's deregulation in N - people come to us saying they 'd like to be back where they were a few years ago in a more atmosphere with less tension says stephen managing director of hanover partners ltd. a financial district firm - but after trading losses in the mid-october market here many people will be lucky to have jobs at all executives predict - the industry which currently employs about N people in london has shed about N jobs over the past two years - i can see cuts of at least N N more says the head of the london office of a major u.s. firm - the mergers and acquisitions market has been a saving grace for the industry but uncertainties are beginning to mount even there - takeovers are expected to continue at their brisk pace - but investment bankers say that stock market uncertainties in the u.s. may cause many european companies to mark time before bidding for american companies in the hope that share prices will come down - if prices in the states go down industrial buyers in europe have the opportunity of getting reasonable prices in the u.s. says von chief of at credit suisse first boston ltd - but he adds everybody and his sister have opened up shops - it 's difficult to see that there 's going to be enough business to go around - about eight firms will get the lion 's share - at the others there are going to be a lot of disappointments after all those promises and all that big money that 's been paid to people - it all adds up to a cold winter here - says allen d. wheat head of trading at bankers trust co. people are just plain scared - one person who is past worrying about london 's blues is christopher - last summer he his 10-year career as a london and headed for the - he did n't stop until he got to jackson hole - i 'm glad to be out said the mr. in a phone interview - the percentage of your day spent your got greater and the work day kept getting longer - what am i doing in jackson hole - not a great deal - my wife and i will stay through the skiing season or until the money runs out whichever comes first - but unlike london out here i 've never heard anybody blow a car horn in anger - australia ltd. under pressure from bank lenders has called in accounting firm peat to help oversee asset sales and restructure the resorts and media company - analysts said the move could even action by the banks - but any move by the banks to take over qintex australia 's management could threaten its ability to operate its national television network under australian broadcast license rules - that in turn could substantially reduce the value of the television assets - the appointment of peat which has a unit that specializes in advising troubled companies came about as a result of a round of meetings held by qintex australia chairman christopher skase with bank creditors - yesterday mr. skase said the company is and with the continued support of its bankers is able to meet its financial commitments - qintex australia is a unit of qintex ltd - the qintex group 's problems began in in march when mr. skase agreed to buy mgm\/ua communications co - but the transaction faltered in september when qintex australia was forced to increase its offer to us$ N billion following a from rupert murdoch the deal fell apart altogether earlier this month - qintex australia owes creditors around a$ N billion - last friday qintex entertainment inc. its u.s. tv production and distribution affiliate filed for chapter N protection - the government is its newest weapon against white-collar defendants the power to prevent them from paying their legal bills - and defense lawyers are warning that they wo n't stick around if they do n't get paid - the issue has come to a in newark n.j. where federal prosecutors have warned lawyers for eddie antar that if the founder and former chairman of crazy eddie inc. is indicted the government may move to seize the money that mr. antar is using to pay legal fees - the warning by the u.s. attorney 's office follows two decisions by the u.s. supreme court last june - in those cases the high court ruled that federal law gives prosecutors broad authority to seize assets of people accused of racketeering and drug-related crimes including fees paid to lawyers before an indictment - if the government succeeds in mr. antar 's assets he could be left without legal representation because his attorneys are likely to quit according to individuals familiar with the case - a seizure also would make the case the largest and one of the first in which lawyers ' fees have been confiscated in a prosecution unrelated to drugs - the people who suffer in the short run are defendants but the people who suffer in the long run are all of the people because there wo n't be a vigorous private bar to defend the bill of rights says gerald a criminal defense attorney who says he has turned down a number of cases to avoid possible fee seizures - mr. antar is being investigated by a federal grand jury in newark where prosecutors have told him that they may soon seek an indictment on racketeering and securities fraud charges - under the influenced and corrupt organizations law or rico the government has the authority to seek to freeze or seize a defendant 's assets before trial - according to individuals familiar with mr. antar 's case prosecutors issued their warning this week after one of mr. antar 's attorneys asked whether legal fees might be subject to seizure - in a letter prosecutors told mr. antar 's lawyers that because of the recent supreme court rulings they could expect that any fees collected from mr. antar may be seized - prosecutors have told mr. antar 's attorneys that they believe mr. antar 's allegedly gains are so great that any money he has used to pay attorneys from illegal activities - therefore they said the money can be taken from the lawyers even after they are paid - justin and jack attorneys for mr. antar both declined to comment on the matter - in newark u.s. attorney samuel a. said i do n't think there 's any legal reason to limit forfeiture of attorney 's fees to drug cases - mr. said his office just responded to an attorney 's question about whether we would go after attorney 's fees and that is different from actually doing it although we reserve that right - mr. antar was charged last month in a civil suit filed in federal court in newark by the securities and exchange commission - in that suit the sec accused mr. antar of engaging in a massive financial fraud to the earnings of crazy eddie edison n.j. over a three-year period - through his lawyers mr. antar has denied allegations in the sec suit and in civil suits previously filed by shareholders against mr. antar and others - the sec has alleged that mr. antar aimed to pump up the company 's stock price through false financial statements in order to sell his stake and reap huge profits - mr. antar the sec said made more than $ N million from the sale of his shares between N and N - the justice department has emphasized that the government 's power is to be used - according to department policy prosecutors must make a strong showing that lawyers ' fees came from assets tainted by illegal profits before any attempts at seizure are made - still criminal defense lawyers worry that defendants are being deprived of their sixth amendment right to counsel and a fair trial if the government can seize lawyers ' fees - they also worry that if the government applies laws broadly the best defense lawyers will be unwilling to take criminal cases unless they are assured of being paid - the stock market correction of oct. N N was a grim reminder of the oct. N N market collapse - since like earthquakes stock market will always be with us it is prudent to take all possible against another such market collapse - in general markets function well and adjust smoothly to changing economic and financial circumstances - but there are times when they seize up and sellers can not find buyers - that 's just what happened in the october N crash - as the market tumbled market conditions prevailed the margins between buying bids and selling bids widened trading in many stocks was suspended orders took long to be executed and many specialists stopped trading altogether - these failures in turn contributed to the fall in the market averages uncertainty an extra risk premium and triggered additional selling pressures - the situation was like that of a who is thrown slightly off balance by an unexpected on the - his spread and apart just as spreads widen during a financial panic and soon he is out of control - unable to stop his accelerating he crashes - after the N crash and as a result of the recommendations of many studies circuit breakers were devised to allow market participants to and restore orderly market conditions - it 's doubtful though whether circuit breakers do any real good - in the additional time they provide even more order imbalances might pile up as would-be sellers finally get their broker on the phone - instead an appropriate institution should be charged with the job of preventing chaos in the market the federal reserve - the availability of timely assistance of a can help markets retain their resilience - the fed already buys and sells foreign exchange to prevent conditions in foreign-exchange markets - the fed has assumed a similar responsibility in the market for government securities - the stock market is the only major market without a of liquidity or a buyer of last resort - this does not mean that the federal reserve does not already play an important indirect role in the stock market - in N it pumped billions into the markets through open market operations and the discount window - it lent money to banks and encouraged them to make funds available to brokerage houses - they in turn lent money to their customers who were supposed to recognize the opportunity to make a profit in the turmoil and buy shares - the fed also has the power to set margin requirements - but would n't it be more efficient and effective to supply such support to the stock market directly - instead of flooding the entire economy with liquidity and thereby increasing the danger of inflation the fed could support the stock market directly by buying market averages in the futures market thus stabilizing the market as a whole - the stock market is certainly not too big for the fed to handle - the foreign-exchange and government securities markets are larger - daily trading volume in the new york foreign exchange market is $ N billion - the daily volume for treasury securities is about $ N billion - the combined value of daily equity trading on the new york exchange the american stock exchange and the nasdaq over-the-counter market ranges between $ N billion and $ N billion - the $ N billion the fed into the money markets after the N crash is more than enough to buy all the stocks traded on a typical day - more carefully targeted intervention might actually reduce the need for government action - and taking more direct action has the advantage of avoiding sharp increases in the money supply such as happened in october N - the fed 's stock market role ought not to be very ambitious - it should seek only to maintain the of markets not to up the dow jones or new york stock exchange averages at a particular level - the fed should guard against risk but not against the risks inherent in individual stocks - it would be inappropriate for the government or the central bank to buy or sell ibm or general motors shares - instead the fed could buy the broad market in the futures market - the increased demand would trading and stabilize prices - stabilizing the derivative markets would tend to stabilize the primary market - the fed would eliminate the cause of the potential panic rather than attempting to treat the the liquidity of the banks - market conditions could be observed quite frequently in foreign exchange markets in the 1960s and 1970s - but since the member countries of the international monetary fund agreed to the guidelines to floating in N such difficulties have been avoided - i can not recall any in currency markets since the N guidelines were adopted - thus the mere existence of a agency helps to avoid panic in - the old saying advises if it ai n't broke do n't fix it - but this could be a case where we all might go broke if it is n't fixed - mr. heller now at visa international was a governor of the federal reserve board from N until earlier this year - this is adapted from a speech to the commonwealth club in san francisco - bank of england governor robin urged banks to be cautious in financing leveraged buy-outs - caution should be the rule of the day said mr. in a speech to the association of corporate ' annual dinner - it would be damaging to industry and to the financial sector in general to say nothing of banks if does not guide the financing of leveraged transactions - his remarks were distributed to the press before chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson announced his resignation last evening - bank of england officials said the central bank had no comment on mr. lawson 's resignation - mr. reiterated that the exposure of united kingdom banks to leveraged deals have n't yet reached worrying levels - however in light of the risks involved in such transactions banks should satisfy themselves that they have the skills to participate in this market and clear policy guidelines on acceptable levels of exposure to such transactions he said - in other comments he said takeovers may not always be the most efficient way of a change of corporate direction or strategy - a similar result could sometimes be achieved at less cost by changing he said - intel corp. 's most powerful computer chip has flaws that could delay several computer makers ' marketing efforts but the bugs are n't expected to hurt intel and most computer makers - computer experts familiar with the flaws found in intel 's N chip say the defects do n't affect the average user and are likely to be cleared up before most computers using the chip as their brains appear on the market sometime next year - intel said that last week a customer discovered two flaws in its N microprocessor chip 's unit a set of circuits that do certain calculations - on friday intel began customers about the bugs which cause the chip to give wrong answers for some calculations - but while international business machines corp. and compaq computer corp. say the bugs will delay products most big computer makers said the flaws do n't affect them - bugs like this are just a normal part of product development said richard director of hewlett-packard co. 's advanced systems development - announced last week that it planned to ship a computer based on the N chip early next year - these bugs do n't affect our schedule at all he said - likewise research inc. and sun microsystems inc. said the bugs wo n't delay their development of machines - we have n't modified our schedules in any way said a sun spokesman - to switch to another vendor 's chips would definitely not be an option he said - nonetheless concern about the chip may have been responsible for a decline of N cents in intel 's stock to $ N a share yesterday in over-the-counter trading on volume of N shares and partly responsible for a drop in compaq 's stock in new york stock exchange composite trading on wednesday - yesterday compaq plunged further closing at $ N a share off $ N a share on volume of N shares - most of compaq 's decline is being attributed to a third-quarter earnings report that came in at the low end of analysts ' expectations - intel said it had corrected the problems and would start producing chips next week - we should not be seeing any more said bill rash intel 's director for the N chip - what 's more the bugs only emerge on applications such as design and scientific calculations he said and then very seldom - these do not affect business programs he said - the bugs will cause problems in specific and rare circumstances that will not occur in typical applications such as and said michael editor of the microprocessor report an industry newsletter - sun hewlett-packard and others say intel is n't wholly to blame for the - the real they said are computer makers such as ibm that have jumped the gun to unveil products - the reason this is getting so much is that some started shipping and announced early availability said hewlett-packard 's mr. - you can do that but you 're taking a risk - those companies are paying the price for taking the risk - in late september ibm began shipping a card that its model from a N machine to an N machine - an ibm spokeswoman said the company told customers monday about the bugs and temporarily stopped shipping the product - ibm has no plans to recall its cards the spokeswoman said and could probably the bugs without long product delays - we do n't look at this as a major problem for us she said - compaq which said it discovered the bugs still plans to announce new N products on nov. N - because of the however the company said it does n't know when its machine will be available - that 's a break from compaq tradition because the company does n't announce products until they 're actually at the dealers - the problem is being experts say because the N is intel 's future flagship - intel 's microprocessors are the chips of choice in many of today 's personal computers and the N microprocessor is the of the company 's bid to guard that spot in the next generation of machines - although these sorts of bugs are not at all uncommon the N is an extremely product said mr. the newsletter editor - intel 's N chip is the of intel 's microprocessors a chip that only the most computer users are likely to buy for at least several years - unveiled last april the chip N million on a of silicon more than four times as many as on intel 's earlier model N - intel the chip 's speed at N million instructions per second or mips - that 's four times as fast as the N - machines using the N are expected to challenge work stations and minicomputers in applications such as so-called which groups of computers together and in design - but while the chip 's speed in processing power is it 's real strength lies in its software - the N is the of a long series of intel chips that began the market ever since ibm picked the N chip for its first personal computer - a microprocessor processes N pieces of data at a time and is slower than newer chips - since then intel has a large part of the market with generations of and chips all of which can run software written for previous models - that 's what will keep computer makers coming in spite of the of bugs - big personal computer makers and many makers of engineering workstations are developing machines which are expected to reach the market early next year - of the big computer makers only apple computer co. bases its machines on motorola chips instead - the N is going to have a big impact on the industry said hewlett-packard 's mr. - it 's going to be the leading edge technology in personal computers for the next few years - this is not going to have any affect on that at all - andy in dallas contributed to this article - bethlehem steel corp. has agreed in principle to form a joint venture with the world 's second-largest steelmaker of france to modernize a portion of bethlehem 's ailing division - the venture which involves adding sophisticated equipment to make mill rolls is part of a effort to shore up a division that has posted continuing operating losses for several years - the other element includes consolidating 's operations - the entire division employs about N workers - while the joint venture affects only a small part of bethlehem 's operations it is significant because it marks the first time the nation 's no. N steelmaker has joined forces with a foreign partner - wall street analysts have criticized bethlehem for not following its major competitors in linking with a foreign company to share costs and provide technology to modernize old facilities or build new ones - we think it 's a step in the right direction for bethlehem said group 's international steel analyst - it 's important to share the risk and even more so when the market has already peaked - he said the move could be the beginning of a broader relationship between the two companies one that could open up new markets for bethlehem - bethlehem had little choice but to go with a european steelmaker because its competitors already have tapped the japanese and south korean industry leaders analysts noted - under terms of the agreement 's unit and bethlehem would establish a facility to make mill rolls at the company 's shop here - terms for the venture which would be jointly owned by both companies were n't disclosed - the unit has agreed to provide technology and expertise to install a so-called spin by early next fall - the improves the quality of the iron mill rolls which are basically huge rolling used to or shape steel products - bethlehem is also working with the united steelworkers union to consolidate 's two machine shops and four facilities of the operations - once the consolidation is complete bethlehem plans to concentrate its business on nuclear fabrication steel and steel rolls for rolling mills and selected applications - bethlehem said earlier this year that it planned to restructure the division to improve its cost structure - in the second quarter bethlehem posted a $ N million charge related to its plans to the division - if you 're still wondering about the causes of the slump in the junk-bond market consider the case of columbia savings & loan - the california thrift has just announced a $ N million third-quarter loss - how did this happen - well when congress in its recent s&l bailout mandated that the thrifts sell off all their junk-bond holdings by N it not only artificially increased the supply of these bonds in the market but also eliminated one of the few profitable investments thrifts have made - but there is a ironic twist to the columbia loss - as of the debate over a capital-gains tax cut know there is much talk in congress and indeed all over washington about the need to encourage long-term investment and discourage the financial sector 's presumed with the short term - now we regard this as a largely phony issue but the long term is nonetheless a big salon topic all around the - it turns out that columbia had this huge loss in large part because the new mandated rules forced it to adjust the book value of its junk bonds to the lower of either their cost or market value - they could no longer be classified as what columbia regarded them namely long-term investments - congress 's treatment of the existing structure of junk-bond holdings us of a story in the journal earlier this year about the baby bell companies ' desire to have the bans lifted on offering information services - the issue of seeking relief from congress was raised to the chairman of nynex - mr. replied legislation tends to be - i believe we have to take a shot at getting as much done as we can through the court through justice and through state and federal regulatory agencies - i see congress as a last resort - healthy thrifts such as columbia or the junk-bond market itself should have been so lucky - the reality of life in modern america is that if you want to something that works let it fall into the hands of congress - exxon corp. said it will move its headquarters from manhattan to dallas - most of the N employees at the oil company 's headquarters building including much of senior management were of the plan until informed at a morning meeting by chairman lawrence g. - the shift wo n't affect operations - as part of its restructuring several years ago exxon moved most of those out of the city and sold its rockefeller center to a japanese company - but the pullout is an embarrassment to new york city officials coming at a time of high office building vacancy rates and departures by other major companies - mobil corp. is in the process of its headquarters here and huge operations like j.c. penney & co. and trans world airlines have recently left - new york authorities informed yesterday about the move reacted with concern and even some anger to the idea of the nation 's third-largest corporation leaving without giving them an opportunity to accommodate it - we are but there 's nothing we can do about it now said stanley new york city deputy mayor for finance and economic development - meanwhile dallas welcomed the move - city officials there had been were aware that a large company was moving in but negotiations had all been conducted through a law firm and under the code name - when we were told it was exxon it was beyond all expectations what a coup said tom lewis senior vice president of dallas partnership the economic development affiliate of the city 's chamber of commerce - dallas its economy based on oil and real estate has been in a slump - exxon said it will build a new headquarters on a in the las complex in the suburb of irving - until the building is completed exxon will rent part of an existing office tower - las once a huge texas ranch is a complex of office buildings homes and recreational facilities that its developers have been struggling to in recent years - exxon officials said it will cost less to run its headquarters at las than in new york - the company wo n't say how much it will save but during at its interim location sources say it will likely pay rent of $ N to $ N per square foot - owners of the building in new york say they will be asking $ N per square foot for rent to fill the space that exxon is - in texas taxes and development costs are also lower they said - plus one exxon official said by eliminating the typically long new york between office and home management will expect employees to work N hours a week in dallas rather than a work week in new york - canadian production of market pulp rose N N in september from a year earlier as the industry operated at N N of capacity - the canadian pulp and paper association an industry group said canadian mills produced N metric tons of market pulp in september compared with N metric tons a year earlier - market pulp is wood pulp sold on the open market to producers of paper and other products - the statistics exclude pulp consumed at the producing mill or shipped to another mill that is affiliated with the producing mill - canada is the world 's largest producer of market pulp - the september N N operating rate compared with a rate of N N in august but was unchanged from a year earlier - in the first nine months of this year output was N metric tons down from N metric tons a year earlier - ima holdings corp. completed its $ N billion acquisition of american medical international inc. purchasing N million shares or N N of the los angeles-based health-care services concern for $ N a share - the price also includes assumption of about $ N billion in debt - ima is a group that includes first boston corp. and the family of chicago through the leveraged buy-out fund harry gray klein & partners - harry j. gray and n. klein along with five other ima were named to join american medical 's board - the completion of the merger agreement follows months of and turns - in january american medical brought in a new chief executive officer richard a. N who will remain as chairman president and chief executive - a few days later american medical announced sharply lower earnings taking charges of $ N million for insurance reserves and canceled real estate leases - in march american medical received a $ offer to take the company private from an investor group including large holder m. lee pearce - it also was considering a restructuring to help boost the stock price - a group including several members of the the bass family of texas urged the company to take some steps to maximize shareholder value - the following month the company put itself up for sale - it received more offers but the auction was surprisingly won by ima which bid $ N a share and asked mr. to stay on as an equity participant - he indicated that some assets might be sold off to service the debt - then after extending its offer four times waiting for a congressional tax ruling ima early this month lowered its offer to $ N a share amid turbulence in the junk bond market - american medical accepted the offer meanwhile indicating it had heard from two other suitors - but they never materialized and ima completed the purchase yesterday - other new board members include john s. harrison and mark a. of first boston james f. william s. goldberg and harold s. - treasury secretary nicholas brady said that congress should grant the securities and exchange commission the power to close the stock markets in periods of crisis - in testimony to the senate securities subcommittee mr. brady disputed the view of sec chairman richard breeden who told a house panel wednesday that he does n't want the ability to halt the markets - mr. breeden contended that discretionary power could have an impact on the markets if rumors were to about when the exchanges might be closed - he added that the president already has the power to close the markets in an emergency - but mr. brady argued that the sec is closer to the markets and in a better position to understand when the exchanges are under such stress that they should be closed - separately mr. brady said he asked the working group on financial markets to determine whether futures margins are too low - he noted that some minimum margin requirements have been reduced to levels below those before the N crash - this raises questions whether futures and equity margin requirements are consistent at these levels and whether futures margins are adequate mr. brady said - margins are the amount of money an investor needs to put up to buy or sell a futures contract - margins on the futures exchanges typically are raised and lowered according to market volatility - the chicago mercantile exchange margins for the standard & poor 's N stock-index futures stood at $ N a contract for speculators and $ N for before oct. N N that day the hedging margin was raised to $ N - margins were raised or lowered about a dozen times since the crash oct. N N - currently they stand at $ N for speculators who are typically individuals and traders and $ N for which are usually institutions and have offsetting positions in the underlying stocks - mr. brady also said he expects the leveraged buy-out phenomenon to end under its own weight - asked whether there is anything congress should do to curb the lbo boom mr. brady responded i think the lbo phenomenon while it wo n't stop completely will be a thing of the past - before taking any action he advised the panel to see what the market has produced as a cure - mr. brady also agreed with senators ' concerns about recent stock-market volatility and said he that the gyrations are scaring investors from investing in stocks - but he added that individuals still are participating in the equity market indirectly through mutual funds and pension funds - the former wall street executive refused to offer an opinion on the controversy surrounding program trading which has recently become a larger part of the trading in the market and has been blamed for accelerating the drop two weeks ago - i do not have a view of whether we should do anything about program trading at this time he said - but mr. brady endorsed the bill that both houses of congress will try to push through this session - that bill proposed by the sec last year would require brokerage firms to disclose the financial positions of their holding companies mandate large traders ' reporting of program or block trades and improve clearing and settlement of trades between the futures and stock markets - the bill also would give the sec the power to close the markets a discretion that former sec chairman david wanted but mr. breeden does n't - mr. brady and senators agreed to have their staffs meet within the next week to start the bill - the senate agriculture committee is responding to trading abuses in the futures markets with a far-reaching bill that would become the futures trading practices act of N - the proposed legislation has a goal to assure the integrity of the u.s. futures markets - however as is common with sweeping legislation the proposal contains many provisions that could destroy important parts of the system it sets out to preserve - the complex bill introduced by sens. patrick d. richard r. ind. and bob d. neb. covers a wide range of provisions that would affect the funding and authority of the commodity futures trading commission and would change the way the industry is regulated - these include provisions relating to the technology and systems that must be employed by exchanges oversight and disciplinary procedures for exchange trading practices the relationship between commodity brokerage firms and floor traders and exchange - the bill also even minor rule to and provides for recovery of punitive damages in civil lawsuits and arbitration cases without any showing of willful misconduct - many aspects of the bill are providing appropriate public that can and should be instituted throughout the industry - indeed some of the bill 's requirements including broad representation on the exchanges ' boards of directors and strong measures to prevent conflicts of interest already have been put in place by the coffee sugar & cocoa exchange and other futures exchanges - other aspects of the bill however are either structured in ways that create unnecessary burdens for the industry or actually are harmful to the exchanges the industry and ultimately the general public - one of the most prominent features is the requirement that in three years all exchanges have in place a system that records all trades by a source independent of the executing broker - the new york futures exchanges have been working together to develop a trade recording system much like the one called for in the bill - we would be to have such a system in place today - but is it realistic for congress to mandate by a rigid deadline a system that has not yet been to studies - what if the system does n't work - what if the only system that does work is so expensive that at best only the largest exchanges can afford it - cost is a key consideration because of the global sweep of the financial markets - the u.s. futures exchanges compete world-wide as never before - today trading in almost any commodity can be diverted from u.s. markets with just a few strokes of a - all foreign markets are aggressively u.s. business - in fact several london markets already offer lower costs for trading in the same or very similar contracts - the u.s. exchanges need both market integrity and long-term growth depends on it - the senate bill contains many provisions that will increase the costs of trading - the most of these is the of service fees which will directly widen the cost spread between u.s. and foreign markets - other provisions have a more but nonetheless real and effect on the international position of u.s. exchanges - these include the extension of liability into areas beyond those established by judicial precedent and the expansion of liability to include punitive damages - in addition to increasing costs as a result of greater financial exposure for members these measures could have other far-reaching - one section of the bill would make all commodity brokerage firms and floor brokers liable for damages without willful misconduct - nowhere in the federal securities law is simple negligence or action a source of liability under similar circumstances - it is only logical to assume that the enactment of this provision will lead to increased litigation - in an already business commodity brokerage firms may well decide to eliminate the risk and expense of dealing with the retail public the private individual of access to the markets - another measure makes commodity brokerage firms liable for violations committed by independent floor brokers who execute trades for them - this concept would these firms to potentially punitive damages - faced with the virtually impossible task of the execution of each trade many commodity brokerage firms are likely to stop doing business with and instead hire their own floor brokers - this would force out of business many of the individuals and small firms that function as floor brokers - a consequence of their departure could be a serious of market liquidity - finally under the bill a number of legitimate longstanding business practices would be banned unless the cftc were to take specific and timely action to permit them to continue - in other words regulation will occur through and rather than through a normal procedure - the affected practices include the placing of oral orders which is the way most public customer orders are placed and trading between affiliated brokers even though in some cases trading with affiliates may be the only way to obtain the best execution for a client - also would be dual trading a broker trades for customers as well as his own account a practice that provides needed liquidity to the markets - all u.s. futures exchanges agree that these and other trading practices require proper regulation and supervision - nonetheless each has too much potential value to the system to be banned by legislative fiat before the cftc carefully considers all the consequences of a ban and what the regulatory alternatives are - the markets are complex as is the environment in which they function - when problems surface the temptation becomes strong to overhaul a market system that has served for more than N years - that temptation must be put aside to permit careful consideration of all the implications positive and negative of the proposed resolutions to those problems and to avoid creating a marketplace where no one trades - mr. is chairman of the coffee sugar & cocoa exchange in new york and director of commodity administration at shearson lehman hutton - initial claims for state unemployment benefits fell to a seasonally adjusted N for the week ended oct. N from N the previous week the labor department said - the number of people receiving state benefits in the week ended oct. N fell to a seasonally adjusted N or N N of those covered by unemployment insurance from N the previous week when the insured unemployment rate was N N - counting all state and federal benefit programs the number of people receiving unemployment benefits in the week ended oct. N fell to N from N a week earlier - these figures are n't seasonally adjusted - on the streets of mahfouz 's cairo life is nasty and entertaining - the the of and takes a cut of every cent they - is a card and dealer who has a simple i live in this world assuming that there is no god or police - for the killer and thief said fame flows from the barrel of a gun - one man said you act as a a tells him a diversion to relieve people 's - mr. mahfouz 's cairo also has and wives who look to god not crime for their - but it is his portrait of cairo of and of streets filled with dust and animal that made his reputation and won him the nobel prize in N - three novels the beginning and the end N pages $ N the thief and the dogs N pages $ N and song N pages $ N recently published by offer an sample of the mr. mahfouz 's talent - but they do show the range of a whose novels span five decades and include work of social protest and - they also chart the evolution of a city that has grown tenfold in the author 's lifetime from a colonial of to a third world on its own refuse - soon it 'll be so crowded a complains that people will start eating each other - the beginning and the end easily the best of the three belongs to mr. mahfouz 's realistic period and it is the one for which he is most - published in N it follows the decline of a cairo family with the sweep and rich detail that critics often compare to and - a minor bureaucrat dies suddenly his family to poverty and eventual - his daughter turns to then to peddling herself for a few - one son his own career so that his brother can succeed while another helps support the family with money from crime - the real tragedy though lies not in the family 's circumstances but in its concern for appearances - for the father is by the shame of him in a 's grave - the family moves to another house at night to from neighbors - and the successful son wishes his embarrassing dead - as a of middle-class the story is - but its of cairo life are vintage mahfouz - we see and hear filled with the of advertising their with language and the sound of people gathering in their and into the street - and we meet engaging such as the head for his fights his and his - god has not yet that i should have earnings he tells his worried mother - comes to a bad end but so does almost everyone else in the book - if the setting is exotic the is closer to 's than it is to nights - mr. mahfouz began writing when there was no tradition in and he his work on western - in one sense this limits him unlike a writer such as garcia who has a distinctive latin voice mr. mahfouz 's style offers little that can be labeled egyptian - but the of his style also makes his work accessible as the streets of cairo come alive for the western reader as as 's london or 's st. - the thief and the dogs written in N is a psychological drama of crime and punishment - its said is an egyptian who seeks in and killing - i am the hope and the dream the redemption of he says in one of many interior - later he recalls the words of his marxist the people theft the fire - said 's story reflects the of socialism under whose rule replaced the in N - by N mr. mahfouz 's had or become as it has in said - his dream of a life of badly aimed bullets by the real the rich dogs who on the poor leads only to the death of and eventually to his own - cairo 's also has gone gray - here the city is dark and with said has left his jail cell only to enter the larger prison of cairo society - while the theme is compelling the plot and characters are not - we never care about said or the he - the thief and the dogs is a work the first novel in but it is likely to western readers - the N novel song also is experimental and another badly aimed bullet - the story of a playwright 's stage debut in in the manner of 's the sound and the - but the device more than it - buried in the work is a on the of art and on the struggle for integrity in an unfair world - but again the themes get in mr. mahfouz 's - the of his later work reflects both an appetite for new and the hazards of art in the arab world - mr. mahfouz has been and for questioning and peace with israel - his message has helped him endure - art says the playwright in song is the for the action that an like me is unable to take - song gives of a cairo that has become so much since his youth when as he once said the poorest person was able to find his daily bread and without great difficulty - the clutter of the remains but its color has away and the will to overcome has been defeated - cars ca n't move because of - characters complain about food prices and corruption - and the is now a and man who only government ministers can afford it these days - having lost their faith in god in social reform and in are left with nothing but their sense of humor - mr. is a journal staff reporter covering the middle east - norwood partners limited partnership of boston said it may make a tender offer for some or all of phoenix technologies ltd. 's common shares - norwood phoenix a maker of software for personal computers has had substantial losses in the past two quarters - its stock which was as high as $ N a share has been trading under $ N a share recently - yesterday it closed at $ N a share up $ N in national over-the-counter trading - in a securities and exchange commission filing norwood said it 's part of a group that holds N phoenix technologies common shares or a N N stake - norwood has made no detailed plans but it has engaged in talks with other shareholders the filing said - phoenix declined to comment - norwood is controlled by daniel l. barnett and paul a. both officers of capital management inc. a small boston money management firm - also involved in the group is robert f. angelo formerly phoenix 's senior vice president field operations who left phoenix at the beginning of october - mr. angelo was described in the filing as a consultant to - weirton steel corp. said it reached a tentative agreement on a labor contract with the independent steelworkers union covering production and maintenance employees - the agreement subject to approval of union members would cover about N workers - the tentative agreement provides for wage increases of N cents an hour to sept. N N and for increases of N cents N cents and N cents an hour effective jan. N N N and N respectively - it also provides for benefit adjustments including a partial restoration of and holidays as well as changes to increase productivity - ground zero of the hud scandal is the secretary 's discretionary fund a pot used to fund projects that were n't approved through normal hud channels - jack kemp wants to abolish it - instead congress 's idea of reform is to increase this fund by $ N million - and transfer control of much of it to capitol hill - the hud scandals will simply continue but under new - after one of the most amazing debates we 've ever seen on the cable channel the house voted N to N on wednesday to order $ N million in spending for a new jersey arts center a michigan library and N other pet projects out of the same discretionary fund that was supposed to have been so abused during sam 's tenure - hud has no paper work on N of the projects none of the others has been approved and not a single congressional hearing has been held on any of them - however four are in the michigan district of rep. bob the chairman of the house subcommittee that writes the hud spending bill - of course this kind of congressional is called service by members while the same kind of at hud is labeled influence peddling - unlike those awful republican consultants members do n't profit directly from hud projects - they merely collect campaign contributions from developers that help keep them in office - the N pet projects were discovered buried in the appropriations bill for hud and some other agencies after it returned from a conference committee that was called to resolve differences between the house and senate versions - conference committees are breeding grounds for - they are often closed to the public and no minutes are taken - members find it easy to doctor legislation by slipping in special provisions that could never survive in the cold light of day - in this case the members themselves - rep. recently purchased an building lot on the island - this is slightly adapted from remarks oct. N by former secretary of state george p. to an gathering at the stanford business school where he has returned to the faculty - i was struck a couple of years ago by the effort in the - we had during the year an estimated $ N billion street value of cocaine - i do n't know how much got through - nobody has any credible estimate - the gnp of the is probably somewhere between one and two billion dollars - so you get an idea of the leverage there and elsewhere that our market for drugs has brought about - i welcome the emphasis that is now being put on the drug problem - the efforts to get to the people who are try to them if they can not be at least to contain them to educate people to strongly discourage use of drugs by people who are casual users and first users to stop this process among the young all of these things i think are extremely important - but i have to tell you that it seems to me that the conceptual base of the current program is flawed and the program is not likely to work - the conceptual base a approach is the same that i have worked through before in the nixon administration when i was budget director and secretary of the treasury with jurisdiction over the customs - we designed a comprehensive program and we worked hard on it - in the reagan administration we designed a comprehensive program we worked very hard on it - our international efforts were far greater than ever before - you 're looking at a guy whose was attacked in by the drug so i 'm personally a veteran of this war - what we have before us now is essentially the same program but with more resources into all of the efforts to enforce and control - these efforts wind up creating a market where the price exceeds the cost - with these incentives demand creates its own supply and a criminal network along with it - it seems to me we 're not really going to get anywhere until we can take the out of the drug business and the incentives for out of it - frankly the only way i can think of to accomplish this is to make it possible for to buy drugs at some regulated place at a price that their cost - when you do that you wipe out the criminal incentives including i might say the incentive that the drug have to go around and get kids so that they create a market for themselves - they wo n't have that incentive because they wo n't have that market - so i think the conceptual base needs to be thought out in a different way - if i am catching your attention then read a bold and article in this september 's issue of science by on this subject - we need at least to consider and examine forms of controlled of drugs - i find it very difficult to say that - sometimes at a reception or party i advance these views and people head for somebody else - they do n't even want to talk to you - i know that i 'm shouting into the here as far as what we 're doing now - but i feel that if somebody does n't get up and start talking about this now the next time around when we have the next of these programs it will still be true that everyone is scared to talk about it - no politician wants to say what i just said not for a minute - the u.s. economy grew at a moderate N N annual rate in the third quarter the same pace as the second quarter despite the worst trade performance in six years the commerce department reported - personal spending buoyed by a burst of automobile buying was the main catalyst to the economy 's expansion - but trade one of the economy 's main forces in the past few years showed a sharp deterioration - imports of goods and services soared while exports were flat - some economists found the - for the past two years the foreign trade sector has been a major to economic growth - you ca n't rely now solely on consumer spending to sustain the economy on a solid growth path said norman robertson chief economist at mellon bank in pittsburgh - although the economy showed no change of pace from the second quarter many analysts expect it to slow considerably in the fourth quarter as demand for autos falls partly because of higher prices on models introduced last month - many economists think the rise in the value of the u.s. dollar this year will further progress in trade because it makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper - and business investment which slowed in the third quarter according to yesterday 's report is expected to continue to be sluggish - a sharp reduction in inflation was by far the spot in the report on the real gross national product the inflation-adjusted market value of all the goods and services the economy produced - an inflation gauge that measures the quarterly change in prices of an array of goods and services slowed its growth to a N N annual rate in the third quarter from N N in the second - much of the came from declining energy prices which have since turned up a bit analysts said - consequently michael undersecretary for economic affairs at the commerce department said inflation probably will edge up from the third-quarter rate in the final three months of N - but he said he believes the second quarter 's N N rate will prove to have been this year 's peak quarterly inflation rate - generally the bush administration expressed satisfaction with the economy 's progress as it heads into its eighth year of sustained growth next month - treasury secretary nicholas brady called the N N pace good solid growth although he said he expects the expansion to slow in the fourth quarter - he added inflation is lower than i think people expected it to be and i think that 's good news - but administration officials were concerned over the bleak trade report which showed the deficit in the country 's trade of goods and services swelling to a $ N billion annual rate in the third quarter from a $ N billion rate in the second quarter - mr. called it a disappointment but predicted exports will pick up again - we were for the deterioration in net exports said daniel van vice president of u.s. forecasting at bank of america in san francisco - i ca n't believe it will continue he added noting that the economies of the country 's major trading partners are strong and prices of u.s. products are still competitive - some analysts also were by a pickup in the growth of business inventories - while a buildup of these stocks adds to gnp it can hurt the economy because a of goods can lead to production cuts and layoffs - according to the report inventories outside the farm sector grew at an annual rate of $ N billion in the third quarter up from a $ N billion pace in the second quarter - manufacturers ' stocks at an $ N billion annual rate up from $ N billion - that suggests there is a little more inventory than some people expected said edward boss senior financial economist at continental bank in chicago - i do n't think it 's anything that 's going to cause a downturn in economic activity - but it will slow production - devastation from hurricane hugo which into the southeast coast in late september diminished personal income by about $ N billion the department said but it called the effect on the roughly $ N trillion economy negligible - except for the loss from the hurricane all the figures were adjusted for seasonal factors and inflation - here are some of the major components of the gross national product expressed in seasonally adjusted annual rates in billions of constant N dollars - in the third quarter the implicit price deflator fell to N N of the N average from N N in the previous quarter - northrop corp. received a $ N million contract by the u.s. air force for production and test equipment for the rainbow missile - the contract provides additional equipment for northrop the prime contractor on the missile and also supports a N purchase of N missiles for flight tests - general motors corp. 's chevrolet division said it is offering $ N cash incentives on all N models of its and suburban truck lines - chevrolet already has cash incentives on the N models of these vehicles - hudson 's bay co. announced terms of a previously proposed rights issue that is expected to raise about N million canadian dollars us$ N million net of expenses - proceeds of the offering will be used to redeem c$ N million of preferred shares and to reduce short-term debt the company said - canada 's largest department store operator said the rights offering will holders of its ordinary shares except residents in the u.s. and britain to subscribe for two additional shares for every five shares held at a price of c$ N a share - the record date is nov. N - the company has about N million ordinary shares outstanding - on the toronto stock exchange hudson 's bay shares closed at c$ N up N cents - hudson 's bay said that co. which currently holds about N N of the ordinary shares will subscribe for all the shares to which it is entitled and for any shares that are n't otherwise taken up - is a holding company owned by toronto 's thomson family - hudson 's bay said it will redeem N million series preferred shares on oct. N at a price of c$ N each - the move was approved at a special shareholders ' meeting yesterday - gary chief financial officer said redemption of the preferred shares originally issued at c$ N each will eliminate dividend payments of c$ N million annually - iverson technology corp. was one of the fastest-growing small companies in america until last year - the va. company computers to keep sensitive military data out of unfriendly hands - from N to N its earnings soared to $ N million on a increase in revenue to $ N million - but in N it ran into a saw a defense department spending freeze - iverson 's earnings plunged N N to $ N million - the troubles continued in this year 's first half when profit plunged N N to $ N - iverson technology is one of many small defense contractors besieged by the slowdown in defense spending - unlike larger contractors with a broad enough base to weather the downturn easily these companies are suffering big drops in business as specialty in the massive military market erode or even disappear - companies that only recently were thriving find themselves scrambling to survive - as their strategies suggest there is more than one way to respond to a disaster though it 's too soon to tell whether the changes will pay off - for many companies the first response is to cut costs - others are trying to find specialty defense work by the slowdown or new created by - more businesses are applying their skills in commercial fields - international inc. which provides professional and technical services to the military is refining its defense niche not retreating from it - after annual earnings over four years to $ N million in N the va. company posted a N N drop in earnings for this year 's first half - in the belief that development of advanced military technology will remain a top defense department priority last year acquired associates a technical and scientific analysis company with contracts under the strategic defense initiative - while the sdi program recently awarded two contracts totaling $ N million 's chairman and founder jack says he bought the company more for its technology than its customer - inc. an md. contractor that earned $ N million on revenue of $ N million in N has gone even further in its military business - as orders for its aircraft and parts three years of steady growth ended with a N N drop in income in this year 's first half - the company hit on a new strategy if the defense department is so intent on saving money why not make money off that trend - among the company 's current efforts old parts at N N of the cost of replacing them - also is selling new parts if needed directly to the military instead of through a prime contractor - at as little as one-third of the government 's cost the company is running a program to train army helicopter pilots - it is also taking over the maintenance of certain navy aircraft with N N fewer people than the military used - in another approach tiny iverson technology is trying to resume its growth by the new world of commercial products - donald iverson chairman says he hopes the company can eventually get up to half of its revenue from commercial markets - for now he says we 're looking at buying some small companies with niche markets in the personal-computer business - earlier this month mr. iverson agreed to buy exclusive rights to a software system developed by systems inc. salt lake city - the product an array of functions performed at small to printing companies - mr. iverson says there are N potential customers for the software in the washington d.c. area alone - inc. falls church va. also has acquired some companies outside the military market - moreover it 's trying to transfer its at designing military equipment to commercial ventures - a partnership with a va. unit of shell oil co. recently a process for producing plastic food containers that wo n't in microwave - we 're trying to take the and talent of our engineers and come up with new processes for industry says vincent 's chief executive - it is an effort to branch out from the government which is very difficult for a defense contractor - mr. should know - instead of helping his company in the defense spending slowdown dynamic engineering inc. a troubled subsidiary that makes wind for the space industry contributed to much of 's $ N million loss on $ N million in revenue last year - in january mr. sold the unit - it was our first acquisition he says and it was a mistake - some companies are cutting costs and hoping for the best - corp. a santa calif. provider of and services to the military enjoyed steady growth until this year - following a of earnings to $ N million on a doubling of revenue to $ N million over four years earnings in the company 's fiscal first quarter which ended june N plunged N N to $ N - a one-time write-off for revenue was partly to blame but so were lower profits from a contract with the army and delays in getting paid - responded by combining three of its five divisions to reduce expenses and bring more focus to potentially fewer bidding opportunities says lin chairman and controlling shareholder - it 's evident we 're entering a more competitive era he says - corp. a sherman calif. defense contractor that earned $ N million on revenue of $ N million in N provides a more dramatic example of cost-cutting - the company not only merged three manufacturing operations but also closed an unrelated plant that makes devices used in fighter planes and missiles - the closing contributed to a $ N million loss in the fiscal first quarter ended july N its first quarterly loss since N - our business has been hurt very badly by the slowdown says 's chairman - i would n't say we 're out of the business - but we 're not making as many devices as we used to - the growing crowd of japanese investors buying up foreign companies are n't all businessmen in dark suits - morishita whose art gallery last month became a major shareholder in christies international plc the london auction house is one man who does n't fit the - in japan he 's known in weekly magazines as the king of money - if nothing else the 's past has its share of - nearly N years ago mr. morishita founder and chairman of aichi corp. a finance company received a suspended sentence from a tokyo court for violating a law and an income tax law - he was convicted of charging interest rates much higher than what the law permitted and attempting to income taxes by using a double accounting system - he 's had other with the law - he was arrested though not indicted on at least three other occasions in the and for assault and unlawful for fraud and of private documents and for - christies says it has had no contact with mr. morishita since the stock purchase but that it 's happy to deal with him - we like to make our own judgments about mr. morishita says christopher christies ' group managing director - people have a different reputation country by country - mr. morishita is a leading figure among japan 's N which lend to small companies and which lend to individuals - many of these financiers lend freely often without demanding collateral - but the interest rates they charge are often near japan 's N N legal limit says a lawyer specializing in loan troubles - aichi is a mr. says and one of the nasty ones - in describing that business in general he says that when the client ca n't repay the loan some on like and even take over the client 's company - last month mr. morishita 's new gallery international ltd. purchased N N of christies for # N million $ N million - acquired from holdings u.k. ltd. a company owned by australian financier robert holmes a court the stake was apparently the first of its kind for an entity separate from aichi - and the acquisition which made one of christies ' top five shareholders left many people wondering who this man was and what his intentions were - we 're an investor mr. morishita says sitting back in his gallery filled with some N and - in the long run the stock prices will go up - it 's not clear whether plans to buy more shares - but christies mr. morishita insists is happy to see him become a long-term - mr. morishita considers himself a of art - in N years of collecting and japanese paintings he has acquired N items he says enough to persuade him to start a museum next year - he says he spent $ N million on his art business this year - a week ago his gallery racked up a $ N million at a sotheby 's auction in new york buying seven works including a - he makes judgments says the art gallery 's manager and mr. morishita 's secretary for more than seven years - mr. morishita 's main business certainly appears to be thriving although he wo n't disclose numbers - according to data bank ltd. which tracks company earnings aichi 's revenue rose N N to N billion yen $ N million in the year ended february - revenue doubled from two years ago - that is if the company reported results - the a japanese daily last month reported that aichi revised its tax calculations after being challenged for allegedly failing to report all of its income to tax authorities over a two-year period - the tokyo regional taxation office declines to comment and mr. the 's secretary says the problem simply resulted from a difference of opinion over what was considered income - the small mr. morishita comes across as an outspoken man of the world - stretching his arms in his white and his black shoes he a about the way to sell american real estate and boasts about his friendship with margaret thatcher 's son - but when asked what exactly he does in business he immediately takes - are you stupid he - you should know what questions to ask to get people to answer - not many people know the details of mr. morishita 's business but it 's a source of rumors about dealings - when a small company goes for instance the weekly magazines are often quick to link the demise with aichi - mr. morishita at those stories as well as the ones connecting him to the japanese - he says he has never even with - the seventh child of a store owner in aichi mr. morishita started out in the textile business - from there he set up his finance company and rapidly expanded from lending to investment in real estate to building golf courses - he spends most flying his helicopter to one of his nine courses he says two of which were designed by jack - he also owns courses in the u.s. and france - the financier recently started in circles - although he says he was n't keen on going last year he attended a new york where his daughter made her debut - he also leads an life style - even in one of tokyo 's neighborhoods mr. morishita 's brick one of some N houses he owns the neighbors ' - a white with a window towers over the brick wall surrounding his property - although mr. morishita says little about his business he offers one rule to success never gamble too far - i quit after one try whether i win or lose he says - i 'm done in two minutes - mr. morishita says he intends to expand his business to many other areas at home and abroad - he 'll be there wherever there 's money to be made mr. the secretary - who knows he says if he heard that soybeans make money today he might be flying out to chicago tomorrow - who 's news - arthur price resigned as president and chief executive officer of mtm enterprises inc. a calif. entertainment concern - he the company with grant and mary tyler moore in N - mtm is a unit of tvs entertainment plc whose chief executive officer james gatward will oversee the company until a successor is named - as expected first interstate bancorp reported a net loss of $ N million for its third quarter because of hemorrhaging at its first interstate bank of arizona unit - the los angeles-based bank holding company disclosed last friday that it had taken a huge $ N million provision for loan losses at the arizona bank the result of the state 's worsening real-estate market - in yesterday 's report first interstate said its bank in texas also reported a loss of $ N million for the quarter - but it said that its consumer banks in oregon california nevada and washington performed well during the quarter and that nonperforming assets at these banks declined by N N over the year-ago period - private-sector union contracts signed in the third quarter granted slightly lower wage increases than those signed in the second quarter but wage increases still are running above last year 's levels - the labor department said wage settlements in the third quarter called for average annual wage increases of N N in the first year and N N over the life of the contracts - the last time parties to these settlements negotiated wage increases mostly in N or N wages increased an average of N N a year over the life of the contracts - if this pattern continues the labor department said N will be the first year that the measure has shown an increase since N when the department started contracts with those that replaced them - this reflects the restoration of wage cuts in the steel and other industries as well as higher wages granted nurses who work in health-care facilities - settlements reached in the first nine months of N called for wage increases averaging N N in the first contract year and N N annually over the life of the contracts the department said - for all of N union contracts provided for N N wage increases in the first year and N N over the life of the contracts - in the second quarter contracts called for increases of N N in the first year and N N over the life of the contracts - the figures exclude payments and cost-of-living adjustments so the actual wage increases may have been bigger - about N N of the workers covered by contracts signed in the first nine months of year get payments about N N are covered by cost-of-living - unions covered by one or other provisions generally settled for lower percentage wage increases - the labor department said wage increases in manufacturing industries continue to be smaller than those in other industries - for all six million workers under major collective bargaining agreements regardless of when they were signed wage increases in the first nine months of N averaged N N including cost-of-living adjustments - an enormous has succeeded where the government has failed he has made speaking filipino respectable - the N is a character who stars in the children 's television show batibot - he speaks only in filipino - batibot which started in N as a hybrid of the u.s. program street has developed into a philippine effort - radio programs and books have followed the daily television show - in the process batibot an filipino word meaning strong or has become a powerful advocate of the use of the filipino language - it on ordinary young that there 's nothing to feel about in using their own language says david a sociologist and host of a popular television talk show - when we started the program six years ago the use of filipino was deemed by the middle class says brown the program 's - now she says it 's no longer an issue - the success of batibot stands in marked contrast to many academic and government attempts to promote filipino as a national language - filipino once known as is the language spoken in a part of the country 's principal island of luzon - resistance to a national language comes primarily from members of the country 's elite who generally prefer english - but while are quick to cite the logic in using a language as widespread as english they are often slow to reveal that they are against filipino say advocates of the native language - for the middle and class filipino is says a professor at city 's university of the philippines - there 's also - other opponents of filipino come from regions - they argue that their own should have equal weight although recent surveys indicate that the majority of the country 's population understands filipino more than any other language - there are seven major and more than N in the country - what to speak is an emotional mine field in the philippines - it is entrenched in the country 's colonial bonds to the u.s. in philippine class structure in the regional of its people and in its island geography - as they did when the philippines was a colony of the u.s. teachers for the most part teach in english even though it is a foreign language for most philippine children - as a result they often speak one language at home another at school - mrs. brown calls the cultural to filipino a language - the issue has been for years - it does n't take much to an intense debate - when president aquino whose command of filipino is announced last year that the language would be used in official communications there was an from many legislators who continue to conduct debates mostly in english - but many proponents of filipino see resistance to the language finally crumbling - they believe the media including batibot have played a crucial role - according to chief batibot does n't set out to advance the cause of filipino - it 's not as if we 're teaching language per he says we 're just using it - these days batibot is produced in a converted on a budget of $ N a one-hour segment - it is shown on two of the country 's five networks - with an audience totaling more than N batibot consistently ranks in the country 's programs - but advertising revenue is inadequate - there are threats that the program will - batibot lacks the polish of street - sound stages echo - acting sometimes falls flat - there are only two large in the program and a named - but the production is the equal of any local program - and the show 's creativity makes up for any technological deficiencies - the program is n't afraid to tackle controversial topics such as nuclear weapons and the environment - not that the language war is won even on batibot - during one recent episode all the advertisements were in english - cms energy corp. said management would recommend to its board today that its common stock dividend be at a modest level later this year - the dearborn mich. energy company stopped paying a dividend in the third quarter of N because of troubles at its midland nuclear plant - in addition cms reported third-quarter net of $ N million or N cents a share up from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - inc. atlanta said its subsidiary home nutritional services inc. registered with the securities and exchange commission an initial public offering of four million shares of common - the health care services provider said it will sell N million of the new shares while home nutritional services will sell the remaining N million - the company estimates the offering price at between $ N and $ N a share - the company said it expects to use the proceeds to repay certain bank debt and for general corporate purposes including establishing new operating centers and possible acquisitions - home nutritional currently has N million shares outstanding - it will have N million shares outstanding after the offering with owning about N N of the total - black & decker corp. said it agreed to sell its chemical unit to orkem s.a. a french chemical company for $ N million - is the first emhart corp. unit to be sold as part of the manufacturer 's effort to reduce debt and consolidate operations after it acquired emhart earlier this year - black & decker said it plans to put other emhart units on the block in the future with the goal of raising $ N billion in net proceeds - black & decker emhart from the takeover bid of limited partnership last march by agreeing to acquire the maker of door and tools for about $ N billion - the move significantly expanded black & decker 's product line but also significantly increased its debt load - the acquisition boosted black & decker 's ratio of debt to total capital to more than N N - company officials have said they plan to reduce that ratio to less than N N over the next N N years - earlier this year black & decker put three emhart businesses on the auction block the information and electronics segment the electrical assembly business and - the three units had combined N sales of about $ N million - the three units contributed about a third of emhart 's total sales - in addition black & decker had said it would sell two other undisclosed emhart operations if it received the right price - is one of the previously units and the first of the five to be sold - the company is still negotiating the sales of the other four units and expects to announce agreements by the end of the year - the five units generated sales of about $ N billion in N almost half of emhart 's $ N billion revenue - posted N sales of $ N million - our divestiture program is on schedule and we remain confident that we will achieve our stated goal of over $ N billion in net proceeds said d. black & decker 's president and chief executive officer in a statement - the sales are an attempt to investor concern about black & decker 's increased debt burden from the emhart purchase - the company 's stock plunged when it first announced that it planned to acquire emhart - the company maintains that it does n't expect emhart to contribute to earnings for about another N months - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange black & decker closed at $ N yesterday down N cents - the company did n't announce the sale until after the close of the market - dick darman call your office - in the budget being by the house-senate conference committee is something that looks and like a duck - it 's a tax on mergers - congress has decided to raise $ N million by charging companies $ N for the honor of filing the required papers under the hart-scott-rodino law - ever since the bad days of big is bad antitrust enforcement this law has required that anyone proposing a merger must make a filing describing the effects on all relevant markets - the filing is then reviewed and any antitrust concerns usually met - typically is used now to give managers of target firms early news of a bid and a chance to use regulatory review as a delaying - the $ N tax would be a small cost in a multibillion-dollar deal but a serious drag on thousands of small friendly deals - one especially dangerous aspect to the new tax would be that the proceeds will be used to increase the budgets of the antitrust division at justice and the federal trade commission - this amounts to a for regulators the more the more they get to keep - also as former reagan antitrust chief charles rule has noted this would establish the precedent that the government may charge parties for the privilege of being sued regardless of whether the government - yet another opportunity for president bush to respond read my - line-item veto - michael N years old was named vice chairman for planning marketing and industry services a new post - mr. had been a vice chairman of ernst & an accounting firm that merged with rival arthur young in july to form ernst & young a major accounting tax and management consulting firm - mr. 's appointment a role he has been performing since the merger a spokeswoman said - cie. de navigation mixte chairman marc fournier said his board unanimously rejected as too low the $ N billion bid by cie. financiere de paribas to bring its stake in navigation mixte to N N - at a news conference mr. fournier accused paribas of planning to pay for the takeover by selling parts of the company whose interests include insurance banking sugar and orange - the chairman said his board members including representatives of west german insurance giant allianz ag and french banks credit lyonnais and societe generale hold nearly N N of navigation mixte 's capital - mr. fournier said that as navigation mixte chairman he is prohibited by takeover regulations from organizing his own defense or doing anything besides managing current company business - but sources said he will be urging his allies to boost their stakes in navigation mixte which is being traded in london and is to resume trading in paris tuesday - at the same time he is expected to seek legal and regulatory means of blocking or delaying paribas 's bid - for the moment the sources said he has decided against seeking a white knight or organizing a for paribas - mr. fournier said navigation mixte 's N unconsolidated or profit is likely to be N billion francs $ N million up from N million francs last year - that is due mostly to payments from allianz for most of the N N stake it has agreed to acquire in navigation mixte 's insurance business - mr. fournier said the gain would mean nearly twice as high a dividend this year as last - if holders avoid to paribas he added they can expect strong dividends again next year - analysts noted that over the past N years mr. fournier has built his company through stock-market activity and has off at least three takeover attempts - this time however some analysts think he could face a real battle - without some unexpected coup de theatre i do n't see what will block the paribas bid said de analyst at the brokerage & cie - mr. de said mr. fournier 's biggest hope was to somehow persuade regulatory authorities to block the bid - paribas still needs the from the commission des operations de a government regulatory agency but analysts said that is considered likely - mr. fournier also noted that navigation mixte joined paribas 's core of shareholders when paribas was in N and said it now holds just under N N of paribas 's shares - once he realized that paribas 's intentions were n't friendly he said but before the bid was launched he sought approval to boost his paribas stake above N N - the petition is still pending but mr. fournier the likelihood of his organizing a takeover bid of his own for the paribas - one big question now is the likely role of mr. fournier 's allies - mr. fournier said the large institutions that hold nearly N N of navigation mixte 's capital all strongly support him but some analysts said they are n't so sure - allianz for example has said in official comments so far that it will remain neutral - paribas is allianz 's lead french bank - paribas said monday that it intends to bid to boost its stake in navigation mixte to N N from the N N it already owns - the purchase of the additional N N stake is expected to cost more than N billion francs $ N billion - paribas says it will offer N francs $ N each for navigation mixte shares that enjoy full dividend rights and N francs each for a block of shares issued july N which will receive only partial dividends this year - alternatively it is to offer three paribas shares for one navigation mixte share - the paribas offer values navigation mixte at about N billion francs depending on how many of navigation mixte 's warrants are converted into shares during the takeover battle - blockbuster entertainment corp. said it raised $ N million from an offering of liquid yield option notes - the gross proceeds from the sale of the notes which will be due on nov. N N will be used to reduce existing debt and for general corporate purposes the company said - the debt reduction is expected to save the fort fla. home video concern about $ N million a year in interest expense - the zero-coupon subordinated notes have no periodic interest payments - each note is being offered at $ N per $ N principal amount at maturity representing an N N yield to maturity - in addition each note can be converted into blockbuster entertainment common stock at a rate of N shares per note - merrill lynch capital markets inc. is the sole underwriter for the offering - the notes will have a principal amount of $ N million at maturity - blockbuster shares closed yesterday at $ N down $ N in new york stock exchange trading - the N tax reform act has nearly eliminated the number of large profitable corporations that do n't pay federal income tax according to citizens for tax justice a nonprofit research and lobbying group - in a study of N of the nation 's companies the group found that only seven managed to avoid paying federal income taxes last year compared with N in N the last year the old tax rules were in effect and N in N when some of the new tax provisions went into effect - moreover N companies that paid no federal income tax from N through N despite billions of dollars of profits ended up paying an average of N N of their income in federal taxes in N - the report released yesterday comes as congress is considering a number of special tax breaks only three years after the sweeping legislation abolished or curtailed many - in the corporate the N law abolished the credit scaled back use of an accounting method that allowed large contractors to defer taxes until a project was completed and strengthened the so-called alternative minimum tax a levy to ensure all businesses pay some federal tax - the combination of lower rates and fewer has meant that the so-called average effective tax rate the rate actually paid of the N corporations surveyed reached N N in N compared with N N in the years from N through N according to the study - in addition corporations are now a bigger share of the tax burden as the authors of the N law hoped - corporate taxes paid for almost N N of federal spending in N excluding social security compared with less than N N in the first half of the 1980s the study found - tax reform is working the study said - under the new law the days of widespread wholesale corporate tax have come to an end - still co. pinnacle west capital corp. corp. illinois power co. media general inc. santa fe southern pacific corp. and gulf states utilities co. did n't pay any federal income tax last year although they a total of $ N billion in profits the group said - in fact six of those companies received refunds which totaled $ N million - the lobbying group used publicly available information to calculate each company 's domestic profits and its federal income tax payments - this is the fifth year citizens for tax justice has released a study on corporate tax bills - earlier reports which revealed that as many as N companies were avoiding income tax legally have been credited with helping efforts to overhaul the tax code - but even though companies are paying more taxes many are still paying less than the statutory rate the report said - and N companies paid effective tax rates of below N N of their income - while the overall picture is very encouraging significant corporate tax continues the study said - glenn hall contributed to this article - f. N years old was named chief executive officer - he retains his titles of president and chief operating officer and succeeds as chief executive howard o. jr. who remains chairman of the board - makes electronic instrumentation and data acquisition systems - in search of buyers for upscale department-store chains such as bloomingdale 's and saks fifth avenue investment bankers are turning to who else the japanese - but so far japan 's retailers are proving to be cautious shoppers - we have the money to buy - but operating a u.s. department-store chain would be very difficult says managing director of the international division at ltd. one of japan 's leading department stores - japanese retail executives say the main reason they are reluctant to jump into the fray in the u.s. is that unlike manufacturing retailing is extremely sensitive to local and life styles - the japanese have watched the europeans and in the u.s. market and they that business practices that have won them huge profits at home wo n't translate into success in the u.s. - japanese department stores are also wary of attracting negative publicity - after sony corp. 's recent acquisition of columbia pictures many say it makes good political sense to lie low - it 's a question of timing says managing director of international operations at co. a tokyo department store - still for those with a long-term eye on the vast u.s. retail market this is a time to look for bargains - britain 's b.a.t industries plc is trying to its u.s. retailing operations which include such well-known stores as saks fifth avenue marshall field 's and 's - and campeau corp. of toronto is giving up the bloomingdale 's group - every department store in japan is taking a look says mike allen a retail analyst at 's de zoete wedd securities japan ltd - mr. allen however does n't think that japan is about to on a major buying binge - nonetheless speculation up yesterday when tokyu department store co. confirmed a report in japan 's leading business daily that tokyu is talking with campeau about buying bloomingdale 's - tokyu however said no agreement had been reached - nor is tokyu the only japanese retailer interested in bloomingdale 's which bankers in tokyo estimate could cost between $ N billion and $ N billion - seven japanese department-store groups were approached by investment bankers representing bloomingdale 's chairman marvin traub and more than half are seeking additional information on the group bankers say - what mr. traub is hoping to put together investment bankers say is a management-led group to buy the new york department-store group that he heads from campeau 's federated department stores subsidiary - federated ran into a cash crunch after it was acquired last year by campeau which relied heavily on debt to finance the transaction - paying off that debt put such a squeeze on campeau and its stores that federated decided to sell off the of its retailing empire including bloomingdale 's - hoping to avoid another takeover mr. traub retained blackstone group and drexel burnham lambert inc. to help him find partners for a management-led buy-out - investment bankers say he wants to get backing from a japanese department store and a european department store to forge a global retailing network - when you look at the economics traub needs a japanese and a european partner to make it work says one investment banker who follows the retail industry - looking only at a narrow american strategy is n't where it 's at - japanese retailers to get involved in the of the u.s. retailing industry is n't likely to be so easy analysts say - up until now most stores have followed the same basic overseas strategy - first they set up overseas merchandising offices to import items and track new fashion trends - then they opened small gift shops mostly aimed at japanese tourists - reluctant to advance further on their own some stores have settled for with famous specialty shops - last march invested N billion yen $ N million in a venture with barney 's inc. an new york specialty - the first barney 's shop is scheduled to open in japan next year - and recently increased its equity stake in & co. to N N - through the longstanding relationship between the two companies has opened N shops in its stores and in japan - plans are under way to open a 's in hawaii to cater to japanese tourists it will be run mostly by - some industry observers say that 's image makes it a possible match for saks fifth avenue - company officials say they are studying various proposals but wo n't discuss details - co. japan 's oldest department store is another name that keeps up as a potential fit with saks - a general manager admits that his company 's image is similar to saks 's and that there is some interest in the idea - but he stops there - we 'd like to do business in america he says - but it looks tough - marcus w. contributed to this article - compiled by william - the vatican was in the red last year - it said the regular N deficit amounted to $ N million based on revenue of $ N million and expenses of $ N million - but it said extraordinary expenditures for its radio station and restoration of buildings increased the deficit to $ N million - a statement from the council of said had responded to an appeal last year to give more money after N 's record $ N million deficit - the statement said a N N jump in the peter 's pence collection the annual offering from to the pope helped cover the deficit - council member gerald carter of toronto told vatican radio now that we say we covered our deficit this year people are going to relax and say well that 's fine the see is out of the hole - but we 're going to be in the exact same situation next year - former president richard nixon is to visit china at the invitation of the government beginning saturday the foreign ministry announced - according to mr. nixon 's office this is solely a trip - there will be no no shopping and no social events - mr. nixon 's office said the former president expects to have discussions with the major chinese leaders and will give his assessment of those leaders to president bush upon his return - a poll conducted in N of N nato countries shows that the dutch appear to be the strongest supporters of the alliance - the poll conducted for the dutch daily de by international said N N of dutch people supported nato - canada was the second most country with N N supporting the alliance followed by the u.s. with N N britain with N N belgium with N N and west germany with N N - all other countries registered support below N N - the israeli manufacturers ' association filed a police complaint against an arab pasta maker for using the four colors of the outlawed palestinian flag on packages - we asked police to investigate why they are allowed to distribute the flag in this way - it should be considered against the law said danny a spokesman for the association - the is made by the al co. in bethlehem and is marketed in a package with green black red and white - british postal authorities say they have uncovered a large-scale scheme where unscrupulous dealers removed the and sold them to u.s. collectors or in large lots to british businesses - the scheme allegedly cost the post office # N million $ N in revenue in the past N months - dealers bought the used from charities including the guide dogs for the blind association - the charities regularly sell used which they collect from children and other to raise funds - president of japan 's electric industrial co. presented the u.s. general in osaka with a $ N million check to help san francisco 's earthquake victims - the company 's u.s. subsidiary electric corp. of america had donated over $ N worth of and to residents shortly after the disaster a company spokesman said - several other japanese companies and regional governments have sent aid to san francisco - bank donated $ N tokyo $ N and the city of osaka $ N - chinese officials are trying to use the canton trade fair to lure back overseas traders after the bloody crackdown on dissent - but attendance is down from previous years - what 's more a hong kong textile trader says some chinese exporters from enterprises are the crackdown by dragging their feet on soliciting new business - they are angry about the government so they hold back the goods he said - this autumn 's edition of the fair will run through oct. N - inside the glass exhibition complex products ranging from clothing to machine guns are on display - fair officials say that N guests visited during the first five days a N N drop from the spring exhibition - but china 's official news agency reported that the number of foreign businessmen was greater than the previous fair without providing statistics - in another sign of glasnost alexander 's of soviet repression the is now recommended reading in one moscow history class - british customs officers said they 'd arrested eight men N rare into britain including one man who strapped a pair of under his - a customs official said the followed a day at university in the netherlands an event used by some collectors as an opportunity to obtain rare - di giorgio corp. said it 's continuing talks with potential buyers of certain units but has reached no agreement on any deals - di giorgio a food and building products maker is seeking alternatives to an unsolicited $ tender offer of dig acquisition corp. a unit of rose partners limited partnership - dig is the vehicle being used to pursue to acquisition - robert di giorgio 's executive vice president said the company stands to reap more money through the sale of individual units to others than by accepting dig 's offer - some earnings reports the stock market but bond prices fell only slightly and the dollar rose a little against most major currencies - the dow jones industrial average tumbled N points to N in active trading - long-term treasury bonds ended slightly higher - the dollar rose modestly against the mark and the yen but soared against the pound following the resignation of britain 's chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson - analysts have complained that third-quarter corporate earnings have n't been very good but the effect hit home particularly hard yesterday - compaq computer $ N a share to $ N and pulled other technology issues lower after reporting lower-than-expected earnings after the stock market closed wednesday - later yesterday the nation 's major auto makers added to the when they each reported their core auto operations were net losers in the third quarter - the third-quarter results came amid renewed concern about the volatility of stock prices and the role of program trading - taken together the worries prompted a broad sell-off of stocks - the number of stocks on the new york stock exchange that fell in price yesterday exceeded N a key measure of underlying sentiment among technical analysts - although the government said the economy grew an estimated N N in the third quarter in line with expectations analysts are increasingly predicting much more sluggish growth and therefore more corporate earnings disappointments for the fourth quarter - there are a lot more downward revisions of earnings forecasts than upward revisions said joseph cohen a market strategist at drexel burnham lambert - people are questioning corporate profits as a of support for the equity market - the bond market was by the economic statistics - while bond investors would have preferred growth to be a little slower they were cheered by inflation measures in the data that showed prices rising at a modest annual rate of N N - that is another small encouragement for the federal reserve to lower interest rates in coming weeks they - in major market activity - stock prices fell sharply in active trading - volume on the new york stock exchange totaled N million shares - declining issues on the big board gainers N to N - bond prices were barely higher - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year rose fractionally - yield on the issue was N N - the dollar rose modestly against most major currencies - in late new york trading the dollar was at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen wednesday - the dollar soared against the pound which was at $ N compared with $ N wednesday - the house joined the senate in making federal for held in world war ii camps a legal requiring the treasury department to meet payments of an estimated $ N billion during the next several years - the N roll call came as the chamber approved a compromise bill $ N billion to the departments of state justice and commerce in fiscal N and imposing increased fees on business interests making filings with the government - an estimated $ N million would come annually from a new $ N charge on to the justice department and securities and exchange commission filing fees would rise by N N to fund a $ N million increase in the agency 's budget - yesterday 's vote on final enactment of the provision which earlier efforts to find offsetting cuts but is seen as a more realistic path to compensation first authorized in N - the only way to reduce the costs is to say we do n't want to pay the bill said rep. neal smith d. iowa who president bush 's party to back up his campaign promise of supporting the claims of $ N per individual - read my said mr. smith - if you 're for paying the claims i do n't know how anyone can oppose this - no payments would be made this year but beginning in fiscal N the bill the government to annual payments of as much as $ N million until the total liability of $ N billion is met - the issue has assumed some of the character of past debates and old regional divisions in the democratic majority - as much as republicans led the opposition among the N democrats voting against treating the payments as an N came from the N states in the old south and its borders - the odd mix of departments in the underlying bill makes it one of the more of the annual appropriations measures and it is a rod for a running battle over the fate of the legal services corp - the measure provides $ N million to maintain services but would sharply curb the power of the current board until are agreed to by the bush administration - the conservative of the incumbent named by former president reagan has divided republicans - and on roll calls N and N the appropriations committee leadership turned back efforts to weaken or strip the proposed restrictions first added by sen. warren r. n.h. - the estimated $ N million from the new notification fee would be divided between the justice department 's antitrust division and the federal trade commission which both face serious cuts if the income is n't realized - the federal bureau of investigation is slated to receive $ N million by charging for services in civil cases and the judiciary will rely on another $ N million from bankruptcy charges including a N N increase in the current filing fee - the $ N billion total for the bill does n't include an estimated $ N billion in supplemental anti-drug funds approved by the house-senate conference yesterday and the rush of money is already among states competing for assistance - the house agreed to defer for a year a scheduled N N increase in the required state matching funds for law-enforcement grants but by a N margin the chamber stripped a senate initiative to raise the minimum grant for smaller states such as new hampshire and delaware to $ N million from $ N - few are more powerful in the competition for funds than the appropriations committees themselves including the three authors of the deficit-reduction law - when a house-senate conference on yesterday 's bill $ N million in funds for a fort worth texas economic development project backed by former speaker james wright sen. phil r. texas insisted last week that the money be - the measure includes $ N million secured by mr. for a project at the university of new hampshire and sen. ernest d. s.c used his power to add $ N million for an advanced technology initiative in the commerce department - this was in addition to a more $ N million authorization for a health center in south carolina upheld by a N vote in the house last night - the big three u.s. auto makers posted losses in their core north american automotive businesses for the third quarter and expectations of continued slow vehicle sales and price wars are casting a pall over the fourth period - the strongest sign of the big three 's woes came from ford motor co. which said it had a loss in its u.s. automotive business for the first time since N - ford predicted fourth-quarter net income will fall below the year-earlier level partly because of a likely $ N million charge from the sale of its steel operations - the bleak automotive results were offset by strong earnings from some operations - still the combined profit of ford chrysler corp. and general motors corp. fell N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier excluding a one-time gain of $ N million at chrysler from the sale of mitsubishi motors corp. stock - the last time all three companies reported north american automotive losses was in the recession year of N - yesterday 's announcements helped spark a midday wave of program selling in the stock market - gm 's common closed at $ N a share down N cents ford fell N cents to end at $ N and chrysler eased N cents to $ N all in new york stock exchange composite trading - the market 's reflects the gloomy outlook in detroit - as japanese auto makers gained market share the big three with gm in the lead slashed north american production and launched a retail discounting - the price war peaked in the third quarter as big three factory discounts climbed to more than $ N a vehicle according to industry officials - gm probably had the heaviest incentives said robert s. miller chrysler 's chief financial officer - we all did what we had to do to stay within sight of them - but the costly efforts did little to slow japanese market gains and domestic car sales have plunged N N since the big three ended many of their programs sept. N - gm ford and chrysler have already cut fourth-quarter u.s. output plans an estimated N N from N levels - if sales do n't pick up the cuts will go deeper and incentives will again - ford which has long of its ability to weather a downturn saw earnings take a beating - the no. N auto maker blamed incentive costs and reduced production both the result of a substantially weaker u.s. market for a N N drop in net to $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - nearly all the decline came in ford 's u.s. automotive operations - the dearborn mich. auto maker ran a loss of $ N million on and marketing cars in the u.s. a deterioration of $ N million in that line from the N quarter - ford managed to show a profit for the quarter primarily because of earnings from overseas auto operations and financial services - a year earlier ford reported record net of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - in the latest nine months ford earned $ N billion or $ N a share compared with $ N billion or $ N a share - the u.s. automotive loss was a sharp reversal for a company that had off N consecutive quarters of improved earnings until the N second quarter - but david n. vice president finance insisted that cost-cutting and tight production capacity will make results better in this downturn than in prior when ford had net losses - still mr. said ford expects the u.s. economy to weaken through the end of N causing weaker sales and production - as a result fourth-quarter profit will come in below N results although the drop wo n't be as sharp as the N N third-quarter decline he said - part of the drop will come from an anticipated charge of as much as $ N million from the proposed sale of its rouge steel unit - in the N fourth quarter ford had net of $ N billion or $ N a share - chrysler 's operating profit fell to a $ N million or N cents a share its lowest quarterly total in seven years - its $ N million or $ N a share gain from the sale of N million mitsubishi shares made net $ N million or $ N a share - sales were flat at $ N billion - the results include record quarterly earnings of $ N million from chrysler financial corp - a year earlier chrysler 's net was $ N million or N cents a share - mr. miller said costs of incentives caused a moderate loss in the highland park mich. company 's north american car and truck business - he said the loss was n't that much different from ford 's $ N million loss on u.s. automotive operations but he declined to be specific - mr. miller said chrysler spent an average of $ N a vehicle on its incentive programs in the third quarter compared with about $ N a vehicle a year earlier a mark at the time - he said chrysler is no longer sure of its forecast for industry car and truck sales of N million in the N model year - consumers he said are at higher prices on N cars especially after seeing the prices on N models - in the nine months net was $ N billion or $ N a share including the gain from the mitsubishi stock sale compared with $ N million or $ N a share after a charge of $ N million or N cents a share for plant closings in the N period - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - heavy losses in north american auto operations sent gm 's net tumbling to $ N million from a record $ N million - gm does n't issue separate quarterly earnings for the north american automotive business - but analysts estimated that gm had a loss of as much as $ N million on domestic vehicle operations - an N N drop in north american factory sales of cars and trucks cut into revenue and rebates to dealers and customers more than offset gains from price increases on N model vehicles delivered during the period a gm spokesman said - but gm 's results also illustrate the increasing diversity of its operations - in one breakdown gm attributed half of its net to its two big technology units electronic data systems corp. and gm hughes electronics corp - meanwhile gm said overseas auto operations are on track to exceed last year 's record full-year net of $ N billion - the diversified operations helped gm build its cash reserves exclusive of its financial subsidiary to $ N billion as of sept. N a N N increase from a year earlier - this cushion could come in handy if gm has to trim fourth-quarter north american production schedules more than the already scheduled N N - under the circumstances it wo n't be easy for gm to exceed its record N fourth-quarter net of $ N billion the spokesman acknowledged - that means it 's unlikely the company will last year 's $ N billion full-year profit even though net for the first nine months was up N N to $ N billion on revenue of $ N billion - it earned $ N billion on revenue of $ N billion in the N nine months - there are two versions of measure for measure on stage at the alley theater here - one is a strong vigorous portrayal of shakespeare 's play the other is director gregory boyd 's of rock on old vienna - measure for measure is one of shakespeare 's problem plays so named because it does not fit neatly into a category such as tragedy comedy or history - its and uneasy of the serious and the comic is no doubt one reason why it is very much in with directors just now - last season hartford stage director mark mounted a production at lincoln center and currently two other productions one just closed at the old globe in san diego and another now at the seattle rep with mr. boyd 's - in the play the duke of vienna over the of his subjects and turns over the rule of the city to the angelo hoping he can set things right - when angelo that the young man has made his pregnant before he could her angelo to death - when however 's sister a in a goes to angelo to plead her brother 's case the immediately falls in love with her and in a supreme act of demands that yield up her virtue to him in exchange for her brother 's life - meanwhile the duke who set the original scheme in motion appears on the scene as a and becomes involved in a series of that has everyone the worst possible outcome until the duke a last minute for all concerned - for the alley production scene designer peter david gould has arranged a stark but extremely effective set featuring a platform of boards that into the audience - when the action requires a prison cell consisting of an wire rolls forward on iron wheels on the platform - in the play 's major scenes mr. boyd demonstrates that he has a firm grasp of the dynamic - when her brother in his cell explaining the price she has been asked to secure his freedom when and the duke philip to angelo and when jefferies a woman by angelo him with his past the performers bring the dramatic high points to life with intense energy and intelligence - at such moments mr. boyd makes it clear that he has the capacity to be a superior of shakespeare - when however he decides to be modern or more accurately when he decides to be trendy the results are far less satisfactory - mr. boyd is of the school that believes one must find modern parallels or to make shakespeare accessible to today 's audiences - it 's a valid approach but it puts a heavy burden on the director to show an uncommon degree of and taste - in his measure mr. boyd has the and of vienna whom angelo is supposed to bring under control by converting them into and heavy metal types with a strong emphasis on leather chains and - loud rock music all the scene changes even those in the - when is arrested he is brought on stage except for the on his and - when the jack visits the to inform of her brother 's fate not only the mother superior on her rear but brings along a companion not in shakespeare 's script to - meanwhile the allen dressed in black leather and a prominent in enough gestures and to launch a space probe - the problem here is not in the concept but in its lack of discrimination - the at one point for example of a list of ranging from jim bakker and helmsley to is a bid for a cheap of mr. boyd 's ability - despite the excesses however the for the production has many more than - what 's more it represents an important step for the alley theater - measure for measure is mr. boyd 's first as the theater 's new artistic director - he succeeded pat brown who was fired by the alley board N months ago - her dismissal angered many in the regional theater establishment and led peter head of theatre communications group to write an editorial in american theatre magazine the board - none of this backlash could change the fact that ms. brown 's regime was and - now the alley has moved ahead on both artistic and financial fronts - not only is mr. boyd giving the theater a new sense of and excitement on stage the balance sheet is the best the theater has had in N years - as opposed to the $ N million deficit of the N season the N year concluded with a $ N surplus and a $ N cash reserve - last season 's runaway hit steel helped a lot but so did cost cutting and other measures insisted on by the board - only time will tell if mr. boyd can restore to the alley the it received when its founder was at the of her powers - but it is clear he is going to give it a shot - democratic leaders have bottled up president bush 's capital-gains tax cut in the senate and may be able to prevent a vote on the issue indefinitely - senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine said he intends to use senate procedures to force advocates of the tax cut to come up with at least N votes before they can address the issue - and neither democrats nor republicans are predicting that the capital-gains forces can produce enough votes - the requirement will be there and they do n't have the N votes sen. mitchell said - they do n't have the votes to get it passed - sen. bob packwood r. ore. the leading republican of the tax cut did n't disagree - i 'm not sure what 's going to happen he said - previously he had said he would be able to find the N votes eventually - sen. packwood has offered his package as an amendment to a bill now pending in the senate that would aid to poland and hungary - democrats are holding up a vote on the amendment by threatening a or extended debate - for a vote to stop the republicans must at least N votes - yesterday sen. packwood acknowledged we do n't have the votes for today - the republicans show no sign of - gop leaders continued to press for a vote on the amendment to the eastern europe aid measure - and they threatened to try to any other revenue bill in the senate with the capital-gains provision - this is serious business we 're serious about a capital-gains reduction said kansas sen. robert dole the senate 's republican leader - the strategy is let 's vote - the republicans contend that they can a majority in the senate for a capital-gains tax cut - they accuse the democrats of unfairly using senate rules to a hurdle - democrats counter that the republicans have often used the same rules to suit their own ends - the two sides also traded accusations about the cost of the packwood plan - democrats asserted that the proposal which also would create a new type of individual retirement account was with budget that would lose billions of dollars in the long run - republicans that revenue estimates were - the packwood proposal would reduce the tax depending on how long an asset was held - it also would create a new ira that would shield from taxation the appreciation on investments made for a wide variety of purposes including retirement medical expenses purchases and tuition - a white house spokesman said president bush is generally supportive of the packwood plan - marsh & mclennan cos. said it agreed to acquire the rest of & a leading west german insurance brokerage firm in which it has held a N N stake for N years - the transaction for cash and stock would represent the biggest european takeover since N for new york-based marsh & mclennan the world 's largest insurance broker - it 's also the first major sign of the long-awaited consolidation in the european insurance industry as the european community commission moves toward a single market by N - barriers will start coming down within the insurance industry next summer when big industrial companies will be able to buy insurance from carriers in any other ec country for the first time - that 's why we have been working hard to develop a single more unified presence in europe said smith marsh & mclennan 's president at a london news conference yesterday - analysts speculated that marsh & mclennan would spend between N million marks $ N million and N million marks for the rest of & or roughly N to N times the private firm 's estimated earnings - this is paying a big price to maintain their as the world 's leading insurance broker said philip an analyst at & a u.k. brokerage firm - earlier this year new york life insurance co. agreed to acquire windsor group ltd. a first step toward establishing a presence in the european market ahead of N - but most u.s. insurers have n't rushed to change the way they do business in europe because they believe the european market will still be dominated by a handful of domestic companies - under the proposed combination marsh & mclennan would gain a majority stake in & that would increase over time to the rest of the remaining N N - the three managing general partners would receive a significant number of marsh & mclennan shares said l. a partner who would also join marsh & mclennan 's board - mr. said he sought the combination because all our large clients in germany are becoming european companies or multinational companies and they expect an insurance broker to serve them as well in paris as in germany - beatrice e. garcia in philadelphia contributed to this article - washington - united technologies corp. won an $ N million army contract for helicopter modifications and spare parts - the company will modify one transport helicopter to the prototype for use by military special forces - shipbuilding inc. a division of industries inc. was given a $ N million extension on a contract for shipyard services - furukawa electric co. said it plans to increase production of computer memory devices on a large scale in the u.s. and japan - as part of the move its affiliated u.s. company international components technology corp. purchased a mexican plant formerly to products inc - the price was n't disclosed - together with two existing plants in the u.s. furukawa said it will expand its current local monthly production of memory disks to N million sheets from N - in japan furukawa said it will raise production at a plant outside tokyo to N sheets monthly from N - furukawa said the u.s. market is strengthening as related computer technology gains in and quality - primerica corp. new york raised its quarterly N N to eight cents a share from seven cents payable nov. N to stock of record nov. N - the financial services company which has about N million shares outstanding noted its continued confidence in the ongoing strength of the operations - compaq computer corp. said that its net income rose N N in the third quarter bolstered by unusual gains from its investment in a disk-drive maker and reflecting continued growth in its european operations - the computer maker said net jumped to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales increased N N to $ N million from $ N million - the latest quarter 's results however included a pretax gain of $ N million or N cents a share in the carrying value of the company 's investment in conner peripherals inc. and a $ N million gain or N cents a share from the sale of one million conner shares - net for the nine months was $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - net for the year-earlier nine months also included a gain of $ N million or N cents a share in the carrying value of the conner investment - michael president of compaq 's north america division attributed the company 's third-quarter performance to continued increases in international sales which accounted for N N of the company 's sales a N N increase from a year earlier - over the next couple of years we would not be surprised to see europe and international sales represent N N of the company 's revenues he said - during the third quarter compaq purchased a former wang laboratories manufacturing facility in scotland which will be used for international service and repair operations - mr. said the new space will allow compaq to increase the manufacturing capacity of its plant in scotland - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday compaq shares fell $ N to $ N - wilson h. taylor president and chief executive officer of this insurance and financial services concern was elected to the additional post of chairman - mr. taylor N years old succeeds robert d. N who is retiring as reported earlier - mr. will remain a director - diversified investment group inc. said it agreed to be acquired by star states corp. for stock valued at $ N a share or about $ N million - diversified the holding company for fidelity federal savings & loan association said the agreement also gives star states the option to acquire N of diversified 's N shares outstanding under certain circumstances - the acquisition would give wilmington star states access to the pennsylvania market - the agreement is subject to regulatory approval and resolution of lawsuits brought by certain diversified holders in connection with the proposed merger - chandler insurance co. said it expects to report third-quarter net income jumped N N to $ N million or N cents a share - in the year-earlier quarter the automobile and trucking insurer had earnings of $ N million or N cents a share on a restated basis on revenue of $ N million - in an interview w. chairman and chief executive officer said he expects revenue in the latest quarter to total about $ N million - the figures reflect a N N stock dividend in june N - mr. attributed the earnings increase to growth in the company 's trucking insurance lines and the ability to keep premium rates firm - carbon corp. said it will build a $ N million plant for producing carbon - the maker of chemicals and equipment said it will select the plant site early next year and production is expected to begin in N - call jim wright 's office in downtown fort worth texas these days and the still answers the phone speaker wright 's office - the former congressman who resigned as speaker of the house after an investigation of his financial dealings is in his district office maintained by taxpayers on a $ N allowance - he is negotiating a rich book contract to - one of the hottest tickets on washington 's social calendar this fall was a charity benefit former congressman tony who landed a job on wall street after resigning over a controversial junk-bond investment last summer - michael deaver the former white house aide has become the most recent addition to the ranks of fallen politicians and officials earning their way as lobbyists and consultants here - mr. deaver has reopened a public-relations business - surviving scandal has become a of political passage at a time when a of scandal has this town 's - let the president demand strict new ethics rules with four sitting house members accused of sexual amid the hud scandal and after the wright debacle people are slightly by scandal says political art - it now takes something really weird to public - not all the have enjoyed soft - but many have - these people bounce back more than regular people says washington writer who is working on a history of scandal - given their own for book writing it is surprising that none of the masters of scandal survival have yet published a guide to the art - for there is an emerging protocol indeed an to it - among the rules - nothing happened - as if he were still in his old job mr. wright by resigning with his title instead of being forced from his job by law enjoys a $ N annual office expense allowance three paid staffers up to $ N for and telephones and continued use of the privilege - not to mention a generous federal pension - there is also a busy schedule of speaking at $ N a pop at tony places including the yale political union - he 's as busy as he was as speaker reports mr. wright 's administrative aide larry shannon - - on the edge of fashionable in a office with a river view and a number of corporate clients whom he wo n't name mr. deaver is trying to reclaim his reputation as one of the image makers in town - there are few of his days as white house deputy chief of staff and of ronald and nancy reagan - the former $ N lobbyist now shelters for the homeless and a third of his time counseling other recovering - i feel better than i ever have in my life he says - mr. deaver confessed to his during his trial on perjury charges - he is also a recovering with his family and creating topiary or a fashionable pursuit for which he developed a passion during his three-year legal - one sign of mr. deaver 's renaissance an appearance on abc 's for a show on pack journalism - host ted introduced him as the media master of the reagan administration with a mention of mr. deaver 's conviction in N on perjury charges - finding god - when someone says i 've turned to god everybody off observes frank an old washington hand and former aide to robert kennedy - thus have charles and launched successful careers at the - but it does n't always work so smoothly - after allegations surfaced in a N contest that he had beaten his wife sec enforcement chief john retreated to a in rural virginia - he is now in solo law practice in washington but his fees have been and he failed in efforts to win a chunk of his 's royalties on her book - from time to time he returns to the for and pro bono legal work - mr. is about his - this whole experience has been an opportunity for internal growth he says - he sees a five a week - i 've surrendered to the circumstances mr. says - the word surrender has a precise meaning - my universe has changed - i 'm enjoying my life and who i am today - the aspect of being a is n't as important - do n't - the best thing you can do is get off the screen says mr. - nobody proved that more than mr. the former democratic majority whip - declaring that there was life after congress he resigned almost immediately after media reports questioned the of a N junk-bond investment before any official investigations took hold - among the who turned out in bipartisan force to benefit the fund last month were sen. robert dole rep. and other of congress - dan rather served as - from his new on wall street as a managing director of wertheim schroder & co. mr. reports that many of his former colleagues have contacted him to find out how they too can pursue investment banking careers - it helps to be male - male scandal victims invariably fare better - anne the former epa chief who resigned under fire in N during a with congress was in the confrontation even though she was never charged with official - she worked as a consultant and wrote a book but never her legal career - it did n't help when in N she was charged and then cleared on allegations of public - i cut my losses and ran she says from her new home in colorado where she is busy remodeling - mrs. remains bitter over the overwhelming legal expenses involved in clearing her name - my husband was instantly by the very act of me she says - another former epa official lavelle is still struggling after her conviction in N on perjury charges - there 's nothing she could do to bring herself back to where she was says her lawyer james - you could say she survived but it was n't easy on her - no book contracts have been before dean the queen of the hud scandal - rice of gary hart fame failed to obtain a book contract and lost her contract for no jeans - hall oliver north 's former secretary has yet to launch a television news career according to her lawyer - jenrette the former wife of rep. john jenrette has yet to hit it big in hollywood although with roles in such movies as island massacre and 's shop she is doing a lot better than her former husband - he was back in jail over the summer on charges - be the star - central figures such as richard nixon usually fare better than those with supporting roles - richard the retired air force general in the iran-contra scandal is all but forced to sell his virginia home and pull his kids out of college according to a recent fund-raising appeal sent out on his behalf - yet his in the case also a former military officer by the name of oliver north has been and profitably his involvement in the affair - what accounts for the difference - during the televised iran-contra hearings mr. north came off as a from central casting - mr. 's performance was less - mr. north remains in heavy demand as a speaker for fees reported in the $ N range - even in the wake of hurricane hugo N people turned out in a virginia town in september for a family to mr. north given by two dozen conservative members of congress - if sex is involved all bets are off - sex scandals make people look and silly and one of the worst in washington is to be at - you can be but not says mr. - nevertheless rep. of massachusetts was because of the with which he handled that he had sex with a male congressional page in N - former rep. robert a maryland republican who lost his seat in N after he was caught soliciting sex from a boy has never regained his professional footing as a lawyer - mr. a conservative says he was by the right - conservatives shoot their own he says - if the political establishment is reluctant to sexual the private sector sometimes will - john tower was accused of and during his unsuccessful bid to win confirmation as secretary of defense earlier this year - now he is writing a book serving on an elite foreign policy advisory board and consulting for an array of corporate clients including british publishing robert maxwell - become a lobbyist - when all else fails the halls of the capitol by lobbyists and their imported shoes offers a welcome environment for fallen officials - former rep. brought down by the savings-and-loan crisis now represents you it associations - some become - john mack promptly quit his job last spring as an aide to speaker wright amid public over mr. mack 's violent attack on a young woman when he was N years old - after a few weeks in mr. mack opened a consulting firm but not to enable him to directly lobby that would require him to disclose his clients by as a lobbyist - still mr. mack says he talks to N members of congress a week - company - other scandal are sometimes the best source of - raymond the new jersey construction executive who was forced to resign as labor secretary and indicted in N only to be acquitted of fraud charges often calls other public figures to offer a sympathetic - each time a new scandal hits he says it pulls the off your - one of the first people to come to the deaver home after his troubles erupted was former nixon aide john whom mr. deaver knew - he me that the hurricane would end mr. deaver recalls - mr. received an encouraging letter from the recognized master of scandal survival richard nixon - says mr. if things get really tough i can always auction it off at sotheby 's - the canadian government with a view to becoming more politically active in latin america is expected to announce tomorrow its application to join the organization of american states a washington-based regional agency - the expected canadian move has been welcomed by the bush administration even though canada has opposed such u.s. actions as the trade against cuba the of and the military support for nicaragua 's contra guerrillas - latin american countries have long urged canada to join the oas in the hopes that it would be a to the u.s. which for many years to dominate the organization - even though the u.s. also has supported canadian membership it has n't been a washington priority - the fact that we might not side with the americans may be a reason why canada 's membership in the oas has n't been over the years an item high on the u.s. agenda said former canadian ambassador to the u.s. - the canadian application is expected to be announced in san jose costa rica by canadian prime minister brian who is attending a celebration of costa rican democracy - canada has a larger and more beneficial role to play in the mr. said recently - some canadian political have opposed canada 's joining what they see as a organization - canada could do plenty of things to get serious about latin america without running the risk of getting caught in the cross fire between the u.s. and latin american members of the oas said jeffrey simpson a columnist in toronto 's globe & mail newspaper - canada at times could be an oas partner for the u.s. if its united nations voting record is an indication - in u.n. general assembly votes last year canada voted the same as the u.s. only N N of the time - france voted the same as the u.s. N N of the time west germany N N and britain N N - larry director of the washington-based council on affairs a liberal research group said that latin american countries would be disappointed if canada were to follow the u.s. lead in the oas - latin americans see canada as a power that their sovereignty he said - the oas which tries to promote peace and economic development within the is attempting to find a settlement of the current panama political crisis - cuba has been suspended from oas membership but the organization 's members are discussing cuba 's - robert h. knight 's oct. N editorial-page article violence in comedy movies hollywood you me is interesting but somewhat - as a fan of older movies from the 1920s on i do not find modern contain violence sex and language to any greater degree than other recent movies - older movies have plenty of violence though it is portrayed in keeping with the more restrictive social of the time - for example one of my favorite movies is the N british comedy kind hearts and in which the entire comedy is based on actor dennis price 's eight titled all played by guinness because they his mother and stand in the way of his acquiring the family title - similarly one of the most popular comedy of the 1930s and was the murder - the thin man series of movies as well as many others based their entire appeal on the star ' and as other characters in the movies were murdered - further i think mr. knight made a poor choice in picking a fish called as an example of the state of modern comedy movies - the specific scene he in which pet dogs are crushed is somewhat of the that the in the old warner road - there is no portrayal of the animal 's demise - keep in mind that this is the same movie in which a character is by a only to pop right back up and in the window of a boeing N from the outside as it takes off - i will be the first to agree that there is much to be found wrong with modern movie making - many modern seem to be of writing drama or anything else without - sex and violence are routinely included even when they are irrelevant to the script and high-tech special effects are continually for good plot and character development - in short we have a movie and television industry that is either or of making a movie unless it carries a or r rating - hence amounts of sex violence and language are included as a - however these are not the exclusive property of modern and i believe mr. knight when he attempts to link this modern phenomenon too closely to a single category of movie making - michael smith - rochester telephone corp. said it agreed to buy telephone co. of - terms were n't disclosed - rochester will exchange shares of its common stock for all shares outstanding of telephone a company - serves about N access lines in western wisconsin - the average unemployment rate in the N biggest industrialized was steady in august at the N N rate of the two previous months the organization for economic cooperation and development said - the august rate was N percentage point lower than in the like month a year earlier reflecting the pickup of activity in the N countries - the said that most of the improvement occurred in the second half of last year since february of this year unemployment has been steady at around N N of the labor force - inc. said its board has approved a reverse stock split - the producer of gas and oil said it wants shareholders to approve the split because it would enhance the and trading of the stock - if approved at a shareholder meeting in december the number of shares outstanding would decrease to five million from N million and par value would rise to N cents from a penny - co. said it has agreed to buy inc. a cincinnati maker of control accessories for industrial - terms were n't disclosed but said the deal will be completed through an exchange of stock - closely held has annual sales of about $ N million - a maker of and other controls said the acquisition wo n't impact its N profit - canadian manufacturers recorded a N N decline in august in their backlog of unfilled orders statistics canada a federal agency said - the august drop was the fourth decline in five months - most of the august decrease was attributed to lower order backlogs in the primary metal and electric and industries - manufacturers ' shipments rose N N in august following two months of declines - inventories fell N N in august - burmah oil plc a british independent oil company said its west german subsidiary has a N N share in a new polish lubricants company - the remaining N N of the joint venture will be controlled by polish lubricants manufacturers refiners and technical institutes - will develop application guidelines for lubricants sell high-quality mineral oils and offer services in industrial cleaning and related fields - burmah which has a strong market position supplying marine lubricants and in poland described the joint venture as fairly small - it did n't provide details of costs - du pont co. reported that third-quarter profit grew a robust N N from a year ago on the strength of the company 's operations in various chemicals and fibers and in petroleum - du pont also raised its quarterly dividend to $ N a share from $ N a change that will increase the annualized payout to shareholders by some $ N million - du pont unlike companies hurt badly by sharp price declines for basic chemicals and plastics is benefiting from its broad range of businesses - the profit gain was made despite a weakening in the housing market for which the company is a supplier and a strengthening in the dollar which the value of overseas earnings when they are translated into dollars - the wilmington del. company reported net of $ N million or $ N a share which was in line with wall street estimates - in the year-earlier period the company earned $ N million or $ N a share - sales in the latest quarter were $ N billion up N N from $ N billion - the dividend increase was du pont 's second this year an of statements by top executives that they intend to increase rewards to shareholders - we have n't benefited the shareholder as much as we need to said edgar jr. du pont 's chairman and chief executive officer in an interview several months before he entered his current position in april - the largest will be seagram co. which owns about N N of du pont - a spokesman for seagram the montreal wine and spirits concern controlled by the bronfman family said the company will post additional pretax profit of about $ N million a year because of the additional du pont dividends - du pont also announced plans for a stock split although the initial higher dividend will be paid on shares - du pont 's stock rose $ N a share to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday - seagram closed at $ N up N cents a share in big board trading - leading the gains for du pont in the latest quarter was its industrial products segment where profit soared to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - the company benefited from continued strong demand and higher selling prices for titanium dioxide a white used in paper and plastics - james a new n.j. marketing consultant to the chemicals industry says du pont still holds an edge in making the because the company was first in with the technology to lower costs - he said du pont holds about N N of the world-wide market the largest single share at a time when growing uses for the have kept it in tight supply although others are now adding low-cost production capacity - profit climbed to $ N million from $ N million in the petroleum segment as du pont 's inc. oil company was helped by crude oil prices higher than a year ago and by higher natural gas prices and volume - in the businesses segment which includes profit grew to $ N million from $ N million - a spokesman said use in some areas of the u.s. was delayed earlier in the year by heavy thus increasing sales in the third quarter - in the fibers segment profit rose to $ N million from $ N million a gain du pont attributed to higher demand in the u.s. for most textile products - two segments posted lower earnings for the quarter - profit from coal fell to $ N million from $ N million partly because of a miners ' strike - and profit from dropped to $ N million from $ N million amid what du pont called lower demand and selling prices in certain packaging and industrial markets - for the nine months du pont earned $ N billion or $ N a share up N N from $ N billion or $ N a share a year earlier - sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the increased dividend will be paid dec. N to holders of record nov. N - the stock split which is subject to holder approval would be paid on a still unspecified date in january to holders of record dec. N - american medical international inc. was dropped from the health care industry group of the dow jones equity market index - the company is being acquired - u.s. healthcare inc. was added to the health care group - both moves are effective today - the canadian government plans to auction on tuesday N million canadian dollars us$ N million of N N bonds due dec. N N the finance department said - proceeds of the issue will be used for general government purposes - finnish conglomerate oy ab said it reached an agreement to buy dutch cable company for N million finnish $ N million - said it will gain control over by buying N N of the shares in holding n.v. which owns - western european leaders who favor economic and monetary union are adding a new argument to their the dizzying political changes under way in eastern europe - french president mitterrand european community commission president spanish prime minister gonzalez and others have begun linking the rapid changes in the east to the need to speed up changes in the west - they are stressing that the best way for the west to help the east is to move faster western european economic and monetary unity - this would make the system more attractive to eastern countries they argue and allow greater economic aid and technological know-how to flow from west to east - the only response to the challenge being presented to us by the east mr. mitterrand told the european parliament in yesterday is to reinforce and accelerate the union and of the european community - mr. mitterrand proposed that a conference be next fall to write a new treaty for the ec allowing a european central bank and that the treaty be ratified by N - mr. mitterrand also proposed a separate bank for europe that would channel development money to the east - one basis for linking change in the east and change in the west is the notion that N million eastern europeans with N million western europeans is primarily the task of europeans despite the u.s. 's obvious strategic and economic interest - says a european strategist the u.s. tends to look at eastern europe not including the soviet union as europe looks at latin america important but far away - but for us in western europe these are europeans next door - a europe implies big changes in 40-year-old military and economic policies - there is likely to be a natural division of labor says director of the international institute for strategic studies in london with the u.s. more engaged in strategic issues with the soviet union and western europe more involved with specific aid measures for the east - the at july 's economic summit of major industrialized nations of the ec commission as coordinator of western aid to poland and hungary was a first step - in part this division is by economics west germany is a net exporter of capital while the u.s. is n't - while american aid efforts have been limited by budget problems yesterday france announced a three-year four billion french franc $ N million aid plan for poland - despite sudden changes in the strategic equation some western european leaders especially british prime minister margaret thatcher remain skeptical about european political and economic unity and are unlikely to let concerns change their minds - but british analysts are beginning to link the issues - we need a western says john roper of the royal institute of international affairs in london referring to west germany 's longstanding policy of a diplomatic opening to the east - for poland and hungary we need to think about a economic approach that would force them to price things in return for removing all our tariff barriers - he notes that the marshall plan of u.s. aid to europe did n't just throw money at europe it also and opened up those markets - the french analysis goes further - most of the west 's leaders have finally concluded that we all want perestroika soviet leader mikhail gorbachev 's policy of economic restructuring to succeed says security adviser to mr. mitterrand - but they have n't yet drawn the operational policy conclusions - he adds that with communism and mr. gorbachev scrambling to the soviet economy our interest lies in a controlled a contained nuclear reaction so we need to help him and not just with words - managing change he adds will require a lot more aid and a prominent role for the ec especially in dealing with the question of german reunification - de director of the french for international relations in paris says it is n't clear what exactly west germany wants - any push for a gorbachev vision of a common european home the eventual of the ec a partnership and the withdrawal of u.s. forces would be a very very serious problem he says - he doubts a state will emerge that would dominate europe but warns of a risk of change in the heart of the european community from a germany that is too strong even if democratic - he adds we and the rest of the ec have to talk to the germans now frankly and raise these future risks with them - while many particularly french ones worry that and emotional reaction to the changes in the east might lead to dangerous pressures for a europe or the withdrawal of american troops mr. roper in london sees a more positive scenario - there seems to be a message from moscow there 's a deal on offer he says - they want we wo n't try to undermine or destroy the warsaw pact - in return the u.k. and france could keep their nuclear weapons - he adds once both sides feel comfortable it should be that much easier to make more progress toward the economic and social reforms that are now starting in the east - technology corp. said a seattle investor has signed a letter of intent to buy the company for about $ N million or $ N a share - the investor donald a. wright plans to run the company said a spokesman for - the transaction has been approved by 's board but requires the approval of the company 's shareholders - manufactures electronic components - dominion textile inc. holders adopted a plan at the annual meeting - the so-called poison pill took effect aug. N pending by holders - rights attached to the company 's common shares were issued that are triggered if a hostile bidder acquires more than N N of the shares outstanding - once triggered the rights allow holders to buy additional shares at N N of the then current market price or at the board 's discretion to receive securities or assets - separately dominion textile posted net income of N million canadian dollars $ N million or N canadian cents a share for the quarter ended sept. N - the company had a net loss of c$ N million or N canadian cents a share a year ago - sales were c$ N million compared with c$ N a year earlier - computer sciences corp. said it received a u.s. postal service contract that will have a value of at least $ N million - computer sciences will perform data processing work for the postal service under the three-year contract which also includes two additional option years for which compensation has n't yet been fixed - computer sciences said its work will improve efficiency - for its fiscal year ended march N computer sciences had revenue of $ N billion - ohbayashi corp. agreed to buy co. the u.s. subsidiary of as of norway for about $ N million - a port washington n.y. construction concern was established in N - it has three u.s. branches - ohbayashi officials said the purchase was undertaken to participate in ventures in and around new york city - they said is particularly successful there because of its membership cooperation with local unions - ohbayashi is japan 's second largest construction company - until now its inability to form membership ties with organized labor has kept it from the lucrative new york metropolitan area construction market - the company also hopes the latest acquisition will help secure large construction orders from japanese concerns with u.s. operations - ohbayashi cited industry publications currently capitalized at $ N million with receiving orders valued at $ N million in N - the japanese company received orders totaling N billion yen $ N million from its u.s. business activities during the fiscal year ended in march - h. marshall schwarz was named chairman and chief executive officer of u.s. trust corp. a firm with assets under management of about $ N billion - mr. schwarz N years old will succeed daniel p. feb. N soon after mr. reaches the company 's mandatory retirement age of N - mr. schwarz who is president of u.s. trust will be succeeded in that post by jeffrey s. N who is executive vice president in charge of the company 's group - u.s. trust a institution that is one of the earliest worth banks in the u.s. has faced competition from other firms that have established and heavily businesses of their own - as a result u.s. trust 's earnings have been hurt - but mr. schwarz the competition in u.s. trust 's flagship businesses calling it - mr. schwarz says the competition the base of opportunity for us - other firms are dealing with the - i do n't believe they have the culture to adequately service individuals he adds - u.s. trust recently introduced certain mutual-fund products which allow it to serve customers with minimum deposits of $ N - previously the company advertised at the $ N million level - we have always taken smaller accounts but now we are looking for smaller accounts that will grow mr. schwarz says - our bread and butter is still the $ N million to $ N million account he says - the new services allow u.s. trust to cater to the new wealth mr. schwarz says - quarterly net income this year has risen just over comparable periods in N when year-end net was below the N level - in this year 's third quarter for example net was $ N million or $ N a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - assets as of sept. N fell to $ N billion from about $ N billion - we will have a reasonably flat year this year mr. schwarz says - mr. schwarz also said costs associated with u.s. trust 's planned move to manhattan from wall street will continue to be a drag on earnings through N - mr. schwarz 's founded the new york toy store schwarz but his family no longer has ties to the company - mr. schwarz 's father was a u.s. trust trustee until N - u.s. trust also created a office of the chairman effective feb. N - it will include messrs. schwarz and - donald m. roberts N treasurer and frederick s. N who takes responsibility for the group were named vice chairmen and will serve in the office of the chairman - mr. roberts continues as treasurer and mr. remains responsible for the offices of comptroller planning marketing and general services - frederick b. taylor N also was named a vice chairman and chief investment officer a new post - he previously held similar responsibilities - mr. taylor also was named a director increasing the board to N but is not part of the new office of the chairman - james e. N executive vice president who has directed the group will retire - sun microsystems inc. back to profitability after its first quarterly loss as a public firm said it earned $ N million or seven cents a share in the fiscal first quarter - sun a maker of computer workstations reported sales of $ N million for the quarter ended sept. N up N N from $ N million a year earlier - in the N period the company earned $ N million or N cents a share - sun 's results were slightly better than expectations - earlier this month the company said it expected to break even for the quarter on sales of $ N million - in a statement scott sun 's chief executive officer said the company 's performance was hampered by problems tied to the introduction of a major new family of computers in april - one of those new computers called N accounted for nearly half of the N systems sun shipped in the quarter he said - more than two-thirds of the systems shipped meanwhile were products introduced in april - but problems in manufacturing forecasting demand and getting the bugs out of a new management information system made it extremely difficult for sun to meet demand for its newest computers well into the summer - these problems also resulted in sun reporting a $ N million loss for its fourth quarter ended june N - mr. said the issues that hurt sun 's performance earlier this year are now largely behind the firm and he indicated that sun 's profitability should increase throughout the fiscal year - sun also reported a record backlog of orders - while this indicates continued strong demand for the company 's computers sun faces increasing competition from digital equipment corp. and hewlett-packard co - recently analysts have said sun also is vulnerable to competition from international business machines corp. which plans to introduce a group of workstations early next year and next inc - rogers jr. was named chief executive officer of this business information concern - mr. rogers N years old succeeds white N who will remain chairman and chairman of the executive committee - mr. rogers who was president and chief operating officer of will retain his position as president - the company said a new chief operating officer wo n't be appointed - a merchant bank and investment fund have agreed to a reorganization plan to bring sharon steel corp. out of chapter N proceedings and to acquire the company 's assets in a transaction valued at more than $ N million - castle inc. a new york merchant bank and quantum fund said they would acquire the assets for a combination of cash and the assumption of certain of sharon 's liabilities - the balance of the company 's assets and liabilities would be transferred to a new company that would be owned by sharon 's creditors - quantum said it has agreed to purchase as much as $ N million in equity in the new company if necessary for the confirmation of the plan - castle and quantum said the plan is expected to be filed within N days with the u.s. bankruptcy court in pittsburgh - the agreement is subject to certain conditions including obtaining financing - castle said that such financing is already being sought and that a formal proposal would be made to sharon 's chapter N trustee and other sharon creditors over the next few days - sharon based in farrell pa. filed for protection from creditors under the federal bankruptcy code in april N - the company had been one of the of miami beach financier victor posner 's empire - mr. posner resigned as president and chief executive officer of sharon in april N - he remains chairman but little power at the company - quantum fund based in new york is a $ N billion investment fund managed by fund management - quantum is sharon 's largest unsecured creditor - the castle group includes walter former chief operating officer of sharon and former executive vice president - executives at sharon declined to comment on the proposal - the company 's trustee was unavailable for comment - two old friends george bush and deng are trying to limit further damage to ties - but as congress prepares a fresh package of sanctions against beijing the relationship could get worse - the problem for congress will be to weigh what china is saying to its people against the more message it is delivering to the bush administration - in a move apparently aimed at heading off new punitive legislation mr. deng sent an indirect signal to washington via lee a columbia university who met mr. deng and other chinese leaders in beijing last month - when he met with mr. bush on his return mr. lee says he told the president that the chinese made statements to me that i regard as a first step toward reconciliation - the communication mr. lee brought represents the softer line the u.s. has been hoping to hear from chinese officials since the june N massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators in beijing - the chinese leader mr. lee informed mr. bush expressed some regret for what had happened in beijing and conceded that china 's officials some responsibility - mr. lee says mr. deng told him we should not mind those who participated in demonstrations signed materials and went on strikes - mr. deng added says mr. lee that we really made mistakes - we must not our responsibility and we can not just blame the demonstrators - mr. lee also reported to the president that in a separate meeting communist party chief said the chinese leadership looked on the students who took part in the demonstrations - mr. also pledged that the chinese red cross would publish very soon a list of those killed - and he told the that china 's leaders were very much concerned about the deaths and had arranged aid for the victims ' families - i my conversations to the white house prof. lee says - but he adds i was not acting as a - he says that the chinese never asked him to convey their statements to president bush but that the white house invited him to do so - mr. lee concedes the statements made to him are far different from others being issued in china but attributes that to the fact that the situation in china is very complex - according to u.s. sources in beijing the administration hopes mr. deng 's fairly comments will congress to be cautious about further sanctions against beijing - the president does n't want to have legislative sanctions says a u.s. official - but he may not have a choice - given china 's statements to its own people mr. bush may be unable to prevent new sanctions - beijing officials have said they will step up the campaign of and against those who participated in the demonstrations - sentences have been stiff - a university student got eight years for participating in the rallies sources in beijing said while an worker got N years - nor has beijing hinted to its citizens that it will publish the of those killed - so far the victims are officially considered and their families receive no compensation - a man down by a bullet while cycling to work carries after his death the official of his wife says - what 's more much of china 's official rhetoric is hostile to the u.s. - china frequently the u.s. embassy for a political dissident who took refuge there after the massacre - in the u.s. there are still people who want to crush china and interfere in our internal affairs china 's new ambassador to the u.s. said as he left for washington last week - the house and senate are to begin soon out an agreement for sanctions legislation - it will probably be attached to a state department authorization bill which mr. bush is n't expected to veto - a congressional involved in the sanctions says they are likely to mirror those mr. bush enacted shortly after the massacre - but as legislative action they would carry greater weight and would be more difficult to - measures already in effect that are expected to be made law include a ban on military sales and exchanges a suspension of most government contacts and a halt to u.s. trade programs such as the overseas private investment corp. and the trade development program - those sanctions could prompt chinese - if the two sides are n't careful ties could spin downward out of control says a u.s. official in beijing - bush and deng are hoping that heads prevail - the amount of blood surgical patients can and store before surgery can be increased by the new genetically engineered drug epo - epo or is a protein the human body makes to stimulate the growth of red blood cells - a genetically engineered version of the human protein developed by amgen corp. of thousand calif. recently has been marketed by the pharmaceuticals division of johnson & johnson - a competing version of epo is being developed by genetics institute inc. in cambridge mass - the drug is being used primarily to treat - a new experiment reported in this week 's new england journal of medicine involved giving of amgen 's epo to N patients who wanted to store units of their own blood - the patients began receiving epo about a month before their scheduled surgery - they then began donating blood twice a week receiving an epo injection each time - if tests indicated a low number of red cells blood was n't taken - the patients donated an average of N units of blood each compared with only N units donated by a similar group of surgical patients who received a injection - the volume of red cells donated by the patients was N N higher per the research team representing a number of hospitals and blood banks reported - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - tax shelters called individual retirement accounts or iras were created without fanfare on sept. N N but grew beyond expectations as an to personal saving - that labor day in his first major act after succeeding the resigned richard nixon as president gerald r. ford signed the employee retirement income security act - pension reform was its main thrust - labor and business leaders quoted at the white house rose garden hailed its provisions for corporate pension benefits - iras were like there - the ira 's conception is - in N then treasury secretary george with the key support of sen. carl sought some form of for the uncovered - that year a group headed by william in the legislation and regulations division of the office of the chief counsel for the internal revenue service was assigned the task of designing a plan - they used the N plan a pension plan created by a new york congressman for the self-employed as a partial model - this team initially called its new model personal retirement account or - but it did n't - so they opted for ira naming it after ira cohen a brilliant irs who helped them - ira himself confirms this account - ira rules have been changed over the years - one in N raised to $ N a year from $ N the amount a person could put into the accounts and widened coverage to people under employer retirement plans - this caused an explosion of ira promotions by brokers banks mutual funds and others - but in N congress sharply reduced the number of people who could qualify for its benefits and ira slowed their growth - ira account assets have grown to about $ N billion from $ N billion last year and just $ N billion in N - the soviet state bank announced a N N devaluation of the ruble against the dollar for private transactions in an apparent attempt to curb the nation 's rapidly growing black market for hard currency - the measure which will take effect next wednesday will create a two-tier exchange rate - commercial transactions will continue to be based on the official rate of about N rubles to the dollar - but for soviet citizens who travel abroad for business or tourism the rate will jump to N rubles to the dollar - tass news agency said the devaluation also will apply to foreigners ' transactions - but it did n't elaborate and it remains unclear how far western tourists and foreigners living in moscow will be allowed to benefit from the sweeping rate cut - the current ruble rate has long been out of line with the black market - as soviet leader mikhail gorbachev has opened up the country to foreign trade the has become ever greater - western tourists in the soviet union who could exchange a dollar illegally for about four rubles a year ago are now being offered N rubles or more - even at such rates black have been able to make big profits because of the dire shortage of consumer goods here - they use dollars to buy western items such as video recorders and personal computers and then sell them at a huge - the going rate for a small personal computer that costs about $ N in the west is anywhere from N to N rubles - even a pack of N western cigarettes can fetch N rubles or more - with more than N billion rubles in savings accounts and little to spend them on soviet consumers at the prices for such goods but they buy them anyway - moscow has already admitted that the ruble is n't worth much announcing in august that it will pay soviet farmers in hard currency for grain and other produce that they grow in excess of quotas - the of the official rate should seem obvious to everyone the afternoon newspaper wrote in a brief commentary on the devaluation - the state bank 's move is part of a drive to iron out exchange-rate discrepancies as moscow moves toward making the ruble convertible a goal that soviet bankers and economists say is still far away - rumors of an impending devaluation have been circulating in moscow for weeks but the size of the cut took many western bankers by surprise - it 's much bigger than we expected said one german banker who asked not to be named - the next step which could have a larger effect on businesses will come early next month when the bank for foreign economic affairs is to hold its first auction of foreign currency - soviet companies western currencies to buy equipment and supplies abroad will be able to submit bids - plans for the auction which was supposed to take place last spring and become a regular event have been by a lack of hard currency - soviet firms that hold some are unwilling to part with it and joint ventures are n't yet allowed to participate - the kremlin also has been unwilling to provide hard currency for the auction using a lot of it instead to finance emergency imports of consumer goods - if foreign tourists and businesses could sell their currencies freely at the new better exchange rate that would enable the state bank to increase its dollar reserves and would up some of the excess rubles in the economy at the same time - but the amounts they exchange may be limited most soviet hotels for example demand payment in hard currency from western visitors - unless other rules are changed the devaluation could cause difficulties for the people it is primarily meant to help soviets who travel abroad - over the past three years thousands of people here have made use of travel restrictions to get their first taste of life abroad - but under current rules they are allowed to change just N rubles into dollars and other currencies for each trip - at the new rate that would give them about $ N to travel on - it is n't yet clear whether the limit will be lifted - if it is n't the black market for dollars probably will continue to - international business machines corp. made news this summer when it landed an unusual contract to manage all of eastman kodak co. 's needs - but the computer giant appears to have lost a second key contract with kodak to archrival digital equipment corp - kodak yesterday confirmed that it has entered negotiations with maynard digital to manage all of its voice and data communications needs - kodak based in rochester n.y. said ibm also had bid for the business - ibm is based in armonk n.y - the loss is a setback to ibm which pointed to the kodak contract as an example of its success in systems integration - that 's an emerging business in which computer makers or consultants provide communications and computing services to major corporations - a kodak spokesman declined to disclose the potential value of the contract which is still in negotiation - he said that american telephone & telegraph mci communications corp. rochester telephone corp. and ibm itself would likely be digital 's on the project - when we decided to look outside the company for critical and communications services we wanted to get the best vendor for that service said paul allen the spokesman - that 's why we went with ibm for data center management and now digital for voice and data telecommunications - this year is the anniversary of the federal reserve system and some members of congress think it 's time to take a fresh look at the nation 's central bank - after N years there may be a few things that are worth - the regional federal reserve bank for instance may be out of date - in earlier years it may have seemed reasonable to give richmond va. a bank and allow los angeles only a branch of the san francisco bank but times have changed - maybe the whole regional system is an the fed after all is a national central bank - some of the would-be reformers however want to restore an arrangement we once had or at least part of it - in the beginning the treasury secretary and the comptroller of the currency were both members of the federal reserve board - but in N when congress was trying to find someone or something to blame for the great depression it decided to drop both the secretary and the comptroller from the board - carter glass a former treasury secretary who was then back in congress probably influenced the decision - he said that when he was on the board he felt that he had a great deal of power and somehow he did n't think that was a good thing - times have changed - rep. d. has introduced a bill in congress by rep. lee hamilton d. ind. that would put the treasury secretary back on the board - there is doubt that the change would accomplish much but at least congress as in N would be doing something - so far no one has suggested putting the comptroller back on the board - nicholas brady the incumbent treasury secretary is of course aware of the proposal and he does n't like it much - mr. has changed tactics dropping the idea - that may have pleased the secretary but h. erich chief economist of the investment firm of & co. suggests that mr. brady may figure he already has all the power he needs - like most treasury secretaries mr. brady takes a keen interest in monetary matters of course - he was in fact taking an especially keen interest in board matters even before he went to the treasury - after the october N market crash mr. brady as a private citizen headed a presidential commission that tried to decide what went wrong and what should be done about it - one of the commission 's recommendations was that a single agency probably the federal reserve should coordinate regulation of all financial markets - this recommendation might have encouraged a bureaucrat to try to expand his power but so far federal reserve chairman alan greenspan has n't made a pitch for the job - the fed has plenty of responsibilities in times of market turmoil and in N and again in N it appears to have handled them well - mr. brady has said he thought government agencies in the latest market drop were better prepared to coordinate their actions but he has left no doubt that he still likes the ideas the commission advanced nearly two years ago - in recent weeks moreover mr. brady has joined other administration officials in trying to urge the fed toward lower interest rates - the urging has been - in an interview with the washington post in early october the secretary said the fed may be slightly more interested in curbing inflation than the administration is while the administration may put slightly more emphasis on spurring economic growth - at least some economists of course would argue that inflation deserves a lot of emphasis - earlier this month the st. louis fed held a conference to assess the system 's first N years - a university economist noted that the fed 's record included the longest most sustained inflation in our history dating from either N or N to N - the argument is an old one but mr. brady on the board or off is surely trying to influence fed policy - equally the treasury secretary has the administration effort to bring the u.s. dollar down by shopping for west german marks and japanese yen - the treasury can do something on its own but to have any hope of success it needs help from the fed - the central bank has been helping but apparently not especially - the fed has been in foreign currency markets all right but through august at least it appeared to be the intervention - in other words it was offsetting purchases of marks and yen by buying dollars in the domestic money market - now intervention may have some effect - when traders see the fed is in the exchange market it may make them a little carefully for fear of what the central bank may do - but it 's generally accepted that intervention has little or no lasting impact on currency values - after august the fed may have stopped but it 's hard to see much impact on the dollar - the dollar is still highly volatile - the fed has let interest rates slip slightly but whether the main reason was dollar intervention the gloomy reports on manufacturing employment or the friday N market drop only mr. greenspan and his associates know - earlier this year martin president of the national bureau of economic research argued that a government that wants steady stable exchange rates might try some steady stable economic policies - trying to manage exchange rates to some level he said would mean monetary and fiscal policies from their roles and thereby excessive inflation and unemployment and inadequate capital formation - the more we think about it the more we suspect mr. brady does indeed have enough power where he already is - this has been a week of stunning events behind what was once called the iron and interesting shifts in official american policy toward moscow - it has also been a week when washington has had a high old time over reagan 's multimillion-dollar in japan - the latter may seem oddly irrelevant if not downright given the big picture and the way we have handled it in the nation 's capital has done nothing to that impression - in fact however mr. reagan 's casual of the office he so recently held raises issues about which americans can actually do something - our ability to influence the outcome of events in eastern europe and the soviet union is far more marginal - those events continue to move at a rate and in a direction which leave informed commentary let alone policy far in their wake - earlier this week soviet foreign minister eduard a. shevardnadze confessed that the u.s.s.r. ignored universal human values by afghanistan and to put it engaged in a violation of the abm treaty by building its radar station at krasnoyarsk - hungary is no longer a socialist peoples republic the communist party no longer has automatic delegates in the u.s.s.r. 's congress of peoples deputies and egon krenz was not backed unanimously by his fellow party when he took over as east germany 's new maximum leader - all of that is just for or so the hundreds of thousands of eastern europeans in the streets seem to hope and are certainly demanding - of like though lesser note secretary of state james baker put the administration behind perestroika and glasnost and therefore behind mikhail gorbachev in a pair of carefully over the past week or so - and last but not least president george bush now views the changes in eastern europe as absolutely extraordinary and believes that mr. krenz ca n't turn the back in east germany because the change is too as he told the new york times 's apple jr - in other words after some highly visible and public airing of differences the administration has come down on the side of those who believe that what we are from berlin to is a good thing to be welcomed rather than a new thing to be feared or viewed with - all of this is what history will note assuming that events do n't make it seem a bad joke when the record of this time is put down - for journalists however who write what they view as history 's first draft this has also been a week to give a lot of space and time to ron and nancy 's sales appearance in japan on behalf of a communications giant and its controversial founder - it has been a transaction this away of the prestige of the republic 's highest office - the japanese has up at least $ N million the japanese government has put up just about as much or so it is reported and at least one estimate puts the total at $ N million - all of which has enabled those of us in washington who enjoy in such things to go into high public as mr. apple and i did the other night on abc 's - away we raised what i still think were all the right issues and landed more than one hard blow but at the end of the affair there was just the nagging worry that we had been aiming at the wrong target - as one of his defenders so put it president reagan was simply doing what he had always done before his election and some would say thereafter as well - he was performing for pay and why should anyone expect anything more - primarily because there 's more to the matter than ronald reagan 's personal values or lack of them - selling the presidency for a mess of is not so much a devaluation from the of public life today as it is a reflection of the of public standards - the theme song for the 1980s has been anything goes and it has been with from wall street to some of the highest of - there are those who say that this is nothing new that america has always suffered from a bad case of when it comes to the between what is and what is practiced - there is evidence to support that view - years ago william james wrote to wells the moral born of the exclusive of the success that with the cash interpretation put on the word success is our national disease - but if it was the national disease in N it is today the national - if there is no law against it do it - if the law leaves use them - if there is no moral prohibition that it full speed ahead - and if you are caught or if people complain simply argue that everyone does it or no one said i should n't and it out - as a last when all else has failed and you are for having disappointed those who trusted you but deny having actually done anything wrong - see for instance jim bakker 's remarks upon being sentenced to prison this tuesday for the - consider the troubling between mr. shevardnadze 's speech of this week and the defense of everyone concerned with the iran-contra affair - the soviet foreign minister publicly concedes that his government violated of behavior in afghanistan and just plain about the radar station - we have people in high place still lying through their teeth about iran-contra and that apparently is n't going to change - for that matter those long ago identified as are still given hearings in the press - that is the key to the current national disease - no one seems willing to hold anyone in public life to a standard higher than the construction of the law - the media hunt about some politician 's private notwithstanding the general is to offer a version of the old who am i to judge - thus no standards no judgment and no values - you are mad because he 's making so much money say president reagan 's defenders - no we ought to be mad because he has the office we gave him it in the service of private gain just as we ought to be mad that public officials lie through their teeth play games about their activities or to steal a phrase make public service a private trough - i 'm not going to be into to any of this president bush told mr. apple in this week 's interview - he was referring to the absolutely extraordinary events in eastern europe and it is a position - but there is no defense at all for the of the 1980s - we did n't into it we and slipped down the long and now we have as its symbol a former president for a foreign - or perhaps that is a symbol for the united states of N everything for sale nothing of real value - mr. carter is a political who heads a television production firm - cineplex odeon corp. directors said the company 's chairman and chief executive drabinsky is considering bidding N million canadian dollars us$ N million to acquire the company - the board said mr. drabinsky and vice chairman are negotiating financing before offering c$ N a share to acquire all of cineplex 's shares outstanding - the directors added that the two executives have n't reached a final decision to proceed with a bid and that until an offer is made the board will continue seeking higher offers from other bidders - the directors said if messrs. drabinsky and mail an offer to shareholders by nov. N it will reimburse them a maximum of c$ N million for expenses related to a bid - we consider that his bid is an acceptable bid said spokeswoman for the independent directors ' committee appointed last may to and review bids for the company in the wake of a dispute between mr. drabinsky and cineplex 's major shareholder mca inc - mca and cineplex 's other major shareholder financier charles bronfman and his associates have agreed to tender their holdings to an offer by mr. drabinsky unless a higher offer is made by another bidder - mca holds half of cineplex 's equity and N N of its voting rights through restricted voting shares while bronfman interests hold about N N of the company 's equity - ms. said the committee had received other bids - she declined to identify other bidders but said mr. drabinsky 's offer is all cash and it 's for all of the company - several cineplex analysts have speculated that outside bids received by the committee were either low or for only part of the company - all this has really established is that mca and the have agreed on a price at which they can be bought out said an analyst with in los angeles - if a bid at that price shareholders will have every reason to be glad but the question of financing still remains - last april mr. drabinsky and a group of financial backers planned to acquire up to N N of cineplex for c$ N a share from bronfman associates - mr. drabinsky who would have had the right to vote those shares for two years said the purchase subsequently rejected by regulators was aimed at consolidating his control of the company - mca strongly opposed the drabinsky group 's move - the directors did n't indicate the source of financing for mr. drabinsky 's new proposal but said mca and the bronfman associates agreed in principle to buy for $ N million and then lease back to cineplex its theater complex in universal city calif. if mr. drabinsky succeeds in an offer - this is being done at the suggestion of mr. drabinsky and to accommodate him to facilitate his financing arrangements ms. said - in addition the directors said if a bid by mr. drabinsky is successful cineplex expects rank plc to acquire the N N of cineplex 's film house unit it does n't own and provide mr. drabinsky with additional loan financing - michael rank 's chief executive said the british theater chain 's total involvement would n't exceed $ N million but declined to give a breakdown between the loan financing and the proposed film house purchase - cineplex shareholders responded to yesterday 's announcement - in trading on the new york stock exchange cineplex closed at $ N down N cents with more than a million shares changing hands - on the toronto stock exchange cineplex closed at c$ N off N canadian cents well below the c$ N level - where 's the bid asked pierre an analyst and broker with toronto securities dealer st. lawrence ltd - mr. said he does n't think messrs. drabinsky and are anywhere close to arranging financing and that investors will need a solid offer before the stock begins to rise again - mr. drabinsky could n't be reached for comment - two west german chemical companies announced steps that apparently are designed to boost the chemical industry 's standing among environmental groups and the general public - hoechst ag 's chairman said the company wants to have a substitute product to completely replace chlorofluorocarbons by N - in april hoechst the largest producer of cfcs in west germany said it wanted to reduce production of the product by N N by N - mr. said hoechst will invest N million marks $ N million in a plant to make a substitute product it has developed that it says is - the company hopes the new plant likely to be built in frankfurt will be able to produce N tons a year - this year hoechst will produce about N tons of cfcs in factories in frankfurt spain and brazil - of hoechst 's N billion marks in group sales in N N million marks came from sales of cfcs - also ag another large chemicals company said it formed a separate division that will study the environmental impact of plastics and will investigate all possibilities of recycling plastics - george l. N years old senior vice president of texas eastern corp. was elected a group vice president of this concern - mr. who succeeds retiring richard c. will be responsible for gas supply regulatory affairs and marketing and transportation and exchange for eastern pipe line co. gas co. texas eastern transmission corp. and gas transmission co - all of the companies are units of eastern corp. which acquired texas eastern corp. earlier this year - coors co. said its coors brewing co. unit will test market a new line of bottled water in the west beginning early next year - the move which was expected marks the first time since prohibition that coors has sold a beverage and marks the company 's entry into a crowded but fast-growing market that generated about $ N billion in sales last year - coors is hoping to become one of the first companies to distribute bottled water nationwide - sold by group of america a unit of source s.a. of paris and sold by a u.s. unit bsn of france are distributed to urban areas nationally but are less available in rural communities - coors with its large network could more markets - the company said the water will be called coors rocky mountain water and will come from the same mountain spring as water used in coors beer - the company said it will sell the water plain and with and cherry and will package it in bottles and N ounce bottles as part of - the test markets though not specified will be in northern california arizona and colorado some of the hottest markets - some of america 's biggest trading partners gave a quick to a u.s. proposal to world trade and reduce subsidies - in geneva where world trade talks are being held under the general agreement on tariffs and trade or gatt the european community called the u.s. proposal a step - and japan 's minister of agriculture and told a committee of japan 's parliament that washington 's proposal was and that tokyo would continue to heavily subsidize its rice farmers - the u.s. in a far-reaching plan submitted to the geneva meeting tuesday proposed curbing price support subsidies within N years and eliminating export subsidies within five years - u.s. officials said the plan was flexible and was intended as a approach for gradually removing subsidies - but the ec reacted arguing that the proposal 's main aim is to destroy the common agricultural policy the ec 's $ N price support program - the american proposal is not an adequate basis for negotiation the ec said in a statement - ec officials say they are that the u.s. has set a specific timetable and is insisting on the elimination of export not just reduction - ec agriculture commissioner ray said the u.s. plan calls into question the agreement reached by world negotiators last april in geneva seeking substantial reductions in agricultural support and protection - u.s. deputy trade representative katz replied that the proposal was entirely consistent with the april accord - he said he was surprised by the ec 's reaction calling it even - the u.s. proposal also was criticized by developing countries who said that the u.s. made no special for poor nations - while many experts argue that nations would eventually become in a free-market system the poorest nations are likely to need help in the meantime - ambassador katz said the u.s. was open to discussing particular problems of developing countries - the u.s. administration said its plan would allow considerable flexibility in determining how and when the goals would be achieved - the u.s. argues that its plan would ease the transition to agriculture trade by converting certain barriers into tariffs that together with existing tariffs then would be phased out over N years - but the ec is strongly opposed to converting agricultural supports into tariffs - the new u.s. package also says countries could temporarily raise tariffs on certain products if they experience an unusually heavy volume of imports - it would establish procedures to prevent countries from using health and rules to trade - seeking to european concerns u.s. agriculture secretary said in washington that the new u.s. plan would n't put farmers out of business but would encourage them to grow what the markets desire instead of what the government wants - the ec with a population of N million has N million farmers while the u.s. with a population of about N million has only two million farmers - japan 's objections to the u.s. plan center around its desire to stay in rice a food even though foreign producers are far more efficient - bell atlantic corp. said it agreed definitively to acquire one of control data corp. 's businesses - terms of the accord were n't disclosed - control data 's maintenance unit services products primarily made by digital equipment corp. and international business machines corp - the unit has N customers and according to one analyst had N revenue of about $ N million - under the agreement which had been widely expected bell atlantic would be buying control data 's customer base and its approximately N u.s. maintenance facilities in about N cities - however control data would continue to provide maintenance services for customers of its product line - the unit represents a small portion of control data 's overall business which last year posted sales of about $ N million - earlier this year the company sold a similar unit in europe for about $ N million - lawrence perlman control data 's president and chief operating officer said the maintenance business no longer fits into the company 's strategy to be a data solutions company - thomas president of bell atlantic 's customer services division said the acquisition would give the company 's unit added expertise in the increasingly sophisticated workstation and high-end mainframe technologies - two recent decisions by federal courts cast judges in the odd role of telling authors how they should write history and - these decisions deserve more attention than they have received from scholars and from journalists as well - russell miller 's bare-faced messiah the true story of l. ron hubbard is a of the founder of the church of - mr. hubbard who died in N the on his to his church which licensed them to new era publications a corporation - in N new era sought a permanent injunction to restrain henry holt & co. from publishing bare-faced messiah on the ground that mr. miller 's quotations from mr. hubbard infringed the - the publisher argued in response that the fair use statute permits for purposes such as criticism comment news reporting teaching or research - district court judge pierre leval denied the injunction on the ground that new era had failed to make its claim within a reasonable time the doctrine lawyers call - as for the merits judge leval said that mr. miller had written a serious book of responsible historical criticism - the judge believed was justified in order to prove points the author had asserted about mr. hubbard and other that could not be demonstrated without use of mr. hubbard 's own words - the judge leval wrote should not be required simply to express conclusions without defending them by example - in such circumstances interests the interests of the copyright owner - but judge leval felt by an earlier decision of the second circuit court a of salinger to quote from mr. salinger 's personal letters - he distinguished the two cases in salinger judge leval noted the quotations were for the purpose of the rather than of proving points about the subject - still the salinger decision created a strong against fair use of unpublished materials - judge leval concluded that a few of mr. miller 's quotations from mr. hubbard 's unpublished because they were not necessary to prove historical points failed the test and therefore infringed copyright - but the proper remedy judge leval said lay in a suit for damages not in an injunction - the case went on appeal to the second circuit - in a decision in april of this year judge roger joined by judge frank agreed on denying the injunction and did not doubt that bare-faced messiah was a serious work but rejected judge leval 's argument that the public interest in could outweigh the of copyright - we conclude the two judges wrote that is the sole bar to the issuance of an injunction - had the suit been filed in time they said bare-faced messiah would have been - this was too much for james oakes the court 's chief judge - in a powerful separate opinion judge oakes further distinguished the salinger case by pointing out that a living person like mr. salinger had privacy rights that did not apply to a dead man like mr. hubbard - i thought that salinger might by being taken in another context come back to us - this case that concern - decisions by the second circuit itself judge oakes continued had recognized that public interest in the subject matter and the in particular cases of quotations are vital components of fair use - and the injunction judges and would so readily have granted had new era sued in time - of the book judge oakes observed would operate as a prior restraint and thus involve the first amendment - moreover and here judge oakes went to the heart of the question responsible and constantly use primary sources letters and - indeed it would be irresponsible to ignore such sources of information - now scholars in their responsibility do not claim the right to every collection of papers that bears upon their topics of investigation - and of course they agree that people can impose restrictions on the use of their papers whether in their own or as donated or sold to - but in the bare-faced messiah case the author found most of his material in court records or via the freedom of information act - and when responsible scholars gain legitimate access to unpublished materials copyright should not be permitted to deny them use of quotations that help to establish historical points - judges oakes and leval understand the requirements of historical - judges and do not appear to have a clue - yet at the moment they are the judges who are making the law - as matters stand the salinger ruling torn from context and broadly is controlling - if an author quotes more than minimal amounts of unpublished materials as the salinger decision had it he deserves to be - the courts have not defined minimal amounts but publishers i understand take it to mean about N words - the bare-faced messiah decision strikes a blow against the whole historical enterprise - a second decision handed down in august by the court of appeals for the ninth circuit is another blow against - malcolm a professional writer on psychiatric matters wrote a series of articles for the new yorker later published in book form by under the title in the - the articles were largely based on interviews ms. malcolm had taped with jeffrey masson a who had served as projects director of the - mr. masson then brought a libel suit against ms. malcolm the new yorker and - as a public figure mr. masson had to prove and as proof of mr. masson contended that quotations to him by ms. malcolm were in fact - the quotes could not be found on the tapes and the two judges who decided the case for ms. malcolm and her publishers conceded that for the purpose of their decision we assume the quotations were deliberately altered - for all and most journalists this admission would have been sufficient to condemn the malcolm articles - but judge arthur joined by judge cynthia hall took the position that it is perfectly ok to quotations so long as a judge finds that the do not alter content or are rational of remarks - in his dissent judge alex observed that when a writer uses marks in reporting what someone has said the reader assumes that these are the speaker 's precise words or at least his words of and you know and error - while judges have an obligation under the first amendment to freedom of the press the right to deliberately alter quotations is not in my view a of a free press - ms. malcolm for example wrote that mr. masson described himself as the greatest analyst who ever lived - no such statement appears on the tapes - the majority cited mr. masson 's remark it 's me alone against the rest of the world as warrant for the malcolm fabrication - but as judge noted the context shows that mr. masson 's me alone remark referred not to his alleged in his profession but to the fact that his position on a particular issue was not shared by anyone else - ms. malcolm had mr. masson describing himself as an intellectual - again no such statement appears on the tapes - the majority decision contended that the phrase was a rational interpretation of mr. masson 's of himself as a private asset but a public liability to and that in any case it was not - judge found the entirely and writes that for an academic to refer to himself as an intellectual is a devastating admission of professional dishonesty - these were only two of a series of that had in judge 's words the cumulative effect of making mr. masson appear more arrogant less sensitive more and less in touch with reality than he appears from his own statements - as robert wrote in a review of ms. malcolm 's book mr. masson emerges as a and in the end a fool - but it is not malcolm who calls him such his own words reveal this psychological profile - we now know that the words were not always his own - there is one rule of journalism john has said - the writer must not - should the green light judges and hall have given to the fabrication of quotations become standard practice it will notably reduce the value of journalism for and for citizens - as judge put it to the right to deliberately what someone else has said is to the right to lie in print - masson has lost his case but the defendants and the profession to which they belong have lost far more - the historical profession will survive these decisions - perhaps in time the supreme court will correct them - but writing history is tough enough without judges throwing obstacles in the scholar 's path - mr. is albert professor of the at the city university of new york and a winner of prizes in history and - N years old senior vice president marketing at entertainment inc. was named president of capitol records inc. a unit of this entertainment concern - mr. succeeds david who resigned last month - legal in america have a way of assuming a significance far exceeding what is involved in the particular case - they speak volumes about the state of our society at a given moment - it has always been so - in the 1920s a young john t. to be a guinea in a test case sponsored by the american civil union to challenge a ban on the teaching of evolution imposed by the tennessee legislature - the result was a trial cultural conflicts in american life between the smart set whose spokesman was and the whom as - few now recall the actual outcome was convicted and fined $ N and his conviction was reversed on appeal because the fine was excessive under tennessee law - so it was with the case a generation later when became a rod for the of the cold war and attitudes toward the new deal he had served - his trials aroused public out of all proportion to the rather secrets he allegedly had passed to soviet intelligence - and so it seems to be with the case of elizabeth morgan the washington d.c. plastic surgeon jailed in a child custody case for refusing to reveal the of her daughter - dr. morgan has just emerged from the d.c. jail after more than two years ' for of court a to her many supporters - to the rest of us the case is a - it is what lawyers call fact intensive - it presents no great issue of legal principle no question of family law or the law of - instead it turns on the disputed and facts of who did what to whom - it is difficult if not impossible for anyone who has not over the thousands of pages of court and to have a opinion on the underlying merits of the controversy - certainly i do not - so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of the unusual power this case has over the minds of many not just in washington but elsewhere in the country and even the world - i suggest that three themes have come together in the strange case of dr. morgan - the first is that it represents an intense battle in what james used to as the war between the - but although did so gently and many of dr. morgan 's supporters have taken 's title the male animal quite literally - the of the aroused by the case to its importance in the war that accepted as an part of the human condition - a second theme is the of social class and race in the public reaction to the morgan case - dr. morgan is a highly educated white professional who attended some of the best schools - as members of the black in congress asked during the debate on the legislation that freed dr. morgan does anyone seriously believe that if she were an black woman congress would have rushed to pass a private relief bill her - or that the president would have to sign the bill out of for her plight - to ask those questions is to answer them - finally the case of dr. morgan gave congress an opportunity to act with and to engage in one of its favorite the district of columbia government - the local government is in the eyes of many residents for a variety of reasons and congressmen read the same newspapers and watch the same tv as other people in the area do - the d.c. government is for members of congress who do not have to answer to their own constituents for it - congress is from acting on such great issues of the day as the federal budget deficit - yet a bill tailored to the interests of a single individual passed congress with almost speed before the judicial process had run its course and indeed while the morgan case was awaiting a ruling by the appellate court - the morgan case thus tells us much more about the current state of sex class race and politics in our society than it does about the facts of dr. morgan 's particular situation - it may stand as a for how wide and deep the divisions in that society continue to be however we try to deny their existence - mr. is a lawyer in washington - the national aeronautics and space administration said it awarded general dynamics corp. a $ N million contract to launch the combined release and radiation effects satellite in june N - is a joint force satellite to study the effects of space radiation on components - nasa said general dynamics will launch using an atlas N rocket - ronald j. taylor N was named chairman of this insurance firm 's reinsurance brokerage group and its major unit & son inc - robert g. N retired as chairman but will remain a consultant - stephen a. crane N senior vice president and chief financial and planning officer of the parent was named president and chief executive of the brokerage group and the unit succeeding mr. taylor - the appointments are effective nov. N - said it will announce a successor to mr. crane at a later date - an investment company said it offered to acquire arby 's inc. the fast-food operator for $ N million - the proposal however was immediately rebuffed by arby 's parent corp - arby 's is n't for sale said senior vice president at - the new suitor equity ventures inc. of n.y. characterized its proposal as the first truly independent offer which does not pit one interest group against another within the arby 's franchisee community - in september a miami beach fla. holding company controlled by victor posner rejected an offer from a group of arby 's franchisees to acquire arby 's for $ N million - since then a second group of franchisees has together to try to control of the unit from mr. posner - arby 's is the marketing and service company for the N restaurants in the chain - 's principals richard and steven said they led the acquisition group that acquired the nathan 's famous inc. restaurant chain and subsequently served as the top officers of the company - richard said 's acquisition of arby 's would allow franchisers and operators with no conflicts of interest to stabilize franchisee relations and properly the company 's toward growth - general motors corp. 's big defense and automotive electronics unit gm hughes electronics said net income fell N N in the third quarter reflecting declining military spending and gm vehicle production - meanwhile net at gm 's finance arm general motors acceptance corp. fell N N - by contrast electronic data systems corp. gm 's data processing subsidiary boosted net N N - gm closed down $ N at $ N in new york stock exchange trading yesterday - earnings for gm common stock reflecting the performance of gm 's core automotive operations will be disclosed this morning - gm class which represents a dividend interest in hughes earnings closed at $ N up N cents in big board composite trading - gm class e which represents a dividend interest in profit fell N cents to $ N on the big board - the earnings drop at gm hughes electronics is a sign of tough times at both the defense operations of hughes aircraft co. and gm 's north american automotive operations which are a primary customer for the electronics corp. side of the gm hughes unit - profit at the unit fell to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share largely because of a $ N million one-time charge associated with hughes 's previously announced plan to reduce employment by at least N people by year end - even excluding the charge however net fell N N - in addition gm 's north american vehicle production fell N N from a year ago which hurt electronic 's earnings a company spokesman said - that decline was reflected in revenue for the gm hughes unit which edged down to $ N billion from $ N billion - in the nine months gm hughes net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - at gmac net dropped N N to $ N million from $ N million - the finance unit attributed the decline to higher borrowing costs compared with a year earlier - gmac said its automotive financing and leasing business rose N N in the u.s. largely because of dealer and customer incentives used to boost sales - gmac profits are combined with earnings from the rest of gm 's operations and attributed to the company 's traditional common stock - in the first nine months gmac 's earnings fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - at third-quarter profit jumped N N to a record $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in the nine months earned $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - revenue from accounts was N N of 's total business in the latest nine months compared with N N a year earlier - the company has said it wants to boost revenue to at least N N of its total business by the end of N - william c. jr. N years old was elected a director of this concern expanding the board to N members - alvin w. director of oak national laboratory oak tenn. was elected a director of this concern - mr. N years old succeeds william who died in august - in the bidding war for public service co. of new hampshire united illuminating co. raised its proposed offer to one it valued at $ N billion from $ N billion apparently all other bidders - the bids remain subject to evaluation by the federal bankruptcy court ps of new hampshire 's reorganization - they are also indirectly subject to approval by the state of new hampshire where residents fear soaring rates to pay for the cost of reorganization - each of the four parties bidding for ps of new hampshire proposes a complex financial package to satisfy creditors and shareholders and also proposes a formula to limit rate increases to satisfy the state - the new round of bidding would seem to complicate the decision making for judge james the bankruptcy judge overseeing the case because the company 's stockholders unsecured creditors and regulators each are currently backing different plans - in addition some of the proposals are so close that issues such as timing may play a more important role - the unsecured creditors agreed in principle to support new haven united illuminating 's new bid - they previously had backed an internal reorganization plan proposed by ps of new hampshire - all of the bidders full payment including interest to secured creditors - united illuminating 's plan however offers more for unsecured creditors - counsel to the official creditors committee said that under the united illuminating plan unsecured creditors would be paid in full credits and interest of about $ N million accrued before ps of new hampshire 's jan. N filing for bankruptcy court protection - in addition they would receive some $ N million in payments for interest since then - mr. said that by next july they would have accrued unpaid interest equal to $ N million - other plans generally would n't pay unsecured creditors ' interest accrued since the filing - under united illuminating 's plan a new holding company would be formed to own the two companies - it would be by united illuminating holders and by current holders of ps of new hampshire preferred and common stock - ps of new hampshire preferred holders also would get certain debentures and preferred stock - united illuminating said the preferred holders total package would equal about N N of their claims - common shareholders would end up owning about N N of the combined company - as previously reported northeast utilities hartford conn. monday filed a bid it valued at $ N billion - that offer was endorsed by the shareholders committee - the other bidders new england electric system mass. and ps of new hampshire did n't change the value of their bids although ps of new hampshire changed its rate proposal - new england electric values its offer at $ N billion and ps of new hampshire values its reorganization plan at $ N billion - the bankruptcy judge has ruled that federal bankruptcy laws could be used to state regulation - however creditors and bidders alike concede that the state plays a major role because it could significantly delay final settlement of a plan it did n't like - the state has endorsed the new england electric plan which promises to limit rate increases to N N annually for seven years - northeast utilities ' plan proposes N N annual increases - ps of new hampshire amended its plan to call for two years of N N rate increases followed by five years of N N increases - fuel cost adjustments could change the effective rate increases however - previously it had proposed seven years of N N increases - united illuminating also amended its rate plan - the new offer assumes just five years of N N rate increases to be followed by increases under the usual hearing procedure - previously united illuminating had also called for seven years of N N increases - the bids and rate proposals generally assume the seabrook nuclear power plant which is completed will go into operation - most of the plans have reduced bids in case the plant fails to get a license from the nuclear regulatory commission - in new york stock exchange trading ps of new hampshire 's N N debenture due N closed yesterday at $ N up $ N - the utility 's stock closed at $ N a share up N cents in composite trading on the big board - in a separate development ps of new hampshire gave N managers severance agreements that would pay one to three years ' salary if their jobs were changed or they were dismissed in the wake of a takeover - it said the maximum cost of the plan would be $ N million - c. tucker will become president and chief executive officer of bell atlantic international inc. a unit of this telecommunications concern effective jan. N - mr. tucker N years old is currently vice president and chief operating officer of bell atlantic 's telephone unit - mr. tucker will succeed j. N who will hold the newly created position of chairman of the international unit until his retirement april N - richard breeden had n't noticed that his new desk had just four telephone lines and one phone - it was after all only his second full day as chairman of the securities and exchange commission - but the lack of lines became painfully apparent - as the stock market into a 190-point free fall on oct. N mr. breeden found himself around the sixth floor of the sec from his desk where the new york stock exchange was on an open line to his assistant 's office where the commodity futures trading commission was connected to a third room where a computer monitored market moves - with other anxious calls pouring in he recalls i 'd either have to the new york stock exchange or go out to the secretary 's desk - it wo n't happen again - now there are more lines connected to the chairman 's office and the computer has been moved next to his desk - it 's all part of a new command center - the changes in the office illustrate mr. breeden 's stance as the nation 's top securities regulator - like his predecessor david he was faced with a crisis in the stock markets soon after coming into office - but unlike mr. who during the N crash damaged himself by saying rather that the markets might be closed mr. breeden is turning the market drop to his own advantage using it to further his agenda for the sec - in an interview and in congressional testimony he repeatedly points to the recent 190-point plunge in the dow jones industrial average the second-largest ever as evidence of the need for congress to give the sec the ability to better monitor leveraged buy-out loan activity by brokerage firms and to track big trades in the market - a veteran of another financial crisis the savings-and-loan bailout mr. breeden wants to have the sec regulate securities issued by banks and s&ls - more broadly he wants to modernize regulation by eliminating barriers between commercial and investment banking and by helping u.s. financial firms compete in the global market - he believes the tax code encourages the use of debt instead of stock and may fuel leveraged buy-outs an area the sec does n't regulate directly but one where it influence both on wall street and in congress - also unlike mr. mr. breeden appears to be in a position to get somewhere with his agenda - as a former white house aide who worked closely with congress he is in the ways of washington - what 's more the coming months likely will offer him the opportunity to obtain his own majority on the commission enabling him to avoid the that frustrated his predecessor - but mr. breeden a securities lawyer has some of the issues facing the financial markets - for instance he has n't stated a clear position on high-risk high-yield junk bonds an area of growing concern as turmoil in the junk market over into stocks - he may be waiting to see the results of several pending sec studies of junk market liquidity and disclosure rules - he also has kept a close wrap on the names of people under consideration for the crucial post of enforcement director at the commission a job vacant since the summer - mr. breeden 's selection will be as an important signal about the strength of his commitment to continuing the sec 's pursuit of insider trading and market manipulation on wall street - congress seems likely to let the new chairman have his way for a while - members of the senate banking committee know mr. breeden from working on the bill and the relationship generally remains warm - indeed during mr. breeden 's confirmation hearing last month senators asked him to introduce his children three separate times more often than they asked about his for the job - these days mr. breeden is winning in washington and on wall street for his role in monitoring the friday-the-13th market plunge and the following monday 's morning session - as a regulator charged with restoring investor confidence mr. breeden avoided making comments and worked to gather information critical to wall street and to other government agencies - not everyone has jumped on the breeden however - some in washington contend that it 's too soon to tell whether mr. breeden will help or the sec - i do n't think this was a real test says one congressional aide - it was a fairly weekend but my sense is if you had n't had richard breeden there it would n't have made much of a difference - for some at the sec an agency that its independence mr. breeden may be too much of a washington insider - they note that he has his office with five photos of george bush one of them featuring the first dog - they worry that mr. breeden also will roll over when told to do so by the white house - but mr. breeden already has shown an eagerness to run the sec his way - during the monday market rebound a new york exchange spokesman told cable news network viewers that the industrial average had turned down N points - stunned mr. breeden turned to his computer which by then was next to his desk - it showed the up N points - sec staffers soon determined that a widely watched stock-market service quotron had the industrial average - mr. breeden instructed sec staffers to inform the network that it was airing the wrong number - it was the plunge that did n't happen he says - mr. breeden also is trying to use a far more catastrophic event the california earthquake to move another rule change past congress - that disaster closed the pacific stock exchange 's stock operation forcing those options to be switched to other exchanges temporarily - though to most investors the question of whether to list options on more than one exchange has aroused much interest in congress mainly because regional exchanges fear the change could bankrupt them - congressmen raised the issue yesterday at a hearing - mr. breeden not missing a chance to press his agenda cited the earthquake - that event he contended simply shows the of having listings on only one exchange - in a corner of the new nippon convention center sits mazda motor corp. 's display - the highlight a control system - with the touch of a drivers can choose from mint or all in through the car 's system - the soft will improve ride comfort the display and a proud employee says mazda hopes to move the system out of the lab and into its cars in a year or two - welcome to the tokyo motor show - here you can find mitsubishi motors corp. a live fish a truck to an on wheels and nissan motor co. with its whose doors upon recognizing the owner 's - motor co. 's sport vehicle features a rear and invites drivers to go back to the nature - but this event the world 's largest display of cars and trucks has its serious side including the first major of future engines and systems - it 's also the prime for a country whose world dominance in the industry is increasingly acknowledged and lies the draw - even the biggest auto shows in the u.s. are largely regional affairs but the tokyo show is international - virtually every automotive analyst in new york showed up - flights were booked solid this week as motor city executives including ford motor co. chairman donald e. and chrysler corp. vice chairman gerald to see the future - even the soviet union came for the first time in N years to show off its sedan and its model - here 's a look at what the japanese hosts and what the foreign visitors saw - new technology - the hottest displays were items that passengers from and other of the road - these active suspension systems electronically sense road conditions and adjust a car 's ride - existing suspension systems try to absorb but active suspension provides power to counter the - nissan in a modestly compares its active suspension to a and the various parts to the animal 's heart brain nerves and blood vessels - toyota motor corp. touted its system in a car that in half to reveal the suspension 's inner workings - nissan says it will introduce its first system next month on the infiniti luxury sedan and toyota 's will go on sale with the suspension device next spring - but drivers in the u.s. must wait the japanese for now are keeping active suspension for domestic use only - and detroit 's big three auto makers say their systems are still under development - in the engine department several companies displayed experimental models that within a decade could provide power equal to today 's engines and yet take up only half the space allowing for shorter - in the so-called engines which are expected to get sharply higher gas each goes up and down only once to provide power - by contrast the in conventional engines must move up and down twice in each power cycle - the engine displays by toyota and fuji heavy industries the maker of cars drew plenty of interest from u.s. auto executives who are rushing to develop engines - honda motor co. shows a more conventional engine in the new accord model which made its debut just this month in japan only - honda says the engine provides a compromise between the of a and the power of a - it is rumored to be bound for a new model in the luxury line in the u.s. but honda officials would n't comment - odd cars funny names - there 's plenty of here but it is n't always clear whether it 's - the show 's symbol is a woman riding on a not your usual for speed and - but the sponsors have an explanation through the character associated with a they say important values such as harmony with nature and aspirations for the future are sought - japanese auto makers are known for coming up with funny names but this year the practice seems to have reached a new high or low - honda has a tiny called the and a slightly larger the - mitsubishi has a delivery truck called the - mazda has the truck and under its a called the - its carol is designed with softness and - but the court appears to be japan 's smallest car maker motor co - one of its is the which seats just one person in front and could hold a small child and bag of in the rear - also has the fellow N the and the - the jokes are n't just on the japanese though - des renault the french auto maker has a concept car called the - the name is supposed to but in japanese it means - foreign presence - foreign auto makers are taking the tokyo motor show more seriously than ever - ab invites to play the role of the test by in a car that a crash to show just how its works - hyundai motor co. of south korea has its exhibit in tokyo - general motors corp. is its first independent display in N years and it includes a buick station with side panels - ford and chrysler also have although theirs are in a separate room with the automotive parts section - we 've got to get out of the detroit mentality and be part of the world mentality declares charles m. jordan gm 's vice president for design in explaining his to the tokyo show - even so traditional american is n't endangered - ford officials for example about their tokyo grand racing victory - true ford was declared the winner sunday but only after the honda driver who crossed the finish line first was because it hit another car and out of - mr. jordan of gm meanwhile still japanese - it 's hard for the japanese he says to get a feeling in a car to get a passion in a car to get in a car - regarding your sept. N politics & policy column on the party differences over cutting capital gains or expanding iras why not compromise now and save the public from the coming congressional political rhetoric that seems to go hand in hand with the process - the republicans maintain that a N N capital-gains exclusion will raise revenue in the short term and spur economic investment while the democrats maintain that an increase in the top income-tax rate and expanded iras will raise revenue and spur savings - this is a classic example of the old saying the whole is greater than the sum of its parts - it 's ridiculous for a family with taxable income of $ N to pay the same N N tax rate as a family with taxable income of $ N - the N N should apply to all income over the applicable level not just the N N rate adjustment amount - it 's equally ridiculous not to provide a capital investment or tax incentive - jeffrey t. - pwa corp. said it plans to sell by spring N all N passenger planes it acquired earlier this year in its N million canadian dollar us$ N million purchase of inc - pwa which recently merged 's operations with those of canadian airlines international ltd. canada 's airline said the proposed sale is part of a revised five-year plan aimed at streamlining its fleet and shedding debt - pwa would n't estimate the value of 's aircraft which include N airbus and three boeing - but james ireland a miami-based technical analyst with inc. an aircraft evaluation firm estimated the total value of the N planes at about $ N million or more - mr. ireland said N aircraft that pwa also said it plans to sell beginning in N have a current value of about $ N million each or a total $ N million raising potential proceeds from the aircraft sale to about $ N billion - mr. ireland said current demand for used aircraft is strong partly because surging orders for new aircraft have waiting lists - he predicted that pwa would have little difficulty attracting prospective buyers - under its revised fleet plan pwa said it will also increase its existing fleet of eight boeing aircraft to N by N and add four more boeing by N to the two units that it previously planned to add by next year - pwa said two of the boeing aircraft scheduled for delivery in N would be leased out for two to five years - pwa did n't disclose the expected net cost of the fleet overhaul but a toronto-based analyst estimated it at about $ N million us excluding replacement costs for the N aircraft that pwa plans to sell and purchase costs for as many as N airbus N aircraft that pwa previously ordered - i do n't see this as a debt reduction exercise - it 's focused on streamlining pwa 's fleet in a bid to cut training and aircraft costs the analyst said - pwa 's long-term debt and capital lease obligations rose to c$ N billion at the end of the second quarter nearly double the year-earlier figure reflecting debt absorbed under the purchase - pwa said it also expects to announce by tuesday whether it will take delivery of all N airbus N aircraft it previously ordered - the first five leased units were to be delivered in N - this british banking and financial-services group 's investment-banking arm barclays de zoete wedd group announced the following appointments at its subsidiary barclays de zoete wedd ltd - john N years old was named a deputy chairman - mr. is currently a director at barclays de zoete wedd ltd - graham N was named to the new post of chief executive officer of the division - N was named to the new post of deputy head of the division and a managing director - mr. and mr. join 's from kleinwort benson ltd. where they served as directors - the recent bids for united and american airlines have led congress to move with speed to protect incumbent airline - the house is scheduled to vote today on an bill that would block for up to N days any bid for N N or more of a u.s. airline even a straight cash purchase - transportation secretary sam skinner who earlier fueled the anti-takeover fires with his attacks on foreign investment in u.s. carriers now says the bill would further the jittery capital markets - texas rep. steve bartlett who has N american airlines workers in his district says the bill is good politics but bad law - it is ironic that at a time when america 's partial airline deregulation is being by governments from new zealand to ethiopia so many in congress favor an program for airlines that would be more appropriate for the soviet airline aeroflot - federal reserve chairman alan greenspan told congress that the fed can wipe out inflation without causing a recession but he said doing so will some short-term pain and will require reducing the federal deficit sharply - mr. greenspan said he and other fed governors a bill by rep. stephen neal d. n.c. that would require the fed to pursue policies aimed at eliminating inflation within five years - such a deadline is but it would have costs mr. greenspan told rep. neal 's monetary policy subcommittee - the fed chief opposed a bill introduced by lee hamilton d. ind. and d. that among other things would require the fed to disclose all monetary policy moves immediately and increase outside scrutiny of the fed - in responding to questions mr. greenspan played down reports of tension between the fed and the treasury over exchange-rate policy - what seem to be interpreted as great conflicts are relatively minor issues of tactics he said - he did n't elaborate - but the fed is n't enthusiastic about treasury efforts to bring down the value of the dollar through intervention in foreign-exchange markets and the treasury is frustrated at the fed 's reluctance to cut interest rates to pull down the dollar 's value - mr. greenspan said the inflation rate currently about N N N could be brought down to levels which are close to zero without putting the economy into a recession but i do suspect that there might be some modest loss of economic output - in other words economic growth would be lower and unemployment would be higher for a few years - but mr. greenspan who has repeatedly said the fed 's goal is to reduce inflation added that whatever losses are incurred in the pursuing of price stability would surely be more than made up in increased output thereafter - he warned that fed efforts to inflation would fail and could produce a major financial crunch unless they are accompanied by a significant reduction in the federal deficit which causes the government to borrow heavily - rep. neal 's bill originally called on the fed to reduce the inflation rate by one percentage point a year for five years and to maintain a zero inflation rate thereafter - he altered the to win mr. greenspan 's endorsement - even so his bill is given little chance of passage - hamilton and also have altered their bill dropping a proposal to add the treasury secretary to the fed committee that makes monetary policy - instead the bill simply calls for meetings between the committee and top administration officials - even that met with mr. greenspan 's because it might subject the fed to a more intensely political perspective and could risk monetary policy away from long-term strategic goals - while each of the proposals represents only a small step together they would erode the fed 's independence mr. greenspan said - mr. greenspan also said that although he favors cutting capital-gains taxes as sound economic policy he would oppose such a move if it would undo the political compromise in the tax reform act of N and result in higher marginal income tax rates - sears roebuck & co. signed a contract with bob vila the former host of the popular public television program this old house to star in a half-hour home improvement show sponsored by the giant retailer - the show slated to start airing by june N marks sears 's entry into the market of home repair television programs and could bolster sales of its home improvement products - in recent months sales of home improvement items have sagged along with sales of other big ticket durable goods - the show also signals mr. vila 's return as a television celebrity - earlier this year public television station in boston fired mr. vila after a sponsor some of his numerous commercial - with mr. vila as host this old house became one of the public broadcasting service 's top N programs airing weekly on about N of the network 's stations and seen by an average of N million viewers - but home inc. an atlanta-based home center chain when mr. vila started doing commercial for home centers a new jersey building supply company that competes with home in some markets - i 'm about the change said mr. vila whose new syndicated program is called home again with bob vila - in an interview mr. vila criticized his old show which is continuing with a new host - public tv is in fantasy land he said - last season we did a story that involved spending $ N in converting a house into a bed and breakfast - in the new show he said we 're going to spend $ N building a start-up house for a young couple - while sears would n't comment on the over mr. vila 's commercial it appears to be building a around mr. vila 's - his contract makes him exclusive spokesman for sears 's home improvement marketing campaigns - ogilvy & mather in chicago a unit of wpp group plc will handle the advertising account and - the only other endorsement permitted by the contract involves a series of home improvement and repair books - his other agreements to promote products have expired - little matter for mr. vila who complains that public tv never paid me more than $ N a year - he said his compensation under the sears contract is a dollar deal - eugene a. miller N years old was elected a director of this electric utility company filling a vacancy - he is president and chief executive officer of inc. in detroit - the white house has decided to push for changes in pesticide law that are designed to speed the removal of harmful chemicals from the nation 's food supply - the proposed changes which are scheduled to be announced today would apply to pesticides and other found on fresh and processed foods according to federal officials - environmental groups have been calling for faster action on dangerous pesticides and may welcome part of the proposal - but they are already to among other things a plan to give more weight to considerations in evaluating pesticides - it 's a tremendous disappointment said an attorney with the natural resources defense council - allowing the epa to continued use of a chemical whenever the benefits outweigh the risks is absolutely to the environmental community - the bush administration plans to announce a series of principles and to work with congressional leaders in writing specific legislative proposals that them - the principles would give the environmental protection agency increased authority and flexibility in pesticides with the aim of enabling the agency to move more quickly - there already are proposals pending in congress to overhaul pesticide law - moves to accelerate the removal of dangerous pesticides gained new impetus during this year 's scare when the epa was criticized for failing to the possible a growth regulator used to make apples and - the agency has since acted to remove from the nation 's grocery shelves by may N N and the apple industry has said that growers already have stopped using the chemical - in addition the principles attempt to eliminate the so-called - under the clause which applies to processed food a chemical is banned if it causes cancer in laboratory animals - under other laws applying to pesticide use however that same chemical could be allowed to be used on fresh food if it fell within the epa 's level - among other changes the white house wants to - give the epa more flexibility to declare a pesticide an imminent hazard and pull it from the marketplace - speed up the process for removing a pesticide that is n't an imminent hazard - bar states from setting more levels for a pesticide once the federal government has set a standard - give the epa added discretion to set negligible risk levels for pesticide in processed food - chemicals that exceed these risk levels would be barred but those that fall below these levels would be allowed - allow the epa to permit the continued use of pesticides that exceed its negligible risk standard if the benefits of doing so outweigh the cost - financial markets took a break from their recent wild gyrations with stock prices falling modestly bond prices posting tiny gains and the dollar almost unchanged - the dow jones industrial average lost N points to N in moderate trading - long-term treasury bonds rose slightly despite the on the market of $ N billion in 30-year bonds offered by the resolution funding corp. as part of the government 's bailout of the savings and loan industry - the dollar was barely changed against the west german mark and up marginally against the japanese yen - yesterday 's sluggish action was in marked contrast to the and plunging of stock prices tuesday after the proposed buy-out of ual corp. once again collapsed - traders said the stock market 's moves have prompted many investors to head for the sidelines until it some of stability - although bond prices were n't as volatile on tuesday trading as stock prices traders nevertheless said action also was much slower yesterday in the treasury market - bond investors paid close attention to comments by federal reserve chairman alan greenspan who was before a congressional hearing but were n't able to extract many clues about the future course of the fed 's monetary policy - many analysts are expecting the fed to lower interest rates at least once more before the end of the year - investors now are awaiting today 's release of the preliminary estimate of third-quarter gross national product - economists predict the report will show economic growth of about N N in the third quarter which would have little effect on financial markets - but an unexpected deviation either way could bond and currency markets - in major market activity - stock prices slipped lower in moderate trading - volume on the new york stock exchange totaled N million shares - but advancing issues on the big board were ahead of decliners N to N - bond prices inched higher - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year issue rose less than an eighth of a point or less than $ N for each $ N of face amount - the yield on the issue stood at N N - the dollar was virtually unchanged - in late new york trading the u.s. currency was quoted at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen tuesday - a few years ago i was on a panel of journalists that discussed the image of athletics for an audience of campus information directors and others - we quickly that not only was the bad rep of big-time college sports earned but also that it could be corrected - competition could be maintained and stadiums probably would remain full if schedules were reduced and the games returned to the students we said - comments from the audience reflected widespread if agreement with those conclusions - as the session broke up i was approached by a man who identified himself as the director of a big ten university - i 'd love to see sports cut back and so would a lot of my counterparts at other schools but everybody 's afraid to make the first move he - it 's like the u.s. and the russians nobody wants to first - and so our institutions of higher learning from scandal to scandal on and basketball court while the mount - three new books make the point that one large price of the show can be the integrity of the schools that stage it - they are a payroll to meet a story of greed corruption and football at macmillan N pages $ N by david big red confidential inside nebraska football contemporary N pages $ N by and never too young to die the death of bias N pages $ N by lewis - the pick of the group is payroll it should be required reading for every college president - it how over a period of a dozen years southern university bought its way to football respectability in the southwest conference only to find itself trapped and by the system it created - the school was the first in N to receive the ncaa 's death penalty two years without football for repeated rules violations - given current about the university of florida it may not be the last - the man who brought the bribe to the dallas school was ron a flashy sort who came in N to rescue a program mr. writes - mr. 's personal style was illustrated by his a $ N bill to a high-school board on which other coaches tacked their cards - one working with mr. was so generous with $ N and $ N bills that prospects sang here comes santa when he approached - paying players at was no casual operation - it involved the athletics director two different football staffs and school and governors just about everybody it seemed but donald the university 's president - there 's a passage in which mr. having finally learned of the practice his to bill then a university governor and now the governor of texas and oil man edwin cox chairman of the board of - you stay out of it author quotes mr. as saying - go run the university - which was about what mr. did and quietly until he resigned a few years later ill health when the stuff hit the fan - mr. drew on news media coverage of the scandal and on a university internal investigation - mr. had to do most of his own on university of nebraska football which is to date high and dry as far as the ncaa is concerned - unfortunately he gets low grades as an reporter relying heavily on what chicago 's late mayor richard j. called - discrepancies go in confidential one claims he received $ N to $ N for his season football tickets while others said theirs brought only a few hundred dollars and when mr. ca n't down something like who really owned a car driven by doug he simply his notes - there are to supposed romantic between players and a female university employee - a serious charge that star irving threw the N orange bowl game by intentionally dropping a pass in the end zone is included even though the nebraska assistant coach quoted denied making it - still the book produces more smoke than a along with a few especially concerning the use of - dean a former that he used and says other did too - it 's a mystery how this could have escaped the notice of nebraska coaches - probably it did n't - never too young is a different sort of work focusing on the N death from cocaine of bias a university of maryland basketball star for sure pro - while the university was no more to blame for that than for the similar fate of any other student it must bear responsibility for its conduct in the aftermath - bias 's coach ordered the room in which bias died to be before the police could arrive the order was n't carried out and the school 's athletics director issued false information about the academic standing of bias and other players - those of course were the responses of people with something to hide - one how other college athletic officials would under the same circumstances - tomorrow 's on sports column will look at another aspect of the college sports mess - of north america inc. a unit of daimler-benz ag paid massachusetts $ N million in taxes bringing to an end a corporate tax chase - officials at the department of revenue had dogged the foreign car maker for taxes owed on business transactions and were proceeding to settle the dispute in court - but the check arrived in the mail said stephen kidder massachusetts commissioner of revenue - which had said it did n't owe taxes to massachusetts partly because it sells its cars at a in baltimore and not in massachusetts did n't explain its change of heart - last month executives approached state revenue officials complaining about bad press the commissioner said - the dispute was the subject of a wall street journal article in august - the amount covers taxes interest and penalties owed from N when the state began collecting corporate taxes to N - also agreed to pay taxes owed for the years N through N mr. kidder added - under massachusetts tax laws corporations must pay N N of estimated profits resulting from business transactions in the state if the company a variety of activities including customer complaints and relations with independent dealerships - national convenience stores inc. trying to shake the doldrums in the business said it will the merchandise in all of its stores in the next N months to cater better to the neighborhoods around its stores - as part of the plan the company 's N stop go stores will be to target black hispanic upscale or core middle-class customers - stores in neighborhoods for instance will carry high-priced wines publications such as fair pasta oat bran and weight watchers and products - stores in hispanic areas will stock an of magazines mexican cooking items and - stores in the company 's core middle-class market will get more frozen and foods and a greater selection of bottled water - van horn national convenience president and chief executive officer said the move reflects the company 's that the industry 's poor performance stems from its failure to give customers what they want rather than from increasing competition from gasoline stations and 24-hour grocery stores - convenience store merchandise has not kept pace with current trends in consumer preferences he said in a speech at the company 's annual shareholders meeting - analysts and competitors said the move reflects a growing need by the stores to expand their customer base beyond the traditional blue-collar worker who into a convenience store for a cigarettes soda or beer - there are an increasing number of people out there who are said chris retail analyst with alex brown & sons of baltimore - those are primarily white-collar workers a customer segment that has historically proved for convenience stores - national convenience 's move is likely to be by other chains though analysts note that corp. owner of stores and circle k corp. are too to roll out such an extensive effort - still said that its franchisees have been targeting their merchandise to their customers for years and that the company has begun to follow suit - for instance has expanded its bottled water selection in some stores and added fresh in some outlets - several months ago it also added black health and beauty aids displays to many stores a spokeswoman said - we certainly see an increasing trend toward that she added - national convenience said it has tested its new merchandise mix in N stores with favorable results - analysts said the company 's effort will be helped by its decision last year to put in N stores allowing national convenience to quickly track items that are selling and those that are n't - to promote its new strategy national convenience said it plans to spend about $ N million on advertising for the year ending june N up from about $ N million in fiscal N - labor secretary elizabeth dole named a mediator to help resolve the lengthy labor dispute between the united mine workers and pittston co - jr. labor secretary during the ford administration was named to talks to settle the six-month strike by the - previous talks between pittston of greenwich conn. and the union have been sporadic and unsuccessful - the union called the strike in april after pittston refused to sign the 's national labor pact - pittston seeks changes in health and pension benefits among other things - no schedule for formal talks was set but meetings are expected to begin soon - one day after delmed inc. made top management changes and disclosed the end of an important business tie its stock did n't trade and the company forecast a significant drop next year in sales of its core product - that disclosure came a delmed spokeswoman said after the american stock exchange the company that trading would n't resume in its stock until additional information about developments was provided - in addition to the forecast the company also said it is potential cost cuts and reductions in overhead - the spokeswoman said the exchange would resume trading of delmed stock today - delmed which makes and sells dialysis products used in treating kidney disease on tuesday announced the resignations of robert s. ehrlich chairman president and chief executive officer and of leslie i. shapiro chief operating officer and chief financial officer - they were succeeded by executives of fresenius usa inc. and its parent fresenius ag which owns about N N of delmed - at the same time the new n.j. company said negotiations about pricing and volumes of product had collapsed between it and its exclusive distributor in the u.s. national medical care inc - following that announcement tuesday however company officials were unavailable to elaborate - yesterday the spokeswoman said sales of delmed products through the exclusive arrangement with national medical accounted for N N of delmed 's N sales of $ N million - the current distribution arrangement ends in march N although delmed said it will continue to provide some supplies of the dialysis products to national medical the spokeswoman said - nonetheless delmed currently expects that N sales will be significantly below their N level the company said in a statement - delmed said yesterday that fresenius usa would begin distributing the product and that the company is investigating other possible distribution channels - in any case supplies to patients wo n't be interrupted the company added - fresenius a west german pharmaceutical concern has been discussing a transaction in which it would buy delmed stock for cash to bring its beneficial ownership to between N N and N N - the transaction also would combine fresenius usa and delmed - but the plan now is being delmed said declining to provide most of the new terms of the combination - said the spokeswoman the whole structure has changed - the value of the company has changed - delmed did say that the proposal still would cash into delmed but less than the $ N million originally expected - delmed also would receive the north american rights to certain fresenius ag products - another option for delmed the company said is that it could sell its plant in ogden utah - it added that no discussions about such a sale are under way - brooks car service inc. never wanted to get into money laundering - but july N a in wilmington del. caused creek to rise N feet pouring N million gallons of water into - the water destroyed about $ N million in currency and $ N million of coins with them dangerous to counting machines - the $ N million in paper money although and was exchanged through the federal reserve bank of philadelphia without incident - but brooks was unable to reach a agreement with the government - we kind of got caught between says president william f. brooks jr - the u.s. mint would n't take the coin because it was n't and the federal reserve bank only clean coins he says - the philadelphia fed says it is merely an agent for coins responsible only for storage and distribution - we issue paper money we destroy paper money says a philadelphia fed spokeswoman - the coin is their problem - a mint official says the agency offered to clean the coins for its cost of $ N plus certain other expenses - but brooks declined figuring that the up money to washington would cost the company thousands more - so brooks gave the work to coin wrap inc. which came up with an unusual solution - for eight hours a day for the past two weeks in aggregates of as much as N pounds equaling $ N in pennies coin wrap has been pouring money into a truck - a giant working like a causes the to and burns off any - after around for an hour or so the hot money out of the cement where a giant vacuum away the and - after cooling the coins are then - brooks expects to pay coin wrap a total of about $ N a cost that insurance wo n't cover - and while the job is half done brooks is still bitter - in fact there 's only one person involved who 's happy and that 's string president of coin wrap and of the solution - not only did his company find $ N worth of work but when the approach was suggested mr. string says brooks officials did n't at me or anything - this summer 's successful and amusing movie about parents and children apparently was only the beginning - it seems that every day a new movie opens featuring a child coping with a mother 's death or adoption or aging parents or pregnancy - and why not - some of our best and most film makers from to to allen have taken a from when it comes to compelling drama there 's no place like home - yet too many people working in hollywood today seem to suffer from the that the drama played out in every home will be interesting to people who live somewhere else - this is not the case - some simply are n't worth in - yet there will be people who will at immediate family a constructed and offensive movie about adoption - these are the sensitive who can with and even enjoy hearing about other people 's troubles no matter how or predictably the sad tale is told - written by barbara co-author of the big immediate family takes the position that only rich people living in nice houses should have children - the film makers have this offensive idea in pretty packaging - everyone is very nice and the parents glenn close and james woods and the couple who decide to give up their baby for adoption mary stuart and kevin dillon - linda and michael ms. close and mr. woods who seem to be pushing N live in a large and home in suburban seattle - all of their friends have children and they ca n't so now they want a child more than anything perhaps even more than michael wanted his fancy convertible or his stereo equipment - the idea of a must be them since the wealthy of their friends are shown to be in therapy by age five - having exhausted all modern aids to linda and michael decide to adopt - the actors wear to indicate their genuine for a little one or maybe they 're commenting on the of the script and jonathan 's the accused direction - or maybe they are by the musical score when a character at a major decision her thoughts are revealed by the sound of i can see clearly now - the adoption agency insists on introducing the adopting parents to the birth mother so linda and michael pay for pregnant 's ms. bus ticket from ohio - why in these movies is the pregnant woman always from ohio - i ask this not necessarily as a native - of course is pretty and smart though - everyone falls in love with everyone else - there is some pain when has the baby and did n't know she would feel like this and wants to keep the baby - but in the end everything turns out for the best in the film makers ' view - like lawyers in the hostile takeover field the baby goes where the money is - at the other end of the life cycle is gary david goldberg 's of the william novel - this picture is about a son who makes sure that his delayed bond with his father will last by waiting to cement it until just before the old man dies - the emotional style mr. goldberg has on television 's family ties does n't benefit from - his characters practically through a vast range of human like travelers doing N cities in eight days - they only to register little of and of satisfaction like tourists the sights they 've seen from the window of a bus - not even jack 's expert makes this trip worth taking - so it 's entirely possible that look who 's talking is n't as entertaining as it seems in comparison to the other films opening now - but by comparison this comedy seems like a - it starts with conception taking the 's point of view then to the baby 's point of view - bruce 's best attribute as an actor is his voice and that 's all you get of him here speaking for the baby - finally there is one family movie that quite the of human only its stars are bears - for the second time in a movie called the bear french director demonstrates just how powerful pictures can be - for fire was the first time - to be sure one what kind of man is this who feels to try to understand the most and in a way that requires the most sophisticated appreciation of - supposedly he proposed the movie to his producer in four lines - an bear - a big bear - two in the forest - the animals ' point of view - but then even a great many words could n't the extraordinary pull of this movie about an bear who a parent - video tip - one of the best movies about the thing in recent years was raising arizona the N brothers ' comedy that definitely was not about the folks next door - westinghouse electric corp. on a major restructuring program expects operating margins of more than N N and double-digit per-share earnings growth next year top officers told securities analysts here - john c. marous chairman and chief executive officer also said the company expects sales from continuing businesses to rise N N annually through the next three years - in N the company earned $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - since N westinghouse has shed N businesses that it did n't expect to produce N N operating margins while acquiring N businesses - in the past N months alone paul e. president and chief operating officer said the divestiture of $ N million of businesses has been more than offset by $ N million in profitable acquisitions - westinghouse expects to meet its corporate goals despite a softening in the economy - even if the gross national product is either flat or in the growth range of N N to N N we can handle that mr. marous said - gnp is the total value of the nation 's output of goods and services - a bright spot is the company 's business which is experiencing a surge of growth for the first time in years - mr. marous said the business will achieve higher sales this year than the company 's target goal of N N - while westinghouse has n't had a nuclear power plant order from a u.s. utility in about a decade excess capacity is beginning to shrink - mr. said the company the need for a major boost in capability throughout the 1990s - westinghouse also is well positioned to sell steam and gas plants to independent power producers - the company 's ability to respond to energy needs world-wide will be enhanced through a recently announced venture with mitsubishi heavy industries mr. said - he said the independent power segment could grow to provide as much as N N of near-term generation capacity adding we expect to supply a significant share of this market - westinghouse also expects its international sales to soon grow to N N of total corporate sales from N N last year - the company is negotiating with the soviets to build a king plant that would produce about N units annually - mr. marous said westinghouse would own N N of the facility - the deal which will involve an initial $ N million investment was struck with a he added - company officials also said that any gain from the sale of westinghouse 's N N stake in its transmission and distribution venture with the swiss firm of asea brown boveri will be offset by a restructuring charge in the fourth quarter - the executives did n't disclose the size of the expected gain - capital expenditure in N will rise slightly mr. marous said from an estimated $ N million this year - short interest in international mobile machines corp. fell to N shares in the month ended oct. N from N in september - because of an error by the national association of securities dealers the listing appeared incorrectly in the main table and several highlight tables in yesterday 's edition - a proposed policy for federally funded researchers may thwart many high-technology new ventures say financiers researchers and university administrators - the national institutes of health policy would require researchers to cut financial ties with health-care businesses or lose their government money - among other concerns the agency says researchers with business ties are more likely to findings in order to new drugs - as ties between and venture capital have in recent years fear of abuse has risen - but the guidelines could make it impossible to research says kenneth smith associate and vice president for research at massachusetts institute of technology - the nih is asking grant recipients and others for comments on the proposed guidelines until dec. N - after that it will make a final decision on the policy - the guidelines could future arrangements similar to the deal behind inc. a mass. start-up says robert daly a managing partner of associates a venture-capital firm - with $ N million he and other investors launched last year to market a cure being developed by researchers of the university of california at san diego - the researchers who are being financed by the funds will receive a royalty or percentage of sales if their research yields a commercial product - but because the university of california like many other universities shares its royalties with researchers it may itself from federal funds under the proposed guidelines mr. daly says - the high-tech industry is full of the kind of arrangement that the new guidelines would affect - for instance commonwealth inc. a venture-capital concern last month invested $ N to launch inc. a mass. concern that will produce pharmaceuticals - scientists and paul conducted the initial research at the massachusetts institute of technology - while ms. left mit to head prof. will continue to work at mit serve on 's board and own a small equity stake in the company - the transaction is typical of the way venture-capital firms are approaching the task of biotechnology research - while universities develop the basic research venture capitalists are the ones best positioned to finance its says w. of commonwealth - this is the best way to transfer technology straight off the of universities - but the new guidelines could prevent scientists like prof. from being involved with such as venture capitalists point out - and if that happens the entire process of technology to the marketplace could be they say - the stakes in the controversy are large - last year venture capitalists spent an estimated $ N million to finance start-up companies in medical and biotechnology businesses according to the national venture capital association a trade group - many of the deals involved transactions in which scientific institutions or researchers agreed to their work in return for an equity stake or royalties - in many of these deals venture capitalists had the inside track says lawrence of ventures la jolla calif - investors were willing to gamble on new technologies because we had exclusive rights to those technologies he adds - but under the proposed guidelines all federally funded research will have to be reported publicly so that anyone can capitalize on the work - without the exclusivity most venture capitalists wo n't have the incentive to invest in such deals mr. says - last year for example and others invested $ N million in inc. south san francisco calif. to license and develop technology for delivery of drugs to the brain - but before was able to get an exclusive license to the technology the federal register published most of the details giving all of the company 's potential competitors a chance to exploit it mr. says - eventually acquired exclusive rights to the technology and currently is developing it - but says mr. it was a close call - the proposed guidelines could also delay and force small companies to waste scarce capital entrepreneurs say - if ca n't have early access to research being conducted at institutions we have to it ourselves or do without the research says ruth manager of business development at applied biotechnology inc. a cambridge mass. concern - research is both costly and for a start-up ms. says - for its part nih insists that its guidelines should not research creativity or technology transfer from the research laboratory to commercial use - universities such as harvard and mit should be able to develop a way to act as brokers for the individual scientists says who oversees the huge nih grants program as its deputy director for research - nih staff members believe the guidelines are essential to prevent the of problems that have already begun to surface in scientific ventures - not long ago scientists holding stock in pharmaceutical services inc. were accused of research to boost the stock - many officials are also concerned about companies getting a free ride on research - a congressional has been investigating the potential abuse from researchers holding stock in companies their research - among other provisions the nih guidelines would prohibit researchers and members of their immediate families from holding stock in any company that is affected by the outcome of their research - ms. the nih administrator says the business and scientific community is to what the agency merely meant to be ideas for discussion - the predictions of are she says - but when agencies like the nih guidelines they 've often already policy veteran scientists say - indeed institutions already are taking note - on sept. N harvard began circulating a policy statement that in effect would follow the nih guidelines - the university of california at san francisco is also circulating a memo among its scientific faculty that will restrict contact with the world of business - in many other institutions scientists are contacts with venture investors until the nih policy is settled - says mr. daly the venture capitalist it does n't matter whether they call it guidelines or policy - the damage is already done - friday oct. N N edt on pbs pbs air dates and times vary so check local listings show boat - new jersey 's paper mill produced this revival of america 's most influential musical written by jerome and and first produced on broadway in N - worth watching although the music has lasted better than the plot or the humor - saturday oct. N N p.m. edt on hbo repeated oct. N nov. N N N N and N perfect witness - brian and are excellent in this tale of a reluctant witness in an organized crime prosecution - it 's set in new york but it with the terrible dynamics of the latin american drug wars - sunday oct. N N p.m. est on abc the final days - no doubt there is something to everyone in this of bob and carl bernstein 's book about - personally i 'm by its combination of and which adds up to an lack of drama - sunday oct. N N p.m. est on showtime repeated nov. N N N and N the strange case of dr. and mr. - fans of anthony will watching him play the title role s in the robert louis stevenson drama of - monday oct. N N p.m. est on pbs into sleep - i promise you will stay through this intriguing about the science of sleep - wednesday nov. N N p.m. est on pbs thomas hart benton - critical opinion is divided about the success of benton 's of art - but no one could disagree that ken burns has made a film about this famous american - thursday nov. N N p.m. est on repeated at N a.m. and on nov. N third and oak the pool hall - a by the playwright norman is the first presentation in a new series called american theater sponsored by general motors - james jones and mario van carry out a bitter dialogue between two black men - nov. N N p.m. est on pbs taiwan the other china - hosts this series about the history economy culture and politics of the island home of chinese democracy and capitalism - friday nov. N N p.m. est on pbs our town - along with show boat great performances off its new season with this lincoln center production of wilder 's best known play in which the role of the small-town stage manager is given a twist by performance artist gray - saturday nov. N N p.m. est on nbc 's cup day - fancy turf fat the horse race of the year - sunday nov. N N p.m. est on abc new york city marathon - cement media glory the foot race of the year - sunday nov. N N p.m. est on gary american life american - i 've seen a great many film and this one is outstanding - nov. N N p.m. est on pbs glory enough for all - can theatre make a compelling human story out of the discovery of insulin - this amusing film answers with a yes - sunday and monday nov. N and N N p.m. est on nbc cross of fire - the was revived in the 1920s as a national organization aimed at and as well as blacks - one reason for its was the murder trial of d.c. an indiana leader whose reckless career is in this film harris and john heard - tuesday nov. N N p.m. est on pbs hurricane - has the san francisco earthquake caused you to forget hugo - you 'll remember when you see the stunning taken from inside a hurricane 's eye in this edition of - merksamer jewelers inc. a fast-growing jewelry store chain filed for chapter N bankruptcy-law protection from creditors apparently to speed a management buy-out of the chain - the filing made yesterday in u.s. bankruptcy court here follows an agreement by l.j. hooker corp. merksamer 's owner to sell the chain to management for an undisclosed price - ge capital corp. a financial services subsidiary of general electric co. is providing merksamer management with $ N million in financing - l.j. hooker based in atlanta filed for chapter N protection in august and has also announced its intention to sell its b. altman & co. department store chain - l.j. hooker is owned by hooker corp. sydney australia which itself is currently being managed by a court-appointed provisional - l.j. hooker 's planned sale of merksamer is subject to approval by judge of u.s. bankruptcy court - rumors to the effect that the merksamer chain would file for chapter N arose last week in the jewelry industry - at that time sam merksamer president of the chain denied that his company was about to file - mr. merksamer is leading the buy-out - according to executives close to the situation merksamer filed for chapter N to speed the sale of the chain - one executive said an accord signed by the unsecured creditors of l.j. hooker corp. had frozen in place all of l.j. hooker 's assets - the merksamer bankruptcy-law filing appears to that agreement - by filing for chapter N the merksamer chain will only need approval from a bankruptcy judge for the sale not the hundreds of unsecured creditors said this executive - the cash from the sale will go to l.j. hooker but the company itself will belong to sam merksamer - mr. merksamer and sanford chief executive of l.j. hooker were unavailable for comment - in a statement mr. merksamer described the filing as a legal but also said that our inability to obtain trade credit combined with a need to ensure that our stores were properly for the christmas season our filing chapter N - the jewelry chain which is based in sacramento calif. had revenue of $ N million and operating profit of $ N million for the year ended june N - for all of this year 's explosive in stock prices renaissance investment management inc. 's computer sat on the sidelines - now it 's on the - renaissance a money manager began buying stocks again this week with half of the $ N billion that it oversees for clients according to people familiar with the firm 's revised strategy - it was the first time since january that renaissance has thought stocks are worth owning - renaissance declined to confirm the move but its stock purchases were thought to have begun tuesday to with the maturity this week of treasury bills owned by the firm - the other half of its portfolio is expected to remain invested in treasury bills for the time being - wall street executives said they believed that renaissance 's $ N million buy program was carried out by painewebber inc - as reported painewebber bought shares tuesday as part of a customer strategy shift although the broker 's client was said then to have been japanese - yesterday painewebber declined comment - when it owns stocks renaissance 's portfolio typically is composed of about N issues to make buy or sell moves the firm wall street brokerage houses a day or so in advance looking for the best package price to carry out the trades - the broker winning the business does n't charge commissions but instead profits by buying or selling for less than the overall package price - that puts the broker at risk if it 's trying to buy stock in a rising market - in tuesday 's session the dow jones industrial average fell by N points early in the day but finished with less than a loss - renaissance 's last portfolio shift carried out by goldman sachs & co. was a highly publicized decision last january to sell its entire stock portfolio and buy treasury bills - the sell signal which sent a bearish through the stock market came when renaissance 's computer found that stocks were compared with bonds and treasury bills - at the time the dow jones industrial average stood at about N - the dow average now stands more than N N higher while renaissance 's portfolio of treasurys produced a return of about N N through the first three quarters of the year - the computer 's has been painful for renaissance - almost any money manager holding stocks has turned in better results while renaissance has played it safe with treasury bills - so why does renaissance 's computer like stocks with the dow at N where it closed yesterday when it did n't with the dow at N - with the decline in stock prices and continued low or stable interest rates stocks are representing a better value all the time renaissance president frank w. said yesterday - three-month yields have fallen to N N from about N N at the start of the year - stock prices meanwhile are about N points lower than the peak of N reached on the dow industrial average oct. N - are those declines enough to signal a partial return to stocks - mr. wo n't say specifically explaining that if there was such a move it would take about three days to complete the loose ends of the transaction - during that time a buyer with the clout of a renaissance could end up driving up the price of stocks it was trying to buy if it its hand - but everything is relative to mr. so stocks in his view can become more attractive in comparison with bonds or even if shares are more expensive than when they were sold in january - our computer model has a certain trigger point he said - when the computer says switch renaissance switches - the firm has made N previous shifts from one type of asset to another in its 10-year history - almost all have involved at least half and often the firm 's entire portfolio as the computer searches for the most undervalued investment category following a style called tactical asset allocation - competing firms march to their own computer models so some have been partly or fully invested in stocks this year while renaissance has sat on the sidelines - as a result competitors say renaissance has been looking for any opportunity to return to the stock market rather than risk losing business by continuing to remain fully invested in treasury bills - mr. confirms some clients have left renaissance but no major ones and the firm has added new accounts - david evans who last week resigned as president and chief executive of qintex entertainment inc. for personal reasons just as the company filed for bankruptcy-law protection has been temporarily to both positions the company said - qintex entertainment also said chief financial officer and treasurer jonathan lloyd N years old would join the board - he succeeds roger who resigned last week saying his participation in evaluating the company 's role in buying mgm\/ua communications co. was no longer necessary - mr. evans will stay until a successor is found but not later than the end of the year the company said - it was the mr. evans who had moved into the offices of mgm\/ua and run the company during qintex australia ltd. 's aborted bid for the movie company - after mgm\/ua terminated the $ N billion merger because of a dispute over a $ N million letter of credit qintex entertainment which is by qintex australia found itself facing problems of its own - and the relationship between qintex entertainment and the australian company appears to be quickly deteriorating - on oct. N qintex entertainment was about to default on a $ N million payment owed to mca inc. in connection with the distribution of a television program - qintex entertainment was depending on qintex australia to arrange financing - but early on oct. N the second of two hectic days of board meetings mr. evans said he believed qintex australia would n't be - he recommended that the company file for protection under chapter N of the u.s. bankruptcy code before the mca deadline according to a source familiar with the sessions - but a majority of the board which includes three members from the australian company him - mr. evans resigned - later in the day according to the source the board reversed itself decided to file for bankruptcy protection and asked mr. evans to stay on - mr. evans told the board he needed the weekend to think about it - mr. evans could n't be reached yesterday for comment - last monday qintex australia announced a restructuring plan and said it would sell off assets - last week the company indicated it would cut back on the working capital it would supply to qintex entertainment - separately a qintex entertainment shareholder filed suit in federal court in los angeles charging qintex australia with misleading shareholders about qintex entertainment 's financial position - qintex australia said it had n't seen the suit and could n't comment - the sept. N tracking travel column advises readers to charge with caution when traveling abroad because credit-card companies charge N N to convert foreign-currency expenditures into dollars - in fact this is the best bargain available to someone traveling abroad - in contrast to the N N conversion fee charged by visa foreign-currency dealers routinely charge N N or more to convert u.s. dollars into foreign currency - on top of this the who his dollars into foreign currency before the trip starts will lose interest from the day of conversion - at the end of the trip any foreign exchange will have to be converted back into dollars with another commission due - the card holder will pay the modest N N fee only on the amounts actually needed - typically he will be billed only several weeks after the expenditure and then has another couple of weeks before he has to pay the bill - in the meantime the money can continue to earn interest for the card holder often more than N N during that float period alone - daniel - visa u.s.a. inc - mgm grand inc. has agreed to pay $ N million and nearly N million common shares to buy N acres of land along the las vegas nev. strip as a site for its planned and resort - of the total purchase price $ N million cash and $ N million in stock nearly N million shares would be paid to buy the existing marina hotel & casino from southwest securities a nevada limited partnership - the remaining properties to be acquired are the country club & golf course a facility jointly owned by ramada inc. of phoenix ariz. and the family and a small parcel owned by mgm grand director james d. - the purchase price was disclosed in a preliminary prospectus issued in connection with mgm grand 's planned offering of six million common shares - the luxury airline and casino company by investor kirk and his corp. earlier this month announced its agreements to acquire the properties but did n't disclose the purchase price - the proposed stock offering and issuance of nearly N million common shares in connection with the land purchase will bring mgm grand 's total shares outstanding to N million of which N N will be owned by mr. and according to the prospectus - in over-the-counter trading mgm grand was bid at $ N a share - proceeds from the offering are expected to be used for remodeling the company 's desert resort in las vegas certain aircraft of the mgm grand air unit and to acquire the property for the new resort - the company said it estimates the desert remodeling will cost about $ N million and the of the three aircraft made by mcdonnell douglas corp. will cost around $ N million - mgm grand said the latest stock offering wo n't cover the $ N million or more cost of building the proposed resort and theme park and added it will need to seek additional financing either through bank borrowings or debt and equity offerings at a later date - construction is set to begin in early N - the resort will include the mgm grand hotel a facility that will include N rooms and N square feet of casino space - the facility will be marketed toward families and room rates will be between $ N and $ N a night mgm grand said - the prospectus did n't include many details about the studio and theme park although conceptual drawings released this month show that it may feature several areas similar to those found at parks built by walt disney co - investors poured $ N billion more into money-market mutual funds in the latest week despite further declines in yields - assets of the N taxable funds tracked by 's money fund report jumped to $ N billion in the week ended tuesday the newsletter said - assets soared $ N billion in the previous week - meanwhile the average yield on taxable funds dropped nearly a of a percentage point the largest drop since - the average seven-day compound yield which assumes that dividends are reinvested and that current rates continue for a year fell to N N its lowest since late last year from N N the week before according to donoghue 's - lower yields are just reflecting lower short-term interest rates said editor of money fund report - money funds invest in such things as short-term treasury securities commercial paper and certificates of deposit all of which have been posting lower interest rates since last spring - individual investors can still get better yields on money funds than on many other short-term instruments - the yield on six-month treasury bills sold at monday 's auction for example was just N N - the average yield on six-month cds of $ N or less at major banks was N N in the week ended tuesday according to banxquote money markets a new york information service - one way that money fund managers boost yields in a declining rate environment is by extending the maturities of their investments so they can earn the current higher rates for a longer period - the average maturity of the taxable funds that donoghue 's follows increased by two days in the latest week to N days its longest since august - they 're anticipating further declines in rates and they 're going to get them slowly said walter frank chief economist for the donoghue organization publisher of money fund report - average maturity was as short as N days at the start of this year when short-term interest rates were moving steadily upward - the average seven-day compound yield of the funds reached N N in late april - the funds are still above N N - the fund in the latest week was dreyfus worldwide dollar with a seven-day compound yield of N N - the fund invests heavily in dollar-denominated money-market securities overseas - it is currently management fees which to the higher yield - the average seven-day simple yield of the N funds fell to N N from N N donoghue 's reported - the average 30-day simple yield slid to N N from N N and the average 30-day compound yield fell to N N from N N - many small investors are facing a double this year they got hurt by investing in the highly risky junk bond market and the pain is worse because they did it with borrowed money - these people invested in leveraged junk bond mutual funds the publicly traded funds that make a habit of taking out loans to buy extra junk - it 's a good strategy in a rising market where a N N leveraged portfolio in effect allows investors to have N N of their money working for them - the strategy boosts current yield by putting more bonds into the portfolio - trouble is junk bond prices have been weak for months - thus the leverage has the funds ' portfolio losses - and shares of leveraged junk funds this year have been clobbered even harder than the junk bonds they hold - that 's really where the leverage hurt says thomas a miami-based investment manager who specializes in closed-end funds - share prices performed even worse than the funds ' asset values because fear has taken hold in the junk market he says - leverage is never a problem for the traditional open end mutual funds which are n't publicly traded and are n't allowed to use leverage at all - leverage is used only by some of the closed-end funds - the usual maneuver is to borrow against the portfolio value or issue preferred stock using the proceeds to buy additional bonds - the fallout for investors lately has been painful - consider the new america high income fund - with a leveraged position of about N N the fund 's share price has plunged N N so far this year - that 's worse than the price drop sustained by the bonds in its portfolio whose total return changes plus interest has amounted to a negative N N - such problems may not be over - leveraged funds in particular are still extremely vulnerable because we 're still at the beginning of problems in the junk market says george foot a managing partner at management associates in mass - many investors are their funds have borrowed to speculate in such a risky market - if someone actually sat down and thought about what they were being sold says gerald editor of the mutual fund letter in chicago they might shy away - in a typical leverage strategy a fund tries to capture the spread between what it costs to borrow and the higher return on the bonds it buys with the borrowed money - if the market holders can make that much more profit the leverage effectively acts as an margin account for investors - but when the market moves against the fund investors lose more than other junk holders because the market decline is magnified by the amount the fund is leveraged - fund managers for their part defend their use of leverage - carl who runs the colonial intermediate high income fund says the fund 's N N leverage has up its interest income - as long as i am borrowing at N N and each bond yields over that it the yield he maintains - mr. says he tries to offset the leverage by diversifying the fund 's portfolio - yet some funds have pulled in their - new america high income fund recently said that it plans to reduce its leverage position by buying back $ N million in preferred stock and notes from investors - the fund made a similar move earlier this year - we are trying to increase our flexibility says e. terry a vice president at capital management the fund 's investment adviser - she declined to elaborate and would n't disclose the fund 's recent purchases sales or cash position - ms. terry did say the fund 's recent performance illustrates what happens in a leveraged product when the market does n't cooperate - when the market turns around she says it will give a nice picture of how leverage can help performance - several leveraged funds do n't want to cut the amount they borrow because it would slash the income they pay shareholders fund officials said - but a few funds have taken other defensive steps - some have raised their cash positions to record levels - high cash positions help buffer a fund when the market falls - prospect street high income portfolio for instance now holds about N N in cash and equivalents nearly the amount it held earlier this year says john portfolio - he says the fund which is N N leveraged has maintained a substantial cushion between its borrowing costs and the yields of the portfolio 's bonds - i do n't want to be in a position to have to sell mr. says - other funds have recently sold weak junk bonds to raise cash - at the zenith income fund portfolio manager john recently dumped mesa petroleum and industries among others to raise his cash position to a record N N - that 's a problem because cash is n't earning us very much money mr. says - he concedes this is the most difficult market that i 've been involved in - because of the recent turmoil the fund is considering investing in other issues instead including mortgage-backed bonds - we 're looking at the leverage factor every day says robert moore president of inc. a shearson lehman hutton inc. unit and the fund 's adviser - at some point if we are unable to cover our leveraged cost and at the moment we 're right on it we 're going to have to make a move - one of the more bizarre garden stories since has been for four years now in the private of artist bartlett - and if she and the battery park city authority have their way her plan will soon go public as a real garden in the downtown complex - south gardens as the bartlett scheme is called will the last N acres of open space at the southwest tip of manhattan - it could cost taxpayers $ N million to install and residents $ N million a year to maintain - created by an artist who her ignorance of plants and gardens south gardens as now planned will die from garden design - ms. bartlett 's previous work which earned her an international reputation in the art world often took gardens as its nominal subject - this connection made the fine arts committee think she had a green - ms. bartlett would not discuss her garden for this article - last year she to magazine i 'd never looked at a garden in my life - and she proved no in her initial statement to the bpca a new york state public benefit corporation the only thing i was interested in doing was a very complicated garden which would cost an enormous amount of money and be very expensive to maintain - the bpca hired ms. bartlett and another confessed garden the architect alexander who claimed he had never visited much less built a garden and said of the project i do n't view this as a landscape - i view this as a building - the third principal in the south gardens did have garden experience - the firm of bruce landscape architects had created central park 's fields and shakespeare garden - the bpca called its team a stunning collaboration - after four years though the south gardens design is N N bartlett - she has done little more than her standard trees water landscape square houses circles and fit them into a grid as if she were making one of her works for a gallery wall - but for south gardens the grid was to be a network of or hedge walls with real plants inside them - in a letter to the bpca called this and - the landscape architects were expelled from the garden in july - all the while ms. bartlett had been busy at her in her sense of - as she put it in a N at the harvard graduate school of design i have designed a garden not knowing the difference between a and a - moreover she proclaimed that landscape architects have been going wrong for the last N years in the design of open space - and she further stunned her by her secret garden design method a friend to spend five or six thousand dollars on books that i ultimately cut up - after that the had been easy - i 've always relied heavily on the grid and found it never to fail - ms. bartlett told her audience that she absolutely did not believe in compromise or in giving in to the client because i do n't think you can do versions of things - this was never a problem with south gardens because the client had long since given in to ms. bartlett 's every - last year the public was a of ms. bartlett 's creation in a version at a exhibition - the labels were within its walls is a of a thousand years in garden design a rose garden garden garden fields an apple organized in a of to form rooms here and there are simple architectural forms a jet of water a of topiary or and chairs of every sort to drag around - at the core of it all is a love for plants - plant who studied the were alarmed - they looked at the and saw a giant - ms. bartlett 's little rooms left little room for plants or people - had put south gardens ' carrying capacity at four people per room or about N humans overall - this of tiny was inspired by the artist 's own digs my was N by N feet so N feet by N feet seemed like a good garden room - inside the grid were N of these plant cells full of clutter - one she made into a topiary room with plants into a tv piano and chairs - in another she topiary missile costing $ N each in heights up to N feet - another she with eight hedges for a topiary lesson in the of plants - in the she specified a garden - she ordered the done in a different and made the landscape architects study a book on - in one garden she a square glass meant to show off a floor a sink a huge with and a with - next door she put a smaller glass house where she suggested a flat of might be displayed in the dead of winter - in another called the N trees were to be crowded together at killing of N or N feet - need about N feet - one thing about the bartlett plan was never in doubt it would demand the full-time skills of a of topiary and - ms. bartlett suggested calling upon garden club workers for maintenance - furthermore she had insisted on so narrow five to eight feet and hedge corners so square that standard maintenance equipment trucks or cherry pickers could n't maneuver - then to make these quite literally rooms ms. bartlett had thrown up walls brick hedge eight to N feet tall casting her into - it was hard to see how would ever happen in south gardens without the walls in a array of - finally the bpca 's wishes to continue the popular for its views of new york harbor the of liberty and ellis island ms. bartlett threw up yet another wall this time concrete this time N N feet tall - she ran it the length of the south gardens out the city 's great natural water features the harbor and the river - within her garden she has a a and other costly waterworks the hudson - while the model was still on view manhattan community board N passed a resolution against south gardens - the parks council wrote the bpca that this too private exclusive complex and expensive garden belongs in almost any location but the - b. miller the noted public garden designer who restored central park 's garden recalls her reaction to the south gardens model in light of the public garden she was designing for street 's bryant park bryant park as designed in N failed as a public space because it made people feel trapped - by removing the hedges and some walls the bryant park restoration is opening it up - it seems to me the bpca plan has the potential of making south gardens a jail for people and plants - the three urban experts with cornell cooperative extension weighed in with a letter to the bpca that began we feel that the garden is doomed - they then addressed the questionable safety of a complex garden of endless places - the N hedges which views in and out of small rooms insure that this garden will be a potential breeding ground for crime - at harvard ms. bartlett had declared there are going to be problems with safety - i 'm not going to address questions of safety - despite the dire of knowledgeable garden professionals ms. bartlett 's south gardens design somehow continues on seemingly to reason stalled only by bureaucratic and - bpca president and ceo david hopes to negotiate a that could be significantly more - and by yet another landscape architect nicholas he insists he can achieve that and other to reality while still preserving the artistic vision of a truly great artist - after four years of no progress in this direction it is doubtful any viable collaboration with ms. bartlett will suddenly now be possible - mr. has said he plans to go with the grid regardless - there is still time however for gov. mario or chairman of the bpca board to prevent this topiary - these might take counsel from william robinson author of the english garden the 's since N who seems to have had a bartlett in mind when he wrote our for ages have suffered at the hands of the artist when applying his designs to the garden - it is this of absurd ' and patterns from old books to any surface where a garden has to be made that leads to bad and design wrong in plan and for the life of plants - i read the of wayne 's exchange with a representative put the soviet economy on golden editorial page oct. N with great interest since the gold standard is one of my areas of research - mr. is incorrect when he states that the soviet union 's large gold reserves would give it great power to establish credibility - during the latter part of the 19th century russia was on a gold standard and had gold reserves representing more than N N of its outstanding currency but no one outside russia used rubles - the bank of england on the other hand had gold reserves that averaged about N N of its outstanding currency and bank of england notes were accepted throughout the world - the most likely reason for this is that the bank of england was a private bank with substantial earning assets and the rights of creditors to collect claims against the bank were well established in britain - by contrast in russia an government owned the bank and had the power to revoke payment whenever it chose much as it would in today 's soviet union - the success of the british gold standard was due to independent private banking and common law rather than the choice of gold for the currency - it is no that from N to N when the bank of england was an independent private bank the pound was never and payment of gold for pound notes was never suspended but with the subsequent of the bank of england the pound was with increasing frequency and its use as an international medium of exchange declined - the soviet union should keep these in mind as it seeks to establish the ruble as an international currency - one way to make the ruble into a major international currency would be to leave reserves of gold and earning assets in a swiss bank with distributions based on swiss laws - unless the laws determining the 's rights to payment are independent of the issuer of those notes however a ruble would be as unsuccessful for the soviets as it was for the - christopher r. - professor of taxation - california state university - calif - wednesday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - securities and exchange commission chairman richard breeden told a congressional subcommittee that he would consider imposing circuit breakers to halt program trading at volatile times - mr. breeden in his first testimony to congress since taking the sec post said the agency is studying the friday the 13th market plunge including how current circuit breakers affected the market that day and the following monday - after the study the sec would be willing to consider adding new circuit breakers or the current ones he added - circuit breakers designed to give the markets a in cases of sharp price movements curb trading of futures or stocks at various trigger points - at certain points during the friday the 13th drop circuit breakers kicked in on the futures market slowing trading at times - a circuit breaker that would have closed down the new york stock exchange was n't - rep. edward markey d. mass. chairman of the house telecommunications and finance subcommittee is pushing the idea of a circuit breaker for computer-driven program trading in hopes that would curb turmoil in the marketplace - he argued that program-trading by roughly N big institutions is pushing around the markets and scaring individual investors - mr. breeden did n't reject the proposal - after the sec study of the drop is completed he said i 'm perfectly happy to work with this committee in identifying whether we need other devices such as a program-trading curb - mr. breeden backed most of the provisions in a bill that the sec brought to the subcommittee last year under david - the measure is expected to move through this congress - but the new chairman opposed a provision in the bill that would give the agency the right to close the markets at times of stress - mr. breeden contended that uncertainty over when the sec might act could worsen volatility in the markets - he argued that the current system allows investors to know precisely when and where any trading will occur and how long they will last - mr. breeden offered strong support for two other provisions in the bill - one would force brokerage houses to provide the sec detailed information about loans made by their holding companies - such loans often are used to finance leveraged buy-outs and the agency is worried that a sharp market drop could create capital problems for the firms - he also backed a rule to require large traders to report transactions on a basis - that information he argued is critical to sharp market moves such as the one nearly two weeks ago - in a rare package sale of its real estate k mart corp. mich. has sold N of its strip shopping centers to a limited partnership led by new york developer philip according to sources familiar with the transaction - they estimate the value of the transaction at close to $ N million - k mart officials and mr. would n't comment on the sale - k mart previously had announced it would report its third consecutive decline in quarterly earnings for the period ended yesterday the same day the real estate deal was completed - analysts are estimating third-quarter earnings will drop between N N and N N to about N to N cents per share compared with N cents per share in the year-ago quarter - it is unclear what effect the sale of the shopping centers will have on earnings - k mart developed the centers which range in size from about N square feet to just over N square feet - most are by a k mart store - the retailer reportedly will lease its stores back from the developer who plans to expand the small centers - the centers a total of about N million square feet of retail space - they are spread around the country and include locations in california florida washington and arizona - mr. who heads international holding corp. a new york-based real estate company owns more than a dozen other shopping centers in which k mart is a - the company is active in office and residential development in new york - however nationally mr. controls through limited partnerships about N shopping centers with about N million square feet - k mart runs N k mart stores primarily in leased facilities - the company typically sells the centers it develops but has usually sold only one or several at a time - motorola is fighting back against junk mail - so much of the stuff poured into its austin texas offices that its mail rooms there simply stopped delivering it - now thousands of and sales pitches go straight into the trash - we just do n't have the staff to deliver it nor do we have the space or the time says a spokesman for the ill. electronics company which has N employees in the austin area - it 's the problem and the weight problem we have - motorola is in good company - businesses across the country are getting fed up with junk mail and some are saying they just are n't going to take it anymore literally - while no one has tracked how many company mail rooms throw out junk mail direct-mail advertising firms say the number is growing - general motors earlier this year said it would n't deliver bulk mail or free magazines in its mich. office while air products & chemicals pa. says it screens junk mail and often throws out most of a given mass mailing - why the - anybody with a can answer that sheer overwhelming volume - according to the direct marketing association total direct mail to both businesses and consumers jumped N N to N billion pieces in N from five years earlier - though direct mail to businesses is n't broken out separately the association says it 's growing even faster - the has spurred companies to action with mail rooms throwing the stuff out rather than taking the time or money to deliver it - the direct-mail industry not surprisingly is at the of it all - after all this is the industry that has a hard enough time getting any respect that is the of so many jokes that television 's l.a. law david as short intensely and boring - the practice of businesses throwing out junk mail is a commonly known problem and it 's increasing as companies attempt to put through budget cuts across the board right down to the level says stephen a list consultant and chairman of the direct marketing association 's council - but it 's like the hand that feeds them because every one of these companies uses direct marketing - it 's almost impossible to track the number of companies junk mail since the decision is usually made in the mail room not the board room - and the practice often from location to location even within a company - but industry executives say businesses seem especially inclined to dump sent to titles rather than to individual names - motorola 's austin operation was one of the first to lose patience deciding a few years ago to junk any bulk mail that was n't addressed to an individual - magazines are n't delivered at all even if an individual 's name is listed employees who want their magazines have to pick them up from the mail room or the company library and are told to change the to their home addresses - at air products meanwhile the staff opens junk mail and often throws it away even if addressed to an individual - if they get N of something they open one see what it says throw N away and send two to people or departments they think are appropriate a spokesman says - direct marketers were especially alarmed when general motors one of the country 's largest companies and a big direct-mail user itself entered the battle - as of march N its office with about N employees stopped delivering bulk mail and magazines - employees were told that if they really wanted the publications they would have to have them sent home instead - the reason especially of magazines - direct-mail executives see gm 's stand as an sign even if the did bring it on themselves - why anyone would want to close themselves off from direct mail a does n't make any sense says michael bronner of bronner associates a boston firm - it of big - they 're going to decide what their employees can or can not read - the practice is however legal in most cases - jack ellis a u.s. postal inspector in new york says the postal service 's only job is to deliver the mail to the mail room once it gets there a company can do with it what it wishes - the ever optimistic are looking for ways around the problem - so far they say it has n't had any effect on response rates - and before it does they 're trying to cut back on the clutter that created the situation in the first place - among other things the industry is trying to come up with standardized business lists that cut down on - we 're going to have to mail a lot less and a lot says jack miller president of corp. a ill. mail-order company - but then again mailing less and wo n't be much help if the mail ends up in the garbage anyway - new hyundai campaign - hyundai motor america fighting quality complaints declining sales and management turmoil yesterday unveiled its N ad strategy we 're making more sense than ever - the ad campaign created by saatchi & saatchi 's backer spielvogel bates agency is an extension of the auto company 's cars that make sense campaign which emphasized - tv ads the company 's new and its will begin appearing monday - one spot shows a next to a rival midsized car and an announcer says listen to what they 're saying about the hyundai - as the announcer reads favorable quotes about the model from motor trend and road & track magazines the other car which is white slowly turns green - no wonder the competition 's green with envy the announcer says - ad notes - acquisition - formed by the merger of eurocom and della femina mcnamee wcrs said it agreed to buy an agency in - terms were n't disclosed - holiday ads - seagram will run two interactive ads in december magazines promoting its chivas and crown royal brands - the chivas ad illustrates via a series of the wild reactions from the pool man and others if not given chivas for christmas - the crown royal ad features a black-and-white shot of a boring holiday party and a set of with which readers can dress it up - both ads were designed by 's ddb needham agency - senate democrats who favor cutting the capital-gains tax are n't ready to line up behind the leading senate proposal - their reluctance to support the proposal is another blow to the capital-gains cut which has had a roller-coaster existence since the beginning of the year when it was considered dead and then suddenly revived and was passed by the house - nevertheless oregon sen. bob packwood the ranking gop member on the senate finance committee last night introduced his plan as an amendment to a pending measure u.s. aid for poland and hungary - senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine was confident he had enough votes to block the maneuver on procedural grounds perhaps as soon as today - mr. packwood all but conceded defeat telling mr. mitchell i sense at this stage you may have the votes - the two lawmakers in a highly personal fashion violating usual senate - their tone was with mr. packwood saying he intended to offer the proposal again and again on future legislation and sen. mitchell saying he intended to use procedural means to block it again and again - although the proposal by mr. packwood and sen. william roth r. del. appears to have general backing by republicans their votes are n't sufficient to pass it - and democrats who are under increasing pressure from their leaders to reject the cut are finding reasons to say no at least for now - a major reason is that they believe the plan would lose of revenue over the long run - the proposal would reduce the tax depending on how long an asset was held - it also would create a new individual retirement account that would shield from taxation the appreciation on investments made for a wide variety of purposes including retirement medical expenses purchases and tuition - a number of us are not going to touch capital gains iras or anything else unless it to deficit-reduction said sen. charles d. va. who is one of the N to N democrats who the bush administration believes might favor giving treatment to capital gains - president bush has been hearing this kind of opposition first hand during meetings over the past two days with democratic senators at the white house - and at a meeting tuesday of democratic senators there was outspoken opposition to cutting the capital-gains tax this year according to participants - the trend is making advocates of the tax cut less optimistic about success - there is a shot of getting it this year said sen. david boren of oklahoma a leading democratic of cutting the capital-gains tax - he called the battle - other democrats who favor a capital-gains cut are even more pessimistic - there will be no capital-gains bill this year said sen. dale d. ark - i 'm probably not going to vote for any capital-gains proposal - the ira portion of the plan is irresponsible - another significant factor in the debate is the extent to which it has become a political battle between president bush and senate majority leader mitchell - mr. mitchell has made clear to his colleagues that the issue is important to him personally - today sen. mitchell and other leading democrats plan to turn up the heat again by holding a news conference to the proposal - estimates requested by sen. mitchell from the congressional joint taxation committee show that the N taxpayers got an average benefit from the capital-gains of $ N million each in N the last year for which figures are available - white house officials acknowledged yesterday that democrats still are reluctant to publicly express support for the capital gains proposal because they are loath to buck sen. mitchell - as a result the officials said they are open to making a variety of deals with senate democrats to win their support for a capital-gains tax cut - democrats asked in this week for discussions with president bush have suggested ways of with the proposal suggesting an interest in looking for a modified version they can back one official said - in addition white house aides think that there are numerous other important measures democrats badly wanted passed such as the back of a controversial catastrophic health-care plan for the elderly that might provide the president leverage in cutting deals with democrats - a capital-gains tax cut might be with such measures to help ensure passage - other possibilities include a child-care initiative and an increase in the minimum wage - if they ca n't secure immediate passage of a capital-gains plan administration officials also are n't ruling out making a deal with congress to put off a vote until a firm date in the future even next year - but the officials insist that such a deal on a future vote would have to apply to both the house and the senate - gerald f. contributed to this article - japanese authorities said they found N more chinese among vietnamese boat people bringing the number of chinese trying to enter japan by as vietnamese refugees this year to N - japan plans to send the chinese back home and is negotiating with the chinese government a justice ministry official said - the chinese were among N boat people supposedly from vietnam who arrived in japan this year compared with N for all of N the official said - the N chinese who have been in a center were sent to facilities yesterday pending to china the official said - on sept. N japan began a policy of boat people accepting only those deemed to be political refugees - former deputy director of france 's mint faces prison for her theft of some N rare coins from the mint 's - second in command from N to N mrs. told a paris court that the great that at the agency led her into temptation - before an inventory in N that showed the disappearance of N coins valued at about N million french francs about $ N there had n't been any since N - tony lambert mrs. 's successor says the mint 's losses from the theft run into the hundreds of thousands of francs - el salvador is destroying more than N million pounds of food that had in government warehouses government officials said - the state supply regulator institute is to rice corn and that because of and corruption in the previous christian democrat government a statement from the information service said - during the past administration the were first bought by the institute then sold at low prices to unscrupulous businessmen who them to the institute at inflated prices the statement said - a cruise into yesterday bringing N threatening if italy refuses to pay compensation for more than N years of colonial rule - another N were already in italy to stage a day of for victims of italy 's colonial rule between N and N when says rome N and them as forced labor - libya 's revolutionary committees have threatened attacks on if rome does n't pay compensation - but officials in rome say the issue was legally resolved by a settlement between italy and king by col. in N - canadian indians are taking five countries to court in a bid to stop low military flights over their homes the dutch defense ministry said - representatives of the and peoples living in quebec and in canada told the ministry of the planned action at a meeting a ministry spokesman said - they also wanted to prevent a nato training base being built in the region he said - the action in the canadian federal court will be against canada the netherlands west germany britain and the u.s. the ministry spokesman said - japan suspended imports of french mushrooms after finding some by radiation an official of the ministry of health and welfare said - japan has been testing imported food from europe since the april N accident in the soviet union the spokesman said - since then the ministry has announced N bans on food imports from european countries including italy spain turkey greece and the soviet union - the venice city council is plans to tap huge gas fields off the coast that it says will speed up the city 's slow sinking into its - agip the state-owned energy giant made the announcement about the gas field last month - located six miles northeast of venice the field contains N billion cubic feet of gas of italy 's reserves - alarmed say the project could jeopardize costly efforts to stop or slow down the that makes venice subject to regular and flooding - the council unanimously opposed the idea of agip pumping out the gas and swiftly appealed to the company and to prime minister who has yet to - agip refused to reconsider and says drilling is due to start early next year - it 's unlikely the gas will cause says a spokeswoman - thieves a century from an abandoned church in italy by removing the entire wall on which the work had been painted police said - west germany 's commissioned the post office to test a prototype car - the vehicle has a top speed of N miles an hour and requires from a standard wall every N miles - total assets protection inc. rebounding from its earlier loss expects to report earnings from operations of about $ N for the third quarter j.c. chairman said - net income includes an extraordinary gain of about $ N from the reversal of bad debt and interest income - revenue was about $ N million - in the N third quarter the company posted a net loss of $ N or N cents a share on revenue of about $ N million - total assets plans and designs computer centers computer security systems and computer backup systems - regarding your oct. N page-one article bad blood on the battle the institute is not just a organization - it is primarily a certified treatment facility providing comprehensive services to people with and their families - the institute 's efforts are based on the needs of the population it serves and represents - in N the medical tribune reported that a growing number of critics are challenging the fda equation - they contend it is based on an assumption that has not yet been proven in valid tests the tribune said - in N some institute patients were reporting seizures when they were switched from a specific medication to a generic one or from one generic manufacturer of a specific product to another - in addition were beginning to report these as well - call it if you will - but no ethical physician would switch patients who were doing well on a specific medication from a specific manufacturer to prove a point - we do not depend on pharmaceutical companies for our support - the institute has service contracts for the provision of direct patient services patient fees receives money through contributions from individuals foundations and - the funds received from pharmaceutical firms are used to offset physician and these do not stress any particular medication or manufacturer - the institute 's reporting of seizures stemmed from concerns about the people we treat and care about daily - this perhaps was perceived as a bold stance and thus - but let us not profits of big business as concerns for people 's health care or for the cost - for whom is the saving - surely not to people with who depend on the same levels of medication in their daily to maintain seizure control - - executive director - arnold m. katz - parker corp. said it agreed to sell its three automotive parts divisions to a management-led investor group for $ N million - the buy-out group is headed by paul r. president of parker 's automotive group and includes several other executives of the three divisions - the units are the ideal and divisions - net sales for the units for the fiscal year ended june N were $ N million - parker officials said the company is selling the units to focus on its other businesses - a will next month on the strip a mountain smoke and every five minutes - the will tower over a with more than four acres of pools and - visitors from the strip on a moving will over a for rare white which will star in performances by the team of & roy - nearby six will in a N - at the core of all this stands a hotel - in the lobby behind its a will come alive with and other creatures of the deep - and oh yes - there 's a casino the financial heart of it all - this is the mirage a $ N million hotel-casino now being completed for opening in november by golden nugget inc - it 's the most stunning example of las vegas 's effort to transform itself into a vacation resort for families as well as - las vegas has seen nothing quite like it before - not for N years has a big new hotel-casino opened here - now the mirage and circus circus enterprises inc. 's $ N million are going up - the with a hotel and other will be able to handle up to N visitors a day when it opens in N - if mgm grand inc. proceeds with its plan for an park a $ N million resort with a working studio casino and hotel that would become las vegas 's biggest the investment in the three properties will total some $ N billion - mgm grand has agreed to buy a site for the resort for $ N million in cash plus stock currently valued at nearly $ N million - smaller projects swell the figure to at least $ N billion - still other projects that have been announced but not yet started could put expenditures above $ N billion over the next few years - stephen a. who owns N N of golden nugget 's shares says the mirage and other projects will help las vegas attract a whole new generation of visitors - if you create a if you create something so exciting that the public dreams of being part of it then they 'll come he says - the projects already under construction will increase las vegas 's supply of hotel rooms by N or nearly N N to N - by a rule of of N new jobs for each new hotel room clark county will have nearly N new jobs - the county at the end of N had N jobs N of them in the tourist industry - projects in the talking or blueprint stage would add a further N rooms - hotel-casino operators play down the possibility of a labor shortage - after all N newcomers a year are settling in the las vegas valley - but nevada state labor economists think a shortage is probable - nobody yet seems to have calculated the total number of machines tables or wheels las vegas will add to the enormous store that lady luck already guards here much less the ultimate impact of the growth on schools and municipal services - traffic is certainly a concern as is pollution water and an adequate labor market says frank executive director of the las vegas convention and visitors bureau - city have managed to push through projects that are crucial for tourist growth such as the expansion of international airport to accommodate the N N of las vegas tourists who fly here - this year by one means of transport or another more than N million people will visit the city - the expansion will set off a marketing war among the big - las vegas promises or threatens to become a giant carnival with rooms to be had for $ N a day or less for visitors solely by gambling - amid a of circus and creatures of the wild lesser competitors will fall - world inc. plans to defend its august reputation by sinking $ N million into its palace next door to the new mirage and adding a $ N million shopping area of drive - the palace with its marble and parties for high is already well-known for its theme - the hilton imperial palace and others are pouring millions of dollars into new room towers and casino floor space just to keep up - where 's this huge amount of investment capital coming from - golden nugget drexel burnham lambert inc. 's first casino client has borrowed on more than $ N million worth of mortgage notes mostly sold to private investors by drexel to build the mirage - other casino owners circus circus among them are financing their expansion with their own cash and revolving credit lines from local lenders such as first interstate bank of nevada - will the investments pay off - the growth of las vegas tourism in recent years lenders that they will - casino revenues and hotel rates are high - last year the tourists left $ N billion with the area 's casinos nearly N N more than in N - the people with a stake in nevada 's gambling industry believe that they have barely tapped the potentially huge family trade - if you build a better it will catch more mice says fred chairman of mgm grand - a tourist from ill. seems inclined to agree - i 'd love it if my daughter had something else to do here says ms. watching on the water slide at the strip 's wild water park - two generations ago came to las vegas by himself for a little diversion says van executive vice president of the nevada hotel and motel association - one generation ago mom joined - now in the we 're headed toward a total resort environment - only a decade or so ago casino managers balked at tv sets and other that from gambling - casinos today offer bowling water parks golf courses tennis courts pools and other and more such facilities are being designed - despite the new emphasis on the family trade however tourists in search of fun than gambling seem certain to find it with las vegas call remaining on the scene - a serious economic downturn could hurt the - for now however the ' voices are by the of cement and the of construction along the strip - this is no place for but at N on a recent morning when construction traffic at the famous four corners to one lane a taxi passenger found it faster to abandon the and walk to her - the competition probably will drive some poorly managed properties into bankruptcy or new ownership - it has happened before - the dunes the and the were all acquired by the present owners from bankruptcy proceedings spawned by the last recession in the early 1980s - yet that has n't discouraged investors - some have bought big chunks of strip property for what may turn into another wave of building - atlantic city casino owner donald trump is the las vegas market with an eye toward building an spectacular place - even before the huge new projects began the strip 's recent expansion squeezed smaller competitors - many blue-collar customers of downtown 's gambling spots have been to the strip or to nev. a colorado river town to and the crowd - hotel expansion and an influx of tourists have hurt - since N the number of motel rooms has fallen by N - many people here expect a war as the new projects open - there 's probably going to be some pressure on and room rates over the next year but after that you should see the market return to and regular rates says paul casino executive at ramada inc. which runs the - skeptics wonder whether such as the mirage will be able to squeeze a profit from their cash flow - the mirage will cost at least $ N million a day to operate - mr. seems confident that it will produce a healthy profit but some securities analysts doubt it - competitors and analysts say that among large existing properties bally manufacturing corp. 's bally grand hotel-casino probably will be hardest hit among major properties - bally officials decline to discuss the situation - bally bought the former mgm grand hotel-casino from kirk four years ago - only now is it a badly needed - its parking lot is the mgm still appears in places and customers still call it the grand rather than the bally grand - it has a great location but they 're going to have some real problems when everyone around them opens says daniel lee a drexel analyst - older properties that still have a 1950s image are also vulnerable - any hotel-casino without a strong identity will get by the new competition says glenn schaeffer senior vice president of circus circus - if you do n't know what you are bigger wo n't make you better he says - but it 'll sure make you poorer - circus circus 's flagship casino has become the envy of competitors for its ability to vacuum cash from the pockets of families - the circus circus them with low room rates and entertainment for children at no extra charge - the company 's will also appeal to families of course - its castle mr. schaeffer says will be the most compelling piece of folk architecture ever built - some casino owners have resisted the temptation to add rooms - instead they are spending to reinforce the identity that they believe attracts their customers - more rooms are n't the answer for us says world chairman henry - while his company 's hotel is building a retail complex in beverly hills style and existing rooms it has decreased the number of its rooms - some have been combined into suites for the high - has made a specialty of to high from abroad who are also being aggressively by the mirage the las vegas hilton and others - other smaller concerns are also pursuing market tourists for example or the local trade - there 's still room for properties says james barrett president of resorts inc - off the strip is building the a hotel-casino with a brazilian theme and only N rooms all of them suites - despite the proliferation of tourist las have n't that gambling is still what the town is all about - the days when when the thrust of casinos was all high with no windows and and lots of red and black are gone mr. of the visitors ' bureau says - but N N of tourists still come for gambling - we ca n't lose sight of that - north side savings bank directors declared an initial dividend of N cents a share payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the park n.y. thrift has a strong ratio said vice president michael - at sept. N the thrift which converted to a stock form of ownership from a mutual form in april N had more than four million shares outstanding - article i section N clause N - every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate shall before it becomes a law be presented to the president of the united states if he approve he shall sign it but if not he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it - if after such two of that house shall agree to pass the bill it shall be sent together with the objections to the other house by which it shall likewise be and if approved by two of that house it shall become a law - article i section N clause N - every order resolution or vote to which the of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary except on a question of shall be presented to the president of the united states and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him or being by him shall be by two of the senate and house of representatives according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill - president bush told reporters a few months ago that he was looking for the right test case to see whether he already has the line-item veto - vice president quayle and budget director darman said recently they 've joined the search - on tuesday the subject came up again when marlin fitzwater explained the constitutional argument based on the provisions above to the white house press corps - president bush does n't have any provision in mind but will be like at midnight in the coming continuing resolution - the harder question is whether anyone yet understands that mr. bush 's fight for his constitutional prerogatives is about politics as much as it is about law - we have been persuaded by the constitutional argument for the inherent line-item veto since N when lawyer stephen first made the case on this page - the N budget reform passed over president nixon 's veto took away the presidential power thereby introducing and the presidential veto - mr. discovered that the had worried that congress might take the president out of the - article i section N clause N says that whether it 's called an order resolution or vote or anything else presidents must have the chance to veto - an omnibus budget a bill ca n't the president of his power to veto items - finding a test case should n't be hard but there is something to be said for picking the best one possible - the white house had the perfect case but congress before it could go to court - after the hud and s&l stories broke some congressmen began to worry that their influence peddling at and independent agencies might some day get them in trouble - they worried about an interior department to all communications with members or their staffs - congress inserted the following into the interior none of the funds available under this title may be used to prepare reports on contacts between employees of the of the interior and members and committees of congress and their staff - the white house warned that this would be an unconstitutional of its power - when it threatened to use this provision as the test for a line-item veto congress - the fear congress has of any test led members to add the single most and ridiculous provision this year this section shall be effective only on oct. N N - this means interior contacts can not be only on one day a sunday that had already passed - if the white house is looking for another unconstitutional bill rep. john dingell is trying again to raise the fairness doctrine from the dead - president reagan vetoed this as a first amendment violation - the fairness doctrine 's enthusiasts are in the house who know the rules discussions on - there are also other provisions requiring congressmen to join teams and new restrictions on - unconstitutional bills make good legal targets but the line-item veto is better understood as a political opportunity than as mere for lawyers - commenting on the budget mess this week president bush said the perception out there is that it 's the fault of congress - and you can look to the leadership and ask them why that is the perception of the american people - exactly right - now 's the time to make the political case that presidents need the line-item weapon to restore discipline to the budget - congress is in no position to mr. bush now that we 're into gramm-rudman 's - just this week the house-senate conference met N conferees divided into N different - senator daniel inouye agreed to close some bases in hawaii in exchange for such as $ N million for a parking lot at walter reed hospital - conference negotiator rep. bill pulled down $ N million in military bases for north carolina and allowed senator james $ N million for bases in tennessee - president bush should take the constitution in one hand and a budget in the other and get to work - he should out both unconstitutional provisions and budget pork - congress may have lost any sense of discipline but that does n't mean the country must learn to live forever with this mess - president bush has the power to change how washington works if only he will use it - troubled sci television inc. proposed to restructure much of its $ N billion in debt to buy time to sell assets and pay its obligations - the leveraged buy-out firm of kohlberg kravis roberts & co. which owns N N of the common equity of sci tv indicated in the debt plan that it would reduce its equity stake to N N giving the rest of its stake to bondholders in the restructuring - kkr also signaled to the company 's creditors that henry kravis and other kkr directors of sci tv would resign from the board once the restructuring is completed and their voting rights - holders of sci tv 's $ N million of high-yield junk bonds are being asked to a lot of debt in exchange for taking a N N equity stake in sci tv - they immediately termed the proposal inadequate and said the restructuring would not solve the company 's problems - i think the current plan is sufficiently flawed in a sufficient number of bondholders ' eyes that substantial revisions will be required to get it done says analyst craig davis of smith & co. here - investors interpreted the kkr move as a desire by the firm to wash its hands of sci tv - but a spokesman for kkr says that with only a N N equity stake it would n't be appropriate for kkr to keep board representation - kkr already has made about $ N billion of gains from earlier transactions with sci tv thus it is n't significantly affected by the company 's troubles - sci tv which is controlled by tenn. entrepreneur george gillett owns six tv stations including several cbs inc. affiliates - it is having trouble meeting its debt payments because of heavy borrowing in N for a leveraged buy-out - through investment banker drexel burnham lambert inc. sci tv is offering to exchange three classes of junk bonds for packages of new bonds and equity that investors value at ranges from N cents to N cents on the dollar - kkr would give up a N N equity stake to bondholders while mr. gillett would surrender an N N stake - while one big sci tv investor thinks that 's pretty generous many had been hoping that kkr and mr. gillett would invest new money in sci tv - those investors think sci tv needs new equity to survive - sci tv 's debt restructuring plan would defer payment of $ N million of bank debt - it also would defer interest and principal on junk bonds that have fallen due the grace period for paying the bill expires nov. N - at the same time investors estimate the restructuring would cut the company 's annual cash interest bill from about $ N million to $ N million - yet to pay that interest bill analysts say sci tv will only produce about $ N million to $ N million of cash flow a year - office market in overbuilt northeast - the northeast office market is feeling serious of the of the 1980s - and other signs of financial most often associated with the real estate market in the southwest are in the suburban office market of the once thriving northeast - some projects are now in the hands of lenders including a office facility in little falls n.j - the owners of a hotel and office complex in king of pa. have advertised for new financing - rising office vacancy rates in fairfield county conn. have builders and bankers scrambling to restructure loans - and in suburban boston developers are bracing for cutbacks in the computer industry a major user of office space - many troubled properties have n't been foreclosed on and are hard to identify says albert i. who heads the n.j. office of inc. a real estate brokerage - owners are voluntarily and quietly turning over properties to lenders through in of - often developers stay on as property manager - real estate analyst lloyd says the northeast 's is by relatively low vacancy rates - but in today 's overbuilt market tenants have many choices and are negotiating low that squeeze building owners - on average mr. says it now takes three to N N years to fill new office space compared with N N years in N - beverly hills comes to suburban tokyo - why should the japanese cross the pacific to buy american real estate when they can simply it at home - tokyu development corp. is spending $ N million to build luxury homes in suburban tokyo with rarely seen back yards front yards pools and tennis courts - the japanese company hired martin a newport beach calif. architectural firm to design what the japanese press has dubbed the beverly hills of tokyo - instead of japan 's typical small homes on narrow streets with no the new one hundred hills development will offer N houses on lots - that 's more than N times the usual housing site size - buyers with $ N million to spend can select from N designs including a california style a traditional yankee look and designs inspired by midwestern architect frank lloyd wright - there are living rooms and plus a master and a for removing shoes to suit japanese life styles - are faced with brick wood or stone but the homes are made of concrete - we were disappointed we could n't use wood says architect walter j. but the japanese only want stronger materials - at $ N per square foot the japanese want the feeling of he explains not to mention protection from possible earthquake damage - housing developers try buildings - residential builders faced with a more competitive market are turning to a traditional consumer marketing technique to establish identity - one of the difficulties people in real estate have is that each product is like starting a new company or starting a new line in the fashion business says l. robert president of mountain development corp. in west paterson n.j - so he 's using river in many project names - it 'll never be like what bristol-myers does he adds but it helps establish recognition with the public and with banks - group inc. of n.j. has built cross creek and other in new jersey - development corp of armonk n.y. has developed two apartment buildings called classic and plans a third - developer steve says the same brand name indicates consistent quality regardless of location design or - the leader in real estate brand names is developer - his are labeled society hill - hill is for town houses and hill for single-family houses - because of standardized designs mr. says a buyer can society hill regardless of where it is - quake not likely to jolt the commercial market - the earthquake in san francisco has sent few tremors through the hearts of real estate investors - i think there 's a disease called buyer 's regret and i 'm sure it 's running rampant at this moment but it gets in a short period of time says kenneth leventhal partner of kenneth leventhal & co. a los angeles accounting firm specializing in real estate - if i were buying a building in san francisco now the first thing i 'd do is insist on a structural inspection then i 'd delay a little a little - but like other real estate professionals accustomed to california 's quake risks mr. leventhal anticipates little long-term change in the city 's commercial real estate market - still local builders are eager to tell the world that most of san francisco does n't look like the tv images of destruction - planners of the urban land institute real estate conference this week hastily added a panel on the quake 's effects - the message is we build right says peter a california developer and officer at urban land institute - there 's seven million square feet of space that 's doing great - health clubs gear up for a - although their ads picture young people in club owners know the future lies with the set - it 's a that physical fitness is something for the young and says michael sales manager of the la fitness club diamond bar calif - about N N to N N of members at atlanta 's holiday center are elderly says gerald williams fitness consultant - most want cardiovascular the no. N way of reducing risk of heart disease - the association of quality clubs which puts N industry revenue at $ N billion surveyed the market and found that N N exercise regularly - michael head of fitness notes an industry wash is in progress - clubs need to be run like restaurants where every square foot makes a dollar he says - older people help profits by filling in - he adds the medical market and the fitness market parallel each other and are going to cross real soon - people on fixed incomes get a break at over N wins a N N discount at imperial health - hot regulator concern over import of stones - a committee of dealers the source of some hot blue stones recently reported by a hong kong jewelry manufacturer - in the u.s. radiation limits are set and monitored by the nuclear regulatory commission which licenses that process the - the agency is working on licensing but does n't currently monitor imports - a mineral that is often when taken from the ground can be turned blue by which it into a that looks like an - the stones that were in the u.s. are safe says john chief of the operations branch washington - we believe that the vast majority of imported material is safe - but there is a small risk that some were imported with high radiation levels - mr. added that the stones found in hong kong are thought to carry double the u.s. radiation limit although he noted that double or even triple the u.s. limit is still in the range of safe levels - some jewelers have to measure radiation - capital to europe as N unification - boston 's advent international raises $ N million from u.s. pension funds and other institutions to invest in europe - other venture capitalists are already there group and its alan associates new york & co. boston and san francisco 's hambrecht & quist have about $ N million to invest in european companies - european venture capital funds total about $ N billion and are expected to continue growing N N annually - believe that the strongest growth area will be southern europe - spain and italy are most often mentioned as the future economic hot spots - favored ventures include media telecommunications and retailing - most popular acquisition method the leveraged buy-out - firms that need cash to grow are attractive says john turner of - an aids from the american foundation for aids research rates and reviews educational materials - learning aids lists films and other educational data - the distributor is new york - suspect sales ads are challenged by the better business bureau of metropolitan new york - the bureau found that only two of six new york furniture stores could prove their prices were higher - 's busy this time of year but a visit to his castle is part of a chicago-based trip in the spring presumably the count 's - radio draws the of the federal communications commission - am radio which has been losing to fm channels since the 1970s approaches the 1990s with a diminished voice - but it may have a good in washington - the fcc plans to hear a day of testimony nov. N on the plight of am radio - the commission believes that improving am service would broaden listening and increase options for advertisers - the issues are also thought to be important to the fcc 's new chairman alfred a former am in his native missouri - the fm radio band considered technically superior because it can carry stereo has the for delivering music - am stereo remains largely undeveloped because it lacks a uniform delivery system - the national association of broadcasters in june adopted an agenda for am radio that includes among other things pursuing further fcc action on an am stereo standard and seeking a law requiring all stereo to include am stereo - turned to run on for news when the san francisco earthquake and hurricane hugo cut power lines - briefs - a modern healthcare magazine article says N N of surveyed executives admitted falling during formal - lee co. the jeans maker its anniversary with a featuring photos of its N employees - kemper financial services inc. charging that program trading is the stock market cut off four big wall street firms from doing any of its business - the move is the biggest yet in the renewed outcry against program trading with kemper putting its money the millions of dollars in commissions it generates each year where its mouth is - the kemper corp. unit and other critics complain that program trading causes wild swings in stock prices such as on tuesday and on oct. N and N and has increased chances for market crashes - over the past nine months several firms including discount broker charles schwab & co. and sears roebuck & co. 's dean witter reynolds inc. unit have attacked program trading as a major market evil - several big securities firms backed off from program trading a few months after the N crash - but most of them led by morgan stanley & co. moved back in earlier this year - the most volatile form of program trading is index arbitrage the computer-guided buying and selling of stocks offset with opposite trades in stock-index futures and options - the object is to capture profits from fleeting price discrepancies between the futures and options and the stocks themselves - index arbitrage recently has accounted for about half of all program trading on the new york stock exchange - last month program trading accounted for N million shares a day or a record N N of the big board 's average daily volume - on tuesday afternoon kemper told bear stearns & co. general electric co. 's kidder peabody & co. unit morgan stanley and oppenheimer & co. that it will no longer do business with them because of their commitment to index arbitrage officials inside and outside these firms confirmed - kemper officials declined to identify the firms but acknowledged a dispute with four securities firms and said the list of brokers it wo n't do business with may be in the months ahead - we 've been opposed to index arbitrage for a long time said stephen b. chief investment officer at kemper which manages $ N billion including $ N billion of stocks - index arbitrage does n't work and it natural buyers of stock - while mr. explained he 's not totally convinced index arbitrage changes the overall level of the stock market he said that on an intraday basis it has major effects - we 've talked to proponents of index arbitrage and told them to cool it because they 're the market - they said too bad so we finally said we 're not going to do business with them - kemper also the big board for ignoring the interests of individual and institutional holders - the new york stock exchange has vested interests in its big member securities firms that cloud its mr. said - it has never been interested in what we think - the big board also has a terrible communication problem with individual investors he added - small investors that big operators dominate the market said thomas chairman of the national association of investors and head of the exchange 's individual investors advisory committee set up after the N crash - the impression i 've got is they 'd love to do away with it program trading but they the exchange ca n't do it he said - big board chairman john j. phelan said in a recent interview that he has no to eliminate program trading - he said the market 's volatility him but that all the exchange can do is slow down the process by using its circuit breakers and shock - mr. that the mere fact they put in circuit breakers is an admission of their problems - morgan stanley and kidder peabody the two biggest program trading firms defend their strategies - we continue to believe the position we 've taken is reasonable a morgan stanley official said - we would stop index arbitrage when the market is under stress and we have recently he said citing oct. N and earlier this week - michael carpenter president and chief executive officer at kidder peabody said in a recent interview we do n't think that index arbitrage has a negative impact on the market as a whole - according to lawrence a securities industry analyst at prudential-bache securities inc. kemper is the first firm to make a major statement with program trading - he added that having just one firm do this is n't going to mean a hill of - but if this others to consider the same thing then it may become much more important - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - blockbuster entertainment corp. $ N million redemption amount of zero-coupon convertible notes also known as liquid yield option notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield at maturity N N - the notes are zero-coupon securities and will not pay interest - the size of the offering was increased from the originally planned $ N million redemption amount - the notes are convertible into common stock of blockbuster entertainment at $ N a share representing a N N conversion premium over yesterday 's closing price - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through merrill lynch capital markets - merrill lynch & co. $ N million of N N notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the issue which is back to the company nov. N N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's five-year note - rated single-a-1 by moody 's and by s&p the noncallable issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - cascade corp. $ N million of N N debentures due N priced at N - itt financial corp. $ N million of N N subordinated notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue which is back to the company nov. N N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's five-year note - rated single-a-2 by moody 's and single-a by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - itt financial is a subsidiary of itt corp - arco chemical co. $ N million of N N debentures due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - rated single-a-2 by moody 's and single-a by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by salomon brothers inc - trinity river authority texas $ N million of regional wastewater system improvement revenue bonds series N due N N and N through a shearson lehman hutton inc. group - the bonds insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there are $ N of N N term bonds due N priced at N N to yield N N and $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced at N N to yield N N - serial bonds which all carry N N coupons are priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - beverly hills calif. $ N of refunding certificates of participation civic center improvements project due N N N and N tentatively priced by a goldman sachs & co. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - serial certificates yield to N N in N - they are all priced at par - there are $ N of N N term certificates due N priced to yield N N - the $ N million of N N certificates due N carry the issue 's high yield priced at N N to yield N N - there are also $ N million of N N N certificates due N priced to yield N N - the bonds are rated single-a-1 by moody 's and by s&p according to the lead underwriter - michigan $ N million of first general obligation bonds series N environmental protection program and recreation program tentatively priced by a shearson lehman hutton group to yield from N N for current interest bonds due N to N N for convertible capital appreciation bonds - environmental protection program current interest bonds are due N N and N - they are tentatively priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the standard capital appreciation bonds in the issue due N yield to maturity from N N in N to N N in N - the convertible capital appreciation bonds all yield N N to their respective conversion dates when they become N N N current bonds until maturity - convertible capital appreciation bonds with a final stated maturity of nov. N N convert nov. N N - convertible capital appreciation bonds with a final stated maturity of nov. N N convert nov. N N - recreation program current interest bonds are due N and are priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - all of the bonds are rated single-a-1 by moody 's and double-a by s&p - federal national mortgage association $ N million of remic securities in N classes through goldman sachs - the issue is backed by fannie mae N N - the offering is fannie mae 's series N - fuji heavy industries ltd japan $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees annually via daiwa europe ltd - guarantee by industrial bank of japan - fees N - european investment bank agency $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N at reoffered price via lead manager morgan securities ltd - nippon meat inc japan $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via yamaichi international europe - each $ N bond carries a warrant exercisable nov. N N through oct. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - gmac canada ltd u.s. parent N million canadian dollars of floating-rate notes due november N via banque paribas capital markets ltd - coupon paid monthly is canadian bankers acceptance rate - guarantee by general motors acceptance corp - call at par after two years and thereafter at par every six months - swedish export credit corp. # N million of N N bonds due june N N priced at N N to yield N N annually less full fees via samuel & co - fees N N - finland N billion yen of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N N less full fees via international - fees N N - bank japan N million swiss francs of notes and bonds due march N N with fixed N N coupon at par via swiss bank corp - put option march N N at N N to yield a fixed N N - the issue is in two parts N million swiss francs of privately placed notes N million swiss francs of publicly listed bonds - conditions for the two parts - other terms to be fixed nov. N - kingdom of $ N million redemption amount of zero-coupon government trust certificates with maturities stretching from may N N to nov. N N priced at yields ranging from N N to N N - all the issues were priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury strips with similar maturities - proceeds from the offering are about $ N million - rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by securities a subsidiary of bankers trust new york corp - at a time when jon levy should be planning the biggest spring season in his dress company 's N years his work day is with intense moments of concern about one of his biggest customers campeau corp - the dress business has always been a gamble but it 's never been like this says mr. levy president of st. group ltd. which has become a hot name thanks to a campaign of tv commercials - every day mr. levy checks orders from campeau department store chains trying to guess if he will be paid - i 'm now monitoring every major account - campeau owner of such retailers as bloomingdale 's and jordan marsh financial collapse last month after an emergency $ N million loan from olympia & york developments ltd. a canadian developer and a major shareholder in campeau - the need for the loan surprised many analysts and bond holders who had been told at the company 's annual meeting in july that there were n't any major problems ahead - the risk of doing business with campeau 's federated and allied department store chains is about to increase greatly not only for mr. levy but for hundreds of other small apparel makers suppliers trucking firms and fabric houses - next week the country 's top designers and manufacturers will begin showing for spring N the second most important selling season of the year - and as the applause dies down in along seventh avenue and broadway campeau buyers will begin writing orders - orders from campeau retailers used to be cause for celebration - this is no longer true because of campeau 's massive debt load - it 's all anybody wants to talk about says richard posner executive vice president for credit exchange inc. a leading credit service - people wonder what 's going to happen next - many manufacturers are worried about being paid for merchandise already shipped to campeau stores - but those dollars at risk pale in comparison to the investment required to make and ship spring goods to campeau stores - the few million dollars i could lose today is nothing against what i could lose on the spring line says mr. levy who estimates that campeau stores will sell $ N million worth of his clothes this year - i 'm buying fabric right now for clothes which i may not be paid for until april or may - what happens to me if campeau between now and then - some credit concerns such as bernard credit consultants inc. have told clients not to ship anything to federated or allied stores on credit - this is especially true for spring merchandise says jim credit manager at bernard - campeau has too much debt - other credit houses such as credit exchange and solo credit service corp. are suggesting that their clients study each order before shipping - payments are good right now but we are n't recommending any long-term lines of credit says richard hastings a retail credit analyst referring to credit lines which make inventory purchases automatic - the campeau situation is a little uncertain and very difficult to analyze - because of those concerns some manufacturers say they will ask for letters of credit before shipping spring merchandise - we 're being paid today but we 're worried about tomorrow and will want letters of credit says the sales director at one major dress maker who asked not to be identified - howard president of the dress firm b inc. says it 's big time chaos today - i 'm going to ship and hope i get paid - if i need to ask for money up front later i will - carol vice president corporate communications at campeau says that all of the federated and allied chains are paying their bills in a timely manner - they continue to pay their bills and will do so says ms. - we 're confident we 'll be paying our bills for spring merchandise as well - typically manufacturers are paid N days after the month in which they ship - if goods are shipped to bloomingdale 's between oct. N and oct. N manufacturers expect to be paid by nov. N - but manufacturers now buying fabric for spring season goods wo n't be paid until march april or even may - some in the market question whether campeau will be in a position to pay bills at that time - everybody is worried about the possibility of says kurt publisher of 's retail marketing report - the buyers who work for the various campeau chains may lose their jobs - the stores they work for may be sold - what that will mean for manufacturers is anybody 's guess - campeau 's financial situation is complicated by an estimated $ N billion in debt due next spring - this includes a working capital facility for allied stores of $ N million that march N N and an $ N million bridge loan due april N N - the company has stated in recently filed financial documents that it anticipates refinancing its march N payments - in recent months numerous retailers have filed for chapter N bankruptcy protection including teller b. altman & co. and miller & inc - those filings plus the expected sale of a number of financially healthy chains such as saks fifth avenue marshall field 's and bloomingdale 's have added to the anxiety - right now federated owes us a considerable amount of money says morris president of david warren enterprises a major dress manufacturer - we expect they will be current with their debts by the end of the week but we are considering asking them for letters of credit before we take more orders - mr. adds that his company is now holding some goods in anticipation of being paid in full - it 's become a business he says - business has never been this tough before - not only does your product have to be excellent but you also have to be able to collect - other manufacturers are equally cautious - president of miller inc. says his company is now shipping only to the flagship stores of the federated and allied chains - this limits his financial exposure he says - the branches are just over empty halls says mr. - why should i be part of that problem - i 've got limited production and i ca n't give it to - campeau 's ms. disputes mr. 's comments - many of the branches are very lucrative she says - that 's just nonsense - as for mr. levy at st. he says he will maintain his credit lines with the various campeau stores unless they miss a payment - if they slip for N cents for N minutes i 'll stop he says - bethlehem steel corp. by higher costs and lower shipments to key automotive and customers posted a N N drop in third-quarter profit - separately two more of the nation 's top steelmakers armco inc. and national intergroup inc. reported lower operating earnings in their steel businesses marking what is generally believed to be the end of a two-year boom in the industry - wall street analysts expect the disappointing trend to continue into the fourth quarter and through at least the first two quarters of N when the industry will increasingly see the effect of price erosion in major product lines such as rolled sheet used for cars appliances and construction - it does n't well for coming quarters said john jacobson who follows the steel industry for consultants - in fact he thinks several steelmakers will report actual losses through the third quarter of N - bethlehem the nation 's second largest steelmaker earned $ N million or N cents a share - the figures include $ N million in costs related to a blast and $ N million in losses from unauthorized work at the company 's coal operations - in the year-ago period bethlehem earned $ N million or $ N a share including a $ N million gain from early retirement of debt - third-quarter sales dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year ago - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange bethlehem shares rose N cents to $ N - of all the major steelmakers bethlehem would seem to be the most vulnerable to a slowdown - it has n't diversified beyond steel nor has it linked up with a joint venture partner to share costs and risks - however in spite of the difficult industrywide environment of high cost and low volume bethlehem had pretty good earnings numbers said an analyst with salomon brothers inc - ms. had estimated third-quarter earnings of N cents a share but said the losses for the unusual items were larger than expected - still bethlehem 's core basic steel operations experienced a steep drop in operating profit to $ N million from $ N million a year ago when the industry enjoyed strong demand and pricing - the company said its shipments declined as a result of a reduction in inventories by service centers a lackluster automotive market and increasing competitive pressures in the construction market - at the same time production costs compared with a year ago were boosted by higher raw material and employment costs which resulted from the company 's new labor pact effective june N - we anticipate that steel market conditions will exhibit a further moderate decline in the fourth quarter as the automotive sector remains weak and customers continue to adjust inventories said bethlehem chairman walter f. williams - he noted however that the company 's order entry has increased from the low levels of the early summer following the end of labor negotiations - armco hampered by lower volume in its specialty steel business said third-quarter net income dropped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago quarter - sales dropped to $ N million from $ N million because the company no longer its eastern steel division which is now a joint venture with steel corp - along with reduced volume analysts said the nation 's fifth largest steelmaker was hurt by holding inventory when raw material costs of such key products as nickel dropped - operating profit dropped N N in its specialty flat-rolled steel segment - moreover the company said higher sales and shipments to service centers from its armco steel co. joint venture failed to offset weakness in the automotive market higher production costs and a poorer product mix - armco shares closed unchanged at $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - national intergroup which owns N N of the nation 's sixth largest steelmaker national steel corp. posted net income for the fiscal second-quarter of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a net loss of $ N million - sales increased in the quarter ended sept. N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - the latest period includes gains of $ N million from early retirement of debt and tax loss carry-forward - last year 's results were hurt by $ N million in restructuring charges - national intergroup stock closed at $ N unchanged in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - the company noted that its drug co. ben franklin stores inc. and corp. operations showed improvements as a result of restructuring moves - however its equity in the net income of national steel declined to $ N million from $ N million as a result of softer demand and lost orders following prolonged labor talks and a threatened strike - national intergroup is negotiating for the sale of its N N interest in national steel to concentrate more fully on drug distribution operations - international business machines corp. said it agreed to let motorola inc. participate in a semiconductor research project as part of its effort to bolster the u.s. semiconductor industry - ibm which made the announcement at the of a research center here said it invited many other companies to participate as well including some from europe - jack ibm 's president said ibm is also considering letting other companies participate in additional semiconductor work but declined to be more specific - ibm which said a year ago it was inviting companies to participate in some semiconductor work has become far more open about its technology as it has tried to rally u.s. industry to head off the japanese who now dominate the market for dynamic random access memory chips - while ibm armonk n.y. makes the bulk of the it uses it does n't make the equipment needed to produce those chips - and ibm worries that the japanese will take over that equipment market too unless u.s. semiconductor companies produce enough memory chips here to keep u.s. equipment makers healthy - failure of u.s. equipment makers ibm fears would leave it dependent on many of the japanese companies that compete with it in other parts of the market - ibm also said it expects to benefit from the expertise that motorola and other companies can bring to bear on the difficult problems involved in semiconductor manufacturing - ibm already in one industrywide effort to improve techniques - ibm said it expects industrywide efforts to become because semiconductor manufacturing has become so expensive - a plant cost $ N million in the mid-1970s but costs $ N million today because the technology is so complex - and ibm said it expects the costs to continue climbing - ibm which said motorola is paying just a nominal fee to cover the agreement acknowledged some companies had turned down its invitation to join in - but it said that was mainly because the project may not bear fruit until the mid-1990s - ibm said it thought more companies would become interested as the project - the project involving motorola concerns a technique called that figures to be crucial to future generations of memory chips - currently chips are produced by light through a to produce an image on the chip much as a camera produces an image on film - but details on chips must now be extraordinarily fine and the of even light are long enough so that the images they draw may be too much as someone using a wide could produce a broad line but would have trouble painting a thin one - by contrast travel and can be focused more tightly than light - have problems too - they can make the and can pass through material they 're not supposed to - but assuming those problems can be overcome they should allow for memory chips that could approach one billion of information N times as much as is contained in the chips that are just reaching the market and a million times what was possible in the mid-1970s - allied-signal aerospace co. received a $ N million contract to outfit continental airlines ' N planes with the traffic alert and system - the system operates independent of radar systems pilots of nearby aircraft allied-signal said - the system also provides - allied-signal is a unit of allied-signal inc. a manufacturer with interests in aerospace automotive products and engineered materials - continental airlines is a unit of texas air corp. houston - in a stunning shift in direction provigo inc. said it will sell all its non-food operations to concentrate solely on its retail and wholesale grocery business - the non-food operations accounted for about N N of provigo 's N billion canadian dollars us$ N billion in sales in the latest fiscal year - in a related move pierre lortie chairman and chief executive resigned - mr. lortie joined provigo in N and the company 's drive to grow outside its traditional food business - he could n't be reached for comment - nadeau newly appointed chairman and interim chief executive of provigo would n't say if mr. lortie was asked to leave - mr. lortie felt less mr. nadeau said given the decision to dump provigo 's non-food operations - at this stage it was felt i was perhaps more as chief executive - mr. nadeau also is chairman and chief executive of inc. provigo 's controlling shareholder - at a news conference mr. nadeau said the sale of the three non-food businesses which account for nearly half the company 's c$ N million in assets should be completed in a matter of months - the three units are a nationwide pharmaceutical and distributor a small chain and a combination catalog showroom and chain - investors and analysts the news - provigo was the most active industrial stock on the montreal exchange where it closed at c$ N us$ N up N canadian cents - i think it 's a pretty positive development said ross a financial analyst with inc. of the decision to concentrate on - mr. lortie 's departure while sudden was seen as inevitable in light of the shift in strategy - the non-food operations were largely mr. lortie 's creation and his strategy did n't work said steven holt a financial analyst with midland ltd - provigo 's profit record over the past two years the company 's and mr. lortie 's - for the six months ended aug. N provigo posted net income of c$ N million or eight canadian cents a share compared with c$ N million or N canadian cents a share a year earlier - sales were c$ N billion compared with c$ N billion - last month canadian bond rating service downgraded provigo 's commercial paper and debentures because of its lackluster performance - analysts are skeptical provigo will be able to sell the non-food businesses as a group for at least book value and are expecting write-downs - mr. nadeau said he could n't yet say if the sale prices would match book values - he said all three non-food operations are profitable - mr. nadeau said discussions are under way with potential purchasers of each of the units - he declined to confirm or deny reports that provigo executive roy is trying to put together a management buy-out of the showroom unit - mr. roy could n't be reached - was named senior executive vice president and chief operating officer of provigo a new position - mr. was president and chief operating officer of provigo 's quebec retail and wholesale grocery unit - mr. nadeau said he intends to remain provigo 's chief executive only until the non-food businesses are sold after a which a new chief executive will be named - comments by federal reserve board chairman alan greenspan lent some support to the dollar but the u.s. unit ended yesterday lower against most major currencies - foreign-exchange dealers noted that the impact of the chairman 's remarks was slight and warned that the currency remains sensitive to developments on wall street - traders said that mr. greenspan whose statements are ordinarily cautious was especially careful to avoid any with fears about equities still financial markets - before a panel of the house banking committee mr. greenspan said the short-term value of the dollar on foreign-exchange markets is n't the primary policy focus of the central bank - our essential focus is on domestic policy mr. greenspan said referring to the goals of price stability and a stable economy - in perhaps his most telling remark mr. greenspan termed the current u.s. inflation rate of around N N as much too high to be ignored - he added however that inflation could be brought down close to zero without throwing the economy into a recession - analysts viewed the chairman 's comments as an indication that the central bank is to ease monetary policy further in the near future - the dollar climbed immediately higher on news of mr. greenspan 's testimony settling lower in later trade as dealers positions ahead of today 's preliminary report on third-quarter u.s. gross national product - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks tuesday and at N yen up from N yen late tuesday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late tuesday - in tokyo thursday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from wednesday 's tokyo close of N yen - many traders forecast a of the market 's recent bearish trend and predict the u.s. currency will remain stuck in its relatively narrow ranges in the near term and then shift lower - but according to doug madison a corporate trader with bank of america in los angeles a large number of short positions must first be corrected spurring a temporary before the unit can turn lower - he predicts a downward move in trade and a less dramatic slip in noting that there continues to be a large pool of japanese investor interest in u.s. securities which could provide a solid base for the dollar at around N yen - market participants hope today 's gnp report will offer more substantial evidence on u.s. economic growth although analysts are quick to point out that the figures may the economy 's - the r word is looming again says one dealer referring to persistent concern among some market analysts that the u.s. economy is heading toward a major slowdown if not a recession - some dealers note that while the third-quarter figures may appear relatively bullish the market consensus calls for a N N annual growth rate unchanged from the second-quarter rate it would take a significantly stronger figure to alter market perceptions that the economy is softening - some analysts that the next quarter 's figures will present a more accurate picture of the u.s. economy showing a marked slowdown in a number of sectors including housing starts and equities - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce down $ N - estimated volume was a light N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong thursday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - lawrence insurance group inc. said it acquired united republic reinsurance co. a houston property and casualty reinsurance company from united savings association of texas for $ N million - lawrence insurance also sold N million of its shares for $ N each to its parent lawrence group inc - lawrence insurance based in albany n.y. plans to use the $ N million in proceeds to help finance the acquisition of united republic - by acquiring the shares lawrence group increased its stake in lawrence insurance to N N from N N - lawrence insurance mostly primary insurance a company spokesman said - a reinsurance company effectively insurance companies that wish to spread the risk of a particular policy - lawrence group also owns lawrence agency corp. n.y. an insurance agency and brokerage - associates inc. the closely held owner of & co. said its fiscal third-quarter earnings jumped to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier aided by a $ N million gain from the sale of stock in a japanese subsidiary - the apparel holding company had sales in the quarter ended aug. N of $ N billion up N N from $ N million a year ago - the company said its quarterly results are now being publicly filed as the result of the formation earlier this year of employee stock investment plans - wall street would like ual corp. 's board to change its mind about keeping the company independent - but what happens next in the continuing takeover drama may depend more on the company 's two most powerful and unions the pilots and machinists - some people familiar with the situation believe that the collapse of the previous $ N billion buy-out if anything may have strengthened the hands of these two labor groups - as a result both may now have veto power over any ual transaction - one reason banks likely to react to any new ual deal with even more caution than the first time around probably will insist on labor harmony before they agree to put up cash for any new bid or even a recapitalization plan - united pilots have shown on a number of occasions they are willing and able to strike said an executive at fuji bank one of ual 's large lenders - if you have both labor groups on strike you 've got no revenue and that 's a very scary thing for a bank to be looking at - just this past week a leading japanese bank asked for a meeting with the machinists ' union leaders to determine where the union would stand if another bid or recapitalization became possible - another reason by their success in helping to scuttle the previous transaction the machinists are likely to be more aggressive if a second buy-out attempt occurs - the two unions already had significant leverage simply because their employer has yet to settle with either on new contracts - that gives them both the threat of a strike and the ability to resist any wage concessions that may be necessary to make a transaction work - thus even investors who are pushing for the board to do a recapitalization that would pay shareholders a special dividend and possibly grant employees an ownership stake acknowledge that the unions are key - there 's less likelihood of creating and completing a transaction without the unions ' cooperation and wage concessions said richard nye of baker nye investments a new york takeover - mr. nye thinks the ual board should be ousted if it does n't move soon to increase shareholder value - both the pilots and machinists have made it clear that they intend to block any transaction they do n't like - the pilots will be involved in any transaction that takes place around here pilot union chairman frederick c. declared yesterday - but whether the pilots can team up with their longtime the machinists is another question - the pilots ' mr. says his union would like majority ownership for employees - at the very least the pilots want some form of control over the airline perhaps through voting rights - on the other hand the machinists have always opposed majority ownership in principle saying they do n't think employees should be owners - still in recent days machinists ' union leaders have shown some new flexibility - we may be able to reach a where we can accommodate the pilot union 's concerns and said brian m. freeman the machinists ' financial adviser - mr. freeman said machinists ' union advisers plan to meet this week to try to draw up a blueprint for some form of recapitalization that could include a special dividend for shareholders an employee stake and perhaps an equity investment by a friendly investor - if a compromise ca n't be reached the pilots maintain they can do a transaction without the support of the machinists - but at this point that may just be thinking - the machinists lobbied heavily against the original bid from ual pilots and management for the company - their opposition helped scare off some japanese banks - the pilots ' insistence on majority ownership also may make the idea of a recapitalization difficult to achieve - who wants to be a public shareholder investing in a company controlled by the pilots ' union asks an analyst at wertheim & co - who would the board be working for the public shareholders or the pilots she adds - ms. says she believes a recapitalization involving employee ownership would succeed only if the pilots on their demand for control - she also notes that even if the pilots accept a minority stake now they still could come back at a later time and try to take control - another possibility is for the pilots ' to team up with an outside investor who might try to force the of the board through the solicitation of - in that way the pilots may be able to force the board to approve a recapitalization that gives employees a majority stake or to consider the labor-management group 's latest proposal - the group did n't make a formal offer but instead told ual 's advisers before the board meeting that it was working on a bid valued at between $ N and $ N a share - but again they may need the help of the machinists - i think the dynamics of this situation are that something 's got to happen said one official familiar with the situation - the board and ual 's management he says ca n't go back to business as usual - the pilots wo n't let them - delta air lines earnings soared N N to a record in the fiscal first quarter the industry trend toward declining profits - the atlanta-based airline the third largest in the u.s. attributed the increase to higher passenger traffic new international routes and reduced service by rival eastern airlines which is in bankruptcy proceedings in the wake of a strike that began last spring - for the quarter ended sept. N delta posted net income of $ N million or $ N a share up from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - during the quarter delta issued N million shares of common stock to and N million shares for use in a company employee stock ownership plan - the key to delta 's record earnings continued to be excellent passenger revenue growth said thomas chief financial officer - passenger traffic jumped N N in the quarter while profit per passenger grew N N - delta has benefited more than other carriers from the weakness of eastern airlines which shares the atlanta hub - although eastern is back to about N N of its schedule now the texas air corp. subsidiary was only beginning to get back on its feet during the quarter - separately america west airlines phoenix ariz. reported third-quarter profit jumped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the latest results include a $ N million one-time payment from a foreign entity - america west would n't identify the entity but said the payment was for the foreign company 's use of certain tax benefits in connection with america west plane purchases - year-earlier results included an extraordinary gain of $ N million from a buy-back of convertible subordinated debentures - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months america west posted earnings of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a loss of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - papers - thomson corp. 's globe & mail newspaper in november will begin an experimental edition to selected subscribers ' facsimile machines - the news summary will be aimed at readers outside canada or in canadian locations where the national daily is n't available on the day of publication - in the u.s. the hartford has a facsimile edition and some other newspapers are considering the idea - who 's news - michael t. carr advertising director of magazine was named publisher of national and heavy metal magazines succeeding george - it was the first management change since daniel and tim took control of national inc. in march - they are looking for a new editor for national and are trying to sell heavy metal - columbia savings & loan association reeling from changes mandated by congress and the recent collapse of the junk-bond market announced a loss for the third quarter of $ N million or $ N a share - for the quarter a year ago columbia reported earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - total assets increased to $ N billion in the latest quarter from $ N billion a year earlier - the loss stems from $ N million of write-downs on columbia 's $ N billion high-yield investment securities portfolio which includes about $ N billion of junk bonds $ N million of preferred stock and treasury securities - columbia owes its spectacular growth in recent years to its junk-bond portfolio the largest of any u.s. thrift - much of columbia 's junk-bond trading has been done through the high-yield department of its beverly hills neighbor drexel burnham lambert inc - for the nine months losses totaled $ N million or $ N a share compared with net income of $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the results include a $ N million write-down of the securities in the high-yield portfolio to the lower of their cost or market value - columbia also added $ N million to reserves for losses on the portfolio increasing general reserves to $ N million or about N N of the total portfolio as of sept. N - on june N loss reserves stood at $ N million - thrift officials said the $ N million reserve will be adjusted quarterly and will reflect the rate of and market conditions - the adjustments result from the recently passed bailout legislation which requires thrifts to all high-yield bond investments by N - previously columbia did n't have to adjust the book value of its junk-bond holdings to reflect declines in market prices because it held the bonds as long-term investments - because columbia now must sell the bonds within five years accounting rules require the thrift to value the bonds at the lower of cost or market prices - for its future strategy columbia officials said the thrift may branch out into commercial lending or managing outside investments as well as up more traditional thrift activities - the quarterly results also reflected $ N million in losses from commercial real-estate activities in california - thomas spiegel columbia 's chairman said in a statement that the thrift was disappointed by the effects of the accounting changes - but he said columbia remains one of the most strongly capitalized thrifts in the industry based on the economic value of its assets and tangible capital - columbia announced the results after the close of the stock market - its shares closed at $ N each in composite new york stock exchange trading down N cents - the price of columbia shares has been cut nearly in half since august when they traded at about $ N as investors apparently realized that the thrift would be forced to take a big write-down - the stock 's decline accelerated in the past two weeks from a price of $ N a share on oct. N - columbia officials said they do n't know how quickly they will of the thrift 's junk bonds because federal regulations such as those that would allow thrifts to continue holding the bonds in separately capitalized subsidiaries have n't yet been completed - columbia officials also said the thrift should n't face problems meeting regulatory capital requirements despite the large reserves and write-downs and regulatory requirements that should be in place by year 's end - its ratio of tangible equity to total assets as of sept. N was N N and total equity was $ N million - the thrift emphasized that it has a large portfolio of equity securities issued in connection with corporate restructurings and leveraged buy-outs which has a book value of $ N million - although many of the transactions related to those securities have n't been completed columbia said the ultimate gain on the sale of those assets will range from $ N million to $ N million - columbia also has gains in its public equity securities portfolio of more than $ N million - david b. in new york contributed to this article - cos. said it plans to aggressively discount its major beer brands setting the stage for a potentially price war as the maturing industry 's growth continues to slow - anheuser the world 's largest brewer and u.s. market leader has historically been reluctant to engage in as a means of boosting sales volume - with the passing of the days of swelling industry sales however the and brief into discounting are becoming standard competitive weapons in the beer industry - over the summer anheuser competitors offered more and deeper discounts than industry observers have seen for a long time - some experts now predict anheuser 's entry into the fray means near-term earnings trouble for all the industry players - the st. louis company said major rivals philip morris co. 's miller brewing unit and coors co. have been following a policy of and deep discounting for at least the past N months on their premium brands pricing their product as much as N cents a below anheuser 's label in many markets - anheuser said it 's discounting policy basically would involve matching such moves by rivals on a basis - announced its plan at the same time it reported third-quarter net income rose a N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents - sales were $ N billion up from last year 's $ N billion - anheuser said its new strategy started in some markets last month and expected to be applied soon in selected markets nationwide will mean earnings for the last half of N and for N - the projection sent anheuser shares plunging $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday - the stock closed at $ N on heavy volume of about N million shares - shares of coors the company 's sole publicly traded major competitor fell $ N apiece to $ N in national over-the-counter trading apparently on investor concerns over potential fallout from the coming pricing struggle - anheuser noted that beer industry sales volume is N is following the trend that has characterized the last half of the '80s with sales volume being essentially flat while consolidation creates fewer bigger players - we can not permit a further slowing in our volume trend anheuser said adding it will take appropriate competitive pricing actions to support our long-term market share growth strategy for the premium brands - anheuser said it continues to hold to its goal of a N N u.s. market share by the mid-1990s - beneath the lies a powerful threat from the brewing giant which last year accounted for about N N of all u.s. beer sales and is expected to see that grow to N N in the current year - anheuser is the biggest guy in the bar and he just decided to join in the said joseph j. doyle an analyst with smith barney harris upham & co - it 's going to get bloody - jerry publisher of beer marketers a trade newsletter said anheuser 's announcement means everybody else in the industry is going to have a difficult time reaching their profit objectives - prudential-bache securities inc. analyst george e. thompson the importance of the announcement and called any comparison between the coming and the seemingly wars unwarranted - mr. thompson calls discounting a loser 's game for anyone without a dominant market share and projected that anheuser 's statement of intent could simply be a means of warning competitors to ease up on or face a costly and battle - mr. thompson noted that the disappointing earnings which fell five cents a share short of his own projections contributed to the sell-off by an and currently investing public - but smith barney 's mr. doyle who yesterday trimmed his N anheuser earnings projection to $ N a share from $ N called the market 's reaction justified - while the third-quarter earnings were a moderate disappointment he said the real bad news is the intensity of price competition in the sector - according to mr. the newsletter publisher anheuser 's market share is nearly twice that of its competitor miller brewing which had a N N stake last year - it 's followed by brewery co. which has agreed to sell its assets to coors - both coors and have recently been market share to miller and anheuser - tokyo stocks closed easier for the second consecutive day finishing at the intraday low on investment trust fund selling toward the end of the afternoon session - stocks rose in london but fell again in frankfurt - tokyo 's nikkei index fell N points to N - trading was active - volume on the first section was estimated at N billion shares up from N million tuesday - the tokyo stock price index of first section issues was down N at - in early trading in tokyo thursday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on wednesday the market opened with high turnover ignoring the volatility in new york stocks - but losers were spread in a broad range by the end of the session - a trader said that the more an issue gained recently the sharper the loss sustained wednesday - a trader at yamaichi securities said the market 's mood was undercut by the continuing fall of nippon telegraph & telephone shares which declined to their lowest level since the of this year - lost N yen to N yen $ N - some traders noted individual investors dumped shares amid growing expectation for a division of the company as suggested by a recent panel - dealers said they also took profits to reduce holdings in their own account at the end of the october transaction period - among pharmaceutical shares chugai lost N yen to N yen $ N and fell N to N - other losing issues included shell which fell N to N - toyota motor fell N to N - house which gained N tuesday lost N to N - daiwa house also ended easier but home was firmer - pioneer electronic and sony both of which dominated buying earlier this month continued to fall wednesday - pioneer was down N at N and sony lost N to N down N N from its record set oct. N - london share prices closed modestly higher largely on technical factors although the market was near the end of the session by wall street 's firmer trend - the financial times 100-share index finished at N up N points - the 30-share index ended N points higher at N - volume was thin at N million shares traded down from N million tuesday - dealers said the market gained some late steam on a flurry of buying by market-makers looking at blue-chip issues and stocks viewed as during the market 's recent - outside what essentially amounted to a exercise dealers said london dealings were largely by the absence of active interest beyond the market-makers - the late buying was drawn into the london market dealers added after wall street showed signs of stability following its rocky opening - stocks that suffered on the day were those with active u.s. operations dealers noted - among them were b.a.t industries which settled N pence a share lower at N $ N - hanson with N million shares traded closed N lower at N - dealers said the shares were hit by fears of a slowdown in the u.s. economy - cable & benefited from a market squeeze N to N in moderately active volume - jaguar was boosted N to N on buying after ford motor 's announcement tuesday that it might be prepared to mount a full bid for the u.k. luxury auto maker - it was further helped by ford which announced after london 's close that it had raised its stake to N N from just under N N on tuesday - frankfurt prices closed sharply lower in thin dealings hurt by the roller-coaster session on wall street tuesday and worries about wage demands by the largest west german trade union - the german stock index tumbled N to end at - it was dead and negative said one trader at a u.s. bank in frankfurt - there was little turnover and nothing to stimulate the market - equities tumbled at the opening as tuesday 's gyrations on wall street where the dow jones industrial average recovered most of an loss fueled fears of another stock market crash brokers said - tough talk from trade union officials at the conference of the powerful ig metall metals worker union in west berlin raised the specter of nationwide strikes next spring they said - for the N wage negotiations the ig metall is demanding a further cut in the german and steep wage increases which could sharply increase the costs for german industry - all the positive figures on the economy are out already and people are focusing more on the dangers for next year mostly the wage talks and the parliamentary elections the u.s. trader said - the market also off positive factors such as higher bond prices and a slowdown in monetary growth in september traders said - they said they expect the bearish mood to a while longer as trading volume is falling toward the end of the year and the market is becoming more volatile - in the auto sector plunged N marks to N marks $ N daimler-benz dropped N to N and slumped N to N - continental gave up some of its recent gains dropping N to N as rumors of an impending takeover attempt for the faded brokers said - deutsche bank plummeted N to N hurt by the general mood - other banks were slightly more with dresdner bank shedding N to N and commerzbank slipping N to - meanwhile wall street 's volatility investors in other markets - share prices closed lower in paris zurich brussels milan and stockholm and mixed in amsterdam - among pacific markets prices closed lower in sydney seoul hong kong manila singapore and wellington - trading in taipei was suspended for a national holiday - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - french chemicals group orkem s.a. said wednesday it has made a bid for control of coates brothers plc a british manufacturer of and - state-controlled orkem already owns N N of coates - the remainder is held by the public and by family interests a spokeswoman for the french group said - orkem declined to give details of its offer saying only that the bid will be submitted for approval by the board of the british company - the house by a margin of N votes failed to override president bush 's veto of legislation renewing federal support of medicaid abortions for poor women who are victims of rape and incest - the N roll call illustrates the limits of power a abortion-rights movement still faces - it continues to gain strength in the chamber but remains far short of the two-thirds majority required to prevail over mr. bush - democrats voted to override by a N margin but republicans were equally firm in support of the president who has threatened to make abortion a decisive issue on at least three separate fiscal N spending bills - yesterday 's vote dealt with the largest of these bills an estimated $ N billion measure funding the departments of labor education and health and human services - to gain more leverage abortion-rights advocates may seek to the bill into an omnibus continuing resolution next month - but the stark numbers yesterday when N votes were needed indicate the president is in a commanding position for at least this year - unless he changes they lose said a democratic leadership aide - the action came as congress sent to the president last night a spending bill to keep the government operating through nov. N and provide $ N billion in emergency funds to assist in the recovery from hurricane hugo and the california earthquake - by a N margin the senate approved the measure after further provisions sought by the influential california delegation and despite reservations the house adopted the bill on a N roll call - the package is more than $ N billion above the recommendations of budget director richard darman this week - but given the political importance of california the administration was content to use its influence to prevent any senate amendments adding further new appropriations - the $ N billion measure comes on top of $ N billion appropriated after hugo struck the carolinas and caribbean last month and these totals do n't reflect the additional benefit of disaster loans - the bill last night includes $ N million to help finance this credit and further raises the obligation ceiling for the small business administration to $ N billion to accommodate the expected loan activity - in direct cash assistance $ N billion is provided in federal highway construction funds and $ N billion is divided between general emergency aid and a reserve to be available to the president to meet unanticipated costs from the two disasters - in the senate majority whip alan cranston used his position to win not only the expanded credit but also more generous treatment than the house had permitted in the distribution of highway funds in the next six months - the emergency assistance would n't be counted against a state 's normal allocation of annual highway funds and the bill existing restrictions that otherwise would prevent the use of federal aid to repair a toll road such as the san bay bridge damaged in last week 's earthquake - the underlying bill is the second required by congress this fall and since the current fiscal year began oct. N only the energy and interior departments are operating on permanent appropriations enacted into law - the over abortion is certain to contribute to further delays and apart from the health and education measure vetoed by mr. bush bills funding the district of columbia and the entire u.s. budget are in jeopardy because of related abortion or issues - the vote yesterday was the most in many years and though the democratic leadership is about how to address the abortion issue the debate is increasingly measured in party terms - the N democrats who supported the override yesterday compare with N who initially backed the exemption two weeks ago and N last year on a similar vote - by comparison republicans have held closer to the anti-abortion movement - only N gop members opposed the president 's veto a marginal increase over the vote two weeks ago and just N more than the N who supported the exemption last year - at a recent white house meeting rep. r. mass. the ranking minority member of the house appropriations committee argued with his friend mr. bush against a veto and though mr. and minority leader robert of illinois stood with the president yesterday they are uncomfortable with his position - this is n't a political issue this is a moral issue said rep. henry r. ill. the most spokesman for the anti-abortion movement - but after years of using the issue for its benefit the gop finds its candidates on the defensive - new jersey gubernatorial candidate rep. james florio returned from to vote against the president yesterday in contrast with his opponent gop rep. james courter who has supported abortion restrictions in the past but was - in an extraordinary mix of and powers rep. robert r. calif his fellow roman including mr. florio for having the to disagree with the of their church on abortion - rep. was as blunt on behalf of the abortion-rights movement - this may not make george bush a president said the oregon liberal addressing the republican side of the house - but if you support him over rape victims this may be your last term - separately the house last night approved a nearly $ N billion compromise spending bill providing the first construction funds for the administration 's ambitious space station in fiscal N and far-reaching provisions affecting the federal mortgage market - the current ceiling on home loans insured by the federal housing administration would be increased to $ N and the bill gives the department of housing and urban development new authority to facilitate the refinancing of subsidized loans for low-income homeowners - by a N margin the appropriations committee leadership beat back an early challenge by house banking chairman henry gonzalez d. texas to the fha provision - and on a closer N roll call lawmakers upheld controversial agreements made by a house-senate conference community development funds for more than N projects backed by often influential members - rupert murdoch acquired a N N stake in zeta s.a. the leading spanish magazine and newspaper publisher said - the transaction called for mr. murdoch 's news international plc a unit of news corp. to subscribe to a rights issue by zeta valued at N billion pesetas $ N million - also participating in the issue was spain s.a - the film producer owned by financier received a N N stake in the publishing group - the cash injection boosted zeta 's capital more than to N billion pesetas from N billion pesetas greatly the group 's ability to make investments zeta officials said - following its failure last month to win a license for one of spain 's first three private television stations zeta is seeking investment opportunities in communications and publishing - with annual sales of about N billion pesetas zeta publishes over a dozen magazines including the popular and and three regional - chairman antonio will retain a N N share in zeta - the new york stock exchange is expected to launch its own program trading vehicle today just as controversy over this trading strategy up - the big board this morning plans to begin trading its exchange stock portfolio basket product the first program-trading vehicle carrying the exchange 's seal of approval - will allow institutional investors to buy or sell all N stocks in standard & poor 's index in a single trade of a minimum of $ N million - baskets of fewer stocks will also be available - the securities and exchange commission gave provisional six-month approval to the big board basket at a meeting late yesterday - the sec at the same time approved a similar but smaller basket product on the chicago board options exchange where the minimum will be $ N million - also approved was a plan to trade stock portfolios by computer after regular hours on the midwest stock exchange - the basket products are an step in solving problems in trading big blocks of stock that came to light in the N market crash said sec commissioner joseph - new sec chairman richard breeden overseeing his first public meeting said there have been concerns that the big board 's basket could attract investors with a short-term perspective who would rapidly turn over the product thus increasing volatility - but richard the sec 's market regulation chief said he did n't believe this will dramatic new program-trading strategies that will be - the baskets on the big board and cboe which involve the actual s&p stocks unlike the stock-index contracts currently traded on the chicago futures markets and index options on the cboe will begin trading as critics step up their attacks on program trading and its contributions to the stock market 's wild price swings - the big board argues that its new product will help rather than hurt the situation by possibly drawing business from forms of program trading - are also an attempt by the big board to head off the exodus of program trading business to overseas markets such as london - big board officials also hope japanese investors will become interested in the exchange 's product - already many of the big board 's own floor traders are warning that the baskets are risky and not in the best interests of the investing public - the alliance of floor brokers said the new product with the $ N million minimum will benefit only big institutional investors and could lead to wild of volatility - stockbrokers who cater to individual investors said the big board 's new product confirms the exchange does n't want to curtail program trading which last month accounted for a record N N of the exchange 's average daily volume - the new york stock exchange is losing its cool here said james head of institutional trading at montgomery scott inc. in philadelphia - the new stock baskets are going to make it easier for program trading to be done - and it 's going to be done more frequently as the result of having more access to it at different places - both the big board 's exchange stock portfolio and the chicago exchange 's market basket are designed for institutional investors - the big board lists its targets as pension plans mutual fund managers and index-arbitrage traders - in index arbitrage program traders buy and sell stocks and stock-index futures to profit from small price discrepancies between the markets - at the same time only four securities firms have signed up with the big board to buy and sell as market makers an response - the market makers so far are cs first boston group 's first boston corp. unit morgan stanley & co. painewebber group inc. and salomon inc. 's salomon brothers inc. unit - kidder peabody & co. a general electric co. unit that has become the biggest program trader along with morgan stanley is n't a market maker although the big board hopes that will change - similarly the big board hopes to merrill lynch & co - neither has plans to be a market maker for now - traders said major securities firms are reluctant to become market makers because they fear the baskets may attract only limited trading - big board officials say only N contracts a day may trade at first equivalent to a day 's action at a small regional exchange - even though the big board says its product represents a post-crash reform some traders suggest that if the new basket had been trading during this month 's friday the 13th market plunge the dow jones industrial average might have dropped more than the N points it did - with the futures locked into a trading halt oct. N and trading in some individual stock difficult program traders would have undoubtedly fled to the basket system the traders say - if we had the baskets we would be leaving in one trader said - the sec 's mr. breeden said the trading on the midwest exchange would help the u.s. win back business that has moved overseas to conduct trades - comprehensive care corp. which has agreed to be acquired by closely held first hospital corp. reported a $ N million loss for its aug. N first quarter and said it is negotiating an extension of senior bank debt past its oct. N due date - in composite trading yesterday on the new york stock exchange comprehensive care shares plunged $ N to close at $ N on volume of N shares - the loss in comprehensive care 's latest quarter is equal to N cents a share - in the year-earlier quarter comprehensive care earned $ N million or N cents a share - revenue in the latest quarter fell N N to $ N million from $ N million the company said reflecting poor utilization of the company 's facilities and its medicine contracts - comprehensive care shareholders have approved acquisition of the developer and operator of chemical and psychiatric programs for about $ N million in cash notes and stock of first hospital norfolk va - the price was reduced last august from an indicated value of $ N million - comprehensive care said first hospital had advised it that both bank debt and senior notes would be repaid after the acquisition although it is n't assured the acquisition will be completed - if it is n't completed comprehensive care said it would be required to promptly restructure its debt - first hospital advised comprehensive care that an agent for the financial institutions providing financing of its acquisition is scheduled to make a final credit determination tomorrow and that a favorable determination could result in a reorganization at comprehensive care by the end of october - failure to win such a determination however would lead comprehensive care directors to consider various alternatives comprehensive care said without - separately first hospital reported a N N rise in net income to $ N million for its year ended june N on a N N increase in revenue to $ N million - it said however that net income for the period ended aug. N plunged to $ N from $ N in the prior year on a N N rise in revenue to $ N million - a group including new york investors douglas a. and anthony holds the equivalent of a N N stake in h.h. robertson co. 's common shares outstanding according to a filing with the securities and exchange commission - officials of h.h. robertson which makes steel store fronts and building parts declined comment - as reported last month mr. said he was interested in making an offer to buy h.h. robertson for $ N a share - in the sec filing the group said it intends to acquire additional h.h. robertson shares with a view a possible change in control of the company - it has not however made a formal proposal - the group also is engaged in talks with third parties regarding obtaining financing to buy more shares but no agreements have yet been reached the filing said - the group controls N h.h. robertson common shares assuming exercise of an option it acquired from executive life insurance co. to buy N shares - its stake includes N shares bought in the open market from aug. N to oct. N for $ N to $ N a share - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday h.h. robertson closed at $ N up N cents - after coming close to a partial settlement a year ago shareholders who filed civil suits against ivan f. boesky and the partnerships he once controlled again are approaching an accord people familiar with the case said - meanwhile within the next few weeks the limited partners in ivan f. boesky & co l.p. are expected to reach a partial settlement with drexel burnham lambert inc. regarding the distribution of the $ N million in partnership assets said one of the individuals - under the terms of the settlement the limited partners would drop their civil suits against drexel now pending in federal court in new york another individual said - attorneys involved in the talks said that the parties were closer to accord than they were a year ago when reports of an imminent agreement circulated - one individual said the shareholders ' accord was well worked out - however less optimistic attorneys warned that because of the of numerous defendants and plaintiffs with claims there is always the possibility that the talks will again fall apart - a shareholders ' accord would provide the first to thousands of individuals and institutions claiming losses as a result of insider trading by boesky & co. once the largest arbitrage fund in the u.s. - the plaintiffs are investors who bought and sold securities in which mr. boesky and his partnerships were dealing - some claim they suffered losses because they sold while he was buying and others because they bought while he was selling - stocks involved in the shareholder suits include union carbide rjr nabisco american natural resources cascade corp. general foods corp. houston natural gas and corp - there are at least N class-action shareholder suits that have been consolidated in federal court in new york under u.s. district judge milton - among the defendants are mr. boesky the ivan f. boesky & co. mr. boesky 's main underwriter drexel burnham and & general securities plc a british investment fund once controlled by mr. boesky - individuals familiar with the negotiations said the partial settlement being negotiated would remove the boesky partnership the british fund and mr. boesky as defendants while drexel and other defendants would remain - charles of the washington law firm cutler & which represents mr. boesky in this matter said only that discussions are under way - there are no agreements yet - it has been three years since mr. boesky now in prison agreed to pay a $ N million fine to settle the government 's charges that he had traded illegally using insider information - out of this the government set up a $ N million fund for plaintiffs who can prove their financial losses - according to william an attorney at & the escrow agents for the fund as of sept. N the fund amounted to $ N million - separately attorneys for the N or so limited partners have had serious discussions that could lead to the distribution of the partnership 's assets - the limited partners include insurance companies financial institutions and individual investors - an agreement with drexel regarding the limited partners ' investments is an essential step toward getting their money back - this is because a delaware court earlier this year said that drexel is entitled to get its money back before or at the same time as the limited partners - drexel is owed $ N million by the partnership - an individual familiar with the negotiations said that whatever investments the limited partners do not recoup from the $ N million in partnership assets they will receive from the $ N million fund available as a result of drexel 's settlement with the government in december N - drexel agreed to plead guilty to six felony counts and pay $ N million of which $ N million was set aside for shareholders and other plaintiffs including the limited partners who claim they were injured by drexel - jailed activist wins a battle against the - u.s. district judge robert p. patterson jr. ordered the fbi to immediately begin processing benjamin ferguson 's request for documents stemming from the agency 's investigation of him during the 1960s - the fbi had said it would not be able to begin processing the request until june - mr. ferguson who is N years old fled the u.s. in N after his appeals of a N conviction on conspiracy to murder - he turned himself in to authorities in new york earlier this year - he maintains that the information from the fbi will help him get his N conviction vacated and his indictment dismissed - his attorneys claim he was by the fbi and new york police as part of a campaign to destroy the black liberation movement of the 1960s - because the federal freedom of information act was n't law at that time the fbi was n't required to turn over information on its investigations when mr. ferguson appealed his conviction in the 1960s - but in federal court in manhattan judge patterson said the fbi records could show that mr. ferguson 's arrest was the result of questionable legal practices - the judge said that if the fbi 's proposed schedule was followed in the documents a delay of over one year will have occurred and plaintiff will have served approximately two-thirds of his N 1\/2-year minimum sentence by the time he receives the files - w. the assistant u.s. attorney handling the case for the fbi said no decision has been made about appealing the judge 's ruling - federal courts urged to cut costs and reduce delays of civil suits - the study conducted by a task force of the institution suggests that congress should require the courts to develop the plans - the study was initiated by senate judiciary committee chairman joseph d. del - the washington d.c. think tank recommends that the courts adopt different tracks for different types of civil cases in order to separate the handling of highly complex suits from simpler ones - complex cases such as antitrust suits and many business disputes would receive intense supervision by federal judges to keep pretrial proceedings moving - standard cases would require less judicial attention and cases could be resolved quickly - the study also said each federal court should set strict time limits for the pretrial exchange of documents and evidence ranging from as much as N days for cases in the fast track to as much as N months for complex disputes - and the study said federal courts should set firm trial dates early in the process - to take advantage of local expertise and custom the study said congress should require each of the N federal district courts to adopt its own plan to speed the handling of civil suits and to reduce the high costs in civil cases - although some of the study 's recommendations resemble those of similar projects the makeup of the task force was unusually diverse adding significance to the effort - it included lawyers from civil rights and consumer groups plaintiffs ' lawyers and defense attorneys corporate counsel and law professors - businessland inc. said it purchased a major regional computer retailer data systems computer inc. new jersey - terms were n't disclosed - the purchase san jose calif.-based businessland 's links to the large corporations who are among the biggest buyers of computers - data systems has five retail stores in the northeast but specializes in selling personal computers made by international business machines corp. and apple computer inc. to banks brokerage firms and other big businesses based in the new york metropolitan area - john chief executive officer of data systems said the company was profitable and expected sales of nearly $ N million this year - he said businessland which operates stores in N u.s. metropolitan areas planned to absorb his firm 's operations - eastman kodak co. of rochester n.y. said its & products subsidiary was restructured to form two operating groups one for household products such as and and the other for products such as wood and - the n.j. unit said the new operating structure creates a more focused and responsive organization geared to effectively managing the size and scope of the unit 's current business - the consumer brands unit was absorbed by the photographic pharmaceutical and chemical concern last year when it acquired sterling drug inc - in a related matter peter black president of consumer brand was named group vice president for the household products operating group - kenneth m. evans president of thompson & brand was named group vice president of the operating group - sotheby 's holdings inc. the parent of the auction house sotheby 's said its net loss for the seasonally slow third quarter narrowed from a year earlier on a leap in operating revenue - the new york-based company reported a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a year-earlier net loss of $ N million or N cents a share - operating revenue surged N N in the latest period to $ N million from $ N million - the company said N N of its auction business is usually conducted in the second and fourth quarters with the current quarter having begun extremely well - west texas intermediate the u.s. benchmark crude seemed again yesterday in trading on the new york mercantile exchange - widely expected to open N to N cents a barrel higher on the strength of statistics from the american petroleum institute the december contract managed to start the session only eight cents higher - in the last hour of the trading day december contract took a tumble to end the session N cents lower at $ N a barrel - and now that the price has fallen below $ N which many had said showed considerable resistance some traders and analysts figure there 's little to stop the price from going lower on technical decisions - with no news or changes in the fundamentals to price moves technicians are wanting to sell this stuff said eric of edge trading corp - and short-term the technicians may have their way - the market quickly discounted the weekly inventory report showing a N million barrel decrease in u.s. crude oil stocks as the of hurricane jerry - that storm hit the gulf coast oct. N closing the louisiana offshore oil port for a time and preventing from unloading - next week 's report could very well show an increase in crude inventories - the trade group 's numbers left traders plenty of time to worry about the latest reports on opec production - an jones survey of integrated oil companies independent refiners and oil industry consultants indicates that the organization of petroleum exporting countries increased its production to N million barrels a day in september - estimates suggest october 's figure may be even higher - that level of production is n't of much concern as long as demand continues strong analysts said - but the first quarter of the year is generally the weakest and opec production does n't seem to be in anticipation of that - also maintaining current demand assumes no significant slowdown in world economies - to top off the bearish factors affecting yesterday 's trading late october weather especially in the northeast u.s. continues to be very moderate leaving heating oil futures trading lackluster - we are n't seeing any cold weather here mr. said from new york - in other commodity markets yesterday - grains and soybeans - soybean and corn futures prices moved higher on the strength of buying from commodity pool managers trying to profit from technical price trends as well as continued export strength - a off of farmer selling tied to the harvest also removed some of the downward pressure on futures contract prices - wheat futures prices fell however at least partly in reaction to the rumored selling of futures contracts equal to several million of wheat by commodity richard dennis - neither mr. dennis nor officials of his chicago trading company commodities could be reached for comment - as for corn and soybean futures a lot of commission house buying this morning and computer-driven buying supported prices in early trading said steven freed a futures analyst with dean witter reynolds inc. in chicago - soybean futures for november delivery gained N cents a bushel to close at $ N a bushel on the chicago board of trade - december corn futures added N cents a bushel to close at $ N a bushel on the board of trade - announced and anticipated purchases from foreign countries are also supporting futures prices - russian ships are in the gulf and there is n't enough grain in the pipeline said a futures analyst with merrill lynch & co. in new york - the soviet union has purchased roughly eight million tons of grain this month and is expected to take delivery by year end analysts said - cotton - futures prices rose modestly but trading volume was n't very heavy - the december contract settled at N cents a pound up N cent but it rose as high as N cents - several cotton analysts said that the move appeared to be mostly technical - traders who had sold contracts earlier in hopes of buying them back at lower prices yesterday were buying contracts back at higher prices to limit their losses - floor traders also said that the market could have been helped by rumors which have been circulating for the past two days about china purchasing cotton - the rumor which has been neither confirmed nor denied has china buying N to N for near-term delivery - one floor trader said that if there were chinese purchases they should have had a bigger effect on the market - another said that if china was a buyer it would be the earliest that country had made purchases since the N crop year and thus would be a bullish sign - this trader characterized the recent price action as a contest between the who see higher prices ahead and the technicians who are basically buying cotton toward the bottom of the current trading range around N cents and selling it when the price more than N cents - this trader said that he thought the market would turn aggressively bullish from a technical standpoint if the december contract was able to exceed N cents - he also noted that stocks on aug. N N are currently projected at N million the smallest supply since N - cocoa - the modest sell-off which started on tuesday continued - the december contract ended at $ N a metric ton down $ N - the market is at least partly because of a lack of crop information out of and the ivory coast the two largest african producers - harry schwartz a soft commodity specialist for investors services in new york said the only report has issued about the of cocoa from the interior was for N metric tons as of oct. N - by this time last year he noted totaling N tons had been announced - a similar situation apparently exists in the ivory coast with no figures released yet this year compared with N tons as of this time a year ago - he said that if little cocoa actually has arrived at the ports shipping delays could result - this is the worry that probably brought to the market earlier in the week he said - there was also some fear that without ivory coast cocoa a large french cocoa merchant cie financiere might not be able to deliver cocoa against the contracts it had sold earlier for december delivery in london - however the french merchant has about N tons of old crop ivory coast cocoa in the netherlands from an agreement it had negotiated with the ivory coast last spring - thinks that even though the merchant has a contract that it wo n't bring this cocoa to market until after march N there is some evidence the contract has been modified - this apparently would permit the french merchant to deliver this cocoa if necessary against existing short positions - richard d. sutton N years old chairman of this bank-holding company was named acting president and chief executive officer of the company and its first national bank of river subsidiary - joseph w. robertson N was dismissed from those posts the company said - he could n't be reached and a company spokesman would n't comment on the dismissal - mr. robertson was also removed from the board of first national bank of new county another unit and the river bank - american medical international inc. said it has n't received any other offers to acquire the owner and operator of hospitals and took another step toward completion of its $ N billion acquisition by ima holdings corp - earlier this month ima an investment group that includes chicago 's family and first boston corp. submitted a reduced bid for american medical after it could n't finance its initial offer - under the new offer ima will pay $ N a share for N million shares or about N N of the shares outstanding - ima also will assume $ N billion in debt - yesterday in composite trading on the new york stock exchange common closed at $ N up N cents on volume of almost N million - earlier american medical said it had been approached again by two other possible suitors whom it would n't identify but who had previously submitted bids for the company - yesterday american medical said that the two other parties told the company that they do n't have any current intention of making a takeover bid - american medical said its directors have approved what is in effect a draft of a opinion on the acquisition submitted by the los angeles-based investment banking and evaluation consulting firm of howard & inc - a final opinion must be approved prior to the acceptance of tendered shares for payment under the offer which was due to expire at N a.m. edt today - separately moody 's investors service inc. downgraded the ratings of american medical 's senior and subordinated debt issues and those of its international affiliate - the downgrade anticipates completion of the ima holdings acquisition today moody 's said - the ratings concern said the acquisition should result in pretax losses from operations because of increases in interest expense and charges for depreciation and amortization but that it expects the losses to be reduced through productivity gains and above average growth of the company 's hospitals - moody 's said the ratings anticipate a successful program and modest improvement in discretionary cash flow because of planned asset sales - moody 's changes affected the following issues - american medical international senior notes debentures notes eurobonds swiss franc bonds unsecured loan stock to from convertible subordinated debentures notes and debentures to from - american medical international n.v. guaranteed to from - an american medical spokeswoman said the moody 's downgrading was expected because of the nature of the takeover - bay financial corp. boston which has been reporting big losses and warning of a possible bankruptcy-law filing said it was sued by a holder - the real estate investment trust said the class action suit seeks damages and other under federal securities law and state law - gerald e. wilson corporate secretary and legal counsel said the company would n't disclose further details - he declined to name the shareholder the plaintiff 's lawyer or the court where the lawsuit was filed - bay which has substantial investments in the massachusetts market reported a loss of $ N million or $ N a share for the fiscal year ended june N - it has said it might seek bankruptcy-court protection from creditor lawsuits if it ca n't its borrowings - in new york stock exchange composite trading bay closed at $ N down N cents - keith a. tucker was named a director of this insurance and financial services concern - mr. tucker N years old is president of securities corp. and senior vice president of inc. closely held investment companies based in miami - his selection increases the size of the board to N members - also said that samuel e. jr. N vice president and general counsel was selected to serve the remainder of the term vacated by john who resigned as director - philip morris cos. new york adopted a defense measure designed to make a hostile takeover expensive - the giant foods tobacco and brewing company said it will issue purchase rights to shareholders of record nov. N - under certain circumstances the rights would philip morris holders to buy shares of either the company or its acquirer for half price - the board is n't aware of any attempts to take over philip morris the company said - as of sept. N philip morris had N million shares outstanding - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange philip morris shares closed yesterday at $ N each down $ N - s.a. said that it plans to sell its remaining paper operations by the end of january as part of a drive to on the food sector and lower its debt - the french unit of also disclosed a N N rise in its consolidated net profit for the first half of N excluding nonrecurring items and after payments to minority interests - said the sale will be done in two parts and will raise a total of N billion francs $ N million - this will include the sale of its interest in the joint venture to ag - the west german paper company entered the venture in april N by acquiring a N N stake also from - the other part of the transaction will see sell its N N stake in its paper affiliate to an unspecified unit of the petrochemical group montedison s.p a. which is also controlled by - and in a separate transaction will sell its remaining N N interest in a holding company for international trading assets to an unspecified unit of for N million francs - esselte ab the stockholm office supplies company as expected proposed to acquire the N N it does n't own of its u.s. unit esselte business systems inc - the price in the proposal is $ N for each of the N million shares the parent does n't own or $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading esselte closed yesterday at $ N a share up $ N - a committee of outside directors for the garden city n.y. unit is evaluating the proposal the parent asked it to respond by oct. N - the unit said it can provide no assurance a transaction will occur - esselte ab sold the minority stake five years ago in a $ N million international share offering - the unit which is the holding company for esselte 's units accounted for N N of sales and N N of operating profit last year - separately esselte business systems reported third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago period - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - house and senate conferees agreed to continue production of grumman corp. 's f-14 and to provide more than $ N billion for the strategic defense initiative during the current fiscal year - industry officials and congressional aides said that the main points of a compromise defense authorization bill out during a flurry of private meetings over the past few days provide a compromise for both the white house and house democrats - although conferees are still putting the finishing on the package the final agreement could be announced as early as tomorrow - an announcement is more likely next week though - president bush and other supporters of sdi will be able to take credit for blocking house efforts to significantly cut the program to develop a system which already has cost some $ N billion - senate armed services committee chairman sam d. and other senate conferees have opposed the house cuts for almost two months action on a number of items in the pentagon 's budget - the senate voted to $ N billion for sdi spending in the current fiscal year but the house reflecting a dramatic erosion of support for the program earmarked only $ N billion - despite the widening gap between the two sides conferees eventually followed the pattern set in previous years by to roughly split the difference - that would hold spending on the program at about the previous year 's level - the decision to keep the f-14 's production line running for at least another year is an important victory for the house and especially for rep. d. - as the head of the house conferees rep. has been under intense pressure from his colleagues to reject senate provisions that would have abruptly cut further f-14 production - the package provides a temporary golden for grumman according to one congressional aide familiar with the bargaining - but as part of the overall agreement grumman and its outspoken supporters on capitol hill effectively will be from the emotional issue in the debate over next year 's budget - defense secretary dick cheney and most senators contend that the navy 's f-14 is too expensive in an era of shrinking pentagon budgets - but the plane boasts a strong core of support in the house where members are intent on saving grumman jobs and are worried about potential shortages of aircraft by the late 1990s - conferees also agreed to pentagon requests to a total of nearly $ N billion for work on both mobile and nuclear missiles according to congressional aides - and lawmakers are putting the finishing on a compromise that would give the air force nearly all of the $ N billion it wants for production of northrop corp. 's b-2 which cost $ N million apiece - the final b-2 agreement is certain to require detailed testing and of the bomber 's but congressional aides said the accord wo n't include a house-passed provision that would have withheld production funds until congress approves a cheaper version of the $ N billion fleet of N by the pentagon - consolidated inc. reported a N N drop in third-quarter net income citing expected losses in its worldwide shipping business - the menlo park calif. company said net was $ N million or N cents a share down from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue totaled $ N billion a N N increase from $ N million reflecting the company 's acquisition of earlier this year - profit also suffered because of intense discounting in its trucking business the company said - analysts had expected consolidated to post a slim profit and the company 's stock was down only N cents to $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday - they have to continue to tighten their belts said craig an analyst at goldman sachs & co - a round of futures-related program selling near the close sent the stock market lower in otherwise trading - nervousness that the market has n't seen the last of its recent volatility kept trading at a moderate pace as did anticipation of a report on the economy 's third-quarter performance - the dow jones industrial average which plunged more than N points in early trading tuesday and then recovered nearly all of its losses by the close fell N to N in the latest session - the average drifted in a trading range of about N points throughout the day - the lower was established just after the opening in a brief round of selling the upper was set at midday as scattered bargain-hunting pushed prices higher - buying interest in du pont which declared a stock split and a dividend boost and certain other blue-chip issues gave the industrial average a better performance than broader indexes - standard & poor 's 500-stock index dropped N to N the decline was the equivalent of a setback in the average - the dow jones equity market index fell N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index slid N to N - but advancing issues topped decliners by N to N on the big board despite the late sell programs resulting from stock-index arbitrage - the programs occurred against the backdrop of a late in ual which had held at slightly lower levels through most of the session amid optimism that another bidder might surface - traders said program activity was n't in evidence through most of the session however and big board volume dropped to N shares from about N million tuesday as concerns about the potential for additional sharp swings in the market kept other trading in check - people are sort of nervous to do anything in the market now - our phones are quiet around here said don r. director of investment strategy at wheat first butcher & singer inc. richmond va - the gross national product report due to be released before today 's opening is expected to show that the economy continued to expand in the third quarter at a moderate pace - the consensus of economists polled by dow jones capital markets report calls for a N N annual growth rate for gnp during the quarter - du pont which announced plans for a stock split and raised its quarterly dividend by N N jumped N N to N N - the company also posted third-quarter earnings that were in line with analysts ' forecasts - blue-chip consumer stocks also provided a lift to the industrial average - american telephone & telegraph rose N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares chevron advanced N N to N N on N million shares woolworth rose N to N N coca-cola co. gained N to N N and eastman kodak added N to N N - but general motors dropped N N to N N - its gm hughes electronics and financial-services units both reported that third-quarter earnings were down from a year earlier - plunged N N to N N on N million shares - its third-quarter earnings were lower than analysts had forecast and the company said it had lowered its projections for earnings growth through the end of N because of planned price cuts - xerox fell N N to N N - disappointment with the company 's earnings for the quarter led prudential-bache securities to reduce its N and N earnings estimates according to dow jones professional investor report - computer associates international the most active big board issue was another victim of an sell-off - the stock fell N to N N as N million shares were traded in the wake of its report that fiscal second-quarter net income fell N N from a year ago - insurance stocks moved higher in the wake of a strong third-quarter earnings report from coming on the heels of speculation that last week 's devastating earthquake in the san francisco area would lead to higher premium rates - whose net income for the quarter exceeded most analysts ' expectations rallied N N to N N - aetna life & casualty gained N N to N N cigna advanced N to N N travelers added N to N N and american international group rose N N to N N - comprehensive care plunged N N to N N on N million shares - the company reported a third-quarter loss and said it is holding talks with its bank lenders for an extension on some overdue debt payments - tw services dropped N N to N N following the of a $ N billion junk-bond offering that would have permitted coniston partners to complete its takeover of the company - coniston said it would pursue various financing alternatives - ual stock declined by N to N after nobody surfaced to claim credit for aggressive buying tuesday by bear stearns that sent ual stock up N points in a matter of hours - tuesday 's rumored buyer coniston partners would n't comment on speculation that coniston which battled the ual board in N might challenge the board 's decision monday to remain independent - other airline stocks were mixed - amr which owns american airlines rose N N to N N usair group fell N N to N N and delta air lines rose N to N N after posting higher earnings for the september quarter - stocks that reportedly benefited tuesday from a japanese buy program handled by painewebber gave back some of their gains - procter & gamble went down N N to N dow jones fell N N to N N and rockwell international dropped N N to N - however atlantic richfield its advance in the previous session and added N to N N - general mills gained N N to N N - goldman sachs placed the stock back on its list of recommended issues raised its N earnings estimate and recommended that its clients shift funds from kellogg to general mills - kellogg dropped N N to N N - manville advanced N to N - the company offered to purchase $ N million of convertible preferred stock from the trust that handles its payments to asbestos victims - di giorgio gained N to N N after the company said it is starting negotiations with unidentified parties interested in acquiring its units - investor arthur goldberg is pursuing a $ takeover offer - esselte business systems rose N to N N - esselte ab of sweden offered $ N a share for the N N of the company it does n't already own - public service of new hampshire went up N to N - northeast utilities boosted its offer to acquire the company by $ N million to $ N billion - which declared a 2-for-1 stock split and boosted its quarterly dividend by N N added N to N N - also the company posted improved third-quarter earnings - the american stock exchange market value index fell N to N - volume totaled N shares - mission resource partners lost N N to N N - the partnership which had takeover offers said it failed to receive any adequate bids for all of its operations but is reviewing offers for individual properties - japan is going on a binge that could make its trade surpluses even harder to shrink - its capital spending is growing at double-digit rates for the second year in a row and its producers of everything from cars to computer chips are rushing to expand capacity modernize factories and develop new products - the boom 's so huge says an economist at research institute it makes you think of the golden when japan developed rapidly - the more factories and robots japanese manufacturers add the more they will be able to export and the less their domestic customers will need to import - at inc. for example sales are up nearly N N this year so the maker of cameras and computer printers is doing what any japanese company would do under the circumstances it is increasing capital spending by N N - it is building among other things a new factory in western japan that can produce up to N printers next year - some N N of them are to be exported to the u.s. - even companies in industries with world-wide overcapacity are joining the boom - japan 's steelmakers are raising capital spending N N this year to $ N billion - hitachi corp. a buried in debt just a few years ago will build a machinery plant its first expansion in N years - so big is the boom that japanese companies ' outlays in japan topped american companies ' domestic outlays by $ N billion to $ N billion in the N months ended march N even though japan 's total output of goods and services is less than two-thirds america 's - from a financial standpoint the boom could n't come at a better time - many japanese companies expect record profits this fiscal year and japanese interest rates though up a bit recently are still low - and in a business system where shareholders have few rights and expect only modest dividends companies can their profits back into plant and equipment - but some economists and government officials here are n't - they fear that the boom may be too big for japan 's or anyone else 's good - it 's an explosive thrown at the world says kenneth senior economist at the tokyo unit of deutsche bank group - the ministry of international trade and industry is so concerned that it recently took the unusual step of urging japanese auto companies to exercise caution in capital spending - officials hope to avoid source of trade with the u.s. even though export restraints currently limit japanese car exports to the u.s. - not everyone is worried however - some economists and many japanese companies are by the warnings - the investment boom is mainly sparked they say by strong domestic demand and is n't likely to increase exports sharply - moreover much investment is n't aimed at increasing capacity - according to a survey of some N large companies by the japan development bank expanded capacity is the goal of just N N of the outlays for manufacturers alone the figure is N N - the manufacturers said N N of their spending is designed to improve products or add new ones N N is to cut costs N N is for research and development and the rest is for maintenance and other purposes - but the remain - with japan running enormous trade surpluses against much of the world they think that japan should meet the increased domestic demand by importing more - and eventually they contend domestic demand will weaken forcing companies to exports again - if there 's a further drive to export says an economist at the japan development bank that 'll be a problem - even in the short run the investment boom could a disturbing trend japanese exports are showing surprisingly little tendency to ease - japanese auto makers for example are increasing their production capacity in the u.s. the additional production should in part replace imported vehicles with locally manufactured ones - but although japanese companies increased their u.s. auto output by N N from january to september compared with the year-earlier period their exports to the u.s. will drop only N N this year nikko research center estimates - in contrast to previous economic japanese auto companies are n't just trying to boost production - many are pouring money into developing high-quality products to target affluent consumers and to some extent to avoid direct combat with cheaper cars from south korea and taiwan - others are replacing older facilities with flexible assembly lines on which different models can be turned out at once - so many companies are investing in high-tech machinery that ltd. a robot maker also had to build a new plant - the buildup is making japan clearly more efficient more advanced and more competitive declares a western diplomat in tokyo - but whatever its effects on exports and imports japan 's investment boom during the past two years has been at least partly by soaring domestic demand - japan 's marathon economy growing at N N this year is now in its month of expansion and some economists are betting that the boom will the record expansion in the late 1960s - japanese consumers are increasingly eager to spend their money especially on high-priced goods such as television sets and luxury cars - nissan motor co. 's domestic auto sales are up N N this year largely because its expensive and models are in heavy demand - one dealer told me that if he had more cars he 'd sell them right away says nissan executive vice president - he adds that the company is trying to keep up with demand by its employees - similarly honda motor co. 's sales are so brisk that workers they have n't had a saturday off in years despite the government 's encouragement of more leisure activity - with demand growing and workers in short supply many japanese manufacturers are spending heavily on - among them are the which had their shipyard work forces to cut costs during a prolonged slump in demand but now are an increased share of the strengthening global market - heavy industries co. a medium-sized expects its sales to increase N N this year largely because of rising demand for oil - once one japanese company steps up its investments the whole industry follows - because most businesses put market share above profitability to let a competitor 's addition to capacity go is to concede defeat - the emphasis on market share is evident at daikin industries ltd. japan 's biggest maker of industrial air - seeing new office buildings up and its sales soar daikin is building another plant which will lift its production capacity N N - the expansion is aimed not just at meeting demand but also at expanding the company 's market share to N N from N N currently - besides daikin 's major competitors hitachi ltd. and mitsubishi heavy industries ltd. are all adding production lines a daikin spokesman says - until now we were trying to increase productivity with the facilities we already had - but we ca n't produce enough anymore - the competition is even more in the auto industry where companies are racing one another in a world-wide market - nissan aims to expand its N N share of the market to N N by spending $ N million on a plant in southern japan that could make as many as N cars a year - meanwhile toyota motor corp. 's $ N million buildup is increasing its annual capacity by N cars and honda is spending $ N million on expansion - mazda motor corp. is still considering its options but it aims to double its annual domestic sales to N cars in the next four years - those who are n't worried about how japanese manufacturers ' investments will affect trade note that many new products are n't for imports - although imports account for less than N N of beer sales in japan ltd. which has been gaining share with its popular dry beer plans to fend off japanese competitors by pouring $ N billion into facilities to N N more beer - but development will make japanese companies stronger and big investments in domestic industries such as beer will make it even tougher for foreign competitors to crack the japanese market - moreover much of the investment boom is in high-tech fields in which japanese companies have only limited foreign competition so more investment practically more exports - toshiba corp. for example is spending $ N million on two new plants to build dynamic random access memories the next generation of computer chips - the product is n't widely used yet but toshiba which has already beaten everyone else in producing the believes that its early investment will its chances of beating its competitors again - it 's important to gain leadership a toshiba spokesman says - meanwhile toshiba 's japanese rivals hitachi fujitsu ltd. and nec corp. are n't sitting still - after doubling production in one plant nec is spending $ N million to build another plant that in two years will be able to make a million a year - the new chip plants wo n't be excessive investment says an nec vice president - we have enough products to make and the markets to sell these products - some of japan 's goods being produced as a result of the investment boom are already successful overseas - toyota 's $ N lexus automobile a luxury model that it started shipping to the u.s. only last month is up orders at a time when luxury-car sales are slow - toyota plans to raise lexus exports when a new plant starts up next year - what if its sales weaken someday - japanese companies have a competitor attitude - if excess capacity develops they say not everyone will suffer - the losers will be those with the least attractive products and many of them analysts think will be foreign companies - benjamin franklin federal savings & loan association said it plans to restructure in the wake of a third-quarter loss of $ N million or $ N a share reflecting an $ N million addition to loan-loss reserves - the ore. thrift said the restructuring should help it meet new capital standards from the financial institution reform recovery and enforcement act - a year ago benjamin franklin had profit of $ N million or N cents a share - in over-the-counter trading yesterday benjamin franklin rose N cents to $ N - the company said the restructuring 's initial phase will feature a gradual reduction in assets and staff positions - the plan may include selling branches consolidating or eliminating departments and down or of unprofitable units within N months - initially the company said it will close its commercial real-estate lending division and stop new leases at its commercial lease subsidiary - details of the restructuring wo n't be made final until regulators approve the regulations mandated by the new federal act the company said - corp. a maker of mainframe computers reported a sharp decline in net income for its third quarter citing by competitors and adverse effects from a strong u.s. dollar - net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago period - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - 's results were somewhat worse than expected - jay stevens an analyst with dean witter reynolds said he expected the sunnyvale calif. company to earn N cents a share for the quarter and said the firm 's weaker profit was partly the result of increased competition from international business machines corp. 's principal competitor for mainframe sales - ltd. declared a N N stock dividend payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the n.y. maker of consumer and industrial products also declared a quarterly cash dividend of N cents a share with the same payable and record dates - the cash dividend paid on the common stock also will apply to the new shares the company said - the move rewards shareholders and should improve the stock 's liquidity said - the company has about N million shares outstanding - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday 's shares closed at $ N a share unchanged - federal health officials are expected today to approve a program granting access to the drug azt for children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome - announcement of the approval is expected to be made by louis sullivan secretary of health and human services - the clearance by the food and drug administration comes after two years of restricted access for the youngest victims of aids to the only drug yet cleared to treat the fatal disease - the drug will be given treatment new drug status a label to drugs believed effective but lacking formal approval - the move will make the drug available free of charge for a time to children with the disease and symptoms of advanced infection - adults with aids have had access to azt since fda approved the drug 's usage for adults in march N - but despite more than two years of research showing azt can relieve and other symptoms in children the drug still lacks federal approval for use in the youngest patients - as a result many youngsters have been unable to obtain the drug and for the few exceptions insurance carriers wo n't cover its cost of $ N a year - so far aids has N children under age N with many times that number believed to carry the infection without symptoms - to date N of those children have died according to the federal centers for disease control - mothers of young aids patients expressed satisfaction - it 's happening - it should have happened sooner said elizabeth a los angeles mother and activist who contracted the aids virus through a blood and it to two of her children - one of them a daughter died a year ago at age seven after her parents unsuccessfully pleaded for the drug - i could get azt says mrs. who bears her infection without any symptoms - but my daughter could n't until she was too ill to take it - to watch your child die is an experience - her son healthy and currently takes no medication - the delay in getting azt to children has been blamed on a combination of factors - traditionally the medical establishment has waited two years to approve adult for pediatric uses because of a combination of conservative safety standards and red tape - critics have charged azt 's maker wellcome co. with corporate because children account for just N N of the patient population and hence a small part of the large and lucrative market - wellcome has replied that it is moving ahead to the relevant data and recently promised to develop a pediatric form easier for youngsters to take - still all this comes nearly a year and a half after philip of the national cancer institute offered evidence that azt could reverse the of aids sometimes prompting dramatic recovery of levels and of lost motor skills - since then roughly N pediatric patients have received the drug in his program - to some mothers the expected fda action is a reminder of what might have been - my first reaction is i do n't understand why it 's taken so long - why has it taken people so long for people to understand pediatric aids is a major problem asked whose son samuel died six years ago at age three victim of a tainted - similar were voiced on capitol hill - while i 'm pleased the fda is finally azt for children it 's taken much too long to get to this point said rep. ted weiss - why did it take wellcome so long to apply for treatment new drug status the new york democrat asked - let 's not forget this is the same company that has been with this drug for N N years mr. weiss added - mrs. who is a of the pediatric aids foundation based in santa calif. neither bureaucratic nor corporate - there 's no finger to be pointed she said - the crucial thing is that we learn our lesson well and to make sure other experimental drugs like bristol-myers co. 's do n't follow the same frustrating course as azt - aids which gradually children 's ability to speak walk and think is often the most striking aspect of the pediatric syndrome - for some patients azt has restored the ability to ride a bicycle or solve giving back a piece of their if only temporarily - it 's impossible to how much this means to the families of these patients said samuel director of the national cancer institute and a main developer of azt - avon & truck corp. said it declared a dividend of one warrant for each three shares of common stock - currently avon based in santa calif. has N million common shares outstanding - about N million class c warrants were issued the company said - each of the class c warrants will enable the holders to purchase one share of common stock at $ N - the warrants may be exercised until N days after their issue date - avon also said it will issue an additional N of the class c warrants to holders of its class a class b and warrants - issuance of those warrants will be at the rate of one-third warrant for each warrant exercised - the big board plans to launch its own vehicle for program trading today amid growing controversy over the practice - the new baskets of stocks will allow big investors to buy or sell all N s&p index stocks in a single trade - the exchange argues that the product which the sec temporarily approved yesterday will help ease rather than worsen any volatility in the stock market - sec chairman breeden said he would consider imposing circuit breakers to halt program trading during sharp swings in the market - kemper financial services has stopped executing its stock trades through four big securities firms because of their involvement in program trading which kemper and others say is the market - the main capital-gains tax plan in the senate is n't winning support from democrats who favor a reduction - the trend is making proponents less optimistic a tax cut will pass - bethlehem steel 's profit plunged N N in the third quarter hurt by higher costs and lower shipments to key clients - also armco and national intergroup had lower operating profit in steel marking what may be the end of a two-year industry boom - columbia s&l posted a quarterly loss of $ N million as the beverly hills thrift from new industry rules and turmoil in junk bonds - plans to aggressively discount its major beer brands setting the stage for a price war as the beer industry 's growth - ps new hampshire received a sweetened bid from another suitor united illuminating which valued its new proposal at $ N billion apparently all others so far - financial markets with stock prices lower bonds up and the dollar almost unchanged - the dow jones industrials closed off N points at N - fed chairman greenspan said the central bank can wipe out inflation without causing a recession but doing so will short-term pain - gm 's hughes electronics unit said profit slid N N in the third quarter - the finance unit gmac said net fell N N but 's profit rose N N - campeau reportedly may receive a $ N billion offer for bloomingdale 's from tokyu department store of japan - campeau declined to comment - ual 's pilots and machinists unions appear to hold the key to any future takeover bid for the airline - provigo plans to sell all non-food operations to on its retail and wholesale grocery business - also chairman pierre lortie resigned - westinghouse expects operating margins of over N N and sharply higher earnings per share next year due to a major restructuring - some major u.s. trade partners quickly rejected a compromise proposal by bush to trade and reduce subsidies - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N off N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N off N - dollar N yen up N N marks off N - gorbachev said moscow wo n't intervene in east bloc moves to democracy - the kremlin leader on the first day of a official visit to assured finland 's president that the soviet union has no moral or political right to interfere with moves toward democracy in poland hungary or elsewhere in eastern europe - in moscow the soviet state bank announced a N N devaluation of the ruble against the dollar for private transactions in an apparent attempt to curb a black market for hard currency - the action will establish a two-tier exchange rate - workers at six mines in arctic circle coal fields called strikes over a series of economic and political demands - the move a law approved in moscow this month banning such - the house failed to override bush 's veto of a bill easing abortion funding - the chamber voted N N votes short of the two-thirds majority needed to the president 's veto of legislation renewing support of medicaid abortions for poor women who are victims of rape and incest - the roll call was considered an illustration of the limits of power that the abortion-rights movement faces - the legislation was part of a $ N billion measure funding the departments of labor education and health - michigan 's senate passed a bill requiring to get parental consent for an abortion and pennsylvania 's house cleared a measure banning abortions after the week of pregnancy - the fda is expected to approve today a program granting access free of charge to the drug azt for children with aids - adults have had access to the only approved drug since N - research shows azt can relieve and other symptoms in children N of whom are known to have been infected - congress sent to bush a $ N billion emergency package to assist in the recovery from last week 's california earthquake and from hurricane hugo - the action came after the senate approved the house-passed measure - in the san francisco bay area more than N people were homeless and threatened more houses - house-senate conferees agreed to continue production of grumman corp. 's f-14 jet and to provide more than $ N billion during the current fiscal year to develop a system - the final package is expected to be announced within the next week - the white house has decided to seek changes in pesticide law that are aimed at speeding the removal of harmful chemicals from the food supply - the changes which could be announced as early as today would apply to pesticides and other found on fresh and processed foods officials said - east german leader krenz said he was willing to hold talks with opposition groups pressing for internal changes - the communist party chief facing what is viewed as the nation 's worst unrest in nearly N years also said he would allow east germans to travel abroad more freely but made clear that the berlin wall would remain - a christian alliance accepted an proposal aimed at ending lebanon 's 14-year-old civil war - the move by the coalition of political parties and lebanon 's largest christian isolated military chief aoun who has rejected the plan which includes political changes and a syrian troop withdrawal from - baker offered to review israel 's suggested changes to his proposal for direct talks - but the secretary of state advised israel that attempting to overhaul the plan delaying the negotiations aimed at mideast peace - nato defense ministers said the alliance continues to need a strong nuclear strategy despite political changes in eastern europe - the ministers concluding a two-day meeting in southern portugal welcomed moscow 's to cut its military forces but urged the soviets to do more to slash nuclear weapons - the justice department indicated a possible challenge to a court order allowing former national security adviser to subpoena reagan 's personal papers for use in the defense case against iran-contra charges - a department spokesman said the ruling raised a serious question about the office of the president - bush said washington would continue a trade against nicaragua declaring that the central american country an unusual and extraordinary threat to the security of the u.s. - meanwhile secretary of state baker said the u.s. to moscow over shipments of east bloc arms to rebels from managua - a a in brazil and at least N people most of them children were missing and feared dead - the city 's mayor vowed to take legal action against developers who had been at the crest of the hill - czechoslovakia 's premier said he supports broad political and economic restructuring but ruled out any dialogue between 's communist government and independent human-rights or dissident groups - ending a two-day visit to pledged changes in czechoslovakia including travel to the west - died mary N novelist and literary critic in new york city of cancer - harper N founder and executive of interpublic group of cos. in oklahoma city of a heart attack - coors co. said william k. coors chairman assumed the additional responsibilities of president succeeding jeffrey h. coors - jeffrey coors N years old had been president since N when he succeeded his father joseph in the job - but the brewer said jeffrey coors voluntarily gave up the position to focus more of his energy on coors technology co. a small unit of coors he has run for several years - a coors spokesman said the company does n't believe the move will further increase william coors 's influence or reduce the influence of jeffrey coors peter coors or joseph coors jr. who run the company 's three operating units - it certainly was n't intended to be a the spokesman said - pete and jeff and joe jr. have taken over the reins and are doing most of the work - we do n't think this will affect that - jeffrey peter and joseph jr. are brothers - william coors is their uncle - jeffrey peter joseph jr. william and joseph sr. constitute the company 's board - peter coors runs the coors brewing co. unit the nation 's brewery that accounted for $ N billion of coors 's $ N billion in N sales - joseph jr. runs coors co. the other operating unit which had about $ N million in N sales - dun & bradstreet corp. said business failures fell N N to N in the third quarter from N in the year-earlier period - in the first nine months of this year business failures dropped N N to N from N - except for a few spots notably georgia virginia and michigan failures declined almost across the board according to the business information services company - a business failure as a company that closes with losses to creditors - the current decline in failures continues a trend begun in late N said - the drop accelerated in this year 's third quarter an overall lack of stress in the u.s. economy the company said - failures in seven of nine regional areas fell more than N N in the nine months - the south atlantic states were the only region to report an increase in up N N to N from N - this occurred partly because of more competition as the number of new businesses surged - the only industry sector to report more business failures for the nine months was the finance insurance and real-estate sector where grew N N to N from N - the troubled savings-and-loan industry and subsequent stress in real-estate businesses fueled in this sector said - a major tokyo newspaper reported that a japanese department store concern is planning to offer about $ N billion to buy bloomingdale 's - campeau corp. the chain 's owner declined to comment on the report - a spokeswoman said toronto-based campeau has received of interest in bloomingdale 's but she declined to comment on whether any actual bids had been made - japan 's leading economic newspaper reported wednesday that tokyu department store co. is planning to team up with u.s. and western european financing to buy the new york-based retail chain which campeau has put up for sale - the service did n't identify its tokyu sources - this is the first of many rumors we expect to hear during the sale 's process said a bloomingdale 's spokesman - we wo n't comment on them - tokyu executives were n't available for comment early thursday morning in tokyo - campeau 's chairman robert campeau said at its annual meeting in july that he valued bloomingdale 's at $ N billion - among previously disclosed possible bidders is bloomingdale 's chairman marvin traub who has aligned himself with drexel burnham lambert inc. and blackstone group - investment bankers in tokyo confirmed that tokyu department store is one of several japanese companies that has been approached by representatives of a management committee headed by bloomingdale 's mr. traub - but they said detailed financial figures have n't been passed yet to any prospective buyers - nobody is going to make a real bid before the middle of november said one investment banker familiar with the discussions in japan - tokyu is one of the potential buyers who might raise its hand - but it 's in very early stages still - bloomingdale 's is a chain acquired last year by campeau in its $ N billion acquisition of federated - bloomingdale 's does an estimated $ N billion in annual sales - the sale of bloomingdale 's is a condition of efforts by toronto-based olympia & york developments ltd. to arrange $ N million in bridge financing for campeau which disclosed last month that its retailing units federated department stores inc. and allied stores corp. were strapped for cash - owned by toronto 's family is also major restructuring and refinancing of campeau a toronto-based real estate and retailing company - one executive familiar with the bloomingdale 's situation said no book has been issued regarding bloomingdale 's there are no projections so i doubt very much whether any bid has been made - separately a campeau shareholder filed suit charging campeau chairman robert campeau and other officers with violating securities law - the suit filed in u.s. district court in manhattan seeks class-action status - the suit the retailer and several of its officers of making false and misleading statements about the company 's business affairs - the suit says the company failed to disclose material adverse information about its financial condition - a spokesman for the company said campeau has n't seen the suit and declined to comment - mccaw cellular communications inc. must extend its offer for lin broadcasting corp. because it has not yet announced committed financing sufficient to complete the bid lin said in new york - according to securities and exchange commission rules mccaw is required to keep its offer for the and broadcasting concern open for at least five business days after the announcement of the financing lin said - mccaw 's offer is scheduled to expire tomorrow - last week mccaw said it obtained firm financing commitments from three major banks in regard to its bid to control lin broadcasting - the banks jointly committed $ N billion of financing subject to certain conditions mccaw said - a spokesman for mccaw said the company was moving forward with our financing - he added that hopefully lin will conduct a fair auction - mccaw wants to buy N million shares of lin for $ N each or $ N billion which would result in mccaw 's owning N N of lin - the offer is in limbo however because lin has agreed to merge its businesses with bellsouth corp - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday lin rose N cents to $ N - institute declared a 2-for-1 split of its common stock payable nov. N to stock of record nov. N - the clinical testing services holding company is based in san calif - stateswest airlines phoenix ariz. said it sent a more detailed merger proposal to mesa airlines - mesa has consistently rejected stateswest 's offers and early this week said its board would n't give the proposal further consideration calling it vague and because it did n't describe the source of funds or the specific terms of stateswest securities which were part of the offer - the new letter to do this saying that in addition to $ N a share in cash stateswest would offer one share of new N N convertible preferred stock of stateswest it values at $ N a share - it also said the cash portion of the transaction would be financed with stateswest 's own cash and short-term investments plus debt and other financing arranged through brown & co. the company 's investment banker - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday mesa closed at $ N up N cents - stateswest asked mesa to by oct. N - mesa president larry said his board had received stateswest 's most recent offer and was reviewing it - spiegel inc. citing continuing improvement in the apparel market said third-quarter net income jumped N N from the soft year-earlier period on an N N increase in revenue - the catalog retailer reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share up sharply from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - spiegel said margins improved because its inventory position this year did n't need the costly required to trim last year 's levels - a spokeswoman said the apparel market in the first half of N then began showing improvement in the second half of last year - we 've seen continued improvement in N she said - the year-ago quarter 's results were by expenses associated with spiegel 's $ N million acquisition of eddie spiegel noted - in addition the company said ongoing cost-cutting efforts contributed to the latest period 's earnings - spiegel is by the family of west germany - in national over-the-counter trading the company 's shares climbed N cents to $ N - for the latest nine months spiegel 's net climbed a solid N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents - unlike the quarter 's results which were based on roughly equal shares outstanding nine-month per-share figures reflect an increase in average common shares outstanding to N million from N million - nine-month revenue was $ N billion up N N from $ N million - the bad news in the junk bond market yesterday was that tw services a group of restaurant chains became the latest prospective issuer to get a cold shoulder from bond buyers - the good news to fans of stable credit at least is what the rejection says about the state of mind of junk buyers - apparently they are learning to say no to excess risk - coniston partners which with related entities controls N N of tw had been planning to sell $ N billion of junk bonds among other things to finance their acquisition of the remaining public shares - but coniston a new york partnership managed by the firm of & oliver yesterday announced that in view of unsettled conditions in securities markets the offering would be postponed and restructured - what was n't mentioned is that coniston and its investment banker donaldson lufkin & jenrette just completed a road show for the purpose of marketing the bonds - and investors at least for now took a pass - tw 's junk bonds were n't as junk bonds go unusually weak - its fast-food restaurants including 's 's 's and el the only significant fast-food chain to specialize in chicken are stable and growing - but unless they continued to grow tw based in n.j. would have run into trouble - until recently such deals were routine - but people do n't buy anything on expectation anymore says jack who manages the high-yield fund of financial services - investors he adds are getting - the tw buy-out may yet be financed - there is nothing wrong with the company says coniston principal paul - the he says is that the junk market is n't as deep as before - tw 's meeting was postponed from tomorrow to nov. N - by then dlj hopes to be able to sell junk bonds - & oliver is likely to contribute more than the $ N million in equity it had planned on - banks may contribute more senior debt - and the total amount of junk financing will be reduced - a dlj banker putting a best possible face on it asserts that very few people said they did n't like the credit quality - people said they did n't think a billion-dollar deal would trade - but trading risk stems from credit risk - and by adding equity dlj would seem to be acknowledging that credit risk was a concern - indeed the dlj banker says in the capital structure cash coverage of interest will improve - as he sums it up we are listening to the market - what is it to borrow a term from coniston that so unsettled the market - some of the same risks that were cited and seemingly ignored in dozens of previous junk offerings - the tw prospectus says that if the acquisition had been completed earlier pretax earnings would have been insufficient to cover its fixed charges including interest on debt securities by approximately $ N million in the first six months of N - tw notes as many junk issuers do that adjusted to eliminate charges tw would have run a cash surplus in this case of $ N million over six months - but such calculations ignore the charge of depreciation taken to allow for the gradual wearing out of french deterioration of stores and the like - in fact dlj says the company capital expenses of about $ N million a year - tw 's pitch was that sales and earnings at its restaurants have risen steadily and that people wo n't stop eating during a downturn - but they wo n't necessarily eat at 's - the fast-food business is intensely competitive notes wertheim schroder analyst john - prospective bond buyers noted that tw historically has because it has been willing to spend aggressively on remodeling restaurants and - we were concerned that they were n't going to generate enough cash for capital spending and also to pay down debt says a big investor in high-yield debt - dlj argues that tw could if necessary cut capital spending since half of what it plans to spend is for growth rather than maintenance - but investors noted that under the offering tw would have needed to grow to meet its debt payments - its calculations for meeting cash charges ignore $ N million a year in interest on or zero-coupon debentures which ultimately would have had to be paid - the prospectus notes there can be no assurance that future growth will continue at past levels - in the recent past bond buyers did n't seek such assurance - now apparently they do - tw services - nyse symbol tw - business restaurants - year ended dec. N N \* - revenue $ N billion - net income $ N million $ N a share \*\* - third quarter sept. N N net loss N cents share vs. net income N cents a share - average daily trading volume N shares - common shares outstanding N million - \* includes results of 's inc. acquired in september - \*\* includes $ N million write-down of assets and takeover defense costs - thatcher must be doing something right her political enemies are than ever - mrs. thatcher who was practicing the school of politics years before mr. bush encountered it has made clear her opposition to britain 's free-market policies to suit the bureaucrats in brussels - in return mrs. thatcher is from fleet street to paris as an - well it now turns out that mrs. thatcher had to travel across the globe to the commonwealth summit in kuala lumpur to the order of consensus builders - a in malaysia the guardian - she can no longer be trusted to in a that is fashion when abroad - - canada 's brian and australia 's bob the paper said were - the london times said she had protocol - as usual her was saying what she thought - she issued a separate statement herself from a commonwealth document the political value of imposing sanctions against south africa - while supporting the commonwealth in utterly apartheid her statement urged it to encourage change rather than further punishment on the country 's black population - actually there is a consensus somewhere on sanctions in may a poll found that most south african blacks N N oppose economic sanctions - still mrs. thatcher had once again gone against the grain - malaysia 's prime minister if everybody else puts out their left foot and you put out your right foot you are out of step - mrs. thatcher if it 's one against N i 'm very sorry for the N - if indeed mrs. thatcher has one opponent that could throw her off political course it is britain 's inflation problem - we can not however join the political chorus that as one how it is that mrs. thatcher refuses to get along by going along - it is to see at least one world figure who knows what she believes in and is not inclined to compromise those - perhaps mrs. thatcher understands better than those at her style that ultimately history and britain 's voters will decide who is right about europe south africa or running britain 's economy - follow with care - work hard play hard is advice best taken with some caution for it can bring fitness and success or a state of total - edward f. - double check - the guest paid his bill at the resort hotel and as he he noticed a sign saying have you left anything - the man went back and spoke to the desk clerk that sign is wrong he said - it should read have you anything left - sam - after being in tuesday 's selling the nasdaq over-the-counter market itself off and moved on in moderate trading - but while the composite gained N to N many issues did n't participate in the advance - it was a mixed bag said richard bruno who heads over-the-counter trading at painewebber - we played in some areas and sold off in some others - volume totaled N million shares which is about average for the year - of the N issues that changed hands N advanced and N declined - big financial stocks carried the day - the nasdaq financial index rose N to N - meanwhile the nasdaq N index of the big stocks basically stood still easing N to N - despite the composite 's advance some trading officials are optimistic that the market is on the road to recovery - head of over-the-counter trading at kidder peabody said it is difficult to make predictions based on yesterday 's trading volume - the advance felt more like a technical bounce he said - the market acted better but it was n't a tremendous comeback mr. observed - if we get a decent rally today maybe the buyers will come back - if is right a may come in handy during the next few sessions - the president of mr. expects the market to be very for a while - there 's a lot of uncertainty out there and it will cause a lot of swings he said - among active stocks mci communications rose N to N on N million shares graphics added N to N N on turnover of N million shares - apple computer dropped N N to N N on one million shares - almost one million shares of sun microsystems changed hands but the issue was unchanged at N N - biotechnology issues were strong - amgen advanced N N to N chiron jumped N to N N gained N to N N and rose N to N N - the american depositary receipts of jaguar jumped N to N N on turnover of N million - ford motor said it raised its stake in the british car maker to N N of the ordinary shares outstanding - in a securities and exchange commission filing ford said it holds N million ordinary shares - the company has said it is prepared to make a bid for all of the shares outstanding of jaguar if british government restrictions to such a transaction are removed - another takeover target lin broadcasting rose N to N N on N shares - its suitor mccaw cellular also added N to N N on N shares - other stocks were affected by corporate earnings - which recently said third-quarter net income rose to N cents a share from a penny a share a year ago gained N N to N N on N shares - the N results included a one-time gain - rose N or N N to N N on volume of N shares - the maker of software products and services which had a net loss in the N third quarter earned N or a penny a share in this year 's quarter - it was nasdaq 's biggest percentage - star states plunged N N to N N on N shares - the company suffered a $ N million loss in the third quarter compared with net of $ N million a year earlier - dropped N N to N N on N shares - in its quarter ended sept. N the maker earned N cents a share up from eight cents a share in the N quarter which included an extraordinary credit - care health fell N N to N N on N shares - the company 's third-quarter earnings also rose to N cents a share from eight cents a share a year ago - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - one day last march cbs sports president neal pilson and olympics barry frank met for lunch at the club here - mr. frank told mr. pilson that olympics officials wanted $ N million or more for tv rights to the N winter games in norway - the cbs official said that price sounded fine - at that price cbs was the only player at the table when negotiations with the international olympic committee started in toronto aug. N - dick pound a committee member began by disclosing that abc and nbc had refused to even bid - then he asked mr. pilson to raise his offer anyway if we can have a number that starts with a three you can have a - mr. pilson and his team in a and took just N minutes to return with a $ N million offer - mr. pound responded it 's a deal - a mr. pilson announced his coup at a news conference that afternoon - mr. pilson 's rivals at abc and nbc at the price - how could cbs get pushed into itself - well cbs mired in the ratings and looking to sports as a way out wanted to close the deal immediately and block its rivals from getting another chance to bid - but mr. pilson has been put in the uncomfortable role of setting off a bidding frenzy for sports rights a frenzy that the networks had hoped to avoid - the price of has gone up charles m. the college football association 's executive director - with cbs inc. on a spending spree that may top $ N billion for four years of major sports events the new of could jolt the entire broadcast business - cbs itself could run up losses of a few hundred million dollars on four years of various sports if its big gamble goes wrong - abc a unit of capital cities\/abc inc. and general electric co. 's national broadcasting co. also risk losses if they cbs for other contracts - while rights fees head ad rates wo n't - advertisers already are at higher prices - the networks are paying too much for rights warns paul of young & rubicam - if they ask advertisers to absorb the costs they 're likely to lose all but a few who need sports above all - viewers may not be either - soaring rights fees will lead to an even greater clutter of commercials - at the same time some sports events will move off free television and onto cable or where half the nation 's tv homes ca n't see them - cbs has changed the rules by throwing out the old basis for sports bids that is can the network alone make a profit on it - mr. pilson the benefits of positive press affiliate stations enthusiastic advertisers and huge audiences that might stick around to watch other cbs programs when the game is over - the billion-dollar question is how much are those benefits worth - some tv people doubt they will and argue that even if they do they wo n't offset the multimillion-dollar deficits that cbs could run up - as we 've seen in the '80s says roger werner the president of the espn sports channel those deals can turn sour if the numbers do n't work - and three years later in a sea of red ink the heroes can find themselves with a lot of explaining to do - cbs top sports to the fact that they are n't supporting affiliates viewers and advertisers charges thomas h. who was ousted as chairman of cbs inc. after laurence a. tisch bought a N N stake in the company and took over three years ago - they lost the entertainment crown and they needed one - and they 've bought one - on just three big deals for four years of baseball and for the olympic winter games in both N and N pilson bid a total of $ N billion - that 's well over half a billion dollars more than abc and nbc were willing to pay - after N the winter and summer olympics will be held two years apart with the revised schedule beginning with the winter games in N and the summer games in N - now mr. pilson a former college basketball player who says a good negotiator needs a level of focus and intellectual attention similar to a good is facing the consequences of his own - next month talks will begin on two cbs contracts for the pro and college basketball - cbs is likely to spend whatever it takes to keep them - the potential bill more than $ N million for several seasons an N N jump - a few months later cbs 's college and pro football contracts come up for renewal they could go for close to $ N million more than cbs now pays a N N to N N rise - what happens to those two basketball contracts will shape the next five years of network sports says peter a former cbs sports president now at inc - j. william former president of espn says nbc may come in with a huge bid for college basketball to take it away from cbs and say we can too - and the winners will be the colleges not either network - nor by the way advertisers - mr. pilson is an unlikely big - in the mid-1980s after abc had just bid a record $ N million for the N winter games he at rivals for paying reckless prices - i love pilson but he was the guy who complained most bitterly and says robert a former cbs sports president - and yet his company is one reason why rights are so high today - rivals at the principle of pilson as nbc 's arthur watson once put it he 's always that rights are too high then he 's going crazy - but the mr. pilson is hardly a man to ignore the numbers - a yale law school graduate he began his career in corporate law and then put in years at metromedia inc. and the william morris talent agency - in N he joined cbs sports to head business affairs and five years later became its president - mr. pilson says that when he spoke out a few years ago i did n't say forever and i did n't say every property - the market changed he adds - and he is n't the only big nbc will pay a record $ N million for the N summer games and espn by capital cities\/abc will shell out $ N million for four years of baseball airing N regular-season games a year - our competitors say we them - who - maybe we recognize values the other guys do n't mr. pilson says - mr. pilson 's major events strategy after mr. tisch took over - mr. pilson recalls that in april N after cbs 's annual meeting in philadelphia he and mr. tisch took the train ride back to new york and mr. pilson used this extended private audience to his ambitions - mr. tisch a billionaire in hotels and finance was just learning the tv business - five months later mr. tisch took over as cbs 's chief executive and soon he was sole approval each time mr. pilson a large figure on a slip of paper it in an and gave it to sports negotiators - then in may N mr. tisch needed to make a bold statement to rumors that he might sell the network - mr. pilson gave him one he bid $ N million for rights to the N winter games in france abc and nbc would n't bid even $ N million - that started the bidding wars - the major events strategy mr. pilson says is designed to a place for cbs on the crowded tv dial of the 1990s - it 's also a fast fix for an ailing image - he sees flashy sports as the only way the network can cut through the clutter of cable and grab millions of new viewers and tell them about other shows a few weeks later - next october cbs for the first time wo n't have to start the season against the american and national baseball league and the world series - i 've been struggling against that for years says jonathan who runs the station in chicago - even if baseball losses at cbs and he does n't think it will i 'd rather see the games on our air than on nbc and abc he says - that is n't surprising - regular tv series ratings have slumped in the past five years and new shows is a shoot mr. pilson says - but top sports events are still a strong bet to lure audiences N N or N N larger than those cbs usually gets - mr. pilson says baseball and the olympics may help cbs move up to no. N in the household ratings race putting back into the network 's image - and the winter olympics will air during the february when ratings are used to set ad rates for local stations - that will please affiliates another aim of the pilson plan - they await the dream season in N - cbs will air the bowl baseball playoffs college and pro basketball and other premier sports events - it 's made me more committed to cbs says philip a. jones the president of meredith corp. 's broadcast group which has two cbs affiliates - the cbs plan to use big-time sports as a platform for other series carries no guarantee of success however - no amount of will bring viewers back if the shows are weak - in this market of N channels sophisticated viewers and the control trial is n't a guarantee of anything espn 's mr. werner says - if the show ai n't a killer they 're gone - during the N summer games for example abc touted call to glory but the military drama was missing in action within weeks - last october during the N summer games nbc pitched a new series - it anyway - moreover sports is hardly the best way to lure adult women - though cbs might move up to no. N in household ratings most advertisers buy based on ratings for women aged N to N - cbs may remain a distant no. N in that regard - nor is cbs a to get blockbuster ratings - in recent years the world series and the olympics were aired against cbs 's lineup - but cbs will put the athletes up against bill cosby and other shows in nbc 's no. N schedule - even the to affiliate relations may be limited - the sports lineup may add only N N to N N to a station 's annual profits - it alone is n't likely to stop a station from cbs shows - the world series seven nights was n't enough of an incentive says arnold of in rochester which dropped cbs for nbc six weeks ago - you 've got to judge where the network will be in three years - the benefits may prove extremely costly if cbs ca n't avoid big losses on the sports coverage itself - and avoiding such losses will take a effort - on the $ N billion baseball agreement alone cbs is likely to lose $ N million in four years contends mr. the former cbs man now at comsat inc - nevertheless he the deal plain smart for its huge promotional value - mr. pilson calls that loss estimate wildly inaccurate only that cbs will lose money on baseball in the first year - it 's too early to tell what happens after that he says - but mr. tisch expects losses in all four years of the contract he told u.s. senators last june - cbs will pay an average of $ N million more each year than abc and nbc had paid together and those two networks expect losses on baseball this season - yet cbs will air only N regular-season games N fewer than abc and nbc - that has some fans - it also indicates a $ N million drop in ad sales for regular-season games a risk cbs took to get an unprecedented lock on all games - if the playoffs end in four-game losses could soar - advertisers are higher prices which would help close the gap - cbs signed general motors and toyota to be the only sponsors in baseball for four years - price $ N million - but ad executives who negotiated the deal say that works out to only $ N for a ad in the world series through N N N less than what abc is charging for the series this month - moreover there 's no question ad rates will come down considerably from the price says arnold chase of bozell inc - other however say rates could rise later if ad spending - the winter games outlook also is mixed - cbs expects to make modest profits but rivals contend that it will take a beating - abc lost $ N million on the N winter games partly because of its $ N million rights fee - it aired N hours of mostly live events in calgary helping raise ratings slightly from N but still failed to deliver the audience promised to advertisers - cbs will add N N hours to that load in N and ratings could be hurt by a lack of live events - all prime-time fare will be on because of time differences with norway so the results can be announced on the N news - turner broadcasting will pay cbs $ N million to air N hours of cbs coverage plus N hours of additional events - barry frank the agent who took mr. pilson to lunch last march says that even if cbs loses say $ N million it matters little - ten million ai n't jack man when you got $ N billion sitting in the bank says mr. frank senior vice president at international management group citing cbs 's enormous cash reserves from selling off various businesses - it does n't mean anything it 's public-relations money - moreover sports has claimed its place as a guaranteed says david j. stern the commissioner of the national basketball association - this is n't bidding this is a situation of very careful businessmen making judgments about the worth of product and acting on it - i would tend to trust their judgment - that 's easy for him to say cbs 's four-year pact now at $ N million for four years could double in price by the time his talks with mr. pilson are completed later this month - that would cut into cbs 's slim margin for profit and error - cbs sports earned $ N million or so last year - and cbs takes in the least money in prime time abc and nbc charge N N to N N more for ads according to a variety survey - but cbs 's costs are huge and the risks go up with each new sports package that cbs up - although sports officials predict of N N to N N in the major contracts coming up for renewal ad rates may rise only N N - cbs hopes to save money by ordering fewer episodes of regular series because sports will fill up a few weeks of prime time - but the savings will be - each hour of olympics and baseball in prime time will cost cbs $ N million to $ N million an drama costs only $ N and it is aired twice - cbs may cushion losses with about $ N million a year in interest earned on the proceeds from selling cbs records and other businesses - but analyst richard j. macdonald of macdonald says wall street wo n't take to that - on a basis the network ought to make money he says - when mr. pilson is asked directly can you make money on all this he does n't exactly say yes - what you 're really asking is are the profit and loss margins anticipated on the events acceptable to management he says - then he answers his own question - yes they are - that 's the only question we need to address - place a phone order through most any catalog and chances are the clerk who answers wo n't be the only one on the line - bosses have big these days - or open up an electronics magazine and the ads for tape recorders and other - some would make even james bond green with envy - both corporate and private is on the rise thanks to the proliferation of technologies - and while sellers of the equipment and companies monitoring employees have few advocates and some lawmakers are alarmed - new technologies are changing the way we deal with each other and the way we work says goldman a staff attorney at the american civil union - our expectation of is being eroded - on the corporate side companies claim that monitoring employee phone conversations is both legal and necessary to gauge productivity and ensure good service - the practice is common at catalog insurance and phone companies banks and according to trade groups and worker organizations - it 's also widespread for reservations in the airline hotel and railroad industries - the communications workers of america which opposes such monitoring says supervisors listen in on an estimated N million calls each year - among companies saying they monitor employees are united airlines american airlines united parcel service nynex corp. spiegel inc. and the circulation department of this newspaper - some wall street firms monitor for purposes - dictaphone corp. says there 's a big business demand for its taping systems whether the sophisticated N system which costs from $ N to $ N and can record N conversations simultaneously or simple units selling for $ N - businesses want to information and ensure says john dictaphone 's manager of media relations - the state of alaska recently bought the system he says to monitor the exxon cleanup effort - merrill lynch & co. and shearson lehman hutton inc. say they use systems to record and orders between salesmen and traders - shearson says it has taped some of its institutional trading desks such as commodities and futures for about four years - both companies stress that employees know they are being recorded and that customer conversations are n't taped - kidder peabody & co. says it monitors conversations between brokers and customers to order - by individuals is harder to measure - but devices are there for the asking whether in stores or through the mail - the counter spy shop in washington d.c. for instance offers the secret connection case which can record conversations for nine hours at a stretch - that and other fancy may cost thousands but simple tape recorders sell for as little as $ N at electronics stores like radio shack - the most common use of devices is in cases say private investigators - while tape to say are n't in court they can mean leverage in a settlement - concerned with the increased availability of technology and heavier use of it lawmakers have proposed laws addressing the issue - nine states have introduced bills requiring that workers and customers be made aware of monitoring - and four states california florida michigan and pennsylvania have adopted rules that all parties involved must consent when phone calls are recorded - two bills in congress hope to make such restrictions national - in may rep. don edwards d. calif introduced congressional legislation that would require an during any employee monitoring warning people that they are being heard - the legislation is similar to a N bill that was defeated after heavy lobbying by the industry - also last spring rep. ron d. calif. introduced a bill requiring universal consent to any in cases that do n't involve law enforcement - in addition products such as tape recorders would have to include and labels explaining federal laws on - the outlook on both federal bills is uncertain especially the N defeat - the and worker organizations back tighter laws but employers and device manufacturers object - i 'm sympathetic with workers who feel under the gun says richard of the direct marketing association of america which is lobbying against the edwards bill - but the only way you can find out how your people are doing is by listening - the powerful group which represents many of the nation 's was instrumental in the N bill - spiegel also opposes the bill saying the noise it requires would interfere with customer orders causing and even errors - dale center manager at the catalog company 's customer order center in nev. monitoring - we like to follow up and make sure operators are our standards of company service says ms. dale who N operators - john a nynex spokesman says the telephone company needs to monitor operators to evaluate performance during the first six months on the job - sometimes he says we 'll pull someone off the phones for more training - federal statutes recognize the right of employers to monitor employees ' for evaluation purposes - and in the past congress has viewed monitoring as an issue best handled in union negotiations - but opponents led by the say new laws are needed because monitoring is heavily concentrated in service industries and N N of monitored workers are n't represented by unions - the claims that monitoring not only on employee privacy but increases stress - nine to five a office workers organization that supports the bill six months ago started a privacy hot line to receive reports of alleged monitoring abuses - meanwhile supporters of the consent bill say it is needed because of a giant in the consent law - currently if the person taping is a party to the conversation it 's all right to record without the knowledge of the other person on the line - other people 's private conversations is illegal and punishable by five years in prison and fines of $ N - the electronics industry is closely following the bill - some marketers of gear including communication control system ltd. which owns the counter spy shop and others like it already put warning labels in their customers of the law - but vendors contend that they ca n't control how their products are used - radio shack says it has a policy against selling products if a suspects they will be used illegally - everything sold at radio shack has a legal purpose says bernard president of the tandy corp. subsidiary - he says he has n't yet studied the bill but that requiring a tone on recorders would be - still radio shack is aware that some of its products are controversial - a few years ago the company voluntarily stopped selling the big a powerful - with its ability to pick up and wings it was meant to be a toy for children for watching says mr. - but we were getting too many complaints that people were using them to on their neighbors - the hottest in the computer industry sharply yesterday as digital equipment corp. announced its first line of mainframe computers targeting international business machines corp. 's largest market - ibm fired back with new mainframes of its own extending the N line with a N N to N N power boost - up to now the intense competition between ibm and digital has been confined largely to the broad of the computer market where digital sought to exploit ibm 's weaknesses in - but digital 's move into mainframes will target ibm 's home turf where it has a commanding N N share of the market - digital maynard mass. insisted yesterday that its marketing focus would differ sharply from ibm 's - this is not your father 's mainframe said a digital spokesman - it 's a whole new generation he said - ibm which gets about half its revenue and more than half its profit from mainframes also announced upgraded operating system software that together with the new hardware lets customers do so-called batch processing as much as N N faster - batch processing is the data processing that most mainframes typically through at night such as accounts at banks - ibm said the N new and models will generally be available immediately though three wo n't ship until the third quarter of next year - prices on the larger models which range as high as $ N million generally wo n't change - small models whose performance increased as much as N N will carry higher prices - to bigger models also will be - digital 's vax N mainframes which it claimed were among the fastest available were priced from $ N million to $ N million sharply lower than ibm models of comparable power - the first models will ship in the spring with the largest following in the fall - analysts were disappointed that digital 's new line apparently wo n't contribute much to earnings before the next fiscal year which begins in july - jay stevens of dean witter reynolds inc. said he may cut his earnings estimate for the current fiscal year because he had expected at least some mainframe profit this year - but he added that he expected to raise his estimate for fiscal N at the same time - after the announcement yesterday digital shares gained $ N to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - ibm shares closed at $ N down N cents in big board trading - analysts have predicted strong demand for the new line among digital 's customers - large digital buyers say the new vax will let them stay with digital when they need the power of a mainframe instead of turning to ibm - i 'm convinced there 's a huge market for this machine said stephen smith of painewebber inc - digital also plans to compete fiercely with ibm when the giant 's customers are new aspects of their businesses - digital however does n't expect to ibm mainframes that are already installed at big companies - in addition to commercial markets digital 's new line targets the low end of the engineering and scientific supercomputer market when it 's packaged with an known as a - digital 's push into mainframes comes at a time when its mainstay line is under growing pressure from smaller personal computers and workstations that operate on standard operating systems rather than on the systems that older minicomputers use - although digital has out a major presence in the booming workstation market profit margins in that market are much than for mainframes - the mainframe market also has shown new signs of life lately - ibm 's mainframe sales have held up better than expected this year with analysts estimating they have risen N N to N N - demand for these systems has been very very strong said bill a senior ibm marketing executive - we have a good strong backlog for the fourth quarter even without the systems that were announced yesterday - but the N line is nearly five years old which is getting up there in mainframe years and its growth is expected to slow in N - ibm armonk n.y. said it wanted to bring out the mainframes as soon as it could to spark as many sales as possible by the end of the year - the fourth quarter is always ibm 's biggest by far with most sales coming in december as customers seek to use budgets before year end - still steve cohen an analyst at financial group inc. said i do n't see that this will be sufficient to give ibm a significant kick in the fourth quarter - ibm has already indicated it will have problems in the quarter partly because of a delay in shipping a high-end disk drive and partly because the strong dollar will cut significantly the value of ibm 's overseas earnings when translated into dollars - some analysts have estimated ibm 's fourth-quarter per-share earnings will fall N N to $ N a share from $ N a share a year earlier - in addition to the new mainframe hardware and software ibm announced a system for data storage that it said half as much floor space as older systems but can store five times as much data on a single - that should help ibm address the damage that a storage technology corp. has in that market - concord camera corp. completed the acquisition of peter g.m.b h. a west german photographic products distributor - terms were n't disclosed - concord is a camera and photographic products company - the navy awarded industries inc. 's shipbuilding division $ N million for shipyard services on the program - the award exercises a navy option to extend a contract given in N - the white house called on congress to the proposed capital-gains tax cut to its final deficit-reduction bill but lawmakers seem likely to at the idea - earlier this month the white house endorsed the controversial tax measure from the bill so that congress could pass quickly a clean bill containing only provisions specifically designed to meet federal budget targets under the gramm-rudman act - but now that congress has missed the legal deadline for meeting the gramm-rudman targets the white house said it has returned to its original view that a capital-gains cut should be part of the deficit-reduction bill on which congress continues to work - if that does n't happen then we press forward on another vehicle and a separate vote said press secretary marlin fitzwater - on capitol hill though there does n't seem to be sufficient sentiment to pair capital gains and the deficit-reduction bill - texas rep. william the ranking republican on the house ways and means committee said i do n't see how we have the votes to place a capital-gains tax cut there - meanwhile president bush stepped up his personal lobbying for the capital-gains tax cut - the white house said he plans to hold a series of private white house meetings mostly with senate democrats to try to persuade lawmakers to fall in line behind the tax cut - the first meeting yesterday was with N senate democrats who have expressed an interest in cutting the tax - according to some who attended the senators argued that the president should give the democratic leaders in congress a victory of their own to compensate them for allowing the president to win on the controversial capital-gains issue - issues discussed in this context were an increase in the minimum wage and an increase in child-care spending - the president was said to have been - toshiba corp. said its new french marketing concern has started operating under the of the company 's west german subsidiary which formerly handled all sales of toshiba electronic products in france - a recent change in french law according to toshiba permitted formation of the semiconductor marketing arm in paris - american telephone & telegraph co. unveiled new optical transmission systems for data video and voice communications - two products in what the telecommunications giant called a new generation of such equipment are available now at&t said and three others will be introduced in N and N - the products are aimed at a market expected to total more than $ N billion a year in sales by N said morgan jr. vice president of transmission systems for at&t - the products already available are systems used instead of of to other telecommunications equipment - this cuts down greatly on labor mr. said - to be introduced later are a which will allow several signals to travel along a single optical line a system which carries voice channels and a network which directs data flow through systems - at&t said the products unlike previous generations will meet so-called standards which at&t expects to be broadly adopted - or optical network products have more capacity than earlier models - these products are the heart of our line mr. said - he declined to disclose specific prices but said each product costs in the tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of dollars - at&t said it expects to beat to the marketplace two rivals northern ltd. of canada and france 's n.v. which also have announced products - at&t predicted strong growth in demand for such products - it noted that last july nippon telegraph & telephone corp. of japan selected at&t to supply $ N million of such equipment over a four-year period starting next year - law firms that have and grown on the revenue from mergers and acquisitions work are feeling the squeeze as that work declines - the disarray in the junk-bond market that began last month with a credit crunch at campeau corp. and the failure of banks to deliver financing for a leveraged buy-out of united airlines parent ual corp. has through some of the nation 's largest law firms - while it is still too early to tell whether the of takeover activity is only temporary many lawyers say their firms are bracing for lower revenue from merger work which has been so lucrative in the past - much of this work was done for higher fees than other legal work and was not generally billed by the hour - if deals take longer to complete and there are fewer of them to do you ca n't bill the same kind of premium as when deals took a few weeks from start to finish says one lawyer at a large new york firm - we 're planning on a year in N but next year we 'll be another story said robert a partner at simpson & bartlett - we 're settling down to a less active period - lawyers at such firms as sullivan & & lipton rosen & katz and fried frank harris & jacobson all say they too have experienced a significant slowdown particularly during the past few weeks - everyone is waiting to see if deals can be done at prices and if money is available said jack of - it 's hard to know right now if the change is fundamental or cyclical - some lawyers say the slump while more obvious in recent weeks began earlier this year - dennis block a partner at the new york firm of weil & said that in the first eight months of this year N hostile offers were launched compared with N for the first eight months of - what 's more he said transactions are taking a much longer time to conclude and many fall apart for lack of financing and more scrutiny by state courts - lawyers also say an stock market and uncertain financing conditions have sharply reduced the number of lucrative big deals likely to be proposed - still some lawyers say the mergers slowdown has n't affected foreign buyers as much as domestic ones - we just took another floor for our london offices said joseph flom of the new york firm of slate & flom - davis & also said its international clients are keeping mergers and acquisitions partners busy - european companies are looking to buy american ones said henry king the managing partner at that firm - but the question is whether things people are looking at will actually surface in live transactions in light of the current market conditions - murder threat charged in haas securities corp trial - in the trial of former haas securities chairman eugene laff the defense accused one of the government 's chief witnesses of threatening to kill mr. laff - mr. laff 's attorney john lang filed a memorandum asking that the trial record include a taped conversation in which the witness henry lorin told a haas that mr. laff should be killed - the conversation was taped by federal investigators in what mr. lang said was an effort to get mr. lorin to mr. laff - in his opening arguments last week in federal court in new york mr. lang told the jury that mr. lorin was the real master criminal behind the stock manipulation and that mr. laff knew nothing about it - in march mr. laff was indicted on N counts of conspiracy mail and securities fraud and an investigation by the securities and exchange commission - the government has charged that mr. lorin and mr. laff were part of a conspiracy to maintain the prices of certain stocks at artificially high prices - mr. lorin a stock pleaded guilty to the charges in april and agreed to cooperate with the government 's investigation of mr. laff - during his cross examination of mr. lorin mr. lang read from the of a conversation that was taped oct. N N - stanley the haas broker who agreed to carry a hidden during the conversation also has pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit securities violations in the stock manipulation and agreed to cooperate - according to the mr. lorin said mr. laff should be killed after mr. told him that information given to mr. laff by another could jeopardize the stock scheme - mr. lorin then repeated the threat and mr. urged him not to say such things - from the parts of the read by mr. lang it was unclear what exactly mr. lorin feared might happen - when asked for a copy of the mr. lang said judge thomas p. had instructed him not to release it or the memorandum - during the trial mr. lang asked mr. lorin whether he had been so upset that you considered killing mr. laff - is n't it true that you were so worked up that mr. laff for this crime was the least that you planned for him - mr. lorin responded no - when mr. lang asked mr. lorin whether he had taken steps to have mr. laff killed the witness again said no - peter the assistant u.s. attorney the case declined to comment on the trial - trustee who monitored settlement payments to dalkon shield claimants - stephen a. one of five appointed to monitor payments to women injured by the dalkon shield contraceptive resigned citing personal reasons - mr. who teaches evidence at the university of virginia school of law and was a deputy assistant attorney general in the u.s. justice department until august submitted his resignation earlier this month to federal judge robert r. jr. in richmond va - judge is overseeing the bankruptcy-law reorganization of robins co. the company that manufactured the shield - in a letter monday to mr. the judge said he would accept the resignation - the $ N billion dalkon shield claimants trust was established as part of robins ' plan to resolve injury claims arising from use of the shield - american home products corp. proposes to acquire the company - the remaining four on the claimants trust have N days to a successor to mr. - judge will make the appointment - chicago law firm american express co. vice president - harris & brought in howard a. as a partner in its washington d.c. office which opened oct. N - for the past six years mr. N years old served as vice president for government affairs at american express - he previously was staff director and counsel for the senate committee on banking housing and urban affairs - the other lawyer in the office is partner robert a. the firm 's legislative director - the philadelphia law firm of & ingersoll said three partners have joined its business and finance department - john N a former in charge of legal compliance at american capital management & research inc. in houston will join 's practice - kent walker N a former partner at the philadelphia law firm of & will specialize in antitrust real estate and mergers and acquisitions - richard l. sherman N will advise midsized businesses - mr. sherman is former deputy general counsel for corp. in philadelphia now plc in london - delmed inc. 's top two officers resigned and were succeeded by executives of fresenius usa inc. and its parent fresenius ag a major delmed holder that has been negotiating to acquire a controlling stake - in addition delmed which makes and sells a dialysis solution used in treating kidney diseases said negotiations about pricing had collapsed between it and a major distributor national medical care inc - delmed said robert s. ehrlich resigned as chairman president and chief executive - mr. ehrlich will continue as a director and a consultant - leslie i. shapiro chief operating officer and chief financial officer also resigned the company said - mr. ehrlich was succeeded as chairman by a director of fresenius a west german pharmaceutical concern - ben president of fresenius usa was named president chief executive and chief operating officer - none of the officials was available for comment - in trading on the american stock exchange delmed closed at N cents down N cents - fresenius owns about N N of delmed 's fully diluted common stock - the two companies have been discussing a transaction under which fresenius would buy delmed stock for cash to bring its beneficial ownership to between N N and N N of delmed 's fully diluted common stock - the transaction also would combine fresenius usa and delmed - under the proposal delmed would issue about N million additional delmed common shares to fresenius at an average price of about N cents a share though under no circumstances more than N cents a share - yesterday delmed said it continues to explore the possibility of a combination with fresenius usa - it added that it is apparent that any terms of a combination would be substantially less favorable than those previously announced - while the discussions between delmed and national medical care have been discontinued delmed will continue to supply dialysis products through national medical after their exclusive agreement ends in march N delmed said - in addition delmed is exploring distribution arrangements with fresenius usa delmed said - philip l. hall president of j. lawrence hall co. nashua was named a director of this thrift holding company filling a vacancy - inc. said it intends to acquire america inc. for $ N million plus a consideration of as much as an additional $ N million payable over five years - is a and company - whose principal offices are in detroit is a mail-order of industrial tools and supplies - the acquisition is subject to approval by 's board - genentech inc. said third-quarter profit more than doubled to $ N million or N cents a share from a depressed N third-quarter performance of $ N million or six cents a share - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - net product sales accounted for $ N million up from $ N million a year earlier - sales of the heart drug tpa were $ N million better than last year 's depressed third period when the company sold just $ N million of the drug - but tpa sales fell below levels for this year 's first and second quarter sales of $ N million cooling investors - genentech stock fell N cents in trading yesterday on the new york stock exchange to $ N - in the nine months net income slid N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenues climbed N N to $ N million from $ N million - we continue to be on target for increasing tpa sales N N to N N this year said founder and chief executive officer robert - but some analysts remain sour on the company - tpa sales are down quarter to quarter - expenses are flat and that 's a good sign - there 's contract revenue from limited research and development partnerships - but i still think the fundamentals are poor said an analyst with montgomery securities in san francisco - genentech faces competition in the market from plc 's heart drug expected to receive market approval shortly - and genentech is n't likely to have any new products ready for market until at least N ms. added - the company 's stock is trading at N times next year 's numbers and that 's too much she said - on the plus side genentech is benefiting from a lower tax rate due to its research outlays giving a boost to earnings she said - the american cancer society 's N costs of fund raising and administration were $ N million or N N of its revenue - a chart in last friday 's special report on personal finance contained an incorrect figure supplied by nonprofit times a monthly newspaper covering charities - ryder system inc. posted a third-quarter net loss of $ N million because of an expected $ N million after-tax charge and continued weakness in the company 's business - the loss which is N cents a share is the transportation services concern 's first quarterly setback in more than a decade and compares with net income of $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago period - the previous year 's third quarter included gains on the sale of aircraft by the company 's aviation leasing & services division - revenue was flat at $ N billion - the latest quarter 's after-tax charge which is N cents a share was related to adjustments to reserves for workers ' compensation claims reductions in vehicle fleets staff and facilities and of assets - although ryder did n't break out the charge analysts estimated that the majority of the $ N million was linked to workers ' compensation reserves and anticipated losses on the disposal of trucks - many analysts said they were n't surprised that problems in many of ryder 's lines of business continued to the company - it pretty much confirms what we had been expecting said anthony hatch an analyst at painewebber inc - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday ryder closed at $ N down N cents - m. anthony burns ryder 's chairman and chief executive officer said we 're constantly trying to find ways to regain the earnings momentum - but we 're still at the beginning stages of some of these changes - he said the fourth quarter will be challenging and maintained his conservative forecast that N wo n't be a - in the nine months net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue rose slightly to $ N billion from $ N billion - robert l. wood chief financial officer was named chairman and chief executive officer of this independent power producer succeeding raymond l. N - mr. who resigned effective jan. N for health reasons remains a director - advanced medical technologies inc. said it purchased N N of a unit of group inc - advanced medical paid $ N million in cash for its share in a unit of 's fisher scientific subsidiary - the unit makes used by hospitals and had more than $ N million in sales last year according to advanced medical - maxicare health plans inc. operating under chapter N protection outlined terms of its reorganization plan that calls for creditors and shareholders to receive at least $ N million in cash and $ N million face amount of 10-year N N notes - the plan outlined in a filing with the securities and exchange commission also calls for creditors and shareholders to receive common stock and warrants in the new company - the concern said it reached the agreement with its court-appointed creditors ' committees sept. N and intends to submit the plan to the bankruptcy court in november - maxicare which filed for bankruptcy protection march N has total debt of $ N million - the company has promptly paid all its expenses and obligations since march N a maxicare spokesman said - general unsecured creditors of maxicare 's continuing operations initially will receive $ N million in cash $ N million face amount of senior notes and N N of the new company 's stock - those creditors whose claims are estimated at about $ N million include doctors and hospitals - general unsecured creditors of maxicare 's discontinued operations whose claims total $ N million initially will receive $ N million in cash and $ N million in senior notes - maxicare 's public shareholders will receive N N of the new company 's stock and warrants them to acquire as much as an additional N N of the stock on a basis - general unsecured creditors of the parent holding company initially will receive $ N million in cash $ N million face amount of senior notes and N N of the new company 's stock - that group includes banks and bondholders who have claims of $ N million and $ N million respectively - maxicare also will guarantee that the banks will realize at least $ N million on certain notes pledged to them - maxicare said the plan that in the company 's health plans will have valid claims covered in full - those claims along with priority employee claims administrative claims priority tax claims and administrative convenience claims are expected to total about $ N million - the plan is subject to approval by the bankruptcy court and others - the spokesman said maxicare hopes to complete the reorganization by early N - birmingham steel corp. said that its calif. sustained only minor damage from last week 's earthquake - resumed oct. N but the company expects production to be hampered in the next few months by traffic disruptions around the plant and for repair to gas and electric power systems - the average interest rate rose to N N at citicorp 's $ N million weekly auction of commercial paper or corporate from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted - accepted bids ranged from N N to N N - however citicorp said that the average rate fell to N N at its $ N million auction of commercial paper from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted - accepted bids were all at N N - the bank holding company will auction another $ N million in each maturity next tuesday - hughes aircraft co. a general motors corp. unit said the commercial communications satellite is set to be launched friday - the satellite built by hughes for the international telecommunications satellite organization is part of a $ N million contract awarded to hughes in N to develop five of the - italian car manufacturer fiat said it is n't interested in partnership or industrial cooperation with swedish auto and aerospace group saab-scania ab which faces heavy losses in its car division - fiat said it 's only interested in technical cooperation with saab - we know that saab is looking for a partner for industrial and financial cooperation fiat said - but that partner is n't fiat - the italian auto maker confirmed that it was discussing technical cooperation with saab but declined to comment on rumors that it was planning to buy saab 's car division - fiat 's rejection of partnership with saab means that the swedish company which announced last friday that its pretax profit for the first eight months plummeted N N will have to look for a partner among other car manufacturers as both ford motor corp. and fiat have turned down the offer - news reports said yesterday that saab is trying to start negotiations with french and renault - itt corp. its insurance business hurt by hurricane hugo reported a N N decline in third-quarter net income despite a N N rise in revenue - itt also forecast a fourth-quarter blow to earnings from the california earthquake - except for insurance however itt said it expects improved operating earnings in all of our businesses for the full year - third-quarter net income dropped to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - itt bought back N million shares this year including N million during the third quarter - third-quarter revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday itt common stock fell N cents to close at $ N a share - in addition to insurance and finance itt has interests in electronic parts defense technology automotive parts technology pulp and and communications and information services - hurricane hugo losses and the continuing industrywide downturn in the property and casualty insurance business were the major factors affecting quarterly comparisons said rand v. chairman and chief executive officer - itt 's hartford insurance group had a $ N million quarterly pretax loss from hurricane hugo itt said - hartford expects to report a further pretax loss of about $ N million for the current quarter as a result of the california earthquake this month itt added - the company also disclosed its financial operations had increased reserves for bankrupt accounts resulting in a $ N million pretax charge for the third quarter - this charge was partly offset however by $ N million in pretax capital gains - itt also said its consumer finance unit agreed in september to settle a civil suit with the california attorney general over alleged improper lending and sales practices - anticipating this settlement the company recorded a pretax charge of $ N million during the fourth quarter of N - an itt spokesman said the charge was n't publicly reported at the time - the company 's product businesses with the exception of electronic components had higher operating earnings for the first nine months of N the company said - on the exception it said volume and margins were lower in semiconductor and power systems operations - amoco corp. said it plans to install two and drill as many as N wells to develop oil reserves it discovered in the atlantic ocean about N miles off the coast of - amoco an energy concern is the operator of the project with a N N working interest and other partners include the state oil company with a N N interest and kuwait foreign petroleum exploration co. with a N N stake - production is expected to be about N barrels of oil a day after completion of the drilling program - jacobs engineering group inc. 's jacobs international unit was selected to design and build a manufacturing plant in county ireland for intel corp - jacobs is an international engineering and construction concern - total capital investment at the site could be as much as $ N million according to intel - the plant will be constructed on a site near - jacobs engineering officials could n't be reached for comment - bob evans inc. said its board authorized the purchase of as many as N shares of its common - the stock to be purchased on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions will be held as treasury shares for stock options or other general corporate purposes - the program expires april N - the restaurant operator had N million shares outstanding as of sept. N - coda energy inc. said it completed the sale of co. to pipeline co. for $ N million in cash and notes - coda an oil and gas concern said it and its partners received $ N million in cash and $ N million in five-year notes for the kansas pipeline - coda owned N N of the pipeline and private entities owned the rest - is based in hutchinson kansas - french consumer prices rose N N in september from august according to provisional estimates by the national statistics institute - the agency noted that because of a strike by finance ministry personnel the provisional estimate does n't exactly to the consumer price index usually published - the agency noted however the estimate will likely be confirmed - the institute did n't estimate annual price growth in september but a N N rise by the consumer price index would put growth at either N or N up N N or N N from the year-earlier level of N - the index was N in august and is based on N equaling N - international technology corp. and corp. a unit of london 's corp. said they were awarded a $ N million contract by the u.s. army corps of engineers for the of the landfill superfund site in township n.j - international technology an environmental management concern said the contract includes construction of walls gas collection systems a cap and water treatment plant - u.s. memories inc. the venture that seeks to crack japan 's domination of the market said it has chosen four potential sites for its operations after a fierce bidding war by N states - u.s. memories said it will begin visits during the next several weeks to sites in austin texas colorado springs colo. n.y. and phoenix - sanford kane president said the were chosen from among N locations based on financial business and quality of life considerations - by its absence is california - san jose and several other california cities mounted major campaigns during the summer to woo the group which was founded last june by seven electronics concerns - the venture plans to announce a final site by late november - it expects to begin construction by year end and start shipping dynamic memory chips by - u.s. memories investors include advanced micro devices inc. digital equipment corp. hewlett-packard co. international business machines corp. intel corp. lsi logic corp. and national semiconductor corp - mr. kane said he expects several other companies to join some time after the venture a business plan probably later this week - a seat on the chicago board of trade was sold for $ N unchanged from the previous sale oct. N - seats currently are quoted at $ N bid $ N asked - the record price for a full membership on the exchange is $ N set aug. N N - dennis r. a general manager of was named vice president of research and development a new post at this steel company - fred d. thompson a attorney in private practice in washington and tenn. was elected to the board of this engineering and construction company - the board increased to N seats - sun microsystems inc. said prime computer inc. has agreed to as much as $ N million worth of sun 's machines over the next two years - the computers use the company 's own microprocessor called sun said - quickview systems inc. said it filed a lawsuit against apple computer inc. claiming patent infringement in an element of apple 's popular software program - the suit filed in minneapolis federal court claims that apple violated a quickview patent that allows computer users to display only portions of multiple fields on a computer screen with the ability to see the entire of any given field - the program allows users to design applications for computers without having to be programmers and is distributed with every sold - it 's one of the most popular computer programs of all time but analysts said the quickview suit does n't appear to major difficulties for apple - the technology at issue is not an underlying technology of to my knowledge said danny goodman a san program developer - nonetheless the suit seeks unspecified damages that an attorney for quickview claimed could run into the millions of dollars - in cupertino calif. apple said that it believes the case has no merit and that does not any valid claims of the quickview patents - it said it filed an action of its own in federal court in san jose calif. seeking a declaration that quickview 's claims are - this is in response to kageyama 's manager 's journal looking for the real thing in sony editorial page oct. N - though i agree with many of mr. kageyama 's comments i believe he points the gun in the wrong direction it is n't the americans who must be criticized for not understanding the japanese culture but the japanese who insist on forcing their culture on americans - the japanese want us to accept their culture but they refuse to accept the american culture - japanese managers ca n't expect americans to as if they were japanese instead they must manage americans as americans - americans are expected to conform to the japanese culture when in japan - what is wrong with expecting the japanese to conform to american when they here - americans place native or native in charge of subsidiaries overseas - european do likewise even in america their affiliates are usually run by american managers - but the japanese insist upon japanese managers everywhere they set up shop - do the japanese feel so superior that they can not find capable american managers - paul a. indiana university - mr. kageyama suggests that electronics industries workers were having difficulty understanding their foreign bosses ' perspective - while mr. kageyama does an excellent job of explaining the differences both cultural and i question his perspective - would he suggest that employees of an american company doing business in japan conform to their new bosses ' culture and philosophy - obviously not - thus the conclusion is that the burden with management to the culture and philosophy of the country in which they are operating - the workers can be motivated and the company reach its full potential only when management the employees ' perspective - a. president municipal code corp fla - i believe mr. kageyama left out one major aspect of japanese culture that his piece the belief in the of japanese culture and behavior vs. others - a manager should not have to the opinions of his employees about the style of his management - instead he should listen to see how that criticism can be used to advance his objective of carrying out a set of tasks through the efforts of his subordinates - japanese culture vs. american culture is irrelevant - the key is how a manager from one culture can employees from another - for mr. kageyama to argue that american employees must accept a direct of the japanese way of doing things is outright cultural of the first order - the japanese are the opportunity to a new corporate culture based on a fusion of the best aspects of both national - mr. kageyama is accurate to deny a specific bias - it is more difficult to deny a general in seeing things only the japanese way - when the response to criticism is only a better explanation of policies without the reasons for the criticism i am convinced that mr. kageyama has still failed to attack the root cause of the problem and is simply treating symptoms - norman l. - cie generale des reported that net profit climbed N N in the first half of N and said that it expects a gain of about N N for the full year - the french water treatment group said consolidated net profit after payments to minority interests rose to N million francs us$ N million from N million francs in the first half of N - revenue climbed N N to N billion francs from N billion - generale des said the earnings gain was led by its water energy and building activities - as a presidential candidate in N george bush expressed his position on abortion in an interview with rolling stone magazine published that march - what did he think of the supreme court 's decision abortion - i happen to think it was right mr. bush said - a few months later mr. bush became ronald reagan 's running - suddenly george bush the pro-choice advocate became george bush the - and the did n't end there - just a month ago mr. bush threatened to veto a pending welfare bill if it provided any abortion funds except to save a woman 's life - then two weeks ago declaring that i 'm not looking for any conflict over this the president said he would consider a compromise to fund abortions for poor women in cases of rape and incest - but only four days after that mr. bush the veto threat - i do not support federal funding for abortions except where the mother 's life is threatened he proclaimed and finally vetoed the measure last weekend - so what does george bush really believe - the answer is so that it is beginning to get this popular president in trouble with each of the increasingly increasingly powerful sides of the abortion issue - the result is and criticism from all around - anti-abortion forces regard him as at best an uncertain ally - in all honesty if you ask me is this man a true i do n't know says john head of the washington-based ad committee in defense of life inc - yet abortion-rights forces remain bitterly critical - douglas gould vice president of communications for the planned federation of america calls mr. bush 's position on the issue extremely adding the guy has n't done one thing about prevention - he 's totally geared to a punitive position - mr. bush is uncomfortable with the entire abortion question - for most of the past nine years he has to convince anti-abortion activists of his support for their position - but ever since the supreme court 's webster vs. reproductive health services decision this year changed the political landscape of the abortion issue the president seemingly has tried just as hard to avoid saying anything more unless pressed to the wall - many americans still over their own personal feelings about abortion - mr. bush 's problem is n't so much that he seems to be over the issue as it is that he seems to on it - the political risk would be far less if the president drew a firm line and to it experts insist - if you have a position you 're better off to stick with it than to move around very much says republican strategist john sears - the need for is especially for mr. bush who mr. sears maintains lacks a strong ideological base - by his moderate republican heritage as well as the warnings of political advisers who say the issue is vital to younger voters the president might seem to have at least some with abortion-rights arguments - yet he is also firmly bound by his hard-line rhetoric and promises he made to anti-abortion activists during his long pursuit of the white house - on many issues for instance his keen political overcome such conflicts - but mr. bush and his advisers the politics of the abortion issue failing to grasp how dramatically the abortion-rights movement would be aroused following last summer 's supreme court decision to restrict those rights in the webster case - it was one of the changes in public attitudes i 've ever seen says former reagan richard - these days when others raise the subject of abortion the usually president can be almost to the point of - ten days ago he was asked to the reasons behind his anti-abortion stance - my position is well-known and he replied - a close look at his record over the last N years suggests that mr. bush has his views on all sides of the issue - in N as the u.s. representative to the united nations he wrote an introduction to a book on world population in which he of his leadership during his term in congress in expanding services for the poor - running for president in early N he was also quoted as supporting federal funding for abortions in cases of rape incest and to save the life of the mother - in his rolling stone interview in N mr. bush his abortion-rights remarks to contrast himself with his rival ronald reagan - in addition to supporting the landmark roe vs. wade supreme court decision abortion mr. bush said he opposed the constitutional ban on abortion that mr. reagan was promising to promote - as mr. reagan 's running though mr. bush plunged into the anti-abortion position a constitutional amendment abortion - he acknowledged only one difference with mr. reagan that the amendment ought to have exceptions for rape and incest as well as to save a woman 's life - throughout the early 1980s mr. bush was quoted sometimes supporting federal funding for abortion in cases of rape and incest and sometimes opposing it - in april N president bush had his staff write a letter out that he would support a constitutional amendment banning abortions except in cases of rape incest and life but that he opposed federal funding in all but the latter case - at the gop convention last year he again came out for an amendment with exceptions for rape incest and life - his rhetoric gathered momentum as he rolled into office his firm support of our cause during an anti-abortion rally three days after his last january - he again urged passage of a constitutional amendment abortion - but when the high court ruled in the webster case in july the president began to lower the volume - when the ruling was handed down the president dispatched chief of staff john to issue a statement and refused to answer questions himself - he did later threaten over legislation restoring the district of columbia 's right to use its own tax money to fund abortions for poor women and over restoring funding to the united nations population fund - but in the months since then while trying to drum up support for other issues such as an constitutional amendment he has away from talking about abortion - what few comments he has initiated have been such as urging greater efforts toward the protection of human life at a meeting of catholic lawyers in boston last month - the white house has likewise avoided any involvement in florida 's recent special legislative session on abortion which anti-abortion forces had regarded as a key test of their ability to get state lawmakers to abortion restrictions - the session failed to enact any new curbs - now some see mr. bush trapped in a position he is neither comfortable with nor able to escape - ken head of the republican mainstream committee a group of party observes the administration finds itself in an ideological de that it will find it difficult if not impossible to get itself out of - christopher cox 's oct. N editorial-page article toward more lawsuits misses the point - the N americans with disabilities act is about eliminating barriers - when we look closely at our own history it is clear that our mandated civil rights have not through the of people 's hearts but through legislation and constitutional amendments - this is how american women won the right to vote - and it is how and other minority groups were guaranteed their equal rights as citizens in this nation - for the more than N million americans with disabilities the N americans with disabilities act provides the missing piece - disabled americans have had their civil rights guaranteed in all federally funded programs since section N was passed as a part of the N rehabilitation act - the N act simply these guarantees to the private sector - those who fear a of suits our legal system need only look at the record on the rehabilitation act - without legal there are no guarantees of civil rights for anyone - john r. garrison president national seal society - ford motor co. said it is consolidating control of its asian operations under a new organization here that will be headed by w. wayne - ford will coordinate the activities of ford subsidiaries in japan australia taiwan and new zealand and work with ford business associates throughout the region - these functions are currently performed out of australia and at ford 's headquarters in dearborn mich - mr. executive director of ford 's latin america automotive operations since december N was named vice president of ford - goodyear tire & rubber co. buoyed by improved operating profit in its tire segment reported that third-quarter net income rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share - in the year-ago period goodyear had net of $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose slightly to $ N billion from $ N billion - analysts had mixed responses to the results - donald an independent analyst in new conn. said he was impressed with the company 's performance - he said results were better than he 'd expected and indicate that goodyear is in the midst of a turnaround from a string of lackluster quarters that have plagued the company for a year - however harry an analyst at mcdonald & co. cleveland said goodyear 's results fell at the bottom of his range of estimates - excluding an increase in the tax rate and the effects of foreign currency mr. said the company 's results were still a little disappointing - goodyear 's stock which has been weak in recent weeks fell $ N yesterday to close at $ N a share in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - the company said pretax operating income in its tire segment jumped about N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier reflecting improvements in raw material costs sales of replacement tires and pricing - mcdonald 's mr. said goodyear appeared to have held or gained some market share in the u.s. for the first time since the second quarter of N - but goodyear said total u.s. tire unit sales were off about N N - total tire segment sales were up only about N N to $ N billion and the company said it reduced manufacturing levels at some of its u.s. tire plants because of inventory adjustments and production by auto makers - in the latest quarter goodyear 's tax rate was N N compared with N N a year earlier - as a result total tax outlays were $ N million compared with $ N million the year earlier - for the nine months profit skidded about N N reflecting charges taken in this year 's second quarter and the effect of of weaker foreign currencies into the stronger u.s. dollar - net was $ N million or $ N a share compared with net of $ N million or $ N a share the year earlier - the latest nine months included charges of $ N million related to the company 's south african subsidiary and unused pipe sold by its crude oil pipeline unit - sales rose nearly N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - environmental control group inc. said it expects to report minimal earnings or a loss for the third quarter - the environmental services company said that the of unsuccessful product lines and an increase in reserves probably will result in charges of $ N million to $ N million most of which will be taken against third-quarter results - in the year-ago quarter the company reported earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - former usx corp. chairman david m. roderick may have been lucky he retired last may - as he handed over the reins to successor charles a. corry steel profits were close to a cyclical peak - though imports were troublesome they were n't running away with the market and american companies had high hopes that steel import quotas would be extended for another five years - perhaps most important carl icahn who had once threatened a hostile takeover bid was subdued - he and mr. roderick were even out together - today mr. corry over a company whose fortunes have changed abruptly - mr. icahn the company 's adversary recently disclosed that he had raised his usx stake to N N and he again threatened a takeover - a battle with mr. icahn would even the most chief executive to say nothing of one who took the helm less than five months ago - in addition usx 's giant steel segment representing N N of its N sales is facing softening demand and slipping prices as well as increasing competition from foreign steelmakers and low-cost minimills - the import quotas got only a N 1\/2-year extension and usx is under a staggering $ N billion debt at a time when it must spend money to upgrade steel mills and drill for oil - it 's a of fire for corry says one usx executive - the burning question is whether the new chief can mr. icahn without being pushed into unwelcome moves - mr. corry might have to the company more than he wants to - or he might have to incur a huge expense of either buying mr. icahn 's stock possibly at a premium or paying stockholders a special dividend partly because of mr. icahn 's pressure - with his recent purchases of usx common stock mr. icahn shattered a standstill agreement with mr. roderick - in N mr. roderick mr. icahn 's first bullet after the takeover specialist had built up an N N stake - mr. roderick did so by having usx redeem a series of guaranteed notes a move that in effect raised the cost of a $ N billion icahn bid by about $ N billion - and he managed to fend off further advances and even strike up an unlikely friendship with the - over at new york 's sky club and links club restaurants the steel executive and the big investor talked steel international trade and thoroughbred horses - mr. corry who has up on corporate raiders by reading t. boone pickens 's had hoped the would continue - he was shocked associates say to learn of mr. icahn 's new takeover threat - both men declined to be interviewed for this article - but the fiercely competitive mr. corry quickly showed he 's no - he with directors at a special meeting two weeks ago and tried to block his opponent - although the board believed that mr. icahn is more interested in talking the stock price higher than acquiring usx it adopted a defense to be if anyone a N N stake - now it 's mr. icahn 's move - will he try to gain a seat on or control of the board and force a radical split of usx into separate oil and steel companies - given the weakness of the junk-bond market can he finance a buy-out - mr. icahn may not want to sell out unless he can get a special dividend similar to one he received before selling his stake in texaco inc. in june a coup that gave him enough cash to make his usx move - and although the recent turmoil in the stock and junk-bond markets by making it harder to arrange takeover financing has eased some of the pressure on mr. corry it does n't end the takeover threat - i know it 's not over a mr. corry acknowledged while steel suppliers in new york on oct. N and inviting them to a buffet of and in honor of kobe steel ltd. usx 's partner in a steel mill in ohio - in fact it 's barely begun for mr. corry who faces tough decisions before he has had a chance to get settled into his new job - he 's in a vulnerable position because he has n't established much credibility on his own says a securities analyst at painewebber inc - the tax attorney never even to the job of chief executive - an college student who in until he concluded that he could n't stand cutting up mr. corry wanted to work for a big company that could do big things - but after joining the tax department of a usx subsidiary N years ago he set the modest goal of becoming tax manager by the age of N - for years he quietly stuck to the back accounting rooms wearing a hat to work because everyone else did - i was never a rebel he said in an earlier interview - i do n't think most of the people that have been around me would ever say they 've seen me pound the table or get angry - yet the mr. corry helped chart usx 's transition from big steel to big oil - he served as mr. roderick 's front man in negotiations for the N purchase of marathon oil for $ N billion - nevertheless mr. corry once named chief executive did n't waste any time himself from his former boss who still has an office on the floor of the usx tower in pittsburgh - soon after taking over last june mr. corry a pay cut imposed on workers a move that mr. roderick had n't made in spite of improved earnings - mr. corry also ruled that all board meetings would be held in pittsburgh instead of new york or ohio marathon 's home - and earlier this month he announced the sale of the reserves of texas oil & gas which was acquired three years ago and has n't posted any significant operating profits since - one former executive says nobody wanted that deal inside usx except dave roderick who was a hunting and fishing buddy of william l. chairman of texas oil & gas - the executive recalls mr. corry to him and others remember this was dave 's deal - what many usx executives and shareholders was that the acquisition for $ N billion of stock doubled the usx shares outstanding and considerably diluted them - what 's more the takeover occurred as natural-gas prices were falling and just as texas oil & gas reported its first annual loss in N years - mr. corry expected the texas oil & gas sale to mr. icahn by addressing his concern about boosting shareholder value - but when the two men met in new york a day after mr. icahn disclosed the rise in his usx stake mr. corry learned that mr. icahn wanted him to sell all of texas oil not just its reserves of about N trillion cubic feet of natural gas and N million barrels of oil but also its pipeline and operations - that would leave usx with marathon its steel mills and its diversified business segment which includes among other things mineral and transportation products - some speculate that mr. corry would agree if he could find a buyer at the right price - the problem is that mr. icahn is pushing him to move faster and further in restructuring usx than mr. corry had planned - mr. icahn has long believed associates say that the company whose N sales totaled $ N billion is worth $ N a share if broken up - the stock closed yesterday at $ N giving mr. icahn 's N million shares a value of $ N billion - mr. icahn advocates the sale of the company 's steel operations and mr. corry does n't necessarily disagree - unlike his predecessor who saw steel as america 's mr. corry tends to view it as a and business with limited potential associates say - in the past five years usx has turned steel into a profit maker by closing several plants and reducing labor costs - but the short-term outlook is - it is n't surprising that messrs. roderick and corry view steel so differently - while mr. roderick was in the of pittsburgh 's smoking mills mr. corry grew up in cincinnati a city and more accustomed to pork than iron - he has never met lynn williams the president of the united steelworkers union and is n't active in the industry 's main trade group the american iron and steel institute which mr. roderick served as chairman - dave thought the country needed a strong u.s. steel and while chuck agreed he was more apt to say not at any cost to shareholders a former executive says - indeed mr. corry at an august press conference talked about investing in steel as long as it provides a good return and not a day longer - however shedding steel would run directly counter to mr. roderick 's original rationale for diversifying into oil and gas having two major products would the company 's to one market 's down cycle and help smooth out the flow of cash and earnings - as mr. roderick once said we 're a company and boy if you ca n't figure out the value of those two parts you are so damn that you do n't belong on wall street - moreover the opportunity to sell steel at a price acceptable to usx may be gone for now - the time has passed for us to spin off steel either in a public offering or to a buyer one executive contends - about the only way that usx now can get out of steel is to it out piece by piece in separate joint ventures he adds - with mr. icahn breathing down his neck however mr. corry may have little choice but to sell at a weak price even if it means losing some tax-loss - that would leave usx essentially an oil company with marathon as its core - marathon has benefited from higher prices and strong demand for refined products - oil has long been mr. corry 's pet - indeed when the bush administration finally decided this summer to renew import restrictions the most important decision to affect the steel industry in five years mr. corry and his directors were aboard high above marathon 's rich oil reserves in the north sea - should usx be left with only marathon mr. corry might well feel pushed to out other energy companies - however even usx executives who work closely with him are n't sure about his long-term goals - i do n't think he has a clear sense of where he wants the company to go one says - right now the executive adds he wants to continue to focus on paying down usx 's debt by selling assets - one thing is certain however mr. corry while studying other options probably wo n't make a major move until he 's clear about mr. icahn 's intentions - and then he wo n't panic says j. bruce johnston a former usx executive and now a labor and benefit consultant with cohen & in pittsburgh - mr. corry learned presence under fire when as vice president of corporate planning he handled what mr. johnston calls negotiations that led to usx 's shedding of a wide array of assets ranging from chemicals to construction - when negotiating mr. corry played his cards close to the - johnson who worked for mr. corry in strategic planning recalls how his boss would routinely ask a subordinate to research an entire industry to target acquisition candidates - what he really wanted to know was about a particular company but you did n't know that - he wanted your own virgin opinion says mr. johnson now managing director at & co. a and firm - ever the mr. corry said in august that he realized that usx is on acquisition screens all over the country - it 's part of the market system that equity can be bought and equity is bought he said - usx he noted was formed N years ago by in effect buying out a bunch of other companies - people got rich through takeovers in those days as they do today - thomas f. contributed to this article - westinghouse electric corp. said it will buy co - terms were n't disclosed - based in mich. makes metal files and desks and and office systems furniture - israel has launched a new effort to prove the liberation organization continues to practice terrorism and thus to persuade the u.s. to break off talks with the group - u.s. officials however said they are n't buying the israeli argument - israeli officials provided the state department with a list of recent terrorist incidents they attribute directly to forces controlled by plo chairman arafat - mr. arafat publicly terrorism dec. N satisfying the u.s. for a direct dialogue with the plo - a u.s. official said experts are studying the israeli list - we have no independent evidence linking to any acts of terrorism since dec. N N he said referring to the specific plo group that mr. arafat heads - so far this list does n't change our view - israel wants to end the dialogue but our analysts take a different view than theirs - israeli prime minister shamir 's top adviser on was here monday to present the report to members of congress reporters and others - mr. said he also presented the list last week to william brown u.s. ambassador to israel - separately the new york times reported that the israeli government had provided its in with different documents that israel said prove the plo has been conducting terrorism from the occupied arab - the state department said it has n't yet seen copies of those papers - if the dialogue was based on the assumption that arafat or the plo would stop terrorism and we have evidence of continued terrorism what would be the logical conclusion mr. asked - israel has long claimed mr. arafat never meant to terrorism particularly because he and his reserved the right to press armed struggle against the jewish state - now says it is backing up its with detailed accounts of alleged terrorist acts and plans linked to mr. arafat - it blames most of these on - the new accusations come at a delicate time in u.s. efforts to bring about talks between israel and palestinian representatives - the state department said it had received a new letter on the subject from israeli foreign minister israel 's previous to negotiating with any palestinian tied to the plo - deciding what terrorism can be a exercise - the u.s. it as politically motivated violence against targets by groups or state agents - to meet the u.s. criteria israel contended it only listed incidents that involved and occurred inside its borders - at the heart of israel 's report is a list of a dozen incidents attributes to including the use of and - but u.s. officials say they are n't satisfied these incidents constitute terrorism because they may be of the the palestinian in the occupied which the u.s. does n't as terrorism - in addition the officials say israel has n't presented convincing evidence these acts were ordered by or by any group mr. arafat controls - u.s. terrorism experts also say they are highly uncertain about the of the separate documents to the new york times - the papers which israel says were discovered in refer to terrorist acts to be carried out in the name of a group called the revolutionary - some supporters of israel say u.s. policy on palestinian terrorism is by an intense desire to maintain the dialogue with the plo - but state department officials accuse israel of questionable claims to the u.s. - the dollar finished lower yesterday after tracking another session on wall street - concern about the volatile u.s. stock market had faded in recent sessions and traders appeared content to let the dollar in a narrow range until tomorrow when the preliminary report on third-quarter u.s. gross national product is released - but gyrations in the dow jones industrial average yesterday put wall street back in the and inspired market participants to bid the u.s. unit lower - ual 's decision to remain an independent company sent share prices tumbling - by midmorning the had plunged N points and foreign-exchange dealers quickly drove the dollar down - when the modestly rebounded the dollar bounced back in dealings but ended the day below the levels of late monday - stock prices meanwhile posted significant gains in later trading and closed down by only N points on the day - some dealers said that the market 's strong reaction to wall street reflects a general about the dollar - they added that the 's swift drop proved an easy excuse for the market to drive the u.s. currency in the direction it was already headed - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks monday and at N yen down from N yen late monday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late monday - in tokyo wednesday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen down from tuesday 's tokyo close of N yen - tom a vice president with banque paribas in new york sees a break in the dollar 's long-term upward trend a trend that began in january N - he argues that the dollar is now moving adding that the next leg could be the beginning of a longer term bearish phase - analysts the dollar 's recent weakness to an underlying slowdown in the u.s. economy by recent economic data particularly a surprisingly sharp widening in the august u.s. trade gap - they also point out that narrowing interest-rate between the u.s. and its major trading partners tend to make the u.s. currency less attractive to foreign investors - despite several of dollar trading it was noted that cross trade grabbed much of the market 's attention - following the dive in u.s. stocks the mark has strengthened more than its major counterparts - traders attribute the mark 's surge to a robust west german economy and higher rate - but they add that the mark 's strength is in part a reflection of a shift away from u.s. assets by japanese investors into west german investments - the question remains how much can the west german market absorb says one senior dealer - some dealers say that bank of japan governor 's that japanese monetary policy wo n't be changed for the time being has given investors an added excuse to push the yen down even further against the mark - despite the yen 's weakness with respect to the mark tokyo traders say they do n't expect the bank of japan to take any action to support the japanese currency on that front - meanwhile sterling slumped on news that the united kingdom posted a trade deficit in september - the news also knocked the british unit to below N marks in london but a of helped sterling recoup some of its earlier losses - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery jumped $ N to $ N an ounce - the close was the highest since aug. N - estimated volume was a light two million ounces - in early trading in hong kong wednesday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - boston co. the financial services concern that was rocked by a management scandal late last year has had a sharp drop in profitability mainly because a high-risk bet on interest rates - boston co. 's fall from grace is bad news for its parent shearson lehman hutton holdings inc. which has relied heavily on the banking and money management unit 's contributions in recent years - in N for example boston co. had an estimated pretax profit of at least $ N million while shearson managed net income of just $ N million - shearson does n't break out the earnings of its subsidiaries - but people familiar with boston co. 's performance say the unit had profit of around $ N million for the third quarter after barely breaking even for the first six months - shearson meanwhile posted net income of $ N million for the first nine months of the year down slightly from $ N million for the year-ago period - moody 's investors service inc. last week downgraded the long-term deposit rating of boston co. 's boston safe deposit & trust co. subsidiary to single-a-1 from citing problems in the company 's aggressively managed securities portfolio - john a moody 's vice president said boston safe deposit 's performance has been hurt this year by a in the maturities of its assets and liabilities - the exposed the company to a high degree of interest-rate risk and when rates moved beginning late last year and continuing into this year it cost them mr. said - mr. noted that boston safe deposit has taken some actions to better control management and improve controls in general and we think these will serve to improve credit quality - as some securities mature and the proceeds are reinvested the problems ought to ease he said - but he also cited concerns over the company 's mortgage exposure in the troubled new england real estate market - boston co. officials declined to comment on moody 's action or on the unit 's financial performance this year except to deny a published report that outside accountants had discovered evidence of significant accounting errors in the first three quarters ' results - an accounting controversy at the end of last year forced boston co. to admit it had pretax profits by some $ N million - the resulting scandal led to the of james n. von as boston co. 's president and to the resignations of the company 's chief financial officer and treasurer - the executives were accused of improperly deferring expenses and revenue early in an effort to dress up results and perhaps bolster bonuses - mr. von in turn attributed the controversy to errors by accountants and accused shearson of conducting a hunt - mr. of moody 's said the problems in the securities portfolio stem largely from positions taken last year - the company 's current management found itself locked into this he said - mexico exported an average of N barrels of crude oil a day at an average of $ N a barrel during N 's first eight months for a total of $ N billion s.a. said - the state petroleum monopoly said sales in the period gained N N and $ N million more than originally projected at an average of $ N a barrel on an export platform of N barrels a day - chicago - sears roebuck & co. is struggling as it enters the critical christmas season - yesterday the retailing and financial services giant reported a N N drop in third-quarter earnings to $ N million or N cents a share from a restated $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - but the news was even worse for sears 's core u.s. retailing operation the largest in the nation - sears said its u.s. stores had a loss of $ N million their first deficit for the period in more than five years - analysts estimated that sales at u.s. stores declined in the quarter too - the results underscore sears 's difficulties in the everyday low pricing strategy that it adopted in march as part of a broad attempt to revive its retailing business - under the new approach sears set prices that were somewhere between its old regular and sale prices - the company said it would resort far less often to slashing prices to woo shoppers - sears officials insist they do n't intend to abandon the everyday pricing approach in the face of the poor results - instead a spokesman blames the dismal third-quarter showing on an environment that is being distorted by a very harsh climate for sales of durable goods which account for roughly two-thirds of sears 's annual merchandise volume - the new pricing strategy is working the spokesman asserted - he added that after an initial surge triggered by an advertising in march sears expected that the pricing program would n't have any effect on revenue - sears has been counting on growth coming from the large displays of merchandise it is adding to its stores over the next two years in what it calls power - but analysts say sears faces an especially challenge on the of the christmas shopping season - i believe everyday pricing in the current environment does n't work says walter of morgan stanley & co. pointing to soft sales - sears is likely to be unsuccessful if it continues with its pricing policy when everyone else is offering unusual values - in what amounts to an admission that the transition has n't gone as smoothly as sears had hoped the giant retailer is now trying new ways to drum up business without appearing to abandon its strategy - the company is more special deals in its advertising and stores and it 's offering to defer finance charges on certain items - sears is also stepping up its television ads and changing its message - in a new tv ad for instance a woman going through the sunday newspaper brands as claims by other stores that they are offering goods for N N N N and N N off - by lowering prices throughout its stores she says sears has the right idea - but the ad also sears 's sales a topic that the retailer has avoided since switching to everyday pricing - when sears has a sale at a special price the woman in the ad declares it 's something you do n't want to miss - recent surveys by leo j. shapiro & associates a market research firm in chicago suggest that sears is having a tough time attracting shoppers because it has n't yet done enough to improve service or its selection of merchandise - the number of people who said they were more likely to shop at sears fell in september to N N from N N in march when sears the with ads about its new pricing strategy - moreover the number of people who cited lower prices as the reason for their interest in sears declined to N N in september from N N in march - just N N of the respondents mentioned brands in september up slightly from N N in march - only N N of the people in september cited sears 's friendly personnel - the power of price as an appeal which was very considerable in driving traffic in march and april has diminished says george president of shapiro & associates - you see some improvement in these other areas but it 's a very small and slow process - for the third quarter sears said its total revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - net income at sears 's merchandise group which includes international and credit card operations as well as u.s. stores fell N N - profit at sears 's insurance unit fell N N to $ N million because of hurricane hugo which the greatest single storm damage loss in the company 's history - sears said claims from the storm as expected reduced its third-quarter net by $ N million or N cents a share - is expected to absorb another big hit in the fourth quarter as claims pour in from the san francisco earthquake - but a spokesman said the quake wo n't have as big a financial impact on as hurricane hugo did - net income at sears 's dean witter services group meanwhile rose nearly N N to $ N million reflecting improvements in its basic stock brokerage and discover credit card businesses - profit at sears 's banker real estate group nearly to $ N million because of gains on sales of property - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday sears shares closed at $ N up N cents - oil imports to japan rose N N in september from year-earlier levels according to statistics released by the government 's ministry of international trade and industry - the imports totaling N million barrels were N N lower than august levels - the rise was partly because of higher demand for petroleum products and partly because of tax changes in N that left oil companies with high inventories in the period - imports of crude from the middle east grew N N from year-earlier levels and southeast asian crude imports grew N N - while mideast crude imports were higher compared with year-earlier levels they fell N N compared with august imports - southeast asian crude imports however were N N higher than august - this is in response to george 's business world column the housing market is a bigger mess than you think page sept. N - in houston we have seen how bad the housing problem can become - unused houses rapidly affecting the value of nearby homes in a effect the entire neighborhood can fall victim - at this stage some people just walk away from homes where the mortgage exceeds current market value - but most of them could have to keep up their payments they chose not to do so - the problem is so vast that we need to try innovative solutions in experiments - here are some ideas - N foreclosed homes could be sold by the fha for no down payment the biggest obstacle to young buyers but with personal liability for the mortgage no walking away by choice - N encourage long-term by one month 's payment off the end of the mortgage for every six months paid or perhaps have the down payment deferred to the end of the mortgage balloon but on a monthly basis as long as the owner remains the - N develop rental agreements with exclusive purchase options for the - an will in most every case be better for the home and neighborhood than a vacant house - in this way the house is not dumped on to a market - john f. merrill - houston - the federal housing administration veterans administration and the department of housing and urban development further the problem of affordable housing stock by buying in to their foreclosed properties of which there are many at an inflated balance due say $ N on a house worth $ N instead of allowing a free market to price the house for what it 's really worth - worse the properties then sit around deteriorating for maybe a year or so but are eventually because of the of the low down payment etc to a marginal buyer who ca n't afford both the mortgage and needed repairs and having little vested interest that buyer will walk away and the vicious cycle itself all over again - paul - italy 's unemployment rate rose to N N of the labor force in july from N N in april and was up from N N a year earlier according to quarterly figures from the state statistical institute - istat said a national survey during the first week of july showed the number of job was N up from N in april and from N a year ago - the unemployment rate was by far the highest in the southern so-called region - the southern unemployment rate rose to N N in july from N N in april and from N N a year earlier - istat said N more people were employed in july than in april - xerox corp. 's third-quarter net income grew N N on N N higher revenue earning mixed reviews from wall street analysts - quarter net for the and financial-services company rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading xerox closed at $ N a share up $ N - sales growth and profit in business products and systems xerox 's main business were disappointing said b. alex henderson who follows the company for prudential-bache securities inc - sales of xerox and other office products grew N N we expected growth of N N to N N mr. henderson said - margins slipped almost N N to N N of sales the analyst noted - still with competitors such as eastman kodak co. in sales xerox 's sales increases were encouraging says eugene glazer of dean witter reynolds inc - they are holding their own in a weak market and the restructuring is working he says - david t. xerox chairman and chief executive officer cited the restructuring and strong cost controls for the N N growth in profit from business products and systems operations - mr. glazer expects xerox to experience tough though in financial services because of rate pressures and uncertainty surrounding tax treatment of capital gains - in the quarter the & insurance unit reported $ N million before tax of capital gains from property and casualty operations - the subsidiary also increased reserves by $ N million however and set aside an additional $ N million for claims connected with hurricane hugo - for the nine months xerox earned $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - new orders for durable goods fell back slightly in september after shooting up the month before reflecting weakening auto demand after a of orders for new N models the commerce department reported - orders for military equipment household appliances machinery and other goods expected to last at least three years dipped N N last month to $ N billion after leaping N N in august the department said - most analysts had expected a sharper decline after the steep rise in august - moreover a recent government report showing widespread layoffs in manufacturing had contributed to perceptions that the manufacturing sector of the economy had slowed to a - but many economists pointed to a N N september rise in orders outside the volatile transportation category - that suggests the manufacturing sector is not falling apart said an economist at manufacturers hanover securities corp. in new york - she added however it is not robust by any means - while a decline in orders for cars and civilian airplanes pulled down the orders total an enormous jump in orders for heavy military equipment it up - orders for capital defense goods skyrocketed N N and a government analyst said nearly all areas saw increases including airplanes missiles ships tanks and communications equipment - orders for military goods usually in september government officials say as the pentagon to spend its money before the new fiscal year begins oct. N - while all the numbers in the durable goods report were adjusted for seasonal fluctuations a commerce department analyst said that the adjustment probably did n't factor out all of the surge in defense orders - without the increase in defense bookings september orders would have plummeted N N - analysts were most unsettled by evidence the backlog of orders at factories is slipping - unfilled orders for durable goods rose N N in september to $ N billion after declining for the first time in N N years in august - in july unfilled orders grew N N - but analysts noted that excluding transportation where what they believe was a temporary surge in auto demand pushed up the figures order backlogs have declined for three months in a row - it means we 're eating into the bread that keeps us going - that is a little disturbing ms. said - it also means if you have a real in orders production will likely fall off very quickly because there is less to keep things going - capital goods orders outside of the defense sector tumbled for the second month in a row posting a N N drop after a N N decline - such steep drops in a category seen as a barometer of business investment would be grave news for the economy - but a commerce department analyst said that in both months orders would have risen had it not been for a drop in civilian aircraft bookings a category that is showing declines only after a huge surge earlier this year - still milton hudson senior economic adviser at morgan guaranty trust co. in new york said if you look back a or so the evidence was pretty good of strength in the sector - now at least there are question marks about that and without any question the pace of growth has slowed - norfolk southern corp. directors authorized the railroad company to buy back as many as N million of its shares which would have a current value of more than $ N billion - the buy-back coupled with a nearly completed earlier purchase of N million shares would reduce shares outstanding by more than N N - the norfolk va. company has N million shares outstanding - in a statement arnold b. chairman and chief executive officer noted that the new repurchase program should serve to enhance shareholder value - a spokeswoman said the company will finance the buy-back with cash on hand borrowing and cash norfolk expects to generate - analysts said they expected the action and investors the move - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange norfolk southern shares closed at $ N up $ N - still analysts do n't expect the buy-back to significantly affect per-share earnings in the short term - the impact wo n't be that great said of first boston corp - that is in part because of the effect of having to average the number of shares outstanding she said - in addition mrs. said norfolk is likely to draw down its cash initially to finance the purchases and thus some interest income - longer term however the buy-back is expected to increase earnings especially after N mrs. said - moreover the extensive program in effect a floor for the stock price said joel price analyst for donaldson lufkin & jenrette - the buy-back is really a comfort to those who want to buy the stock that there is a price floor he said - at a certain price if the management thinks the stock is cheap they can go in and buy it - under the program norfolk plans to acquire shares in the open market - under the earlier plan norfolk was authorized in N to buy up to N million shares - it has purchased about N million of them - john b. N years old resigned as chairman of this diesel truck manufacturer effective upon appointment of a successor - last month mr. was succeeded by ralph e. reins as chief executive officer following several quarters of lackluster or declining performance - falcon holding group inc. said it agreed to acquire about N subscribers from first carolina cable tv limited partnership for about $ N million or roughly $ N a subscriber - the subscribers are in N different communities in georgia alabama and mississippi - completion of the sale is expected early next year falcon said - currently falcon has about N subscribers around the nation the company 's unit reported N revenue of about $ N million - in composite trading on the american stock exchange falcon closed at $ N unchanged - richard w. lock retired vice president and treasurer of inc. was named a director of this transportation industry supplier increasing its board to six members - usx corp. said it delayed the proposed initial public offering of common stock of titanium co. because of market conditions - titanium is owned jointly by usx and quantum chemical corp - usx which had n't set a date for the offering did n't disclose any timetable for the offering - your oct. N editorial & on the recent education summit was like most pieces on the subject of education it had little to say - oddly though on the very same page you printed a comment that addresses one of the most serious of the american education system - unfortunately the comment was buried in another article so it could not stand out in an education context - in the manager 's journal kageyama in commenting on many differences between american and japanese culture said japanese children are raised in a way many americans would find severe - after a early they are exposed to rigid discipline as soon as they enter school - what far too many people concerned about education either fail to understand or choose to ignore is that american children on the whole are among the most in the world making any attempt at improvements in the mode of education potentially unsuccessful - unless parents and educators alike start to develop more discipline in children all the worthy concern discussions and actions will not solve the problem - allen b. - retired adm. william j. former chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and robert p. chairman and chief executive officer of schering-plough corp. were elected directors of this securities firm - the board expanded to N seats - tuesday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - roy e. the company 's president and chief operating officer since sept. N was named to its board - the appointment increased the number of directors to N three of whom are company employees - simpson is an auto parts maker - japan has climbed up from the of world war ii and a gross national product of about $ N per capita to reach the class among industrialized nations - now this remarkable economic growth seems to be coming to an end because the government has not converted itself into a modern democratic developed nation mode of operation - until N when japan joined the $ N per capita gnp club of the advanced countries it was a model developing nation - the government built ports bridges highways schools hospitals and - when industries were weak it protected them - it gave the japanese people a value system based on the that given the country 's lack of natural resources they must work hard to create value through exports and buy food with the surplus - individual prosperity inevitably would result - that system has worked - the standard of living has increased steadily over the past N years more than N N of the people consider themselves middle class - the people have given their leading and only credible political party the liberal democratic party clear and power for those N years - the ldp won by a in the last election in july N - but less than two years later the ldp started to and dissent rose to unprecedented heights - the symptoms all point to one thing japan does not have a modern government - its government still wants to sit in the driver 's seat set the speed step on the gas apply the and steer with N million people in the back seat - in a modern system the government 's role is to give the people as much choice as possible and to keep them well informed so they are capable of making a choice - it also allows people to buy the best and the cheapest goods from anywhere in the world - the japanese government does n't allow this - the ministry of agriculture and actually is a ministry for farmers and instead of a ministry of provisions - the ministry of health and welfare is a ministry of doctors and pharmaceutical companies rather than an organization dedicated to protecting the health of the people - the ministry of education is nothing but a for licensed teachers and certainly does not act on behalf of students - the ministry of construction spreads concrete throughout the country and boasts in international conferences that japan 's roadway per capita is the longest in the world but they seldom think of the poor commuters who spend so much time sitting in traffic - the ministry of transportation serves the industry certainly not the passengers who must pay extraordinarily high prices - and the ministry of foreign affairs works for itself supporting japanese diplomats who abundant aid money around the world to ensure that their seat at the dinner table is next to the host 's - this ministry has done nothing to correct the and that are at the root of japan 's deteriorating image - instead it seems to be using foreign pressure and even the trade conflict to expand its of influence a other ministries - all this illustrates that japanese ministries still have a provider mentality they do not serve the people and particularly not consumers - they serve the industries and the special-interest groups - the rest of the world accepted such methods when japan was developing - japanese put up with it because the government provided job stability and growing - japan is not a political country - it is a bureaucratic country - the diet plays a minor role compared with the powerful bureaucratic system - most bills are drafted by bureaucrats not politicians - the diet does n't normally even debate bills because the opposition parties are so often opposed to whatever ldp does that it would be a waste of time - so most bills are passed without full discussion particularly difficult bills are passed in the absence of the opposition parties - a recent example is the N N consumption tax on all commercial activities - this makes enormous sense in japan where direct tax accounts for more than N N of revenues and the capture rate of direct tax is so unfair - if you are a man N N captured - if you are a retailer N N and a farmer N N - to correct this most people would have favored an indirect tax like the consumption tax - but the bill was passed without debate in the diet in the absence of the opposition - as a result the japanese people did n't know what to expect when the new law was introduced on april N - they were frustrated by the longer at the and the small coins given as change - all of a sudden prices were no longer in denominations of N or N - they were N or N - pockets exploded with coins - while people were their change the ldp politicians were caught in scandals - money such as in recruit 's political donations and women as in the cases of prime minister and secretary general seldom have caused political scandals in japan - most men were a bit about the sex scandals though they were about recruit women were upset about both and surged to the polls - in the recent upper house and tokyo metropolitan congressional elections in which the socialist party won a runaway victory N N of all women voted as opposed to the usual N N - it is difficult to analyze how much of their anger was due to recruit the sex scandals or the coins in their but they obviously were voting to punish the ldp - taken by surprise the socialist party is busy changing its - it 's now ok to deal with the u.s. but not the soviet union - nuclear power plants are acceptable - the security treaty can continue sort of - and so on - against the rapid cosmetic overhaul of the socialist party the ldp has been - now is the time to reform the government from a provider developing-country vanguard role to that of a modern industrialized nation in which consumers have the ultimate choice - if the ldp as currently composed ca n't make the then it should split into two parties - one party could stand for consumer interests small government free trade and to put japan clearly among the most developed and open countries - the other party could continue on the traditional track of the ldp representing the manufacturers ' preference for larger government control regulation and - the ldp must make a decision immediately lower house elections must take place before june - in the current mood of the japanese people journalists and even some giving power to the might be good for the ldp it of past - we must not forget however that such a political experiment could cause a global wave of shocks in real-estate and financial markets - at the most there is only nine months before the ldp burns out - mr. is managing director of & co. in japan - early this century diamond mining in the dunes where the desert meets the atlantic ocean was a day at the beach - men would in the sand looking for stones - it was as easy as collecting sea at - men are still the beach with and hand searching for that unusual - but only after a fleet of N vehicles to de beers consolidated mines ltd. the world 's diamond do their work - last year N million tons of desert were moved from one to another to recover N which comes to N tons of sand per carat or - oh yes the atlantic was also pushed back N yards - if there 's diamonds out there we 'll get to them says johns de beers 's engineering manager - here between shifting dunes and waves at the world 's most diamond dig lies the earth 's most precious box - thanks to centuries of by mother nature first in the current of the orange river that carried the stones from south africa 's interior then in the cold of the ocean and finally in the of the desert N N of the diamonds uncovered are of quality - while other mines might yield more a higher percentage of them go to industrial use - since this is too big to fit in a bank vault it has been turned into one - months after railway worker first picked up a diamond from the sand in N the german who controlled namibia proclaimed a wide of the desert about N miles north from the orange river and N miles inland from the atlantic a restricted area a normally reserved for military operations - when the germans lost world war i they lost namibia to south africa and the diamonds to ernest oppenheimer of american corp. and de beers - today no one gets in or out of the restricted area without de beers 's approval - the mining zone has thus remained one of the most places in africa - ghost towns the dunes proving diamonds are n't forever - the mine headquarters is a corporate of N residents - the streets at night and with long straight in from the desert to drink from water - on most days the desert 's heat and the cool of the ocean combine to create a like a damp - the wind with sand never seems to stop - still miners from all parts of namibia as well as professional staff from de beers 's head offices in south africa and london keep coming - and boasts besides diamonds - there are six video rental shops three restaurants one and N sports and recreation clubs for everything from to lawn bowling - the pride of is the golf course with the largest sand trap in the world - last year when the rising orange river threatened to the course the same engineers who are pushing back the atlantic rushed to build a wall to hold back the flood - nothing is too good for our golf course says tony george a mining engineer - despite fears the mine may be partially by the new government following next month 's elections the country from south african control de beers engineers are working to extend the mine 's productive life for another N years from the current estimate of N - huge machines that look as though they came from the star wars scene lumber among the dunes - vacuum probe the sand like giant a with instead of seats through of sand tracks and belts sand to the plants the beach - then there is the sea wall N yards long and N yards thick into the ocean - made of sand it receives against the waves - when the mining in front of the wall is complete it is moved - a companion that helps hold back the sea looks like a - engineers first used concrete blocks to bolster the barrier but the ocean them aside like - then someone decided to try equipment that held against the waves - the caterpillar people are n't too happy when they see their equipment used like that mr. george - they figure it 's not a very good - despite all these most of the diamonds are still found in the sand away by the men and the named who in the wake of the - in blue and gray they are supposed to concentrate on cleaning out and not strain their eyes looking for diamonds - but should they spy one the company will pay a bonus equal to one-third its value - for these workers at the bottom of the mine 's pay scale this is usually enough to overcome the temptation to steal a crime that could earn them up to N years in jail - still employees do occasionally try to out a or two - one man several diamonds in the of his tie - another a hole in the of his - a food stones in the false bottom of a milk - none made it past the body searches and of mine security - disaster states are n't jumping to raise taxes for relief and recovery - not yet anyway - just after hurricane hugo battered south carolina some officials talked of perhaps adding a penny to the state gasoline tax or raising property taxes - gov. campbell responded they 're when there 's been a hanging in the family - a spokesman says the governor believes he can avoid increases by relying on federal aid and shifting funds in state programs - still hugo 's impact may revive unsuccessful proposals to give local governments authority to levy sales taxes - a spokesman for north carolina gov. martin says hugo has n't prompted proposals for state or local increases - california where earthquake damage may top $ N billion plans a special legislative session - relief is likely - legislators are talking about temporary rises in sales or gasoline taxes although gov. deukmejian says they should be a last resort - needs are n't clear and the state constitution makes increasing taxes and spending very difficult - but some legislators think the time may be to revise the constitution - the irs will pay if its error burdens you with bank charges - policy statement sets out terms - as a result of an irs levy on a bank account a taxpayer may incur administrative and charges - if the irs admits its error and the charges have been paid it will reimburse a taxpayer who has n't refused to give timely answers to irs inquiries or has n't contributed to continuing or the error - the irs recently amended the policy to cover charges for checks lost by the irs - if the irs asks for and gets a replacement for a check that it concedes it lost in processing it will reimburse the taxpayer for the charge on the original - claims must be filed with the irs district or director within a year after the expense - if the irs seeks interest because of the lost check you should request interest publisher prentice hall notes - just five acres more are all we need to feel really at home they say - a couple we 'll call the spent nearly $ N on a plot and main home and have an old $ N mortgage exempt from the new limit on deductions - they plan to expand the home site by buying five acres for $ N borrowed against a first mortgage on the five acres and also collateralized by the N acres - their debt will be well under the $ N million limit on borrowing to acquire build or improve a home that for deductions - as you can guess the want to interest on the $ N loan - but irs private ruling N notes no rule or court case bears directly on the issue of adding land to a principal residence - so the irs has drawn a rationale from the sale of a home site split in two and sold in different years to the same buyer a court let the seller in that old case treat this as the sale of one residence - thus the irs says the ' $ N loan is debt and interest on it is fully deductible - earthquake victims facing imminent filing and payment deadlines will get and penalty like those provided for hugo 's victims irs notice N has details - notice N offers added relief for concerns that must file pension and returns - reports of payments to independent contractors for services must be filed by businesses but do n't bet that contractors ' income will be detected that way - the general accounting office estimates that N N of irs audits do n't spot companies that fail to file the reports - - a claim by peter of new york that a paid him $ N to go into a bank and change $ N in small bills into large bills is the tax court found - it held that is taxable on $ N of income - why be a for charitable gifts a asks - a retired electrical engineer we 'll call ben works as a consultant but he does n't want to earn so much that social security reduces his benefits - so he has arranged for a university foundation to set up a fund for engineering students - he plans to tell clients to pay certain fees directly to the foundation instead of to him he would those fees from income reported on his return - so he asked the irs if the plan would work - well notes irs private ruling N a fundamental principle is that income must be taxed to whoever earns it - the rule goes back at least as far as a N supreme court decision robert of shearson lehman hutton says - if you your income to another you still have controlled its and enjoyed the of your labor even if indirectly - ben earns any fees sent directly to charity and is taxable on them the irs says of course he also may take a charitable deduction for them - briefs - ways and means veteran d. moves to the house budget committee rep. d. md him - seattle 's license fees for adult shows vary from those for other without serving a substantial government interest and are unconstitutional the appeals court holds for investments inc - blue-chip advertisers have plenty of complaints about the magazines they in ranging from inadequate consumer research to ad clutter and a seemingly proliferation of special interest magazines - criticism from such big advertisers as lauder inc. colgate-palmolive co. and seagram co. put a on the euphoria at the american magazine conference here - the conference opened monday with reports about consumer magazines ' growth in circulation and advertising revenue in the past year - magazines are not providing us information on circulation said edgar bronfman jr. president and chief operating officer of seagram in a panel discussion - how do readers feel about the magazine - how deeply do they read it - research does n't tell us whether people actually do read the magazines they subscribe to - mark chief executive of colgate-palmolive said advertisers lack detailed and geographic of magazines ' audiences - we need research that us that magazines are a real value in reader 's lives that readers are really involved - the critics also the magazine industry for something executives often are very proud of the growth in magazine titles during the 1980s - leonard lauder president and chief executive officer of lauder said consumer magazines are suffering from what he called the increasing number of magazines that target the interests of readers - our advertising dollars said mr. lauder - we are being - we are constantly faced with deciding which partnerships with magazines we can keep - he added there 's probably even a magazine for but the general interest magazine is something we all miss and it should come back - mr. lauder also attacked what he sees as the wide of a fashion magazine published by communications inc. and criticized the practice of ads at the front of magazines - readers do n't want to face all those ad pages at the front of a magazine he said - magazine editors did not take the criticisms lying down - we spend a fortune on research information said steve publisher of meredith corp. 's metropolitan home - and brown editor of publications inc. 's fair said advertisers are frequently asked to take advertising positions in the back of her magazine to relieve ad clutter - but advertisers would n't think of it she said - bernard president of added our research shows we sell more of our heavier issues because readers believe they are getting more for what they pay for - wall street securities giant salomon inc. posted a big unexpected earnings gain in the third quarter buoyed by its securities trading and investment banking activities - salomon said net income soared to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue more than doubled to $ N billion from $ N billion - a salomon spokesman said its stock bond and foreign exchange trading as well as its investment banking operations were mostly responsible for the earnings jump - the earnings were fine and above expectations said michael w. an analyst at first boston corp - nevertheless salomon 's stock fell $ N yesterday to close at $ N a share in new york stock exchange composite trading - i suspect october was n't as good as the third quarter and they 'll have difficulty matching the third quarter in the fourth quarter mr. said - but some analysts say salomon has turned the corner - i upgraded the firm to my buy list because i certainly see signs of improvement says lawrence an analyst at prudential-bache securities - the market has been overly harsh to them - analysts say investors remain toward salomon because of its volatile earnings - in the first quarter salomon had a record loss of $ N million on revenue of $ N billion - but in the second quarter salomon posted a record $ N million net on revenue of $ N billion - for the real estate industry a for the 1990s will be buy more than build - that 's the word expected to be on the of the more than N developers advisers and real estate financiers slated to attend a four-day conference beginning here today sponsored by the urban land institute - the is a research and education group based in washington d.c. with N members nationwide - with the market overbuilt builders are finding limited opportunities and increased risks - developers and money managers are looking for bargains among the thousands of financially troubled properties around the country - real estate professionals now often bill themselves as turnaround experts and workout specialists - conference are expected to be about the workings of the recently formed resolution trust corp. a federal agency charged with of an estimated $ N billion of real estate dumped in government hands by insolvent savings and loans - developers are also the real estate portfolios of major corporations - some plan to pursue foreign development ventures mostly in europe - and other developers may shift from commercial to residential development in the u.s. - there are n't as many economically viable alternatives for real estate developers in this country as N years ago says charles shaw a chicago-based real estate developer - so developers are saying they will look into properties - they 'll go into someone else 's as long as it 's than the one they 're in now - developers are also forming more joint ventures with pension funds and insurance companies that can finance big projects - the builders are more willing to give up some equity and rely on management and consulting fees to stay afloat in the soft market - developers are up with institutions often acting as project managers says york president and president of york properties inc. of n.c - they are growing more about their role - real estate firms are also using their alliances with financial institutions to acquisition funds - why should you beat your brains out fighting the environmentalists the neighborhood groups dealing with traffic and fighting city hall then try to convince a lender to lend you money in an overbuilt market when you can get pension fund money buy a portfolio sell off pieces off it and play your own game says jack managing partner of the los angeles office of kenneth leventhal inc. a national accounting firm - but experts say that when it comes to properties finding diamonds in the rough is n't easy - the level of interest in the rtc 's properties has been greater than expected and has come from larger companies than initially anticipated says ross leventhal 's partner - and to succeed in the turnaround business he says developers may have to put in a lot of money and time - finding pension funds and other sources willing to invest is a high priority - david director of real estate research for salomon brothers inc. a theme of the urban land conference will be take a pension fund manager to lunch - sheraton corp. and pan american world airways announced that they and two soviet partners will construct two hotels within a mile of red square in moscow - u.s. and soviet officials hailed the joint project as a new indication of the further in u.s.-soviet relations - this is an outstanding example of how the east and the west can work together for their mutual benefit and progress said soviet ambassador who a signing for the venture 's partners at the soviet embassy here - commerce secretary robert mosbacher who attended the called the undertaking a historic step in the evolution of u.s.-soviet ties - he added that it likely will have a effect in further trade between the two countries - the project will be the largest joint venture to be undertaken in the soviet union in recent years - one of the hotels to be called the sheraton moscow will have N rooms and will cost an estimated $ N million to build - the hotel will be on gorky street and initially will cater mostly to business travelers - it will have a russian an english a and japanese and italian restaurants according to a sheraton announcement - the hotel is scheduled to open in N - the second hotel to be called the hotel is to be constructed at a site even closer to red square - details about its size and cost have n't yet been determined - sheraton a subsidiary of itt corp. will have a N N share in the two hotels pan american a subsidiary of pan am corp. will have a N N share - the soviet owners will be moscow 's city governing body and aeroflot the soviet national airline - although a finnish group has a minority interest in an already operating moscow hotel the am venture will be the first joint-venture hotels in the soviet union to have as much as N N foreign ownership - u.s. companies account for less than N N of the N or more soviet joint ventures that have been announced since the soviets began encouraging such in N - but some u.s. companies are negotiating projects that could be among the biggest ones to be launched - chevron corp. amoco corp. co. and eastman kodak co. are among the u.s. companies known to be considering such ventures - sheraton and pan am said they are assured under the soviet joint-venture law that they can profits from their hotel venture - the sheraton moscow will charge about $ N to $ N a day for each of its rooms and it will accept payment only in currencies that can be traded in foreign exchange markets according to a sheraton executive - thomas pan am 's chairman said the u.s. airline 's participation is a natural of its current arrangements with aeroflot to jointly operate new flights - he said the rising volume of passenger traffic on this route justifies a major investment in new moscow hotels - david was named to the new post of executive vice president of the maxwell macmillan group of this communications giant - mr. takes primary responsibility for the electronic and group - he had been group vice president of the group - also formerly a vice president at maxwell was named group vice president with responsibility for various electronic and companies - honda 's picture now hangs with henry ford 's in the u.s. automotive hall of fame and the jeopardy is soon to be - but no matter how much japan gets under our skin we 'll still have mom and apple pie - on second thought make that just mom - a japanese apple called the fuji is up in the way did on u.s. roads - by N it will be planted more often than any other apple tree according to a recent survey of six by washington state university robert norton - some fruit say the fuji could someday tumble the red delicious from the top of america 's apple - it certainly wo n't get there on looks - compared to the red delicious the of apple the fuji is more generally smaller with of red - to hear most u.s. growers tell it we 'd still be in if the had one to - but how sweet it is - it has more sugar than any apple we 've ever tested says greene a university of massachusetts or apple scholar - it has a long shelf life and does n't fool the public says an wash. grower who is fujis and spreading the good word about them - it does n't look nice on the outside while getting inside - mr. sharp at N has picked and packed a of apples over the past N years - he is known as the father of the smith a different apple that the conventional wisdom once said would never catch on - it did shaking the apple establishment to its roots - now even more radical changes seem as the grand old of american apples plays the role of - the fuji is going to be no. N to replace the red delicious he says - the delicious wo n't end anytime soon - new apple trees grow slowly and the red delicious is almost as entrenched as mom - its roots are with the first trees appearing in N in an near peru iowa to be exact - for more than N years it has been the apple of our eye - a good delicious can indeed be delicious - more than twice as many red delicious apples are grown as the golden variety america 's no. N apple - but the apple industry is for change - red delicious has been and its prices have dropped below the cost of production says washington state 's mr. norton - the scare over a growth regulator that makes apples and but may be made consumers shy away from the delicious though they were less affected than the - the and lower prices combined with cancer fears was a very serious blow to growers - a lot of growers wo n't be around in a few years says mr. norton although they have stopped using - one may be william broderick a sterling mass. grower - this is beautiful stuff he says looking at big boxes of red delicious next to his - but i 'm going to lose $ N to $ N on it - i 'm going to have to get another job this year just to eat - besides prices he has been hit recently by a of mice and bugs - some N and N diseases and through growers ' including black and the - even if a grower them back his $ N might off to the neighbors ' instead of his mr. broderick says - though growers ca n't always keep the worm from the apple they can protect themselves against the price of any one variety by diversifying into the recently imported a sweet new zealand native the reportedly thomas jefferson 's favorite apple kinds like the liberty - i 've out a lot of delicious and the trees with many different says steve wood a west lebanon n.h. grower through his poverty lane on a autumn day recently - i 've got N kinds of apples - here 's a he picking one off a tree - he it and throws it down - it 's a real dog - supermarkets are getting into the variety act too - they still buy apples mainly for big red good looks that 's why so many taste like ' bags - but counts more than it once did and stores are expanding shelf space for but and often apples - rather than sell delicious maybe we can sell fujis says chuck director for inc. a minneapolis supermarket chain and food distributor - the fuji is a product of japanese engineering which it N years ago at a government research - japanese researchers have dozens of of fujis to its color taste and shelf life - now the best of them age as as the industry 's gold standard for - in the of apples the fuji 's track record stands out during the past N years it has gone from almost to some N N of japan 's market - the japanese apple market is very to high quality says david lane a scientist at a canadian research center in british columbia and so apples are more of a there than a big food commodity - the u.s. department of agriculture estimates that this year americans will eat about N N more fresh apples per capita than the japanese - the fuji is still small potatoes in the u.s. sold mainly in fruit - but in california says craig a grower there 's a fuji apple - once somebody one they get - mr. the washington grower says that he could sell fujis to taiwan buyers at $ N a box if he had them - taiwan already is a big importer of fujis from other places he adds - but his first crop wo n't be picked till next year - i expect to see the demand exceed supply for fujis for the next N to N years he adds - washington red delicious by the way are for less than $ N a box these days - mr. sees fujis in part as striking a blow against the of u.s. apples by supermarkets - when the chain stores took over there was no longer a connection between grower and consumer - a guy is sitting up in an office deciding what you 're going to eat - after all until the 1950s even the red delicious was a firm - then as growers them more for looks and to satisfy supermarket chains ' demands of long-term storage the red went into decline - now those red things stores sell in summer are lovely but usually not good eating - they do deserve respect however they are almost a year old probably equal to about N in human years - the fuji to be sure has too - it later than most apples and growing it in u.s. areas with may be tricky - moreover the fuji must compete with an increasingly delicious - mr. broderick the massachusetts grower says the big boss at a supermarket chain even rejected his red delicious recently because they were n't and brushed for extra - and he had n't used which many growers employ to their delicious apples for greater eye appeal - still mr. points out became popular without big red looks so why not fujis - he sees a shift in american values at least regarding apples toward more emphasis on substance and less on - taste has finally come to the he says - or for that matter the core - inc. said its board increased the number of shares of common stock to be purchased under a previously authorized program to N million from N million - the maker of engineered materials has acquired more than N million shares under the program - the state attorney general 's office filed suit against five new york brokerage firms charging them with responsibility for much of a $ N million loss incurred by the state treasurer 's office in N - the suit sets the firms ' liability at more than $ N million - the firms are morgan stanley & co. salomon brothers inc. county natwest government securities inc. greenwich capital markets inc. and goldman sachs & co - the firms have all said that west virginia 's suit is without merit - on friday the firms filed a suit against west virginia in new york state court asking for a judgment them of liability - that suit is pending - the suits to a $ N million loss disclosed in december that was suffered by west virginia 's consolidated investment pool - the pool invested idle cash for many state agencies and local governments - in its suit the attorney general 's office alleges that brokers encouraged members of the treasurer 's office to engage in high-risk transactions that benefited the brokers - few people are aware that the federal government almost as much money as it - from N to N while federal budget deficits totaled $ N trillion the government issued $ N billion of new direct loans and an additional $ N billion of new primary loan guarantees - these figures secondary guarantees deposit insurance and the activities of enterprises a huge concern in its own right as detailed on this page may N - federal credit programs date back to the new deal and were meant to break even financially - since the 1950s federal lending has experienced extraordinary growth in credit volume subsidy rates and policy applications spurred on by the growth of government in general and budget and deceptive management in particular - as we will see many of these obligations do n't show up as part of the federal deficit - but recent events indicate that federal credit is out of control - student loan defaults remain high at about N N and the program has been rocked by allegations of fraud and - farmers home administration loans have turned into de programs losses over the next three years are expected to exceed $ N billion - defaults on veterans affairs loan guarantees have in the past eight years - last month the general accounting office reported that defaults in federal housing administration guarantees were five times as high as previously estimated and that fha 's equity fell to minus $ N billion - 's findings are particularly troubling because the fha has about $ N billion in obligations outstanding and had previously been considered one of the most financially secure credit programs - scores of other credit programs subsidizing agriculture small business exporters defense energy transportation and others are less visible but in no better shape - if the programs continue their present path the potential government losses are staggering the federal government holds $ N billion in direct loans outstanding and backs an additional $ N billion in primary guarantees - secondary guarantees of pools of fha and loans by the agency known as ginnie mae currently exceed $ N billion - although external events have contributed to the the principal causes of the current crisis are internal and generic to all programs - to reduce the risks while still retaining the legitimate benefits these programs can provide credit policy must N use credit to improve the operation of capital markets not to provide subsidies - there is a fundamental conflict between providing a subsidy and maintaining the integrity of a credit program - if the program is meant to provide a subsidy collecting the debt the original goal - thus subsidized loans tend to turn into programs with increasing subsidy and default rates over time - to avoid this problem government should issue credit only if it intends to use every legal method to collect - in contrast credit programs can be appropriate tools to improve the operation of capital markets - for example legal restrictions on interstate banking once the supply of credit to the agricultural sector - farm lending was enacted to correct this problem by providing a flow of funds - however this in no way justifies the huge government subsidies and losses on such loans - credit policy should separate these two competing objectives and eliminate aspects that provide the subsidy - for example student loans currently attempt to subsidize college attendance and problems created by the fact that students ' future earnings are not accepted as collateral - the program provides highly subsidized loans to any student whose family earns less than a particular amount - high default rates a low interest rate and government coverage of all interest costs while the student is in school make program costs extremely high - families that do not need the loan can make money simply by putting the loan in the bank and paying it back when the student graduates - in contrast a student loan program that was meant solely to correct would allow loans for any student regardless of family income at market or rates - while the student was in school interest costs would either be paid by the student or added to the loan balance - this program combined with cash grants to students would reduce program costs and much more effectively target the intended beneficiaries - N provide better incentives - given the structure of most credit programs it is surprising that default rates are not even higher - guarantee rates are typically N N giving lenders little reason to screen customers carefully - reducing those rates moderately say to N N would still provide substantial assistance to borrowers - but it would also encourage lenders to choose more customers and go a long way toward reducing defaults - for example the small business administration has had reasonable success in reducing both guarantee rates and default rates in its preferred lenders ' program - borrowers ' incentives are equally - since the government has a dismal record of collecting bad debts the costs to the of are usually low - in addition it is often possible to obtain a new government loan even if existing debts are not paid off - simple policy in this case would be to improve debt collection taking the off contracted collection agencies and to deny new credit to - these provisions would be difficult to enforce for a program intended to provide a subsidy but would be reasonable and effective devices for programs that attempt to offset market - N record the true costs of credit programs in the federal budget - since the budget measures cash flow a new $ N direct loan is treated as a $ N expenditure even though at least part of the loan will be paid back - loan guarantees do n't appear at all until the defaults so new guarantees do not raise the deficit even though they create future liabilities for the government - by converting an expenditure or loan to a guarantee the government can ensure the same flow of resources and reduce the current deficit - predictably guarantees outstanding have risen by $ N billion since N while direct loans outstanding have fallen by $ N billion - the true budgetary cost of a credit subsidy is the discounted value of the net costs to government - this figure could be estimated using techniques employed by private lenders to forecast losses or determined by selling loans to private owners without federal guarantees - neither technique is perfect but both are better than the current system which the costs of new credit programs by amounts that vary substantially and average about $ N billion annually according to the congressional budget office - a budget that reflected the real costs of lending would eliminate incentives to convert spending or lending programs to guarantees and would let taxpayers know what congress is committing them to - N impose standard accounting and administrative practices - creative accounting is a of federal credit - many agencies roll over their debt paying off loans by issuing new loans or converting defaulted loan guarantees into direct loans - in any case they avoid having to write off the loans - some agencies simply keep bad loans on the books as late as N the bank held in its portfolio at face value loans made to cuba in the 1950s - more seriously has carried several billion dollars of defaulted loans at face value - until 's recent audit fha books had not been subject to a complete external audit in N years - the administration of federal credit should closely parallel private lending practices including the development of a loan loss reserve and regular outside audits - establishing these practices would permit earlier of emerging financial crises provide better information for loan sales and decisions and reduce fraud - government lending was not intended to be a way to spending figures hide fraudulent activity or provide large subsidies - the reforms described above would provide a more limited but safer and ultimately more useful role for government as a lender - without such reforms credit programs will continue to be a large-scale high-risk proposition for taxpayers - mr. is an assistant professor of economics at - malcolm s. was named vice president and senior officer in charge of equipment leasing to municipalities a new effort of this bond insurer - mr. had been vice president and treasurer of corp - president bush is considering casting a line-item veto as a test to determine whether the courts will rule that he has such authority - mr. bush has long for passage of a bill or a constitutional amendment that would give him a line-item veto which would enable him to kill individual items in a big spending bill without having to kill the entire bill - he has argued that such presidential power is necessary to rein in congressional spending - but some analysts particularly conservative legal scholars have urged mr. bush not to wait for explicit authorization but simply to that the constitution already gives him the power to exercise a line-item veto - such an most likely would bring about a court challenge from congress that would clarify whether a president already has such power - white house spokesman marlin fitzwater confirming comments made this week by vice president dan quayle said mr. bush is interested in finding a suitable test case - but he also said that exercising a test line-item veto is n't a top initiative on the president 's agenda because he faces budget issues at the moment - harris executive vice president of customer satisfaction was named executive vice president finance and administration of this maker of data storage equipment - mr. succeeds william r. jr. who will remain with the company until the end of the year to support the transition and to complete important projects - the bush administration said it is a comprehensive proposal for agricultural trade that could help break an in the current round of trade negotiations - the proposal the u.s. desire to scrap or reduce a host of subsidies on farm products - but it would allow considerable flexibility in determining how and when these goals would be achieved - the u.s. plan also would ease the transition to agriculture trade by allowing some countries to convert barriers into tariffs that together with existing tariffs then would be phased out over N years - trade representative carla hills who along with agriculture secretary unveiled the proposal said she is confident it will gain considerable support from the u.s. 's trading partners - mr. seeking to european objections to an earlier u.s. plan that called for eliminating all barriers by the year N said the new u.s. proposal would n't put farmers out of business but would only encourage them to grow what the markets desire instead of what the government wants - the u.s. is the proposal today in geneva hoping that the initiative will spur members of the general agreement on tariffs and trade to reach agreement on new trade rules before their current negotiating round concludes in december N - another u.s. proposal filed monday urges more fair play in services trade including predictable and clear rules and in the treatment of foreign and domestic service companies - unlike the earlier u.s. proposal which struck european countries as too extreme the latest plan would provide some room for maneuver - for instance the new u.s. package makes clear there would be a transition period during which gatt members could use a combination of tariffs and quotas to cushion their farmers from foreign competition - it also says countries could temporarily raise tariffs on certain products if they experience an unusually heavy volume of imports - instead of proposing a complete elimination of farm subsidies as the earlier u.s. proposal did the new package calls for the elimination of only the most ones - less ones would be subject only to some restraints and others with a relatively minor trade impact would be allowed to continue under certain conditions - the new u.s. plan also would establish procedures to prevent countries from using health and rules to trade - the goal would be to resolve disputes such as one prompted by the european community 's current attempt to bar imports of beef from u.s. cattle - the u.s. contends that the rules are n't justified on health grounds - to encourage more competition among exporting countries the u.s. is proposing that export subsidies including tax incentives for exporters be phased out in five years - procter & gamble co. helped by a gain from a lawsuit settlement and continued growth overseas posted a N N rise in fiscal first-quarter net income - net for the quarter ended sept. N climbed to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - per-share figures have been adjusted for a 2-for-1 stock split effective oct. N - sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - earnings at the consumer-products giant were boosted by a gain of $ N million or about N cents a share stemming from last month 's settlement of litigation with three of p&g 's competitors over patents on p&g 's - excluding the gain p&g 's earnings were close to analysts ' predictions of about $ N a share for the quarter - wall street had expected a modest rise in the company 's domestic sales and earnings and more substantial increases in overseas results - one factor helping sales and earnings was a N N price rise for most p&g products except coffee analysts said - unit volume or amount of products shipped rose about N N in the international segment with p&g continuing to win market share in japan 's diaper and detergent markets - jay analyst with kidder peabody & co. said p&g 's always sold under the name in japan has firmly established itself as a leading brand - he figures p&g will expand its product line in japan to continue that momentum - p&g 's u.s. shipments were up just N N partly because the company decided to shift more promotions and sales for health and beauty products to the fiscal second quarter - analyst with salomon bros. predicts the shift will mean p&g 's sales growth in the second quarter will be in the double - also slowing growth in the u.s. were lackluster results for p&g 's cooking oils which had a strong year-earlier first quarter - last year 's drought in the midwest prompted retailers to stock up on oils ahead of anticipated price increases boosting sales for and oils analysts said - for fiscal N analysts expect p&g 's sales to continue to grow with earnings climbing between N N and N N - hyman vice president of equity research for first boston corp. expects p&g to post net of about $ N a share on a basis - but i 'm recognizing there 's a good chance they 'll do a bit better than that she says - in fiscal N p&g earned $ N a share adjusted for the stock split - one big factor affecting the fiscal second half will be the new of edwin l. who becomes chairman and chief executive officer in january - because of his remarkable success turning around p&g 's international operations analysts have high hopes for his tenure - if he does to the domestic operations what he did internationally says mr. this company will earn $ N or $ N a share in a few years - the voting rights act of N was enacted to keep the promise of the amendment and enable southern blacks to go to the polls by tests and other devices - years later the voting rights act has been transformed by the courts and the justice department into a program of racial gerrymandering designed to increase the number of blacks and other minorities hispanics and native americans holding office - in the 1980s the justice department and lower federal courts that enforce the voting rights act have required state legislatures and municipal governments to create the maximum number of safe minority election districts districts where minorities form between N N and N N of the voting population - the program has even been called upon to create safe white electoral districts in municipalities where whites are the minority - although section N of the act requiring that minorities win a share of offices few municipal and state government plans achieve by the justice department or survive the scrutiny of the lower federal courts unless they out as many minority districts as possible - the new goal of the voting rights act more minorities in political office is - for the political process to work all citizens regardless of race must feel represented - one essential indicator that they are is that members of minority groups get elected to public office with reasonable frequency - as is blacks constitute N N of the population but fewer than N N of elected leaders - but racial gerrymandering is not the best way to accomplish that essential goal - it is a quick fix for a complex problem - far from promoting a of interests among black white hispanic and other minority voters drawing the district lines according to race suggests that race is the voter 's and the candidate 's most important - such a policy implies that only a black politician can speak for a black person and that only a white politician can govern on behalf of a white one - examples of the divisive effects of racial gerrymandering can be seen in two cities new york and birmingham - when they their districts after the N census every other and state in the country will face this issue - new york city - racial gerrymandering has been a familiar policy in new york city since N when congress first amended the voting rights act to expand its reach beyond the southern states - in N the justice department required that the electoral in the borough of brooklyn be to concentrate black and hispanic votes despite protests that the new electoral would split a neighborhood of into two different districts - this year a commission appointed by the mayor to revise new york 's system of government completed a new charter expanding the city council to N from N members - sometime in N as soon as the N census becomes available a panel will the city council district lines - the charter revision commission has made it clear that in response to the expectations of the justice department and the commission 's own commitment to minority political leadership the new district lines will be drawn to maximize the number of minority districts - blacks and hispanics currently make up N N of the city 's population and hold only N N of the seats on the council - several of the city 's black leaders including democratic mayoral david dinkins have spoken out for racial gerrymandering to accord blacks and hispanics the opportunity for representation - in this connection it is important to note that several members of new york 's sitting city council represent districts that bring together sizable black hispanic and white 's district in northern manhattan and the south bronx and susan alter 's district in brooklyn for example - to win their seats on the council these political leaders have had to listen to all the voices in their district and devise public policies that would benefit all - often they have found that the relevant issue is not race but rather housing crime prevention or education - birmingham ala. - the unusual situation in birmingham illustrates the divisive consequences of out safe districts for racial minorities - in birmingham which is N N black whites are the minority - insisting that they are protected by the voting rights act a group of whites brought a federal suit in N to demand that the city abandon voting for the nine member city council and create nine electoral districts including four safe white districts - the white group argued that whites were not fully and fairly represented because in elections only black candidates or white candidates who to black interests could win - no federal court has ruled that the voting rights act protects a white minority but in june the justice department approved a plan for birmingham that out three districts and six districts - richard birmingham 's black mayor the consequences - in the past people who had to run for office had to moderate their views because they could n't afford to blacks or whites he said - now you go to districts you 're likely to get candidates whose views are more extreme white and black on racial issues - two hundred years ago critics of the new united states constitution warned that the electoral districts for congress were too large and too many different economic interests - a small farmer and a merchant could not be represented by the same spokesman they said - but james madison that argument in one of the most political ever written no. N of the papers - madison explained that a representative 's duty was to speak not for the narrow interests of one group but instead for the common good - large election districts would encourage good government said madison because a representative would be to serve the interests of all his constituents and be to none - madison 's noble and vision of the representative still can guide us - as long as we believe that all americans of every race and ethnic background have common interests and can live together our political should reflect our belief - racial gerrymandering creating separate black and white districts says that we have discarded that belief in our ability to live together and govern ourselves as one people - ms. is a constitutional scholar at the center for the study of the presidency in new york - the justice department has distributed these new guidelines for u.s. attorneys rico cases - a related editorial appears today - under rico the government may seek a temporary order tro upon the filing of a rico indictment in order to preserve all assets until the trial is completed and judgment entered - such orders can have a impact on third parties who do business with the defendants including clients vendors banks investors creditors dependents and others - some highly publicized cases involving rico have been the subject of considerable criticism in the press because of a perception that pre-trial of assets is to a seizure of property without due process - in order to ensure that the rights of all interested parties are protected the criminal division has instituted the following requirements to control the use of in rico prosecutions - it should be noted that these requirements are in addition to any other existing requirements such as review by the asset forfeiture office - N as part of the approval process for rico prosecutions the prosecutor must submit any proposed forfeiture tro for review by the organized crime and racketeering section - the prosecutor must show that such as bonds are not likely to preserve the assets for forfeiture in the event of a conviction - N in seeking approval of a tro the prosecutor must any anticipated impact that forfeiture and the tro would have on innocent third parties balanced against the government 's need to preserve the assets - N in deciding whether forfeiture and hence a tro is appropriate the section will consider the nature and of the the government 's policy is not to seek the forfeiture permissible under the law where that forfeiture would be disproportionate to the defendant 's crime - the division expects that the prosecutor will announce these principles either at the time the indictment is returned or at the latest at the first proceeding before the court concerning the tro - sales of north cars and trucks plunged N N in mid-october from a year earlier as domestic manufacturers paid the price for heavy incentives earlier this year - people are waiting for new factory said ben sales manager of bob auto world in lynn mass. whose sales are slow - this trend appears to be especially true at general motors corp. which used both dealer and consumer incentives to sales in august and september - since then deliveries have slumped - gm 's car sales dropped N N in mid-october to N while truck sales fell N N to N - gm also had dismal results in the first N days of the month while other auto makers reported mixed results - all of the big three suffered in the period however with sales of all domestically made cars including those built at plants falling N N to N from a year earlier - the seasonal adjusted annual selling rate was six million vehicles a small improvement from the N million rate of early october but a big drop from the N million rate a year ago - sales of domestically made trucks also continued to be sluggish in mid-october dropping N N to N from a year ago - the big three auto makers already have slashed fourth-quarter production plans N N below year-ago levels but that may not be enough to prevent inventories from ballooning if sales do n't improve - industry analyst john h. a vice president with hill & in st. louis forecasts that domestic auto makers will have a supply of cars at the end of the year even if car sales improve to a N million vehicle rate for the quarter - ford motor co. reported a N N drop in sales of cars to N and a N N drop in domestic trucks to N - the sales are being dragged down by a of N vehicles said joel a ford analyst - the earlier use of incentives the market of for N cars he said - town & country ford in charlotte n.c. still needs to move about N N cars and trucks - business had been fairly strong until hurricane hugo hit the area but has been down since - chrysler corp. also hit the rocks in mid-october - the no. N u.s. auto maker had a N N plunge in car sales to N and a N N drop in truck sales to N which include its minivans and - honda motor co. which continues to have short supplies of domestically made accords saw its sales of north cars fall N N to N - but sales of domestic cars and trucks at nissan motor corp. rose N N to N - a nissan spokesman attributed the increase to the use of incentives this year and not a year ago and to higher fleet sales - toyota motor corp. which opened a plant in ky. last year saw sales triple to N vehicles - a totals include only vehicle sales reported in the period - c domestic car - d percent change greater than N N - x there were N selling days in the most recent period and N a year earlier - percentage differences based on daily sales rate rather than sales volume - short interest in nasdaq over-the-counter stocks rose N N as of mid-october its biggest jump since N N last april - the most recent otc short interest statistics were compiled oct. N the day the nasdaq composite index slid N N and the new york stock exchange tumbled N N - the might lead to the conclusion that bet heavily on that day that otc stocks would decline further - as it happens the nasdaq composite did continue to fall for two days after the initial plunge - however the short interest figures reported by brokerage and securities clearing firms to the national association of securities dealers include only those trades completed or settled by oct. N rather than trades that occurred on that day according to gene chief economist for the nasd - generally it takes five business days to transfer stock and to take the other steps necessary to settle a trade - the total short interest in nasdaq stocks as of mid-october was N million shares up from N million in september but well below the record level of N million shares established in july N - the sharp rise in otc short interest compares with the N N decline in short interest on the new york stock exchange and the N N rise on the american stock exchange during the period - generally a short seller expects a fall in a stock 's price and aims to profit by selling borrowed shares that are to be replaced later the short seller hopes the replacement shares bought later will cost less than those that were sold - short interest which represents the number of shares borrowed and sold but not yet replaced can be a barometer for many stocks - among N of the largest otc issues short interest rose to N million shares from N million in N stocks in september - big stocks with large short interest gains as of oct. N included first executive intel campeau and lin broadcasting - short interest in first executive an insurance issue rose N N to N million - intel 's short interest jumped N N while campeau 's increased N N - intel makes semiconductors and campeau operates department-store chains and is for cash - savings again had the dubious honor of being the otc stock with the biggest short interest position on nasdaq - has headed the list since may - first executive and troubled valley national corp. of arizona were next in line - short selling is n't necessarily bad for the overall market - shares must eventually be replaced through buying - in addition changes in short interest in some stocks may be caused by arbitrage - for example an investor may seek to profit during some takeover situations by buying stock in one company involved and the stock of the other - two big stocks involved in takeover activity saw their short interest surge - short interest in the american depositary receipts of jaguar the target of both ford motor and general motors more than doubled - nasdaq stocks that showed a drop in short interest included adobe systems class a shares of tele-communications and takeover targets and - the nasd which operates the nasdaq computer system on which N otc issues trade short interest data in two categories the approximately two-thirds and generally biggest nasdaq stocks that trade on the national market system and the one-third and generally smaller nasdaq stocks that are n't a part of the system - short interest in N securities totaled N million shares compared with almost N million shares in N issues in september - the october short interest represents N days of average daily trading volume in the smaller stocks in the system for the reporting period compared with N day a month ago - among bigger otc stocks the figures represent N days of average daily volume compared with N days in september - the adjacent tables show the issues in which a short interest position of at least N shares existed as of oct. N or in which there was a short position change of at least N shares since sept. N see accompanying tables wsj oct. N N - from the sept. N issue of the economist - what defeated general aoun was not only the weight of the syrian army - the weight of lebanon 's history was also against him and it is a history israel is in danger of - like lebanon and however unfairly israel is regarded by the arab world as a colonial - its best hope of acceptance by its lies in reaching a settlement with the - like lebanon israel is being by - in greater israel more than half the children under six are - within N years will probably be the minority - yet israel will neither share power with all these arabs nor says its present prime minister its borders closer to its jewish - by not choosing one of these options will condemn themselves as the did to perpetual war with the in their midst and so to the internal erosion of their state - unlike the israel 's will not let themselves become the weakest force in a system of private will become before it becomes - but that is not much of a to draw from the failure of general aoun - the nasdaq over-the-counter market did n't fully recover from a selling and closed down N N - the effects on the market of the mostly computer-driven sell-off among stocks many market makers who watched the nasdaq composite index tumble in with the dow jones industrial average and then saw it get left behind in the subsequent rally - after N N at one point during the day the composite rebounded a little but finished down N at N - in contrast the industrial average recovered almost completely from its and closed down N N - the new york stock exchange composite was N N lower for the day - as usual the over-the-counter market 's biggest technology stocks were hardest hit - microsoft battered by profit taking in recent sessions sank as much as N but it finished at N N down N N on volume of one million shares - mci communications the most active issue finished down N to N N - mci traded as low as N N during the session - other active stocks included jaguar whose american depositary receipts added N to N N - apple computer improved N to N N intel slipped N to N N and valley national corp. was up N to N N - the market started with several strikes against it said peter dapuzzo head of retail equity trading at shearson lehman hutton referring to news that the labor-management buy-out of ual corp. continued to and reports that the junk-bond market is - but the computer-guided selling in response to those developments dealt a serious blow to the over-the-counter market mr. dapuzzo said - even though the over-the-counter market usually does n't fall by as much as listed stocks during he said when the market does recover the damage is done and it leaves nasdaq down more than the big board - mr. dapuzzo also complained that the sharp swings in stock prices lately is scaring away retail and foreign investors - while shearson does n't do computer-guided program trading for its own account the firm does execute orders for clients involved in the buying and selling of shares tied to movements in certain stock indexes mr. dapuzzo acknowledged - the volatility inherent in program trading troubled other traders too - they do n't like the risks they are forced to assume when prices swing so drastically - market makers are supposed to keep supplies of stocks on hand to maintain orderly trading when imbalances occur - that means that on days when prices are tumbling and sellers they must be willing to buy shares from sellers when no one else will - in such an environment a market maker can absorb huge losses - but the recent volatility in stock prices caused by the program trading has made some market makers less willing to up the stocks that are for sale - the market makers say they are n't comfortable carrying big positions in stocks because they realize prices can tumble quickly - the situation makes it harder to buy and sell shares quickly the rise and fall in stock prices during trading - robert head of over-the-counter trading at donaldson lufkin & jenrette it 's making it tough for traders to make money - he said that when sell programs kick in many traders believe that there 's no sense in sticking your nose out because you 're an instant loser - learning centers added N to N N on N shares - group said it will make a $ offer for the remaining learning center common stock if it acquires a majority of the company 's shares in a pending rights offering by learning center 's parent inc - shares of inc. closed at N N also up N on volume of N - ohio casualty dropped N N to N N - the company posted third-quarter earnings of N cents a share down from $ N a year earlier - the company estimated that losses from hurricane hugo reduced net income by N cents a share in the most recent quarter - the company said losses from the oct. N earthquake in california have n't yet been determined but that it provides earthquake coverage to about N properties in the area - any losses will be reported in the fourth quarter the company said - north atlantic industries jumped N to N N - the maker is to be acquired by asset management associates for $ N a share - lin broadcasting slid N N to N N despite reporting third-quarter net of N cents a share up from N cents the previous year - the company said the latest quarter included about $ N million in special legal and financial advisory costs related to mccaw cellular communications ' bid for the company and lin 's merger pact with bellsouth - mccaw was unchanged at N - slid N N to N N amid continuing concerns about the company 's contract negotiations with international business machines - ibm is reviewing its entire program and confirmed earlier this month that it was in talks with the company about possible modifications to its current contract - make modifications to ibm 's computer hardware and the products - omni capital group surged N N to N N - the company said net rose to N cents a share in its quarter ended sept. N from N cents a shares a year ago - probably the most soviet violation for example is the krasnoyarsk radar - arms control reality nov. N N the first of some N journal saying that krasnoyarsk violated the abm treaty - whether the installation is for early warning or space track it clearly is not deployed the lawmakers said - thus we judge it to be not a violation of the abm treaty at this time - the delegation included a reporter from the new york times aides to sen. edward m. kennedy and rep. and natural resources defense council staff members - the washington post sept. N N - the u.s.s.r. has taken unprecedented measures of openness by giving american representatives a possibility to the building site of the krasnoyarsk radar as well as radar vans in the areas of and moscow so as to see for themselves that there are no violations of the abm treaty of N on the part of the soviet union - letter from eduard shevardnadze to u.n. de reported in tass june N N - the construction of this station equal in size to the egyptian i say it directly a clear violation of abm - eduard shevardnadze oct. N N - we 're happy we guess to receive confirmation of the krasnoyarsk violation from the soviets five years after we started writing about it - perhaps even the american will now - without question something intriguing is going on in the policy chambers of the politburo - as it bids for new agreements new loans and indeed admission to the world the soviet government has recognized it has a credibility problem - so after N years it is the obvious hoping to be believed about other things - it 's not enough - if the soviets want to be believed they need to start telling the truth about more than the totally obvious - our own test of glasnost 's would be a soviet decision to open itself to a complete international examination of one of the most troubling in u.s.-soviet relations the reported N anthrax at a soviet military facility in sverdlovsk - the u.s. government has never in its assessment of this incident as an accident at a biological weapons facility there and hence a violation of the N biological weapons convention - the pentagon 's recently issued soviet military power though in general adopting a softer line repeated the sverdlovsk assessment - it also was detailed in congressional testimony this past february an explosion at the and institute in sverdlovsk released anthrax that caused a significant number of deaths - since mr. shevardnadze did not address this topic before the supreme soviet the soviet union 's official position remains that the anthrax deaths were caused by tainted meat - we doubt this claim just as we mr. shevardnadze 's assurance last year that krasnoyarsk did n't violate the abm treaty - and just as we did not believe the claims of the congressmen and arms-control advocates who visited krasnoyarsk we are in no way persuaded by the to the theory by a u.s. team of scientists who met with soviet counterparts in washington last year - the soviets ' explanation is that the anthrax came from one lot of animal feed made from the of cattle that on soil that was naturally infected with anthrax - harvard 's who we read has sold something called the scientific community on the notion that yellow rain attacks on the were in fact the result of by giant found the soviet anthrax scenario completely - we do n't believe it - and we certainly do not believe that mr. gorbachev or any of his yet deserve to have the west take their word for it - sverdlovsk is a large gray cloud over glasnost and indeed over the legitimacy of the arms-control process itself - the u.s. government 's sverdlovsk complaint as with krasnoyarsk is no mere political - biological weapons violations have figured little in political debate and indeed have not been pressed vigorously enough by the u.s. government - but the stated u.s. position is detailed and specific and the prospect of biological is - the soviets should be willing to set in motion a process that would allow them to acknowledge that sverdlovsk violated the N agreement or alternatively that would give u.s. specialists reasonable confidence that this was a wholly civilian accident - until that happens glasnost can not begin to deserve the kind of credibility mr. shevardnadze was bidding for with his on monday - manville corp. said it offered to buy $ N million of its convertible preferred stock from the manville personal injury settlement trust in a move that would improve the trust 's liquidity and reduce the potential number of manville shares outstanding - manville said it made the offer within the past several weeks as part of an effort to improve shareholder value - it said it would purchase the stock at market price - manville and a spokeswoman for the trust said that the two are discussing the proposal but a decision has n't been made - we are considering that offer along with all other alternatives the trust spokeswoman said - we need to look at how to maximize our cash flow to pay our beneficiaries - the trust created as part of manville 's bankruptcy-law reorganization to compensate victims of diseases owns N million of the series a convertible preferred shares which are each convertible into N manville common shares - the trust also owns half of manville 's N million common shares outstanding - based on manville 's closing price yesterday of $ N a share manville 's offer would purchase about N million of its preferred shares or about N N of the trust 's preferred stock holding - in addition to the stock and N N of manville 's profits beginning in N the trust is supposed to receive $ N billion over its life - but it initially was funded with about $ N million and may soon face a cash crunch - as of june N it had settled about N of N claims filed and its unpaid claims totaled $ N million a large portion of its $ N million in cash and securities - since most of its assets are tied to manville a forest and building products concern the trust might also want to diversify its holdings - as part of its offer manville said it requested changes in some between it and the trust to allow manville to reflect a more typical corporate ownership and financial structure - a manville spokesman would n't elaborate on the proposed changes - but he said they are to a large degree although some may generate some disagreement - manville said the shares issued to the trust were intended to be sold as needed and that manville has the right of first refusal to buy those shares - northeast utilities raised its bid for public service co. of new hampshire which is operating under bankruptcy code protection to $ N billion from $ N billion - northeast 's raised bid which was supported by ps of new hampshire 's official shareholder committee is a prelude to what is expected to be a round of higher bids by the other groups trying to acquire the company the largest utility in new hampshire - the $ N billion value claimed by northeast based in hartford conn. is the highest yet given to a bid - some of the three other bidding groups are expected to increase their offers tomorrow a date set for revised offers by a bankruptcy court judge - a hearing is set for nov. N but participants do n't expect a resolution until july N - under the new northeast utilities plan it would pay $ N billion in cash to creditors and assume $ N million in pollution control bonds - secured creditors would recover both principal and interest while unsecured creditors would receive only principal and interest accrued before ps of new hampshire filed for bankruptcy code protection in january - the biggest change in northeast 's offer was in improvements made for equity holders who had been given short previously - assuming full operation of the seabrook nuclear power plant which is completed but is n't yet operating equity holders would receive up to $ N million in cash preferred stock and new 10-year seabrook bonds - northeast 's previous offer had proposed that equity holders receive just $ N million - in addition northeast promised the state of new hampshire that rate increases would be limited to N N annually for seven years - its previous proposal had rate limits on seabrook operations and other - wilbur ross financial adviser to the equity holders said given the state 's strong bargaining position we believe the plan provides the best recovery available to ps of new hampshire 's equity holders - officials of ps of new hampshire could n't be reached for comment - the company has filed an internal reorganization plan it valued at $ N billion that would require N N rate increases - that plan would leave existing preferred shareholders with at least a N N stake and give common shareholders as little as N N - new england electric system mass. has proposed buying the company for $ N billion as part of a plan that would require rate increases of only N N annually for seven years - the state of new hampshire has favored that plan - the other bidder is united illuminating co. new haven conn. with a bid valued at $ N billion and and a proposal for seven years of N N rate increases - the polish will eat well this winter - tons of potatoes and wheat will fill damp across the land as thousands of farmers turn the state 's buyers away - many a wo n't be born as a result and many a will never hang in a butcher shop - but with inflation grain in the will still be a safer bet for the private farmer than money in the bank - once again the peasant holds poland 's future in his hands - until his labor can produce a profit in this dying and distorted system even solidarity 's sympathetic new government wo n't win him over - in coming months emergency food aid moving in from the west will be the one buffer between a public and a new political - factory workers on strike knocked poland 's communist bosses off balance last year this year it was the farmers who brought them down - in june farmers held onto meat milk and grain waiting for july 's usual price rises - the communists prices instead - the farmers ran a and meat disappeared from the shops - on aug. N the state up its controls and food prices leaped - without buffer stocks inflation exploded - that was when the old peasants ' party desperate to live through the crisis broke ranks with the communists and joined with solidarity in the east bloc 's first government - but by the time solidarity took office in september the damage was done - as economists have come to call it had gone - the cost of raising a kept ahead of the return for selling one - the farmers stayed angry - they still are - at on a cool day hundreds travel to the private market in a town not far from warsaw pigs cattle and of feed that the state 's official buyers ca n't induce them to sell - here they are searching for a higher price - in a crush of trucks and horse on the field a into the of a private butcher 's polish fiat - of course it 's better to sell private he says as the butcher away - why should anybody want to sell to them - the young farmer makes money on the few he sells here - he wo n't for long because his old state sources of and potatoes are up - there 's no feed he says - you ca n't buy anything - i do n't know why - edward does - his truck is across the field in a row of grain sellers - like the others it is loaded with wheat and in labeled asbestos made in - the farmer at the next truck wheat - it 's nice - it wo n't be cheaper - we sell direct - a heavy woman runs a handful through her fingers and counts him out a pile of - country people breed pigs says mr. against the back of his truck - they ca n't buy feed from the state - there is n't enough - some state middlemen come to buy from me - i sell a little - i am waiting - i have plenty more at home - on this morning he does n't sell much in either - at closing time farmers out most of what they in - a private market like this just is n't big enough to absorb all that business - the of it seems will not quickly away - state monopolies will keep on trade free prices or not until something else them - polish agriculture will need a whole private network of procurement processing and distribution plus a new manufacturing industry to supply it with pesticides and feed - the communists spent N years working to ensure that no such structures ever arose here - building them now will require from the west and removal of political a job that solidarity has barely started - but polish agriculture does one great asset already the private farmer - we are dealing with real entrepreneurs says an economist who advises rural solidarity the union 's - there are a lot of them and they have property - polish peasants the were once a source of shame to orthodox communists - now among communist reformers they are of envy - food is the 's top priority the key to popular support - as the chinese have shown and the soviets are learning family farms where fail - ownership it seems is the best fertilizer - the poles have had it all along - poland 's N million small private farms cover N N of its land - on it a quarter of the country 's N million people produce of its grain beef eggs and milk and of its fruit and potatoes - like the roman catholic church the polish peasant is a of the nation - try as they might the communists could neither replace nor break him - and they did try - a few miles past a road narrows to a track of sand and leads into a village of farms - owns N acres in N scattered - he grows and potatoes for a few five and N - in and torn shoes he stands in his the ground with a look both and - it 's bad soil he says - until N it was good soil - then the state put in a to supply the area with drinking water - farmers lay down before the - their protest was ignored - the dam caused the water level to drop in - and his - he expected as much - in his lifetime N years the communists brought electricity to his village and in drinking water from the - no phones - no gas - we wanted them to build a road here he says - they started and then abandoned it - a his only equipment stands in front of the - it 's russian - good for nothing - parts are a tragedy - even if i had a lot of money i could n't buy what i need - the farmer can say the same for coal cement saw - in poland only N N of all investment goes toward making things farmers want in the west it is closer to N N - the few big state farms take first crack at what does get made - they use N N more fertilizer per twice the high-grade feed - yet their best is that they produce N N of polish pork - i 've heard from friends that state farms are subsidized mr. says as his wife sets some chairs out in the sun - we have one near here - there is a lot of waste - a private farmer never anything - the state quit peasants onto its subsidized farms over N years ago - but it never did let up on the pressure - until recently a farmer with no heir had to will the state his land to collect his pension - the pension 's size still depends on how much produce he sells the state - his of materials also did until the state could n't hold up its end of that bargain - yet the state alone sells seeds and machines - when supplies are short it often hands them over only in exchange for milk or grain - a private farmer in poland is free to buy and sell land hire help decide what to grow and how to grow it - he is free to invest in and to fail for lack of chicken wire - he has plenty of freedom but no choices - i 'm on my own land mr. says - i do n't have to listen to what anybody tells me to do - sometimes says his wife we 're happy about that - by the peasant the communists have poland - like exist in a desert of poor schools and few doctors - farm income is N N below the average - the young leave especially who wo n't milk by hand - some men stay their best friend a bottle of but two million acres have gone - without machines good farms ca n't get bigger - so the potato crop once N million tons is down to N million - meat consumption is at N 's level pork production at N 's milk output at N 's - if a food crisis the communists a food revolution will make solidarity - the potential is displayed along every road into warsaw row upon row of stretching out behind modern that their owners ' wealth - are abundant and full of flavor in poland the and the state monopolies long broken - grain milk and meat come next - a private challenge to the industry will take more time and money than poland can spare although a or a local dairy can spring up fast - poland makes no machinery for a plant on that scale - solidarity wants it from the west - maria one of its farm experts it on the line the world bank will be brought in to help us destroy the old system - is destroying it now - he pork - a law went on the books in january that let him smoke without breeding pigs - he in - poland is short on enterprises not enterprise - i pay a lot to the farmer and five times the state salary to my employees he says - he is in warsaw to open a shop - i hire transportation and my customers have fresh cold cuts every day - i do n't subsidize anyone - everyone around me lives well - yes my prices are high - if nobody buys i bring my prices down - that 's the rule - that 's the market - mr. is making a fortune $ N a month he says - he has bought some trendy western clothes and a green mercedes with an american flag in the window - but the machines he picked up are N years old - i do n't want expensive machines - if the situation changes i 'll get stuck with them - that 's politics - by taking power in a deal with the peasant party 's communist solidarity has spooked the rural entrepreneur - rural solidarity to no when solidarity leader accepted the peasants ' support - it again in september when prime minister named a peasant party man as his agriculture minister - both the peasants and rural solidarity are forming new political parties for farmers - the peasants can make a credible case against solidarity that reform will drive millions from the land - next spring the two will battle in local elections - but until then and probably long afterward the communists ' of from the head of the dairy to the village bank manager will stay planted in the polish - we know how to get from capitalism to socialism is saying one afternoon - we do n't know how to get from socialism to capitalism - he farms N acres in two miles from the soviet border in one of poland 's poorest places - now he is mounting the steps of a building in a nearby village on a visit to the communist administrator the naczelnik - many people in poland hope this government will break down says mr. who belongs to the local council and to rural solidarity - that 's what the naczelnik counts on - he is our most dangerous enemy - every time he sees me he gets very nervous - the farmer into the naczelnik 's office - a thin man in a gray suit looks up from a newspaper - mr. sits - 's leg begins beneath his desk - solidarity does n't care for the good of this region he says after a few - they want to turn everything upside down in a week - mr. here wants N acres used at the moment by a state farm - he ca n't guarantee that he can use it any better - i am ready at any moment to compete with a state farm - the naczelnik his eyes - what have you got - not even a - and you want to make baskets too - i can do five things at once to be a businessman - big business mr. in english - the farmer stands to go - the naczelnik stands too - i care very much for this post he says - eight years i 've had it - a cultural center has been built shops - suddenly i am not a comfortable man for solidarity - i have accomplished too much - they want to do more - i wish them all the best - the farmer leaves - and the naczelnik his door - the house approved a short-term spending bill to keep the government operating through nov. N and provide $ N billion in emergency funds to assist in the recovery from hurricane hugo and the california earthquake - the N roll call vote reflected broad support for the disaster assistance but the cost to the treasury is sure to budget pressures this year and next under the gramm-rudman deficit reduction law - by a N margin the chamber rejected an effort to waive gramm-rudman for purposes of addressing the two disasters and budget analysts estimate the increased appropriations will widen the fiscal N deficit by at least $ N billion unless offsetting spending cuts or new revenues are found by congress - the budget impact will be greater still in fiscal N and the issue forced a confrontation between the appropriations committee leadership and budget committee chairman leon whose california district was at the center of the earthquake last week - going to the well of the chamber mr. demanded the costs be fully counted - his prominent role put him in the position of challenging the very committee members on whom his state will be most dependent in the months ahead - we do not come to this house asking for any said the california democrat - we do not intend to hide these costs from the american people - the $ N billion package $ N million for disaster loans $ N billion in highway construction funds and $ N billion divided between general emergency assistance and a reserve to be available to president bush to meet unanticipated costs from the two disasters - the funds are in addition to $ N billion appropriated last month to assist in the recovery from hugo bringing the total for the two disasters to nearly $ N billion in unanticipated spending - because of the of gramm-rudman the immediate impact is relatively small - but the appropriations set in motion spending that adds to an already grim budget picture for fiscal N - within the appropriations process the situation is even more difficult since the costs will be counted against the share of funds to be allocated to those that recently have had the greatest difficulty in staying within the budget - the underlying bill approved yesterday is required to keep the government operating past midnight tonight and this urgency has contributed to the speed and critics say mistakes that have accompanied the package of disaster assistance - the hastily drafted measure could hurt california by requiring it to put up more matching funds for emergency highway assistance than otherwise would be required - and the state 's delegation is fearful that the new funding will be counted against a separate $ N million in federal highway funds it would expect to receive under its normal allocation this year - also the high price of san francisco real estate puts the state at odds with federal regulations more to the national average - for example disaster loans which will go to small businesses and homeowners offer credit as low as N N in some cases - but the san francisco delegation finds itself asking that the cap per household be lifted to $ N from $ N to assist the hard hit but often wealthy marina district - the senate is expected to make some modifications today but both the white house and congress appear most anxious to speed final approval before tonight 's deadline - administration pressure any effort to add to total funding and the senate changes are expected to be largely technical dealing with highway aid and lifting the ceiling on total small business administration loans to $ N billion to accommodate the increased activity expected - yesterday 's floor action came as a house-senate conference approved a nearly $ N billion fiscal N military construction bill representing a N N reduction from last year and making severe cuts from pentagon requests for installations abroad - an estimated $ N million is allocated to continue work in - but all funding is cut for the philippines and projects in south korea are cut to $ N million or less than a sixth of the administration 's request - closer to home the negotiators were more generous - an estimated $ N million was set aside for military installations in the home state of north carolina rep. the house chairman - and $ N million would go to projects in tennessee represented by his senate counterpart and fellow democrat sen. james - texas and california are traditionally powerful within the conference but equally striking is the dominance of alaska pennsylvania and west virginia because of their power elsewhere in the appropriations process - senate appropriations committee chairman robert byrd d. even added report language listing $ N million in projects he wants in the budget next year - no individual illustrated this mix of power more yesterday than sen. daniel inouye d. hawaii who chairs the senate defense subcommittee - in the final trading the house was on setting aside $ N million to carry out base closings ordered to begin in fiscal N - but it gave ground to mr. inouye on a number of projects ranging from a $ N million parking garage here to a land transfer in hawaii to a provision to assist the indian tribe in washington state - the tribe is one of the poorest in the pacific northwest - mr. inouye who chairs the select committee on indian affairs used his power to move $ N from the air force to the bureau of indian affairs to assist in a base to accommodate a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center - meanwhile house-senate negotiators have tentatively agreed on a $ N billion anti-drug and cutting other federal spending N N to pay for it - a formal house-senate conference is expected to the accord later this week - mobil corp. is preparing to slash the size of its work force in the u.s. possibly as soon as next month say individuals familiar with the company 's strategy - the size of the cuts is n't known but they 'll be centered in the exploration and production division which is responsible for oil reserves drilling wells and pumping crude oil and natural gas - employees have n't yet been notified - sources said that meetings to discuss the staff reductions have been scheduled for friday at mobil offices in new orleans and denver - this would be a second round of cuts by mobil which along with other oil producers and refiners reduced its work force by N N to N N during the mid-1980s as part of an industrywide - mobil 's latest move could signal the beginning of further reductions by other oil companies in their domestic operations - in yesterday 's third-quarter earnings report the company to a $ N million provision for restructuring costs involving u.s. exploration and production operations - the report says that the restructuring will take place over a two-year period and will involve the transfer and termination of employees in our u.s. operations - a company spokesman reached at his home last night would only say that there will be a public announcement of the reduction program by the end of the week - most oil companies including mobil have been reporting lower third-quarter earnings largely as a result of lower earnings from chemicals as well as refining and marketing businesses - individuals familiar with mobil 's strategy say that mobil is reducing its u.s. work force because of declining u.s. output - yesterday mobil said domestic exploration and production operations had a $ N million loss in the third quarter while comparable foreign operations earned $ N million - industrywide oil production in this country fell by N barrels a day to N million barrels in the first eight months of this year - daily output is expected to decline by at least another N barrels next year - some mobil executives were that a reference to the cutbacks was included in the earnings report before workers were notified - one mobil executive said that the $ N million charge related to the action indicates a substantial number of people will be involved - some will likely be offered severance packages while others will be transferred to overseas operations - the justice department is in the process of trying to gain control over a law that federal judge david recently called a monster - to say he was talking about rico - with its recently revised guidelines for rico justice makes it clear that the law currently holds too many incentives for abuse by prosecutors - the text of the new policy guidelines from the criminal division are nearby - they strongly suggest that justice 's prosecutions of drexel burnham lambert michael and violated of fundamental fairness - justice is attempting to avoid a of these tactics - this amounts to an extraordinary of the tenure of new york mayoral candidate and former u.s. attorney rudolph giuliani who was more inclined to gathering than understanding markets - the new guidelines limit the pretrial of assets of defendants and their investors clients bankers and others - this follows earlier new guidelines from the tax division tax cases from as rico cases - the forfeiture memo cited considerable criticism in the press because of a perception that pre-trial of assets is to a seizure of property without due process - it told prosecutors not to seek if there are less alternatives such as bonds and in any case not to seek disproportionate to the defendant 's crime - these changes come a late for the first securities firm - it was forced into liquidation before trial when investors their funds after the government demanded a huge pre-trial asset forfeiture - investors including & co. and the harvard made the rational decision to withdraw their money for the firm the liquidation was sentence first verdict later - prosecutors wanted $ N million in forfeiture for alleged tax fraud of some $ N - the experience of and of other cases against legitimate businesses taught drexel that a investment bank would be an bank - drexel therefore agreed instead to an arrangement allowing it to plea to charges which the company is not in a position to dispute because of rico - part of drexel 's plea was to cut mr. loose - so after all the prosecutorial no one has established what if anything drexel did wrong - so two for the new rules - justice has finally recognized its employees ' abuses thanks largely to the demands for reform by former u.s. attorney in washington joseph who wants to salvage rico for real criminals - but prosecutorial guidelines are effective only if someone at justice is willing and able to prosecutors - judge of the appeals court in washington made this point at a institute conference last week in a remarkable speech titled rico the monster that - he said is supposed to be a government of laws not of men and yet rico defenders tell us that we should rely on prosecutorial discretion to protect against of rico - no prosecutorial guidelines observed or limit civil rico cases by plaintiffs for damages - what now for officials drexel and mr. - justice should review these cases to see what other prosecutorial abuses may have occurred - we suspect that justice will some day agree that only the complete repeal of rico can guarantee an end to in its name - the famous teddy z which cbs inc. had hoped would emerge as one of the few bright spots in its otherwise lackluster prime-time schedule is n't turning out to be the hit the network - although the half-hour situation comedy seen at N p.m eastern and pacific time is n't a candidate for cancellation it is slated for and by next week the network may announce teddy z is moving to N p.m. from its N time replacing the people next door which became the first network show to be canceled this season - teddy z which centers on a agent at a hollywood talent agency was scheduled in the N p.m. to follow murphy brown a situation comedy about a television news magazine - teddy z was boosted by favorable reviews and a promotional contest with k mart corp - it was on cable services including at night and and as the no. show for the week - but five weeks after the premiere the series has - in figures released yesterday by a.c. nielsen co teddy z produced by the television unit of columbia pictures entertainment inc. was in place - worse every week it audience from murphy brown and on cbs picks up again once teddy z is over and is followed by designing women - there is strong indication that teddy z is not compatible with the shows it is surrounding said john senior vice president at j. walter thompson co. a unit of wpp group plc - last week murphy brown was viewed by N N of the available television households while the number dropped to N N for teddy z and rose to N N for designing women - cbs executives said the program is also slated to some plot changes - wilson for example included the lead character 's family in the cast but that is not the right focus anymore said one cbs executive - instead cbs hopes the show will increasingly highlight the talent agency and the business of being an agent - we 're making adjustments on the show yes but nothing radical said craig nelson the story consultant on teddy z - but we hope to keep a balance between the office and the family - the opening credits are being mr. nelson said to make teddy 's situation clear to viewers who have not been with us since the beginning - those viewers find the show confusing - the stock market 's woes spooked currency traders but prompted a quiet little party among bond investors - prices of long-term treasury bonds moved to the stock market as investors sought safety amid growing evidence the economy is weakening - but the shaky economic outlook and the volatile stock market forced the dollar lower against major currencies - the bond market got an early boost from the sell-off in stocks - that rout was triggered by ual corp. 's announcement late monday that the proposed buy-out had collapsed - the decline in the dow jones industrial average during the morning trading session touched off a flight to safety that saw investors shifting assets from stocks to treasury bonds - at its strongest the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond rose more than a point or more than $ N for each $ N face amount - as the stock market recovered some of its losses later in the day bond prices retreated - but analysts said the combination of a second consecutive decline in monthly orders and lackluster mid-october auto sales helped up the treasury market - a slowing economy and the implication of lower inflation and interest rates tend to bolster bond prices - on the surface the decline in september durable goods only N N did n't appear very weak - but orders for capital goods a of future plant and equipment spending were off N N after falling N N in august - auto makers reported that mid-october sales were running at an annual rate of about N million units far less than the N million units analysts had expected - taken together the and reports confirmed perceptions that the economy is down - although analysts do n't expect the federal reserve to ease credit policy soon reports like those yesterday help build the case for lower rates - now bond investors are looking toward next week 's report from national purchasing managers and the government 's october employment report as potentially prompting the fed to lower rates - the stock market 's drop frightened foreign investors who quickly bid the dollar lower - but as stock prices recovered some of the early losses so did the u.s. currency - although dealers said investors are becoming more bearish toward the dollar in the wake of the stock market 's recent troubles and as the u.s. economy the dollar ended down only modestly - in major market activity bond prices rose - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond gained nearly half a point or about $ N for each $ N face amount - the yield on the issue slipped to N N - the dollar retreated - in late new york trading the currency was quoted at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen monday - of the rich and famous may be visiting some new in the near future - judge robert maximum bob sentenced jim bakker to N years in the big house yesterday while a beverly hills judge away for three days plus N hours of work with homeless women - miss her fear of - mr. bakker said he was guilty of but not fraud - we can only wonder who will be the next lost soul chosen to be america 's celebrity - boeing co. said trans european airways ordered a dozen N valued at a total of about $ N million - the N and N series aircraft will be by engines jointly produced by general electric co. and of france - currently boeing has a backlog of about $ N billion but production has been slowed by a strike of N machinists which entered its day today - last week a mediator failed to talks between the company and the who have rejected a pay raise offer of N N over three years - when the good assigned to over the of many years ago in she her with high e clean and as magic dust - maybe she could drop by at the metropolitan opera and bring along what she a little a few of skills and a nice - cast as violetta in a new production of 's la ms. last week did many things and others not so well - it is n't every day that we hear a violetta who can the first act 's music with all the little notes perfectly pitched and neatly together - never once did she for air or her - she was as cool as a - but as you may know things are not going well for violetta - there are times when she must show a little - she has after all and a and though a successful she is just about at the bank - worse her walls move all the time at least in this production - just when ms. sat down away from her guests to cough in private her salon began sliding around the stage her country also has a very active set of - hold on to those funny you wanted to caution her as the sets started to roll around once more - this is the most moving i 've ever seen - normally violetta can go about her business without wondering whether she is moving as as the - but this is a production designed and directed by franco and paid for by who has no need to count her pennies unlike violetta down to N louis at the opera 's end - seeing all those millions in action i was just so relieved that ms. thing that she is did n't herself in a - large and is another addition to the met 's growing stock of productions mostly by mr. - they have a life of their own and can be counted on to look good and perform whenever a cast is n't up to either - if a strike ever hits the met the company can still sell tickets to his and and boom out of another era - last week 's audience gave a bigger hand to a greenhouse than to the neil who sang an inside it - as a student around on mr. hardly seemed the fellow to catch a fancy 's eye - i wish he could wear in his voice - not nearly in his best form the made sounds along with his usual hand gestures - maybe mr. was too busy his set to work with his naturally - or is it that mr. is getting a little tired of - this is the same production already seen in paris and and its ideas echo the movie he made with and - decades earlier maria sang the dallas staging that introduced the idea - in an that drives violetta lies dying in bed during the prelude rising when then she the great parties she used to throw - the entire opera is her dream - given the prelude 's connections with the music preceding the last act the idea is more than bad though as luck would have it for a change there actually was a in the pit whom we wanted to hear carlos trying to make music while we all waited for the bed to stir into song - once she did so the german with the shaky nerves who so often offered a flowing performance that in its and approach was totally at odds with the staging - of moments there were nearly none and whether this has to do with mr. or the wooden cast is hard to say - in any event ms. barely violetta 's in her long meeting with who as seemed fairly desperate trying to an into his heavy - di was n't much of an for southern france - perhaps mr. could let him substitute one of the about dead children and dark nights from 's - speaking of dark nights the met 's neighbor the new york city opera has canceled its season after failing to reach a settlement with its musicians who wanted pay parity with the the chicago and san francisco opera - well they can now go and there - good luck - common sense suggests that people who play for a company that charges about half what those houses do for a ticket are not in the same market - the cancellation poorly for a company already with an identity crisis by the retirement of general director beverly and the amazing appointment of christopher as her successor after his years of in the pit - as the met discovered years ago following a december opening it is nearly impossible to subscribers once they have had time to their entertainment choices - i for instance was perfectly happy at avery fisher hall the other day listening to conduct the per a strange piece written by N different italian to honor after his death in N - each of them contributed a section at the of who was nearly driven to his own early grave by the troublesome arrangements - for all that the piece landed in a dusty after bologna refused to supply a chorus and - we know 's own contribution was mighty impressive since the me was for the of which he wrote every note himself having learned his lesson - the surprising discovery of the evening at fisher was the high standard achieved by some of his colleagues notably - his was smoothly sung by bass brian matthews - also 's was scored and put across by mr. - he brought along his chorus and even better the - she was in her most voice - maybe she could step across the plaza to the met where she has still to make her debut and help out her by the slow parts of - the tokyo international film festival was no match for the film festival in terms of prestige but it made its mark it awarded the largest cash prize of any film festival to young and first-time film makers - at this year 's event the third since the festival got under way in N of won the gold prize of $ N for old woman - by comparison now gives $ N to the winner of its young director 's award - says director george miller mad max i think the tokyo festival may become known as a major attraction for young directors because of the money as well as the recognition - there are - vincent a for the french magazine says of the recently ended tokyo festival no one makes deals and most of the films have been seen before at other - belgium decided that investors who demand the delivery of their securities when they buy shares or domestic bonds will have to pay an additional N belgian francs about $ N for each transaction bringing the total fee to N francs - while no figures exist it is thought that many small investors in belgium store securities privately in some cases to avoid paying high taxes - the law could to the advantage of brokers and banks who incur high administrative costs to deliver securities to investors - japan is considering giving aid to hungary and poland to support their recent political reforms a spokesman for the foreign ministry said - this is the first time if we decide to do so for japan to extend aid of this kind to eastern european countries the spokesman said - he said prime minister also is studying the possibility of a visit to the two eastern bloc nations and to western europe next january - drugs were a major issue in two days of talks between french president mitterrand and spanish prime minister gonzalez - i demand the in the fight against drug traffickers president mitterrand said after the meeting in spain - he added banks must open their books - the leaders ' talks with a meeting in madrid of anti-drug experts from the u.s. france italy spain peru and colombia - that conference which began yesterday was expected to cover such matters as police training and agreements spanish officials said - three soviet government officials the ministers of of foreign economic relations and of building will visit next month for talks iran 's official news agency reported - under an agreement signed last june the soviets will help iran in oil exploration and other areas in return for exports of iranian natural gas - and in paris iran 's vice minister of foreign affairs began a visit to discuss such matters as compensation to french enterprises for contracts broken by the regime - co. a japanese maker has developed a toilet that can check the user 's health - a spokesman said the toilet not only tests blood pressure and it also stores the data for up to N days - nippon telegraph & telephone corp. and electronics are involved with 's new product which will go on the market in about two years time - it will be very expensive the spokesman warned - the price can not be less than $ N - since mexican president carlos salinas de took office last december special agents have arrested more than N federal employees on charges ranging from to tax evasion - chief prosecutor at the attorney general 's office said that an estimated $ N million in government property and unpaid taxes have been recovered in the campaign to root out official corruption - mr. 's office will reportedly issue warrants during the next six months for the arrest of another N federal employees - those employees are suspected of illegally gaining an estimated $ N million the prosecutor was quoted as saying by the news service - he added that federal agents hope to recover at least half that amount - the rest will probably not be either because the statute of limitations expired or because many prefer to spend additional time in jail rather than return the money the prosecutor said - the united nations which is distributing farm tools to returning refugees in namibia is a plan to hand out because of the political climate during for independence from south africa - the decision to distribute at this time which could be used as weapons is under review said a u.n. spokesman - sources close to the family of prime minister said she is expecting a second child probably early next year - cray research inc. forecast that N will be a year for its supercomputer line - in what has become a series of announcements the world 's largest maker of said that after reviewing its order prospects we have concluded it is prudent to plan for next year on the assumption that revenue again will be flat - cray jolted the market in july when it slashed revenue and earnings projections for this year citing a slowing economy that has delayed orders from government as well as commercial customers - the company made its N projection an unusual event for cray in announcing improved net income for the third quarter - cray said it earned $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue gained N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months earnings totaled $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue was $ N million a N N gain from $ N million - cray made its announcement after the stock market closed - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday cray closed down $ N at $ N - cray said its order backlog at sept. N was $ N million down $ N million from june N - president said the company did well in the quarter as far as revenues and earnings are concerned and not quite as well in terms of signing orders - as for the current period mr. said we anticipate that fourth-quarter revenue and earnings will be substantially greater than any of the preceding three quarters but not up to the record levels of last year 's fourth quarter when cray earned $ N million or $ N a share - he added that the company expects strong operating profit for the year but at a level significantly lower than last year - he said N 's net income could be N N to N N of revenue which assuming current expectations would be N N to N N below N 's level - last year cray earned $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - next year looks dismal said analyst paul of robert & co. milwaukee - noting that cray does n't have a supercomputer to compete with the likes of convex computer corp. and international business machines corp. mr. said such a machine would be necessary to get things back on line here - cray has indicated it will decide on whether to build such a machine before year end - johnson & johnson reported a N N rise in third-quarter net income on a N N sales increase results that were driven particularly by new products including pharmaceuticals and the company 's professional operations - net for the new n.j. maker of health-care products climbed to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - sales rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - the year-ago per-share earnings are adjusted to reflect a 2-for-1 stock split last may - in a statement ralph s. larsen chairman and chief executive officer said the company was pleased with its third-quarter sales performance especially in light of the extremely competitive environment in domestic consumer markets and the negative impact of unfavorable exchange rates this quarter - david j. an industry analyst for painewebber group inc. said johnson & johnson 's results slightly exceeded his expectations for the third quarter - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday johnson & johnson shares fell N cents to $ N - mr. larsen noted substantial sales growth for the recently introduced disposable contact lens and a - used by dialysis patients who are and a drug did well overseas he said - despite health-care cost controls and programs to hold down inventory the professional division which makes products including and surgical equipment achieved solid growth johnson & johnson said - but domestic consumer sales slipped N N for the quarter to $ N million from $ N million - the company cited softness in the retail health and beauty aids category as well as the intense competition in the company 's protection product line - overseas sales were stronger because of a rebound in brazil where economic turmoil had hurt year-earlier results johnson & johnson said - mr. of painewebber said the company 's sales pace has been picking up largely because the effect of unfavorable exchange rates has been easing a pattern continuing this quarter - he cautioned however that a tough comparison may slow the company 's earnings growth for the current quarter - for last year 's fourth quarter the company 's tax rate was less than N N he said - while the third period contained no major surprises mr. said the results show how sensitive the can be to developments in a single country such as brazil - he also questioned whether recent gains in that country can be sustained - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - corp. proposed offering of liquid yield option notes via merrill lynch capital markets - columbia gas system inc. shelf offering of up to $ N million of debentures - initial offering of N common shares of which N shares are to be sold by the company and N by holders via alex brown & sons inc. and & - systems inc. proposed offering of N common shares to be sold by holders - western gas system inc. initial offering of N common shares of which N shares will be sold by the company and N by a holder via prudential-bache capital funding smith barney harris upham & co. and inc - insiders have been selling shares in dun & bradstreet corp. the huge concern - six top executives at the new york-based company sold shares in august and september - four of those insiders sold more than half their holdings - the stock in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday closed at $ N up N cents well below the $ N to $ N a share the insiders received for their shares - much of the recent slide in dun & bradstreet 's stock came late last week after negative comments by analysts at merrill lynch & co. and goldman sachs & co - a company spokesman declined to comment and said that the officials who sold shares would n't comment - one of dun & bradstreet 's chief businesses is reports that rate the of millions of american companies - it also owns moody 's investors service which to bonds and preferred stock a.c. nielsen known for its data on patterns and publisher - last march this newspaper reported on widespread allegations that the company many customers into purchasing more services than needed - in june the company agreed to settle for $ N million several lawsuits related to its sales practices without admitting or denying the charges - an investigation by u.s. postal inspectors is continuing - among the insider sales charles the firm 's general counsel sold N shares in august representing N N of his holdings in the company - he received $ N for the shares according to insider filings with the securities and exchange commission - john c. holt an executive vice president and dun & bradstreet director sold N shares on aug. N for $ N filings show - he retains N shares - william the firm 's secretary and associate general counsel sold N shares in two separate sales in september for $ N - the shares represented N N of his dun & bradstreet holdings according to the company - the other insiders all senior or executive vice presidents sold between N and N shares representing between N N and N N of their holdings according to sec filings - dun & bradstreet 's stock price began its recent downward last wednesday when the company reported third-quarter results - net income rose to N cents a share from N cents a share the year-earlier period - but analysts focused more on the drop in revenue to $ N billion from $ N billion reflecting in part a continuing drop in sales of the controversial services - last thursday merrill lynch securities analyst peter downgraded his investment rating on the firm according to dow jones professional investors report citing a slowdown in the business - he cut his rating to a short-term hold from performer and reduced his N earnings estimate - mr. continues to rank the stock a buy - the stock slid $ N on more than four times average daily volume - the stock received another blow on friday when goldman sachs analyst eric advised that investors with short-term should avoid dun & bradstreet stock because it is unlikely to outperform the market - the stock fell N cents - insider selling is not unusual at dun & bradstreet in fact the recent pace of selling is just about average for the company according to figures compiled by a north miami fla. firm that specializes in tracking and analyzing sec insider filings - but previous sales have often been sales of shares purchased through the exercise of stock options and sold six months later as soon as allowed said robert president of - the most recent sales do n't appear to be he said - profits - michael a. miles chief executive officer of philip morris kraft general foods unit bought N shares of the company on sept. N for $ N each - the $ N purchase raised his holdings to N shares - the stock split on oct. N - mr. miles 's newly purchased shares are now worth $ N based on philip morris 's closing price of $ N up N cents in composite trading on the new york stock exchange yesterday - a spokesman for mr. miles said he bought the shares because he felt they were a good investment - the executive made his purchases shortly before being named to his current chief executive officer 's position formerly he was kraft general foods ' chief operating officer - shedding - two directors of gold inc. a wash. mining firm sold most of their holdings in the company aug. N - john j. sold N shares for $ N each leaving himself with a stake of N shares - he received $ N - peter sold N shares all of his holdings for $ N a share or $ N - gary corporate counsel for the company said the directors sold for personal financial reasons - both insiders declined to comment - on wall street merrill lynch & co. analyst daniel a. rates the stock neutral and drexel burnham lambert inc. lists it as a buy - gold has been on a lot of recommended lists as a junior growth company stepping into the big says metals analyst at & a new york investment firm - it 's a good company and growing there 's nothing that would warrant that it be sold - yesterday in composite trading on the american stock exchange closed at $ N up N cents - used to hold the belief that it was more perfect to exist than not to exist and that to exist as a matter of necessity was most perfect of all - now only god exists as a matter of necessity it is built into his nature - but since the time of we humans could at least claim a sort of natural necessity for the existence of our - are n't we after all the inevitable culmination of that called evolution - if and natural selection slowly but surely give rise to more and more advanced forms of life then it was only a matter of before beings with reason and taste onto the scene - now along comes stephen jay gould to this illusion - his credentials are excellent for the task - star at harvard author of numerous popular books on science and of the lobby mr. gould is perhaps the world 's most - yet he puts quite a twist on the old story handed down from - for him natural history is anything but a gradual predictable march from to human it is a chaotic affair in which the emergence of a was a shot - in wonderful life the burgess and the nature of history norton N pages $ N mr. gould makes his case for the of human evolution - the argument turns on the discovery in N of an amazing fossil high in the canadian called the burgess - here in an area smaller than a city block lay buried of weird creatures that had more than N million years ago creatures whose variety far exceeded what can be found in all the world 's today - such an embarrassment of was to the man who discovered the burgess one charles - the received wisdom of the day said that animals living so long ago must be simple in design limited in scope and to contemporary - the hypothetical from the burgess in such a way that they could be into familiar categories - it was not until the early 1970s that cambridge prof. harry whittington and two sharp graduate students began to publish a of the burgess - by making about how the and distorted fossil remains to structures this was able to piece together a series of quite unlike anything currently on the planet - one was so in appearance it was dubbed - would that mr. gould 's minute of these creatures was always so - a good deal of the book is boring particularly the endless to high and pop culture and the frequent jokes the text - these turns do not provide sufficient relief from sentences like most modern have six on the - interest picks up though when mr. gould gets around to discussing the meaning of the burgess for the theory of evolution - not long after the appearance of life there was an explosive proliferation in the number of animal designs seen on the earth - the vast majority of them however were wiped out by a succession of environmental that were too sudden and catastrophic for the normal rules of natural selection to operate - consequently the process was like a in which each group held a ticket unrelated to its - so much for survival of the - so much too for the notion that we humans in the struggle by big brains - our out through the impact that did in the because they were small not smart - if anyone has difficulty a world in which history went on without us mr. gould several - in one birds are the dominant in another the with little - back when the burgess were it seems human hopes hung on the survival of a little worm with a called - mr. gould finds this oddly like an of old he views our as a source of both freedom and moral responsibility - i by contrast can not help feeling that if some other from the burgess had survived instead beings at once and less than might have eventually gained dominion - but even if no life had here at all the universe is a big place and given the right conditions sympathetic to creating some form of life - surely at some other address a would have risen out of the to explain why speaking it is indeed a wonderful life - mr. holt is a columnist for the literary review in london - the justice department scrambled to play down the significance of its new guidelines concerning prosecutions under the federal racketeering law - the guidelines were distributed to u.s. attorneys last summer but were disclosed for the first time by press reports this week - they discourage prosecutors under certain circumstances from seeking court orders the assets of racketeering defendants prior to trial - but david runkel chief justice department spokesman said the guidelines are a and a far more than a new direction - use of the influenced and corrupt organizations law against white-collar defendants as opposed to alleged figures has come under attack from some defense lawyers and legal scholars - critics have complained that the law unfairly strips defendants of assets before a jury they have committed a crime and that aggressive use of the forfeiture provisions can corporate defendants or force them into unfavorable plea bargains - in the new guidelines the justice department says that in attempting to freeze disputed assets before trial the government will not seek to disrupt the normal legitimate business activities of the defendant and will not seek to take from third parties assets transferred to them - the guidelines also state the government 's policy is not to seek the forfeiture permissible under the law where that forfeiture would be disproportionate to the defendant 's crime - another provision certain limits on when prosecutors may use charges as a basis for bringing a racketeering case - mr. runkel declined to speculate on whether the guidelines would curb racketeering prosecutions against corporate defendants - the impact if there is any will be impossible to judge ahead of time because the decision whether to use racketeering charges is made in individual cases by justice department officials in washington he said - in a memorandum describing the guidelines assistant attorney general edward dennis jr. said that government efforts to freeze defendants ' assets pending racketeering prosecutions have been the subject of considerable criticism in the press - but mr. runkel said the government is n't backing off on these kinds of matters at all - california legislators searching for ways to pay for the $ N billion to $ N billion in damages from last week 's earthquake are laying the for a temporary increase in the state 's sales tax - the talk of a sales tax rise follows a from congress on the question of how much the federal government is willing to spend to aid in california 's earthquake relief efforts - the state had sought as much as $ N billion in relief but yesterday the house approved a more general measure calling for $ N billion in aid the bulk of which would go to california with an unspecified amount going to regions affected by hurricane hugo - that leaves the state roughly $ N billion to $ N billion short - a sales tax increase appears to be the fastest and to raise funds in a hurry - according to the state department of finance a increase in the state 's per dollar sales tax could raise $ N billion - brown speaker of california 's assembly said that gov. george deukmejian has agreed to schedule a special session of the legislature within two weeks - california 's so-called limit effectively prevents the state from spending new tax money and so drastically limits its options in an emergency - both mr. brown the state 's most influential legislator and gov. deukmejian favor a temporary sales tax increase should more money be needed than the state can raise from existing sources and the federal government - according to a spokesman the governor is also studying the possibility of raising state gasoline taxes - mr. brown meanwhile believes only one tax will be and it will be a sales tax increase said chuck an aide - one immediate source of money is an emergency fund set up by gov. deukmejian - the fund has about $ N billion and is set up to handle precisely the kind of emergency the state faces said tom the governor 's deputy press secretary - but the fund 's size is disputed by mr. brown 's office which estimates the fund holds from $ N million to $ N million - moreover an aide to mr. brown said gov. deukmejian has expressed a desire not to spend all the reserve on this - to push through a sales tax increase however the state will have to suspend the limit citing an emergency - and then it will be required to lower taxes by a corresponding amount during a three-year period after the temporary tax increase ends said katz assistant director of the state department of finance - a sales tax increase would require two-thirds approval in both houses of the state 's legislature - but observers expect broad support - if there 's an emergency and there are n't sufficient funds from elsewhere i think the attitude will be supportive said kirk west president of the california chamber of commerce - but others think property owners ought to pay a higher portion of the state 's earthquake relief - since the late 1970s california property owners have benefited from a tax as a result of a state ballot initiative known as proposition N - the state could also increase gasoline taxes every one penny increase in the tax would yield $ N million a month - but gov. deukmejian and others are reluctant to do anything to harm the state 's chances of sharply raising gasoline taxes on a permanent basis - to raise more highway funds a measure to double the state 's a tax over five years is set to appear on the state 's june election ballot - but some fear imposing a temporary gasoline tax increase in the meantime could undercut support among voters for the measure - not everyone is convinced the state must raise new revenue to meet its earthquake needs - it 's possible though not probable that the state could get by with its existing resources and federal help said chairman of the state senate 's transportation committee - separately two men injured in last week 's freeway collapse in oakland began a legal battle against the state over whether officials adequately warnings about the structure 's safety - the claims which were filed with the state board of control but will probably end up in court are the first arising out of the collapse of the so-called cypress structure - the men can defeat that states often in court by showing that officials knew or should have known that design of the structure was defective and that they failed to make reasonable changes - a board of control spokesman said the board had not seen the claim and declined to comment - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - exxon capital corp. $ N million of N N N notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the notes which are noncallable were priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated triple-a by both moody 's investors service inc. and standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through salomon brothers inc - citicorp $ N million of N N N notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's seven-year note - rated single-a-1 by moody 's and double-a by s&p the issue will be sold through salomon brothers - 's inc. $ N million of N N N subordinated notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated single-a-3 by moody 's and by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by morgan stanley & co - xerox corp. $ N million of N N N notes due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue was priced to yield N basis points above the treasury 's note - rated single-a-2 by moody 's and by s&p the issue will be sold through underwriters led by salomon brothers - american general finance corp. $ N million of N N notes due oct. N N through bear stearns & co. being offered at a price of N to yield N N - the noncallable issue which has a one-time put oct. N N was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - the issue is rated single-a-1 by moody 's and by s&p - baltimore gas & electric co. $ N million of first and refunding mortgage bonds due oct. N N through shearson lehman hutton inc. offered at par to yield N N - the noncallable issue is rated by moody 's and by s&p - it was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - massachusetts $ N million of general obligation bonds consolidated loan of N series d due N through a goldman sachs & co. group - the insured bonds rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - county school district fla. $ N million of school district general obligation bonds series N due N and N tentatively priced by a first boston corp. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there are $ N million of N N N term bonds due N priced to yield N N - serial bonds are priced to yield to N N in N - the bonds are rated single-a-1 by moody 's and by s&p - city redevelopment financing authority calif. $ N million of revenue bonds series N tentatively priced by a stone & group - the issue includes $ N million of insured senior bonds - these consist of current interest bonds due N N and N and capital appreciation bonds due N and N tentatively priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - bonds due N N and N are n't being formally reoffered - there are also $ N million of uninsured subordinate bonds due dec. N N and dec. N N - there are $ N of N N N bonds priced at par and due N and $ N of N N bonds priced at par and due N - the insured bonds are rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - the uninsured subordinate bonds are n't rated according to the lead underwriter - west virginia economic development and tourism authority $ N million of parkway revenue bonds series N with current interest bonds due N and N and capital appreciation bonds due N tentatively priced by a painewebber inc. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there are $ N of N N N bonds priced at N N to yield N N in N - current interest serial bonds are tentatively priced to yield to N N in N - capital appreciation bonds are priced to yield to maturity from N N in N to N N in N and N - the bonds are insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - connecticut housing finance authority $ N million of housing mortgage revenue bonds priced by a painewebber inc. group - the $ N million of series b bonds which are n't subject to the alternative minimum tax were priced at par to yield from N N in N to N N in N - meanwhile the $ N million of series c bonds which are to the alternative minimum tax were priced at par to yield from N N in N to N N to N - the issue is expected to receive a double-a rating from moody 's the underwriter said - an s&p rating of has already been confirmed - montgomery county md. $ N million of general obligation series b consolidated public improvement bonds of N through a manufacturers hanover trust co. group - the bonds rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N to N - federal home loan mortgage corp. $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered by prudential-bache capital funding inc - there were no details available on the pricing of the issue freddie mac 's series N - the issue is backed by freddie mac N N N securities - co japan two-part $ N million issue of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par - european portion of $ N million via yamaichi international europe ltd - asian portion of $ N million via securities europe ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through oct. N N to buy shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - japan storage battery co. $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via nikko securities co europe ltd - guaranteed by mitsubishi bank ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through oct. N N to buy shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed nov. N - inc japan $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon at par via nomura international - guaranteed by dai-ichi kangyo bank ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through oct. N N to buy shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - nippon signal co japan N million marks of bonds with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N coupon due nov. N N and priced at par via commerzbank - guaranteed by fuji bank - each N mark bond carries one warrant and one certificate for four warrants exercisable from dec. N N to oct. N N to buy shares at an expected premium of N N N above the closing share price when prices are fixed oct. N - oil & fat co japan N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due dec. N N with a fixed N N coupon at par via union bank of switzerland - put option on dec. N N at a fixed N to yield N N - each N swiss franc bond convertible from nov. N N to dec. N N at a N N premium over closing share price oct. N when terms are scheduled to be fixed - n.v netherlands N million swiss francs of convertible bonds due nov. N N with a fixed N N coupon at par via union bank of switzerland - each N swiss franc bond convertible from jan. N N to oct. N N - fees N N - lion ltd japan N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due dec. N N with a N N coupon at par via yamaichi bank switzerland - put option on dec. N N at an indicated N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note convertible from dec. N N to dec. N N at N N premium over the closing share price oct. N when terms are scheduled to be fixed - credit local de france N million swiss francs of N N privately placed notes due dec. N N priced at N N to yield N N via swiss bank corp - people start their own businesses for many reasons - but a chance to fill out records is rarely one of them - red tape is the of small business - ironically the person who wants to run his or her own business is probably the active sort most likely to hate meeting the rules and demands of federal state and local regulators - yet every business owner has to face the of forms and regulations and often is the only one available to tackle it - there is hope of change - last week sen. malcolm r. held hearings on a bill to strengthen an existing law designed to reduce regulatory for small businesses - a great many federal regulations are meant for larger entities and do n't really apply to small businesses says jacob a legislative aide to sen. - other lawmakers are busy trying to revive the recently reduction act which many feel benefited small enterprises - thus optimistic entrepreneurs await a promised land of less red tape just as soon as uncle sam gets around to arranging it - meanwhile they tackle the of paper and about a dream world where postal regulations and government inspectors are - to find out what red tape entrepreneurs most the journal asked a completely random sample of business owners to about the forms and regulations they would most like to get lost in the mail - some entrepreneurs say the red tape they most love to hate is red tape they would also hate to lose - they concede that much of the government that them is essential to the public good and even to their own businesses - rules that set standards for products or govern business behavior generally the best regarded form of red tape create a level playing field and keep unscrupulous competitors away says west president of international inc. a va. business that designs and other products - mr. west cites the federal communications commission and its standards for telecommunications equipment they monitor product quality and prevent junk from flooding the market - some about red tape are predictable architects complain about a host of building regulations auto leasing companies about car insurance rules - determining when handicapped access is required can be a nightmare for architects says mark president of & co. a mass. architectural firm - there is such a of federal state and local codes that building inspectors are backing away from them mr. says - taxi leasing and other companies that maintain fleets of vehicles devote substantial resources to with state insurance laws and a host of agencies - it 's very costly and says phil rosen a partner in fleet & leasing management inc. a boston company - one senior executive at his firm spends nearly N N of his time on insurance he says - other forms of red tape are more pervasive - the most onerous many entrepreneurs say is the and filing required by tax authorities - with environmental and workplace regulations runs a close second - but run the - here is the red tape that surveyed business owners the most - environmental regulations - next to medical insurance costs of compliance are the fastest-growing expense at inc. a r.i. chemical company - peter the company 's owner says spending on regulatory paper work and the people to do it mostly to comply with federal state and local environmental laws will rise almost N N this year to $ N - mr. adds that spending on environmental red tape amounts to between N N and N N of 's total operating expenses - eastern corp. a mass. maker of thin metal precision parts must report to five federal and state agencies as well as to local fire police hospital and plumbing authorities says robert president - one state environmental regulator returned a report because it was n't heavy enough it could n't have been correct mr. says - rules - employers must deposit taxes exceeding $ N within three days after payroll or pay stiff penalties and that 's a big problem for small businesses - it 's especially if you 're on the road and you 're the one responsible says eddie brown president of brown capital management inc. a baltimore firm - employee - employee on health care and other subjects costs over $ N a year for president of professional agricultural management inc. a calif. provider of business services to farmers - an employer leaves itself open to a great deal of liability if its employee do n't reflect the most recent laws he says - but the laws are usually so complicated and confusing that you need professionals to help you you ca n't do it yourself he adds - pension and rules - with these is enough to make business owners look forward to their own pension days - yearly changes in federal benefit laws force small businesses to repeatedly and existing plans - alice who runs her own public-relations concern in new york says she has had to overhaul her pension and plans three times in the past three years - it does n't increase benefits but it 's costly and ms. says - compliance added N N to N N to her accounting bill last year she says - sales tax records - advertising agencies and other service companies are exempt from city and state sales tax in most but the exemption comes at a price of records and reviews - to justify their exempt status and avoid penalties these businesses must show once a year that each and every transaction on which they did n't pay sales tax was a legitimate business expense - you need one person to just take care of sales tax says executive vice president of lee & advertising inc. new york - when the trinity theater named anne bogart its artistic director last spring the nation 's theatrical a collective - ms. bogart an of dramatic that into such as and 's south pacific is downtown - trinity rep meanwhile is one of the nation 's oldest and most respected regional theaters still an annual a christmas carol - how would this of traditional values fare in ms. bogart 's hands - she held her fire with her first production at the trinity earlier this season - it was a predictable revival of her of 's theoretical called no plays no - now with the opening of gorky 's ms. bogart has laid her cards on the table - is a hand that will test the of her audiences - for ms. bogart who initially studied and directed in germany and cites such european directors as peter stein giorgio and as influences tends to stage her productions with a whether the text demands it or not - and gorky considered the father of soviet socialist did not write plays that easily lend themselves to deliberately techniques - gorky was a loyal if occasionally writer committed to the with plain speaking rooted in a slightly sour version of - and in N as a kind of to 's cherry is a lawn party of russian engaged in an ideological fight to the finish between the and the reformers - along the way there also are lots of romantic - ms. bogart has kept gorky 's time and place intact - despite the absence of and a tendency to turn the furniture upside down the production is rich in russian voiced by folk sporting and cotton with and fishing poles - but beyond this to tradition ms. bogart and company head off in a direction that all but gorky 's drama into something to well - the director 's attempt to force some distance between her actors and their characters frequently with performances that are - not only do the actors stand outside their characters and make it clear they are at odds with them but they often literally stand on their heads - like peter ms. bogart her actors as if they were them on them off tables even hanging them from while having them perform some of - there are moments in this when the characters the vast country house which looks like a of frank lloyd wright and is designed by with the of in - talk from where it one of them says - the clash of this treatment but the and of gorky 's individual characters have in the - as for the humor that gorky 's text provides when in such broad strokes particularly by the lesser members of the it looks and sounds forced - ms. bogart does better with music than with words when she wants as she so often does want to express herself through gorky 's play - here she has the aid of her longtime associate jeff whom she appointed trinity 's musical director and whom she equipped with a new $ N sound system and recording studio - for gorky mr. provided an of and which is less a score than a separate character with a distinct point of view - like and indeed pound ms. bogart has said that her intent in such staging of the is simply an attempt to make it new - indeed during a recent audience discussion the director explained that her artistic wish was to find a way to play somewhere over the rainbow so that the song 's original beauty comes through the - the danger that ms. bogart seems to be here is one of rather than a vision so at odds with the playwright 's that the two points of view rather than each other - ms. bogart 's cast is part and parcel of the problem - ed shea and barbara never find a real reason for their love affair as the young and the humanitarian doctor maria - cynthia as the is a not the gorky intended - better to look in the corners for performances that or - in addition to one of the evening 's more impressive instruments brings an touch to her role of everybody 's favorite mom - rice plays the with so much edge as to steal her two scenes - but it is the trinity rep jonathan fried the who is the actor to watch whether he is it up while conducting the chamber musicians or his neighbor 's wife by her - ms. de writes frequently about theater - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - morgan stanley the once investment house in N helped a corporate client complete a hostile takeover - it was the start of a boom in unfriendly even mergers - on july N N international of canada advised by morgan offered $ N a share equal to $ N million for esb a philadelphia battery maker - esb said it was given only a advance warning on a take it or leave it basis from inco as the toronto company is called - esb is aware that a hostile tender offer is being made by a foreign company for all of esb 's shares said port esb 's president - hostile thus entered the - joseph flom of & flom which became a leading legal firm in merger cases said the case made takeovers respectable - esb inco and within five days esb had a white knight as united aircraft headed by harry gray a friendly acquirer of companies offered $ N a share - gray was advised by goldman sachs and merrill lynch - esb directors accepted but a bidding match - within a few days in july inco raised its bid to $ N and united matched it - on a single day inco lifted its offer to $ N and then to $ N equal to $ N million - united met the $ N but then withdrew - esb on july N accepted the inco offer and the brief battle unlike the and lengthy big takeovers of N was over - the new game became a money maker for wall street 's once houses - inco paid morgan an advisory fee of about $ N a figure by today 's measures - early this year morgan and three other investment houses each received $ N million in advisory fees from kohlberg kravis & roberts in its $ N billion friendly buy-out of rjr nabisco - homefed corp. said third-quarter net income slid N N to $ N million or $ N per fully diluted share from $ N million or $ N a fully diluted share because of increased bad assets and unexpected trouble in unloading foreclosed property - the decline surprised analysts and jolted homefed 's stock which lost N N of its value closing at $ N on the new york stock exchange down $ N - homefed had been one of the handful of large west coast thrifts that in recent quarters had interest-rate problems the industry by keeping a lid on problem assets and lending heavily into the california housing market - analysts had been projecting fully diluted earnings in the third quarter in the range of about $ N a share - however homefed 's loan and purchases plunged N N in the quarter to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - meanwhile assets rose to $ N million from $ N million - some $ N million of the troubled assets is real estate a N N surge from the $ N million of property homefed held a year ago - homefed has $ N billion of assets - homefed said most of the troubled assets are apartment shopping and other commercial real estate - it said about half are in california with the rest scattered across the country - it said sales of such properties were slower than anticipated in the third quarter but it expects sales to pick up in the rest of the year - homefed said the slide in loan was more a matter of design than a sign of cooling in the california market - any such downturn in california would be grim news for west coast thrifts particularly the less healthy ones which have performed poorly even with a market - but homefed said it loan in the quarter because of uncertainty over the new capital requirements and regulations that will emerge from negotiations over the government 's massive thrift bailout bill - it said its real-estate operations earned a record $ N million more than double year-earlier real estate profit of $ N million - and analysts said they see no signs of an imminent in california real estate even with last week 's earthquake - the thrift said earnings also were in the quarter by a $ N million provision for losses associated with its previously reported plan to liquidate a real-estate franchise network - for the nine months homefed earned $ N million or $ N a fully diluted share a N N increase from year-earlier net income of $ N million or $ N a fully diluted share - yields on certificates of deposit at major banks were little changed in the latest week - the average yield on six-month cds of $ N and less slipped to N N from N N according to banxquote money markets an information service based here - on one-year cds of $ N and less the average slid to N N from N N - both issues are among the most popular with individual investors - because of in the economy rates can be expected to decline over a one-year horizon said mehl chairman of banxquote - it 's unclear how much rates can fall and how soon - changes in cd yields in the week ended tuesday were in line with up and down within a fairly narrow range for the last two months - interest rates generally began declining last spring after moving steadily upward for more than a year - the average yield on three-month cds moved up of a percentage point in the latest week to N N - long-term cds declined just a fraction - the average yield on both two-year cds and five-year cds was N N - only cds sold by major brokerage firms posted significant increases in average yields in the latest week reflecting increased yields on treasury bills sold at monday 's auction - the average yield on six-month cds rose to N N from N N and on one-year cds the average yield rose to N N from N N - the brokerage firms which negotiate rates with the banks and thrifts whose cds they sell generally feel they have to offer clients more than they can get on or from banks and thrifts directly - sold at monday 's auction yielded N N for six months and N N for three months up from N N and N N respectively the week before - so-called jumbo cds typically in denominations of $ N and up also usually follow and interest rate trends in general more than those aimed at small investors - some posted changes in average yields this week both up and down - the average yield on rose to N N from N N while the two-year average fell by the same amount to N N - six-month and yields were unchanged on average - the cd market is unsettled right now said banxquote 's mr. mehl - it 's very easily influenced by changes in the stock market and the junk bond market - the small changes in averages reflect generally unchanged yields at many major banks - some however lowered yields significantly - at chase manhattan bank in new york for example the yield on a small six-month cd fell about a quarter of a percentage point to N N - in california bank of america dropped the yield on both six-month and one-year savings cds to N N from N N - yields on money-market deposits were unchanged at an average N N for $ N and less and down just a of a percentage point to N N for jumbo deposits - lion nathan ltd. agreed to buy the franchise to bottle distribute and market soft-drink products in australia the company said - the new zealand brewing and retail concern did n't disclose terms - the agreement is effective jan. N and is subject to approval from australia 's foreign investment review board - australia ltd. has held the australian pepsi franchise for the past four years - lion nathan and australia a unit of pepsico inc. of the u.s. did n't say why will no longer hold the franchise - wang laboratories inc. has sold $ N million of assets and reached agreements in principle to sell an additional $ N million shortly richard miller president said at the annual meeting - he said wang had reached an agreement with a major financial firm to sell for $ N million its domestic equipment lease portfolio and that of its wang credit corp. subsidiary - he said it also agreed to sell a portion of its european real estate unit for $ N million - mr. miller said that wang has already sold some $ N million of assets and disclosed that it had received $ N million from compaq computer corp. houston in the previously announced sale of its scotland plant - mr. miller repeated that in the next six months he plans to sell another $ N million to $ N million of assets to repay debt and reduce interest costs at wang a maker in mass - in response to questions after the annual meeting mr. miller said the company is no longer looking for an equity investor - during the summer wang executives had said they might seek outside investment - murata co. said it is establishing a subsidiary in britain to produce electric parts including ceramic - the tokyo maker of ceramic said it purchased a plant in - the company did n't disclose a purchase price or capitalization figures - murata said however it will invest about N billion yen $ N million in the new company - production is slated to begin in april - the company which has a european murata europe management g.m.b h. in germany said the latest venture is designed to meet demand for electric parts in european community countries ahead of the creation of the unified market by the end of N - murata expects sales at the unit of about N billion yen in the first year - stores inc. reported a N N decline in profit for the fiscal third quarter but said operating improvements were by unusual gains in the year-earlier period - the oakland grocery retailer closely held since a $ N billion leveraged buy-out in N said profit for the three months ended sept. N was $ N million compared with $ N million a year earlier - but it said the year-earlier results included gains of $ N million from - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the nine months the company said profit fell N N to $ N million from $ N million in the year-earlier quarter which included gains of $ N million - sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - benjamin jacobson & sons has been the new york stock exchange specialist firm in charge of trading stock in ual corp. and its since the early 1930s - but the firm has never had a day like yesterday - at first ual did n't open because of an order - when it did a half-hour into the session it was priced at $ N a share down more than $ N from monday 's close - it sank further to as low as $ N but a big rally developed in the last half hour pushing the stock back up to close at $ N down just $ N from monday - in the process N million shares traded making ual the second most active issue on the big board - pizza when they could and until their voices gave out the two benjamin jacobson specialists at the big board 's ual trading post yesterday over what can only be described as a financial - it was chaotic - but we like to call it controlled chaos said robert j. jacobson jr. of the firm 's founder - he the ual post yesterday with christopher bates N an energetic long who 's a dead ringer for actor - who was doing all the selling - options traders arbitrage traders everyone said mr. bates cooling down with a of apple after the close yesterday - added mr. jacobson there were some pretty bad losses in the stock - big board traders said a buy order at $ N a share entered by bear stearns & co. which was active in ual stock all day is what set off the ual crowd in the late afternoon - a subsequent rally in ual helped the staggering stock market stage an recovery from an deficit to finish only slightly below monday 's close - both jacobson traders who had been hoping ual trading would get back to normal read the news about the of ual takeover plans on the train into work yesterday morning - the news told them it would be a while longer before ual resumed trading like a regular airline stock after months of gyrations - when mr. jacobson walked into the office at N a.m. edt he announced ok buckle up - messrs. jacobson and bates walked on the big board floor at about N a.m. yesterday and immediately spotted trouble - already entered in the big board 's computers and to their post were sell orders for N ual shares - the ual news had already caused a selling furor in the so-called third market in which firms buy and sell stock away from the exchange floor - ual which closed on the big board monday at $ N a share traded in the third market afterward as low as $ N a share - there were rumors of $ trades - in the N minutes before the N opening bell the jacobson specialists kept getting sell orders heavier than they - and at N they posted a $ N to $ N first indication or the price range in which the stock would probably open - that range was quickly narrowed to $ N to $ N although traders surrounding the post were told that $ N to $ N would be the likely target - when ual finally opened a half hour late some N shares traded at $ N - there was selling pressure from everyone said one trader - this month 's friday-the-13th market plunge spurred by ual news was n't as bad for the jacobson specialists as yesterday 's action - on that earlier day the stock 's trading was halted at a critical time so the specialists could catch their breath - not yesterday - mr. jacobson his gray hair flying did n't wear out his but he sweat so much he considered sending out for a new - mr. bates usually handles day-to-day ual trading on his own - but yesterday the heavy trading action eventually consumed not only messrs. jacobson and bates but four other jacobson partners all doing their job of buyers and sellers together and adjusting prices to accommodate the market - about N floor traders near the ual post most of the day and probably hundreds more came and went a mass as one trader described it - the N volume flowing through the jacobson specialist operation was about five times normal for the stock - the heavy buying in the last half hour led the specialists to take special steps - the bear stearns order that marked the turnaround caused a massive buying effort as ual jumped $ N a share to $ N in the last half hour said mr. bates - with N seconds of trading to go mr. jacobson with what voice he had left announced to the trading we 're going to trade one price on the bell - that meant no trading would occur in the final seconds as a way of making sure that orders are n't to a sudden price swing that would upset customers - about N shares sold at $ N on the bell representing about eight to N late orders the specialists estimate - big board traders praised the jacobson specialists for getting through yesterday without a trading halt - in chicago a ual spokesman by way of policy declined to comment on the company 's stock or the specialists ' performance - leaving the exchange at about N p.m. the jacobson specialists made no predictions about how trading might go today - said ellis a jacobson partner who got involved in the ual action it all starts all over again today - britain 's current account deficit dropped to # N billion $ N billion in september from an adjusted # billion $ N billion the previous month but the improvement comes amid increasing concern that a recession could strike the u.k. economy next year - the confederation of british industry 's latest survey shows that business executives expect a slowdown largely because of a series of interest-rate increases that has raised banks ' base lending rates to N N - the outlook has deteriorated since the summer with orders and employment falling and output at a standstill said david chairman of the industry group 's economic committee - he also said investment by businesses is falling off - of N companies surveyed N N expect to cut spending on plant equipment and machinery while only N N plan to spend more - but despite mounting recession fears government data do n't yet show the economy to a halt - unemployment for example has continued to decline and the september trade figures showed increases in both imports and exports - as a result prime minister margaret thatcher 's government is n't currently expected to ease interest rates before next spring if then - chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson views the high rates as his chief weapon against inflation which was by tax cuts and loose credit policies in N and N - officials fear that any this year could inflation or further weaken the pound against other major currencies - off attacks on his economic policies in a house of commons debate yesterday mr. lawson said inflation remains the greatest threat to our economic and promised to take whatever steps are needed to it off - the latest government figures said retail prices in september were up N N from a year earlier - many economists have started predicting a mild recession next year - david owen u.k. economist with kleinwort benson group reduced his growth forecast for N to N N from N N and termed the risk of recession next year quite high - but he said the downturn probably wo n't become a major similar to those of N and N - still britain 's current slump is a cause for concern here as the nation joins in the european community 's plan to create a unified market by N - compared with the major economies on the continent the u.k. faces both higher inflation and lower growth in the next several months - as a result mr. owen warned investment will be more likely to flow toward the other european economies and the u.k. will be less prepared for the single market - britain 's latest trade figures contained some positive news for the economy such as a surge in the volume of exports which were N N higher than a year earlier - but while september exports rose to # N billion imports shot up to # N billion - the resulting # N billion merchandise trade deficit was partly offset by an assumed surplus of # N million in so-called items which include income from investments services and official transfers - despite the narrowing of the monthly trade gap economists expect the current account deficit for all of N to swell to about # N billion from # N billion in N - increasingly economists say the big deficit reflects the slipping competitive position of british industry - when the country gets we tend to buy high-quality imports mr. owen said - vickers plc a british aerospace defense and automotive conglomerate said it reached an agreed cash bid of # N million $ N million for ross group plc a maker of specialty and - the company said it expects to receive acceptances for its offer of N pence $ N per share representing at least N N of ross 's issued share capital or N million ordinary shares - vickers said its offer also includes an option to receive a loan note in of cash - the notes can be redeemed starting in july N - the company said its acquisition of ross will be covered largely by cash raised in its july disposal of for # N million - if wo n't pay high prices for anymore who will - are betting on the common folk - the thoroughbred owners and association a lexington trade group has launched for potential investors at race tracks around the country - the group which has held half a dozen so far also is considering promotional and perhaps a pitch to wall street investment bankers - people in this business have been says pons a horse from air md - but the real future of this game is in a number of people owning a few horses - at the laurel race track the are people like tim a beer packaging plant worker - right now mr. is his racing program for on the a thoroughbred down the home stretch - mr. that he sold all his stocks a week before the market plummeted N points on oct. N and he is using the money to help buy a horse farm - just imagine how exciting that would be if that 's your horse he says - but experts caution that this is n't a game for anyone with a weak or - it 's a business warns charles c. a lexington attorney and former kentucky state securities commissioner - you have to go into it firmly that it 's the kind of investment where you can lose everything - and many have done just that - consider farm a prominent lexington horse farm that went public in N but hit hard times and filed for bankruptcy-court protection last year - a group of investors recently bought the remaining assets of hoping to rebuild it - other investors have lost millions in partnerships that bought thoroughbred or breeding rights - one big problem has been the thoroughbred market - from N to N prices for the best at the summer sales rose N N to an average of $ N - since then prices have slumped to an average of $ N this summer - but that 's for the best horses with most selling for much less as little as $ N for some - even while they move outside their traditional tony circle owners still try to capitalize on the of the sport - glossy circulated at about the of the winner 's circle and - one promises parties post times and - it 's just a matter of marketing and promoting ourselves says bell a horse from lexington - maybe it 's not that simple - for buyers have to remember the basic problem of such ventures these do n't come with - and for every champion there are plenty of - a veteran at the laurel md. track offers a tour of a horse noting that only three of about a dozen horses have won sizable - one brown was from a cold while another had on its keeping both animals from the - you can see the highs and lows of the business all under one she tells the group - there are n't too many winners - perhaps the biggest hurdle owners face is convincing newcomers that this is a reputable business - some badly managed partnerships have burned investors sometimes after they received advice from industry consultants - so owners have developed a code of ethics rules for consultants and agents and disclosure of fees and any conflicts of interest - but some are skeptical of the code 's effectiveness - the industry is based on individual honesty says cap a lexington horse farmer and one of the investors who bought - despite the drop in prices for owning one still is n't cheap - at the low end investors can spend $ N or more to own a in partnership with others - at a sale a buyer can go solo and get a horse for a few thousand dollars - but that means paying the horse 's maintenance on average it costs $ N a year to raise a horse - for those looking for something between a minority stake and total ownership the owners ' group is considering a special sale where established horse would sell a N N stake in horses to newcomers - industries inc. its quarterly dividend to five cents a share payable nov. N to stock of record nov. N - the company 's quarterly dividend had been N cents a share since april N N - recently said it would incur an charge of about $ N million in its fourth quarter ending tuesday in connection with the sale and of several lines at a plant - the conn. maker of industrial fasteners and metal has N million shares outstanding - dunkin donuts inc. a takeover proposal by canada 's dd acquisition corp. said that its directors will evaluate takeover offers submitted by nov. N - dunkin donuts based in mass. previously said it would explore alternatives including a leveraged buy-out of the company but had n't set a date for of proposals - dunkin donuts chairman and chief executive robert m. said a sale is one alternative being considered but he added the board has n't decided whether to sell the - dd acquisition jointly owned by unicorp canada corp. 's capital group unit and cara operations ltd. has made a $ tender offer valued at $ N million for dunkin donuts - dunkin donuts ' announcement followed dd acquisition 's request to the delaware court of chancery monday to set a trial date for its suit against the company - the trial had been postponed to allow dunkin donuts to seek alternatives to dd acquisition 's offer - combustion engineering inc. said third-quarter net income of $ N million a $ N million year-earlier loss - the stamford conn. products and services company said per-share earnings were N cents compared with the year-ago loss of $ N - sales fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - strong profit in the process industries including chemical and pulp and paper were offset by higher interest expense and by lower earnings as the company closed out certain long-term contracts - combustion reported improved profits in its and control products businesses and it narrowed its losses in its public sector and environmental segment - power generation had higher sales but lower earnings the company cited factors including work on certain low contracts from previous years - net in the latest quarter included a pretax gain of $ N million from the sale of combustion 's minority interest in stein to n.v. of the netherlands - last year 's results reflected a gain of $ N million on of assets and a $ N million pretax provision mainly from costs of completing certain and other power plants - bebear chairman and chief executive officer of assurances pledged to retain employees and management of farmers group inc. including leo e. jr. chairman and chief executive officer if axa succeeds in acquiring farmers - mr. bebear added that the french insurer would keep farmers ' headquarters in los angeles and will not send french people to run the company - axa would also maintain farmers ' relationships with the insurance exchanges that it manages - mr. bebear made his remarks at a breakfast meeting with reporters here yesterday as part of a tour in which he is trying to rally support in the u.s. for the proposed acquisition - the bid is part of sir james goldsmith 's unfriendly takeover attempt for b.a.t industries plc the british tobacco retailing paper and financial-services giant that acquired farmers last year for $ N billion - axa has agreed to acquire farmers from sir james 's investment vehicle investments ltd. for $ N billion plus a $ N billion investment in - any acquisition of farmers needs the approval of insurance commissioners in the nine states where farmers operates and mr. bebear 's trip will take him to idaho arizona and new york after his stay here he will meet with insurance regulators legislators industry and the press - hearings on axa 's acquisition application have been set for nov. N in idaho nov. N in illinois nov. N and dec. N in arizona dec. N in washington state and jan. N in oregon - hearings have n't yet been set in texas ohio and kansas - california 's insurance commissioner does n't hold hearings on acquisition applications - although axa has been rebuffed by farmers and has n't had any meetings with management mr. bebear nonetheless appears to be trying to woo the company 's executives with promises of and authority under axa - he said mr. would be a member of the top management team of the group of companies and would help define policies and strategies of the group - farmers was quick yesterday to point out the many negative aspects it sees in having axa as its parent - for one axa plans to do away with certain tax credits that have resulted in more than $ N million paid to the farmers exchanges during the past few years to offset underwriting losses - those credits result because of taxes that farmers as the management company has paid and have proved to be very important for the exchanges a farmers spokesman said - mr. bebear contended that the tax cost to the exchanges under the revised structure would be about $ N million a year which he described as peanuts - honeywell inc. minneapolis said it completed its previously announced sale of N N of the shares outstanding in its japanese joint venture for $ N million - the stake was acquired by a group of N japanese financial institutions and industrial corporations primarily insurance companies honeywell said - proceeds will be used to repurchase as many as N million shares of honeywell stock as previously announced - honeywell said a second sale of is still being negotiated - the company which now holds a N N stake in the venture has indicated that it intends to retain at least a N N stake long term - a N N stake would allow honeywell to include earnings in its results - a company spokesman said the gain on the sale could n't be estimated until the tax treatment has been determined - oppenheimer capital limited partnership increased the quarterly distribution to N cents a limited partnership unit from N cents - the distribution represents available cash flow from the partnership between aug. N and oct. N - it is payable nov. N to units of record oct. N - the money manager is controlled N N by its top officers and top officers of oppenheimer & co. a securities firm - both firms are in new york - oppenheimer capital has about N million limited partnership units outstanding - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday the units closed at $ N up N cents - bank of montreal said it added N million canadian dollars us$ N million to its reserves against losses on third world loans bringing the total it has set aside this year to c$ N billion - the bank said the c$ N billion in reserves will result in a charge of c$ N million against earnings but said it still expects to report a profit for the year ending tuesday - the bank reported net income of c$ N million for the nine months ended july N - the bank said the increase in loan-loss provisions wo n't affect the payment of dividends - the bank said reserves now amount to N N of its total exposure - excluding mexico reserves equal N N of exposure - in toronto stock exchange trading bank of montreal closed at c$ N up N canadian cents - knight-ridder inc. said third-quarter earnings jumped N N partly because of the sale of two of its media properties - the media concern said net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - the latest results include a gain of $ N million or eight cents a share on the sale of television stations in oklahoma city and mich - revenue increased N N to $ N million from $ N million - robert f. knight-ridder 's chief financial officer said the company was pleased with its overall performance despite only growth in newspaper revenue - that division 's revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million in the year-ago period - gains in advertising revenue however resulted in operating profit of $ N million up N N from $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading knight closed at $ N a share down N cents - alberta energy co. calgary said it filed a preliminary prospectus for an offering of common shares - the natural resources development concern said proceeds will be used to repay long-term debt which stood at N million canadian dollars us$ N million at the end of N - the company plans to raise between c$ N million and c$ N million from the offering according to a spokeswoman at of canada ltd. lead underwriter - the shares will be priced in early november she said - general electric co. executives and lawyers provided misleading and false information to the pentagon in N in an effort to cover up longstanding fraudulent billing practices federal prosecutors alleged in legal briefs - the government 's startling allegations filed only days before the scheduled start of a criminal trial against ge in philadelphia federal district court challenge the and of the nation 's third-largest defense contractor - in a strongly response a filing made in the same court yesterday ge asserted that prosecutors have misstated the testimony of witnesses distorted documents and ignored important facts - the company attacked the government 's allegations as reckless and and said its management promptly and accurately reported to the pentagon all relevant information about billing practices - the case strikes at the corporate image of ge which provides the military with everything from jet engines and electronic equipment to highly classified design work on the strategic defense initiative and could cause a loss of future defense contracts if pentagon and justice department officials take a tough stance - the company has been considered an industry leader in cooperation and voluntary disclosures of improper or inflated billing practices - but the government now claims that a group of company managers and lawyers engaged in an elaborate strategy over five years to from federal authorities the extent and details of widespread fraudulent billing practices - the problems were uncovered during a series of internal investigations of the company 's space systems division which has been the focus of two separate prosecutions by the government since N - the dispute stems from pretrial in the pending court case in which prosecutors have been demanding access to a host of internal company reports and documents - last november a federal grand jury indicted ge on charges of fraud and false claims in connection with an alleged scheme to the army of $ N million on a computer contract - the company for its part maintains that many of the disputed documents are communications that should n't be turned over to prosecutors - a hearing is scheduled on the issue today - the government 's filing covers events leading up to the current case and an earlier indictment in march N when ge was accused of the pentagon by illegally claiming cost overruns on missile contracts - ge pleaded guilty and paid a fine of more than $ N million in the case which involved some of the same individuals and operations that are at the center of the dispute in the philadelphia court - in order to show that all of its units had corrected billing problems and therefore should become eligible again for new contracts prosecutors contend that ge executives and company lawyers provided misleading statements to force secretary and other pentagon officials during a series of meetings in N - overall the government contends that ge 's disclosure efforts largely were intended to curry favor with pentagon officials without detailing the extent of the management and allegedly pervasive billing uncovered by company investigations - prosecutors a company that allegedly sat on damaging evidence of from N to N despite warnings from an internal - when ge finally disclosed the problems prosecutors contend that mr. was informed that the suspected practices had only just been discovered by ge management - in its brief the government asserted that it needs the internal ge documents to anticipated efforts by ge during the trial to demonstrate its good corporate character - ge which was surprised by the last-minute subpoena for more than N boxes and file of documents that senior ge managers did n't find out about questionable billing practices until N and that the information was passed on quickly to mr. at his first meeting with company representatives - subsequent meetings initiated after the company and two of its units were briefly suspended from federal contracts were held to mr. with the company 's procedures and to disclose additional information according to ge - ge 's filing contends that the billing practices at the heart of the current controversy involved technical disputes rather than criminal activity - the company 's conduct does not even raise a question of corporate intent or ge 's brief asserts - on the contrary it shows a corporation reacting swiftly and aggressively to very difficult issues in largely waters - mr. could n't be reached for comment yesterday - applied solar energy corp. of city of industry calif. said it and its majority shareholder american co. signed a letter of intent for the acquisition of applied solar by mcdonnell douglas corp. for about $ N million - the proposed acquisition provides for a cash payment of $ N a share at closing and a contingent payment of as much as N cents a share placed in escrow - details of the escrow agreement have n't been completed the companies said - there are N million shares of applied solar of which american owns N million - american is a wayne n.j. chemicals drugs and fertilizer concern - completion of the acquisition is subject to execution of a definitive agreement approval by all three companies ' boards and the approval of applied solar 's shareholders - an applied solar spokesman said completion is expected at the end of the year or early next year - a spokeswoman for the st. louis aerospace and defense concern said it wanted the because applied solar is involved in solar cells and laser components and this fits with mcdonnell 's business of laser applications for military space - trading in cineplex odeon corp. shares was halted on the new york and toronto stock exchanges late yesterday afternoon at the company 's request toronto stock exchange officials said - brian a spokesman for the company 's committee of independent directors established in may to and evaluate offers for the company said it was expected to make an announcement early this morning - but mr. said he was n't aware of the nature of the talks under way between committee members and their advisers - cineplex traded on the new york stock exchange at $ N a share up $ N before trading was halted - analysts have speculated in recent days that the value of offers received by the committee fell well short of what they had hoped or even that the company 's chairman president and chief executive officer drabinsky is the only bidder for the company as a whole - the current effort to auction off the company was triggered by a dispute between mr. drabinsky and the toronto-based movie chain 's major shareholder mca inc - london share prices closed sharply lower tuesday on the back of wall street 's steep drop and renewed fears over u.k. economic fundamentals - tokyo 's winning streak came to an end and stocks fell in frankfurt and across europe as well - london 's financial times 100-share index shed N points to finish at N - at london 's close the dow jones industrial average was N points lower at N - dealers said the initial pressure came from mildly disappointing u.k. trade figures for september and a worrisome report by the confederation of british industry that a decline in orders for manufactured goods is both business optimism and investment plans for the coming year - the trade and reports attention on high interest rates and corporate profitability and helped underlying concerns over prospects for a recession in the u.k. dealers said - the 30-share index fell N points to N - volume was a modest N million shares traded but better than the year 's lowest turnover of N million monday - market watchers also noted an absence of institutional interest later in the session helped the way for broader declines when wall street opened weaker - they added that market-makers were knocking share prices down in in a bid to attract some interest but the action largely helped open the way for london 's late declines - insurance stocks provided some early support to the market partly on favorable brokerage and talk of continental european interest in british life and composite insurers - british life insurer london & general which firmed N pence to N pence $ N and composite insurer royal insurance which finished N lower at N were featured in the talk - on the life insurance side group finished N lower at N and sun life dropped N to # N - jaguar finished N lower at N - dealers said the market did n't react substantially to ford motor co. 's disclosure to the u.s. securities and exchange commission that it will seek N N of jaguar 's shares outstanding when u.k. government share regulations are lifted at the end of next year - tokyo stocks closed easier posting their first loss in six trading days partly because of selling by trust investment funds in the afternoon session - the nikkei index fell N points to N - the index gained N points monday - in early trading in tokyo wednesday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on tuesday the tokyo stock price index of all first section issues was down N at N - first section volume was estimated at N million shares up from N million monday - observers said the market again failed to find a trading focus discouraging much participation by investors - the market however is expected to remain stable and expectations for future gains are high traders said - such sentiment is being supported by word that a large amount of cash from investment trust funds is scheduled to enter the market later this week and in early november - the expected amount is said to be N billion yen $ N billion to N trillion yen the second largest amount this year in a given period following the record high set at the end of july according to market observers - in addition to a large amount of investment trust fund cash analysts generally see the market environment improving compared with the past couple of weeks - an analyst at yamaichi securities said the market sentiment is bullish simply because there are few bad factors - buying activity tuesday centered on a wide range of domestic shares whose prices range from N to N yen - investors expect these shares will be targets of investment trust funds which often buy small amounts spread across a wide range of issues - on the other hand high-priced shares such as pioneer electronic and sony failed to spark investor interest because these issues are unlikely to be bought by investment trust funds observers said - tuesday 's notable losers were shares such as pioneer which shed N yen to N yen - sony was down N to N - fell N to N fuji photo film declined N to N and dropped N to N - share prices on the frankfurt stock exchange closed sharply lower in thin dealings as worried investors remained idle as the result of two potentially domestic developments - the dax index fell N to end at N - cutting against the downward trend was continental which jumped N marks to N marks $ N in heavy trading on rumors that the tire maker is about to be taken over - it jumped N monday - traders said the market was exceptionally thin as small investors remain on the sidelines - market participants say investors are not only their following the turbulence last week but they have also been made nervous by two events in west germany - on sunday the governing christian democratic union suffered a series of setbacks the extent of which became fully known only late monday in municipal elections in - traders say investors are worried that the wo n't be able to hold office in federal elections at the end of N - and statements by the chairman of the ig metall labor union also cast a cloud over trading dealers said - mr. said at a convention in west berlin that the union has to prepare for a big fight to achieve its main goal of a down from current - the decline in prices cut broadly through the blue-chip issues as siemens tumbled N to N deutsche bank plunged N to N and the auto makers fell sharply as well - daimler-benz dropped N to N dropped N to N and lost N - elsewhere share prices closed lower in zurich amsterdam milan and stockholm - about wall street was cited in several markets - prices closed lower in sydney singapore and wellington were mixed in hong kong and higher in taipei manila paris brussels and seoul - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - directors of bank and two of norway 's leading banks announced they had agreed to the formal merger of the banks - the merger would create 's seventh largest bank with combined assets of N billion norwegian $ N billion - the banks said an application for a to merge into one entity to be called bank as was sent monday to the finance ministry - the two boards said in a joint statement that the proposed merger agreement was considered in separate board meetings in monday - they said the agreement will be submitted to their respective boards next wednesday - extraordinary general meetings to be held nov. N will decide the share exchange ratio - the merger requires the approval of norwegian authorities - savings and loans reject blacks for mortgage loans twice as often as they reject whites the office of thrift supervision said - but that does n't necessarily mean thrifts are against blacks the agency said - the office an arm of the treasury said it does n't have data on the financial position of applicants and thus ca n't determine why blacks are rejected more often - nevertheless on capitol hill where the information was released yesterday at a senate banking subcommittee hearing lawmakers said they are worried that financial institutions are routinely against minorities - they asked regulators to suggest new ways to force banks and thrifts to comply with laws - sen. alan d ill. chairman of the subcommittee on consumer and regulatory affairs said i 'm not a - but when blacks are getting their loan applications rejected twice as often as whites and in some cities it is three and four times as often i conclude that discrimination is part of the problem - james a spokesman for the u.s. league of savings institutions said the data is a red flag but lacking the financial data you ca n't make a case that discrimination is widespread - the trade group official added certainly the federal government should take a hard look at it - sen. held the hearing to follow up on a provision in the savings and loan bailout bill that required regulators to report on evidence of in mortgage lending - the legislation also requires broad new disclosures of the race sex and income level of borrowers but that information wo n't be gathered in new studies for several months at least - the federal reserve said its studies in recent years which adjust for income differences and other showed that blacks received fewer home mortgages from banks and thrifts than whites - but john a fed governor told the subcommittee the evidence is mixed and that the fed 's believes the vast majority of banks are n't - for instance he noted the fed studies have shown that blacks receive more home improvement loans than whites - several lawmakers were angered that the bank and thrift regulators generally said they have been too busy handling the record number of bank and thrift failures in the past few years to put much energy into investigating possible discrimination - we would be the first to admit that we have not devoted the necessary amount of emphasis over the past several years to developing for discrimination said jonathan a top official of the office of thrift supervision - if we 've got folks out there who are being turned away in the mortgage market improperly and unfairly said sen. donald d. mich. chairman of the banking committee then that is a matter that needs remedy now not six months from now or six years from now or N years from now - officials of the federal deposit insurance corp. and the office of the comptroller of the currency said they have only a few banks for violations of laws - the fdic said it has issued five to banks over the past three years for practices - the comptroller 's office said it found no indications of illegal discrimination in N of banks since april N - the comptroller 's office also said that of N complaints it received since january N only N alleged racial discrimination in real estate lending - the agency investigated the complaints but no violations were cited - thrift regulators did n't give any figures on their enforcement actions - mr. said that among the possibilities being considered by regulators to fight discrimination is the use of government investigators who would pose as home buyers - the department of housing and urban development has used to investigate discrimination in rental housing - using could be controversial with financial institutions but mr. said the u.s. league of savings institutions had n't yet taken any position on the matter - time warner inc. is considering a legal challenge to tele-communications inc. 's plan to buy half of showtime networks inc. a move that could lead to war between the cable industry 's two most powerful players - time is also fighting the transaction on other fronts by attempting to discourage other cable operators from joining tele-communications as investors in showtime cable-tv industry executives say - time officials declined to comment - last week tele-communications agreed to pay viacom inc. $ N million for a N N stake in its showtime subsidiary which is a distant second to time 's home box office in the delivery of networks to cable subscribers - tele-communications the u.s. 's largest cable company said it may seek other cable partners to join in its investment - tele-communications is hbo 's largest customer and the two have a number of other business relationships - earlier this year time even discussed bringing tele-communications in as an investor in hbo executives at both companies said - the purchase of the showtime stake is a direct in our face said one senior time executive - time is expected to mount a legal challenge in u.s. district court in new york where viacom in may filed a $ N billion antitrust suit charging time and hbo with the business and trying to crush competition from showtime - executives involved in time 's defense say it is now preparing a naming both viacom and tele-communications as defendants - the executives say time may seek to break up the transaction after it is or may seek constraints that would prevent tele-communications from dropping hbo in any of its cable systems in favor of showtime - viacom officials declined to comment - jerome tele-communications ' chief outside counsel said he was n't aware of time 's legal plans - but he said that any effort by time to the tele-communications investment in showtime as would be the pot calling the black - it 's hard to see how an investment by the largest cable operator in the weaker of the two networks is when the stronger of the two networks is owned by the second largest cable operator mr. said - in addition to owning hbo with N million subscribers time warner separately operates cable-tv system serving about N million cable-tv subscribers - tele-communications controls close to N million cable subscribers and viacom has about one million - in its suit against time viacom says the ownership of both cable systems and networks gives the company too much market power - time argues that in joining up with tele-communications viacom has potentially more power particularly since viacom also owns cable networks and at - ironically tele-communications and time have often worked closely in the cable business - together they control nearly N N of turner broadcasting systems inc. tele-communications has a N N stake while time warner has a N N stake - but since time 's merger with warner communications inc. relations between the two have become - each company worries that the other is becoming too powerful and too integrated - meanwhile some legal observers say the tele-communications investment and other developments are weakening viacom 's antitrust suit against time - viacom time in its suit of refusing to carry showtime or a sister service the movie channel on time 's manhattan cable tv system one of the nation 's largest urban systems - but yesterday manhattan cable announced it will launch showtime on nov. N to over N subscribers - showtime has also accused hbo of up the lion 's share of hollywood 's movies by signing exclusive contracts with all the major studios - but showtime has continued to sign new contracts with hollywood studios and yesterday announced it will buy movies from columbia pictures entertainment inc. which currently has a arrangement with hbo - the federal trade commission said it authorized its staff to seek a preliminary injunction barring imo industries inc. from acquiring the shares outstanding of the u.s. unit of the british company united scientific holdings plc for $ N million - the ftc said it had reason to believe that the proposed acquisition could substantially reduce competition in the production of certain image which are important components of devices sold primarily to the defense industry - the ftc said it would seek to the proposed acquisition in a federal trial court but declined to specify which one - under federal law if the court grants a preliminary injunction the ftc must begin administrative proceedings to determine the of the proposed stock purchase within N days - officials at the united scientific unit corp. of texas and at imo industries of n.j. could n't be reached for comment - the airline industry 's fortunes in shape for most of the year have taken a sudden turn for the worse in the past few weeks - citing rising fuel costs promotional fare cuts and a general slowdown in travel several major carriers have posted or are expected to post relatively poor third-quarter results - yesterday usair group inc. recently one of the industry 's performers posted a $ N million net loss for the period - so far the industry 's fourth quarter is n't looking too strong either prompting many analysts to slash earning projections for the rest of the year by as much as - and they say the outlook for N is nearly as bad - airlines in N came in like a bang and are going out like a said kevin murphy an airline analyst at morgan stanley & co - this turn of events has put a big on an industry that seemed almost last spring when fares were rising at double-digit rates and many carriers seemed to be growing fat on in certain markets - now many airline companies might become a lot less attractive as takeover targets on wall street - the downturn also raises questions about the carriers ' ambitious orders for new airplanes which currently total $ N billion over the next three years - for travelers though the industry 's problems have had some positive effects - in recent weeks airlines have cut numerous fares in leisure markets to try to win back customers - others have tried to up programs - previously airlines were limiting the programs because they were becoming too expensive - just last week for example trans world airlines and pan am corp. 's pan american world airways went so far as to offer cash rebates or gift checks of $ N to $ N to certain members making flights in business class or first class - the industry 's slowdown became apparent this month when amr corp. parent of american airlines reported an N N drop in third-quarter net income and said its fourth quarter would be disappointing - shortly before that usair had said its third-quarter results would be significantly lower than a year earlier - yesterday it provided the details - its loss of $ N million or $ N a share with net of $ N million or $ N a share in the N third quarter - revenue rose only N N in the latest period to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the nine months the va. company 's net plunged N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the results surprised many analysts because usair has almost no competition in its pittsburgh hub and has expanded operations by completing its acquisition of airlines - shortly after announcing its quarterly loss usair 's stock tumbled $ N a share - it ended at $ N down $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - nobody was expecting this size of a loss said paul an analyst with first boston corp - one airline executive who declined to be identified called the loss amazing - in announcing the results usair cited many of the same problems that several other industry officials have named recently - it said the industry 's domestic traffic was flat in the third quarter analysts say this was because hefty fare increases earlier in the year scared off many leisure travelers this summer - to try to combat the traffic slowdown airlines started reducing fares average fares rose only N N in august in contrast to increases of N N each in february and march - but so far the effort has failed and traffic is still slow - some other fare promotions have - this summer the industry introduced a kids fly free program in which children were allowed to fly free if they were traveling with an adult - airlines tried to restrict the program substantially by limiting the offer to certain days of the week but it still was apparently used far more heavily than the airlines expected - airlines also say their programs are profits because are being redeemed at a rate - one airline official said about three times as many coupons are being turned in as in previous years not surprisingly as the airlines last year allowed many travelers to build up at triple the normal rate - rising operating expenses are another problem - fuel costs were up N N in the third quarter - labor costs which off in the past few years because of lower pay for newer employees are on the again at many carriers - and some carriers are facing other unexpected headaches usair for example blamed some of its loss on merger expenses and on disruptions caused by hurricane hugo last month - we can not the total adverse effects of hugo said edwin chairman and president of usair group - whatever the cause for the downturn few people are predicting any sudden improvement - airline economics inc. an aviation consulting firm is projecting an industrywide operating profit of $ N billion for N compared with earlier forecasts of $ N billion to $ N billion - as for N the firm predicts that profit will slip to between $ N billion and $ N billion - good - charlie brown is selling out - those metropolitan life ads were bad enough - but now charlie brown is about to start pitching everything from party mix to light - why is he in now - turns out that next year charlie brown and the gang turn N and howard 's united media unit the and licensing agent for charles 's comic strip sees a in licensing the characters to a of advertisers for ads and promotions - peanuts has become a major part of american culture says peter shore united media 's vice president of marketing and licensing - the comic strip has a quality about it - our plan is to honor charles and the strip all year long - the effort will make the peanuts gang very familiar in N - general electric plans to use the characters to plug its light - will run tv ads at 's day promoting its 's love - ralston will promote its party mix 's three new flavor named for charlie brown and - the characters will also be featured in a new public service effort for the united way - beyond the advertisements the is planning a traveling arena show new tv for cbs and even an exhibit at the institute - the schedule of will be kicked off officially with a combination live and special at the bowl in january - all the though have some marketing experts questioning whether the party may go too far - there are too many people participating says al of & a greenwich conn. marketing consulting firm - if you want to cut through the clutter you have to make your message as distinct sharp and individual as possible - sharing a character with other advertisers is n't a way to do that - but united media says it 's very with the contracts it hands out - we 're not interested in promoting every single product that comes along mr. shore says - metropolitan life ad executives could n't be reached about the use of the peanuts characters by others - but mr. shore says that company 's exclusive advertising rights extend only to the insurance and financial services category - berry wpp group - norman berry the creative executive who was apparently squeezed out of ogilvy & mather in june is returning to ogilvy 's parent company wpp group plc - mr. berry N had resigned after being asked by ogilvy 's chairman and chief executive officer kenneth roman to give up his title as creative head of the new york office and to take a international role - yesterday just a day after mr. roman announced he would leave to take a top post at american express wpp said mr. berry would return to take an international role at the parent company - mr. berry said the timing was a and that his decision was unrelated to mr. roman 's departure - rjr - rjr nabisco inc. awarded its national broadcast to katz partners the new york of chicago-based & - the naming of katz partners as agency of record for nabisco brands inc. and co. follows rjr nabisco 's announcement last week that it will its rjr nabisco broadcast division and dismiss its N employees dec. N to cut costs - new york-based rjr nabisco would n't say what it spends annually but industry executives say it will spend more than $ N million this year down from about $ N million last year - ad notes - earnings - interpublic group of cos. said third-quarter net rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - revenue increased more than N N to $ N million from $ N million - holiday promotion - pepsico inc. will give away N sets of game boy 's new hand-held video game in a promotion scheduled to begin nov. N - pepsi said it will spend $ N million advertising the promotion - international business machines corp. agreed to acquire a N N stake in corp. an australian and concern for N million australian dollars us$ N million - the investment will be made through ibm australia ltd. a unit of ibm the two companies said yesterday - ibm can raise its stake in to N N over three years but agreed to not go beyond N N in that time - said in a statement it has several well developed product and services relationships with the u.s. computer company and plans to expand these links - the company earns about half its revenue overseas and plans further expansion - a majority stake in currently held by corp. will be diluted to slightly less than N N after ibm acquires its interest - the agreement requires approval from australia 's foreign investment review board and national companies and securities commission and from shareholders of - bond corp holdings ltd. 's consolidated debt totals N billion australian dollars us$ N billion including a$ N billion of bonds convertible into shares - alan bond chairman and controlling shareholder of the australian media brewing resources and property concern disclosed the debt figures yesterday - the disclosure follows last friday 's news that bond corp. incurred an overall loss of a$ N million for the fiscal year ended june N the largest loss in australian corporate history - the debt load would have been higher but for a reduction of a$ N billion over the past year from asset sales mr. bond said at a business gathering - mr. bond indicated the consolidated debt figures which include debt of units such as bell group ltd. will be published soon in bond corp. 's N annual accounts - he predicted the debt will be reduced by another a$ N billion this fiscal year ending june N N but did n't explain how this will be achieved - mr. bond blamed rising australian interest rates and the acquisition of bell group with its very high levels of debt for producing a condition that was no longer - in order to restore confidence and ensure the support of our principal lenders mr. bond said we on changes in the structure and direction of the group - that resulted in continuing asset sales as well as write-offs exceeding a$ N billion last fiscal year - in we have made a decision to clear the mr. bond told the meeting - while some assets have been written down others are undervalued in the accounts mr. bond maintained - among these are the company 's australian brewing assets in the books at a$ N million but actually worth a$ N billion he said - an investment in chile 's telephone company is carried at us$ N million but really worth us$ N million and the company 's property portfolio is undervalued by at least a$ N million mr. bond said - mr. bond forecast that by next june what will emerge will be a company with a sense of purpose a stable balance sheet with assets in brewing telecommunications media and property - he did n't name energy resources in that list that all the company 's coal and oil interests might be for sale in total or in part - some of the oil interests already have been sold - of north america inc. mich. estimated it will sell about as many cars in N as the N it expects to deliver this year - mercedes officials said they expect flat sales next year even though they see the u.s. luxury-car market expanding slightly - erich president of the u.s. sales arm of west german auto maker ag predicted luxury-car sales will rise to N in N from N this year primarily because of the new japanese makes - most of the growth he said will come in the $ price range where mercedes has a N N u.s. market share - mercedes sold N cars in N - mr. also said that mercedes plans to bring out new models every year through the mid-1990s and it will its product development cycle to eight years from N or N years to compete more effectively with toyota motor corp. 's lexus nissan motor co. 's infiniti and honda motor co. 's luxury-car divisions - mining co. san francisco blamed the continued slump in gold prices for an N N plunge in third-quarter net income to $ N million or two cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N down N cents - a significant increase in gold sales to N ounces for the quarter from N in the third quarter of N was more than offset by the continued decline in average gold price to $ N from $ N per ounce the company said - for the nine months the mining company posted a N N drop in profit to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share on a N N rise in revenue to $ N million from $ N million - the treasury plans to raise $ N billion in new cash with the sale monday of about $ N billion in short-term bills to redeem $ N billion in maturing bills - the offering will be divided evenly between 13-week and 26-week bills maturing feb. N N and may N N respectively - tenders for the bills available in minimum $ N denominations must be received by N p.m. est monday at the treasury or at federal reserve banks or branches - the treasury said it will alter the auctions unless it has assurance of enactment of legislation to raise the statutory debt limit before the scheduled auctions monday - apogee enterprises inc. said profit for the third quarter ending dec. N will fall below the year-earlier results because of an after-tax charge of $ N million related to a project that was guaranteed by the company - a year ago the minneapolis glass products and aluminum window maker earned $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - apogee said the charge stems from a building supply contract in which the company guaranteed a contractor 's performance - apogee said a had severe cost overruns and was unable to fulfill the contract terms on its own making it necessary for apogee to advance cash to ensure completion of the project - the company said its core businesses have performed well and it expects them to continue to do so in the remainder of the fiscal year - japan 's production of cars trucks and buses in september fell N N from a year ago to N units because of a slip in exports the japan automobile manufacturers ' association said - domestic demand continues to grow but its contribution to higher production was in september by the estimated N N fall in imports accompanied by a growing tendency for japanese manufacturers to build vehicles overseas according to the association - the association said domestic demand grew N N in september - demand has been growing consistently under the encouragement of government policies an association spokesman said - he also said the introduction of a N N consumption tax in april has helped sales - the new tax though a source of general among japanese taxpayers replaced a higher commodities tax that applied to automobiles - japanese domestic sales rose N N in september the japan automobile dealers ' association said earlier this month - the manufacturers ' association will issue statistics on vehicle exports later this month - production of cars rose to N units in september a N N increase from a year earlier - midsized cars accounted for the greatest growth in units rising N units to N units or N N - output more than tripled - manufacturers produced N of the vehicles which have engines of N cubic or less an increase of N units - total truck production fell N N from a year earlier to N units - production fell N N to N units - bus production also slipped by N N from a year earlier to N units - the association spokesman said bus production has declined since january but could n't offer an explanation for the fall - auto production for the first half of the fiscal year which began in august totaled N units the association said - production was up N N compared with the same period a year earlier - stock of united airlines parent ual corp. wildly yesterday amid speculation that one or more investors may challenge the ual board 's decision to remain independent instead of pursuing a buy-out or other transaction - the board 's decision announced after the market closed monday initially prompted a severe sell-off in ual shares which at midday traded as low as $ N a share down $ N a share in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - the for takeover-stock traders who by then had seen ual stock tumble N N since oct. N also triggered a sell-off that sent the dow jones industrial average down more than N points at N a.m - but then steady concentrated buying by bear stearns & co. which frequently buys stock for corporate raiders took hold and the fall in ual which eventually buoyed the entire market - the industrial average closed down only N points at N - late in the afternoon several big purchases by bear stearns particularly a block of N shares at N p.m. at $ N a share triggered a buying spree that took ual up more than N points in the final hour of trading - ual stock closed at $ N a share down $ N - volume was a tumultuous N million shares or N N of the N million ual shares outstanding - traders estimated that bear stearns bought more than N million shares - the two most frequently rumored buyers neither of whom would comment were coniston partners which battled the ual board in N and new york real estate developer donald trump who recently made and withdrew an offer for american airlines parent amr corp - however one person familiar with ual said the signs pointed to coniston because mr. trump has n't asked for permission to buy more than $ N million of stock under federal antitrust rules - takeover-stock traders by their huge losses in ual stock remained eager for some action by an outside catalyst following the collapse oct. N of a $ 300-a-share $ N billion labor-management buy-out - their hope was that the catalyst would seek to oust the board in a solicitation of shareholder - baker nye investments a new york takeover-stock trader that owns ual stock would n't comment on reports the firm is considering seeking such a shareholder vote - but partner richard nye said this is the most extraordinary failed transaction i 've seen in N years in this business - it would make sense for somebody to do it - i have never seen a case of shared by so many participants - in N baker nye a proxy fight for control of leaseway transportation inc. that ultimately led to leaseway 's being sold - some traders pointed hopefully to earlier estimates by ual 's investment adviser first boston corp. that could yield $ N to $ N a share - but those would require pilots ' cooperation - any investor who acquires ual stock in an attempt to force a buy-out or recapitalization must deal with united 's contentious unions - the pilots are working under an expired contract and the machinists contract expires next month - that gives them enormous leverage including the threat of a strike to block any buy-out or recapitalization attempt they oppose - however a catalyst like coniston could seek shareholder support for a sale to a labor-management group at the last price discussed by that group before the board meeting monday - the pilots had been working on a buy-out bid between $ N and $ N a share or $ N billion to $ N billion - one person familiar with ual said the unsettled labor situation and the uncertain world-wide financial markets contributed to the board 's decision to avoid rushing around selling the company at a bargain price particularly since it accepted a $ 300-a-share offer just last month - even some takeover-stock traders said they could n't with the board 's logic - but the board 's decision prompted many to bail out of the stock yesterday - we had a lot of people who threw in the towel today said ellis a partner in benjamin jacobson & sons a specialist in trading ual stock on the big board - another trader noted that many arbitrage firms are afraid to sell their ual stock at the bottom but already own so much they ca n't buy any more - this deal is like a motel he said - they check in but they ca n't check out - but both the traders and the pilots remain interested in some transaction - so too according to many reports is british airways plc despite its public withdrawal from the buy-out - the pilots might end up up with their longtime the machinists union in a recapitalization - the machinists are reviewing proposals they made in the past for that would pay a special shareholder dividend and give employees a minority stake - the company rejected those past proposals - it is unclear however if the machinists would support a majority stake as the pilots want - a official said that would depend on how much in concessions machinists would have to give in return for the majority stake - some investors whose names were about by traders as potential ual stock buyers said they were n't buying - i 'm not interested said dallas investor harold simmons - a source close to carl icahn a corporate raider who owns trans world airlines inc. said he has n't owned any ual stock and is n't buying - one person familiar with texas billionaire robert bass said he is n't likely to make any hostile moves - and a spokesman for reliance group holdings inc. which had held N N of ual before the first buy-out bid but later reduced its holdings below N N would n't comment - marvin davis whose $ N billion takeover bid originally put the nation 's second-largest airline in play is limited by a standstill agreement with ual he signed in september - the los angeles investor ca n't buy ual stock shareholder or make a new offer unless he makes a formal offer of $ N a share or ual an offer below $ N - however mr. davis could pressure the board by asking that the agreement be or letting it be known that he has financing for an offer at a lower price - times mirror co. said third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share compared with net income of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the los angeles media concern said that the year-ago period included a $ N million gain from the sale of assets primarily - revenue was $ N million up N N from $ N million - stronger results from the company 's broadcast and cable television units and professional and publishing divisions plus increased advertising at the company 's largest newspaper the los angeles times offset advertising declines in the company 's newspapers in the eastern u.s. the company said - looking ahead to the fourth quarter the outlook for the newspaper group remains with no improvement yet seen in operating trends in our eastern markets said robert f. times mirror 's chairman and chief executive - copper futures sold off sharply yesterday influenced by declines in the stock market and dollar and a rally in bonds - december copper opened near monday 's close tried to rally but failed and then triggered stop-loss orders on its way down to settle at $ N a pound off N cents for the day - stop-loss orders are placed previously with instructions to execute them if the market hits a price - william kaiser president of the kaiser financial group in chicago said the decline was almost certainly influenced by the early sell-off in the stock market which partly reflected a weakening economy - he said the recent decline in copper stocks was misleading in the face of a slowdown in manufacturing - mr. kaiser said traders could have picked up signals of an imminent price decline had they been watching the scrap metal markets which became weaker two to three weeks ago - but though a weakening economy implies reduced demand mr. kaiser said that third world countries have n't any choice but to sell copper - they might even step up sales in a falling market he said in an effort to maintain the flow of foreign exchange into their - technically mr. kaiser noted that a lot of traders had bought into the market when the price was in the $ N to $ N range thinking there was support at the $ N level - when the market fell below that level on monday and then yesterday could n't climb above that level traders started selling out their positions - senior metals analyst at prudential-bache securities in new york agreed that most of the selling was of a technical nature - she said the market hit the $ N level at around N a.m. edt where it encountered a large number of stop-loss orders - more stop-loss orders were touched off all the way down to below $ N where modest buying was attracted - ms. said the settling of strikes in canada and mexico will have little effect on supplies of copper until early next year - she thinks the next area of support for copper is in the $ N to $ N range - i believe that as soon as the selling somewhat we could see a rally back to the $ N region she added - she thinks a recovery in the stock market would help copper rebound as well - she noted that the preliminary estimate of the third-quarter gross national product is due out tomorrow and is expected to be up about N N to N N - if the number is a little better then copper will respond if it is worse then more selling could she predicted - ms. noted that relating economic numbers to specific market activity is tricky - yesterday for example the durable goods numbers came out for september and the number was down only N N she said - however if you exclude orders then durable goods were down N N - i believe that number reflects a slowing economy - she said copper traders will also be looking toward the release of the index of leading economic indicators next tuesday - however david president of & co. an international metals company noted that so far this year copper consumption is way ahead of the same period of N and that projected production is below last year - mr. said the copper market seems to be anticipating a recession in three months with declining use being the result - but he added we have had that exact same perception six times in the last six years - he noted that currently the ratio of available copper to consumption is about N weeks - he said the normal ratio is five to six weeks - according to mr. the in copper production is n't at the mines but at the copper refineries - it takes three months to turn copper concentrate into he said - if there is n't a recession he said we will be out of copper by the end of march - if there is a recession that will change the statistical situation - he thinks that without a recession copper prices could exceed a high of $ N a pound which was reached last year - in the past mr. has been known to have substantial long positions that is he had bought copper futures in anticipation of rising prices in the copper futures market - in other commodity markets yesterday - energy the attitude was in crude oil futures yesterday in trading on the new york mercantile exchange - prices for the u.s. benchmark west texas intermediate crude remained locked in a fairly narrow range before ending the session four cents lower at $ N a barrel for december delivery - several analysts and brokers said the petroleum market was ready to rally after two days of price declines from profit-taking - but an early drop in the dow jones industrial average stopped the crude rally cold - the industrial average recovered to close only N points lower but petroleum futures never shook off the - most market participants said they were looking to this week 's inventory statistics from the american petroleum institute to give the market some direction - the report is n't generally available until late on - precious metals futures prices inched upward in mostly lackluster trading - december gold was up $ N an ounce at $ N december silver gained N cents to $ N an ounce - january platinum rose $ N an ounce to $ N - mr. kaiser said there were no fundamental factors moving these markets - he noted that two weeks ago there were rumors of soviet sales of precious metals to finance grain purchases but the sales do n't seem to have materialized - ms. thought yesterday 's price action reflected weakness in the stock market and the dollar - gold still acts as a haven when uncertainty in the financial markets as it did yesterday she said - mr. kaiser noted that gold was more than N times the price of silver at the close yesterday which is historically high - the high ratio reflects the fact that silver is still regarded as about a metal and its price lagging relative to gold says that traders are expecting a weakening economy he said - grains and soybeans prices closed lower after trading in relatively narrow ranges because of strong selling in the cash market and continued favorable harvest weather - the sale to the chinese government of N metric tons of wheat under the government 's export program was announced after the close of trading monday but the sale was expected and failed to prices yesterday said dale a futures analyst with drexel burnham lambert inc. in chicago - as for other export customers the soviet union is n't expected to be back buying u.s. corn in significant amounts until early next year he said - a number of commercial grain users that opinion yesterday by buying certain corn options for delivery in march indicating to analysts that the commercial companies would use the options to hedge against expected corn sales in next year 's first quarter - cocoa futures at first continued the rally begun on monday but then faltered and closed lower - the december contract opened just under monday 's close triggered some previously placed buy orders just above $ N a metric ton pushing the price to $ N and then encountered heavy selling by traders who buy and sell for their own accounts and by commercial interests - the contract settled at $ N a ton off $ N - robert senior commodities analyst at kaiser financial group said monday 's rally continued yesterday for only about N minutes after the opening - he said even though there was arbitrage buying in new york because of the weak dollar cocoa fell to pressure from bearish traders - but he noted that speculators apparently do n't believe there is much more of a decline in store for cocoa - the december contract reached its low of $ N a ton on oct. N its lifetime high was $ N set in N and its recent high was $ N set in early august - the last time cocoa traded at prices as low as currently was in N - but while further modest declines might be ahead mr. said it would be difficult to get through resistance levels just above yesterday 's high - citizens first bancorp inc. said it agreed to buy first financial group inc. a n.j. bank holding company for about $ N million in cash and stock - citizens first which controls citizens first national bank and is based in rock n.j. will pay a maximum of N N in cash for the parent of savings bank and the remainder in convertible preferred stock with a liquidation value of $ N a share - holders will have the option to request either stock or cash - the convertible preferred will pay dividends at N N and be convertible into shares of citizens first at a rate equal to N N above the average closing price of the stock during a period prior to the transaction 's completion - the deal requires regulatory and shareholder approval - color systems technology inc. los angeles said its major creditor general electric pension trust agreed to convert $ N million of debt owed into N N of color system 's fully diluted common stock - the agreement also calls for general electric pension a unit of general electric co. to receive as much as N N of color systems ' fully diluted common stock depending on the proceeds from the sale of the film library and its receivables - general electric pension took control of the library last month after color systems defaulted on the loan - the agreement depends on color systems ' ability to win similar concessions from other creditors - buddy young president said the company expects to conclude negotiations with other creditors within N days - color systems which black-and-white film to color posted a loss of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million for the fiscal year ended june N - its stock fell N cents to $ N in american stock exchange composite trading yesterday - next to kohlberg kravis roberts 's rjr nabisco deal sci television is small - but the troubles of sci tv are a classic tale of the leveraged buy-out excesses of the 1980s especially the game - sci tv which expects to release a plan to restructure $ N billion of debt in the next day or so is n't just another lbo that went bad after on debt though it did do that - the cable and tv station company was an lbo of an lbo a set of assets that were leveraged twice enabling the blue-chip buy-out king henry kravis in N to take more than $ N billion of cash out of the - sci tv 's buy-out was an in the hole for mr. kravis and for investors in kkr partnerships - but it has left holders of sci tv 's junk bonds holding the bag including some that kkr might need to finance future deals such as kemper financial services first executive columbia savings & loan and prudential insurance co. of america - some junk-holders are said to be considering legal action against kkr or moves to force sci tv into bankruptcy court - and kkr 's majority partner in sci tv 's buy-out tenn. entrepreneur george gillett also is said to be very unhappy - sci tv 's six stations once were part of storer communications - kkr loaded up the cable and television company with debt in an N buy-out then later sold storer 's cable operations at a fat profit - in N kkr for the second time debt onto storer 's tv stations selling them for $ N billion to a new entity that was by kkr and by gillett corp. which now operates the sci tv stations - in this second lbo kkr with one hand took more than $ N billion of cash out of the tv company 's assets and moved it into the storer cable operations making them more valuable in a N sale - storer also took $ N million of junior sci tv bonds as partial payment for the tv assets - with the other hand kkr put back into sci tv less than N N of the cash it had taken out buying sci tv common and preferred shares - so while kkr today has an estimated $ N million in sci tv including equity and debt the lbo firm still is $ N billion ahead on the sci tv buy-out after taking cash up front - on storer as a whole kkr racked up compound annual returns of N N in the three years it owned storer - meanwhile mr. gillett risks losing his entire equity investment of about $ N million in sci tv if the company ca n't be restructured - overall mr. gillett 's holding company gillett holdings is heavily and except for its mountain resorts is n't doing very well - with the tv business falling on hard times in recent years analysts say that if sci tv had to be liquidated today it might fetch N N less than in the N buy-out out most of the company 's junk-holders and its stockholders - meanwhile sci tv can barely pay its cash interest bill and to stay out of bankruptcy court it must soon a lot of bank loans and junk bonds that have fallen due - sci tv 's grace period for paying its bills is due to expire nov. N - it now is quietly circulating among creditors a preliminary plan to restructure debt - negotiations have started con but that 's not to say we like this particular offer says wilbur ross of rothschild inc. adviser to sci tv junk-holders - no major player in the sci tv deal will talk publicly - but it 's understood that mr. kravis is disappointed that mr. gillett did n't manage to boost sci tv 's operating profit after the buy-out - mr. kravis apparently thinks sci tv can survive if lenders extend its debt payments until tv stations rise in value again allowing sci tv to sell assets to pay debt - mr. gillett is said to be proud of his operating record he has lifted some stations ' ratings and turned around a detroit station - as for junk-holders they 're it can be a mistake to take the other side of a trade by kkr - the bonds of sci tv now are being quoted at prices ranging from only five cents to about N cents on the dollar according to smith & co. in new york which trades securities - people who have seen sci tv 's restructuring plan say it offers concessions by kkr and gillett corp - they would both give part of their combined $ N million in common equity in sci tv to holders of sci tv 's $ N million of junk bonds as a to persuade them to accept new bonds that might reduce the value of their claims on the company - but some sci tv junk-holders say that 's not enough - they contend that sci tv 's equity now is - they add that it is n't costing kkr anything to give up equity because of its big cash profit on the buy-out which they think contributed to sci tv 's current problems - kemper the biggest holder of senior sci tv bonds has refused to join the committee and is said to be reviewing its legal options - to protect their claims some junk-holders want kkr and perhaps mr. gillett to invest new money in sci tv perhaps $ N million or more - one investment banker who is n't involved in the deal says sci tv needs at least $ N million of new equity to survive - junk-holders say they have a stick to beat kkr with the threat of bankruptcy is a legitimate tool to extract money from kkr says one big sci tv holder - this could be the first major bankruptcy-law proceeding for kkr he adds - a big bankruptcy-court case might kkr 's name and provide new fuel for critics of lbos in washington and elsewhere - but others say junk-holders have nothing to gain by putting sci tv into bankruptcy-law proceedings - while kkr does n't control sci tv which is unusual for a kkr investment it clearly has much deeper pockets than mr. gillett - bankruptcy specialists say mr. kravis set a precedent for putting new money in sour lbos recently when kkr restructured furniture doubling kkr 's equity stake - but with kkr was only trying to salvage its original investment says bankruptcy investor james rubin of rubin in new york - by contrast kkr probably has already made all the money it can on sci tv - and people who know mr. kravis say he is n't in a hurry to pour more money into sci tv - rubbermaid inc. reflecting strong earnings growth boosted its quarterly dividend N N to N cents a share from N cents - the maker of household products said the new dividend is payable dec. N to shares of record nov. N - separately the company 's board adopted a proposal to its N shareholder rights plan further the company from takeover - rubbermaid officials said they are n't aware of any effort to take over the company but believed the shareholder plan needed to be strengthened - the board has stated repeatedly that rubbermaid should be independent said walter w. williams rubbermaid president - some changes to the plan were minor adjustments but the most significant was an amendment that provides that if any investor holds N N or more of rubbermaid 's voting securities each right held by others would the holder to buy rubbermaid shares with a market value of twice the right 's exercise price - mr. williams said the exercise price is $ N meaning holders would have the right to buy $ N of rubbermaid stock for half price the investor 's N N stake - for the third quarter rubbermaid earned $ N million or N cents a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - rubbermaid shares closed yesterday at $ N off N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - the stock market went on a dizzying ride as ual parent of united airlines once again led shares into a decline and then an afternoon comeback - at the end of it all the dow jones industrial average closed down N to N - at one point yesterday morning the dow was down N points - new york stock exchange volume was N shares - declining issues advancers N to N - yesterday 's sell-off and rebound was a powerful reminder that N days after the 190-point plunge on friday the 13th the stock market still has a bad case of nerves - takeover stock speculation and futures-related program trading drove the industrial average through wide ranges - and there is more volatility to come - october 13th left us with a cut and exposed said jack technical analyst for bear stearns - people are fearful and sensitive - everybody 's finger is one inch closer to the - i have never had as many calls as i had this morning - volatility is here to stay - the dow jones industrial average plunged about N points in slightly more than one hour after the opening bell - for many it began to look like a of oct. N - as stocks and stock-index futures fell a trading limit was hit in the s&p N stock futures pit - under a crash reform the chicago mercantile exchange would n't permit the december s&p futures to fall further than N points for a half hour - that caused a brief period of panic selling of stocks on the big board - but at a critical moment stock-index arbitrage traders showed their power and control - they up hundreds of s&p futures when the market needed it most - at about N a.m. edt several big buy orders hit the s&p pit simultaneously lifting the futures up out of the trading limit and eventually into ranges that caused computer-driven program buying of stocks - it is very clear that those buy orders came from people who wanted their franchise protected said one chicago-based futures trader - these guys wanted to do something to show how powerful they are - traders said goldman sachs shearson lehman hutton and salomon brothers were the main force behind the futures buying at the moment - shearson lehman hutton declined to comment - officials at goldman sachs and salomon brothers were unavailable for comment - as in the oct. N massacre yesterday morning 's drop was triggered by bad news for speculators in ual - a ual statement after the market closed monday indicated that the airline 's board wanted to keep the company independent effectively hopes of an immediate buy-out - five minutes before the big board opened a preliminary price was for ual somewhere between N and N a loss of as much as $ N a share from monday 's close - ual finally opened for trading at N a.m. at N down $ N - floor traders said there was a huge crowd around the big board specialist 's post where ual trades - there was a mass of people said one floor trader - then there was a big liquidation of stock across the board he added - takeover speculators who have already taken a record loss estimated at more than $ N million on ual started selling other stocks as well as s&p futures in an attempt to hedge against a further ual blood - shortly after the ual opening program traders started selling stocks in the major market index and s&p N index - the mmi the dow jones industrial average - by N a.m. the dow was down N - all in the mmi except exxon general motors and sears were down $ N to $ N - at N when the s&p N december futures contract to a loss under the force of sell programs s&p futures trading was halted and program trades on the big board were into a special computer that for order imbalances - under the rules adopted by the chicago mercantile exchange the futures contract can not drop below the limit but buyers can purchase futures - at this point the dow industrials were down N points and falling - the trading halt in the s&p N futures selling and confusion many traders maintain - but as the began to spread through the s&p pit the big brokerage firms came in and bought futures aggressively - it was said one futures trader - in five minutes the dow industrials climbed almost N points - the big futures buying triggered stock-index buy programs that eventually trimmed the dow 's loss to N points by N a.m - traders said the futures buying was calculated by program traders - these firms sold stock into the big morning decline but seeing the of the market 's drop held back on their offsetting purchases of futures until the s&p futures hit the trading limit - then they completed the other side of the trade by buying futures which abruptly halted the stock market 's decline as traders began to buy stocks - from then on the dow industrials held at a loss of N to N points - then in trading buy orders for ual hit the market including a order through bear stearns that seemed to spark ual 's late price surge - almost simultaneously painewebber began a very visible buy program for dozens of stocks - the combined buying rallied the dow into a small gain before closing at a slight loss - some institutional traders loved the wild ride - this is fun asserted susan del head equity trader at travelers investment management co - she said she used the market 's wild swings to buy shares on the sell-off - on the comeback ms. del shares she has been aiming to get rid of - but traders who risk money handling big blocks of stock were shaken - this market is eating away my youth said chung head equity trader at kleinwort benson north america inc - credibility sounds - but i think we are losing credibility because when the market does this it does n't present itself as a rational investment - but if you all this it is a beautiful market for investment still - traders attributed rallies in a number of stocks to a japanese buy program that painewebber carried out as part of a shift in portfolio strategy according to dow jones professional investor report - dow jones climbed N N to N on very heavy volume of N shares - analysts said a big japanese buy order was behind the rise - a dow jones spokesman said there were no corporate developments that would account for the activity - other issues said to be included in the buy program were procter & gamble which rose N N to N N atlantic richfield which gained N to N N and rockwell international which jumped N N to N N - painewebber declined to comment - ual finished at N off N N - other airline stocks fell in response to the ual board 's decision to remain independent for now including usair group which separately reported a third-quarter loss of $ N a share compared with a year-ago profit - usair fell N N to N - amr the parent of american airlines fell N N to N N on N million shares delta air lines lost N N to N southwest airlines slid N to N N and airlines dropped N to N N - texas air which owns continental and eastern airlines lost N to N N on the american stock exchange - metals stocks also were especially weak as concerns about the earnings outlook for cyclical companies weighed on the group - aluminum co. of america dropped N N to N N phelps dodge fell N to N N asarco lost N N to N N reynolds metals slid N N to N N dropped N N to N N and minerals skidded N to N N - was an exception as it gained N N to N on two million shares - goodyear tire & rubber tumbled N N to N N - its third-quarter earnings were higher than a year ago but fell short of expectations - other stocks in the dow industrials that failed to benefit from the market 's rebound included united technologies which dropped N to N N and steel which fell N to N N - bankamerica dropped N N to N N on N million shares amid rumors that the earthquake last week in the san francisco area had caused structural damage to its headquarters building - the company denied the rumors and noted that it does n't own the building - stocks of thrifts also were hard hit - great western financial lost N N to N N on N million shares golden west financial dropped N N to N N and h.f. ahmanson dipped N to N N - homefed plunged N N to N N its third-quarter earnings were down from a year ago - golden valley microwave foods skidded N N to N N after warning that its fourth-quarter results could be hurt by some fairly large international marketing expenses - trading swelled volume in two issues security pacific which fell N to N N and led the big board 's most list on composite volume of N million shares and industries which lost N to N N on N million shares - both stocks have dividend yields of about N N and will go ex-dividend wednesday - kellogg surged N N to N - donaldson lufkin & jenrette placed the stock on its list of recommended issues - the company noted that its third-quarter results should be released later this week or early next week - vista chemical rose N N to N N after bear stearns added the stock to the firm 's buy list citing recent price weakness - georgia gulf another producer of commodity chemicals advanced N to N N dallas investor harold simmons who holds about N N of its shares said he has n't raised his stake - norfolk southern went up N N to N N - the company 's board approved the repurchase of up to N million common shares or about N N of its shares outstanding through the end of N - freight climbed N N to N N - its third-quarter earnings more than doubled from a year earlier and exceeded analysts ' expectations - john which will replace american medical international on the s&p N following wednesday 's close gained N to N N - the amex market value index fell N to N - volume totaled N shares - co. raised its quarterly dividend N N to N cents a share from N cents payable jan. N N to shares of record dec. N N - the action increases the annual dividend to $ N a share from $ N - this is the year in which the washington media company has increased dividends - 's third-quarter earnings rose N N to N cents a share from N cents in the year-ago period - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - has N million shares outstanding - fireman 's fund corp. said third-quarter net income plunged N N to $ N million from last year 's $ N million or N cents a share because of of hurricane hugo and increased reserves for legal expenses - payout of preferred dividends resulted in a net loss of five cents a share in the most recent quarter - revenue edged up N N to $ N million from $ N million in last year 's third quarter - in new york stock exchange composite trading fireman 's closed at $ N a share down N cents - impact of the oct. N san francisco earthquake which will be recorded in the fourth quarter is n't expected to exceed $ N million after taxes the company added - for the nine months the insurance company said net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share the previous year - revenue slid N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - fireman 's fund subsidiaries reported a N N combined underwriting ratio for the nine months up from N N for the year-ago period - hurricane hugo accounted for about $ N million in pretax third-quarter losses net of reinsurance - the company said there was an additional increase in loss and reserves of $ N million reflecting higher than expected development in claims legal expenses from to prior periods - for the third quarter net premiums were $ N million up N N from $ N million in last year 's quarter because of the expiration of the national quota share reinsurance agreement - net premiums written through sept. N fell N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year ago because of the writing of fewer policies at flat prices the company said - third-quarter and nine-month results do n't include any provision for premium returns that could be ordered by the california department of insurance under proposition N - fireman 's fund said it has applied for an exemption from these rate and plans to defend its filing in hearings before the department - control data corp. said it is offering to purchase the $ N million amount of its N N N senior notes due june N N at par plus accrued interest to the dec. N purchase date - the minneapolis computer systems and services concern said the offer is required under the senior note as a result of control data 's recent sale of its disk drive subsidiary to seagate technology inc - child 's game - there was very slow play on the market today they were selling and buying by instead of trading like bears and bulls they behaved like cubs and - george o. - - i 've learned one thing from candidates a technique so done if a question ca n't be answered strongly answer an one - - - we need to get a space platform set up soon just in case we want to step out for a breath of fresh air - ball - after being by a volatile stock market treasury bonds closed higher - but junk bonds took more hits - early in the day bond dealers said trading volume was heavy as large institutional investors scrambled to buy long-term treasury bonds on speculation that the stock market 's volatility would lead to a rally - that happens when nervous stock investors dump equities and buy treasurys which are higher in quality and thus considered safe - some retail accounts such as commercial banks and pension funds wanted to get on the before it was too late said sung won chief economist at corp. minneapolis - at one point the dow jones industrial average fell about N points on news that ual corp. decided to remain independent - in response treasury prices soared N N points or about $ N for each $ N face amount - but the gains in treasury bonds were as stocks staged a partial recovery - the industrial average ended at N down N points - economists said the bond market 's strength also is a sign that investors expect the federal reserve to cut interest rates amid growing evidence that the economy is slowing - while they do n't expect the fed to move right away they say the case for lower rates is building - yesterday for example the commerce department reported that new orders for durable goods fell N N while the nation 's auto makers reported lackluster mid-october sales - the treasury 's 30-year bond ended over N point higher - municipal mortgage-backed and investment-grade corporate bonds rose N to N point - but high-yield high-risk bonds fell N to N point with the stock market early in the session and never recovered - according to a trader at drexel burnham lambert inc. the hardest hit junk bonds were those issued by rjr holdings capital corp. which are the to sell - rjr 's N N bonds due N fell N N points - trading activity in the junk market was extremely light as dealers could n't find enough buyers to match sellers - while the stock market was falling most junk bond holders were just watching it not knowing what to do said paul director of fixed-income securities at oppenheimer management corp - it was like driving down the highway watching a - everybody was - adding to the junk market 's jitters were reports that donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. is having trouble a $ N billion offering for tw food services inc. and will postpone or even cancel the issue - tw is the largest franchisee of 's a fast-food restaurant and operates several other food chains - donaldson lufkin would n't comment - credit analysts said investors are nervous about the issue because they say the company 's ability to meet debt payments is dependent on too many including the sale of assets and the need to mortgage property to retire some existing debt - also the tw offering includes and securities which are currently unpopular - meanwhile investors turned a cold shoulder to the treasury 's sale of $ N billion of new two-year notes yesterday - it 's not too surprising that the auction was sloppy given the volatility in the bond market because of stocks said robert t. a senior vice president at bank ltd - people are looking past supply to lower interest rates but they 're also worried about being by the volatility in the stock market - the new two-year notes were priced with an average yield of N N - that was higher than the N N to N N average yield that traders had expected - in when-issued trading the notes were quoted at a price to yield N N - sluggish demand was also by the weak ratio which was lower than the average ratio at the last N similar auctions - the ratio which reflects the number of bids the treasury receives for each bid accepted is used to gauge investor demand - dealers said players away from the note sale because they were concerned that prices at the time of the auction might erode if the stock market staged a recovery which in fact did happen - individual and japanese participation in the auction was disappointing according to dealers - interest by japanese investors was limited said michael chief economist at daiwa securities america inc - they are typically not active in two-year note auctions but today 's participation could be viewed as - however mr. added that the japanese generally have a positive view of the u.s. bond market because of expectations that the dollar will remain strong and interest rates will decline - he said possibly they 're waiting to buy at the quarterly refunding of government debt to be held next month by the treasury - a trader at a japanese firm estimated that the japanese purchased no more than N N of the two-year notes - treasury agency securities - today investors will focus on the long-awaited auction of $ N billion of 30-year bonds by resolution funding corp - the initial bond offering by the new government agency which was created to help rescue the nation 's troubled thrifts is n't expected to see robust demand - a small yield premium over comparable treasurys and a lack of liquidity is dealers ' efforts to drum up interest in the so-called bailout bonds - in when-issued trading the refcorp bonds were quoted at a price to yield N N - yesterday the benchmark 30-year bond was quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N on monday - the latest 10-year treasury was quoted at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - short-term rates were unchanged to slightly lower - the discount rate on three-month treasury bills was quoted at N N for a bond-equivalent yield of N N while the rate on six-month treasury bills was quoted at N N for a yield of N N - rates are determined by the difference between the purchase price and face value - thus higher bidding narrows the investor 's return while lower bidding widens it - corporate issues - several blue-chip companies tapped the new-issue market yesterday to take advantage of falling interest rates - three of the largest offerings by exxon capital corp. xerox corp. and citicorp were underwritten by groups led by salomon brothers inc - exxon capital to be a potential debt issuer offered $ N million of 10-year notes priced to yield N N - citicorp issued $ N million of seven-year notes priced to yield N N and xerox priced $ N million of notes to yield N N - meanwhile international business machines corp. the way for a visit to the credit markets by filing a shelf registration with the securities and exchange commission for $ N million in new debt - this is in addition to ibm 's existing shelf registration under which $ N million in debt securities are available for issuance - in secondary trading investment-grade corporate bonds ended N to N higher - municipals - actively traded municipal bonds ended N to N point higher in brisk trading despite a flood of new supply - new jersey turnpike authority 's N N issue of N finished N point stronger at N N bid to yield N N - traders said municipals were by influences including the climb in treasury issue prices - also municipal bonds buying because the stock market remains traders contended - mainly though it was a favorable outlook for yesterday 's new supply that up municipals some traders said - among the new issues was massachusetts 's $ N million of general obligation bonds - the bonds were won by a goldman sachs & co. group with a true interest cost of N N - they were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the massachusetts deal had an balance of $ N million in late trading the underwriter said - mortgage asset-backed securities - mortgage securities gained N to N point after a hectic session with government national mortgage association N N securities as the issue - the ginnie mae issue rose amid talk of large purchases of the securities by institutional investors - the derivative markets remained active as one new issue was priced and talk circulated about more offerings in the next day or two - the federal home loan mortgage corp. issued a $ N million real estate mortgage investment backed by its N N N securities - in the asset-backed market a big offering of ford motor credit corp securities was increased in size after strong institutional demand - the deal by the ford motor co. unit priced monday was increased to $ N billion from $ N billion - among major issues ginnie mae N N securities for november delivery ended at N N up N after an early high of N N N N securities were at N N up N N N N securities at N N up N and N N securities at N N up N - freddie mac N N securities were at N N up N - the ginnie mae N N issue was yielding N N to a 12-year average life assumption as the spread above the treasury 10-year note held at N percentage points - foreign bonds - the eurodollar bond market to life late in the european trading session after the dow jones industrial average tumbled - eurodollar bonds are often issued by foreign corporations but interest and principal are paid in dollars - the bonds ended about N point higher yesterday - prices of european government bonds also rose as u.s. stocks declined - west germany 's N N issue due october N rose N point to N to yield N N while the N N N issue due july N rose N to N to yield N N - britain 's N N N treasury bond due N rose N to N N to yield N N while the N N notes due N rose N to N N to yield N N - in japan government bond prices fell - the no. N N N bond due N ended on brokers ' screens at N down N point to yield N N - bancorp inc. n.y. said it increased its regular quarterly dividend N N to N cents a share from N cents - it is payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - the move was made because of the bank-holding company 's increased profitability officials said - in the third quarter earned $ N million up from $ N million a year earlier - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday closed at $ N up N cents - has N million shares outstanding - surgical co. 's board said that it has removed thomas r. as president and chief executive officer and that john r. wolf formerly executive vice president sales and marketing has been named president and chief executive officer - mr. has been involved in a dispute with the board since august when he ousted all the directors - later they said they fired him and two directors attempted to place the company under bankruptcy-law protection - a federal judge turned down the chapter N petition - the company 's latest announcement said mr. will remain a director of a maker of products for surgery - mr. wolf and other members of the board declined to comment on the announcement - mr. could n't be reached - the board also said that john r. ford resigned as a director and that mr. wolf was named a member of the board - east krenz warned against further pro-democracy protests - after the legislature confirmed him as the communist party leader krenz said demonstrations to demand democratic freedoms could cause a worsening of the situation or confrontation - he also east germany 's to communist - but as many as N people marched in east berlin after the speech to protest his election - during the balloting N members of the parliament voted against krenz a move considered unprecedented in the country 's history - officials in east berlin responding to complaints from opposition groups admitted police used excessive force in protesters this month - the iran-contra judge agreed to allow to subpoena the personal papers of reagan ruling that there was sufficient evidence that the data would be important to the defense - but the judge denied a request by the former national security adviser who faces five criminal charges to seek documents from bush - san francisco bay area officials said nine people remain missing in the aftermath of last week 's earthquake - the death toll rose to N - the house meanwhile approved $ N billion to aid in the recovery from the temblor and from hurricane hugo as state legislators moved toward a temporary increase - u.s. officials expressed skepticism over an israeli effort to show the plo continues to practice terrorism - israel provided the state department with a list of recent alleged terrorist incidents attributed to forces controlled by arafat but the u.s. said it was n't satisfied that the incidents terrorism - tv jim bakker was sentenced to N years in prison and fined $ N for of his ministry - bakker who was immediately taken into custody was convicted oct. N by a federal court jury in charlotte n.c. of fraud and conspiracy for more than $ N million of ministry funds for personal use - lawmakers in moscow voted to deny the communist party its N guaranteed seats in the soviet congress meaning gorbachev and other aides might have to face voters - in warsaw shevardnadze held his first talks with the government and vowed to maintain fuel supplies - poland 's premier is to visit moscow next month - the arab league pledged an accord for a complete syrian troop pullout from lebanon where about N people marched to the headquarters of christian leader aoun to support his rejection of a peace plan approved sunday by lebanon 's legislature - the plan lacked a withdrawal timetable - renewed an offer to trade their in lebanon for at least N jailed in kuwait - the statement by which holds at least two u.s. was accompanied by a photograph of associated press terry anderson longest held of N western - the treasury department said s&ls reject blacks for mortgage loans twice as often as they reject whites - the department 's office of thrift supervision said that does n't necessarily mean thrifts are but conceded that it does n't have data about applicants to determine why blacks are rejected more often - emergency crews searched through the rubble of a phillips petroleum co. plastics plant near pasadena texas where a series of explosions monday killed at least two people and injured N - company officials said N workers were missing and presumed dead - safety authorities did n't immediately know the cause of the - nato defense ministers opened a two-day meeting in portugal to assess the alliance 's needs amid reduced - the ministers ordered a study on the strategic role of nuclear arms in western europe once soviet conventional weapons are reduced in the east bloc - the justice department scrambled to play down the significance of revised guidelines concerning prosecutions under the federal racketeering law - the guidelines which discourage prosecutors from seeking court orders the assets of certain racketeering defendants prior to trial were first disclosed this week - died s. clark N and chief executive officer of bank of america saturday in calif - stock prices swung wildly as the market reacted to an initial plunge by ual shares followed by a sharp rebound in the afternoon - the dow jones industrials down over N points in the morning closed off N at N - bond prices surged in reaction to the sell-off in stocks then eased slightly during the afternoon recovery - the dollar finished lower - ual 's stock regained most of an early loss amid speculation one or more investors may challenge the airline 's decision to stay independent - the stock closed down $ N at $ N after plunging $ N to $ N - ford may seek all of jaguar setting the stage for a possible bidding war with gm - jaguar has been discussing an alliance with gm but ford 's move may the talks - car and truck sales slid N N in mid-october as u.s. manufacturers paid the price for heavy incentives earlier in the year - general motors continued to be hardest hit - durable goods orders slipped N N in september reflecting weakening auto demand after a of orders for new N models - excluding transportation items orders rose N N - norfolk southern 's board approved a buy-back of up to N million shares valued at over $ N billion - the repurchase coupled with an earlier will reduce the firm 's shares outstanding by over N N - ps new hampshire received a sweetened $ N billion offer from northeast utilities likely spurring a new round of bidding for the utility - ge executives were accused by u.s. prosecutors of providing misleading and false data to the pentagon in N to cover up longstanding fraudulent billing practices - texaco said profit rose N N in the quarter partly due to a massive restructuring - sun posted a gain - mobil shell and chevron had declines - mobil is preparing to slash its work force in the u.s. possibly as soon as next month sources said - sears posted a N N drop in third-quarter profit as u.s. retail operations recorded the first loss in over five years - the results show sears is struggling to attract shoppers - digital equipment announced its first mainframe computers targeting ibm 's largest market and heating up the industry 's biggest - cray research expects supercomputer sales to be flat next year the latest in a series of negative announcements by the company - short interest increased N N in the nasdaq over-the-counter market for the month ended oct. N - salomon posted an unexpectedly big gain in quarterly earnings aided by its securities trading and investment banking activities - procter & gamble 's profit surged N N in its latest fiscal quarter aided by a gain from a legal settlement and continued growth overseas - goodyear 's profit rose N N in the quarter buoyed by improved operating results in its tire business - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N off N utilities N off N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N off N spot index N off N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - genetic spotted in embryo - researchers a genetic in a mouse embryo in an experiment directly applicable to humans - of genetic defects as early as the sixth week of pregnancy is increasingly common today - but the mouse experiment at a medical research council laboratory in london shows genetic defects can be detected three days after conception using a new technique - the experiment applicable to many genetic disorders involved a severe blood resulting from a missing gene - it 's an inherited human that 's been in mice - in the experiment mice with the defective gene were - three days later before the new embryo had become in the it was out of the mother mouse - the embryo had only to a of eight identical cells - one cell was out and its dna - using the new technique developed by corp. called the chain reaction the scientists rapidly made millions of copies of the section of dna that ordinarily contains the gene providing enough copies to test - a genetic probe showed the gene was missing the researchers report in the medical journal - in the report two suggest such embryo can be used by couples at high risk of passing a genetic to a child - for example couples who have the woman 's eggs in the test tube usually have several eggs at a time - when the cells divide to eight cells a single cell from each embryo can be tested for genetic defects - a healthy embryo can be picked for and defective ones discarded - or in other couples the embryo could be temporarily taken out and tested three days after conception and returned if healthy or discarded if not - yeast adapted to make drugs - an oil company finds a sideline in the world of yeast - in the early 1970s when the world food crisis was a major worry phillips petroleum co. like several other big companies began developing protein protein made by feeding on materials - phillips found and improved a yeast which made protein from natural alcohol - it also could convert from farm into protein - protein never out and most companies abandoned such research - but phillips calling in scientists from the institute - they 've now adapted the yeast to making genetically engineered drugs - like the bacteria used by genetic engineers the yeast can take in human genes and out human proteins for medical use - but the yeast genetic is more like that of animals than the genetic - thus the proteins from the yeast are more like human proteins than those from bacteria - the oil company claims its yeast system also is better than bacteria at production of genetically engineered drugs - chiron corp. an calif. biotechnology firm is seeing if the phillips yeast can be used to make its genetically engineered human proteins - inside arteries from outside the body - blood vessels without into the body may come out of research at at&t bell laboratories - strokes heart attacks leg and other problems stem from of the arteries by deposits - at present doctors can see how badly an artery is only by a thin into the artery and a that makes the arteries visible on - a method is being by lynn at the at&t unit - it relies on the fact that certain atoms give off signals when to an intense magnetic field - it 's the same phenomenon used in the new magnetic being used in hospitals in place of - in the bell labs experiments an of machine with the via an rapidly a magnetic field on and off as blood passes a certain point in a vessel - the rapidly return signals from excited atoms in the blood give a movie of the vessel like the seen in when a light is - the scientists have on the tiny neck arteries of - they 've been able to measure the movements of the artery wall as the beating heart raises and the pressure of the flowing blood a first for such tiny blood vessels they report in nature a scientific journal - they now are with measuring blood flow - the ultimate hope is that the technique could identify vessels - odds and ends - tests on from chile indicate ancient wood fires did n't produce or a theory the two today are coming from wood burning general electric co. reports in environmental science & technology magazine - almost N N of men have an sense of vs. fewer than N N of women reports the american journal of - the justice department said it filed a lawsuit seeking more than $ N million from a meredith corp. unit on charges that the company the government on a contract to provide relocation services for federal employees - the suit filed in federal trial court in des iowa where meredith is based alleges that the diversified media company 's relocation unit the government by the value of government employees ' homes - the government contract required meredith relocation corp. to purchase employees ' homes based on independent - the justice department alleges that the company engaged in various forms of with the goal of reducing the value of employees ' homes - in the suit the department seeks to recover $ N million in costs incurred when the government terminated its contract with meredith relocation and sought other contracts to replace it - the department also said it seeks three times the government 's damages which are plus penalties - officials with meredith did n't have any immediate comment on the suit - lloyd 's of london said it plans to down on the ability of underwriting syndicates to leave their annual accounts open beyond the three years - underwriting syndicates at lloyd 's the world 's largest insurance market generally do n't close their accounts for three years to allow for the filing of claims and litigation - when such claims and litigation extend beyond the period the syndicates can extend their accounting deadlines - lloyd 's said there are currently N open account years involving N of the market 's roughly N syndicates - the accounting practice is widely recognized within lloyd 's as of serious concern to the N member investors who underwrite insurance at lloyd 's in return for premium and investment income lloyd 's said - the procedure causes great uncertainty because an investor ca n't be sure of his or her individual liability lloyd 's said - as a result the insurance market plans new measures to restrict the ability of syndicate officials to leave years open - lloyd 's said it expects to enact new rules the changes by year end - under the new rules the officials will have to secure additional information and reports from including an assessment of whether officials have acted reasonably - in addition officials will have to get quotes for certain reinsurance contracts and obtain approvals from other syndicate directors - computer associates international inc. reported earnings for the second quarter ended sept. N plummeted N N primarily because of the acquisition of software inc - the nation 's largest software company earned $ N million or five cents a share compared with $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the drop in earnings had been anticipated by most wall street analysts but the results were reported after the market closed - computer associates closed at $ N down N cents in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - anthony wang president attributed the drop to the disruption of the company 's business resulting from the prolonged process of acquiring - the acquisition was completed in september - in august the company warned investors that the acquisition was being delayed and many customers were holding off on purchase decisions until the takeover was completed - the delays mainly affected sales of data base management products a core area for both computer associates and as well as sales of other products as part of package sales - residents of this city soon will be seeing ads urging them to visit cleveland 's museum lake view cemetery - despite such famous tenants as oil john d. rockefeller lake view cemetery has fallen on hard times - so the inner-city ground is trying to itself with a television advertising campaign - the ads the of some of lake view 's residents - a spot bill white the inventor of gum shows a woman trying to her from a of gum - another focuses on charles the first person to light a city - it shows a boy rocks at a street - street lights the ad points out helped the arm of many a baseball player - cemetery officials hope the ads which will begin airing next month will not only draw visitors but bolster and fund contributions - lake view had an operating deficit last year and has a poor reputation as an and cemetery - the private cemetery has had trouble competing against its counterparts which use direct mail and other advertising to sell lots - we do n't want to be known as says william garrison lake view 's president - we want people to think of lake view as an historical park and educational experience - a place to come and spend a few hours - not all of the cemetery 's tenants lend themselves to the promotional job at hand however - for example president james a. is here the victim of an assassination in N - mr. garrison notes however that the is one of the nation 's premier examples of architecture - mr. rockefeller buried beneath a did n't seem right for an ad either - the oil who spent his later years passing out to counter his image is n't amusing says barry creative director at canton ohio which is producing the ads - but there are plenty of other promising prospects at lake view believe ernest ball for instance who wrote when irish eyes are smiling and morgan the inventor of the gas and the traffic light - shares made a debut like snow white yesterday while most of the london stock market looked like it had the evil queen 's apple - in its first day of when-issued trading here disney soared like to close at N pence $ N up N N from its offering price - the overall london market following wall street 's early took a late beating - the financial times-stock exchange 100-share index plummeted N points to close at N - traders credited disney 's share performance to the tremendous of the project that the shares are to help finance walt disney co. 's theme park N miles east of paris - the park is slated to open in N - the issue was very disney is such a well-known you can say world-wide name said head trader of european equities at kleinwort benson ltd. which is making a market in the issue - mr. estimated that the issue 's london debut was accompanied by very very heavy turnover between five million and six million shares - most of the buying was institutional he added - official trading in the shares will start in london paris and brussels on nov. N when the offering valued at the equivalent of nearly $ N billion comes to market in the european community - u.s. investors will be permitted to buy the shares from ec investors N days later - because of the interest connected with the issue the london exchange took the unusual step of letting traders establish an officially when-issued market - a volatile gray market in the shares has been operating in paris for about two weeks - in contrast to the london performance disney there closed down three francs yesterday at N N francs $ N bid but still about N N over the offering price - a lot of people are getting hurt on this cautioned a london-based salomon brothers international ltd. trader who makes a market in disney shares - there should be no great rush for investors to buy this - a lot of big european banks mostly french and swiss accounts have been buying the stock just to it for a quick profit he said - albert fried jr. a director and holder of a N N stake in the company was named chairman of this maker of products for the construction equipment material handling and railroad industries - he succeeds white jr. N who resigned but continues as a director - mr. fried also is the managing partner of albert fried & co - ford motor co. its battle with general motors corp. over jaguar plc by saying it is prepared to make a bid for all of the british auto maker when restrictions on its are lifted - the statement was part of a ford filing with the u.s. securities and exchange commission - ford did n't say how much it might offer for jaguar or when - the british government currently any outside investor from holding more than N N of the company 's shares without permission until dec. N - but with its stake in jaguar which it raised yesterday to N N ford could a special jaguar shareholders ' meeting and urge holders to vote to drop the restriction sooner - a successful vote would put pressure on the british government to lift the restriction - we have not made that decision to seek a jaguar special shareholders ' meeting said a ford spokesman in london - he emphasized that the car maker only would bid for all of jaguar under the right circumstances and said those circumstances are n't right or possible at the moment - last month ford announced plans to acquire as much as N N of jaguar - since then jaguar officials have confirmed that they are discussing an alliance with gm and said last week that they hoped to reach an agreement within a month - analysts have been expecting a pact that would give the u.s. car maker an eventual N N stake in the british company and create joint ventures that would produce an range of cars - but the specter of ford eventually launching a bid could the talks - jaguar seems to be losing interest in giving gm a minority stake said one individual close to the talks adding it would n't surprise me if jaguar executives want to wait and see what the color of that ford bid is first - he predicted ford officials will meet with jaguar executives in the next week to their proposed offer - sir john jaguar 's chairman so far has refused to meet with ford officials but he is believed to be willing to consider a specific bid proposal - as for gm its position has to be a full bid itself said stephen reitman european analyst at london brokers & drew - a ford takeover of jaguar would have such implications for the balance of power in the 1990s that general motors ca n't afford to step aside - they will have to throw their hat in the ring - a gm spokesman yesterday reiterated the company 's interest in acquiring a minority stake to help jaguar remain independent - a pitched battle could mean jaguar would fetch # N $ N a share or about # N billion $ N billion several analysts believe - the prospect of such a takeover fight has sent jaguar shares soaring in recent weeks - u.s. takeover-stock speculators now own an estimated N N of jaguar shares - in a declining london stock market yesterday jaguar shares were down four pence from monday in late trading at N pence $ N a share - in the u.s. jaguar 's american depositary receipts rose N cents in over-the-counter trading to $ N - both ford and gm badly need a luxury brand to combat new competition from the japanese in the european and u.s. markets - and financially strapped jaguar has spent over a year looking for a rich uncle to provide cash and technological know-how - the company has expressed a preference for gm over ford because gm has promised it would keep jaguar independent - ford 's need to acquire some or all of jaguar became more last week when it abandoned a four-year effort to market its merkur scorpio sedan as a european luxury import in the u.s. - then last friday ford 's talks about a possible alliance with saab-scania ab of sweden collapsed - gm 's interest in jaguar reflects a desire to help diversify the u.s. company 's products in the growing luxury-car segment of the market - its line has a solid image and a recent string of highly successful new models but it lacks jaguar 's - gm officials also see a lot of potential in jaguar 's cars to the technological know-how of group lotus plc a british engineering and specialty car maker gm bought in N - texaco inc. reported an N N increase in third-quarter earnings which it attributed partly to the company 's massive restructuring after it emerged from bankruptcy-law proceedings N months ago - sun co. also reported higher earnings - meanwhile like many other oil companies hurt by businesses mobil corp. shell oil co. and chevron corp. reported lower quarterly earnings - texaco - texaco 's exploration and production earnings improved as a result of its streamlining of those operations as it sold many of its marginal producing properties over the past N months - an increase in production at some major oil fields in the north sea which had been knocked out by an explosion in july N also aided results - the sale of a portion of refining and marketing operations to saudi arabia helped alleviate the decline in earnings from that business - the company has been completely revamped said frank analyst for prudential-bache securities inc - third-quarter net income at texaco rose to $ N million from $ N million last year - revenue declined N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - per-share earnings declined to $ N a share from $ N a share largely because of N million additional shares issued to retire $ N billion of debt - per-share earnings also shrank because of dividends on a new series of preferred stock - sun sun co. 's net income climbed N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - sun said some of the growth reflects higher earnings in the oil operation of a canadian subsidiary - chairman robert jr. said the synthetic crude oil production from the facility rose even as the price for that oil increased - overseas exploration and production results also improved because of additional output from the north sea field a portion of which was acquired by sun earlier this year - results declined however in sun 's refining and marketing and coal businesses - shell oil - profits of shell a subsidiary of the royal group tumbled $ N million or N N to $ N million despite a gain of $ N million from an insurance settlement - president frank attributed the decline to lower natural gas prices which higher earnings from the crude oil sector of shell 's exploration and production operation - away some of the gain in that unit was a decline in u.s. oil production to N barrels of oil a day during the quarter from N barrels a day last year - shell 's chemical earnings fell by $ N million to $ N million reflecting lower margins and less demand for commodity chemicals - mobil - net income at mobil corp. slipped N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue declined $ N million to $ N billion - earnings included a one-time gain of $ N million on a property transaction in hong kong - exploration and production profits slumped $ N million due to a provision for restructuring costs - the restructuring will take place over a two-year period and will involve the transfer and of employees in u.s. operations to reduce costs and focus efforts in other areas - last year third-quarter earnings included a $ N million gain from foreign tax rate changes and a loss from a $ N million write-off of reserves - chevron - chevron 's net income fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - results included a $ N million gain from the sale of rights from chevron 's investment in inc. and a loss of $ N million from the sale of california oil and gas properties - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - chevron said higher crude oil prices boosted profits from production operations but margins in refining and marketing declined - profits from u.s. exploration and production operations totaled $ N million after the property sale loss compared with a year-earlier $ N million loss that included a $ N million reorganization charge - refining and marketing operations earned $ N million in the quarter this year compared with earnings of $ N million a year earlier that included $ N million in charges for environmental programs - foreign earnings fell to $ N million from $ N million that included a $ N million gain from lower canadian and australian taxes - chemical profits fell to $ N million from $ N million - jeff rowe contributed to this article - asarco inc. continuing its effort to its business ended its involvement in asbestos mining in the third quarter and said it would stop mining and selling coal by year end - the mining metal and concern said combined revenue for asbestos and coal was about $ N million of the company 's total revenue in N of $ N billion - richard de j. chairman president and chief executive officer said the company 's decisions to get out of asbestos and coal continue the process of and focusing the company in areas with a better future - asarco also reported third-quarter net income rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from a restated $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - asarco said the gain reflected continued strength in prices for refined copper lead and and higher equity earnings in mexico industrial s.a. a mexican mining company in which asarco has a N N stake - the N results were restated for changes - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - in august asarco through its du quebec subsidiary sold its remaining one-third interest in an asbestos mining limited partnership in canada for $ N million - asarco said it plans to shut down or sell its coal mine and will end its involvement in southern illinois strip mining - the company said that it is discussing a buy-out of the facility but that it would stop mining and selling coal at year end when existing sales contracts expire regardless of the outcome of those talks - in new york stock exchange composite trading asarco fell $ N to close at $ N - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - david w. was elected vice president and chief financial officer effective nov. N - mr. N years old a former finance executive at singer machine co. and corp. succeeds francis l. N who plans to retire from the company next year - carlos a. vice president pharmaceutical manufacturing will assume responsibility for manufacturing in mich. effective nov. N - mr. N years old succeeds john c. N who is retiring as corporate vice president of pharmaceutical manufacturing - upjohn is a world-wide provider of health-care products and services seeds and chemicals - this brooklyn n.y. maker announced a N N stock dividend payable dec. N to holders of record nov. N - as of sept. N had N million common shares outstanding - jay marcus president said the move reflects the confidence of our board and management in 's long-term prospects and our desire to provide our shareholders with an attractive return on their investment - in american stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share up N cents - walter m. brady was named a senior vice president of this insurer in the canadian head office - he had been vice president in that office - john b. was named senior vice president and remains responsible for the individual policy services department - frank j. was named senior vice president in charge of the mortgage finance department - he had been vice president of the department which was formerly called the real estate department - timothy c. brown a vice president was named executive vice president and a director of this lighting and specialty products concern - in the director post mr. brown N years old succeeds joseph w. who retired from the board in august - c. N vice president and chief financial officer was named senior vice president of corporate development and acquisitions a new post - j. N vice president secretary and treasurer was named vice president of finance and chief financial officer - he remains secretary - ronald b. N years old was named a senior managing director of the & co. brokerage subsidiary of this insurance and financial-services firm - mr. will build the and investment-banking business of which has primarily been a firm - he was chairman and co-chief executive officer of & co. until july when he was named of the investment-banking firm along with howard l. jr. who then became the sole chief executive - yesterday mr. N said he was n't aware of plans at to name a to succeed mr. and said the board would need to approve any appointments or title changes - mr. added he was n't surprised mr. resigned but his departure was nothing that we or worked for - mr. said i just got a tremendous offer from - mci communications corp. said it received a $ N million contract to provide network services to woolworth corp. 's N corporate and retail sites in the - the contract also provides for advanced billing and network management services - woolworth said it expects to expand usage of the mci services as it adds about N business locations over the next few years - the philippine merchandise trade deficit widened to $ N billion during the first eight months of N from $ N million a year earlier - imports continued to philippine exports despite gains in shipments abroad the government national statistics office said - exports reached $ N billion up from $ N billion a year earlier while imports rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - the trade deficit in the first eight months is already wider than the trade gap of $ N billion for all of N - analysts expect the trade gap for the year to $ N billion as demand for capital equipment and raw materials continues to push imports higher - corp. said it signed a definitive agreement with inc. a murray hill n.j. maker of health-care products for the purchase of the company 's division for about $ N million - a maker of electronic medical equipment said the transaction is expected to close on or before nov. N - had N sales of about $ N million said - n.c. - first wachovia corp. said john f. iii will retire as president and chief executive officer of this regional banking company 's wachovia corp. and wachovia bank & trust co. subsidiaries on dec. N - mr. N years old will be succeeded by baker jr. N the parent 's chief credit officer and head of its administration division - mr. baker will his previous positions but a successor for him has n't been named yet - in addition on jan. N thomas a. bennett N will become vice chairman and chief operating officer of wachovia and wachovia bank & trust filling a vacancy left by the retired w. in april - mr. bennett will continue as executive in charge of the north carolina banking operation - messrs. baker and bennett have been elected directors of wachovia and wachovia bank & trust filling vacant seats on both boards - canadian retail sales rose N N in august from july statistics canada a federal agency said - the august increase followed a N N decline in july - during the past four months retail sales have remained generally weak advancing an average N N a month the agency said - production by the nation 's mills decreased N N last week to N tons from N tons the previous week the american iron and steel institute said - last week 's output fell N N from the N tons produced a year earlier - the industry used N N of its capability last week compared with N N the previous week and N N a year ago - the american iron and steel institute reported the capability utilization rate is a designed to indicate at what percent of its production capability the industry is operating in a given week - with reduced exports and rising imports south korea 's trade surpluses with the u.s. and europe between january and september fell sharply from a year ago the customs administration said - officials said south korea 's trade surplus with the u.s. for the first nine months of the year totaled $ N billion down N N from the same period last year on a basis - south korean exports to the u.s. during the period fell N N from a year ago to $ N billion while imports from the u.s. soared N N to $ N billion - the trade surplus with europe was pegged at $ N million down N N from a year ago - officials said south korean exports to europe dropped N N to $ N billion while imports from there went up N N to $ N billion - bausch & inc. said its pharmaceuticals subsidiary agreed to supply for animal eye surgery to a unit of international minerals & chemical corp - terms were n't disclosed - the agreement marks bausch & 's first venture selling its eye care products for use by - the shield helps speed of the after eye surgery - the product will be distributed by inc. a subsidiary of international minerals - france 's industrial production index for july and august rose N N from june and was up N N from a year ago according to seasonally adjusted data from the national statistics institute - the state agency which usually publishes the data on monthly basis but traditionally combines the index for the two months said the advance was led by output of consumer goods which rose N N from june and was up N N from a year earlier - goods turned in a strong showing with a monthly rise of N N and a advance of N N - food production was ahead N N from june and N N from a year earlier - output in the sector was ahead N N on a monthly basis and N N year on year - these gains were partly offset by output of cars and other consumer which eased N N from june 's high level - the sector was still N N above its output levels from a year earlier however - international minerals & chemical corp. said it agreed definitively to sell its international business to ag of west germany - terms were n't disclosed - the maker of animal health and products said the business of port switzerland and n.y. is a division of its inc. subsidiary and had sales of about $ N million for its most recent year - international minerals said the sale will allow to focus its resources on its core businesses of medical products specialty chemicals and - consumers power co. filed with the michigan public service commission a contract to buy power from the nuclear plant under a proposed new ownership arrangement for the plant - consumers power and power corp. last year announced a joint venture to buy the plant currently owned completely by the utility - two japanese scientists said they discovered an antibody that in laboratory experiments cells while preserving healthy cells - if further experiments are successful the work would represent a major advance in research on acquired immune deficiency syndrome - the drug azt the only treatment currently on the market claims only to help stop the spread of aids not to cure it - but several analysts and japanese scientists familiar with the study which was announced at a conference in yesterday expressed skepticism over the significance of the results - and the researchers themselves acknowledged they still must do much more work before they can say whether the treatment would actually cure humans - a research scientist at the tokyo metropolitan institute of medical science said the antibody he discovered works by recognizing an called a which is characteristic of an infected cell - the antibody then the cell - dr. and his partner of university said their experiments showed that the antibody wiped out an average of N N of cells within three days - in some of the experiments it killed almost all the infected cells the researchers said - meanwhile fewer than N N of the healthy cells were killed - the two said they must still do more laboratory tests then experiment on animals - they said they hoped to conduct tests on human patients in the u.s. by late next year - japan does n't have enough aids patients to do significant in that country they said - the announcement got wide exposure in the japanese media and even moved some pharmaceutical stocks yesterday - but director of the department at japan 's national institute of health and secretary of the government 's center said i 'm not so optimistic of its future use in methods - he said some infected cells may not have the relevant and so would n't be killed even after exposure to the antibody - the results seem to be very said editor of nikkei biotechnology a leading japanese industry newsletter - dr. responded that he thought the antibody could potentially kill all infected cells - but he and dr. said there were still several uncertainties particularly regarding possible side effects - our antibody specifically killed infected cells at a very low but it can also kill other cells said dr. - we do n't know the effect of our antibody on the human body - aids is n't considered a widespread problem in japan the government reports about N known carriers of the virus but many companies have poured substantial resources into research in recent years hoping to cash in on a possible cure - dr. said about N projects are currently under way in japan and that japanese researchers in the past year have made available three possible to american researchers for clinical tests - he said that when scientists from the two countries meet again in january in new orleans the japanese will present at least three more drugs for human testing - azt is the world 's only prescription medicine approved for treating the disease - wellcome plc a major british pharmaceutical maker sells the drug under the name - a wellcome spokesman declined to comment on the discovery of the antibody in japan - but andrew porter a analyst at nikko securities co. in london said if the product were to be successfully developed it would represent a potential threat to the long-term viability of - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - american exploration co. offering of five million common shares via smith barney harris upham & co. and shearson lehman hutton inc - chemical waste management inc. proposed global offering of N shares of common stock of which seven million of the shares will be offered in the u.s. and N shares will be offered overseas via merrill lynch capital markets domestic and kidder peabody & co international - corp. proposed offering of $ N million of senior subordinated debentures via goldman sachs & co - capital corp. robin cable systems l.p. and cable partners offering of senior subordinated discount reset debentures via drexel burnham lambert inc - john & co. initial offerings of the california performance plus municipal fund inc. and the new york performance plus municipal fund inc. via alex brown & sons inc - inc. initial offering of three million shares of its common stock of which N shares will be sold by the company and N will be sold by holders via montgomery securities and donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - mgm grand inc. proposed offering of six million shares of common stock via merrill lynch - corp. formerly called old dominion systems inc. offering of N million common shares of which one million will be sold by the company and the balance by holders via hambrecht & quist and johnston & co - scott paper co. shelf offering of up to $ N million of debt securities via goldman sachs salomon brothers inc. and smith barney harris upham - sullivan graphics inc. offering of $ N million of senior subordinated notes via merrill lynch - sun inc. initial offering of N million common shares of which one million shares will be sold by the company and the balance by a holder via salomon brothers inc. and & inc - yes clothing co. proposed initial offering of N common shares of which N shares will be offered by the company and N by holders via securities inc - a # N million $ N million british airways plc rights issue badly the victim of recent market turbulence and the collapse of the buy-out bid for united airlines ' parent ual corp - the united kingdom carrier had planned the issue to help finance its $ N million purchase of a N N stake in ual - but british airways withdrew from the ual labor-management buy-out plan last friday after the group failed to get bank financing for its $ N billion buy-out - british airways said its shareholders accepted only N N of the convertible capital bonds but that the rest of the issue will be taken up by underwriters - analysts said that N N level marked the poorest showing for any major british rights issue since the N global stock market crash - it is close to being a record said bob an analyst with london broker smith new court securities - fund managers do n't like to have rights issues that do n't have an obvious reason - the obvious reason was for british air to buy a stake in united airlines - in a statement british air chairman lord king said the company was obviously disappointed that the issue was not taken up but it would have been to expect a better result given the volatility of the stock market since the launch of the issue - but except for the embarrassment british air will emerge relatively from the issue - underwriters led by lazard brothers & co. will pick up the rest of the airline 's offer of four convertible capital bonds for every nine common shares - lazard and other primary underwriters have reduced or eliminated their exposure by the issue among u.k. institutional investors - the paper loss here is very small for these observed john nelson a lazard managing director - in any case he added most institutions probably wo n't sell the bonds - and instead of buying the ual stake the u.k. carrier will be able to reduce its high debt level and build an acquisition war - from a cash flow point of view british airways is better off not being in united airlines in the short term said andy chambers an analyst at nomura research institute in london - added another u.k. analyst it gives them some cash in the back for when they want to do something - for instance british air is continuing to negotiate with royal dutch airlines about each acquiring a N N stake in world airlines the air transport subsidiary of the belgian national airline - a definitive agreement had been expected by the end of july - the failed rights issue also should have a modest impact on british air shares - the airline 's share price already is far below the N pence $ N level seen after the company announced the rights issue in late september - in late trading on london 's stock exchange yesterday the shares were off three pence at N pence - and because british air is issuing convertible bonds rather than ordinary shares the share price wo n't be directly hurt by any surplus left with underwriters after they try to sell the issue in the open market - but british air 's withdrawal from the ual buy-out could have further - some analysts speculated yesterday that the move has set off a board room split which may lead to the resignation of sir marshall the carrier 's chief executive officer - the stories are a british air spokesman said - there is no difference of opinion between chairman lord king and sir on any aspect of company policy - minority recruiting has yet to meet hopes raised by bush administration - six months ago as some personnel specialists saw it a perception that president bush really about fair employment after what they said was eight years of was top management to raise hiring goals for blacks and other minorities - the perception says an official at a major industrial company - but so far he declares there 's little evidence the new urgency is down to the managers who actually do hiring - is there really a commitment or an illusion of activity he asks - the recruiting has n't materialized asserts jeffrey christian who runs a search agency - samuel hall howard university 's placement director also does n't see it - and he questions the white house - i do n't think the bush administration has done anything he says - donald clark does note an increase in searches for minority candidates - but some of the activity he says may reflect a rush to get numbers in order for reports - pay for performance hangs mostly on boss 's view - du pont co. in a couple of units has installed objective tests based on earnings or return on equity - many companies have set up machinery to assure workers a fair shake - at most firms though it 's the immediate supervisor who decides the merit increases subordinates will be paid - managers have some very broad discretion says an official at walt disney co - unocal corp. 's top management sets guidelines but line supervisors up the merit pie - lotus development corp. feeds its into a computer but only for storage the decisions are made by supervisors - foods corp. for fairness by increases on quarterly reviews annual and meetings with workers - at technology inc. each supervisor 's recommendation must be approved by the next boss up the line and then by a salary review committee - japanese companies fare best in u.s. when they give americans more say - university of michigan researchers find the companies earn more and win a bigger market share when their american employees get a voice in planning product development and design including back in japan - you ca n't hire competent americans and say let them run only their own show says who headed the study run with egon international a search firm - the researchers say many japanese companies in the u.s. by adopting the american practice of hiring managers on the open market - in japan by contrast companies tend to develop their own talent and promote from within - the japanese also are accused of keeping their cards too close to their - some japanese executives are not yet comfortable about sharing strategic information with their american colleagues the researchers say - americans stay longer with japanese firms than american companies - but they think promotions are limited - the house votes down a proposal to put pension plans under the control of joint labor-management boards - some consultants had insisted it would n't work - long-term care insurance gains favor - more than half the people surveyed for the employee benefit research institute say they would be willing and able to pick up most of the cost of the coverage - spending by small and medium-sized employers has dropped to N N of payroll from N N three years ago says the national institute of business management an advisory service - ousted executives over N years old take slightly less time than their younger colleagues to find a job N months vs. N for the firm gray & christmas finds - it 's the first time in the survey 's N years that the group came out ahead - fear of aids hiring at few hospitals - runs high - who heads the aids program at new york city 's hospital center ca n't find help - i 've been recruiting every single day since it 's been identified that many aids patients come from the inner city she says - she was the only staff physician available to treat aids patients last summer and now she has the help of only two doctors part time - part of the problem though may reflect a general to work with the urban poor - hospital in dallas says it has n't had any problem recruiting even after a contracted the virus while an aids patient - i can tell you that nobody quit over it - no one a spokeswoman says - st. paul medical center also in dallas sees only a minimal erosion of support staff due to aids - haven hospital sees no problem says john the chief of staff - there are enough and individuals who know their responsibilities he says - the at least somebody gains on layoffs - the association of consulting firms says the industry 's volume has soared tenfold since N to $ N million a year - and somebody loses on the expected repeal of section N the benefits test fought by most employers - solutions says software producers had each invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in programs that now have no use - big gains for the republicans party in state municipal elections sunday showed eroding support for chancellor helmut kohl in a traditional for his christian democratic union - with from most of the state 's major cities in by yesterday morning the republicans came away with N N of the vote in several of the key districts - with many rural districts yet to report election officials estimate support for christian democrats fell an average five percentage points statewide - the social democrats and the environmental greens party posted mixed results - headed by a former and working from a platform of rhetoric the fledgling republicans party has scored surprising gains in earlier elections in the states of west berlin and - with west german unemployment remaining high at two million jobless and the lack of affordable housing becoming a primary issue for next year 's campaign the republicans are seen drawing support for their germans first stand on issues - election analysts acknowledge that a coalition of social democrats and greens could edge out chancellor kohl 's coalition in the december N national election if support for the republicans continues to spread - international investigators urged britain to allow prosecution of suspected war criminals who took refuge there after N - under current law such suspects are immune from prosecution for acts committed while not british citizens - if we 're not careful we could become known as a haven for war criminals said jeff a member of parliament and one of several british politicians attending a london conference with government investigators from the u.s. canada and australia - a parliamentary inquiry found in july that more than N people living in britain could have been part of death that eastern europe - parliament is expected to discuss next month whether to change the law - british investigations were prompted by a list of N alleged war criminals living in britain sent to prime minister margaret thatcher in october N by the simon center in los angeles - in a sign of easing tension between beijing and hong kong china said it will again take back illegal caught crossing into the british colony - china had refused to citizens who into hong kong illegally since early this month when the colony allowed a dissident chinese to to the u.s. - about N chinese were awaiting yesterday - italy 's foreign ministry said it is investigating exports to the soviet union by an c. olivetti & co. subsidiary called that makes controlled machine tools - although italy 's investigation of whether olivetti had violated western rules had previously been made known this marked the first time the unit and product were named - the u.s. is worried about the of olivetti 's machine tools to military use - however an olivetti spokeswoman said of which olivetti sold the majority interest last year does n't make equipment that has the type of precision necessary for sophisticated productions - say that fishing threatens to wipe out much of the world 's stocks in a few years - but the japanese association criticized moves to ban the practice in international waters - it is really unfortunate for human beings to be by emotional discussions the association said - in or wall of death fishing fleets lay up to three miles long that trap almost everything in their path - earlier this year japan said it would cut the number of its vessels in the south pacific by two-thirds or down to N - workers at s.a. 's car plant at in eastern france voted to end a strike that has cost the group production of N automobiles a company spokesman said - the voted to accept a series of management proposals that will give them a higher basic wage better benefits and bigger annual bonuses - the spokesman said the vote at is expected to be followed by a similar move at the company 's assembly plant at where the number of has been down to N - about N national union of members resumed their strike against de beers consolidated mines ltd. after further negotiations to settle a wage dispute broke down - striking workers who began striking five diamond mines on oct. N had returned to work last week when the union and de beers arranged to reopen negotiations - a de beers spokesman said yesterday the company had offered to increase the minimum wage by N N while the union was demanding N N - before the two parties resumed talks last week de beers offered N N and the union wanted N N - china 's people 's daily took note of the growing problem of computer fraud - since the first fraud was discovered in july N at an office of the people 's bank of china in N major cases have been found the paper said the biggest was the theft of $ N from a bank in in march N - the number of computers has in recent years with N in use as well as N models - but security systems effective management controls and regulations to govern their use have not kept pace the people 's daily said - besides money criminals have also used computers to steal secrets and intelligence the newspaper said but it gave no more details - japanese tourists will be told to take care when earthquake damage in san francisco the japan association of travel agents said - the association issued an advisory to its N member agencies following a report from the foreign ministry that by japanese tourists in areas was causing ill feeling among local residents - tass said 's in red square will be closed from nov. N to jan. N for essential maintenance - the red draws thousands of visitors daily - on rural rose N N between N and last year the national highway traffic safety administration said in a report on the impact of the N speed limit on those roads - the report to congress said that rose N N in N and N N in N on rural - the N highway bill permitted states to raise the speed limit to N mph from N mph on interstate roads which are defined as highways that pass through areas with fewer than N people - since N N states have increased the speed limit on rural - about one-third of the increase is attributed to greater travel and about two-thirds is attributed to other factors primarily to greater speed according to - the report showed that deaths on urban interstate highways rose N N between N and last year while on roads were about the same in N as in N - in states that raised the speed limit on rural the rate rose about N N to N deaths per N million miles traveled between N and N - in contrast the rate in the states that retained the N mph limit was N last year the same as in N - - food manufacturer changes of to saying that 's the people now prefer - wsj business - public preference is important so product names should match up and firms that find they 're lagging behind should now take steps to - george o. - judge not - how easy it is to attack others ' views without ever setting a foot in their shoes - g. sterling - daffynition - course - thomas henry - in an oct. N editorial-page article it 's the world bank 's turn to adjust paul craig roberts most of the blame for what developing countries at the of the world bank - the article is unfortunately with - one of mr. roberts 's is that the bank 's own loan portfolio is in deep trouble because of its lending to developing countries - this is just not so - the reality is that bank finances are rock solid - as of june N N the day our past fiscal year came to a close only N N of the bank 's portfolio was affected by of over six months - this is an low level - moreover the bank follows a prudent policy and has set aside $ N million against possible loan losses - for the same fiscal year by the way the bank 's net income was a robust $ N billion after provisions - because of the manner in which the bank goes about development financial markets have confidence in it - this helps explain the triple-a rating enjoyed by our bonds and our ability to borrow $ N billion in fiscal N on the most terms - another of mr. roberts 's criticisms is that bank lending has done more harm than good by the wrong incentives and energy away from economic development - here too mr. roberts is way off the mark - the reality is that bank loans have been linked to policy improvements for N years - our traditional project loans have for instance supported energy pricing in the power sector sound interest-rate policies in the credit area and the operation of public utilities as efficient agencies - by and large these efforts have fruit - in my home region latin america much of the existing infrastructure base an important building block for development has been financed by the world bank - mr. roberts also takes a at the bank 's adjustment lending - what are the facts on this type of lending - the bank has been making adjustment loans for N years - as their name implies these operations are linked to far-reaching policy reforms that aim at helping borrowing countries get back on the growth path and at their - typically these measures include reforms to the role of government and in the economy to open up economies to international competition and to promote the development of a vigorous private sector - support for the private sector has been a longstanding concern of the bank 's - over the years it has helped encourage investments by entrepreneurs in the third world through its extensive credit operations and through loans and investments by the international finance corp - most recently the bank group has been expanded to include the investment guarantee agency to stimulate direct foreign investment in developing countries by offering guarantees against risk and advice to member countries on how to improve their business climate - these are not the actions of a development agency to central planning and to the concentration of investment decisions in the hands of government as mr. roberts alleges - rather they reflect the bank 's approach which aims at ensuring that developing countries put their scarce resources to the best possible use - francisco director external affairs the world bank - the government said it would streamline its enormous and food marketing and distribution network de or conasupo - conasupo director fernandez said the agency will sell N midsized supermarkets and several plants and warehouses beginning early next year - the agency will withdraw from the production of nine food products maintaining production of the two most important ones corn and milk - mr. also said conasupo will cut back subsidies to producers of farm products and close retail outlets in wealthy neighborhoods - the agency 's workers and private companies would be allowed to bid for the assets up for sale - conasupo controls prices on agricultural goods and operates retail outlets where basic consumer items are sold at prices - business leaders have long criticized the agency as a leading example of waste - private-sector leaders praised the conasupo restructuring - but most economists doubt the streamlining would cut deeply into conasupo government subsidy which largely goes to reduce consumer prices for corn and milk - the food and drug administration banned all imports of mushrooms from china in response to a rash of linked to chinese mushrooms - the agency has concluded that may be widespread throughout the industry in china an fda spokesman said yesterday - the agency wo n't allow mushrooms that were or packed in at any chinese plant to enter the u.s. until satisfactory measures are implemented in china to prevent - on may N the fda began chinese mushrooms in cans after more than N people in mississippi new york and pennsylvania became ill from eating tainted mushrooms - in subsequent tests the agency found cans from several chinese plants to be similarly - the were to a type of bacteria that produces a toxin capable of surviving the high temperatures used in - a recall of the mushrooms blamed for the food began in early march - in N china exported N million pounds of mushrooms valued at $ N million to the u.s. - the shipments went mostly to distributors that supply and restaurants - a spokesman for the chinese embassy here said that the beijing government has taken many effective measures to stop the and is further investigating the underlying causes - he predicted the problem will be solved very soon - your sept. N politics & policy article about william bennett 's emergency drug plan for washington gives the impression that the fbi has not been nor is actively involved - this is not the case - the fbi is very supportive of and an active participant in mr. bennett 's initiative - it was agreed at the outset of the washington drug initiative that the fbi 's role would be to continue targeting the major drug traffickers through our national drug strategy - through these investigations we do not focus on the street drug user but rather we target and attack major organizations that control a large segment of the drug market - the trial of iii in washington serves to highlight our efforts in this area and the results achieved through our excellent working relationship with the drug enforcement administration and the metropolitan police department - the fbi 's role is to the d.c. initiative through not only these major trafficking investigations but also by providing a full range of services through various task forces and our contacts with local police handling drug-related crimes - in fact we have agents assigned full time to assist the in drug-related crimes such as and other crimes of violence - assistant director office of public affairs federal bureau of investigation - ramada inc. revised the terms of its restructuring and extended to feb. N N the deadline to complete the sale of its hotel business to new world development co. of hong kong and prime motor inc. of fairfield n.j - ramada 's previous plan was by upheaval in the junk-bond market that the offering of $ N million in high-yield securities of corp. the new company that will operate ramada 's casinos in nevada and atlantic city - under the new terms new world will still pay $ N million for ramada 's hotel business subject to adjustment at closing but ramada will now reimburse new world for $ N million in expenses - prime will still manage ramada 's domestic franchise system when the sale closes - revised terms call for each ramada common share to be exchanged for $ N in cash subject to possible reduction and one share of common stock - shareholders will also receive one cent per share for the redemption of preferred stock purchase rights - the cash payout will be reduced by N N of any amount by which the weighted mean price of ramada 's common stock exceeds $ N on the day the transaction closes - the provision will help provide for tax liabilities that may stem from the restructuring - ramada 's stock rose N cents on the news to close at $ N in composite new york stock exchange trading - the announcement some wall street observers ' fears that new world might demand a huge premium for the delay or scrap the deal entirely - the previous deadline to complete the sale was nov. N - one major advantage of the revised plan is that will have far less debt than under the old terms - they 'll go from being one of the most leveraged to one of the least leveraged casino companies said daniel lee an analyst with drexel burnham lambert inc - mr. lee values the package at between $ N and $ N a share based on current trading prices of other stocks - the restructuring which was first announced in october N must again be approved by shareholders and state casino regulators in nevada and new jersey - financing plans include raising $ N million in debt secured by the company 's holdings in new jersey - in may ramada sold its pie shops inc. unit to a group of private investors as part of its plan to focus on its casinos in atlantic city and in las vegas and - bond prices took the high road and stock prices took the low road as worries mounted about the economy and the junk bond market - the dow jones industrial average fell N points to N in sluggish trading - but long-term treasury bonds staged a modest rally with prices on most issues rising about half a point or $ N for each $ N face amount - the dollar sagged against other major currencies in trading - traders and analysts said the divergence between the stock and bond markets is a sign of growing about the economic outlook - a sinking economy corporate earnings and thus stock prices but it bond prices as interest rates fall - that is expected to grow today when the government reports on september durable goods orders and again thursday when the first assessment of third-quarter economic growth is released - analysts say they think durable goods orders fell about N N compared with a N N gain in august and that growth in the third quarter slowed to about N N from the second quarter 's N N - the stock market 's decline coming after a record weekly gain of N points surprised some investors - but a.c. moore director of research at research said last week 's rally was a reaction to the oct. N stock market rout - overall he said the trend in stock prices will be down as the economy - we think we 're on target in looking for renewed economic deterioration he said - corporate profits are going to decrease faster than interest rates will fall and the probability is that we 'll see negative economic growth in the fourth quarter - johnson chief investment officer at first albany corp. agreed that a deteriorating economy is worrisome but he said the real concern among stock investors is that some new problem will crop up in the junk bond market - in major market activity stock prices slumped in sluggish trading - volume on the new york stock exchange totaled N million shares - declining issues on the big board were ahead of gainers N to N - bond prices rallied - the yield on the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond slipped to N N - the dollar weakened against most other major currencies - in late new york trading the dollar was quoted at N marks and N yen compared with N marks and N yen late friday - the wall street journal american way of buying survey consists of two separate nationwide polls conducted for the journal by peter d. hart research associates and the roper organization - the two surveys which asked different questions were conducted using national random probability samples - the poll conducted by peter d. hart research associates interviewed N adults age N and older from june N to june N N - the poll conducted by the roper organization interviewed N adults age N and older from july N to july N N - responses were weighted on the basis of age and to conform with u.s. census data - for each poll the odds are N out of N that if had sought to survey every household in the u.s. using the same the findings would differ from these poll results by no more than N N percentage points in either direction - the margin of error for for example married women with children at home would be larger - in addition in any survey there is always the chance that other factors such as question could introduce errors into the findings - see related story the american way of buying is buying a car a choice or a - ironically american airlines ' attempt to lead industry prices higher was reported in the same issue as your survey showing that consumers had the least confidence in the airline industry sept. N - you quote robert crandall chairman of american 's parent amr corp. as having said that discount deals for big customers would be because you will go to detroit because you have to go to detroit whether the fare is $ N $ N or $ N - even if mr. crandall is correct he of all people must realize our society relies on competition to keep prices at a competitive level - in N he settled an antitrust suit based on a taped telephone conversation of him proposing to 's president that they both raise fares N N - declined - when i asked american airlines for its side of the story for use in my class where i teach business ethics it did not respond - perhaps the ethics of an industry 's leader filters down and is one of the factors that ultimately consumer trust in that industry - arnold assistant professor ohio state university - meredith corp. is launching a new service to offer advertisers package deals combining its book magazine and videocassette products - the des publisher said it created a new custom marketing group that will offer advertisers special rates for combination packages in its magazines such as home journal and better homes and gardens - in addition the group will create media such as newspaper and for ad campaigns - earlier this year meredith sold its first such package for $ N million to kraft inc. now a unit of new york-based philip morris - the kraft package included a specially published a national in sunday newspapers and a kraft section that ran in five meredith magazines - kraft recently agreed to spend an additional $ N million on similar programs through N - bill murphy director of the new marketing unit said meredith is negotiating other large-scale packages with leading companies in several product categories but he would n't disclose their names - sources close to the company and ad agencies that work with meredith said leading advertisers in consumer electronics packaged goods and automotive products were among those negotiating ad packages with the meredith group - other magazine publishing companies have been moving in the same direction - the new york times co. 's magazine group earlier this year began offering advertisers extensive merchandising services built around buying ad pages in its golf digest magazine - time warner inc. recently formed a department to seek out ways to offer advertisers packages that could combine time 's magazines with warner products such as - paul director of media services at grey advertising said meredith is the leader in providing packages - they may get passed up later when other publishers get their acts together but for now they are the offering the most extensive plan he said - mr. murphy of meredith said one advertiser which he would n't identify wants meredith to provide ad pages in seven meredith magazines publish an book that will be distributed at point of purchase give away a on installation and possibly use meredith 's better homes and gardens ' residential real-estate agents to distribute books to new homeowners - five years ago magazine publishers would simply bid on an advertiser 's big ad schedule for their magazine said mr. murphy - but the marketplace changed - advertisers now say help us improve our image and extend our selling season - they are coming to publishers looking for ideas - your sept. N article it 's so easy to get burned when buying a small firm was excellent - i 've been advising small businesses many years and have lived with the fact that N N will go out of business within two years and N N in five years - the economic loss jobs lost frustration and are beyond measure - and most of these are absolutely unnecessary - your article points out the people fall into but when reviewing those one sees just about all of them could have been avoided - an did not review the seller 's books before buying a business - i guess i was he said - there is a more word to describe his of common sense - corporate managers who want to start their own business are the highest failure risks - they know all the answers and are not used to working more than N hours a week - the blue-collar worker who decides to start a business will listen and take advice - his gives him a much better chance of success - a few months ago your paper reported the results of a study to determine why who arrive in this country without any money and unable to speak english become overnight successes - their secret is that they gather a small group of advisers around them listen to what they have to say prepare a business plan and they are on their way - successful american business owners do the same thing - unfortunately they are in the minority - avoiding failure is easy - it 's unfortunate so many must learn the hard way - daniel b. tucson - the management turnover at reebok international ltd. continued with the resignation of company president c. joseph who joined reebok just two years ago - mr. 's departure follows by two months the resignation of mark as senior vice president and chief marketing officer after only N months at reebok - the resignations by the two executives considered and by reebok insiders reflect a difference in style with paul fireman chairman and chief executive according to several former executives - the two executives are among a number of outsiders recruited by reebok in the past few years to help it make the transition from a small start-up company to a marketing giant with sales last year of $ N billion - the changes come as reebok which grew rapidly in the mid-1980s but has seen its sales of late is seeking to regain momentum in the business against rivals inc. and l.a. gear inc - the departures said alice ruth an analyst at montgomery securities in san francisco should enable the company to focus on business issues instead of management differences - i think it 's more an issue of style - i would view it as a net positive - the company can go about its business - they 're in the midst of a turnaround she noted - earnings have rebounded in N after a N N decline last year - a former executive agreed that the departures do n't reflect major problems adding if you see any company that grows as fast as reebok did it is going to have people coming and going - reebok said mr. will resume the presidency of group inc. a venture capital firm that he founded in N - before that he was president and chief operating officer of film corp - reebok added that mr. fireman will assume the title of president - a spokesman said that neither mr. fireman nor mr. would be available for comment - we will not be commenting beyond the news release the spokesman said - mr. who had been president of faberge inc. 's faberge u.s.a. division before joining reebok in september N left in august to pursue other interests - magazine publishers are facing costs and a of new titles - but even a of recent failures is n't them from launching new publications - at the american magazine conference here publishers are plenty worried about the industry 's woes - but they are also talking about new magazines - for example toronto-based inc. will publish eating well a new food and health magazine due out next summer - new york-based hearst corp. this fall plans to publish its first issue of N months a magazine for mothers and has already launched american home - and time warner inc. is developing a spinoff of time magazine aimed at kids on the heels of its successful sports illustrated for kids - over the past four years the number of consumer magazines has increased by an average of N magazines annually according to donald president of the magazine publishers of america - this is an impressive show of faith in the future of the magazine industry said mr. - entrepreneurs do n't rush to get into a or declining industry - and despite the recent tough advertising climate industry figures released at the meeting here indicate things may be turning around - for the first nine months advertising pages in consumer magazines tracked by the publishers information bureau increased N N from the same period last year to N pages - total magazine ad revenue for the same period increased N N to $ N billion - though for some magazines categories a tough advertising climate the industry in general is doing well compared with the newspaper industry - though some magazines are thriving the magazine publishing industry remains a risky business - within the same nine months news corp. closed down in fashion a young woman 's fashion magazine publications inc. has the venture magazine and lang communications has announced ms. magazine after N years will no longer carry advertising as of january - lang is cutting costs and will attempt to operate the magazine with only subscription revenue - meanwhile american health partners publisher of american health magazine is deep in debt and owen founder and managing partner is being forced to sell the magazine to reader 's digest association inc - mr. 's absence from the meeting here raised speculation that the sale is in trouble - mr. said in a telephone interview from new york that the sale was proceeding as planned - the magazine is strong - it 's simply the right time to do what we are doing mr. said - magazines can no longer be considered institutions said james president of meredith corp. 's magazine group - publishers will find that some magazines have served their purpose and should die he added - magazines could like other brands find that they have only a limited life - there are also indications that the number of magazine entrepreneurs traditionally depended upon to break new ground with potentially risky are - more than ever independent magazines and small publishing groups are being up by larger publishing groups such as american express publishing corp. a unit of american express co. and publications inc. a unit of advance publications inc. which are consolidating in order to gain leverage with advertisers - some entrepreneurs are still active though - president of new york-based network publishing corp. earlier this year sold his soap opera digest magazine to rupert murdoch 's news corp - mr. said that in the next six months he will take $ N million from the soap opera digest sale to acquire new magazines - he would not reveal which magazines he is considering - the magazines i am looking for are said mr. - they could be old or new but they are magazines whose editorial quality needs to be improved - they will be the next hot magazines - mca inc. said its unit agreed to buy buddy corp. producer of a line of toy vehicles and products - the price was n't disclosed but an executive of toys ltd. the mca unit said the closely held buddy had annual sales in excess of $ N million - the 40-year-old buddy concern based in new york designs and develops toys under the names buddy and my first buddy he said - mca said it expects the proposed transaction to be completed no later than nov. N - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - franklin national bank died at N p.m. edt oct. N N and was promptly under new owners to shore up confidence in other banks during a recession - arthur burns federal reserve board chairman said the government 's luck in keeping the bank open despite being the u.s. bank failure prevented shock waves around the country and around the world - federal officials who had been probing the bank for months arranged a merger with bank & trust owned by six foreign banks to the - and federal insurance protected the bank 's N - the crisis had peaked on may N N when the bank disclosed severe foreign-exchange losses due to unauthorized trading - massive withdrawals followed and there was a brief rescue attempt with political including $ N billion in federal reserve loans - within six years many figures were convicted for their illegal abuse of franklin funds - in june N an italian financier who in july N had bought a N N block of franklin 's stock from corp. headed by laurence a. tisch was sentenced to N years in prison after being convicted of fraud and perjury - included was the charge that $ N million of franklin funds for his other ventures - in N his for N N months to delay his trial - during N to N other former franklin officials either pleaded guilty to or were found guilty of violations including phony transactions to hide the bank 's losses - the vatican financial adviser with reported links to the mafia died on march N N at age N reportedly after drinking coffee in an italian prison - it happened four days after he was sentenced to life in prison for ordering a N murder - italian labeled his death a - in a office building south of los angeles human behavior is being monitored and ultimately - a line across a video screen as subjects with hand-held computers register their reactions to a speaker 's remarks - agreement and all can be from the subjects ' twist of a dial - in another experiment an elaborate chart with color codes reveals how people 's opinions were and how they can be - donald vinson who oversees the experiments is n't some researcher - he heads litigation sciences inc. the nation 's largest legal consulting firm which is helping corporate america prepare for litigation by predicting and shaping jurors ' reactions - in the process litigation sciences is quietly but the world of law - little known outside the legal world but a powerhouse within litigation sciences a unit of saatchi & saatchi plc employs more than N marketers artists and technicians - of its workers are - among other services the firm provides pre-trial opinion polls creates of ideal jurors sets up trials and shadow coaches lawyers and witnesses and designs courtroom graphics - much like their in political consulting and product marketing the litigation advisers encourage their clients to play down complex or matters their messages and provide their target audiences with a psychological to make the choice - with jury getting bigger all the time companies are increasingly willing to pay huge sums for such advice - recently litigation sciences helped pennzoil co. win a $ N billion jury verdict against texaco inc - it advised the national football league in its largely successful defense of antitrust charges by the united states football league - and it helped win defense in suits involving scores of products ranging from N tires to the drug - largely as a result litigation sciences has more than doubled in size in the past two years - its N revenue was $ N million - meanwhile competitors are being spawned almost daily some N new businesses many just shops have up - mr. vinson estimates the industry 's total revenues approach $ N million - in any case you can be sure that one side or the other or even both is using litigation consultants - despite their the consultants are n't entirely welcome - some lawyers and scholars see the social scientists ' vision of the american jury system as a far cry from the ideal presented in and on the movie screen - in the film classic twelve angry men the of deliberations each 's bias and it from playing a role in the verdict - after hours of conflict and debate that jury focuses on the facts with - in real life jurors may not always work that way but some court observers question why they should n't be encouraged to do so rather than be not to - litigation consulting is as new york trial attorney donald puts it highly - he adds the notion they try to sell is that do n't make decisions - but the effort is also being made to try and cause jurors not to decide things - i find it troubling - but mr. also acknowledges that consultants can be very effective - it 's gotten to the point where if the case is large enough it 's almost not to use them he says - others complain that the consultants ' growing influence the advantage of wealthy enough to afford such services - the affluent people and the corporations can buy it the poor in political cases get it free and everybody in between is at a disadvantage and that 's not the kind of system we want says a prominent sociologist who teaches at george washington university - sophisticated trial consulting grew ironically from the radical political movements of the 1960s and 1970s before finding its more lucrative calling in big commercial cases - the N trial in N in which daniel and others were charged with violence was a landmark - in that case a group of interviewed N registered voters around - the researchers discovered that and were nearly always against the defendants the lawyers resolved to try to keep them off the jury - the defense also learned that people were conservative about the vietnam war - a more blue-collar panel became a second aim - ultimately that carefully picked jury with a N vote to and the prosecution decided not to the case - litigation consulting had arrived - the fledgling science went corporate in N when international business machines corp. hired a marketing professor to help defend a complex antitrust case - the problem for ibm trial lawyers thomas and david was how to make such a highly technical case - as the trial they were eager to know if the jury was keeping up with them - the solution devised by the professor was to hire six people who would mirror the actual jury sit in on the trial and report their reactions to him - he then messrs. and who had the chance to tilt their next day 's presentation - thus the shadow jury was born - mr. vinson the professor got the law and formed litigation sciences - ibm won the case - the hardest thing in any complex case is to retain and in some sense your ignorance says mr. of & moore - what you look for in a shadow jury is very much what you do when you give an opening argument to your wife or a friend and get some response to it - a shadow jury is a way to do that in a more and organized way - the approach worked well in the recent antitrust case in which energy transportation systems inc. sued santa fe pacific corp. over the transport of coal the kind of case likely to make almost anyone 's eyes over - energy transportation retained litigation sciences at a cost of several hundred thousand dollars to poll profile and shadow - just before the actual closing arguments the firm put the case to a vote of the five shadow jurors each of whom was being paid $ N a day - the jurors who did n't know which side had retained them decided for energy transportation and awarded $ N million in damages - the real jury returned days later with a $ N million victory for energy transportation - it 's just like weather forecasting says energy transportation trial attorney harry of vinson & - it 's often wrong but it 's better than consulting an indian rain - forecasting is only one part of litigation sciences ' work - changing the outcome of the trial is what really matters - and to the some of the firm 's approaches may seem - jurors are supposed to weigh the evidence in a case and - instead mr. vinson says interviews with thousands of jurors reveal that they start with firmly entrenched attitudes and try to the facts of the case to fit their views - pre-trial helps the consultants develop a profile of the right type of - if it is a case in which the client seeks punitive damages for example depressed people are far more likely to grant them - someone with a master 's degree in classical arts who works in a would be ideal litigation sciences advises - so would someone recently or - since litigation sciences generally represents the defense its job is usually to help the lawyers identify and remove such people from the jury - for personal-injury cases litigation sciences seeks defense jurors who believe that most people including victims get what they deserve - such people also typically hold negative attitudes toward the handicapped the poor blacks and women - the consultants help the defense lawyers find such jurors by asking questions about potential jurors ' attitudes toward volunteer work or toward particular movies or books - litigation sciences does n't make moral - if a client needs jurors the firm will help find them - as mr. vinson explains it we do n't control the facts - they are what they are - but any lawyer will select the facts and the strategy to employ - in our system of the trial lawyer is duty bound to present the best case he possibly can - once a jury is selected the consultants often continue to determine what the jurors ' attitudes are likely to be and help shape the lawyers ' presentation - logic plays a minimal role here - more important are what lsi calls psychological a few points calculated to appeal to the jury on a gut level - in one personal-injury case a woman claimed she had been injured when she slipped in a pool but the fall did n't explain why one of her arms was - by repeatedly drawing the jury 's attention to the arm the defense lawyers planted doubt about the of the woman 's injuries - the worked - the defense won - in a classic defense of a personal-injury case the consultants concentrate on encouraging the jury to shift the blame - the ideal defense in a case involving an accident is to persuade the jurors to hold the accident victim responsible for his or her plight mr. vinson has written - graphics for effectiveness also play a major role in litigation sciences ' operation - studies show the consultants say that people absorb information better and remember it longer if they receive it - help - the average american watches seven hours of tv a day - they are very sophisticated explains lsi graphics specialist robert - lawyers remain divided about whether anything is wrong with all this - supporters acknowledge that the process aims to manipulate but they insist that the best trial lawyers have always employed similar tactics - they may not have been able to it all but they did it says stephen a legal ethics expert at new york university law school - what you have here is made - many lawyers maintain that all 's fair in the adversary system as long as no one with the evidence - others point out that lawyers in small communities have always had a feel for public sentiment and used that to advantage - litigation consulting is n't a guarantee of a favorable outcome - litigation sciences concedes that in one in N cases it was wrong in its predictions - a few attorneys offer stories of jobs by consultants or of services as when one lawyer paid a consultant not at litigation sciences $ N to interview a jury after a big trial and later read more interviews with the same jurors in the american lawyer magazine - some at the notion that a sociologist knows more than they do about what makes a jury - the of being a trial lawyer is understanding how people of diverse backgrounds react to you and your presentation says barry of simpson & bartlett who recently won a huge case on behalf of insurers against shell oil co - he says he used consultants in the case but found them to be virtually - but most lawyers accept that the marketplace has spoken - and the question remains whether the jury system can maintain its integrity while such a massage - for more than a decade mr. the sociologist has been a leading critic of the - there 's no reason to believe that rule he says - but the last thing you want to do is manipulate the to make them think better - what you then do is you make them think - to the work of litigation scientists he suggests that courts sharply limit the number of jurors that lawyers can remove from the jury panel through so-called challenges that do n't require - in most civil cases judges allow each side three such challenges - for complex cases judges sometimes allow many more - mr. also suggests anyone from gathering background information about the jurors - some courts release names and addresses and researchers can drive by houses look up credit ratings and even question neighbors - furthermore he says should not be allowed to analyze jurors ' - even some lawyers who have used consultants to their advantage see a need to limit their impact - mr. the first lawyer to use mr. vinson 's services against courts ' allowing extensive jury questioning known as dire or giving out personal information about the jurors - the more extensive the dire the easier you make it for that kind of research to be effective and i do n't think courts should lend themselves to that mr. says - silicon graphics inc. a fast-growing maker of computer workstations said it landed two federal government contracts worth more than $ N million over the next five years - one award is part of a department of defense contract to loral computers and could be valued at more than $ N million over five years - the other involves the sale of about N of the company 's high-end workstations to the national institutes of health - the models which cost about $ N each will be used in research - the are evidence that silicon graphics ' approach to computer graphics is catching on with users of powerful desktop computers analysts said - the company 's on a roll said robert an analyst at hambrecht & quist - no other computer vendor offers graphics performance that good for their price - in the battle to supply desktop computers for researchers and design engineers most of the attention is given to the biggest competitors sun microsystems inc. hewlett-packard co. and digital equipment corp. which make computers mainly aimed at a wide range of engineering and scientific needs - silicon graphics on the other hand has targeted a specific niche since its inception in N which has been dubbed by some as computing - this is a style of computing that provides color models of everything from the inside of a house to the latest in women 's fashion - though silicon graphics is much smaller than digital and sun it has emerged in recent years as a feared adversary in this graphics portion of the workstation market - in addition the company has made it tough on competitors by offering a stream of desktop computers at sharply lower prices - a year ago silicon graphics introduced a model priced at $ N almost as cheap as mainstream workstations that do n't offer special graphics features - silicon graphics also plans to unveil even less expensive machines in the near future - it 's pretty safe to assume we can bring the cost down of these systems by N N to N N a year said edward the company 's chief executive officer - silicon graphics ' strategy seems to be paying off - revenue for its first quarter ended sept. N was $ N million a N N increase over the year-ago period - profit was $ N million compared with $ N million for the year-ago quarter - remember those refrigerators of N years ago - they or at least something less efficient than today 's units may soon be making a comeback - that something whatever it is could add as much as $ N to the $ N or so consumers now pay for refrigerators - these and other expensive changes in products ranging from auto air to foam to commercial are in prospect because of something called the montreal protocol signed by N nations in N - in one of the most sweeping environmental regulatory efforts to date involving products with an annual value of $ N billion in the u.s. alone the agreed to curtail sharply the use of chlorofluorocarbons cfcs - world-wide production would be cut in half by N - the u.s. senate liked the treaty so well it ratified it by a vote of N to N - not to be george bush wants cfcs altogether by the year N a goal endorsed at an u.n. environmental meeting in in the spring - that 's a lot of as it turns out - cfcs are the primary in a gas often referred to by the du pont trade name which is to liquid form to serve as the cooling agent in and equipment - containing cfcs are pumped into to make the foam used in and - foam is a highly efficient which accounts for why the walls of refrigerators and can be now than they were back in the days when they were with glass fiber - but even though by some estimates it might cost the world as much as $ N billion between now and the year N to convert to other agents and and to equipment for these less efficient the montreal protocol 's of supporters say it is worth it - they insist that cfcs are damaging the earth 's ozone layer which screens out some of the sun 's - hence as they see it if something is n't done will become ever more subject to and skin cancer - peter teagan a specialist in heat transfer is running a project at arthur d. little inc. of cambridge mass. to find alternative technologies that will allow industry to eliminate cfcs - in addition to his interest in ozone depletion he has studied the related topic of global warming a theory that 's generation of carbon dioxide through increased combustion of fossil fuels is creating a greenhouse effect that will work important changes in the earth 's atmosphere over time - i would be the first to admit that there is not a complete consensus in the scientific community on either one of these problems says mr. teagan - in the kind of literature i read i come across opinions quite frequently - but the nature of the problem is such that many others feel it has to be addressed soon before all the evidence is in - we ca n't afford to wait - but does it have to be so soon - some atmospheric scientists think that even if cfcs were released into the atmosphere at an accelerating rate the amount of ozone depletion would be only N N by the middle of the next century - it 's easy to get something comparable by simply moving to a higher in the u.s. - moreover there are questions particularly among atmospheric scientists who know this subject best about the ability of anyone to know what in fact is happening to the ozone layer - it is generally agreed that when cfcs rise from earth to the in them is capable of with the process through which split and form ozone - but ozone creation is a very large-scale natural process and the importance of cfcs in reducing it is largely a matter of - the ozone layer is constantly in motion and thus very hard to measure - what scientists have known since the late 1970s is that there is a hole in the layer over that or contracts from year to year - but it is at least worthy of some note that there are very few refrigerators in - moreover surely someone has noticed that household refrigerators are closed systems running for many years without either the gas or the ever - another argument of the environmentalists is that if are available why not use them - mr. teagan cites a list of but none so far match the cfcs - and propane can be used as for example but are - moreover new lubricants will be needed to protect from the new which as with cfcs are - mr. teagan points out as well that if the equipment designed to get along without cfcs is less efficient than current devices energy consumption will rise and that will worsen the greenhouse effect - folks in the midwest who just suffered a mid-october may wonder where the greenhouse was when they needed it but let 's not be about grave risks - as it happens arthur d. little is not at all interested in throwing cold water on ozone depletion and global warming theories - it is interested in making some money advising industry on how to convert to a world without cfcs - there is after all big money in environmentalism - maybe we should ask why it was that du pont so quickly and issued a statement giving it wide publicity that it was cfcs - introduced in N america by making and air practical after all - one answer is that big companies are growing of fighting environmental movements and are trying instead to cash in on them although they never care to put it quite that way - du pont as it happens has a potential substitute for cfcs - imperial chemical industries of the u.k. also has one and is building a plant in louisiana to produce it - japanese chemical companies are at work developing their own and hoping to new markets of course - there are still others who do n't mind seeing new crises arise - environmental groups would soon go out of business were they not able to send out describing the latest threat and asking for money to fight it - university professors and consultants with scientific credentials saw a huge market for their services when price destroyed the energy crisis and thus the demand for alternative energy - they needed new crises to generate new grants and contracts - in other words environmentalism has created a whole set of vested interests that fare better when there are many problems than when there are few - that tends to tilt the public debate toward solutions even when some of the most knowledgeable scientists are skeptical about the of the threats and the insistence of urgency - there is an element of involved - consumers pay the bill for all this in the price of a or an car - if they were really getting insurance against environmental disaster the price would be cheap - but if there is no impending threat it can get to be very expensive - but worries about N - with most legislatures for the year small business is its - much of its attention was spent fighting organized labor 's initiatives on issues the small-business community traditionally opposes from raising state minimum wage levels to benefits in health plans - while results were mixed in many states small business got by fairly well concludes don l. robinson associate director of the national federation of independent business the largest small-business organization - five states oregon island new hampshire iowa and wisconsin passed bills to boost the minimum wage but measures in N other states were defeated - oregon 's rate will rise to $ N an hour the nation 's highest in jan. N N - iowa 's will be the second highest at $ N an hour in january N but small-business lobbyists won an exclusion for tiny concerns and a lower training rate - in N central states one small-business count shows lawmakers adopted only three of N bills health coverage or parental leave - the illinois legislature narrowly passed a bill which gov. james thompson vetoed and iowa and tennessee amended laws to require that employers pay for - small business is bracing for an of similar proposals next year - those kinds of issues always keep coming back says robert who manages the illinois chamber of commerce 's small-business office - despite victories this year small business fears losing war - only two states vermont and washington this year joined five others requiring private employers to grant leaves of absence to employees with or adopted - similar proposals were defeated in at least N other states - but small business which generally benefits has taken note of the growing number of close votes - it 's just a matter of time before the tide turns says one midwestern lobbyist - consequently small business is taking more steps to counter mandated leaves - in pennsylvania small businesses are pushing for a voluntary alternative they favor a commission that would develop sample leave policies that employers could adopt - they also support a tax credit for employers to offset the cost of hiring and training workers who temporarily replace employees on parental leave - in N the issue is expected to be especially close in alaska california michigan new york pennsylvania and illinois - we 'll be playing a lot of defense especially in the midwest and northeast says jim of the - in los angeles more small businesses adopting a child-care policy - triggering the is a recent city council decision to give preference in letting city contracts to suppliers with a stated policy on child care for their employees - the treatment even applies to small contracts under $ N and consulting and temporary services which often go to the smaller concerns - firms are permitted wide flexibility in the child-care arrangements they provide - council member the measure 's chief advocate considers it part of a policy that makes los angeles a leader in the workplace - november will contain few or initiative issues that especially affect small business - in san francisco small businesses are urging passage of a local initiative to build a new $ N million downtown baseball stadium they believe it will spur retail sales and business - but in washington state small business generally opposes an initiative to boost spending on children 's programs by $ N million the state 's N N sales tax will be raised to finance the outlays - dialing dollars - small businesses in suburban chicago are that an switch nov. N to N from the familiar N wo n't be without some costs as they alter among other things and notify customers - & a small st. charles law firm plans to mail N customers a list of its lawyers ' new phone and fax numbers as well as cards - but many owners plan to practice crossing out the old code and writing in the new one until their stock runs out - even operator smith of wo n't his old supply - he reports his business is up slightly from customers replacing old stock - california a in rules a controversy - with some new rules state officials say they made it easier and faster to sell new whose terms from those in contracts - previously regulators insisted that franchisers such changes with the state a costly process taking at least six weeks - now some negotiated sales that meet a series of tests do n't have to be - for instance franchisers no longer must sales to franchisees who qualify as sophisticated purchasers - such buyers must have a minimum net worth of $ N million $ N annual income or recent experience in the business area of the franchise being sold - but critics consider the changes - lewis g. a chicago lawyer who represents franchisers contends california is narrowly limiting rather than expanding opportunities for negotiating sales - he argues california regulators historically have their law and he says negotiated sales that are n't have been legal all along - san francisco lawyer timothy h. fine who represents franchisees insists california 's helps protect franchisees from sales negotiators who push unlawful - small talk - a new maryland law store owners of liability if a customer trips or otherwise gets hurt on the way to the - only N N of missouri small businesses surveyed say they 've tested an employee or for drug or alcohol use - by N N tennessee members favor laws to limit foreign ownership of land and facilities in the state - about N commuters trying to find their way through the bay area 's transportation system into sat in traffic on major freeways or waited for buses yesterday - in other words it was a manhattan commute - city officials feared widespread gridlock on the first day that normal business operations were resumed following last tuesday 's earthquake - the massive temblor which killed at least N people the bay bridge a major artery to the east and closed most leading to and from highway N the biggest artery to the south - it will take several weeks to repair the bridge and several months to repair some of the N connections - but in spite of a gridlock never materialized mainly because the bay area rapid transit subway system carried N N more passengers than normal - for the first time in memory it was only in bart 's modern - moreover the two main bridges still connecting san francisco with the east bay did n't charge allowing traffic to zip through without - officials also suspect that traffic benefited from steps by major employers to get workers to come in at odd hours or that many workers are still staying at home - many commuters who normally drove across the bay bridge which is shut down for several weeks because of damage to one span actually may have reached work a bit faster on bart yesterday provided they could find a parking space at the system 's stations - in the best of times the bay bridge is the worst commute in the region often experiencing of N to N minutes or more - not that getting into town was easy - storm flooding caused on the freeway and many commuters had to find to bart 's stations because parking lots were full before - bus schedules were sometimes in disarray commuters such as sullivan - her commute from calif. normally takes an hour and N minutes via the golden gate bridge which san francisco with the north bay area - yesterday she was still waiting at a bus stop after three hours trying to transfer to a bus going to the financial district - it 's worse than i thought she said - i do n't know where all the buses are - but while traffic was heavy early in the commute over the golden gate by N a.m. it already had out - it 's one of the i 've ever had said charles an insurance broker on the bus from mill valley in county - it looks like a holiday - i think a lot of people got scared and stayed home - however a spokeswoman for bankamerica corp. said yesterday 's at the bank holding company was no greater than on an average day - at the san mateo bridge which the san francisco peninsula with the east bay police were surprised at the speed with which traffic moved - everybody pretty much pitched in and said a with the california highway - there were many indications that the new work hours implemented by major corporations played a big role - the golden gate handled as many cars as normally yesterday but over four hours rather than the usual crush - group inc. the giant closely held engineering concern says it has instituted a N a.m. to N p.m. arrangement employees may select any period during those hours to go to work - of 's N employees about N work in san francisco one-third of them from east bay - pacific gas & electric co. is offering its N san francisco employees a two-tier schedule either N a.m. to N p.m. or N a.m. to N p.m - the may cut by almost a third the number of employees working conventional N hours a spokesman says - some of the utility 's employees may for a four-day N hours a day to cut the commute by N N - at pacific telesis group is left up to individual working groups because some of the telephone company 's employees must be on-site during normal business hours a spokeswoman says - some individuals went to some on their own to avoid the anticipated gridlock - one senior vice president at said he got up at N a.m. to drive into san francisco from the east bay - but transportation officials worry that such extraordinary measures and cooperation may not last - although one transportation official said drivers who did n't use car pools were committing an act about two-thirds of the crossing the golden gate were alone compared with the normal N N rate - and some commuters relieved by the absence of gridlock were planning to return to their old ways - kasparov went to combat sunday with the world 's most advanced computer and kicked it around anyway like an old can - playing black in the first game the human champion deep thought known for its attacking into a totally passive position - then he his own attack - and in the second game with mr. kasparov advancing as white d.t. offered resistance and lost even faster - well can rest easier for now - though almost everybody at the playing site had been looking for the soviet to beat the computer he gave the machine a far worse than many expected - and when mr. kasparov into the playing hall he called the outcome - as if he were iron mike about to enter the ring with a he declared i 'll be able to beat any computer for the next five years - his strategy against d.t. was based on a study of dozens of its games he said including its notorious of the larsen of and robert of the u.s. - mr. kasparov was - the computer 's mind is too straight too lacking the and creativity needed to reach the top he said - the champion apparently was not worried at all about d.t. 's strong points - its chief his the for its tactical at out of horrible positions - d.t. also has a and memory is utterly and could n't be by the spread around the playing hall in the new york academy of art - in fact d.t. never left home mellon university in pittsburgh but with its human by telephone link - they conceded that the odds favored mr. kasparov but they put their hope in d.t. 's recently enhanced capacity for positions up to a million per second from N - but the mistakenly stuck with silicon chips they needed - this became apparent as game one a defense by mr. kasparov - no human can examine millions of moves but mr. kasparov using his powerful brain consistently found very good ones - after eight moves by each side the board was the same as in a game in which nigel short of great britain fought the champion to a draw in N - but the computer did n't play mr. short 's ninth move a key pawn thrust and its position deteriorated rapidly - instead of a standard measure to the king d.t. made a maneuver at move N then it put a knight on move N - only two classes of minds would think of this very weak human players and computers said the expert for the match which was attended by hundreds of fans - by move N d.t. had fallen into a deep trap - it allowed mr. kasparov to exchange his for one of d.t. 's - usually are worth slightly more than but in this case mr. kasparov was left with a very dangerous knight and d.t. 's surviving was reduced to - indeed it looked more like a pawn a tall pawn as put it - consistently d.t. was about its chances which it continually up in form - when most thought its position the computer thought it was only in effect one-half of a pawn down - such met with and kept the machine from resigning as soon as humans would have prompting more - while d.t. its king back and forth in a defensive mr. kasparov the knight to a dominant - he also launched a storm a pawn to d.t. 's king - no amount of could have saved this game for - a piece down the computer resigned - now with the crowd in the analysis room blood the only question seemed to be how fast mr. kasparov could win game two - with the advantage of playing white which moves first mr. kasparov followed up against the computer 's defense a queen 's accepted - as early as move six mr. kasparov from a well-known of moves developing a knight instead of making a standard attack against the computer 's advanced knight - this left the computer with a broader range of replies and it immediately by moving a pawn to the of development - in a new position just after the opening a computer will have serious problems mr. kasparov said later - in such positions he explained you have to create something new and the computer is n't able to do that right now - after only N moves for each side the computer 's position was shaky - it grabbed a pawn at the cost of facing a attack - and when a defensive move was called for d.t. passed up an obvious pawn move and instead exposed its queen to immediate tactical threats - mr. kasparov later that even a weak club player would have avoided the queen move - now after only a dozen moves were looking for a combination - on a demonstration board showed a quick kill initiated by a knight sacrifice no this line of play - mr. kasparov 's was slower but in the end just as deadly - he won d.t. 's queen for two minor pieces and two not enough compensation in this position to give the computer much hope - in a position the computer resigned rather than make its move - and mr. kasparov to and applause marched back into the analysis room - in both games i got exactly what i wanted he said - what he had demonstrated he added is that there 's more to than sheer - d.t. 's vowed to press on - indeed three of them will be building a successor machine for international business machines corp - promises in three years we 'll mount a better challenge - mr. is a reporter in the journal 's new york bureau - reaching for that extra bit of yield can be a big mistake especially if you do n't understand what you 're investing in - just ask richard blumenfeld a new jersey who considers himself a reasonably sophisticated investor - in may N dr. blumenfeld gave merrill lynch & co. about $ N for a federally insured certificate of deposit offering an effective yield of more than N N - it was a time when interest rates came down very rapidly dr. blumenfeld recalls - yields on five-year cds at major banks were averaging about N N and 10-year treasury notes were paying less than N N - the cd seemed like a great deal - but nearly N N years later merrill says the investment is worth about $ N an amount that represents an annual return of just over N N on dr. blumenfeld 's $ N - the problem is that the cd he bought for a retirement plan was n't a plain cd - instead his merrill broker put him in a zero-coupon cd which is sold at a deep discount to its face value - the difference between the price and the face value payable at maturity is the investor 's return - more important the cd was purchased on the secondary or resale market - because the cd had an effective yield of N N when it was issued in N and interest rates in general had declined sharply since then part of the price dr. blumenfeld paid was a premium an additional amount on top of the cd 's base value plus accrued interest that represented the cd 's increased market value - now the thrift that issued the cd is insolvent and dr. blumenfeld has learned to his surprise that the premium is n't insured under federal deposit insurance - the came when he opened a recent merrill lynch statement and found that the cd 's estimated current market value had plummeted by $ N in a month - several phone calls and a visit to his broker 's office later the found out that the $ N drop represented the current value of the premium he paid when he bought the cd and that the amount was n't insured - this is one thing i was never aware of he says - he assumed that principal and interest were fully insured up to $ N he adds - dr. blumenfeld is n't unique - especially at times like these when declining rates make it hard for investors to get yields they have come to expect too many people chase the promise of returns without fully the risk - yield greed often gets in the way of understanding things says john research director of the american association of individual investors a chicago-based educational group - the biggest problem we have is that investors realize after the fact that they did n't understand what they were investing in - dr. blumenfeld concedes he did n't fully understand what he was buying - he says that he knew he was getting a zero-coupon cd and that he had previously invested in treasury income growth receipts a type of zero-coupon treasury security sold by merrill lynch - but he says he did n't understand he was buying the cd on the secondary market and he contends his broker never fully explained the risks - the broker thomas of merrill lynch 's morristown n.j. office refuses to discuss the matter with a reporter referring inquiries to merrill lynch officials in new york - those officials say there was full disclosure of the risks in a fact sheet sent to all cd investors with their confirmation of sale - the fact sheet dated april N says on page three if the price paid for a cd purchased in the secondary market is higher than the value in the case of zero-coupon cds the difference is not insured - involving zero-coupon cds are more complicated and you should discuss any questions you may have with your financial consultant - dr. blumenfeld says he does n't remember the about premiums in the fact sheet he received and did n't realize part of what he paid was a premium - i assumed i was buying a cd as a cd he says - nevertheless merrill lynch has agreed that if the thrift that issued dr. blumenfeld 's cd peoples heritage federal savings & loan association in kan. is liquidated and the cd terminated the brokerage firm would cover the premium dr. blumenfeld paid - federal deposit insurance would pay principal and interest accrued to the date of liquidation to a maximum of $ N - it 's not a blanket commitment it 's a situation says albert a managing director of merrill lynch money markets inc - there 's a question whether brokers at the time were fully aware of the risks - we were n't sure that full disclosure as we wanted it was being made - merrill lynch says it 's impossible to estimate how many investors are in dr. blumenfeld 's situation although it says the firm has received only one other complaint about premiums on the secondary market in three years - merrill lynch now provides credit rating information about the institutions whose cds it sells which it did n't provide in N - zero-coupon cds are only a small portion of the $ N in cds outstanding and those purchased on the secondary market are an even smaller part of the total - merrill lynch estimates that fewer than N financial institutions currently issue zero-coupon cds - still there are several billion dollars of zero-coupon cds with various maturities outstanding - because of the tax consequences of zero-coupon investments income tax is payable in the year interest is accrued although interest is n't actually paid until maturity zero-coupon cds are usually sold for accounts to finance things like retirement and children 's education - most zero-coupon cds are in maturities of six to nine years and they usually double in value by maturity - but investors who bought zero-coupon cds in the secondary market are n't the only ones who may be surprised to learn the full amount of their investments is n't insured - people who paid a premium for standard cds purchased on the secondary market could also find that those premiums are n't insured if the institutions that issued the cds failed - however those premiums are usually far smaller than on zero-coupon cds and the simpler pricing structure of a standard cd makes it more apparent when a premium is paid - whatever the case a merrill lynch spokesman investors should n't have to worry about the uninsured premium issue unless the bank or thrift that issued the cd is closed and its deposits paid off before maturity or transferred to another institution at a lower rate - dr. blumenfeld says he 's satisfied that his problem has been resolved - and he says he 's learned a lesson you always have to watch out for yourself - no one else will watch out for you - americans are drinking less but young professionals from australia to west germany are rushing to buy american and other spirits - in particular many are the preferred by their parents and for bourbon the sweet from the kentucky - with u.s. liquor consumption declining steadily many american producers are stepping up their marketing efforts abroad - and those efforts are paying off spirits exports jumped more than N N times to $ N million in N from $ N million in N according to the spirits council of the u.s. a trade group - spirits companies now view themselves as global marketers says michael president of beverage marketing corp. a research and consulting firm - if you want to be a player you have to be in america europe and the far east - you must have brands a long-term perspective and deep pockets - the of the industry has been by foreign companies ' acquisitions of many u.s. producers - in recent years for example grand metropolitan plc of britain acquired inc. while another british company guinness plc took over united group and industries inc - but the shift has also been fueled by necessity - while spirits like and jack daniel 's whiskey are riding high in the u.s. domestic spirits consumption fell N N to N million cases in N from N million cases in N - in recent years growth has come in the foreign markets - u.s. exports more than doubled last year to N proof gallons a standard industry measure according to beverage alcohol group an industry association - exports of surged N N to N proof gallons - mexico is the biggest importer of both and from the u.s. - japan the world 's third-largest liquor market after the u.s. and britain helped american companies in april when it lowered its tax on imported spirits and a tax on many domestic products - california benefiting from lowered trade barriers and federal marketing subsidies are expanding aggressively into japan as well as canada and great britain - in japan the are promoting their products ' pacific roots and restaurant and hotel chefs whose recommendations carry weight - in australia britain canada and greece brown-forman corp. has increased its marketing of southern comfort - using television and print ads the company pitches southern comfort as a grand old drink of the american south - the biggest foreign though have been made by bourbon - while u.s. makers of and other spirits compete against abroad trade agreements prohibit any other country from making bourbon - all bourbon comes from kentucky though jack daniel 's tennessee whiskey often is counted as bourbon because of similarity of taste - moreover just as has acquired an upscale image in the u.s. bourbon has become fashionable in many foreign countries a american product tied to - how was the west won - with a in one hand and bourbon in the other - we imagine with bourbon the wild west western motion pictures and appearing says vice president of international corp. a division of ltd. japan 's largest liquor company - distributes brown-forman in japan - bourbon makes up just N N of world-wide spirits consumption but it represented N N of u.s. liquor exports last year according to no other category had more than N N - big u.s. are fiercely for this market which grew to $ N million last year from $ N million in N according to government figures - jim beam brands co. a division of american brands inc. is the leading exporter of bourbon and produces N other types of liquor - the company says it will increase its international advertising N N in N with bourbon representing most of that amount - guinness 's industries unit has increased its tv advertising in japan and has built partnerships with duty-free shops throughout asia enabling it to install prominent counter displays - the company 's harper brand is the leading bourbon in japan with N N of the market - bourbon exporters have succeeded in japan where other industries have failed avoiding cultural in marketing and distribution by themselves with local agents - jim beam brands has a distribution partnership with whiskey co. a - seagram co. which exports four bourbon has such a link with brewery co - some bourbon makers abroad as they do at home - to promote jack daniel 's overseas brown-forman uses the same photos of front from va. and old men in and - jim beam print ads however strike different in different countries - in australia land of the a of jim beam lies on a strip of leather - west germans get with bourbon in the and a beverly hills hotel in the background - ads for england are and - one ad features a huge robot carrying a woman in a - the i only asked if she wanted a jim beam - capital cities\/abc inc. 's net income rose N N on a modest N N increase in revenue in the third quarter mainly on strong advertising demand at its abc television network operation - demand for ads also rose at the eight tv stations capital cities owns and at its espn sports cable channel - the broadcast and publishing company reported net climbed to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - revenue reached $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday capital cities closed at $ N down $ N - the broadcasting unit reported operating profit of $ N million up N N from the year-earlier $ N million - publishing reported operating profit was $ N million nearly flat with the $ N million - revenue at the broadcasting unit consisting of the network and stations advanced N N to $ N million from $ N million - the publishing unit reported revenue edged up N N to $ N million from $ N million - chairman thomas s. murphy cited capital cities ' nine daily newspapers in explaining most of the gain - the parent also publishes shopping and specialty magazines - for N 's first nine months capital cities net income grew N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue eased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - last week abc general electric co. 's national broadcasting co. unit as the no. N network as rated by a.c. nielsen co - abc has four shows in the top N including the top show - as part of a previously announced transaction federal corp. has bought approximately N shares of its common stock from inc. at $ N a share - has agreed not to acquire any securities of for N years and not to influence company affairs during that period - weyerhaeuser co. said it sold its business to an affiliate of one of indonesia 's largest firms - terms of the transaction were n't disclosed - weyerhaeuser said its business employs about N workers at two facilities in va. and hancock - manville corp. said it will build a $ N million power plant to provide electricity to its pulp and paper mill in brazil - the company said the plant will ensure that it has adequate energy for the mill and will reduce the mill 's energy costs - manville said it expects the plant to begin operating at the end of N - housing and urban development secretary jack kemp called on the federal reserve system to lower interest rates - in a speech to the mortgage bankers association mr. kemp broke the administration 's public on the fed and complained that interest rates are too high - i am convinced that a monetary policy for this country that would return interest rates to the historical level of N N or N N would have not only an immediate impact on housing starts the housing stock our industry in america the of our industrial system it would help the third world economies considerably and it would particularly have a favorable impact upon our budget deficit mr. kemp said - the fed recently eased credit by lowering the bellwether federal funds interest rate to N N N from about N N - bush administration officials say inflation is under control - with economic growth slowing they say they believe the fed should ease credit even further - but for the most part officials have avoided those views in public they would the fed - mcdonald 's corp. said third-quarter earnings rose N N on a hefty sales gain but domestic franchisees apparently did n't of the improvement - the world 's largest fast-food chain said net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - in the latest period the company had an average of N million shares N million shares below last year 's level - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - sales which include sales at franchisee as well as company-owned stores totaled $ N billion compared with $ N billion - but sales for u.s. franchisees were flat at best on a basis despite weak N figures - compared with the first nine months of last year average franchisee store sales this year were down nearly $ N reflecting a fierce discounting war among fast-food chains - since mcdonald 's prices rose this year the actual decline may have been more - mcdonald 's closed at $ N up $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday - while franchisees were having a tough time holding sales mcdonald 's stores posted hefty gains for the nine months with sales per unit rising $ N - one analyst noted that the company often has better store locations than do its franchisees thus promotional efforts - on average in the latest nine months units in the u.s. had $ N more in sales than did outlets - there are more than three times as many domestic outlets as there are company stores - profit margins at u.s. company-owned stores in the quarter were up nearly N N which the company attributed in part to lower food costs - prudential-bache securities analyst leslie said reduced labor costs helped boost margins although she that kind of performance is - calling sales still relatively soft ms. believes that in real terms u.s. sales slipped N N N to N N at stores in the quarter - apparently acknowledging weaker u.s. sales mcdonald 's vowed to use our size and muscle to do all that is necessary to build the brand - overseas both franchisees and the company performed substantially better than a year ago - third-quarter sales in europe were exceptionally strong boosted by promotional programs and new products although weaker foreign currencies reduced the company 's earnings - mcdonald 's said that sales would have been $ N million greater had N exchange rates remained in effect - going into the fourth quarter the sales comparison will be more difficult predicted restaurant analyst howard of kidder peabody & co - reflecting better growth prospects abroad mcdonald 's noted that as of sept. N more stores were under construction overseas than a year ago while the opposite was true for domestic expansion - at the end of the third quarter mcdonald 's had N units operating world-wide - in the nine months earnings rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - carnival cruise lines inc. 's common stock was dragged down yesterday amid concerns that a bankruptcy filing by a finnish would delay delivery of three big cruise ships - the miami-based company 's stock fell $ N yesterday to $ N a share in heavy american stock exchange composite trading - early yesterday carnival said in a company statement that it had been notified that waertsilae marine industries the finnish shipyard that is building its three new cruise ships planned to file for bankruptcy - officials at carnival declined to comment - there is just a tremendous amount of uncertainty about what the effect if any of all this is said john p. an analyst at raymond james associates inc - i did n't even know that a company in a country could file for bankruptcy - carnival said the fantasy the first of the three $ N million ships that carnival has on order is scheduled to be delivered next month just in time for the winter tourist season in the caribbean - that ship which would carry about N passengers would expand the capacity of carnival 's existing fleet by N N - the second ship which is is scheduled to be delivered in fall N and the third in fall N - there 's a N N chance that the fantasy will be delivered close to schedule said levy an analyst at shearson lehman hutton inc - the others will probably be delivered as well but carnival will likely have to pay a higher price for them - she said the company could pay as much as N N more for the ships - if the ships are n't delivered however it will likely have an effect on the company 's earnings as soon as the N fiscal year which begins dec. N - analysts said those estimates which range from about $ N a share to $ N a share are based on fantasy being in operation in N - if the ship fails to arrive those per-share earnings estimates could be trimmed N cents or more - analysts were n't willing to speculate on how much money carnival might lose through deposits - normally a company pays a portion of the total cost of a ship as it reaches various stages of construction - carnival for example has already paid about $ N million of the total cost for fantasy - some analysts say this may give it the right to seize the ship if the situation warrants it - according to reports from finland waertsilae marine by conglomerate oy waertsilae filed for bankruptcy yesterday after the shipyard 's contractors had started to demand bank guarantees - the shipyard disclosed in that it expected losses stemming from a series of unprofitable orders - designer garratt filed for chapter N bankruptcy code protection saying that her cash flow had been cut off - the designer whose line of clothing has spawned a host of has been in a dispute with her latest inc. for several months - ms. garratt was the subject of a wall street journal article in march - the designer 's attorney said that ms. garratt was forced to start bankruptcy-law proceedings because began her royalty payments last month - paid ms. garratt royalties for the line known as multiples by garratt which are sold primarily through department stores - ms. garratt sued the dallas apparel maker earlier this year charging that developed and marketed clothing lines after her designs in violation of their contract - that lawsuit is still pending - could n't immediately be reached for comment - ms. garratt 's assets and liabilities were n't disclosed - eaton corp. had a N N drop in third-quarter profit mainly because of lower sales of truck parts its largest and most profitable single business - sales of medium and trucks continue to lag rates leading eaton to expect fourth-quarter net income to fall below year-earlier levels said stephen r. vice chairman and chief financial and administrative officer - he declined to make a specific earnings estimate - third-quarter net was $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the quarter net was below analyst expectations mainly because sales did n't rebound in september from the summer doldrums as they usually do said patrick e. analyst with mcdonald & co - mr. who had been expecting quarter profit of about $ N a share says he is reducing his estimate for the year to the area of $ N a share from his previous estimate of $ N - eli of painewebber inc. who a couple of weeks ago reduced his N estimate to $ N a share because of the weakening truck market says he will make another cut to about $ N a share in light of the third-quarter report - he said eaton 's quarter profit margin on controls was lower than he anticipated - eaton said sales of truck and other parts fell N N to $ N million - sales of parts for cars and construction vehicles rose - eaton does n't provide profit figures separately for each category but operating profit for vehicle parts as a group fell N N to $ N million on an about N N drop in sales to $ N million - mr. said operators appear to be cautious about buying new trucks until they see how the economy - the truck sales slowdown reflects the general slowing in sales of consumer goods he said and the latest reports show a slight improvement rather than any indication of a downward - operating profit from electrical and electronics controls eaton 's other major business group fell N N to $ N million despite a N N increase in sales to $ N million - the company attributed the decline to weakness in the market in north america and in the european market - for the nine months net including profit from discontinued operations both years and in N an extraordinary charge of $ N million related to settlement of a lawsuit was $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - eaton earned from continuing operations $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - nine-month sales were $ N billion up N N from $ N billion a year earlier - in new york stock exchange composite trading eaton closed at $ N a share down $ N - in poland 's rapid shift from socialism to an alternative environmental issues have become a cutting edge of broader movements to restructure the economy cut and local politics - initial steps were taken at poland 's first international environmental conference which i attended last month - the conference held in lower was by the environment ministry the rockefeller brothers fund and the polish ecological club and was attended by N poles from government and industry as well as russians japanese and americans - the conference was entitled economic for environmental protection a significant departure from east bloc usage which recognizes only one economic mechanism central planning to direct industrial behavior - even more it focused on emissions trading and similar market approaches to address pollution notwithstanding poland 's lack of markets - why did east bloc participants unanimously pollution approaches - the answer lies both in the environment of these countries and the perceived causes of that - like other east bloc countries poland environmental laws more in their breach than in their - according to a detailed report by of the university of minnesota 's institute N areas containing a third of poland 's population are regarded as ecological hazards due to multiple violations of standards - are consistently exceeded at N N of monitoring sites and N N of those for dust and emissions - of poland 's have become highly N N of its southern are projected to die by century 's end - between N and N polish waters fit for human consumption dropped from N N to N N of all surface waters while those even for industry use nearly doubled - poland produces about N times more and five times more dioxide and solid waste per unit of gross national product than does western europe - its mortality rate for males over N is about N N higher than west germany 's and N N higher in hazard areas than the national average - since N average annual growth rates for most have the growth of gnp - conference participants saw these effects as flowing directly from a marxist devaluation of environmental resources which are not produced by labor b planned economies ' inability to control pollution where enterprises are state-owned and penalties are paid by the government and c the continuing emphasis on heavy industry for economic development producing a far heavier and more use of energy and natural resources than in the west - they repeatedly noted that environmental progress could not be secured without true ownership genuine competition based on market factors and the risk of bankruptcy if a business makes the wrong decisions - the solutions they formally proposed included taxes conservation and recycling incentives pollution permits an ecological bank to finance credits and swaps - but their most fundamental recommendation was to separate industry from the state making it fully for pollution control - a revolution takes more than conference - indeed skepticism was captured by a joke told by poles at the conference the world must be coming to an end - the russians are talking peace - the are talking elections - and the poles are engaged in commerce - but the implications of such a shift to market approaches go well beyond the fact that poland is already working on nationwide emissions trades to reduce pollution or that the soviets plan to introduce pollution permits in some republics next year - those implications include privatization - faced with a $ N billion foreign debt and inflation poland must industry and eliminate subsidies to stabilize its currency and qualify for international assistance - pollution control may consume some capital that would otherwise purchase state industries - but it could also accelerate by reinforcing industrial accountability breaking up state monopolies giving managers a stake in solutions and ensuring that modernization is not for failure to address environmental effects - solutions - as conferees noted scarce capital means the costs of control must be through a broad of compliance choices for individual firms - that means simple clear rules that secure the first large blocks of reduction deferring more complex issues such as risk - it also means use of pollution limits such as permits rather than limits such as fees - that 's because managers will likely respond better to quantity than to price signals - creative financing - even environmental solutions will require billions of dollars - new types of financing must make funds available without poland 's reserves - - east bloc pollution data typically have been state secrets - while polish data have been freely available since N it was no accident that participants urged the free flow of information - for once information flows public participation follows and repression becomes difficult to - global - one participant declared that america has had a free market in goods but a planned economy for environmental protection while poland represents the opposite - his point it will be increasingly difficult for the u.s. to to measures if even the east bloc steps to a different - at the moment poland resembles pittsburgh more than a modern industrial society with production inadequate environmental management and little ecological awareness - but the continuing pressures for free-market economics suggest the conference 's vision was not all fantasy - mr. former head of epa 's regulatory reform staff adapted this from his november column for the journal of the air and waste management association - disappointing earnings news from some technology companies investors in the over-the-counter market who sold shares of apple computer intel and many other concerns - the drop in those and other technology stocks contributed to an N N slide by the nasdaq composite index - it finished at N down N - the nervousness about the technology stock outlook also hurt the dow jones industrial average which slipped about N N - mostly because of the sell-off in technology stocks the nasdaq N index of the otc 's largest issues dropped N to N - the nasdaq financial index of giant insurance and banking issues lost N to N - some traders said the sell-off of technology stocks on low volume reflected a lack of conviction by investors - but charlie vice president in charge of otc trading at financial in stamford conn. said the selling was orderly - it 's a quiet retreat said mr. - it 's nothing dramatic just a routine sell-off - some of it was due to lower-than-expected earnings from leading companies he said - but some of it also represented profit-taking by investors who have made big gains in some issues - yesterday 's volume of N million shares was far below last week 's average of nearly N million - for october so far daily volume is averaging N million putting it on track to be the year 's busiest month - apple computer which reported lackluster earnings friday lost N N to N N on N million shares - computer which reported earnings late friday that were in line with a disappointing forecast eased N to N on N shares - investors apparently did n't like the news from rainbow technologies either - it said net income was N cents a share in the third quarter compared with N cents a share a year earlier - rainbow 's stock dropped N to N N - other technology stocks that were weaker included intel which fell N N to N N on N million shares graphics down N to N N on N million shares sun microsystems which slipped N to N N and mci communications down N to N N - microsoft which last week rose to a record fell victim to profit-taking traders said as it declined N N to N N - conner peripherals was unchanged at N - among takeover stocks jefferson jumped N N to N N after holdings said the price to be paid to jefferson 's minority holders has been raised to $ N a share - the increase of $ N a share is being made to settle shareholder litigation relating to 's tender offer - holdings is a new company jointly owned by an affiliate of jefferson and a morgan stanley limited partnership - the jefferson affiliate international holds about N N of the shares outstanding - these shares will be bought by holdings at $ N each after the acquisition of the minority shares - another takeover target lin broadcasting eased N to N N on N shares - lin 's suitor mccaw cellular communications dropped N to N on almost N shares - some analysts say investors will begin paying more attention to earnings partly in response to the latest round of disappointments - they say investors will favor companies that historically have posted annual earnings growth of N N to N N - that would be good news for the otc market some analysts say because many small growth stocks are traded there - michael r. partner in charge of research at robertson & co. in san francisco said some investors have already made the switch - the robertson index of N emerging growth stocks is up N N for the year through friday - the rise matches that of the dow jones industrials this year - it 's been a spectacular year for the emerging growth stock investor mr. said - he predicted that the most popular growth companies will be those with some kind of unique product or franchise that makes them appear able to sustain their momentum - he puts the otc market 's office club and on the list - a maker of electronic patient monitoring systems was up N to N N on N shares yesterday while retailing issue office club was unchanged at N N on N shares - another retailing stock was off N to N N on nearly N shares - other of analysts and money managers also had a mixed session - american a credit collection concern jumped N N to N N on volume of N and mail boxes etc. a private postal services company advanced N to N N on volume of N - but legent a systems software stock was down N to N N on N shares - a computer concern fell N N to N on N shares - elsewhere valley national continued its slide dropping N N to N on N million shares - the arizona banking concern is facing difficulties related to weakness in the real estate market in the state - higher earnings helped some issues - amgen rose N N to N N on almost N shares and financial jumped N to N on only N shares - why ca n't we teach our children to read write and - it 's not that we do n't know how to because we do - it 's that we do n't want to - and the reason we do n't want to is that effective education would require us to some about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular as well as to violate some vested interests - these so dominate our educational establishment our media our politicians and even our parents that it seems almost to challenge them - here is an example - if i were to ask a sample of american parents do you wish the schools to encourage creativity in your children the answer would be yes of course - but what do we mean specifically by creativity - no one can say - in practice it ends up being with a that encourages the youngsters ' - the result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual is matched only by their good opinion of themselves - the whole notion of creativity in education was and is part and parcel of a romantic against disciplined instruction which was and is regarded as a repression and frustration of the and the wonderful if as yet inherent in the of all our children - it is not surprising that parents find this romantic so attractive - fortunately these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood and they have enough common sense to know what that demands - their commitment to creativity can not survive - american education 's future will be determined by the degree to which we all of us allow this common sense to prevail over the that we also share - the education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way - the reasons are complex but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated - education as it was once called is far more interesting and to teachers than is disciplined instruction - it is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in development and even to minimize those tests with often disappointing results - it also provides teachers with a superior as a profession since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy - i myself took such courses in college thinking i might end up a - they could all fairly be described as courses - but it is unfair to dump on teachers as distinct from the educational establishment - i know many and on the whole they are seriously committed to teaching - they may not be among the best and of their generation there are very few such people by definition - but they need not be to do their jobs well - yes we all can remember one or two truly teachers from our school days - but our education at the hands of those others who were merely competent and - in this sense a teacher can be compared to one 's family doctor - if he were brilliant he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place - if he is competent and he serves us well - our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis - whether they are or are not is a problem of equity it is not an educational problem - it is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more - it is the kind of libel the teachers ' unions do n't mind spreading for their own narrow purposes - it is also the kind of libel politicians find useful since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency - but there is not one of evidence that other things being equal salary result in educational - if there were such evidence you can be sure you would have heard of it - if we wish to be serious about american education we know exactly what to do and just as important what not to do - there are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation some of them in the poorest of and they are all sending us the same message - there are the majority of unsuccessful schools and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed - we really do know all we need to know if only we could this knowledge into our thinking - in this respect it would be helpful if our political leaders were rather than concerned - they are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional since this is the least controversial option that is open to them - thus at the recent governors ' conference on education gov. bill clinton of arkansas announced that this country needs a comprehensive policy for children under five - a comprehensive development policy for governors over N would seem to be a more pressing need - what gov. clinton is in effect is extending the educational system down to the years - whether desirable or not this is a child-care program not an educational program - we know that very early exposure to improves performance in the first grade but afterward the difference is quickly away - let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do n't work parental involvement is a bad idea - parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children - parents should be involved with their children 's education at home not in school - they should see to it that their kids do n't play they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing they should the report card - if parents are with a school they should have the option of switching to another - community involvement is an even worse idea - here the experience of new york city is decisive - locally elected school boards especially in our larger cities become the of ambitious generally corrupt and invariably local politicians or would-be politicians - new york is in the process of trying to itself from a commitment to this system of school even as chicago and other cities are moving to institute it - in most states increasing expenditures on education in our current circumstances will probably make things worse not better - the reason is simple education takes place in the classroom where the influence of money is minimal - decades of educational research tell us that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons - the new money flows into the already administrative structure which itself more and more paper work on the teachers - there is neither mystery nor in the fact that as educational expenditures in real terms have increased sharply in the past we now spend more per than any other country in the world educational performance has declined - that is the way the system works - students should move up the educational as their academic potential allows - no student should be permitted to be from school without having the N r 's at the level that prevailed N years ago - this means tracking whose main purpose is less to permit the youngsters to though that is clearly desirable than to ensure that the less get the necessary for further study or for entering the modern world of work - the notion that tracking is somehow is absurd - the purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential - no one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential - it is generally desirable to use older many of them out of print rather than newer ones - the latter are trendy often downright silly and at best - they are based on dubious psychological and theories rather than on educational experience - one of the reasons american students do so poorly in tests as compared with british french german or japanese students is the influence of the new on american and teaching methods - anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is with students who ca n't add or learning the conceptual basis of theory should read the article by nelson himself a recent major at harvard in the november american - most important of all schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty the and all matters of student discipline - study after study the most recent from the institution tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside and are by a powerful head - with that authority of course goes an accountability - schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance - this is a fact though in view of all the that are by this fact it is not surprising that one so little about it - mr. an american enterprise institute fellow the public interest and publishes the national interest - international business machines corp. unveiled a broad strategy to tackle the biggest problem that manufacturers face when their operations most machines ca n't talk to each other - the company unveiled more than N products mostly software that are designed to integrate the three areas of a manufacturing operation the plant floor design operations and production planning - the aim ultimately is to increase the flow of information into a manufacturer 's main computer network for use in business planning marketing and other operations - manufacturers have already spent so heavily on that they are one of the computer industry 's leading revenue sources - but many manufacturers find that communication between different computers has been nearly impossible by the of computer used by different machines including robots and machine tools - ibm 's announcement which was expected and will formally be made to customers today also marks an attempt to gain credibility on the plant floor where digital equipment corp. has long dominated and where hewlett-packard co. has recently gained market share - consultants have said that it will take a while for all the pieces of the ibm strategy to fall into place even though the specific products ibm unveiled will generally be available by the end of the first quarter - sam albert a consultant in n.y. said that in the past ibm has developed broad software strategies only for problems that crossed industry lines - he said he believes ibm 's decision to invest this sort of effort into a single industry showed that it was getting serious about understanding customers ' problems and was n't just selling technology - he said he expects ibm to unveil similar strategies for other industries in coming months - ibm 's push is also unusual in its approach to marketing - rather than just send out marketing people to knock on customers ' doors ibm is making several hundred of its own manufacturing people available to discuss specific needs - ibm 's manufacturing staff also will be able to provide software that ibm has developed and will be able to form teams with a customer to jointly solve manufacturing problems - ibm can obviously bring its expertise to bear on problems related to computer manufacturing but it could also help customers on software to deal with such things as changes in engineering documents - we may not have every manufacturing problem but we have most said george ibm 's top marketing official - japan 's big four securities firms posted first-half unconsolidated results that softer performance as a result of slower turnover on the tokyo stock exchange during july and august - figures for the period ended sept. N for the four largest brokerage firms nomura securities co. daiwa securities co. yamaichi securities co. and nikko securities also reflected a to a fiscal year ending march N replacing the 12-month term formerly finishing sept. N - as a result brokerage house officials said appropriate comparisons from the same period a year earlier were unavailable - operating profit pretax profit and net income results however were provided for the immediately preceding six-month period - the statistics follow a rebound in consolidated and unconsolidated results in the full fiscal year ended in march N recovering from dismal results in the prior fiscal year as a result of the october N stock market crash - nomura said its pretax profits inched up N N to N billion yen us$ N billion from N billion yen in the six months ended march N - total operating profit fell N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income however rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - daiwa said its pretax profits surged N N to N billion yen from N billion yen in the preceding six-month term - operating profit rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income jumped N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - yamaichi said its pretax profit increased N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - operating profit rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income surged N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - nikko 's pretax profit rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - operating profit rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - net income rose N N to N billion yen from N billion yen - per-share net rose to N yen from N yen - energy corp. of dallas said it will drop its $ or $ N million offer for tesoro petroleum corp. if the two companies do n't have an agreement to merge by dec. N - which made its offer in august said it still is awaiting a response to its offer from tesoro 's board - also said that its financing from bankers trust co. has been extended until dec. N to give tesoro 's board time to consider the offer at a tesoro board meeting scheduled for - which owns about N retail gas stations has said it is particularly interested in tesoro 's refinery because it would fill a gap in its business - however tesoro based in houston already has rejected a suitor in the past year - francis d. john president will assume the additional job of chief executive officer - he succeeds paul j. N who will remain chairman - national environmental also said it will move its headquarters from to pa. the site of its facility - national environmental formerly yankee cos. is a treatment company - eagle clothes inc. which is operating under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code said it reached an agreement with its creditors - under the accord albert roth chairman and chief executive officer and arthur chase sam and louis will resign as officers and directors of the retailer - mr. roth who has been on leave from his posts will be succeeded by d. of management inc. which is eagle 's crisis manager - mr. is currently co-chief executive - arnold levine acting co-chief executive will continue as senior vice president and a board member - eagle also said it received a commitment for as much as $ N million in financing from norfolk capital group inc - in addition a norfolk affiliate york capital inc. will purchase all of the interests of eagle 's secured lenders which total $ N million and guarantee as much as $ N million in payments to eagle 's unsecured creditors - a committee representing the unsecured creditors agreed to accept N cents on the dollar eagle said - the plan would extend the period under which eagle has the exclusive right to file a reorganization plan - it would all of eagle 's existing capital stock and issue new stock to york as sole holder - a bankruptcy court hearing is set for nov. N on these accords - in its bankruptcy-law petition filed in u.s. bankruptcy court in manhattan eagle said its problems began in N and early N when its lender bankers trust co. reduced its credit line - in september N eagle acquired clothing inc. a closely held new york chain operated under the bonds name - eagle 's management retired and 's management took control of the company - at the time eagle reached a new credit agreement with bankers trust and with bank trust co. of new york for $ N million and a new subordinated debt accord with first century partners and management for $ N million - but eagle said the financing was insufficient and sales during the past fiscal year sagged - under chapter N a company operates under protection from creditors ' lawsuits while it works out a plan to pay debts - standard & poor 's corp. said it would add john h. co. an atlanta check printer to its 500-stock index effective at the close of trading on wednesday - american medical international inc. a new york hospital operator will be from the index at that time - american medical is being acquired - the tougher new regulations under the savings-and-loan bailout law are accelerating the thrift industry 's shrinking act - largely to meet tougher new capital requirements thrifts reduced their assets $ N billion in august by selling such assets as mortgage-backed securities and loans - industry assets as of aug. N were $ N trillion the lowest since august N - as thrifts sell assets to improve their ratio as required under the new law passed in august they must also reduce liabilities such as deposits - as interest rates paid were lowered thrift withdrawals exceeded deposits by $ N billion not including interest credited to accounts - it was the third consecutive month in which thrifts shed assets to increase the size of their capital in to their assets the office of thrift supervision said - the asset was particularly concentrated in several large california institutions - the of the thrift industry is well under way said an industry consultant in va - this suggests the bailout law is having a more dramatic effect than anyone would have so soon - james an economist with the office of thrift supervision also attributed some of the to seasonal factors - august is a month when people are paying school tuition he said - that and adjustment to the new law were the biggest factors in the industry - not including thrifts under government conservatorship s&ls reduced their assets by $ N billion from the previous month and deposit outflows totaled $ N billion - for the N insolvent thrifts under government management at the end of august assets declined by $ N billion and withdrawals exceeded deposits by $ N billion - thrifts raised capital mostly by selling mortgages and mortgage-backed securities which were reduced by $ N billion in august from the prior month - as of aug. N thrifts held $ N billion in mortgage-backed securities - the deposit numbers for august marked a swing back to huge outflows after a july net deposit of $ N million the only net in more than a year - deposits are n't expected to exceed withdrawals in the foreseeable future as the industry continues to shrink - i think we are going to see deposit continue unless we see big changes in rates mr. said - for the first eight months of N thrifts ' withdrawals exceeded deposits by $ N billion - for the prior year deposits exceeded withdrawals by $ N billion - the estimates of real gross national product prepared by the bureau of economic analysis in the department of commerce significantly the rate of economic growth - since the bureau 's estimates for the business sector provide the for the productivity ratios calculated by the department of labor underestimated growth rates artificially depress official productivity statistics - if this is correct it has important implications for policies it may lower the sense of urgency behind efforts to enact tax incentives and other measures to increase the rate of growth in productivity and real gnp - it would also affect the perceptions of the board of governors of the federal reserve system and the informed public generally as to what a reasonable degree of price stability - in the early 1980s i predicted a significant acceleration in productivity growth over the rest of the decade - this forecast was based on the apparent reversal of most of the negative forces such as changes the oil shock and accelerating inflation that had reduced productivity gains in the 1970s - there has indeed been more than a one percentage point improvement in productivity growth since N - but i had expected more which is one reason i began looking at evidence suggesting defects in the official output estimates - the evidence does not clearly support the view that the downward bias in output growth has become greater during the N period but all i am claiming is that the growth trend is - it is however possible that further study will reveal increasing bias - this bias is in no way - the of growth is due largely to the conservative adopted to deal with deficiencies in basic economic data - the first of three major sources of error is the use of labor input estimates mainly employment or hours instead of output estimates for those sectors such as governments paid household services and private institutions where there are difficulties in output data - this means that no allowance is made for possible increases in output per unit of labor - in an unrelated program in which the labor department does estimate output per employee for more than two-thirds of federal civilian employees it found an average annual rate of productivity improvement of N N during the 1980s - even if it is assumed that productivity rose no more than half as quickly in the rest of the sector this labor department estimate indicates a downward bias in the real gnp estimates of N percentage point a year on average - the federal productivity use labor input rather than output data for their calculations of half of private financial and service industries as well - independent estimates of output in those industries including one by the department of labor for banking suggests that productivity in finance and services appears to have risen by an average of at least N N a year between N and N - because finance and services contribute N N to final business product missing these productivity improvements the overall growth rate by N N a year - the second source of error in growth statistics is the use of inappropriate to adjust for price changes - i estimate that these as detailed by martin n. and robert j. gordon add a further N percentage point to the downward bias in the growth rate of real business product - finally the official estimates growth because they make inadequate allowance for improvements in quality of goods and services - in N a new price index for computers adjusted for changes in performance was introduced and that resulted in a significantly larger increase in real outlays for durable goods than the earlier estimates had showed - since then further research argues that failure to take account of quality improvements has contributed a total of at least N percentage point to the downward bias in the growth rate - in sum the above indicate a N percentage point in growth of total real gnp - for the private domestic business economy the bias was a bit over N percentage point - in other words the growth rates of both total gnp and real private business product per labor hour have been underestimated by about N N - mr. is professor of economics at george washington university - he is co-author of personal productivity how to increase your satisfaction in living sharp N - union carbide corp. said third-quarter net income plunged N N from a year earlier on weakness in the company 's mainstay chemicals and plastics business - net was $ N million or N cents a share for the quarter compared with $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales were $ N billion up N N from $ N billion the previous year - carbide like other companies with a heavy reliance on the so-called commodity end of the chemicals industry was expected to post earnings sharply lower than in an exceptionally strong N third quarter - but the company 's latest quarter was a few pennies a share lower than the more pessimistic projections on wall street - it certainly was n't a disaster but it does show weakness in some of the company 's chief markets said george a analyst at oppenheimer & co - in new york stock exchange composite trading carbide closed at $ N a share down N cents - prices for polyethylene a common plastic and an important carbide product started to fall early this year the slide accelerated in the third quarter as buyers continued to trim inventories - prices also fell for and products used in making - some producers of polyethylene figuring the inventory reductions are near an end have announced price boosts - the first real test of whether prices have hit bottom may come in the next several weeks when the new prices become effective - a carbide spokesman said the conditions are right for the increase to hold - for the third quarter operating profit from carbide 's chemicals and plastics business fell to $ N million from $ N million a year ago before accounting for taxes and interest expense - operating profit from carbon products such as also declined to $ N million from $ N million - in the segment operating profit climbed to $ N million from $ N million - the latest quarter included a gain of about $ N million on the sale of the company 's and businesses - are used in making products such as and are used in making the foam found in furniture and other products - that gain was mostly offset by a loss of about $ N million from a write-down in its business - is used in making integrated circuits - for the nine months net totaled $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - at least N states are drexel burnham lambert inc. 's nationwide effort to settle its legal troubles and some might instead try to revoke the firm 's license to sell securities within their borders - the reluctance of some states to let drexel off the hook could the firm 's attempts to polish its image after its guilty plea to six last month say several people familiar with the discussions - up to now drexel has made a series of settlements with N states and the commonwealth of puerto rico - just yesterday new hampshire announced it made a $ N settlement with drexel a fine for a matter in that state - these states have been entering into settlements with drexel as part of the firm 's efforts to operate freely anywhere in the u.s. despite its record as an admitted - but individuals familiar with the generally successful drexel talks say the firm is meeting resistance from some big states including new jersey new york california pennsylvania connecticut and missouri - officials in some of these states say they do n't want to simply accept the settlements offered by drexel - they question if drexel is getting easier treatment than the many small firms whose brokerage licenses are routinely - drexel has to settle with state securities regulators in the wake of its criminal guilty plea and a related civil settlement with the securities and exchange commission that includes payment of $ N million in penalties - these stem from a two-year federal investigation of insider trading and securities fraud on wall street - ohio the district of columbia tennessee and illinois have been less to drexel than the other six states but nonetheless have refused to settle so far say those familiar with the discussions - drexel says it does n't expect any of its state brokerage licenses will be and even if some are its securities business would n't be directly hurt - it already has sold its retail or brokerage network securities firms do n't need brokerage licenses for activities such as investment banking - still if nothing else a brokerage license could be a burden because it must be disclosed in many of the transactions in which drexel could be involved - securities regulators drexel for its energetic effort led by general counsel saul s. cohen to settle its legal problems with the states - but they disagree about the message these settlements give to the public - there was a lot of internal debate about that specific issue said susan bryant oklahoma 's chief securities regulator and president of the north american securities administrators association which drafted a voluntary settlement plan for the states with drexel - the question she said is whether drexel should be allowed to pay and move on or whether you should simply revoke the license when someone is convicted of a felony - while ms. bryant 's state went ahead and accepted drexel 's settlement offer of $ N she said i do n't have any argument with those who came to different conclusions - i can see both sides - similarly alfred new hampshire 's director of securities regulation said his state had n't received any complaints about drexel so it really could n't press the issue - still i understand the reasons that other states are holding out he said - mr. cohen the drexel general counsel said i do n't think as we say in investment banking that by the end of the day we 'll be losing any licenses - asked about states that are taking a hard line he said there are states that have asked for additional information which we are providing to them - mr. cohen said more than $ N million has been paid to N states and that drexel still expects to pay out a total of $ N million - by the end of this week drexel should have another three to four settlements mr. cohen said - the rate we 're going i think that by the end of the month we 're looking to have a total of N to N he said - that total would be important for drexel - the investment bank has previously announced that as part of its punishment it would create an independent foundation to promote ethical behavior in the securities industry - a to that promise is that a minimum of N states reach settlement agreements before next tuesday - there are according to several securities commissioners at least N states that are either close to settlements with drexel or who do n't appear opposed to settling - drexel 's proposed state fines have been based on a state 's population and on the size of drexel 's business in the state - new jersey for example was asked to accept $ N but refused - the state is n't ruling out drexel 's brokerage license - the state can also bar drexel as an investment adviser - state officials wo n't describe their position in detail but james smith state securities chief said we really are still looking at it and have informed drexel that the proposal is really not sufficient for settlement - connecticut already has issued a notice of intent to revoke drexel 's brokerage license - it is one of the states that have met with mr. cohen and asked for additional information about investors ' accounts and other matters - this particular issue goes to the very integrity of the market state banking commissioner howard brown said - a banking department spokesman added commissioner brown does n't feel that money alone is the issue here - particularly touchy are the cases of new york which is drexel 's base and california the base of drexel 's highly profitable junk-bond operation that led to the firm 's legal difficulties - neither state has settled and officials in the two states wo n't discuss their reasons for not doing so - but drexel has made it clear it could mount a significant legal battle in each state if its license is according to state officials - ms. bryant the head of the state securities group said drexel has done a better job of settling with the states than hutton did after its guilty plea to a massive scheme several years ago - still she said drexel 's trouble with some states is n't a bad thing - this process should point out that it 's not going to be easy for a firm that 's convicted of a felony to immediately jump back into the retail business ms. bryant said - we need to have somebody worried so they do n't do this again - these are the N states including the commonwealth of puerto rico that have settled with drexel alaska arkansas delaware georgia hawaii idaho indiana iowa kansas kentucky maine maryland minnesota mississippi new hampshire new mexico north oklahoma oregon south carolina south utah vermont washington wyoming and puerto rico - time warner inc. reported a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or $ N cents a share reflecting acquisition costs for a N N stake in warner communications inc. and the purchase method of accounting for the transaction - separately warner reported a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share including merger expenses of $ N million and $ N million in charges associated with compensation plans - time warner is in the process of completing its acquisition of the remaining warner shares - time warner emphasized in a news release that it should be based on its cash flow which the company defined as earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization - on a basis assuming the merger was effective jan N N including the results from both time inc. and all of warner that cash flow figure would be $ N million for the latest quarter more than double the comparable figure a year ago or $ N million according to time warner - some analysts at least are buying that argument and were n't alarmed by the losses - what really matters is the operating income of the divisions i look at these numbers and i say these businesses are doing well said mark a vice president of donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - for example warner made more than $ N million from entertainment in three months - that 's a big number - warner also had a gain of more than N N from records and music publishing even though the domestic record business was sluggish this summer - in the year-ago third quarter time on its own reported net income of $ N million or $ N a share - combined revenue for the latest quarter of time warner was $ N billion compared with the year-ago time revenue of $ N billion - on a pro basis including all of warner 's earnings time warner had a third-quarter loss of $ N million compared with a $ N million loss a year earlier - on the same basis revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the third quarter warner 's $ N million loss compared with a year-ago loss of $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - the N figures were restated to include the results of corp. which warner acquired in january - time warner 's operating earnings got a boost from warner 's record results - batman alone has racked up more than $ N million in receipts to date making it warner largest film ever - weapon ii was also a big hit - warner also contributed record results from its music business where unit sales of compact rose more than N N from a year ago the company said helped by prince 's batman - time warner said its cable division turned in a N N increase in operating cash flow to $ N million from $ N million reflecting higher revenue - in addition the N results included a $ N million charge reflecting a reserve for relocation related expenses at american television & communications corp - on the other hand time warner said its operating cash flow declined in the quarter for its magazine division its books division and the home box office programming division - in magazines higher advertising revenues at sports illustrated and fortune were offset by lower ad revenue for other major magazines - the programming division saw a decline in operating cash flow because the year-ago quarter included a $ N million dividend from turner broadcasting system and because the quarter includes expenses associated with the nov. N launch of hbo 's comedy channel - in new york stock exchange composite trading time warner closed at $ N a share up $ N while warner closed at $ N a share up N cents - robert j. penn president and chief executive officer will take early retirement from this steelmaker dec N - william s. chairman said mr. penn N years old would continue as a consultant and would work with the board in a successor - recently emerged from bankruptcy-law proceedings that left N N of the company 's common stock in the hands of of an claims trust - the company said it would have no further comment - mr. N was elected chairman earlier this year by the company 's new board having served as vice president for legal and corporate affairs - his father david s. was chairman and chief executive until his death in an accident five years ago at which time mr. penn was named president - some house democrats are trying to head off an appointment by president bush to the board that oversees the savings-and-loan bailout that the prospective is the head of troubled banks himself - four democrats on the house banking committee sent president bush a letter their concerns about the expected appointment of james simmons an arizona banker and former for mr. bush to the oversight board of the resolution trust corp - the oversight board created in the savings-and-loan law signed in august sets policy for the rtc which will sell hundreds of the nation 's sick thrifts and billions of dollars of their assets - treasury secretary nicholas brady federal reserve board chairman alan greenspan and housing and urban development secretary jack kemp are members of the board - president bush must two other members one a democrat and one a republican - an administration official confirmed last week that mr. simmons the chairman of valley national bank in phoenix is the republican and that a security clearance was under way - the democratic has n't been determined the official said - mr. simmons declined to comment and the white house said the congressmen 's letter is under review - the letter dated last thursday cited the losses at valley national and at united bank also of phoenix where mr. simmons was chairman for N years - both banks have been battered as have other arizona banks by falling real estate prices - valley national for example had $ N million in problem assets as of june - we believe that there are numerous other candidates more qualified for this important position and we encourage you to give them your consideration before making this key rtc appointment the letter said - the rtc needs the most able competent management available - but mr. simmons has long ties to both republicans and banking - he was of mr. bush 's arizona campaign committee in last year 's election and also worked for mr. bush in the N election - the two met more than N years ago when mr. simmons worked for commercial bank & trust co. of midland texas where mr. bush was an organizing director - in N mr. simmons also served on a committee of businessmen headed by william seidman chairman of the federal deposit insurance corp. and the resolution trust corp - that committee determined to open arizona to banking across state lines - arizona trend magazine referred to mr. simmons this year as one of the N most influential people in the state - the letter to mr. bush was signed by bruce d. minn. the chairman of the banking committee 's rtc task force thomas d. md. d. md and paul d. pa - w. a vice chairman of this bank-holding company was named to the additional position of chairman of its principal unit bank - mr. N years old will remain president and chief executive officer of the unit - also named john b. werner a vice chairman of the parent company and the unit and elected him to the newly created position of chief credit officer of financial increasing the number of corporate board members to N - mr. werner N was formerly senior executive vice president of the parent company and the unit - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered the debt ratings of certain long-term debt held by this company - the concern cited the bank 's move into the texas market noting its profitability and capital measurements will be depressed relative to the bank 's past performance - moody 's also said it raised its rating on the deposit insurance bridge bank now known as bank one texas reflecting the support of other banking affiliates and substantial assistance for the fdic - officials at the new york bank-holding company were n't available for comment on the changes - at lloyd 's of london underwriters still out policies using and paper - visitors are into the premises by known as a reminder of the insurance market 's in a in century london - such suggest a past but give no hint of a troubled present - lloyd 's once a of the world insurance market is being shaken to its very foundation - the exchange is battered by enormous claims from a run of unprecedented disasters the most recent of which is last week 's earthquake in california 's bay area - at the same time lloyd 's is besieged by investors and by inefficient but ways of conducting business - the exchange is gradually being squeezed into narrow segments of the market by less competitors - lloyd 's is on the ropes says peter a lloyd 's investor for N years who now leads a dissident group threatening to sue exchange underwriters for alleged and negligence - it needs more discipline - it needs to sort itself out - most troublesome is the shrinking pool of names the investors some of them royal who as members of about N syndicates underwrite policies - some N members quit the exchange last year more than triple the number of resignations in N - names are resigning at an even faster pace this year - lackluster returns are one reason - the average after-tax return on investment in N the most recent year for which results are available was N N according to ltd. an insurance consulting firm in london - in N it was N N - between N and N the most recent five-year period for which figures are available lloyd 's reported over # N billion in claims and reserves against future losses $ N billion at today 's exchange rates more than double the # N billion posted in the previous five-year period - many of the N investors who remain are beginning to question one of the exchange 's most basic the concept of personal liability - investors may reap huge profits when premiums exceed claims but they are liable to their last pound or dollar in the event of a catastrophe - and catastrophes are getting ever more costly - lloyd 's claims for the N disaster in the north sea for instance may reach $ N billion - during the five-year period ended N roughly N N of the names had money tied up in money-losing syndicates according to consultants - the of liability looms large for a number of them now - i have i could die and be out of it that 's how bad it is a secretary from suburban london says - ms. whose lloyd 's membership was a bonus from a former employer in N belongs to mr. 's dissident group on the syndicate which has been hard hit by asbestos reinsurance claims - ms. who # N or about $ N of insurance coverage on that syndicate now faces potential losses of roughly # N or $ N - if lloyd 's wants # N out of me they will have to take everything i 've got and even then i do n't know if it will be enough she says - is widespread among exchange members - i ca n't think of any reason to join lloyd 's now says keith whitten a british businessman and a lloyd 's member since N - the downside is very considerable and at the moment the upside is very marginal - if profits do n't improve mr. whitten says he may quit the exchange - meanwhile competition from rivals by history is - lloyd 's is being squeezed out of but more consistently profitable product lines such as primary property and marine insurance - over the past decade competitors have away at the exchange 's share of the # N billion marine market in london where half the world 's ships are insured - lloyd 's N N stake in that market has to N N in that period according to an official at the institute of london underwriters a lloyd 's competitor - the official asked not to be named - much of the business has gone to the institute an association of more than N insurers including cigna corp. allianz ag of west germany and britain 's commercial union assurance plc - lloyd 's has decades of decline - at the peak of its power and influence a century ago lloyd 's dominated the insurance world with a N N stake - it virtually how ships were to be built and it monitored commerce through a intelligence network in ports around the globe - today lloyd 's share of the world market excluding life insurance is about N N - its stake is even smaller if life insurance is included - bigger rivals such as aetna and allianz backed by of using computers in hundreds of branches operate more efficiently and often can offer lower rates brokers say - though lloyd 's such policies as worker 's compensation insurance insurance for homeowners and businesses and bankers ' liability insurance competitors now underwrite most of that business - beyond that many big oil chemical and airline companies are off big chunks of the market by themselves through offshore companies for coverage - even lloyd 's specialty unusually risky ventures is being challenged - only N years ago for instance lloyd 's was the insurer of thoroughbred horses - but since N kirk horse insurance inc. of lexington ky. has grabbed a N N stake of the market - ronald kirk president says lloyd 's has suffered because its structure does n't allow underwriters to deal directly with clients brokers are required - thus he asserts lloyd 's ca n't react quickly to competition - lloyd 's has lost control of the situation he says - they are n't controlling their like they used to - murray lawrence lloyd 's chairman agrees the exchange faces big challenges - this is a time and we are trying to plot our way ahead he says - we have been a great market for risks which other people then take copy and cut rates - lloyd 's he says is cut off from the vast body of premium down at the bottom end which acts as a influence against catastrophic losses - by that he means but products such as certain types of primary property insurance - the exchange he says must find new products and new markets - that wo n't be an easy task - tradition is dictator at lloyd 's - three years ago the exchange took up residence in a tower of steel and glass of the kind of modern architecture that britain 's prince charles has denounced - some exchange call the building the oil rig - but along with such as lord nelson 's lloyd 's also brought its ways of doing business - the lloyd 's market actively insurance just N N hours a day brokers say - underwriting does n't get under way until after morning tea at N a.m - a lunch break follows - things wind down at about N p.m. just in time for afternoon tea - lloyd 's vast trading hall houses a warren of desks - the hall 's few computers are used mostly to send messages - between desks underwriters sit on surrounded by of policies - brokers thick stand in lines waiting their turn to speak to the underwriters - a broker may have to approach as many as N underwriters who insure the on behalf of the syndicates - it could take six months for a claim to be paid - the system says nicholas a lloyd 's broker who left the exchange in N is so it drives you mad - some maintain underwriters also have been - john a lloyd 's underwriter says he and his fellow underwriters underestimated by as much as N N the premiums they should have charged for property risks from N to N - how we must have appeared to the outside world how incompetent at risk assessment and evaluation he says - lloyd 's officials decline to comment on the matter - more recently property rates have increased - many at lloyd 's expect the san francisco earthquake will cause the industry to boost rates even further - but it will be years before it is clear whether higher rates will offset the payouts for such disasters - the magnitude of the exchange 's problems may not become known for some time because of lloyd 's practice of leaving the books open for three years to allow for the settlement of claims - lloyd 's only recently reported its financial results for N - that year it posted record pretax profit of # N million a gain it attributes to higher rates and fewer claims - but mr. lawrence says reported profit will be down in N N and N though he declines to specify how steep the decline will be - insurance analysts say the exchange 's downturn in profitability is likely to be by more than $ N million in aviation losses including the N pan am airline disaster over scotland and a chunk of claims from september 's hurricane hugo - lloyd 's says the departures of names is n't likely to hurt its underwriting capacity currently about # N billion - mr. lawrence says the drain of funds has been offset by an increase in investments by the remaining names - meanwhile the exchange has been trying to lower costs - it recently cut its work force by N N or N - but lloyd 's is hampered in its efforts to overhaul operations by its reluctance to modern technology - mr. the underwriter half of his business could be by computer cutting costs at least N N - though lloyd 's has talked for years about underwriting transactions the effort has n't gotten very far - competition among underwriters and brokers makes them loath to price and policy information - both groups to traditional face-to-face dealings even for routine policies - lloyd 's bureaucracy also efforts to update marketing strategies - some underwriters have been pressing for years to tap the business by selling some policies directly to consumers - lloyd 's sells only auto insurance directly to the public and such policies are sold only in limited markets such as the u.k. and canada - but such changes must be cleared by four internal committees and dozens of underwriters brokers and administrators before being implemented - the proposal to sell directly to the public remains mired in bureaucratic - lloyd 's is moving forward on some fronts though - mr. lawrence says the exchange is some procedures to make payments on claims - by next year all underwriters will be linked to a communications network that could reduce paper work on claims - japan 's daiwa securities co. named dozen president - mr. dozen succeeds who will become vice chairman - retains his title of chairman of daiwa japan 's second-largest securities firm - in japanese firms the president usually is in charge of day-to-day operations while the chairman 's role is more a one - the title of chief executive officer is n't used - while people within daiwa particularly expected that mr. dozen N would eventually become daiwa 's president the speed of his promotion surprised many - it was only earlier this year that the executive he likes to joke with americans about how his name is with twelve was appointed deputy president - mr. dozen is taking over the reins of a securities company that does very well in its domestic market but that is still seeking to realize its potential in global investment banking and securities dealing - daiwa is one of the world 's largest securities firms - as of march N the daiwa group had shareholder equity of N billion yen $ N billion - for the six months ended sept. N daiwa reported unconsolidated parent company net income of N billion yen $ N million on revenue of N billion yen $ N billion - both figures were record highs - several observers interpreted mr. dozen 's appointment as an attempt by daiwa to make its international operations more profitable while preparing the firm for the effects of the continuing deregulation of japan 's domestic markets which should mean increased competition - all of japan 's so-called big four securities firms nomura securities co. ltd. the world 's largest nikko securities co. ltd. yamaichi securities co. ltd. and daiwa have suffered setbacks in their attempts to break into foreign markets - while they have moved to the in underwriting fixed-income securities in the market mostly for japanese firms they have been only marginally profitable if at all in the u.s. - american institutional investors have never had a large appetite for japanese equities - and while the japanese have stepped up their purchases of u.s. shares in the past several months they have shown themselves in the past to be investors - at the same time daiwa and its have faced stiff competition from american competitors that have prevented them from building strong links to u.s. corporations and institutional investors - mr. dozen knows these problems - when he arrived in the u.s. in N the start of an tour he tried selling japanese bonds to u.s. investors - he made desperate efforts using the yellow pages from beginning to end said president of daiwa 's u.s. unit - but not a single piece of paper was sold - by his own account mr. dozen did n't do much better with u.s. bonds - in an interview a few months ago he recalled how after some training at salomon brothers inc. he successfully bid for the opportunity to sell portions of N u.s. corporate bond issues - but he could n't sell any - japanese stock salesmen selling american bonds - maybe it 's crazy he said - mr. dozen even related the suffered when he and two colleagues went on an overnight fishing off the new jersey shore and caught nothing - upon returning to new york exhausted i got into a and the woman driver said americans make better he recalled - mr. dozen said that daiwa 's goal is to build a high-technology international organization with maybe some japanese flavor to it - he said that he was particularly interested in his firm gaining expertise in futures options securities computerized trading and investment systems as well as mergers and acquisitions - mr. dozen said daiwa 's strengths were its large capital base its influential position in the tokyo market and its links to japanese corporations and institutional investors - mr. dozen joined daiwa upon his from university in N - like many young in japanese securities firms he began his career peddling stock to individual investors - in his climb to the top mr. dozen also headed the company 's division its fixed-income units and its international operations - he was constantly picking up new things to fill out his experience he is very said chairman of daiwa 's u.s. unit in new york - but it mr. dozen 's experience as a salesman that enabled him to gain the political support particularly from the retail sales force to to the presidency - commission income from domestic stock and bond sales accounts form a large portion of japanese securities companies ' earnings - and anybody who lacked the backing of the retail sales force would be fragile said a daiwa executive - if mr. dozen has a weakness it may be his golf game - he digs in the sand instead of hitting the ball like a farmer said mr. - inco ltd. posted a N N decline in third-quarter net income a performance that was in line with analysts ' expectations - the nickel producer also raised its quarterly dividend to N cents a share from N cents and said it may buy back as much as N N of its common outstanding - inco shares fell after the announcements - analysts said some investors were disappointed that the company had failed to announce a special dividend - inco closed at $ N a share down N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - some analysts said inco which had cash reserves of $ N million as of sept. N could still announce a special dividend in the next few months though it would be smaller than the $ special dividend it paid last year - the quarterly dividend is payable dec. N to shares of record nov. N - inco 's net fell to $ N million or $ N a share in the third quarter from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - excluding special gains from tax-loss earnings in the latest quarter were $ N million or $ N a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share - inco said the drop in earnings resulted mainly from lower nickel prices for the period and a temporary cut in nickel output at the company 's manitoba operations due to high levels of in the - inco said it plans to buy back as many as five million common shares over the next N months if nickel market conditions are favorable - under a previous program inco has purchased N million of its shares since april - ual corp. 's board any prospects for an immediate revival of a labor-management buy-out saying united airlines ' parent should remain independent for now - as a result ual 's chairman stephen m. wolf pulled out of the buy-out effort to focus on running the company - the two developments put the acquisition attempt back to square one and leaves the airline with an array of matters including an unsettled labor situation and a management scrambling to restore its damaged credibility - the effort to create the nation 's largest company began oct. N when the labor-management group was unable to obtain financing for its $ 300-a-share $ N billion offer - just last week it suffered another major setback when british airways plc the largest equity investor in the labor-management bid withdrew its support - takeover stock traders focusing on the company 's intention to stay independent took the announcement as bad news - ual which had risen $ N to $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange on reports of a new bid being prepared by the group reversed course and plummeted in trading after the N p.m. edt announcement - among the first trades reported by the securities firm of jefferies & co. which makes a market in ual after the exchange is closed were N shares at $ N N shares at $ N N at $ N and N at $ N - the rebound in ual stock during regular trading hours monday was its first daily gain after six consecutive losses left the price N N below its level before oct. N the day the group announced the bank financing could n't be obtained for the original deal - twelve of ual 's outside directors met at a meeting yesterday in chicago to consider an informal proposal from the buy-out group for a revised bid - but the board said it was n't interested for now - that proposal valued at between $ N and $ N a share would have transferred majority ownership to employees while leaving some stock in public hands - the buy-out group had no firm financing for the plan - and with no other offers on the table the board apparently felt no pressure to act on it - the directors signaled however that they would be willing to consider future offers or take some other action to maximize shareholder value saying they would continue to explore all strategic and financial alternatives - but it was clear that for the time being the board wants the company to return to - the board said it concluded that the welfare of the company its shareholders its employees and the broader public can best be enhanced by continued development of ual as a strong viable independent company - mr. wolf urged all employees to now turn their full attention to operating the airline - he also vowed to make every effort to a new relationship that has been with participating employee groups - but mr. wolf faces a task in pulling the company back together again - labor problems top the list - for a brief time the buy-out effort seemed to solve his problems with united 's pilot union - in return for an ownership stake in the company the pilots were willing to agree to a seven-year contract that included a clause and significant wage concessions and productivity gains the union previously resisted - that contract was tied to the success of the buy-out - as a measure the pilots had been working four extra hours a month and had agreed to fly ual 's two new boeing N aircraft - it 's uncertain if the pilots will continue to do so without a contract settlement - the union said late last night that it is still committed to majority employee ownership and that the labor disputes that faced the company prior to the buy-out effort still need to be addressed - the buy-out effort also relations between united 's pilot and unions - the machinists ' criticisms of the labor-management bid and their threats of a strike unless they received substantial wage increases this year helped cool banks ' interest in financing the transaction - the machinists previously had shown themselves to be an ally to mr. wolf but he lost much of his credibility with that group when he up with the pilot union - the machinists criticized the terms mr. wolf and management received in the buy-out - they paid $ N million for a N N stake and received an additional N N of the company at no additional cost - his credibility is also on the line in the investment community - until the collapse of this bid mr. wolf was regarded as one of the nation 's airline executives after engineering of tiger international inc. and republic airlines - but he and his chief financial officer john pope some of the seeds for the deal 's failure by insisting banks accept low financing fees and interest rates while they invested in the transaction only a small fraction of the $ N million they stood to gain from sale of their ual stock and options - the board 's actions leave takeover stock traders nursing some $ N million in losses and eager to respond to anyone who might make a new offer - it also inevitably leaves a of shareholder lawsuits - arbitragers said they were disappointed the company did n't announce some recapitalization or other plan to maximize value - one takeover expert noted that arbitragers could force a recapitalization through the written consent process under which holders may oust the board by a majority vote - the machinists union has suggested it may propose a recapitalization that includes a special dividend for holders and a minority ownership stake for employees - los angeles investor marvin davis whose $ offer for ual in august triggered a bidding war says he remains interested in the airline - however he is restricted from making certain hostile moves by an agreement he signed to obtain confidential ual data - essentially he ca n't make any hostile moves unless he makes a tender offer at least $ N a share - tandy corp. said it wo n't join u.s. memories the group that seeks to battle the japanese in the market for computer memory chips - tandy 's decision is a second setback for u.s. memories - last month apple computer inc. said that it would n't invest in the group - apple said that its money would be better spent in areas such as research and development - u.s. memories is seeking major investors to back its attempt to crack the $ N billion market for dynamic random access memory chips a market dominated by the japanese - those chips were in dire shortage last year hurting many u.s. computer companies that could n't get sufficient chips - tandy said its experience during the shortage did n't merit the $ N million to $ N million investment u.s. memories is seeking from each investor - at this time we elected not to get involved because we have been able to satisfy our need for from the market as a rule said ed tandy 's director of market planning - sanford kane u.s. memories president said the decision was disappointing but does n't u.s. memories ' failure - i would like to have had them he said - but they were n't on my list of companies who were critical to be a part of it - mr. kane became president and chief executive officer of u.s. memories last june when the group was formed by seven electronics companies advanced micro devices inc. digital equipment corp. hewlett-packard co. intel corp. international business machines corp. lsi logic corp. and national semiconductor corp - mr. kane said he expects two or three major corporations to announce their participation in u.s. memories soon after the group a business plan probably late this week - u.s. memories needs a catalyst he said to others to join - but so far most potential participants have n't decided - sun microsystems inc. said it 's still actively evaluating u.s. memories and plans to meet with u.s. memories representatives later this week - american telephone & telegraph co. said it was waiting to see u.s. memories ' business plan - personal-computer maker research inc. said it is still studying the situation - a compaq computer corp. spokeswoman said that the company has n't made a decision yet although it is n't under active consideration - in a startling members of the senate intelligence committee are complaining that someone in the executive branch is on them - david boren the intelligence committee chairman is upset that someone a letter to the committee from the reagan administration suggesting that the u.s. would to warn panamanian manuel noriega if it got wind of an impending coup that might result in his assassination - with due respect to highly classified and other the are performing a public service - if the cia has become a protection service for mr. noriega the american people ought to know - what went wrong in panama is a subject for public and congressional inquiry - naturally senator boren and his committee would like free rein to blame the executive branch while top secret on their own - but there 's no danger of sources and methods in disclosing the debate running up and down pennsylvania avenue - and if congress is going to assume authority to foreign policy it 's going to have to take some of the responsibility too - the president of the united states urged the panamanian armed forces to move against mr. noriega - when they did his did n't have the initiative to do more than block a couple of roads - the executive branch bears the first responsibility for - but what kind of initiative can you expect given the climate set by congress - for example what exactly did the cia tell major and his fellow coup about u.s. laws and executive orders on assassinations - what part did u.s. warnings play in the major 's to pull the trigger when he had general noriega in custody but was under attack by troops - mr. noriega did n't suffer from any once he had the - maybe we need a cia version of the warning you have the right to your coup intentions because we may on you - or maybe a surgeon general 's warning in the united states may be fatal - cia chief william webster hardly a washington got the debate started last week by noting that the executive order banning assassinations had contributed to u.s. during the coup - the cia 's deputy director of operations richard tried to smooth things over a few days later but instead simply mr. webster 's point - the interpretation of the executive order mr. said and the way in which the various committees have over time interpreted it has led in my view to a proper caution on the part of operators including me - in other words congress wo n't let the cia do much of anything anymore and that 's fine with the cia - the pay 's the same and the duty 's lighter - and of course doing anything that might be by congress carries heavy penalties - witness the prosecution of north - the intelligence committee 's ranking republican senator william cohen joined with senator george mitchell to write a best seller about iran-contra men of - no doubt many people in the cia the pentagon and the national security council have read it - what kind of initiative should anyone expect from people out on the line who 've read all this and know what can happen if they fail - who wants to end up as the in a bill cohen play - the order against assassinations is another of the same congressional a product of the 1970s vietnam syndrome against any executive action - president bush would do himself and the country a favor by the order as an on his ability to defend america 's national security - there are of course good reasons the u.s. should n't get into the assassination business but the executive order is not the same thing as saying the u.s. should start passing out - the world being the nasty place it is we want presidents to have the freedom to order operations in which someone might get killed - in such situations you can not write rules in advance you can only make sure the president takes the responsibility - the executive order and the reported agreements with the intelligence committee are neither nor moral - as it now stands the u.s. can bomb but ca n't - it can send a fighter to terrorist in the valley but ca n't shoot - both the assassination order and the quality of debate in washington are telling the world that the only way the u.s. will kill a is by making sure we take some innocent with him - we 've heard california 's proposition N blamed for a lot over the years but abc 's ted came up with a new in his earthquake coverage last week when he asked democratic richard katz if N had withheld money needed for road maintenance - mr. katz agreed sliding over the fact that california 's roads and bridges are n't funded by property taxes but by state and federal gasoline taxes - both have been raised at least N N in recent years even while the price of gasoline has fallen - dragging N into this story is a pretty long stretch - a series of explosions through the huge phillips petroleum co. plastics plant near here more than a hundred and closing parts of the houston ship channel - there were no immediate reports of deaths but officials said a number of workers were still for last night - the okla. oil company late yesterday still had n't said officially what caused the explosions and fires which sent columns of heavy black smoke high into the air - one local phillips manager said a seal in one of the plant 's - glenn cox phillips ' president and chief operating officer and other phillips officials flew from to assess the damage and determine the cause of the afternoon explosions - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange phillips petroleum shares fell $ N to $ N - the plastics plant is located on an in the heart of the petrochemical that reaches along the u.s. gulf coast - the u.s. coast guard closed six miles of the houston ship channel where about N companies have operations because the thick black smoke the area - the port of houston closed its terminal for handling bulk cargo - broken water lines and gas leaks ' efforts but by late yesterday authorities said they had the fire under control - the out windows debris for miles and the ceiling in an area school - the initial was caught by cameras in downtown houston about N miles away - nearby pasadena texas police reported that N people had been taken to area hospitals but a spokeswoman said that toll could rise - the injured including three in critical condition were treated for burns breathing problems and cuts from flying glass hospital officials said - the plant employs between N and N on three shifts - the number working at the time of the blast was n't known - yesterday 's explosions were the second round in two months at the plastics plant - in late august four contract workers were injured and one phillips employee died after an explosion at a fuel supply line near the facility 's boiler house - the phillips facility manufactures polyethylene and plastics used in a wide array of applications including milk and toys - plastics are the of phillips ' chemicals operations which is the biggest single to the company 's profits - a federal judge in manhattan has entered a judgment requiring a chicago organized crime figure to pay the government $ N representing alleged profits he gained from his involvement with the international of - manhattan u.s. attorney said it was the first time ever that the government had obtained any from an organized crime figure indicted under the civil racketeering law - joseph who the government alleged was the of organized crime in chicago was one of numerous defendants in the government 's sweeping racketeering suit against the - in the suit filed in june N the government accused the union 's leadership of its N million members of their rights through a pattern of racketeering - among other things the government claimed that organized crime figures had routinely the union 's top officials - u.s. district judge david also permanently mr. from any future dealings with the or any other labor union - mr. the last of the defendants to settle the suit agreed to pay the government the $ N within one week - exxon corp. said its third-quarter earnings slipped N N as profits from two of its three major businesses sagged - all cleanup costs from last spring 's alaskan oil spill were reflected in earlier results it said - phillips petroleum co. and atlantic richfield co. also reported declines in quarterly profit while ashland oil inc. posted a loss for the latest quarter - hess corp. and occidental petroleum corp. reported higher earnings - exxon - although exxon spent heavily during the latest quarter to clean up the alaskan by its huge oil spill those expenses as well as the cost of a continuing program are covered by $ N million in charges taken during the first half - an exxon official said that at this time the oil company does n't anticipate any additional charges to future earnings relating to the cleanup of oil when one of its into an - she added however that charges already taken do n't take into account the potential effect of litigation involving the oil spill - she said that impact ca n't be reasonably assessed yet - exxon 's net income during the third quarter dropped to $ N billion or N cents a share from $ N billion or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - during the third quarter exxon purchased N million shares of its stock at a cost of $ N million - exxon 's profitability like that of many other oil companies was hurt during the third quarter by declining returns from the chemicals and refining and marketing businesses - exxon 's earnings from chemicals operations fell $ N million to $ N million while refining and marketing profits declined $ N million to $ N million - although crude oil prices were significantly higher this year they were n't strong enough to offset the declining profits in those business sectors at most oil companies said william oil analyst for first boston corp - he estimates that the price of west texas intermediate the u.s. benchmark crude was $ N a barrel higher during the third quarter of this year than in the same period last year - ashland oil - a rash of one-time charges left ashland oil with a loss of $ N million for its fiscal fourth quarter - a year earlier the earned $ N million or $ N a share - quarterly revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the year net income tumbled N N to $ N million or $ N a share - the ashland ky. oil company reported a $ N million charge resulting from settlement of a 10-year dispute with the national iranian oil co. over claims that ashland did n't pay for iranian crude it had received - in september ashland settled the dispute by agreeing to pay iran $ N million - ashland also took a $ N million after-tax charge to cover anticipated costs to correct problems with built by one of its subsidiaries - the oil also booked a $ N million charge for selling ashland technology corp. one of its subsidiaries at a loss - hess - third-quarter earnings at hess more than tripled to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue climbed N N to $ N billion from $ N million - profits improved across hess 's businesses - refining and marketing earnings climbed to $ N million from $ N million and exploration and production earnings rose to $ N million from $ N million - hess 's earnings were up despite a $ N million charge to cover the cost of maintaining operations after hurricane hugo heavily damaged the company 's refinery at st. - it is widely known within industry circles that hess had to buy oil products in the high-priced spot markets to continue supplying its customers - hess declined to comment - phillips petroleum - phillips petroleum 's third-quarter earnings slid N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - shrinking profit margins in chemical and refining and marketing sectors accounted for most of the decline said chairman in a statement - despite higher oil prices exploration and production profits were off because of foreign-currency losses and some construction costs incurred in one of phillips ' north sea oil fields - a year ago results were buoyed by a $ N million after-tax gain from an asset sale - occidental petroleum - occidental petroleum 's third-quarter net income rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the latest quarter included an after-tax gain of $ N million from items - sales dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the latest period included a $ N million gain from the sale of various oil and gas properties a $ N million charge from the restructuring of occidental 's domestic oil and gas operations and tax credits of $ N million - both periods included charges of $ N million for early retirement of debt - occidental said oil and gas earnings fell to $ N million from $ N million - the latest period includes net gains of $ N million in credits from the sale of properties indicating operating losses for the quarter in the oil and gas division - chemical earnings fell N N reflecting softening of demand - atlantic richfield - citing its reduced ownership in the lyondell petrochemical co. atlantic richfield reported that net income slid N N in the third quarter to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share for the comparable period last year - sales fell N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - arco 's earnings from its N N stake in lyondell fell to $ N million from $ N million for the same period last year when lyondell was wholly owned - offsetting the lower stake in lyondell were higher crude oil prices increased natural gas volumes and higher coke prices the company said - coal earnings rose to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months arco reported net income of $ N billion or $ N a share up N N from $ N billion or $ N a share a year earlier - sales were $ N billion off N N from $ N billion - jeff rowe contributed to this article - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - imo industries inc. $ N million of senior subordinated debentures due N priced at par to yield N N - the issue will be sold through morgan stanley & co - other details were n't available - san antonio texas $ N million of electric and gas system revenue refunding bonds series N and tentatively priced by a first boston corp. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - the issue includes current interest bonds due N N N N and N and capital appreciation bonds due N - the current interest serial bonds are priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there are about $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced to yield N N which is the issue 's high yield - there are also about $ N million of N N N bonds priced to yield N N in N about $ N million of N N bonds priced to yield N N in N and about $ N million of N N bonds priced to yield N N in N - all of the term bonds are original issue discount bonds according to the lead underwriter - the capital appreciation bonds are tentatively priced to yield to maturity from N N in N to N N in N - the bonds are rated double-a by moody 's investors service inc. and standard & poor 's corp - maryland stadium authority $ N million of sports facilities lease revenue bonds series N d due N N N and N tentatively priced at par by a morgan stanley group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - serial bonds are priced to yield to N N in N - there are $ N of N N N bonds priced at par and due N $ N of N N N bonds priced at par and due N and $ N million of N N bonds priced at par and due N - the bonds are rated double-a by moody 's and by s&p - interest on the bonds will be treated as a preference item in the federal alternative minimum tax that may be imposed on certain investors - federal home loan mortgage corp. $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by morgan stanley - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N securities and brings freddie mac 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total volume to $ N billion since the program began in february N - the offering used pricing - federal national mortgage association $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by merrill lynch capital markets - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N securities - separately a $ N million issue of fannie mae remic mortgage securities is being offered in N classes by bear stearns & co - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N securities - finally a $ N million issue of fannie mae remic mortgage securities is being offered in N classes by smith barney harris upham & co - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N N securities - the three offerings together bring fannie mae 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total remic volume to $ N billion since the program began in april N - credit agricole french $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N annually less full fees via international ltd - fees N N - electric power co japan $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via yamaichi international europe ltd - fees N N - international finance corp agency N billion pesetas of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via citibank madrid and banco de spain - fees N N - royal bank of canada grand branch canada N million canadian dollars of N N N deposit notes due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via dominion securities international ltd - fees N N - union bank of finland N million australian dollars of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N less full fees via banque paribas capital markets ltd - fees N - ford motor credit $ N billion of certificates backed by automobile loans with a coupon rate of N N priced at N N to yield N N through an underwriting group headed by first boston corp - the issue is the first by ford motor credit a unit of ford motor co. and the second largest in the four-year history of the $ N billion asset-backed market - the largest issue was a $ N billion offering of securities by general motors acceptance corp. in N - the ford issue through ford credit trust was priced at a yield spread of N basis points above the treasury N N N issue due july N - the offering is rated by moody 's and double-a by s&p based on the quality of the underlying auto loans and a guarantee covering N N of the deal from ford motor credit - the certificates have an estimated average life of N years assuming monthly prepayments at N N of the original balance - the final maturity is in five years - the mouth is back - downey jr. who as a host and frequently abused his guests has been signed to a half-hour program on the consumer news and business channel the cable channel partly owned by the general electric co. 's national broadcasting co - the premiere of with mr. downey and richard g. carter a columnist with the new york daily news is scheduled for dec. N at N p.m - cnbc is available to N million cable households - mr. downey said he is not going to change his style which some critics said was flamboyant and others deemed offensive - but i 'm going to proceed in a more logical way - i 'm not going to do anything that is not acceptable in anyone 's home - but that does n't mean i 'm not going to get angry - michael president of cnbc said that although there will be a studio audience viewers will no longer have to endure the shouting of - but just how does mr. downey 's style with the tone of cnbc 's business programming - percent of 's old show fits into our style said mr. - that is consumer issues - mr. downey 's previous show a one-hour by mca inc. and produced by quantum media inc. was canceled in july after advertisers and stations abandoned it - investors dumped stocks of big companies whose earnings with the economy - many of those cyclical issues are in the dow jones industrial average which fell N to N - declining issues on the new york stock exchange advancers N to N - recession fears are up again among investors - analysts say that the selling of cyclical stocks yesterday will be followed by a sell-off in shares of companies with big debt on their balance sheets - in an economic slowdown heavy debt reduce the flexibility of companies because cash that would normally be used to keep the company must be diverted to interest payments - on the other hand investors beat a clear path yesterday to blue-chip issues with proven earnings growth records - among the N dow industrials they bought mcdonald 's coca-cola co. and procter & gamble and sold aluminum co. of america - in another sign of slowdown fears investors dumped technology shares - many money managers are bracing for a decline in stocks of companies with big debt on their balance sheets - the junk bond market is being taken apart because of recession fears said j. david mills senior vice president at boston company advisers - under this scrutiny the first thing you do is sell your cyclical stocks and the second thing you do is sell your companies - in fact much of the buying in blue chips yesterday was a pursuit of companies with lower debt levels - in a recent investment letter entitled winners of the leverage wars edward chairman of painewebber 's investment policy committee suggested that investors buy stocks of companies that have avoided up on debt - we 're saying companies have to pay increasing attention to balance sheets said mr. - he suggested that investors buy the shares of great atlantic & pacific tea j. baker mcdonald 's philip morris and lee - he said that all of these companies will be able to compete fiercely in an economic downturn - mcdonald 's has long-term debt equaling N N of shareholder equity currently but mr. said the company is carrying real estate assets at about $ N billion below their real value - coca-cola climbed N N to N N mcdonald 's added N to N N and procter & gamble gained N to N N - fell N N to N N and j. baker gained N to N N - philip morris slipped N to N N while lee closed unchanged at N N - according to salomon brothers ' stock index of N companies whose debt is giant compared with shareholder equity investors are already beginning to retreat from shares of companies - from january to early september the index of stocks the tiny portion of equity that 's publicly traded following a recapitalization outperformed standard & poor 's 500-stock index by about N N - but starting in early september the index started to slide and now stands about even with the s&p N - stocks that have a high default risk have started to those stocks that have a lower default risk said eric director of analysis at salomon brothers - companies that have the most exposure to the business cycle have since late last summer - union carbide whose third-quarter earnings dropped about N N from a year earlier and fell short of analysts ' expectations declined N to N N - also exxon went down N to N N and allied-signal lost N to N N even though the companies ' results for the quarter were in line with forecasts - other weak blue-chip issues included chevron which went down N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares goodyear tire & rubber off N N to N N and american express down N to N N - texas instruments which had reported friday that third-quarter earnings fell more than N N from the year-ago level went down N N to N on N million shares - motorola another major semiconductor producer dropped N N to N N - pinnacle west capital whose earnings have been hurt by continued problems at its merabank unit fell N N to N N on N million shares to lead the big board 's list of most active issues - growing pressures on the arizona real-estate market are affecting the thrift pinnacle west told dow jones professional investor report it may consider filing for chapter N bankruptcy protection if it ca n't reach an agreement with federal regulators to provide additional capital to merabank - dropped N N to N N on one million shares about six times its average daily trading volume after a disappointing third-quarter earnings report - merrill lynch and prudential-bache securities both lowered the stock 's investment rating immediately after the results were issued friday according to - elsewhere in the chemicals sector dow chemical fell N N to N N monsanto lost N N to N slipped N N to N N and slid N to N N - other stocks hurt by selling included tandy which dropped N N to N and eaton which retreated N N to N N - third-quarter earnings at both companies were below analysts ' forecasts - after declining about N N last week ual advanced N N to N N on N million shares on anticipation of a revised takeover offer from a labor-management group for the parent company of united airlines - however delta air lines fell N N to N N and usair group dropped N to N N - ramada gained N to N N after revamping the terms of its restructuring plan which calls for the company to sell its hotel operations for $ N million and spin off its casino business to shareholders - the revision follows last month 's withdrawal of a $ N million junk-bond offering for the new casino company corp - mead gained N to N N - usa today reported that the brothers washington investors who made an unsuccessful offer to acquire last year have bought nearly N N of mead 's common shares - entertainment and media stocks generally escaped the market 's slide as well - paramount communications rose N to N N time warner climbed N N to N N walt disney advanced N N to N N mca rose N N to N N and mcgraw-hill added N to N N - the american stock exchange market value index lost N to N - volume totaled N shares - carnival cruise lines class a fell N N to N N - the company said it had been notified that waertsilae marine industries a finnish shipyard building three cruise ships for the company is having financial trouble and may already have filed for bankruptcy - and are the sort of normally associated with and - who 'd have thought that the next group of tough guys carrying around like that would be school - chicago 's new school chief is the ted - at his old job in calif. he took a bitter teachers ' strike and nearly came to with a member - at his first chicago press conference he the reporters - in new york city the new chancellor joseph fernandez has landed like a shell in the middle of a system that has been to serious reform - both men fit the mood of the times the mood being one of a public fed up with officials ' for why their schools do n't work - former patterson n.j. principal joe clark was no doubt the general public 's first experience with this new breed of administrator - the subject of the movie lean on me mr. clark controlled his school with a and a baseball bat - he may have gone in his pursuit of good discipline but is n't it interesting that some of the country 's biggest most troubled school districts are choosing new chiefs from the same - the woman assigned to run the jersey city school system that was taken over by the state says her top priority will be to cut through the dead hand of bureaucracy - mr. fernandez does n't take control in new york until january but already he 's the waters - he 's attacked the concept of building tenure one of the most institutions in american public schools - it means it is virtually impossible to fire or even transfer incompetent principals - once they are in the building they stay - one south bronx principal kept his job for N years despite a serious drinking problem and rarely showing up for work - he was finally given leave when he was arrested for allegedly buying crack - naturally the principals ' union building tenure and tenure has previous challenge - we suggest that mr. fernandez find an incompetent principal him out of the building and let the forces of the status explain to the parents whatever it is they 're defending - in his old job as county chief mr. fernandez forced out N teachers and N principals - he cut the rate by N N - but the are going to have to be as well incompetent principals and administrators should go but the good ones ought to be left alone - the situation will be especially delicate for mr. - he takes over a school system in the midst of radical reform - have just elected N school boards one for each school - this of course led to disaster in new york city - getting a community of parents to care again about its schools is essential but in chicago the new boards will make mistakes and mr. will have to identify them - the rise of such as joseph fernandez and ted suggests the process of in many school systems - the schools ' central mission children became by the competing interests of bureaucrats politicians and unions - the classroom itself operated on the of this awful system discipline collapsed and kids stopped learning - mr. chips was a nice fellow and maybe some day he 'll return - until then it 's clear that some of the people who 've been keeping schools down are going to be dealing with the - ingersoll publications co. agreed to buy the new haven register in a transaction valued at $ N million from goodson newspaper group inc - as part of the agreement goodson also terminated the contract under which ingersoll manages goodson 's N newspapers ending a long association between the two companies that has turned increasingly bitter recently - goodson has accused ingersoll of paying less attention to its properties and more to such ventures as the recent launch of the st. louis sun - under the terms of the accord ingersoll will pay about $ N million for the register a daily that goodson bought for about $ N million in N - goodson will pay the additional $ N million in settlement of the management contract - goodson also announced that it hired the former president and senior vice president of ingersoll to run the goodson papers - both executives left the company after with chairman ralph ingersoll jr - goodson which is based here will use part of the proceeds to pay down debt associated with its purchase of the morristown daily record for $ N million in N - the new jersey paper like the new haven conn. paper was purchased by ingersoll on goodson 's behalf as part of the management contract - industry analysts have said that the purchase price for the paper was too high causing a strain on goodson 's finances - investment bankers familiar with the company said goodson is seeking a new bank credit line of $ N million and may have to sell additional newspapers - david n. president and chief operating officer of goodson said in a telephone interview that the company does n't currently have any plans to sell additional newspapers - goodson said david carr former president of ingersoll publications and ray former senior vice president would head the new in-house management team at goodson which had revenue of $ N million in N - the association between the two companies back years to a friendship between television producer mark goodson and ingersoll founder ralph ingersoll - the latter 's son ralph ingersoll jr. took over the company and has been managing the goodson properties and acting as an agent in the purchase of newspapers for goodson - but in recent years mr. ingersoll began focusing more on expanding his own newspaper empire in partnership with investment banking firm warburg & co - ingersoll has N and N other papers in the u.s. and europe - the company said its revenue will exceed $ N million this year - ingersoll president robert m. said in a statement that the company is by the conclusion of the goodson relationship and will be able to concentrate all our on ingersoll 's own papers - mr. goodson in his own statement was less upbeat saying unfortunately over the past few years it has become increasingly clear that ralph and i have different and that he feels more comfortable with a management team whose sole interest and responsibility is in the goodson papers - just five months after ogilvy group was up in an unsolicited takeover kenneth roman ogilvy 's chairman and chief executive officer said he is leaving to take a top post at american express co - mr. roman N years old abruptly announced he will leave the venerable ad agency whose largest client is american express to become american express 's executive vice president for corporate affairs and communications - he will succeed harry l. freeman N who has said he will retire in december - mr. freeman said in august that he would retire by the end of this year to take executive responsibility for an embarrassing effort to banker - american express representatives apparently influenced the publication of unfavorable articles about mr. - the company later and agreed to make $ N million in contributions to charities chosen by him - although mr. freeman is retiring he will continue to work as a consultant for american express on a project basis - ad industry executives were n't surprised by mr. roman 's decision to leave ogilvy - the agency under his direction bitterly fought a takeover attempt by wpp group plc of london before in may - and although mr. roman and wpp 's chief executive martin sorrell have gone out of their way to be publicly supportive of each other people close to mr. roman say he was unhappy giving up control of the company - some executives also cite tension because of efforts by mr. sorrell a financial man to cut costs at the agency - mr. roman will be succeeded as the head of ogilvy 's flagship ad agency ogilvy & mather worldwide by graham phillips N who had been president of north american operations and who like mr. sorrell is british - alexander N will take on the newly created position of president of the world-wide agency and chief executive of its international operations - he had been president of the international operations - mr. roman also had ogilvy group 's two other units the advertising agency and its research division but those units will now report directly to wpp - mr. roman appears for the american express job - known as a traditional executive he is very much in the conservative american express - moreover after N years at ogilvy he had a reputation for being and a straight arrow which can only help american express in the wake of the incident - he also is close to american express 's chairman and chief executive officer james d. robinson iii - aside from working with mr. robinson on the american express advertising account for about N years mr. roman serves on several of the same charities and boards as mr. robinson - the abrupt management change sparked widespread speculation that mr. roman had been pushed out of ogilvy 's top spot by mr. sorrell - but mr. roman denied the speculation saying mr. sorrell had tried several times to persuade him to stay offering various incentives and in one instance sending a note with a case of wine the wine naturally was seagram 's brand an ogilvy client - he asked me not to resign - the implication that i was pushed aside would n't be accurate mr. roman said - mr. sorrell traveling in the far east could n't be reached - mr. roman said american express 's mr. robinson first approached him about the job in late september - according to industry executives peter a former european community commissioner from ireland was also a serious for the american express job - although it ultimately was n't offered to him he will be on to american express as an adviser on international matters - after talking on and off for the past four weeks mr. roman said he agreed to take the job because it 's the right time it 's a opportunity and i think i leave the company in very strong hands - it was my decision not anyone else 's - mr. roman also brushed aside reports about between him and mr. phillips his successor at ogilvy - the two executives could hardly be more different - mr. roman comes across as a executive mr. phillips has a - during time off mr. roman tends to his garden mr. phillips to a for among other things fast cars and planes - industry executives say that although the two executives used to clash more frequently the wpp takeover brought them closer together - i 'm the guy who made him head of new york head of the u.s. president of north america and recommended him to mr. sorrell as my successor - would i have done all those things if i did n't think he was the right guy mr. roman asked - he labeled reports of ridiculous and said that he spent part of the weekend on mr. phillips 's boat in connecticut - mr. roman will oversee american express 's public relations and government affairs among other things but he wo n't be involved in its advertising which is handled by the operating units - i consider this a second career he said - he also will sit on the company 's corporate planning and policy committee made up of the top corporate and operating executives - mr. roman 's departure is n't expected to have any enormous at ogilvy - american express kraft general foods and mattel executives said the move wo n't affect their relationships with the ad agency - general foods 's relationships with its agencies are based on the agencies ' work and will continue to be said david a vice president of kraft general foods - but some clients and analysts expressed concern that mr. phillips is n't as well-known to many clients - ken was my key contact said j. nicholas hahn president and chief executive officer of cotton inc. which represents cotton producers - i do n't know mr. phillips all that well - i have n't seen or talked to him in several years - and some analysts questioned whether mr. phillips would have the skills ogilvy needs to turn the agency around - while the agency has done well in many parts of the world its flagship new york office has had a dismal track record recently it has won few new accounts while losing big ones including maxwell house - i think mr. phillips is going to need some help - i think they need creative leadership and i do n't think they have it said hill an analyst with wertheim & co - ogilvy & mather 's top creative executive norman berry left the agency earlier this year - berry was a creative at the company and nobody has filled that said ms. hill - but other analysts said that having mr. phillips succeed mr. roman would make for a smooth transition - graham phillips has been there a long time knows the culture well is aggressive and apparently gets along well with mr. sorrell said andrew an analyst with drexel burnham lambert - it 's probably a reasonable transition - hopefully he 'll be the answer to the problems they 've had in new york - sale of saatchi unit close - computer sciences corp. el calif. said it is close to making final an agreement to buy cleveland consulting associates from saatchi & saatchi - computer sciences would n't disclose the proposed purchase price for cleveland consulting which companies on and supply - but david lord managing editor of consultants news an industry publication based in n.h. said an industry standard would suggest a purchase price of between one and two times cleveland consulting 's approximately $ N million annual revenue - both saatchi & saatchi which announced its intention to sell off most of its consulting business in june and cleveland consulting declined to comment on the proposed sale - ad notes - new account - corp. new york awarded the ad account for its home insurance co. unit to kelly & new york - billings were n't disclosed - puerto rico telephone co. awarded its $ N million account to west & grey grey advertising 's office in puerto rico - diet coke - coca-cola co. yesterday said singer john signed to appear in an ad for diet coke - details of the commercial which will be part of the brand 's N advertising campaign were n't disclosed - mr. john becomes the latest of many music stars including george michael and houston to appear in ads for the diet drink - turner broadcasting system inc. said it formed a unit to make and distribute movies to theaters overseas and eventually to u.s. theaters too - the operator of networks said the new turner pictures unit will produce movies that will premiere on turner broadcasting 's turner network television channel or and then will be released internationally in movie theaters - the unit 's first two offerings are slated to be the secret life of ian fleming a about the former british spy who wrote the james bond novels and island produced by who also stars in the movie - ted turner turner broadcasting 's chairman was named chairman of turner pictures and president of turner entertainment networks was named president of the unit - in an interview mr. said the subsidiary 's primary mission will be to make movies for and to distribute them internationally - but he said turner broadcasting already has found some ideas that might work well as films for theatrical release in the u.s. - when that occurs and when the time is right we 'll release the films in the u.s. he said adding that turner pictures may develop such movies next year for domestic release in N - turner has made several movies and for its networks in recent years but the company has never acted as a movie studio and released its own pictures to theaters - mr. said the secret life of ian fleming and island cost more than $ N million each to make which is only about one-third the cost of most movies made for theatrical release - the turner move is in line with a cable-tv trend toward more original programming and toward finding more ways to the high cost of producing films - in july viacom inc. formed viacom pictures to produce N movies a year that will premiere on showtime network and be distributed later in various markets including foreign theaters - in a sign the stock slump has n't europe 's takeover fever cie financiere de paribas said it intends to bid for one of france 's other large financial and industrial holding companies cie. de navigation mixte - paribas said that once it receives the from french stock market authorities it will offer to boost its navigation mixte stake to N N from the current N N - its bid values navigation mixte at about N billion francs $ N billion making this one of france 's attempted takeovers - the cost of buying the additional N N stake would be N billion francs $ N billion - the move would greatly boost paribas 's stake in the insurance transport and food businesses where navigation mixte is strong - it also would make paribas a major french ally of west germany 's allianz ag insurance group - allianz holds a N N stake in navigation mixte 's insurance interests acquired three weeks ago - those include and via assurances - long considered a potential takeover target navigation mixte had hoped allianz would help protect it from raiders - that idea may have - paribas is allianz 's main french bank and the group said it intends to stay neutral - navigation mixte said it would n't have any comment until its board meets wednesday - but navigation mixte is held and hard to defend - the defensive options are limited says a partner in portfolio management concern france finance - who would bid against paribas - if the paribas bid succeeds it will be the second time in two months a big french investment banking group has snapped up an insurance group - last month paribas 's archrival cie financiere de suez won a battle for france 's second-largest private-sector insurer which itself had just acquired west germany 's ag - that complex bid was billed as france 's largest takeover ever this one is slightly smaller - moreover suez had just finished winning an even larger battle last year for control of societe generale de - paribas officials once considered france 's bankers felt at suez 's success and its rapid growth - although paribas denies it analysts say the new bid in part simply reflects the continuing between france 's two largest investment banking groups - it also reflects the broader pressure on companies in europe to keep up as the european community prepares to reduce internal trade barriers by N - although paribas chairman would n't rule out eventually selling all of navigation mixte 's insurance operations to allianz he stressed the potential for the two groups instead to cooperate - he also told reporters the acquisition would give paribas fresh diversity bringing it properties in food and transport where it has been weak - navigation mixte has investments in a sugar company a food and concern a and bus and trucking firms among others - and navigation mixte has a huge hidden attraction - payment by allianz for the insurance interests it has just bought will help swell the french concern 's treasury to an estimated N billion francs - paribas said it will bid N francs a share for navigation mixte shares that qualify for a full yearly dividend and N francs for those created july N which are eligible for partial dividends - alternatively it said it would offer three paribas shares themselves eligible for dividends as of next jan. N for one navigation mixte share - paribas shares closed down N francs at N francs and navigation mixte shares were suspended at N francs pending the outcome of the bid - paribas said it would publish details of its bid once authorities clear it - this is one of the first bids under new takeover rules aimed at encouraging open bids instead of gradual accumulation of large stakes - some financial sources said privately that paribas in failing to move sooner for the insurance and industrial group bidding only after speculation had pushed up the price - mr. responded that his group initially intended to take only a minority stake striking an alliance with current management - when navigation mixte chairman marc fournier rejected paribas 's offer and began buying paribas shares in mr. said he felt obliged to bid for control - he told reporters he had information that mr. fournier was preparing to buy as much as N N of paribas up from less than N N currently - a bid against paribas could n't be ruled out - france 's second-largest government-owned insurance company assurances de france has been building its own navigation mixte stake currently thought to be between N N and N N - analysts said they do n't think it is contemplating a takeover however and its officials could n't be reached - crude oil futures prices fell further as analysts and traders said opec oil producers are n't putting the on output ahead of the traditionally weak first quarter - in trading on the new york mercantile exchange the u.s. benchmark west texas intermediate crude fell N cents a barrel to $ N for december delivery - petroleum products prices also declined - analysts pointed to reports that the organization of petroleum exporting countries is producing substantially more than its official limit of N million barrels a day with some accounts putting the group 's output as high as N million barrels a day - that level of production did n't take its toll on futures prices for the fourth quarter when demand is traditionally strong - but because first-quarter demand is normally the weakest of the year several market participants say opec production will have to decline to keep prices from eroding further - the group plans to meet in a month to discuss production strategy for early N - with prices already headed lower news of a series of explosions at a major phillips petroleum co. chemical facility on the houston ship channel also was bearish for prices - even though such facilities use a relatively small amount of crude analysts say now the facility wo n't need any at a time of already high availability - the phillips plant makes polyethylene and other plastic products - a company official said the explosions began when a seal out - dozens of workers were injured authorities said - there was no immediate estimate of damage from the company - some petroleum futures traders say technical considerations now will help to put downward pressure on futures prices - for instance one trader said that prices inevitably will go lower now that they 've fallen below $ N a barrel - our is a little bearish now that we 've taken out $ N he said - in other commodity markets yesterday - copper - the selling that started on friday continued yesterday - the december contract fell N cents a pound to $ N - london metal exchange warehouse stocks were down only N metric tons for the week to N tons expectations late last week were a drop of N to N tons - the new york market made its high for the day on the opening and when it dropped below the $ level selling picked up as previous buyers out of their positions and aggressive short sellers anticipating further declines moved in - fund selling also picked up at that point - according to bernard savaiko senior commodity analyst at painewebber the only stability to the market came when short sellers moved in to cover their positions by buying contracts - this activity produced small rallies which in turn attracted new short selling - mr. savaiko noted that copper had a steep fall in spite of a weak dollar which would normally support the u.s. copper market - such support usually comes from arbitragers who use a strong british pound to buy copper in new york - the sell-off would probably have been worse if the dollar had been strong he said - copper has been stuck in a trading range of $ N to $ N - mr. savaiko believes that if copper falls below the bottom of this range the next significant support level will be about $ N - precious metals - platinum and palladium struggled to maintain their prices all day despite news stories over the weekend that recent cold fusion experiments which use both metals showed signs of producing extra heat - january platinum closed down $ N an ounce at $ N nearly $ N above its low for the day - december palladium was off $ N an ounce at $ N - platinum is believed to have good support around $ N and palladium at around $ N - some traders were thought to be waiting for the auto sales report which will be released today - such sales are watched closely by platinum and palladium traders because both metals are used in automobile - mr. savaiko that the news on cold fusion did n't affect the market yesterday because many traders have already been badly by such stories - he said the traders are demanding a higher level of proof before they will buy palladium again - also weighing on both metals ' prices is the role of the chief supplier the soviet union - many analysts believe that the soviets ' for dollars this year to buy grain and other western commodities and goods will bring them to the market whenever prices rally very much - grains and soybeans - prices closed mixed as contracts reacted to largely offsetting bullish and bearish news - on the chicago board of trade soybeans for november delivery closed at $ N a bushel down half a cent while the december wheat contract rose of a cent to $ N a bushel - supporting prices was the announcement late friday of additional grain sales to the soviet union - but acting as a drag on prices was the improved harvest weather over the weekend and the prospect for continued fair weather this week over much of the farm belt - strong farmer selling over the weekend also weighed on prices - sugar - world prices tumbled mostly from their own weight according to analysts - the march contract ended at N cents a pound down N cent - for the past week or so traders have been expecting india to buy between N and N tons of refined sugar and there have been expectations of a major purchase by japan - but with no reports of either country actually entering the market analysts said futures prices became vulnerable - developing countries such as india some analysts said seem to have made it a point to stay away whenever sugar reached the top of its trading range around N cents and wait for prices to return to the bottom of the range around N cents - but a sugar analyst with international ltd. said the explanation for the latest drop in sugar prices is much simpler speculators he said got too long too soon and ran into resistance around the old contract highs - a painewebber analyst said that in light of a new estimate of a production increase of four million metric tons and only a modest increase in consumption sugar is n't likely to rise above the top of its trading range without a crop problem in a major producing country - cocoa - futures rallied modestly - the december contract rose $ N a metric ton to $ N near its high for the day - & ltd. a british house estimated that the N world cocoa surplus would be N tons down from N tons for the previous year - market technicians were encouraged by the price patterns which in the past have sharp rallies - recent prices for cocoa have been near levels last seen in the mid-1970s - at such prices according to mr. savaiko bargain hunting and buying back of contracts previously sold by speculators is n't uncommon - but mr. savaiko expects producer selling at around the $ N to $ N level - he also noted that a strong sterling market yesterday might have helped cocoa in new york as arbitragers took advantage of the currency move - research analyst at shearson lehman hutton said the market pushed higher mainly in anticipation of a late harvest in the ivory coast a major cocoa producer - rockwell international corp. bought out corp. 's interest in a joint venture of the two companies based in tokyo - the price was N billion yen $ N million - the agreement provides that corp. will remain a supplier to which makes printing for the newspaper industry - the purchase was made by rockwell systems a chicago subsidiary of the el calif. concern - which has about N employees is among the industry leaders in technology which reduces time and materials waste when preparing a press for printing - the bond market which sometimes on bad news cheered yesterday 's stock market sell-off and perceptions that the economy is growing weaker - early in the day bonds rose modestly on economists ' forecasts that this week 's slate of economic data will an economy headed for trouble - such news is good for bonds because economic weakness sometimes causes the federal reserve to lower interest rates in an effort to stimulate the economy and off a recession - for example today the department of commerce is scheduled to release the september durable goods report - the consensus forecast of N economists surveyed by dow jones capital markets report is for a N N drop in september orders - that would follow a N N advance in august - bonds received a bigger boost later in the day when stock prices moved broadly lower - the dow jones industrial average fell N points to N - bond investors have been watching stocks closely said joel chief fixed-income analyst at technical data global markets group - when you get a big sell-off in equities money starts to shift into bonds which are considered safer he said - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond ended about N point higher or up about $ N for each $ N face amount while the yield slid to N N from N N friday - municipals ended mixed while mortgage-backed and investment-grade corporate bonds rose - prices of high-yield high-risk corporate securities ended unchanged - in more evidence of the growing division between good and bad junk bonds a $ N million issue by imo industries inc. was snapped up by investors while underwriters for beatrice co. 's $ N million issue are considering restructuring the deal to attract buyers - in the treasury market analysts expect bond prices to trade in narrow ranges this week as the market takes in positive and negative news - on the negative side the market will be affected by constant supply in all sectors of the market said william m. economist at daiwa securities america inc - on the other hand we have economic news that is expected to be relatively positive for the bond market - we will go back and forth with a tilt toward slightly lower yields he said - today the treasury will sell $ N billion of new two-year notes - tomorrow resolution funding corp. a division of a new government agency created to bail out the nation 's troubled thrifts will hold its first bond auction at which it will sell $ N billion of 30-year bonds - so far money managers and other bond buyers have n't shown much interest in the refcorp bonds - analysts have mixed views about the two-year note auction - while some say the auction should proceed smoothly others contend that yesterday 's sale of $ N billion of asset-backed securities by ford motor credit corp. may have some potential institutional buyers from the government 's note sale - the division of auto maker ford motor co. made its debut in the asset-backed securities market with the second-largest issue in the market 's four-year history - the company offered securities backed by automobile loans through an underwriting group headed by first boston corp - the issue yields N N and carries a guarantee covering N N of the deal from the company - first boston sweetened the terms from the original yield estimate in an apparent effort to place the huge offering - the issue was offered at a yield nearly one percentage point above the yield on two-year treasurys - the only asset-backed deal larger than ford 's was a $ N billion offering by general motors acceptance corp. in N - treasury securities - treasury bonds were N to N point higher yesterday in light trading - the benchmark 30-year bond ended at a price of N N compared with N N friday - the latest 10-year notes were quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - the latest two-year notes were quoted late at N N to yield N N - short-term rates rose yesterday at the government 's weekly treasury bill auction compared with the previous bill sale - the treasury sold $ N billion of three-month bills with an average discount rate of N N the highest since the average of N N at the auction on oct. N - the $ N billion of six-month treasury bills were sold with an average discount rate of N N the highest since the average of N N at the oct. N auction - the rates were up from last week 's auction when they were N N and N N respectively - here are auction details - rates are determined by the difference between the purchase price and face value - thus higher bidding narrows the investor 's return while lower bidding widens it - the percentage rates are calculated on a year while the yield is based on a year - both issues are dated oct. N - the 13-week bills mature jan. N N and the 26-week bills mature april N N - corporate issues - investment-grade closed about N point higher in quiet trading - in the junk bond market imo industries ' issue of 12-year debentures considered to be one of the market 's high-quality credits was priced at par to yield N N - peter managing director at underwriter morgan stanley & co. said the issue was oversubscribed - it 's a market and if you have a good strong credit people have an appetite for it he said - morgan stanley is expected to price another junk bond deal $ N million of senior subordinated debentures by continental inc. next tuesday - in light of the recent in the high-yield market junk bond analysts and traders expect other high-yield deals to be sweetened or restructured before they are offered to investors - in the case of beatrice salomon brothers inc. is considering restructuring the reset mechanism on the $ N million portion of the offering - under the originally contemplated terms of the offering the notes would have been reset annually at a fixed spread above treasurys - under the new plan being considered the notes would reset annually at a rate to maintain a market value of N - price talk calls for the reset notes to be priced at a yield of between N N N and N N N - mortgage-backed securities - activity in derivative markets was strong with four new real estate mortgage investment announced and talk of several more deals in today 's session - the federal national mortgage association offered $ N billion of remic securities in three issues and the federal home loan mortgage corp. offered a $ N million remic backed by N N securities - part of the reason for the heavy activity in derivative markets is that underwriters are mortgage securities being sold by thrifts - traders said thrifts have stepped up their mortgage securities sales as the bond market has risen in the past two weeks - in the mortgage sector active issues rose but trailed gains in the treasury market - government national mortgage association N N securities for november delivery were quoted late yesterday at N N up N and freddie mac N N securities were at N N up N - the ginnie mae N N issue was yielding N N to a 12-year average life assumption as the spread above the treasury 10-year note widened slightly to N percentage points - municipals - a $ N million san antonio texas electric and gas system revenue bond issue dominated the new issue sector - the refunding issue which had been in the wings for two months was one of the chief offerings the market and limiting price appreciation - but that failed to stimulate much activity in the secondary market where prices were off N to up N point - an official with lead underwriter first boston said orders for the san antonio bonds were on the slow side - he attributed that to the issue 's aggressive pricing and large size as well as the general in the municipal marketplace - in addition he noted the issue would normally be the type purchased by property and casualty insurers but recent disasters such as hurricane hugo and the northern california earthquake have stretched insurers ' resources and their demand for bonds - a $ N million maryland stadium authority sports facilities lease revenue bond issue appeared to be off to a good start - the issue was oversubscribed and doing very well according to an official with lead underwriter morgan stanley - activity in the new york city bond market where heavy investor selling last week drove yields on the issuer 's full faith and credit backed bonds up as much as N percentage point - foreign bonds - japanese government bonds ended lower after the dollar rose modestly against the yen - the turnaround in the dollar fueled bearish sentiment about japan 's bond market - the benchmark no. N N N bond due N ended on brokers ' screens at a price of N off N - the yield rose to N N - west german bond prices ended lower after a day of trading - the benchmark N N bond due october N fell N point to N to yield N N while the N N N notes due july N fell N to N to yield N N - british government bonds ended slightly higher in quiet trading as investors looked ahead to today 's british trade report - the benchmark N N N treasury bond due N rose N to N N to yield N N while the N N issue of N rose N to N N to yield N N - the 's done gone from the hook - damn - my language sure goes to pot down here on the coast - the guide with the cap his face in - i got to get back to school and out my english - he has two more years at texas - right now he takes people out to fish in the behind the barrier islands that curve for hundreds of miles along the eastern coast of texas green behind of sand and that the deep blue of the gulf beyond - there have been three days of hot rain and now with the first sun we are after which with provides most of the game fishing - the little radio as other want to see if we have found any fish location is everything in this sport - negative answers back - the fish often are around the of the old gas wells that the flat surface like the remains of ships - we go from one to the other - the sun is hot now though it 's only N in the morning - the great silver clouds on the horizon build themselves on the pale water - we cruise toward another set of - the guide into a and puts a on the hook - then he out - just wait for that that - it comes real before it pulls - do n't forget have very soft - the radio again - one or two says the guide - you can tell they 've got - a pair of black past close to the surface - soon we have our limit of the fish in and black - and we are the first back at the where the great blue stand waiting by the cleaning - the guide is young and he knows this business but he wants a different life after college such as working for ibm and wearing a - this must be the last big stretch of the american that is undeveloped - there are a few fishing towns with quiet of resort houses nearby - people are not apt to be about the place or themselves - texas is big and beautiful and they live here that 's all - out just to the north of us is the peninsula after the oak not the game which forms the core of the wildlife refuge - it is famous as the winter home of the whooping crane that symbol of the destruction of wild america - last year a shot a by mistake thinking that it was a snow - he paid an fine and was lucky according to a local to escape the gas chamber - the peninsula comes off the vast plain with fields of rice and cotton and as far as the eye can see - near the coast there are of live oak with and - wild and are the and the birds are especially the and the - above the of and the and golden on its - inland a few miles from the refuge there is a place called with a white church a gas station and a grocery the houses relatively close together for such a settlement in these parts - motel i read a sign in the usual of the name as we through - here in south texas we say my host gently - mr. king is the director of the foreign press center in new york - ag and siemens ag said they will launch their previously announced joint venture for power semiconductors in january - the two west german electronics concerns said they have set up european power semiconductor co. to merge their activities in the field - and siemens each will hold a N N stake in the venture - the joint venture will have nominal capital of N million marks $ N million and N employees - it will develop produce and market electronic parts - siemens is west germany 's largest electronics group - is N N owned by daimler-benz ag the country 's biggest industrial concern - corp. said its third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the company which supplies and other parts to auto makers said about half the earnings drop came from the collapse of the auto industry - the currency plummeted this year making it difficult for auto makers there to afford imported parts - also said it was hurt by u.s. truck sales and by a strike at a parts supplier - the company based in toledo ohio had said it expected reduced third-quarter profit - mary anne an analyst at investors in new york said automotive suppliers were reporting lower profit almost across the board - j. 's president said the company 's decision to approve its normal fourth-quarter dividend indicated its underlying strength - president of japan 's mazda motor corp. said the japanese car maker is planning joint production with ford motor co. in europe ahead of the european community 's N integration - mr. did n't disclose further details of the arrangement at a news conference but said the project would be undertaken with ford 's european subsidiary - a ford official confirmed in tokyo that the u.s. motor vehicle maker is studying such an arrangement - at age eight baker was sent by her mother to a white woman 's house to do chores in exchange for meals and a place to sleep a place in the with the coal - at age N she was a paris transformed from unwanted child to international sex symbol in just over a decade - it is the stuff of dreams but also of - only the spirits survive such roller - and for ms. baker the ride was far from over - her her her voice her beauty and perhaps most her were prominent but of a rare sort made her remarkable life possible - another american black woman who found a measure of fame in paris said i do n't think i 've ever known anyone with a less complicated view of life or whose life was more complicated than 's - men were a constant - baker had lots of them - but she did n't trust them and did n't reward trust - as she saw one key love affair the problem was n't her it was his - her appetite for children also was large - she adopted N of races naming them the rainbow tribe and driving her husband first to and then to argentina - she made money but spent more - friends pitched in - finally prince and grace saved her with the offer of a house in - another as rose makes clear in jazz baker in her time N pages $ N was - baker had the good luck to arrive in N paris where blacks had become exotic - african art was in and some intellectuals were writing of a age to be inspired by blacks - to be exotic was to be as well as but for the most part paris was a friendly island in a world - baker had bitter experience of from her st. louis and her days in new york theater where she was too dark for an chorus line performing of course for audiences - paris loved her at first sight - she just her and all the french fell in love with her the literary world 's maria not entirely - one can hardly the importance of her rear end ms. rose writes - ms. rose who teaches literature at university quickly proceeds to claiming that baker 's had uncovered a new region for desire and thereby ignoring centuries of to the - jazz contains other more important false notes that undermine what is for the most part a account of a life already familiar from earlier works - it is easy to see why baker a free spirit who broke many of the restraints convention places on women attracts ms. rose the author of parallel lives a wonderful study of marriage - still even the title raises questions about the author 's vision of her subject - baker 's art was jazz only by the stretch of the term - to find parallels other than sexual appeal with requires an equal stretch - baker was N years old when she died in paris two days after the opening of her newest show a ending to what was a life - in fact ms. baker played scenes in that could have made it into - during world war ii her view of life led her to the conclusion that the were evil and must be resisted a decision made by only about N N of french citizens - she was devoted to charles de 's cause accepting great financial sacrifice and considerable risk to become first a spy and then a tour for the forces of free france - in bogart 's victor leads free french in la to out the - the night the germans occupied all of france baker performed in - the free french wore black arm and when she sang they - ms. rose is best on the early years and world war ii - in her introduction ms. rose writes that she feels she has much in common with baker but as jazz goes on it seems more rushed as though the author were growing less interested - it does n't help that sometimes ms. rose 's language fails to deliver the effect she appears to want - one chapter opens world war ii was not one of france 's moments - elsewhere in an attempt to explain without it that baker had a large following later in her career when she was an singer rather than ms. rose writes she was a female who happened to be a woman - one devoted fan who fell under baker 's in N and began collecting baker was hammond - in baker jonathan N pages $ N which was published in britain last year and distributed in the u.s. this month mr. hammond has used his collection to produce an of photographs and drawings of the star - the text by patrick is a tough read but the pictures make her clear and help explain why ernest called baker the most woman anybody ever saw - or ever will - mr. is foreign editor of the journal - manville having rid itself of asbestos now sells forest products minerals and industrial goods - stuff it 's not - but manville 's ownership is unusual and it has caught the eye of some and patient investors - the concern which emerged from bankruptcy-law proceedings late last year is controlled by the manville personal injury settlement trust - the trust which owns N N of manville 's stock on a fully diluted basis is a separate legal entity that is settling claims with asbestos victims - when and if the trust runs out of cash which seems increasingly likely it will need to convert its manville stock to cash - but as an N N owner if it tried to sell much of its stock in the market it would likely depress the price of its shares - some investors say there is a good chance that the trust will instead seek to convert the company 's shares to cash in some sort of friendly restructuring that would n't involve just stock on the market - their principal asset is manville common stock says jeffrey who runs associates an investment fund that owns manville shares - if they tried to sell they 'd be chasing their own - what makes the most sense is to find someone who wants to buy the whole company or cause a recapitalization of all shares - the trust is n't commenting on when it might need to its manville stock - however the trust 's cash flow from investments is far short of its payments to asbestos victims - its cash and liquid securities fell by $ N million in the first six months of N - the trust also will receive $ N million a year starting in N on a bond it holds from manville - and beginning in N it will have a claim on as much as N N of manville 's annual net income - even so the trust would seem to be facing a cash crunch - as of june N it had settled only about N of the N received claims from asbestos victims for an average of $ N each - the average should drop over time since the most expensive claims are being settled first - and as of midyear settled but unpaid claims amounted to $ N million more than half the trust 's total of $ N million in cash and securities - at some point we 're going to need an of funds a person close to the trust says - even before then the trust may be eager to unload manville stock - it does n't pay a dividend and this trust needs income - moreover with N N of its assets tied up in manville the trust is badly in need of diversification - obviously a diversified portfolio would have less risk the person close to the trust says - manville itself does n't rule out a restructuring - though the ink is barely dry on its new law structure bill bullock manville 's head of investor relations says the company is continually whether there is a better way to be structured - we understand that the trust is ultimately going to need to sell some of our shares he says - of course one option would be for manville to buy out the trust 's shares which would do little to benefit public stockholders - but the trust in most cases is from seeking a buyer for only its shares before november N - and both the trust and manville are seeking to avoid the bad publicity that in the asbestos era the manville name - thus analysts say the trust is unlikely to do anything that would hurt manville 's other shareholders - this is a rare case of a company with a big majority holder which will probably act in the interests of the minority holders one investor says - even if there is no restructuring manville seems to be attractive long-term - its stock at N N trades at about N N times estimated N earnings an low multiple for a company with customers - mr. bullock says N N of revenues are tied to construction - analysts predict little or no near-term growth - they are nonetheless high on manville 's management - it 's one of the best in the business says salomon brothers analyst stephen - and he says manville has the financial flexibility to buy other companies at the best possible moment when other firms are hurting and selling cheap - with a conservative ratio of and $ N million in cash manville is indeed actively on the - so far as a manville has n't bought much - paul an analyst at duff & phelps says even though they have borrowing power they have been disciplined about acquisitions - and mr. says that with N N of its stock in friendly hands manville is the rare publicly traded company that can ignore short-term stock fluctuations and plan for the long haul - manville nyse symbol - business forest products and - year ended dec. N N sales $ N billions net loss $ N billion \* - third quarter sept. N N per-share earnings N cents vs. N cents \*\* - average daily trading volume N shares - common shares outstanding N million - \* includes $ N billion extraordinary charge - \*\* year ago figure is restated - emerson electric co. and robert said the federal trade commission has requested additional information from the two companies about their announced intention to acquire vermont american corp. for $ N a share or about $ N million - yesterday in composite trading on the american stock exchange vermont american common closed at $ N off N cents - the ftc 's request was not unusual and emerson will make a full and prompt response according to a spokesman - spokesmen for emerson and vermont american which has agreed to be acquired said they do n't anticipate any problems with the completion of the transaction - an ftc spokesman said the matter is in a posture at this time and declined to comment further - emerson and through their joint acquisition arm acquisition have begun a cash tender offer for all of vermont 's common shares outstanding - the offer set to expire nov. N may be extended pending the timing and resolution of the ftc request the companies said - st. emerson and make electrical and electronic products including power tools - the vermont american acquisition is designed to enhance their position in the accessories portion of the industry - santa fe pacific corp. is preparing a plan to sell a N N stake in its large real estate unit to a california public employee pension fund for $ N million after which it would spin off the realty operation to shareholders - the plan places an indicated value on the real estate operation santa fe pacific realty corp. of $ N billion - santa fe pacific directors are expected to review the plan at a meeting today according to people familiar with the transaction - if approved the sale is expected to close by year 's end with the spinoff by the end of N - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange yesterday santa fe pacific closed at $ N down N cents - santa fe pacific realty is a major california land and building owner whose prime properties include N undeveloped acres in the san francisco bay area and several office sites - a spokesman said the properties survived without significant damage in last week 's northern california earthquake - as a result of the partial sale and spinoff the $ N billion california public employees retirement system would obtain two seats on the board of the real estate operation according to officials of the fund who described the plan - a spokesman for chicago-based santa fe pacific confirmed that negotiations were being held with the fund - also holding two seats each on the board they said would be olympia & york developments ltd. controlled by the family of canada and itel corp. controlled by chicago businessman sam - the and mr. the largest holders of santa fe pacific stock have been looking for ways to raise the value of their investments including possible - itel bought a N N stake in fe pacific last year and olympia & york later purchased about a N N stake they would have interests in the new realty company in line with their holdings in fe pacific - the sale and spinoff of the real estate unit is the first phase of what could lead to the breakup of santa fe pacific into companies for its railroad and energy operations as well as real estate - the parent has been under pressure from large shareholders to boost the company 's share price - at the same time it has been caught in an earnings squeeze - the california pension fund 's planned investment in the real estate unit is unusual - pension funds rarely own as much as a N N stake in what is expected to be a publicly traded company - in addition pension funds are rarely given seats on company boards and most often try to avoid them because of legal concerns - but fund officials said the santa fe pacific realty investment provides an opportunity to buy a stake in a large real estate portfolio heavily weighted with california properties - it also marks a major commitment to real estate development which we have n't been involved with before said dale hanson the fund 's executive director - under the proposed plan the fund would also lend santa fe pacific realty $ N million in the form of a note that would be convertible into additional shares of the realty company after the second year at the market price - the note would interest at the rate of N N a year which would be payable to the fund after five years according to stephen e. a real estate consultant working for the fund - the purpose of the note is to provide added capital for the company in a form that will save it spending cash on immediate interest payments mr. said - the concern clearly will be one of the dominant real estate development companies with a prime portfolio he said - for the last year santa fe pacific has its real estate operations toward longer-term development of its properties hurting profits that the parent had generated in the past from periodic sales from its portfolio - real estate operating income for the first nine months fell to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier the company said - in a statement late yesterday santa fe pacific 's chairman robert d. said that santa fe pacific realty would repay more than $ N million in debt owed to the parent before the planned spinoff - that would help reduce santa fe pacific 's remaining debt to about $ N million from a high of $ N billion in early N - it was n't clear where santa fe pacific expected to obtain the payment of more than $ N million which would be well above the $ N million that california pension fund officials say they plan to provide - the realty unit might take on new debt or obtain additional investors among other possibilities - the santa fe pacific spokesman declined to comment on that aspect saying the deal was still under negotiation - santa fe pacific realty owns N million acres of property including N buildings with more than N million square feet of space - it also holds nearly N acres of raw land with development potential but under a previously announced strategy the company has targeted building on N acres in california arizona and the chicago area - among those are the N acres in the san francisco bay area including N acres in the mission bay area - the california pension fund which has $ N billion already invested in real estate and mortgages could be a valuable funding source for that development although it is n't obliged to make further investments - the fund is the nation 's largest public employee fund and it has a growing cash flow now $ N billion a year - fund officials negotiated the final structure of the proposed deal with santa fe pacific but they were approached with the idea by real estate brokers realty corp. of chicago - officials are expected to be hired to represent the pension fund on the santa fe pacific realty board mr. said to the fund from potential liability problems - gaf part iii is scheduled to begin today - after two the stakes in the stock manipulation trial of gaf corp. and its vice chairman james t. sherwin have changed considerably - the first two gaf trials were watched closely on wall street because they were considered to be important tests of the government 's ability to convince a jury of allegations stemming from its insider-trading investigations - in an indictment the government charged gaf a wayne n.j. chemical maker and mr. sherwin with illegally attempting to manipulate the common stock of union carbide corp. in advance of gaf 's planned sale of a large block of the stock in N - the government 's credibility in the gaf case depended heavily on its star witness boyd l. jefferies the former los angeles brokerage chief who was by former ivan boesky and then pointed the finger at mr. sherwin takeover b. lewis and corporate raider paul - the gaf trials were viewed as of the government 's strength in its cases against mr. lewis and mr. - mr. jefferies 's performance as a witness was expected to affect his sentencing - but gaf 's bellwether role was short-lived - the first gaf trial ended in a after four weeks when u.s. district judge mary johnson lowe found that a prosecutor improperly but withheld a document - after N hours of the jurors in the second trial said they were and another was declared on march N - meanwhile a federal jury found mr. guilty on securities fraud and other charges in june - a month later mr. jefferies was a jail term by a federal judge who praised him for helping the government - in august mr. lewis pleaded guilty to three felony counts - nevertheless the stakes are still high for the players directly involved in the gaf case - the have left the of gaf mr. sherwin and gaf chairman samuel in limbo - for mr. sherwin a conviction could carry penalties of five years in prison and a $ N fine on each count - gaf faces potential fines of $ N for each count - individuals familiar with the case said that throughout september defense attorneys were talking with the government in an effort to prevent a trial but by the end of the month the talks had ended - there is much speculation among attorneys not involved that the strategy of gaf 's attorney arthur and mr. sherwin 's counsel stephen will include testimony by mr. sherwin or mr. - neither testified at the previous trials - for now defense attorneys are about their plans - max another gaf defense attorney said yesterday as we go in for the third time 's famous line is apt it 's all over again - dalkon shield claimants hope to stop appeal - attorneys for more than N women who claim injuries from the dalkon shield contraceptive device have asked the u.s. supreme court to refuse to hear an appeal of the bankruptcy-law reorganization plan for robins co. which manufactured the device - the dispute pits two groups of claimants against each other - baltimore attorney michael a. and N other attorneys representing N claimants in the u.s. and abroad argue that the appeal would delay and perhaps even destroy a $ N billion settlement fund that is the centerpiece of the reorganization plan - the bankruptcy-court reorganization is being challenged before the supreme court by a dissident group of claimants because it places a cap on the total amount of money available to settle claims - it also bars future suits against robins company officials members of the robins family and robins 's former insurer aetna life & casualty co - the latter provision is legally unprecedented said alan b. morrison a public interest lawyer in washington d.c. who is challenging the plan on behalf of N claimants - more than N claims against robins are pending - the company made and marketed the dalkon shield in the early 1970s amid mounting evidence that it could cause serious injuries - robins has been in proceedings under chapter N of the u.s. bankruptcy code since august N such proceedings give it protection from creditor lawsuits while it works out a plan for paying its debts - american home products corp. wants to acquire robins but only if all legal challenges to the plan are exhausted - in a brief filed with the supreme court last week mr. the appeal for raising and theoretical legal issues while the proposed reorganization and the settlement payments to claimants - the supreme court is scheduled to consider the case nov. N and may issue a decision as early as nov. N - jury 's criminal conviction under superfund law is a first - charles a. sole of a louisville ky. company was found guilty of violating the superfund law as well as the clean air act - criminal convictions under the federal superfund law are rare and the decision is the first jury verdict in such a case - under superfund those who owned generated or hazardous waste are liable for its cleanup regardless of whether their actions were legal at the time - environmental lawyers say virtually all of the superfund cases to date have involved civil penalties designed to insure cleanup of past activities - but superfund also contains a criminal provision concerning the release of toxic into the environment - in N congress strengthened the penalty by making it a felony - mr. was convicted in louisville late last month of violating superfund by failing to report the release of asbestos into the environment from a building he was - he was also convicted of failing to properly remove asbestos from the building a violation of the clean air act - the government sought a criminal penalty because no cleanup is possible here - once asbestos is released into the environment it can anywhere says richard a. dennis the assistant u.s. attorney who prosecuted the case - mr. is scheduled to be sentenced dec. N - his lawyer could not be reached for comment - mr. faces as much as three years in prison and a $ N fine for the superfund conviction and as much as one year in prison and a $ N fine for the violation of the clean air act - ted lawyers switch to victims ' side in case - cutler & the washington d.c. law firm that spent over $ N million fighting the execution of ted who eventually was executed has taken on another death penalty case before the supreme court this time on the side of the family of four murder victims in arkansas - the law firm has filed a brief jointly with the washington legal foundation a conservative legal group - the key issue in the case which the law firm is handling without a fee or pro bono is whether a person sentenced to death can voluntarily waive his rights of appellate review - the ronald gene simmons was convicted of killing N people - another on death row has appealed mr. simmons 's death sentence in a next friend capacity - cutler 's brief argues that there is no mandatory appellate review of capital sentences and that the who filed the appeal lacks proper standing - mode cutler 's managing partner says the trial team that represented mr. was asked by the firm 's pro bono committee whether the new case posed a conflict and that no objections were raised - the of the law firm and the washington legal foundation is odd also because cutler was one of the firms singled out for criticism two years ago by the conservative legal group for a liberal bias in its pro bono work - we give them a lot of credit for taking this case says 's alan - the case of the fake - in federal court in manhattan three defendants pleaded guilty to charges of fraud in connection with the sale of fake salvador - james burke and larry evans formerly owners of the gallery and clark a sales representative were charged with conducting telephone sales in which they cheap copies of as signed - the were sold for $ N to $ N although the government says they had a value of only $ N to $ N apiece - henry the assistant u.s. attorney handling the case said about N customers were and that 's total proceeds from the sales were $ N million - attorneys for messrs. burke and evans and ms. said that although their clients admitted to making some in the sales they had believed that the works were authorized by mr. who died in january - the were printed on paper by mr. the attorneys said - said richard w. decker resigned as president and chief executive officer after only a year on the job because of differences with the board - the banking company could n't be reached to comment beyond a written announcement - it did n't specify the nature of the differences saying only that they related to management style and strategic objectives - said mr. decker 's posts were assumed by david 's chairman who at N years of age becomes one of the youngest chief executives of a sizable bank in the country - mr. decker is about N years old - neither mr. nor mr. decker could be reached to comment - has about $ N billion of assets and is the largest independent bank in northern california - it controls about N N of the affluent county market across the golden gate bridge from san francisco - mr. decker 's resignation surprised many industry officials - he was brought to the company in september N after N years at los angeles-based first interstate bancorp - the bank had been suffering in late N from a slew of bad real estate loans made in arizona - when he was hired mr. mr. decker 's extraordinary skills and his outstanding reputation as one of the west 's bankers - though the bank is n't performing as well as some of its competitors in the lucrative california market its condition has improved since mr. decker took over - for the six months ended june N it earned $ N million or N cents a share compared with net income of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - its stock also has risen lately at least partly because it is considered a possible takeover candidate - interstate banking is scheduled to begin in california in N and larger california banks such as wells fargo & co. have been paying fat premiums to buy smaller banks to control markets before any banks enter the fray - in american stock exchange composite trading yesterday closed at $ N a share down N cents - associates inc. palo alto calif. reported fiscal fourth-quarter profit plunged more than N N to $ N million or five cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier quarter - the diversified electronics company blamed the decline in the quarter ended sept. N on previously reported operating problems in its devices & systems group - for the full fiscal year posted a N N profit rise to $ N million or $ N a share up from $ N million or $ N a share last year - sales for the year rose almost N N to $ N billion from $ N billion last year - a profit last year in both the quarter and year included a net gain of $ N million or N cents a share from the sale of a division - additionally the full-year profit last year reflected an after-tax restructuring charge of $ N million or $ N a share - shares of which last month warned there would be a fourth-quarter plunge closed at $ N down N cents in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - sales rose N N in the fiscal fourth quarter to $ N million from $ N million on the strength in semiconductors and other products - in a effort to keep its sales force and customer base integrated resources inc. said it agreed in principle to transfer ownership of its broker-dealer subsidiary to two of its top executives - the financial-services firm struggling since summer to avoid a bankruptcy-law filing after missing interest payments on about $ N billion of debt will retain the right to regain the subsidiary - it said it will exercise that right only if it sells substantially all of its other core businesses - it also can sell the right to regain the subsidiary to another party - also the broker-dealer subsidiary integrated resources equity corp. was renamed royal alliance associates inc - because of integrated 's widely reported troubles the unit 's representatives had been a name change - royal alliance to which the N representatives ' licenses will be transferred is a shell company integrated owns - in the transaction integrated will transfer N N ownership of the subsidiary to gerard m. executive vice president of integrated and head of operations at the subsidiary and gary w. executive vice president of the parent and president of the subsidiary - integrated will pump $ N million to $ N million into royal alliance as initial funding - in an interview mr. said that based on criteria yet to be determined he expects to distribute N N of royal alliance to the representatives who sell integrated 's insurance and mutual-fund products - if integrated royal alliance the representatives will retain their N N ownership - mr. indicated that completion of the transaction could take several weeks and it was n't immediately clear what would happen to the broker-dealer subsidiary if integrated files for bankruptcy-law protection in the meantime - the subsidiary is n't expected to be profitable for at least one year - if integrated the unit it would receive any profit the unit reports even while the unit is independent - if the deal closes the two officers will draw salaries from the independent operation not from integrated - many aspects of the agreement were worked out wednesday in chicago when integrated senior managers met with about N representatives - i think it was something that we and they thought was said stephen d. chairman and co-chief executive officer of integrated - integrated made its announcement after the market closed - in new york stock exchange composite trading integrated shares closed at $ N up N cents - the dollar weakened in trading as foreign-exchange dealers fresh economic news that they hope will jolt the u.s. unit out of its narrow ranges - the canadian dollar climbed to its highest level against the u.s. dollar since late august prompting the bank of canada to sell the canadian currency on the market - traders say that after a week of nervously tracking every development on wall street the foreign-exchange market has settled back to catch its breath ahead of new u.s. economic data - they noted however that a drop in the dow jones industrial average gave the dollar a sharp downward late in the day - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks late friday and at N yen down from N yen late friday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late friday - in tokyo tuesday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen down from monday 's tokyo close of N yen - the market 's attention is especially focused on a preliminary report on the u.s. third-quarter gross national product due out thursday which could show the economy is continuing to expand at a relatively brisk pace - the consensus view on real gnp the total value of the u.s. output of goods and services adjusted for inflation calls for a N N gain on an annual basis slowing somewhat from the second quarter 's N N but still fairly strong - few market participants expect the u.s. unit to rally sharply on the news if it turns out as expected - many contend that the report may the economy 's health and predict the third-quarter figures may be the last vigorous statistics for some time to come - everyone is waiting for gnp says walter simon an assistant treasurer with bank & co - yet even a relatively strong number N N to N N wo n't alter the market 's view that the economy is softening - managing director of foreign exchange at credit suisse in new york adds the market sees this as the last piece of good news - mr. notes that the gnp deflator a measure of inflation is expected to slow which would give the federal reserve more room to ease key u.s. rates - analysts predict a N N rise in the deflator after climbing N N in the second quarter - they note that when an unexpectedly sharp widening in the u.s. trade gap in august was reported earlier this month hopes for a sustained narrowing of the trade deficit were dashed and sentiment the market that the u.s. economy was losing its momentum - a 190-point plunge in u.s. stock shares compounded the view they say - everyone is extremely convinced the economy is slowing says one senior new york dealer - if we 're not headed for a recession we 're certainly headed for a major slowdown - while the market expects little reaction from news of u.s. durable goods orders scheduled for release today participants note that the figures will probably serve to reinforce this bearish sentiment - u.s. durable goods orders are expected to show a decline of N N in september according to economists - the anticipated drop follows a N N rise in august - traders however are quick to point out that while there is little enthusiasm for buying dollars the u.s. unit has found a natural bottom at about N marks and N yen - its resilience around these levels is pegged to persistent investor demand for the especially in japan - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce down N cents - estimated volume was a very light one million ounces - in early trading in hong kong tuesday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - inc. new york said its third-quarter net income jumped N N citing continued strength in apparel sales and the start of shipments of its new product lines a men 's women 's apparel and casual - the big apparel maker and retailer said that its net income in the latest quarter increased to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales in the quarter gained N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - shares closed yesterday at $ N up N cents in national over-the-counter trading - 's directors also declared its regular cash dividend payment of five cents a share payable on dec. N to shareholders of record at the close of business on nov. N - for the nine months net income rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales gained N N to $ N billion from $ N million - tokyo stocks closed firmer monday with the nikkei index making its fifth consecutive daily gain - stocks also rose in london while the frankfurt market was mixed - in tokyo the nikkei index added N to N - the index moved above N at midmorning nearly reaching the record of N set sept. N - but the market lost part of the early gains on investment trust fund selling - in early trading in tokyo tuesday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on monday traders noted that some investors took profits against the backdrop of the nikkei 's recovery following its plunge last monday in reaction to the oct. N drop in new york stock prices - but overall buying interest remained strong through monday with many observers saying they expect the nikkei to continue with moderate gains this week - turnover remained relatively small - volume on the first section was estimated at N million shares down from N billion shares friday - the tokyo stock price index of first section issues was up N at N - relatively stable foreign currency dealings monday were viewed by market players traders said - but institutional investors may wait a little longer to the direction of the u.s. monetary policy and the dollar traders said - general manager of the stock department at securities said monday 's trading was - he said investors were picking individual stocks based on specific incentives and the likelihood of a wider price increase over the short term - the selective approach themes such as issues issues or high-technology shares which had been providing at least some trading direction over the past few weeks mr. said - investors took profits on major construction shares which advanced last week shifting their attention to some companies such as corp. and - gained N yen to N yen $ N - some pharmaceutical shares were popular on rumors related to new products to be introduced at a cancer conference that opened in - was up N at N and gained N to N - advanced N to N - fujisawa continued to attract investors because of strong earning prospects stemming from a new immune control agent - fujisawa gained N to N - was up N to N receiving investor interest for its land property holdings near tokyo a trader said - london prices closed modestly higher in the year 's turnover a condition that underscored a lack of conviction ahead of a u.k. balance of payments report tuesday - limited volume ahead of the september trade data showed the market is nervous but dealers added that the day 's modest gains also signaled some support for london equities - they pegged the support largely to anticipation that britain 's current account ca n't be much worse than the near record deficits seen in july and august - it 's a case of the market being too high to buy and too afraid to sell a senior dealer with kleinwort benson securities said - it 's better to wait - the financial times 100-share index finished N points higher at N - the 30-share index closed N points higher at N - volume was N million shares beneath the year 's previous low of N million shares sept. N the session before the august trade figures were released - analysts ' expectations suggest a september current account deficit of # N billion $ N billion compared with august 's # N billion deficit - dealers however said forecasts are broadly with estimates ranging between # N billion and # N billion - the range of expectations is so broad a dealer at another major u.k. brokerage firm said the deficit may have to be or above # N billion for it to have any impact on the market - industries a british automotive and aerospace concern rose N pence to N pence after it said its pretax profit for the year rose N N - share prices on the frankfurt stock exchange closed narrowly mixed in quiet dealings after recovering most of their early losses - the dax index eased N point to end at N after falling N points early in the session - brokers said the declines early in the day were partly caused by losses of the ruling union in elections in the state of - the start of a conference by the ig metall metal worker union in berlin is drawing attention to the impending wage negotiations which could boost companies ' personnel costs next year they said - but there was little selling pressure and even small orders at the lower levels to bring the market back to friday 's opening levels - traders said the thin trading volume points to continued uncertainty by most investors following last monday 's record N N loss - the market is still N N short of its level before the plunge and analysts are n't sure how long it will take until the dax has closed that gap - but chief trader at said he expects share prices to move upward in the coming weeks - banking stocks were the major gainers monday amid hope that interest rates have peaked as deutsche bank and dresdner bank added N marks each to N marks $ N and N marks respectively - commerzbank gained N to N - auto shares were mixed as daimler-benz firmed N to N lost the same amount to N and inched down N to N - elsewhere prices closed higher in amsterdam lower in zurich stockholm and milan mixed in brussels and unchanged in paris - shares closed higher in hong kong singapore and manila and were lower in sydney seoul and taipei - wellington was closed - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - enviropact inc. said it entered into an agreement in principle to sell its pump and tank division and drilling division to chemical services for $ N million - the miami-based environmental engineering concern said chemical also will assume about $ N million in debt related to those divisions - further will buy $ N million of enviropact common stock at $ N a share plus an option to acquire an additional $ N million of common at the same price the company said - in american stock exchange composite trading yesterday enviropact closed at $ N a share up N cents - enviropact said the two divisions account for about $ N million of the company 's $ N million in annual revenue - the transaction is expected to close within about N days the company added - enviropact said the proceeds will be used as working capital for expansion and to pay its existing tax liability of about $ N million that was due sept. N - is a unit of transportation ltd. of burlington canada - monday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - bankers trust new york corp. as expected reported a third-quarter loss of $ N billion or $ N a share following its $ N billion boost in reserves for losses on loans to less-developed countries - the loss compares with net income of $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - interest income rose N N to about $ N billion from $ N billion - the new york bank holding company 's assets at sept. N climbed to $ N billion from $ N billion - excluding the increase in loan-loss reserves bankers trust said third-quarter net income would have increased N N to $ N million - a number of major banks have posted big losses after sharply increasing loan-loss reserves - most of the loans in question are to third world countries in south america - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday bankers trust fell N cents to $ N - bristol-myers squibb co new york - gerald c. N years old was named president of the division of this pharmaceuticals and health-care company - he succeeds c. benjamin brooks jr. who will retire nov. N - mr. brooks declined to give his age but he said his leaving is a normal retirement - mr. had been executive vice president of the division since april - which makes hair and skin products was a division of bristol-myers co. before that company 's merger with squibb corp - annualized interest rates on certain investments as reported by the federal reserve board on a basis - a discounted rate - b week ended wednesday october N N and wednesday october N N - c yields adjusted for constant maturity - american telephone & telegraph co. said it will spend $ N million to build a factory in mexico to make telephone machines - construction of the facility will begin next year with production expected to start in late N - when fully operational the factory will employ about N workers and have annual operating expenses of $ N million to $ N million - an at&t representative said that the factory will make a full line of machines - at&t already has a factory in mexico to make electrical devices - it also purchases data systems products from a manufacturer based in - industries plc a british maker of industrial parts and systems reported a N N rise in pretax profit for the year to july N helped in particular by a N N jump in operating profit at its aerospace division - pretax profit in the latest year climbed to # N million $ N million from # N million $ N million - profit after taxes and minority interests but before extraordinary items climbed N N to # N million from # N million with earnings per share rising to N pence $ N from N pence $ N - the results were at the upper end of market expectations which ranged from # N million to # N million - tw services inc. posted a $ N million third-quarter net loss compared with a $ N million profit reflecting $ N million of expenses related to its proposed takeover by coniston partners - the per-share loss for the n.j. concern totaled seven cents compared with earnings of N cents a share a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - coniston a new york investment partnership a vote by tw 's shareholders scheduled for friday on coniston 's $ or $ N billion offer for tw - nine-month net income dropped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - engine co. columbus ind. hurt by a drop in engine orders from makers reported a third-quarter loss of $ N million or $ N a share on essentially flat sales of $ N million - in the year-earlier period the maker of diesel engines and parts had a narrower deficit of $ N million or $ N a share with sales of $ N million - a spokeswoman said shipments of truck engines which provide a higher margin than most of the company 's other products declined N N from a year earlier - although 's stock last month after the company projected a substantial loss the stock also fell $ N in composite new york stock exchange trading yesterday to $ N - it traded as high as $ N a month ago before the loss projection - for the nine months the latest loss trimmed net income to $ N million which after payment of preferred dividends represented a loss a common share - the loss was $ N million or $ N a common share - exxon corp. filed suit against the state of alaska charging state officials with the oil company 's initial efforts to treat last spring 's giant oil spill - the action is a to a suit filed by alaska in august against exxon and six other oil companies - the state 's suit alleges that exxon 's response to the spill failed to prevent of hundreds of miles of along prince william sound - that suit and exxon 's were filed in a state court in - neither suit lists specific dollar claims largely because damage assessment has n't yet been completed - legal strategists say that damage claims against the oil giant and others could well exceed $ N billion - litigation if not settled out of court could drag on for years - exxon said in its suit that it will seek from the state for that part of the cleanup costs and damage claims it says resulted from the state 's conduct - the oil company claims that alaskan officials prevented exxon from onto the almost N million gallons of oil dumped when one of its ran into an - craig an alaska assistant attorney general said in an interview last night that exxon 's accusations are not new - exxon has made them before at which point the state demonstrated they were - the state will vigorously defend against any - since the spill last march exxon and the state have been over whether on the oil in the first hours after the spill when the weather was clear and calm would have helped limit the environmental damage - exxon claims that use of which break an oil into was a crucial part of its plan and that state officials banned their use during the two days of fair weather following the spill - the oil company claims that it had permission from the u.s. environmental protection agency prior to the spill to use during such an incident at the discretion of the u.s. coast guard - the state 's opposition to the use of exxon says caused the coast guard to delay granting permission - alaskan and coast guard officials say exxon 's charges are n't relevant because tests conducted during the first two days following the spill showed that the was n't working anyway - use of was approved when a test on the third day showed some positive results officials said - investment ltd. a vancouver investment firm said it raised its stake in industries to N N of the common shares outstanding - in a securities and exchange commission filing said it holds N common shares including net purchases of N shares bought from oct. N N to oct. N N for $ N to $ N each - is the personal holding company of steven a vancouver securities dealer - he said the transaction was made for investment purposes - officials for sun valley calif.-based could n't be reached for comment - in composite trading on the american stock exchange closed unchanged yesterday at $ N a share - the house appropriations committee approved an estimated $ N billion in emergency funding to assist california 's recovery from last week 's earthquake and to extend further aid to east coast victims of hurricane hugo - the package was termed excessive by the bush administration but it also provoked a struggle with influential california lawmakers who sought unsuccessfully to add nearly $ N billion more and waive current restrictions to the distribution of funds - by a N margin the committee the more expensive alternative and the debate forced a confrontation between appropriations committee chairman jamie whitten d. miss and his party 's largest state delegation in the house - i have no regrets about going forward said rep. fazio d. calif. who sought later to play down the sometimes hostile tone of the long evening meeting - we are the golden state mr. fazio said and there is a certain amount of - the $ N billion package $ N million for small-business loans $ N billion in highway construction funds and $ N billion divided between general emergency assistance and a reserve to be available to president bush to meet unanticipated costs from the two disasters - the funding is attached to a bill to keep most of the government operating through nov. N - the measure is expected to come before the house today and congress is under pressure to complete action before midnight edt tomorrow when the current continuing resolution expires - given california 's size and political importance the white house is eager to appear generous - but in private meetings yesterday budget director richard darman argued that only $ N billion in new federal appropriations are needed to supplement existing resources - a white house budget office analysis estimates that $ N million or half the level in the committee bill is needed for highway assistance to meet california 's needs and the administration the notion that new appropriations are needed to finance disaster loans by the small business administration - everybody that it is a national disaster and that we 've got to address it said mr. darman who came to the capitol to meet with mr. whitten and california lawmakers before the committee session - i would hope very much that we would n't end up in a kind of situation where you have a bidding war and then a veto threat - although this white house pressure was clearly a factor among committee republicans no single influence was greater than mr. whitten - a master of pork-barrel politics he had the $ N billion package in vintage style and used the full force of his to keep the proposal intact and dismiss any alternative - when mr. fazio offered the $ N billion plan mr. whitten insisted that the full N pages be read by the panel 's clerk to underscore the range of legislative changes also sought by the delegation - on the chairman 's motion the california package was subsequently reduced to report language and even when this was accepted as such on a voice vote mr. whitten opposed it - more important than money in many cases are california is seeking on current restrictions covering federal highway funds such as a $ N million cap on how much any single state can receive in emergency funds in a year - mr. whitten 's package appears to accomplish this purpose but the state faces more resistance in its bid for an extended waiver on having to put up any matching funds on repairs completed in the next six months - a member in the house leadership and skilled legislator mr. fazio nonetheless found himself not only by california 's needs but by hurricane hugo amendments he accepted in a effort to build support in the panel - the california democrat appeared embarrassed by provisions inserted on behalf of owners of private in the virgin islands and lumber interests sought to add another $ N million in federal aid to plant on private land in north and south carolina - california 's high-priced real estate puts it in an position too - one provision last night would have raised the cap on disaster loans to $ N from $ N per household to accommodate san francisco losses - music systems inc. said it retained kidder peabody & co. to study financial alternatives including the possible sale of the financially struggling company - mass. makes digital electronic instruments used by professional recording musicians - it recently introduced a line for the home market - however raymond c. chairman and chief executive said the company continues to require additional funding to realize the potential of its technology - in the year 's first six months had a loss of $ N million on sales of $ N million - last month its president john s. resigned citing management differences with mr. - systems inc. ariz. said its preliminary year-end results of operations indicate substantial improvement over the previous fiscal year - which makes an automated process system that improves the yields of semiconductor manufacturers said profit for the year ended sept. N rose to more than $ N from $ N last year - per-share earnings are estimated at more than N cents up from N cents for fiscal N - total revenue is expected to double to more than $ N million from $ N million - which also provides technical temporary employment services to aerospace defense computer and high-tech companies in the southwest and areas said its final results are due in late november - the company attributed the improvement to strong demand in the semiconductor equipment segment as well as the acquisition of service co. and the of a full year 's results of operations for inc. compared with seven months ' results for the prior year - corp. cleveland said it will offer $ N million in commercial paper backed by receivables - the program matches funds raised from the sale of the commercial paper with small to medium-sized leases - termed the paper financing meaning that investors would be repaid from the lease receivables rather than directly by corp - leases and sells telecommunications and other high-tech equipment - shevardnadze admitted that moscow violated the N abm treaty - in a address before the soviet legislature the foreign minister conceded that the radar station in krasnoyarsk the missile treaty and said it would be - shevardnadze said it took gorbachev 's government four years to determine that the station 's location in violated the accord as western arms-control officials have long contended - he also denounced moscow 's involvement in the war in afghanistan saying it involved gross violations of civil and ethics - secretary of state baker in his first major arms-control speech called for a new military relationship with moscow to reduce first strike nuclear arms - bay area commuters battled earthquake-related transportation - travelers crowded into sat in traffic on major freeways or waited for buses in the rain but the massive gridlock anticipated by officials in the san francisco bay area never materialized - as the death toll from last week 's temblor climbed to N the condition of freeway buck helm who spent four days trapped under rubble improved hospital officials said - rescue crews however gave up hope that others would be found alive under the collapsed roadway - the house appropriations committee approved a $ N billion aid package for the quake region less than the $ N billion sought by california officials - hungary declared itself a democracy and for the first time openly the anniversary of the N that was crushed by the soviet union - a crowd estimated at N held a march through as acting president delivered a nationally televised address rejecting communist dominance - about N east germans marched in leipzig and thousands more staged protests in three other cities in a fresh challenge to the communist leadership to introduce democratic freedoms - in an east berlin suburb meanwhile employees at an electronics plant formed an independent trade union called reform a worker spokesman said - the space shuttle atlantis landed at a desert air strip at edwards air force base calif. ending a mission that dispatched the galileo space probe - the five returned to earth about three hours early because high had been predicted at the landing site - the base before - explosions shook a phillips petroleum co. plastics plant near pasadena texas debris and causing a fire visible from N miles away - more than N people were injured and a number of workers were missing - parts of the houston ship channel were closed - the white house said bush is with leaders of the senate intelligence committee to ease differences over guidelines for cia agents - the statement came after officials said bush complained at a private meeting last week that a strict interpretation of a policy requires the u.s. to notify foreign of certain coup - lebanon 's gen. aoun placed christian military forces on alert in case of renewed fighting with after lebanon 's two main rejected an peace accord - the plan approved by lawmakers and rejected sunday by aoun includes political changes aimed at ending the 14-year-old civil war - nato defense ministers are expected to call for a reduction in nuclear forces in europe when the alliance 's nuclear planning group a two-day session today in portugal - the ministers are to nato 's defenses in western europe amid changes in the soviet bloc - iran 's president offered to help gain freedom for western in lebanon but said the assistance was contingent on u.s. aid in the cases of three in lebanon in N or the release of frozen iranian assets - washington rejected the bid saying the were n't linked to other issues - plo leader arafat asked egypt to seek from the u.s. on secretary of state baker 's plan for mideast peace talks an aide to egyptian president said - the official stressed that the plo has n't rejected the formula - commonwealth leaders turned to issues ranging from drugs to the world economy after 's president called thatcher 's views on south africa - at a meeting in malaysia australia and canada also the british prime minister for the group 's call for pretoria to ease apartheid - cms inc. said it estimates that sales and earnings for the fiscal first quarter ended sept. N fell somewhat from the year-earlier period - jim chief executive officer of the calif. computer accessories supplier said he was comfortable with analysts ' expectations that cms would earn between six cents and eight cents a share on revenue of about $ N million - a year earlier cms posted profit of $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - this time there are N N more shares outstanding - mr. attributed the decline to an industrywide softening of demand for computer products - property capital trust said it dropped its plan to liquidate because it was n't able to realize the value it had expected - it said it will buy back two million shares or N N of the total outstanding and continue operations buying and managing real estate - property capital which is based in boston had told shareholders it expected to distribute at least $ N a share or $ N million in a liquidation based on an expected asset sale price of $ N million or more - the company said it did n't receive an offer it wanted to accept - as a result of dropping the liquidation plan shareholders will have to treat dividends received this year as ordinary income or capital gains rather than as tax free returns of capital the company said - the share repurchase will be funded mostly from borrowings - corp. said its net income was $ N million or N cents a share in the third quarter more than four times its profit of $ N or three cents a share last year - included in the results was an adjustment to the dallas-based company 's tax rate that reduced net income by about N cents a share or approximately $ N million - said it increased its effective tax rate to N N from N N to account for potential liabilities related to an internal revenue service investigation of its tax returns for the years N through N - the newspaper and television owner said it expects the tax adjustment to reduce its net income for the full year by N cents or approximately $ N million based on its N million shares outstanding - for the third quarter said its revenue increased N N to $ N million from $ N million last year - for the nine months the company had net income of $ N million or N cents a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share last year - revenue grew almost N N to $ N million from $ N million last year - a federal judge granted a temporary stay of the california student aid commission 's emergency action to stop loans for national technical schools a unit of united education & software inc - the california student aid commission took the action oct. N after a government audit cited national technical schools for having courses too short to be eligible for the educational loan program and having a student rate far in excess of federal standards and it alleged other serious violations of law and regulations - united education & software a los angeles education services company called the commission 's action and unwarranted - the court set a hearing on the emergency action for oct. N - united education & software posted a $ N bond against potential losses to the student aid commission and to taxpayers in any more loans for national technical schools students prior to the hearing - a decline in allied-signal inc. 's automotive business contributed to flat sales and only slightly higher earnings in the third quarter - allied-signal reported that net rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share the year earlier - sales slipped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the nine months the morris township company with businesses in aerospace automotive products and engineered materials earned $ N million or $ N cents a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share - sales eased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - chairman edward l. jr. said that a drop in sales of auto and truck parts contributed to lower earnings in the automotive unit - he also cited unfavorable foreign-exchange rates and a lower tax rate - earnings for the group declined to $ N million from $ N million last year - earnings at allied-signal 's aerospace business rose to $ N million from $ N million a year ago primarily on higher sales and profit in its engines and power units - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday allied-signal shares closed at $ N off N cents - the national highway traffic safety administration said it will start regulations jan. N for so-called imports of vehicles - the regulations required under legislation enacted by congress last year will apply to imports of vehicles that were n't built to meet u.s. government auto safety standards and were intended for use in europe or elsewhere abroad - u.s. officials estimated that imports total about N units a year a small part of the more than three million vehicles exported to the u.s. each year - according to the the new regulations will prohibit anyone other than an importer that has registered with the u.s. government or a person who has a contract with a registered importer from permanently importing a vehicle that does n't meet the u.s. auto safety standards - the registered importer would be required to bring such vehicles into compliance with the u.s. safety standards compared with the current situation in which anyone can bring in such vehicles and modify them to meet the u.s. standards - congress tightened auto safety standards for imports after u.s. auto dealers including dealers complained that they often were blamed when the second and third buyers of such vehicles found that the cars could n't meet u.s. auto safety standards - legent corp. said it expects to report net income between $ N million and $ N million or between N cents and N cents a share for its fourth quarter ended sept. N - in the year-ago quarter the software developer reported pro earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - vienna legent said it expects to post revenue for the quarter of more than $ N million compared with pro revenue of $ N million in N - for the fiscal year the company said it anticipates reporting earnings of $ N million or about $ N a share including a charge of about $ N million or N cents a share related to the merger that created legent out of systems inc. and inc. in march N - revenue for fiscal N is expected to exceed $ N million - pro earnings for fiscal N were $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - the company attributed much of the growth in earnings to increased demand for its systems productivity software - corp. said it expects to report net income for its fiscal year ended sept. N of a record $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share for the prior year - the costa mesa calif. maker of computer tape drives also projected record revenue for the year of $ N million up from $ N million for the previous year - attributed the gains to strong demand for its products continued growth of the market and the acquisition of maynard electronics in february which accounted for about N N of the company 's revenue - detrex corp. said a reserve it is establishing to cover expected pollution cleanup costs at an ohio plant reduced its third-quarter net income by $ N million - detrex which has annual sales of about $ N million declined to say if it would post a loss in the third quarter - the company earned $ N in the quarter last year - detrex is setting aside $ N million for the cleanup but said the reserve reduced its quarterly income by only $ N million because of tax considerations - in addition the manufacturer said it signed a consent with ohio to build a $ N million facility at the chemical manufacturing plant by aug. N N - detrex said it is one of at least N companies notified by the environmental protection agency that they may be potentially responsible for cleaning up the fields near detrex 's plant at a total cost the epa estimates at $ N million a figure detrex said the companies dispute - first executive corp. said about N N of the rights to purchase its depositary shares and warrants have been exercised - of the N million rights units issued just under N million were exercised before the oct. N expiration of the offering the insurance holding company said - remaining units will be sold to the underwriters drexel burnham lambert inc. and kidder peabody & co. which will also purchase an of N million additional units - first executive said the offering will raise about $ N million minus underwriting fees and other expenses that the company plans to use to write new life insurance and annuity business - in addition analysts have viewed the rights offering as a takeover defense that the number of shares outstanding - each of the units consists of two warrants each of which could be used to purchase a of common stock and one depositary preference share - depositary shares are convertible into common stock on a basis - currently the company has about N million common shares outstanding - in over-the-counter trading monday the stock closed at $ N off N cents - united air 's parent any prospects for an immediate revival of the labor-management buy-out saying ual should remain independent for now - also ual chairman stephen wolf pulled out of the buy-out effort to focus on running the company - the two developments leave the airline with several problems including an unsettled labor situation - stock prices fell and bonds rose as worries mounted about the economy and the junk bond market - the dow jones industrials sank N points to N - the dollar also declined - the turmoil in junk bonds may last for years investors and traders say - even drexel is pulling back - santa fe pacific plans to sell N N of its large real estate unit to a california pension fund for $ N million and spin the rest off to shareholders - the proposal values the company 's real estate operation at $ N billion - time warner reported a $ N million loss for the third quarter reflecting the cost of the recent merger and a method of accounting for the deal - thrifts continued to shed assets in august mainly to comply with capital rules under the s&l bailout law - also withdrawals exceeded deposits by $ N billion in the month - exxon 's profit fell N N in the third quarter hurt by sagging results at two of its three main businesses - phillips and arco posted declines - ashland had a loss - hess and occidental petroleum had gains - ogilvy 's chairman kenneth roman is leaving to take a top post at american express - his resignation follows a hostile takeover of the ad agency in may by wpp of britain - the justice department took steps that could restrict the use by prosecutors of criminal racketeering charges against white-collar defendants - shearson was sued by money manager george who claimed one of his funds was out of $ N million during stock-index futures trading just after the N crash - drexel 's efforts to settle its legal troubles are being resisted by at least N states - some may try to revoke the firm 's license to sell securities - prime computer plans to dismiss N N of its work force to cut costs following its recent leveraged buy-out - the action concern about in high-tech industries - paribas plans a bid for another big french financial and industrial firm navigation mixte a sign europe 's takeover fever has n't cooled - qintex australia unveiled plans to restructure and sell assets to try to ease its financial problems - union carbide 's earnings plunged N N in the third quarter reflecting weakness in the company 's core chemicals and plastics businesses - japan 's daiwa securities named dozen president - the rapid advance of the executive surprised many at the company - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N up N utilities N off N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N off N spot index N up N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - the justice department has revised certain internal guidelines and others in a move that could restrict the use of criminal racketeering charges against white-collar defendants - the most significant changes in department policy are new requirements that federal prosecutors avoid the normal business functions of companies charged under the racketeering law a senior department official said - another important revision of department policy is a new guideline warning prosecutors not to take steps that would harm innocent third parties in a case brought under the racketeering law the official david runkel said - the department distributed the revisions and to u.s. attorneys around the country this summer as part of a routine process of prosecutorial guidelines mr. runkel said - the changes apply to prosecutions brought under the influenced and corrupt organizations law - under that law defendants who allegedly commit a pattern of crimes by means of a criminal enterprise may be charged with racketeering and forced to the proceeds of the enterprise - the rico law has come under criticism from some defendants and defense lawyers - they argue that the rights of rico defendants and third parties not named in rico have been unfairly damaged - the department 's most significant of existing rico policy is a to prosecutors that they should seek to seize assets from defendants in proportion to the nature of the alleged mr. runkel said - that means that if the deals with one part of the business you do n't attempt to seize the whole business you attempt to seize assets related to the crime he explained - in general the thrust of the department 's is to encourage prosecutors to limit pretrial asset seizures if there are less means of protecting assets the government may subsequently be able to seize after a conviction mr. runkel said - it was the kind of rarely seen within the congress let alone within the same party - sen. alan cranston over to the house side of capitol hill a few days ago and his testimony to fellow democrat rep. henry gonzalez - it was offered as an expression of cooperation to mr. gonzalez who is investigating the $ N billion failure of lincoln savings & loan association - but instead of thanks sen. cranston was treated with cool - every witness receives a formal subpoena rep. gonzalez told him - seldom have house hearings caused so much in the senate where california sen. cranston and four other senators were already in the glare of unfavorable publicity over the alleged of lincoln by their friend and political charles keating jr. principal of lincoln 's parent company american continental corp. of phoenix - at the first day of the house banking committee 's hearings last week william seidman chairman of the resolution trust corp. the federal agency created to sell sick thrifts said the agency is investigating whether lincoln made illegal political contributions - mr. keating arranged nearly $ N million in donations to sen. cranston and his various political causes and hundreds of thousands more to other lawmakers - future witnesses include a former federal s&l regulator who has accused the five senators of attempting to the regulatory process by on behalf of mr. keating - unlike many lawmakers chairman gonzalez says he considers with regulators to be improper - when you reach a point where a body is trying to shape administrative decisions then that 's a in my book the texas says - and he has attached himself to the lincoln story - unless the questions are answered i will keep on going - lawmakers often are reluctant to colleagues even those of opposing political parties - in the recent housing and urban development department scandal for example rep. thomas the california democrat who led the hearings through embarrassing disclosures about hud grants secured by sen. a new york republican - but chairman gonzalez is a genuine - he comes from the same political line as wright a texas who the banking committee until N - mr. gonzalez is also a for ethical standards who refuses to accept and who believes in conducting official business in the open - early in his political career as a city in san antonio he walked out of a meeting when political supporters asked that the police chief be replaced the affair publicly as a meeting - the immediate target of rep. gonzalez 's inquiry is danny wall chairman of the office of thrift supervision - as the principal regulator of the thrift industry mr. wall delayed lincoln s&l for more than two years after his staff told him that the california thrift was insolvent and that potential losses to taxpayers were growing rapidly - rep. gonzalez seems to out at mr. wall when hearings resume thursday with testimony by two federal regulators from san francisco william black and mike - mr. wall relieved them of responsibility for lincoln in N - mr. gonzalez expressed concern over a report that the two had been summoned to washington by mr. wall last week to discuss their testimony in advance - i think he is trying to improperly influence a witness and by god i 'm not going to it he says - mr. wall however is a child of the senate and former staff director of its banking committee - an inquiry into his handling of lincoln s&l inevitably will drag in sen. cranston and the four others sens. dennis d. ariz. john r. ariz. john glenn d. ohio and donald d. mich - they all attended a meeting in april N questioning why a federal audit of lincoln s&l had dragged on for two years - i 'm certain that in the course of the hearings the names of the senators will be brought out mr. gonzalez says - this is raising - when i first got a at the witness list i could n't believe that they were going to go ahead and do this says michael director of congress watch a consumer group - there are some witnesses who will be forced to testify about their meetings with senators - and a democratic aide to a banking committee member remarks i too am by it because gonzalez has certainly placed a lot of democratic senators in a very bad position - all the senators say they merely were trying to ensure fairness for a - mr. keating lives in phoenix and the california thrift 's parent is an corporation with holdings in michigan - chairman gonzalez for sen. his counterpart as chairman of the senate banking committee - he 's he 's good and i know he 's an honest man the says - but at the same time mr. gonzalez has n't forgotten a confrontation over mr. wall during house-senate negotiations over s&l bailout legislation during the summer - the senate negotiators included sens. cranston and and mr. wall 's principal sponsor republican sen. of utah - they were willing to trade important provisions in the bailout legislation to preserve mr. wall 's job and to avoid a hearing in which he would be called upon to testify about lincoln s&l - most the senate traded away the bush administration 's controversial plan to finance the bailout which was partly later - at the time mr. gonzalez said several senators told him that they could get some out of the way if there could be some understanding on 's insistence on wall - now mr. gonzalez is holding the equivalent of hearings anyway under the of the lincoln investigation - in a way that 's what this is mr. gonzalez concedes - even some house banking committee members could suffer from the fallout - mr. keating raised $ N for rep. doug 's N re-election campaign while the georgia democrat was taking his side against regulators who wanted to curb risky investments and wholesale deposit - he recently voted present when the committee authorized a subpoena to mr. keating to testify then changed his vote to yes - but the chairman 's supporters have the upper hand as federal regulators press a $ N billion fraud suit against mr. keating and others - rep. jim r. iowa says the lincoln s&l affair is the biggest bank in history and adds the great question that remains to be resolved is whether we have a congressional in the making - a witness set to testify on thursday was quoted in a news report over the weekend as saying lincoln campaign contributions illegally - but the witness william california 's chief state thrift regulator denies saying that - i do n't know whether it was done properly or not because i 'm not a lawyer he said in a telephone interview yesterday - but he said he is prepared to testify that executives of lincoln and its parent corporation got unusually high salaries and frequent calls them to make specific contributions - the committee also has summoned mr. wall 's predecessor edwin gray - he has characterized the five senators ' roles as to an attempt to the regulatory process and he is n't expected to back down even though the five senators have disputed his account of a N meeting - so the senators must themselves - sen. cranston as he returned to the capital last week from a one-day trip to earthquake damage in san francisco to an aide well back to - when anne volokh and her family to the u.s. N years ago they started life in los angeles with only $ N - they 'd actually left the soviet union with $ N but during a stop in italy ms. volokh dropped $ N on a black suit - not surprisingly she quickly adapted to the american way - three months after she arrived in l.a. she spent $ N she did n't have for a hat - a she though it was n't the time for that N years ago - but i loved - since then she has become wealthy - her husband and older son a computer in the wall street journal in N when he was N run a software company with expected sales this year of $ N million - most recently she has become the publisher of a four-year-old los angeles magazine that began national distribution last month with an initial press run of N copies - distributed by the hearst corp. 's eastern news the glossy publication fair 's and premiere 's into with a special emphasis on as fashion - it 's being sold through and some video stores - though ms. volokh is a small woman she has an and dramatic that seem perfectly to capitalism as it is practiced in hollywood - certainly life for her has changed considerably since the days in when she lived with her parents her husband and her two sons in a N apartment in what she calls silent internal of escape - now for example she owns N hats - however she the lean years and recalls with wearing her first major american purchase that N years later and having a los angeles owner ask her if it was a - with obvious satisfaction she says she told him no i just give it a look - she keeps track of the rest of her hats by polaroid to the outside of each - are the hats merely part of her new l.a. along with the many cigarettes she the parties she throws for N people the she offers guests at her weekend place in santa barbara - no she said recently in her slightly affected english during a trip east to promote 's national expansion - you have to be born with it - i used to wear hats in russia but i had to make them and my - on the hat side i was n't getting what i wanted - now N years old ms. volokh has ideas about what she wants - at she wants specific specific tone a specific attitude bright and bold and - in restaurants in this case the russian a new york restaurant operated by and for soviet she did n't want the music through the room - you people here think this is russian music she said with and called over to the could you turn it off - that done ms. volokh spoke with rampant about the many attributes she feels she was born with an understanding of food business russian culture human nature and parties - parties are rather a state of mind she said only to taste and pass judgment on the a little well done but very good - if you are born to give parties you give parties - even in russia we managed to give parties - in los angeles in our lean years we gave parties - as publisher of a magazine devoted to movies as for fashion and other ms. volokh sees her as an important part of business - she has thrown for of people but prefers more intimate - at american parties everyone 's always looking over your shoulder to see who they can talk to next - i like rather tea because it is at the end of the day - she serves high russian tea at N p.m - it 's supposed to be later but i just moved it - in los angeles it 's important to catch people just after work - she also frequently invites directors producers actors writers and other show business people for coffee and in the pleasure - guests bring movies on tape and show their favorite minute segments on the screen that from the ceiling of the ' library the pleasure - they eat and things and explain their - it 's very and soul baring said ms. volokh - the idea for actually was up by an old friend of the who has the title of and smith now the magazine 's - mr. approached ms. volokh five years ago about backing the publication which started out as a listing guide - she was interested only if she could guide it as well - anne does n't believe in said ms. smith - she wants things to be exciting - and she has this energy - she 'll think of an idea the editorial people think is impossible then she 'll have us make it work - in fact ms. volokh was n't just a rich lady who needed a - back in the soviet union she was a respected journalist writing a weekly column about the national for sunday - those columns vivid discussions of the cultural and literary of food as well as practical advice on how to meals became the basis for her and entertaining the art of russian brought out in N by macmillan publishing co - i do n't trust people who do n't eat said ms. volokh though she herself stopped eating lunch a few years ago to drop N pounds - look at and - no one ever in their books and look at them - 's characters eat 's 's - in her which macmillan is bringing out in soft cover this month with the revised so it works she each chapter with appropriate quotations from russian literature on on - in life she offers practical advice divide your meals into important and - in a great restaurant do n't yourself - the other meals do n't matter - amusing as she is and as she can seem this is a serious person with some difficult memories - she was the child of relative privilege - her mother was a her father was the vice director - i to wear better hats do better parties she said with a - but we should n't leave out political reasons number one - you try to maintain your dignity under difficult circumstances - one can not imagine how you live when you live those double and triple lives - by N after their second child was born it had become clear to ms. volokh and her husband a computer scientist that they wanted to leave the - ms. volokh quit her job to remove herself from the public eye - the wait was - before granting ms. volokh 's parents a visa the government required her mother to obtain permission from her first husband whom she had N years earlier - mr. volokh was fired from his job and had to endure hours of organized abuse from his accusations of sabotage and activities - the were afraid that they 'd end up like a friend of theirs who 'd applied for a visa and waited for N years having been from his profession of theoretical to shipping clerk - they did n't - their visa came in relatively short order and they moved to los angeles - mr. volokh soon found work in his field but ms. volokh refused the obvious and available as for a russian who spoke english - that 's always looking back she said - i wanted to be in business - on the way to that goal she received her first u.s. for a book of polish attended school then went to work for a fund-raising organization - soon she was running the office - when her husband and son founded their computer company she worked as business manager and - now is located in the same building as - things work out unexpectedly in life said ms. volokh - you never know if you 'll be chosen to be the or the lucky one - we were lucky - william d. president of the trade and economic council has a warning for u.s. companies trying to do business in the soviet union - it 's an extremely complex market and you have to be prepared to make a big commitment mr. says - we are not trying to encourage everyone - by such words of caution corporate america is to moscow by a huge market and mikhail gorbachev 's attempt to overhaul the soviet economy - doing business with the russians once the pursuit of a handful of veterans has become the goal of such major companies as general motors corp. federal express corp. and procter & gamble co. as well as a of smaller firms - reflecting the interest more than N u.s. companies are taking part in a moscow exhibition organized by mr. 's trade group - but while u.s. interest may be big and growing the difficulties that have deals in the past show no sign of - alongside the old problems of a currency and an bureaucracy western business executives must now with new linked to perestroika the restructuring of the soviet economy - executives say mr. gorbachev 's moves to break up the government 's foreign trade monopoly have created uncertainties as well as opportunities - changing legislation has opened the field to thousands of soviet players many who promise more than they can deliver - and some foreign firms are finding that even when they manage to overcome such hurdles their ventures now have to be endorsed by such bodies as the soviet parliament and the governments of the nation 's republics - you have to go out to all your constituents says james h. who is the most ambitious attempt by u.s. firms to break into the soviet market involving investment of more than $ N billion in some two dozen joint ventures - as part of that attempt by the american trade consortium mr. says he spends a lot of time lobbying - growing public fears about the soviet environment is one new factor affecting some joint-venture plans - over the past two years soviet ministries have been talking to international firms including occidental petroleum co. and combustion engineering inc. of the u.s. montedison of italy and several japanese groups about jointly building and operating several big petrochemical plants - the plans have come under fire from soviet environmentalists and officials say many are likely to be scaled back or dropped - whatever the difficulties mr. gorbachev remains committed to increasing foreign trade - for political as well as economic reasons u.s. companies are at the top of his priorities a point he underscored by spending two hours walking around the u.s. trade show last week - talking to a small group of u.s. executives mr. gorbachev appeared for a big expansion in u.s.-soviet trade which now amounts to a $ N billion annually - the u.s. ranks fourth of countries that have concluded joint ventures behind west germany finland and italy - according to several people present at the meeting mr. gorbachev also supported the idea of concluding several commercial accords with the u.s. possibly at his next summit meeting with president bush - judging by the crush at the exhibition deprived soviet consumers are more than ready for u.s. products - hundreds of people lined up every day at the colgate-palmolive co. stand to receive a free tube of a commodity in short supply here - and at rjr nabisco inc. 's almost knocked over a glass in the rush to get a free cigarette - some u.s. products are into the soviet market under an emergency import program - both colgate and procter & gamble have received big orders for soap and - the american trade consortium says it is planning to ship some $ N million of consumer goods financed by bank credits in the first few months of next year - but the current soviet purchasing spree may be a one-time affair - the goal of most u.s. firms joint ventures remains - because the soviet ruble is n't convertible into dollars marks and other western currencies companies that hope to set up production facilities here must either export some of the goods to earn hard currency or find soviet goods they can take in a transaction - international competition for the few soviet goods that can be sold on world markets is heating up however - m. an entrepreneur from new jersey who buys soviet and for export to the u.s. says west german companies already have snapped up much of the production of these items - seeking to overcome the currency problems mr. 's american trade consortium which chevron corp. rjr johnson & johnson eastman kodak co. and co. has an elaborate scheme to share out dollar earnings largely from the revenues of a planned chevron oil project - several medical concerns including pfizer inc. hewlett-packard co. colgate and laboratories intend to pursue a similar consortium approach - it 's hard to invest capital here on the same basis as investing in other countries says dennis a. president of medical service partners inc. who is putting the medical consortium together - some u.s. entrepreneurs operate on a smaller scale - one group seeks to publish a u.s.-soviet medical journal in with the u.s.s.r. ministry of health - according to richard p. mills a official of the u.s. partner N copies of the quarterly will be printed in russian from next year - it will be financed by advertisements from u.s. companies and by simultaneous publication of an journal containing details of soviet medical - we found a market niche mr. mills boasts - it 's truly entrepreneurial - general electric co. was given an $ N million navy contract for nuclear parts - westinghouse electric corp. also won a $ N million navy contract for nuclear parts - federal data corp. was issued a $ N million navy contract for computer systems - american telephone & telegraph co. was awarded an $ N million navy contract for services - cray research inc. said it sold one of its newest and largest computer systems the cray to the united kingdom office - the system is the first to be sold through the joint marketing agreement between cray and control data corp - the supercomputer which lists for $ N million will be installed in the first quarter of N in the office 's headquarters in england - shareholders of nuovo banco ambrosiano voted to accept a bid of N lire $ N a share by france 's credit agricole for N N of the bank rejecting an earlier equal offer by italy 's - the move will give nuovo banco a badly needed foreign presence and make credit agricole the bank 's largest shareholder - it also opens a in the bank 's shareholders ' syndicate that could lead to a battle for control of the concern - nuovo banco will become italy 's biggest private-sector bank when it its scheduled merger with del by year end - credit agricole asked a milan court to sequester the nuovo banco shares the italian news agency reported - the is scheduled to rule on the request friday - no reason for the request was given - credit agricole officials could n't be immediately reached for comment - the decision to accept credit agricole 's bid valued at N billion lire $ N million came after a weekend meeting - nuovo banco 's second largest shareholder the fiat investment concern fought to have 's offer approved - which owns N N of nuovo banco in the final vote on credit agricole which was nonetheless approved by a majority of shareholders - the with credit agricole will give nuovo banco its first foreign presence since it was formed from the of the old banco ambrosiano which collapsed amid scandal after the death of chairman in N - since then the bank has strengthened its italian network and has posted strong results - the shareholders felt we needed a foreign presence more than we needed links with an insurance company an ambrosiano spokeswoman said - said in a statement that it reserves the right to take any action to protect its rights as a member of the syndicate - a company spokeswoman said the company had n't decided what measures to take but did n't rule out legal action - italy 's biggest insurer last month offered N lire a share for the nuovo banco stake held by banco di the bank 's largest shareholder which announced plans to sell the holdings earlier this year - a spokesman declined to comment on nuovo banco 's rejection of the insurer 's offer - on the milan stock exchange nuovo banco 's shares jumped to N lire each from N lire friday - qintex australia ltd. a media and resorts concern controlled by australian entrepreneur christopher skase announced a plan to restructure and sell assets to try to ease its financial problems - mr. skase a former newspaper reporter who chairs the company said in a statement that qintex will sell its N N stake in its upscale mirage resorts in australia and hawaii as well as three australian television stations - the sales are expected to raise more than N million australian dollars us$ N million mr. skase said - qintex australia has n't disclosed its borrowings but analysts estimate the company 's debt at a$ N billion - mr. skase also said the restructuring plan calls for the merger of qintex australia with qintex ltd. which owns N N of qintex australia - he said the move will significantly reduce administrative and operating costs but he did n't provide details of the merger - company officials said over the weekend that qintex australia 's bank creditors have become concerned about a of bad news at the company including a failed us$ N billion plan to buy mgm\/ua communications co. a beverly hills calif. movie and television production concern - friday qintex entertainment inc. a u.s. affiliate filed for protection from creditor lawsuits under chapter N of the u.s. bankruptcy code - analysts predicted that the move would further shake creditor confidence in qintex australia and force it to sell assets - the company 's latest moves were disclosed after the australian stock exchange suspended trading in shares of qintex australia and qintex ltd. because the companies had n't answered an exchange inquiry about the extent of their loans investments and deposits at qintex entertainment - mr. skase 's statement was addressed to the stock exchange and appeared to be a response to the inquiry - it said qintex entertainment owes qintex australia us$ N million in loans not secured by specific assets - qintex australia also said it has an investment of a$ N million in qintex entertainment shares - in the statement mr. skase said that on the basis of current interest rates in australia the company 's asset sales would reduce interest expense by about a$ N million a year in addition to eliminating certain liabilities - in march qintex sold N N of the three mirage resorts to japan 's nippon co. and mitsui & co. for a$ N million - yesterday 's statement did n't say whether the japanese companies will acquire qintex 's remaining stake in the resorts - before its shares were suspended from trading qintex australia plunged to N australian cents N u.s. cents a share yesterday from N australian cents friday - the shares traded at about a$ N in march when the plan to acquire mgm\/ua was announced - qintex ltd. shares sank to a$ N yesterday from a$ N friday - mr. skase 's statement cited four recent problems that he said had cut group cash flow by more than a$ N million - they were what he called an unlawful termination by mgm\/ua of the acquisition agreement with qintex high australian interest rates a pilots ' strike at australian domestic airlines that cut revenue at the company 's australian resorts and delays in completing a sale of two regional tv stations in state - mgm\/ua has sued qintex australia for breach of contract and fraud over the collapsed acquisition agreement and qintex australia has threatened a - qintex australia has n't yet reported results for the fiscal year ended july N - in his statement mr. skase said preliminary accounts showed that group profit before interest tax and depreciation will exceed a$ N million - he gave no further details - shareholders ' funds as of july N were estimated at more than a$ N billion mr. skase said compared with a$ N million a year earlier - the company will make adequate provisions to cover costs of the dispute with mgm\/ua and any loss from the investment in qintex entertainment he said - mr. skase also disclosed a disagreement among directors of qintex australia over certain fees claimed by qintex group management services a concern in which qintex australia executives have an interest - qintex australia paid the management company a$ N million in the latest fiscal year - mr. skase said most of the money went to other parties for expenses such as rent and travel but a smaller portion is owed to senior executives and others for management services - directors of qintex australia who must approve payments to the senior executives balked at the amount - two of the directors resigned mr. skase said so the payments have n't yet been approved - chip 's memory is here today here tomorrow - two companies plan to market a new chip with ceramic circuits that store data even when the power is off - today 's most widely used chips have volatile memories their data disappear if they are n't fed a steady diet of electricity so they need external power supplies - national semiconductor corp. and a start-up named corp. plan to start shipping so-called memories which can remember data for at least N years without any current flowing to them - the chips use materials such as lead to form switches that retain their data without electricity - developers caution that broad applications are several years away because the technology is n't fully refined - but of colorado springs colo. plans to start shipping commercial quantities of simple chips in december - the company expects the chips eventually to be used in devices that mimic a whole range of computer memory equipment including and hard-disk drives - national semiconductor is getting technology from corp. in - national says it agreed to acquire 's assets and will start shipping commercial quantities of its first chips including a memory next year - once production hurdles are overcome the chips could take over a significant part of the market - in addition to not an outside power source they are potentially cheaper to make because they require fewer manufacturing steps than conventional chips - military buyers have shown interest national says because chips resist radiation - and while today 's chips such as electronically memory chips ca n't be used in a computer 's central memory because they learn data slowly chips accept data at very high speeds - showing up in court without being there - an austin texas company plans to make it easy for you show up in court a thousand miles away without leaving town - witnesses often must travel long to give face-to-face before lawyers and court reporters - that means huge travel bills - and telephone or just do n't match physical - that could change thanks to lower long-distance rates and cheaper electronics - video corp. which markets systems is working with court reporters to wire a nationwide network to allow by live television - the company installed a prototype system that dallas with miami over digital phone lines - and it is preparing to set up shop in chicago new york and N other cities where agencies can tie conference rooms into the network - while lawyers arranged individual before the formal network of court reporters should make things easier and cheaper - an attorney will be able to use the network for an hourly fee of between $ N and $ N depending on the quality of the picture to take from witnesses in any of the connected cities - japanese reverse on patent protection - japan 's of u.s. patents has been a point for american chip makers - now at least one japanese company is turning the courtroom tables - until now most japanese charges have been responses to suits against them - but last year hitachi ltd. surprised japan 's electronics industry when it accused korea 's electronics co. of using hitachi technology to make dynamic memory chips - a settlement was reached but was n't made public - and hitachi went on the offensive against the u.s. 's motorola inc. earlier this month with a suit charging that motorola 's new chip on a hitachi patent - another recent hitachi suit motorola of reverse engineering a hitachi technology a from a nation of champion reverse engineers - the moves illustrate the more aggressive attitude toward patent protection that patent experts say japan is starting to take - hitachi made the charges in an amendment to a filed in a federal district court in texas after motorola sued hitachi for patent violation - hitachi charges motorola has engaged in fraudulent and conduct in the procurement of certain motorola patents used in motorola 's microprocessor chip - translation motorola appears to have taken a hitachi technology that is in the u.s. hitachi says and tried to make it look like a new technology - motorola either denied or would n't comment on the various charges - odds and ends - computer chips that human vision have been developed by japan 's sharp corp - they mimic the brain by looking at an image the fundamentals corners and lines and them into computer data - sharp says the set of chips could improve fax machines graphics computers or systems that recognize features - an n.v unit has created a computer system that processes video images N times faster than conventional systems - using reduced computing or risc chips made by of ala. the system the image it sees into N digital each processed by one chip - tandy corp. citing sluggish sales of goods said net income dropped N N for the first quarter ended sept. N - the results which represented the fifth consecutive quarter of earnings for the big electronics retailer disappointed analysts and traders - tandy 's stock fell $ N a share to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - net for the quarter was $ N million or N cents a share down from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the company said earnings would have increased if it had n't been actively its shares thus increasing its interest expense and reducing its interest income - tandy had N million shares outstanding at sept. N down from N million a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - tandy said consumer electronics sales at its radio shack stores have been slow partly because of a lack of hot new products - radio shack continues to be lackluster said dennis analyst with & turner in dallas - he said tandy has done a decent job increasing sales by manufacturing computers for others and expanding sales of its grid systems corp. subsidiary which sells computers to bigger businesses but it 's not enough to offset the problems at radio shack - sales at radio shack stores open more than a year grew only N N in the quarter from a year earlier he said - as a result mr. said he cut his fiscal N per-share earnings estimate for tandy to $ N from $ N - tandy earned $ N million or $ N a share in the year ended june N - barry bryant an analyst with drexel burnham lambert inc. said tandy also has suffered from sales of its computers aimed at the home and market which are and cheaper than computers aimed at the corporate market - tandy has added several new products to that line including a laptop computer priced around $ N and is focusing its advertising on the software that is packaged with its machines - mr. bryant and other analysts hope all those moves will combine to help tandy 's results improve in the important christmas quarter - they 've been promising N N to N N growth based on the strategic moves they 've made he said - if the earnings acceleration is to take place that should be the quarter - at a private dinner thursday drexel burnham lambert inc. chief executive frederick joseph delivered a message about the junk bond market to officials of prudential insurance co. of america - mr. joseph conceded the junk market was in disarray according to people familiar with the discussion - he said drexel the leading underwriter of high-risk junk bonds could no longer afford to sell any junk offerings if they might later become troubled because drexel losing its highly lucrative junk franchise - the dinner was a stark confirmation that N is the worst year ever for the $ N billion junk market - and investors and traders alike say the current turmoil could take years to resolve - amid the market even drexel which has the and most loyal following of junk bond investors is pulling in its - although the big investment bank still dominates the junk market drexel has been unable to stem the fallout from growing junk bond defaults withdrawn new offerings redemptions by shareholders in junk bond mutual funds and an exodus of investors - for many money managers the past four months have been - this is the worst ever in the junk market and it could take years before it 's over says mark a senior vice president at standard & poor 's corp. a credit rating company - in the third quarter for example junk bonds those with less than an investment-grade rating showed negative returns the only major sector of the bond market to do so - since the end of last year junk bonds have been outperformed by all categories of investment-grade bonds including treasury securities - the junk market which to $ N billion from less than $ N billion at the start of the decade has been declining for months as issuers have under the weight of hefty interest payments - the fragile market received its biggest jolt last month from campeau corp. which created its u.s. retailing empire with more than $ N billion in junk financing - campeau developed a cash squeeze that caused it to be on some interest payments and to put its prestigious bloomingdale 's department store chain up for sale - at that point the junk market went into a tailspin as buyers disappeared and investors tried to sell - in an interview mr. joseph says his dinner discussion with the prudential executives acknowledged problems for junk - what i thought i was saying is that the market is troubled but still viable and enough quite which is not at all bad he says - nobody 's been perfect in their credit judgments the past couple years and we 're going to make sure our default rates are going to be in the acceptable of the market - what has jolted many junk buyers is the sudden that junk bonds can not necessarily be bought and sold with the ease of common stocks and many investment-grade bonds - unlike the new york stock exchange where buyers and sellers are quickly matched the junk market where risky corporate loans are traded is sometimes closed for repairs - at closely held securities corp. junk bond money managers k. and h. say the problems of the junk market go deeper than a temporary - in recent months they say there has been heavy selling of junk bonds by some of the market 's traditional investors while new buyers have n't materialized to replace them - wall street securities firms the primary source of liquidity for the high yield market have been net sellers of junk bonds because of trading losses said in a recent grim report to customers - mutual funds have also been net sellers of junk bonds as junk 's relatively poor performance and negative press coverage have produced redemptions by shareholders said - investors trying to raise cash have sold large liquid issues such as rjr holdings corp. and co. declines in these benchmark issues have contributed to the market 's - and said buying has been severely reduced because savings and loans have been restricted in their junk purchases by recently passed congressional legislation - in fact savings and loans were sellers of high yield holdings throughout the quarter said - ms. and ms. say they are managing their junk portfolios building cash and upgrading the overall quality - meanwhile prudential the nation 's largest insurer and the biggest investor in junk bonds has seen the value of its junk bond portfolio drop to $ N billion from $ N billion since august because of falling junk prices - we certainly do have a lack of liquidity here and it 's something to be concerned about says james a. a managing director - i have no reason to think things will get worse but this market has a for surprising us - this market teaches us to be - the junk market 's yield are learning a real painful lesson he says - although the majority of junk bonds outstanding show no signs of default the market has downgraded many junk issues as if they were in trouble says stuart manager of aetna life & casualty insurance co. 's $ N billion investment-grade public bond portfolio - but we think the risks are there for things getting a lot worse - and the risks are n't appropriate for us he says - the big insurer unlike prudential owns only about $ N million of publicly sold junk bonds - the string of big junk bond defaults which have been a major cause of the market 's problems this year probably will some analysts say - if anything we 're going to see defaults increase because credit ratings have declined says paul associate professor at the massachusetts institute of technology 's sloan school of management - mr. whose study on junk bond defaults caused a furor on wall street when it was disclosed last april says this year 's junk bond defaults already show a high with his own findings - his study showed that junk bonds over time had a cumulative default rate of N N - one indication of a growing number of junk defaults mr. says is that about half of the $ N billion of corporate bonds outstanding that have been lowered to a default rating by s&p this year are junk bonds sold during the market 's big issue years of N through N - these bonds now rated include junk offerings by industries columbia savings colorado first texas savings association financial corp. integrated resources inc. metropolitan broadcasting corp. resorts international inc. southmark corp. and inc - obviously we got a lot more smoke than fire from the people who told us the market was n't so risky says bradford cornell professor of finance at university of california 's anderson graduate school of management in los angeles - mr. cornell has just completed a study that finds that the risks and returns of junk bonds are less than on common stocks but more than on investment-grade bonds - mr. cornell says the junk market is no as drexel claimed but it also is n't a disaster as the say - despite the junk market 's problems drexel continues to enjoy a loyalty among junk bond investors that its wall street rivals have n't found - during the past three weeks for example drexel has sold $ N billion of new junk bonds for turner broadcasting co. uniroyal chemical continental air and duff & phelps - still the list of troubled drexel bond offerings that of any firm on wall street as does its successful offerings - troubled issues include resorts international integrated resources sci tv gillette holdings western electric and southmark - quality junk bonds will continue to trade well says michael chairman of salomon brothers asset management inc - but the deals that never should have been brought have now become nuclear waste - as who owns an art company her she off the names of a few prince charles ferguson john milton petrie - then a diamond ring as big as the my day diamond she told her two that she is on the board of the vatican museum in rome - as it turns out the board has a lot of important members including former general of the u.s. mrs. henry widow of the inventor of and vincent murphy an investment banker at merrill lynch & co - but mrs. did n't mention any of them - has a way with names says james a columnist for and son of joseph a founder of - like which are and which are not - with the fall social season well under way are out in force trying to their and sometimes put down their - but the truth is that almost everyone from real-estate agents to city and a surprising number of people have an ancient uncle who claims he lived next door to the who did the kids - in case you have forgotten his name was rudolph - name-dropping is pervasive and getting more so as society becomes more complex and says herbert a new york with a - it can be an avenue of to a certain sector of society - it provides some people a needed sense of and can help open up a conversation with someone you do n't know - like the long island in the theater district the other day who to a that she once met - i was having a drink in 's when all of a sudden i saw a woman 's coming up the steps on the second floor and she was wearing - i knew it was someone important so i followed her into the room and sure enough it was - so i said - and she said - can you imagine - said to me - some people must drop names call it an - they ca n't help talking about the big important people they know even if they do n't really know them says dr. - a new york writer who changed his name from william stretch in N is an - i do it and and while it may occasionally get me into trouble it 's also gotten me access to parties and society he says - name-dropping recently helped mr. crash a party fame magazine threw for N of the N people mentioned in the of the late andy - i guess i might have asked to leave but he drops so many good names we decided to let him stay says steven greenberg publisher of fame - after all was the ultimate dropping five a day in his - and was mentioned twice although very briefly and in passing - mr. says that at the party he to malcolm publisher of magazine been in the columns together mary boone a new york art dealer i think she knows me but i 'm not sure and the actress she knows me but we 're not really the best of friends - mr. the columnist says there are people who actually plan whose names they are going to drop before attending a party - these do n't only their with the or mosbacher - they even drop names like whom everybody these days apparently has heard of but no one really knows says mr. - it 's the of name-dropping that counts - but name-dropping has other benefits often civic - in the name of civic pride and from the desire to a negative image some city seek to link their with the most names the city has to offer - take cleveland - it has gotten a bad rep because its once heavily river caught fire because former mayor ralph set his hair on fire with an and because its proposed rock roll hall of fame was recently refused an grant - some people call it the mistake on the lake lake that is - it helps to point out how many important people came through cleveland on their way to the top says george miller executive director of the new cleveland campaign a nonprofit organization devoted to citing the city 's strengths - mr. miller notes that actor paul 's family owned a store in cleveland that the late actress margaret hamilton who played the bad in the of once ran a school in cleveland and that bob hope 's father a once worked on a church next to hall cleveland 's main concert hall - power names like that do n't hurt the city 's reputation mr. miller says - in hollywood an average family can gain from moving into a home vacated by the famous or near famous - why we even just sold a house in van and were able to keep the price firm in a weak real-estate market by noting that the original lone lived there says david a sales associate with jon douglas co. a los angeles real-estate agency - most people ca n't even remember his name - it is john hart - mr. says that a property the san fernando valley is priced at $ N million because the late actor once lived there - if had n't lived there the property might have been priced $ N million lower says mr. noting that 's house has been and only the pool remains - press agents and public-relations practitioners are notorious - and some even do it with - a financial in new york sometimes uses it to get the attention of journalists who try to avoid him - he says that when dan dorfman a financial columnist with usa today has n't returned his phone calls he leaves messages with mr. dorfman 's office saying that he has an important story on donald trump or marvin davis - he admits he has no story on any of them on these occasions - but it does get him to return my calls and it makes me feel better for the times he 's given me the mr. says - there are of course obvious dangers to name-dropping - a publicity agent for the office in los angeles warns that dropping the wrong name labels the as a fake and a fraud - get caught and you 're dead in the water says mr. - mr. says that elizabeth taylor a client being called - if directors or producers phone me and say they know i know they 've never met her - she prefers elizabeth - in new york society pat the very social wife of author william has the mrs. and - and her husband sometimes calls her - but call her and it 's a sure you 're not in her circle because she does n't use that name says joan of avenue magazine a monthly publication sent to all the right names - john spencer a of the late sir former prime minister of great britain is n't that impressed with most he meets - that 's because they only drop mere names says mr. - currently writing his mr. an artist tells how such as the late jean paul the oil were in fact known only by one initial their last - when you 're at the club you ask whether they 've spoken to - now they know who you mean and you know who you mean - but no one else does - now that 's name-dropping if you know what i mean - part of a series - ga. - the strip in this booming suburb runs nearly five miles along parkway stretching from the highway that circles atlanta to the big chicken a fast-food restaurant and local landmark - years ago in the of suburban just a handful of dealerships were here - now there are N - alongside such names as chevrolet ford and dodge are that did n't exist until three years ago sterling hyundai - under construction is the strip 's showroom the future home of lexus a luxury launched by toyota motor corp. just two months ago - the 1980s have spawned an explosion of consumer choice in america in everything from phone companies to - and especially as the parkway strip in cars - americans now can choose among N different models of cars vans and trucks up from just N when the decade began according to automotive news a trade publication - for car marketers it has become a much tougher battle to keep loyal customers from to one of the new makes on the block - for american car buyers the proliferation of choice is both and confusing - malcolm vice chairman of the jordan case & taylor advertising agency in new york calls the proliferation mania - he says the number of automobile choices is causing stress among consumers today and that people will simply ignore new models that lack a image - the winners he predicts will be brands from car makers that have traditionally been associated with quality and value - he says it 's important for a new make to be as distinctive as possible while still retaining links to the parent company 's quality image - he toyota and nissan motor co. for creating separate divisions for their new luxury models rather than simply adding more to their standard car lines - some auto executives believe the benefits of more choice outweigh the - there 's more noise out there and the consumer may have to work harder to cut through it says vincent p. executive director of market research and planning at general motors corp - but the reward is that there 's less need to make in choosing one 's wheels - page of north salt lake city utah likes the broader selection - she wants something big and already has looked at the chrysler new yorker and lincoln town car - now the car is in on a van figuring that it 's just the thing to haul nine and pull a boat at the same time - that seems to be what all my friends are using to take the to the lake she says - market in cars is n't new but it 's far more extensive than when alfred p. sloan jr. the idea N years ago - the legendary gm chairman declared that his company would make a car for every and purpose - now there are many cars for every and purpose - just four years ago gm planners divided the combined car and truck market into seven segments - today they identify N distinct segments for cars and another N for trucks and vans - the number of makes has because the u.s. is the world 's biggest and market for automobiles virtually every auto maker wants to sell here - for every brand like renault or fiat that has been squeezed out others such as and mitsubishi have come in - detroit tries to counter the foreign with new brands of its own - gm launched the this year to sell cars made in partnership with foreign auto makers and next year gm 's long-awaited cars will make their debut - ford motor co. created the merkur in N to sell its in the u.s. - but slow sales forced ford to kill the brand just last week - when consumers have so many choices brand loyalty is much harder to maintain - the wall street journal 's american way of buying survey found that N N of today 's car buyers tend to switch brands - for the survey peter d. hart research associates and the roper organization each asked about N u.s. consumers about their buying habits - which cars do americans favor most these days - it 's hard to but age seems to be the best - adults under age N like sports cars luxury cars and imports far more than their elders do - three of every N buyers under N would prefer to buy a sports car compared with just N N of adults N and over according to the journal survey - young consumers prefer luxury cars by a N N to N N margin even though older buyers because of their incomes are more likely to actually purchase a luxury car - perhaps most striking N N of households headed by people aged N to N have at least one foreign car - that 's true of only N N of households headed by someone N or older - generally imports appeal most to americans who live in the west and are affluent and especially young - for many baby boomers buying a domestic car is a totally foreign experience says christopher analyst with power & co. of hills calif - such preferences even though many americans believe differences between imported and domestic cars are - only N N of americans now believe that foreign cars get better gas than domestic models the journal survey found down from N N in N - some N N give foreign cars higher quality ratings down from N N two years ago - on the other hand only N N say foreign cars are less comfortable than u.s. models down from N N in N - people in the automotive business disagree over how susceptible younger americans are to brand switching - once buying habits are formed they 're very hard to break declares thomas executive vice president for nissan 's u.s. sales operations - but out on parkway ted sees it differently - the competition is so intense that an owner 's loyalty to a dealership or a car is virtually says mr. vice president of ed one of the first dealerships to on the strip - thus the very of baby boomers may make it possible to win them back just as it was possible to lose them - the battle for customer loyalty is evident along the parkway strip - ed recently established a special section in the service department for owners whose cars are less than a year old so they get service - just down the street chris invites serious shoppers to a new to any other dealership along the strip and compare the cars - manufacturers too are stretching further to lure buyers - gm 's cadillac division ignoring detroit 's that safety does n't sell is airing television commercials touting its cars ' safety features - cadillac may be on to something - some N N of the survey respondents said they would buy even if they carry a medium or high price tag - more than N N felt the same way about air bags - both features appealed most to buyers under N - in contrast computers power seats and engines had little appeal - but even a little appeal has a lot of attraction these days - gm 's division is offering a engine on its grand model even though it expects to sell only about N cars equipped with that option - the reason items with narrow appeal can be important in a market as as today 's - americans spent more than $ N billion on new cars and trucks last year and just N N of that market exceeded polaroid co. 's sales of $ N billion - even if it 's only N N says gm 's mr. would you throw away sales the size of polaroid - american telephone & telegraph co. said it will lay off N to N technicians here effective nov. N - the workers install maintain and repair its private branch exchanges which are large telephone networks - it 's a california crime worthy of an stanley title the case of the palm trees - edward one morning last month to find eight in his front yard where his called once stood - days later the thieves returned and out more this time adding to injury - the second time he says they left the - no crime is up all over southern california bringing big to who know their - the most popular of which is the palm are versions of california 's famous with and - because the is relatively rare and grows only a couple of inches a year it 's a lawn a tall can retail for $ N and ones often fetch $ N or more - somebody has realized it 's easy money to steal these things says a research associate specializing in at the los angeles state and county - just last week would-be thieves damaged three at mr. 's home in the eagle rock section before something frightened them off - it 's hard to think someone is your garden he says - police suspect that the criminals who dig up the plants in the dead of night are selling them to or - the has become a popular in tony new housing apparently giving the a ready market for their - thieves are going to find anybody who has enough to plant these things in their front yard says william an investigator with the police department in garden calif. where five such have been reported in the past several weeks - the department is advising residents to plant if they must in the back yard and telling to be on the for anyone trying to palm one off - but for those californians who want exotic gardens out front where neighbors can appreciate them there 's always harold smith 's approach - after three were stolen from his home in garden i put a big iron stake in the ground and tied the tree to the stake with a chain he says - and you ca n't cut this chain with - program trading on the new york stock exchange in september rose to its highest recorded level as a percentage of total monthly trading volume - september program trading amounted to N N of average daily new york stock exchange volume of N million shares the largest percentage since the exchange began making such figures public in july N - a daily average of N million shares traded in program strategies in september the level ever - the highest level was in june N when a daily average of N million shares traded in program strategies - average daily trading volume in june of N million shares was considerably higher than in september - program trading amounted to N N of average daily volume in june - the big board says program trading describes a variety of strategies involving the purchase or sale of a basket of N or more stocks - the most controversial of these is stock-index arbitrage in which traders buy or sell baskets of stocks and offset the position with an opposite trade in stock-index futures to lock in profits - it 's the most controversial form of program trading because it can create abrupt price swings in the stock market - salomon brothers inc. was the top program trader in september but most of the firm 's activity involved portfolio trading strategies other than stock-index arbitrage - overall salomon reported program trading volume of N million shares - the top stock-index arbitrage firm last month was morgan stanley & co - of morgan stanley 's N million shares in program trades for the month N million were in stock-index arbitrage trades - behind morgan stanley were kidder peabody & co. goldman sachs & co. and cs first boston inc. 's first boston corp. unit - a group of shareholders filed suit against imperial corp. of america drexel burnham lambert inc. first executive corp. and others charging them with artificially imperial 's stock price to protect certain major investors - the complaint filed in federal district court imperial and other defendants of issuing false and misleading financial data - it also charges that imperial the holding company for imperial savings & loan experienced major losses and because of improper assessment of the risks of junk-bond investments and wholesale consumer loan packages - the suit seeks unspecified damages - imperial is in the midst of reducing its junk-bond holdings and getting out of the investment banking business in order to return to traditional thrift activities - the derivative suit is similar to a class-action complaint filed earlier this year - imperial said in a statement it expects other complaints to be filed in the wake of the original suit and a recent article in barron 's magazine that focused on the company 's problems - although an imperial spokesman said the company had n't yet been served with the derivative suit he reiterated the company 's statement that it would vigorously defend itself against the class-action suit - spokesmen at drexel and first executive said the companies had n't yet been served with the suit - in a separate complaint also filed in federal court here shareholder max of new york charged imperial its top executives and directors with breach of fiduciary duty and the company 's assets - imperial said it had n't been served with this suit either - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - rhone-poulenc s.a. paris said it completed the purchase of the specialty chemicals operation of corp. a british mining and industrial group - rhone-poulenc a chemical and pharmaceutical company said chemicals has annual sales of about $ N million - it did n't release terms of the transaction - consumer spending in britain rose N N in the third quarter from the second quarter and was up N N from a year ago the central statistical office estimated friday - a group including gene e. phillips former chairman of southmark corp. and william s. former vice chairman of southmark lowered its stake in the dallas real estate concern to N N according to a filing with the securities and exchange commission - the group said it sold N southmark common shares from sept. N to oct. N for N cents to N cents a share - the filing said the group continues to hold N remaining shares - eastman kodak co. seeking to position itself in the potentially huge high-definition television market unveiled a that can transform conventional film into high-definition video - the move also helps the rochester n.y. photographic giant ensure that its film business for which it holds a monopoly supplying every hollywood movie company is n't made by the hdtv business - while the prototype is costly it 's being by the hdtv industry as a way of increasing the number of high-quality shows that can be seen on the new medium - the industry has been waiting with breath for the machines to come along says david president of five productions inc. a new york pioneer in high-definition programming - he notes that industry executives have until now worried that they would face a severe shortage of programs once consumers begin replacing their tv sets with - japanese electronic giants such as sony corp. and hitachi ltd. have focused almost entirely on hdtv hardware and virtually ignored software or programs shot in high-definition - and only a handful of small u.s. companies are engaged in high-definition software development - it 's estimated that just about N hours of programming is currently available for airing - kodak says its new hdtv will help alleviate the problem by allowing programmers and broadcasters to convert movies and television programs shot in film into high-definition video - consumers will be able to switch on their hdtv sets and get all the benefits the high-tech medium offers - otherwise they 'd be watching programs that are no different in quality from what they currently view on color tvs - it would be like watching a black and white movie on a color tv set says malcolm g. chairman of the film and video department at the rochester institute of technology - the new are a critical link between film and the television says d. vice president and general manager of kodak 's motion picture and products division - kodak wo n't disclose the cost or when its will be on the market but it 's estimated the machine may be available within two years - a similar machine already on the market made by rank ltd. a unit of rank costs about $ N - and the potential market is tremendous industry experts say - if hdtv takes off in the u.s. there will be demand for some N to N hdtv known in the industry as - demand will come first from programming production companies and then from television stations - the is head and above anything else i 've seen says richard j. vice president engineering and development at mca inc. 's universal city studios - and mr. the program producer contends that kodak 's move is a sound marketing decision - they ca n't afford to stay out of hdtv - indeed the stakes are high - the u.s. electronics industry estimates that the hdtv market will total about $ N billion over the next two decades with an additional $ N billion expected to go for related products - break down images into more than N lines compared with N for today 's providing considerably sharper detail - and the sets are wider the of a movie screen - but the financial rewards are n't expected soon nor are they guaranteed - experts estimate the first sets of wo n't be available for another five to N years and will probably retail for more than $ N each in today 's dollars - some critics say they wo n't be quickly embraced by consumers because of the high price - nevertheless kodak could n't risk letting hdtv turn its film business into a - kodak understands hdtv is where everybody is going says 's mr. - yet another political scandal is japan - but this time it 's hurting opposition as well as members - and as it it 's some of the more and aspects of japanese society - already ruling liberal democratic party demands that opposition members testify under in parliament have stalled one budget committee session and forced the committee to plan a special two-day investigation at the end of the month - but the scandal itself is so that members are divided between those who want to pursue the matter in hope of the opposition and those who favor leaving well enough alone - the opposition can be the most hurt because everyone already figures the ldp is that kind of says former aide to ldp and now an independent analyst - but he adds we ca n't tell where it will go at all because we 're still in the middle of it - this time the scandal centers on donations made by the pachinko industry - pachinko a kind of is japan 's favorite form of legal gambling - the donations so far appear to be small especially compared with the huge sums that changed hands in the recruit co scandal that plagued the ruling party last year - but the implications could be great - pachinko is slightly on the side often linked to the lower ranks of japan 's and regularly at the top of annual lists of tax - recently the industry has faced the threat of new restrictions and political donations may have been made with the intent to bribe - also about N N of pachinko owners are korean many of whom maintain close ties with north or south korean residents ' organizations and donations by such foreign groups are illegal in japan - to many japanese pachinko is benign or - pachinko from the main streets and narrow of cities and towns across the country - pass hours watching the lights and listening to the metal balls as much to gamble as to get a little time to be alone with their thoughts - at N yen $ N for a handful of balls pachinko is a common and has been since it took root as cheap entertainment in the years after world war ii - but the total of all those balls has created an industry with a reported annual income of N trillion yen almost $ N billion or nearly the size of japan 's automobile industry - and because the pachinko industry is regularly at the top of annual lists for tax evasion some observers estimate the real income could be as much as N trillion yen - if that money were being taxed it could bring the government a badly needed several trillion yen - in N an attempt was made to crack down on the industry with tougher restrictions - then in N a proposal to keep better track of income by selling prepaid cards for pachinko was in parliament - the proposal split the industry in two along the lines of national north koreans oppose the plan while south koreans japanese and taiwanese accept it or are neutral - in august a conservative weekly magazine reported that a pachinko industry organization donated money to japan socialist party members - the magazine alleged that in making the donations the pachinko industry may have been offering to win support in the battle against prepaid cards or it may have been laundering money back and forth between the and the north korean residents ' organization the chosen - the chosen and the immediately denied the report - and at first neither the opposition nor the ldp wanted to pursue the issue - but the press kept it alive as with the recruit scandal lists began circulating with names of people who had received money - within a matter of weeks magazines reported that members of the ruling ldp had received much larger donations from pachinko organizations - so far though there have been no allegations that the contributions the ldp members received amounted to - then the two camps the reports that chosen had donated directly to members were rapidly by statements that the south korean residents ' organization had long been donating directly to ldp members - the admitted oct. N that its members received about eight million yen from the pachinko organization and charged ldp members with receiving N million yen $ N and other opposition parties with taking about N million yen - on friday the chief cabinet secretary announced that eight cabinet ministers had received five million yen from the industry including N yen $ N by prime minister - no one has alleged that the donations were by themselves illegal - direct donations from either of the residents ' organizations would be illegal because the groups are defined as foreign but both groups deny making direct donations - they say it s possible some of their members may be donating privately - the issue is further complicated because although the organizations represent korean residents those residents were largely born and raised in japan and many speak only japanese - that they retain korean and ties is a reflection of history their parents were shipped in as during the decades when japan occupied korea before world war ii and the discrimination that still faces koreans in japanese society - many japanese think it only natural that the organizations or their members would to politicians the way many japanese do to win favor or support - both residents ' organizations admit to receiving some funding from abroad - but ldp members and supporters of the prepaid card idea tend to speak in about the 's alleged donations that north korean money would be more suspect than south korean because north korea is communist and south korea is an ally - when robert mcduffie was N he got a chance to play in the starting lineup for his high school basketball team in - unfortunately his mother had tickets for a recital by perlman the same night and she was about his attending - i threw such a fit says mr. mcduffie who had begun violin studies at the age of six - but once perlman started playing i did n't give a damn about basketball - i went home and practiced for three hours - today it 's obvious that the made the right choice - at N mr. mcduffie has a rich tone an precision and an increasingly busy schedule - he 's currently in the midst of a u.s. tour with and the warsaw with stops including charleston s.c oct. N fla oct. N tampa fla oct. N and miami oct. N - later this season he gives a recital at washington 's kennedy center and appears as with several major - yet mr. mcduffie 's career has developed at a slower pace than those of some of his better known - during the late 1970s he was part of a musical pack a group of who studied at the school with the noted delay - his violin included a of stern who performed with major while still a student lin who joined the of artists inc. at the age of N and who launched her career by winning the N competition - i thought i was over the hill at N recalls mr. mcduffie an man with pale blue eyes and a light southern - but i was n't ready for a career at that time - young mcduffie 's first violin teacher was a who taught in the public school system - he taught me how to play like a jokes the - i did n't learn to count until i got to - after studies at that 's division with an assistant to the legendary ivan he switched at the college level to miss delay mr. 's longtime assistant and ultimately his rival - i think i had to prove myself to her says mr. mcduffie - but she was always encouraging - she only put her foot down twice he continues - in my freshman year my was known as a party animal - she thought i was n't getting my practicing done - as the tells it his looking teacher put her hands on her her foot and said you 've just got to get the out of there - the second incident took place after mr. mcduffie gave an ambitious student recital and was feeling rather pleased with himself - miss delay requested that he come to her studio with a tape of the recital - we to the he recalls and she said you hear the first note that - that 's the only note that 's truly in tune - that 's the most important experience i 've had with any teacher he says because she taught me how to listen - now when i play with the musicians often me on my - it was also at that mr. mcduffie discovered his for conservative american such as david diamond and samuel barber - after winning a school competition with a performance of the latter 's violin mr. mcduffie was invited to play the work for the who was dying of cancer - barber was by the looking very pale recalls the who performed the work with a piano at the 's apartment - he did n't say much but what he said was important because it 's not in the score - there 's a beautiful he 'd kill me if he heard me say that throughout the first movement - the only time the violin has it is right at the end - it 's written in the score and i played it that way kind of - and he out sweet sweet - so we did it over he adds - i played very with the tip of the - if a is sensitive enough to bring down the volume at that point it makes the piece - i do n't know why barber never told anybody else - on stern 's recording it 's very - since leaving mr. mcduffie has made some smart moves and some controversial ones - his guest appearance on the nbc soap opera another world musical - by contrast he 's won for his of william 's violin which he recently recorded for along with leonard bernstein 's engaging for violin solo and - mr. mcduffie 's sweet tone and make him an ideal of both works - aided by the playing of the st. louis under leonard 's direction this really swings - mr. 's violin which sounds more like a mildly for solo violin with until the - but there are ample rewards in its slow sections and for and - at avery fisher hall here mr. mcduffie was heard recently with mr. and the warsaw in more conventional fare 's violin in minor - his performance was so and driven that the rarely - the played with a big sound that its size - whatever he plays mr. mcduffie finds satisfaction in the music itself something greater out there than me as he puts it during an interview at the manhattan apartment he shares with wife a literary - a normal person did not write the violin he declares - even when i hear it played badly i 'm still by the piece - if i could ever feel i 've contributed to it in some way then all the hard work has been worth it - ms. is a free-lance music writer in new york - are consumers too deep in - a lot of observers think so and if they 're right the whole economy as well as the among us could be hurt - a sudden forced by consumers who normally account for about two-thirds of economic activity would damp the economy at a time when spending is slowing and governments ca n't readily take up the slack - and another wave of bad loans would further many lending institutions - the cite some worrisome trends - during the almost economic expansion inflation-adjusted gross national product disposable personal income and personal consumption expenditures have risen N N but inflation-adjusted consumer installment credit has surged N N - and the ratio of installment debt to disposable personal income personal income after taxes has hit a high of about N N N - however these figures do n't seem to worry thomas a. durkin an economist at the federal reserve board - in a paper presented at the recent annual meeting of the national association of business economists in san francisco mr. durkin comments that installment credit always grows rapidly in cyclical advances and growth in this cycle is very typical of earlier - he adds we are now a slowdown which if history is a guide could for a while - but what about the debt burden - mr. durkin doubts that there is some magic level at which the ratio of installment debt to disposable income indicates economic problems - and more he says the debt burden measured other ways is not really in waters - the chart below shows why see accompanying illustration wsj oct. N N - the ratio of consumer installment credit to disposable income though up a bit has n't climbed and such debt as a percent of household assets is little changed - moreover the burden of consumer credit payments relative to disposable income may be lower in this cycle than earlier mr. durkin says - he notes that some revolving credit-card credit is actually convenience credit being used simply as a handy way of paying bills rather than a handy way of borrowing - in addition he says longer maturities on automobile and other forms of installment credit boost the stock of debt faster than the flow of and the accompanying payment burden - and if you consider the changing distribution of credit mr. durkin says much of the increase in debt in recent years is due to increasing credit use by families that is those probably best able to handle it - citing figures on home-equity loans he notes that N N of homeowners had home-equity credit accounts but the proportion rises to N N of homeowners in the $ income range and N N of homeowners with income above $ N - and much home-equity credit is used - the most frequent use is home improvement which presumably improves the value of the property mr. durkin says - so it is n't surprising that at banks remain as the chart shows below some earlier highs see accompanying illustration wsj oct. N N - a severe recession could of course raise rates but so far the current levels of consumer debt do n't seem to as a major threat - in fact the current weakness in auto buying and department-store sales and the gradual in the household saving rate suggest that consumers conservative as ever are already their a bit more tightly - in july consumer installment credit outstanding fell for the first time since january N - consumers appear unwilling to add to their leverage to support their spending bruce steinberg a merrill lynch economist says - as a result household debt appears to be stabilizing at around N N of gnp - consumers credit cards in hand are n't running through the shopping or putting the economy at any great risk - maidenform inc. to be intimate with its customers but not with the rest of the public - the maker of and enjoys one of the best-known brand images but its financial profile is closely by members of the founding family - there are very few companies that can of such a group says robert a. brawer N years old recently named president succeeding beatrice coleman his who remains chairman - we are a breed he - mrs. coleman N who declined to be interviewed is the maidenform strategist - sales have tripled during her tenure to about $ N million in N - maidenform says it is very profitable but declines to provide - the company sells image - its current ad campaign on which maidenform has spent more than $ N million since fall N does n't even show its underwear products but rather men like christopher star of the movies talking about their - the maidenform name is part of american pop culture says joan account supervisor of the campaign by levine & a new york ad firm - maidenform generated such campaigns as i i in my maidenform and the maidenform woman - you never know where she 'll turn up - on the brand is key says mr. brawer whose immediate plans include further international expansion and getting better control of distribution outside the u.s. - the intimate apparel industry is perceived to be a growth industry and clearly maidenform is a force to be with says david s. a special situations analyst at american securities corp. in new york - although working women are forced to wear the uniform of the day to retain their they are buying better quality more upscale intimate apparel he said - although mr. brawer 's appointment as president was long expected the move on sept. N the resignation of alan lesk as senior vice president of sales and merchandising - three days later mr. lesk was named president and chief executive officer of co. a competing intimate apparel division of inc - also owns another major intimate apparel maker - mr. lesk could n't be reached to comment - but maidenform officials say that after spending N years at maidenform mr. lesk N made it clear he wanted the top job - if you want the presidency of the company this is n't the firm to work for says james N who was named senior vice president of sales assuming some of the responsibilities of mr. lesk - the company the loss of mr. lesk and split his merchandising responsibilities among a committee of four people - my style is less informal mr. brawer says - top officers insist maidenform 's greatest strength is its family ownership - you ca n't go anywhere in this company and find an chart one - it is fun competing as a private company mr. brawer says - you can think long range - other major players in intimate apparel apparently feel the same way - was taken private by spectrum group in N for about $ N million - and last year holdings inc. went private for about $ N million - it was then split into apparel inc. the intimate apparel division and family products corp. which makes items and other products - publicly traded corp. which owns fair and lee corp. which owns co. are also strong forces in intimate apparel - buy-out offers for maidenform are n't says executive vice president david c. but they are n't taken very seriously - when he gets calls i do n't even have to with mrs. coleman mr. says - the company could command a good price in the market - over the past three and a half years apparel companies many of whom have strong brand names have been bought at about N N of sales says prudential-bache securities inc. apparel analyst - mr. brawer along with mrs. coleman and her daughter elizabeth an attorney who is vice chairman are the family members involved in the operations of maidenform which employs about N - mr. brawer 's wife and robert elizabeth 's husband round out the board - each has an equal vote at the monthly meetings - we are all very mr. brawer says - executives say mrs. coleman is very involved in the day-to-day operations especially product development - in the late 1960s she designed a stretch that boosted sales - her father william rosenthal designed the making company 's first in the 1920s which he said gave women a form compared with the form they got from the flat used for support at the time - while mr. rosenthal introduced new designs his wife concentrated on sales and other financial matters - the name maidenform was by a third business partner - the company has N plants and distribution facilities in the u.s. puerto rico other parts of the caribbean and ireland - maidenform products are mainly sold at department stores but the company has quietly opened a retail store of its own in omaha neb. and has N factory outlets with plans to add more - before joining maidenform in N mr. brawer who holds a degree in english from the university of chicago taught at the university of wisconsin - as a senior vice president he has headed the company 's designer division de la since its inception in N - to maintain exclusivity of that designer line it is n't labeled with the maidenform name - while the company has always been mr. brawer is n't the first person to into the family and subsequently head maidenform - mrs. coleman 's husband joseph a physician succeeded mrs. rosenthal as president and served in that post until his death in N - china could its foreign-exchange reserves as early as next year a western government report says unless imports are cut drastically to help narrow the deficit - according to the report completed last month if china 's trade gap continues to widen at the pace seen in the first seven months of this year the reserves would be wiped out either in N or N - a country is considered financially healthy if its reserves cover three months of its imports - the $ N billion of reserves china had in june would cover just that much - the report by the western government which declines to be identified concludes that a near-term foreign-exchange payment problem can be avoided only if import growth drops to below N N per - according to chinese customs figures import growth has slowed in recent months dropping to N N in july and N N in august from the year-earlier periods compared with an average growth rate of N N in the first half - but before import growth slowed china 's buying spree in the first half already had taken its toll on foreign-exchange reserves - the $ N billion level in june marked a drop from $ N billion at the end of april - china 's last big import binge sent reserves tumbling to $ N billion in june N from $ N billion the previous september - china might off a crisis if it acts as as it did to arrest the N decline when beijing the on foreign-exchange spending and the currency - but this time china faces a more difficult battle because of economic forces that have come into play since the square killings june N - for example china 's income is expected to suffer from the big drop in tourist since june N - revenue from tourism this year is projected to total $ N billion down from $ N billion last year - because of this and the huge trade gap the deficit in china 's current account which measures trade in goods and services plus certain transfers of funds is expected to widen sharply from the $ N billion deficit last year - the western government report suggests a number of scenarios for china 's balance two of which are considered most likely - in one imports and exports continue to grow at the respective average rates of N N and N N recorded during the first seven months and the deficit widens to $ N billion - in N china had a record deficit of $ N billion - the other scenario assumes that beijing takes effective actions to curb imports in the coming months - in this case china would still finish the year with a deficit of $ N billion based on projections that imports for all of this year grow N N and exports N N - if china were still on good terms with foreign lenders it might be able to stem the drain on its foreign-exchange reserves by using some loan funds to offset the deficit - but since june foreign bankers led by international financial institutions have virtually suspended their new loans to china - even if borrowing commercial bankers are n't expected to lend as much as before - in addition economists are forecasting a slowdown in foreign direct investments as businessmen become increasingly wary of china 's deteriorating political and economic environment - on top of all this are expected to peak in N to N - with less capital coming in china 's balance of payments would suffer - the western government report 's first scenario assumes a N N reduction in foreign borrowing and a N N in foreign direct investment - in the second foreign borrowing is projected to grow N N and investment to drop N N - but in either case the report says china 's balance of payments would rapidly dry up foreign reserves which are used to finance the - in the first scenario the reserves would be exhausted next year and in the second they would be wiped out in N - holding ag parent of the swiss chemical and pharmaceutical group said its group sales rose N N in the first nine months of the year to N billion francs $ N billion - the company reported good gains in all of its divisions - also said it expects a considerable rise in N group profit from the N $ N million net in N - new investments inc. said it closed the acquisition of glass co. from co. a ill. maker of home products - terms were n't disclosed - a maker of glass bottles for the cosmetics and industries had sales last year of about $ N million - new investments is a closely held investment partnership with interests primarily in the packaging industry - ralph brown was N feet over minnesota when both jets on his falcon N out - at N feet he says he and his were looking for an interstate or a to land - at N feet the engines - but knowing that would probably ground him for repairs mr. brown his stop in nearby chicago and set course to get his load a few hundred to the memphis hub on time - had he been a little less i 'd have gotten the thing on the ground and headed for the bar mr. brown says - but he flies for federal express corp. perhaps the thing in corporate america to the green - federal 's employees work long hours and seem to on the stress of racing the - like mr. brown they sometimes go to surprising to meet that corporate goal delivering the goods on time - they are a to federal 's management which since the company 's founding N years ago has had its way with its work force an unusual feat in the contentious transportation industry - that may soon change - this month federal 's N pilots including some N acquired along with tiger international inc. in february will decide whether to the powerful air line pilots association as their bargaining agent - the election which would bring the first major union to federal 's u.s. operations has new against devoted veterans such as mr. brown - it has also rattled federal 's strongly management which is already with operations and with falling profits - a union sooner or later has to have an adversary and it has to have a victory frederick w. smith federal 's chairman and chief executive says with - in our formula we do n't have any losers except the competition - what managers really fear is that the movement could spread beyond the pilots - under federal transportation law a government mediator is attempting to the of tiger 's job into federal 's - depending on the outcome the merged company may face union elections this fall among workers stock and flight - these groups constitute up to N N of its work force - unions would have a effect on the whole culture of the company says bernard la a professor at ohio state university at columbus and a federal consultant - that culture carefully by mr. smith leaves little if any room for unions - since founding the company the vietnam who is still only N years old has an of combat - flights are - mr. smith 's managers have at times been called 's guerrillas - the award the navy for a job well done is on federal 's workers who the call of duty - competitors are known as the enemy - to reinforce employees ' mr. smith pays well - he also lets workers steam through an elaborate procedure and as a fly free in empty seats - he gives talks in periodic family internationally on the company 's own television network - and with many of his N workers mr. smith 's attitude has caught on - james cleveland a who earned a for figuring out how to get a major customer 's load to its by N a.m. considers himself far more than a - we do n't just hand the customer the package - that 's just the beginning he says - in we run the show - david a longtime pilot at the mere suggestion that a union might with his flight schedule - this is america he says - nobody has the right to tell me how much i can work - such attitudes have given federal flexibility not only to rapidly implement new technology but to keep its work force extraordinarily lean - the company deliberately stretching employees ' schedules to the limit - but though work as many as N hours a week during the autumn rush they leave early during slack times while still being assured of a minimum - pilots as well routinely fly overtime to ensure that none are during seasonal lows - the operational freedom has also given federal a leg up on archrival united parcel service inc. the nation 's largest employer of united of members - ups wo n't discuss its labor practices but according to mr. cleveland a former ups employee and others union work rules prohibit ups drivers from doing more than carrying packages between customers and their vans - because ups drivers are n't permitted to load their own vehicles at the say these packages often get buried in the load and are delivered late - labor problems are the last thing mr. smith needs right now - although the tiger acquisition has brought federal a long way toward becoming the global player it wants to be it also has brought problems - it more than doubled federal 's long-term debt to $ N billion thrust the company into unknown territory heavy cargo and suddenly expanded its landing rights to N countries from four - federal on its own had n't been doing very well overseas - it had in its attempt to get into asia where treaty restrictions forced it to fly some planes on certain routes - on routes to south america the company had no backup jets to ensure delivery when planes were - in europe business suffered as federal bought several local companies only to have the managers quit - these and other problems squeezed federal 's profit margins last year to N N down from more than N N annually in the first half of the decade - earnings have plummeted too in each of the past three quarters - in the fiscal first period ended aug. N profit fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share mostly because of the tiger merger federal says - federal 's stock price however has held up well driven in part by the general of airline stocks analysts say - since trading as low as $ N a share in may federal 's shares have rallied as high as $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - they closed friday at $ N down N cents on the day - there 's a certain irony in the fact that federal express faces its first union problems as a result of its tiger purchase - tiger itself was founded by a band of who had supplies over the from india to china during world war ii - in the early 1970s mr. smith his fledgling company on tiger 's innovation of and operations - but from early on tiger 's workers while federal 's never have - federal express officials acknowledge mistakes in their drive overseas but say it will pay off eventually - analysts expect federal 's earnings to improve again in its fiscal third quarter ending feb. N when the company should begin benefiting from tiger 's extra flights planes and landing rights - until then they expect the cost of the two carriers to continue profits - for now the union issue is the most of federal 's tiger problems management believes - although encouraging dialogue between managers and workers mr. smith does n't what he considers - when a large group of pilots once signed opposing and compensation changes he called a meeting in a company and dressed them down for challenging his authority - he then made most of the changes pilots say - that sort of approach however has n't worked since the addition of tiger - its N workers who had battled tiger 's management for years over were union members until the day of the merger when most of their unions were automatically - soon after the merger moreover federal 's management asked tiger 's pilots to sign an agreement that they could be fired any time without cause or notice - when the pilots refused the company it - mr. smith angered federal 's pilots too - in his to seal the deal with tiger chairman saul steinberg last august mr. smith ignored a promise that he had made to his own pilots three years ago that any acquired in future mergers would be put at the bottom of the pilot seniority list that work schedules pay and career options - the tiger merger agreement that the lists be combined on the basis of tenure - mr. smith is trying hard to the anger - and even some pilots say his and popularity among the many former military could be tough to beat - a lot of people are identifying a vote for representation as a vote against fred smith says a pilot and union activist - mr. smith and other top federal executives have met with tiger workers in los angeles ohio new york alaska asia and europe - recently they have appeared every few weeks in type arguments - in one video mr. smith defended his agreement to merge the lists - he said mr. steinberg had insisted that the merger talks move quickly - regulators as well might have the deal if tiger 's pilots had n't been protected he said - furthermore mr. smith added our contract with our pilots says that we will manage our fleet operations with their advice - it does n't give any particular group the ability to veto change - already the fight has been costly - the controversy along with the dispute has been turned over to the mediator - meanwhile the company is operating with two separate pilot groups and seniority lists and that is costing federal a big number says james executive vice president and chief operating officer - the issue has also cost federal management a lot of good will among its old pilots - they were willing to us because we had n't shown any any resistance says william a pilot and federal veteran - adds john a N and past chairman of the flight advisory board they 've made all these gestures to the flying tiger pilots and for us nothing - such could prove in the union vote - a large majority of the N former tiger support the union according to a union study - but though most of the N federal pilots are believed opposed it is unclear just how much their loyalty to mr. smith has been eroded - the fight has turned and among pilots at least has shattered the de corps that mr. smith worked so hard to build - pilots have held parties - some younger pilots say they have had to endure by senior pilots while flying across the country - and for now at least the competition is n't the only enemy - barney a N and leader of the forces said he has received two death threats and been challenged to a fight with tire by a - the pilots are either for us or extremely against us he says with a sigh - corp. said it obtained a $ N million export order for recovery vehicles and related support equipment - declined to say what country placed the order - the company said it received an order for N of the vehicles which retrieve tanks and other vehicles when they break down or are damaged and an option for N more - delivery is to begin in early N - produces products for defense industrial commercial and construction markets - the senate convicted u.s. district judge hastings of florida of eight impeachment articles removing the judge from his $ lifetime job - mr. hastings 's case was particularly because it marked the first time a federal official was and removed from office on charges of which a jury had acquitted him - in N mr. hastings was found not guilty of accepting a $ N bribe in a case before him the central charge on which the senate convicted him - he was only the sixth federal judge ever ousted from office after an impeachment trial - with no floor debate the senate on friday voted N to mr. hastings of perjury and conspiring to accept a bribe five votes more than needed - conviction on any single impeachment article was enough to remove judge hastings from office - he was found not guilty of three charges involving accusations that he had improperly disclosed information about a sensitive government investigation - the senate did n't vote on six lesser charges - although mr. hastings had been acquitted by a jury lawmakers handling the prosecution in congress had argued that the purpose of impeachment is n't to punish an individual - instead they argued that impeachment aims to protect public institutions from people who have abused their positions of trust of the outcome of prior criminal or civil cases - mr. hastings faced the senators and sat during the first two votes then quickly left the chamber - in an news conference on the capitol steps he denounced the senators ' action - their opinion is of the wisdom of the ' teaching regarding impeachment mr. hastings said - for the future he said he would run for governor of florida - mr. hastings was appointed to the federal bench by president carter in N and was one of the few black federal judges in the country - while he packed the senate gallery with his supporters during some of the impeachment trial most civil rights groups kept their distance from his case - following the impeachment conviction dr. benjamin executive director of the national association for the of people issued a statement warning that the hastings case could set a dangerous precedent but adding we must respect the considered judgment of the senate - when last we left him fbi agent mancuso had solved a murder mystery unraveled a washington political scandal and racked up some pretty good ratings numbers in the favorite son - what next for the fbi agent with the heart of gold - a spinoff series of course - there are plenty of worse for shows and most of them had already made the fall lineup - a raising some - a mother raising some models - a bunch of and suits as - in that context robert 's performance as the even veteran agent seems a better franchise for a series than most - week by week on mancuso fbi nbc N p.m he around the crime styles of the rich famous and powerful of the washington scene a loose on deck at the fbi - over the first few weeks mancuso fbi has straight from the which is either a at or a lack of or both - the opening show featured a secretary of defense accused of a la john tower - when his secretary is found floating dead in the 's pool mancuso is called in to investigate - last week a young black girl claimed she had been by a white police officer a la - in this week 's show there 's an nuclear facility a la rocky - along the way we 're introduced to the supporting cast a secretary her real name honest a young boss another who 's also an lawyer and a expert charles - if all of this seems a little it 's redeemed in part by some tricky plot - the usual suspects are found to be guilty then not guilty then guilty but of a different crime - in last week 's rape case for example the girl turns out to have been a victim of incest and the biggest are the politicians who exploit the case - most of all though the show is redeemed by the character of mancuso - what makes the veteran fbi man so is his earned we discover when he was assigned to the civil rights movement back in the 1960s - he was n't protecting the freedom he was them as - this is not the mississippi burning scenario that his young colleagues kid you 've been reading classic too long mancuso says - back in N the fbi had five black agents - three were for j. edgar and two his house - at the core of mr. 's mancuso is his - he describes a reporter as miss first amendment - he describes a as williams - and when he 's told try a little he back i 'm going home to try a little - yet for all his he 's at heart a a with a secret crush on truth justice and the american way - he 's the kind of guy who flags - if mancuso fbi has an intriguing central character it also has a major flaw - it 's wildly - executive producers steve sohmer and jeff and ken and steve have this show up to the breaking point - to start there 's always a crisis and someone always worries what if the press gets a hold of this - at least once an episode we see around - at least once mancuso 's boss in here now and proceeds to dress his investigator down - you are a a in a $ N suit - one more word and you are out on a park bench - finally of course the boss gives in but he 's still i find myself explaining anything to teddy kennedy you 'll be chasing stolen cars in - in fact throughout mancuso fbi we do n't get words or lines we get - witnesses a dream that the planet could be saved from itself and from the creatures who try to down every decent man who raises his voice - and mancuso himself is investigating at the top of his how the hell can you live with yourself he at a politician - you twist people 's trust - you built your career on and hate - the will be here years after the polls close - in each show mancuso gets to similar - where the hell are they live when people like you turn the world into a big toxic waste dump - you 're the real criminal here and what you did was n't just a murder it was a crime against - and at least once a show someone the line get off that - now that 's advice the writers should take to heart - they have a series with a good character some interesting even occasionally surprising plot lines and they 're it - why when a key witness disappears does mancuso trash her apartment down walls - it 's a bizarre and totally inappropriate reaction all to add more to a script that 's already on - that 's not plot - that 's not character - that 's - there is a scene at the end of the first week 's show where mancuso the of the to his dead partner david - asked to say a few words he pulls out his piece of paper and tries to talk but he 's too up to get the words out - he on the piece of paper in frustration then turns and walks away - it was a moving moment for series television and robert 's acting in the - there 's a pretty good program inside all the noise of mancuso fbi - if the show 's could just let themselves be quiet for a little they might just hear it - with a twist of the boys with tops and and types with in their have a goal in common all of them try to put the right spin on it - george o. - net gain - investment letters now i really like to read them if i enough i 've found i 've no time left to them - - daffynition - tv - may - texaco inc. has purchased an company in texas for $ N million its first major acquisition since its legal with pennzoil co. began more than four years ago - the white plains n.y. oil company said friday that it had acquired production corp. a subsidiary of energy holdings inc. for $ N million in cash with the rest to be paid in shares of a new issue of preferred stock - which holds properties in N oil and gas fields in south texas will provide texaco with mostly gas reserves - the fields contain reserves of N billion cubic feet of natural gas and four million barrels of oil - this acquisition is another indication of texaco 's commitment to increase the company 's reserve base said chief executive officer james w. - texaco has also been attempting to sell oil properties - at least two years ago the company put N million barrels of oil reserves on the block - they were either too small or to maintain the company said - not all of those have yet been sold - texaco acquired before it completed those sales because 's properties are high quality and near other fields texaco already owns a company spokeswoman said - texaco like many other oil companies has been struggling to replace its falling oil and gas reserves - texaco 's situation had become particularly complex because much of its effort had for years been focused on its with pennzoil and then on new york investor carl c. icahn 's attempt to take over the company - pennzoil had sued texaco for improperly with its acquisition of a portion of oil co - eventually texaco which was forced into bankruptcy proceedings by that litigation settled its fight with pennzoil for $ N billion in N - mr. icahn who played a key role in the settlement and attempted subsequently to take control of the company sold his stake in texaco just last summer - completion of texaco 's acquisition of is subject to government approval under the hart-scott-rodino antitrust improvements act - inc. said it reduced the estimated cash distribution for its capital housing and mortgage partners inc. trust to between N cents and N cents a share from between N cents and N cents for the year ending june N N - the change in expected cash distributions from the real estate investment trust stems from a revised estimate of administrative costs said jay r. cohen executive vice president - which sponsors is a world-wide real estate investment firm - h&r block inc. had net income of $ N million or $ N a share in the fiscal year ended april N - the figure was incorrectly shown as a net loss in a chart accompanying friday 's heard on the street column - your oct. N article on daniel cited the quote a good name is better than great as being from ' don - actually borrowed that quote from a writer of some N centuries earlier israel 's king wrote those words in the book of N - michael e. hill - japan had an trade surplus of $ N billion for the first N days of october down from $ N billion a year earlier the finance ministry said - the latest drop shows the narrowing in the nation 's trade gap reflected in full monthly reports is continuing - the report follows declines in full monthly figures - imports rose sharply in the period to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier a change of N N - exports during the period were $ N billion N N below $ N billion a year ago - ag 's chairman said the belgian insurer is prepared to give up some of its independence to a white knight if necessary to a raider - amid heavy buying of shares in belgium 's largest insurer maurice also warned in an interview that a white knight in buying out a raider could leave speculators with big losses on their ag stock - since the beginning of the year the stock has nearly doubled giving ag a market value of about N billion belgian francs $ N billion - the most likely white knight would be societe generale de s.a. which already owns N N of ag and which itself is controlled by cie financiere de suez the french financial conglomerate - but mr. said a rescue also could involve mutual life insurance co. which owns N N of ag - ag is hardly alone in its anxiety - a is quickly europe 's insurance business - worried by european community that will remove many of the barriers to cross-border insurance services starting in insurers are rushing to find partners and preparing for price wars - in west germany and the netherlands insurers are with banks - in france suez and assurances s.a. both have been on the for giant acquisitions suez last month acquired control of the european insurance company after a takeover battle with cie - mr. said the volume of shares changing hands has grown significantly since - but he estimated that a raider would have been able to no more than N N of the shares in recent months - aside from exploring plans for joint ventures or acquisitions mr. has called top managers of companies rumored as potential raiders among them union des assurances de paris and suez all based in france - they have all very clearly stated that they have not acquired and are not acquiring shares of ag he said - any raider would find it hard to crack ag 's - a syndicate of shareholders holds just under N N of ag mr. said and members have agreed to give one another the right of first refusal should they sell any ag shares - aside from generale de and the syndicate includes a belgian savings bank and various family interests - a generale spokesman confirmed that the giant belgian holding company would be willing to raise its stake in ag should a raider seek control - officials could n't be reached for comment - even without bid talk this year 's surge in prices for brussels real estate has excited interest in ag - the company says those holdings constitute the real-estate portfolio in belgium - with the dust settling from the failed coup attempt in panama one of the many questions the bush administration will is this is the national security council staff big enough and does it have enough clout to do its job of foreign policy - president bush 's national security adviser gen. scowcroft came into office in january intent on making the nsc staff and more disciplined than it had been during the reagan administration - gen. scowcroft was a member of the tower commission which investigated the iran-contra affair - he was all too aware of how a large nsc staff had spun out of control and nearly president reagan 's second term - so following both the style he pursued as president ford 's national security adviser and the recommendations of the tower commission gen. scowcroft has the nsc staff and tried to ensure that it to its assigned tasks namely gathering the views of the state department pentagon and intelligence community serving as an honest broker in that information for the president and then making sure presidential decisions are carried out - the tower commission specifically said that the nsc staff should be small and warned against letting energetic like col. oliver north strike out on their own rather than leaving the day-to-day execution of policies to the state department pentagon or central intelligence agency - however the panama episode has raised questions about whether the nsc staff is sufficiently big diverse and powerful to coordinate u.s. policy on tough issues - during the coup attempt and its aftermath nsc staffers were stretched very thin says one senior administration official - it 's a very small shop - gen. scowcroft does n't plan to increase the staff right now but is weighing that possibility the official adds - the nsc staff does n't have the that i believe is required to have an effective process says frank a former pentagon aide who now runs the center for security policy a conservative washington - the problem with this administration i think is that by design it has greatly diminished both in a physical sense and in a procedural sense the role of the nsc - the national security council itself was established in N because policy makers a need in an increasingly complex world for a formal system within the white house to make sure that communications smoothly between the president and the state department pentagon and intelligence agencies - by law the council includes the president vice president and secretaries of state and defense - in practice the director of central intelligence and chairman of the joint chiefs of staff also serve as members - but the size shape and role of the nsc staff have been left for each president and his national security adviser to decide - that task is one of washington 's problems - in the bush white house the size of the nsc 's staff of professional officers is down to about N from about N in N administration officials say - administration officials insist that the size of the staff was n't a problem during the panama crisis - but one clear problem during the coup attempt was that the nsc most experienced in latin america briggs was gone - he had just resigned at least in part because of a with assistant secretary of state bernard over the administration 's policy on panama and support for nicaragua 's contra rebels - the absence of mr. briggs underscored the possible of the current nsc staff - both gen. scowcroft and his deputy robert gates are experts in u.s.-soviet affairs - gen. scowcroft is particularly in arms control and mr. gates has spent years studying soviet politics and society - both have become of president bush - but neither has an extensive background in latin america the middle east or asia - in those areas the role of nsc staffers under them therefore have become more important - gen. scowcroft knows as well as anyone that one of the biggest dangers he faces is that nsc staffers working in relative will take over and operational tasks that are best left to bigger and more experienced state department and pentagon bureaus - but just as every previous nsc adviser has gen. scowcroft now will have to at what point the nsc staff becomes too lean and too - japan 's wholesale prices in the first N days of october fell N N from the previous N days but rose N N from a year ago the bank of japan said - the wholesale price index stood at N N N - a former sperry corp. marketing executive admitting his role in the pentagon procurement scandal pleaded guilty to bribery and conspiracy charges for helping $ N to a navy acquisition official during the early 1980s - frank lavelle who at the time was the marketing director for sperry in fla. admitted participating in a scheme to bribe the navy official - mr. who left the navy in N pleaded guilty earlier this year to related conspiracy bribery and charges - the bribery scheme took place between N and N according to documents filed by prosecutors in connection with mr. lavelle 's guilty plea in federal district court in va - sperry merged with corp. to become unisys corp. in late N - court documents filed by prosecutors indicate mr. tried to steer to sperry a dollar contract to maintenance of certain navy electronics - mr. among other things illegally provided mr. lavelle with inside information and documents intended to give sperry an unfair advantage in the competition the documents said - sperry ultimately was eliminated from the competition without receiving the work - documents filed by prosecutors also indicate that mr. lavelle and his fellow requested and obtained approval of the scheme from sperry officials because the payment which requested was so large - charles a former unisys vice president and james neal a former company consultant have admitted participating in this and other bribery schemes - unisys has said that all of the company officials who participated in improper activities have left the company - mr. lavelle faces a maximum of N years in jail and a $ N fine - the new york stock exchange said a seat was sold for $ N unchanged from the sale thursday - seats are quoted at $ N bid and $ N asked - bureaucrats may deserve their bad reputation after all - lesko something of a professional of government thought he had a winner last summer when he offered $ N for the best story of N words or less about how a government bureaucrat helped you - he sent out thousands of news releases from his md. office - he the contest on larry king 's radio show on pat 's television show and on the cable television network - he talked about it in every speech he made as he the country promoting his books which handy advice on using government information for fun and profit - mr. lesko figured he would be flooded with by now - after all he says we 've got like N million bureaucrats - and in addition to the $ N he has promised the winner a my favorite bureaucrat and offered each of two $ N - so far though mr. lesko has received only one entry - to make matters worse the lone nomination came from another bureaucrat a woman from the new york state department of taxation and finance who her boss - mr. lesko who is making the rules as he goes has determined that bureaucrats are eligible for nomination by other bureaucrats - but he says he would prefer to get from folks - he admits that he has n't had much luck generating free publicity for his contest - newspapers including this one have generally ignored his news releases - talk show hosts quickly change the topic - but mr. lesko 's staff is beginning to wonder whether there is n't some larger phenomenon the contest - is the government not helping anybody asks murray an assistant to mr. lesko - mr. lesko himself is n't yet prepared to accept that explanation - people hate to write he says - maybe people do n't believe i want to give this money away - maybe americans are just so with government that they are n't interested in admitting that bureaucrats come in handy once in a while - if he sponsored a contest on how a bureaucrat something mr. lesko admits i 'd get N - now there 's an idea - ford motor co. and saab-scania ab of sweden broke off talks about a possible alliance after ford officials concluded that the cost to modernize saab 's car operations would outweigh the likely return - with the collapse of the talks friday european analysts expect ford to intensify its pursuit of british luxury car maker jaguar plc which is scrambling to fend off a hostile ford bid by negotiating a friendly alliance with ford 's archrival general motors corp - saab meanwhile is left to continue its search for an ally to shore up its sagging car business - saab said last week it has had and will continue to have contacts with other manufacturers - among the possible suitors is italy 's fiat s.p a analysts said last week - ford and saab officials declined to elaborate publicly on the announcement friday that their negotiations failed to yield an agreement that could make long-term business sense to both parties - individuals close to the ford side of the negotiations said late last week that the no. N u.s. auto maker lost interest as it became clear that the swedish auto maker 's automotive operations had little to offer in the way of image or technology - ford originally had seen a saab alliance as a way to expand its presence in the european and u.s. luxury car markets - in addition ford and saab had discussed a possible link between their heavy truck operations - but the talks on a heavy truck alliance apparently did n't go far - some european analysts speculated that officials of saab 's highly profitable truck operation balked at any of their - meanwhile ford officials became convinced they could n't expect to recover the investment it would require to make saab 's cars competitive in the increasingly crowded luxury market - saab 's problems were underscored friday when the company announced that its car division had a N billion kronor $ N million loss during the first eight months of this year slightly worse than saab-scania had forecast in its first-half report last month - overall saab-scania 's pretax profit during the first eight months of the year plunged N N to N billion swedish kronor $ N million from N billion kronor $ N million a year earlier - industry analysts in europe said the most likely suitor for saab now is fiat - saab and fiat have worked together in the past in one case developing jointly a new auto that became the foundation of saab 's N model fiat 's and 's - last month saab-scania chief executive said his company has had talks with fiat about a broader alliance - but the talks yielded nothing so advanced that we needed to make a public announcement about it he said - as for ford analysts expect the end of the saab play will allow the u.s. auto maker to focus its resources on the struggle with gm for a stake in jaguar - the failure of the saab talks makes it even more crucial for ford to be in the jaguar contest said stephen reitman european auto industry analyst at & drew in london - ford faces an fight for jaguar however - jaguar executives said last week they expect to have a friendly alliance with gm up by the end of the month - gm meanwhile is a delegation of members of the british parliament who are the auto maker 's operations in detroit - a gm spokesman said the visit is n't connected to the jaguar situation - but ford clearly views jaguar as a prize worth fighting for since the company 's brand image would give ford a badly needed leg up in the high end of the luxury markets in both europe and the u.s. - last week ford encountered a setback in its effort to broaden its u.s. luxury offerings when it was forced to abandon a four-year-old effort to market its scorpio sedan in the u.s. as a luxury import under the merkur brand name - so despite the analysts say ford by last friday had boosted its jaguar holding to about N N of the luxury auto maker 's shares outstanding from N N early last week - about N million jaguar shares changed hands in active trading on london 's stock exchange friday and jaguar shares moved up N pence to N pence $ N - on the u.s. over-the-counter market jaguar 's american depositary receipts rose N cents to $ N - s. contributed to this article - the dallas cowboys are looking at a situation struggling to pull ahead of the atlanta - up in his stadium box their new and controversial owner jerry jones watches as the team up to the line - mr. jones takes heart - there in the center of the pack is the key to the cowboys ' comeback strategy - so key in fact that mr. jones signed him in april for $ N million over the next six years a record for a - he 's a genuine mr. jones - with three minutes left on the mr. takes the steps back and fires a pass straight into the hands of an atlanta defensive back - the crowd mr. jones his head the cowboys lose the game - a few days after that sept. N game mr. broke a finger him for weeks - the of professional sports - for mr. jones losing his temporarily was just the latest in a string of setbacks that has the dallas cowboys and this year much of the national football league - once fat and happy the cowboys now are losing games fans and money - last year the team ended up $ N million in the red on $ N million in revenue - it has some of the highest costs in the league - its attendance is off N N from six years ago - at the very least mr. jones who the society circuit as as his bench can take comfort in one fact these days he is n't alone - nearly half the owners of the N national football league teams are losing money the result of flat attendance aging stadiums and more than anything salaries for star players like mr. - last year the top N players on each nfl team took home an average $ N a figure comparable to baseball and higher than in basketball - draft picks have done even better average salaries and bonuses for them rose to $ N this year up N N from N - it 's a vicious circle says art owner of the cleveland - one team pays so much and the other pays more - we just do n't have that kind of income stream - all this is causing in professional football - owners largely in the past are now almost desperately looking for ways to lower costs and raise revenue some revolutionary ideas in the process - though not intentionally the cowboys ' mr. jones has come to represent this new breed of owner - shortly after buying N N of the team from bright for $ N million and of the cowboys ' bottom line the mr. jones set about his own round of team cuts - first he tom the legendary coach who took the cowboys to five and N consecutive winning seasons - in dallas mr. has a standing just shy of - sentiment flooded the local press a crude said one writer a real said another who in the hell does he think he is wrote a third - for mr. jones it was just the beginning - he quickly cut the team 's bloated administrative staff by half shut down a dance academy and in july announced plans to sell valley ranch the team 's practice camp and the most training facility in the nfl - mr. jones calls the ranch the pentagon of - it is a of halls that film rooms elaborate and centers that testify to a richer more era - he likes to tell the of how he got lost on the ranch during an early visit took refuge in an office and called the front desk for help - i said somebody come get me - i 'm at extension N - with a new day on the sport mr. jones does n't see a place for this sort of luxury - it 's just not cost efficient he says - the place costs nearly $ N million a year to maintain - when he sells it he says the cowboys will move to a more practical read affordable practice field near texas stadium - and as for tom well in mr. jones 's mind he had played out his winning years - after posting losing seasons in each of the last three years the cowboys needed a change he says - football has long been mr. jones 's passion both on and off the field - an arkansas native he started at guard on the N university of arkansas team that won a national championship - after college he worked at his father 's insurance company in little rock and in N led an aborted attempt to buy the san diego - years later with cash from the sale of the insurance company he founded production corp. an oil and gas exploration company based in little rock - so it was n't surprising that mr. jones returned to his arkansas roots when he went looking for a replacement for mr. - he tapped johnson a on the N university of arkansas and the head coach at the university of miami where he led the to five winning seasons and a national championship in N - whatever mr. johnson 's in the hearts and minds of many dallas fans he is no tom - seven games and after a loss to the kansas city chiefs yesterday seven losses into the season the new cowboys are n't doing any better than the old - in fact the last time they played this badly was in N their opening season - average attendance at their games about N last year continues flat - mr. jones is attacking the problem on several fronts - he continues to the team trading running back walker to the minnesota this month for a slew of players and future draft picks - to try to draw more fans he has dropped ticket prices from $ N to $ N - but the general trend given rising costs in the league has been to raise prices and mr. jones is expected to eventually follow suit - it 's simple says hunt who owns the kansas city chiefs and last year raised ticket prices by $ N to an average $ N - if we did n't increase prices we 'd be in the red - mr. jones has also up his marketing staff to sell the N luxury suites texas stadium his deal with bright included operating rights for the stadium - the suites are have bars and and offer a clear view of the field all for a sale price of $ N to $ N million depending on their size and location - mr. jones has been taking prospective owners onto the field during practice to let them with players and promises those who actually buy one of the rooms an insider 's look at the team 's strategy before game time - the sales job seems to be paying off when he bought the team only six of the suites had been sold - today N have - gate receipts are only the cowboys ' second largest source of cash - the biggest is the nfl 's contract with national television for broadcast of the league 's games - last year the cowboys ' share of that pie came to $ N million - the team additionally earns between $ N million and $ N million for local radio and television broadcast rights - mr. jones is currently trying to jack up the price for those local rights - he is also trying to get more stations in mexico where the cowboys have a following to pick up the games - mr. jones whose voice and ways an intense businessman who works days is resigned to the hefty salaries he pays his players these days - he calls the contracts critical to winning in the nfl and has played his part in the bidding wars - besides signing mr. to a sizable contract mr. jones has agreed to pay steve $ N million over the next four years - this wage inflation is bleeding the nfl dry the owners contend - soon only large corporations will be able to afford to buy and run football teams predicts john j. jr. an investment banker with salomon brothers who handled the cowboys sale - to tackle the problem nfl owners have proposed setting a wage scale to try to rein in salaries - details of the plan which would go into effect in N are but each player would apparently be paid a base salary to his position and ability - bonuses would be paid based on playing time and performance - the nfl players association meanwhile contends that athletes are paid a wage with their ability to draw fans and that some owners are in financial trouble because of poor business management not players ' salaries - the owners are trying to boost profit in other ways too - many have launched promotions to attract new fans and are dated stadium contracts - most of the owners must pay up to N N of gross ticket sales for leases on stadiums they say are either too small or too old - in chicago for example size is the issue - we have the worst lease in the nfl contends michael b. the president of the chicago bears and a of george who founded the nfl 's predecessor organization - we 're in a area with millions of bear fans and only a small number can be - when the lease expires in N he says it 's got to be changed - this year the nfl also imposed an limit on teams going into training camp down from N in a move meant to trim payroll costs - and the league is trying to get more for its three-year national network contract which expires after this season - the current contract pays the nfl $ N billion - owners say they expect the league to demand a N N increase despite the fact that televised football games have had lackluster ratings - an nfl spokesman also says the league will probably expand its offerings to cable tv companies like espn - the changes have n't come easy - like the game of professional football the nfl organization itself is in turmoil - the new breed of team owner mr. jones included has been fighting the nfl bureaucracy for a greater say in league affairs and the battle has produced a form of gridlock - in july N nfl owners almost all of them new blocked an effort to install jim as a replacement for retiring league commissioner pete - mr. is perceived by some owners as a for the old guard - earlier this month another effort to choose a commissioner failed - the owners meet again tomorrow - for his part jerry jones says he 's in the business for the long haul and his work style seems to support that - he puts in busy weeks excluding game days and on one recent afternoon questions in the course of an hour from a tv producer his marketing manager a customer and a of arkansas reporters - to keep his schedule on track he flies two personal secretaries in from little rock to his staff in dallas - when i made this investment i made it on a lifetime basis he explains - i 'm not here to make money by the team later on - while the cowboys may not be the best investment now i do n't accept they ca n't be in the future - besides to a large extent mr. jones may already be getting what he wants out of the team even though it keeps losing - owning the cowboys has bought him to a life that drilling for oil in arkansas just did n't provide - there is the new private jet the of to the best parties and television appearances on shows such as prime time live - a few weeks ago mr. jones even elizabeth taylor in his private at texas stadium - you 're in the seat every day in this job he says - how of robert goldberg to use the form of journalism to explain his perception of days of rage in his television leisure & arts N - he for her presentation of journalism judging her project as - was not the title very clear - one example he gives she did n't ask why the palestinian children are soldiers throwing stones - really now did she have to ask - were not the pictures and which have been continuing news answers enough - mr. goldberg contends that even as propaganda the film fails because it presents only one view - of course the complain about their treatment of course the feel put upon - but his complaint that days of rage does n't contain balanced comments from about how badly the are is irrelevant - it 's like doing a on apartheid and insisting that equal time be given to how white south are - this film did how long the has existed by the conflict to the days of world war i when the british tried to guarantee both a jewish state and a palestinian state without how it was to be done - well days of rage airing with packaging and after repeated delays was a beginning - every issue is - this film attempts to show a side rarely seen in our media - now we must endure a rash of critics who apparently wish to know details of one side only - - - charlotte carpenter island wash - president bush wants the pentagon to get special treatment in coping with the across-the-board spending cuts that took effect last week - mr. bush asked congress to raise to $ N billion from $ N billion the amount of money defense secretary dick cheney may shift among the pentagon 's individual programs projects and activities allowing him to ease the pain that the gramm-rudman budget law was intended to - if the request is approved by both the house and senate mr. cheney would need only permission from the white house office of management and budget to move the money according to senate budget analysts - that would give the pentagon flexibility that no other federal agency has - it 's simply a way of making the cuts less onerous for defense than they are for domestic programs said chairman james d. of the senate budget committee who said he would oppose the request - that is n't consistent with the kind of discipline that gramm-rudman is supposed to impose he said - the president 's request did n't indicate how mr. cheney would shift the money - a pentagon official said the request was made to give the department maximum flexibility to deal with the cuts - last week budget director richard darman structured the $ N billion spending reduction half of which must come from defense to impose a little bit more discipline by applying cuts to each individual program project or activity in the budget - that would give agencies less ability to over things he told reporters - under the deficit-reduction law N N of the pentagon 's money and N N of other agencies ' money has been canceled - lawmakers are expected to try to restore the funds once a pending measure has been signed into law - rochester telephone corp. said it completed its purchase of urban telephone corp. of wis. the second-largest independent telephone company in that state - rochester telephone said the acquisition was made in an exchange of its common shares for all the shares of urban telephone but a price was n't disclosed - urban is the company 's first telephone subsidiary in wisconsin - since june rochester telephone signed letters of intent to purchase three other wisconsin firms - a bill that would permit the securities and exchange commission to monitor the financial condition of securities firms ' holding companies is facing tough opposition from some wall street firms which argue that the legislation is unnecessary - the legislation and other issues related to the stock market will be the focus of hearings this week by the house telecommunications and finance subcommittee and the senate securities subcommittee - richard breeden the new chairman of the sec has n't taken a formal position on the bill which would also require investors to disclose large trades and give the sec additional authority during market - however he recently told the senate banking committee that he believes the agency should have explicit authority to monitor debt levels at holding companies and affiliates of which are frequently used to issue bridge loans - the bridge loans are intended to provide temporary financing for acquisitions - since such loans are often through the sale of high-risk high-yield junk bonds the recent woes of the junk-bond market have renewed concerns among regulators about the risks associated with wall street firms issuing bridge loans - but some wall street executives argue that such fears are unwarranted - in a july N letter to the senate securities subcommittee first boston corp. argued that the fact that no retail brokerage firm failed during the N market crash demonstrates that current rules are adequate - first boston whose holding company cs first boston group is one of the larger issuers of bridge loans on wall street said it is also concerned that once the sec has the power to monitor holding companies it will try to regulate their activities - the proposal while i think can be misleading because the likely consequence would be to weaken rather than strengthen the control the sec has exercised for N years over the financial and viability of michael managing director of first boston said in an interview - the bill would scarce resources of the commission away from into areas which simply have no way of affecting mr. said - sources in the industry and on capitol hill say a compromise that would the industry while addressing the sec 's concerns may be possible - an aide to the senate securities subcommittee says some legislators support the concept of risk disclosure but adds nobody is to the language in the bill - edward o'brien president of the securities industry association said that the trade group opposes the bill as it is written but that it is hopeful a compromise can be reached to achieve the sec 's goals - mr. o'brien will elaborate on the 's position in testimony before the house telecommunications and finance subcommittee this week a spokesman said - this letter was inspired by david 's sept. N editorial-page article about man in the middle of drug trafficking - i 've organized a series of exchanges and other continuing projects between cuban and american artists - in any matters between us and the cubans there can be no consequently i 've become familiar not only with cuban art and artists but also with cuban bureaucrats and their counterparts in our own government - despite levels of and frustration of proportion these projects all remain in my mind valuable and well worth the effort - there is a simple reason for this the cuban people - let me immediately put limits to whatever that may intimate - those people to whom i refer are not some quantity they are artists critics taxi drivers even some employees of the ministry of culture all of whom share a deep belief in the original principles of the cuban revolution out in terms such as among all members of the society for education and creative expression universal rights to health and housing etc - in fact the generation of growing into maturity right now works with such held assumptions and such commitment to moral and ethical principles that it makes 's famous of art and revolution seem modest - it is on behalf of these people and out of my real respect for them that i am responding to mr. 's opinions of their country - the trial in july with its of deeply rooted and widespread corruption and the summary trial and execution was extremely disturbing to everyone who has ever considered himself a friend of cuba - however though those may have been they still provide no excuse for wholesale departures from truth - mr. should make among the army and the cuban people - they are not since they are motivated to act based on their own circumstances - it is to a government 's policies with the will of the people as we well know and it is even worse to merge the clearly of and the military and the state bureaucracy - mr. is also that mr. has resisted collaboration with u.s. officials even though by his own account that collaboration has been devised essentially as a mechanism for acts directly hostile to the cuban regime such as - i think it 's a little to be surprised that does n't the u.s. state department to violate the jurisdiction of the cuban government over its own territory - we badly need to follow fact rather than the rhetoric of conventional wisdom - without this basic level of attention to reality our policies on cuba will continue to be as as they have for N years - from my own point of view given the of creativity and warm spirit in which the cuban people we deny ourselves access to things we hold and which seem to run in such short supply these days - there is no rational for such behavior - weiss mass - inc. recently reported third-quarter earnings which were mistakenly shown in the quarterly earnings surprises table in last tuesday 's edition to be lower than the average of analysts ' estimates - investment research did n't adjust one analyst 's estimate for a stock split which therefore was artificially high - 's third-quarter net income of N cents a share actually was N N higher than the adjusted average of estimates - investors out of new york city bonds in last week driving prices lower and boosting yields - one bond trader estimated that more than $ N million of new york city general obligation bonds were put up for sale friday alone - while that represents a small percentage of the city 's public debt outstanding friday 's selling followed a effort to unload the bonds by a broad spectrum of institutional and individual investors - i 've never seen so many new york city 's up for sale said another trader - every broker has blocks of every size and maturity - municipal bond analysts said the sell-off was triggered by concerns about the city 's financial health rumors of a $ N million bond offering coming soon and political uncertainty - a spokesman for the city would n't confirm the size of the bond issue but did say that a general obligation offering is in the works and should be priced sometime in the next two weeks before the november mayoral election - general obligation bonds are backed by the city 's overall revenues and credit - although many investors were aware that a bond offering was being scheduled many expected a much smaller amount of bonds to be sold - the fact that the city will issue such a large amount of debt was interpreted as a sign that new york 's budgetary problems are more serious than had been expected - new york one of the nation 's largest issuers of tax-exempt bonds sold $ N million of municipal bonds just a few weeks ago - there have been reports for months that the city 's economy is weakening as the october N stock market crash continues to make itself felt - the recent sharp stock market decline those concerns - meanwhile tax revenues are falling while the city 's spending needs are expanding - rumors last week that new york 's credit ratings single-a from moody 's investors service inc. and from standard & poor 's corp. are at risk - the weakness in new york city bonds follows a warning from new york state comptroller edward that the N crash seriously weakened the city 's economy - in a study the comptroller said the city 's glory days are over - mr. warned mayoral candidates to be prepared for limited options and constraints on service increases to address the city 's problems in the next few years due to the weakening in the new york city economy - new york city 's revised financial plan due out later this month is expected to include measures to balance the city 's $ N billion budget - at present analysts project a budget gap on the order of $ N million to $ N million for the fiscal year ending june N N although the city 's own budget analysts project a narrower deficit - mark page new york 's deputy director of finance said that investors ' concerns about the city 's financial health are unwarranted given our proven ability to manage ourselves - he charges the city 's critics with spreading emotional rhetoric - there are also questions about whether a new and mayor can manage the city through what could become a financial crisis - the leading for the mayoral office democrat david dinkins has been criticized recently for the way he handled his personal financial affairs - and the controversy has led to uncertainty about the outcome of the election - until last week mr. dinkins was considered a - the market can adjust to good news or bad news but uncertainty drives people wild said bernard b. chief executive of & co. a securities firm that specializes in the municipal market - until last week everyone felt certain they knew the outcome of the election - now there have been a number of questions raised - last week yields on long-term new york city general obligation bonds jumped half a percentage point - new york city 's N N bonds due N for example were quoted late friday at a price to yield N N compared with N N thursday - as the yield on new york general obligation bonds rose the bond buyer general obligation index the mostly widely followed gauge of the tax-exempt market held steady at N N in the week ended oct. N - qintex australia ltd. encountered another setback friday when its los angeles-based affiliate qintex entertainment inc. filed for protection under chapter N of the u.s. bankruptcy code - qintex entertainment also said david evans its president and chief executive and roger a director both resigned - neither could be reached for comment - earlier this month qintex australia 's $ N billion agreement to acquire mgm\/ua communications co. collapsed because of a dispute over a $ N million letter of credit the australian operator of television stations and resorts was to have supplied as security in the transaction - mr. evans had been the de head of mgm\/ua for months - qintex entertainment a producer and distributor of television programs most noted for its of the hit said it filed for chapter N protection after qintex australia failed to provide it with $ N million owed to mca inc. in connection with the distribution of the new leave it to show - qintex entertainment is N N owned by qintex australia and said it relies on the australian company for funding its working capital requirements - after the announcement of the bankruptcy filing qintex entertainment stock sank $ N in over-the-counter trading to close at $ N on heavy volume of more than N million shares - the stock traded as high as $ N this past summer - jonathan lloyd executive vice president and chief financial officer of qintex entertainment said qintex entertainment was forced to file for protection to avoid going into default under its agreement with mca - the $ N million payment was due oct. N and the deadline for default was oct. N - mr. lloyd said if qintex had defaulted it could have been required to repay $ N million in debt under its loan agreements - mca on friday said that as a result of qintex 's failure to make the required payment it was the distribution agreement on the new leave it to as well as other mca properties - qintex australia was saying as recently as last weekend that they would take care of the situation - they continued to represent that to the board said mr. lloyd - we were they would stand behind the company - mr. lloyd said both qintex entertainment and qintex australia had attempted to secure a loan that would allow the company to make the $ N million payment but the request was turned down by an unidentified lender on oct. N - at that point he said qintex australia stated it would to arrange the financing - however a qintex australia spokesman said his firm had never promised or guaranteed to make the payment - in a prepared statement from australia the company also said that following the breakdown of the mgm talks it had been its position as a significant shareholder and a substantial creditor of qintex entertainment and had resolved to minimize the degree of further loans to qintex entertainment in excess of that previously made - the qintex australia spokesman added that his company had opposed the chapter N filing - he said the company believed qintex entertainment 's financial problems could have been resolved by other means - the report of the bankruptcy filing stunned hollywood executives and investors - it 's a said joseph di chairman of capital securities a brokerage firm that has an investment in qintex entertainment - qintex australia was going to pay more than $ N billion for mgm\/ua and then they could n't come up with the far smaller sum of $ N million - qintex said mr. evans the former president resigned for personal reasons and that mr. an attorney resigned because his participation in evaluating the company 's role in buying mgm\/ua was no longer necessary - mr. was a director of the company and a predecessor firm since N - the announcement seemed to further damp prospects that talks between qintex australia and mgm\/ua might be revived - it 's understood that mgm\/ua recently contacted rupert murdoch 's news corp. which made two failed bids for the movie studio to see if the company was still interested - however we are n't currently doing anything - it is n't a current topic of conversation at the company said barry chairman and chief executive officer of the fox inc. unit of news corp - financial printer & co. said it formed a business translation service which will provide legal financial and other services in most major including japanese chinese and russian - japan 's finance ministry strongly denied playing any role in the new york free fall - utsumi vice minister for international affairs said the ministry did n't in any way suggest to japanese banks that they stay out of the ual corp. leveraged buy-out - the ministry has never even suggested that japanese banks be cautious about leveraged buy-outs in general mr. utsumi said - there are no facts behind the that we sent any kind of signal he declared in an interview - the comments were the ministry 's first detailed public statement on the subject and reflect the ministry 's concern that foreigners will think japan is using its tremendous financial power to control events in foreign markets - a number of accounts of the events leading to the N point drop in new york stock prices on oct. N accused the ministry of pulling the plug on the ual deal for one reason or another - mr. utsumi said the most the ministry had ever done was ask japanese banks about the status of their participation in one previous u.s. leveraged buy-out - the ministry about that deal which mr. utsumi declined to identify because the large presence of japanese banks in the deal was being strongly criticized in the u.s. congress and it was necessary for us to grasp the situation - he said the inquiry was n't made in a way that the banks could have interpreted as either encouraging or discouraging participation and he added that none of the japanese banks changed their posture on the deal as a result of the inquiry - mr. utsumi also said some japanese banks were willing to participate in the ual financing up to the very end which would suggest at the very least that they were n't under orders to back out - in general mr. utsumi said japanese banks are becoming more independent in their approach to overseas deals - each japanese bank has its own judgment on the profits and risks in that ual deal he said - they are becoming more independent - it 's a sound phenomenon - bank ltd. is one japanese bank that decided not to participate in the first ual proposal - a bank spokesman denied that the finance ministry played any part in the bank 's decision - we made our own decision he said - still mr. utsumi may have a hard time convincing market analysts who have or believed that the ministry played a role in recent moves by japanese banks - all week there has been much speculation in financial circles in tokyo and abroad about the ministry 's real position - bank analysts say ministry officials have been growing increasingly concerned during the past few months about japanese banks getting in over their heads - the ministry thinks the banks do n't know what they are doing that they have very little idea how to cope with risk said one foreign bank analyst who asked not to be identified - the ministry wants to see the japanese banks pull in their on leveraged buy-outs he added - although some of the japanese banks involved in the first proposed bid for ual bowed out because they found the terms observers here say they have a hard time that commercial considerations were the only reason - japanese banks are under political pressure as well the analyst said - moreover analysts point out that japanese banks have a reputation for doing deals that are n't extremely profitable if they offer the chance to build market share cement an important business relationship or curry favor with powerful bureaucrats - clearly some financial authorities are concerned about the japanese banks role in leveraged buy-outs - at a news conference this week bank of japan gov. cautioned banks to take a prudent stance regarding highly leveraged deals - despite mr. 's statements it is the finance ministry not the central bank that makes policy decisions - while recent events may cool some of the leveraged buy-out fever japanese banks are n't likely to walk away from the game - despite the risks the deals can be an attractive way for japanese banks to increase their presence in the u.s. market bank analysts say - flush with cash at home but with fewer customers to lend to leading banks are eager to expand overseas - jumping in on big deals is a high profile way to the problem of not having a strong network - france 's national tobacco company known for making cigarettes such as and is out - concerned by demand for its traditional products it is moving not only into cigarettes but also into electronic payment cards to be sold in neighborhood tobacco stores - brown tobacco in france is a more stronger grade than the lighter grade or tobacco used in so-called cigarettes - we are n't philip morris cos. says de chairman of government-owned societe des & s.a. known as seita - he says that because seita 's profits are limited by cigarette prices he does n't have the cash to diversify as heavily into food and drink as the u.s. concern has done - last year for example seita 's net profit soared N N to N million french francs $ N million on sales of N billion a N N profit margin - instead he said in an interview he is looking for ways to exploit france 's network of N tobacco agents most of them - while seita does n't own the french its close alliance with them offers distribution possibilities - one proposal is to introduce a new payment system for parking in paris - instead of paying for parking by putting money in the existing machines which deliver little paper receipts drivers would be able to buy electronic cards in local tobacco shops - once the card would sit in the car 's window showing traffic how much time the could remain - when the returned to his car he could turn the card off and if it showed time remaining save it for later - seita is a partner in the project which was developed by using japanese technology - seita and currently are negotiating with city officials for the right to begin service - and seita is considering further diversification - it wanted to buy rjr nabisco inc. 's french subsidiary in hopes of selling its products in tobacco stores but lost the bidding to food group bsn - it currently is considering bidding for swedish match co - and it retains an interest in acquiring and other articles that might be sold in tobacco shops - it also is trying to shore up its tobacco business - cigarettes such as now make up just N N of the french tobacco market half the level of about two decades ago - while seita retains a manufacturing monopoly in france it is being hurt by rising imports and from cigarette demand - so seita has introduced cigarettes under the label and intends to the unsuccessful in new packaging similar to the used by - the aim says mr. de is to win market share from imported cigarettes and to persuade smokers who are switching to cigarettes to keep buying french - when the supreme court upheld missouri 's abortion restrictions last july the justices almost certainly did n't have drunk driving and false on their minds - but the N ruling may have had as much immediate impact on those activities especially as on abortion rights - the decision webster vs. reproductive health services illustrates how supreme court rulings often have a effect spreading into areas of law and policy that were n't part of the actual cases decided and that never were contemplated by the justices - in the missouri case consequences may have because the high court the preamble of the state 's N abortion law - the preamble says that human life begins at conception and that children have rights protected by the constitution - last year a federal appeals court in st. louis said the preamble was unconstitutional citing an earlier supreme court ruling that states ca n't justify abortion curbs by changing the definition of when life begins - but the supreme court concluded that it was to rule on the of the preamble because the definition of human life had n't yet been used to restrict abortion services - the high court majority said it was up to the state courts for now to decide whether the definition has any bearing on other state laws - already local missouri judges have relied on the restored preamble in two separate cases to throw out criminal trespass charges against anti-abortion demonstrators who blocked access to reproductive health services an abortion clinic in st. louis - the protesters said their actions were justified by the desire to save the lives of children - under a N missouri law persons accused of some crimes including may offer a defense that their actions were justified as an emergency measure to avoid an imminent public or private injury - relying on the preamble 's statement that a is an child the two st. louis county circuit court judges in august accepted the that the abortion clinic protesters were trying to save lives - in another case a ann o'brien was convicted of trespass before the supreme court 's webster ruling - last week when her appeal was argued before the missouri court of appeals her lawyer also relied on the preamble - the effect of the supreme court webster opinion is that it left room for to grow in the cracks of roe vs. wade and i think this is one of the cracks said mark a st. louis lawyer who represented ms. o'brien and the other st. louis protesters - roe vs. wade was the supreme court 's N decision that recognized a woman 's right to abortion - mario president of kansas city lawyers for life says that if abortion foes succeed in using the preamble to escape prosecution for trespass this will shut down abortion in missouri - there 's no risk to the protesters and you ca n't keep an abortion clinic open if there are N people standing outside every day - that would be an ironic result of a case in which the supreme court stopped short of roe vs. wade - in two other cases the possible consequences of the supreme court ruling appear even more - in one the lawyer for a resident of columbia mo. who was charged with drunk driving argued that his client should be treated as a adult because his actual age should be calculated from conception not from birth - in missouri those caught drinking and driving between the ages of N and N may have their licenses for one year while those N or older suffer only a 30-day suspension - a boone county judge rejected the motion but daniel a jefferson city lawyer says he has appealed - and in a case filed in federal court in august a lawyer is arguing that missouri authorities are the of a pregnant woman who is in jail for theft and - in terms of sheer the regime of barre may rank as no. N in the world - the only reason that somalia remains in is numbers a of N million people spread out over an nearly the size of texas - the barre simply is limited in the amount of people it can and kill - small children elderly people to death and shooting women and people alive are just a few of the activities that the armed forces have been engaged in over the past two years - up to N have escaped to the relative safety of marxist ethiopia because of the behavior of president barre 's troops - in the port of for example hundreds of men of the rival were up in may N and then taken out at night in groups of five to N men to be executed without any judicial process - guns were never used each man was to death with a large - the details are only now emerging from a report based on hundreds of interviews with selected refugees - the study was done by robert a consultant to the u.s. state department who has years of experience in investigating human-rights abuses on both sides of the ideological divide - what gives these events particular significance however is the fact that they are part of a wider drama affecting the strategic positions of both the u.s. and the soviet union on the horn of africa - not since the late 1970s has the horn been so up for as it has suddenly become in just the past few weeks - mr. barre 's rule is crumbling fast - his armed forces really just an armed gang which control less than half the country - inflation is at record levels - desperate he has called in the to help fight the rebels of the national movement in the north which is only one of several groups picking away at the regime in the capital of - years old and a scientific socialist president barre has a power base composed only of his minority that according to observers is narrowing - the u.s. 's interest in somalia consists of a single runway at the port of which u.s. military aircraft have the right to use for of the gulf of and the indian ocean - that strip of concrete is backed up by a few where a handful of american by imported food cold soft drinks and back issues of sports illustrated maintain radio contact with the outside world - in the past two years the desert behind them has become a land of mass executions and where due to mr. barre 's and nobody is any longer in control - as long as the rival regime of mengistu held a total gridlock over neighboring ethiopia the u.s. was forced to accept that runway as a distant no. N to the soviets ' array of next door - but due to dramatic events on the over the past few days and weeks those soviet bases may soon be as endangered and as as the american runway - on sept. N i wrote on these pages about the killing and of N soldiers by and guerrillas - recently in province in the center of ethiopia forces have killed and captured an additional N government troops - think what these numbers mean considering the headline space devoted to hundreds of deaths in lebanon a small country of little strategic importance - are now N miles north of threatening the town of which would cut off mr. mengistu 's capital from the port of through which all fuel and other supplies reach - as a result mr. mengistu has been forced to transfer thousands of troops from just to hold the town thereby the loss of even more territory in only to keep the at bay - mr. mengistu is in an increasingly weak position half his army is tied down defending the northern city of from the - the weaker he gets the more he turns toward the u.s. for help - while the are communists like the they are among the most guerrillas in the world having suffered more than a decade of by the mengistu air force - what this all means in is that soviet dominance in ethiopia is as fast as president barre 's regime in somalia is - the u.s. therefore has a historic opportunity both to strike a blow for human rights in somalia and to undo the of the late 1970s on the horn of africa - back to somalia - the state department to its credit has already begun itself from mr. barre by its decision to publish the report which the press has ignored - what 's more the u.s. has suspended $ N million in military aid and $ N million in economic aid - but this is not enough - because the u.s. is still perceived to be tied to mr. barre when he goes the runway could go too - considering how the security of that runway is anyway the better option both morally and would be for the bush administration to blast the regime publicly in terms clear enough for all influential to understand - it is a that mr. barre 's days are numbered - the u.s. should take care however that its own position in the country does not go down with him - nobody is sure what will come next in somalia or whom the successor might be - but as one expert tells me whoever it is will have to work pretty damn hard to be worse than barre - while the state department positions itself for the period in somalia it should continue to back former president carter 's role as a mediator between mr. mengistu and the guerrillas in ethiopia while opening up channels of communications with the rebels through neighboring - politics are the most sophisticated and in all of black africa - remember that it took mr. mengistu many months in what became known as the creeping coup to topple in N and N - there is simply no way to engineer a succession as is sometimes possible elsewhere on the continent - but the u.s. has one great advantage the soviets are throughout ethiopia for what they did to the country this past decade and all - it 's not just in eastern europe where the march of events is finally on the u.s. side but on the horn of africa as well - the only u.s. liability in the region is what remains of the link to mr. barre and that should be cut fast - mr. author of surrender or the wars behind the press N lives in - inc. calif. got an $ N million navy contract for systems - general electric co. received a $ N million air force contract for nose - goodyear tire & rubber co. was awarded a $ N million army contract for parts - sciences corp. was awarded a $ N million air force contract for technical support - mccormick capital inc. said the final factor was N on its oversubscribed $ tender offer to buy back as many as N million of its common shares - payment will begin as soon as oct. N the company said - mccormick is a developer and manager of limited partnerships - through a separate agreement between peter president and a group of selling shareholders the company said mr. will on oct. N buy N shares from the group boosting his stake to about N shares or N N of the total after the buy-back - canada 's consumer price index rose a seasonally adjusted N N in september from august statistics canada a federal agency said - the rise followed boosts of N N in august N N in july and N N in june - opec 's ability to produce more petroleum than it can sell is beginning to cast a shadow over world oil markets - output from the organization of petroleum exporting countries is already at a high for the year and most member nations are running flat out - but industry and opec officials agree that a handful of members still have enough unused capacity to the market and cause an collapse a few months from now if opec does n't soon adopt a new quota system to its - as a result the effort by some oil ministers to get opec to approve a new permanent agreement next month is taking on increasing urgency - the organization is scheduled to meet in vienna beginning nov. N - so far this year rising demand for opec oil and production restraint by some members have kept prices firm despite rampant cheating by others - but that could change if demand for opec 's oil seasonally early next year as some think may happen - opec is currently producing more than N million barrels a day sharply above its nominal fourth-quarter ceiling of N million according to opec and industry officials at an oil conference here sponsored by the oil daily and the international herald tribune - at that rate a majority of opec 's N members have reached their output limits they said - but it is estimated that at least three million barrels a day and possibly as much as seven million barrels a day of spare capacity still exists within opec - most is concentrated in five persian gulf countries including his own 's oil minister told the conference friday - he puts opec 's current capacity at N million to N million barrels a day - that 's higher than some other estimates - kuwait 's oil minister recently estimated opec capacity at N million barrels a day - either way the is big enough to keep balanced oil markets on edge - even modest amounts of additional output by those with the huge extra capacity and reserves such as saudi arabia and could upset the market - the oil minister and saudi oil minister insisted in their comments to the conference that their countries would act to maintain a stable market - however in interviews later both ministers stressed that they expect future opec quotas to be based mainly on the production capacity and reserves of each member - under that approach countries with the most unused oil capacity would get bigger shares of any future increases in opec 's production ceiling than they would under the current system - if you are already producing at N N or N N of your capacity what 's the good to be told you can produce at N N of capacity asked mr. - at an geneva meeting late last month opec 's oil ministers approved another increase of one million barrels a day in their production ceiling - they it out using the existing formula however which meant that even those countries that could n't produce more received higher official - the main effect of the ceiling boost was to some of the already coming from the quota - still there was a at geneva - previously no opec member had been willing to accept a reduction in its percentage share of the group 's total output target or ceiling - but the concept of disproportionate quotas for those with unused capacity advanced there in an iranian proposal was generally endorsed by the ministers - in the end politics got in the way - libya accepted iran 's proposal only so long as it was promised production parity with kuwait - and the united arab a quota refused to give any guarantee it would change its ways - but the oil ministers continue to study the plan and it will probably be the basis for discussion at next month 's meeting - it 's understood several already have been worked into the plan - the ceiling would be lifted to N million barrels to provide kuwait and the united arab much higher official quotas while reducing percentage shares of some others - libya 's previous conditions are no longer considered a problem although the united arab is still an issue - saudi arabia opec 's also has surfaced as a possible obstacle some opec sources said - insisting on a N N share of any ceiling saudi officials have long pressed for the pro distribution of increases to all members - in geneva however they supported iran 's proposal because it would have left the saudi percentage of the opec total intact and increased actual saudi volume to nearly N million barrels daily from five million - some of the proposed modifications since however call on saudi arabia to give back to the pool a N barrels - though tiny that 's a reduction in its share - mr. the saudi oil minister reiterated here that the kingdom would insist on maintaining its percentage share of opec production under any quota revisions - under any circumstances saudi arabia should get more rather than less mr. said - in a blow to france 's rafale jet fighter the french navy for the first time publicly stated its desire to buy N mcdonnell douglas corp. to defend its aircraft carriers - the statement is likely to the debate within france 's military establishment over the rafale which is made by aviation - in an interview in the navy 's official weekly magazine the navy 's adm. goupil said the navy still intends to buy N as scheduled in the late 1990s and early century - the air force is to take at least N more - adm. goupil said the navy ca n't wait until N when the naval rafale becomes available to replace its fleet of crusaders used since the 1950s to protect carriers from attack - rather than the crusaders which dassault is proposing to do for around N billion french francs $ N million adm. goupil said the navy wants to buy used from the u.s. navy - officially the statement is n't an attack on the rafale - adm. goupil said that when the wear out the navy is prepared to take to replace them - but senior navy officials sharply the rafale as an air force plane to carrier use - although they never said so publicly they have made no secret of their preference for the on operational grounds - adm. goupil 's comments are likely to the broader dispute within the military establishment here over the role of dassault - although dassault still is run by the founder 's son chairman dassault who has fiercely protected his company 's independence - the rafale project is the result of france 's inability jointly to develop a plane with other countries and french officials question whether the state can continue paying for expensive independent programs - so far mr. dassault has resisted pressure to change - what brought the naval issue to a head is that the crusaders are literally falling apart without any immediate plan to replace them - adm. goupil a former leader said that the last other country to use crusaders the philippines retired its last ones two years ago - a french crash a few months ago heightened pressure for new planes here - adm. goupil rejected dassault 's proposal to the crusaders saying the cost was impossible to estimate - even he said the crusaders represent an and dangerous protection for the aircraft carriers france has sent to meet such crises as the wars in lebanon and the persian gulf - defense minister told a meeting of the press association that the question of the crusaders or buying used is a political decision that he will make in due time - the supreme court ruling missouri 's restrictive abortion law was webster vs. reproductive health services - the was misstated in friday 's edition - spending by average japanese households in august fell an adjusted N N from a year earlier the statistics bureau of the prime minister 's office said - the bureau cited in the month that discouraged shopping and leisure opportunities - spending by japanese households averaged N yen $ N in august - in nominal terms it rose N N from a year earlier before adjustment - august adjusted spending by families was down N N to N yen from a year earlier - the real income of families in the month eased N N to N yen from the previous year - for cathay pacific airways the smooth ride may be ending - the first signs of trouble came last month when the hong kong carrier a subsidiary of pacific ltd. posted a N N drop in operating profit for the first six months and warned that margins will remain under pressure for the rest of the year - securities analysts many of whom scrapped their buy recommendations after seeing cathay 's interim figures believe more lie ahead - fuel and personnel costs are rising and tourism in and through hong kong remains by china 's turmoil since the june N killings in beijing - in addition delivery delays for the first two of as many as N boeing that the carrier has ordered have raised costs because personnel had been hired to man the planes - and tough competition in the air-freight market is cutting into an important sideline - there also is concern that once hong kong to china 's sovereignty in N cathay will be forced to play second to china 's flag carrier civil aviation administration of china or - the sense is we would never be in a position again where everything works for us the way it did before says rod eddington cathay 's commercial director - hall an analyst at james capel far east ltd. says there is n't much cathay can do about rising costs for jet fuel hong kong 's tight labor market or the strengthening of the local currency which is pegged to the u.s. dollar - these factors are further complicated by the airline 's push to transform itself from a regional carrier to an international one ms. hall says - ms. hall expects cathay 's profit to grow around N N annually this year and next - in N it earned $ N billion hong kong us$ N million on revenue of hk$ N billion - cathay is taking several steps to bolster business - one step is to beef up its fleet - in addition to aircraft from boeing co. cathay announced earlier this year an order for as many as N airbus - the expansion which could cost as much as us$ N billion over the next eight years will expand the fleet to about N planes by N up from N at the end of last year according to sun hung securities ltd - the airbus planes will be used largely to replace cathay 's aging fleet of lockheed for regional flights while the boeing aircraft will be used on routes to europe and north america - cathay also is moving some of its operations outside hong kong - fierce bidding for young employees in hong kong is pushing up cathay 's labor costs by N N a year for staff while experienced skilled employees are leaving the colony as part of the brain drain - some jobs already have been moved to australia and there are plans to place others in canada - david bell a spokesman for the airline says the move is partly aimed at retaining existing staff who are leaving to secure foreign ahead of N - cathay is working to promote hong kong as a worth visiting on its own merits rather than just a - although the june N killings in beijing have hurt its china flights cathay 's other routes have retained high load factors - mr. eddington promoting hong kong as an important part of attracting visitors from japan south korea and taiwan where the number of people looking to travel abroad has surged - there also has been speculation that cathay will be among the major private-sector participants in the hong kong government 's plans to build a new airport with the carrier possibly investing in its own terminal - cathay officials decline to comment on the speculation - mr. eddington sees alliances with other carriers particularly cathay 's recent link with amr corp. 's american airlines as an important part of cathay 's strategy - but he that cathay has n't any interest in equity stakes with the u.s. carrier or with lufthansa the west german airline with which it has for about a decade - analysts believe cathay is approached for such swaps by other carriers on a regular basis particularly as the popularity of share exchanges has grown among european carriers - we think alliances are very important mr. eddington says - but we 'd rather put funds into our own business rather than someone else 's - i 'm not sure would necessarily make things - in a pattern it aims to copy in several key u.s. cathay recently announced plans to serve san francisco by flying into american airlines ' los angeles hub and continuing passengers onto a flight on the u.s. carrier - we 'll never have a big operation in the u.s. and they 'll never have one as big as us in the pacific mr. eddington says - but this way american will coordinate good to boston new york chicago and dallas - we 'll coordinate on this end to places like singapore and manila - asian traffic which currently accounts for N N of cathay 's business is expected to continue as the carrier 's mainstay - cathay has long stated its desire to double its weekly flights into china to N and it is applying to flights into vietnam - further expansion into southern europe is also possible says mr. bell the spokesman - while a large number of hong kong companies have offshore ahead of N such a move is n't an option for cathay because it would jeopardize its landing rights in hong kong - and mr. eddington rules out a move to london our is hong kong traffic rights - he says the airline is putting its faith in the agreement on hong kong 's return to china - a special section dealing with aviation rights states that landing rights for hong kong 's airlines which include the smaller hong kong airlines will continue to be negotiated by hong kong 's government - but critics that officials ultimately will be responsible to beijing - my feeling is cathay does n't have a hope in the long run says an analyst who declines to be identified - cathay would love to keep going but the general sense is they 're going to have to do something - mr. eddington acknowledges that the carrier will have to and to local changes but he feels that the agreement is firm ground to build on for the foreseeable future - we 're confident that it protects our route structure he says and our ability to grow and - falcon cable systems co. said it proposed an amendment that would allow it to increase its debt cap to N N of the company 's fair market value from the N N currently allowed - falcon a limited partnership said it wanted the increase in order to continue its $ annual payment and for expansion and acquisitions - a spokesman for the company said a meeting would be held for shareholders to vote on the amendment before year 's end - friday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - in the marina neighborhood life after the earthquake is often all too real but sometimes - some scenes saturday morning a resident was given N minutes to into a sagging building and reclaim what she could of her life 's - saturday night she in an emergency shelter on prepared by chefs from one of the city 's restaurants - mayor art agnos stands in the glare of television lights trying to explain for the 20th time why the city is severely restricting access to badly damaged structures - a couple in fashionable suits by in place their way along a street of and fallen houses - at a nearby corner they close to a listing apartment house to any danger - a his head in as he them away - a young woman who has been out of town shows up at the marina middle school to learn that her apartment is on the list - she is told she ca n't enter unless she is accompanied by an inspector - she bursts into and walks away - nearby five temporary residents of the school shelter sit on having their and backs by volunteer - the marina rescue center offered a very san response to the disaster - in addition to free massages there was free counseling phone calls and a free shuttle bus to a health club which offered up its and hot - the cafeteria offered donated and for breakfast and for dinner pasta and along with the - this has been a earthquake for me said resident joan who works in an 's office - she and some friends are considering offering earthquake victims free classes and therapy massages with oils - she finds the response of marina residents primarily and elderly people to the devastation of their homes incredible - people have been very of each other - i do n't know if this would have happened somewhere else - out on the streets some residents of badly damaged buildings were allowed a hunt through their - it 's so weird to have to decide what 's really important to you said barbara may - she went first for personal - in her building is a red - after being buildings with substantial damage were - green allowed residents to yellow allowed limited access red allowed residents one last entry to gather everything they could within N minutes - and went about their business with a kind of measured - some dumped into others threw goods out windows - it did n't help that on saturday after three days of it - the guys are going for their their their personal computers said frank who helped others empty their apartments - the women wanted photo a certain kind of things - he showed an watch that he for one woman - it to her - some residents orders and returned to red buildings to retrieve goods - one building was upgraded to red status while people were taking things out and a resident who was n't allowed to go back inside called up the to his girlfriend telling her to keep sending things down to the lobby - a had to be called in to make her leave the helped carry out one last load - enforcement of rules was sporadic residents said - one man trying to remove his car was told by officials to get out of his garage - when he back later to try again a different offered to help him get the car out - the marina also has become the point of city efforts to residents with any that may have fled or become lost during the earthquake - on along street a major marina artery were offering a $ N reward for a cat lost during the quake - the san francisco society for the prevention of to animals also has been providing medical care food water and foster homes for animals - the says it has received more than N requests for foster homes on behalf of dogs and though some people have sought temporary homes for birds and fish - for example one owner returning home found that her apartment like many others in the marina did n't have heat - she can stay there with no heat but for a that can be deadly says services manager for the - a warm foster home has been found - the neighborhood around alexander co. 's vermont-slauson shopping center in the watts section of los angeles resembles the deteriorating sections of many inner cities and certainly is n't the sort of area one would choose to visit - but turn into the shopping center 's parking lot and one could be in the safe busy mall of a suburb - only it is safer and - over the past year there have been only one three of or from autos no and one attempted in the mall which opened in late N - a shopping center of similar size in an affluent los angeles suburb would per year be expected to have eight N of or from autos and four - the watts mall has annual sales of more than $ N per square foot the figure for a comparable suburban shopping center would be $ N - three other shopping centers in the watts area are doing almost as well - a successful mall in a area violates the more typical inner-city pattern in which commercial areas are taken over by youth gangs and the criminal element with an erosion of the customer base development capital and - major regional and national chain stores are replaced by operations offering merchandise at higher prices - along with the exodus of shopping opportunities is an exodus of the jobs that the major chains used to provide to community residents - thus there is even more to the vermont-slauson center than a good place to shop - this commercial zone becomes for the residents a secure in a urban landscape evidence that community is not inevitable and that the gangs are not - the center improves the community image to outsiders as well and may help to arrest or even reverse the exodus of capital and investment - an additional benefit is the creation of jobs - this starts in the construction phase through the use of minority contractors and local workers - it continues through the life of the center the vermont-slauson center has created N permanent private-sector jobs at a one-time cost in public funds of only $ N per job - as many of these jobs are filled by local residents who move from the welfare rolls to the tax rolls the $ public investment should repay itself in a few years - and that is before consideration of increased state and local revenues from taxes and fees on sales real estate licenses and the like - profits are also back into the community the vermont-slauson economic development corp. receives N N of the profits from the vermont-slauson center and uses the money to provide moderate and low-cost housing in the community now running into the hundreds of units as well as commercial and industrial development projects - bradford director of the mayor 's city economic development office says there is no question that vermont-slauson had a effect on the surrounding neighborhood - what had been a deteriorated area with nothing but shops and shops is now experiencing a major upgrading in the housing and commercial stock thanks to a source of capital that vermont-slauson yields - another benefit is that substantial of the in these centers are minority businessmen and women - in the grand plaza developed by realty group in chicago 's third ward opposite the robert taylor homes N N of the stores to date have been leased to blacks and N N to members of other minority groups - children from the community will have role models than the drug - so what 's the catch - primarily that putting one of these inner-city deals together takes time patience of vision and negotiating skills that not all developers - security costs are also quite high - one of these centers can involve years of negotiating with numerous public agencies local political leaders and citizen groups and with prospective tenants and sources of financing - suburban deals are not without their delays and inner-city deals just have more of them - security at a typical inner-city center is impressive but - the entire site is by a iron with a small number of gates - and flowers give it a and appearance - motion detectors and tv cameras monitor the entire center lighting levels are three to five times the industry standard - the security command post as retail space has its own 's above the of the other buildings with a view of the entire center - local law enforcement is present in a space donated by the center - these features are also used in realty group 's grand plaza - has its own large security force of and personnel on duty at each center - security is N N to N N of the common area charges of these centers vs. an industry average of about N N - these security costs are kept because the centers ' site acquisition construction and financing costs were reduced by such programs as urban development action grants economic development administration grants community development block grants tax-free industrial development bonds enterprise zone tax write-offs city infrastructure grants and tax financing - many of these programs no longer exist or have been severely cut back - however since these centers appear to pay for themselves there is nothing to prevent state and local governments from legislation with similar provisions - many states already have enterprise zones and legislation that combines tax incentives loans and grants to encourage investment in depressed areas with requirements for the hiring of the and minorities - these programs could be expanded to focus on funds for project planning identifying sources of funds and for acquiring a site and preparing it - crime and the fear of it in inner-city commercial areas should give enterprise zones more success than most have enjoyed to date - with many suburban areas basically overbuilt with shopping centers inner-city areas may represent a major new market for investment - new approaches to mall design and operation make it possible to tap these markets - if the risks and rewards are reasonable developers will respond - government officials who wonder how important it is for them to encourage development in high-risk areas should visit vermont-slauson and grand plaza and decide for themselves - the answer will be obvious - mr. is a researcher at the justice department 's national institute of justice - industries inc. said that on dec. N it will redeem $ N million face amount of its $ N million of N N subordinated notes outstanding due june N N - for each $ N of notes the maker of specialty metals industrial fasteners and consumer products will pay $ N plus $ N of interest accrued from dec. N - the company will notify holders of the notes to be redeemed - manufacturers hanover trust co. is redemption agent - one company recently was listed on the new york stock exchange and another will join the big board from the over-the-counter market this week - investment grade municipal trust boston was listed with the symbol - the new closed-end management investment company trades shares of beneficial interest - it invests primarily in tax-exempt municipal securities - corp. a new orleans bank holding company will join the big board thursday under - three companies began trading over the counter - corp. a colo. maker of tape systems used to back up computer disk drives started otc trading with the symbol - rally 's inc. a louisville ky. restaurant started trading under - sierra tucson cos. tucson ariz. started trading under - it operates various types of facilities - separately on the pacific stock exchange put and call options on the common stock of corp. started trading - seattle makes computer software products - options give a holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell a security at a set price within a set period of time - dow chemical co. said its energy inc. unit has agreed to buy pse inc. a houston energy company in a deal valued at about $ N million - dow of midland mich. said its unit will begin by thursday a tender offer of $ N a share for all pse common shares outstanding - among other conditions the offer depends on the dow unit acquiring at least N N N of the pse shares outstanding the companies said in a joint statement friday - pse has about N million shares outstanding - the company said the approximately $ N million acquisition price includes its total $ N million of long-term debt outstanding - dow said it already has agreements with albert j. smith jr. chairman and chief executive officer of pse and certain other officers of the company under which dow may buy about N N of the pse common shares outstanding - pse is a designer and operator of facilities and had N sales of $ N million - the company is owner and operator or an equity partner in six facilities two in texas and four in california - the company said recently it expects third-quarter earnings will be in range from $ N million to $ N million or N cents to N cents a share compared with $ N or four cents a share a year ago - if growth its among investors a sluggish segment of the nasdaq over-the-counter market could show some - some stock pickers already are targeting the otc market where they say await plenty of small and medium-sized growth stocks - best of all they add these growth issues unlike their big blue-chip on the new york stock exchange are at depressed prices - growth stocks will return to favor some analysts and money managers think because of the jitters caused by the market 's steep slide on oct. N and because of the current swell of disappointing earnings announcements - against such a backdrop companies with proven track records of earnings gains of N N or so annually have extra appeal - the market will have to look for a new theme now and that theme will be a return to growth declares mary farrell a painewebber analyst - among her otc picks are and brands - like many otc growth issues they have market values as measured by stock price times shares outstanding of roughly $ N million to $ N million - some like to specialize in growth companies whose shares have n't traded publicly very long - these are sometimes dubbed emerging growth companies though they also have track records - while many growth stocks are small not all small stocks have momentum - that 's an important because some analysts and brokers who predict that small stocks are about to outperform bigger issues may use any in growth issues to help them sell all small stocks - you can find some good quality companies over the counter but investors should be selective says john chief portfolio manager at investors a newark n.j. money management company with about $ N million invested in growth stocks of - mr. 's picks from the otc market include legent mail boxes etc. and american - the main argument for growth stocks is their usually superior performance in a slowing economy - if the market on earnings we should get better of growth stocks says l. keith mullins a analyst at morgan stanley - eventually he believes investors will be willing to pay higher prices for companies with proven track records of earnings growth - in anticipation of that shift he and other analysts are encouraging their clients to buy such issues now - smaller growth stocks have n't been in favor recently - the average issue on standard & poor 's 500-stock index gained N N last year ms. farrell of painewebber says - earnings by comparison rose between N N and N N - in addition earnings growth took a back seat to cash flow restructuring and takeover potential and breakup value as the preferred standards for much of the year - also the smaller growth stocks are n't widely traded and so are harder to buy and sell quickly than blue chips - as a result morgan stanley 's index of N emerging growth stocks most of which are in the otc market is up only N N for the year while the dow jones industrial average has leaped N N and the s&p N has grown N N - the nasdaq composite has gained N N this year but that 's largely due to the N largest stocks which have soared N N - some investors are skeptical of growth stocks because investing in them means ignoring that found in the fine print of some investment advertisements that past performance is n't of future results - people are naturally of them says mr. mullins of morgan stanley - among his in his firm 's index are legent silicon graphics and - however more money managers are that profit is importance - mark portfolio manager at capital management says that in reaction to nervousness about buy-out transactions analysts and investors now appear to be stock based on future earnings as opposed to the amount of debt the company can support - barney managing director of research at hambrecht & quist also believes earnings growth is beginning to play a greater part in investors ' buying decisions - on friday hambrecht & quist added st. medical to the list of N stocks it strongly recommends - the opinion is largely based on the company 's earnings momentum mr. says - st. 's market value on nasdaq exceeds $ N billion so it is n't a small stock - the medical devices maker 's earnings rose nearly N N in N from N and N N in N - kurt who follows the stock for hambrecht & quist anticipates that the company 's net income will grow N N to $ N a share this year - st. finished up N to N N on friday - friday 's market activity - the nasdaq composite index eased N to N - the composite finished up N N from last friday 's close - it was a busy week for otc stocks - friday 's volume totaled N million shares the daily average for the week was a N million - valley national lost N N to N N on volume of N million shares - the company reported a big third-quarter loss on thursday - merchants bank of new york lost N to N after reporting that its third-quarter net income fell to $ N a share from last year 's $ N a share - savings bank lost N to N N after reporting that it had a $ N million loss in the latest third quarter mostly because of loan-loss provisions - in the N quarter the bank earned $ N million - one bank stock was a winner - banponce jumped N N to N N after agreeing to be acquired by banco popular de puerto rico for $ N a share - banco popular meanwhile dropped N N to N N - sierra tucson an initial public offering made the most active list - the company 's shares began trading at N N up from its initial offering price of N and closed at N - sierra tucson operates an treatment center - among declining issues a weak earnings outlook drove technology down N N to N - the company said results for its second quarter ended oct. N could drop as much as N N below the N cents a share reported in the year-earlier quarter - international plummeted N N to N N - a food and drug administration advisory panel has asked that perform more studies on its device to treat - qintex entertainment dropped N N to N N after seeking protection from creditor lawsuits under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code for itself and its two operating subsidiaries studios and qintex productions - raymond corp. lost N to N after it said late thursday that it will take a $ N million charge in its third quarter for reserves to cover potential charges in connection with the closing and sale of a manufacturing plant - as a result the company has suspended its quarterly dividend - mccaw cellular communications and its target lin broadcasting were active - lin added N to N N and mccaw lost N to N - mccaw said it has secured commitments from three banks to help finance its $ bid for N million of lin 's shares - mccaw has called for a fair auction of lin which earlier entered a merger pact with bellsouth - following the release of the company 's fourth-quarter earnings apple computer dropped N to N on volume of more than N million shares - apple earned $ N million or $ N a share in the quarter including $ N million from the sale of its adobe systems stock - the following were among friday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - chicago & north western acquisition corp. $ N million of senior subordinated debentures due oct. N N priced at par to yield N N - the coupon will be reset in one year at a rate that will give the issue a market value of N - however the maximum coupon rate on the issue when it is reset can only be N N - debenture holders will also receive the equivalent of N N of the common stock of cnw holdings - the equity is not attached to the offering but underwriters said it will be offered after a filing for N common shares of cnw holdings is declared effective by the securities & exchange commission - the issue is noncallable for five years and has a sinking fund starting in N to retire N N of the issue before maturity - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp - soda co japan $ N million of eurobonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N coupon at par via nomura international ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through oct. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - for bankers and regulators arizona is looking more like texas every day - on friday los angeles-based first interstate bancorp said it expects a net loss of $ N million for the third quarter of N because of hemorrhaging at its first interstate bank of arizona unit - first interstate said the unit by arizona 's worsening real-estate woes will have a $ N million loss for the quarter - first interstate took a huge $ N million provision for loan losses at the arizona bank - it charged off an estimated $ N million of arizona loans leaving the unit with a reserve for future losses of $ N million about N N of its $ N million of troubled loans and real estate - first interstate made the move under pressure from regulators - the action capped a of grim arizona banking news for the third quarter and signaled that arizona is challenging texas 's long as banking 's busiest - earlier last week valley national corp. the state 's largest locally owned banking company reported a $ N million loss and suspended its dividend - pinnacle west capital corp. which has been with regulators for months over what to do about pinnacle 's merabank thrift unit suspended its dividend and reported a N N plunge in third-quarter net income - security pacific corp. said third-quarter credit losses surged a third to $ N million mainly because of sour arizona real-estate loans - new york-based chase manhattan corp. took an $ N million charge - furthermore the regulatory behind first interstate 's loss suggests regulators have concluded that lenders ' reserves are far too low to absorb their future arizona losses and are forcing bankers to do something about it - from the office of the comptroller of the currency had been through first interstate 's real-estate portfolio since last month they first recommended that first interstate take a provision that was less than the eventual $ N million third-quarter hit - when first interstate balked arguing that the figure was too high regulators responded by raising their recommendation to $ N million - at that point first interstate decided it was the better part of not to negotiate further said one industry official close to the talks - thomas p. chief financial officer would n't comment about the details of the negotiations - he said the provision was n't forced upon us but the regulators made it very clear what they thought was an appropriate number - the tough regulatory stance large future losses especially at the state 's thrifts - at least six of arizona 's N savings and loan institutions have either been taken over by the government 's conservatorship program or are essentially insolvent they are sitting on enormous losses - for example western savings & loan association which is now in conservatorship had tangible minus liabilities of a negative $ N million at june N - it had a $ N million loss in the second quarter - yet it still held $ N million of real estate for which it maintains no reserves - it also had $ N million of loans its level of reserves against those was n't immediately available though it is believed to be small - the rapid deterioration of the arizona thrifts only adds to the cost of the government 's massive thrift bailout officially estimated at about $ N billion - together the six or essentially insolvent arizona thrifts have tangible capital of a negative $ N billion foreclosed property of $ N billion and loans of $ N billion - they have no reserves against the real estate and their reserves against the loans are compared with the levels of reserves banks are moving to set up - the thrifts had a combined loss of $ N million in the second quarter - other lenders have been recovering only N cents to N cents on the dollar on foreclosed arizona property if they can sell it at all - all this havoc is the result of one of the worst in arizona 's history compounded by some of the usual suspects in 1980s banking greed fraud and plain bad banking - in the late 1970s and early 1980s lenders and developers poured money into office buildings and massive of raw desert land confident that arizona 's population would grow at annual rates of N N to N N for years to come - now annual population growth is running at about N N a year some desert bought three years ago for $ N an are being sold at $ N an and phoenix has a seven-year supply of office space - it 's horrible to say but it 's unfortunate that earthquake was n't in phoenix it might have knocked out some of our empty buildings said jackson a prominent arizona businessman with interests in real estate banking and many other businesses - many arizona real-estate experts think the worst may be yet to come - ralph publisher of update newsletter said have climbed to about N a month just in county where phoenix is located - that 's up from about N a month in N and it 's accelerating so far this month are averaging about N a day - it 's mr. said - moreover mr. and others said residential real estate which had remained fairly strong through most of the downturn is beginning to more and more of the - and the generally condition of arizona 's lenders means there is little capital available in the state to shore up the economy and slow down the slide - it 's reasonable to say there is not a s&l in the state and the amount of viable bank capital is very low said mr. jackson - we 're going to see another big wave of failures and defaults between now and year-end - the only thing a lot of these lenders can get out of their mouth now is pay me in N days - first interstate had a $ N million loss in N 's third quarter mainly from and reserves connected with its texas operations - for the six months ended june N it reported net income of $ N million or $ N a share including $ N million from tax credits and accounting changes - the bank 's arizona unit holds about $ N billion of first interstate 's $ N billion of assets - mr. said the bank expects arizona real-estate prices which plummeted N N over the last year to fall another N N before stabilizing - some in arizona think that may be optimistic - first interstate said its operations outside of arizona achieved results as expected for the quarter but did n't specify the results - first interstate stock closed at $ N down N cents in composite trading friday on the new york stock exchange - since its unsuccessful bid for bankamerica corp. in N the bank has undertaken a major restructuring in an effort to cut costs and boost performance but many industry officials believe it may be for a takeover bid especially with interstate banking set to begin in california in N - mr. said the problems in arizona have only increased our resolve to continue to make our restructuring even more effective - separately standard & poor 's corp. lowered its ratings on valley national corp. 's senior debt to from affecting about $ N million of long-term debt - s&p also lowered ratings on unsecured deposits and issues backed by a letter of credit from the bank holding company 's principal unit valley national bank of arizona - the ratings service said the reflect the continued slide in the company 's financial condition - a spokesman for phoenix valley national said the concern will be able to withstand the current downturn in arizona real estate - commercial paper holders have reinvested their funds he said and consumer deposits have been up in the last few days - corp. said its scientists isolated a which may hold potential as a treatment for disruptions of the ranging from rejection to and - the is the mouse version of a protein called the - is a which directs the growth and function of white blood cells involved in the body 's immune response - the on the surface of such cells receives the 's message to rally the body 's defense - but in certain conditions such as diseases and and transplant rejection doctors would like to damp the immune response so such cells do n't touch off harmful reactions or cell destruction - a form of the might turn off a specific part of the immune response without general immune the company said - the is one of five such to be developed and tested by corp. a spinoff of through a proposed $ N million initial public offering - will contract with the spinoff to provide the research development and initial testing of the new agents - will have the option to buy back shares after five years - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - heller financial inc. an indirect subsidiary of fuji bank ltd. shelf offering of up to $ N billion debt securities and warrants - overseas ltd. proposed offering of five million common shares via smith barney & co. and & co - mci communications corp. shelf offering of up to $ N million of debt securities via merrill lynch capital markets drexel burnham lambert inc. goldman sachs & co. and salomon brothers inc - inc. offering of $ N million subordinated debentures via bear stearns & co. inc - union tank car co. offering of $ N million of equipment trust certificates via salomon brothers - conner peripherals inc. which has a on a key part used in many portable computers is on target to compaq computer corp. as the fastest-growing start-up manufacturing firm in u.s. business history - conner dominates the market for hard-disk drives used to store data in laptop computers - it said yesterday that net income for its third quarter soared N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago period - its revenue totaled $ N million an increase of N N from $ N million a year ago - for the nine months the san jose calif.-based company said net income jumped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue nearly tripled to $ N million from $ N million - analysts expect conner 's earnings to reach roughly $ N million or $ N to $ N a share on sales of $ N million for N the company 's third full year in business - that 's a faster growth rate than reported by compaq which did n't post similar results until its fourth year in N - but compaq had achieved that level of sales faster than any previous manufacturing start-up - conner 's performance is closely tied to the demand for computers the computer industry 's fastest-growing segment - since its inception conner has both benefited from and helped make possible the rapid spread of portable computers by selling storage devices that consume five to N times less electricity than drives used in desktop machines - today conner controls an estimated N N of the hard-disk drive market for laptop computers - the company supplies drives to compaq and zenith data systems the top two u.s. manufacturers of and to toshiba corp. nec corp. and sharp corp. the leading japanese laptop makers - they 've had this field to themselves for over a year now and they 've been greatly said bob an analyst at inc. a market researcher in los calif - in the coming months however this is likely to change - next month seagate technology which is the dominant supplier of hard-disk drives for personal computers plans to introduce its first family of drives for computers - and the japanese are likely to keep close on conner 's heels - they are going to catch up said david an analyst with hambrecht & quist - both toshiba and nec already produce hard-disk drives and sony also is studying the field mr. said - but conner is n't standing still - yesterday the company introduced four products three of which are aimed at a hot new class of computers called - each of the three drives uses a mere N watts of power and one just N ounces - most of our competitors are announcing products based on our older products said conner chief executive officer and founder of the firm that bears his name - we continue to develop products faster than anyone else can - these new products could account for as much as N N of the company 's business in N mr. conner estimated - we 're not afraid of some of our old stuff to stay ahead of the competition he said - conner already is shipping its new drives - last week for instance compaq introduced its first notebook computer to reviews - conner is supplying hard-disk drives for the machine which only six pounds and fits in a - from its inception conner has targeted the market for machines building hard-disk drives that are smaller and use far less power than those offered by competitors such as seagate - the availability of these drives in turn boosted demand for laptop computers whose had been limited because of lack of storage - conner also makes hard-disk drives for desktop computers and is a major supplier to compaq which as of july owned N N of conner 's stock - sales to compaq represented N N of conner 's business in its third quarter compared with N N in the year-ago period - move over phone services a legal service with a N number has been launched in california - a newport beach law firm started the legal service called using mci communication corp. 's service - cane & associates its $ service as the cheapest legal hour you 'll ever find - though the service is available only in california founder michael cane says he plans to franchise it in other states - he says his aim is to reach people who are have no access to transportation ca n't find a lawyer to take their case or simply ca n't afford lawyers ' fees - mr. cane that he is n't using the telephone to lure clients to his - we will only deal with clients on the phone he says - we have no business - is apparently the only telephone service that offers the telephone equivalent of an office visit - local bar associations in some states have numbers that provide free messages explaining certain areas of the law - there also are N which refer people to lawyers usually personal-injury specialists for - when a caller reaches by dialing a the call to one of six attorneys - in an effort to determine whether a caller has reason to sue cane lawyers review documents and perform research if necessary with the help of three law and several support staffers - there is no charge for research only for time on the phone - if the matter requires further legal work or litigation mr. cane says his lawyers may refer the client to a law firm - but he says cane & associates does n't receive fees - so far says mr. cane most calls have involved problems tax problems and questions - the firm is getting about N calls a day and the average call lasts about N minutes - out of the $ N charge the law firm pockets about $ N - jury congressman in connection with wedtech corp. scandal - a federal court jury in new york found u.s. rep. robert garcia d. n.y and his wife lee garcia guilty of $ N from wedtech in return for official acts by the congressman - the jury also convicted them of in obtaining a $ N loan from a wedtech officer - the jury found them guilty of conspiracy in obtaining the payments some of which were as fees for consulting services from mrs. garcia - wedtech which became in cases that eventually led to its demise formerly was a south bronx n.y. defense contractor - edward little one of the assistant u.s. attorneys who prosecuted the case said the garcia trial is the last of the wedtech prosecutions - mr. little said more than N people have been convicted in the wedtech cases including former u.s. rep. mario d. n.y - lawyers for the said they plan to appeal - mr. garcia who represents new york 's congressional district which includes the bronx said he has n't decided whether he will resign - in the next few weeks i will be consulting with my political advisers and with the democratic leaders about the best way of preserving the interests of my constituents said mr. garcia N years old - mrs. garcia N formerly was a member of mr. garcia 's congressional staff - the were cleared of four other felony counts involving the of and - u.s. judge leonard b. sand set the ' sentencing for jan. N - five shea & gould partners are leaving to form a new firm - the new firm hutton & will be based in new york - the five partners who resigned from shea & gould late last week are tom hutton sam dean daniel and ernest - they will be joined by larry who resigned from the firm of & block - howard a new york who represents shea & gould said shea & gould understands they 're leaving because they wanted a different environment a smaller firm they would be principals of - mr. said the five who were n't on shea & gould 's management committee are leaving on good terms - he said shea & gould held a number of discussions with the five partners during the past few weeks to get them to stay but that the five were firmly committed to running their own firm - hutton will have a general corporate securities real-estate and litigation practice and a substantial practice serving the community - disciplinary proceedings against lawyers open to public in illinois - while investigations into lawyer misconduct will remain secret the public will be notified once a formal complaint is filed against an attorney - the actual disciplinary hearings will be public - in addition illinois attorneys will lose the right to sue clients who file complaints against them - will be added to the inquiry panels that look into allegations of misconduct - illinois joins N other states that allow public participation in proceedings and N states that open disciplinary hearings to the public according to the american bar association - one critic of the changes chicago lawyer warren says should n't be on the inquiry panels because they are unlikely to appreciate the of relationships - in addition he says publishing the names of lawyers who are facing charges subjects them to public - nevertheless mr. anticipates no legal action to reverse the illinois supreme court 's decision to institute the changes - there 's no constitutional right involved in the rule change he says - you do n't have a right to practice - you only have a privilege to practice - drexel burnham lambert inc. agreed to pay a $ N fine to delaware the state to settle with drexel in the wake of the firm 's guilty plea to federal insider-trading charges - drexel does n't have a delaware office but the new york firm has been negotiating settlements that would allow it to operate freely nationwide despite its record as an admitted - the firm has said it expects to pay $ N million overall to settle with states - drexel pleaded guilty in september to six felony counts of securities and mail fraud it also made a $ N million civil settlement with the securities and exchange commission - philip morris cos. whose benson & hedges cigarette brand has been losing market share has asked at least one other agency to try its hand at creative work for the big account which has been at wells rich greene inc. since N - executives close to philip morris said that the tobacco and food giant has asked backer spielvogel bates worldwide inc. a unit of saatchi & saatchi co. and possibly others to work on creative ideas for the account - several executives said another potential is wpp group 's ogilvy & mather agency which works on some other philip morris products - both philip morris and backer spielvogel declined to comment - a spokeswoman for ogilvy & mather said the agency does n't comment on idle speculation - also mentioned as a was advertising but the company denied it was participating - the loss of the cigarette account would be a severe blow to wells rich - benson & hedges has been one of its most campaigns as well as one of its largest clients - the account billed almost $ N million last year according to leading national advertisers - but philip morris has scaled back ad spending on the brand over the past year industry executives said and it now bills about $ N million to $ N million - industry executives said philip morris had asked the other agencies to create campaigns in a bid to stop the brand 's slipping market share - according to john maxwell an analyst at wheat first securities richmond va. benson & hedges has slipped from N N of the cigarette market in N to just N N after the second quarter of this year - the brand is no. N overall in the cigarette business mr. maxwell said - the slip has come despite ads created by wells rich including one a young man only in a - that ad generated so much publicity that a trade magazine launched a contest for its readers to guess who the guy was and what he was doing - wells rich first the benson & hedges brand more than N years ago with ads portraying among other things an door closing on a passenger 's cigarette - the brand early on achieved an upscale appeal a that some analysts believe is partly responsible for its performance - philip morris trying to revive the benson & hedges franchise put the account up for review in N - wells rich greene however in an effort directed by mary wells lawrence emerged the victor of the review and retained the business - kenneth wells rich 's chairman did n't return phone calls seeking comment - while wells rich recently picked up hertz corp. 's $ N million to $ N million account it has lost a number of big accounts this year including the $ N million to $ N million canada dry and accounts the $ N million procter & gamble co sure account and the $ N million business - its victories include more than $ N million in sheraton corp. business and an from dun & bradstreet worth $ N million to $ N million - this city is for gridlock today as hundreds of thousands of commuters avoid travel routes by last week 's earthquake - estimates of damage in the san francisco bay area $ N billion excluding the cost of the region 's transportation system - the bay bridge the main artery into san francisco from the east will be closed for at least several weeks - part of the bridge collapsed in the quake which registered N on the richter scale - the bridge normally carries N commuters a day - also most of the connecting the city to its main link to the south the N freeway have been closed for repairs - the bay area rapid transit system which runs subway trains beneath the bay is for a doubling of its daily regular to N - bart has increased service to N hours a day in preparation for the - most unusual will be commuters from the east bay towns of oakland and berkeley - for the first time in N years ferry service has been restored between the east bay and san francisco - the red and white fleet which operates regular ferry service to and from county and tourist tours of the bay is offering east bay commuters a chance to ride the waves for the price of $ N - that tariff is too stiff for some financial district wage - i 'll stay with bart said one secretary her fears about using the tube - officials expect the golden gate bridge to be with an extra load of commuters including east bay residents making a long - we 're anticipating quite a traffic crunch said one official - about N people typically travel over the golden gate bridge during commute hours - about N vehicles cross during a 24-hour period - meetings canceled by apple computer inc. 's european sales force and by other groups raised the specter of empty hotel rooms and restaurants - it also raised of the city 's tourism - other cities are calling groups booked here for tours and conferences and not to be stealing our list said scott a spokesman for mayor art agnos - city officials stuck by their estimate of $ N billion in damage to the city - the other five bay area counties have increased their total damage estimates to $ N billion - all estimates exclude highway repair which could exceed $ N billion - among the expensive are of freeway in san francisco that were closed because of damage - the most worrisome stretch is N miles of highway known as the freeway - until it was closed tuesday it had provided the series of for commuters from the bay bridge heading into the financial district - engineers say it will take at least eight months to repair the structure - as part of the quake recovery effort the city building department has surveyed about N buildings including all of the financial district 's - the preliminary conclusion from a survey of N downtown is that we were lucky said lawrence san francisco 's chief building inspector - while many of these buildings sustained heavy damage little of that involved major structural damage - city building codes require construction that can resist - in england martin a spokesman for lloyd 's of london said the insurance market has n't yet been able to estimate the total potential claims from the disaster - the extent of the claims wo n't be known for some time mr. said - on friday during a visit to california to survey quake damage president bush promised to meet the federal government 's obligation to assist relief efforts - california officials plan to ask congress for $ N billion or more of federal aid in the form of grants and loans - the state has a $ N billion reserve and is expected to add $ N billion to that fund in the next year - some of that money will be available for highway repair and special emergency aid but members of the legislature are also over a temporary state gasoline tax to raise money for earthquake relief - however state initiatives restrict the ability of the legislature to raise such taxes unless the voters approve in a statewide - g. christian hill and ken wells contributed to this article - bond corp holdings ltd. posted a loss for fiscal N of N million australian dollars us$ N million the largest in australian corporate history - that loss compared with a year-earlier profit of a$ N million - in preliminary results reported friday bond corp. also posted an operating loss of a$ N million for the year ended june N compared with operating profit of a$ N million a year earlier - operating revenue rose N N to a$ N billion from a$ N billion - but the net interest bill jumped N N to a$ N million from a$ N million - bond corp. has interests in brewing media and communications natural resources and property - much of bond corp. 's losses stemmed from one-time write-downs of the value of some of bond corp. 's assets and those of its units - the results included a a$ N million write-off of future income-tax benefits and a provision for a loss of a$ N million on the sale of a stake of about N N in plc - however bond corp. said the tax benefits remain available and might be used later - earnings before interest and tax from brewing N N to a$ N million from a$ N million - the company said the general financial performance of its u.s. brewing operations g. brewing co. was disappointing and this has been reflected in the results - bond corp. 's shares closed friday before news of the results at N australian cents a share up one australian cent - the staggering losses cap a tumultuous year for alan bond and his flagship bond corp - only a year ago the chairman of bond corp. who controls about N N of the company appeared to be building a war to attack some big companies - now bond corp. has agreed to sell at least half its australian brewing assets - it has sold billions of dollars of other assets and has more on the block - but in a tv interview sunday mr. bond said we 've taken a big loss - we 've taken it on the - but we 're out there and we 're going to stay in business - bond corp. signaled it will focus on building its domestic and international media and communications businesses - it said it will look at opportunities in brewing property and energy resources to the extent consistent with the dominant objective of ratios - the result will ultimately be a very different group in size and structure bond corp. directors said in a statement - some analysts contend the total should have been much greater and bond corp. 's auditors cited a list of several assets and deals about which there is uncertainty regarding the current value and potential impact on the firm - bond corp. said the acknowledged losses mean net asset backing is in the red to the tune of N australian cents a share vs. positive asset backing of a$ N a share a year ago - still the directors said having fully considered all aspects of the company 's state of affairs and future cash flows the directors confirm absolutely that the company is - indeed in a note to the results directors said if the true worth of some of the group 's assets were taken into account instead of using book values the negative net asset backing a share would turn into a substantial positive one - the supermarket went out of business last may - the reason was not high interest rates or labor costs - nor was there a shortage of customers in the area the residential section of northern manhattan - the business closed when the owner was murdered by - the owner was israel ortiz a entrepreneur and father of two - in his first year of operating the store he bought for $ N mr. ortiz was robbed at least twice at - the first time he was shot in the hand as he the outside - the second time he identified two who were arrested and charged - two weeks later perhaps in mr. ortiz was shot three times in the back during what police classified as a third attempt - that was his reward for working until N p.m. seven days a week to cover his $ N a month rent - for providing what his customers described as very personal and helpful service - for creating a focus for neighborhood life - israel ortiz is only one of the thousands of entrepreneurs and their employees who will be injured or killed by crime this year - the u.s. bureau of justice statistics reports that almost N N of all workers suffer injuries from crime each year almost twice the national average and about four times the rate for teachers truck drivers medical workers and salespeople - only a few other have higher reported rates of criminal injury such as police and taxi drivers - yet these figures show only the most visible part of the problem - recent data from new york city provide more of the picture - while by no means the highest crime community in the country new york is a prime example of a city where crime small-business development - a survey of small businesses there was conducted this spring by a policy research organization - it gave N businesses a and N responses - the survey found that over a three-year period N N of the firms said employees or owners had been robbed on their way to or from work or while on the job - percent reported their customers being robbed - crime was the reason that N N reported difficulty recruiting personnel and that N N said they were considering moving - more than one-third of the responding businesses said they suffer from drug dealing and near their premises - in brooklyn and the bronx one out of four commercial firms is each year - industrial neighborhoods fare even worse with rates twice the average - crime is clearly more deadly to than to big businesses - two decades ago the small business administration reported yale prof. albert 's landmark study of crime against N small businesses drawn from national irs records - he found that monetary crime losses as a proportion of gross receipts were N times higher for small businesses than for large ones - the new york study 's companies averaged N employees their annual crime losses averaged about $ N with an additional $ N annual cost in security enough money to hire at least one more worker - the costs of crime may also be enough to destroy a struggling business - whatever the monetary crime losses they may not be nearly as important to entrepreneurs as the risk of personal injury - after repeated gun some entrepreneurs may give up a business out of fear for their lives - one washington couple recently sold their liquor store after N years in business that included four deaths and N or on the premises - these findings illustrate the vicious cycle that national institute of justice director james k. stewart calls crime causing poverty - neighborhoods offer relatively few employment opportunities contributing to the poverty of local residents - small neighborhood businesses could provide more jobs if crime were not so harmful to creating and maintaining those businesses - this may help explain why small businesses create N N of all jobs nationally but only N N of jobs in a city like new york - bigger business can often better afford to minimize the cost of crime - the new york study found that the cost of security measures in firms with fewer than five employees was almost $ N per worker compared with one-third that amount for firms with more than N employees - the shift of retailing to large shopping centers has created even greater economies of scale for providing business environments - private security guards and police can the law of trespass to regulate access to these places - since N in fact revenues of the N largest guard companies primarily serving such big businesses have increased by almost N N - few small neighborhood businesses however can afford such protection even in collaboration with other local merchants - in the neighborhoods with the highest crime rates small business generally relies on the public police force for protection - this creates several problems - one is that there are not enough police to satisfy small businesses - the number one proposal for reducing crime in the new york survey was to put more police on foot or suggested by more than two-thirds of the respondents - only N N supported private security funded by the merchants themselves - a second problem is the persistent frustration of false which can make urban police less than enthusiastic about responding to calls from small businesses - only half the new york small businesses surveyed for their part are satisfied with the police response they receive - some cities including new york have with special tax districts for commercial areas that provide additional funded by local businesses - but this raises added cost barriers to urban - another solution cities might consider is giving special priority to police of small-business areas - for cities losing business to suburban shopping centers it may be a business investment to help keep those jobs and sales taxes within city limits - increased of business zones makes sense because urban crime is heavily concentrated in such hot spots of - with national institute of justice support the minneapolis police and the crime control institute are currently testing the effects of such a strategy its value with traditional random - small-business would be an especially helpful whenever a small-business person is scheduled to testify against a suspect - while no guarantee an increased police presence might even deter further attacks - it might even have saved the life and business of israel ortiz - mr. sherman is a professor of at the university of maryland and president of the crime control institute in washington - enfield corp. said in toronto that it hopes to raise N million canadian dollars us$ N million through a rights offering to shareholders - under the offer shareholders can purchase one enfield share at c$ N for each five shares held - in toronto stock exchange trading friday enfield closed at c$ N down N cents - the holding company said the rights offering should reduce its c$ N million debt to more levels before dec. N and allow it to finance future investments with equity capital - at last report enfield had about N million shares outstanding - former u.n. ambassador in a capital gang discussion oct. N of house action on federal insurance - i think this repeal was kind of a action as a matter of fact - they will have to this issue and they 'll have to it before long - diversification pays - that 's a fundamental lesson for investors but its truth was demonstrated once again in the performance of mutual funds during and after the stock market 's friday-the-13th plunge - stock funds like the market as a whole generally dropped more than N N in the week through last thursday according to figures compiled by lipper analytical services inc - that reflects the huge drop a week ago friday last monday 's rebound and the and that followed - but several other types of funds investors from the worst of the market 's slide - funds that invest internationally were the stock and fixed-income funds - more than ever people should realize they should have a diversified portfolio said a senior vice president of vanguard group - that means stocks bonds money market instruments and real estate - one week 's performance should n't be the basis for any investment decision - but the latest mutual fund performance figures do show what can happen when the going gets rough - you want to know how a fund did when the market got said kurt brouwer an investment adviser with brouwer & in san francisco - it 's like the tires of a car - what you want to know is when the road 's rough when there 's snow and ice how 's this car going to perform - general equity funds fell an average of N N in the week ended thursday compared with a N N slide for the standard & poor 's 500-stock index - but lipper analytical 's figures show that there were a number of ways investors could have themselves from the stock market 's gyrations - funds for instance which invest in companies that mine and process the precious metal posted an average decline of N N - flexible portfolio funds which investments among stocks bonds and money-market instruments and other investments declined at about half the rate of stock funds an average drop of N N according to lipper - global allocation funds take the concept one step further by investing at least N N of their portfolios outside the u.s. - this gives them the added benefits of international diversification including a foreign-exchange boost during periods like the past week when the dollar declines against other major currencies - with all that going for them global flexible portfolio funds declined only N N in the week through last thursday - but while the merits of diversification through when times are tough there 's also a price to pay a diversified portfolio always an portfolio during those times when the investment in the portfolio is truly hot - and friday the 13th notwithstanding stocks have been this year 's hot investment - thus even including the latest week the average general stock fund has soared more than N N so far this year the lipper analytical figures show - by comparison global asset allocation funds have turned in an average total return of about N N while domestic flexible portfolios are up about N N - fixed-income funds have returned N N while gold funds which tend to be volatile have risen just N N on average - that 's the problem with trying to hedge too much said mr. brouwer - you do n't make any real money - over the last N years for example mr. brouwer says an investor putting $ N a year in the s&p N would have made nearly twice as much than if it were invested in treasury bills - some equity funds did better than others in the week that began on friday the 13th - the $ N million fund for instance was the seventh top performing fund for the week with a N N return - its return so far this year has been a credible N N - the fund 's strategy is to sell when a stock N N over its cost - by the time the market plummeted N days ago was N N in cash said robert president and portfolio manager - last monday he started buying the high-quality growth companies that people were throwing away at discount prices - among mr. 's picks systems reebok international ltd. and digital microwave corp - the fund 's cash position is now about N N which mr. calls still bearish - among the big stock funds dreyfus fund with more than $ N billion in assets had a decline of just N N for the week and a return of N N for the year - howard stein chairman of dreyfus corp. said the fund was about half invested in government bonds on oct. N and about N N in cash - in a downward market bonds act better he said - we still think there 's a lot of in this market - we believe interest rates will continue to trend lower and the economy will slow around the world - many of the funds that did best in the last week are heavily invested overseas giving them the benefit of foreign currency when the dollar is weak - from its high point on thursday oct. N to where it traded late in new york a week later the dollar fell N N against the west german mark N N against the british pound and N N against the japanese yen - three international cash portfolios funds which invest almost exclusively in bonds and money-market instruments overseas were among the four funds in the latest week - because the funds ' investments are in foreign currencies their value expressed in dollars goes up when those currencies rise against the dollar - but when the dollar rises against major foreign currencies as it did for much of this year the dollar value of these funds declines - all three funds posted negative returns for the year to date - of the funds that fared the worst in the N week two are heavily invested in airlines stocks which led the market slide following problems with financing for the ual corp buy-out plan - reflecting airline takeover activity however both the fidelity select air transportation portfolio and the national aviation & technology fund posted returns for the the year to date N N for the fidelity air transportation fund and a N N for national aviation & technology - the small drop in equity funds in general in the latest week may not necessarily be a good sign said a. michael lipper president of lipper analytical - noting that equity funds are up nearly N N from their post-crash low on dec. N N he said that what happened last week may not be enough of an adjustment - there 's either more to come or an extremely long period of - but investors do n't seem to think so - several big mutual fund groups said last week that cash flows into stock funds were heavier than usual after heavy outflows on the 13th - vanguard group said it had a more than $ N million net into its stock funds last week - there certainly has n't been a panic reaction said steven a vice president at t. rowe price associates - people showed some staying power and in fact interest in buying equities - source lipper analytical services inc - \* not counting dividends - \*\* with dividends reinvested - sources lipper analytical services inc. standard & poor 's corp - guardian royal exchange assurance plc a major british composite insurer said it is taking a stake in nationwide building society 's estate agency business as part of a plan to create a range of commercial in the u.k. and europe - officials declined to disclose the value of the transaction or the exact stake that will hold in nationwide estate agents - but the companies said that nationwide estate agents will market life insurance pension and investment products through its more than N retail outlets in the - besides the marketing agreement said nationwide has agreed to develop life insurance products with the composite insurer - sitting at the bar of the four seasons restaurant architect william mcdonough seems to the glamorous and the elegant setting - he is the above the - look how much air is moving around he says - the here is great - you may be hearing more about the mr. mcdonough and his with clean air - after years of relative he is starting to attract notice for the ecological as well as the quality of his architecture - mr. mcdonough believes that the of the planet depends on such as opening windows to cut air pollution down carpets instead of using toxic and avoiding which comes from endangered rain - he has put some of his ideas into practice with his design of the restaurant architecture magazine called it and his remodeling of paul stuart the madison avenue clothing store - he has designed furniture and homes as well as commercial and office space - he is now designing a broadway stage set for a show by the band kid and the - what really his though is architecture - now the question is is poland ready for it - mr. mcdonough is about to tackle his biggest clean-air challenge yet the proposed warsaw trade center in poland the first such center in eastern europe - the project has already acquired a certain new york - bloomingdale 's plans to sell a model of the center during the holidays - some of the sales proceeds will go to the design industries foundation for aids - a topped with a of the center will be auctioned at an aids benefit at sotheby 's in december - if mr. mcdonough 's plans get executed as much of the polish center as possible will be made from aluminum steel and glass recycled from warsaw 's abundant rubble - a will stand N stories of commercial space - will make the - the windows will open - the carpets wo n't be down and walls will be coated with - to the extent that the $ N million budget will allow it mr. mcdonough will rely on solid wood rather than or board to limit the of - if mr. mcdonough has his way the poles will compensate for the trade center 's emissions of carbon dioxide a prime suspect in the global atmospheric warming many scientists fear - the poles would plant a forest somewhere in the country at a cost of $ N with the center 's developer footing the bill - the news has n't exactly moved others in mr. mcdonough 's profession to become architectural - all architects want to be aware of the ecological consequences of their work says john whose new york firm is designing the redevelopment of times square but we ca n't all carry it to that extreme - karen senior associate at michael 's architecture firm in princeton n.j. says we 're really at the of what the construction industry can and will do readily - mr. mcdonough i 'm asking people to broaden their - the son of a seagram 's executive who was in many countries around the world mr. mcdonough was born in tokyo and attended N schools in places ranging from hong kong to heights ohio before entering college - he earned a master 's degree in architecture from yale - his interest in the natural environment dates from his youth - he and his father still spend time each summer for in - living in hong kong he says made him sensitive to the limits on food power and water supplies - at his first school in the u.s. he was thought a little strange for off open water and his to take only brief - he and a established a company that restored three power plants in vermont - at yale he designed one of the first houses to be built in ireland - mr. mcdonough 's first professional project fully to reflect his environmental was his N design for the headquarters of the environmental defense fund in new york - the offices took N square feet of a building with and big windows - since the 1970s energy crisis some efforts to energy by buildings have had an side effect high pollution - to reduce it at the fund 's building workers instead of on the floors in the executive director 's office - rather than a synthetic material lies under the carpets and the desks are of wood and instead of plastic - the budget was only $ N - with means mr. mcdonough says - the fund 's lawyers work in an of trees - economists and administrators sit along a with street and trees - in offices - offices with outside windows have inside windows too to let in more real - we proved a healthy office does n't cost more says executive director of the fund - it really looks beautiful and is very light says ann a free-lance writer who has visited the office for lunch meetings - but she says i guess i did n't really notice the trees - maybe they were hidden by all the people - neither the nor the paul stuart reflects much of mr. mcdonough 's environmental concern - the restaurant was as a - it makes extensive use of steel silver and aluminum that sets off black table tops and a gray with floors - to more than replace the wood from two english used for at paul stuart however mr. mcdonough and friends planted N around the country - the ambitious warsaw project still approval by city officials - its developer is a polish american - he had worked with mr. mcdonough on an earlier project and recruited him as architect for the trade center - the center will provide space for computer hardware and facsimile and other telecommunications equipment not readily accessible in poland now for a growing number of doing business in eastern europe - mr. mcdonough thinks of the center as the tower of warsaw and a symbol of the of poland - if any nation can use environmentally benign architecture it is poland - vice president of world resources institute in washington d.c. says that perhaps a quarter of poland 's soil is too for safe because of air pollution - the pollution is also killing and destroying buildings that date back to the middle ages - the future of the forest remains uncertain - mr. 's company ltd. has agreed to set aside the money to plant and maintain it but discussions are still going on over where to place it and how to ensure that it will be maintained - after all mr. says in poland there are n't too many people worried about the environment - they 're more worried about bread on the table - pittston co. 's third-quarter net income plunged N N reflecting the impact of a prolonged and bitter labor strike at its coal operations - net sank to $ N million or eight cents a share including $ N or two cents a share reflecting a tax-loss carry-forward - in the year-ago quarter net totaled $ N million or N cents a share including $ N million or N cents a share reflecting a tax-loss carry-forward - revenue slipped N N to $ N million from $ N million - pittston also owns brink 's inc. the security service and burlington air express the air-freight concern - in addition to expected losses tied to the labor strike the coal group has spent almost $ N million since the strike began for security the company said - as a result the group 's third-quarter loss widened to $ N million from the second quarter 's $ N million - pittston continues to hire replacement workers the company said - burlington 's operating profit grew to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier pittston said - while the tone of domestic and international air-freight markets remains sound seasonal factors are likely to burlington air from matching third-quarter results in the fourth quarter pittston said - brink 's operating profit was about flat with the year-earlier period reflecting continued pricing and cost pressures - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday pittston closed at $ N a share down N cents - does n't anybody here want to win this mayor 's race - as they and toward election day two weeks from tomorrow both democrat david dinkins and republican rudolph giuliani are in trouble - mr. dinkins the manhattan borough president can afford more and because he holds a comfortable lead in most of the polls - but in the past N days he has taken a series of body to his pride and his reputation that could affect his ability to govern this tumultuous city should he become new york 's first black mayor - ordinarily a opponent would find a way to capitalize on the other side 's - but mr. giuliani a prosecutor has had difficulty switching from his mode to a political stance that suggests he might know something about running this big troubled city - and now at the crucial moment he 's running out of money - this is the nation 's biggest city and traditionally its mayor is the nation 's best-known urban politician - democrats hoped that mr. dinkins could become a highly visible national leader - republicans figured that in mr. giuliani the nation 's best-known prosecutor they had a chance for a huge upset in the heart of democratic territory and that they would pick up a new political star - but it has n't worked out that way - dinkins is a decent but sloppy guy says david veteran campaign consultant here who has always worked for mayor edward koch defeated by mr. dinkins in the sept. N democratic primary - the alternative giuliani is - i guess we 'll go ahead and do it vote for dinkins says richard wade a politically active professor who supported richard an in the democratic primary - there 's nothing on the other side - we 're picking up steam insists roger mr. giuliani 's media consultant whose last big campaign helped put george bush in the white house - he adds it just has n't gotten down to the engine room yet - but the steam may never reach the engine room - for just as mr. giuliani on to an issue that has mr. dinkins reeling his campaign desperately needs cash to keep mr. 's commercials on the air beyond wednesday or thursday - to help out this week the white house is chief of staff john and three cabinet members hud 's jack kemp transportation 's samuel skinner and treasury 's nicholas brady according to peter powers the giuliani campaign manager - for republicans who began this campaign with such high hopes all of this is deeply frustrating - historically new york is almost always in trouble - but the trouble it faces now under democratic rule seems bigger and more than anything it has faced in the past - this year the city faces a budget deficit that could become even bigger next year - and hardly surprising many residents trying to cope with the city 's other problems are constantly on edge one ethnic group with another - people were n't so happy in the 1930s says thomas another local professor and the of the legendary the city 's fusion mayor who built a coalition mr. giuliani hopes to - but at least back then they did n't generally direct their anger at each other - the mr. dinkins an has served as the city clerk and as manhattan borough president a job with limited executive responsibilities - i you to come up with one major of david dinkins says mr. giuliani - he defeated the contentious mr. koch in the democratic primary partly because he seemed to offer hope he could the city 's racial and ethnic - his campaign is almost all pictures and words - his theme is unity bringing new york together again - both candidates are negotiating about holding debates but mr. dinkins is widely seen as the major obstacle for scheduling them - the 45-year-old mr. giuliani has run a negative campaign to pick up votes to mr. dinkins - he 's got to get dinkins 's up says lee director of the college institute of public opinion - but our polls show voters do n't like the attack stuff - why even N N of the republican vote is going to dinkins - it 's politics says john mr. dinkins 's issues director insisting there is a strong to the giuliani effort - for the giuliani forces it 's a - on the one hand mr. giuliani wants to cut into mr. dinkins 's credibility - on the other he seeks to convince voters he 's the new and ready to lead new york out of the mess it 's in - it has n't helped that he 's on abortion and rights sought the support of both the liberal and conservative parties he won the liberal endorsement and that he turned to mason for help with jewish voters - mr. mason left the campaign after telling reporters mr. dinkins is a with a - is a word for a black person - mr. dinkins concedes nothing in his ability to and - he can match mason with his own robert carson an angry street who was convicted of in N - the dinkins campaign paid mr. carson close to $ N to get out the vote on day - paper work on how it was spent is incomplete - mr. carson has been charged with being - asked about that the other day he replied - i 'm - more troubling for mr. dinkins is his record in personal accounting - it began in N when he was being considered for deputy mayor and a routine check the extraordinary fact that he had n't paid his income tax for the previous four years - i was always going to do it tomorrow he explained at the time - and now he 's trying to explain an arrangement in which he sold stock in inner city broadcasting co. headed by his old friend and sutton to his son david dinkins jr. for $ N - he had valued the shares at more than $ N million two years earlier - he says he sold the stock to avoid problems in his role as a voting member of the city 's board of estimate - he says his son has n't paid for the shares - it looks like serious tax evasion says mr. the giuliani media consultant - it follows the same pattern as his tax returns - he to talk about it until after he gets caught - he simply has n't explained why something worth a million dollars ended up worth $ N two years later says mr. powers the giuliani campaign manager - it 's for him to suggest it 's the difference between value of the shares and their market value - so far though no one not even former u.s. attorney giuliani has been able to pinpoint just what law mr. dinkins has broken or just what tax he has - the crime goes to character says ron a consultant to the giuliani campaign - it 's serious stuff - he and ducks - he 's had a history of and this is the latest chapter - it makes people think maybe this guy is n't so clean after all says mr. mayor koch 's media consultant - the result may turn out to be a lot closer than people think - the scandal surrounding the N collapse of banco ambrosiano was by the arrest last week of rome businessman on fraud charges - rome accuse mr. and several other people of trying to N billion lire $ N from the vatican in return for documents contained in the of the ambrosiano chairman found under london 's 's bridge shortly before the bank 's collapse - banco ambrosiano which was italy 's largest private-sector bank collapsed in N with $ N billion of debts - most of the money was lent to a series of shell companies in panama and that were owned directly or indirectly by the vatican bank - the vatican which denies any wrongdoing paid $ N million to the milan bank 's creditors as a goodwill in N - italian news reports said mr. and a obtained N billion lire in checks from a vatican official - italian papers speculated the contained papers either the vatican bank from blame in the scandal or showing that the bank known as the per di funds to east bloc groups such as solidarity in poland - neither mr. mr. nor vatican officials could be reached for comment over the weekend - this business trust company said its board elected e. burke a consultant to drexel burnham lambert group inc. as chief executive officer a new post and as president - mr. burke succeeds richard d. who will remain as a consultant to the company - both men were unavailable to comment - the company also named michael e. a director and a major shareholder to fill the vacant seat of chairman - britain 's serious fraud office said it will investigate the circumstances surrounding alleged contracts at ferranti international signal plc 's international signal & control unit - the investigation which will be with one already under way in the u.s. follows the discovery of what ferranti has called a serious fraud involving its u.s. subsidiary - international signal & control lancaster pa. a manufacturer was bought by ferranti in N for # N million $ N million - ferranti has said that it would be forced to write off # N million against the contracts reducing its net asset value by more than half - the serious fraud office a division of london 's metropolitan police responsible for investigating financial crimes said its work would take in allegations of fraud prior to surrounding and subsequent to the merger - ferranti said that it the investigation and that it will cooperate fully - ferranti 's chairman has said he hoped to pursue legal action against those responsible - the british defense electronics group has said it will sell # N million in assets and may seek a merger to strengthen itself in the wake of its troubles - chicago businessmen m. lee and peter signed a new agreement to purchase the denver basketball team but not as principal owners - on saturday the partners said the team would be purchased for $ N million by a new group including comsat video enterprises inc. a unit of communications satellite corp. based here - comsat video will pay $ N million for a N N interest with messrs. lee and putting up $ N million for a N N stake in the team - under terms of the sale owner could receive up to $ N million in additional payments from the franchise 's future earnings - messrs. lee and last july announced a deal that would have made them the first black principal owners of a major professional sports franchise - but the deal fell apart last week for lack of financing - comsat video is headed by robert who resigned his no. N executive post with turner broadcasting system inc. just two weeks ago to take the comsat position - comsat video which distributes programs to hotel rooms plans to add games to their offerings as mr. turner did successfully with his atlanta and sports teams - messrs. lee and will manage the ' affairs - royal business group inc. said it filed suit in federal court here charging realist inc. and its directors with violating federal securities laws by engaging in a scheme to prevent royal from acquiring realist - royal which makes and distributes business forms owns an N N stake in realist - royal contends that realist failed to disclose material information including realist 's negotiations to acquire laser ag to stockholders prior to realist 's june N annual meeting - royal 's suit contends that the acquisition was designed to management and thwart royal 's offer - royal withdrew its offer to buy realist a maker of optical and electronic products based in falls wis. for $ N a share in july after realist disclosed the purchase - the suit seeks in excess of $ N in damages - a realist official said the company had n't yet received the full complaint and would n't have a response until it had an opportunity to review it - winnebago industries inc. battered by a slowdown in recreational vehicle industry sales reported a widened fourth-quarter loss and slashed its dividend in half - the forest city iowa maker of motor homes said it had a loss of $ N million or N cents a share in the quarter ended aug. N - a year earlier the company had a deficit of $ N million or six cents a share - the cut in the dividend to N cents a share from N cents would indicate to me they do n't see the problems being fixed real quick said frank an analyst at inc. in minneapolis - indeed winnebago said it started several promotional programs to spur retail sales in the fall and winter - the year was already shaping up as a difficult one for the recreational vehicle industry which makes products such as motor homes travel and van - with the exception of van the industry has seen a decline from N 's robust sales - but the rate of the decline in august with unit sales to dealers for the month down N N from a year earlier according to the recreation vehicle industry association - at winnebago sales for the quarter fell N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - the company attributed the decline to consumers ' concern over interest rates and gas prices two key expenses for buyers - it 's a discretionary purchase said robert who follows the industry for merrill lynch & co - so when there 's talk and concern about the economy it 's not for a portion of the buying public to defer purchases - mr. expects industry sales for all of N to fall about N N from N when sales of N units were the highest since N - and he said the weakness could continue in the first half of next year - but he said the industry has a good decade ahead particularly if aging baby boomers fulfill the industry 's dreams by buying - winnebago was hit especially hard in the latest downturn because unit sales in its bread-and-butter motor home business tumbled N N industrywide in august and N N in the first eight months of the year - the company said it also suffered in the quarter from incentive programs losses from a motor home line and costs of developing a new commercial vehicle among other things - the news sent winnebago stock falling N cents to $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading a 52-week low - the dividend cut will prove most costly for john k. hanson winnebago 's founder and chairman - based on his control of about N N of winnebago 's N million shares his annual dividend income would be cut to about $ N million from $ N million - for the year winnebago had a loss of $ N million or N cents a share following profit of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - bullish bond market sentiment is on the rise again - as the government prepares to release the next batch of economic reports the consensus among economists and money managers is that the news will be negative - and that they say will be good for bonds - recent data have indicated somewhat weaker economic activity said elliott director of economic research at donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities - mr. is advising clients that the near-term direction of bond prices is likely to remain upward - analysts insist that even without help from a shaky stock market which provided a temporary boost for bonds during the oct. N stock market plunge bond prices will start to climb on the prospects that the federal reserve will allow interest rates to move lower in the coming weeks - that would be to fixed-income investors many of whom were badly burned in the third quarter by incorrectly assuming that the fed would ease - investors rushed to buy bonds during the summer as prices soared on speculation that interest rates would continue to fall - but when it became clear that rates had stabilized and that the fed 's policy was on hold bond yields jumped and prices tumbled - long-term bonds have performed this year - for example a group of long-term treasury bonds tracked by merrill lynch & co. produced a total return of N N in the first quarter N N in the second quarter and N N in the third quarter - total return is price changes plus interest income - now some investment analysts insist that the economic climate has turned cold and gloomy and they are urging clients to buy bonds before the rally begins - among other things economists note that consumer spending is slowing corporate profit margins are being squeezed business confidence is slipping and construction and manufacturing industries are depressed - at the same time last week 's consumer price index showed that inflation is - add it all up and it means that the fed has a little to ease its credit policy stance without the risk of inflation said norman robertson chief economist at mellon bank corp. pittsburgh - i think we will see a federal funds rate of close to N N N in the next two weeks and N N by year end - the federal funds rate which banks charge each other on overnight loans is considered an early signal of changes in the fed 's credit policy - economists generally agree that the rate was lowered by the fed from around N N where it had been since july to about N N N in early october on the heels of a weak employment report - although the rate briefly drifted even lower following the stock market sell-off that occurred oct. N it ended friday at about N N N - james chief fixed-income strategist at merrill lynch is touting securities which he says should benefit more quickly than longer-term bonds as interest rates fall - given our forecast for lower rates purchases made now should prove quite rewarding before year end he said - mr. also likes long-term investment-grade corporate bonds and long-term treasurys - he says these bonds should appreciate in value as some investors reacting to the recent turmoil in the stock and high-yield junk bond markets seek safer securities - if the tennessee valley authority sale is any guide there appears to be good demand for long-term paper from both domestic and overseas accounts he said - tva in its first public debt offering in N years sold $ N billion of long-term and securities last week - strong investor demand prompted the utility to boost the size of the issue from $ N billion - tva which operates one of the nation 's largest electric power systems is a corporation owned by the federal government - but investors to buy bonds may be especially tough this week when the u.s. government will auction more than $ N billion of new securities - today the treasury department will sell $ N billion of three-month and six-month bills at the regular weekly auction - tomorrow the treasury will sell $ N billion of two-year notes - resolution funding corp. known as refcorp a division of a new government agency created to bail out the nation 's troubled savings and loan associations will hold its first bond auction wednesday when it will sell $ N billion of 30-year bonds - all of this comes ahead of the government 's big quarterly refunding of the federal debt which takes place sometime in november - so far investors have n't shown much appetite for refcorp 's initial bond offering - roger early a portfolio manager at federated investors corp. said that yields on the so-called bailout bonds are n't high enough to attract his attention - why should i bother with something that 's an unknown for a very small pickup in yield he said - i 'm not going to jump on them the first day they come out - he seems to be typical of many professional money managers - when the size of the refcorp offering was announced last week and when-issued trading activity began the bailout bonds were yielding about N percentage point more than the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond - on friday the yield was quoted at about N percentage point higher than the benchmark bond an indication of weak demand - some economists believe that yields on all treasury securities may rise this week as the market struggles to absorb the new supply - but once the new securities are they expect investors to focus on the weak economic data - the supply is not a to the market said samuel chief financial economist at kleinwort benson government securities inc - if one thinks that rates are going down you do n't care how much supply is coming - friday 's market activity - most bond prices fell on concerns about this week 's new supply and disappointment that stock prices did n't stage a sharp decline - junk bond prices moved higher however - in early trading treasury bonds were higher on expectations that a surge in buying among japanese investors would continue - also providing support to treasurys was hope that the stock market might see declines because of the expiration of some stock-index futures and options on indexes and individual stocks - those hopes were dashed when the stock market put in a relatively quiet performance - treasury bonds ended with losses of as much as N point or about $ N for each $ N face amount - the benchmark 30-year bond which traded as high as N N during the day ended at N N - the yield on the benchmark bond rose slightly to N N from N N - in the corporate bond market traders said the new-issue market for junk bonds is likely to pick up following chicago & north western acquisition corp. 's $ N million junk bond offering friday - today for example underwriters at morgan stanley & co. said they expect to price a $ N million 12-year senior subordinated debenture offering by imo industries inc - traders expect the issue to be priced to yield N N - shearson lehman hutton inc. said that a $ N million senior subordinated discount debenture issue by drugs is expected by the end of the month - however despite the big new-issue calendar many junk bond investors and analysts are skeptical the deals will get done - there are about a dozen more deals coming said michael director of fixed-income research at kemper financial services inc - if they had this much trouble with chicago & north western they are going to have an awful time with the rest - last week underwriters were forced to postpone three junk bond deals because of recent weakness in the market - and pressure by big investors forced donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. to chicago & north western 's $ N million junk bond offering - after hours of negotiating that stretched late into thursday night underwriters priced the 12-year issue of senior subordinated debentures at par to yield N N higher than the N N that had been expected - the coupon on the issue will be reset in one year at a rate that will give the issue a market value of N - however the maximum coupon rate on the issue when it is reset is N N - debenture holders also will receive the equivalent of N N of the common stock in chicago & north western 's parent company - the coupon was raised to induce some of the big players on the to come in said a spokesman for donaldson - we put a price on the deal that the market required to get it done - the spokesman said the issue was sold out and met with strong interest abroad particularly from japanese investors - in the secondary or resale market junk bonds closed N point higher while investment-grade corporate bonds fell N to N point - sotheby 's inc. 's gamble in the business appears to have paid off - the new york arm of the london-based auction house auctioned off the estate of john t. dorrance jr. the campbell 's soup co. heir for $ N million last week a record for a art collection - that total was below the $ N million the auction house estimated the collection might sell for but was enough to ensure that an unprecedented financial arrangement sotheby 's had made with the dorrance family proved profitable to the auction house - sotheby 's provided the dorrance family a guarantee of at least $ N million and as much as $ N million to obtain the collection people familiar with the transaction said thus taking a greater than usual financial interest in the property to be sold - the dorrance estate auctioned off in a series of sales held over four days included furniture and paintings - an auctioned last wednesday $ N million a world record for the artist - in addition a handful of paintings from the dorrance collection remain to be sold at sotheby 's annual old masters paintings auction in january - the better business bureau of san diego and the state attorney general 's office entered into a settlement stemming from an investigation of business published by an outside firm better book inc - the settlement stems from charges that better book now made in selling advertising for the and in the bureau from N to N - without admitting any the bureau agreed to several conditions if it again contracts with an outside firm to publish its - the conditions include not how many will be distributed and agreeing to make refunds to advertisers if any are involved in the sale - the attorney general 's investigation was sparked by lawsuits and charges by angry california that they were in a project contracted by better book - the led to the closing of the los angeles better business bureau in late N - mccaw cellular communications inc. said it obtained firm financing commitments from three major banks in regard to its offer for N N of lin broadcasting corp - morgan guaranty trust bank and national bank an affiliate of financial corp. jointly committed $ N billion of financing subject to certain conditions mccaw said - further mccaw said the banks expressed confidence that the balance of the $ N billion bank facility will be committed within the next several weeks by a syndicate of foreign and domestic banks - morgan and are leading that syndicate - mccaw is offering to buy N million shares of lin for $ N each in cash which would result in mccaw owning N N of the and broadcasting concern - the offer is in limbo however because lin has agreed to merge its businesses with bellsouth corp - in national over-the-counter trading friday lin shares rose N cents to close at $ N - beijing lawmakers have called for to be built to house and for severe punishment including the death sentence for anyone who or women into - the official news agency said the municipal government was discussing a draft bill to give the capital its first statutes - it quoted deputy director of the beijing public security bureau as saying that there were many more people involved in now than in N when there were about N cases - foreigners involved in will be according to the law and those with diseases will be expelled from the country according to the regulations - the communists nearly succeeded in eliminating after taking over in N but the practice has returned in recent years with the country 's increased exposure to the outside world - japan agreed to enforce a decision by an international wildlife conference to ban all trade in ivory a spokesman for the ministry of international trade and industry said - earlier japan had said it might file a against the ivory ban decided by ballot at the united nations conference on international trade in endangered in switzerland last week - the japanese use N N of the world 's ivory - italy should close the tower of because it 's a danger to tourists experts said - in some places the is so damaged it shows signs of breaking off scientists and technicians said in a report to public works minister giovanni - each year nearly a million people pay about $ N to make the climb up N steps to the top of the marble tower - east germany pledged to reduce alcohol consumption by boosting production of soft drinks and fruit - trade and supply minister said in a letter published in the youth daily that the rise in alcohol consumption in east germany had been halted but to reduce it further he said production and supply of other including fruit should be stepped up - he added that shops will have to continue reducing their stocks of liquor and avoid them too in the window - hong kong has built a center for illegal from china because china has refused for the past two weeks to accept them back - the center close to hong kong 's border with china will be ready today and will be able to house N police deputy director peter said - the dispute started when china angry that hong kong had allowed dissident to to the u.s. halted the usual daily transfer of illegal caught in this british colony which to beijing 's control in N - under the glare of newly installed television lights british members of parliament demanded a halt to the experimental of debates - a group of senior conservative legislators complaining the house of commons was like a demanded that the experiment be stopped unless the intensity of the lights is reduced - one conservative david said i should have a wonderful by christmas - debates are due to be broadcast nationally starting nov. N in a six-month experiment - a majority of japanese banks are said to be wary of making new loans to mexico under the brady plan because they 're uncertain the mexican economy will remain stable - instead many small and medium-sized banks and some larger ones are likely to take one of the other two options open to them under the plan japanese banking officials said - the plan proposed by u.s. secretary of state nicholas brady calls for banks either to make new loans or to reduce the principle on existing loans or to cut the interest rate on those existing loans - the officials said that most japanese banks prefer the losses they 'd suffer in either of the latter options to the risk of new lending - but an official at a long-term credit bank explained that since some larger banks have already taken loss provisions for loans to other third world nations further write-offs could be viewed as - they ca n't take the hit to their earnings he said - as a result the official said they may be forced into a situation in which they make risky loans that they could have to write off later - a poll in south korea put margaret thatcher first on a list of foreign leaders - the british prime minister was the only woman singled out by respondents who put soviet president mikhail gorbachev in second place - the soviet newspaper reported that mouse will appear in a comic book to be issued four times a year by soviet publisher i sport and 's group - the comic book will cost about $ N - ekco group inc. nashua n.h. expects to report that net income in the third quarter ended oct. N fell N N to N N from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - robert stein president and chief executive officer attributed the expected decline partly to the effects of a strike last month at the company 's ohio facility - orders in early september also played a role he said in an interview - but mr. stein said he is reasonably confident that earnings for the full year will exceed the $ N million or N cents a share in N - that would require fourth-quarter net of more than about N cents to N cents a share assuming that mr. stein 's third-quarter estimate proves accurate - in the year-earlier fourth quarter the company had profit of $ N million or N cents a share - third-quarter revenue is expected to be $ N million to $ N million up from $ N million a year earlier according to neil gordon treasurer - the year-earlier periods do n't reflect results of the company 's corp. unit acquired last january but include some canadian operations that were sold at the end of N - august through october traditionally is the busiest season for the business as many retailers use the goods as autumn promotional items - mr. stein said some retailers perhaps anxious about inventories appear to have held back on orders in september but have been ordering more heavily in october - mr. stein said is marginally profitable but has n't performed as well as expected - 's and other products are doing very well and its plastic products are poised for growth he said - but the unit 's third segment wildlife is suffering from a depressed market and ekco is seeking to sell that segment he said - mr. stein said he expects profit to be higher in N than in N reflecting a number of measures taken since the acquisition of ekco in late N - prior to acquiring the business the company was known as corp. had been a maker of computer printers but mr. stein and other officers decided to sell that business after japanese competitors grabbed a dominant share of the market - mr. stein said tighter operating controls have enabled ekco to reduce inventory levels N N to N N improve delivery of orders to about N N from around N N and to lower the number of labor hours required to produce a unit - by moving the design of new products in-house instead of contracting out the work the company also has been able to come up with designs that can be manufactured more efficiently he said - in addition to those measures the company spent heavily earlier this year to install displays at its customers ' retail outlets a strategy that mr. stein said has helped bolster awareness of the company 's brands - ekco 's operation makes kitchen tools and as well as at factories in the u.s. and canada - the main issue in the strike at the ohio facility was health-care benefits mr. stein said - the strike ended - ekco continues to seek further acquisitions in the consumer-products industry mr. stein said - he indicated that ekco may be interested in acquiring another company with revenue in the range of $ N million to $ N million partly because mass increasingly want to rely on larger and fewer suppliers - after several years of booming business with china foreign traders are bracing for the biggest slump in a decade - the of measures starting last october already had begun to when the massacre in square on june N and subsequent events the belt far tighter - foreign lending has been virtually suspended since then liquidity and many projects - and beijing has pulled back on domestic loans and subsidies leaving many domestic buyers and plants strapped for cash - far east ltd. a swiss concern that sells chemicals to and soap factories in china the problems - last year 's up the working capital of chinese factories - the company 's sales during N 's first half - the june killings magnified the problems - in canton 's representative office received no orders in june - at first it attributed the slump to temporary business disruptions but when no orders were in august and september manager donald became convinced that business would be bad for many months - things have grown worse since june N mr. says - he predicts that sales will drop between N N and N N from last year 's $ N million - the consumer-products and sectors are bearing the brunt of china 's measures and foreign companies such as that deal with those industries are being hit the hardest - but in general all companies are feeling the - the import pie will shrink says john first vice president of the american chamber of commerce in hong kong and a china trade specialist - on the down side sales could fall as much as N N for some companies on the upper side sales will be flat - china 's foreign trade has gone in cycles during the past decade - the last time that traders experienced a trough was during N when beijing imposed tough measures to curb imports and foreign exchange - the current trough is expected to be much deeper because beijing has cut off domestic funds from factories for the first time to slow inflation - in addition the suspension of loans and export credits from foreign governments and institutions following the june killings have been a big setback - the freeze on new lending is dealing the single biggest blow to trading says raymond china manager for ag a west german company - import growth from the year-earlier months slowed to N N in july and N N in august compared with an average growth rate of N N in the first half - in the first eight months of N imports grew N N to $ N billion down slightly from a growth rate of N N a year earlier - the picture for china 's exports is just as bleak mainly because of the domestic credit squeeze - exports in the first eight months grew only N N to $ N billion compared with a growth rate of N N a year earlier according to chinese customs figures - the threat to china 's balance of payments is further by the plunge in its foreign-exchange reserves excluding gold holdings - the reserves dropped for the first time in recent years to $ N billion in june from $ N billion in april - the trend has prompted beijing to intensify efforts to curb imports - in recent weeks china 's leaders have trading in and scores of chemical products and commodities - the ministry of foreign economic relations and trade set up a special bureau last month to monitor the issue of import and export licenses - beijing 's periodic on imports have taught many trading companies that the best way to get through the drought is by helping china export - for example corp. one of the biggest japanese trading houses now buys almost twice as many goods from china as it sells to that country - three years ago the ratio was reversed - but the strategy is n't helping much this time - both sectors of imports and exports look just as bad says general manager of 's canton office - he expects the company 's trading business to drop as much as N N this year - for a short time after june N it appeared that the trade picture would remain fairly bright - many foreign trading offices in hong kong were with and telephone calls from chinese trade officials urging them not to ties - even the bank of china which normally took weeks to process letters of credit was settling the letters at record speed to rumors about the bank 's financial health - but when foreign traders tried to do business they discovered that the eagerness of chinese trade officials was just a - the suspension of foreign loans has weakened the buying power of china 's national trading companies which are among the country 's biggest - business is n't any better on the or municipal level foreign traders say - shanghai investment & trust co. known as is the city 's main financier for trading business - had tapped the japanese bond market for funds but it ca n't do that any longer - foreign traders say the company is strapped for cash - it has difficulties paying its foreign debts says a hong kong executive who is familiar with 's business - how can it make available funds for purchases - foreign traders also say many of china 's big projects have been canceled or postponed because of the squeeze on domestic and foreign credit - albert lee a veteran trader who specializes in machinery sales estimates that as many as N N of projects that had obtained approval to proceed have been canceled in recent months - there are virtually no new projects and that means no new business for us he says - even when new lending foreign exchange would still be tight because beijing will likely try to rein in foreign borrowing which has grown between N N and N N in the past few years - and foreign creditors are likely to be more cautious about extending new loans because china is a peak repayment period as many loans start falling due in the next two to five years - another reason for the intensity of the trade problems is that beijing has extended the current on imports beyond the usual target of consumer products to include steel chemical and plastics - these have been among the country 's leading imports particularly last year when there were shortages that led many traders to buy heavily and pay - but the shortages also spawned rampant speculation and prices - to stem speculation beijing imposed ceiling prices that went into effect earlier this year - traders who had bought the goods at prices above the ceiling do n't want to take a loss on and are holding onto their stock - the resulting has depressed the market - but beijing ca n't cut back on such essential imports as raw materials for too long without the country 's export business - mr. the china trade expert estimates that as much as N N of 's exports is made up of processed imported raw materials - oil spill case shows liability fund flaws - an dispute stemming from an alaskan oil spill has helped spur a drive for tougher federal laws to protect victims of such - the class-action suit of the pipeline liability fund which gets its money from oil companies using the pipeline and those by oil - on july N N the tanker bay struck a rock and almost N gallons of oil into the cook - commercial and fish processors filed suit in federal court in a claim that has to more than $ N million - defendants include british petroleum america corp. the and the pipeline liability fund - the fund was created by the pipeline act which provides that the owner or operator of a vessel involved in an oil spill must pay the first $ N million in damages - the fund is required to pay claims up to an additional $ N million - the fund 's purpose is to provide quick and adequate relief - but the bay case the fund 's first test shows how easily the fund can be undermined - corp. is liability - it claims the coast guard failed to chart the rock and refuses to pay damages - that means the fund is n't obligated to pay anything at least so far - the oil pollution act scheduled to come up for a vote in congress this fall would provide that if claimants are n't paid within N days of a spill the liability fund would compensate them and seek from the owner or operator of the vessel says a spokesman for rep. george miller d. calif. a sponsor of the bill - the spokesman says the in the statute is the worst kind of - many law school find classes never end - recent law school graduates are starting jobs with law firms this fall and heading back to class - bar associations and consultants are offering more programs to teach associates all they need to know about law but did n't learn in law school - law school teaches wonderful theory but it does n't teach the and of practical says head of a new york county lawyers ' association committee that sponsors such a course - in the past associates learned the from senior lawyers who acted as - but these days large firms hire as many as N new associates a year and it 's impossible to personally train everyone says joel of inc. a consulting firm that runs training classes - the course enables students to up on negotiation skills by role playing in deals - students also are taught to return clients ' phone calls immediately and to treat the support staff with respect - many law firms sponsor their own programs - at the baltimore firm of & green new corporate and banking associates are required to in a course - partners on how to form corporations draft agreements and defend clients against unwanted tender offers - now clients know that new associates have had some practical training before working on their cases says james j. a partner at the firm - los angeles creates a courthouse for kids - the children of los angeles will soon have their own $ N million courthouse - the building which will handle child abuse custody and foster care cases will be less formal less threatening and just basically less grim than most says edelman chairman of the los angeles county board of supervisors - designs call for an structure with a in the center - there will be recreation and movie rooms - will be able to listen to music with - study halls complete with reference materials will be available - and there will be a 's station and rooms for children to meet with social workers - the building 's N will be smaller says a court administrator - the bench will be lower so the judge seems less and walls will be painted in bright colors and covered with - cases in los angeles county involving dependent children are usually heard in the criminal courts building - we need to get the kids away from the criminals into a less environment says mr. edelman - about N children in los angeles county are under court supervision mr. edelman says and an average of N new children are added each month - the courthouse to be built in park is expected to open in the spring of N - law firm management can be quite rewarding - it pays to follow a management career path even at law firms - that 's the conclusion of a recent study of large law firms conducted by altman & weil inc. an pa. law firm consultant - its survey of N firms each with N to N lawyers shows that managing partners earned an average of $ N in compensation and cash benefits in the firms ' N fiscal years - managing partners who responded to the survey typically spend over half their time their firms ' day-to-day operations and just a little more than a third of their time practicing law - partners in the survey who devote most of their time to practicing law earned an average of about $ N - chairman jamie whitten d. miss of the house appropriations committee proposed a $ N billion emergency funding package to assist california 's recovery from last week 's earthquake and extend further aid to east coast victims of hurricane hugo - the sweeping measure $ N million in small-business loans $ N billion in funds and $ N billion divided between general emergency assistance and a reserve to be available to president bush to meet unanticipated costs from the two disasters - the funds would be attached to a spending bill required to keep most of the government operating past wednesday - the measure is scheduled to be taken up by the appropriations committee today - the panel is expected to add provisions restrictions on the use of federal highway funds and may also shift money within the package to bolster the share for the small business administration - we will support it we will him and we will it where appropriate said rep. fazio d. calif - dubbed the dire emergency supplemental to meet the needs of natural disasters of national significance the measure is vintage whitten in federal responsibility and in budget - such other amounts will be made available subsequently as required the legislation reads and the new obligations shall not be a charge against the budget act or other - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered the ratings of some $ N million of pinnacle debt because of accelerating deficiency in liquidity which it said was by pinnacle 's elimination of dividend payments - henry jr. pinnacle executive vice president said the action wo n't really have any effect on us - we are n't selling bonds right now and i do n't think it will affect the value of our existing bonds - the rating agency said it lowered the ratings on $ N million of the holding company 's convertible subordinated to from - moody 's said it also lowered the ratings of $ N million of pinnacle 's merabank thrift unit long-term deposits to from b-2 and on its subordinated debt to ca from - merabank 's rating for short-term deposits remains not prime - securities of merabank were placed under review last may and will remain under review for downgrade the agency said - first the somewhat affected of the 1960s - then the of the 1970s and 1980s - what now - to judge from novels that mirror the contemporary scene we 're back in the age of anxiety - where to middle-class life and ambitious hoped to leave it far behind as they scaled the upper reaches of success it now seems that so many people feel they 're slipping between the cracks that middle-class life is viewed with or outright - 's third novel limited partnerships north point press N pages $ N is a funny and look at the way love relationships are affected by the pressures of money or more specifically the lack of it - nora worth and malcolm N and N respectively live together in a in a philadelphia neighborhood - malcolm a former turned architect has just seen his first big chance at a lucrative commission turn to dust with the arrest of his client a real estate developer - nora who still has artistic aspirations knows she is lucky to be working as a food cold drinks and other to look as as possible in front of the camera - after all she reasons there were with and degrees from cooking schools in france who would kill for her job - but nora and malcolm feel trapped - they seem to be having the worst of both artistic work with none of art 's integrity and no control over the finished product without fun or profit - it 's a world in which bright still people are engaged in a glossy version of day labor doing free-lance work that brings little satisfaction or security but that they know they should be to do - uncertainty dogs every aspect of their lives - malcolm faces bankruptcy and an irs audit but nora finds an extra $ N in her bank account suddenly increasing her available funds some - while she is wondering whether to live it up and do something even more dramatic say get married her life is further complicated by the of an old david a film critic and actor who always seems to be just on the brink of - in novels of an earlier vintage david would have represented excitement and danger malcolm middle-class security - the irony in this novel is that neither man represents a safe middle-class haven nora 's decision is between emotional excitement and emotional security with no firm economic base anywhere - the characters a world in which it seems increasingly difficult to find a middle way between the of success and failure wealth and poverty - in making malcolm and nora such representative of their class and generation ms. has somewhat neglected the task of making them individual characters - the humor of the story owes much to the fact that no hearts even the characters ' own are likely to for the plight of - but readers may well feel the of recognition - in any case the middle classes are n't the only ones in trouble or whose troubles provide material for - money contemporary books N pages $ N a novel by consultant and business analyst joseph r. tells the story of an innovative widely respected computer manufacturing company called as it faces a hostile takeover attempt by a much smaller corporation that is so managed as to constitute a standing joke in the business world - dynamic scott thatcher founder and head of initially finds the takeover threat - but as he and his skilled team soon discover they 're up against two factors they had n't counted on first a business climate in which a failing company with few assets and many debts can borrow against the assets of the successful company it hopes to acquire in order to finance the takeover second that standing behind is a consortium of much bigger and foreign interests providing the money and muscle for the deal - mr. manages to invest this tale of financial wars with the characters and action of a novel - and like a spy or mystery story this novel has strong elements of as the good and evil forces battle it out - mr. these moral with the broad strokes of a that occasionally to the of - of californians and union leaders undermine the force of the author 's perceptions - yet the of the also can be effective in a book like this if the head of were not portrayed as an utterly we would not much care whether his schemes were defeated and would not be so diverted in the process - ms. rubin is a free-lance writer based in los angeles - high-definition television promises to be the tv of tomorrow so it is a natural multibillion-dollar market - although major u.s. manufacturers have all but the main segment of that future business to japan not everyone here is ready to give up - a handful of small u.s. companies are struggling to develop the technology to build the screens for the thin high-quality that are expected to hang on living room walls by the end of the 1990s - with only small help from the government these start-up concerns are trying to compete with the of the japanese consumer electronics industry which enjoy considerable backing from the japanese government - technology inc. of ohio aims to use a new form of technology to put images on a tv display that is N inches in but only a few inches thick - systems inc. of ore. the largest of these firms with $ N million in annual revenue has similar plans - it already has had success in another promising technology for high-definition television - two other firms systems inc. of mich. and corp. of pittsburgh are developing a of the screens called liquid crystal displays - the new technologies are intended to retire the tube which accounts for most of the bulk of the conventional tv set - replacing the tube with a large thin screen is the key to the creation of a high-definition television or hdtv which is expected to become a $ N billion business world-wide within a decade - large u.s. companies are interested in other segments of the hdtv business such as and broadcast equipment - but except for zenith electronics corp. and international business machines corp. which is with toshiba on computer displays they are poorly positioned to exploit advances in large panels - general electric co. recently sold off its interests in displays to of france - we found the market not developing as we thought it would a ge spokesman says - the small u.s. firms are because of their strong positions in patents and because the prize is still there to be seized - no one yet has shown the ability to manufacture these panels at commercial costs says the president of - he says he thinks his company is just a few years from doing that - the bush administration hearing advice about what its role in hdtv should be is n't doing much for now - the only material support it is extending to the struggling u.s. industry is $ N million in from the pentagon 's defense advanced research projects agency - the funds are a compared with what japan and other prospective competitors are spending - the commerce department estimates that japanese government and industry spending on hdtv research is already over $ N billion - unless it gets more help the u.s. industry wo n't have a chance says peter 's executive vice president - thus far almost all of the basic technology relating to high-definition television has come from u.s. laboratories - but peter 's president says japanese companies are poised to the technology and put it to commercial use just as they did with earlier u.s. in color television and video recording - in the 1970s mr. helped develop the first display panels based on liquid crystals at westinghouse electric corp. 's research labs in pittsburgh - the panels are like semiconductors surfaced with a million or more picture elements each contributing to the color and tone of a tv image - in N however westinghouse abandoned the project along with its stake in advanced television - mr. left the company to find other backers - he has a claim to the right to the westinghouse patents but he contends that those patents are being infringed by a number of japanese producers - most american investors have just given up mr. says - they are n't prepared to compete in an area where the japanese want to enter - many critics question the industry 's need for federal support the pentagon justifies its help on grounds - we do n't see a domestic source for some of our hdtv requirements and that 's a source of concern says michael kelly director of 's defense manufacturing office - so is trying to keep the industry interested in developing large display panels by out research funds - hdtv already has some military applications such as creating realistic flight and information to combat - the navy is ordering displays for its and the army wants smaller versions for its abrams battle tanks - the commerce department also is trying to encourage hdtv because of the benefits that could spin off to the semiconductor and computer industries - it is n't just television argues jack clifford director of the department 's office of and instrumentation - the industry will create industrial products such as displays for work stations and medical diagnostic equipment before it acquires a mass consumer market - although some hdtv advocates are calling for other forms of aid such as antitrust relief for research the small firms simply would prefer more funds - each claims to the right technology and wants just a bit more money to make it commercial - they also want u.s. trade policy to reflect the pentagon and commerce department 's concern over their future - they all are strongly opposed to a petition from several japanese tv manufacturers including hitachi and toshiba to exempt portable color tvs with displays from duties that the u.s. imposes on the larger japanese color tvs - and they want the u.s. to help them sell overseas - president james says he has to pay tariffs as high as N N to sell his display panels in japan and south korea while panels from those countries enter the u.s. duty-free - this is n't a technology issue but an attitude issue he says - we just have n't learned what it takes to compete - burmah oil plc a british independent oil and marketing concern said shv holdings n.v. has built up a N N stake in the company - the holding of N million shares is up from a N N stake that burmah announced shv held as of last monday - shv of the netherlands which last year merged its north sea oil and gas operations with those of group plc and which owns N N of was identified as a possible suitor for burmah - burmah said it had n't held any discussions with shv and that no deal of any nature is in - the top state environmental official in massachusetts said clean harbors inc. 's statement for a proposed incinerator in was inadequate - the official john asked clean harbors for more information before ruling on a permit for the site - critics of the plan including the town of say the incinerator is a health hazard - clean harbors based in said it will proceed to submit the data requested - alan chief executive officer of clean harbors said he was very much encouraged by the official 's of clean harbors for the quality of some of the data in the report - citizens & southern corp. said it signed a definitive agreement to acquire security pacific corp. 's new york-based unit - terms of the bank holding companies ' agreement were n't disclosed - involves the purchase and collection of another company 's receivables - citizens based in atlanta said it has about $ N billion in sales annually the security pacific unit has about $ N billion annually - security pacific 's business works with companies in the apparel textile and food industries among others - the office of thrift supervision banned a former director of the failed vision banc savings association of texas from working in any financial institution insured by the government - the office a treasury department unit that is the successor to the federal home loan bank board said this was the first announcement of an enforcement action since this year 's legislation ordered that all such actions by federal banking regulators be made public - generally regulators have n't announced enforcement actions in the past - indeed the said that before the law took effect aug. N it banned another key vision banc insider from insured financial institutions - that individual was n't identified - vision banc was placed in government conservatorship in march and it operates under the control of the resolution trust corp. the agency created to sell or liquidate insolvent thrifts - the did n't say specifically why the action was taken against ms. - however it said found a variety of insider dealings at the thrift including extraordinary loan commissions paid to a firm associated with vision banc officials and loans diverted through borrowers back to the thrift officials - ms. could n't be reached for comment - arizona instrument corp. said it expects to post a third-quarter net loss of about $ N or N cents to N cents a share compared with net income of $ N or N cents a share a year earlier - the ariz. maker of underground systems said the most recent period was affected by customers ' problems with recent environmental protection agency regulations - for the nine months the company expects to post a net loss of about $ N or N cents to N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - a year earlier it had a loss of $ N or nine cents a share on revenue of $ N million - growth is good - at least that 's a theme emerging among many money managers who are anxious both to preserve the stock-market gains they have already achieved this year and to catch the next wave of performers - they are starting to buy growth stocks - remember them - the upper of this group were shares of the N companies whose profits of the 1960s and early 1970s grew steadily if not through thick and thin - that sort of performance sounds made to order for a time when corporate profits overall have been weakening from the brisk increases of recent years - the current flood of third-quarter reports are producing many more negative surprises than positive ones - those are unwelcome trends in a year that the dow jones industrial average has risen N N so far even with the 190.58-point plunge on oct. N broader market measures are in the same neighborhood - the question for investors is how to protect these returns and yet reach a little for additional gains - that 's the path of leading to growth stocks - i think it is a good theme for what looks to be an uncertain market says steven einhorn partner at goldman sachs - growth stocks may be as big as philip morris or medium-sized such as circuit city stores but their common characteristic is a history of increasing profits on the order of at least N N to N N a year money managers say - the period when growth stocks should be performing well is when their earnings are growing at a superior rate to the general level of corporate profits says stephen boesel president of t. rowe price 's growth and income fund - growth stocks also are attractive in periods of market volatility which many investors and analysts expect in the weeks ahead as everybody tries to where the economy is heading - this kind of uncertainty john senior economist for american express bank of the N period when the industrial average rolled through huge ranges and investors to the shares of companies with proven earnings records which became known as the N - and they will again say proponents of the theme - smith president of a money management company bearing his name predicts that investment companies using computers to identify companies with earnings momentum will climb on the as the overall corporate earnings outlook further - he also thinks foreign investors who are showing signs of more investing will join the pursuit and pump up prices - we 're just seeing the beginning of a shift mr. smith says - mr. smith recommends cypress semiconductor that is currently showing a robust N N earnings growth rate - ronald sloan executive vice president of capital management likes inc. a company that plastic into synthetic fibers for carpeting - mr. sloan the company as recession and notes that it has an annual earnings growth rate of N N a year over the past five years - stock closed friday at N N up N mr. sloan thinks that in a year it could hit N - others the of buying only blue-chip growth stocks - chief market strategist for first boston who still says we expect the dow average to be at N by nonetheless a sluggish economy in the meantime - he recommends such blue-chip growth as philip morris pepsico international reebok international and limited inc - all have a earnings growth rate of more than N N a year - some money managers are pursuing growth stocks at the expense of those that rise and fall along with the economic cycle - one of the stories of the fourth quarter is that we will get an unusual number of earnings disappointments from companies sensitive to the economy says mr. boesel of t. rowe price - james wright chief investment officer for banc one asset management says we 've been selling a disproportionate share of cyclical companies and buying a disproportionate share of high earnings stocks - he recently trimmed his portfolio of international paper dow chemical quantum chemical international business machines and digital equipment - he is putting money in dress circuit city stores bruno 's and rubbermaid - big cyclical companies are using all the they can to stabilize earnings says mr. sloan - he cites ibm which reported a N N earnings decline in the third quarter and which last week announced a $ N billion buy-back of its shares - what they are telling you is that they do n't have the ability to generate higher returns says mr. sloan - when they are buying back stock at N times earnings they are suggesting that the rate of return on competing internal projects is below returns on the stock - ibm says it considers its shares a good investment - but not all strategists or money managers are ready to throw in the towel completely on - growth stocks may cyclical stocks next year if the federal reserve begins to let interest rates sufficiently lower to boost the economy - goldman sachs 's mr. einhorn for one to that scenario - he suggests investors think about buying cyclical shares in the weeks ahead as well as growth issues - friday 's market activity - stock prices finished about unchanged friday in quiet expiration trading - traders anticipated a volatile session due to the october expiration of stock-index futures and options and options on individual stocks - but there were fewer price swings than expected - buy order imbalances on several big stocks were posted by the new york stock exchange - but block trading desks and money managers made a effort to meet the imbalances with stock to sell one trader said - as a result the dow jones industrial average drifted in narrow ranges in the final hour of trading and closed N higher to N - new york stock exchange volume was N - advancers on the big board lagged decliners N to N - for the week the industrial average gained N points or N N the biggest weekly point advance ever and a better than N N rebound from the N point loss the industrial average oct. N - broader market averages were little changed in the latest session - standard & poor 's 500-stock index gained N to N the dow jones equity market index fell N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index fell N to N - most of last week 's surge in the industrial average came on monday when the average rose N points as market players snapped up blue-chip issues and the broad market - that contrast was reflected in the smaller weekly percentage gains recorded by the broader averages - the s&p N rose N N the dow jones equity market index gained N N and the new york stock exchange composite index added N N - the dow jones transportation average fell N to N amid renewed weakness in the airline sector - ual skidded N N to N N on N million shares - on the week ual was down nearly N N - the latest drop followed a decision by british airways which had supported the $ 300-a-share buy-out offer for ual from a labor-management group not to participate in any revised bid - british airways fell N to N N - while most other airline issues took their from ual usair group rose N N to N N on N million shares amid speculation about a possible takeover proposal from investor marvin davis - usa today reported that mr. davis who had pursued ual before dropping his bid wednesday has acquired a stake of about N N in usair - unocal fell N N to N N and burlington resources declined N to N N - at a meeting with analysts british petroleum officials speculation that the company may take over a u.s. oil company according to dow jones professional investor report - both unocal and burlington had been seen as potential targets for a british petroleum bid - paper and forest-products stocks declined after smith barney harris upham & co. lowered investment ratings on a number of issues in the two sectors based on a forecast that pulp prices will fall sharply - international paper dropped N to N georgia-pacific fell N N to N N stone container tumbled N N to N N great northern nekoosa went down N to N N and weyerhaeuser lost N to N N - dun & bradstreet dropped N to N N on N million shares on uncertainty about the company 's earnings prospects - merrill lynch cut its rating and N earnings estimate thursday citing weakness in its business - & sessions which posted sharply lower third-quarter earnings and forecast that results for the fourth quarter might be near break-even fell N to N N - winnebago industries slid N to N N - the company which reported that its loss for the fiscal quarter ended aug. N widened from a year earlier cut its semiannual dividend in half in response to the earnings weakness - corporate investors fell N to N after declaring a quarterly dividend of N cents a share down from N cents a share - resources inc. said it will begin an offering of rights equivalent to N million common shares and valued at $ N - the hills real-estate holding company said it will offer the rights at $ N a share to shareholders of record on oct. N - the offering is scheduled to expire on nov. N - the company said it will use the proceeds of the offering for debt reduction and general corporate purposes including acquisitions - stockholders may buy one share at the subscription price for every four shares of stock they own - stockholders who exercise all their rights may buy additional shares the company said - the company said it has an option to increase the offering by up to N shares - the following u.s. treasury corporate and municipal offerings are tentatively scheduled for sale this week according to dow jones capital markets report $ N billion three-month and six-month bills - $ N billion of two-year notes - resolution funding corp. to sell $ N billion 30-year bonds - aim prime rate plus fund inc. N million common shares via painewebber inc - allied capital corp. ii N common shares via shearson lehman hutton inc - american co. N common shares via merrill lynch capital markets - associated natural gas corp. N common shares via dillon read & co - b & crude carriers ltd. four million common shares via salomon brothers inc - baldwin technology co. N class a shares via smith barney harris upham & co - blockbuster entertainment corp. $ N million face amount liquid yield option notes via merrill lynch - pharmaceuticals inc. N units via painewebber - immune response corp. three million common shares via merrill lynch - pharmaceuticals inc. N common shares via smith barney harris upham - titanium co. N million common shares via salomon brothers inc - inc. N common shares via salomon brothers inc - massachusetts approximately $ N million of general bonds consolidated loan of N series d via competitive bid - montgomery county maryland $ N million of general consolidated public improvement bonds of N series b via competitive bid - trinity river authority texas $ N of regional wastewater system improvement revenue bonds series N via competitive bid - city and county of hawaii $ N million of obligation bonds N series b due N via competitive bid - beverly hills $ N million of civic center project certificates of participation series N via a goldman sachs & co. group - county school district florida $ N million of school district general bonds via a first boston corp. group - connecticut housing finance authority $ N of housing mortgage revenue and bonds via a painewebber group - maryland stadium authority $ N of sports facilities lease revenue alternative minimum tax bonds series N d via a morgan stanley & co. group - michigan $ N million of michigan first general bonds including $ N million of environmental protection project bonds and $ N million of recreation project bonds via a shearson lehman hutton group - west virginia economic development and tourism authority $ N million of parkway revenue bonds series N via a painewebber group - san antonio texas $ N million of gas and electric revenue refunding bonds via a first boston group - mci communications corp. said it filed a shelf registration with the securities and exchange commission for issuance of as much as $ N million of debt securities - the debt will include notes sold through merrill lynch capital markets drexel burnham lambert inc. goldman sachs & co. and salomon brothers inc - the funds will be used for refinancing existing debt of the washington d.c. concern at lower interest rates and for other general purposes - the effective date of the registration is to be determined by the sec - a group including partners ltd. a fort worth texas investment partnership and richard e. a former adviser to the fort worth bass family said it reduced its stake in anacomp inc. to N N of the common shares outstanding - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission the group said it sold N anacomp common shares from aug. N to last wednesday for $ N to $ N a share resulting in a drop in its holdings to N shares - no reason was given in the filing for the sales - an anacomp official said the indianapolis concern had no comment on the group 's share sales - in march the group disclosed it held a N N stake in anacomp for investment purposes - it said then it had had and would continue to have discussions with anacomp 's management concerning its investment - home beneficial corp. richmond va. said it contracted to sell its N N interest in a shopping mall to a buyer that was n't identified - the life-insurance holding company said the sale would result in an after-tax gain of about $ N million or $ N a share in the first quarter of - the company also said it will adopt new accounting standards in the first quarter - the change will result in a charge of about $ N million or N cents a share because of an increase in deferred income-tax liability - in the first quarter of N the company earned $ N million or N cents a share - following is a weekly listing of net asset values of publicly traded investment fund shares reported by the companies as of friday 's close - also shown is the closing listed market price or a asked price of each fund 's shares with the percentage of difference - closed end bond funds - flexible portfolio funds - specialized equity and convertible funds - a ex-dividend - b as of thursday 's close - c translated at commercial rand exchange rate - e in canadian dollars - f as of wednesday 's close - a shareholder filed suit seeking to block video inc. 's proposed plan to be acquired by a new affiliate of closely held capital corp. for $ N a share or $ N million - the suit which seeks class-action status was filed in delaware chancery court - the complaint alleges that the price is unfair and grossly inadequate and that the defendants are seeking to ensure a of the purchase of thereby discouraging other bids - it seeks unspecified money damages - the new york company called the lawsuit without merit - shareholders are scheduled to vote on the transaction - this toronto closed-end fund cut the annual dividend on its class a common shares to one canadian cent from N canadian cents - the fund invests mainly in gold and silver bullion - it said the reduced dividend reflects the low price for precious metals - central fund 's vice president finance said losses for the fiscal year ending oct. N could be as high as one million canadian dollars us$ N - the fund last had a profit in N - the new dividend rate is payable nov. N to holders of record oct. N - in american stock exchange composite trading friday central fund was unchanged at $ N a share - comair holdings inc. said in cincinnati that it bought airline aviation academy a pilot training school based at sanford regional airport near fla - comair said it paid cash but declined to disclose the price - comair holdings is the parent of comair inc. a regional air carrier - airline aviation which has annual revenue of $ N million to $ N million has great growth potential because of the large number of u.s. pilots retirement age comair said - the unit will be renamed comair aviation academy and will continue to be headed by scott williams a son of its founder comair said - the collapse of a $ N billion buy-out of united airlines parent ual corp. has handed wall street 's takeover stock speculators their worst loss ever on a single deal - their $ N in estimated paper losses easily tops the $ N million in paper losses the takeover traders known as arbitragers suffered in N when gulf oil co. dropped a $ N billion offer for cities service co - in the six trading days since the ual labor-management buy-out group failed to get bank financing friday with the withdrawal of its partner british airways plc ual stock has plummeted by N N to N N from N N - the may recoup some of their paper losses if the ual deal gets up again as they did in N when occidental petroleum co. them with a $ N billion takeover of cities service - in the meantime the question faced by investors is what is ual stock worth - the short answer on a fundamental basis is that airline analysts say the stock is worth somewhere between $ N and $ N a share - that 's based on a multiple of anywhere between N to N times ual earnings which are estimated to come in somewhere around $ N a share this year - airline stocks typically sell at a discount of about one-third to the stock market 's price-earnings ratio which is currently about N times earnings - that 's because airline earnings like those of auto makers have been subject to the cyclical of the economy - that analysis matches up with stock traders ' reports that despite the huge drop in the stock ual has n't returned to the level at which it could attract buying by institutions solely on the basis of earnings - so anyone buying the stock now is betting on some special transaction such as a recapitalization or takeover and must do so using some about the likelihood of such an event - one analyst who asked not to be identified said he believes that the ual pilots and management can put together a bid in the $ N area but that it could take three to four months to close - at that level and given the uncertainty he believes ual stock should trade closer to - other observers note that ual 's board having accepted a bid of $ N a share might hold out for a new bid much closer to the original level even if it means that the management goes back to running the company for a while and lets things return to normal - by that logic the closing of a deal could be much further away than three to four months even though the eventual price might be higher - investment bankers following ual agree that the strongest impetus for an eventual deal is that the pilots have been attempting a buy-out for more than two years and are n't likely to stop having come so close to success - the pilots have a strong financing tool in their willingness to cut their annual compensation by $ N million and to commit $ N million from their retirement funds - on friday they also persuaded the ual flight attendants to join them - however investment bankers say that banks are n't likely to lend the almost $ N billion that would be necessary for a takeover even at a lower price without someone putting up a hefty of cash probably even greater than the N N in cash put up by investors in the leveraged takeover of northwest airlines parent nwa corp. in july - banks want to see someone putting up real cash at risk that is subordinate to the bank debt in any deal - that way they figure someone else has an even stronger to make sure the deal is going to work because they would be losing their money before the banks lost theirs - banks also want to be able to call someone on the telephone to fix a problem with a deal that goes bad someone other than a union leader - that leaves the pilots still in need of cash totaling around $ N billion far more than either they or the flight attendants can lay their hands on from retirement funds alone - one obstacle to the pilots ' finding such a huge amount of cash is their insistence on majority ownership - investors such as marvin davis of los angeles who have sought airline ownership this year have insisted they not the pilots must have control - one way out of that dilemma could be a partial recapitalization in which the pilots would wind up sharing the value of their concessions with public shareholders - the pilots could borrow against the value of their concessions using the proceeds to buy back stock from the public and give themselves the majority control they have been seeking - but it is n't clear that banks would lend sufficient money to deliver a big enough price to shareholders - the lack of any new cash probably would still leave the banks - in advising the ual board on the various bids for the airline starting with one for $ N a share from mr. davis the investment bank of first boston came up with a wide range of potential values for the company depending on methods and assumptions - using the the nwa takeover as a benchmark first boston on sept. N estimated that ual was worth $ N to $ N a share based on ual 's results for the N months ending last june N but only $ N to $ N based on a management estimate of results for N - first boston 's estimates had been higher before management supplied a N projection - using estimates of the company 's future earnings under a variety of scenarios first boston estimated ual 's value at $ N to $ N a share if its future labor costs conform to wall street projections $ N to $ N if the company reaches a settlement with pilots similar to one at nwa $ N to $ N under an adverse labor settlement and $ N to $ N under a pilot contract imposed by the company following a strike - and using liquidation value assuming the sale of all ual assets first boston estimated the airline is worth $ N to $ N a share - unfortunately all those estimates came before airline industry fundamentals deteriorated during the past month - american airlines parent amr and usair group both subject to takeover efforts themselves have each warned of declining results - some analysts do n't expect a quick revival of any takeover by the pilots - the deal has as one takeover expert puts it so many moving parts - i do n't see anybody who 's sophisticated getting his name associated with this mess until the moving parts stop moving - in addition to the need for another cash equity investor the other moving parts include the pilots themselves who can scuttle rival deals by threatening to strike the machinists union the pilots ' longtime rivals who helped scuttle the pilots ' deal and regulators in washington whose opposition to foreign airline investment helped throw the deal into doubt - in the meantime the are bleeding - wall street traders and analysts estimate that takeover stock traders own ual stock and options equal to as many as N million shares or about N N of the total outstanding - frank an analyst with phoenix capital corp. in new york estimates that the paid an average of about $ N a share for their ual positions - that would indicate that the have paper losses on ual alone $ N million - ual corp nyse symbol ual - business airline - year ended dec. N N - sales $ N billion - net income \* $ N million or $ N a share - second quarter june N N per-share earnings $ N vs. $ N - average daily trading volume N shares - common shares outstanding N million - eastern enterprises bolstered by improved in its unit had a narrower third-quarter net loss of $ N million or five cents a share - last year eastern had a quarter loss of $ N million or eight cents a share - quarter revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - the mass. utilities and concern said results for the third quarter usually a money-losing one because of the of the gas business were also aided by higher gas sales and the may N acquisition of water products company - for the nine months eastern had net income of $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - revenue grew N N to $ N million from $ N million - convex computer corp. continuing its rapid growth while other computer companies reported an N N increase in third-quarter net income from a year earlier and a N N increase in revenue - net was $ N million or N cents a share up from $ N million or nine cents a share - revenue was $ N million up from $ N million - for the nine months net was $ N million or N cents a share up N N from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - revenue was $ N million up N N from $ N million - convex makes that sell for up to $ N million and has an installed base of more than N systems and N customers world-wide - during the third quarter it said it won several significant contracts including a five-year contract with the national institutes of health valued at an estimated $ N million - earlier this month convex made a bid to other supercomputer competitors like digital equipment corp. and international business machines corp. by adopting an open set of standards and introducing new hardware and software to link different systems - the new products allow customers to add convex machines to established systems made by other manufacturers which opens up a market for us said robert j. convex 's chairman president and chief executive - convex also recently agreed to use a standard for the computer language called unix - is one of three or four versions of unix but it is increasingly required by the federal government as it tries to its computer systems - most other supercomputer manufacturers have yet to adopt the standard mr. said adding that they prefer to maintain systems that lock in customers - they want a trap once you get in you ca n't get out he said - but the customer does n't want that - convex closed in over-the-counter trading on friday at $ N a share down N cents - troubled saatchi & saatchi co. has attracted offers for some of its advertising units with potential suitors including interpublic group but has rejected them people familiar with the company said - industry executives said interpublic approached saatchi in august about buying its unit but was turned down by chairman maurice saatchi - more recently interpublic about one of saatchi 's smaller communications companies identified as the public relations firm by several industry executives but again was rebuffed they said - interpublic 's chairman and chief executive officer philip jr. made the pitches in visits to mr. saatchi in london the executives said - a saatchi spokesman declined to comment about interpublic - but the spokesman confirmed that saatchi has received several inquiries from companies interested in acquiring its and units - he added we have no intention of selling either business - interpublic declined comment - the offers come as saatchi is struggling through the most troubled period in its history - takeover speculation has been its consulting business is on the block and its largest shareholder asset management has said it 's been approached by third parties regarding a possible restructuring - analysts have continually lowered their earnings estimates for the company and their outlook at least for the short term is bleak - in the midst of the current turmoil saatchi is attempting to shore up its ad businesses - it named a new chief executive officer former international head robert - it rebuffed an offer by carl spielvogel head of saatchi 's backer spielvogel bates unit to lead a management buy-out of all or part of saatchi - and last week people close to saatchi said maurice saatchi and his brother charles would lead a buy-out if a hostile bid emerged - but saatchi 's troubles have only up interest among outsiders interested in picking off pieces of its ad businesses - while saatchi 's major agency networks backer spielvogel and saatchi & saatchi advertising would be difficult for any ad firm to buy because of potential client conflicts its smaller businesses are quite attractive - for example has had big problems at its new york office but offers strong offices in other areas of the country including minneapolis and chicago - that would would make it appealing to a network such as interpublic that already has a healthy new york presence - while there would be some client conflicts they would n't be nearly as onerous as with saatchi 's other agencies - also would be a sizable addition to an agency network it has billings of about $ N million and blue-chip clients including general mills and dow brands - meanwhile has expanded aggressively and now ranks as the u.s. public relations firm according to of public relations firms - it would be attractive to an agency such as interpublic one of the few big agency groups without an affiliated public relations firm of its own - other saatchi units include ad agency & mccall which has the mercedes account and which has been attempting to buy itself back and howard a sports and event marketing firm - despite saatchi 's firm stand against selling its ad units u.s. analysts believe the company may ultimately sell some of the smaller units - mr. in a recent interview said he might sell a marginal agency or office - analysts believe he may ultimately of some of the businesses - prudential 's final four - prudential insurance co. of america said it selected four agencies to pitch its $ N million to $ N million account - in addition to backer spielvogel bates a saatchi unit that has handled the account since N the other agencies include lowe a unit of the lowe group grey advertising and wpp group 's agency - all agencies are new york-based - a spokesman for the insurance and financial services firm based in newark n.j. said it hopes to make a decision within three to four months - jamaica fires back - the jamaica tourist board in the wake of young & rubicam 's indictment on charges that it officials to win the account in N released a memo blaming the agency for the embarrassing incident - the memo attempts to remove the tourist board as far as possible from the agency which pleaded innocent to the charges - among other things the memo contends that young & rubicam gave false assurances that the investigation would n't any information that would the government of jamaica or the jamaica tourist board - it also contends that young & rubicam never told the tourist board about its relationship with ad ventures a firm hired by the agency - the u.s. indictment charges ad ventures was a front used to to the of tourism - the memo also the agency for the timing of its announcement thursday that it would no longer handle the $ N million to $ N million account - the agency declined comment but said it will continue work until a new agency is chosen - ad notes - new account - american motor corp. calif. awarded its estimated $ N million to $ N million account to los angeles - also participating in the was los angeles agency advertising america - american 's previous agency did n't participate - talks - 's president and chief executive officer jerry j. said the agency is holding conversations about acquiring collins & a midsized chicago agency but a deal is n't yet close to being completed - who 's news - john wells N former president and chief executive of 's chicago office was named management director and director of account services at wpp group 's j. walter thompson agency in chicago - N was named president and chief operating officer of ogilvy & mather direct the direct mail division of wpp group 's ogilvy & mather agency - grand metropolitan plc the united kingdom food and beverage group that owns inc. of the u.s. announced a of executive duties intended to fit the company 's recent expansion - david formerly group finance director at plc will become grand met 's first group finance director in january - in a statement grand met said its recent growth and wider geographic spread made it necessary to create the new position - the company also several executive responsibilities - david formerly in charge of gambling operations was appointed chief executive for retailing and property - peter group strategy development director and bill group personnel director will become part of the board 's management committee - david baltimore who has just been named president of rockefeller university already knows what it 's like to go through life with nobel to one 's name - he is currently experiencing what it 's like to have the phrase under investigation for scientific fraud also attached to his name - the nobel committee made the first addition john dingell 's congressional committee created the second - both of dr. baltimore 's public faces have been on view the past few weeks while he was under consideration to succeed as head of the prestigious rockefeller research institution - it came to light that a substantial number of rockefeller 's faculty were upset over or even opposed to dr. baltimore 's impending appointment - they were at what they regarded as dr. baltimore 's attitude toward the dingell committee which held hearings on a dispute over the lab of a researcher who had a scientific paper with dr. baltimore - readers of these columns the science police may N will recall that dr. baltimore was merely the most well-known part of the dingell committee 's larger investigation which touched mit duke the national institutes of health and elsewhere - rep. dingell even managed to the services of the secret service in his investigation of the baltimore paper - as mr. dingell has a special interest in nih and the institutions that receive its funding the rockefeller scientists were no doubt by dr. baltimore 's public opinion of this congressional whose behavior reminded dr. baltimore of the era - this well may be the first time that the venerable rockefeller university has brushed up publicly against the now common in american science - john dingell a david baltimore activists do $ N million of damage to labs at the the of chemistry on talk shows files lawsuits in federal court to thwart experiments and researcher gary 's own colleagues at state him for violating epa rules - scientists are who still think that the movement in this country is n't their concern or that a david baltimore could have somehow a john dingell - mr. dingell by the way has another nih investigation of the baltimore paper adding to several previous investigations - something other than what most scientists would recognize as the truth is being sought here - fortunately there are signs that increasing numbers of scientists understand the necessity of speaking out - david a nobel at harvard has taken the lead in defending research with animals as has dr. michael - nasa defended itself vigorously and successfully against a suit to block the galileo launch - scientists need to understand that while they tend to believe their work is about establishing new knowledge or doing good today it is also about power - in a world scientists may earn wide and even for their work but they also attract the attention of people who wish to gain control over the content funding and goals of that work - when a david baltimore or the next target decides it is better to stand up to these forces his fellow scientists would do well to recognize what is fundamentally at stake and offer their public support - wisconsin toy co. said it definitively agreed to acquire closely held everything 's a dollar inc. of virginia beach va. for stock currently valued at about $ N million - the milwaukee toy retailer said the agreement calls for everything 's a dollar holders to receive for their holdings a total of N newly issued wisconsin toy shares - wisconsin toy currently has about N million shares outstanding - a company official said arthur until january chief operating officer of save inc. will buy a N N stake in the new wisconsin toy subsidiary and will act as head of everything 's a dollar - wisconsin toy has N retail stores primarily in discount - everything 's a dollar operates N stores - while nicholas 's sept. N letter offering to your world-wide tax revolution table editorial page aug. N i am surprised that he neglected other errors that for some of us strike close to home - as a channel i was to see my listed as one of N countries with an income tax - despite a history of local debate on the topic my clearly reads british citizen - whether mr. 's oversight is merely a sign of a 's benign is a question my fellow channel and friends on the of man will continue to - patrick - j. chairman of jet inc. was elected to the board of this cruise line - the board to seven members - ducks - if the white house spots one it intends to fire a veto at it - ducks are this season 's word for new taxes under director richard darman 's that if it looks like a duck walks like a duck and like a duck it 's a duck - george bush is quite clear no new ducks - but what about all those ducks over washington - we see a whole of programs that will impose significant costs on the american economy in the form of regulation and higher liabilities - federal child care quack - the clean air bill quack - the bill quack quack - the bush white house is breeding ducks the same way the nixon white house did it on an issue that is cleaner air better treatment of the disabled better child care - it comes up with a version of a democratic proposal - the bill gets signed into law and then the administration watches wondering where all the unexpected costs came from - consider for instance the very fat known as child care - the president came up with a good bill but now may end up signing the awful bureaucratic on capitol hill - it would create N local commissions to the department of health and human services - they 'd determine where parents could store their kids during the day and they 'd regulate the storage facilities - the initial costs are said to be in the $ N billion a year range but that 's only the beginning - new tend to grow creating a rationale for new taxes - quack - the administration claims that its clean air bill will cost businesses between $ N billion and $ N billion annually but economist michael evans estimates that the costs for firms will actually be in the $ N billion a year range - the house bill also economic efficiency in all sorts of ways - for example the administration proposal imposes extremely tough emissions standards on new power plants - so instead of building more efficient modern plants utilities stick on the old plants - the money spent on is diverted from planned research on new cleaner technology - the bill also imposes the california standards on all cars nationwide as if a car registered in big sky needed to be as clean as one driven in los angeles - proponents of the nationwide standards say the cost for car buyers would be about $ N per car - other analysts say that estimate is low - quack - nobody knows how many billions of dollars the americans with disabilities act will cost because nobody knows what the bill - it is an intentionally vague document that will create a wave of litigation - judges will write the real bill as suits roll through the courts - lawyers will benefit - private companies and ultimately their customers will end up footing the huge bill - the effect of nixon era ducks was an economy up with regulations and - all this was recognized and in the succeeding years by economists some of whom worked in the reagan administration to lift this burden from the american people states and local governments - running for president in N and N george bush also the economic of the 1970s - in fact during last year 's campaign the entire nation constantly heard mr. bush his as head of the task force on regulatory relief - government continues to inhibit the productivity of our and the international competitiveness of american business the vice president declared when he was head of the task force - but with the impending passage of these new programs mr. bush will surely be sending many people back into the regulatory that he had helped cut back - by N the number of federal regulators was down to about N - then it turned up and by one estimate the number will be up to about N regulators by next year - holding the dam on taxes is the most important task of the bush presidency - we would have thought by now though that there was a significant core of people involved in government life who understood that direct taxation is n't the only way to slow down an economy - it is merely the most obvious - what is even more ironic is that all over the world nations are learning that public programs often - but while they are unloading these burdens the united states is close to creating three more big ones - the bush administration ought to be setting aside some of its for the ducks - confidence in the pound is widely expected to take another sharp dive if trade figures for september due for release tomorrow fail to show a substantial improvement from july and august 's deficits - chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson 's restated commitment to a firm monetary policy has helped to prevent a in sterling over the past week - but analysts underlying support for sterling has been eroded by the chancellor 's failure to announce any new policy measures in his mansion house speech last thursday - this has increased the risk of the government being forced to increase base rates to N N from their current N N level to defend the pound economists and foreign exchange market analysts say - the risks for sterling of a bad trade figure are very heavily on the down side said chris senior u.k. economist at nomura research institute - if there is another bad trade number there could be an awful lot of pressure noted simon u.k. economist for midland a unit of midland bank plc - forecasts for the trade figures range widely but few economists expect the data to show a very marked improvement from the # N billion $ N billion deficit in the current account reported for august - the august deficit and the # N billion gap registered in july are topped only by the # N billion deficit of october N - european economist at baring brothers & co. said there is no sign that britain 's manufacturing industry is itself to boost exports - at the same time he remains fairly pessimistic about the outlook for imports given continued high consumer and capital goods inflows - he the current account deficit will narrow to only # N billion in september - however mr. said he believes that a reduction in raw material by industry could lead to a sharp drop in imports - combined with at least some rebound in exports after august 's unexpected decline the deficit could narrow to as little as # N billion - mr. who also forecasts a # N billion current account gap warns that even if the trade figures are bullish for sterling the currency wo n't advance much because investors will want to see further evidence of the turnaround before adjusting positions - nevertheless he noted no one will want to go into the trade figures without a flat position in the pound - meanwhile overall evidence on the economy remains fairly - in his mansion house speech mr. lawson warned that a further slowdown can be expected as the impact of the last rise in interest rates earlier this month takes effect - u.k. base rates are at their highest level in eight years - but consumer expenditure data released friday do n't suggest that the u.k. economy is slowing that quickly - the figures show that spending rose N N in the third quarter from the second quarter and was up N N from a year ago - this compares with a N N rise in the second from the first quarter and a N N increase from the second quarter of N - mr. said the data show the economy is still quite strong but suggestions that much of the spending went on services rather than consumer goods should reduce fears of more import rises - certainly the chancellor has made it clear that he is prepared to increase interest rates again if necessary to both ensure that a substantial slowdown does take place and that sterling does n't decline further - thursday he reminded his audience that the government can not allow the necessary of monetary policy to be undermined by exchange rate weakness - analysts agree there is little holding sterling firm at the moment other than mr. lawson 's promise that rates will be pushed higher if necessary - and they warn any further drop in the government 's popularity could swiftly make this promise sound - sterling was already showing some signs of a lack of confidence in mr. lawson 's promise friday - in european trading it declined to $ N and N marks from $ N and N marks late thursday - economists suggested that if the pound falls much below N marks the government will be forced to increase rates to N N both to halt any further decline and ensure that the balance of monetary policy remains unchanged - friday 's market activity - the dollar posted gains in quiet trading as concerns about equities - foreign exchange dealers said that the currency market has begun to distance itself from the volatile stock exchange which has the market since oct. N when the dow jones industrial average plunged more than N points - currency analysts predict that in the coming week the foreign exchange market will shift its focus back to economic fundamentals keeping a close eye out for any signs of monetary easing by u.s. federal reserve - late in the new york trading day the dollar was quoted at N marks up from N marks late thursday in new york - the u.s. currency was also changing hands at N yen up from N yen in new york late thursday - in tokyo on monday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from friday 's tokyo close of N yen - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce up N cents - estimated volume was a light N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong monday gold was quoted at $ N an ounce - east rock partners limited partnership said it proposed to acquire a.p. green industries inc. for $ N a share - in an oct. N letter to a.p. green 's board east rock said the offer is subject to the signing of a merger agreement by no later than oct. N - the letter attached to a filing with the securities and exchange commission said the approval is also contingent upon obtaining satisfactory financing - an a.p. green official declined to comment on the filing - the $ proposal values the company at about $ N million - a.p. green currently has N shares outstanding - its stock closed at $ N up $ N in national over-the-counter trading - the company is a mexico mo. maker of products - east rock also said in the filing that it boosted its stake in a.p. green to N N - it now holds N a.p. green common shares including N shares bought last thursday for $ N to $ N a share - new york-based john and robert macdonald control east rock partners inc. the sole general partner of east rock partners - the sole limited partner of the partnership is brick inc. an indirect subsidiary of group inc - both brick and group are based in boston - freight rates declining for most of the decade because of competition spurred by deregulation are out turning upward and threatening to fuel inflation - trucking shipping and air-freight companies have announced rate increases scheduled for this fall or early next year reflecting higher costs and tightened demand for freight transport - major shippers say they expect freight rates to rise at least as fast as inflation and maybe faster in the next few years - that 's a big change from recent years when freight was a bright spot for u.s. productivity helping to restrain inflation and make u.s. industry more competitive abroad - demand has caught up with the supply of certain types of freight transportation and rates are starting to move up at a rate close to or slightly more than the inflation rate said clifford director of at du pont co - shippers surveyed recently by ohio state university said they expect their storage and distribution costs to rise about N N this year - only N N of the N shippers polled expected their costs to decrease compared with N N who had looked to freight transport to reduce costs in past years - this is the first year since transportation deregulation in N that we have had such a dramatic and broad-based in perceived transportation rates said bernard a transportation professor at ohio state in columbus - the deregulation of and trucking companies that began in N enabled shippers to bargain for transportation - carriers could use their equipment more efficiently leading to overcapacity they were eager to fill - shippers cut about $ N billion from their annual truck and rail costs to about $ N billion or about N N of gross national product down from N N of gnp in N - but with much of the squeezed out of the system rising costs are likely to be reflected directly in higher freight rates - shippers are saying the party 's over said mr. - shippers wo n't be able to look for savings as they have for the last eight or nine years - transport rates wo n't be an opportunity for offsetting cost increases in other segments of the economy - robert a consultant at arthur d. little inc. cambridge mass. said we 've gotten all the benefits of deregulation in reductions - now we are starting to see real increases as carriers replace equipment pay higher fuel costs and pay more for labor - you 'll see carriers try to recoup some of the price cutting that occurred previously - not everyone believes that the good times are over for shippers - there 's still a lot of pressure on rates in both rail and truck said gerard in transportation at massachusetts institute of technology - companies which carry the freight of several shippers in each truck discounted away a N N rate increase implemented last april - the carriers were competing fiercely for market share - increases are likely to be by weakening levels and keen competition for freight from trucks - an official at consolidated inc. a menlo park calif. carrier said rate discounting in that industry has begun to stabilize - consolidated plans to raise its rates N N late this year or early next year and at least two competitors have announced similar increases - are trying to send signals that they need to stop the forget about market share and go for higher rates said michael lloyd an analyst at salomon - and shippers are getting the feeling that they have played one off against another as much as they can he said - air-freight carriers raised their rates for u.s. products going across the pacific to asia by about N N earlier this month - and japan air lines said it plans to boost its rates a further N N over the next two years - such rate increases will increase the total cost of u.s. products and slow down the rate of increase of u.s. exports said richard a senior vice president of air & sea service u.s.a. inc. the u.s. subsidiary of nippon of japan - ship companies carrying bulk commodities such as oil grain coal and iron have been able to increase their rates in the last couple of years - some bulk shipping rates have increased N N to N N in the past few months said salomon 's mr. lloyd - and ship lines carrying containers are also trying to raise their rates - carriers boosted rates more than N N in the north atlantic between the u.s. and europe last september hoping to partly restore rates to earlier levels - ship lines operating in the pacific plan to raise rates on containers carrying u.s. exports to asia about N N effective next april - mgm grand inc. said it filed a registration statement with the securities and exchange commission for a public offering of six million common shares - the beverly hills calif.-based company said it would have N million common shares outstanding after the offering - the hotel and company said merrill lynch capital markets will lead the underwriters - proceeds from the sale will be used for remodeling and projects as well as for the planned mgm grand and theme park - bob stone over a letter from his manager putting him on for - mr. stone thought the discipline was unfair he believed that his manager wanted to get rid of him for personal reasons - unable to persuade the manager to change his decision he went to a company court for a hearing - at the scheduled time mr. stone entered a conference room in a building near where he worked - after the three members of the court introduced themselves the chairman of the panel said go ahead and tell us what happened - we may ask questions as you go along or we may wait until the end - no lawyers or tape recorders were present - the only extra people were a couple of personnel specialists one of whom knew mr. stone 's case and would help fill in any facts needed to give the court the full picture - over a cup of coffee mr. stone told his story - he talked about N minutes - when he was through the court members asked many questions then the chairman said they would like to hear his manager 's side and talk to witnesses - the chairman promised mr. stone a decision within two weeks - bob stone is a name but the incident described is real - it happened at northrop corp. in los angeles - the court is called the management appeals committee or just mac and it is likely to hear a couple of dozen cases a year - alter some details of this example and it could be taking place today at federal express in memphis the defense and systems divisions of honeywell in minneapolis a general electric plant in columbia md. or a number of other companies - these firms are in a significant new trend in the corporate world the rise of what i call corporate due process - although corporate due process is practiced today in few companies perhaps N to N it is one of the fastest developing trends in industry - in the coming decade a majority of companies are likely to adopt it - corporate due process appeals to management for a variety of reasons - it reduces lawsuits from employees and with all that means for reduced legal costs and better public relations - it helps to keep out unions - it increases employee commitment to the company with all that means for efficiency and quality control - what must your management team do to establish corporate due process - here are four key steps - N make sure you have a strong personnel department - it must be able to handle most of the complaints that can not be solved in the by managers and their subordinates else the company court or will be with cases - at polaroid the personnel policy planning committee may hear only about N cases a year the rest of the many hundreds of complaints are resolved at earlier stages - at the system board of adjustment N to N cases a year only a fraction of the complaints brought to personnel specialists - at citicorp the problem review board may hear only N or so cases because of personnel 's in - in a typical year up to N N of the work force goes to personnel specialists with complaints of unfair treatment - in a large company that means many hundreds of complaints for personnel to handle - N formally or train all your managers and supervisors in the company 's approach - see that they know company personnel policy and for it is the law governing company courts and - coach them in handling complaints so that they can resolve problems immediately - in case managers and personnel specialists are unsuccessful and subordinates take their complaints to a company court or teach managers to accept as a fact of business life for in a good system they are bound to happen - in the N companies i studied reversal rates range on the average from N N to N N - N decide whether you want a panel system or a single - a panel system like that in the bob stone example enjoys such advantages as high credibility and for the mutual support - an system that is an investigator who acts first as a and then switches hats and the facts has such advantages as speed flexibility and maximum privacy - international business machines and bank of america are among the companies using the approach - N make your system visible - it wo n't do any good for anybody unless employees know about it - most hesitate to go all out in advertising their systems for fear of encouraging and to file complaints - on the other hand they make sure at a minimum that their systems are described in their employee and talked up by personnel specialists - goes further and sometimes features its procedure in tv programs - naturally one of the best ways to guarantee for your system is for top management to support it - at ibm the company 's open door system is sometimes the subject of from the chief executive - federal express goes further in this respect than any company i know of with both frederick smith and james chief executive and chief operating officer respectively sitting in on the appeals board almost every tuesday to decide cases - mr. is a consultant based in mass. and author of justice on the job in the workplace harvard business school press N - tokyo stocks closed higher in active trading friday marking the fourth consecutive daily gain since monday 's sharp fall - london shares closed moderately lower in thin trading - at tokyo the nikkei index of N selected issues was up N points to N - the index advanced N points thursday - in early trading in tokyo monday the nikkei index rose N points to N - friday 's volume on the first section was estimated at one billion shares up from N million thursday - winners losers N to N while N issues remained unchanged - with investors relieved at the overnight gain in new york stocks buying orders into the market from early morning making traders believe the market was back to normal - the nikkei which reached as high as N right after the opening surrendered part of its early advance toward the end of the day because of profit-taking - investors especially dealers do n't want to hold a position over the weekend a trader at dai-ichi securities said adding though that the trading mood remained positive through the afternoon session - the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which gained N points thursday was up N points or N N at N - the second section index which rose N points thursday was up N points or N N to close at N - volume in the second section was estimated at N million shares up from N million thursday - in turmoil caused by the previous friday 's plunge in new york stocks the nikkei marked a sharp fall monday - but the nikkei fell an overall N N in value that day compared with wall street 's far sharper N N drop on oct. N - the tokyo market 's helped participants to regain confidence gradually as they spent more time on analyzing factors that caused the friday plunge and realized these problems were unique to new york stocks and not directly related to tokyo - the nikkei continued to gain for the rest of the week adding N points in four days more than monday 's losses - but further major advances on the nikkei are n't this week by market observers - investors are still waiting to see how the u.s. government will decide on interest rates and how the dollar will be stabilized - some high-priced issues made a comeback friday - pioneer surged N yen $ N to N yen $ N - advanced N yen to N - gained N to N - attracted investors because of their land property holdings that could figure in development or other plans traders said - gained N to N and added N to N - and pharmaceuticals continued to be bought following thursday 's gains because of strong earnings - daiwa house gained N to N - homes was up N at N - advanced N to N and ohbayashi added N to N - fujisawa added N to N and advanced N to N - london share prices were influenced largely by declines on wall street and weakness in the british pound - the key financial times-stock exchange 100-share index ended N points lower at N above its intraday low of N but off the day 's high of N - the index finished N N under its close of N the previous friday although it some of the sharp losses staged early last week on the back of wall street 's fall - london was weak throughout friday 's trading however on what dealers attributed to generally thin interest ahead of the weekend and this week 's potentially important u.k. trade figures for september - the ft-se N largely remained within an range within the first hour of trading before it eased to an intraday low late in the session when a flurry of program selling pushed wall street lower - the 30-share index closed N points lower at N - volume was extremely thin at N million shares the volume of the week and modestly under thursday 's N million shares - dealers said the day 's action was outside some response to sterling 's early weakness against the mark and fears that wall street might open lower after its strong leap forward thursday - they added that market-makers were largely after aggressively supporting the market thursday in their to cover internal shortages of ft-se N shares - interest may remain limited into tomorrow 's u.k. trade figures which the market will be watching closely to see if there is any improvement after disappointing numbers in the previous two months - the key corporate news of the day was that british airways decided to withdraw from a management-led bid for ual corp. the parent of united airlines - british airways rose initially after announcing its withdrawal from the ual deal - dealers said they viewed the initial # $ N million for a N N stake in the airline as a bit much - its shares slid in late dealings to close a penny per share lower at N pence - the airline was the most active ft-se N at N million shares traded - the next most active stock was b.a.t industries the target of sir james goldsmith 's # N billion bid - the company gained shareholder approval thursday to restructure in a bid to fend off the hostile takeover - sir james said thursday night that his plans for the takeover had n't changed - b.a.t ended the day at N down N on turnover of N million shares - dealers said it was hit by some profit-taking after gains since - in other active shares shed N to N on volume of N million shares after a barclays de zoete wedd downgrading while holdings a food products concern was boosted N to N after it disclosed it would seek shareholder approval to begin share - elsewhere in europe share prices closed higher in stockholm brussels and milan - prices were lower in frankfurt zurich paris and amsterdam - south african gold stocks closed moderately lower - share prices closed higher in sydney taipei wellington manila hong kong and singapore and were lower in seoul - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - the u.s. is required to notify foreign if it knows of coup plans likely to endanger their lives government officials said - the notification policy was part of a set of guidelines on handling coups outlined in a secret N exchange of letters between the reagan administration and the senate intelligence committee - the existence of the guidelines has become known since president bush disclosed them privately to seven republican senators at a white house meeting last monday - officials familiar with the meeting said mr. bush cited the policy as an example of the sort of congressional requirements the administration contends contribute to the failure of such covert actions as this month 's effort to oust panamanian dictator manuel noriega - according to the officials mr. bush even read to the senators from a highly classified letter from the committee to the white house discussing the guidelines - they said the president conceded the notification requirement did n't affect his decision to lend only minor support to this month 's panama coup effort - no notification was ever considered officials said apparently because the u.s. did n't think the coup intended to kill mr. noriega but merely sought to him - what 's more both administration and congressional officials hint that the notification requirement is likely to be dropped from the guidelines on coup attempts that are being by the panel and the white house - the was launched at a meeting between mr. bush and intelligence committee leaders oct. N a few days before the meeting at which the president complained about the rules - however the disclosure of the guidelines first reported last night by nbc news is already being interpreted on capitol hill as an unfair effort to pressure congress - it has reopened the bitter between the white house and congress over who is responsible for the failure to oust mr. noriega and more broadly for difficulties in carrying out covert activities abroad - a statement issued by the office of the committee chairman sen. david boren d. okla. charged that the disclosure is part of a continuing effort to shift the criticism for the failure of the recent coup attempt in panama - the statement added someone has chosen to portions of highly classified between the two branches of government - not only does this come close to a violation of law it violates the trust we have all worked to develop - sen. boren said it 's time to stop and work together to develop a clear and appropriate policy to help the country in the future - i 've invited the president to send his suggestions to the committee - republican sen. william cohen of maine the panel 's vice chairman said of the disclosure that a text torn out of context is a and it is unfair for those in the white house who are to present the evidence in a selective fashion - sen. boren said the committee could n't defend itself by making the documents public because that would violate rules - but the chairman and other committee members stressed that the notification guideline was n't imposed on the white house by a congress - instead both congressional and administration officials agreed it grew out of talks about in panama that were initiated by the administration in july N and stretched into last october - the guideline was n't a law but a joint interpretation of how the u.s. might operate during foreign coups in light of the longstanding presidential order banning a u.s. role in assassinations - in fact yesterday the administration and congress were still on what had been agreed to - one administration official said notification was required even if the u.s. gets wind of somebody else 's coup plans that seem likely to endanger a dictator 's life - but a congressional source close to the panel said the rule only covered coup plans directly involving the u.s. - although the notification guideline was n't carried out in this month 's coup attempt some administration officials argue that it may have led to and uncertainty on the part of u.s. intelligence and military in panama - one senior administration official called the guideline and said it could make u.s. reluctant to even listen to coup plans for fear they may get into legal trouble - the issue came to a head last year officials recalled partly because the reagan administration had sought unsuccessfully to win committee approval of funding for new panama coup efforts - in addition both administration and congressional officials said the need for guidelines on coups and assassinations was partly spurred by a white house desire to avoid nasty overseas surprises during the election campaign - though the assassination ban is a white house order that congress never voted on the intelligence committees can exercise influence over its interpretation - last week central intelligence agency director william webster publicly called on congress to provide new of the assassination order that would permit the u.s. more freedom to act in coups - the administration has reacted to criticism that it the latest coup attempt by seeking to blame congress for restrictions the white house said have hampered its freedom of action - however last week mr. webster 's two top cia deputies said congressional curbs had n't hampered the spy agency 's role in the coup attempt in panama - nevertheless the administration 's criticisms appeared to have made some with sens. boren and cohen after their oct. N meeting with the president - the three men agreed to rewrite the guidelines without changing the basic assassination ban to clear up any that may have hampered u.s. encouragement of coups against leaders - the new argument over the notification guideline however could sour any atmosphere of cooperation that existed - gerald f. contributed to this article - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - mutual funds arrived in the u.s. during the they had been in britain for a century but they did n't boom until the money market fund was created in the 1970s - by N there were more than N such funds - besides creating a vehicle for investors money market funds also helped rewrite banking regulations - the idea was to let small investors the of the fund business deal in the money market 's high short-term interest rates - this had been the exclusive province of those rich enough to use sums to get income that was figured beyond the third or fourth place - the price of $ N a share came about by accident - an early fund had filed a registration with the securities and exchange commission that included a fixed $ N price - it arrived just as the regulator handling such operations was retiring - his successor approved the $ N price in the process of clearing the papers on his desk - when dreyfus started the first retail fund in february N it was priced at $ N a share and reached $ N billion in assets in one year - dreyfus moved to the $ N price after the sec set standards an average maturity of high-grade paper that are still the rule - keeping the listed price at a dollar is primarily a convenience - actually the funds do but beyond the third place - keeps them at $ N - eventually the money funds ' success forced of curbs on bank interest rates to allow banks to offer competing yields - the new instrument also introduced many to the industry N N of fund owners there are more than N million accounts started with a money fund - today more than N money market funds have total assets exceeding $ N billion - the companion tax-exempt funds add $ N billion - dreyfus alone has seen its money market funds grow from $ N billion in N to closes to $ N billion today - procter & gamble co. and noxell corp. said they received early termination of the waiting period under the hart-scott-rodino act regarding the proposed $ N billion merger of noxell into p&g - shareholders of noxell of hunt valley md. will vote on the merger at a special meeting on nov. N the companies said - p&g cincinnati agreed to exchange N share of its common stock for each share of noxell common and class b stock a total of about N million p&g shares - the transaction would mark the entry of p&g into cosmetics - the company already markets a wide range of food household and health-care products - shareholders of g.m.b h. postponed their formal endorsement of a merger with daimler-benz ag until another meeting on nov. N - the owners of the defense and aerospace concern which include three regional states several industrial companies and banks met friday to discuss the final terms of the transaction in which daimler-benz will acquire N N of - but agreement could n't be reached because of opposition from the states of and which are demanding more influence over the german airbus operations and a better guarantee against job losses in the troubled northern german region - the two states and the state of still hold a majority in but their stake will fall to around N N after daimler-benz acquires its stake in the concern - jeffrey e. was named vice president and chief economist of this commodity futures and options exchange - he had been associate professor in the department of finance at hall university - sierra tucson cos. said it completed its initial public offering of N million common shares which raised $ N million - the tucson ariz. operator of centers said proceeds will be used for expansion to pay debt and for general corporate purposes - oppenheimer & co. was the lead underwriter - the government issues its first reading on third-quarter real gross national product this week in a report that is expected to disclose much inflation - the consensus view on real gnp the total value of the nation 's output of goods and services adjusted for inflation calls for a N N gain down from the second quarter 's N N according to international a unit of mcgraw-hill inc. new york - but inflation as measured by the gnp deflator in thursday 's report is expected to rise only N N down from N N in the second quarter - inflation could be a real surprise said samuel d. chief financial economist at kleinwort benson government securities inc. in chicago - if that gets people excited it could serve as an impetus to the fixed-income markets to lower their rates he added - the week 's other notable indicators include mid-october auto sales september durable goods orders as well as september personal income personal consumption and the saving rate - most are expected to fall below levels - many economists see even slower gnp growth for the remainder of the year with some more strongly toward a possible recession - in addition to softer production data weaker housing starts and lower corporate profits currently in evidence some analysts believe the two recent natural disasters hurricane hugo and the san francisco earthquake will carry economic in the fourth quarter - the recent one-day 190-point drop in the dow jones industrial average seems to be significant to economists mainly for its comment on the poor quality of third-quarter profits now being reported - the stock market is sick because profits are crumbling says michael k. evans president of evans economics inc. washington - the economy he noted moves the market not vice - on the other hand mr. evans expects the hurricane and the earthquake to take a out of fourth-quarter gnp - his estimate of N N for third-quarter gnp is higher than the consensus largely because he believes current inventories are n't as low as official figures indicate - demand he believes is being met from rather than new production - by and large economists believe the two natural catastrophes will limit economic damage to their regions - edward j. campbell economist at brown brothers & co. new york noted that large increases in construction activity along with government and private relief efforts could offset loss of production in those areas - gary economist at financial group r.i. expects the deflator to rise N N well below the second quarter 's N N partly because of what he believes will be temporarily better price behavior - he expects real gnp growth of only N N for the quarter noting a wider trade deficit slower capital and government spending and the lower inventory figures - sung won chief economist at corp. minneapolis holds that the recent stock-market volatility increases the possibility of economic recession and the bad news from recent trade deficit employment and housing reports - the consensus calls for a N N increase in september personal income and a N N gain in consumption - in august personal income rose N N and personal consumption increased N N - charles managing director of financial markets at manufacturers hanover securities corp. new york said hugo N N to N N from growth because of greatly diminished rental income from tourism - durable goods orders for september due out tomorrow are expected to show a slip of N N compared with august 's N N increase - as usual estimates on the report are wide running from a drop of N N to a gain of N N - hastings manufacturing co. declared a regular quarterly dividend of N cents a share and an extra dividend of five cents a share on its common stock payable dec. N to shares of record nov. N - this is the consecutive quarter in which the company has paid shareholders an extra dividend of five cents - the hastings mich. concern makes filters and fuel - vickers plc a united kingdom defense and engineering company said an investment unit controlled by new zealand financier ron raised its stake in the company friday to N N from about N N thursday and from N N the previous week - securities ltd. a unit of mr. 's hong industrial equity pacific ltd. boosted its holdings in vickers to N million shares - the latest purchase follows small increases in his holdings made over the past five months - in may mr. 's stake shrank to N N after ranging between N N and N N for much of the previous year - ron clearly views our company as a good investment a vickers spokesman said - the spokesman refused to comment on speculation that industrial equity might use its interest as a platform to launch a hostile bid for the company - vickers makes tanks for the u.k. army rolls cars and has marine and medical businesses - when andersson set out to revive swedish conglomerate trelleborg ab in the early 1980s he the advice of trendy management consultants - all these consultants kept coming around telling us we should concentrate on high technology electronics or biotechnology and get out of mature basic industries mr. andersson recalls - yet under its 45-year-old president trelleborg moved aggressively into those base industries first strengthening its existing rubber and plastics division later adding mining as well as building and construction materials - it was a move for a executive fired after only two months as president of his previous company - but going against the grain has never bothered mr. andersson - his trademark white during a recent interview the it turned out to be lucky for us - if the whole market thinks what you 're doing is crazy you do n't have much competition - mr. andersson is anxious to strengthen trelleborg 's balance sheet - he did n't waste much time getting started - on tuesday trelleborg 's directors announced plans to spin off two big divisions minerals processing and building and distribution as separately quoted companies on stockholm 's stock exchange - at current market prices the public offerings to be completed next year would add an estimated N billion swedish kronor $ N million to trelleborg 's analysts say - the board had also been expected to approve a billion international offering of new trelleborg shares - but that share issue intended to make trelleborg better known among international investors was postponed until market conditions stabilize people familiar with the situation say - trelleborg 's internationally traded series stock plunged $ N to $ N in volatile trading monday in stockholm - tuesday the shares regained closing at - mr. andersson says he is confident that taking parts of the company public will help the conglomerate that has held down trelleborg 's share price - trelleborg plans to remain the dominant shareholder with stakes of slightly less than N N of both units - the spinoff should solve a problem for the parent - a family foundation set up by late founder henry controls N N of trelleborg 's voting shares outstanding - but the foundation require the entire trelleborg stake to be sold in the open market if control drops below N N - that possibility had closer as repeated new share offerings to finance trelleborg 's rapid growth steadily diluted the foundation 's holding - that growth is the result of mr. andersson 's shopping spree during which he has bought and sold more than N companies during the past five years - most of the new additions were barely profitable if not outright loss makers - applying gained during earlier at maker ab mr. andersson and a handful of loyal aggressively stripped away dead wood and got quick results - the treatment turned trelleborg into one of 's biggest and fastest-growing industrial concerns - between N and N sales more than N times and pretax profit surged almost - many analysts expect mr. andersson who owns N N of the company to be named trelleborg 's new chairman when ernst steps down next year - but the promotion is n't likely to alter a management style mr. andersson describes as being the driving force leading the troops not managing by sitting back with a waiting for people to bring me ideas - last month in his move yet mr. andersson and trelleborg joined forces with canada 's noranda inc. in a joint $ N billion hostile takeover of another big canadian mining concern falconbridge ltd - industry analysts suggest that the of falconbridge could vault trelleborg from a regional success story to a mining concern - trelleborg is n't in the same league yet as mining giants such as corp. or corp. says mike a mining analyst at james capel & co. london - but we certainly like what we 've seen so far - but trelleborg still must clear some tough hurdles - mr. andersson acknowledges that the company 's mining division will be busy for a while its recent expansion - booming metals prices have fueled trelleborg 's recent profit surge raising mining 's share of pretax profit to N N this year from a big loss two years earlier - but analysts caution an expected fall in metal prices next year could slow profit growth - mining is likely to remain trelleborg 's main business - analysts say its chances of success will likely on how well trelleborg manages to cooperate with noranda in the falconbridge venture - noranda and trelleborg each came close to winning falconbridge alone before the successful joint bid - some analysts say noranda would prefer to break up falconbridge and that the relatively in international mining operations could have problems holding their own with a much bigger partner like noranda operating on its home turf - mr. andersson insists that trelleborg and noranda have n't discussed a falconbridge - falconbridge he says will continue operating in its current form - we 'd be reluctant to accept N ownership in a manufacturing company - but such partnerships are common in mining where there are n't problems or conflict of interest or risk of cheating by a partner trelleborg 's president says - perhaps more important both companies share mr. andersson 's belief in the coming renaissance of base industries - if the 1980s were a decade of consumption the will be the investment decade mr. andersson says - the whole of europe and the industrialized world is suffering from a breakdown in infrastructure investment he says - that 's beginning to change - and investment is the key word for base metals and most other businesses trelleborg is in - apple computer inc. posted improved fiscal fourth-quarter profit due largely to a $ N million gain on the sale of its stock in adobe systems inc - excluding the gain the company registered a modest N N increase for the quarter ended sept. N to $ N million or N cents a share from the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - proceeds of the adobe sale brought net income in the quarter to $ N million or $ N a share - apple shares fell N cents in over-the-counter trading to close at $ N a share - fiscal fourth-quarter sales grew about N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - without the adobe gain apple 's full-year operating profit edged up N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - including the adobe gain full-year net was $ N million or $ N a share - sales for the year rose nearly N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - john chairman and chief executive officer credited the and computers introduced in the winter for the sales performance - mr. also indicated that sagging margins which dogged the company through most of N began to turn up in the fourth quarter as chip prices eased - adverse pressure on gross margins has mr. said - margins in the fiscal fourth quarter up rising to N N from N N a year earlier - for all of fiscal N however the average gross margin was N N below the average N gross margin of N N - lower component costs especially for or dynamic random access memory chips were cited for the easing of margin pressure on the company a spokeswoman said - looking ahead to N mr. predicted another year of significant revenue growth along with improved profitability as the recovery in gross margins continues into N - gary j. N years old was named president and chief operating officer - makes materials that it describes as plastic wood - the operating chief 's post is new - martin N who had been president was named vice chairman - he remains chief executive officer - mr. was vice president and chief operating officer of the division of technology corp - separately the board expanded to six members with the election of david l. a consultant - the company also said it privately placed stock and warrants in exchange for $ N - terry l. formerly general manager of canadian operations was elected to the new position of vice president north american sales of this plastics concern - also larry a. executive vice president north american operations was named head of the company 's international automotive operations another new position - he remains an executive vice president the company said and his new position reflects the growing importance of the world automotive market as a market for a. 's high performance plastic materials - gordon will succeed mr. as manager of canadian operations and mr. 's former position is n't being filled at this time the company said - general electric co. said it signed a contract with the developers of the ocean state power project for the second phase of an independent $ N million power plant which is being built in - ge along with a division of a subsidiary of enserch corp. have been building the first phase of the project which they expect to complete in late N - the second portion will be completed the following year - ge 's power generation subsidiary will operate and maintain the plant upon its completion - the environmental protection agency is getting a lot out of the superfund program - of the $ N billion spent so far on the program N N is going for administrative costs management and research the office of technology assessment just reported - only N of N priority cleanup sites have been - over the next N years $ N billion is earmarked for the program - at current that means epa will be spending $ N billion on itself - it may not be toxic but we know where one waste dump is - chambers development co. said its security bureau inc. unit purchased two security concerns in florida that will add $ N million of annual revenue - purchase of the businesses serving miami fort and west palm beach fla. is part of a plan by chambers to expand in the growing security industry - terms were n't disclosed - ag said it moved its headquarters for latin america to mexico and the headquarters for the regional division to singapore effective - the central offices for both regions were previously located in headquarters - the west german chemical concern called the moves a further step in the of its business activities - both regions are the fastest-growing areas for the company said - david h. N years old was named president and chief operating officer of 's peoples drug stores inc. unit based in va - mr. was senior executive vice president and chief operating officer - is a tobacco retailing restaurant and financial services concern - lotus development corp. is in talks to sell its signal service to inc. the new york parent of financial news network people familiar with the negotiations said - they said the price would be around $ N million - signal which has an estimated N subscribers and is profitable provides stock quotes over an fm radio band that can be received by specially equipped personal computers - the computers will display stock prices selected by users - lotus cambridge mass. has been rumored to have the sale of the four-year-old unit under consideration for a year - the business is n't related to lotus 's main businesses of making computer software and publishing information on compact disks - please submit your offers says jr - he surveys the prospective investors gathered in the board room of the philippine government 's asset privatization trust for the sale of a N N interest in the country 's largest paper mill - the agency expects the bids to be equivalent of more than $ N million - not a is offered - mr. the trust 's associate executive trustee declares the bidding a failure - it 's getting harder to sell he as he leaves the room - indeed recently the trust failed to auction off the paper mill a bank an office building and a small plant - of the four only the bank and the plant drew bids one apiece - in october N president aquino vowed that her government would get out of business by selling all or part of the state 's holdings in the many companies taken over by the government during the 20-year rule of ferdinand marcos - two years later mrs. aquino 's promise remains largely - october is a critical month for the privatization program - manila is offering several major assets for the first time and is trying to conclude sales already arranged - in addition the government is scheduled to unveil plans for philippine airlines the national carrier an effort that lawyer and business columnist calls the bellwether of privatization - all told there are assets on the line valued at up to $ N billion - the privatization program is designed to rid the government of hundreds of assets and to raise needed funds - much of the money from the sales is earmarked for a multibillion-dollar program - but efforts have been by official bureaucratic resistance a legal system that operates at a 's pace political opposition and government - most recently a lack of buyers has been added to the list - rather than gathering momentum the program is in danger of slowing even more as the government several big assets - the appears to be that the more valuable the asset the harder the privatization process - you just do n't see a whole lot happening says an international economist - to be sure the program has n't completely stalled - the asset privatization trust the agency responsible for selling properties has recorded sales of more than $ N million since it began in december N - but its success has been largely in the sale of small nonperforming companies which are valued for their assets - dealing with the sales this month could be particularly challenging because almost every problem that has the program in the past is up again - garcia the asset trust 's executive trustee admits to what he calls temporary setbacks - in light of the poor results recently he says the agency is adopting an attitude of flexibility - october 's troubles began when the trust failed to sell a state-owned commercial bank associated bank for the minimum price of N million $ N million - at the end of the month the agency again will offer the bank - but instead of a minimum price only a target price will be established - bankers say however that the government may have difficulty selling the institution even without a floor price - the bank has a negative net worth they say - in addition special bidding rules give the bank 's former owner the right to match the highest bid - mr. lost control to the government in N when a government bank made emergency loans to the institution - in N the loans were converted into equity giving manila N N of the bank but with the understanding that mr. had repurchase rights - his ability to match any bid has scared off many potential buyers - separately the government will try again within a month to sell the N N stake in paper industries corp. of the philippines or picop as the paper mill is known - the price will depend on how much picop shares fetch on the local stock market - but according to bankers and stock analysts who have studied the paper mill price is n't the only consideration - as it stands now the government would continue to hold N N of picop after the N N stake is sold - about N N of picop is publicly traded and other shareholders own the rest of the equity - potential buyers mostly foreign companies are reluctant to take a stake in a company that by the government 's own needs some $ N million in new capital for rehabilitation - the prospect of buying into a company without getting management control persuaded at least three foreign buyers including a member of the elders group of australia to pull out of the bidding the bankers and analysts say - mr. garcia acknowledges the problem and says the asset trust will study why the bidding failed and what changes the agency may be able to offer - under government regulations however foreign ownership of picop 's equity is limited to N N - even though the government would retain the N N stake in picop critics have accused the trust of selling out to foreigners - a series of newspaper articles accused the trust of the government over the picop sale - mr. garcia says he has been notified of congressional hearings on the picop bidding and possible legislation covering the paper mill 's sale both prompted by the criticism of the agency - the question of control could further plans for the government to itself of philippine airlines in which it has a N N stake - the carrier has valuable and asian routes but it remains and poorly managed - this maker of electronic measuring devices named two new directors increasing board membership to nine - the new directors are gordon m. president and chief executive officer of inc. and peter s. chairman and chief executive officer of services inc - gerard e. wood N years old was elected president chief executive officer and a director of this minerals and materials company - he succeeds harry a. N who is retiring from active duty but remains a director and consultant - mr. wood has been president and chief executive of steep rock resources inc - eagle financial corp. and webster financial corp. two connecticut savings bank-holding companies agreed to merge in a tax-free stock transaction - the new holding company bancorp inc. will have about $ N billion of assets and N banking offices in connecticut - tangible capital will be about $ N million - the merger is subject to regulatory clearance and a definitive agreement - in the merger each share of webster based in will be converted into one share of the new company - each share of eagle based in will become N share of - in american stock exchange composite trading friday eagle shares rose N cents to $ N - in national over-the-counter trading webster shares fell N cents to $ N - webster has N million shares outstanding and eagle N million - their indicated market values thus are about $ N million and $ N million respectively - frank j. chairman of eagle will be chairman of the new firm and james c. smith president and chief executive officer of webster will take those posts at - harold w. smith sr. chairman of webster will become chairman and a director of the new company - ralph t. vice chairman of eagle will become vice chairman of - the board will be made up of seven directors of each holding company - in an interview james smith said the banks ' markets are and their business are similar and conservative - nonperforming loans will make up only about N N of the combined banks ' total loans outstanding he said - at june N webster which owns first federal savings & loan association of had assets of $ N million - eagle which controls federal savings bank and first federal savings & loan association of had assets of $ N million on that date - ortiz 's sept. N column mexico 's been by the privatization is a clear statement of his government 's commitment to privatization and must be welcomed as such by all americans who wish his country well - the states institute is glad to see such a high official as mexico 's undersecretary of finance view his country 's reforms in the context of a larger world-wide process of change toward free-market economics especially in the countries - having said that we must caution against an apparent tendency to the case - it is not quite true for example that the mexican government has privatized de as mr. ortiz claims - in the same sentence he himself when he reports that the government still retains N N of the total equity of the airline - how can a company be considered privatized if the state is so heavily represented in it - true the mexican government has granted control over the airline to a new private consortium but its to take back what it gives is too well known to permit one to be - too mr. ortiz resorts to the familiar numbers game when he boasts that fewer than N state enterprises currently remain in the public sector down from the N public entities that existed in N - but the enterprises still in state hands include the biggest and most economically powerful ones in mexico indeed they virtually constitute the economic infrastructure - i refer essentially to petroleum electric power banking and newsprint - those enterprises however are not going to be privatized - they are officially considered strategic and their privatization is prohibited by the mexican constitution - in language that the issue mr. ortiz writes the divestiture of and public enterprises is an essential element of president carlos salinas 's plan to modernize mexico 's economy - yet clearly modernization must its key industries before it can be said to have caught the privatization - the bottom line however is not economic but political reform - a long succession of mexican presidents whatever industry they took a fancy to without having to answer to the public - to guarantee that de and other companies will really be privatized mexico needs a political system that will ensure democracy and hence accountability - daniel james president states institute - the board of this puerto rico concern voted to suspend payment of its quarterly of N cents a share for the third quarter - the third-largest thrift institution in puerto rico also said it expects a return to profitability in the third quarter when it reports operating results this week - federal said the dividend was suspended in anticipation of more capital requirements under the financial institutions reform recovery and enforcement act of N - a labor-management group is preparing a revised buy-out bid for united airlines parent ual corp. that would transfer majority ownership to employees while leaving some stock in public hands according to people familiar with the group - the group has been discussing a proposal valued in a range of $ N to $ N a share or $ N billion to $ N billion - but to avoid the risk of rejection the group does n't plan to submit the plan formally at a ual board meeting today - instead the group is raising the proposal to try to test the board 's reaction - people familiar with the company say the board is n't likely to give quick approval to any offer substantially below the $ 300-a-share $ N billion buy-out bid that collapsed last week after banks would n't raise needed loans and after a key partner british airways plc dropped out - in composite trading friday on the new york stock exchange ual closed at $ N a share down $ N - but the pilots union which has been pushing for a takeover since N appears to be pressing ahead with the revised bid to avoid further loss of momentum even though it has n't found a partner to replace british air - although the bidding group has n't had time to develop its latest idea fully or to discuss it with banks it believes bank financing could be obtained - after the collapse of the last effort the group does n't plan to make any formal proposal without commitments from banks covering the entire amount to be borrowed - under the type of transaction being discussed the group would borrow several billion dollars from banks that could then be used to finance a cash payment to current holders - those current holders would also receive minority interests in the new company - for example the group could offer $ N a share in cash plus stock valued at $ N a share - ual currently has N million shares fully diluted - the new structure would be similar to a recapitalization in which holders get a special dividend yet retain a controlling ownership interest - the difference is that current holders would n't retain majority ownership or control - the failed takeover would have given ual employees N N voting control of the nation 's second-largest airline with management getting N N control and british air N N - it was n't clear how the ownership would up under the new plan but employees would keep more than N N - management 's total could be reduced and the public could get more than the N N control that had been earmarked for british air - one option the board is likely to consider today is some sort of period - although the pilots are expected to continue to pursue the bid ual chairman stephen wolf may be asked to withdraw from the buy-out effort at least temporarily and to return to running the company full time - the board could eventually come under some pressure to sell the company because its members can be ousted by a majority shareholder vote particularly since one-third of ual stock is held by takeover stock speculators who favor a sale - the labor-management buy-out group plans to keep its offer on the table in an apparent attempt to maintain its bargaining position with the board - however the only outsider who has emerged to lead such a shareholder vote los angeles investor marvin davis who triggered the buy-out with a $ N billion bid in early august is hanging back apparently to avoid being blamed for contributing to the deal 's collapse - three top advisers to mr. davis visited new york late last week at least in part to with executives at citicorp - mr. davis had paid $ N million for citicorp 's backing of his last bid - but citicorp has lost some credibility because it also led the unsuccessful effort to gain bank loans for the labor-management group - on friday british air issued a statement saying it does not intend to participate in any new deal for the acquisition of ual in the foreseeable future - however several people said that british air might yet the bidding group and that the carrier made the statement to answer questions from british regulators about how it plans to use proceeds of a securities offering previously earmarked for the ual buy-out - also late last week ual flight attendants agreed to participate with the pilots in a revised offer - but the machinists union whose opposition helped scuttle the first buy-out bid is likely to favor a recapitalization with a friendly investor - one advantage the buy-out group intends to press with the board is that pilots have agreed to make $ N million in annual cost concessions to help finance a bid - speculation has also that the ual executive most closely identified with the failure to gain bank financing chief financial officer john pope may come under pressure to resign - however people familiar with the buy-out group said mr. pope 's departure would weaken the airline 's management at a critical time - despite the buy-out group 's failure to obtain financing ual remains obligated to pay $ N million in investment banking and legal fees to the group 's advisers lazard & co. salomon brothers inc. and paul weiss & garrison - whittle communications limited partnership tenn. will launch its first media property targeting hispanic women - la de or today 's family will debut this spring and will combine a national magazine and tv programming - the television element of la includes a series of features to air seven days a week on the network a unit of holdings inc. which is by cards inc - the features will focus on family health and and financial management and will carry N seconds of advertising - the magazines also will be distributed in more than N doctors ' offices and health centers in hispanic and largely hispanic communities - weirton steel corp. said it completed a $ N million sale of 10-year notes the final step in the N buy-out of the company from national steel corp - the N N N notes were priced at N N to yield N N in an offering managed by bear stearns & co. shearson lehman hutton inc. and lazard & co. the company said - weirton of weirton w. va. said $ N million of the proceeds were used to the remaining amounts on the note outstanding to national intergroup inc. the parent of national steel - remaining proceeds were used to pay other debt and to finance the company 's capital spending program - group plc of britain which holds a N N stake in profit systems inc. said it is considering courses of action that could result in its having active control of the company - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission group said a possible course of action may include acquiring some or all of the profit systems shares it does n't already own - it noted however that it has n't determined any specific terms of a possible transaction - group and affiliates currently control N profit systems common shares or N N the filing said - profit systems valley stream n.y. is an air freight concern - u.s. official reserve assets rose $ N billion in september to $ N billion the treasury department said - the gain compared with a $ N billion decline in reserve assets in august to $ N billion the department said - u.s. reserve assets consist of foreign currencies gold special drawing rights at the international monetary fund and the u.s. reserve position its ability to draw foreign currencies at the imf - the nation 's holdings of foreign currencies increased $ N billion in september to $ N billion while its gold reserves were virtually unchanged at $ N billion - u.s. holdings of imf special drawing rights last month rose $ N million to $ N billion and its reserve position at the imf increased $ N million to $ N billion - of america inc. plans to sell its consolidated aluminum corp. subsidiary as part of its strategy to focus more on aluminum packaging in the u.s. - of new york declined to say how much it expects to get for the unit the company has hired first boston corp. to help identify bidders - is a subsidiary of swiss ltd. a zurich switzerland producer of aluminum chemicals and packaging products - consolidated which had N revenue of $ N million makes aluminum sheet and products at its ohio and jackson tenn. rolling mills and aluminum at a plant in run - manhattan national corp. said michael a. conway president and chief executive officer was elected chief executive of the holding company 's two principal insurance subsidiaries - he succeeds paul p. jr. who resigned to pursue other business interests the company said - mr. conway N years old was elected chairman president and chief executive of manhattan life insurance co. and president and chief executive of manhattan national life insurance co - harry N chairman of the holding company also remains chairman of manhattan national life insurance co - mr. conway was executive vice president and chief investment officer of union central life insurance co. of cincinnati in N when union central bought a N N interest in manhattan national corp - he resigned as an officer of central life to accept the manhattan national presidency - daniel j. a director of first illinois corp. said that in august he reduced his stake in first illinois to N N of the common shares outstanding - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission mr. said he sold N first illinois common shares from aug. N to aug. N for $ N to $ N a share - as a result of the sales he holds N shares - mr. said in the filing that he sold the stock to decrease his position in the ill. banking concern - he may sell more shares in the open market or in private transactions but would n't rule out changing his intentions and buying shares the filing said - life systems inc. minneapolis said a federal appeals court vacated an earlier summary judgment in its favor - a lower court in st. paul had ruled in september N that a heart manufactures does n't on a patent owned by advanced cardiovascular systems a unit of eli lilly & co - said the appeals court the case back to the district court for further proceedings - in national over-the-counter trading friday shares tumbled $ N to $ N - said it remains committed both to the vigorous defense of its position that the does n't the lilly unit 's patent and to the pursuit of its own which lilly engaged in antitrust violations and other acts - a revised bid for ual is being prepared by a labor-management group sources said - the new proposal which would transfer majority ownership of united air 's parent to employees and leave some stock in public hands would be valued at $ N to $ N a share or as much as $ N billion - but ual 's board is n't expected to give quick approval to any offer substantially below the $ 300-a-share bid that collapsed recently - takeover stock speculators have incurred paper losses of over $ N million from the failed ual offer their worst loss ever on a single deal - ford and saab ended talks about a possible alliance after ford concluded that the cost to modernize saab 's car operations would outweigh the likely return - the collapse friday prompted speculation that ford would intensify its pursuit of jaguar which is negotiating a defensive alliance with gm - stock prices edged up in quiet trading friday - the dow jones industrials rose N to N making the gain for the week a record N points or N N - most bond prices fell but junk bonds and the dollar rose - new york city bonds were sold off by many investors last week amid political and economic uncertainty - more banks are being hurt by arizona 's worsening real-estate slump - first interstate bancorp of los angeles said friday it expects a $ N million quarterly loss citing losses at its arizona unit - opec 's ability to produce more oil than it can sell is starting to cast a shadow over world oil markets - opec officials worry that prices could collapse a few months from now if the group does n't adopt new quotas - saatchi & saatchi has attracted offers for some of its advertising units but has rejected them sources said - the proposals from suitors including interpublic group come as the london-based ad giant struggles through its most difficult period ever - qintex australia suffered another setback friday when its los angeles-based affiliate filed for chapter N protection - qintex 's $ N billion pact to buy mgm\/ua collapsed recently - kodak entered the high-definition television market by a device that can convert conventional film into high-definition video - a handful of small u.s. firms are refusing to the market to japanese manufacturers - freight rates are out and starting to rebound - trucking shipping and air-freight firms are all planning rate increases reflecting higher costs and tightened demand - texaco has purchased an company in texas for $ N million - it is texaco 's first major acquisition since the legal battle with pennzoil began over four years ago - winnebago posted a widened quarterly loss and slashed its dividend in half reflecting the slowdown in recreational vehicle sales - markets - stocks - volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N off N utilities N up N - bonds - shearson lehman hutton treasury index N off - commodities - dow jones futures index N off N spot index N up N - dollar - N yen up N N marks up N - corp. a money-losing direct marketer of computer supplies and accessories said directors suspended payment of its semiannual dividend as too great a drain on funds - the company paid five cents a share in april - the directors ' action taken oct. N but announced friday had little or no effect on the company 's stock which at $ N in light over-the-counter trading - recently disclosed a $ N million write-off related to a corporate restructuring that resulted in the company 's posting a $ N million net loss for the year ended july N compared with year-earlier profit of $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the board felt that the continued payment of our semiannual dividend was with recent operating results said kenneth a. president and chief executive officer - all our efforts are now focused on improving earnings to the point where we can fund additional development continue to invest in the business and the dividend he added - the company offers more than N parts and supplies directly to and users through catalog sales - the food and drug administration said american home products corp. agreed to recall certain generic drugs that were produced by its quantum unit in n.y - quantum stopped shipping the drugs last month following a federal investigation regarding information the company supplied to obtain three drug approvals - the fda requested the recall of quantum 's and because it said the size of the production runs submitted for testing to gain fda approval was in each case as much larger than it actually was - american home products based in new york agreed to recall four other products and because of concerns about data submitted in their original approval applications before the fda - no safety problems with the products are known the fda said - an fda said the drugs are still available under other brand names - last month american home products said it was production and distribution of all N of quantum 's generic drug products pending the completion of an internal audit - it also temporarily closed quantum because of the internal investigation as well as the fda 's ongoing inquiry - in new york stock exchange composite trading american home products rose N cents to $ N on friday - lyondell petrochemical co. said third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million a year earlier - year-earlier per-share results are n't applicable because the company went public in january - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the petrochemical maker said the biggest reason earnings declined was a loss of production time and the increased costs associated with a temporary maintenance closing and expansion of an plant - like other refiners lyondell 's margins for chemicals and gasoline were narrower - while the company said chemical margins continued to worsen this quarter costs will be lower because the maintenance and are complete - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday lyondell was unchanged at $ N a share - four former corp. officials were acquitted of federal charges related to the miami-based company 's sale of including conspiracy to hide defects - jurors in u.s. district court in miami cleared harold a former executive vice president john a former vice president and stephen and dean who had been engineers with - earlier this year a maker of medical devices agreed to plead guilty to felony and charges related to the and to pay the government about $ N million in fines and other costs - sold its operations two years ago to holding ltd. of australia - papers - management and unions representing N employees at corp. 's toronto star reached a tentative contract agreement friday a strike by most employees of canada 's largest daily newspaper - members of the largest union representing N workers voted in favor of the pact yesterday - four other unions have yet to vote but their leadership also recommended approval - the pact proposes a N 1\/2-year contract with a raise of N N in the first year N N in the second and N N for the final six months - amgen inc. said its second-quarter earnings increased more than tenfold to $ N million or N cents a share due to increased sales of the company 's new drug for kidney patients - the thousand calif.-based biotechnology company reported a N N increase in revenue to $ N million for the quarter ended sept. N - in the year-ago period amgen reported net income of $ N or two cents a share on revenue of $ N million - for the six months the company reported a more than increase in earnings to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N or four cents a share a year ago - revenue rose N N to $ N million from last year 's $ N million - lawmakers approved a peace plan but aoun rejected it - lebanon 's parliament passed the accord to end the country 's 14-year-old conflict but the christian military leader the plan was full of - the arab pact drafted during three weeks of talks at the saudi resort of includes syrian proposals for at least a partial troop pullout from lebanon and guarantees an equal number of seats for and in the parliament - the rejection by aoun who has demanded a total and immediate of 's N troops puts the future of the agreement in doubt - northern california for earthquake-related traffic - as pressed their efforts after finding a in a collapsed freeway the san francisco bay area for hundreds of thousands of commuters seeking to avoid routes by last tuesday 's tremor - in oakland officials said the who spent four days in rubble was in critical condition with slight improvement - estimates of damage in the area visited friday by bush topped $ N billion - the baseball commissioner announced that the third game of the world series between the giants and the athletics would n't resume until friday - the u.s. is required to notify foreign of certain coup plans - under guidelines included in an exchange of letters between the reagan administration and the senate intelligence panel last year the u.s. must inform foreign of plans likely to endanger their lives - the existence of the policy became known after bush disclosed it to seven gop senators last week citing the plan as an example of congressional requirements the administration contends contribute to the failure of covert actions officials said - bush conceded that the requirement did n't affect a decision to lend only minor support to this month 's failed effort to oust panama 's noriega aides said - the shuttle atlantis 's crew prepared to return to earth today several hours earlier than planned to avoid high forecast at the landing site at edwards air force base calif - the five who gear and tested the spacecraft 's steering said they were about the touchy weather expected in the desert - commonwealth leaders issued a declaration giving south africa six months to deliver on to ease apartheid or face new - the organization meeting in malaysia called for tighter financial pressure immediately - britain 's prime minister thatcher alone - east germany 's leadership vowed swift action to ease travel to the west - despite the pledge by the communist tens of thousands of people across the country staged over the weekend to demand democratic freedoms - in leipzig more than N people met with local party officials to discuss internal changes - the senate convicted federal judge hastings of miami of eight impeachment articles removing him from the bench - the chamber voted N friday to the judge of perjury and bribery conspiracy - it marked the first time a u.s. official was on charges of which a jury had acquitted him - rep. garcia and his wife were found guilty by a federal jury in new york of $ N from wedtech corp. in return for official acts by the new york democrat - the jury also convicted them of in obtaining a $ N loan from an officer of the defense contractor - authorities in honduras launched an investigation into the cause of saturday 's crash of a jetliner that killed N of the N people aboard - the boeing N en route to honduras from costa rica via nicaragua into the hills outside as it approached the capital 's airport in high and low clouds - the u.s. and israel have been holding what an aide to prime minister shamir called intense telephone negotiations in an effort to bridge differences over mideast peace moves - the labor party meanwhile threatened to support a parliamentary motion to topple the coalition unless shamir showed flexibility on talks - nicaragua 's defense ministry said a group of contra rebels two trucks carrying troops in northern nicaragua killing N of the soldiers - the incident occurred saturday night - the sandinista government and the agreed in march to suspend offensive operations but there has been sporadic fighting - scientists have isolated a that may hold potential as a treatment for disruptions of the immune system ranging from rejection to and corp. said - the is the mouse version of a protein called the which directs the growth and function of white blood cells - died alfred N former president of the federal reserve bank of new york saturday in new conn - contel corp. said third-quarter net income increased N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share as a result of strong growth in lines and long-distance minutes of use - the telecommunications company 's results included a one-time gain of $ N million or two cents a share from the sale of contel credit a leasing and financial-services subsidiary - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - quarterly profit increased N N to $ N million from $ N million while earnings declined N N to $ N million from $ N million - information systems posted a loss of $ N million compared with a loss of $ N million a year earlier - lines increased at an annualized rate of about N N and minutes of long-distance use rose about N N - a N N gain in operating profit in the quarter was offset by a N N boost in interest expense reflecting higher consolidated borrowings and interest rates - in new york stock exchange composite trading contel closed at $ N a share down N cents - in east germany where humor has long been the only way to express political criticism they 're not laughing about their new leader egon krenz - mr. krenz is such a figure that nobody has even come up with any good jokes about him - you have to have clear feelings about someone before you can make jokes says an east german mother of two who political with her friends - with krenz we just do n't know what to expect - mr. krenz does n't seem to be the many initially thought he was when the politburo member was selected last week to succeed erich honecker - but he does n't appear to be ready to make broad changes either - according to east germany 's news agency mr. krenz spoke to soviet leader mikhail gorbachev by telephone over the weekend and acknowledged east germany could learn from moscow 's glasnost policies - already last week mr. krenz started east germany 's heavily and boring news media - on thursday a day after he took office east german television broke into regular programming to launch a talk show in which viewers call in questions for a panel of officials to answer - the regular news program and daily newspapers are also getting a visible injection of glasnost - it was quite a shock says a east german - for the first time in my life i was n't sure whether i was listening to our news or west german television - other changes including easing restrictions on travel for east germans are expected - but whether such moves can win back the confidence of east germans who have taken to the streets by the thousands in recent weeks to demand democratic changes depends largely on whether they feel they can trust mr. krenz - and that 's a problem - mr. krenz is not only closely identified with his mr. honecker but also blamed for ordering violent police action against protesters this month and for china for sending tanks against student demonstrators - i hope he grows with the job says a in east berlin - the most important thing is that he have a chance - although mr. krenz is dedicated to east germany 's conservative of communism there is much about his style that sets him apart from his party - unlike mr. honecker who to people about socialist values mr. krenz enjoys asking questions - indeed one of his first actions as leader was to visit a machine factory on the of berlin and among the workers a la gorbachev - he was later shown on television questions - at one point he asked a worker whether he thought east germans were the country because of restrictive travel policies - the worker 's it 's more than just travel - people have a sense the government is ignoring the real problems in our society - the exchange was all the more remarkable in that authorities released television to western news agencies - this same tendency toward openness impressed a group of visiting u.s. congressmen this spring - rather than trying to us says one congressional aide who attended the meeting mr. krenz wanted to listen - rep. d. ala. one of the members of the delegation says he was particularly impressed by mr. krenz 's ready admission that east germany needed to change - he 's a very tough man but one who 's also open to arguments adds an aide to west german chancellor helmut kohl - but there 's another side to mr. krenz - born in a town in an area which is now part of poland he has dedicated his life to the party - he moved quickly through the ranks with the help of his mr. honecker and emerged as the heir apparent - barbara an expert on east germany at radio free europe in says mr. krenz may project a smooth image but she doubts he 's a true - even if he is she adds he appears to have only limited room for maneuver within the communist party 's ruling politburo - against this background the new east german leader must move quickly to shore up his government 's standing - the sudden growth of the opposition movement together with the steady of citizens through poland and hungary has plunged the country into its political crisis since an workers ' in N - he does n't have any period says a western diplomat based in east berlin - but if he 's sharp and quick he has a chance - the diplomat adds that mr. krenz has several things going for him - the east german economy is strong compared with other east bloc nations - and his relative youth could help him project a more image with the perception of mr. honecker as an old man - for average east germans mr. krenz remains a - either he was n't being real in the past or he is n't being real right now says a east german doctor - either way i have a problem with how quickly he 's changed - the doctor was among dozens of people through east berlin 's church saturday morning - the walls of the church are covered with news and notes associated with the country 's political opposition - i have to come here to read the walls says the doctor because it 's information i still ca n't get through the newspapers - meanwhile east germany 's growing openness may even allow the state-controlled news media to display a sense of humor - television last week carried a new report on east berlin 's main factory and the need to boost production - east germans remember a comment a few years ago by kurt the government 's top that just because a neighbor hangs new there 's no reason to change your own - his point was there is no reason for east germany to copy changes - it 's hard to know whether it was intended to be funny says the east berlin but everyone i know about it - the list of laboratories claiming to be producing amounts of heat from cold fusion experiments is slowly growing - but the experiments continue to be plagued by lack of firm evidence that the extra heat is coming from the of atoms - new experiments at some of the big national laboratories are still unable to find hints of nuclear fusion reactions leaving only the finding of tritium in a texas experiment to support university of utah ' claim of fusion at room temperatures - the latest developments in cold fusion research were presented in N reports delivered at the fall meeting here of the society the first scientific meeting in five months to hear formal reports on cold fusion experiments - the meeting offered stark evidence of a dramatic fall in scientific interest in cold fusion research - of the N registered for the society 's meeting fewer than N sat through the day and a half of cold fusion at week 's end - this was in contrast with the society 's meeting last may at the of the controversy when more than N scientists along with scores of reporters and tv crews crowded into a los angeles hotel for a tumultuous special night session on the subject - neither of the two whose utah experiments triggered the cold fusion martin fleischmann and b. stanley pons were at the meeting - but some members of an ad expert committee set up by the department of energy to evaluate the cold fusion research were in the audience - the committee is to recommend at the end of the month whether should support cold fusion research - most of the two dozen scientists taking the reported results with new more sophisticated variations of the seemingly simple experiments described last march by messrs. fleischmann and pons - the experiments involve a thin rod of palladium metal with a wire of platinum and plunging the two into heavy water in which the atoms are a heavy form known as - when an electric current is applied to the palladium and platinum the heavy water did begin to break up or - ordinarily the or breakup of the water would consume almost all of the electrical energy - but messrs. fleischmann and pons said their experiments also produced large amounts of heat - the heat energy plus the energy consumed by the breakup of the water added to far more energy coming out of the than electrical energy going in they reported - because they also detected tritium and indications of nuclear radiation they asserted that the excess heat energy must be coming from energy released by the nuclear fusion of atoms inside the palladium rod - as of last weekend a dozen labs also have reported measuring excess heat from similar experiments although amounts of such heat vary widely - one of the seven reports presented here of excess heat production was given by richard a. professor of chemical engineering at the university of minnesota - mr. said his skepticism of the utah claims was initially confirmed when his first experiments last spring failed to produce results - but he then borrowed a palladium rod from at texas who said they were getting excess heat - the results were he said - on the fourth run with the borrowed rod the experiment began producing excess heat - the experiment was stopped briefly to change an instrument - when it was heat output really took off and produced excess heat for several hours before dying down he said - typical of other experiments mr. said his experiment was very - it would go along doing nothing but the heavy water and then at totally times it would begin producing excess heat for as long as N or N hours before down - the excess heat was N N to N N more than the energy involved in the of water - mr. said the heat bursts were too large and too long to be explained by the sudden release of energy that might have slowly accumulated during the experiments ' times as some scientists have suggested - there is a reality to the excess energy he said - other scientists said they also were getting sporadic bursts of excess heat lasting several hours at a time - the bursts often occur they said after they the experiments by raising or lowering the amount of electric current being applied or switching the current off and on - one privately suggested this hinted that some chemical reactions might be producing the heat - one reason questions the heat experiments is that they involve unusually measurements - typically the input energy ranges from a third of a to one and the excess energy is measured in of a - one exception is a continuing experiment at stanford university where as much as N watts of energy are being put into the cells - a cell filled with heavy water is producing N to N watts more heat than an identical cell filled with ordinary water next to it reported m. an associate of materials scientist robert a. head of the stanford experimental team - one of the few hints the excess heat might be produced by fusion came from brief remarks by john of texas university - mr. previously reported getting bursts of excess heat and of increasing amounts of tritium forming in the heavy water - he said that within the past few days he 's gotten evidence that there is a weak between the time the heat bursts occur and the production of tritium - there is n't any way to measure the amount of tritium in the heavy water so it 's been difficult to tell whether the tritium formation is related to the heat bursts or some other phenomenon - increasingly careful attempts to measure neutrons which would be strong evidence of fusion reactions continue to be negative - messrs. fleischmann and pons initially reported indirect evidence of neutrons being produced in their experiment but later conceded the measurements were questionable - researchers at national laboratories in n.m. reported they went so far as to take a cold fusion experiment and three detectors into a tunnel under N feet of to shield the detectors from - a number of times they detected neutrons in one sometimes two of the three detectors but only once during N hours of the experiment did they detect a burst in all three detectors and they think that was a event - of los national laboratory said researchers there detected a burst of neutrons from an early cold fusion experiment last april but decided not to announce it until they could confirm it - in subsequent experiments one of two detectors occasionally indicated a burst of neutrons but bursts were never recorded in both detectors at the same time - they concluded the indications of neutrons stemmed from in the detectors rather than from the cold fusion experiment - at the lawrence berkeley laboratory in california new experiments indicated that the added to the heavy water so it will conduct a current can produce previously electrical effects on the surface of the palladium rod which messrs. fleischmann and pons might have reported philip ross from the california laboratory - dow jones & co. announced wall street journal advertising rates for N - the rates which take effect jan. N include a N N increase for national edition advertising - the journal also will offer expanded volume and frequency discounts - the increase for national edition advertising is less than the inflation rate and compares with a N N increase in N - newsprint and prices this year have not gone up said peter r. president of dow jones - we have invested in improved editorial quality and expanded our quality audience without substantially increasing our costs - fundamental fairness and a sense of responsibility lead us to share operating with our customers - advertising rates for the eastern midwest western and southwest editions will increase an average N N and rates for advertising editions will increase N N - rates for the wall street journal reports will remain unchanged - a one-time in the wall street journal national edition will cost $ N - advertising rates for the wall street published in brussels and printed in the netherlands and switzerland will increase N N - rates for the asian wall street journal published and printed in hong kong and also printed in singapore and tokyo will rise N N - rates for the asian wall street journal weekly published in new york for north american readers will rise N N - dow jones also publishes barron 's magazine other and community newspapers and operates electronic business information services - it owns N N of telerate inc. a leading supplier of computerized financial information on global markets - reflecting the impact of lower semiconductor prices and cuts in defense spending texas instruments inc. said third-quarter net income fell N N and sales dropped slightly from a year earlier - net fell to $ N million or N cents a common share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales fell N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the nine months the electronics and defense concern had net of $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-ago period - sales were $ N billion up N N from $ N billion - jerry chairman president and chief executive officer said sluggish sales reduced demand for semiconductors - that coupled with lower semiconductor prices and higher expense contributed to the decline in sales and profit - in addition cost increases related to fixed-price defense contracts and a $ N million charge to reduce the work force of texas instruments ' division also reduced net - however the quarter results included $ N million in royalty income from patent licenses up from $ N million in the year-earlier period - the nine months include $ N million of royalty income up from $ N million last year - mr. was n't optimistic about the short-term outlook that further reductions may be needed - we expect near-term in the electronics market he said and we will take ongoing actions as necessary to keep operations aligned with demand - further he said an internal reorganization to combine several divisions into the information technology group is expected to affect fourth-quarter results by an undisclosed amount - lynch corp. said its lynch telephone corp. subsidiary completed the acquisition of western new mexico telephone co. for $ N million plus assumption of $ N million of debt - western new mexico telephone silver city had net income of $ N million on revenue of about $ N million last year - it is an independent phone company with a service area of N square miles in southwest new mexico - it is also a partner in the cellular franchise covering most of western new mexico - the transaction represents lynch 's entry into the telephone business - the company which has interests in television trucking services and and equipment said it plans to make other acquisitions in the telephone industry - nelson hunt 's attempted corner on silver a decade ago is still the market in this metal - silver now trading around $ N an ounce surged to an peak of $ N an ounce in january N from around $ N in - mr. hunt 's attempt to squeeze the silver market N years ago is still indirectly to blame for today 's market depression says edgar managing director of ltd. london bullion brokers - while some N million ounces of silver once held by mr. hunt and middle eastern associates are n't hanging over the market anymore the price surge of N an expansion of mine production and scrap recovery and encouraged silver consumers to on silver use mr. edgar says - photographic developers for example bought equipment to recover silver from spent photographs and processing solutions - meanwhile the photographic industry which accounts for N N of silver consumption continues to look for - japanese and u.s. photographic firms are beginning to produce electronic cameras and that do n't require silver dealers say - silver 's history of volatility is also discouraging investors dealers say - even in the present uncertain investment climate investors are quality assets such as treasury bills and bonds to gold silver and platinum dealers say - although prices rallied briefly following the tumble on world stock markets earlier this month and the related decline of the dollar precious metals are out of favor for the moment because of high interest rates and a determination by industrial nations to curb inflation dealers say - silver however is in a deeper slump than are gold and platinum - some analysts contend that silver is cheap now that prices are at levels last seen in the mid-1970s - bargain believe that silver offers the best value precious metals says frederick r. demler analyst at drexel burnham lambert inc - a further decline in prices will lead to mine production cuts in the u.s. he says - scrap merchants are converting smaller quantities of metal into silver while low prices are discouraging exports from india and the soviet union - silver prices could also be boosted by strikes in leading producing nations peru and mexico mr. demler says - meanwhile total fabrication demand for silver has risen six years in a row he says - japanese demand grew by N N in the first half of this year and the nation plans an issue of a silver coin that will require N million ounces - compared with huge annual surpluses of more than N million ounces in the first half of the 1980s world silver supplies and consumption are now nearly in balance mr. demler says - despite rallies in the past few years improvements in the balance have n't managed to push silver prices into a higher range - there 's just too much silver around says tom butler an analyst at samuel & co. a london bullion house - a huge silver at exchanges refiners industries and government warehouses of at least N million ounces is the market says shearson lehman hutton inc. in a report - this year alone inventories at the commodity exchange of new york jumped by a staggering N million to N million ounces because of producer deliveries by and sales by investors says o'connell london-based precious metals analyst at shearson lehman hutton - silver production is also in an upward trend ms. o'connell says - moreover while asian and middle eastern investors gold and help its price silver does n't have the same dealers say - investors have gotten burned on silver so often that they are far more partial to gold says senior vice president at union bank of switzerland - yet if gold prices improve silver prices could rally sharply he says - however dealers caution that any increase would be $ N to $ N at most - looking ahead to other commodity markets this week - livestock and - analysts expect the prices of live cattle futures contracts to rise in trading today in the wake of a government quarterly census that found cattle on feedlots - after the close of trading friday the agriculture department reported that feedlots in the N biggest ranch states held N million cattle on oct. N down N N from that date a year earlier - most analysts had expected the government to report a N N decline - feedlots young cattle for so a decline signals a tightening supply of beef - the government reported that the number of young cattle placed on feedlots during the quarter dropped N N compared with the year-earlier quarter - many industry analysts had been projecting a N N decline in for the quarter - in the N quarter many farmers were forced to sell their cattle to operators because the drought out the on their - the number of cattle moving onto feedlots in the recent quarter was also lower because cattle is less profitable - a shortage of young cattle has made them more expensive for operators to buy - the agriculture department also said that the number of cattle in the quarter dropped by N N from the N quarter which was in line with projections by analysts - energy - friday 's price drop to $ N in the november contract for west texas intermediate crude may well set the tone for trading this week in petroleum futures on the new york mercantile exchange - most traders and analysts attributed the decline to technical factors associated with the contract 's going off the board - others said that the drop continued the downward correction that 's been due in the petroleum pits and that such a trend could well continue in the next several trading sessions - barring any news events trading in the days ahead should further test recent projections by oil economists and other market watchers that strong fourth-quarter demand will keep prices firm - copper - copper prices fell sharply friday afternoon - for example copper for december delivery settled N cents lower at $ N a pound - pressure came from several developments including the settlement of two long-term strikes - on friday one analyst said workers ratified a new labor agreement ending a three-month strike at the highland valley mine in british columbia - in mexico the analyst added employees at the cananea mine who have been out of work since late august when the mine was declared bankrupt by the government accepted a N N cut in the work force - the mine is expected to return to production in about a week - on friday selling dominated the afternoon curb session in london which takes place at noon edt - the premium of cash copper to the three-month forward offerings narrowed indicating weaker demand for cash copper - long-term support for the december contract was believed to be at $ N a pound - a technical analyst said there were a number of stop-loss orders under that level that were touched off when the contract 's price fell below it - that brought in considerable fund selling which continued until the close of trading - in general it was a bearish close said ben a copper trader at rudolph & co. a major commodities trading and brokerage firm - but whether this price break has implications for this week he said we will know more when the london metal exchange copper stock levels are released monday morning - another analyst said he expected inventories to be down by about N tons when the weekly report is issued - bernard savaiko senior commodities analyst at painewebber inc. said that when traders saw the market was n't reacting to the forecasts of lower stocks they perceived a bearish sign - he also noted that the japanese who had been buying at prices just above the $ N level apparently pulled back from the market on friday - mr. savaiko said he sees a possibility of the december contract dropping to $ N a pound - hewlett-packard co. will announce today a software program that allows computers in a network to speed up computing tasks by sending the tasks to each other - called task broker the program acts something like an among a group of computers together - if a machine has a big computing task task broker asks other computers in the network for bids on the job - it then which machine is free to do the task most quickly and sends the task to that machine - hewlett-packard claims that the software allows a network to run three times as many tasks as conventional networks and will run each task twice as fast - the new hewlett-packard program said analyst john at research inc. a research company is a key building block as people move to this new model of distributed processing - in today 's computer networks some machines often sit idle while others are - with the hewlett-packard program he said you get more bang for the buck you 've spent on computers - the program which will be shipped in january N runs on the unix operating system - hewlett-packard will charge $ N for a license covering N users - the program now works on all hewlett-packard and workstations and on computers made by computer inc. of conn - hewlett-packard said it will sell versions later next year that run on sun microsystems inc. and digital equipment corp. machines - the task broker from other programs that spread computing tasks around a network - a previously available program called network computing system developed by hewlett-packard 's division for instance takes a task and it up into parts up those parts to several computers in a network for simultaneous processing - but programs in individual computers must be revised in order to work with that system - applications wo n't have to be to work with task broker hewlett-packard said and the user of a computer wo n't be able to tell that another machine is doing the work - the task broker turns that network into as far as the user is concerned one giant computer said bill general manager of hewlett-packard 's workstation group - price wars between the fast-food giants are starting to the fast-food little guys the franchisees - when start fighting get killed says murray of national restaurants a new york franchisee for pizza hut roy rogers and other chains - as and pizza outlets one area after another franchisers are struggling desperately for market share slashing prices and stepping up costly promotions - the fight is putting a tight squeeze on profits of many threatening to drive the smallest ones out of business and relations between the national fast-food chains and their franchisees - the chains used to offer discounts during winter when business was slow but in the last year or so discounting has become a 12-month thing says donald president of group inc. a new york franchisee of grand metropolitan plc 's burger king chain - though 's sales are up slightly this year mr. says profits will be flat or lower - and bill a ariz. of mcdonald 's corp. who is chairman of the company 's national operators advisory board says some fast-food outlets could be in serious trouble based on the amount of discounting that seems to be going on - until recently the huge fast-food industry with sales of about $ N billion last year kept to a minimum - but early this year pepsico inc. 's bell unit and wendy 's international inc. slashed prices and stepped up promotions says john an analyst for wertheim schroder & co - that brought a chain reaction in the industry - the situation was further early this month when mcdonald 's set plans to heat up the discounting by offering coupons - it also decided to go national with pizza which it has been - now deals on pizza are common so are on normally priced twice as high - the discounting say fast-food operators occurs on a scale and with a frequency they have n't seen before - the result is that some franchisees are running hard just to stay even laying off middle managers and working harder to make less - joe mack a district manager for enterprises inc. a burger king operator in omaha neb. says discounting is so that we have to serve N N to N N more customers to keep sales level - it 's almost as if you 're doing extra work to give away the food he says - alan president of 's inc. an operator of arby 's restaurants in omaha says all we 're doing is keeping the customers coming but we are n't increasing sales - with fast-food outlets on every corner he like many does n't think he has a choice in the price war our customers say that they wo n't go into a fast-food store unless they get a coupon - if the battle continues much longer many fast-food businesses will close or merge predicts vincent who owns a string of kentucky fried chicken stores in the midwest - the industry is overbuilt he says - fast-food franchisers have managed to squeeze in stores into every corner available - the national restaurant association says restaurant units in the u.s. rose N N to N between N and N the last year for which figures are available - with the market so crowded says a spokesman for wendy 's in columbus ohio if you 're doing well you 're doing well at someone else 's expense - simply put there is n't enough business for every store to grow - according to mr. inflation-adjusted sales at company-owned wendy 's units in the u.s. have trailed year-earlier levels throughout N except for august - mcdonald 's has also been running negative all year the analyst says - spokesmen for wendy 's and mcdonald 's criticized mr. 's calculations - jack greenberg executive vice president and chief financial officer of mcdonald 's says the company does n't much less disclose inflation-adjusted sales - he adds that short-term comparisons can be very misleading because of differences in timing of marketing programs from year to year - profit margins at company-owned mcdonald 's outlets in the u.s. are holding up quite says mr. greenberg - profits of franchisees have n't been higher since the mid-1970s he adds - but mr. greenberg 's outlook is n't matched by many fast-food industry observers - smaller chains and operators will be the first to fail many in the industry predict - big franchise groups can ride out the storm a lot longer says mr. the burger king operator in new york - the prolonged price pressures are driving a wedge between some franchisers and their franchisees - mr. the kentucky fried chicken franchisee notes that most franchise owners must absorb increases in expenses without any cut in the royalties or portion of sales that they must pay franchisers - franchisees ca n't be forced to go along with a 's discounting - but once a franchisee agrees to a promotional program the can demand full participation to the very end says a principal of & a chicago law firm with franchise industry clients - he says courts have held that antitrust considerations are in such cases by the need to protect consumers from deceptive marketing - in any case many franchisees in order to stay on good terms with franchisers routinely go along with promotions - says mr. of national restaurants if you resisted on prices maybe you would never get that telephone call about a new franchise - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - co. said it completed a $ N million sale of assets from its los angeles area real estate portfolio for net income of $ N million - said the sale is part of its previously announced plan to sell much of its real estate holdings to focus on its core business of mining and producing concrete rock and sand - and you thought the only reason to save your canceled checks was to prepare for an irs audit - jackson the retired baseball star has found another use for them - mr. jackson who won the mr. october for his world series is selling some of his canceled checks to collectors through a dealer for as much as $ N each - dealers say the trade in mr. jackson 's canceled checks is unusual - i do n't know of any living that 's ever done it says jack a dealer in iowa and a recognized expert in the field of baseball - an initial batch of mr. jackson 's checks was on sale at a show held in san francisco over labor day weekend - mr. jackson showed up at the affair to sign for a fee as well - for someone who has everything else 's jersey cap and cards his checks might be a nice addition says william owner of bill 's sports in denver who examined the checks at the san francisco card show - for years the canceled checks of a small number of well-known baseball players have been bought and sold - but these players were dead - maybe three years ago there were a lot of in the and back there were ruth checks says mr. - however the thought of a living player selling his checks some people the wrong way - maybe i 'm a little but i would n't sell them bob owner of 's sports cards in menlo park calif - who knows how much they 'll be worth N years from now - and mr. does n't believe they 're worth all that much now - i do n't think the checks are worth $ N apiece he says - why mr. jackson who could n't be reached for comment has made some of his checks available for sale is n't clear - he probably has n't done it for the cash - i would say he 's definitely not in need of money says an agent of mr. jackson 's based in new york - he has good investments - and mr. jackson probably has opened new checking accounts too - or at least he should - i assume those accounts are closed says mr. referring to the accounts of the canceled checks - i do n't think he 'd want to give out his current account numbers - usx corp. and its japanese partner kobe steel ltd. agreed to form a joint venture to build a new plant to produce hot-dipped galvanized sheet products mainly for the automotive market - terms were n't disclosed for the plant which will have annual capacity of N tons - the move by the nation 's largest steelmaker follows a string of earlier announcements by other major steel companies - bethlehem steel corp. ltv corp. and armco inc. all have plans to build additional lines for such coated steel - the surge in production analysts say raises questions about capacity demand - they note that most of the new plants will come on line in N when the current import trade restraint program ends which could result in more imports - there 's too much capacity contended charles bradford an analyst with merrill lynch capital markets - i do n't think there 's anyone not building one - he does add however that japanese car makers are boosting the levels of steel in their autos instead of relying heavily on imported steel - that trend could increase demand for hot-dipped galvanized sheet - the hot-dipped galvanized segment is one of the fastest-growing and most profitable segments of the steel market by all major integrated steelmakers wanting to maintain an edge over smaller minimills and mills those spun off to employees - indeed usx said it expects the market for coated sheet steel to reach N million tons annually by N compared with N million tons shipped in N - for the first eight months of N analysts say shipments of hot-dipped galvanized steel increased about N N from a year earlier while overall steel shipments were up only N N - usx and kobe steel hope to reach a definitive agreement establishing the N partnership by the end of the year with construction tentatively slated for the spring of N and production by N - usx already has six lines in existing plants producing hot-dipped galvanized steel but this marks the first so-called plant for such production - moreover it will boost by N N usx 's current hot-dipped capacity of N tons - the company said it does n't expect the new line 's capacity to affect the company 's existing hot-dipped lines - steelmakers have also been adding capacity of so-called steel which is another way to make coated steel - one of the advantages of the hot-dipped process is that it allows the steel to be covered with a of more quickly - once you make up your mind about an investment the rest is easy right - you just call your broker and say buy or sell - dream on - there are all sorts of ways to give buy and sell instructions to a broker and just as many ways to get burned if you do n't know what you 're doing - so here 's a of the most common types of market orders permitted by the stock and commodity exchanges - two things to keep in mind not all exchanges accept every type of order - and even when a specific order is acceptable to an exchange a brokerage firm can refuse to enter it for a customer - market order this is probably the most widely used order and the one most open to abuse by unscrupulous floor brokers since it imposes no price restrictions - with a market order an investor tells a broker to buy or sell at the market - it 's like saying get me in now or get me out now - for example if wheat is being offered at $ N and bid at $ N a market order to buy would be filled at the higher price and a market order to sell at the lower price - a recent indictment alleges that some floor brokers at the two largest chicago commodity exchanges used market orders to fill customers ' orders at unfavorable prices by arranging trades with fellow brokers - profits realized from these trades would then be shared by the conspiring brokers - limit order limit orders are used when investors want to restrict the amount they will receive or pay for an investment - investors do this by a minimum price at which the investment may be sold or the maximum price that may be paid for it - an investor wants to sell a stock but not for less than $ N - a limit order to sell could be entered at that price - one risk investors may regret the restriction if the stock reaches N and then falls - unless the market goes at least one the smallest price permitted beyond the limit price investors are n't assured of having their orders filled because there may not be sufficient trading volume to permit filling it at the specified price - stop order stop orders tell a floor broker to buy or sell an investment once the price reaches a certain level - once the price reaches that level a stop order turns into a market order and the order is filled at whatever price the broker can get - stop orders are sometimes called stop-loss orders because they are frequently used to protect profits or limit losses - while stop orders sound similar to limit orders there is a difference sell stops must be entered at a price below the current market price and buy stops above - in contrast sell limit orders must be placed above the market price and buy limit orders are placed below - the crash in october N and last friday 's sell-off painfully taught some investors exactly what stop orders will and wo n't do - an investor who may have placed a stop-loss order at $ N under a stock that was trading at $ N a share on the friday before the crash was stunned to discover that the order was filled at $ N when the stock opened at that price on monday - order orders turn into limit orders when an investment trades at the price specified in the order - unlike stop orders which are filled at the market price when the stop price is hit orders demand that the trades be made only at the specified price - if it ca n't be made at that price it does n't get filled - investors who wish to be out of a position without the risk of receiving a price from a market order may use this type of order to specify the price at which the order must be filled - but if the market moves quickly enough it may be impossible for the broker to carry out the order because the investment has passed the specified price - order orders are like stop orders in that they become market orders if a specified price is reached - however unlike a order a buy order is entered at a price below the current price while a sell order is entered at a price above it - as soon as the market trades at the specified price the floor broker will fill it at the best possible price - order the order is one of several associated with the timing of trades - it a broker to buy or sell an investment at the specified price or better - but if the investment ca n't be bought or sold immediately the order is automatically canceled - gregory who came in second in the stock division of the recently completed u.s. trading championship says he uses orders almost exclusively when trading options - i like to use them to feel out the market he says - if they do n't fill it immediately then i can start over at a new price or try again with the same price - order this is another timing order - it is a market order that allows floor brokers to take more time to buy or sell an investment if they think they can get a better price by waiting - orders which are also known as the tape orders are always done at the customer 's risk - order this is really two orders in one generally for the same security or commodity floor brokers to fill whichever order they can first and then cancel the other order - in a market it prevents an investor from getting stuck with having made two trades on the same security - order this type of order couples many of the orders described above with instructions that the order must be carried out at or by a certain time - on the close can be added to many types of orders - for example orders must be filled during the last few minutes of trading for the day at a price that is within the official closing range of prices as determined by the exchange - orders are stop orders that only become active during the closing minutes of trading - day orders expire at the end of the day on which they are entered orders have no expiration date - most brokers assume that all orders are day orders unless specified otherwise - on oct. N N some investors learned the consequences of entering limit orders and then about them - they found they had bought stock from limit orders that they might have entered weeks or months earlier and had forgotten to cancel - it is always the responsibility of investors to keep track of the orders they have placed - investors who change their mind about buying or selling after an order has been filled are usually stuck with the consequences - mr. writes on the options and commodities markets for the wall street journal - in up the risks of stock-market investments there 's probably no starting place better than beta - but investors better not ignore its limitations either - beta is a handy gauge that measures the volatility of a stock or stock mutual fund - for any given move in the overall market it suggests how that particular issue might rise or fall - beta figures are widely available and easy to interpret - the beta of the broad market typically defined as the standard & poor 's 500-stock index is always N - so a stock with a beta of N is half as volatile one at N is N N more volatile and so on - cautious investors should generally go with stocks that have low - go with stocks to get the biggest from a bet on a bull market - remember though that beta also has important limitations - beta is only part of the risk in a stock says william f. the stanford university professor who developed the measure - there is risk that is not associated with market moves and the beta does n't tell you the magnitude of that - in particular beta does n't measure the company and risk associated with an individual stock - that business risk is very significant for an investor with only a few stocks but it virtually disappears in a large and portfolio - beta is also a poor indicator of the risk in stock groups that march to their own - in particular the prices of gold and other stocks shoot up and down but the stocks tend to have low because their moves are not - concern that investors could such led the american association of individual investors to eliminate beta figures for funds in the N edition of its mutual-fund guide - our fear was people would look just at the beta of a gold fund and say here is an investment with very low risk says john director of research for the chicago-based group - in reality it 's very volatile but the movements are not because of market movements - ready to review the of your investment portfolio - first a pop - when you think of the words risk and investment what 's the specific that comes to mind - pencils down - if you 're like most people you said it 's a holding that goes completely sour maybe a bond that defaults or a stock whose value disappears in a bankruptcy proceeding - people tend to see risk primarily on that one says timothy national director of personal financial planning for accountants deloitte haskins & sells - but lies another aspect of investment risk the hazard of shaping your portfolio to avoid one or more types of risk and being by others - this is clearly not good news to all you people who sleep like every night by of your money sitting in six-month cds - risk wears many and investments that are low in one type of obvious risk can be high in other less obvious kinds - u.s. treasury bonds for example are when it comes to returning money at maturity - but their value as investments can be by inflation which the purchasing power of bonds ' interest payments - risk is also a function of time - when financial professionals measure risk they usually focus on the volatility of short-term returns - stocks are much riskier than treasury bills for example because the range in performance from the best years to the worst is much wider - that is usually measured by the standard deviation or divergence of annual results from the average return over time - but investors who are with short-term fluctuations may be paying too little attention to another big risk not generating enough money to meet long-term financial and goals - for instance some investors have sworn off stocks since the N market crash last friday 's debacle only reinforced those feelings - but the stock market despite some declines has far outperformed other securities over extended periods - by retreating to the apparent security of say money-market funds investors may not be earning enough investment return to pay for a comfortable retirement - that 's the biggest risk of all the risk of not meeting your objectives says steven b. a new york financial planner with seidman financial services - as a result financial advisers say they take several steps when evaluating the of clients ' portfolios - they estimate the return a person 's current portfolio is likely to generate over time along with a standard deviation that suggests how much the return will vary year by year - they try to figure out the long-term results the person needs to meet major goals - and they types of risk that are not easily - the portfolios of two hypothetical families one a couple at retirement age and another a couple at age N illustrate several types of risk that investors need to consider - for instance the insured municipal bonds that dominate the older couple 's portfolio were probably selected in large part for their low repayment risk - but they the holders to a lot of inflation risk and interest-rate risk - the younger couple 's involve more risk than a diversified stock portfolio because the bulk of the money is in a single issue - note that the younger couple 's portfolio has a higher expected annual return N N vs. N N as calculated by seidman financial services which is the affiliate of seidman - that largely reflects the heavy - but one price paid for the higher expected return is greater short-term volatility as reflected in the higher standard deviation that seidman estimates for the younger couple 's portfolio - here 's how to interpret a standard deviation figure take the expected return and add one standard deviation to it - then take the expected return and one standard deviation - in two of three years the actual result should fall within that range if all the assumptions were accurate - then add and two standard to get a wider range - there 's a N N probability any year 's result will fall in the range - of course the greater volatility of the younger couple 's portfolio does n't necessarily mean those investments are riskier in terms of meeting the holders ' long-term goals - indeed the older couple 's portfolio could actually be riskier in that sense if the expected return wo n't generate enough dollars to meet their spending plans - they may feel secure now because they are not heavily in the stock market says john h. a financial planner with armstrong inc. in washington - but they may pay a price N or N years in the future - ms. reports on personal finance from the wall street journal 's new york bureau - when it comes to investing trying to weigh risk and reward can seem like throwing investors do n't know the actual returns that securities will deliver or the ups and that will occur along the way - looking to the past can provide some clues - over several decades for instance investors who put up with the stock market 's gyrations earned returns far in excess of those on bonds and cash investments like treasury bills - but while history can suggest what is reasonable to expect there 's no guarantee that the past will repeat itself - for instance some analysts believe bond returns and volatility have moved permanently closer to those of the stock market - and returns on cash investments may continue to exceed inflation by a wider margin than they did over the long-term past - portfolio a retired couple age N $ N portfolio - portfolio b couple age N $ N portfolio - a letter from senator john kerry us today for that he had on manuel noriega - he says he has been down on noriega for some time hence his criticism of administration of the attempted coup - our october N editorial should have been more precise - it meant to convey our hope that the senator and other members of the congressional left are their dislike of noriega to include other notorious central american drug - the sandinistas of nicaragua for example also are part of the - in his letter and on the basis of his losing vote tuesday against u.s. aid for the nicaraguan opposition senator kerry makes clear he has not made that intellectual leap - we were wrong - throughout the 1980s investors have been looking for creative alternatives to traditional of financial planning - capital has been and people want in - too often however small investors are left with the same solutions that appealed to previous generations of fiduciary strategists - now a startling new approach is available to building your financial portfolio without risk without extensive planning and without hurting your life style one bit - this is particularly good news for those who hate risk who are of doing extensive amounts of planning and who refuse to see their life styles hurt in any way - you know who you are - my revolutionary system is also useful for those who have tried forms of growing their currency cushion - like all americans seeking prosperity i do find it necessary to plunge certain funds into conservative monetary tools if only to my who believes in such things - so throughout the decade i have maintained my share of individual retirement accounts and cds and with stocks bonds and mutual funds as well as preserving my necessary position in the residential real-estate market - return on this fine portfolio has been modest when it has not been negative - figure N demonstrates the performance of those businesses i 've invested in during this decade see accompanying illustration wsj oct. N N - properties suffered a huge decline until i myself of all such stocks in N at which point the industry while not lighting up any christmas trees began a slow recovery - likewise mutual funds remained relatively flat until i made what was for me a serious investment - by N these properties were in a tailspin causing my broker at to remark that she 'd never seen anything like it - concerned for her state of mind i dropped them and the market instantly began its steady climb back to health - perhaps most dramatic was the performance of the metropolitan new york real-estate market which was booming until i entered it in late N at which time it posted the first negative compound annual growth rate in years - i cast around for a different way to plan my asset distribution and with hardly any heavy breathing the answer struck me i was doing it already - we 've all got money to spend some of it clearly disposable since we keep of it - bank it - not really - it away in long-term instruments - nonsense - daily living is the best possible investment - your priorities may be different but here in figure N is where i 've chosen to build for the future personal space automotive children 's toys equipment and and finally entertainment perhaps the best investment of all - all have paid off for me in double-digit annual growth and continue to provide significant potential - at least according to my calculations - personal space figure N has grown N N annually over the course of the decade a performance that would compare with an investment in say products for the of vehicles which my got into and sort of regrets to this day - the of expensive children 's toys that i have purchased at a host of brokerage firms figure N has increased in total asset value far beyond any personal investment except perhaps for my record collection whose worth i think it 's safe to say is - continued investment in my N has been part of my strategy figure N with present annual contributions now equaling more than N N of the car 's original value - according to my calculations these outlays should have brought the value of my sedan to more than $ N on the open market figure N where i plan to offer it shortly - expansion of my living space has produced an obvious need for maintenance and construction of suitable and to its suburban - i have thus committed sufficient personal to ensure that my grounds and will never be short of greens and flowers - my initial stake in this enterprise has grown tenfold according to my conservative calculations - at the same time my share in a wide variety of entertainment has given perhaps the most dramatic demonstration of the benefits of creative personal financial planning - over the course of the decade for instance my return on investment in the area of alone figures and has been most impressive showing annual expansion with given the way my associates play no sign of into the 1990s and beyond - with this personal strategy firmly in place i look forward to years of fine investments and increasing widespread leverage - my kids ' college education looms as perhaps the greatest future opportunity for spending although i 'll probably have to cash in their toy portfolio to take advantage of it - but with every step i take i 'm building wealth - you can too if you like me refuse to the bullet - so go out there and eat that debt - you 're right there in the mainstream of american business building value on the back of expenditures - henry kravis watch out - mr. schwartz is a business executive and writer in new york - when james schwartz was just a his father gave him a piece of career advice - he told me to choose an area where just by being i could be great recalls mr. schwartz now N - he tried management consulting traded in for a while and even managed professional - now he has settled into a career that fits the bill financial planning - it should be noted that mr. schwartz who operates out of colo. is a sort who likes to give his colleagues the - but in this case the has a very sharp point - though it 's probably safe to assume that the majority of financial planners are honest and even reasonably competent the fact remains that as one puts it anybody who can a mirror can call himself a financial planner - planners now influence the investment of several hundred billion dollars but in effect they operate in the dark - there is no effective regulation of planners no accepted standard for admission into their ranks a dog got into one trade group no way to assess their performance no way even to know how many of them there are estimates range from N to N - all anyone need do is hang up a and start planning - so it should come as no shock that the profession if that 's what it is has attracted a lot of people whose principal seem to be away or stealing their clients ' money - alarmed state and federal authorities are trying to devise ways to and regulate planners - industry groups and reputable planners who are members of them want comprehensive standards too they 're tired of seeing practitioners in the business press as than and than a of - but reform has n't taken hold yet - the industry is still pretty much in its wild west days says scott director of investor education for the north american securities administrators association - an limited survey by whose members are state regulators found that between N and N fraud and abuse by financial planners cost N investors $ N million - the ' gallery of planners involved includes some convicted a or two various businessmen who had planned their own previous ventures right into bankruptcy and one man who his wife 's - what 's more the losses they and the others caused are just what we are over says mr. adding that the majority of probably go - so do just about all the losses that could be attributed to the sheer of planners - nobody can estimate the toll but john a tampa fla. planner and head of one trade group the international association of registered financial planners thinks the danger to investors from is far greater than that from - his group like others wants minimum standards applied to all who call themselves financial planners - all this some people now think the best planner might be no planner at all - for most investors the benefits just are n't worth the risks says barbara roper who follows issues for the consumer federation of america a organization based in washington - she concedes that such a position is unfair to the thousands of and qualified people the trade but as a consumer advocate she feels to take it - she says her group used to give tips on planners check educational and experience credentials regulators and better business bureaus but found that even some people who took these steps were still getting off - the bad news however has n't been bad enough to kill the growing demand for financial planning - the tax reform act of N which eliminated many tax shelters by planners and the stock market crash the next year did cause a sharp slump in such demand and many planners had to make an exit from the business - but membership in the international association of financial planners iafp the industry 's biggest trade group is still nearly triple what it was in N and it 's believed that the ranks of planners who do n't belong to any group have soared as well - an estimated N million americans are now using financial planners and the pool of capital they influence is enormous - a survey of N of them conducted by the iafp in april showed that these practitioners alone had controlled or the investment of $ N billion of their clients ' money in the previous N months - the sheer number of planners makes the business extremely difficult if not impossible to regulate - even the minority of them who must register with the securities and exchange commission as investment advisers people who are in the business of counseling others on the buying and selling of securities specifically have been enough to the agency 's capacity - the sec has only about N staffers assigned to keep on investment advisers about the same as in N even though the number of advisers has tripled to about N over the past decade - currently a registered investment adviser can expect an sec audit only once every N years - a lot of bad things can happen in N years - it does n't take a rocket scientist to figure out our problem says director of the sec 's division of investment management - so the sec has proposed to congress that much of the job of oversight be turned over to an organization on the national association of securities dealers which operates in the brokerage business - such an organization could among other things set minimum standards for ethics and finances and punish those investment advisers who broke the rules - the proposal has set off a debate within an industry that was far from united to begin with - mr. schwartz the planner from colo. says that allowing the business to police itself would be like putting in charge of the blood bank - mr. the tampa planner who heads one trade group favors simply assessing the industry and giving the money to the sec to hire more staff - mr. 's views are not greeted with wild enthusiasm over at the iafp the major industry organization - when the iafp recently assembled other industry groups to discuss common standards that might be applied to planners mr. 's group was excluded - that may be because mr. at what he considered on his membership standards made by the rival group his dog as a member of the iafp - then he sent the 's picture with the certificate of membership it was made out to to every newspaper he could think of - the states have their own ideas about regulation and - the organization of state securities regulators is pushing for a model regulatory statute already adopted in eight states - it requires financial planners to register with states pass tests and reveal to customers any conflicts of interest - the most common conflict involves compensation - estimates that nearly N N of planners receive some or all of their income from sales commissions on securities insurance and other financial products they recommend - the issue is the planner putting his clients into the best investments or the ones that the biggest commissions - in N the new york attorney general 's office got an order from a state court in albany down first meridian corp. an albany firm that had invested $ N million on behalf of nearly N investors - in its notice of action the attorney general said the company had promised to put clients into balanced investment portfolios instead the attorney general alleged the company consistently customers into high-risk investments in paintings coins and florida - those investments paid big commissions to first meridian payments investors were never told about the attorney general alleged - investors were further assured that only those with a net worth would be accepted - in practice the attorney general alleged in an affidavit if an investor had access to cash the chances of being turned down by first meridian were about as probable as being rejected by the club - and the attorney general added first meridian 's president roger v. portrayed himself as a financial expert when his largely of a high-school work as a real-estate and insurance salesman and a as supervisor at a highway toll - first meridian and its officials are currently under investigation for possible criminal wrongdoing according to a spokeswoman for the attorney general - harry mr. 's attorney says his client denies any wrongdoing and adds that the attorney general 's about first meridian 's business practices are incorrect - as for mr. 's the attorneys for the state of new york decided mr. was n't qualified because he did n't have a harvard degree says mr. - civil suits against planners by clients seeking recovery of funds are increasingly common - two such actions both filed earlier this year in georgia state court in atlanta could be particularly embarrassing to the industry both name j. chandler peterson an atlanta financial planner who is a founder and past chairman of the iafp as defendant - one suit filed by more than three dozen investors charges that mr. peterson much of the $ N million put into a limited partnership that he operated and spending some of it to pay his own legal bills and to invest in other companies in which he had an interest - those companies in turn paid mr. peterson commissions and fees the suit alleges - the other suit was filed by two men in a dispute over $ N investments each says he made with mr. peterson as part of an effort to purchase the bank of in - one plaintiff a doctor testified in an affidavit that he also gave mr. peterson $ N to join a sort of investment club which essentially gave the physician the privilege of making additional investments with mr. peterson - in affidavits each plaintiff claims mr. peterson promised the bank purchase would be completed by the end of N or the money returned - mr. peterson took the plaintiffs ' and other investors ' money to a meeting of the bank 's directors - wearing a business suit and western-style hat and he opened up his and dumped $ N million in cash on a table in front of the directors says the bank 's president - he said he wanted to show the color of his money recalls mr. - bank officials however showed him the door and the sale never came off - according to the suit mr. peterson has yet to return the plaintiffs ' investment - they want it back - mr. peterson declines to comment on specific allegations in the two suits saying he prefers to save such responses for court - but he does say that all of his activities have been entirely proper - on the suit by the limited partners he says he is considering a suit against the plaintiffs - the suit he adds is almost in the nature of a by a handful of people - the suit over the bank bid mr. peterson says it is filled with language and half - he declines to go into - mr. peterson says the suits against him are less a measure of his work than they are a sign of the times in which people generally are more prone to sue - i do n't know anybody in the industry who has n't experienced litigation he says - mr. peterson also says he does n't consider himself a financial planner anymore - he now calls himself an investment banker - in many scams or alleged scams involving planners it 's plain that only a of common sense on the part of the investors would have kept them out of harm 's way - using it would n't a hesitate to pay tens of thousands of dollars just for a chance to invest planner - other cases go to show that an old saw still applies if it sounds too good to be true it probably is - certificates of deposit do n't pay N N a year for example but that did n't give to clients of one alabama planner - now they 're losers and he 's in jail in mobile county - cds yielding N N are even more especially when the issuing bank in the marshall islands is merely a mail drop watched over by a local operator but investors fell for that one too - and the colorado planner who promised to make some of his clients on investments of as as $ N - never mind - you already know the answer - mr. is a staff reporter in the wall street journal 's los angeles bureau - at the fashion island shopping center the and elegant of this wealthy southern california beach community from their and for another day of exercising their credit cards - they root among the designer offerings at and - they through the of the court - they at the farmers market a combination food court and grocery store while a the noon fashion show with a selection of - the beautiful look of the show 's slightly in its influence - meanwhile in the office buildings that ring fashion island the odds are good that someone is getting - law-enforcement authorities say that at any given time a host of fraudulent operations with the many legitimate businesses here - they seem to like these industrial parks says a postal inspector who specializes in mail fraud - we call them fraud farms - welcome to that of known as newport beach - this city of more than N is known for and rich residents - it is also known as the fraud capital of the u.s. dubbed by investigators and the media as the de fraud - how does a community famous for its high living end up as a haven for - clearly the existence of the former the latter - the places for breeding like the miami neighborhood known as the mile and las vegas 's flashy strip of casinos invariably offer fast cars high glamorous women and lots of - you do n't hear much about unusual of fraud in green bay or - con men hate snow - newport beach fits the artists ' specifications perfectly - what more could a con man in search of the easy life ask for - nothing seems hard here - the are soft the waves gently and the palm trees - is - moreover is - the median price of homes is $ N more than N vessels fill what the chamber of commerce calls the nation 's largest harbor - cocaine and mr. - that 's what they 're after - the rich image of newport beach also helps lend the con artists ' operation an air of respectability - one reason they use newport beach is that it sounds than most addresses says david katz a u.s. attorney who until recently headed a southern california fraud task force - newport beach is known in island for having a lot of rich people - no wonder all kinds of big-time scams have here from phony sales to car dealers to traders - but above all this is the national headquarters for operators those salesmen who use the telephone to extract money from the and the greedy and then - because only a fraction of them are ever prosecuted nobody really knows how much money operators really harvest - i 've heard that there is $ N billion taken in nationwide by boiler rooms every year mr. says - if that 's true orange county has to be at least N N of that - and most of the truly big scams in orange county seem to in newport beach or one of the other communities that this city that around a point of land on the california coast south of los angeles - in fact sophisticated scams are known among law-enforcement types as newport beach operations - that contrasts with the sales of things such as sets and office supplies that are known as hollywood scams - newport beach concentrate on precious metals and deals that typically cost thousands of dollars a shot - the investors range from elderly to affluent professionals - in one recent example of a newport beach boiler room prospective investors in capital trust inc. were allegedly told that their investment in precious metals was insured against losses caused by employees due to dishonesty destruction or disappearance according to an indictment handed up by a federal grand jury in los angeles last month - thus investors sent $ N million to the newport beach company most of which was diverted to unauthorized uses the indictment charges - douglas jones an attorney representing richard o. kelly sr. the chairman and president of capital trust says his client denies that there was any attempt to investors - there were some business deals that went bad mr. jones says but no intent to - newport beach operations differ from the hollywood boiler rooms in style as well as in dollars - traditionally boiler rooms operate on the cheap since few if any customers ever visit their offices - indeed the name from the tendency among to rent cheap space near the boiler room - but says mr. katz the u.s. attorney the interesting thing about newport beach operations is that they give themselves the of beautiful offices with - when we go there it 's quite different from these hollywood places where the are spread out on the table and the people are picking their - the newport beach operators also tend to themselves privately - investigators cite the case of who is currently serving a sentence at federal prison for his role in investment corp. which promised investors returns of as much as N N on precious metals - mr. who pleaded guilty to five counts of fraud in federal court in los angeles drove a leased mercedes and lived in an expensive home on an island in newport 's harbor according to investigators - with the $ N million received from investors he took frequent with friends to exotic and leased an expensive for his girlfriend whom he met at the shop where he got his suits - it 's amazing the amount of money that goes up their nose out to the dog track or to the tables in las vegas mr. katz says - all this talk of boiler rooms and fraud is to the city 's legitimate business element - vincent regional manager of property management systems insists he does n't know of any operating in the N million square feet of office space around fashion island that his company leases for irvine co. the owner and developer of the project - mr. has rejected a few prospective tenants who provided incomplete financial information and acknowledges that operators are not easily - investigators stress that building owners are victims too since boiler rooms often leave without paying rent - richard president of the newport harbor area chamber of commerce calls boiler rooms a negative we wish we could get rid of - actually we do n't get much negative publicity about this he insists except for the press who write about it - mr. lancaster is deputy chief of the wall street journal 's dallas bureau - you went to college and thought you got an education - now you discover that you never learned the most important lesson how to send your kids to college - true when you went to college there was n't that much to learn - stick some money in an account and watch it grow - now investment salesmen say it 's time to take some risks if you want the kind of returns that will buy your a ticket to prestige in N years - in short throw away the and go for the glory - the reason is cost - nothing in the of tuition parents for the 1980s - at private colleges rose N N in the N years ended in june of this year that 's twice the N N increase in consumer prices for the same period - a year at harvard now goes for $ N - by N when this year 's hit campus a four-year ivy league will cost $ N give or take a few at time - stanford mit and other will cost no less - so what 's a parent to do - some investment advisers are suggesting in effect a bet on a start-up investment pool maybe even on margin - others prefer zero-coupon bonds - still others say why not take a chance on a growth fund - you 're not going to make it in a N N bank account says james director of mutual funds at t. rowe price - to get the necessary growth adds murray a marketing official at the financial programs mutual-fund group you need to go to the stock market - in other words a little volatility never hurt - it never hurt anyone that is unless the growth funds do n't grow when you need them to - or the zero-coupon bonds turn out not to have been discounted deeply enough to pay your kid 's tuition - that 's the dilemma for today 's parent - although many experts are advising risk no one has a good answer for you if the risk does n't pay off - help may be on the way - the antitrust division of the justice department is investigating the oddly similar tuition charges and increases among the top schools - fear of the price police could help cool things off in the 1990s - and then there 's always state u - but parents ' for a education for their children is growing like their taste for fancy wheels and vintage wine - aware of public concern lawmakers and financial middlemen are working overtime to create and sell college savings and investment schemes - their message explicit or implicit is that a good college will cost so much by whenever you want it that the tried and true wo n't do anymore - forget about treasury bills or a money-market fund - the latest wave of marketing is - several including the financial programs franklin and t. rowe price mutual-fund groups and the edward d. jones brokerage house are advertising college planner tables and charts that tell you how much you need to put aside regularly - the calculations generally rely on an after-tax rate of return of N N annually a rate historically by the individual in only one place the stock market - most of the are free but financial programs sells for $ N a version to the age of the child and the college of choice - the figures are - to build a egg that would pay for stanford when a current reaches college age parents would need to set aside $ N a month for N years - they can cut this to $ N a month if the investing keeps up through college - and they can further reduce the monthly amount if they start saving earlier when mother and child come home from the hospital - a cheaper college into the still does n't generate an installment most people can live with - using a recent average cost of about $ N a year t. rowe price 's planner $ N monthly if the plan begins when the child is six - since the formula assumes an N N return in a mutual fund there would also be $ N in taxes to pay over the N years - not everyone is so pessimistic - people are basically peddling a lot of fear says arthur a consultant to the american council on education in washington - he takes issue with projections that do n't factor in students ' own contribution which reduces most parents ' burden substantially - still he says it 's no bad thing if all the marketing people into putting aside a little more - the situation you want to avoid is having somebody not save anything and hope they 'll be able to do it out of current income he says - that 's crazy - his advice do n't panic - parents he says should aim at whatever regular investment sum they can afford - half the amount that the investment tables suggest might be a good goal he adds - that way parents will reduce borrowings and outlays from current income when the time comes to pay tuition - mr. that the best investment choice is mutual funds because they are managed and over time have nearly kept up with the broad stock averages - he favors either an fund or a balanced fund that both stocks and bonds - in their anxiety however parents and other student are to new schemes - they have laid out about $ N billion for so-called zero-coupon municipal bonds so far offered by connecticut illinois virginia and eight other states - and they have bought about $ N million in plans offered in michigan florida and wyoming - the prepaid plans take payment today usually at current or at a slight discount for a promise that tuition will be covered tomorrow - the bonds tax-free offered in small denominations and usually containing a provision that they wo n't be called before maturity seem to be for college - like other they pay all their interest at maturity meaning that buyers can time things so that their bonds pay off just when junior graduates from high school - their effect is also - in june virginia sold bonds for $ N that will pay $ N in N - but richard anderson head of the forum for college financing alternatives at columbia university a research group partly financed by the federal government says are particularly - their price falls further than that of other bonds when inflation and interest rates kick up - that wo n't matter if they are held to maturity but if for any reason the parents need to sell them before then there could be a severe loss of principal - had been available in N and had parents bought a face amount equal to four years ' tuition at the time aiming for their children 's N they would have been left with only enough to pay for two years mr. anderson figures - most other bonds however would probably not have fared much better - the prepaid plans may be a good bet provided the guarantee of future tuition is secure - issuing states generally limit the guarantees to institutions however and buyers get refunds without much interest if the children do n't attend the specified schools - two private groups are seeking securities and exchange commission approval for plans that could be more broadly - mr. anderson wants the prestige colleges to sponsor such a plan - the issue here may be the of the guarantee - prepayments much like mutual-fund purchases are for investment - sponsors are naturally counting on their ability to keep ahead of tuition inflation with investment returns - but buyers are essentially betting on a start-up investment fund with no track record and some have been encouraged to borrow to do so - one problem is that the internal revenue service has decided that the investment earnings and gains of the sponsors ' funds are taxable - the colleges as educational institutions had hoped that would n't be the case - based on historical rates of return mr. anderson a N N stock portfolio to the market would have kept up with tuition and taxes in the 20th century - but sponsors might not pick the stocks that will match the market - and they 're more toward fixed income whose returns after tax have trailed tuition increases - i 'm not sure they 're going to make it work says mr. anderson - what happens if the sponsors do n't have the cash to pay the - florida and wyoming have backed up their guarantees with the full faith and credit of the state governments meaning that taxpayers will pick up any slack - not so michigan - its plan is set up as an independent agency - the state says there 's no worry investment returns combined with fees and the gains from unused plans will provide all the cash it needs - mr. covers education from the wall street journal 's boston bureau - if you start saving for your child 's on jan. N N here 's the monthly sum you will need to invest to pay for four years at yale and university of minnesota - figures assume a N N annual rise in tuition fees room and board and an N N annual investment return - note these figures are only for mandatory charges and do n't include books transportation etc - \* for students - source painewebber inc - among the farmers in the delta land of county allen d. tharp of was one of the best known and most - he sold to stock other farmers ' and he bought back that he to market along with his own crop - and he nearly always bought and sold for cash - along the way mr. tharp omitted a total of $ N million from his receipts reported on federal tax returns for three years - the returns landed in the hands of an internal revenue service criminal investigator samuel james baker - mr. baker interviewed or wrote to hundreds of farmers and processors throughout the south before coming up with detailed estimates of purchases and sales in pounds and dollars by mr. tharp and others - unknown to mr. tharp he had his net on a special irs project to catch farmers and inclined to on their taxes - confronted with the evidence mr. tharp pleaded guilty to one charge of filing a false return and was fined $ N and sentenced to N months in prison - he also owes a lot of back taxes interest and civil fraud penalties - a lot of taxpayers out there are n't as as one might think - federal and state tax enforcers develop many group targets for investigation on the basis of high income type of income or some other characteristic that may signal an opportunity or tendency to hide income or deductions - many long have seemed to be targets because of the exotic or efforts of some members to offset high income with fake losses from phony tax shelters who invested in dubbed foreign films or airline pilots who raised on their days off - mail-order ministers have been - now television and radio are under scrutiny - the irs recently won part of its battle with the church of over when the u.s. supreme court held that members ' payments to the church were n't deductible because the members received services in return - irs statistics show that the more persistent of income among sole of businesses include dealers entertainment producers and taxi owners - small businesses in general account for almost N N of personal income the irs has said - once such abuses become so pervasive the irs builds another factor into its secret computer formula for returns for audit and does n't need special projects for them - san have a much higher of audits than average because more of them score high under that formula not because irs agents envy their life styles - many for mass cheating such as questionable tax shelters and home offices have so broadly that congress has passed laws to close them - deductions of charitable gifts of highly valued art now must be accompanied by - and laws requiring the reporting of more of transactions have enabled the irs to rely on computers to out discrepancies with returns and to generate inquiries to taxpayers - income can be spotted by computer because a of who gets a deduction must report the former spouse 's social security number - applicants now must give social security numbers enabling the irs to see whether americans living abroad are filing required u.s. returns - but while irs computers focus routinely on target groups like these the agency has assigned many agents to special projects that need more personal attention - in most cases the irs says these projects are local or regional rather than national and arise because auditors in an area detect some pattern of abuse among say factory workers claiming that having a of dependents them from tax or owners losses from sideline charter businesses - the national office currently has N audit projects according to marshall v. deputy assistant commissioner for examination - auditors involved in projects ca n't send anyone to jail but they can make life in other ways for one by imposing some of the N different civil penalties for negligence failure to file a return and the like - the targeted audit groups include direct sellers people who sell cosmetics and other items door to door or at home parties and employers who label workers as independent contractors instead of employees to avoid the employer share of payroll taxes - other projects look for offenders among who get cash tips people who engage in large cash transactions and people whose returns show they sold a home for a profit without the capital gain in another home by the end of the same year the gain must be rolled over within two years to defer tax - and now that returns must show dependents ' social security numbers the irs wants to see which dependents show up on more than one return and which dependents turn out to be - impetus for the project came from a congressional hearing some years back - it prompted an irs study that found many sellers were income and treating large amounts of travel and other personal expenses as business costs mr. says - the study provided criteria for out returns of potentially taxpayers who report low income and large expenses from a business - the tax court recently denied business deductions by mr. and mrs. peter s. rubin of cherry hill n.j. who both were distributors of products in addition to their regular jobs as sales people in other fields - for N they reported gross income of $ N from sales offset by expenses totaling $ N including car costs of $ N and travel and entertainment costs of $ N - the tax court did n't believe that the who earned $ N in their regular jobs treated the sideline as a real business and derived merely elements of recreation and other personal pleasure and benefits from it - the direct selling association a trade group points out that its members which include corp. cooperate with the irs to distribute material to sales people and are helping to prepare a television program on the subject - the project which began in N involves about N irs agents - in the fiscal nine months ended june N reports raymond p. keenan assistant commissioner for collection they examined about N employers assessed more than $ N million in employment taxes and about N workers as employees instead of self-employed contractors - the number of workers may be in the millions mostly paid by small firms - many workers especially professionals want to remain independent to avoid tax and to continue to many expenses that employees ca n't - but many others who want to qualify for employee benefits and unemployment compensation become for the irs says jerry who manages the irs project 's force of nine agents in north and central florida from - firms that are paying employment taxes also provide leads to competitors that are n't he says - in his area mr. continues the employers most commonly are in construction doing and similar work - but a medical clinic with about N employees listed all of them including physicians and as independent contractors - the irs assessed the clinic $ N in back payroll taxes - it assessed nearly $ N against a company that carried about N and other employees as self-employed - states also are becoming more aggressive of tax and perhaps none tracks them down with more than does new york since it acquired an $ N million computer system in N - the state 's tax enforcers have data bases from other new york agencies that license or register professionals and businesses from exchange agreements with the irs N other states and two canadian provinces and even from yellow pages - thus armed for massive matching of documents by computer they single out groups looking primarily for people who have n't filed new york income-tax returns - the state has through records relating to architects stockbrokers lawyers in the new york city area construction workers from out of the state and homeowners who claim to be residents of other states especially florida which has no personal income tax - soon to feel the glare of attention are lawyers elsewhere in the state doctors and accountants says frederick g. director of the division that develops the programs - the department has collected over $ N million from brokers so far and recommended more than N of them for criminal prosecution - in the early stage of checking people with incomes exceeding $ N who were filing returns it squeezed $ N million out of a man who was as a florida resident - we think we can reclaim hundreds of millions of dollars just through the project mr. declares - mr. is editor of the wall street journal 's tax report column - in finding good news in berkeley 's new freshman plan the class editorial sept. N you 're reading the headline but not the story - the plan indeed raises from N N to N N the number of applicants admitted strictly by academic criteria - but that does n't mean half of the students attending berkeley will be admitted this way - the plan is talking about applicants admitted not students who - since the yield from this top of applicants is relatively low boosting admits from N N to N N will boost from about N N to N N of the class - in addition perhaps N N of will come from a new category consisting of applicants whose academic credentials narrowly missed gaining them admission in the first category - but against that combined increase of N N in students chosen by academic criteria the plan a large category in which now are based on grades test scores and supplemental points for factors such as high-school and an - this category now accounts for about N N of admits and N N of - the plan thus will decrease by N N for a net loss of N N the number of students admitted primarily by academic criteria - who will take over these places - the plan creates a new category of students from backgrounds a concept not yet defined and gives them about N N of the class - one of the plan 's authors has defended the disadvantage category as perhaps making more sense than the current preferences based on race - perhaps it does - but the new category does not replace or reduce berkeley 's broad racial preferences - nor will students from groups who are admitted through the new category be counted against the target for their group - the plan thus places a large new program based on disadvantage on top of the existing program based on race - the role of academic criteria in choosing berkeley 's can only decline as a result - stephen r. barnett professor of law university of california berkeley calif - for those who in the of others read on - this is a story about - most of us know a - many of us are - but what we may not know is just what makes somebody a - what makes people out their credit-card numbers to a caller they 've never heard of - do they really believe that the number is just for and is simply a on the road to being a winner - what makes a person buy an oil well from some knocking on the screen door - or an interest in a retirement community in nevada that will knock your off once it is built - because in the end these people always wind up asking themselves the same question how could i be so stupid - there are unfortunately plenty of answers to that question and artists know all of them - these people are very skilled at finding out what makes a person says kent neal chief of the unit of the county state attorney 's office in fort fla. a major haven for boiler rooms - once they size them up then they know what to push - john agrees and he ought to know - he used to be a salesman peddling investments in oil and gas wells and rare coins - there 's a psychology of the sale and different you pitch different ways he says - the most obvious pitch of course is the lure of big returns - we 're all a little greedy - everyone is vulnerable says charles harper associate regional administrator for the securities and exchange commission in miami - these guys on human - while the promises of big profits ought to set off warning bells they often do n't in part because have become in american - the overnight success story is part of our culture and our society puts an emphasis on it with and ed making out of people says michael an associate professor of psychology at the university of kentucky in louisville - other people are making it overnight and the rest who daily do n't want to miss that opportunity when it seems to come along - adds spencer branch chief for enforcement at the sec in fort worth texas why do people play the when the odds are great against them - people are shooting for a dream - clearly though artists have to be a bit more than simply promising millions the psychology of is n't simply the psychology of the greedy - there 's also for instance the need to be part of the - so one popular is to make a prospective investor feel like an insider joining an exclusive group that is about to make a killing - between N and N for instance oil in winter haven fla. sold interests in oil wells to a very select group of local residents while turning away numerous other eager investors - the owner of the company stephen smith who has since pleaded guilty to state and federal fraud charges to investors that he had a secret agreement with amoco oil co. and said the location of his wells was confidential according to a civil suit filed in a florida state court by the florida comptroller 's office - neither the amoco agreement nor the wells existed the suit alleged - such schemes says tony chief of the unit of the federal bureau of investigation in washington d.c. appeal to investors ' desire to believe this is really true and that they are part of a chosen group being given this opportunity - at times salesmen may the inside information with the notion that this is some slightly slightly illegal investment the person is being included in says mr. - in appealing to those with a bit of in their hearts the fraud artist can insist that a person keep an investment secret himself from being discovered and keeping his victim from consulting with others - it also adds to the mystery of the venture - mr. the veteran believes that for many investors the scams carry a element of excitement - once people got into it i was allowing them to live a dream he says - he them with on the investment such as funny things that happened at the well that week he says - you gave them some excitement that they did n't have in their lives - mr. who was convicted in florida state court of selling securities and in california state court of unlawful use of the telephone to and is now on - he says he has quit the business and is back in school in psychology with aspirations to go into industrial psychology - for some investors it 's the appearances that leave them - the of success go a long way wearing the right clothes doing the right things says paul an associate professor of psychology at harvard - conservative appearances make people think it 's a conservative investment - people lose money on risky investments that they did n't realize were a he says - paul a phoenix ariz. attorney says a promise of returns would have made him leery - but mr. who says he lost $ N in one deal and $ N in another says a salesman used a approach with him sending investment literature a contract limiting the firm 's liability and an insurance policy - when he visited the company 's office he says it had all the of legitimacy - still others are by a desire to do both well and good says douglas watson commanding officer of the los angeles police department 's division - are the most visible targets of unscrupulous investment pitches - but hardly the only ones the scams promise among other things to help save the environment feed families and prevent the disappearance of children - say isolated people who do n't discuss their investments with others are particularly at risk for fraud - artists seek out such people or try to make sure that their victims themselves - for instance salesmen may counter a man 's that he wants to discuss an investment with his wife by asking who wears the in your family - or an investor who wants his 's advice may be told you seem like a guy who can make up his own mind - often con artists will try to their victims by between them - william a retired engineer from lockheed corp. says he and his wife to the investment pitches of a from co. in atlanta after the broker told them he too had once worked with lockheed - the of springs ga. have filed suit in georgia state court against stuart james alleging fraud - they are awaiting an arbitration proceeding - they say the broker took them out for lunch frequently - he urged them to refer their friends who also lost money - donald an attorney for the firm denies the fraud allegations and says the were fully that they were pursuing a high-risk investment - it 's not uncommon for these guys to send pictures of themselves or their families to themselves to their clients says chief of the section of the u.s. attorney 's office in los angeles - we 've seen cases where salesmen will affect the of the region of the country they are calling - anything to make a sale - experts say that whatever a person 's particular weak point timing is crucial - people may be particularly vulnerable to pitches when they are in the midst of a major upheaval in their lives - sometimes when people are making big changes retiring from their jobs moving to a new area they lose their bearings says a licensed who is now an investment adviser and principal in inc. a birmingham mich. firm - they may be susceptible to some song and dance if it hits them at the right time - they are obviously also more susceptible when they need money for instance trying to bolster their fixed income or parents over how to pay for a child 's college expenses - these people are n't necessarily stupid or - almost all of us in comparable circumstances might be in some way says a psychology professor at the university of southern california in los angeles - thinks that 's what happened to him - mr. a delta air lines engineer invested some $ N in penny stocks through a broker who promised quick returns - we were saving up to buy a house and my wife was pregnant says mr. - it was just before the christmas holidays and i figured we could use some extra cash - the investment is worth about $ N today - maybe it was just a vulnerable time says mr. - maybe the next day or even an hour later i would n't have done it - ms. is a staff reporter in the wall street journal 's atlanta bureau - prices for seats on the new york stock exchange are recovering a bit after hitting a four-year low earlier this month - two seats on the big board were sold yesterday for $ N and then $ N - the previous sale was $ N on oct. N the last time prices were that low was november N when a seat sold for $ N - prices peaked at $ N in september N - seats are currently quoted at $ N bid and $ N asked - fox hunting has been defined as the in pursuit of the but at least it 's exercise - at least it has a little - most of us have to spend our time on that afford neither duties rather than - like trying to buy life insurance for instance an notably lacking in - call it the after the - but sooner or later most of us have to think about life insurance just as we often have to think about having work - and my time has come - i 'm N married no children and employed in writing stories like this one - in times past life-insurance salesmen targeted heads of household meaning men but is a family and accustomed to it - so if anything happened to me i 'd want to leave behind enough so that my husband would be able to pay off the mortgage and some other debts though not i admit enough to put any potential second wife in the of luxury - figuring that maybe $ N to $ N would do but having no idea of what kind of policy i wanted i looked at the products of a dozen companies and plunged into a of - over the past decade or two while i was thinking about fox hunting the insurance industry has spawned an incredible number of products variations on products and variations on the variations - besides term life and whole life the old we now have universal life universal life flexible adjustable universal life policies with bonuses policies with exotic riders living benefit policies and on and on - what to do - first - of all their riders special provisions and other bells and insurance policies can still be under two broad categories so-called pure insurance which no cash value in the policy and pays off only upon death and permanent insurance which provides not only a death benefit but also a cash value in the policy that can be used in various ways while the insured is still alive - if all you want is coverage pure insurance a term policy gives you maximum bang for your buck within limits - it 's much cheaper than permanent insurance bought at the same age - but term means just that the policy is written for a specific time period only and must be renewed when it expires - it may also that the insured must pass another medical before renewal if you which means you need insurance more than ever you may not be able to buy it - even if you 're healthy and can renew your premium will go up sharply because you 're that much older - so term insurance may not be as cheap as it looks - there are all sorts of variations on term insurance policies structured to pay off your mortgage debt term riders tacked on to permanent insurance and many others - one that appealed to me at first was the money smart term life policy offered by amex life insurance co. the american express unit to the parent company 's credit-card holders - upon examination however i whether the plan made a lot of sense - amex said it would charge me $ N a year for $ N of coverage and would pay me back all the premiums i put in if i canceled the policy after N years - sounds great or does it - first if i canceled i 'd have no more insurance a not consideration - second the $ N i 'd get back would be much diminished in purchasing power by N years of inflation amex not i would get the benefit of the investment income on my money income that would have exceeded the inflation rate and thus given the company a real profit - third and most important amex would charge me a far higher premium than other reputable companies would on a straight term policy for the same amount i 'd be paying so heavily just to have the option of getting my premiums back that i 'd almost have to cancel to make the whole thing - that would be all right with amex which could then lock in its investment profit but it does n't add up to a smart money move for me - which goes to show that the first law applies in insurance as in anything else there is no free lunch there is only marketing - and the second law unique to insurance - if i die early i win a victory since i ca n't enjoy it and if i live long the insurer wins - always - this is worth when insurers and their salesmen try to sell you permanent insurance the kind that cash value - the word death can not be escaped entirely by the industry but salesmen dodge it wherever possible or it in to talk about savings and investment instead - the implication is that your policy is really some kind of cd or mutual-fund account with an added feature - that is the - the fact is that as a savings or investment vehicle insurance generally runs a poor second to any direct investment you might make in the same things the insurance company is putting your money into - that 's because you have to pay for the insurance portion of the policy and the effort required to sell and service the whole package - again no free lunch - this is reflected in a mortality cost in effect your share of the company 's estimated liability in paying off beneficiaries of people who had the to die while under its protection - and in most cases a huge of your premium in the initial year or two of the the policy is in effect paying the salesman 's commission as well investment returns on most policies are actually negative for several years largely because of this - so view permanent insurance for what it is a compromise between pure insurance and direct investment - the most traditional form of permanent insurance is the straight whole life policy - you pay a set premium for a set amount of coverage the company invests that premium in a portfolio of its choosing and your cash value and dividends grow over the years - one newer so called life you pay for the whole policy at once has been popular in recent years for tax reasons the insured could extract cash value in the form of policy loans and none of the proceeds were taxable even though they included gains on investment - congress closed this last year or thought it did - however capital corp. of mass. has developed a combination plan of annuity and insurance coverage that it says does not violate the new regulations and that allows policy loans without tax consequences - but the percentage of your cash reserve that you can borrow tax-free is very small - i 'm not prepared in any case to put that much money into a policy immediately so i look into the broad category called universal life - popular it is far more flexible than straight whole life - i can adjust the amount of insurance i want against the amount going into investment i can pay more or less than the so-called target premium in a given year and i can even payments if my cash reserves are enough to cover the insurance portion of the policy - in looking at these and other policies i learn to ask pointed questions about some of the assumptions built into policy the rows of numbers that show me the buildup of my cash values over the years - they commonly give two scenarios one is based on interest rates that the company guarantees usually N N to N N and the other on the rate it is currently getting on investment often N N or more - projecting the latter over several decades i find my cash buildup is impressive but can any high interest rate prevail for that long - not likely i think - also some policy assume that mortality costs will decline or that i will get some sort of dividend bonus after the year - these are not certain either - companies are n't comfortable playing these games but they realize they 're under pressure to make their policies look good says timothy an consultant at a unit of towers co. the big new york consulting firm - another factor to consider some of the companies currently earning very high yields are doing so through substantial investment in junk bonds and you know how nervous the market has been about those lately - there are seemingly endless to universal life and it pays to ask questions about all of them - at a for example a friend boasts that she 'll only have to pay premiums on her john hancock policy for seven years and that her death benefits will then be guaranteed - i call her agent david - yes he says premiums on such coverage can be structured to after a certain period but usually only if interest rates stay high enough to generate sufficient cash to cover the annual cost of insurance protection - if interest rates plunge the insurer may be knocking on my door asking for premium payments to maintain the same amount of protection - i do n't like the sound of that - some insurers have also started offering bonuses such as extra dividends or a marginally higher interest yield if the policy is maintained for N years - but glenn daily a new york-based financial consultant warns that many of these bonuses are just because most are n't guaranteed by the companies - and the feature is so new he adds that no insurer has yet established a track record for actually making such payments - so-called provisions also merit a close inspection - offered by insurers that include life insurance co. jackson national life insurance co. and national travelers life insurance co. these policy riders let me tap a portion of my death benefits while i 'm still alive - some provisions would let me collect a percentage of the policy 's face value to pay for long-term care such as stays others would allow payments for catastrophic and conditions such as cancer heart failure and kidney transplants - but the catastrophic events for which the can collect are narrowly defined vary from policy to policy and generally permit use of only a small fraction of the face amount of insurance - also financial planners advising on insurance say that to their knowledge there has not yet been a tax ruling these advance payments from taxes - and considering the extra cost of such provisions some figure that people interested in say paying for extended care would be better off just buying a separate policy that provides it - i 'm more impressed by life even though it turns out to be life - selling these policies market them directly to the public or otherwise do n't use commissioned salesmen there is still a load annual administrative fees and initial charges but i figure that the lack of commission and of surrender fees for dropping the policy early still me a lot - i compared one universal policy for $ N face amount from such an insurer american life insurance corp. of lincoln neb. with a similar offering from equitable life assurance society of the u.s. which operates through N commissioned salesmen - after one year i could walk away from the policy with $ N but get only $ N from the equitable - the difference is magnified by time too - at age N when i 'd stop paying premiums the offering would have a projected cash value $ N higher than the other even though the equitable 's policy illustration assumed a fractionally higher interest rate - did i buy it - well not yet - i 'm thinking about using the $ N annual premium to finance a trip to paris first - a person can do some heavy thinking about insurance there and shop for something more exciting while she 's doing it - rorer group inc. will report that third-quarter profit rose more than N N from a year earlier though the gain is wholly due to asset sales robert chairman president and chief executive officer said - his projection indicates profit in the latest quarter of more than $ N million or N cents a share compared with $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - mr. said in an interview that sales will show an increase from a year ago of somewhat less than N N - through the first six months of N sales had grown about N N from the year-earlier period - growth of N N would make sales for the latest quarter $ N million compared with $ N million a year ago - mr. said the profit growth in the latest quarter was due to the sale of two rorer drugs - an was sold to plc london - a drug used to bleeding was sold to jones medical industries inc. st. louis - he said rorer sold the drugs for nice prices and will record a combined pretax gain on the sales of $ N million - as the gain from the sales indicates operating profit was significantly below the year-earlier level mr. said - rorer in july had projected lower third-quarter operating profit but higher profit for all of N - he said the company is still looking for a strong fourth quarter in all areas sales operating income and net income - mr. attributed the decline in third-quarter operating profit to the stronger dollar which reduces the value of overseas profit when it is translated into dollars to accelerated buying of rorer products in the second quarter because of a july N price increase and to higher marketing expenses for rorer 's whose sales and market share in the u.s. had slipped in the first half of N - he said rorer opted to sell and to raise revenue that would kick start its increased marketing efforts behind still its product with about $ N million in world-wide sales in N - we had for a year he said because the company was concentrating on research and development and promoting other drugs - he said rorer will spend $ N million to $ N million more on advertising and promotion in the second half of N than in the year-earlier period - a big chunk of that additional spending came in the third quarter he said - hoechst ag said it will stop producing fertilizer in N because of continued losses and a bleak outlook - the west german chemical concern said it will close the last remaining fertilizer plant in in the fall of next year - hoechst said the fertilizer market faces overcapacity in western europe rising imports from east bloc countries and overseas and declining demand - homefed corp. said its main subsidiary home federal savings & loan converted from a federal savings and loan to a federal savings bank and changed its name to homefed bank - the federal office of thrift supervision approved the conversion last friday homefed said - the change in charter does n't alter the federal insurance of deposits federal regulatory powers or company operations a spokesman said - it was the second anniversary of the N crash but this time it was different - stocks rallied on good earnings reports and on data that showed less inflation than expected - blue chips led the march up in heavy trading - the dow jones industrial average rose N points to N - the N industrials led the market higher from the opening bell as foreign buyers stepped in - by afternoon the broader market joined the advance in full strength - standard & poor 's 500-stock index rose N to N and the nasdaq composite index jumped N to N - new york stock exchange volume swelled to N shares - the industrials were up about N points in the afternoon but cautious investors took profits before the close - traders said a variety of factors triggered the rally - the consumer price index rose N N in september while many economists were looking for a N N increase - stock-index arbitrage buy programs in which traders buy stock against offsetting positions in futures to lock in price differences helped the rally 's momentum - the euphoria was such that investors responded to good earnings reports of companies such as american express while ignoring the disappointing profits of companies such as caterpillar analysts said - stock-index arbitrage trading was a minor influence in yesterday 's rally traders said - institutional buyers were the main force pushing blue chips higher - to the of some traders takeover stocks were climbing again - hilton rose N N to N for example - last friday takeover traders out of hilton knocking the stock down N N to N - among other stocks involved in restructurings or rumored to be so holiday corp. gained N N to N and honeywell rose N N to N N - one floor trader noted in that nobody seemed to mind the news that british airways is n't making a special effort to revive the ual buy-out - the announcement of the buy-out 's troubles triggered the market 's nose dive a week ago - takeover enthusiasm may have been renewed when an investor group disclosed yesterday that it had obtained all the financing required to complete its $ N billion leveraged buy-out of american medical international - that 's put some back into this market said peter a vice president of equity trading at shearson lehman hutton - but some traders thought there was less to the rally than met the eye - there is no strength behind this rally asserted chung head trader at kleinwort benson north america - it 's traders positions - it 's not good the market is setting up for another fall - indeed many traders said that uncertainty about today 's monthly expiration of futures and options and options on individual stocks prompted a lot of buying by speculative traders who were positions that were bets on declining stock prices - the number of outstanding contracts in the october major market index jumped from N on friday to N on monday - the mmi is a index that the dow jones industrial average - outstanding contracts are those that remain to be liquidated - by wednesday the outstanding october contracts amounted to N representing about $ N billion in stock noted donald head of stock-index futures research at prudential-bache securities who expects a volatile expiration today - there has been a tremendous increase in mmi positions mr. said - consumer stocks once again set the pace for blue-chip issues - philip morris added N N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares coca-cola co. gained N N to N N merck gained N N to N N and american telephone & telegraph advanced N to N N on N million shares - american medical jumped N N to N N - ima acquisition an investor group that includes first boston and the family of chicago said chemical bank had made arrangements for N other banks to provide $ N million in bank financing for the buy-out offer - chemical and six other banks along with first boston are providing the rest of the $ N billion - elsewhere on the takeover front time warner advanced N N to N N and warner communications tacked on N to N N - the delaware supreme court a ruling that barred industries from voting its warner preferred stock as a separate class in deciding on the companies ' proposed merger - paramount communications climbed N N to N N and mca rose N N to N both media companies have long been mentioned as potential acquisition candidates - among other actual and rumored targets woolworth rose N N to N N upjohn went up N N to N N armstrong world industries gained N to N N and rose N to N N - in addition soo line jumped N N to N N above the $ N a share that canadian pacific offered for the company in a takeover proposal - xtra gained N N to N N - investor robert m. gintel who owns a N N stake in the company said he plans a proxy fight for control of its board - golden nugget rose N to N N - its board approved the repurchase of as many as three million common shares or about N N of its shares outstanding - buying interest also in the technology sector including international business machines whose board approved a $ N billion increase in its stock buy-back program - ibm rose N N to N N as N million shares changed hands - compaq computer soared N N to N N on N million shares in response to the company 's announcement of plans to introduce several products next month - digital equipment gained N N to N N despite reporting earnings for the september quarter that were on the low end of expectations - among other technology issues cray research rose N N to N hewlett-packard added N N to N N tandem computers rallied N N to N N data general rose N to N N and motorola gained N N to N N - on the other hand symbol technologies dropped N N to N N after shearson lehman hutton lowered its short-term investment rating on the stock and its N earnings estimate and commodore international fell N to N after the company said it expects to post a loss for the september quarter - insurance stocks continued to climb on expectations that premium rates will rise in the aftermath of the earthquake in the san francisco area - american international group climbed N to N N general rose N N to N N kemper added N N to N went up N N to N and rose N N to N N - stocks of major toy makers rallied in the wake of strong third-quarter earnings reports - mattel added N N to N N firmed N to N N and lewis toys rose N to N N on the big board while hasbro gained N to N N on the american stock exchange - capital surged N N to N - kidder peabody raised its investment rating on the stock and its earnings estimates for N and N based on optimism that the company 's abc television network will continue to fare well in the ratings - dun & bradstreet lost N N to N N on N million shares - merrill lynch lowered its short-term rating on the stock and its estimate of N earnings citing a sales slowdown in the company 's business - pinnacle west capital which suspended its dividend indefinitely and reported a N N decline in third-quarter earnings fell N to N N - the amex market value index recorded its sharpest gain of the year by climbing N to N - volume totaled N shares - b.a.t industries the most active amex issue rose N to N N - the company received shareholder approval for its restructuring plan designed to fend off a hostile takeover bid from a group headed by financier sir james goldsmith - chambers development class a jumped N N to N N and class b rose N N to N N - the company said six officers are buying a total of $ N million of its stock - cos. the target of an investigation by the u.s. inspector general dropped N to N N - the probe involves testing procedures used on certain government contracts by the company 's unit - avondale industries inc. new orleans received a $ N million contract from the navy to by N N the capacity of an - the award results from the navy 's exercising of an option in an earlier contract it awarded avondale - richard j. was elected to the board of this personnel consulting concern increasing its size to nine members - mr. is president and chief operating officer of penn mutual life insurance co - the senate rejected a constitutional amendment that president bush sought to protect the u.s. flag from - the N roll call fell well short of the two-thirds majority needed to approve changes to the constitution - the vote in which N gop lawmakers voted against mr. bush 's position was a victory for democratic leaders who opposed the amendment as an on the bill of rights - we can support the american flag without changing the american constitution said senate majority leader george mitchell of maine - in order to pressure for an amendment mr. mitchell and house speaker thomas foley d. wash had arranged for lawmakers to pass a statute barring flag before voting on the constitutional change - mr. bush said he would allow the bill to become law without his signature because he said only a constitutional amendment can protect the flag adequately - in june the supreme court threw out the conviction of a texas man who set a flag during a N demonstration saying he was engaging in political expression that is protected by the first amendment - if you think you have stress-related problems on the job there 's good news and bad news - you 're probably right and you are n't alone - a new poll study commissioned by the new york business group on health found that a full N N of the work force at companies may suffer from anxiety disorders or a stress-related illness with about N N suffering from depression - the study surveyed a national group of medical directors personnel managers and employee assistance program directors about their perceptions of these problems in their companies - it is one of a series of studies on health commissioned by the new york business group a organization with about N members - the stress study was undertaken because problems related to stress are much more than they seem said leon j. executive director of the business group - in the study late last week dr. estimated the cost of these types of disorders to business is substantial - related to anxiety depression and stress costs about $ N a case in terms of worker 's compensation - in terms of days lost on the job the study estimated that each affected employee loses about N work days a year because of stress anxiety or depression - he added that the cost for stress-related compensation claims is about twice the average for all injury claims - we hope to employers to recognize the problems so they can do something about them dr. said - early intervention into these types of problems can apparently save businesses long-term expense associated with which sometimes results when these problems go for too long - even the courts are beginning to recognize the link between jobs and stress-related disorders in compensation cases according to a survey by the national council on compensation insurance - but although N N of the respondents in the study indicated that problems were fairly pervasive in the workplace there is still a social associated with people seeking help - the disorders which N years ago struck and older people now strike people at the of productivity says robert of the national institute of mental health who spoke at the presentation of the study 's findings - the poll showed that company size had a bearing on a manager 's view of the problem with N N of those in companies of more than N employees saying stress-related problems were fairly pervasive and N N of those in companies with fewer than N employees agreeing - the poll also noted fear of a takeover as a event in larger companies - more than eight in N respondents reported such a situation in their company - companies were most affected by talk of layoffs or plant closings - the study which received funding from upjohn co. which makes several drugs to treat stress-related also found N N of the managers said stress anxiety and depression contribute to decreased production - alcohol and substance abuse as a result of stress-related problems was cited by N N of those polled - although dr. points out that stress and anxiety have their positive uses stress perceived to be threatening implies a component of fear and anxiety that may contribute to - he also noted that various work environments such as night work have their own - we all like stress but there 's a limit says paul d'arcy of & a corporate psychology and management consulting firm - the problem says mr. d'arcy a is that it 's very hard to get any hard measures on how stress affects job performance - for cheap air fares spend christmas - it is n't true that a old on a mission of to a disaster area on christmas day can fly free - but his circumstances are among the few that can qualify for the handful of really cheap airline tickets remaining in america - in recent years carriers have become much more about who can fly on the cheap - but there still are a few ways today 's can qualify under the airline 's many restrictions - one of the best deals though may mean christmas dinner with the - this week many carriers are announcing fares designed to get people to fly on some of the most and days of the year including christmas - in recent years the airlines had waited until the last moment to court christmas season with bargain fares - that approach last christmas day a usair group inc. jetliner flew about seven passengers from chicago to pittsburgh - so this year the airlines are getting a jump on holiday discounts - they are cutting ticket prices by as much as N N from normal levels for travel to most u.s. locations on dec. N N N N and N and jan. N N and N - the promotions dubbed everything from is the season to be to fares put fares at $ N $ N and $ N - they 're trying to keep planes flying on days they 'd normally park them says roger president of mr. mitchell travel service in n.c - expect of course prices on other dates near the holidays when the airlines know are eager to travel - consider adopting your spouse 's name - if continental airlines has its way couples like thomas and phil may find it a to qualify for some new discounts - continental a texas air corp. unit recently unveiled a marketing program offering free companion tickets to and passengers on international flights - the continental catch only immediate family members are allowed and they must have the same last name as the buyer of the ticket or legal proof they 're related - that many women who have n't taken their ' last name - what a bunch of nonsense says president of the new york chapter of the national association of women business owners - this sets things way back - continental 's logic it does n't want business the promotion by claiming to be related - we accommodate their choice of names by allowing them to demonstrate family with legal documents says jim a senior vice president - but rights advocates are angry too - the legal defense and education fund of new york city has received complaints from homosexual couples whom the airline does n't recognize as family - it 's certainly discrimination says attorney whose group forced trans world airlines this year to change a rule that allowed travelers to transfer frequent only to family members - take your vacation in a hurricane area - when hurricane hugo through the caribbean and the atlantic coast states it electric and telephone lines shot through shattered windows and thousands of lives - it also lowered some air fares - since the hurricane airlines inc. and american airlines a unit of amr corp. trimmed their fares to the virgin islands to $ N from prices that were at times double that before the storm - the fares are hugo and virgin islands aid - airlines are n't lowering fares to northern california following this week 's earthquake but agents can waive restrictions on discount fares for emergency trips - some hotels in the caribbean promise guarantees - in beach s.c. the damaged resort offers daily rates as low as $ N or as much as N N below regular prices - says hoffman a clerk in the resort 's front office we do n't have the pool the pool table table bar or but we still have the pool and - just wait until you 're a bit older - senior citizens have long received cheap air fares - this year the older someone is the bigger the discount - a senior citizen between N and N N N off regular coach fare - travelers up to age N get a percentage discount matching their age - and fly free in first class - next month northwest airlines says a mich. woman is taking it up on the offer to fly with her son to tampa fla - last year when northwest first offered the promotion only six flew free - if all else fails - the carriers also provide discounts to red cross workers retired military personnel and medical students - there 's even a special fare for that does n't require the usual stay over saturday night - that way they can be home in time for work sunday - the british petroleum co. plc said its exploration unit has produced the first oil from its don in the north sea - in an official release said initial production from the field was N barrels a day and that it expects peak output from the field of N barrels a day to be reached in N - as the sponsor of the older americans freedom to work act which would repeal the social security earnings limit for people aged N and older i your strong endorsement to repeal this fossil - for every dollar earned over $ N social security recipients lose N cents of their social security benefits it 's like a N N marginal tax - but the compounded effects of seniors only taxes result in truly catastrophic marginal tax rates - imagine a widow who wants to maintain her standard of living at the same level she had before she had to pay the catastrophic - although this widow earns only twice the minimum wage largely due to the earnings limit she would have to earn an additional $ N to offset her catastrophic of $ N - eliminating the earnings limit would greatly help seniors and reduce the deficit - repeal would generate more in new taxes than the government would lose in increased social security benefit payments - we now need support from the democrats on the rules committee in order to include reform in the reconciliation bill - since all four republicans on the committee are of my bill it is the democrats who will be held fully if an earnings test amendment is not allowed from the floor - the time is now to lift the social security earnings limit from the backs of our nation 's seniors - rep. j. dennis r. ill - when his seventh avenue fur business here was flying high N years ago jack had N workers and a large factory - now his employees work in an shop that he says is smaller than his old storage room - he also says he is losing money now - he blames imports - but just down seventh avenue where about N N of u.s. fur are made larry rosen has acquired two retail outlets his line and expanded into leather - he credits imports - the difference lies in how the two entrepreneurial furriers reacted to the foreign competition and of their industry over the past N years - one stuck to business while the other embraced the change - the small good fur salon is not what it used to be says mr. N years old - we make the product in the world and the americans are being kicked around - mr. rosen though believes imports have the industry in which he has worked for most of his N years - you 've got some minds here that wo n't think he says - import competition for u.s. furs has risen sharply since furriers started aggressively marketing mink and similar imported furs in recent years - merchants discovered a consumer largely ignored by furriers the younger woman even in her late who never thought she could buy a mink - the new market helped boost u.s. fur sales to about $ N billion a year now triple the level in the late 1970s - it also opened the door to furs made in south korea china hong kong and other countries - furs a large south korean maker says it operates N retail outlets in the u.s. and plans to open N more by the end of next year - mr. and other furriers call many of the the imports and poorly made - high-end u.s. furriers say these imports have n't squeezed them - but and furriers like mr. who once the seventh avenue fur district say imports have cut their sales - a woman who once would have saved for two or three seasons to buy a mink can now get an imported mink right away for less than $ N - yet mr. rosen has turned the import phenomenon to his advantage - early in the decade he saw that fur workers in many foreign countries were willing to work longer hours at lower wages than their american counterparts and were more open to innovation - in N he started a factory in greece - two years later he opened one in west germany - he also noticed that foreign makers were introducing many variations on the traditional fur and he decided to follow suit - by combining his strengths in innovation and quality control with the lower costs of production abroad he says he has been able to produce high-quality goods at low cost - to maintain control over production and avoid on foreign sources he says he still makes most of his furs in the u.s. - but six years ago he also began importing from the far east - inspired by imports mr. rosen now makes fur hats and - this year he produced a men 's line and offers furs in red cherry red royal blue and forest green - he has leather jackets from turkey that are lined with skin and topped off with - from asia he has mink jackets with patterns made by using different furs - next he will be testing called made in the far east - he plans to the to the backs of mink coats and jackets - besides adding to sales also attract retailers who may buy furs later he adds - other furriers have also benefited from - seymour the owner of furs inc. the reverse side of a persian to produce a - he says it accounts for N N of total sales - mr. rosen is also pushing retail sales - this year he bought two stores one in brooklyn and one in - other furriers have also placed more weight on retailing - golden furs inc. began retailing aggressively eight years ago and now retail sales account for about N N of gross income - in other moves mr. rosen says he bought a truck three years ago to reach more retailers - since then he has expanded his fleet and can now bring his furs to the front door of retailers as far away as the midwest - small retailers who ca n't afford to travel to his new york showroom have become fair game - such moves have helped mr. rosen weather the industry slump of recent years - the industry enjoyed six years beginning in N but since N sales have at their $ N billion peak - large furriers such as inc. fur vault inc. and evans inc. all reported losses in their latest fiscal years - of the N stock market crash head the list of reasons - in addition competition has the market with both and coats driving prices down - the movement has n't helped sales - warm over the past two years have trimmed demand too furriers complain - and those who did n't move some production overseas suffer labor shortages - the intensive labor needed to manufacture furs in the u.s. is not as available as it was says mr. who is starting overseas production - but even those who have found a way to cope with the imports and the slump fear that furs are losing part of their - people are promoting furs in various ways and taking the out of the fur business says stephen merchandise manager for marshall field 's department store in chicago - you ca n't make a commodity out of a luxury insists mr. the new york - he contends that chasing consumers with imports will harm the industry in the long run by reducing the prestige of furs - but mr. rosen whatever people want to buy i 'll sell - the name of the game is to move goods - four workers at gte corp. 's headquarters have been as having hepatitis and city health officials are investigating whether a cafeteria worker may have exposed hundreds of other gte employees to the infection company and city officials said - the four cases were all reported to gte 's medical director and state and local health authorities - gte shut down its cafeteria tuesday afternoon after testing determined that at least one cafeteria worker employed by gte 's private food contractor services inc. was suffering from a strain of the virus officials said - more than N people work in the gte building - the cafeteria remains closed - dr. andrew city health director said his staff suspects the hepatitis which can be highly was spread by the cafeteria worker with the virus - the exact strain of hepatitis that the cafeteria worker contracted has n't been determined but should be known by the end of the week dr. said - hepatitis a considered the least dangerous strain of the virus has been confirmed in at least one gte employee company and city officials said - from a public health point of view we 're relieved because hepatitis a is rarely said dr. frank gte 's medical director - it 's a though because it is also the most kind of hepatitis - gte officials began posting warning about the potential threat to exposure wednesday morning at various places at the company said gte spokesman thomas - the company has begun offering shots of which will the symptoms of hepatitis a in anyone who has contracted the disease mr. said - we 're strongly recommending that anyone who has in the cafeteria this month have the shot mr. added and that means virtually everyone who works here - i was to read the of facts in your oct. N editorial colombia 's publisher - it is the guerrillas who are aligned with the drug traffickers not the left - this information was from your own news stories on the region - past colombian government of the was due to the drug ' history of out in the - mary palo alto calif. - i suggest that the wall street journal as well as other u.s. news publications of like mind should put its money where its mouth is lend computer equipment to replace that damaged at el espectador buy ad space publish stories under the of el espectador journalists - perhaps an arrangement could be worked out to sponsor el espectador journalists and staff by paying for added security in exchange for exclusive stories - reward el espectador 's with real support - douglas b. evans - coca-cola co atlanta - and george were elected vice presidents of this soft-drink company - mr. N years old is the company 's director of quality assurance most recently he served as vice president operations for coca-cola enterprises - mr. N is manager for corporate manufacturing operations he was assistant vice president at the company - in the wake of a slide in sterling a tailspin in the stock market and a string of economic indicators british chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson promised gradual improvement in the u.k. economy - in a speech prepared for delivery to london 's financial community mr. lawson up current economic policy as a battle to inflation out of the british economy using high interest rates as the essential instrument to carry out the campaign - two weeks after boosting base rates to N N he pledged that rates will have to remain high for some time to come - mr. lawson also made it clear that he would be watching exchange rates carefully - a sinking pound makes imports more expensive and increases businesses ' expectations of future inflation he argued - in an apparent warning to currency traders who have lately been selling the british currency he stated that the exchange rates will have a major role in the assessment of monetary conditions - in the current monetary policy of using high interest rates to fight inflation and shore up the pound mr. lawson dismissed other approaches to managing the economy - he said he monitors the figures but does n't give them paramount importance as some private and government economists have suggested - mr. lawson also dismissed the possibility of imposing direct credit controls on britain 's financial system - mr. lawson 's speech delivered at the lord mayor of london 's annual dinner at mansion house came on the heels of a period for the u.k. economy - two weeks ago in a campaign to blunt inflation at home and arrest a world-wide plunge in the pound he raised base rates a full percentage point to N N - despite the increase the british currency slid below a perceived of three marks early last week - it was quoted at N marks in late new york trading wednesday - leading up to the speech was a of economic statistics suggesting that the british war on inflation will be more than previously assumed - unemployment in september dropped to N the lowest level since N - while lower is generally good news the hefty drop last month indicates that the economy is n't slowing down as much as hoped despite a doubling of interest rates over the last N months - meanwhile average earnings in britain were up N N in august over the previous year - another sign came in a surge in lending to a record # N billion $ N billion last month a much higher level than economists had predicted - in a separate speech prepared for delivery at the dinner robin bank of england governor conceded that demand pressures were even more than had been when the british economy was heating up last year - he added that there 's no solution to the economic woes and said tight monetary policy is the right approach - discussing the recent slide in stock prices the central bank governor stated that the markets now appear to have after the nasty jolt of the 190.58-point plunge in the dow jones industrial average a week ago - although the new york market plunge prompted a drop in the london financial times-stock exchange N share index mr. declared that the experience owed nothing to the particular problems of the british economy - specifically he pointed out that compared with the u.s. market the u.k. has far fewer highly leveraged junk-bond financings - discussing future monetary arrangements mr. lawson repeated the thatcher government 's commitment to join the exchange rate mechanism of the european monetary system but he did n't indicate when - - c. olivetti & co. claiming it has won the race in europe to introduce computers based on a powerful new microprocessor chip unveiled its computer yesterday - the product is the first from a european company based on intel corp. 's new microprocessor which works several times faster than previously available chips - hewlett-packard co. became the first company world-wide to announce a product based on the chip earlier this month but it wo n't start shipping the computers until early next year - an olivetti spokesman said the company 's factories are already beginning to produce the machine and that it should be available in europe by december - what this means is that europeans will have these machines in their offices before americans do the spokesman said - the new chip is a very big step in computing and it is important that olivetti be one of the first out on the market with this product said davis an analyst at james capel & co. in london - executives at olivetti whose earnings have been steadily sliding over the past couple of years have acknowledged that in the past they have lagged at getting new technology to market - ms. davis said the new machines could steal some sales away from olivetti 's own minicomputers but would bring new sales among professionals such as engineers stockbrokers and medical doctors - although olivetti 's profits tumbled N N in the first half of this year she believes olivetti 's restructuring last fall and its introduction of new products will begin to bear fruit with an earnings rebound next year especially if it can fulfill its promise to deliver the new machines by december - we think the worst is over in the european market she said - depending on the type of software and peripherals used the machines can serve either as the main computer in a network of many terminals a role usually filled by a as a technical workstation or as a very fast personal computer - it 's the missing link in olivetti 's product line between small personal computers and minicomputers the olivetti spokesman said - he added that olivetti will continue making its line - the machines will cost around $ N on average in europe - the intel N chip can process N million instructions per second or mips while intel 's previous N chip could handle only N to N mips - olivetti also plans to sell the computer in the u.s. starting next year through olivetti usa and through its unit which specializes in networks - inc. said it received approval from the french government for its proposed $ N million acquisition of s.a - the approval the remaining conditions of the purchase which is expected to close within two weeks - the second-largest maker of food cans in france had N sales of $ N million - has N workers at four manufacturing plants and one plastic container facility - makes flexible packaging films and machinery and materials for the food and pharmaceutical industries - social security benefits will rise N N next year to keep pace with inflation boosting the average monthly benefit to $ N from $ N the department of health and human services announced - the higher payments will start with social security checks received on jan. N N - supplemental security income payments to the disabled also will rise N N starting with checks received on dec. N N increasing the maximum payment to $ N from $ N a month - the inflation adjustment also means that the maximum annual level of earnings subject to the wage tax that generates revenue for the social security trust fund will rise to $ N in N from $ N this year - as mandated by law the tax rate will rise to N N in N from N N and wo n't rise any further in the future - this means that the maximum yearly social security tax paid by workers and employers each will rise $ N next year to $ N - beneficiaries aged N through N will be able to earn $ N without losing any social security benefits in N up from $ N this year - the exempt amount for beneficiaries under N will rise to $ N from $ N - the adjustments reflect the increase in the consumer price index for urban wage and workers from the third quarter of last year to the third quarter of this year - health-care companies should get in the third quarter - houses are expected to report earnings increases of about N N on average for the third quarter despite sales increases of less than N N analysts say - to offset sluggish sales growth companies have been cutting staff mostly through and slowing the growth in research and development spending - sales growth in the quarter was slowed by mounting pressure from groups of buyers such as hospitals to hold down prices - suppliers were also hurt by the stronger u.s. dollar which makes sales abroad more difficult - in some cases competition has squeezed margins - & co. for example faces stiff competition from a japanese supplier in the important market - the franklin n.j. company is expected to report sales growth of only N N to N N but should still maintain earnings growth of N N says jerry e. an analyst with duff & phelps inc - among the first of the group to post results laboratories said third-quarter net income jumped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales for the company based in park ill. rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - international inc. yesterday reported net climbed N N in the third period to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales for the ill. company rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - but not every company expects to report increased earnings - inc. yesterday said third-quarter net plunged N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - the murray hill n.j. company said full-year earnings may be off N cents a share because the company removed a from the market - in N the company earned $ N a share - the food and drug administration had raised questions about the device 's design - some analysts add that pressures to reduce health costs will continue to companies ' bottom lines - takeover speculation which has been stocks of supply houses may also ease says peter an analyst with drexel burnham lambert inc - as that you 're going to see the stocks probably as well he says - hospitals companies meanwhile are reporting improved earnings - bolstered by strong performances by its psychiatric hospitals national medical enterprises inc. los angeles reported net income of $ N million or N cents a share for the first quarter ended aug. N up from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - humana inc. louisville ky. also reported favorable results with net income of $ N million or N cents in the fourth quarter ended aug. N up from $ N million or N cents a year earlier - analysts say the handful of hospital companies that are still publicly traded are benefiting from several trends - most important hospital admission rates are stabilizing after several years of decline - moreover companies have sold off many of their smaller hospitals and have completed painful restructurings - humana 's revenues for example are being boosted by large increases in in the company 's health maintenance organizations - says richter an analyst with dean witter reynolds the in the publicly traded companies is over - initial claims for regular state unemployment benefits rose to a seasonally adjusted N during the week ended oct. N from N the previous week the labor department said - the number of people receiving regular state benefits in the week ended sept. N decreased to a seasonally adjusted N or N N of those covered by unemployment insurance from N the previous week when the insured unemployment rate also was N N - counting all state and federal benefit programs the number of people receiving unemployment benefits in the week ended sept. N fell to N from N a week earlier - these figures are n't seasonally adjusted - a labor department spokesman said the unusually high number of initial claims for state unemployment benefits reflects the impact of hurricane hugo on southern states particularly north carolina and south carolina - the figure also may reflect initial claims filed by striking nynex corp. workers who have become eligible for unemployment benefits the official said - digital equipment corp. reported a N N decline in net income on a modest revenue gain in its fiscal first quarter causing some analysts to predict weaker results ahead than they had expected - although the second-largest computer maker had prepared wall street for a poor quarter analysts said they were troubled by signs of flat u.s. orders and a slowdown in the rate of gain in foreign orders - the maynard mass. company is in a transition in which it is trying to reduce its reliance on machines and establish a presence in workstations and mainframes - net for the quarter ended sept. N fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - digital said a shift in its product mix toward products and strong growth in workstation sales yielded lower gross margins - a spokesman also said margins for the company 's service business narrowed somewhat because of heavy investments made in that sector - the lack of a strong product at the high end of digital 's line was a significant drag on sales - digital hopes to address that with the debut of its first computers next tuesday - the new line is aimed directly at international business machines corp - until the new mainframe products kick in there wo n't be a lot of revenue contribution at the high end and that 's hurt us said mark digital 's director of investor relations - he said unfavorable currency were also a factor in the quarter - dec shares rose $ N to $ N apiece in consolidated new york stock exchange trading yesterday - but analysts said that against the backdrop of a nearly rise in the dow jones industrial average that should n't necessarily be taken as a sign of great strength - some cut their earnings estimates for the stock this year and predicted more efforts to control costs ahead - i think the next few quarters will be difficult said steven of first boston - margins will remain under pressure and when the new mainframe does ship i 'm not sure it will be a big winner - mr. said he was his estimate for dec 's current year from $ N a share to well below $ N although he has n't settled on a final number - one troubling aspect of dec 's results analysts said was its performance in europe - dec said its overseas business which now accounts for more than half of sales improved in the quarter - it even took the unusually frank step of telling analysts in a morning conference call that orders in europe were up in double in foreign-currency terms - that gain probably translated into about N N to N N in dollar terms well below recent quarters ' gains of above N N jay stevens of dean witter reynolds - that was a disappointment and a sign of overall softness in europe mr. stevens said - marc with securities in new york dropped his estimate of dec 's full-year net to $ N a share from $ N - although overall revenues were stronger mr. said dec drew down its european backlog and had flat world-wide orders overall - the bottom line is that it 's more hand to mouth than it has been before he said - mr. said he believes that the of dec 's new mainframe will occur somewhat more than many of his investment colleagues expect - he said current expectations are for an entry level machine to be shipped in december with all of the more sophisticated versions out by june - for reasons he would n't elaborate on he said he 's sure that schedule wo n't be met meaning less profit impact from the product for dec in the next few quarters - john r. contributed to this article - colgate co. reported third-quarter net income rose N N bolstered by strong sales in its latin american business and surprisingly healthy profits from u.s. operations - colgate said net income for the quarter rose to $ N million or $ N a share on sales that increased N N to $ N billion - in the year-earlier period colgate posted net income of $ N million or N cents a share - last year 's results included earnings from discontinued operations of $ N million or N cents a share - mark chairman and chief executive officer of colgate said earnings growth was fueled by strong sales in latin america the far east and europe - results were also bolstered by a very meaningful increase in operating profit at colgate 's u.s. business he said - operating profit at colgate 's u.s. household products and personal care businesses which include such well-known brands as colgate and detergent jumped more than N N the company said - mr. mark attributed the improvement to cost savings achieved by consolidating manufacturing operations together two sales organizations and more carefully focusing the company 's promotional activities - we 've done a lot to improve u.s. results and a lot more will be done mr. mark said - improving profitability of u.s. operations is an extremely high priority in the company - colgate 's results were at the high end of the range of analysts ' forecasts - the scope of the improvement in the u.s. business caught some analysts by surprise - the company 's domestic business especially its household products division has performed poorly for years - analysts say the earnings improvement came from cutting costs rather than increasing sales - for the nine months net increased N N to $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion - the company earned $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - colgate 's N net income included $ N million or N cents a share from discontinued operations - colgate sold its hospital supply and home health care business last year - separately colgate wednesday an agreement with corp. a tiny products and pharmaceutical concern based in mass. to market in the u.s. four of 's products - the products and materials used by all contain that is released over time - the move is part of a drive to increase colgate 's business with a company spokeswoman said - terms of the agreement were n't given - limited partnership said it completed the sale of its restaurant franchise system to a subsidiary of metromedia co. for $ N million in cash - which is nearly by sam and charles of dallas said it will distribute proceeds from the sale to unit holders as a dividend as soon as possible - the franchise system which generates about $ N million in sales annually represented substantially all of the partnership 's assets - the sale of the system has been challenged in a class-action suit on behalf of unit holders filed last week in a delaware court said - the company said it believes the suit is without merit - american telephone & telegraph co. unveiled a sweetened pension and program for management that it hopes will enable it to save $ N million in the next year - at&t also said net income rose N N in the third quarter - at&t said its amended pension program will nearly double to N the number of managers eligible to retire with immediate pension payments - at&t said that based on studies of other companies that have offered retirement plans it expects about one-third of its eligible managers to retire under the new program - at&t said third-quarter net income grew despite stiff competition in all of the company 's markets - net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - revenue edged up to $ N billion from $ N billion - the latest period 's net was reduced $ N million or nine cents a share for a change in depreciation method and changes in estimates of lives and net salvage for certain telecommunications equipment - the results roughly matched estimates of securities analysts who were encouraged by at&t increasing its operating margin to N N from N N a year ago because of continued cost-cutting efforts - sales of long-distance services an extremely competitive market rose N N - but the growth was partly offset by lower equipment sales and and price cuts on some products - under the amended pension program at&t managers who have at least five years of service will have five years added to their age and length of service for pension purposes - managers who retire dec. N will have an additional N N added to their monthly pension for as long as five years or age N whichever comes earlier - an at&t spokeswoman said the company would likely replace about one-third of its managers who choose to retire with new employees - analysts hailed the sweetened pension package which they said had been the subject of rumors for several months - this tells you at&t is serious about continuing to manage their cost structure and is committed to earnings growth said jack an analyst with painewebber inc - but other analysts expressed disappointment that the cost-cutting move wo n't result in even greater earnings growth - this is a good move but it only gets you to where people 's expectations already are in terms of earnings growth said joel d. gross an analyst with donaldson lufkin & jenrette - mr. gross said he had hoped that a cost savings of $ N million would result in even greater growth than the N N annual earnings increase at&t has told analysts it expects in the future - at&t said the special retirement option will increase fourth-quarter expenses - but the company said the amount ca n't be determined until it knows how many managers to retire - at&t said the expense increase will be largely offset by a gain from its previously announced plan to swap its holdings in c. olivetti & co. for shares in cie an italian holding company - for the nine months at&t said net income was $ N billion or $ N a share up N N from $ N billion or $ N a share - revenue gained N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite trading yesterday on the new york stock exchange at&t shares closed at $ N up N cents - when it comes to buying and selling shares westridge capital management inc. takes a back seat to no one - every dollar 's worth of stock in the los angeles money manager 's portfolio is traded seven or eight times a year the firm estimates - that makes it the most active trader among all the nation 's investment advisers according to securities and exchange commission filings - but wait a second - westridge capital is an index fund the type of long-term investor whose goal is to be nothing more than average - westridge capital 's trading reflects the changes sweeping through the previously world of indexing - indexing for the most part has involved simply buying and then holding stocks in the correct mix to mirror a stock market barometer such as standard & poor 's 500-stock index and match its performance - institutional investors have poured $ N billion into stock and bond indexing as a cheap and easy form of investment management that promises to post average market returns - these big investors have to indexing because relatively few active stock pickers have been able to consistently match the returns of the s&p N or other much less beat it - and the fees investors pay for indexing run a few pennies for each $ N of assets a fraction of the cost of active managers - that 's because computers do most of the work and low trading activity keeps a lid on commission costs - but today indexing is moving from a passive investment strategy to an increasingly active one - because managers are no longer satisfied with merely being average they have developed enhanced indexing strategies that are intended to outperform the market as much as three percentage points - indexing has been the most single successful investment concept in the last decade but the index money has been just sort of sitting there says m. lynn president of core investors inc. an based in n.y - now the interest is in what else can i do with that money - among the indexing strategies portfolios can be built around thousands of stocks or just a few dozen rather than being restricted to the s&p N companies - they can ignore the s&p N stocks altogether and focus on particular types of stocks such as smaller companies those paying high dividends or companies in a particular industry state or country - with today 's computer-driven program trading techniques index funds can trade back and forth between stock-index futures and the actual stocks making up indexes such as the s&p N - futures and options also make it possible to build synthetic index funds that do n't actually own a single share of stock but can produce returns that match or exceed the broad stock market - one reason for these is that indexing 's rapid growth is slowing particularly for those plain funds that mirror the s&p N - there is n't a of big investors out there still waiting to get into indexing says p. james vice president of investment management co. chicago which offers both indexing and active management services - after in size in the past five years index funds now hold about N N of the stock owned by pension funds - a further problem is profits - funds have become so that fees they can charge have plunged to almost nothing and in some cases are just that - to land customers for their stock business big banks sometimes will throw in basic indexing services for free - it 's like getting a free when you open an account says core 's mr. lynn - as a result have been looking for ways to give investors something more than the average for their money - and many have been successful as in the case of the index fund operated by westridge capital - westridge capital has used enhanced indexing techniques to beat the s&p N 's returns by N to N percentage points over the past four years with the same risk level as holding the s&p N stocks according to james the firm 's president - strategies vary for westridge capital which has $ N million under management - the firm sometimes buys s&p N futures when they are selling at a discount to the actual stocks and will switch back and forth between stocks and stock-index futures to take advantages of any price - mr. also goes through periods when he buys stocks in with options to boost returns and protect against declines - and in some months he buys stock-index futures and not stocks at all - by their nature our trades are very short-term and are going to create high turnover mr. adds - the more turnover the better for our clients - big bankers trust co. also uses futures in a strategy that on average has added one percentage point to its enhanced fund 's returns - j. thomas allen president of advanced investment management inc. agrees it 's a good idea to jump between the s&p N stocks and futures - you 're buying the s&p and you always want to hold the cheapest form of it he says - but some make little or no use of futures saying that these instruments present added risks for investors - if the futures markets have a problem then those products could have a problem says john managing director of prudential insurance co. of america 's investment index technologies inc. unit - prudential currently is seeking approval to offer a new fund offering a return equal to the s&p N index plus N of a percentage point - an added feature is that the improved return would be guaranteed by prudential - there are many other strategies to bolster the returns of index funds - they include - limited risk funds - these guarantee protection against stock market declines while still passing along most gains - here a fund may promise to pay back say $ N of every $ N invested for a year even if the market goes much lower - the fund could invest $ N for one year in treasury bills yielding N N to return the guaranteed $ N - that leaves $ N which could be used to buy s&p N options that will nearly match any gain in the s&p index - manager funds - say a big investor is interested in growth stocks - instead of hiring one of the many active managers specializing in growth stocks can design a portfolio around the same stocks the portfolio will be maintained by computer reducing both fees and in theory risk because of the large number of stocks - we see a lot of interest in those kind of things says frank a vice president of bankers trust - people comfortable with the passive approach are using them for other strategies - tilt funds - this is an index fund with a bet - instead of the s&p N or some other index exactly some stocks are or in the portfolio - one simple approach is to exclude s&p N companies considered bankruptcy candidates this can avoid weak but also can hurt when a company like chrysler corp. - another approach an investor with $ N million might use $ N million to buy the s&p N index and spend the other $ N million on a favorite group of stocks - specialized funds - indexes can be constructed to serve social goals such as eliminating the stocks of companies doing business in south africa - other funds have been designed to concentrate on stocks in a geographic area in order to encourage local investment - pennsylvania state employees retirement system for example has about $ N million invested in a fund of N companies that are either or have N N of their work forces in the state - short interest on the new york stock exchange declined for the second consecutive month this time N N while the american stock exchange reported its third consecutive record month of short interest - the big board reported that short interest dropped to N shares as of oct. N from N shares in - amex short interest climbed N N to N shares from N shares - for the year-earlier month the big board reported N shares indicating a N N year-to-year rise while the amex reported N shares a N N leap - amex short interest has been heading upward since with increases in each month since then except at - traders who sell short borrow stock and sell it betting that the stock 's price will decline and that they can buy the shares back later at a lower price for return to the lender - short interest is the number of shares that have n't yet been purchased for return to lenders - although a substantial short position reflects heavy speculation that a stock 's price will decline some investors consider an increase in short interest bullish because the borrowed shares eventually must be bought back - in short interest of certain stocks also may be caused partly by - the figures occasionally include incomplete transactions in restricted stock - the level of negative sentiment measured by the big board short interest ratio slipped to N from last month 's N - the ratio is the number of trading days at the exchange 's average trading volume that would be required to convert the total short interest position - some analysts suggest however that the ratio has weakened in value as an indicator because options and other products can be used to hedge short positions - corp. led the big board list of largest short volumes with N shares - has proposed to acquire corp. consisting of the auto parts division and some debt of corp. for $ N million of cash and securities - chemical waste management posted the biggest increase in short volume on the new york exchange up N shares to N - bristol-myers squibb co. the entity formed from the recent acquisition of squibb corp. by bristol-myers co. the largest volume decline N shares to N - short interest in international business machines corp. plunged to N shares from N shares a month earlier - also closely watched is exxon corp. where short interest slid to N shares from N - on a percentage basis germany fund inc. led the gainers leaping to N shares from three shares - transcanada pipelines ltd. led the percentage decliners dropping to N shares from N - the amex short interest volume leader again was texas air corp. rising to N shares from N - pharmaceutical co. posted the largest volume increase N shares to N - the company is under an investigation concerning procedures to gain food and drug administration approval of generic drugs - has denied any wrongdoing - the largest volume drop down N shares to N came in shares represented by b.a.t industries plc 's american depositary receipts - the company is facing a takeover proposal from the financier sir james goldsmith - first fund led the percentage increases rising to N shares from N - nelson holdings international ltd. dropped the most on a percentage basis to N shares from N - the adjacent tables show the big board and amex issues in which a short interest position of at least N shares existed as of mid-october or in which there was a short position change of at least N shares since - your oct. N editorial presidency states that i was critical of the bush administration 's failure to have any plan in place to respond in a timely fashion to the opportunities to oust manuel noriega presented by the attempted military coup on oct. N - you are absolutely wrong however in that this position is some kind of something newly arrived at as a result of reading the opinion polls - my position is one founded on both the facts and the law - although you may have forgotten public opinion about gen. noriega is where it is in large measure because of my investigation of his years of involvement in narcotics and simultaneous work as a u.s. - the public made up its mind about gen. noriega largely as a result of the hearings i in the subcommittee on terrorism and narcotics of the foreign relations committee on feb. N N N and N N and again on april N N - it was during those hearings that the nation first learned the and of gen. noriega 's and of his relationships with a variety of u.s. government agencies - those hearings also how gen. noriega was able to use his relationships with these agencies to delay u.s. action against him and to exploit the administration 's with the sandinistas to protect his own - as former ambassador to costa rica francis j. testified before the subcommittee the reagan administration knew that gen. noriega was involved with narcotics but made a decision in the summer of N to put gen. noriega on the shelf until nicaragua was settled - as the report issued by the subcommittee concluded our government did nothing regarding gen. noriega 's drug business and substantial criminal involvement because the first priority was the contra war - this decision resulted in at least some drugs entering the united states as a hidden cost of the war - unfortunately this problem continued even after gen. noriega 's indictment - throughout N and this year i and others in congress have pressed the u.s. to develop a plan for pushing this out of panama - two in a row have been unwilling and unable to develop any plan military or economic for supporting the panamanian people in their attempts to restore democracy - sen. john kerry d. mass - for vietnamese these are tricky often times - after years of economic and political reform was embraced at the end of N but ringing have yet to be translated into much action - vietnam is finding that turning a socialist order into a dynamic free market does n't come easy - here is how three vietnamese are coping with change - the tire king - nguyen van chan is living proof that old ways die hard - mr. chan used to be an in a private entrepreneur - his business success made him an official target in days - mr. chan now N years old invented a he and his family produced from plastic waste - later he marketed - both products were popular - for his troubles mr. chan was jailed three times between N and N - though his operation was registered and used only scrap he was accused of conducting illegal business and illegal materials - once he was held for three months without being charged - things were supposed to change when vietnam 's economic reforms gathered pace and for they did - after years of mr. chan produced a bicycle tire that its rival - by N he was selling thousands of tires - newspapers published articles about him and he was hailed as the tire king - his efforts earned a gold at a national exhibition and attracted renewed attention from local authorities - district police in N on his suburban home which he and his large family used as both residence and factory and demanded proof the house and equipment were his - he produced it - that was the first time they lost and i won he says - he was further questioned to determine if he was a real working man or an - says mr. chan when i showed it was from my own brain they lost for the second time - but a few days later the police accused him of stealing electricity acquiring rubber without permission and buying stolen property - warned he was to be jailed again he fled to the - his family was given three hours to leave before the house and were confiscated - with only the clothes they were wearing family members moved to a home owned by one of mr. chan 's sons - after six months on the run mr. chan learned the order for his arrest had been canceled - he his family in january N and began the long struggle for justice pressing everyone from municipal officials to national assembly deputies for restoration of his rights - he and his family kept afloat by selling fruit and doing odd jobs - mr. chan achieved a in N and became a minor celebrity again when his story was published in a weekly newspaper - in N N months after the sixth congress formally endorsed private enterprise district authorities allowed mr. chan to resume work - by late last year he was invited back as the tire king to display his products at a national exhibition - national leaders stopped by his stand to his - mr. chan now produces N bicycle and tires a month and N of in the son 's small house - people pack the house 's two rooms the four of their N children with spouses and eight of N - most sleep on the floor - come eight family members and two other workers a sheet of raw rubber that covers the floor of the house and out onto the street - the operations also burst out the back door into a small where an ancient press rubber solution into a flat strip and newly made tires are cooled in a filled with water - mr. chan talks of expanding maybe even moving into the field - first however he has business - when district authorities allowed him to resume manufacturing they released only one of his machines - they did n't return the rubber stocks that represent his capital - nor did they return his house and which he values at about $ N - he wants to recover more than just his property though - i want my dignity back he says - the editor - nguyen seemed an obvious choice when the vietnamese writers association was looking for a new editor to reform its weekly newspaper van - after the sixth congress journalists seized the opportunity provided by the to probe previously subjects - mr. N years old had solid credentials he had lost his official position in the association in he early 1980s because he questioned the of politics into literature - appointed editor in chief in july N mr. rapidly turned the van into vietnam 's hottest paper - circulation soared as the weekly went way beyond standard literary themes to cover vietnamese society and its - readers were by the paper 's and by the dark side of life it uncovered - one article a struggle by a to prove officially he was alive - another described how officials in province one night through homes and confiscated rice from - the newspaper also ran a series of controversial short stories by nguyen a former history teacher who debate over his interpretation of vietnamese culture and took a at writers who had blocked his entry into their official association - van quickly made influential enemies - those who manage and a large number of writers reacted badly to the paper says nguyen an a literary critic - after months of internal mr. was fired last december - his dismissal triggered a furor among intellectuals that continues today - under mr. van protected the people instead of the government says nguyen a who is the paper 's bureau chief for southern vietnam - the paper reflected the truth - for the leadership that was too painful to bear - the billionaire - nguyen thi thi is vietnam 's entrepreneur of the 1980s - her challenge is to keep her fledgling empire on top in the 1990s - mrs. thi did n't wait for the reforms to get her start - she charged ahead of the government and the law to establish city food co. as the biggest rice dealer in the country - her success which included an urban food shortage in the early 1980s helped persuade to take the reform path - her story is becoming part of local - a revolutionary with little education who fought both the french and the regime she switched to commerce after the war - her were despite her background - as she rode over regulations only her friendship with party leaders including nguyen van then city party secretary kept her out of jail - following mr. 's appointment as of the party at the sixth congress mrs. thi has become the of the vietnamese version of perestroika - the authorities have foreign reporters to her office to see an example of the new way of thinking - foreign publications have responded with articles declaring her vietnam 's woman - some people call me the communist billionaire she has told visitors - actually mrs. thi is about as poor as almost everyone else in this land - she has indeed turned city food into a conglomerate but the company itself remains state-owned - she manages it with the title of - the heart of the business is the purchase of rice and other commodities such as corn and coffee from farmers in the south paying with fertilizer farm tools and other items - last year city food says it bought two million metric tons of rice more than N N of the country 's output - the company operates a fleet of trucks and to transport the commodities to its warehouses - a subsidiary company processes commodities into foods such as instant that are sold with the rice through a vast retail network - in recent years mrs. thi has started to diversify the company taking a N N stake in newly established partly private industrial and commercial bank and setting up which owns and operates vietnam 's first oil refinery - mrs. thi says city food last year increased pretax profit N N to the equivalent of about $ N million on sales of $ N million - she expects both revenue and profit to gain this year - she is almost about the possibility vietnam 's reforms will create rivals on her home turf - i do n't mind the competition inside the country she says - i am only afraid that with vietnam 's products we ca n't compete with neighboring countries - the earthquake that hit the san francisco bay area is n't likely to result in wholesale downgrading of bond ratings officials at the two major rating agencies said - standard & poor 's corp. is reviewing debt issued by N california counties and there are potential isolated problems said hyman a managing director - the agency is preparing a report to be issued today on the earthquake 's impact on the and industry - the only securities so far to be singled out are those issued by bay view federal savings & loan - moody 's investors service inc. said it is reviewing with an eye toward a possible downgrade the ratings on bay view federal bonds long-term deposits and the rating of its parent company bay view capital corp - as for property and casualty insurers moody 's said preliminary estimates suggest that losses should not have a significant impact on most insurers ' financial condition but it raises concerns about potentially substantial risks longer-term - losses from the earthquake are expected to be of similar magnitude to those of hurricane hugo according to moody 's - your oct. N editorial a democratic tax cut contained an error - in the third it referred to the senators seeking suggestions from lobbyists for various sectors of the economy - among them farmers - the only significant commercial farmers in the u.s. are in hawaii - the hawaii industry association to which nearly all of them belong has no lobbyist - thomas v. co - western digital corp. reported a net loss of $ N million or nine cents a share for its first quarter ended sept. N citing factors as as hurricane damage an advance in graphics technology and the strengthening dollar - in the year-ago period the company earned $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - sales for the period fell to about $ N million the maker of computer parts said - nonetheless chairman roger w. johnson said he expects the company to be profitable in the current quarter - we are positioned to come through he said noting that the company 's backlog was up from the previous quarter - in its second quarter last year western digital earned $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - mr. johnson said western digital 's plant in puerto rico was affected by hurricane hugo losing three days ' production because of the storm which much of the caribbean island 's infrastructure - although the plant itself was n't damaged mr. johnson said millions of dollars in first-quarter revenue were lost - the revenue will be regained in the current period he added - there are no plans to a common stock dividend mr. johnson said explaining that the board continues to believe shareholders are best served by excess cash - mr. johnson said the first-quarter loss also heavily reflected a rapid change in graphics technology that left channels with too many of the old computer graphics boards and too few new monitors compatible with the new graphics boards - western digital does n't make the monitors - an accelerating move by personal computer manufacturers ' to include advanced graphics as standard equipment further purchases of western digital 's equipment - the other areas of the business storage and were very good mr. johnson said - he said western digital has reacted swiftly to the movement to video graphics array graphics technology from the old enhanced graphics which has a lower resolution standard technology and now is one of the leading producers of these newer units - other makers of video equipment also were caught in the shift he said but we were able to respond much more quickly - still mr. johnson said our stock is grossly undervalued - he said the company has cut operating expenses by about N N over the last few quarters while maintaining research and development at about N N to N N of sales - as part of its reorganization this week western digital has divided its business into two segments storage products including controllers and disk drives and products which include graphics communications and peripheral control chips - graphics communications and peripheral control chips were combined because increasingly multiple functions are being by a single chip - storage which includes computer controllers and disk drives represents nearly two-thirds of the company 's business - disk drives which allow a computer to access its memory generated N N more revenue in the most recent period compared with the fiscal first quarter a year earlier - computer parts are getting ever smaller mr. johnson said a shrinking that has propelled into position as the fastest-growing segment of the computer business - as smaller and more powerful computers continue to be the focus of the industry he said western digital is strengthening development of laptop parts - next year western digital plans to consolidate its operations from N buildings in irvine into two buildings in the same city a new headquarters and a block away a modern $ N million silicon fabrication plant - the plan will help the company in its existing joint manufacturing agreement with at&t - about half of western digital 's business is overseas and mr. johnson expects that proportion to continue - plans to many of the trade barriers within europe in N creates significant opportunities for the company he said particularly since western digital already manufactures there - on that presence western digital is launching a major effort to develop the market in europe - directors of state-owned del approved a transaction and a change in the bank 's rules that will help it operate more like a private-sector institution - until now bnl 's top managers and its directors have been appointed by a treasury - but under the bank 's proposed statutes an assembly of shareholders must approve board members - the bank 's chairman and director general who also sit on the board still would be appointed by the treasury - bnl which is controlled by the italian treasury was rocked by the disclosure last month that its atlanta branch extended more than $ N billion in unauthorized credits to - the scandal in which the bank 's management resigned has helped renew calls for privatization or at least an overhaul of italy 's banking system which is about N N state-controlled - in a related move the bank also proposed that board representation be linked more closely to the bank 's new structure - bnl called a shareholders ' assembly meeting in december to vote on the proposals - bnl has about N shares that are listed on the milan stock exchange - the shares were suspended from trading following disclosure of the atlanta scandal the stock exchange regulatory body reportedly will decide soon whether to end the trading suspension - switzerland 's wholesale price index increased N N in september from august and was up N N from a year ago marking the first time this year that the index has fallen below N N on a year-to-year basis the government reported - the government attributed the N N rise in the index largely to higher energy prices - in august the index was up N N from the previous month and was up N N on a year-to-year basis - the wholesale price index based on N as N was N in september - american express co. posted a N N increase in third quarter net income despite a sharp rise in reserves for third world loans at its banking unit - aided by a sharp gain in its travel business american express said net rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - the year-earlier figures included $ N million or three cents a share in income from discontinued operations - income from continuing operations was up N N - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the travel investment services insurance and banking concern added $ N million to reserves for credit losses at its american express bank unit boosting the reserve to $ N million as of sept. N - the bank 's third world debt portfolio totals $ N million down from $ N billion at the end of N - the bank charged off $ N million in loans during the quarter - at the american express travel related services co. unit net rose N N to a record $ N million on a N N revenue increase - the figures exclude businesses now organized as american express information services co - american express card charge volume rose N N - travel sales rose N N led by gains in the u.s. - at financial services the financial planning and mutual fund unit net rose N N to a record $ N million on a N N revenue gain - assets owned or managed rose N N to $ N billion and mutual fund sales rose N N in the quarter to $ N million - american express bank earnings fell N N to $ N million from $ N million despite a N N revenue gain - the results include $ N million of tax benefits associated with previous years ' third world loan activity compared with $ N million a year earlier - profit rose N N at american express information services to $ N million - shearson lehman hutton holdings inc. as previously reported had net of $ N million a $ N million loss a year earlier its latest results include a $ N million gain from the sale of an institutional money management business - american express 's share of shearson 's earnings was $ N million after preferred stock dividends it owns about N N of shearson 's common - for the nine months american express said net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - inc. hampered by a slowdown in its defense sales reported an N N decline in per-share earnings on nearly flat revenue for its third quarter - the aerospace and financial services concern said net income fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - revenue of $ N billion was almost unchanged from last year 's $ N billion - per-share net of N cents down from N cents fell by more than overall net because of more shares outstanding - the company said that improved results in its financial-services sector were by increased costs in its government contract business lower operating earnings in its sector and soft automotive markets - net was aided by a lower income tax rate - profit before taxes fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months reported net of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - a year ago net was $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - the nine-month results included a $ N million special charge in N for an arbitration settlement related to past export sales and $ N million in extraordinary charges in N related to a former line of business and early redemption of debt - said that ' results do n't include earnings of plc a british maker of industrial fasteners but do include interest costs of $ N million on borrowings related to the proposed purchase of - a federal judge has issued a preliminary injunction against the purchase because of federal trade commission concerns that the transaction would reduce competition in the production of two kinds of - for the quarter said aerospace revenue including bell helicopter and manufacture declined N N to $ N million from $ N million an indication of slowing government defense work - as the hunt brothers ' personal bankruptcy cases into their second year minpeco s.a. has proposed a deal to settle its huge claim against the troubled texas oil men - but the plan only threatens to the tension and confusion already surrounding the cases that were filed in september N - the mineral concern 's $ N million claim stems from N jury award in a case stemming from the brothers ' alleged attempts to corner the N silver market - minpeco now says it is willing to settle for up to $ N million from each brother although the actual amount would probably be much less - although the proposal must be approved by federal judge harold c. abramson w. herbert hunt has agreed to the mineral concern 's proposal - nelson hunt is considering it although his attorney says he wo n't do it if the proposal a tentative settlement he has reached with the internal revenue service which claims the brothers owe $ N billion in back taxes and is by far the biggest creditor in both cases - the tentative agreement between the irs and nelson hunt is awaiting u.s. justice department approval - under it the former billionaire 's assets would be liquidated with the irs getting N N of the proceeds and the rest being divided among other creditors including minpeco and manufacturers hanover trust co. which is seeking repayment of a $ N million loan - a proposal has been made in the w. herbert hunt case although he and the irs are at odds over the size of the debt he would have to pay to the government from future earnings - in both cases minpeco and manufacturers hanover have been fighting over their shares of the pie - with support from the irs manufacturers hanover has filed suit asking judge abramson to subordinate minpeco 's claim to those of manufacturer hanover and the irs - minpeco has threatened a of litigation if the manufacturers hanover corp. unit attempts to force such a plan through the court - minpeco said it would n't pursue such litigation if its settlement plan in the w. herbert hunt case is approved by judge abramson who will consider the proposal at a hearing next week - minpeco attorney thomas the plan as one step toward an overall settlement of the w. herbert hunt case but ray attorney for manufacturers hanover called it silly and said he would fight it in court - the thing is so right now that there 's really no way to say what will happen says justice department attorney iii who represents the irs in the case - developments like this are hard to predict - banc one corp. said it agreed in principle to buy five branch offices from trustcorp inc. toledo ohio following the planned merger of trustcorp into society corp. cleveland - the five offices in and counties in northern ohio have total assets of about $ N million banc one said - the purchase price will be established after banc one has an opportunity to study the quality of the assets banc one said - society corp. already has branches in the area and selling the trustcorp offices could avoid a problem with regulators over excessive concentration of banking in the two counties after the merger of trustcorp into society according to industry sources - the merger is scheduled to take place in the N first quarter - stock-market fears and relatively more attractive interest rates pushed money-market mutual fund assets up $ N billion in the latest week the sharpest increase in almost two years - the N funds tracked by the investment company institute a washington-based trade group rose to $ N billion a record - the $ N billion increase was the strongest weekly since january N - the increase was spread fairly evenly among all three types of funds - individual investors represented in the and broker-dealer fund categories pulled money from the stock market after its big drop last friday and put the money into funds said jacob vice president and chief economist of the institute - investors on the other hand reacted to the steep decline in yields on direct money-market instruments following the stock-market decline last friday mr. said - yields on money funds dropped in the week ended tuesday according to donoghue 's money fund report a mass. newsletter - the average seven-day compounded yield fell to N N from N N the week earlier donoghue 's said - at the auction of six-month u.s. treasury bills on monday the average yield fell to N N from N N - likewise certificates of deposit on average posted lower yields in the week ended tuesday - the N money funds rose $ N billion to $ N billion - the N funds increased $ N billion to $ N billion while N broker-dealer funds increased $ N billion to $ N billion - domestic lending for real estate and property development was the source of bank bumiputra malaysia 's most recent spate of financial troubles the institution 's executive chairman basir said - speaking to reporters this week after bank bumiputra 's shareholders approved a rescue plan sri basir said heavy lending to the property sector rocked the bank when property prices in malaysia plummeted in N - he said the bank could n't wait any longer for prices to recover and for borrowers to service their loans - so the bank 's board decided to make N billion dollars us$ N million in provisions for interest payments from loans previously recorded as revenue but never actually received by the bank and to submit a bailout package to the bank 's capital - the he added was similar to the hong kong N collapse which exposed the involvement of bank bumiputra 's former subsidiary in the colony in the largest banking scandal in malaysia 's history - the subsidiary bumiputra malaysia finance ltd. was left with m$ N billion in bad loans made to hong kong property speculators - both episodes wiped out bank bumiputra 's shareholders ' funds - each time the bank 's N N shareholder or the national oil company has been called upon to rescue the institution - in five years which became the dominant shareholder in a N rescue exercise has spent about m$ N billion to up the troubled bank - sri basir said the capital restructuring plan has been approved by malaysia 's capital issues committee and central bank - malaysia 's high court is expected to approve the plan - once the plan is approved sri basir said most of bank bumiputra 's nonperforming loans will have been fully provided for and the bank will be on track to report a pretax profit of between m$ N million and m$ N million for the fiscal year ending march N - for the previous financial year the bank would have reported a pretax profit of m$ N million if it had n't made provisions for the nonperforming loans he said - malaysia 's banking act prohibited the bank from identifying borrowers said sri basir - but public documents indicate N N or more of the bank 's provisions were made for interest on a m$ N million loan to malaysia 's dominant political party the united national organization to build its convention and headquarters complex in kuala lumpur - the loan to was made in september N - we lent a lot of money all over the place said sri basir who refused to discuss the bank 's outstanding loans to - as well as the m$ N billion in provisions announced on oct. N the restructuring package covers an additional m$ N million in provisions made in earlier years but never reflected in a reduction of the bank 's capital - at the end of the exercise the cash injection from will increase the bank 's capital to m$ N billion after virtually being wiped out by the new provisions - might have stepped from a recruiting for young republicans - white N years old a singer in her church she a generation that gave its heart and its vote to ronald reagan - i felt kind of safe she says - no longer - when the supreme court opened the door this year to new restrictions on abortion ms. opened her mind to democratic politics - then a political she stepped into a of pro-choice house parties and - now she leads a abortion-rights campaign in county for pro-choice democratic gubernatorial candidate james florio - this is one where i cross party lines she says rejecting the anti-abortion stance of rep. florio 's opponent rep. james courter - people my age thought it was n't going to be an issue - now it has especially for people my age - polls bear out this warning but after a decade of increased republican influence here the new politics of abortion have contributed to a world turned upside down for mr. courter - unless he closes the gap republicans risk losing not only the but also the assembly next month - going into the 1990s the gop is paying a price for the same conservative social agenda that it used to democrats in the past - this change comes less from a shift in public opinion which has n't changed much on abortion over the past decade than in the of the debate - new jersey 's own highest court remains a liberal against major restrictions on abortion but the u.s. supreme court ruling webster vs. missouri has engaged voters across the nation who had been from the issue - before july pro-choice voters could make political decisions without focusing narrowly on abortion - now the threat of further restrictions adds a new bringing an in political activity by abortion-rights forces - a recent pro-choice rally in drew thousands and in a major reversal congress is a presidential veto and demanding that medicaid abortions be permitted in cases of rape and incest - if webster had n't happened you would n't be here linda tells a reporter in the office of the national organization for women - we could have shouted from the about courter and no one would have heard us - new jersey is a proving ground for this aggressive movement this year - the of activists can bring a clash of - in cherry hill the national abortion rights action league whose goal is to sign up N pro-choice voters targets a union breakfast to build labor support for its cause - the league seem more a fit with a convention next door of young in than the union leaders i wish i could go work out says a slim activist - a labor chief speaks of having to man and woman election day phones - no age group is more sensitive than younger voters like ms. - a year ago this fall new jersey voters under N favored george bush by N N to N N over michael according to a survey then by university 's institute - a matching star poll last month showed a complete reversal - voters in the same age group backed democrat florio N N to N N over republican courter - abortion alone ca n't explain this shift but new jersey is a model of how so personal an issue can become a baseline of sorts in judging a candidate - by a ratio voters appear more at ease with mr. florio 's stance on abortion and polls indicate his lead widens when the candidates are specifically linked to the issue - the times are my times says mr. florio - the county congressman still carries himself with a trademark intensity but at a in newark 's columbus day parade recently he was with his wife in the middle of the avenue in the city 's old ward - after losing by fewer than N votes in the N governor 's race he has prepared himself for this moment including deciding in recent years he could no longer support curbs on federal funding for medicaid abortions - if you 're going to be consistent and say it is a protected right he asks how are you going to say an upscale woman who can drive to the hospital or clinic in a nice car has a constitutional right and someone who is not in great shape financially does not - mr. courter by comparison seems a shadow of the confident who defended oliver north before national cameras at iran-contra hearings two years ago - looking back he says he by his personal opposition to abortion instead of voters that he would n't impose his views on policy as governor - it is a that neither side in the debate - he does n't know himself of the abortion rights league says of mr. courter 's position - even abortion opponents however angry with mr. florio ca n't hide their frustration with the republican 's - he does n't want to lead the people says richard president of new jersey right to life - moreover by stepping outside the state 's pro-choice tradition mr. courter fears that he is too conservative as well on more pressing concerns such as auto insurance rates and the environment - he hurt himself further this summer by bringing homosexual issues into the debate and by on this issue and abortion he has weakened his credibility in what is already a campaign on both sides - elected to congress in N the mr. courter is part of a generation of young conservatives who were once very much in the lead of the shift under mr. reagan - like many of his colleagues he did n't serve in vietnam in the 1960s yet embraced a defense and foreign policy even voting against a N resolution critical of the u.s. mining of nicaraguan harbors - jack kemp and the writers irving and george were influences and mr. courter 's own conservative credentials proved useful to the current new jersey gop governor thomas kean in the N republican primary here - the same partnership is now crucial to mr. courter 's fortunes but the abortion issue is only a reminder of the gap between his record and that of the more moderate pro-choice gov. kean - while the warren county congressman pursued an agenda in washington gov. kean was increased income and sales taxes at home and overseeing a near doubling in the size of new jersey 's budget in his eight years in office - kean forces play down any differences with mr. courter but this history makes it harder for the conservative to run against government - mr. courter 's free-market plan to bring down auto insurance rates met criticism from gov. kean 's own insurance commissioner - mr. courter is further by a record of votes opposed to government regulation on behalf of consumers - in spanish from his days in the peace corps mr. courter actively courts minority voters but seems oddly over his head - he is warm and before a puerto rican congress in park - yet minutes after promising to hispanics to high posts in state government he is unable to say whether he has ever employed any in his congressional office - i do n't think we do now he says - i think we did - asked the same question after his appearance democrat florio a staff member by name and explains her today - when he is presented with a celebrating the organization 's 20th anniversary he recognizes a photograph of one of the and recalls time spent together in - details and are essential florio - elected to congress as a baby in N he ran for governor three years later - in the opinion of many he has n't stopped running since even though he declined a with gov. kean in N - his base in south jersey and on the house energy and commerce committee helped him sustain a network of committees to preserve his edge - with limited budgets for television in a high-priced market mr. florio 's higher recognition than his rival is a major advantage - more than ever his and record is in with the state - auto insurance rates are soaring - a fire destroyed part of an interstate highway this summer - in an important swing area republican now run on a promising to keep the county clean and green - mr. florio this but at age N the congressman is also a product of his times and losses - he speaks for the death penalty as if reading from exodus N to increase state revenue he focuses not on taxes but on audits to cut waste - consultants match ads with mr. courter 's team and mr. florio himself as the lean mean democratic fighting machine of the 1990s - appealing to a young audience he an old reference to and and instead quotes the dead - the chosen long strange night may be an apt to television spots by both candidates intended to each other as a - the democratic fits a pattern of younger reformers arising out of old machines but his ties to remain a point because of the county 's past corruption - his campaign is chosen from elsewhere in the state and faced with criticism of a bank investment he has so far the issue by donating the bulk of his profits to his state college - mr. florio 's on the abortion issue after the webster ruling some of his old constituency - an unlikely but enthusiastic pipe major in an county irish band speaks of mr. florio - i am a catholic says mr. a 40-year-old health officer - i ca n't support him because of abortion - bill sr. N is catholic too but by mr. florio 's stand on abortion - a security guard at a cargo terminal he wears a sons of italy and cap celebrating the us N band - i still think the woman has the right to do with her body as she he says - if you want more opinions ask my wife - she has lots of opinions - consumer prices rose a surprisingly moderate N N in september pushed up mostly by a jump in clothing costs the labor department reported - energy costs which drove wholesale prices up sharply during the month continued to decline at the retail level pulling down transportation and helping to ease housing costs - the report was the news the financial markets had seen since before the stock market plunged more than N points last friday - the dow jones industrial average rallied on the news closing N points higher at N - bond prices also jumped as traders appeared to read the data as a sign that interest rates may fall - but many economists were not nearly as - the climb in wholesale energy prices is certain to push up retail energy prices in the next few months they warned - they also said the dollar is off after a rise this summer that helped to reduce the prices of imported goods - i think inflation is going to pick up through the fall said joel a specialist on inflation who runs an economic consulting firm here - it has been in what i would describe as a for the past several months - we 've had declines in consumer energy prices in each of the past three months and at the wholesale level those are fully behind us now said jay chief domestic economist at bankers trust co. in new york - because wholesale energy prices shot up by a steep N N last month many analysts expected energy prices to rise at the consumer level too - as a result many economists were expecting the consumer price index to increase significantly more than it did - but retail energy prices declined N N in september - though analysts say competition will probably hold down increases in retail energy prices many expect some of the wholesale rise to be passed along to the consumer before the end of the year - still some analysts insisted that the worst of the inflation is behind - it increasingly appears that N was a temporary inflation and not the beginning of a cyclical inflation problem argued edward chief economist at prudential-bache securities inc. in new york - in both N and N consumer prices rose N N - a in world oil prices last winter sent consumer prices soaring at a N N annual rate in the first five months of this year but the subsequent decline in energy prices has pulled the annual rate back down to N N - mr. predicted that world business competition will continue to restrain prices - the bottom line is it seems to me that the economic environment has become very very for a lot of businesses he said - back in N business was operating at fairly tight capacity so businesses felt they could raise prices - now he said a slowdown in economic activity has demand - the mild inflation figures renewed investors ' hopes that the federal reserve will ease its interest-rate stance - the steep climb in producer prices reported last friday about lower interest rates and contributed to the stock market 's N N plunge that day - in the past several days however the u.s. 's central bank has allowed a key interest rate to fall slightly to try to stabilize the markets - analysts say fed policy makers have been wary of credit too much because they were still uncertain about the level of inflation in the economy - excluding the volatile categories of energy and food leaving what some economists call the core inflation rate consumer prices still rose only N N in september - transportation costs actually fell N N and housing costs gained only N N - apparel prices up N N but that was after three months of declines - medical costs continued their steep rising N N after four consecutive months of N N increases - car prices another area that contributed to the steep rise in the wholesale index last month still showed declines at the consumer level - they dropped N N as dealers continued to offer rebates to attract customers - food prices rose N N for the second month in a row far slower than the monthly rises earlier in the year - separately the labor department reported that average weekly earnings rose N N in september after adjusting for inflation following a N N decline in august - all the numbers are adjusted for seasonal fluctuations - here are the seasonally adjusted changes in the components of the labor department 's consumer price index for september - after watching interest in the sport plummet for years the ski industry is trying to give itself a lift - across the country resorts are using everything from to to attract new customers - some have built health business centers and shopping so visitors have more to do than ski - and this week the industry 's efforts will go national for the first time when it a $ N million advertising campaign - such efforts of only a few years ago are the latest attempts to revive the sagging $ N billion u.s. ski industry - since the start of the decade sales have grown only N N a year on average compared with N N annual growth rates in the and - last season sales fell for the first time in seven years - by some estimates nearly a fourth of all u.s. ski areas have been forced to shut down since the early '80s - competition and mounting insurance and equipment costs have been the of many resorts - but another big problem has been the aging of baby boomers - skiing after all has mainly been for the young and and many baby boomers have skiing or have too many family responsibilities to stick with the sport - in its new ad campaign created by d'arcy benton & inc. chicago the ski industry is trying to change its image as a sport primarily for young white people - one tv spot features a diverse group of skiers down senior citizens minorities families with children even a blind - ski school is great out a in a as he down a bunny - you 'll never know you try says a black - we used to show some in his or going over the edge of a says a spokeswoman for the united ski industries association the trade group the campaign - ski promotions have traditionally avoided the touchy issue of safety - but the new commercials deal with it indirectly by showing a woman smiling as she tries to get up from a fall - we wanted to show it 's if you fall says ms. - most people think if you slip you 'll wind up in a body cast - the ad campaign represents an unusual spirit of cooperation among resorts and ski equipment makers normally they only run ads their own products and facilities - but in these crunch times for the ski industry some resorts such as the fire red river and ski areas in new mexico have even started skiers to each other 's and next year plan to sell tickets good for all local - many resorts also are focusing more on the service side of their business - since N N of skiers are parents many are building expanding ski schools and adding entertainment for kids - colo. now has a that looks like an old mining town kids can ski through and pan for fool 's gold - for $ N they can enjoy their own entertainment with dinner without mom and - a few years ago parents usually had to hire a or take turns skiing while one spouse stayed with the children - most parents who had to go through that never came back says michael shannon president of associates inc. which owns and operates the and nearby creek resorts - to make skiing more convenient for visitors several resorts are buying or starting their own travel agencies - in one phone call ski can make hotel and restaurant reservations buy lift tickets rent ski equipment and sign up for - and resorts are adding other such as restaurants health and vacation packages with a twist - during winter carnival week for example visitors at sunday river in maine can take a balloon ride - people these days want something else to do besides ski and sit in the bar says don executive director of fire n.m. 's chamber of commerce - the ski industry hopes to increase the number of skiers by N million to about N million in the next five years with its latest ads and promotions - but some think that 's being overly optimistic - for one thing it may be tough to attract people because skiing is still expensive a lift ticket can cost up to $ N a day and equipment prices are rising - and most still prefer a warm climate for their winter - an american express co. survey of its travel agents revealed that only N N believe their clients will pick a trip this winter based on the availability of winter sports as opposed to N N who think that sports will be the deciding factor - even if they could bring in that many new skiers i do n't know if the industry could handle that kind of an increase says i. william berry editor and publisher of the ski industry letter in n.y - most people will come on the weekend the will be and then these new skiers wo n't come back - they did n't play the third game of the world series on tuesday night as scheduled and they did n't play it on wednesday or thursday either - but you knew that did n't you - they are supposed to play the game next tuesday in candlestick park here - the theory is that the stadium damaged by tuesday 's earthquake will be repaired by then and that people will be able to get there - like just about everything else that remains to be seen - aftershocks could intervene - but at least the law of averages should have swung to the favorable side - it may seem to worry about the world series amid the destruction to the bay area by tuesday 's quake but the name of this column is on sports so i feel obliged to do so - you might be interested to know that baseball not survival appeared to be the first thought of most of the crowd of that had gathered at candlestick at N p.m. tuesday a half-hour before game time when the quake struck - as soon as the tremor passed many people arose and cheered as though it had been a novel kind of show - one fan several rows in front of the open press section where i was faced the assembled and shouted we arranged that just for you guys - i thought and i 'm sure others did you should n't have bothered - i 'd through my only previous with natural disaster a N or so ago near city mich. so i was for one reaction to such things the urge to talk about them - perhaps by the daily diet of radio and tv reporters into people 's faces and asking how they feel about one or another fellow reporters and who my press were eager to - it felt like i was on a station platform and a train went by said one man describing my own reaction - a women said she saw the park 's light standards - a man said he saw the upper - i saw neither - of good sense to the contrary not the general was to believe that the would be brief and that ball would be played - i was near the top of the stadium and saw a steel six feet from where i sat but i stayed put for N or N minutes confessed a friend - i guess i thought this is the world series and i 'm not out - here in the global village though folks do not stay for long - electrical power was out in candlestick park but and television sets were - within a few minutes the true extent of the catastrophe was becoming clear - its richter scale measurement was reported as N then N then N - a section of the bay bridge had collapsed as had a part of interstate highway N in oakland - people had died - at N p.m. scheduled game time having passed some fans let 's play ball - no longer innocent they qualified as - the stadium was ordered soon afterward the announcement made over police cited the power but it later was revealed that there also had been damage of the sort reported by my friend - outside i spotted two young men blocks of concrete - pieces of candlestick they said - the crowd remained good even - tv reporters interviewed fans in the parking lots while a few feet away others watched the interviews on their portable tvs - the only frenzy i saw was commercial selling world series and dated were besieged by fledgling speculators who saw future profit in the items - the traffic out of the park was - it took me a half-hour to move N feet from my parking spot in an outer lot to an and an additional hour to reach an inner roadway a away - the trip to my airport hotel that had taken N minutes earlier in the day took more than three hours - at my hotel the power was out some interior had broken loose and there had been water damage but little else - with a hotel across the street the had been hit harder a large sheet of its concrete and several window were torn away - the staff had set out in the prepared a buffet and passed around and - i fell on the lobby floor next to a man wearing a chicago cubs - i expected him to say i told you so but he already was - the consensus was that the earthquake made the world series seem - my response was that sports rarely are important only and the quake merely that fact - should the rest of the series be played at all - sure - the quake and baseball were n't related unlike the massacre of athletes that attended the N olympics - that heavily event learned nothing from the experience and seems doomed to repeat it - two - this has been widely dubbed the bart series after the local subway line and the bay bridge series - flags fly at for the death of bart the late baseball commissioner and now the bay bridge lies in - a series that was shaping up as the since the diego go of N has become in the least way - still its edge is lost - it now will be played mostly for the record and should be up as quickly as possible without off days - and i will never again complain about a - the disarray in the junk-bond market that began last month with a credit crunch at campeau corp. has offered commercial banks a golden opportunity to play a greater role in financing billion-dollar takeovers - but two big new york banks seem to have kicked those chances away for the moment with the embarrassing failure of citicorp and chase manhattan corp. to deliver $ N billion in bank financing for a leveraged buy-out of united airlines parent ual corp - for more than a decade banks have been pressing congress and banking regulators for expanded powers to act like securities firms in playing wall street 's lucrative takeover game from giving mergers advice all the way to selling and trading high-yield junk bonds - those expanded powers reached their zenith in july when bankers trust new york corp. provided mergers advice an equity investment and bank loans for the $ N billion leveraged buy-out of northwest airlines parent nwa inc - one of the major selling points used by los angeles financier alfred in getting the takeover approved was that the deal did n't include any junk bonds - that was seen as an advantage in lobbying airline employees and washington regulators for approval of the contested takeover - all $ N billion in debt for the deal was supplied by banks - charles nathan of mergers and acquisitions at salomon brothers inc. says it is natural for banks to try to expand beyond their bread-and-butter business of providing senior debt for buy-outs - but the ual collapse he says may tell you it 's not going to work that easily - david a mergers adviser in la jolla calif. who aided los angeles investor marvin davis on the bids which put both ual and nwa in play as takeover candidates this year says that banks have been preparing to play a larger and larger role in acquisition financing - mr. says that in the past banks would normally have N N of a total buy-out price with the loans secured by the target company 's assets - another N N of the borrowed funds would come from the sale to investors of junk bonds which offer less security and typically carry higher yields than bank loans - mr. 's purchase of nwa mr. notes was probably the most aggressive to date with bank debt at N N of the purchase price - but mr. says that citicorp 's failure to deliver on its promise to raise the ual bank debt for a labor-management buy-out group is very to potential users of a letter from commercial banks - his client mr. davis used just such a letter from citicorp in pursuing ual citicorp later agreed to work with a competing ual buy-out group - executives of citicorp and chase manhattan declined to comment on either the ual situation or on the changing nature of banks ' role in financing takeovers - in the wake of campeau 's problems prices of junk bonds tumbled throwing into doubt the ability of corporate to finance large takeovers with the help of junk bond sales - mark senior managing director at manufacturers hanover trust co. says the in junk bonds may yet open new business opportunities to banks in takeovers - but he warns that banks will have to have enough discipline not to make loans that are too risky - in fact manufacturers hanover said in its third-quarter earnings report that fees from loans to other banks dropped N N to $ N million - we did n't take part in a lot of deals because their credit quality was poor says a bank spokesman - james b. lee head of and private at chemical banking corp. said he believes banks can still make a credible offer of shopping for takeover finance - as evidence he cites yesterday 's arrangement for the final financing of a $ N billion bid for american medical international inc. in which chemical served as both the lead bank and an equity investor - beyond the current weakness in the junk bond market banks have another advantage over investment banks in financing contested takeovers - arthur jr. a takeover lawyer at fried frank harris & jacobson notes that a political and emotional bias has developed against junk bonds - one hostile bidder who deliberately avoided using junk bonds was paramount communications inc. in its initial offer to acquire time inc. for $ N billion or $ N a share - a paramount spokesman says that decision was based on the financial not political of junk bonds - but some observers believe paramount chairman martin davis wanted to avoid the possible of being perceived as a corporate raider in his controversial bid for time - in the end mr. davis used junk bonds so that he could raise paramount 's bid to $ N a share - some said the initial lower bid without junk bonds was a factor in his losing the company - time paramount by acquiring warner communications inc - the success of the nwa financing and the failure of the ual deal also seem to highlight the important new role in takeover financing being played by japanese banks - japanese banks accounted for N N of the nwa bank debt according to a report by transportation secretary samuel skinner - but it was rejection by japanese banks that helped seal the fate of the attempt to buy ual - citicorp and chase are attempting to put together a new lower bid - chief economist of the institute for financial affairs inc. a tokyo research center on finance and economics says the junk bond market became very jittery and there 's a fear of a coming recession and the possible bankruptcy of lbo companies - inc. filed suit in federal court here alleging that a group that holds N N of its stock made false deceptive and misleading statements in recent regulatory filings and public announcements - 's complaint claims that the group led by investor malcolm i. glazer violated securities laws by failing to disclose plans to purchase N N of the company 's shares outstanding and that when the required hart-scott-rodino filing eventually was made it did n't disclose the group 's alleged earlier violation of the so-called requirements of the law - mr. glazer could n't immediately be reached to comment - but when last week publicly questioned the of the group 's filing procedures the rochester n.y. investor said we with every law and he denied any wrongdoing - the glazer group said in a securities and exchange commission filing in early october that it may seek a controlling interest in or seek representation on the company 's board - has said it does n't intend to be acquired by the glazer group or any other party - inland steel industries inc. battered by lower volume and higher costs posted a N N drop in third-quarter earnings - the nation 's steelmaker earned $ N million or N cents a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier when the industry was enjoying peak demand and strong pricing - sales fell to $ N million from $ N billion - the earnings also mark a significant drop from the second quarter 's $ N million or $ N a share - moreover the earnings were well below analysts ' expectations of about $ N a share - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange inland closed yesterday at $ N a share down $ N - the company attributed the earnings drop to lower volume related to seasonal demand and the soft consumer durable market especially in the automotive sector - however the company also lost orders because of prolonged labor talks in the second quarter - third-quarter shipments slipped N N from the year-ago period and N N from this year 's second quarter - profit of steel shipped for the company 's steel segment slid to $ N a ton from $ N a ton a year earlier and $ N a ton a quarter earlier - analysts noted that the disappointing results do n't reflect lower prices for steel products - charles bradford an analyst with merrill lynch capital markets said higher prices for galvanized and products offset lower prices for bar and structural steel - structural steel which primarily serves the construction market was especially hurt by a N N price drop mr. bradford said - the company said its integrated steel sector was also hurt by higher raw material repair and maintenance and labor costs - the increased labor costs became effective aug. N under terms of the four-year labor agreement with the united steelworkers union - meanwhile the company 's service center segment which saw operating profit drop to $ N million from $ N million a year ago experienced much of the same demand and cost problems as well as start-up costs associated with a processing facility in chicago and an upgraded computer information system - inland chairman frank w. said the company 's short-term outlook is by uncertainties in the economy and financial markets - however he noted that steel mill bookings are up from early summer levels and that he expects the company to improve its cost performance in the fourth quarter - in the first nine months profit was $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion compared with $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion a year earlier - the seismic activity of a financial market bears a to the seismic activity of the earth - when things are quiet low volatility the structures on which markets stand can be relatively inefficient and still perform their functions adequately - however when powerful forces start shaking the market 's structure the more it is the better its chance for survival - america 's financial markets do not yet have all the required modern features required to make them fully - investors lack equal access to the markets ' trading arena and its information - that structural lack is crucial because investors are the only source of market liquidity - and liquidity is what markets need to damp and aftershocks - in today 's markets specialists on the new york stock exchange and market makers in the over-the-counter market are the only market participants allowed to play a direct role in the process - when they halt trading all market liquidity is gone - and when any component of the market cash futures or options loses liquidity the price discovery system the way prices are determined becomes flawed or is lost entirely for a time - last friday the 13th as well as two years ago this week the markets became - when that happened seismic tremors of fear much like the shock waves created by an earthquake through the market and increased the market 's volatility - lack of important needed information can cause fear - fear is the father of panic - panic frequently results in behavior - and in financial markets behavior is sometimes translated into catastrophe - when market tremors start it is crucial that as much information about transaction prices and the curve buy and sell orders at various prices be made available to all not just to market makers - because of a lack of information and access many investors including the very ones whose buying power could restore stability and damp volatility are forced to stand on the sidelines when they are most needed because of their ignorance of important market information - to add power to america 's markets a modern electronic trading system should be implemented that permits equal access to the trading arena and the information that would automatically such access by investors particularly institutional investors - contrary to some opinions the trading activities of specialists and other market makers do not provide liquidity to the market as a whole - what market makers provide is a very valuable service - liquidity is not a service - it is a market attribute the ability to absorb selling orders without causing significant price changes in the absence of news - market makers buy what investors wish to sell their business is these unwanted positions as quickly as possible to other investors and at a profit - as a result while any one customer may purchase by selling to a market maker which is for the investor the market as a whole remains in the same circumstances it was before the transaction the unwanted position is still an unwanted position only the identity of the seller has changed - in fact it can be argued that increasing capital commitments by market makers a result of some crash studies also increases market volatility since the more securities are held by market makers at any given time the more selling pressure is the market - in an open electronic system any investor to pay for access to the trading arena through a registered broker-dealer would be able to see the entire curve buy and sell orders at each price entered by dealers and investors alike and to enter and execute orders - current quotations would reflect the combined financial judgment of all market participants not just those of who become extremely during times of crisis - investors and professionals alike would compete on the level playing field congress sought and called a national market system not yet achieved almost N years ago when it passed the securities reform act of N - last friday 's market gyrations did not result in severe aftershocks - were we smart or just lucky - i 'm not certain - but i am sure we need to maximize our earthquake protection by making certain that our market structures let investors add their mighty power to our nation 's markets - mr. is chairman of his own consulting company in n.j - now you see it now you do n't - the recession that is - the economy 's steps leave investors wondering whether things are slowing down or speeding up - so often are government statistics revised that they seem to resemble a weather - for the past seven years investors have had the wind at their backs in the form of a generally growing economy - some may have forgotten and some younger ones may never have experienced what it 's like to invest during a recession - different tactics are called for as losing money becomes easier and making money becomes tougher - for those investors who believe or fear that N will be a recession year many economists and money managers agree on steps that can be taken to lower the risks in a portfolio - in a pros advise investors who expect a slowdown to hold fewer stocks than usual and to favor shares of big companies in defensive industries - a heavy of cash is prescribed along with a to bonds government bonds - it 's to think these defensive steps can be delayed until a recession is clearly at hand - but that may not be possible because recessions often take investors by surprise - they always seem to come a bit later than you expect - when they do hit they hit fast says david a. wyss chief financial economist at the data resources division of mcgraw-hill inc - though he himself does n't expect a recession soon mr. wyss advises people who do that the best thing to be in is long that is 20-year to 30-year treasury bonds - the reason is simple mr. wyss says interest rates almost always decline during recession - as surely as a falling interest rates force up the price of previously issued bonds - they are worth more because they pay higher interest than newly issued bonds do - that effect holds true for both short-term and long-term bonds - but short-term bonds ca n't rise too much because everyone knows they will be redeemed at a price fairly soon - long-term bonds with many years left before maturity swing more widely in price - but not just any bonds will do - corporate bonds are usually not a good bet in a recession mr. wyss says - as times get tougher investors about whether companies will have enough money to pay their debts - this the price of corporate bonds - also he notes most corporate bonds are callable - that means that a corporation after a specified amount of time has passed can buy back its bonds by paying investors the face value plus in some cases a - when interest rates have dropped it makes sense for corporations to do just that they then save on interest costs - but the investors are left with money to reinvest at a time when interest rates are - if corporate bonds are bad in recessions junk bonds are likely to be the worst of all - it 's an necessity to get out of junk bonds when a recession is in the says professor of finance at cornell university - such bonds are very sensitive to the downside and this could be a disaster - municipal bonds are generally a bit safer than corporate bonds in a recession but not as safe as bonds issued by the federal government - during an economic slump local tax revenues often go down raising the risks associated with at least some municipals - and like many municipal bonds are callable - but a few experts going against the consensus do n't think bonds would help investors even if a recession is in the - one of these is jeffrey l. beach director of research for & co. a brokerage house in houston who thinks that we 're either in a recession or about to go into one - what 's more he thinks this could be a recession than usual once the downturn comes it 's going to be very hard to reverse - investors he advises should be cautious holding fewer stocks than usual and also bonds - because he sees a N N to N N base rate of inflation in the economy he doubts that interest rates will fall much any time soon - instead mr. beach says investors probably should be carrying a very high level of cash by which he means such so-called cash equivalents as money-market funds and treasury bills - president of financial inc. in pa. also recommends that investors go heavily for cash - he is n't sure a recession is coming but says the other likely alternative inflation is just as bad - this late in an expansion the economy tends to off either into damaging inflation or into a recession mr. says - the federal reserve board 's plan for a soft landing he says requires the fed to an - a soft landing is n't something that can be achieved once and for all mr. adds - it has to be engineered over and over again month after month - he believes that the task facing fed chairman alan greenspan is so difficult that it resembles a and a saw - and in a sense that 's the kind of task individuals face in deciding what to do about stocks the mainstay of most serious investors ' portfolios - it comes down to a question of whether to try to time the market - for people who can ride out market waves through good times and bad stocks have been rewarding long-term investments - most studies show that investors historically have earned an annual return from stocks of N N to N N including both dividends and price appreciation - that 's well above what bonds or bank certificates have paid - moreover because no one knows for sure just when a recession is coming some analysts think investors should n't even worry too much about timing - trying to time the economy is a mistake says david katz chief investment officer of value management inc. in new york - mr. katz notes that some economists have been predicting a recession for at least two years - investors who and up on stocks have just hurt themselves he says - mr. katz adds that people who jump in and out of the stock market need to be right about N N of the time to beat a strategy - frequent trading runs up high commission costs - and the might miss the sudden that account for much of the stock market 's gains over time - still few investors are able to sit tight when they are convinced a recession is coming - after all in all five recessions since N stocks declined - according to davis president of davis research inc. in fla. the average drop in the dow jones industrial average was about N N and the decrease began an average of six months before a recession officially started - by the time a recession is official two consecutive quarters of declining gross national product much of the damage to stocks has already been done and in the typical case the recession is already half over - about six months before a recession ends stocks typically begin to rise again as investors anticipate a recovery - the average recession lasts about a year - unfortunately though recessions vary enough in length so that the average ca n't be used to guide investors in timing stock sales or purchases - but whatever their advice about timing none of these experts recommend stocks entirely during a recession - for the portion of an investor 's portfolio that stays in stocks professionals have a number of suggestions - mr. katz advocates issues with low price-earnings ratios that is low prices in to the company 's earnings per share - low stocks he says outperform others during a recession or bear market - in good times he says they lag a bit but overall they provide superior performance - prof. urges investors to stocks in small companies - shares typically fall more than stocks in a recession he says - and in any case he argues stocks of small companies are almost as as they were sept. N N just before the crash - for example mr. says stocks of small companies are selling for about N times cash flow - cash flow basically earnings plus depreciation is one common gauge of a company 's financial health - that ratio is close to the ratio of N that prevailed before the N stock-market crash mr. says - and it 's way above the ratio N times cash flow that bigger companies are selling for - another major in making a portfolio is choosing stocks in defensive industries - food tobacco drugs and utilities are the classic examples - recession or not people still eat smoke and take medicine when they 're sick - george iii editor of turnaround letter in boston offers one final tip for investors - keep some money available for opportunities he says - if the recession does hit there will be some great investment opportunities just when things seem the - mr. dorfman covers investing issues from the wall street journal 's new york bureau - some industry groups consistently weather the storm better than others - the following shows the number of times these industries outperformed the standard & poor 's 500-stock index during the first six months of the past seven recessions - bond prices posted strong gains as investors went on a bargain hunt - but while the overall market improved the new-issue junk-bond market continued to count even as junk-bond prices rose - yesterday prudential-bache securities inc. said it postponed a $ N million senior subordinated debenture offering by york international corp - and donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. scrambled to restructure and improve the potential returns on a $ N million debenture offering by chicago & north western acquisition corp. that was still being negotiated late last night - the issue by chicago & north western is one of the so-called good junk-bond offerings on the new-issue calendar - some analysts said the restructuring of the railroad concern 's issue shows how tough it is for underwriters to sell even the junk bonds of a company considered to be a relatively good credit risk - since last week 's junk-bond market debacle many new issues of high-yield high-risk corporate bonds have either been scaled back delayed or dropped - on wednesday drexel burnham lambert inc. had to slash the size of continental airlines ' junk-bond offering to $ N million from $ N million - salomon brothers inc. has delayed grand union co. 's $ N billion junk-bond offering while it the transaction - last week the grand union offering was sweetened to include warrants that allow bondholders to acquire common stock - prudential-bache said the york issue was delayed because of market conditions - everything is going through right now and chicago & north western is no exception said vice president high-yield research at citicorp - portfolio managers say like equity and may increasingly be required to sell junk-bond deals - dan baldwin managing director of high-yield investments at chancellor capital management said the chicago & north western offering was restructured in part because several large insurance buyers right now are demanding equity as part of the package - if you 're going to take the risk in this market you want something extra - mr. baldwin likes the offering - but several mutual-fund managers nervous about the deteriorating quality of their junk-bond portfolios and shy about buying new issues said they 're staying away from any junk security that is n't considered first rate for its class - while they consider the chicago & north western issue to be good they do n't view it as the best - to lure buyers to the chicago & north western bonds portfolio managers said donaldson lufkin sweetened the transaction by offering the bonds with a interest rate and a N N equity - the bonds are expected to have a N N N coupon rate - the equity arrangement apparently would allow bondholders to buy a total of N N of the stock of cnw corp. chicago & north western 's parent company - donaldson lufkin declined to comment on the restructuring - according to some analysts familiar with the negotiations the N N of equity would come directly from donaldson lufkin and a fund affiliated with the investment bank blackstone group which would reduce their cnw equity holdings by N N each - that would leave the blackstone fund with a N N stake and donaldson lufkin with N N - despite the problems with new issues high-yield bonds showed gains in the secondary or market - junk bonds ended about one-half point higher with so-called high-quality issues from rjr capital holdings corp. and gas service limited partnership rising one point - in the treasury market the benchmark 30-year bond rose point or $ N for each $ N face amount - the gain reflects fresh economic evidence that inflation is while the economy - that raised hopes that interest rates will continue to move lower - the labor department reported that consumer prices rose just N N last month slightly lower than some economists had expected - but there were also rumors yesterday that several japanese institutional investors were shifting their portfolios and buying long-term bonds while selling treasurys - short-term treasury securities ended narrowly mixed with two-year notes posting slight declines while three-year notes were slightly higher - yesterday the fed executed four-day matched sales a technical trading operation designed to drain reserves from the banking system - the move was interpreted by some economists as a sign that the fed does n't want the federal funds rate to move any lower than the N N N at which it has been around during the past week - the closely watched funds rate is what banks charge each other on overnight loans - it is considered an early signal of fed credit policy changes - the fact that they did four-day matched sales means they are not in a mood to ease aggressively - they are telling us that N N N is as low as they want to see the fed funds rate said robert at bank plc - treasury securities - the benchmark 30-year bond was quoted late at a price of N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N wednesday - the latest 10-year notes were quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - short-term rates rose yesterday - the discount rate on three-month treasury bills rose to N N from N N wednesday while the rate on six-month bills rose to N N from N N - meanwhile the treasury sold $ N billion of 52-week bills yesterday - the average yield on the bills was N N down from N N at the previous 52-week bill auction sept. N - yesterday 's yield was the lowest since N N on july N - here are details of the auction - rates are determined by the difference between the purchase price and face value - thus higher bidding narrows the investor 's return while lower bidding widens it - the percentage rates are calculated on a year while the yield is based on a year - corporate issues - junk bond price climbed yesterday despite in the new-issue market for high-yield securities - dealers said junk bond issues on average were up by N to N point with so-called quality issues from rjr capital holdings corp. and gas service limited partnership posting gains - gas service 's N N N debentures traded at N after trading around par earlier this week and rjr 's N N N subordinated debentures of N were at N N after trading at below par earlier this week - investment-grade bonds were unchanged - municipals - activity was brisk in the high-grade general obligation market as a series of sell lists hit the street and capped upward price movement in the sector - traders estimated that more than $ N million of high-grade bonds was put up for sale via lists circulated by a handful of major brokers - there was speculation that the supply was coming from a commercial bank 's portfolios - according to market participants the bonds were met with decent bids but the volume of paper left high grades in the 10-year and under maturity range unchanged to N percentage point higher in yield - away from the general obligation sector activity was modest - long dollar bonds were flat to up N point - new jersey turnpike authority 's N N issue of N was up N at N N bid to yield about N N down N percentage point - the debt of some california issuers pulled off lows reached after tuesday 's massive earthquake although traders said market participants remained cautious - california expects to rely on federal emergency funds and its $ N billion in general fund reserves to meet the estimated $ N million to $ N billion in damages resulting from the quake according to a state official - it 's also unclear precisely how the state will rebuild its reserve said katz assistant director of california 's department of finance although she noted that a bond offering for that purpose is n't anticipated - meanwhile new issuance was slow - the largest sale in the competitive arena was a $ N million issue of school financing bonds from the virginia public school authority - a balance of $ N million remained in late according to the lead manager - mortgage-backed securities - mortgage securities generally ended N to N point higher but lagged gains in the treasury market because of a shift in the shape of the treasury yield curve and rumored mortgage sales by thrifts - premium government national mortgage association securities with coupon rates of N N and higher actually declined amid concerns about increased prepayments because of a plan being considered by congress to speed the refinancing of mortgages - ginnie mae N N securities were down about N at N N - if the refinancing plan clears congress there could be fairly heavy prepayments on the premium securities hurting any investor paying much above par for them - in the sector a shift in the treasury yield curve resulting from the better performance of issues over securities hurt major coupons because it will become more difficult to structure new derivative securities offerings - ginnie mae N N securities ended at N N up N and federal home loan mortgage corp. N N securities were at N N up N - the ginnie mae N N issue was yielding N N to a 12-year average life assumption as the spread above the treasury 10-year note widened N percentage point to N - while remic issuance may slow in the coming days because of the shift in the treasury yield curve underwriters continued to out new real estate mortgage investment structured when the yield curve was more favorable - two new remics totaling $ N million were announced by freddie mac yesterday - foreign bonds - british government bonds ended little changed as investors an economic policy address last night by chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson - the treasury N N N bond due N was down N at N N to yield N N while the N N N notes due N were unchanged at N N to yield N N - in japan the bellwether no. N N N bond of N ended off N at N to yield N N and in west germany the N N benchmark issue due october N ended N point lower at N to yield N N - the approaches makes his pitch - it may be he wants money for food or his sister is at this very moment near death in he has lost his and has only $ N in change to put toward a bus ticket costing $ N and wo n't you give him the difference - no - well how about a loan he 'll take your name and address - figuring that their money would more likely go toward a bottle of night train express most people have little trouble saying no to like this - but healthy skepticism when they are by an organized charity to help fight cancer child abuse or what have you - most see little reason to doubt that their cash will go toward these noble goals - but will it - in a number of cases no - in fact the sometimes might be better off giving the money to the at least he has no overhead and he might even be telling the truth - last year more than $ N billion was donated to the nation 's N charities - while the vast bulk of it was indeed spent by reputable organizations on the good works it was raised for it 's equally true that a sizable was consumed in expenses claimed by other operators including fraudulent expenses - in many cases the costs claimed were so high that only a of cash was left for the beneficiaries - it 's impossible to say exactly how much of the total charity is by fund-raising costs operators and downright fraud - but the problem clearly is widespread and persistent - state law enforcers can barely keep up with charity scams and reports from groups such as the council of better business bureaus are not encouraging - the advisory service of the reviews hundreds of new charities every year measuring them against minimum standards for accountability for and honesty in solicitation and for percentage of funds actually going to work for which the charity was supposedly established - the service figures at least half of the money taken in should be spent on program - roughly a third of the charities reviewed the test - which it should be added does n't prevent the charities from in a lot of money anyway - without a and a subpoena it 's often hard to sort out causes from if all you 've got to go on is the solicitation itself - on this basis there 's no way the average person can know a good charity from a bad one says david an assistant attorney general in connecticut - a lot of just get taken - including those he contends who put about $ N million into the for the connecticut association of concerned veterans and the vietnam veterans service center - the state has sued these charities in state court complaining that much of the money was grossly N N says mr. went to fund and most of the rest to the people who ran the charities and to their for fur coats trips to florida restaurant - the telephone number for the charity in conn. has been and the former officials could n't be located - running a charity does cost money but reputable organizations manage to get the lion 's share of donations out to where they are really needed - the foundation the american cancer society and the united way of america all say that they spend roughly N N of their income on programs not overhead - with some other charities however it s the other way around - the fledgling national children 's cancer society for example took in $ N million last year to finance transplants for children - by the time it paid its expenses it only had $ N left not enough to treat even one child - the state of illinois is suing the charity for fraud in chicago along with marketing inc. its fund - both deny wrongdoing - the charity admits spending a lot on fund raising but says that was necessary to establish a base it can tap at much lower cost in years to come - michael burns president of says his concern has only benefited from the publicity surrounding the case noting that three other charities have signed on as clients because they were impressed with the amount he raised for national children 's - meanwhile a state court judge has allowed the charity to go on soliciting funds - enforcers ca n't put charities out of business simply because they spend the lion 's share of their income on fund raising - state laws previously used as a minimum of income usually half that had to be spent on the program rather than overhead but these have been by the u.s. supreme court - it has ruled that such laws might work to fund raising which would amount to limiting the charities ' right to freedom of expression - this puts upon enforcers the burden of proving outright fraud or and such actions have been brought against hundreds of charities recently - the attorney general 's office in connecticut alone has put seven of them out of business over the past couple of years and the enforcement drive is continuing there and elsewhere - in making cases the authorities frequently zero in on alleged made by the charities ' fund - illinois for instance currently has under investigation N of the N companies up funds for charities soliciting there - enforcers pay special attention to operators using prizes as an additional to give - attorneys general in several states including illinois are already suing watson & co. an outfit that they say has used deceptive ads to donations for the american heart disease foundation and the cancer fund of america - according to the illinois attorney general 's suit watson & sent indicating that recipients were guaranteed cash prizes and could win up to an additional $ N on top of them if they contributed as little as $ N - but the total value of the prizes was only $ N and most winners will receive just N cents according to the attorney general 's office - the suit is still pending in illinois state court - watson & has denied the allegations in court officials decline to comment further - while they can target some of the most obvious enforcers concede that they are only the surface - there are so many used by so many dubious operators they say that it is probably impossible to stop them all - one maneuver the public education - the solicitation material indicates that donations will go toward a campaign and the public about some health or other issue - what it does n't say is that the entire campaign may be the fund-raising letter itself - all too often this will merely be a statement on the solicitation such as do n't smoke or wear says william webster attorney general of missouri - by putting these statements on the hundreds of thousands of dollars are claimed to have been spent on education to consumers when in fact this represents the costs of sending the newsletters - mr. webster cites a mailing from the united cancer council that offers a chance to win $ N in gold bullion to those giving as little as $ N to cancer education - a few warnings about cancer appear but that 's only two inches in all four pages - i think some people may believe they 're helping fund a massive tv and print campaign but we could n't find that the charity does anything except write these letters he says - officials at the washington charity did n't return repeated phone calls - many charities ride the of the biggest best-known and most reputable ones by adopting names similar to theirs - the established charities are bothered by this but say they can do little about it - we ca n't police the many organizations that have up in the last few years using part of our name - most of them do n't last for long but in the meantime all we can do is tell people they are n't connected with us says a spokeswoman for the american heart association - and sometimes a reputable charity with a household name gets used and does n't even know it - a couple in ill. raised $ N earlier this year using the name and of mothers against drunk driving without permission from the group - did n't learn of the fund raising until the couple sent it a check for $ N along with a letter saying that was the charity 's share - the illinois attorney general won a court order to prevent the couple from raising further funds without 's permission - the couple could n't be reached for comment and apparently have left law enforcement officials report - mcdonald a spokeswoman for says it 's scary because anybody could do this - mr. johnson is a staff reporter in the wall street journal 's chicago bureau - overhead costs at some of the largest charities in millions of dollars - british airways plc a crucial participant in the proposed buy-out of ual corp. its hands of the current efforts to revive a bid for the parent of united airlines - specifically the british carrier said it currently has no plans to participate in any new offer for ual - in addition british air officially withdrew its support for the previous $ 300-a-share bid in a statement that said the original deal is closed - company officials said later that british airways believes its involvement in the ual buy-out ended last friday when the buy-out group which also includes ual 's management and pilot union failed to obtain financing for the $ N billion transaction - the carrier stopped short of saying it would n't at some point reconsider participating in any new bid for ual - however company officials said they plan to take no initiatives to the transaction and are n't aware of any restructured bid in the making - the statements raised questions about whether a new bid for ual will ever get off the ground - the transaction has had a series of setbacks since the financing problems became known last friday with no signs or statements from the buy-out group to indicate that any progress has taken place - however in response to the british air decision united 's pilot union vowed to continue efforts to revive the buy-out - pilot union chairman frederick c. said advisers to ual management and the union will begin meeting in new york today and will work through the weekend to devise a new proposal to present to ual 's board at the earliest time possible - pilot union advisers appeared confident that a new bid could go forward even without british air 's participation - ual declined to comment on british air 's statement - ual chairman stephen m. wolf who is leading the management end of the buy-out has n't provided investors with any assurances about the prospect of a new deal - in another setback yesterday united 's union asked the treasury department to investigate whether certain aspects of the original buy-out proposal violated tax laws - in an effort to the buy-out the union has already called for investigations by the securities and exchange commission transportation department and labor department - but there was one bright spot yesterday - the united union agreed to negotiations that could lead to the flight attendants contributing concessions to a revived bid in exchange for an ownership stake - the pilot union the only one to support the buy-out thus far said the flight attendants ' decision our belief that an owned airline is practical and - still without the assurance of british airways ' financial backing it will be tougher for the buy-out group to convince banks to make loan commitments for a revised bid especially since british air 's original investment represented N N of the cash equity contribution for the bid - under the previous plan british air would have received a N N stake in ual in exchange for a $ N million equity investment with a N N stake going to ual employees and N N to ual management - british air officials said the airline 's chairman lord king was concerned about news reports indicating that british air might be willing to participate in a bid that included a lower purchase price and better investment terms for the british carrier - the previous reports were based on remarks by british air 's chief financial officer stevens who said any revised bid would have to include a lower purchase price to reflect the sharp drop in ual 's stock in the past week - ual stock dropped $ N yesterday to $ N on volume of N shares in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - ual declined to comment on british air 's statement - in an interview wednesday with dow jones professional investor report mr. stevens said we 're in no way committed to a deal going through at all - we 're not rushing into anything - we do n't want to be party to a second rejection - indeed british air seemed to be itself from the troubled transaction early in an effort to avoid any further embarrassment - the original transaction fell through on the same day british air shareholders approved the plan at a special meeting after the british succeeded in arranging the financing for its equity contribution - the carrier also seemed eager to place blame on its american counterparts - the buy-out consortium to exist because our american partners were not capable of organizing the financing a british air spokesman said - british airways may have begun to have second thoughts about the transaction after the transportation department forced northwest 's airlines ' new owners to restructure the equity contribution of royal dutch airlines in that carrier - most of the department 's statements since the northwest transaction indicated it planned to curtail foreign ownership stakes in u.s. carriers - even before british air 's announcement pilot union leaders had been meeting in chicago yesterday to consider their options - the leaders expressed support for trying to revive the bid following a briefing wednesday by the union 's advisers lazard & co. and paul weiss & garrison - they also unanimously mr. the union chairman who has led the pilots ' N 1\/2-year fight to take control of the airline - ual 's advisers have indicated previously that it may take a while to come forward with a revised plan since they want to have firm bank commitments before launching a new bid - they have maintained that banks remain interested in financing the transaction - the buy-out fell through after citicorp and chase manhattan corp. the lead banks in the transaction failed to obtain $ N billion in financing needed for the plan - italy 's industrial wholesale sales index rose N N in june from a year earlier the state statistical institute istat said - the june increase compared with a rise of N N in may from a year earlier - domestic wholesale sales rose N N from a year earlier while foreign sales jumped N N istat said - for the first six months wholesale sales rose N N from the year before reflecting to a N N jump in domestic sales and a N N boost in foreign sales - sales of capital goods to foreign and domestic increased N N in the period from a year earlier - sales of consumer goods rose N N in the same period while sales of intermediate goods were up N N from a year ago - senate democrats a cut in the capital-gains tax have decided under pressure from their leaders not to offer their own proposal placing another obstacle in the path of president bush 's legislative priority - a core group of six or so democratic senators has been working behind the scenes to develop a proposal to reduce the tax on the gain from the sale of assets - the plan was complete except for finishing and there was talk that it would be unveiled as early as yesterday - but senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine a vigorous opponent of the capital-gains tax cut called the group to meet with him wednesday night and again yesterday - sen. mitchell urged them to - afterward leaders of the dissident democrats and said they would n't offer their own proposal as they had planned - the decision is a setback for president bush who needs the support of democrats to pass the tax cut through the senate - having a proposal sponsored by democrats would have given the president an advantage - having only a republican measure makes the task harder - still sen. bob packwood r. ore. the lead sponsor of the republican capital-gains amendment predicted that the tax cut would be enacted this year - he said a clear majority of senators back the tax reduction and that ultimately there would be enough senators to overcome any procedural hurdle the democratic leadership might - but sen. mitchell buoyed by his victory among fellow democrats strongly disagreed - mr. mitchell has been predicting that the president 's initiative would fail this year - yesterday in an interview he added that the democrats ' decision increases the likelihood that a capital-gains tax cut will not pass this year - mr. mitchell 's first victory came last week when the senate passed a deficit-reduction bill that did n't contain a capital-gains provision - that vote made it unlikely that a capital-gains tax cut would be included in the final bill now being drafted by house and senate negotiators - the house version of the bill does include the tax cut - now republican leaders are concentrating on a capital-gains amendment to some other bill perhaps a measure raising the federal borrowing limit or a second tax bill that would follow on the heels of the deficit-reduction legislation - to help lay the for that fight president bush plans early next week to meet at the white house with some N democratic senators who favor cutting the capital-gains tax or are on the issue - the president apparently will have only one bill to push sen. packwood 's and at least some of the dissident democrats plan to support it - i may want to offer additional amendments to improve it when the bill comes to the floor said sen. david boren d. okla. a leader of those democrats - the packwood plan as expected would allow individuals to exclude from income N N of the gain from the sale of a capital asset held for more than one year - the exclusion would rise five percentage points for each year the asset was held until it reached a maximum of N N after seven years - the exclusion would apply to assets sold after oct. N - as an alternative taxpayers could chose to reduce their gains by an inflation index - for corporations the top tax rate on the sale of assets held for more than three years would be cut to N N from the current top rate of N N - that rate would gradually decline to as little as N N for corporate assets held for N years - the packwood plan also would include a proposal designed by sen. william roth r. del. that would create new tax benefits for individual retirement accounts - the roth plan would create a new ira from which money could be withdrawn tax-free not only for retirement but also for the purchase of a first home education expenses and medical expenses - current iras could be rolled over into the new iras but would be subject to tax though no penalty - westmoreland coal co. benefits of a sustained effort to cut costs and boost productivity reported sharply improved third-quarter results - the producer and marketer of coal said net income for the quarter was $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - for the year-earlier period the company reported a loss of $ N or six cents a share - in the latest nine months the company earned $ N million or $ N a share - last year 's net loss of $ N included a benefit of $ N from an accounting change - revenue for the nine months rose to $ N million from $ N million - in an interview hutchinson president and chief executive cited several reasons for the improvement higher employee productivity and good natural conditions in the mines as well as lower costs for materials administrative overhead and debt interest - in the latest nine months mr. hutchinson said total coal sales rose to about N million tons from about N million tons a year earlier - in addition long-term debt has been trimmed to about $ N million from $ N million since jan. N - he predicted the debt ratio will improve further in coming quarters - westmoreland 's strategy is to retain and expand its core business of mining and selling coal in the region - the operating territory includes coal terminals on the ohio river and in newport news va - westmoreland exports about a fourth of its coal including a significant amount of coal produced by others that is used by steelmakers overseas - for the past couple of years westmoreland has undertaken an aggressive streamlining of all aspects of its business - marginal operations and assets have been sold - the size of the company 's board has been reduced to eight directors from N - about N management jobs and hundreds of hourly wage positions have been eliminated - even have been reduced - for example the chief executive himself now pays N N of the cost of his health benefits the company used to pay N N - i think the ship is now the are pumped and we are on course mr. hutchinson said of the restructuring program - much of what we set out to do is completed - but he cautioned that westmoreland 's third quarter is typically better than the fourth so investors should n't just the third quarter by four and assume the same rate of improvement can be sustained - one difference he said is that the fourth quarter has significantly fewer because of holidays and the hunting season - i do n't want to give the impression that everybody can relax now he said - we have to keep working at improving our core business to stay efficient - it 's a process that never really ends - nevertheless mr. hutchinson predicted that N would be profitable for westmoreland and that N would bring more of the same - for all of N the company reported an after-tax operating loss of $ N on revenue of $ N million - an accounting adjustment made net income $ N million or N cents a share - in a move that the company 's basic strategy its westmoreland energy inc. unit is developing four plants with a partner in virginia - some of the coal the plants buy will come from westmoreland mines - mr. hutchinson predicted that the unit 's contribution to company results in the 1990s will be exciting - he said westmoreland is looking at investment stakes in other plants east of the mississippi river - westmoreland expects energy demand to grow annually in the N N range in the early 1990s - we see coal 's piece of the action growing mr. hutchinson said - coal prices while not will grow modestly in real terms we think - chase manhattan corp. after trying unsuccessfully to sell its interest in its lower manhattan operations building has exercised its option to purchase the office tower - chase had purchased an option to buy the building at one new york plaza for an undisclosed sum from the late atlas as part of its original lease in N - the current transaction cost the bank approximately $ N million - of that amount $ N million was payment for the land the building and the rest was for the building itself - the building houses about N chase workers most of whom will be moved to downtown brooklyn after the bank 's new back office center is completed in N - the move is part of chase 's strategy to consolidate its back offices under one - the headquarters is located a few blocks away at N chase manhattan plaza - as part of its decision to leave the building chase tried to sell its interest along with the atlas estate 's interest shortly after the october N stock market crash - chase senior vice president george said the bank decided to exercise its option after bids fell short of expectations - he said chase and the atlas estate were looking to sell the entire building for $ N million to $ N million but did n't get an offer for more than $ N million - as the building 's new owner chase will have its work cut out for it - chase is N million square feet of space and salomon brothers inc. whose headquarters is in the building also plans to move shortly - in addition another major building thomson inc. 's thomson securities likely will the premises as part of its liquidation - new york real estate brokerage edward s. gordon co. will have the difficult task of finding new tenants - even with its striking views of the new york harbor the building is considered by modern office standards - and chase will have to spend approximately $ N million to remove asbestos from the premises - wall street shake hands with george - the author of the novel N invented a language called that made it impossible to fully develop a thought that is anything negative about the policies and practices of the state - wall street has n't gotten that far yet but it has made a promising start - its language call it is increasingly reassuring and designed to make financial products and appear better safer or cheaper than they really are - when something nasty happens a few are deployed to simply make it disappear much as a fresh grave may be covered by a blanket of flowers - for example we 'll bet you thought that the stock market two years ago - wrong - according to some of the grand of the market it never happened - in their the collapse in the dow jones industrial average on oct. N N was just a big - out a term new york stock exchange chairman john phelan recently declared that history would record the event as only a major technical correction - another saying however this one in plain english holds that if something walks like a duck and like a duck it is a duck - on oct. N N a date insist on with the the industrials fell N N - in the technical correction of two years ago they lost a N N - customers hear a lot of this stuff from people who try to sell them stock - these people used to be called brokers but apparently this word either is not enough or carries too many negative from the technical correction when customers could n't raise brokers on the phone - either way the word broker is clearly out of favor - of the major new york-based securities firms only morgan stanley & co. still calls its salespeople brokers - at merrill lynch & co. and shearson lehman hutton inc. they are financial consultants - at drexel burnham lambert inc. prudential securities and dean witter reynolds inc. they are account executives - at painewebber inc. they are investment executives - such titles are designed to convey a sense of and expertise in selling today 's financial products - it is a and expertise that some brokers themselves by all the new things being up for them to do n't feel - it s almost product de one account executive at dean witter - the brokers never let the cross their instead stressing such terms as safe insured and guaranteed even though these terms may be severely limited in their application to a particular new financial product - the names of some of these products do n't suggest the risk involved in buying them either - a case in point bond funds - what could more safety than investing in government bonds - what could be better than getting a more income from them the plus than other people - indeed conservative investors many of them elderly have poured more than $ N billion into such funds which promise yields than ordinary treasury bonds only to learn later that these funds use part of their money to in high-risk bond options a 's game - when a certain class of investment so poorly that its reputation is look for wall street to give it a new - this seems to be happening now to limited partnerships many of which either have gone into the tank in recent years or have otherwise been disappointments - they are still being sold but more and more often as direct investments with all the same risks they had under the old label - in such cases the game has n't changed only the name - in others a familiar old name still but the underlying game has changed - for example no load mutual funds remain a favorite with investors because they do n't carry a sales commission - getting out of them however may be a different story now - traditional made their money by charging an annual management fee usually a modest one they imposed no other fees and many still do n't - in recent years though a of others flying the flag have been imposing hefty charges all the way up to N N when an investor sells his shares - should n't they properly be called funds - the mutual-fund industry is the question but do n't expect a new name while the old one is working so well - and do n't expect anyone to change the term blue chip either even though some of the companies that still enjoy the title may be riskier investments than they were - american telephone & telegraph co. for one is still a favorite of and trust departments but of its regional telephone units and exposed to competition on every side it is a far different investment prospect than it was before divestiture - also blue chips in general have suffered much more short-term price volatility in recent years - larry a money manager in san mateo calif. blames that on the advent of program trading in which computers used by big institutional investors are to buy and sell big blocks when certain market conditions prevail - blue chips he says are now being referred to as chips - finally even the strategy called value investing no longer means what it once did - before the takeover mania of the '80s it referred to out through analysis undervalued stocks especially those with management sound fundamentals and decent prospects - now says mr. value investing often means looking for companies with terrible management that are in real trouble - to institutional investors or brokers he adds a company with value is a company at risk of being up - ms. covers personal finance from the wall street journal 's los angeles bureau - i was to read your recent news stories on the banking industry 's reserve additions and threats to cease making new loans to less-developed countries - if the whole story were told it would read something like this - during the 1970s the commercial banks the country loan business away from the bond markets where the discipline of a prospectus and use of proceeds confirmation allowed lenders to audit expenditures of old loans before new loans were made - the reward for that reckless lending was high reported earnings and management bonuses the price a sea of bad loans - for the past several years the banks lacking a private navy to enforce their interests have been the u.s. treasury to underwrite their bad credits - the treasury has refused but has concluded that indirect credit support through various multinational agencies should be made available for a price either debt reduction or reduction or new loans the brady plan - the banks will threaten not to make further loans but in truth lacking the capital to write off their mistakes or to build a navy they have no alternative but to go along - george a. - gillette co. elected warren e. buffett chairman of inc. to its board increasing the number of directors to N from N - earlier this year bought $ N million of preferred stock in gillette that is convertible into an N N stake and gillette said at the time that mr. buffett would be added to the board - separately gillette said its third-quarter earnings rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period per-share earnings remained flat despite an increase in net income in part because the company paid a $ N million dividend on the new preferred stock in the period - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million with sales of the company 's operations well above the year - for the nine months gillette 's net income declined N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the N period - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange the company closed yesterday at $ N a share up N cents - when walter yetnikoff the president of sony corp. 's cbs records last month told producer peter guber that sony was about to make a $ N billion bid for columbia pictures and needed someone to run the studio mr. guber jumped at the chance - within two days he was on his way to new york and tokyo to meet with top at sony - and before the week was out sony had offered mr. guber and his partner jon peters the most lucrative employment contracts in the history of the movie business - not only that sony also agreed to give them a stake in columbia 's future profits and buy their company guber peters entertainment co. for $ N million almost N N more than the market value of the company - there was just one sticking point the two had a prior commitment - just seven months earlier they had signed a five-year exclusive contract to make movies for warner bros. for which they had just produced the hit batman - but mr. guber figured that warner communications inc. chairman steven ross would and let the producers go knowing the sony offer was the culmination of a life 's work - he figured wrong - last week following settlement talks warner now with time inc. filed a $ N billion breach of contract suit in los angeles superior court against both sony and guber peters - sony promptly charging warner with trying to sabotage its acquisitions and hurt its efforts to enter the u.s. movie business - the accusations of lying and are flying thick and fast on both sides as one sony executive puts it it 's world war iii - that two successful producers who are n't all that well known outside hollywood could occasion such a clash of corporate suggests how desperate the for proven talent is in the movie business - and they are a very odd team in any case - mr. guber was raised in boston and educated in new york - he is a lawyer with a string of academic degrees - mr. peters is a high-school who came to fame as 's - yet they are far and away the most producers in hollywood - and despite their share of they make movies that make money - that is a sony badly needs and warner is loath to lose - although columbia had a good summer with ii and when harry met rivals such as warner paramount pictures walt disney co. and universal studios have been columbia at the box office - after five years of management turmoil with four different studio heads columbia needs a stable team to restore its credibility and get it back in the business of making hits - mr. guber and mr. peters are n't loved in hollywood but they are well connected - their stock in trade as executive producers is out hot properties them up and then getting big studios to and distribute them - sometimes mr. guber and mr. peters do little more than grab the first draft of a for a or buy rights to a best seller such as the color - it falls to others to do the writing and producing - with mgm\/ua 's for instance messrs. guber and peters had virtually nothing to do with day-to-day production but their names still appear in big letters on the credits and they are inevitably associated with its success - sometimes as with batman the pair really do make the film - in that case guber peters acquired the rights in N the movie through a dozen scripts and were on the set in london for N months over the most minute changes in casting and production - they 're the best production talent around says brian de to guber peters for hiring him to direct the warner movie of tom 's novel of the - on that film which is to start shooting in a few months they 've been very much involved hiring talent and discussing the development of the script - and when you 're making a movie this big you need all the help you can get mr. de adds - i wish they were around N hours a day - and some movies seem to have been hurt by their - warner executives blame mr. guber 's and mr. peters 's lack of involvement in ii for casting and production problems and the film 's ultimate dismal failure - we 've had a few admits mr. peters - but by and large this company has only been profitable - he says his company 's at packaging and marketing is why we 'll be good at columbia - we practically ran our own studio - longtime hollywood associates describe mr. guber as the intellectual powerhouse of the two a man with a for and marketing - peter is a major piece of hollywood manpower who has really earned his success says robert an agent at creative artists agency - mark johnson the producer of in he has a great ability to hire people and delegate authority - it 's no accident that they 've been able to develop such successful material - mr. peters on the other hand has fewer fans in hollywood and his like to him as something of a - he gets better reviews as a creative an an idea man - he also had to fight harder for credibility than his partner did - made him famous - he cut her hair - he lived with her - he came to produce her records and her movies a star is born and the main event - married but now single mr. peters got plenty of ink last summer for an with actress kim during the making of batman - mr. guber by contrast has been married to one woman for more than N years - but for all their intellectual and differences they make the perfect good bad team hollywood associates say - peter is the bright sympathetic guy when you 're doing a deal says one agent - if there 's a problem peter disappears and all of a sudden jon shows up - mr. guber and mr. peters many people in hollywood the wrong way - producers don simpson and jerry who through several scripts and ultimately produced the movie when messrs. guber and peters take credit for the film - says mr. simpson the script was - we it - we are the producers of that movie - they got a small piece of the net profits and a screen credit as executive producers - when roger an executive who worked for guber peters in the early 1980s left to take a job as head of production at the united artists studio they made him all credits and financial interest in the films he had helped develop including and batman - mr. peters acknowledges that and says it 's not unlike the situation he and mr. guber are in with warner - i was upset with roger i and says mr. peters - but he wanted to pursue his own dream and he went - still mr. says his relationship with guber peters was one of the most successful i 've had in hollywood - the two have a wonderful chemistry jon is very and peter is very adds mr. who is now head of production at news corp. 's 20th century fox film co - jon peters will come into a room say he 's got a great idea and be gone - peter will take the of that idea and make it grow into something specific - mr. recalls that mr. guber and mr. peters shifted into high gear a few years back upon learning that they had competition for the story of the murdered which became in the - he says within a few weeks we made deals with the government of and everyone who had ever met or talked to - i think peter even made some deals with the - universal studios was working on a competing film but the studio and its producers ultimately agreed to the film with guber peters and warner - more recently guber peters beat out a dozen other producers reportedly including robert redford and ted turner for rights to the life story of the murdered brazilian union leader who fought developers in the rain forest - messrs. guber and peters the man 's widow for months showing her a tape of in the to her with the quality of their work - money helped too - ultimately they paid more than $ N million for the rights - the sale caused a between the widow and some of her husband 's - some of the money will go to the foundation but it is n't earmarked for groups trying to save the rain forest - it 's hardly given the men 's track record that sony wants mr. guber and mr. peters - but it is to some hollywood executives that sony rushed to hire them without clearing up the warner situation first - some note that sony might have saved itself some trouble by just hiring mr. guber and letting mr. peters stay on to fulfill the warner contract - but though people in town may ask why guber needs peters it 's good to have a partner and obviously the chemistry works says steven tisch a producer who once worked for mr. guber - this business is n't about at the end of the day it s about whether the ink is red or black - in the case of peter and jon the ink has been very very black - mr. guber got his start in the movie business at columbia two decades ago - recruited from new york university 's program he rose within two years to head of production overseeing such films as the way we were taxi driver and - in N he up with record producer neil bogart in records and later called pictures where they produced such hits as as the deep and midnight express - in N mr. guber got together with mr. peters by then a successful producer in his own right after the death of mr. bogart - while guber peters produced a number of hits for warner and others their record was n't always so impressive - among their were the of jean clue and of the bear - and the failures make it possible for warner in its current lawsuit to the producers as - the studio says it stuck with them even in the early years when the creative partnership was not particularly profitable for warner - mr. guber replies that this is a this time warner trying to up two who have done only well for them for a long period of time - mr. guber and mr. peters maintain that executives at warner have always known of their ambitions to run a major entertainment powerhouse but that warner never felt threatened until they linked up with sony - from the beginning they knew we had a goal and a dream says mr. guber - on a number of occasions he adds he tried to get warner to buy guber peters outright - they always but they never acted mr. guber says - in N mr. guber and mr. peters contributed their company 's assets in exchange for a N N stake in entertainment a tv production company controlled by giant industries inc. chairman burt sugarman - in july a year later warner agreed to release the producers from their old contract when messrs. guber peters and sugarman made a $ N million offer to buy N N of mgm\/ua - mr. guber and mr. peters planned to run the nearly mgm studio and the two even tried to interest warner president terry semel in becoming a partner after he advised them on the deal - but the mgm plan collapsed just two weeks later - mr. guber and mr. peters say they got a look at the books and balked at the price - their relationship with mr. sugarman shortly thereafter - last may he sold his N N stake in to a passive australian investor and was renamed guber peters entertainment co - meanwhile mr. guber and mr. peters had agreed to extend their warner agreement with the new five-year exclusive contract - the new deal was considered the most generous of its kind both financially and in terms of creative freedom - but it by comparison to what sony was to offer last month the chance at last to run a major studio about $ N million in deferred compensation up to N N of columbia 's future cash flow N N of the future appreciation of columbia 's market value and annual salaries of $ N million for each - the producers ' N N share of publicly held guber peters would net them an additional $ N million - sony also agreed to the producers against any liability to warner - sony is paying a hefty price for a company that had revenue of only $ N million last year - and earnings have been - in the the latest quarter thanks in part to batman guber peters earned $ N million or N cents a share compared to a loss of $ N million or N cents a share in last year 's quarter - guber peters stock which traded as low as $ N a share last year closed yesterday at $ N - the two sides now are each other of lying - mr. guber and mr. peters claim they have an oral agreement with warner executives that allows them to terminate their contract should the opportunity to run a major studio arise - but in affidavits filed yesterday in the los angeles court mr. ross warner bros. chairman robert daly and president semel deny that such an oral agreement was ever made - warner in its court filings calls it a piece of created for this litigation - mr. daly in his affidavit acknowledges that warner agreed to release the producers last year to take over mgm but says that situation was altogether different - for one thing according to mr. daly the producers requested a release in advance - moreover the old contract was about to expire and the lineup of guber peters pictures for warner was n't as strong as it is now - warner itself was in negotiations with mgm over certain movie and other rights and it was in warner 's interest to accommodate mgm\/ua guber and peters by permitting them to become mgm executives mr. daly said in his affidavit - warner obviously does n't think that it is in its own interests to let mr. guber and mr. peters go off to columbia - at the very least mr. ross clearly sees an opportunity to use the two men to get a pound of from sony - during settlement talks for example warner demanded such things as cable tv rights to columbia movies and columbia 's interest in the studio it jointly owns with warner according to executives involved in the talks - in any settlement warner is almost certain to demand rights to most of the N or so projects mr. guber and mr. peters have locked up for the next few years notably to batman - mr. guber and mr. peters refuse to concede that they may have made a tactical error in accepting the sony offer before taking it up with warner - and they say there are plenty of in hollywood for letting people out of contracts - the last time columbia pictures was looking for a studio chief they note warner released producer david from his contract then took him back after he was subsequently fired by his bosses at columbia - in his affidavit filed yesterday warner 's mr. ross indicated he is n't buying any such argument if sony succeeds here no written contract in hollywood will be worth the paper it 's written on - the sales pitch could n't sound better - first there 's the name asset-backed securities - better than all those offers you get to buy securities backed by nothing - and there 's more - the assets backing the securities come from some of the country 's biggest and most secure institutions - most earn high ratings from credit agencies - their yields are higher than those of u.s. treasury issues - and the booming market has already attracted many of the nation 's biggest institutional investors - ready to jump - well think twice - the concept may be simple take a bunch of loans tie them up in one neat package and sell pieces of the package to investors - but the may be misleading - skeptics say the slightly higher returns are n't enough to compensate for the extra risk - they warn that asset-backed securities are only as good as the assets and credit backing that support them and those are hard to evaluate - moreover the securities were introduced only about N N years ago the biggest unknown is how they will fare in a recession - a lot of this stuff really is in waters says owen director of the investment securities division of the u.s. comptroller of the currency - we do n't know how this whole market will work in a serious economic downturn - such concerns however have n't stopped asset-backed securities from becoming one of wall street 's hottest new products - since the spring of N financial have transformed a wide variety of debt into these new securities - they have sold issues backed by car loans boat loans and loans - they have offered of loans as well as packages of loans used to buy vacation - last year there was an issue of bonds securities backed by loans to life-insurance policyholders - some predict there will be third world bonds backed by loans to brazil argentina and other nations - and the biggest volume this year has been on securities backed by credit-card receivables sometimes known as plastic bonds - this is the of debt says james grant editor of grant 's interest rate a newsletter - before the sun sets on the '80s it seems nothing will be left - the result is a $ N billion market according to securities data co - that includes more than $ N billion issued through august of this year up sharply from $ N billion in the comparable N period and more than in all of N - most issues have been sold to professional money managers pension funds bank trust departments and other institutions - but wealthy individuals also have been jumping in and lately brokers have been pushing smaller investors into the asset-backed market - the entry fee is affordable issues typically are sold in minimum denominations of $ N - we expect additional offerings of asset-backed securities targeted toward individual investors says bill a senior vice president at shearson lehman hutton inc - the process typically begins when an institution such as citibank or sears roebuck & co. takes a pool of credit-card or other receivables and sells them to a specially created trust - the trust then issues securities generally due in five years or less that are underwritten by wall street brokerage firms and offered to investors - issues typically come with credit such as a bank letter of credit and thus have received high credit ratings - enthusiasts say the booming market has opened up a valuable new source of funds to issuers while providing a valuable new investment for individuals and institutions - asset-backed securities are an attractive investment compared to bank certificates of deposit or other corporate bonds says craig j. goldberg managing director and head of the asset-backed securities group at merrill lynch capital markets - but skeptics question whether asset-backed bonds offer sufficient rewards to compensate for the extra risks - consider a $ N million offering of N N securities issued last spring and backed by citibank credit-card receivables - the issue offered a yield of only about N percentage point above four-year treasury issues - on a $ N investment that 's a difference of only $ N a year - that kind of spread can be critical for money managers who buy bonds in large quantities and whose depends on the money manager across the street - but for individuals who buy much smaller amounts and care less about relative performance than in preserving what they have that margin is - if you 're in the bond business playing the then even an extra N basis points N percentage point becomes an important consideration on a career basis says mr. grant - but if you 're an individual investing money and trying to get it back again then that is n't of overwhelming importance - moreover the interest on asset-backed securities is fully taxable while interest on treasury issues is tax-free at the state and local level - that 's why some investment managers such as alex powers a vice president of chase manhattan bank 's private banking division do n't recommend most asset-backed issues for individuals in states such as new york or california - but mr. powers has purchased asset-backed issues for individuals with accounts such as retirement plans - he points out that institutions buying asset-backed issues in large quantities can earn higher spreads over treasurys than individuals buying smaller amounts - another concern is liquidity or how easily a security can be converted into cash - the secondary or resale market for asset-backed securities is relatively new and much less active than for treasury issues - that could make it tricky for investors who need to sell their holdings quickly before the securities mature - that 's particularly true analysts say for certain of the securities such as those backed by loans - you could see massive gyrations here because it 's such a traded market says jonathan s. paris a vice president of european investors inc. a new york firm - in addition an investor who wants to know the daily value of treasury bonds or corporate bonds traded on the new york stock exchange can simply check newspaper listings - there are n't any such listings for asset-backed securities - evaluating asset-backed securities another problem - investors for instance may mistakenly assume that the bank or company that originally held the assets is the securities - it is n't - the front cover of the prospectus for the citibank credit-card receivables offering points out in bold capital letters that the certificates represent an interest only in the specially created trust and do not represent interests in or obligations of the banks citibank citicorp or any affiliate - in other words if there 's a problem do n't expect citibank to come to the rescue - the prospectus also notes that the securities are not guaranteed by any government agency - that means investors have to focus on the quality of the debt that lies beneath the securities as well as on the credit for the issue and the credit ratings the issue has received - that also is n't easy - take the credit which typically include a bank letter of credit or insurance from a company - the letter of credit typically is not offered by the bank selling the assets to back the securities - nor does it cover the entire portfolio - details of credit vary widely from issue to issue - still they play a crucial role in winning top ratings for most asset-backed issues which in turn is why the yield above treasurys is so slim - but skeptics ask why you should bother buying this stuff when you can get only slightly lower yields on paper - when you buy an asset-backed issue you take the risk that a bank or an insurer could run into unexpected difficulties - if a bank 's credit rating was lowered because of say its loans to third world nations that could also affect the ratings liquidity and prices of the asset-backed issues that the bank supports - underwriters insist these issues are constructed to withstand extremely tough economic conditions - but despite the credit despite the high ratings some money managers still worry that a recession could havoc on the underlying assets - at a time when americans are leveraged to their asset-backed investors may be taking a gamble that consumers will be able to repay loans in hard times - at the very least a recession would prompt investors to buy the bonds they can find that is treasurys - that could widen the yield spread between treasurys and asset-backed securities as well as make it tougher to unload the latter - but it could be much worse - some analysts are especially wary of credit-card issues - for one thing credit-card loans are unsecured - in addition they fear that banks have been to issue cards to the public giving cards to too many big who will default during a recession - a day of is coming where we think the market will place a high premium on the debt issues and therefore we think the best debt investment is u.s. government bonds says craig of futures inc. an investment advisory firm - what about asset-backed issues - we still say to stick with treasurys mr. replies - ratings he notes are subject to change - all this makes asset-backed securities seem too risky for many people - and it raymond f. devoe jr. a market strategist at legg mason wood walker inc. of what he calls devoe 's but highly probable theory no. N - more money has been lost reaching for yield than in all the stock scams and of all time - mr. is a staff reporter in the wall street journal 's new york bureau - volume of asset-backed securities issued annually - \* principal amount - \*\* as of august N - \* principal amount - source securities data co - if you force financial planners to sum up their most important advice in a single sentence it would probably be a sentence diversify - judging by a poll of wall street journal readers conducted this summer by & morgan inc. serious investors have taken that advice to heart - nearly N investors responded to the journal 's poll providing an look at their portfolios - those portfolios are diversified - by spreading their wealth among several investment alternatives the respondents have protected themselves against in any one area be it stocks bonds or real estate - for example about N N of journal readers owned stock down slightly from N N in a similar poll last year - but only N N said they had more than half their money in the stock market - similarly N N of respondents own shares in a money-market mutual fund and N N own municipal bonds - but only N N to N N of the investors were committing more than half their funds to either of those alternatives - the poll conducted aug. N also provides a into the thinking of serious investors on a variety of other topics - it found them in a cautious but not mood - of N people sent a N replied - the response rate more than N N allows the results to be interpreted with a high degree of confidence - the results ca n't be to all investors though - journal readers are relatively affluent with a median household income of between $ N and $ N - nearly half of the respondents N N said their investment portfolio was worth $ N or more and N N said it was worth $ N million or more - the respondents were mildly optimistic about the economy and investment markets but their collective judgments were a more than they were a year ago - for example N N of this year 's respondents said they expect a recession within N months - last year only N N were expecting a recession - an additional N N of this year 's respondents expect the economy to slow down during the next N months - only N N of last year 's respondents anticipated slowing growth - apparently the respondents do n't think that an economic slowdown would harm the major investment markets very much - a slim majority N N think stock prices will be higher in august N than they were in august N - their verdict on real estate is almost the same - some N N expect real estate in their local area to increase in value over the next N months - by contrast only N N expect an increase in the price of gold - since gold tends to soar when inflation is high that finding suggests that people believe inflation remains under control - even though only N N actually predicted a recession many respondents were taking a sorry investment stance - nearly a third said they have made some portfolio changes to anticipate a possible recession - for the most part the changes were slight - the two-thirds who have n't tried to make their portfolios more were split about evenly between investors who do n't believe in trying to predict the markets about N N and investors who do n't expect a recession about N N or are if and when a recession might come about N N - a approach to stocks continues to be the rule among respondents - most own two to N stocks and buy or sell no more than three times a year - some N N had bought some stock in the past year only N N had sold any - but the shadow of N 's stock-market crash still seems dark - about N N considered another crash likely while about N N said one is unlikely - those hardly changed from the previous year 's poll - and the respondents ' commitment to the stock market remains somewhat lighter than usual - about N N of them said they would ordinarily have at least N N of their money in stocks - but as of august only N N actually had stock-market investments of that size - most stock-market indexes were hitting highs at around the time of the poll - but it appears that many journal readers were taking that news as a sign to be cautious rather than a signal to jump on the - mr. dorfman covers investing issues from the wall street journal 's new york bureau - canadian steel production totaled N metric tons in the week ended oct. N down N N from the preceding week 's total of N tons statistics canada a federal agency said - the week 's total was down N N from N tons a year earlier - a metric ton is equal to N pounds - the cumulative total in N was N tons up N N from N tons a year earlier - health care property investors inc. said it acquired three long-term care facilities and one facility in a transaction valued at $ N million - the real estate investment trust said that it leased the three florida facilities to national health care affiliates inc. of n.y - health care property holds an interest in N facilities in N states - moody 's investors service said it lowered its rating on about $ N million of this calif. concern 's convertible subordinated debentures due N to from - it said the reduction reflects business prospects and reduced financial flexibility caused by continuing losses at the maker of disk drives - valley national corp. - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered its rating on about $ N million of this bank holding company 's senior debt to from - moody 's said it expects valley national of phoenix ariz. to make substantial further provisions against its real-estate portfolio and that it continues to suffer from the high cost of carrying nonperforming assets and from high loan-loss provisions - electronic theft by foreign and industrial and employees is costing u.s. companies billions and eroding their international competitive advantage - that was the message delivered by government and private security experts at an conference on corporate electronic - hostile and even friendly nations routinely steal information from u.s. companies and share it with their own companies said d. a former at the federal national security agency and now president of information security inc. silver spring md - it may well be that theft of business data is as serious a strategic threat to national security as it is a threat to the survival of u.s. firms said van the white house 's assistant director for national security affairs - the conference was jointly sponsored by the new york institute of technology school of management and the armed forces communications and electronics association a joint trade group - any secret can be the experts said if it is over the air - even rank can do it if they spend a few thousand dollars for a available microwave receiver with and a recorder - they need only position themselves near a company 's satellite and wait - you can have a dozen competitors stealing your secrets at the same time mr. said adding it 's a pretty good bet they wo n't get caught - the only way to catch an electronic thief he said is to set him up with information - even though electronic may cost u.s. firms billions of dollars a year most are n't yet taking the experts said - by contrast european firms will spend $ N million this year on electronic security and are expected to spend $ N billion by N - already many foreign firms especially banks have their own conference reported - still corporate communications is only a partial remedy - one expert whose job is so politically sensitive that he spoke on condition that he would n't be named or quoted said the expected influx of east european refugees over the next few years will greatly increase the chances of workers for example doubling as foreign - moreover he said technology now exists for stealing corporate secrets after they 've been erased from a computer 's memory - he said that oliver north of iran-contra thought he had erased his computer but that the information was later for congressional committees to read - no personal computer not even the one on a chief executive 's desk is safe this speaker noted - w. mark president of inc. a texas firm that makes products provided a new definition for mikhail gorbachev 's campaign for greater openness known commonly as glasnost - under mr. gorbachev mr. said the soviets are openly stealing western corporate communications - he cited the case of a swiss oil trader who recently put out bids via for an oil tanker to pick up a cargo of crude in the middle east - among the responses the swiss trader got was one from the soviet national shipping company which had n't been invited to submit a bid - the soviets ' paid off however because they got the contract - the university of toronto stepped deeper into the contest for connaught inc. by reaching an unusual agreement with ciba-geigy ltd. and chiron corp - the university said the two companies agreed to spend N million canadian dollars $ N million over N years on research at canadian universities if they are successful in acquiring the vaccine maker - it said $ N million would go to the university of toronto - ciba-geigy and chiron have made a joint bid of c$ N million for connaught and merieux s.a. of france has made a rival bid of c$ N million - the university is seeking an injunction against the merieux bid arguing that connaught 's predecessor company agreed in N that connaught 's ownership would n't be transferred to foreigners - the university implied that it would drop its opposition to foreign ownership if ciba-geigy and chiron are successful with their lower bid - it said the new agreement would replace the old one that forms the basis of its suit against the merieux takeover - notwithstanding foreign ownership of connaught this accord would enhance research and development in canada said james the university 's vice president of research - ciba-geigy is a swiss pharmaceutical company and chiron is based in calif - in a statement martin director general of merieux said the french company is still determined to acquire connaught - while he did n't comment directly on the pact between ciba-geigy and the university he said merieux can transfer new products and technologies to connaught more rapidly than other companies not currently producing and marketing who can only promise this for some years in the future - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday connaught closed at $ N up $ N - microsoft and other software stocks surged leading the nasdaq composite index of over-the-counter stocks to its biggest advance of the year on volume - leading the pack microsoft soared N N or N N to a record price of N N on N million shares - on the other hand valley national tumbled N N after reporting a sizable third-quarter loss - the nasdaq composite leaped N points or N N to N - its largest previous rise this year came aug. N when it gained N - the otc market 's largest stocks soared as well as the nasdaq N index jumped N or N N to N - the nasdaq financial index rose N or N N to N - by comparison the dow jones industrials and the new york stock exchange composite each rose N N - volume totaled N million shares N N above this year 's average daily turnover on nasdaq - among broader nasdaq industry groups the utility index gained N to N - the transportation and insurance sectors each posted gains of N with the finishing at N and the insurers at N - the nasdaq industrial index climbed N to N and the other finance index made up of commercial banks and real estate and brokerage firms rose N to N - the index of smaller banks improved N - of the N issues that changed hands N rose and N fell - mullins head of otc trading at dean witter reynolds said both institutional and retail investors were buying - but there was a of sellers traders said so buyers had to bid prices up to them - there 's no pressure on otc stocks at this point said mr. mullins who said some buyers are beginning to shop among smaller otc issues - microsoft 's surge followed a report this week of substantially improved earnings for its first quarter ended sept. N - the stock was trading at N just two weeks ago - rick a goldman sachs analyst has raised his earnings estimates for the company twice in the past two weeks citing improved margins - after the earnings were announced he raised his fiscal N estimate to between $ N and $ N a share - microsoft earned $ N a share in fiscal N - among other software issues jumped N N to N lotus development was unchanged at N N jumped N to N N gained N to N N and systems rose N to N N - a new software issue surged from its offering price of N to close at N N - the company also makes optical character recognition equipment - was underwritten by alex brown & sons - another recently offered alex brown issue rally 's surged N N to N - the operator of fast-food restaurants whose shares began trading last friday climbed N N to N on N shares - its N offering was priced at N - valley national 's slide of N N points to N N on N million shares followed its report late wednesday of a $ N million third-quarter loss - in the N quarter the phoenix ariz. commercial banking concern earned $ N million - valley national said its $ N million provision for credit losses and $ N million provision for other real estate owned is related to weakness in the arizona real estate market - additionally moody 's investors service said it downgraded valley national 's senior debt and confirmed the company 's commercial paper rating of not prime - a new issue surged N N from its initial offering price to close at N N - the offering was for about N million shares of the data storage equipment maker more than N million shares changed hands after trading began - dell computer dropped N to N - the company said earnings for the year ending jan. N N are expected to be N to N cents a share compared with a previous estimate of N to N cents a share - industries lost N N to N - raymond james & associates in st. fla. lowered its third-quarter earnings estimate for the company according to dow jones professional investor report - a.p. green industries advanced N N to N N - east rock partners which has indicated it might make a bid for the company said a.p. green a products maker told the partnership it is n't for sale - row N of section N of the upper reserved at candlestick park is a only a few steps from the very top of the stands - from my orange seat i looked over the line and the ball field in the warm sun of the last few minutes before what was to have been the third game of the world series - it was five in the afternoon but that was pacific time - back in new york the work day was already over so i did n't have to feel guilty - even still i did feel and i could n't help my father 's for a rich medical who would go to watch the on summer - this the stick was not a classic baseball stadium too too much concrete - and it did n't have the crowded wild of yankee stadium - but i liked the easy of the people around me liked it that they 'd brought their children found it that true citizens of the state of the future they had brought so many tvs and to stay in touch with at a live event - maybe it was their sense of history - the broadcasters were after all the game its for millions outside the stick - why not watch or hear your experience while you were living it - the day was with the weight of its own impending history - long lines of people waited to buy special world series with official - thousands of us had paid $ N for the official book with its historical on series its historical photographs of great moments in series past and its instructions in english and spanish for filling in the - - - players ran out on the field way below and the stands began to - it must be a local custom i thought feet to welcome the team - but then the noise turned into a - and no one was shouting - no one around me was saying anything - because we all were busy riding a wave - thousand a concrete wall waiting for the - only at the moment of maximum roll did i grasp what was going on - then i remembered the quake of which i experienced in santa barbara in a motel room - when the of the building me up i that a i was in southern california b the bed was moving c it must be a magic fingers bed that had - then i noticed the overhead light was on its and realized what had happened - what should i do - get out of the possibly building to the parking lot - but the lot might split into so i had better stand on my car which probably was wider than the average - fortunately the quake was over before i managed to run out and stand naked on the - at the stick while the world shook i thought of that morning and then it struck me that this time was different - if i survived i would have achieved every journalist 's highest wish - i was an of the most event on the planet at that moment - what was my - how would i file - all these thoughts through my head in the N seconds of the earthquake 's actual - the rest is of course history - the stick did n't fall - the real occurred elsewhere as we soon found out - but for a few minutes there relief - a young mother found her boy who had been out buying a - the wall behind me was slightly but the center had held - and most of us waited for a while for the game to start - then we began to file out to wait on for the opening pitch - it was during the quiet exodus down the concrete of the stick that i really understood the point of all those and - the crowd moved in around an electronic - in this way while the stick itself was out we kept up to date on events - within N minutes of the quake itself i was able to see pictures of the collapsed section of the bay bridge - increasingly accurate estimates of the of the quake became available before i got to my car - and by then expensive automobile sound systems were keeping the parking lot by the bay informed about the fire causing the big black of smoke we saw on the northern horizon - fell - but the continued through the night with pictures of the highway in oakland and in the marina district - by then our little sand village of cars had been linked with a global village of and viewers - everyone at the stick that day had started out as a and ended up as a participant - in fact the entire population of the bay area had ended up with this dual role of actor and audience - the reporters were victims and some of the victims turned into reporters - the outstanding example of this was the on the bay bridge who had the presence of mind to take out a video camera at the absolutely crucial moment and record the car in front as it fell into the gap in the roadway - the tape was on tv before the night was out - marshall you should have been there at that hour - investors who received shearson lehman hutton inc. 's latest stock commentary may be left with blank - the first N pages of the weekly portfolio perspective are completely blank except for the page numbers - rather than printing shearson puts all the blame on the stock market - the plunge made shearson 's market commentary instantly out of date - in fact last friday 's 190.58-point tumble in the stock market caught many people and businesses by surprise not the least of them brokerage firms such as shearson that print their weekly market on for the following week - shearson a unit of american express co. did n't have enough time to update its market commentary so we decided to kill our strategy pieces says jack the head of shearson 's research department - the first thought some investors had was that a shearson must have been wildly bullish on stocks in its original commentary and that 's why it its pages - investors recalled that shearson last week had been advising that the market is still all the signs of a further advance - many other brokerage firms had similarly bullish views - but mr. insists that the N pages were n't pulled because they were too bullish - instead he says they were cautious and that was n't the message we wanted to deliver on monday - as mr. explains it we were raising some caution flags about rate rises in europe and concerns about the lbo market - and by late friday afternoon actually after the close we decided that was the wrong tone to take - with the market down we wanted to tell people to put their orders in on the opening - both before and after the friday plunge shearson has maintained a recommended portfolio of N N stocks N N bonds and N N cash - b. chairman of & co. and john l. murray chairman of universal foods corp. were elected to the board of this engine maker - they succeed robert w. and john r. parker who reached the mandatory retirement age - china 's slide toward recession is beginning to look like a free fall - in a report on china 's economy the official state statistical bureau disclosed that industrial output last month rose N N from a year earlier the lowest growth rate in a decade for september - retail sales are while consumer prices still are rising - chinese and foreign economists now predict prolonged low growth and high inflation - the economy is hard says an asian economist in beijing - the slowdown is taking hold a lot more quickly and than anyone had expected - a lengthy recession if it would drain state and create severe for urban workers - experts predict the coming year will be characterized by flat or negative industrial growth rising unemployment and a widening budget deficit - unless the government suddenly course wages for most workers wo n't keep pace with inflation creating a potential source of urban unrest - the economy 's slowdown is due only partly to the program launched in september N to cool an economy and inflation - industrial output surged N N in N while inflation peaked last february at nearly N N - the slowdown also results from energy and shortages that force many factories to restrict operations to two or three days a week - in western countries recessions often have a bright side the economy to greater efficiency - in china however there is n't likely to be any silver because the economy remains primarily by the state - instead china is likely to shell out subsidies to its enterprises which up $ N billion in last year - nor are any of these inefficient likely to be allowed to go bankrupt - rather the brunt of the slowdown will be felt in the fast-growing private and township enterprises which have fallen into as china 's leaders an orthodox marxist preference for public ownership - when the going gets rough china the efficient and rewards the incompetent says a western economist - reports of an economy near recession come as officials prepare a major communist party for sometime in the next few weeks - the meeting is expected to call for heightened for two years - but with industrial growth and inflation showing signs of easing some voices may call for measures to pump new life into the economy - some analysts believe china soon will begin economic controls particularly by credit - that would benefit chinese enterprises as well as joint ventures both of which have been plagued by shortages of working capital - a dangerous buildup this year of billions of dollars in debts threatens if to bring the economy to a collapse - one sign of a possible easing of credit policy was the decision this week of people 's bank of china the central bank to $ N billion in short-term loans to pay farmers for the autumn harvest the official china daily reported - but while pumping more money into the economy would bring relief to many industries it also runs the risk of triggering another period of runaway growth and steep inflation - the cycle has been repeated several times since china began its planned economy in N - and because china 's leaders have abandoned plans to drastically reform the economy it is likely to continue analysts say - the statistical bureau 's report cited in china daily notes that industrial output in september totaled $ N billion a rise of just N N from a year earlier - output declined in several provinces including and two key coastal areas and the nation 's agricultural - production in shanghai china 's industrial powerhouse and the largest source of tax revenue for the central government fell N N for the month - nationwide output of light industrial products declined N N the first decline in N years a bureau spokesman told china daily - in an unusually direct statement the bureau spokesman recommended that state banks extend more credit to so that they can purchase manufacturers ' goods - this will prevent a slide in industrial production which will otherwise cause new panic the spokesman said - the N tax overhaul the biggest achievement of president reagan 's second term is beginning to fall apart and interest groups are up for tax all over capitol hill - real-estate executives are lobbying to ease rules - charitable groups are trying to the write-off for contributions made by individuals who do n't their deductions - big auction houses want to make eligible for lower capital-gains taxes - and lobbyists are quietly discussing the possibility of the investment tax credit - everything is up for says a lobbyist for mutual life-insurance companies - adds robert the head lobbyist for a variety of interests that want to protect the tax deduction for travel and entertainment expenses it appears as though the whole thing is wide open again - the catalyst has been the congressional move to restore tax treatment for capital gains an effort that is likely to succeed in this congress - other fundamental reforms of the N act have been threatened as well - the house seriously considered raising the top tax rate paid by individuals with the highest incomes - the senate finance committee voted to expand the deduction for individual retirement accounts and also to bring back income averaging for farmers a tax preference that allows income to be spread out over several years - as part of the same bill the finance panel also voted in favor of billions of dollars in narrow tax breaks for individuals and corporations in what committee member sen. david d. ark calls a feeding frenzy of special-interest - the beneficiaries would range from growers to rich to shops - to be sure the full senate facing a budget deadline last friday stripped away all of the tax breaks that were contained in the finance committee bill - but lawmakers of both parties agree that the streamlining was temporary - other bills will be moving soon that are expected to carry many of the tax cuts including both the capital-gains and ira provisions - there is n't any doubt that the of the code has been given a mighty says rep. thomas downey d. n.y - you 'll see the annual of it - it 's back to time for the select few says rep. william gray of pennsylvania the democrat in the house - referring to the chairmen of the senate and house committees he adds next year every special-interest group is going to be there knocking on lloyd 's door on danny 's door - many groups are n't waiting that long - just last week a house ways and means subcommittee held a lengthy meeting to hear the of individual cities companies and interest groups who want to open their own special - it 's a factory and the pretty good one veteran lobbyist who was watching the proceedings - even lobbyists for heavy industry one of the interests hit hardest in the N bill are encouraged - the return of tax breaks such as those for capital gains and iras creates more of a mood or a that is helpful for getting better depreciation write-offs or investment credits says paul a vice president for the national association of manufacturers - corporate lobbyist walker is planning a spring conference to discuss what tax changes to make to improve competitiveness - in reaction to proposed capital-gains legislation groups are lobbying to make sure they are n't left off the train - real-estate interests for example are an in president bush 's capital-gains proposal it does n't include real-estate gains - if there is going to be a tax scheme that lower treatment of capital gains they certainly want to be part of it says real-estate lobbyist wayne of concord associates - in the house-passed tax bill mr. got his wish real-estate assets are included in the capital-gains provision - but sotheby 's christie 's and the national association of dealers are still trying to get theirs - they have sent a letter to congressional asking that gains from the sale of also be given treatment - should continue to be recognized as capital assets the letter states - all of this talk is to the tax reform act of N - in exchange for dramatically lower tax rates the of that legislation sought to eliminate most of the deductions and credits that gave some taxpayers an advantage over others - the goal was to tax people with roughly equivalent incomes equally and to eliminate the many shelters that allowed the wealthy to escape taxes - two of the major ways that managed to these ends were to scrap the treatment of capital gains and to curtail the use of paper losses also known as passive losses that made many tax shelters possible - many other tax benefits also were away - this year congress with from president bush has been busy trying to put many of these same tax preferences back into the code - it appears likely that this year or next some form of capital-gains preference and restoration will be enacted - other tax benefits probably will be restored and created - the main obstacle is finding a way to pay for them - the act was a - they wanted reform and they got a revolution says overhaul advocate rep. r. ohio - so is the tax code now open game again - mr. thinks so - one recent saturday morning he stayed inside the capitol monitoring talks instead of flying to san francisco for a and then to his of chicago for the of st. high school - i 'm too old to waste a weekend but that 's what i did the mr. - these days anything can happen - lufthansa ag said passenger volume climbed N N for the first nine months of N to N million passengers from N million passengers in the year-earlier period - the west german national air carrier said cargo volume jumped N N to N metric tons from N tons a year ago - load factor or percentage of seats filled climbed to N N from N N even though the number of flights rose N N to N in the quarters - from january through september the distance by lufthansa airplanes rose N N to N million from a year earlier the company added - raymond chandler in a N letter defending a weak book a champion writer to a baseball - when the has lost his stuff the great mystery novelist wrote when he can no longer throw the high hard one he throws his heart instead - he throws something - he does n't just walk off the and - chandler might have been predicting the course of his own career - his last published novel featuring private philip marlowe the N at times read almost like a of his previous work - when he died in N chandler left behind four of yet another marlowe book the springs story which seemed to go beyond into something like - chandler 's last pitch apparently was a - now robert parker author of several best sellers featuring a contemporary private eye in the marlowe has with the of the chandler estate been hired to complete the springs story - the result springs 's N pages $ N is an entertaining easy to read and fairly extension of the marlowe full of and california color - if it does not quite have chandler 's special magic well at the end neither did chandler - as the book begins a newly marlowe into the desert resort of palm springs at the of a cadillac - his is the rich and beautiful linda a character who also appeared in chandler 's the long and - philip and linda move into her mansion and ca n't keep their hands off each other even in front of the - but the have a conflict - he wants to continue being a private eye and she wants him to live off the million dollars she 's settled on him - that 's chandler 's - mr. parker it into a pretty satisfying tale involving springs high life hollywood low life and various folk who hang their hats in both - the supporting lineup is solid the is amusing and there 's even a by the good of previous chandler books who still does n't hesitate to have marlowe jailed when it suits his purposes - the style throughout bears a strong to chandler 's at its most down - all told mr. parker does a better job of making a novel out of this abandoned than anyone might have had a right to expect - but there are grounds for complaint - at one point the reader is two steps ahead of marlowe in catching on to a double identity and marlowe is supposed to be the pro - more there are several apparent - contact lenses tank tops openly working the streets of hollywood and the all seem out of place in the 1950s - a little more care in marlowe 's universe would have made the book that much more - mr. is a contributing editor at los angeles magazine - spent eight years as the editor in chief of the japanese edition of reader 's digest - japan has been a major importer of foreign information and news says mr. - but one gets fed up with importing information and news - mr. has turned the tables - today he is publisher of business tokyo magazine the first business magazine devoted to coverage of japanese business - after a the magazine has been this month by its parent company corp. the tokyo-based company with interests that include financial services book publishing and a tourist agency - printed in the u.s. and carrying the line the insider 's japan business tokyo 's october cover story was the world 's no. N customer japanese women - is one of a small but growing band of japanese companies taking their first steps into american publishing after making major investments in entertainment real estate and banking companies here - japanese concerns have retained a number of publishing consultants and media brokers to study the u.s. market including the new york-based investment banker & associates - and they are quietly linking up with u.s. publishing trade groups - japanese publishers want to be introduced to the publishing and information industries said john chairman of - while there are n't any major deals in the works currently on the scale of sony corp. 's recent $ N billion agreement to buy columbia pictures entertainment inc. observers do n't rule out a transaction of that size - the japanese take the long view said mr. - it may not be weeks or months but they are also and if they feel comfortable they will move on a deal he said - in recent months three big tokyo-based publishing concerns including nikkei business publications nikkei home no and magazine house applied for membership in magazine publishers of america which represents almost all u.s. consumer magazines - japanese involvement in american publishing has been so small to date that magazines such as business tokyo are considered - when launched business tokyo in N it appealed to a more multinational audience - the magazine was with the aid of american magazine design milton and walter bernard and targets u.s. executives with japanese and american advertisers - american publishers appear more than ready to do some selling - president of america inc. publisher of the japan economic journal said he receives telephone calls weekly from media bankers on whether his parent company is interested in buying a u.s. consumer or business magazine - the japanese are in the early stage right now said thomas a media adviser for first boston corp. who was recently appointed president of reader 's digest association 's new magazine publishing group - before they were interested in hard assets and they saw magazines as soft - now they realize magazines are as much a franchise as nabisco is a franchise - bell atlantic corp. and southern new england telecommunications posted strong profit gains for the third quarter while nynex corp. pacific telesis group and u s west inc. reported earnings declines for the period - rate settlements in minnesota and colorado depressed u s west 's third-quarter profit - u s west said net income dropped N N noting that the year-ago quarter included the sale of a building by its properties unit - revenue dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion reflecting declines in its sector long-distance carrier business and diversified division - revenue from operations grew N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - new telephone lines posted healthy growth - overall they increased N N to N million putting u s west over the N million mark for the first time - business lines increased N N to N million - on a truly comparable basis we 've seen modest earnings growth this year from the operations of our company said jack chairman and chief executive officer - the major negative factor was the cumulative impact of regulatory activity over the past two years - he said the company expects to be on target with analysts ' projections by year end but conceded that the fourth quarter represents a significant challenge - expenses in the quarter dropped N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - yesterday u s west shares rose N cents to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - bell atlantic said net rose N N aided by strong growth in the business and an increase in the number of new telephone lines - revenue jumped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion in the year-ago quarter - revenue from financial and real-estate services jumped N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - revenue from long-distance telephone companies increased N N to $ N million - bell atlantic added N new telephone lines in the quarter for a total of N million - the company said per-share earnings were slightly reduced by the sale of N million shares of treasury stock to the company 's newly formed employee stock ownership plans - in composite trading on the big board bell atlantic closed at $ N up $ N a share - at nynex net slumped N N primarily because of a continuing strike by N employees lower-than-expected profit at its new york telephone unit and significantly higher taxes and costs - state and local taxes increased to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - nynex said expenses rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a $ N million increase - most of the higher costs were associated with acquisitions and growth in business units it added - our net income is n't where we would want it to be at this point said william c. ferguson chairman and chief executive officer - this deviation from our past growth patterns is caused largely by lower earnings at new york telephone - mr. ferguson said a continued softness in new york city area 's economy and increased competition particularly in the market took a heavy toll on earnings - the strike at nynex seriously hurt the installation of new telephone lines in the quarter - nynex said access lines in service at the end of the quarter were off N from the previous quarter which reported an increase of N new access lines - revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion mostly from acquisition of computers and robust businesses - in big board composite trading yesterday nynex common closed at $ N up $ N - southern new england telecommunications which bolstered its marketing efforts for telephone and subsidiaries reported that net increased N N - walter h. jr. chairman and chief executive officer said innovative marketing of our products and services contributed to increase revenue - revenue and sales increased N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - yellow pages advertising sales rose N N to $ N million - cost and expenses for the quarter excluding interest increased N N to $ N million from $ N million the year before - common rose $ N to $ N a share yesterday in composite trading on the big board - san pacific telesis said net declined N N primarily because of regulatory action - revenue was about flat at $ N billion - revenue was reduced $ N million by three extraordinary items a california public utilities commission refund for an american telephone & telegraph co. billing adjustment a provision for productivity sharing to be paid to customers in N and a one-time for a toll settlement with long-distance telephone companies - excluding the one-time charges the company would have posted earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - the company also was hurt by a $ N million rate reduction that went into effect in N - this is a good quarter for us in terms of our business fundamentals said sam chairman and chief executive officer - pacific telesis said new telephone lines increased N N for a total of about $ N million for the quarter toll calls increased N N to N million and minutes of telephone usage increased to N billion - in big board composite trading yesterday pacific telesis common closed at $ N up N cents - a includes a one-time gain of $ N million from a sale by u s west 's u s west new group - b includes a $ N million gain on the sale of - amoco corp. said third-quarter net income plunged N N to $ N million or N cents a share as gasoline refining and marketing profits lagged substantially behind last year 's record level - a charge of $ N million related to projected environmental costs in its refining and marketing operations further depressed results - a spokesman said amoco completed an environmental analysis last quarter but that no single project was responsible - in the N third quarter the chicago-based oil company earned $ N million or $ N a share - revenue in the latest quarter rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - aside from the special charge amoco 's results were in line with wall street estimates - the company 's stock ended at $ N up N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - amoco is the first major oil company to report third-quarter results - analysts expect others to show a similar pattern - generally in the quarter of gasoline and higher crude oil prices pressured profitability - the industry 's chemical profits also declined because excess capacity has depressed prices - gasoline margins may rebound this quarter some industry officials say but they believe chemical margins could worsen - american inc. a dallas-based integrated oil company yesterday said its third-quarter earnings declined by more than half - blamed lower chemical prices reduced gasoline margins and refinery maintenance - it said net income dropped to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - amoco 's refining and marketing profit in the quarter fell to $ N million from $ N million - chemical earnings declined by one-third to $ N million last year 's robust levels - amoco 's domestic oil and natural gas operations recorded a profit of $ N million in the quarter compared with a loss of $ N million primarily on the strength of higher crude oil prices said chairman richard m. - amoco also sharply boosted natural-gas output part of it from properties acquired from tenneco inc. last year - but foreign exploration and production earnings fell sharply to $ N million from $ N million - higher oil prices were n't enough to offset a roughly $ N million charge related to a N N reduction in amoco 's canadian work force as well as increased exploration expenses - for the nine months amoco said that net income fell to $ N billion from $ N billion but if unusual items are excluded operations produced essentially flat results - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - james f. former chairman and chief executive officer of inc. and richard j. iii a dallas investment banker were elected directors of this concern boosting the board to seven members - for retailers christmas not halloween promises to be this year 's season - many retailers fear a price war will if companies such as campeau corp. slash to spur sales - concerns about the stock market doubts about the economy in general and rising competition from catalog companies also store operators - profits at christmas could be under attack for every retailer asserts norman abramson president and chief operating officer of inc. an chain - even if there is n't any widespread discounting the outlook for industry profits is n't good - management forecasts a N N profit decline for retailers this year after annual drops that averaged N N in N and N - for the last two and a half years retailing has been in a mild recession says carl chief economist at the columbus ohio consulting firm - this year many stores are entering the christmas season in turmoil teller and b. altman parent l.j. hooker corp. is operating under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code b.a.t industries plc 's healthy saks fifth avenue and marshall field 's chains are on the auction block campeau 's bloomingdale 's is also on the block - industry observers expect a wide divergence in performance - stores in a state of confusion are likely to fare poorly and to lose customers to stable chains such as limited inc. may department stores co. and department stores inc. which should do well - there are going to be very clear winners and very clear losers says cynthia a ross & co. retail consultant - says mr. i 'm looking for a christmas - economists expect general merchandise sales in the fourth quarter to rise N N to N N from year-ago figures - but mr. predicts that healthy stores mostly apparel could ring up gains of as much as N N to N N - troubled chains could see their sales drop as much as N N he believes as managers by fears about the future allow their stores to get sloppy - thin merchandise at the most troubled chains are also expected to hurt sales - catalog companies are likely to pose a bigger threat to all stores this year particularly in december - more than N catalog are promoting a low-cost federal express service that guarantees delivery of orders made by a certain date - traditionally consumers were concerned about ordering after the first of december because they did n't believe they would get it by christmas says chairman of the wine inc. which sells wine and accessories through the mail - using federal express delivery last year mr. says december was our biggest month - even sears roebuck & co. is getting into the act offering for the first time to have federal express deliver toys ordered by dec. N from its wish book catalog - k mart corp. chairman joseph e. up his outlook for the christmas season as not troublesome - he 's not predicting a blockbuster but he is more optimistic than three months ago because employment remains strong and inflation low - other retailers are also preparing for a holiday - philip m. chairman of carter stores inc. expects sales at department stores open at least a year to rise a modest N N to N N over last year 's totals both for his company and the industry in general - i 'm not looking for a runaway christmas at all he says - it is n't a real boom holiday season in our eyes says woolworth corp. chairman harold e. sells but it is n't going to be a either - mr. sells expects fourth-quarter sales at his company which besides woolworth stores includes and foot stores and other specialty chains to rise pretty much in line with its increases of between N N and N N - the estimate includes the results of new stores - a consumer poll conducted in early september by leo j. shapiro & associates a market researcher based in chicago also suggests a modest holiday - of the N survey respondents N N said they expect to spend less buying christmas gifts this year than last year while N N said they expect to spend more and N N said their gift budget would stay the same - the results are almost identical to shapiro 's september N numbers - retailers could get a boost this year from the calendar - christmas falls on a monday creating a big last-minute weekend opportunity for stores - most will stay open late saturday night and open their doors again sunday - but many consumers probably will use the extra time to put off some purchasing until the last minute - what you 'll hear as we get into december is that sales are sluggish predicts woolworth 's mr. sells - the week ending the is going to save the entire month for everyone - the spanish author jose cela won the nobel prize for literature yesterday a surprising choice but given the swedish academy 's past hardly the most and ridiculous handed out by the committee - in spain anyway the mr. cela enjoys some for the novels and travel books he wrote during the franco years the everyday poverty and atmosphere of which he described in direct vivid beginning with the family of N - unlike other writers who either battled the during the civil war or left spain when franco mr. cela fought briefly on the general 's side no doubt earning with his war wound some when he went on to a country with a high population of and rural through a land - still it was in editions that his first read his story of a field worker who his mother to death and has no regrets as he his end in a prison cell fate directs some men down the path and others down the road with and - the lucky ones out at life with eyes and with a face of at their - the others endure the hot sun of the plains and like wild - mr. cela himself was one of the lucky ones his fortunes steadily increasing over the decades he spent putting out some N novels short story and - these days he is as known for his flamboyant and the who shares his life as he is for his books - the man who wore out his shoes around in N describing in his travel book a la how he for food and stayed in now tours spain in a - of his N novels the N full of sharp of madrid life and centered on a run by a broad-based woman with little teeth in used to be available in english translated by cohen and published by press which now no doubt regrets its copyright - here is an - the woman walks on in the direction of the plaza de - two men have a conversation behind one of the windows of the on the corner of the - both are young one odd the other odd - the older one looks like a member of the jury for a literary award the younger one looks like a novelist - it is evident that their conversation runs more or less on the following lines i 've submitted the of my novel under the title de and in it i 've treated a few neglected aspects of that problem which - oh yes - will you pour me a drop of water if you do n't mind - with pleasure - i 've revised it several times and i think i may say with pride that there is not a single word in the whole text - how interesting - i think so - i do n't know the quality of the works my colleagues have sent in but in any case i feel confident that good sense and honest judgment - rest assured we proceed with fairness - i do n't doubt it for a moment - it does not matter if one is defeated provided the work that gets the award has - what 's so discouraging is - in passing the window gives them a simply out of habit - ashland oil inc. said it will take after-tax charges of $ N million or $ N a share in its fiscal fourth quarter ended sept. N - because of the charge ashland expects to report a loss for the fourth quarter and significantly lower results for fiscal N - the oil said it will report fiscal fourth quarter and N results next week - the company earned $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion in the year-ago fourth quarter - for fiscal N ashland had net of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - both revenue figures exclude taxes - the charges consist of a $ N million after-tax charge to cover cost overruns in ashland 's consolidated subsidiary a previously announced $ N million after-tax charge resulting from a $ N million settlement with national iranian oil co. and a $ N million after-tax charge from the previously announced sale of its ashland technology corp. subsidiary - ashland expects that sale to be complete next year - the charge for the subsidiary is for expected costs to correct problems with certain bed built for utilities - the charge will be added to $ N million in reserves established a year ago to cover the cost overruns - when president bush here next week for a summit organized to a century of costa rican democracy will he be able to deliver a credible message in the wake of the panamanian - undoubtedly mr. bush will be praised by some latin leaders prone to pay service to while they privately encourage more u.s. action to remove gen. manuel noriega and their countries from a sandinista - the panamanian affair is only the tip of a more - it in a bush administration decision not to the u.s. congress and avoid at all costs being accused of in the region - the result has been a dangerous vacuum of u.s. leadership which leaves central america open to soviet - the influence of the u.s. is not being felt in central america washington 's decisions do not respond to a policy and are from reality says fernando a costa rican congressman and former foreign minister - the disarray of the bush administration 's latin was evident in the failure of the organization of american states to condemn gen. noriega - faced with this embarrassment u.s. diplomats expressed confidence that the influential group of south american nations which gathered last week in peru would take a stronger posture toward the panamanian dictator - but other than a few on the gen. noriega went by that body too he was not even singled out in the closing statement - now mr. bush will come to costa rica and nicaraguan daniel ortega eager for photo opportunities with the u.s. president - the host costa rican president arias did not chile cuba panama or to the summit which was to be restricted to - however mr. ortega was included - formally upgrading the sandinistas to a democratic status was an initiative criticized in the costa rican press - even carlos manuel the presidential candidate for mr. arias 's national liberation party made public his opposition to the presence of nicaragua in a democratic - nevertheless the bush administration agreed to the dubious arrangement in july a few weeks before the central american presidents met in honduras to discuss a timetable for the rebels - according to officials in washington the state department hoped that by president arias it would gain his support to postpone any decision on the contras until after mr. ortega 's promises of democratic elections were tested next february - however relying on an critic of the reagan administration and the contra movement for help in delaying the of the contras was risky business - and even some last-minute phone calls that mr. bush made at the of some conservative u.s. senators to backing for the u.s. position failed to stop the march of mr. arias 's agenda - prior to this episode sen. christopher dodd d. conn. an open field a personal diplomatic mission through central america to promote an early of the rebels - visiting nicaragua he praised the sandinistas for their electoral system and the bush administration for not rewarding the sandinistas - in honduras where the contras are a hot political issue he promised to help some $ N million in assistance withheld due to the failure of local agencies to comply with conditions agreed upon with washington - aid was also the of the talks sen. dodd had with president mr. 's government is very much at the of u.s. and is forced to listen very carefully to sen. dodd 's likes and - it was therefore not surprising that close allies of the u.s. virtually neglected by the bush administration ordered the nicaraguan by december long before the elections - the accords were by the dodd plan - the individual foreign policy carried out by u.s. legislators adds to a confusing u.s. performance that has soviet initiatives in central america - on oct. N following conversations with secretary of state james baker soviet foreign minister eduard shevardnadze arrived in managua to nicaragua 's great peace efforts - there mr. shevardnadze felt to unveil his own peace plan the u.s.s.r. would a suspension of arms shipments to nicaragua after the february election if the u.s. did likewise with its allies in central america - he also called on nicaragua 's neighbors to accept a military guaranteed by both - the pentagon claims that in spite of moscow 's words east bloc weapons continue to flow into nicaragua through cuba at levels - since mr. shevardnadze 's proposals followed discussions with mr. baker arose that the bush administration was seeking an with the soviets in central america - this scheme would fit the arias plan which declared a false between soviet military aid to the sandinista and that provided by washington to freely elected governments - furthermore it is also likely to encourage those on capitol hill asking for cuts in the assistance to el salvador if president does not to demands of the marxist guerrillas - the sad condition of u.s. policy in central america is best by the recent end to u.s. of radio costa rica - in N the costa rican government requested help to establish a radio station in the northern part of the country flooded by of sandinista propaganda - recovering sovereignty was the purpose of radio costa rica funded by the u.s. and affiliated with the voice of america - a few months ago the bush administration decided to stop this cooperation leaving radio costa rica operating on a - according to news reports the abrupt termination was due to fears that could interfere with the peace process - in the meantime russia gave nicaragua another powerful radio which has been installed in the city of - it is capable of reaching the entire caribbean area and deep into north america - perhaps its loud signal may generate some awareness of the soviet being created in the thanks to u.s. default - the soviet in nicaragua is for costa rica a peaceful democracy without an army - questioned in washington about what would happen if his peace plan would fail president arias voiced expectations of direct u.s. action - a poll conducted in july by a affiliate showed that N N of costa believe that if their country is attacked by either nicaragua or panama the u.s. will come to its defense - but in the light of events in panama where the u.s. has such clear strategic interests waiting for the delta force may prove to be a dangerous - mr. is a lawyer and a columnist for la newspaper - holiday corp. said net income jumped N N partly on the strength of record operating income in its division - separately the hotel and gambling giant said it was proceeding with plans to make a tender offer and with respect to approximately $ N billion of its publicly traded debt - that debt is part of the $ N billion of holiday debt that bass plc of britain said it would retire or assume when it agreed to buy the holiday business in august - holiday said third-quarter earnings rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - results for the quarter included $ N million in pretax gains from property transactions including the sale of one embassy suites hotel and $ N million of nonrecurring costs associated with the acquisition of the holiday business by bass - holiday said operating income related to increased N N to a record $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - the jump reflected record results in las vegas nev. and atlantic city n.j. as well as a full quarter 's results from 's del in - third-quarter revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months earnings fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the tender offer and consent solicitation will be made to in december - in effect holiday is asking holders for permission for bass to buy their debt - holiday said salomon brothers inc. has been retained to act as the and financial adviser in connection with the offer and solicitation - the debt issues involved and the proposed consent fees and cash tender offer prices expressed per $ N of principal amount are as follows N N N senior notes due N at N N N N subordinated debt due N at N N N N N notes due N at N N and N N N notes due N at N N - holiday said its N N notes due N also will be included in the tender offer and consent solicitation at a price to be determined by holiday prior to the of the offer - the television units of paramount communications inc. and mca inc. are exploring the possibility of offering prime-time programming to independent stations two nights a week industry executives say - although such a venture would n't match the fourth network created by news corp. 's fox broadcasting co. mca and paramount may have similar ambitions - fox which also owns six tv stations provides programs three nights a week to those and other affiliates - paramount domestic tv and mca tv formed a joint venture last month named premier advertiser sales to sell advertising in programs syndicated by both companies such as star the next generation charles in charge and friday the 13th the series - a spokeswoman for paramount said the company does n't comment on speculation - calls to schwab president of mca tv were n't returned - the two companies like fox already have their own tv stations - mca owns in new york and paramount last month agreed to purchase a N N stake in the broadcast group from salomon inc. in a deal valued at $ N million - owns five stations including a fox affiliate in philadelphia - one broadcasting executive familiar with the project said the would target stations affiliated with fox because fox has the desirable independent stations in most of the key cities - currently fox supplies programs on and although the company plans to expand to other - jamie president of fox broadcasting said we believe the partnership of fox its affiliates and advertisers is succeeding and will continue to grow - another fox official who declined to be identified said fox was n't pleased by the possible venture into prime-time programming - to make the venture work they would need fox affiliates he said - we spent a lot of time and money in building our group of stations he said adding that fox does n't appreciate another company attempting to its station lineup - fox said it plans to offer its stations movies theatrical and ventures probably on sometime next year - it is also planning another night of original series - paramount and mca according to the broadcasting executive plan to offer theatrical movies produced separately by paramount and mca for and perhaps a block of original shows - the executive said paramount and mca have also held discussions with industries ' broadcasting unit which owns five independent stations in cities such as los angeles san francisco and - a station manager said there have been no formal talks - i think it 's to fox 's advantage to be associated with the venture said michael conway station manager of the station that is a fox affiliate - mr. conway said the fox shows appearing on nights when shows would n't be offered could be on the programs produced by - michael fisher general manager of a fox affiliate in sacramento calif. said the real question is whether the offering is practical - it is n't - why would i consider giving up fox a proven commodity for an unknown venture - fox attracts a young audience with shows such as married with children its most successful series - banco popular de puerto rico and banponce corp. agreed to merge in a transaction valued at $ N million - under the agreement banponce stockholders will be able to exchange each of their shares for either shares in the new entity or cash - in each case the exchange is valued at $ N a share - the two companies both based in san will form a bank holding company with assets of just over $ N billion - the holding company will be called banponce corp - the primary subsidiary will be the combined banking operations of the two companies and will be known as banco popular de puerto rico - jr. chairman of banco popular will be the chairman of the holding company - m. currently chairman of banponce will serve as president of the bank holding company and chairman of the subsidiary - banco popular originally proposed the merger in july in a cash and stock transaction valued at $ N a share or about $ N million - banponce reacted at first but appeared to be won over analysts said by banco popular 's assurances that it wanted only a friendly transaction - banco popular just kept waiting said edward thompson a vice president and analyst at thomson inc. in new york - they got a transaction that 's good for both companies - the two banks appear to be a good fit - banponce to a more affluent customer while banco popular has always had a large presence among and markets - the merger should also allow the companies to reduce costs by combining operations in many locations in puerto rico - they 're often right across the street from one another mr. thompson said - richard who is currently president and chief executive officer of banco popular said the merger will result in a larger and stronger locally based bank - mr. who will now serve as president and chief executive officer of the subsidiary bank added we 'll be able to better compete with large foreign banks - it makes sense from a strategic standpoint - the newly merged company will have N branches in puerto rico and N branches outside of the island - the banks said they do n't expect the merger to face any regulatory hurdles - mr. said the merger should be completed in six to nine months - hit by higher costs and lower sales caterpillar inc. said third-quarter earnings tumbled N N and full-year earnings will trail last year 's results - the construction equipment maker said third-quarter profit fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion reflecting eight fewer business days in the latest quarter - the company which is in a costly modernization program said earnings were hurt by higher start-up and new program costs increased costs of materials higher wages and an $ N million provision for bad debts in latin america - in announcing a N capital spending plan of $ N million early this year caterpillar said full-year earnings would be flat compared with last year 's $ N million or $ N a share - but yesterday the company said this year 's profit will be lower - it did n't say by how much - suffering from a downturn in heavy truck production that cut orders for its engines caterpillar also said it will indefinitely lay off about N workers in the area and temporarily shut its plant in york pa. for two weeks in both november and december - for the first nine months of the year caterpillar said earnings fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - inc. said it is one of two companies to receive a license to introduce and operate a cellular mobile telephone system in pakistan - the market during the start-up is estimated at N subscribers - a spokeswoman for a telecommunications company said she did n't know the value of the contract - cable & plc of britain won the other license - said it would build and operate the system in pakistan with international ab part of the group of sweden and international pakistan - b.a.t industries plc won overwhelming shareholder approval for a defensive restructuring to fend off a # N billion $ N billion takeover bid from sir james goldsmith - at a shareholders ' meeting in london the tobacco financial-services and retailing giant said it received N N approval from voting holders for plans to spin off about $ N billion in assets - b.a.t aims to sell such u.s. retailing units as marshall field and saks fifth avenue and float its big paper and british retailing businesses via share issues to existing holders - proceeds will help pay for a planned buy-back of N N or about N million of its shares and a N N dividend increase - b.a.t yesterday started its share buy-back - the company said it acquired N million shares for N pence $ N each or a total of # N million $ N million from its broker barclays de zoete wedd - the share buy-back plan is likely to b.a.t 's share price - b.a.t said it may make more equity purchases until the close of business today depending on market conditions but will cease further purchases until nov. N when it releases third-quarter results - b.a.t shares rose N pence to N pence on london 's stock exchange yesterday - shareholder approval sets the stage for a lengthy process of restructuring that might not be completed until next year 's second half - before the recent in global financial markets b.a.t officials holders and analysts had expected a substantial part of the restructuring to be complete by the end of the first half - we are not in any hurry to sell saks marshall field or b.a.t 's other u.s. retail properties said chairman patrick - this is n't a sale - we are determined to get good prices - company officials say the of the paper and british retailing businesses are likely only after the of the u.s. retailing assets - meanwhile sir james still is pursuing efforts to gain u.s. insurance regulators ' approval for a change in control of b.a.t 's farmers group inc. unit - the financier has indicated he intends to bid again for b.a.t if he receives approval - hasbro inc. the nation 's largest toy maker reported third-quarter earnings increased N N from a year earlier on a N N sales gain reflecting improved margins - hasbro said it had net income of $ N million or N cents a share up from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier when it took a pretax charge of $ N million after dropping development of an interactive video entertainment system - revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - the company cited sales gains at its milton bradley and units and in its international business for the increase in revenue - alan g. chairman and chief executive added that hasbro 's new line of racing cars called record breakers and its acquisition of patch kids and other lines from industries inc. puts the company in a good position as we enter the christmas buying season - for the first nine months of the year hasbro 's net income rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share on a N N increase in revenue to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - reebok international ltd. posted a N N increase in third-quarter net income despite a slight decline in sales - the athletic maker said net rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales declined N N to $ N million from $ N million - paul fireman reebok chairman and chief executive officer said our gains in earnings provide further evidence that the controls we have put in place and our sales mix are continuing to improve the company 's overall profit performance - the company said it expects sales to improve due to a number of new products including a pump basketball that can be inflated to better fit the foot - in the first nine months net was $ N million or $ N a share on sales of $ N billion - separately reebok completed the acquisition of group inc. 's boston unit a of power - mass. had agreed to sell the unit to reebok for about $ N million - the agreement also called for reebok to receive warrants to purchase N shares of common at $ N a share exercisable at any time before july N - an outside spokesman for said the terms were changed to a minor extent but would n't disclose what those changes were - pitney bowes inc. directors authorized the company to seek buyers for its group inc. subsidiary a direct mail marketer of office supplies - pitney bowes said the decision was based on a long-term analysis of the of group 's marketing business with other pitney bowes operations - pitney bowes acquired the core of what into group in N by buying dictaphone corp - a spokeswoman would n't comment on whether the company had talked with any potential buyers for the new hartford conn. unit which had N sales of about $ N million - she said group was profitable but would n't give figures - the spokeswoman said the company does n't have a timetable for the sale adding that the board 's decision just starts the search for a buyer - separately pitney bowes said third-quarter net income gained N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue grew N N to $ N million from $ N million - the company said the growth was led by its major operations particularly mailing shipping and facsimile businesses - steel jackets of a type that may have prevented collapse of the columns of a stretch of the nimitz freeway had been installed on at least a small test section of the highway last year by california 's department of transportation employees familiar with the project say - the test project which reportedly survived tuesday 's earthquake was a prelude to a state plan to that critical section of the freeway with the steel - state engineers have made a preliminary finding that it was failure of the concrete columns and from the that was responsible for the collapse - the failure in oakland of the freeway segment known as the cypress structure was the aspect of the quake although officials were hopeful yesterday that the death toll there might be significantly lower than the N initially feared - out the is expected to take several days - red picked at the rubble while tried to break up some of the massive of concrete - giant yellow were up alongside the collapsed segment preparing to lift off chunks of the debris - in sacramento a transportation department spokesman said he could n't immediately confirm or deny existence of the test work - however he asserted that the department had n't the technology needed to the entire cypress structure - moreover other officials noted in transportation funding that the state has experienced over the years may have restricted the availability of funds for such a even if it were - knowledgeable employees said the which had n't yet been was part of a planned reinforcement of the cypress structure begun by the california transportation department several years ago - the cypress reinforcement project itself was part of an annual effort to shore up structures believed vulnerable to earthquakes - the state began such work after a N in southern california when numerous bridges collapsed - we had just finished phase two of the cypress project that involved a series of retaining designed to prevent sections of the roadway from as a result of seismic shock a state engineer said - after completing installation of the jackets on one frame of the freeway last year the state had sent the project over to its sacramento engineers to draw up a final design - knowledgeable employees said the project had been somewhat by the difficulty of designing the jackets - the procedure involves the concrete columns with steel then connecting them more to the - the employees also said the project may have been by budgetary concerns - one preliminary estimate put the cost at as much as $ N million - the collapse of the span has provoked surprise and anger among state officials - gov. george deukmejian who said he had been assured by state transportation officials that the structure could withstand an even larger quake called for an immediate investigation - i want to know who made the decision that it was safe for N people to use every day said richard katz a state legislator who is chairman of the california assembly 's transportation committee - he said he would hearings within two weeks - the cypress structure opened in june N and as such like many buildings in the san francisco bay area does not meet current building codes requiring considerably more steel support - the northern of the span lie in deposits that were of a type to have easily during the N quake - transportation department officials however said they were as surprised as anyone by the cypress destruction - they said previous earthquakes suggested that would stand up well although they were working on ways to bolster them - unfortunately there is only one laboratory for developing techniques to withstand earthquakes and that is an earthquake said san francisco district director for the transportation department - he said we know of no technology that exists anywhere in the world that would allow us to reinforce the columns - financial corp. of santa barbara said it to nov. N a special shareholder meeting to vote on a $ N million exchange - the meeting had been scheduled for nov. N but the company delayed the meeting to allow time for the securities and exchange commission to review the proposal - as part of a restructuring announced earlier this year the company proposed in august to exchange N newly issued common shares for each $ N face value of debt - however that figure could be revised financial corp. said - currently the company has about six million common shares outstanding - if all the debt was converted about N million new shares would be issued - in composite trading wednesday on the new york stock exchange financial corp. closed at $ N unchanged - the debt consists of $ N million of N N N subordinated notes due N and $ N million of N N convertible subordinated debentures due N - financial corp. also is proposing to exchange each of its N outstanding shares of cumulative convertible preferred series a stock for two shares of common - after years of over bonn 's west germany and the u.s. appear to have shifted onto a united course in eastern europe - bonn and washington have taken a leading role in aid for the countries billions of dollars in fresh credit and old debt while urging other industrial nations to follow suit - both hope to encourage pressure for change in east bloc countries still ruled by by arranging liberal financial aid and trade benefits for poland hungary and to a lesser extent the soviet union - west german officials also have the special goal of holding out hope for east germany 's fledgling reform movement - the change taking place in the soviet union poland and hungary has aroused new hope in both german states that reforms will be undertaken in east germany and that relations between the two german states too will get better said foreign minister - addressing a conference of the new york-based institute for security studies in frankfurt yesterday mr. said history will judge us by whether we have taken the opportunities that emerge from these reforms - the ultimate aim of western support for east bloc reforms he said is to create an equitable and stable peaceful order in europe from the atlantic to the - mr. and u.s. secretary of commerce robert a. mosbacher in separate at the conference appealed for more western contributions to economic reforms and business development in hungary and poland - bonn and washington are leading supporters of poland 's request for a $ N billion credit from the international monetary fund - we want the bold programs of market development and political freedom in hungary and in poland to succeed - we are prepared to support those changes said mr. mosbacher - u.s. curbs on the exports of sensitive technology to east bloc countries will remain in place however - meanwhile the u.s. house of representatives yesterday approved an $ N million aid package for poland and hungary that more than the amount president bush had requested - the package was brought to the house just N days after it was introduced indicating congress 's eagerness to reward poland and hungary for their moves toward democracy and economic reforms - the legislation approved N and sent to the senate two enterprise funds to be by independent nonprofit boards which will make loans and investments in new business ventures in hungary and poland - the polish fund would be with $ N million the fund with $ N million - in addition a group of N industrialized countries including the u.s. and japan and by the european community commission has promised poland and hungary trade advice and a line of credit equivalent to $ N billion through the european investment bank while the ec plans $ N million in direct aid - when chancellor helmut kohl to poland nov. N he is expected to take with him a promise of three billion west german marks $ N billion in new credit guarantees for industrial projects - last week bonn agreed to N billion marks in polish debt that came due last year - in addition a one billion mark credit dating from N is to be written off - poland 's plan to switch to a free-market economy by N is hampered by a foreign debt load of $ N billion - west germany also has increased its credit guarantees to hungary by N million marks to N billion marks as the emerging democratic state through its own economic reforms including a broad privatization of state-owned industry and tax incentives for industrial investment - an additional N million marks in was promised by the west german state governments of and - deutsche bank ag which last year arranged a three billion mark credit for the soviet union is now moving to become the first west german bank to set up independent business offices in hungary and poland as they shift to free-market economies - a of frankfurt banking holds that wherever deutsche bank goes other west german banks follow - indeed at least four other west german banks are believed to be making inquiries - mattel inc. said third-quarter net income rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - mattel 's world-wide volume has grown N N in a climate of relatively flat industry sales said john w. chairman - he said the toy company 's prospects for a strong fourth quarter are also good - mattel attributed the jump in quarter net to strong world-wide sales of its hot wheels cars disney toys and other well-known toy lines - the company also cited retail trade and consumer demand for new products introduced this year such as cherry and - for the nine months mattel net more than doubled to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - mattel said the company 's sale of rights to land and buildings at its calif. headquarters resulted in a $ N million charge to third-quarter operating profit - the charge did n't affect net for the quarter as it was offset by tax benefits - mattel has purchased a new headquarters building in el calif. which it will by the end of next year - democracy can be to politicians sometimes it forces them to make choices - now that the supreme court opened the door on the subject of abortion politicians are under the glare of democratic choice - their is a healthy sign for the rest of us - republicans are most painfully at least at first which is only fair because they 've been the most - so long as abortion was a question for litigation not legislation republicans could find political security in - they could attract voters by adopting the movement 's strongest position even as pro-choice republicans knew this little on an issue by the court - now it matters - much of washington thought it detected george bush in a characteristic on abortion the past week - only a month ago he 'd warned congress not to pass legislation to pay for abortions in cases of rape or incest - last friday after congress passed it anyway he hinted he was looking for compromise - was the man who once was pro-choice but later pro-life converting again - in fact mr. bush 's dance was more than - pro-life advocates say the white house never over the veto - christopher smith r. n.j. a pro-life leader in the house suggested a compromise that would have adapted restrictive language from rape and incest exceptions in the states - the white house never eager for a fight was happy to try which is why george bush said he was looking for flexibility last week - when democrats refused to pro-life republicans met at the white house with chief of staff john on monday and mr. bush quickly signaled a veto - amid charges of on panama and elsewhere the president was n't about to his most energetic constituency - the gop were in congress - in last week 's house vote N republicans - after the vote connecticut rep. nancy johnson up nearly as many on a letter to mr. bush urging him not to veto - even such a pro-life as sen. hatch r. utah had some kind of compromise - the senate passed the same bill yesterday with a majority of N - the illustrates an emerging republican since the early 1980s - at the N gop convention abortion was barely discussed at all though delegates were evenly divided on the question of an anti-abortion constitutional amendment - ms. johnson made a statement to the platform committee but she was talking to herself - now many republicans are listening - they 're frightened by what they see in new jersey and especially virginia where pro-life gop candidates for governor are being on abortion - eddie a republican consultant says the two gop candidates could have avoided trouble if they had the issue first - in virginia marshall coleman and his running are both on the defensive for opposing abortions even in cases of rape or incest - but mr. adds the net loser in the next few years is the side - st. martin of the national right to life committee says exit polls from the N election had pro-life voters giving mr. bush about five more percentage points of support than pro-choice voters gave michael - but the supreme court 's opening of debate may have changed even that - gop neil newhouse of the group says polls this summer showed that the voters had about out - polls are no substitute for principle but they 'll do for some politicians - the republican danger is that abortion could become for them what it 's long been for democrats a divisive test - it 's already that in the bush administration at least for any job in which abortion is even an issue - oklahoma official robert fulton lost a chance for a senior job in the department of health and human services after activists opposed him - butler a conservative former congressman was barred from a legal services post after he gave wrong answers on abortion - even the president 's doctor burton lee has said on the record that he 'd love to be surgeon general but could n't pass the pro-life test - in the case of hhs secretary louis sullivan the test could yet damage issues important to other parts of the republican coalition - after mr. sullivan on abortion last year the white house by surrounding him with pro-life deputies - their views on health care and welfare did n't much matter though hhs spends billions a year on both - it makes only a handful of decisions - though democrats can at all this for now they may want to contain their - on abortion their own day will come - eventually even republicans will find a way to frame the issue in ways that pro-choice - does the candidate favor parental consent for abortions - the pro-choice lobby does n't - what about banning abortions in the second and third - the lobby says no again - democracy is forcing the abortion debate toward healthy compromise toward the middle - roe v. wade political debate so the - now the middle a moral majority of sorts is itself - within a few years the outcome in most states is likely to be that abortion will be more restricted but not completely banned - this is where the voters are which is where politicians usually end up - union pacific corp third-quarter net income fell N N - excluding earnings from discontinued operations a year earlier net fell only N N - the energy natural resources and railroad concern had net of $ N million or $ N a share down from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - in the N third quarter profit from continuing operations totaled $ N million - a year earlier the company had profit from discontinued operations of $ N million from sale of a pipeline a refinery and an interest in a second refinery - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange union pacific jumped $ N to $ N a share - the company said its union pacific railroad had a N N profit increase despite a N N rise in fuel costs and a N N drop in car - most of the commodity traffic was off the company said - earnings from continuing operations of the union pacific resources unit almost doubled the company said - it added that higher revenue strong crude oil prices and higher natural gas prices offset declines in production of oil gas and plant - in addition the company cited moves and interest income - earnings from union pacific realty dropped N N to $ N million - before good will transportation earnings fell N N to $ N million union pacific said - in the nine months net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - profit from continuing operations in the year-earlier period was $ N million - revenue was $ N billion up N N from $ N billion - the federal trade commission ruled that five major companies illegally fixed prices for title services by participating in joint rating bureaus in six states - the ftc ordered the companies not to use rating bureaus in those six states - the commission order named the following companies title insurance co. of california a unit of los angeles-based chicago title insurance co. and title insurance co. units of chicago title & trust co. lawyers title insurance corp. a unit of richmond universal corp. and stewart title guaranty co. a unit of stewart information services corp - chicago title & trust acquired in N and changed the unit 's name to security union title insurance co - the ftc ruled that the companies violated federal antitrust law by rates in the following states new jersey pennsylvania connecticut wisconsin arizona and - the ftc first issued an administrative complaint in the case in N - john christie a lawyer here for the two chicago title & trust units accused the ftc of regulations with which he said his clients had - i expect all the companies to appeal he added - a lawyer for lawyers title said that because the named companies no longer use the type of cooperative rating bureaus attacked by the ftc the commission 's order wo n't have much practical impact - officials for the other named companies did n't return telephone calls seeking comment - mark resources inc. calgary alberta said it agreed to sell N million canadian dollars us$ N million of N N convertible debentures to a group of securities dealers - mark an oil and gas concern said the debentures are convertible before maturity at c$ N for each mark common share and can be redeemed at the company 's option under certain conditions after nov. N N - the government will try to sell all the real estate managed by the federal asset association in one fell said william seidman chairman of the federal deposit insurance corp - the real-estate package with an asking price of $ N million is of N properties in texas california colorado arizona and florida - it includes apartments shopping centers office buildings and undeveloped land - mr. seidman is chairman of the resolution trust corp. established to sell or merge the nation 's hundreds of insolvent savings-and-loan associations - the rtc created by this year 's s&l bailout legislation is trying to sell 's network of offices separately - which holds problem assets of thrifts that were closed before the bailout legislation was enacted is being liquidated - the properties held by wo n't be sold mr. seidman said in a speech before southern university business school in dallas - you need to buy the entire lot mr. seidman said so get out your - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - corp. $ N million of N N N notes due oct. N N priced at N to yield N N - the noncallable issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated by moody 's investors service inc. and by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by merrill lynch capital markets - virginia public school authority $ N million of school financing bonds N series b N resolution due N N and N through a securities corp. group - the bonds rated double-a by moody 's and s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - serial bonds were priced to yield to N N in N - bonds due N carry N N coupons and bonds due N carry N N N coupons - term bonds due N are n't being formally reoffered - they carry a N N coupon - term bonds due N are N N securities priced at par - st. johns river water management district fla. $ N of land acquisition revenue bonds series N due N N N and N tentatively priced by a smith barney harris upham & co. group to yield from N N in N to about N N in N - there are $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced at N N to yield about N N - the $ N of term bonds due N and the $ N of term bonds due N are n't being formally reoffered - serial bonds were priced at par to yield to N N in N - the bonds are insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - federal home loan mortgage corp. $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by salomon brothers inc - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N N securities - separately $ N million of freddie mac remic mortgage securities is being offered in N classes by kidder peabody & co - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N N securities - according to available details yields range from N N a spread of N basis points over three-year treasury securities to N N a spread of N basis points over 20-year treasurys - the offerings bring freddie mac 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total volume to $ N billion since the program began in february N - european investment bank agency N billion lire of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via lead manager banco commercial - fees N N - ibm international finance u.s. parent N million european currency units of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N at the recommended reoffered price of par via banque paribas capital markets - societe generale australia ltd french parent N million australian dollars of N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N to yield N less fees via banking corp - guaranteed by societe generale - fees N N - mitsubishi trust & banking corp japan N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with a fixed N N coupon at par via union bank of switzerland - put option on march N N at a fixed N N to yield N N - callable from march N N at N N declining two points to par - each N swiss franc note is convertible from N N to march N N at a premium over the closing share price oct. N when terms are scheduled to be fixed - also the company issued N million marks of convertible bonds with an indicated N N N coupon due march N N at par via bank - put on march N N at an indicated N to yield N N - call option beginning march N N if the price of the stock rises more than N N within N trading days as well as a call option for tax reasons - each N mark and N mark bond is convertible from nov. N N to march N N at a price to be determined when terms are fixed oct. N - airlines system sweden N million swiss francs of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N via union bank of switzerland - call from nov. N N at N N declining N point a year - federal home loan mortgage corp. $ N million of 10-year debentures with a coupon rate of N N priced at par - the debentures callable at par in five years were priced at a yield spread of about N basis points above the treasury 10-year note - the issue is being sold through freddie mac 's securities selling group - the debentures mature oct. N N - the debentures will be available in form only in a minimum amount of $ N and additional of $ N - interest will be paid - first they get us to buy computers so we can get more information - then the computers give us more information than we can ever read - now they plan to sell us products that through all the information to give us what we really want to know - the products range from personal newsletters to systems that sit inside a personal computer and pick stories on selected topics off news wires - news is what people want says editor of release N an industry newsletter that spots new developments - most people read N times more than necessary in order to find out what they really need - who dropped out of high school back in the 1970s to manage a computer network at a california research firm says old network hands have started to turn off the network because they do n't have time to wade through the - mr. has started a menlo park calif. company called technology that provides human editors for public electronic networks - i see it as a treatment plant he says - a new product carries five business news wires simultaneously into a user 's computer and and whenever an article appears that is of interest to the user - the product developed by desktop data corp. a new company based in mass. the wires looking for articles that contain key words specified by the user - one early user david a chicago venture capitalist and investor in desktop data says he uses it to track takeover developments - he says he told to look for stories containing such words as takeover acquisition acquire lbo tender merger junk and halted - i 'm pretty confident i 'm catching everything he says - is $ N a year for a limited version $ N a year if the cost of all the news wires is included - and it works best in personal computers - but some investors and consultants who have tried it are enthusiastic - jeffrey editor of a mass. industry newsletter says i 've seen a lot of people around on the of information - this is the first time i 've seen something i could imagine a lot of people using - uses an fm radio band to carry news wires provided by reuters mcgraw-hill and dow jones & co. as well as which carries corporate press releases - an fm receiver attached to a user 's personal computer receives the information - some organizations have devised their own systems to sort through news wire items as they come in - george an account manager at royal bank of canada adapted a lotus development corp. program called agenda to sort through international news wires - it automatically stories from particular countries for reading by the international bankers responsible for lending in those areas - for those who do n't need their information moment by moment some services are offering overnight newsletters - individual inc. a new company in mass. uses technology developed by cornell university computer scientist gerard to automatically produce newsletters it sends electronically to subscribers by N a.m. the next day - we are operating an information refinery that takes a broad stream of raw data and turns it into knowledge says founder and president - the daily newsletter which is n't widely available yet will have a base cost of $ N a year and provides full text of relevant articles under license agreements with reuters hill united press international two press release news wires and japan 's news service - one early user is nec corp. 's u.s. printer marketing arm - they want the full press releases on printer announcements by their competition mr. says - it also tracks personnel and financial announcements by nec 's distributors and customers - individual inc. 's technology goes beyond word searches by using a computerized - if a customer asks for stories about ibm the computer will also supply stories that mention international business machines or big blue mr. says - moreover individual inc. 's computers can weigh the value of an article based on how closely the story matches the subscriber 's interest area - it compares the position of key words in the story words in the headline or first get a higher value - and it how often the words appear in the story compared with how often they appear in the entire data base - the higher the ratio of hits to total words the higher the presumed value to the reader - pinpoint information corp. va. a producer of $ newsletters about the computer industry that started full operation last month relies on N human readers to code news releases by topic in order to select items for each subscriber - the computers find all the key words they can but the editors confirm every one - computer picking is n't perfect says president and founder of pinpoint - the humans also write of articles from some N computer industry publications - once all the articles are and put in a data base pinpoint 's computers pick the most relevant for each subscriber and lay them out in a newsletter format each newsletter is sent directly from the computer to the subscriber 's fax machine - mr. says each of his computers can produce and send about N unique newsletters a night - many computer network users who never see news wires would like to sort through their electronic mail automatically - so-called is the collection of technical data schedules and distributed over local and national computer networks - all these computers make it difficult to sort out what 's junk and what 's important says chuck a former lotus development executive who has started a new company to cope with the problem - mr. says his firm beyond inc. has licensed technology known as information lens from massachusetts institute of technology and plans to develop it for commercial use - the mit project devised ways for to be automatically as top priority if it comes from certain designated or requires action in the next couple of days - mr. says that beyond will the product so the message will be smart enough to know to come back and bother you again next week - and if a user is busy he can set it for crisis mode do n't bother me with reports until monday - a program called notes which is under development by lotus also is designed to sort sent within work groups - one thing that makes difficult to through is that each item looks the same - notes which is designed for advanced computers that display graphics allows mail to put different on their mail - a daily news briefing from the company for example would have a distinctive format on the screen just as a paper version would have - with you do n't have the clues of paper says mr. the editor of - with notes they 're distinct - dean witter reynolds inc. lost its second recent arbitration case involving a former executive - a new york stock exchange arbitration panel ordered dean witter to pay $ N in back bonuses to william kelly the company 's former head of high-yield high-risk junk-bond trading and sales - it also awarded $ N in back bonuses to former trader michael and $ N in fees to the two men 's attorneys - the sums awarded to messrs. kelly and represent bonuses the two men said they from the first half of N but which were n't paid because of a dispute over an incentive contract - jeffrey l. the two men 's attorney at finkelstein & robinson said mr. kelly began working at dean witter in N - mr. kelly built the company 's high-yield bond group which has been a minor player in the junk-bond arena - dean witter lost a separate case involving a former bond executive earlier this year in august it paid $ N in back pay and a bonus to a former trading chief harold - that award ended a dispute between dean witter and mr. over who was responsible for certain losses around the time of the N stock-market crash - a spokesman for dean witter a unit of sears roebuck & co. declined to comment - department stores inc. said it offered $ N million of N N N debentures due N at par - the little rock department-store retailer said proceeds will be used to reduce short-term debt - goldman sachs & co. was the underwriter - american brands inc. said third-quarter net income rose N N reflecting strong gains in its tobacco and spirits businesses - the company which also has businesses in life insurance office products and hardware and products said net income rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - year-earlier results for the quarter and the nine months were restated to reflect a change in accounting standards - revenue declined N N to $ N billion from $ N billion because of the sale of life in march and the impact of the stronger u.s. dollar on overseas results - operating profit for world-wide tobacco products rose N N to $ N million - for spirits operating profit rose N N to $ N million - in the first nine months net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the year-earlier period included $ N million or N cents a share from discontinued operations - revenue rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - the average number of shares outstanding rose N N in the third quarter but was down N N for the nine months - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange american brands shares rose $ N to $ N - santa fe pacific pipeline partners limited partnership of los angeles increased its quarterly cash dividend to N cents a unit from N cents payable nov. N to units of record oct. N - the company is an independent pipeline serving six western states - washington lies low after the stock market 's roller-coaster ride - lawmakers by charges that some of their comments contributed to the N crash generally shy away from calls for sweeping new legislation - but a house energy and commerce subcommittee will sec chairman breeden wednesday and treasury secretary brady will go before the senate banking panel thursday - the market 's wild week may speed along the legislation that has been pending for months in the aftermath of the N crash - it may also the sec 's modest pending changes in junk-bond disclosure rules and intensify the treasury 's look at plans for giving new tax breaks on dividends and raising taxes on short-term trades by pension funds - brady and breeden work well together on the plunge despite the fact that the treasury secretary opposed breeden 's nomination to the sec post - baker in the mideast amid israeli and palestinian politics - despite seeing his plan for elections the cautious secretary of state is so far unwilling to cut u.s. economic or military aid to force israeli cooperation - baker nonetheless remains both at shamir for backing down on the elections and at shamir 's rival for political in forcing a cabinet vote on baker 's plan - meanwhile some u.s. officials fear plo chief arafat is getting cold feet and may back off from his recent and of terrorism - he is under intense fire from other palestinian groups is pushing whose terrorist band is blamed for the pan am N as an alternative to arafat - on the budget and capital gains hurt him in congress - republicans as well as democrats were angered by the budget director 's rejection of speaker foley 's effort to a measure by it of the capital-gains tax cut as well as pet democratic projects - darman now blames the clash on but house gop leader who carried the offer to him observes i was speaking english at the time and quite loud so i could be understood - senate gop leader dole the budget chief on the senate floor - democratic counterpart mitchell asked to interpret darman 's threat to make permanent the across-the-board gramm-rudman cuts that took effect this week says i do n't even bother to interpret them - but darman suggests such will quickly - if i can show signs of maturity almost anybody can he jokes - hhs officials expect secretary sullivan to continue a ban on research using tissue - before he was confirmed sullivan said he had reservations about any blanket on medical research - but now an official says he is surrounded by who contend that any in fetal-tissue research could increase the demand for abortions - cooperation on weapons development between the u.s. and europe - britain france and italy pull out of a proposal to build new nato the u.s. and west germany have each withdrawn from missile projects - defense experts say joint projects are increasingly squeezed by budget pressures and the desire to save domestic jobs some also fear rising as european unity - both sides now - virginia gop governor candidate tries to have it both ways on the abortion issue - though she opposes abortion in almost all cases she a tv commercial using pro-choice - a woman ought to have a choice in cases where her life or health are in danger and in cases of rape or incest she - hot topic - interest in the abortion issue is so great that the a daily political newsletter comes up with a spinoff product called the abortion report dealing solely with its political implications - conservatives expect bush to their majority on a key court - bush has three to fill on the prestigious d.c. circuit court which handles many important regulatory issues and is often considered a for future supreme court - conservatives now hold only a N edge - one is expected to go to chairman thomas a black conservative after a fight liberals now probably wo n't put up a major struggle against him - other conservatives thought to be on the administration 's short list include washington lawyer michael who was passed over for the no. N job at the justice department and marshall chairman of a u.s. agency on administration - the bush administration would also like to a woman one possibility is former justice department official - minor - in the wake of the failed panama coup a appears would have got him - rep. garcia on trial for bribery and puts statements in the congressional record missed votes to scheduling conflicts - a gop senate fund-raising letter from sen. burns of is made to appear personally written and its opening line is please excuse my - but burns in an interview that 's not my - shipping inc. new york declared an initial quarterly of N cents a share payable nov. N to shares of record oct. N - the announcement boosted the company 's shares which closed at $ N up $ N a share in composite trading on the american stock exchange - the company which went public in may intends to pay dividends from available cash flow the amount may vary from quarter to quarter - ever since the contested america 's cup race last year the famous match has run into more rough sailing out of the water than in it - now that a key member of the san diego club team is splitting off to form his own team even more competition lies ahead - peter isler the winning in the past two america 's cup challenges has split from the team led by dennis conner skipper of the stars & to form his own team for the next contest in N - and in addition to a crack team of mr. isler has lined up some real to help him finance the syndicate - isler sailing international 's advisory board includes ted turner turner broadcasting chairman and a former cup victor peter g. head of communications and joseph b. chairman and chief executive of inc - his steering committee includes other notable businessmen including the california investor and old salt roy e. disney - we have the structure people and plan mr. isler said in a statement - now the first order of business is raising enough money to keep his team afloat a new will cost about $ N million alone and sailing syndicate budgets can easily run to $ N million for a cup challenge - the split comes in the midst of a court battle over whether the san diego club should be allowed to keep the international for sailing a against the new zealand ' - in september a new york appellate court a state judge 's ruling that awarded the cup to the new zealand team - pending an appeal by the new zealand team led by michael the for the next cup challenge are scheduled to be held in in san diego - but because of the uncertainty of the outcome of the suit mr. conner 's team has done little to begin up to defend its title - if you do n't know what the rules of the game are it 's hard to start your fund-raising or design said smith an official with team dennis conner - the conner team wo n't be able to negotiate with corporate sponsors until the suit is resolved and the race site is determined mr. smith said and the syndicate 's budget could easily reach $ N million - but spokesmen for both mr. isler and mr. conner say the formation of the new syndicate has to do with mr. isler 's desire to skipper his own team and begin planning now rather than any falling out between the two - mr. smith and a spokesman for the america 's cup organizing committee insist that the added competition for the 's spot will only improve the race - missouri farmer writing in the fall issue of the heritage foundation 's policy review about the proposed location of a incinerator in his county - of course i 'd rather have a computer software firm in my than a hazardous waste incinerator - but i 'd also rather live next door to an incinerator than to some of the farms i 've seen and in these parts - an incinerator is also probably better than having nobody next door on our farm there are four houses - on my drive to farm headquarters each morning i drive by another four empty houses - a community of abandoned failing businesses and crumbling roads and bridges is hardly a desirable one - the loss of N jobs by a depressed county in rural missouri is hardly of national importance except for this if the most environmentally safe way of dealing with a national problem can not be built in county what hope have we for dealing with the our economy produces - after all farmers here work with hazardous chemicals every day many of them the same chemicals that would have been destroyed in the incinerator - we know they are dangerous but if handled with care their benefits far outweigh any risk to the environment - just because stamford conn. high school did nothing when its valuable 1930s mural was thrown in the trash does n't mean the city no longer owns the work of art a federal judge ruled - the mural now valued at $ N million according to was in a trash in N by workers who were the building - the mural painted by james in N was commissioned by the federal works project administration - after the discarded mural was found outside the school by a concerned stamford graduate it eventually was turned over to hoelzer a professional art - throughout the 1970s stamford school and city officials made no effort to the mural - apparently the officials did n't even know the mural was missing until N when a researcher found that the painting was in mr. hoelzer 's studio and questioned school officials about it - in N stamford officials mr. hoelzer for taking care of the mural and demanded he return it as soon as possible - mr. hoelzer however sued stamford claiming that the city had abandoned the and that it had waited too long to reclaim it - but judge louis l. of federal court in manhattan ruled that the city could n't be for waiting too long because it did n't realize until N that its ownership of the painting was in dispute - the judge also ruled that the painting was n't abandoned because officials did n't intend for it to be thrown away and were that the had discarded it - mr. hoelzer did n't return phone calls seeking comment on the judge 's decision - the judge ordered that a hearing be held nov. N to determine how much the city should pay mr. hoelzer for his services - mary e. corporate counsel for stamford said the city has discussed several possible plans for the mural which various scenes from the great depression - she said the mural an era in stamford and in our country when this type of work was being done - the prices of corn futures contracts jumped amid rumors that the soviet union is keeping up its dizzying october buying binge of u.s. corn - those rumors were confirmed after the end of trading yesterday when the u.s. agriculture department announced that the soviets had bought N million metric tons of u.s. corn bringing their u.s. corn purchases confirmed so far this month to about five million metric tons - in trading at the chicago board of trade the corn contract for december delivery jumped N cents a bushel to settle at $ N a bushel - the soviet purchases are close to exceeding what some analysts had expected the soviet union to buy this fall the season in which it usually buys much of the corn it imports from the u.s. - that pace is causing some analysts to speculate that the soviet union might soon purchase as much as another two million metric tons - one sign that more soviet purchases are possible is that u.s. grain companies yesterday bought an unusually large amount of corn futures contracts - that sometimes signals that they are laying plans to export corn - by some estimates several grain companies combined bought contracts for the of roughly one million metric tons of corn - by buying futures contracts these companies attempt to protect themselves from swings in the price of the corn that they are obligated to deliver - rumors of soviet interest also pushed up the prices of soybean futures contracts - among other things the agriculture department is widely thought to be whether to subsidize the sale of soybean oil to the soviet union - on top of all this corn and soybean prices rose on reports that the midwest harvest was disrupted by a early snow storm that dumped several inches in parts of indiana and ohio - the harvest delays however are expected to be temporary - temperatures are forecast for next week said robert an analyst at farmers grain & livestock corp. chicago - many farmers used the jump in prices to sell their recently crop to grain companies - the heavy selling by farmers helped to damp the price rally - wheat futures prices rose slightly - in other commodity markets yesterday - precious metals - futures prices declined - a number of developments were interpreted by traders - december delivery gold fell $ N an ounce to $ N - december silver eased N cents an ounce to $ N - january platinum was down $ N an ounce at $ N - one development was the lower-than-expected increase of only N N in the consumer price index for september an analyst said - he noted that the core inflation rate which food and energy was also low at N N - other news that weighed on the market initial unemployment claims rose by N last week american telephone & telegraph co. will reduce its staff by N through the oil market turned weaker there was n't any investor demand for bullion and the dollar strengthened during the day putting pressure on gold - also the analyst said economic circumstances are such that both south africa and the soviet union the principal gold and platinum producers are being forced to continue selling the metals - both are in great need of foreign exchange and south africa is also under pressure to meet foreign loan commitments he said - putting it all together we have a negative scenario that does n't look like it will improve overnight he said - copper - futures prices recovered in quiet trading - the december contract rose N cents a pound to $ N - that contract fell a total of N cents during the first three days of this week mostly in reaction to last friday 's stock market plunge which prompted concern that it might signal a similar sharp slowing of the u.s. economy and thus reduced demand for copper a leading industrial metal - in recent days however there has been increased purchasing of copper in london an analyst said - some of this buying was by japan which has had its supplies sharply reduced by long production at the bougainville mine in new guinea highland valley mine in british columbia and the cananea mine in mexico which are major shippers to japan - the increasing likelihood that cananea and highland valley will soon return to production may have cut some of that purchasing but even if any of these mines begin operating soon their output wo n't be significant until at least the end of the year analysts note - so one analyst said even though the long-term production problems may be easing there will still be a significant need for copper over the next three months when inventories will remain relatively low - energy - crude oil prices ended mixed - west texas intermediate for november delivery fell N cents a barrel to $ N - but so-called outer month contracts finished higher - for instance december contracts for rose N cents to $ N - most energy futures opened lower following wednesday 's market downturn - but a flurry of late trading yesterday up prices - heating oil and gasoline futures ended higher as well - belli 's san francisco law offices may have been the epicenter of legal activity after tuesday 's earthquake - in the first N minutes after his office 's telephone service was restored yesterday morning N potential clients had called seeking the services of the king of - mr. belli like many other personal-injury lawyers suspects that the earthquake which measured N on the richter scale will generate enough lawsuits to keep this city 's personal-injury and construction lawyers busy for quite some time - suits are likely to be filed against engineering firms contractors and developers as well as against agencies - but lawyers looking to cash in on the quake may have a tough time once their cases reach a judge - experts on california law say government agencies in such cases are pretty - even claims against individuals and companies face significant - the major legal barrier is the principle that no one can be held liable for an act of god - for now says laurence of the california trial lawyers association the last thing we really need to worry about is whether anybody is going to get sued or whether they have liability or not - we still have people around in a in san francisco worrying about whether it 's going to rain tonight - but that wo n't stop plaintiffs ' lawyers from seeking a little room for - in san francisco they argue an earthquake was a near - therefore engineering firms construction contractors and developers can be sued for not keeping structures up to standard and government agencies can be held for failing to properly protect citizens from such a foreseeable disaster if negligence can be proven - my prediction is there will be mass litigation over errors and in engineering and contracting says stanley a well-known cincinnati plaintiffs lawyer - from what he saw on television mr. points out that interstate N which collapsed and killed more than N commuters suffered serious damage while surrounding buildings appeared to sustain no damage - he adds that they were aware of the for earthquakes and the san andreas fault - the flamboyant and mr. belli says he already has investigators looking into who could be held liable for the damage on the bay bridge and the interstate approaching it - we wo n't know until the smoke clears but yes we 're looking into it he says - mr. belli says he wants to know whether state or federal engineers or private companies could have prevented the damage - mr. belli who was at candlestick park for the world series tuesday night says he has hired civil engineers to check out his own mildly damaged building and to investigate the bridge collapse - defense lawyers perhaps say that plaintiffs ' lawyers taking such an approach will have little success in pursuing their claims though they add that the facts of each case must be looked at - a lot of this is going to be says j. a construction law specialist at & a san francisco law firm - plaintiffs he says will argue that damaged structures were n't built to proper design standards - but if defendants can prove that they met san francisco 's building codes that 's probably going to protect them mr. says - government entities continues mr. could be protected by the california government liability act - under the statute agencies are provided defenses that normally are n't available in the private sector mr. says - the legislature does not want to inhibit the unique government activities by public entities to liability - built into the statute are so-called design which are likely to protect government agencies according to mr. and richard covert a lawyer with the california department of transportation which oversees the damaged bay bridge - the state is protected when plans and designs for public structures were approved ahead of time or when structures met previously approved standards says mr. covert - he believes those defenses might well apply to the bay bridge collapse - nevertheless he adds i would n't get totally shocked if we get lawsuits out of the bay bridge - if there 's going to be a race to the courthouse it has n't started yet - mr. covert had to search through law books scattered on the floor of his office yesterday and mr. belli 's was with bricks - wednesday mr. belli 's staff was n't permitted into his office by city officials worried about their safety - he said he set up shop on the sidewalk in front of his office and helped victims apply for federal aid free of charge - in a news release issued by mr. the trial lawyers association also promised free assistance to victims - the association said it would monitor the conduct of lawyers and warned that solicitation of business is - what 's in a name - apparently a lot according to the british firm of deloitte haskins & sells - the british firm has begun court proceedings in london to prevent the use of the name deloitte by deloitte haskins & sells and ross & co. in england and the rest of the world - the british deloitte firm recently withdrew from the merger of deloitte and world-wide and joined coopers & - john bullock senior partner of deloitte in the u.k. said the decision to start these proceedings has n't been taken - mr. bullock said the british firm has used the name deloitte since N - in the u.s. deloitte haskins & sells was known as haskins & sells until N when it added the deloitte name of its british affiliate - john c. burton an accounting professor at columbia university 's graduate school of business said there 's a lot of involved in the name of an accounting firm with a long history and with roots in england where accounting the u.s. - although accountants are n't noted as being deeply emotional they really hold it all in said mr. burton former chief of the securities and exchange commission - j. michael cook chairman of deloitte haskins & sells international said he believes the legal action by the british firm to be without merit - mr. cook said that last june the international executive of deloitte and agreed to a world-wide merger - the merger is proceeding according to plan except as to the withdrawal of the deloitte u.k. firm he said - partners at other accounting firms say that the deloitte firm in the u.k. is filing the suit to get even with the merged firm for keeping major work in england - general motors corp. a deloitte audit client for example has agreed to keep its annual $ N million world-wide audit and associated tax work with the merged firm to be known as deloitte & in the u.s. - in england this would mean that the british deloitte would lose revenue for its audit of gm 's unit - the of deloitte 's affiliates in britain and the netherlands to coopers & will make coopers one of the biggest accounting firms in europe peat there - although coopers has n't been by other major accounting firms for a merger it is benefiting greatly from fallout from the merger - in new york harris general counsel of coopers said coopers was aware of the litigation but he declined further comment - he also declined to comment on the name that coopers would use in england if deloitte won its litigation to keep its name - coopers uses the coopers & name world-wide - william bennett the white house director accused local officials in the washington area of blocking construction of prison facilities to house convicted drug dealers - politics has essentially put up a to finding sites for new federal prisons mr. bennett said at a news conference called to report on his emergency assistance program for the capital - without more space to convicted criminals he added we will not win the war on drugs - mr. bennett declared in april that he would make washington a test case for how the bush administration would aid cities by heavy drug trafficking and violence - the drug claimed that enforcement efforts are working here at a slower and more pace than we would like - he acknowledged however that washington 's drug-related murder rate is high - the prisons are too crowded - drugs continue to be sold openly around schools parks and housing projects - mr. bennett declined to name the area officials who he believes have plans for building more federal prisons to ease washington 's problem - but other bush administration officials have criticized maryland gov. william for blocking the use of possible sites in that state - administration officials also have said that washington mayor barry has delayed consideration of sites in the city - in a letter to mr. bennett 's office released yesterday washington 's city administrator carol thompson complained that the drug had the amount of federal drug-related assistance provided to the capital - referring to mr. bennett 's claim that the federal government would provide $ N million in emergency federal support ms. thompson wrote our analysis was unable to even come close to that figure - of his successes in washington mr. bennett stressed that existing federal prisons have taken custody of N local - he also noted that the federal drug enforcement administration has established a task force responsible since april for N and more than $ N million in seizures of drug dealers ' assets - the defense department has lent the washington u.s. attorney N prosecutors and the federal bureau of investigation has provided crime laboratory facilities and training he added - what if it happened to us - in the wake of the earthquake in california and the devastation of hurricane hugo many companies in areas are the question of - some particularly in west coast earthquake zones are off their evacuation plans checking food stocks and employees of what to do if emergency strikes - others say they feel confident that steps they 've already taken would see them through a disaster - involves more than and fire these days - some big companies have teams of in-house experts focusing on safety and business - many companies in the path of potential disaster have set up offices in safe regions hoping they can transport employees there and resume operations quickly - that means making sure that copies of vital computer software and company records are out of harm 's way - some businesses like claim that even if they became isolated in a crisis they would be able to feed and care for their people for as long as five days - has to be the of your plan says manager of corporate emergency planning at atlantic richfield co. in los angeles - if you do n't save your critical people you wo n't be able to bring up your vital business functions - although arco 's head office more than N miles from the epicenter was n't affected by this week 's tremors ms. used the occasion to distribute a memo of earthquake tips to N arco employees - you need to capitalize on these moments when you have everyone 's attention she says - it was a good reminder that we all need to prepare prior to an event - the arco memo urges employees to keep certain supplies at work such as solid shoes and heavy to clear debris - it also recommends that employees be aware of everyday office items that could be used for emergency care or shelter - among the suggestions and men 's ties could be used for while wooden shelves might aid in breaking through office walls - arco maintains an office in dallas that would take over if payroll operations in pasadena were disrupted - two months ago the company set up a number based outside california to handle from employees about when they should report back to work after an earthquake or other disaster - the arco plan takes into account such details as which aspects of business are at certain times of the year - this way depending on when a quake might strike priorities can be assigned to departments that should be brought back on line first - at hewlett-packard co. the earthquake came just as the company was reviewing its own emergency procedures - we were talking about scheduling a practice drill for november says joan tharp a spokeswoman - then we had a real one in the afternoon - the palo alto calif. computer maker scrambled to set up a special phone line to tell manufacturing and support staff to stay home wednesday - sales and service employees were asked to report to work to help bay area clients who called with computer problems - hewlett-packard also called in its systems experts to restore its own computer operations - that means we can accept orders and begin getting back to normal says ms. tharp - prompted by an earlier california earthquake as well as a fire in a los angeles office tower great western bank in the past year hired three emergency planners and spent $ N a with communications gear to serve as an emergency headquarters - although officials of the savings and loan a unit of great western financial corp. used some of their new plans and equipment during this week 's quake they still lost touch for more than N hours with N branches in the affected areas not knowing if employees were injured or were broken open - some people flat out did n't know what to do says robert g. lee vice president for emergency planning and corporate security at great western - as it turned out bank employees were n't hurt and the the - still says mr. lee we need to educate people that they need to get to a phone somehow some way to let someone know what their status is - some companies are confident that they 're prepared - occidental petroleum corp. holds regular evacuation and stocks food and drugs at in its headquarters - the company also maintains in offices and changes its supply of drinking water every three months - we feel we are doing everything we can an occidental spokesman says - walt disney co. 's in calif. stocks rescue equipment medical supplies and enough food and water to feed at least N visitors for as long as five days in the event that a the theme park - the park also has emergency centers where specially trained employees would go to coordinate evacuation and rescue plans using cellular phones and a system - the centers are complete with detailing utility lines beneath and safe where people can be assembled away from major structures - vista chemical co. with three chemical plants in and near lake charles prepares for every hurricane that enters the gulf of mexico says keith l. a company safety director - hurricane hugo an atlantic storm did n't affect vista - but two other major have threatened operations so far this year most recently hurricane jerry this week - because can change course rapidly the company sends employees home and down operations in stages the closer a storm gets the more complete the shutdown - the company does n't wait until the final hours to get ready for - there are just tons of things that have to be considered mr. says - empty tank cars will float away on you if you get a big surge - still vista officials realize they 're relatively - with a hurricane you know it 's coming - you have time to put in place notes a vista spokeswoman - a situation like san francisco is so because there 's no warning - former democratic thomas m. gaubert whose savings and loan was from his control by federal thrift regulators has been granted court permission to sue the regulators - in a ruling by the fifth u.s. circuit court of appeals in new orleans mr. gaubert received the to pursue a claim against the federal home loan bank board and the federal home loan bank of dallas for losses he suffered when the bank board closed the independent american savings association of irving texas - mr. gaubert who was chairman and the majority of independent american had his control in exchange for federal regulators ' agreement to drop their inquiry into his activities at another savings and loan - as part of the agreement mr. gaubert contributed real estate valued at $ N million to the assets of independent american - while under the control of federal regulators independent american 's net worth dropped from $ N million to a negative $ N million out the value of mr. gaubert 's real estate contribution and his stock in the institution - mr. gaubert 's suit to recover his damages was dismissed last year by u.s. district judge robert of dallas under the federal claims act which offers broad protection for actions by federal agencies and employees - earlier this week a fifth circuit appellate panel upheld judge 's dismissal of mr. gaubert 's claim as a shareholder but said the judge should reconsider mr. gaubert 's claim for the loss of his property - it may depend on whether there was an express or implied promise that the federal officials would not cause the deterioration of independent american the court wrote - mr. gaubert 's lawyer david of washington d.c. says the impact of the ruling on other cases involving thrift takeovers will depend on the degree of similarity in the facts - i do n't know if this will affect one institution or a hundred mr. says - it does establish a very clear precedent for suing the where there was none before - claims in suit that restaurant fired her because she was pregnant - in a suit filed in state court in manhattan the american civil union is representing the former 'd of the odeon restaurant - the suit which seeks and punitive damages of $ N million alleges that the of trees levine violated new york state 's human-rights law - among other things the law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex and pregnancy - the suit alleges that ms. levine was fired after she refused to accept a lower paying less visible job upon reaching her sixth month of pregnancy - ms. levine told her employer that she was pregnant in february a month later the suit says the restaurant manager told ms. levine that she would be to his assistant because he felt customers would be uncomfortable with a pregnant 'd - moss an attorney with the 's women 's rights project said they wanted a woman and a pregnant woman is not - they told her we do n't hire fat people and we do n't hire - and pregnant women are fat - ms. moss said ms. levine taped many conversations with her bosses at the odeon in which they told her she was being fired as 'd because she was pregnant - paul h. an attorney for odeon owner keith denied the allegations - he said ms. levine had never been fired although she had stopped working at the restaurant - the odeon made a written offer to levine on july N to return to work as the 'd at the same pay same hours and with back pay accrued he said - mr. said the odeon has no policy against hiring pregnant people - lawyers in texas 's biggest case want out in face of - lawyers representing five of the seven defendants in the case say their clients can no longer afford their services - the trial of the case lasted seven months and ended in september with a hung jury - the defendants were indicted two years ago on charges that they conspired to five thrifts of more than $ N million through a complicated scheme to the price of land and construction along interstate N east of dallas - the defense lawyers three of whom are solo practitioners say they ca n't afford to put their law practices on hold for another trial - some of the lawyers say they would continue to represent their clients if the government pays their as court-appointed lawyers - assistant u.s. attorney terry hart of dallas says the government will oppose any efforts to bring in a new defense team because it would delay a - federal judge hastings of florida facing impeachment received an unanticipated boost yesterday - sen. specter r. pa urged of the judge in a brief circulated to his senate colleagues during deliberations - among other things the brief cited insufficient evidence - sen. specter was vice chairman of the impeachment trial committee that heard evidence in the hastings case last summer - a former prosecutor and member of the senate judiciary committee sen. specter is expected to exercise influence when the senate votes on the impeachment today - richmond resignations - six partners in the richmond va. firm of russell morris & butcher announced they are resigning - five of the partners james w. morris philip b. morris robert m. white ann adams webster and g. are opening a in richmond to concentrate on corporate defense litigation particularly in product liability cases - the sixth partner john h. jr. is joining & owen a smaller firm outside richmond - law firm notes - nixon & doyle based in rochester n.y. has opened an office in n.y - mayer brown & chicago added two partners to its houston office j. roger jr. and jeff c. dodd - copyright specialist neil who writes the monthly copyright law journal newsletter is joining doyle brown & - new york times co. 's third-quarter earnings report is reinforcing analysts ' belief that newspaper publishers will be facing continued poor earnings comparisons through N - the publisher was able to register soaring quarter net income because of a gain on the sale of its cable-tv system - however operating profit fell N N to $ N million - the decline reflected the expense of buying three magazines lower earnings from the forest-products group and what is proving to be a nagging major problem continued declines in advertising at the new york times the company 's flagship daily newspaper - in composite trading on the american stock exchange new york times closed at $ N a share down N cents - analysts said the company 's troubles mirror those of the industry - retail advertising which often represents half of the advertising volume at most daily newspapers largely is n't rebounding in the second half from extended doldrums as expected - at the same time newspapers are by lagging national advertising especially in its financial component - dow jones & co. recently reported net fell N N a reflection in part of continued softness in financial advertising at the wall street journal and barron 's magazine - we expect next year to be a fairly soft year in advertising said john an analyst for lynch jones & - next year earnings will hold steady but we just do n't see a big turnaround in the trend in advertising - john s. an analyst for drexel burnham lambert inc. said the times faces the same problem of other publishers is down - it will be hard to do until real starts heading back up - in the quarterly report arthur new york times co. chairman and chief executive officer said negative factors affecting third-quarter earnings will continue - analysts agreed with company expectations that operating profit will be down this year and in N - mr. said the scheduled opening of a new plant in edison n.j. in N would involve heavy and depreciation costs - with the edison plant coming on line next summer the times is facing some tough earnings comparison in the future said peter an analyst with lawrence morgan grenfell - but many newspapers are facing similar comparisons - the sale of the company 's cable franchise brought an after-tax gain of $ N million part of which will be used to reduce debt - the company also has a plan - analysts said they were impressed by the performance of the company 's newspaper group which consists of the times N regional newspapers and a one-third interest in the international herald tribune group operating profit for the quarter increased slightly to $ N million from $ N million on flat revenue - drexel burnham 's mr. pointed out that profits held up in a tough revenue environment - that 's a good sign when profits are stable during a time revenue is in the trough - investors the second anniversary of black monday with a buying spree in both stocks and bonds - but the dollar was mixed - stock and bond investors were cheered by last month 's low inflation rate - this news raised hopes for further interest-rate cuts - prices immediately rallied setting the stock market rolling from the opening bell - the dow jones industrial average up about N points in finished with a gain of N points to N - that brought the average 's cumulative gain this week to about N points - since the N crash the industrials have soared more than N N and the widely watched market barometer is about N N below its record high set earlier this month - the stock-market rally was led by blue-chip issues but unlike monday 's rebound was broadly based - indeed over-the-counter stocks led by technology issues the industrial average - the nasdaq composite index soared N or N N to N its highest one-day jump in points this year - many stocks rose after news that a group obtained financing commitments for the proposed buy-out of american medical international inc - among the biggest winners were stocks responding to heavy trading volume - the government said consumer prices rose only N N last month - economists expected twice as large an increase - that news plus recent signs of economic greatly increases pressure on the federal reserve to ease credit further which in turn would be good news for stocks investment managers say - i see a lot of evidence indicating a slower economy and that means my interest-rate outlook has a downward tilt said l. keith jr. vice chairman of prudential insurance co. of america one of the nation 's largest institutional investors - fed officials probably wo n't drive down rates immediately mr. keith said - despite the inflation news several fed officials still fear pressures will intensify because they insist the economy is stronger than generally believed - but wall street analysts expect further signs of economic weakness in government reports during the next few weeks - if so that will the case for another shot of within a month or so - that in turn is expected to persuade banks to cut their prime lending rate a benchmark rate on many corporate and consumer loans by half a percentage point to N N - we 're not out of the woods yet by any means said george r. president and chief executive of capital management co. cleveland - but the economy is slowing enough to give the federal reserve to reduce interest rates - but many individual investors are leery about stocks because of fresh signs of in the huge junk-bond market - investors also are anxious about today 's hour the monthly expiration of stock-index futures and options and options on individual stocks - this phenomenon often makes stock prices swing wildly at the end of the trading session - in major market activity stock prices surged in heavy trading - volume on the new york stock exchange rose to N million shares from N million wednesday - gaining big board issues outnumbered decliners by N to N - the dollar was mixed - in new york late yesterday it was at N yen up from N yen late wednesday - but it fell to N marks from N - tuesday 's rout of a gop congressional hopeful in a mississippi district that has n't backed a democratic presidential candidate since stevenson is another reminder that at least at the federal level political ticket splitting has been on the rise over the past half century - in only one presidential election year prior to N did more than N N of the nation 's congressional districts choose a different party 's candidate for the white house than for the house of representatives - now that percentage routinely a third and twice has been above N N - as we know voters tend to favor republicans more in races for president than in those for congress - in every presidential election over the past half century except for the presidential the gop has captured a greater percentage of the popular vote for president than it has of congressional seats or the popular vote for congress - prior to N the pattern was nearly the opposite - what accounts for the results of recent decades - a simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split displayed by americans in the voting - the theory relies on three assumptions - N voters can buy one of two brands when they select their political agents a republican brand that believes in the state and in the of private markets over the of public action and a democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses to the pursuit of private interest - N congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office dealing with national issues actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs benefits on the population at large and attending to local issues constituency service and pork barrel - N republican congressional representatives because of their belief in a state are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are democratic members of congress - if these assumptions hold voters in races for congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner 's dilemma and have an incentive at the margin to lean democratic - if they put a republican into office not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively to prevent other legislators from bringing home the to their respective - each legislator after all is only one out of N when it comes to national policy making - in races for the white house a voter 's incentive at the margin is to lean republican - although a gop president may limit local benefits to the voter 's particular such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits - the individual voter 's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes - while this theory is simple it appears to explain several things - first why ticket splitting has increased and taken the pattern that it has over the past half century prior to the election of franklin as president and the advent of the new deal government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner 's dilemma problem voters in races for congress was considerably less severe - second it explains why voters hold congress in but generally love their own congressional representatives any individual legislator 's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency - third the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office - for example members of the house once the most vulnerable of have become virtually immune to defeat - the one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of N of the N freshman republicans brought into office in N by the reagan revolution and running for re-election in N - because these placed far more emphasis on their role spreading the reagan revolution in national policy making they were more vulnerable to defeat - fourth the theory indicates why the republican party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office - potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a democratic opponent - to the extent that potential republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner 's dilemma game works to their disadvantage the republican party will be in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates - fifth the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly in the south - to the extent that democratic legislators from the south have held a disproportionate share of power in congress since N and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective voters in the south have had an especially strong incentive to keep such democrats in office - finally the theory suggests why republicans generally have fared better in senate races than in campaigns for the house - since local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of congress this is precisely the pattern one would expect if republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their democratic counterparts - is there any support for this theory - three pieces of evidence the key assumption that democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their republican colleagues - first economists james bennett and thomas find that gop senators turn back roughly N N more of their allocated personal staff budgets than democrats do - to the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit-seeking this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional republicans to pay less attention to narrow concerns - second if the key assumption is valid democrats should have lower attendance rates on votes than republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking - this is indeed what the data indicate particularly in the case of the house - the democratic house attendance rate has not exceeded the republican house attendance rate since N - finally as shown in the table democrats a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices where local benefit-seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to washington offices - an examination of changes in personal decisions in the senate between N and N when control of that body changed party hands moreover reveals that the personal differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control democrats exercise due to their status over other resources such as committee staff - an additional piece of evidence from the senate holding other factors constant such as advantages and regional factors the difference between popular votes for republican presidential and candidates in states conducting a senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government 's tax burden is per state a tax rate hits states harder - put more simply gop candidates for president are looked on more by voters than republican candidates for the senate when the prisoner 's dilemma is more severe - moreover ticket splitting appears to take the same pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level - state government is more typically split along lines than the reverse - a investigation furthermore reveals that holding other factors constant the difference between a state 's vote going to the republican gubernatorial candidate and the republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate - in sum at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly behavior voters display in the voting may have an rational explanation - mr. teaches at the university of southern california 's business school - a house-senate conference approved a nearly $ N billion state justice and commerce department bill that makes federal for held in world war ii camps a legal after next oct. N - the measure provides no money for the promised payments until then but beginning in fiscal N the government would be committed to meeting annual payments of as much as $ N million until the total liability of approximately $ N billion is paid - the action earlier efforts to find offsetting cuts to fund the payments but is widely seen as a more realistic means of first authorized in N - the action came as congress sent to president bush a fiscal N bill providing an estimated $ N billion for the departments of labor education health and human services - final approval was on a N roll call in the senate which sets the stage for a veto confrontation with mr. bush over the issue of publicly financed abortions for poor women - an federal policy the measure supports medicaid abortions in cases of rape and incest but mr. bush has so far refused to support any specific exemption beyond in which the mother 's life is in danger - mr. bush 's veto power puts him a commanding position in the narrowly divided house but a vote to override his position could well pick up new support because of the wealth of health and education programs financed in the underlying bill - the measure before the conference yesterday funds the departments of state justice and commerce through fiscal N - an estimated $ N billion is provided for next year 's census and negotiators stripped a rider seeking to block the counting of illegal aliens - elsewhere in the commerce department nearly $ N million is for assistance programs under the economic development administration - and in a to the fall of house speaker james wright this year the conference voted to $ N million in funds for a fort worth texas project that figured in ethics charges against the former democratic leader - fiscal pressures also forced the adoption of new fees charged by federal agencies and an N N increase in the securities and exchange commission 's budget would be financed entirely by an added $ N million in filing fees - in an unprecedented step the measure anticipates another $ N million in receipts by having the federal bureau of investigation charge for services in civil cases a change that is almost certain to increase pentagon costs in processing personnel and security - the bill does n't include an estimated $ N billion in supplemental anti-drug funds for justice department and law-enforcement accounts that are still in conference with the house - but yesterday 's agreement would make it easier for state governments to handle the promised aid by deferring for one year a scheduled N N increase in the required state matching funds for law-enforcement grants - similarly the measure the current funding formula to promise smaller states such as new hampshire and delaware a minimum allocation of $ N million each in drug grants or three times the current minimum - the odd mix of departments in the bill makes it one of the more of the annual appropriations measures and the provisions attached by lawmakers run from $ N million for a fish farm in arkansas to a music festival in moscow under the united states information agency - lawmakers scrapped all of a $ N million state department request for the N in spain but agreed elsewhere to $ N for an oil portrait of former chief justice warren burger - senate commerce committee chairman ernest d. s.c. who also chairs the senate appropriations subcommittee for the department attached $ N million for an advanced technology initiative including work on high-definition television - his republican counterpart sen. warren r. n.h. has used his position to wage a legislative war with the conservative board of the legal services corp - an estimated $ N million is provided to maintain the program but mr. also succeeded in language seeking to curb the authority of the current board until new members are confirmed - the effective date of any new regulations by the current board would be delayed until oct. N next year and the bill seeks to reverse efforts by the corporation to cut off funds to service organizations such as the food research and action center - the bill also provides $ N million to meet u.s. contributions to international organizations and $ N million for activities - both accounts reflect significant increases from fiscal N although the amount for shows a N N cut from the administration 's request - mercury savings & loan association said it retained merrill lynch capital markets as its lead investment banker to advise it regarding a possible sale or other combination of the beach calif. thrift - mercury which has assets of more than $ N billion and N branches in california said the action to improve its regulatory capital position is related directly to new capital requirements mandated by recently adopted federal legislation - mercury also said it extended its two-year advisory relationship with montgomery securities of san francisco - mercury 's stock closed yesterday at $ N unchanged in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - watching congress sweat and through its annual budget fighting the urge to spend more we 're reminded of those movies in which the serial killer turns himself in to police and says stop me before i kill again - the members know they 're doing wrong but they need help to restrain their - arkansas democrat david his on the senate floor the other day after he 'd joined the finance committee 's pork-barrel i must tell you - i come to the floor tonight as one who ended up with a of matter - it was nothing more or nothing less than a feeding frenzy - he was turning himself in - frankly as i was walking back to get in my car i heard many many people opening champagne bottles and celebrating individual victories that some of us had accomplished in getting our little deal in the tax bill and at this person for slipping this in he said - as i was driving home i did not feel very good about myself - we can mr. 's moment of even as we understand that he and his need restraint they kill again - a good place to start the rehabilitation is a legislative line-item veto bill now being offered by indiana senator dan coats - the coats bill which already has N senate is n't a pure line-item veto because it would apply only to spending bills - instead it 's a form of enhanced giving a president a chance to or strike specific spending items that just go too far - under the proposal a president would have a chance twice each year to return a package of to the hill once when he proposes his budget and again after congress - congress would have N days to reject the package with a N N majority but then a president could veto that rejection - congress would then need the usual two-thirds majority to override any veto - the proposal would restore some discipline erased from the budget process by the N budget reform act - before N a president could or refuse to spend funds appropriated by congress - presidents kennedy and johnson were both big users of the power but congress saw its chance against a weakened president nixon and stripped it away - today a president can still send up spending but they 're unless congress has a guilty and changes its mind - this is like asking to feel about and naturally are almost never approved - in N president reagan sent N back to the hill but only N N of the spending total was approved by congress - senator coats 's proposal would let the proposed spending cuts take place automatically unless congress acts - the members could still try to serve their constituents with special-interest but the police in the form of a president would be there with a if they really get crazy as they do now - mr. coats plans to offer his proposal as an amendment to a bill to raise the federal debt limit before the end of the month - president bush has endorsed the idea and at least N sitting senators have voted to support enhanced authority in the past - we 're told senator is n't yet a but if he and his colleagues are serious about their they 'll sign up - business and civic operations back toward here as congressional officials estimated that the price tag for emergency assistance to california would total at least $ N billion - that is a minimum figure and i underscore minimum said house speaker thomas foley d. wash after with california lawmakers - it 's impossible to put an exact figure on it at this time - the office of management and budget has begun looking into legislation to provide more funds for earthquake repairs - and california 's delegation in the house is expected to propose that emergency funds be added to a spending bill that the house appropriations committee is to consider monday - for the most part major corporations ' headquarters and plants were or only slightly damaged by tuesday 's earthquake which registered N on the richter scale - one of the last big employers in the silicon valley to report in seagate technology said it expects to be back at full strength monday - the day before the quake seagate completed three days of emergency training and - the response of almost all big corporations in the bay area don seagate 's chief financial officer said i would n't expect this to have any significant financial impact - the city 's recovery from the earthquake was - banks indicated they were operating at greater than N N of their usual capacity but a hill hotel said tourists had fled leaving the previously full hotel with an N N vacancy rate - city crews the to buildings but lacked a clear sense of how transportation arteries were disabled - among the city 's banks bank of america said all but eight of its N branches were open - the closed branches in san francisco santa clara and santa cruz sustained structural damage - power failures kept just seven of its N machines - operations were moved to bank of america 's concord office and foreign-exchange trading operations were shifted to los angeles the bank said - wells fargo & co. said its emergency operations committee which met all night tuesday moved its transfer system to el monte calif. N miles to the south - only five of N branches statewide remain closed while N of N machines remained out of order - the most extensive damage was in small towns near the quake 's epicenter N miles south of san francisco - santa cruz county estimates total damage at nearly $ N million - santa clara county has a running total so far of $ N million excluding the city of los - oakland officials were still uncertain about the magnitude of structural damage late yesterday a section of a highway collapsed in oakland causing a majority of the deaths resulting from the quake - san francisco mayor art agnos estimated that damages to the city total $ N billion - that includes in the marina district that must be business south of market street and houses in the city 's outer richmond district that were off their foundations - many streets and and water and service connections - the federal funds would go to a range of programs including the federal emergency management agency highway construction accounts and the small business administration according to rep. fazio d. calif - fema which federal disaster relief is already strapped by the costs of cleaning up after hurricane hugo which hit the carolinas last month - it is likely to get as much as $ N million initially in additional funds and eventually could get more than $ N billion according to mr. fazio a member of the house appropriations committee - white house spokesman marlin fitzwater said there is enough money on hand to deal with immediate requirements - the bush administration has at its disposal $ N million in funds remaining from the $ N billion congress released for the cleanup after hurricane hugo - we feel we have the money necessary to handle the immediate short-term requirements mr. fitzwater said - he added that the office of management and budget the transportation department and other agencies are developing longer-term legislation that should be ready soon - much of the cost of cleaning up after the earthquake will involve highways and bridges - california lawmakers are seeking changes in rules governing the federal highway relief program so more money can be made available for the state - some things ca n't be repaired - the asian art museum in golden gate park reports $ N million to $ N million in damage including shattered and stone figures - its neighbor the de young museum totaled $ N million to $ N million in structural damage and shattered - the city 's main library is closed because of that opened in its walls and marble and at the arts city hall broke off in the temblor - the ground along the the street that the city 's eastern and dropped six inches after the quake major damage to at least one of the - at san francisco international airport shock waves the control tower knocking down computers and glass - offices of the city 's rent board were destroyed - mayor agnos 's $ N billion estimate does n't include damage to freeway arteries leading into the city some of which remained closed - a major chunk of the $ N billion is expected to be up by overtime for city workers deployed in the emergency said a spokesman for mr. agnos - all of the city 's $ N million emergency reserve was spent in the first N hours on overtime salaries he said - insurers struggled to to get a firm grasp on the volume of claims pouring into their offices - at fireman 's fund corp. a spokesman said N claims were received in the first N hours after the quake and the company is for as many as N claims from its N residential and N business policyholders in the affected area - claims range from a and there were an awful lot of cars damaged in this to a major processing plant a spokesman said - we 're delivering a check for $ N to an automotive business in berkeley that burned on tuesday - fireman 's is part of a $ N million syndicate that supplies business insurance to the city on the bay bridge which must pay employees during the three weeks or more it is expected to be out of service and deprived of toll income - california lawmakers want to eliminate temporarily a $ N million cap on the amount of federal highway relief for each state for each disaster as well as a prohibition on using the emergency highway aid to repair toll roads - in addition under the program the federal government provides N N of emergency highway aid for only the first N days of a repair effort - after that the federal share - for interstate highways the federal share normally would drop to N N of the cost of repairs and the state would have to pick up the remainder of the cost - but lawmakers want to extend the period for N N federal funding for several months - those changes also would apply to two areas hit hard by hurricane hugo south carolina and the u.s. virgin islands according to an aide to rep. fazio - meanwhile the fema announced a telephone number N to service to victims of the earthquake - lines will be available N hours a day to take applications for such disaster relief as temporary housing and emergency home repairs by phone - transportation officials are expecting traffic beginning monday and growing worse over the next several weeks - some N cars normally cross the closed bay bridge between oakland and san francisco daily - officials say it is clear that routes ca n't handle the - the state is calling in a of navy landing vessels and other to expand ferry service across the bay and hopes to add numerous new bus routes and train departures to help alleviate the traffic problem - moreover state officials are urging freight to many of the area 's main highways and to travel late at night or during hours - even so we 're looking for chaos said george gray a deputy district director at the california department of transportation - if there 's any way you can do it you ought to go to idaho and go fishing for a while - most of san francisco 's tourists and business travelers already have left despite hotel 's offers of rate cuts - everyone left said peter lang reservations manager of the mark hopkins hotel - the st. francis hotel which survived the N earthquake and fire currently is less than N N occupied - we still have our baseball fans a spokesman said - one lady from new york said she 's not going home until the world series is over - gerald f. and joe in washington contributed to this article - is an american secretary of state seriously suggesting that the khmer rouge should help govern cambodia - apparently so - there are no easy choices in cambodia but we ca n't imagine that it benefits the u.s. to become the catalyst for an process that could end in another round of in cambodia - now that vietnam appears to have pulled out its army the state department is talking again about accepting an interim coalition government in the capital of - the coalition would include the current sen regime the two resistance groups led by son and prince and the khmer rouge - the aim would be to end the guerrilla war for control of cambodia by allowing the khmer rouge a small share of power - the state department says that any khmer rouge participation would have to be minimal - the usual problem with including communists in interim coalition governments is that their and methods require they squeeze out everyone else - recall that nicaragua 's sandinistas came into managua as partners in a coalition government with - within two years the were or in prison nicaragua had gone communist and the sandinistas were building one of the biggest in latin america and threatening their neighbors - in when the western powers bowed to pressure for such a coalition it turned out they were opening the door to communist domination - even 's china began in N with a partnership between the communists and a number of smaller parties - what the scene in cambodia is that the current regime is already communist as are its vietnamese back in as are the khmer rouge who are the strongest of the three guerrilla groups - it 's not clear which crew of communists might prevail in a coalition government but the one good bet is that the would disappear - that would leave sen and the khmer rouge - the sen regime has sent thousands of to die of and while building cambodia 's equivalent of the berlin wall near the border - the khmer rouge however carry an record for - these caused the deaths by disease or execution of well over one million - the was so bad that the vietnamese in N was a form of relief - the world might want to believe that the khmer rouge ca n't still be such bad guys just as in the late 1970s it was reluctant to credit the reports of then taking place - but there is no solid evidence that the khmer rouge have changed - some of our sources in thailand say the notorious old khmer rouge leader pot has been up this summer in khmer rouge camps near the border - so it 's difficult to the notion that mr. baker is willing to accept conditions that would help the khmer rouge set up shop again in - true prince backs the idea of such a coalition at least for this week - but prince has backed all sorts of ideas over the years and done rather better by himself than by cambodia - nor should the u.s. worry much about china which still aids the khmer rouge - it 's time the state department recognized that china does not play by 's rules - for the u.s. to lend even the support to the most on 's bleak scene could only america 's allies elsewhere - it would be entirely rational for communist in countries such as the philippines or peru to conclude the following fight enough and the u.s. under the of might eventually help negotiate your way to victory - u.s. has done it before and it will likely do it again - the administration and congress have lately around the idea of sending military aid to cambodia 's - but now the possibility of diplomatic movement vietnam 's withdrawal the baker initiative has put that plan on hold with the that if the going got rough the u.s. would then the opposition - why the - at the very least the odds are heavily weighted against the prospects of preventing the khmer rouge and cambodia 's communists from ultimately moving against their opponents - when that day comes it would be particularly awful to know that the united states sat on military aid and deprived these people of the means to settle their fate with at least a little honor - michael f. harris N was named executive vice president north america for the financial times the business newspaper published by this company that also has interests in book publishing fine china oil services and investment banking - mr. harris had been vice president for the newspaper 's advertising in new york - he takes additional responsibility for newspaper sales and distribution of the financial times in north america - v. allen N who had been director for north america resigned to pursue other business interests and do some consulting - data products inc. posted a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share for its fiscal first quarter compared with net income of $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - revenue for the quarter ended sept. N fell N N to $ N million from $ N million in the year-earlier period - data a san diego maker of magnetic tape peripherals and optical drives said the loss included reserves of $ N million related to a corporate restructuring - the restructuring calls for a N N reduction in its work force over the next two months affecting about N jobs data said - it is eliminating the positions of president and chief operating officer formerly held by edward l. - data said mr. consequently has resigned from those posts and from the company 's board - mr. could n't immediately be reached for comment - corp. costa mesa calif. said it expects to report a third-quarter loss of about $ N million or N cents a share because of a $ N million reserve to be taken against potential losses on a contract with the state of california - revenue is estimated at $ N million - the maker of document image processing equipment said the state procurement division had declared in default on its contract with the secretary of state uniform commercial code division - said it does n't believe the state has a valid basis of default and is reviewing its legal rights under the contract but said it ca n't predict the outcome of the dispute - the disagreement centers on testing deadlines and other issues involving a system installed earlier this year - state officials could n't be reached for comment late yesterday - noted that it had cash and securities totaling $ N million on sept. N and stockholders ' equity is $ N million - the company made the announcement after the close of the markets where its stock finished at $ N up N cents in over-the-counter trading - clinton gas systems inc. said it received a contract from co. canton ohio to manage the natural gas purchasing scheduling and transportation activities for 's seven ohio and two pennsylvania plants - clinton and agreed not to disclose the value of the contract - a producer of bearings and specialty steel already buys gas from clinton - clinton said in columbus ohio that its clinton gas marketing unit wants to line up a number of such gas management contracts - manufacturers frequently do n't have anyone who is a specialist in natural gas clinton said and a specialist such as clinton can save them substantial amounts of money - the scene opens with executives obviously to cellular phones and it out of town in - the the with a texas have packed their bags and went - but he continues they 're we 're all texans - the lone star is on the rise again - as the music viewers discover they 're watching a commercial for lone star beer the pride of texas a product of g. brewing co. a la wis. unit of bond corp - as the ad 's tone implies the texas spirit is pretty these days and lone star is n't alone in trying to take advantage of that - from chevy trucks to lipton tea to a host of banks the state has been with broadcast commercials and print advertising campaigns celebrating texans and outsiders - while advertisers have long appealed to texans ' state pride and the latest trend has been sparked in part by the state 's recent hard economic times - that has taken some of the out of who like to that texas is the only state that was once a nation but it has increased their legendary of outsiders - in the past writes houston columnist jim were accepted only after passing a series of tests to prove they had the right texas attitudes and of course they had to be dipped for - there is no small irony in the fact that some of the advertising comes of you it outsiders - lone star 's bond corp. parent for instance from australia - north new californians and own texas banks - all kinds of landmark texas real estate has been snapped up by - even the dallas cowboys were bought by an arkansas oil man - texas has lost its leaving texans with a to feel proud about themselves says stephen a professor at rice university houston - this plays right into the hands of the advertising agencies - for example the radio campaign for thomas j. lipton co. an n.j. unit of unilever group real texans do not wear ever - real texans do n't play at least i hope not - this is football country - and another thing real texans drink lipton tea - in developing that theme at interpublic group of new york unit account supervisor says she made a couple of phone calls to dallas ad friends and reported her findings to a team of writers - her findings - you know she says stuff like cowboys and football - not exactly sophisticated market research but who as long as the campaigns work - and ad agencies insist that they do - of group inc. dallas tells of the who saw the agency 's commercial for first bank complete with the state 's and promptly invested $ N in the thrift 's cds - never mind that first is one of the failed texas thrifts taken over by outsiders in this case an investor group headed by new york financier ronald - the north texas chevy dealers recently had a record sales month after the debut of ad campaign that its nose at elite - and deposits at ncnb texas national bank a unit of ncnb corp. charlotte n.c. have increased $ N billion since last year after heavy advertising stressing commitment to texas - obviously pride sells in texas says a spokeswoman for bozell inc. omaha neb. which represents - the ad campaigns usually follow one of three tracks stressing the company 's pointing out the competition 's lack or trying to be more than texans - ford trucks may chevy trucks in places like connecticut and long island a commercial for chevrolet a division of general motors corp - the commercial created by & inc. of dallas adds i bet it takes a real tough truck to haul your ivy league to the club - because they want a truck that is texas tough the commercial concludes texans drive chevy - j.c. penney co. which from new york to suburban dallas two years ago gently itself in texas pride through a magazine ad taking the view to what is of value to future generations is part of the lone star the ad reads - it 's part of our style too - according to several sources newcomers to the texas banking market are spending a combined $ N million this year to woo texans - meanwhile surviving texas banking institutions are pitching themselves as the only lenders who truly care about the state - the sentiment among bankers comes from the independent bankers association of texas although it 's hard to tell from of the $ N million the i 's of texas tv campaign - commercials will highlight scenes of texas and music - supporting banks will sign a texas declaration of - but in material for the campaign the trade group urges members to arm for a revolution against big bank-holding companies - a video sent to association members featuring shots of the cowboys and a of sam houston does n't words - texans can a phony a mile away the warns outsiders - so do n't come and try to con us with a or a hat - young & rubicam 's pact - young & rubicam fighting charges that it officials to win the jamaica tourist board ad account in N said it will no longer create the tourist board 's advertising - in a statement alex young & rubicam 's chairman said under the present circumstances we have agreed that it is prudent to that contract - young & rubicam has pleaded innocent to the charges - the board would n't comment on its impending search for a new ad agency to handle its estimated $ N million to $ N million account - ad notes - new account - biscuits inc. n.j. awarded its estimated $ N million account to & new york - the account had been at della femina mcnamee wcrs new york - media policy - & klein a small new york shop is asking magazine ad representatives to tell it when major advertising will run in their publications - it says it may pull its clients ' ads from those magazines - coke ads - coca-cola co. said it produced a new version of its N i 'd like to teach the world to commercial - the ad is part of classic coke 's N ad campaign with the tag line ca n't beat the real thing - basketball star michael jordan and singer have also agreed to appear in ads - dell computer corp. squeezed by price pressure from its larger competitors and delays in its new product line said its per-share earnings for fiscal N will be half its previous forecasts - although the personal computer maker said it expects revenue to meet or exceed previous projections of $ N million for the year ending jan. N N earnings are expected to be N cents to N cents a share down from previous estimates of N cents to N cents - earnings for fiscal N were $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - results for the third quarter ending oct. N are expected to be released the third week of november according to michael dell chairman and chief executive officer - mr. dell said he does n't expect a loss in either the third or fourth quarter but said third-quarter earnings could be as low as four cents a share - in the third quarter last year dell had net income of $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - mr. dell attributed the earnings slide to new product delays such as a laptop scheduled for september that wo n't be introduced until early november - some delays have been caused by a shortage of notably intel corp. 's newest chip the N but others apparently have been caused by dell 's explosive growth and stretched resources - they 've got a lot of different balls in the air at the same time observes jim a computer securities analyst with dallas-based william k. & co - mr. dell meanwhile concedes the company was definitely too optimistic in its expectations - product delays however have left dell by competition in its bread-and-butter line of desktop computers as powerhouse competitors compaq computer corp. and international business machines corp. price their pcs more aggressively - the result has been margins which have been further eroded by an ambitious research and development effort and rapid overseas expansion - analyst james weil of the financial group believes dell 's response has been to place increased emphasis on product quality in an effort to rise above some of that price pressure - but that has been the key to compaq 's success he adds dell out its market niche as a direct seller of low-cost but computers and it might be too late in the game for a shift in strategy - in national over-the-counter trading dell closed yesterday at $ N a share down N cents - transatlantic holdings plc a south financial services investment group and france 's societe union des assurances de paris reached an accord effectively reducing chances of an unfriendly takeover for sun life assurance society plc - in a joint statement the two companies whose combined holdings equal N N of sun life 's ordinary shares said their agreement is aimed at reducing the uncertainty and for sun life that has resulted from two major shareholders owning a controlling interest in the company - transatlantic whose investments ltd. unit owns the largest minority stake in sun life has agreed not to make a takeover bid for the british life insurer without the prior consent of the french company known as - in return the agreement would force to buy transatlantic 's N N holding in sun life or sell its N N stake to transatlantic at a price set by transatlantic - pride petroleum services inc. said it agreed to buy assets of two companies and expects to report higher third-quarter revenue and earnings - in the year-earlier quarter the contractor had net income of $ N or N cents a share on revenue of about $ N million - results for the earlier quarter included a $ N restructuring charge - separately the houston concern said it signed letters of intent for the cash and stock purchases of a total of N from two concerns located in new mexico and california - it did n't disclose but said it expects to complete the purchases by nov. N - ltd. new york reported third-quarter net income edged up as growth in its services sector offset a decline in interest income - the lower interest income occurred because spent $ N billion buying back its stock last year - net for the services and electronic measurements and systems concern rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - per-share earnings advanced N N because of the buy-back - revenue declined N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - but excluding businesses acquired or sold revenue was flat at about $ N billion - nine-month net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue dropped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - this year 's nine-month results include gains of $ N million or five cents a share from the sale of 's defense systems business and $ N million or nine cents a share from an award by the claims - the year-earlier nine months include a gain of $ N million or N cents a share from sale of the company 's electricity control & division - new england critical care inc. offered $ N million in convertible subordinated debentures through morgan stanley & co. and prudential-bache capital funding - the debentures due in N have a coupon of N N N payable - the debentures may be converted into common stock of the mass. home health care concern at $ N a share - proceeds will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes including expansion of the company 's operations - the french building group s.a. said profit jumped N N in the first half of N partly on the strength of nonrecurring gains from a share issue by its canadian unit - said group profit after payments to minority interests rose to N million francs $ N million from N million a year earlier - revenue rose N N to N billion francs from N billion - the group noted that N million francs of the advance reflected a one-time gain from the june offering by its united unit in canada - it did n't say if its year-earlier results were influenced significantly by nonrecurring elements - for all of N had group profit of N million francs after payment to minority interests - revenue was N billion francs - the group has n't forecast full-year earnings for N although it said that its first-half results are n't a good indication because of one-time elements and the seasonal nature of its operations - tuesday 's earthquake will depress local real-estate values in the short term and force companies to reconsider expanding in or to the bay area and california real-estate and relocation specialists said - few specialists said they expect the quake to have much of an effect on most california property values - but real-estate experts and brokers said the quake undoubtedly will drag down prices in neighborhoods built on less stable ground especially in the bay area - california prices were already coming down - this is n't going to help said kenneth t. rosen chairman of the center for real estate and urban economics at the university of california at berkeley - state housing prices at a median $ N have declined in recent months because of potential buyers ' inability to afford homes - mr. rosen among others suggested that the quake the strongest since the N temblor that struck san francisco will in the short term create a two-tier price system for communities with built on ground likely to demand higher prices - one san francisco neighborhood likely to test mr. rosen 's theory soon is the city 's fashionable marina district which boasts some of the highest home prices in the state - the district built on landfill suffered heavy quake damage including collapsed buildings - yesterday the city two in the district because of severe structural damage and said as many as N of the district 's N might have to be - brokers agreed with the two-tier price theory - my gut feeling is that the marina properties will be affected said grace senior vice president at & ellis residential brokerage inc - neither she nor other real-estate executives and brokers could project how much less marina properties might bring but she said the two-tier price structure would affect prices for a while - mr. rosen said the quake will revive consumer interest in a N state law that requires brokers to disclose to potential buyers how close a property sits to a fault line - because of the size of the california market few relocation specialists expect a widespread corporate flight in the quake 's aftermath - but they said the quake will force some companies to or expand part or all of their operations outside the state - what you 're going to get is we do n't want to put all of our eggs in one basket theory said james h. president of location management services inc. a palo alto calif. relocation concern - mr. among others said the quake will companies in certain industries like semiconductors computers and aerospace to consider moving operations that involve particularly sensitive machinery to locations outside california - because of the quake threat some firms have what the cost is to shore up their buildings and compared it with the cost of building it he said - one southern california aerospace firm for example two months ago asked location management to compare the costs of reinforcing its current building against earthquakes with the cost of building a new structure elsewhere - a new would cost $ N million location management found compared with $ N million to make the present building - the company mr. said has n't yet determined what to do - nationwide health properties pasadena calif. said it would n't pay its fourth-quarter dividend despite a N N increase in third-quarter earnings to $ N million or N cents a share - net income included a gain of $ N on asset sales the real estate investment trust said - a year earlier nationwide health earned $ N million or N cents a share - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - nationwide health said that although it has the cash to cover the dividend its banks have denied the company 's request to pay it because the trust has n't met certain terms - nationwide health said it has numerous financing activities under way to remedy the problem and will make up the dividend payment later if possible - rey s.a. a french paper producer said it concluded an agreement with japan 's fuji photo film co. that will allow rey to manufacture and sell paper using fuji technology - rey is a leading french maker of copying and electronic printing paper - paper is used in facsimile machines - terms of the agreement were n't disclosed - rey 's move follows similar agreements between japanese producers of paper and european paper groups - grace & co. new york said its earnings for the third quarter nearly doubled as a result of a $ N million gain from restructuring its energy operations and other adjustments - net income rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the gain resulted from the sale of grace equipment co. the initial public offering of a interest in grace energy corp. and an adjustment in the carrying value of certain natural resource assets not part of grace energy - the international specialty chemical company 's earnings were hurt by an for rights that reflected a N N increase in the stock price and higher interest expenses - american corp. of south africa ltd. said the third-quarter combined profit of its six gold mines dropped N N from the previous quarter - total net income fell to N million rand $ N million from N million rand in the june quarter - total gold production by all six mines rose N N to N from N in the previous quarter - doman industries ltd. said it increased its stake in western forest products ltd. to N N from N N through a transaction valued at N million canadian dollars $ million - doman is based in british columbia - the company founded and controlled by doman its chairman and president said the purchase would make it canada 's largest forest products company - under terms of the transaction which was proposed in june doman said it acquired international forest products ltd. 's N N stake in western forest and western forest in a related transaction bought back a N N interest in the company from fletcher challenge canada ltd - the fletcher challenge canada stake was then canceled doman said raising doman 's interest in western forest to N N - doman said it was also granted an option to acquire the remaining N N interest in western forest which is currently held by two canadian banks - international forest western forest and fletcher challenge canada are forest products concerns - the canadian government introduced in the house of commons legislation to extend federal regulatory authority over government-owned telephone utilities in alberta and manitoba - the legislation would open the way for more telephone services and more competition in the telephone business in the three provinces federal officials said - the federal government initiative follows a recent canadian supreme court decision that held that the major telephone companies in alberta and manitoba and in the atlantic coast provinces were and subject to federal legislative authority - prior to the ruling the federal government had regulated only the telephone companies in quebec ontario british columbia and the northwest - the governments of alberta and manitoba have strongly opposed federal regulation of their telephone companies - the extension of federal regulatory authority over telephone utilities in the atlantic provinces has n't required special legislation because they are - amdura corp. said its bank group led by chicago-based continental bank agreed to extend its $ N million bridge loan until march N N and gave it a new $ N million credit line - under terms of the loan agreement amdura said it will the next quarterly dividends on its series a b c and d preferred shares which are due nov. N - since the preferred stock is cumulative amdura said it will pay all omitted dividends which range from $ N to $ N a share when requirements have been met - amdura 's bridge loan part of the financing for amdura 's acquisition of in december N was to come due next friday - the company 's new management which took control of amdura 's board after a consent solicitation last month wanted to extend the loan while it tries to sell two units - proceeds from those sales will be used to reduce debt - amdura a denver hardware and automotive distributor said the new credit agreement will provide the working capital needed to meet ongoing requirements - three savings-and-loan institutions in kansas and texas were added to the resolution trust corp. 's conservatorship program after federal regulators declared the thrifts insolvent and named the rtc their receiver - the deposits assets and certain liabilities of the three thrifts were transferred to newly chartered federal mutual institutions - the three institutions are kansas federal savings & loan association wichita which had $ N million in assets valley federal savings & loan association of texas with $ N million in assets and savings association el paso with $ N million in assets - the three insolvent thrifts will maintain normal business hours and operations under managing agents while the rtc tries to negotiate permanent resolutions - separately century bank phoenix ariz. was closed by arizona banking officials - the federal deposit insurance corp. approved the assumption of century 's deposits and fully secured liabilities by a newly chartered subsidiary of valley capital corp. las vegas - the new institution is also called century bank and the failed bank 's five offices will reopen today - the failed bank had assets of about $ N million - the newly chartered bank will assume about $ N million in N deposit accounts and pay the fdic a purchase premium of $ N million - it also will buy about $ N million of assets and the fdic will advance $ N million to the assuming bank - plc of britain is to come to the rescue of the french distribution group societe commerciale de in an operation that has been engineered with the paribas financial group societe commerciale 's main shareholder - the announcement came as societe commerciale a trading company with activities in more than N countries reported a loss of N million francs $ N million for the first six months of this year partly because of provisions on future losses - the rescue operation will consist of a capital boost for societe commerciale of one billion francs through issues of new shares and convertible bonds - cie financiere de paribas said it intends to transfer its N N in societe commerciale to a new company which will be jointly owned with - this will give paribas and joint control of societe commerciale - paribas said will participate in the capital boost for societe commerciale - international business machines corp. and mca inc. said they agreed to sell their discovision associates joint venture to u.s. units of pioneer electronic corp. for $ N million - the joint venture licenses a portfolio of about N patents and patent applications relating to recording technology - ibm and mca formed discovision in N to make optical products - but the partners did n't believe the market for the systems was developing as rapidly as they had hoped - after reportedly investing $ N million in the business discovision manufacturing operations in N and sold many of its assets to tokyo-based pioneer among others - discovision now has world-wide license agreements with major manufacturers covering cd audio disks audio disk players and players - it also licenses based data storage and devices - james n. president of discovision and a vice president of mca said that ibm and mca had n't planned to sell the joint venture which is now profitable but that pioneer approached discovision earlier this year - he said it is n't certain whether discovision 's current management will remain when pioneer buys the company - the agreement is contingent on certain government approvals and should be completed later this year - tokyo stocks closed higher in moderately active but trading as the recent anxiety in world stock markets continued to - london shares also closed firmer in thin trading driven largely by technical factors and support from a new wall street rally - prices also rose on almost every other major exchange in europe asia and the pacific - tokyo 's nikkei index of N issues which gained N points wednesday climbed N or N N to N - volume on the first section was estimated at N million shares compared with N million wednesday - winners outnumbered losers N with N issues unchanged - in early trading in tokyo friday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on thursday the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which gained N point wednesday was up N or N N at N - the morning session was dominated by individuals and dealers but some institutions participated in the afternoon encouraged by the market 's traders said - sentiment was helped by the small gain made by new york stocks wednesday despite anxiety over possible effects of the major earthquake that struck northern california tuesday - having survived both last friday 's N N wall street plunge and the immediate aftermath of the san francisco bay area earthquake tokyo market participants expressed relief that trading had returned to normal - general manager of the stock trading division at nikko securities said that after looking at the reasons for friday 's wall street plunge participants realized that the tokyo and new york markets have different economic fundamentals - this conclusion he said restored the credibility of tokyo stocks - head of the investment information department at daiwa investment trust & management said that if new york stocks just in or near their current range the tokyo market will remain firm with a moderately upward trend for the rest of the year - but traders said the market lacks a base on which to set long-term buying strategy as the future direction of u.s. interest rates remains unclear - investor interest switches back and forth as they are unable to shift their weight to one side for sure mr. of daiwa investment trust said - many of wednesday 's winners were losers yesterday as investors quickly took profits and their buying to other issues traders said - pharmaceuticals made across-the-board advances - fujisawa pharmaceutical gained N to N yen $ N a share pharmaceutical was up N at N and advanced N to N - housing issues were boosted by a report that daiwa house expects to post N N higher earnings for its latest fiscal year traders said - daiwa house advanced N to N homes was up N at N and house gained N to N - leading construction companies also attracted interest for their strong earnings traders said - they and many other major japanese corporations will issue results soon for the fiscal first half ended sept. N - ohbayashi was up N to close at N gained N to N and advanced N to N - other winners included real estate issues mitsubishi estate which closed at N up N and mitsui real estate development which gained N to N - steel shares fell back after advancing for three days - steel was down N at N kobe steel lost N to N and nippon steel slipped N to N - mitsubishi a leading wednesday fell N to N as investors grabbed profits - london 's financial times-stock exchange 100-share index finished N points higher at N - the financial times 30-share index ended N higher at N - volume continued to ease from the active dealings at the start of the week - turnover was N million shares compared with N million wednesday - dealers said the market was by a squeeze in ft-se N stocks particularly among market-makers seeking shares that had been hit hard in recent weeks such as retailers and concerns - but despite the flurry of interest in those shares dealers said the market remains nervous about wall street 's volatility and high u.k. interest rates - u.k. money supply figures for september released yesterday showed continued growth in corporate and personal lending which will keep pressure on the government to maintain tight credit - among the stocks featured in the market-makers ' squeeze was sears which closed at N pence $ N a share up N - general universal stores another stock hit recently by concerns over retail demand in the face of high interest rates gained N to # N - gained N to - another active ft-se N stock was clothing and furniture retailer burton which gained N to N - insurers recovered ground again on demand and speculative buying linked to talk of mergers in the industry before the european community 's planned market unification in - royal insurance was the sector 's hottest issue ending N higher at N - sun alliance fell N to close at N and general accident jumped N to # N - b.a.t industries surged in afternoon dealings after its shareholders approved a plan to of its u.s. and u.k. retailing operations to fend off investment 's # N billion $ N billion hostile bid - with the company also exercising a plan to buy back as many as N N of its shares outstanding b.a.t closed at N up N - turnover was N million shares including about four million shares traded in the afternoon after the shareholders ' meeting - b.a.t said it purchased N million shares at N - in other european markets shares closed sharply higher in stockholm frankfurt zurich and paris and higher in milan amsterdam and brussels - south african gold stocks closed firmer - prices also closed higher in singapore sydney taipei wellington hong kong and manila but were lower in seoul - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - the federal response to california 's earthquake crisis was by between the white house and san francisco 's mayor art agnos - mr. agnos complained that he was off that vice president dan quayle who the earthquake site wednesday did n't schedule a private meeting with him - the mayor said the quayle visit was a publicity - the white house said mr. quayle 's staff had invited the mayor to two meetings of the vice president and groups of local officials and had offered to a helicopter to pick him up - mr. agnos declined the the white house said - marlin fitzwater white house press secretary also asserted that mr. agnos had failed to return telephone calls from john white house chief of staff - we regret very much that the mayor of san francisco has decided not to cooperate with us on this matter in making sure that there is adequate federal support for the disaster in his city mr. fitzwater said - by late yesterday both sides appeared prepared to the - the white house announced that mr. agnos along with the of oakland and are to president bush on a tour of the earthquake area today - and one white house official reported that mr. agnos had been very helpful in making arrangements for mr. bush 's hastily scheduled trip to california - gold and silver broker semel asked a federal court to halt the commodity exchange from imposing a record $ N fine on his firm - the suit filed in federal court in manhattan also asks that the comex 's nine-month suspension of mr. semel be lifted pending the broker 's appeal of the disciplinary measures - the fine and suspension announced in august are the sanctions the comex has ever ordered against one of its members - the comex accused the mr. semel of fraudulent conduct and improper trading - the disciplinary proceedings stem from trading in april N - mr. semel and his firm semel & co. have appealed the comex decision and the sanctions to the commodity futures trading commission - the commission denied mr. semel 's request that the fine and suspension be delayed pending the appeal - the lawsuit states that unless the sanctions are halted pending an appeal the broker and his firm will be injured and their business will be totally and permanently destroyed - already the firm has paid $ N of the fine the suit said and it will have to liquidate additional assets in order to pay the rest - a spokesman for the comex could n't be reached to comment - the federal national mortgage association said N lenders across the u.s. have agreed to offer home loans under fannie mae 's pilot program for elderly people - fannie mae a federally chartered and company said the lenders include prudential home mortgage co. a unit of prudential insurance co. of america that operates in every state - prudential insurance is based in newark n.j - fannie mae has agreed to buy as much as $ N million of loans under its seniors ' housing opportunities pilot program which offers four types of loans to people N years of age or older to help them maintain their home or obtain housing - the loans can be for apartments for built in a relative 's yard for or for transactions - fannie mae makes a secondary market in home loans - it buys loans from lenders packages some into securities for sale to investors and holds the remainder in a portfolio - robert m. gintel senior partner of a greenwich conn. investment firm said he plans to launch a proxy fight against the board of xtra corp - mr. gintel head of gintel & co. said he plans to conduct a proxy contest to a majority of xtra 's board at the next annual stockholders meeting - xtra a transportation leasing company said in a statement it would have no comment on mr. gintel 's plans until further information has been disclosed by him - the company also said its N annual meeting has not been scheduled - mr. gintel owns N of the company 's N million common shares outstanding - xtra said it recently bought back approximately N of its shares to its existing authorization to acquire as many as N shares - mr. gintel has filed suit in delaware chancery court seeking to block xtra 's anti-takeover - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission mr. gintel said xtra has pursued business strategies that are n't in the best interest of stockholders - stocks and bonds surged on the second anniversary of black monday as a favorable inflation report prompted speculation of lower interest rates - the dow jones industrials closed up N at N after rising over N points in - the rally brought the gain so far this week to about N points - the dollar finished mixed while gold declined - consumer prices climbed a moderate N N in september mostly due to higher clothing costs - energy prices continued to fall at the retail level but economists worried about a big rise in wholesale energy costs - british airways dropped out of the current bidding for united air 's parent leaving a ual group without a key partner - british air 's move raised new questions about the buy-out group 's efforts to revive a stalled bid for ual - a capital-gains plan was dropped by senate democrats under pressure from their leadership - the move is a setback for bush who needs democratic support to pass a capital-gains cut in the senate - other tax breaks also are likely to be restored or created in the coming months as special interest groups try to undo the N tax overhaul - many retailers are worried that a price war could this christmas if firms such as campeau slash prices to spur sales - at&t unveiled a sweetened early retirement plan for management that the company hopes will save it $ N million in the next year - also profit rose N N in the third quarter - chrysler will idle a toledo assembly plant temporarily due to slowing sales of its profitable jeep cherokee and sport utility vehicles - digital equipment 's profit fell N N in the latest quarter prompting forecasts of weaker results ahead - analysts were troubled by signs of flat u.s. orders at the computer maker - ibm plans to unveil over N software products on tuesday to try to end some of the problems in manufacturing operations - the tv units of paramount and mca are exploring offering prime-time programming to independent stations two nights a week - bankamerica 's profit jumped N N in the third quarter - the rapid recovery continued to be fueled by growth in consumer loans higher interest margins and only minor loan losses - big board short interest fell N N for the month ended oct. N the second decline in a row - borrowed shares on the amex rose to another record - bell atlantic posted a strong earnings gain for the third quarter as did southern new england telecommunications - but nynex pacific telesis and u s west had lower profits - b.a.t industries won shareholder approval for a defensive restructuring to fend off sir james goldsmith - american express 's profit climbed N N in the quarter aided by a surge in its travel business and despite a big rise in third world loan reserves - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N up N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N up - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N up N - dollar N yen up N N marks off N - computer sciences corp. el calif. said the national aeronautics and space administration will negotiate details of a contract valued at about $ N million to provide software for the research center - included in the three-year contract are options for two one-year - nasa awarded the contract to in november but an appeal by sterling software inc. of dallas sent the contract to the general services administration board of contract appeals and the board required nasa to bidders ' proposals - sterling had completed a five-year contract for nasa but lost its bid for renewal - as directed by the board nasa completed the evaluation and again chose - for its fiscal year ended march N had revenue of $ N billion - aftershocks rattled northern california amid an earthquake cleanup - as power and commuters returned to much of downtown san francisco for the first time since tuesday 's temblor in the bay area three strong aftershocks one measuring N on the richter scale jolted the region - serious injuries or damages were n't reported - californians meanwhile tried to cope with services blocked roadways and water shortages in the aftermath of the tremor that left scores dead and injured - thousands remained homeless - bush is to visit the area today and officials in washington estimated that emergency assistance would total at least $ N billion - a series of earthquakes struck northern china killing at least N people hundreds and about N homes the news agency said - the senate rejected a constitutional amendment sought by bush to prohibit of the u.s. flag - while the proposal won a slight majority the N vote was well short of the two-thirds needed to approve changes in the constitution - it was considered a victory for democratic leaders who favor a law barring flag burning - the house approved an $ N million aid package for poland and hungary nearly double what bush had requested - the vote of N sent the measure to the senate - britain 's chief justice the murder convictions of four people for irish republican army that killed seven people in N - the reversal came after the government conceded that investigators may have evidence - the four three and an have been since N - the nobel prize in literature was won by jose cela a spanish writer - his N novel the family of is considered the most popular work of in spanish since 's don was published N years ago - the swedish academy in stockholm cited the cela for rich and intensive - the editor of pravda was dismissed and succeeded by a of soviet leader gorbachev - the action at the communist party daily viewed as the soviet union 's most newspaper was considered the most significant development in a week of kremlin over the press including sharp criticism from gorbachev - east germany 's new leader met with church officials to discuss a growing opposition movement demanding democratic freedoms - as they near east berlin a pro-democracy protest erupted in the city of and activists threatened further rallies against leader krenz 's expected hard-line policies - police in an international meeting on human rights czechoslovakia 's former foreign minister and N other activists - a leading u.s. human-rights monitor also was briefly held - dissident playwright reportedly escaped the crackdown the fourth against activists in recent days - bush met in washington with spain 's prime minister gonzalez and discussed what the president called the unique role that madrid can play in democracy in eastern europe and latin america - gonzalez who pledged to help monitor voting in nicaragua was said to be carrying proposals for free elections in panama - the galileo spacecraft toward the planet jupiter while five aboard the space shuttle atlantis measured the earth 's ozone layer - the robot probe was dispatched wednesday by the shuttle crew which is to conduct a series of medical and other experiments before their scheduled landing monday in california - argentina and britain agreed to resume diplomatic and economic relations seven years after the two nations battled over the islands - the announcement in which they said had followed a two-day meeting in madrid - rebel the capital of afghanistan killing at least N people as the soviet union was reported to be arms and food to kabul 's forces - fighting also was reported around the strategic town of near the border - saudi arabia 's foreign minister met in with president to develop a plan for the withdrawal of 's N troops from lebanon as part of a settlement of that nation 's 14-year-old civil war - the talks came as negotiations on political changes appeared - gop sen. specter of pennsylvania said he would vote to federal judge hastings in his impeachment trial on charges of perjury and bribery conspiracy - specter the vice chairman of the senate 's evidence panel said there was insufficient evidence to the miami - after slipping on news of a u.s. inflation figure the dollar rebounded later in the trading day - the u.s. unit dipped to a session low against the mark just after the release of the u.s. consumer price index - the report showed that september consumer prices rose just N N a smaller increase than expected - the market had anticipated a N N rise in the price index - the september index fueled speculation damaging to the dollar that the federal reserve soon will ease monetary policy further - but foreign-exchange dealers said the dollar staged a quick comeback prompted by a round of short covering and some fresh buying interest later in the trading day - traders said that a nearly gain in the dow jones industrial average fueled in part by news of a lower-than-expected price index had little influence on the dollar 's moves - the market is beginning to itself from wall street said one new york trader - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks late wednesday and at N yen up from N yen late wednesday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late wednesday - in tokyo friday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen up from thursday 's tokyo close of N yen - some analysts said the consumer price index reflects a more significant slowdown in the u.s. economy than earlier indicated - they point out that september 's index showed a N N increase - they noted that because the consumer price index known as the is a more comprehensive measure of inflation and is rising less rapidly than the index or it could signal further easing by fed - others suggested however that the fed will hold any changes in monetary policy in check leaving fed funds at around N N N down from the N N level that prevailed from july through september - kevin chief economist with the swiss bank corp. said that both and climbed around N N N year-to-year in september - he argued that both and have in fact since spring - the fed wo n't be into easing mr. said predicting that for now interest rates will stay where they are - a four-day matched agreement a move to drain liquidity from the system was viewed as a technical move rather than an indication of tightening credit - market participants note that the mark continues to post gains against its u.s. counterpart than any other major currency particularly the yen - there 's a pit of dollar demand by japanese investors said graham managing director of foreign exchange at & shanghai banking corp. in new york adding that speculative demand would n't hold the dollar at its recent levels against the japanese currency - mr. that the mark remains well bid against other currencies as well - robert white manager of corporate trading at first interstate of california called the market noting that the u.s. remains a grab bag for japanese investors which accounts for the demand for u.s. dollars - on the commodity exchange in new york gold dropped $ N to $ N an ounce in moderate trading - estimated volume was three million ounces - in early trading in hong kong friday gold was at about $ N an ounce - hotel investors trust and its affiliate hotel investors corp. said the companies plan to sell all of the hotels the companies own and operate except for two in las vegas - the hotels and management interests will be sold at an auction said john president and chief executive officer of the trust and a director of the corporation - value of the properties and management interests was n't disclosed - in all the los angeles-based trust plans to sell its interests in N hotels while the corporation will sell its management interests in N of those properties - excluded from the sale are the interests of the trust and the corporation in two las vegas - after completing the sale and paying debts the trust and corporation will consider a number of options including a stock repurchase payment of special dividend or investment in more properties - the companies will retain their current regular quarterly dividend of N cents during the sale process mr. said - for the first six months the trust and corporation had a net loss of $ N - international inc. citing cost-cutting moves and increased sales of its products and dialysis posted a N N rise in third-quarter net income on a N N sales boost - the ill. medical products and services company posted net of $ N million or N cents a share compared with $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - sales totaled $ N billion up from $ N billion the previous year - for the nine-month period said net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share during the year-ago period - sales for the nine months were up N N to $ N billion from $ N billion in the same period in N - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share down N cents - a group bidding for american medical international inc. new york said it formally received the final financing needed for a $ N billion bid for about N N of the hospital operator 's stock - the offer from ima acquisition corp. for as many as N million shares is set to expire wednesday - earlier this month ima said it had received about $ N billion of senior debt financing from chemical bank and six other banks chemical bank said it was highly confident it could arrange the balance of about $ N million - in addition the $ N billion bid includes $ N billion of debt that will be assumed by ima $ N million of high-yield junk bonds that will be sold by first boston corp. and $ N million of equity - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday american medical closed at $ N up $ N - american medical has agreed to the offer but earlier this month said it had received new of interest from two previous bidders - american medical said it would pursue the inquiries from the companies but would n't identify them unless they make firm offers - h&r block is one of the great success stories of u.s. business - oddly enough this presents a problem for the stock - some money managers are with h&r block because they suspect the company 's glory days are past or at least passing - block 's business is mature they say and some of its are facing tough competition - it 's no secret that block dominates the mass-market business - the street knows all about the of its earnings which are headed for a ninth consecutive yearly increase - the company has consistently earned more than a N N annual return on its net worth while many companies would be happy with N N - but the business simply has no more room to grow says mark director of research for capital supervisors inc. a chicago firm that manages $ N billion - you go to any medium-sized town in the u.s. and you 're going to see h&r block tax services - mr. 's firm once held about N N of h&r block - that was before the N tax reform made taxes more complex than ever - one thing you can bet on he says is that congress will do stupid things with the tax code - but capital supervisors sold the last of its h&r block holdings earlier this year - they 're around for diversification he says - i think a lot of their businesses are just - last week the stock hit an high of N N before getting up in the friday-the-13th - it closed yesterday at N N - to be sure the stock still has a lot of fans - if you invested $ N in the initial public offering in N it would be worth well over $ N million today says e. russell a okla. money manager - i do n't know what the risk is of holding the stock - taxes are not going out of business - many of his feel the same way - the number of big institutions that own h&r block shares is N and growing according to a midyear tally by investment technologies - brokerage houses are sweet on h&r block too - investment research counts five brokerage houses that consider the stock a buy and four that call it a hold - none say to sell it - but some money managers are doing just that - eugene sit president of sit investment associates in minneapolis says when we bought it we thought the growth rate was going to accelerate because of computerized tax filing and instant refunds the customer gets a refund immediately but pays extra to the tax which for uncle sam 's check - but neither of those developments did much to up growth mr. sit says - he figures block earnings are now growing at about a N N annual rate down from about N N the past five years and will grow at an N N rate in the future - that 's not bad mr. sit says but it sure does n't justify block shares being priced at N to N times estimated earnings for fiscal N - he wants stocks whose ratio is less than their growth rate as he figures it h&r block does n't even come close - two other money managers in explaining why they have sold large amounts of h&r block stock this year spoke on the condition they not be named - the stock was going no place and the earnings were said one - in the past two years the stock almost stalled out - it was above N adjusted for a subsequent split in N and has n't gotten much higher since - there 's no more growth in the tax business except for increasing prices the money manager added - the subsidiary which provides information to users is where the growth is he said but its format is still too complicated - provides about N N of both sales and earnings - the tax business still provides about N N of earnings on about N N of sales - personnel pool temporary workers mostly in the health-care area chips in close to N N of sales but only about N N of earnings - the shortage of nurses is profit at personnel pool said the second money manager - he concedes h&r block is and a great company but says it does n't grow fast enough for us - we 're looking for something that grows faster and sells at a comparable price-earnings multiple - thomas m. president and chief operating officer says i would disagree that the tax business is mature - for example he says the company is planning to go nationwide with a new service tested in parts of the country aimed at taxpayers who want refunds in a hurry - mr. concedes that a recent diversification attempt fell through - we 're still interested in diversifying he says but we 'd rather be prudent than make a mistake - he also says 's earnings continue to grow N N to N N a year in spite of tough competition from giants like sears and ibm - and he says block 's other businesses are growing although less consistently - h&r block nyse - business tax preparation - year ended april N N - revenue $ N million - net loss $ N million $ N a share - first quarter july N N - per-share earnings loss of N cents vs. loss of N cents - average daily trading volume N shares - industries inc. said its board authorized the redemption dec. N of the company 's $ N cumulative convertible special preferred stock at $ N a share not including a N cent dividend for the current quarter and the $ N cumulative convertible preferred stock at $ N plus a N cent dividend for the current quarter - the dayton ohio maker of parts for the building and transportation industries said holders of the two issues can convert their stock into common shares through the close of business dec. N - each $ N cumulative share can be converted into N common shares the ratio on the $ N cumulative is eight common shares for each $ N cumulative preferred - did n't indicate how many shares outstanding it has of either issue - company officials could n't be reached - earlier this month the company said its board approved a proposed management-led leveraged buy-out at $ N a share or $ N million - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - puts and calls stock market for options to sell or buy a company 's shares were long an wall street art best left to the experts who used them either as a hedge or for pure speculation - options lost some of their mystery in N when the chicago board of trade set up a special exchange to deal in them - until then options had been traded only in the over-the-counter market mostly in new york and in an almost secondary market operating by telephone - the chicago board of trade the no. N u.s. grain market had long under the attention won by its innovative archrival the mercantile exchange - so the men who ran the grain pits when joseph sullivan a former wall street journal offered them the idea of trading - after four year of and $ N million in seed money the board set up the new marketplace titled it the chicago board options exchange and named sullivan its first president - the were modest - the cboe opened for business on april N N in what had been a board of trade - it listed just N options to buy a pilot list of stocks on the new york stock exchange - puts or sell options would not be added until N - the N members had paid $ N apiece for seats - the N price $ N - the first day 's business was N contracts each for N shares of one of the listed stocks - by the end of N the number of underlying big board stocks had been increased to N and the options exchange had run up volume of N million contracts - a year later it was N million - last year more than N traders on the cboe bought and sold N million contracts on N listed stocks N N of all u.s. listed options trading - the new exchange drew instant recognition from an unwelcome quarter - the government against fixed brokerage commissions promptly sued the cboe over its system - the nuclear regulatory commission ruled unanimously that the financial troubles facing the seabrook n.h. plant have no impact on whether the plant receives a license - massachusetts attorney general james shannon opposing the license said he will appeal the ruling in federal court - seabrook officials said the plant could receive a license by the end of the year - the rejected mr. shannon 's argument that public service co. of new hampshire which owns the largest share of seabrook and N other owners are financially unable to guarantee the plant 's safe operation - mr. shannon was seeking a waiver of policy that financial considerations in making licensing decisions - in its ruling the said that because seabrook will be allowed to charge rates sufficient to run the plant and make payments on past construction costs consideration of the owners ' financial condition is - the commissioners found the circumstances of the case did n't undercut the assurance from government rate of available funds adequate for safe operation said a commission spokesman - in january N the utility filed for protection under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code allowing it to continue to operate while protected from creditors ' lawsuits - bristol-myers squibb co. new york the newly merged drug and company reported record third-quarter earnings for both companies in the merger - bristol-myers co. and squibb corp. princeton n.j. merged oct. N but the new company reported earnings for both companies - for the fourth quarter bristol-myers squibb will report one set of earnings - bristol-myers said net income rose N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales gained N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - squibb corp. said net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales were $ N million up N N from $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading bristol-myers squibb rose $ N to $ N - industries inc. hurt by softness in the u.s. automotive and construction industries said third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales were nearly identical to the year-earlier $ N billion - the drop in earnings did n't surprise analysts who said the pittsburgh glass coatings and chemical concern had been predicting a slow quarter because of the sluggish construction industry a major market for the company 's flat glass - glass sales to canadian and european auto makers and sales of replacement auto glass in all markets increased - the segment also posted higher sales particularly in north america and europe - but sale increases were offset by sales in flat glass and the company said - also chemicals sales were slightly down because of lower prices for and other - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share down N cents - jefferies group inc. said third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share on more shares a year earlier - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - jefferies a los angeles holding company primarily engaged in securities trading also said stock market declines since the quarter ended sept. N created an pretax loss of about $ N million in its risk arbitrage account - for the nine months jefferies said net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - sony corp. new york said its bids for columbia pictures entertainment inc. and guber-peters entertainment co. have been cleared by federal antitrust regulators - the japanese company said the waiting period under the hart-scott-rodino antitrust act for the $ N billion bid for columbia and the $ N million offer for guber-peters expired monday - sony has agreed to buy both companies but is in a legal battle with warner communications inc. over the services of producers peter guber and jon peters - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission sony also said two more suits have been filed opposing the company 's agreement to buy columbia - sony added that a hearing has been set for thursday in the delaware chancery court in one of the suits - thursday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - china said the question of taiwan 's membership in the general agreement on tariffs and trade should be considered only after china 's own membership in the organization is restored - both china and taiwan are seeking seats in gatt which sponsors agreements and sets rules - as one of china 's provinces taiwan has no right to join gatt on its own foreign ministry spokesman said - china under the government of was a founding member of gatt in N - the withdrew in N after their flight to taiwan and the communist government in beijing applied for restoration of china 's membership in july N - the u.s. has voiced opposition to china 's bid for gatt membership saying china has yet to needed economic reforms - japan 's biggest women 's underwear maker corp. said that it developed a sports car that it plans to market in two years - the can run at over N miles an hour a company spokesman said - the base price of the car is estimated at N million yen about $ N - said it intends to produce the cars through a car manufacturer - along with the car plans to launch a series of men 's underwear - our image is a company that makes women 's products said a spokesman - now we 're going to sell to men - the british magazine private eye won an appeal against the size of a $ N libel award to the wife of the mass - an panel slashed all but $ N from the award the largest ever set by a british jury pending a of the damages - but the panel dismissed the magazine 's that it had n't mrs. when it accused her of trying to sell her story to capitalize on the of her husband - private eye had been threatened with because it could n't afford the libel payment - co. a travel agent based in osaka japan announced that it and corp. a major japanese trading house will jointly build a in australia - said the partners plan to rent to tourists but will also sell to interested parties - has a N N stake in the venture and has the rest - construction of the building will begin next may and should be completed in april N - units will cost from N to N million australian dollars about us$ N to us$ N million - the soviet union has halted construction of two nuclear and is the future of N other existing - vice chairman of the state committee on nuclear safety said the two were at and - news of the halt comes amid growing anger in the and over continuing high levels of radiation from - a former vice president of the singapore branch of drexel burnham lambert group inc. was charged in court yesterday on N counts of cheating - francis N is alleged to have been involved in cheating drexel burnham lambert of up to N million singapore dollars us$ N million by carrying out unauthorized transactions on the london commodities exchange and the international petroleum exchange - mr. is alleged to have used the account of singapore hotel and property seng to effect the transactions - japan says its economic growth will fall sharply if it cuts back on the use of oil coal and gas to cap emissions of carbon dioxide - a ministry of international trade and industry official said that a study found that japan 's annual economic growth rate would eventually be only N N if emissions remained at this year 's level of N million tons - the study will support arguments against emissions that japan will make at a conference on atmospheric pollution next month - the study said japan 's emissions would slightly more than double by N unless the nation reduced its on fossil fuels - it said that expanding capability is the way to that - but increased reliance on nuclear power would meet stiff opposition from environmentalists a second ministry official said - just in time for halloween britain 's university press is publishing a of - the books N include stepping on cracks and knocking on wood - in new zealand 's tiny township of which has had direct dialing for less than a year about N angry customers questioned the size of their bills - it turned out their children had been dialing a sex fantasy service in the u.s. - slowing sales of its profitable jeep cherokee and sport utility vehicles are forcing chrysler corp. to temporarily idle its toledo ohio assembly plant for the first time since april N - about N hourly workers will be laid off for a week beginning oct. N and overtime has been eliminated at the plant for the fourth quarter a chrysler spokesman said - that 's a significant change from earlier this year when the plant worked substantial overtime only to have sales fall short of the company 's bullish expectations - sales of cherokee the jeep and the were actually up about N N through the end of last month - but that 's less than chrysler officials had hoped when they set ambitious production schedules for the toledo plant earlier this year - even when it became clear this spring that demand was n't coming up to expectations chrysler officials resisted cutting output because cherokee and are very profitable vehicles the spokesman said - instead chrysler officials in late may $ N cash rebates on the vehicles including the first such incentives on the popular cherokee since chrysler bought jeep in N - the incentives boosted sales for a while but the pace had cooled by last month - the result chrysler dealers had a bloated supply of the cherokee as of the end of last month and a supply of the pickup which toledo also builds - a to supply is considered normal - at one of the largest jeep dealerships in the country inventories have continued to swell - steve lowe general manager of ga. dealership said new rebates of $ N to $ N on the models have sales but not enough to significantly cut dealer stocks - if people are n't buying you have to close plants he said - separately chrysler said it will idle for four weeks the st. louis assembly plant that builds the chrysler and dodge models - chrysler officials said the plant is scheduled to resume production on nov. N and N hourly workers will be affected - general motors corp. meanwhile said it will idle for yet another week its n.j. assembly plant bringing to three weeks the total time that plant will be during october - gm said the assembly plant which builds the chevrolet corsica and beretta compact cars originally was scheduled to reopen monday but now will not resume production until oct. N - the shutdown affects N workers and will cut output by about N cars - sluggish sales of the beretta and corsica spurred gm to offer $ N rebates on those cars - the corsica and beretta make up the car line at chevrolet but sales of the cars are off N N for the year and fell a steep N N early this month - gm has scheduled overtime at its ohio and wis. assembly plants which build the chevrolet - ford motor co. said it will shut down for one week its kentucky truck plant because of a shortage of dealer orders - the shutdown will idle N hourly employees and eliminate production of about N medium and heavy duty trucks - the assembly plant is scheduled to resume production on oct. N - meanwhile the nine major u.s. auto makers plan to build N cars this week down N N from N a year ago and flat with last week 's N car output - f includes chevrolet and toyota - r revised - x N figure includes through july - lotus development corp. 's net income rose N N in the third quarter from the year-earlier period - yesterday 's edition misstated the percentage increase - first fidelity n.j. reported a N N drop in third-quarter profit because of a decline in earning assets lower loan volume and tighter interest margins - the bank holding company posted net income of $ N million or N cents a share including $ N million or three cents a share in one-time tax benefits - a year earlier net was $ N million or $ N a share - first fidelity said assets increased to $ N million sept. N from $ N million june N - the rise resulted from the transfer to status of $ N million owed by two national borrowers and one local commercial real-estate customer first fidelity said - it said it does n't anticipate any loss of principal on two of the loans $ N million of these credits - first fidelity said it boosted its loan-loss provision to $ N million from $ N million a year ago primarily because of a weaker real-estate sector in the region - viacom inc. 's loss narrowed to $ N million in the third quarter from $ N million a year ago - thursday 's edition misstated the narrowing - coastal corp. said it signed a definitive agreement with to a oil refinery - coastal would n't disclose the terms - coastal a houston oil and gas company said it expects to begin operations in october N - the company said it may install additional processing units at the refinery to produce higher and other products - the company said it was leasing the site of the refinery from - exxon corp. built the plant but closed it in N and sold off much of the equipment to contractors from whom coastal bought back much of the equipment - a coastal spokesman said the biggest expense will be to the refinery but would n't say how much that would be - the prime minister of has said it could cost around $ N million - coastal said the refinery 's expected daily production will include N barrels of jet fuel N barrels of diesel fuel N barrels of N barrels of fuel oil N barrels of and N barrels of - loral corp. said fiscal second-quarter net income was $ N million or N cents a share compared with year-earlier earnings from continuing operations of $ N million or N cents a share - year-earlier net of $ N million or N cents a share included the results of loral 's former aircraft systems and engineered divisions which were sold april N to the company 's chairman bernard l. schwartz - the defense electronics concern attributed the operating improvement to higher profit margins and lower net interest expense - loral also reported that its bookings more than doubled to $ N million in the quarter ended sept. N from $ N million in the period - the increase was due mainly to a $ N million order from turkey to its fleet of with loral 's iii electronic system - the order is the biggest in the company 's history - sales in the latest period edged up to $ N million from $ N million - mr. schwartz said the recent increase in orders puts us well on the way to our goal of $ N billion in bookings for the year - he added i expect to see the earnings momentum we experienced this quarter continue for the rest of the year - loral said it expects sales to accelerate in both the third and fourth quarters of this fiscal year - loral 's profit from continuing operations for the first six months of fiscal N was $ N million or $ N a share up N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - net income fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - fiscal first-half sales slipped N N to $ N million from $ N million - bookings for the first half totaled $ N million compared with the $ N million recorded last year - in new york stock exchange composite trading loral closed at $ N down N cents - healthvest said two of its lenders have given it of default on bank loans and said they may take actions to recover their loans - healthvest an austin texas real estate investment trust said that chemical bank the lead bank under its domestic bank agreement told it that if $ N million owed to the bank group is n't paid by today the group will call the $ N million that healthvest has outstanding under the credit line - the bank group also said that it wo n't make additional advances under the $ N million credit line - healthvest missed a payment to the group that was due in late september - in addition healthvest said bank of tokyo trust co. also has notified it of a default and said it might take action to cure the default - healthvest missed an interest payment to bank of tokyo on oct. N - however healthvest said the tokyo bank indicated that it wo n't accelerate healthvest 's $ N million loan - healthvest is in a severe liquidity because its affiliate healthcare international inc. has failed to make about $ N million in principal and interest payments owed since august - healthcare operates many of the health-care properties that healthvest owns - empire pencil later called developed the plastic pencil in N - yesterday 's centennial journal misstated the company 's name - storage technology corp. had net income of $ N million or N cents a share for its quarter ended sept. N almost N times the $ N or two cents a share it posted for the year-ago period - storage louisville colo. which makes devices for mainframe computers said the huge increase in net reflects strong sales of its tape products particularly the N automated system which holds a library of tape - the company said it recently sold its system which cost $ N to $ N each - quarter revenue was $ N million up N N from $ N million last year - the stock market reacted strongly to the news - storage rose $ N a share to close at $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - for the nine months storage had net of $ N million or N cents a share including an $ N million extraordinary gain for the anticipated proceeds from an irish unit - net was up N N from $ N million or N cents a share last year - revenue for the latest period was up N N to $ N million from $ N million - a canadian government agency approved proposed exports to the u.s. of natural gas from big fields in the mackenzie river delta area of the western canadian arctic - three companies esso resources canada ltd. shell canada ltd. and gulf canada resources ltd. applied to the canadian national energy board to export N trillion cubic feet of mackenzie delta natural gas over N years starting in N - to be economically the N billion canadian dollar us$ N billion project requires almost a doubling of natural gas export prices - it also faces numerous other hurdles including an agreement on a pipeline route for the gas - the board said the export licenses would be issued on the condition that canadian interests would also be allowed to bid for the mackenzie delta gas on terms similar to those offered to u.s. customers - u.s. buyers have already been lined up - they include enron corp. texas eastern corp. pacific interstate transmission co. and tennessee gas pipeline co - the project could result in the u.s. taking more than N N of its natural gas supplies from canada up from about N N currently - it would bring N gas fields into production at a combined rate of about N billion cubic feet a day - the board estimated that the cost of building a pipeline from the mackenzie delta to alberta would be about c$ N million - it also said projections of surging u.s. demand for natural gas and price forecasts of c$ N per thousand cubic feet by N would make the project economically viable - esso a unit of imperial oil ltd. which is by exxon corp. will be allowed to export N trillion cubic feet to the u.s. in the 20-year period - shell a subsidiary of royal group will be allowed to export N trillion cubic feet and gulf a unit of olympia & york developments ltd. will be allowed to export N trillion cubic feet - combustion engineering inc. stamford conn. said it sold and agreed to sell several investments and businesses for about $ N million which will be used for reducing debt and general purposes - the transactions are unrelated - the company agreed to sell its minority investments in makers of and related equipment stein and & to the major shareholder in the companies n.v - combustion engineering which provides engineered products systems and services for power generation also sold illinois minerals co. based in cairo ill - that unit of its georgia co. subsidiary was sold to a unit of corp - assets of construction equipment international houston were sold to crane inc. and the assets of electronics pa. were sold to closely held charter technologies inc - where do americans put their money - it depends on when you look - in N for instance less than N N of assets went into bank deposits - that rose to nearly N N during the depression and has n't changed much since - pension reserves on the other hand made up a relatively small part of household assets until the last decade when they skyrocketed - and there has been a drastic decline in the importance of business assets thanks to industry consolidation and a decline in family farms - that 's some of what emerges from the following charts which show how americans have changed their investment patterns over the past N years - some results are - but other figures are surprising - housing for instance has remained a fairly steady component of household assets over the past decade although common wisdom would have expected an increase - there is a lot of attention paid to housing as a form of household wealth says edward n. professor of economics at new york university - but it has n't increased much relative to other assets - it suggests that households wealth across a broad spectrum of assets - and housing though it appears in the popular mind as being the major growing household asset is n't - in addition investors ' desire to hold stocks directly and through mutual funds has held surprisingly steady stocks ' importance among assets largely reflects the ups and of the stock market and not a shift in preferences - stocks have not spread to the general public despite the fact that the environment is much different concludes robert avery an economist at cornell university - to me it says that despite all the views that we spend too much of our wealth on paper assets we have ways of holding wealth similar to N years ago - the charts show how assets have been distributed over time - the main components of the various categories housing primary home but not the land it 's on - land and other real estate land on which primary home is built investment property - consumer automobiles appliances furniture - bank deposits currency deposits small savings and time deposits certificates of deposits money-market fund shares - bonds bond funds - funds stocks and mutual funds other than money-market funds - business partnerships and sole professional corporations - pension reserves holdings by pension funds - mccaw cellular communications inc. said it sent a letter to lin broadcasting corp. its revised tender offer for lin and asking lin to conduct a fair auction - the letter apparently came in response to a request for by lin earlier this week - lin which has agreed with bellsouth corp. to merge their businesses said then that it would n't take a position on mccaw 's revised tender offer - earlier this month mccaw revised its offer to $ N a share for N million lin shares - mccaw is seeking N N of the cellular and broadcasting concern the revised offer includes a feature requiring mccaw to begin an auction process in july N that would buy out remaining holders at a per-share price roughly equivalent to what a third party might then have to pay for all of lin - the letter broad powers for an independent group of directors provided for in the revised offer - in a statement craig o. mccaw chairman and chief executive officer of mccaw said we trust lin will take no further actions that favor bellsouth - mccaw said the three independent directors provided for in the offer would be designated by the current board - the would be by the independent directors - lin would have a priority right to pursue all opportunities to acquire u.s. cellular interests in markets other than those in which mccaw holds an interest or which are to those markets unless lin has an interest there or to it - independent directors would have veto rights to any acquisition if they unanimously decide it is n't in lin 's best interest - independent directors would be able to block transactions they unanimously would be likely to depress the private market value of lin at the time it is to be sold in five years - if lin is put up for sale rather than purchased by mccaw in five years mccaw wo n't submit a bid unless the independent directors request it and the independent directors will run the bidding - the directors would be able to sell particular assets to enable such buyers as the regional bell operating companies to purchase the company 's interests - mca inc. said third-quarter net fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - mca said revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the entertainment concern said the success of several movies released during the quarter including and uncle buck contributed to record revenue for its film unit - both mca 's and units also posted record revenue and operating profit - the parent company 's net included a loss which it did n't specify that was related to the company 's N N stake in cineplex odeon corp - cineplex a toronto theater chain had a second-quarter net loss of $ N million - mca said net also included certain reserves related to the restructuring of its toys ' international operations - these items were partly offset mca said by an unspecified gain on the sale of its miller international unit a maker and distributor of audio - in new york stock exchange composite trading mca rose $ N to $ N - in the nine months net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - past due - i never pay my bills till the very last day i lose far less interest by proceeding that way - but it all out it 's so easy to see not till the last moment am i paid what 's due me - arnold j. - - the had strict views on sex and that is why you only see him in the museum - laurence w. thomas - helmsley enterprises inc. plans to close its company-owned insurance business and is seeking other brokers to take over its policies according to individuals familiar with the new york firm - helmsley enterprises is the organization for companies controlled by harry b. helmsley - these include office and residential real estate giant inc. and helmsley hotels - the insurance brokerage agency just a of helmsley 's vast empire would be the first piece of the company to be stripped away since last summer when mr. helmsley 's wife helmsley was found guilty of tax evasion - industry sources estimate the agency brokers property and casualty premiums worth about $ N million annually and has revenue based on a standard N N commission rate of about $ N million - the insurance firm acts as a broker on policies covering buildings managed by and others - many of the properties are owned through limited partnerships controlled by mr. helmsley - new york state law prohibits insurance from more than N N of revenue from affiliated companies - helmsley 's insurance division had slightly exceeded that percentage sources say but the division was n't considered significant enough to the company to be restructured particularly at a difficult time for the firm - adverse publicity from the scandal surrounding its founder 's wife and related management have put pressure on the entire helmsley organization - however individuals close to the company insist the insurance division a sideline from the company 's core property management business is n't the beginning of a sale of assets - helmsley 's insurance premiums are expected to be transferred to several different insurance brokerage companies - frank b. hall inc. of n.y. is reportedly working out an agreement with helmsley - officials there declined to comment as did helmsley management - outside the headquarters of the society of orange workers all seems normal in south africa 's society - a pickup truck driven by a white farmer past with a load of black workers in the back - over at the general store a black stock boy to help an elderly white woman with her packages - down the street a car pulls into the shell station and is surrounded by black attendants - but inside the white walls of the orange workers ' office just about the largest building in town save for the dutch church and the school south africa 's neat racial order is - a dozen white office workers newsletters and stuff them into - white women serve tea and coffee and then wash the and - white children empty the baskets and the windows - there is n't a black worker in sight - not in the kitchen or the or the book shop - if we want to have our own nation then we must be willing to do all the work ourselves says verwoerd jr. son of the former prime minister and the leader of the orange workers founded in N - they do indeed want their own nation - the of apartheid may be in the rest of south africa with opening its public facilities to all races blacks the of the and the government seven leaders of the banned african national congress - but here in morgenzon a town amid the corn fields of the eastern the orange workers are holding the steady - the orange workers who take their name from william of orange of the netherlands a hero of the believe that the solution to south africa 's racial problems is n't the of apartheid it 's the of apartheid complete and total separation of the races - here then is where the orange workers have come to make apartheid 's last stand - their idea is to create a city first and then an entire nation without blacks - this may seem to be a and utterly effort in africa - and the fact that there are only N orange workers may put them on the - but their ideal of an an reserve to be out of south africa is a mainstream desire of the which about one-third of the country 's five million whites - and have long on the need for a white - the orange workers are just putting this into practice - thus farmer his and jeans covered in around under his tightening and - on almost every other farm in south africa black workers do the repairs - but not here - mr. his own fields his own corn and and feeds his own sheep - over at the factory four white workers water tanks on their own and in their spare time they build across the road - on main street verwoerd and her daughters look after the clothes and fabric shop then hurry home to fix lunch for the rest of the family - down by the stream a group of orange workers puts the finishing on a golf course - if whites want to play there by themselves says consulting engineer van whites should also build it by themselves - if we want to survive as a people he says we have to change our way of life - the must end his reliance on others - in their to perfect apartheid the orange workers have discovered a truth that most of white south africa tries to deny the master ca n't become dependent on the and expect to remain master forever - if apartheid means you want cheap black labor and all the that go with it but you also want to exclude the blacks from social and political integration then these are two that ca n't go on forever says mr. verwoerd - he is sitting in his living room beneath a huge portrait of his late father f. verwoerd apartheid 's architect and south african prime minister from N to N - somewhere the son things went wrong with apartheid today whites even rely on blacks to police their separation - people took separate development as an opportunity to use black labor without ever getting rid of it - but my father meant it to mean real separation says the son - the orange workers speak - we agree with world opinion that the status in south africa is morally wrong says the orange workers ' chief and - we must either integrate or - morgenzon has long been a special of - according to mr. verwoerd the early were the first people to settle in the eastern even before the blacks - then when morgenzon was incorporated in N the farmer who owned the land that only whites could in town blacks could work there but they had to leave at night - today morgenzon is a town of N whites and two roads - push up through the cracks in the and many houses and are empty - there are few factories and no mines - it was an ideal place for the orange workers to start their new nation by the that have undermined apartheid elsewhere in south africa - so far about N orange workers have moved here spending nearly $ N million buying up property over the past three years - still complete and total remains - just beyond the city limits is a of N blacks who are employed throughout the area - despite the orange workers ' intention to put them all out of work they are in no hurry to leave - a young man called july that 's when he was born who works at the railroad station just up the street from the orange workers office points at the building and says we 're not allowed in there that 's all i know - the local whites who are n't orange workers are more troubled - try as they might they just ca n't of life without black workers - impossible impossible say the an elderly couple who have run the general store for decades - we ca n't do without their help says mrs. - oh no - we need them and i god for them - over at the shell station owner van who as morgenzon 's mayor worries that the orange workers have made his town the of the nation - what they want us to do just is n't practical he says noting that he employs N blacks - i could n't afford to hire N whites - the only who would be willing to work for this salary would n't know how to handle money - back at the verwoerd house sr. down over the shoulder of jr - the son believes that when the finally realize there is no turning back the integration of south african society and politics morgenzon will boom - we urge our people not to wait until they have to fight for their own nation says mr. verwoerd - by a place now we make ourselves a power any new government will have to take into account - he compares the orange workers to the anc which his father outlawed in N - the anc wo n't be stopped until there is a provision for black aspirations says mr. verwoerd - likewise no government will stop this idea of the - he for - look he says if the rest of south africa wants to have an integrated pot that 's their choice - we 'll leave them alone - we just want to have our own cup of tea - and they will even serve it themselves - now you can pick up that phone - but do n't do anything rash - after last friday 's stock-market plunge investment professionals cautioned people to resist the urge to call their brokers and sell stocks - not selling into a panic turned out to be very good advice despite the market 's volatility the dow jones industrial average has surged N points in the past four days - now with a of returning some advisers say it 's time for investors to take a hard cold look at the stocks they own and consider some careful - the market is sending nervous signals says peter j. chief market strategist for bear stearns & co. and it 's to be to stocks - alan president of capital management a los angeles firm adds that in periods of uncertainty like today it 's a good time to cut out the dead branches of your portfolio - not everybody agrees that it 's time to trim - we are n't inclined to stock portfolios now says steven g. einhorn chairman of the investment policy committee of goldman sachs & co - investors should stay with their stocks - we expect a and sloppy market for a short period but we do n't think it will be - the downside is limited - and even those who say some selective selling may be in order stress that individuals need to be in the stock market to achieve their long-term investment objectives and to help balance their other assets - any selling they say should be well and executed gradually during market rallies - they offer these suggestions - get rid of the dogs - sell stocks that are n't doing well now and that do n't have good earnings prospects says alfred goldman technical analyst at st. a.g. edwards & sons - most people do just the opposite they sell their winners and keep their losers - which types of stocks are most likely to qualify - technology stocks says mr. goldman - watch for earnings disappointments - a company does n't have to post a loss to be a candidate for sale says charles i. jr. chief market strategist at merrill lynch & co - if earnings do n't live up to analysts ' expectations he says that 's enough to dump the stock - john director of research for the american association of individual investors raises a note - a rule of for your own judgment can be a mistake he says - an earnings disappointment may reflect a situation that 's short-term - but mr. says the risk is that earnings disappointments will continue - the economy is after six good years and right now it 's better to shoot first and ask questions later - which types of stocks currently have the greatest earnings risks - computer companies commodity cyclical stocks like autos and retailing stocks he says - of heavy debt - the companies apt to run into earnings problems are the ones with heavy debt says larry partner in the san mateo calif. firm of & kaiser - mr. of bear stearns agrees if we do have an economic slowdown he says companies with high debt ratios will be dumped en - the best course for individual investors is to sell these stocks now the two advisers say - sell stocks - ual corp. 's difficulty in obtaining bank financing for its leveraged buy-out and its resulting price plunge is a to what 's going to happen to takeover stocks says mr. - takeover activity will slow down as more and more banks tighten their lending requirements he says - there 'll be fewer and fewer deals - moreover many financial advisers say individuals should be in the stock market as long-term investors not as traders trying to catch the next hot stock - in general they say avoid takeover stocks - compare ratios with prospects - mr. suggests that investors compare ratios the price of a share of stock divided by a company 's per-share earnings for a 12-month period with projected growth rates - if you think earnings will grow at N N a year it 's all right to pay N times earnings he says - but do n't pay N times earnings for a company that 's expected to grow at N N a year - mr. thinks the market will probably go higher but will be with stocks if the earnings are n't there - mr. that investors should n't follow any specific sell trigger - if you say sell anytime a company 's ratio exceeds N that out all your growth stocks he says - you eliminate companies with substantial prospects that are moving up in price - examine what has changed - tom market analyst at a.g. edwards & sons inc. says investors should consider selling if there has been a fundamental change in a company since they bought its stock - say you purchased a stock because of a new product that was in the works - now because of various difficulties the product has been scrapped - time to sell says mr. - similarly he says you were attracted to a company because of expectations that sales would hit $ N million by N - if things have n't worked out that well and sales wo n't hit $ N million until N it 's time to consider selling he says - usx corp. declined a united steelworkers request for a of its four-year labor contract that is due to expire jan. N N - the union on oct. N requested that the contract be reopened to restore all pay and benefits that the union gave up in the N and N of bargaining - a united steelworkers said lynn williams the union 's president was out of town - the union wo n't respond to the usx statement until mr. williams has studied it the spokesman said - robert a. chief financial officer and a director of this natural-gas pipeline company was elected to the additional position of executive vice president - in addition michael w. executive vice president of a columbia unit was named assistant chief financial officer and a senior vice president of the parent company - the appointments take effect nov. N - both men are N years old - this magazine and book publisher said three men were elected directors increasing the board to N - they are james r. N years old and chairman and chief executive officer of international inc. robert g. schwartz N chairman president and chief executive officer of metropolitan life insurance co. and walter v. N chairman and chief executive officer of chemical banking corp - bankamerica corp. reported a N N jump in third-quarter earnings as its recovery from nearly losses several years ago continued to be fueled by growth in consumer loans higher interest margins and negligible loan losses - for the quarter bankamerica said it earned $ N million or $ N a share compared with $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - bankamerica spokesmen said preliminary reports indicate the company was n't affected by the tuesday earthquake - all but eight of the N branches which had some structural damage reopened yesterday for business - automated teller machine operations also were up and operating yesterday a bank spokesman said - for the first time in nearly two years bankamerica results failed to improve in consecutive quarters but the decline from the second quarter was attributable to special factors - third-quarter profit was N N below the $ N million or $ N a share earned in the N second quarter - the company cited higher tax credits in the second quarter totaling $ N million compared with $ N million in the third quarter - excluding tax credits profit was N N below the second quarter - but that drop was caused entirely by a decline in brazilian interest paid to $ N million from $ N million the second quarter - moreover bankamerica continued to build its reserve against troubled foreign loans by boosting its loan-loss provision to $ N million about the same as the previous quarter but well above the $ N million in the year-earlier quarter - the provision rate was far above bankamerica 's actual net credit losses of $ N million in the third quarter compared with $ N million in the second period and $ N million a year earlier - as a result bankamerica said its reserve against troubled loans once below N N now amounts to N N of the $ N billion of debt it it is owed by those nations - that level is about the same as some other big banks but far below the N N and N N reserves of bankers trust new york corp. and j.p. morgan & co. respectively - by any measure third-quarter earnings were still robust equivalent to a N N return on assets even excluding tax credits - by that key measure of operating efficiency bankamerica turned in a better performance than its los angeles-based competitor security pacific corp. which posted a N N return in the third quarter - but it continued to badly trail its san francisco neighbor wells fargo & co. which reported an extraordinary N N return on assets - both returns do n't include any tax credits - they bankamerica continue to show good performance said donald k. an analyst with & woods inc. san francisco - in composite trading yesterday on the new york stock exchange bankamerica common stock edged up N cents to close at $ N a share - shareholder equity improved to N N from N N in the previous quarter - the N N net interest margin or the difference between the yield on a bank 's investments and the rate it pays for deposits and other borrowings was still higher than the N N ratio a year earlier and is among the best in the industry analysts said - the high margin partly stems from continued strong growth in consumer loans which jumped N N to $ N billion from a year earlier and residential mortgages which rose N N to $ N billion - bankamerica 's total loans rose N N to $ N billion - for the nine months bankamerica profit soared N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - international business machines corp. will announce on tuesday a slew of software products aimed at eliminating some of the major problems involved in manufacturing operations industry executives said - many plant floors currently resemble a tower of with computers robots and machine tools that generally speak their own language and have trouble talking to each other - as a result if a problem develops on a production line it is unlikely some supervisor sitting in front of a personal computer or workstation will know about it or be able to correct it - so ibm will be announcing more than N products that will be aimed at letting even the machine tool talk to the mainframe or anything in between - in an unusual display of openness ibm also will be helping customers tie together operations that include lots of equipment made by ibm 's competitors - in addition the executives said ibm will be offering programming tools designed to let anyone working on a factory floor write software for instance to do statistical analysis that would pinpoint a problem on a manufacturing line - in armonk n.y. an ibm spokeswoman confirmed that ibm executives will be announcing some plans next week but declined to elaborate - the industry executives said that as usual with such broad announcements from ibm this one will be part reality and part strategy - so it will take many quarters for ibm to roll out all the products that customers need and it will take years for customers to integrate the products into their operations - also as usual the products will appeal mostly to heavy users of ibm equipment at least initially - still consultants and industry executives said the products could help make manufacturing operations more efficient and provide a boost to the market a market that yankee group a research firm has said may double to $ N billion by N - this is a step in the right direction said martin a yankee group analyst - he added though that a lot of this is intentions - we 'll have to wait and see how the plan develops - the announcements also should help ibm go on the offensive against digital equipment corp. on the plant floor - while ibm has traditionally dominated the market for computers on the business side of manufacturing operations and has done well in the market for design tools digital has dominated computerized manufacturing - hewlett-packard co. also has begun to gain share in the whole arena - ibm will face an climb against digital given digital 's reputation for being better than ibm at together different manufacturers ' computers - in addition hewlett-packard while a much smaller player has made a big commitment to the sorts of industry standards that facilitate those and could give ibm some problems - both can be expected to go after the market aggressively gartner group inc. a research firm estimated the digital gets N N of its revenue from the manufacturing market and hewlett-packard gets N N - ibm which gartner group said generates N N of its revenue in this market should be able to take advantage of its loyal following among buyers of equipment - that is because many companies will on certain types of equipment as the various parts of the manufacturing market merge and ibm is the biggest player - but much will depend on how quickly ibm can move - the whole idea of manufacturing seems to be making a comeback after losing a little over the past couple of years when it became apparent that it was n't a that would make u.s. plants more efficient and foreign competition - a gartner group analyst said changes may still be required to really take advantage of 's someone on the shop floor may not like having someone in an office using a personal computer to look over his shoulder for instance and may be able to prevent that from happening - but he said a system such as ibm 's should help significantly - in making polyethylene sheets out of plastic chips for instance a chip sometimes does n't gets caught in the machinery and creates a run in the sheets - that can be expensive because the problem may not be noticed for a while and the sheets are typically thrown away - but mr. said that if computers can be integrated into the process they could alert an operator as soon as the problem occurred - they could also check through the orders on file to find a customer that was willing to accept a lower grade of polyethylene - the computer would let the machine run just until that order was filled eliminating waste - this sort of improved link figures to eventually become a significant weapon for some companies - companies might be able to tell salespeople daily for instance about idle equipment so they could offer discounts on whatever that equipment produces - salespeople also could get a precise reading on when products could be delivered in much the same way that federal express has marketed its ability to tell exactly where a package is in the delivery system - ford motor co. 's merkur the company 's first new car franchise in the u.s. since the was unveiled in N now will share 's fate - ford said yesterday it will halt imports of the merkur scorpio a $ N luxury sedan built by ford of europe in west germany - the cars are sold under a separate franchise with its own sign in front of dealers as opposed to new models such as or which are sold under existing ford divisions - the move to halt imports announced N years and N months to the day after henry ford ii declared that the division and its car would be scrapped the four-year-old merkur brand in the u.s. market - it will continue to be sold in the european market - merkur 's death is n't nearly as costly to ford as was the debacle because merkur was a relatively project with limited sales goals - still merkur 's demise is a setback for ford at a time when the company 's image as the u.s. auto maker with the golden touch is showing signs of strain - the no. N auto maker 's new and mercury models have n't met sales expectations in the year since they were introduced and ford 's trucks are losing ground to their gm rivals - this fall ford introduced only one new product a version of its lincoln town car luxury model - the demise of merkur comes after a september in which N merkur dealers managed to sell only N - total merkur sales for the first nine months dropped N N from a year ago to just N cars - merkur is n't the only european luxury brand having problems in the u.s. - the japanese assault on the luxury market is rapidly such european makes as and saab which at least have clear brand images - merkur as an import on domestic car lots suffered from the same sort of image confusion that is sales of imports at general motors corp. and chrysler corp - merkur was originally aimed at into dealerships the kind of young affluent buyers who would n't be caught dead in a town car a vehicle so that ford is staging a press event next month linking the town car 's launch to the of a new aircraft carrier in norfolk va - but the brand had trouble from the start - the first merkur the went on sale in early N - the in part because american buyers did n't go for the car 's unusual rear - in may N ford began importing the scorpio sedan from west germany to sell next to a in - ford officials said they expected the two would sell about N cars a year and in N they reached that goal as sales hit N cars - it was from there however - one major factor was the decline of the dollar against the mark which began less than a year after merkur 's N launch - as the west german currency rose so did merkur prices - the merkur cars also suffered from quality some dealers say - it was like a comedy of errors says martin j. a big dealer whose star operation in mich. sold more 's than any other dealership - but by the third quarter of N had a high satisfaction rating in internal ford studies a spokesman said - apparently however the improvement came too late - last fall ford announced it would the in the u.s. at the end of the N model year - ford said then it would keep the scorpio - this year scorpio sales plummeted and at the current sales pace it would take ford N days to sell off the current scorpio inventory of about N cars - canadian pacific ltd. said it proposed acquiring the N N of soo line corp. it does n't already own for $ N a share or about $ N million after failing to find a buyer for its majority stake earlier this year - soo line said its board appointed a special committee of independent directors to study the proposal - the troubled railroad concern said the committee has the authority to hire financial and legal advisers to assist it - the proposed acquisition will be subject to approval by the interstate commerce commission soo line said - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday soo line shares jumped well above the proposed price closing at $ N up $ N - canadian pacific put its N N stake in soo line up for sale last year but could n't find any - canadian pacific which has interests in transportation telecommunications forest products energy and real estate finally took its majority block off the market this spring - it turned out we could n't sell it a canadian pacific official said adding that acquiring the remainder of soo line is now the best way to operations - canadian pacific is soo line 's biggest customer and has owned a majority stake in the u.s. railroad since N - canadian pacific and soo line tracks at two points in the west on the border and the two companies operate a very successful rail service - separately for the first nine months soo line reported a loss of $ N or four cents a share compared with net income of $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - revenue fell N N to $ N million from $ N million - the company had a loss from operations of $ N million - golden nugget inc. reported a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or N cents a share based on N million common shares and equivalents outstanding - the results compare with a year-earlier net loss of $ N million or seven cents a share based on N million common and equivalents outstanding - operating revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - results for the latest quarter include items of $ N million $ N million a year earlier - most of the expenses stem from the company 's huge mirage scheduled to open next month along the strip and an april N financing by units operating the downtown golden nugget property - for the nine months golden nugget reported a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share based on N million common and equivalents outstanding - the year earlier the company had a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share based on N million common shares and equivalents outstanding - the N results include a $ N million charge stemming from a litigation judgment - separately the casino operator said its board approved a plan to buy-back as many as three million common shares from time to time either in the open market or through private transactions - an additional N shares are authorized for repurchase under an earlier stock buy-back program - john an analyst with raymond james & associates said the results were n't surprising and attributed the buy-back to management 's confidence in the mirage 's ability to generate strong cash flow in N - yesterday in new york stock exchange composite trading golden nugget common closed at $ N up $ N - capital holding corp. said it requested and received the resignation of john a. franco its vice chairman as an officer and a director of the life insurance holding company - the company said mr. franco developed a plan to establish a business that might be competitive with capital holding corp. 's accumulation and investment group which mr. franco headed - the group temporarily will report to irving w. ii chairman president and chief executive officer of capital holding - mr. franco N years old said in a telephone interview that he has been considering and discussing a number of possible business ventures but that nothing is at a mature stage - he said he did n't argue with the company 's decision to seek his resignation because contemplating outside business ventures can an executive from performing his best at the job he is paid to do - martin h. a managing director of capital holding 's accumulation and investment group also resigned to pursue other business interests capital holding said - mr. N said that he had an amicable with capital holding and that he has a number of ventures in the financial-services area under consideration - he said that his resignation was a mutual decision with capital holding management but that he was n't actually asked to resign - the accumulation and investment group is responsible for the investment operations of all capital holding 's insurance businesses and markets guaranteed investment contracts to bank trust departments and other institutions - it also sells annuities to individuals - mr. said he expects to name a new group president to head that operation following the nov. N board meeting - - money market deposits a N N - a average rate paid yesterday by N large banks and thrifts in the N largest metropolitan areas as compiled by bank rate monitor - b current annual yield - guaranteed minimum N N - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - plastic pencils made their debut in children 's pencil boxes at stores in N - but few knew it then and most still think all pencils are wooden - eagle pencil of tenn. pencil city u.s.a. had made its earliest pilot plastic pencils in N - but it was n't until after it hired arthur d. little a cambridge mass. research concern that its new product was refined for commercial sale in N - three applied april N N for the patent which was assigned and awarded in N to hasbro industries then eagle 's parent - pencil and put the plastic models behind their just like traditional pencils made of strips of california filled with ceramic lead - it takes five steps to make standard pencils just one for the plastic type - automated machines long plastic with that are printed cut painted and - after more than N years something new has happened to pencils said arthur d. little in a N report that publicly described the previously secret item - eagle 's plastic type and looks like a wooden pencil - a major difference is that a snapped wooden pencil will have a break while a plastic model will break - the softness of the core the plastic models to no. N no. N or no. pencils which account for the bulk of the market - artists and need harder leads - eagle now called remains a leading company among the N in the u.s. that produced about N billion pencils last year according to the pencil makers association - it 's a trade secret how many were plastic and most writers still do n't know what they 're using - h.f. ahmanson & co. the nation 's largest thrift holding company posted a N N earnings decline for the third quarter while another large california savings and loan great western financial corp. reported a slight earnings gain - h.f. ahmanson parent of home savings of america reported third-quarter net of $ N million or N cents a share down from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - most of the earnings decline reflected an increase in the company 's effective tax rate to N N from N N in the year-ago third quarter when nonrecurring tax credits were recorded the company said - pretax earnings declined N N - for the nine months los angeles-based h.f. ahmanson had profit of $ N million or $ N a share a N N decline from earnings of $ N million in the year-ago nine months - the company said the decline was attributable to a N N reduction in net gains on loan sales this year - third-quarter spreads widened to the highest level in two years as loan portfolio yields rose and money costs declined the company said - great western financial said third-quarter profit rose slightly to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share from a year ago - great western based in beverly hills calif. is a financial services firm and parent to great western bank an s&l - great western said it had a sharp increase in margins in the recent third quarter - margins are the difference between the yield on the company 's earning assets and its own cost of funds - but a reduction in one-time gains on the sale of various assets and an increase in the company 's provision for loan losses held down the earnings gain the company said - great western 's provision for loan losses was increased to $ N million for the recent quarter compared with $ N million a year ago primarily as a result of continued weakness in various commercial and real estate markets outside california - for the nine months great western posted net of $ N million or $ N a share a N N decline from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-ago period - dun & bradstreet corp. posted a N N rise in third-quarter earnings - but revenue declined more than N N reflecting in part a continuing drop in sales of credit services in the wake of controversy over the company 's sales practices - the information company also cited the stronger dollar the sale last year of its former official airline unit and other factors - net income rose to a record $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue fell to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange dun & bradstreet closed yesterday at $ N down N cents a share - analysts said the results were as expected but several added that the earnings underlying weaknesses in several businesses - the quality of earnings was n't as high as i expected said eric an analyst for goldman sachs & co - for example he noted operating profit was weaker than he had anticipated but earnings of $ N million and a lower tax rate helped boost net income - dun & bradstreet said operating earnings rose N N excluding the sale of official airline - third-quarter sales of u.s. credit services were below sales of a year earlier dun & bradstreet said - as previously reported those sales have been declining this year in the wake of allegations that the company engaged in unfair sales practices that encouraged customers to services - the company has denied the allegations but has negotiated a proposed $ N million settlement of related lawsuits - analysts predict the sales impact will - there is n't much question there will continue to be a effect said john an analyst with drexel burnham lambert inc - dun & bradstreet noted that price competition in its nielsen marketing research nielsen clearing house and marketing businesses also revenue growth - it cited cyclical conditions in its moody 's investors service inc. and plan services units - for the nine months net income rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - year-earlier earnings reflected costs of $ N million related to the acquisition of international - revenue rose slightly to $ N billion from $ N billion - control data corp. said it licensed its airline software to the international air transport association - terms include a royalty arrangement but details were n't disclosed - the computer equipment and financial services company said a trade group will sell access to the package to its N airline members world-wide - control data will receive revenue linked to the number of passengers served by the software said - the package helps carriers solve pricing problems such as how to react to discounts offered by competitors or what would be the number of seats to offer at a given price - steel corp. said it decided to proceed with installation of automatic gauge and shape controls at its tandem cold rolling mill in pa - the new equipment which will produce steel sheet with more uniform and is likely to cost more than $ N million the company said - when the company last considered adding the equipment two years ago it estimated the cost at $ N million to $ N million but a task force will have to prepare a detailed plan before the company can predict the current cost - the time schedule for the equipment also will be developed by the task force the company said - sir richard butler chairman of ltd. was named chairman of county natwest investment management ltd. the investment management subsidiary of county natwest ltd. the investment banking arm of this british bank - sir richard succeeds john who resigned in july - sir richard is also a director at national bank and natwest investment bank ltd - in the long night after tuesday 's devastating earthquake bay area residents searched for comfort and wherever they could - some found it on the screen of a personal computer - hundreds of californians made their way to their computers after the quake and in with each other on electronic boards which link computers via phone lines - some of the most vivid came over the well a calif. board that is one of the of the electronic underground - about two-thirds of the well 's N subscribers live in the bay area - the quake knocked the well out for six hours but when it came back up it with emotional reports - following are from the electronic traffic that night - the time is pacific time and the or are those subscribers use to identify themselves - N p.m - - - i was in the on the third floor of an old building and except for my heart beat beat i 'm ok - got back to and everything had fallen broken with glass on the floor file open or dumped onto the floor - N p.m - - i was in my favorite hole waiting for the game to start - i felt the temblor begin and at the table next to mine that guilty and we both the words together - that 's usually how long it takes for the to pass - this time it just got stronger and then the building started shaking up and down as though it were a child 's toy block that was being - N a.m - - i was in the berkeley main library when it hit - endless seconds wondering if those huge windows would buckle and us with glass - only a few books fell in the reading room - then the auto shop fire sent an cloud of black smoke into the air - N a.m - - my younger daughter and i are fine - this building shook like hell and it kept getting stronger - except for the gas tank at 's service and burning in downtown berkeley things here are quite peaceful - a lot of car went off - the are fine although nervous - N a.m - - huge fire from broken gas main in the marina in - areas that are made of fill - a woman in a apartment was able to walk out the window of the third floor onto street level after the quake - the house just settled right down into the ground - N a.m - - i was driving my truck stopped at a red light at the corner of and at the border when it hit - worst part was watching power lines above my head and no way to drive away - N a.m - - was N out on a in san - it all around real dramatic - many cracks in the concrete - the damn fishing - N a.m - - i rode it out on the second floor of leo 's at and telegraph in oakland - i heard parts of the building above my head - i actually thought that i might die - i could n't decide if i should come home to because my house is on - i decided to the storm - there was a horrible of gas as i passed the chevron refinery before crossing the bridge - i could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the marina district of san francisco - i have felt many aftershocks - my back is still in and my hands are still shaking - i think a few of the aftershocks might just be my body shaking - N a.m. - - i could see the from san francisco from my house across the bay - it 's hard to believe this really is happening - N a.m - - building on the corner severely damaged so an old lady and her very old mother are in the guest room - books and software everywhere - this being in a standing position - N a.m - - the san andreas fault - did n't feel a thing but noticed some strange behavior - duck - N a.m - - i just felt another a few seconds ago - i 'm just - N a.m - - downtown seems to be the part of town that 's worst off - no power minimal phones and a mess of wine and everything else all over the floors of the big old general store and the people 's - the move through my house every few minutes at and the mouse that 's been living in my kitchen has taken refuge under my desk - it runs out now and then and is clearly pretty - i was in beach when the quake rolled through town - at first we were - then as things got we ran for the door and spent the next few minutes outside watching the brick sidewalk under our feet up and down and the flowers in an - amazing what it does to one 's heart rate and one 's short-term memory - everyone looked calm but there was this low level of confusion as the aftershocks continued - N a.m - - power is back on and medical center seems to have down for the night they were doing out in the parking lot from the sound and lights of it - a friend of mine was in an underground computer center in downtown when the quake hit - he said that one of the computers took a trip sliding across the floor - today should be interesting as people realize how hard life is going to be here for a while - N a.m - kim - i got home let the dogs into the house and noticed some sounds above my head as if someone were walking on the or - then i noticed the car was up and down as if someone were jumping on it - i realized what was happening and into the house for the dogs - doors were flying the trash can in the kitchen walked a few feet the dogs came running and i them into the dog run and stood in the myself watching the outside trash cans dance across the concrete - when i realized it was over i went and stood out in front of the house waiting and for merrill to come home as if it were N below zero until he got there - never in my life have i been so frightened - when i saw the pictures of N and the bay bridge i began to cry - N a.m - - the district was more or less like a party all evening lots of people & dogs walking around drinking beer - N a.m - - i was just sitting down to meet with some new therapy clients a couple and the building started shaking like crazy - it 's a structure built up on supports and it was really around - the three of us stopped breathing for a moment and then when it kept on coming we for the - to say it was an interesting first session - N a.m - - albany escaped - biggest trouble was scared family who could n't get a phone line through and spent a really horrible hour not knowing - N a.m - - and i were in our back yard when the lawn started rolling like ocean waves - we ran into the house to get but the next tremor threw me in the air and bounced me as i tried to get to my feet - we are all fine here although was extremely - kitchen full of broken crystal - books and tapes all over my room - not one thing in the house is where it is supposed to be but the structure is fine - while i was standing on the lawn with waiting for another tremor i noticed that all the were emerging from the ground and across the lawn - N a.m. - - it 's amazing how one second can so completely change your life - N a.m - - i guess we 're all living very tentatively here waiting for the expected but - it 's hard to accept that it 's over and only took N seconds - i wonder when we 'll be able to relax - N a.m - - goes to total alert for flight or fight - seems a - berkeley very quiet right now - i walked along between delaware and at a few minutes before eight this morning - next to a homeless couple into a blue sleeping bag sat up said good morning and then the woman said is n't it great just to be alive - i agreed - it is - great - georgia-pacific corp. exceeding some analysts ' expectations said third-quarter earnings rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - per-share earnings were enhanced by the company 's share buy-back program which reduced the average shares outstanding to N million in the quarter from N million in the same quarter of N - with strong prices in the company 's two major areas building products as well as pulp and paper analysts had expected a quarter - but the performance exceeded some estimates of around $ N a share - fueling the growth among other things were prices for certain building products - one reason efforts to protect the spotted led to restrictions on in the pacific northwest supply and forcing prices up - another reason strikes both at georgia-pacific and other lumber companies also cut supplies and raised prices analysts said - for the nine months georgia-pacific 's earnings increased N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite new york stock exchange trading georgia-pacific stock rose $ N a share yesterday to close at $ N - the house public works and transportation committee approved a bill that would give the transportation department power to block airline leveraged buy-outs despite a clear veto threat from the bush administration - the N vote clears the way for consideration on the house floor next week or the week after - transportation secretary samuel skinner in a letter to the committee warned that he would urge president bush to veto the legislation if it passed congress - the senate commerce committee already has approved similar legislation - on monday a letter from mr. skinner 's deputy said the administration opposed the legislation in its present form - some of the bill 's supporters had taken heart from the fact that the letter was n't signed by mr. skinner and that it did n't contain a veto threat - the administration warnings some lawmakers especially senior republicans who supported the bill because they thought the transportation department favored it - we backed this bill because we thought it would help skinner one republican said and now we 're out there in the wind - a few weeks ago mr. skinner testified before congress that it would be cleaner more efficient if he had authority to block buy-outs in advance - but he never took an official position on the bill and has maintained that he already has enough authority to deal with buy-outs - under the committee bill the transportation secretary would have N days and an additional N days if needed to review any proposed purchase of N N or more of a major u.s. airline 's voting stock - the secretary would be required to block an acquisition if he concluded that it would so weaken an airline financially that it would hurt safety or reduce the carrier 's ability to compete or if it gave control to a foreign interest - although the legislation would apply to any acquisition of a major airline it is aimed at transactions financed by large amounts of debt - supporters of the bill are concerned an airline might sacrifice costly safety measures in order to repay debt - the panel 's action occurs in a politically charged atmosphere surrounding recent buy-out proposals their apparent collapse and the volatile conditions in the stock market - it became apparent in hearings that there ought to be regulation of leveraged buy-outs of some sort rep. james d. minn. chairman of the house aviation subcommittee said during the panel 's deliberations - i do n't believe in the airline business you can be totally because of the high degree of public interest at stake - but mr. skinner disagreed calling the legislation a retreat from the policy of of the airline industry - in his letter to committee chairman glenn anderson d. calif. the secretary also said the bill would be at odds with the administration 's policies open foreign investment and market allocation of resources - currently the transportation department does n't have the authority to block a takeover in advance - however if the secretary concludes that a transaction has made a carrier to operate the department may revoke its certificate the airline - such authority is more than adequate say opponents of the legislation - but supporters argue that an airline is so drastic that the department would hesitate doing it - the panel rejected a proposal pushed by amr corp. the parent of american airlines to allow the transportation secretary to block corporate raiders from proxy fights to oust boards that oppose a leveraged buy-out - it also voted down proposals to give the secretary much more discretion on whether to block a buy-out and to require the department to consider the impact of a buy-out on workers - london shares rallied to post strong gains after initial fears that the california earthquake would depress wall street prices - tokyo stocks which rebounded strongly tuesday extended their gains yesterday but most other asian and pacific markets closed sharply lower - in london the financial times-stock exchange 100-share index jumped N points to close at its intraday high of N - the index was under pressure for most of the morning over concerns that the effects of tuesday night 's major earthquake in the san francisco area would undermine the u.s. market - the mood changed after dealers the direct impact of the disaster on shares and wall street rebounded from early losses - the financial times 30-share index settled N points higher at N - volume was N million shares the of a hectic week compared with N million tuesday - u.k. composite or insurers which some equity analysts said might be heavily hit by the earthquake disaster helped support the london market by showing only narrow losses in early trading - the insurers ' relative resilience gave the market time to the impact of the california disaster on u.k. equities dealers said - dealers said the market still has n't shaken off its nervousness after its ride of the past several sessions caused by interest-rate increases last week and wall street 's N N plunge friday - but technical factors including modest gains in the value of the pound helped draw buying back into the market and reverse losses posted a day earlier - among composite insurers general accident rose N pence to # N $ N a share guardian royal climbed N to N pence sun alliance rose N to N and royal insurance jumped N to N - life insurers fared similarly with legal & general advancing N to N although prudential fell N to N N - group rose N to N and sun life finished unchanged at # N - most banking issues retreated after a sector downgrade by warburg securities although national showed strength on positive comments from brokerage firms about its long-term prospects - natwest the most actively traded of the banks finished at N up N - b.a.t industries fell in early dealings but recovered to finish at N up N - dealers said the market was nervous ahead of a special b.a.t holders ' meeting today - the session is to consider a defensive plan to spin off assets to fend off sir james goldsmith 's # N billion bid for b.a.t - the recent stock market drop has shaken confidence in the plan but dealers said the shares fell initially on questions about whether mr. goldsmith 's highly leveraged bid will come to - trading was suspended in wcrs group a u.k. advertising concern pending an announcement that it is buying the remaining N N of france 's carat holding for N billion french francs $ N million and expanding commercial and equity ties with advertising group eurocom - merchant banker morgan grenfell climbed N to N on renewed takeover speculation - warburg also mentioned in the rumor mill jumped N at to N - jaguar advanced N to N as traders contemplated a potential battle between general motors and ford motor for control of the u.k. luxury auto maker - tokyo 's nikkei index of N issues rose N points or N N to N - the index gained N tuesday - volume was estimated at N million shares compared with N million tuesday - declining issues outnumbered advancers N with N unchanged - the tokyo stock price index of all issues listed in the first section which gained N tuesday was up N points or N N at N - in early trading in tokyo thursday the nikkei index rose N points to N - on wednesday shares were pushed up by buying on the part of investment trusts as well as small orders from individuals and corporations traders said - institutions meanwhile stepped back to the sidelines as the direction of u.s. interest rates remained unclear - the uncertainty was by the persistent strength of the dollar traders said and by the u.s. trade deficit which widened by N N in august from the previous month - traders and analysts said they did n't see any effect on tokyo stocks from the california earthquake - the impact on japanese insurers and property owners with interests in the san francisco area is still being assessed they said - buying was scattered across a wide range of issues making the session fairly traders said - with uncertainty still hanging over interest rates and the dollar the market failed to find a focus that might lead to further investor commitments they said - some traders said the popularity of issues that gained yesterday wo n't last long as investors will their buying choices over the short term - interest shares such as steel construction and electric utility companies which rose early in the week saw their advance weaken yesterday - traders said these issues need buying to push up their prices so substantial gains are n't likely unless institutional investors participate - an outstanding issue in yesterday 's session was mitsubishi which surged N to N yen $ N a share - its popularity was due to speculation about the strong earnings potential of a new type of plastic wrap for household use a trader at county natwest securities japan said - some food issues attracted traders said - brewery was up N at N and gained N to N - pharmaceuticals were mostly higher with pharmaceutical gaining N to N - shares closed lower in other major asian and pacific markets including sydney hong kong singapore taipei wellington seoul and manila - most of those markets had rebounded the day before from monday 's slide - but unlike the tokyo exchange they failed to extend the rise to a second session - elsewhere prices surged for a second day in frankfurt closed higher in zurich stockholm and amsterdam and were broadly lower in milan paris and brussels - south african gold stocks ended marginally firmer - in brussels it was the first trading day for most major shares since stocks tumbled on wall street friday - trading had been by a major computer failure that took place before the start of monday 's session - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - housing construction sank in september to its lowest level since the last recession the commerce department reported - work began on homes and apartments at an annual rate of N units last month down N N from august the department said - the september decline followed an even drop of N N in august and left housing starts at their weakest since october N when the country was the end of a recession - originally the department had reported the august decline as N N - the numbers suggest that the housing industry is still suffering the effects of the federal reserve 's battle against inflation - the industry had shown signs of recovery this summer after the central bank began to relax its on credit allowing interest rates to drop a bit after pushing them up for a year - sales of new homes rose and inventories of houses which had been climbing dropped - but last month new construction in all types of homes from single-family houses to large apartment - it 's pretty much weak across the board said martin chief economist of the national council of savings institutions - mr. said the industry may be reluctant to step up building at the moment for fear the inventories of homes will increase again - another reason for the weakness he said may be that mortgage rates have hit a since they began down after a peak in march - in august rates on 30-year fixed-rate mortgages started creeping up a bit but they inched down again through september - rates have n't really off that much mr. said - we 've kind of settled now into an interest-rate environment that 's fairly high - work was begun on single family homes the core of the housing market at an annual rate of N in september a drop of N N from the previous month - that followed a N N decline in august - construction of apartments and other slipped N N to an annual rate of N following a N N decline in august - the number of building permits issued for future construction dropped N N to a N annual rate after rising N N in august - all the numbers were adjusted for normal seasonal variations in building activity - the housing starts numbers however are one of the least precise of the government 's economic indicators and are often revised significantly as more information is collected - shearson lehman hutton holdings inc. posted a sharp third-quarter turnaround from a year earlier but net income would have dropped from the second quarter without a $ N million after-tax gain - the securities firm posted third-quarter net of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a restated year-earlier loss of $ N million or N cents a share - revenue climbed N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the latest period included the gain which was $ N million before tax from the previously announced sale of the institutional money management business of lehman management co - the N period was restated from net income of $ N million to correct an in the company 's boston co. subsidiary - in the N second quarter shearson had net income of $ N million or N cents a share - an average N million common shares were outstanding in the latest quarter up from N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday shearson shares lost N cents to $ N - the company said the improved performance from a year ago reflects higher commissions and revenue from and trading for its own account - commission revenue was $ N million up N N - but industrywide trading activity slowed in september as institutional investors turned cautious and individuals continued to shy away from the market - investment banking revenue fell N N to $ N million in part reflecting the continued slowdown of the underwriting business - in the nine months net fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue advanced N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - two major drug companies posted strong third-quarter earnings in line with profits already reported by industry leaders and analysts ' expectations - but pfizer inc. based in new york reported flat earnings - schering-plough corp. based in madison n.j. reported a N N rise in earnings as american home products corp. of new york posted an N N increase in net - american home products - american home products said sales and earnings for the third quarter and nine months were at record levels - sales for the third quarter increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - sales of health-care products increased N N in the third quarter based in part on strong sales of prescription drugs such as an drug and sales of the company 's formula - american home products said net income benefited from a lower effective tax rate reflecting a reduction of foreign tax rates and additional operations in puerto rico - net also was aided by a gain on the sale of the company 's equity interests in south africa effective sept. N - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday american home products closed at $ N a share down N cents - pfizer - pfizer said third-quarter sales increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the company said net income was flat because of investment in research and development and costs related to of several products - the company said the dollar 's continued strengthening reduced world-wide sales growth by three percentage points - pfizer posted its largest gains in healthcare sales up N N and consumer products up N N - sales by the specialty chemicals and materials science segments were flat and sales by the agriculture segment declined N N - in the health-care segment pharmaceutical sales increased N N and sales of hospital products increased N N - during the quarter pfizer received federal approval of a channel approved for both and and used to open arteries - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday pfizer closed at $ N a share up N cents - schering-plough - schering-plough said sales gained N N to $ N million from $ N million - in the period the company completed the sale of its european cosmetics businesses sold a majority interest in its brazilian affiliate and announced the reorganization of its over-the-counter drug businesses into a new unit schering-plough health care products - these actions did n't affect results because the gain on the sale of the european cosmetics businesses was offset by provisions relating to the brazil divestiture and drug restructuring - u.s. pharmaceutical sales rose N N led by and cold products products and products and cardiovascular products - world-wide consumer product sales declined N N primarily because of the european cosmetics sale - significantly lower sales of stay trim diet aids also were a factor in the drop - the beauty product line had higher sales following a sluggish first half - in big board composite trading schering-plough shares fell N cents to close at $ N - swedish auto and aerospace concern saab-scania ab said it received a N million $ N million order from swiss one of europe 's leading regional air companies for five saab aircraft - it is quite unfortunate that you failed so in reporting the hurricane hugo disaster - your sept. N page-one article charleston lost quite a lot to hugo especially leaves the impression that the storm was little more than an - the damage reported focused on a select few who owned historic homes on the battery - not mentioned were the N people homeless and the more than N out of work for an period the $ N in losses to homes and personal property on the barrier islands the near and long-term impact on the state 's largest industry tourism not to mention the human suffering - in on the disruption of a few proud local customs such as the historic homes tour and the damage to the your reporter served to only an and view of this otherwise thriving port city - the damage will undoubtedly prove to be one of the human and economic disasters of the decade in this country - david m. - columbia s.c - your story was and - the people of a city reeling from a disaster of unprecedented was at the very best under the circumstances - your narrow focus appears to be a attempt to show the people of that historic city to be - you had to have been blind not to see the scenario there for what it was and is and will continue to be for months and even years a part of south carolina that has sustained a blow that the red cross expects will cost that organization alone some $ N million - william c. jr - columbia s.c - charleston is historic and as your reporter said but not as he suggested - are instead and have contributed to the culture and history of our country for more than N years - i suggest your reporter see charleston next spring in its full glory - william c. stuart iii - silver spring md - affiliated of colorado inc. said it agreed to sell its N N interest in rocky mountain systems for $ N million to colorado national bank of denver and central bank of denver - colorado national is a unit of colorado national inc. and central is a unit of first bank system of minneapolis - affiliated said it expects to record a pretax gain of about $ N million from the sale of the credit-card business which should more than offset any reduction in the carrying value of real estate and real-estate loans on its books - the u.s. bank tentatively decided to guarantee commercial bank financing for the purchase of two boeing co. N by colombia 's international airline at a cost of about $ N million - the loan guarantee would amount to about $ N million or N N of the cost of the aircraft - because of the size of the proposed loan guarantee the bank 's preliminary commitment is subject to review by the house and senate banking committees - bank officials said this review process currently is under way - guzman cabrera took over the oil workers union mexico 's most powerful labor organization only last january - but even in that short time mr. guzman cabrera has become as controversial in his own way as his predecessor known as la quina - president carlos salinas de used the army to oust la quina who for N years over a empire that made or pemex one of the world 's most inefficient oil companies - now mr. guzman cabrera is facing accusations that he 's as much a company man as la quina was a - in recent contract negotiations with pemex management mr. guzman cabrera accepted major concessions that greatly curtail the union 's role in long a source of millions of dollars in earnings - and with the quiet of mr. guzman cabrera replacing the of la quina government have been given a free hand to open the petrochemical sector to wider private and foreign investment - mr. guzman cabrera 's new order has n't arrived without resistance - between union still at pemex installations - leftist leader publicly questioned mr. guzman cabrera 's moral quality suggesting he is part of a conspiracy to turn over the country 's oil a symbol of mexican to foreigners - the mr. guzman cabrera takes such criticisms in - this is n't a new kind of union leadership it 's a new mexico - we 're no longer afraid of with private or foreign capital he says - pemex which produces N N of government revenue desperately needs new investment - since world oil prices collapsed in N the government has pemex 's to make payments on mexico 's $ N billion foreign debt - little money has been returned to upgrade pemex 's aging facilities - while the government pemex from above the union has it from below - a bloated payroll and pervasive caused pemex 's operating costs to balloon to N cents of each $ N in sales far above the industry - the declines in investment and efficiency explain in part why mexico has been importing gasoline this year - some projections show mexico importing crude by the end of the century barring an overhaul of operations - whatever you tried to change whether it was cutting costs or attracting new partners the big obstacle was the old union leadership says oil consultant george baker - enter mr. guzman cabrera who has a clear understanding of where union leaders fit in the regime of president salinas - i 'm the if there is one he says a to his office - beginning as a in a refinery mr. guzman cabrera put in more than N years at pemex before being pushed into retirement by la quina after a dispute two years ago - though he also long benefited from the system built by la quina mr. guzman cabrera says union had simply gotten out of hand - they are at the base of all of the problems of corruption he says - thus in recent contract negotiations mr. guzman cabrera gave up the union 's right to N N of all of pemex 's outside contracts an enormous source of - the union also the N N commission it had received on all pemex maintenance contracts - the union will keep a N N commission on construction projects - the new contract also the $ N monthly coupon good only at grocery stores that was part of the salary of every worker from to chief executive - about N technical workers notably and lawyers were switched to status - also because of its reduced capital budget pemex has phased out about N construction workers reducing the work force to about N the union leader says - mr. guzman cabrera says the union 's will be offset by a wage and benefit package that amounts to a N N increase in compensation - but pemex managers are the ones most by the contract - we are the instruments of administration says a pemex - pemex officials would n't say how much money the new contract would save the company but one previous government estimate pegged savings at around $ N million a year - pemex 's customers also are pleased with the company 's new spirit - a big conglomerate has long depended on pemex petrochemicals to produce plastic material - but when the pemex plant shut down for an annual overhaul it would never give notice to its customers - the would completely disrupt our operations says 's finance director - this year for the first time and other customers were well in advance of the pemex plant 's shutdown to ensure minimal - the union previous moves by the government to attract private investment in petrochemicals which mexico has been forced to import in large quantities in recent years - in may the government unveiled new foreign investment regulations that create special trusts allowing foreigners long limited to a N N stake in secondary petrochemical companies to own up to N N - later the government several basic petrochemicals as secondary products - but pemex 's with private companies and especially foreign ones is controversial in a country where oil has been a symbol of national sovereignty since foreign oil holdings were in N - they are preparing the workers for what 's coming foreign control wrote a leftist leader - mr. guzman cabrera and government officials insist that foreigners will be limited to investing in secondary petroleum products - but the new union leader makes no for pemex 's more attitude - if we do not integrate into this new world of sooner or later we 're going to become victims of our own he says - couple counseling grows to stress - more executives and their spouses are seeking counseling as work and family pressures mount - some employers especially if work problems threaten a top manager 's job - many couples are like ships passing in the night a communications gulf that problems on the job and at home says harry - his institute in mass. has seen in recent years a doubling in the number of executives and spouses at its counseling program - employers foot the bill he says figuring what 's good for the couple is good for the company - one east coast manufacturing executive faced with a job transfer his wife found that counseling helped them both come to with the move - and the vice president of a large midwestern company realized that an threatened his career when his wife that similar behavior at home their marriage - more couples also are getting help with men increasingly bringing their working wives for joint counseling - the level of stress for a woman is often so high it 's the husband who says i 'm worried about her says - her institute for family and work relationships in la jolla calif. has noted a doubling in the number of couples seeking help the past two years - no matter how competent and smart you both are the relationship almost certainly will erode if you do n't have time to talk to have fun and to be sexual says ms. - she urges client couples to begin a period social and other activities and setting time apart for themselves - putting those times on the calendar she says is as important as business appointments - power of suggestion stronger in japan - here 's one more explanation for why japan is a tough industrial competitor two of three japanese employees submit suggestions to save money increase efficiency and boost morale while only N N of american workers do - and the japanese make far more suggestions N per N eligible employees vs. only N per N employees in the - data for N from the national association of suggestion systems and the japan human relations association also indicate that japanese employers adopt four of five suggestions while their u.s. counterparts accept just one in four - in japan small suggestions are encouraged - each new employee is expected to submit four daily in the first few months on the job - u.s. companies tend to favor suggestions that go for the home runs says gary vice president of corporate quality at control data corp - that helps explain why american employers grant an average award of $ N per suggestion while japan 's payment is $ N - still suggestions ' net savings per N employees is $ N in japan vs. $ N in the u.s. - u.s. companies developing management teams are with how to handle individual suggestion systems - control data for one plays down its employee suggestion program because it favors the focus - merger fallout employee dishonesty - corporate security directors increasingly worry that merger mania a rise in employee dishonesty - a security magazine survey places the effect of takeovers and buy-outs among the industry 's N biggest challenges - if it causes management to take their eye off the ball inventory is going to be affected says lewis vice president for loss prevention at marshall field 's the department store chain - a separate study of the extent of employee misconduct linked general job satisfaction to property loss - co-author richard cites what happened at one company absorbed by a foreign giant - climbed dramatically as many angry employees felt abandoned by the former owners says the university of florida sociologist - but top management should watch for other signs of employee like and phone - security consultant dennis of calif. thinks mergers often trigger longer lunch hours and increased conduct which can the bottom line more than - new management can take several steps to reduce dishonesty - most important experts say is to show that a company 's ethical tone is set at the top - mr. also recommends that the chief executive establish a rumor control center and move swiftly to bolster morale - consultant john of texas urges that top management adopt a tough approach with very tight controls and monitoring - and security authority robert l. favors all employees who - firms walk fine line in distributing profits - are corporate profits distributed fairly - a survey by & a new york consulting firm the difficulty for top management in satisfying employees and investors on that score - nearly seven of N investors think companies reinvest too little of their profits in the business - and half the employees surveyed think companies dole out too little to them - but both see a common enemy about N N of employees and N N of investors think senior managers get too big a of the profit pie - bank of new york co. said it agreed in principle to acquire the credit-card business of first city of texas for between $ N million and $ N million - the move subject to a definitive agreement is part of a trend by banks that have been buying up credit-card portfolios to expand their business - just last month a bank of new york subsidiary agreed to buy the credit-card operation of dreyfus corp. 's dreyfus consumer bank for $ N million a transaction that is expected to be completed by the end of the year - first city 's portfolio includes approximately N accounts with about $ N million in loans outstanding - first city which issues both and visa cards has agreed to act as an agent bank - at the end of the third quarter bank of new york 's credit-card business of N million accounts with $ N billion in loans outstanding - bank of new york is currently the issuer of credit cards in the - first city said that because of increased competition in the credit-card business it had decided it either had to expand its own holdings substantially or sell them - we think there 's a good prospect that competition is going to get pretty fierce in this market said james e. day a first city vice president - we see it becoming a kind of business - the company estimated that the transaction would enhance its book value which stood at $ N a share on sept. N by more than $ N million or about $ N a share - the company also said the transaction would bolster after-tax earnings by $ N a share when completed and boost its primary capital ratio to N N from N N - first city which recently purchased three small texas banking concerns said it would use the proceeds to pursue additional expansion opportunities in the southwest and elsewhere - with that possibility in mind analysts said the transaction was a positive move for first city - i think they 'll be able to move faster to make acquisitions in texas said an analyst with donaldson lufkin & jenrette - that 's something they can do very well - british airways plc said it is seeking improved terms and a sharply lower price in any revised bid for united airlines parent ual corp. following the collapse of a $ N billion $ 300-a-share buy-out bid - stevens british air 's chief financial officer told dow jones professional investor report a price of $ N a share is certainly not too low and indicated his company would like to reduce the size of its $ N million cash investment - he added the airline is n't committed to going forward with any new bid and has n't participated in bankers ' efforts to revive the transaction that collapsed - we 're in no way committed to a deal going through at all - we 're not rushing into anything - we do n't want to be party to a second rejection he said adding that coming up with a revised offer could easily take several weeks - mr. stevens 's remarks confirming a report in the wall street journal that british air wants to start from in any new bid for the nation 's second-largest airline helped push ual stock lower for the fourth straight day - ual fell $ N a share to $ N on volume of N million shares in composite trading on the new york stock exchange as concern among takeover stock traders about the length of time it will take to revive the purchase - under the original buy-out approved by the ual board sept. N ual 's pilots planned to put up $ N million in cash and make $ N million in annual cost concessions for a N N stake - ual management was to pay $ N million for N N and british air was to receive a N N stake - the buy-out fell through when citicorp and chase manhattan corp. unexpectedly failed to obtain bank financing - since then ual stock has fallen N N in what may rank as the largest collapse of a takeover stock ever - the of mr. stevens 's remarks seemed to indicate that british air will take a more active role in pursuing any new bid - he said he believes ual management was badly advised on the funding of its original transaction - mr. stevens said british air has n't received any new buy-out proposals from the labor-management group led by ual chairman stephen wolf and has n't received any indication of when one might be - as far as we 're concerned we 're waiting for the dust to settle he said - although british air is waiting to see what the buy-out group comes up with mr. stevens said a revised transaction with less debt leverage is likely to be more attractive to banks - he said the original proposal is dead and all aspects of a revised version are up for change in light of the changes in ual 's market price the amount of debt banks are willing to fund and the price british air would be willing to pay - mr. stevens said he expects the new price will be considerably lower but declined to specify a figure - asked whether a $ figure circulating in the market yesterday is too low he said it 's certainly not too low - he added the original offer was a pretty full price and that british air 's contribution was quite a large chunk for us - british air was originally attracted to the chance of obtaining a N N stake in the company but was n't particularly happy with paying $ N million - if the new deal had us putting up less money but still having N N that would be a point in our favor he said - in any new proposal british air would expect a greater rate of return than the in the original proposal - in the event that the buy-out group in its bid the ual board could remain under some pressure to seek another transaction even without any legal obligation to do so - roughly one-third of its stock is believed held by takeover stock traders who could vote to oust the board if they become - meanwhile the buy-out group 's task of holding its fragile coalition together in the face of the bid 's collapse and internal opposition from two other employee groups has been further complicated by an apparent in the ranks of the pilot union itself - a pilot representing a group of N pilots hired during united 's N strike filed suit friday in chicago federal court to block the takeover - the dissident pilots oppose the plan because it would cause them to lose their seniority - ual 's management agreed to reduce the seniority of those pilots in exchange for the support of the united pilot union for the buy-out proposal - the N pilots involved in the suit are n't members of the union - the airline had allowed them to move ahead of some union members in seniority following the N strike a move the union had contested in a previous lawsuit - contributed to this article - corporate efforts to control health-care costs by requiring prior to planned and surgery have n't been sweeping enough to reduce the long-term rate of cost increases according to a study by the institute of medicine - in the last decade many corporations have embraced the utilization management cost strategy as a way to control health-care costs for employees - these programs vary widely but often require second opinions on proposed surgery reviews of and reviews of treatment during or recovery periods - between N N and N N of today 's workers are covered by such plans up from N N five years ago - although it probably has reduced the level of expenditures for some purchasers utilization management like most other cost strategies does n't appear to have altered the long-term rate of increase in health-care costs the institute of medicine an affiliate of the national academy of sciences concluded after a two-year study - employers who saw a short-term in benefit expenditures are seeing a return to previous trends - while utilization management frequently reduces costs these savings are often offset by increases in services and higher administrative costs according to the report by a panel of health-care experts - the report suggested that current review programs are too narrow - the unnecessary and inappropriate use of the hospital and not the actual need for a particular procedure has been the main focus the panel said - as a general rule programs have not made of the costs of alternative or sites of care - the report said that utilization management should have more of an impact as federal research on the effectiveness of medical helps lead to medical practice guidelines - howard a panel member and a vice president of aetna life & casualty said that utilization management will also do a better job of containing costs as it spreads to cover medical services delivered outside of hospitals - there 's pretty good evidence that utilization management has reduced inappropriate he said - but at the same time spending on physician services and care have - it 's like a balloon dr. said - david of a. foster & co. said that clients of his consulting firm report that utilization management reduces their hospital care bills by about N N but he agreed that for the health-care system as whole some of these savings are offset by administrative and care costs - jerome chairman of the panel agrees that administrative costs of utilization management programs can be high - you have a whole staff standing ready to evaluate the of recommended treatment he said - dr. who also is president of new england medical center hospitals in boston noted that the hospitals he runs deal with more than N utilization management firms and that many of them have different procedures and requirements - the panel urged greater efforts to reduce the and cost of utilization review - utilization management needs to better demonstrate that it reduces the use of resources improves the of patient care and imposes only reasonable burdens on patients and the panel concluded - renault and daf trucks announced a preliminary agreement to jointly manufacture a line of trucks in britain and france - a renault managing director said the new line will cover trucks of between N tons and N tons and will be built at renault 's plant in france and at daf 's british plant - the french state-controlled auto group and the dutch truck maker plan to the new trucks into their product lines when they begin production toward the middle of the 1990s - mr. said he expects a definitive agreement between the two companies to be completed in the next few months - the venture is the latest example of the trend toward cooperative projects in europe ahead of the N deadline for eliminating trade barriers within the european community - renault and daf are expected to invest a total of about three billion french francs $ N million in the venture including N billion for design and development costs - in addition the companies will each spend about N billion on up their plants - mr. said the joint venture represents considerable savings for both renault and daf since both companies would in any case have had to renew their existing ranges of light goods vehicles - by their resources the two groups have effectively the design and development costs that would otherwise have been he said - renault officials said the potential european market for light trucks in the to range is between N and N vehicles annually and renault and daf are aiming for a combined market share of about N N - both renault and daf will have world-wide marketing rights for the new range of vans and light trucks - under a separate arrangement british aerospace plc 's group plc subsidiary will also be able to offer the vehicles through its dealers in the u.k. and renault 's subsidiary renault vehicles will have similar rights in france - daf is by british aerospace with a further N N held by the dutch state-owned chemical group - the van family of the netherlands holds an additional N N of daf 's capital - the federal reserve system is the standard object of suggestions for and institutional changes for two reasons - first its position in the government is - it has an unusual kind of independence from elected officials and still has authority over one of the most powerful of government 's instruments the control of the money supply - thus we have a condition that is easily described as - second the responsibilities of the federal reserve as guardian of the currency which means as guardian of the stability of the price level sometimes lead it to take measures that are unpopular - as former fed chairman william martin used to say they would have to take the bowl away just as the party is getting interesting - so the federal reserve is an attractive target for complaint by politicians - the fed is easily assigned the blame for like high interest rates or slow economic growth while the politicians can escape responsibility by pointing to the fed 's independence - this leads to proposals for reform of the fed which have the common feature of making the fed more responsive to the administration to the congress and to public opinion without however any assumption of additional responsibility by the politicians - these proposals include changing the term of the chairman the terms of the members eliminating the presidents of the federal reserve banks from the process putting the secretary of the treasury on the federal reserve board having the fed by an arm of congress the general accounting office putting the fed 's expenditures in the budget and requiring prompt publication of the fed 's minutes - some of these ideas are again under consideration in congress - but these proposals do not rest on a view of what the fed 's problem is or if they do they rest on an incorrect view - they would not solve the problem they would make it worse - the problem is not that the fed is too to the public interest - on the contrary it is too responsive to an incorrect view of the public interest - the price level in the u.s. is now about N N times as high as it was N years ago - on average something that cost $ N N years ago now costs $ N - or a wage that was $ N N years ago would buy only $ N worth of stuff today - on two occasions the inflation rate rose to more than N N a year - in each case the ending of this inflation caused a severe recession the two worst of the postwar period - the enormous inflation over the past N years was largely due to monetary policy - at least it would not have happened without the support of monetary policy that provided for a increase in the money supply during the same period - and that increase in the money supply would not have happened without the consent of the federal reserve - the basic problem of monetary policy to which reform of the fed should be addressed is to prevent a of this experience - there were two general reasons for the monetary policy of the past N years - N to some extent the federal reserve shared the popular but incorrect view that monetary policy could yield a net improvement in employment and output - N even where the fed did not share this view it felt the need to accommodate to it - despite all the formal provisions for its independence the fed seems constantly to feel that if it uses its independence too freely it will lose it - the common proposals for the fed would only make the situation worse if they had any effect at all - putting the secretary of the treasury on the board of governors one of the leading proposals today is an example - the secretary is the world 's biggest of money - he has a constant for lower interest rates - moreover he is a political agent of a political president who naturally gives extraordinary weight to the way the economy will perform before the next election and less to its health - these days the secretary the further that he is a member of a club of seven finance ministers who meet occasionally to decide what exchange rates should be which is a diversion from the real business of the federal reserve to stabilize the price level - how should a reasonable member of the federal reserve board interpret a congressional decision to put the secretary on the board - could he interpret it as encouragement for the fed to give primary emphasis to stabilizing the price level - or would he interpret it as instruction to give more weight to these other objectives that the secretary represents low interest rates economic expansion and of exchange rates at internationally managed levels - the answer seems perfectly clear - true a succession of fed chairmen has given color to the notion that the secretary of the treasury belongs on the fed - by their constant to advise all and about federal budgetary matters the chairmen have encouraged the belief that fiscal policy and monetary policy are of a common in which case it is natural that the fed and the treasury and probably also the congress should be jointly engaged in the pot - the fed 's case for its own independence would be a little stronger if it were more of the independence of the rest of the government - the fed 's problem is not that it is too independent or too - the fed is responsive to and can not help being responsive to the more political part of the government - the fed exercises a power given to it by congress and the president - but congress and the president accept no responsibility for the exercise of the power they have given the fed - critics of the present arrangement are correct to say that it is - what is is the of the more political parts of the government to take the responsibility for deciding the basic question of monetary policy which is what priority should be given to stabilizing the price level - to leave this decision to an independent agency is not only - it also prevents the conduct of a policy that has a long-term rationale because it leaves the fed about what are the expectations of its masters the politicians who have never had to consider the long-term consequences of monetary policy - the greatest contribution congress could make at this time would be to declare that stabilizing the price level is the primary responsibility of the federal reserve system - legislation to this effect has been introduced in congress in this session by rep. stephen neal d. n.c - it is not the kind of thing that is likely to be enacted however - congress would be required to make a hard decision and congress would much prefer to leave the hard decision to the fed and retain its rights of complaint after the fact - people will say that the nation and the government have other objectives in addition to stabilizing the price level which is true - but that is not the same as saying that the federal reserve has other objectives - the government has other agencies and instruments for pursuing these other objectives - but it has only the fed to pursue stability - and the fed has at most very limited ability to contribute to the achievement of other objectives by means other than by stabilizing the price level - the two objectives most commonly thought to be legitimate competitors for the attention of the fed are high employment and rapid real growth - but the main lesson of economic policy in the past N years is that if the fed with the objective in the pursuit of these other goals the result is not high employment and rapid growth but is inflation - a former chairman of the president 's council of economic advisers mr. stein is an american enterprise institute fellow - republic new york corp. joined the list of banks boosting reserves for losses on loans to less-developed countries setting out a $ N million provision and posting a $ N million third-quarter net loss as a result - the per-share loss was $ N - in the year earlier period the new york parent of republic national bank had net income of $ N million or $ N a share - excluding the provision republic earned $ N million up N N from a year ago - the bank 's and long-term loans to less-developed countries total $ N million of which $ N million are n't interest the bank said - republic 's total of nonperforming assets was $ N million at sept. N with its reserve for loan losses now standing at $ N million - abortion-rights advocates won last week 's but the war over the nation 's social question is about to pick up again on turf that favors those seeking to restrict abortions - strict new regulations seem certain to pass the state house in pennsylvania next week with easy approval by the senate and by democratic gov. bob expected shortly thereafter - legislation to require the consent of parents before their daughters under the age of N can have abortions will probably pass both houses of the michigan legislature and set up a battle to override the expected veto of democratic gov. james - the short-term shift in the political climate surrounding abortion reflects two factors that are likely to govern the debate in the next several months the of the abortion-rights movement as a potent force after years of and the ability of each side to counter the other 's advance in one arena with a victory of its own elsewhere - the action in pennsylvania for example will follow last week 's collapse of a special session of the florida legislature to enact restrictions on abortions in that state and the vote here in washington by the house to permit federally paid abortions for poor women who are victims of rape or incest - but president bush is expected to veto the congressional legislation and that along with the easy approval of the pennsylvania measure is likely to the abortion-rights activists ' claims of momentum and the challenges faced by this movement - it 's great to feel good for once in N years says harrison a consultant to abortion-rights advocates reflecting the relief of his after last week 's victories the first major events since the supreme court in its july N webster decision permitted the states to enact restrictions on abortions - but how many more times we 're going to feel good in the next N is another question - indeed abortion-rights activists still face their greatest tests - the pro-choice movement has shown finally that it can says a university political scientist who specializes in how state legislators handle the abortion question - but it still has n't shown that it can win in a state like pennsylvania or missouri where abortion has been clearly an electoral issue and where it 's been an emotional issue for a long time - the foes of abortion hold the strong whip hand in pennsylvania where abortion-rights activists are so much on the defensive that their strategy is less to fight the proposed legislation than it is to stress how the state legislature does n't reflect the of the state 's citizens - as a result gop state rep. stephen of delaware county the legislature 's leading of abortion has been given all but free rein to press a strict plan to restrict abortion and he hopes to force the supreme court directly to its N roe v. wade decision that established the right of abortion in the first place - the legislation the state 's house judiciary committee approved it in this week and the full pennsylvania house is expected to take up the bill next tuesday includes a provision to ban abortions after N weeks of pregnancy except to the death of the mother - mr. that the provision which attacks the standards that roe established will make it necessary for the supreme court to review roe and perhaps to it - but the pennsylvania measure also includes an informed consent provision that may become widely by abortion foes who want to make women contemplating abortion as uncomfortable as possible with the procedure and with themselves - under this legislation a woman must be informed N hours before the operation of the details of the procedure and its risks - regardless of whether one supports or opposes the right to an abortion mr. argues it is virtually impossible for any rational human being to disagree with the concept that a woman has the right to have all of the appropriate materials and advice made available to her before she makes a decision which one way or the other might remain with her for the rest of her life - in michigan where the state senate is expected to approve legislation by the end of next week gov. is the principal obstacle for anti-abortionists - susan a consultant to abortion-rights activists in the state takes comfort from the fact that the state 's house abortion opponents have n't been able to the votes to a veto on abortion in N years - but proponents believe they may be able to shake enough votes loose to override the veto if they are successful in portraying the legislation as a matter of parents ' rights - in illinois lawmakers will vote before next spring on legislation requiring physicians to perform tests on at N weeks to determine their age weight and lung maturity along with a provision requiring that if survive an abortion a second doctor must be on hand to help it survive - the legislation failed by one vote to clear the house rules committee tuesday but anti-abortionists still may succeed in bringing the measure to the floor this fall - executive director of the illinois planned council says she and her allies are cautiously optimistic they can defeat it if it comes to a floor vote - abortion foes in wisconsin meanwhile expect a bill to be sent to the state assembly floor by early november and are hopeful of prevailing in both houses by next march - in texas abortion opponents want to pass legislation along with a statewide ban on the use of public funds personnel and facilities for abortion and viability tests for N weeks and older - the anti-abortionists are urging gop gov. bill to press the issues in a special session scheduled to run nov. N to dec. N - the is only fair says roberts administrative director of the texas right to life committee - next year is an election year and the legislators just do n't want to do anything about this now - this legislative activity comes as both sides are undertaking new efforts plunging into gubernatorial races in virginia and new jersey and for next autumn 's state elections - at the same time abortion foes have developed a national legislative strategy deciding to move on what the national right to life committee 's director of state development calls reasonable measures that an overwhelming mainstream majority of americans support - these include bans on the use of abortion for birth control and sex selection and the public funding of alternatives for abortion - those who are on the other side can hardly oppose alternative funding if they continue to insist on calling themselves pro-choice rather than says mary the group 's associate state legislative coordinator - over the weekend the national abortion rights action league singled out eight politicians including pennsylvania 's mr. as N targets and held a washington designed to train its leaders in political techniques including how to put the anti-abortionists on the defensive in state legislatures - we now see pro-choice legislators going on the offensive for the first time says kate executive director of the group - wall street - when i was just a child and confronted by my fears the things that i thought would get me had and pointed - nothing much has changed my periodic are still from hostile animals only now they 're bulls and bears - pat - daffynition - trained - j. - this maker and marketer of tape systems said it completed the sale of N million shares of common priced at $ N a share in an initial public offering - the company said that it is selling two million shares and that the rest are being sold by certain stockholders - proceeds will be used for capital expenditures and working capital - goldman sachs & co. and montgomery securities inc. are the offering - congress sent president bush an $ N billion fiscal N treasury and postal service bill providing $ N billion for the internal revenue service and increasing the customs service 's program nearly a third - final approval came on a simple voice vote in the senate and the swift passage with months of negotiations over the underlying bill which is with special-interest provisions for both members and the executive branch - an estimated $ N million was added for university and science grants including $ N million for smith college - and southwest lawmakers were a driving force behind $ N million for border facilities or more than double the administration 's request - more than $ N million is allocated for and expenses for former presidents and the budget for the official residence of vice president quayle is more than doubled with $ N designated for improvements to the property - even the office of management and budget is remembered with an extra $ N million to help offset pay costs that other government departments are being asked to absorb - within the irs nearly $ N billion is provided for processing tax returns a N N increase over fiscal N and double what the government was spending five years ago - investigation and taxpayer service accounts would grow to $ N billion and congress specifically added $ N million for stepped up criminal investigations of money laundering related to drug traffic - the large increase in customs service funds is also intended to counter and the annual appropriations level has more than in five years - the $ N million provided for fiscal N anticipates the purchase of a lockheed aircraft and five ii jets - despite administration reservations the plan has had the quiet backing of customs officials as well as influential lawmakers from 's home state kansas - among legislative provisions attached to the bill is a ban on any treasury department expenditure for enforcement of a N tax provision intended to counter discrimination in plans - small-business interests have lobbied against the so-called section N tax rules - repeal is considered likely now but the treasury department bill has been used as a vehicle to raise the profile of the issue and block any action in the interim - less noticed is a bit of legislative by houston republicans on behalf of corp. of texas to move a missouri hospital from one county to the next to justify higher medicare - the provision seeks to wipe out an estimated $ N million in claims made by the health care finance administration against which owned the hospital in sullivan mo. during most of the four-year period N covered in the amendment - in a separate development a private meeting is scheduled this morning between house appropriations committee chairman jamie whitten d. miss and sen. dale d. ark in an effort to end a dispute which for two weeks has delayed action on an estimated $ N billion agriculture bill - a house-senate conference reached agreement oct. N on virtually all major provisions of the bill but final settlement has been stalled because of differences between the two men over the fate of a modest program to provide technical information to farmers seeking to reduce their on chemical and pesticides - the program 's nonprofit sponsors received $ N in fiscal N through an extension service grant but mr. whitten has been in insisting that the program be cut in N - the takes a more orthodox entrenched view of agriculture policy than those in the movement to reduce chemical use but as a master of pork-barrel politics he is believed to be as well that the project moved to arkansas from a tennessee center near memphis and the northern mississippi border - michael f. director of corporate public relations at data general corp. was named to the new position of vice president corporate communications of this maker of data storage equipment - b.a.t industries plc may delay aspects of its defensive restructuring plan including the sale of its saks fifth avenue and marshall field units in the wake of the current upheaval in financial markets company officials said - the british conglomerate planning its own defensive restructuring to fight off a # N billion $ N billion takeover bid by financier sir james goldsmith intends to press ahead with an extraordinary shareholder vote today to clear the way for its measures - if anything the gyrations in world stock markets and in b.a.t 's share price since last friday 's sharp wall street sell-off have increased the likelihood of shareholder approval for the restructuring analysts and several big institutional holders said - god we have some deal on the table said stewart a director at scottish amicable investment managers which intends to vote its roughly N N stake in favor of the restructuring - investors in b.a.t have been on a roller - b.a.t has been london 's blue chip over the past six months up N N against a N N rise in the financial times 100-share index - but this week b.a.t has been hit harder than other big u.k. stocks first by the market gyrations then by tuesday 's san francisco earthquake which could leave b.a.t 's farmers group inc. insurance unit facing big claims - b.a.t rose five pence eight cents to N pence $ N in london yesterday as a late market rally erased a fall earlier in the day - to fight off b.a.t plans to spin off about $ N billion in assets largely by selling such u.s. retailing units as marshall field and saks and by floating its big paper and u.k. retailing business via share issues to existing holders - proceeds will help pay for a planned buy-back of N N of its shares and a N N dividend increase - i think the restructuring will get the required support said michael an analyst at london phillips & drew - the shareholders effectively will support the share price by clearing the share buy-back - but b.a.t 's restructuring which was never going to happen quickly now will take longer because of the market upheaval - company officials holders and analysts who previously expected the to be substantially complete by the end of next year 's first half now say the market gyrations could delay the actions well into the second half - we are n't forced sellers - we do n't have an deadline and if market conditions are truly awful we might decide it is not the right time to take particular steps said michael a b.a.t spokesman - even if b.a.t receives approval for the restructuring the company will remain in play say shareholders and analysts though the situation may over the next N months rather than six - the new b.a.t will be a smaller tobacco and financial-services hybrid whose price-earnings ratio may more closely reflect the tobacco business than the financial-services business these holders believe - thus b.a.t 's restructuring may only make the company a more target for other corporate possibly such bidders as hanson plc - the last few days will surely slow down the pace of events says scottish amicable 's mr. - but i would n't write off sir james or other potential bidders - among possible delays the sales of saks and marshall field which were expected to be on the block soon after the crucial christmas season may slide into the second quarter or second half - analysts estimate that sales of the two businesses could raise roughly $ N billion - b.a.t is n't predicting a because the units are quality businesses and we are encouraged by the of inquiries said mr. - but the delay could happen if b.a.t does n't get adequate bids he said - people familiar with b.a.t say possible for the units include managers from both retailing chains and general corp. which is interested in bidding for saks - other potential bidders for parts of b.a.t 's u.s. retail unit include department stores inc. may department stores co. and limited inc - b.a.t has declined to identify the potential bidders - though sir james has said he intends to mount a new bid for b.a.t once approval from u.s. insurance regulators is received jitters over prospects for junk-bond financing and u.s. leverage buy-outs are making investors more skeptical about sir james 's prospects - his initial offer indicated he needed to raise as much as N N of the takeover financing through the debt markets - market uncertainty also clouds the outlook for b.a.t 's attracting a premium price for its u.s. retailing properties - finally tuesday 's california earthquake initially knocked N N off b.a.t 's share price in london yesterday because of fears of the potential claims to los angeles-based farmers which has a substantial portion of its property and casualty exposure in california - on farmers mr. said it is too early to the level of potential claims - he added b.a.t has no expectation of a material impact on farmers - bridge and highway will disrupt truck and auto transportation in the san francisco bay area for months to come - but rail air and links to the area escaped tuesday 's earthquake with only minor damage and many are expected to be operating normally today government and corporate transport officials said - air traffic at san francisco international airport was running about N N of normal yesterday afternoon but airport said they expect a return to full operations by saturday - the major to asia and one of the nation 's N busiest airports was closed to all but emergency traffic from the time the quake hit tuesday afternoon until N a.m. yesterday when controllers returned to the tower - getting to and from the airport in coming weeks may be the problem however - people 's ability to drive throughout the bay area is greatly restricted said a spokesman for the american automobile association - tom executive vice president and general manager of the california trucking association in said his organization urged trucking firms to halt all deliveries into the bay area yesterday except for supplies - some shipments will probably resume thursday he said - right now most of the roads into the bay area are closed but the list of closings changes about every N minutes - this wednesday morning the san mateo bridge was open and now we are informed that it is closed mr. said - united parcel service greenwich conn. said its operations in the san francisco area have been reduced to N N of normal - a ups spokesman said that although none of the company 's terminals trucks or airplanes were damaged in the quake road and power failures have its pickup and delivery of packages - the spokesman noted to traffic delays on the san mateo bridge for example - in addition power failures prevented its facilities from operating causing delays - but freight reported that damage to their facilities was relatively minor with santa fe pacific corp. 's rail unit the least affected by the quake - santa fe stopped freight trains tuesday night while its officials track but resumed service at N p.m. when they found no damage - union pacific corp. 's rail unit said that except for damage to shipping containers in its oakland yard its track bridges and structures were - that railroad is operating trains but with delays caused by employees unable to get to work - southern pacific transportation co. the hardest hit of the three in the bay area said service on its which is used by an train between los angeles and seattle was suspended temporarily because of near the epicenter of the quake - but service on the line is expected to resume by noon today - we had no serious damage on the railroad said a southern pacific spokesman - we have no problem to our freight service at all expect for the fact businesses are shut down - said it suspended train service into its oakland station which sustained heavy structural damage during the quake - the passenger railroad said it terminated some runs in sacramento relying on buses to ferry passengers to the bay area - said it planned to resume some train operations to oakland late yesterday - operations suffered little damage according to albert engelken deputy executive director of the american public transit association in washington - the bay area rapid transit the earthquake perfectly said mr. engelken adding that the rail system was running a full fleet of N trains during the day to provide an alternative for highway travelers - the highway system is up by the earthquake mr. engelken said - the transit system is how people are going to be getting around - he added that san francisco 's cars and buses were also running at full service levels - although delays in san francisco were significant yesterday they did n't appear to spread to other airports - the earthquake shattered windows at san francisco international 's control tower and pieces of the ceiling down on controllers three of whom suffered minor injuries - terminals at san francisco international also were damaged but the tower itself was intact - tuesday night thousands were diverted to other airports and had to wait a day to resume travel - at san francisco were n't damaged but traffic was being limited yesterday to N and N departures an hour down from N to N an hour normally mainly because the noise level in the control tower was overwhelming without the windows an faa spokeswoman said - while the airport was closed flights were diverted to airports in sacramento and calif. and las vegas nev. and los angeles - united airlines the largest carrier at san francisco was operating only N N of its scheduled service in and out of the area because of damage to its terminal which in turn was causing delays for travelers headed to the bay area - a united spokesman said N of its N gates were mainly because of water damage caused when a system was triggered by the tremors - the united spokesman said none of its people were injured at the airport in fact as the airport was being tuesday night two were born - yesterday the united ticket counter was active with people trying to get flights out but the airline said demand for seats into the city also was active with people trying to get there to help family and friends - the airports in san jose and oakland were both fully operational by noon yesterday the federal aviation administration said - in terms of denver 's international may have experienced the most a united flight from japan was there - i think that 's the first commercial passenger flight from japan to land here an airport spokesman said - a japan air lines spokesman said its flights into and out of san francisco were n't affected but getting information about its operations was difficult - its telecommunications headquarters in calif. had been knocked out since the quake - we 're in the dark he said - whitbread & co. put its spirits division up for sale triggering a scramble among global groups for the british company 's brands - whitbread already has been approached by about half a dozen companies interested in buying all or part of the spirits business a spokesman said - analysts expect the spirits operations and some california that also are being sold to fetch about # N million $ N million - among the brands for sale are beefeater gin the no. N imported gin in the u.s. and whiskey - also for sale are co. which distributes whiskey in the u.s. and whitbread 's atlas peak in california 's valley - beefeater alone is worth as much as # N million analysts said - whitbread bought the beefeater two years ago for # N million - that purchase represented an attempt by whitbread a venerable british brewer to become a major player in the global liquor business - but whitbread has been squeezed by giant rivals amid widespread consolidation in the industry - now it wants to concentrate on beer and its newer hotel and restaurant operations - for rival liquor companies the whitbread auction is a rare opportunity to acquire valuable brands - it 's not very often something like this comes up said ron a liquor company analyst at nomura research institute in london - the division will be sold off quite rapidly predicted an analyst at london brokers county natwest - among possible buyers grand metropolitan plc might find beefeater a useful addition to its portfolio - grand met owns gin the no. N imported gin in the u.s. rival guinness plc has the no. N imported brand - the whitbread spirits auction is an extremely interesting development and naturally we 'll be considering it carefully a grand met spokesman said - guinness which owns several leading whiskey brands plus gordon 's gin the world 's no. N gin is considered less likely to bid for the whitbread spirits - a guinness spokesman declined to comment - two other global liquor giants canada 's seagram co. and britain 's plc also are possible buyers - seagram 's gin is the world 's no. N gin brand but the company does n't own any of the major gin brands imported in the u.s. - while powerful in whiskey does n't own any major brands - we will certainly have to take a look at the whitbread spirits business an spokesman said - we would certainly like to have a major brand in our portfolio - a seagram spokesman in new york would n't comment - smaller liquor companies such as brown-forman corp. and american brands inc. of the u.s. also are likely to be interested - such companies are increasingly being left behind in the global liquor business says nomura 's mr. - in new york a spokesman for american brands would n't comment - brown-forman a louisville ky. also declined to comment - whitbread 's wine spirits and soft-drink operations had trading profit of # N million on sales of # N million in the year ended feb. N - the company which is retaining most of its wine and all of its soft-drink interests did n't break out results for the businesses it plans to sell - but analysts estimate their trading profit at # N million - whitbread had total pretax profit in the year ended feb. N of # N million on sales of # N billion - whitbread 's spirits auction occurs amid a parallel in the british beer industry - earlier this year the government announced plans to foster increased competition in the industry - british currently own thousands of which in turn sell only the ' beer and soft drinks - under new rules many of the country 's would become free houses selling beers of their choice - whitbread now intends to bolster its brewing interests in an effort to grab a share of sales to free houses - the company which last month paid # N million for regional british brewer group plc has about N N of the british beer market - whitbread also owns the license to and distribute and beers in britain - in addition whitbread intends to focus on its newer hotel liquor store and restaurant businesses in europe and north america - in britain those interests include the beefeater chain and joint ownership with pepsico inc. of the country 's pizza hut chain - in canada and the u.s. whitbread owns the chain of and restaurants - focusing on beer restaurants and hotels means we can concentrate our skills and resources more effectively peter whitbread 's managing director said in a statement - the spirits business would require substantial additional investment to enable it to compete effectively in the first division of global players - whitbread also announced that mr. who is N will become the company 's chief executive march N - at that time sam whitbread the company 's chairman and a of its founder will retire from executive duties - he will retain the title of chairman - the treasury plans to raise $ N million in new cash with the sale tuesday of about $ N billion in two-year notes to redeem $ N billion in maturing notes - the offering will be dated oct. N and mature oct. N - tenders for the notes available in minimum $ N denominations must be received by N p.m. edt tuesday at the treasury or at federal reserve banks or branches - land & co. calif. announced a 2-for-1 split in the real estate limited partnership 's units and increased its regular quarterly cash distribution N N to N cents a unit - the real estate limited partnership also said it will pay a special year-end cash distribution of N cents a unit - both distributions are payable dec. N to limited partners of record nov. N - mellon bank corp. said directors authorized the buy-back of as many as N common shares - the bank holding company said stock will be used to meet requirements for the company 's benefit plans - mellon has N million shares outstanding - champion international corp. 's third-quarter profit dropped N N reflecting price declines for certain paper products operating problems at certain mills and other factors - the paper producer reported that net income fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share in the year-earlier period - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading champion 's shares rose N cents to $ N - digital equipment corp. is planning a big party on tuesday for its first line of mainframe computers - but an guest is expected to try to crash the party - on the morning of the announcement international business machines corp. is to introduce its own new mainframe - their attitude is you want to talk mainframes we 'll talk mainframes says one computer industry executive - they 're deliberately trying to steal our a digital executive complains - maybe we should take it as a - digital 's target is the $ N billion market for mainframe computers the that nearly every big company needs to run its business - ibm based in armonk n.y. has dominated the market for decades - that does n't scare digital which has grown to be the world 's second-largest computer maker by customers of ibm 's machines - digital based in maynard mass. hopes to stage a repeat performance in mainframes and it has spent almost $ N billion developing the new technology - a tandem computers inc. in cupertino calif. jumped into the fray earlier this week with an aggressively priced entry - ibm appears more worried about digital which has a broad base of customers waiting for the new line dubbed the vax N - it 's going to be nuclear war says thomas a consultant with group inc - the surge in competition is expected to stir new life into the huge mainframe market where growth has slowed to single in recent years - ibm 's traditional mainframe rivals including unisys corp. control data corp. and ncr corp. have struggled recently - digital is promising a new approach - robert m. digital 's vice president for high performance systems says digital 's mainframe is designed not as a central computer around which everything but as part of a network together hundreds of workstations personal computers printers and other devices - and unlike ibm 's mainframes it does n't need any plumbing - the will have a big price advantage - digital is expected to tag its new line from about $ N million to $ N million and up depending on - that 's about half the price of equipped ibm mainframes - tandem 's pricing is just as aggressive - the heightened competition will hit ibm at a difficult time - the computer giant 's current mainframe line which has sold well and has huge profit margins is starting to show its age - the new due next week will boost performance by only about N N to N N - and ibm is n't expected to deliver a new generation of mainframes until N - still no one expects ibm 's rivals to deliver a - ibm has a on mainframes with an estimated N N share of the market - ibm is five times the size of digital and N times the size of tandem and enormous market power - it counts among its customers a majority of the world 's largest corporations which their most critical business information to ibm computers - we 're not going to walk in and replace a company 's corporate accounting system if it 's already running on an ibm mainframe concedes kenneth h. digital 's president - he says digital will target market segments such as transaction processing which includes tracking airline reservations and networks - tandem which already specializes in transaction processing is a potent competitor in that market - a key marketing target for digital will be the large number of big customers who already own both digital and ibm systems - one such company is bankers trust co - stanley rose a vice president technological and strategic planning at bankers trust says that despite digital 's low prices we are n't about to our ibm mainframes for a dec machine - the software conversion costs would any savings - but mr. rose is still looking seriously at the N - bankers trust uses digital 's vax to run its huge and capital markets accounts hundreds of billions of dollars each day he says - as that system grows larger computers may be needed - in the past customers had to go to ibm when they the vax - now they do n't have to he says - that 's going to cost ibm revenue - analysts say digital can expect this demand for the new vax to fuel strong sales next year - barry f. an analyst at sanford c. bernstein & co. estimates the N could boost sales by more than $ N billion in the fiscal year beginning in july - he bases the estimate on a survey of hundreds of digital 's largest customers - although digital will announce a full family of mainframes next week it is n't expected to begin shipping in volume until next year - the first model available will be the N which is likely to appeal to many technical and scientific buyers interested in the or says terry shannon of international data corp. a market research concern - four more models aimed at ibm 's commercial customers are expected to begin shipping in late june - most analysts do n't expect the new mainframes to begin contributing significantly to revenue before the fiscal first quarter which begins next july N - digital 's new line has been a long time coming - the company has long struggled to deliver a strong product and made a costly decision in N to halt development of an interim product meant to stem the revenue losses at the high end - digital 's failure to deliver a true machine before now may have cost the company as much as $ N billion in revenue in fiscal N mr. says - ibm will face still more competition in coming months - corp. backed by japan 's fujitsu ltd. has a growing share of the market with its machines - and national advanced systems a joint venture of japan 's hitachi ltd. and general motors corp. 's electronic data systems is expected to unveil a line of powerful mainframes later this year - note - is national advanced systems control data corp. bull information systems inc - source international data corp - compiled by publishers weekly from data from chains and local lists across the u.s. - copyright N by reed publishing usa - the stock and bond markets cooled off but the dollar slumped - stocks rose slightly as trading activity slowed from the pace earlier this week - prices of long-term treasury bonds in a narrow band most of the day finishing little changed despite the dollar 's weakness and fears about a wave of government borrowing coming soon - helped by futures-related program buying the dow jones industrial average gained N points to close at N - but the dow jones transportation average fell for the session as more investors dumped ual shares - bond prices rallied early yesterday morning as traders scrambled to buy treasury issues on fears that the northern california earthquake might lead to a stock-market debacle - but when stocks held steady treasury bonds later retreated - speculation that the federal reserve will lower interest rates in coming weeks helped push the dollar down while boosting stocks traders said - but many investors remain wary about stocks partly because they expect continued turbulence in the junk-bond market that would make it more difficult to finance corporate takeovers - i 'm surprised we did n't see more volatility in stocks said raymond f. devoe jr. market strategist at legg mason wood walker - i think the problems in the junk-bond area are just beginning and this will be very for companies that have issued junk bonds - in a bull market credit does not matter mr. devoe added - but when it does matter then it 's the only thing that matters - however many institutional investors are reacting to the stock market 's plunge as a great buying opportunity said charles i. chief investment strategist at merrill lynch capital markets - things are beginning to settle down - the markets are returning to - oil prices initially rose on fears that the massive earthquake in northern california would disrupt production - but prices later reversed course finishing slightly lower as investors concluded that any cuts would n't be large and that foreign oil producers would quickly pick up the slack - in major market activity - stock prices rose - new york stock exchange volume shrank to N million shares from N million tuesday - advancers on the big board decliners by N to N - bond prices were little changed in sluggish activity - the yield on the treasury 's 30-year issue fell slightly to N N - the dollar dropped - in new york late yesterday the currency was at N yen and N marks down from N yen and N marks late tuesday - james l. N years old was named a vice president and assistant general manager of this producer of copper and other minerals - he will succeed arthur e. as general manager feb. N when mr. - amr corp. posted an N N drop in third-quarter net income and said the fourth quarter will be disappointing as well primarily because of profit margins and increased fuel costs - amr 's earnings decline comes a year after the parent company of american airlines and the rest of the airline industry set profit records - some analysts say the latest results only seem pale by comparison with a spectacular second half of N - still amr 's does n't well for the rest of the industry - the fort worth texas company is generally regarded as one of the in the business and its difficulties are likely to be reflected industrywide as other major carriers report third-quarter results over the next several days - meanwhile the company 's board which had said nothing publicly about investor donald trump 's recently withdrawn $ N billion offer for amr issued a statement and reckless bids and saying it was pleased that mr. trump had backed out - in the third quarter amr said net fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - amr 's chairman robert l. crandall said the results were due to an N N year-to-year increase in fuel prices and a slight decrease in yield an industry measure to profit margin on each seat sold - we think these trends will continue and will produce a very disappointing fourth quarter as well he said - tim an analyst with merrill lynch & co. said the business turned faster than expected - costs are giving them a little bit of trouble and the whole industry is having a pricing problem - for the nine months amr 's net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue jumped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - amr 's board in a statement after a regular meeting yesterday said and reckless acquisition proposals affect employee financial and business relationships and are contrary to the best interests of amr shareholders - amr has not been and is not for sale - mr. crandall said the company 's current decline in earnings is exactly the kind of situation that an leveraged company with debt from a takeover would find difficult to weather - our very disappointing third-quarter results and the discouraging outlook for the fourth quarter underscore the importance of an adequate capital base he said - christopher whittington deputy chairman of this british investment-banking group and chairman of morgan grenfell & co. the group 's main banking unit has retired from his executive duties - succeeding mr. whittington as deputy chairman of the group is anthony N currently a main board member - succeeding mr. whittington at morgan grenfell & co. is richard N currently deputy chairman - mr. whittington will remain on the main group board as a nonexecutive director - without federal subsidies to developers of beach houses the economic and structural damage by hurricane hugo in south carolina would have been much less as by your oct. N editorial subsidizing disaster - congress should stop throwing tax dollars out to sea by subsidizing the development of beach communities on fragile coastal barrier islands such as the of near charleston - as you mentioned subsidies for development on a number of barrier islands were curtailed in N by the coastal barrier resource system - the national taxpayers union would like congress to add N acres to the N of in the system by the coastal barrier improvement act of N - this bill simply says that if you want to develop property on a barrier island you have to do so without taxpayer support - rights would be upheld because the legislation would not ban coastal development - however home builders would have to bear the full costs of such construction - a taxpayers union study concluded the bill would save taxpayers up to $ N billion in subsidies over N years - already the N legislation has saved an estimated $ N million - marshall taylor - communications director - national taxpayers union - the government said N N of americans or N million people were living in poverty in N - while last year 's figure was down from N N in N and marked the fifth consecutive annual decline in the poverty rate the census bureau said the N drop was n't significant - the bureau 's report also showed that while some measures of the nation 's economic improved modestly in N the of prosperity were shared less than the year before - data derived from a march N survey of N households william associate director of the census bureau said that most groups either stayed the same or improved - but he added since the late 1960s the distribution of income has been slowly getting less equal - there was no reversal of that trend between N and N - per capita income a widely used measure of a nation 's economic health hit a record in N rising N N after inflation adjustment to $ N - but the median income of american families fell N N the first time it has failed to rise since N - mr. said the divergence in the two measures reflects changes in family size and structure including the rising number of families and a sharp increase in income reported by americans who are n't living in families - as a result of last year 's decline the government 's estimate for the number of people living below the poverty line declined by about N - the poverty defined as three times food expenses as calculated by the agricultural department last year was $ N for a family of four - the census bureau counts all cash income in determining whether families are below the line but it does n't consider other government benefits such as medicare - thanks largely to the continued growth of the u.s. economy the poverty rate is now substantially lower than the N peak of N N but the improvements have been modest in the past couple of years - poverty remains far more widespread among blacks than other americans - in N N N of blacks lived in poverty compared with N N for whites and N N for hispanics - but two-thirds of all poor americans were white - more than half of poor families were headed by women living without men the bureau said - more than of poor black families were headed by women - the poverty rate of children under N years old dropped last year to N N from N N in N but remained far higher than a decade ago - the rate among the elderly N N in N was n't significantly lower than the year before - if it were n't for social security payments more than three times as many elderly would be below the poverty line mr. said - the census bureau also said - some N N of all money income received by families in N went to the N N of all families up from N N in N - that is the greatest share reported for any year since N although changing over the years the comparison - the top fifth of all families got N N of the income up from N N a decade earlier - the bottom fifth of all families got N N of the income down from N N a decade earlier - confirming other government data showing that wages are n't keeping pace with inflation earnings of full-time male workers fell N N in N after adjusting for higher prices the first such drop since N - earnings of female workers were unchanged - women working full-time earned N cents for every dollar earned by men a penny more than in N and seven cents more than in N - median household income which includes both those living in families and those who are n't rose N N last year to $ N after inflation - it rose sharply in the northeast and midwest and fell slightly in the south and west - median family income was $ N down N N - per capita income of blacks though still only N N that of whites rose N N in N while per capita income of whites rose only N N - among married couples the gap between blacks and whites narrowed sharply as income of black families shot up N N while income of whites did n't - fueling a controversy that has been for years the census bureau also said its figures would look far if it the poverty using an improved measure adopted in N - the bureau said some N million fewer people would have fallen below the poverty line in N and the poverty rate would have been N N instead of N N under the alternative - critics on the left and right have been calling for all sorts of revisions to the measure for years - a report by the staff of the joint economic committee of congress released yesterday concluded it is misleading to make this change without adjusting for other changes - the official poverty is set by the office of management and budget - john e. jr. was elected chairman president and chief executive officer succeeding david s. black who retired - mr. N years old left southwestern bell telephone co. in january where he had been chairman president and chief executive to join capital partners a st. louis company with interests in solid waste and recycling telecommunications and international venture capital - he has resigned his posts at to take the kansas power positions - kansas power said mr. black N chose early retirement - the space shuttle atlantis boosted the galileo spacecraft on its way to jupiter giving a big lift as well to an ambitious u.s. program of space exploration - seven years late in the launching $ N billion over budget and a target of anti-nuclear galileo has long been a symbol of trouble for the national aeronautics and space administration - but yesterday as atlantis into a patch of clear sky above florida with storm clouds closing in on it nasa sought to turn galileo into a symbol of - nasa did it right that 's the message said thompson the agency 's deputy administrator - the $ N billion robot spacecraft faces a to explore jupiter and its N known - if all goes well it will a probe into the atmosphere in july N to pick up detailed data about that may be similar to the material from which the solar system was formed N billion years ago - jupiter is so enormous its mass is N times that of earth that its may have trapped these and never let them escape - investigating jupiter in detail may provide clues to what owen calls the of life jupiter and other bodies in the outer solar system are rich in elements such as that are essential for life on earth but these are earth on the other hand has a diminished store of such material but is rich in life - some scientists have suggested that and may have brought enough of this kind of material from the outer solar system to earth to life - beginning in december N galileo will begin a two-year tour of the - in N two spacecraft sent back stunning photos of and that showed them to be among the most intriguing bodies in the solar system - the photos showed active on material N miles into its atmosphere and indicated that may have an ocean hidden under a thick sheet of ice - galileo 's photos of will be more than N times as sharp as 's according to johnson galileo 's project scientist and may show whether it actually has the only known ocean other than those on earth - atlantis lifted galileo from the launch at N p.m. edt and released the craft from its cargo bay about six hours later - galileo is on its way to another world in the hands of the best flight controllers in this world atlantis donald williams said - fly - the atlantis crew will conduct several experiments including growing plants and processing materials in space before their scheduled landing at edwards air force base calif. monday - the galileo project started in N and a number of project veterans were on hand to watch the launch - an mr. johnson wearing a nasa baseball cap and carrying a camera and called the launch - manager of the galileo probe compared it to watching a child leave home - i 'm happy and sad he said - anti-nuclear activists took a less positive view - having argued that galileo 's power source could have released of radiation if the shuttle exploded yesterday they were n't by yesterday 's successful launch - galileo will past earth in N and N collecting energy from the planet 's field to gain momentum for its trip to jupiter - the protesters point out that galileo also could crash to earth then - they said they dropped plans to the kennedy space center after nasa up its security - one protest did get past nasa 's guard though a computer virus caused messages to onto some computer screens at nasa centers - the successful launch continues a remarkable recovery in the u.s. program - an spacecraft already is heading to and is due to begin the planet next august - N sent back spectacular photos of and its moon this summer - next month nasa plans to launch a satellite to study dating from the birth of the universe - in december the shuttle columbia will try to retrieve a satellite that 's been in for nearly five years measuring the effects of space on materials and instruments - next march the shuttle discovery will launch the space a $ N billion instrument designed to see the in the universe - not all of nasa 's work will be so though - around the solar max satellite which nasa repaired in in N will tumble back into the earth 's atmosphere - nasa wo n't attempt a rescue instead it will try to predict whether any of the rubble will to the ground and where - the associated press 's earthquake coverage drew attention to a phenomenon that deserves some thought by public officials and other policy makers - private relief agencies such as the army and red cross almost instantly to help people while the washington bureaucracy took hours getting into gear - one news show we saw yesterday even displayed N federal officials meeting around a table - we recall that the mayor of charleston complained bitterly about the federal bureaucracy 's response to hurricane hugo - the sense grows that modern public simply do n't perform their assigned functions well - bally manufacturing corp. and new york developer donald trump have agreed in principle to a $ N million settlement of shareholder litigation stemming from bally 's alleged payment to mr. trump - according to lawyers familiar with the settlement talks the agreement to end a lawsuit filed more than two years ago was reached last week and will soon be submitted to a federal judge in n.j - in february N bally a possible hostile takeover bid from mr. trump by agreeing to buy N million of mr. trump 's N million bally shares for $ N million more than $ N million above market price - the term to a situation where a company pays a premium over market value to repurchase a stake held by a potential acquirer - lawyers for shareholders bally and mr. trump all declined to talk publicly about the proposed settlement citing a request by a federal court not to reveal details of the agreement until it is completed - but some attorneys who are familiar with the matter said the $ N million payment will be shared by bally and mr. trump with the casino and hotel concern probably paying the bulk of the money - the amount bally and mr. trump will pay to settle the class-action suit in comparison to the $ N million walt disney co. and saul steinberg 's reliance group holdings inc. agreed to pay to settle a similar suit in july - that settlement represented the first time shareholders were granted a major payment in a case - mr. steinberg made a $ N million profit on the sale to disney of his investment in the company in N - but lawyers said mr. steinberg probably faced much more potential liability because when he sued disney during his takeover battle he filed on behalf of all shareholders - when disney offered to pay mr. steinberg a premium for his shares the new york investor did n't demand the company also pay a premium to other shareholders - when mr. trump sued bally he sued only on behalf of himself - mr. trump and bally also appeared to have some leverage in the case because in the state of delaware where bally is incorporated courts have held that is often protected by the rule - that rule gives boards of directors wide in deciding how to deal with dissident shareholders - senate final arguments in impeachment trial of federal judge - yesterday u.s. judge hastings faced his jury the full u.s. senate and said i am not guilty of having committed any crime - articles of impeachment against the florida judge one of the few blacks on the u.s. bench were approved by the house in august N - the central charge against judge hastings is that he conspired with a washington lawyer to obtain a $ N bribe from defendants in a criminal case before the judge in return for - he is also accused of lying under and of information obtained from a he - the senate 's public gallery was packed with judge hastings ' supporters who erupted into applause after he finished his argument - judge hastings who was acquitted of similar charges by a federal jury in N claims he is being and that the impeachment proceedings against him constitute double jeopardy - but rep. john bryant d. texas the lead counsel for the house managers who conducted a lengthy inquiry into judge hastings ' activities said a mountain of evidence points to his certain - the senate will behind closed doors today and is scheduled to vote on the impeachment tomorrow - if the judge is as is thought likely he will be removed from office immediately - however judge hastings has said he will continue to fight and is contemplating an appeal of any impeachment to the u.s. supreme court - companies seeking to make insurers pay for pollution cleanup win court victory - in a case involving avondale industries inc. and its insurer travelers cos. the second u.s. circuit court of appeals in new york ruled in favor of the company on two issues that lawyers say are central to dozens of pollution cases around the country - travelers and other insurers have maintained that cleanup costs are n't damages and thus are n't covered under commercial policies - they also have argued that government proceedings a company of potential responsibility do n't fit the legal definition of a lawsuit thus such proceedings are n't covered by the policies the insurers say - the appeals court disagreed on both counts - avondale was notified by louisiana officials in N that it was potentially responsible for a cleanup at an plant - avondale asked travelers to defend it in the state proceeding but the insurer did n't respond - the appeals court upheld a district judge 's ruling that the insurer had to defend the company in such proceedings - the appeals court also said we think an ordinary businessman reading this policy would have believed himself covered for the demands and potential damage claims stemming from any cleanup - this decision will have a very considerable impact said kenneth professor of environmental law and insurance law at the university of virginia because many commercial insurance policies are issued by companies based in new york - william an attorney for the chemical manufacturers association said that while other appeals courts have ruled differently on whether cleanup costs are damages the influence of the appeals court in new york will make insurers sit up and listen - he said the decision was the first in which a federal appeals court has ruled whether administrative government proceedings qualify as litigation - barry r. an attorney for travelers said there are procedural bases on which this case will be appealed further - new york 's poor face nearly three million legal problems a year without legal help - that is the conclusion of a report released by the new york state bar association - the report was based on a telephone survey of N low-income households across the state a mail survey of major programs and on-site interviews with individuals in the field - the report provides detailed of the extent and nature of the problem and indicates how we may want to shape solutions said joseph chairman of the committee that the survey and a partner at the law firm of & - according to the study slightly more than N N of those surveyed reported having at least one housing problem every year for which they had no legal help - nearly N N ranked housing problems as their most serious legal need - other areas targeted by the survey 's respondents included difficulty obtaining or maintaining public benefits N N consumer fraud N N and health-care issues N N - during the survey N N of all programs said that at some period they were unable to accept new clients unless they had an emergency - mr. said the committee may meet to propose solutions to the problems identified in the study - prosecutor to join dunn - assistant u.s. attorney who headed the government 's racketeering case against the international of will join dunn & in its new york office - mr. has been with the new york u.s. attorney 's office for nearly five years - in N he became deputy chief of the civil division - mr. will do civil litigation and white-collar defense work for dunn which is based in los angeles - former apple computer inc. general counsel john p. has joined the phoenix ariz. law firm of brown & - mr. N will specialize in corporate law and international law at the firm - before joining apple in N mr. served as general counsel at sperry corp - after failing to find a buyer for the sears tower in chicago sears roebuck & co. is negotiating with boston pension fund adviser eastman & inc. to the property for close to $ N million according to people close to the negotiations - under the proposed agreement involving the world 's building chicago-based sears would receive about half the money through conventional mortgage financing and the other half as a convertible mortgage - at the end of the term of the convertible loan sears could still own half the building and could own the other half - neither side would comment - the parties are currently negotiating over who would manage the building which will be of N employees from sears ' merchandise group which is moving elsewhere - the new manager will face the task of leasing N million square feet in a relatively soft chicago real estate market - also it has not yet been decided exactly how much of the mortgage will be able to convert into equity - convertible mortgages have become an increasingly popular way to finance prestigious buildings of late - in a convertible mortgage the investor the building owner a certain amount in return for the option to convert its interest into equity usually less than N N at the end of the loan term - during the term the lender can either receive a percentage of cash flow a percentage of the building 's appreciation or a fixed return - the main advantage of a convertible mortgage is that it is not a sale and therefore does not trigger costly transfer taxes and - sears said it would put the tower on the block almost a year ago as part of its anti-takeover restructuring - but japanese institutions away from bidding on the tower out of fear their purchase of the property would trigger sentiment - last summer sears appeared to have a deal with canadian developer olympia & york developments ltd - but that deal fell through in september after it became clear that the sale would lead to a major real estate tax raising property taxes and making it difficult to lease the building at competitive prices - real estate industry executives said sears ' investment banker goldman sachs & co. sought financing in japan - however japanese authorities apparently were concerned that a refinancing also would attract too much publicity - sears then went back to the boston pension adviser that had proposed a convertible debt deal during the first round of bids last spring - has $ N billion of real estate investments nationwide according to a spokesman - tandy corp. said it signed a definitive agreement to acquire two units of ab of stockholm for cash - the amount was n't disclosed - the electronics maker and retailer previously estimated the sale price at between $ N million and $ N million for 's victor and hand-held computer subsidiaries - in addition tandy will acquire rights to the victor and names for computers - during N the subsidiaries had combined sales in excess of $ N million - the transaction will give tandy a well-known european computer brand that includes N dealers and distributors marketing to medium-sized business and educational institutions - closing of the transaction is subject to certain conditions and regulatory approvals the company said - two rules in pending congressional legislation threaten to leveraged buy-outs by raising the price of such deals by as much as N N - wall street is over the rules which would curtail the tax of debt used in most lbos - the provisions in deficit-reduction bills recently passed by the house and senate could further cool the takeover boom that has been the driving force behind the bull market in stocks for much of the 1980s some tax experts and investment bankers argue - indeed some investment bankers have already started restructuring deals to cope with the expected rules - wall street has all but conceded on the issue and is now lobbying for the less onerous senate version of one of the provisions - at issue is the of certain junk bonds that are used in most lbos - such high-yield debt is similar to a zero-coupon bond in that it is sold at a discount to face value with interest instead of being paid to the holder - under current rules that accrued interest is deductible by the company issuing the debt - the house version of the legislation would kill that deduction and label any such debt as equity which is n't deductible - the senate version would defer the for roughly five years - you see these in just about every lbo said robert senior vice president in charge of tax issues at shearson lehman hutton inc. in new york - it becomes a source of cash for the company making the lbo because it gets a deduction and does n't have to repay the debt for several years - typically mr. estimates this type of debt makes up N N to N N of the financing for lbos - these types of bonds have been used in buy-outs of companies such as rjr nabisco inc. storer communications inc. and co - a second provision passed by the senate and house would eliminate a rule allowing companies that post losses resulting from lbo debt to receive refunds of taxes paid over the previous three years - for example if a company posted a loss of $ N million from buy-out interest payments the existing rule would allow the concern to be able to receive a refund from the tax it paid from N through N when it may have been a profitable public company - but that rule is being virtually by wall street which is concentrating on coping with the deduction issue - prices for lbos have to come down if you do n't have that feature argued lawrence managing director for merchant banking at donaldson lufkin & jenrette securities corp. in new york - several wall street officials say the proposed legislation already is having an impact - an investment group led by chicago 's family recently lowered a $ N billion bid for american medical international beverly hills calif. because of the threat of the legislation - moreover one investment banker who requested said his firm did n't raise the for a target company earlier this month after a stronger bid emerged from a public company that was n't concerned about the financing provision - we would have paid more if we thought that law was n't going to pass he said - one possible solution for wall street is to increase the equity part of the transaction that is give lenders a bigger stake in the surviving company rather than just interest payments - that would force the buy-out firm and the target company 's management to reduce their level of ownership - the pigs in the trough may have to give a little bit of the back and then the deal can go through said peter c. tax partner at lipton rosen & katz - another solution said a tax lawyer who requested is for firms to use convertible bonds that sell at a discount - since they have a lower interest rate they would n't fall under the junk-bond category that would lose its - the house version of the bill would make debt if it pays five percentage points above treasury notes has at least a five-year maturity and does n't pay interest for at least one year out of the first five - the bill would then declare that the debt is equity and therefore is n't deductible - the senate bill would only deny the deduction until interest is actually paid - currently even though the issuer does n't pay tax the debt holder is taxed on the accrued interest - but those holders are often foreign investors and tax-exempt pension funds that do n't pay taxes on their holdings - the senate estimates that its version of the provision would yield $ N million the first year and a total of $ N million over five years - the house version would raise slightly more - even if wall street finds ways around the new rules a senate aide contends lbos will become somewhat more difficult - there 's no question it will make lbos more expensive he said - the interest deduction was the engine that made these things more productive - the average publicly offered commodity fund fell N N in september largely because of the volatile markets in foreign currencies according to norwood securities - the firm said that losers outnumbered gainers by more than three to one among the N funds it tracks - for the first nine months of the year norwood said the average fund has lost N N - the government moved aggressively to open the of federal aid for victims of the california earthquake but its of emergency funds must be soon if the aid is to continue - president bush signed a disaster declaration covering seven northern california counties - the declaration immediately made the counties eligible for temporary housing grants and low-cost loans to cover uninsured property losses - in addition an unusually wide array of federal agencies moved to provide specialized assistance - the department of housing and urban development prepared to make as many as N vacant houses available for those left homeless the agriculture department was set to food from the program to earthquake victims and the pentagon was providing everything from radio communications to blood to military police for traffic - but the pool of federal funds already is running low because of the heavy costs of cleaning up hurricane hugo and congress will be under pressure to more money quickly - in hugo 's wake congress allocated $ N billion in relief funds and white house spokesman marlin fitzwater said $ N million of that money remains and could be diverted for quick expenditures related to the earthquake - now though enormous costs for earthquake relief will pile on top of outstanding costs for hurricane relief - that obviously means that we wo n't have enough for all of the that are now facing us and we will have to consider appropriate requests for funding mr. fitzwater said - the federal government is n't even attempting yet to estimate how much the earthquake will cost it - but mr. fitzwater said there will be i think quite obviously a very large amount of money required from all levels of government - in congress lawmakers already are looking for ways to add relief funds - money could be added to a pending spending bill covering the federal emergency management agency which federal disaster relief - more likely relief funds could be added to an omnibus spending bill that congress is to begin considering next week - but it is n't just washington 's relief dollars that are spread thin its relief manpower also is stretched - fema still has special disaster centers open to handle the aftermath of hugo and spokesman russell acknowledged that we 're pretty thin - mr. says fema now possibly may have the heaviest in its history - to further complicate relief efforts the privately funded american red cross also finds itself strapped for funds after its big hugo operation - it 's been a bad month and every other way said stewart a spokeswoman for the red cross - it just makes it a little rough when you have to worry about the budget - the red cross has opened N shelters in the bay area serving N people - trucks capable of cooking food were dispatched from other states - all the precise types of federal aid that will be sent to california wo n't be determined until state officials make specific requests to fema agency officials said - and in the confusion after the earthquake the information flow is a little slow coming in from the affected area said carl a fema spokesman - still some aid is moving from washington almost immediately - hud officials said they will make available as many as N bay area houses that are under hud loans but now are vacant after the houses have been to ensure they are sound - additional housing and certificates will be made available officials said and some housing and funds may be shifted from other programs or made available for emergency use - another federal agency not normally associated with disaster relief the internal revenue service moved quickly as well - the irs said it will waive certain tax penalties for earthquake victims unable to meet return deadlines or make payments because of the quake 's devastation - the agency plans to announce specific relief procedures in the coming days - and the treasury said residents of the san francisco area will be able to cash in savings bonds even if they have n't held them for the minimum six-month period - one advantage that federal officials have in handling earthquake relief is the large number of military facilities in the san francisco bay area facilities that provide a ready base of supplies and workers - even before the full extent of the devastation was known defense secretary dick cheney ordered the military services to set up an emergency command center in the pentagon and prepare to respond to various fema requests for assistance - by yesterday afternoon air force transport planes began moving additional rescue and medical supplies physicians communications equipment and fema personnel to california - a military jet flew a congressional delegation and senior bush administration officials to survey the damage - and the pentagon said dozens of additional crews and transport aircraft were on alert awaiting orders to move emergency supplies - two air force facilities near sacramento and air force base N miles northeast of san francisco were designated to serve as centers - some victims also were treated at the army medical center in san francisco and at the naval hospital in oakland - in addition N military police from the a military base in san francisco are with traffic control and a navy ship was moved from a naval station at island near the bay bridge to san francisco to help fight fires - to help residents in northern california rebuild fema intends to set up N disaster assistance offices in the earthquake area in the next several days and to staff them with N to N workers from various agencies said robert chief of the agency 's individual assistance division - at these offices earthquake victims will be helped in filling out a form that they will need to qualify for such federal assistance as loans and to repair houses - and federal officials are promising to move rapidly with federal highway aid to rebuild the area 's severely damaged road system - the federal highway administration has an emergency relief program to help states and local governments repair federally funded highways and bridges seriously damaged by natural disasters - the account currently has $ N million - and though federal law that only $ N million can be from that fund in any one state per disaster administration officials expect congress to move in to spending more now in california - to get that money states must go through an elaborate approval process but officials expect red tape to be cut this time - keith special assistant to federal highway administrator thomas also said that after the N san fernando earthquake in southern california the state set tougher standards for bridges and with federal aid began a program to highways and bridges for earthquake hazards - the first phase of the program has been completed but two other are continuing - the two major structures that failed tuesday night he said were both built well before the N earthquake the san francisco bay bridge completed in the 1930s and the section of built in the 1950s - the section had completed the first phase of the - contributed to this article - farmers reap abundant crops - but how much will shoppers benefit - the harvest in plenty after last year 's effort the government estimates corn output at N billion up N N from last fall - soybean production N N - as a result prices paid to farmers for the commodities which are used in products as diverse as gum and chicken feed plummet N N to N N - but do n't expect too much in the way of price breaks soon at the supermarket - economists expect consumer food prices to jump N N this year to the highest level since N and up from last year 's N N rise - next year may see a drop of one percentage point - beef prices near records since the drought could drop in this winter if expand - lower feed prices may help animals eat more but humans have to factor in an expensive the - food companies probably wo n't cut their prices much blaming other costs - labor takes the biggest single chunk out of the food dollar says frank of the food institute - says stores revive like three cans of for N cents - two cans cost N cents during the drought - if in vitro works it usually does so after only a few tries - costly problems and procedures as aging baby boomers and others decide to have children now - it 's estimated that one in six couples and in N americans spent about $ N billion to fight the problem - only about five states now offer some form of insurance coverage but more are expected - a letter in the new england journal of medicine notes that while technology offers almost endless hope when to stop has become a difficult question - the authors from boston 's beth israel hospital say that N N of the N they followed occurred after only two in vitro cycles - it adds that were extremely unlikely after the fourth cycle and concludes couples who do n't achieve a pregnancy after four to six procedures should be advised that success is unlikely - some couples continue to try - such determination may translate into extreme physical emotional and financial costs the letter warns - market moves these managers do n't - only three of the N corporate pension fund managers attending a consulting group client conference say they plan to change the asset allocation mix in their portfolios because of the market drop - world come alive in a version of the guinness book of records - the $ N disk it can only be played on an apple computer at the moment combines music and sound - among the guinness disk 's the world 's recorded - fax from david begins a exhibit today at new york 's gallery - one of the artist 's earliest fax works was little stanley sleeping a portrait of his dog - give and receive in a with employees ' favored charities - the federal election commission clears corporate plans to to an employee 's chosen charity in exchange for the worker 's gift to the company political action committee - latest approvals bell atlantic 's new jersey bell and general dynamics - companies get more political clout plus a possible charitable so far no word from the irs on - detroit edison the plan pioneer generated $ N in matching funds this year up from $ N in N - but the utility may not continue next year - we 're on a tight budget says detroit edison 's carol - two election commission members opposed the matching plans - scott e. thomas says the plans give employees a bonus in the form of charitable donations made from an employer 's treasury in exchange for the political - the u.s. government could be in effect subsidizing political contributions to corporate he says - new jersey bell state clearance - despite federal approval general dynamics says it decided it wo n't go ahead with the matching program - christmas shoppers find a helping hand from some catalog companies - blunt ellis & estimates direct mail catalog sales rose to $ N billion last year - and while it 's too soon to tell how sales will fare in the important N christmas season some companies take steps to ease the usual crush - spiegel promises a guaranteed christmas with a pledge to deliver goods before christmas if ordered by dec. N - and for an extra $ N land 's end will deliver orders within two days customers can the day - spiegel which also owns eddie and says that since N sales have doubled during the week before christmas - an spokeswoman notes people are just used to living in a last-minute society - blunt ellis a milwaukee brokerage firm says part of the reason catalog sales grow in popularity is because consumers have more money but less time to spend it - about N workers for the season rush about N more than last year land 's end N - briefs - a brazilian soft drink is brought to the u.s. by chevy chase md - new product news says the beverage looks like a little like and like gum - planned for chicago 's new tower apartments include an on-site investment - four years ago pittsburgh was designated the u.s. city by rand 's places rated and the honor did to improve pittsburgh 's image - people asked is it really true says vice president marketing services for products usa a maker of health and products that used the ranking in its recruiting - city calif. meanwhile ranked dead last among N areas - residents burned rand books and wore that said my atlas - the will be making new friends and enemies on oct. N when an version will be released - pittsburgh figures it will be but plans to accept its - the city 's office of promotion plans media events to welcome its successor - we 're encouraging a transition says mary the organization 's president - our attitude is that the ranking is like miss america - once you 're miss america you 're always miss america - tell that to atlanta which pittsburgh replaced as the city in N - many thought pittsburgh was an heir - a columnist in the atlanta journal and constitution wrote who did the research for this report - two guys from gary ind. - not so - david and richard boyer live in mass. and n.c. respectively - atlanta mr. has to status - the new edition lists the top N metropolitan areas as ana calif. boston louisville ky. n.y. new york pittsburgh san diego san francisco seattle and washington - mr. says earthquake or not san francisco makes the list - but attention also on who last and which finished third to last in N and second to last in N is certainly in the running - i hate to the publication by commenting on the rating mayor robinson says adding that cities have no way to the book - it 's like fighting your way out of a - you do n't know which way to - northrop corp. 's third-quarter net income fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share while general dynamics corp. reported nearly flat earnings of $ N million or $ N a share - los angeles-based northrop recorded an N N decline in sales as b-2 bomber revenue continued to and high costs on some other programs cut into profit - the aerospace concern earned $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales in the latest period were $ N billion down from $ N billion in the N quarter - at st. general dynamics sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - it earned $ N million or $ N a share in the N quarter - general dynamics credited significant earnings gains in its general aviation and material service segments an earnings recovery in operations and higher military aircraft sales - northrop said sales fell because of the decline in b-2 development dollars from the government as the plane continues its initial production stage and because fewer fighter sections are being produced in its work with prime contractor mcdonnell douglas corp - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange northrop shares closed at $ N off N cents - general dynamics closed at $ N up N cents - northrop which since early N has declined to accept fixed-price contracts for research and development said earnings were hurt by excessive costs on a number of such contracts won years ago - among them were the electronic system for the fighter - northrop 's interest expense also soared to $ N million from $ N million a year ago - it said debt remained at the $ N billion that has prevailed since early N although that compared with $ N million at sept. N N - the backlog of orders at northrop on sept. N was $ N billion down from $ N billion a year earlier - for the nine months northrop reported a net loss of $ N million or $ N a share compared with profit of $ N million or $ N a share in N - sales dipped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - at general dynamics factors reducing earnings in the military aircraft segment included higher levels of cost-sharing in development of the advanced tactical fighter and the high cost of an advanced version of the fighter - deliveries also have fallen slightly behind schedule although a return to the previous schedule is expected in N the company said - backlog at general dynamics rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - its interest expense surged to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months general dynamics earned $ N million or $ N a share up marginally from $ N million or $ N a share on a N N rise in sales to $ N billion from $ N billion - lotus development corp. reported a surprisingly strong N N increase in third-quarter net income on a N N sales gain buoyed by strong demand for a new version of its N computer - the results topped analysts ' expectations and the earnings growth of competitors prompting traders to all but forget the delays that down the company for much of the past two years - yesterday in heavy national over-the-counter trading lotus shares rose to $ N up $ N apiece a of more than N N - lotus said net rose to $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - a year ago net was $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - for the nine months net of $ N million or N cents a share trailed the year earlier 's $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose to $ N million from $ N million the year earlier - in the first half lotus struggled to keep market share with costly promotions while customers the launch of N release N the upgraded software - lotus 's results were about N N higher than analysts ' average expectations and compared with the N N earnings rise reported a day earlier by rival microsoft corp. of redmond wash - the company said results were bolstered by to release N by previous customers and improved profit margins the result of controls - rick a goldman sachs analyst said lotus had upgrade revenue of about $ N million in the quarter twice what he had expected - also he estimated unit shipments of N in all its forms were about N up N N from N 's quarterly average - demand for the new version was enabling lotus to raise prices with distributors and to hold market share against microsoft and other competitors that tried to exploit the earlier delays in release N 's launch mr. added - he estimated that N microsoft 's by in the quarter and held a N N or better share of the market - silicon valley a sigh of relief yesterday - though details were in the aftermath of the violent earthquake that shook the high-tech along with the rest of the san francisco bay area a spot check of computer makers turned up little if any potentially damage to facilities or fabrication equipment - analysts and corporate officials said they expected practically no long-term disruption in shipments from the valley of either hardware or software goods - intel corp. advanced micro devices inc. and national semiconductor corp. were all up and running yesterday though many workers were forced to stay home because of damaged roadways others elected to take the day off - these systems are more than many people would believe said thomas who tracks the computer industry for merrill lynch research - it 's not the end of the world if you shake them up a little bit - other companies including international business machines corp. and hewlett-packard co. completely their operations because of tuesday evening 's temblor which registered N on the richter scale - personnel spent the morning buildings for structural weaknesses up water from broken pipes and clearing ceiling and other debris from factory floors - still many were confident that in a day or two everything should be back to normal according to a spokeswoman for the semiconductor industry association based in cupertino - ibm for instance said it anticipates returning to a normal work schedule by the weekend at its san jose plant which puts out disk drives for the N family of mainframes - a hewlett-packard spokeswoman said that while things are a big mess some N valley employees have been called back to work today - apple computer added that it was being cautiously optimistic despite not yet closely all of its N buildings in the region - even the carefully machinery in its giant plant to the north of the valley was believed to be - sun microsystems inc. and tandem computers inc. also signaled that they should recover quickly - digital equipment corp. with major facilities in santa clara cupertino palo alto and mountain view said that all of its engineering and manufacturing sites had reported to corporate headquarters in maynard mass. tuesday night - none sustained significant damage a spokesman said adding that the delicate manufacturing process machines were and were all found to be operating normally - for many companies of course there is still a slew of nagging problems to with some of which have the potential to become quite serious - for example a spokesman for advanced micro devices said the sunnyvale chip maker is worried about - a sudden surge or drop in electric power could integrated circuits being built - but given what might have happened to the fragile parts that are at the heart of the business the bulk of valley companies seemed to be just about shouting - several factors apparently the valley a suburban stretch from san jose to palo alto from the kind of impact felt in san francisco an hour 's drive north - for one thing buildings there tend to be newer and thus in step with the latest safety codes - also the soil in the valley is solid unlike the landfill of san francisco 's downtown marina district which was hit with fires and vast destruction - in addition some companies said they were prepared for conditions like tuesday 's - their machine tools are even to the shop floor - intel said that over the past decade it has installed computer and sensitive to the shake of an earthquake in the pipes that through its plants - like other large valley companies intel also noted that it has factories in several parts of the nation so that a breakdown at one location should n't leave customers in a total - that 's certainly good news for such companies as compaq computer corp. houston which has only a four-day supply of microprocessors from the valley on hand because of a manufacturing approach that limits the buildup of inventory - compaq said it no difficulties in obtaining parts in the immediate future - computer makers were scrambling to help customers recover from the disaster - digital equipment has set up response centers in dallas atlanta and colorado springs - these units were handling calls both from people in the san francisco area and from computers themselves which are set to dial digital automatically when trouble - they then run controlled programs - digital also said it has dispatched teams of technicians to california - meanwhile several other major installations around the valley america 's center of high-tech said they too fared as well as could be expected - lawrence national laboratory where the energy department tests and research on nuclear weapons had only damage a spokesman said - at lockheed corp. 's missiles and space systems group in sunnyvale about N miles south of san francisco workers were asked to head to work yesterday after it was realized that there were no in the buildings on its campus - several engineering and research offices needed closer scrutiny to make sure they were n't in danger of crumbling but the bulk of the place is in pretty good shape an official said - one of lockheed 's most lucrative sectors accounting for more than half the aerospace company 's $ N billion in sales in N the missiles and space group is the prime pentagon contractor on the ii missile - it also generates pieces of the missile shield called the strategic defense initiative - fortunately the space set to be launched on the shuttle next year in a search for distant solar systems and light N billion years ago from the reaches of the universe was moved from sunnyvale to the kennedy space center in florida at the beginning of october - john r. to this article - michael maynard offered the world a faster way to break eggs - as thanks the egg industry tried to break him - and the egg producers have done a pretty good job - they tried to put mr. maynard out of business by an act of congress - lobbying helped persuade six states to ban mr. maynard 's automatic machine because of fears over salmonella - his company manufacturing inc. was forced to seek protection from creditors under federal bankruptcy law in N and has since been liquidated - monthly sales of his egg king machine which he now is marketing through a new company have to about half a dozen from a peak of N says the businessman - mr. maynard is n't the first entrepreneur to up against entrenched interests - but his case is notable both for the scale of the fight it is n't often that a congressional hearing is held to determine whether one small businessman is a threat to the republic and for what it tells about the of marketing a new product - now one might ask why people who sell eggs would fight someone who is trying to make it easier to crack them - part of the answer lies in the nature of the industry - many larger egg producers are also egg processors who crack and billions of eggs turning them into or frozen egg products - however dozens of restaurant chefs and other food who to mr. maynard 's defense say that products ranging from egg bread to lose some zip when the eggs come in cans instead of - but for companies that use hundreds of eggs a day breaking them by hand can get well out of hand - the idea behind the egg king is pretty simple put the eggs into a that contains baskets spin them at a high speed to break the and strain the part through the baskets - one egg king which at just under four feet tall and two feet wide has been to the robot can crack about N eggs an hour - because fresh eggs are less expensive than processed ones a big egg user can recover the egg king 's $ N cost in a few months says mr. maynard - such egg breakers have been around since the - but when mr. maynard came forward with his machine in the early 1970s nobody else was offering them in the u.s. - the main reason salmonella - carry this bacteria which can cause upset and in rare cases death among people - sometimes pass salmonella to the eggs and it can also be found on - thus any machine that breaks large amounts of eggs at once has the potential to spread salmonella if a bad egg gets in with the good ones - mr. maynard claims this is a problem - the egg king carries written instructions to break only high-grade eggs that have been properly and as an added to use the eggs only in products that will be enough to kill bacteria - with nearly N machines in use there have been no salmonella problems as long as instructions were followed mr. maynard boasts - he says the handful of salmonella cases involving products that may have used eggs broken by an egg king stemmed from a failure to adequately cook the products - but he says that 's no more a reason for banning egg than bad drivers are a reason for banning cars - opponents do n't buy such arguments - human nature being what it is people do n't always follow instructions says jack chief of food protection for the new york state health department - leading the assault against the egg king has been united egg producers - the ga. trade group has issued a briefing book that claims the machine is a health hazard and that mr. maynard is trying to make a fast buck at the expense of the nation 's egg producers - the declines to comment but the group 's attorney alfred says the group 's actions are motivated solely by health concerns - an early was the u.s. department of agriculture - mr. maynard initially won approval for his machine to be used at facilities regulated by the 's food safety inspection service - unfortunately for mr. maynard another branch of the the agricultural marketing service was in charge of eggs - after receiving complaints from egg producers this branch got the other branch to its approval thus limiting the machine 's potential market to and restaurants and other that are n't regulated by the - the egg producers also lobbied the food and drug administration - but the fda in a N letter to the united egg producers said that there was little likelihood of a health problem as long as instructions were followed - so the producers went to capitol hill where a congressman from georgia introduced a measure to ban machines - mr. maynard whose company at the time was based in santa ana calif. his local congressman and the battle was joined - mr. maynard 's forces finally defeated the measure though it took a vote on the floor of the house of representatives to do it - even then opponents managed to get a congressional hearing to examine what one congressman called an unscrupulous method for breaking eggs - in their effort to get a national ban the egg producers turned their attention to the states - so far new york new jersey nebraska georgia michigan and minnesota have outlawed mr. maynard 's device citing health concerns - an antitrust suit that mr. maynard 's company filed in los angeles federal court against the united egg producers and others only added to the entrepreneur 's woes - the judge dismissed the suit and ordered mr. maynard 's company to pay over $ N in legal fees to the defendants ' lawyers - mr. maynard says the ruling pushed his company into bankruptcy court - now he has moved to oklahoma where costs are lower and started a new company inc. to market his machine - but so far the change of has n't ended his string of bad breaks - mr. maynard recently fell from a horse and his arm - pfeiffer ca n't gum and at the same time - but on the evidence of the baker boys that may be the only thing she ca n't do at least when she 's acting in movies - as the tough in the baker boys ms. pfeiffer for herself and more than well - her diamond handles a song the way the do like she 's hearing the way it should sound inside her head and she 's concentrating on matching that internal tone - yet her intensity stops and starts with the music - when she is n't performing for an audience she prepares for a song by removing the of gum from her mouth and indicates that she 's finished by sticking the gum back in - like almost everything in this romantic and movie ms. pfeiffer 's seems like someone you 've seen before in numerous stories even her name diamond sounds like a character must have played - yet nothing about baker boys and certainly nothing about ms. pfeiffer really is like something from the video vault - steve the young writer and director he is n't yet N has only one produced picture to his credit he wrote the for racing with the moon a lovely picture set in the - both movies are with the of someone much older someone who does n't dismiss dreams but who also has enough experience to see his limits - however mr. directs his own material without and at its own pace baker boys is both and funny - he 's put a fresh spin on material that could come off for example the way an audience the first time she with the baker boys - of course it does n't hurt that mr. has made up for his lack of experience behind the camera with technicians who know exactly what they 're doing - much of the picture 's emerges from michael 's lens work - after working for years with werner the late german director and more recently with martin after hours the color of money the last temptation of mr. has developed a style - and dave 's score the requirements of feelings is a must without - though ms. pfeiffer has the flashy part she gets the best comic and to wear glamorous and heels the boys are pretty great too - what seemed like a good idea to cast the bridges brothers jeff and as the baker brothers actually turned out to be a good idea - anyone who 's tried to appear natural in front of a camera knows that it 's much more natural to end up looking like a stiff - so it 's quite possible that the play between the brothers is n't natural at all that jeff and had to work like crazy to make their love and and frustration and rage seem so very real - when the movie opens the baker brothers are doing what they 've done for N years and twice as long as that for themselves they 're playing piano face-to-face on - they 're small time in the small not the best ones and restaurants in seattle - yet they do n't their audiences by their act - they wear most nights unless circumstances a regular at a for example require them to wear special like shirts - looking eager to please with his and round face plays the older brother frank - frank plans the program takes care of business and approaches the work like any other job - he 's even able to think of a job that takes him out of the house N nights a week as an ordinary job - he 's got a wife and two kids and a house in the the audience sees only the house and only near the end of the movie - frank a little for the probably no more or less than he would have to if he worked for a big corporation - on his he wears - jeff bridges is the younger brother jack who himself the artist he lives in a with his sick dog and the visit from the little girl who down the fire escape - yet jack 's the one who can remember every dive they ever played and when and he shows up for work night after night he himself with and by showing up at the last minute - looking than he has in a while the younger mr. bridges 's jack is and and a far case than frank who 's managed to his dreams to fit reality without feeling too - he can live with little - mr. has put together some moments - these include 's to be the baker boys ' girl singer - ms. of the voice showed great comic promise during her as the 's girlfriend on the television show hill street blues - here she especially during her awful of the candy man which she while around in a little cotton candy that could n't be more perfect - it matches her voice - and ms. pfeiffer 's particular version of making and the way mr. photographs her from the tips of her red high heels right up her red dress might make you think of if ms. pfeiffer had n't gone and become a star in her own right - video tip - if you 'd like to see the first time pfeiffer sang on screen and you have a lot of patience take a look at N - you 'll find her there - better yet check out the emergence of her comic in married to the jonathan 's mafia comedy - international proteins corp. definitively agreed to pay $ N million and N of its shares for hanson plc 's ground round restaurant subsidiary - shareholders of international proteins a food and company will vote on the transaction at a meeting late next month - hanson is a london producer of consumer and other goods - international proteins shares did n't trade yesterday on the american stock exchange - they closed tuesday in composite trading at $ N down N cents giving the stock portion of the transaction an indicated value of $ N million - control data corp. agreed to sell its idle supercomputer manufacturing plant here to minnesota mining & manufacturing co. for $ N million - the tentative agreement calls for to use the plant and N acres of land for research laboratories - control data has been seeking a buyer for the facility since it its systems inc. supercomputer unit this past april - general dynamics corp. was awarded contracts totaling $ N million for one navy and for air force research on the national aerospace plane - grumman corp. won a $ N million navy contract for N f-14 aircraft - co. was issued a $ N million air force contract for support of the communications satellite - mcdonnell douglas corp. got a $ N million air force contract for support work on the national aerospace plane - c. smith was named to the new post of vice president of world-wide advanced materials operations for this chemicals concern - mr. smith N years old was formerly responsible for advanced materials which include plastic and in north america only - is by montedison s.p a. of milan italy - co. said it will redeem all N shares of its privately held N N convertible series c preferred stock nov. N - holders can either convert each share into N shares of the company 's common stock or surrender their shares at the per-share price of $ N plus accumulated dividends of $ N a share - makes and markets products for the construction mining and energy industries - bank building & equipment corp. of america which previously said accounting discrepancies its auditors uncovered would hurt earnings and require of earlier results increased its projections of the negative fiscal impact and said it was exploring the company 's sale - bank building which builds and banks had announced it would the quarters of this fiscal year which ends oct. N - on oct. N the company estimated after-tax effects on the year 's earnings would be at least $ N million - yesterday the company said the negative after-tax effect on earnings for the year will be about $ N million - for the nine months ended july N bank building had a net loss of $ N million on revenue of $ N million - bank building which expects to report a fourth-quarter loss said it engaged advisers to explore financial alternatives for the company including the possible sale of the company or one or more of its units - company auditors are continuing their review and final restated figures are n't yet available - bank building earlier said the is by certain errors in recording receivables and at its cabinet division - that division 's manager has been fired - in american stock exchange composite trading bank building closed at $ N a share down N cents - gen. paul retired of the u.s. marine corps was elected a director of this plastics specialty materials and aerospace concern succeeding who resigned to accept a government position - rep. mary rose d. ohio at last week 's hearings on in programs at the department of housing and urban development - i do n't want to feel guilty representing my constituents - and if i think that some people on hud secretary jack kemp 's staff are off base in terms in which they 're evaluating certain things affecting my i have to tell you something i 'm not going to take it - i think that i 'm elected to represent the people that sent me here - and one of our charges is to be an for our area - and if we 're not for our area we ought to be thrown out of office - on the other hand if we 're asking for something or and so on then that 's a whole different story - but if i feel that there are situations where i 'm trying to get housing for our area whatever it happens to be and i have to feel that i ca n't even ask a question i 've got to tell you i think that 's - i think these regulations that would prohibit programs in areas across this country would be wrong to change - i do n't want to see some guidelines change that 's going to inhibit my city 's opportunity to use its money - the chicago mercantile exchange said it fined capcom futures inc. $ N and accepted its withdrawal from membership as part of a settlement of disciplinary actions against the firm - capcom futures is a chicago subsidiary of capcom financial services ltd. a london financial firm that was last year in a scheme to drug money - the case is pending - the firm was indicted in tampa fla. on charges - in june the chicago board of trade said it suspended capcom financial - the capcom futures unit withdrew from board of trade membership voluntarily in august a board of trade spokesman said - capcom futures while neither admitting nor denying the merc charges said in a statement that the merc charges were technical in nature and that no customers were hurt as a result of the violations cited by the merc - the merc alleged that among other things from april N through october N capcom futures failed to document trades between capcom futures and people or entities directly or indirectly controlled by capcom futures shareholders - frederick w. lang N years old the founder of this software services concern was elected to the new post of chairman - formerly president and treasurer mr. lang remains chief executive officer - victor c. N formerly executive vice president succeeds mr. lang as president and becomes chief operating officer a new post - maurice warren group managing director was named chief executive officer of this food and agriculture group - the post of chief executive has been vacant since july when terry N left the company - money-market mutual fund assets grew at nearly three times their usual rate in the latest week as investors opted for safety instead of the stock market - money-fund assets soared $ N billion in the week ended tuesday to a record $ N billion according to 's money fund report a newsletter - we were expecting it following the fall of the dow friday said editor of money fund report - it 's the flight to safety - despite recent declines in interest rates money funds continue to offer better yields than other comparable investments - the average seven-day compound yield on the N taxable funds tracked by 's was N N in the latest week down from N N - compound yields assume reinvestment of dividends and that current yields continue for a year - most short-term certificates of deposit are yielding about N N or less at major banks and the yields on treasury bills sold at monday 's auction fell to N N for three months and N N for six months - money-fund assets have been rising at an average rate of $ N billion a week in recent months ms. said reflecting the relatively high yields - in the latest week funds open to institutions alone grew by $ N billion - some fund managers say inflows could increase in coming days as a result of stock selling in the wake of friday 's N point drop in the dow jones industrial average - if you 're selling equities you do n't start getting proceeds for five to seven days said frank who manages the kemper money market fund - neal marketing vice president for fidelity investments said inflows friday into fidelity 's and cash reserves money-market funds were about twice normal levels with about half coming from equity and junk-bond funds - monday and tuesday were lackluster in comparison he said - people are n't necessarily running scared mr. said - they 're maintaining their attitude toward investing which has toward the conservative recently - money-fund yields tend to lag trends as portfolio managers adjust the maturities of their investments short-term treasury securities commercial paper and the like to capture the highest yields - maturities usually are shorter when rates are rising and longer when they are falling - the average maturity of the funds tracked by 's remained at N days for the third consecutive week - it was as short as N days at the start of this year when rates were steadily upward and hit N days in august - the average seven-day simple yield of the funds fell to N N this week from N N - the average 30-day simple yield was N N compared with N N the week before and the 30-day compound yield slid to N N from N N - some funds are posting yields far higher than the average - the highest yielding taxable fund this week was harbor money market fund with a seven-day compound yield of N N - that included capital gains that were passed along to customers - among the other funds fidelity 's fund had a seven-day compound yield of N N in the latest week - the seven-day compound yield of the dreyfus worldwide dollar fund was N N - whose della femina mcnamee wcrs agency created joe among others announced a massive restructuring that largely it from the advertising business and includes selling the majority of its advertising unit to eurocom - the complex restructuring which was long expected london-based wcrs from primarily a of advertising into one of europe 's largest buyers of advertising time and space - it also creates a newly merged world-wide ad agency controlled by eurocom and headed jointly by new york ad man jerry della femina and two top wcrs executives - the merged agency 's ambitious goal to become one of the world 's N largest agencies while attracting more multinational clients than the agencies were able to attract alone - wcrs 's restructuring reflects the growing importance of media buying in europe where the only way to get a good price on advertising time and space is to buy it in bulk - for eurocom meanwhile the move gives it a strong u.s. in della femina and more than the size of its ad agency business world-wide - it also gives the outspoken mr. della femina who often generates as much publicity for himself as for his clients an international platform that he most certainly wo n't be loath to use - according to terms wcrs will pay N billion french francs $ N million for the N N it does n't already own of carat holding s.a. one of europe 's largest media buyers - meanwhile eurocom which had held N N of wcrs 's ad unit will pay # N million $ N million to raise its stake to N N - that price also covers eurocom raising to N N its N N stake in europe 's group a joint venture ad agency network it owns with wcrs - eurocom will also have the right to buy the remaining N N of the merged ad agency group in six years - the transaction places the three executives at the helm of a major agency with the rather name of eurocom wcrs della femina ball ltd. or - the merged agency will include della femina mcnamee based in new york eurocom 's various agencies in france the group in europe and wcrs 's other advertising and direct marketing operations - mr. della femina will be joint chairman with former wcrs executive robin - both will report to tim a former wcrs executive who will be chief executive officer at the new agency - in an interview in new york mr. fresh from a flight from paris where executives had worked through most of the night outlined big plans for the new agency - our goal is to develop quite rapidly to a position by the end of three years from now - it implies very dramatic growth he said - he added that eurocom and wcrs had agreed to provide a development fund of # N million for acquisitions - the new agency group is already in discussions about a possible purchase in spain while mr. said it also plans to make acquisitions in germany and elsewhere - the top N within three years will be difficult at best - della femina had billings of just $ N million last year and ranked as the u.s. 's ad agency - the merged company that it now becomes part of will have billings of just more than $ N billion most of that in europe bringing it to about world-wide - to make it to status it would have to over such forces as grey advertising d'arcy benton & and 's ddb needham - the merged agency 's game plan to attract multinational packaged-goods advertisers may prove equally difficult - when wcrs created della femina mcnamee out of the merger of three smaller agency units in N it said it did so in order to attract larger clients especially packaged-goods companies - since then della femina won pan am as an international client and also does work for a few packaged-goods clients including dow chemical co. 's wrap - but major packaged-goods players of the world such as procter & gamble colgate-palmolive and unilever have the agency - three of our favorite names mr. della femina calls that adding hopefully we 're a much more attractive agency to large today than we were yesterday - still the restructuring could create one of the most powerful alliances between advertising and firms that europe has seen - as part of the restructuring wcrs and eurocom said they will look for ways to combine their media buying across europe - what 's more both eurocom and brothers francis and gross who founded carat will acquire N N stakes in wcrs group creating a powerful link between eurocom and carat - carat will receive its wcrs stake as part of payment for the N N carat stake that wcrs is buying while eurocom said it expects to pay about # N million for its wcrs stake - mr. della femina says he plans to remain heavily involved in the creative product at the world-wide agency serving as a sort of creative - mcnamee della femina 's president will continue running the u.s. agency day-to-day - they and other top executives signed long-term employment contracts and mr. della femina will receive an additional multimillion-dollar sum which some industry executives pegged at about $ N million - wcrs group for its part will now be able to follow its longstanding plan of becoming a holding company for a series of businesses said peter scott the firm 's chief executive - in addition to carat wcrs will hold onto its public relations tv programming and other businesses - wcrs says its debt will be cut to # N million from # N million as a result of the transaction - for carat meanwhile the alliance with eurocom and wcrs is intended to strengthen its own push outside france - carat 's gross brothers invented the idea of large-scale buying of media space - by buying the space in bulk they obtain discounts as high as N N which they can pass on to customers - they thus have won the french business of such advertising giants as coca-cola co. fiat s.p a. gillette and kodak - but now other agencies are getting into the business with their own competing groups and carat wants to expand to the rest of europe - to help finance the carat purchase wcrs said it plans an issue of preferred shares once the market down - but wcrs added that in the light of the current uncertainty in the equity markets it has arranged debt financing which would be underwritten by samuel & co. ltd - earthquake 's damage - tuesday 's earthquake brought the san francisco ad scene to a halt yesterday with only a few staffers showing up at their offices mainly to survey the damage or to their hands about imminent - while no agencies reported injuries to employees the quake damaged the offices of j. walter thompson and ddb needham among others spokesmen for those agencies said - staffers at thompson whose offices are in the center watched pictures drop from the walls and then felt the seven to eight feet according to a spokeswoman - fell and windows were broken at a spokesman for that agency said - late yesterday afternoon ddb needham executives were scrambling to figure out what to do about a new business presentation that had been scheduled for today a spokesman said - ddb needham 's office building may have sustained structural damage the spokesman added - all operations have stopped he said - a number of agencies including thompson and & said some employees who live outside of san francisco fearful that they would n't be able to get home spent the night at the agency - ad notes - new account - 's inc. greenwich conn. awarded its faberge hair care accounts to j. walter thompson new york - thompson a unit of wpp group will handle faberge organic and and net - the accounts which billed about $ N million last year according to leading national advertisers were previously handled at bozell new york - who 's news - william N was named executive vice president world-wide director of direct the direct marketing unit of interpublic group 's agency - he had been president and chief operating officer of ogilvy & mather direct - bozell - los angeles will be the site of a new entertainment division for the ad agency - the division will be headed by dick porter who returns to bozell after being vice president of media at mgm - advertising - the agency 's three california offices previously called advertising will now be called advertising to match the name of its new york office - advertising is a unit of saatchi & saatchi co - new beer - products inc. greenwich conn. awarded its light beer account to & associates new york - budget is set at $ N million - the new beer introduced this week at a liquor industry convention is imported from switzerland 's brewery - 's first ads for the brand which says will compete with imported light beer leader light feature the line the best light beer you 've ever seen - motors corp. a joint venture of chrysler corp. and mitsubishi motors corp. said it will begin shipping mitsubishi cars to japan next week other japanese auto ventures shipping vehicles back to japan - said it will export about N cars to japan by year 's end - honda motor co. the first japanese auto maker to ship cars to japan from the u.s. is now exporting more than N accord a year from its ohio factory - one of the most remarkable features of the forced of the ethnic out of over the past five months has been the lack of international attention - the of more than N men women and children by the regime adds up to one of the largest seen in the postwar years - yet some people are advancing a that what we are seeing is somehow the result of the historical committed by the in the century - today 's in in other words deserve what is coming to them four centuries later - as if this were n't enough the senate judiciary committee is getting into the act - on tuesday it approved senator bob dole 's proposed resolution april N N as the national day of of the anniversary of the of N suffered at the hands of the empire - there can be no that the terrible suffering but one has to wonder what possible good such a resolution will achieve - it puts great strain on a longstanding u.s. friendship with turkey a country that has been one of america 's strongest allies in nato - the resolution also comes at a time when turkey has been seeking help from the united states in its emigration controversy and pursuing democratic reforms that may lead to membership in the european community - turkey has been fighting its past for years and thus far has been only partially successful - must it now accept that one of its strongest allies blames it for the of another people - such sentiment only encourages the adverse feelings toward turkey that surfaced when turkey asked for assistance in dealing with its emigration crisis - mr. dole 's odd effort notwithstanding most of turkey 's political problems lie with the europeans - part of the problem some europeans have with turkey seems to stem from its location turkey is n't really part of europe - why they wonder should it belong to the ec - another hook is the faith of the majority of the people turkey we are told is not a christian nation its people simply wo n't fit in with the western european tradition - it 's when these fall on that the old of for treatment at the hands of the empire comes to the - no one has to accept the of the empire to reject that argument - turkey in any event is long past it - the country has in recent years accepted more than N refugees from at least four nations - suffering what many people consider to be a current campaign at the hands of iran and have eastern turkey - now it is their fellow as refugees from - the tragedy and the ongoing crisis can not be ignored and off to that notorious of history that has become so convenient recently - surely the past suffering of any people at any time can not be simply filed away and forgotten - but what the senate judiciary committee has done in supporting the strongly resolution no useful end it merely produces more controversy and memories - congress has enough difficulty dealing with the realities of the world as it currently exists - 's government has been beyond the pale for months and the u.s. does its values no credit by ignoring that while casting its votes into the past - many in washington say president bush will have to raise taxes to pay for his war on drugs - we have a better idea hud to pay for the war on drugs - housing and urban development 's budget is $ N billion - from what we and the nation have been reading the money is n't being spent very well - the single most important contribution the government could make now to help the poor is to get the specter of drugs out of their neighborhoods - if that takes money take it away from this federal department - but of course the democrats hud in hearings and in the press have no such solution in mind - instead they 're scrambling to protect the very programs at the heart of the hud scandal - this month hud secretary jack kemp unveiled a series of proposed reforms to improve management at hud - no doubt many of his ideas are worthy but ultimately he is proposing to make fundamentally flawed programs work slightly more fairly and efficiently - congress is unlikely to go even that far - last week secretary kemp ran into a of criticism from house banking committee members - they were for instance that he wanted to target more of the $ N billion community development block grant program to low-income projects and zero out the notorious discretionary funds that have allowed hud officials to steer contracts to political - these development grants mainly developers who want to put up shopping centers and parking - they also give those in congress political credit for bringing home the pork and so they are popular with such members as mary rose - rep. a democrat from cleveland wants a $ N million grant so cleveland can build an rock and roll hall of fame - she says it 'd create N jobs and bring cleveland tourist revenue - hud says the project does n't qualify and mr. kemp says that rock roll musicians and the music industry ought to put up the money - at the hearing rep. started about regulations that would stand between her and housing for downtown cleveland - rep. an ohio republican rallied to the cause i think the is making an important statement - the implication that if a congressman calls about a project in his district there 's something wrong i think is most unfortunate - we 're sure some can explain the difference between what the republican consultants have been doing with hud and what these and want to do with hud - our view is that given congress 's attitude toward hud the place probably is beyond reform - for more than N years the federal government has tried various ways to provide housing for the poor and revive cities - in the process hud has wasted billions created and invited corruption - much of hud 's spending actually is welfare for developers or the middle class - that includes the funds and the federal housing administration which loans out money for private home mortgages and has just been discovered to be $ N billion in the hole - selling the fha 's loan portfolio to the highest bidder would save the taxpayers billions in future losses - some hud money actually does down to the poor and out housing middlemen would free up more money for public housing tenants to manage and even own their units - the rest ought to be used to clean out drugs from the - rival gangs have turned cities into combat zones - even suburban prince george 's county md. reported last week there have been a record N killings there this year most of them drug-related - innocent often are the victims - a man in a was down in the of a miami drug battle - a brooklyn boy was used as a shield by a drug dealer - decent life in the inner cities wo n't be restored unless the government the streets from the drug gangs - until then the billions hud spends on inner-city housing simply is wasted - it 's still unclear whether secretary kemp wants to completely overhaul the engine room at hud or just tighten a few here and there - no doubt he believes the place can be - having seen the with which congress has addressed the hud scandals we disagree - it 's time to scrap the politically spending machine hud has become and channel the resources into the drug war - was named chairman and chief executive officer of this grocery chain - mr. N years old succeeds jr. who died in a plane crash on sunday at the age of N - retains his position as president - natural and most particularly earthquakes are not only horrible realities in and of themselves but also through which the state of a society can be - the rubble after the earthquake a year ago disclosed quite literally a city whose larger structures had been built with sand - the extent of the disaster stemmed from years of and bureaucratic - the larger parallel after the earthquake centered south of san francisco is surely with the state of the u.s. economy - did the stock-market tremors of friday oct. N larger far greater - are the engineering and architecture of the economy as vulnerable as the of the bay bridge - the of the era has produced about the present of u.s. economic and social arrangements - a licensed government intellectual francis recently announced in the national interest that history is so to speak at an end since the course of human progress has now in the full stop of american - his were taken seriously - but we are in reality the continuing decline of the political economy of capitalism not so much the end of history but the history of the end - the financial equivalent of the sand used by those contractors is junk bonds and the leveraged buy-outs associated with them - builders get away with using sand and financiers junk when society decides it 's necessary even to look the other way - and by the early 1980s u.s. capitalists had ample reason to welcome junk bonds to look the other way - by that time they found extremely low profit rates from corporate investment - government statistics in fact show that the profit rate net pretax profits divided by capital stock peaked in N at N N - that same saw profit rates fall to N N in the recession year N and the supposed that followed has seen the profit rate rise only to N N in N and N N in N - corresponding to the fall in profit rates was in the early 1980s the drop in the number arrived at if you divide the market value of firms by the replacement costs of their assets the famous ratio associated with prof. james - in theory the value attached to a firm by the market and the cost of replacing its assets should be the same - but of course the market could decide that the firm 's capital stock its assets means nothing if the firm is not producing profits - this is indeed what the market decided - by N the ratio was N N meaning that the market was every dollar 's worth of the average firm 's assets at N cents - from the history of capitalism we can take it as a sound bet that if it takes only N cents to buy a dollar 's worth of a firm 's capital stock an alert entrepreneur wo n't look the other way - his assumption is that the underlying profitability rate will go up and the capital assets he bought on the cheap will soon be producing profits thus restoring the market 's faith in them - hence the lbo craze - but here is where the entrepreneur made a very risky bet and where society was maybe to look the other way - the profit rate is still low and the ratio was only N N in N and N N in N - result a landscape with huge debt burdens down upon the and of corporate america - the mounting risks did not go even in the mid-1980s - but there were enough announcing the end of history in this case suspension of normal laws of economic for society to continue its eyes - mainstream economists and their up at the great of junk financing their heads to watch the of leveraged buy-outs claimed the end result would be a corporate america with soaring productivity and profits and the weaker gone to the wall - but this is not where the rewards of junk financing were found - the beneficiaries were those financiers whose was the topic figure of '80s capitalism michael 's $ N million salary in one year - economists i associate with in the union of radical political economists most particularly robert of the economics faculty at the university of california at were not in the manner of their colleagues - all along they have been noting the tremors and pointing out the underlying realities - profit rates after the great merger wave are no higher and now we have an extremely high-interest burden relative to cash flow - the consequences of building with sand are showing up - in contrast to previous estimates the default rate on junk bonds at N N or N N a harvard study published in april of this year and discussed in a lead story in the wall street journal for sept. N found the default rate on these junk bonds is N N - what is the consequence of a high-interest burden high default rates and continued low profitability - corporations need liquidity in the form of borrowed funds - without liquidity from the junk-bond market or cash flow from profits they look to the government which the natural of the capitalist economy with charity in the form of cuts in the capital-gains tax rate or - the consequence can be inflation brought on as the effect of a desperate bid to avoid the shock of a sudden crash - attacks on inflation come with another strategy of capital of a very traditional sort an assault on wages - mr. through at the end of history said in his that the class issue has actually been successfully resolved in the west - the of modern america represents the essential achievement of the society by - mr. might want to some american workers on the subject of class and - from its peak in N of $ N the average american weekly wage had fallen to $ N in N both figures being expressed in N dollars - in other words after the glory boom of the reagan years wages had from the post world war ii peak by N N as capitalists helped by the government turned down the or went offshore - but there are signs now the strikes by miners boeing workers telephone workers etc. that this attack on wages is being more fiercely resisted - these are long-term richter on american capitalism - the whole structure is extremely shaky - governments have become sophisticated in handling moments of panic a word the london times my father to use when he was reporting the wall street crash in N - but has its limits - the s&l bailout could cost $ N billion computing interest on the government 's loans - these are real costs - under what will the federal deposit insurance corporation - capitalism may now be engineered to withstand sudden shocks but there are fault lines the crisis in profits the assault on wages the structural of the system that make of those who claim that the future is here and that history is over - mr. is a columnist for the nation and la weekly - japan air lines lufthansa german airlines and air france reportedly plan to form an international air-freight company this year a move that could further consolidate the industry - japanese newspaper reported that the three giants plan to integrate their cargo computers and and systems - they reportedly will invest a total of N billion yen $ N million in the venture whose headquarters would be in france or west germany - the action follows federal express corp. 's acquisition of flying tiger line inc. in august - after that it would make sense for airlines to talk about doing things jointly said cotton daly director of cargo services for new york consulting firm & inc - mr. daly said such discussions are motivated by the competitive threat posed by federal express united parcel service of america inc. and other fast-growing air-freight companies - many airlines are talking about cargo ventures and there have been rumors about such a tie between jal and european airlines - in tokyo a jal spokesman said he could n't confirm or deny the latest japanese report - but he said jal is talking to lufthansa and air france about some sort of cargo venture - it is just one of a number of strategies jal has upon to come to terms with the situation in europe after N the deadline for ending trade barriers in the ec he said - in frankfurt a lufthansa spokesman confirmed talks are under way but declined to comment - a lufthansa spokeswoman in tokyo said the head of lufthansa 's cargo operations had been in last week for talks with jal - in paris air france declined to comment - nothing is defined or signed at this point mr. daly said of the talks - whatever accord the three carriers reach he said he is skeptical it would create a separate airline - if the three companies pool their air-freight businesses their clout would be considerable - according to figures from the international air transport association they carried a combined N million tons of freight last year - federal express and flying tiger as separate companies carried a combined N million tons - air france and lufthansa last month concluded a far-reaching cooperation accord that includes air-freight activities - they plan to increase cooperation in freight and create a world-wide computer system to process cargo - other airlines would have access to the system they said and negotiations with partners were already under way - both european airlines operate extensive fleets of boeing N and N aircraft that carry both freight and passengers on the main deck - they currently have large orders for cargo planes - several airlines including lufthansa jal and cathay pacific airways are working on a so-called global cargo system and are trying to attract other carriers to join mr. daly said - jal also has signaled it is looking for in europe before the end of N - last month the carrier said it wanted to lease crews and planes from british airways so it could its passengers from london to other european - british airways said it has n't received a proposal from jal - but last week there were negotiations between the u.k. and japan a likely first step to any commercial agreement between jal and british airways or another u.k. carrier - federal paper board co. said it completed the previously announced purchase of imperial cup corp. a closely held maker of paper based in ohio - terms were n't disclosed - imperial cup has annual sales of approximately $ N million - federal paper board sells paper and wood products - in a move to prevent any in the financial markets from the california earthquake the securities and exchange commission said it temporarily options listed on the pacific stock exchange to the american new york and philadelphia stock exchanges and to the chicago board options exchange - the decision which affects millions of dollars of trading positions was made late yesterday because the pacific exchange 's options floor was shut down as a result of tuesday 's earthquake - the sec faced with a major squeeze on options positions said it was necessary to ensure that options listed on the exchange could be traded today and tomorrow - sec chairman richard breeden said the cooperation by the exchanges would enable investors to buy and sell options listed solely on the pacific exchange the liquidity of the market - officials at the four exchanges said well over N traders from the pacific exchange were taking flights from san francisco late yesterday to the american new york and philadelphia exchanges and to the cboe where they would continue making markets in the options - the big board said quickly a new options floor to N traders from the pacific exchange - in addition specialists on the exchanges agreed to provide backup capital for in pacific exchange options traded on the exchanges - trading was light on the pacific stock exchange yesterday with workers at the exchange 's main floor in san francisco struggling to execute orders by as a result of a continuing power - the most pressing problem was the suspension of options trading - the pacific exchange has options for N underlying stock issues including highly active hilton hotels corp. which is listed on the big board - investors were concerned that they might be unable to exercise options that expire tomorrow - but professionals said throughout the day that the shutdown would n't be a cause for alarm even if it were to for several days - i 've told my staff and clients that they still have the ability to exercise their options because they are guaranteed by the options clearing corp. said michael schwartz a senior registered options strategist at oppenheimer & co - the sec trading in the options however to allow investors to do more than simply exercise the options - while the exchange 's equities floor in san francisco remained open on a limited basis orders were being and executed in los angeles - workers could dial out but they could n't receive telephone calls - it 's a very uncertain situation right now said administrative assistant of trading floor operations of the exchange which has daily volume of about N million shares - because the exchange 's computer was orders to the exchange 's trading operations in los angeles business is as usual mr. said - if one city is down the other can take over - meanwhile the brokerage firms in san francisco were trying to cope - charles chairman and chief executive officer of & co. said traders came to work at N a.m. many on foot because of uncertain road and traffic conditions but learned that they would have to await a required inspection by the city in order to turn the power back on at the company 's two main facilities there - that should happen by today he said - traders worked with the help of through windows despite large cracks in the walls and a lack of phone calls - also most of the telecommunications equipment was out - the traders were executing municipal bond mutual fund and other orders through a sister firm tucker anthony inc. which is also owned by john hancock freedom securities but is based in new york - we are having a regular day - volume is down out of san francisco but not out of the N offices mr. added - 's oakland office executed orders through the sacramento office which was n't affected by the quake - others like prudential-bache securities inc. which has eight offices in the san francisco area set up an N number yesterday morning for customers to obtain market commentary and other help - at kidder peabody & co. 's sacramento branch manager white received calls yesterday morning from workers in san francisco who offered to work in sacramento - then she discovered that quotron systems inc. 's sacramento lines were down because they are normally tied in through a system that goes through san francisco - so the kidder brokers had to call other company offices to get quotes on stocks - at quotron the company 's national center which swung into action for the first time last month for hurricane hugo assembled a tactical team at N a.m. yesterday to begin lines and restore service to brokers and traders - the company dispatched as many as N people in the san francisco area to do the work though most of the was done by computer - service appeared to be down throughout the financial district in downtown san francisco while just parts of oakland and san jose were knocked out - but dale irvine director of the emergency center said service was being restored to san francisco areas - in chicago yesterday options clearing confirmed that it guarantees the pacific exchange options - the firm also will permit its members and the public to exercise their put and call options contracts traded on the pacific exchange even if the exchange is closed said wayne chairman of options clearing - put options give holders the right but not the obligation to sell a financial instrument at a specified price while call options give holders the right but not the obligation to buy a financial instrument at a specified price - investors and traders in pacific exchange options are protected to the extent that they can convert their put and call options into the underlying instrument mr. said - we are seeing such exercises today in fact - international business machines corp. said its board approved the purchase of $ N billion of its common shares a move that should help support its battered stock - even as the stock market has generally done well this year ibm 's shares have slipped steadily from its 52-week high of $ N - yesterday 's closing price of $ N down N cents in composite trading on the new york stock exchange puts the stock at about N N times book value which is as low as it has over the past decade - the announcement came after the market 's close - the move by ibm was n't exactly a surprise - the company has spent some $ N billion over the past N N years to buy back N million common shares or roughly N N of those outstanding - in addition despite ibm 's recent problems the computer giant still generates enormous amounts of cash - as of the end of the second quarter it had $ N billion of cash and securities on hand - as a result some securities analysts had predicted in recent days that ibm would additional purchases - in armonk n.y. a spokesman said that although ibm did n't view its spending as necessarily a way to support the stock it thought the purchases were a good way to improve such financial measurements as per-share earnings and return on equity - we view it as a good long-term investment the spokesman said - in the short term the move is likely to have little effect - at yesterday 's closing price $ N billion would buy back about N million shares or less than N N of the roughly N million outstanding - in addition as of sept. N the company still had authorization to buy $ N million of stock under a prior repurchase program - over the long term however ibm 's stock along with its hefty $ annual dividend and generally loyal following among large institutional investors are providing a floor for the stock price - although ibm last year produced its first strong results in four years and was expected to continue to roll this year it began as early as january - first it had trouble manufacturing a chip for its mainframes ibm 's bread-and-butter business - then it had a series of smaller including problems manufacturing certain personal computers and the delay in the announcement of some important workstations - finally ibm had to delay the introduction of some high-end disk drives which account for N N of its $ N billion of annual revenue - none of the problems is necessarily fatal and they are n't all necessarily even related - there are also other factors at work that are outside ibm 's control such as currency exchange rates - the strong dollar which reduces the value of overseas earnings and revenue when they are translated into dollars is expected to knock N to N cents off ibm 's per-share earnings for the full year - without that problem ibm might have matched last year 's earnings of $ N billion or $ N a share - still investors will take some convincing before they get back into ibm 's stock in a big way - steve a securities analyst at first boston said that while investors were looking for an excuse to buy ibm shares a year ago even the big institutional investors are looking for a reason to avoid the stock these days - on wall street yesterday northern california 's killer earthquake was just another chance to make a buck - at the opening bell investors quickly began out shares of companies expected to profit or suffer in some way from the california disaster including insurers companies refiners and housing lenders - brokerage houses jumped in touting demand stocks and kidder peabody & co. set up a hot line for san who might need emergency investment advice and help in funds - wall street thinks of everything in terms of money says tom a senior oppenheimer & co. trader - however he added such trading moves typically last only a few hours and are often made without full information - the most popular plays of the day were insurance companies such as general corp. which rose $ N to $ N corp. up $ N to $ N american international group inc. up $ N to $ N and cigna corp. up N cents to $ N - yesterday the brokerage firm & co. said insurers will use the earthquake as an excuse to raise insurance rates ending their long price wars - before this bullish theory surfaced some insurance stocks initially fell indicating that investors thought the quake might cost insurers a lot of money - in fact fireman 's fund corp. which ended the day off N cents to $ N said earthquake damage would slightly hurt fourth-quarter profit - on the prospect for rebuilding northern california investors bid up co. up $ N to $ N and lone star industries inc. up $ N to $ N - bridge and road builders had a field day including corp. up $ N to $ N guy f. co. up N to $ N and morrison corp. which reported higher third-quarter earnings yesterday up $ N to $ N - fluor corp. a construction engineering firm gained N cents to $ N - but stocks were a mixed bag - stocks got a big boost - georgia pacific corp. up $ N to $ N and inc. up $ N to $ N both reported strong profits - merrill lynch & co. touted georgia-pacific louisiana pacific corp. and industries inc. as the best plays - other gainers were companies with one or more california refineries - corp. jumped $ N to $ N and chevron corp. despite a temporary pipeline shutdown rose $ N to $ N - meanwhile shares of some big housing lenders got hit on the likelihood that the lenders ' collateral people 's homes suffered physical damage and perhaps a loss in value - wells fargo & co. fell N cents to $ N and bankamerica corp. fell N cents to $ N - some california thrift stocks also fell including golden west financial corp. and h.f. ahmanson & co. which reported lower earnings yesterday - property values did n't go up in california yesterday says one money manager - pacific gas & electric co. fell N cents to $ N - one of its power was damaged though the company said there wo n't be any financial impact - pacific telesis group lost N cents to $ N - a computer failure delayed its earnings announcement and some investors think it might have extra costs to repair damaged telephone lines - heavy construction insurance and forest products were among the best performing industry groups in the dow jones equity market index yesterday - friday 's stock market plunge claimed its second victim among the scores of futures and options trading firms here - petco options an options trading firm owned by the family of the former chicago board of trade chairman ralph peters is getting out of the trade clearing or processing and business after a dollar loss friday options industry officials said - nearly N options traders on the chicago board options exchange who cleared trades through petco including a handful of traders who lost between $ N to $ N million themselves as a result of friday 's debacle are trying to transfer their business to other clearing firms cboe members said - timothy vincent petco chief executive officer confirmed that petco was from the clearing business - the owners of the company got a look at the potential risks in this business and after monday they felt they did n't want to be exposed any more he said - he added that petco remained in compliance with all industry capital requirements during the market 's rapid plunge friday and monday 's rebound - a cboe spokeswoman declined comment on petco - over the weekend fossett corp. another options trading firm transferred the clearing accounts of about N traders to first options of chicago a unit of continental bank corp. because it could n't meet regulatory capital requirements after friday 's market slide - the unprecedented transfer of accounts underscored the options industry 's desire not to have its credibility by potentially widespread trading defaults on monday - the cboe american stock exchange options clearing corp. and stephen fossett owner of fossett joined in putting up $ N million to guarantee the accounts at first options - the head of another small options clearing firm who asked not to be identified said that the heightened volatility in the financial markets in recent years makes it increasingly difficult for any but the largest financial trading firms to shoulder the risk inherent in the highly leveraged options and futures business - prior to the introduction of financial futures in the late 1970s most trading firms around the street financial district here were family operations handed down from one generation to the next - most also were relatively compared with the size of most wall street securities firms - mr. peters a street among the war ii generation of commodity traders was rumored to have a multimillion-dollar fortune from commodity trading and other activities by the time he died in may - part of a series - is a and in rural county n.j - but put her behind a shopping and she turns - if colgate offers a coupon she 'll cross crest off her shopping list without a second thought - never mind that her husband prefers crest - some weeks when her supermarket runs a promotion she boasts that she $ N off her bill - money is n't the only thing that makes her dump once favorite brands - after she heard about the hazards of oils in many she dropped farm and started buying brands free of such oils - i always thought farm was and high quality mrs. says - but i do n't want any of that oil for my - farm says it ca n't tell exactly how many customers it has lost but it hopes to remove the oil from all its products by year end - clearly people like mrs. are giving marketers fits - she represents a new breed of consumer who puts bargain prices nutritional and environmental concerns and other priorities ahead of old-fashioned brand loyalty - while brand loyalty is far from dead marketing experts say it has eroded during the 1980s - marketers themselves are partly to blame they 've increased spending for coupons and other short-term promotions at the expense of advertising - what 's more a flood of new products has given consumers a dizzying choice of brands many of which are virtually carbon copies of one other - marketers have brought this on themselves with their heavy use of promotions contends joe an executive vice president at the d'arcy benton & ad agency - without some real product improvements it 's going to be difficult to win that loyalty back - the wall street journal 's american way of buying survey this year found that most consumers switch brands for many of the products they use - for the survey peter d. hart research associates asked some N consumers including mrs. whether they usually buy one brand of a certain type of product or have no brand loyalty - more than half the users of N of the N products included in the survey said they 're brand - overall N N of consumers are n't brand loyal for any of the N product categories - about N N are loyal for one to five of the products - only N N are brand loyal in N to N of the categories and no one is loyal for more than N types of products - for such products as and athletic shoes to a single brand was quite low with fewer than N N saying they usually buy the same brand - only for cigarettes and did more than N N of users say they typically stick with the same brand - people tend to be most loyal to brands that have distinctive such as cigarettes and - a in the journal survey from wash. says her husband is about eating only hunt 's - he simply ca n't the taste of she says - the adds the only other thing i 'm really loyal to is my virginia cigarettes - coke and pepsi are all the same to me and i usually buy whichever brand of coffee happens to be on sale - brand plays a significant role in loyalty to such products as cigarettes and beer - people often stay with a particular brand because they want to be associated with the image its advertising whether that 's cigarettes or 's - loyalty most for products like trash bags and - only N N of users in the journal survey usually buy the same brand and just N N of battery buyers stick to one brand - underwear scored a N N in brand loyalty but consumer researchers say that 's actually quite high for such a mundane product - in the past you just wore fruit of the and did n't care says peter kim u.s. director of consumer behavior research for the j. walter thompson ad agency - the high score reflects the attempts to make underwear more of a fashion image business for both men and women - he believes there 's opportunity for a smart gasoline marketer to create a strong brand image and more consumer loyalty - what loyalty there is to gas brands he believes is a matter of at the most located service stations - brand loyalty was stronger among older consumers in the journal survey - nearly of participants age N and older claim brand loyalty for more than N of the N products in the survey only N N of those age N to N have such strong - people also tend to be more brand loyal these days the journal survey and other research studies indicate - marketers speculate that more affluent people tend to lead more pressured lives and do n't have time to research the products they buy for the highest quality and most reasonable price - an established brand name is insurance that at least the product will be of acceptable quality if not always the best value for the money - it 's sort of loyalty by default - meanwhile the bottom end of the market is becoming less loyal says laurel cutler vice chairman of the ad agency katz partners - they 're buying whatever 's cheaper - the biggest wild card in the brand loyalty game how those pursued but highly baby boomers will as they move into middle age - they grew up with more brand choices than any generation and have shown less so far - but now that they 're settling down and raising families might they also show more stability in their brand choices - mr. kim of j. walter thompson does n't think so - he believes baby boomers will continue to be selective in their brand - earlier generations were brand loyal across categories he says but boomers tend to be brand loyal in categories like running shoes and bottled water but less so in others like toilet paper and appliances - while not as brand loyal as in the past consumers today do n't buy products either - rather they tend to have a set of two or three - sometimes they 'll choose other times it will be - advertisers attribute this shared loyalty to the striking similarity among brands - if a more hits the market you can be sure a new and improved wo n't be far behind - the worldwide ad agency studied brand parity and found that consumers believe all brands are about the same in a number of categories particularly credit cards paper dry and chips - when there 's a clutter of brands consumers the by telling themselves all brands are the same so what difference does it make which i buy says karen a senior vice president at - too often advertising has n't done a good job of a special emotional bond between a brand and the consumer - but given such strong brand some marketers are putting renewed emphasis on image advertising - a small but growing number of companies are also trying to more brand loyalty through such as magazines and membership clubs for brand users - while discount promotions are essential for most brands some companies concede they went in shifting money from advertising to coupons refunds and other sales incentives - some people argue that strong brands can afford to stop advertising for a time because of the impact of hundreds of millions of dollars spent on advertising through the years - but most companies are too afraid to take that chance - and perhaps with good reason - says president of the d'arcy ad agency 's u.s. division every time N hours pass without any advertising reinforcement brand loyalty will ever so slightly even for a powerful brand like - consider for example what happened to maxwell house coffee - the kraft general foods brand stopped advertising for about a year in N and gave up several market share points and its leadership position in the coffee business - but since returning to advertising maxwell house has regained the lost share and is running neck and neck with archrival - now philip morris kraft general foods ' parent company is committed to the coffee business and to increased advertising for maxwell house says dick mayer president of the general foods usa division - even though brand loyalty is rather strong for coffee we need advertising to maintain and strengthen it - campbell soup co. for one has concluded that it makes good sense to focus more on its most loyal customers than on people who buy competitive brands - the probability of converting a to your brand is about three in N says tony adams the company 's vice president for marketing research - the best odds are with your core franchise - our heavy users consume two to three cans of soup a week and we 'd like to increase that - so campbell is talking to its brand enthusiasts probing their psychological to its soup - in one consumer focus group a fan declared that campbell 's soup is like getting a from a friend - that helped persuade the company to introduce a new advertising a warm from campbell 's - insurers face the prospect of paying out billions of dollars for damages caused by this week 's california earthquake - getting a grip on the extent of the damages is proving a far more difficult task than what insurers faced after hurricane hugo through the caribbean and the carolinas last month - the earthquake 's toll including possible deep structural damage goes far beyond the more easily observed damage from a hurricane says george a vice president in aetna life & casualty insurance co. 's claims division - but investors are betting that the financial and psychological impact of the earthquake coming so soon after the hurricane will help stem more than two years of intense wars among business insurers - reflecting that logic stocks posted strong gains - aetna and other insurers are hiring engineers and architects to help them assess structural damage - most insurers already have their catastrophe teams to begin processing claims from their policyholders in northern california - since commercial air travel is interrupted aetna based in hartford conn. chartered three planes to fly claims adjusters into sacramento and then planned for them to drive to the bay area - about N adjusters were dispatched yesterday afternoon along with laptop computers cellular phones and blank checks - some adjusters already in other parts of california drove to the disaster area with recreational vehicles and mobile homes that could be used as centers - insurers will be advertising N numbers probably on the radio that policyholders can call to get assistance on how to submit claims - state farm mutual automobile insurance co. the largest home and auto insurer in california believes the losses from the earthquake could be somewhat less than the $ N million in damages it expects to pay out for claims resulting from hurricane hugo - state farm based in ind. is also the largest writer of earthquake insurance in california - earthquake insurance is sold as a separate policy or a specific endorsement rider on a 's policy in california because of the area 's to earthquakes - state farm said about N N of its policyholders in california have also purchased earthquake insurance - insurance co. a unit of sears roebuck & co. said about N N of its personal property policyholders about N N in the san area also have earthquake coverage - the association of california insurance companies estimated damage to residential property could total $ N million but only $ N million to $ N million is insured it said - officials from the american insurance association 's service division which the efforts of the claims adjusters in an area after a natural disaster will be flying to san francisco today - they expect to have a preliminary estimate of the damages in a day or two - roads and bridges in the bay area appear to have suffered some of the most costly damage - highways such as the section of interstate N that collapsed in oakland generally do n't have insurance coverage - industry officials say the bay bridge unlike some bridges has no earthquake coverage either so the cost of it probably would have to be paid out of state general operating funds - however the bridge which charges a $ N toll each way does have loss of income insurance to replace lost revenue if the operation of the bridge is interrupted for more than seven days - that coverage is provided by a syndicate of insurance companies including fireman 's fund corp. based in calif. and cigna corp. based in philadelphia - earthquake-related claims are n't expected to cause significant financial problems for the insurance industry as a whole - instead even with the liabilities of two natural disasters in recent weeks analysts said the total capital of the industry is likely to be higher at year end than it was at midyear - indeed the earthquake could contribute to a turnaround in the insurance cycle in a couple of ways - for example insurers may seek to limit their future exposure to catastrophes by increasing the amount of reinsurance they buy - such increased demand for reinsurance along with the losses the will bear from these two disasters are likely to spur increases in reinsurance prices that will later be translated into an overall price rise - reinsurance is protection taken out by the insurance firms themselves - we are saying this is the breaking point this is the event that will change the psychology of the marketplace said william an analyst with & co. a hartford firm that specializes in the insurance industry - his firm along with some others issued new buy recommendations on insurer stocks yesterday - among the insurance stocks big gainers included american international group up $ N to $ N general corp. up $ N to $ N aetna up $ N to $ N and marsh & mclennan inc. up $ N to $ N - still a few individual companies most likely smaller ones could be - i think there is a good chance someone is going to hit the on this said oppenheimer & co. analyst - he suspects some insurers who had purchased reinsurance to limit their exposure to catastrophes will discover that reinsurance was used up by hurricane hugo - british west german and other overseas insurers are bracing for big claims from the san francisco earthquake disaster - although it 's unclear how much exposure the london market will face u.k. traditionally have a large reinsurance exposure to u.s. catastrophe coverage - jack chairman of fireman 's fund said this disaster will test the catastrophe reinsurance market causing these rates to soar - the catastrophe losses sustained by insurers this year will probably be the worst on an inflation-adjusted basis since N when another earthquake sparked the great san francisco fire - an insurance consultant in new york estimates that the N san francisco destruction on an inflation-adjusted basis included insured losses of $ N billion - he is estimating this week 's disaster will generate insured losses of $ N billion to $ N billion following about $ N billion in costs to insurers from hurricane hugo - silicon graphics inc. 's first-quarter profit rose sharply to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or six cents a share a year ago - the maker of computer workstations said a surge of government orders contributed to the increase - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million the year earlier - in national over-the-counter trading the company closed yesterday at $ N a share down N cents - hunter environmental services inc. said it reached a preliminary accord on the sale of its environmental consulting and services business for about $ N million and assumption of related debt - the buyer was n't identified - the company said it also is making progress in negotiating the buy-out of its design division by management - in addition hunter said it will use proceeds from a private placement of $ N million of preferred shares to purchase an interest in a start-up company to underwrite environmental insurance - hunter wants to concentrate its resources on the insurance business and on a project to store hazardous in salt - jaguar plc 's chairman said he hopes to reach a friendly pact with general motors corp. within a month that may involve the british luxury-car maker 's producing a cheaper executive model - sir john told reporters at london 's yesterday he would be disappointed if we could n't do the deal within a month - he said the would mean jaguar could develop cars down range in price from where we are by offering access to gm 's parts production - besides creating joint manufacturing ventures the accord is expected to give gm about a N N stake that eventually would rise to about N N - jaguar figures a friendly alliance with gm will fend off unwelcome advances from ford motor co - but ford jaguar 's biggest shareholder since lifting its stake to N N this week is pressing harder for talks with sir john - we 're getting to the point where we are going to have to meet with him one ford official said yesterday - ford probably will renew its request for such a meeting soon he added - sir john has ford 's advances since the u.s. auto giant launched a surprise bid for as much as N N of jaguar last month - ford has signaled it might acquire a majority interest later - i 'm not obligated to sit down and talk to anybody the jaguar chairman asserted yesterday - he did n't rule out negotiations with ford however - the fiercely proud but financially strapped british company prefers to remain independent and publicly held despite ford 's promise of access to cash and technological know-how - sir john noted that gm a longtime jaguar supplier agrees we should remain an independent company - he said jaguar started negotiating with gm and several other car makers over a year ago but the rest dropped by the ever since the share price went above # N $ N a share - jaguar shares stood at N pence before ford 's initial announcement but the subsequent takeover frenzy has driven them up - the stock traded late yesterday on london 's stock exchange at N pence up N pence - developing an range would mark a major departure for britain 's leading luxury-car maker - a typical british executive car is mass produced and smaller than a luxury car - it generally no more than # N $ N roughly # N less than the which are all known for their leather work - we have designs for such executive cars but have never been able to develop them sir john said - gm 's help would make it possible for jaguar to build a wider range of cars - an executive model would significantly boost jaguar 's yearly output of N cars - you are talking about a couple hundred thousand a year said bob barber an analyst at u.k. brokerage james capel & co - a pact with gm may emerge in as little as two weeks according to sources close to the talks - the deal would require approval by a majority of jaguar shareholders - we have to make it attractive enough that holders would accept it sir john said - that may be difficult the jaguar chairman acknowledged when you have somebody else breathing down your neck - ford probably would try to kill the proposal by support from u.s. takeover-stock speculators and holding out the of a larger bid later said stephen reitman european auto analyst at london brokers phillips & drew - ford ca n't make a bid for jaguar until u.k. government restrictions expire - the anti-takeover measure prevents any outside investor from buying more than N N of jaguar shares without permission until dec. N N - but with its N N stake ford can a special jaguar shareholders ' meeting and urge them to drop the restrictions - it 's a very valuable weapon in their which could enable ford to bid sooner for jaguar observed mr. barber of james capel - otherwise jaguar may have to the two u.s. auto giants each owning a N N stake for more than a year - it would be difficult to see how a car company can be owned by a collective sir john said - it has never been done before but there 's always a first - although two baby bells showed strong growth in access lines usage and business revenue one reported a modest gain in third-quarter net while the other posted a small drop - corp. 's earnings increased N N after strong revenue gains were offset somewhat by refunds and rate reductions imposed by regulators in its midwest territory - bellsouth corp. 's third-quarter earnings dropped N N as a result of debt refinancing the recent acquisition of a cellular and property and rate reductions in its southeast territory - bellsouth - at bellsouth based in atlanta customer access lines grew by N or N N during the 12-month period ended - for the third quarter total operating revenue grew N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - total operating expenses increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - overall access minutes of use increased N N and toll messages jumped N N - bellsouth chairman and chief executive officer john l. said three factors accounted for the drop in third-quarter earnings - the refinancing of $ N million in long-term debt reduced net income by $ N million or five cents a share but in the long run will save more than $ N million in interest costs - the company previously said that the recent acquisition of mobile communications corp. of america would N earnings by about N N - in addition earnings were reduced by rate reductions in florida kentucky alabama tennessee and louisiana - - at based in chicago customer access lines increased by N or N N and cellular mobile lines increased by N or N N for the 12-month period ended sept. N - for the third quarter revenue increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - operating expenses increased N N to $ N billion including one-time pretax charges of $ N million for labor contract signing bonuses - local service revenue increased N N and and business revenue jumped N N - but network access revenue dropped N N and toll revenue dropped N N - a reflects 2-for-1 stock split effective dec. N N - b reflects extraordinary loss of five cents a share for early debt retirement - c reflects extraordinary loss of five cents a share and extraordinary gain of N cents a share from cumulative effect of accounting change - the wall street journal american way of buying survey consists of two separate nationwide polls conducted for the journal by peter d. hart research associates and the roper organization - the two surveys which asked different questions were conducted using national random probability samples - the poll conducted by peter d. hart research associates interviewed N adults age N and older from june N to june N N - the poll conducted by the roper organization interviewed N adults age N and older from july N to july N N - responses were weighted on the basis of age and to conform with u.s. census data - for each poll the odds are N out of N that if had sought to survey every household in the u.s. using the same the findings would differ from these poll results by no more than N N percentage points in either direction - the margin of error for for example married women with children at home would be larger - in addition in any survey there is always the chance that other factors such as question could introduce errors into the findings - program traders were buying and selling at full steam monday the first trading session after the stock market 's 190.58-point plunge friday - they accounted for a hefty N N of new york stock exchange volume monday the fourth busiest session ever - on friday N N of volume was in computer-guided program trades - in august by contrast program trading averaged N N of daily big board turnover - program traders were publicly following the crash oct. N N and a number of brokerage firms pulled back from using this strategy for a while - but as the outcry faded by the spring of N they resumed - some observers thought that after friday 's sharp drop the firms would rein in their program traders to avoid more controversy - but the statistics released yesterday show the firms did nothing of the sort - one reason they said was that the official reports on the N crash program trading as a cause - stock-index arbitrage is the most controversial form of program trading because it market moves if not actually causing them - in it traders buy or sell stocks and offset those positions in stock-index futures contracts to profit from fleeting price discrepancies - under the exchange 's program trading also describes a number of other strategies that in the opinion of some traders do n't cause big swings in the market - the big board 's disclosure of program trading activity on these two days was unusual - though it such data daily its monthly reports on program trading usually come out about three weeks after each month ends - the september figures are due to be released this week - the big board declined to name the wall street firms involved in the activity friday and monday or the type of strategies used - but traders on the exchange floor who can the computer-guided trading activity on monitor screens said most of the top program-trading firms were active both days - through august the top five program trading firms in volume were morgan stanley & co. kidder peabody & co. merrill lynch & co. painewebber group inc. and salomon brothers inc - though brokerage officials defended their use of program trading one sign of what an issue it remains was that few executives would comment on the record - besides the for program trading contained in the brady commission report they said stock-index arbitrage was actually needed monday to restore the markets ' - on friday the stock-index futures market was from the stock market when the chicago mercantile exchange halted trading in standard & poor 's N futures contract a circuit breaker procedure instituted after the N crash and implemented for the first time - futures trading resumed a half-hour later but the session ended shortly thereafter leaving the stock market set up for more sell programs traders said - by monday morning they said stock-index arbitrage sell programs helped the link between stocks and futures - but stunning volatility was produced in the process - the dow jones industrial average plunged a N points in the first N minutes of trading monday as stock-index arbitrage sell programs kicked in - at about N a.m. edt the market abruptly turned upward on stock-index arbitrage buy programs - by day 's end the dow industrials had rebounded N points or nearly half of friday 's drop - frederick 's of hollywood inc. los angeles said its board voted a N N increase in the specialty operator 's semiannual dividend to five cents a common share - the dividend is payable dec. N to stock of record nov. N - valley national corp. reported a third-quarter net loss of $ N million or $ N a share and suspended its quarterly dividend because of potential losses on its arizona real estate holdings - the holding company for arizona 's largest bank said it added $ N million to its allowance for losses on loans and for real estate owned - the company earned $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - for the nine months valley national posted a net loss of $ N million or $ N a share - it had profit of $ N million or $ N a share in the N period - valley national had been paying a quarterly dividend of N cents a share - the arizona real estate market continues to be depressed and there is still uncertainty as to when values will recover james p. simmons chairman said - the decision to increase the loan-loss reserve and suspend the dividend is both prudent and in the best long-term interest of the shareholders he said - valley national said it made the decision on the basis of an overall assessment of the marketplace and the condition of its loan portfolio and after reviewing it with federal regulators - the addition to reserves comes on top of a provision of $ N million that was announced in june - in july moody 's downgraded $ N million of the company 's debt saying the bank holding company had n't taken adequate write-offs against potential losses on real estate loans despite its second-quarter write-down - richard m. valley national 's executive vice president said then that the company believed the write-downs were adequate and did n't plan to increase its reserves again - bruce a banking analyst with & co. a denver brokerage firm said valley national is n't out of the woods yet - the key will be whether arizona real estate turns around or at least he said - they 've stepped up to the plate to take the write-downs but when markets head down a company is always exposed to further negative surprises mr. said - valley national closed yesterday at $ N a share down $ N in national over-the-counter trading - two years of down the drain - that 's the way a lot of brokers feel today on the second anniversary of the N stock-market crash - ever since that fearful black monday they 've been wooing wary individual investors trying to convince them that oct. N N was a and that the stock market really is a safe place for average americans to put their dollars - and until last friday it seemed those efforts were starting to pay off - some of those folks were coming back says leslie quick jr. chairman of discount brokers quick & group inc - we had heard from people who had n't been active for a long time - then came the 190-point plunge in the dow jones industrial average and a new wave of stock-market volatility - all of a sudden it was back to square one - it 's going to set things back for a period because it the concern of volatility says jeffrey b. lane president of shearson lehman hutton inc - i think it will shake confidence one more time and a lot of this business is based on client confidence - brokers around the country say the reaction from individual investors this week has been almost - customers and potential customers are suddenly complaining about the stock market in the exact way they did in post-crash N - the kinds of questions you had before have says raymond a. chip mason chairman of regional brokerage firm legg mason inc. baltimore - i can just tell the questions are right back where they were what 's going on ca n't anything be done about program trading does n't the exchange understand where is the sec on this - mr. mason says he 's convinced the public still wants to invest in common stocks even though they believe the deck is against them - but these wide swings scare them to death - all of this is bad news for the big brokerage firms such as shearson and merrill lynch & co. that have big retail or businesses - after expanding rapidly during the years up to the N crash retail brokerage operations these days are getting barely enough business to pay the overhead - true the amount of money investors are willing to to their brokers has been growing lately - but those dollars have been going into such safe products as money market funds which do n't generate much in the way of commissions for the brokerage firms - at discount brokerage charles schwab & co. such investments recently accounted for a record $ N billion of the firm 's $ N billion of client 's assets - the brokers ' hope has been that they could soon investors into shifting some of their into the stock market - and before last friday they were actually making modest progress - a slightly higher percentage of new york stock exchange volume has been attributed to retail investors in recent months compared with post-crash N according to securities industry association data - in N an average N N of big board volume was retail business with the monthly level never more than N N - the retail participation dropped to an average N N in N and to barely N N some months during the year - yet in N retail participation has been more than N N in every month and was N N in august the latest month for which figures are available - jeffrey the 's research director says that all of his group 's statistics could be by as much as five percentage points because corporate are sometimes included in big board data - but there did seem to be a retail activity pickup - but friday did n't help things says mr. - with the gyrations of recent days says hugo senior vice president at charles schwab many small investors are absolutely convinced that they should n't play in the stock market - joseph president of retail sales and marketing at painewebber group inc. still thinks that individual investors will eventually go back into the stock market - investors will develop and their confidence will return he says - friday 's plunge he is telling painewebber brokers was nothing more than a tremendous reaction to leveraged buy-out stocks - meanwhile painewebber remains among the leaders in efforts to simply persuade investors to keep giving wall street their money - it 's more of an important issue to keep control of those assets rather than push the investor to move into specific products such as equities mr. says - the equity decision will come when the client is ready and when there 's a of confidence - it could be a long wait say some industry observers - some investors will back in says richard ross a market research director for & in chicago - then there 'll be another swing - given enough of these this will drive everyone out except the most he adds - mr. ross who has been studying retail investors ' perception of risks in the brokerage industry said a market plunge like friday 's investors ' confidence in their ability to make any judgments on the market - the long-term outlook for the retail brokerage business is mr. ross declares - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - washington d.c. - $ N million of general obligation tax revenue anticipation notes series N due sept. N N - about $ N million were offered through shearson lehman hutton inc - shearson is offering the notes as N N N securities priced to yield N N - j.p. morgan securities inc. is offering the remaining $ N million of notes - the notes are rated by moody 's investors service inc - standard & poor 's corp. has them under review - federal national mortgage association - $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by bear stearns & co - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N securities - the offering used pricing - separately fannie mae issued $ N million of remic mortgage securities in N classes through first boston corp - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N securities - pricing details were n't available - the two offerings bring fannie mae 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total volume to $ N billion since the program began in april N - per italy - $ N million of N N depository receipts due nov. N N priced at N to yield N N less fees via bankers trust international ltd - fees N N - mitsubishi corp finance japanese parent - $ N million of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N annually less full fees via yamaichi international europe ltd - fees N N - indian oil corp india - $ N million of floating-rate notes due november N paying six-month london interbank offered rate plus N point and priced at par via credit suisse first boston ltd - guaranteed by india - fees N - notes offered at a fixed level of N - national bank plc u.k. - # N million of notes priced at par via lynch international ltd - initial interest rate set at N point over three-month libor - subsequent margins set by agreement between natwest and merrill - if no margin agreed there is a rate of libor plus N point in years one to N and libor plus N point thereafter - electric express railway co japan - $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N coupon at par via yamaichi international europe ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from dec. N N through nov. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - co japan - N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with an indicated N N coupon at par via bank ltd - put option on march N N at an indicated N to yield N N - callable on march N N at N also beginning sept. N N from N N and declining half a point to par - each N swiss franc note is convertible from nov. N N to march N N at an indicated N N premium over the closing share price oct. N when terms are scheduled to be fixed - n. nomura & co japan - N million swiss francs of privately placed convertible notes due march N N with an indicated N N coupon at par via bank - put option on march N N at an indicated N N to yield N N - each N swiss franc note is convertible from nov. N N to march N N at a N N premium over the closing share price oct. N when terms are scheduled to be fixed - n.v netherlands - N million dutch guilders of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N at issue price and N N less full fees via bank - fees N - continental airlines - a $ N million issue of secured equipment certificates priced through drexel burnham lambert inc - the size of the issue was decreased from an originally planned $ N million - in addition a planned two-part offering of $ N million in unsecured notes was n't offered - the first part consisting of $ N million of N N N secured equipment certificates due june N N was priced at N with a yield to maturity of N N - the second part consisting of $ N million of N N N secured equipment certificates due june N N was priced at N with a yield to maturity of N N - the third part consisting of $ N million of N N N secured equipment certificates due april N N was priced at N with a yield to maturity of N N - the fourth part consisting of $ N million of N N N secured equipment certificates due april N N was priced at N with a yield to maturity of N N - the issue was rated by moody 's and by s&p - all parts of the issue are callable at any time at par - continental airlines is a unit of texas air corp - john v. holmes an publisher and three venture-capital firms he organized were from violating the registration provisions of the securities laws governing investment companies - as part of an agreement that settled charges brought by the securities and exchange commission a receiver was also appointed for the three venture-capital firms - mr. holmes was the subject of a page one profile in the wall street journal in N after the sec questioned him about ties between him and companies he touted in a newsletter - in N in another consent agreement with the sec mr. holmes was from violating the and provisions of the securities laws - without any admission or of by mr. holmes that agreement settled sec charges that mr. holmes sold securities and investors - in charges filed last week in federal district court in charlotte n.c. the sec alleged that venture capitalists inc. venture finance corp. and new ventures fund inc. all of charlotte failed repeatedly to file proper documents - the sec also charged that mr. holmes acted as an officer or director of new ventures in violation of his previous consent agreement - some companies were in filings and other actions all of which cost money mr. holmes said - two of mr. holmes 's business associates who worked for venture capitalists ann smith and frederick also consented to being from violations of registration provisions of the securities laws - ms. smith also agreed to a permanent injunction barring her from acting as an officer director or investment adviser of any mutual fund unit investment trust or certificate company - mr. and ms. smith could n't be reached for comment - in to the none of the individuals or companies admitted or denied the allegations - senate republicans have settled on a proposal that would cut the capital-gains tax for individuals and corporations - at the same time a small group of senate democrats are working on a similar plan and may introduce it soon - sen. bob packwood r. ore. the lead sponsor of the gop proposal said he intends to unveil the plan today and to offer it as an amendment to whatever legislation comes along particularly this month 's bill to raise the federal borrowing limit - he gave odds that a capital-gains tax cut of some sort would be approved this year though it probably wo n't be included in the pending deficit-reduction bill - he added that he expects to talk to the democrats who also wanted to cut the gains tax about a joint proposal - for individuals the packwood plan would exclude from income N N of the gain from the sale of a capital asset held for more than one year - the exclusion would rise five percentage points for each year the asset was held until it reached a maximum of N N - the exclusion would apply to assets sold after oct. N N - as an alternative he said taxpayers could chose to reduce their gains by an inflation index - for corporations the top tax rate on the sale of assets held for more than three years would be cut to N N from the current top rate of N N - that rate would gradually decline to as little as N N for corporate assets held for N years - the packwood plan would also include a proposal designed by sen. william roth r. del. that would expand and alter the deduction for individual retirement accounts - the roth plan would create a new ira from which money could be withdrawn tax-free not only for retirement but also for the purchase of a first home and to pay education and medical expenses - current iras could be rolled over into the new iras but would be subject to tax - for their part the group of democrats are working on a plan that like the packwood proposal would grant larger to assets the longer they were held by individuals and companies - newly acquired assets would get a bigger break than those currently held - an extra exclusion would be given to stock in small and corporations just starting up - no one in the senate is considering the capital-gains plan passed by the house - that plan would provide a N N exclusion to assets sold over a N 1\/2-year period ending dec. N N - after then the house measure would boost the tax rate to N N and exclude from tax the gain attributable to inflation - senators are focusing on making a capital-gains permanent - separately chairman dan d. ill of the house ways and means committee said he did n't want the capital-gains tax cut or any other amendments attached to the pending bill raising the federal borrowing limit - the current debt limit expires oct. N - he also urged house and senate negotiators to rid the deficit-reduction bill of all provisions that increase the budget deficit including the house-passed capital-gains provision - from a helicopter a thousand feet above oakland after the earthquake in u.s. history a scene of devastation emerges a freeway into a concrete pumping water into apartments abandoned autos - but this quake was n't the big one the of N that has been feared for so many years - despite the loss of more than N lives and damage estimated in the billions most businesses and their plants and offices in the bay area were n't greatly affected - the economic life of the region is expected to revive in a day or two although some transportation problems may last weeks or months - a main factor more widespread damage was the location of the quake 's epicenter N miles from the heart of the silicon valley and more than N miles from downtown san francisco and oakland - also the region 's insistence on strict building codes helped prevent wider damage - the tremendous energy of the quake was by the distance so that most parts of the valley and the major cities suffered largely cosmetic damage broken windows falling brick and or - of course the quake was the worst since the emergence of the computer era turned silicon valley into the nation 's capital of high technology - like other major american cities the san francisco oakland area owes its current prosperity more to its infrastructure of linking thousands of computer terminals and telephones than to its location one of the world 's great natural harbors - when the tremors struck the region 's largely high-tech fabric held up surprisingly well despite the devastation visible from the air - michael l. vice president for network technology at pacific bell telephone co. says nearly all the network 's computer switches which move thousands of calls a minute from one location to another changed to battery power when the city lost power - the battery have enough power for only three hours but that gave emergency crews time to turn on an emergency system that runs primarily on diesel fuel - of some N switches in pacific bell 's network only four went down - one of those was in calif. near the earthquake 's epicenter - few telephone lines snapped - that 's because the widely used cable has been installed underground with N extra feet of cable between points - the slack the pulling strain generated by an earthquake - nevertheless phone service was sporadic many computer terminals remained dark and by late yesterday a third of san francisco remained without power - business in the nation 's metropolitan region was nearly an estimated one million members of the work force stayed at home - the economic was as abrupt as the earthquake itself as virtually all businesses shut down - the $ bay area economy represents of the economy of the nation 's most state and accounts for N N to N N of the nation 's total output of goods and services according to the center for continuing study of the california economy in palo alto - in high-tech the bay area accounts for N N to N N of the u.s. industry - this has been a major disruption for the bay area economy says the chief economist at the california department of finance - obviously things are going to have to go on hold for many companies - the damage to the bay area 's roadways could cause significant economic - a quarter of a million people cross the bay bridge every day far more than the N that use the bay area rapid transit system bart which was working but was n't in the city 's financial district yesterday afternoon because electricity was shut off and the area was being for gas leaks - california state transportation officials interviewed by telephone say they nevertheless do n't expect serious problems for commerce in and out of the bay area - all major roadways except interstate N known as the nimitz freeway and the bay bridge were open by N p.m. yesterday - officials expect difficulty traffic through downtown san francisco - the earthquake caused many streets to buckle and crack making them - other roads were by collapsed buildings and damaged water and power lines an emergency relief spokesman says - san francisco mayor art agnos estimated the damage to his city alone at $ N billion - but many predicted that the commercial disruption would be short-lived - of the scores of companies contacted by this newspaper few reported any damage that they did n't expect to have within a day or two - it is possible of course that some of the most seriously damaged companies could n't be reached particularly in areas the epicenter - typical perhaps was the situation at new united motor manufacturing inc. the general motors joint-venture auto plant in about N miles south of oakland - ten of the plant 's workers were injured when the quake hit about a half-hour into the afternoon shift seven were - metal on the plant floor fell over and water a spokeswoman says - the plant was and workers sent home - but the plant was able to resume limited production of its toyota and by N a.m. yesterday and was only N N of the work force about twice normal - computer maker hewlett-packard co. based in palo alto says one of its buildings sustained severe damage when it was knocked off its foundation - other buildings had broken glass light and broken pipes a says estimating the cost of in the millions - most banks were closed but were expected to reopen today with few problems anticipated - at the federal reserve bank of san francisco vice president robert says operations were along as usual yesterday afternoon - when the quake hit we turned on our emergency and brought our computers up he says - the fed serves as a for banks taking checks from one bank and sending them to another an operation that it handled smoothly tuesday night after the quake - the volume we received from the banks was a lot lower than usual he says - a plan in which the los angeles fed would come to san francisco 's aid was n't needed he adds - most of the telephone problems in the immediate aftermath stemmed from - the telephone network simply could n't handle the large number of people seeking to make a call at the same time - the volume resulted in delays that were as short as N seconds and as long as five minutes - mr. puts traffic volume at N to N times normal - american telephone & telegraph co. mci communications inc. and united telecommunications ' u s unit were blocking phone calls into the bay area to alleviate - the companies block traffic much as highway are blocked when traffic backs up - william e. pacific bell 's vice president of customer services for the bay area says most long-distance companies were blocking about N N of all calls - pacific telesis says its pacific bell unit also was blocking about N N of its calls locally - ironically the long-term effect of the earthquake may be to bolster the bay area 's economic fortunes and indeed the nation 's gross national product - it may also lead to new in major construction projects such as highways - it would in the near-term give a boost to the san francisco economy because there will be an influx of people to help says beth burnham a regional economist at hill a lexington mass. forecasting firm - the construction industry is sure to feel increased demand - there will be a big influx of federal dollars and gains in state federal and local employment ms. says - adds an economist at georgia state university there 's nothing positive about an earthquake but it will probably generate more construction activity - wall street reacted swiftly yesterday to the disaster by bidding up stocks of construction and related companies - shares of lone star industries inc. a cement maker rose sharply in anticipation of demand - in greenwich conn. lone star spokesman michael london says obviously with an earthquake of this size there are likely to be construction projects that would n't otherwise have been anticipated - but any increase is n't likely to be any kind of a surge - it 's something likely to be spread out over a long period of time - there will be a lot of repair work that wo n't require the quantities of cement or concrete that new would - lone star 's san francisco facilities were n't damaged in the quake - the earthquake is likely to reduce gnp in the near term and then could raise it a bit as rebuilding begins - the first effects are of course negative as work is disrupted and people lose income and cut spending - corporate profits may also dip initially - many of the lost tourism dollars wo n't be recovered many trips delayed never take place - subsequently however the ill effects are likely to be offset at least in economic terms as construction activity begins - because of the way the government keeps its books the damage to the bay bridge however costly wo n't be counted as a minus - the money spent on repairs will be counted as a plus - it 's very difficult to model the long-term impact of this says andrew goldberg who studies the and aspects of earthquakes at the center for strategic international studies in washington - you certainly can say it 's going to be extremely severe - we really are talking about down a major american city for a number of days maybe for a few weeks - mr. goldberg says the cost of the earthquake will definitely top $ N billion and could reach $ N billion - he that early damage estimates are often low the damage totals in hurricane hugo increased tenfold as more information was received - the earthquake damage of course would have been far greater if the epicenter had been in downtown san francisco - a direct hit on a major city mr. goldberg figures would cause $ N billion to $ N billion of damage - experts caution that it is far too soon for estimates of the quake 's total damage but it 's clear that insurers are likely to pay out enormous sums - jack the chairman of fireman 's fund corp. which is based in calif. estimates insured losses resulting the earthquake could total $ N billion - the impact on the insurance industry will be big and harsh but less than hurricane hugo says mr. who the bay area by car yesterday afternoon to get a sense of the company 's exposure to the earthquake - mr. says fireman 's fund will probably pay hundreds of millions in primary claims but after taxes and use of its reinsurance lines the company 's charge against earnings should n't top $ N million - the company was able to assess its damage liability quickly because it has computerized of northern california showing the exact locations of all the property it - fireman 's fund had claims adjusters on the streets of san francisco right after yesterday and was paying as many claims as it could right on the spot - fireman 's fund N homes and autos and N businesses in the bay area - in addition to paying for earthquake and fire damage the insurer must cover claims and also losses due to businesses being shut down by lack of power or phone service - but many californians may not have adequate insurance coverage to pay for damages to their property - the independent insurance agents of america says fewer than one of every five california homeowners has earthquake insurance - a somewhat higher percentage of people living in the bay area have bought the additional insurance protection but the great majority are n't covered - earthquake insurance typically runs $ N or more a year for a small house - whatever the long-term economic effect the scene from the helicopter above oakland is one of tragedy - sections of a freeway have been about like plastic building blocks - them sit cars and trucks abandoned in a scramble to safety the day before - in areas where the freeway made giant concrete of itself lie cars that police say have been into - on the rescue workers seem from the air to move in slow motion - they peck away at the N section of rubble searching for more of the N people thought to have died here - about N other deaths were also attributed to the earthquake - the heart of the earthquake N on the richter scale was N miles to the south near santa cruz but its terrible struck here on the nimitz freeway a major artery serving the bay bridge between oakland and san francisco - along the way the quake a mall in santa cruz knocked down buildings in san francisco 's fashionable marina district and sent a wall of bricks on in the city 's financial district - just a short span across the bay to the west the quake also showed its a area of the marina district lies under a steady stream of being pumped onto rubble to prevent it from - many of the buildings mostly and apartments were almost instantly as the underlying soil much of it landfill was literally turned to by the quake 's intensive shaking gas lines - say three persons died when one of the buildings exploded into a shortly after the quake struck - efforts to fight the were hampered because water were as well - from the air of yellow fire carry water from the bay to trained on the site - as stand behind and building inspectors survey rows of nearby buildings that were from their foundations and seem on the verge of collapse - in the marina district residents spent yesterday assessing damage cleaning up and trying to find friends and neighbors - N years old has lived in the district most of her life - her parents lost everything in the N earthquake - now we realize what our mothers must have gone through she says - we always heard about the earthquake but as children we did n't always listen - prince is the crown prince and grand duke of - an article in the world business report of sept. N editions incorrectly referred to his father grand duke jean as the crown prince - resolution funding corp. plans to sell $ N billion of 30-year bonds wednesday in the agency 's first sale of securities - the new bonds will be dated oct. N and mature oct. N N - tenders for the bonds available in minimum denominations of $ N must be received by N p.m. edt wednesday at federal reserve banks - refcorp created by the law enacted in august will use the proceeds to merge or sell off ailing savings-and-loan institutions - congress authorized $ N billion to be borrowed to pay for the thrift bailout - of that amount $ N billion has already been borrowed by the treasury department - unless otherwise specified in a particular offer the bonds wo n't be subject to redemption prior to maturity - interest payments on the bonds will be payable - the bonds are subject to federal taxation in the u.s. including income taxes - at the state and local level the bonds are subject to and estate and gift taxes but exempt from taxation as to principal and interest - searle & co. a monsanto co. unit is launching a program to give consumers more information about its drugs when doctors them - called patients in the know the program features fact sheets designed to be easy to understand - the sheets tell how the medicine works describe how to use it and list its possible side effects - they are designed to be given to patients by their doctors when the are prescribed and include space for the doctor to write special instructions - in addition searle will give on the use of prescription drugs for distribution in their stores - consumer groups have long that drug companies and doctors make more information available to patients - we believe that every drug that 's marketed to a consumer should have a consumer label said douglas of the public citizen health research group a ralph affiliate - dr. said searle is the only company i know that voluntarily will make consumer information available - according to federal officials and studies nearly half of the N billion filled each year are n't used properly meaning that money is wasted on some and patients are deprived of the benefits of medication - we think it 's very important to provide as much information as possible on the drugs consumers take said searle chairman - bond prices yesterday as investors kept close watch on the stock market and worried about a wave of new supply - early yesterday bonds rose as investors rushed to buy treasury securities on the prospect that stocks would plummet in the aftermath of the massive california earthquake - for example some securities analysts warned that stocks of certain insurance companies which face massive damage claims would get hit hard - but when the dow jones industrial average rose instead bonds drifted lower - with stocks not a major focus we 're waiting for the next light said brian j. chief economist at midland securities inc - if the stock market tremors are behind us then the bond market will go back to looking at the next batch of economic numbers to determine where interest rates are heading - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond which jumped N point or about $ N for each $ N face amount during the first hour of trading ended little changed - interest rates barely from tuesday 's levels - most junk bonds which have been battered in recent weeks continued a slow and ended unchanged to slightly higher - but some so-called high-quality junk issues fell as some mutual funds sold their most liquid issues to raise cash - rjr holdings capital corp. 's N N bonds due N fell one point - other rjr issues fell between N point and N N point - in the latest sign of how difficult it is to place certain junk bonds continental airlines said it was forced to scale back the size of its latest offering - continental a unit of texas air corp. slashed the size of its note offering from $ N million to $ N million - the move had been widely expected - in the offering the company sold a portion of secured notes but all the unsecured notes - a continental spokeswoman said the notes may be offered at a later date - this was not a deal she said - i think this is a market that required some level of security - it did not make sense to offer unsecured paper in an market - investors have been for weeks about the market 's ability to place the $ N billion to $ N billion of new junk bonds scheduled to be sold by year end - supply troubles were also on the minds of treasury investors yesterday who worried about the flood of new government securities coming next week - we 're being by new treasury and agency debt offerings said william sullivan jr. director of money-market research at dean witter reynolds inc - the market is concerned about its ability to underwrite all this debt at current levels - in addition to the $ N billion of treasury bills to be sold at next week 's regular monday auction the government will sell $ N billion of new two-year treasury notes - and resolution funding corp. said late yesterday that it will sell $ N billion of 30-year bonds wednesday - refcorp is the financing unit of resolution trust corp. a new government agency created to rescue the nation 's troubled thrifts - its securities have been dubbed bailout bonds by traders - in when-issued trading the two-year treasurys had a yield of about N N - in the municipal market all eyes were on california debt as investors tried to gauge the financial of tuesday 's earthquake - but traders said the quake had only a minor impact on the trading of california state and local municipal debt - there are certain bonds traders refer to as earthquake bonds because the issuers are on top of the san andreas fault said editor of the california municipal bond a newsletter for investors - since those bonds already pay a slightly higher yield an extra premium for the earthquake risk they were n't affected - but some bond market analysts said that could quickly change if property casualty insurance companies scramble to sell portions of their municipal portfolios to raise cash to pay damage claims - insurance companies will foot a substantial amount of the bill to san francisco said charles chief economist at manufacturers hanover securities corp - he also expects the performance of municipals to lag treasurys as california is forced to issue new debt over time to repair public facilities - a report issued late yesterday by standard & poor 's corp. concluded the quake wo n't cause credit deterioration for issuers and debt issues in the area of northern california affected by the quake - treasury securities - treasury bonds ended narrowly mixed in quiet trading - the benchmark 30-year bond ended at a price of N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N tuesday - the latest 10-year notes were quoted late at a price of N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - short-term rates were little changed - corporate issues - investment-grade corporate bonds ended N point lower - the continental junk bond offering underwritten by drexel burnham lambert inc. was the only new issue priced yesterday - in the offering the $ N million of secured equipment certificates was priced to yield N N to N N - municipals - municipal bonds ended about N to N point lower hurt by the circulation of two lists totaling $ N million - chemical securities inc. is acting as agent for the seller - meanwhile some california issues were down a touch more than the broad market but traders said there had n't been much investor selling because of the quake - but new york city general obligation bonds came under selling pressure - traders said a steady stream of bonds was put up for sale yesterday pushing yields for longer maturities up N percentage point - traders said investors were reacting to recent negative news on the city 's finances and are nervous ahead of the nov. N election - washington d.c. topped the competitive slate yesterday with a sale of $ N million of general obligation tax revenue anticipation notes - in late trading new jersey turnpike authority 's N N issue of N was off N point at N bid - the yield was N N up N percentage point - mortgage-backed securities - mortgage securities ended little changed after light dealings - there was no market impact from the california earthquake - dealers said there was some concern that insurance companies might be forced to sell mortgage securities to help pay earthquake-related claims but no selling materialized - the federal home loan mortgage corp. and federal national mortgage association two dominant issuers of mortgage securities have a sizable amount of california home loans in their pools - but their potential quake exposure is seen as small given that they require a financial cushion on all the loans they purchase - and because northern california home prices are so high loans from the region often are too large to be included in freddie mac and fannie mae pools - meanwhile government national mortgage association N N securities for november delivery ended at N N unchanged - freddie mac N N securities were at N N down N - in derivative markets fannie mae issued two $ N million real estate mortgage investment backed by its N N securities - foreign bonds - british government bonds or ended moderately lower as equities there recovered from tuesday 's drop - the treasury 's N N N bond due N fell N to N N to yield N N while the N N notes due N were down N to N N to yield N N - traders said today may be an anxious day for the market - several key economic figures are due out and chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson is scheduled to give the annual mansion house address to the financial community - the chancellor sometimes has used the occasion to announce major economic policy changes - economists do n't expect any such changes in this year 's address given mr. lawson 's apparent reluctance to adjust policy currently - meanwhile japanese government bonds retreated in quiet trading by the dollar 's - japan 's bellwether N N bond due N ended on brokers ' screens at N to yield N N - in west germany investors stayed on the sidelines as the bond market searched for direction - the government 's N N issue due october N fell N point to N to yield N N - the berlin wall still stands - but the man who built it has fallen - east germany yesterday removed erich honecker one of the against the reform through the communist world in an effort to win back the confidence of its increasingly citizens - but while it was a move that stunned the east bloc it hardly in an era of reform at least anytime soon - for the politburo replaced mr. honecker who had led east germany for N years and before that headed its security with a man cut of the same egon krenz the most recent chief and a longtime honecker - east germany it is clear is no poland where the communist party now shares power with the elected solidarity union - nor is it a hungary where yesterday the parliament approved constitutional changes meant to help turn the communist nation into a democracy - still any change in east germany has enormous implications for both east and west - it raises the hopes of many germans for reunification a prospect that almost equally political leaders in moscow washington and western europe - mr. krenz N was named the new party chief just minutes after the party 's central committee in east berlin - although the east german news agency claimed mr. honecker had asked to be relieved of his duties for health reasons west german government sources said the politburo had asked for his resignation at a separate meeting late tuesday - mr. honecker was twice this summer for a and his physical condition has been the subject of intense speculation in the western media - said mr. honecker a hard-line who in N the construction of the berlin wall also was relieved of his title as head of state and his position as chief of the military - mr. krenz is expected to be formally named to all three positions once the nation 's parliament later this week - mr. honecker 's fall nearly two decades of leadership during which mr. honecker now N years old built east germany into the most economically advanced nation in the soviet bloc - his grip on power unraveled this summer as thousands of his by the of his rule fled to the west - thousands more have taken to the streets in the last month in east germany 's largest wave of domestic unrest since a workers ' in N - in washington the bush administration took a cautious and skeptical view of the leadership change - the official line was to offer ties to mr. krenz provided he is willing to institute reforms - but u.s. officials have strong doubts that he is a - president bush told reporters whether that the leadership change reflects a change in relations i do n't think so - because mr. krenz has been very much in accord with the policies of honecker - one top u.s. expert on east germany added there is no champion of reform that we know of in the east german leadership - indeed mr. krenz said on east german television last night that there will be no sharing of power with pro-democracy groups - he said while dialogue is important enough already exist in which different interests can express themselves - the removal of mr. honecker was apparently the result of bitter within the top ranks of the communist party - according to west german government sources mr. honecker and several senior politburo members fought over the last week to delay any decisions about a leadership change - but with public demonstrations in the country growing in size and intensity mr. honecker and several key allies lost out in this battle officials say - those allies included politburo members who has long headed economic affairs and chief of information policy - both men were also relieved of their duties yesterday - although other resignations may follow it 's still not clear to what extent the change in party personnel will alter the government 's resistance to fundamental change - clearly the central figure in this process is egon krenz - born in N in a sea town now part of poland he was eight years old when world war ii ended - like west german chancellor helmut kohl he represents the postwar generation that has grown up during germany 's division - since joining the politburo in N as its youngest member mr. krenz had acquired the crown prince a reference to the widely held view that he was the successor to mr. honecker - in fact the two men have had similar career both having served as chief of internal security before their rise to the top party position - moreover both men have to a similar hard-line philosophy - notably one of mr. krenz 's few official visits overseas came a few months ago when he visited china after the massacre in beijing - he later defended the chinese government 's response during a separate visit to west germany - east german in particular fears mr. krenz in part because of an incident in january N when he was believed to have ordered the arrest of hundreds of who had sought refuge in the church - however mr. krenz also has a reputation for being politically - his ability to read the shifting popular mood in east germany is best illustrated by his apparent break with his old mr. honecker - indeed according to west german government sources he was one of the leaders in the power struggle that mr. honecker - in recent days mr. krenz has sought to project a image - according to a report widely circulating in east berlin it was mr. krenz who ordered police to stop using excessive force against demonstrators in leipzig - he does n't want to have the image of the gun man says fred an expert at the institute of east european and international studies in - he 's not a he wants to have the image of a - as part of his image mr. krenz is expected to take modest steps toward reform to rebuild confidence among the people and the party 's authority - besides other senior politburo officials who allied themselves with mr. honecker mr. krenz could loosen controls on the news media free up travel restrictions and establish a dialogue with various dissident groups - but will it be enough - west german government officials and western analysts are doubtful - he does n't what people want so the unrest will go on mr. predicts - at the same time the expectations of the east german people are great and will continue to grow - says one west german official what 's necessary now is the process of - not just that people are being heard but that their interests are being taken seriously - chancellor kohl meanwhile has invited mr. krenz to open discussions with bonn on a wide range of subjects - reports in the west german press citing sources in east germany suggest mr. krenz may serve only as a bridge between mr. honecker and a genuine reform leader - adding to that speculation is mr. krenz 's reputation as a heavy who is said to also suffer from - this is a dynamic process and we 're experiencing the first step the bonn official adds - the selection of mr. krenz may also moscow - soviet leader mikhail gorbachev has pressed hard for a change in east germany 's rigid stance - two party leaders favored by moscow as possible to mr. honecker party secretary and politburo member were passed over - if mr. krenz to rigid policies the pressure from the soviet union could intensify - in moscow mr. gorbachev sent mr. krenz a that appeared to urge the new leadership to growing calls for change - according to the soviet news agency tass gorbachev expressed the conviction that the leadership of the socialist unity party of east germany being sensitive to the demands of the time will find solutions to complicated problems the german democratic republic encountered - a force of younger members in the east german bureaucracy has for some time been pushing for within their country - the older generation has been torn between a fear of with the status and a fear of what might happen if they did n't - from the perspective of east germany 's old guard reforms that of capitalism and western-style democracy could eliminate their country 's reason for being - unlike the other nations of the bloc east germany is a of the cold war - the differences still europe and the vast international that implies wo n't endanger the of a poland or a hungary - but it could ultimately lead to german reunification and the disappearance of east germany from the - which is what the old guard fears - i 'm sure they 'll a reform that will be a for the 's future as a separately state says michael simmons a british journalist whose book on east germany entitled the country was published this month - up to now that has of a dogged effort by former leader walter to establish the country 's international legitimacy followed by mr. honecker 's campaign to build the east bloc 's only successful economy into a consumer - neither man achieved - early in N mr. honecker and his team stopped paying thin to mr. gorbachev and joined with in rejecting any necessity for adjustments in their systems - the and in contrast declared their intentions to reform while doing nothing concrete about it - the east german media soon began mr. gorbachev 's only as and giving space to his opponents - by late N they were banning soviet publications - the country abandoned its former to socialist unity and took to insisting instead that each country in the bloc ought to travel its own road - mr. honecker spoke of generally valid objective laws of socialism and left no room for debate - with this year 's in china and the soviet union and the drive to democracy in poland and hungary the east german leadership grew still more defensive - politburo member confessed to a grave concern over democracy - under the that the renewal of socialism he said forces are at work that are to eliminate socialism - some loyal voices in and out of the east german communist party saw the nation 's unrest coming - the first signs were economic - despite heavily subsidized consumer industries east germans have for years watched the west pull out ahead - in N for the first time economic growth came to a dead stop - some economists began to blame central planning - some writers in theoretical even raised the notion of introducing democracy at least in the workplace - by summer an independent reform movement was saying out loud what it had only before - but they are - their proclaimed purpose is to east germany of its not to merge with the west - one of their has a new of creative socialism - meanwhile the man mr. krenz has left an mark on east german society - by the during world war ii for his political mr. honecker the postwar generation of committed communist leaders in eastern europe who took their from moscow - he was a socialist who felt by west germany 's enormous postwar prosperity and the bonn government 's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of his state - finally during his first and only state visit to bonn two years ago he won some measure of the recognition he had long sought - but ultimately he was by forces by his own mr. gorbachev - mr. honecker 's removal was bound to happen says one aide to chancellor kohl - it was only a matter of time - the european community commission increased its forecast for economic growth in the ec in N to N N slightly higher than its june projection of N N - in its annual economic report for N the commission also projected N gross domestic product growth for the N ec members at N N - ec inflation was seen at N N in N higher than N 's N N price rise - however inflation for N was seen slowing to N N - leading ec growth forecasts in N was ireland seen growing N N at constant prices - slower growth countries included greece at N N the u.k. at N N and at N N - inflation is expected to be highest in greece where it is projected at N N and portugal at N N - at the other end of the spectrum west german inflation was forecast at N N in N and N N in N - nestle korea ltd. opened a coffee and plant in south korea - an official at nestle korea a N joint venture between nestle s.a. and the group said the new facility will manufacture all types of and ground coffee coffee mix and coffee - the south korean coffee market consisting mostly of instant coffee was estimated at about N billion won $ N million last year - brands made by the kraft general foods unit of philip morris cos. had about N N of the market share - nestle currently has only about a N N share with its 's choice coffee - poland plans to start negotiations soon on purchasing natural gas from iran the official republic news agency reported - the agency said polish prime minister told iranian deputy foreign minister of poland 's to purchase the gas during mr. 's current visit to warsaw - the agency did n't mention possible quantities and did n't say how the gas would be delivered - a chinese official criticized plans to close a british naval base in downtown hong kong - hong kong officials announced last week that the base will be to a small island to allow downtown redevelopment - but beijing wants to use the base for the people 's liberation army after N when the territory returns to chinese sovereignty - head of china 's delegation to a committee on hong kong accused britain of trying to impose a and said this is something we can not accept - the israeli and soviet national airlines have reached preliminary agreement for launching the first direct flights between and moscow a spokesman for the israeli airline el al said - el al director and top officials of the soviet union 's aeroflot negotiated a preliminary pact in moscow this week the spokesman said - he added that concluding the deal requires approval by the governments of both countries which have never had direct air links - the chairman and a director of one of the republic of singapore 's leading property companies city development ltd. or were charged yesterday with criminal breach of trust of some N singapore dollars about us$ N - hong chairman of and director were arrested by the republic 's corrupt practices investigation bureau tuesday night - in addition to in the alleged criminal breach of trust hong was also charged with receiving N that had been stolen - both men were charged in a subordinate court and released on bail of N million - the charges are the culmination of weeks of rumors concerning that have depressed the company 's share price and to a lesser extent the shares of all companies owned by 's controlling family brokers in singapore say - the control the hong group which has widespread interests in manufacturing property and finance in both malaysia and singapore - news of the arrest and charging of the two men helped to push prices on the singapore stock market sharply lower in early trading yesterday but brokers said that the market and shares recovered once it became apparent the charges were limited to the two men personally - one of the two british companies still making hard toilet paper stopped production of it - british decided to do away with its hard paper after a major customer british rail switched to softer for train - peasants in inner have partly a section of china 's great wall the official people 's daily said - the paper said the bricks were used to build homes and and as a result the wall is in terrible shape - wednesday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac - posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae - posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - a grand jury here indicted norton co. 's former director of research charging him with interstate transportation of stolen property - norton and general electric co. last month filed a lawsuit against the former research manager sung charging him with stealing trade secrets - mr. sung formerly worked at general electric in research on synthetic diamonds - the criminal charges brought against him involved ge technology according the court documents - if convicted he could be for up to N years and fined $ N - mr. sung could n't be reached for comment - he earlier denied the allegations against him in the lawsuit by norton and ge - norton makes and other diamond tools specialty plastics and - as the citizens of san francisco and surrounding communities began assessing the damage from tuesday 's devastating earthquake nbc news began assessing the damage from what some said was a failure to provide comprehensive coverage in the earthquake 's initial moments - in terms of coverage it was a disaster equal to the earthquakes said eric president for broadcasting of king broadcasting co. which owns the nbc affiliate in seattle wash - while rival abc news the competition in live coverage of the event by sheer luck the network was broadcasting the world series from candlestick park when the quake struck nbc news was unable to get its signal out of san francisco for the first hour after the quake - i have to attribute the lackluster performance to a natural disaster said mr. - so before i start to be really critical of nbc i would like to know more about what happened - there were no complaints from affiliates of cbs inc. and cable news network a unit of turner broadcasting system inc - but that was not the case at nbc news which has been dogged with the image of not being aggressive on major breaking stories - last summer the affiliates bitterly complained to network executives about the poor coverage of the student in china - i was not pleased with the slow start and neither was nbc news said guy general manager of nbc affiliate wave in louisville - a spokesman for national broadcasting co. a unit of general electric co. said the network was looking into what happened - the stations said they were pleased with the extended coverage yesterday including a special edition of today - don director of news at nbc news said in an interview that we could n't get a signal out of san francisco - we were out of the box - it was horrible - the comment we 're hearing is that we were slow out of the box but beat everyone else in the stretch - nbc broadcast throughout the entire night and did not go off the air until noon yesterday - the quake postponed the third and fourth games of the world series - in place of the games abc said it planned to broadcast next week 's episodes of its prime-time wednesday and thursday except for a one-hour special on the earthquake at N p.m. last night - the series is scheduled to resume tuesday evening in san francisco - there are no commercials to make up for since we 're going to eventually broadcast the world series said a network spokesman - pinnacle west capital corp. said it suspended indefinitely its common stock dividend and reported a N N plunge in third-quarter net income - the announcement made after the close of trading caught analysts by surprise - the company closed at $ N a share down N cents in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - pinnacle west slashed its quarterly dividend to N cents per share from N cents in december saying at the time that it believed the new lower dividend was - a company spokesman said the decision to eliminate the dividend resulted from a quarterly and that circumstances had changed since the december announcement - he declined to elaborate - edward j. jr. an analyst at shearson lehman hutton inc. speculated that the sudden dividend elimination an expensive agreement with thrift regulators over the company 's insolvent merabank savings and loan unit - analysts have estimated that pinnacle west may have to between $ N million and $ N million into the merabank unit before turning the thrift over to federal regulators - the latest financial results at the troubled utility and thrift holding company based in phoenix ariz. reflect continuing problems at merabank and losses in real-estate venture-capital and operations - third-quarter net income slid to $ N million or six cents a share from $ N million or N cents a year earlier - utility operations the only company unit operating in the black in the latest period had a N N drop in profit to $ N million largely as a result of at the company 's huge palo nuclear facility and the cost of purchased replacement power - in other operations losses at merabank totaled $ N million in the latest quarter compared with a $ N million profit a year earlier - the latest quarter includes a $ N million addition to loan-loss reserves - as recently as august the company said it did n't a need for substantial additions to reserves - pinnacle 's development co real-estate unit 's loss narrowed to $ N million from $ N million - the latest period included a $ N million write-down on undeveloped land while the year-earlier period included a $ N million reserve for real-estate losses - losses at its resources co unit narrowed to $ N million from $ N million a year ago which included a $ N million write-down of utility inventories - losses at el investment co. the venture-capital operation widened to $ N million from $ N a year earlier - the latest quarter included a $ N million write-down of investments - equitec financial group said it will ask as many as N investors in N of its public real-estate limited partnerships to give approval to rolling them up into a new master limited partnership - under the proposal by equitec a financially troubled real-estate new york-based group inc. would replace equitec as the newly formed master limited partnership 's general partner and manager - shares of the new partnership would trade on an exchange like a stock - is a merchant bank whose activities include the ownership management and financial restructuring of shopping centers office buildings apartments and other real estate - in a statement equitec chairman richard l. said the transfer will benefit both the company and investors in the N limited partnerships included in the proposed - while he did n't describe the partnerships ' financial condition he said their operations continue to drain the resources of equitec - equitec posted a $ N million net loss in the second quarter on $ N million of revenue compared with a net loss of $ N million in the year-earlier period on revenue of $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading equitec closed at $ N a share unchanged - because of tuesday 's earthquake in northern california company officials could n't immediately be reached for additional comment - a spokesman for said the N limited partnerships which were marketed by brokerage firms and financial planners between N and N raised several hundred million dollars from investors - with airline deals in a tailspin legendary wall street trader michael steinhardt could have trouble out of usair group traders say - only a week ago when airline buy-out fever was already down mr. steinhardt was engaged in a with usair - he was threatening to take over the carrier after spending an estimated $ N million to build an N N usair stake for his investment clients - the would-be raider even hired an investment banker to give teeth to his takeover threat which was widely interpreted as an effort to flush out an acquirer for usair or for his own stake - in fighting usair mr. steinhardt was against another investor warren buffett who bought into usair to help fend off mr. steinhardt - mr. buffett 's firm holds a much bigger stake in the carrier than mr. steinhardt 's firm steinhardt partners - now in the wake of ual 's troubles in financing its buy-out the airline game has been - instead of hoping to sell his usair stake at analysts ' estimated buy-out price of $ N a share mr. steinhardt is stuck with roughly N million usair shares that cost him $ N on average but yesterday closed at N N up N in new york stock exchange composite trading - it does n't make sense to out at this price mr. steinhardt says though he has stopped his takeover talk and now usair managers ' operating skills - at the current price the usair holding represents N N of all the assets that mr. steinhardt manages - a week ago usair stock briefly soared above N after a report in usa today that mr. steinhardt might launch a hostile bid for the carrier though takeover speculators say they were skeptical - if usair is worth N as a takeover and the stock went to N the market was saying steinhardt 's presence was n't worth anything in terms of getting a deal done says a veteran takeover - traders say this all goes to show that even the money manager can get infected with crowd - in trying to usair mr. steinhardt abandoned his usual role as a passive investor and ran into - moreover unlike mr. buffett who often holds big stakes in companies for years mr. steinhardt has n't in the past done much long-term investing - mr. steinhardt who runs about $ N billion for steinhardt partners made his name as a trader moving in and out of stocks with himself and his investment clients - meanwhile his big losses for instance in N 's crash generally have been trading losses - so some see a special irony in the fact that mr. steinhardt the trader now is with a massive airline holding - analysts say usair stock might lose four or five points if the steinhardt stake was dumped all at once - as a result mr. steinhardt must himself to selling usair at a loss or to holding the shares as an old-fashioned investment - long-term investing that 's not steinhardt 's style an investor who once worked at steinhardt partners - he does n't usually risk that much unless he thinks he has an in the hole adds another steinhardt partners - in recent days traders say usair has been buying its own shares as part of a program to retire about eight million usair shares though the carrier wo n't discuss its buy-back program - if usair stepped up its share purchases that might be a way for mr. steinhardt to get out says timothy a merrill lynch analyst - but usair might not want to help mr. steinhardt he adds - in N usair chairman edwin when trans world airlines chairman carl icahn threatened to take over the carrier - mr. icahn a much more practiced raider than mr. steinhardt eventually sold a big usair stake at a tiny profit through bear stearns - mr. steinhardt also could take that route - he big trading commissions on wall street firms - however with airline stocks he might not get a very good price for his shares traders say - especially for mr. steinhardt say people close to him is that usair 's mr. wo n't even take his telephone calls - while usair is n't considered absolutely its defenses including the sale in august of a N N stake in the company to mr. buffett 's are pretty strong - usair 's deal with mr. buffett was n't exactly a example of shareholder democracy mr. steinhardt says - since last april the investor has made seven so-called filings in usair as he bought and sold the company 's stock - such disclosures of big holdings often are used by raiders to try to scare a company 's managers and to stir interest in the stock - but of course it would be highly unusual for an investment fund such as steinhardt partners to take over a company - usair and mr. buffett wo n't talk about mr. steinhardt at all - analysts say usair has great promise - by the second half of N usair stock could hit N says of shearson lehman hutton - she thinks traders should buy the stock if it to N - but meanwhile usair is expected to show losses or lackluster profit for several quarters as it tries to digest airlines which it acquired - moreover some investors think a recession or renewed wars will airline stocks in coming months - however mr. steinhardt says he 's comfortable holding usair as an investment - while he has bought and sold some usair shares in recent days he says that contrary to rumors he has n't tried to unload his holding - mr. steinhardt adds that he bought usair stock earlier this year as part of a fundamental investment in the airline group - in N mr. steinhardt says he made money trading in texas air amr and ual - overall his investments so far this year are showing gains of about N N he adds - does mr. steinhardt regret his into the game - people close to the investor say that was an experiment he is unlikely to repeat - i do n't think you 'll find i 'm making a radical change in my traditional investment style mr. steinhardt says - resources inc. said it called for redemption on nov. N its $ N million outstanding of N N convertible subordinated debentures due N - the debentures were issued in the face amount of $ N million on july N N the ashland ky. coal mining water transportation and construction company said - the company said the redemption is permitted because the price of 's stock has or exceeded $ N for N consecutive trading days a condition set in the terms of the debentures - debenture holders are expected to convert most of the debentures into common because the value of the stock received in a conversion would exceed the $ N redemption price - commodore international ltd. said it will report a loss for the first quarter ended sept. N because sales of personal computers for the home market remained weak in some major countries - that will mark the second consecutive quarterly loss for commodore and will raise additional questions about whether it can sustain the turnaround it had seemed to be engineering - commodore west pa. had said in august that it was consolidating manufacturing to cut costs and expected to be profitable in the fiscal first quarter - commodore said that its announcement is based on preliminary information and that the situation could look different by the time final results are announced early next month - in fact commodore 's fiscal fourth-quarter loss was $ N million narrower than commodore had expected a few weeks after the quarter closed - still even results approaching break-even would mark a sharp weakening compared with fiscal N first-quarter earnings of $ N million or N cents a share on sales of $ N million - reflecting concerns about commodore 's outlook its stock has plunged more than N N since may closing yesterday unchanged at $ N a share in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - the price can be expected to erode further because the loss estimate came after the market closed - commodore has seemed to be setting the stage recently for progress in the u.s. where its personal-computer sales have been so dismal for years that commodore is close to dropping off research firms ' market-share charts - commodore has assembled an experienced management team it has persuaded many more dealers to carry its products and it has a advertising campaign - but those represent long-term strategies that probably wo n't succeed quickly even if they turn out to be the right ones - in the meantime the strategies will increase expenses - commodore had been counting on its consumer business to stay sufficiently healthy to support its efforts in other areas mainly in getting schools and businesses to use its which has graphics yet has been slow to catch on because it is n't compatible with apple computer inc. or international business machines corp. hardware - but sales to consumers have become difficult during the past several months even in west germany which has been by far commodore 's strongest market - the commodore N and N mainly used for children 's educational software and games had surprised market researchers by continuing to produce strong sales even though other personal computers now operate several times as fast and have much more memory - commodore has said it expects sales to rebound but market researchers have said that sales of the products may finally be off - stock prices closed slightly higher in the first routine trading day since friday 's big plunge - some issues were affected by tuesday 's devastating earthquake in the san francisco area - activity continued to slow from the hectic pace set during the market 's plunge late friday and its rebound monday as players began to set their sights on events coming later this week - the dow jones industrial average drifted through the session within a trading range of about N points before closing with a gain of N at N - broader averages also posted modest gains - standard & poor 's 500-stock index rose N to N the dow jones equity market index rose N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index gained N to N - some N new york stock exchange issues advanced in price while N declined - but the dow jones transportation average went down for the seventh consecutive session due largely to further selling in ual - the average dropped N to N and has now lost N N of its value since the losing streak began oct. N - big board volume dropped to N shares in line with the level of trading over the past few weeks from N million tuesday - traders cited anticipation of the consumer price report for september due today and tomorrow 's expiration of october stock-index futures and options as major factors in the slowdown - in addition activity at a number of san brokerage houses was curtailed as a result of the earthquake which knocked out power lines and telephone service throughout the bay area - stocks retreated to session lows just after the opening amid worries about the market impact of the quake but quickly snapped back to higher levels with the help of futures-related program buying - the early move essentially established the day 's trading range and traders said they saw little of the program activity that has battered the market recently - i did n't expect it to be this quiet - i expected to see more volatility as some of the institutions who were spooked last friday did some selling said raymond f. devoe a market strategist at legg mason wood walker baltimore - mr. devoe said he expects prices to show some renewed over the next few sessions as institutions their stance toward the market in light of its decline - i would suspect that a lot of investment committees are looking into whether they want to be in stocks at all he said - insurance stocks were sold at the opening amid concerns about the level of damage claims the companies would receive as a result of the earthquake - but those issues recovered quickly and turned higher because of expectations that the quake and the recent hurricane hugo would set the stage for an increase in premium rates - issues of insurance brokers were especially strong - marsh & mclennan advanced N N to N N alexander & alexander services climbed N to N and & black firmed N N to N N - elsewhere in the group general rose N N to N N american international group gained N N to N N aetna life & casualty added N N to N N and cigna advanced N to N N - the parent of financial rose N N to N N - companies in the construction engineering and sectors were among other beneficiaries of earthquake-related buying - the sector was the session 's best performer among dow jones industry groups fluor rose N to N N morrison gained N N to N N foster added N to N N and climbed N N to N N - among engineering firms rose N to N N on the big board and four others rallied on the american stock exchange jacobs engineering group which gained N N to N N engineering which rose N N to N N michael baker which added N N to N N and american science & engineering up N to N N - within the group georgia-pacific climbed N N to N and added N to N N after merrill lynch recommended the forest-products issues - advanced N N to N N lone star industries gained N N to N N rose N to N N added N to N N and industries rose N N to N N - pacific gas & electric fell N to N N in big board composite trading of N million shares and pacific telesis group slipped N to N N as the companies worked to restore service to areas affected by the quake - chevron added N to N - the company based in san francisco said it had to shut down a pipeline in the bay area to check for leaks but added that its refinery in nearby richmond calif. was - other companies based in the area include hewlett-packard which rose N to N national semiconductor which went up N to N N and genentech which eased N to N N - none of the firms reported any major damage to facilities as a result of the quake - bankamerica eased N to N N and wells fargo lost N to N N the two bank holding companies based in san francisco were forced to curtail some operations due to the temblor - among california savings-and-loan stocks h.f. ahmanson eased N to N N slid N to N N great western financial dropped N to N N and golden west financial fell N to N N - ual the parent company of united airlines swung within a range during the course of the session before closing at N N down N N on N million shares - british airways a member of the group that had offered $ N a share for ual in a leveraged buy-out said it had yet to receive a revised proposal and it was in no way committed to the completion of a bid - separately investor marvin davis withdrew his backup $ 300-a-share takeover offer - while ual faltered amr the parent of american airlines pulled out of its recent by rising N to N - the stock had been on the decline since the financing for the ual buy-out fell through on friday and developer donald trump subsequently withdrew a takeover offer of $ N a share for amr - also amr was the most active big board issue N million shares changed hands - gte added N N to N N - painewebber repeated a buy recommendation on the stock and raised its N earnings estimate by N cents a share to $ N - colgate-palmolive advanced N N to N after saying it was comfortable with analysts ' projections that third-quarter net income from continuing operations would be between N cents and $ N a share up from N cents a year ago - springs industries dropped N N to N - analysts at several brokerage firms lowered their N and N earnings estimates on the company after its third-quarter results proved disappointing - trinova third-quarter loss after a charge for a planned restructuring which will include the closing or of about N N of its plants and a work force cut of about N over three years - the amex market value index snapped a losing streak by rising N to N - volume totaled N shares - carnival cruise lines class a rose N N to N N - the company citing market conditions postponed a $ N million debt offer - philip morris cos. posted a N N jump in third-quarter profit on a N N revenue increase reflecting strength in the company 's cigarette food and brewing businesses - net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from the year-earlier $ N million or N cents a share - per-share figures have been adjusted for a stock split paid earlier this month - the new york-based tobacco food and beer concern said revenue increased to $ N billion from $ N billion - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange philip morris closed at $ N up N cents - philip morris disclosed little detailed information about performance by major business lines except to say that most including philip morris u.s.a. kraft general foods and miller brewing co. posted increased revenues - for the nine months net increased N N to $ N billion or $ N a share from $ N billion which included $ N million reflecting the effect of an accounting change - inc. citing depressed gold prices said it plans to suspend operations for an period at its gold mine in manitoba - said in vancouver british columbia that the production halt will be phased in over a period - currently produces gold at a cash operating cost of $ N an ounce which is high by industry standards and $ N or so above the current spot price - said it also plans in the third quarter to write down the carrying value of the mine by N million canadian dollars us$ N million and to write off most of the c$ N million carrying value of its gold property in british columbia - did n't say what impact the moves would have on total gold output or earnings and company officials were n't available - computer associates international inc. garden city n.y. and digital equipment corp. said they agreed to jointly develop software to help manage digital 's vax computers - computer associates has out a huge business selling such software for use in managing networks of international business machines corp. computers but needs to find new markets if it is to maintain its growth rate of N N and more each year - the market for software for digital 's hardware is enough that a giant such as computer associates should do well there - at the same time the market is smaller than the market for software - for one thing digital maynard mass. has sold fewer machines - in addition its machines are typically easier to operate so customers require less assistance from software - wang laboratories inc. mass. by declining demand for its computers reported a $ N million loss in its first quarter ended sept. N - revenue fell N N to $ N million from $ N million although some of the decline was caused by discontinued operations - wang had previously forecast a loss - the company reiterated that it expects another loss in the second quarter and for the full year although it expects a profitable fourth quarter - a year ago wang had earnings of $ N million or eight cents a share in its first quarter including a $ N million loss from discontinued operations - the latest period loss included a $ N pretax charge for severance payments - dayton hudson corp. said it accepted for purchase seven million common shares at $ N each under the terms of a dutch auction offer - the offer expired at N a.m. yesterday - in a dutch auction the buyer sets a price range and holders give a price in that range at which they 're willing to sell their shares - the buyer then picks a price and buys shares at that price from holders who offered to sell at that price or lower - dayton hudson 's repurchase offer representing about N N of its common shares outstanding had established a range of between $ N and $ N for the buy-back - dayton hudson said it accepted all shares tendered at or below the final $ N price the preliminary factor for other shares tendered at or below the final price is N N - the retailer said it expects to pay for the seven million shares next thursday - tendered shares not purchased will be returned to holders - in new york stock exchange composite trading dayton rose $ N to $ N - continental bank corp. 's third-quarter net income slipped N N despite a big gain from the sale of the company 's london headquarters building - the $ N million gain on the sale was offset by lower interest income poorer results from foreign-exchange trading and a $ N million loss on the sale of a unit securities settlement corp - chicago-based continental earned $ N million or $ N a share compared with $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the N quarter also included one-time gains totaling about $ N million - the bank which has loss reserves equal to about half its long-term and loans to less-developed nations said it does n't think additional reserves are required - enron corp. said a subsidiary and two united kingdom firms are studying the of a N power plant in northern england as an of the government 's privatization program - enron power corp. a unit of the houston natural gas pipeline company would design construct and run the plant - gas to fuel it would be from the north sea - a subsidiary of britain 's imperial chemical industries would buy electricity and steam from the proposed station - surplus power would be sold on the open market enron said - also participating in the study enron said is the national power division of britain 's central electricity generating board - upon privatization national power will be responsible for N N of the country 's power generating business - viacom inc. new york reported that its third-quarter loss widened to $ N million or N cents a share primarily because of interest expense of $ N million - a year ago viacom had a net loss of $ N million or $ N a share - interest expense in the N third quarter was $ N million - in the year-ago quarter viacom also paid preferred stock dividends of $ N million viacom exchanged its preferred stock for debt in march - the communications and entertainment company said revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - viacom attributed the improvement to higher earnings from operations in its networks segment which includes the and showtime networks - viacom said it also restructured bank debt under a $ N billion unsecured bank agreement that offers significant interest rate savings - m. viacom 's chairman said viacom emerged from our leveraged buy-out structure and gained substantial operating and financial flexibility through the bank pact - trinova corp. ohio said it is launching an extensive restructuring of its core business and took a charge that resulted in a loss of $ N million or N cents a share for the third quarter - trinova said it will close move or overhaul N of its N manufacturing facilities and over the next three years cut N jobs from its current world-wide payroll of N employees - most of the factory closings and job cutbacks will affect trinova 's operations which manufacture automotive plastics and other industrial and automotive parts - and plastics together account for about N N of trinova 's total annual sales - in a separate announcement trinova said the group has agreed to sell its and related businesses to midland inc. of conn - terms were n't disclosed - to provide for the restructuring 's costs trinova said it took an after-tax charge of $ N million or $ N a share in the third quarter - the $ N million net loss compares with net income of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - trinova closed at $ N down $ N in new york stock exchange composite trading - a group of investors including 's communications corp. and holding s.a. have agreed to buy N N of odeon a financially troubled italian tv station - florio managing director of said the investors would pay only a one for the station but we have agreed to raise the capital that will enable the company to continue operating - it 's sort of a chapter N situation he added referring to the u.s. bankruptcy law that protects companies from creditors while they restructure - odeon which draws about N N of italian tv viewers has debt of N billion lire $ N million mr. said - he added that details of the recapitalization still have to be worked out but that will take N N of odeon rome film producer bruno will take N N and the remaining N N currently owned by will eventually be sold to other investors - odeon 's owner will retain his N N stake - italy 's supreme court this year ordered parliament to write a law that will regulate media ownership - we think that it 's going to be far more favorable to own a station before the law is passed than to try to buy one afterward mr. said - san francisco area officials gave the media high marks for helping people find shelter and obtain emergency information after tuesday 's catastrophic earthquake - the press has been doing an excellent job - they are telling people what roads are closed and just keeping the public informed has helped to keep the panic down said james ball a station supervisor at daly city police department - mr. ball noted that television stations featured people holding up phone books explaining where to call for help - radio stations provided an emergency number for people who gas but did n't know how to turn off their gas supply - kim schwartz a for the american red cross in los angeles said television and radio stations in san francisco played a very positive role by providing the address of N shelters of the red cross and by giving out the red cross number for contributions to help earthquake victims N - the san francisco examiner issued a special edition around noon yesterday that was filled entirely with earthquake news and information - the examiner and the san francisco were able to publish despite tuesday 's quake which occurred close to deadline for many newspapers - sterling software inc. said it lost its bid to supply software services to the national aeronautics and space administration 's research center at field calif - sterling which estimated the value of the contract at $ N million said nasa selected another bidder for final negotiations - in N dallas-based sterling a similar decision by nasa involving the same contract claiming it had submitted the lowest bid - as a result last march the general services administration board of contract appeals directed nasa to reopen negotiations on the contract - sterling said it had requested a briefing by nasa but had not decided whether to protest the agency 's latest decision - consolidated rail corp. new york reported that third-quarter net income climbed N N to $ N million or $ N a share exceeding analysts ' expectations - in the year-earlier quarter the freight railroad earned $ N million or $ N a share - james a. chairman and chief executive officer noted that earnings advanced in the face of a drop in business brought on by the general economic slowdown - revenue slipped N N to $ N million from $ N million - for the rest of N mr. said 's traffic and revenue will reflect the sluggish economy but will continue to take steps to control and reduce costs - for the nine months earnings grew N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenue was flat at $ N billion - georgia gulf corp. hurt by declining sales and falling chemical prices said third-quarter earnings fell N N to $ N million from $ N million in the year-earlier period - sales declined N N to $ N million from $ N million - the atlanta-based chemical manufacturer said lower prices hurt margins for most products - we did see some relief in raw material costs but it was n't sufficient to offset the drop in sales prices james r. the company 's chairman and chief executive officer said in a statement - on a per-share basis quarterly earnings remained at $ N the same as last year because of the company 's share buy-back program - georgia gulf had N million shares outstanding on average in the quarter compared with N million in the third quarter of N adjusted for a stock split paid in january N - in composite new york stock exchange trading stock in georgia gulf which has been mentioned as a takeover candidate rose $ N a share to close at $ N - this city dispatched inspectors and other personnel to aid san francisco - but a secondary agenda among officials in the city of angels was to learn about the plans that work and those that do n't - los angeles mayor tom bradley used the opportunity to push the city council harder to pass a measure establishing a reserve of $ N million - the amount would help los angeles cope in the first few weeks after its own anticipated quake while waiting for federal assistance to arrive - after san francisco mayor art agnos spoke on television of the need for building inspectors to check the of buildings los angeles dispatched N inspectors to help - and the county of los angeles placed its and on alert ready to send in and san francisco that the city has N hospital at its disposal - two los angeles radio stations initiated red cross campaigns and one los angeles bank manager over $ N of his own money for relief purposes the red cross said - the los angeles red cross sent N N and N of blood - it is also pulling N people out of puerto rico who were helping hugo victims and sending them to san francisco instead - the arizona corporations commission authorized an N N rate increase at tucson electric power co. substantially lower than recommended last month by a commission hearing officer and barely half the rise sought by the utility - the ruling follows a host of problems at tucson electric including major write-downs a N N slash in the common stock dividend and the departure of former chairman during a company investigation of his stock sales - the arizona regulatory ruling calls for $ N million in added revenue yearly compared with a $ N million boost proposed by the commission hearing officer - the company had sought increases totaling $ N million or N N - the decision was announced after trading ended - tucson electric closed at $ N a share down N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - a tucson electric spokesman said the utility was disappointed by the commission 's decision and concerned about the financial integrity of the company - south korean president roh woo aside suggestions that the won be again said the currency 's current level against the dollar is appropriate - his comments made in response to reporters ' questions at the national press club here signaled that seoul is u.s. pressure for a further rise in the currency 's value - the u.s. wants a higher won to make south korea 's exports more expensive and help trim seoul 's trade surplus - many south korean business people want a devaluation instead arguing that the won 's recent gains already have weakened the country 's export performance - mr. roh also said south korea is taking steps that would free the won to respond to market forces - seoul has pointed to its lack of a foreign exchange market as one reason the won 's value remains heavily controlled - mr. roh said a u.s. demand for the removal of south korean import quotas on beef will be resolved but gave no hint when that will happen - speaking to a joint meeting of congress earlier he said south korea ca n't move quickly on such agricultural trade issues without causing political and social - great american bank said its board approved the formation of a holding company enabling the savings bank to pursue banking activities under a new federal law - the proposed holding company 's primary purpose would be to allow great american to continue engaging in real estate development activities it said - those activities generated $ N million in operating profit last year - but according to great american such profits do n't count toward meeting the san diego savings bank 's new capitalization requirements under N federal law - the new real estate unit would have a separate capital structure to comply with the law - the proposed holding company would also consolidate great american bank in san diego and its tucson ariz. savings bank into a single federally chartered institution in san diego - the consolidation is expected to save $ N million a year in administrative costs a great american spokesman said - dale lang who this week completed the acquisition of the publisher of ms. and sassy is about the challenge he is taking on - mr. lang admits that ms. is in dire and that sassy needs big promotional dollars to keep it alive - but the publisher has moved quickly and to deal with the magazines ' problems - last friday he told the staff of ms. that the magazine in january would begin publishing without advertising - mr. lang will do away with expensive circulation drives not to mention sales staff and attempt to publish the magazine supported by circulation revenue alone - any fool can publish a money-losing magazine - i want to publish one that succeeds said mr. lang - for ms. it 's time to publish for the reader not the advertiser - as for sassy which competes directly with news corp. 's magazine mr. lang says that in the next two years he will spend $ N million promoting and improving the magazine - though sassy has grown quickly since its debut in march N it has been the target of conservative lobbyists and advertisers who at its frank editorial matter on problems - mr. lang said the former australian owners of sassy were by the moral majority - their reaction was to do nothing and ride it out - he said sassy will keep its tone but added we will keep a close watch on the editorial content of the magazine - sassy already has recovered circulation has quickly passed the N mark and advertising pages have stabilized this year at more than N - what 's more mr. lang says he has what all publishers wish for a niche - is written more for mothers not their daughters said mr. lang - but sassy has a different spirit - it gets more mail in a month than mccall 's got in a year and it 's not from mothers - i feel about sassy like i did about working woman N years ago - mr. lang took on ms. and sassy with the acquisition of publications inc. by his newly formed lang communications - lang owns N N of while citicorp owns the rest through its citicorp venture capital partners - two weeks ago citicorp and mr. lang pumped $ N into just to keep the doors open - industry observers have mr. lang on what some call his handling of ms. but his track record in magazine publishing in general has gotten mixed reviews - besides ms. and sassy closely held lang communications includes success a magazine for entrepreneurs and small businesses and working woman and working mother two monthly magazines - working woman with circulation near one million and working mother with N circulation are legitimate magazine success stories - the magazine success however was for years lackluster and - only recently has it been and its editorial product improved - success is expected to gain at least because of the recent of rival venture another magazine for growing companies - working woman and working mother have operated as part of working 's group a joint venture between mr. lang and time warner inc - the joint venture is being with mccall 's magazine being sold last summer to the new york times co. 's magazine group for about $ N million and time warner agreeing to sell back its N N interest in working woman and working mother to mr. lang - executives at time inc magazine co. a subsidiary of time warner have said the joint venture with mr. lang was n't a good one - the venture formed in N was supposed to be time 's low-cost safe entry into women 's magazines - mr. lang surprised time soon after joining forces when he said he would negotiate rates with advertisers a practice common in broadcasting but considered by magazine publishers - in addition mccall 's put in a less than performance - until a recent comeback it saw steep losses in ad pages and circulation - time executives complained about the editorial quality and in the end one time executive who asked not to be identified said frankly mccall 's and the joint venture were an embarrassment - mr. lang feels that time 's priorities changed - their management changed right after the venture was formed and i do n't think they were comfortable getting into the competitive wars of women 's service magazines - today mr. lang believes his magazines will offer what many women 's magazines do n't - we write straight for women on their level he said - we do n't have passive readers - mr. lang points out that even success in part fits the company 's image since about N N of its is female - mr. lang has named carol N as group publisher of new york-based lang communications - she will oversee working woman working mother and success magazines and retain her post as publisher of working woman - the sale price of mccall 's twice what mr. lang originally paid for it will finance lang communications ' buy-back of time warner 's N N interest in working woman and working mother - mr. lang says he is n't new acquisitions at least for now - we would have to go outside to banks to get the money and i am not ready to do that he said - besides we have enough on our plate - there is plenty of work to be done on what we have - britain 's monopolies and mergers commission wednesday cleared rhone-poulenc s.a. 's purchase of a specialty unit from monsanto co. saying the purchase was unlikely to have any lasting impact on u.k. industrial consumers - the commission which was asked to study the deal by the department of trade and industry after its announcement in february said the diversity of global supply of chemicals used in making drugs was great enough to offset the dominant u.k. market share rhone-poulenc would gain through the acquisition - the french chemical giant would hold an N N share of the u.k. market for acid and bulk - the commission found that if the british government attempted to block the merger rhone-poulenc would likely respond by closing the plant monsanto operates in removing the matter from u.k. jurisdiction - morrison corp. posted third-quarter net income of $ N million or N cents a share continuing a rebound from steep year-ago losses - in the third quarter a year-earlier the construction and engineering concern posted a loss of $ N million or $ N a share - revenue in the latest quarter rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange morrison gained $ N to $ N - morrison said the engineering and construction segment performed well with the mining and operations making important contributions - morrison had losses totaling $ N million over the two years ended in december but it has surged back to profitability as a result of cost-cutting and shedding of unprofitable operations - in the nine months the company 's net income was $ N million or $ N a share compared with a year-earlier loss of $ N million or $ N a share - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the house ethics committee officially cited rep. jim bates d. calif for two female employees but did n't recommend formal disciplinary action - rep. bates said he accepted the finding but one of the victims denounced the ethics panel 's action as absurd - acting more than a year after ms. filed a complaint the panel issued a letter of saying rep. bates had admitted conduct that violated a house rule discrimination against employees on account of their sex - it ordered rep. bates to write letters of to ms. and to a second karen - rep. bates said he would write the letters as ordered - i accept the resolution of the matter by the ethics committee he said - the panel also warned rep. bates that any further violations may result in a recommendation that disciplinary action be considered - but ms. asked who in their right mind is going to file another complaint with the ethics committee - rep. bates has publicly for from voters and was with N N of the vote last november - mesa airlines said the takeover offer it received earlier this week from stateswest airlines is for a combination of cash and securities valued by stateswest at $ N a mesa share - both companies are regional carriers in the southwest - when it made the offer stateswest declined to disclose details and asked mesa to do the same - but mesa said the offer was for $ N in cash and unspecified stateswest securities valued at $ N a share - based on the number of mesa shares outstanding not already owned by stateswest the proposed takeover would have a value of about $ N million - stateswest owns N N of mesa - last week mesa rejected a general proposal from stateswest that the two carriers combine - in response to the specific offer gary mesa vice president said management will ask directors to employ a financial consultant to advise them - group plc a u.k. engineering company reported a N N jump in pretax profit for the six-month period ending june N - pretax profit rose to # N million $ N million from # N million $ N million matching analysts ' expectations which ranged from # N million to # N million - profit after taxes and minority interests increased N N to # N million from # N million in the year-earlier period while earnings per share rose N N to N pence N cents from N pence N cents - said its core electrical products division enjoyed strong growth with a N N rise in operating profit during the period - financial group reported a N N increase in net income in the third quarter led by a N N gain in its financial services group - fleet 's net was $ N million or N cents a primary share compared with $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the r.i. financial services group which includes leasing and operations contributed $ N million to net up from last year 's $ N million - fleet also noted that unlike other banking companies in the northeast it has been only marginally hurt by nonperforming loans that have resulted from the regional real estate market - fleet reported nine-month net of $ N million or $ N a primary share up from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - franklin federal savings & loan association said it expects to post a third-quarter net loss of about $ N million or $ N a share as a result of adding $ N million in loan-loss reserves - the ore. thrift which has $ N billion of assets had net income in last year 's third quarter of $ N million or N cents a share - franklin said it expects to report earnings for the latest quarter next week - the additional reserves to possible write-downs of certain assets held by franklin and its subsidiaries and the default of a bond in its investment portfolio the thrift said - according to a spokeswoman they also to changes franklin will have to make in its accounting procedures to comply with new federal capitalization requirements for thrifts - the company 's shares closed yesterday at $ N off N cents in national over-the-counter trading - arkla inc. said that as part of a program to improve profitability it will take a total of $ N million in after-tax charges by year end - it also announced an initial public offering of N N of its gas exploration and production subsidiary - the natural gas company said the charges though partially offset by a one-time gain from the offering will result in a full-year after-tax loss - last year the company had net income of $ N million or $ N a share - arkla said it will report $ N in one-time charges against continuing operations for the third quarter reflecting settlement of certain natural gas contracts - it said it will take a $ N million fourth-quarter charge against discontinued operations reflecting certain write-downs and the planned sale of a unit - arkla said its initial offering of N N of arkla exploration co. is expected to result in a net gain of about $ N million which will be used to pay down arkla debt - arkla exploration owns sizable gas and reserves in the south and southwest - south africa negotiated a new debt agreement with its major foreign creditors for about $ N billion of its foreign debt outstanding said chris governor of the reserve bank and the country 's chief debt negotiator - the new agreement will last for N N years starting july N N when the current agreement expires - the announcement with the start of the commonwealth ministers conference in kuala lumpur where proposals for renewed sanctions against south africa including moves to block settling of a new debt agreement were scheduled to be discussed - as with the previous pact the new agreement covers the country 's debt inside the net which applies mainly to due to overseas creditor banks by the private sector - the agreement calls for south african to make in eight starting in december of next year - the redemption then would be at N N of the total debt increasing to N N in february N and to N N at six-month thereafter - a revised provision would be included for the conversion of short-term claims inside the net to long-term loans outside the net - these claims would be over a 10-year period - foreign debt falling outside the net of affected which mr. estimated at $ N billion would remain not subject to the debt arrangements - new york times co. said net income rose in the third quarter because of a one-time gain on the sale of the company 's cable-tv system - net surged to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the latest quarter included a gain of $ N million or $ N a share from the sale of new york times cable completed in august - exclusive of the gain operating profit declined N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - the decline primarily reflected the from acquiring mccall 's golf world u.s. and sailing world magazines lower equity earnings from the forest-products group because of price discounting and an unfavorable exchange rate and an N N decline in advertising at the new york times the company 's flagship newspaper - advertising volume at the company 's N regional newspapers decreased N N - the company said the negative factors are expected to continue into next year - revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - democrat gene taylor won a special election to fill the congressional seat vacated by the death of republican smith taking back the gop 's lone in mississippi 's house delegation - mr. taylor 's overwhelming victory against republican tom anderson a seat the republicans had held for N years and gives the democrats their fifth victory in the seven special house elections held this year - mr. taylor a state senator from bay st. louis won N N of the vote in a district that has voted republican in the past five presidential elections and that was once represented by republican u.s. sen. - mr. taylor 's victory was an embarrassment for both state and national republicans - mr. anderson a former aide received campaign assistance from the senator and from president bush who visited the district last week - even so mr. taylor carried all but one of the district 's dozen counties - rep. smith died in a plane crash on aug. N - wall street journal reporters called companies with headquarters or facilities in the bay area in a bid to assess the damage to their operations caused by tuesday 's earthquake - the calls reached many but certainly not all of the publicly held companies with operations in the area - in most cases damage to company facilities and operations was minimal - services inc. menlo park temporary personnel agency annual sales of $ N million otc said all N offices in bay area were working but in various states of disarray - business was slow because many companies were closed yesterday - advanced micro devices inc. sunnyvale integrated circuit maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse had only minor structural damage - most of its N workers were at work yesterday and no production slowdown was anticipated as long as electricity remains available - corp. sunnyvale computer maker annual sales of $ N billion amex was closed yesterday and no damage estimates were available - american building maintenance industries inc. san francisco provider of maintenance services annual revenue of $ N million nyse had some damage to headquarters and lost phone service but operations were moved to a branch office and are running smoothly thanks to a computer system the company had developed before the quake - american president cos. oakland shipping concern annual sales of $ N billion nyse had little damage to the or rail track at its facility near the collapsed route N - the company expects to work a ship due in today with minimal delays despite sporadic power - anacomp inc. indianapolis nyse said its corp. unit a sunnyvale maker of computer disks and with annual sales of $ N million had only minor damage and is fully operational - electronics inc. san jose distributor of electronic parts annual sales of about $ N million nyse sustained very little damage anticipated being in N N operating condition by midday - apple computer co. cupertino computer maker annual sales of $ N billion otc sustained some structural damage - offices were closed yesterday - applied materials inc. santa clara maker of machine systems annual sales of $ N million otc had slight damage to headquarters no damage to manufacturing plants - company with N workers in area is fully - corp. sunnyvale maker of personal computers and software annual sales of $ N million amex had minor damage and expects to be fully operational by tomorrow - bankamerica corp. san francisco bank holding company annual revenue of $ N billion nyse yesterday had no power at its headquarters N of its N northern california branches were closed and N of N automatic teller machines were closed in the area - securities trading was conducted in a backup facility in concord - corp. san francisco engineering and construction concern annual sales of $ N billion had only minor structural damage at its three buildings in the city but its computers were knocked out - backup computer tapes were to an ibm office in philadelphia and the company expects its mainframe to be up in a few days - workers except for senior management were asked not to report for work yesterday - laboratories inc. biological research and leader $ N million in annual sales amex said its richmond warehouse north of san francisco was closed because of debris and fallen shelves - it expects to be fully operational by next week - international valley personal computer and software designer annual sales of $ N million had heavy damage to its headquarters and was conducting business from its parking lot - the company does n't expect any shipping delays - businessland inc. san jose computer retail company annual sales of $ N billion nyse said all N corporate office and stores in the area were open with the exception of a retail center in san francisco 's business district - that facility should reopen today - carter stores inc. los angeles retailer annual sales of $ N billion nyse said nine of its N stores in the area were closed because of water damage broken windows and fallen displays - a spokesman said sales are expected to be hurt but the losses are covered by insurance - chevron corp. san francisco oil company annual sales of $ N billion nyse had minor damage to downtown headquarters but structural damage closed two of its seven buildings in san industrial park - company expects to be fully operational by next week - co. oakland consumer products annual sales of $ N billion nyse was closed yesterday but plans to reopen today or tomorrow - meanwhile orders are being through products unit in louisville ky. but computer problems mean they must be processed - expects to be fully operational early next week - inc. palo alto laser maker annual sales of $ N million was closed yesterday but expects to reopen today - consolidated inc. menlo park trucking company $ N billion in annual sales nyse had structural damage to motor freight subsidiary 's office in palo alto no damage in menlo park - companies inc. palo alto medical products maker annual sales of $ N million nyse had little damage and was in full operation yesterday - dayton hudson corp. minneapolis retailer annual sales of $ N billion nyse closed seven of its N bay-area target discount stores and nine of its N 's department stores because of pending reviews by structural engineers or requests from authorities who were trying to keep shoppers off the freeways - the company expects to reopen three target stores and all but two 's today or tomorrow - inc. south san francisco maker of magnetic equipment annual sales of $ N million amex had minor damage mostly in a - the company plans to be fully operational today - digital equipment corp. maynard mass. computer maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse had structural damage at its san francisco sales office but no damage elsewhere in the area including its cupertino plant - grand ice inc. oakland ice maker annual sales of $ N million otc said it is delivering ice wherever roads are - systems inc. maker of personal computers and peripherals annual sales of $ N million otc had minor damage and was almost fully operational yesterday - exxon corp. new york oil company nyse said its refinery northeast of san francisco was operating at a slightly reduced rate as a in case of aftershocks - ford motor co. dearborn mich. auto maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse said its three ford aerospace unit facilities in the bay area including a operation in palo alto had no major damage - gap inc. san bruno clothing retailer annual sales of $ N billion nyse expects most of its stores to return to full operation and all N of its bay-area workers to be back at work by today - genentech inc. south san francisco biotechnology company annual sales of $ N million nyse sustained no major damage and expects to be fully operational today - general electric co. fairfield conn. consumer industrial products and broadcasting concern annual sales of $ N billion nyse said its ge nuclear energy unit with N bay-area employees had only minor damage at its san jose headquarters - business was n't disrupted - general motors corp. detroit auto maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse sustained about N injuries to workers and some water at its new united motor manufacturing inc. facility in a joint venture with toyota motor corp - there was limited production of some models yesterday but it was n't clear when the normal pace will resume - plant officials are still assessing damage to parts suppliers and port of oakland facilities that handle shipments to the plant - golden west financial corp. oakland savings and loan annual revenue of $ N billion nyse had only minor damage to a few branches and no injured employees - hewlett-packard co. palo alto personal computer and electronic equipment maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse said there will be a minimal suspension of manufacturing for an period - the computer system was operating so orders could be taken - the company has N employees and more than N buildings in the bay area - one building in palo alto may be damaged beyond repair - others had lesser damage and there were no injuries among workers - damage will be easily in the millions the company said - corp. manufacturer of engineered parts annual sales of $ N million nyse had little damage beyond some phone trouble - mining co. san francisco gold and general annual sales of $ N million nyse said its headquarters was closed yesterday because of power failures and lack of water but that it may reopen today - it expects any impact on its business to be slight - financial corp. financial services concern annual revenue of $ N million otc said three of its N bay-area branches were closed yesterday - the company expects all branches to reopen today - corp. santa clara maker of computer accessories annual sales of $ N million otc said telephones were out at its headquarters but service should be restored by today - the company said it was doing a brisk business in computer and power sources - intel corp. santa clara semiconductor maker annual sales of $ N billion otc had some damage and few people were at work yesterday - international business machines corp armonk n.y. maker of business machines nyse said flooding caused by broken water pipes closed its san jose plant which makes high-end devices - the plant and its N employees gradually will resume operations over the next several days the company said - also closed yesterday were the company 's santa lab and the research center - the concern 's national service division opened a center for emergency service in creek as part of its plan - kaiser aluminum & chemical oakland metal and chemical maker annual sales of $ N billion had slight structural damage to its headquarters building and employees stayed home yesterday to allow crews to clean up - lockheed corp. aerospace and defense concern annual sales of $ N billion nyse said its lockheed missiles & space division closed its santa cruz test facility because of power and - the closing affecting N employees will continue at least until roads are cleared - it was n't known to what extent if any the facility was damaged - it also was n't known what the impact will be on the division 's work which includes the navy 's missile program and the air force 's strategic defense initiative - the division had only minor damage at its sunnyvale headquarters and plant in palo and no delays in deliveries are expected - drug stores inc. creek chain annual sales of $ N billion nyse had only minor damage and only four of its N bay-area stores all in the santa cruz area were closed - all are expected to reopen soon - lsi logic corp. maker of integrated circuits annual sales of $ N million nyse has halted manufacturing at its three plants in the area while they are for structural damage - the company expects to resume full operations by today - r.h. macy & co. new york retailer annual sales of $ N billion said there was minor damage to its N macy stores and nine i. stores in the bay area - corp. cupertino maker of computer integrated manufacturing processes annual sales of $ N million nyse had only minor damage but workers spent most of yesterday cleaning up - national semiconductor corp. santa clara semiconductor maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse said it had no major structural damage at its N bay-area buildings but two workers were injured - production resumed yesterday - in a plant needed immediate repairs - inc. seattle retailer annual sales $ N billion otc five of this chain 's nine stores in the bay area were closed yesterday damage appears primarily cosmetic hopes to reopen four of the stores by today and the fifth by saturday - systems corp. provider of computer programming and software services annual sales $ N million four of N offices and buildings in the and san mateo areas were closed N N of computer and telephone systems are operating expects to be back to full operation by the end of the week - pacific gas & electric co. san francisco electric gas and water supplier annual sales $ N billion some minor damage to headquarters damage to four nearby severe structural damage to a major power plant at moss landing extensive damage to gas lines and electric lines N without electricity and N without gas can not electricity until it is certain there are no gas leaks no predictions on when this will happen - pacific telesis group san francisco telecommunications holding company annual sales of $ N billion no damage to headquarters but no power the power failure has caused a delay in the release of the company 's earnings report major concern is subsidiaries pacific bell and pacific telesis cellular both of which sustained damage to buildings structural damage to several cellular sites in santa cruz volume of calls on cellular phones N times the usual causing a big slowdown - procter & gamble co. company 's coffee plant in south san francisco was closed following the earthquake no injuries or major damage other plants around country can make up for any lost production - quantum corp. manufactures rigid drives for small business computers word processors annual sales $ N million otc open for business minor structural damage - corp. menlo park plastics manufacturer annual sales $ N billion no major damage and no production slowdown is anticipated - ross stores inc. newark discount apparel chain annual sales $ N million two of N stores in bay area closed both could open as early as today - stores inc. oakland retail food chain annual sales of $ N billion some structural damage to headquarters and no power major problems products to those stores that remained open no numbers on how many stores closed - charles schwab & co. san francisco discount brokerage firm annual sales of $ N million had only minor damage to headquarters building and was up and running for yesterday 's market open - firm will not however resume 24-hour service until power in city is restored - office closed yesterday at N p.m. edt - seagate technology valley maker of hard disk drives for computers annual sales of $ N billion otc closed to assess what appeared to be minor damage to some of its N buildings - southern pacific transportation co. san francisco railroad annual sales of $ N billion had only minor damage to headquarters and tracks and expects to be fully operational tomorrow - st. louis southwestern railway co. unit halted all service tuesday night but has since restored some freight lines and limited service between san francisco and san jose - sun microsystems inc. mountain view maker of desktop computers annual sales $ N billion otc no injured employees and very little damage to buildings - closed yesterday due to power difficulties - tandem computers inc. cupertino computer maker annual sales of $ N billion nyse said it had no significant damage and should be fully operational within a week - many employees stayed home yesterday but customer service was being maintained - corp. san francisco financial services and insurance company annual sales of $ N billion nyse said its headquarters the well-known downtown building was intact but closed yesterday - associates inc. palo alto instrumentation and semiconductor equipment company annual sales of $ N billion had only minor damage and no were anticipated - technology inc. san jose maker of semiconductor products annual sales $ N million otc minimal damage to facilities no injuries expected operations to return to normal late yesterday - co. electronics manufacturer annual sales $ N million nyse minor damage to headquarters and plant in palo alto no damage to san jose plant still assessing damage at valley plant where main product is for semiconductor production - wells fargo & co. san francisco bank holding company annual revenue $ N billion nyse minor damage at headquarters N branches out of N in northern california sustained structural damage that will preclude them from opening in the near future N locations with at least one automatic teller machine central computer systems are operating no injuries - technology inc. san jose maker of video display terminals and workstations and compatible computers annual sales of $ N million slight structural damage at headquarters no injuries expects to be back to full operation today - corp. santa clara maker of computer communications systems annual sales of $ N million otc slight structural damage to headquarters communications systems already fully operational - could the collapse of have been prevented - that was the question structural engineers and california transportation officials were asking themselves yesterday as rescue workers began the task of trying to extract as many as N victims from beneath the concrete of the nimitz freeway in oakland that in during tuesday 's temblor - after the area california gov. george deukmejian late yesterday called for an inquiry into the freeway 's collapse blaming the disaster on construction the associated press reported - the impact of the destruction of this stretch of highway was measured in lost lives - but there are other long-term effects that raise serious questions about the ability of california 's infrastructure to withstand a major temblor - it could easily be two years before the artery that helps oakland with san francisco is reopened and the cost to build a new stretch of highway could soar to more than $ N million said charles j. o'connell deputy district director in los angeles of the california department of transportation caltrans - caltrans in sacramento said total damage from the collapsed highway is estimated at around $ N million - the aftershocks of the highway tragedy are in los angeles as well as local politicians spoke yesterday against plans to bring to los angeles freeways by N - caltrans plans to add a second deck for buses and car pools above the median of a stretch of the harbor freeway just south of los angeles near the - los angeles county supervisor kenneth hahn yesterday vowed to fight the introduction of in the area - caltrans abandoned in the early 1970s following the N earthquake that destroyed freeway sections just north of los angeles mr. o'connell explained - that temblor measured N on the richter scale tuesday 's was - so why even consider freeways now - we 've run out of places to build freeways in l.a. and the only place to go is up mr. o'connell said although he acknowledges there are many obstacles including cost - but as for safety he says freeways built today with the heavily reinforced concrete and columns required after the quake should withstand a temblor of N to N on the richter scale - reasons for the collapse of the nimitz freeway were yesterday - but most structural engineers attributed the destruction to improper reinforcement of the columns that supported the and the fact that the ground beneath the highway is largely landfill and can become unstable or in a major quake - the roadway designed in the and completed in N was supported by columns that apparently lacked the kind of steel reinforcement used in highways today - while the did have long metal bars running through them for reinforcement they apparently lacked an adequate number of metal ties that run through the column said leo parker a structural engineer in los angeles - caltrans today uses a of the design mr. parker describes with steel inside - but in the case of the nimitz freeway the lack of such support caused the core of the columns to and buckle under the weight of the second deck who were lined up in traffic on the lower deck nearly N feet below - officials of the state agency did n't have any immediate explanation why the reinforcement did n't hold up - caltrans reinforced the highway in N as part of a $ N million statewide project using steel to tie the of the freeway to the columns and prevent the structure from in a quake - caltrans spokesman jim in sacramento declined to identify the engineering firm that did the reinforcement work - liability in the bridge and road will around whether government took reasonable care to build and maintain the structures says john a wash. personal-injury attorney who specializes in highway design and maintenance cases - the firm brought in to strengthen the structure could be liable as well - the results of the quake certainly raise questions about whether reasonable care was taken mr. says - given the seismic history of the bay area it seems to me that a N earthquake is a foreseeable event - caltrans ' mr. defended the agency 's work on the nimitz freeway - the work was done properly he said - basically we had a severe earthquake of significant and it was just something the structure could n't withstand - ironically caltrans this year began working on a second round of seismic of freeways around the state this time freeway columns in steel to reinforce them - but only bridges supported with single rows of columns were top priority and the nimitz freeway supported by double rows was left out mr. explained - the reason is that the technology is such that we 're not able to structures he said - charles in san francisco and john r. in los angeles contributed to this article - lionel corp. 's board unanimously rejected a tender offer of $ N a share or $ N million for as much as N N of lionel by a group with a N N stake in the toy retailer - lionel also urged holders of its stock and debt not to tender their securities saying it wants to remain independent to pursue its business strategy - lionel also said the offer by robert i. limited partnership is inadequate and full of conditions that leave it subject to substantial uncertainty - in addition lionel began a lawsuit in federal district court in new york seeking to the offer alleging among other things violations of federal securities law and fraudulent manipulation of the market for lionel 's securities - robert i. general partner of the investment group said the lionel response reflected management 's entrenched position saying officials had failed to come up with a better alternative to his group 's offer - mr. said he would respond to lionel 's suit after his lawyers review it - efforts by a federal mediator to talks between boeing co. and the machinists union apparently failed and no further meetings are scheduled - company officials and union representatives did n't meet face to face but the mediator between the two groups - in a statement issued after the meeting the aerospace giant said it wo n't increase its offer although adjustments within the proposed mix are possible - machinists already have rejected a proposal that called for a N N pay increase and N N bonus in the first year - in the second year workers would receive a N N wage boost and a N N bonus followed by a N N increase without a bonus in the third year - the company will not on anything said a spokesman for the union - as the strike enters its day today some members are getting nervous the spokesman conceded but the majority of the N machinists are prepared to wait it out as long as it takes - united merchants & manufacturers inc. said its president withdrew his proposal to acquire control of the new york textile and clothing company - last month mr. proposed among other things to buy N million shares or N N for $ N apiece - coupled with his current N million shares and N N held by an associate the stake would have given him control of N N of the concern - in a securities and exchange commission filing mr. had said that holders of the other N N of united merchants would receive one-half share of a new preferred stock for each of their shares - a special committee of united merchants directors said that in view of uncertainties regarding various legal and financial considerations it could n't recommend the plan to the full board - the company is exploring with a major financial institution the development of a plan to boost the value of the company for its holders mr. said - in a separate sec filing albert safer who holds N N of united merchants said he retained investment bank lazard & co. for advice as he the possibility of making a bid for the textile maker - on friday mr. safer a newark n.j. textile businessman signed a agreement under which united merchants would provide him with information - the white house is making sure nobody will accuse it of taking this crisis - in the aftermath of the california earthquake president bush and his aides flew into a of earthquake-related activity yesterday morning - some of it was necessary to get federal help flowing to victims but some seemed designed mostly to project an image of a white house in action - mr. bush and his aides were accused of responding too slowly after the exxon oil tanker split open in alaskan waters and hurricane hugo struck the carolina coast and they clearly do n't want a repeat of those charges now - so the white house announced that mr. bush got his first earthquake briefing of the day at N a.m. from chief of staff john - by noon mr. bush had taken two phone calls from vice president dan quayle who was in california made a televised statement of concern signed a disaster received a written report from the federal emergency management agency and visited fema headquarters - mr. bush himself essentially acknowledged that he and his aides were trying to head off criticism - on his fema visit mr. bush said that he hoped there would be less about the emergency office 's performance this time adding that the agency took a hit for its reaction to hurricane hugo - the white house already is talking of mr. bush visiting the california earthquake site this weekend - he visited the hugo devastation but not until after local leaders urged him to do so - plc a major british building materials and construction concern reported a N N jump in pretax profit for its latest financial year helped largely by contributions from its u.s. unit co - pretax profit for the year to june N rose to # N million $ N million from # N million $ N million broadly matching analysts ' expectations - profit after taxes and minority interests but before extraordinary items increased N N to # N million from # N million a year earlier while fully diluted earnings per share rose to N pence N cents from N pence N cents - the that the san francisco bay area rated a N on the richter scale did n't match the great earthquake of N rated at N - the difference of just N points on the scale designed by charles richter of in the 1930s means the older quake was N to N times stronger says lane johnson director of the university of california berkeley station - the ground along a stretch of the san andreas fault on tuesday mr. johnson added - in N the was N miles long and a couple feet wide - though the epicenter of tuesday 's temblor was located N miles north of the town of santa cruz and N miles south of san francisco its havoc up the coast in seemingly random fashion - but the greatest damage was visited on buildings and roadways upon landfill as were the marina district of san francisco and the bay bridge two areas of maximum devastation - landfill loose and unconsolidated earth may feel like rock but it like liquid when you shake it said douglas professor of at san francisco state university in a televised interview - it in a pattern - our quake behaved much like the mexico city earthquake where great damage was miles from the epicenter - mr. johnson of the berkeley station said landfill can be done if it 's properly - you can drive on it and build on it - he cited the example of san francisco 's financial district where many new glass towers survived almost - but the public policy issues raised by earthquake damage will be difficult to address mr. johnson predicted - the attention span of the public is short he said - we 've known for years and years we 've got lots of old brick and buildings - one old building the golden state bank building on front street had its yellow brick off by the shock of the quake leaving a wedge of its third floor open to the air while of dusty bricks tumbled to the street below narrowly missing and cars - reinforcing such old building stock mr. johnson said comes down to money - it 's a danger - we know it 's there - and sooner or later we have to do something about it - the urgency is heightened because this week 's earthquake while major and followed by hundreds of aftershocks did n't release enough energy tension along the to preclude more and bigger soon - the big one is still due mr. johnson predicted in an interview - the bay area has three very dangerous the san andreas the fault and the fault - it tuesday 's quake has n't solved our problem - in california this is the reality - coca-cola co. may be about to intensify the wars - coke said it will test market a caffeine-free version of its flagship brand coca-cola classic beginning next week in charlotte n.c - other as yet cities will follow - if all goes well the product will be rolled out for national sales sometime next year a coke spokesman said - after the confusion surrounding the change of the coke formula in N coca-cola was reluctant to clutter the classic name with a brand extension - but now the soft-drink giant appears willing to take the risk - the name classic coke has tremendous value and they have n't that name before says publisher of the trade journal beverage digest - the coke spokesman said a caffeine-free classic should help increase volume of the original brand - indeed analysts have said that the absence of new products among other factors has limited sales growth throughout the industry - coke now leads pepsi in market share in caffeine-free diet but trails pepsi in sales of caffeine-free according to beverage digest - coke introduced a caffeine-free based on its original formula in N - it switched to a caffeine-free formula using its new coke in N - coke has been studying the possibility of introducing a caffeine-free classic for a year a company spokesman said - he said large increases in sales of other soft drinks make the timing right now - california struggled with the aftermath of a bay area earthquake - as aftershocks shook the san francisco bay area searched through rubble for of tuesday 's temblor and residents picked their way through streets - in oakland hopes faded for finding any more within the concrete and steel from the collapse of an interstate highway - at least N people were reported killed and N injured in the tremor that caused billions of dollars of damage along N miles of the san andreas fault - bush declared the region a major disaster area and the military was to prevent - the baseball commissioner said the third game of the world series between the giants and the athletics would be played tuesday in candlestick park - honecker was ousted as leader of east germany amid growing unrest - the official who the building of the berlin wall was removed during a meeting of the communist party central committee in east berlin - honecker who was reported ill following surgery in august said he was resigning for health reasons - he was succeeded by chief egon krenz N a who quickly ruled out any sharing of power with pro-democracy groups - honecker 's departure came after weeks of street protests and an exodus to the west of east germans who had become with his rule - hungary adopted constitutional changes to form a democratic system - at a nationally televised legislative session in the parliament approved changes formally ending domination in the country free elections by next summer and establishing the office of state president to replace a council - the country was renamed the republic of hungary - like other soviet bloc nations it had been known as a people 's republic since - the voting for new laws followed of hungary 's communist party this month and its replacement by a western-style socialist party - the space shuttle atlantis into from fla. and its crew of five launched the galileo space probe on a flight to the planet jupiter - the $ N billion robot spacecraft 's mission is to take six years - the shuttle is slated to return monday to california - south korea 's president roh addressed a joint house-senate meeting and urged patience over u.s. demands for the opening of seoul 's markets to more american goods saying trade issues would be resolved to mutual satisfaction - he also said results could follow any hint of weakening of the u.s. defense commitment to seoul - the census bureau reported that N N of the u.s. population or N million people were living in poverty in N - last year 's figure was down from N N in N and marked the fifth consecutive annual decline in the poverty rate - per capita income rose N N to $ N but median family income fell N N - the bush administration accused israeli prime minister shamir of peace efforts in the mideast with and disappointing statements - shamir said tuesday that he was prepared to risk a policy conflict with the u.s. over an egyptian plan to hold direct talks which the premier 's bloc opposes - cuba was elected to the u.n. security council for the first time since its revolution N years ago - the election was by secret ballot in the general assembly - the u.s. did n't openly oppose cuba 's as the latin american council delegate - britain 's prime minister thatcher told a commonwealth summit in kuala lumpur malaysia that sanctions against south africa were utterly irresponsible officials said - but other nations at the opening of the meeting of britain and its former pressed for continued or stronger in an effort to end apartheid - arab officials in saudi arabia said talks by lawmakers aimed at ending lebanon 's civil war appeared about to collapse - christian legislators are insisting on a syrian troop pullout from lebanon before agreeing to political changes giving the nation 's a greater role in 's government - colombia 's judges launched a strike to press security demands following tuesday 's murder of a high court justice in - the country 's narcotics traffickers claimed responsibility for the - most of the country 's N judges and judicial employees joined the work - charles s. mitchell a vice president with development co. the real estate development subsidiary of sears roebuck & co. was named president of properties a real estate development unit - he succeeds william who resigned earlier this year - also richard a. a former marketing executive with corp. was appointed president of continental container systems a producer of can closing machinery that acquired late last year - is a fire protection electronics and industrial products concern - dow chemical co. said third-quarter net income slipped N N from a record year-ago quarter - the decline broke a streak of N quarters in which dow posted earnings increases - dow 's third-quarter net fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales in the latest quarter rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - dow closed at $ N a share up N cents in new york stock exchange composite trading - a spokeswoman said dow is comfortable with wall street expectations that full-year earnings will total about $ N a share compared with last year 's record net of $ N billion or $ N a share - but that signal on full-year profit doubt on whether dow will improve on its year-ago fourth-quarter net of $ N a share or $ N million - dow would earn $ N a share for the year if it that year-ago fourth-quarter performance - dow officials were that the company would earn less than $ N a share this year even before they announced in july a plan to acquire N N of laboratories inc - that acquisition could further earnings per share this year the company spokeswoman said - dow has n't said exactly what impact the acquisition will have on N earnings - dow blamed the third-quarter earnings drop on several factors including softer prices for polyethylene and other basic chemicals a slower u.s. economy and a stronger dollar which made dow 's exports from the u.s. more expensive to overseas customers - another problem was a N N increase in operating costs at a time when revenue was rising by only N N - for the first nine months of the year dow earned $ N billion or $ N a share up N N from $ N billion or $ N a share a year ago - sales for the latest nine months rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion in the year-ago period - whether or not great cases make as justice holmes asserted who can doubt that when great confirmation hearings turn on the 's response to these great cases they make bad judicial history - bronner 's battle for justice how the bork nomination shook america norton N pages $ N is a of the of these hearings done with but with a flawed legal philosophy - while the book justifies its the title itself is dubious - what shook america was not a battle for justice but for naked power in which an army of judicial activists rolled over a judge they had - in its basic structure and style the book is with character portrayal action and of the sort more likely to be encountered in a washington than in a constitutional history - mr. bronner seems to believe that the hearings could have gone either way - i doubt that - given democratic frustration with the reagan victories and court appointments the plans in place and mr. bork 's paper trail of vulnerable it was pretty clear that judge bork never stood much chance of being confirmed - as mr. bronner himself says the of raw meat was in the air - perhaps because they won mr. bork 's come through more than his defenders - ralph was the organizing a conglomerate of pressure groups into an attacking force - harvard 's laurence tribe was the constitutional heavy laying out legal strategies for the senators and witnesses to follow - but it was ted kennedy who scored most effectively with his portrayal of robert bork 's america the parade of that would follow he claimed from the positions mr. bork had taken over the space of two decades - sen. kennedy never mind his dubious credentials for the moral high ground - i add two others - republican sen. specter of pennsylvania engaged the in a contest aimed at showing that mr. bork was willing to stretch the constitution in one area free speech while remaining rigid in all the others - it achieved a good media play and enabled sen. specter and others to vote against mr. bork out of - further came from left legal ronald who in the new york review of books painted a picture of a constitutional reading his personal into the constitution particularly in the area of original intent - the charge of being outside the mainstream of legal thought undercut mr. bork 's standing leaving him bleeding on the platform - the nomination still might have been if a number of democratic in the south and southwest had broken party lines - but democratic sen. bennett johnson of louisiana reminded the little band that blacks and women could the margin to punish them in their next senate elections - with mainstream and to seal robert bork 's fate - the - mr. bork 's opponents chose the held it and kept it - yet with the smooth confirmation of anthony kennedy an N only slightly less supportive of judicial restraint than mr. bork the democrats may have won the battle but lost the war - another however was the message the bork hearings sent into the judicial culture from which the supreme court draws its talent - the word went forth to every law school that those with federal court ambitions must travel a safe constitutional with no paper trail and no to their or - unfortunately the author simply does n't supply the frame to sustain his - he has too readily the case for the activist law school culture - probing more deeply into the doctrine of judicial restraint he would have found a long history going back to the great decisions of justice holmes - he would discover it also in alexander a constitutional scholar mr. bork 's friend at yale whose influence on the judge goes well beyond mr. bronner 's reporting - still the long view of robert bork as constitutional must be a one - his strength lies in his doctrine which keeps the court clear of group pressures and leaves most decisions in a democracy to elected legislatures and executives - unfortunately mr. bork failed to between such pressures and the emergence of great issues critical to a society that must be settled if it is to - the question of schools in brown vs. board of education was such an issue - in our time abortion has become another best left to a line of supreme court decisions rather than to the chaos of N state legislatures - a and growing consensus of americans clearly wishes to apply the right to privacy in contraceptive matters decided in the case to abortion as well - one can understand mr. bork 's fear that the new right to privacy will become stretched though a supreme court composed of men and women with and a sense of limits should be able to manage it - what is certain is that if americans allow another happening like the bork confirmation circus it will be at their - mr. is a writer and living in new york - sotheby 's inc. the world 's biggest auction house is taking a huge wall risk on the outcome of the sale of art from the estate of john t. dorrance jr. the campbell soup co. heir - the financial services division has guaranteed the dorrance family that it will receive a minimum of $ N million for the collection regardless of what the bids for the art works total people close to the transaction say - the collection which includes two early a van a other paintings furniture and went on sale last night in the first of six auctions - what sotheby 's is doing closely resembles an underwriting by an investment bank - a corporation that wants to sell stock or bonds goes to a wall street firm which purchases the securities outright accepting the financial risk of finding buyers - if the investment bank can sell the securities at a higher price than it paid the issuer it makes a profit - at the initial sale last night for example the sale featuring the masters bids totaled $ N million - that was slightly above sotheby 's estimate of $ N million - normally sotheby 's would have earned N N of the total in commissions - instead people familiar with the transaction said the auction house opted to that percentage in order to obtain the collection and in exchange for taking a bigger chunk of proceeds exceeding $ N million - art dealers say that while auction houses occasionally guarantee the seller of a highly desirable work of art a minimum price a financial commitment of this size is unprecedented - d. brooks president of sotheby 's north america division denies it offered the dorrance a guarantee calling such reports inaccurate - buried in the glossy catalog for the sale however appears the statement sotheby 's has an interest in the property in this catalog - explains a sotheby 's spokeswoman the statement means exactly what it says - we have some level of financial interest in the collection - we do n't disclose - frank a lawyer for the dorrance estate with the philadelphia law firm of morgan lewis & declines to comment on the financial arrangements - sotheby 's made the $ N million guarantee to keep the dorrance collection away from its archrival auction house christie 's international plc christie 's has handled smaller sales for the dorrance family over the years - when christie 's officials asked why the firm was n't picked to sell the dorrance collection representatives of the dorrance family told us it was a question of financial considerations said michael christie 's head of and modern paintings - collectors who have made their money on wall street have become an increasingly important part of the art business and their money has helped fuel the art boom but recently it appears sotheby 's has been returning the - in november N sotheby 's essentially offered a wall bridge loan of about $ N million to australian businessman alan bond to enable him to purchase vincent van 's for $ N million - it was the highest bid in history for a work of art - but two weeks ago sotheby 's said that it has the painting under lock and key because the loan had not been fully repaid - sotheby 's is offering such deals because it 's an art sellers ' market at least where the best works are concerned says ralph an attorney and author of the book art law - there seems to be a lot of art for sale but there 's more competition - the competition gives the seller the ability to cut a better deal he says - the dorrance family will still receive a substantial portion of the auction proceeds above $ N million people familiar with the transaction said - but it 's likely that sotheby 's will take a higher than usual commission called an override on the amount exceeding the guarantee - sotheby 's has been aggressively promoting the dorrance sale - at a news conference last may announcing plans for the auction sotheby 's estimated its value in excess of $ N million - more recently sotheby 's has predicted the collection will fetch $ N million - that 's the highest estimate for a single collection in auction history - the decision to put the entire collection on the block stunned many since mr. dorrance had served as chairman of the philadelphia museum of art and it had been assumed many of the works would be donated to the institution - at last night 's sale N of N works that sold were purchased by international gallery the unit of aichi financial a japanese conglomerate that owns N N of christie 's - meanwhile sotheby 's guarantee is raising in the art world - the consumer has to throw out the idea that the auction house is a says new york art dealer david - while he adds that he has no problem with auction houses who sell works in which they have a financial interest it ought not to be hidden in some small print - in such situations he says the house is going to put the best light on things - for example an auction house 's comments on the condition of a work of art that is up for sale should be looked at with very open eyes he says - there 's more and more of this going on at every level says bruce miller president of art funding corp. an art lender - dealers and auction houses know if they do n't lay out a half a million for this another one will it 's that competitive - in january two small new york the gallery and fine arts a major art collection owned by the family away from rival bidders with an payment of about $ N million - a christie 's spokeswoman said that while the auction house sometimes its seller 's commission to attract art works it still gets a commission from the buyer christie 's wo n't offer financial guarantees because christie 's believes its primary role is as an auction house and therefore as an agent for buyer and seller not as a bank - egon krenz the man tapped yesterday to become east germany 's new leader faces the same task that has fallen to neighboring socialist colleagues a country in crisis - but unlike the other new leaders in the east bloc mr. krenz will face an immediate threat to his nation 's very existence german reunification - mr. krenz age N is known as an one likely to continue the method of running a country that the berlin wall made famous - even if he were to change his and become another milton however he would still stand a good chance of losing a country - mr. krenz almost certainly will be a younger version of erich honecker his rigid predecessor as dictator - mr. krenz has followed much the same career path as mr. honecker both spent years overseeing the deutsche the youth group that is the communist regime 's principal tool for young germans into socialist citizens - more recently mr. krenz has been in charge of east german security and is the youngest member of the ruling politburo - faced with another mr. honecker so many east germans are likely to that the two german peoples will get their reunification de on west german ground - but if east germany 's politburo does loosen up enough to permit mr. krenz to make serious efforts at reform he will face a challenge just as fundamental - abandoning socialism means abandoning the east german state 's reason for existence and with it the for its and its wall - in this scenario it 's hard to imagine that a pale of the federal republic could avoid being pulled into some kind of tie economic federal or stronger with west germany - mr. krenz may need a bit of time to consolidate his empire which would do a lot to promote reunification scenario one - in west germany have already the exodus by an placed by mr. honecker wanted one people - the west german in and warsaw are continuing to find refugees at their gates - of course east germany true to its tradition could tighten its borders yet further - two of the last gestures of the honecker regime were to close the border to czechoslovakia and install lights in some spots along the - but with world-wide opinion even apparently in moscow against east germany the country would have to turn itself into an to down further on refugees - there have been some reports that mr. krenz is moving to soften his reputation notably rumors that it was he who kept east germany 's state police off protesters ' backs at the country 's dismal anniversary earlier this month - but even if he effects a he will face a serious ideological crisis and reunification scenario two - the problem is one that east germany shares with other such as north korea but one it must shoulder alone in the east bloc - when poland moves to reform it can at least lean on its past however flawed and short-lived joseph 's republic it was a democracy - reformers can recall the of the same period in their country - even the soviet union has peter the great to should it choose to - but east germany is merely the land of truly existing socialism - beyond that it has to compete with west germany for a claim to the german identity - up to now the main weapon of the worker and peasant state has been the of socialism - with talk today of a second economic in west germany east germany no longer can content itself with being the economic star in a loser league - without moscow 's military and party behind it east germany runs the risk of - if it goes capitalist and increases trade with west germany it will convert itself into an economic of the federal republic - there 's a certain logic at work here it 's particularly appropriate and that the land that produced should prove socialism 's failure in an experiment that uses its own people as controls - there may be forces that would delay this scenario - are the last to surrender and germans are an ideological people - the protesters who greeted mikhail gorbachev at east berlin 's airport earlier this month were n't shouting go u.s.a they were help us - on the other side of the border can also slow the process - helmut kohl 's governing conservative coalition is proving true to the west german constitution by making more than N people of german automatic citizens this year alone - but within the government and in the think tanks outside it many west germans maintain that they do n't want immediate reunification - politically this currently is wisdom particularly given a nervous neighboring france - but it would be ironic if germany 's reunification just like its division eventually were the result of actions in centers of power other than bonn and berlin - in a statement that was as close as east germany gets to practicing glasnost an east german party actually acknowledged the reunification dilemma - the main problem mr. said in an east german radio interview monitored by radio free europe in stems from the fact that the is different from other east european states - what kind of right to exist he asked would a capitalist german democratic republic have alongside a capitalist federal republic - that 's a question east germany ca n't answer easily no matter what its new leader does - miss is editorial features editor of the wall street - insurers are facing billions of dollars in damage claims from the california quake - but most businesses in the bay area including silicon valley were n't greatly affected - computer and software companies in the region are expecting virtually no long-term disruption in shipments - also investors quickly singled out stocks of companies expected to profit or suffer from the disaster - leveraged buy-outs may be by two rules in pending congressional legislation - the provisions in deficit-reduction bills recently passed by the house and senate could raise the price of such deals by up to N N and cool the takeover boom - a bill giving the transportation department the power to block airline leveraged buy-outs cleared a house panel - but secretary skinner said he would urge bush to veto the bill - housing starts sank N N in september to a seven-year low - the drop following a N N decline in august indicates the industry is still being hurt by the fed 's battle - ibm plans to buy back $ N billion of its common shares a move likely to help the computer giant 's battered stock - the buy-back which was n't a complete surprise was announced after the stock market had closed - a capital-gains tax cut plan has been worked out by senate republicans - a similar proposal may be introduced soon by senate democrats - british airways said it is seeking improved terms and a sharply lower price in any revised bid for united air 's parent - the british carrier also confirmed it is n't committed to going forward with any new bid - ual 's stock fell $ N to $ N - stock prices rose slightly as trading slowed while bonds ended little changed despite a dollar - the dow jones industrials gained N to N - but investors remain wary about stocks partly because of turmoil in the junk-bond market - b.a.t industries may delay part of its defensive restructuring plan including the sale of its saks fifth avenue and marshall field units - the british conglomerate cited the recent turmoil in financial markets - wcrs group announced a major restructuring that largely it from the advertising business - the london-based concern will sell most of its ad unit to france 's eurocom - commodore international expects to post its second consecutive quarterly loss because of weak personal computer sales in some markets - jaguar hopes to reach a friendly accord with general motors within a month that may involve producing a cheaper executive model - sears is negotiating to its sears tower for close to $ N million sources said - the retailer was unable to find a buyer for the building - whitbread of britain put its spirits division up for sale setting off a scramble among - the business includes beefeater gin - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N off N utilities N off N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N off - commodities dow jones futures index N up N spot index N up N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - the dollar finished softer yesterday lower by continued concern about the stock market - we 're trading with a very wary eye on wall street said chief corporate trader at harris trust & savings bank in new york - no one is willing to place a firm bet that the stock market wo n't take another tumultuous ride - news of the major earthquake in california tuesday triggered a round of dollar sales in early asian trade but most foreign-exchange dealers said they expect the impact of the quake on financial markets to be short-lived - despite the dollar 's lackluster performance some foreign-exchange traders maintain that the u.s. unit remains relatively well bid - harris trust 's mr. noted that the unit continues to show resilience in the face of a of headline in recent weeks including rate increases in europe and japan aggressive central bank intervention a 190-point plunge in new york stock prices an unexpectedly poor u.s. trade report and action by the federal reserve to u.s. rates lower - while mr. does n't predict a significant climb for the u.s. unit in light of recent moves in interest rates around the world he noted that its downside potential is surprisingly and for dollar bulls limited - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks late tuesday and at N yen down from N yen late tuesday - sterling was quoted at $ N up from $ N late tuesday - in tokyo thursday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen down from wednesday 's tokyo close of N yen - since friday 's dive in stock market prices the fed has reserves into the banking system in an effort to calm the markets and a repeat of N 's stock market debacle - some analysts note that after last week 's stock market tailspin and tuesday 's california earthquake it 's hard to gauge where the central bank wants the key federal funds rate - they say that the earthquake by preventing many banks from operating at full capacity has given the fed an additional reason to keep liquidity at a high level - the fed did in fact execute $ N billion of customer repurchase agreements the third set of repurchase orders in three days - analysts said the additional liquidity should tend to reduce the federal funds rate - for now traders say the foreign exchange market is both federal funds and events on wall street - they note that the dollar remains extremely vulnerable to the bad news from the stock exchange - indeed the u.s. unit edged lower as the dow jones industrial average dropped about N points in early trading - a slight recovery in the stock market gave currency traders confidence to push the dollar higher before the unit dropped back by day 's end - some dealers noted that nervousness over the recent sharp dive in stock prices could intensify following suggestions by bank of japan governor that appeared to advise japanese investors to be very careful in investing in u.s. leveraged buy-outs - dealers suggest that the only positive news on the horizon that could attention from equities transactions is september 's u.s. consumer price data - the figures due for release friday are expected to show an uptick in inflation to N N from N N in august - if the figures show a hefty rise in inflation they could against easing by the fed - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery rose $ N to $ N an ounce in moderate trading - estimated volume was three million ounces - in early trading in hong kong thursday gold was at $ N an ounce - crude prices upward in brisk trading on the assumption that heavy earthquake damage occurred to san francisco area refinery but the rise quickly when it became apparent that oil operations were n't severely curtailed - trading on little specific information market players overnight in tokyo began bidding up oil prices - the rally spread into european markets where traders were still betting that the earthquake disrupted the san francisco area 's large oil refining plants - by yesterday morning much of the world was still unable to reach san francisco by telephone - west texas intermediate was bid up more than N cents a barrel in many overseas markets - at the opening of the new york mercantile exchange west texas intermediate for november delivery shot up N cents a barrel to $ N still on the belief that the refineries were damaged - in the san francisco area roughly N barrels a day of crude about a third of all the refining capacity in california is processed daily according to industry data - for more than the past year even the rumor of a major west coast refinery shutdown has been enough to spark a futures rally because the gasoline market is so tight - but yesterday as the morning wore on some major west coast refinery operators including chevron corp. exxon corp. and the shell oil co. unit of royal group said their refineries were n't damaged and were continuing to operate normally - most said they shut down their petroleum pipeline operations as a but did n't see any immediate damage - gasoline terminals were also largely they said - it 's hard to imagine how the markets were given that nobody could get through to san francisco said one oil company executive - as the news spread that the refineries were intact crude prices plunged ending the day at $ N a barrel down N cents - gasoline for november delivery was off N cents a to N cents - heating oil finished at N cents down N cent - the market was basically acting on two forces said of shearson lehman hutton inc - one is the panic the earthquake in san francisco which is positive - but once that factor was eliminated traders took profits and focused on crude oil inventories mr. said - after the market closed tuesday the american petroleum institute had reported that crude stocks increased by N million barrels in the week ended friday which traders viewed as bearish - but some market players still think earthquake speculation could have more impact on the oil markets - the problem is that while on the surface everything is all right the question is said mr. was there any structural damage to the pipelines or anything else - in other commodity markets yesterday - copper - futures prices eased on indications of improvement in the industry 's labor situation - the december contract declined N cents a pound to $ N - according to one analyst workers at the cananea copper mine in mexico which has n't been operating since it was declared bankrupt by the mexican government in late august are set to return to work - the analyst said it will take about two to three months before the mine begins to produce copper in significant quantities - he added that while there has n't been any official announcement as yet the highland valley mine strike in british columbia which has lasted more than three months is regarded as settled - another analyst said the cananea return to operation may not be as near as some expect - there are still negotiations taking place on whether there will be a loss of jobs which has been a critical issue all along he said - nevertheless the increasing likelihood that these two major supply disruptions will be resolved weighed on the market the analysts agreed - both of these mines are normally major suppliers of copper to japan which has been buying copper on the world market - the first analyst said that the japanese as well as the chinese bought copper earlier in the week in london but that this purchasing has since as the supply situation at least over the long term appears to have improved - the focus for some time has been on the copper supply and good demand has been taken for granted he said - now that the supply situation seems to be improving it would be best for traders to switch their concentration to the demand side - he noted the commerce department report yesterday that housing starts in september dropped N N from august to N million units on an annualized basis the lowest level in seven years - along with these factors other economic reports suggest a slowing of the economy which could mean reduced copper usage he said - sugar - futures prices extended tuesday 's gains - the march delivery ended with an advance of N cent a pound to N cents for a two-day gain of N cent - according to one dealer japan said it has only N tons of sugar remaining to be shipped to it this year by cuba under current commitments - the announcement was made because of reports tuesday that cuba would delay shipments to japan scheduled for later this year into early next year - the dealer said the quantity mentioned in the japanese announcement is so small that it 's - one analyst said he thought the market continued to be supported to some degree by a delay in the cuban sugar harvest caused by adverse weather - the dealer said india might be the real factor that is keeping futures prices firm - that country recently bought N tons of sugar and had been expected to seek a like quantity last week but did n't - it 's known they need the sugar and the expectation that they will come in is apparently giving the market its principal support the dealer said - livestock and - the agriculture department is expected to announce tomorrow that the number of cattle in the N major ranch states slipped N N to N million on oct. N compared with the level a year earlier said tom morgan president of sterling research corp. heights ill - cattle prices have risen in recent weeks on speculation that the government 's quarterly report will signal tighter supplies of beef - among other things the government is expected to report that the number of young cattle placed on feedlots during the quarter slipped N N - feedlots cattle for so a drop indicates that the production of beef will dip this winter - indeed some analysts expect the government to report that the movement of young cattle onto feedlots in the month of september in seven big ranch states dropped N N compared with the level for september N - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - health care property investors inc. offering of N shares of common stock via merrill lynch capital markets alex brown & sons inc. and dean witter reynolds inc - union pacific corp. shelf offering of up to $ N million debt securities and warrants - united technologies corp. shelf offering of up to $ N million unsecured debt securities - a new drug to prevent the rejection of has been successfully used on more than N patients at the university of pittsburgh according to researchers - the drug which is still in the experimental phase has n't been approved yet by the food and drug and its long-term effects are unknown - but researchers say the drug called fk-506 could the field by reducing harmful side effects and by lowering rejection rates - rejection has been the major obstacle in the approximately N transplants performed world-wide each year - researchers began using the drug in february on patients who had received kidney heart and transplants - only two of N transplants have been rejected - the drug discovered in N is from soil found in japan - the pittsburgh patients are the first humans to be given the drug which is made by fujisawa pharmaceutical co - we 're shocked by it because it 's worked so fast said dr. thomas e. director of the university of pittsburgh program at a news conference here yesterday - we consider it a drug like one for aids said dr. john an at the university of pittsburgh - researchers say they believe fk-506 is N times more effective than the traditional drug made by swiss pharmaceutical giant ltd - they are also encouraged by the relatively mild side effects of fk-506 compared with which can cause failure and other problems - the side effects of have made the penalty for its success rather high dr. said - dr. said that fk-506 would not be available in the market for at least a year and that the fda approval process usually takes three years to five years - there are no firm plans to expand the experimental program beyond the university of pittsburgh whose hospital the most transplants in the world - researchers could n't estimate the cost of the drug when it reaches the market but they said fk-506 will enable patients to cut hospital stays by N N and reduce the number of blood tests used to monitor the of and other drugs among transplant recipients - dr. said the research has been largely financed by the national institute of health and by university funds and that fujisawa did n't give the hospital any grants - he said that the research team had no financial stake in the drug - we 've known for six months the effect of this drug and our advice to our people has been not to buy the company 's stock dr. said adding that from fk-506 would n't be ethical - economist david n. laband 's sept. N editorial-page article in hugo 's path a disaster the control of price swiftly ordered by south carolina 's governor after hurricane hugo - according to mr. laband for price controls occurs when income threatens to hit home - to be sure the threat has hit home down here - yet in mr. laband 's of free-market logic human greed and are the only permissible psychological reactions - allowing prices for would indeed the lines at stores as he contends - but not because resources are going to their most efficient use leaving scarce goods allocated to those buyers who place the highest value on them - rather lines would because at higher prices many victims could not afford such as food and medical supplies - it is to that a poor woman can not receive immediate relief for her family at fair prices because she does not have as much to protect as a rich family - moreover essential relief supplies such as ice must be distributed throughout the population because of potential health problems from food and possible of disease - such effects give the state a right to intervene in the marketplace and temporarily coordinate allocation of resources - fortunately and charities are not motivated by but by - why should they have to with rushing in to turn a quick profit - these would be to take advantage of the situation if they ever expect to face the people of south carolina again - the government is actually protecting and other who can not see beyond their own short-term gain - south carolina deserves an a for its quick and timely relief efforts - mr. laband meanwhile gets an a for his recital of arguments - give him an f for his failure to understand the ethics of economic equity - signed by N students - of douglas 's economics class - university of south carolina - columbia s.c - mr. laband gives us an idea why economists ' predictions are usually wrong - they set up absurd situations from reality and then try to reason from them - i 'm surprised he did n't advocate letting people since that behavior can also be in a disaster and every individual has an incentive to alter the distribution of income in his favor - price controls were so embraced by charleston because price in this situation is equivalent to - foster - va - mr. laband described one of the more threats we face when dealing with disasters such as hugo such as that by the charleston city council as it about trying to do something - since he concentrated on the economic of such he did n't mention certain other of their effects - they law-enforcement resources at a time they are most needed for protecting lives and property - also rather than increase supplies they reduce them and encourage - and they or even the prospect of them discourage disaster in the form of speculative advance of supplies by merchants - n. joseph - miami fla - would mr. laband also suggest that the red cross army military units police fire departments rescue units and individual citizens cease their efforts to assist hugo 's victims because they interfere with his concept of the free market - what about those people all over the country who are donating food water and other of life to these people who could be any of us - should they too stop with his free market - maybe he thinks they should also sell to the highest bidder - and what about insurance firms - should they be required to pay claims based on costs for labor and materials - mr. laband should since he lives in south carolina - in a free market his insurance rates can be raised to recover losses - john w. rush - - having been through several and i have a different perspective - mine comes from seeing thriving communities but only temporarily - their recovery came surprisingly fast and always with the help of neighbors - the shock of seeing homes destroyed and city services disrupted may cause some to priorities such as the true economic value of a full of meat - in texas after hurricane major grocery chains used their truck fleets to ship essential goods to houston no just good will - tom - texas - we here in the affected areas were by mr. laband 's analysis of time values and his comparisons of effectiveness concerning research and development - his theoretical approach and its publication in this venerable paper are no doubt a for him - too bad theory fails in practice - we consumers tend to have long memories - the businesses to mr. laband 's effective price system will be remembered when returns - perhaps considering the value of our time we will be unable to their in the era - i have a question for mr. laband how do i explain to the single mother of three standing in line next to me for the past three hours that the two bags of ice she needs to keep her children 's food will take her last $ N - i 'm sure she 'll appreciate what an efficient reaction to her problems the price system has created - chris edgar - beach s.c - this seems to be the season for in chicago - though the cubs ' championship season ended with the national league playoffs a revival of the organic theater 's production of a play in nine set in the field continues within distance of the - of a different sort also are being offered by our two major theater the goodman and steppenwolf - each is more than an unexpected baseball championship but both help explain why chicago remains a vital center of this country 's regional theater movement - the goodman is offering a version of 's the through nov. N - the original is a comedy about a man who sees and in everyone except himself - he is the friend of and the of - the play is filled with dishonesty and - years ago the richard wilbur this comedy merely by avoiding the sort of thing as he wrote in his introduction - otherwise the scene remained 's house in N - assuming modern audiences readily understand that 's social indictment covers their world as well as paris mr. wilbur concentrated his on the french into and theatrical english - the wilbur translation is remarkable well worth a read and even better seen in the theater if you ever have the opportunity - but if you happen to be coming to chicago in the next few weeks do n't fail to have a look at robert falls 's the at the goodman - if mr. wilbur 's translation is a ground lens through which we see the and corruption of paris mr. falls 's production is a mirror in which we see ourselves - mr. falls the goodman 's artistic director took a recent by neil bartlett and significantly adapted it - mr. bartlett had 's cast of characters to six and set them in the london media world of britain - mr. falls transfers the setting to hollywood and the characters into what passes for there agents producers actors writers and - it works - mr. bartlett managed to more or less maintain 's form N lines in - mr. falls kept the form but it with mr. bartlett 's further help - with a cast led by david as as and especially william brown as a who plays the hollywood game but harbors values and feelings the goodman production barrels through an hollywood party with and - if this version with its to steven and attracts younger audiences who might stay away from the classical version then messrs. bartlett and falls are justified in abandoning mr. wilbur - a play may be easier to revive than one merely N - the steppenwolf theatre company back from a critical and box office success in london with its of 's the of opened the new season with harold 's the first produced by the royal shakespeare company in N - back then mr. was not only the angry young british playwright but also the first to use and sentence and almost to the exclusion of what we previously understood to be theatrical dialogue - when the was first produced on this side of the atlantic actors and directors were - were lengthy nobody moved or - nobody and nobody in the audience was encouraged to - this kind of theater was new to us - also it was not a funny time over here what with the vietnam war the democratic convention assassinations and - but under jerry 's direction the current steppenwolf production scheduled to play through nov. N breaks through the flat and boring that the had become - led by a performance by alan wilder as max the father the play is at once an and of a family 's rage fear and - encouraged by mr. wilder 's embarrassed and the audience gets the joke and begins to before the end of the first act - three of the family members max and his two sons and live off the max is a retired butcher a and an - sam max 's brother has escaped the by working as a and never seeking a wife - teddy the of max 's sons has made the most dramatic escape by becoming a professor of philosophy at an american university - though it 's clearly max 's wife who held here until her death now none of the other male residents of this household can challenge max - the play concerns teddy 's with his wife of six years ruth - as teddy seems the only cast member unable to get beyond the approach to a character - as ruth harris a large and beautiful woman who may be our next begins almost immediately to each of the men - in the end teddy returns alone to america leaving ruth in max 's chair - we have seen her develop within a few hours from a shy and unknown to a of the who will replace the dead mother and then some - while steppenwolf was in london with the of bruce sagan the president of its board of directors quietly returned to chicago to buy a piece of real estate in the city 's rapidly north street restaurant and theater district - within a year he hopes steppenwolf will move into a new theater on that site - the currently in a converted dairy that seats N and provides little capacity for staging anything beyond a simple production - if we wanted to stage death of a salesman mr. sagan says would have to live in a ranch house because of the low ceiling - steppenwolf needs the extra seats even more than the fly space - it 's currently forced to turn away many potential subscribers beyond the N who can be in its present digs - for all the attention that chicago theater has received during the past decade not one new building has been devoted to it - mr. sagan a former publisher and real estate developer has put together an $ N million financial package that includes approximately $ N million of tax exempt bonds issued by the state of illinois the first time that a state has used its educational facilities authority to support construction of a theater and approximately $ N million in grants from the national for the arts the foundation and a few other deep pockets - the rest he is confident can be raised - his board members alone have pledged $ N and he is just beginning to massage local foundations and corporations - mr. sagan compares the importance of steppenwolf with 's mercury theater in the - but 's theater company turned out to have a brief one might say a existence - what will mr. sagan do with his new theater building if the of hollywood and broadway proves too much for such steppenwolf as john dangerous joan allen the and and the company - that 's ok mr. sagan replies - let this building be steppenwolf 's to chicago theater - mr. is a chicago-based law firm management consultant and a writer - after three days of heavy selling the beleaguered nasdaq over-the-counter market finally rebounded rising sharply in trading - the nasdaq composite index jumped N N or N to N - it rose more than the new york stock exchange composite which improved N N - among bigger stocks the nasdaq N index rose N N or N to N while the dow jones industrial average was up N N - richard bruno head of otc trading at painewebber said the otc market has a habit of lagging big moves on the new york stock exchange - while the industrial average rallied on monday following last friday 's collapse the otc market which did n't suffer too badly during the correction tumbled - our market got hit a lot harder on monday than the listed market mr. bruno said - we 're just recovering and getting back to business as usual - i 'm encouraged by the action - the trading pace was busy with N issues and N million shares changing hands - advancing issues beat declining ones N to N - much of the by otc traders and investors centered on shares of companies that might be financially affected by damage from the devastating earthquake in northern california - as investors speculated about the long and short-term implications shares of a number of companies that might either profit or face problems because of the disaster were actively traded - heading the list insurance construction and technology companies located in the san francisco bay area - stocks were mixed as investors tried to figure out how to assess the impact of the property damage and deaths on those concerns - traders said companies with the heaviest exposure in the san francisco area include the otc 's and ohio casualty - frank a trader who follows insurance stocks for said his strategy was to sell early - then if the stocks fell sharply he planned to begin buying them aggressively on the theory that the companies that insure against property damage and will have to raise rates eventually to compensate for the claims they will pay to earthquake victims and victims of last month 's hurricane hugo - as well and insurance brokerage companies will have improved profits - many investors expected damage from the hurricane to be the catalyst for higher rates in the industry which has been depressed because of low rates arising from intense competition - but mr. said the hurricane damage was n't extensive enough to prompt premium boosts - the companies just gave back what they had reserved for he said - now they 'll have to increase their to protect for the future and that means rate increases - overall otc insurance issues were mixed - fell N to N N on N shares - ohio casualty rose N to N N on N shares - st. paul cos. jumped N to N N on N shares - academy insurance fell N to N N but volume totaled N million shares - the nasdaq insurance index jumped N to N on the day while the barometer of big insurance and banking issues climbed N to N - investors expect data systems a company that provides disaster recovery services for businesses to profit from the earthquake - 's stock rose N N to N N on N shares - shares of a california road and bridge were heavily traded jumping N N to N N on N million shares - guy f. added N to N N on N shares - the company based in san francisco provides industrial infrastructure engineering and construction services - traders were initially nervous about shares of companies including many leading otc computer companies such as apple computer with offices in the of the area damaged by the quake - but most of those stocks fared well - apple computer gained N to N N rose N to N N - intel also added N to N N - but sun microsystems slipped N to N N - shares of biotechnology companies in the area were also higher - chiron was up N to N and gained N to N N - the stocks of companies located outside california improved too - microsoft advanced N N to N N and lotus development added N N to N N - in other earthquake-related news hambrecht & quist 's otc market makers were from trading yesterday and its positions were frozen for the day by the national association of securities dealers - power could n't be restored at the company 's san francisco headquarters to allow trading yesterday morning - in new york roger a hambrecht executive vice president said he expects otc trading at the company to resume this morning either in new york or in san francisco - in other trading services gained N to N on N million shares after reporting a loss for the first quarter which ended sept. N - the company earned $ N million in the year-earlier quarter - jaguar 's american depositary receipts added N to N N on volume of N million - analysts in london believe investors despite their to dump takeover stocks should hold on tight to their jaguar shares this newspaper 's heard on the street column said yesterday - amgen rose N N to N N in heavy trading - analysts figure amgen could benefit as a result of troubles facing its competitor genetics institute over the drug epo - genetics institute disclosed recently that it is in a dispute with which distributes the drug regarding the of some - ciba-geigy ltd. and chiron corp. said they extended their offer for connaught inc. valued at N million canadian dollars us$ N million to oct. N - the companies earlier said they did n't want to raise their offer to match a rival bid by merieux s.a. of c$ N a share or c$ N million - but they said the c$ bid which was due to expire monday may still be extended or - merieux a vaccine manufacturer based in france is by french state-owned rhone-poulenc s.a - ciba-geigy is a major pharmaceutical concern based in switzerland - chiron another pharmaceutical concern is based in calif - connaught is a biotechnology research and vaccine manufacturing concern - merieux 's bid for toronto-based connaught has run into problems with the canadian government which told merieux last week that it was n't convinced that the proposed acquisition would be of net benefit to canada - merieux officials are expected to meet with federal officials in today to discuss the decision - within minutes after the stock market closed friday i called sen. bill bradley of new jersey advised him that the dow jones industrial average had declined by N points late that afternoon and informed him that he and his fellow democrats were to blame - they had dealt a major setback that afternoon to president bush 's capital-gains tax cut proposal which had seemed in the bag after it passed the house earlier in the month - sen. bradley has it in his mind that such a tax cut would the tax reform he helped engineer in N - but he knows that as many as N of his fellow democrats are to vote for the cut popular among their constituents - as a result he took the lead in arguing that the cut should be blocked on procedural grounds - he helped persuade N of these senators to support him and majority leader george mitchell on these grounds - the budget reconciliation had to be dealt with by the oct. N deadline and these senate democrats refused to agree to allow a vote to capital gains to the budget bill knowing it would pass - denied a vote on substance the gop leadership in the senate on friday morning was confronted with a hard choice - it could throw in the towel and hope to win on capital gains late this month or it could follow the white house strategy to veto reconciliation unless capital gains was - the u.s. chamber of commerce has been in the in supporting the bush proposal - it endorsed the white house strategy it to be the way to victory - at noon friday a senior white house official advised richard the chamber 's chief economist that the white house would not agree to a budget reconciliation bill unless it had firm assurances that a vote on substance would be permitted in the senate - two hours later the first word emerged on capitol hill that the administration had agreed to reconciliation with no such assurances from senate democrats - mr. was shocked the office of richard darman director of the office of management and budget and the administration 's chief strategist on this issue - he left a message mr. darman of selling out - it was the senate republicans though who had edged away from the veto strategy - the stock market reacted as mr. did crumbling as it absorbed the news that mr. darman 's strategy had been abandoned - the stock market after all represents the collective expectations about the value of the future income stream of the nation 's capital stock discounted to present value - why should it be so surprising that a N N cut in the capital-gains tax would have such an enormous impact on the value of the nation 's capital stock - the total value of privately held assets is easily more than $ N trillion - the value traded on the exchanges is close to $ N trillion - if the tax on any gain to those assets was doubled would n't the value fall to the owners of the assets - is n't it reasonable to assume that the asset you own would be worth more if the government suddenly announced that if you sold it you would be able to keep N N more of its gain than you previously believed - indeed the stock market 's steady advance this year tracked with president bush 's success in advancing his capital-gains proposal - a N N cut in this year 's capital gains alone amounts to roughly $ N billion - we 're talking real money - when richard advised the financial press that the market crash was caused by the setback to capital gains he was generally ignored and mildly - instead the press corps readily accepted the notion that a in the takeover financing of united airlines instantly knocked N N off the value of the nation 's capital stock and caused around the world - mr. was pointing out an elephant through wall street while conventional wisdom had on the ual - why is this happening - for one thing quite a number of the leading spokesmen on wall street are not portfolio managers who understand that the value of assets is greatly affected by how government taxes those assets - they are economists and financial reporters who with the view that a capital-gains tax cut benefits the rich - yet they somehow think that wall street is to losing the tax cut that seemed so close friday morning and is now - the market rebound monday followed weekend assurances from mr. darman that the administration has other plans to win the cut which is alive and well - sen. bradley 's argument is that a capital-gains tax cut would be bad for the economy in the longer run - it would inevitably lead to an increase in marginal income-tax rates in N he thinks when the white house is forced to ask for higher taxes to meet budget targets - that is with capital gains cut the of the N accord will be gone and political realities will push up income-tax rates - the which he has heard is that if he and his fellow democrats are successful in killing the president 's proposal the revenue gap will open up in N because of the weakened economy - in this atmosphere there would be no serious consideration of tax increases - if sen. bradley would permit a vote on capital gains though it would pass christmas retail sales would be strong instead of by a falling stock market the N economy would be robust and the revenue gains at every level of government including new jersey 's would be surprisingly high - no tax increases would be necessary - the struggle over capital gains is the most important game in town - in washington and on wall street - mr. is president of inc. of morristown n.j - federal prosecutors said they have obtained a guilty plea from another person in the government 's ongoing probe of illegal payments in the record industry - william craig an independent record pleaded guilty to and criminal tax charges according to a statement issued by gary the u.s. attorney here - is the practice of making illegal undisclosed payments to radio station personnel in return for getting the stations to play certain over the air - as part of his plea agreement with the government the mr. craig faces a maximum of three years in prison - in return mr. craig agreed to cooperate in the government 's continuing probe says a spokeswoman for the u.s. attorney 's office - mr. craig and three others were indicted last year as part of that probe - two other defendants previously pleaded guilty and charges against the third were dropped - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - grumman corp. was awarded a $ N million navy contract for advanced acquisition of six tactical control aircraft - ltv corp. won a $ N million army contract for missile test equipment - unisys corp. received a $ N million air force contract for computer programming - ford aerospace & communications corp. a unit of ford motor co. was awarded a $ N million air force contract for computer improvements - rockwell international corp. was issued a $ N million air force contract for changes in the national aerospace plane - the tennessee valley authority issued $ N billion in bonds in the federal utility 's first public debt offering in N years - proceeds from the bonds with coupon rates in the N N range will be used to replace bonds with an average interest rate of N N - the tva said the refinancing should save $ N million a year in interest payments - the refinancing is part of the tva 's strategy of dealing with what has been an problem its staggering $ N billion debt most of which is owed to the treasury department 's federal financing bank - the tva currently plans to issue a total of $ N billion in bonds to its high-interest debt - the $ N billion bond issue also will help the tva meet its goal of not raising rates for another year said william f. the agency 's chief financial officer - the bond issue is tva 's first public offering since the financing bank was created in N primarily to finance the tva - but the offering almost did n't happen - the tva in fact decided to proceed with the bond offering following an agreement last week with the financing bank which allows tva to keep borrowing short term from the bank for two years after it goes to the public market - the treasury contended that tva could n't borrow from both it and the public debt market - the $ N billion in bonds break down as follows $ N billion in five-year bonds with a coupon rate of N N and a yield to maturity of N N $ N billion in 10-year bonds with a coupon rate of N N and a yield to maturity of N N $ N billion in 30-year bonds with five-year call protection a coupon rate of N N and a yield to maturity of N N - managing the bond issue is a group of investment banks headed by first boston corp. and by goldman sachs & co. merrill lynch capital markets morgan stanley & co. and salomon brothers inc - mutual-fund john m. templeton has put his money where his is pouring $ N million into one of his own funds the templeton value fund - mr. templeton owns shares in several of the N funds that his firm manages but only in three of the N available to u.s. investors according to filings with the securities and exchange commission - those are templeton global income templeton emerging markets and now the value fund - why did he add the value fund to the list - because he 's very bullish on the emerging growth stocks that make up the fund 's portfolio mr. templeton said from his - emerging growth stocks have n't been popular in america for years they 've been neglected he said and their prices often trail the market as a whole - mr. templeton 's purchase in the closed-end fund came before the u.s. stock market 's plunge last friday but still proved slightly profitable - mr. templeton bought his shares in several separate purchases between aug. N and sept. N according to reports with the sec - he bought at share prices ranging from $ N to $ N - the fund closed yesterday in new york stock exchange composite trading at $ N up N cents - in addition mr. templeton received a dividend of N cents a share oct. N - river run - a senior vice president and a vice president at james river corp. sold the majority of their shares in the richmond va. concern in late august and early september reports filed with the sec show - the executives who got $ N a share for the stock showed good timing - in big board trading yesterday james river shares closed at $ N down N cents - on sept. N robert joseph the firm 's senior vice president of employee and public relations sold N shares leaving himself with N shares of james river - including a sale of stock last february mr. has sold N N of his stake in the company this year according to sec filings - mr. declined to comment when asked about the sales - james a. a vice president sold N shares aug. N - he still has N shares according to sec files - mr. also declined to comment - interest-rate player - cincinnati gas & electric co. tops the companies portion of the accompanying insider trading table this week - three of the utility 's directors have at least doubled their holdings in the company since july - the largest purchase was by who bought N shares for $ N - mr. who is also president of broadcasting co. said he bought the shares because he keeps a utility account at the brokerage firm of salomon brothers inc. which had recommended the stock as a good buy - salomon brothers confirmed that it has had a buy recommendation on the stock for about two years - cincinnati gas & electric is in good shape mr. said and utilities are a good investment because interest rates are going down - mr. paid an average of $ N for each share - the stock closed yesterday on the big board at $ N down N cents - the two other directors bought N and N shares respectively at prices between $ N a share and $ N a share filings with the sec show - the two could n't be reached for comment - a company spokesman said he could n't explain their sudden - i do n't know of any news or anything unusual happening here said bruce director of media services - peter in pittsburgh contributed to this article - t. rowe price associates inc. said directors recommended stockholders approve a 2-for-1 stock split and an increase in authorized shares to N million from N million - stockholders will vote on the proposal at a meeting dec. N - t. rowe price is an investment adviser to mutual funds institutions and individuals - in one of the first cases to go to trial a jury decided in favor of the defendant burlington industries inc - the verdict reached late last week in cincinnati may end an legal battle for the n.c. carpet maker - glenn and sharon of cincinnati had sued the in N after burlington carpets in their office - the beebes alleged that toxic from the carpets made them sick - as a result of their illness the beebes said they lost $ N million in wages and earnings - in addition they said that months of exposure to the chemicals has left them sensitive to a wide range of commonly used - the case had been closely watched because attorneys anticipate increasing litigation nationally over the so-called syndrome - plaintiffs ' lawyers say that buildings become sick when inadequate fresh air and poor systems lead to build up inside - anthony j. a lawyer for burlington said the company believes the beebes ' symptoms were not related to the carpeting - he said that ill effects from new carpets themselves immediately but that the beebes ' symptoms appeared months later - adams the beebes ' lawyer said the verdict would not discourage other plaintiffs from filing such suits - scientists are only beginning to understand what causes syndrome and much of that research was unavailable when the beebes filed the case she said - the beebes now believe that a prime for their injuries was from an used in the carpeting - but the beebes did n't come to that conclusion until time limits had for adding the maker as a defendant in the case ms. adams said - the beebes have not yet decided whether to appeal - times square development opponents are dealt setback - the appellate division of new york state supreme court dismissed six lawsuits attempting to block a $ N billion project planned for street in manhattan - opponents of the project had claimed that the city and the state of new york which are the project had failed to to environmental guidelines - all but two of the N or so lawsuits that have been filed since the project 's N approval have been dismissed before the trial stage - the two that remain have n't yet reached the pre-trial stage - state officials said the court 's ruling clears the way for proceedings to condemn buildings in the area - this project is ready to move said state urban development corp. chairman vincent - but developers of four planned office towers cautioned that obstacles still remain - as part of the agreement with the state the developers a partnership of park tower realty and prudential insurance co. of america said they would not proceed with proceedings while there was significant litigation pending - park tower general counsel mayer said the development team will have to review two additional lawsuits before putting up a $ N million letter of credit to cover costs - also he said the partnership is waiting to see whether the appellate division 's ruling will be appealed - the plan which has been plagued with delays and setbacks seeks to transform the area from a to a more office and theater district - state and city officials are still negotiating with developers to historic theaters and build and operate a merchandise mart and hotel - federal judge role of u.s. courts in decisions - u.s. district judge jack b. of brooklyn n.y. ruled that a man in an attack on an israeli passenger bus in N can be to israel for trial - a had initially refused the request ruling that the attack had been a political act for which the man would be exempt from - however judge wrote in his opinion late last month that terrorism and acts of war against can not be defined as political acts - judge also ruled that judges must consider prior to whether the defendant will be treated fairly in a foreign court - to do so the judge said the u.s. courts must review the judicial process in the foreign country of the state department 's assessment - he said that in this case he with the state department 's decision that mr. should be - mr. 's lawyer said he would appeal - lawyers close to the case said they believed the ruling was unprecedented - up until now the courts have said it is not their role to the foreign country 's courts said the assistant u.s. attorney on the case - former canadian ambassador to the u.s. e. has joined the philadelphia law firm of hamilton & as a consultant - mr. who serves as a consultant to elliott one of canada 's biggest law firms is advising hamilton 's washington office on legal matters related to investment corporate finance and international transactions - - in a speech prepared for delivery in new york yesterday retired justice lewis contested the notion that the last supreme court term marked a turn toward who agreed on little else unanimously proclaimed a shift in direction on the court - i take these like many that have them in past years with a grain of salt - in an era of sound ' and instant opinion polls it is dangerous to apply broad labels to a single term - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - the war when egypt into israel on oct. N N the day in the jewish calendar lasted barely a month - but one effect is still with us - the arab states always bitterly of u.s. support toward israel realized they held an weapon oil - early in october six arab nations in the persian gulf up prices sharply - on oct. N led by saudi arabia the world 's largest exporter they oil shipments to the u.s. and to the netherlands israel 's european ally - the timing was perfect - the arabs had tried before - in N when britain france and israel egypt to seize the suez arab producers cut off supplies to europe - texas simply pumped harder - u.s. oil supplies however had peaked in N and N and by N were declining - imports then six million barrels a day came primarily from venezuela and canada - but middle east supplies were growing in importance - by N the u.s. was bringing in two million barrels of arab oil a day more than N N of the N million barrels consumed daily - politics and economics conspired - japan and europe far more dependent on mideast oil than the u.s. would n't the arabs or trade off their precious supplies - the u.s. did manage to supply the dutch with oil by supplies once oil is shipped no one can tell its source - but americans and so did the u.s. and other governments - shortage and crisis became words although neither really applied - the spot that showed up were largely the result of confusion much of it in washington though that was cold comfort for drivers waiting in lines at the gas - the lasted only six months but the price became a fact of life - what the arabs started inflation finished - once and for all $ crude oil and gasoline were history - times may be tough on wall street for some but a few bosses are making as much as ever or more - at bear stearns cos. for example the N executive officers led by chairman alan greenberg got a pay increase to $ N million for the period ended june N from $ N million for the N months ended april N N - the figures do n't include substantial dividends on holdings of bear stearns stock - mr. greenberg himself was paid $ N million before an estimated $ N million in dividends up from $ N million the year before - the increase is noted in the brokerage firm 's latest proxy statement filed with the securities and exchange commission - because it operates on a fiscal year bear stearns 's yearly filings are available much earlier than those of other firms - the latest period includes N months instead of N because bear stearns changed to a fiscal year ending in june instead of april - meanwhile bear stearns 's N stock and bond salesmen saw over the past year which the company says reflected lower commission revenue caused by a decline in investor activity in the markets - however bear stearns on monday reported improved earnings for its first quarter ended sept. N partly because of a N N increase in commissions during the quarter - william j. chief financial officer defended the salaries at bear stearns - all of us are on a base salary of $ N if the firm makes nothing and that 's pretty low as far as wall street goes mr. said - however bear stearns has never had an unprofitable year since its founding N years ago - four bear stearns executives besides the mr. greenberg were paid $ N million or more before dividends for the N months ended in june - according to the proxy statement james e. N bear stearns 's president made $ N million an executive vice president michael l. N made nearly $ N million and two executive vice presidents vincent j. N and william j. N made about $ N million each - mr. said the firm has a straight formula for determining compensation based on the firm 's earnings - just because a particular element of the firm is down such as does n't mean the executive committee should be paid less he said - morgan grenfell group plc said john craven group chief executive officer is taking over the of the merchant banking group from sir peter who is retiring - mr. will remain a member of the merchant bank 's board - mr. craven is widely credited with morgan grenfell 's on its core corporate finance fund management and banking activities over the past year - last year morgan grenfell shut down its ailing u.k. securities operations - mr. craven said his move to the means he will take a less active role in the day-to-day management of the group but he added that the merchant bank 's strategic focus remains unchanged - mr. craven joined morgan grenfell as group chief executive in may N a few months after the resignations of former chief executive christopher and other top officials because of the merchant bank 's role in guinness plc 's controversial takeover of 's co. in N - morgan grenfell had advised guinness on the bid which was surrounded by allegations that guinness used means to support the bid 's value - morgan grenfell said michael currently group deputy chief executive will assume the chief executive position - the merchant bank also announced that finance director david is taking early retirement for personal reasons - his duties will be taken over by anthony who has been elected deputy chairman - news of mr. 's retirement comes one day after morgan said that christopher whittington resigned as chairman of morgan 's banking subsidiary to join a financial services firm - mr. craven said both messrs. and whittington had planned to leave the bank earlier but mr. craven had persuaded them to remain until the bank was in a healthy position - if there 's any about the departures it 's that they are leaving at a time when the business is in reasonably good shape and going forward very well - last month morgan grenfell announced its pretax profit rose N N to # N million in the first half boosted by a healthy growth in its domestic and international corporate finance business - the following were among yesterday 's offerings and pricings in the u.s. and non-u.s. capital markets with terms and syndicate manager as compiled by dow jones capital markets report - lockheed corp. $ N million of N N N notes due oct. N N priced at N to yield N N - the issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - rated single-a-3 by moody 's investors service inc. and single-a by standard & poor 's corp. the issue will be sold through underwriters led by goldman sachs & co - california health facilities financing authority $ N million of revenue bonds for kaiser due N N N N and N tentatively priced by a painewebber inc. group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - serial bonds were priced to yield to N N in N - there are about $ N million of N N bonds priced at N N to yield N N in N about $ N million of N N bonds priced at N N to yield N N in N about $ N million of N N bonds priced at N N to yield N N in N and about $ N million of N N N bonds priced to yield N N in N - the bonds are rated by moody 's and double-a by s&p according to the lead underwriter - pennsylvania higher education facilities authority approximately $ N million of revenue bonds for university series N due N N and N priced late monday by a merrill lynch capital markets group to yield from N N in N to N N in N - serial bonds were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - there are about $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced to yield N N and about $ N million of N N term bonds due N priced at N to yield N N - the bonds are insured and rated triple-a by moody 's and s&p - connecticut $ N million of general obligation capital appreciation bonds college savings plan N series b priced by a prudential-bache capital funding group - the zero-coupon bonds were priced to yield to maturity from N N in N to N N in N N and N - the bonds have received a rating of from moody 's and a rating is expected from s&p the underwriter said - oregon $ N million of general obligation veterans ' tax notes series N dated nov. N N and due nov. N N through a chemical securities inc. group - the group is offering the notes priced as N N N securities to yield N N - the notes are rated by moody 's and by s&p - university of medicine and of new jersey $ N million of series c bonds priced by a prudential-bache capital funding group - the bonds rated single-a by moody 's and double-a by s&p were priced to yield from N N in N to N N in N - all serial bonds are being offered at par except those due N - federal home loan mortgage corp. $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in eight classes by salomon brothers inc - the offering series N is backed by freddie mac N N securities - the issue used pricing - federal national mortgage association $ N million of remic mortgage securities being offered in N classes by greenwich capital markets - the offering series N is backed by fannie mae N N N securities and used pricing - the issue brings fannie mae 's N remic issuance to $ N billion and its total volume to $ N billion since the program began in april N - electric railway co japan $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N coupon at par via nomura international ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N through oct. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - co japan $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N coupon at par via daiwa europe ltd - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from nov. N N to oct. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - steel co korea $ N million of bonds due nov. N N with equity-purchase warrants indicating a N N N to N N N coupon at par via merrill lynch international ltd. and securities co - each $ N bond carries one warrant exercisable from may N N through oct. N N to buy company shares at an expected premium of N N to N N to the closing share price when terms are fixed oct. N - international funding plc u.k. parent N million australian dollars of N N N bonds due nov. N N priced at N N to yield N N less full fees via morgan securities ltd - guaranteed by plc - fees N - tennessee valley authority a $ N billion offering of power bonds priced through an underwriting group led by first boston corp - the size of the issue was increased from an originally planned $ N billion - the first part consisting of $ N billion of bonds due oct. N N with a five-year provision was priced as N N N securities at N to yield N N - the 30-year issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 30-year bellwether bond - the second part consisting of $ N billion of noncallable bonds due oct. N N was priced as N N N securities at N to yield N N - the 10-year issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's 10-year note - the third part consisting of $ N billion of noncallable bonds due oct. N N was priced as N N N securities at N to yield N N - the five-year issue was priced at a spread of N basis points above the treasury 's comparable note - the issue is rated triple-a by moody 's and triple-a by s&p - par pharmaceutical inc. said it named its interim president and chief executive officer kenneth i. to those posts permanently and elected him to the board - par also said it was advised by the u.s. attorney for maryland that it is one of a number of companies being investigated by a federal grand jury for alleged violations of the federal food drug and cosmetic act - par a maker that has been plagued by management problems was already the subject of a federal criminal inquiry into the process and a food and drug administration investigation - a par spokesman said he understood the criminal investigation in maryland to matters par disclosed in july when par said it filed false drug information with the fda - at the time the company said it was one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others - the spokesman said he also understood that the inquiry related to the existence of an production book - the book noted changes made at the manufacturing level that were n't disclosed to the fda - par said it is in the investigation - also yesterday patel a former par official who pleaded guilty to providing an fda employee an illegal of $ N was sentenced by a federal judge in baltimore to one year of community service and a $ N fine - mr. patel also was placed on three years ' - mr. patel resigned as senior vice president of par in april - in july par and a unit agreed to plead guilty in that inquiry as did another former par official - mr. began running the company on an interim basis in late september - par said it selected him for the posts of president and chief executive on a permanent basis because of his experience in the industry and his performance at par - levine chairman said mr. had taken significant steps to restore the company 's credibility and sense of and integrity - just after midnight monday federal spending started to drop by $ N billion - what do you say we all close down the game go home and bank the $ N billion - that 's essentially what budget director richard darman is suggesting and we think he deserves as much support as he can get - if human beings ca n't cut federal spending and they ca n't let the computers do it - congress with a measure of white house has been the spending accounts for years under the cover of omnibus appropriations bills - indeed without earlier the current sequester of $ N billion would have been even larger - we suspect voters are fed up with the - consider for instance that even yesterday 's widely publicized sequester is likely to be if business as usual is allowed to prevail - under the law gramm-rudman 's in federal programs are supposed to be permanent - social security and spending for poor people are - however the associated press 's account of the monday sequester order signed by president bush neatly captured the congress shows toward the notion of a legally commitment - lawmakers have been saying for weeks that they plan to roll back the cuts as soon as they agree to a compromise on a bill - mr. darman 's to save the sequester was backed up yesterday by white house press secretary marlin fitzwater - there is some feeling here that the cuts are the way to go - it will reduce spending in a very effective fashion - this attitude is being away by around washington as little more than tough talk - it looks to us like a golden opportunity for george bush to off at the all this talk about a presidency - mr. bush would be acting in the public interest if he let the washington who manipulate these budgets the bureaucrats the lobbyists the congressional staffers live for just one year on a restricted diet - ask thin is in - senator phil pointed out monday that in the N years before gramm-rudman was enacted in N federal spending grew by about N N a year since the law it 's grown at under N N annually - another major factor in this positive trend was ronald reagan 's decision early in his presidency to fight the budget war on the expenditure side rather than raising taxes - george bush 's continued support of the tax dam this strategy of congress to make choices among competing priorities rather than just saying yes to all the special-interest that fill the trough - if washington 's ever succeed in the tax dam americans will be in a red sea of new spending programs such as child care - child care was one of the many bills pulled out of the senate 's reconciliation bill last friday - others were the capital-gains cut section N repeal the disabled workers bill and the unprecedented of the catastrophic health act - all this stuff still is in the house 's reconciliation bill and many members say they 're reluctant to pull out bills just to see them die - republicans especially want a guarantee from the house leadership that they 'll get an vote on the bills - house speaker foley ought to deliver that promise - this is the way government is supposed to work with politicians taking responsibility for votes that their constituents can identify instead of them in the great reconciliation garbage truck - we have as much as anyone for those days in washington when men and women over budgets and even a bit to see that the bridges got build roads soldiers paid or that the desperately poor were for - those days are gone - nor do we see any reason to believe that a metropolitan washington that has gotten fat and rich and in the shadow of the federal will change much on its own initiative - save the sequester and let washington - the new york stock exchange said a seat sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale oct. N - seats are currently quoted at $ N bid and $ N offered - the $ N sale price earlier this month was the lowest in nearly three years - exchange seats hit a peak of $ N in september N - the canadian government auctioned N million canadian dollars us$ N million of N N bonds due dec. N N - the average accepted yield bid was N N for a price equivalent of N - proceeds of the sale will be used to redeem c$ N million of government bonds maturing nov. N and for general government purposes - northern trust corp. said its board adopted a shareholder rights plan aimed at unwanted takeover bids but said it 's not aware of any plan to acquire the banking concern - under northern trust 's plan shareholders were issued rights that in the event of certain attempted takeovers allow holders to buy shares in the company at half price - national patent development corp. said it plans to purchase as many as N common shares of its sciences inc. unit in periodic purchases - the N shares are about N N of 's common shares outstanding excluding national patent 's stake - noting the recent food and drug administration approval of 's treatment national patent said it believes 's stock is undervalued - japanese investors by monday 's strong rally on wall street erased most of that day 's losses on the tokyo stock exchange - but analysts said the rebound did n't remove the cautious mood from the market - in london stocks closed lower in volatile trading as an opening rally was by u.s. trade figures - paris shares had a similar reaction but most other european posted gains as did all major asian and pacific stock markets - tokyo 's nikkei index of N stocks jumped N points to close at N - the rise came a day after the year 's biggest drop on monday when the nikkei fell N or N N in response to friday 's N N plunge on wall street - in early trading wednesday in tokyo the nikkei index rose N points to N - on tuesday the tokyo stock price index of issues listed in the first section which fell N monday rose N or N N to N - trading was relatively thin at an estimated N million shares though than monday 's N million - advancing issues outnumbered decliners N with N unchanged - we 're back to square one said simon an analyst in japan for kleinwort benson international inc - japanese domestic institutions including trust banks and investment management firms that had been on the sidelines during monday 's fall were back in the market analysts said - foreign investors reportedly started off selling but later joined in the buying - the tokyo rally seemed to confirm the view frequently expressed in japan in the past few days that the drop in new york was a local problem related to merger and acquisition activity in the u.s. - this time we do n't really have to worry about tokyo said an official at daiwa securities co - nothing has changed fundamentally in the tokyo market - but even though tokyo appears by recent market volatility analysts and traders say there are still a few concerns on the horizon - in particular japanese investors will be keeping a wary eye on wall street to see whether monday 's rally holds up as fresh u.s. economic data are released - people are placing small bets - there 's no huge buying said stephen hill head of equity sales at fleming securities ltd. in tokyo - really views right now would be - yesterday 's buyers favored real estate construction and other issues reflecting the fact that many tokyo investors now feel safer with domestically stocks analysts said - they also are concerned about the persistent strength of the dollar against the yen as a weaker yen leads to higher import prices in japan and adds to domestic pressures - currency concerns also weigh heavily on interest stocks such as banking and other financial issues because of fears that japanese interest rates might have to rise to keep the dollar in check - among steel shares rose N to N yen $ N a share and nippon steel gained N to N - construction shares that gained included which rose N to N - in the real estate sector mitsui real estate development was up N at N and mitsubishi estate gained N to N - london 's financial times-stock exchange 100-share index fell N points to N - it was down more than N points a half-hour before the close marking a turnaround from its high reached in the first N minutes of trading - the narrower financial times 30-share index fell N to N - volume was an active N million shares about double the recent levels but down from N million the previous day which u.k. traders have dubbed manic monday - prices opened strongly on the basis of monday 's wall street rally and yesterday 's gains in tokyo - but the advance faltered as traders and investors jittery about the u.k. economic outlook took over - the unexpectedly wide u.s. august trade deficit of $ N billion hit an already jittery u.k. market in - michael who manages sales and trading for brokerage concern societe generale said it 's a nervous market - it was all over the place - if you bought you wish you had n't and if you sold you wish you had n't - he said the current market is all about sentiment and the sentiment in london is N N anxiety and worry - britain 's economic fundamentals he said do n't look very bright - dealers said london showed signs of in after wall street avoided sharp losses despite the trade report but a wave of futures-related selling later in the session sent buyers back to the sidelines - still some sectors found buying interest after being actively sold in recent weeks - merchant banks were stronger across the board - morgan grenfell which has been mentioned in takeover rumors rose N to N pence $ N a share - warburg a rumored target of some european banking concerns finished N higher at N - rose N to N and rose N to # N - on the corporate front ford motor announced that it raised its stake in u.k. luxury car maker jaguar to N N from N N - jaguar shares jumped N before easing to close at N up N - a british computer hardware and communications equipment maker eased N to N - it announced a N N plunge in pretax profit for the latest year - brewery stocks were firm to higher on talk of early bargain-hunting but most ended below their - bass ended up N higher at N guinness closed at N down N and scottish & dropped N to N but whitbread class a shares rose N to N - dealers said there was late talk of a whitbread sale of brewing operations to scottish & - the most active shares were major particularly oils and utilities such as british gas and british telecommunications - traders attributed the action in them largely to defensive in a volatile market - british gas finished at N down N on N million shares british petroleum fell N to N on N million shares and british was N lower at N on turnover of N million shares - cable & fell N to N - also in active trading british steel fell N to N as N million shares changed hands - electric which traded N million shares declined N to N - in other european markets share prices closed sharply higher in frankfurt and zurich and posted moderate rises in stockholm amsterdam and milan - paris closed lower and most brussels shares were unable to trade for a second consecutive day because of technical problems - south african gold stocks closed higher - elsewhere share prices rebounded in hong kong sydney singapore wellington taipei manila and seoul - in hong kong sydney and singapore the largest of those exchanges stocks recovered one-third to one-half of the ground they lost in monday 's plunge with major market indexes posting gains of N N to N N - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - industries inc. said it received approval to proceed on four separate projects with a total contract value of $ N million - the projects include construction of a N plant for l.p. mich. a steam generating plant at ontario calif. that will own and operate and two control projects in orange county calif - corp. and corp. said they completed the previously reported sale of 's san passive components division to - a new york-based maker of passive electronic products paid $ N million in cash to a maker of semiconductor products - passive components makes and filters used to protect electronics - consolidated papers inc. said it plans to spend $ N million on new equipment and facilities - the producer of paper used in magazines and by commercial printers said spending on the expansion is planned to begin in the first quarter of N - the expansion is subject to approval by federal and wisconsin environmental regulators - the stock of applied power inc. which split 2-for-1 in may has risen since august N - in yesterday 's edition it was incorrectly stated that the company 's share price has since august N - the stock market 's dizzying gyrations during the past few days have made a lot of individual investors wish they could buy some sort of insurance - after all they wo n't soon forget the stock bargains that became available after the october N crash - but while they want to be on the alert for similar buying opportunities now they 're afraid of being by another plunge - the solution at least for some investors may be a hedging technique that 's well known to players in the market - called a married put the technique is carried out by purchasing a stock and simultaneously buying a put option on that stock - it 's like fire insurance says harrison roth the senior options strategist at & co - because a put option gives its owner the right but not the obligation to sell a fixed number of shares of the stock at a stated price on or before the option 's expiration date the investor is protected against a sudden drop in the stock 's price - but most investment advisers do n't recommend using married puts all the time - that 's because the cost of buying put options into an investor 's profit when stock prices rise - this is the type of fire insurance you only buy when the nearby woods are on fire says mr. roth - you always want your house insured but you do n't always feel the need for your investments to be insured - in addition to hedging new stock purchases the technique can be used to protect stocks that an investor already owns - in either case the investor faces three possible - if the stock goes up in price between now and the put 's expiration date the put will probably expire - the investor will be out the cost of the put which is called the premium and this loss will reduce the stock-market profit - if the stock stays at the same price between now and the put 's expiration date the investor 's loss will be limited to the cost of the put less any amount realized from a closing sale of the put - the scenario would be if the put expires - if the price of the stock declines the put will increase in value - once the stock price is less than the exercise price or strike price of the put the gain will match the loss on the stock dollar for dollar - the put a minimum selling price for the stock during its life - when a stock falls below the put 's strike price the investor simply sells the stock at a loss and simultaneously sells the put at a profit - or the investor can exercise the put by the stock to his or her broker in return for payment from another investor who has sold a put on the same stock - brokers handle such transactions through the options clearing corp. which guarantees all option trades - the accompanying table shows how this strategy would work for three stocks - though not reflected in the table an investor should know that the cost of the option insurance can be partially offset by any dividends that the stock pays - for example tenneco inc. pays a quarterly dividend of N cents which would be received before the february option expires and thus reduce the cost of using the technique by that amount - in this case the investor 's risk would n't exceed N N of the total investment - to the calculations commissions on the option and underlying stock are n't included in the table - there are more than N stocks on which options may be bought and sold including some over-the-counter stocks - but some investors might prefer a simpler strategy then hedging their individual holdings - they can do this by purchasing index puts which are simply put options on indexes that match broad baskets of stocks - for instance the most popular index option is the s&p N option commonly called the - it is based on the stocks that make up standard & poor 's index - unlike options on individual issues index options are settled only in cash and no stock is ever tendered - but while index options are convenient they have several - for one thing an investor 's portfolio might not closely match the s&p N - as a result the insurance may or may not fully protect an investor 's holdings in the event of a market decline - in addition options were suspended from trading last friday afternoon after the stock-market sell-off got under way and trading in the futures contract was halted - so an investor who wanted to realize a profit on puts after the trading suspension would have been out of luck - on the other hand only a handful of individual issues were suspended from trading on friday - normally once the underlying investment is suspended from trading the options on those investments also do n't trade - ultimately whether the insurance provided by purchasing puts is depends on the cost of the options - that cost rises in times of high market volatility - but it still might be cheaper than taking a major hit - the protection from using married puts is clearly superior to that by another options strategy some investors consider using during troubled times selling call options on stocks the investor owns - a call option is similar to a put except that it gives its owner the right to buy shares at a stated price until expiration - selling a call option gives an investor a small buffer against a stock-market decline - that 's because it reduces the cost of the stock by the amount of premium received from the sale of the call - but if the price of the stock rises above the strike price of the option the stock is almost certain to be called away - and in that case the investor misses out on any major upside gain - these calculations exclude the effect of commissions paid and dividends received from the stock - all prices are as of monday 's close - hopes for quick enactment of pending deficit-reduction legislation faded as efforts to streamline the house version in advance of a house-senate conference broke down - house leaders had hoped to follow the senate 's lead by getting an agreement from house committee chairmen under which they would drop items that would n't reduce the fiscal N budget deficit from the house-passed bill before the negotiations with the senate began - but the effort became on the question of what would become of other issues ranging from cutting the capital-gains tax to child care to repeal of insurance - many members feel there are important features of the house bill that should be enacted speaker thomas foley d. wash said - if there is any support for reducing the bill it is on their desire to see them passed in another form - now those items will be discussed in a house-senate conference which could begin as soon as today with the expectation that they could either be resolved there or placed into other legislation - you 've got to give these chairmen the opportunity to see if they can work things out said house budget committee chairman leon d. calif - this is a democratic process you ca n't anything around here - white house budget director richard darman has said he would continue to press to keep the capital-gains provision in the final version of the bill unless the house drops many of its costly provisions - senate leaders had hoped to be able to send a compromise version of the measure to president bush by the end of the week but speaker foley said that was n't likely - failure to pass the bill meant that $ N billion in across-the-board spending cuts took effect monday under the gramm-rudman budget law - the bill must be enacted before the cuts can be restored - trading volume in standard & poor 's N stock-index futures contracts on the chicago mercantile exchange monday totaled N contracts - yesterday 's edition incorrectly reported monday 's trading volume as a record for the s&p N contract - ncnb corp. raised $ N billion in new capital during the third quarter - in yesterday 's edition the amount of new capital was misstated - mccormick capital inc. said its tender offer to buy back as many as N million or N N of its common shares at $ N apiece which expired friday evening was oversubscribed - the developer and manager of limited partnerships said preliminary results indicate that about N shares had been tendered giving a preliminary factor of N - the final factor will be announced monday - exploration ltd. said it is proposing to four of its associated companies - under a proposed involving share swaps abm gold corp. a gold exploration and management company will merge with resources corp. united gold corp. and resources inc - abm will also increase its stake in gold corp. to N N from N N - said it will own about N N of the equity and N N of the votes of abm after the - the are subject to regulatory approval and require approval by shareholders of abm united and at special meetings on nov. N - steven c. walker senior vice president of this bank holding company was named president chief executive officer and a director of both commercial national and commercial national bank - he succeeds james e. burt iii who resigned from all three posts to pursue other interests - cincinnati microwave inc. said it introduced two radar detectors - one unit called the uses a new digital technology to detect radar signals much sooner than was previously possible the company said - the other called the solo is battery operated and is the first radar that does n't need a power the company said - a surprising surge in the u.s. trade deficit raised fears that the nation 's export drive has stalled and caused new turmoil in financial markets - the merchandise trade deficit widened in august to $ N billion the commerce department reported a sharp deterioration from july 's $ N billion and the largest deficit of any month this year - exports fell for the second month in a row while imports rose to a record - this is one of the worst trade releases we 've had since the dollar out in N said dennis chief international economist at james capel inc - like most analysts mr. dennis was to read too much into one month 's numbers but he said it indicates perhaps that the balance in the u.s. economy is not as good as we 've been led to believe - the number had a troubling effect on wall street suggesting that more fundamental economic problems may last friday 's stock market slide - the dow jones industrial average tumbled more than N points after the report 's release before recovering to close N points lower at N - this bad trade number raises some deeper issues about the market decline said norman robertson chief economist for mellon bank - it raises questions about more problems the budget deficit and the trade deficit and the lack of ability to come to with them - the trade report drew yet another parallel to october N - on oct. N of that year the announcement of an unusually large august trade deficit helped trigger a steep market decline - the slide continued until the record market drop on oct. N - in N however the news was the latest in a string of disappointments on trade while the current report comes after a period of improvement - the bleak trade report was played down by the bush administration - commerce secretary robert mosbacher called the worsening trade figures disappointing after two very good months - and white house spokesman marlin fitzwater said the deficit was an unwelcome increase adding that we 're hopeful that it simply is a situation and will turn around - but the figures reinforced the view of many private analysts that the improvement in the u.s. trade deficit has run out of steam - the figures today add further evidence to support the view that the improvement in the u.s. trade deficit has essentially stalled out at a level of about a $ N billion annual rate said jeffrey scott a research fellow at the institute for international economics here - that 's still an improvement over last year but it leads one to conclude that basically we 've gotten all the we can out of past dollar depreciation and past marginal cuts in the federal budget deficit - exports declined for the second consecutive month in august slipping N N to $ N billion the commerce department reported - imports on the other hand leaped N N to a record $ N billion - not only was august 's deficit far worse than july 's but the government revised the july figure substantially from the $ N billion deficit it had initially reported last month - many economists contend that deep cuts in the u.s. budget deficit are needed before further trade improvement can occur - that 's because the budget deficit feeds an enormous appetite in this country for both foreign goods and foreign capital overwhelming the nation 's capacity to export - people are sick and tired of hearing about these deficits but the imbalances are still there and they are still a problem said mr. robertson - in addition the rise in the value of the dollar against foreign currencies over the past several months has increased the price of u.s. products in overseas markets and hurt the country 's competitiveness - since march exports have been virtually flat - at the same time william t. international vice president at the u.s. chamber of commerce notes clearly the stronger dollar has made imports more attractive by causing their prices to decline - most economists expect the slowing u.s. economy to curb demand for imports - but they little substantial progress in exports unless the dollar and the federal budget deficit come down - the best result we could get from these numbers would be to see the administration and congress get serious about putting the u.s. on an internationally competitive economic footing said howard lewis vice president of international economic affairs at the national association of manufacturers - that must start with cutting the federal budget deficit - august 's decline in exports reflected in sales of industrial supplies capital goods and food abroad and increases in sales of motor vehicles parts and engines - the jump in imports stemmed from across-the-board increases in purchases of foreign goods - the numbers were adjusted for usual seasonal fluctuations - alan murray contributed to this article - in billions of u.s. dollars not seasonally adjusted - \* newly industrialized countries singapore hong kong taiwan south korea - steve jobs took a step back from the of personal-computer technology in an effort to spur sales of next inc. 's new machine - mr. jobs moved to remedy a couple of his computer 's yesterday by lowering the price for a next machine by $ N or N N if the buyer chooses a hard-disk drive as an alternative to next 's device - the hard drive which is the storage device of choice for virtually every desktop computer user also now will supplement next 's optical device if buyers pay full price - mr. jobs of apple computer inc. founded next four years ago in the hopes of a revolution in the way desktop computers are designed and used - his next computer introduced about a year ago and aimed primarily at university computer users sports graphics digital sound and a black design - but the computer was proving a hard sell because of its high price a lack of software and an optical device that was too slow - the machine began shipping at the end of last year - the closely held company has n't disclosed sales - however most universities that have bought the machines say they are buying small numbers for evaluation purposes - universities can now buy a next computer without an optical storage device for $ N - a computer with the optical device will still cost $ N but from now on next will outfit every computer with a hard drive and supply one at no cost to those who have already bought next machines - commercial customers can purchase the same system through businessland inc. a computer retailer based in san jose calif. for roughly $ N more - mr. jobs said the changes were prompted by requests from customers who are frustrated with the performance of the optical device which is n't offered as standard equipment by any rivals - another factor was that customers were asking why do n't you give us a cheaper system mr. jobs said at a conference on university computing here - devices can handle very large amounts of data and make it far easier to film or audio with a computer - but the technology while is far slower than the widely used hard drives - to get around the delays caused by the optical device businessland which is next 's exclusive dealer to corporations has for months been advising customers to purchase hard drives with the machines - next 's decision to rely on the hard drive in every next computer does n't signal a retreat from optical storage said mr. jobs who for years has said this technology will play a crucial role in the next decade - we 're extremely committed to optical storage technology he said - we think everything will go this way in a few years - he said that the next generation of optical drives will be as fast as hard drives but he depends on outside suppliers for the devices - but university computer specialists who welcomed the move called it a necessary retreat from the cutting edge of technology and one that 's likely to increase next 's sales on - from the standpoint of being on the of technology this is a step said jerry w. a senior computing manager for the california state university system - but it will definitely boost next 's sales - universities however say next 's prices must go even lower before large numbers of students purchase the machine - we 'd still like to see a student model priced at about $ N said ronald johnson director of academic computing at minnesota 's college which has bought eight next machines - broad acceptance of next 's computer also is by difficulty in distributing software for it - most software is distributed on cheap disks but the next computer does n't come with a device that reads them - next 's computer also needs more software applications but mr. jobs said he expects more soon - he said he expects lotus development corp. to introduce a next version of its popular N program in N - educators added that next needs to soon offer a color version of its computer - every major maker offers computers with color displays - next wo n't comment on when it will do the same but is believed to have a color model under development - donald j. N years old was named president and chief operating officer of this owner and operator of hospitals nursing centers and retirement hotels - he succeeds as president don who remains chairman and chief executive officer - the position of chief operating officer is new - corp. reported a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share for the third quarter which was by severance costs and the expense of upgrading its software inventories - the software company said revenue slid N N to $ N million - this contrasts with the year-ago quarter when the company had net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - for the nine months had a loss of $ N million or $ N a share - in the year-ago period the company had profit of $ N million or $ N a share - revenue in the period slid almost N N to $ N million from about $ N million last year - edward m. chairman president and chief executive officer attributed the decline to reduced domestic revenue because of $ N million spent to upgrade existing software inventories to the new version N and $ N million spent on the recent reduction in work force - he said the company was encouraged by it received from selected customers now testing version N - the red ink came as no surprise to wall street but analysts said they saw hints of a further delay in volume shipments of version N a of continued losses in the fourth quarter - the loss is in line with our expectations said john c. maxwell iii an analyst with dillon read & co. in new york - he added gross margins and operating profit eroded quite dramatically from the prior quarter along with sales of existing software product lines like and - the success of a new product in the line is needed - and while the company has n't made a statement it now looks like that 's not going to be anytime soon mr. maxwell said - the company said in a statement that it expects to ship new products during the next two quarters - it now looks like version N is n't going to be widely available until the first quarter of N said david an analyst with montgomery securities in san francisco - this is the second delay now in getting the product out the door - it does the pain somewhat - mr. maxwell said unless the company can start shipments of the new product sometime this quarter the fourth-quarter loss is likely to be comparable to the third quarter 's - if the company can start to ship during this quarter it could stem some if not all of the red ink he said - in national over-the-counter trading closed yesterday at $ N a share up N cents - tuesday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days - N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed-rate mortgages N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - corp. reported that third-quarter net income fell N N from a year-earlier quarter helped by a gain from discontinued operations - profit from continuing operations rose N N - the chemicals and insurance company said net in the latest quarter was $ N million or N cents a share - in the year-earlier quarter net was $ N million or N cents a share - the quarter included $ N million from businesses spun off as industries inc - revenue was $ N million up N N from $ N million a year ago - said pretax profit from its insurance segment excluding investment gains rose N N in the latest quarter to $ N million from $ N million - in the chemicals segment pretax profit rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - the company 's chemicals interests include among other things petroleum pharmaceuticals and used by the semiconductor industry - for the nine months said net fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million $ N a share a year ago - net in the latest period included $ N million from discontinued operations and a charge of $ N million from a plant closing - in the year-ago period net included $ N million from discontinued operations - revenue was $ N billion up N N from $ N billion a year earlier - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share up N cents - tribune co. helped by a hefty boost in performance at its broadcasting and entertainment operations said net income jumped N N in its third quarter ended sept. N on a N N increase in revenue - the broadcasting and newspaper concern based in chicago said net was $ N million or N cents a primary share up from $ N million or N cents a share - per-share figures this year reflect $ N million in dividends the N quarter did n't have such a payout - revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - nine-month net climbed N N to $ N million or $ N a primary share from $ N million or $ N a share - nine-month per-share figures for N reflect $ N million in preferred dividends that had no counterpart in the year-earlier quarter - revenue rose N N to $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading friday tribune closed at $ N down $ N - enserch corp. said about N million or N N of the publicly traded units of its limited partnership enserch exploration partners ltd. were tendered in response to an offer that expired monday - enserch said the tendered units will raise its ownership of the partnership to more than N N from N N - about N units will continue to be publicly traded on the new york stock exchange enserch said - enserch had offered one-half a share of its common and $ N in cash for each unit - the public sector borrowing requirement the most widely used measure of britain 's government deficit or surplus showed a deficit of # N million in september compared with a deficit of # N million in august and a deficit of # N billion in september N the treasury said - in the six months since the current fiscal year began april N the surplus totaled # N million compared with a surplus of # N billion in the year-earlier period - the government is projecting a # N billion surplus for the fiscal year - the reported figures for the public sector borrowing requirement include receipts from the sale of state-owned industries - excluding those receipts the government deficit would have totaled about # N billion in the first six months compared with # N billion a year earlier the treasury said - french production in september was N metric tons unchanged from a year earlier according to the national steel manufacturers ' association - the association said the september total brought french output for the first nine months this year to N tons up N N from a year earlier - prospect group inc. whose recent hostile tender offer for recognition equipment inc. failed for lack of financing apparently has gained a measure of control over the troubled company anyway - as part of what a recognition spokeswoman termed an agreement prospect group will wind up with control of top management posts and an increased stake in the maker of data management equipment - in a management restructuring thomas l. ringer resigned as chairman chief executive and a director while israel resigned as a director - mr. remains as executive vice president - thomas m. and robert a. who had been designated to take over recognition 's top spots had prospect 's tender offer succeeded were named co-chief executives and directors - mr. was formerly a vice president and general manager of an avery international division mr. was a former group vice president of pitney bowes inc - in addition the agreement calls for h. chairman of prospect group 's executive committee to be named chairman of a restructured board that will include four new independent directors - also named to the revised board was thomas a. loose recognition 's senior vice president and general counsel - prospect a new york-based leveraged buy-out firm also agreed to invest $ N million in recognition which in turn agreed to repurchase as much as $ N million of its stock - that would increase prospect 's ownership of the company 's shares outstanding to N N from N N - under the agreement prospect is permitted to increase its stake in recognition to N N - beyond that prospect said it would n't offer to acquire additional shares for less than $ N a share during the next year or less than $ N a share during the subsequent two years - recognition also said it obtained a commitment from chemical bank and bank of boston to convert an estimated $ N million in bank debt to a new secured term loan to be repaid through the sale of certain assets - in august recognition said it was in violation of certain terms of its debt agreements with bank lenders because of a $ N million loss for the third quarter ended july N - the company attributed the loss to declining revenue and litigation costs relating to criminal charges against the company and two former executives william g. moore jr. and robert w. - the former executives were indicted last october on charges of fraud theft and conspiracy related to efforts by the company to win $ N million in postal service contracts - recognition equipment said it expected to put the agreement with prospect to a vote of its stockholders at a special meeting in january - in new york stock exchange composite trading recognition rose N cents to $ N - prospect slipped N cents to $ N in national over-the-counter trading - general motors corp. 's chevrolet division reacting to slow sales said it will offer $ N rebates on its N beretta the version of its core line - sluggish sales of the beretta and its sister car the corsica prompted gm to idle the two plants that build the automobiles for a total of three weeks this month - the corsica and beretta make up the car line at chevrolet but sales of the vehicles are off N N for the year and fell a steep N N during early october - chevrolet already is offering an $ N on the corsica - the latest is good for all beretta models - chevrolet buyers can take the or get discount financing at rates ranging from N N on loans to N N on loans - stateswest airlines said it submitted an offer to the directors of mesa airlines to acquire the n.m. carrier - except to its offer as fair and generous and in the best interests of mesa shareholders stateswest declined to discuss details of its proposal - it also asked mesa to keep the proposal confidential - a mesa official confirmed of the offer and said directors would meet to consider it - last week mesa rejected a proposal by stateswest to acquire it or merge - stateswest has a N N stake in mesa which operates N and two among N cities in new mexico arizona wyoming colorado and texas - stateswest operates four aircraft connecting N cities in california arizona and nevada - the carrier has n't yet turned a profit - the former president of firstsouth a arkansas thrift pleaded guilty to conspiring to the institution 's earnings by loan guarantees - roderick d. reed iii who was also chief operating officer of firstsouth could receive a maximum sentence of five years in federal prison and a $ N fine - a sentencing date has n't been set - mr. reed admitted he conspired to an agreement not to enforce loan guarantees executed by dallas real-estate developers a. taylor iii and george s. watson both of whom were firstsouth stockholders - neither mr. taylor nor mr. watson have been charged with criminal wrongdoing - by the agreement certain transactions with messrs. taylor and watson were entered on firstsouth 's books as loans allowing the thrift to report fees and interest as current income according to the u.s. attorney 's office in little rock ark - the conspiracy was part of an effort by mr. reed to hide firstsouth 's shaky financial condition from federal regulators according to federal prosecutors and regulators - the $ N billion thrift was declared insolvent and closed in december N - firstsouth 's former chairman and chief executive officer howard is also charged with conspiring to the agreements with messrs. watson and taylor - mr. is scheduled for trial jan. N before federal judge stephen of little rock - i approached larry gelbart 's new comedy at the center with considerable - nothing i assumed would be more dated than a political on the iran-contra affair - i had underestimated however both mr. gelbart 's and the of scandal in washington - though the play clearly is around the events of iran-contra it takes in the wide sweep of scandals over the past N years - in fact at one point chase mullins a cool carefully television announcer a list of a dozen or more scandals of recent years concluding with those affecting the department of housing and urban development and the savings and loan industry - a congressional hearing is in progress complete with elegant crystal overhead and a of the signing of the constitution in the background - the witness table is center stage and below it the for the media in this case the total news network - not only are there camera operators on all sides but the proceedings are shown on monitors throughout the theater - the of theater is not entirely - mr. gelbart clearly feels that all the participants in a congressional hearing the witnesses the lawyers the and the news media are performers - as the story of we learn that the internal revenue service confiscated one of the properties of a foreign financier who owes the government millions in taxes - the man it seems has a corporation licensed in libya and in the - he himself lives in a consecutive series of houses in a town in switzerland - the property seized by the irs is a hollywood film studio master pictures incorporated - supposedly the irs will sell off the assets of but before it can a irs agent is called into the hospital room of the dying head of the central intelligence agency - the agent who as you might guess is being led to the is ordered to take over the studio - soon the studio is producing a $ N million picture called the motion picture to it from the offensive as well as the book and the - the picture to be made in the central american country of san is a cover for sending $ N million of arms to los the rebel group attempting to regain neighboring which has been taken over by the leftist dictator dr. a former who leads a revolutionary band of foot soldiers - the man handling all this for the is major battle mr. gelbart 's stand in for col. oliver north - director michael has assembled a cast to carry out the of well-known political figures and to play the stock characters who invariably show up at congressional hearings - daniel von is but totally assured as major battle just the right brand of and jeff weiss is fire and as the senator who serves as a friendly of major battle is playing a succession of lawyers joseph daly has the perfect of george bush in his portrayal of the vice president and ann mcdonough is as a succession of witnesses ' wives - with one she is pregnant with major battle she is an american flag and as the vice president 's wife she in with white hair wearing a tailored suit and barbara bush 's gestures down to the last detail - though it 's clear that mr. gelbart 's do not lie with the far right it 's also true that he is in his taking sharp aim at senators and congressmen of all and particularly at the media - mr. gelbart also has fun with language - is a play on words and mr. gelbart plays that game as well as anyone - he describes a as one who experienced a disappearance and found himself handling blanket appeals at the bureau of indian affairs - this interest in words goes beyond and however - mr. gelbart the the and the of language he sees on all sides - as the hearings begin the sen. jerome let me one thing at the outset we are not looking for to skin nor to - major battle himself speaks in pure without further aid scores of freedom who had gone way out on their life and for us were literally cut off at the without a - at another point he publicity is a small price to pay for - the evening is short N minutes without an but even so as the play the thrust of mr. gelbart 's loses its as his targets pop up ever more predictably - most of the evening though is filled with rare and welcome - in mr. gelbart has provided us not just one but two commodities that have all but disappeared from the broadway theater sharp political and an even sharper appreciation of the value of language - the federal national mortgage association set up a office of the chairman and elected james a. johnson as vice chairman effective jan. N - mr. johnson has been a managing director at shearson lehman hutton since N and before that was president of public strategies a washington consulting firm - he is well-known in democratic circles having been executive assistant to vice president walter and chairman of mr. 's N presidential campaign - at fannie mae he will take responsibility for the corporation 's financial and legal areas and will work with david maxwell chairman and chief executive officer and roger president and chief operating officer on strategic planning - mr. johnson N years old has been a consultant on strategy to fannie mae for the past N N years - in an interview he said fannie mae faces a number of challenges with the restructuring of the thrift industry and the push to broaden its activities overseas - there 's no shortage of major things to do he said - fannie mae also said james a. chairman of first federal of michigan and a director since N moved up the date of his retirement from the board to accommodate mr. johnson 's election as a director - the board has N members elected by holders and five presidential - fannie mae a federally chartered corporation operates a secondary market for mortgage loans buying loans from lenders packaging some into securities for sale to investors and keeping the rest in its portfolio - the new crowd by ehrlich and barry j. little brown N pages $ N describes the of the old our crowd jewish wall street banking by such new business as saul steinberg carl icahn sanford and bruce - its many stories include the holiday - these two new crowd families lived in the same apartment building with the on top of the gutfreund - the started up from the gutfreund landing and susan gutfreund used to turn off its light to give the impression that there was no higher floor - eventually mr. broke his in the dark - then the determined to put up a christmas tree weighing a quarter of a ton to their holiday guests - for this a crane needed to be mounted on the ' - the did not give permission - but the gutfreund workers went ahead anyway only to be captured in by joan who called the police - before the finally left this unfriendly environment for a on fifth avenue and an mansion with a specially $ N million garage in paris the had obtained an injunction to prevent any future of trees and in a spirit hit both the and the building with a $ N million lawsuit - nothing less it seemed could them for their - where had all the money come from - the young john gutfreund had been discovered by salomon of salomon bros. when he was still a liberal and put to work as a trader and then as a - get off your he would say the authors - rising in the firm he became powerful and though his new wife susan made him in the columns with her spending habits and flamboyant - after he had been head of the company for N N years he and his partners sold it to a powerful commodity trading outfit for $ N million in stock - limited partner salomon whose family name had been on the firm 's door for N years and who had hoped it would be there forever was not - mr. gutfreund collected $ N million while salomon got $ N million much less than if he had conducted the sale - i felt he later said - worse salomon 's timing had been off - its profits unlike 's soared over the next two years and had it held out salomon could have gotten an even bigger - the book also the not surrounding the changing of the guard at lehman bros. and other grand old firms - often the conservative investment bankers were by crude traders when angered he so that his face and his eyes narrowed into tiny the authors say of lehman 's lewis - the earlier generation of our crowd bankers and had stressed above all tradition and reputation - they were old-fashioned elegant who happened to be of german jewish - but in the harsh world of today 's wall street they have lost out to more aggressive and sometimes less - the prefers the of other birds and out their eggs - but the old guard hired the new crowd people it brought in its own - so as the old crowd from the branch it should n't have been too surprised - the old guard had every right however to the newcomers ' new ways of making money such as - a fortune article on saul steinberg was entitled fear and in the corporate - their other has been corporate takeovers often hostile and financed by junk bonds - hostile takeovers are quite a new phenomenon - sometimes they are but often not - first by making management focus on short-term results they inhibit building for the future just the opposite of japan - second a long-term shareholder of a good company need n't worry too much when the stock price drops temporarily it will bounce back - but if a raider takes over when the stock is weak the shareholder never gets his recovery - the raiders meanwhile have their own pattern for spending their new millions - as described in the new crowd they take on ambitious new wives move to greenwich conn. or n.y. buy ok pictures and let their wives share the wealth with - having donated heavily to they demand a place on their boards - the book is about this struggle for respectability which has its aspects - however on balance the charity game helps america - if those who have the money do n't get involved with the and the charities then city hall will do it badly - it has been observed that the main thing wrong with tainted money is ai enough of it - a handful of the new crowd operators have crossed the line from the to the illegal and have ended up in the or paying huge fines - ivan boesky dennis levine martin victor and steven posner and now michael and perhaps helmsley - the office that ivan boesky vacated for a prison cell had previously contained commodity operators marc rich and green today from a potential century apiece of jail sentences - the old crowd is deeply concerned by the backlash from all this - however the phenomenon is not specifically jewish - it has always been true that those outside the club want to climb in and that a few will cut corners in the process - some pretty stuff built the families ' fifth avenue and newport and their daughters ' to foreign - mr. boesky was a compared to jay gould and jim and commodore thought nothing of judges and legislators - so who knows - in a generation or two some of the new crowd may true respectability perhaps to be in turn by a later of unscrupulous - or perhaps wall street when it has suffered enough will realize that finance is a service industry and change its - mr. train is president of train smith investment counsel new york - dallas investor harold c. simmons said he raised his stake in lockheed corp. to N N from N N of the aerospace and electronics concern 's common shares - in a securities and exchange commission filing mr. simmons said he and companies he controls nl industries inc. and nl chemicals inc. hold N shares of lockheed of calif - they include N shares bought friday for between $ N and $ N each - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange lockheed closed at $ N a share down N cents - earlier this week mr. simmons to published reports him as saying he planned to sell his lockheed stake because the defense industry seems to be getting more uncertain - valhi inc. another of mr. simmons ' companies responded to an article monday in the wall street journal which credited a story in the sunday los angeles daily news - valhi said the articles did n't accurately reflect valhi and its affiliates ' intentions toward lockheed - instead valhi said they may increase decrease or retain their lockheed holdings depending on a number of conditions - canada which is preparing to speed up tariff cuts with the u.s. recorded a N N narrowing in its trade surplus with the u.s. in august statistics canada a federal agency reported - u.s. exports to canada jumped N N in august from july while u.s. imports from canada rose only N N - as a result canada 's trade surplus with the u.s. narrowed to c$ N million us$ N million in august from c$ N billion us$ N billion in july - u.s. exports benefited in august from heavy canadian spending on new plant and equipment and a pickup in canadian auto demand canadian officials said - the u.s. and canada which do more trade than any other pair of nations are to meet next month to arrange an acceleration of planned tariff cuts under the free trade agreement - industries in both countries have requested a of tariff cuts on hundreds of products - some tariffs were eliminated when the trade pact took effect jan. N - the remainder were to be phased out in five or N annual with all tariffs eliminated by january N - the two countries aim to reach an agreement by early december on a package of accelerated tariff cuts that would take effect early next year - canadian officials said the trade pact has an export interest among many small canadian companies that previously had little or no foreign sales - for such businessmen the canadian government is organizing N this year to u.s. states on canada - the businessmen are introduced to potential agents and distributors and instructed in trade procedures - the u.s. commerce department is planning to try out similar trips on u.s. businessmen in coming months under its canada first program - participants in the u.s. to canada are to be by members of the service corps of retired executives a volunteer group in dealing with their export challenges - the canadian government also has recently opened new trade offices in san diego san puerto rico miami princeton n.j. and denver bringing the total number of such canadian offices in the u.s. to N - the u.s. has six trade promotion offices in canada - canada 's export effort has been by robust home market demand and by an N N appreciation of the canadian dollar against its u.s. counterpart in the past three years that has made canadian goods more costly in the u.s. - canada 's trade surplus with all countries narrowed to c$ N million in august from c$ N million in july statistics canada said - loral corp. said it received a $ N million order from turkey 's ministry of defense the largest contract the company ever has received - loral will provide to turkey an electronic system for its fleet of aircraft - the system provides warning and electronic - the defense electronics maker said delivery will begin in october N and run through - loral said the contract with turkey will provide opportunities for loral to supply that country with other defense systems - crown resources corp. said it reached a definitive agreement to acquire the gold texas resources ltd. shares it does n't already own - under the proposed agreement gold texas holders will receive N crown shares for each of the N million gold texas shares not owned by crown which already owns N N - the arrangement is subject to approval by the supreme court of british columbia province crown said - gold texas is based in vancouver british columbia and crown resources is based in denver - both are mining concerns - apogee inc. said its board extended until feb. N the exercise period of apogee 's existing stock purchase warrants outstanding - the expiration date had been nov. N - each of the N warrants the holders to purchase one share of apogee common stock for $ N - apogee was quoted in the over-the-counter market yesterday at $ N bid - bank of new england corp. seeking to streamline its business after a year of weak earnings and mounting loan problems said it will sell some operations and lay off N N of its work force - the bank holding company also reported that third-quarter profit dropped N N to $ N million or N cents a share from the year-earlier $ N million or $ N a share - among its restructuring measures the company said it plans to sell N of its N branch offices and to lay off N employees - altogether employment is expected to decline to less than N from the current level of about N - walter connolly chairman said in an interview that the company expects to record pretax gains of $ N million to $ N million from the sale of its leasing operations and of certain financial processing services - in a prepared statement the company said it expects to realize those gains before year end - nonperforming assets continued to pile up in the latest quarter rising to $ N million or N N of loans and leases from $ N million or N N at the end of the second quarter - some $ N million of the $ N million increase in nonperforming loans was related to real estate and roughly of that was in the troubled new england market according to richard vice chairman - mr. said that despite continued weakness in the region 's real estate market bank of new england expects the rate of increase in nonperforming assets to slow in coming quarters - mr. connolly noted that net third-quarter at $ N million improved slightly from the $ N million in the second quarter - and he indicated that more substantial improvement is expected in the next couple of quarters - the company increased its loan loss reserve to $ N million from $ N million at the end of the second quarter - total assets slipped to $ N billion from $ N billion as of june N - among other restructuring measures the bank said it will close its loan production offices in chicago new york and philadelphia - the chicago office figured in the bank 's problems earlier this year when $ N million in loans to chicago businessman william went sour - in an internal memorandum to employees messrs. connolly and described the restructuring as an effort to continue operations assembled during a series of mergers over the past five years - italy 's wholesale price index rose N N in august from july and was up N N from a year earlier the state statistical institute reported - the index registered N in august compared with N in july and with N in august N - the rise in august was slightly down from the N N rate in july - the index has a base of N set in N and is n't seasonally adjusted - u.s. steel imports in august fell N N from a year earlier to N tons according to the american iron and steel institute - the trade group 's of commerce department data showed that august imports the second largest monthly total of the year were up N N from july 's N tons but below last year 's high of N tons in june N - august imports claimed N N of the u.s. market compared with N N in july and N N in august N - the latest month 's figures show that imports of steel from european community nations fell to N tons from N a month earlier while imports from japan rose to N tons from N in july - imports from canada rose to N tons in august from N in july - the american institute for imported steel said imports for the first eight months of N were below the level allowed by the voluntary restraint agreement program - the institute said that excluding steel products imports represented N N of consumption compared with a permitted maximum of N N - japanese machinery makers received orders totaling N trillion yen $ N billion in august up N N from a year earlier the economic planning agency said - equipment orders on the domestic side were particularly strong in shipping and power utilities said an agency official - the latest report compares with a modest N N increase in july machinery orders from a year earlier - in august soon after wang laboratories inc. reported a staggering $ N million loss and replaced its president two boston sales representatives sent customers a letter saying we fully expect that you will soon be reading stories in the press reporting the amazing comeback at wang - how soon wang will stage a comeback or if it will at all are still matters of debate - but wang salespeople are trying to cope with the biggest challenge any marketer can face selling the products of a company that is on the ropes - if your prospect is feeling risk the whole time and you 're not feeling as if you 're backed up by a stable company you 've lost it before you 've begun says mary ann a mass. sales and consultant who works with high technology companies - it can happen in any industry - consider the difficulties faced by salespeople when the car was tainted by false charges of sudden acceleration or exxon dealers ' problems in the wake of the oil spill - like thousands of salespeople before them wang 's are finding ways to combat the bad news - it 's very important that we confidence even though within the family we know there 's a lot of hard work ahead said richard miller the mass. computer concern 's new president in a video message to salespeople a month after he took over - wang got into financial trouble because of bloated overhead and overly optimistic sales forecasts - its minicomputers and word processors have lost ground to cheaper personal computers - last year it funded its high employment by heavy borrowing and it suffered huge losses when sales turned down instead of rising - after the company reported red ink for the fiscal third quarter wang 's marketing department provided the sales force answers to questions such as how could you not have known you were going to lose $ N million and is wang still a viable company - salespeople try to push their products and avoid discussions of finances - responding to such questions is defensive says kenneth wang 's vice president marketing - that 's to the art of selling - moreover he notes that analyzing financial results a problem for a salesman who is n't particularly familiar with a balance sheet - at one sales strategy meeting an executive suggested ordering salespeople to become experts on the annual report - mr. miller vetoed that even i ca n't understand all the he says - instead he says if the salespeople can get the customers to consider wang 's products on their merits he or a top financial officer will try to the fears about finances - mike a salesman in wang 's austin texas office has a method we tell them $ N billion companies do n't go out of business - we tell them all the major companies are having financial difficulties - numerous computer companies are having sales and earnings declines but very few have had losses comparable to wang 's or are carrying such a large debt load - mr. miller says that after a sharp sales slump in july and august sales stabilized in september - although wang will report a loss for the first quarter ended sept. N and the full fiscal year mr. miller says he expects the company will return to profitability by the fourth quarter - experts on sales technique say anyone representing a troubled company must walk a fine line - if a salesman his credibility in this time of trouble it will be a problem for the long run says george a nev. sales consultant and author of the marketing edge - still says john sullivan a management with daniel roberts inc. of boston who has held senior sales positions at polaroid and the customer will react to strength - ignore the present condition - show it 's business as usual - that is n't easy - wang 's customers are data processing managers who want to be sure that their suppliers are stable companies that will be around to fix bugs and upgrade computers for years to come - for buyers these are decisions says jean who a network of wang computers in the department at boston university - the university is considering a $ N system to store applications electronically - before the really bad news we were looking at wang fairly seriously she says - but their present financial condition means i 'd have a hard time convincing the vice president in charge of purchasing - ms. adds at some point we 'd have to ask how do we know that in three years you wo n't be in chapter N - during the past year wang has developed new products and a new strategy and hired a new president - wang 's overall product line is still not as good as other vendors but they 've come a long way says steven a consultant with market researcher gartner group stamford conn - they were on the road to recovery in terms of customer attitudes until this bad quarter happened - the first priority for wang 's sales force is to make sure it holds on to existing customers - wang 's installed base is one of its greatest assets and many of those customers remain extremely loyal - but even before wang 's latest financial troubles surfaced some customers were trying to wall off their wang installations so other departments would n't add wang says chris a former wang marketer who is now a market analyst with group a market research firm in stamford conn - one wang salesman who left the company in july recalls that when he tried to sell products to eastman kodak he worked to support from internal allies but those allies became skeptical as they saw the - the more recent losses were really devastating - new customers the source of higher commissions for salespeople and the key to wang 's long-term viability are even tougher - rick lynch a former top salesman in wang 's boston office referring to wang 's mainstay computer line says you ca n't sell a to a new customer - mr. lynch left wang this summer for systems inc. a software vendor - the financial problems are particularly frustrating for salespeople pushing wang 's image systems which convert paper forms to electronic documents - consultants say that wang 's technology is among the best available in the image market - but salespeople often found that news of wang 's problems their sales efforts - william a former sales manager in indianapolis says that his office had all but sold a $ N million image system to pharmaceutical maker eli lilly & co - when they were making the decision all hell broke loose with the finances - he says the lilly executives told him they could n't take the risk with wang - mr. say he does n't blame lilly - buyers have to rely on a supplier continually upgrading and replacing the product he says - when a company that it 's hard to go with wang - for mr. who says he used to earn as much as $ N a year at wang it was one more reason to quit - he is now president of homes inc. an indianapolis contractor - it can be hard for a to fight off feelings of - brian a former wang salesman in new york says you have pride in your job - you think you can go out and turn things around - it 's a tough thing when you ca n't - the reason does n't to your selling skills - feeds on itself - the problem is if people get down in the they stop selling says mike a sales manager in wang 's austin office - one key for salespeople is to boost their own morale - paul a mass. sales and management consultant and author of ready aim you 're hired says the bad news is you 'll be rejected more - the good news is it 's not your fault - so he advises make goals - for instance he suggests that salespeople making telephone calls should say to themselves all i want to do today is get N - but mr. miller wang 's new president recently warned his salespeople about - our customers watch us for the hidden message he said - look a customer right in the eye and say i 'm glad to be at wang - international enterprises inc. the parent of beleaguered robinson & co. said its shareholders approved a previously announced name change to enterprises inc - the parent company is diversifying into other industries around the world said president in explaining the name change - we talked about international people thought it was the brokerage house - mr. said the change was n't related to the brokerage 's recent troubles which have included sharp declines in earnings with the securities regulators and lawsuits by former customers - the company said it expects the name change to take effect within a week - corp. said third-quarter net income rose N N on the strength of its chemical business - net was $ N million or $ N a share up from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - said its chemical segment had profit of $ N million up from $ N million a year ago largely because of gains in such as soda - the company said the gains were tied to volume increases and higher prices - the market for include the paper and textile industries - the chemical segment had a $ N million gain on the sale of and businesses which was offset by a $ N million charge for future environmental expenditures - profit in 's defense and segment rose to $ N million from $ N million - the metals segment hurt by a strike had break-even results against $ N million a year ago - in the first nine months net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading closed at $ N a share down N cents - gte corp. and mci communications corp. reported strong earnings gains to record levels for the third quarter - southwestern bell corp. and cincinnati bell posted slight declines - gte corp - gte said net income rose N N aided by higher long-distance calling volumes and an increase in telephone lines in service - pretax operating profit from telephone operations rose N N but profits from telecommunications products and electrical products were flat - revenues rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the company said the quarter included a N N increase in usage for long-distance calling and a N N increase in the number of access lines in service - earlier rate reductions in texas and california reduced the quarter 's revenue and operating profit $ N million a year earlier operating profit in telephone operations was reduced by a similar amount as a result of a provision for a reorganization - revenue in the telecommunications products and services unit rose N N to $ N million but operating profit was unchanged at $ N million partly because of start-up expenses - electrical products ' sales fell to $ N million from $ N million with higher world-wide lighting volume offset by lower domestic prices and the impact of weaker currencies in europe and south america - operating profit of $ N million was unchanged - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange gte rose $ N to $ N - mci communications corp - mci which stepped up efforts to sell long-distance telephone service to residential customers reported a N N jump in earnings - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - operating profit grew N N to $ N million from $ N million while operating margins rose to N N from N N the previous quarter and N N a year ago - daniel mci chief financial officer said the company sees further improvements in operating margins - we think we can take it to the N N range over next N to N months he said - in national over-the-counter trading mci fell $ N to $ N - charles an analyst with smith barney harris upham & co. said some investors apparently expected slightly better revenue growth - the company said that residential traffic grew faster than business traffic and attributed that to its new calling plan that competes with american telephone & telegraph 's reach out america plan - mci claims about N N of the overall long-distance telephone market but just under N N of the $ N billion residential market - it has been trying to improve its share of the residential market - the company wants its business mix to more closely match that of at&t a step it says will help prevent cross - mr. said mci recorded another solid cash positive quarter its fourth in a row but declined to comment on whether the company is considering a dividend or is planning any acquisition - the current quarter he said looks fine - we think revenue will continue to grow and that we can control costs and thus improve profitability - southwestern bell corp - southwestern bell corp. said net dropped N N mainly the result of four extraordinary items a franchise tax refund that its southwestern bell telephone co. unit received last year a production shift of several yellow pages to the fourth quarter from the third a rate refund in missouri and a one-time adjustment to phone company revenues - revenue slipped N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the earnings drop had been expected - chairman e. said southwestern bell 's businesses are healthy and are continuing to grow - the company reported a N N increase in the number of access lines in service and also said its southwestern bell mobile systems unit added N new customers with a current total of about N - southwestern shares fell N cents to $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - cincinnati bell inc - cincinnati bell inc. said net declined N N - the company noted that the year-ago period was particularly strong with an increase of nearly N N - revenue jumped nearly N N to $ N million from $ N million - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange cincinnati bell fell N cents to $ N - the company said that the number of access lines dropped slightly in the quarter a decline attributed to seasonal fluctuations - for the year however access lines in service have increased N N - chairman said the company has set a new five year goal of doubling revenues to about $ N billion while steadily increasing net - rockwell international corp. 's unit said it signed a tentative agreement extending its contract with boeing co. to provide structural parts for boeing 's N - rockwell said the agreement calls for it to supply N additional so-called for the planes - these include among other parts each jetliner 's two major a pressure floor box fixed leading for the wings and an beam - under the existing contract rockwell said it has already delivered N of the to boeing - rockwell based in el calif. is an aerospace electronics automotive and graphics concern - frank iii was named to this telecommunications company 's board filling the vacancy created by the death of william last may - mr. N years old served as defense secretary in the reagan administration - in january he accepted the position of vice chairman of group a merchant banking concern - shearson lehman hutton inc - thomas e. N years old was named president and chief operating officer of co. a ill. subsidiary of this new york investment banking firm - which has interests in real estate said the position is newly created - mr. had been executive vice president of - in addition to his previous real-estate investment and duties mr. takes responsibility for development and property management - those duties had been held by van N who resigned as an executive vice president - shearson is about by american express co - great american bank citing depressed arizona real estate prices posted a third-quarter loss of $ N million or $ N a share - a year earlier the savings bank had earnings of $ N million or N cents a share - for the nine months it had a loss of $ N million or $ N a share after earnings of $ N million or $ N a share in the N period - great american said it increased its loan-loss reserves by $ N million after reviewing its loan portfolio raising its total loan and real estate reserves to $ N million - before the loan-loss addition it said it had operating profit of $ N million for the quarter - the move followed a round of similar increases by other lenders against arizona real estate loans reflecting a continuing decline in that market - in addition to the increased reserve the savings bank took a special charge of $ N million representing general and administrative expenses from staff reductions and other matters and it posted a $ N million reduction in expected mortgage fees reflecting the fact that more borrowers are their mortgages - arbitragers were n't the only big losers in the collapse of ual corp. stock - look at what happened to ual 's chairman stephen m. wolf and its chief financial officer john c. pope - on a day some united airlines employees wanted mr. wolf fired and takeover stock speculators wanted his messrs. wolf and pope saw their prospective personal fortunes continue to plummet as shares of ual united 's parent company $ N on the big board to close at $ N - including monday 's plunge that has given the two executives paper losses of $ N million based on what they would have realized had the pilots and management-led buy-out of ual gone through at $ N a share - when bank financing for the buy-out collapsed last week so did ual 's stock - even if the banks a financing package at $ N a share the two executives would still get about $ N million less than they stood to gain in the initial transaction - mr. wolf owns N ual shares and has options to buy another N at $ N each - in the $ 300-a-share that totaled about $ N million - by yesterday 's close of trading it was good for a $ N million - of course mr. wolf N years old has some savings - he left his last two jobs at republic airlines and flying tiger with combined gains of about $ N million and ual gave him a $ N million bonus when it hired him - his N salary was $ N with a $ N bonus - the old mr. pope has n't changed jobs enough at least the right ones to away that kind of money - united paid him a $ N bonus to lure him away from american airlines and he was paid a salary of $ N last year with a $ N bonus - mr. pope owns N ual shares and has options to buy another N at $ N each - that came to a combined $ N million under the $ 300-a-share buy-out but just $ N million at yesterday 's close - of the combined $ N million the two men were scheduled to reap under the buy-out they agreed to invest in the buy-out just $ N million many of the thousands of workers asked to make pay concessions so the buy-out would be a success - united 's directors voted themselves and their spouses lifetime access to the friendly free travel and $ N a year for life as well - in a buy-out they could be back to coach seats for life - thomas h. johnson president of the division of mead corp. was named president of manville forest products corp. a manville unit and senior vice president of manville corp - mr. johnson succeeds harry w. sherman who resigned to pursue other interests in both positions - manville is a building and forest products concern - us facilities corp. said robert j. agreed to step down as vice chairman of the insurance holding company - there was a difference of opinion as to the future direction of the company a spokeswoman said - mr. declined to comment - in a statement us facilities said mr. 's employment contract calls for him to act as a consultant to the company for two years - he will also remain a director us facilities said but wo n't serve on any board committees - mr. will be succeeded on an interim basis by george us facilities chairman and president - in the same statement us facilities also said it had bought back N of its common shares in a private transaction - terms were n't disclosed - the buy-back represents about N N of the company 's shares based on the N million shares outstanding as of sept. N - in national over-the-counter trading yesterday us facilities closed at $ N unchanged - three leading drug companies reported robust third-quarter earnings bolstered by strong sales of newer drugs that provide hefty profit margins - merck & co. reported a N N increase in earnings warner-lambert co. 's profit rose N N and eli lilly & co. 's net income rose N N - the results were in line with analysts ' expectations - merck & co - merck n.j. continued to lead the industry with a strong sales performance in the human and animal segment - a stronger u.s. dollar reduced third-quarter and sales growth N N and N N respectively - international sales accounted for N N of total company sales for the nine months compared with N N a year earlier - sales for the quarter rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - merck 's new drug had higher sales than any other prescription medicine has ever achieved in the u.s. in the year following introduction the company said - the drug was introduced in west germany this year - intense competition however led to unit sales declines for a group of merck 's established human and products including and - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday merck shares closed at $ N up N cents - warner-lambert co - warner-lambert morris plains n.j. reported sales that were a record for any quarter and the eighth quarter in a row of N N or more per-share earnings growth - spurred by growth in world-wide sales of the company 's prescription drugs warner-lambert said N will be the best year in its history with per-share earnings expected to increase more than N N to about $ N - sales for the quarter rose to $ N billion from $ N billion - world-wide sales rose N N in the quarter to $ N million u.s. sales rose N N - the segment 's growth was led by sales of the cardiovascular drugs a regulator and a channel - world-wide sales of warner-lambert 's health-care products such as halls cough and skin increased N N to $ N million in the third quarter u.s. sales rose N N - products sales also had strong growth in the quarter - world-wide sales of gum breath and gum and breath increased N N to $ N million - warner-lambert shares closed at $ N a share up $ N in big board composite trading yesterday - eli lilly & co - lilly attributed record third-quarter and nine-month results to world-wide gains for pharmaceuticals medical instruments and products despite poor exchange rates for the dollar that slowed sales abroad - earnings continued to pace sales because of a lower tax rate profit from the of the debt instrument received from faberge inc. in connection with lilly 's sale of elizabeth inc. in N and net proceeds from the settlement of patent litigation at lilly 's inc. unit - third-quarter sales of the indianapolis ind. company rose N N to $ N billion from $ N million - nine-month sales grew N N to $ N billion from $ N billion a year earlier - sales of an led increases - higher sales of pesticides and other products more than offset a slight decline in the sales of products to fuel the increase in world-wide agricultural product sales lilly said - advanced cardiovascular systems inc. and inc. units led growth in the systems division - lilly shares closed yesterday in composite trading on the big board at $ N down N cents - mark chairman of colgate-palmolive co. said he is comfortable with analysts ' estimates that third-quarter earnings rose to between N cents and $ N a share - that compares with per-share earnings from continuing operations of N cents the year earlier including discontinued operations per-share was N cents a year ago - the per-share estimates mean the consumer-products company 's net income increased to between $ N million and $ N million from $ N million the period - analysts estimate colgate 's world-wide third-quarter sales rose about N N to $ N billion - mr. mark attributed the earnings growth to strong sales in latin america asia and europe - results were also bolstered by a very meaningful increase in operating profit by colgate 's u.s. business mr. mark said - operating profit at colgate 's u.s. household products and businesses jumped N N in the quarter mr. mark added - he said the improvement was a result of cost savings achieved by consolidating manufacturing operations two sales organizations and focusing more carefully the company 's promotional activities - the estimated improvement in colgate 's u.s. operations took some analysts by surprise - colgate 's household products business which includes such brands as detergent and has been a weak performer - analysts estimate colgate 's sales of household products in the u.s. were flat for the quarter and they estimated operating margins at only N N to N N - if you could say their business in the u.s. was but great everywhere else that would be fine says austin an analyst with wertheim schroder & co - but it 's not it 's a real problem - mr. mark conceded that colgate 's domestic business apart from its highly profitable hill 's pet products unit has lagged - we 've done a lot to improve u.s. results and a lot more will be done mr. mark said - improving profitability of u.s. operations is an extremely high priority in the company - to focus on its global consumer-products business colgate sold its health-care business in N - h. anthony was elected a director of this company which primarily has interests in radio and television stations increasing the number of seats to five - also operates entertainment properties and small systems - mr. is executive special projects at group holdings inc. which is controlled by manufacturers hanover corp - the boston globe says its newly pages have a look with revamped aimed at making the paper more consistent and easier to read - maybe so if you can find where your favorite writer went - who spare no when taking on local such as michael or new england coach raymond rev. ray berry yesterday poured on new drawings of globe that replaced old photos in the revamped pages this week - by late last night globe managing editor thomas to the will of his troops scrapped the new drawings - for a few days at least he says no pictures or drawings of any kind will the columns - trouble was nobody thought they looked right - globe columnist mike in the second attack on his employer in as many weeks that his was so bad it looked like a face you 'd find on a bottle of that promises to do away with in our lifetime - mr. reminded readers that he still has n't globe management for questioning a $ N expense he submitted for parking his car while chasing a story - i thought the drawing a cross between someone you 'd spot open his or a guy who he 'd been charles 's for the last N years he said - mr. was hardly to the of colleagues michael appears to be a will mcdonough looks as if he drove for lincoln or english whose little girl now every time she sees a newspaper - lynn the globe 's assistant managing editor for design acknowledges that the were on the low end of the spectrum - rival boston herald columnist carr who usually at and argued that the new drawings were designed to hide mr. 's rapidly growing and the defects of dan a globe sports columnist - but think of the money you the reader will save on halloween said mr. - instead of buying for your kids just cut out the ' pictures - deeply in both the book review nature by stephen macdonald leisure & arts sept. N and the books reviewed is the assumption that global warming is entirely a result of human activity - is such a view justified - in the absence of humans would the earth enjoy a constant climate over the long term - clearly not - about N years ago the last ice age ended - enormous ice sheets retreated from the face of north america northern europe and asia - this global warming must have been entirely natural nobody would blame it on a few hundred thousand hunting and around in - furthermore no bell has yet to announce the end of this episode of natural global warming - it is probably continuing and may well account for most of or all of global warming - i to no one in my regard for our heritage but if we are serious about global warming we must look at the big picture and not allow the dominant culture to lock us into the warming scenario as the sole model for discussion - department university of - the internal revenue service plans to restructure itself more like a private corporation - in addition the agency says that it will take the unusual step of looking to the private sector to fill two new positions to guide the agency a comptroller to oversee daily finances and a chief information officer to update the information system which includes probably the largest computer data base in the world - the irs also said that it would create the position of chief financial officer who will be hired from within the agency - irs commissioner fred t. goldberg said the changes are intended to bring accountability to the agency which has an annual budget of more than $ N billion and about $ N trillion a year - my assessment and everyone 's assessment is that we do not have the kinds of information that let us and effectively and execute our budget mr. goldberg said - and we do n't have internal controls and discipline that we need to have to spend $ N billion properly - mr. goldberg who took over as head of the irs in july has been by what he considers the waste and lack of coordination among the branches of the vast federal agency - the irs operates on a computer system designed in N which it has been trying to modernize for years - and the agency which operated throughout fiscal N with a $ N million budget has been under a hiring freeze since last fall - the new commissioner says that closer scrutiny of how the agency uses its resources will go a long way toward its ability to collect more tax revenue - i think that you will see a significant improvement in the budget and execution process which in turn i believe will result in a significant increase in revenue he said - the irs hopes to fill the new positions soon - it would career civil from within the agency but mr. goldberg said he plans to the world for the chief information officer and the comptroller - although the jobs will probably pay between $ N and $ N a year irs officials are confident that they can attract candidates from the private sector - you 're telling someone they can spend the next three or four or five or six years of their life bringing about the most difficult and costly modernization of an information system on the civil side ever mr. goldberg said - on the comptroller side you 're developing and making work financial controls governing a $ N billion budget - when the leader of the coup in panama was buried his body several a and broken and - they were the signature of his adversary panamanian leader manuel antonio noriega - the rebel officer 's slow and painful death at the headquarters of panama 's was personally by gen. noriega says a u.s. official with access to intelligence reports - leaping into sinking into of and mr. noriega has put to death some N of his troops involved in the coup according to u.s. officials monitoring and in panama city - he is now changing the place he every night sometimes more than once a night - his meals are most often prepared by women he trusts his full-time and her mother - and he is collecting the names of those who the to them during their brief time in control of his headquarters - more enemies to be dealt with - in the two weeks since the which the u.s. backed mr. noriega has been at his most and efficient in maintaining power - yet while the failed coup is a major u.s. foreign policy embarrassment it is merely the latest chapter in a relationship between mr. noriega and washington that back three decades - america 's war on the dictator over the past two years following his indictment on drug charges in february N is the of that relationship - before american foreign policy set out to destroy noriega it helped create him out of the of panama 's long history of and - for most of the past N years the marriage was one of convenience - in N for example when mr. noriega was both a at an elite military academy in peru and a for the u.s. defense intelligence agency he was by authorities for allegedly and beating a according to a u.s. embassy cable from that period - the woman had nearly died - but u.s. intelligence rather than rein in or cut loose its new spy merely filed the report away - mr. noriega 's tips on emerging at his school were deemed more important to u.s. interests - from that point on the u.s. would make a practice of the panamanian 's - the u.s. has and later turned against many but none quite so - the mr. noriega is n't as smooth as the shah of iran as as nicaragua 's as imperial as ferdinand marcos of the philippines or as bloody as 's baby - yet he has proved more than any of them - and out of necessity the u.s. can make mistakes and still hope to remove him from power but a single error on his part could cost him his life - the u.s. underestimated noriega all along says moss a former ambassador to panama - he has the art of survival - in keeping with america 's long history of up mr. noriega recent u.s. actions have extended rather than his survival - mr. noriega might have fallen of his own weight in N because of panama 's dire economic situation says mr. moss but increasing external pressure has only given him additional for repression and a for his own - if the u.s. had sat back and done nothing he might not have made it through N mr. moss contends - perhaps most important mr. noriega 's allies have intervened to encourage in some cases to demand that the dictator maintain his grip of the - one colombian drug boss upon hearing in N that gen. noriega was negotiating with the u.s. to abandon his command for a comfortable sent him a with his name - he is says the rev. fernando who has led catholic church opposition against noriega - the americans have left him without a way out - it is easy to fight when you do n't have any other option - his chief advantage in the fight his intimate knowledge of american ways and weaknesses - mr. noriega often tells friends that patience is the best weapon against the who have a short attention span and little for lasting confrontation - the u.s. discovered the young tony noriega in late N when he was in his second year at the military academy in according to former u.s. intelligence officials - the contact occurred through mr. noriega 's a panamanian diplomat based in peru named luis carlos noriega - luis carlos knowing that helping the americans could advance the career of any panamanian officer tony 's reports on the leftist he observed among his fellow students and more important among his officers and - a spy was born - it was a experience for the and slightly built mr. noriega who was known to his friends as cara la face - born the son of his father 's he was raised on the mean streets of the central market district of panama city - tony was four years older than most of his fellow and gained admission to the academy because his brother had his birth certificate - he considered himself superior to his many of whom were sons sent by their families to the highly disciplined academy as a sort of reform school - in his peaked military cap and neatly pressed uniform noriega felt more respected and powerful than ever in his life friends from the period say - he had an elegant uniform with gold in a country where there was a of where officers were the elite with special privileges recalls a fellow student in peru and a friend - mr. noriega 's relationship to american intelligence agencies became in either N or N intelligence officials say - his commanding officer at the province garrison major torrijos gave him an intriguing mr. noriega would the province 's first intelligence service - the spy network would serve two clients the panamanian government by monitoring political opponents in the region and the u.s. by tracking the growing communist influence in the unions organized at united fruit co. 's in del and puerto - united fruit was one of the two largest to panama 's national income - satisfying its interests was a priority for any panamanian leader - mr. noriega 's initial was only $ N to $ N a month plus gifts of liquor or from the american a former intelligence official says - it was modest pay by american standards but a healthy boost to his small military salary which fellow officers remember as having been $ N to $ N monthly - he did it very well recalls a former panamanian who managed mr. noriega and his operation - he started building the files that helped him gain power - a national guard job assumed by noriega in N as chief of the transit police in david city capital of the province was for an - by taxi and bus drivers who needed licenses he gained a ready of information - he knew which local had been caught driving drunk which had been found with their - this proved particularly valuable to the panamanian government in N when union leaders were planning a may day march that the government feared could turn violent - mr. noriega had learned that a local union leader was sleeping with the wife of his deputy - so he the information on that he distributed throughout the city of puerto which was ruled by united fruit co - the campaign so divided union leaders that the government found them far easier to control - it was like a play on broadway recalls mr. - noriega managed the whole thing - he was - noriega was an expert at and people - during his years in however mr. noriega also revealed himself as an officer as as he was - a local lawyer and human-rights monitor recalls an noriega visiting in their cells at the zone garrison headquarters in david where he had his offices - mr. noriega would order them all to take off their clothes and run around the naked laughing at them and then retreating to his office - people started wondering if something was wrong with him mr. recalls - but through this period so far as the u.s. military was concerned mr. noriega was a model recruit - he signed up for intelligence and training under american officers at fort in panama in july N according to a copy of a N resume with details mr. noriega has since classified as secret - he flew to fort n.c. in september of that year for a course in psychological operations returning to the school of the in panama for a course called military intelligence for officers - some american officers interpreted his eagerness and as a sign of loyalty but they did so - he rose to chief of intelligence in panama 's in N after providing dictator torrijos the critical support to defeat a coup attempt against him a year earlier - he became gen. torrijos 's shadow and the holder of all panama 's secrets - mr. noriega by now a expanded his contacts to include the cubans not to mention the the taiwanese and any other intelligence service that came knocking - when u.s. diplomats complained to the cia of col. noriega 's intelligence experts always insisted that his was first to the americans - early on in the state department we took to calling him the in to his ability to simultaneously milk the intelligence services of cuba and the united states recalls francis j. who as deputy assistant secretary of state for affairs first ran across reports about mr. noriega in N - some of us how our intelligence people could put so much stock in his information when he was just as close to the cubans - even at this early stage drugs caused additional concerns - during the nixon administration the drug enforcement administration became at the extent of the 's connections to arrested drug traffickers - one agent drew up a list of five options for dealing with col. noriega one of which was assassination - the head of the at the time john ingersoll the assassination plan - but he did fly to panama to dictator torrijos on the drug ties of panamanian officials including mr. noriega - mr. ingersoll later recalled that gen. torrijos seemed afraid to act on the concerns of the u.s. - everybody was afraid of him mr. ingersoll says - mr. noriega became an even greater threat in N when u.s. intelligence services discovered that he had been buying of electronically monitored conversations from three working for the u.s. army 's military intelligence group - the tapes included of gen. torrijos 's own phone according to american intelligence officials - we caught him with his hands on our says former cia director turner - for the first time the u.s. considered cutting mr. noriega from its intelligence payroll and the deliberations were intense mr. turner says - in the world of intelligence if you want to get information you get it from characters - the question is how much you get tied in with characters so they can you - intelligence officials to this day worry whether mr. noriega sold sensitive information on the to the cubans or others - mr. turner was troubled enough to cancel the u.s. contract with the at the beginning of the carter administration - the u.s. soon found new cause for concern - prosecutors in southern florida indicted five on charges of illegally running arms to sandinista rebels trying to the nicaraguan government of mr. - they included one of mr. noriega 's friends and business partners carlos - and the investigators were quickly closing in on mr. noriega himself - at the time though in N the u.s. was once again with its longtime latin american spy - mr. noriega made plans to fly to washington for a meeting with his counterpart at the pentagon - county and federal authorities learning that he intended to fly through miami made plans to arrest him on the charges as soon as he hit u.s. soil - it was a friday in june - the pentagon the plan - according to military officers at the time word was passed to mr. noriega by his american hosts that the police would be waiting - on monday u.s. officials received a routine message from the military group in panama - due to health reasons col. noriega has elected to postpone his visit to washington it read - prosecutors in miami received yet another setback - their original indictment against mr. the friend of mr. noriega and the other four was dismissed on a - but now along with mr. noriega 's they intended to charge mr. noriega himself on allegations that he was involved in the illegal trading of some $ N million in arms - in january N jerome sanford as assistant u.s. attorney was summoned to a meeting with a federal bureau of investigation agent assigned to the bureau of alcohol tobacco and in miami - panamanian dictator torrijos he was told had granted the shah of iran in panama as a favor to washington - mr. sanford was told mr. noriega 's friend mr. would be handling the shah 's security - it would n't be a good idea to him much less mr. noriega the prosecutor was told - after from mr. sanford u.s. attorney jack pleaded with justice department officials in washington to let the indictment proceed - unfortunately mr. wrote in a letter those of us in law enforcement in miami find ourselves frequently attempting to enforce the laws of the united states but simultaneously being caught between foreign policy considerations over which we have no control - the letter along with a detailed prosecution memo sat on the desks of justice officials for months before the case died a quiet death - i think if we had been allowed to go ahead then we would n't have the problems we have now mr. sanford says - if he had been found guilty we could have stopped him - in august N mr. noriega took over as general and dictator of panama having his way to the top only two years after the death in a plane crash of his old boss torrijos - soon the military became a mafia controlling legal and illegal businesses - the reagan administration also put mr. noriega 's back on the u.s. payroll - payments averaged nearly $ N a year from the u.s. defense intelligence agency and the cia - although working for u.s. intelligence mr. noriega was hardly helping the u.s. exclusively - during the reagan years he expanded his business and intelligence contacts with the cubans and the sandinistas - he allegedly entered into panama 's first formal business arrangement with colombian drug bosses according to a pilot who once worked for mr. noriega and who testified before the u.s. grand jury in miami that would ultimately the panamanian on drug charges - but mr. noriega was convinced the reagan white house would n't act against him recalls his close ally jose because he had an insurance policy his involvement with the contra rebels in nicaragua - mr. says the general allowed the contras to set up a secret training center in panama - mr. noriega also intelligence from his spy operation inside the nicaraguan capital of managua - and on at least one occasion in the spring of N he helped arrange a sabotage attack on a sandinista in nicaragua - although his help for the contra cause was limited it was enough to win him important in the reagan administration says sen. patrick a vermont democrat who then served on the senate intelligence committee - noriega played u.s. intelligence agencies and the u.s. government like a violin he says - an incident in N suggested one additional means by which mr. noriega might have maintained such influence with washington by u.s. officials - windsor then the ambassador to costa rica recalls being invited to panama by mr. noriega 's brother luis carlos for a weekend of deep sea fishing and quiet serious conversation on the peninsula - mr. windsor notified e. briggs the u.s. ambassador to panama of the invitation - briggs mr. windsor recalls - he says mr. briggs told him he was being set up for a trap in which mr. noriega would try to involve him in an and then record the event with sound and video - mr. briggs on vacation after resigning his position at the national security council could n't be reached for comment - as mr. noriega 's political troubles grew so did his offers of assistance to the contras an apparent attempt to curry more favor in washington - for instance he helped steal the may N panamanian elections for the ruling party - but just one month later he also contributed $ N to a contra leader according to documents released for oliver north 's criminal trial in washington - yet his political setbacks mounted - mr. noriega was accused of ordering in N the of hugo his most outspoken political opponent and the first man to publicly finger mr. noriega on drug trafficking charges - he then ousted president nicholas a former world bank official with close ties to the u.s. after mr. tried to create a commission to investigate the murder - and all the while panama 's debt problems continued to grow - mr. noriega was growing desperate - in late N he made an offer he thought the u.s. could n't refuse - as in a that government documents released for the north trial mr. noriega offered to the sandinista leadership in exchange for a promise to help clean up noriega 's image and a commitment to lift the u.s. ban on military sales to the panamanian defense forces - north the document went on referring to oliver north has told noriega 's representative that u.s. law such actions - the representative responded that noriega had numerous assets in place in nicaragua and could accomplish many essential things just as noriega had helped the u.s. the previous year in up a sandinista - col. north the request to his and to assistant secretary of state abrams who it to secretary of state george - mr. noriega 's proposal was turned down - and mr. told mr. abrams that the general should be told that only he could repair his image - the end of the marriage was at hand - within weeks the iran-contra scandal took away mr. noriega 's insurance policy - the death of cia director william and resignation of oliver north allowed political forces to gain influence - public protests against him were triggered in june N due to charges by his former chief of staff that mr. noriega had stolen the N election and had ordered the killing of messrs. and torrijos - few american officials were willing any longer to defend him - lawyers in miami this time working virtually without prepared to have him indicted on drug charges in february N - during negotiations with american officials in may N over proposals to drop the u.s. in exchange for his resignation mr. noriega often asked almost how the americans whom he had helped for so many years could turn against him - now neither side the u.s. nor mr. noriega has an easy out - president bush has sworn to bring him to justice - mr. noriega believes he has n't any alternative but to continue to power - it is a battle perhaps to the death - in the end is mr. noriega the political equivalent of 's monster created by a but foreign power - not quite sen. contends - for short-term gains people were willing to put up with him - that allowed him to get stronger and stronger he says - i do n't think we created him as much as we fed him him and let him grow up to be big and strong - upjohn co. reported that third-quarter net income rose to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - yesterday 's edition provided analysts ' estimates for the company when actual earnings were available - industrial production declined N N in september reinforcing other signs that the manufacturing sector continues its slowing trend - the federal reserve board said output of the nation 's factories mines and utilities expanded at an annual rate of N N in the third quarter substantially slower than the N N annual rate in the second quarter - capital spending and exports which have been the driving force in this expansion are showing clear signs of having the steam taken out of them said robert economist for northern trust co. in chicago - the new reports of which were by an earlier labor department report that manufacturing dropped by N in september give the fed another reason to further ease its grip on credit and lower interest rates - they need to do something about this said harris economist at painewebber group inc - the fed also said u.s. industry operated at N N of capacity last month down from N N in august - measures of manufacturing activity fell more than the overall measures - factory output dropped N N its first decline since february after having been unchanged in october - factories operated at N N of capacity the lowest rate in more than a year and down from N N in september - the declines mainly reflected widespread weakness in durable goods those intended to last more than three years - the biggest drop was recorded by primary metals producers a category that includes the steel industry - output of business equipment was unchanged in september - production of factory equipment one indication of the strength of manufacturers ' investment spending fell N N - some economists expect further declines in investment spending - whenever corporate profits are weak that means capital spending is going to soften subsequently mr. harris said - you have n't seen the full effect of that yet - a decline in truck production more than offset a sharp rise in auto the fed noted - analysts do n't expect the september surge in auto production to be repeated in the coming months - here is a summary of the federal reserve board 's report on industrial production in september - the figures are seasonally adjusted - N N of the N average - robin president and chief executive officer of this bank holding company was elected to the additional posts of chairman president and chief executive of the company 's new england savings bank subsidiary - william r. resigned those posts as well as a seat on 's board - is also the parent of - lung-cancer mortality rates for people under N years of age have begun to decline federal researchers report - the drop is particularly large for white males although black males and white and black women also show lower mortality rates - a report in this week 's issue of the journal of the national cancer institute also projects that overall u.s. mortality rates from lung cancer the leading cause of cancer death should begin to drop in several years if cigarette smoking continues to - the report which comes N years after the u.s. surgeon general issued a report warning against the dangers of smoking is the strongest indication to date that the reduction in smoking is leading to lower death rates from lung cancer - what this is saying is that the surgeon general 's message is having an impact said an at the johns hopkins school of and public health in baltimore - the national cancer institute report compares mortality rates of two groups of people between the ages of N and N a decade apart - the death rate from lung cancer of white males aged N to N in the mid-1970s was N per N but the mortality rate of the same age group in the mid-1980s was N a decline of N N - measured the same way the decline for black males was N N - the drop in mortality rates for women was less steep N N for blacks and N N for whites - the study by susan william and joseph of the institute 's staff also shows that the of lung cancer as well as the death rate declined over the decade for all groups in the N age except black men - although lung-cancer mortality rates are increasing for the nation as a whole the report projects that death rates will begin to decline in the 1990s for men and after the year N for women - lung-cancer mortality rates increase with age and are continuing to rise for all age groups over N with sharp increases for everybody but white men - but dr. one of the authors of the report said the declining rates we 're seeing for younger people we believe may be a of declining mortality in the future - however he stressed that the improvement depends on a continued reduction in smoking - even though these favorable trends in lung-cancer mortality affect all sex and race groups they ca n't be taken for granted the report says - smoking prevention programs should reach larger segments of the population especially children and minorities - an editorial in the journal says the report of declining lung-cancer mortality among young men and women in the u.s. indicates that we finally may be winning the battle this even in a country where the tobacco industry spends over $ N billion a year for promotion of the habit of smoking - but the editorial by jan of the world health organization notes that tobacco consumption and lung-cancer mortality rates are rising in developing countries - should be established as the of social behavior around the world the editorial says through the enactment of laws that limit advertising boost tobacco prices and promote education - asked for comment walker a vice president of the tobacco institute said new efforts to restrict tobacco advertising in the u.s. could violate the first amendment protection of free speech - according to the american cancer society smoking is responsible for N N of the lung-cancer cases among men and N N among women - the report attributes the differences in mortality rates by race to different smoking patterns - a higher proportion of black men smoke than white men - while nearly equal of black and white women currently smoke in both more whites have given up smoking than blacks - in changes in mortality rates over the past decade the study looked only at blacks and whites - and native americans were n't studied hispanics were included with whites - recent changes in average annual lung-cancer rates per N population by race and sex - white males - white - black males - black - directors elected r. marvin currently vice supply purchasing to head the company 's washington d.c. office - as vice relations mr. will work with p&g 's top management and with the company 's staff to represent p&g 's interests at the federal level said john g. chairman and chief executive officer - mr. said the appointment recognizes the growing influence of government on our business - mr. N years old has been with the big producer of household products food and pharmaceuticals for N years - traders trying to profit from the recent volatility in financial markets the nasdaq over-the-counter market prompting even more swings in stock prices - after gaining strength during a brief when trading began the nasdaq composite index weakened under selling pressure - the forces at work included computer-guided trading as well as market makers and institutional investors who had bought stock on the cheap during the recent correction - during the last two hours of trading the composite almost drew even on the day before slipping again - the nasdaq composite closed down N or N N to N - the action was confined to nasdaq 's biggest and most liquid stocks traders said - the nasdaq N index began the day at N lost N N at one point and was up N N at another - the barometer of the biggest stocks settled at N off N - its counterpart the nasdaq financial index was weak for most of the day sliding N to N by the end of trading - the volatility was dizzying for traders - the market must have turned up and down N different times head of otc trading at kidder peabody - every time you thought it was going into a rally it gave up and every time you thought it would rally it came down - this is a tough market - mr. said the market is still settling down after the recent correction - most of trading action now is from professional traders who are trying to take advantage of the price swings to turn a quick profit he and other traders said - everybody 's confused and no one has an opinion that lasts longer than N seconds said mr. - a lot of the professional traders are just going back and forth - they 're just as confused - william head of otc trading at alex brown & sons in baltimore said program trading is keeping the markets unsettled - he believes that the volatile conditions created by program trading has confused investors about where the market is headed - program trading is benefiting a few to the of many and i wish someone would do something about it he complained - trading activity cooled off from monday 's pace - share turnover to N million - advancing and declining issues finished about even - of the N stocks that changed hands N declined and N advanced - one big technology issue rode the roller - the stock which finished monday at N N traded as high as N N and as low as N N before closing at N N down N - it was a day for investors in genetics institute - the stock tumbled N N on news that it might have to take a charge against earnings if it ca n't successfully resolve a dispute with its european over its drug epo - the stock recovered somewhat to finish N N lower at N N - in a statement genetics institute said the dispute with centers on questions of the of certain of epo material valued at $ N million - earlier this week genetics institute reported wider losses in its fiscal third quarter ended aug. N - price co. jumped N N to N on N million shares - the of cash and carry merchandise reported fiscal earnings that were better than analysts had expected - the company also pleased analysts by announcing four new store planned for fiscal N ending next august - that will bring the total for the year to N from five during fiscal N - every year we 've been waiting for expansion from the company - the news could n't have been better said linda a dean witter reynolds analyst in an interview - a maker of optical devices also reported higher third-quarter earnings - its shares added N to N N - but favorable earnings was n't a guarantee that a stock 's price would improve yesterday - mci communications tumbled N N to N N on N million shares even though the telecommunications giant reported a N N increase in third-quarter profit - financial slipped N to N N in active trading after reporting that third-quarter earnings improved to $ N a share from $ N a share a year earlier - however the bank holding company 's loan-loss reserves rose to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - brands lost N to N - but its earnings rose to N cents a share from N cents a share last year - capital associates dropped N to N N - the company which leases technology equipment reported substantially lower net income for its fiscal first quarter which ended aug. N - robert m. N was named president and chief operating officer of this closely held publisher - the post had been vacant for more than a year - mr. had been executive vice president for operations - in addition ralph ingersoll ii N chairman and chief executive said he would take on additional responsibilities as editor in chief of the company - john resigned as editor in chief - mr. ingersoll remains editor in chief of the company 's recently launched daily the st. louis sun - also jean b. N was named executive vice president treasurer and chief financial officer - michael resigned after less than a year in the posts - ms. had been executive financial assistant to the chairman - certainly conservative environmentalists can defend their limited government position by between old environmentalism and new environmentalism journalists and others for saving the planet by david brooks editorial page oct. N - old environmentalism involved and - it started with improvements in made possible by affordable soap and underwear during the industrial revolution - then pipe and the flush toilet were followed by and plants toward the end of the 19th century - medicine in the 19th century was dedicated mostly to and diagnostic analysis - then the 20th century saw the evolution of private-sector wonder drugs which medical therapy - the process dramatically increased our average life eliminated much pain and constantly improved health and - most measures were handled at the local level - new environmentalism probably started in N with the publication of carson 's book silent spring - shortly thereafter articles began to appear predicting that advanced industrial would produce a planet possibly by the turn of the century - these predictions were advanced by such as paul ehrlich barry and george - writing in the 1960s ms. carson suggested that the human race could be eliminated in N years and mr. suggested that life on earth might end by N - mr. ehrlich predicted unprecedented by N - there were many more - thousands of chemical products were as with recommendations that they be banned from industrial use because they produced malignant in - unknown before N were the effects of acid rain greenhouse warming and ozone depletion all of which required political power and expense - meanwhile the new environmentalists opposed the methods of the old environmentalists - local pollution problems require cheap energy and capital for their solution - but the new environmentalists oppose private wealth creation which they claim natural resources and nuclear power even though it would the greenhouse effect - they are in the of opposing the search for new and methods of and even oppose new methods of research such as genetic engineering - new environmentalism is an emotional attack on proven methods of improving our quality of life and a bid for political power - let 's our priorities by solving pollution problems at the local level as - harry lee smith - your story missed some essential points of the conference on the global environment are we - first and the presented by the various scientists represent a general consensus among specialists working in the respective aspects of the global environment - consider for example the greenhouse effect and climate change numerous scientific committees including one from the national academy of science judge there is a greater than N N probability of a grave problem in the - the point was to answer the question in the conference title not to try to create news stories for the event itself - nor was it intended to a set of solutions although various points were raised - each speaker was asked to address a specific topic not deliver a point of view - each scientist concluded society and government are when it comes to policy change - this leads to a very special sense of urgency - if the media decide to work harder at the public about these complex and technical issues that hardly can be termed journalism - the environment can no longer be a normal issue to be dealt with on a basis with comfortable of change - we have literally altered the chemistry and physics of our planet 's atmosphere - this consequences from what we have already done that will be very to social and economic systems - the problems of the environment are so so with our current way of life and so large that it is unlikely we will be able to address them effectively unless major changes are made in less than N years - the consensus from the scientific community is that there is sufficient evidence to advise major policy changes - no we are not - thomas e. assistant secretary for external affairs institution - coca-cola enterprises inc. its dismal earnings forecast for N said its third-quarter net income fell N N on flat revenue - by higher marketing costs and slowing volume growth the giant coke bottling operation said net fell to $ N million or six cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share the year earlier - the results met estimates of analysts who had already slashed their projections after the company said in late august that its N earnings could tumble as much as N N - a company spokesman said yesterday that coca-cola enterprises by its N forecast - third-quarter revenue was flat at $ N billion - the year-ago results however included the operations of a bottling business which was sold last december - excluding that bottling business coca-cola enterprises ' volume measured by cases of soda rose only N N - the volume is well below the industry 's N N to N N growth rate of recent years but in line with other soft-drink companies for the third quarter - the latest third-quarter volume also compares with a very strong N N growth in the year-ago quarter - coca-cola enterprises blamed the lower volume on its soft-drink prices which were about N N higher in the third quarter - consumers have been accustomed to buying at discounted prices for several years - coca-cola enterprises said it had to boost spending for trade and dealer incentives to try to keep volumes from slipping - the company said it expects consumers will adjust to soft drinks - a spokesman attributed the bulk of a N N increase in selling administrative and general expenses to $ N million to marketing costs - they 're out there promoting like crazy trying to get prices up by promotion said roy an analyst with kidder peabody & co - for the nine months coca-cola enterprises ' net fell N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - revenue was flat at about $ N billion - coca-cola enterprises which is by coca-cola co. also said it about N million of its common shares during the third quarter - the buy-back is part of a repurchase plan under which coca-cola enterprises so far has acquired a total of N million shares - separately purchase pepsico inc. as expected said fiscal third-quarter net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the year-ago quarter 's results include an after-tax charge of $ N million from the sale of a in spain - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange coca-cola enterprises closed at $ N a share down N cents - pepsico closed at $ N a share up $ N - l.j. hooker corp. is expected to reach an agreement in principle this week to sell merksamer jewelers inc. to management say executives familiar with the talks - l.j. hooker based in atlanta filed for chapter N bankruptcy protection earlier this year - currently its parent company hooker corp. of sydney australia is being managed by a court-appointed - it is expected that ge capital corp. a financial-services subsidiary of general electric co. will provide much of the funding for the proposed leveraged buy-out of merksamer based in sacramento calif - a spokesman for ge capital declined to comment - ge capital has a working relationship with l.j. hooker - it is providing $ N million in emergency financing to the company and has agreed to buy as much as $ N million in receivables from b. altman & co. and teller l.j. hooker 's two fully owned department-store chains - sam merksamer chief executive officer of the nationwide jewelry chain and sanford chief executive of l.j. hooker corp. both declined to comment - currently mr. merksamer owns N N of the company l.j. hooker acquired its N N interest in the firm in may N - at the time the merksamer chain had N stores in operation - today there are N units all located in shopping - in recent weeks mr. merksamer has approached a number of his suppliers and asked them to provide letters of intent saying they will continue shipping merchandise to the chain following the buy-out say those familiar with the situation - this year a number of retail leveraged have failed causing jitters among suppliers and mr. merksamer apparently wanted assurances that he wo n't have delivery problems - for the year ended june N N merksamer jewelers had $ N million of revenue and operating profit of $ N million - the chain was put up for sale in june - according to those familiar with the situation other bidders included ratners group plc of london and jewelers inc - first boston corp. is advising l.j. hooker on the sale of the merksamer business - merksamer was the first in a series of retail acquisitions made by l.j. hooker - the company was founded in sacramento in N by two brothers ralph and walter merksamer who operated as 's jewelers - in N the pair split the company in half with walter and his son sam agreeing to operate under the merksamer name - the sale of merksamer jewelers is subject to approval by judge of u.s. bankruptcy court - as earlier reported l.j. hooker this week received a $ N million bid for its three shopping plus other properties from a consortium led by real-estate investor jay and a. boyd simpson an atlanta developer and former l.j. hooker senior executive - the offer which did n't include the merksamer chain is being reviewed by mr. - robert j. was named president and chief executive officer of this company 's corp. unit - mr. had been president and chief executive of industries inc - robert h. previous president and chief executive of will assume the title of chairman of the unit a maker - the days may be numbered for shows featuring the kid and the - nbc a leader in morning prime-time and late night programs but an on saturday when children rule the tv set is contemplating getting out of the business - instead network officials say it may with shows for an audience that is virtually ignored in that time period adults - there is talk of some revamping and we 're certainly heading in the direction of less and less said joseph s. vice president of finance and administration for national broadcasting co. a unit of general electric co - mr. said that nbc entertainment president who declined to be interviewed is looking at options now and may put some things into the schedule by - he declined to elaborate - nbc 's options could range from programming to sports shows although the network declined to comment - one major nbc affiliate in sacramento plans to cancel the nbc saturday morning as of january and replace it with a local - the one-hour program will be repeated with throughout saturday - we feel there is an opportunity for an audience that is not being served by any network so we want to take the lead says 's general manager john - we do n't need anymore - they only accounted for N N at best of the station 's total revenues - an nbc spokesman says the network will closely monitor the sacramento situation and says it is the only station to - spokesmen for the television networks of cbs inc. and capital cities\/abc inc. say there are no plans to alter the children 's on saturday - the audience for saturday programming is no longer dependent on the networks - there has been a surge in syndicated children 's shows to independent stations as well as competition from for kids and from cable outlets such as and the disney channel - at the same time there appears to be a market for programming turner broadcasting system inc. 's cable news network has its highest ratings outside of prime time on saturday - nbc has on previous occasions considered replacing with a saturday version of today which is produced by nbc news - the network 's own production company nbc productions supplies a half-hour show titled saved by the bell - nbc productions or nbc news could supply the network with other saturday morning shows a move that would control costs - shows which are made by outside production companies cost the network about $ N per episode - & haas co. said third-quarter net income skidded N N to $ N million or N cents a share - in the year-earlier quarter the chemicals company had net of $ N million or N cents a share - sales were $ N million up N N from $ N million a year ago - & haas which plans to start operating seven new production units this year attributed the profit slide partly to higher start-up expense - the company also cited the stronger dollar which cuts the value of overseas profit when it is translated into dollars - in addition the company said it was hurt by higher than costs for raw materials though those costs have declined since the second quarter - higher production of those chemicals which remain in heavy demand also has forced up costs such as overtime pay - for the nine months & haas net totaled $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year ago - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion the previous year - in new york stock exchange composite trading & haas closed at $ N a share down $ N - michael a. N years old was named president and chief executive officer of this manufacturer of industrial robots succeeding walter k. - mr. N resigned as president and chief executive and will work on special projects said john j. chairman - mr. formerly was president and chief executive of taylor & inc. and was a director of robots since N - stephen n. was named managing director and group head of investment banking in asia based in tokyo - mr. N years old had been a first vice president in the industrial group in investment banking - he succeeds who resigned in may - this is written to correct a in your oct. N article deaths from advanced colon cancer can be reduced by using two drugs - in this article i was alleged to have said any patient with high-risk colon cancer is really getting short if he 's not getting this therapy - i did n't say this and i 'm totally opposed to the philosophy expressed by the quote - i have not offered and will not offer routine therapy with the two drugs and to any of my patients - with this treatment we have reduced deaths in high-risk colon cancer by one-third but this leaves the two-thirds who are dying of cancer - this is not nearly good enough - i believe any physician who truly about cancer patients both today and tomorrow should offer the hope of something better than that - my statement read from a printed text available to all reporters attending the national cancer institute news conference was the following new clinical trials are already in operation seeking to improve these results - these research offer to the patient not only the very best therapy which we have established today but also the hope of something still better - i feel any patient with high-risk cancer is getting short if he is not offered this opportunity - we have very exciting prospects for far more impressive advances in the treatment of colon cancer during the years immediately ahead - this hope however will never be realized if we use and as a point - charles g. clinic rochester - the oil and auto industries united in their dislike of president bush 's proposal for cars that run on alternative fuels announced a joint research program that could turn up a gasoline - officials of the big three auto makers and N petroleum companies said they are setting out to find the most fuel for reducing cities ' problems with no bias toward any fuel in particular - however their search notably wo n't include natural gas or pure the two alternative fuels in tests to be completed by next summer - instead the tests will focus heavily on new of gasoline which are still undeveloped but which the petroleum industry has been touting as a solution for automobile pollution that is urban areas - environmentalists criticized the program as merely a public-relations attempt to head off a white house proposal to require a million cars a year that run on fuels by N - while major oil companies have been with gasoline for years only atlantic richfield co. is now marketing a gasoline for older cars currently running on fuel - the initial $ N million research program will conduct the most extensive testing to date of said joe head of fuels and lubricants at general motors corp. research laboratories - it will compare N different of with three of up to N N - a second phase of research which is still being planned will test on newer engine technologies now being developed for use in N or N cars - there was no cost estimate for the second phase - the whole idea here is the automobile and oil companies have joint customers said keith a senior vice president of technology at amoco corp - and we are looking for the most way to clean up the air - but david an environmental lawyer with the natural resources defense council said the research appears merely to be a way to promote gasoline - oil and auto companies supported a move on capitol hill last week to gut mr. bush 's plans to require auto makers to begin selling cars by N - instead a house subcommittee adopted a program that specifically gasoline as an alternative - the bush administration has said it will try to its plan when the house energy and commerce committee takes up a comprehensive clean-air bill - william seidman chairman of the federal deposit insurance corp. said lincoln savings & loan association should have been seized by the government in N to contain losses that he estimated will cost taxpayers as much as $ N billion - mr. seidman who has been the nation 's top bank regulator inherited the problems of lincoln based in irvine calif. after his regulatory role was expanded by the new savings-and-loan bailout law - he made his comments before house banking committee hearings to investigate what appears to be the biggest thrift disaster in a industry - the inquiry also will cover the actions of charles keating jr. who is chairman of american continental corp. lincoln 's parent and who contributed heavily to several u.s. senators - mr. seidman told the committee that the resolution trust corp. the agency created to sell sick thrifts has studied lincoln 's examination reports by former regulators dating back to N - my staff indicated that had we made such findings in one of our own institutions we would have sought an immediate order to stop the hazardous operations mr. seidman said - when lincoln was seized by the government for example N N of its loans or $ N million were to borrowers who were buying real estate from one of american continental 's N other subsidiaries according to mr. seidman - but the government did n't step in until six months ago when thrift officials put lincoln into conservatorship the day after american continental filed for chapter N bankruptcy protection from creditors - the bankruptcy filing the government has charged in a $ N billion civil lawsuit was part of a pattern to shift insured deposits to the parent company which used the deposits as a for real-estate deals - the deposits that have been transferred to other subsidiaries are now under the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court - i think it 's fairly clear mr. keating knew that regulators were set to seize lincoln mr. seidman said - further investigation he said may result in further actions against lincoln 's executives said mr. seidman including fraud actions - mr. keating for his part has filed suit alleging that regulators seized the thrift - leonard an attorney in washington for mr. keating declined to comment on the hearings except to say we will be responding in several to each of these allegations at the appropriate time - lincoln 's treatment by former thrift regulators in an agency by the new law has proved embarrassing for five senators who received thousands of dollars in campaign contributions from mr. keating - mr. seidman said yesterday for example that sen. dennis d. ariz. who received $ N in contributions from mr. keating mr. seidman to request that he push for a sale of lincoln before it would be seized - after the government lawsuit was filed against lincoln sen. returned the campaign contributions - the senator 's spokesman said yesterday that he pushed for the sale of lincoln because hundreds of arizona jobs at lincoln were on the line - senate banking committee chairman donald d. mich has also returned contributions he received from mr. keating a year ago - sens. john glenn d. ohio john r. ariz. and alan cranston d. calif. also received substantial contributions from mr. keating and sought to intervene on behalf of lincoln - house banking committee chairman henry gonzalez d. texas said sen. cranston to appear before the house committee if necessary - but a committee staff member said the panel is unlikely to pursue closely the role of the senators - at the hearing mr. seidman said the rtc has already pumped $ N million into lincoln for liquidity - he also held out little hope of for purchasers of $ N million in american continental subordinated debt - some of those have filed a suit saying they believed they were buying certificates of deposit - we have no plans at this time to pay off those notes he said - eastern airlines ' creditors committee unhappy with the carrier 's plans for emerging from bankruptcy-law proceedings asked its own experts to devise approaches to a reorganization - representatives of the accounting firm of ernst & young and the securities firm of goldman sachs & co. hired by creditors to on eastern 's financial plans told the committee in a private meeting yesterday that eastern 's latest plan to emerge from bankruptcy-law protection is far riskier than an earlier one which won the creditors ' approval - according to one person present at the meeting eastern 's new plan is financially overly optimistic - asked about the consultants ' reports an eastern spokeswoman said we totally disagree - she said they have and made some assumptions that make their analysis completely - at a later news conference here frank lorenzo chairman of eastern 's parent texas air corp. said eastern was exceeding its goals for getting back into operation and predicted it would emerge from chapter N protection from creditors early next year operating with more service than it originally had scheduled - he insisted as he has before that creditors would be paid in full under the plan - mr. lorenzo made no mention of creditors ' negative response to his plan - we 're in the process of discussing an amended plan with the creditors and anticipate filing that amended plan shortly mr. lorenzo told reporters - we 're meeting and our goals he added - in july eastern and its creditors agreed on a reorganization plan that called for eastern to sell $ N billion in assets and to emerge from bankruptcy-law protection at two-thirds its former size - but after selling off pieces such as its east coast shuttle its philadelphia hub and various planes eastern hit a block - it could n't sell its south american routes one of the major assets marked for disposal - those routes valued by the creditors ' professionals at about $ N million were to be sold to amr corp. 's american airlines - a last-minute in negotiations with amr over an unrelated lawsuit between american and another texas air unit caused the deal to collapse - eastern ultimately decided it would have to keep and operate the routes itself which would leave it with less cash for its reorganization - it also would leave eastern a bigger carrier than the one proposed under the initial plan - those changes in its condition meant the reorganization plan previously presented to creditors would have to be revamped - since then eastern has been negotiating with creditors over revisions but the creditors committee has been having problems with the revisions - the committee has two groups of experts it calls on to analyze eastern 's plans - both said the new plan would n't work - ernst & young said eastern 's plans will miss its projections of earnings before interest tax and depreciation by $ N million and that eastern 's plan presented no comfort level according to a source present at yesterday 's session - experts from goldman sachs estimated eastern would miss the same mark by $ N million to $ N million the source said - the experts said they expected eastern would have to issue new debt to cover its costs and that it would generate far less cash than anticipated - other costs also would increase including maintenance because eastern has an older fleet - at the news conference mr. lorenzo and eastern president phil presented a far assessment - by flight attendants pilots and gate agents dressed in new blue they said eastern has exceeded its operational goals and is filling its seats - starting next month eastern will begin flying N flights daily instead of the previously announced N they said - mr. declined to give out eastern 's daily losses but said he did n't expect eastern would have to dip into the cash from asset sales currently held in escrow - these accounts hold several hundred million dollars primarily from asset sales - the plan eastern hopes to pursue he said calls for eastern to have $ N million in cash by year 's end - both he and mr. lorenzo predicted that plan might be confirmed in january - as to negotiations with creditors mr. lorenzo said in remarks after the conference we 'll have to see how they talks come along - however he added it 's not a requirement that the plan be accepted by creditors - it must be accepted by the court - under bankruptcy law eastern has exclusive rights for a certain period to develop its own reorganization plan - that deadline has been extended once and could be extended again - if eastern can get creditor support court confirmation of its plan could be relatively swift - but creditors are free to press for court approval of their own plan or the court could ignore both sides and draw its own - in any event some people familiar with the case question whether the court will act by january as forecast by mr. lorenzo and mr. - eastern sought bankruptcy-law protection a few days after a strike began march N - mr. lorenzo told reporters the reorganization eastern is pursuing would create a carrier N N to N N of the size of the eastern - he projected it would be operating about N flights a day by late spring only slightly fewer than the carrier 's old volume of N a day - hopes of the corporate minimum tax before N are weakening - the method of the N N tax paid if it exceeds tax figured the regular way is due for a change in N thanks to N 's tax act - but most experts agree that the concept that is to be introduced in great they have been trying to head it off this year - ways and means chairman backed a plan in the pending house tax bill but the plan turns out to be a big revenue loser - now the senate 's bill any proposal to deal with the corporate tax - proponents of fear that the chances of getting it into the final bill are - we hear it has low priority on the house side says samuel of coopers & - if the law is n't changed he says we are left at rules that are almost impossible to implement because there are so many complex depreciation calculations to do - but congress still could resolve the issue with other legislation this year or next adds - hugo 's may be offset by immediate claims for tax refunds - this law aids named by the president as disaster areas as well as regions so designated after other N disasters - it lets victims to casualty losses on either N or amended N returns whichever offers the larger tax benefit they have until april N to choose - a N return to claim a refund brings cash faster but for personal losses there are other factors to consider notes publisher prentice hall - a loss after insurance is deductible only to the extent that it exceeds $ N and that the year 's total losses exceed N N of adjusted gross income victims may pick the year when income is lower and deductions higher - in filing an original not amended return a couple should consider whether damaged property is owned jointly or separately and whether one spouse has larger income that may determine whether they should file jointly or separately - the irs delays several deadlines for hugo 's victims - returns for N from people with six-month filing were due monday but the irs says people in the disaster areas wo n't be for late filing if their returns are marked hugo and by jan. N - interest will be imposed on unpaid taxes but penalties on the returns will be if the balance due and paid is N N or less of the liability - irs notice N describes this and other deadline relief for hugo 's victims - among the provisions taxpayers with returns due last monday wo n't be if they file or request an extension and pay tax due by nov. N - returns due by oct. N or nov. N may be delayed to jan. N - ca n't be granted for filing returns due oct. N or for withheld taxes but late penalties will be for deposits made by nov. N - the notice also grants relief for certain returns - one-day in a chartered boat were for permanent staffers of american business service corp. a costa mesa calif. supplier of temporary workers - the irs denied cost deductions because few of the got to go aboard - but the tax court said the limitations were reasonable and realistic and allowed the deductions - buyers who try to avoid sales tax by prices paid in private deals are the targets of a new york drive - estimating that the state may lose $ N million a year officials announced the filing of N criminal actions and hundreds of civil penalties - when an ira owner dies the trustee of the individual retirement account must file forms N reporting market values relating to the and each with copies to the and beneficiaries - irs revenue procedure N describes the reporting requirements - bigger than a was this cash 's reputation for honesty - people often cite and of banks to justify cash to the irs - gregory brown of calif. a young told that story to the tax court - but judges usually find the real aim is to escape tax on hidden income and the irs said brown must have had such income although it uncovered no source because he $ N in a bank account in N while reporting income of only $ N - brown 's story - the deposits came from savings kept in a he saved $ N in N by living with family members and pennies and $ N of secret gifts from his father who had abandoned the family in N - brown had no proof but testimony of his mother and about his father and of an about his honesty and habits satisfied a judge that brown was and his tale of gifts was possible - the irs offered no evidence of hidden sources of taxable income so judge rejected its claims - briefs - asked how he made charitable gifts of $ N out of reported two-year income of $ N thomas h. of texas told the tax court he had his income - the court rejected his incredible claims denied his deductions and imposed a negligence penalty - rep. r. colo. entered a bill to exempt from tax rewards for tips leading to the arrest of violent criminals - peterson her bicycle and up yet another steep rocky path seemingly suitable only for mountain - after a climb she is by a vista a of golden under an sky - this place is N miles into the back country a for a but reached by ms. peterson and six others in a mere two hours of mountain bikes - this says ms. peterson is what it 's all about - twelve hundred miles away at a county calif. state park are among the many who do n't quite share the enthusiasm - this summer speeding bikers were blamed for an accident in the county park in which a horse spooked on a trail that was closed to bikers broke its leg - the animal had to be destroyed the bikers fled and were never found - in numerous parks near san francisco have been forced to close trails set up speed and use radar guns to curb fast and reckless riding - they have even sent in pursuit of bikers after and complained they were being driven from trails - we were being says steve trails coordinator of the east bay regional park district - two years ago the district decided to limit the bikes to fire roads in its N acres - from about N six years ago the number of mountain bikes in the u.s. is expected to grow to N million in N - at least half that growth will have come in the past three years alone - the controversy kicked up by the proliferation of these is one of the most divisive to blow through the national conservation movement in recent memory - bikers many of them environmentalists their sport an efficient safe way to get back to nature while a right as taxpayers to on public - but the bikes ' numbers safety concerns and fear that they damage fragile have prompted from the to the eastern to ban them from the back country - key to the issue is that the bikes in hands can go virtually anywhere and in reckless hands can become vehicles of - an can leap from a dead stop to the top of a table without losing balance - such skills allow riders to fly down mountain grades at speeds of up to N miles an hour a for the but a nightmare for or - for managers across the nation the response is increasingly to shut the gates - the state of california following the lead of some regional parks recently adopted regulations that closed nearly all in state parks to mountain - the move largely them to roads used by vehicles - most other states have enacted similar bans - the bikes are unwelcome on trails in national parks - even the u.s. forest service whose philosophy permits vehicles on thousands of miles of its trails across the u.s. has begun to close some to the bikes including major portions of the popular pacific crest trail which from california to canada - often these closings come after vigorous lobbying by conservation organizations the politically potent sierra club among them - sierra has been instrumental in a number of the california bans - it has been an campaign to beat back a proposal pushed by utah bike groups to allow the cycles in federally designated areas where they are now prohibited - yet sierra 's hard-line stance has created something of a in the organization which estimates that N N of its N members own mountain bikes - pressure from these members prompted the club recently to soften its rhetoric it no longer for example the bikes into the same category as and other vehicles - but the club still insists that public ought to be closed to the bikes unless studies indicate the bikes wo n't the environment or other users - i have a mountain bike yet as a i 've been run off the road by kids down a fire trail on them says gene an official at sierra 's headquarters in san francisco the concerns of many members - people who feel that should be banned from an area are n't looking at the whole picture complains mark associate editor of mountain and city magazine in park calif - mr. is among the of bikers who got their first taste of as or - he says fellow bikers show the same concern for the land that they demonstrated as many are that the conservation community would suddenly consider them the enemy - to fight back activists such as mr. are forming groups to lobby land managers over access issues and education programs to show that the bikes can share trails - mr. 's group concerned association mounted petition drives to help keep open certain santa mountain trails designated for closing - groups in idaho michigan and massachusetts have won similar concessions says tim mountain bike editor of magazine - these groups have been trying to improve the mountain 's image in the san park district where a was clobbered by a this summer bikers have formed a volunteer to help enforce regulations and to school riders in proper trail - even sierra members concede that N N of all riders cause most of the problems - while some are riders who simply regulations much bad riding simply reflects ignorance that can be corrected through education and pressure says jim a director of the international mountain association - i think we 're making progress - few would have such a furor when a decade ago some county bicycle enthusiasts created a hybrid bike using fat tires and technology - they wanted a machine that would allow them to into then to cycles - they got a machine more responsive more stable and in many ways easier to ride than the racing bikes that then were the rage - when the bikes first entered mass production in N they were dismissed as a fad - last year N N of the N million sold in the u.s. were mountain bikes - in california a bellwether market they accounted for more than N N of all bike sales - the majority of the bikes never even make it into the high country - city love them because they shift smoothly in traffic bounce easily over curbs and roll through road glass with far fewer flat tires than racing bikes - population N is a of the sport - by one estimate everyone here under N owns at least one bike - the town is home to the mountain bike hall of fame and it hosts the annual fat tire bike week - this summer the attracted more visitors than the busiest week of the town 's winter ski season - david chairman of the fat tire bike celebration that the bike 's popularity may be a combination of technology and - the mountain bike feels as comfortable as the bike you had as a kid but it can do so much more he says - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission - canada 's province of shelf offering of up to $ N million of debentures - gas holding co. a subsidiary of shipping corp. offering of $ N million first preferred ship mortgage notes via merrill lynch capital markets - h.f. ahmanson & co. offering of four million shares of convertible preferred stock series b. via goldman sachs & co first boston corp. and merrill lynch - shared technologies inc. offering of N million common shares via van horn & inc. and oakes & co - stock-market tremors again shook bond prices while the dollar turned in a mixed performance - early yesterday investors scrambled to buy treasury bonds for safety as stock prices plummeted and fears mounted of a of friday - but stocks later recovered most of their early declines - that cut short the rally in treasury bonds and depressed prices moderately below late monday 's levels - the dow jones industrial average down more than N points early in the day finished N points lower at N - long-term treasury issues declined about half a point or $ N for each $ N face amount - the stock market clearly is leading the bond markets said jack an executive vice president at nikko securities - people are breathing a major sigh of relief that the world did n't end monday morning or yesterday - gold a closely watched barometer of investor anxiety was little changed - the dollar initially fell against other major currencies on news that the u.s. trade deficit surged in august to $ N billion - but the dollar later rebounded finishing slightly higher against the yen although slightly lower against the mark - federal reserve officials sent another signal of their determination to shore up investor confidence - in an apparent attempt to keep a lid on short-term interest rates the fed once again pumped money into the banking system - but the fed move was a small traders said - fed officials appear reluctant to ease their credit grip any further because a bold move does n't appear necessary several investment managers said - the fed has allowed a key short-term interest rate to decline about percentage point - the federal funds rate on overnight loans between banks has been around N N N down from N N previously - although stocks have led bonds this week some traders predict that relationship will reverse during the next few weeks - nikko 's mr. fears a huge wave of treasury borrowing early next month will drive down treasury bond prices - that coupled with poor third-quarter comparisons will make trouble for the equity market for the next two to three months he says - but several other traders contend investors have to junk-bond jitters and that stock prices will continue to recover - they shot the whole just because the piano player hit a bad note said president of associates inc. referring to the stock market 's plunge friday on news of trouble in financing the ual corp buy-out - in major market activity treasury bond prices fell - the yield on 30-year treasury bonds climbed back above N N ending the day at N N - the dollar was mixed - late yesterday in new york the dollar rose to N yen from N yen monday but fell to N marks from N marks - the consumer news and business channel cable network and u.s. news & world report have formed a joint venture to produce cable program versions of special issues of the magazine - the programs will run on the cable network the sunday evening immediately prior to the release of the special issue of u.s. news & world report - cnbc is a joint venture of the national broadcasting co. a unit of general electric co. and system corp - advertisers will be offered an advertising package which for a single price will include time on the cnbc program and ad pages in the special - cnbc will produce six one-hour programs beginning in april N - the first program scheduled in the joint venture is the N 's guide - other programs and special issues will be based on themes of health jobs personal finance the best colleges and investments - the programs will be written and produced by cnbc with background and research provided by staff from u.s. news & world report - - i 've learned the hard way that too much takes the next day about nine no wonder i say i drink to your health it certainly is n't to mine - george o. - out - those supermarket make me feel slow because i still have n't seen - bruce - daffynition - repression control - brown - weyerhaeuser co. reported a one-time gain and strong sales that offset weakness in pulp and paper to fuel a N N jump in third-quarter net income to $ N million or N cents a share - in the N third quarter the forest-products company reported profit of $ N million or N cents a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - for the nine months the company posted a N N rise in profit to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - results for the N third quarter and nine months include a pretax loss of $ N million from the company 's business improvement and program and a gain of $ N million on the sale of a subsidiary 's common stock - forest-products operations strengthened in the third quarter while paper operations were dogged by higher costs soft newsprint exports and a strong japanese yen - some competing forest-products firms have recently reported improved results due to strong pulp and paper business - weyerhaeuser 's pulp and paper operations were up for the nine months but full-year performance depends on the balance of operating and maintenance costs plus pricing of certain products the company said - looking ahead to the fourth quarter the company said export and lumber markets will be weak while panel and markets will be stronger - pulp and paper performance depends on cost and price the company said - bankers trust new york corp. became the latest major u.s. bank to increase reserves for its loans to less-developed countries making a $ N billion third-quarter addition to its provision - the bank also said it expects to report a $ N billion loss for the third quarter and a loss for the full year - the new reserves bring the company 's provision for loans to third world countries to $ N billion or N N of bankers trust 's medium and long-term loans to these countries - step up to the plate and take the big swing - get the problem behind you and do n't look back said james j. analyst at & woods in of the move - bankers trust has had the capacity to do this for some time the analyst said - he expects citicorp to take a similar step this year - citicorp yesterday reported a N N third-quarter earnings drop which analysts called a bit disappointing while manufacturers hanover corp. posted a $ N million loss for the quarter after adding $ N million to its reserve for loans to less-developed countries - three other major u.s. banks posted earnings increases - wells fargo & co. of san francisco posted a N N jump - financial corp. the parent of pittsburgh national bank reported net income climbed N N while net for banc one corp. of columbus ohio grew N N - citicorp - analysts were only slightly disappointed by citicorp 's numbers - there 's nothing in here that 's horrible and nothing to make you think they 're setting the world on fire said analyst for lawrence morgan grenfell inc - earnings from the bank 's global consumer business grew N N - the consumer business continues to drive the earnings stream said mr. of & woods - corporate finance and trading results in member countries of the organization for economic cooperation and development were relatively flat sometimes the bank said and profit for the area sank N N - the cross-border loan portfolio reflected adjustment problems and payment patterns the bank said no interest payments from argentina in the nine months and none from brazil in the third quarter while venezuela brought itself substantially current - overall the portfolio narrowed its quarterly loss to $ N million from $ N million a year earlier - people were waiting to see if we would take an additional provision for and long-term loans to less-developed countries a citicorp spokesman said - but he reiterated the bank 's position that it is comfortable with the current level of $ N billion covering about N N of the $ N billion of such loans outstanding - ronald i. analyst at sanford c. bernstein & co. called citicorp 's venture-capital gains of $ N million before taxes strong - a concerning item the analyst cited was the N N jump in expenses which the bank attributes to costs of expanding both its consumer credit-card operations and its overseas branch business - citicorp 's spokesman said however that the bank is maintaining those expenses in proportion to revenue growth - wells fargo - wells fargo continued to generate one of the highest profit margins among major banks a drop in net interest margin with N N third-quarter growth in business loans and similar growth in mortgages - its margin fell only seven basis points or of a percentage point from a year ago compared with a drop at security pacific corp. and much larger declines among banks in other parts of the country - as a result wells fargo 's net interest income rose $ N million or N N to $ N million for the quarter - non-interest income fell slightly to $ N million from $ N million while wells fargo continued to control non-interest expense which was almost flat at $ N million - the combination of solid loan growth with tight expense control gave wells fargo a N N return on average assets for the quarter about N N higher than security pacific 's and a profit ratio matched by only two or three other major banks in the u.s. - wells fargo 's return on equity increased to N N from N N - wells fargo has sold all of its loans made to less-developed countries and managed to partly reverse the sharp rise in domestic loans which fell N N from the previous quarter to $ N million from $ N million - but the amount was still N N higher than the year-ago level and N N higher as a percentage of total loans - that trend and wells fargo 's heavy exposure to leveraged buy-outs are about the only worries analysts have about wells fargo 's financial picture - wells fargo is rebuilding its loan-loss reserve which increased to $ N million at sept. N from $ N million the previous quarter but was down from $ N million a year ago when the bank still had some shaky foreign loans - manufacturers hanover - manufacturers hanover said that excluding the addition to its reserves certain tax benefits and a one-time $ N million gain on the sale of an interest in a foreign leasing company third-quarter earnings were $ N million - the comparable year-earlier number was $ N million a spokesman said - the bank 's additional provisions brought reserves for loans to less-developed countries to $ N billion covering N N of its medium and long-term loans outstanding to these nations - the net interest margin the difference between the bank 's cost of funds and what it receives as interest payments improved in the quarter as did certain areas of wholesale banking - fees from loans dropped N N to $ N million - we did n't take part in a lot of deals in the quarter because their credit quality was poor the spokesman said - expenses unrelated to interest rose N N to $ N million - financial - financial cited higher income from sources unrelated to interest and said it continues to cut costs - net interest income in the third quarter edged up N N to $ N million - trust income grew N N to $ N million while service charges fees and commissions increased N N to $ N million - the bank 's total allowance for credit losses was $ N million or N N of total loans - prime minister gandhi set a date next month for general elections that some analysts say could cost him and his ruling congress i party control of the government - other analysts say the indian leader could retain control with a slim majority or be forced to rule as the dominant partner in a coalition with other parties - elections in this large diverse and nation are always hard to predict - much depends on the opposition a loose group of regional and ideological parties led by former gandhi cabinet minister - the biggest is that the elections will be a vote for or against mr. gandhi and his five years in power five years of ups and promises and disappointments and wide fluctuations in popularity - yesterday four days after an unusual parliamentary defeat for the ruling party mr. gandhi called elections for the lower house of parliament on nov. N and N - the elections will be held in different states on one of the two days - the lower house 's five-year term expires in january the parliament 's upper house is appointed - the elections will be a test for the 45-year-old prime minister and congress i which in various forms has ruled for N of india 's N years of independence - after a win in N in polls held after the assassination of his mother gandhi mr. gandhi saw his popularity begin a roller ride - his early promises to make india a modern nation remain down in bloated bureaucracy - his pledge to clean up local administration and indian politics including his own party went - his mr. clean image was by an scandal which will be a major campaign issue - some analysts predict that disappointment in mr. gandhi 's spent pledge to reduce corruption and local government will crest at the polls - there 's a wide feeling of across the country says sen of the center for policy research in new - i think the people will be judging the regime by a by a corrupt revenue - this could be a big protest against an administrative failure - even if the congress i retains control of the government mr. gandhi 's ability to push through major initiatives might be by a majority - economic analysts call his of the indian economy incomplete and many are hoping for major new if he is returned firmly to power - the or lower house of parliament has N elected and two appointed seats - in N the congress i captured N seats the largest victory in the history of indian democracy - the was fueled by panic that prevailed in india at the time - mrs. gandhi had been by and many indians feared their country might split apart - in the previous three general elections similar national issues the vote - in N the congress party won after india 's victory in the war - in N mrs. gandhi was thrown out of office after her emergency rule and in N after her made a mess of their three years in power she was restored to office - most political analysts say that if mr. gandhi 's opposition to field single candidates in most the congress i will lose big - but if the opposition remains the congress i could win a small majority or lead a coalition government - mehta a and former gandhi ally predicts congress i will win only N seats a quarter of the house if the opposition fields single candidates in N N of the races - analysts say the opposition will struggle this week to and its success will be clear only when it its final list of parliamentary candidates - the scandal is likely to be one of the big talking points in the campaign but it 's unclear how it is viewed by average indian voters - in N india signed a $ N billion contract with ab bofors a unit of nobel industries sweden ab to purchase N pieces - the contract was negotiated by the countries ' two prime ministers and was supposed to be free of commissions or agents ' costs - in april N evidence surfaced that commissions were paid - the opposition charged that the money was used to bribe indian government officials an denied by mr. gandhi 's administration - but many of his statements on the issue in parliament subsequently were proven wrong by evidence - the scandal has faded and but recent disclosures propelled it back onto the front pages and that has helped the opposition which last week blocked passage of two constitutional amendment bills - it was the first time in N years that such government bills were defeated - in a country where a bribe is needed to get a phone a job and even into a school the name bofors has become a potent cry against the government - that illustrates the kind of disappointment many indians feel toward mr. gandhi whom they elected and supported in his first two years in power - his term has produced no spectacular failures in politics in the economy or on the military front and has up some successes - but the average indian had tremendous hope in the leader and his promise to make both government and the ruling party more effective and less corrupt - his failures in those two areas deeply and sometimes bitterly disappointed many indians - we do n't like the congress i says a farmer in the western state of - the congress government is taking the farmers ' bread and not giving us any support - when there are well problems light problems road problems the government tells us to forget it - the greatest thing going for mr. gandhi and the congress i party is the poor reputation of the opposition - even if it for the elections its is likely to be temporary - when the congress i lost the N election following mrs. gandhi 's emergency rule a similar coalition took power and then - many indians fear a repeat of that experience - march N N - ab bofors a unit of nobel industries sweden ab enters into a $ N billion contract with india 's defense ministry to supply N bofors field guns - in N prime minister gandhi in his talks with then swedish prime minister imposed the condition that the contract have no middlemen - april N N - swedish national radio reports that about $ N million nearly N N of the total contract was paid by bofors as commissions to middlemen - june N N - sweden 's national audit bureau releases its report confirming payment of about $ N million to unidentified indians - the report says that investigations were severely hampered by lack of cooperation from bofors - bofors says it ca n't disclose the names of the middlemen because it would jeopardize industrial - a portion of the report containing names of the middlemen is withheld by officials citing bank requirements - aug. N N - prime minister gandhi tells the indian parliament neither i nor any member of my family has received any consideration in these transactions - that is the truth - aug. N N - bofors admits payments of $ N million to middlemen - april N N - the newspaper publishes of bank documents for foreign-exchange and letters between bofors and certain private companies related to the sale of the guns to india - april N N - a parliamentary committee dominated by the congress i party concludes that there were no middlemen in the deal and no payment to any indian individual or company - july N N - the comptroller and of india reports serious in the government 's technical and financial evaluation of the bofors deal - sept. N N - retired army chief of staff in an interview that he suggested in may N that the government cancel the bofors contract - according to gen. that would have forced bofors to disclose the names of the middlemen who received from the company - his recommendation was rejected by the government - oct. N N - the newspaper publishes the withheld portion of the swedish national audit bureau 's report - the disclosures state that commissions were paid by bofors to an indian agent of the arms company - parsow partnership ltd. and partners l.p. said they may seek proposals from third parties relating to a sale or restructuring of caci international inc - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission parsow and which together hold N N of caci 's common shares said they think it is in the best interest of caci stockholders that the company be sold - caci based in va. said it had n't seen the filing by parsow and and therefore had no comment - the partnerships said they may seek board representation and they may seek the support of caci 's board and other major shareholders in connection with their plans - according to the filing parsow and are based in neb. and are controlled by the same general partner alan s. parsow - their combined stake consists of N caci common shares including N shares bought in the past N days at $ N to $ N a share - additional shares may be bought or sold in the open market in private transactions or otherwise depending on market conditions and other factors - the trading relationship between bonds and stocks was interrupted yesterday as bonds fell despite a modest decline in stock prices - but bond investors continue to keep a close watch on the jittery stock market - in early trading investors were bidding bond prices higher as stocks tumbled and fears mounted that friday 's stock market debacle would be repeated - but a partial recovery in the dow jones industrial average which had been down more than N points in midmorning dashed those expectations - treasury bonds also were hurt late in the day by a $ N billion offering by the tennessee valley authority and the prospect of a huge amount of new agency debt - bond investors were hoping that stock prices would continue to fall said roger early a vice president at federated investors inc. pittsburgh - when stocks stabilized that was a disappointment - meanwhile for the second straight day the bond market paid little attention to the federal reserve 's open market operations - fed officials more cash into the banking system by arranging $ N billion of repurchase agreements during the usual intervention period - the move was meant to keep a lid on interest rates and to boost investor confidence - the intervention has been friendly meaning that they really did n't have to do it said maria ramirez money-market economist at drexel burnham lambert inc - she said a more aggressive move was n't needed - the fed also appears reluctant to ease credit conditions further - it already has allowed the closely watched federal funds rate to decline N percentage point to about N N N from its previous target level of about N N - the rate which banks charge each other on overnight loans is considered an early signal of changes in fed policy - it ended at about N N N yesterday but was as low as N N N monday - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond fell more than N point or over $ N for each $ N face amount while the yield moved above N N for the first time since thursday - investment-grade corporate municipal and mortgage-backed securities also fell - but most junk bonds closed unchanged after opening slightly higher on bargain-hunting by institutional investors - some so-called high-quality junk issues such as r.h. macy & co. 's N N N subordinated debentures rose - the macy 's issue closed up about one point at a bid price of N - the tva 's public debt offering was its first in N years - strong investor demand prompted it to boost the size of the issue from $ N billion - traders said hedging related to the tva pricing also pressured treasury bonds - underwriters of the tva bonds reduced their market risk by selling treasurys to cover at least part of their tva holdings said james r. a senior vice president at shearson lehman government securities inc - the tva bonds also served to the market that there will be even more new supply said lawrence n. a managing director at warburg securities & co - today the treasury will announce the size of its next two-year note sale and resolution funding corp. will announce details of its first bond offering - some traders estimate $ N billion of new two-year treasurys will be sold next week and they expect refcorp to offer $ N billion to $ N billion of long-term bailout bonds - refcorp was created to help fund the thrift bailout - another agency issue came to market yesterday - the office of finance of the federal home loan banks said it priced a $ N billion bond offering for the banks to yield from N N to N N - the release of several economic reports had little impact on the market including a report that the u.s. trade deficit expanded to a surprisingly wide $ N billion in august up from a revised $ N billion in july - the august gap was expected to have expanded to $ N billion - treasury securities - treasury securities were essentially flat to about N point lower - the benchmark 30-year bond was quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N monday - the latest 10-year notes were quoted late at N N to yield N N compared with N N to yield N N - short-term rates increased - the discount rate on three-month bills rose to N N for a bond-equivalent yield of N N - the rate on six-month bills rose to N N for a bond-equivalent yield of N N - corporate other issues - investment-grade corporate bonds ended N to N point lower while most junk bonds ended unchanged - the tva 's huge $ N billion offering dominated attention in the new-issue market - tva offered $ N billion of 30-year bonds priced to yield N N $ N billion in 10-year notes priced to yield N N and $ N billion in five-year notes priced to yield N N - the tva which operates one of the nation 's largest electric power systems is a corporation wholly owned by the u.s. government - yesterday 's bond sale was part of a $ N billion refinancing plan to pay off high-interest debt the tva owes the federal financing bank an arm of the treasury - meanwhile lockheed corp. priced a $ N million note offering to yield N N - mortgage-backed securities - the derivative mortgage-backed market revived after a brief as two new remics totaling $ N million were offered and talk circulated about two more issues that could be priced today - the revival of the real estate mortgage investment market reflected the relative calm in the mortgage market after two days of volatile trading - dealers noted that it 's difficult to structure new remics when prices are moving widely - the two remics priced were a $ N million federal home loan mortgage corp. issue underwritten by salomon brothers inc. and a $ N million federal national mortgage association deal underwritten by greenwich capital markets - the remic issuance supported prices of freddie mac and fannie mae securities which held up better than government national mortgage association securities during an afternoon sell-off - ginnie mae N N securities for november delivery ended at N N down N N N N securities at N N down N and N N securities at N N down N - freddie mac N N securities were at N N down N - the ginnie mae N N issue was yielding N N to a 12-year average life assumption as the spread above the treasury 10-year note held at N percentage points - municipals - confusion over the near-term trend for rates dominated the municipal arena as gyrations in the stock market continued to buffet bonds - long tax-exempt dollar bonds were mostly flat to N point lower after a session of moving to stocks in modest trading - prices of municipal bonds were capped by news that chemical securities inc. as agent for a customer will accept bids today for two large lists of bonds that include many such issues - the lists total $ N million - bonds are called at their earliest call date with the proceeds of another bond issue - meanwhile several new issues were priced - underwriters led by painewebber inc. set preliminary pricing for $ N million of california health facilities financing authority revenue bonds for kaiser - tentative yields were set from N N in N to N N in N - as part of its college savings plan connecticut offered $ N million of general obligation capital appreciation bonds priced to yield to maturity from N N in N to N N in N N and N - a chemical securities group won a $ N million oregon general obligation veterans ' tax note issue due nov. N N - the N N N notes yield N N - foreign bonds - west german government bond prices took a wild roller-coaster ride pulled down by monday 's u.s. stock market gains then up by a u.s. trade deficit and falling u.s. stock prices - west germany 's N N bond due october N was at N late yesterday off N point from monday to yield N N - the N N N notes due april N were up N point to N to yield N N - british government bonds surged on renewed volatility in the stock market - the treasury N N N bond due N rose N to N N to yield N N - but japanese bonds ended weaker - the benchmark no. N N N bond due N ended on brokers ' screens at a price of N off N point to yield N N - a house-senate conference approved an estimated $ N billion fiscal N spending bill that provides a N N increase for space research and development and far-reaching provisions affecting the federal mortgage market - the current ceiling on home loans insured by the federal housing administration would be increased to $ N - separately the bill gives authority to the bush administration to facilitate the refinancing of federally subsidized loans for low-income and homeowners - the second provision affecting so-called N mortgages has met strong opposition from investment bankers represented by the public securities association - and a of influential former senate aides employed by the wall street firm salomon brothers came to the capitol in a attempt to strip the provision - by an N margin senate negotiators voted to preserve the N mortgage refinancing plan and despite powerful allies the opposition found itself undercut by an unusual alliance of liberals and conservatives - the government currently is subsidizing an estimated N loans above N N under the N program and however to private investors the refinancing is expected to yield at least $ N million in savings in fiscal N - this sum has been by anxious to offset spending elsewhere and conservative sen. phil cast the fight as a stand against interests - we are here not of the mortgage companies but the taxpayers said the texas republican - the action came as the administration won final congressional approval of $ N million in assistance for elections scheduled in nicaragua in february - the bulk of the money would be through the national for democracy but the legislation is so written that it has been dogged by questions regarding the money 's true purpose and its ultimate - the senate had refused late friday to and limit debate but behind the bipartisan leadership a solid majority took shape yesterday and brushed aside amendments seeking to cut the total package or steer it away from direct aid to political parties - final approval on a N roll call was never in doubt but the opposition drew an unusual mix of senators including republicans and warren and democrats bill bradley and john glenn - the money will be applied for voter registration and election monitoring but more than half is likely to go to the union party - critics warned such cash contributions may only undercut the opposition party 's standing and one irony is that under nicaraguan law a major portion of the opposition party 's funds must be shared with the government 's supreme electoral council - within the appropriations conference yesterday the $ N billion measure is the second largest of the annual domestic spending bills and covers a collection of accounts for science housing veterans and the environment - the decision to raise the ceiling on fha home loans still faces strong opposition in the house - but it is driven by the same fiscal pressures that have forced lawmakers to resort to various devices to as much as $ N billion in spending that would otherwise put the bill over budget - these costs will complicate the budget picture in fiscal N and the measure further congress to a set of costly projects including the first construction funds for the space station - the station is promised $ N billion within the $ N billion provided for research and development in the national aeronautics and space administration and the nation 's aerospace plane cut by the senate could receive as much as $ N million in new funds or transfers - similarly the house agreed to add back $ N million to continue work on the advanced communications technology satellite being developed by general electric co - and while setting a statutory limit of $ N billion on the automated space probe the conference appropriated $ N million for the start-up of the mission a successor to the space probe - among major domestic agencies the environmental protection agency stands to receive increases significantly beyond those sought by the administration with pollution and control accounts growing by N N to about $ N million - an estimated $ N billion is separately allocated for the national science foundation and within the housing and urban development department more than $ N billion is provided for federally housing including an expanded effort to modernize public housing units that serve the poorest families - to an unusual degree the massive bill has become a vehicle for lawmakers to funds for projects in home states - while the practice was discouraged in the past the conference agreement is with veterans ' hospitals environmental projects and urban grants designated for specific communities - the most striking example yesterday may have been in community development funds where the two houses had separately approved a total of N projects valued at $ N million and the conference added N more valued at $ N million to preserve balance between the house and senate - yesterday 's conference agreement is the second major bill to emerge from negotiations this week as approved a fiscal N transportation bill late monday that includes a sweeping ban on smoking on most domestic airline flights - an exemption will remain for flights longer than six hours to hawaii and alaska but estimates by the tobacco industry yesterday indicate all but about N flights would be covered - separately a third conference report covering an $ N billion treasury and postal service bill was sent to the senate after passing the house on a N roll call yesterday - and after weeks of delay the appropriations process is beginning to take some final shape - defense and foreign aid are the two most critical areas remaining from the administration 's standpoint - and among domestic programs the most serious threat is white house opposition to abortion riders attached to separate bills funding the district of columbia and department of health and human services - the same issue threatens to spill over to the foreign aid debate and mr. bush also is threatening to veto any agreement that provisions renewing u.s. support for the united nations fund for population activities - in a sharply written letter rep. david chairman of the house appropriations subcommittee for foreign operations warned mr. bush that the result of his could weaken efforts to accommodate the administration elsewhere - as a result of your writes the wisconsin democrat i guess there is no longer any point in taking administration views into account on other items in conference regardless of their resolution you apparently intend to veto this bill - markets usually get noticed because they soar or plunge - gold which has n't risen or fallen significantly in quite some time yesterday achieved what may be a new level of the most actively traded futures contracts closed unchanged despite nervous fluctuations in both the dollar and the stock market - the settlement prices of the december february and april gold contracts were even with monday 's final prices - the december N contract which has the greatest trading volume ended at $ N an ounce - the other months posted advances of N cents to N cents an ounce - according to one analyst bernard savaiko of painewebber new york the stock market 's ability on monday to rally from last friday 's decline which seemed to indicate that the economy was n't going to fall either took the out of precious metals prices and out of gold 's in particular - yesterday gold traded within a narrow range - gold tried to rally on monday but ran into the same situation that has subdued gold prices for more than a year selling by gold producers who want to fix the highest possible price for their gold - december delivery gold is trading in a range of $ N to $ N an ounce and is having difficulty breaking out above that mr. savaiko said - producers at the moment regard that area a good one in which to sell gold - also mr. savaiko noted stock market investors seeking greater safety are toward buying bonds rather than precious metals because we are more toward a economy that does n't make gold and precious metals attractive - jeffrey president of canada toronto precious metals advisers said there is little to gold traders to buy the metal - investors in the u.s. and europe are comfortable with the actions of the federal reserve in its willingness to supply liquidity to financial system which helped the stock market rebound on monday he said - there is n't any rush on the part of investors in the west to buy gold he said - they still bear the memory of october N when they bought gold after the stock market and ended up losing money because gold prices subsequently fell mr. said - it 's an experience they do n't want to repeat - at the moment gold traders are n't concerned about inflation he said and as for the dollar gold 's association with the currency has been recently so drops in the currency are n't having much impact on gold - mehta chief bullion trader for chase manhattan bank said there is little incentive on the part of traders to sell gold because the stock market may go lower and gold may retain some of its flight to safety quality - there is little incentive to buy gold because if the stock market goes higher it may be just a false alarm - this is keeping the gold traders - the most remarkable feature about yesterday 's action was that the price of roughly $ N an ounce was regarded as attractive enough by gold producers around the world to aggressively sell gold mr. mehta said - i do n't know what it means over the long run but for the short term it appears that gold producers are for the $ N or so that gold has risen over the past week or so he said - previously he noted gold producers to back off from a rising gold market letting prices rise as much as possible before selling - mr. mehta observed that the u.s. merchandise trade deficit which rose sharply in august according to yesterday 's report has been having less and less impact on the gold market - the dollar has n't reacted much to it so gold has n't either he said - in other commodity markets yesterday - energy - crude oil prices rose slightly in lackluster activity as traders in the pits tried to assess action in the stock market - since stock market indexes plummeted last friday participants in all markets have been wary - when traders become confident that the stock market has stabilized oil prices are expected to rise as supply and demand fundamentals once again become the major consideration - crude oil for november delivery edged up by N cents a barrel to $ N a barrel - heating oil prices also rose - november gasoline slipped slightly - sugar - futures prices rose on a report that cuba may seek to postpone some sugar shipments - the march contract advanced N cent a pound to N cents - according to an analyst cuba ca n't meet all its shipment commitments and has asked japan to accept a delay of shipments scheduled for later this year into early next year - japan is perceived as a wealthy nation that can turn elsewhere in the world market and buy the sugar the analyst said - it was the possibility of this demand that helped firm prices the analyst said - another analyst noted that cuba has been deferring shipments in recent years - to the professionals in the trade it did n't cause much surprise - the march futures contract traded as high as N cents but could n't sustain the advance he said - livestock and - the prices of cattle and pork futures contracts rebounded as livestock traders shook off fears that the friday stock market plunge would consumer spending which in turn would hurt retail sales of beef and pork - the prices of most livestock futures contracts had dropped sharply monday - cattle futures prices were also supported yesterday by signs that supermarket chains are making plans to increase their promotions concerning beef - grains and soybeans - the prices of most soybean and futures contracts rose amid rumors that the soviet union is interested in buying from the u.s. or south america about N metric tons of soybeans and as many as N metric tons of soybean - traders are especially sensitive to reports of possible u.s. soybean sales because u.s. exports are lagging - since sept. N about N million fewer of u.s. soybeans have been sold overseas than for the same period last year - corn futures prices rose slightly while wheat prices settled mixed - moody 's investors service inc. about increasing competitive pressure on ryder placed about $ N billion in company securities under review for possible downgrade - ratings under review are ryder 's collateral trust debentures senior notes and bonds preferred stock and the company 's rating for commercial paper - moody 's said it is assessing the strategies ryder 's management may follow in addressing significant challenges in some major markets - the rating agency said it is focusing especially on the transportation service company 's efforts to control costs improve margins and enhance its competitive position in its primary business vehicle leasing and rental - the nations of southern africa know a lot about managing their are thriving - but the nations of europe and north america have decided they know better - at this week 's u.n. conference in they imposed a global ivory ban that seeks to local policies - a delegate argued that the ban would guarantee the of the elephant - legitimate who have an interest in preserving the would go out of business - would control the underground trade - many delegates were willing to craft a compromise but u.s. delegate and others that down - the greens from the first world wanted a play not a negotiation - fortunately the nations of southern africa have n't totally surrendered their sovereignty - five countries announced they would not honor what one delegate called the made in switzerland solution - in fact they seemed a - the director of 's wildlife department described american as fat little from urban environments who do n't know a thing about africa - that 's not fair they 're not all fat - blast generates for aid from south carolina small businesses - the small business administration has received more than N formal requests for disaster loans because of the hurricane - about N N of requests for relief loans which also are available to homeowners come from small businesses compared with a N N business share after most disasters - the expects to make about $ N billion in hurricane hugo loans - the disaster fund is by loan - hardest hit by hugo in south carolina were small retailers tied to the tourist industry and businesses in agriculture and - the state development board set up a hugo to accept help - after nbc weather man scott broadcast the number it was flooded with N calls - last week the u.s. chamber of commerce began using its national tv show to seek help such as equipment for business owners - local bankers and accountants help applicants fill out forms - it helps us and people feel better talking to someone who 's gone through the same thing an official says - health benefits remain a central lobbying effort even as section N - the senate after section N repeal from its deficit-reduction bill still is expected to join the house in voting to kill the law which forces companies to provide comparable benefits to and executives alike - in lobbying on other topics the national federation of independent business will press for legislation that would give self-employed people a N N tax deduction for their own health plans up from N N currently - and the group will urge that the federal government state rules on what must be covered by employers ' health insurance - small-business groups also will fight the provision of legislation that would expand parental leaves - and they still oppose as too costly an health insurance bill sponsored by sen. edward kennedy d. mass despite his proposal to phase in small business only gradually - there is also worry that the commission studying long-term health care will again push lawmakers toward solutions - the section N victory could have a downside by making it harder to oppose lawmakers on other health proposals - with the repeal of section N we can no longer say they 're discouraging businesses from offering health plans says russell the chamber of commerce 's small-business advocate - jumping the gun - sen. lloyd d. texas was after a private word to john lobbyist for the national federation of independent business resulted in a news release saying that the senate finance committee chairman would recommend repeal of section N - even though the announcement was true in the end it was issued without the senator 's permission - i it mr. says - it was a timing mistake - blues - sen. thurmond r. s.c protests pending legislation to end the preference that the federal prison system gets in selling furniture and other goods to government agencies - small-business suppliers want prisons to stop getting high priority especially as prison production grows with swelling - last year the prisons ' sales to the pentagon totaled $ N million - repair shops scrap for more access to work on systems - groups representing some independent shops join a compromise on the clean air legislation worked out between environmentalists and rep. henry waxman d. calif - the plan would increase the warranty on systems to eight years or N miles from five years or N for major parts - but the warranty on simpler parts would be lowered to two years or N miles - the garage owners say they would benefit because car owners would be less likely to go back to dealers for the simpler repairs after two years - the repair shops are n't united however - shops represented by the automotive service industry association and the motor equipment manufacturers association oppose any increase in warranty length - they say the longer the warranty the longer customers will automatically return to dealers which then find work that might otherwise go to repair shops - the house energy committee will debate the issue later this month - an atlanta garage owner who opposes a longer warranty estimates that the current plan costs him as much as $ N a year in lost business - small talk - some N N of graduates who recently earned an degree say they 'd prefer to work in or own a small company yet most take jobs with large concerns says a survey by the foster group a new york recruiting firm - scientific inc. of md. seeks a small business innovation research grant to produce a assembly for an army mass outfit - banc one corp. said frank e. plans to retire as the bank holding company 's president effective jan. N - banc one said it is contemplated that john b. chairman and chief executive officer will assume the additional position of president upon mr. 's retirement - mr. N years old was chairman and chief executive of american fletcher corp. indianapolis when that bank holding company merged into banc one in january N - the company said mr. plans to retire because the process of american fletcher into banc one is considered completed - mr. will continue as chairman of the board and chairman of the executive committee of banc one indiana corp. the successor company to american fletcher corp. but will no longer be active in day-to-day management - he will remain on the banc one board - the treasury plans to raise $ N billion in new cash with the sale monday of about $ N billion in short-term bills to redeem $ N billion in maturing bills - the offering will be divided evenly between 13-week and 26-week bills maturing on jan. N N and april N N respectively - tenders for the bills available in minimum $ N denominations must be received by N p.m. edt monday at the treasury or at federal reserve banks or branches - moody 's investors service inc. said it lowered ratings on about $ N million of beatrice co. debt citing the closely held chicago food concern 's proposed recapitalization - the ratings concern said it downgraded beatrice notes and certain industrial revenue bonds to from and the company 's subordinated debentures to from - moody 's said the proposed may limit the company 's ability to realize its profit potential and that paying dividends from a new series of preferred could squeeze basic business operations - a beatrice spokesman did n't return calls seeking comment - beatrice which went private in an $ N billion leveraged buy-out in N said last month that it might borrow again to help pay investors as much as $ N million in preferred stock and debt securities - when the soviets announced their last had left afghanistan in february the voices of skepticism were all but out by an international chorus of euphoria - it was the soviets ' vietnam - the kabul regime would fall - millions of refugees would rush home - a resistance government would walk into kabul - those who bought that illusion are now - eight months after gen. walked across the bridge into the u.s.s.r. a regime remains in kabul the refugees sit in their camps and the restoration of afghan freedom seems as far off as ever - but there never was a chance that the afghan resistance would the kabul regime quickly and easily - soviet leaders said they would support their kabul clients by all means necessary and did - the u.s. said it would fully support the resistance and did n't - with the february N u.n. accords relating to afghanistan the soviet union got everything it needed to consolidate permanent control - the terms of the geneva accords leave moscow free to provide its clients in kabul with assistance of any kind including the return of soviet ground forces while requiring the u.s. and pakistan to cut off aid - the only fly in the soviet was the last-minute addition of a american that u.s. aid to the resistance would continue as long as soviet aid to kabul did - but as soon as the accords were signed american officials sharply reduced aid - in february N when the soviets said they had completed their pullout the u.s. cut it further - not so the soviets - gen. himself said soviet troops expected to leave behind more than $ N billion of military equipment and installations for the kabul regime - since the troop withdrawal moscow has poured in an additional $ N to $ N million worth per month nearly $ N billion since february equivalent to the total u.s. aid to the resistance in nine years - this includes what deputy foreign minister called new peaceful weapons including more than N missiles - by early may moscow had delivered for example N trucks about N tanks and hundreds of other combat vehicles - later that month it added an entire tank including N tanks and more than N fighting vehicles - by september a new reinforced with an additional N combat vehicles N more trucks and N afghan troops had arrived in - in the last few weeks moscow has added missiles the bomber version of the aircraft which can pakistan 's and which can the - moscow claims this is all needed to protect the kabul regime against the guerrilla resistance - it is well-known that the regular afghan is filled with reluctant - but this is not the entire afghan army and it is no longer kabul 's only military force - complete units have been trained and in the u.s.s.r. and other east bloc nations N to N of these troops have returned - in addition the regime has established forces totaling more than N including N troops of the interior ministry which still is directed by N soviet kgb officers - even if not all these forces are committed to the regime they are now dependent on it - and thousands of afghan children have been taken to the soviet union where they are for the behavior of their families - since N indian military advisers have been the kabul regime - in preparation for the withdrawal moscow kabul and new signed two agreements for several hundred newly civilian indian experts to replace some of the more visible soviet military personnel - cuban military personnel also have been active in afghanistan since N - the soviets cut a deal with iran a future iranian role in afghanistan in exchange for iranian support of soviet policy - the deal was by the restoration of the to the afghan prime ministry - moreover serious questions have been raised about the claimed withdrawal of soviet forces - before his assassination in N president of pakistan repeatedly stated that fresh soviet troops were being inserted into afghanistan even as others were withdrawn - rep. bill r. fla. reports that these included N to N soviet central asian kgb border guards from and wearing - meanwhile the kabul regime is increasingly successful at portraying the resistance as - in this they are aided by years of american european and saudi support for the most extreme radical with leaders whose policies are to the afghan public - this heavy outside support for the worst has undermined better moderate leaders - in autumn last year for example the regime garrison at was prepared to surrender the city to resistance - at the last minute however officials sent in perhaps the most and feared of the with a demand that the surrender be made to his forces - the deal fell through and remains a major regime base - the resistance lacks not only air power and expertise but often such as mine detectors or even winter - experienced resistance wanted to use guerrilla action and tactics to wear down the regime - instead they were pressured by pakistan 's isi the channel for their support into attacking - they took more than N N journalists report that they faced without mine detectors - the wonder is not that the resistance has failed to topple the kabul regime but that it continues to exist and fight at all - last summer in response to congressional criticism the state department and the cia said they had resumed military aid to the resistance months after it was cut off but it is not clear how much is being sent or when it will arrive - for months the resistance has been against air attack - thus far there is no indication that they have been with or other weapons - indeed u.s. officials have indicated to the press that the of aid depends on what success the weakened resistance by the end of this year - moscow and kabul must have found that information useful - for a decade u.s. policy has been based on and the defense of bureaucratic and political turf - no settlement negotiated by others can force the afghan people to give up their struggle - a of u.s. military aid would merely abandon them to die in - creation of a new realistic u.s. policy is long overdue - ms. editor and co-author of afghanistan the great game freedom house directs the freedom house program on asia - nothing the soul of ronald reagan and his as much as the crusade to aid nicaragua 's contra rebels or the dream of building a defense shield to knock out soviet nuclear missiles - yet under mr. reagan 's preferred successor president bush those two causes are on the - and surprisingly little more than a of protest is being heard even though once fire supporting the contras and the strategic defense initiative - the programs have says rep. henry a conservative republican from illinois - yet he asserts you look around and you say who are the leaders - who is going to carry the water - it is n't surprising that president bush has n't led a crusade to pump up the contras or sdi - though he supports both programs mr. bush has n't been a champion of either cause as mr. reagan was - what 's surprising is that there is n't more of a conservative outcry as the bush administration lets the programs slip down the list - a combination of factors a among some conservatives a decline in the perception of a soviet threat and a with other issues seem to explain the strange - above all though conservative republicans who have both the contras and sdi are reluctant to attack a republican president for failing to do more though that reluctance may be - we want to complain we want to say something about it and we 're going to as it gets worse says rep. dan burton an indiana republican who has been a contra backer - but it 's like your father in the - you hate to do it because he 's your father - mr. burton says conservatives ' with mr. bush 's cautious handling of the recent unsuccessful coup in panama will make them more willing to speak out - of course neither president bush nor the congress has actually abandoned the contras or sdi - mr. bush has struck a deal with congressional leaders to provide aid to the contras until nicaragua holds national elections next february - but the administration has dropped any effort to win military aid for the rebels - and the administration 's deal with congress gives several congressional committees the right to cut off even humanitarian aid next month though the committees are likely to let aid continue until february - most analysts think there 's little prospect the contras can be a significant fighting force without u.s. arms and after the february election their future in any form will be at best - instead of focusing on the contras mr. bush has switched to urging members of congress most recently in a white house meeting yesterday to approve financing for the election campaign of political opponents of nicaragua 's sandinista government - the administration continues to support sdi or star wars and it recently lobbied to persuade the senate to restore some of the funds it planned to cut from the program - and just last week defense secretary dick cheney gave a strong speech listing compelling reasons to push ahead with sdi and saying he 'd urge president bush to veto a defense bill with inadequate funding for the program - but the strong pitch by mr. cheney may be too little too late to prevent damage to sdi - the house has already voted for a deep cut in funding and in the end the program 's backers will be hard pressed to head off some reduction in spending next year - and while the defense secretary is speaking out president bush himself has n't launched any campaign to drum up support as president reagan did - the administration also acknowledges that it is n't pursuing mr. reagan 's original vision of an shield protecting the whole u.s. but rather a more modest version - more to sdi supporters the bush administration appears to have accepted a new arms-control proposal from the soviet union that long-term trouble for star wars - the soviets have agreed to complete a treaty cutting strategic weapons without including restrictions on defenses - but the soviets also are insisting that they will reserve the right to withdraw from the completed treaty later on if the u.s. does sdi testing or that the soviets think violates the existing treaty - it will be hard down the road to persuade congress to approve money for sdi plans if lawmakers fear those plans could scuttle a completed treaty - as a result frank a former reagan pentagon aide who now heads the center for security policy charges that the administration 's of continued commitment to development and of the sdi program strain - still proponents may be away from more because they sense political have turned against the nicaraguan rebels or boosting spending on sdi particularly when the public the soviet threat is declining under mikhail gorbachev - in fact because communism seems to be beating a global retreat some conservatives may simply be so pleased that their philosophy is prevailing that they do n't have the fire at the moment to push controversial programs - the short of it is that the most among us can not get into too sour a mood with communism says mitchell a former reagan white house aide who now is president of the hudson institute - some activists are to raise the profile of the two causes - but they say they ca n't make much because of a lack of willing leaders in a position to turn the tide - one longtime champion of these programs in congress republican whip of georgia is by questions about his ethics conservatives note - other conservative like wyoming republican sen. malcolm a longtime sdi advocate do n't have the clout with the bush white house that they enjoyed with president reagan - above all though proponents say neither the contra nor the sdi cause can be pushed much further without more presidential support - for there to be wind in the of any program the chief executive has to be in the says rep. burton - all this causes rep. to about an way to drum up more enthusiasm - what i 'd like to see if he is up to it is for reagan to take to the to enthusiasm for sdi the congressman says - we 're sorry to report that on monday president bush accepted the resignation of william allen as chairman of the u.s. civil rights commission - mr. allen appointed by president reagan grew tired of dealing with the guerrilla tactics of his enemies - his recent speech titled blacks animals what is a minority caused an when its title out - mr. allen 's commissioners voted to call his speech and - commissioner mary francis berry said it was another sad episode in the of the missile who is chairman - rep. don edwards the california democrat warned mr. allen that the speech would be outside the scope of the commission 's jurisdiction - thomas head of the legal defense fund called the prospect of the speech frankly - we 've actually read the speech - mr. allen began it with a warning to his hosts a california church group that opposes rights for - he said that other participants in the conference do not believe that the rights of americans should be guaranteed to citizens who are homosexual but that i mean to persuade you to the opposite view - he recalled to the audience a strange he once heard arguing now that we have finally recognized that american blacks have rights we need to do the same for animals - mr. allen to this because it seems to the status of blacks to that of animals as a mere project of charity of - rights on such a basis whether for blacks or are mere he said subject to being taken back - he says the title of his speech was to make his point that americans have rights as individuals not as members of certain select groups - his speech criticized the of of protected groups in society as opposed to individual or as he put it in a common as americans - instead of lobbying for special treatment mr. allen said that and others should try to ensure equal treatment under the law and not aim for special privileges that would risk with government - this hardly sounds like an - what 's really going on here - the three most important things to understand about mr. allen is that he is a black conservative intellectual a triple threat to the liberal establishment - mr. allen who teaches government at prestigious college in california and will remain a member of the commission has spent years arguing that civil rights are individuals ' rights - he last made waves when he to defend an indian girl who had been adopted by parents off her - mr. allen quickly ran up against the liberal establishment again which somehow the vague concept of indian rights above the rights of individual indians - there is a huge divide between mr. allen 's view and the divisive litigation approach of the civil rights groups - indeed the gap is so large that mr. allen 's critics refuse to engage the debate - their of him is no substitute for argument - their effort to run him out of washington is an embarrassment to the original purpose of their own movement - we hope the next head of the civil rights commission will be as as mr. allen in making the case for of civil rights - bearings inc. said its chairman john r. will retire as an officer of the company on jan. N - george l. president and chief executive officer will become chairman and chief executive upon mr. 's retirement - john c. executive vice president and chief operating officer will become president and chief operating officer - mr. N years old was chief executive of the distributor of bearings and products from N to N - he will continue as a director - mr. N a veteran at bearings has been president since N - mr. N joined bearings in august N from leaseway transportation corp. where he was president and chief operating officer - he has been a bearings director since N - the appointments are part of a planned succession at the company - soviet leader mikhail gorbachev opened a major u.s. trade exhibition in moscow and spent two hours some of the N representing such blue-chip companies as general motors corp. international business machines corp. and johnson & johnson - at the co. stand mrs. nelson rockefeller a board member offered him a burger - he did n't - the exhibition by the trade and economic council the growing u.s. interest in that nation 's market though trade between the two countries is a $ N billion - the soviet president and his prime minister spent the longest time about N minutes at the ibm stand where they got key - at the gm they barely looked at a cadillac to talk about cooperation possibilities - in beijing meantime china opened an international aviation show but the west 's on military deals and uncertainty about the nation 's stability kept many foreign away - officials said N companies from N countries including the u.s. had displays down from about N firms from more than N countries at the last show in - japanese maker daikin industries ltd. was fined two million yen $ N for exporting to the soviet union a chemical solution that could be used in systems - a daikin executive in charge of exports when the was sold to the soviets in N received a suspended jail sentence - judge told the osaka district court daikin 's responsibility is heavy because illegal exports lowered international trust in japan - sale of the solution in concentrated form to communist countries is prohibited by japanese law and by international agreement - a soviet legislative panel rejected as not radical enough a government proposal on economic control - the newspaper said the committee decided the plan to parcel out economic powers previously exercised by moscow to the country 's N republics does n't reflect the radical changes in the soviet federation - the committee gave the government until nov. N to revise the proposal - the move reflected the growing confidence of the revamped supreme soviet - scott paper co. said it is abandoning a proposed $ N million project in indonesia because it no longer expects to use as much pulp as previously anticipated - the and pulp mill which would have covered about N acres in the region had been approved by indonesia 's investment board - but it was opposed by some environmentalists as a threat to 's and a potential source of social unrest for the who them - co. of japan is moving its headquarters and holding company to hong kong to gain from the british colony 's economic advantages and tax structure - with funds of N billion hong kong dollars us$ N million the new company international co. plans to acquire N of hong kong 's top restaurants - it also intends to set up an international wholesale market with the singapore government next may and to open a department store in and shopping centers in malaysia taiwan canada chicago and seattle by december N - the chain currently has N retail outlets in japan seven in the u.s. three in hong kong and a dozen more scattered around the globe - major european auction houses are turning increasingly to specialized sales - christie 's will soon have a sale of and art while sotheby 's is collectors with sales of swiss german spanish australian and canadian paintings - in brussels hotel de auctioned and along with paintings and - berlin 's will auction art works with estimates of less than $ N on nov. N - the auction house known for its sales of 19th and 20th century works is providing a service to clients who do n't want to sell just their oil paintings says 's reuter - is less concerned with market than with belgium 's tax and burden - everything has to be the same between countries says 's who is asking clients to sign protest - then there 'll be fair competition - ending tax-free shopping in the european community after N could threaten more than N jobs the international duty free confederation said - instead of banning such shopping the confederation proposed controls to be sure the privilege is n't abused - british and diplomats opened talks in madrid aimed at restoring ties because of their N war over the islands - britain 's u.n. representative and delegation head called the first meeting good interesting and - polaroid corp. benefiting from savings reported a strong gain in third-quarter operating results and net income of $ N million or N cents a share after requirements - analysts said the numbers were better than expectations partly because of strong profit margins and a positive foreign-currency translation - however they said the company 's flat revenue was a disappointment and an indication that sales of polaroid 's new conventional film in the u.s. have been sluggish - revenue in the third quarter was $ N million almost unchanged from $ N million a year earlier - polaroid reported operating profit before taxes and interest costs of $ N million for the third quarter more than double the $ N million - charges for staff cuts and other restructuring produced a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share in N 's third quarter - i 'm somewhat skeptical about the underlying demand for polaroid products said michael an analyst with wertheim schroder & co - if you believe that a good performance next year is contingent on an acceleration of revenue there is n't a lot here to base optimism on - alex henderson an analyst with prudential-bache says polaroid officials told him yesterday that u.s. sales of the company 's new conventional film product introduced in the second quarter have been disappointing after a promising start - sam a polaroid spokesman said i do n't know about disappointing but added that the company has n't been able to get the product on the shelves of some discount retailers that it had hoped would be carrying the product already - mr. said the film one film is currently carried at about N retail outlets including and supermarkets - for the nine months polaroid reported earnings of $ N million or $ N a share - last year the company had a nine-month loss of $ N million or N cents a share - in new york stock exchange composite trading polaroid closed at $ N up $ N - why is the stock market suddenly so volatile - yesterday the dow jones industrial average did a now familiar dance it plunged N points before lunch with most of the drop in N minutes - then it rebounded to finish down only N points - and those swings friday 's 190.58-point plunge and monday 's recovery - it 's that in an hour you can off so much value says stanford chairman of trinity investment management corp. boston - and apparently it is here to stay - richard bernstein senior analyst at merrill lynch & co says my gut feel is that we 'll live with those swings for a while - there are many reasons for the market 's new trading vehicles such as stock-index futures and options computer-driven strategies like program trading and crowd psychology - but most are linked by a single theme liquidity the ability to get in and out of the market quickly - prices are moving up and down so fast because investors are ways to turn over shares at rates and increasingly acting in concert - institutions are animals says peter anderson who heads the management arm of financial services inc - we watch the same indicators and listen to the same - like we tend to move in the same direction at same time - and that naturally price movements - institutions who now account for most trading count on being able to buy and sell big blocks of stock at an - but when they discover that markets are n't always as liquid as they supposed markets jump - on monday for instance howard ward a principal at stevens & clark found that you could n't buy at quoted prices without paying up - and when many firms had to pay up monday 's sudden rally was sparked - trading in futures and options some people believe can add to volatility - investors believe they can can rely on such derivative securities to get in and out of the stock market without actually selling any stocks that is a way of staying liquid even when they own stocks - these and other modern trading methods tend to promote dramatic shifts in assets says george douglas first vice president at drexel burnham lambert inc - it 's the idea that what goes in easy can come out easy so that of higher volatility get built into the stock market - one new investment style called asset allocation shifts portfolio between stocks bonds and cash when computer models say one is more attractive - for instance first corp. an asset based in morristown n.j. said it quickly boosted stock positions in its aggressive accounts to N N from N N to take advantage of plunging prices friday - it added another N N monday before stocks rallied - when they did the firm reduced those stock holdings to about N N - a classic example of institutions ' for liquidity is portfolio insurance now widely - before the N crash an estimated $ N billion in institutional money was managed under this hedging technique - the idea was to insure the value of a portfolio by selling futures when stock prices dropped eliminating the need to sell the stocks themselves - but in october N when portfolio insurers rushed to sell at the same time they both the stock and futures markets - yet even today institutions are quietly practicing forms of portfolio insurance by nervously rushing to and in the markets - others are doing index arbitrage a strategy of taking advantage of price discrepancies between stocks and futures - unlike traditional strategies all of the above require that market makers be on hand to provide liquidity by buying and selling stocks in a crunch - but institutions say wall street brokerage firms are less willing to make markets - brokers do n't deny that - wall street traders say that with institutional brokerage commissions far lower than in the 1970s securities firms ca n't afford to take the risk of buying too much stock - i think everyone 's a little more leery says jack baker head of equity trading at lehman hutton inc - the institutions have driven commission rates down to the point where it makes no sense to commit capital says tom senior executive vice president in charge of institutional trading at oppenheimer & co - why should i risk money for a guy for who 's paying me five cents a dance - all you get is risk - lack of liquidity can also result from exchange reforms - many traders say that circuit breakers put in place to damp volatility after the N crash actually added to volatility when the stock market plunged friday - the circuit breakers caused a shutdown in trading in standard & poor 's 500-stock index futures contract as the markets were falling - with the halt you could only sell stocks to cut exposure to the market says a money manager - it was scary to people thinking that they could n't get their trades off - it was like they put you in a room with a and told you there were three doors to exit said one chicago-based futures trader - then they said by the way two of the doors are locked - the takeover mania also adds to volatility - ual corp. is a good example - valued as a buy-out target the airline stock was trading at nearly $ N a share - when the deal ran into trouble the stock tumbled it closed at $ N yesterday - presumably ual is now trading closer to its value based on earnings - by contrast traditional investors are unlikely to generate sudden price moves - scott black a money manager who heads management inc. points out that for those who invest on fundamentals the value of a stock from day to day does n't change all that much - some experts say markets are n't as volatile as widely assumed - stoll finance professor at university says the current volatility in u.s. markets in comparison to the 1930s decades before derivative instruments such as options and futures were introduced - i just ca n't believe that the in the financial market are causing any of this volatility he says - and robert d. president of asset first notes that before friday 's tailspin daily volatility on the new york stock exchange in recent weeks had reached historically low levels - some people tend to ignore that a move is less in percentage terms than it was when the stock market was lower - john j. phelan jr. chairman of the big board asserts that N and N have been two of the least volatile years in the last N or N years - but the low average volatility mr. phelan is talking about is n't any comfort in a period of rapid stock-market moves like the past week - in addition sanford a school finance professor says volatile in stock prices will continue as long as liquidity falls short of the demands of institutions who can go out and say i have a billion dollars of stocks to sell - some people think the search for liquidity is - in N john maynard wrote that of the of orthodox finance none surely is more than the of liquidity - it leads investors to focus on short-term price movements a game of musical chairs he called it rather than on long-term fundamental valuation - james a. white contributed to this article - the national aeronautics and space administration said a computer virus has infected one of its networks and is spreading anti-nuclear messages related to its galileo space probe which is to be launched today - charles redmond a nasa spokesman said the agency discovered the virus on monday on the collection of computer networks called and expected N university centers to be infected by today - although the network is n't connected to the computer systems that operate either galileo or the shuttle part of the network will carry of galileo data once the craft gets - mr. redmond said the had n't yet done any harm but the agency feared garbage data could be for real data - he estimated it could take a day for a computer security manager to the virus from a computer system - the among the yet to hit a research network appeared to affect only digital equipment corp. hardware that uses digital 's operating system - it is unrelated to the virus that last year infected a much larger network used by researchers at universities laboratories and government agencies around the world - in the of computer security the nasa is technically a computer worm mr. redmond said - a worm in the operating system of a computer and spreads by boring into other computers contacted through networks - the galileo worm apparently was on a computer in france up to nasa 's space physics analysis network mr. redmond said - nasa said the galileo worm had n't affected its computers or the computers of other government agencies because they had modified their systems to reject - but mr. redmond said the worm hit universities that had n't elected to make the changes - michael alexander a senior editor at a trade publication said he was told that the worm gets into a computer center by looking for obvious such as ones that are the same as the user 's name - if it finds one and gets into the system it will display a screen when a user on that says against nuclear - you talk of times of peace for all and then prepare for war - in addition mr. alexander said the worm sends strange messages to other machines at the center such as george was an or do n't feed the tonight - the worm also looks for that more privileges on the user - the are included in the system software when it is installed but are supposed to be replaced as soon as the system is up and running - if it finds one of those mr. alexander said the worm will do such things as change users ' to a series of random numbers preventing them from signing on to the network - nasa estimated that on monday about four computer centers were affected - yesterday the number grew to N today the number is expected to grow to N - nasa said it will take about a week before it knows exactly how many centers of the N connected to were affected and the extent of the damage if any - anti-nuclear activists have the launch of the galileo space probe to jupiter because it uses to generate the electricity needed to run the craft - activists fear that if the shuttle carrying galileo into should or if galileo itself crashes into the earth during the two times it flies close to the planet fatal levels of would be released into the atmosphere - so far galileo has been delayed twice once because of a computer connected with a engine and yesterday because of the weather - nasa said the galileo worm had nothing to do with either delay - mr. alexander of said have gone after span before - he said the chaos computer club of west germany once managed to span and do such things as change the value of up some calculations - it is now a that prosecutors are bringing criminal in cases where until a few years ago only a civil action at most would have been brought - yet it is also that the power to create new crimes belongs only to the legislature and not to courts - beginning in the early 19th century with u.s. v. hudson and the supreme court has repeatedly held that a judicial power to declare conduct to be against the public interest and hence criminal while well established in british law would legislative authority under the doctrine of separation of powers - that 's the conventional theory anyway - in practice however the line between interpretation and of the criminal law long ago began to - in particular a common law of white-collar crime has developed with surprising over the past decade - for example although insider trading has long been criminal it has never been defined - in N the supreme court tried to supply a definition in the v. sec decision which found that liability depended on whether the had his fiduciary duty to the corporation in order to obtain some personal gain and whether the knew or this fact - gradually however lower courts and prosecutors have pushed this definition to its breaking point - consider the facts underlying the N conviction of robert chestman - prior to a tender offer by for inc. in N the founder of the 's supermarket chain called an elderly relative to tell her to her stock certificates for delivery - she called her daughter to take her to the bank who in turn persuaded her husband a mr. to run this - hearing of this information the husband discussed it with his broker mr. chestman and mr. chestman then bought for his own account and other clients - basically mr. chestman was a - did mr. his breach a fiduciary duty and if so to whom - did mr. seek personal gain and if so how - or did mr. chestman only hear a market rumor which one may trade upon - the line seems thin for purposes - a second illustration is supplied by the recent guilty plea entered by robert freeman formerly head of arbitrage at goldman sachs & co - essentially mr. freeman had invested heavily in the beatrice leveraged buy-out when he was told by another prominent trader bernard bunny that the deal was in trouble - after placing orders to sell mr. freeman called martin an investment banker at kidder peabody & co. who was advising on the deal to confirm these rumors - mr. asked mr. freeman who his source was and on hearing that it was bunny responded well your bunny has a good nose - the illegal tip of the bunny 's good nose was then largely a confirmation of rumors already known to many in the market - had the case gone to trial the same issues would have surfaced - was there a fiduciary breach in order to obtain personal gain - did mr. freeman have notice of this - finally was the information material - yet all these issues are subsidiary to a more central issue who is and who should be making the criminal law here - it is not my that either mr. chestman or mr. freeman was an innocent victim of prosecutorial - both were on notice that their behavior was at least risky - but even if they behaved reasons still exist to fear and resist this steady process of judicial extension of the law of insider trading - courts and legislatures make decisions in very different ways and are each susceptible to very different kinds of errors - judicial examination of an actor 's conduct has always been the common law 's method - when only civil liability is involved this method has the strengths of and of - still decision making of this sort is vulnerable to the tunnel vision caused by a on ad and usually examples - when a court decides that a particular actor 's conduct was and so the definition of insider trading to reach this conduct it does not see the potentially enormous number of other cases that will be covered by the expanded rule - thus a court is poorly positioned to make judgments about the social utility of the expanded rule - for example in focusing on mr. freeman 's attempt to gain information about a deal 's collapse one does not naturally think about the reverse side of the coin what if the rumor had been false - can a security analyst call an investment banker to make certain that a seemingly rumor is in fact false - in the past not only would reputable professionals have rushed to check out such rumors with the company but companies listed on the major stock exchanges were encouraged by the exchanges to respond openly to such inquiries from securities analysts - today after mr. freeman 's plea there is an uncertainty that is both unfair and inefficient - in this light the advantages of legislative become clear N before it acts the legislature typically will hear the views of representatives of all those affected by its decision not just the immediate parties before the court and N the legislature can frame bright line standards that create less uncertainty than the decisions of courts - although legislative lines can result in which explains why the sec has long resisted a legislative definition of insider trading judicial inevitably creates uncertainty because of the outer and implications of most judicial decisions - at least when the stakes are high uncertainty in turn results in as individuals do not to approach an uncertain line closely - the federal mail and wire fraud statutes provide even better of the rapid evolution of a federal common law of white-collar crime - in N the supreme court attempted in v. u.s. to halt the expansion of these statutes by adopting a rule of strict construction for criminal - yet late last year congress effectively reversed this decision by a statute that defined fraud to include any scheme to another of the right of honest services - at a this may all fiduciary and possibly all by an agent or employee - such a statute illustrates the fundamental problem congress finds it is easier to pass which the courts must thereafter interpret than to engage in the difficult that are its responsibility - we are confronted less with a judicial power grab than with a legislative - predictably when confronted with morally dubious behavior prosecutors will exploit the such statutes give them - over the long run however cases will make bad law - mr. coffee is a professor at columbia law school - corning inc. posted a N N decline in third-quarter net income to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the year-earlier figure included a one-time gain of $ N million from the sale of corning 's stakes in japanese businesses - without the gain operating profit was $ N million or N cents a share - the telecommunications specialty glass ceramic products and concern said the latest quarter included a tax-loss carry-forward of $ N - a year earlier net included a $ N carry-forward - sales rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - corning 's chairman and chief executive officer james r. said operating performance continued to be strong in the telecommunications and health and science segments - but the segment slowed somewhat and consumer products continued below expectations - as for joint ventures mr. said profit was essentially flat due primarily to a slow recovery at co. in korea following a strike at a major customer and the disruption of shipments to china - also profit was hurt by the strength of the dollar overseas which affected the company 's rate - in new york stock exchange composite trading corning closed at $ N down N cents - ual the stock that exploded friday 's market briefly traders again yesterday - within N minutes after an N a.m. trading halt in ual parent of united airlines the dow jones industrial average plunged nearly N points to a deficit - computer-guided buying then kicked in and the industrials regained N points in five minutes - the moves show that the stock market remains fragile and volatile ready to jump at the rumor a few days after its 190.58-point plunge - nervous investors continued to limit their buying to blue-chip stocks while issues - the industrial average closed down N to N - new york stock exchange volume was a heavy N shares - decliners on the big board outnumbered advancers N to N - ual was watched closely and traded heavily - the stock tumbled N N to N on volume of N million shares - the market is still very touchy about rumors and news on pending takeovers - ual which is trying to a buy-out bid that banks would n't finance represents the future of one of the most powerful in the bull market corporate restructuring - an important element of this phenomenon the market for junk bonds used often to finance restructurings and takeovers continued to cast a pall over stocks - it was a very nervous day said john partner of the big board specialist firm - the volatility wo n't end soon - this friday brings the double hour wall street 's for the monthly simultaneous expiration of a variety of stock index futures index options and options on individual stocks - traders are already their seat belts - previous monthly of the major market index futures and standard & poor 's index options have produced spectacular volatility - we are in one of those where you are going to get a lot of volatile expiration action said donald head of stock-index research at prudential-bache securities - investors were buying yesterday but they were running scared to premier blue chips such as procter & gamble which jumped N N to N - investors are buying stocks that have predictable earnings said edward j. head of block trading at kidder peabody - along the way investors dumped takeover stocks and shares of banks that have debt and risky real estate loans on their books - these loans are more of a focus than debt now said william senior block trader at prudential-bache securities - chase manhattan which sold N million additional shares at N N monday through an underwriting group led by goldman sachs closed down N to N - citicorp fell N to N and manufacturers hanover slipped N to N N - chase and citicorp 's citibank are involved in the ual buy-out financing - both citicorp and manufacturers hanover reported earnings yesterday - in the first hour of trading about one million shares a minute changed hands on the big board as big stock-index arbitrage sell programs pushed prices lower - in stock-index arbitrage traders buy or sell big baskets of stocks against offsetting positions in futures - traders said many of the sell programs are positions being established ahead of this friday 's expiration - aside from computer-guided selling airline stocks took a beating as well - the dow jones transportation average fell N to close at N - amr the parent of american airlines continued to retreat in the wake of new york developer donald trump 's decision to withdraw his $ takeover bid - the stock fell N N to N N on N million shares - delta air lines fell N N to N N usair group dropped N to N N southwest airlines dipped N to N and alaska air group slid N to N N - but texas air the owner of continental and eastern airlines the group 's decline by rising N to N N in american stock exchange trading - eastern said it is ahead of schedule in its operations after filing earlier this year for chapter N bankruptcy protection from which it expects to emerge early next year - philip morris the most active big board issue for the second consecutive session was unchanged at N N on N million shares - other blue-chip consumer issues also fared relatively well pepsico rose N N to N N coca-cola co. was unchanged at N N mcdonald 's also closed unchanged at N N and merck rose N to N N - broader averages also fell - standard & poor 's 500-stock index fell N to N and the new york stock exchange composite index fell N to N - among the stocks that sold off yesterday were disney which closed down N N to N N - industries tumbled N to N N hilton hotels fell N N to N and holiday corp. fell N N to N N - among other blue chips exxon gained N to N N - international paper fell N N to N N union carbide eased N to N chevron gained N to N and eastman kodak closed down N to N N - the only industry group to show a gain from the industrial average 's record high on oct. N is restaurants - among the three groups with declines of N N to N N are airlines casinos and securities brokers - trading also was heavy in the over-the-counter market - the nasdaq composite index closed down N to N on volume of N million shares - the environment is a lot more said gary manager of equity trading at the otc stock firm needham & co. in new york - because there is a lot more volatility now if guys see that they can make a quick N N or N N profit they 'll take it - compaq computer gained N N to N N on two million shares reflecting market optimism about the prospects for its newly introduced computer - dropped N N to N N - the company 's third-quarter earnings were below both analysts ' forecasts and the year-earlier level - blue arrow added N to N N - the british company plans to change its name to manpower the name of its u.s. unit and write off part of nearly $ N billion in good will as a possible prelude to in the u.s. - rose N to N N - shearson lehman hutton began its coverage of the company with favorable ratings - jumped N N to N N - the company reported that earnings from operations for the september quarter were up about N N from a year earlier - bay financial which said it may be forced to file under chapter N if it ca n't reach an agreement with its lenders to relieve its debt burden plunged N N to N N - the amex market value index fell N to N - volume totaled N shares - among active amex issues the american depositary receipts of b.a.t industries fell N to N N on turnover of N - investment bankers and retailers said the turmoil on wall street may benefit managers who plan to bid for u.s. retailing units of the british firm because takeover prices may not be as high as before the recent correction - fruit of the slipped N to N N on N shares - corp. jumped N N to N on N shares - carnival cruise lines class a dropped N to N N on N shares - amex issues with big percentage price gains included two eastern air lines preferred stocks reacting to the news about improved recovery in flight schedules after the company filed for bankruptcy protection - eastern 's class f preferred rose N N or N N to N N the class e preferred gained N N or N to N N - the biggest percentage on the amex was enviropact which jumped N N or N to N N on volume of N shares - on monday the company a provider of environmental consulting services reported a wider fiscal fourth-quarter loss and predicted a loss for its fiscal N first quarter but said a profit is expected for all of fiscal N - but its ernst & young said enviropact 's financial situation raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern - mission resource partners advanced N N or N N to N N - and david wilson contributed to this article - one liberty properties inc. declared a dividend of N cents a share on its $ N cumulative convertible preferred stock payable jan. N to stock of record dec. N - but directors of the great neck n.y. real estate investment trust did n't act on the common stock dividend - and they wo n't consider such a dividend the trust added before results are available for the first quarter of N - in part the trust cited the need to retain cash for possible acquisitions - according to a spokesman one liberty will have paid out as dividends the required amount of its taxable income to maintain its legal status as a real estate investment trust - banks are continuing to go after individual investors despite falling interest rates - yields on certificates of deposit fell at about half the rate of so-called jumbo cds this week according to banxquote money markets an information service based here - investors can get slightly higher yields on deposits below $ N than they can on deposits of $ N and up - banks want to remain competitive said mehl chairman of banxquote - october is a big month and perhaps they anticipate greater demand among people leaving the stock market - some bankers are reporting more inquiries than usual about cds since friday - reports from branches are that there has been greater interest in the last day or so said steven a vice president at chemical bank in new york - chemical said deposits monday were about $ N million higher than usual and it expects more activity as investors receive the proceeds from sales of stock - this is no time to be playing in the street - the dow has more ups and than an proclaimed an monday in new york newspapers touting lincoln savings bank 's one-year cd - harold jones lincoln 's chief retail banking officer said there has n't yet been a response although the ad included a coupon that could arrive later in the week - friday 's market rout came in the middle of the heaviest month for cd when a number of banks and thrifts already have promotions under way - first national bank of boston for example is offering certain new an extra quarter of a percentage point on six-month and 12-month cds - some banks actually boosted yields on the term cds in the latest week - new york 's citibank for instance increased the yield on three-month cds to N N from N N - on average however three-month cds at major banks are yielding a of a percentage point less than they were a week ago - average yields on cds aimed at individual investors fell less than half as much as yields on treasury bills sold at monday 's auction - six-month cds of $ N and less yielded an average N N in the week ended tuesday down from N N according to banxquote - the yield on six-month fell to N N on monday from N N the week before - meanwhile the average yield on six-month cds of more than $ N fell to N N in the latest week according to banxquote from N N the week before - mr. mehl noted that actual rates are almost identical on small and cds but yields on cds aimed at the individual investor are boosted by more frequent - cds sold by major brokerage houses which like jumbo cds tend to closely follow interest rate trends also posted larger drops in yields - a six-month cd for example was yielding an average N N in the latest week a fifth of a percentage point lower than the week before - in late april when interest rates were at their recent highs short-term cds sold by brokers were offering yields half a percentage point or more higher than banks - cd yields are generally expected to fall further in coming weeks - what happened in the stock market and the bigger trade deficit reported yesterday make it unlikely that short-term interest rates will rise any time soon said mr. mehl of banxquote - even before the market drop rates were down about half a percentage point said robert j. hutchinson senior vice president for retail marketing at manufacturers hanover trust co. in new york - that puts pressure on cd rates - conservatives have an important decision to make this fall - at the recent meetings of the world bank and international monetary fund the bush administration announced its intention to decide by the size of the next increase in the imf 's capital base - while the u.s. share of the increase probably will not reach the $ N billion or more implicit in the imf 's request for a doubling of its $ N billion capital the administration probably will agree to a multibillion-dollar increase - this would be consistent with its support for the brady plan and exchange-rate intervention and with its financial commitment to mexico poland and others - the imf has several reasons for the increase - its role in the economies of developing countries has grown steadily since the 1970s - the size and pace of will accelerate further under the brady plan which promises larger and earlier to approved countries - at least three other factors have encouraged the imf to insist on increased capital - first it argues that its capital base must be increased in order to maintain its size relative to world financial markets for which it feels some responsibility - second the world bank 's recent $ N billion capital increase $ N billion from the u.s. has left the imf feeling less than first among international financial institutions - third the imf would like to meet japan 's request for increased ownership currently N N - japan has supported a larger role for the imf in developing-country debt issues and is an important financial resource for programs in developing countries - while international politics may argue for the capital increase there is a clear economic case against it - opponents of the increase argue that the imf practices central planning while supporting governments - they question whether the imf has any role in developing countries given its original mandate to assist industrial countries in - opponents show that there are already more funds available than reform efforts - they worry that new imf funding of developing countries will simply end up imf debt for commercial bank debt a bad trade all around - they believe which addresses the problems of markets investment climate and management practices is the key to developing-country growth not the imf 's focus on trade deficits quarterly targets and government debt - they point at the numerous developing-country governments that have inflated taxed and regulated themselves into under imf programs - decisions on increases in the imf 's capital base traditionally are made by the administration with subsequent authorization by congress - the last u.s. congressional authorization in N was a political and carried a $ N billion housing program along with it to secure adequate votes - the politics of the N congressional authorization are likely to be similar to those of previous - liberals may support the stabilizing role of the imf on two conditions that the administration give assurances that liberal democrats ' support will not be used against them in congressional re-election campaigns and that the legislation address with dollars social and environmental concerns - conservative republicans will be given the choice of supporting or fighting their party 's popular president in an election year - a u.s. decision to refuse the imf its capital increase or limit it to N N would bring a major change in international economic policy and could not be taken - would over the implications for the coordination process and the stability of world financial markets - because commercial banks and the developing-country governments believe they will get a piece of any capital increase a imf mission would leave both feeling - furthermore a u.s. rejection of the capital increase and transfer of shares to japan would give japan an argument against future calls for economic - on the other hand a decision to increase the imf 's capital would reinforce the central economic role of institutions in developing countries - with the increase even more developing-country energy and talent would be diverted from creating profitable economic systems to setting up economic planning ministries that generate economic plans - the could slow economic development even further as countries delay steps in anticipation of richer support - conservatives should take a position prior to the administration 's year-end deadline - the issues are too important to be left to the financial and budget ministries fighting over the size of the capital increase rather than its purpose - if conservatives do n't support an increase in the imf 's capital then it is incumbent on them to speak up now and explain the alternative - mr. directs the republican staff of the joint economic committee of congress - the chicago mercantile exchange fined and suspended two commodities traders accused of making trades with each other that allegedly a customer - merc officials said gary n. roberts was disciplined following the exchange 's investigation of his trading in several commodities pits from july to november N - the merc said mr. roberts withheld from the market certain orders in cooperation with another trader david stein - the merc fined mr. roberts $ N and suspended his trading membership for three years - also he and mr. stein were ordered to make of $ N to a customer - mr. stein was fined $ N and suspended for three years - messrs. roberts and stein could n't be reached for comment - the merc said that as part of the disciplinary settlement neither man admitted nor denied the alleged violations - neither was among the N traders indicted last august in a federal investigation of traders at both the merc and the chicago board of trade - in a move that could pose a new competitive challenge to time warner inc. 's powerful home box office cable giant tele-communications inc. agreed to buy half of showtime networks inc. from viacom inc. for $ N million - the purchase comes after nearly three years of talks between tci and viacom which has also discussed the sale of an interest in showtime with other cable operators - showtime is a distant no. N to home box office and in may filed a $ N billion antitrust suit against time warner charging the company and its hbo and american television cable units with conspiring to the pay tv business - hbo has close to N million subscribers to its hbo and networks while showtime and its sister service the movie channel have only about N million according to paul associates a calif. research firm - for tci the investment in showtime puts it in an unusual position as the largest cable operator with control of close to N million of the nation 's N million cable subscribers tci is hbo 's largest customer - but tci president john has long been concerned about hbo 's dominance of the pay tv business and has been eager to keep showtime as a healthy competitor - it is important to the cable industry that we have a and competitive marketplace mr. said in a statement - in a telephone interview robert thomson tci senior vice president said showtime 's suit against hbo does n't involve us and nothing we 're doing here bears any relationship to that - he added we do n't intend to be drawn into it noting that tci wo n't play any active role in the management of showtime - linking up showtime with the largest cable operator in the u.s. could sharply boost its subscribers - tci said it may bring in other cable operators as investors a practice it has employed in the past with investments in other cable networks such as the discovery channel - additional cable partners could boost subscribers even further - time warner declined comment - in addition to owning hbo time warner owns american television & communications inc. the nation 's second largest cable operator after tci - viacom also owns cable systems but it is the largest operator of such systems with less than one million subscribers - the tci investment is a big victory for viacom 's chief executive officer frank and h. cox president of the showtime unit - this takes any question of showtime 's viability and puts it away once and for all mr. said in a telephone interview - the fight between hbo and showtime is particularly because mr. is the former chief executive of hbo and mr. cox served as chief of marketing for the service - they were both hired by the boston billionaire who took control of viacom three years ago in a leveraged buy-out - time warner has vigorously denied all of viacom 's allegations - boeing co. already struck by its machinists union briefly called off contract talks with its engineers and labeled their demands grossly excessive - later however the company agreed to meet on monday with the seattle professional engineering employees association after a federal mediator intervened according to the union - a spokesman for the engineers said the company asked the union to reduce its demands which included a N N pay in the first year and N N in the second and third years - the union represents about N engineers and technical workers - its contract expires dec. N - meanwhile a federal mediator is scheduled to meet today with boeing officials and representatives of N striking machinists - it will take several meetings to resolve this said a spokesman for the machinists union - we do n't want to bring back something the members will reject - machinists already have rejected a package that would have provided a N N pay raise plus bonuses over the three-year life of the contract - it also would have reduced mandatory overtime - investor edelman increased his stake in intelogic inc. and cleared the way for additional purchases - it was n't clear however whether the actions were related to a battle between the corporate raider and new york attorney martin ackerman for control of datapoint corp. a san antonio systems maker - intelogic a computer services company was spun off to datapoint holders in N after mr. edelman gained control - after mr. ackerman announced he was soliciting from shareholders in order to control of datapoint from mr. edelman the corporate raider purchased N N of datapoint 's shares - in a securities and exchange commission filing mr. edelman said from sept. N to oct. N he acquired N shares of intelogic common shares for $ N to $ N each - the purchases increased his stake to N N of the shares outstanding - the filing also said certain provisions which apply to persons acquiring N N or more of intelogic common stock were by intelogic for mr. edelman who is chairman of the company - mr. edelman could n't be reached for comment - the federal government should make free voluntary testing for the aids virus the of an expanded campaign to stop the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome the hudson institute recommended - by encouraging massive routine voluntary testing we can enable society to voluntarily itself into two groups those who carry the virus and those who do not the indianapolis research organization said in a new report - the report takes a more alarmed view of aids and recommends a more sweeping response than many other - it warns that the aids may reduce the rate of growth of the work force curb productivity gains and slow economic growth - it contends that current government policy is failing to stem the aids because it suggests the use of can make sex safe - but the report says the only safe sex is sex between partners and testing is the only way to learn of infection - hudson 's researchers estimated that it would cost less than $ N million a year to test the entire population between the ages of N and N years old - in addition the report recommends that federal and state governments provide free treatment to all who test positive - an unexpectedly sharp widening in the u.s. trade gap for august dragged the dollar lower tuesday but profit-taking on short positions helped the currency rebound to close mixed against major counterparts - while the market kept careful on wall street 's gyrations it off a modest downturn in equities to bid the dollar well above the day 's lows - soon after the release of the u.s. trade figures the dollar plunged to an intraday low of N yen - it also declined against the mark but did n't reach its intraday low of N marks until two hours later - the unit stabilized about midday new york time at around N marks and N yen prompting rumors that the u.s. federal reserve had intervened to blunt the unit 's tumble - the dollar finished at its intraday highs - dealers noted that the foreign exchange market 's initial bearish reaction to the u.s. trade figures was later by a of the data - the u.s. commerce department reported a $ N billion deficit in august compared with a revised july deficit of $ N billion - economists had expected a $ N billion gap - the august figure reflected a N N rise in imports and a N N drop in exports - marc m. an economist with manufacturers hanover trust in new york said that while the figures appear to indicate a deteriorating u.s. trade performance there 's still enough positive news in the data to justify buying dollars - he said that while the u.s. trade gap with canada has widened significantly the trade deficit with western europe and japan continues to narrow - and he added that manufactured goods exports are still rising - the dollar 's near-term path remains according to analysts who the market as - in late new york trading yesterday the dollar was quoted at N marks down from N marks late monday and at N yen up from N yen late monday - sterling was unchanged at $ N - in tokyo wednesday the u.s. currency opened for trading at N yen unchanged from tuesday 's tokyo close - later the u.s. currency fell to about N yen on news reports of the san francisco earthquake - some analysts remain bullish and point out that the dollar continues to be well bid despite key rate increases in europe and japan several weeks of aggressive dollar sales by the world central banks some traders estimate that the of sales topped $ N billion and a 190-point plunge on the new york stock exchange - they note that the u.s. unit is trading at the upper end of the presumed target zones established by the group of seven trading partners - the west germany the u.s. france the u.k. italy canada and japan - the so-called accord was seen to have set ranges of N marks to N marks and N yen to N yen - they say that the recent injection of liquidity into the u.s. banking system has been modest and they do n't anticipate significant easing by the u.s. federal reserve - the fed arranged $ N billion of customer repurchase agreements tuesday the second repurchase agreement in two days - the move which capital into the system is seen as an effort to the markets that the u.s. central bank is ready to provide the ample liquidity - but other analysts contend that while the fed 's move to loosen credit has n't been aggressive it nevertheless sends a clear signal that at least for now the fed has its grip on credit - they add that the fed has allowed the key federal funds interest rate to dip to about N N N from its levels of just below N N last week - the federal funds rate is the overnight lending rate that banks charge each other - market participants said that the mark continues to post the most significant gains against the dollar - on the commodity exchange in new york gold for current delivery settled at $ N an ounce up N cents - estimated volume was a moderate N million ounces - in early trading in hong kong wednesday gold was at $ N an ounce - national semiconductor corp. said it settled a four-year-old patent infringement case against linear technology corp. by accepting a $ N million payment from linear in exchange for granting linear licenses for all products involved - the two companies also agreed to settle any future property rights issues over the next N years through arbitration both companies said - the products are so-called integrated circuits that have applications in the consumer electronics automobile and electronic instrumentation markets - linear technology calif. called the settlement positive since products covered by the disputed patents account for about N N of its annual sales - the electronics concern said it already has paid $ N million of the settlement to national semiconductor santa clara calif. and will pay the remaining $ N million in equal over the next eight quarters - the payments are n't expected to have an impact on coming operating results linear added - nbc 's winning streak has been canceled - the national broadcasting co. a unit of general electric co. had its as the prime-time ratings leader snapped yesterday by a subsidiary of capital cities\/abc inc - in the ratings compiled by the a.c. nielsen co. abc which broadcast the world series topped the competition with a N rating and N share - nbc was second with a N rating and N share followed by cbs inc. 's television network with a N rating and N share - a ratings point represents N television households shares indicate the percentage of sets in use - the first two games of the world series between the oakland athletics and san francisco giants did n't finish in the top N instead they landed in and place - the show continues to be abc 's - nbc had five of the top N shows abc had four and cbs had one - cbs held the previous record for consecutive no. N victories N weeks during the N season - procter & gamble co. cincinnati expanding its presence in the food service market said it acquired maryland club foods a coffee supplier from an investor group led by f. philip handy of winter park fla - terms were n't disclosed - maryland club foods which had sales of about $ N million last year sells coffee under the maryland club and brands to restaurants hotels offices and airlines - the acquisition gives us additional production capacity for the food service coffee business and a stronger distribution network a p&g spokesman said - p&g already sells its ground coffee to food service concerns but not to as many markets as maryland club - for example p&g up until now has n't sold coffee to airlines and does only limited business with hotels and large restaurant chains - maryland club also distributes tea which fits well with p&g 's tender brand and hot cocoa products - the company said the acquisition has been completed and reviewed by the federal trade commission - the purchase includes a plant in omaha neb. and a leased facility in houston - macmillan ltd. said it borrowed N million dutch guilders us$ N million from a group of dutch institutional investors - macmillan a vancouver british columbia forest products concern said the N N loan is due oct. N N - funds will be used to repay existing short-term debt and to finance capital spending it said - president bush will veto a bill funding the departments of labor education and health and human services because it would allow federal funding of abortions for victims of rape and incest the white house said - mr. bush had threatened a veto previously - but he put off a firm decision while his aides and legislators searched for a compromise that would tighten requirements for such abortions in a way acceptable to the president - white house press secretary marlin fitzwater said negotiations between bush aides and lawmakers ended monday without success - most lawmakers think it will be extremely difficult for mr. bush 's opponents on the abortion issue to round up the votes needed to override the veto - but there still may be prolonged debate and political that holds up the $ N billion funding bill for the fiscal year that began oct. N - mr. bush has said he personally approves of abortions in the cases of rape incest and danger to the life of the mother - but he has opposed medicaid funding of abortions for poor women who say they are victims of rape and incest arguing that those exceptions are so that they open the way for abortions for other women - newspapers - media general inc. intends to sell two of its west coast weekly newspaper chains golden west publishing inc. and publications which together N papers - media general said it has had inquiries from potential buyers and expects to complete a sale in N - it would n't discuss a price - lee & associates is to sell the chains - j.p. morgan & co. new york will help the statutory managers of new zealand ltd. to evaluate the failed investment bank 's condition - earlier this month the reserve bank of new zealand the country 's central bank appointed the managers to run the investment bank and pay creditors - asked the central bank to managers after it revised loan-loss provisions to around the same level of shareholders ' funds of N million new zealand dollars us$ N million - is held N N by national fund new zealand 's largest pension fund and N N by salomon brothers inc. the and subsidiary of salomon inc. in new york - a spokeswoman for j.p. morgan parent of the bank morgan guaranty trust co. confirmed its appointment to assist the managers but declined to elaborate - the managers said in a brief statement yesterday that morgan will help evaluate 's position and help determine alternatives - the managers do n't expect to complete the evaluation until nov. N - an experimental vaccine can alter the immune response of people infected with the aids virus a prominent u.s. scientist said - however that does n't mean they can benefit from the vaccine - its effectiveness ca n't be determined until a large clinical trial is undertaken by the army in january according to robert chief of acquired immune deficiency syndrome research at walter reed army institute of research - dr. 's report on early experiments using an aids vaccine made by inc. of west haven conn. came at a meeting of aids vaccine researchers in florida late monday - the vaccine has been given to N people some of whom are experiencing substantial increases in certain - the conventional wisdom used to be that you could n't modify the immune response of an infected individual by them with synthetic proteins dr. said - we 've demonstrated that you can - he said certain developed kinds of associated with early aids - other sparked by the preparation are of a sort rarely present in large quantities in infected or ill individuals he added - one of the of aids remains why infected people produce large quantities of but nonetheless - cross & trecker corp. said it reached an agreement to sell its division to recently created murata inc. a u.s. affiliate of murata machinery ltd. of japan - the agreement also includes the purchase of cross & trecker 's warner & switzerland ag unit by a european affiliate of murata machinery - cross & trecker is also selling its equity interest in a japanese joint venture murata warner to murata machinery - cross & trecker a hills mich. maker said the net sales price of the total transaction is $ N million - the division was one of three businesses put up for sale in cross & trecker 's restructuring program announced in july - cross & trecker said negotiations are under way for the sale of another company - the average interest rate fell to N N at citicorp 's $ N million weekly auction of commercial paper or corporate from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted and accepted bids were at N N - citicorp also said that the average rate fell to N N at its $ N million auction of commercial paper from N N at last week 's sale - bids totaling $ N million were submitted and accepted bids were at N N - the bank holding company will auction another $ N million of commercial paper in each maturity next tuesday - s.a. reported its N first-half profit soared N N and indicated that its previous estimate of a N N rise in earnings for all of N will be exceeded by a wide margin - the french electronics and defense group said attributable consolidated net profit for the first six months of N totaled N million francs $ N million compared with N million francs $ N million in the corresponding period of - operating profit climbed N N to N million francs from N million in the first half of N - said the sharp improvement in net profit partly reflected a decline of N million francs in the group 's net loss from nonrecurring items in the first half of this year to N million francs from N million a year earlier - there was also a decline in the group 's net financial costs to N million francs from N million a year before - these movements were offset however by a steep rise in corporate income tax payments to N million francs from N million in the first six months of N - said the sharp rise in its first-half earnings was based on a N N gain in consolidated revenue to N billion francs from N billion a year earlier - rep. lee hamilton d. said he and rep. d. are backing away from their proposal to make the treasury secretary a voting member of the federal reserve panel that sets monetary policy - rep. hamilton said the bill will be modified substantially to call for two meetings each year between the fed 's open market committee and the treasury secretary the chairman of the council of economic advisers and the director of the office of management and budget - the original bill was strongly opposed by the fed and publicly criticized by friends of the fed as an attempt to undermine the central bank 's independence - fed critics however hailed it as a long overdue attempt to bring a measure of openness and democracy to the setting of monetary policy - rep. hamilton said the purpose of the meetings would be to improve communications and perhaps coordination between the executive branch and the fed - fed chairman alan greenspan meets regularly for lunch with treasury secretary nicholas brady and talks frequently with budget director richard darman and michael chairman of the council of economic advisers - the administration officials do n't ordinarily meet with the entire membership of the open market committee - co. said third-quarter profits dropped N N because of lower prices for materials the company 's largest product group - net fell to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales for the quarter slipped N N to $ N million from $ N million - capacity has demand and we are experiencing reduced profit margins as a result said john d. chairman and chief executive - prices for have dropped more than N N since last december he said - the plastic is used in a wide range of products including pipe and electrical wire - 's segment reported operating profit for the quarter of $ N million less than half the $ N million of the year-earlier quarter - third-quarter operating profit of the group declined slightly to $ N million from $ N million - but operating profit from aerospace products rose nearly N N to $ N million from $ N million - in new york stock exchange composite trading shares of the company fell $ N to $ N - fiat s.p a. italy 's leading industrial group is conducting concrete talks with west germany 's daimler-benz ag on a series of projects in the aerospace sector fiat officials said - however the officials said it was too early to disclose the nature of the proposed projects or indicate when the talks might be concluded - daimler-benz chairman reuter told milan 's financial daily sole N that talks are taking place between both companies ' aerospace units - while mr. reuter 's comments please us very much there currently are no talks in progress regarding the automotive industry a fiat spokeswoman said - in the interview mr. reuter said he is thinking of cooperation in the truck sector but in the long run i do n't want to rule out that we can also come a bit closer in personal cars - italy analyst for county natwest securities in london said that right now the market is n't being influenced by that kind of news referring to the conditional nature of the talks mentioned by mr. reuter and by the uncertainty surrounding world stock exchanges this week - paul was named president chief executive officer and chairman of this oil and natural gas company - he succeeds john a. who resigned for personal reasons - mr. had been president of penn pacific 's national southwest capital group subsidiary - mr. will remain with penn pacific as a director and a member of the executive committee - he has also agreed to become president of a new subsidiary to be formed to make future acquisitions the company said - spooked investors despite their to dump takeover stocks should hold on tight to their jaguar shares - that 's the view of some analysts here who argue that britain 's leading maker of luxury cars still may have two u.s. auto giants for it - yesterday ford motor disclosed that it has raised its holding in jaguar to N N from N N - both ford and its rival general motors recently set their sights on significant minority stakes in the british company - ford 's latest move increases the pressure on gm to complete its current talks with jaguar quickly - gm is likely to reach the cooperative operating pact it has been seeking in about two weeks knowledgeable individuals say - at that point investors may face a long ride - a victor in the fight for jaguar may not emerge until after the expiration late next year of british government takeover restrictions - the curbs prevent a buyer from purchasing more than N N of jaguar shares without permission - this is an exceptionally odd takeover battle says london analyst christopher will of shearson lehman hutton - jaguar 's american depositary receipts were up N yesterday in a down market closing at N N - jaguar 's adrs make the company one of the most widely held united kingdom stocks in the u.s. with more than of its shares owned there - jaguar topped the list for the u.s. over-the-counter market monday - and on london 's stock exchange monday N million shares were traded far above the usual volume - ford 's share purchases undoubtedly accounted for much of monday 's heavy trading - last week many jaguar shareholders took their money and ran - fears that ford 's might be cooling put jaguar shares into reverse after gm confirmed its friendly negotiations with jaguar - but yesterday 's announcement indicates that ford has n't lost interest - both shearson 's will and stephen reitman european auto analyst at the london brokerage firm & drew recently switched their jaguar recommendations to hold from buy - sit tight through the coming volatility mr. reitman suggests though he concedes that many small investors will find jaguar 's too hard to - but a crucial point is how ford when gm the world 's largest auto maker firms up its proposed deal with jaguar - at the moment ford executives will say little beyond their desire to raise ford 's jaguar stake to about N N - gm is expected to roughly # N million $ N million by acquiring some jaguar shares and then win jaguar management 's promise of an eventual N N stake - analysts believe the car makers also will create joint ventures to develop new executive models doubling jaguar 's yearly output of N cars - jaguar shareholders would have to such a far-reaching accord - ford might challenge the proposal by offering a full bid if holders and the u.k. government agreed to drop the anti-takeover barrier early - i think ford is going to come out with full guns mr. reitman says - ford wants jaguar very much - u.s. takeover-stock speculators who may own between N N and N N of jaguar could give ford enough votes to block the gm deal - gm might - then will says you get a bidding war between two very rich very determined international companies - he believes jaguar 's share price could to between # N and # N $ N to $ N - there 's quite a bit of value left in the jaguar shares here even though they have run up lately says doug johnson a fund manager for asset management - at the moment he intends to keep the firm 's N jaguar shares - the risk is that jaguar 's share price could slump if gm 's agreement with jaguar effectively out its u.s. rival - ford 's appetite to attack jaguar could gradually over time particularly if saab is a reasonably attractive proposition says john lawson an auto analyst at london 's nomura research institute - he thinks saab-scania ab on friday will announce the sale of N N of its car division to ford the companies have been discussing closer cooperation for months - clifford president and chief investment officer of capital inc. two weeks ago sold his cincinnati firm 's N jaguar adrs at about N each making a profit on a holding purchased at N N in early may - i thought the of a bidding war happening were less he says - of course that was before ford 's latest move - jaguar otc symbol - business luxury cars - year ended dec. N N - revenue $ N billion - net income $ N million or N cents a share - first half ended june N N - net loss $ N million vs. net income $ N million or N cents a share - daily trading volume ordinary shares outstanding N million - note all figures are translated into u.s. dollars based on current exchange rates - sloan N years old announced that he will retire next april as chairman and chief executive officer of this food and products maker - no replacement was immediately named - mr. sloan plans to remain on the board until his current term expires in april N a spokesman said - newport electronics inc. of santa ana calif. said milton b. hollander who holds a N N stake requested a special shareholders ' meeting next wednesday to remove four current directors and an alternative slate - mr. hollander 's high technology holding co. of stamford conn. acquired most of its stake last august in an $ tender offer for newport a maker of devices - newport said mr. hollander is asking shareholders to retain only one director james r. a newport vice president - the board is n't proposing a slate of its own and the other four current directors do n't want to serve beyond the special meeting date newport said - mr. hollander is the new owner and wants to exercise control said b. weekes newport 's chairman - ag a major swiss chemical and pharmaceutical group said that its group sales rose N N to N billion francs $ N billion in the first nine months of this year with strong gains in all divisions - a year earlier sales totaled N billion francs - positive currency rates and strong sales growth led to a substantial rise in consolidated profit in the period although the company did n't provide figures as is with swiss companies - said it expects a substantial increase in consolidated profit for the full year barring major currency rate changes - plc a british maker of computer hardware and communications equipment posted a N N plunge in pretax profit for the latest year - the # N million $ N million in pretax profit for the N months to june N was down from # N million $ N million a year earlier and below market expectations of # N million and # N million - the slump in profit which came despite steady sales was attributed to increased costs for parts and problems with model - 's profit after taxes fell a similarly steep N N to # N million from # N million a year earlier - sales edged up fractionally to # N million from # N million a year earlier - microsoft corp. 's earnings growth continued to that of most of its competitors and customers in the personal-computer industry as it reported a N N jump in fiscal first-quarter earnings on a N N revenue gain - the redmond wash. company a bellwether provider of operating systems and software for personal-computer makers and users reported net income for the quarter ended sept. N of $ N million or N cents a share up from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago period - revenue rose to $ N million from $ N million - microsoft previously indicated it would have a strong quarter by forecasting its revenue gain on oct. N causing a $ N a share jump in its stock - but its stock jumped again yesterday as it disclosed surprisingly strong margins on those sales - microsoft 's stock rose $ N a share in national over-the-counter trading to $ N - the stock had hit a high of $ N a share early last week but collapsed to $ N in the friday stock plunge - the company had been experiencing softening margins because of increased sales of software applications which have lower margins than do operating systems - but the company said that trend was offset in the first quarter by better economies of scale and in manufacturing - as a result microsoft 's cost of goods as a percentage of sales fell N N from the year-ago quarter and N N from the previous period - the trend drove up the margin net income as a percentage of revenues to N N in the quarter compared with N N a year earlier - microsoft officials said the strong results also reflected continuing high demand for its software applications and operating systems - while it has predicted that overall growth in unit sales of personal computers is slowing to about a N N yearly rate its own products are selling at a much faster rate because many are geared to the end of the market - that segment continues to post strong gains while the or commodity segment of the industry is experiencing sluggish growth or even sales declines - compared with its previous quarter the final period of its N fiscal year net rose N N and sales rose N N - control data corp. minneapolis signed a joint development agreement with mips computer systems inc. to an emerging computing architecture in future machines - mips is a leader in what is known as set computing or risc a technology combining microprocessors and sophisticated software - in joining mips control data follows several competitors in risc as a new design approach - digital equipment corp. tandem computers inc. nec corp. and group bull among others have similar arrangements with mips based in sunnyvale calif - control data said it expects its first mainframe machine to be introduced next year - the accord with mips calls for control data to share its expertise in data storage the companies said - control data also said it is developing what it called a computer the N intended for scientists engineers and other users of computers - stock skidded an additional $ N to $ N as british airways indicated it may at any hastily revised version of the aborted $ N billion buy-out of united air 's parent - ual has fallen $ N or N N in the three trading days since disclosure of the buy-out 's collapse jolted the stock market - meanwhile investor marvin davis said he remains interested in ual but he dropped his earlier $ 300-a-share bid - stock prices fell broadly in heavy trading dominated by futures-related program selling and further declines by ual and other airline stocks - the dow jones industrials closed off N points at N after plunging over N points in the morning - bond prices ended lower after an early rally while the dollar was mixed - the u.s. trade deficit swelled to $ N billion in august prompting worries that the nation 's export drive had stalled - exports declined for the second month in a row while imports rose to a record - an analyst called it one of the worst trade reports since the dollar out in - industrial output fell N N in september the latest sign manufacturing is slowing - an analyst cited weaker capital spending and exports - bankers trust added $ N billion to reserves for third world loans the latest big bank to take such a step - it expects a $ N billion quarterly loss - citicorp posted a N N drop in quarterly profit - manufacturers hanover had a loss due to a big reserve addition - bank of new england plans to sell some operations and lay off N N of its work force after a year of weak earnings and mounting loan problems - eastern airlines ' creditors have begun exploring alternative approaches to a chapter N reorganization because they are unhappy with the carrier 's latest proposal - tele-communications agreed to buy half of showtime networks from viacom for $ N million - the move could pose a new challenge to time warner 's home box office - the cftc plans to curb dual trading on commodities markets in which traders buy and sell both for their own account and for clients - the move is likely to anger traders - fdic chairman seidman said that lincoln savings & loan of california should have been seized in N to contain losses he estimated will cost taxpayers as much as $ N billion - a $ N billion spending bill was approved by house-senate conferees that includes major provisions affecting the federal mortgage market - hooker 's u.s. unit is expected to agree in principle this week to sell its merksamer jewelers chain to management according to executives - the deficit-reduction bill became over efforts to streamline the house version of the legislation in advance of a house-senate conference - integrated resources said talks have ended with another potential buyer of its core businesses - three big drug makers posted robust third-quarter earnings - merck 's profit climbed N N warner-lambert 's N N and eli lilly 's N N - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N off N transportation N off N utilities N off N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N off - commodities dow jones futures index N unchanged spot index N off N - dollar N yen up N N marks off N - paul general partner of partners a venture-capital firm based in menlo park calif. was named a director of this computer company - mr. N years old temporarily increases the board to seven members - however director thomas has said he wo n't seek re-election at the company 's annual meeting next month - associates inc. the los angeles investment partnership whose $ bid for manufacturing co. was topped recently by a competing offer from a swedish concern disclosed that it sold its entire N N stake - a ind. manufacturer had rebuffed 's proposal - it has since asked holders not to immediately tender their shares under a recent $ or $ N million bid from ab skf of sweden until directors have completed their evaluation - in a securities and exchange commission filing said it sold the N shares for $ N million in a private transaction on oct. N - did n't identify the buyer of the shares but the date of the followed by one day the swedish concern 's tender offer and the indicated price of the shares sold skf 's $ tender offer price - a spokeswoman said the company sold the stock in the open market and thus could n't identify the buyer or buyers - luis N years old has been elected to the board of this brewer - mr. former president of united press international and the network most recently partners a media acquisition firm - mr. the first hispanic person to serve as a coors director is an addition to the board increasing its membership to nine - s.a. a european media and publishing group reported a small rise in its attributable first-half group profit excluding items to N million francs $ N million from N million francs a year earlier - the group said its earlier projection that group profit for all of N would be close to the N million francs posted for N remains valid - taking into account nonrecurring gains and losses 's group net income for the first six months of this year totaled N million francs practically double the year-earlier figure of N million francs - analysts said 's earnings in the second half might be boosted by a capital gain from the sale of the paris headquarters of a company that is N N owned by - inc. md. said it received approval from the u.s. food and drug administration to market a genetic test that will assist in and treatment of and cancer - the gene test is more accurate than existing tests for the type of cancer whether it has spread or whether there is a following treatment said president stephen turner - mr. turner said the test initially will be used in with and other tests but eventually might become the benchmark for tumor analysis - mr. turner said the test will be shipped in N days to hospitals and clinical laboratories - dr. wilson a cancer treatment specialist at the national cancer institute said the test is widely used in research centers but is n't having a major impact because it is only occasionally useful in choosing the most effective treatment - but the test may prove to be more sensitive in determining whether a tumor has spread or returned following treatment dr. wilson said - we do n't know yet how useful it 's going to be he said - a developer of genetic medical tests projects that the cancer test will help it to post its profit during the first quarter of N mr. turner said - the company will charge $ N for a test and projects about $ N million in revenue from the test during the first N months of marketing he said - unilab corp. ga. said it acquired the clinical laboratories of closely held central diagnostic laboratory inc. in a cash and securities transaction valued at $ N million - unilab said its wholly owned inc. unit paid $ N million in cash provided $ N million in notes and $ N million in preferred stock to acquire central 's labs in the western u.s. - unilab which provides clinical laboratory services with central based in calif. in a number of areas - beyond removing a competitor the combination should provide said fred unilab 's chief financial officer - it also will hand unilab new markets - in los angeles for example central has had a strong market position while unilab 's presence has been less prominent according to mr. diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/valid.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/valid.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7b3d9d9..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/penn/valid.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3370 +0,0 @@ - consumers may want to move their telephones a little closer to the tv set - watching abc 's monday night football can now vote during for the greatest play in N years from among four or five - two weeks ago viewers of several nbc consumer segments started calling a N number for advice on various issues - and the new syndicated reality show hard copy records viewers ' opinions for possible airing on the next day 's show - interactive telephone technology has taken a new leap in and television programmers are racing to exploit the possibilities - eventually viewers may grow with the technology and the cost - but right now programmers are figuring that viewers who are busy dialing up a range of services may put down their control and stay - we 've been spending a lot of time in los angeles talking to tv production people says mike parks president of call interactive which supplied technology for both abc sports and nbc 's consumer minutes - with the competitiveness of the television market these days everyone is looking for a way to get viewers more excited - one of the leaders behind the expanded use of N numbers is call interactive a joint venture of giants american express co. and american telephone & telegraph co - formed in august the venture at&t 's newly expanded N service with N computers in american express 's omaha neb. service center - other long-distance carriers have also begun marketing enhanced N service and special consultants are up to exploit the new tool - blair entertainment a new york firm that advises tv stations and sells ads for them has just formed a subsidiary N blair to apply the technology to television - the use of N toll numbers has been expanding rapidly in recent years - for a while lines and services that children to dial and movie or music information earned the service a somewhat image but new legal restrictions are aimed at trimming excesses - the cost of a N call is set by the abc sports for example with the cheapest starting at N cents - billing is included in a caller 's regular phone bill - from the fee the local phone company and the long-distance carrier extract their costs to carry the call passing the rest of the money to the which must cover advertising and other costs - in recent months the technology has become more flexible and able to handle much more volume - before callers of N numbers would just listen and not talk or they 'd vote yes or no by calling one of two numbers - people in the phone business call this technology N - now callers are led through complex of choices to retrieve information they want and the hardware can process N calls in N seconds - up to now N numbers have mainly been used on local tv stations and cable channels - used one to give away the house that rock star jon grew up in - for several years turner broadcasting system 's cable news network has invited viewers to respond to issues should the u.s. military intervene in panama but even the hottest on only about N calls - the newest uses of the technology demonstrate the growing variety of applications - capital cities\/abc inc. cbs inc. and general electric co. 's national broadcasting co. unit are expected to announce soon a joint campaign to raise awareness about - the subject will be written into the of prime-time shows and viewers will be given a N number to call - callers will be sent educational booklets and the call 's modest cost will be an immediate method of raising money - other network applications have very different goals - abc sports was looking for ways to lift ratings for monday night football - kurt abc sports 's marketing director says that now tens of thousands of fans call its N number each week to vote for the best return etc - profit from the calls goes to charity but abc sports also uses the calls as a sales tool after callers for voting frank offers a football for $ N and N N of callers stay on the line to order it - jackets may be sold next - meanwhile nbc sports recently began scores plus a 24-hour N line providing a complex array of scores analysis and fan news - a spokesman said its purpose is to bolster the impression that nbc sports is always there for people - nbc 's consumer minutes have increased advertiser spending during the day the network 's weakest period - each matches a sponsor and a topic on unilever n.v. 's bros. sponsors tips on diet and exercise followed by a bros. commercial - viewers can call a N number for additional advice which will be tailored to their needs based on the numbers they press one if you 're pregnant etc - if the caller stays on the line and leaves a name and address for the sponsor coupons and a newsletter will be and the sponsor will be able to gather a list of desirable potential customers - an vice president says nbc has been able to charge premium rates for this ad time - she would n't say what the premium is but it 's believed to be about N N above regular rates - we were able to get advertisers to use their promotion budget for this because they get a chance to do says ms. - and we were able to attract some new advertisers because this is something new - mr. parks of call interactive says tv executives are considering the use of N numbers for talk shows game shows news and opinion surveys - experts are predicting a big influx of new shows in N when a service called automatic number information will become widely available - this service each caller 's phone number and it can be used to generate instant mailing lists - hard copy the new syndicated tabloid show from paramount pictures will use its N number for additional purposes that include research says executive producer mark b. von s. - for a piece on local heroes of world war ii we can ask people to leave the name and number of anyone they know who won a he says - that 'll save us time and get people involved - but mr. sees much bigger changes ahead - these are just baby steps toward real interactive video which i believe will be the biggest thing yet to affect television he says - although it would be costly to shoot multiple versions tv programmers could let audiences vote on different for a movie - fox broadcasting with this concept last year when viewers of married with children voted on whether al should say i love you to on 's day - someday viewers may also choose different of news coverage - a by phone could let you decide i 'm interested in just the beginning of story no. N and i want story no. N in mr. says - you 'll start to see shows where viewers program the program - integrated resources inc. the troubled financial-services company that has been trying to sell its core companies to restructure debt said talks with a potential buyer ended - integrated did n't identify the party or say why the talks failed - last week another potential buyer financial group which had agreed in august to purchase most of integrated 's core companies for $ N million ended talks with integrated - integrated said that it would continue to pursue other alternatives to sell the five core companies and that a group of senior executives plans to make a proposal to purchase three of the companies integrated resources equity corp. resources trust co. and integrated resources asset management corp - a price was n't disclosed - integrated also said it expects to report a second-quarter loss wider than the earlier estimate of about $ N million - the company did n't disclose the new estimate but said the change was related to integrated 's failure to sell its core businesses as well as other events which it did n't detail that occurred after its announcement last week that it was in talks with the unidentified prospective buyer - meanwhile a number of top sales producers from integrated resources equity will meet this afternoon in chicago to discuss their options - the unit is a constructed group of about N independent brokers and financial planners who sell insurance annuities limited partnerships mutual funds and other investments for integrated and other firms - the sales force is viewed as a critical asset in integrated 's attempt to sell its core companies - cited concerns about how long integrated would be able to hold together the sales force as one reason its talks with integrated failed - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange yesterday integrated closed at $ N a share down N cents - integrated has been struggling to avoid a bankruptcy-law filing since june when it failed to make interest payments on nearly $ N billion of debt - integrated senior and junior creditors are owed a total of about $ N billion - an earthquake struck northern california killing more than N people - the violent temblor which lasted about N seconds and registered N on the richter scale also caused the collapse of a section of the san bay bridge and shook candlestick park - the tremor was centered near southeast of san francisco and was felt as far as N miles away - numerous injuries were reported - some buildings collapsed gas and water lines and fires - the quake which also caused damage in san jose and berkeley knocked out electricity and telephones roadways and disrupted subway service in the bay area - major injuries were n't reported at candlestick park where the third game of baseball 's world series was canceled and fans from the stadium - bush vowed to veto a bill allowing federal financing for abortions in cases of rape and incest saying tax dollars should n't be used to compound a violent act with the taking of an life - his pledge in a letter to democratic sen. byrd came ahead of an expected senate vote on spending legislation containing the provision - east germany 's politburo met amid speculation that the ruling body would oust hard-line leader honecker whose rule has been challenged by mass emigration and calls for democratic freedoms - meanwhile about N refugees flew to west germany from warsaw the first in east germany 's exodus - the world psychiatric association voted at an to the soviet union - moscow which left the group in N to avoid over allegations that political were being certified as could be suspended if the of against is discovered during a review within a year - nasa postponed the of the space shuttle atlantis because of rain near the site of the launch in fla - the flight was for today - the spacecraft 's five are to the galileo space probe on an mission to jupiter - senate democratic leaders said they had enough votes to defeat a proposed constitutional amendment to ban flag burning - the amendment is aimed at a supreme court ruling that threw out the conviction of a texas on grounds that his freedom of speech was violated - federal researchers said lung-cancer mortality rates for people under N years of age have begun to decline particularly for white males - the national cancer institute also projected that overall u.s. mortality rates from lung cancer should begin to drop in several years if cigarette smoking continues to - bush met with south korean president roh who indicated that seoul plans to further ease trade rules to ensure that its economy becomes as open as the other industrialized nations by the mid-1990s - bush assured roh that the u.s. would stand by its security commitments as long as there is a threat from communist north korea - the bush administration is seeking an understanding with congress to ease restrictions on u.s. involvement in foreign coups that might result in the death of a country 's leader - a white house spokesman said that while bush would n't alter a longstanding ban on such involvement there 's a needed on its interpretation - india 's gandhi called for parliamentary elections next month - the balloting considered a test for the prime minister and the ruling congress i party comes amid charges of leadership and government corruption - gandhi 's family has ruled independent india for all but five years of its history - the soviet union from a u.n. general assembly vote to reject israel 's credentials - it was the first time in seven years that moscow has n't joined efforts led by nations to israel from the world body and was viewed as a sign of improving ties - israel was by a vote of N with N - black activist walter sisulu said the african national congress would n't reject violence as a way to pressure the south african government into concessions that might lead to negotiations over apartheid - the sisulu was among eight black political activists freed sunday from prison - london has concluded that president was n't responsible for the execution of six british in world war ii although he probably was aware of the - the report by the defense ministry also rejected allegations that britain covered up evidence of 's activities as a german army officer - an international group approved a formal ban on ivory trade despite objections from southern african governments which threatened to find alternative channels for selling elephant - the move by the convention on trade in endangered meeting in switzerland places the elephant on the list - an in colombia killed a federal judge on a street - an caller to a local radio station said cocaine traffickers had the in for the of wanted on drug charges in the u.s. - leader met with egypt 's president and the two officials pledged to respect each other 's laws security and stability - they stopped short of diplomatic ties in N - the reconciliation talks in the desert town of followed a meeting monday in the egyptian resort of - group inc. revised its exchange offer for $ N million face amount of N N senior subordinated debt due N and extended the offer to oct. N from oct. N - the n.j. company said holders would receive for each $ N face amount $ N face amount of a new issue of secured senior subordinated notes convertible into common stock at an initial rate of $ N a share and N common shares - the new notes will bear interest at N N through july N N and thereafter at N N - under the original proposal the maker of specialty coatings and a developer of technologies offered $ N of notes due N N common shares and $ N in cash for each $ N face amount - completion of the exchange offer is subject to the tender of at least N N of the debt among other things - which said it does n't plan to further extend the offer said it received $ N face amount of debt under the original offer - the stock of ual corp. continued to be amid signs that british airways may at any of the aborted $ N billion buy-out of united airlines ' parent - ual stock plummeted a further $ N to $ N on volume of more than N million shares in new york stock exchange composite trading - the plunge followed a drop of $ N monday amid indications the takeover may take weeks to be revived - the stock has fallen $ N or N N in the three trading days since announcement of the collapse of the $ 300-a-share takeover jolted the entire stock market into its plunge ever - this is a total for takeover-stock traders one investment banker said - los angeles financier marvin davis who put united in play with a $ N billion bid two months ago last night both a ray of hope and an extra element of uncertainty by saying he remains interested in acquiring ual - but he dropped his earlier $ 300-a-share bid saying he must first explore bank financing - even as citicorp and chase manhattan corp. scrambled to line up bank financing for a revised version of the labor-management bid british airways a N N partner in the buying group indicated it wants to start from - its partners are united 's pilots who were to own N N and ual management at N N - adding to injury united 's machinists ' union which helped scuttle financing for the first bid yesterday asked ual chairman stephen wolf and other ual directors to resign - a similar demand was made by a group that represents some of united 's N employees - john machinists union general vice president attacked mr. wolf as greedy and irresponsible for pursuing the buy-out - although mr. wolf and john pope ual 's chief financial officer stood to $ N million for stock and options in the buy-out ual executives planned to reinvest only $ N million in the new company - the blue-collar machinists longtime rivals of the white-collar pilots say the would load the company with debt and weaken its finances - confusion about the two banks ' efforts to round up financing for a new bid that the ual board has n't even seen yet helped send ual stock downward - and rumors of forced selling by takeover-stock traders triggered a in the dow jones industrial average around N a.m. edt yesterday - yesterday 's selling began after a japanese news agency reported that japanese banks which balked at the first bid were ready to reject a revised version at around $ N a share or $ N billion - several reports as the day gave vague or indications about whether banks would sign up - citicorp for example said only that it had of interest of a transaction from both the borrowers and the banks but did n't have an agreement - late in the day mr. wolf issued a statement calling mr. 's blast divisive and for - but he gave few details on the progress toward a new bid saying only we are working toward a revised proposal for majority employee ownership - meanwhile in another sign that a new bid is n't imminent it was learned that the ual board held a telephone meeting monday to hear an update on the situation but that a formal board meeting is n't likely to be until early next week - in london british airways chairman lord king was quoted in the times as declaring he is not prepared to take my shareholders into a deal - observers said it appeared that british air was angered at the way the bid has into confusion as well as by the banks ' effort to round up financing for what one called a deal that is n't a deal - the effort to revive the bid was complicated by the nature of the buying group - the pilots were meeting outside chicago yesterday - but british air which was to have supplied $ N million out of $ N million in equity financing apparently was n't involved in the second proposal and could well reject it even if banks obtain financing - a group of united 's employees said in a statement the fact that wolf and other officers were going to line their pockets with literally millions of dollars while severe pay cuts on the employees of united is not only but - the machinists also asked for an investigation by the securities and exchange commission into possible violations in the original bid for ual by mr. davis as well as in the response by ual - last week just before the bank commitments were due the union asked the u.s. labor department to study whether the bid violated legal standards of fairness governing employee investment funds - in his statement mr. wolf said we continue to believe our approach is sound and that it is far better for all employees than the alternative of having an outsider own the company with employees paying for it just the same - mr. wolf has merger advice from a major wall street securities firm relying instead only on a takeover lawyer peter of slate & flom - the huge drop in ual stock prompted one takeover stock trader george managing partner of & co. to deny publicly rumors that his firm was going out of business - mr. said that despite losses on ual stock his firm 's health is excellent - the stock 's decline also has left the ual board in a - although it may not be legally obligated to sell the company if the buy-out group ca n't revive its bid it may have to explore alternatives if the buyers come back with a bid much lower than the group 's original $ 300-a-share proposal - at a meeting sept. N to consider the labor-management bid the board also was informed by its investment adviser first boston corp. of interest expressed by buy-out funds including kohlberg kravis roberts & co. and little & co. as well as by robert bass morgan stanley 's buy-out fund and pan am corp - the takeover-stock traders were hoping that mr. davis or one of the other interested parties might with the situation in disarray or that the board might consider a recapitalization - meanwhile japanese bankers said they were still about accepting citicorp 's latest proposal - macmillan inc. said it plans a public offering of N million shares of its berlitz international inc. unit at $ N to $ N a share - the offering for the language school unit was announced by robert maxwell chairman and chief executive officer of london-based maxwell communication corp. which owns macmillan - after the offering is completed macmillan will own about N N of the berlitz common stock outstanding - five million shares will be offered in the u.s. and N million additional shares will be offered in international offerings outside the u.s. - goldman sachs & co. will manage the offering - macmillan said berlitz intends to pay quarterly dividends on the stock - the company said it expects to pay the first dividend of N cents a share in the N first quarter - berlitz will borrow an amount equal to its expected net proceeds from the offerings plus $ N million in connection with a credit agreement with lenders - the total borrowing will be about $ N million the company said - proceeds from the borrowings under the credit agreement will be used to pay an $ N million cash dividend to macmillan and to lend the remainder of about $ N million to maxwell communications in connection with a note - proceeds from the offering will be used to repay borrowings under the short-term parts of a credit agreement - berlitz which is based in princeton n.j. provides language instruction and translation services through more than N language centers in N countries - in the past five years more than N N of its sales have been outside the u.s. - macmillan has owned berlitz since N - in the first six months of this year berlitz posted net income of $ N million on sales of $ N million compared with net income of $ N million on sales of $ N million - right away you notice the following things about a philip glass concert - it attracts people with funny hair or with no hair in front of me a girl with sat a boy who had his - whoever constitute the local left bank come out in force dressed in black along with a of who want to be on the cutting edge - people in glass houses tend to look - and if still at the evening 's end you notice something else the audience at first and by the music releases its feelings in collective - currently in the middle of a tour as a solo mr. glass has left behind his equipment and in favor of going it alone - he sits down at the piano and plays - and plays - either one likes it or one does n't - the typical glass audience which is more likely to be composed of music students than their teachers certainly does - the work though sounds like for - philip glass is the and his music the new clothes of the - his success is easy to understand - introducing and explaining his pieces mr. glass looks and sounds more like a describing his work than a classical playing a recital - the piano which have been labeled as cyclical and are therefore therefore and but therefore both pretty and - it is music for people who want to hear something different but do n't want to work especially hard at the task - it is listening for the now generation - mr. glass has the famous less is more - his more is always less - far from being the music us with apparent not so in the of N time and or - but the music has its and mr. glass has constructed his solo program around a move from the simple to the relatively complex - opening N from the audience to the glass technique never too far from the piano 's center mr. glass works in the two on either side of middle c and his fingers seldom leave the - there is a musical style here but not a particular performance style - the music is not especially indeed it 's hard to imagine a bad performance of it - nothing no no problems challenge the performer - we hear we may think inner voices but they all seem to be saying the same thing - with planet news music meant to of allen 's wichita mr. glass gets going - his hands sit apart on the - seventh make you feel as though he may break into a very slow - the but there is little even though his fingers begin to over more of the - contrasts predictably first the music is loud then it becomes soft then you realize it becomes again - the fourth play an from on the beach is like a but it does n't seem to move much beyond its ground in three blind mice - when mr. glass decides to get really fancy he his hands and hits a bass note with his right hand - he does this in at least three of his solo pieces - you might call it a or a - in mad rush which came from a commission to write a piece of length mr. glass and confessed that this was no problem for me an a with a b section several times before the piece ends - not only is the typical it is also often multiple in its context s - mad rush began its life as the to the lama 's first public address in the u.s. when mr. glass played it on the at new york 's of st. john the - later it was performed on radio in germany and then took it for one of her dance pieces - the point is that any piece can be used as background music for virtually anything - the evening ended with mr. glass 's another multiple work - parts N N and N come from the of morris 's film the thin blue line and the two other parts from music to two separate of the story of the same name - when used as background in this way the music has an appropriate as when a phrase a minor third the seemingly endless of reports interviews and of witnesses in the morris film - served up as a solo however the music lacks the provided by a context within another medium - of mr. glass may agree with the critic richard 's sense that the N music in twelve parts is as and as the - but while making the obvious point that both develop variations from themes this comparison the intensely nature of mr. glass 's music - its supposedly a that makes one for the of the radical of and and what in even seems like in - mr. is professor of english at southern university and editor of the southwest review - honeywell inc. said it hopes to complete shortly the first of two sales of shares in its japanese joint venture for about $ N million - the company would n't disclose the buyer of the initial N N stake - proceeds of the sale expected to be completed next week would be used to repurchase as many as N million shares of honeywell stock the company said - honeywell said it is negotiating the sale of a second stake in but indicated it intends to hold at least N N of the joint venture 's stock long term - a N N stake would allow honeywell to include earnings in its results - honeywell previously said it intended to reduce its holding in the japanese concern as part of a restructuring plan which also calls for a reduction of on weapons sales - yesterday a spokeswoman said the company was pleased with our progress in that regard and hopes to provide additional details soon - honeywell said its defense and marine systems group incurred delays in shipping some undisclosed contracts during the third quarter resulting in lower operating profit for that business - overall honeywell reported earnings of $ N million or $ N a share for the three months ended oct. N compared with a loss of $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the previous period 's results included a $ N million pretax charge related to contract costs and a $ N million pretax gain on real estate sales - sales for the latest quarter were flat at $ N billion - for the nine months honeywell reported earnings of $ N million or $ N a share compared with earnings of $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales declined slightly to $ N billion - once again your editorial page the law to conform to your almost - in an of little to his central point about private enforcement suits by environmental groups michael s. your readers the clean water act is written upon the the rather that nothing but zero risk will do it a legal standard of zero environmental sept. N - this statement surely your editorial viewpoint that environmental protection is generally silly or excessive but it is simply wrong - the clean water act contains no legal standard of zero - it requires that of into the waters of the united states be authorized by permits that reflect the limitations developed under section N - whatever may be the problems with this system it reflects zero risk or zero - perhaps mr. was confused by congress 's statement of the national goal in section N which indeed calls for the elimination of by N no less - this statement was not taken seriously when enacted in N and should not now be confused with the provisions of the statute - thus you do the public a great when mr. suggests even that the clean water act prohibits the preparation of a and water your readers may be led to believe that nothing but chance or oversight protects them as they in the night with their and waters from the knock of the sierra club at their doors - robert j. - national geographic the u.s. magazine is attracting more readers than ever and offers the glossy pages that upscale advertisers love - so why did advertising pages plunge by almost N N and ad revenue by N N in the first half - to hear advertisers tell it the magazine just has n't kept up with the times - despite renewed interest by the public in such topics as the environment and the third world it has n't been able to shake its reputation as a magazine boys like to through in search of tribe women - worse it lagged behind competitors in offering from regional editions to discounts for frequent advertisers - but now the magazine is attempting to fight back with an ambitious plan including a revamped sales strategy and a surprisingly aggressive ad campaign - advertisers do n't think of the magazine first says joan who joined in april as national advertising director - what we want to do is take a more aggressive stance - people did n't believe we were in tune with the marketplace and in many ways we were n't - the magazine has never had to woo advertisers with quite so much before - it largely on its N million subscribers in the first half up from N million a year ago an average age of N for readers at the of their years loyalty to the tune of an N N average subscription renewal rate - the magazine had its best year yet in N when it its centennial and racked up a N N gain in ad pages to N - but this year when the surrounding its centennial died so too did some advertiser interest - the reason ad executives say is that the entire magazine business has been soft and national geographic has some that make it especially during a soft market - perhaps the biggest of those factors is its high ad prices $ N for a page vs. $ N for the a comparable publication with a far smaller circulation - when ad dollars are tight the high page cost is a major for advertisers who generally want to appear regularly in a publication or not at all - even though national geographic offers far more readers than does a magazine like the page costs you an arm and a leg to develop any frequency says harry glass new york media manager for bozell inc - to combat that problem national geographic like other magazines began offering regional editions allowing advertisers to appear in only a portion of its magazines for example ads can run only in the magazines sent to subscribers in the largest N markets - but the magazine was slower than its competitors to come up with its regional editions and until last year offered fewer of them than did competitors - time magazine for example has more than N separate editions going to different regions top management and other groups - another sticking point for advertisers was national geographic 's tradition of its ads together usually at the beginning or end of the magazine rather than spreading ads out among its articles as most magazines do - and national geographic 's size means extra production costs for advertisers - but ms. says the magazine is fighting back - it now offers N regional editions it very recently began running ads adjacent to articles and it has been up its sales force - and it just launched a promotional campaign to tell chief executives marketing directors and media executives just that - the centerpiece of the promotion is its new ad campaign into which the magazine will pour about $ N mostly in the next few weeks - the campaign created by group 's ddb needham agency takes advantage of the photography that national geographic is known for - in one ad a photo of the interior of the in paris is with the headline the only book more respected than does n't accept advertising - another ad pictures a tree magnified N times with the headline for impact far beyond your size consider our regional editions - ms. says she wants the campaign to help attract advertisers in N categories including corporate financial services consumer electronics insurance and food - her goal to top N ad pages in N up from about N this year - whether she can meet that ambitious goal is still far from certain - the ad campaign is meant to the thought of national geographic she says - we want it to be a kind of image - wcrs plans sale - wcrs group hopes to announce perhaps today an agreement to sell the majority of its ad unit to eurocom a european ad executive said - wcrs has been in discussions with eurocom for several months - however when negotiations down recently wcrs 's chief executive peter scott met in paris with another french firm or - according to the executive 's involvement prompted renewed in the talks and the two agencies were hoping to out details by today - executives of the two agencies could n't be reached last night - ad notes - new account procter & gamble co. cincinnati awarded the ad accounts for its line of professional and oil products to cincinnati - billings were n't disclosed - professional products are specially made for the industry - who 's news stephen N was named executive vice president deputy creative director at grey advertising new york - he was executive vice president director of broadcast production - the commodity futures trading commission plans to restrict dual trading on commodity exchanges a move almost certain to exchange officials and traders - the cftc said it will propose the restrictions after the release of a study that shows little economic benefit resulting from dual trading and cites problems associated with the practice - dual trading gives an exchange trader the right to trade both for his own account and for customers - the issue exploded this year after a federal bureau of investigation operation led to charges of widespread trading abuses at the chicago board of trade and chicago mercantile exchange - while not specifically mentioned in the fbi charges dual trading became a focus of attempts to tighten industry regulations - critics contend that traders were putting buying or selling for their own accounts ahead of other traders ' customer orders - traders are likely to oppose such restrictions because dual trading provides a way to make money in slower markets where there is a shortage of customer orders - the exchanges contend that dual trading improves liquidity in the markets because traders can buy or sell even when they do n't have a customer order in hand - the exchanges say liquidity becomes a severe problem for traded contracts such as those with a long time remaining before expiration - the cftc may take those arguments into account by allowing exceptions to its restrictions - the agency did n't cite specific situations where dual trading might be allowed but smaller exchanges or contracts that need additional liquidity are expected to be among them - wendy the agency 's chairman told the senate agriculture committee that she expects the study to be released within two weeks and the rule changes to be completed by - the study by the cftc 's division of economic analysis shows that a trade is a trade a member of the study team said - whether a trade is done on a dual or basis the member said does n't seem to have much economic impact - currently most traders on commodity exchanges specialize in trading either for customer accounts which makes them brokers or for their own accounts as - the tests indicate that dual and traders are similar in terms of the trade executions and liquidity they provide to the market mrs. told the senate panel - members of congress have proposed restricting dual trading in bills to cftc operations - the house 's bill would prohibit dual trading in markets with daily average volume of N contracts or more those considered too difficult to track without a sophisticated computer system - the senate bill would force the cftc to suspend dual trading if an exchange ca n't show that its oversight system can detect abuses - so far one test of restricting dual trading has worked well - the chicago merc banned dual trading in its standard & poor 's 500-stock index futures pit in N - under the rules traders decide before a session begins whether they will trade for their own account or for customers - traders who stand on the pit 's top step where most customer orders are executed ca n't trade for themselves - a merc spokesman said the plan has n't made much difference in liquidity in the pit - it 's too soon to tell but people do n't seem to be unhappy with it he said - he said he would n't comment on the cftc plan until the exchange has seen the full proposal - but at a meeting last week tom the board of trade 's president told commodity lawyers dual trading is definitely worth saving - it adds something to the market - japanese firms push car - japanese luxury-car makers are trying to set strict design standards for their dealerships - but some dealers are negotiating terms while others decline to deal at all - nissan motor co. 's infiniti division likes to insist that every dealer construct and a building in a japanese style - specifications include a at the center of each showroom and a bridge a stream that flows into the building from outside - infiniti has it down to the says jay a partner at power & associates an auto research firm - toyota motor corp. 's lexus division also provides specifications - but only two-thirds of lexus dealers are new buildings according to the lexus - some are even coming up with their own novel designs - in louisville ky. for example david peterson has built a lexus dealership with the showroom on the second floor - yet some dealers have turned down infiniti or lexus because they were unwilling or unable to meet the design requirements - lee seidman of cleveland says infiniti was a bear on but at least let him an existing building without the stream - mr. seidman says he turned down a lexus franchise in part because the building was but very expensive - to head off arguments infiniti offers dealers cash bonuses and construction loans - device 's plays back a lesson - products have to be first to be winners - that 's the lesson offered through one case study featured in a design exhibit - dictaphone corp. was caught off guard in N when its main competitor office products of japan introduced a recorder half the size of standard devices - blocked by patent protection from following suit dictaphone decided to go a step further and cut the in half again down to the length of a - by N designers and engineers at dictaphone a pitney bowes subsidiary had produced a working model of a recorder - by N however the patent status of the had changed permitting dictaphone to develop its own competitive micro system which it did - marketing and sales departments then urged of the project - but others said should proceed - both were right - dictaphone went ahead and introduced the in N but it has n't sold well - to date says a dictaphone vice president it has broken even or shown a small loss - nevertheless the device has been successful in other ways - it helped dictaphone attract better engineers and it provided new technology for other company products - the recorder also helped transform the company 's reputation from to - it gave me great pride to see the inventor of the in japan look at the and shake his head and say says mr. - dictaphone 's recorder is one of N case studies in the design project sponsored by the design management institute of boston and harvard business school - the studies are on exhibit at harvard this month and will travel to chicago 's institute of design and the university of california at berkeley - a rake 's progress means out - one day carl barrett of mobile ala. was some leaves but the rake kept riding up over the - the harder he tried to push them into large the closer he came to breaking the rake and his back - so mr. barrett then vice president of the alabama association took a garden rake and taped it to the of a rake about nine inches up - his crude device worked the lower teeth gathered the leaves into a pile while the higher harder teeth moved the top of the pile - now incorporated into a rake the or also are supposed to aid in picking up leaves - one customer donald of mobile says the barrett rake allowed him to do his lawn in N N hours two hours less than usual - but other rake makers have their doubts - richard mason president of co. in w. va. says the barrett rake makes sense but it would be tough to explain to consumers - john marketing director for true corp. a subsidiary of black & decker says people do n't want to move a pile - they either pick it up he says or they start pulling from a fresh direction - odds and ends - no more or promises corp. of ind. the designer of a bed support to replace traditional - four steel each roughly in the shape of a are attached to the bottom of the box spring in a position - nearly half of u.s. consumers say they 'll pay up to N N more for packaging that can be recycled or is according to a survey commissioned by the michael peters group a design consultant - the pentagon is a house - living there for six years was really scary - the ghosts of the past are everywhere they are kept at bay only by feeding them vast quantities of our defense budget - some can be bought off relatively - during the korean war gen. douglas demanded and got in addition to his u.n. command in korea his own naval command in japan - those operations cost less than $ N billion a year and keep mac 's ghost quiet - that 's about all it costs to adm. erich 's ghost - in N and the german navy threatened to attack the panama so we created the southern command in panama - the southern command has grown even bigger since the war because 's ghost sometimes runs through the e ring dressed like gen. noriega - the command 's huge bureaucracy is needed to analyze whether leaders of coups against gen. noriega meet the war powers act 's six points cap 's seven points the intelligence committee 's N points and wilson 's N points necessary to justify u.s. support - so far no one has - the ghost of the soviet discovered in cuba back in the costs just a few hundred million the price of the caribbean command in key west that president carter created in N - the has n't been heard from since but we keep the staff around just in case - george marshall 's ghost is much more difficult to keep happy - we keep a lot of to him around the pentagon and such - the army headquarters on the third deck of the pentagon used to a lot of to him but the navy headquarters on the fourth deck made them stop it - you see marshall had this thing about the navy and the he wanted to make them part of the army but secretary of the navy james blocked him - now his ghost wo n't let up till it 's done - to keep him quiet we a new unified command every year or so run by the army or the air force and put more of the navy and under it - but we still hear him at night because the navy has a few ships left and to satisfy him the navy 's sea lift forces were given to a new air force bureaucracy in illinois its space operations to another command in colorado the to a new army bureaucracy in fort and the navy 's indian ocean and persian gulf forces to an army bureaucracy in florida - which brings up the worst and ghost of all the ghost of the shah of iran - when the shah died president carter was so scared that the shah 's ghost would blame him for him out to make way for the that he declared the carter doctrine - mr. carter said he would go to war to stop anyone from trying to grab iran - but that ghost would n't settle for words he wanted money and people lots - so mr. carter formed three new army divisions and gave them to a new bureaucracy in tampa called the rapid force - but that ghost was n't he knew the was neither rapid nor nor a force even though it cost $ N billion or $ N billion a year - after mr. carter was defeated in N the shah 's ghost claimed the credit and then went after president reagan and cap - i saw what he did to them - it made my dance with - why he used to lay in wait for cap suddenly he 'd leap from behind some of marshall onto cap 's and grab him by the and him till he up an additional $ N billion or so - cap added four more divisions to the army two active and two reserve two carrier groups to the navy a division equivalent to the and the and a thousand tactical aircraft to the air force - he bought $ N billion in ships and $ N billion in and equipment to fill them and them at a new $ N billion base at diego garcia in the middle of the indian ocean - he dedicated all these new forces to the persian gulf - one night both marshall 's ghost and the shah 's ghost together caught cap and threw him to the ground - before they let him go he added a thousand bureaucrats to the in tampa and renamed it central command - he gave those bureaucrats charge of all naval operations in the persian gulf and indian ocean - marshall figured it would be good training for those soldiers someday maybe they would get the whole navy - they had fun moving the carriers around but it turned out that they had forgotten all about mine - but the shah still kept leaping out at cap so cap bought a hundred merchant ships more and $ N billion of etc. in order that those seven new army divisions and three marine could unload from all those new ships and aircraft and go to war in the - then suddenly 's ghost came to visit and said what the hell are you doing planning for a land war in asia N miles away - we 'd get our kicked - lucky for cap was and soon went away while the shah he kept coming back - so the u.s. found itself paying about $ N billion in to various arab for rights around the indian ocean - we had great success in somalia - but then it turned out that president was not at all a nice person and the navy pointed out that the base he promised us in had up about a hundred years ago and anyway was N miles from the mouth of the gulf - but who 's counting - still was the best we could get so we stay in bed with president - all these reports about him committing are probably anyway - but would n't you know now that we are spending of dollars and have built those new divisions and new air wings and have positioned all these ships and supplies to fight the russians in iran the russians seem to have lost interest in the whole subject - meanwhile congress is cutting huge chunks out of the rest of the defense budget - predictably some navy guys said do we still need to keep all N army divisions on active duty and all those extra aircraft without bases and all those army guys playing in tampa - could n't we save $ N billion or $ N billion a year by shifting that stuff to the reserves - and why not save the costs of a thousand bureaucrats by central command and putting responsibility for gulf naval operations back where it belongs afloat with the task force in the gulf - and where were all our paid indian ocean allies last year when our were being attacked - questions like that really stir up marshall 's ghost - he appeared late one night in the of the new defense secretary dick cheney - marshall came in like 's ghost dragging those chains of and air wings and links with arab - he would n't leave until mr. cheney promised to do whatever the pentagon systems analysts told him - so next day mr. cheney went out and did just that he canceled the navy and cut back one carrier and N - then he canceled production of the navy 's most important carrier aircraft the f-14 and the - on the other hand mr. cheney retained all those new land forces - marshall 's ghost is satisfied for now but he 'll be back - what with halloween coming and bigger defense cuts looming more and more pentagon bureaucrats are under their desks - they know that they can hold off the ghosts only a little while longer by cutting carriers and ships - then the whole thing will start to collapse just as it did in the 1970s and the ghosts and will be through the place turning people 's hair white - gives me the just thinking about it - mr. lehman a reagan navy secretary is a managing director of painewebber - the metal and marble lobby of centrust bank 's headquarters is than your average savings and loan - for one thing there is an old master on the wall samuel david a big painted by a - at the moment however the painting is a nagging reminder of the problems that have centrust and its flamboyant chairman and chief executive david l. paul - in an international buying spree that began barely two years ago mr. paul a collection of about N works including the at a total cost of $ N million - by midnight oct. N all of the paintings were supposed to have been sold off under orders from florida 's comptroller whose office the state 's s&ls - centrust did n't meet the deadline - the collection was at the heart of a plan mr. paul had in which the art was to do double duty as an investment for centrust and as for the s&l 's new office tower designed by - the is that the $ N million was from the funds of this federally insured institution even as centrust was losing money hand over - mr. paul had no right to buy art for the s&l in the first place it is n't on the comptroller 's permissible list without seeking a special which he did not do - besides that some of the paintings that were to grace the walls of centrust actually ended up hanging in the chairman 's estate on la off miami beach - last spring the comptroller 's office called a halt to mr. paul 's giving him six months to sell the paintings - the acquisitions officials said in a letter to mr. paul were and unauthorized - so far mr. paul has but three of his he wo n't say to whom - the comptroller 's office says it is monitoring the situation - though the agency could remove mr. paul it has no current intention to do that - it 's not like selling mr. paul says as he takes a drag on a st. cigarette - the last six months has established the quality of the collection - there 's no fire sale here - despite mr. paul 's characteristic the is finding that getting centrust florida 's largest thrift institution out of its investments is much tougher than getting into them had been - paintings are just part of the picture - although mr. paul has a $ N billion junk-bond portfolio to less than $ N million since april the high-yield debt market has plummeted - itself of what is left as is required of all thrift institutions by july N under the new federal s&l bailout law may well prove difficult - and centrust has other problems - late last week federal regulators ordered the thrift institution to stop paying dividends on its preferred stock a move that suggests deep concern about an institution - mr. paul has a plan to bring in $ N million by selling off N of centrust 's N branches but it has yet to be approved by regulators - it is mr. paul 's art venture however that has drawn the most attention from investors and regulators not to mention throughout the world - shareholders some of whom are suing say the chairman and his collection the excesses of speculation that set off the national s&l crisis - centrust shares have fallen sharply in price from a high of $ N in N to close yesterday at $ N - gallery directors meanwhile say mr. paul and others of his have left an mark on the art world and not for the better - collectors do n't say it 's a van anymore harry brooks the president of & co. a new york gallery - they say got $ N million for his so certainly $ N million is n't too much for mine - the great collectors we depended on such as paul mellon or norton simon have stopped buying and the new buyers are brilliant men who made money in the stock market or in takeovers and rushed into collecting - mr. an art dealer and sold vincent van 's at a sotheby 's auction in november N to australian businessman alan bond - trouble is mr. bond has yet to pay up and until he does sotheby 's has the painting under lock and key - when mr. paul moved in on the art market he let it be known that virtually no piece was too costly to be considered by centrust - he established his reputation as a in january last year at sotheby 's auction of the linda and gerald guterman collection in new york - there on one of his first shopping trips mr. paul picked up several paintings at stunning prices - he paid $ N million for instance for a still life by jan that was expected to fetch perhaps $ N - the price paid was a record for the artist - some N N of items offered at the guterman auction were sold at an average price of $ N - the rest were withdrawn for lack of acceptable bids - afterward mr. paul is said by mr. guterman to have mr. guterman the new york developer selling the collection and - he says he them recalls mr. guterman - and he tells me if you want to see your paintings you 'll have to come to my house in florida - mr. paul denies and - it 's just not true he says - mr. paul quickly became more aggressive in his collecting with the help of george wachter a sotheby 's expert in old masters whom he met at an exhibition of the guterman items - mr. wachter who became his principal adviser searched in london paris and - and according to one dealer mr. wachter had a for introducing mr. paul with the phrase he can buy anything - nicholas hall the president of the u.s.a. ltd. gallery in new york sold mr. paul and in the by giovanni - mr. hall says mr. paul was known to spend a lot of money - people were interested in seeing him but it was recognized that the route was through sotheby 's and particularly george wachter - mr. paul thus developed a close relationship with sotheby 's - mr. paul was eager to a collection for the headquarters centrust has been moving into for the greater part of a year - sotheby 's the auction house founded in london N and now under the of sotheby 's holdings inc. was hoping to stir up interest in old masters as it to build its u.s. business - european dealers continued to dominate the action in old masters which sotheby 's north america had lately been touting in this country - for several months there was optimism all around - last october mr. paul paid out $ N million of centrust 's cash plus a $ N million commission for portrait of a man as - the painting attributed to artist peter paul rubens was purchased privately through sotheby 's not at auction - in march N just N months into his campaign mr. paul was named by art & magazine as one of the top N individual collectors in the u.s. - an unknown quantity to most of the art world paul is no to spending the magazine said noting that he does n't stop at on but also spends big on art you can eat - he recently bid $ N at a paris charity auction for a dinner by six of the world 's great chefs but the final party cost closer to $ N - mr. paul says it was n't that high - the art collection might have come to rival the ' had the florida comptroller 's office not got wind of mr. paul 's - in its letter to him dated march N and shared with reporters alex the chief of the bureau in the comptroller 's office expressed that the s&l could be so when it had reported losses of more than $ N million in its two preceding quarters - the state gave centrust N days to sell the rubens - the comptroller 's office eventually extended the deadline to six months but its demands ordering that the book value of the collection be reduced to zero - in other words get rid of all the pictures - the state noted that banking practices are grounds for removing an officer or director and closed with the to mr. paul govern yourself - the state agency was particularly to learn that the rubens and a other paintings listed among the bank 's furniture and were actually hanging in the chairman 's house - mr. paul says that at one point he did indeed have eight or nine of the paintings at home and that the rest were in storage at sotheby 's - he explains that he was merely the paintings at home with some display because of the special environment required for their until centrust 's new building was ready for them - still the incident was embarrassing - it came on the heels of a number of local newspaper articles suggesting that mr. paul has benefited from his association with centrust - for instance he got a $ N million loan from the s&l negotiated at a rate - he owns N N of centrust 's shares - adding to mr. paul 's problems dealers some with vested interests insist that he relying rather too heavily on sotheby 's advice paid much too much for several pieces in the centrust collection - the $ N million on the rubens for example was a record price for the artist and maybe twice its value given a dispute among scholars about its - david the president of david inc. a new york gallery says scholars question the of the rubens - it may have been painted instead by a rubens associate - the feeling among many experts on the commercial side is that the price paid at the time was excessive in any event mr. says - it sounds like with the rubens he got absolutely taken to the - victor the executive director of the association of america agrees that mr. paul paid very for the rubens and adds that getting rid of it any time soon for a similar sum would be quite a feat - it 's not beyond credibility the rubens will someday be worth $ N million but whether it could be sold for that amount tomorrow remains to be seen - still predicting is tricky - i 'm forever by what i see making these high prices - jonathan h. the son of the painting 's former owner mrs. rush the price talk as sour - dealers of the purchase price he says were themselves interested in buying the rubens but lost out - mr. paul for his part the rubens price saying a lot of the experts have never seen the thing itself - most of them were n't even born the last time the painting was displayed publicly he says - art prices are but a good deal of is involved in statistics on sales - salomon brothers inc. the investment-banking firm in its annual tally of investment returns reported that old masters N N in the year ended june N the greatest return of any of N assets it tracked - and modern paintings not tracked by salomon are ranked even higher at N N by sotheby 's - salomon moreover gets its data on art appreciation from sotheby 's whose prices go up with clients like mr. paul in its - the from consideration the many paintings that go at auction - art indexes track winners not losers - but art that has fallen sharply in value is rarely put up for sale - also at any of sotheby 's auctions of old masters roughly one-third to of what is offered does n't sell at any price - it 's not that there are n't any bids but the bids do n't meet the minimum reserve prices set by the sellers - in january the painting that now hangs at centrust was expected to bring no more than $ N at auction until mr. paul came along with his $ N million - mr. hall of the gallery says $ N million would have been an impossible price for anyone to ask for a four years ago - but from his point it is n't that mr. paul a customer of his too for the work a painting by an artist who is not a household word - the painting is N feet wide seven feet high - rather it just shows things have changed - mr. paul boasts that he spotted bargains in old masters just before they took an upward turn - they went up N N last year and they 'll do it again this year he declares - they were a - everybody was out buying - sotheby 's vice president says the auction house has been mr. paul in selling the paintings - and while sotheby 's chief rivals in the art world private art dealers wo n't be happy to hear it she adds a number of the have already been sold and at a substantial profit - mr. paul claims to have sold three paintings at more than a N N profit - that is n't N N and the claim is n't - he furthermore denies that he relied too heavily on sotheby 's or mr. wachter - mr. paul says he had not one but four advisers and that he never bid - after all he had the counsel of from the most reputable in the world - he says he expects to sell the collection including the controversial rubens carefully and just as it was put together - but in mr. paul 's holdings are - that is he is being to put them on the market too soon and has already gotten offers that are less than he paid for some of the art works - after a few years you can argue there has been natural appreciation says susan the publisher of leonard 's annual price index of art auctions - but quick turnover in is like your jewelry you end up with N N - people hold out and try to get a bargain - sotheby 's itself and mr. paul in the matter - mr. wachter says mr. paul was a quick study who worked intensely and bought the best pictures available at the moment - on occasion he paid a high price mr. wachter concedes but he says those who bid less and dropped out were dealers who would then have marked up the paintings to them at a profit to collectors - a at associates in san francisco considers it conflict of interest for an auction house to both advise a client on purchases and to set price estimates on the paintings to be purchased - sotheby 's she says is wearing both hats - i ca n't see why there would be a conflict of interest says sotheby 's ms. - estimates are based on the previous price of similar works sold at auction and current market conditions and are not affected by any knowledge of who the potential buyer could be - frequently clients express interest in paintings but do n't end up bidding she adds so we do n't know who the potential buyer will be - mr. paul in selling off his paintings is seeking at least a N N return on the bank 's investment so as to prove that the venture was sound - mr. paul says that he has out over much of the globe and that potential buyers from as far away as japan and italy have examined the collection - because of the pressure on centrust to sell dealers and collectors have been trying to get the paintings at prices - but so far mr. paul and his advisers are holding fast - one dealer martin of french & co. in new york says he would have loved to buy a jan de painting from the bank - i tried to steal the picture to buy it and sotheby 's would n't do it - they were protecting his interests - meanwhile mr. paul and centrust executives are getting about - mr. paul has been characterized as the great or something complains karen e. an executive vice president of centrust - the media she says have distorted his personal life - mr. paul in agreement - i do n't think i have a life style that is frankly so flamboyant he says - but at just that moment he is interrupted in his office by a in who coffee from silver into a cup of china and the with - mr. paul says yes the ceiling in his executive is - the offices are done in and books and of course a $ N million rubens - but he that the be played down - do n't say it 's a gold ceiling - just say the offices are appointed he says - otherwise the regulators will take it for and everything 's got to be - figures do n't include taxes or transaction costs - companies listed below reported quarterly profit substantially different from the average of analysts ' estimates - the companies are followed by at least three analysts and had a minimum five-cent change in actual earnings per share - estimated and actual results involving losses are omitted - the percent difference compares actual profit with the 30-day estimate where at least three analysts have issues forecasts in the past N days - otherwise actual profit is compared with the 300-day estimate - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - creative accounting mostly by forced to change their way of setting standards to be followed by corporations reporting financial results standards that had become all too flexible - the new financial accounting standards board fasb was created in N to replace the accounting principles board of the american institute of certified public accountants - all of the former board 's members were criticism because they were writing rules while handling clients ' books at the same time - the new board 's structure kept four but the others were from industry and - francis m. wheat a former securities and exchange commission member headed the panel that had studied the issues for a year and proposed the fasb on march N N - the former board had produced N opinions and N critics in its 12-year life its chairman had conceded - the climate was right for the new fasb - in the late 1960s some failed to correct such abuses as clients picking rules that earnings and stock prices - and in november N congress had passed a special act to one board rule - also james needham an sec commissioner in april N had warned that the industry might face a federal agency writing accounting rules if they rejected the fasb idea - of the books dubbed figure the threat - the fasb had its initial meeting on march N N - on dec. N N it issued its first rule it required companies to disclose foreign currency in u.s. dollars - the fasb since then has issued N rules and some still industry - since late N for example it has put off a rule dealing with deferred income taxes because of the continuing controversy over the issue - industrial corp. said it plans to repurchase N shares or about N N of its shares outstanding in open market transactions - the metal products concern currently has N million common shares outstanding - previously had said it planned to repurchase shares but did n't disclose when or how many shares it intended to buy back - the company named dillon read & co. as its exclusive agent for the stock buy-back program - a seat on the chicago board of trade was sold for $ N down $ N from the previous sale last tuesday - seats currently are quoted at $ N bid $ N asked - the record price for a full membership on the exchange is $ N set aug. N N - an associate member seat was sold for $ N up $ N from the previous sale oct. N - associate member seats currently are quoted at $ N bid $ N asked - the record price for associate membership is $ N set aug. N N - industries ltd. said its link flight division was awarded a contract by the u.s. army for two helicopter which the company valued at as much as N million canadian dollars us$ N million - said the fixed price for the first of the combat mission is c$ N million - it is scheduled for delivery in late N - the price of the second ranges between c$ N million and c$ N million said depending on when the army exercises its option - is a toronto-based maker of commercial and military aircraft and training equipment - inc. said it agreed to team with a unit of honeywell inc. to provide power for a new military system being proposed by honeywell - total value of the contract could be $ N million said and work on the project would be about evenly divided - as previously reported emerged from chapter N bankruptcy-law protection in february - this los angeles company and its union federal savings bank subsidiary said more than N N of their N N N convertible subordinated debentures due N were tendered for conversion into common stock - the conversion increased total equity capital by about $ N million to a total of $ N million - union federal a federally insured savings bank has $ N billion in assets - david d. lung was appointed president and chief operating officer of this maker of building materials for manufactured homes and recreational vehicles - as president mr. lung N years old succeeds his father d. lung N who founded the company in N - lung remains chairman and chief executive officer - david lung has been with patrick since N and has served as vice president for administration and purchasing since N - general dynamics services co. a unit of general dynamics corp. won a $ N million army contract to establish maintenance facilities for tracked vehicles in pakistan - grumman corp. was given a $ N million navy contract for improvements - hughes aircraft co. a unit of general motors corp. got a $ N million air force contract for equipment - reynolds metals co. said third-quarter net income dropped nearly N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the latest earnings reflect an increase of about N million in common shares outstanding - revenue rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - reynolds is the third big aluminum company since friday to report disappointing earnings - the no. N domestic aluminum producer aluminum co. of america friday said its earnings fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share - and ltd. yesterday reported net income slid N N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or $ N a share - analysts on average had been expecting about $ N for and $ N for - it 's a good indication that level of profitability has peaked for the industry says metals analyst with ball & inc. who had estimated reynolds would earn about $ N a share - the nation 's no. N aluminum company said earnings were hurt by lower prices for certain aluminum products which typically follow price fluctuations of primary - the base metal price has dropped N N from a year earlier to N cents a pound - much of the price decline has been blamed on a slowing economy and the third quarter is typically the industry 's period - but william o. chairman and chief executive officer said the price appears to have out - he said shipments are continuing at a healthy pace and the company has no excess inventory - aluminum shipments of N metric tons were nearly equal to the year-earlier period the company said - nevertheless the company said that in the latest quarter there were increased material and labor costs including a new employee plan - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange reynolds closed at $ N up $ N - no but certainly no home run - that 's how the game is shaping up for the months ahead according to money managers and a few brokers - yesterday 's recovery from friday 's in the dow jones industrials had many brokerage houses that stocks are a good bargain again - but quite a few money managers are n't buying it - weakening corporate earnings they say are no prescription for a bull market - the stock market ai n't going to do much of anything for a while says john of wellington management who runs the $ N billion windsor fund - he suspects that friday 's market decline may have a second leg perhaps a N N to N N drop later on - mr. says the stock market has lost some powerful driving forces namely earnings growth and the lbo buy-out fever that investors to bid up whole groups of stocks such as media and airlines - after sitting with N N of his fund in cash before friday 's sell-off mr. says he bought a narrow list of stocks yesterday - with flat corporate profits on the horizon for N money managers say price-earnings multiples that look cheap today might go on being cheap for a long time - this is not a grossly market but it 's not cheap either says george collins president of the mutual fund company t. rowe price associates in baltimore - according to institutional brokers estimate system wall street market strategists see only a N N jump in company profits in N unlike in N when profits a year out looked good they did soar N N in N - bulls say the market is an incredible bargain priced at only about N times estimated N earnings for stocks in the standard & poor 's N index - before the N crash the was more than N - the common view says cohen strategist for drexel burnham lambert is that there will be mild economic growth modest profit expansion and things are going to be - our view is that we may see a profit decline - some think investors should sell into rallies - the market is going to wind down says gerald w. a chicago money manager - things are a little less after friday 's jolt in the market - he expects stocks to decline an additional N N to N N with the dow perhaps out between N and N between now and june - after friday 's decline mr. 's firm ran statistical tests on N high-quality stocks using old-fashioned value criteria devised by benjamin graham an analyst and author in the 1930s and who is widely considered to be the father of modern securities analysis - he found N still and N fairly valued - nicholas parks a new york money manager expects the market to decline about N N - i 've been two-thirds in cash since july and i continue to think that having a defensive position is appropriate he says - companies that on debt in leveraged buy-outs during the past two years will continue to surface as business problems - about value are n't useful says new york money manager john of delta capital management - for instance he says international business machines and unisys might look cheap but investors might continue to do better with stocks like walt disney procter & gamble and coca-cola strong performers in recent years - money manager robert ross head of ross associates ltd. in vancouver british columbia says stocks would have to fall N N to N N before they are competitive with less risky investment alternatives - russell a money manager in okla. says friday 's is going to have more of a permanent impact on the of many investors than wall street would want to admit - there are still bulls out there - i still think we will have a N dow whether it 's six months or N months from now i do n't know says david managing partner of value management in new york - we 're doing a little buying in some stocks that have really been down - many brokerage house officials also are optimistic - yesterday goldman sachs merrill lynch and dean witter all increased the proportion of assets they recommend investors commit to stocks - dean witter now recommends N N goldman N N and merrill lynch N N - some investors say friday 's sell-off was a good thing because it a lot of crazy takeover speculation - it was a healthy says michael who runs salomon brothers asset management in new york - from here out these investors see a return to old-fashioned investing based on a company 's ability to show profit growth - the fundamentals are pretty strong mr. says - i do n't see this as a bear market at all - it 's a recognition that there was much too much in the lbo market - friday 's big fall was just a by the stock market says john connolly chief strategist for dean witter - it was an to an event the failure of a management and union group to get bank financing for a takeover of ual that does n't mean that much to lots of stocks - many investors have nagging worries however - newspapers are full of about companies on their debts and banks writing off real estate loans - that investors ' confidence in the economy and stocks - not even all the brokerage firms see clear sailing ahead - disappointing profits are likely to get worse in the next two quarters says mary farrell a market strategist at painewebber - she thinks the market could drop about N N in the next few months then recover and go higher - companies with steady earnings growth could do well she says while others with high debt or poor earnings could see their shares decline far more than N N - the turmoil on wall street may benefit some retailers attempting to lead leveraged buy-outs of their specialty and department-store chains investment bankers and retailers said - managers at five chains have said in recent weeks that they intend to bid for their companies - the chains include bloomingdale 's owned by campeau corp. toronto saks fifth avenue and marshall field 's owned by b.a.t industries plc london and b. altman & co. and inc. owned by hooker corp. which is now being managed by a court-appointed provisional - hooker is based in sydney australia - the combination of so many chains available for sale the recent failures of such retailing lbo 's as miller & inc. and declining investor confidence will drive down prices retailing observers said - the pricing will become more realistic which should help management said bruce rosenthal a new york investment banker with nathan s. & co - investors are n't going to be throwing money at any of the proposed lbos but doing deals on the basis of ridiculous assumptions never made sense either - earlier this year bankers and other investors were willing to provide financing because they assumed there would be major gains in both profitability and sales mr. rosenthal added - those days are over now he believes - competition from third parties who have cash and are prepared to buy has always existed and will continue added mr. rosenthal - but when prices were crazy it was even harder to do an lbo - bankers believed in the theory that says somebody else is always willing to pay more - this is no longer true today - at saks fifth avenue paul senior vice president marketing agreed that lower prices will help his management team in their proposed lbo - having to take on less debt would certainly be an advantage said mr. - it would also help us in our search for equity partners - to make an lbo work now we are going to need more than just junk bonds - none believe the proposed management lbos will be easy to complete especially at b. altman & co. which is under chapter N bankruptcy protection - not only could the wall street gyrations damp christmas sales if consumers lose confidence in the economy but potential junk-bond buyers are sure to demand even stronger and greater management equity participation - further many institutions today holding troubled retailers ' debt securities will be to consider additional retailing investments - it 's called bad money driving out good money said one retailing - institutions that usually buy retail paper have to be more concerned - however the lower prices these retail chains are now expected to bring should make it easier for managers to raise the necessary capital and pay back the resulting debt - in addition the fall selling season has generally been a good one especially for those retailers dependent on apparel sales for the majority of their revenues - what 's encouraging about this is that retail chains will be sold on the basis of their sales and earnings not liquidation values said joseph e. brooks chairman and chief executive officer of ann taylor inc. a specialty chain - retailers who had good track records of producing profits will have a better chance to buy back their companies - still most retailing observers expect that all the proposed retailing lbos will depend partly on the sale of junk bonds a market already in in part because of concerns associated with bonds issued by the federated and allied units of campeau - prices for retail chains are lower today than they were last week which will help management said harrison chairman of inc. an investment-banking firm specializing in retailing acquisitions - but the hurdle of financing still has to be resolved - potential bondholders will either look for greater equity participation on behalf of management or insist the equity component of the deals be substantially greater than in the past - sony corp. won a pretrial order blocking u.s. sales of justin products inc. 's my own line of portable audio players for children - judge john e. issued the order in manhattan federal court where sony has accused the tiny company of illegally knocking off the my first sony line - the judge held that the combination of colors used for the sony products is distinctive and subject to protection under new york state law rather than federal law - the legal fight was the subject of a wall street journal story yesterday - justin 's attorney charles e. said justin would ask an appeals court to set aside the order temporarily pending an appeal - he also repeated justin 's of sony 's charges - their likelihood of us is very slim said lewis h. sony 's attorney who said he doubts justin will go ahead with a trial - continental mortgage & equity trust said it will resume dividend payments with a payout on nov. N to shares of record oct. N - the dallas real estate investment trust last paid a dividend on dec. N N when shareholders received $ N a share - despite continuing troubles with problem assets and nonperforming loans the trust said it expects to be able to maintain or increase the rate of distributions because of operations of joint-venture properties - a federal appeals court struck down a natural-gas regulation that had prevented pipeline companies from passing to customers part of $ N billion in costs from controversial contracts - the court in a N ruling threw out a deadline set by the federal energy regulatory commission for settling old contract disputes over gas that the pipeline companies reserved but did n't use - ferc 's regulation had given pipelines until march N N to pass on to customers as much as N N of the costs of buying out their broken contracts which were made with producers when gas prices were high and supplies short - a majority of old contracts were by the deadline and settled at steep discounts - but pipeline companies estimate they still face $ N billion in liabilities from disputes including $ N billion they fear they wo n't be able to pass on to customers - according to industry lawyers the ruling gives pipeline companies an important second chance to resolve remaining disputes and take advantage of the cost-sharing mechanism - the court left open whether ferc could a new deadline later - the court agreeing with pipeline companies found the march N deadline was and and highly to the bargaining power of pipelines that were forced to negotiate settlement of the old contracts to meet the deadline - a report last month by the interstate natural gas association of america found that pipelines ' settlement costs had jumped in the three months before the deadline to N cents on the dollar from N cents on the dollar in N - the court ordered ferc to justify within N days not only its cost-sharing deadline but other major elements of its proposed regulation for introducing more competition into natural-gas transportation - the court also questioned a mechanism that could be used to resolve liabilities - the complex regulation known in the industry as order N has been contested by all sides including natural-gas producers pipelines local distribution companies and consumers - the court 's decision would allow ferc to change some of its provisions but it will be reviewed again quickly by the court - corp. said it voluntarily prepaid $ N million on its original $ N million term loan bringing the total debt reduction for the year to $ N million - after the payment the cleveland company owes $ N million on the loan - the cement producer said the payment was made from excess cash flow - national income realty trust said it will resume dividend payments with a dividend to be paid nov. N to shares of record oct. N - the mortgage and equity real estate investment trust last paid a dividend on aug. N N when holders received N cents a share - despite continuing troubles with problem properties and nonperforming loans the dallas trust said it has reserves abandoned properties with little potential and experienced improved operating results from joint ventures - mlx corp. said it reached a preliminary agreement with senior lenders to its and group to restructure the $ N million of credit facilities the lenders provide to the group - mlx which also makes aircraft and truck parts said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine businesses that make up the group the biggest portion of which was related to the N purchase of a co. unit - among other things the restructured facilities will substantially reduce the group 's required amortization of the term loan portion of the credit facilities through september N mlx said - certain details of the restructured facilities remain to be negotiated - the agreement is subject to completion of a definitive amendment and appropriate approvals - william p. mlx chairman and chief executive said the pact will provide mlx with the additional time and flexibility necessary to complete the restructuring of the company 's capital structure - mlx has filed a registration statement with the securities and exchange commission covering a proposed offering of $ N million in long-term senior subordinated notes and warrants - dow jones & co. said it acquired a N N interest in corp. a subsidiary of oklahoma publishing co. oklahoma city that provides electronic research services - terms were n't disclosed - customers of either or dow jones are able to access the information on both services - dow jones is the publisher of the wall street journal - flowers industries inc. said it will report a charge of eight cents to N cents a share for its fiscal first quarter ended sept. N from the sale of two in high point n.c. and - the company said it sold the to mills family for an undisclosed amount - it said the sales were part of a N federal trade commission consent order - a year earlier flowers had fiscal first-quarter net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - production by the nation 's mills decreased N N last week to N tons from N tons the previous week the american iron and steel institute said - last week 's output rose N N from the N tons produced a year earlier - the industry used N N of its capability last week compared with N N the previous week and N N a year ago - the capability utilization rate is a designed to indicate at what percent of its production capability the industry is operating in a given week - b. was named executive director of the commission effective early november - mr. N years old succeeds N who resigned to join hong kong 's securities and futures commission - mr. was vice president and director corporate finance of thomson inc. a toronto investment dealer - dun & bradstreet corp. 's market data unit said it acquired school and college construction reports service from intelligence for education inc - terms were n't disclosed - the service supplies weekly reports on school and college construction plans - market data is a of educational information and provides related services - closely held intelligence in education of n.y. is an educational publisher and consultant - a battle is in venice over plans to have the italian city be the site for a universal in N - the plans include a subway system a congress center floating trees and as many as N additional tourists a day - enthusiasts argue that holding the fair would attract businesses create jobs and help abandoned sections of town - but opponents fear - this city already has too many tourists and it ca n't hold them all says the president of the venice association - about N italian businesses including fiat s.p a. and c. olivetti & co. have formed a consortium to lobby for holding the in venice - three gambling casinos have opened in poland - the three two in warsaw and one in accept only foreign currency and are joint ventures between polish firms and western companies - not all poles are pleased - what do we want casinos for when we have n't got anything in the shops one asked - but who runs the casino at warsaw 's hotel said the ventures would help poland service its $ N billion foreign debt by pouring dollars into the state firms in the joint ventures the lot airline and tourist organization - plans to increase natural-gas sales to europe and the u.s. - according to the middle east economic survey the north african nation is holding talks with italy for adding a fourth pipe to a section of the pipeline expanding capacity by up to six billion cubic a year from N billion - also wants to build a pipeline through and across the of to supply spain france and west germany with up to N billion cubic a year by the late 1990s - south africa 's national union of agreed to suspend the strike by diamond workers and resume negotiations with de beers consolidated mines ltd. over their wage dispute de beers said - it also said the union had agreed to meet the company for further talks tomorrow - the strike at five de beers mines began last thursday with N out of a total N members employed on de beers mines participating according to the union while de beers said there were N participants - the union has demanded a N N increase in the minimum wage while de beers 's final offer was an increase of N N - a environmental conference opened in - the gathering is expected to focus on curbing the of and limiting damage from industrial and improving the handling of harmful chemicals - west german environment minister said bonn is convinced of the need for cooperation especially with our neighbors in the east because we are directly affected by their ecological progress or lack of it - the u.s. and canada joined every european country except at the meeting - the swedish publishers of a new newspaper rushed an extra edition across the on oct. N after the first run sold out in one day - editor said plans had called for N copies of the monthly are business paper to be sold at and an additional N promotion issues to be sent by direct mail - he said N more copies were sent to because of strong sales - the swedish publishing company owns N N of are and the management company minor owns N N - mexico 's top debt negotiator said the country 's creditor banks are responding to mexico 's package - mr. 's optimism contrasts with some bankers ' views that the deal may require a lot of arm by the u.s. treasury in order to succeed - mr. mexico 's of the ministry of finance met yesterday with european bankers in london at the point on a so-called road show to market the package around the world - an increasing number of banks appear to be considering the option under the deal they can swap their mexican loans for 30-year bonds with a face value discounted by N N mr. said - the other two options consist of loans for bonds with N N interest rates or providing fresh loans - the accord which covers $ N billion of mexico 's medium and long-term debt is expected to go into effect in early - china 's top film actress paid $ N in back taxes and fines in province the people 's daily reported - the amount is equal to about N years earnings for the average peasant who makes $ N a year - china will spend $ N million for maintenance on 's palace former home of the lama the china news service said - the lama who was just awarded the nobel peace prize lives in in india - george w. koch N years old president and chief executive officer of grocery manufacturers of america inc. was elected a director of this maker of and specialty foods succeeding n. white jr. N who resigned - american business computer corp. said it privately placed N common shares at $ N a share - the placement was made through gray securities new york to institutional investors - proceeds will be used to recently technology and support the company 's international expansion - the company develops and markets products for the food service industry - the r.h. macy & co department-store chain is n't for sale - in yesterday 's edition it was incorrectly included with a list of new york chains up for sale - korean car exports have slid about N N so far this year but auto makers here are n't - they are enjoying domestic sales that are more than making up for lost overseas sales - south korean consumers are expected to buy almost N passenger cars this year up N N from N - in fact some auto executives suggest that demand for their cars in the u.s. and canada is a blessing otherwise they would n't be able to keep up with demand in the more profitable local market - we are very lucky to easily change an export loss to domestic plus says hong managing director of domestic marketing for hyundai motor co - as it is waiting lists of a month are n't unusual for popular models - demand is so strong that all of the domestic makers hyundai kia motors corp. daewoo motor co. and even ssangyong motor co. plan to build more factories - industry analysts predict that by N south korea will be building three million cars a year about half of that for export - it 's an optimistic move in a industry already facing world-wide overcapacity - but south korean auto makers are confident that the export market will bounce back and that demand in korea will stay strong - currently only one in N south koreans owns a car up from one in N a decade ago - in the year N it will be one car per family - at that point domestic sales will slow down says kim director of marketing for daewoo motor - the reason for the tremendous demand is simple south koreans suddenly have a lot more money - we never thought we 'd own a car says ok who just bought a daewoo on a five-year loan - she and her husband started a small printing business and need the car for work as well as for weekend - pay raises of N N over the past three years have given many south koreans the money to enjoy the things they were supplying the rest of the world - the success of ssangyong motor shows the strength of the auto market and its growing diversity - a part of the conglomerate ssangyong group it took over the dying motor co. in N - ssangyong began making variations of the vehicle - had had a technology agreement with jeep maker american motors corp. now a part of chrysler corp - the most popular style is the stretched family which resembles a ford or chevy - the vehicles start at $ N a family can cost over $ N - ssangyong which has only about N N of the domestic market will sell about N of its models this year twice as many as last year - it sees sales rising N N to N units next year - the company plans to expand plant capacity N N by N - by then it also hopes to begin producing a passenger car based on the N and selling for about $ N - hyundai and daewoo seem about the ssangyong threat but kia the auto maker is selling vehicles through its asia unit - it plans to sell N units in N - kia the only korean car maker that has seen its overseas sales grow in N aims at korea 's common man - its advantage has been the little pride sold as the ford in the u.s. - at N million won or $ N the is the car in south korea - along with two larger models the company claims N N of the domestic market - ford motor co. and japan 's mazda motor corp. have equity interests in kia - kia is the most aggressive of the korean big three in offering financing - loans for as long as five years make the cars very accessible with monthly payments as low as N won or $ N - daewoo motor a N joint venture with general motors corp. and the daewoo group conglomerate is the only auto maker that appears to be hurting - shipments of its to gm 's division are off about N N from a year ago a N N decline for hyundai and an N N increase for kia - moreover daewoo 's domestic sales have grown half as fast as sales of its rivals - the big problem for daewoo which holds about N N of the market is the long series of labor disruptions it suffered this year - but daewoo is expanding too - in fact a sister company daewoo shipbuilding and heavy machinery plans to build N by the mid-1990s - hyundai the korean market leader with a N N share also plans to jump into at the same time - it has a similar project for N cars a year - kia is reportedly also considering such a plan - even giant group is rumored in the korean press to be considering getting into the business a company spokesman had no comment - robert p. N years old was named president and chief administrative officer of this regional commercial bank - both posts had been vacant - robert N was named to the new positions of vice chairman and chief credit officer - many mutual fund investors picked up the phone yesterday but decided not to cash in their chips after all - as the stock market bounced back withdrawals of money from stock funds amounted to a mere compared with black monday when investors dumped $ N billion or about N N of assets - fidelity investments the nation 's largest fund company said phone volume was more than double its typical level but still half that of oct. N N - net outflows from fidelity 's stock funds stood at less than $ N million or below N N of the $ N billion cash position of the firm 's stock portfolios - much of the money was switched into the firm 's money market funds - outflows since the close of trading friday remain below one-third their level of two years ago fidelity said - other mutual fund companies reported even lighter withdrawal requests - and some investors at fidelity and elsewhere even began buying stock funds during the day - two years ago there was a lot of redemption activity and trouble with people getting through on the phone said head of the investment management division of the securities and exchange commission - this time we do n't have that at all - of course the relative calm could be jolted if the market again - and any strong surge in redemptions could force some funds to dump stocks to raise cash as some did during black monday - but funds generally are better prepared this time around - as a group their cash position of N N of assets in august the latest figure available is N N higher than two years earlier - many fund managers have boosted their cash levels in recent weeks - the biggest flurry of investor activity came early in the day - vanguard group inc. saw heavy exchanges from stock funds into money market funds after the telephone lines opened at N a.m - in the first hour the real nervous folks came along a spokesman said - but the pace of call volume in the first half-hour slowed considerably - at stevens & clark inc. phone calls came in at N N more than the normal pace through early afternoon - most of that increase came in the first hour after the phone lines opened at N a.m - as stocks rose in fact some investors changed course and reversed their sell orders - many funds allow investors to orders before the close of trading - at and at the smaller ivy funds group in mass. for instance some shareholders called early in the morning to switch money from stock funds to money market funds but later called back to reverse the switches - because mutual fund trades do n't take effect until the market close in this case at N p.m. these shareholders effectively stayed put - at fidelity 's office in downtown boston gerald sherman walked in shortly after N a.m. and placed an order to switch his retirement accounts out of three stock funds and into a money market fund - but by N p.m. with the market ahead for the day mr. sherman was preparing to undo his switch - it 's a nice feeling to know that things stabilized said mr. sherman the of a discount department store - but some investors continued to switch out of high-risk high-yield junk funds despite yesterday 's rebound from that market 's recent price declines - shareholders have been steadily out of several big junk funds the past several weeks as the $ N billion market was jolted by a cash crunch at campeau corp. and steadily declining prices - much of the money has been switched into money market funds fund executives say - instead of selling bonds to meet redemptions however some funds have borrowed from banks to meet withdrawal requests - this knocking down prices further - the $ N billion t. rowe price high yield fund was among the funds that borrowed during the campeau crisis says george j. collins president of t. rowe price associates inc - that way mr. collins says we did n't have to sell securities in a sloppy market - when the market stabilized he added the firm sold the bonds and quickly paid the loans back - tom contributed to this article - financial inc. said it agreed to acquire central of illinois inc. in a stock swap - shareholders of central a bank holding company based in sterling ill. will receive stock equal to N times central 's N earnings said - for the first nine months of N central earned $ N million - also a bank holding company has assets of $ N billion - central 's assets are $ N million - during its centennial year the wall street journal will report events of the past century that stand as milestones of american business history - soft contact lenses won federal blessing on march N N and quickly became eye for their makers - the food and drug administration that day said bausch & could start selling them in the u.s. - the product was more comfortable and less prone to falling out than hard contact lenses which had been around since N - bausch & sold the under a from national patent development which had gained the rights from the czechoslovakia academy of sciences - a invented them in N - the plastic lens itself over the eye while permitting to pass through - but the new lens became the eye of a storm - in september N california officials seized lenses made by companies after some showed of bacteria - in october doctors were the product 's safety some claiming it caused - and there were senate hearings on the questions in july N - the product the bad publicity and kept - the early soft lenses which cost $ N a set were expected to last for a year - in N extended wear versions designed to be for N days at a time offered - months ago a disposable seven-day model bowed a year 's supply costs about $ N - last month the fda and contact lens institute cautioned users that serious eye could result from wearing lenses more than seven days at a stretch - today N million of the N million americans using contact lenses are using the soft type - including the eye care products contacts account for $ N billion in annual retail sales - although bausch remains the leader among the six johnson & johnson with its new is coming on fast - the roller-coaster stock market is making life tougher for small companies trying to raise money - in the wake of friday 's plunge and yesterday 's rebound some companies are already deals and others wish they could - as in other jittery times many small businesses expect a particularly rough time raising funds as investors risky deals seeking safety in bigger companies - even if stock prices fully recover from friday 's sharp decline the unsettled conditions will many investors - the implication of an unsettled situation is that the thing could drop dramatically says henry jr. chairman of corp. a four-year-old biotechnology company that is planning a private placement of stock - the more that indicate risk the more the investor is going to drive a hard bargain - earlier this month inc. a mass. said it would accelerate expansion plans nationwide and offer more of its stock to the public - at the time its shares were selling above their initial offering price of $ N and bankers believed would sell new stock without a - but with the company 's shares standing at $ N yesterday a new offering seems unlikely company officials say - business however continues to be robust and the stock market has n't affected the concern 's expansion plans says a senior executive - other companies figure they ca n't avoid the market - we have capital requirements says mr. so we have to go ahead with a planned $ N billion private placement - unless the market goes right back up he says it may take us six to nine months to find the money instead of three - and the columbia md. company may have to settle for a lower price he adds - life is particularly for companies that had planned to go public this week - is becoming an investment-banking job requirement - robertson & co. a san francisco investment banking concern has a client that looked forward to making its initial public offering yesterday - officers of the company a health-care concern were very discouraged on friday and felt they should n't go public we felt they should says sanford robertson partner in the banking concern - as the market dropped friday robertson slashed the value of the offering by N N - yesterday when similar securities rebounded it the valuation up again - as of late yesterday the ipo was still on - for many the situation is especially discouraging because the market for was showing signs of strengthening after several years of weakness - we were just beginning to look at the increase in seeing the light at the end of the tunnel says frank jr. partner in funds a beverly hills calif. venture capital concern - but the tunnel 's just gotten longer - companies planning to go public are definitely taking a second look says allen senior analyst at the institute for research fort fla. which publishes the new issues newsletter on - he that the recent market slide translated into a N N to N N reduction in ipo proceeds to companies - many companies are - corp. had been planning to sell N N of its stock this week in an ipo that would raise up to $ N million - but now peter president says we 're making decisions on a day-to-day basis - and profitable the colo. concern could borrow funds if it decides against an ipo now he says - inc. an atlanta concern says it is still planning to go ahead with its ipo this week or next unless conditions change - it 's a situation right now says terry president - delayed financings also would affect the operations of many companies - sierra tucson cos. a tucson ariz. operator of centers has a planned doubling of capacity riding on an ipo scheduled for next week - william president says he still thinks the ipo will succeed - if it does n't he says the company would have to change its expansion timetable - but the market turmoil could be partially beneficial for some small businesses - in a sagging market the federal reserve system might flood the market with funds and that should bring interest rates down says leonard t. vice president of the bank of new england boston - james g. president of savings bank mass. says the market turmoil is an for small business - for small companies he says interest rates are far more important than what happens on stock exchanges - mr. thinks rates are heading down helping small companies - peter biotechnology analyst for securities international chicago thinks market uncertainty may encourage small companies to form more strategic alliances with big corporations - partly because the N market crash made it harder for them to find financing many high-technology concerns have made such alliances recently - some even see a silver in the dark clouds - alan wells president of wells & co. a new york merger specialist thinks investors may lose their enthusiasm for leveraged buy-out and giant takeover deals - instead they could turn to investing in smaller deals involving smaller companies he says - and william e. jr. a university of new hampshire management professor and director of venture capital network inc. says the market 's gyrations will the investors ' lack of control in big stock investments - this will add to the appeal of small business he says where investors often have a degree of influence - bay financial corp. hurt by high debts and deteriorating real estate investments reported a wider loss for the fourth quarter and said it might be forced to seek a bankruptcy-court reorganization if it ca n't its borrowings - bay said a substantial part of its debt outstanding is in default as a result of inability to sell certain properties quickly and lower-than-expected prices for sales made - the company said its real estate portfolio is highly leveraged while about two-thirds of its investments are n't - thus it is coming up short on a big bet that quick sales at higher prices would enable it to keep up with mortgage and other debt payments - according to its latest annual report about a quarter of the company 's holdings are in massachusetts in the midst of a real-estate slump - the company said it had a net loss in its fourth quarter ended june N of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - a year earlier the company had a loss of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - for the year it had a net loss of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - in the previous year it had a loss of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N million - although it is having serious problems bay said the value of its holdings minus debt was equal to $ N a share at june N based on a recent - book value per share which is based on investments at cost was a negative $ N a share - a year earlier value per share was $ N and book value was $ N a share - annualized interest rates on certain investments as reported by the federal reserve board on a basis N and wednesday october N N - adjusted for constant maturity - inc. reported a N N decline in third-quarter net income but the company said that excluding unusual gains in both quarters operating profit rose N N - the electronics automotive and aerospace concern said third-quarter net was $ N million or N cents a share down from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - share earnings are reported on a fully diluted basis by company tradition - results for the N quarter included a gain of $ N a share from sale of the pump and cable units partly offset by a charge of N cents a share for recall of truck steering systems - the latest quarter included a gain of N cents a share as a partial reversal of the recall charge because the reserve established last year exceeded the actual recall costs - sales for the quarter rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion with all three major product groups reporting gains - the company said aerospace and defense sales were up N N for the quarter to $ N million and operating profit climbed N N to $ N million mainly because of improved program performance in spacecraft and contracts - automotive sales jumped N N to $ N million mainly because of higher sales of air bags and other passenger restraint systems said - the group had an operating profit of $ N million against a loss of $ N million a year earlier - however excluding the year-earlier charge for recall of steering gear operating profit in the latest quarter declined N N reflecting higher start-up and product development expenses in systems - materials and production costs also rose said - the information systems segment had a N N jump sales to $ N million - an acquisition accounted for half the sales rise said - operating profit rose to $ N million from $ N million - for the nine months 's net was $ N million or $ N a share down N N from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - sales rose N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - a by an not though english butler in his proceeds as if the realistic english novel of like herself still ruled the waves - in fact 's the remains of the day N pages $ N is both an to traditional english forms and a dramatic of them - it implies that the british empire was rooted in its subjects ' minds and and argues that its flaws were in the defensive willful and especially the of its domestic - as the stevens the butler of hall over such terms as dignity service and loyalty we see how the soul - stevens 's of the public and private like his master 's all it was designed to preserve - such the - the cuts to the quick - it 's N the year the suez crisis marked the final end of empire - as he stands on a hill at the beginning of a motor from to where a former perhaps the victim of an unhappy 20-year marriage perhaps he hopes with more than he will ever acknowledge not to return to domestic service stevens surveys the view and thereby provides a a and the author 's for the of the novel we 're reading - we call this land of great britain and there may be those who believe this a somewhat practice - yet i would venture that the landscape of our country alone would justify the use of this - it is the very lack of obvious drama or that sets the beauty of our land apart - what is is the of that beauty its sense of restraint - it is as though the land knows of its own beauty of its own and feels no need to it - in comparison the sorts of sights offered in such places as africa and america though undoubtedly very exciting would i am sure strike the objective as on account of their - an landscape - an mountain - but let stevens continue in his comic manner his efforts at always fail most this whole question is very to the question that has caused much debate in our profession over the years what is a great butler - his answer is one of a dignity in keeping with his position - such dignity has to do with a butler 's ability not to abandon the professional being he - he will not be shaken out by external events however surprising or - are unable to be because they are as a breed of the emotional restraint which only the english race are capable of - despite his racial advantage to be a great butler is a calling one 's is not unlike general 's headquarters during a battle - if for example in the midst of a great social occasion such as an international conference on the treaty in N one 's father himself a great butler once should happen to die of a one must continue to serve the port please do n't think me improper in not to see my father in his condition just at this moment - you see i know my father would have me to carry on just now - it is this kind of dignity and restraint that allows stevens to declare for all its sad associations whenever i recall that evening today i find i do so with a large sense of - we note the imperial public word used to deny private rage and - that stevens himself is not or but funny and sad and is entirely the author 's - mr. 's ability to create a voice that permits him to explore such domestic cultural and political themes was clear in his previous novel an artist of the floating world set in japan after the war - now shifting his scene from the country he left at five to the england he has lived in for nearly N years he has a novel in the mode of henry james and - with great he considers not only and utterly sexual love but british the 's with democracy and support of and the moral of loyalty it is in practice simply not possible to adopt such a critical attitude an employer and at the same time provide good service - this employer all that i find noble and - i will devote myself to serving him - this is loyalty - in the end after meeting with the former stevens sits by the at thinking of her and of his employer and declares i trusted - i trusted in his 's wisdom - i ca n't even say i made my own mistakes - really one has to ask what dignity is there in that - the loyal has come full circle - what is - what is dignity - we understand such wisdom must be the of only spreads her wings at - but as the remains of the day so demonstrates with quiet such wisdom can be in art - mr. teaches english and literature at columbia university - corp. said its subsidiary completed the previously announced sale of its air separation plant and related assets in wis. to aga gas inc. cleveland - the price was n't disclosed - the transaction is part of 's continuing program to shed 's industrial gas interests and expand the subsidiary 's propane business - since june has more than $ N million from industrial gas and reinvested more than $ N million to acquire three propane distributors - is a gas and electric utility and distributes propane nationally through its subsidiary - who represents the soviet airline aeroflot here has some that are wild even by the current standards of perestroika - in his office the runway of shannon airport mr. throws out what he calls just ideas - first he suggests group ltd. the international aircraft leasing company based in ireland could lease some of its boeing to the soviet airline - then aer the irish flag carrier could teach aeroflot pilots to fly the and the fleet could be based here at shannon airport - that 's not all he says - aer the irish airport authority could build a cargo terminal in the soviet union - aeroflot could lease some of its cargo planes to aer through for a joint-venture cargo airline - and then there is his notion of an charter airline to ferry to los angeles via shannon - have the freedoms of glasnost gone to mr. 's head - hardly - the aviation connection is alive and well here at shannon airport - is indeed talking about leasing western planes to aeroflot and even about buying - aer is in discussions with the soviet carrier about a cargo venture and other possibilities - aer already has so many ventures with aeroflot that its chief executive is studying russian - unlikely as it may seem tiny politically neutral ireland has the mighty soviet airline bureaucracy - and as aeroflot struggles to boost its service standards upgrade its fleet and pursue commercial opportunities the irish aviation industry seems poised to benefit - irish and soviet people are similar says mr. - they look the same - they 're very friendly - moreover he says irish companies are small but - we have to study their experience very well he says - we must find any way to get business - the two groups have been working together since the late 1970s long before soviet joint ventures were the rage in the west - aeroflot carried about N million passengers last year and shannon airport the airline 's largest transit airport outside the soviet union saw N aeroflot flights and N passengers pass through - an apartment complex down the road is the and staging area for more than N aeroflot pilots and flight attendants - the airport 's biggest supplier of aircraft fuel is the soviet union - from the port of each year unload N million gallons of fuel into a special tank farm at the airport - what aeroflot does n't pour into its own is to the airport authority which it to N western carriers including air france trans world airlines and pakistan international airlines - aeroflot thus pays its landing fees and bills with fuel preserving its hard currency - that is n't all - last year the irish airport authority in a joint venture with aeroflot opened four duty-free shops at moscow 's airport - aer now manages duty-free sales on all aeroflot international flights out of moscow - duty-free shops in 's airport opened in july and shops in hotels and on the are coming soon - aer is talking about similar joint ventures in and in a black sea resort and even has a project cooking with the city of - aeroflot 's international fleet of N planes is being and at shannon airport - thanks to a new agreement and the ability of irish travel agents to issue aeroflot tickets tourists here are taking advantage of aeroflot 's reasonable prices to board flights in shannon for holidays in and mexico city - the fare to is N irish punts $ N - jamaica costs N punts - a formal blessing of sorts was on this friendship in april when mikhail and gorbachev stopped here for talks with irish prime minister charles - new trade accords were signed - it all started with geography - when it opened in N shannon was the first in europe for airplanes flying from north america - advances in aircraft fuel efficiency over the years made a shannon stop unnecessary for most western air fleets but aeroflot still flies inefficient that ca n't make it from moscow to managua on one - as a result ireland did n't the soviets after they shot down a korean air lines jetliner over the sea of japan in N though it suspended direct flights for two months - in fact aer started russians from shannon to new york when washington stripped aeroflot of its u.s. landing rights - today aer is making a of money from its soviet friendship - and with those contacts in place it could be relatively simple to add aer and to the team - then perhaps mr. 's ideas would n't sound like so much - britain 's industrial production rose N N in august from july and was up N N from august N according to provisional data from the central statistical office - output in the energy sector which can vary greatly with swings in the oil market rose N N in august from may but was down N N from a year earlier - the latest figures compare with july 's N N rise and N N year-to-year fall - when corp. begins shipping steel from the world 's first plant this month it will begin testing the competitive of its giant competitors - the new technology which creates a very thin piece of steel reduces the costs of making flat-rolled sheets - an kenneth iverson 's chairman says the company 's plant eventually will make a ton of steel in N man hours compared with four to six man hours at a conventional mill - we 've had the russians and chinese and people from india visiting us mr. iverson - everyone in the world is watching us very closely - especially his neighbors the major u.s. steelmakers - already usx corp. and armco inc. are studying 's technology to see if they can adopt it - says the chief executive officer of a major midwest steel company it 's damn worrisome - the steel industry is about to be turned by a 1990s technology revolution - new efficient and sophisticated processes make it easier for smaller less companies to make steel at a fraction of what big steel paid decades ago - it also enables minimills finally to get a in the flat-rolled steel market the major steelmakers ' largest most and until now market - but such technology is only the beginning - eager engineers and direct casting which by the end of the 1990s will enable production without coke and blast - those massive structures while cost and environmental headaches effectively locked out all but giants from - there 's a revolution ahead of us that will ultimately change the way we market and distribute steel says william dennis vice president manufacturing and technology for the american iron and steel institute - it is n't that major steelmakers have ignored high technology - in fact they 've spent billions of dollars to boost the percentage of cast steel to N N in N from N N five years before - moreover their balance sheets are rich with diversity their old plants and work forces lean - but that wo n't - it 's no longer enough to beat the guy down the street - you have to beat everyone around the world says mr. dennis - he wants to see steelmakers more involved in computers and intelligence - the problem they 're with huge plants that require costly maintenance - and try new dollars free in a market that is softening hurt by a strong dollar and concerned about overcapacity the industry 's - the technology revolution is going to be very threatening to established producers says peter marcus an analyst with painewebber inc - they 've got too much invested in the old stuff and they ca n't get their workers to be flexible - no one expects minimills to major integrated steelmakers who remain the of steel used for autos and refrigerators - 's plant in ind. ultimately will produce only one million tons annually a drop in the flat-rolled steel and it will be years before such plants can compete in the market - still flat-rolled is the steel industry 's bread and butter representing about half of the N million tons of steel expected to be shipped this year - moreover the process is n't without its headaches - because all operations are connected one equipment failure forces a complete plant shutdown - on some days the plant does n't produce anything - at this point the capacity wo n't make a great in the integrated market but it does challenge them to develop new markets says james mccall vice president materials at a technology and giant based in columbus ohio - indeed with demand for steel not growing fast enough to absorb capacity steelmakers will have to change the way they do business - in the past says armco 's chief economist john steelmakers made a product and set it out on the - we said we 've got a product if you want it you can buy it he says adding now we 're figuring out what people need and are going back to make it - armco 's sales representatives visit the general motors corp. 's assembly plant in kansas city mo. two or three days a week - when they determined that gm needed parts more quickly armco convinced a steel service center to build a processing plant nearby so shipments could be delivered within N minutes - such relationships with major clients car and makers is a means of survival especially when those key clients are relying on a smaller pool of producers and with plastic and aluminum makers - for example when detroit began talking about cars the american iron and steel institute began a major lobbying effort to show auto makers how they could use steel more efficiently by simply how a car door is assembled - but steelmakers must also find new markets - after letting take the recycling lead a group of the nation 's largest steelmakers started a recycling institute to promote steel cans to an environmentally nation - 's mr. mccall thinks steelmakers should concentrate more on construction - weirton steel corp. weirton w. va. for example is touting to homeowners fashionable steel doors with glass as a secure and alternative to wooden or aluminum ones - other steelmakers steel covering - still others are looking at overseas markets - usx is drilling pipe to soviet union - this year the nation 's largest steelmaker its overseas sales operation - producers also are trying to by concentrating on output such as coated and products which remain beyond the reach of minimills - almost all programs announced by major steelmakers within the past year involve building lines used to produce steel for such products as household appliances and car doors - but unfortunately that segment is much smaller than the bread-and-butter flat-rolled steel - it 's like everyone climbing out of the ii and getting into a says john jacobson an analyst with consultants - after a while someone has to go over the side - although he does n't expect any he does see more plants being sold or closed - robert crandall with the institute agrees - unless there is an enormous rate of economic growth or a further drop in the dollar it 's unlikely that consumption of u.s. produced steel will grow sufficiently to offset the growth of minimills - not to mention the of imports - japanese and european steelmakers which have led the recent technology developments are awaiting the lifting of trade restraints in N - moreover the u.s. can expect more competition from low-cost producing pacific and latin american countries - a taiwanese steelmaker recently announced plans to build a plant - people think of the steel business as an old and mundane business says mr. iverson - they 're dead wrong - \* usx ltv bethlehem inland armco national steel - \*\* projected - polaroid corp. 's damages case against eastman kodak co. one of the highest stakes corporate trials ever is getting attention on wall street - after N days of testimony in federal court in boston the trial is being all but ignored by analysts and patent attorneys - most have read the pre-trial documents however and estimate kodak will be ordered to pay $ N billion to $ N billion for on seven polaroid patents - that may be the largest patent award ever but it is well below the $ N billion polaroid seeks - the highest patent damage award to date was in N when smith international inc. was ordered to pay $ N million to baker hughes inc. for on a patent on an oil drilling bit seal - the two companies later agreed to settle for $ N million - few analysts think it is worth their time to through the polaroid trial testimony - it 's like for gold outside of grand central station - you might find something but the chances are low said michael an analyst at wertheim schroder & co - and eugene glazer an analyst at dean witter reynolds inc. said if you hired an attorney to be there all the time and give you a prediction of the eventual award i would be willing to bet that he would be off by a lot - a trial in the early 1980s determined that kodak based in rochester n.y. infringed on patents of polaroid of cambridge mass - the main issues remaining are how to calculate damages and whether the infringement was willful and - if so the damages could be tripled - two analysts who have read the david nelson of shearson lehman hutton inc. and d. a litigation analyst at simpson & co. think judge a. david will decide in kodak 's favor on the willful and issue - mr. said testimony by kodak 's patent counsel francis t. carr of & showed that he worked with kodak from the outset of the project in an effort to avoid infringement - carr told kodak on many occasions to avoid various features because of polaroid 's patent positions and kodak followed his advice in every instance mr. said - but irving a patent expert at george mason university school of law who is familiar with the case said the fact that seven patents were infringed suggests that infringement was willful - it 's difficult to be that consistently wrong - observers also wonder whether judge will use the method of determining damages which polaroid favors because it would result in a larger award or the reasonable royalty method - polaroid claims it could have manufactured and sold all the instant cameras and film sold by kodak if kodak had n't entered the market - moreover polaroid contends it could have sold them at a higher price and thus made higher profits because it would n't have been forced to match kodak 's lower prices - each side has called a harvard business school professor to testify on that issue - kodak hired robert and polaroid brought in robert j. - there 's nothing that says that people at harvard business school have to agree with each other said mr. - testimony is expected to continue until early december - a decision is n't expected until some time next year - international business machines corp. said earnings tumbled N N in the third quarter even a bit further than expected the outlook doubtful for the next few quarters - the main reason was a delay in shipment of new high-end disk drives a business that accounts for some N N of ibm 's $ N billion of annual revenue - ibm which the poor results three weeks ago also cited an increase in its leasing business which tends to lock in business long-term but cut revenue in the near term - in addition ibm noted that the stronger dollar has cut the value of overseas revenue and earnings when they are translated into dollars - earnings fell to $ N million or $ N a share somewhat below securities analysts ' revised expectations of around $ N a share - that compared with the year-earlier $ N billion or $ N a share which was inflated by a gain from the sale of some mci communications corp. stock and by an unspecified amount from a payment by fujitsu ltd. relating to a software dispute - revenue climbed N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - ibm armonk n.y. remained upbeat - the computer giant whose u.s. results have been dismal for years noted that revenue rose again in the u.s. in the third quarter following an increase in the second period - the company said in a statement that demand for ibm products and services continues to be good world-wide - we do not see anything in the fundamentals of our business that would cause us to change our strategy of investing for profitable growth - securities analysts however remained - i think N will be another year said steve of first boston - jay stevens of dean witter actually cut his per-share earnings estimate to $ N from $ N for N and to $ N from $ N in N because he decided sales would be even weaker than he had expected - both estimates would mark declines from the N net of $ N billion or $ N a share which itself was well below the record ibm set in N - mr. stevens said he kept a recommendation on the stock only because all the damage has been done - he said the stock has n't traded below N N times book value over the past N years which at the moment to a stock price of $ N - the stock closed yesterday at $ N a share up just $ N in composite trading on the new york stock exchange as the market surged - analysts worry that the disk-drive and leasing problems will last at least through the first quarter - a key part of the question is how soon does this disk-drive come and how soon does production up said steve cohen at financial group - and the input i 've had from customers is that it still could be a while - on leasing bob at research said he thinks ibm has hurt itself - he said ibm has priced its leases aggressively thinking that would help win business - but he said ibm would have won the business anyway as a sale to a third party that would have then leased the equipment to the customer - he said ibm has not only hurt its short-term revenue outlook but has also been losing money on its leases - bob executive vice president of marketing at inc. a huge leasing firm said to put it mildly ibm credit has been doing some of the worst economic deals of any leasing company we have ever seen - ibm is expected to get a boost soon when it some new versions of its mainframes - but the basic technology in the line is almost five years old which means it is long in the and competitors are rolling out strong products of their own - ibm is gaining momentum in the personal-computer market and is expected to introduce some impressive workstations early next year - but it 's hard to squeeze much profit out of the personal-computer business these days and the workstation market while important is too small to rely on for much growth - the disk drives will sell well when they finally become available - but the ibm 's highly successful line is losing its momentum and some analysts said sales could even decline in the fourth quarter - in addition ibm 's growth in software in the third quarter was just N N well below historical levels even when adjusted to reflect last year 's payment from fujitsu and the stronger dollar - and expenses up N N in the quarter have stayed high - in the nine months ibm earned $ N billion or $ N a share down N N from the year-earlier $ N billion or $ N a share - revenue increased N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - pepsico inc. 's chairman said he is more than comfortable with analysts ' estimates that third-quarter earnings rose to at least N cents to $ N a share from N cents the year earlier - d. wayne calloway also chief executive officer of the company indicated that he expects analysts to raise their forecasts for N after the company releases its earnings today - so far analysts have said they are looking for $ N to $ N a share - after today 's announcement that range could increase to $ N to $ N a share - the official said he also would be comfortable with that new range - in N the soft-drink giant earned $ N a share - results for N will include about N cents a share from the effects of snack-food and bottling company acquisitions - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange the company closed yesterday at $ N a share up $ N - the company said third-quarter sales are expected to increase N N from $ N billion of last year 's third quarter - domestic soft-drink case sales are estimated to have risen only N N in the third quarter well below the N N to N N growth of recent years but about in line with the rest of the soft-drink industry - mr. calloway blamed the slower volume on weather a of new products in the industry and to a much lesser extent pricing - pepsico said its soft-drink prices were about N N higher in the quarter - mr. calloway also noted that soft-drink volume rose a hefty N N in last year 's third quarter making the comparison more difficult - international soft-drink volume was up about N N - snack-food increased a strong N N in the third quarter while domestic profit increased in double mr. calloway said - excluding the british snack-food business acquired in july snack-food international jumped N N with sales strong in spain mexico and brazil - total snack-food profit rose N N - led by pizza hut and bell restaurant earnings increased about N N in the third quarter on a N N sales increase - sales for pizza hut rose about N N while bell 's increased N N as the chain continues to benefit from its strategy - bell has turned around declining customer counts by permanently lowering the price of its - same for kentucky fried chicken which has struggled with increased competition in the fast-food chicken market and a lack of new products rose only N N - the operation which has been slow to respond to consumers ' shifting away from fried foods has been developing a product that may be introduced nationally at the end of next year - the new product has performed well in a market test in las vegas nev. mr. calloway said - after a four-year $ N billion acquisition binge that brought a major soft-drink company soda a fast-food chain and an overseas snack-food giant to pepsi mr. calloway said he does n't expect any major acquisition in the next year or so - but you never can tell he added you have to take advantage of opportunities - president bush chose martin a longtime friend from texas to be chairman of the federal energy regulatory commission - mr. would succeed who is resigning - the white house said ms. a chicago who previously held posts at the energy department and ferc is leaving to become a vice president of first chicago corp - mr. an attorney in midland texas has been at the interior department - he met mr. bush in the 1950s when the president was a young oil man in midland and mr. was a lawyer for an oil firm - the ferc is a commission that billions of dollars of interstate wholesale energy transactions - mr. 's appointment is subject to confirmation by the senate - administration officials said a date for ms. 's departure has n't been set - california real estate investment corp. said its directors declared a dividend of five cents per class a common stock payable nov. N to stock of record oct. N - the dividend represents the balance of its regular quarterly payout of N cents a share of which half was paid july N in a final distribution prior to its merger with real estate investment corp. also in july - the company said it hopes to resume its schedule of regular quarterly dividends at the end of this year - hydro-quebec said it notified central maine power co. it will cancel a $ N billion contract to supply electricity to the maine utility - the owned utility said it is up the deal because the contract 's objectives ca n't be - hydro-quebec said maine regulators ' refusal to approve the contract earlier this year halted work on transmission lines and stopped negotiations for resale of electricity carried through maine to other utilities - it would now be impossible to begin deliveries in N a hydro-quebec official said - the contract was to run from N to N - under the contract hydro-quebec was to supply N of power to central maine power starting in N N starting in N and N starting in - hydro-quebec said maine regulators ' refusal to approve the contract means central maine power has lost its place in line - we wo n't sign any new contracts with deliveries beginning earlier than N the hydro-quebec official said - he said hydro-quebec already has some customers in mind for the power that was to be delivered to maine - nothing has happened since we signed the contract to undermine our conviction that hydro-quebec was the most environmentally acceptable choice for meeting a part of our customers ' energy needs through the year N said central maine senior vice president donald f. kelly - central maine said it is evaluating many energy options to make up for the lost future power including new energy generation and management proposals from new england and possibly new canadian purchases - chicago options traders were among the big victims of friday 's plunging stock market including one small firm that required an emergency $ N million bailout - while monday 's rebounding markets helped other investors recoup losses many options customers and professional traders in stock-index options and the options on takeover stocks were left with multimillion-dollar losses traders here and in new york said - options traders were hurt worse than others on friday because of the highly volatile nature of options which often rise or fall in value several times the amount of the price change in the individual stock or index of stocks on which they are based - thus options traders friday were stuck with losses that also were several times larger than those suffered by many stock traders in new york - jeffrey miller of miller & co. said that given the high degree of leverage in the options market it is very easy for these guys to get wiped out - that may just be the nature of these highly leveraged little creatures - an options contract gives the holder the right to buy call or sell put a specific amount of stock or in this case the value of a stock index based on a price within a given time period - options traders who in return for a small fee or premium had previously sold put options on stocks or stock indexes were forced on friday to buy those contracts back at the previously agreed prices which were substantially above those in the market as it was falling - they then had no choice in many cases but to sell the contracts at prevailing prices in most cases at a substantial loss - the latest round of losses is likely to be a serious blow to the chicago board options exchange which has never fully recovered from the of black monday when investors fled the market because of huge losses - making matters worse was the fact that late friday afternoon the cboe halted stock-index options trading in step with the chicago mercantile exchange 's halt in stock-index futures - but while the merc reopened a half hour later the cboe remained closed leaving many options traders unable to make trades that might have reduced the losses - cboe chairman duke said that unlike the futures market the options exchange has to open in a that allows each different options series to trade - exchange officials that they would n't have been able to make such a with the time remaining friday afternoon and with the stock-index futures on the verge of closing for a second and final time the cboe that its best course was to remain closed - the damage was so bad at fossett corp. an options trading firm here that it was forced to transfer its accounts to first options of chicago a unit of continental bank corp. as a result of options trading losses - so far is the only member of a financial exchange to be forced to be taken over by another firm as a result of friday 's rout - fossett still had several million dollars in capital left after friday 's close of trading but not enough that regulators worried about another potential market plunge yesterday would let it reopen for trading options exchange officials said - thus in an unprecedented arrangement the of the transfer the cboe the american stock exchange and the options clearing corp. as well as the firm 's owner stephen fossett put up a total of $ N million to guarantee the customer positions being transferred to the bank holding company subsidiary in case the market plunged again yesterday - s. iii vice chairman of continental bank first options ' parent company said the firm took on about N accounts formerly held by fossett almost all of them to professional floor traders - steve and his firm were still worth a lot of money mr. said - a package of credit support was put together including the assets of steve and his firm - the bailout was together over the weekend with officials from the federal reserve board securities and exchange commission comptroller of the currency and treasury as well as the options exchanges - it was great to have the luxury of time mr. said - at one point an options industry official had to talk the federal reserve bank of chicago 's night into giving him the home phone number of chicago fed president - first options did n't have to put any money into the bailout - yesterday 's rally in the stock futures and options markets led cboe and amex officials to conclude that the $ N million in guarantees almost certainly wo n't need to be tapped by first options - the fossett firm had some losses and liquidity problems during the october N crash as well mr. said - a federal official said that continental bank worked with securities and banking regulators over the weekend to fashion the fossett bailout but that conditions were n't by those agencies - it was their business decision the official said - officials at options clearing corp. which processes all options trades for u.s. exchanges said that the $ N million guarantee was unprecedented but was necessary to help insure the integrity of the options markets - it was an extraordinary situation that needed extraordinary steps said paul stevens president and chief operating officer - mr. stevens declined to give the specific contributions to the $ N million guarantee from each participant - but cboe and amex officials said that options clearing corp. contributed $ N million to the guarantee the cboe put up $ N million the amex added $ N million and $ N million came from mr. fossett 's own assets - mr. fossett could n't be reached to comment - foster takes off her herself on a chair and gently forward - with a tape playing in the background the hands of begin to work on ms. foster 's neck and - it 's like an in this room ms. foster - the room in question is the directors ' of co. N floors above the of pittsburgh - there amid oil paintings and marble tables massages are every wednesday - on days that i 'm really busy says ms. foster who works in public relations for the company it seems to take time off for a massage - although such sessions may never replace coffee breaks on-site massage as it is known in the trade is certainly corporate america - in some companies middle managers massage into the office fearful that executives wo n't approve - ms. foster 's is nothing like the enjoyed by visitors - nor does it at all resemble despite what some executives think the more intimate variety offered at specialty in bad parts of town - on the contrary office usually take place in conference rooms where employees relax in specially designed chairs fully - the massages last N minutes and typically cost about $ N - some companies including even pay part of the fee - ms. has been seeing some N clients a visit since the program was started at last year - anthony the company 's chairman by her firm touch saying regular massages are a for his old football injuries - massage advocates say that the head neck and back can go a long way toward easing tension and improving morale - they also insist that is a basic need as powerful as the need for food or sleep and that the office is as good a place as any to do it - the blood flows to your head you feel and you do n't feel tension around the head or neck says an operations supervisor at the social security office in grand mich. where massages began last month - when you leave the room after your massage people say you look like you 're - adds the who her trade in the grand office they fall in love with my hands - not everyone however is at ease with office massage - three years ago the internal revenue service 's office in san jose calif. opened its doors to on-site massage - and even though employees paid the bill taxpayers - sometimes with the release of stress you hear and coming out of the room explains morgan banks the agency 's health specialist - and you ca n't have taxpayers coming into an audit hearing and - last month the complaints and the massages ended - now we 're looking for a room with walls ms. banks says - massage also has an image problem to contend with - some have tried to get around this by calling themselves and describing their office visits as breaks - but massage no matter how is still associated in many minds with fronts for and that makes some executives nervous - last year the research and development division of weyerhaeuser co. the large concern invited a to its wash. offices - phil a software engineer was an eager customer - you build up a lot of tension working at a terminal all day he says - but after about eight months the vice president of the division ed learned about the sessions and brought them to a halt - mr. says his only beef was that the massages were being given in a company conference room the department 's health facility would have been fine - in my view massages should be managed with an appropriate of males and around he says - given such attitudes some corporate prefer to go about their business quietly - russell of park n.j. says he has been working for the past year at a huge chemical and manufacturing concern in new york to the company 's executives - he visits the same department every two or three weeks - his massage chair is kept in a and a secretary him past security - this is common with a lot of large companies says mr. who worked for american telephone & telegraph co. for N years before choosing his current trade - managers he contends are afraid how they 're going to look in the eyes of their - my vision is to change human touch - my attitude is let 's come out of the - occasionally all that 's needed is a little - a st. louis won over officials at emerson electric co. a maker of electrical and electronic equipment by providing documents and other articles the benefits of massage - she notes that she also during her weekly visits - i pull my hair back wear a little makeup and look corporate says ms. who has been visiting emerson since january - if i go in there as i normally dress they 'd ask who is this - the father of on-site massage is david palmer a san francisco whose mission is to save the - to help do this mr. palmer developed a portable massage chair three years ago that he hopes will bring structured into mainstream america - the culture is not ready to take off its clothes lie down and be touched for an hour for $ N he says - the idea is to keep the clothes on and to keep people - the chair is a way to package massage - sitting in one of mr. palmer 's chairs which cost $ N and have since been by others is a bit like a - customers lean forward rest their on side supports and their face in on the back of the chair - ms. the grand says she has heard the compared to something out of the spanish - mr. palmer who serves as president of the on-site massage association and writes an industry newsletter says some N practitioners out of about N certified across the country now use massage chairs in the workplace as well as on street corners in airports and and at and other where people can be found - a in colo. had a scary experience while a man in a supermarket as part of a store promotion - three minutes into the massage the man up began shaking and turned red - were called - a week later the man told mr. he had suffered a mild heart attack unrelated to the massage - it was a powerful point in my career says the mr. who has since taken out a $ N million liability policy for his business - but he pulled through and after the left there were still six people in line waiting for a massage - the next woman was older and i was afraid to touch her - but it 's like falling off a horse and getting back on - despite the number of fans that office massage has won some look down on it arguing that naked are the only way to go - linda who does work in pittsburgh says that while on-site massage is better than nothing tired workers should realize it is only the tip of the - whole areas of their bodies are neglected she says adding that clothes the experience - there 's nothing like skin to skin - in what is believed to be the first cancellation of a loan to china since the june N killings in beijing an international bank syndicate has terminated a $ N million credit for a shanghai property project - the syndicate led by asia ltd. agreed last november to provide the loan to asia development corp. a u.s. property developer - but several weeks ago in the wake of the beijing killings the loan was canceled according to bankers and executives close to the project - asia development and declined to comment on the move - lenders had doubts about the project even before june N but the harsh crackdown which caused many businesses to their china transactions gave the banks the out they wanted says an official close to the shanghai venture - the decision to cancel the loan the tough attitude bankers have taken toward china since june N - while some commercial lending has resumed international lenders remain nervous about china 's economic troubles and foreign debt $ N billion at the end of N - many loans are being especially those tied to the hotel sector which has been hit hard by a N tourism slump - many bankers view loans as particularly risky - the canceled shanghai loan leaves asia development a small concern with a apartment building and heavy debts - the company owes $ N million to the on group the project 's hong kong contractor and a significant though unspecified amount in legal fees to brothers a u.s. law firm the sources say - the project known as lotus mansion has been mired in controversy - when the loan agreement was announced it was hailed as one of the first western-style financing transactions ever used in china - unlike most loans to china there was no chinese - instead the banks secured a promise from state-owned bank of communications that it would lend asia development the entire $ N million at maturity to finance repayment of the original borrowing - the loan was to have in just two to three years as soon as construction was completed - but in a letter sent in august to asia development said the loan was terminated because the developer had failed to deliver adequate financial data and pay certain fees to the committee on time according to officials close to the project - creditors involved in the project contend however that the termination actually had nothing to do with these technical violations - instead the creditors say the loan fell victim to nervousness about china 's political turmoil as well as to concern about the loan 's security - the bank syndicate is made up mostly of european banks but it includes china 's state-owned industrial bank - the N banks in the syndicate sustained no monetary losses because none of the credit facility had been drawn down - k mart corp. agreed to acquire pace membership warehouse inc. for $ N a share or $ N million in a move to expand its presence in the rapidly growing business - the proposed merger comes as k mart 's profit is declining and sales at its core discount stores are rising more slowly than at such competitors as stores inc - k mart based in mich. recently said net income would fall for the third consecutive quarter after a N N drop in the first half of its current fiscal year - the membership concept has great potential the company 's chairman joseph e. said in a statement - warehouse clubs typically carry general merchandise and food products which they sell for close to wholesale prices in stores - shoppers many of whom operate small businesses pay annual membership fees which provide an income base for the stores - k mart tested the sector last year with its acquisition of a N N interest in inc - but the chain which operates as a joint venture between k mart and shv holdings n.v. of the netherlands has only six stores and annual sales that one analyst estimated at about $ N million - pace based in colo. operates N stores - the company had losses for several years before turning profitable in fiscal N - in the year ended jan. N pace up profit of $ N million or N cents a share after a tax-loss carry-forward on sales of $ N billion and analysts expect its results to continue to improve - the company turned the corner fairly recently in profitability said of painewebber inc. who had been forecasting a N N jump in pace 's net income from operations this year and another N N increase next year - warehouse productivity is really beginning to take off - but some analysts contend k mart has agreed to pay too much for pace - even if you look at it as a turnaround situation it 's expensive said wayne of prudential-bache securities inc - in my opinion you would only pay that kind of price if you were getting a premier player in the industry - ms. of painewebber raised a more fundamental question about the deal - if k mart ca n't get its act together in discounting why is it spending time worrying about other growing markets - she said i would say k mart 's number one job is to address its market-share loss in discount stores which longer-term will lead to improved profit margins - at that point perhaps diversification would be appropriate - but k mart 's mr. is intent on pushing the company into new retail businesses - for instance k mart is opening big food and general merchandise stores called and stores specializing in office products and sporting goods - it also operates pay less drug stores and builders square home improvement stores - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange k mart closed yesterday at $ N a share up N cents - pace rose $ N to close at $ N a share in national over-the-counter trading - a k mart spokesman said the acquisition would be financed with short-term borrowings - under terms of the agreement a k mart subsidiary will soon make a tender offer for pace shares - among the conditions of the offer is that pace shareholders tender a majority of the company 's shares outstanding - the companies said pace would ill continue to operate under its present management - g. william president of stations was named chief executive officer of the unit of this media company effective jan. N - he will succeed joel who will remain a vice president of the company and continue to represent stations in several industry organizations the company said - literally - traders nervously watching their quotron machines yesterday morning were stunned to see the dow jones industrial average plummet N points in seconds - a minute later it soared N points then back down N points N below friday 's close - it was crazy said neil general partner of capital corp - it was like flying without a pilot in the front of the plane - but those who said this ca n't be happening were right - the were wrong - quotron systems inc. a citicorp unit blamed the on a timing problem in our software caused by the enormous early volume about N million shares in the first hour of new york stock exchange trading - the prices of the individual stocks that make up the average were correct quotron said but the average was wrong - meanwhile there was an awful lot of confusion - at about N a.m. on the over-the-counter trading desk at a major brokerage firm a veteran trader who buys and sells some of the most active stocks looked at a senior official and asked what 's going on - is the market up or down - at the time quotron was reporting that the industrial average was down N points - in fact it was up N - stark a vice president who heads the trading desk at dillon read capital corp. said that once she figured out the quotron numbers were wrong she called brokers to tell them - it 's been kind of to say the least she said - to matters further when ual corp. stock finally opened on the new york stock exchange at N a.m. the price was listed at $ N a share up about $ N from friday in fact its true price was $ N down $ N - that was the new york stock exchange 's - a spokesman cited a technical error and declined to elaborate - and there were other - when the market opened at N a.m. est a reporter for the reuters the industrial average 's drop as a N N decline when it really was down N N - it was a case of human error which we found almost immediately and corrected a spokesman for reuter in new york said - meanwhile some currency traders at west german banks in frankfurt said they sold dollars on the news and had to buy them back later at higher prices - but it was the quotron problems that had effects - dillon read 's ms. stark said in early afternoon that she was still prices and other data as subject to and she said portfolio managers continued to question the numbers they saw on the screen - it was the second time in less than a week that quotron has had problems the industrial average - at the start of trading last wednesday the average appeared to plunge more than N points - actually it was down only a few points at the time - quotron said that which lasted nine minutes resulted from a failure to adjust for a stock split at philip morris - a quotron spokeswoman said recent software changes may have contributed to yesterday 's problems - she said quotron switched to a backup system until the problems were corrected - today of all days she - the eyes of the world were watching us - steven f. was named a senior vice president of this graphics equipment company - he retains his current positions as chief strategic officer of am international and president of am ventures - houston attorney dale friend representing a plaintiff in a damage suit says he has negotiated a settlement that will strike a blow for his client - literally - it turns out mr. friend 's client parks of cincinnati did n't like the way defense attorney tom alexander acted during the legal proceedings - so she has agreed to monetary damages against mr. alexander 's client in return for the right to the attorney - ms. parks 's mother also gets to mr. alexander - so does mr. friend and his law partner - the bizarre arrangement grows out of mr. alexander 's representation of construction co. one of several defendants in a death lawsuit brought by ms. parks the widow of a construction worker killed in january N while working on a new houston convention center - last month mr. friend says mr. alexander 's associate agreed that would pay $ N as part of an overall settlement - but mr. alexander the deal at the last minute the plaintiff 's side - i never agreed to it mr. alexander says adding that it 's not necessary to pay these settlements - when ms. parks and her mother heard about what had happened mr. friend says they that they would like to give mr. alexander a good - mr. friend says he passed that along to his adversary and soon they were talking about the ground rules under which could keep its money and the plaintiffs could take a shot at mr. alexander - although time and place have yet to be determined some details are in place - mr. friend says he agreed to strike mr. alexander above the belt - ms. parks and her mother indicated they want to catch him from behind he says - mr. alexander for his part insisted that the ca n't their rights to anyone else ca n't use a blunt instrument and ca n't take a running start - mr. alexander says he the agreement which has n't been submitted to a judge as something of a joke - however he acknowledges they have the option of taking a at me if they really want to - mr. friend says his side is dead serious - although they do n't delivering any he says that mr. alexander will be asked to sign a release from liability just in case - after two years of drought it money in the stock-index futures markets yesterday - as financial markets rebounded trading volume in the chicago mercantile exchange 's huge standard & poor 's N stock-index futures pit soared reaching levels for the first time since october N - the sudden influx of liquidity enabled several traders to reap in a matter of minutes as prices soared traders said - guys were money in there today said john a futures broker for elders futures inc. in chicago - the s&p N futures contract which moves in of an index point under normal conditions jumped two to three points in seconds early yesterday after an initial downturn then moved strongly higher the rest of the day - each index point represents a $ N profit for each s&p N contract held - for the first time since the N crash traders said that they were able to trade several hundred s&p N contracts at a time in a highly liquid market - many institutions and individual investors have away from stock-index futures blaming them for speeding the stock market crash on black monday two years ago - since the crash many futures traders have n't assumed large positions for fear that the s&p N market with much of its customer order flow missing would dry up if prices turned against them - more than N traders the s&p N futures pit to await the opening bell - traders were shouting bids and offers a full five minutes before the start of trading at N am - the contract fell five points at the open to N the maximum opening move allowed under adopted by the merc to stem a market slide - but several traders quickly stepped up and bid for contracts driving prices sharply higher - the market near friday 's closing price of N for about a half hour moving several index points higher or lower in seconds then broke higher and did n't look back - the s&p N contract that expires in december closed up a record N points on volume of nearly N contracts - traders five feet from each other were making bids and offers that were a full point apart said one s&p N broker - you could buy at the bid and sell at the offer and make a fortune he - several of wall street 's largest securities firms including salomon brothers inc. and painewebber inc. were also large buyers traders said - salomon brothers was among the largest sellers of stock-index futures last week traders said - brokerage firms as a rule do n't comment on their market activity - unlike the week following black monday two years ago individual traders in the s&p N pit were also being about their one-day profits - with the fbi around here rights are a thing of the past said one trader referring to the federal investigation of futures trading that so far has resulted in N against individuals on the merc and the chicago board of trade - the market for $ N billion of high-yield junk bonds regained some of its footing as the dow jones industrial average rebounded from friday 's plunge - but the junk recovery led by the bellwether rjr holdings bonds was - no trading existed for the vast majority of junk bonds securities industry officials said - on friday trading in practically every issue ground to a halt as potential buyers fled and brokerage firms were unwilling to provide bid and offer prices for most issues - nothing traded on friday and people were n't really sure where the market should have opened yesterday said raymond of merchant banking at merrill lynch & co - but we had a fairly active day yesterday - at drexel burnham lambert inc. the leading underwriter of junk bonds i was prepared to be in a very bad mood tonight said david a junk bond trader - now i feel maybe there 's a little bit of euphoria - but before the stock market rebounded from a sharp early sell-off yesterday he said you could n't buy junk bonds and you could n't give them away - yesterday 's rally was led by rjr holdings N N N bonds which initially tumbled three points or $ N for each $ N face amount to N N before rebounding to N N - bonds issued by and american standard also showed big gains recovering almost all their losses from friday and early yesterday - but traders said the junk bond market increasingly is into a group in which trades can be executed easily and a larger group of bonds in which liquidity or the ability to trade without too much difficulty has steadily deteriorated this year - liquidity has n't returned to the vast middle ground of the market said mr. of merrill - the are still said mr. of drexel - analysts are concerned that much of the high-yield market will remain for investors - paul associate professor at the massachusetts institute of technology 's sloan school of management citing a pattern of junk-bond default rates that are low in the early years after issuance and rise later says we 're now in a period where we 're starting to see defaults from the big issue years of N to N - mark a senior vice president at standard & poor 's corp. confirms that there is increasing concern about the future liquidity of the junk bond market - junk bonds are a highly market said lewis vice chairman of smith barney harris upham & co - there 's a whole bunch of stuff that 's money good and a whole bunch of stuff that 's not so good - analysts at standard & poor 's say junk bond offerings by tightly stretched issuers seem to be growing - almost $ N billion of junk bonds that are considered include issues from sci tv gillette holdings not related to gillette co. furniture allied stores federated department stores national holdings leaseway transportation and price communications - you could still have some very bad times ahead said mr. - it 's possible to have a N N default rate in one year because we 're already seeing big problems in the midst of a pretty strong economy - i 'm certainly not comfortable saying we 've seen the bottom - but yesterday 's rally among good junk was a badly needed for the market - many issues bounced off the floor mr. said and benchmark junk issues recovered all of their losses from friday and early yesterday - in contrast he says the stock market gained back only about half what it lost friday and the government bond market lost about half what it gained friday - traders said yesterday 's rally was fueled by insurance companies looking for bargains after a drastic slide in prices the past month - in addition mutual funds did n't appear to be major sellers of high-yield securities as was expected - sometimes a is healthy said drexel 's mr. - people will learn to be more - if they do good credit analysis they will avoid the hand - i think the market is in good shape - should you really own stocks - that 's a question a lot of people are asking following the stock market 's stunning display of volatility - financially and by friday 's 190-point drop in the dow jones industrial average and yesterday 's rebound they 're wondering if an individual has any business being in the market - the answer say academic researchers money managers and investment specialists is yes as long as you approach the stock market as an investor - but they say people should n't try to be traders who buy and sell in an effort to ride the latest economic trend or catch the next hot stock - the case for owning stocks over the long-term is compelling - if you look at N years worth of investment history including the great depression and every bear market since stocks have outperformed almost everything an individual could have owned by a long shot says barry berlin vice president at first wachovia capital management - a dollar invested in the stock market in N would have grown to $ N by the end of last june according to laurence managing director at associates inc - but a dollar invested in long-term bonds in N would have grown to only $ N and a dollar put in treasury bills would equal a $ N - the longer the time period the less risk there is of losing money in the stock market - over time the odds increasingly favor the investor with a diversified portfolio - for instance ken gregory a san francisco money manager that if an investor holds a basket of stocks that tracks the standard & poor 's 500-stock index the chance of losing money is N N to N N over a 10-year period compared with N N over three years and N N over one year - if you do n't need the money for N years there 's a case for sticking to a steady core of stocks mr. gregory says - stock-market investments also help balance the other assets an individual owns says john jr. president of the institute of certified financial planners - stocks have a place in an investors ' portfolio along with real estate bonds international securities and cash he says - there are some important before investing in stocks individuals should have at least three to six months of living expenses set aside in the bank most investment advisers say - individuals also should focus on building equity in a home which provides some protection against inflation as well as a that can be in late in life to help cover the cost of retirement living - people also should n't invest money in stocks that they 'll need in the near future for example for college tuition payments or retirement expenses - you may have to sell your stocks at a time when the market takes a plunge says mr. a del calif. financial planner - but once the are covered then i would start to invest even if it 's as little as $ N says michael lipper president of lipper analytical services inc - he says individuals should consider not just stocks but other long-term investments such as high-quality bonds - despite the strong case for stocks however most pros warn that individuals should n't try to profit from short-term developments - it 's very difficult to do says donald holt a market strategist for morgan securities a los angeles brokerage firm - our markets move so fast and they are so volatile there 's no way the average investor can compete with the pros - individual investors face high transaction costs of moving in and out of the market - the cost of executing stock orders from brokerage to brokerage and with the size of the order but N N of the order 's value is an average says stephen boesel manager of t. rowe price 's growth and income mutual fund - and assuming their first investment is successful investors will have to pay taxes on their gains - that can reduce returns by a third or more once local taxes are included mr. lipper says - after that individual traders face the risk that the new investment they choose wo n't perform well so their trading costs could be sustained for nothing - it 's very tough for most individuals to the mutual funds or the market says mr. lipper - you should really think twice if you think you can the system - then too many individual investors lack the emotional makeup professionals say is needed to plunge in and out of the market - so what 's the best way to buy stocks - unless an individual has a minimum of between $ N and $ N to invest in stocks he 's still better off in mutual funds than in individual stocks in terms of getting enough attention from a competent broker says mr. lipper - still he adds i could see owning both given that individuals often have an advantage over big investors in special situations based on their own he adds - george douglas first vice president at drexel burnham lambert inc. says that individuals have a particular edge now in small to niche companies with exciting earnings prospects a traditional ground for small investors - this growth sector which usually carries a multiple about twice that of the standard & poor 's N happens to include some of the market 's most attractive bargains right now - it 's now selling at a multiple about even with the market says mr. douglas - moreover mr. douglas sees a revival of institutional interest in smaller growth stocks that could boost the performance of these stocks in the medium term - many big wall street brokerage firms who eliminated their research effort in stocks of emerging growth companies a few years ago are now coverage of this area he notes - we 're seeing a real turnaround in interest in small growth stocks he says - the pros advise individuals to stay away from the latest investment fad - they say that 's especially important this late in the growth phase of the economic cycle when there 's no robust bull market to bail investors out of their mistakes - friday 's correction presents a pretty good buying opportunity but let 's not speculate at this point in the business cycle says chief equity portfolio strategist at first boston corp - buy stocks on weakness for their long-term fundamentals he says - in the long run investment advisers say most investors will be better off using the averaging method of buying stocks - in this method a person invests a regular amount every month or quarter into the stock market whether the market is up or down - that cuts the risk mr. gregory the san francisco money manager points out - when the market is low you are buying more shares and when it 's high you 're buying fewer shares he says - otherwise if you put all your money in at one time by sheer bad luck you might pick a terrible time and have to wait three years to get even mr. gregory says - a disciplined program will work the best mr. boesel says - one of the hardest things to do is to buy stocks when the market is down he says - but that 's just the time when you should be buying them - compound annual returns including price changes and income from interest and dividends - \* actual performance not annualized - source associates inc - the following issues were recently filed with the securities and exchange commission co. initial public offering of two million shares of common stock of which N shares are being offered by the company and N shares by holders via blunt ellis & inc. and robert w. & co - giant industries inc. initial public offering of N common shares of which N will be sold by the company and the rest by holders via shearson lehman hutton inc. and inc - fund inc. initial offering of five million common shares via smith barney harris upham & co - overseas ltd. initial offering of four million common shares of which N million will be sold in the u.s. and the balance outside the u.s. via smith barney harris upham & co. and & co - donald trump who faced rising doubt about his bid for american airlines parent amr corp. even before a united airlines buy-out came apart friday withdrew his $ N billion offer - separately bankers representing the group trying to buy united 's parent ual corp. met with other banks about that purchase at a lower price possibly around $ N a share or $ N billion - but a lower bid could face rejection by the ual board - mr. trump who vowed wednesday to go forward with the bid said he was dropping it in light of the recent change in market conditions - he said he might now sell his amr stake buy more shares or make another offer at a lower price - the manhattan real-estate developer acted after the ual buyers failed to obtain financing for their earlier $ 300-a-share bid which sparked a selling panic among that into a 190-point drop friday in the dow jones industrial average - news about ual and amr whose shares never reopened after trading was halted friday for the ual announcement sent both stocks in composite trading on the new york stock exchange - ual tumbled $ N to $ N on volume of N million shares and amr declined by $ N to $ N as N million shares changed hands - together the two stocks havoc among takeover stock traders and caused a N N drop in the dow jones transportation average second in size only to the stock-market crash of oct. N N - some said friday 's market debacle had given mr. trump an excuse to bail out of an offer that showed signs of even before problems emerged with the ual deal - after reaching an intraday high of $ N the day mr. trump disclosed his bid oct. N amr 's stock had retreated as low as $ N last week - some takeover stock traders had been betting against mr. trump because he has a record of disclosing stakes in companies that are potential takeover targets then selling at a profit without making a bid - he still has n't proven his as a artist said airline analyst kevin murphy of morgan stanley & co - he 's done this thing where he 'll buy a little bit of a company and then trade out of it - he 's written this book the art of the deal - why does n't he just follow through on one of these things - mr. trump withdrew his bid before the amr board which is due to meet tomorrow ever formally considered it - amr had weighed a wide range of possible responses from flat rejection to and leveraged buy-outs that might have included either employees a buyer such as texas billionaire robert bass or both - amr had also sought to mr. trump in congress by lobbying for legislation that would have bolstered the authority of the transportation department to reject airline buy-outs - yesterday mr. trump tried to put the blame for the collapse of the ual deal on congress saying it was rushing through a bill to protect amr executives - i believe that the perception that legislation in this area may be hastily approved contributed to the collapse of the ual transaction and the resulting disruption in the financial markets experienced this past friday mr. trump wrote members of congress - amr declined to comment and mr. trump did n't respond to requests for interviews - mr. trump never said how much amr stock he had bought only that his holdings were substantial - however he only received federal clearance to buy more than $ N million of the stock on sept. N when the price rose $ N a share to $ N - between then and his bid on oct. N the price between $ N and $ N - in an attempt to persuade investors that his bid was n't just a stock play mr. trump promised last week to notify the market before selling any shares - amr was trading at around $ N yesterday before his withdrawal announcement then immediately fell to about $ N - assuming that he paid a rough average price of $ N a share and assuming he did n't sell before his announcement reached the market mr. trump could be sitting with a modest loss with the stock at $ N - some analysts said amr chairman robert crandall might seize the opportunity presented by the stock price drop to protect the nation 's largest airline with a defensive transaction such as the sale of stock to a friendly holder or company employees - however other knowledgeable observers said they believed mr. crandall and the amr board might well decide to tough it out without taking any extra steps - some analysts said they believed mr. trump whose had been viewed by some as a reason to believe he would n't back out might come back with a lower bid - ray of dillon read & co. said mr. trump is stepping back and waiting for the dust to settle - i 'm sure he still wants amr - but others remained skeptical - i was never sure donald trump really wanted to take amr said john a bond analyst with shearson lehman hutton inc - what happened with united was a way for him to out - mr. trump never obtained financing for his bid - that skepticism would leave him with an even greater credibility problem should he return that would him in any effort to oust the board in a proxy fight - meanwhile citicorp and chase manhattan corp. the two lead lenders on the ual buy-out met with other banks yesterday to determine if they would be willing to finance the buy-out at a lower price - officials familiar with the talks said citicorp had discussed lowering the offer to $ N a share but said that price was a talking point and that no decision has been made - at $ N a share the group would have to borrow about $ N billion from banks - the first ual deal unraveled after citibank and chase could n't raise $ N billion - citibank and chase had agreed to commit $ N billion and said they were highly confident of raising another $ N billion - together citicorp and chase received $ N million in fees to raise the rest of the financing - but other banks balked at the low interest rate and banking fees the ual group was willing to pay them - officials familiar with the bank talks said the ual buy-out group ual pilots management and british airways plc is now willing to pay higher bank fees and interest but is n't likely to boost its $ N million equity contribution - nor is the group likely to come forward with a revised offer within the next N hours despite the hopes of many traders - the group 's advisers want to make certain they have firm bank commitments the second time around - even if the buy-out group is able to obtain financing the transaction still faces obstacles - ual 's board could reject the new price as too low especially since there are n't any competing bids - los angeles investor marvin davis whose $ offer was rejected by ual 's board has n't shown signs of pursuing a $ 300-a-share bid he made last month - in addition the coalition of labor and management longtime enemies who joined forces only under the threat of mr. davis 's bid could break apart now - the group 's resilience gets its first test today when N top pilot union leaders outside chicago in a previously scheduled meeting - union chairman rick faces the tough task of explaining why banks refused to finance a buy-out the members approved last week - the pilot union is to pursue an acquisition whatever the board decides - but if the board a reduced bid and decides to explore other alternatives it could transform what has been a process into an one - the pilots could play by noting they are crucial to any sale or restructuring because they can refuse to fly the airplanes - if they were to insist on a low bid of say $ N a share the board might n't be able to obtain a higher offer from other bidders because banks might hesitate to finance a transaction the pilots oppose - also because ual chairman stephen wolf and other ual executives have joined the pilots ' bid the board might be forced to exclude him from its deliberations in order to be fair to other bidders - that could cost him the chance to influence the outcome and perhaps join the winning bidder - influential members of the house ways and means committee introduced legislation that would restrict how the new savings-and-loan bailout agency can raise capital creating another potential obstacle to the government 's sale of sick thrifts - the bill whose backers include chairman dan d. ill. would prevent the resolution trust corp. from raising temporary working capital by having an bank or thrift issue debt that would n't be counted on the federal budget - the bill intends to restrict the rtc to treasury borrowings only unless the agency receives specific congressional authorization - such agency borrowing is unauthorized and expensive far more expensive than direct treasury borrowing said rep. stark d. calif. the bill 's chief sponsor - the complex financing plan in the s&l bailout law includes raising $ N billion from debt issued by the newly created rtc - this financing system was created in the new law in order to keep the bailout spending from swelling the budget deficit - another $ N billion would be raised through treasury bonds which pay lower interest rates - but the rtc also requires working capital to maintain the bad assets of thrifts that are sold until the assets can be sold separately - that debt would be paid off as the assets are sold leaving the total spending for the bailout at $ N billion or $ N billion including interest over N years - it 's a problem that clearly has to be resolved said david executive director of the rtc - the agency has already spent roughly $ N billion selling N insolvent s&ls and it is likely to sell or merge N by the time the bailout concludes - other working capital he said the rtc would be forced to delay other thrift resolutions until cash could be raised by selling the bad assets - we would have to wait until we have collected on those assets before we can move forward he said - the complicated language in the huge new law has the fight - the law does allow the rtc to borrow from the treasury up to $ N billion at any time - moreover it says the rtc 's total obligations may not exceed $ N billion but that figure is derived after including notes and other debt and from it the market value of the assets the rtc holds - but congress did n't anticipate or intend more public debt say opponents of the rtc 's plan and rep. charles d. n.y said the rtc oversight board has been in not keeping congress informed - that leads to a proposal like the one from ways and means which seems to me sort of he said - the rtc is going to have to pay a price of prior on the hill if they want that kind of flexibility - the ways and means committee will hold a hearing on the bill next tuesday - we 're about to see if advertising works - hard on the heels of friday 's 190-point stock-market plunge and the uncertainty that 's followed a few big brokerage firms are rolling out new ads a familiar message keep on investing the market 's just fine - their mission is to keep clients from the market as individual investors did in after the crash in october - just days after the N crash major brokerage firms rushed out ads to calm investors - this time around they 're moving even faster - painewebber inc. a new television commercial at N p.m. edt yesterday and had it on the air by last night - fidelity investments placed new ads in newspapers yesterday and wrote another new ad appearing today - shearson lehman hutton inc. by yesterday afternoon had already written new tv ads - it considered running them during tomorrow night 's world series broadcast but decided not to when the market recovered yesterday - other brokerage firms including merrill lynch & co. were out potential new ad strategies - the brokerage firms learned a lesson the last time around when frightened investors flooded the phone lines and fled the market in a panic - this time the firms were ready - fidelity for example prepared ads several months ago in case of a market plunge - when the market went into its free fall friday afternoon the investment firm ordered full pages in the monday editions of half a dozen newspapers - the ads touted fidelity 's automated beneath the huge headline fidelity is ready for your call - a fidelity spokesman says the which already was operating but which many clients did n't know about received about double the usual volume of calls over the weekend - a lot of investor confidence comes from the fact that they can speak to us he says - to maintain that dialogue is absolutely crucial - it would have been too late to think about on friday - we had to think about it ahead of time - today 's fidelity ad goes a step further encouraging investors to stay in the market or even to plunge in with fidelity - the headline diversification it based on the events of the past week all investors need to know their portfolios are balanced to help protect them against the market 's volatility - it goes on to plug a few diversified fidelity funds by name - painewebber also was able to gear up quickly thanks to the N crash - in the aftermath of the N debacle the brokerage firm began taping commercials in-house ultimately getting its timing down fast enough to tape a commercial after the market closed and rush it on the air that night - it also negotiated an arrangement with cable news network under which would agree to air its last-minute - the new painewebber commercial created with ad agency saatchi & saatchi co. features mary farrell one of the firm 's most visible investment strategists particularly bullish - taped just as the market closed yesterday it offers ms. farrell advising we view the market here as going through a relatively normal cycle - we continue to feel that the stock market is still the place to be for long-term appreciation - the spot was scheduled to appear three times on last night - painewebber considered an even harder sell recommending specific stocks - instead it settled on just urging the clients who are its to keep that money in the market - we 're saying the worst thing that anyone can do is to see the market go down and dump everything which just drives the prices down further says john painewebber 's director of advertising - if you owned it and liked it friday the true value has n't changed - he adds this is n't N - with the market and then closing up more than N points yesterday investment firms had to constantly revise their approach - at shearson lehman executives created potential new commercials friday night and throughout the weekend then had to yesterday afternoon - the plan had been to make one of shearson 's black-and-white where we stand commercials which have been running occasionally in response to news events since N - the ad would have run during the world series tomorrow replacing the debut commercial of shearson 's new ad campaign leadership by example - but in a meeting after the market closed yesterday shearson executives decided not to go ahead with the stock-market ad - we do n't think at this point anything needs to be said - the market seems to be out we 're taking a attitude says b. stewart executive vice president of marketing - in any case the brokerage firms are clearly moving faster to create new ads than they did in the fall of N - but it remains to be seen whether their ads will be any more effective - in N despite a of ads from most of the major investment firms individuals ran from the market en - now the firms must try their hardest to prove that advertising can work this time around - ad notes - arnold advertising - edward former chairman of della femina mcnamee reached an agreement in principle to acquire a majority stake in arnold advertising a small boston shop - terms were n't disclosed - mr. who resigned his della femina post in september becomes chairman and chief executive of arnold - john the agency 's president and chief executive will retain the title of president - separately mcdonald 's corp. oak ill. named arnold to handle its estimated $ N million cooperative ad account for the hartford conn. area - that account had been handled by della femina mcnamee wcrs - education ads - a ad supplement to business week 's special corporate elite issue calls on business leaders to use their clout to help solve the nation 's education crisis - the supplement the largest ever for the magazine includes ads from N corporate advertisers and off a two-year business week initiative on education - the magazine will distribute N N of the gross revenues from the supplement as grants to innovative teachers - you know what the law of averages is do n't you - it 's what N explains why we are like well ourselves rather than jackson N that it 's possible to in a lake that averages two feet deep and N predicts that N placed before N would produce N rock roll - baseball that game of the long haul is the sport of the mean and the mean law caught up with the san francisco giants in the world series last weekend - the team that dumped runs by the bushel on the chicago cubs in the national league playoffs was held to just one in two games by the oakland a 's the gang that had been done similarly by the los angeles and in last year 's - much of the damage was accomplished by a 's who had some catching up to do - in game two on a cool sunday evening in this land of perpetual autumn a lot of the catching up was done by the a 's terry - he hit a N pitch from rick into the stands in inning four to stretch his team 's lead from N to a decisive N where it stayed - so what if had struck just seven home runs in N regular-season games and in the seventh position of the a 's lineup - if you get your pitch and take a good swing anything can happen he later - on saturday night quite a few of the boys in green and gold away successes to the pain of past and no doubt future - mark the big oakland first had three hits in four at two more than he 'd had in the series in which he 'd gone - the N through N the bottom of the order got seven of their team 's N hits and scored four of its runs in a N decision - dave stewart held the giants to five hits to account for the zero on the other side of the saturday - that he was the a 's during its american league campaign with a N mark plus two wins over toronto in the playoffs indicates he may have some evening up coming but with the way his is that might not be this week - the same goes for mike moore another veteran who early struggles to permit the giants but a run and four hits in seven in sunday 's contest - every guy they put out there had a better than the guy before giant manager roger craig - he 's an who 's one of the leading of the fashionable delivery which looks like a until it beneath the bat - the of the is that the a 's go into san francisco 's candlestick park tonight up two games to none in the - the to with here says that about three of four clubs N of N that took N series leads went on to win it all - that 's not an average to giant - one might think that the home fans in this series of the subway called bart that 's a better name for a public than desire do n't you think would have been over the proceedings but they them in relative calm - of the two sat side by side in the seats of oakland and while they cheered their and the opposition advanced no further at least as far as i could see - a few folks even showed up wearing bearing the colors and of both teams - i 'm for the giants today but only because they lost yesterday - i love both - the only thing i 'm for is for the series to go seven games said david williams a sacramento at the before sunday 's go - the above represents a of either or - i choose to believe it 's the latter although it probably springs from the fact that just about everyone out here including the a 's and giants is originally from somewhere else - it to say that if this were a new york series or one between the chicago cubs and white it 's possible you 'd need police in every other seat to separate opposing fans and only the would their - anyway the a 's gave you a lot of heroes to root for - in the opening game besides and stewart there was walt weiss a who had lost a couple months of the season to surgery - he was in game two moved a along in the a 's second inning and for his team 's final tally - such is his reputation among the east bay that when he hit his first career home run last season the fan who caught it agreed to turn the ball over to him in return for an - not his 's - an a 's of the second game was henderson who the hot side of the equation - he toronto in the playoffs with six hits seven walks and eight stolen bases in N at and continued that by going at the plate sunday along with walking stealing a base and scoring a run - when you 're in the you see every ball he - the cold guys in the set were will clark kevin mitchell and williams the giants ' N - they combined for N hits six home runs and N runs in in the five games against the cubs - they went a collective here with zero and - it 's that last set of numbers as much as anything else that gives the giants hope in the series games to come - i believe in the law of averages declared san francisco coach dusty baker after game two - i 'd rather see a who 's hot come up for the other side than a good who 's cold - but the old offered no prediction about when good times would return to his side - when it goes you never know when you 'll get it back he said - that 's baseball - ncr corp. reported a N N drop in third-quarter net income citing intense competition that caused its gross profit margins to dip - net income for the quarter fell to $ N million from $ N million roughly what analysts had expected - but per-share profit dropped only N N to $ N a share from $ N a share as the company continued its stock buy-back plan - average shares outstanding dropped to N million from N million - revenue fell N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - the computer maker which sells more than half its goods outside the u.s. also said the negative effect of a stronger u.s. dollar will affect its fourth-quarter performance and make it difficult to better N results - ncr said revenue declined both in the u.s. and overseas reflecting a world-wide softening of the computer markets - the company however said orders in the u.s. showed good gains during the latest quarter - analysts estimate those gains at N N to N N a good part of it coming from large orders placed by a few of ncr 's major customers - in addition to a general slowing of the computer industry ncr which sells automated teller machines and computerized cash is also affected by the retail and financial sectors areas of the economy that have generally not been robust notes g. an analyst for salomon brothers inc - these factors combined with a strong dollar should affect the current quarter 's results ncr said - in the year-earlier fourth quarter ncr had profit of $ N million or $ N a share on revenue of $ N billion - mr. said he lowered his full-year estimates for N to $ N a share from $ N a share - revenue projections were slashed to $ N billion from $ N billion - last year ncr had net income of $ N million or $ N a share on $ N billion in revenue - for the nine months the company 's earnings fell N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share - revenues declined N N to $ N billion from $ N billion - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday ncr shares fell N cents to close at $ N - concerning your sept. N article wall street firms link analysts ' pay to performance i 'm that wall street is finally in to the hard cold facts of the real working world - if the firms are serious however why limit the practice to the poor analysts whose ability to see into the future is fragile at best - why not extend the same harsh standards to the sales force and pay brokers a base salary with annual bonus based on how much money they made for their clients during the year - that should stop a lot of and produce a stock market driven only by professional concern careful thought and good sense - now would n't that be a - newport news va - steve clark a shearson lehman hutton inc. trader reported for work at N a.m. two and a half hours before the usual monday morning strategy meeting - at jefferies & co. j. francis did n't reach the office until N a.m. but then he had been up most of the night at home - i had calls all night long from the states he said - i was up every hour N N N N - people are looking for possible opportunities to buy but nobody wants to stick their out - for many of london 's securities traders it was a day that started nervously in the small hours - by the selling was at fever - but as the day ended in a wall rally the city a sigh of relief - so it went yesterday in the trading rooms of london 's financial district - in the wake of wall street 's plunge last friday the london market was considered especially vulnerable - and before the opening of trading here yesterday all eyes were on early trading in tokyo for a clue as to how widespread the fallout might be - by the time trading officially got under way at N a.m. the news from asia was in - and it left mixed signals for london - tokyo stocks closed off a significant but N N on thin volume hong kong stocks declined N N in orderly trading - at jefferies ' trading room on circus a circle at the edge of the financial district desktop computer screens displayed the london market 's major barometer the financial times-stock exchange N share index - red figures on the screens indicated falling stocks blue figures rising stocks - right away the outnumbered the blues N to N as the index opened at N off N points or N N - i see concern but i do n't see any panic said mr. a big new york native who runs the office - the jefferies office a branch of the los angeles-based firm played it seeking to avoid risk - this is not the sort of market to have a big position in said david smith who heads trading in all non-u.s. stocks - we tend to run a very tight book - jefferies spent most of its in the morning trying to match buyers and sellers and there were n't many buyers - all the takeover stocks scottish & b.a.t are getting pretty well this morning mr. smith said - seconds later a sell order for scottish & came in - for the third time in N minutes a trader next to mr. smith left the area to have a cigarette - on the screens only two blue figures remained but the index had recovered a few points and was off about N - because tokyo did n't collapse let 's pick up a little stock mr. smith said - he targeted N shares of reuters and a to call up on his screen other dealers ' price quotes - the vivid yellow figures showed the best price at N pence $ N and mr. smith 's traders started putting out - but the market a serious buyer on a day dominated by selling and the quotes immediately jumped to N pence - when i want to buy they run from you they keep changing their prices mr. smith said - it 's very frustrating - he temporarily abandoned his search for the reuters shares - by this time it was N a.m. in new york and mr. smith a call from a new york customer wanting an opinion on the british stock market which had been having troubles of its own even before friday 's new york market break - fundamentally dangerous mr. smith said almost in a fundamentally weak fairly vulnerable still extremely poised - we 're in for a lot of turbulence - he was right - by midday the london market was in full retreat - it 's falling like a stone said danny a pit trader who was standing outside the london international financial futures exchange - only half the usual crowd gathered at the tony & wine bar on old broad street nearby - conversation was subdued as most watched the latest market statistics on television - at N p.m. the index hit its low N off N points - france opened the limit down off at least N N if you could calculate the index which you could n't mr. clark the shearson trader said early in the afternoon - spain is down N N and suspended sweden 's down N N norway N N - this market has been very badly damaged - as N p.m. wall street 's opening time shearson traders and salesmen traded bets on how low the new york market would open - in the center of the trading floor chief trader roger and two colleagues scrambled for the telephones as soon as the new york market opened more than N points in the first few minutes - they saw an opportunity created by the sell-off - as wall street traders dumped american depositary receipts in jaguar plc mr. and trader sam bought them to in the - investors here still expect ford motor co. or general motors corp. to bid for jaguar - suddenly after about N minutes the u.s. markets rallied - the mmi has gone better shouted one trader at about N london time as the u.s. major markets index contract suddenly indicated a - as wall street strengthened the london trading room went wild - traders shouted as their screens posted an loss on wall street - then nine minutes later wall street suddenly rebounded to a gain on the day - rally rally rally shouted shearson trader andy rosen selling more jaguar shares - this is panic buying - as the london market rallied some whether the weekend of worrying and jitters had been worth it - the london index closed at N its high for the day off N or about N N - ambassador paul 's statement notable & sept. N if you have a million people working for you every bad thing that has one chance in a million of going wrong will go wrong at least once a year is a pretty negative way of looking at things - is n't it just as fair to say that if you have a million people working for you every good thing that has one chance in a million of going right will go right at least once a year - do n't be such a mr. ambassador - frank - the house aviation subcommittee approved a bill that would give the transportation secretary authority to review and approve leveraged buy-outs of major u.s. airlines - the collapsed plan to acquire ual corp. parent of united airlines spurred quick action on the legislation introduced wednesday and approved by the subcommittee on a voice vote yesterday - the bill is expected to be taken up by the public works and transportation committee tomorrow and a floor vote by next week will be urged - the measure drew criticism from the bush administration and a shot from financier donald trump who yesterday withdrew his takeover bid for amr corp. the parent of american airlines - in a letter to subcommittee chairman james d. minn. mr. trump criticized the bill as an explicit effort to thwart his bid for amr and said it contributed to the collapse of the deal - deputy transportation secretary also sent a letter to express the administration 's opposition to the bill in its present form - rep. brushed off mr. trump 's allegations as an excuse for his own deal failing - he also said the fact that the other letter had n't come from transportation secretary samuel skinner indicated there is room in the administration 's position - mr. and other committee members repeatedly stressed that the legislation was n't a response to any particular market situation - but they cited the ual and amr examples as reasons to move quickly to enact this legislation - aides both in the house and senate said the withdrawal of the trump bid for amr is n't likely to efforts to push the legislation - it 's still on the fast track and we still want to do it said one senate aide - the bill is aimed at addressing the concern that an airline might sacrifice costly safety measures to pay off the debt incurred in a leveraged buy-out - currently the transportation secretary does n't have clearly established authority to block mergers but can take the drastic step of the operating certificate of any carrier the official considers - supporters of the legislation view the bill as an effort to add stability and to the process and to preserve the safety and fitness of the industry - in general the bill would give the transportation department a 30-day review period before N N or more of the voting stock of a major u.s. air carrier could be acquired - it also would require the acquiring party to notify the transportation secretary and to provide all information relevant to determining the intent of the acquisition - the bill would allow the secretary to reject a buy-out if sufficient information has n't been provided or if the buy-out is likely to weaken the carrier financially result in a substantial reduction in size of the airline through disposal of assets or give control to a foreign interest - if more information is needed the secretary would have authority to extend the review period N days - all the witnesses both congressmen and industry experts expressed support for the bill in order to prevent from in on airline profits at the expense of safe service - but several committee members some backing mr. trump 's claim that the threat of regulation caused the failure of the ual deal and the stock-market plunge - one of the major concerns expressed by the was that large airlines would be prohibited from themselves of smaller entities and producing independent companies - in a possible prelude to the of talks between boeing co. and striking machinists union members a federal mediator said representatives of the two sides will meet with him tomorrow - it could be a long meeting or it could be a short one said doug hammond the mediator who called the agreement to meet a first step toward a of negotiations - we 're encouraged that talks are scheduled again but beyond that we have made no expression of expectations a boeing spokesman said - the machinists union has rejected a three-year contract offer that would have provided a N N wage increase over the life of the pact plus some bonuses - currently average pay for machinists is $ N an hour boeing said - now in its 13th day the strike has about N machinists and has started to delay delivery of some - with a strike fund of about $ N million the union had said it was prepared for a long strike - after the third week on strike union members will begin receiving $ N a week from the fund - work at boeing continues with supervisors and other personnel the lines - and at the company 's wichita kan. plant about N of the N machinists still are working boeing said - under kansas laws contracts can not require workers to be union members - boeing has declined to say how many employees are working at its giant wash. plant - union officials could n't be reached for comment - dpc acquisition partners a hostile suitor for dataproducts corp. said it intends to launch a tender offer for the computer printer maker 's common stock - dpc a group led by the new york investment firm inc. also said it plans to file preliminary materials with the securities and exchange commission regarding a shareholder solicitation to oust dataproducts ' board - dpc holds a N N stake in dataproducts and made a $ bid for the company in may but dataproducts management considered the $ N million proposal - a dpc spokesman declined to elaborate on the group 's new plan - in american stock exchange composite trading yesterday dataproducts shares jumped N cents to close at $ N - dataproducts which had been seeking a buyer for several months announced a restructuring plan in september and took itself off the auction block - the company 's restructuring includes plans to split into three sectors to phase out domestic printer manufacturing operations and to sell its new england subsidiary - as part of the plan dataproducts announced a pact to sell $ N million of its real estate holdings to properties inc. a unit of canada 's corp - jack davis dataproducts ' president chairman and chief executive officer said the company is at a loss to understand dpc 's intentions - he called today 's announcement and and said the company intends to proceed with its restructuring - share prices plummeted across europe yesterday in response to friday 's new york sell-off but some issues staged a late comeback after wall street opened without another rout - european investors have further reason for optimism today after the u.s. rebound - the frankfurt stock exchange which closed before the new york exchanges opened was the hardest hit of the major european markets with the dax index dropping N N - in london prices plummeted in early trading and were off as much as N N before coming back strong after the new york opening to close down only N N - west german economics minister helmut said in my view the stock market will stabilize relatively quickly - there may be one or other psychological or technical reactions but they are n't based on fundamentals - the economy of west germany and the ec european community is highly stable - paris which has been the center of speculation fever in recent weeks also was hard hit - share prices fell in milan amsterdam zurich madrid and stockholm - prices in brussels where a computer breakdown disrupted trading also tumbled - following is a breakdown of major market activity - frankfurt - one of the sharpest declines came in the financial center of europe 's strongest economy - the dax index of N west german blue chips plunged N N a one-day record out the summer 's gains - the index closed at N down N points - by comparison two years ago on black monday the new index would have dropped N N according to a projection by the exchange - investors may have reacted so strongly to friday 's u.s. stock market loss because they had vivid memories of the frankfurt exchange 's losing N N of its value in the N crash and its wake - this time however many small investors may have been hurt by acting so swiftly - they all went in the wrong direction said andreas an investment adviser for the bank in 's frankfurt branch - he said he told clients to buy selected west german blue chips after they fell by about N N - after the opening was delayed N minutes because of the crush of sell orders frankfurt 's normal trading session was extended N minutes to handle the heavy volume - the beginning was chaotic said nigel a broker for commerzbank ag - it took of an hour before enough prices could be worked out to get a reading on the market - institutional investors and bankers many of whom spent the night before in their offices watching far eastern markets were cautiously optimistic after the mild N N decline in tokyo stock prices - everybody was still confident including most institutional investors - that is why everybody was a little surprised by the storm of sell orders from small private investors said a senior trader for - some big institutions including banks began picking up shares late yesterday but most investors wanted to see what would happen in new york before acting - but even if wall street continues to stabilize analysts here say the latest blow to investor confidence could inhibit a swift recovery for the frankfurt exchange which already was showing signs of weakness after the dax had slipped from a N high of N on sept. N - some of west germany 's chips took some of the biggest hits - a N N drop for ag and dresdner bank ag 's N N decline were especially for their respective boards whose plans for major rights issues in november could now be in jeopardy - dresdner bank last month said it hoped to raise N billion marks $ N million by issuing four million shares at N marks each - yet yesterday 's market dresdner 's share price by N marks to N marks a share leaving little incentive for investors to subscribe to the standing price unless the market quickly - london - headed toward a record drop at midday the london stock market two-thirds of its losses in the wake of new york 's early rally - the financial times-stock exchange N share index closed off N points at N its high for the day after having plunged N points at N p.m - it was big institutions such as union insurance group scottish amicable investment managers and standard life assurance co. that the rally - attracted by low prices and encouraged by new york 's performance they up equities across the board - volume was N million shares more than triple recent levels - paris - late buying gave the paris a after its free fall early in the day - the general index ended down N N at N a drop of N points from friday - there was a volatility in the market that i have never seen before said a partner in brokerage firm - when wall street turned around shortly after the opening there was panic buying in paris - brokers said that as the news spread that wall street was moving up traders who had called to place sell orders changed their line in ordering buys instead - trading was driven primarily by small investors and speculators with large institutions waiting on the sidelines until late in the day - when wall street turned however the big boys entered the market looking for bargains - j.p. morgan & co. swung to a loss in the third quarter while ncnb corp. reported net income more than doubled and security pacific corp. net rose N N - j.p. morgan & co - j.p. morgan as expected posted a $ N billion net loss for the quarter reflecting the new york bank 's decision last month to add $ N billion to reserves for losses on loans to less-developed countries - the reserve addition placed the parent of morgan guaranty trust co. among a few major u.s. banks that have covered nearly all their medium and long-term portfolios to less-developed countries with reserves - the latest quarter 's loss $ N a share - in the year-earlier quarter morgan earned $ N million or $ N a share - george m. analyst at prudential-bache securities inc. called the results mildly disappointing - excluding the $ N billion provision and allowing for the taxes morgan paid earnings were about N cents a share mr. said - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday morgan climbed $ N a share to $ N - net interest income sank N N in the quarter to $ N million from $ N million - the interest rate on short-term funds which banks borrow to finance longer-term loans to customers was sharply higher morgan said - morgan received $ N million of interest payments on its medium and long-term brazilian loans had they been interest net interest income would have been $ N million higher in the quarter morgan said - such loans to argentina also remain classified as costing the bank $ N million of interest income in the third period - income from sources other than interest climbed N N to $ N million reflecting higher and other fees and gains on sales of investment securities - these increases were partly offset by lower income the bank said - non-interest expenses grew N N to $ N million - ncnb corp - ncnb corp. 's net income more than doubled in the period largely because of continued strong performance by the bank 's texas operations - the charlotte n.c. company said earnings rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or N cents a share a year earlier - the latest quarter included a gain of $ N million or N cents a share related to the purchase of the remaining N N of ncnb texas national bank from the federal deposit insurance corp - the strong performance however with an unexpectedly large increase in the size of ncnb 's problem loans particularly in the southeast - in the third quarter nonperforming assets jumped to $ N million or N N of net loans and leases from $ N million or N N in the second quarter - totaled $ N million or N N in the year-ago third quarter - included in the increase in the most recent quarter is a $ N million loan which ncnb said it expects to be fully repaid with no loss early in the fourth quarter - the deterioration in credit quality offset strong loan growth of N N in ncnb 's southeast operations as well as a N N growth in deposits resulting from an aggressive marketing campaign - the higher rates paid on deposits also helped squeeze ncnb 's net interest margin in the southeast to N N from N N a year earlier - in big board composite trading yesterday ncnb jumped $ N a share to $ N - results were released after the market closed - ncnb texas national formed from the of of the failed first corp. of dallas contributed $ N million to ncnb 's bottom line in the third quarter - ncnb said its third-quarter results reflect N N of earnings of the texas operation since aug. N - ncnb raised some $ N billion in new capital during the quarter to complete the ncnb texas purchase and to acquire several small failed thrifts to fill out its regional franchise - last week the banking company said it purchased both freedom savings & loan association tampa fla. and university federal savings association of san antonio texas for $ N million - in the first nine months ncnb 's net income climbed N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - security pacific corp - security pacific 's earnings growth slowed in the third quarter but the los angeles bank holding company was still able to post a N N increase in net income because of robust growth in residential real-estate and consumer loans - net rose to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - the company said the gain resulted mainly from a $ N million increase in net interest income reflecting a N N increase in real estate loans mainly residential and a N N rise in consumer loans - these loans in effect replaced some assets such as loans which were allowed to decrease - as a result security pacific 's net interest margin fell only N basis points a more mild decrease than some major banks outside california which have been reporting more sluggish earnings - security pacific shares closed at $ N down N cents in big board composite trading - the earnings represent a N N return on assets for security pacific and an N N return on equity - the loan growth offset continuing real-estate loan losses in the depressed arizona market - security pacific reported a N N increase in net credit losses for the quarter to $ N million from $ N million in the year-ago period - nonperforming loans grew slightly to $ N billion at sept. N from $ N billion a year ago - security pacific 's loan-loss provision was down N N or $ N million because it added to its reserve the year before - non-interest income fell N N in the quarter mainly because of an unusual gain a year earlier from the sale of hong kong banking operations - non-interest expense grew only N N in the period - for the nine months net rose N N to $ N million or $ N a share from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier - lin broadcasting corp. said it wo n't take a position on a revised tender offer by mccaw cellular communications inc. to buy lin and has asked for of the offer - the new offer which seeks N N of the cellular and broadcasting concern is for $ N a share for N million lin shares - mccaw 's revised tender offer would require mccaw to begin an auction process in july N that would buy out remaining holders at a per-share price roughly equivalent to what a third party might then have to pay for all of lin - lin is asking mccaw to clarify its tender offer which challenges an agreement between bellsouth corp. and lin to merge their businesses - bellsouth has notified lin that it would shortly respond to the mccaw proposal in as full and effective a manner as is - the lin board said holders may be by the provision in the mccaw proposal that guarantees private market value after five years for the remaining shares - mccaw has no obligation to purchase and the definition of private market value is uncertain the lin board said - the board added that mccaw would be able to control lin 's operations and could therefore operate lin in a manner which could its private market value and to a in five years - in national over-the-counter trading lin closed at $ N down $ N - a group of institutional investors in telerate inc. said that dow jones & co. 's $ offer for the electronic financial information services company is grossly inadequate - in a letter filed with the securities and exchange commission the group which holds about N million telerate shares or about N N of the shares outstanding said at present none of us believes an offer for less than $ N per share would be fair and some believe that $ N is too low - the letter was dated oct. N - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange telerate shares closed yesterday at $ N down N cents a share - dow jones publisher of the wall street journal has launched an $ or $ N million tender offer to acquire the remaining telerate shares outstanding dow jones owns N N of telerate - telerate has rejected the offer which expires nov. N - the group includes cos. and various affiliates based in boston wells fargo bank san francisco the california public employees retirement system sacramento calif. and t. rowe price associates inc. baltimore - among other issues the group 's letter said it has concerns as to whether dow jones 's offer meets the applicable requirements of procedural fairness - a spokesman for dow jones said he had n't seen the group 's filing but added obviously dow jones with their conclusions - our offer is to buy any and all shares tendered at $ N a share - u.s. trade representative carla hills said the first panel set up under the free trade agreement has ruled that canada 's restrictions on exports of pacific and violate the accord - mrs. hills said the u.s. and canada have until nov. N to resolve the dispute - if a solution is n't reached by then she said the u.s. would have the right to suspend some trade concessions to canada equivalent in value to the losses suffered by u.s. companies in alaska and the pacific northwest - however in canadian trade minister john said the panel accepted the legitimacy of canada 's position on the use of these landing requirements to and manage these important - questioned about the in the u.s. and canadian government views of the panel 's report an aide for mrs. hills said the panel had clearly ruled that the canadian trade restrictions are illegal - the u.s. trade representative declined to put a dollar estimate on the losses resulting from the canadian export restrictions - canada initially had an export prohibition that was replaced by regulations requiring that such fish had to be brought in british columbia by commercial prior to export - this action was defended by the canadian government on conservation grounds - mrs. hills said yesterday that the panel rejected this canadian government argument - we fully expect that canada will comply with the panel 's ruling that the landing requirement also must be ended she said - earlier an international panel set up under the rules of the general agreement on tariffs and trade in geneva determined that the original canadian restrictions violated gatt rules - mrs. hills said the u.s. wo n't accept any delays after nov. N because u.s. firms enter into contracts in the fall to purchase the next season 's catch - she said the canadian restrictions must be removed before such contracts are concluded - idle thought - to spend a idle day when duty calls to pay no to while the precious hours away character is what you need - may - - the guy who throws an his receiver should somehow be advised that we at home can read his - dick - corp. said it completed a restructuring agreement previously agreed to by the federal deposit insurance corp. creditor banks and subordinated debenture holders - the plan would permit the bank holding company to retire its bank and debenture obligations through exchanges of cash and equity - the fdic which in N provided $ N million in assistance to 's bank of oklahoma unit will continue to maintain $ N million in preferred stock in the bank unit - in exchange for the other $ N million the fdic will receive additional warrants it to buy N N of 's common stock outstanding up from the N N option the fdic received under terms of the N capital - in exchange for the $ N million they are owed creditor banks will receive N million shares of common stock and the proceeds from the future sales of four subsidiary banks to private buyers the bank holding company said - also under the agreement debenture holders will get one million shares of common stock in exchange for $ N million in debentures and holders of 's series a preferred stock will receive N shares of common stock for every share of preferred they own the company said - bear stearns 's chief economist lawrence in the sept. N issue of the firm 's global - were it true that a weak currency the way for trade surpluses then presumably argentina would be the center of today 's global economy - bsn corp. said it will begin an offer tomorrow to exchange up to one million of its common shares and all of its $ N million in N N N convertible debentures due N for a package of new debt and common stock warrants - under terms of the offer the sporting goods maker will swap $ N face amount of N N N subordinated notes due N and one warrant for each common share - each warrant allows the holder to buy one bsn share for $ N a share at any time over the next seven years - bsn currently has N million common shares outstanding - bsn also is offering $ N face amount of new notes and N warrants for each $ N face amount of its convertible debt outstanding - the company said it can redeem the warrants at its option for $ N each - the offer is n't contingent on a certain amount of debt or stock being exchanged - bsn said it is making the offer to shrink its capital and increase shareholder value - if all the bondholders and holders of one million common shares accept the offer bsn will increase its debt by $ N million but it also will recognize a $ N million gain from retiring the old debt said michael j. blumenfeld president - we have sufficient cash flow to handle that he said - the offers are scheduled to expire in to late november - merrill lynch & co. 's net income dropped N N while bear stearns cos. posted a N N gain in net and painewebber group inc. 's profit fell but would have risen without a special gain a year ago - at merrill lynch net was $ N million or N cents a share down from $ N million or N cents a share a year ago - total revenue reached $ N billion up N N from $ N billion - the firm 's drop in net reflected weaker revenue in transactions for its own account a decline of N N to $ N million on reduced revenue from trading fixed-income securities - investment banking revenue fell N N to $ N million on fewer equity and municipal - merrill lynch 's commission revenue grew N N however to $ N million on higher share prices and volume and on strong sales of mutual funds - revenue derived from interest and dividends jumped N N to $ N billion - fee revenue grew N N to $ N million - the brokerage also reported a loss of $ N million from the discontinued operations and disposal of its fine homes international limited partnership real-estate subsidiary - bear stearns said net in the first quarter ended sept. N reached $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier quarter - gross revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million - profit from trading for its own account dropped the securities firm said - investment banking revenue climbed N N while commission revenue advanced N N on a stronger retail market - bear stearns is the holding company for bear stearns & co. the investment banking and brokerage firm - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday bear stearns shares closed at $ N down N cents - separately painewebber posted net income for the third quarter of $ N million or N cents a share reflecting a broad-based improvement in the company 's core businesses - retail profit surged but the company said it was only a modest to third-quarter results - a year ago net at the new york investment banking firm was $ N million or N cents a share including a special pretax gain of $ N million from the sale of the company 's interest in national car rental systems inc - revenue was $ N million including net interest down slightly from $ N million - in big board composite trading yesterday painewebber closed at $ N up N cents - corp. said it signed an agreement with martin to purchase its headquarters building the columbia center for $ N million - purchase of the structure is subject to execution of a definitive agreement approval by the boards of and its parent company bankamerica corp. and approval by regulators - the market upheaval apparently has n't triggered any cash crunch yet - individual investors investment firms and arbitragers who speculate in the stocks of takeover candidates can suffer liquidity and payment problems when stocks dive those investors often borrow heavily to buy their holdings and use the stocks as collateral for loans - but several large banks said yesterday they detected no signs of unusual demand for credit that would signal such difficulties - we 're seeing nothing out of the ordinary said one official at a top N bank - that 's good news because we all in this water - added another executive at a big bank we were all a little over the weekend trying to forecast what would happen monday but it 's been very quiet - now as for tomorrow hell who knows - what happened friday shows that financial markets are not yet sufficiently to handle another in prices - no with systems and procedures will ever prevent markets from suffering a panic wave of selling - but markets can operate with greater or lesser efficiency - after the N plunge markets agreed that it would be to halt trading whenever panic conditions arose - the new york stock exchange adopted two specific circuit breakers if the dow jones index falls N points in a day the exchange will halt trading for one hour if the decline hits N points the exchange will close for an additional two hours - the rationale is that an of trading will allow investors to reconsider their strategies calm sellers and lead buyers to enter the market at indicated new price levels - it is impossible to know whether that theory is realistic - a temporary of trading may indeed discourage a selling panic from feeding on itself - but there is also the possibility that down markets will intensify fears and cause an even more abrupt slide in prices - what happened friday was the worst of all - the futures exchanges followed their own circuit breakers and shut down at about N p.m. for N minutes after the standard & poor 's N stock index had fallen N points or about N points on the dow jones index - options markets stopped trading in many securities - the new york stock exchange under its own rules remained open - with nowhere else to go sellers and particularly program traders focused all their selling on the new york stock exchange - as liquidity on that market weakened prices fell sharply - had the futures and options markets been open additional liquidity would have been provided and the decline most probably would have been less intense - at N after intense telephone negotiations between the trading markets and washington the futures exchanges reopened - futures trading however was halted altogether at N after the futures markets had dropped an additional N points which is the daily limit for price declines - at this point the options markets also shut down and once more left all sales to be handled by the new york stock exchange - it is time to recognize that the new york stock exchange the futures markets and the options markets though separate have actually become so closely as to constitute one market effectively - traders can vary their strategies and execute their orders in any one of them - it therefore makes no sense for each market to adopt different circuit breakers - to achieve maximum liquidity and minimize price volatility either all markets should be open to trading or none - circuit breakers would not have halted the slide in prices on friday but they probably would have made for less volatile executions - it 's time for the exchanges and the securities and exchange commission to agree on joint conditions for trading or staying open - let 's not have one market shut down for N minutes when the dow declines N points and another shut down for an hour after a decline - the need for last-minute telephone negotiations among market officials will disappear once rules are in place that circuit breakers in all markets - the new circuit breakers if they are to be applied at all will require that futures and options trading continue as long as the new york stock exchange remains open - the rules should be established by agreement of the officials of all affected exchanges acting under the oversight and with the approval of the government regulatory agencies - should the sec and the commodities futures trading commission which with the sec the chicago stock-index markets be unable to agree the issue may have to be resolved by decision of the treasury secretary - in many ways our financial markets are better prepared today to handle a decline than they were two years ago - the new york stock exchange now has the capacity to handle a volume of nearly a billion shares a day - telephone service has been improved for customers trying to reach their brokers and specialists who i believe should stay despite the of some post-crash critics have larger capital positions - of course specialists ' actions alone can never prevent a major crack in stock prices - witness the fact that trading in some stocks closed early friday and opened late monday because of an excess of sell orders - but the task of improving market performance remains - mr. former chief economist of the new york stock exchange is a professor of economics at pace university 's business school in new york - a unified europe labor problems and prospects for u.s. firms - the social worker concerns of the european community 's plan to open its internal borders in N could set the effort off the if not done reasonably says general electric senior vice president frank doyle - u.s. companies wanting to expand in europe face tough pressure from unions in nations such as west germany which play a big consulting role in management decisions he says - corp. and international say unions also wo n't like plant and needed restructuring which means layoffs - many employers have already begun moving to southern countries such as spain and italy where wages are low and unions are weaker demand for trained labor and managers will rise there says - pfizer fluor and ge see big ec N a push for job training and ease in moving and finding workers - a fan was n't the baltimore ' fault - so said a federal judge in a case involving two players for the minor league va. a baltimore farm team - the players were by a during a july N N game with the - like its parent that year was not having a good year the judge said - after the game lost N three in the ninth he noted trouble began - more in the parking lot the players said led to a fight - the fan said he was and kicked by one player and that the other broke his with a baseball bat - the judge dismissed the fan 's suit against the team however ruling the innocent of hiring and not responsible for a fight that was outside the players ' employment - proposals arise for coping with the shortage of nurses - an association of academic health centers report urges nurses from duties that do n't require special skills - it also recommends better retirement and benefits and pay on education experience and nurses ' demanding work schedules - but it opposes an american medical association proposal for creating a registered care as potentially divisive it says the job would an unwanted new doctor 's extension - over a third of N hospitals surveyed by consultant associates use a clinical on performance and education - many also use recruiting bonuses tuition loan repayment or child-care help - some give incentives - systems signs up nurses for paid travel promising annual income up to $ N and free or subsidized housing - treating employees with respect is crucial for managers says consultant group after surveys of a million workers - it 's in their top five work values - fully N N of employees who say their bosses treat them with respect but only a third of those who do n't feel respected say they 're satisfied with where they work - up the digs about N employees of the maryland department of economic and employment development for four months painted walls and floors bought plants windows and and hung pictures at the agency 's baltimore office - the N hours of work will save the state $ N - curbing wage boosts will get high priority again in N collective bargaining a bureau of national affairs survey of N companies with next year indicates - despite warnings N N aim for wage increases of under N N and N N say they 'd try to replace workers if struck or would consider it - temporary workers have good the national association of temporary services says its survey of N such employees shows N N with more than a high-school education and N N with college degrees - about N N have retired from a full-time job while N N were asked to stay on full time - losses rise but they 're often covered by employers - but they search for ways to limit the damage - a third of N companies surveyed by the employee relocation council report a rise in N sales losses over N - about N N reimburse for all or some losses - since N more companies give aid as many real-estate values the council says - rjr nabisco pays up to $ N of losses including improvements - wo n't ensure loss coverage but will prevent a catastrophic loss it has given some employees the full purchase price when values fell from concern over dangers posed by a disposal site - federal express dow chemical ford and national city corp. will buy the home or let the worker sell to an outside firm but usually wo n't cover a loss - since N firms offering house to deter rose to N N of those the council polled from N N - the the national academy of engineering gives two of the semiconductor a $ N achievement award - now that 's letter carriers union president vincent philadelphia charles james of century management tactics - yesterday was in the words of new york stock exchange chairman john j. phelan jr. just your reasonably normal N up day - when it was all over and stocks had staged a huge recovery big board officials were about how well the day had gone - they said the exchange 's trading procedures personnel equipment and links with other exchanges could n't have performed better - we had no operating problems at all mr. phelan said after the market closed - all the things that we set up to slow down the process to let people know that the market was in an extreme position worked extremely well - prices for the N million shares that changed hands during the session were carried on the exchange 's trading tape with barely a delay officials said - while reaching blockbuster yesterday the volume was still well within the N capacity that the exchange has said it can handle daily since up its computers after the october N crash - the so-called circuit breakers devised by the big board and the chicago mercantile exchange to free falls in stock and futures prices were n't triggered yesterday because the markets were higher for most of the day - despite traders ' complaints mr. phelan said the links with the chicago futures market worked as planned in friday 's rout to provide a period - of greater help the big board chairman said was the natural circuit breaker of the weekend that provided a breathing period that brought back to the market - chicken chains by loss of customers - fast-food chicken chains faced with a worsening business slump are struggling to hatch some new marketing strategies - the crest report which tracks consumer purchases says customer traffic at chicken restaurants fell N N in the second quarter while the overall fast-food customer count was down N N - chicken business is off largely because of more competition from convenience food pizza and other fare says a spokesman for the report a publication of group a market research firm in port washington n.y - the loss of more customers is the latest in a string of problems - church 's fried chicken inc. and 's famous fried chicken inc. which have merged are still troubled by restaurant locations - chicken chains also are feeling more pressure from mcdonald 's corp. which introduced its this year and recently tested the sale of individual pieces of chicken - new management at kentucky fried chicken a unit of pepsico inc. has fought back with new medium and large chicken for the lunch crowd - and the chain is testing products that are n't fried such as chicken to try to win consumers - kentucky fried chicken also is testing of chicken which could be a hit with - but some fast-food industry analysts say problems with keeping chicken warm and fresh must be solved first - a kentucky fried chicken spokesman however disputed the notion that the delivery service experienced problems in some markets where testing has been discontinued - he says the test is continuing in chicago columbus ohio and a few other cities - the advertising industry is with rumors that kentucky fried chicken will drop young & rubicam and seek a new ad agency - but the company declines to comment - goldman a painewebber inc. analyst predicts kentucky fried chicken will post an N N drop in N net income - they 've been he says but they 'll have to become more aggressive - reluctant advertisers try spots - call it - pittsburgh consultant david bear is selling a soft approach to clients who want exposure yet ads - his radio spots that offer helpful hints - the only plug for the sponsor is a brief mention at the end of the spot - the messages resemble the business a daily of travel tips developed by mr. bear and sponsored by travel agencies in several major cities - new include burt hill associates a butler pa. architectural firm - its radio series features such spots as evening wear for urban structures and building a place to park - a harder sell says john the firm 's president would from the profession - hospitals have signed up to use the messages to promote and equitable gas co. is considering the format to offer energy tips to consumers - but such spots can be too soft - there 's always a risk of lost messages says john chairman of advertising usa which created similar radio spots for pittsburgh national bank - it 's a question of how much credibility you gain for the possible loss of recognition - retailer sees in environmental push - here 's a retailer that 's getting tough in the push for environmentally safe packaging and products - big bear supermarkets inc. a grocery chain based in san diego plans to display shelf cards and distribute recommending products deemed safe for the environment - the choices will be based on research by the san diego environmental health coalition and will include products like murphy 's oil soap and other - but the chain is quickly the of such - for example it recommends detergent and puts on its environmentally safe list - that does n't procter & gamble co. maker of cascade detergent - a company spokesman questioned the of the list noting that is present in all major - in fact bros. confirms that its brand does contain even though it is n't listed on the label for the version - thomas g. big bear 's executive vice president said the chain is still reviewing its product list to avoid such problems - our intent is to promote the best alternative he says - and it 's important that we be accurate - but in the end customers ' wishes are what will prevail - big bear does n't care for disposable which are n't - yet parents demand them - says mr. we 'll still be forced to sell items we might not agree with - odds and ends - does count at least in the grocery store - a study by 's marketing research shows soap sales climbed N N when bars were neatly on shelves instead of dumped in a wire basket - which celebrity are most - for the third year in a row consumers voted bill cosby first and james second in as spokesmen in tv commercials according to video tests new york - michael j. fox replaced bruce in third place placed fourth for the second time - health and human services secretary louis sullivan has chosen novello to be the next surgeon general bush administration officials said - if she is by president bush and confirmed by the senate dr. novello would succeed c. who rattled liberals and conservatives alike with his outspoken views on a range of health issues - dr. novello an expert on pediatric kidney diseases is deputy director of the national institute of child health and human development - she has also served on several task forces on acquired immune deficiency syndrome - dr. novello 's office said she would n't talk with reporters and it refused to release any information about her - the newsletter medicine & health which first disclosed her selection by dr. sullivan said she is N years old and she studied at the university of puerto rico school of medicine - the continuing series of hud scandals is a predictable result of pork-barrel politics - nevertheless such as the national association of home builders nahb continue to pressure capitol hill for more special-interest spending - kent nahb executive vice president argues that the u.s. faces a housing crisis reduced of homes for first-time buyers increased homelessness and lower apartment construction rates that will be very difficult to solve without expanded federal resources - there 's nothing unusual about business groups pushing for more government spending - but the nahb was created in N out of an organization that made its name fighting a administration proposal to take over all defense housing production - through the years the association has been an active member of the taxpayer 's coalition pushing for such initiatives as the amendment - yet on matters close to home - the hud budget has dropped by more than N N since N argues mr. - we 've taken more than our fair share - i would n't have a problem if other programs had taken a similar hit - but nahb support for subsidies is not related to the current housing crunch over the years the nahb has backed a host of public programs - it once pushed for a national housing production goal set by the federal government and has regularly advanced housing measures - moreover explains one hud official the nahb remains susceptible to internal pressure from members that specialize in subsidized production - the association is pushing an extensive and expensive which would substantially boost spending above the current level of more than $ N billion annually - direct federal subsidies for housing construction have proved expensive in the past and inevitably are to the benefit of developers and lobbyists as demonstrated by the ongoing hud scandal or congressmen - indirect subsidies through the fha for instance are little better - though mr. says expanding fha lending would result in no cost to the government the mere diversion of funds from other parts of the economy and from other forms of housing such as low-income to the single-family home market would result in a major expense - more important housing programs run by hud the va and are in red ink - the fha alone lost $ N billion in fiscal N the government 's equity in the agency essentially its reserve fund fell to minus $ N billion - the federal government has had to pump in $ N billion into the va housing program since N to keep the fund afloat and the va requested an additional $ N million for the fiscal year just ended - all told the federal government already guarantees more than $ N billion of mortgages - in its produced publication where will our children live the nahb does acknowledge that of course the full measure of housing can not be provided by the federal government - it points to the impact of local government regulation particularly and building fees which the price of housing out of the reach of and people - but while the nahb has suggested actions that states and should take to reduce regulatory barriers the association has proposed no activist legislative program comparable to say its detailed request for more federal subsidies to eliminate controls - the association a majority of whose N members build fewer than N units a year is like many other business - explains macdonald of the national taxpayers union it in two - the builders like the subsidies but at the same time they tend to be fiscal conservatives in terms of major issues such as the amendment - unfortunately the organization 's desire for pork tends to override its commitment to overall fiscal responsibility - two years ago when the nahb lobbied for the $ N billion omnibus housing bill the organization basically dropped out of the taxpayers ' coalition says ms. macdonald - as mr. of the nahb acknowledges government is not going to solve the problem - the real key is to have the economy working and interest rates down - more money for hud will increase the deficit and the economy more money to municipalities that are their local housing markets will further them from the effects of their policies - is this what the home builders want - mr. is a institute fellow - see related story and bills to make wishes come true wsj oct. N N - in an attempt to give new momentum to european community plans for a single currency ec government leaders are likely to agree to set a date for starting formal talks on the ec 's founding treaty of rome - according to diplomatic sources in brussels most ec leaders agree that talks should begin in the second half of N and will make a declaration on that during a summit meeting in france on dec. N and N - the only strong opposition to changing the ec treaty comes from british prime minister margaret thatcher who is opposed to creating a single ec currency - but the process of the conference does n't require - setting a date to start treaty negotiations has no legal significance in itself but could be viewed as an important psychological push - french president mitterrand fought to set a date for the conference during the ec summit in madrid last june but the move was because of opposition by mrs. thatcher and west german chancellor helmut kohl - diplomatic sources said mr. kohl may now agree to set a date for the conference to make it clear that west germany is still committed to ec unity - the latest in the equities markets me of the joke t. boone pickens tells about the guy who was run over by the parade - when asked what went wrong the unfortunate victim replied it was a combination of things - and so it was on gray friday - the grand of this parade would appear to have been excess leverage - even if that is so however it 's probably the case that no barriers should have been to stop the before the end of the rout e - the began friday afternoon when word spread that the ual buy-out was - although the expects to patch together a substitute offer consisting of less cash the failure to get cash from japanese and american banks confirmed a growing fear among arbitragers that the of takeover deals is ending - lots of other made up the parade of course notably a surprisingly large increase in producer prices federal reserve and the bush administration 's temporary defeat in trying to lower the capital-gains tax - as usual few favorable reviews were heard for that band of program traders although most serious studies suggest they only play the music that others write - what really spooked the along wall street however was the sudden concern that whatever the reason the pool of debt capital is up - gray friday reflects a panic mainly by the takeover arbitragers rather than the small investor as their highly investments in the deal stocks are by the unexpected up of the for deal financing - deal stocks led the market down as they absorbed the heaviest losses - ual which triggered the slide opened monday at $ N down about N N from thursday 's close - amr opened monday at $ N down nearly N N from thursday 's close - both took further hits yesterday - hilton lost N N on friday paramount lost almost N N - a careful look reveals that where deal financing has been secured the target 's stock price was not affected on friday - the multibillion-dollar prospects where the bidder must line up a consortium of banks issue billions in high-yield debt were where the damage was concentrated - the market for so-called junk bonds has been setting the stage for friday 's dramatic march for several weeks - the growing financial difficulties of recent restructurings or takeovers such as resorts international integrated resources and campeau 's retailing empire have cast a pall over the entire market for high-yield securities - investors have reacted by ignoring recent efforts to float junk bonds by ohio and by forcing ramada to postpone indefinitely its planned junk-bond sale and restructuring - as a result high-yield mutual funds have declined across the board and the many firms planning to sell $ N billion in junk bonds before year-end are experiencing anxious times - these are all market excesses putting aside the boosts that the tax code gives to debt over equity and what we 've seen is the market them in - of course washington had n't been silent in the days leading up to the debacle and its tendency to in the leverage equation remains a troublesome prospect but those preliminary steps should n't us from the basic market that was at work on friday - if it is correct to find that concerns over corporate debt and lbos caused gray friday what are the implications for policy makers - after all the stock market 's response to the collapse of the ual deal might be taken to confirm the direction of regulators - is this a case where private markets are of washington 's of wall street - absolutely not - to the extent that friday 's sell-off reflected a sudden of the excesses of leverage the message is that wall street and the private markets are fully capable of imposing the appropriate incentives and sanctions on corporate behavior - the national economic interests are much better served allowing the private interests of bankers and investors be the ultimate judges of the investment quality of various lbo deals and leveraged restructurings - the recent difficulties in the junk-bond markets and the of bank capital for recent deals the wisdom of letting the free markets operate - if takeover premiums become excessive if lbo become too aggressive then the private market will recognize these problems more quickly and accurately than will policy makers and the markets will move with speed to impose appropriate sanctions - yes the broader exchanges got caught up in the but they rode the tiger up all year - not surprisingly he sometimes - the arbitragers and takeover got killed on gray friday while the besieged managers of prospective targets cheered - if you identify with the besieged managers you must concede that and effective relief from the excesses of the takeover market is more likely to come from the marketplace than from washington - if you side with the arbitragers and raiders you clearly have more to fear from private investors than from regulators although the delaware courts should never be underestimated - the truth is washington understands politics better than economics - although the average citizen is probably not too much from washington 's war against wall street regarding excessive financial actual legislation would probably impose considerable harm - any such attempt to good debt from bad debt or to draw the line at a particular industry such as the airlines is likely to blunt the spur that the proper amount of leverage provides both to equity markets and economic efficiency in general - far better for policy makers to concentrate on the war against drugs panama and the deficit all of them that seem never to end - mr. former top economist at the securities and exchange commission teaches at the university of rochester 's simon business school - tokyo share prices rebounded tuesday morning with the nikkei index of N selected stocks rising N points to close the morning session at N - the index slid N points or N N on monday - in the first N minutes of tuesday 's trading the nikkei index soared N points to N - by N a.m. tokyo time the index was up N points to N as investors hailed new york 's overnight rally - monday 's slide came in a relatively calm session that did n't provide much direction for other markets - shares also closed sharply lower across europe particularly in frankfurt although london and a few other markets recovered some ground after stocks began to rebound in new york - other asian and pacific markets had sharper losses than tokyo but the selling wave stopped short of another market crash - all eyes were on tokyo at the opening because it was the first major market to trade since friday 's 190.58-point plunge on wall street - but rather than set the tone for other markets japan 's major institutional investors chose to remain on the sidelines - still despite the sudden of stock-market turbulence managers of japanese investment funds said they were n't planning to unload u.s. or european equities - we did n't trade much today as our policy now is to wait and see said a fund manager at life insurance co - we would like to wait and see until trading goes around through europe and new york - the institutions appeared confident that japanese regulators would step in to ensure orderly trading if necessary and there was considerable speculation during the day that the finance ministry was working behind the scenes to do just that - but in the absence of trading its presence was never felt - at the close the nikkei average of N stocks stood at N down N points or N N - the broader tokyo stock price index sank N or N N to N - the day 's decline was generally in line with analysts ' weekend predictions - declining issues advancers N - but volume was thin at N million shares compared with N million friday - the market opened sharply lower with the nikkei average down nearly N after N minutes - a midmorning rebound brought it back to show a gain of about N at the end of the morning session but the rally failed in the afternoon and the market closed near the day 's low - the smaller stocks in the tokyo market 's second section also posted their biggest decline of the year - the tokyo stock exchange index for the second section fell N or N N to N - many investors trying to outperform the market 's major indexes have to these small issues in recent weeks - japanese investors and traders expressed relief that the tokyo market did n't fall more sharply - but its performance did bear some to events of two years ago during the october N global stock market crash - on oct. N N the friday before the black monday crash the new york market dropped N N and tokyo followed on monday with a N N drop - this time wall street 's plunge of N N friday was followed by yesterday 's N N loss in tokyo - two years ago tokyo 's biggest fall came the day after new york 's N N black monday plunge when the nikkei average fell N N - thus market participants yesterday were looking ahead nervously to wall street 's opening - but in new york yesterday the dow jones industrial average surged N to close at N on heavy volume of N shares although declining issues still outnumbered advancing ones on the broad market - a director at yamaichi investment trust & management co. called yesterday 's session a good scenario for japan - now we are looking for the time to place buy orders he said - for us institutional investors the chance for buying has come - general manager of the investment research department at trust & banking co. also was optimistic - he described friday 's plunge in the u.s. as a fleeting event resulting in part from excessive merger and acquisition activity - unless there is a panic this is the best time to buy as was the case two years ago he said - those shares which had posted gains on speculation were dashed with cold water but as far as major stocks are concerned there is n't much impact - other fund managers were similarly - we have no plans to adjust our asset allocation in foreign equities said chief portfolio manager in the pension fund management department at trust & banking co - he said friday 's wall street decline was well within the range of volatility that trust plans for when it charts its overseas investment strategy - among other asian and pacific markets malaysia and singapore had the biggest losses with the kuala lumpur composite index in malaysia falling N N and singapore 's times industrial index down N N - major indexes declined more than N N in australia and new zealand and N N in hong kong - manila seoul taipei and escaped with slightly smaller losses - brokers and fund managers said the region 's markets were reacting to friday 's wall street plunge even though that decline was due to local factors such as failed corporate buy-outs and a deteriorating junk-bond market - it 's pure psychology said william an account executive for drexel burnham lambert ltd. in hong kong - markets in this region are n't so geared to leveraged buy-outs and their economies generally are in good shape but there 's no doubt that asia is still following america 's lead - several analysts said malaysia and singapore had the biggest losses because they are relatively open to rapid cash flows - hong kong is the region 's next most open market but many foreign investors have been staying away from it since it plunged in june amid political turmoil in china - singapore took the hit because when people want to get out they tend to go where the liquidity is said elizabeth hambrecht a regional analyst with baring securities hong kong ltd - she pointed out that even after monday 's N N decline the times index is up N N this year so investors who out generally did so profitably - similarly kuala lumpur 's composite index yesterday ended N N above its N close - in hong kong the hang seng index fell N to finish at N - trading was heavy at about one billion shares compared with N million friday - but the session was orderly in contrast to the market 's four-day after the N crash - richard a director at hong baring international fund managers ltd. said the market probably has n't hit bottom yet but is close - if new york does n't collapse i see maybe another N N on the downside not counting the risk of bad news out of china he said - in australia sydney 's all index closed at N down N N its biggest drop since october N - but volume rose only to N million shares from N million friday - an analyst at brokerage firm & young ltd. described the market 's performance as as investors fled to australian stocks and entrepreneurial companies they perceived as having any takeover premium built into the price - london 's financial times-stock exchange 100-share index the most closely watched market barometer ended at its intraday high of N down N or N N - at its low shortly before wall street opened it was off more than N points - the financial times 30-share index closed N points lower at N - volume more than doubled to N million shares from N million friday - prices on the frankfurt stock exchange tumbled in heavy trading - the decline in the german stock index of N points or N N to N was the frankfurt market 's fall ever - retail investors dumped holdings on a massive scale pushing some blue-chip shares down as much as N N - analysts cited memories of two years ago when many small investors held on to their shares after the october crash but the west german market continued to decline for the next three months - here are price trends on the world 's major stock markets as calculated by morgan stanley capital international perspective geneva - to make them directly comparable each index is based on the close of N equaling N - the percentage change is since year-end - frank lloyd wright is reported to have said once that if you the world on its side everything loose would end up in california - we 've always thought that mr. wright underestimated california 's but maybe the state 's are starting to the forces that made it such a significant place - what else is one to make of the initiative just proposed by several major environmental groups and organized by the state 's attorney general - if passed by the voters the recently announced initiative would phase out major pesticides reduce carbon dioxide emissions by N N ban new offshore drilling ban chemicals thought to the ozone layer and create a new state environmental officer armed with a $ N million budget to sue any firm or agency he thinks is being too - the initiative is based largely on the of the green lobby the sierra club the league of conservation voters the natural resources defense council the national campaign and the citizens for a better environment - the environmental defense fund is having nothing to do with this one - not only californians but all americans would pay if this thing passed - the initiative bars the sale of any crops in california that do n't meet the initiative 's standards - kansas wheat farmers and florida fruit growers would have to adjust or give up the california market - in other words california is to take control of the nation 's farm policy - as usual the green lobby 's proposal is from scientific reality - consider the provision - the proposed initiative would mandate a reduction of carbon dioxide of N N - even if one buys into the whole greenhouse theory it is that reductions in a single state could have any impact on what is billed as a global problem - but if rational science and economics have nothing to do with the new environment initiative what is going on - the first place to look under these circumstances is at the ways in which the sponsors themselves will benefit - the key here is the of state attorney general john van de - he 's running for governor - mr. van de is the one who collected the plans from the various radical environmental groups and them into a single initiative to be placed on the ballot for election on nov. N N - that 's also the day of the gubernatorial election - the initiative seems to have been to include all the hot issues that set off the wealthy hollywood who money - and it allows mr. van de to get around campaign spending limits - he can spend the legal maximum for his campaign all the spending for the van de initiative on which there are no limits is - this initiative is being labeled the big green but maybe it should be called the big - the republican candidate sen. pete wilson is playing the initiative game too his own crime initiative - while it is possible that the big green initiative will be ruled unconstitutional it is of course that in modern california it could slide through - this is the state that recently passed the N initiative - if this new proposal ever does become law the green lobby will benefit directly - the initiative creates a free floating state environmental officer to sue companies or government agencies that do things he does n't like - that means the and such groups no longer would have to spend as much money on litigation taxpayers would bear the cost - mr. van de and his allies may be hoping that the environment is such a mom and issue among certain segments of california 's population now that almost any collection of nonsense can pass under its - of course the state 's liberals are not yet a nation themselves - george bush for example may decide that he does n't want to be the president who lost control of interstate commerce to an attorney general from california - and some other segments of california 's political and media culture may yet start to point out that the initiative would impose significant costs on the state 's less affluent citizens in the form of higher food prices and lost jobs - this initiative will help california define itself for the future either as a state still to economic and scientific reality or as one being led to wherever its activists want to take it - first there was a death watch - then - spurred by waves of large-scale buying in blue-chip stocks the dow jones industrial average rallied yesterday and erased about a half of friday 's 190.58-point plunge gaining N to N - it was the advance for the average of N blue chips on new york stock exchange volume of N shares the highest since the days after the N crash - while the advance cheered investors who feared a crash would occur yesterday it was strictly a rally fed by huge buying by bargain-hunting institutions and program traders - a troubling sign declining stocks on the big board outnumbered advancers N to N and the over-the-counter market that includes many smaller stocks suffered aftershocks of friday 's late big board plunge - the nasdaq otc index closed down N to N - meanwhile in a divergence in two of the market 's most important indicators the dow industrials ' sister average the dow jones transportation average tumbled N to N its decline next to the fall during the N crash - plunged on takeover disappointments in two airline stocks ual and amr which each fell more than N N when they reopened for trading yesterday after being suspended friday afternoon - ual the takeover stock at the center of friday 's 190.58-point market plunge fell N N to N N on nearly N million shares - overall this is a rally but it 's very selective said arthur jr. a veteran painewebber inc. trader at the big board - everyone was a little concerned about the general of the rally and failure of the otc market to get into plus territory - it 's just a strange feeling - i do n't think anyone left the place - the rally gave at least for now to the declaration of big board chairman john j. phelan jr. that friday 's market debacle was an condition and not a disaster - but to traders it looked like disaster on the N a.m. opening bell - the dow jones industrial average opened down N shortly after N - but most of the N blue-chip stocks in the average including eastman kodak and general motors could n't trade because of the heavy backlog of sell orders left over from friday 's rout - at N procter & gamble one of the most important dow of late opened down N N to N - the dow dropped to a quick loss and to many traders it looked as if stocks were headed for yet another big tumble - more stocks opened over the half hour as the N big board specialist firms in charge of keeping the market orderly to find buy orders from major brokerage firms to match the selling flood - then to make matters worse computerized sell programs kicked in stocks into losses - there was heavy stock-index arbitrage as traders sold big baskets of stock and bought stock-index futures to profit from the price discrepancies between the two markets - this was a from friday when standard & poor 's 500-stock index futures had closed at a sharp discount to stocks - the of the program selling dashed any hopes that some of the big program trading firms would hold off until the market stabilized - they did n't - the dow accelerated its slide losing N in the first N minutes of trading - with program traders seemingly in charge buyers backed away from the market and watched stocks fall - then at N the dow suddenly started to rebound and when it shot upward it did so even faster than the fall - and this time it was n't just the program traders who were responsible - all the selling had pushed stocks to such cheap values that big investment banks and major money management firms started buying stocks heavily - the program traders were in there too of course - but according to one trader the programmers did n't look as dominant on the upside as on the downside because there was also a lot of bargain-hunting by institutions - m. director of the new jersey division of investment which oversees $ N billion in investments said the first thing we did was to double our orders yesterday morning - with the market down like this we 'll probably take another $ N million and put it in the market - trading in walt disney co. particularly caught traders ' eyes - according to big board officials disney had one of the biggest imbalances on friday it was one of the seven stocks that could n't finish trading that day - the stock opened late at N N down N N - but then it shot upward N N as goldman sachs & co. stepped in and bought traders said - however disney specialist robert said i would be surprised if goldman represented N N of the opening volume - around wall street trading desks were relieved that they could at least play the market yesterday in contrast to friday 's gridlock - at donaldson lufkin & jenrette inc. head equity trader said i think the opening was - it was orderly - we put some orders together - there was n't a lot of panic selling either domestically or internationally - not like friday where they just took the market apart - still the market had n't yet crossed into positive territory and traders were - but in another dramatic burst the dow tacked on N points in five minutes and at N the index showed a gain of N - on the big board floor and on trading desks traders their approval - peck a trader in shearson lehman hutton inc. 's otc department i tell you this market acts healthy - around him scores of traders seemed to get a burst of energy their boss broke out bottles of water to cool them off - among big board specialists the cry was pull your offers meaning that specialists soon expected to get higher prices for their shares - it was on the upside said one big board specialist - but not everybody was making money - the on the chicago board options exchange the nation 's major options market was heavy after the trading in s&p N stock-index options was halted friday - many market makers in the s&p N index options contract had bullish positions friday and when the shutdown came they were frozen with huge losses - over the weekend clearing firms told the chicago market makers to get out of their positions at any cost monday morning - they were absolutely killed said one chicago-based options trader - some traders said that the closely watched major market index whose N stocks mimic the dow industrials did n't lead yesterday 's big rally - james a partner at specialist & said the difference between today and two years ago terrible tuesday oct. N N is that then we needed a to go into the major market index spend $ N million and get the program rally started - this time institutions saw the programs coming and backed away and backed away - then when the market was at a technical level to buy they came in with a - however according to one analyst the timing of major market index futures buying just before the turnaround was similar to that of terrible tuesday - futures were pulling the stock market higher said donald head of stock-index futures research at prudential-bache securities inc - although the big board 's specialist firms struggled through another highly volatile trading session their performance yesterday was better than during friday 's chaos according to traders and brokers who work with them - specialists were criticized for their inability to maintain orderly markets during the friday plunge - but yesterday even with halts in such major blue-chip stocks as merck we expected the halts and it was n't too bad said donaldson 's mr. who had been critical of the specialists ' performance on friday - according to a big board official while many stocks opened late there were subsequent trading halts in only three issues amr merck and energy - merck is one of the most important stocks in the major market index - no sector of the market has been during the past two days ' gyrations - yet from the dow industrials ' high on oct. N through friday 's plunge relatively good performances have been turned in by real-estate utilities precious metals and life insurance stocks - and yesterday the top performing industry group was oil field equipment issues - for example jumped N N to N rose N N to N N and baker hughes rose N N to N - because of the ual and amr airlines were the weakest sector of the market yesterday - philip morris was the big board 's most active issue rising N N to N N on nearly eight million shares - among other major issues coca-cola co. closed up N at N N on N million shares and american telephone & telegraph rose N N to N on nearly N million shares - shares of international business machines which reported earnings yesterday finished at N up N after slipping below N during friday 's session for the first time in five years - shares of three brokerage firms rose after they reported earnings - merrill lynch added N N to N painewebber rose N to N N and bear stearns rose N to N N - federal national mortgage association a recently hot stock climbed N to N on nearly N million shares - at a news conference after the close of trading yesterday the big board 's mr. phelan and other exchange officials praised the performance of their computers and personnel - mr. phelan said that program trading strategies were n't responsible for triggering friday 's decline despite a jump in the use of the computer-driven strategies in recent months - some N million of the more than N million shares traded in the final N minutes of friday 's session when the plunge in stock prices was concentrated were he said - program trades make up N N of the exchange 's volume on an average day but despite the increase friday it was certainly not something you would say the market decline mr. phelan said - mr. phelan expressed relief that the market rebounded yesterday - obviously every time we get this kind of reaction it 's going to make everybody nervous including me he said - he said that exchange officials had conversations with wall street firms throughout the weekend and that all the participants behaved very very today - meanwhile peter dapuzzo shearson 's head of retail equity trading praised institutional investors in the otc market who were heavy buyers of the nasdaq 's biggest technology issues yesterday amid a flood of selling by other investors - the institutions ca n't be criticized for their behavior mr. dapuzzo said in an interview - it was the opposite of what happened on oct. N - they used their judgment - they did n't panic during the first round of selling this morning - instead they bought on weakness and sold into the strength which kept the market orderly - maybe they learned from experience - mr. phelan said the performance of specialists during friday 's plunge was because out of N big board common stocks traded during the day only seven were closed and were n't reopened before the close - they did an excellent job mr. phelan said of the specialists - wall street traders on friday had complained about the trading - james a. white and contributed to this article - west germany 's green party joined its ideological and the institute in the legal battle to ground the atlantis shuttle and its galileo probe to jupiter - the greens wanted a washington federal appeals court to block today 's scheduled long enough for them to ask the world court to order a permanent cancellation of the $ N billion flight - a appeals panel yesterday refused to comply though liberal judge pat went out of her way to deny that this was a case - of course it was - nasa should now sue for fines against all three foreign and domestic for bringing this case - a house-senate conference approved a permanent smoking ban on all domestic airline routes within the continental u.s. and on all flights of six hours or less to alaska and hawaii - the restrictions would cover all but a small percentage of domestic air traffic and represent a major expansion of the current smoking ban on flights of two hours or less - the exemption allowed on longer flights to alaska and hawaii appears to be largely a for the traditionally powerful tobacco industry which has found itself increasingly isolated in the face of public pressure in recent years - by a N margin house negotiators initially rejected last night a senate provision covering all domestic flights - but the compromise was soon agreed to in subsequent discussions - as a practical matter flights from the west coast to hawaii would be covered as they are under the time limit but the language would exempt longer routes beginning for example in chicago or on the east coast - within the senate the ban has had aggressive support from sen. frank d. n.j. who has used his position as a senate appropriations subcommittee chairman to votes for the initiative - the measure is attached to the more than $ N billion fiscal N transportation bill within mr. 's jurisdiction and the final compromise is with more than $ N million in road projects earmarked by members as well as funds sought by major airports including denver - from the outset the tobacco industry has been uncertain as to what strategy to follow - but the industry retains support in the house leadership through the influence of grower states such as north carolina - majority whip william gray owes a political debt to southern agriculture lawmakers for his rise in the house and the philadelphia democrat used his position in the conference to salvage the exemption from a total ban - although the smoking provision has attracted the most public interest the underlying bill was the subject of lobbying because of its impact on air transportation and the more mundane but politically important projects of members - in a stark lesson in the power of the appropriations committees the house deliberately killed a handful of projects backed by lawmakers in florida illinois and pennsylvania who had voted against the panel leadership on the house floor - anybody can vote as they want said rep. william lehman d. fla. head of the house conferees - but if you make a request you should support the committee - within the federal aviation administration the final bill promises to increase spending for facilities and equipment by more than N N from last year and total operations would rise to $ N billion a N N boost - the facilities account includes $ N million for denver 's ambitious new airport and the competition for these funds created shifting alliances between urban lawmakers representing established airports in philadelphia and michigan and the major carriers to denver united and continental - leery of the costs and critics say competition the airlines have sought to gain leverage over the city of denver - texas air corp. which owns continental and the air transport association were prominent in the lobbying - the industry sought to impose conditions that would have delayed funds for the project until denver and the airlines had agreed to leases for N N of the gates - but this was rejected in favor of much language the transportation department to review the costs of the first phase expected to cost about $ N billion - though smaller in total dollars the conference agreed to preserve an estimated $ N million in controversial subsidies to carriers serving rural or isolated airports - the sum is more than double what the house had approved for the program but the list of qualified airports would be cut by N under new distance requirements and limits on the level of subsidy - congress previously cut six airports this year - the impact of the changes is to eliminate many of the most excessive cases where the government has been paying more than $ N for each passenger in subsidies - among rail and highway accounts the agreement provides $ N million for including $ N million for capital improvements - and grants for mass transit would be effectively frozen at $ N billion or $ N million more than last fiscal year - enjoying several blockbuster movie hits including batman los angeles-based guber-peters entertainment co. reported earnings for the first quarter ended aug. N of $ N million or N cents a share compared with a year-earlier loss - sony corp. which has offered to acquire the company is seeking to free its top executives peter guber and jon peters from an exclusive agreement with time warner inc. 's warner communications inc. so they can run columbia pictures entertainment inc - sony two weeks ago agreed to acquire columbia for $ N billion or $ N a share - warner sued sony and guber-peters late last week sony and guber-peters have charging warner with attempting to interfere in sony 's acquisition of the two companies - guber-peters 's net income in the latest quarter compared with a net loss of $ N million or N cents a share in the year-earlier period - the company said revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million reflecting the success of its movies in the and as well as the batman - a group including jon m. of salt lake city said it boosted its stake in chemical corp. to N N of the the common shares outstanding - as previously reported holdings corp. owned by jon m. and other members of his family proposed that corp. an affiliate of holdings acquire in a friendly transaction for $ in cash or $ N million - in a filing with the securities and exchange commission the group said it controls N common shares including N shares bought from aug. N to oct. N for $ N to $ N per share - officials at based in pittsburgh declined comment - congress has been critical of the bush administration for not sending enough aid to poland so it is getting ready to send its own version of a care package - last month the senate voted to send a delegation of congressional staffers to poland to assist its legislature the in democratic procedures - senator pete calls this effort the first gift of democracy - the poles might do better to view it as a horse - it is the vast shadow government of N congressional staffers that helps create such legislative as the N page reconciliation bill that claimed to be the budget of the united states - maybe after the staffers explain their work to the poles they 'd be willing to come back and do the same for the american people - plc a financially troubled irish maker of fine crystal and china reported that its pretax loss for the first six months widened to N million irish punts $ N million from N million irish punts a year earlier - the results for the half were worse than market expectations which suggested an interim loss of around N million irish punts - in a sharply weaker london market yesterday shares were down N pence at N pence N cents - the company reported a loss after taxation and minority interests of N million irish punts compared with a loss of N million irish punts for the year-earlier period - there were n't any extraordinary items - sales for the total group rose N N to N million irish punts compared with N million irish punts a year ago - has decided against paying an interim dividend - said the appointment of a new management team and the signing of a comprehensive labor agreement are expected to enhance the company 's long-term prospects - the sudden flight to quality that triggered friday 's explosive rally was reversed yesterday in a flight from quality rout - the setback in which treasury bond prices plummeted reflected a rebound in the stock market and profit-taking - it was a pretty wild day - our markets were closely tied to the stock market said joel manager of trading at smith barney harris upham & co - friday 's flight to quality was no longer needed once the stock market found its he said - some fixed-income investors had expected a further drop in stock prices after the nearly drop in the dow jones industrial average on friday - that caused investors to stocks and buy high-quality treasury bonds which are safer than other types of securities - but when stocks began to climb instead prices of treasury bonds declined - contributing to the selling pressure were by several investment firms advising clients to boost their stock holdings and reduce the size of their cash or bond portfolios - among the firms were merrill lynch & co. and dean witter reynolds inc - the bond market seemed to ignore evidence that the federal reserve eased credit conditions slightly by allowing the federal funds rate to as low as N N N - the closely watched rate on federal funds or overnight loans between banks slid to about N N N last week down from its perceived target level of about N N - the rate is considered an early signal of changes in fed policy - traders said yesterday 's modest easing did n't stir much enthusiasm because it had been widely expected - in fact some economists contend that the latest easing started last week - others note that some investors were disappointed because they had expected a more aggressive easing - the treasury 's benchmark 30-year bond ended about N N points lower or down about $ N for each $ N face amount - the reversal was even more evident among treasury securities - after treasury bill rates plummeted as much as N percentage point on friday they gave back of that amount yesterday - the bond-equivalent yield on three-month treasury bills for example was quoted late yesterday at N N compared with N N friday - investment-grade corporate bonds mortgage-backed securities and municipal bonds also fell - but prices of junk bonds which were battered friday in near standstill trading rebounded to post small gains after a volatile trading session - junk bonds opened as much as four points lower but staged a modest comeback as stock prices firmed - some traders said the high-yield market was helped by active institutional buying - in particular they said firms such as first boston corp. and drexel burnham lambert inc. began making a market in junk issues early in the session when prices hit severely depressed levels - i think the willingness of securities companies to make markets for high-yield issues improved the sentiment for junk bonds said john an economist at moody 's investors service inc - u.s. treasury bonds were higher in overnight trading in japan which opened at about N p.m. edt - the benchmark 30-year bond for example rose one point in early japanese trading in reaction to a quick drop in the tokyo stock market - but as japanese stocks rebounded treasurys retreated and ended just modestly higher - many u.s. trading operations wanting to keep a eye on japanese trading as an indication of where u.s. trading would begin were fully during the tokyo trading session - most of the action was during the night session said michael moore trading manager at continental bank - jay who often trades overnight for capital insight inc. beverly hills calif. said trading in tokyo was very active but highly volatile - we went down N point in N minutes right before lunch then after lunch we went up N point in N minutes he said - in tokyo trading is halted during - tokyo 's market turned out to be a bad bellwether for u.s. trading - when the market opened here bonds prices fell as the stock market regained strength - the bond market 's focus on stock activity was so strong yesterday that it today 's slate of economic data which includes the government 's report on august u.s. merchandise trade and september industrial production - industrial production is expected to have declined N N according to a consensus of economists surveyed by dow jones capital markets report - the august trade deficit is expected to have widened to $ N billion from $ N billion in july - a widening of that magnitude said one new york trader is not a favorable number - it could do damage to us - meanwhile agency supply is expected to weigh heavily on the market today when the federal home loan bank prices a $ N billion offering of one-year three-year five-year and 10-year maturities - tomorrow the resolution funding corp. will provide details of its first bond issue which is expected to total between $ N billion and $ N billion and carry a maturity greater than N years - resolution funding is a division of resolution trust corp. the new federal agency created to bail out the nation 's troubled thrifts - and this week the tennessee valley authority plans to price a $ N billion offering its first public debt borrowing in N years - there 's lots of supply the new york trader said - we have a couple or three tough weeks coming - treasury securities - prices of treasury bonds tumbled in moderate to active trading - the benchmark 30-year treasury bond was quoted late at a price of N N compared with a closing price of N N friday - the yield on the benchmark issue rose to N N from N N - the latest 10-year notes were quoted late at N N for a yield of N N compared with N N to yield N N - short-term interest rates fell yesterday at the government 's weekly treasury bill auction - the average discount rate on new three-month treasury bills was N N the lowest since the average of N N at the auction on oct. N N - the average discount rate was N N on new six-month bills the lowest since the average of N N at the auction on july N N - here are auction details - rates are determined by the difference between the purchase price and face value - thus higher bidding narrows the investor 's return while lower bidding widens it - the percentage rates are calculated on a year while the yield is based on a year - both issues are dated oct. N - the 13-week bills mature jan. N N and the 26-week bills mature april N N - corporate issues - investment-grade corporate bonds ended one to N N point lower - there were no new issues - foreign bonds - foreign bonds surged as the dollar weakened against most major currencies - among benchmark issues japan 's no. N N N bond due N ended on brokers screens at N up N point - the yield was N N - west germany 's N N N issue due june N ended at N up N point to yield N N - britain 's N N N bond due N ended N N higher at N N to yield N N while the N N N notes due N rose N to N N to yield N N - mortgage-backed securities - mortgage securities gave up most of friday 's gains as active issues ended N to N point lower - dealers said morning activity was hectic as prices dropped in response to gains in the stock market and losses in treasury securities but trading slowed to moderate levels in the afternoon - government national mortgage association N N securities for november delivery were quoted late yesterday at N N down N from friday N N N securities were down N at N N and N N securities were at N N off N - federal home loan mortgage corp. N N securities were at N N down N - on friday mortgage issues gained as much as N N - late yesterday ginnie mae N N securities were yielding N N to a 12-year average life assumption as the spread above the treasury 10-year note narrowed N percentage point to N - traders said there were some busy dealings in freddie mac and federal national mortgage association securities because underwriters from last week 's heavy slate of real estate mortgage investment issues moved to gather collateral for new deals - offsetting the purchases were continued heavy sales by mortgage which are producing increased amounts of fixed-rate mortgage-backed issues with lower rates - there was no new-issue activity in the derivative market - municipals - rebounding stocks and weaker treasury prices drove municipal bonds N to N point lower in late dealings - the session losses left municipal dollar bonds close to where they were before the 190.58-point drop in the dow jones industrial average friday prompted a capital markets rally - trading was hectic during the morning with players trying to gauge whether equities would continue friday 's free fall or stabilize after a brief spot of weakness - started the session flat to a touch higher on anticipation of further stock market erosion but bond prices rapidly turned south as it became more clear that a repeat of the october N crash was n't at hand - professionals dominated municipal trading throughout the session - traders said retail investors seemed to be the sidelines until a measure of volatility is out of the market - new jersey turnpike authority 's N N issue of N was off N at N N bid yielding N N up N percentage point from late friday - florida board of education 's N N N issue of N was N point weaker at N N bid - the N N N issue of bridge and tunnel authority of new york due N was off N at N N bid - and county va. water authority 's N N N issue of N was down N at N N bid - serial bond yields were up about N percentage point - corp. kansas city mo. said it 's weighing strategic alternatives for its business men 's assurance co. unit and is possible buyers of the life and health insurance operation - a spokesman said runaway medical costs have made health insurance a significant challenge and margins also have been by changes in the mix of life-insurance products consumers now demand - the business men 's assurance unit represented about $ N million of the company 's $ N million in N revenue and the unit 's operating income was about $ N million said the spokesman - 's investment banker alex brown & sons inc. has been authorized to contact possible buyers for the unit - transportation ltd. said it raised its stake in ltd. of to N N from N N - a spokesman for declined to disclose the price the toronto transportation and waste services concern paid for the additional shares which he said were acquired over the last couple of weeks - the spokesman said would n't increase its stake in beyond N N without a great deal of thought because of british takeover regulations that require a company acquiring more than N N to extend an offer to the rest of the company 's shareholders - a security services and auctions company trades on london 's stock exchange - is by canadian pacific ltd. a montreal transportation resources and industrial holding concern - co. a japanese maker of video games electronic information systems and playing cards posted a N N unconsolidated surge in pretax profit to N billion yen $ N million from N billion yen $ N million for the fiscal year ended aug. N - sales surged N N to N billion yen from N billion - net income rose N N to N billion yen from N billion - net fell to N yen from N yen because of expenses and capital adjustments - without detailing specific product credited its bullish in sales including advanced computer games and television entertainment systems to surging sales in foreign markets - export sales for leisure items alone for instance totaled N billion yen in the N months up from N billion in the previous fiscal year - domestic leisure sales however were lower - hertz corp. of park n.j. said it retained merrill lynch capital markets to sell its hertz equipment rental corp. unit - there is no pressing need to sell the unit but we are doing it so we can concentrate on our core business automobiles in the u.s. and abroad said william hertz 's executive vice president - we are only going to sell at the right price - hertz equipment had operating profit before depreciation of $ N million on revenue of $ N million in N - the closely held hertz corp. had annual revenue of close to $ N billion in N of which $ N billion was contributed by its hertz rent a car operations world-wide - hertz equipment is a major supplier of rental equipment in the u.s. france spain and the - it supplies commercial and industrial equipment including and electrical equipment and trucks - inc. reported a net loss of $ N million for the fiscal third quarter ended aug. N - it said the loss resulted from and introduction costs related to a new medical equipment system - in the year-earlier quarter the company reported net income of $ N or N cents a share - the manufacturer of diagnostic systems based in pa. reported a nine-month net loss of $ N million compared with net income of $ N million or N cents a share for the nine-month period a year earlier - in over-the-counter trading fell N cents to $ N - corp. expects to report third-quarter net of about $ N million or $ N a share down from $ N million or $ N a share a year earlier richard p. simmons chairman and chief executive officer told institutional investors in new york - sales for the producer of specialty and other materials fell to about $ N million in the third quarter from $ N million a year earlier he said - he said the third-quarter estimate indicates profit for the nine months of $ N a share almost equal to the full-year N earnings of $ N million or $ N a share - in the first nine months of N net was $ N million or $ N a share - mr. simmons said the third-quarter results reflect continued improvements in productivity and operating margins - he said capital spending next year will rise to about $ N million from about $ N million this year - u.s. banknote co. said it again extended the expiration date of its $ tender offer for international banknote co. to nov. N - u.s. banknote said it is in negotiations to sell certain facilities which it did n't name to a third party and it needs the extension to try to reach a definitive agreement on the sale - u.s. banknote said it believes the sale if completed apparently would satisfy antitrust issues raised by the u.s. justice department about u.s. banknote 's offer to buy international banknote - both of the new york-based companies print stock certificates and currency - u.s. banknote said there can be no assurance a sale agreement would be concluded - it also said the tender offer would probably have to be extended further to complete financing arrangements - u.s. banknote said citibank extended the expiration date of its commitment for senior secured financing to nov. N - the offer made june N has been extended several times - closely held u.s. banknote offered the $ N a share or $ N million for as many as N million shares or N N of international banknote 's shares outstanding - u.s. banknote said that as of oct. N N million shares or about N N of the fully diluted shares outstanding had been tendered - gitano group inc. said it agreed to buy N N of regatta sport ltd. a closely held apparel maker with the assumption of $ N million of contingent debt - under the terms of the contract new york-based gitano has the option to acquire the remaining N N of regatta a maker of men 's and women 's clothes sold primarily in department stores under certain conditions - that N N is now held by clifford parker regatta 's president and chief executive officer who will continue to manage regatta 's operations under gitano - in N regatta will have sales in excess of $ N million and will show a profit mr. parker said - gitano which makes apparel sold mainly through mass like k mart and said the regatta acquisition will enhance its strategy to expand into department stores - this fall gitano began manufacturing moderately priced clothes aimed at department stores under the trademark which gitano recently acquired - enron corp. houston said the sale of preference units of its newly formed enron partners l.p. master limited partnership subsidiary will result in an gain in the fourth quarter - in the year-ago quarter the natural gas concern had net income of $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of about $ N billion - those results included a $ N million charge related to the retirement of debt - in a related move enron said it increased the number of the partnership 's units it will offer to N from N - the old and revised numbers both include provisions - enron said each unit will be priced in the $ range and will represent about N N of the partnership equity - net proceeds from the offering are expected to be close to $ N million - goldman sachs & co. and drexel burnham lambert inc. are lead underwriters - arthur m. goldberg said he extended his unsolicited tender offer of $ N a share tender offer or $ N million for di giorgio corp. to nov. N - dig acquisition corp. the new jersey investor 's acquisition vehicle said that as of the close of business yesterday N shares had been tendered - including the stake dig already held dig holds a total of about N N of di giorgio 's shares on a fully diluted basis - the offer which also includes common and preferred stock purchase rights was to expire last night at midnight - the new expiration date is the date on which dig 's financing commitments which total about $ N million are to expire - dig is a unit of dig holding corp. a unit of rose partners - mr. goldberg is the sole general partner in rose partners - in august di giorgio a san francisco food products and building materials marketing and distribution company rejected mr. goldberg 's offer as inadequate - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday di giorgio closed at $ N a share down $ N - what does n't belong here - a. b. black-and-white c. radio shows - if you black-and-white you 're right - after years of into the background photography is coming back - trendy magazine advertisements feature stark black-and-white photos of hollywood pitching jeans shoes and liquor - portrait studios accustomed to shooting only in color report a rush to black-and-white portrait orders - and black-and-white photography classes are crowded with students - what 's happening in photography the popularity of black and white in fashion home and - on seventh avenue designers have been advancing the look with clothing done entirely in black and white - and classic black-and-white movies are enjoying a comeback on videocassette tapes spurred in part by the backlash against of old films - the is back to black and white says richard the general manager of eastman kodak co. 's professional photography division - until two years ago sales of black-and-white film had been declining steadily since the 1960s - but last year buoyed by increased use in advertising and other commercial applications sales increased N N and they are expected to jump at least that much again this year - photographic companies are scrambling to tap the market some black-and-white product lines and developing new ones - at kodak which largely ignored the market for years black-and-white film sales now account for nearly N N of the company 's $ N billion in film and paper sales annually up from N N three years ago - the rochester n.y. photographic giant recently began marketing N one of the fastest and most sensitive films - aimed at commercial the film can be used in very low light without quality says donald of newsletter - also trying to a portion of the $ N industry is corp. a unit of ag - recently signed olympic gold to a new line of black-and-white paper that 's geared to consumers and will compete directly with kodak 's papers - slated for market by the end of the year the paper could have been introduced a long time ago but the market was n't there then says an spokesman - the biggest of the black-and-white revival is likely to be international paper co. 's division known in the industry for its premium products - sales of 's four of black-and-white film this year are growth in the overall market although the company wo n't say by exactly how much - we hope the trend lasts says 's marketing communications director - why all the interest - for baby boomers who grew up being in color black and white seems and exotic - it has an almost quality to it says owen b. butler the chairman of the applied photography department at rochester institute of technology - you can shift out of reality with black and white he adds - such features have been especially attractive to professional and marketing executives who have been steadily increasing their use of black and white in advertising - processing of black-and-white commercial film jumped N N last year to N million rolls - consider gap inc. whose latest ad campaign features black-and-white shots of hollywood stars artists and other well-known the retailer 's jeans and - richard the account manager for the campaign says gap did n't intentionally choose black and white to its ads from the color spreads of competitors - we wanted to highlight the individual not the environment he says and black and white allows you to do that better than color - the campaign won a award as this year 's best ad by a specialty retailer - even food products and automobiles which have long depended on color are making the switch - companies feel black and white will convey a stronger statement says marc l. a chicago who is working on a black-and-white print ad for food corp. 's lean - other companies that are currently using ads include american express co. and america inc - portrait studios have also onto the trend - using black and white we can make look like stars says john - his photography studio in ore. doubled its business last year and he says is booked solid for the next five - one customer says she a color portrait for black and white because it 's more dramatic - i show it to my friends and they all say - it is n't ordinary like color - still most consumers are n't black-and-white film into their cameras to take family - one big obstacle is that few develop the film anymore - typically it must be to a handful of processors and may take a week or more to be processed and returned - black-and-white film costs consumers a little less than color film and processing costs the same - but for developing costs for black-and-white film are higher - some companies are starting to tackle that problem - for example recently introduced a black-and-white film that can be processed quickly by color labs - intent on wooing customers the company is also increasing its of black-and-white photography classes - similarly is scores of photography at high schools and colleges offering free black-and-white film and paper as prizes - and kodak is distributing an video to processors on how to develop its film more efficiently - other companies are introducing related products - charles co. a leading maker of photographic introduced last month a complete targeted at who want to process their own black-and-white photographs - the which has a suggested retail price of $ N and has already become a was introduced after retailers noticed numerous requests from parents for children 's photography equipment - it seems computers as have says ian 's chairman and chief executive officer - but some industry observers believe the of black and white is only a fad - they cite the emergence of still electronic photography more newspapers turning to color on their pages and improvements in the quality of color prints - black and white has n't made the same quantum in technological development as color says mr. butler of the rochester institute - the color print today is far superior to prints of N years ago - you ca n't say the same with black and white - but when popular photography a leading magazine for selected N of the greatest photos ever made for its latest issue celebrating photography 's anniversary all were black and white - it 's got a classic spirit and carries over says alfred of professional of america - that 's the appeal - newspapers inc. said improvements in advertising and subscription revenue led to a N N gain in third-quarter profit to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - sales rose more than N N to $ N million from $ N million - the sacramento calif. company also attributed improved performance to a lower effective tax rate and higher interest income - for the nine months the newspaper chain had almost a N N increase in profit to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - sales grew almost N N to $ N million from $ N million - publishes the sacramento calif and wash news tribune and other papers in western states - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange the company closed at $ N a share down N cents - agip s.p a. and societe national the state oil companies of italy and france respectively submitted an offer to buy suisse s.a - the price was n't disclosed - a spokesman for said that the swiss oil concern was the offer submitted last friday along with two other offers also submitted last week - those two offers were private and the spokesman refused to identify the bidding companies - the spokesman further said that at least two more offers are expected from other companies within two weeks - suisse owns an oil refinery in switzerland with a capacity of N barrels a day along with a network of gasoline retailing outlets - while friday 's plunging stock market prompted new fears about the economy 's prospects a indicator that has the economy 's ups and by exceptionally long lead times points to a sustained rise in overall business activity - the barometer developed by analysts at columbia university 's center for international business cycle research here reached a record high of N in august the latest month available and the columbia researchers estimate that it has moved even higher since then - the latest reading of N was up from N in july and N as recently as march - the august rise marked the fifth straight monthly gain for the indicator which uses the N average as a base of N - in contrast the commerce department 's widely followed index of leading indicators while up in august has fallen repeatedly since reaching a high early this year - its behavior through much of N has prompted some to anticipate the start of a new recession perhaps before year 's end - but the far stronger showing of the columbia index makes a recession any time soon highly unlikely says h. moore the director of the columbia facility - a leading authority on the business cycle mr. moore also is a member of the business cycle dating group the panel of private economists that decides for the government when and recessions begin and end - the group normally only when a change in the economy 's general course seems likely - no meeting is scheduled because the expansion shows no sign of going off the tracks mr. moore reports - based largely on the recent strength in their index called the long leading indicator the columbia analysts economic growth through the rest of this year and next year as well - they expect a N N rise in N in the gross national product after adjustment for inflation - underlying this optimism is the index 's longstanding ability to signal recessions or as the case may be by substantially greater periods than the commerce department 's index of leading indicators - over the full war ii era the columbia index on the average has entered sustained declines N months before the of recessions and turned up eight months before - the comparable lead times for the commerce index whose components include the stock market are far shorter N months before recessions and only three months before - the columbia economists also have how the long leading index would have behaved had it existed in N before the stock market crash in october that in the great depression - the indicator reached a peak in january N and then fell steadily up to and through the crash - it was an entirely different pattern from what we 're seeing now mr. moore says - a major source of the recent strength in the long leading indicator has been the performance of the dow jones corporate index which is not a part of the commerce index - in august the bond measure was at its highest monthly average since early N - it also rose last friday while the stock market sagged - other components of the long leading indicator include a ratio of prices to unit labor costs in manufacturing industries the version of the money supply adjusted for inflation and the volume of new permits - notably from the columbia index is the stock market which mr. moore says is simply no longer such a good indicator of the economy 's prospects though it still is useful for anticipating some and turns - as recently as N the stock market as reflected in the standard & poor 's index of N common stocks was rated by the national bureau of economic research as the best of the N leading indicators that then made up the commerce index - it was assigned a mark of N out of a possible N compared with scores ranging as low as N for the other components - the stock market has lost some power analysts at the columbia center claim because of the growing impact of international developments - stocks have become more sensitive to factors not directly tied to the domestic economy mr. moore says citing the exchange rate for the dollar on currency markets the balance and inflows of foreign capital - he also feels that the rise of such practices as program trading has diminished the stock market 's to the economic outlook - bsn s.a. a leading french food group said it agreed to acquire g.m.b h. a west german pasta maker - the value of the acquisition was n't disclosed - the move is in line with bsn 's strategy of gradually building its share of the european pasta market through external growth - bsn will initially acquire a N N interest in a closely held concern - the french group has an agreement giving it the right to buy all the shares outstanding and this could be completed within a few months a bsn spokeswoman said - the takeover was submitted for approval by the west german office bsn said - is west germany 's producer of pasta with sales of N million marks $ N million in N - it has N workers at three production units in southwest germany and is that nation 's leading producer of pasta - the acquisition bsn 's position in the european pasta market - the french group currently ranks second after group of italy whose sales are in the italian market - moody 's investors service inc. said it reduced its rating on $ N million of senior and subordinated debt of this thrift holding company to c from ca saying it believes bondholders will recover only negligible principal - the agency said it confirmed american continental 's preferred stock rating at c - american continental 's thrift unit los angeles-based lincoln savings & loan association is in and the parent company has filed for protection from creditor lawsuits under chapter N of the federal bankruptcy code - centrust savings bank miami - moody 's investors service inc. downgraded its ratings on the subordinated debt of centrust to from - the rating agency also reduced the ratings for long-term deposits to from and for preferred stock to ca from - the rating agency said about $ N million in securities was affected - the were prompted moody 's said by the continuing turmoil in the junk bond market and the suspension of dividends on centrust 's preferred stock - moody 's also said it believed the proposed sale of N centrust branches to great western bank could if completed endanger the thrift 's funding and market position - the stock market avoided a repeat of black monday as prices recovered from an early slide spurred by bargain-hunting institutions and program traders - the dow jones industrials closed up N points at N the gain ever after being down as much as N points in the morning - the rally erased about half of friday 's 190.58-point plunge but analysts are cautious about the market 's outlook - the dollar also rebounded while bond prices plummeted and treasury bill rates soared - junk bonds also recovered somewhat though trading remained stalled - gold also rose - tokyo stock prices bounced back in early trading tuesday following a N N plunge on monday - the dollar also moved higher in tokyo - donald trump withdrew his $ N billion offer for american air citing the recent change in market conditions - amr slid $ N to $ N - also a ual group tried to get financing for a lower bid possibly $ N a share - ual fell $ N to $ N - leveraged buy-outs of airlines would be subject to approval by the transportation secretary under a bill passed by a house subcommittee - ibm 's earnings tumbled N N in the third quarter slightly more than expected - the computer giant partly cited a stronger dollar and a delay in shipping a new high-end disk drive - analysts are about ibm 's outlook for the next few quarters - u.s. auto makers plan to decrease car production N N in the fourth quarter with virtually all the decline coming from the big three - output at and managed plants in the u.s. is due to rise N N - budget director darman said he wo n't give federal agencies much in coping with gramm-rudman spending cuts which took effect yesterday - darman hopes to congress to finish a deficit plan - the s&l bailout agency would be restricted by a new bill in how it raises capital - the ways and means plan would create another possible obstacle to selling sick thrifts - a natural gas rule was struck down by a federal appeals court - the regulation had prevented pipeline firms from passing part of $ N billion in costs along to customers - the supreme court agreed to decide whether a federal court may a merger that has won regulatory approval but been ruled in a private suit - merrill lynch 's profit slid N N in the third quarter - bear stearns posted a N N gain while painewebber had a decline due to a year-ago gain - blue arrow of britain plans to return to the name manpower and take a big write-off - the moves may help the firm its dominance of the u.s. market - j.p. morgan posted a $ N billion loss for the third quarter reflecting a big addition to loan-loss reserves - ncnb 's profit more than doubled - k mart agreed to acquire pace membership warehouse for $ N million expanding its presence in the growing business - markets - stocks volume N shares - dow jones industrials N up N transportation N off N utilities N up N - bonds shearson lehman hutton treasury index N off - commodities dow jones futures index N off N spot index N up N - dollar N yen off N N marks off N - monday october N N - the key u.s. and foreign annual interest rates below are a guide to general levels but do n't always represent actual transactions - prime rate N N N - the base rate on corporate loans at large u.s. money center commercial banks - federal funds N N N high N N N low N N N near closing bid N N N offered - reserves traded among commercial banks for overnight use in amounts of $ N million or more - source fulton prebon u.s.a inc - discount rate N N - the charge on loans to depository institutions by the new york federal reserve bank - call money N N N to N N - the charge on loans to brokers on stock exchange collateral - commercial paper placed directly by general motors acceptance corp. N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days N N N to N days - commercial paper high-grade unsecured notes sold through dealers by major corporations in multiples of $ N N N N days N N N days N N N days - certificates of deposit N N one month N N two months N N three months N N six months N N one year - average of top rates paid by major new york banks on primary new issues of negotiable c.d.s usually on amounts of $ N million and more - the minimum unit is $ N - typical rates in the secondary market N N one month N N three months N N six months - bankers acceptances N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days N N N days - negotiable bank-backed business credit instruments typically financing an import order - london late eurodollars N N N to N N N one month N N N to N N N two months N N N to N N N three months N N N to N N N four months N N N to N N N five months N N N to N N N six months - london interbank offered rates libor N N N one month N N N three months N N N six months N N N one year - the average of interbank offered rates for dollar deposits in the london market based on quotations at five major banks - foreign prime rates canada N N germany N N japan N N switzerland N N britain N N - these rate indications are n't directly comparable lending practices vary widely by location - treasury bills results of the monday october N N auction of short-term u.s. government bills sold at a discount from face value in units of $ N to $ N million N N N weeks N N N weeks - federal home loan mortgage corp freddie mac posted yields on 30-year mortgage commitments for delivery within N - N N standard conventional mortgages N N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - federal national mortgage association fannie mae posted yields on N year mortgage commitments for delivery within N days priced at par N N standard conventional fixed N N N rate capped one-year adjustable rate mortgages - source telerate systems inc - merrill lynch ready assets trust N N - annualized average rate of return after expenses for the past N days not a forecast of future returns - intel corp. said it reached an agreement with computer systems corp. to develop software standards for intel 's microprocessor - the introduced earlier this year is intel 's entry in the crowded market for reduced instruction set computing or risc computers - intel based in santa clara calif. is the market leader for traditional microprocessors with its N family that forms the heart of personal computers - under the agreement intel will invest $ N million to acquire a N N stake in a maker of for scientists and engineers - based in mass. will license its technologies to intel providing users a way to let many microprocessors in a single computer work on a problem simultaneously - said it plans to use the microprocessor in future products - it declined to discuss its plans for upgrading its current product line - inc. which intends to expand its position in the medical and markets said it acquired a cotton and products division from closely held products corp. for $ N million - said it expects the division to add substantial sales volume and to make a positive contribution to our earnings in N and beyond - in N the cincinnati company earned $ N million or N cents a share on revenue of $ N million - said the division operates under the trade name and supplies the medical and markets - the business based in st. louis had sales of more than $ N million in the fiscal year ended march N said - burmah oil plc a british independent oil and specialty chemicals marketing concern said shv holdings n.v. of the netherlands has built up a N N stake in the company - james alexander a burmah spokesman said shv had previously owned a little under N N of burmah for about two years - the dutch company had n't notified burmah of its reason for increasing the stake he said - shv which last year merged its north sea oil and gas operations with those of group plc has been pegged by speculators as a possible suitor for burmah oil in recent weeks - shv also owns N N of - burmah which owns the brand of oils reported a N N rise in net income to # N million $ N million in the first half - j.p. industries inc. said it signed a definitive agreement to sell its builders ' hardware group to closely held inc. of beverly hills calif - terms were n't disclosed but a j.p. industries spokesman said the amount j.p. industries will get for the group is a little better than expected by the marketplace and the marketplace had been expecting $ N million to $ N million - the group consists of corp. and modern inc - j.p. industries which is based in ann mich. said the sale a previously announced program to itself of its hardware and plumbing supplies operations - the company 's remaining business is the manufacture and sale of engine and products for industrial and transportation applications - citing a $ N million provision for doubtful accounts dallas-based national heritage inc. posted a loss for its fourth quarter ended june N - a unit of troubled southmark corp. the operator of nursing homes and retirement centers said it sustained a net loss of $ N million or nine cents a share compared with net income of $ N million or eight cents a share a year earlier - operating revenue rose N N to $ N million from $ N million in the year-earlier quarter - the company said the $ N million reserve was created to reflect doubt about the of receivables owed to national heritage by some of the real estate partnerships it manages - the company also said expenses incurred by the previous board and management in the recent contest for control were recognized primarily in the first quarter ended sept. N - national heritage stock fell N cents yesterday to close at $ N a share in new york stock exchange composite trading - united biscuits holdings plc a british food producer announced the creation of a european group to bring together its trading interests in the region - the new group will all of united 's manufacturing and marketing operations in the food sector apart from those based in the u.s. - united biscuits said the combined group which will include businesses such as biscuits and terry 's will have annual sales of more than # N billion $ N billion and trading profit of more than # N million $ N million - the new structure will enable united biscuits to focus clearly upon opportunities for planned growth during the 1990s said bob deputy chairman and group chief executive - last month united biscuits agreed to sell its entire restaurant operations to grand metropolitan plc for # N million - an american journalist now is standing trial in namibia - this is the place that world opinion has been celebrating over in the expectation that it 's going to hold an election - the most likely winner will be the swapo rebels - the u.s. journalist 's crime was writing that the head of the commission charged with overseeing the election 's fairness was openly sympathetic to swapo - shortly after that mr. had scott stanley arrested and his confiscated - mr. stanley is on trial over charges that he violated a issued by the south african administrator general earlier this year which made it a crime punishable by two years in prison for any person to or the election commission - the stanley affair does n't well for the future of democracy or freedom of anything in namibia when swapo starts running the government - to the extent mr. stanley has done anything wrong it may be that he is out of step with the consensus of world intellectuals that the guerrillas were above all else the victims of by neighboring south africa - swapo has enjoyed favorable western media treatment ever since the u.n. general assembly declared it the sole representative of namibia 's people in - last year the u.s. a peace settlement to remove cuba 's from and hold free and fair elections that would end south africa 's control of namibia - the elections are set for nov. N - in july mr. stanley editor of american press international a washington conservative wire service visited namibia to report on the election campaign - he interviewed mr. head of a commission charged with investigating electoral and reported that mr. was openly sympathetic to swapo and indeed had defended its leaders in court - after mr. stanley 's article was published in two newspapers mr. had criminal charges brought against their editors publisher and lawyer - mr. stanley was arrested and charged along with the others when he returned to namibia this month - both the state department and the lawyers committee for freedom of the press have mr. stanley 's - mr. stanley 's arrest is the latest in a series of incidents that threaten to namibia 's elections - both south african and swapo are voters - the u.s. is in the habit of arranging peace settlements and then its hands over the results - it now has the chance to that record in namibia - state and the human-rights community should insist that mr. stanley and his fellow defendants be released and that the united nation 's monitors make certain that mr. commission election complaints from all sides - commodity futures prices generally reflected the stability of the stock market following its plunge friday - yesterday the stock market 's influence at first created nervousness - later however it became more of an than a force as individual markets reacted more to their own factors - gold the traditional haven in times of financial crisis continued its with the dollar rising early in the day as the currency fell and then giving up some of its gains as the dollar recovered - copper and crude oil reacted sharply to the concern that a crash yesterday could have a potentially devastating effect on the economy - copper fell and showed little rebound through the day as one of the major supply problems that had been supporting prices appeared to be solved - crude oil declined early but as the stock market retained early gains it too became stronger ending with a small net loss - trading in cotton and sugar was nervous and showed small declines - in chicago grain and soybean prices rose slightly - livestock and meat prices however dropped on concern that a financial crisis would cut consumption of beef and pork - in commodity markets yesterday precious metals futures prices were moderately higher as gold gave up some of its early gains and platinum behaved first falling and then later rising - silver performed quietly - the spot october gold price rose $ N to $ N an ounce - the more active december delivery gold settled with a gain of $ N an ounce at $ N after trading as high as $ N - december silver was up N cents an ounce at $ N - platinum behaved more like an industrial metal easing early on concern over a possible weaker economy but recovering later as the stock market strengthened - gold was nowhere the spectacular performer it was two years ago on black monday - for one thing last friday precious metals markets closed before the stock market went into its nose dive so it could n't react to it - back on friday oct. N the stock market declined during the day and gold prices surged as the stock market fell - the october N contract that day rose as much as $ N to as high as $ N and the more deferred positions due to mature as late as march N rose as much as $ N - on black monday oct. N N the october contract tacked on further gains rising to as high as $ N for a gain of almost $ N on top of the friday advances before giving up almost $ N of that at the close - yesterday 's october gain of $ N was compared with that - one analyst peter of & co. new york said the gold market already had some good technical factors that would have caused prices to rise with or without the stock market - what the stock market did was cause the rise to take place earlier than it would have happened said mr. - there 's a good chance that gold will retain its gains and rise further he said - he expects a drop in interest rates which would help gold by keeping the dollar from rising - finally according to mr. the impact of the strong dollar should be reflected in reduced exports in the august merchandise trade deficit when the figures are released today - this would be damaging to the dollar and supportive for gold he said - energy - worried that friday 's 190-point stock market plunge might be a of things to come for the economy petroleum futures traders called a halt to the recent string of increases in crude oil futures prices - the u.s. benchmark crude west texas intermediate closed at $ N a barrel for november delivery down N cents - some analysts said crude was due for a correction following several days of significant gains - but most market observers agreed that friday 's stock market drop is what spirits in the petroleum pits yesterday - until yesterday futures prices had been headed up on expectations that world oil demand will continue to be strong - the organization of petroleum exporting countries increased its production ceiling for the fourth quarter based on projections of robust demand - so any bearish indicator such as friday 's drop in the stock market sends through the oil markets as well - indeed after reacting early in the trading day to friday 's plummet futures prices firmed up again as traders took note of the stock market 's partial recovery yesterday - copper - futures prices fell and showed little rebound as one major labor problem that had been prices appeared to be solved - the december contract declined N cents a pound to $ N - prices were down from the outset of trading on concern that a drop in the stock market might create a weakened economy and a reduction in copper use - but the recovery in the stock market provided little help for copper as word spread that a three-month strike at the highland valley mine in british columbia was about over according to an analyst - highland valley is a large canadian producer and principal supplier to japan which recently began seeking copper elsewhere as its inventories shrank - last week it was reported that company and union negotiations had overcome the major hurdle the contracting out of work by the company - now the analyst said only minor points remain to be up - for all and purposes an agreement appears to have been achieved he said - copper inventories in new york 's commodity exchange warehouses rose yesterday by N tons to N tons - london metal exchange copper inventories last week declined N tons to N tons - the stocks decline was about as expected but the comex gain was n't - however this was brushed aside by concern over the stock market the analyst said - at one point in futures trading as the stock market firmed the december contract rose to as high as $ N but it was n't able to sustain the gain - it was simply he said and selling by funds that are computer helped depress prices - cotton - futures prices eased more in reaction to hurricane jerry than to any influence of the stock market - the december contract ended with a loss of N cent a pound at N cents - technical considerations following the hurricane which was a factor in the market friday caused prices to decline yesterday said ernest simon cotton specialist for prudential-bache securities new york - prices rose sharply friday as the storm approached texas and louisiana which is part of the mississippi delta area - however after the potential effect of the hurricane prices began to slip late friday mr. simon said - that selling continued yesterday and kept prices under pressure he said - weather is being predicted for the high plains of texas and the northern states of the delta during the coming weekend mr. simon said - that has n't yet captured traders ' attention he added - sugar - futures prices declined - the march contract was off N cent a pound at N cents - at one point in early trading the march price rose to as high as N cents when the stock market recovered but the price then fell back - a factor one analyst said was that india which had been expected to buy around N tons of sugar in the world market did n't make any purchases - india recently bought N tons and was expected to buy more the analyst said - another analyst thought that india may have pulled back because of the concern over the stock market - india may have felt that if there was a severe drop in the stock market and it affected sugar it could buy at lower prices said analyst for shearson lehman hutton new york - at any rate she added india needs the sugar so it will be in sooner or later to buy it - farm products - the prices of cattle and futures contracts dropped sharply because traders speculated that the stock market plunge friday will in the minds of u.s. consumers long enough to prompt them to rein in their spending at the supermarket which would hurt demand for beef and pork - the price of the contract for october delivery dropped its maximum permissible daily limit of N cents a pound - the prices of most grain futures contracts rose slightly yesterday out of relief that the stock market was showing signs of recovering - earlier in the session the prices of several soybean contracts set new lows - a broad rally began when several major processors began buying futures contracts apparently to take advantage of the price dip - knight-ridder inc. said it would report increased earnings per share for the third quarter contrary to reported analysts ' comments that the publishing company 's earnings would be down - a company spokesman said he believed the confusion was caused when james knight-ridder 's chairman and chief executive told new york analysts two weeks ago that knight-ridder 's earnings per share for the first nine months of N would be behind a little bit from like period of - the knight-ridder spokesman said the third-quarter earnings that the company plans to report oct. N are expected to be up - the spokesman said he was comfortable with revised analysts ' projections that the company would report earnings of between N cents and N cents a share compared with the N cents a share it reported for the N third quarter - knight-ridder said it agreed with estimates that net income for all of N would be around $ N a share compared with $ N a share a year earlier - in new york stock exchange composite trading yesterday knight-ridder closed at $ N down N cents - dd acquisition corp. said it extended its $ offer for dunkin donuts inc. to nov. N from yesterday - the offer has an indicated value of $ N million - dd acquisition is a partnership of unicorp canada corp. 's capital group unit and cara operations ltd - as previously reported under the terms of a agreement with dunkin donuts the partners agreed to keep their offer open until nov. N and not to acquire any additional shares except through a tender offer on that date - dd acquisition said that it already owns N N of the common shares of the shop chain and that as of the close of business friday an additional N N had been tendered to its offer - dunkin donuts is based in mass - cara operations a food services concern and unicorp a holding company with interests in oil and natural gas and financial services are based in toronto - golden west financial corp. riding above the turbulence that has troubled most of the thrift industry posted a N N increase of third-quarter earnings to $ N or N cents a share - the company earned $ N million or N cents a share in the year-ago quarter - herbert m. chairman and chief executive officer of the oakland calif. savings-and-loan holding company credited the high number of loans added to the company 's portfolio over the last N months for its earning asset base and improving profit performance - however the executive noted that demand for new mortgages depressed new loan to $ N billion N N below the same period last year - in savings activity mr. said consumer deposits have enjoyed a steady increase throughout N and topped $ N billion at quarter 's end for the first time in the company 's history - deposit growth amounted to $ N million more than double the year-ago figure - corp. benton harbor mich. said it has developed a process to recover environmentally harmful chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs that previously entered the atmosphere during repair of refrigerators and - the maker of home appliances said the process which involves the use of a plastic bag during repairs to capture the substance and transport it to a recycling center is already in use at a number of its service centers and will be available to all authorized repair centers by spring - earlier repairs the cfcs out of the home through a directly into the atmosphere - cfcs are widely used as and fire - but their use has been linked to a potentially dangerous depletion of the earth 's ozone layer and a number of companies are seeking to curtail use or at least of the substance - said we see this process as a small but important step toward eventual elimination of use in manufacture - energy corp. dallas said it discovered a new oil field northeast of its previously discovered field in the southeast area of indonesia - said it did n't run a production test on the three discovery wells it in the field which is about N miles from the field because the wells are similar to others at its and fields - however said it believes the reserves in the field are about N million barrels of oil - the field has estimated reserves of N million barrels and the field has estimated reserves of N million barrels - an independent oil and gas concern is the operator and owns a N N interest in the new field called northeast - other interests are owned by petroleum development ltd. c. energy co. ltd. g.m.b h. production ltd. oil indonesia ltd. co. ltd. ltd. shell a.g. and oil co - the contract area is held with the state oil company - environmental systems co. said it is its results to reduce its reported net income for the first nine months of its fiscal year after it took tax credits that already had been taken last year - the little rock services company said the will reduce its net for the nine months ended july N to $ N million or N cents a share from $ N million or N cents a share - net for the third quarter restated is $ N million or N cents a share - the company previously reported net of $ N million or N cents a share - the company said that for financial reporting purposes last year it took tax credits that will be recognized for tax purposes this year - but because of confusion it took those credits again in reporting its results through the first nine months - jack w. environmental systems president and chief executive officer said the change increases the company 's effective tax rate to about N N from N N - memotec data inc. said it signed a definitive merger agreement with isi systems inc. under which memotec will acquire isi for $ N u.s. a share or about $ N million in cash and securities - in american stock exchange composite trading isi closed up $ N at $ N - in montreal exchange trading memotec closed unchanged at N canadian dollars us$ N - memotec said under the agreement isi a mass. provider of computer software and services to the insurance industry will merge with a u.s. unit of memotec created for that purpose - memotec is a maker of telecommunications products and provider of telecommunications and computer services - memotec said the agreement calls for it to make a $ cash tender offer for all shares outstanding of isi - but it said charles johnston isi chairman and president agreed to sell his N N stake in isi to memotec upon completion of the tender offer for a combination of cash memotec stock and debentures - memotec said the tender offer is on among other things holders at least N N of the shares outstanding other than the shares held by mr. johnston - isi said its board has instructed management to accept inquiries from any others interested in making a bid - isi said it can withdraw from the merger agreement with memotec if a better bid - cms energy corp. jackson mich. said it has resumed the purchase of its common stock under a program approved by its directors in N - at the time of the original announcement cms said its board authorized the purchase of as many as five million of its shares - a spokesman said N million shares have been purchased since then - the company said it will buy additional shares from time to time in the open market or in private transactions at prevailing market prices - in composite trading on the new york stock exchange cms energy closed at $ N a share down N cents from the closing price of $ N a share on thursday before friday 's plunge - the utility company currently has about N million shares outstanding - morgan stanley & co. will act as the exclusive broker for the repurchase - hughes aircraft co. a unit of general motors corp. said it agreed to purchase the technology division of corp - terms of the agreement were n't disclosed - but for the fiscal year ended july N N the most recent period for which results were broken out the unit accounted for more than half the $ N million in sales recorded by the company 's government systems sector - which is based in conn. said the sale of the conn. unit is consistent with its restructuring strategy announced in april - in addition to making systems the unit also makes laser warning - these are used aboard military to warn pilots that a laser weapon has been focused on them - hughes of los angeles said the unit 's work efforts by its and data systems group which makes military and night vision equipment - hughes said it expects the sale to close by year end - the communications workers of america ratified a new regional contract and all but one of the local agreements with bell atlantic corp - 's new jersey commercial local which represents about N service representatives and marketing employees rejected the tentative agreement - both the union and the regional telephone company said they were working together to resolve differences - the new three-year contracts which replace ones that expired aug. N cover N bell atlantic employees - the follows a strike against the company - meanwhile and international of electrical workers members remain on strike against nynex corp. the new york-based regional phone company - the unions and the company last week agreed to - the represents N nynex workers and the represents N workers - for the moment at least euphoria has replaced anxiety on wall street - the dow jones industrial average jumped sharply yesterday to close at N panic did n't sweep the world 's markets and investors large and small seemed to accept friday 's dizzying 190-point plunge as a sharp correction not a - many went bargain-hunting - among those with relief was john h. gutfreund chairman of salomon brothers who took to the firm 's trading floor to monitor yesterday 's events - as the rally gained strength at N p.m. he broadly his and stanley his top stock trader on the back - at first it seemed as if history might repeat itself - as trading opened yesterday morning on the big board stocks of many of the nation 's biggest companies could n't open for trading because a wave of sell orders was overwhelming buyers - by N the dow industrials were off N points and the stock of ual corp. whose troubles had kicked off friday 's plunge still had n't opened - but then as quickly as the dow had fallen it began to turn around - it ended with a gain of N points - by the market 's close volume on the new york exchange totaled more than N million the fourth highest on record - the big board handled the huge volume without any obvious strain in sharp contrast to black monday of N - but the rally was largely confined to the blue-chip stocks which had been hard hit during friday 's selling frenzy - overall more big board stocks lost money than gained - and many arbitragers already reeling from friday 's collapse of the ual deal were further hurt yesterday when a proposed takeover of amr corp. the parent of american airlines collapsed - indeed the dow jones transportation average plunged N points its drop in history - world-wide trading was generally - the frankfurt stock exchange was hardest hit of the major markets with blue chips there falling N N - in london a midday rally left the market 's major index off N N and tokyo 's leading stock index fell only N N in surprisingly lackluster trading - other more traded asian markets were hit harder than tokyo 's but there were no declines - investors big and small say they learned valuable since the N crash in this age of computerized trading huge or in a few hours ' time must be expected - what 's more such short-term are and are no cause for panic selling - stephen boesel a major money manager for t. rowe price in baltimore says there was less panic than in N we had been through it once - in wis. who owns a supplier of equipment and is n't active in the stock market agrees - i look at it as a matter he says - many other factors played a part in yesterday 's comeback - the federal reserve signaled its willingness to provide liquidity the interest rate on its loans to major banks inched downward early in the day - foreign stock markets which kicked off black monday with a huge selling spree began the day off by relatively modest amounts - the dollar after falling sharply in overnight trading to N yen bounced back strongly to N thus easing fears that foreigners would unload u.s. stocks - and the widely opinion among most market experts that a crash was n't in store also helped calm investors - many major institutions for example came into work yesterday ready to buy some of the blue chips they felt had been sharply undervalued on friday - still amid all the and signs of relief over yesterday 's events some market professionals cautioned that there is nothing present in the current market system to prevent another dizzying drop such as friday 's - there is too much says money manager barry - computers have increasingly connected securities markets world-wide so that a buying or selling wave in one market is often passed around the globe - so investors everywhere nervously yesterday 's opening in tokyo where the nikkei average of N blue-chip stocks got off to a rocky start - the average plunged some N points or N N in the first N minutes of trading - but the selling wave had no conviction and the market first surged upward by N points then drifted lower closing down N - unlike two years ago most of japan 's major investors chose to sit this out - in merrill lynch & co. 's tokyo trading room some N traders and sat quietly with few orders to process - clients are all staying out of the market one merrill trader says - the relative calm in tokyo proved little comfort to markets opening up in europe - frankfurt 's opening was delayed a half hour because of a crush of sell orders - the beginning was chaotic says nigel a broker for commerzbank - in london the view from the trading floor of an american securities firm jefferies & co. also was troubling - a computer screen N blue-chip stocks colors each one red when its price is falling - the screen was a sea of red - i see concern but i do n't see panic says j. francis a new yorker who runs the office - london 's blue-chip stock index turned up just before N a.m new york time sending an encouraging message to wall street - when trading opened in new york at N a.m. edt stocks fell sharply as expected - futures markets in chicago had opened at a level suggesting the dow would fall by about N points - with sell orders up from friday about half the stocks in the dow could n't open on time - by N the industrial average had dropped N points - by N a.m. it was down N - ten minutes later the dow hit bottom down N points another N N - but shortly before then some of wall street 's sharpest traders say they a turn - the first thing that caught my eye that was encouraging was treasury bonds were off says austin george head of stock trading at t. rowe price - it meant that people were n't running to the safety of bonds - shortly after N a.m. the major market index a chicago board of trade futures contract of N stocks designed to mimic the exploded upward - stock traders were buoyed because an in the mmi had also started the recovery in stocks on the tuesday following black monday - the mmi has gone better shouted a trader in the london office of shearson lehman hutton - shearson 's london trading room went wild - traders shouted out as their reuters quotron and telerate screens posted an loss on wall street - then nine minutes later wall street suddenly rebounded to a gain on the day - rally rally rally shouted shearson 's andy rosen - this is panic buying - major blue-chip stocks like philip morris general motors and & gamble led the rally - japanese were said to be heavy buyers - german and dutch investors reportedly loaded up on kellogg co - then traders say corporations with share buy-back programs kicked into high gear triggering gains in among other issues and mcdonald 's - walt disney co. which had one of the biggest imbalances on friday and was one of seven stocks that halted trading and never reopened that day opened yesterday late at N down N - but then it suddenly burst upward N as goldman sachs & co. stepped in and bought almost every share offer traders said - by N the dow had turned up for the day prompting on trading desks and exchange floors - among big board specialists the cry was pull your offers meaning that specialists soon expected to get higher prices for their shares - it was on the upside said one big board specialist - what we had was a real old-fashioned rally - this technical strength spurred buying from wall street 's black boxes computer programs designed to trigger large stock purchases during bullish periods - typical perhaps was 's dean - mr. who manages $ N billion says we turned the trading system on and it did whatever it was to do - asked what stocks the computer bought the money manager says i do n't know - not everybody was making money - the on the chicago board options exchange the nation 's major options market was heavy after the trading in s&p N stock-index options was halted friday - many market makers in the s&p N index options contract had bullish positions friday and when the shutdown came they were frozen with huge losses - over the weekend clearing firms told the chicago market makers to get out of their positions at any cost monday morning - they were absolutely killed said one chicago-based options trader - meanwhile a test of the stock market 's rally came at about N p.m. with the dow at N up N points on the day - charles a strategist at merrill lynch says bargain hunting had explained the dow 's strength up to that point and that many market professionals were anticipating a drop in the dow - moreover the announcement that real estate and sometime raider donald trump was his offer for amr corp. might have been expected to traders - instead the rally only for about N minutes and then forward as institutions resumed buying - the market closed minutes after reaching its high for the day of - across the country many people took yesterday 's events in while remaining generally uneasy about the stock market in general - says james norman the mayor of mo. i do n't invest in stocks - i much prefer money i can put my hands on - while mayor norman found the market 's performance monday reassuring he says he remains uneasy - we have half the experts saying one thing and half the other about the course of the economy - ralph a farmer and store operator in neb. says of the last few days events if anything good comes out of this it might be that it puts some of these lbos on the - says gordon fines a money manager at financial services in minneapolis you 're on a roller and that may last - the public is still cautious - skipper 's inc. wash. said it signed a definitive merger agreement for a national pizza corp. unit to acquire the N N of skipper 's inc. it does n't own for $ N a share or about $ N million - acquisition co. a national pizza unit plans to begin a tender offer for skipper 's on friday on at least two-thirds of skipper 's shares being tendered - national pizza said the transaction will be financed under its revolving credit agreement - in national over-the-counter trading skipper 's shares rose N cents to $ N - skipper 's said the merger will help finance remodeling and future growth - skipper 's previously turned down a $ proposal from national pizza and pizza hut inc. questioned whether the purchase would violate national pizza 's franchise agreements - national pizza said it settled its dispute with pizza hut allowing it to make the purchase - also skipper 's results began to turn around permitting a higher offer national pizza said - for the N weeks ended sept. N skipper 's had net income of $ N or N cents a share compared with a net loss a year earlier - revenue was $ N million - east germans rallied as officials reportedly sought honecker 's - in what was considered the largest protest in the communist state 's history at least N demonstrators marched through the southern city of leipzig to press demands for democratic freedoms opposition activists said - police did n't intervene - meanwhile as the first of more than N east germans trying to to the west through poland their a west german newspaper reported that regional communist officials demanded the dismissal of hard-line leader honecker - secretary of state baker in a foreign policy speech called for the reunification of germany saying it was the legitimate right of the german people - gorbachev blamed the soviet union 's press for contributing to the nation 's mounting problems - at a meeting friday the kremlin leader complained about recent articles that raised the of civil unrest and accused the media of fueling panic buying of goods by publishing stories about impending shortages - house-senate conferees approved a permanent smoking ban on domestic airline routes within the continental u.s. and on flights of less than six hours to alaska and hawaii - the curbs would cover all but a small percentage of flights and represent an expansion of the current ban on flights of less than two hours - e. robert was sentenced by a u.s. judge in new york to six years in prison and fined $ N for his racketeering conviction in the wedtech scandal - an associate of general was found guilty in august of taking $ N in illegal from the defense contractor - nasa resumed the for today 's launch of the space shuttle atlantis and a federal appeals court in washington dismissed a lawsuit by anti-nuclear groups to delay the flight because the galileo space probe was aboard - the space agency said it did n't expect weather or protesters to block the - the bush administration is preparing to extend a ban on federal financing of research using tissue government sources said - a temporary prohibition was imposed in march N - while anti-abortion groups are opposed to such research scientists have said such tissue could be effective in treating - delegates from N nations endorsed a ban on world ivory trade in an attempt to rescue the endangered elephant from - five african nations however said they would continue selling the valuable - held reconciliation talks with at the egyptian resort of - it was the leader 's first trip to egypt in N years - they announced a reduction in for travel but did n't show any real signs of full diplomatic ties - the egyptian president said he would visit libya today to resume the talks - seoul and reached a tentative agreement to allow visits between families on the divided korean peninsula - such family would be the second since N - differences remained between the north and south korean governments however over conditions for the exchanges - freed black resumed political activity in south africa and vowed to fight against apartheid raising fears of a possible white backlash - the nation 's main white opposition party warned that the government 's release sunday of eight black political bringing chaos and eventual black marxist rule to the nation - the white house said bush is fully satisfied with cia director webster and the intelligence agency 's performance during the oct. N failed coup in panama - the washington post reported that unidentified senior administration officials were frustrated with webster 's activities during the and wanted him replaced - poland 's legislature approved limits on automatic wage increases without special provisions for food price rises - the vote was considered a test of the government 's resolve to proceed with a harsh program - norway 's king installed a government as 's labor regime power - the cabinet is led by prime minister jan who acknowledged a difficult situation since the coalition controls only N seats in 's legislature - el salvador 's government opened a new round of talks with the country 's leftist rebels in an effort to end a civil war - a spokesman said the guerrillas would present a cease-fire proposal during the negotiations in costa rica that includes constitutional and economic changes - the state department said there was a possibility that some nicaraguan rebels were selling their arms to guerrillas but insisted it was n't an organized effort - separately secretary of state baker complained about a u.n. aide who last week told the contras to as part of a regional peace accord - died N actor and director in los angeles of - N novelist and sunday in paris of cancer - british retail sales volume rose a provisional N N in september from august and was up N N from september N the department of trade and industry said - for the three months ended in september retail sales volume was down N N from the previous three months and up N N from a year earlier - chicago investor william agreed to sell three divisions of cluett peabody & co. for about $ N million to s.a. a closely held clothing maker based in paris - shortly after completing the $ N billion acquisition of west inc. in april mr. 's holding company inc. said it was considering the sale of cluett a leading maker and one of west 's biggest units - included in the sale are cluett units that make men 's shirts under the arrow name under the gold name and through the division - the companies said the agreement is subject to 's of financing and to regulatory and other approvals - they said the sale is expected to be concluded by the end of november - mr. said the sale of three of cluett 's four main divisions plus other anticipated west asset sales by december should bring in a total of about $ N million - he did n't elaborate on other asset sales being considered - mr. followed a similar pattern when he acquired northwest industries inc. and then sold much of its assets - but he kept fruit of the inc. the underwear maker that he still controls and serves as chairman and chief executive - cluett was an independent company until west acquired it for $ N million in cash and stock in N - in the fiscal year ended sept. N N cluett had operating profit of $ N million on sales of $ N million - sells clothes under various labels including and bill robinson for men and ralph for women - a spokesman said the company had sales of $ N million in N - in new york stock exchange composite trading west fell N cents to $ N - britain 's blue arrow plc intends to change its name to manpower plc and write off a chunk of the nearly $ N billion in good will realized in the takeover of manpower inc - blue arrow chairman mitchell fromstein said in an interview that the two steps may be a prelude to the world 's biggest group in the u.s. - mr. fromstein disclosed the planned steps expected within a few months as blue arrow posted a N N drop in its third-quarter pretax earnings - the name change and good will write-off could help blue arrow 's dominance of the u.s. market and give it a more american image as u.s. investors turn jittery about foreign stocks after friday 's market plunge - u.s. holders now own more than N N of blue arrow compared with N N last january - in the u.s. market the recognition of the manpower name is stronger than blue arrow mr. fromstein said - the moves also could shareholders ' perception of blue arrow as a company in turmoil - it further the concept that blue arrow is a thing of the past said doug arthur an analyst at kidder peabody & co. in new york - the proposed changes all make a lot of sense to me he added - in a widely publicized coup mr. fromstein ousted berry as blue arrow chief executive in january a month after mr. berry had forced mr. fromstein out as the $ N chief of manpower - mr. fromstein his control in april by taking over from mr. berry as chairman - but the blue arrow is n't over yet as the british government is investigating a disputed # N million $ N million loan which mr. fromstein has said was made under mr. berry 's direction - blue arrow was able to pull off the $ N billion takeover of manpower in N largely because different british and american accounting standards produce higher reported earnings for british companies - under british rules blue arrow was able to write off at once the $ N billion in good will arising from the purchase - as a company blue arrow would have to the good will over as many as N years creating a continuing drag on reported earnings - good will is the excess of cost of an acquired firm operating unit or assets over the current or fair market value of those assets - but with so many shares now held in the u.s. blue arrow reports its earnings two ways based on both u.k. and u.s. accounting standards - our balance sheets look like they came from alice 's mr. fromstein said - the british version shows a handful of pounds of net worth following the N write-off of good will while the american version reflects $ N billion of net worth because almost none of the good will has been written off - mr. fromstein said he hopes to some of the good will left on blue arrow 's u.s. books in one fell but would n't specify how much - people close to blue arrow suggested the write-down would represent a sizable chunk with executives claiming prior management the extent of manpower 's good will - that move along with the return to the manpower name could bolster the company 's prospects during possibly difficult times for temporary help - the number of u.s. temporary workers fell about N N in the N months ending aug. N after sliding nearly N N in july said kidder peabody 's mr. arthur - blue arrow blamed the pretax profit drop in the quarter ended july N partly on slower earnings growth of units in britain - overall pretax profit slid to # N million in the quarter from # N million a year earlier - richard g. sim the man credited with applied power inc. from an into a player in the global market for tools hopes to guide a similar turnaround at the company 's latest acquisition barry wright corp - the 45-year-old former general electric co. executive figures it will be easier this time - but analysts while the acquisition say applied 's chief executive faces a tough challenge in the two companies - barry wright acquired by applied for $ N million makes equipment and systems - the mass. company 's sales have been and its profits have dropped - last year 's earnings of $ N million including $ N from a restructuring gain were far below the year-earlier $ N million - besides spurring barry wright 's sales which were $ N million in N mr. sim must its costs and product line - the question is how long it 's going to take barry wright to make a contribution says f. john an analyst at blunt ellis in milwaukee - the answer will help determine whether applied continues to reach the ambitious goals set by mr. sim - the butler wis. manufacturer went public at $ N a share in august N and mr. sim 's goal then was a $ N per-share price by N - strong earnings growth helped achieve that price far ahead of schedule in august N - the stock has since trading around $ N a share last week and closing yesterday at $ N in national over-the-counter trading - but mr. sim has set a fresh target of $ N a share by the end of - reaching that goal says robert t. applied 's chief financial officer will require efficient reinvestment of cash by applied and of its healthy N N rate of return on operating capital - in barry wright mr. sim sees a situation very similar to the one he faced when he joined applied as president and chief operating officer in N - applied then a closely held company was under the management of its controlling family - while profitable it was n't growing and was n't providing a satisfactory return on invested capital he says - mr. sim is confident that the drive to dominate certain niche markets will work at barry wright as it has at applied - he also an to develop a corporate culture that rewards managers who produce and where is shared - mr. sim considers the new unit 's operations fundamentally sound and adds that barry wright has been fairly successful in moving into markets that have n't interested larger competitors - with a little patience these businesses will perform very mr. sim says - within about six months things will be moving in the right direction he predicts - mr. sim figures it will be easier to turn barry wright around since he 's now in the driver 's seat - when he came to applied i did n't have the power to execute as i do today he says - he was named chief executive officer of applied in N and became chairman last november - at applied mr. sim set growth as his first objective - he took the company public in an offering that applied about $ N million which helped launch the company 's acquisition program - sales climbed to an estimated $ N million in fiscal N ended aug. N from $ N million in fiscal N - the company expects that earnings which have marched steadily upward in recent years reached about $ N million or $ N a share in the fiscal year just ended up from $ N million in fiscal N and $ N million in N diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/test.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/test.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6f3fc88..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/test.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4358 +0,0 @@ - - = Robert = - - Robert is an English film , television and theatre actor . He had a guest @-@ starring role on the television series The Bill in 2000 . This was followed by a starring role in the play Herons written by Simon Stephens , which was performed in 2001 at the Royal Court Theatre . He had a guest role in the television series Judge John in 2002 . In 2004 landed a role as " Craig " in the episode " Teddy 's Story " of the television series The Long Firm ; he starred alongside actors Mark Strong and Derek Jacobi . He was cast in the 2005 theatre productions of the Philip Ridley play Mercury Fur , which was performed at the Drum Theatre in Plymouth and the Factory in London . He was directed by John and starred alongside Ben , Shane , Harry Kent , Fraser , Sophie Stanton and Dominic Hall . - In 2006 , starred alongside in the play written by Mark . He appeared on a 2006 episode of the television series , Doctors , followed by a role in the 2007 theatre production of How to Curse directed by . How to Curse was performed at Bush Theatre in the London Borough of and Fulham . starred in two films in 2008 , by filmmaker Paris , and Punch directed by Blackburn . In May 2008 , made a guest appearance on a two @-@ part episode arc of the television series Waking the Dead , followed by an appearance on the television series in November 2008 . He had a recurring role in ten episodes of the television series in 2010 , as " Fletcher " . starred in the 2011 film directed by Paris . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = 2000 – 2005 = = = - - In 2000 had a guest @-@ starring role on the television series The Bill ; he portrayed " Scott Parry " in the episode , " In Safe Hands " . starred as " Scott " in the play Herons written by Simon Stephens , which was performed in 2001 at the Royal Court Theatre . A review of 's performance in The Independent on Sunday described him as " horribly menacing " in the role , and he received critical reviews in The Herald , and Evening Standard . He appeared in the television series Judge John in 2002 as " " in the episode " Political " , and had a role as a different character " Toby Steele " on The Bill . - He had a recurring role in 2003 on two episodes of The Bill , as character " Connor Price " . In 2004 landed a role as " Craig " in the episode " Teddy 's Story " of the television series The Long Firm ; he starred alongside actors Mark Strong and Derek Jacobi . starred as " Darren " , in the 2005 theatre productions of the Philip Ridley play Mercury Fur . It was performed at the Drum Theatre in Plymouth , and the Factory in London . He was directed by John and starred alongside Ben , Shane , Harry Kent , Fraser , Sophie Stanton and Dominic Hall . received a favorable review in The Daily Telegraph : " The acting is intense , with performances from Ben ( now from his performance as Trevor 's Hamlet ) , Robert , Shane and Fraser . " The Guardian noted , " Ben and Robert offer amid the . " - - = = = 2006 – present = = = - - In 2006 starred in the play written by Mark . The play was part of a series which featured different , titled Burn / / . In a 2006 interview , fellow actor Ben identified as one of his favorite co @-@ stars : " I loved working with a guy called Robert , who was in the triple bill of Burn , and at the National . He played my brother in Mercury Fur . " He portrayed " Jason Tyler " on the 2006 episode of the television series , Doctors , titled " Something I " . starred as " William " in the 2007 production of How to Curse directed by . How to Curse was performed at Bush Theatre in the London Borough of and Fulham . In a review of the production for The Daily Telegraph , theatre critic Charles Spencer noted , " Robert brings a touching vulnerability to the stage as William . " - starred in two films in 2008 , by filmmaker Paris , and Punch directed by Blackburn . portrayed a character named " Sean " in Punch , who along with character " Josh " as the " quiet brother ... who hits it off with " . guest starred on a two @-@ part episode arc " " in May 2008 of the television series Waking the Dead as character " Jimmy " . He appeared on the television series as " Neil " in November 2008 . He had a recurring role in ten episodes of the television series in 2010 , as " Fletcher " . He portrayed an emergency physician applying for a medical . He commented on the inherent difficulties in portraying a physician on television : " Playing a doctor is a strange experience . you know what you 're talking about when you don 't is very bizarre but there are advisers on set who are fantastic at taking you through procedures and giving you the confidence to stand there and look like you know what you 're doing . " starred in the 2011 film directed by Paris . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = = Film = = = - - - = = = Television = = = - - - = = = Theatre = = = - - - - = Du Fu = - - Du Fu ( Wade – Giles : Tu Fu ; Chinese : ; – 770 ) was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty . Along with Li ( Li Po ) , he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets . His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful civil servant , but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations . His life , like the whole country , was devastated by the An Rebellion of , and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest . - Although initially he was little @-@ known to other writers , his works came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese literary culture . Of his poetic writing , nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages . He has been called the " Poet @-@ Historian " and the " Poet @-@ Sage " by Chinese critics , while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to Western readers as " the Chinese Virgil , Horace , , Shakespeare , Milton , Burns , , , Hugo or " . - - = = Life = = - - Traditional Chinese literary criticism emphasized the life of the author when interpreting a work , a practice which Burton Watson attributes to " the close links that traditional Chinese thought posits between art and morality " . Since many of Du Fu 's poems feature morality and history , this practice is particularly important . Another reason , identified by the Chinese historian William , is that Chinese poems are typically , context that might be relevant , but which an informed contemporary could be assumed to know . For modern Western readers , " The less accurately we know the time , the place and the circumstances in the background , the more liable we are to imagine it incorrectly , and the result will be that we either the poem or fail to understand it altogether " . Stephen Owen suggests a third factor particular to Du Fu , arguing that the variety of the poet 's work required consideration of his whole life , rather than the " " used for more limited poets . - - = = = Early years = = = - - Most of what is known of Du Fu 's life comes from his poems . His paternal grandfather was Du , a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress Wu . Du Fu was born in ; the exact birthplace is unknown , except that it was near Luoyang , Henan province ( Gong county is a favourite candidate ) . In later life , he considered himself to belong to the capital city of Chang 'an , ancestral hometown of the Du family . - Du Fu 's mother died shortly after he was born , and he was partially raised by his aunt . He had an elder brother , who died young . He also had three half brothers and one half sister , to whom he frequently refers in his poems , although he never mentions his stepmother . - The son of a minor scholar @-@ official , his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant : study and of the Confucian classics of philosophy , history and poetry . He later claimed to have produced poems by his early teens , but these have been lost . - In the early , he travelled in the / Zhejiang area ; his earliest surviving poem , describing a poetry contest , is thought to date from the end of this period , around 735 . In that year , he took the civil service exam , likely in Chang 'an . He failed , to his surprise and that of centuries of later critics . concludes that he probably failed because his prose style at the time was too dense and obscure , while Chou suggests his failure to connections in the capital may have been to blame . After this failure , he went back to traveling , this time around Shandong and Hebei . - His father died around 740 . Du Fu would have been allowed to enter the civil service because of his father 's rank , but he is thought to have given up the privilege in favour of one of his half brothers . He spent the next four years living in the Luoyang area , fulfilling his duties in domestic affairs . - In the autumn of , he met Li ( Li Po ) for the first time , and the two poets formed a friendship . David Young describes this as " the most significant formative element in Du Fu 's artistic development " because it gave him a living example of the reclusive poet @-@ scholar life to which he was attracted after his failure in the civil service exam . The relationship was somewhat one @-@ sided , however . Du Fu was by some years the younger , while Li was already a poetic star . We have twelve poems to or about Li from the younger poet , but only one in the other direction . They met again only once , in . - In 746 , he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career . He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year , but all the candidates were failed by the prime minister ( apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals ) . He never again attempted the examinations , instead the emperor directly in , 754 and probably again in . He married around , and by the couple had had five children — three sons and two daughters — but one of the sons died in infancy in . From 754 he began to have lung problems ( probably asthma ) , the first of a series of which him for the rest of his life . It was in that year that Du Fu was forced to move his family due to the turmoil of a famine brought about by massive floods in the region . - In , he received an appointment as of the Right Commandant 's office of the Crown Prince 's Palace . Although this was a minor post , in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career . Even before he had begun work , however , the position was swept away by events . - - = = = War = = = - - The An Rebellion began in December , and was not completely suppressed for almost eight years . It caused enormous disruption to Chinese society : the census of 754 recorded 52 @.@ 9 million people , but ten years later , the census counted just 16 @.@ 9 million , the remainder having been displaced or killed . During this time , Du Fu led a largely itinerant life by wars , associated and imperial . This period of was the making of Du Fu as a poet : Even Shan Chou has written that , " What he saw around him — the lives of his family , neighbors , and strangers – what he heard , and what he hoped for or feared from the progress of various campaigns — these became the enduring themes of his poetry " . Even when he learned of the death of his youngest child , he turned to the suffering of others in his poetry instead of dwelling upon his own . Du Fu wrote : - on what I have lived through , if even I know such suffering , the common man must surely be by the winds . - In , Emperor was forced to flee the capital and . Du Fu , who had been away from the city , took his family to a place of safety and attempted to join the court of the new emperor ( ) , but he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an . In the autumn , his youngest son , Du ( Baby Bear ) , was born . Around this time Du Fu is thought to have contracted malaria . - He escaped from Chang 'an the following year , and was appointed when he rejoined the court in May . This post gave access to the emperor but was largely ceremonial . Du Fu 's compelled him to try to make use of it : he caused trouble for himself by protesting the removal of his friend and patron Fang Guan on a petty charge . He was arrested but was in June . He was granted leave to visit his family in September , but he soon rejoined the court and on December 8 , , he returned to Chang 'an with the emperor following its recapture by government forces . However , his advice continued to be , and in the summer of he was demoted to a post as Commissioner of Education in . The position was not to his taste : in one poem , he wrote : - I am about to scream in the office / Especially when they bring more papers to pile higher on my desk . - He moved on in the summer of ; this has traditionally been ascribed to famine , but believes that frustration is a more likely reason . He next spent around six weeks in ( now , Gansu province ) , where he wrote more than sixty poems . - - = = = = = = - - In December , he briefly stayed in ( modern Gansu ) . He departed on December 24 for ( Sichuan province ) , where he was hosted by local and fellow poet Di . Du subsequently based himself in Sichuan for most of the next five years . By the autumn of that year he was in financial trouble , and sent poems help to various acquaintances . He was relieved by Yan Wu , a friend and former colleague who was appointed governor general at . Despite his financial problems , this was one of the and most peaceful periods of his life . Many of Du 's poems from this period are peaceful depictions of his life at " " . In 762 , he left the city to escape a rebellion , but he returned in summer when he was appointed an advisor to Yan , who was involved in campaigns against the Empire . - - = = = Last years = = = - - Luoyang , the region of his birthplace , was recovered by government forces in the winter of 762 , and in the spring of Du Fu and his family sailed down the Yangtze , apparently with the intention of making their way there . They traveled slowly , held up by his ill @-@ health ( by this time he was suffering from poor eyesight , and general old age in addition to his previous ) . They stayed in ( in what is now , ) at the entrance to the Three for almost two years from late spring . This period was Du Fu 's last great poetic flowering , and here he wrote 400 poems in his dense , late style . In autumn , Bo became governor of the region : he supported Du Fu financially and employed him as his unofficial secretary . - In March , he began his journey again and got as far as province , where he died in ( now ) in November or December 770 , in his year . He was survived by his wife and two sons , who remained in the area for some years at least . His last known descendant is a grandson who requested a grave inscription for the poet from Yuan in . - his life by concluding that , " He appeared to be a son , an affectionate father , a generous brother , a faithful husband , a loyal friend , a official , and a patriotic subject . " - Below is an example of one of Du Fu 's later works , To My Friend ( Chinese : ) . Like many other poems in the Tang it featured the theme of a long parting between friends , which was often due to officials being frequently transferred to the provinces : - - = = Works = = - - Criticism of Du Fu 's works has focused on his strong sense of history , his moral engagement , and his technical excellence . - - = = = History = = = - - Since the Song dynasty , critics have called Du Fu the " poet historian " ( ) . The most directly historical of his poems are those commenting on military tactics or the successes and failures of the government , or the poems of advice which he wrote to the emperor . , he wrote about the effect of the times in which he lived on himself , and on the ordinary people of China . As Watson notes , this is information " of a kind seldom found in the officially compiled histories of the era " . - Du Fu 's political comments are based on emotion rather than calculation : his have been as , " Let us all be less selfish , let us all do what we are supposed to do " . Since his views were impossible to disagree with , his expressed enabled his installation as the central figure of Chinese poetic history . - - = = = engagement = = = - - A second favourite epithet of Chinese critics is that of " poet sage " ( ) , a counterpart to the philosophical sage , . One of the earliest surviving works , The Song of the ( from around 750 ) , gives voice to the of a soldier in the imperial army and a clear @-@ sighted consciousness of suffering . These concerns are continuously articulated in poems on the lives of both soldiers and civilians produced by Du Fu throughout his life . - Although Du Fu 's frequent references to his own difficulties can give the impression of an all @-@ consuming , Hawkes argues that his " famous compassion in fact includes himself , viewed quite and almost as an " . He therefore " lends grandeur " to the wider picture by comparing it to " his own slightly comical triviality " . - Du Fu 's compassion , for himself and for others , was part of his general broadening of the scope of poetry : he devoted many works to topics which had previously been considered unsuitable for poetic treatment . Zhang Jie wrote that for Du Fu , " everything in this world is poetry " , Du wrote extensively on subjects such as domestic life , calligraphy , paintings , animals , and other poems . - - = = = Technical excellence = = = - - Du Fu 's work is notable above all for its range . Chinese critics traditionally used the term ( " complete " ) , a reference to ' description of . Yuan was the first to note the breadth of Du Fu 's achievement , writing in that his predecessor , " united in his work traits which previous men had displayed only singly " . He mastered all the forms of Chinese poetry : Chou says that in every form he " either made outstanding advances or contributed outstanding examples " . Furthermore , his poems use a wide range of registers , from the direct and to the and self @-@ consciously literary . This variety is even within individual works : Owen identifies the , " rapid stylistic and thematic shifts " in poems which enable the poet to represent different of a situation , while Chou uses the term " juxtaposition " as the major analytical tool in her work . Du Fu is noted for having written more on and painting than any other writer of his time . He wrote eighteen poems on painting alone , more than any other Tang poet . Du Fu 's seemingly negative commentary on the prized horse paintings of Han a controversy that has persisted to the present day . - The tenor of his work changed as he developed his style and adapted to his surroundings ( " @-@ like " according to Watson ) : his earliest works are in a relatively derivative , courtly style , but he came into his own in the years of the rebellion . Owen comments on the " simplicity " of the poems , which mirrors the desert landscape ; the works from his period are " light , often finely observed " ; while the poems from the late period have a " density and power of vision " . - Although he wrote in all poetic forms , Du Fu is best known for his , a type of poem with strict constraints on form and content , for example : - About two thirds of Du Fu 's 1500 extant works are in this form , and he is generally considered to be its leading exponent . His best use the required by the form to add expressive content rather than as mere technical restrictions . Hawkes comments that , " it is amazing that Tu Fu is able to use so immensely stylized a form in so natural a manner " . - - = = Influence = = - - According to the Britannica , Du Fu 's writings are considered by many literary critics to be among the greatest of all time , and it states " his dense , compressed language makes use of all the overtones of a phrase and of all the of the individual word , qualities that no translation can ever reveal . " - In his lifetime and immediately following his death , Du Fu was not greatly appreciated . In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations , some of which are still " considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics . " There are few contemporary references to him — only eleven poems from six writers — and these describe him in terms of affection , but not as a of poetic or moral ideals . Du Fu is also poorly represented in contemporary anthologies of poetry . - However , as notes , he " is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time " , and his works began to increase in popularity in the ninth century . Early positive comments came from , who praised the moral sentiments of some of Du Fu 's works ( although he found these in only a small fraction of the poems ) , and from Han Yu , who wrote a piece defending Du Fu and Li on aesthetic grounds from attacks made against them . Both these writers showed the influence of Du Fu in their own poetic work . By the beginning of the 10th century , constructed the first replica of his cottage in Sichuan . - It was in the 11th century , during the Northern Song era that Du Fu 's reputation reached its peak . In this period a comprehensive re @-@ evaluation of earlier poets took place , in which Wang , Li and Du Fu came to be regarded as representing respectively the Buddhist , and Confucian strands of Chinese culture . At the same time , the development of Neo @-@ ensured that Du Fu , as its poetic , occupied the paramount position . Su Shi famously expressed this reasoning when he wrote that Du Fu was " ... because ... through all his , he never for the space of a meal his sovereign " . His influence was helped by his ability to reconcile apparent opposites : political were attracted by his loyalty to the established order , while political radicals embraced his concern for the poor . Literary could look to his technical mastery , while literary radicals were inspired by his innovations . Since the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , Du Fu 's loyalty to the state and concern for the poor have been interpreted as embryonic nationalism and socialism , and he has been praised for his use of simple , " people 's language " . - Du Fu 's popularity grew to such an extent that it is as hard to measure his influence as that of Shakespeare in England : it was hard for any Chinese poet not to be influenced by him . While there was never another Du Fu , individual poets followed in the traditions of specific aspects of his work : 's concern for the poor , Lu You 's patriotism , and 's on the are a few examples . More broadly , Du Fu 's work in transforming the from mere word play into " a vehicle for serious poetic " set the stage for every subsequent writer in the genre . - In the 20th century , he was the favourite poet of Kenneth , who has described him as " the greatest non @-@ epic , non @-@ dramatic poet who has survived in any language " , and commented that , " he has made me a better man , as a moral agent and as a organism " . - - = = = Influence on Japanese literature = = = - - Du Fu 's poetry has made a profound impact on Japanese literature , especially on the literature from the period and on scholars and poets in the Edo period , including , the very greatest of all poets . Even in modern Japanese , the term Saint of Poetry ( , ) is mostly synonymous with Du Fu . - Until the 13th century , the Japanese preferred above all poets and there were few references to Du Fu , although his influence can be seen in some ( " Chinese poetry made by Japanese poets " ) anthologies such as in the 9th century . The first notable Japanese of Du Fu 's poetry was ( – ) , a patriarch and one of the most prominent authors of the literature of the Five Mountains ; he highly praised Du Fu and made a commentary on some poems of Du Fu from the perspective of a priest in Vol . 11 of . His student composed many which were clearly stated " influenced by Du Fu " in their . 's student had close connection with the Court and and Du Fu 's poetry in the mundane world ; one day , the regent of the Court and the highest authority of poetry , asked , " Should I learn the poetry of Du Fu and Li ? " to reply , " Yes if you do have enough capability . No if do not . " Since then , there had been many on Du Fu 's poetry both in temples and in the aristocratic society , and as a result his poetry was often cited in Japanese literature in the period , e.g. , , a historical epic in the late 14th century , and some plays such as , , and . - During the Kan era of the Edo period ( 1624 – 1643 ) , ( ) of the Ming Dynasty 's on Du Fu 's ( , ) was imported into Japan , and it gained explosive popularity in Confucian scholars and ( ) class . The commentary established Du Fu 's fame as the highest of all poets ; for instance , , a notable Confucian scholar , commented in Vol . 37 of that [ Du Fu ] was the very best poet in history and praised 's commentary for its simplicity and readability , while he criticized old commentaries during the Yuan Dynasty were too . , the greatest poet , was also strongly influenced by Du Fu ; in no , his masterpiece , he cites the first two lines of A Spring View ( ) before a as its introduction and also many of his other have similar wording and themes . It is said that when he died in Osaka during a long travel , a copy of Du Fu 's poetry was found with him as one of a few precious items which he was able to carry around . - - = = = = - - A variety of styles have been used in efforts to translate Du Fu 's work into English . As Burton Watson remarks in The Selected Poems of Du Fu , " There are many different ways to approach the problems involved in translating Du Fu , which is why we need as many different translations as possible " ( ) . The translators have had to contend with bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding to a Western ear ( particularly when translating regulated verse , or ) , and the complex allusions contained particularly in the later works ( Hawkes writes that " his poems do not as a rule come through very well in translation " — ) . One extreme on each issue is represented by Kenneth 's One Hundred Poems From the Chinese . His are free translations , which seek to conceal the through and expansion and contraction of the content ; his responses to the allusions are firstly to most of these poems from his selection , and to " translate out " the references in those works which he does select . - Other translators have placed much greater weight on trying to convey a sense of the poetic forms used by Du Fu . Vikram Seth in Three Chinese Poets uses English @-@ style rhyme schemes , whereas Keith in Facing the Moon the Chinese rhyme scheme ; both use end @-@ stopped lines and preserve some degree of . In The Selected Poems of Du Fu , Burton Watson follows the quite strictly , persuading the western reader to adapt to the poems rather than vice versa . Similarly , he deals with the allusion of the later works by combining literal translation with extensive . - In 2015 , Stephen Owen published translations , with facing Chinese texts , of the complete poetry of Du Fu in six volumes , with extensive scholarly apparatus , which emphasized . - - - = Kiss You ( One Direction song ) = - - " Kiss You " is a song recorded by English @-@ Irish boy band One Direction for their second studio album , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . It was released as the record 's second single in Germany and the third overall single on 7 January 2013 . The song was composed by , Lundin , , , and its producers , Carl and . " Kiss You " is an upbeat power pop song with electronic effects ; the lyrics detail a protagonist 's infatuation with a significant other . Critics praised the song for its production , calling it a stand @-@ out track on Take Me Home . - The track became the group 's sixth top @-@ ten hit in Ireland and the United Kingdom , while attaining top @-@ forty positions in both Belgian territories ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , as well as in Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , New Zealand , and the Netherlands . The single peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . One Direction performed " Kiss You " on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor and 3 major concert tours : Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) , Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) and On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) . - An accompanying music video , designed to display the group 's comedic timing , was directed by Vaughan , who had previously worked with the group on two other music videos . The clip depicts the band shooting various scenes via a green screen , which include sequences reminiscent of iconic music videos of songs such as the Beach Boys ' " Surfer Girl " , Elvis Presley 's " Rock " and 's " Mein Land " . The music video received 10 @.@ 4 million views in a 24 @-@ hour period and positive commentary from reviewers , who appreciated its , nature . - The song was included in the dancing game Just Dance 2014 , and is also one of the select songs available on the demo version . Additionally , it is the final main track on the US edition of Now That 's What I Call Music ! 46 . - - = = Background and release = = - - " Kiss You " was written by , Lundin , , , , and its producers , Carl and . , , and had composed One Direction 's previous hit singles , " What Makes You Beautiful " , " One Thing " , and " Live While We 're Young " . In April 2012 , The Independent reported that Simon Cowell , the group 's manager , had challenged prominent songwriters to compete for space on One Direction 's second album . said , " It 's important to get their personalities on the music . " In addition , the article reported that Syco Records was working on candidates that included Max Martin and Lundin . - " Kiss You " was chosen as the second US single and third international from their second studio album , Take Me Home . Liam Payne , a group member , in a November 2012 interview with MTV News , explained why they chose " Kiss You " as the album 's second single in the US . Payne was quoted as saying : " With the album , that 's the first one that we listened to and we were like , ' Yeah , we love this song ' " . According to a MTV News article , the number was released digitally in the United States on 17 November 2012 . By 18 January 2013 , the song had not been officially promoted to US radio stations . The track , however , was released by Sony Music Entertainment on 8 February 2013 , as the record 's second single in Germany . - - = = Composition and reception = = - - " Kiss You " is an uptempo , upbeat power pop song which runs for a duration of 3 : 04 ( 3 minutes , four seconds ) . The track features electronic effects , colossal hooks , a " na na na " breakdown , and a Motown @-@ melody . One Direction 's vocal range in the song span from the note of E4 to C ♯ 6 . Instrumentation includes guitar strings , piano lines and vocals . Written in the key of E major , the beat is set in common time and moves at a quick 90 beats per minute , according to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Likewise , Matt from Allmusic noted that the track is " hyper " . The lyrical content regards the protagonist 's infatuation with a significant other , and incorporates for sexual intercourse in the lines " If you don ’ t wanna take it slow / And you just wanna take me home / Baby say yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah . " - " Kiss You " was well received by contemporary music critics , who centred on its quality of production . Both Rolling Stone 's Jon Dolan , who praised its effectiveness , and Chris Payne of Billboard , who appreciated the melody , described " Kiss You " as one of the album 's highlights . Alexis for The Guardian commended the track 's chorus as " hard to from your brain " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy noted the song 's possibility to become an international hit , it . A reviewer for MTV News described the track 's as " butterflies @-@ inducing " , and Sam of Idolator wrote that " Kiss You " is noticeably a stand @-@ out track on its parent album . Melinda Newman , writing for HitFix , regarded the song as " a , electronic infectious ditty , " while Chris , a critic from , deemed it an " amazing pop song " , lauding the group 's falsetto and its " head @-@ " chorus . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - The single made its Irish Singles Chart debut at number 24 on the week ending 13 December 2012 . It peaked at number seven on the week ending 17 January 2013 , marking their sixth top ten appearance in Ireland . " Kiss You " entered at number 152 in the UK Singles Chart on 24 November 2012 . It peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart on 26 January 2013 , becoming One Direction 's sixth top ten hit in the United Kingdom . On the week ending 18 November 2012 , " Kiss You " debuted at number 90 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 due to digital download sales from its parent album . As a result of an " end @-@ of @-@ year download rush " on the week ending 30 December 2012 , the track re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at number 83 . After the accompanying music video was released , the song re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at number 65 . " Kiss You " had sold 207 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the US by 18 January 2013 . The single ultimately peaked at number 46 on the Hot 100 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 25 April 2013 , denoting shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . - The song became One Direction 's fourth top @-@ forty hit on the Canadian Hot 100 , peaking at number 30 . The single bowed at number 13 on the Australian Singles Chart on 27 January 2013 , marking its peak position and the group 's fourth top twenty hit in Australia . The song has been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 copies . The track entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 17 on 11 January 2013 . It peaked at number 13 in its third and fourth charting weeks , the group 's sixth top @-@ forty appearance in New Zealand . " Kiss You " has received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( ) , indicating sales of 7 @,@ 500 copies . The track also reached the top 40 in both Belgian territories ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , as well as in the Czech Republic , Denmark , France , the Netherlands , and South Korea . In addition , " Kiss You " received gold certifications from the IFPI Norway and Denmark associations , signifying collective shipments of 20 @,@ 000 units . - - = = Music video = = - - The accompanying music video , directed by Vaughan , who had previously directed One Direction 's music videos for " Live While We 're Young " and " Little Things " , was designed to showcase the group 's comedic timing . Inspired by the Beach Boys , cult surfing films , old Hollywood , and British cinema , the music video incorporates " a vibe and a British kind of romp " , as noted by in a MTV News interview . - Shot by November 2012 , the music video was characterised , in several MTV News interviews , as " bigger than anything we 've done before " by , as " a lot of hard work " by Payne , as " pure " by Louis , and as " I wouldn 't say [ it 's ] comedy , it 's all tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " by . worldwide on on 7 January 2013 , the music video depicts the band shooting different scenes via a green screen , dressed as sailors , , and . The video features scenes reminiscent of the films South Pacific , To a Thief , Rock and Beach , as well as the iconic music videos of songs such as The Beach Boys ' " Surfer Girl " , Elvis Presley 's " Blue Hawaii " and 's " Mein Land " , among others . - The music video garnered 10 @.@ 4 million views in a 24 @-@ hour period , failing to attain the record held by Justin 's " Beauty and a Beat " music video ( 10 @.@ 6 million ) . Despite a 34 % gain in weekly activity to their channel , with the clip 's success and preceding teaser videos earning 38 million views during the week , One Direction held at number two on the Billboard 's Social 50 chart A 15 % rise in Facebook reaction gave way to a 154 @,@ 000 increase in Facebook likes during the week . 191 @,@ 000 Twitter followers added contributed to their overall fan base increase as well . - Melinda Newman , a contributor for HitFix , favoured the clip as having " everything a video by a boy band should be " and found group 's careless tone delightful . Rebecca of E ! Online praised its " intentionally cheesy and utterly adorable " sequences , and MTV News 's described the clip as " conquering old Hollywood " . Molly Chance , writing for , was convinced that upon watching the " adorable " music video , the viewer should have a hard time the group . Wood , the critic for Los Angeles Times , commended the group for " having a genuinely great time " , rather than going through the motions . - - = = Live performances = = - - As part of its promotion , One Direction performed the song on televised programmes and during their worldwide Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) . One Direction performed the track on The Today Show at the Rockefeller Center on 13 November 2012 , to a record crowd estimated at 15 @,@ 000 . " Kiss You " was included in the set list of the group 's 3 December 2012 sold @-@ out show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden . One Direction delivered a performance of " Kiss You " , in front of a video game @-@ themed set , on the final of the ninth series of The X Factor UK on 10 December 2012 . According to the Daily Mail , their " energetic rendition " of " Kiss You " proved that the group have an elusive quality . On 12 December 2012 , the group also performed the number on the final of the second season of The X Factor USA . Considering One Direction the " franchise 's biggest success story " , an editor for The Huffington Post opined that the boy band 's prominent presence on both the US and UK versions of The X Factor seemed fitting . Not only Take Me Home Tour , they also performance in Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) & On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) - - = = Track listing = = - - CD single - " Kiss You " – 3 : 04 - " Little Things " – 3 : 42 - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Carl — writing , production , programming , instruments , guitar , background vocals - — background vocals - Niall — additional guitar - — writing , background vocals - Lundin — writing - — writing , background vocals - — writing - — writing , production , programming , instruments , bass - Credits adapted from Take Me Home 's liner notes . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = @-@ class battleship = - - The @-@ class battleships ( , @-@ ) were a pair of dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( ) during World War I. Originally intended to be repeats of the preceding class , they were redesigned before construction began . Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great earthquake in 1923 . They were modernized in 1934 – 37 with improvements to their armour and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style . Afterwards they played a minor role in the Second @-@ Japanese War . - Despite the expensive reconstructions , both vessels were considered obsolete by the eve of the Pacific War , and neither saw significant action in the early years of the war . Following the loss of most of the 's large aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in mid @-@ 1942 , they were rebuilt with a flight deck replacing the rear pair of gun turrets to give them the ability to operate an air group of . A lack of aircraft and qualified pilots , however , meant that they never actually operated their aircraft in combat . While awaiting their air group the sister ships were sometimes used to ferry troops and material to Japanese bases . They participated in the Battle of Cape in late 1944 , where they the American carrier fleet supporting the invasion of away from the landing beaches . Afterwards both ships were transferred to Southeast Asia ; in early 1945 they participated in Operation , where they transported petrol and other strategic materials to Japan . The sisters were then reduced to reserve until they were sunk during American airstrikes in July . After the war they were scrapped in 1946 – 47 . - - = = Background = = - - The design of the @-@ class battleships was shaped both by the ongoing international naval arms race and a desire among Japanese naval planners to maintain a fleet of capital ships powerful enough to defeat the United States Navy in an encounter in Japanese territorial waters . The 's fleet of battleships had proven highly successful in 1905 , the last year of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , which culminated in the destruction of the Russian Second and Third Pacific Squadrons at the Battle of . - In the aftermath , the Japanese Empire immediately turned its focus to the two remaining rivals for imperial dominance in the Pacific Ocean : Britain and the United States . , a Japanese Navy admiral and military theorist , speculated that conflict would inevitably arise between Japan and at least one of its two main rivals . To that end , he called for the Japanese Navy to maintain a fleet with at least 70 % as many capital ships as the US Navy . This ratio , theorized , would enable the Imperial Japanese Navy to defeat the US Navy in one major battle in Japanese waters in any eventual conflict . Accordingly , the 1907 Imperial Defence Policy called for the construction of a battle fleet of eight modern battleships , 20 @,@ 000 long tons ( 20 @,@ 321 t ) each , and eight modern armoured cruisers , 18 @,@ 000 long tons ( 18 @,@ t ) each . This was the genesis of the Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program , the development of a cohesive battle line of sixteen capital ships . - The launch of HMS in 1906 by the Royal Navy raised the stakes , and complicated Japan 's plans . 17 @,@ 900 long tons ( 18 @,@ 200 t ) and armed with ten 12 @-@ inch ( 30 @.@ 5 cm ) guns , rendered all existing battleships obsolete by comparison . The launch of the battlecruiser HMS Invincible the following year was a further setback for Japan 's quest for parity . When the two new @-@ class battleships and two @-@ class armoured cruisers , launched by 1911 , were by their British counterparts , the Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program was . - The first battleships built for the renewed Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program were the two dreadnoughts of the class , ordered in 1907 and laid down in 1908 . In 1910 , the Navy put forward a request to the Diet ( parliament ) to secure funding for the entirety of the program at once . Because of economic constraints , only four battlecruisers and a single battleship of the class were ultimately approved by the Diet . Three more @-@ class ships ( , , and ) were approved and all three were ordered in April 1913 . While was laid down later that year , the lacked the funding to proceed with the construction of and until the Diet authorized additional funding for the ships in July 1914 . - - = = Design and description = = - - The progress of 's construction , while the waited for the funding to be released and foreign developments , caused the to the @-@ class design . The distribution of the gun turrets was the most obvious flaw as they complicated the protection of the magazine and exposed more of the ship to the blast effects of the guns when they fired . Another issue was that Japanese sailors had problems maintaining a high rate of fire with the 45 @.@ 36 @-@ kilogram ( 100 @.@ 0 lb ) shells used in the manually loaded 152 @-@ millimetre ( 6 in ) secondary guns used in the class and earlier designs . To resolve this issue , the designed a smaller 140 @-@ millimetre ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) gun that offset its lighter shell weight with a higher rate of fire . It also decided that the barbette armour of the earlier ships was too thin and wanted a modest increase in speed to partially counter the higher speeds of the latest foreign ships like the British Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships and Russian @-@ class battlecruisers . For financial reasons more powerful engines could not be ordered so the new design was lengthened slightly and the boiler rooms enlarged to increase speed by 0 @.@ 5 knots ( 0 @.@ 93 km / h ; 0 @.@ 58 mph ) to 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) . To save weight the forecastle deck was shortened so that the lower gun turret was lower than in the class . This reduced the crew 's accommodations despite a significant increase in the crew 's numbers and naval historian believed that these ships had the worst of any Japanese capital ship . The final design was designated A @-@ 92 by the and differed enough from the A @-@ 64 design of the class that it was considered a separate class . - The ships had a length of 208 @.@ 18 metres ( ft 0 in ) overall , a beam of 28 @.@ 65 metres ( 94 ft 0 in ) and a draught of 8 @.@ 93 metres ( 29 ft 4 in ) at deep load . They displaced 36 @,@ 500 long tons ( 37 @,@ 100 t ) at deep load , roughly 650 long tons ( 660 t ) more than the preceding class . Their crew consisted of 1 @,@ 360 officers and enlisted men . They had a height of 1 @.@ 737 metres ( 5 ft 8 @.@ 4 in ) at deep load . - During the ships ' modernization during the 1930s , their forward were enlarged with multiple platforms added to their tripod . Both ships were also given torpedo to improve their underwater protection and to compensate for the weight of the additional armour . In addition , their were lengthened by 7 @.@ 62 metres ( 25 @.@ 0 ft ) . These changes increased their overall length to 213 @.@ 8 metres ( 701 ft ) , their beam to 31 @.@ 75 metres ( 104 ft 2 in ) and their draft to 9 @.@ 45 metres ( 31 ft 0 in ) . Their displacement increased over 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) to 42 @,@ 001 long tons ( 42 @,@ t ) at deep load . The crew now numbered 1 @,@ officers and enlisted men . - - = = = = = = - - The @-@ class ships had two sets of direct @-@ drive steam turbines , each of which drove two propeller shafts with 3 @.@ @-@ metre ( 11 ft 3 in ) propellers . The high @-@ pressure turbines drove the wing shafts while the low @-@ pressure turbines drove the inner shafts . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 40 @,@ 000 or 45 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 or 34 @,@ 000 kW ) ( and respectively ) , using steam provided by 24 water @-@ tube boilers at working pressures of 13 – 16 @.@ 9 kg / ( 1 @,@ 275 – 1 @,@ ; 185 – 240 ) . Both ships comfortably exceeded their designed speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) during their sea trials ; reached 23 @.@ 6 knots ( 43 @.@ 7 km / h ; 27 @.@ 2 mph ) from 56 @,@ shp ( 42 @,@ 131 kW ) and exceeded that with 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) from 63 @,@ shp ( 47 @,@ 136 kW ) . Each of the boilers consumed a mixture of coal and oil and the ships had a stowage capacity of 4 @,@ long tons ( 4 @,@ t ) of coal and 1 @,@ long tons ( 1 @,@ t ) of fuel oil , which gave them a range of 9 @,@ 680 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 930 km ; 11 @,@ 140 mi ) at a speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . and had three generators of 150 ( 200 hp ) capacity and two 250 @-@ ( 340 hp ) generators at 225 volts . - During their 1930s modernization , the boilers on each ship were replaced by eight new oil @-@ fired boilers , fitted into the former aft boiler room , and the forward funnel was removed . The turbines were replaced by four geared turbines with a designed output of 80 @,@ 000 shp ( 60 @,@ 000 kW ) intended to increase their speed to 24 @.@ 5 knots ( 45 @.@ 4 km / h ; 28 @.@ 2 mph ) . On her trials , reached a top speed of 25 @.@ 26 knots ( 46 @.@ 78 km / h ; 29 @.@ 07 mph ) from 81 @,@ 050 shp ( 60 @,@ 440 kW ) . The fuel storage of the ships was increased to a total of 5 @,@ 113 long tons ( 5 @,@ 195 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 7 @,@ nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 580 km ; 9 @,@ 060 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . - - = = = Armament = = = - - The twelve 45 @-@ calibre 35 @.@ 6 cm ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) Type 41 guns of the class were mounted in three pairs of twin @-@ gun , superfiring turrets . one through six from front to rear , each turret weighed long tons ( t ) . The powered turrets had an elevation capability of − 5 / + 20 degrees . The guns had a rate of fire of 1 @.@ 5 – 2 rounds per minute and could be loaded at any angle between and + 20 degrees . In 1921 the elevation was increased to + 30 degrees and then to + 43 degrees during their mid @-@ 1930s modernization , except for No. 6 turret as its supporting structure could not be lowered . The mechanism of the guns was also changed from a hydraulic to a system , which allowed for a faster firing cycle of the main guns . - By World War II , the guns used Type 91 armour @-@ piercing , capped shells . Each of these shells weighed @.@ 5 kilograms ( 1 @,@ lb ) and was fired at a muzzle velocity of 770 – 775 metres per second ( 2 @,@ – 2 @,@ 540 ft / s ) . They had a maximum range of 25 @,@ 000 metres ( 27 @,@ 000 yd ) at + 20 degrees of elevation and 35 @,@ 450 meters ( 38 @,@ 770 yd ) at + 43 degrees after modernization . Also available was a 625 @-@ kilogram ( 1 @,@ lb ) high @-@ explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 805 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 640 ft / s ) . A special Type 3 incendiary shrapnel shell was developed in the 1930s for anti @-@ aircraft use . - The ships ' secondary armament consisted of twenty 50 @-@ calibre 14 @-@ Type 3 . Eighteen of these were mounted in casemates in the forecastle and superstructure and the remaining pair were mounted on the deck above them and protected by gun shields . They had a maximum elevation of + 20 degrees which gave them ranges of 16 @,@ 300 metres ( 17 @,@ 800 yd ) . Each gun had a rate of fire of up to 10 rounds per minute . Anti @-@ aircraft defence was provided by four 40 @-@ calibre 3rd Year Type 8 @-@ AA guns in single mounts . The 7 @.@ 62 @-@ ( 3 in ) high @-@ angle guns had a maximum elevation of + 75 degrees , and had a rate of fire of 13 to 20 rounds per minute . They fired a 6 kg ( 13 lb ) with a muzzle velocity of 680 m / s ( 2 @,@ 200 ft / s ) to a maximum height of 7 @,@ 500 metres ( 24 @,@ 600 ft ) . The ships were also fitted with six submerged 53 @.@ 3 @-@ ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , three on each broadside . They carried twelve to eighteen 6th Year Type torpedoes which had a 200 @-@ kilogram ( 440 lb ) warhead . They had three settings for range and speed : 15 @,@ 000 metres ( 16 @,@ 000 yd ) at 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) , 10 @,@ 000 metres ( 11 @,@ 000 yd ) at 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , or 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 7 @,@ 700 yd ) at 37 knots ( 69 km / h ; 43 mph ) . - In 1931 – 33 the AA guns were replaced with eight 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns , fitted on both sides of the forward in four twin @-@ gun mounts . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 metres ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 metres ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute . Two twin @-@ gun mounts for license @-@ built Vickers two @-@ pounder light AA guns were also added . These guns had a maximum elevation of + 80 degrees and a rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute . The pair of 14 cm guns on the upper deck were removed at this time . - During the mid @-@ 1930s reconstruction the torpedo tubes were removed and the Vickers two @-@ pounders were replaced by twenty license @-@ built 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in 10 twin @-@ gun mounts . This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . According to historian Mark , the twin and triple mounts " lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small , and , finally , the gun produced excessive muzzle blast " . These 25 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 metres ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . In addition the forward pair of 14 cm guns in the forecastle were removed at this time and the maximum elevation of the remaining guns was increased to + 30 degrees . - - = = = Protection = = = - - The @-@ class ships ' waterline protective belt had a maximum thickness of mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of Vickers cemented armour amidships ; below it was a of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) armour . The upper armoured deck consisted of two layers of high @-@ tensile steel 55 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) thick and the lower armoured deck also consisted of two layers of high @-@ tensile steel , but only 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The sides of this deck sloped downwards to meet the bottom of the lower of the belt armour . The ends of the belt armour were closed off by bulkheads that ranged in thickness from 203 to 102 mm ( 8 to 4 in ) . The turrets were protected with an armour thickness of 254 mm ( 10 in ) on the face and 76 mm on the roof . The casemate armour was 149 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick and that of the barbettes was mm thick rather than the originally planned 305 mm . The sides of the conning tower were 305 mm thick . - The class were the only Japanese battleships to place the powder magazine above the shell magazine as the wished to put as much space as possible between the highly flammable propellant and mine and torpedo . The danger from shells at long distances was not appreciated until the fatal magazine explosions of three British battlecruisers during the 1916 Battle of Jutland demonstrated the point . To further protect the magazines the depth of the double bottom was increased to a total of 3 @.@ 58 metres ( 11 ft 9 in ) underneath the barbettes and magazines . Additionally , the vessels contained 660 compartments to preserve in the event of battle damage . In addition to the torpedo added when the ships were modernized , the deck armour over the machinery and magazines was increased to a total thickness of 140 mm . Inside the original skin of the ships , two torpedo bulkheads were also added and the turret roofs were increased to a total of 152 millimetres ( 6 in ) of armour . - - = = = Fire control and sensors = = = - - While the details of the ship 's fire @-@ control instruments are not fully available , it is known that the ships were fitted with a fire @-@ control director after completion . No computer was fitted at that time and data from the rangefinders had to be processed manually . 2 , 3 , and 5 were built with imported 6 @-@ metre ( 19 ft 8 in ) & rangefinders . These were felt to be inferior to the British & Stroud instruments used on other ships and were removed in 1920 . They were replaced by either the British rangefinders or domestically built instruments of 6 or 8 metres ( 19 ft 8 in or 26 ft 3 in ) length . In the late 1920s the fire @-@ control systems were upgraded and additional platforms were added to the foremast to accommodate them . A pair of directors for the 12 @.@ 7 cm AA guns were added , one on each side of the forward superstructure , in the early 1930s . The fire @-@ control systems were again upgraded in the mid @-@ 1930s and directors were added for the 25 mm AA guns . Both ships had 10 @-@ metre ( 32 ft 10 in ) rangefinders installed at the top of the pagoda mast at that time . Type 21 air @-@ search were installed aboard the sisters in mid @-@ 1942 . - - = = = Aircraft = = = - - was briefly fitted with an aircraft flying @-@ off platform for a fighter on No. 2 in 1927 . It was replaced by a platform on No. 5 for a reconnaissance in 1928 – 29 . A catapult and a 4 @-@ ( 3 @.@ 9 @-@ long @-@ ton ) crane were fitted on the stern during the mid @-@ 1930s modernization , and the ships were equipped to operate three , although no hangar was provided . The initial Nakajima were replaced by Nakajima in 1938 . - - = = to hybrid carriers = = - - The sinking of the British capital ships Prince of Wales and Repulse by Japanese land @-@ based aircraft on 10 December 1941 led the to realize that battleships could not operate in the face of enemy aircraft and required friendly air support to protect them . The loss of four Japanese aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 severely limited the ability of the to provide any air cover and were sought . Earlier proposals to convert one or more battleships into carriers had been made and rejected at the beginning of the war , but they were revived after Midway . Plans for more elaborate were rejected on the grounds of expense and , most critically , time , and the settled on removing the rear pair of turrets and replacing them with a flight deck equipped with two to launch . The @-@ class ships were selected for the conversion because had suffered an explosion in No. 5 in early May that virtually destroyed the turret and their No. 6 could not elevate to the full + 43 degrees deemed necessary for the long @-@ range engagement anticipated by the . The were scheduled to follow once the first two were completed . - - = = = Armament changes = = = - - The rear turrets , the barbettes and their supporting structures were removed beginning in early 1943 and the openings in the middle deck were covered by 152 mm plates salvaged from the turret armour . All of the 14 cm guns were removed and the casemate openings sealed off . Four additional twin 12 @.@ 7 cm mounts were added , one pair abreast the funnel and the other abreast the conning tower . The original ten twin 25 mm gun mounts were replaced by triple mounts and nine new triple mounts were added , a total of 57 guns . Two each Type 94 and Type 95 AA directors were added to control the additional guns . The ammunition for these new guns was stored in the magazines originally used for the 14 cm guns and for No. 5 . During 1944 , the ships ' AA defences were reinforced with an additional dozen triple and eleven single 25 mm gun mounts , for a total of 104 barrels , and a pair of Type 13 early warning were added . In September six 30 @-@ round AA rocket launchers were added on the sides of the flight deck . - - = = = Flight deck arrangements = = = - - A 70 @-@ metre @-@ long ( ft 8 in ) flight deck was built above the stern and stretched forward to the rebuilt aft superstructure . The flight deck was 29 metres ( 95 ft 2 in ) wide at its forward end and 13 metres ( 42 ft 8 in ) at the stern . It the stern and increased the overall length of the ships to 219 @.@ 62 metres ( 720 ft 6 in ) . A pair of rotating gunpowder @-@ propelled were fitted on the sides of the hull , forward of the aft superstructure where they partially restricted the arc of fire of the two amidships turrets . They could launch aircraft up to 4 @,@ 600 kilograms ( 10 @,@ 100 lb ) in weight and required 30 seconds to launch each aircraft . The flight deck had eight permanent storage positions connected by rails to the and the operated aircraft lift that brought the aircraft up from the hangar below on the trolleys used to move the about . Two aircraft were intended to be on the and three more in temporary positions on the flight deck for a total of thirteen . - The 40 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 131 ft 3 in ) hangar was 20 metres ( 65 ft 7 in ) wide forward and 11 metres ( 36 ft 1 in ) at the rear . It was 6 metres ( 19 ft 8 in ) high and designed to nine aircraft . It was fitted with fire fighting and carbon dioxide as a result of wartime experience . The ' T ' lift was 12 @.@ 1 metres ( 39 ft 8 in ) wide at its forward end and 6 @.@ 6 metres ( 21 ft 8 in ) wide at the its aft end . It was 12 @.@ 1 metres long and had a capacity of 6 tonnes ( 5 @.@ 9 long tons ) . storage tanks with a capacity of 76 tonnes ( 75 long tons ) were installed in the former magazine of No. 6 to provide each aircraft with enough fuel for three sorties . To recover the aircraft the crane formerly on the stern was moved up to the port side of the flight deck . Another crane was intended on the starboard side , but it was never fitted . - The ships had an air group of 11 each of dive bombers ( Allied reporting name " Judy " ) and reconnaissance aircraft ( Allied reporting name " Paul " ) Both aircraft had development problems and neither air group ever had all of its intended aircraft . Coupled with a shortage of trained pilots , neither ship ever used its aircraft during combat . - - = = = Other changes = = = - - After the loss of the fast battleship at the Naval Battle of in late 1942 to rudder damage , the decided to reinforce the protection of the steering compartment and to create an auxiliary steering compartment . The protection of the former was strengthened by the addition of a concrete wall at least 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in thickness and some of the armour removed from the turrets was used to protect the latter . The double bottom below the former positions of aft turrets was converted to hold fuel oil ; this increased the ships ' endurance to 9 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 600 km ; 10 @,@ 900 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots . A pair of Type 22 surface @-@ search were also fitted during the conversion . - The removal of the secondary armament , the rear turrets and their supporting structures was generally compensated by the addition of the flight deck , hangar , AA guns and more fuel , and the height increased metres ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) to 2 @.@ 81 metres ( 9 ft 3 in ) at full load as a result of the reduction in the displacement by over 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 2 @,@ 000 long tons ) to 40 @,@ tonnes ( 39 @,@ 805 long tons ) . This also reduced the draught to 9 @.@ 03 metres ( 29 ft 8 in ) . The overhang of the flight deck at the stern increased the overall length to 219 @.@ 62 metres ( 720 ft 6 in ) and the beam was slightly reduced to 31 @.@ 71 metres ( 104 ft 0 in ) . - - = = Ships = = - - - = = Service = = - - Upon commissioning , the sister ships were assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet . had an explosion in one of her main gun turrets that killed 11 men and injured 25 in 1919 ; the following year she accidentally collided with and sank a schooner , losing two crewmen . Before the start of the Pacific War , both ships frequently exercised off the coasts of the Soviet Union , Korea and China in addition to training in Japanese waters . hosted Edward , Prince of Wales , and his aide @-@ de @-@ camp Lieutenant Louis in 1922 during the prince 's visit to Japan . In Korea Bay when the 1923 Great earthquake struck , they sailed to where they loaded supplies from for the victims on 4 September . Together with two other battleships and a pair of light cruisers , sank the destroyer in 1926 during gunnery practice . 's AA armament was upgraded in 1931 and 's two years later . The latter ship was modernized in 1934 – 36 and in 1935 – 37 , both at Naval Arsenal . During the Second @-@ Japanese War , the sisters frequently patrolled the Chinese coast in support of the blockade imposed by Japan . In August 1937 ferried two battalions of Special Naval Landing Forces to Port Arthur . Three years later , she served as the flagship for the Emperor of the puppet state of , Henry @-@ , during his state visit to Japan in June 1940 . On 15 November the ships were transferred to the 2nd Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet . The sisters were refitted in late 1940 in preparation for war , which included the fitting of external and additional AA directors . - - = = = World War II = = = - - When Japan began the Pacific War on 8 December , the sisters sortied for the Islands with four other battleships and the light carrier as distant cover for the fleet attacking Pearl Harbor , and returned six days later . On 11 March 1942 and sortied from their anchorage at to join the unsuccessful search for the American carrier force that had attacked Marcus Island a week earlier . Similarly they pursued but did not catch the American carriers that had launched the Raid on 18 April . - During gunnery training on 5 May , there was a premature detonation in the left gun of 's No. 5 that disabled both guns and killed 51 crewmen . Both aft magazines were flooded to the resulting fire and save the ship . She received temporary repairs during which the turret was removed and replaced by a circular armour plate on which three triple 25 mm gun mounts were positioned . On 11 May a valve in 's No. 2 engine room stuck in the open position and flooded the engine room . While under repair at , both ships received prototype Type 21 . by Vice @-@ Admiral , the 2nd Battleship Division set sail with the Support Group on 28 May , at the same time that most of the Imperial Fleet began an attack on Midway Island ( Operation ) . - They returned home on 14 June and the began preliminary planning to replace the lost carriers with hybrid carriers converted from battleships . The sisters were selected for conversion and detached from the division on 14 July in preparation . They remained on " standby alert " until the actual began . was converted at Naval Arsenal from 23 February to 5 September 1943 and at Naval Arsenal from 2 May to 30 November . - After completing her sea trials , was attached to the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at and ferried troops and munitions to the naval base at in October . In November the ship began working up , joined by the newly completed the following month , and both rejoined the 2nd Battleship Division . On 1 May 1944 , the sisters were transferred to Rear Admiral 's reformed Fourth Carrier Division of the 3rd Fleet . The division 's Naval Air Group was formed that same day and conducted its first catapult launches in late June . - - = = = = Battle of Cape = = = = - - of aircraft and problems greatly pilot training and the ships only had a total of 17 and 18 on hand on 1 October ; of these , only 6 and 16 were operational , respectively . The Japanese plan for the defence of the Philippines envisioned that the surviving carriers would be used to lure the American carrier forces away from the invasion area to a position where the carriers could be attacked by land @-@ based aircraft and the transports by the rest of the . The other carrier air groups were not in much better shape and the Japanese decided to retain the aircraft ashore for use against the American carriers . The Fourth Carrier Division was assigned to the Northern Force under the command of Vice Admiral Ozawa and the sisters sailed from on 20 October . On the morning of 24 October , the bulk of the few aircraft aboard were launched to attack the American carriers as a distraction . They inflicted no damage and caused the Americans to search in the direction from which they had attacked . The Americans finally spotted the Japanese carriers at 16 : 40 , some 200 miles ( 320 km ) east of Cape , the northeastern tip of Luzon . The American carriers were spread out and it was very late in the day to launch an , so Admiral William , commander of the Third Fleet decided to mass his carriers in a position to attack the following morning . Ozawa reversed course during the night , correctly believing that the Americans would follow him north . - Although they had lost contact during the night , the Americans did find the Japanese carriers at 07 : 35 . They had already launched an of 180 aircraft that was orbiting 50 miles ( 80 km ) ahead of the American carriers while waiting for the Japanese ships to be located . This was just the first of a total of five airstrikes that the Americans launched that day . The sisters were not heavily engaged by the early airstrikes which are focusing on the group 's aircraft carriers . claimed to have shot down five attacking dive bombers from the second wave and one small bomb detonated on No. 2 . was lightly damaged by near misses that rupture some hull plating in her and her superstructure with splinters . She took on a 5 @-@ degree list that was quickly corrected before she was ordered to tow the crippled carrier to safety . Her attempt was unsuccessful and had to be abandoned to her fate . - was attacked by 80 @-@ odd aircraft from the fourth wave , but they failed to inflict any serious damage . She 11 torpedoes and was only hit by a bomb once , on the of the port catapult . Some 34 other bombs near missed her , spraying her with splinters and some hull plates that contaminated some fuel oil and caused leaks in her port boiler rooms . While an exact total of her casualties is not available , it has been estimated that 5 men were killed and some 111 – 121 crewmen were wounded during this attack . was unsuccessfully attacked by an American submarine at 18 : 43 . Around 19 : 00 Ozawa learned about a force of destroyers and cruisers that drove off the Japanese destroyers rescuing survivors from some of the carriers lost earlier in the day and sank . He ordered the Fourth Carrier Division to reverse course and engage the Americans , but the battleships were unable to find them , and Ozawa ordered them to reverse course and head for . When they arrived on 27 October , Ozawa transferred to and his flag aboard her . While en route for , the division was unsuccessfully attacked by another submarine . - In early November the were removed from both ships , and they loaded troops and munitions later that month . While en route they were diverted to the Islands upon reports of heavy air raids at Manila . After off @-@ loading their cargo , they sailed for Island , near Singapore , on 20 November . They transferred to Cam Bay , French Indochina and became flagship of the 5th Fleet there on 14 December . The division sailed for Singapore on 30 December and Vice Admiral transferred his flag to the light cruiser on arrival there the following day . The division continued onwards to . Its planned return to Japan was delayed by attacks by the American Third Fleet on targets in Indochina and southern China that sank two oil tankers that were intended to refuel the division . - The then decided to use the sisters and their escorts to bring a load of petrol , rubber , tin and other strategic minerals back to Japan after the American carriers departed the South China Sea ( Operation ) . They loaded their cargoes beginning on 6 February at Singapore and departed four days later . Also carrying some 1 @,@ 150 workers , they were escorted by and three destroyers . Japanese radio signals revealed the Japanese plan to the Allies , and 15 submarines were positioned along their anticipated route in an attempt to intercept and sink the ships . An additional 11 were moved into position while the group was en route , but only three were ultimately able to attack . None of them were successful before the Japanese reached on 20 February . The Fourth Carrier Division was disbanded on 1 March and the sisters were reduced to 1st rank reserve ships . On 19 March was attacked by aircraft from Task Force 58 and was hit three times by bombs that killed 37 men and wounded 52 . Her gunners claimed to have shot down one American dive bomber during the attack . was hit twice during the attack , but her casualties , if any , are unknown . - The ships were turned into floating AA batteries over the next several months although it them little when they were attacked again by American carrier aircraft in July . On the 24th was struck by five bombs and near missed multiple times ; all told she lost 50 crewmen killed and many others wounded . The bombs started numerous leaks and began to settle by the bow , although she was returned to an even keel after three @-@ days pumping . was a primary focus of the attack and she received 10 direct hits and up to 30 near misses . She was badly damaged with some 200 @-@ odd crewmen killed and 600 wounded during the attack . She slowly over the next two days and was not attacked when the Americans returned four days later . This time it was 's turn and she was struck 11 or more times with many near misses that put her on the bottom in shallow water with a 15 degree list . The sisters were struck off the Navy List in November and their wrecks were scrapped after the war . - - - = Dick = - - Richard Gale " Dick " ( August 21 , 1926 – December 5 , 1994 ) was an American football player and a pioneering television broadcaster for the forerunner to @-@ TV in Buffalo . He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines in 1944 and from 1946 to 1948 . He was a consensus selection at end on the 1948 College Football All @-@ America Team . played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Detroit Lions for one season in 1950 . After retiring from football he settled in Buffalo and became a sports broadcaster . He worked as a color commentator and as a play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the Buffalo Bulls . He hosted various television and radio sports shows and was eventually inducted into the Buffalo Hall of Fame . - In college , he led the Big Ten Conference in single season receptions during his senior year and set Michigan Wolverines receptions records for both career touchdown and single @-@ season touchdowns . He had also been a Michigan High School Athletic Association ( ) state champion in both basketball and track and field . His college career was interrupted by World War II service , and his high school career was also affected by the war due to the 's cancellation of state championships in all sports in 1943 . - - = = High school = = - - was born in , Michigan , and raised in Kalamazoo , Michigan before his family moved to Saginaw , Michigan . was a star athlete at Saginaw 's Arthur Hill High School in football , basketball , and track and field . In 1943 , Michigan canceled boys high school tournaments in all sports due to World War II , and they did not return until the fall of 1944 . In 1944 , he led Arthur Hill High to the Class A high school basketball championship ( over Kalamazoo Central High School ) , scoring 24 points , including 17 in the second half , of the championship game . was also the state champion in 1944 in both the shot put 46 feet 11 inches ( 14 @.@ 30 m ) and high jump 5 feet 8 @.@ 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 74 m ) . He also led Arthur Hill in football , and his high school accomplishments are featured in Glory : The history of Saginaw County sports by Jack ( ASIN ) , which is a book on high school sports in Saginaw County , Michigan . was named All State in football , basketball and track . - It is ironic that was born in , Michigan in 1926 for several reasons . Ted preceded as an All @-@ American end on the University of Michigan football team . had excelled as a representative of Saginaw County in competition . posted significant football accomplishments in 1926 making 1926 a significant year for himself as well . All @-@ American status as an end at Michigan would be 's next step after in competition . - - = = College = = - - In the fall of 1944 , enrolled at the University of Michigan . The United Press syndicate ran a feature article about in September 1944 that opened as follows : " Another great end has made his appearance on the Big Ten football horizon in the person of Dick , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Michigan freshman . Every so often a great offensive end comes along , a player who has to learn how to play defense , but who has the natural speed , smooth actions , height and big hands that is the mark of an outstanding pass receiver . has laid claim to that rating . A loose @-@ 180 @-@ pound freshman from Saginaw , . , is being as the Big Ten 's next ' freshman sensation . ' " As a freshman , he caught two touchdown passes in his first college football game against Iowa . In an article titled " and , " Time reported on 's performance : " Of the few teams already in action , Michigan 's teens rang the freshman bell last week by winning their opener , 12 @-@ 7 , against the strong Iowa Seahawks ( Naval Pre @-@ Flight ) ; 6 @-@ ft . 4 Freshman End Dick caught passes and ran for both Michigan touchdowns . " - 's college career was interrupted by World War II service in the United States Navy , but after missing the 1945 season , he returned to play for the Wolverines from 1946 to 1948 . played for the Wolverines in consecutive undefeated National Championship seasons in 1947 and 1948 . He started nine games for the 1947 team . The 1947 team referred to as " Michigan 's Mad " is considered to be the greatest University of Michigan football team of all time . and teammate Len Ford had the reputation as the team practical . During the 1947 game against Wisconsin , started calling signals for the . Wisconsin 's offense protested to officials , who " the Wolverines secondary but never caught their man . " continued to scramble signals , as 's teammates laughed at his scheme . In the January 1 , 1948 Rose Bowl that season , Michigan rolled to a 49 – 0 victory over USC , and they the Trojans 491 yards to 133 . caught a 29 @-@ yard pass for the game 's final score . - In the 1948 championship season , scored eight touchdowns , caught 22 passes , and gained 610 yards ( 508 receiving and 102 rushing ) . was the second highest scoring end in the nation in 1948 , and he was a consensus All @-@ American as a senior , being selected as first team on nine of the 11 All @-@ American teams . led the Big Ten in receptions . - Although finished fourth among voters in 1948 , he did not finish among the top eight . By comparison , Notre Dame end Leon Hart won the Trophy in 1949 but made only eight of the 11 All @-@ American teams . It is not clear why did not finish higher . However , it is fairly clear that sportswriters of that era had a bias against Michigan . In the Associated Press poll at the end of the 1947 season , the Notre Dame Fighting Irish were ranked ahead of the University of Michigan , though both teams were undefeated . Some noted that every Southern AP had voted for Notre Dame , which had yet to integrate , whereas three of Michigan 's star players ( Bob Mann , Gene , and Len Ford ) were African @-@ American . The Southern schools refused even to schedule games against schools that played African @-@ American players . - was considered one of the greatest 's of the 1940s . In four seasons with the Michigan Wolverines , played in 32 games and had over 1 @,@ 000 yards of total offense . held the University of Michigan 's single season and career record for touchdown receptions ( eight in a season ; sixteen career ) until his records were broken by Anthony Carter in 1980 . - - = = Professional career = = - - In 1948 , was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 15th round of the NFL draft , and he was also drafted by the New York Yankees of the All @-@ America Football Conference . He had intended to play in 1949 with the Yankees , but suffered a knee injury in a practice session for the August 1949 Chicago College All @-@ Star Game . Press accounts at the time noted that the injury " will probably keep him out of pro football all season , if not forever . " The incident led to a debate as to whether NFL owners should " bar their men from playing with the college all @-@ stars . " - landed a job at radio in Detroit , but he left his 's job to join the Detroit Lions . In the 1950 NFL season , came back from his injury to play for the Detroit Lions . He played in 12 games and had ten receptions for 96 yards and one touchdown for the 1950 Lions . recalled that his playing time with the Lions was limited because the Lions also signed 1949 Trophy winner Leon Hart , who played the same position . - In May 1951 , he announced he was retiring from professional football to become sports director at a radio station in Buffalo . He was hired as a by ( now known as ) , which had just started the first television station in Buffalo and the only one serving Southern Ontario . This was an early foray into television by the Buffalo Evening News . In the 1950s , hosted a popular panel show called " Let 's Talk Sports " in Buffalo and also pioneered an early morning exercise program . He also worked for ( AM ) and ( FM ) and as the announcer for Buffalo Bills games along with Van Miller , the long time Bills play @-@ by @-@ play announcer . In addition , he served as the play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the University of Buffalo Bulls football team . As a radio broadcaster , he is remembered for things ranging from reports , to 17 years worth of " At — " programs live from various local restaurants , to 27 years as the @-@ AM All Night Show host . - After 30 years with and a change in ownership for the station , his show was replaced with the Network 's The Larry King Show . In the 1980s , taught communications at Buffalo 's College and served as a disc jockey on Public Broadcasting 's radio station ( now ) . He also sold for Buffalo Evening News competitor , Buffalo Courier @-@ Express . 's final employer was Erie County , who hired him as an inmate training supervisor at the Erie County . - was posthumously inducted into the Buffalo Hall of Fame in September 2007 . He was given the Golden Age Award which is reserved for " those who did it first , the people who had no pattern to follow . " The Hall of Fame award was presented to 's wife , Jane . In her acceptance speech , Jane observed that despite all of her late husband 's achievements , there was one thing he had never received : " He had a great career , but he never had a trophy . And now he has . " - - = = Family = = - - lived 37 of his years in Buffalo . His wife , the former Jane Morris , was the head of the Buffalo when they met . , who was survived by three sons , ( Douglas A. , Gary R. , and Bruce R. ) one daughter ( Wendy J. ) and two grandchildren , died in , New York in December 1994 ; he was 68 years old . Doug was a 1988 first team football All @-@ Western New York linebacker for Clarence High School . - - - = 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane = - - The 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane was the second @-@ most intense tropical cyclone to strike the United States during the active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season . The eleventh tropical storm , fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the season , it formed east @-@ northeast of the Leeward Islands on August 31 . The tropical storm moved rapidly west @-@ northwestward , steadily intensifying to a hurricane . It acquired peak winds of 140 miles per hour ( 225 km / h ) and passed over portions of the Bahamas on September 3 , including and Harbour Island , causing severe damage to crops , buildings , and infrastructure . Winds over 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) affected many islands in its path , especially those that encountered its center , and many wharves were ruined . - Subsequently , it weakened and made landfall at Jupiter , Florida , early on September 4 with winds of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . The hurricane moved across the state , passing near Tampa before moving into Georgia and dissipating . In Florida , the strong winds of the cyclone blew buildings off their foundations , and numerous trees were in citrus groves . The Treasure Coast region received the most extensive destruction , and Stuart , Jupiter , and Fort Pierce were heavily damaged . Inland , the cyclone weakened rapidly but produced prodigious amounts of rain , causing a dam to collapse near Tampa . The storm caused $ 3 million in damage ( 1933 USD ) after damaging or destroying 6 @,@ homes . - Unusually , the storm hit Florida less than 24 hours before another major hurricane bearing 125 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 201 km / h ) winds struck South Texas ; never have two major cyclones hit the United States in such close succession . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical wave that possibly spawned a tropical depression on August 27 , although there was minimal data over the next few days as it tracked to the west @-@ northwest . On August 31 , a nearby ship reported gale force winds , which indicated that a tropical storm had developed to the east @-@ northeast of the Lesser Antilles . Based on continuity , it is estimated the storm attained hurricane status later that day . Moving quickly to the west @-@ northwest , the storm passed north of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico . Early on September 2 , a ship called the reported a barometric pressure of 978 mbar ( 28 @.@ 88 inHg ) , which confirmed that the storm attained hurricane status . After passing north of the Turks and islands , the hurricane struck and Harbour Island in the Bahamas on September 3 , the latter at 1100 UTC . A station on the latter island reported a pressure of 27 @.@ 90 inHg ( mb ) during the 30 minute passage of the eye . Based on the pressure and the small size of the storm , it is estimated the hurricane struck Harbour Island with peak winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) , making it the equivalent of a modern Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . suggested that the storm reached major hurricane status , or Category 3 status , on September 2 . - The hurricane initially followed the course of another hurricane that passed through the area in late August , which ultimately struck Cuba and Texas . This hurricane instead maintained a general west @-@ northwest track . After moving through the northern Bahamas , the hurricane weakened slightly before making landfall at Jupiter , Florida , at UTC on September 4 . A station there reported a pressure of 27 @.@ 98 inHg ( mb ) during a 40 minute period of the eye 's passage ; this suggested a landfall strength of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . At the time , the radius of maximum winds was 15 mi ( 24 km ) , which was smaller than average . After landfall , the hurricane weakened rapidly while crossing the state . It briefly emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm early on September 5 . A few hours later while continuing to the northwest , it made another landfall near — a ghost town in Levy County , east of Cedar Key — with winds of about 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Turning to the north , the storm slowly weakened as it crossed into Georgia , dissipating on September 7 near Augusta . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - On September 2 , a fleet of eight aircraft evacuated all white residents from West End , Grand , to Beach , Florida . While the storm was near peak intensity on September 3 , the Weather Bureau issued hurricane warnings from Miami to Melbourne , Florida , with storm warnings extending northward to Jacksonville . Later that day , storm warnings , were issued from Key West to Cedar Key . About 2 @,@ 500 people evacuated by train from areas around Lake Okeechobee . By evening on September 3 , high tides sent sea over coastal in Palm Beach County as residents boarded up buildings ; structures on Street in West Palm Beach were said to be a " solid front " of . Along the coast , observers reported very rough seas as the eye neared land . - The powerful hurricane moved over or near several islands in the Bahamas . Winds on Spanish Wells and Harbour Island were both estimated at around 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) . Winds reached 110 mph ( 177 km / h ) at Governor 's Harbour , 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) on , and 120 mph ( 193 km / h ) on the Islands . The storm was farther away from Nassau , where winds reached 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) . The hurricane damaged a lumber mill on , away a dock . Heavy damage occurred on Harbour Island , including to several roofs , the walls of government buildings , and the water system . The hurricane destroyed four churches and 37 houses , leaving 100 people homeless . A 1 @.@ 5 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) road on was destroyed . Several islands sustained damage to farms , including the total loss of various fruit trees on Russell Island . Despite Category 4 winds on Spanish Wells , only five houses were destroyed , although most of the remaining dwellings lost their roofs . between North Point , James , and Gregory Town on , the storm destroyed 55 houses and damaged many others . On Grand , where a 9 to 12 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 to 3 @.@ 7 m ) storm surge was reported , half of the houses were destroyed , as were 13 boats and two planes , and most docks were wrecked . - When the storm moved ashore in Florida , winds reached an estimated 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) in Jupiter ; these occurred after the eye passed . In West Palm Beach , measured at least 80 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 129 km / h ) winds with gusts to 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) ; ranged from 28 @.@ 64 to 28 @.@ 78 inHg ( 970 to mb ) . The storm produced the strongest winds in the city since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Winds were not as strong farther from the center ; 40 to 45 mph ( 64 to 72 km / h ) winds were observed in Miami to the south , to the north , and Tampa on the west coast . Fort Pierce estimated peak winds of 80 to 90 mph ( 129 to 145 km / h ) , and pressures dipped to 29 @.@ 14 inHg ( mb ) . Inland , winds near Lake Okeechobee peaked at only 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . The hurricane dropped heavy rainfall along its path , peaking at 17 @.@ 8 in ( 450 mm ) in . - At West Palm Beach , the majority of the damage was confined to vegetation . Several and royal that withstood the 1928 hurricane snapped , streets with broken trunks . Winds downed road signs on many streets , and covered the on a local golf course . Some and isolated structures , mostly lightweight , were partly or totally destroyed , along with a lumber warehouse . Some homes that lost roofing shingles had water damage to their interiors as well . Nearby Lake Worth sustained extensive breakage of windows , including plate glass , and loss of tile and roofing , but preparations reduced losses to just several thousand dollars , and no post @-@ storm accidents took place . Strong winds snapped many light poles in the city , and trees and shrubs were broken or uprooted . As in Lake Worth , officials in West Palm Beach credited preparations and stringent building codes with reducing overall damage . The city had learned from previous experience with severe storms in 1926 , 1928 , and 1929 . High tides eroded Ocean Boulevard at several spots and disrupted access to several bridges on the Lake Worth . Winter estates and hotels on Palm Beach generally sustained little material damage , except to vegetation , and county properties went largely unscathed . - In Martin and St. Lucie counties , the storm was considered among the worst on record . The storm leveled some homes and swept many others off their foundations . At Stuart , winds removed or badly damaged 75 % of the roofs in town . The storm destroyed the third floor of the building that housed a bowling and the Stuart News , a local newspaper . At , an abandoned settlement also known as Beach , strong winds leveled the old Inn , a gas station , and the second floor of a building . Winds also tore the roof off an ice plant . A bridge leading to the barrier island from was partly wrecked ; the bridge tender survived by gripping the during the storm . Winds leveled his nearby home . According to the Monthly Weather Review , some of the most severe damage from the storm in Florida was at . The storm left many homes in Sound , forcing crews to tear them down . Winter estates on the island , however , were better built and little damaged . While Stuart and Sound sustained significant damage , Port suffered . In Stuart , the storm left 400 to 500 people homeless , up to nearly 10 % of the population , which was 5 @,@ 100 at the time . Between Jupiter and Fort Pierce , the storm knocked down power and telegraph lines . In the latter city , high waves washed out a portion of the causeway . In the 1980s , an elderly resident recalled that the storm was the most severe on record in Fort Pierce . - damage was worst along the Indian River ; several farms in Stuart experienced total losses , and , 16 % of the citrus crop , or 4 million boxes , were destroyed . Many chicken in Stuart were destroyed , and the local chicken population was scattered and dispersed as far as . Across southeastern Florida , the hurricane damaged 6 @,@ houses and destroyed another , causing over $ 3 million in damage . One person , an African American farm worker , was killed when his blew down in Gomez , a died after seven , and a child was killed by airborne debris . - High rainfall caused flooding across Florida , notably near Tampa where waters reached 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) deep . High rainfall of over 7 in ( 180 mm ) caused a dam operated by Tampa Electric Co. to break 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) northeast of Tampa along the River . The break resulted in severe local damage , flooding portions of Springs . Workers attempted to save the dam with , and after the break , most residents in the area were warned of the approaching flood . Over 50 homes were flooded , forcing about 150 people to evacuate . Outside Florida , the storm produced winds of 48 and 51 mph ( 78 and 81 km / h ) in Savannah , Georgia and Charleston , South Carolina , respectively . In the latter city , the storm spawned a tornado , which caused about $ 10 @,@ 000 in property damage . Heavy rainfall occurred along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts , reaching over 12 in ( 300 mm ) . Light rainfall also extended into North Carolina . - - = = Aftermath = = - - In the Bahamas after the storm , a boat sailed from Nassau to deliver food and building materials to . - After the storm , the National Guard offered shelters for at least 400 homeless residents in Stuart . Of the 7 @,@ 900 families adversely affected by the hurricane , 4 @,@ 325 required assistance from the American Red Cross . in Texas , also affected by a major hurricane , requested in Florida wait 15 days so they could sell their citrus crop that fell . The damaged dam near Tampa initially resulted in waters from the River being pumped into the city 's water treatment plant , and a new dam was eventually built in 1944 . - - - = Second Battle of = - - The Second Battle of was an engagement between United Nations ( UN ) and North Korean ( ) forces early in the Korean War from September 1 to September 15 , 1950 , along the River in South Korea . It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously . The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States ( US ) and Republic of Korea ( ROK ) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack . - After the First Battle of , the US Army 's 2nd Infantry Division was moved to defend the River line . The division , which was in combat , was struck with a strong attack by several divisions of the Korean People 's Army which crossed the river and struck all along the division 's line . The force of the attack split the US 2nd Infantry Division in half , and the North Koreans were able to penetrate to , promoting a fight there . - The urgency of the threat to Pusan Perimeter prompted the US Marine Corps 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to be brought in to reinforce the US Army troops . In two weeks of heavy fighting , the US forces were able to force the North Koreans out of the region . The North Koreans were further repulsed after the UN counterattack at , which culminated in the virtual destruction of the North Korean army . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Pusan Perimeter = = = - - From the outbreak of the Korean War and the invasion of South Korea by the North , the North Korean People 's Army had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over both the Republic of Korea Army and the United Nations forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing . The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them aggressively , attacking from the front and initiating a double of both flanks of the unit , which allowed the North Koreans to surround and cut off the opposing force , which would then be forced to retreat in , often leaving behind much of its equipment . From their initial June 25 offensive to fights in July and early August , the North Koreans used this strategy to effectively defeat any UN force and push it south . However , when the UN forces , under the Eighth United States Army , established the Pusan Perimeter in August , the UN troops held a continuous line along the peninsula which North Korean troops could not flank , and their advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN army . - When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5 , they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter . Throughout August , the 6th Division , and later the 7th Division engaged the US 25th Infantry Division at the Battle of , initially a UN counteroffensive before with battles at @-@ and Battle Mountain . These attacks stalled as UN forces , well equipped and with plenty of reserves , repeatedly repelled North Korean attacks . North of , the 4th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division in the area . In the First Battle of , the North Korean division was unable to hold its bridgehead across the river as large numbers of US reserve forces were brought in to repel it , and on August 19 , the 4th Division was forced back across the river with 50 percent casualties . In the region , five North Korean divisions were repulsed by three UN divisions in several attempts to attack the city during the Battle of . Particularly heavy fighting took place at the Battle of the where the 13th Division was almost completely destroyed in the attack . On the east coast , three more North Korean divisions were repulsed by the South Koreans at P 'ohang @-@ dong during the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong . All along the front , the North Korean troops were from these defeats , the first time in the war their strategies were not working . - - = = = September push = = = - - In planning its new offensive , the North Korean command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN navy . Instead , they opted to use frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it as the only hope of achieving success in the battle . by intelligence from the Soviet Union the North Koreans were aware the UN forces were building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that it must conduct an offensive soon or it could not win the battle . A secondary objective was to surround and destroy the UN and ROK units in that city . As part of this mission , the North Korean units would first cut the supply lines to . - On August 20 , the North Korean commands distributed operations orders to their subordinate units . The North Koreans called for a simultaneous five @-@ attack against the UN lines . These attacks would overwhelm the UN defenders and allow the North Koreans to break through the lines in at least one place to force the UN forces back . Five battle groupings were ordered . The center attack called for the 9th Division , 4th Division , 2nd Division , and 10th Division break through the US 2nd Infantry Division at the to and . - - = = Battle = = - - During the North Koreans ' September 1 offensive , the US 25th Infantry Division 's US 35th Infantry Regiment was heavily engaged in the Battle of River north of . On the 35th Regiment 's right flank , just north of the confluence of the River and the River , was the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division . There , in the southernmost part of the 2nd Infantry Division zone , the 9th Infantry Regiment held a sector more than 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) long , including the area of the where the First Battle of had taken place earlier in August . Each US infantry company on the river line here had a front of 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) and they held only key hills and observation points , as the units were extremely spread out along the wide front . - During the last week of August , US troops on these hills could see minor North Korean activity across the river , which they thought was North Koreans organizing the high ground on the west side of the against a possible American attack . There were occasional attacks on the 9th Infantry 's forward positions , but to the men in the front lines this appeared to be only a standard patrol action . On August 31 , the UN forces were alerted to a pending attack when much of the Korean civilian labor force fled the front lines . Intelligence officers reported an attack was coming . - On the west side of the , North Korean Major General Sam , commanding the 9th Division , issued his operations order to the division on August 28 . Its mission in the forthcoming attack was to outflank and destroy the US troops at by capturing the and areas to cut off the US 2nd Division 's route of supply and withdrawal between and Pusan . However , the North Koreans weren 't aware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the River . Consequently , they expected lighter resistance ; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea . They had only recently been moved into the line . The North Koreans began crossing the River under cover of darkness at certain points . - - = = = Battle of = = = - - On the southern @-@ most flank of the 9th Infantry river line , just above the junction of the River with the , A Company of the 1st Battalion was dug in on a long finger ridge the that terminates in Hill 94 at the ferry site . The river road from @-@ ri running west along the passes the southern tip of this ridge and crosses to the west side of the river at the ferry . A small village called lay at the base of Hill 94 and 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the river . A patrol of tanks and armored vehicles , together with two infantry squads of A Company , 9th Infantry , held a roadblock near the ferry and close to . On the evening of August 31 , A Company moved from its ridge positions overlooking and the river to new positions along the river below the ridge line . - That evening Sergeant Ernest R. led the patrol of two tanks and two Gun Motor in . placed his patrol on the west side of near the ferry . At 20 : 00 a heavy fog covered the river , and at 22 : 00 mortar shells began falling on the American @-@ held side of the river . By 22 : 15 this strike intensified and North Korean mortar preparation struck A Company 's positions . American mortars and artillery began firing . Some of the A Company men reported they heard noises on the opposite side of the river and splashes in the water . - At 22 : 30 the fog lifted and saw that a North Korean bridge was being laid across the river directly in front of his position . 's four vehicles attacked this structure , and after about a minute of heavy fire the bridge collapsed , and the boats used to hold the bridge in place were sunk . At 23 : 00 a small arms fight flared around the left side of A Company north of the tanks . This gunfire had lasted only two or three minutes when the A Company roadblock squads near the tanks received word by field telephone that the company was withdrawing to the original ridge positions and that they should do likewise . - 's patrol was then ambushed by a group of North Koreans dressed in US military uniforms . was wounded and the other three vehicles had to withdraw , but he held the site until 07 : 30 the next morning with his single tank . In the attack against A Company , the North Koreans hit the 1st Platoon , which was near , but they did not find the 2nd Platoon northward . - The 9th Division 's infantry crossing of the and attack on its east side near midnight quickly overran the positions of C Company , north of A Company . There the North Koreans assaulted in force , signaled by green flares and blowing of whistles . The company held its positions only a short time and then attempted to escape . Many of the men moved south , a few of them coming into A Company 's ridge line positions near during the night . Most of C Company moved all the way to the 25th Division positions south of the . On September 1 that division reported that 110 men of C Company had come into its lines . - - = = = North Korean crossing = = = - - Meanwhile , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of and A Company 's position , B Company , 9th Infantry , held a similar position on Hill overlooking the ferry crossing of the river . This ferry was located at the middle of the where the road came down to the and crossed it . The US 2nd Infantry Division had planned a reconnaissance mission to start from there the night of August 31 , the same night that the I Corps offensive rolled across the river . - Near the end of the month two reconnaissance patrols from the 9th Infantry had crossed to the west side of the and observed North Korean tank and troop activity 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the river . Information obtained later indicated it was in fact the command post of the 9th Division . On August 25 , 9th Infantry commander Colonel John G. Hill outlined projected " Operation , " which was to be a company @-@ sized combat patrol to cross the river , advance to the suspected North Korean command post and communications center , destroy it , capture prisoners , and collect intelligence . - The 9th Infantry Regiment had planned Task Force on orders from the 2nd Division commander Major General Laurence B. , which in turn had received instructions from Eighth United States Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker for aggressive patrolling . decided the patrol should cross the river at the ferry . The 9th Infantry reserve , E Company , reinforced with one section of light machine guns from H Company , was to be the attack force . The 1st Platoon , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , was to transport it across the river in assault boats the night of August 31 . Two heavy weapons companies , D and H , were each to one section of heavy machine guns , one section of 81 @-@ mortars , and one section of 75 @-@ recoilless rifles for supporting fires . A platoon of 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch mortars was also to give support . - After dark on August 31 , First Lieutenant Charles I. Caldwell of D Company and First Lieutenant Edward of H Company , 9th Infantry , moved their men and weapons to the base of Hill , which was within B Company 's defense sector and overlooked the ferry crossing of the River . The raiding force , E Company , was still in its regimental reserve position about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of , getting ready with the engineer platoon to move to the crossing site . Colonel Hill went forward in the evening with the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch mortar platoon to its position at the base of Hill where the prepared to set up their weapons . - By 21 : 00 , the closest front line unit was B Company on top of Hill , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the river road which curved around the hill 's southern base . The regimental , Captain Lewis B. Sheen , had gone forward in the afternoon to B Company to hold services . On top of Hill , Sheen and men in B Company after dark heard in the water below them . They soon discovered a long line of North Korean soldiers wading the river . - The first North Korean crossing at the ferry caught the Heavy Platoon unprepared in the act of setting up its weapons . It also caught most of the D and H Company men at the base of Hill , miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from the crossing site . The North Koreans killed or captured many of the troops there . Hill was there , but escaped to the rear just before midnight , together with several others , when the division canceled Operation because of the attacks . The first heavy weapons carrying party was on its way up the hill when the North Korean attack the men below . It on to the top where the advance group waited and there all hastily dug in on a small perimeter . This group was not attacked during the night . - From 21 : 30 until shortly after midnight the 9th Division crossed the at a number of places and climbed the hills quietly toward the 9th Infantry river line positions . Then , when the artillery barrage preparation lifted , the North Korean infantry were in position to launch their assaults . These began in the northern part of the regimental sector and quickly spread southward . At each crossing site the North Koreans would overwhelm local UN defenders before building bridges for their vehicles and armor . - At 02 : 00 , B Company was attacked . A truck stopped at the bottom of the hill , a whistle sounded , then came a shouted order , and North Korean soldiers started climbing the slope . The hills on both sides of B Company were already under attack as was also Hill 311 , a rugged terrain feature a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the river and the North Koreans ' principal immediate objective . The North Koreans apparently were not aware of the Task Force group lower down on the hill and it was not attacked during the night . But higher up on Hill the North Koreans drove B Company from its position , inflicting very heavy casualties on it . Sheen led one group of soldiers back to friendly lines on 4 September . - At 03 : 00 , 1 September , the 9th Infantry Regiment ordered its only reserve , E Company to move west along the @-@ River road and take a blocking position at the pass between Hill and @-@ Ridge , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from the river and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from . This was the critical terrain where so much heavy fighting had taken place in the first battle of the . Fighting began at the pass at 02 : 30 when an American medium tank of A Company , 72nd Tank Battalion , knocked out a T @-@ 34 at , also called . E Company never reached its blocking position . A strong North Korean force surprised and delivered heavy automatic fire on it at 03 : 30 from positions the road east of the pass . The company suffered heavy casualties , including the company commander and 's aide who had accompanied the force . With the critical parts of Hill and @-@ Ridge , the best defensive terrain between and the river , the North Koreans controlled the high ground . The US 2nd Infantry Division now had to base its defense of on relatively poor defensive terrain , the low hills at the western edge of the town . - - = = = US 23rd Infantry attacked = = = - - North of the 9th Infantry sector of the 2nd Infantry Division front along the , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment on August 29 had just relieved the 3rd Battalion of the US 38th Infantry Regiment , which in turn had only a few days before relieved the US 21st Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division . On August 1 , the 23rd Regiment was in a new sector of which it had only a limited knowledge . It took over a 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) River front without its 3rd Battalion which had been attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division to the north . Colonel Paul L. Freeman , the regimental commander , deployed the 1st Battalion on the high ground along the river with the three companies abreast . The 1st Battalion , under US Lieutenant Colonel Claire E. , Jr . , the hills with platoons and squads . He placed the 2nd Battalion in a reserve position 8 miles ( 13 km ) behind the 1st Battalion and in a position where it commanded the road net in the regimental sector . On August the 2nd Division moved E Company south to a reserve position in the 9th Infantry sector . - Two roads ran through the regimental sector from the River to . The main road bent south along the east bank of the river to @-@ and then turned northeast to . A northern secondary road curved around and lakes , the largest of which was Lake U @-@ p , to . In effect , the 1st Battalion of the 23rd Regiment guarded these two approach routes to . - The 42 men of the 2nd Platoon , B Company , 23rd Infantry held outpost positions on seven hills covering a 2 @,@ 600 yards ( 2 @,@ 400 m ) front along the east bank of the north of @-@ . Across the river in the rice they could see , in the afternoon of August 31 , two large groups of North Korean soldiers . Occasionally artillery fire dispersed them . Just before dark , the platoon saw a column of North Koreans come out of the hills and proceed toward the river . They immediately reported to the battalion command post . The artillery forward observer , who estimated the column at 2 @,@ 000 people , thought they were refugees . Freeman immediately ordered the artillery to fire on the column , reducing its number . However the North Koreans continued their advance . - At 21 : 00 the first shells of what proved to be a two @-@ hour North Korean artillery and mortar preparation against the American river positions of 2nd Platoon . As the barrage rolled on , North Korean infantry crossed the river and climbed the hills in the darkness under cover of its fire . At 23 : 00 the barrage lifted and the North Koreans attacked 2nd Platoon , forcing it from the hill after a short fight . Similar assaults took place elsewhere along the battalion outpost line . - On the regimental left along the main @-@ @-@ road North Korean soldiers completely overran C Company by 0300 September 1 . Only seven men of C Company could be accounted for , and three days later , after all the stragglers and those cut off behind North Korean lines had come in , there were only 20 men in the company . As the North Korean attack developed during the night , 1st Battalion succeeded in withdrawing a large part of its force , less C Company , just north of Lake U @-@ p and the hills there covering the northern road into , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of the river and 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of the town . B Company lost heavily in this action . - When word of the disaster that had 1st Battalion reached regimental headquarters , Freeman obtained the release of G and F Companies from 2nd Division reserve and sent the former to help 1st Battalion and the latter on the southern road toward @-@ and C Company . Major Lloyd K. Jenson , executive officer of the 2nd Battalion , accompanied F Company down the @-@ road . This force was unable to reach C Company , but Jenson collected stragglers from it and seized high ground this main approach to near @-@ ri above Lake , and went into a defensive position there . The US 2nd Division released E Company to the regiment and the next day it joined F Company to build up what became the main defensive position of the Regiment in front of . North Korean troops during the night passed around the right flank of 1st Battalion 's northern blocking position and reached the road three miles behind him near the division artillery positions . The 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Service Companies and other regimental units finally stopped this penetration near the regimental command post 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of . - - = = = US 2nd Division split = = = - - Before the morning of 1 September had passed , reports coming in to US 2nd Division headquarters made it clear that North Koreans had penetrated to the north @-@ south @-@ road and cut the division in two ; the 38th and Infantry Regiments with the bulk of the division artillery in the north were separated from the division headquarters and the 9th Infantry Regiment in the south . decided that this situation made it to control and direct the divided division as two special forces . Accordingly , he placed the division artillery commander , Brigadier General Loyal M. Haynes , in command of the northern group . Haynes ' command post was 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of . Task Force Haynes became operational at 10 : 20 , September 1 . , in the area , placed Brigadier General Joseph S. Bradley , Assistant Division Commander , in charge of the 9th Infantry Regiment , the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , most of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and other units of the division . This southern grouping was known as Task Force Bradley . - All three regiments of the 2nd Division @-@ the 4th , 17th , and 6th , in line from north to south @-@ crossed during the night to the east side of the River into the 23rd Regiment sector . The 2nd Division , concentrated in the @-@ area west of the river , had , in effect , attacked straight east across the river and was trying to seize the two avenues of advance into above and below Lake U @-@ p . On August 31 , 1950 , Lake U @-@ p was a large body of water although in most places very shallow . - At dawn September 1 , at 2nd Division headquarters in @-@ , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of on the road , felt his division was in the midst of a crisis . The massive North Korean attack had made deep everywhere in the division sector except in the north in the zone of the 38th Infantry . The 9th Division had effected major of the at two principal points against the US 9th Infantry ; the 2nd Division in the meantime had made three major against the US 23rd Infantry ; and the 10th Division had begun crossing more troops in the Hill area near 'ung in the US 38th Infantry sector . At 08 : 10 telephoned Eighth Army headquarters and reported the heaviest and deepest North Korean were in the 9th Infantry sector . - planes rose from the division strip every hour to observe the North Korean progress and to locate US 2nd Infantry Division front @-@ line units . Communication from division and regimental headquarters to nearly all the forward units was broken . Beginning at 09 : 30 and continuing throughout the rest of the day , the light aviation section of the division artillery located front @-@ line units cut off by the North Koreans , and made fourteen of ammunition , food , water , and medical supplies . As information slowly built up at division headquarters it became apparent that the North Koreans had punched a hole 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) wide and 8 miles ( 13 km ) deep in the middle of the division line and made less severe elsewhere . The front @-@ line battalions of the US 9th and 23rd Regiments were in various states of and some companies had virtually disappeared . hoped he could organize a defense along the @-@ road east of the River , and prevent North Korean access to the passes eastward leading to and Ch . - - = = = Reinforcements = = = - - At 09 : 00 Walker requested the US Air Force to make a maximum effort along the River from @-@ dong , just above the US 2nd Division boundary , southward and to a depth of 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of the river . He wanted the Air Force to isolate the battlefield and prevent further North Korean reinforcements and supplies from moving across the river in support of the North Korean spearhead units . The Far East Command requested the US Navy to join in the air effort , and the US Seventh Fleet turned back from its strikes in the @-@ Seoul area and southward at full steam toward the southern battle front . Walker came to the US 2nd Division front at 12 : 00 and ordered the division to hold at all costs . He had already ordered ground reinforcements to the area . - During the morning of 1 September , Walker weighed the news coming in from his southern front , in a decision as to which part of the front most needed his Pusan Perimeter reserves . Since midnight the I Corps had broken his Pusan Perimeter in two places @-@ the 2nd and 9th Divisions in the US 2nd Division sector , and the 7th Division and 6th Division in the US 25th Division sector , below the junction of the and Rivers . In the US 2nd Division sector North Korean troops were at the edge of , the gateway to the corridor leading 12 miles ( 19 km ) eastward to and the main Pusan @-@ railroad and highway . - Eighth Army had in reserve three infantry regiments and the 2 @-@ battalion British 27th Infantry Brigade which was not yet completely equipped and ready to be placed in line : The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade at , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) northeast of , preparing for movement to the port of Pusan ; the US 27th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Division which had arrived at only the night before at 20 : 30 to relieve the 5th Regimental Combat Team , which was then to join the 24th Division in the area ; and the US 19th Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division , then with that division 's headquarters at southeast of . Walker alerted both the 24th Division headquarters , together with its 19th Regiment , and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to move at a moment 's notice ; the 24th Division either to the 2nd or 25th Division fronts , and the marines to an destination . - As the morning passed , General Walker decided that the situation was most critical in the area of the US 2nd Division sector . There the North Koreans threatened and with it the entire Eighth Army position . At 11 : 00 Walker ordered US Marine Corps Brigadier General Edward A. Craig , commanding the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , to prepare the marines to move at once . The marines made ready to depart for the at 13 : 30 . - - = = = North Korean advance = = = - - The situation on the front was chaotic during the day September 1 . The North Koreans at one place had crossed at the ferry , captured , and scattered A Company , 9th Infantry at its positions from northward . A Company withdrew to positions on the ridge line back of the river . From there at daylight the men could see North Korean soldiers on many of the ridges surrounding them , most of them moving east . After several hours , 2nd Platoon of A Company sent a patrol down the hill to to obtain supplies abandoned there during the night , returning later with much needed water , rations , and ammunition . - Later in the morning North Korean barges crossed the below A Company . The company sent a squad with a light machine gun to the southern tip of the ridge overlooking to take these troops under fire . When the squad reached the tip of the ridge they saw that a North Korean force occupied houses at its base . The company hit these houses with artillery . The North Koreans broke from the houses , running for the river . At this the light machine gun at the tip of the ridge took them under fire , as did another across the to the south in the US 25th Infantry Division sector . artillery fire decimated this group . Combined fire from all weapons inflicted an estimated 300 casualties on this North Korean force . In the afternoon , US aircraft dropped food and ammunition to the company ; only part of it was recovered . The 1st Battalion ordered A Company to withdraw the company that night . - During the withdraw , however , A Company ran into a sizable North Korean force and had scattered in the ensuing fight . Most of the company , including its commander were killed at close range . In this desperate action , Private First Class Luther H. Story , a weapons squad leader , fought so that he was awarded the Medal of Honor . wounded , Story refused to be a burden to those who might escape , and when last seen was still engaging North Korean at close range . Of those in the company , approximately ten men escaped to friendly lines . The next morning , under heavy fog , the group made its way by toward . From a hill at 12 : 00 , after the fog had lifted , the men looked down on the Battle of which was then in progress . That afternoon 20 survivors of the company merged into the lines of the 72nd Tank Battalion near . from this position continued to stream in the next few days as well . - - = = = The end of Task Force = = = - - In the meantime , Task Force was still holding its position along the River , about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of where A Company had been destroyed on the southern end of the line . The perimeter position taken by the men of D and H Companies , 9th Infantry , who had started up the hill before the North Koreans struck , was on a southern of Hill , 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) south of B Company 's higher position . In addition to the D and H Company men , there were a few from the Heavy Platoon and one or two from B Company . , 60 to 70 men were in the group . The group had an @-@ 300 radio , a heavy machine gun , two light machine gun , a Rifle , about 20 rifles , and about 40 or pistols . assumed command of the group . - During the night established radio communication with the 1st Battalion , 9th infantry . When daylight came and his group saw that they were surrounded by North Koreans . One force occupied the higher half a mile above them , formerly held by B Company . Below them , North Koreans continued crossing the river and moving supplies forward to their combat units , some of them already several miles eastward . The North Koreans quickly discovered Task Force group . They first attacked it at 14 : 00 that afternoon , and were repulsed . That night an estimated company attacked three times , pressing the fight to close quarters , but failed each time to penetrate the tight US perimeter . of the second day disclosed many North Korean dead on the steep slopes outside the perimeter . - In the afternoon of September 2 1st Battalion for an of supplies . A US plane attempted the drop , but the perimeter was so small and the slopes so steep that virtually all the supplies went into North Korean hands . The men in the perimeter did , however , recover from a drop made later at 19 : 00 some supplies and ammunition . Private First Class Joseph R. , of H Company , left the perimeter to gather weapons , ammunition , and grenades from the North Korean dead . On several occasions he was attacked , and on one such occasion a North Korean soldier suddenly attacked , who killed the North Korean in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . - That same afternoon , the North Koreans sent an American prisoner up the hill to with the message , " You have one hour to surrender or be blown to pieces . " in frontal infantry attack to reduce the little defending force , the North Koreans now meant to take it under mortar fire . Only 45 minutes later North Korean fire came in on the and two machine guns from positions northward and higher on the slope of Hill swept the perimeter . Soon , mortars on a neighboring high finger ridge eastward registered on 's perimeter and continued firing until dark . The machine gun fire forced every man to stay in his . The lifting of the mortar fire after dark was the signal for renewed North Korean infantry attacks , all of which were repulsed . But the number of killed and wounded within the perimeter was growing , and supplies were diminishing . There were no medical supplies except those carried by one aid man . - The third day , September 3 , the situation worsened . The weather was hot and ammunition , food and supplies were nearly completely exhausted . Since the previous afternoon , North Korean mortar had alternated with infantry assaults against the perimeter . later estimated there were about twenty separate infantry attacks repulsed . Two North Korean machine guns still swept the perimeter whenever anyone showed himself . Dead and dying US troops were in almost every . fragments destroyed the radio and this ended all communication with other US units . Artillery fire and air strikes requested by never came . Some North Koreans worked their way close to the perimeter and threw grenades into it . Six times from his to escape grenades thrown into it . In this close action was killed . Most of the of the perimeter received one or more direct mortar hits in the course of the continuing mortar fire . One of these killed on September 3 . The command passed now to First Lieutenant Raymond J. of D Company , senior surviving officer . - At daylight on the morning of 4 September only two officers and approximately half the men who had assembled on the hill , were alive . As the day passed , with ammunition down to about one clip per man and only a few grenades left and no help in sight , decided to abandon the position that night . When it got dark the survivors would split into small groups and try to get back to friendly lines . That evening after dark the North Koreans launched another weak attack against the position . At 22 : 00 , and Caldwell and 27 enlisted men slipped off the hill in groups of four . Master Sergeant Travis E. Watkins , still alive in his condition , refused efforts of evacuation , saying that he did not want to be a burden to those who had a chance to get away . He asked only that his be loaded and placed on his chest with the muzzle under his chin . Like , he would also win the Medal of Honor for his actions . Of the 29 men who came off the hill the night of September 4 , 22 escaped to friendly lines , many of them following the downstream , hiding by day and traveling by night , until they reached the lines of the US 25th Infantry Division . - Members of Task Force who escaped from Hill brought back considerable intelligence information of North Korean activity in the vicinity of the ferry crossing site . At the ferry site the North Koreans had put in an underwater bridge . A short distance downstream , each night they placed a bridge across the river and took it up before dawn the next morning . parties of 50 civilians guarded by four North Korean soldiers crossed the river continuously at night , an estimated total of 800 @-@ 1 @,@ 000 carriers being used at this crossing site . - - = = = = = = - - North of the US 9th Infantry and the battles in the and around , the US Infantry Regiment after daylight of September 1 was in a very precarious position . Its 1st Battalion had been driven from the river positions and isolated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) westward . Approximately 400 North Koreans now overran the regimental command post , compelling Freeman to withdraw it about 600 yards ( 550 m ) . There , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of , the US 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Headquarters Company , regimental units , and regimental staff officers checked the North Koreans in a 3 @-@ hour fight . - The North Koreans advanced to itself during the afternoon of September 2 , and ROK National Police withdrew from the town . North Koreans were in that evening . With his communications broken southward to the 2nd Infantry Division headquarters and the 9th Infantry , Haynes during the day decided to send a tank patrol down the road in an effort to re @-@ establish communication . C Company , 72nd Tank Battalion , led its tanks southward . They had to fight their way down the road through several roadblocks . Of the three tanks that started , only the lead tank got through to . There , it delivered an of Task Force Haynes ' positions to Bradley . - Still farther northward in the zone of the US 38th Infantry the North Koreans were also active . After the North Korean breakthrough during the night of August 31 , had ordered the 2nd Battalion , 38th Infantry , to move south and help the 23rd Infantry establish a defensive position west of . In attempting to do this , the battalion found North Korean troops already on the ridges along the road . They had penetrated to Hill overlooking the 38th Infantry command post . This hill and Hill dominated the rear areas of the regiment . At 06 : 00 September 3 , 300 North Koreans launched an attack from Hill against the 38th Regiment command post . The regimental commander organized a defensive perimeter and requested a bombing strike which was denied him because the enemy target and his defense perimeter were too close to each other . But the Air Force did deliver rocket and strikes . - This fight continued until September 5 . On that day F Company captured Hill killing 150 North Koreans . From the crest he and his men watched as many more North Koreans ran into a village below them . Directed artillery fire destroyed the village . Among the abandoned North Korean materiel on the hill , 's men found twenty @-@ five American and guns , a large American radio , thirty boxes of American fragmentation and concussion grenades , and some American rations . - - = = = 1 @-@ 23rd Infantry isolated = = = - - Meanwhile , during these actions in its rear , the 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , was cut off 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) west of the nearest friendly units . On September 1 the regiment ordered it to withdraw to the area . At 14 : 00 a tank @-@ infantry patrol was sent down the road , but it reported that an estimated North Korean battalion held the mountain pass just eastward of the battalion 's defense perimeter . Upon receiving this report the battalion commander requested permission by radio to remain in his present position and try to obstruct the movement of North Korean reinforcements and supplies . That evening Freeman approved this request , and 1st Battalion spent three days in the isolated positions . During this time C @-@ 47 planes supplied the battalion by . - On the morning of September 1 , 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry moved in an attack westward from the 23rd Regiment command post near @-@ to open the road to the 1st Battalion . On the second day of the fighting at the pass , the relief force broke through the roadblock with the help of air strikes and artillery and tank fire . The advanced elements of the battalion joined 1st Battalion at 17 : 00 September 2 . That evening , North Koreans strongly attacked the 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry , on Hill north of the road and opposite 1st Battalion , driving one company from its position . - On September 4 , Haynes changed the boundary between the 38th and 23rd Infantry Regiments , giving the northern part of the 23rd 's sector to the 38th Infantry , thus releasing 1st Battalion for movement southward to help the 2nd Battalion defend the southern approach to . The 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , about 1 @,@ 100 men strong when the attack began , was now down to a strength of approximately 600 men . The 23rd Infantry now made plans to concentrate all its troops on the position held by its 2nd Battalion on the @-@ @-@ road . The 1st Battalion moved there and took a place on the left flank of the 2nd Battalion . At the same time the regimental command post moved to the rear of this position . In this regimental perimeter , the 23rd Infantry fought a series of hard battles . Simultaneously it had to send combat patrols to its rear to clear infiltrating North Koreans from and from its supply road . - - = = = Battle of = = = - - On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the 9th Division , in their first offensive of the war , stood only a few miles short of after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line . The 3rd Regiment had been left at , but division commander Major General Sam felt the chances of capturing were strong . - On the morning of September 1 , with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand , the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division had virtually no troops to defend . in this emergency attached the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion to the regiment . The US 72nd Tank Battalion and the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company also were assigned positions close to . The regimental commander planned to place the engineers on the chain of low hills that arched around on the northwest . - A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , moved to the south side of the @-@ River road ; D Company of the 2nd Engineer Battalion was on the north side of the road . Approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of an estimated 300 North Korean troops engaged A Company in a fire fight . Gun Motor of the 82nd AAA Battalion supported the engineers in this action , which lasted several hours . Meanwhile , with the approval of General Bradley , D Company moved to the hill immediately south of and overlooking . A platoon of infantry went into position behind it . A Company was now ordered to fall back to the southeast edge of on the left flank of D Company . There , A Company went into position along the road ; on its left was C Company of the Engineer battalion , and beyond C Company was the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company . The hill occupied by D Company was in reality the western tip of a large mountain mass that lay southeast of the town . The road to came south out of , bent around the western tip of this mountain , and then ran eastward along its southern base . In its position , D Company not only commanded the town but also its exit , the road to . - North Koreans had also approached from the south . The US 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company and tanks of the 72nd Tank Battalion opposed them in a sharp fight . In this action , Sergeant First Class Charles W. Turner of the Reconnaissance Company particularly distinguished himself . He mounted a tank , operated its exposed turret machine gun , and directed tank fire which reportedly destroyed seven North Korean machine guns . Turner and this tank came under heavy North Korean fire which shot away the tank 's and and scored more than 50 hits on it . Turner , although wounded , remained on the tank until he was killed . That night North Korean soldiers crossed the low ground around and entered the town from the south . - At 09 : 35 September 2 , while the North Koreans were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of and clear the road to , Walker spoke by telephone with Major General Doyle O. , Deputy Chief of Staff , Far East Command in Tokyo . He described the situation around the Perimeter and said the most serious threat was along the boundary between the US 2nd and US 25th Infantry Divisions . He described the location of his reserve forces and his plans for using them . He said he had started the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade toward but had not yet released them for commitment there and he wanted to be sure that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur approved his use of them , since he knew that this would interfere with other plans of the Far East Command . Walker said he did not think he could restore the 2nd Division lines without using them . replied that MacArthur had the day before approved the use of the US Marines if and when Walker considered it necessary . A few hours after this conversation Walker , at 13 : 15 , attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the US 2nd Division and ordered a co @-@ ordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the marines , with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the River in the 2nd Division sector and of restoring the river line . The marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished . - A decision was reached that the marines would attack west at 08 : 00 on September 3 the @-@ River road ; the 9th Infantry , B Company of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and D Battery of the AAA Battalion would attack northwest above the marines and attempt to re @-@ establish contact with the US 23rd Infantry ; the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , remnants of the 1st Battalion , 9th Infantry , and elements of the 72nd Tank Battalion would attack on the left flank , or south , of the marines to reestablish contact with the 25th Division . Eighth Army now ordered the US 24th Infantry Division headquarters and the US 19th Infantry Regiment to move to the Susan @-@ area , 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of the confluence of the River and the River . There it was to prepare to enter the battle in either the 2nd or 25th Division zone . - The American counteroffensive of September 3 – 5 west of , according to prisoner statements , resulted in one of the of the war for a North Korean division . Even though remnants of the 9th Division , supported by the low strength 4th Division , still held @-@ Ridge , Hill , and the intervening ground back to the on September 6 , the division 's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack . The 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive . - - = = = 2nd Division destroyed = = = - - The 2nd Division made a new effort against the 23rd Infantry 's perimeter in the hours of September 8 , in an attempt to break through eastward . This attack , launched at 02 : 30 and heavily supported with artillery , penetrated F Company . It was apparent that unless F Company 's position could be restored the entire regimental front would collapse . When all its officers became casualties , First Lieutenant Ralph R. Robinson , adjutant of the 2nd Battalion , assumed command of the company . With North Koreans rapidly infiltrating his company 's position and gaining its rear , Robinson in the darkness made his way through them 500 yards ( 460 m ) to A Company 's position . There he obtained that company 's reserve platoon and brought it back to F Company . He accomplished the dangerous and difficult task of it into the gap in F Company 's lines in darkness and heavy rain . - The attack tapered off with the coming of daylight , but that night it resumed . The North Koreans struck repeatedly at the defense line . This time they continued the fighting into the daylight hours of 9 September . The Air Force then concentrated strong air support over the regimental perimeter to aid the ground troops . Casualties came to the aid stations from the infantry companies in an almost steady stream during the morning . All available men from Headquarters Company and special units were formed into squads and put into the fight at the most critical points . At one time , the regimental reserve was down to six men . When the attack finally ceased shortly after 12 : 00 the 23rd Regiment had an estimated combat efficiency of only 38 percent . - This heavy night and day battle cost the 2nd Division most of its remaining offensive strength . The medical officer of the 17th Regiment , 2nd Division , captured a few days later , said that the division evacuated about 300 men nightly to a hospital in @-@ , and that in the first two weeks of September the 2nd Division lost 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 500 wounded in the fighting west of . Even though its offensive strength was largely spent by September 9 , the division continued to harass rear areas around with infiltrating groups as large as companies . daily had to open the main supply road and clear the town . - North Korean and US troops remained locked in combat along the River for several more days . The North Koreans ' offensive capability was largely destroyed , and the US troops resolved to hold their lines barring further attack . - - = = = North Korean withdrawal = = = - - The UN counterattack at collapsed the North Korean line and cut off all their main supply and reinforcement routes . On September 19 the UN discovered the North Koreans had abandoned much of the Pusan Perimeter during the night , and the UN units began advancing out of their defensive positions and occupying them . Most of the North Korean units began conducting delaying actions attempting to get as much of their army as possible into North Korea . The North Koreans withdrew from the area first , the night of September 18 – 19 . After the forces there , the remainder of the North Korean armies withdrew rapidly to the North . The US units rapidly pursued them north , passing over the River positions , which were no longer of strategic importance . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The North Korean 2nd and 9th Divisions were almost completely destroyed in the battles . The 9th Division had numbered 9 @,@ 350 men at the beginning of the offensive on September 1 . The 2nd Division numbered 6 @,@ 000 . Only a few hundred from each division returned to North Korea after the fight . The majority of the North Korean troops had been killed , captured or deserted . All of II Corps was in a similar state , and the North Korean army , exhausted at Pusan Perimeter and cut off after , was on the brink of defeat . - By this time , the US 2nd Infantry Division suffered 1 @,@ 120 killed , 2 @,@ wounded , 67 captured and 69 missing during its time at Pusan Perimeter . This included about 180 casualties it suffered during the First Battle of the previous month . American forces were continually repulsed but able to prevent the North Koreans from breaking the Pusan Perimeter . The division had numbered 17 @,@ on September 1 , but was in excellent position to attack despite its casualties . The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade suffered 185 killed and around 500 wounded during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , most of which probably occurred at . - Of all the North Korean attacks along the Pusan Perimeter , the Second Battle of is seen by historians as the most serious threat . It was the battle in which the North Koreans made the most substantial gains , splitting the US 2nd Infantry Division in half and briefly capturing , where they were very close to breaching through to the US forces ' supply lines and threatening other divisions ' rear areas . However , once again the fatal weakness of the North Korean Army had cost it victory after an impressive initial success — its communications and supply were not capable of a breakthrough and of supporting a continuing attack in the face of massive air , armor , and artillery fire that could be concentrated against its troops at critical points . By September 8 , the North Korean attacks in the area had been repulsed . - - - = = - - , also known as ( ) Planet Earth and stylized as ( ) , is an American rock band from Huntington Beach , California . Formed in 1994 , the band performs a style of music which it refers to as " G @-@ punk " , a fusion of punk rock and rap . - After releasing three albums on Records , left the label to record independently , eventually signing with Records in 2006 . Since 2006 , the band has become known for its involvement in the 9 / 11 Truth movement , referencing it in many of their song lyrics and concerts , as well as the concept of the album New World . To date , they have released nine studio albums , one live album and two compilation albums . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Formation and major @-@ label debut ( 1994 – 1999 ) = = = - - The band was formed by vocalist , formerly of The , also known as " " ( MC ) , and guitarist Wes , who became friends amidst the Orange County hardcore punk scene . and recruited guitarist , bassist , drummer and DJ Product 1969 . They named the group " " , which stands for " higher education " . The band built a following with their energetic performances at local venues , and released the self @-@ financed extended play , Church of . Legal issues forced to change their name , adding " " , which stood for " Planet Earth " . - signed with Records , releasing their self @-@ titled debut album in 1997 . In his review of the album , Allmusic 's Steve Huey wrote " There are some slow and / or moments [ ... ] but overall , its aggression will probably play well with ' 90s metal and punk fans . " Due to the label 's contractual terms and the disappointing sales of the album , the band found themselves unable to the cash advances given to them by . is quoted as saying " We had these romantic visions of the music industry , and we thought it would be cool to be a punk band on a rap label . So we fulfilled that dream , but it was also probably the worst thing that could have happened . [ ... ] We 've had offers from Sony and others that we can 't take because we owe so much money . " - - = = = and ( 2000 – 2004 ) = = = - - On June 6 , 2000 , appeared on the tribute album in Black II , covering Black Sabbath 's " " . released their second studio album , on August 22 , 2000 . It peaked at No. 63 on the Billboard 200 , while its first single , " " , peaked at No. 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 27 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Allmusic 's Jason D. Taylor wrote : " may have not found as much success in the competitive mainstream market as some would have liked , and even despite its distinct departure from the group 's debut , it is an album that shows more vision than other rap @-@ rock albums to come out in 2000 . " The most negative response to the album came from critics who viewed its lyrics as . - On October 27 , 2000 , was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in , Connecticut . He was released on a US $ 1 @,@ 500 bond . In 2001 , performed on the tour alongside bands such as Korn , Static @-@ X , and System of a Down . A music video for " Killing Time " , the second single from , was produced in promotion of the film 3000 Miles to , which featured the song on its soundtrack . - released their third studio album , , on March 18 , 2003 . It peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard 200 , while its title track peaked at No. 21 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 32 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Allmusic 's Johnny wrote that " While it expands on melodic elements that had previously played a supporting role in the band 's sound , also delivers of crushing guitar and pounding rhythm . And whether or not it is the presence of a top @-@ line producer , ( ) have figured out a way to their aggressive mix of heavy rock and hip @-@ hop with some serious hooks . " Guitarist joined the band in early 2004 . He is the fourth person to fill this position . - - = = = Only in ( 2004 ) = = = - - left Records , releasing their fourth studio album , Only in , on Koch Records on October 19 , 2004 . It peaked at No. 20 on the Top Independent Albums chart and at No. 186 on the Billboard 200 . In his review of the album , Johnny wrote " It wants to be a in the ear of , but 's torrential rhetoric is too and offensive to anything but superficial anger , and the music -- though occasionally explosive -- takes a to the . " - - = = = Records and New Album Evolution ( 2006 – 2015 ) = = = - - In 2006 , signed with Records , recording their fifth studio album , Back 2 Base X. The album was intended as a return to the of rock music , and did not rely as heavily on studio enhancement as previous releases . The album was released on June 6 , 2006 , the same day as The Best of ( ) Planet Earth , a compilation album produced by Records without the band 's authorization or consent . Back 2 Base X peaked at No. 12 on the Independent Albums chart , and at No. 154 on the Billboard 200 . Allmusic 's Rob Theakston wrote that " Back 2 Base X suffers from the same problems as : it tries to be conceptual in thought à la and vicious in its political commentary à la or System of a Down , but somehow falls short by sounding like an angry on a . It won 't win any new fans , but existing fans of ( ) 's work won 't be turning their backs away from the band in anger soon , either . " - On June 26 , 2007 , the band released their sixth studio album , . It peaked at No. 16 on the Independent Albums chart , and at No. 138 on the Billboard 200 . The album 's lead single , " " , became one of the most requested tracks at Sirius Radio 's Hard Attack , while the song 's music video was voted one of the Top 10 of 2007 on MTV 's Ball . released their first live album , The , in 2008 . On January 13 , 2009 , they released their seventh studio album , New World . It was released in three different versions ; each contains a different set of bonus tracks . In 2009 , drummer joined the band . He is the sixth person to fill this position . The band 's eighth studio album , Truth Rising , was released on October 26 , 2010 to mixed reviews . played the " Local Heroes Tour " in the fall of 2012 and played with in San on Sunday October 7 , 2012 . In an interview , frontman stated that their album for 2013 titled Ascension would be released within the first half of 2014 . Towards the end of 2013 , DJ Product mysteriously left the band with no explanation and no comment from the other members . On 1 / 1 / 2014 , stated on the band 's official Facebook that the new upcoming ( ) album will be named " Evolution " and to be released within the year . - On May 13 , 2014 , On the band 's official Facebook page , they released the official announcement of when the band 's new album Evolution will hit stores . The album is set for release July 22 , 2014 . They also released a teaser of the tone of the new album on their Facebook page and soon after , the track " One More Body " . - In 2015 , it was confirmed that 12 @-@ year guitarist and original bassist Mark Young had left the band . They were replaced by guitarist Greg " " Harrison and bassist Kurt , leaving vocalist and founding member as the group 's only remaining original talent . - - = = Style = = - - - = = = Music and lyrics = = = - - performs a style of music which they have referred to as " G @-@ punk " , a phrase inspired by the term " G @-@ funk " , itself a reference to the P @-@ collective . 's music is a fusion of styles ranging from hip hop , reggae , and to hard rock , punk , and heavy metal . Other elements that have been incorporated into this style include blues , funk , jazz and industrial . ' vocal style ranges from melodic singing to rapping , screaming , and death . The band 's lyrics draw from a number of subjects , including the existence of extraterrestrial life , criticism of organized religion , the 9 / 11 Truth movement , cannabis use and sexual intercourse . - , in addition to the 9 / 11 Truth movement , has expressed support for social liberal politicians such as Nancy and president Barack Obama . Previously however , ' 2004 lyrics for Only in expressed support for nationalism , and called for retaliation against Al for the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks . - - = = = Influences = = = - - The band 's influences include , Boys , Black Sabbath , Bob Marley , , Nine , , Hill , and Rage Against the Machine . 's second album , , incorporated classic rock and world music influences , while Back 2 Base X was influenced by classic punk bands such as the Sex and the Clash , was influenced by thrash metal bands such as Slayer , and New World was influenced by and Minor . Guitarist has been credited for encouraging a heavier , hardcore punk @-@ influenced musical style . - - = = Band members = = - - ( Paulo Sergio ) — lead vocals ( 1994 – current ) - Major ( Jeremiah Stratton ) — drums ( 2008 – current ) - ( Greg Harrison ) — guitar ( 2015 – current ) - Kid Bass ( Kurt ) — bass ( 2015 – current ) - - = = = Former members = = = - - Ken Sachs ( The Finger ) — keyboard ( 1994 – 1996 ) - Chad ( ) — guitar ( 1994 – 2002 ) - Wesley ( , Wes ) — guitar ( 1994 – 2003 ) - Ben C. ( ) — drums ( 1994 – 2003 ) - Doug ( DJ Product 1969 ) — , samples ( 1994 – 2013 ) - Mark Young ( ) — bass ( 1994 – 2015 ) - Sonny Mayo — guitar ( 2002 – 2003 ) - Jackson ( ) — guitar ( 2004 – 2015 ) - Christopher — drums ( 2004 ) - Mark " " — drums ( 2004 – 2006 ) - Devin — drums ( 2006 – 2007 ) - Anthony " Tiny " — drums ( 2007 – 2008 ) - - = = = Timeline = = = - - - = = Discography = = - - Studio albums - Church of ( 1995 ) - ( 1997 ) - ( 2000 ) - ( 2003 ) - Only in ( 2004 ) - Back 2 Base X ( 2006 ) - ( 2007 ) - New World ( 2009 ) - Truth Rising ( 2010 ) - Evolution ( 2014 ) - Forever ! ( 2016 ) - - - = warship = - - An ironclad is a steam @-@ propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates used in the early part of the second half of the 19th century . The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells . The first ironclad battleship , Gloire , was launched by the French Navy in November 1859 . The British Admiralty had been considering armored warships since 1856 and prepared a draft design for an armored in 1857 ; in early 1859 the Royal Navy started building two iron @-@ armored frigates , and by 1861 had made the decision to move to an all @-@ armored battle fleet . After the first clashes of ironclads ( both with wooden ships and with one another ) took place in 1862 during the American Civil War , it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the ship of the line as the most powerful warship afloat . This type of ship would come to be very successful in the American Civil War . - were designed for several roles , including as high seas battleships , coastal defense ships , and long @-@ range cruisers . The rapid evolution of warship design in the late 19th century transformed the ironclad from a wooden @-@ vessel that carried sails to supplement its steam engines into the steel @-@ built , battleships and cruisers familiar in the 20th century . This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns ( the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea ) , more sophisticated steam engines , and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible . - The quick pace of change meant that many ships were obsolete as soon as they were finished , and that naval tactics were in a state of flux . Many ironclads were built to make use of the ram or the torpedo , which a number of naval designers considered the important weapons of naval combat . There is no clear end to the ironclad period , but towards the end of the 1890s the term ironclad dropped out of use . New ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armored cruisers . - - = = The ironclad = = - - The ironclad became technically feasible and tactically necessary because of developments in shipbuilding in the first half of the 19th century . According to naval historian J. Richard Hill : " The ( ironclad ) had three chief characteristics : a metal @-@ skinned hull , steam propulsion and a main armament of guns capable of firing explosive shells . It is only when all three characteristics are present that a fighting ship can properly be called an ironclad . " Each of these developments was introduced separately in the decade before the first ironclads . - - = = = Steam propulsion = = = - - In the 18th and early 19th centuries fleets had relied on two types of major warship , the ship of the line and the frigate . The first major change to these types was the introduction of steam power for propulsion . While steamer warships had been used from the 1830s onwards , steam propulsion only became suitable for major warships after the adoption of the screw propeller in the 1840s . - Steam @-@ powered screw frigates were built in the mid @-@ 1840s , and at the end of the decade the French Navy introduced steam power to its line of battle . The desire for change came from the ambition of Napoleon III to gain greater influence in Europe , which required a challenge to the British at sea . The first purpose @-@ built steam battleship was the 90 @-@ gun Napoléon in 1850 . Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) , regardless of the wind conditions : a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement . - The introduction of the steam ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line led to a building competition between France and Britain . Eight sister ships to Napoléon were built in France over a period of ten years , but the United Kingdom soon managed to take the lead in production . , France built ten new wooden steam battleships and converted 28 from older ships of the line , while the United Kingdom built 18 and converted 41 . - - = = = shells = = = - - The era of the wooden steam ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line was brief , because of new , more powerful naval guns . In the 1820s and 1830s , warships began to mount increasingly heavy guns , replacing 18- and 24 @-@ pounder guns with 32 @-@ pounders on sailing ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line and introducing 68 @-@ pounders on . Then , the first shell guns firing explosive shells were introduced following their development by the French Henri @-@ Joseph , and by the 1840s were part of the standard armament for naval powers including the French Navy , Royal Navy , Imperial Russian Navy and United States Navy . It is often held that the power of explosive shells to smash wooden hulls , as demonstrated by the Russian destruction of an Ottoman squadron at the Battle of , spelled the end of the wooden @-@ warship . The more practical threat to wooden ships was from conventional cannon firing red @-@ hot shot , which could in the hull of a wooden ship and cause a fire or ammunition explosion . Some navies even experimented with hollow shot filled with molten metal for extra incendiary power . - - = = = Iron armor = = = - - The use of iron instead of wood as the primary material of ships ' hulls began in the 1830s ; the first " warship " with an iron hull was the gunboat , built by Laird for the East India Company in 1839 . There followed , also from Laird , the first full @-@ blown warships with metal hulls , the 1842 steam frigates and for the Mexican navy . But a thin iron skin , while not being susceptible to fire or lethal like wood , was not the same thing as providing iron armor calculated to stop enemy gunfire . - Following the demonstration of the power of explosive shells against wooden ships at the Battle of , and fearing that his own ships would be vulnerable to the guns of Russian fortifications in the Crimean War , Emperor Napoleon III ordered the development of light @-@ draft floating batteries , equipped with heavy guns and protected by heavy armor . Experiments made during the first half of 1854 proved highly satisfactory , and on 17 July 1854 , the French communicated to the British Government that a solution had been found to make gun @-@ proof vessels and that plans would be communicated . After tests in September 1854 , the British Admiralty agreed to build five armoured floating batteries on the French plans , establishing the important Thames and Iron Works within the docks . - The French floating batteries were deployed in 1855 as a supplement to the wooden steam battle fleet in the Crimean War . The role of the battery was to assist mortar and gunboats bombarding shore fortifications . The French used three of their ironclad batteries ( , and ) in 1855 against the defenses at the Battle of on the Black Sea , where they were effective against Russian shore defences . They would later be used again during the Italian war in the Adriatic in 1859 . The British floating batteries and Meteor arrived too late to participate to the action at . The British planned to use theirs in the Baltic Sea against the well @-@ fortified naval base at . - The batteries have a claim to the title of the first ironclad warships but they were capable of only 4 knots ( 7 km / h ) under their own power : they operated under their own power at the Battle of , but had to be towed for long range transit . They were also arguably marginal to the work of the navy . The brief success of the floating ironclad batteries convinced France to begin work on armored warships for their . - - = = Early ironclad ships and battles = = - - By the end of the 1850s it was clear that France was unable to match British building of steam warships , and to regain the strategic initiative a dramatic change was required . The result was the first ocean @-@ going ironclad , the Gloire , begun in 1857 and launched in 1859 . - Gloire 's wooden hull was modelled on that of a steam ship of the line , reduced to one deck , in iron plates 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 110 mm ) thick . She was propelled by a steam engine , driving a single screw propeller for a speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ) . She was armed with thirty @-@ six 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 160 mm ) rifled guns . France proceeded to construct 16 ironclad warships , including two more sister ships to Gloire , and the only two @-@ broadside ironclads ever built , and . - The Royal Navy had not been keen to sacrifice its advantage in steam ships of the line , but was determined that the first British ironclad would the French ships in every respect , particularly speed . A fast ship would have the advantage of being able to choose a range of engagement which could make her to enemy fire . The British specification was more a large , powerful frigate than a ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line . The requirement for speed meant a very long vessel , which had to be built from iron . The result was the construction of two Warrior @-@ class ironclads ; HMS Warrior and HMS Black Prince . The ships had a successful design , though there were necessarily compromises between ' sea @-@ keeping ' , strategic range and armour protection ; their weapons were more effective than that of Gloire , and with the largest set of steam engines yet fitted to a ship they could steam at 14 @.@ 3 knots ( 26 @.@ 5 km / h ) . Yet the Gloire and her sisters had full iron @-@ armour protection along the waterline and the battery itself . Warrior and Black Prince ( but also the smaller Defence and Resistance ) were obliged to concentrate their armour in a central ' citadel ' or ' armoured box ' , leaving many main deck guns and the fore and aft sections of the vessel unprotected . The use of iron in the construction of Warrior also came with some drawbacks ; iron hulls required more regular and intensive repairs than wooden hulls , and iron was more susceptible to by marine life . - By 1862 , navies across Europe had adopted ironclads . Britain and France each had sixteen either completed or under construction , though the British vessels were larger . Austria , Italy , Russia , and Spain were also building ironclads . However , the first battles using the new ironclad ships involved neither Britain nor France , and involved ships markedly different from the broadside @-@ firing , designs of Gloire and Warrior . The use of ironclads by both sides in the American Civil War , and the clash of the Italian and Austrian fleets at the Battle of , had an important influence on the development of ironclad design . - - = = = First battles between ironclads : the U.S. Civil War = = = - - The first use of ironclads in action came in the U.S. Civil War . The U.S. Navy at the time the war broke out had no ironclads , its most powerful ships being six steam @-@ powered frigates . Since the bulk of the Navy remained loyal to the Union , the Confederacy sought to gain advantage in the naval conflict by acquiring modern armored ships . In May 1861 , the Confederate Congress voted that $ 2 million be appropriated for the purchase of ironclads from overseas , and in July and August 1861 the Confederacy started work on construction and converting wooden ships . - On 12 October 1861 , the CSS became the first ironclad to enter combat , when she fought Union warships on the Mississippi during the Battle of the Head of . She had been converted from a commercial vessel in New Orleans for river and coastal fighting . In February 1862 , the larger CSS Virginia joined the Confederate Navy , having been rebuilt at Norfolk . on the hull of USS , Virginia originally was a conventional warship made of wood , but she was converted into an iron @-@ covered casemate ironclad , when she entered the Confederate navy . By this time , the Union had completed seven ironclad gunboats of the City class , and was about to complete the USS , an innovative design proposed by the Swedish inventor John Ericsson . The Union was also building a large armored frigate , the USS New , and the smaller USS . - The first battle between ironclads happened on 9 March 1862 , as the armored was deployed to protect the Union 's wooden fleet from the ironclad ram Virginia and other Confederate warships . In this engagement , the second day of the Battle of Hampton Roads , the two ironclads repeatedly tried to ram one another while shells bounced off their armor . The battle attracted attention worldwide , making it clear that the wooden warship was now out of date , with the ironclads destroying them easily . - The Civil War saw more ironclads built by both sides , and they played an increasing role in the naval war alongside the warships , commerce raiders and blockade runners . The Union built a large fleet of fifty monitors modeled on their namesake . The Confederacy built ships designed as smaller versions of the Virginia , many of which saw action , but their attempts to buy ironclads overseas were frustrated as European nations confiscated ships being built for the Confederacy — especially in Russia , the only country to openly support the Union through the war . Only CSS was completed , and she arrived in American waters just in time for the end of the war . - Through the remainder of the war , ironclads saw action in the Union 's attacks on Confederate ports . Seven Union monitors , including USS , as well as two other ironclads , the ironclad frigate New and a light @-@ draft USS , participated in the failed attack on Charleston ; one was sunk . Two small ironclads , CSS State and CSS participated in the defence of the harbor . For the later attack at Mobile Bay , the Union assembled four monitors as well as 11 wooden ships , facing the CSS Tennessee , the Confederacy 's most powerful ironclad and the gunboats CSS Morgan , CSS Gaines , CSS Selma . - On the western front , the Union built a formidable force of river ironclads , beginning with several converted and then contracting engineer James of St. Louis , Missouri to build the City @-@ class ironclads . These excellent ships were built with twin engines and a central wheel , all protected by an armored . They had a shallow draft , allowing them to journey up smaller tributaries , and were very well suited for river operations . also produced monitors for use on the rivers , the first two of which differed from the ocean @-@ going monitors in that they contained a wheel ( the USS and USS Osage ) . - vessels were some of the better ironclads of the Western Flotilla , but there were a number of other vessels that served with the fleet . All were of varying design , some more successful than others , and some were similar to standard but with armored side @-@ mounted wheels . All were armed with various smoothbore and some rifled guns . If nothing else the experience of the American Civil War and its wild variety of competing ironclad designs , some more successful ( or disastrous ) than others , confirmed the emerging trade @-@ off or compromises required in applying the latest technological advances in iron armour manufacture , ship construction and gun design — to name a few — also going on in Europe . There was no such thing as a ' perfect ' ironclad which could be in every possible encounter ; ship duels , standing up to forts , Brown & Blue @-@ water operations . - The Union ironclads played an important role in the Mississippi and tributaries by providing tremendous fire upon Confederate forts , installations and vessels with relative to enemy fire . They were not as heavily armored as the ocean @-@ going monitors of the Union , but they were adequate for their intended use . More Western Flotilla Union ironclads were sunk by torpedoes ( mines ) than by enemy fire , and the most damaging fire for the Union ironclads was from shore installations , not Confederate vessels . - - = = = : First fleet battle = = = - - The first fleet battle , and the first ocean battle , involving ironclad warships was the Battle of in 1866 . between the Austrian and Italian navies , the battle pitted combined fleets of wooden frigates and and ironclad warships on both sides in the largest naval battle between the battles of and . - The Italian fleet consisted of 12 ironclads and a similar number of wooden warships , escorting transports which carried troops intending to land on the Adriatic island of . Among the Italian ironclads were seven broadside ironclad frigates , four smaller ironclads , and the newly built — a double @-@ ram . them , the Austrian navy had seven ironclad frigates . - The Austrians believed their ships to have less effective guns than their enemy , so decided to engage the Italians at close range and ram them . The Austrian fleet formed into an formation with the ironclads in the first line , charging at the Italian ironclad squadron . In the which followed both sides were frustrated by the lack of damage inflicted by guns , and by the difficulty of — nonetheless , the effective attack being made by the Austrian flagship against the Italian attracted great attention in following years . - The superior Italian fleet lost its two ironclads , Re d 'Italia and Palestro , while the Austrian screw two @-@ SMS Kaiser remarkably survived close actions with four Italian ironclads . The battle ensured the popularity of the ram as a weapon in European ironclads for many years , and the victory won by Austria established it as the predominant naval power in the Adriatic . - The battles of the American Civil War and at were very influential on the designs and tactics of the ironclad fleets that followed . In particular , it taught a generation of naval officers the misleading lesson that was the best way to sink enemy ironclads . - - = = Armament and tactics = = - - The adoption of iron armor meant that the traditional naval armament of dozens of light cannon became useless , since their shot would bounce off an armored hull . To penetrate armor , increasingly heavy guns were mounted on ships ; nevertheless , the view that was the only way to sink an ironclad became widespread . The increasing size and weight of guns also meant a movement away from the ships mounting many guns broadside , in the manner of a ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , towards a handful of guns in turrets for all @-@ round fire . - - = = = Ram craze = = = - - From the 1860s to the 1880s many naval designers believed that the development of the ironclad meant that the ram was again the most important weapon in naval warfare . With steam power freeing ships from the wind , and armor making them to , the ram seemed to offer the opportunity to strike a decisive blow . - The damage inflicted by the guns of and Virginia at Battle of Hampton Roads and the spectacular but lucky success of the Austrian flagship SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max sinking the Italian Re d 'Italia at gave strength to the craze . From the early 1870s to early 1880s most British naval officers thought that guns were about to be replaced as the main naval armament by the ram . Those who noted the tiny number of ships that had actually been sunk by struggled to be heard . - The revival of had a significant effect on naval tactics . Since the 17th century the predominant tactic of naval warfare had been the line of battle , where a fleet formed a long line to give it the best fire from its broadside guns . This tactic was totally unsuited to , and the ram threw fleet tactics into . The question of how an ironclad fleet should deploy in battle to make best use of the ram was never tested in battle , and if it had been , combat might have shown that rams could only be used against ships which were already stopped dead in the water . - The ram finally fell out of favour in the 1880s , as the same effect could be achieved with a torpedo , with less vulnerability to quick @-@ firing guns . - - = = = Development of naval guns = = = - - The armament of ironclads tended to become concentrated in a small number of powerful guns capable of penetrating the armor of enemy ships at range ; calibre and weight of guns increased markedly to achieve greater penetration . Throughout the ironclad era navies also with the of rifled versus smoothbore guns and breech @-@ loading versus muzzle @-@ loading . - HMS Warrior carried a mixture of 110 @-@ pounder 7 inch ( 180 mm ) breech @-@ loading rifles and more traditional 68 @-@ pounder smoothbore guns . Warrior highlighted the challenges of picking the right armament ; the breech @-@ she carried , designed by Sir William Armstrong , were intended to be the next generation of heavy armament for the Royal Navy , but were shortly withdrawn from service . - @-@ loading guns seemed to offer important advantages . A breech @-@ could be without moving the gun , a lengthy process particularly if the gun then needed to be re @-@ aimed . The Warrior 's Armstrong guns also had the virtue of being lighter than an equivalent smoothbore and , because of their , more accurate . Nonetheless , the design was rejected because of problems which plagued breech @-@ for decades . - The weakness of the breech @-@ was the obvious problem of sealing the breech . All guns are powered by the explosive conversion of gunpowder into gas . This explosion the shot or shell out of the front of the gun , but also great stresses on the gun @-@ barrel . If the breech — which experiences some of the greatest forces in the gun — is not entirely secure , then there is a risk that either gas will discharge through the breech or that the breech will break . This in turn reduces the muzzle velocity of the weapon and can also endanger the gun crew . The Warrior 's Armstrong guns suffered from both problems ; the shells were unable to penetrate the 4 @.@ 5 in ( 118 mm ) armor of Gloire , while sometimes the screw which closed the breech flew backwards out of the gun on firing . Similar problems were experienced with the breech @-@ loading guns which became standard in the French and German navies . - These problems influenced the British to equip ships with muzzle @-@ loading weapons of increasing power until the 1880s . After a brief introduction of 100 @-@ pounder or 9 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 240 mm ) smoothbore Somerset Gun , which weighed 6 @.@ 5 tons ( 6 @.@ 6 t ) , the Admiralty introduced 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) rifled guns , weighing 7 tons . These were followed by a series of increasingly weapons — guns weighing 12 , 25 , 25 , 38 and finally 81 tons , with calibre increasing from 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) to 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) . - The decision to retain muzzle @-@ until the 1880s has been criticised by historians . However , at least until the late 1870s , the British muzzle @-@ had superior performance in terms of both range and rate of fire than the French and Prussian breech @-@ , which suffered from the same problems as had the first Armstrong guns . - From 1875 onwards , the balance between and muzzle @-@ loading changed . Captain de invented a method of reliably sealing a breech , adopted by the French in 1873 . Just as , the growing size of naval guns made muzzle @-@ loading much more complicated . With guns of such size there was no prospect of in the gun for re @-@ loading , or even re @-@ loading by hand , and complicated hydraulic systems were required for re @-@ loading the gun outside the turret without exposing the crew to enemy fire . In 1882 , the 81 @-@ ton , 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns of HMS fired only once every 11 minutes while bombarding Alexandria during the . The 100 @-@ ton , 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 72 inch ) guns of could each fire a round every 15 minutes . - In the Royal Navy , the switch to breech @-@ was finally made in 1879 ; as well as the significant advantages in terms of performance , opinion was by an explosion on board HMS caused by a gun being double @-@ loaded , a problem which could only happen with a muzzle @-@ loading gun . - The calibre and weight of guns could only increase so far . The larger the gun , the slower it would be to load , the greater the stresses on the ship 's hull , and the less the stability of the ship . The size of the gun peaked in the 1880s , with some of the heaviest of gun ever used at sea . HMS carried two 16 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( mm ) breech @-@ loading guns , each weighing 110 tons — no British battleship would ever carry guns as large . The Italian 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 72 inch ) guns would be larger than any gun fitted to a battleship until the 18 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 460 mm ) armament of the Japanese Yamato class of World War II . One consideration which became more acute was that even from the original Armstrong models , following the Crimean War , range and hitting power far exceeded simple accuracy , especially at sea where the slightest roll or pitch of the vessel as ' floating weapons @-@ platform ' could the advantage of . American ordnance experts accordingly preferred smoothbore monsters whose round shot could at least ' ' along the surface of the water . effective combat ranges , they had learned during the Civil War , were comparable to those in the Age of — though a vessel could now be smashed to pieces in only a few rounds . Smoke and the general chaos of battle only added to the problem . As a result , many naval engagements in the ' Age of the ' were still fought at ranges within easy eyesight of their targets , and well below the maximum reach of their ships ' guns . - Another method of increasing firepower was to vary the fired or the nature of the propellant . Early ironclads used black powder , which expanded rapidly after combustion ; this meant cannons had relatively short barrels , to prevent the barrel itself slowing the shell . The of the black powder explosion also meant that guns were subjected to extreme stress . One important step was to press the powder into , allowing a slower , more controlled explosion and a longer barrel . A further step forward was the introduction of chemically different brown powder which more slowly again . It also put less stress on the of the barrel , allowing guns to last longer and to be manufactured to . - The development of powder , based on or , by the French inventor Paul in 1884 was a further step allowing smaller charges of propellant with longer barrels . The guns of the pre @-@ battleships of the 1890s tended to be smaller in calibre compared to the ships of the 1880s , most often 12 in ( 305 mm ) , but progressively grew in length of barrel , making use of improved to gain greater muzzle velocity . - The nature of the projectiles also changed during the ironclad period . Initially , the best armor @-@ piercing was a solid cast @-@ iron shot . Later , shot of iron , a harder iron alloy , gave better armor @-@ piercing qualities . Eventually the armor @-@ piercing shell was developed . - - = = = of armament = = = - - - = = = = ironclads = = = = - - The first British , French and Russian ironclads , in a logical development of warship design from the long preceding era of wooden ships of the line , carried their weapons in a single line along their sides and so were called " broadside ironclads . " Both Gloire and HMS Warrior were examples of this type . Because their armor was so heavy , they could only carry a single row of guns along the main deck on each side rather than a row on each deck . - A significant number of broadside ironclads were built in the 1860s , principally in Britain and France , but in smaller numbers by other powers including Italy , Austria , Russia and the United States . The advantages of mounting guns on both broadsides was that the ship could engage more than one at a time , and the rigging did not impede the field of fire . - armament also had disadvantages , which became more serious as ironclad technology developed . guns to penetrate ever @-@ thicker armor meant that fewer guns could be carried . Furthermore , the adoption of as an important tactic meant the need for ahead and all @-@ round fire . These problems led to broadside designs being superseded by designs that gave greater all @-@ round fire , which included central @-@ battery , turret , and barbette designs . - - = = = = , batteries and barbettes = = = = - - There were two main design to the broadside . In one design , the guns were placed in an armoured casemate amidships : this arrangement was called the ' box @-@ battery ' or ' centre @-@ battery ' . In the other , the guns could be placed on a rotating platform to give them a broad field of fire ; when fully armored , this arrangement was called a turret and when partially armored or , a barbette . - The centre @-@ battery was the simpler and , during the 1860s and 1870s , the more popular method . guns amidships meant the ship could be shorter and than a broadside type . The first full @-@ scale centre @-@ battery ship was HMS Bellerophon of 1865 ; the French laid down centre @-@ battery ironclads in 1865 which were not completed until 1870 . Centre @-@ battery ships often , but not always , had a enabling some of their guns to fire directly ahead . - The turret was first used in naval combat on the USS in 1862 , with a type of turret designed by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson . A competing turret design was proposed by the British inventor with a prototype of this installed on HMS in 1861 for testing and evaluation purposes . Ericsson 's turret turned on a central spindle , and 's turned on a ring of bearings . offered the maximum arc of fire from the guns , but there were significant problems with their use in the 1860s . The fire arc of a turret would be considerably limited by masts and rigging , so they were unsuited to use on the earlier ocean @-@ going ironclads . The second problem was that turrets were extremely heavy . Ericsson was able to offer the heaviest possible turret ( guns and armour protection ) by deliberately designing a ship with very low . The weight thus saved from having a high broadside above the waterline was diverted to actual guns and armour . Low , however , also meant a smaller hull and therefore a smaller capacity for coal storage — and therefore range of the vessel . In many respects , the , low @-@ and the broadside HMS Warrior represented two opposite extremes in what an ' ' was all about . The most dramatic attempt to compromise these two extremes , or ' this circle ' , was designed by Captain : HMS Captain , a dangerously low turret ship which nevertheless carried a full rig of sail , and which subsequently capsized not long after her launch in 1870 . Her half @-@ sister HMS Monarch was restricted to firing from her turrets only on the port and starboard beams . The third Royal Navy ship to combine turrets and masts was HMS of 1876 , which carried two turrets on either side of the centre @-@ line , allowing both to fire fore , aft and broadside . - A lighter alternative to the turret , particularly popular with the French navy , was the barbette . These were fixed armored towers which held a gun on a . The crew was sheltered from direct fire , but vulnerable to fire , for instance from shore emplacements . The barbette was lighter than the turret , needing less machinery and no roof armor — though nevertheless some barbettes were stripped of their armor plate to reduce the top @-@ weight of their ships . The barbette became widely adopted in the 1880s , and with the addition of an armored ' gun @-@ house ' , transformed into the turrets of the pre @-@ battleships . - - = = = = = = - - The ironclad age saw the development of explosive torpedoes as naval weapons , which helped the design and tactics of ironclad fleets . The first torpedoes were static mines , used extensively in the American Civil War . That conflict also saw the development of the spar torpedo , an explosive charge pushed against the hull of a warship by a small boat . For the first time , a large warship faced a serious threat from a smaller one — and given the relative of against ironclads , the threat from the spar torpedo was taken seriously . The U.S. Navy converted four of its monitors to become armored spar @-@ torpedo vessels while under construction in 1864 – 5 , but these vessels never saw action . Another proposal , the towed or ' Harvey ' torpedo , involved an explosive on a line or ; either to deter a ship from or to make a torpedo attack by a boat less . - A more practical and influential weapon was the self @-@ propelled or Whitehead torpedo . in 1868 and deployed in the 1870s , the Whitehead torpedo formed part of the armament of ironclads of the 1880s like HMS and the Italian and Enrico . The ironclad 's vulnerability to the torpedo was a key part of the critique of armored warships made by the school of naval thought ; it appeared that any ship armored enough to prevent destruction by gunfire would be slow enough to be easily caught by torpedo . In practice , however , the was only briefly influential and the torpedo formed part of the confusing mixture of weapons possessed by ironclads . - - = = Armor and construction = = - - The first ironclads were built on wooden or iron hulls , and protected by wrought iron armor backed by thick wooden . were still being built with wooden hulls into the 1870s . - - = = = : iron , wood and steel = = = - - Using iron construction for warships offered advantages for the engineering of the hull . However , iron had many military disadvantages , and offered technical problems which kept wooden hulls in use for many years , particularly for long @-@ range cruising warships . - Iron ships had first been proposed for military use in the 1820s . In the 1830s and 1840s , France , Britain and the United States had all experimented with iron @-@ but gunboats and frigates . However , the iron @-@ frigate was abandoned by the end of the 1840s , because iron hulls were more vulnerable to solid shot ; iron was more brittle than wood , and iron frames more likely to fall out of shape than wood . - The of iron for warship hulls meant that iron was only adopted as a building material for battleships when protected by armor . However , iron gave the naval architect many advantages . Iron allowed larger ships and more flexible design , for instance the use of bulkheads on the lower decks . Warrior , built of iron , was longer and faster than the wooden @-@ Gloire . Iron could be produced to order and used immediately , in contrast to the need to give wood a long period of . And , given the large quantities of wood required to build a steam warship and the falling cost of iron , iron hulls were increasingly cost @-@ effective . The main reason for the French use of wooden hulls for the ironclad fleet built in the 1860s was that the French iron industry could not supply enough , and the main reason why Britain built its handful of wooden @-@ ironclads was to make best use of hulls already started and wood already bought . - Wooden hulls continued to be used for long @-@ range and smaller ironclads , because iron nevertheless had a significant disadvantage . Iron hulls suffered quick by marine life , slowing the ships down — for a European close to dry docks , but a difficulty for long @-@ range ships . The only solution was to sheath the iron hull first in wood and then in copper , a laborious and expensive process which made wooden construction remain attractive . Iron and wood were to some extent interchangeable : the Japanese and ordered in 1875 were sister @-@ ships , but one was built of iron and the other of composite construction . - After 1872 , steel started to be introduced as a material for construction . Compared to iron , steel allows for greater structural strength for a lower weight . The French Navy led the way with the use of steel in its fleet , starting with the , laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876 . nonetheless had wrought iron armor plate , and part of her exterior hull was iron rather than steel . - Even though Britain led the world in steel production , the Royal Navy was slow to adopt steel warships . The process for steel manufacture produced too many imperfections for large @-@ scale use on ships . French manufacturers used the @-@ Martin process to produce adequate steel , but British technology behind . The first all @-@ steel warships built by the Royal Navy were the dispatch vessels and Mercury , laid down in 1875 and 1876 . - - = = = Armor and protection schemes = = = - - Iron @-@ built ships used wood as part of their protection scheme . HMS Warrior was protected by 4 @.@ 5 in ( 114 mm ) of wrought iron backed by 15 in ( 381 mm ) of , the strongest shipbuilding wood . The wood played two roles , preventing and also preventing the shock of a hit damaging the structure of the ship . Later , wood and iron were combined in ' sandwich ' armor , for instance in HMS . - Steel was also an obvious material for armor . It was tested in the 1860s , but the steel of the time was too brittle and when struck by shells . Steel became practical to use when a way was found to fuse steel onto wrought iron plates , giving a form of compound armor . This compound armor was used by the British in ships built from the late 1870s , first for turret armor ( starting with HMS ) and then for all armor ( starting with HMS of 1882 ) . The French and German navies adopted the innovation almost immediately , with licenses being given for the use of the ' Wilson System ' of producing fused armor . - The first ironclads to have all @-@ steel armor were the Italian and Enrico . Though the ships were laid down in 1873 their armor was not purchased from France until 1877 . The French navy decided in 1880 to adopt compound armor for its fleet , but found it limited in supply , so from 1884 the French navy was using steel armor . Britain stuck to compound armor until 1889 . - The ultimate ironclad armor was case hardened nickel @-@ steel . In 1890 , the U.S. Navy tested steel armor hardened by the Harvey process and found it superior to compound armor . For several years ' Harvey steel ' was the state of the art , produced in the U.S. , France , Germany , Britain , Austria and Italy . In 1894 , the German firm developed gas , which further hardened steel armor . The German Kaiser Friedrich III , laid down in 1895 , was the first ship to benefit from the new ' armor ' and the new armor was quickly adopted ; the Royal Navy using it from HMS Canopus , laid down in 1896 . By 1901 almost all new battleships used armor , though the U.S. continued to use Harvey armor alongside until the end of the decade . - The equivalent strengths of the different armor plates was as follows : 15 in ( 381 mm ) of wrought iron was equivalent to 12 in ( 305 mm ) of either plain steel or compound iron and steel armor , and to 7 @.@ 75 in ( 197 mm ) of Harvey armor or 5 @.@ 75 in ( 146 mm ) of armor . - construction also the later debate in battleship design between and ' all @-@ or @-@ nothing ' armour design . Warrior was only semi @-@ armoured , and could have been disabled by hits on the bow and stern . As the thickness of armor grew to protect ships from the increasingly heavy guns , the area of the ship which could be fully protected diminished . 's armor protection was largely limited to the central citadel amidships , protecting boilers and engines , turrets and magazines , and little else . An ingenious arrangement of @-@ filled compartments and bulkheads was intended to keep her stable and afloat in the event of heavy damage to her un @-@ armored sections . - - = = : steam and sail = = - - The first ocean @-@ going ironclads carried masts and sails like their wooden predecessors , and these features were only gradually abandoned . Early steam engines were inefficient ; the wooden steam fleet of the Royal Navy could only carry " 5 to 9 days coal " , and the situation was similar with the early ironclads . Warrior also illustrates two design features which aided hybrid propulsion ; she had retractable screws to reduce drag while under sail ( though in practice the steam engine was run at a low ) , and a funnel which could be folded down to the deck level . - Ships designed for coastal warfare , like the floating batteries of the , or USS and her sisters , with masts from the beginning . The British HMS , started in 1869 , was the first large , ocean @-@ going ironclad to with masts . Her principal role was for combat in the English Channel and other European waters ; and while her coal supplies gave her enough range to cross the Atlantic , she would have had little endurance on the other side of the ocean . The and the similar ships commissioned by the British and Russian navies in the 1870s were the exception rather than the rule . Most ironclads of the 1870s retained masts , and only the Italian navy , which during that decade was focused on short @-@ range operations in the Adriatic , built consistently ironclads . - During the 1860s , steam engines improved with the adoption of double @-@ expansion steam engines , which used 30 – 40 % less coal than earlier models . The Royal Navy decided to switch to the double @-@ expansion engine in 1871 , and by 1875 they were widespread . However , this development alone was not enough to herald the end of the mast . Whether this was due to a conservative desire to retain sails , or was a rational response to the operational and strategic situation , is a matter of debate . A steam @-@ only fleet would require a network of coaling stations worldwide , which would need to be fortified at great expense to stop them falling into enemy hands . Just as significantly , because of problems with the technology of the boilers which provided steam for the engines , the performance of double @-@ expansion engines was rarely as good in practice as it was in theory . - During the 1870s the distinction grew between ' first @-@ class ironclads ' or ' battleships ' on the one hand , and ' cruising ironclads ' designed for long @-@ range work on the other . The demands on first @-@ class ironclads for very heavy armor and armament meant increasing displacement , which reduced speed under sail ; and the fashion for turrets and barbettes made a sailing rig increasingly . HMS , launched in 1876 but not commissioned until 1881 , was the last British battleship to carry masts , and these were widely seen as a mistake . The start of the 1880s saw the end of sailing rig on ironclad battleships . - persisted on ' cruising ironclads ' for much longer . During the 1860s , the French navy had produced the Alma and La classes as small , long @-@ range ironclads as overseas cruisers and the British had responded with ships like HMS of 1870 . The Russian ship General @-@ Admiral , laid down in 1870 and completed in 1875 , was a model of a fast , long @-@ range ironclad which was likely to be able to and ships like . Even the later HMS Shannon , often described as the first British armored cruiser , would have been too slow to General @-@ Admiral . While Shannon was the last British ship with a retractable , later armored cruisers of the 1870s retained sailing rig , speed under steam in consequence . It took until 1881 for the Royal Navy to lay down a long @-@ range armored warship capable of catching enemy commerce raiders , HMS Warspite , which was completed in 1888 . While sailing rigs were obsolescent for all purposes by the end of the 1880s , rigged ships were in service until the early years of the 20th century . - The final evolution of ironclad propulsion was the adoption of the triple @-@ expansion steam engine , a further refinement which was first adopted in HMS Sans Pareil , laid down in 1885 and commissioned in 1891 . Many ships also used a forced draught to get additional power from their engines , and this system was widely used until the introduction of the steam turbine in the mid @-@ 1900s ( decade ) . - - = = Fleets = = - - While ironclads spread rapidly in navies worldwide , there were few pitched naval battles involving ironclads . Most European nations settled differences on land , and the Royal Navy struggled to maintain a deterrent parity with at least France , while providing suitable protection to Britain 's commerce and colonial outposts worldwide . remained , for the British Royal Navy , a matter of defending the British Isles first and projecting power abroad second . Those naval engagements of the latter half of the 19th @-@ century which involved ironclads normally involved colonial actions or clashes between second @-@ rate naval powers . But these encounters were often enough to convince British policy @-@ makers of the increasing of strictly naval foreign intervention , from Hampton Roads in the American Civil War to the combined defences of naval such as and Cherbourg . - There were many types of ironclads : - ships intended to " stand in the line of battle " ; the precursors of the battleship . - Coastal service and vessels , including ' floating batteries ' and ' - intended for commerce raiding or protection of commerce , called ' armoured - - = = = = = = - - The United Kingdom possessed the largest navy in the world for the whole of the ironclad period . The Royal Navy was the second to adopt ironclad warships , and it applied them worldwide in their whole range of roles . In the age of sail , the British strategy for war depended on the Royal Navy mounting a blockade of the ports of the enemy . Because of the limited endurance of , this was no longer possible , so the British at times considered the risk @-@ laden plan of engaging an enemy fleet in harbor as soon as war broke out . To this end , the Royal Navy developed a series of ' coast @-@ defence battleships ' , starting with the class . These ' monitors ' were markedly different from the other high @-@ seas ironclads of the period and were an important precursor of the modern battleship . As long @-@ range monitors they could reach Bermuda , for example . However , they were still armed with only four heavy guns and were as vulnerable to mines and obstructions ( and enemy monitors ) as the original monitors of the Union Navy proved to be during the Civil War . The British prepared for an overwhelming mortar bombardment of by the close of the Crimean War , but never considered running the smoke @-@ ridden , shallow @-@ water gauntlet straight to St. Petersburg with ironclads . Likewise , monitors proved unable to ' overwhelm ' enemy fortifications single @-@ handed during the American conflict , though their low @-@ profile and heavy armour protection made them ideal for running . and obstructions , however , negated these advantages — a problem the British Admiralty frequently acknowledged but never countered throughout the period . The British never laid down enough @-@ class ' battleships ' to instantly overwhelm Cherbourg , or even New York City with gunfire . Although throughout the 1860s and 1870s the Royal Navy was still in many respects superior to its potential rivals , by the early 1880s widespread concern about the threat from France and Germany culminated in the Naval Defence Act , which promulgated the idea of a ' two @-@ power standard ' , that Britain should possess as many ships as the next two navies combined . This standard provoked aggressive shipbuilding in the 1880s and 1890s . - British ships did not participate in any major wars in the ironclad period . The Royal Navy 's ironclads only saw action as part of colonial battles or one @-@ sided engagements like the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 . British interests against Ahmed ' 's Egyptian revolt , a British fleet opened fire on the fortifications around the port of Alexandria . A mixture of centre @-@ battery and turret ships bombarded Egyptian positions for most of a day , forcing the Egyptians to retreat ; return fire from Egyptian guns was heavy at first , but inflicted little damage , killing only five British sailors . Few Egyptian guns were actually dismounted , on the other hand , and the fortifications themselves were typically left intact . Had the Egyptians actually utilised the heavy mortars that were at their disposal , they might have quickly turned the tide , for the attacking British ironclads found it easy ( for accuracy 's sake ) to simply anchor whilst firing — perfect targets for high @-@ angle fire upon their thinly armoured . - The French navy built the first ironclad to try to gain a strategic advantage over the British , but were consistently out @-@ built by the British . Despite taking the lead with a number of innovations like breech @-@ loading weapons and steel construction , the French navy could never match the size of the Royal Navy . In the 1870s , the construction of ironclads ceased for a while in France as the school of naval thought took prominence , suggesting that torpedo boats and cruisers would be the future of warships . Like the British , the French navy saw little action with its ironclads ; the French blockade of Germany in the Franco @-@ Prussian War was ineffective , as the war was settled entirely on land . - Russia built a number of ironclads , generally copies of British or French designs . Nonetheless , there were real innovations from Russia ; the first true type of ironclad armored cruiser , the General @-@ Admiral of the 1870s , and a set of remarkably badly designed circular battleships referred to as ' ' ( for Admiral , who conceived the design ) . The Russian Navy pioneered the wide @-@ scale use of torpedo boats during the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 , mainly out of necessity because of the superior numbers and quality of ironclads used by the Turkish navy . Russia expanded her navy in the 1880s and 1890s with modern armored cruisers and battleships , but the ships were manned by inexperienced crews and politically appointed leadership , which enhanced their defeat in the Battle of on 27 May 1905 . - The U.S. Navy ended the Civil War with about fifty monitor @-@ type coastal ironclads ; by the 1870s most of these were laid up in reserve , leaving the USA virtually without an ironclad fleet . Another five large monitors were ordered in the 1870s . The limitations of the monitor type effectively prevented the USA from projecting power overseas , and until the 1890s the USA would have come off badly in a conflict with even Spain or the Latin American powers . The 1890s saw the beginning of what became the Great White Fleet , and it was the modern pre @-@ and armored cruisers built in the 1890s which defeated the Spanish fleet in the Spanish – American War of 1898 . This started a new era of naval warfare . - were widely used in South America . Both sides used ironclads in the Islands War between Spain and the combined forces of Peru and Chile in the early 1860s . The powerful Spanish participated in the Battle of but was unable to inflict significant damage to the defences . Besides , Peru was able to deploy two locally built ironclads based on American Civil War designs , the ( a wooden ship converted into a casemate ironclad ) and the Victoria ( a small monitor armed with a single 68 @-@ gun ) , as well as two British @-@ built ironclads : , a centre @-@ battery ship , and the turret ship . was the first ironclad to the world , arriving in on 20 September 1867 , and earning the motto : " " [ " First ironclad ship to sail around the world " ] ) . In the War of the Pacific in 1879 , both Peru and Chile had ironclad warships , including some of those used a few years previously against Spain . While the ran aground early on , the Peruvian ironclad ' made a great impact against Chilean shipping , delaying Chilean ground invasion by six months . She was eventually caught by two more modern Chilean centre @-@ battery ironclads , the and the at the Battle of Point . - were also used from the inception of the Imperial Japanese Navy . The ( Japanese : , literally " " , later renamed , " East " ) had a decisive role in the Naval Battle of Bay in May 1869 , which marked the end of the War , and the complete establishment of the Restoration . The continued to develop its strength and commissioned a number of warships from British and European shipyards , first ironclads and later armored cruisers . These ships engaged the Chinese fleet which was superior on paper at least at the Battle of the River . to superior short @-@ range firepower , the Japanese fleet came off better , sinking or severely damaging eight ships and receiving serious damage to only four . The naval war was concluded the next year at the Battle of , where the strongest remaining Chinese ships were surrendered to the Japanese . - - = = End of the ironclad warship = = - - There is no clearly defined end to the ironclad , besides the transition from wood hulls to all @-@ metal . continued to be used in World War I. Towards the end of the 19th century , the descriptions ' battleship ' and ' armored cruiser ' came to replace the term ' ironclad ' . - The proliferation of ironclad battleship designs came to an end in the 1890s as navies reached a consensus on the design of battleships , producing the type known as the pre @-@ . These ships are sometimes covered in treatments of the ironclad warship . The next evolution of battleship design , the dreadnought , is never referred to as an ' ironclad ' . - Most of the ironclads of the 1870s and 1880s served into the 1900s ( decade ) . For instance , a handful of US navy monitors laid down in the 1870s saw active service in World War I. Pre @-@ battleships and cruisers of the 1890s saw widespread action in World War I and in some cases through to World War II . - - = = = Legacy = = = - - The example of the ironclads had some bearing on the history of the tank , as ironclad warships became an inspiration for ideas of and other armored vehicles . H. G. Wells , in his short story The Land , published in The Strand Magazine in December 1903 , described the use of large , armoured cross @-@ country vehicles , armed with cannon and machine guns , and equipped with wheels - - = = Today = = - - A number of ironclads have been preserved or reconstructed as museum ships . - Parts of USS have been recovered and are being and displayed at the Mariners ' Museum in Newport News , Virginia - HMS Warrior is today a fully restored museum ship in Portsmouth , England - is berthed at the port of , Chile , on display for visitors . - The City @-@ class ironclad USS Cairo is currently on display in , Mississippi . - in Newport News constructed a full @-@ scale replica of USS . The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later . - The Dutch ( Coastal ram ) . Ms. is currently under display in the Maritime Museum Rotterdam . - The Dutch ( Coastal ram ) . Ms. is a museum ship at Den . - The complete , recovered wooden hull of the CSS , a casemate ram ironclad , is on view in , North Carolina , and , in another part of town on the River , the recreated ship , named CSS II , is nearly built and can be visited . - The hull of the casemate ironclad CSS Jackson can be seen in the National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus , Georgia . - The new United States Navy @-@ class guided missile destroyer has been described as bearing resemblance to ironclads . - - - = Little ( poem ) = - - Little is the fourth and final poem of T. S. Eliot 's Four , a series of poems that discuss time , perspective , humanity , and salvation . It was first published in September 1942 after being delayed for over a year because of the air @-@ raids on Great Britain during World War II and Eliot 's declining health . The title refers to a small Anglican community in , established by Nicholas in the 17th century and scattered during the English Civil War . - The poem uses the combined image of fire and fire to emphasise the need for purification and . According to the poet , humanity 's flawed understanding of life and turning away from God leads to a cycle of warfare , but this can be overcome by the lessons of the past . Within the poem , the narrator meets a ghost that is a combination of various poets and literary figures . Little focuses on the unity of past , present , and future , and claims that understanding this unity is necessary for salvation . - - = = Background = = - - Following the completion of the third Four poem , The Dry , Eliot 's health declined and he stayed in Green , Surrey while he recovered . During this time , Eliot started writing Little . The first draft was completed in July 1941 but he was dissatisfied with it . He believed the problems with the poem lay with his own inability to write , and that , precipitated by air raids on London , he had started the poem with too little preparation and had written it too quickly . After the first draft was written , he set the poem aside , and he left in September to lecture throughout Great Britain . - After months of not working on the poem , Eliot began to feel compelled to finish it ; it was not until August 1942 , however , that he started working on it again . In total , there were five drafts . The poem was finished by 19 September 1942 and published in the October New English Weekly . Little was intended to conclude the Four series , Eliot 's views expressed in this series of poems . - Little was the home of an Anglican community established in by Nicholas . The household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer . The religious community was dispersed during the English Civil War between and but reformed , ending with the death of John in . Eliot had visited the site in May 1936 . - Unlike the other locations mentioned in the titles of the Four poems , Eliot had no direct connection to the original Christian community . As such , the community is supposed to represent almost any religious community . - - = = Poem = = - - Critics classify Little as a poem of fire with an emphasis on and the fire . The beginning of the poem discusses time and winter , with attention paid to the arrival of summer . The images of snow , which provoke desires for a spiritual life , transition into an analysis of the four classical elements of fire , earth , air and water and how fire is the primary element of the four . Following this is a discussion on death and destruction , things , and regret for past events . - While using Dante 's style , the poem continues by describing the Battle of Britain . The image of warfare with the depiction of , and the Holy Spirit is juxtaposed with the air @-@ raids on London . In the second section , a ghost , representing the poets of the past stuck between worlds , begins talking to the narrator of the poem . The ghost discusses change , art in general , and how humankind is flawed . The only way to overcome the problematic condition of humanity , according to the ghost , is to experience through fire . The fire is described in a manner similar to Julian of Norwich 's writing about God 's love and discussed in relationship to the shirt of , a shirt that burns its wearer . Little continues by describing the of the present and how history exists in a pattern . The poem concludes by explaining how sacrifice is needed to allow an individual to die into life and be reborn , and that salvation should be the goal of humankind . - - = = Themes = = - - In terms of renewal , Eliot believed that suffering was needed for all of society before new life could begin . The original Little community was built for living on monastic lines , but the community was damaged and dispersed by Puritan forces during the English Civil War in 1646 . The church , the centre of the community , was restored in 1714 and again in 1853 . The image of religious renewal is combined with the image of the London air @-@ raids and the constant fighting and destruction within the world . This compound image is used to discuss the connection of holy places with the Holy Spirit , , communion with the dead , and the repetition of history . The theme is also internal to Eliot 's own poems ; the image of the rose garden at the end Little is the image that begins Norton and the journey is made circular . Also , the depiction of time within the poem is similar to the way time operates within The Family . - Like the other poems making up the Four , Little deals with the past , present , and future , and humanity 's place within them as each generation is seemingly united . In the second section , there is a ghost who is the compilation of various poets , including Dante , Swift , Yeats , and others . When the ghost joins the poet , the narrator states " Knowing myself yet being someone other " . This suggests that the different times merge at the same time that the different personalities begin to merge , allowing a communication and connection with the dead . Later , in the fourth section , humanity is given a choice between the Holy Spirit or the bombing of London ; redemption or destruction . God 's love allows humankind to be and escape the living hell through by fire . The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet . He parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society . - The ghost , a combination of many literary figures , was originally addressed in the poem as " " before being revised as an ambiguous " you " . " " was Dante 's way of addressing , a former mentor whom he meets in Hell to which he has been condemned for . Eliot , in a letter to John dated 27 August 1942 , explained why he changed the wording : - I think you will recognise that it was necessary to get rid of for two reasons . The first is that the visionary figure has now become somewhat more definite and will no doubt be identified by some readers with Yeats though I do not mean anything so precise as that . However , I do not wish to take the responsibility of putting Yeats or anybody else into Hell and I do not want to to him the particular vice which took there . , although the reference to that is intended to be explicit , I wish the effect of the whole to be which is more appropriate . That brings us to the reference to swimming in fire which you will remember at the end of 26 where the poets are found . - The theme of swimming through flames is connected to the depiction of , a poet that influenced Dante , seeking such a state in . However , the depiction of swimming was transformed into an image of dancing , an act that appears throughout Yeats 's poetry , within flames . The critic Dominic suggests that , in combining the image of dancing with , Eliot Dante 's and Yeats 's poetic themes . - - = = Reception = = - - Critics such as Malcolm and describe mixed emotions about the of the poem . emphasised the mystical nature of the poem and how its themes were closer to Buddhism than while mentioning his appreciation of many of the passages . also mentioned the Buddhist images and his admiration for many of the lines in Little . F. B. believed that the fourth section of the poem costs " Eliot more trouble and than any passage of the same length he ever wrote , and is his greatest achievement in the Four . " E. M. Forster did not like Eliot 's emphasis on pain and responded to the poem : " Of course there 's pain on and off through each individual 's life ... You can 't it and so on . But why should it be endorsed by the schoolmaster and by the priest until the fire and the rose are one when so much of it is caused by disease and ? It is here that Eliot becomes unsatisfactory as a seer . " Writing in 2003 , Roger wrote that in " Little " Eliot achieved " that for which he Dante — namely , a poetry of belief , in which belief and words are one , and in which the thought cannot be prized free from the controlled and beautiful language " . - - - = The Portage to San of = - - The Portage to San of is a 1981 literary and philosophical novella by George Steiner , in which Jewish Nazi hunters find a fictional Adolf Hitler ( ) alive in the Amazon jungle thirty years after the end of World War II . The book generated considerable controversy after its publication because in it , Steiner , who is Jewish , allows Hitler to defend himself when he is put on trial in the jungle by his captors . There Hitler maintains that Israel its existence to the Holocaust and that he is the " benefactor of the Jews " . - The Portage to San of was a 1983 in the / Faulkner Award for Fiction . It was adapted for the theatre by British playwright Christopher Hampton and was staged in London in April 1982 with Alec playing the part of Adolf Hitler . It was also staged in Hartford , Connecticut in the United States in 1983 and starred John as Hitler . - - = = Plot summary = = - - From his base in Tel Aviv , Holocaust survivor Emmanuel directs a group of Jewish Nazi hunters in search of Adolf Hitler . believes that the former is still alive , and following rumours and , he tracks Hitler 's movements through South America , until after months of wading through swamps in the Amazon jungle , the search party finds the 90 @-@ year @-@ old alive in a clearing . flies to San where he awaits the group 's return with their captive . But getting the old man out of the jungle alive is more difficult than getting in , and their progress is further hampered by heavy thunderstorms . - Meanwhile , broken and incoherent radio messages between and the search party are intercepted by intelligence agents tracking their progress , and rumours begin to spread across the world of Hitler 's capture . flare up over his impending trial , where it will be held and under whose jurisdiction . is identified as the nearest airfield to the last known location of the search party , and aircraft begin arriving at the hitherto unknown town . But when the search party loses radio contact with , they must make a decision : do they sit out the storms and deliver their captive to later , or do they try Hitler in the jungle before their prize is from them by the world at large , who they know will be waiting ? Their decision is the latter , and against 's advice ( " You must not let him speak ... his tongue is like no other " ) they prepare for a trial with a judge , prosecution and defence attorneys selected from the members of the search party . , a local Indian , is asked to observe the trial as an independent witness . - The attention Hitler is receiving , however , his strength , and when the trial begins , he aside his " defence attorney " and begins a long speech in four parts in his own defence : - Firstly , Hitler claims he took his doctrines from the Jews and copied the notion of the master race from the people and their need to separate themselves from the " " . " My racism is a parody of , a hungry imitation . " - Hitler the Final by maintaining that the Jews ' God , than any other , its subjects , continually demanding more than they can give and " " them with ideals that cannot be attained . The " virus of " had to be stopped . - Hitler states that he was not the originator of evil . " [ Stalin ] had when I was still a in Munich . " Further , Hitler asserts that the number of lives lost due to his actions are by various world atrocities , including those in Russia , China and Africa . - Lastly , Hitler maintains that the Reich Israel and suggests that he is the " whose infamous were allowed by God in order to bring His people home . " He closes by asking , " Should you not honour me who have made ... a reality ? " - At the end of his speech , is the first to react and jumps up shouting " " , only to be drowned out by the appearance of a helicopter over the clearing . - - = = Main characters = = - - Emmanuel – Jewish Holocaust survivor and director of the search party to find Hitler ; after out of a death pit in he never took the time to and embarked on a life @-@ consuming obsession to bring those responsible for the to justice . - Search party ( all Jewish with family ties to the Holocaust , except for John Asher ) - – search party leader and " presiding judge " at Hitler 's trial ; he is 's and torn between leading the party into " and green " and turning his back on the " quiet of 's conviction " . - Gideon – falls ill and dies before the trial begins ; during one of his fever @-@ induced he suggests that Hitler is Jewish ; he had sought out after being released from a and spending three years in Paris where the care @-@ free living consumed him with guilt . - Elie – Orthodox Jew and " prosecution attorney " at the trial ; he is the moral of the group , but his convictions are disturbed by Gideon 's fever @-@ induced that Hitler is Jewish and ends up believing that Hitler may be the second . - Isaac – an 18 @-@ year @-@ old boy and witness at the trial ; he is the son of Isaac senior , former member of the search party killed earlier in a in São Paulo ; he joined the party to avenge his father 's death . - John Asher – half @-@ Jewish and reluctant " defence attorney " at the trial ; fascinated by the capture of and the rumours circulating that Hitler may be alive , he had approached Nazi hunter who directed him to ; despite being an " " ( no ties to the Holocaust ) assigned him to the search party because of his military training and his clear @-@ ( " no metaphysical lusts , no for " ) . - – local Indian and independent witness at the trial ; previously the search party 's guide who had abandoned them when they insisted on entering regions of the jungle , he continued tracking them from a distance before revealing himself . - Adolf Hitler – now 90 years old , the former leader of the Third Reich had not died in the in Berlin , but escaped to South America and hid in the Amazon jungle . - - = = Background and publication = = - - George Steiner , literary critic for The New Yorker and The New York Times , had written about the Holocaust in some of his previous books , including ( 1964 ) , Language and Silence ( 1967 ) and In 's Castle ( 1971 ) . Many of the ideas Steiner expresses in The Portage to San of were reworked from these earlier works . Steiner told New York Times editor D. J. R. that this book arose out of his lifelong work on language . " Central to everything I am and believe and have written is my ... that you can use human speech both to , to love , to build , to forgive and also to torture , to hate , to destroy and to . " - Commenting on the controversy the book generated , Steiner admitted to literary journalist and critic Ron ( author of Explaining Hitler ) that he too was disturbed by it , adding that his fictional Hitler had gotten the better of him , " or @-@ like " . He said that it felt like the book " wrote me " . Steiner also pointed out that the novella is not only about his thoughts on the Holocaust , but also about the horrific events that took place in countries like Cambodia , Vietnam , El Salvador and : " My feeling is that one has to with the if one can . " - Steiner wrote The Portage to San of in 1975 and 1976 in Geneva , Switzerland , and the 120 @-@ page work originally appeared in the Spring 1979 issue of the United States literary magazine , The Kenyon Review . It also appeared in the Spring 1980 issue of , the British literary magazine . Its first publication in book form , with minor revisions by Steiner , was in May 1981 by and in the United Kingdom — and as requested by Steiner , it was a paperback original . The first United States edition was published in hardcover in April 1982 by Simon & Schuster . - - = = Adaptations = = - - The Portage to San of was adapted for the theatre in 1982 by British playwright Christopher Hampton . It was staged in April 1982 at London 's Theatre under the direction of John Dexter with Alec playing the part of Adolf Hitler . won the 1982 Evening Standard Theatre Award for best actor for this performance . In 1983 the production moved to the United States where it played at the Hartford Stage Company in Hartford , Connecticut , directed by Mark and starring John as Hitler . - This book is the only work of fiction by Steiner to have been adapted for the stage . - - = = Reception = = - - Reaction to The Portage to San of was mixed . Anthony in The Observer called it " astonishing " , Christopher Booker of The Daily Telegraph described it as a " powerful piece " , and English author A. S. said it was a " masterpiece " . In Explaining Hitler , Ron called The Portage " A story " , referring to Steiner 's Hitler has having taken on a life of its own . Writing in Time magazine , Otto Friedrich described the book " a fantasy of remarkable intensity " , adding that by not Hitler 's speech , Steiner from the of traditional Holocaust literature and ends the book " on a note of bleak ambiguity " . - Morris of The New York Times was more critical of the book , calling it " a and badly executed novel , a distraction from the serious business of thinking through the of the Nazi era . " He described it as " " that is " [ d ] " by too much " fine writing " ( @-@ ) . He also complained that the characters are lifeless , and while they each have detailed histories , they are only " verbal " that do not separate them from one another . Finally noted that because almost all the points of Hitler 's speech are drawn from some of Steiner 's earlier works , he " unwittingly creates sympathy for Hitler by making him old and pathetic yet also and brilliant — at once harmless and dangerous . " - In another review in The New York Times John Leonard wrote that while the book has its strong points , " some wit , a disdain , multiplicity of character and a South American swamp @-@ life that " , its weaknesses are that " the characters are really ideas , ... the symbols clash and there are too many echoes of better books by and " . But Leonard 's biggest criticism of the book was Hitler 's speech , which he called " obscene " , and Steiner 's decision to end the book at that point , which Leonard said " not only denies the power of art to arrange and transcend , but ... makes me sick to my stomach . " - Writing in the American literary magazine , Alvin H. called The Portage a " breakthrough work " that " " . He was struck by the book 's interplay between the landscape of swamp and jungle , and the " landscape of speech " — the former being " brilliantly registered " with its " immense feeling of " , and the latter , " even more dramatic " in the way it exposes " the dark underside of words " and how its use and misuse reveals the true nature of a person . He was particularly impressed by the depiction of Nazi hunter Emmanuel and his role as representative of the Jewish consciousness . noted that while Holocaust literature often either to " and apostrophe " , or sinks to " a of elegiac lament " , Steiner 's " between these two extremes , ... simultaneously records and , yet carries an immense affect " . What did concern the reviewer , however , was the way Steiner used ideas from his earlier works , that he had put them " virtually " into Hitler 's mouth , creating the impression that " Steiner 's understanding of Hitler were identical with the latter 's self @-@ understanding " . also questioned why the book had to end with Hitler 's speech . He said that Steiner 's Hitler plays " the devil 's game of language subversion " , making " madness [ sound ] like music " , something the real Hitler had . By stopping at this point , felt that Steiner " [ s ] , , to the seductive of negation " , which his own " high standards of moral intelligence " . But overall said The Portage " must be counted among the most vigorous attempts to portray the presence and meaning of Hitler " , forcing us to confront him " in a way hardly seen before in fiction " . - The Portage to San of was a in the 1983 / Faulkner Award for Fiction . - - = = Controversy = = - - The book generated considerable controversy because of its apparent " admiration for Hitler " . The controversy grew further when the faithful stage adaptation ( " too faithful " , according to Steiner ) was performed in the United Kingdom and the United States . - Hitler 's speech at the end of the book disturbed many readers and critics . Steiner not only lets Hitler justify his past , he allows him the ( almost ) last word before the outside world invades . The fact that Steiner is Jewish made this speech in particular even more contentious . One critic , while acknowledging that Steiner always saw Hitler as " the incarnation of unprecedented and unparalleled evil " , felt that there was no clear distinction in the book between Steiner 's own views and those of his fictional Hitler , even going so far as to accuse Steiner , who rejects Jewish nationalism and is a critic of Israel 's treatment of the Palestinians , of anti @-@ Semitism . - In contrast , a Time magazine article at the time felt that Steiner 's intention for the Hitler speech was to use it to explore his previously stated belief " that Hitler wielded language as an almost supernatural force " , drawing attention to Nazi hunter Emmanuel 's warning from the book regarding Hitler : " There shall come a man who ... will know the grammar of hell and teach it to others . He will know the sounds of madness and and make them seem music . " - Steiner responded to criticism that Hitler 's speech in this book is by saying that it had been done before : for example Satan 's speech in Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) , and The Grand 's speech in 's The Brothers ( 1880 ) . He also reminded the reader that Hitler 's speech is balanced out earlier in the book by 's long monologue on the of the Holocaust . Finally , Steiner said that his Hitler ( A. H. ) is " a figure " , and that it is not he who has the last word , but , the Indian , who shouts " " . is also the Hebrew word used to indicate that " there are issues here beyond our wisdom to answer or decide . " - - - = = - - ( from Greek ( , " to cut " ) and ( , " " ) ) is a diverse of extinct small to giant — often considered primitive amphibians — that flourished worldwide during the , , and periods . A few species continued into the Cretaceous . have been found on every continent . During about 210 million years of evolutionary history , they adapted to a wide range of habitats , including fresh water , terrestrial , and even coastal marine environments . Their life history is well understood , with fossils known from the stage , , and maturity . Most were , although some were almost fully terrestrial , returning to the water only to breed . These were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land . Although are considered amphibians , many had characteristics , such as scales , claws , and armour @-@ like bony plates , that distinguish them from modern amphibians . - have been known since the early 19th century , and were initially thought to be reptiles . They were described at various times as , , and , although these names are now rarely used . Animals now grouped in were spread out among several amphibian groups until the early 20th century , when they were found to belong to a distinct taxon based on the structure of their vertebrae . means " cut vertebrae " , as each is divided into several parts . - Experts disagree over whether were ancestral to modern amphibians ( frogs , , and ) , or whether the whole group died out without leaving any descendants . Different hypotheses have placed modern amphibians as the descendants of , another group of early called , or even as descendants of both groups ( with evolving from and frogs and evolving from ) . Recent studies place a family of called the as the closest relatives of modern amphibians . in teeth , skulls , and hearing structures link the two groups . - - = = Description = = - - Many are much larger than living amphibians , and superficially resemble . Others are smaller and resemble . Most have broad , flat heads that are either blunt ( ) or elongated ( ) . The skulls are rounded or triangular in shape when viewed from above , and are usually covered in pits and ridges . The rugged surfaces of bones may have supported blood vessels , which could transfer carbon dioxide to the bones to neutralize acidic build up in the blood ( early would have had difficulty carbon dioxide from their bodies while on land , and these dermal bones may have been an early solution to the problem ) . Many also have canal @-@ like grooves in their skulls called sensory . The , which usually run around the nostrils and eye , are part of a lateral line system used to detect in water . As animals , most have small limbs with four toes on each front foot and five on each hind foot . have larger , thicker limbs , and some even have claws . One unusual terrestrial , , has relatively long limbs for its body , and probably lived as an active runner able to chase prey . - of most of the bones of are also seen in other early , aside from a few bones in the skull , such as , , and , that have developed in some taxa . Most have horns in the backs of their skulls , rounded projections of bone separated from the rest of the skull by called ; in some , such as , they are pointed and very prominent . Among the most distinguishing features of are the , two large holes in the back of the palate . Another pair of holes , , are present in front of these , and connect the nasal passage with the mouth . often have teeth on their , as well as in their jaws . Some of these teeth are so large , they are referred to as . In some , such as , in the lower jaw the palate and emerge through openings in the top of the skull . - Very little is known of the soft tissue of . A block of sandstone , described in 2007 from the Early Formation of Pennsylvania , included impressions of the bodies of three . These impressions show , when alive , they had smooth skin , robust limbs with feet , and a ridge of skin on their . to small have also been found in and rocks . The , called , are usually found in strata deposited around freshwater environments , suggesting the animals had some ties to the water . - Unlike modern amphibians , many are covered in small , closely packed scales . The of most are covered in rows of large ventral plates . During early stages of development , they first have only small , rounded scales . show , as the animals grew , the scales on the of their bodies developed into large , wide ventral plates . The plates overlap each other in a way that allows a wide range of flexibility . Later , such as and , have no evidence of scales . They may have lost scales to make movement easier under water or to allow , the absorption of oxygen through the skin . - Several groups of have large bony plates on their backs . One , , has armour @-@ like plating that covers both its back and underside . The also has extensive plating on its back . Most members of the family also have armor , although it only covers the midline of the back with two narrow rows of plates . Other , such as , have been found with small , disc @-@ like bony that were in life probably embedded in the skin . All of these were adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle . Armor may have offered protection from predators in the case of . The may have provided stability for the spine , as they would have limited flexibility and may have been connected by strong ligaments . such as and that may have been at least partly terrestrial also have long neural spines on top of their vertebrae that would have stabilized the spine . are also seen in , but unlike , , , and , these animals are thought to have been fully aquatic . may have inherited their armor from a terrestrial ancestor , as both and have been considered close relatives of the group . - ' vertebrae are divided into several segments . In living , the main body of the is a single piece of bone called the , but in , this region was divided into a and . Two types of vertebrae are recognized in : and vertebrae . In vertebrae , the are large and wedge @-@ shaped , and the are relatively small blocks that fit between them . Both elements support a spine @-@ like neural arch , and well @-@ developed projections called strengthen the connections between vertebrae . The strong backbone and strong limbs of many allowed them to be partially , and in some cases fully , terrestrial . In vertebrae , the have been lost entirely , with the enlarged as the main body of the vertebrae . This weaker type of backbone indicates the spent more time in water . - - = = History of study = = - - was named by German Karl Alfred von in his second edition of der , published in 1888 . remains were known since the early part of the 19th century , however . The earliest described was , named by Georg Friedrich in 1828 . named from a single tooth , and considered it a reptile . means " breast tooth lizard " after the @-@ like shape of the tip of the tooth . - The naming of these first specimens was disputed , however . Leopold named the animal in 1837 . In 1841 , English Richard Owen referred to the genus as to describe its highly folded or teeth . Owen thought the name " ought not to be retained , because it recalls the idea of the mammalian genus , or else a form of the tooth ... and because the second element of the word , , indicates a false affinity , the remains belonging , not to the , but to the order of . " Owen recognized the animal was not a " " reptile , yet he also referred 's to the genus . Although the two genera both have similarly sized conical teeth , was later found to be a crocodile @-@ like reptile . Additional material , including skulls , firmly placed as an amphibian . also named in 1828 , basing it on partial , or back portion of the skull . In 1833 , he described a complete skull of S. that had the same teeth as his , making it the first known complete skull of a . Because was named first , it has precedence over the other names as a senior synonym . is still used as the name of an unrelated . - and other similar animals were referred to as , named like for teeth that were highly folded in cross section . Owen 's " " was later found at Guy 's , England by paleontologist William Buckland . Other specimens were found in the red sandstone of Warwickshire . As more fossils were uncovered in England , Owen depicted these as the " highest " form of and compared them to , which he considered the highest form of reptiles . He also noted the large of the ( a unit of rocks that dates to the Late ) were younger than more advanced reptiles in the and , which are Late in age . Owen used these fossils to counter the notion that reptiles evolved from a progression from early amphibians ( what he called " fishes " ) . - In addition to , some of the earliest named genera included and in 1842 , in 1848 , in 1849 , and in 1853 , in 1858 , and in 1859 . is now placed as an early outside , and is now considered a reptile . - Later in the 19th century , were classified as various members of , a name coined by American paleontologist Edward Cope in 1868 . Cope placed in the class , the name then used for . means " roof @-@ headed " in Greek , a reference to the wide , flat heads of and other early . During this time , considered to be amphibians because they possessed three main features : gill arches in juvenile skeletons , indicating they were amphibious for at least the first part of their lives ; ribs that do not connect at the underside of the rib cage ; and deep pits in the skull that were interpreted as space for glands . - Several of were recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Animals now regarded as were primarily , but some were classified in the . were small @-@ bodied and had simple conical teeth , while were larger and had complex , folded and enamel in their teeth . included only a few forms , such as from Europe and from North America , that had poorly developed bones , external gills , and no ribs . Some skeletons of were later found with long ribs , prompting its to ( although more detailed studies found it to be a ) . Soft tissue , such as scales and external gills , were found in many well @-@ preserved fossils from Germany . In the early 20th century , would be recognized as forms of lacking many of the typical features that define the group , and is no longer recognized as a distinct group . - Other animals that would later be classified as were placed in a group called , characterized by plate @-@ like skull bones , small limbs , fish @-@ like scales , and arches . Unlike , they did not have parietal , small holes in their skulls behind their eye . , , and were placed in this group and were considered to be the most primitive members of . Their vertebrae , , and lack of ( which attached the head to the neck ) were features that were also shared with fishes . Thus , they were considered a link between early fishes and more advanced forms such as . - Another group called was named by Cope in 1868 . Cope classified as a of , placing many small , amphibian @-@ like animals within it . Among them were , once placed in . was later placed as a with other , but confusion existed for many years over the classification of small amphibians . - By the end of the 19th century , most of what are today regarded as were placed in the suborder . American paleontologist Case called it or " true " . The names and were used to refer to the order in which it belonged . The and , both of which contain , were distinct from . Within were the groups , , and . Members of , such as and , had vertebrae with enlarged that displaced the . , such as , , and , had lost their , and the made up the entire body of the vertebrae . had and that were of equal size . are now identified as distantly related to . - In 1888 , von divided among three taxa : , , and . He placed in , a group which he characterized as having simple , @-@ shaped . included forms with the divided into and . All members of had composed only of the . Cope objected to von 's classification , considering the vertebrae of and indistinguishable because each had a simple shape . He continued to use and ( which he alternatively referred to as ) to distinguish animals based on the absence or presence of . - became a commonly used name at the turn of the century . included both and in the group . Cope 's and fell out of use . In 1919 , British paleontologist D. M. S. Watson proposed that the evolutionary history of these large amphibians could be seen through changes in their vertebrae . forms in the graded into forms in the , and finally into in the . More importantly , Watson began using the term to refer to these groups . The name was rarely used in the decades that followed . Swedish paleontologist @-@ removed from the group , narrowing its scope to and . His classification of was based heavily on characteristics of the skull rather than the vertebrae . - American paleontologist Alfred brought the name back into use in the later 20th century . @-@ used the name in a strict sense ( ) to refer to and , excluding . agreed with this classification , but used the name to avoid confusion with in its wider sense ( ) . Unlike modern classification , however , included the primitive in the group . - - = = history = = - - - = = = and Early = = = - - first appeared in the Early around 330 million years ago ( ) . During the , included basal medium @-@ sized forms such as or large forms such as . Other , more derived , such as the , were smaller and more terrestrial . They resembled , and some taxa , such as the genus , even retained external gills like the modern @-@ day . During the latest and Early around 300 , several groups , such as the and evolved strong , robust limbs and vertebrae and became adapted to life on land while others such as the , developed into large predators . The , a group of small aquatic , evolved from terrestrial ancestors in the Late . - - = = = Late = = = - - During the Late , increasing and the of reptiles contributed into a decline in terrestrial , but and fully aquatic continued to , including the large of Eastern Europe . Other , such as , developed long and a close similarity to , although they lacked the armor characteristic of the latter group . These included the largest known amphibian , the 9 @-@ m @-@ long of Brazil . - - = = = = = = - - As continued to and in the Late ( 260 @.@ 4 - 251 @.@ 0 ) , a major group called became more dependent on life in the water . The vertebrae became weak , the limbs small , and the skull large and flat , with the eyes facing upwards . During the period , these animals dominated the freshwater ecosystems , evolving in a range of both small and large forms . During the Early ( 251 @.@ 0 - 245 @.@ 0 ) one group of successful long @-@ fish @-@ , the , even adapted to a life in the sea , the only known amphibians to do so with the exception of the modern crab @-@ eating frog . Another group , the , included and large @-@ sized animals 2 @.@ 3 to 4 m ( 7 @.@ 5 to 13 @.@ 1 ft ) in length , with large and flat skulls that could be over a meter long in the largest forms such as . These animals spent most or all their lives in water as aquatic predators , catching their prey by a sudden opening of the upper jaw and sucking in fish or other small animals . - In the stage of the Late ( 228 @.@ 0 - 216 @.@ 5 ) , were joined by the superficially very similar . are distinguished from by the positioning of their eye near the front of their skulls . Another group of , the , had wide heads with external gills , and adapted to life at the bottom of lakes and rivers . By this time , had become a common and widespread component of ecosystems . Some , such as and , even inhabited Antarctica , which was covered in temperate forests at the time . - were often the dominant animals in their environments . Large of with hundreds of individuals preserved together have been found in the southwestern United States . They have often been interpreted as mass death events caused by droughts in floodplain environments . Recent studies show these dense were instead probably the result of currents accumulating dead individuals in certain areas . These environments seem to have had little diversity , as they were inhabited almost exclusively by . - The @-@ Jurassic extinction event around 199 @.@ 6 led to the extinction of most . The survived , as well as a few and . While the latter two groups soon became extinct , persisted and grew to large sizes during the Jurassic . Among , the flourished in China and the became common in . The most recent known was the giant , known from the Early Cretaceous of Australia . It survived in rift valleys that were too cold in the winter for that normally would have competed with them . was one of the largest of the , with an estimated weight of 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) . - - = = Classification = = - - Originally , were classified according to the structure of their vertebrae . Early forms , with complex vertebrae consisting of a number of separate elements , were placed in the suborder , and large aquatic forms with simpler vertebrae were placed in the suborder . With the recent growth of , this classification is no longer viable . The basic condition is found in many primitive , and is not unique to one group of . Moreover , the distinction between and vertebrae is not entirely clear . Some have , , and vertebrae at different points in the same column . Other taxa have intermediate morphologies that do not fit into any category . is no longer recognized as a group , but is still considered valid . Below is a simplified taxonomy of showing currently recognized groups : - Class - Order - - Family ( ) - Family - Family - - - Family - Family - Family - Family - - Family - Family - Family - - - - Family - Family - Family ( placement is uncertain ) - Family - - Family - Family - Family - Family - - ( ) - Family - Family - Family - - - - - - - - = = = Phylogeny = = = - - In one of the earliest phylogenetic analyses of the group , ( 1983 ) recognized five characteristics that made a clade : a bone at the back of the skull , the , is connected to another bone on the underside of the skull , the ; large openings called are present between the ; the ( a bone involved in hearing ) is connected to the and projects upward ; the , a bone in the pectoral , is thin ; and part of the called the to the neural arch . Additional features were given by Godfrey et al . ( 1987 ) , including the contact between the and at the back of the skull , small projections ( processes ) on the ribs , and a pelvic with each side having a single blade . These shared characteristics are called . - are placed as basal in phylogenetic analyses , with their exact positioning varying between studies . Depending on the classification of modern amphibians , they are either included in the crown group or the stem of . Crown @-@ group are descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all living and stem are forms that are outside the crown group . Modern amphibians have recently been suggested as descendants of , which would place them within crown . Below is a cladogram from et al . ( 2003 ) placing within crown : - Other studies place modern amphibians as the descendants of and place in a more basal position within the stem of . Below is a cladogram from and ( 1999 ) placing outside crown : - Most phylogenetic analyses of interrelationships focus on individual families . One of the first broad @-@ scale studies of phylogeny was conducted by paleontologist Andrew in 1990 . A 2007 study made a " " of all families , combining the family @-@ level trees of previous studies . The following cladogram is modified from et al . ( 2007 ) : - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 - The most basal group of is the superfamily . have several primitive or features , including a single and a bone called the that is absent in other . include the Late genus and the family . has also been included in , and is the oldest known family . is the oldest species , having been present over 330 million years ago during the stage of the Early . Recent analyses place outside in a more derived position . Other primitive include and . and , both described in 2005 from , are also primitive yet come from the Late . They are almost 40 million years younger than other basal , implying a long ghost lineage of species that are not yet known in the fossil record . - In 2000 , paleontologists Adam and Anne Warren produced a revised phylogeny of more derived , naming several new clades . Two major clades were and . includes the that were once called and includes two subfamilies , the and the . include small , mostly terrestrial that may be the ancestors of modern amphibians . include larger like . The second major clade , , includes most , as well as some groups . Within are the superfamily and the most derived , the . - and Warren also named , a clade of small aquatic from the , , and . They placed within , but more recent studies disagree on their position . For example , a 2007 study places them even more basal than , while a 2008 study keeps them as basal . - Within , and Warren erected two major clades : and . include large like with flat heads and eyes near the back of the skull . include a diversity of , including large marine , aquatic , that survived into the Cretaceous , and with eyes near the front of their heads . In 2000 , paleontologists and Andrew named a third major clade of , the . This group included more primitive that could not be placed in either or , and included groups like , , and . While and are still widely used , is not often supported as a true clade in recent analyses . and are now grouped with , but are still considered to be a primitive family of . - A new phylogeny of was offered by paleontologist in 2013 . It supported many of the clades that were found by and Warren , but it did not find support for their division of derived into and . were found to be more closely related to than to , which were grouped with . The clade including and was named . In addition , named the clade containing all except and reinstated the name for the clade containing all except and . Below is the cladogram from 's analysis : - - = = = Relationship to modern amphibians = = = - - Modern amphibians ( frogs , , and ) are classified in . appear to have arisen in the . Molecular clock estimates place the first in the Late , but the first member of ( frogs and , but not ) is estimated to have appeared in the Middle using the same technique . Using fossil evidence , there are three main theories for the origin of modern amphibians . - One is that they evolved from . Another is that they evolved from , most likely the . A third hypothesis is that descended from and frogs and evolved from . - Recently , the theory that were the ancestors of all has gained wide support . The skull morphology of some small has been compared to those of modern frogs and , but the presence of , teeth in small , or immature has been cited as the most convincing argument in favor of the origin of . in and many , teeth have tips and bases . During the development of most , teeth begin to at their tips . normally proceeds downward to the base of the tooth , but from the tip stops abruptly in teeth . resumes at the base , leaving an area in the center of the tooth . This pattern is seen in living amphibians and fossils . - The family is thought to be most closely related to . In 2008 , an called was named from Texas and was nicknamed the " " for its frog @-@ like head and @-@ like body . It was thought to be the most closely related to and was placed as the sister taxon of the group in a phylogenetic analysis . Another species of called is now thought to be even more closely related to . Unlike , was known since 1969 , and the presence of teeth in its jaws has led some paleontologists to conclude soon after its naming that it was a relative of modern amphibians . It was first described as a " " , and the specific name means " connecting " in reference to its inferred transitional position between and . The structure of its , a disk @-@ like membrane that functions like an ear drum , is similar to that of frogs and has also been used as evidence for a close relationship . Other features including the shape of the palate and the back of the skull , the short ribs , and the smooth skull surface also point to it being a closer relative of than is . Below is a cladogram modified from and ( 2010 ) showing the relationships of , , and : - - = = = = - - - = = = Feeding = = = - - Although the earliest were primarily , they had the ability to feed on land . Later , and , some well adapted to terrestrial life , also fed on land . Some became better adapted toward life in water , and shifted their diets toward aquatic organisms . The first primarily aquatic were in the . and became independently aquatic and also returned to this type of feeding . - Most aquatic have flattened heads . When feeding , they probably opened their mouths by lifting their skulls instead of lowering their lower jaws . The jaw mechanics of the is well known , and is one of the most highly adapted . is thought to have lifted its skull to around 50 ° above horizontal through the of the @-@ joint between the of the skull and the of the neck . As the skull is raised , the bone pushes forward and causes the lower jaw to outward . Other probably also lifted their skulls , but they are not as well adapted for such movement . Watson was the first to suggest skull lifting as a means of feeding in . He envisioned that , a much larger than , was able to make the same movement . also supported the idea in 1959 , suggesting that also fed in this way . At the time it was thought that these lifted their heads with strong jaw muscles , but it is now thought that they used larger muscles in the neck that were attached to the large pectoral . , a close relative of , also has a skeleton that muscles may have attached to . has very small teeth and a large area for muscle attachment behind the skull , suggesting that it could feed by rapidly opening its mouth . - Unlike , terrestrial have skulls that are adapted for biting land @-@ living prey . The between the bones of the skull in the are able to withstand a high degree of compression . forces would have been experienced when biting down on prey . Earlier aquatic and ancestors differ from like in that their skulls were also built to withstand tension . This tension would have been experienced during feeding underwater . like were among the first that were almost exclusively terrestrial and fed by biting . - - = = = Reproduction = = = - - , like all amphibians , reproduced in aquatic environments . Most probably reproduced through external fertilization . Like most living frogs , female would have laid masses of eggs in water while males released sperm to them . Several fossils were described from the Early of Texas in 1998 that may be egg masses of . They were the first known fossils of amphibian eggs . The fossils consist of small disks with thin membranes that are probably membranes and @-@ like areas surrounding them that are most likely coatings . They are attached to plant fossils , suggesting that these laid eggs on aquatic plants much like modern frogs . The membranes show that the eggs were laid by amphibians , not fish ( their eggs lack ) , but the type of amphibian that laid them cannot be known because no body fossils are preserved with the eggs . The eggs are thought to be from because they are likely to be close relatives of modern amphibians , and probably had similar reproductive strategies . They are also the most common amphibians from the deposit in which the eggs were found . - One , the , may have young in an area between the gills called the . Small bones belonging to younger individuals have been found in these pouches . The living Darwin 's Frog is also a mouth and would be the closest modern to if it cared for its young in this way . An alternative possibility is that was , eating its young like many amphibians do today . If this was the case , the bones of these smaller individuals were originally located in the throat and were pushed into the as the animal . - Body impressions of Early from Pennsylvania suggest that some terrestrial mated on land like some modern amphibians . They reproduced through internal fertilization rather than mating in water . The presence of three individuals in one block of sandstone shows that the were gregarious . The head of one individual rests under the tail of another in what may be a courtship display . Internal fertilization and similar courtship behavior are seen in modern . - - = = = Growth = = = - - While most types of are distinguished on the basis of features in mature specimens , several are known from juvenile and specimens . is seen in , , and , with aquatic larvae developing into adults capable of living on land . Several types of do not fully , but retain features of juveniles such as gills and small body size in what is known as . and the were also because they retained gills , but they are only known from adult specimens . - larvae are often distinguished by poorly developed bones and the presence of a apparatus , a series of bones that gills would attach to in life . However , some fully mature also possess bones but did not have external gills . A dense covering of scales is also seen in larvae and adults . Major body changes occur in , including the and strengthening of skull bones , the of bones , and an increase in body size . - like are known from both large adult specimens and small larvae , showing an extreme change in body shape . In these species , the shape and proportions of skull bones change in the early stages of development . The ornamentation on the surface of the skull roof also develops at this time . Small , regularly spaced pits are the first to form , followed by larger ridges . As development continues , the external gills disappear . Small teeth that once covered the palate are lost . The skeleton does not develop at the same rate as the skull , with ossification ( the replacement of cartilage by bone ) happening more slowly . and limb bones are poorly developed , ribs and fingers are absent in the early stages , and the and are entirely absent through most of development . Once maturity is reached , most bones have fully formed and growth rate slows . The bones of some like show growth marks , possibly an indication that growth rate varied with the change in seasons . of like and show that individuals grew larger past maturity . The oldest individuals usually have more on their skulls with deeper . - One group of , the , is also known from specimens . like and are represented by many fossils preserving skin and external gills . An entire growth series is exhibited in the wide range of sizes among specimens , but the lack of adapted adult forms suggests that these were . Unlike other , their skeletons developed quickly but were still partly when fully mature . Adults likely had an aquatic lifestyle similar to juveniles . Recently , large specimens of were described with adaptations toward a terrestrial lifestyle , indicating that not all were . - While most are aquatic in early stages of life , most appear to have been terrestrial in their juvenile stage . Like other , adult were adapted to a lifestyle . Their bones are not highly developed for movement on land . The cross @-@ thickness of limb bones in adult shows that they could not withstand the stress of terrestrial . individuals have bones that are thick enough to withstand this stress , and could probably move about on land . To maintain a terrestrial lifestyle , a 's limb bones would have to with positive , meaning that they would grow at a greater rate than the rest of the body . This is not the case in , meaning that as their bodies grew larger they became less adapted toward a terrestrial lifestyle . - - = = = = = = - - and other early have rounded in the back of the skull that project into the cheek region . In life , the notch would have been covered by a membrane called the , which is seen as a disk @-@ like area in living frogs . The is involved in hearing , and is similar to the ear drum of more advanced . It was traditionally thought that the developed very early in evolution as a hearing organ and progressed to form the ear drum of . Thus , possessed a hearing system supposedly ancestral to that of living amphibians and reptiles . - and all other living have a rod @-@ like bone called the that aids in hearing by transferring from the ear drum — or — to the inner ear . also have a , which projects into the cavity . The likely evolved from the of lobe @-@ fishes . The positioning of the and the shape of the region suggests that the of and frogs are , but the of these amphibians are no longer considered with the hearing systems of reptiles , birds , and mammals . Therefore , ear structures in were not ancestral to those of all other . - The ability of the and to effectively transmit is called matching . Early like have thick with poor matching , so it is now thought that they were not used for hearing . Instead , these thick may have functioned to support the tissue that covers the notch . Early like could not hear airborne sound but would have been able to detect vibration in the ground . Later like had regions adapted to hearing . has a structure in the inner ear called the , which is also seen in frogs and is associated with hearing . Its is also a better of sound . The hearing system of and related was able to detect airborne sound and may have been ancestral to that of living amphibians . - - - = de Bayeux = - - de Bayeux ( 1121 to ) was a medieval English and archdeacon in the Diocese of York . A relative of , the Archbishop of York , probably owed his ecclesiastical positions to this relative . After 's death , was opposed to one of the candidates for the archbishopric , William , and worked to secure 's deposition and replacement by Henry . After 's death in , tried to prevent the return of , but these attempts were unsuccessful . When died suddenly in 1154 , was accused of murdering the newly returned archbishop . Although he was never convicted of the murder in either a secular or an ecclesiastical court , he was stripped of his clerical status and became a before . He died after , perhaps even after 1194 . - - = = Early life = = - - was first mentioned in the historical record between 1121 and 1128 when he appears in a charter , which although likely a forgery , probably contains an authentic witness list . This document lists him as " archdeacon " , which means that he probably held the of Richmond . He was the nephew of , who was Archbishop of York from to 1140 . he owed his position as archdeacon to his uncle and was probably appointed at a young age . A charter of 's , dating to around 1138 , names explicitly as 's nephew . - - = = Opposition to William = = - - was opposed to the election of William as Archbishop of York and supported William 's rival and successor Henry . Although he remained a supporter of after , he did oppose 's in Abbey , where had deposed one abbot and appointed another . In , deposed 's choice as abbot of and appointed another abbot . Originally , had supported Elias , 's choice for abbot , but then changed his stance and helped with the deposition . - After 's death in , was opposed to William 's return as archbishop , but was unsuccessful in his attempts to prevent William 's . William died a week after his return to York , however , and , along with Robert of , the Dean of York , secured the quick election of the new archbishop , Roger de L . - - = = accusations = = - - was accused of murdering William , specifically by poisoning him through the communion . A fellow , , who had been a of the deceased archbishop , brought murder charges against . obtained a hearing on the charges at a royal council presided over by King Stephen of England at in 1154 , but Stephen 's subsequent death prevented a resolution . attempted to have the trial switched to an ecclesiastical court and was supported in his efforts by Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury . A trial was finally held in and 's did not produce any witnesses , but was unable to prove his innocence , prompting the transfer of the case to a papal court . No record of any judgment exists , but apparently appeared before two , Adrian IV and Alexander III . A further appeal to the papal court was referred to papal judges @-@ delegate between 1175 and 1180 . - The case attracted commentary by two contemporary writers . John of Salisbury , who was a secretary for Theobald , added information about in a letter to Alexander III on unrelated business . In the section of the letter , John pointed out to the pope that no matter what others might say about , he had failed to secure other clergy willing to that he was innocent . Another contemporary , Gilbert Foliot , who was Bishop of Hereford , wrote to the pope to remind him that although 's had offered to prove his accusations by undergoing a trial by ordeal , this was essentially meaningless since canon law forbade the clergy from the ordeal . - - = = Later life and death = = - - was no longer archdeacon by , as his successor is attested by that point . , however , continued to call himself " archdeacon " even though he held land as a secular lord , including lands in Lacy and . He also acted as a steward for Hugh de . was still alive in , as he was a witness to a document at York then , and may have been alive as late as 1194 , when Hugh was responsible for the farm of 's lands , as the record of that transaction in the roll is unclear if was alive at that time or dead . - had two sons , William de Bayeux and de . was a benefactor to a number of monasteries , including Drax Priory , Priory and Priory . He also gave land to a hospital in York and to the Templars and Hospitallers . - - - = Dvorak technique = - - The Dvorak technique ( developed between 1969 and 1984 by Vernon Dvorak ) is a widely used system to estimate tropical cyclone intensity ( which includes tropical depression , tropical storm , and hurricane / typhoon / intense tropical cyclone ) based solely on visible and infrared satellite images . Within the Dvorak satellite strength estimate for tropical cyclones , there are several visual patterns that a cyclone may take on which define the upper and lower bounds on its intensity . The primary patterns used are curved band pattern ( @-@ ) , shear pattern ( @-@ ) , central dense ( ) pattern ( @-@ ) , central cold cover ( ) pattern , banding eye pattern ( @-@ ) , and eye pattern ( - ) . - Both the central dense and embedded eye pattern use the size of the . The pattern start at , equivalent to minimal tropical storm intensity ( 40 mph , 65 km / h ) . The shape of the central dense is also considered . The eye pattern utilizes the of the cloud tops within the surrounding mass of thunderstorms and contrasts it with the temperature within the eye itself . The larger the temperature difference is , the stronger the tropical cyclone . Once a pattern is identified , the storm features ( such as length and of banding features ) are further analyzed to arrive at a particular T @-@ number . The pattern indicates little development is occurring , despite the cold cloud tops associated with the quickly evolving feature . - Several agencies issue Dvorak intensity numbers for tropical cyclones and their precursors , including the National Hurricane Center 's Tropical Analysis and Branch ( ) , the / Analysis Branch ( ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Meteorology and Command in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - - = = Evolution of the method = = - - The initial development of this technique occurred in 1969 by Vernon Dvorak , using satellite pictures of tropical cyclones within the northwest Pacific ocean . The system as it was initially conceived involved pattern matching of cloud features with a development and decay model . As the technique matured through the 1970s and 1980s , measurement of cloud features became dominant in defining tropical cyclone intensity and central pressure of the tropical cyclone 's low @-@ pressure area . Use of infrared satellite imagery led to a more objective assessment of the strength of tropical cyclones with eyes , using the cloud top temperatures within the eyewall and contrasting them with the warm temperatures within the eye itself . on short term intensity change are used less frequently than they were back in the 1970s and 1980s . The central pressures assigned to tropical cyclones have required modification , as the original estimates were 5 @-@ 10 hPa ( 0 @.@ 15 @-@ 0 @.@ 29 inHg ) too low in the Atlantic and up to 20 hPa ( 0 @.@ 59 inHg ) too high in the northwest Pacific . This led to the development of a separate wind @-@ pressure relationship for the northwest Pacific , devised by Atkinson and Holliday in 1975 , then modified in 1977 . - As human analysts using the technique lead to biases , efforts have been made to make more objective estimates using computer programs , which have been aided by higher @-@ resolution satellite imagery and more powerful computers . Since tropical cyclone satellite patterns can over time , automated techniques use a six @-@ hour averaging period to lead to more reliable intensity estimates . Development of the objective Dvorak technique began in 1998 , which performed best with tropical cyclones that had eyes ( of hurricane or typhoon strength ) . It still required a manual center placement , keeping some within the process . By 2004 , an advanced objective Dvorak technique was developed which utilized banding features for systems below hurricane intensity and to determine the tropical cyclone 's center . A central pressure bias was uncovered in 2004 relating to the slope of the and cloud top temperatures which change with latitude that helped improve central pressure estimates within the objective technique . - - = = Details of the method = = - - In a developing cyclone , the technique takes advantage of the fact that cyclones of similar intensity tend to have certain characteristic features , and as they strengthen , they tend to change in appearance in a predictable manner . The structure and organization of the tropical cyclone are tracked over 24 hours to determine if the storm has weakened , maintained its intensity , or strengthened . Various central cloud and banding features are compared with that show typical storm patterns and their associated intensity . If infrared satellite imagery is available for a cyclone with a visible eye pattern , then the technique utilizes the difference between the temperature of the warm eye and the surrounding cold cloud tops to determine intensity ( colder cloud tops generally indicate a more intense storm ) . In each case a " T @-@ number " ( an abbreviation for Tropical Number ) and a Current ( ) value are assigned to the storm . These measurements range between 1 ( minimum intensity ) and 8 ( maximum intensity ) . The T @-@ number and value are the same except for weakening storms , in which case the is higher . For weakening systems , the is held as the tropical cyclone intensity for 12 hours , though research from the National Hurricane Center indicates that six hours is more reasonable . The table at right shows the approximate surface wind speed and sea level pressure that corresponds to a given T @-@ number . The amount a tropical cyclone can change in strength per 24 ‑ hour period is limited to 2 @.@ 5 T @-@ numbers per day . - - = = = Pattern types = = = - - Within the Dvorak satellite strength estimate for tropical cyclones , there are several visual patterns that a cyclone may take on which define the upper and lower bounds on its intensity . The primary patterns used are curved band pattern ( @-@ ) , shear pattern ( @-@ ) , central dense ( ) pattern ( @-@ ) , banding eye pattern ( @-@ ) , eye pattern ( - ) , and central cold cover ( ) pattern . Both the central dense and embedded eye pattern utilize the size of the . The pattern start at , equivalent to minimal tropical storm intensity ( 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) ) . The shape of the central dense is also considered . The farther the center is into the , the stronger it is deemed . Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds between 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) and 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) can have their center of obscured by cloudiness within visible and infrared satellite imagery , which makes diagnosis of their intensity a challenge . - The pattern , with its large and quickly developing mass of thick clouds spreading out from an area of convection near a tropical cyclone center within a short time frame , indicates little development . When it develops , rainbands and cloud lines around the tropical cyclone weaken and the thick cloud shield the circulation center . While it resembles a pattern , it is rarely seen . - The eye pattern utilizes the of the cloud tops within the surrounding mass of thunderstorms and contrasts it with the temperature within the eye itself . The larger the temperature difference is , the stronger the tropical cyclone . Winds within tropical cyclones can also be estimated by tracking features within the using rapid scan satellite imagery , whose pictures are taken minutes apart rather than every half @-@ hour . - Once a pattern is identified , the storm features ( such as length and of banding features ) are further analyzed to arrive at a particular T @-@ number . - - = = Usage = = - - Several agencies issue Dvorak intensity numbers for tropical cyclones and their precursors . These include the National Hurricane Center 's Tropical Analysis and Branch ( ) , the National and Administration 's Analysis Branch ( ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Center in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - The National Hurricane Center will often quote Dvorak T @-@ numbers in their tropical cyclone products . The following example is from discussion number 3 of Tropical Depression 24 ( eventually Hurricane ) of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season : - IN A / 35 . ... THE 12 THE . ... THE 30 . - Note that in this case the Dvorak T @-@ number ( in this case ) was simply used as a guide but other factors determined how the NHC decided to set the system 's intensity . - The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Studies ( ) at the University of Wisconsin – Madison has developed the Dvorak ( ) . This is a modified version of the Dvorak technique which uses computer algorithms rather than human interpretation to arrive at a number . This is generally not implemented for tropical depressions or weak tropical storms . The China Meteorological Agency ( ) is expected to start using the standard 1984 version of Dvorak in the near future . The Indian Meteorological Department ( ) prefers using visible satellite imagery over infrared imagery due to a perceived high bias in estimates derived from infrared imagery during the early morning hours of convective maximum . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) uses the infrared version of Dvorak over the visible imagery version . Hong Kong Observatory and JMA continue to utilize Dvorak after tropical cyclone landfall . Various centers hold on to the maximum current intensity for 6 – 12 hours , though this rule is broken when rapid weakening is obvious . - Citizen science site Cyclone Center uses a modified version of the Dvorak technique to post @-@ 1970 tropical weather . - of Selected Tropical Storms and Associated T @-@ Number - - = = and disadvantages = = - - The most significant benefit of the use of the technique is that it has provided a more complete history of tropical cyclone intensity in areas where aircraft reconnaissance is neither possible nor routinely available . estimates of maximum sustained wind are currently within 5 miles per hour ( 8 @.@ 0 km / h ) of what aircraft are able to measure half of the time , though the assignment of intensity of systems with strengths between moderate tropical @-@ storm force ( 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) ) and weak or typhoon @-@ force ( 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) ) is the least certain . Its overall precision has not always been true , as in the technique led to intensity changes between 1972 and 1977 of up to 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) . The method is internally consistent in that it rapid increases or decreases in tropical cyclone intensity . Some tropical cyclones in strength more than the 2 @.@ 5 T numbers per day limit allowed by the rule , which can work to the technique 's disadvantage and has led to occasional abandonment of the constraints since the 1980s . Systems with small eyes near the limb , or edge , of a satellite image can be biased too weakly using the technique , which can be resolved through use of polar @-@ orbiting satellite imagery . Subtropical cyclone intensity cannot be determined using Dvorak , which led to the development of the @-@ technique in 1975 . undergoing extratropical transition , losing their thunderstorm activity , see their underestimated using the Dvorak technique . This led to the development of the Miller and extratropical transition technique which can be used under these circumstances . - - - = New York State Route = - - New York State Route ( NY ) was a state highway in central New York in the United States . It served as a connector between NY 31 , its parent route , in the Cayuga County village of and NY 5 in the Onondaga County town of Elbridge . NY was assigned c . 1933 , replacing New York State Route 293 , a route assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . The NY designation was removed in 1980 and replaced by County Route ( CR ) in Cayuga County and CR 99 in Onondaga County . - - = = Route description = = - - NY began at an intersection with its parent route , NY 31 , in the Cayuga County village of . The highway went eastward , intersecting with NY 34 less than 0 @.@ 1 miles ( 0 @.@ 2 km ) later . Much of was , with the highway passing residential homes and businesses as it progressed eastward through the village . The highway intersected with CR before leaving and entering the town of Brutus as Brutus Road . - In Brutus , NY continued to the east through the rural town , intersecting CR and passing the Rural Cemetery before turning to the southeast . After a short distance , the highway went through an isolated area of homes , where it intersected with CR 14 and CR . NY continued on , intersecting several local highways before crossing into Onondaga County and terminating at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of Elbridge . - - = = History = = - - What became NY was originally designated as NY 293 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 293 was renumbered to NY c . 1933 , allowing the NY 293 designation to be transferred to another highway in Orange County . NY remained unchanged until January 2 , 1980 , when the NY designation was removed . - and maintenance of NY 's former routing was gradually transferred to the counties it went through , namely Cayuga and Onondaga . The first section to be transferred was the portion within Onondaga County , which was given to the county on April 1 , 1980 , and designated as CR 99 . The Cayuga County section of former NY was transferred to the county one year later on April 1 , 1981 , and designated as CR for the state route that preceded it . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Ben Amos = - - Benjamin Paul " Ben " Amos ( born 10 April 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bolton Wanderers . Born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , Amos began his career with Crewe Alexandra 's youth academy , but joined Manchester United at the age of 11 . He has spent time on loan at Peterborough United , Molde , and Oldham Athletic . Additionally , Amos is an England youth international , having represented his country at every level from Under @-@ 16 to Under @-@ 21 . - - = = Club career = = - - - = = = Crewe Alexandra = = = - - Amos was born in Macclesfield , Cheshire and was a member of the Crewe Alexandra academy until he was released at the age of 10 . While at Crewe , he also played for another local team , United , as a centre midfielder . One year later , Amos was playing for his local team against the team at the top of the table , and they needed to win the match to win the league . Amos ' team 's goalkeeper was injured during the game , and as the tallest on the team , Amos was put in goal ; however , he had also been the team 's regular penalty taker all season , so when they were awarded a penalty , he went all the way up the pitch to take the kick . He scored , and his team went on to win the game 3 – 2 , together with the league title . After the game , his parents told him that a Manchester United scout had been watching him and that he had been invited for trials . Amos joined Manchester United at the age of 11 . - - = = = Manchester United = = = - - In his first season at Manchester United , Amos became a regular starter for the club 's Under @-@ 13 team , playing in 19 out of 27 matches in the 2001 – 02 season . Amos was named as an unused substitute for the Under @-@ 18 side for the first time on 8 January 2005 , for a league game against Manchester City . His first appearance for the Under @-@ came exactly nine months later , on 8 October 2005 , coming on as a substitute for Danny Rose after starting goalkeeper Ron @-@ Robert was sent off in a 2 – 0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers . He was regularly named as an unused substitute during the 2005 – 06 season – including for two reserve team matches – but became a frequent starter for the Under @-@ in 2006 – 07 after signing a trainee contract in July 2006 . However , he missed the final of the 2006 – 07 FA Youth Cup with a shoulder . - He retained his place in the Under @-@ 18 team for 2007 – 08 , in addition to making his debut for the reserve team against Athletic on 7 November 2007 , and during the season he impressed enough to be selected to go on the first @-@ team 's 2008 summer tour of South Africa . Amos was named as a substitute for all three matches of the tour , but did not play . route back from South Africa , United stopped off in Nigeria to play against Portsmouth on 27 July 2008 , with Amos replacing after 76 minutes . He made his competitive first @-@ team debut on 23 September 2008 in a 3 – 1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the third round of the League Cup . On 14 December 2008 , Amos travelled to Japan with the Manchester United squad for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup , having been called up as a late replacement for Ben Foster , who had suffered a hand injury while training . - - = = = to Peterborough and Molde = = = - - On 29 October 2009 , Amos signed for the Championship team Peterborough United on a month 's loan as cover for Peterborough 's suspended first @-@ choice goalkeeper Joe Lewis . He made his only appearance on 31 October in a 2 – 1 defeat against Barnsley . After returning to Manchester United , Amos was again sent out on loan in March 2010 , this time to Norwegian side Molde , where he remained on loan until 30 June 2010 . - - = = = Return to Manchester United = = = - - Following the departure of Ben Foster from Manchester United to Birmingham City , United manager Alex Ferguson declared that Amos would be Manchester United 's third @-@ choice goalkeeper for the 2010 – 11 season behind Edwin van der and . He made his first appearance of the season on 26 October 2010 , starting in goal for United 's 3 – 2 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup . - In United 's final Champions League group match on 7 December 2010 , Amos was picked to start against Valencia at Old Trafford . Pablo scored Valencia 's only goal past him after 32 minutes of the match – the first goal United had conceded in the Champions League that season – as the two sides played out a 1 – 1 draw . - - = = = Loan to Oldham Athletic = = = - - With the signing of Danish goalkeeper Anders , Manchester United allowed Amos to join Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the season on 7 January 2011 , although he would continue to train with Manchester United once a week . He made his debut against Town the next day and kept a clean sheet . However , three days later , he conceded all six goals in a 6 – 0 defeat at home to Southampton ; he allowed Adam 's 20 @-@ yard shot underneath his body for the second goal , and he was rounded by Lee for the sixth . - On 15 March 2011 , was ruled out for five weeks following a knee injury , so Amos was recalled from Oldham to cover for Edwin van der and . - - = = = Return to Manchester United = = = - - Amos made his first start of the 2011 – 12 season in a third round League Cup tie at Road against Leeds United . He kept a clean sheet as United cruised through to the next round winning 3 – 0 . He played again in the following round away at Aldershot Town , a game which United also won 3 – 0 and advanced to the quarter finals . He was in goal again for United 's League Cup game in a defeat against Championship club Crystal Palace on 30 November . It also seemed that he had moved above last season 's second choice in the pecking order , but was now third choice behind Anders and David de . He made his first Premier League start in a 2 – 0 home win against Stoke City on 31 January 2012 , keeping a clean sheet on his debut . - On 30 May 2012 , Amos signed a three @-@ year contract extension with Manchester United , which will keep him at the club until at least 2015 . - - = = = Loan to Hull City = = = - - On 31 July 2012 , Amos joined Championship team Hull City on a season @-@ long loan from Manchester United . Before the loan deal was completed , he had joined Hull on their pre @-@ season training camp in Portugal . He made his debut on 11 August 2012 in 7 – 6 penalty shoot @-@ out victory over Rotherham United in the first round of the 2012 – 13 Football League Cup . However , after 19 appearances , including two in the League Cup , Amos returned to Manchester United on 3 January 2013 . - - = = = Loan to Carlisle United = = = - - On 15 November 2013 , Amos joined League One team Carlisle United on a month @-@ long loan from Manchester United . - - = = = Loan to Bolton Wanderers = = = - - On 30 January 2015 he joined Championship club Bolton Wanderers on a month 's loan to provide competition for Andy Lonergan after was ruled out with an ankle injury picked up in training . On 21 February 2015 he made his Bolton debut as a substitute for the injured Lonergan as Wanderers lost 4 – 1 to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground . He played nine Championship games for Bolton before his loan expired on 4 April . - - = = = Return to Manchester United = = = - - Ben Amos returned to Manchester United after his loan spell at Bolton Wanderers , but on 10 June 2015 , it was announced on Manchester United website that Ben Amos has been released from the club along with four other players . - - = = = Bolton Wanderers = = = - - On 1 July 2015 , Amos returned to Bolton Wanderers following his release from Manchester United , signing a four @-@ year contract with the club . - - = = International career = = - - Amos is an England youth international , having played for his country at the Under @-@ 16 , Under @-@ 17 , Under @-@ 18 , Under @-@ 19 , Under @-@ 20 and Under @-@ 21 levels . He was called up to the Under @-@ 21 squad in 2011 for their friendly match against Iceland , but he was an unused substitute . - - = = Career statistics = = - - As of 1 December 2015 - - = = Honours = = - - - = = = Club = = = - - Manchester United - FIFA Club World Cup ( 1 ) : 2008 - - = = Personal life = = - - Amos attended High School , where he earned 11 GCSEs at grade C or above . - - - = Clayton = - - Clayton Edward ( born March 19 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . A left @-@ handed starting pitcher , has played in the major leagues since 2008 , and his career earned run average ( ERA ) and and hits per innings pitched average ( ) are the lowest among starters in the live @-@ ball era with a minimum of 1 @,@ 000 innings pitched . With his Career Hits Per Nine average ( 6 @.@ 64 ) Which is the second lowest in MLB History , a three @-@ time Cy Young Award winner , the 2014 National League Most Valuable Player and Los Angeles Dodgers All Time Leader in walks and hits per innings pitched ( 1 @.@ 01 ) and hits allowed per nine innings pitched ( 6 @.@ 64 ) , is considered by many to be the best pitcher in MLB . - was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 MLB draft . He worked his way through the Dodgers ' farm system in just one full season , and reached the majors at 20 years old . When he debuted in 2008 , he was the youngest player in MLB , a title he held for one full year . In 2011 , he won the pitching Triple Crown and the National League Cy Young Award , becoming the youngest pitcher to accomplish either of these feats since Dwight in 1985 . pitched a no @-@ hitter on June 18 , 2014 , becoming the 22nd to do so . Being a left @-@ handed strikeout pitcher and playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers , has often been compared to Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy . He became the first pitcher in history to lead MLB in ERA for four consecutive years when he did so in the 2011 through 2014 seasons . - Off the field , is an active participant in volunteer work . He and his wife , Ellen , launched " 's Challenge " and wrote the book to raise money to build an orphanage in Zambia . He has been honored with the Roberto Award and the Branch Award for his humanitarian work . - - = = Early life = = - - was born in Dallas , Texas on March 19 , 1988 . His parents divorced when he was 10 , and he was raised by his mother . He played in youth sports leagues as a child , including Little League Baseball . - attended nearby Highland Park High School , where he played baseball and was also the center for quarterback Matthew Stafford on the football varsity . After a growth and further development of his pitches , he established himself as an elite high school prospect in 2006 when he posted a 13 – 0 record with an earned run average ( ERA ) of 0 @.@ 77 , and recorded 139 strikeouts in 64 innings pitched . In a playoff game against Northwest High School of Justin , Texas , pitched an all @-@ strikeout perfect game . He struck out all 15 batters he faced in the game , which was shortened because of the mercy rule . He also pitched for USA Baseball 's Junior National Team in the Pan Am Championship . was selected by USA Today as " High School Baseball Player of the Year " , and was also the National Player of the Year for baseball . - Entering the 2006 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft , was considered the top high @-@ school pitcher available . The Los Angeles Dodgers selected with the seventh overall pick in the draft . He had committed to Texas A & M University , but turned down the scholarship offer to sign with the Dodgers , with a bonus estimated at $ 2 @.@ 3 million . The bonus was the largest to any Dodgers draft pick at the time , and was eventually topped by Zach Lee in the 2010 draft . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Minor = = = - - began his career with the Gulf Coast League ( ) Dodgers . He pitched in 37 innings in which he struck out 54 batters ( walking only 5 ) , while compiling a record of 2 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 95 ERA . He featured a fastball that topped out at 96 miles per hour ( 154 km / h ) and he was rated as the top prospect in the , and the Dodgers ' second best prospect by Baseball America behind third baseman Andy . - was promoted to the Great Lakes in 2007 , where he recorded a record of 7 – 5 with a 2 @.@ 77 ERA . He was selected to play on the East Team in the Midwest League All @-@ Star Game and on the USA team in the All @-@ Star Game . On August 6 , he was promoted to the Double @-@ A Jacksonville Suns in the Southern League , where he produced a 1 – 2 record and 3 @.@ 65 ERA in five starts and was selected as the top prospect in the Dodgers organization heading into the 2008 season . - During spring training in a game against the Boston Red Sox , gained much attention for throwing a curveball to Sean Casey that started behind Casey but at the end looped into the strike zone and struck him out looking . was 0 – 3 and had a 2 @.@ 28 ERA with 47 strikeouts through ⁄ 3 innings pitched in his first stint of the year with the Suns . He was then called up to the majors on May 28 , 2008 , but optioned back to Jacksonville on July 2 . - pitched 18 innings during his second trip to Jacksonville ( two starts and one seven inning relief appearance ) , winning two games . During this stretch , he allowed only two runs earned runs , lowering his ERA to 1 @.@ 91 . He was recalled on July 22 . - - = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = - - - = = = = 2008 – 2010 seasons : Early career = = = = - - On May 24 , 2008 , the Dodgers bought 's minor @-@ league contract , and he was added to the active roster . Tony Jackson called 's debut the most anticipated start by a Dodgers pitcher since 's major league debut during the 1995 season . He made his debut on May 25 , starting against the St. Louis Cardinals . He struck out the first batter he faced , , the first of seven strikeouts in the game , in which he pitched six innings and allowed two runs . When he debuted , was the youngest player in MLB , a title he held for one full year . - won his first major league game against the Washington on July 27 , 2008 . He pitched six @-@ plus shutout innings , allowing four hits , a walk , and he struck out five . finished his rookie season 5 – 5 , with a 4 @.@ 26 ERA in 22 games ( 21 starts ) . He also pitched two innings out of the bullpen for the Dodgers in the 2008 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Philadelphia Phillies . - On April 15 , 2009 , pitched seven innings , striking out 13 batters while allowing only one hit ( a solo home run ) against the rival San Francisco Giants . He was the youngest to ever strikeout 13 or more batters in a game since Sandy did it in the 1955 season . On May 17 , 2009 , did not allow a hit against the Florida Marlins through 7 innings , then gave up a lead @-@ off double to Florida 's Ross . In 2009 , despite an 8 – 8 record , he led the major leagues in opposing batting average ( ) , opposing percentage ( ) , and hits per nine innings ( 6 @.@ 26 ) . He also posted an ERA of 2 @.@ 79 and 185 strikeouts . also walked 91 batters , which was second most in the National League ( NL ) . - made his playoff starting debut against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2009 National League Division Series ( NLDS ) . He went 62 ⁄ 3 innings , striking out 4 , walking 1 , and ended up getting a no @-@ decision ( the Dodgers went on to win the game in the 9th inning ) . At 21 years old , he started the opener of the 2009 NLCS against the Philadelphia Phillies and was the third youngest pitcher to ever start a playoff series opener , behind only Fernando in the 1981 NLDS and Rick in the 2000 NLDS . - started the 2010 season by posting a 3 @.@ 07 ERA in April , but did so by walking 22 batters in 29 innings . On May 4 , he had his worst start of his career against the Milwaukee Brewers at Stadium , throwing just 57 pitches in 11 ⁄ 3 innings , while retiring only four of the 13 batters he faced — including the pitcher . He was loudly upon being pulled from the game . said after the game , " I didn 't give our team any kind of chance . It 's just not a good feeling to let your teammates down , let everybody down . It stings , it . I 've got to figure things out . " - rebounded his next start by pitching an 8 inning two @-@ hitter and out @-@ the then undefeated . He credited his control of the slider being the major turning point for him . Later in the season , he was suspended for five games after hitting Aaron of the Giants with a pitch in a game on July 20 . The incident occurred after both teams were given a warning following Giants ace Tim hitting Matt earlier in the game . He threw his first career complete game shutout on September 14 , 2010 also against San Francisco and finished the season with a record of 13 – 10 and a 2 @.@ 91 ERA in 32 starts , pitching ⁄ 3 innings and recording 212 strikeouts . - - = = = = 2011 season : 1st Cy Young Award = = = = - - After finishing the 2010 season strong , the Dodgers named as the Opening Day for the 2011 season . On May 29 , he pitched the second complete @-@ game shutout of his career , striking out 10 while winning a two @-@ hitter against the Florida Marlins , 8 – 0 ; he also had two singles and an , scoring twice in the game . He produced his third career shutout on June 20 , a two @-@ hit , 11 @-@ strikeout effort against the Detroit Tigers . became the first Dodgers starter to strike out the side in the 9th inning since Sandy 's perfect game . In his next start , on June 26 , pitched another complete game ( against the Los Angeles Angels of ) . He became the first starter to have back @-@ to @-@ back complete game victories since Jeff Weaver in the 2005 season and the first to have double @-@ digit strikeouts in consecutive starts since Chan @-@ Ho Park in the 2000 season . He was awarded the National League Player of the Week award for the week of June 20 – 26 as a result of those two starts . Midway through June , had amassed 32 career victories , a 3 @.@ 15 ERA and 593 career strikeouts in 568 @.@ 2 innings . According to the Elias Sports Bureau , was the first 23 @-@ year @-@ old pitcher to have that many victories , an ERA that low and an average of more than one strikeout per inning since ERA became an official statistic in 1910 . - was selected to the National League team for the 2011 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his first All @-@ Star selection . In the month of July , was 4 – 1 with a 2 @.@ 02 ERA and NL @-@ leading 45 strikeouts , earning him the National League Pitcher of the Month Award . On August 23 , he struck out Matt Holliday of the St. Louis Cardinals for his 200th strikeout of the season and became the 10th pitcher to record back @-@ to @-@ back 200 strikeout seasons and the first since Chan @-@ Ho Park did it in the 2001 season . - finished the 2011 season by leading the NL with 21 wins , strikeouts and a 2 @.@ 28 ERA , winning the NL pitching Triple Crown , the first Triple Crown winner since Jake of the 2007 San Diego Padres and the first since Sandy won it in the 1966 season . Justin of the Detroit Tigers won the American League Triple Crown the same season , marking the first major @-@ league season since 1924 to feature Triple Crown @-@ winning pitchers in both leagues . 's 21 wins were the most by a pitcher since won 23 during the 1988 season . His ERA was the lowest by a since 's 2 @.@ 03 in the 1985 season , his strikeouts were the most by a since 's 317 in 1966 and his 233 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched were the most since Chan Ho Park pitched 234 in 2001 . Since 1965 when did it , and are only two pitchers in the National League have led the league in wins , strikeouts , ERA , and ( walks plus hits per inning pitched ) . also became just the second to have a 240 @-@ plus strikeouts in a season before the age of 24 , joining Vida Blue . - After the season , was awarded the Warren Award as the best left @-@ handed pitcher in 2011 , the Players Choice Award for Most Outstanding National League pitcher , the Gold Award as the top fielding pitcher in the NL and the Sporting News ( ) National League Pitcher of the Year . He was additionally selected as the starting pitcher for the NL All @-@ Star Team . On November 17 , he was honored with the National League Cy Young Award , making him the youngest Cy Young winner since Dwight of the 1985 New York Mets . He was the 8th pitcher to win the award , the first since in the 2003 season . - - = = = = 2012 season : Cy Young runner @-@ up = = = = - - On February 7 , 2012 , and the Dodgers agreed on a two @-@ year , $ 19 million contract . The contract was the second highest for a player in his first year of arbitration ( after Tim 's $ 23 million 2 @-@ year contract in 2010 ) . - was the Dodgers ' Opening Day starter for the second year in a row , where he pitched three innings of shutout ball against the San Diego Padres at Park before being removed from the game due to flu @-@ like symptoms . On April 27 , he was able to last through eight innings for his second win of the season against the Washington . The win was also his 12th straight home win , tying him with Ed ( June 1960 – August 1962 ) and ( September 1984 – October 1985 ) for the longest home winning streak since the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles . won the National League 's Player of the Week Award for the week of May 14 – 20 after he made two starts during that week and pitched 16 scoreless innings , including his fourth career shutout . was selected to appear in the 2012 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , the second straight year he made the team . On August 11 , he went over 200 innings on the season , becoming the 12th Los Angeles pitcher with three or more seasons of 200 or more innings , and the first since did it five times from 1985 to 1989 . also became just the fifth pitcher with three straight 200 strikeout seasons . - finished 2012 with a 14 – 9 record , a 2 @.@ 53 ERA ( leading the league ) , strikeouts , and ⁄ 3 innings pitched , coming second in both categories . He became the first pitcher to lead the league in ERA in consecutive seasons since Arizona 's Randy Johnson in 2001 – 02 . This was also marked his fourth year in a row with a sub @-@ 3 @.@ 00 ERA , making him the first to do this since Randy Johnson from 1999 – 2002 . He finished second for the NL Cy Young behind R. A. Dickey , receiving two first place votes . - - = = = = 2013 season : 2nd Cy Young Award = = = = - - made his third straight opening day start for the Dodgers in the 2013 season , the first starter to do so since Derek Lowe ( 2005 – 2007 ) . In that opening day start he pitched a complete game , four hit , shutout over the Giants and also hit his first career home run . He was the first pitcher to throw a shutout and hit a home run on opening day since Bob Lemon of the Cleveland Indians did so against the Chicago White Sox on April 14 , 1953 . picked up his 1,000th career strikeout on April 17 , 2013 , when he struck out Alonso of the Padres . He was the second youngest to reach that mark , behind only Fernando . On May 14 , passed the 1 @,@ 000 inning mark for his career . His ERA of 2 @.@ 70 at the time was the fifth best of the live @-@ ball era at the 1 @,@ 000 inning mark and the best career mark . He also threw 130 pitches that day , the most of his career and the most by a pitcher since Pérez in the 2003 season . - was selected to the 2013 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his third straight selection . In July , he compiled a 4 – 1 record and 1 @.@ 34 ERA in six starts and was awarded his second National League Pitcher of the Month Award . On September 2 , picked up his 200th strikeout of 2013 , joining Hall of Sandy and Don as the only starters in Dodgers history with at least 4 consecutive seasons of more than 200 strikeouts . - finished the season with a 16 @-@ 9 record , 236 innings pitched ( a career high ) , and a Major League best 1 @.@ 83 ERA and 0 @.@ 92 . He was the third player in history to lead the Majors in ERA three years in a row , joining Greg ( 1993 – 95 ) and Grove ( 1929 – 31 ) . His ERA was the first sub @-@ 2 @.@ 00 ERA since Roger did it in the 2005 season and the lowest overall since Pedro Martínez in the 2000 season . He was only the third pitcher to have an ERA under 3 @.@ 00 in five consecutive seasons ( and ) . - struck out 12 batters in seven innings in the first game of the 2013 National League Division Series . That was the third most strikeouts by a pitcher in the playoffs , behind only ( 15 in the 1963 World Series ) and Carl ( 14 in the 1953 World Series ) . His six straight strikeouts in the game tied a MLB postseason record set by Tim in the second game of the 1988 World Series . He picked up his first career postseason victory in that game . - won the Warren Award for 2013 , the second time he had won the award , which honors the best left @-@ handed pitcher in the Major . He was also selected to the Sporting News NL All @-@ Star team , the fourth pitcher to be named to the team twice ( after , and Don ) . On November 13 , he won the NL Cy Young Award for the second time in three seasons . He became just the sixth pitcher in history to finish in the top two in voting three seasons in a row . - After the season , and the Dodgers agreed on a seven @-@ year , $ 215 million , contract extension . The deal was the richest in MLB history for a pitcher , eclipsing the seven @-@ year , $ 180 million , contract signed by Justin the previous year . The average annual value of $ 30 @.@ 7 million was also the largest ever for a baseball player , beating the $ 28 million Roger received in 2007 and the 10 @-@ year , $ 275 million contract that Alex Rodriguez signed that same year . - - = = = = 2014 season : MVP and 3rd Cy Young Award = = = = - - made his fourth straight opening day start for the Dodgers in 2014 , only the fourth ever to do so . This season the game was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Australia . Before his second start , felt some pain in his back and was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career . He did not rejoin the Dodgers until early May . On June 18 , he pitched a complete game no @-@ hitter against the Colorado Rockies and struck out a career @-@ high 15 batters . The only batter to reach base was due to an error in the top of the seventh inning , costing a perfect game . He is the only pitcher in MLB history with 15 strikeouts in a game while allowing no hits and no walks . was 6 @-@ 0 with an 0 @.@ 82 ERA in June and was awarded with his third career Pitcher of the Month award . He was selected to the National League squad at the 2014 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his fourth straight selection . He was the sixth pitcher , and the first since Fernando to make the All @-@ Star team four years in a row . - had a 41 inning scoreless inning streak that ended in the top of the sixth inning on July 10 when , with two outs , Chase to left field at Stadium . 's streak was , at the time , tied for the fifteenth longest scoreless inning streak in MLB history . He won the pitcher of the month award again in July , the third ( along with Don Sutton and Burt ) to win it two months in a row . He was 4 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 10 ERA in the month with 48 strikeouts and only 10 walks . He picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on September 2 , the fifth year in a row he had reached that number , trailing only the six seasons in a row for Sandy among starters . He also became just the fourth pitcher since 1893 to have at least five 200 @-@ strikeout seasons through an age @-@ 26 season ( Bert , Walter Johnson and Sam are the others ) . - finished the season 21 – 3 with a 1 @.@ 77 ERA in 27 starts . He led the National League in numerous categories once again , such as ERA , ERA + , Wins , % , , IP / , / 9 , @-@ to @-@ walk ratio , complete games , , and Wins Above for both pitchers and all NL players . He also finished third in strikeouts despite missing most of the first month of the season . He was the first pitcher in history to win four consecutive ERA titles . Many experts called his 2014 season one of the best pitching seasons in recent memory . - However , in his first start of the playoffs , in Game 1 of the Division Series against the Cardinals , became the first pitcher in history to strike out 10 while allowing eight runs . He had cruised through the first six innings while allowing only two hits ( both solo ) and surrendered six runs in the seventh . He did tie for the only Dodgers pitchers with multiple double digit strikeout games in the playoffs . He was also the first pitcher in history to give up at least seven runs in back @-@ to @-@ back postseason starts ( his previous one was Game 6 of the 2013 National League Championship Series ) . Pitching on short rest in Game 4 , he would again be dominant , but again would take the loss after giving up a 3 @-@ run home run to Matt Adams in the 7th inning . It was the first home run had allowed in his career to a left @-@ handed batter off his curveball . - was honored after the season with player of the year awards from both The Sporting News and Baseball America . He won three awards at the Players Choice Awards including Outstanding NL Pitcher , Player of the Year and the Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award . He also won his third ( and second straight ) Warren Award . On November 12 , he was awarded his third Cy Young Award in four seasons ( a unanimous vote ) . The following day , he was elected as the NL MVP , the first National League pitcher to win the award since Bob Gibson in 1968 and the first Dodgers player to win the award since Kirk Gibson in 1988 . - - = = = = 2015 season : 300 @-@ strikeout season = = = = - - made his fifth straight opening day start in 2015 , the first Dodgers pitcher to do so since Hall of Famer Don Sutton started seven in a row from 1972 through 1978 . He recorded his career strikeout on May 10 when he fanned Drew of the Colorado Rockies . picked up his 100th career win on May 15 against the Rockies . He became the 22nd pitcher in franchise history and the second youngest active pitcher to reach that mark . won his sixth career NL player of the week award for the week of June 1 – 7 , 2015 , when he allowed only two runs on 10 baserunners in 15 innings while striking out 18 in two starts that week . did not make the initial NL roster for the 2015 All @-@ Star Game , though he was included on the Final ballot , which he lost to Cardinals pitcher Carlos Martinez . However , he was added to the roster to replace pitcher Max , who was unavailable due to pitching the Sunday before the game . It became his fifth straight all @-@ star selection , joining Sandy and Fernando as the only Dodgers pitchers to accomplish that feat . struck out a season high 14 batters in eight shutout innings on July 18 against the Washington . He became the first Dodgers starter with back @-@ to @-@ back games of at least 13 strikeouts since Chan Ho Park in 2000 and the first Dodgers pitcher with back @-@ to @-@ back games of double @-@ digit strikeouts and no walks since Vance in 1930 . He shared the NL player of the week honors with his teammate Zack for the week of July 13 – 19 and won NL pitcher of the month for July . - picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on August 12 , tying 's 1995 season for the fastest to that mark in Dodgers history at 156 innings . This was the sixth straight 200 strikeout season for , tying Sandy for the most in Dodgers franchise history . On October 4 , became the 11th player in Major League history to strike out 300 batters in a season , the first player since Randy Johnson did it in 2002 . He finished the season with a 16 – 7 record , a 2 @.@ 13 ERA , and strikeouts in 232 2 ⁄ 3 innings . - In Game One of the 2015 National League Division Series , struck out 11 in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings but allowed three runs for his fifth straight postseason loss . He and New York Mets starter Jacob deGrom were the first pair of starters to each throw at least 11 strikeouts in the same postseason game in MLB history . He rebounded in game four , earning the win on three days ' rest by allowing one run and three hits against eight strikeouts in seven innings on October 13 . finished third in the National League Cy Young Award voting , behind Jake and teammate Zack . In mid @-@ December 2015 , participated in an expedition to Cuba composed of MLB officials and players , including former Dodgers manager Joe Torre . It was the first visit by MLB since 1999 , and one anticipated as an important step to help relations with the United States that had begun to ease earlier in the year . - - = = = = 2016 = = = = - - made his sixth straight opening day start in 2016 as the Dodgers won 15 – 0 . It also marked the first time the Dodgers had won six straight opening day games , all of which he started . On May 12 against the New York Mets , he struck out 13 while pitching a three @-@ hit complete game shutout . He set an MLB record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts and no more than one walk and a club record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts . He picked up his 100th strikeout on May 29 , while only walking five batters within that period . That was the lowest walk total for a pitcher reaching 100 strikeouts in the modern era , beating Cliff Lee who had seven walks in the 2010 season . On June 30 , 2016 , was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list due to back pain . He received an , which revealed that there was a mild disc in the back , and received an injection to treat the pain . He was named to the 2016 All @-@ Star team but was unable to pitch in the game due to his injury . On July 20 , the Dodgers shut down for an indefinite period of time . He continued to feel discomfort in his back after a simulated game . - - = = Pitching style = = - - 's pitching style relies on deception . He keeps the ball hidden so that it is hard for the batter to pick up the ball and has a consistent delivery on all of his pitches . Out of the , lowers his right foot vertically with a slight pause before moving it forward toward the plate . The motion was described during the 2015 National League Division Series as a " move " drawing comparison with one setting a on a bicycle . Out of the stretch , he uses a slide step as it makes it difficult for the base runner at first base to get a read on him . He has stated many times that he has modeled his pitching mechanics after his favorite pitcher growing up , Roger . - 's repertoire includes a four @-@ seam fastball that sits anywhere from 92 miles per hour ( 148 km / h ) to 95 miles per hour ( 153 km / h ) and tops out at 98 miles per hour ( 158 km / h ) with late movement , a slider at 84 miles per hour ( 135 km / h ) – 87 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) , a 12 – 6 curveball between 72 miles per hour ( 116 km / h ) – 76 miles per hour ( 122 km / h ) , and a seldom thrown changeup ( under 3 % ) . As of late in the 2015 season , he is believed to be experimenting with the use of a cutter . He is also known for having one of the better moves to first base and is considered one of the better fielding pitchers in the game . - - = = = Preparation = = = - - According to many teammates , is a noted . Ellis describes his preparation and during before each start : - Three when I 'm standing up . I sit , and three down the middle . Then three either side . Three away . inside . Three to the middle . inside . Three to the middle . Then he goes to the stretch position . Two inside , two away , two , one fastball inside , two , one fastball inside , two . Back to the , and one fastball inside , one fastball away . Thirty @-@ four pitches in all . - - = = Awards and accomplishments = = - - - = = = Awards = = = - - - = = = Annual statistical achievements = = = - - Notes : Through 2015 season . Per Baseball @-@ - - = = Personal life = = - - grew up in Dallas , Texas and attended school with quarterback Matthew Stafford and fellow pitchers Jordan and Shawn . One of his favorite players growing up was former Texas Rangers first baseman Will Clark , and the main reason he wears number 22 is to honor Clark . - He is the great @-@ nephew of astronomer Clyde , the of Pluto . 's mother , born , is the daughter of Clyde 's younger brother . His father , Christopher George , was a musician and won a Award for his work . The elder remarried after his divorce from and died in 2013 . - On December 4 , 2010 , married his girlfriend of seven years , Ellen . On January 23 , 2015 , Ellen gave birth to the couple 's first child , daughter Ann . He is a Methodist with strong religious faith . - made a cameo appearance in " Prince " , a Season 3 episode of New Girl which originally aired following 's telecast of Super Bowl . - - = = = Humanitarian work = = = - - Prior to the 2011 season , visited Zambia with his wife as part of a Christian mission organized by Dallas @-@ based Africa . After the trip , announced his dream of building an orphanage in , Zambia , which he called " Hope 's Home " after 11 @-@ year @-@ old Hope , an HIV @-@ positive child met while in Zambia . To accomplish his goal , pledged a donation of $ 100 per strikeout recorded in 2011 . With 's career high of strikeouts thrown during the 2011 season , he donated $ @,@ 300 toward his $ 70 @,@ 000 goal . When won the 2011 Players Choice Award , he donated $ 260 @,@ 000 to Hope 's Home . He and his wife returned to Zambia in 2012 . donated $ 100 for every strikeout in the 2012 season to 's Challenge , calling that season 's incarnation of the project " Strike Out To Serve . " Seventy percent of the money raised in 2012 went to Africa , with 10 percent each going to the Foundation in Los Angeles , Mercy Street in Dallas , and I Am Second . In 2014 , continued to support the children of Zambia , with partnership with International , raising funds to pay for 170 children 's and new medical equipment for hospital in . has continued his partnership with International in 2015 , setting a goal of funding 100 for 's hospital in the Dominican Republic . - In addition to Hope 's Home and 's Challenge , he has also helped with other programs in Los Angeles , such as helping Habitat for and a house in , California . He is also a supporter of the Foundation , which provides animal @-@ assisted and activities for at risk youth by with mental health practitioners , public service agencies and community organizations . - - = = = Author = = = - - and his wife , Ellen , co @-@ authored a book named : Live Out Your Faith and Dreams on Whatever Field You Find Yourself about their Christian faith and their humanitarian efforts . The book was released on January 10 , 2012 through Press . - - = = = = = = - - is a celebrity for , Wilson Sporting ( ) , Under Armour ( shoes ) , Milk , and . - - - = = - - ( born ca . 1945 or ca . 1953 , date uncertain ) is an @-@ speaking Indigenous Australian from Central Australia . Since first taking up painting around 1990 , her works of contemporary Indigenous Australian art have been acquired by several major collections including and the National Gallery of Victoria . Her paintings portray bush plum " dreaming " and women ’ s ceremonies ( known as ) . One of her paintings sold at a charity auction for A $ 22 @,@ 800 . 's works are strongly coloured and in composition and regularly appear at commercial art in Australia . Her art appears to have survived the huge contraction of the primary art market in Australia since 2008 . There is no existing of 's artworks , to date , no fakes have been cited . - - = = Personal background = = - - is an @-@ speaking Indigenous Australian , born around 1945 or 1953 at the Santa Teresa Mission , near Alice Springs in Australia 's Northern Territory . - When began painting for Gallery in central Australia , she indicated that her name was rather than , and that this was how she wished to be known ; however 's biography is the only source that has used that version of her name . - After marrying Robin , brother of artist Gloria , moved to the region of , north @-@ east of Alice Springs , which is where she was living when she began painting around 1990 . They had seven children , one of whom , , went on to become an artist like his mother . By 2008 , 's husband had died , and was dividing her time between Alice Springs and Range , to its north @-@ east . - - = = Professional background = = - - Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began in 1971 when Indigenous men at created murals and using western art materials , assisted by teacher Geoffrey . Their work , which used paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures , rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia , particularly after the introduction of a government @-@ sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983 . By the 1980s and ' 90s , such work was being exhibited internationally . The first artists , including all of the founders of the artists ' company , were men , and there was resistance among the men of central Australia to women also painting . However , many of the women wished to participate , and in the 1990s many of them began to paint . In the western desert communities such as , , , , and on the , people were beginning to create art works for exhibition and sale . - - = = = Career = = = - - began painting about 1990 or 1992 as part of the contemporary Indigenous art movement that had begun at in the 1970s . By 1998 her work was being collected by both private and public institutions , such as Charles Sturt University , and in 2005 a work was purchased by the National Gallery of Victoria . Her career received a significant boost when her work was included in the National Gallery of Victoria 's 2006 Landmarks exhibition and its catalogue ; her painting was printed opposite that of Tommy Watson , who was by this time famous , particularly for his contribution to the design of a new building for the Musée du . 's paintings have been included at exhibitions in several private galleries in Melbourne and Hong Kong , as well as at the Australian embassy in Washington in 2001 . - In 2006 a commissioned work by was exhibited at College at the University of New South Wales as part of a charity fundraising exhibition . It sold for A $ 22 @,@ 000 . As of the end of 2008 , the highest recorded auction price for an item of 's work was $ 22 @,@ 800 , set in May 2007 . An image based on a by , Bush , appears on the cover of a book on the visual perception of motion , Motion Vision . - Central Australian artists frequently paint particular " " , or stories , for which they have responsibility or rights . These stories are used to pass " important knowledge , cultural values and belief systems " from generation to generation . by portray two different groups of , rendered in two distinct styles . Bush plum dreaming represents a plant of the central Australian desert which is " a source of physical and spiritual sustenance , reminding [ the local Indigenous people ] of the of [ their ] country " . These paintings are undertaken with red , blue and orange dots that represent the fruit at different stages in its development . She also paints women ’ s ceremonies ( ) and , and these are created using rows of coloured dots and include representations of women 's ceremonial iconography . - Journalist described as one of the " finest contemporary Aboriginal artists " . Art consultant Adrian Newstead has ranked her as amongst the country 's top 200 Indigenous artists , noting that she has become " known for innovative works that create a sense of visual harmony through fine fields of applied " . Her style is described by Indigenous art writers and as an " interesting , modern interpretation of landscape " . - 's work is held in a variety of public and private collections , including , the Charles Sturt University Collection , the Holmes a Court Collection , and the National Gallery of Victoria . - - - = Head VI = - - Head VI is an oil @-@ on @-@ canvas painting by the Irish @-@ born English artist Francis , the last of six panels making up his " 1949 Head " series . It shows a bust view of a single figure , modeled on Diego 's Portrait of Innocent X. applies forceful , expressive brush , and places the figure within a glass cage structure , behind curtain @-@ like . This gives the effect of a man trapped and by his surroundings , screaming into an void . - Head VI was the first of 's paintings to reference , whose portrait of Pope Innocent X haunted him throughout his career and inspired his series of " screaming " , a loose series of which there are around 45 surviving individual works . Head VI contains many motifs that were to reappear in 's work . The hanging object , which may be a light switch or curtain , can be found even in his late paintings . The cage is a motif that appears as late as his 1985 – 86 masterpiece , Study for a Self @-@ Portrait — . - Head VI was first exhibited in November 1949 at the Hanover Gallery in London , in a showing organised by one of the artist 's early champions , Erica . At the time , was a highly controversial but respected artist , best known for his 1944 Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a , which made him the terrible of British art . Head VI drew a mixed reaction from art critics ; John Russell , later 's biographer , at the time dismissed it as a cross between " an of its jaws and an in @-@ who has come to a bad end " . In 1989 Lawrence wrote that the " shock of the picture , when it was seen with a whole series of heads ... was indescribable . It was everything . The paradoxical appearance at once of pastiche and was indeed one of 's most original . " Art critic and curator David Sylvester described it as a seminal piece from 's unusually productive 1949 – 50 period , and one of 's finest . - - = = 1949 Head series = = - - 's output is characterised by sequences of images . He told Sylvester that his imagination was stimulated by sequences and that " images breed other images in me " . His series were not always planned or painted in sequence ; sometimes paintings are grouped for convenience but vary in execution and tone . The idea for the head series came after he returned , late in 1948 , from a stay in . In the previous three years he had been unable to find a voice ; the last surviving canvas from this period is his Painting ( 1946 ) . Although he continued to paint , he was a ruthless self critic , given to with , and no works survive from between 1947 and the winter of 1948 . Erica offered the opportunity of a solo show for the opening of her new Hanover Gallery . He agreed , but had nothing in reserve to hang . In following years , became perhaps the most important of 's early champions ; she arranged this showing — his debut solo exhibition — publicised him widely and organised for international . - Already 40 years old , viewed the exhibition as his last chance and applied himself to the task with determination . Because he had destroyed all his out of the last three years , he had little choice but to present new works . He did not have a grand plan when he agreed to the show , but eventually found themes that interested him in his Head I of the previous year , and executed five progressively stronger variants in the final weeks before the November exhibition , completing the series barely in time for the opening . - The paintings depict isolated figures enclosed in spaces that are , overwhelmingly , and eerie . Coming early in 's career , they are uneven in quality , but show a clear progression especially in how they and present ideas he was still clearly developing and coming to terms with . Head I ( actually begun in the winter of 1948 ) and Head II show pieces of flesh that broadly resemble human heads ; they have half @-@ open eyes and a , though it is positioned much higher than would be expected in a human . Heads III , IV and V show fully formed recognisable as men , and are characterised by a haunted atmosphere . These two broad ideas in Head VI , which is as tortured as the first two paintings , and as spectral as the middle three . In Head VI the figure has developed and is now shown wearing vestments , the first indication in 's work of the influence of , while the focus has become the open mouth and the study of the human scream . - said that chance played a significant role in his work , and that he often approached a canvas without having a clear idea of what might emerge . This was especially the case in the mid to late 1940s , a period when he was drinking heavily and spending most nights in and poker rooms . The following morning he would often approach his canvas " in a bad mood of drinking ... under tremendous and drink ; I sometimes hardly knew what I was doing . " He incorporated his appetite for chance into his work : an image often would mid @-@ way through into something quite different from what he had first intended . He actively sought out this freedom and felt it crucial to his progression as an artist . To him , lifestyle and art were intertwined ; he said that " perhaps the drink helped me to be a bit . " This is very evident in the 1949 series , which began as a rather study of a collapsed head , but evolved over the six surviving panels into a reworking of masterpieces , and arrived at an image that was to for the subsequent 20 years . - The series marks 's first attempt at depicting lone figures in rooms . For him , the key aspect was that it appeared that the subject felt isolated , , and had abandoned the need to present an outward face . He believed that under these circumstances all falls away , and the social being becomes the sum of its , which attempted to convey by reducing the subject to its bare @-@ bones features : a mouth , ears , eyes , a jaw . According to Russell , " the view out front ceases to be the only one , and our person is suddenly , fragmented , and subject to strange . " Russell observed that while the depiction of figures in rooms is common through all eras of painting , the figures are always posed , and usually seemingly aware that they are being portrayed . This is abandoned in 's series . - Head I , completed late in 1948 , is considered more successful than Head II . Although it is well @-@ regarded critically , Head II is seen as something of a creative @-@ de @-@ sac , while Heads III , IV and V are usually considered as merely intermediate steps towards Head VI . It is exceptional in 's that works of their relative poor quality survive ; he was self @-@ critical and often or abandoned before they were completed . When pressed again by in 1953 to produce works for a New York show that she had been for a year , he was full of doubt and destroyed most of what he had been working on , including several other . - commissioned another showing to be held in 1950 , for which painted three large modelled on 's portrait . The gallery advertised the show as " Francis : Three Studies from the Painting of Innocent X by " , but in the end was dissatisfied with the works and destroyed them before the show opened . - - = = Description = = - - The figure is clearly identifiable as a pope from his clothing . It seems trapped and isolated within the outlines of an abstract three @-@ dimensional glass cage . This framing device , described by Sylvester as a " space @-@ frame " , was to feature heavily throughout the artist 's career . A hangs from the upper edge of the glass case , falling just in front of the pope 's face and partially covering his eyes . It is too drawn to identify with certainty , but given the presence of similar objects in 's later works , may be either the end of a hanging light switch or the of a curtain ; the hanging was to become a signature for the artist . Apart from its symbolic meaning , it has a function , framing the painting with a further set of vertical lines . Such an object reappears most prominently in the centre panel of his 1973 , May – June 1973 , where it is clearly a dangling light bulb . For , these elements were intended to make the figure in and out of sight for the viewer , alluding to the fact that bulbs can be on or off , open or closed . - The figure 's mouth is opened wide as if screaming , an expression took from a still he kept of the nurse screaming in 's Odessa Steps massacre sequence in his 1925 silent film Battleship . In 1984 , the broadcaster Bragg asked about the still , and observed that in his earlier career the artist seemed preoccupied with the of the human mouth . replied , " I had always thought that I would be able to make the mouth with all the beauty of a landscape though I never succeeded in doing so . " When Bragg asked why he thought he had failed , said , " It should be all much more colour , should have got more of the interior of the mouth , with all the colours of the interior of the mouth , but I didn 't happen to get it . " His interest in the mouth was further stimulated by a medical textbook of oral cavities bought in a second @-@ hand , kept in his studio and to which he often referred to . - The glass cage might imply a vacuum that the figure 's voice is unable to escape ; as if it is screaming in silence . later in life , said that he had " wanted to paint the scream more than the horror . I think , if I had really thought about what causes somebody to really scream , it would have made the scream ... more successful " . The work evokes memories of the Second World War . The glass enclosure of his 1949 Chicago Study for a Portrait is often seen as photographs of Adolf 1961 trial before a Jerusalem District Court , when he was held within a similar cage . strongly resisted literal comparisons though , and stated that he used the device so he could frame and " really see the image – for no other reason . I know it 's been interpreted as being many other things . " Other critics saw similarities between the glass case and the radio of late 1930s broadcasters who warned against the impending . Denis Farr notes that was sympathetic to George Orwell and referred in interviews to " shouting voices ... and trembling hands ... convey [ ing ] the harsh atmosphere of an . " - - = = Influences = = - - The so @-@ called " space frame " had already been used by Alberto in the 1930s , and the two artists became friends in the 1960s . However had by 1949 used it only in contexts before 's , and in turn influenced his use in " The Cage " of 1950 . A similar two dimensional construct is found in Henry Moore 's works , notably his " for King and Queen " , constructed three years after 's Head . It is difficult to how these artists influenced and informed each other . What is notable is that continued to use the motif , with intervals until the end of his life . Sylvester suggests his finest example is the 1970 Three Studies of the Male Back . - The full @-@ length golden curtain @-@ like folds painted in heavy brush are in part influenced by but also similar to 's 1558 Portrait of Cardinal Filippo . the Old Master 's device to isolate and distance the sitter from the viewer ; the black ground @-@ paint is visible through the folds , making the separation all the more affecting . had already used similar forms in his Chicago panel , and they were to become a feature of his most acclaimed 1950s works , especially in his " screaming " . He became fascinated with the veil or curtain as a motif in painting , and collected many reproductions of works by and in which it is employed . He had begun his career as an interior and designer of furniture and in the mid @-@ 1930s , and later said that he liked " rooms hung all round with just hung in even folds " . or appear in 's earliest works , notably the 1949 Study from the Human Body , always in portraits and always in front of , rather than behind , the figure . - Head VI is closely modelled on 's c . 1650 Portrait of Innocent X , today in the Gallery , Rome . cautiously avoided seeing the original , even when he spent three months in Rome in 1954 . Critics speculate he was afraid of being disappointed , or thought that an intimate knowledge of the painting would dull his imagination . Yet his fascination was all @-@ consuming and he reproduced variants of it for almost two decades ; an examination and homage described as " without parallel in the history of art " . 's approach differs to 's in a number of ways : both artists were expressive , yet 's broad brush @-@ and freedom with paint contrast with 's tight and controlled treatment . He 's positioning of the pope to place him above the viewer 's point of view , elevating and him . This was already a common technique in commercial , promotional photography but in 's hands , argues , the angle places the pope on a kind of stage for the viewer to observe . - Although revered 's portrait , he did not try and reproduce the earlier painting . In interviews , he said that he saw flaws in 's work and that he viewed that social structure and order as , according to art historian , " obsolete and decayed " . 's approach was to elevate his subject so he could knock him down again , thereby making a comment on the treatment of royalty in both old master and contemporary painting . Yet 's influence is apparent in many aspects of the painting . The sitter 's pose closely echoes the original , as does the violet and white colouring of his cope , which is built up through broad , thick , brush @-@ . The influence can be further seen in the gold @-@ coloured ornaments on the back of the seat that extend on both sides of the figure . Art historian describes the work as a mixture of and subversion that pays tribute to , while at the same time his painting . - Sylvester the influence of late works by in other aspects , especially in the deep and rich colouring , 's portrayals of Philip IV , and agrees with identification of of Edgar as a source . He believes borrowed from the use of parallel heavy folds to create the illusion of what described as " " , as seen in the earlier artist 's After the Bath , Woman drying herself . Sylvester makes a further direct link between the folds and the transparent veil in 's Portrait of Cardinal Filippo . He believes the folds serve to " push the viewer back " , creating a distance from the subject , an effect he sees as similar to the separation between and orchestra and setting ; others view the folds as more closely resembling the bars of a prison . Sylvester describes them as an of background into stripes that are made to appear as if they pass through the sitter . In his " with Francis " series of books , he asked why he found the effect so poignant . The artist replied , " Well , it means that the sensation doesn 't come straight out at you but slowly and gently through the gaps . " - When asked why he was compelled to revisit the so often , replied that he had nothing against per , but merely sought " an excuse to use these colours , and you can 't give ordinary clothes that purple colour without getting into a sort of false manner . " sees Head VI as a reaction against , and a commentary on how the papacy is " obsolete and decayed " , with a pope resistant to both modernisation and . To him , the figure seems to " resist the of image and tries to halt the impending collapse of the established work order . He screams and , clutching at arms of his throne . " Sylvester notes that was impressed by Picasso 's and handling of paint , especially in Picasso 's 1930s works ; and suggests that the white around the pope 's may be influenced by the 1913 Woman in a in an . - - = = Critical reception = = - - When undertook the series late in 1948 he was something of a two @-@ hit wonder . He had success in 1944 with Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a and to a lesser extent with Painting ( 1946 ) , both of which were highly regarded but viewed as . The exhibition was a success , and marked his critical breakthrough . Until then , he had been highly regarded but capable of only occasional . The full show established him in the minds of critics as , according to Michael , " more of a force to be with in the contemporary scene " . While some found his images and , they wrote about him all the same , sealing his reputation as the terrible of post @-@ war British art . The critic for The Observer wrote , " The recent paintings ... as they are , cannot be ignored . Technically they are superb , and the masterly handling of large areas of grey , flushed with a sudden pink or green , only makes me regret the more that the artist 's gift should have been brought to subjects so esoteric " . - Most critics focused on Heads I and VI , remarking favourably on the progression between the two . While some found the inherent violence of the paintings , was a skilled publicist and turned the bad press into notoriety , and brought 's work to national attention . notes that the exhibition showed no longer needed material to make an impact , and was now capable of creating an intense emotional response through more subtle means , and had found a way of presenting the human condition in the way he had sought , by presenting his sitter " in a setting , a cage or [ behind ] a parted ... the rest , the most essential , lay in the manipulation of the infinitely medium of oil paint " . After the showing gradually became " less the with an occasional image of and more a force to be with on the contemporary scene " . His reputation and the value of his panels rose dramatically , and after the showing he was sought after by European , American and African collectors and galleries , commanding prices as high as £ 400 for single works , unusual for a contemporary British artist of the time . - - = = = = - - Head VI was first exhibited at the Hanover Gallery , London , in 1949 . It was acquired by the Arts Council 's Gallery in 1952 . The has loaned it out a number of times since , including for major at the Grand , Paris in 1971 , and the Hugh Lane Gallery , Dublin , in 2000 . - In May 1996 , the National Gallery took on loan 's Innocent X portrait and hung it alongside four paintings ; Head VI , Pope I ( 1951 ) , Pope 1961 and Pope 1965 . believes that would have disapproved of such a showing with a work he considered one of the finest ever painted , but writes that two , including Head VI , " stood up to it , and even enhanced its authority as one of the most penetrating studies of human nature and human power " . - - - = = - - was a movement in early 20th @-@ century Anglo @-@ American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear , sharp language . - has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the Pre @-@ . As a poetic style it gave its start in the early 20th century , and is considered to be the first organized literary movement in the English language . is sometimes viewed as ' a succession of creative moments ' rather than any continuous or sustained period of development . René remarked that ' It is more accurate to consider not as a doctrine , nor even as a poetic school , but as the association of a few poets who were for a certain time in agreement on a small number of important principles ' . - The rejected the sentiment and typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry , in contrast to their contemporaries , the Georgian poets , who were generally content to work within that tradition . In contrast , called for a return to what were seen as more Classical values , such as of presentation and economy of language , as well as a willingness to experiment with non @-@ traditional verse forms . use free verse . - publications appearing between 1914 and 1917 featured works by many of the most prominent modernist figures , both in poetry and in other fields . The group was centered in London , with members from Great Britain , Ireland and the United States . unusually for the time , a number of women writers were major figures . - A characteristic feature of is its attempt to isolate a single image to reveal its essence . This feature mirrors contemporary developments in avant @-@ garde art , especially . Although objects through the use of what Ezra Pound called " luminous details " , Pound 's Method of juxtaposing concrete instances to express an is similar to 's manner of multiple perspectives into a single image . - - = = Pre @-@ = = - - Well @-@ known poets of the era of the 1890s , such as Alfred Austin , Stephen Phillips , and William Watson , had been working very much in the shadow of Tennyson , producing weak imitations of the poetry of the Victorian era . They continued to work in this vein into the early years of the 20th century . As the new century opened , Austin was still the serving British Poet Laureate , a post which he held up to 1913 . In the century 's first decade , poetry still had a large audience ; volumes of verse published in that time included Thomas Hardy 's The , Christina 's posthumous Works , Ernest 's Poems , George Meredith 's Last Poems , Robert Service 's of a and John 's and Poems . Future Nobel Prize winner William Butler Yeats was much of his energy to the Abbey Theatre and writing for the stage , producing relatively little lyric poetry during this period . In 1907 , the Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Kipling . - The origins of are to be found in two poems , Autumn and A City Sunset by T. E. . These were published in January 1909 by the Poets ' Club in London in a booklet called For Christmas . was a student of mathematics and philosophy ; he had been involved in the setting up of the club in 1908 and was its first secretary . Around the end of 1908 , he presented his paper A on Modern Poetry at one of the club 's meetings . Writing in A. R. 's magazine The New Age , the poet and critic F. S. Flint ( a champion of free verse and modern French poetry ) was highly critical of the club and its publications . From the ensuing debate , and Flint became close friends . In 1909 , left the Poets ' Club and started meeting with Flint and other poets in a new group which referred to as the " Club " ; they met at the Tower restaurant in London 's to discuss plans to reform contemporary poetry through free verse and the and and the removal of all unnecessary from poems . The interest in Japanese verse forms can be placed in a context of the late Victorian and revival of interest in and as witnessed in the 1890s vogue for William Anderson 's Japanese prints donated to the British Museum , performances of plays in London , and the success of Gilbert and Sullivan 's The ( 1885 ) . Direct literary models were available from a number of sources , including F. V. 's 1866 is , or , by a Century of Poets , Being Japanese Odes , the first English @-@ language version of the , a 13th @-@ century anthology of 100 , the early 20th @-@ century critical writings and poems of Hartmann , and contemporary French @-@ language translations . - The American poet Ezra Pound was introduced to the group in April 1909 and found that their ideas were close to his own . In particular , Pound 's studies of Romantic literature had led him to an admiration of the , direct expression that he detected in the writings of Daniel , Dante , and , amongst others . For example , in his 1911 – 12 series of essays I gather the limbs of Osiris , Pound writes of Daniel 's line " de m " ( " it rests me to think of her " ) ( from the 'l ) : " You cannot get statement simpler than that , or clearer , or less " . These criteria of , clarity and lack of rhetoric were to be amongst the defining qualities of poetry . Through his friendship with Laurence , Pound had already developed an interest in Japanese art by examining @-@ e prints at the British Museum , and he quickly became absorbed in the study of related Japanese verse forms . - In an article in La France , 1915 , the French critic , de described the as descendants of the French and in a 1928 letter to the French critic and translator René , Pound was keen to emphasise another ancestry for , pointing out that was indebted to a tradition , linking back via William Butler Yeats , Arthur Symons and the ' Club generation of British poets to and the source was amplified further in 's study published in 1929 , in which he concluded however great the divergence of technique and language ' between the image of the and the ' symbol ' of the there is a difference only of precision ' . In 1915 , Pound edited the poetry of another 1890s poet , Lionel Johnson for the publisher Mathews . In his introduction , he wrote - - = = Early publications and statements of intent = = - - In 1911 , Pound introduced two other poets to the Tower group : his former fiancée Hilda ( who had started signing her work ) and her future husband Richard . These two were interested in exploring Greek poetic models , especially , an interest that Pound shared . The compression of expression that they achieved by following the Greek example complemented the proto @-@ interest in Japanese poetry , and , in 1912 , during a meeting with them in the British Museum tea room , Pound told and that they were and even the signature to some poems they were discussing . - When Harriet Monroe started her Poetry magazine in 1911 , she had asked Pound to act as foreign editor . In October 1912 , he submitted three poems each by and under the , ( published in the November 1912 second issue ) with a note which described as ' one of the ' ' . This note , along with the note ( ' The Complete Works of T. S. ' ) in Pound 's book ( also published in Autumn 1912 ) entitled are considered to be first appearances of the word ( later to ' ' ) in print . - 's poems , , To a Greek , and , were in the November issue of Poetry , and ' s , Hermes of the Ways , , and , appeared in the January 1913 issue ; as a movement was launched . Poetry 's April issue published what came to be seen as " 's enabling text " , the @-@ like poem of Ezra Pound entitled " In a Station of the Metro " : - The of these faces in the crowd ; - on a wet , black . - The March 1913 issue of Poetry contained A Few Don by an and the essay entitled both written by Pound , with the latter being attributed to Flint . The latter contained this statement of the group 's position : - Direct treatment of the " thing " , whether or objective . - To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation . - As regarding rhythm : to compose in sequence of the musical phrase , not in sequence of the . - Pound 's note opened with a definition of an image as " that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time " . Pound goes on to state , " It is better to present one Image in a lifetime than to produce works " . His list of " don " reinforced his three statements in " " , while warning that they should not be considered as but as the " result of long contemplation " . Taken together , these two texts comprised the programme for a return to what they saw as the best poetic practice of the past . Flint commented " we have never claimed to have invented the moon . We do not pretend that our ideas are original . " - The 1916 preface to Some Poets comments " does not merely mean the presentation of pictures . refers to the manner of presentation , not to the subject . " - - = = Des = = - - to promote the work of the , and particularly of and , Pound decided to publish an anthology under the title Des . It was first published in Alfred 's little magazine The and was later published in 1914 by Alfred and Charles in New York and by Harold at the Poetry in London . It became one of the most important and influential English @-@ language collections of modernist verse . Included in the thirty @-@ seven poems were ten poems by , seven by , and six by Pound . The book also included work by Flint , , Amy Lowell , William Carlos Williams , James Joyce , Ford Ford , Allen and John was also another included in the important 1963 anthology by William Pratt The Poem Modern Poetry in miniature . - Pound 's editorial choices were based on what he saw as the degree of sympathy that these writers displayed with precepts , rather than active participation in a group as such . Williams , who was based in the United States , had not participated in any of the discussions of the Tower group . However , he and Pound had long been corresponding on the question of the renewal of poetry along similar lines . Ford was included at least partly because of his strong influence on Pound , as the younger poet made the transition from his earlier , Pre @-@ @-@ influenced style towards a harder , more modern way of writing . The inclusion of a poem by Joyce , I Hear an Army , which was sent to Pound by Yeats , took on a wider importance in the history of literary , as the subsequent correspondence between the two led to the serial publication , at Pound 's behest , of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in The . Joyce 's poem is not written in free verse , but in rhyming . However , it strongly reflects Pound 's interest in poems written to be sung to music , such as those by the and . The book met with little popular or critical success , at least partly because it had no introduction or commentary to explain what the poets were attempting to do , and a number of copies were returned to the publisher . - - = = Some Poets = = - - The following year , Pound and Flint fell out over their different interpretations of the history and goals of the group arising from an article on the history of written by Flint and published in The in May 1915 . Flint was at pains to emphasise the contribution of the Tower poets , especially Edward . Pound , who believed that the " Hellenic hardness " that he saw as the distinguishing quality of the poems of and was likely to be diluted by the " " of , was to play no further direct role in the history of the . He went on to co @-@ found the with his friend , the painter and writer Lewis . - Around this time , the American Amy Lowell moved to London , determined to promote her own work and that of the other poets . Lowell was a wealthy from Boston whose brother Abbott Lawrence Lowell was President of Harvard University from 1909 @-@ 1933 . She loved Keats and cigars . She was also an enthusiastic champion of literary experiment who was willing to use her money to publish the group . Lowell was determined to change the method of selection from Pound 's editorial attitude to a more democratic manner . This new editorial policy was stated in the to the first anthology to appear under her leadership : " In this new book we have followed a slightly different arrangement to that of our former Anthology . Instead of an arbitrary selection by an editor , each poet has been permitted to represent himself by the work he considers his best , the only being that it should not yet have appeared in book form . " The outcome was a series of anthologies under the title Some Poets . The first of these appeared in 1915 , planned and assembled mainly by and . Two further issues , both edited by Lowell , were published in 1916 and 1917 . These three volumes featured most of the original poets , ( also including poetry by the American poet John Gould Fletcher ) , with the exception of Pound , who had tried to persuade her to drop the name from her publications and who dubbed this phase of " Amy @-@ . " - Lowell persuaded D. H. Lawrence to contribute poems to the 1915 and 1916 volumes , making him the only writer to publish as both a Georgian poet and an . Moore also became associated with the group during this period . However , with World War I as a backdrop , the times were not easy for avant @-@ garde literary movements ( , for example , spent much of the war at the front ) , and the 1917 anthology effectively marked the end of the as a movement . - - = = after = = - - In 1929 , Walter suggested that should produce a new anthology . , by now a successful novelist , took up the suggestion and enlisted the help of Ford and The result was the Anthology 1930 , edited by and including all the contributors to the four earlier anthologies with the exception of Lowell , who had died , , who had disappeared , and Pound , who declined . The appearance of this anthology initiated a critical discussion of the place of the in the history of 20th @-@ century poetry . - Of the poets who were published in the various anthologies , Joyce , Lawrence and are now primarily remembered and read as novelists . Moore , who was at most a fringe member of the group , carved out a unique poetic style of her own that retained an concern with compression of language . William Carlos Williams developed his poetic along distinctly American lines with his variable foot and a diction he claimed was taken " from the mouths of Polish mothers " . Both Pound and turned to writing long poems , but retained much of the hard edge to their language as an legacy . Most of the other members of the group are largely forgotten outside the context of the history of . - - = = Legacy = = - - Despite the movement 's short life , would deeply influence the course of modernist poetry in English . Richard , in his 1941 memoir , writes : " I think the poems of Ezra Pound , , Lawrence , and Ford Ford will continue to be read . And to a considerable extent T. S. Eliot and his followers have carried on their operations from positions won by the . " - On the other hand , Wallace Stevens found shortcomings in the approach : " Not all objects are equal . The vice of was that it did not recognize this . " With its demand for hardness , clarity and precision and its insistence on fidelity to appearances coupled with its rejection of irrelevant emotions had later effects that are in T. S. Eliot 's ' ' and ' Morning at the Window ' and in D. H. Lawrence 's animal and flower pieces . The rejection of conventional verse forms in the nineteen @-@ twenties owed much to the of the Georgian Poetry style . - The influence of can be seen clearly in the work of the poets , who came to prominence in the 1930s under the auspices of Pound and Williams . The worked mainly in free verse . linking 's principles with 's , Louis insisted , in his introduction to the 1931 issue of Poetry , on writing " which is the detail , not , of seeing , of thinking with the things as they exist , and of directing them along a line of melody . " was a major influence on the Language poets , who carried the focus on formal concerns to a high level of development . Basil , another poet , was a key figure in the early development of the British Poetry Revival , a loose movement that also absorbed the influence of the San Francisco Renaissance poets . - influenced a number of poetry circles and the Free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form . In the 1950s , especially , with the Beat generation , the Black Mountain poets , and others associated with the San Francisco Renaissance . In his seminal 1950 essay Verse , Charles , the theorist of the Black Mountain group , wrote " A " ; his derived from and supplemented the . - Among the Beats , Gary and Allen Ginsberg in particular were influenced by the emphasis on Chinese and Japanese poetry . William Carlos Williams was another who had a strong effect on the Beat poets , encouraging poets like Lew Welch and writing an introduction for the book publication of Ginsberg 's ( 1955 ) . - - - = Operation Eastern Exit = - - Operation Eastern Exit was the given to the military evacuation of the United States embassy in Mogadishu , the capital of Somalia , in January 1991 . In late December 1990 , violence quickly enveloped the city as armed militants began with government soldiers . On 1 January 1991 , the US Ambassador to Somalia , James Bishop , contacted the Department of State requesting an evacuation of the embassy , which was approved the following day . United States Central Command began planning and forces that evening . The initial plan was to evacuate with a military transport plane through the Mogadishu International Airport , but this was later abandoned . A helicopter evacuation via the USS Guam and USS was the remaining option . - On the morning of 5 January , a 60 @-@ person Marine and Navy security detail was dispatched from Guam aboard two CH @-@ Super helicopters to secure the embassy and prepare for the main evacuation . The two helicopters returned to Guam with the first 61 . Throughout the day , foreign diplomats and civilians sought refuge at the embassy . Four waves of five CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight helicopters each evacuated the embassy compound shortly after midnight on 6 January . The were transported to Muscat , Oman , where they disembarked on 11 January . In total , 281 diplomats and civilians from 30 countries were evacuated , including 12 heads of missions ( eight ambassadors and four d ) . - - = = Background = = - - In the late 1980s , there was increasing rebellion against the rule of Somali President Siad Barre , a military dictator who maintained tight control of power and had a record of human rights abuses . By 1990 , what began as civil disobedience evolved into a civil war , with several militias organized to overthrow the central government . - In July 1989 , the embassy moved to a new , 80 @-@ acre ( 32 ha ) compound , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from the previous embassy and James K. Bishop was appointed as the United States ' ambassador to Somalia . Ambassador Bishop had significant experience in crisis management at US embassies . In 1967 , he was at the US Embassy in Beirut , Lebanon when the Six @-@ Day War erupted . About 3 @,@ 600 Americans were evacuated in 33 hours ; Bishop was one of 26 diplomats and soldiers that remained in the city . As deputy assistant secretary of state for Africa from 1981 – 87 , Bishop chaired several task forces for and gained experience in the State Department 's operations center as were carried out during several coups d . During his previous assignment as Ambassador to ( 1987 – 90 ) , Bishop was overseeing the voluntary evacuation of embassy staff and civilians as a civil war in spread , when he left in March 1990 . Soon after returning to Washington to prepare for his new appointment to Somalia , he was appointed to a to deal with the crisis in , which included a gradual evacuation of American civilians and a rapid closure of the embassy in August . - On 1 August , before leaving the US to take up his post in Mogadishu , Ambassador Bishop visited United States Central Command — the military command for the Middle East and northeast Africa — where he spent most of the day with its commander , Gen. Norman . Ambassador Bishop , aware of the ongoing , believed " the odds were better than even that we would have to leave Mogadishu under less than favorable circumstances . " Ambassador Bishop understood from his past experiences in Beirut and the importance of being prepared to deal with and spent the afternoon working with military experts to review the embassy 's and ( E & E ) plan until he was " satisfied ... that [ Central Command ] realized that it might have to conduct an evacuation from Mogadishu and was prepared to do that . " In its analysis of Operation Eastern Exit , the Center for Naval Analyses cited the Ambassador Bishop 's previous experience and " clear understanding of his role " in the operation as one of the reasons Operation Eastern Exit went so well . - after Ambassador Bishop 's visit to Central Command , Iraq invaded Kuwait . In 1979 , the US negotiated access to an airport and port in both Mogadishu and ; because of limited access the US had to locations in the Persian Gulf area , maintaining this access was a main interest for the Mogadishu embassy to pursue as the US mobilized to intervene in Kuwait . - An increasing level of criminal violence prompted Ambassador Bishop to request the voluntary evacuation of dependents ( e.g. children and spouses of staff ) and non @-@ essential staff in early December , although fighting between the government and the United Somali Congress ( a rebel militia ) remained no less than about 100 miles ( 160 km ) away . The voluntary evacuation later became a mandatory evacuation . By 19 December , the number of official US personnel in the city was reduced from 147 to 37 ; around the same time , fighting between the government and rebels came within about 40 miles ( 64 km ) of Mogadishu . - - = = = of the Barre government = = = - - On 30 December , violence escalated " an order of magnitude " as militants entered Mogadishu , which was quickly enveloped by a general state of lawlessness . On 30 – 31 December , diplomats , including many stationed in offices elsewhere in the city , were collected and housed in the embassy compound , except two volunteers who remained in the embassy 's K @-@ 7 residential apartments located across Road from the embassy . The volunteers in the K @-@ 7 building would be needed as look @-@ outs for the embassy compound 's main gate . On the morning of 31 December , the defense was nearly killed when his vehicle was with bullets and that evening , a soldier at a roadblock shot the of a vehicle carrying another defense official . Attempts by the US and other nations ' diplomats , in particular the Italian embassy , to negotiate a ceasefire for foreigners to leave were unsuccessful . Road became a " shooting gallery , " preventing those in safe @-@ outside the embassy from reaching it . On New Year 's Day , the first American civilians began to seek refuge at the embassy . - Ambassador Bishop requested an evacuation of the American community on 1 January , indicating that the evacuation could be with the planned Italian , French , or German evacuation efforts , but preferred an evacuation by the US military . The State Department authorized the evacuation on 2 January and on that day , Ambassador Bishop specifically requested an evacuation by the US military , thereby initiating Operation Eastern Exit . Ambassador Bishop had spent a considerable amount of time discussing plans for evacuation with other diplomatic posts . Ultimately , ten heads of missions — eight ambassadors and two d — along with their staff sought refuge in the US embassy compound and were evacuated . - - = = Plans , , and escalating violence = = - - Ambassador Bishop had visited Central Command in August 1990 , where he worked with military experts to update the embassy 's E & E plan . The first notice that an evacuation of the Mogadishu embassy would be needed came on the morning of 1 January , when the top naval commander at Central Command sent a message to his naval operations staff : " Better have crowd take a look at a of Mogadishu ! time / distance to get there from area . " Following the ambassador 's 2 January evacuation request , the commander of Central Command ordered Air Force aircraft to the region , the movement of amphibious ships to Mogadishu , and requested United States Special Operations Command to prepare for a noncombatant evacuation operation . - The initial plan was to evacuate via Mogadishu International Airport . Soon after the evacuation request , the United States Air Force deployed C @-@ 130 transport planes and an AC @-@ 130 , for gunfire support , to , Kenya , awaiting clearances to enter Somalia and the ability to safely transfer from the embassy to the airport . However , the US and other foreign embassies were unable to contact anyone within the government to obtain clearances . It also became apparent that the rebels had an ineffective command @-@ and @-@ control structure , making it impossible to negotiate any ceasefire or guarantee of safe passage . Likewise , government troops faced a command @-@ and @-@ control problem ; reports indicated that army units were separating along clan lines , in some cases soldiers shot officers of a different clan when given orders they disagreed with . Thus , it became clear that safe passage to the airport would not be possible . Several other nations also had aircraft mobilized to reach Mogadishu , but faced the same problems of landing and transit of to the airport . - On 4 January , several incidents , including a couple exchanges of gunfire , suggested that the embassy 's security detail was insufficient to hold off armed until the USS Guam and USS arrived with their helicopters and soldiers , at that time scheduled to arrive on 7 January . The embassy had just six Marine guards , whose job was limited to protecting the . Ambassador Bishop made an urgent request to Washington for two platoons of soldiers to parachute into the embassy to defend it until the ships arrived . The request was denied , but the Ambassador was told that an advance element from the vessels would reach the embassy the following morning . - USS Guam and USS began transit from the coast of Oman towards Mogadishu at 22 : 30 ( 23 : 30 Oman time ) on 2 January . The commander of Group Two had initially proposed a seven @-@ ship Task Group , composed of vessels anchored at Island ( off Oman ) and Dubai and including four amphibious ships so that the full range of amphibious capabilities would be available for the operation . However , intervention in Kuwait seemed imminent and the commander of naval forces at Central Command did not want to divert that many ships from the Persian Gulf , thus the decision to send two of the closest ships . Although the two vessels were selected by mid @-@ afternoon on 2 January , the transfer of some personnel from Dubai to caused a delay of eight to ten hours . Guam and carried forces from the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade , including a detachment of CH @-@ Super helicopters — the largest helicopters operated by the US military — and two squadrons of CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight helicopters . - Planning began in earnest as the ships got underway , with a combined command center on Guam . On the morning of 3 January , the task force 's command questioned why they were not given the option of an amphibious landing and requested a tank landing ship be added to the task force ; the request was denied . A warrant officer who had previously served as a Marine Security Guard at the Mogadishu embassy during the mid @-@ 1980s was found . Despite Ambassador Bishop 's planning with Central Command , the task force was provided outdated information . The former told planners that a new embassy had been planned and was under construction several years prior . In fact , the new embassy was located further inland and , after receiving updated information , task force commanders determined that a beach landing , requiring troops to fight their way across the city , was too risky . Initial plans had the ships launch their helicopters at 01 : 00 on 7 January . However , in response to indications from Ambassador Bishop that conditions in Mogadishu were deteriorating , planners considered 1 @,@ 050 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 940 km ; 1 @,@ 210 mi ) and , later , 890 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 650 km ; 1 @,@ 020 mi ) flights with the CH @-@ while the ships were still located in the northern Arabian Sea . The situation in Mogadishu stabilized somewhat and the mission was delayed until 5 January . - - = = = = - - On the evening of 4 January , the final execute order was issued for a 02 : 45 launch of two CH @-@ Super to arrive at the embassy at dawn . The 60 soldiers selected for the security detail were issued weapons and ammunition . Two Marine Corps @-@ 130 tankers were mobilized closer to the operation , from Bahrain to Oman , to refuel the helicopters en route to Mogadishu and the two helicopters transferred from to Guam . - - = = = Security detail and first = = = - - Two CH @-@ Super carrying a 60 @-@ man security detail — 51 Marines and nine Navy — departed Guam at 02 : 47 , nautical miles ( km ; mi ) from the embassy , and were expected to arrive at 06 : 20 . They performed two aerial . During the first , a pipe burst on one of the helicopters , soldiers in fuel and nearly forcing a return to the Guam ; problems with the helicopters ' navigation system also complicated the rendezvous . The helicopters arrived in Mogadishu at dawn , crossing the coast just south of the harbor at 25 – 50 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 – 15 @.@ 2 m ) in altitude on a route that was planned to avoid areas of more intense violence reported in the northern parts of the city . On their arrival in Mogadishu , the crew of the helicopters were using an outdated 1969 map , which showed the embassy in an isolated area . Furthermore , they had been told the embassy could be discerned by its white stucco perimeter wall and golf course . The embassy was , in fact , surrounded by new development and the crew saw white stucco walls around many buildings in the city . The helicopters were flying too low to spot a light which was placed on the embassy 's water tower ( the highest point within the embassy compound ) and the golf course in the embassy compound had a black , oil @-@ coated surface — not the familiar green grass that the helicopter crew would breaking radio silence ( their only direct communication with the embassy was ) to contact the embassy , they were able to it and land at 07 : 10 . As they arrived , a group of about 100 to 150 were attempting to enter the embassy compound via on the wall , but scattered as the helicopters arrived . - The security detail moved to establish a perimeter around the embassy compound and the Air Force 's AC @-@ 130 arrived to provide overhead support . Ambassador Bishop gave the security detail clear instructions on the rules of engagement : they could only use deadly force if people came over the embassy compound 's walls with obvious hostile intent . He also identified three zones of defense , stating a preference to retreat to the third zone before the use of deadly force : - the entire embassy compound - the Chancery , Joint Administrative Office ( ) building , Marine House , and the helicopter landing zone ( ) - the and buildings ( the two " " buildings where the were held ) - Ambassador Bishop clearly explained his rationale to the security detail , which was to avoid any impression that they were intervening in the violence in Mogadishu . He feared that the embassy would be targeted by organized attacks if any group involved in the clashes got the impression that the US was intervening in the conflict . To this effect , he requested the Voice of America and BBC broadcast announcements that the forces were present only to evacuate the embassy and would not interfere in the conflict . The Marines who had been in fuel during the were able to take a shower and wash their clothes . - After an hour on the ground , the helicopters left with the first 61 , including all American civilians and four heads of mission . were provided blankets on one of the flights to remain warm . with the only in @-@ flight on the return nearly prevented , which would have forced the helicopters to divert to the Somali desert and await a rescue . At 9 : 40 , the helicopters arrived on Guam and the . - - = = = Embassy during the day = = = - - No threats came upon the embassy during the day , although of armed frequently drove by the embassy along Road . Only one incident seemed to directly target the embassy . A sniper and a were positioned on the embassy 's water tower ( the highest structure in the compound ) and came under fire ; they were ordered to not return fire and soon thereafter ordered to leave their position on the water tower . - The Office of Military Cooperation , just one and a half blocks from the embassy , required evacuation . Despite its proximity to the embassy , an armed convoy was needed to evacuate persons trapped there by the unrest . A convoy of vehicles with several Marines and left the embassy at 8 : 47 and returned ten minutes later with 22 persons from the ( four Americans , a , and 17 ) . This was the only outside the embassy by the security detail . Throughout the day , foreign diplomats contacted the embassy to be evacuated ; the US welcomed these requests , but required all of them to find their own transportation to the embassy . - A Somali officer who had a previous relationship with the embassy , Major Siad , agreed to travel to rescue the German d and British ambassador ( junior staff from the British embassy had previously come to the US embassy ) . The Soviet Union was unable to land a plane in Mogadishu the previous day and the Soviet ambassador asked Ambassador Bishop if he and his staff could be rescued ; Ambassador Bishop , a tennis partner of his Soviet counterpart , agreed but only if they found their own way to the embassy . Seeing the helicopters on the morning of 5 January , they realized the Americans would not remain in the city much longer . At the request of Ambassador Bishop , Major Siad agreed to transport the Soviets , but only if he was paid enough ; the US embassy paid Major Siad , who returned with the Soviet ambassador and 38 of his staff . The brother of President Barre , who was also a Major General and Chief of Police , showed up at the embassy in the afternoon with 25 members of his family requesting to be evacuated , but was turned away after a vocal conversation with the ambassador . - The operation did not include soldiers to handle the evacuation control center ( ) , which was set up in the . A 44 @-@ person force consisting primarily of soldiers to handle the was planned for insertion with the CH @-@ Super after they had returned to the Guam . However , this was cancelled over objections from the commander of the security detail . The deficit was partially handled by embassy staff who assisted a few soldiers from the security detail . The were grouped into 15 @-@ person " sticks " to be loaded onto the helicopters and were limited to one piece of luggage apiece . Some attempted to bring more , resulting in problems coordinating their evacuation . Furthermore , many had pets they wanted to bring , which were not allowed . Most pets were killed by their owners ; some were given poison . Meanwhile , the soldiers were allowed to consume anything they wanted from the embassy 's , such as candy , , and souvenirs ( most had been stationed on ships for several months ) . They were also allowed use or take anything they needed from the embassy ; the filled several bags with medical supplies to return to the ship . - As evening approached , work began to prepare the for the main evacuation . The area was used as a parking lot and several vehicles were left without keys by staff that had already been evacuated . Some cars had to be broken into to be moved . Chemical lights were placed in the in a NATO " Y " pattern . The entire mission would be conducted with night vision , which required all lights in the embassy compound to be turned off . - - = = = Main evacuation = = = - - The main evacuation occurred in the early morning hours of 6 January and consisted of four waves of five CH @-@ 46 helicopters . The timing of this phase was determined by range of the CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight , which lack aerial capability ; the ships were about 350 – 380 nautical miles ( 650 – 700 km ; 400 – 440 mi ) away during this phase . An AC @-@ 130 was sent from Saudi Arabia to provide gunfire support during the evacuation and two @-@ 1 Iroquois helicopters were on standby to provide gunfire support , but were not deployed . - The first wave departed Guam at 23 : 43 . As the second wave landed , Major Siad arrived at the embassy gate accompanied by two of soldiers and held a grenade in one hand and a radio in the other . His request to speak with the ambassador was granted . Major Siad demanded that the evacuation cease immediately because the Somali government had not granted the US permission to carry out such a military operation . He claimed that he would radio soldiers to shoot down the helicopters if the operation continued . The second and third waves were able to depart without incident as the ambassador negotiated with the Major , who finally agreed to settle the matter for several thousand dollars in cash and keys to the ambassador 's armored car . Ambassador Bishop remained engaged in conversation with the Major until he reached the helicopter landing zone to depart with the final wave to prevent the Major from on the deal . The final wave departed the embassy at 1 : 49 and landed on Guam at 2 : 23 ; twenty minutes later , Ambassador Bishop declared the evacuation complete . - - = = = Aftermath at the embassy = = = - - Armed were observed entering the embassy compound as the final wave departed . The doors of the — the main building of the embassy — were reportedly blown open by within two hours of the embassy 's evacuation . Somali employees of the embassy — known as foreign service ( ) — could not be evacuated . Ambassador Bishop tried unsuccessfully to have these employees to safer parts of Somalia . Many of the had sought refuge in the embassy with their families and about 30 were hired as guards and protected the embassy throughout the ordeal . Local banks had been closed for some time and the embassy was unable to pay the . The Ambassador left the with keys to the and warehouse on the embassy compound and they were permitted to take anything they needed . - - = = = Return to Oman = = = - - A total of 281 were taken from the embassy , including 12 heads of missions ( eight ambassadors and four d ) and 61 Americans ( including Ambassador Bishop and 36 embassy staff ) . The heads of mission were the ambassadors of the United States , Kenya , Nigeria , Soviet Union , Sudan , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , and United Kingdom and the of the embassies of Germany , Kuwait , Oman , and . - Rather than disembark in nearby , as originally thought by the , the ships were ordered back to Oman — a five @-@ day journey . The sailors and marines made way for the to share living quarters . When the of Guam asked crew to sign up as guides for the while aboard the vessel , two hundred signed up within an hour , and some of the sailors even dressed up as to ease the ordeal for children . At the request of the ambassadors , a formal session with the ships ' senior officers was held to express their thanks . On 11 January , the were at Muscat , Oman . That afternoon , the American were flown to Frankfurt , Germany , from where they continued home . - - - = 2010 Shield = - - The 2010 Shield was the 57th Shield tournament , the premier baseball competition in Australia , and was held from 6 November 2009 to 7 February 2010 . It was hailed as the precursor to the new Australian Baseball League that will start in the place of the Shield in late 2010 to early 2011 . The Victoria defeated South Australia two games to nil in the championship series to win the tournament ; this was the 22nd time the Shield had been awarded to a Victorian team . The competition was sponsored by 's . - At the conclusion of the regular season , the Victoria finished in first place with a 17 – 7 record , earning home @-@ field advantage for the three @-@ game championship series . South Australia hosted the three @-@ game semi @-@ final series against the New South Wales . Both teams finished with a 14 – 10 record . The Perth Heat ( 12 – 12 ) and Queensland ( 3 – 21 ) both failed to qualify for the finals . - - = = Overview = = - - In June 2009 , it was announced that the rights to the Shield had been sold to a new Australian Baseball League ( ) , with ownership split between Major League Baseball 's 75 percent share and the 25 percent share owned by the Australian Baseball Federation . The 2010 tournament was considered preparation for the inaugural season starting in 2010 – 11 . It varied from the 2009 Shield by expanding the season to include ten rounds . Since an uneven number ( five ) teams were involved , four teams paired off for each round and played a three @-@ game series , while the remaining team took a bye . During the season , each team had two bye rounds and played two rounds against each other team , one at home and one away . In total , the schedule allowed for 24 regular @-@ season games per team before a postseason similar to the 2009 edition : the first @-@ place team directly qualified for the championship series and played against the winner of a playoff series between the second- and third @-@ place teams . - During the regular season , games were played on a Friday night and a on Saturday ; in each one of the two games was shortened to seven innings . The exception to this was when Perth played their home games ; they played on a Thursday night instead of a on Saturday . Each postseason series was scheduled for a Friday , Saturday and Sunday . - - = = Teams = = - - - = = = = = = - - The 2010 series allowed each team to make use of a 19 @-@ man active roster . were made in two cases that allowed teams ' active to expand to 21 players , both times for the same reason . Two games during the season had to be postponed because of poor weather . Both games involved teams meeting for the first time during the season ; make @-@ up games were scheduled at the start of the return series between the teams , and this resulted in two four @-@ game series . In both cases , the teams had a 19 @-@ man roster for the make @-@ up game , and an expanded 21 @-@ man roster for the originally scheduled series . - - = = = = = = - - The 2010 Shield was contested between five teams from around Australia . In previous years , many of the teams had played their home games at multiple venues . This season each team held their home games at only one venue . There was one scheduled exception to this at the start of the season : the New South Wales ' final home series against the Perth Heat was held at Gilchrist Oval , whereas all of their other home games were held at Baseball Stadium . - As a result of poor attendance at Baseball Park , game one of the fifth @-@ round series between New South Wales and the Victoria was moved to La University , Melbourne . Although the games had attracted crowds of no more than 500 , the moved game had an attendance of 2 @,@ 200 . Though no further regular season games were moved , the finals series hosted by the was held at La University as well . - The venues are as follows : - - = = Regular season = = - - † — A game postponed from Round 7 , held in Round 8 , was played with Victoria as the away team and Queensland as the home team , despite being played at Baseball Park , , Victoria . - — A game postponed from Round 3 , held in Round 9 , was played with South Australia as the away team and Victoria as the home team , despite being played at Norwood Oval , Adelaide , South Australia . - The Queensland were the first team to be eliminated from contention for the finals , after being swept four games to nil by the Victoria in round 8 . The following round saw South Australia clinch a position in the finals , despite finishing the round in second position . It was not until the final round that the last two spots in the finals were decided : the clinched top spot by sweeping the Perth Heat , which combined with the New South Wales sweep of the eliminated Perth from contention and secured the last finals spot for the . - - = = = Statistical leaders = = = - - - = = Finals series = = - - The 2010 Shield made use of the same finals structure as had been used in the 2009 season . The top three teams at the conclusion of the ten rounds of regular @-@ season games qualified . The second- and third @-@ place teams faced in each other in a best @-@ of @-@ three series hosted by the second @-@ place team . The winner of that series then faced the first @-@ place team for a best @-@ of @-@ three series . South Australia hosted the New South Wales at Norwood Oval , Adelaide , while the Victoria hosted the championship series at La University , Melbourne . In the finals , the home team and away team alternated during each of the series . As a result , South Australia was officially the away team for game two of its series against New South Wales , as was Victoria in the championship series . - After defeating the two games to one in the semi @-@ final series , South Australia progressed to the championship series against the . There they were defeated two games to nil . After game two of the championship series , Victoria 's Matthew was named both Shield Final Series MVP and Pitcher of the Year . - - = = = @-@ final series = = = - - - = = = Championship series = = = - - - = = Awards = = - - At the conclusion of the finals series , the winner of two awards were announced . Matthew won both the Pitcher of the Year award and the Finals Series MVP award . At the Baseball Australia Diamond Awards , held on 6 March at the Hotel Grand Chancellor , Adelaide , Wayne was announced as the 35th winner of the Helms Award ; the Shield 's Most Valuable Player award . was the first pitcher to win since 1986 . Runners @-@ up by two votes were Paul and Michael Collins . - - - = ( Ricardo album ) = - - is the thirteenth Spanish @-@ language studio album by singer @-@ songwriter Ricardo , released on 23 September 2011 . Recorded in the United States and Mexico , it was produced by with Dan Warner , Lee Levin and Puerto singer @-@ songwriter Tommy Torres . The album — the first independent release by after he was signed by Sony Music in 1993 and Warner Music in 2008 — was issued by his own label , . - and written in a year , the record marks and Torres ' fourth collaboration . For , returns to his trademark sound after his stylistic departure for ( 2010 ) . While producing the latter , he had used fewer instruments to his sound , having introduced what had been called a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " in his music . has been compared to his earlier recordings , ( 1994 ) and Animal ( 1993 ) . - became 's fourth number @-@ one album on the Billboard Top Latin Albums where it debuted for the week ending 22 October 2011 . For thirteen non @-@ consecutive weeks it topped the Latin Pop Albums chart , and reached number one on the Mexican Albums Chart . It is his fifth consecutive album to chart on the Billboard 200 ( reaching number sixty @-@ five ) , and his fourth album to chart in Spain ( peaking at number sixty @-@ eight ) . Within one week after its release was certified gold in Chile , the United States and Mexico and certified platinum in Venezuela and Argentina . - Five singles have been released from the album . The lead single , " El Amor " , became a commercial success in several Latin American countries and was number one on the Billboard Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts . It was followed by " Tú " ( featuring ) , which reached number one on the Latin Pop Songs , number two on the Latin Songs charts and topped several other national charts . " Mi Se Me " was released in May 2012 ; " Te " in July 2012 , and " Si Tu No " in November 2012 . To promote , embarked on his World Tour . - - = = Background = = - - In 2010 , wanted to change his musical style ; after experimenting with using as few instruments as possible , he obtained a sound similar to an a performance ( his sound ) and introduced what he called a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " to his music . This was heard on his twelfth studio album , . produced the album with Dan Warner , who has worked with , Dion and Christina Aguilera . When promoting the album said , " [ songs ] are like women ; they get things up and are so concerned about this that they forget that the less clothes , more beauty . The songs are often overwhelmed by ourselves , because we them with arrangements looking to their qualities and we end up hiding them " . became the first album since which recorded without Torres . - Weeks before the release of , issued a letter raising the issue of his past relationships with recording companies . He revealed the circumstances of his first contract : " a producer , friend of mine , told them [ the record label ] that if they did not sign me in , they won 't sign two artists he had [ at that time ] " . further explained that he received the " minimum royalty percentage " from his most successful albums . is 's first independent release through his own label : , a company he created to his career . The company is presided by and several friends ( including photographer @-@ director Ricardo Calderón , Universal Music executive and BMG 's Miriam ) , and is based in Miami and Mexico City . commented that his independence represented compromise more than freedom , stating that " Inside the word ' Independent ' , even when it sounds like extreme freedom , there 's a big amount of compromise and the responsibility of being able to , in the best way possible , such independence " . Billboard notes that , although other groups have released independent albums following contracts with major labels , is the most important Latin pop artist to do so . Although the album is marketed within the new label , distribution was handled by Warner Music . - - = = Production and recording = = - - marked 's fourth collaboration with Torres . The latter was a composer and producer , also receiving background @-@ vocal credit . The musicians first worked together in 2005 , when released his tenth studio album ( ) . He stated that he first " tested " Torres by sending him the " and tracks " on the album : " A Solo " and " " . Torres then " went all out on the first demo , hiring a full band that included a string orchestra " . In ( 2007 ) , Torres produced the singles " " and " " and provided background vocals on the remastered versions of 's past hits . In ( 2008 ) , Torres produced several tracks ; one was the lead single " " , considered 's " biggest hit in years " by Jason of Allmusic . - The album was composed over a one @-@ year period . Most of its production was handled by three producers familiar with 's work : Dan Warner , Lee Levin and Dan . Tommy Torres also produced three tracks : the lead single " El Amor " , second single " Tú " and " Hay " . Victor produced two songs , ( " " and the piano version of " Mi Se Me " ) and Julio aided in the production of " " . wrote all the songs except " El Amor " ( which was co @-@ written with Torres ) . The album was recorded and produced in several cities in the United States and Mexico . was mixed at the Blue in Nashville , Tennessee , and mastered by Tom Coyne and Merrill at Sterling Sound in New York City . With Torres ' return to producing regained the classic , trademark sound which Torres helped develop since 2005 . - - = = Composition = = - - opens with " Lo Que Mal " , a Latin pop song and the only track composed by Dan Warner instead of ( who wrote the lyrics ) . " El Amor " was motivated by 's desire to examine " those big , dark events within love that nobody talks about " ; he continued , " [ the ] dark sides of love are extremely fundamental to understand its great value . " added , " So many good things love has been shown that somebody had to turn it around and tell the bad ones " . In a February 2012 interview , stated that " El Amor " was the " most " song he had released to date , explaining that their choice of the song was a " contradiction " because it was not " the song which could better represent the entire album " . He described it as " very strong " and " a bit dark " . The single marked 's return to his signature , mainstream sound after the Cuban music influenced 's lead single " " , a mixture of salsa and merengue which failed to make an impact in the United States . - The album includes " Tú " , a duet with singer . Its instrumentation consists of piano , violin , guitars , drums and other percussion . Although stated that he " had the possibilities to record this song with very well known people " he expressed his happiness with , revealing that " the possibilities of doing it with her , for me , are a celebration " . He described as " incredibly talented " , a " " and a " fantastic human being " . named " Tú " as one of the most important songs on the album . " Mi Se Me " took two years to complete and dedicated it to his mother , . He stated that he wrote it " as a gift for my mom on Mother 's Day " and that he thought " the idea of including it on the album was very good " . As with his single " Señora De Las " ( on 1994 's ) , at first he never thought to include the song on an album . " " evokes " the image of some friends " had at college ; he asserted that he " appears constantly there because sometimes we transform ourselves into a contradiction of all those things we fought in those moments . It 's the history of a student leader that becomes a president " . dedicated the album to his father , who died in 2011 . - - = = Release and promotion = = - - was first digitally released in some South American countries on 23 September 2011 as a special edition , dubbed the Sur Edition . This version included a different mix of " " . On 30 September , the digital download for the standard edition of the album was released in several Latin American and European countries . On 4 October , the album was officially released as a digital download and compact disc in most of these same markets as well as North America ; an iTunes edition was released as a digital download on the iTunes music store . This version included an album @-@ only video , entitled " " . In Germany , the album was first available on the label on 4 October and on 11 October through Warner Music . In Canada and Spain , the compact @-@ disc version of the album was available on 25 October . - appeared on a television special in 2011 to promote . The special featured guest appearances by , Ricky ( of the Mexican band ) and la del . Broadcast by , the program showcased the fourteen songs on . said that he was " happy to do things for Ricardo [ ] " , elaborating that they met each other " some time ago " and it was " a very special situation " . The show was later on 5 November by Canal de las . - - = = Singles = = - - The first single from is " El Amor " , released on 23 August 2011 . In the United States it reached number one on the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart ( 's fourth number one on that chart , following " " , " " and " El " ) and number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . It was also a hit in Latin America , reaching number one in Argentina , Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Chile , Costa Rica , Panama and Guatemala . The music video for " El Amor " , filmed in black @-@ and @-@ white , was released on 8 September 2011 . It was directed by Ricardo Calderón ( who also directed 's music video for " " ) and filmed in Mexico City . The second single from the album is " Tú " , a duet with singer . The music video for the song was shot in Guatemala ( around the tropical areas of Antigua Guatemala , Dulce , the lake , and the ruins ) and directed by Argentine director Joaquín . commented that " this video the battle on the couple when someone starts to talk ' is the beginning of the end ' " . " Tú " reached number two on the Billboard Top Latin Songs and number one on the Latin Pop Songs charts . - " Mi Se Me " was released as the third single . wrote the song for his mother , . The music video for the song , released in April 2012 , was filmed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles . It features and his son , Ricardo Jr . , and was directed by Robert García . The song was used by American telecommunications corporation AT & T for a 900 commercial featuring and was released in music stores in May 2012 . The fourth single from the album , " Te " , was released in July 2012 . The music video for the song was filmed during 's concerts at Stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina during his World Tour . It marks 's first music video taken from a live performance . The song reached number ten in Mexico and number one on both the Billboard Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs chart . " Si Tu No " was released in November 2012 as the set 's fifth and final single , and was intended to promote the re @-@ release of the album . The song , which music video was similar to that of " Te " , managed to peak at number 14 in Mexico . - - = = Tour = = - - Beginning on 27 January 2012 in , Mexico , embarked on a world tour to promote the album . The World Tour was announced in December 2011 , and visited the Americas . The show consisted of four theatrical sets on a revolving stage ; performed on each in turn , as it to each song . Fellow singer @-@ songwriter appeared in several performances , joining for " Tú " . The tour was praised by critics and fans . Natalie Torres of a reported , " knows how to handle his ' girls ' , with a mix of attitudes from a ' rough ' male and seductive lyrics " . - Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that " is one of Latin pop ’ s finest : , , sometimes , sometimes melancholy and especially fond of the play of opposites " . He added , " unlike some of his fellow Latin pop stars , Mr. is no saccharine lover boy " . The tour broke records for ticket sales , commercial gross and attendance . In Buenos Aires it was the most popular show at Stadium , with a total attendance of more than 160 @,@ 000 for four consecutive sold @-@ out concerts . In Guatemala City was the first artist with two consecutive sold @-@ out concerts at Flores Stadium , with a combined attendance of more than 50 @,@ 000 . As of October 2012 , the tour has been performed for close to one million people in more than eight countries . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Latin Albums for the week ending 22 October 2011 , and remained at that position the following week . It was the third album by to remain for more than a week at number one , after ( 2000 ) and . became his fourth chart @-@ , following ( 2010 ) . For its third week it fell to number two , replaced by & 's . The album also debuted at number one on the Latin Pop Albums chart for the week ending 22 October , becoming 's fifth album to do so . It remained at number one the following week ; for its third week , it was replaced by . The album reached number one again for the week ending 12 November , and later for the week ending 11 February 2012 . For its second run it remained three weeks at the top before being replaced by 's Drama y Luz for a week ; for its third run at number one , it remained at the top spot for five weeks . For the week ending 2 June 2012 , returned again to number one . - For the week it debuted atop both the Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts , also appeared as number 65 on the Billboard 200 . It is 's fifth consecutive album to chart on that list ( following , , and ) , although it has only charted higher than . In Mexico , debuted at number one for the week ending 9 October 2011 . The following week it fell to number two , replaced at the top by ' Que . For its third week , the album fell to number three . In Argentina , debuted at number one for the week ending 9 October 2011 ; it remained at the top position for a single week , dropping to number five the following week . The album also charted on Spain , reaching number 76 . The following week it fell off the chart but later re @-@ entered , reaching its peak at number 68 . is 's fourth album to chart in Spain , following , and . On the 2011 year @-@ end charts , was the 50th best @-@ selling album on the Latin Albums chart and the 15th best @-@ seller on the Latin Pop Albums chart . In Mexico , it was the 19th best @-@ selling album of 2011 . - was certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of and in recognition of 40 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was also certified gold and platinum by the Mexican Association of of and for 90 @,@ 000 copies shipped . In the United States , was certified Latin platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for 100 @,@ 000 copies shipped . In Venezuela , the album was certified double platinum for more than 40 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was certified gold in Chile for 5 @,@ 000 copies shipped , and in Colombia for 10 @,@ 000 copies sold . As of November 2012 , has sold 75 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . - - = = Critical reaction and awards = = - - David Jeffries of Allmusic gave the album a positive review , citing 's return to his more mainstream style after the " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " . He compared ( as did and other critics ) the production values and musical style of with past albums Animal and . Finally , he stated that " Returning fans will in this combination of freedom and growth , and appreciate the return of producer Tommy Torres , the man who has been behind the boards for quite a few of 's most popular releases " ( referring to Torres ' absence from the production of ) . - A contributor to the Colombian website commented that " listening to is a labyrinth to go through , each song is a huge path that seems to have no end , because it involves imagination , it invites you to dream , to charm , to . But neither leaves behind the problematic requirements of love , its , and concerns , as well as its bad times in this joke that 's life " . was nominated at the of 2012 for the " Lo ( I Play It All ) " award . On 25 September 2012 , the album received two nominations at the 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards : Album of the Year and Best Singer @-@ songwriter album . On 3 December 2012 , received a nomination for " Pop Album of the Year " at the 2013 Lo awards . It also received a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album at the Grammy Awards of 2013 . does not win the latter award since 2005 with in a shared win with Mexican singer . In February 2013 , received a nomination for " Latin Pop Album of the Year " at the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2013 . - - = = Track listing = = - - All songs written and composed by Ricardo , except where noted . - - = = Personnel = = - - Credits are taken from liner notes . - - = = Chart performance = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = 2003 Pacific typhoon season = - - The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly below average period of tropical cyclogenesis exhibiting the development of 31 tropical depressions , of which 21 became named storms ; of those , 14 became . Though every month with the exception of February and March featured tropical activity , most storms developed from May through October . During the season , tropical cyclones affected the Philippines , Japan , China , the Korean Peninsula , Indochina , and various islands in the western Pacific . - The season ran year @-@ round , with the first storm , , developing west of the Marshall Islands on January 15 . In April , Typhoon became one of the longest @-@ lasting Pacific in history and attained records for its unusually early impacts . Typhoon Imbudo in July caused several deaths and extensive damage across the Philippines and China . In September , Typhoon became one of the costliest in recorded history after striking South Korea ; was also the most intense tropical cyclone of the season with a minimum barometric pressure of 910 mbar ( hPa ; 26 @.@ 87 inHg ) . In late November , Typhoon devastated areas of Yap State in the States of . The season closed with the of a tropical depression east of the Philippines on December 27 . - The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 2003 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Tokyo Typhoon Center . Tropical depressions in this basin monitored by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) have the " W " added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names . - - = = = = - - On March 5 , 2003 , from the University College London at the Tropical Storm Risk ( ) issued an extended range forecast for the typhoon season , noting the likelihood of near average tropical cyclone activity as a result of projected neutral sea surface temperatures . The forecast indicated the potential for 26 @.@ 2 tropical storms , compared to the 10 – and 30 @-@ year average of 27 @.@ 8 and 26 @.@ 3 storms , respectively . The following month , the group raised their forecast for tropical storms to 26 @.@ 7 , indicating a slightly above average season . Over next two months , however , fluctuations in sea surface temperatures , particularly those in the Central Pacific , caused the group to revise their predictions downward and indicated the probability for a slightly below average typhoon season in their June forecast . A rise in sea surface temperatures in the following months prompted the forecasting group to once again raise their to indicate a near @-@ average season in their final August forecast update , which predicted 27 tropical storms . The group was very accurate in their , with their April and August being the most accurate . - Similarly , working with the City University of Hong Kong issued a seasonal projection on April 24 , 2003 , indicating the likelihood of a normal or below normal season with 29 total tropical cyclones , 26 tropical storms , and 16 . As with the , the group primarily based their forecast numbers on the prevailing status of the El Niño @-@ Southern . The City University of Hong Kong revised their on June 24 , 2003 , indicating a slight increase of total tropical cyclones to 30 . The group was also accurate in their for the entirety of the Northwest Pacific , though their specialized for the South China Sea were substantially off . - During the year , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) issued advisories on tropical cyclones west of the International Date Line to the Malay Peninsula , and north of the equator ; this was due to the agency 's status as the official Regional Meteorological Center , as designated by the World Meteorological Organization in 1989 . The JMA issued and analyses four times a day , beginning at 0000 UTC and continuing every six hours . The JMA issued based on a tropical cyclone forecast model . The agency estimated 10 minute sustained winds and barometric pressure based on the Dvorak technique and numerical weather prediction . The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin , operating from Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to represent the interests of the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific . - - = = Season summary = = - - Throughout the season , sea surface temperatures within the western equatorial Pacific were above normal , including those in the South China Sea . Areas of convection persisted year @-@ round in the lower latitudes , particularly around the Philippines . divergence was also prevalent in the same regions , resulting in enhanced tropical cyclogenesis east of the Philippines in 2003 ; the mean region of development of tropical systems during the year was more southwest than the 1971 – 2000 30 @-@ year average . In 2003 , the JMA monitored 21 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity ; of those , 14 reached typhoon intensity . Though the number of tropical storms was below average , the ratio between tropical storms and was 66 % greater than normal . The Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) monitored three additional cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity that were not monitored by the JMA . - The season began with the formation of Tropical Storm on January 15 . After its five days later , no tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity developed over the next two months . This period of inactivity ended with the formation of Typhoon in mid @-@ April ; was one of the longest lived Pacific storms on record and was the first typhoon with 1 @-@ minute sustained winds of at least 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) in April since Typhoon Isa in 1997 . Tropical activity was enhanced from May to June , and during this period the JMA monitored four tropical storms , while the PAGASA monitored a fifth storm off the eastern Philippines . Three of the four tropical storms monitored by the JMA approached or hit Japan , including Typhoon , which brought heavy rainfall and wind across the Islands and the Korean Peninsula . - Tropical activity once again declined towards the second half of June and first half of July . The second half of July , however , featured the development of Imbudo and , which both tracked westward across the Philippines before striking areas near and other regions of southeastern China . Imbudo caused the deaths of 78 people and US $ million in damage . August was a highly active month for tropical cyclogenesis , with a total of six tropical storms monitored by the JMA , JTWC , and PAGASA . This included and , which also struck southeastern China . Typhoon earlier in the month made landfall in Japan , resulting in 17 deaths . - was somewhat below average in September , with only one tropical cyclone making landfall , . However , was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season and was the costliest with roughly US $ 4 @.@ 8 billion in damage , mostly in South Korea . Tropical cyclogenesis and activity continued to decline after August , with October featuring only three tropical storms . However , two , and , reached typhoon intensity ; both stayed away from land . November featured less storms but was average , with two developing . The second typhoon , , devastated portions of Yap State , resulting in approximately $ 1 @.@ 7 million in damage . In December , the JTWC and PAGASA monitored a sole tropical system east of the Philippines , though the JMA did not monitor or classify any tropical cyclones during the month . - - = = Storms = = - - In storm information below , wind @-@ speed advisories differ from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) to the JMA as the JTWC uses the United States criteria of 1 @-@ minute mean to designate maximum sustained winds , while the JMA uses the 10 @-@ minute mean wind criteria to designate tropical cyclone maximum sustained winds . This difference generally results in JTWC maximum winds appearing higher than the maximum winds described by the JMA for the same cyclone . - - = = = Tropical Storm = = = - - On January 11 , the JTWC began monitoring the disturbance that would eventually develop into near the International Date Line . As the system tracked westward , it gradually moved into a more favorable environment for tropical cyclogenesis . On January 14 , surface observations indicated that the low @-@ pressure area had developed a closed , low @-@ level circulation center indicative of a tropical cyclone , satellite imagery remained inconclusive . Nonetheless , the JMA classified the pressure area as a tropical depression west of the Marshall Islands at 0600 UTC on January 15 . The JTWC would follow suit by classifying the storm as such at 1800 UTC later that day . At the time , the depression was tracking west @-@ northwest under the influence of a subtropical ridge to the north . Over the next day the system in convective activity before resuming its previous track and accelerating . At 0000 UTC on January 17 , the JTWC upgraded the system to tropical storm intensity , though the storm remained as the JMA continued to classify it as a tropical depression . - Throughout January 17 the tropical storm would again in strength , resulting in a brief by the JTWC to tropical depression intensity . However , an increase in deep convection resulted in its as a tropical storm at 1800 UTC that day , followed by the JMA upgrading the system to tropical storm intensity at 1200 UTC on January 18 . As such , the storm received the name . At roughly the same time , the tropical cyclone began to stall east of the Mariana Islands and curve sharply northeastward . Whilst the JTWC indicated that peaked in strength late on January 18 with 1 @-@ minute sustained winds of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) , the JMA considered the system to have maintained the same intensity throughout its stint as a tropical storm . by the same nearby subtropical ridge , would continue to track towards the northeast into a less favorable tropical cyclone environment . The JMA downgraded to tropical depression at 1200 UTC on January 20 before the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as its low @-@ level circulation center from the primary mass of convection due to strong wind shear . At 0000 UTC , both the JTWC and JMA discontinued the monitoring of . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - developed from a broad area of disturbed weather as a tropical depression on April 9 well removed from any . Shortly after development , quickly intensified in its early stages , and was upgraded to a tropical storm just two days after cyclogenesis . slowed afterwards , though the storm attained typhoon intensity on April 14 . continued and late on April 15 , reached its peak intensity with winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 46 inHg ) . Following peak intensity , would begin to track northwest and in strength , an additional two times in intensity . On April 21 , the typhoon was downgraded to tropical storm intensity and began to track for several days east of Taiwan . However , on April 24 , would resume a northward track and begin to weaken , and on April 24 was downgraded to tropical depression strength as it made landfall on . Following landfall , transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on April 25 , which persisted until crossing the International Dateline towards the end of April 2003 . - Shortly after developing , caused two fatalities in in addition to minor agricultural and infrastructural damage ; similar effects were felt in Guam . Several days later , the typhoon prompted cyclone warnings and other measures in the Philippines after indicated the potential for strong winds and rain . However , ultimately any effects in the archipelago associated with remained minimal . The typhoon also prompted warning products in Taiwan , making it the first April typhoon since 1978 to cause such a feat . Unlike in the Philippines , however , would bring significant rainfall to Taiwan . Effects from the typhoon were most significant in Japan , particularly in the Islands . Strong winds , rain , and waves caused US $ 230 @,@ 000 ( ¥ 27 @.@ 8 million ) in agricultural damage on Island . One person was killed due to injuries resulting from the waves . In , heavy rainfall , peaking at 196 mm ( 7 @.@ 7 in ) in Prefecture , was reported . Overall , despite its distance away from land and weak intensity at the time of its sole landfall , resulted in three fatalities . - - = = = Typhoon Chan @-@ = = = - - on May 18 , the JTWC began to monitor an area of persistent disturbed weather associated with a broad low @-@ pressure area southwest of . Within highly conditions , the disturbance quickly organized and became classified as a tropical depression at 0000 UTC the following day . In its initial stages , the depression tracked slowly . However , a trough forced a weakness in a nearby ridge , allowing for the storm to take a more streamlined , northward path . At 1200 UTC on May 20 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Chan @-@ . Following the system 's naming , Chan @-@ temporarily meandered towards the northwest before resuming its northeasterly track . The next day , the storm began to develop an eye ; this was reflected with an upgrade by the JMA to typhoon status at 0600 UTC on May 23 . intensification followed , and at 1800 UTC that day Chan @-@ reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 940 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 76 inHg ) . - Following peak intensity , Chan @-@ began to intake dry air beginning on May 25 . At roughly the same time , the typhoon began to weaken and accelerate towards the northeast . Conditions continued to as the storm moved further north , and as the cyclone passed east of , it was downgraded to tropical storm classification . By this time , Chan @-@ had lost much of its convection due to wind shear . Early on May 27 , Chan @-@ had fully transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , and these remnants continued to track towards the northeast . These extratropical remnants dissipated south of the Islands the following day . Early in the typhoon 's existence , Chan @-@ posed a potential threat to Guam , but remained well east of the island . However , after passing to the northeast , winds from the typhoon fanned volcanic ash from the recently volcano towards the island , prompting measures in Guam . were reported on the island , forcing the cancellation of several flights . As a tropical storm , Chan @-@ caused some damage to homes and crops on , mostly due to heavy rains brought forth by the storm . Offshore , a 1 @,@ ton fishing vessel , the , sank during the storm . The ship was valued at $ 16 million . - - = = = Severe Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - Tropical Storm developed as a tropical depression just off the western coast of Luzon on May 25 . The disturbance quickly intensified to reach tropical storm intensity a few hours after cyclogenesis . However , intensification leveled off as executed a small clockwise loop before a subsequent landfall on Luzon on May 27 . Due to land interaction the storm temporarily weakened and before reforming in the Philippine Sea . Afterwards began and reached its peak intensity on May 29 with maximum sustained winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 94 inHg ) . Following its peak the tropical storm began to deteriorate and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on May 30 ; these extratropical remnants continued to track northward through Japan before dissipating in the Sea of on June 4 . - The erratic and slow movement of off the western Philippines was the catalyst for extreme rainfall and flooding , killing 41 persons in the archipelago . Precipitation peaked at mm ( 28 @.@ 5 in ) near . Rising resulted in the temporary of government offices and numerous mudslides . In addition , strong winds caused widespread power outages . Overall damage from in the Philippines amounted to 192 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 65 million ) . The floods also displaced 8 @,@ 367 people in 1 @,@ families and destroyed 178 homes . and its extratropical remnants later brought torrential rainfall and widespread flooding to Japan , particularly in southwestern regions . Rainfall there peaked at mm ( 28 @.@ 62 in ) . Flood damage was worst in and Prefectures , where several buildings were destroyed by . Other locations in Japan experienced considerable agricultural damage as well as numerous landslides . Overall , caused roughly $ 28 @.@ 2 million in damage , much of which occurred in Japan , though the entirety of deaths associated with the cyclone took place in the Philippines . - - = = = Severe Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - In late May , an area of disturbed weather began to persist in the South China Sea . The JTWC began to monitor the storm cluster on May 29 . The following day , the JMA reclassified the system as a tropical depression ; initially the system remained highly disorganized due to the lack of deep convection . moderate wind shear and dry air prevented the cyclone from strengthening significantly in the storm 's early stages . These conditions as the depression tracked northeast , and at 0000 UTC on June 1 , the JMA upgraded the system to Tropical Storm . Throughout the course of the day , continued to strengthen as it accelerated northeast , and peaked in strength with a barometric pressure of 985 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 09 inHg ) and maximum sustained winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) , making it a severe tropical storm . - However , upon moving through the Channel , conditions began to deteriorate due to increased wind shear , weakening the system and resulting in its to tropical depression status by the JMA at 1200 UTC on June 3 . continued to become increasingly disorganized as it moved further north , and late that day , the depression transitioned to an extratropical cyclone . The resulting remnants continued to track well east of Japan before dissipating on June 7 . Due to its track away from , damage remained minimal ; however , as passed to the south and east of Japan , the storm brought light rainfall to the country , peaking at 81 mm ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) in , Okinawa . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - A tropical disturbance persisted in the monsoon trough northwest of on June 7 , and moved westward without development due to wind shear . On June 11 , the shear decreased enough to allow the convection to organize , and the next day the JMA classified it as a tropical depression northeast of . On June 13 , the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm to the east of the Philippines , and PAGASA gave it the local name " " . moved to the northwest and later to the north , parallel to the eastern Philippines , and on June 17 , the JMA upgraded it to typhoon status . The storm rapidly intensified to the east of Taiwan as it developed a well @-@ defined eye , and while doing so passed over the Japanese island of @-@ at around UTC on June 17 . At 0600 UTC on June 18 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) , while the JMA estimated peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . Increased shear weakened the typhoon to tropical storm strengthen on June 19 , and later that day the JMA declared the storm as extratropical near the Islands . The extratropical remnants of continued to the northeast , crossing northern Japan on June 20 and dissipating on June 24 . - While offshore the Philippines , dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding and left thousands homeless . The storm caused 131 million ( PHP , $ 2 @.@ 46 million USD ) in damage and 12 deaths . On the Japanese island of @-@ , where wind gusts reached 204 km / h ( 127 mph ) . It also affected Taiwan , where floods covered highways and caused mudslides . In Japan , the storm caused widespread power outages , although damage was minimal , and there were 21 injuries . In South Korea , there was $ 12 @.@ 1 million in damage and two deaths . - - = = = Typhoon Imbudo ( ) = = = - - On July 15 , the JMA estimated that a tropical depression formed , and the next day the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression about km ( 415 mi ) east of Yap . A subtropical ridge near Okinawa steered the nascent depression to the west @-@ northwest for much of its duration . With warm waters and favorable upper @-@ level conditions , the depression quickly organized , first to Tropical Storm Imbudo on July 17 , and to typhoon status two days later , when PAGASA begin issuing advisories on Typhoon . Around that time , Imbudo was rapidly intensifying , developing a well @-@ defined eye . At 1200 UTC on July 20 , the JMA estimated peak 10 minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) , and the same time , the JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , making it a super typhoon . Imbudo maintained peak winds for about 12 hours , before undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle . At 0300 UTC on July 22 , Imbudo struck northern Luzon , with 1 minute winds estimated at 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) by the JTWC . It weakened over land , but re @-@ intensified in the South China Sea , striking southern China near Yangjiang , Guangdong on July 24 . Imbudo rapidly weakened , dissipating on July 25 . - In the Philippines , officials evacuated over 14 @,@ 000 people . Imbudo was the strongest typhoon to strike since Typhoon five years prior , The typhoon left widespread areas flooded for several days . Damage was heaviest in the Cagayan Valley , where over 80 @,@ 000 people were displaced by the storm . In Isabela , high winds wrecked most of the banana crop and severely damaged other crops . Throughout the Philippines , Imbudo damaged or destroyed 62 @,@ 314 houses , causing billion ( 2003 PHP , $ 86 million 2003 USD ) in damage . There were 64 deaths in the country . In southern China in Yangjiang , more than 30 @,@ 000 people evacuated ahead of the storm , and more than half of the trees in the city fell due to strong winds . High winds killed a man in Hong Kong after knocking him off a platform . Throughout Guangdong , Imbudo destroyed 595 @,@ 000 houses and caused eight deaths . Heavy rains spread across southern China , peaking at 343 mm ( 13 @.@ 5 in ) at County in Guangxi province . There , 12 people died from the storm . Overall damage in China was about ¥ 4 @.@ 45 billion ( CNY , $ million USD ) . - - = = = Severe Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - originated from a tropical depression situated within the monsoon trough to the east of the Philippines on July 15 . Tracking westward , intensification was slow and the system remained a tropical depression as it moved across the central Philippines on July 17 . Upon moving into the South China Sea , conditions allowed for quicker strengthening , and the cyclone reached tropical storm status on July 18 before reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , making it a severe tropical storm . However , atmospheric conditions began to deteriorate as made landfall on on July 21 , weakening the system . The tropical storm continued to weaken as it moved over the Gulf of prior to a final landfall near Hanoi , Vietnam the following day . Tracking inland , the combination of land interaction and wind shear caused to dissipate over Laos on July 23 . - Shortly after development , tracked through the Philippines , killing two people . After moving into the South China Sea , turbulence produced by the storm resulted in an aviation incident involving a commercial airliner off the western Philippines . Three of the plane 's occupants received minor injuries . In , caused heavy rainfall , peaking at 189 mm ( 7 @.@ 44 in ) at a station on Mountain . The rains resulted in the collapse of 1 @,@ 400 homes and an estimated ¥ 140 @.@ 27 million ( US $ 16 @.@ 9 million ) in direct economic losses . Effects were worst in Vietnam , where three people were killed . Widespread power outages occurred , and strong winds resulted in agricultural and infrastructural damage , particularly in Vietnam 's northern provinces . - - = = = Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - spawned from an area of disturbed weather in the Philippine Sea on July 31 . Tracking northwest , favorable conditions allowed for the intensification of the system to tropical storm strength on August 2 . reached peak intensity later that day with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . This intensity was held for several hours until less conducive atmospheric conditions slightly weakened the system ; this was followed by making landfall on southern Taiwan on August 3 . Subsequently , the storm weakened and moved into the Taiwan Strait before making its final landfall near , China the next day . The storm quickly weakened over the Chinese mainland , and dissipated entirely several hours after landfall . - In Taiwan , where first made landfall , heavy rainfall resulted in flooding . Commercial flights , schools , and rail service in some areas was cancelled in advance of the storm . Precipitation there peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over a period of nearly two days in County . damage also resulted from the rainfall , and was estimated at over $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) . In China , record rainfall was reported . The worst impacted city was , where losses due to reached ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) and one death was reported . Power outages were also widespread across southeastern China . Due to drought conditions , 703 cloud operations took place in order to artificially generate added rainfall ; such operations resulted in moderate precipitation over the targeted area . Overall , caused roughly $ 31 million in damage and three deaths . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - A tropical depression developed on August 2 southeast of Guam , and gradually intensified while moving to the northwest , becoming a tropical storm on August 3 and a typhoon a day later . formed an eye and became a large storm by the time it approached Okinawa on August 7 . The typhoon attained peak winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) before weakening slightly while turning to the northeast . made landfall on the Japanese island of on August 8 , and later moved across portions of and . After weakening to tropical storm status , the cyclone became extratropical on August 9 and dissipated three days later . - While passing northeast of the Philippines , the typhoon caused light damage in the archipelago . The eye crossed over Okinawa , where left 166 @,@ 800 people without power and caused 10 injuries . Near where first struck Japan , reported a peak wind gust of 166 km / h ( 103 mph ) , at the time the third strongest on record there . The typhoon also dropped torrential rainfall peaking at mm ( 26 @.@ 9 in ) . The combination of winds and rainfall caused landslides , particularly on . Nationwide , killed 20 people , destroyed 708 houses , and caused ¥ 35 @.@ 1 billion ( , $ @.@ 8 million USD ) in damage . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - originated from a tropical disturbance within the monsoon trough east of State on August 13 . Despite rather favorable conditions , the initial tropical depression did not intensify significantly and degenerated into a remnant low on August 18 . However , these remnants were able to reorganize and the system was reclassified as a tropical cyclone a day later . was rather rapid upon the storm 's – the depression reached tropical storm status on August 20 and then typhoon intensity two days later . Shortly after , made landfall on Luzon at peak intensity with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . The typhoon emerged into the South China Sea as a much weaker tropical storm , though it was able to over warm waters . Once again at typhoon intensity , before moving over the Peninsula on its way to a final landfall near , Vietnam on August 25 . Quick weakening due to land interaction occurred as moved across northern Vietnam , where the storm met its demise the following day . - first struck the Philippines , resulting in heavy rainfall and approximately 1 @,@ 000 families . The flooding caused severe damage and killed one person . 's effects were much more severe in China . In Hong Kong , eleven people were injured and isolated flooding occurred as a result of the typhoon 's outer rainbands . However , Guangdong Province , Province , and Guangxi were the Chinese regions most extensively impacted . The typhoon brought record wind gusts into Guangxi . In those three regions combined , 13 @,@ 000 homes were estimated to have collapsed and a large of farmland was damaged . Two people were killed in China and economic losses to ¥ 2 @.@ 1 billion ( US $ 253 million ) . Due to its positioning and track , of all areas in Vietnam only the country 's more northern regions were impacted by . Flash flooding occurred in earnest in those regions , and 1 @,@ 000 homes were flattened . One person was killed and five others were injured in Vietnam . Overall , the typhoon was responsible for the deaths of four persons . - - = = = Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - The monsoon trough spawned several tropical disturbances in the middle of August , one of which became Tropical Depression near the Philippines . On August 18 , an area of convection persisted on the southern side of a circulation , developing into a tropical depression east of Luzon . It moved quickly northward and later to the northwest in an area generally unfavorable for strengthening , such as the presence of wind shear and land interaction . On August 19 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm to the east of Taiwan . Later that day , the circulation passed just 55 km ( 35 mi ) north of , although the convection was exposed that time . On August 20 , the JMA assessed as dissipating in the Taiwan Strait , although the JTWC continued advisories until the storm moved ashore in southeastern China . - Rainfall in Taiwan reached 69 mm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) in Ilan County . On the island , the storm left several hundred houses without power due to a lightning strike . On mainland China , rainfall peaked at 101 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) in , Zhejiang , which were largely beneficial in drought conditions , while winds gusted to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . The storm damaged or destroyed 5 @,@ 880 houses and flooded 1 @,@ ha ( 3 @,@ 180 acres ) of fields , causing ¥ 38 @.@ 6 million ( CNY , $ 4 @.@ 7 million USD ) in damage . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - On August 27 , a tropical depression developed about 520 km ( 325 mi ) northwest of Guam , which initially drifted to the southwest before turning to the northwest . On August 29 , the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm , and that day PAGASA began issuing advisories on Tropical Storm . The storm quickly intensified into a typhoon , after developing an eye in the center . On September 1 , the JMA estimated attained peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , and the JTWC assessed peak 1 – minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) . While near peak intensity , the center of passed about 45 km ( 30 mi ) south of the southern tip of Taiwan . The typhoon weakened steadily and was a severe tropical storm by the time it made landfall on September 2 just east of Hong Kong . The JTWC estimated landfall winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , making it the strongest typhoon to strike the Pearl River Delta since Typhoon Hope in 1979 . rapidly weakened while continuing westward through China , dissipating on September 3 over Guangxi . - In the Philippines , interacted with the monsoon to produce heavy rainfall , killing one person . While in the vicinity , produced gusts of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on , a Japanese of Okinawa . Heavy rainfall in Taiwan reached 628 mm ( 24 @.@ 7 in ) in County , and winds peaked at 176 km / h ( 109 mph ) on Orchid Island before the was destroyed . The caused about $ 200 ( , $ 115 million USD ) in crop damage , and killed three people . Damage was minor in Hong Kong , and four fishermen were missing and presumed drowned after their boat sank . On the Chinese mainland , strong winds left 90 % of the city of without power , and killed 16 construction workers due to a half @-@ finished building collapsing . Across Guangdong , the typhoon damaged crops and destroyed 54 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed . Overall damage in China was estimated at ¥ 2 @.@ 3 billion ( CNY , $ 277 million USD ) , and across Guangdong , the typhoon killed 40 people . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - Typhoon formed on September 4 from the monsoon trough in the western Pacific Ocean . It slowly intensified into a tropical storm while moving northwestward , and became a typhoon on September 8 . That day , it quickly intensified due to favorable conditions , developing a well @-@ defined eye and reaching peak maximum sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . While near peak intensity , was and began turning to the north @-@ northeast . The eyewall soon after passed over the Japanese island of @-@ on September 10 , producing the fourth lowest pressure on record in Japan after a pressure of mbar ( 26 @.@ 9 inHg ) was recorded . With warm waters , was able to maintain much of its intensity before it made landfall just west of , South Korea on September 12 . On Island , produced a peak wind gust of 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) , both setting records for the country , and making it the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea since record @-@ keeping began in the country in 1904 . The typhoon became extratropical in the Sea of Japan the next day , although the remnants persisted for several more days , bringing strong winds to northern Japan . - The typhoon first affected the Islands of Japan . On @-@ , strong winds damaged 104 buildings , and 95 % of residents lost power . dropped heavy rainfall there , including rates of 58 @.@ 5 mm ( 2 @.@ 30 in ) in an hour , and 402 @.@ 5 mm ( 15 @.@ 85 in ) in 24 hours , the latter setting a record . One person died on @-@ after being struck by flying glass . Elsewhere in Japan , the storm caused flights to be canceled , while rainfall @-@ induced landslides blocked roads . There were two other deaths in Japan , and damage totaled ¥ 11 @.@ 3 billion ( , $ 96 million USD ) . Damage was heaviest in South Korea , notably where it moved ashore . Winds in near the landfall location reached 154 km / h ( 96 mph ) , the second @-@ highest on record . There , the port sustained heavy damage , causing disruptions to exports in the months following the storm . Nationwide , the high winds destroyed about 5 @,@ 000 houses and damaged 13 @,@ 000 homes and businesses , leaving 25 @,@ 000 people homeless . About 1 @.@ 47 million lost power , and widespread crop damage occurred , resulting in the worst rice crop in 23 years . Across South Korea , killed 117 people , and overall damage totaled 5 @.@ 52 trillion won ( $ 4 @.@ 8 billion USD ) . - - = = = Typhoon @-@ ( ) = = = - - In the middle of September , the monsoon trough spawned a rapidly organizing disturbance east @-@ northeast of Luzon , with weak wind shear and favorable conditions . On September 16 , the JMA classified it as a tropical depression , and the JTWC initiated advisories the next day . The system moved to the northwest due to the subtropical ridge to the northeast and later to the north . On September 18 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm @-@ , the same day that PAGASA classified it as Tropical Storm . An eastward @-@ moving trough turned the storm to the northeast , bringing the track over Okinawa and on September 19 . @-@ continued gradually intensifying , becoming a typhoon on September 20 to the southeast of Japan . That day , the JMA estimated peak winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , and the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) on September 21 , after @-@ developed a well @-@ defined eye . The typhoon weakened due to increasing wind shear , deteriorating to severe tropical storm status on September 22 before JMA declared it extratropical on September 23 . The remnants of @-@ continued to the northeast , exited the basin on September 24 , and eventually struck southern Alaska on September 25 . - Wind gusts in Okinawa reached 115 km / h ( 72 mph ) , while on the volcanic island of @-@ , gusts reached km / h ( 133 mph ) . On the Japanese mainland , winds gusted to 126 km / h ( 78 mph ) at , . @-@ dropped heavy rainfall while near Japan , peaking at 316 mm ( 12 @.@ 4 in ) on @-@ . In Okinawa , @-@ flooded a boat , forcing its occupants to be rescued by the Coast Guard . Also on the island , heavy rainfall caused landslides and flooded houses . In , the storm left 10 @,@ people without power . On , wind gusts of km / h ( 133 mph ) damaged about 200 houses . Nationwide , @-@ destroyed 191 homes , injured 9 people , and left about ¥ 300 million ( , $ 2 @.@ 5 million USD ) . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - Towards the end of September , the monsoon trough spawned a tropical disturbance east @-@ northeast of Yap , which became a tropical depression on September 24 . There were initially several , with a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the northeast increasing outflow . After slowing and turning to the northeast , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm on September 26 . After the storm developed a large eye feature , the JTWC upgraded it to typhoon status on September 27 , although the JMA did not follow suit until the following day while near @-@ . Also that day , passed 95 km ( 60 mi ) west of Iwo Jima , and the JMA estimated peak 10 minute winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . The JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) , before an approaching trough caused the typhoon to accelerate northeastward . The convection diminished near the center , causing to become extratropical on September 30 . The remnants continued generally northeastward through the Islands , eventually passing south of mainland Alaska on October 7 . - On @-@ , Typhoon produced sustained winds of 102 km / h ( 63 mph ) , with gusts to 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) , which was the third strongest on record for the station . Rainfall there reached 183 mm ( 7 @.@ 2 in ) . Wind gusts on Iwo Jima peaked at 109 km / h ( 68 mph ) . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - In the middle of October , an area of convection persisted along the monsoon trough between Luzon and Guam , developing into a tropical depression on October 17 . The same monsoon trough later spawned Typhoon to the east . For several days , the system remained disorganized while drifting to the west @-@ northwest due to weak steering currents south of the subtropical ridge . On October 19 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm , and by that time the storm had begun drifting to the northeast . With favorable outflow , quickly intensified into a typhoon on October 20 after developing an eye , and two days later , the JMA estimated peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . The JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) around the time the well @-@ defined eye had expanded to 37 km ( 23 mi ) . Subsequently , the typhoon accelerated northeastward into the westerlies and began weakening due to increasing wind shear and dry air . On October 26 , became extratropical to the east of Japan and dissipated the next day . The passage of the typhoon caused surface a concentration in the ocean to increase 30 @-@ fold . - - = = = Typhoon = = = - - The same monsoon trough that spawned Typhoon also produced an area of convection to the north @-@ northeast of Guam , becoming a tropical depression on October 19 . The system moved northwestward and later turned to the northeast around the subtropical ridge . With low wind shear and favorable outflow , the convection became better organized , and the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm on October 21 . After an eye began to form , was upgraded to typhoon status the next day . An approaching trough caused to accelerate northeastward while also increasing outflow . On October 24 , the JMA estimated peak winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) while the JTWC estimated winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , an unusually high intensity for 30 ° N. Subsequently , rounded the subtropical ridge and began moving to the east @-@ southeast , beginning a nearly week @-@ long loop . The cold front had passed to the north and failed to bring the typhoon northeastward . - Increasing wind shear weakened the convection , and deteriorated into a severe tropical storm on October 26 . The next day , it began moving westward while passing about 345 km ( 215 mi ) north of Wake Island . A large eye of 110 km ( 70 mi ) in diameter developed , and on October 28 , the JMA re @-@ upgraded to typhoon status . The next day , the typhoon turned to the northeast due to another approaching trough . With decreasing wind shear and warmer waters , re @-@ intensified significantly on October 29 , reaching a secondary peak of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) according to JMA , and 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) according to JTWC . The storm moved very closely along the track it took several days prior . Increasing wind shear on October 30 caused rapid weakening , resulting in the eye dissipating . By the next day , the center was exposed , and became extratropical , later exiting the basin on November 1 . The remnants weakened , later turning to the southeast and dissipating on November 11 southwest of California . - - = = = Severe Tropical Storm ( ) = = = - - Late in October , an area of convection persisted northwest of and quickly organized into a tropical depression on October 29 . Moving west @-@ northwestward toward the Philippines due to a ridge to the east , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm on October 30 . With minimal wind shear , the storm strengthened further and developed a large eye . The JTWC upgraded to typhoon status on October 31 , estimating peak 1 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , although the JMA estimated the storm only attained peak 10 minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Early on November 1 , made landfall on northeastern Luzon in the Philippines , south of . The storm weakened over land and emerged into the South China Sea . By that time , it was moving northward along the periphery of the ridge to the east . On November 2 , turned to the northeast , passing just east of Taiwan . The next day , it weakened to tropical depression status , and after offshore eastern Taiwan , continued northeastward . It became extratropical on November 5 and dissipated the next day near southern Japan . - In the Philippines , dropped about 150 mm ( 6 in ) of rainfall , which flooded the Cagayan River and killed four people . In Taiwan , rainfall reached mm ( 21 @.@ 8 in ) in County . On the Japanese island of , rainfall totaled 197 mm ( 7 @.@ 8 in ) , which broke the and daily record for the station in November . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - A tropical depression developed near Yap on November 11 . The system intensified gradually as it tracked quickly westward toward the Philippines . An anticyclone allowed for strengthening , and the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm on November 12 . Simultaneously , the cyclone entered the area of responsibility of the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration , which named it Tropical Storm . At around 1600 UTC on November 13 , made landfall on northern Island in the Philippines before traversing the remainder of the archipelago from east to west . The cyclone emerged into the South China Sea weakened but quickly re @-@ intensified while continuing to the west @-@ northwest . The JTWC estimated peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) on November 16 , and later that day , the JMA upgraded the storm to typhoon status , estimating peak 10 @-@ minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . On November 18 , passed near southwestern and weakened , with the convection diminishing from the circulation . By the next day , the system weakened to tropical depression status , and dissipated shortly after moving ashore over , China . - In the Philippines , produced strong winds , heavy rainfall , and rough seas . The storm caused widespread power outages and ferry disruptions . According to the PAGASA in its post @-@ storm report , a total of 13 people lost their lives during the storm . On , the storm helped end one of the worst summer droughts in almost 65 years , although it also left heavy crop damage , 64 @,@ 000 ha ( 160 @,@ 000 acres ) of fields and killing 400 head of livestock . With about 800 homes destroyed , damage on amounted to $ 197 million ( 2003 USD ) . Effects were minor in mainland China . - - = = = Typhoon ( ) = = = - - Typhoon formed on November 18 from the monsoon trough to the west of the Marshall Islands . Early in its duration , it moved generally to the west or west @-@ southwest . On November 21 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm , and two days later , it strengthened into a typhoon , developing an eye . later began a prolonged movement to the northwest , during which it passed near several islands in Yap State . The typhoon reached peak intensity on November 26 , with peak 10 – minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . It later weakened due to a variety of unfavorable conditions , and after to the northeast , became extratropical south of Japan on December 2 . - Typhoon first affected with gusty winds , and later it damaged or destroyed about 200 homes in State . There , high waves flooded roads and homes , while high winds damaged crops . Damage was heaviest in Yap State , mostly in the small and Island . On both islands , the typhoon contaminated the water supply and wrecked the crops . Rainfall reached 263 mm ( 10 @.@ 35 in ) on , and gusts reached 158 km / h ( 98 mph ) . Throughout the , damage totaled about $ 1 @.@ 7 million , although there were no deaths . The damage prompted the government to declare two states as disaster areas , as well as a disaster declaration from the United States federal government . While was becoming extratropical , it became the first typhoon in December to threaten Japan in 13 years . The storm dropped rainfall that resulted in mudslides and flight . - - = = = Other storms = = = - - An area of convection formed on May 16 to the southwest of , located within an area of weak wind shear . The next day , the JMA and the JTWC both classified the system as a tropical depression . The convection was disorganized in association with multiple circulation centers , although it gradually organized . Moving westward initially , the depression turned more to the north into an area of increasing wind shear . On May 19 , the JTWC upgraded the system to Tropical Storm , and on the same day , PAGASA classified it as Tropical Depression . Soon after , the convection decreased from the center , and by May 20 , all warning agencies had discontinued advisories . - On July 9 , PAGASA classified a system as Tropical Depression Falcon , off the west coast of the Philippines . The JMA also briefly initiated advisories before dropping them later on July 9 . Later in the month , PAGASA briefly issued advisories on Tropical Depression on July 30 off the east coast of . The depression dissipated the next day , causing about million ( PHP , $ 145 @,@ 000 USD ) in damage . The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression north of Luzon on August 18 , with PAGASA naming it . There were several in the region , with Tropical Storm to the northeast near Taiwan , and the overall system moved generally westward . PAGASA briefly classified as a tropical storm on August 19 before ending advisories the next day . The system spread rainfall across China , reaching 82 @.@ 4 mm ( 3 @.@ 24 in ) in , . - On September 5 , former Hurricane crossed the International Date Line into the basin . By that time , the circulation was largely exposed from the convection , and the center quickly dissipated . Later in the month , the monsoon trough spawned a disturbance east of the Philippines that PAGASA classified as Tropical Depression on September 15 . The system moved westward but never intensified , dissipating west of Luzon on September 19 . The broad system also spawned Typhoon @-@ . - In October , the JTWC classified Tropical Depression early in the month off the west coast of Luzon . With weak steering currents , the system moved slowly southwestward before to the northwest . On October 10 , the depression dissipated just off the coast of southern China . On October 5 , the JMA monitored a tropical depression southeast of Taiwan that later passed near the island , producing heavy rainfall that peaked at 153 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) in Ilan County . A few days later , the JTWC monitored Tropical Depression , which developed on October 12 after an extratropical storm produced an area of convection . Described as a subtropical low , the depression moved generally northeastward toward Japan due to an approaching cold front . The depression moved through and before dissipating on October 13 . The depression dropped 285 mm ( 11 @.@ 2 in ) of rainfall in , while strong winds associated reached 217 km / h ( 135 mph ) through a storm @-@ produced . The winds knocked over two cranes , killing two people , and left about 9 @,@ 000 homes without power . The depression also killed two people due to . On October 16 , the JMA briefly classified a tropical depression to the east of the Islands . On October 22 , a tropical depression developed in the South China Sea , classified by PAGASA as . The system moved eastward and crossed before dissipating on October 24 . In the Philippines , the depression killed one person and caused minor damage . Also in October , the monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression in the Gulf of Thailand , which moved northwestward and crossed into the Indian Ocean , dropping heavy rainfall in Thailand . - In mid @-@ November , the JMA briefly tracked a weak tropical depression near Wake Island . The agency also briefly tracked a tropical depression off the coast of Vietnam on December 16 . It finally dissipated on December 17 , with the pressure and winds unknown . The final system of the year was a tropical depression that originated out of the monsoon trough on December 24 east of the Philippines . After initially moving to the west , it turned to the south , and the JTWC estimated the depression intensified into a tropical storm . During this time , PAGASA classified it as Tropical Storm . The system made landfall in northeastern and dissipated on December 27 , bringing heavy rainfall . - - = = Storm names = = - - Within the North @-@ western Pacific Ocean , both the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) and the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific , which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names . The Japan Meteorological Agency 's Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization 's Typhoon Committee , should they be judged to have 10 @-@ minute sustained of 65 km / h , ( 40 mph ) . While the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135 ° E and 115 ° E and between 5 ° N @-@ 25 ° N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it . The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired , by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee . Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season . names are marked in gray . - - = = = International names = = = - - During the season 21 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Japan Meteorological Agency , when it was determined that they had become tropical storms . These names were contributed to a list of a 140 names submitted by the fourteen members nations and territories of the / Typhoon Committee . - - = = = Philippines = = = - - The Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility . PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility . Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient , names are taken from an auxiliary list , the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts . The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2007 season . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . - - = = = = = = - - The names Imbudo and were retired by the / Typhoon Committee . The names and were chosen to replace Imbudo and respectively . While was requested by Hong Kong to be removed in the list , and was replaced by . The Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) announced that the name had its name retired due to extensive damage . The name Hanna was chosen to replace . Also , the name " " was replaced by " " , after it was found that was a . - - = = Storm effects = = - - The following table provides basic meteorological and impact information for each tropical cyclone from the 2003 Pacific typhoon season in format ; unnamed tropical cyclones are not included . PAGASA names for storms are provided in parentheses . Storms entering from the Central Pacific only include their information while in the western Pacific , and are noted with an * . - - - = = - - An is an organic molecule that features a three @-@ membered containing oxygen , nitrogen , and carbon . In their largest application , are in the industrial production of . derivatives are also used as specialized reagents in organic chemistry for a variety of , including alpha of , and of , and other transfer reactions . also serve as precursors to and participate in [ 3 + 2 ] with various to form substituted five @-@ membered . derivatives effect asymmetric oxygen transfer to as well as other substrates . Some also have the property of a high barrier to of the nitrogen , allowing for the possibility of at the nitrogen center . - - = = History = = - - derivatives were first reported in the mid @-@ 1950s by and subsequently by and Horner and . Whereas oxygen and nitrogen typically act as due to their high , allow for transfer of both . This unusual reactivity is due to the presence of the highly strained three membered ring and the relatively weak N @-@ O bond . tend to attack at the nitrogen when the nitrogen is small ( R1 = H ) , and at the oxygen atom when the nitrogen has greater bulk . The unusual electronics of the system may be exploited to perform a number of oxygen and nitrogen transfer reactions including , but not limited to : α @-@ of , of , selective oxidation of sulfides and , of N @-@ and N @-@ . - The process for the industrial production of through the oxidation of ammonia with hydrogen in the presence of was developed in the early 1970s . - proved useful in the syntheses of complex natural product , such as which is marketed as a chemotherapy agent . Both the total synthesis and the total synthesis feature asymmetric α @-@ with . - - = = Synthesis = = - - - = = = N @-@ H , N @-@ , N @-@ = = = - - The two main approaches to synthesis of N @-@ H , N @-@ , and N @-@ are oxidation of with ( A ) and of ( B ) . - Additionally , oxidation of and oxidation of with may yield . Some have the unique property of stable nitrogen atoms at room temperature due to an barrier of 24 to 31 / . where is entirely due to stable nitrogen are reported . - - = = = N @-@ = = = - - In the late 1970s and early 1980s Franklin A. Davis synthesized the first N @-@ , which act exclusively as oxygen transfer reagents , and are the most predominantly used class of today . While originally synthesized with and the phase transfer catalyst chloride , an improved synthesis using as the is now most prevalent . - Many N @-@ are used today , each with slightly different properties and reactivity . These reagents are summarized in the table below . - - = = = = = = - - With highly electron withdrawing , exhibit reactivity more similar to that of than typical . Notably , certain C @-@ H bonds with high selectivity . may be synthesized by a to and a metal fluoride to act as an HF . - - = = Reactions of = = - - - = = = production = = = - - are in the process for the production of . Many millions of kilograms of are produced annually by this method that involves a step wherein ammonia is in the presence of methyl to give the : - Me ( ) C = O + + → Me ( ) + H2O - In subsequent steps the is converted to the , which is the immediate en route to : - Me ( ) + → Me ( ) C = + H2O - - = = = transfer = = = - - - = = = = α @-@ of = = = = - - α @-@ , or , are an important synthetic motifs present in many natural α @-@ have been synthesized in many ways , including reduction of α @-@ , substitution of a for a leaving group and direct oxidation of an . ( ) - ( ) ( ) and N @-@ are the most common sources of oxygen implemented in this process . One advantage of using N @-@ is that higher induction is almost invariably observed relative to and other . High yield ( 77 @-@ 91 % ) and ( 95 : 5 - 99 : 1 ) are reported for α @-@ with the Evans ' auxiliary with N @-@ as the . induction has been demonstrated with many other and with , including and . - Extensive work has been reported on asymmetric of with derivatives , achieving moderate to high enantiomeric excess . The commonly accepted proposed transition state that this outcome involves an open transition state where the bulk of R1 determines the face of approach . - The selectivity of some may be drastically improved in some cases with the addition of coordinating groups alpha to the ring as and in the table above . In these instances it is proposed that the reaction proceeds through a closed transition state where the metal is stabilized by from the sulfate and coordinating groups on the camphor skeleton . - α @-@ with has been widely implemented in total synthesis . It is a key step in both the total synthesis and the total synthesis . Additionally , implemented the transformation in his synthesis of the @-@ ( 1 @,@ 7 @-@ [ 5 @.@ 5 ] @-@ 3 @-@ ) System of acid . - - = = = = of = = = = - - of is a common reaction because epoxides can be in a number of useful ways . , laboratory is carried out with or other . have been found to be useful for the formation of highly acid sensitive epoxides . ( − ) was synthesized via as a late stage transformation as seen below . - Another transformation of high synthetic utility is asymmetric . A number of asymmetric exist : the , the @-@ , and the @-@ Colonna . These methods require specific functionality in order to achieve selectivity . The is specific to , the requires @-@ , and the requires α @-@ β . act on many . It has even possible to effect in the unit . Further investigation into these reactions may be required before levels of excess become practical for large scale synthesis . et al. have investigated asymmetric with a salt using as the stoichiometric seen below . - - = = = = of = = = = - - are known to with remarkable , and . This is a highly transformation , and similar reactivity and is seldom rivaled , especially considering the nature of the . show high selectivity toward tertiary . of primary and of a compound with two sites have never been observed . of is very high , often 95 - 98 % . ( of may be further enhanced by the addition of a fluoride salt ) . - - = = = transfer = = = - - with or are capable of nitrogen atom transfer , although this reactivity has received considerably less attention . - - = = = = of N @-@ = = = = - - of with N @-@ is quite versatile in the breadth of possible and corresponding products . may be derived from the of secondary or tertiary , and may be formed from their corresponding and , may be formed from and α @-@ may be formed by attack of corresponding . - - = = = = N @-@ = = = = - - The transfer of is more difficult than that of , although , unlike amine transfer by , there are no alternative methods that directly transfer . transfer has primarily been performed using and as . Very few transfers of to carbon have been successfully performed , although some do exist in the literature . - - = = = = = = - - have been found to undergo reactions via a radical mechanism when with light or in the presence of a single electron transfer reagent such as undergo ring expansions to the corresponding . , the migrating is determined by a effect where the group trans to the lone pair on the nitrogen will always be the predominant migration product . In light of this effect , it is possible to take advantage of the nitrogen due to high barrier to direct the . This phenomenon is demonstrated by observed in the below . In the on the left the unfavorable product is observed exclusively , while in the reaction on the right the product derived from the less stable radical intermediate is favored . - takes advantage of this as the key step in his synthesis of ( + ) , a natural medicine classified by the as possibly effective in the treatment of and the sexual problems caused by selective inhibitors . - It is also notable that will to . @-@ trans selectivity of the resulting is poor , however , yields are good to excellent . It is thought that some over time through a intermediate . - - = = = with = = = - - undergo reactions with to afford a number of unique five membered , as depicted in the figure below . This reactivity is due to the strained three membered ring and weak N @-@ O bond . - - - = Battle of = - - The Battle of ( also known as the Battle of , Battle of and Battle of ; German : ) , on 11 November 1805 was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition . ( modern ) is located in the Valley , on the River , 73 kilometers ( 45 mi ) upstream from Vienna , Austria . The river makes a crescent @-@ shaped curve between and nearby an der and the battle was fought in the flood plain between the river and the mountains . - At a combined force of Russian and Austrian troops trapped a French division commanded by . The French division was part of the newly created VIII Corps , the so @-@ called Corps , under command of . In pursuing the Austrian retreat from , had over @-@ extended his three divisions along the north bank of the . Mikhail , commander of the Coalition force , to send 's division into a trap and French troops were caught in a valley between two Russian columns . They were rescued by the timely arrival of a second division , under command of Pierre de l . The battle extended well into the night . Both sides claimed victory . The French lost more than a third of their participants , and 's division experienced over 40 percent losses . The Austrians and Russians also had heavy to 16 perhaps the most significant was the death in action of Johann Heinrich von , one of Austria 's most capable chiefs of staff . - The battle was fought three weeks after the Austrian capitulation at Ulm and three weeks before the Russo @-@ Austrian defeat at the Battle of . After Austria withdrew from the war . The French demanded a high indemnity and Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor , releasing the German states from their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire . - - = = Background = = - - In a series of conflicts from 1803 @-@ 15 known as the Napoleonic Wars , various European powers formed five coalitions against the First French Empire . Like the wars sparked by the French Revolution ( 1789 ) , these further revolutionized the formation , organization and training of European armies and led to an unprecedented , mainly due to mass conscription . Under the leadership of Napoleon , French power rose quickly as the Grande conquered most of Europe , and collapsed rapidly after the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 . Napoleon 's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat in the 1813 – 14 campaigns , resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France . Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815 , known as the Hundred Days , his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , the pursuit of his army and himself , his abdication and banishment to the Island of Saint Helena concluded the Napoleonic Wars . - - = = campaign = = - - From 1803 @-@ 06 the Third Coalition fought the First French Empire and its client states ( see table at right ) . Although several naval battles determined control of the seas , the outcome of the war was decided on the continent , predominantly in two major land operations in the valley : the Ulm campaign in the upper and the Vienna campaign , in the middle valley . - Political conflicts in Vienna delayed Austria 's entry into the Third Coalition until 1805 . After hostilities of the War of the Second Coalition ended in 1801 , emperor 's advantage of the subsequent years of peace to develop a military restructuring plan . He carefully put this plan into effect beginning in 1803 – 04 , but implementation was incomplete in 1805 when Karl Mack , Lieutenant Field Marshal and @-@ General of the Army , implemented his own restructuring . Mack bypassed Charles ' methodical approach . in the field , Mack 's plan also undermined the overall command and structure . Regardless , Mack sent an enthusiastic report to Vienna on the military 's readiness . Furthermore , after Napoleon 's maneuvers in , Mack also reported to Vienna on the weakness of French . His reports convinced the war party advising the emperor , Francis II , to enter the conflict against France , despite Charles ' own advice to the contrary . Responding to the report and rampant anti @-@ French fever in Vienna , Francis dismissed Charles from his post as and appointed his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Ferdinand , as commander . - The inexperienced Ferdinand was a poor choice of replacement for the capable Charles , having neither maturity nor aptitude for the assignment . Although Ferdinand retained nominal command , day @-@ to @-@ day decisions were placed in the hands of Mack , equally ill @-@ suited for such an important assignment . When Mack was wounded early in the campaign , he was unable to take full charge of the army . Consequently , command further devolved to Lieutenant Field Marshal Karl Philipp , Prince of , an able cavalry officer but inexperienced in the command of such a large army . - - = = = Road to Ulm = = = - - The campaign in the upper valley began in October , with several clashes in . Near the Bavarian town of , 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) northwest of , on 8 October the 1st Regiment of , part of 's Reserve Cavalry Corps , and grenadiers of ' V Corps surprised an Austrian force half its size . The Austrians were in a line and unable to form their defensive squares quickly enough to protect themselves from the 4 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 000 grenadiers . Nearly 3 @,@ 000 Austrians were captured and over 400 were killed or wounded . A day later , at another small town , south of the French 59th Regiment of the Line stormed a bridge over the and , , chased two large Austrian columns toward Ulm . - The campaign was not entirely bad news for Vienna . At , Johann von arranged his 25 @,@ 000 infantry and cavalry in a prime defensive position and , on 11 October , the overly confident General of Division Pierre de l attacked 's force with fewer than 8 @,@ 000 men . The French lost 1 @,@ 500 men killed and wounded . Aside from taking the Imperial Eagles and of the 15th and 17th , 's force also captured 900 men , 11 guns and 18 ammunition wagons . - 's victory was a singular success . On 14 October Mack sent two columns out of Ulm in preparation for a breakout to the north : one under Johann headed toward to secure the bridge there , and the other under Franz von went north with most of the heavy artillery . the opportunity , Marshal Michel the rest of his VI Corps forward to re @-@ establish contact with , who was still north of the . In a two @-@ attack sent one division to the south of on the right bank of the . This division began the assault at . At the same time another division crossed the river to the east and moved west against 's position . After clearing Austrian from a bridge , the French attacked and captured a strategically located at the top of the hill at bayonet point . The Austrian cavalry unsuccessfully tried to fend off the French , but the Austrian infantry broke and ran . In this engagement alone , the Austrians lost more than half their reserve artillery park , 6 @,@ 000 ( out of 8 @,@ 000 total participants ) dead , wounded or captured and four colors . 's column also failed to destroy the bridges across the . - Napoleon 's lightning campaign exposed the Austrian command structure and poor supply apparatus . Mack completely the French and scattered his forces ; as the French defeated each unit separately , the surviving Austrians withdrew toward the Ulm fortifications . Napoleon arrived to take personal command of close to 80 @,@ 000 men . At Ulm on 16 October Karl Mack surrendered his army of 20 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 273 cavalry . The officers were released on the condition that they not serve against France until formally exchanged for French officers captured by the Austrians , an agreement to which they held . - - = = Prelude to battle = = - - The few Austrian corps not trapped at Ulm withdrew toward Vienna , with the French in close pursuit . A Russian army under Gen. Mikhail also away from the French , withdrawing to the east . At the river on 22 October it joined with the retreating Austrian corps commanded by Michael von . On 5 November the Coalition forces held a successful rearguard action in . On 7 November the Russians arrived in St. and crossed the river the next day . Late on 9 November they destroyed the bridges across the , holding the last one at the hamlet of Stein , near the village , until the late afternoon . - - = = = Battlefield = = = - - To the east of Stein , 2 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) down an old road , lay , with its small population of a few hundred , at the confluence of the stream of that name and the . To the west of Stein the made a large curve , creating a crescent @-@ shaped floodplain between it and the mountains . At the far western end of the floodplain , where the mountains came down almost to the river 's edge , was with its castle , known as . The castle had served as a prison for Richard I of England in . In 1645 – 46 , during the Thirty Years War , the Swedes had fortified the castle and then demolished it when they withdrew . It stands at 159 meters ( 522 ft ) , on the highest ridge of a mountain with and pinnacles of granite . Because the mountain was sparsely , it was difficult to distinguish the ruins from the rocks . canyons cut through the mountain , and widen into the plain below . Between and Stein , on the flood plain , lay the hamlets of and . Near the hamlets , the flood plain was at its , extending at the most 762 meters ( 2 @,@ 500 ft ) from the base of the mountain to the bank of the river . - The region was known for its wine . Since the 15th century the local inhabitants practiced and the wine producers formed St. Paul ' Guild in , the oldest such guild in the German @-@ speaking world . vineyards extended up the sides of the River until it became a mountain stream and terrain was unsuitable for cultivation . The plain supported both and agriculture . As the terrain became , the vines grew in terraces built from the dark , primordial rock . From to the river makes its wide curve ; the mountains and the steeply terraced slopes prevent clear line @-@ of @-@ sight between the two towns . - - = = = = = = - - Napoleon had calculated that would withdraw toward Vienna , expecting reinforcements from Russia ; he envisioned that the armies would engage in a great battle at Vienna , and that this battle would decide the war . Consequently , Napoleon drew divisions from four of the other seven corps of the Grande to create a new VIII Corps . This corps was to secure the north shore of the , block any of the Austrian or Russian groups from reinforcing one another and , more importantly , prevent from crossing the river and escaping to Russia . - The new VIII Corps , under the overall command of , included three infantry divisions and a division of cavalry ( see Order of Battle below ) . Corps , as it was known , crossed the at and in early November 1805 and marched east , on the north bank of the . Operating independently , the 's cavalry conducted reconnaissance ahead of them and on the flanks . Gen. 's division ( about 6 @,@ 000 men ) took the lead ; was with them . They were followed by Gen. 's division ( another 4 @,@ 000 ) about one day 's march behind . Jean @-@ Baptiste 's division ( another 4 @,@ 000 ) , marching another day behind , brought up the rear . A flotilla of 50 boats acquired at provided communications across the . Before sending on his mission , Napoleon instructed him to protect his north flank at all times against possible Russian reinforcements , advice he reiterated in subsequent written orders . Napoleon also advised to secure all of the between and Vienna . - On 9 November 's division reached an der and covered the 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) to by early on the following afternoon . Here it with some Russian patrols to the east of the town and expelled them . Feeling confident , the French established a forward post just upstream from Stein . In itself set up his command post and directed the establishment of a small field hospital . Although the position seemed secure , he had ignored Napoleon 's strict instructions and neglected to protect his left ( north ) flank . - This failure was an important factor when lost his corps ' so @-@ called " eyes " : after he and had crossed the , the French had to the northwest , leaving only three squadrons of the 4th available for reconnaissance . These had left the division and were operating independently of 's command . Consequently , and marched through the narrow canyon west of , not knowing what lay ahead of them . had led the Coalition army across the at , a short distance past Stein , and destroyed the bridge behind him . His actions deprived the French commanders of a possible route across the , putting the deployment of the entire French division at further risk in the case of retreat . In this decision abandoned Vienna to the French , who were on the Austrian capital from the north , west and southwest , for the security of uniting with reinforcements from . chose a military solution over a political one . - Unknown to either or , the Coalition had concentrated a force of approximately 24 @,@ 000 men ( mostly Russians and a few Austrians ) within a few kilometers of the French position at . In comparison , 's division had only 6 @,@ 000 men . The Austro @-@ Russian force was a mixture of infantry , ( usually deployed as ) , Russian and Russian and Austrian cavalry , accompanied by more than 68 artillery pieces . , who had learned the military arts under the tutelage of the legendary Russian , had overall command . The Russian cavalry , units of the greatly feared Cossacks , were well @-@ suited for patrolling the river bank ; indeed , on 9 November they had taken 40 French soldiers as prisoners . Furthermore , reinforcements stood in Moravia , less than two weeks ' march away . If the main body of the French army crossed the river , they would require time to prepare . would have ample warning of any large @-@ scale French movement . - After the afternoon 's initial with the French , held a council of war on the evening of 10 November at , at the great there . He knew several things . First , he knew the positions of the French from prisoners his Cossacks had captured . He also knew that had crossed at and was well ahead of any French reinforcements : had crossed at and , by 10 November , stood at , 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) upstream , and was another 7 kilometers ( 4 mi ) further behind him . knew the size of the French division its positions , and he knew that most of the were not covering the French flank but had turned north . He also knew , or had made a good , about Napoleon 's orders , so he knew what to offer and as bait . - - = = = Battle plan = = = - - In addition to the Russian generals , the council included Austrian commanders Lieutenant Field Marshal Johann Heinrich von and Friedrich Karl Wilhelm , . , who had retired from the military in 1800 , had been recalled into service after the Ulm and had come to highly recommended by the Emperor . He was an experienced and strategist and had served in a variety of posts in the Habsburg military ; he had been Charles ' trusted adviser during the campaigns from 1796 to 1800 and had assisted in planning several of Charles ' victories . Upon his recall , was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the Coalition Army . The generals had found among the Austrian force one Christoph Freiherr von ( 1753 – 1824 ) , who had knowledge of the local geography . - Together , , and the other generals , with von 's advice on the local terrain , a plan to encircle the French at . Russian commander Mikhail would approach 's division from the east , supported by 's corps , and pin the French in place . Three additional columns , commanded by ( ) , Gen. and , would outflank the French from the west and the north . They would offer , as bait , a rumor : the Russian army was retreating into Moravia and only a rearguard would be left at . - - = = Battle = = - - On the night of 10 – 11 November a Russian column under 's command began its passage through the narrow canyons , intent on arriving at by noon ; two more columns , under and , moved in wider , planning to pass through the mountains and attack the French , who were extended along the river bank . According to the plan , in late morning 's column would emerge from the mountains first and launch a flanking assault on the French right . This flanking attack , combined with 's frontal assault from Stein , would force the French into a ; , they would have no option but to die . To ensure the success of the plan , the second and third columns , under and , would arrive in early and mid @-@ afternoon and support the earlier assaults . In this way , even if the French tried to retreat west to , they would not escape the @-@ like grip of the Coalition army . - accepted the bait of a Russian retreat . In the early morning of 11 November he and departed from to seize Stein and , the Russians had either abandoned the settlements or left only a small rear @-@ guard behind . As they approached Stein , a column of 's troops attacked the French forward positions . this force was the Russian rear guard , ordered Gen. to counterattack and push east towards the town of Stein . Fighting spread though the villages of , and the farm at . Instead of withdrawing , as a rear guard would , more and more Russian troops appeared and engaged the French column . - Initially made rapid progress , but he quickly recognized that the opposing force was much stronger than the typical rear guard of a retreating army . Realizing he had been and that 's troops were tiring rapidly , sent orders to 's division to forward . By mid @-@ morning the French momentum had stalled ; committed most of his remaining forces to driving back , leaving a single 300 cover his northern flank , and sent the rest to attack the Russian right . Within 30 minutes he achieved the superiority of numbers he sought . His 4 @,@ 500 French opposed 2 @,@ 600 Russians and forced them back toward Stein while pressing an attack along the river . had no option , for neither 's nor 's flanking columns were to be seen . - At this stage of the battle fighting paused . and waited for 's arrival while and waited for 's and 's . 's column was expected to be the last to join the fight because it had to march the greatest distance . The timing of the respite varies , depending on whose reports are consulted : fighting paused at around 12 : 00 or 14 : 00 . arrived first and immediately assaulted 's line with three battalions , pushing the French out of . Caught between two strong forces , attempted to push his way back through , to reach the river where the flotilla could evacuate his exhausted troops . through the narrow canyon and fighting off the Russian force at their rear , and his division were trapped when more of 's Russians appeared to block their retreat . The narrow hampered the Russians ; 's men had to march out of the canyons , form ranks and attack in waves . Despite 's continuous assault in the next two to three hours , and pushed the Russians back up the narrow in the hillside . At this point , 's column appeared behind the French line and joined the battle . The French were outnumbered more than three to one , assaulted in the front by 's column , in the middle by 's and in the rear by . - Earlier in the morning had proceeded with his column south and east along the river , from , according to instructions . Even before the arrival of 's , he heard the sound of artillery in the distance and sent riders ahead to discover the cause . They came back to report that a Russian column ( 's ) was descending from the mountains to take the road to . Realizing this would separate him from the forward division , his troops toward the sound of battle and deployed them to take the Russians in the flank . The French assault , heralded by cannon fire , caused 's troops to turn their attention from 's force to face these new . Although superior in numbers , 's column had no supporting artillery , and the narrow space prevented them from taking advantage of their size . It was 's turn to face attackers at his front and rear , until the arrival of 's column , which had its way through the mountains in the west . - arrived at dusk , and the action continued well after dark ; in mid @-@ November night falls at close to 17 : 00 in the upper . Despite the darkness , descended out of the and deployed his troops to 's flank . As his Russians entered the , they came between a battalion of French and another of Russians . With the additional force , the French were overwhelmed , but most of the shooting subsided when the combatants could not tell apart friend from in the dark . Under the cover of darkness , used the French flotilla to evacuate his exhausted troops to the south bank . The French and Russians continued to into the night as encountered one another in the dark . of 's force provided any necessary rear guard action , and the following morning the remaining men were evacuated from the north shore of the , while they maintained possession of only and on the north bank . - - = = = Losses = = = - - The losses were : lost close to 40 percent of his division to death and wounds . Aside from losing five guns , 47 officers and 895 men under his command were captured , bringing the loss of closer to 60 percent ; furthermore , he lost the eagles of the 4th Infantry Regiment ( France ) and the eagle and of the 4th . The Russians lost around 4 @,@ 000 , about 16 percent of their force , and two regimental colors . The Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal was killed as the battle concluded , probably by Russian in the confused melee . The vineyards and the villages of and were destroyed , as was most of and Stein . was heavily damaged ; the French plundered the town at least twice , and " handled " its inhabitants . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Both sides claimed victory . Although losses were fairly equal in terms of wounded or dead on each Coalition forces went into battle with 24 @,@ 000 men while the French started with 's division of about 6 @,@ 000 , which grew close to 8 @,@ 000 when 's men joined the fighting in the afternoon . Regardless , 's division was nearly destroyed ; the 30 percent losses experienced by the French fell predominantly on his division . for both sides , the fighting was hard . The weather had been cold ; an early storm had left slick icy mud in the roadways , and " like chandeliers " hung from the trees . - For the Coalition , the Russians were secure on the north bank of the , awaiting reinforcements from ; the bridges between and Vienna had been destroyed , making French access to the Austrian capital more difficult , but not impossible . After six months of fighting in which the Austrians had enjoyed little good news , the Coalition could claim a difficult and timely victory . The French had retreated from the field with a badly division and had secured the right flank . Indeed , Francis was so pleased with the outcome at that he awarded the Military Order of Maria . - For the French , the survival of the Corps seemed nothing short of a miracle . The remainder of 's division crossed the river the next morning and eventually in Vienna , which the French acquired by deception later in the month . More importantly for them , the French force had performed well over difficult terrain and under terrible combat conditions . Initially there had been some panic and parts of at least one French battalion had tried to escape on the flotilla craft . They had lost control of the boats in the current and smashed into the pillars of the burned bridge at , their boats . into the icy river , most had drowned . Despite this initial panic , 's column retained its cohesion , and responded well to various difficult demands . had demonstrated his tactical : when he heard cannon fire , he directed his troops toward it to support the French division . In terms of French staffing , 's failure to guard his flank , especially in the face of Napoleon 's direct advice , adversely influenced his relationship with his commander . However , in the immediate weeks ahead , the flamboyant did more to annoy Napoleon than had . In assessing the battle and its aftermath , historians have laid the blame and credit for its outcome not only on and : " Napoleon , aware of 's danger and his own for it , vented his frustration on , whom he unjustly accused of abandoning for the empty glory of riding through Vienna . " - After the victory at , Napoleon dispersed the VIII Corps and reassigned . However disappointed he may have been with , Napoleon was pleased with 's performance . As recognition of his conduct in what the French called " the immortal Battle of " , received the Officer 's Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor . - The loss of was a significant blow to the Austrian military organization . Called out of retirement for this specific task , he was one of their most experienced general staff officers , other than the Charles . From the summer of 1796 until his retirement in 1800 he had been Chief of the General Staff of the Army , the Lower Rhine , the Rhine and the Army of Germany . Furthermore , he was a trusted member of Charles ' staff . He had helped to design several of Charles ' more important victories at , , the at and , the battles at and , and the northern Swiss Campaign of that included battles at and . An experienced officer and excellent , he might well have made a more effective Chief of the General Staff of the Coalition Army at the Battle of than his eventual replacement , Franz von . In 's absence , the architect of the Austrian catastrophe at in 1800 , was chosen to develop the general battle plan of Coalition action at . , undoubtedly a far better than , and possessed of superior training and mapping skills , would have developed a more realistic Coalition plan for . 's presence would probably not have been enough to turn that defeat into a victory , but it would have the magnitude of the Coalition 's losses ; was considered one of Napoleon 's finest . - In the broader picture , despite the important major naval engagements , the outcome of the War of the Third Coalition was determined on the Continent , predominantly in the two major land operations . In the Ulm campaign , the Habsburgs achieved some minor victories , such as 's at @-@ , but ultimately lost an entire army and an officer corps . The latter would not resume arms against France until formally exchanged . This condition crippled the Austrian military leadership and forced the recall of such pensioners as out of retirement . After the capitulation at Ulm , isolated portions of the Austrian military capture and joined with their Russian allies ; Michael von 's corps slipped out of the and joined 's force . A few other small forces refused to and seemingly melted into the Bavarian mountains and the forests , to reappear in Bohemia for . Sixteen hundred cavalry , including Ferdinand and Prince , broke out of Ulm before its capitulation . Maximilian , Count of , led his column back through the mountains into Austria , fighting rear guard actions against pursuing French forces at the ( ) and . These elusive units were insufficient to balance heavy losses at key battles in which the Austrians could not hold their own against the French . Between the Ulm capitulation and the Austrian and Russian defeat at , there were other minor achievements : a successful between the cavalry that escaped from Ulm and the French near the town of , the contested victory at , and another within days at . - The second determining event , the decisive French victory at the Battle of over the combined Russian and Austrian armies , forced the Austrian withdrawal from the Coalition . The subsequent Peace of , signed on 26 December 1805 , reinforced the earlier treaties of and . Furthermore , Austria ceded land to Napoleon 's German allies , and paid an indemnity of 40 million francs . Victory at also gave Napoleon the latitude to create a zone of German states between France and the states of Prussia , Russia , and Austria . These measures did not establish a lasting peace on the continent . Prussian worries about growing French influence in Central Europe sparked the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806 , in which Austria did not participate . - - = = Battlefield = = - - Until 1805 , was probably best known as the village in which crusader Richard the was held by Leopold V , Duke of Austria . In 1741 , during the War of the Austrian , several hundred local villagers had held off the French and Bavarian armies , intent on capturing Vienna , by painting drain pipes to look like cannons , and beating on drums , thus suggesting the presence of a large force . - After 1805 , the exploits of 40 @,@ 000 French , Russian , and Austrian soldiers excited the European imagination . General 's grave has never been found , but in 1811 a monument for him was erected at the Stein Tor , the gate leading from the old village of to the hamlet of Stein . The house in which Captain von lived was marked with a bronze plate commemorating his contribution to the battle . In 1840 , a Spanish created an image of the battle , which was later expanded by English John . The image depicts the evacuation of French troops via the flotilla ( see image ) on a night . In fact , the moon was in its last quarter phase 48 hours later , and on 11 November probably did not provide as much light as depicted in the image . - In 1836 , Jean Antoine Fort ( French , 1793 – 1861 ) , a historical painter , created a of the battle , Combat de le 11 1805 ( ( English ) Battle of of 11 November 1805 ) , which is in the collection at Versailles . - In the Russian novel War and Peace , Leo devoted several pages to the battle , its prelude , and its aftermath , and the delivery of its news to the Tsar by Prince Andrew . Between and , at the edge of the plain , stands the " Little Frenchman " memorial ( see image ) erected in 1905 to commemorate the battle ; it bears the names of , , , , and others on a copper @-@ engraved plate . - - = = Orders of battle = = - - - = = = French VIII . Corps ( Corps ) = = = - - On 6 November , Adolphe commanded the following forces : - 1st Division under command of Pierre de l ( formerly 1st Division of VI . Corps ) , six battalions , three squadrons , and three guns , most of which were involved in the fighting after mid @-@ day . - 2nd Division under command of de la ( formerly 2nd Division of the V. Corps ) , nine battalions , three squadrons , three guns . - 3rd Division under command of Jean @-@ Baptiste ( Division , formerly 3rd Division of the II . Corps ) . The 3rd Division was not involved in the fighting . - Dragoon Division under command of Louis Klein . Klein 's division included the 1st , 2nd , 4th , and 14th Regiments of . They were not involved in the fighting . - fleet of fifty boats , under the command of Frigate Captain . - Total : fifteen battalions , six squadrons , six guns , approximately 12 @,@ 000 men , not all of which were involved in the fighting . - - = = = Coalition columns = = = - - First Column , commanded by General of Brigade Prince , included three battalions of infantry , three battalions , and three battalions , ten squadrons of Hussars . - Second Column , Lieutenant General , included six battalions of infantry , three battalions of grenadiers , and five squadrons of Hussars . - Third Column , commanded by Lieutenant General , including six battalions of infantry , one battalion from the 8th regiment , and ten squadrons of the Regiment . - Fourth Column , commanded by Lieutenant General , nine battalions of infantry . - Fifth Column , Lieutenant General Freiherr von , nine battalions of infantry . - Sixth Column , Lieutenant General Freiherr von Rosen , with six battalions of Infantry and ten squadrons of cavalry . The Sixth Column did not take part in the fighting . - Austrian Infantry Brigade , Major General Johann von @-@ , four battalions of Border Infantry , including the highly decorated 9th Regiment . - Austrian Cavalry Division , Lieutenant Field Marshal Friedrich Karl Wilhelm , , twenty @-@ two squadrons of cavalry . - Total : fifty @-@ eight battalions , sixty @-@ two squadrons , fourteen artillery batteries , approximately 24 @,@ 000 men and 168 guns . - - - = = - - Edward / / ( born July 12 , 1977 ) is an American Canadian professional wrestler , mixed martial artist , and former amateur wrestler and professional American football player . He is currently signed to WWE on the Raw brand . He is a four @-@ time WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Champion , a former Heavyweight Champion , and an NCAA Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . He is also a one @-@ time Heavyweight Champion , making him a five @-@ time world champion in professional wrestling . As of July 14 , 2016 , he is # 8 in official heavyweight rankings . - After his successful amateur wrestling career at Bismarck State College and the University of Minnesota ( 106 wins and 5 losses ) , signed with WWE ( then the World Wrestling Federation ) in 2000 . He was assigned to its developmental promotion Ohio Valley Wrestling ( ) , where he was a three @-@ time Southern Tag Team Champion with Shelton Benjamin . After debuting on WWE 's main roster in 2002 , he won the WWE Championship on three separate occasions with victories over The Rock and Kurt Angle ( twice ) . won his first WWE Championship five months after his main roster debut at the age of 25 , becoming the youngest champion in the title 's history . He was also the 2002 King of the Ring and the 2003 Royal Rumble winner , making him the youngest King of the Ring and Royal Rumble winner as well . Following his match with Goldberg at WrestleMania , left the WWE and pursued a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was named a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings but was cut prior to the start of the 2004 – 05 season . In 2005 , returned to professional wrestling and signed with New Japan Pro Wrestling ( ) , where he won the Heavyweight Championship in his first match . After a contractual dispute with , he also wrestled as Heavyweight Champion in the Federation ( ) . - In 2006 , pursued a career in mixed martial arts . He signed with Hero 's and won his first fight , against @-@ Kim , in June 2007 . He then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( ) the following October . lost in his debut against Frank and then won his second fight against Heath . In November 2008 , defeated Randy to become the Heavyweight Champion . Shortly after a successful title defense in a rematch with , was sidelined due to . He would return at 116 to defeat Interim Heavyweight Champion Shane and the heavyweight championships , becoming the Heavyweight Champion . then lost the championship to Cain at 121 . In 2011 , he was once again sidelined due to and underwent surgery . returned at 141 in December , losing to and promptly retiring from . was a box office sensation in . He took part in a few of the best selling pay @-@ per @-@ views in history , including 100 and 200 . - In April 2012 , once again returned to professional wrestling , rejoining WWE after an eight @-@ year hiatus . Two years later , at WrestleMania XXX , defeated The Undertaker to end his undefeated streak at the premier annual event . has been managed by Paul throughout the majority of his professional wrestling career . He has numerous pay @-@ per @-@ view events for both the WWE and , including WrestleMania , WrestleMania 31 , 100 , and 116 . In 2015 , an ESPN.com article referred to as " the most accomplished athlete in pro wrestling history " . - - = = Early life = = - - was born in Webster , South Dakota , on July 12 , 1977 . He was raised on a Webster dairy farm owned by his parents , Stephanie and Richard . He is of German descent . He has two older brothers named Troy and Chad , and a younger sister named . At age 17 , he joined the National Guard , where he was assigned to an office job after his red @-@ green was deemed hazardous to his desire to work with explosives . He lost this job after failing a computer typing test , and later worked for a construction company . - attended Webster High School , where he played football and competed in amateur wrestling , placing third in the state championships his senior year . He then attended Bismarck State College , where he won the National Junior College Athletic Association ( ) heavyweight wrestling championship in his sophomore year . He transferred to the University of Minnesota on a wrestling scholarship for his junior and senior college years . There , he was roommates with future WWE colleague Shelton Benjamin , who was also his assistant coach . - won the 2000 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I heavyweight wrestling championship his senior year after being the runner @-@ up to Stephen Neal the year prior . He finished his amateur career as a two @-@ time All @-@ American , the 1998 Heavyweight Champion , two @-@ time NCAA All @-@ American , two @-@ time Big Ten Conference Champion , and the 2000 NCAA Heavyweight Champion , with a record of 106 – 5 overall in four years of college . - - = = Professional wrestling career = = - - - = = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment = = = - - - = = = = Training and debut ( 2000 – 2002 ) = = = = - - In 2000 , signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He was sent to its developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling . There , first met future friend and manager Paul . He formed a tag team known as " The Minnesota Crew " with his former college roommate , Shelton Benjamin . and Benjamin won the Southern Tag Team Championship on three separate occasions . wrestled several dark matches in 2001 and 2002 before being called up to the main roster . - debuted on WWF television on the March 18 , 2002 , episode of Raw , coming through the crowd and attacking Al Snow , and Spike Dudley during their match . He was accompanied by Paul , who was seen giving instructions to . When the brand extension was introduced in the WWF , was drafted to the Raw brand . Later , was confirmed to be 's agent and gave the nickname " The Next Big Thing " . 's first feud was with the Hardy Boyz . and Jeff Hardy off at in 's first official televised match . He won the match by knockout after Hardy was unable to respond to referee Theodore Long . The next night on Raw , faced off against Jeff Hardy 's brother , Matt Hardy , and defeated him in the same fashion . - - = = = = WWE Championship ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = = = - - In June 2002 , won the King of the Ring tournament , defeating Ray Dudley in the first round , Booker T in the quarter @-@ finals , Test in the semi @-@ finals , and Rob Van Dam in the finals , earning him a shot at the WWE Championship at SummerSlam . On July 22 , joined the SmackDown ! brand . After a quick feud with Hollywood Hogan in August 2002 , defeated WWE Champion , The Rock at SummerSlam to become the WWE Champion and youngest WWE Champion at age 25 , a record previously held by The Rock . He also became the second fastest wrestler to win the WWE Championship since his debut ( 126 days ) behind only Ric Flair ( 113 days ) . At the time , the WWE Championship was being defended on both brands , so Raw General Manager Eric expected to return to Raw the following night . However , SmackDown ! General Manager Stephanie McMahon announced that was only required to defend the title on SmackDown ! , forcing to institute a new championship for Raw ( the World Heavyweight Championship ) . The WWE Championship was then renamed the WWE Championship . - 's rapid rise to the top of WWE in 2002 led to a feud with The Undertaker , which involved a match at . The match ended in a double resulting in retaining the title . faced The Undertaker again , at No Mercy , this time in a Hell in a Cell match . Leading up to the match , in the storyline , broke the Undertaker 's hand with a tank . Despite McMahon not to let The Undertaker use his cast as a weapon , the request was denied and the match went on as planned . In a match that saw both wrestlers and even covered in blood , it ended when reversed an attempted into his finishing F @-@ 5 maneuver for the win . Six days after his Hell in a Cell match with The Undertaker , successfully retained his WWE title in a handicap match with at the Rebellion pay @-@ per @-@ view against Edge . - 's next opponent was Big Show . was convinced more than anyone that could not win , trying to talk him out of defending the title . refused and faced Big Show in Madison Square Garden at the Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ view . Towards the end of the match , delivered an F @-@ 5 to Big Show , but when he went for the pin , pulled the referee out of the ring . This allowed Big Show to capitalize and proceeded to on a steel chair . Show went on to pin and win the title . This loss was 's first pinfall loss in WWE and led to turn for the first time in his career into a fan favorite . Following Survivor Series , made it clear that would not get a rematch , and had a special clause saying so into his contract . In order to gain his revenge on Big Show and , in his first title defense , which came against Kurt Angle the next month at Armageddon . hit the F @-@ 5 on the champion , which enabled Angle to pin him and win the title . On the following episode of SmackDown ! , however , Angle introduced as his manager and , despite promising a title shot earlier in the evening , declared that still would not get it . was beaten down by Big Show and Angle after the main event , but would get his revenge after the show went off the air . He eventually knocked the Big Show out with a steel chair , leaving Angle alone with . then chased the champion out of the ring and resumed his assault that culminated when used the F @-@ 5 to propel Angle 's right knee into the steel . As tended to a screaming Angle , finished off the assault with a on the , breaking the champion 's leg in storyline . - With Angle temporarily put out of action , 's rivalry with and the Big Show resumed , which culminated in a match at the Royal Rumble in January 2003 with the winner being placed into the Royal Rumble later in the evening . would defeat Big Show and entered the Royal Rumble as the # 29 entry , the second to last competitor to enter the match . He eliminated Matt Hardy and The World 's Greatest Tag Team , which was composed of Charlie Haas and his former teammate , Shelton Benjamin , who were by Angle . would then eliminate The Undertaker last and win the Royal Rumble , which guaranteed him a title match at WrestleMania . - After the Royal Rumble , and Chris faced off against Angle , Haas , and Benjamin at No Way Out the following month and 's team won the match . During the match at WrestleMania , a shooting star press , a move he 'd done numerous times in developmental matches , and jammed his head and neck . This stunned and forced Angle and to improvise the finish of the match . would defeat Angle , after delivering an F @-@ 5 , to win his second WWE Championship . was diagnosed with a legitimate concussion from the shooting star press . - After WrestleMania , turned his attention to John , who had returned from injury in February 2003 and who had been F @-@ into a in the same manner Angle had been . claimed nearly ended his career and even named his new finishing move the " " as a at the new champion . The feud ended in a match at when defeated . On the following episode of SmackDown ! , returned to his rivalry with Big Show after he injured Rey badly during their match at . Show 's attack resulted in being carried out on a stretcher and back board and Big Show took off the stretcher and swung the back board into the , the injury . called out the Big Show , who demanded that put his title on the line against him . This led to a stretcher match at Judgment Day for the title . successfully retained his title with help from Rey and a . During the scripted rivalry , on SmackDown , lifted Big Show off the top @-@ rope in a which caused the ring to collapse on impact . - As and Big Show continued their rivalry , Kurt Angle returned from his neck surgery and he and began to form a more friendly rivalry , as the two were allies yet contenders for the title . At the first ever SmackDown brand @-@ exclusive pay @-@ per @-@ view in July , , took on Angle and Big Show in a No triple threat match for his title , which ended after Angle hit the Angle Slam on both Big Show and , the champion to become WWE Champion for a fourth time . - continued to aggressively pursue the WWE title despite his friendship with Angle . Mr. McMahon found his way into the angle , at first , who had involved himself in McMahon 's rivalry with Zach , for losing to Angle . This all turned out to be a that came into focus on the August 7 , 2003 SmackDown ! in , British Columbia . That night , and McMahon were to face each other in a steel cage match with Angle as the special guest referee as per McMahon 's orders on the previous week 's program . During the match , had passed out due to a staged backstage incident and McMahon was set to pin him , but Angle refused to allow McMahon to win that way . As the two men began to argue , rose to his feet , revealing the to the crowd , and F @-@ Angle . He then brutally beat Angle while McMahon watched , and celebrated with him afterwards , turning heel in the process . At SummerSlam , lost to Angle when Angle made tap out to the ankle lock . After that , would cement his heel turn by smaller wrestlers and attacking his rivals on a more consistent basis . He returned to using the F @-@ 5 to propel his opponents ' legs into the , as he did to Spanky and , and in Angle 's matches on two separate occasions . On the September 18 , 2003 episode of SmackDown ! , received his third shot at Angle in as many months when he faced the champion in a sixty @-@ minute Iron Man match for the title . won the match and his third WWE Championship by a final count of five to four . - successfully defended his newly won title against the debuting Paul London on October 9 edition of SmackDown ! . He returned to feuding with The Undertaker . had previously cost Undertaker the title in a match against then @-@ champion Kurt Angle , which granted him a shot at 's title . At No Mercy , defeated Undertaker in a Chain match . The rivalry then came to an end after The Undertaker chose to focus on Mr. McMahon . - After Paul returned to WWE as general manager of SmackDown ! , aligned himself with his former manager . With Survivor Series coming up , decided to challenge Angle to a traditional Survivor Series elimination tag team match . chose Big Show as his first teammate , with adding a returning Nathan Jones and a debuting Matt Morgan to bring the team number to four . Angle chose Chris and The to join his team . However , was injured during a match with and Angle 's team was forced to find a replacement for him . 's team picked A @-@ Train to fill the fifth and final spot for them after he attacked John , who refused to accept an invitation to join 's team . instead joined Angle 's team , and Angle added Hardcore Holly as the fifth member ; had injured Holly the year before and he hadn 't wrestled since . In the climax of the match , Chris became the only second wrestler to make tap out . faced in a singles bout two weeks later for the WWE Championship on SmackDown ! , where won after passed out to 's debuting Lock submission hold . - The Survivor Series event marked the first time met Goldberg from the Raw brand . After claimed in a backstage interview that he could beat anybody in the world , Goldberg interrupted the interview and introduced himself to , shaking hands with him before leaving with a . followed this rivalry with a feud involving Hardcore Holly . In the storyline , Holly wanted revenge on for legitimately injuring his neck during a previous match between the two in 2002 which left Holly in need of neck surgery and out of action for a year . At the Royal Rumble in 2004 , defeated Holly to retain the WWE Championship . Later in the Royal Rumble match , attacked Goldberg and delivered an F @-@ 5 , enabling Kurt Angle to eliminate him . - - = = = = Final storylines and departure ( 2004 ) = = = = - - In February , faced Eddie Guerrero for the WWE title at No Way Out . Late in the match , Goldberg delivered a spear to while the was unconscious . Afterwards , Guerrero went to pin but kicked out at two . then attempted to F @-@ 5 Guerrero but Guerrero reversed it into a DDT . Guerrero then hit a frog splash ; to win the WWE Championship . An angry then began feuding with Goldberg , him for losing his title , and a match was set up between the two at WrestleMania . During the feud with Goldberg , was also at odds with Stone Cold Steve Austin , who was shown suggesting to Goldberg that he attack at No Way Out . After attacked Austin on Raw and stole his four @-@ , Austin was inserted as the special guest referee for the WrestleMania match . On the March 4 episode of SmackDown , defeated Hardcore Holly in his last match on a weekly WWE televised show . Behind the scenes , it was widely known that the match was Goldberg 's last in WWE . Only a week before WrestleMania , rumors surfaced that , too , was leaving to pursue a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . As a result , 's match with Goldberg became a as the fans at Madison Square Garden and heckled both wrestlers . Goldberg gained victory after delivering a to and both men subsequently received Stone Cold from Austin . - - = = = New Japan Pro Wrestling ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = = - - On October 8 , 2005 , won the Heavyweight Championship on his debut match in a three @-@ way match with and at a New Japan Pro Wrestling ( ) show in the Tokyo . is one of the few American wrestlers to have held this title . He won the match by after an F @-@ 5 , which he had renamed the Verdict since WWE owns the trademark on the F @-@ 5 name . After the match , stated that this name was referring to his lawsuit against WWE . - On December 6 , WWE filed a motion for a temporary order to prevent from continuing to work with , but the court did not grant it . Following that , he had two non @-@ title victories against and . successfully defended his championship on January 4 , 2006 , against former champion . On January 13 , WWE once again filed an injunction against to stop him from defending the Heavyweight Championship which was also not enforced as he went on to retain his championship against former Wrestling Grand Champion on March 19 , at the Hall . had another successful title defense against Giant Bernard on May 3 , 2006 . This was the first American vs. American title match in since vs. Stan Hansen in 1990 . - On July 15 , 2006 , New Japan Pro Wrestling announced would not return to defend the Heavyweight Championship due to " issues " and had been stripped of the title . A tournament was held on July 16 to determine the new champion which was won by Hiroshi . continued to possess the physical Championship belt until late June 2007 . - Approximately one year later on June 29 , 2007 , defended his Heavyweight Championship against TNA World Heavyweight Champion Kurt Angle in a champion versus champion match . Federation promoter Antonio had stated was the " proper " Heavyweight Champion as he was not defeated for the title . Angle would defeat by forcing him to tap out to the Angle lock to win the Heavyweight Championship as recognized by and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . This was 's last match as a professional wrestler until 2012 , when he re @-@ signed with WWE . - - = = = = = = = = - - had previously signed a non @-@ compete clause in order to be released from his contract with WWE , which prohibited him from working for any other professional wrestling companies before June 2010 . However , he decided to challenge this ruling in court . WWE responded with a after breached the agreement by appearing at a New Japan Pro Wrestling show in 2004 . In July 2005 , the two sides dropped their claims and entered negotiations to renew their relationship . WWE had offered a contract , but on August 2 , 2005 , WWE 's official website reported that had withdrawn from any involvement with the company . The lawsuit began to enter settlement talks on September 21 , but did not get solved . - On January 14 , 2006 , Judge Christopher stated that unless WWE gave him a good argument between then and the 25th , he would rule in favor of , giving him a summary judgment . This would have enabled to work anywhere , immediately . WWE was later granted a deadline . On April 24 , WWE announced on that both parties had reached a settlement . On June 12 , a federal judge dismissed the case at the request of both legal parties . - - = = = Return to WWE = = = - - - = = = = with Triple H and ending the ( 2012 – 2014 ) = = = = - - returned to the WWE on April 2 , 2012 , on Raw , as a heel by and delivering an F @-@ 5 to John . The following week on Raw , general manager John revealed that he signed to bring " legitimacy " back to the WWE and become the " new face of the WWE " . also announced that would face at Extreme Rules with the Extreme Rules later added to the match . was dominant throughout the match until punched in the face with a steel chain wrapped around his fist . then delivered the to onto steel steps and lost the match . - The following night on Raw , WWE 's Chief Operating Officer Triple H refused to give in to 's contract demands ( which included being given his own personal jet and having Raw renamed to Monday Night Raw Starring ) , resulting in attacking him and breaking his arm with a lock in storyline . The next week on Raw , Paul made his return as 's legal representative and claimed that was quitting WWE . He later announced a lawsuit against WWE for breach of contract . At No Way Out in June , Triple H challenged , who was not present , to a match at SummerSlam which refused . Stephanie McMahon would later into accepting the match on 's behalf on July 23 at Raw 1000 . On August 19 , at SummerSlam , defeated Triple H in a No match via submission after once again breaking his arm in storyline . The following night on Raw , declared himself the new " King of Kings " and said that he would depart from WWE after his victory over Triple H , stating that he had conquered everything in the company . - returned on the January 28 , 2013 episode of Raw , Vince McMahon who was about to fire , and Despite 's pleas , hit McMahon with an F @-@ 5 , breaking McMahon 's in storyline . The following week , during The 's talk show , Raw Managing Supervisor Vickie Guerrero revealed herself as the one who signed to a new contract to impress McMahon . On the February 25 episode of Raw , once again attempted to attack McMahon , only to get into a brawl with the returning Triple H , which resulted in legitimately having his head split open and requiring eighteen . The following week , Triple H issued a challenge to , requesting a rematch with him at WrestleMania 29 , which accepted but only after Triple signed a contract and named the . The following week , after Triple H signed the contract and assaulted , the was revealed as No with Triple H 's career on the line . ended up losing the match after Triple H hit him with a onto the steel steps . On the April 15 episode of Raw , attacked ( Heath , Drew , and ) before challenged Triple H to face in a steel cage match at Extreme Rules , which Triple H accepted the following week . On May 19 at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , after interference from , he defeated Triple H and ended their feud . returned on the June 17 episode of Raw , attacking 's fellow client Punk with an F @-@ 5 . Despite the accusations from Punk , claimed that he was not behind 's attack on him . However , in July , turned on Punk , and claimed that Punk could not beat , which led to making his return and attacking Punk on the July 15 episode of Raw . The following week on Raw , Punk challenged to a match at SummerSlam , where defeated Punk in a no match . - On the December 30 episode of Raw , returned with to announce his intentions to challenge the winner of the upcoming WWE World Heavyweight Championship match between Randy and John at the Royal Rumble . then any wrestler who disapproved of that notion to challenge him , which was answered by Mark Henry , and a brawl would ensue , ending with delivering an F @-@ 5 to Henry . The following week on Raw , Henry challenged again , only to have his elbow with the lock in storyline , and this led Big Show to came out afterwards to confront , thus starting a feud which was settled at Royal Rumble , where defeated the Big Show after attacking him with a steel chair before the match began . On the February 24 , 2014 episode of Raw , after stated that had requested a match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXX , instead receiving an open contract to face anyone else of his choosing , The Undertaker then returned and through a table , setting up their match at WrestleMania . defeated Undertaker after executing three F @-@ , ending his undefeated WrestleMania streak at 21 , a feat that was described by Sports Illustrated as being " the most shocking result since the Montreal " . - - = = = = WWE World Heavyweight Champion ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = = = - - On the July 21 , 2014 episode of Raw , Triple H announced that would face John at SummerSlam for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . At SummerSlam , defeated to become the WWE World Heavyweight Champion , and during the match he delivered sixteen ( most of which were German ) and two F @-@ to , who barely managed any offense . On the August 19 episode of Main Event , Triple H announced that was invoking his championship rematch clause against at Night of Champions , where was disqualified due to Seth interfering , but retained his championship , which could not be lost via . Later in the year , after reunited with The Authority , he was added to and 's championship match at Royal Rumble , making it a triple threat match , which won despite suffering a storyline broken rib during the match . - 's next was Roman , who won the Royal Rumble match to earn the right to face for the title at WrestleMania 31 . During his main @-@ event match against , delivered multiple and was heard , " City , ! " , and thereafter " City " became one of his signature and merchandise motifs . After and traded a few false finishes , in his Money in the Bank contract while the match was in progress , making it a triple threat ; then pinned to win the title . The following night on Raw , tried to his rematch clause and subsequently attacked commentators Booker T , John " " , and Michael Cole , as well as a cameraman after refused the rematch , which led to Stephanie McMahon indefinitely in storyline . - returned on the June 15 episode of Raw as a fan favorite , being chosen by The Authority as the number one contender to ' WWE World Heavyweight Championship at . On July 4 , made his first non @-@ televised wrestling appearance for WWE since his 2012 return , defeating Kingston at The Beast in the East live event in Tokyo in a quick winning effort ; he also delivered F @-@ to Kingston 's New Day Big E and Xavier Woods after the match . On July 19 at , dominated , delivering 13 ; mid @-@ pinfall , after performing an F @-@ 5 , he was attacked by The Undertaker , who incapacitated with a and two ; this ended the match , with winning by and retaining the championship . - - = = = = Various and storylines ( 2015 – present ) = = = = - - The following night on Raw , Undertaker explained that he had attacked not for ending his WrestleMania streak , but rather for allowing to constantly Undertaker about it ; this led to the two throughout the arena and a WrestleMania rematch being scheduled for SummerSlam on August 23 , where Undertaker would controversially defeat ; during the match , Undertaker out to a lock by and the rang the bell , but the referee did not see the and demanded that the match continue , which saw Undertaker then hitting with a low blow and passed out to Undertaker 's submission hold , Hell 's Gate . The following night on Raw , and challenged Undertaker to an immediate rematch , only to be confronted by Bo Dallas , who mocked about his defeat ; then responded by delivering 3 German and an F @-@ 5 to Dallas . - During Night of Champions , it was announced that would face The Undertaker at the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view , where defeated The Undertaker after a low blow and F @-@ 5 onto the exposed ring floor , ending their feud . The match was later voted " Match of the Year " during the 2015 Awards . On the January 11 episode of Raw , returned , attacking The New Day , The League of Nations ( , King Barrett , , and Alberto Del Rio ) , and Kevin , before giving an F @-@ 5 to Roman . The following week on Raw , would brawl with until they were both attacked by The Wyatt Family . At the Royal Rumble , was the 23rd entrant , eliminating four competitors before being eliminated by Bray Wyatt with help from the rest of The Wyatt Family . - On the January 25 episode of Raw , Stephanie McMahon announced that the main event of would be a triple threat match between , Roman , and Dean to determine who would face Triple H for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 32 . In the following weeks , would be continuously provoked by , with saving him from the subsequent attacks by . At , dominated most of the match before he was put through two announce tables by and ; he would ultimately lose the match after pinned . Because of this , attacked in the parking lot as he was arriving at the arena for Raw , but would return later in the night , having an ambulance , and he challenged to a No Street Fight match at WrestleMania 32 , where defeated . On the July 7 edition of SmackDown , it was announced that would be facing the returning Randy at SummerSlam . On July 19 , at the 2016 WWE Draft , was drafted to Raw . - - = = Football career = = - - After his match at WrestleMania , sidelined his career in WWE to pursue a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) despite not playing American football since high school . The WWE issued this statement on their official website , , following his departure : - has made a personal decision to put his WWE career on hold to prepare to for the National Football League this season . has wrestled his entire professional career in the WWE and we are proud of his accomplishments and wish him the best in his new endeavor . - later told a Minnesota radio show that he had " three wonderful years " in WWE , but had grown unhappy and always wanted to play pro football , adding that he did not want to be 40 years old and wondering if he could have " made it " in football . In an interview about the NFL , he stated : - This is no load of bull ; it 's no WWE stunt . I am dead serious about this . I ain 't afraid of anything and I ain 't afraid of anybody . I 've been an underdog in athletics since I was five . I got zero college offers for wrestling . Now people say I can 't play football , that it 's a joke . I say I can . I 'm as good an athlete as a lot of guys in the NFL , if not better . I 've always had to fight for everything . I wasn 't the best in amateur wrestling but I was strong , had great conditioning , and a hard head . Nobody could break me . As long as I have that , I don 't give a damn what anybody else thinks . - had a great showing at the NFL . On April 17 , 2004 , a collided with his ; he suffered a broken jaw and left hand , a , and a pulled groin . Several NFL teams expressed interest in watching work out . The Minnesota Vikings worked out on June 11 , 2004 but he was hampered by the groin injury suffered in the April motorcycle accident . On July 24 it was reported that he was nearly recovered from his groin injury . He signed with the Vikings on July 27 and played in several preseason games for the team . He was released by the Vikings on August 30 , 2004 . received an invitation to play as a representative for the Vikings in NFL Europa but declined due to his desire to stay in the United States with his family . He had several football cards produced of him during his time with the Vikings . - - = = Mixed martial arts career = = - - - = = = Hero 's ( 2007 ) = = = - - On April 29 , 2006 , after the final match of the K @-@ 1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas , announced his intent to join K @-@ 1 's mixed martial arts league , Hero 's . He trained with Minnesota Martial Arts Academy under Greg Nelson and Minnesota Assistant Head wrestling coach Marty Morgan . announced on August 12 in Las Vegas that he had signed a deal with the K @-@ 1 promotion . His first fight was scheduled against Hong @-@ man of Korea on June 2 , 2007 , at the K @-@ 1 ! ! USA show . However , prior to the match , Hong @-@ Man was replaced by Kim . submitted Kim with strikes in 1 : 09 of the first round to win his first official match . - - = = = Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2008 – 2011 ) = = = - - During 77 , it was announced that had reached a deal to fight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( ) . On February 2 , 2008 , made his debut with the promotion in an event titled 81 : Breaking Point against former Heavyweight Champion , Frank . Due to his large hands , was wearing gloves for the fight , making him the second man in Nevada 's combat sports history to wear such gloves after Hong @-@ man . secured an early and began landing numerous but was docked a point after a punch hit on the back of the head . Following another by , managed to secure a and force a submission at 1 : 30 of the first round and lost in his debut . At 82 , former Heavyweight Champion and Hall of Famer Mark Coleman was announced to fight at 87 . However , Coleman withdrew from the fight due to an injury and was replaced by Heath . defeated by unanimous decision . - would then face Randy for the Heavyweight Championship at 91 on November 15 . would beat via a technical knockout ( TKO ) in the second round to become the new Heavyweight Champion . - On December 27 , 2008 , at 92 , Frank defeated for the Interim Heavyweight Championship and was to face for the Heavyweight Championship at 98 . Immediately after winning the Interim Heavyweight title , found in the crowd and shouted , " You 've got my belt " . Due to a knee injury to , the title unification match with that was originally slated to be the 98 main event was postponed . won the postponed rematch with at 100 on July 11 , 2009 , via technical knockout in the second round . The win earned of the Year honors , with Anderson Silva , from for 2009 . During his post @-@ match celebration , flipped off the crowd who had been him . also made a disparaging comment about the pay @-@ per @-@ view 's primary sponsor Light , claiming they " won 't pay me ' " and promoted Light instead . later apologized for his remarks at the post @-@ fight press conference , where he held a bottle of Light and endorsed their product . - On July 1 , 2009 , it was reported that the winner of the Shane vs. Cain fight at 104 would face but the match was scrapped and was scheduled to defend his belt against Shane at 106 on November 21 . On October 26 , 2009 , it was announced that pulled out of his bout due to an illness . President Dana White said had been ill for three weeks , claiming he had never been this sick in his life and that it would take him a while to recover ; his fight with was for 108 on January 2 , 2010 . initially sought treatment in Canada , but later told reporters that he had received " Third World treatment " at a hospital in Brandon , Manitoba , and that seeking better treatment in the U.S. saved his life . went on to criticize Canadian health care further and stated that he shared his experience in an effort to speak " on the behalf of the doctors in the United States that don 't want health care reform to happen " . - On November 4 , it was confirmed that was suffering from and that his bout with would have to wait a bit longer and the fight for 's heavyweight championship was cancelled . On November 14 , at the 105 post @-@ fight conference , Dana White stated , " [ ] ' s not well and he 's not going to be getting well soon " and that an interim title match might need to be set up . In addition to , it was revealed that he was suffering from a serious case of , an intestinal disorder , which required surgery . After further diagnosis , underwent surgery on November 16 to close a in his intestine that had been leaking matter into his abdomen , causing pain , , and his immune system to the point that he contracted . From the level of damage to 's system , the surgeon estimated that the intestinal condition had been ongoing for around a year . - In January 2010 , announced on ESPN 's that he was scheduled to make a return to the in the summer . A match between Frank and Shane took place on March 27 at 111 to determine the Interim Heavyweight Champion , and 's next opponent . Shane defeated via knockout in the first round , becoming the new Interim Champion . After the fight , came into the ring and stated , " It was a good fight but he 's wearing a belt that 's a make @-@ believe belt . I 've got the real championship belt " . faced at 116 to the heavyweight titles . Early in the first round , knocked down with punch , gave him a cut above his left eye , and used a ground and pound attack the rest of the round . In the next round , was able to take down , attain a full mount , then move into side @-@ control and finish the fight with an arm triangle . With the victory , became the Heavyweight Champion , earning his first of the Night and giving his first loss . The win also tied a record for most consecutive successful Heavyweight Championship defenses . - 's next defense was against undefeated top contender Cain on October 23 , at the Honda Center in , California at 121 . Dana White announced via that the would bring back Primetime to hype the fight . He was defeated by for the title by TKO in the first round . - On January 11 , 2011 , was announced as a coach of The Ultimate Fighter Season 13 , opposite Junior dos Santos , with the two expected to fight on June 11 at 131 , however , he was struck with another bout of and had to withdraw from the fight on May 12 . He was replaced by Shane , who ended up losing against dos Santos . underwent surgery on May 27 to help battle his problems with . Dana White said that he had a 12 @-@ inch piece of his removed . - In its May 2011 issue , ESPN 's magazine published a story listing the highest paid athlete based on base salary and earnings for the most recent calendar year or most recent season in 30 sports . topped the list for at $ 5 @.@ 3 million , which included his reported bout salaries and estimated pay @-@ per @-@ view bonuses . - In the summer of 2011 , announced that he was returning to action , stating , " I feel like a new man . . Strong . I feel like I used to feel " . His return match was scheduled to be at 141 on December 30 in Las Vegas against former heavyweight champion . won the fight by way of technical knockout in the first round . The result of the fight remains controversial , as tested positive for elevated levels of prior to his next fight . then announced his retirement from , mentioning his struggles with and saying " tonight was the last time you 'll see me in the " . - about a return to lasted until March 24 , 2015 , when announced in an interview on that he had re @-@ signed with WWE and officially closed the door on a return to , even though he was offered a deal " ten times more " than what he had made previously in his career . He further elaborated that , while he was training for months for a return to the , he felt " physically great but something was lacking mentally " . added that " [ he 's ] an older now , so [ he ] makes decisions " and that he chose to sign with WWE instead of returning to because he could " work part @-@ time with full @-@ time pay " . - - = = = 200 ( 2016 ) = = = - - Though said he was " closing the door on " in March 2015 , announced on June 4 , 2016 , that he would return at 200 on July 9 . WWE confirmed it had granted " a one @-@ off opportunity " to compete at 200 before he would return to the company for SummerSlam on August 21 . - , representing Canada for the first time in his career , defeated Mark Hunt by unanimous decision ( 29 @-@ 27 ) , avoiding 19 of Hunt 's 30 attempted standing strikes , and taking him down four times to land 43 significant ground strikes , 32 in the final round . He also won a @-@ record $ 2 @.@ 5 million . - On July 15 , was notified of a potential anti @-@ doping policy violation by the United States Anti @-@ Doping Agency ( ) stemming from an undisclosed banned substance in an out @-@ of @-@ competition sample collected on June 28 . Shortly after this was announced , WWE said 's match with Randy at SummerSlam would still take place . Hunt told to either pay him half of 's or let him out of his contract . He later changed his mind on Twitter , and asked for the whole . has not yet publicly responded to Hunt . told the Associated Press , " We will get to the bottom of this . " On July 19 , the announced that a second sample taken in @-@ competition on July 9 tested positive for the same banned substance discovered in the previous out @-@ of @-@ competition sample . - - = = = pay @-@ per @-@ views = = = - - - = = Personal life = = - - married Greek , better known as , on May 6 , 2006 . They reside on a farm in , Saskatchewan , having previously lived in Maple Plain , Minnesota . They have two sons : Turk ( born June 3 , 2009 ) and Duke ( born July 21 , 2010 ) . also has twins with his former fiancée , Nicole , the first being a son named Luke ( born Jr . ) and the second a daughter named Lynn ( born April 10 , 2002 ) . is 10 minutes older than Luke . has full custody of the twins , and is the stepfather of Mariah , Greek 's daughter with her late husband . - is a conservative and a supporter of the Republican Party . He is a member of the National Rifle Association , and made an appearance at their annual meeting in May 2011 to discuss his passion for hunting and his role as a spokesman for . - During his first run in WWE , developed to both alcohol and , allegedly drinking a bottle of per day and taking hundreds of per month to manage the pain caused by wear and tear on his body ; he named his accident at WrestleMania as a particular source of pain . claims that , as a result of his addiction and mental exhaustion , he does not remember " an entire two years " of his WWE career . - In January 2001 , was arrested by police in Louisville , Kentucky for suspicion of possessing large amounts of anabolic steroids . The charges were dropped when it was discovered that the substances were a legal growth hormone . His lawyer described it as a " type of thing " . - On December 15 , 2011 , was charged with hunting on a trip to Alberta on November 19 , 2010 . Two charges were dropped , but pleaded guilty to the charge of improper of an animal . He was fined $ 1 @,@ 725 and given a six @-@ month hunting suspension . - As of July 2016 , 's eldest son , Jr. is ranked # 1 in Saskatchewan and # 4 in all of Canada in amateur wrestling . - - = = Other media = = - - appears in the video games WWE SmackDown ! Your Mouth , WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain , NFL 06 , 2009 , 2010 , WWE ' 12 , WWE ' 13 , WWE , WWE , WWE , and WWE . - In 2003 , WWE Home Video released a DVD 's career entitled : Here Comes the Pain . It was re @-@ released in 2012 as a three @-@ disc DVD and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray collector 's edition to tie in with 's WWE return . It was also expanded to include new matches and interviews . - was featured on the covers of and & magazine in 2004 , and Minneapolis ' City in 2008 . - In 2009 , signed an endorsement deal with . A CD containing footage of training was included with 's " " product . - In 2011 , published an autobiography titled Death : My Story of , , and Survival ( ISBN 978 @-@ ) . It was co @-@ written with Paul . - In a 2013 post on his blog , Attack on Titan author revealed that he drew inspiration from for the character of the Armored Titan . - has also appeared in multiple comedic and videos by actor Eric . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = = Television = = = - - - = = = Video games = = = - - - = = In wrestling = = - - moves - Lock ( Over @-@ the @-@ shoulder single leg Boston crab ) – 2002 – 2004 - F @-@ 5 ( WWE ) / Verdict ( / ) ( 's carry ) – 2002 – 2006 ; 2012 – present - lock – 2012 – present - star press – ; only used once in WWE - Signature moves - - slam - Gorilla press slam - to the opponent 's - Multiple suplex variations - @-@ to @-@ back , sometimes to two opponents at once - Fisherman 's , sometimes while delaying - belly @-@ to @-@ belly , sometimes into or out of the ring - Release / Rolling German - - - Multiple - - Rear naked - Running - Standing double leg followed by mounted - Triple non @-@ release - - Mr. McMahon - - Paul - - " The " - " The Beast ( ) " - " The " - " The Freak " - " The Next Big Thing " - " The One in 21 – 1 / 22 @-@ 1 " - " The Nightmare of City " - Entrance themes - Ultimate Fighting Championship - " Sandman " by Metallica - " Size ( And the Winds ) " by - World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE - " " by Jim Johnston ( April 8 , 2002 – June 3 , 2002 ) - " Next Big Thing " by Jim Johnston ( June 10 , 2002 – March 14 , 2004 ; April 2 , 2012 – August 20 , 2012 ) - " Next Big Thing ( Remix ) " by Jim Johnston ( January 28 , 2013 – present ) - - = = Mixed martial arts record = = - - - = = Championships , awards , and honors = = - - - = = = Collegiate wrestling = = = - - National Collegiate Athletic Association - NCAA Division I All @-@ American ( 1999 , 2000 ) - NCAA Division I Heavyweight Champion ( 2000 ) - Big Ten Conference Champion ( 1999 , 2000 ) - National Junior College Athletic Association - All @-@ American ( 1997 , 1998 ) - Heavyweight Champion ( 1998 ) - North Dakota State University Tournament Champion ( 1997 – 1999 ) - - = = = Mixed martial arts = = = - - Inside - Biggest ( 2008 ) - Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) - Awards - of the Year ( 2009 ) - Sports Illustrated - Top of the Year ( 2008 ) - Ultimate Fighting Championship - Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - of the Night ( 1 time ) - World Awards - Fighter of the Year ( 2009 ) - Wrestling Observer - Best Box Office ( 2008 – 2010 ) - Most Valuable Fighter ( 2008 – 2010 ) - - = = = Professional wrestling = = = - - Guinness World Records - World record : person to win the WWE Championship ( aged 25 years , 44 days ) - Federation - Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) 1 - New Japan Pro Wrestling - Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) 1 - Ohio Valley Wrestling - Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Shelton Benjamin - Pro Wrestling Illustrated - of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle - of the Year ( 2015 ) vs. The Undertaker - Match of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle in an Iron Man match on SmackDown ! on September 16 - Most of the Year ( 2002 ) - of the Year ( 2002 , 2014 ) - Ranked # 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003 - Wrestling Observer - Best ( 2003 ) - Best Wrestling ( 2002 ) F @-@ 5 - of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle - Most ( 2002 , 2003 ) - Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame ( Class of 2015 ) - World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE - WWE Championship ( 4 times ) 2 - King of the Ring ( 2002 ) - Royal Rumble ( 2003 ) - Awards ( 5 times ) - of the Year ( 2015 ) – # - Match of the Year ( 2015 ) – vs The Undertaker at Hell in a Cell - of the Year ( 2015 ) – vs The Undertaker - " Tell Me You 't Just Say That " Moment of the Year ( 2015 ) – " City " at WrestleMania 31 - The Moment of the Year ( 2014 ) – Ending The Undertaker 's WrestleMania streak at WrestleMania XXX - 1 ^ 's Heavyweight Championship reign at is considered a continuation of his reign from . - 2 ^ When won the title for the first time it was known as the WWE Championship . His next two were as simply WWE Champion , while his final one was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion . - - - = Constant k filter = - - Constant k , also k @-@ type , are a type of electronic filter designed using the image method . They are the original and simplest produced by this methodology and consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components . Historically , they are the first that could approach the ideal filter frequency response to within any prescribed limit with the addition of a sufficient number of sections . However , they are rarely considered for a modern design , the principles behind them having been superseded by other methodologies which are more accurate in their prediction of filter response . - - = = History = = - - Constant k were invented by George Campbell . He published his work in 1922 , but had clearly invented the some time before , as his colleague at AT & T Co , Otto , was already making improvements to the design at this time . Campbell 's were far superior to the simpler single element circuits that had been used previously . Campbell called his electric wave , but this term later came to mean any filter that passes waves of some frequencies but not others . Many new forms of wave filter were subsequently invented ; an early ( and important ) variation was the m @-@ derived filter by who coined the term constant k for the Campbell filter in order to distinguish them . - The great advantage Campbell 's had over the circuit and other simple of the time was that they could be designed for any desired degree of stop band rejection or of transition between pass band and stop band . It was only necessary to add more filter sections until the desired response was obtained . - The were designed by Campbell for the purpose of separating telephone channels on transmission lines , but their subsequent use has been much more widespread than that . The design techniques used by Campbell have largely been superseded . However , the ladder used by Campbell with the constant k is still in use today with of modern filter designs such as the filter . Campbell gave constant k designs for low @-@ pass , high @-@ pass and band @-@ pass . Band @-@ stop and multiple band are also possible . - - = = = = - - Some of the terms and section terms used in this article are pictured in the diagram below . Image theory defines quantities in terms of an infinite cascade of two @-@ port sections , and in the case of the being discussed , an infinite ladder network of L @-@ sections . Here " L " should not be confused with the L – in electronic filter , " L " refers to the specific filter shape which resembles inverted letter " L " . - The sections of the hypothetical infinite filter are made of series elements having and elements with . The factor of two is introduced for mathematical convenience , since it is usual to work in terms of half @-@ sections where it disappears . The image of the input and output port of a section will generally not be the same . However , for a mid @-@ series section ( that is , a section from halfway through a series element to halfway through the next series element ) will have the same image on both ports due to symmetry . This image is designated due to the " T " of a mid @-@ series section . Likewise , the image of a mid @-@ section is designated due to the " " . Half of such a " T " or " " section is called a half @-@ section , which is also an L @-@ section but with half the element values of the full L @-@ section . The image of the half @-@ section is on the input and output ports : on the side presenting the series element it is equal to the mid @-@ series , but on the side presenting the element it is equal to the mid @-@ . There are thus two variant ways of using a half @-@ section . - Parts of this article or section rely on the reader 's knowledge of the complex representation of and and on knowledge of the frequency domain representation of signals . - - = = = = - - The building block of constant k is the half @-@ section " L " network , composed of a series Z , and a The " k " in " constant k " is the value given by , - - Thus , k will have units of , that is , . It is readily apparent that in order for k to be constant , Y must be the dual of Z. A physical interpretation of k can be given by observing that k is the limiting value of as the size of the section ( in terms of values of its components , such as , , etc . ) approaches zero , while keeping k at its initial value . Thus , k is the characteristic , , of the transmission line that would be formed by these small sections . It is also the image of the section at resonance , in the case of band @-@ pass , or at = 0 in the case of low @-@ pass . For example , the pictured low @-@ pass half @-@ section has - . - Elements L and C can be made small while retaining the same value of k . Z and Y however , are both approaching zero , and from the formulae ( below ) for image , - . - - = = = Image = = = - - See also Image # - The image of the section are given by - - and - - Given that the filter does not contain any elements , the image in the pass band of the filter is purely real and in the stop band it is purely imaginary . For example , for the pictured low @-@ pass half @-@ section , - - The transition occurs at a cut @-@ off frequency given by - - Below this frequency , the image is real , - - Above the cut @-@ off frequency the image is imaginary , - - - = = = parameters = = = - - The transmission parameters for a general constant k half @-@ section are given by - - and for a chain of n half @-@ sections - - For the low @-@ pass L @-@ shape section , below the cut @-@ off frequency , the transmission parameters are given by - - That is , the transmission is in the pass @-@ band with only the phase of the signal changing . Above the cut @-@ off frequency , the transmission parameters are : - - - = = = = = = - - The presented plots of image , and phase change correspond to a low @-@ pass prototype filter section . The prototype has a cut @-@ off frequency of - = 1 / s and a nominal k = - 1 . This is produced by a filter half @-@ section with L - = 1 and C = - 1 . This prototype can be scaled and frequency scaled to the desired values . The low @-@ pass prototype can also be transformed into high @-@ pass , band @-@ pass or band @-@ stop types by application of suitable frequency . - - = = sections = = - - Several L @-@ shape half @-@ sections may be to form a composite filter . Like must always face like in these combinations . There are therefore two circuits that can be formed with two identical L @-@ shaped half @-@ sections . Where a port of image faces another , the section is called a section . Where faces the section so formed is a T section . Further additions of half @-@ sections to either of these section forms a ladder network which may start and end with series or elements . - It should be borne in mind that the characteristics of the filter predicted by the image method are only accurate if the section is terminated with its image . This is usually not true of the sections at either end , which are usually terminated with a fixed resistance . The further the section is from the end of the filter , the more accurate the prediction will become , since the effects of the terminating are masked by the intervening sections . - - - = The = - - " The " is an episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on Christmas Day 2012 on BBC One . It is the eighth Christmas special since the show 's 2005 revival and the first to be within a series . It was written by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat and directed by Saul . - The episode is set in the Victorian era and sees the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) brooding with the assistance of Madame ( Neve ) , her wife Jenny Flint ( Stewart ) and ( Dan ) , after the loss of companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams in the previous episode , " The Angels Take Manhattan " . He is forced out of hiding to investigate mysterious , sentient that are building themselves and meets Oswald ( Jenna @-@ Louise Coleman ) , a governess also investigating the . They discover that the are being animated by the Great Intelligence ( voice of Ian ) with the help of a man named Dr ( Richard E. Grant ) . - Building upon the character 's surprise introduction in " Asylum of the " , " The " introduces as the Doctor 's new companion , though ultimately it would be a third version of her character that would travel with the Doctor starting with " The Bells of Saint John " . In addition to , " The " also introduces a redesigned , revised title sequence and theme music , and sees changes to the Doctor 's costume . The special was produced in August 2012 , with location filming in Newport , Wales and Bristol . It received final ratings of 9 @.@ 87 million viewers in the UK , becoming the fourth most @-@ watched programme of Christmas Day . " The " was met with mostly positive reviews from critics , most of whom received the introduction and character of well . However , some felt that Grant and were as villains or the plot was slight because of the focus on characterisation . - - = = Plot = = - - - = = = = = = - - To promote the special , three were released . The first was broadcast during the 2012 Children in Need on 16 November 2012 , titled " The Great Detective " . The Madame , her human wife Jenny Flint , and the ( all returning from " A Good Man Goes to War " ) describe a number of strange phenomena to a shadowed fourth detective . The fourth detective reveals himself to be the Doctor , and tells the group that he has retired . - A second prequel , titled " " , was released online on 17 December 2012 . At the end of a case , and Jenny with an officer from Scotland Yard and for 's violent wishes for the 's punishment . explains 's alien origin as well as her own to the officer , much to his . reveals that she was by an extension to the London Underground and initially disliked humans , though that changed when she fell in love with Jenny . On the carriage ride home , Jenny notices it is beginning to snow and notes that the snow should be impossible because there are no clouds in the sky . - A third prequel , titled " The Battle of Demon 's Run — Two Days Later " was released on the United States iTunes and Amazon Video stores on 25 March 2013 . Two days after the events of " A Good Man Goes to War " , and Jenny convince that he is not mortally wounded and invite him to accompany them back to 1800s London . The scene had been filmed as an extra due to the anticipation that fans would ask how was resurrected and came to be in 's employ . - - = = = Synopsis = = = - - In 1842 England , a young boy builds a , but refuses to play with the other children . The starts speaking to the boy , repeating his that the other children are silly . Fifty years later , the boy has grown up to be Dr. Walter , proprietor of the Great Intelligence Institute . He hires men to collect samples of snow , which he places in a large snow @-@ filled globe in his laboratory before feeding the men to a group of animated . The Doctor , still after losing his former companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams , has parked his above Victorian London among the clouds . He uses his allies , Jenny , and to keep people away from him . They also fill their time investigating mysteries throughout the city . - Elsewhere , Oswald investigates a disturbance outside the tavern she works at and finds the Doctor walking by . He attempts to leave discreetly , but follows him to a coach . Not wishing to become involved in matters , the Doctor instructs to bring him a memory worm that will erase the last hour of 's memories with just a touch . Before they can do so , they are surrounded by created from snow with psychic properties who attack the group . The Doctor realises that 's thoughts are creating the and ends the threat by instructing her to think of them melting . the Doctor that if he her memory , she will forget how to deal with the . The Doctor allows her to go and a staircase to the sky to return to the . follows him and knocks on the door , but she hides and flees down the staircase when the Doctor answers . returns to her other job as governess for the children of Captain . She learns that 's daughter has been having horrible dreams about their previous governess returning from the dead . realises that the pond that contains the old governess ' body is the only thing still frozen around them . She attempts to track down the Doctor but instead attracts the attention of Jenny , who takes her to see . tells she gets only one word to impress the Doctor with if she wants his help . chooses the word " Pond " , which the Doctor and his interest . - Acting on a tip from , the Doctor visits the Great Intelligence Institute posing as Sherlock Holmes . He confronts Dr. and find a large glass globe in 's office that contains psychic snow . The Doctor speaks to the Great Intelligence , the entity that has been speaking to Dr. since he was a boy . He learns that the Great Intelligence has been controlling the and has taken interest in 's pond . The Doctor visits the pond and that the Great Intelligence is using the old governess ' body as a DNA to form an ice creature that will retain its form and not melt . While is putting the children to bed , the frozen body of the governess breaks into the house . The Doctor fights her off and is joined by , Jenny and . Dr. arrives with more and tells them he wants the governess ' ice body . The Doctor flees with to the roof of the mansion and then to the overhead . They are pursued by the ice governess , whom the Doctor traps under a layer of frozen ice crystals . Inside the the Doctor gives a key , but the ice governess arrives and pulls down off the cloud . - The Doctor picks up and takes her back to 's mansion , placing her under medical care of . He collects the ice fragments from the governess and places them in a London Underground tin . He and travel to 's lab , where the Doctor notes the Intelligence 's plan to replace humanity with ice creatures and holds up the tin with the necessary DNA . Dr the tin and opens it only to find the memory worm , which on to him . The Doctor states that the Great Intelligence , which has been existing as a mirror of Dr 's thoughts , will vanish with the of 's memories . Instead , the Intelligence reveals that it existed long enough that it can now control 's body , which it uses to attack and the Doctor . The influence of the Great Intelligence quickly , and falls dead . Outside , a salt @-@ water rain has started , and the Doctor sees that another psychic ability has taken control of the snow from the Great Intelligence : the family , crying for . informs the Doctor upon his return to the mansion that only has moments left , and she passes away as the Doctor returns the key to her . At her funeral , the Doctor reads 's full name on her tombstone and realises she is the woman he met in " Asylum of the " who became a , whom he refers to as " Girl " . He announces that a person dying twice is an impossibility and , bidding farewell to his allies for now , the Doctor departs in the to investigate and find . The episode concludes in contemporary times , where a young woman resembling walks through the same graveyard , by 's tombstone . - - = = = = = = - - The Second Doctor previously encountered the Great Intelligence in the serials The ( 1967 ) , set in the 1930s , and The Web of Fear ( 1968 ) , set in the 1960s . In these stories , the Great Intelligence uses robot as its physical presence . The events of The Web of Fear are alluded to by the Doctor in " The " when he presents the London Underground tin to the Great Intelligence in Dr 's laboratory ; the Intelligence states , " I do not understand these markings " , in reference to the 1967 London Underground map design on the tin . The Doctor remarks that the Underground is a " key strategic weakness in metropolitan living " , referring to ( and possibly setting in motion ) the future attack on London via the Underground . - Coleman previously played Oswald in " Asylum of the " , though the connection between the two characters is not clarified until reveals she has an interest in , a trait that 's character also had . The Doctor , after meeting , replies " those were the days " when she asks why he isn 't staying to get acquainted with her , which are the same words he tells Craig ( " Time " ) when Craig comments that the Doctor always wins . The final scenes at the graveyard establish that shares the same name as , leading the Doctor to they are the same person . As seen on her gravestone , 's is 23 November , the date Doctor Who was first transmitted in 1963 . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Writing and design changes = = = - - Writer Steven Moffat stated that he wanted an " epic " quality to the Christmas special . The story would also show how the Doctor had responded to losing his previous companions ; Moffat said that " I think he 's probably reached the point in his life where he 's saying , ' Friendship for me is just postponed — I want to be on my own for a while ' . " Moffat compared the withdrawn Doctor seen at the onset of the episode to the first appearances of the First Doctor ( William ) in 1963 and the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) in 2005 . He also attributed the idea of a retired Doctor to a plot proposed by Douglas Adams in the 1970s , but rejected by the production team at the time . Continuing the theme introduced with the series ' first five episodes , " The " was promoted like a movie . A movie poster was released in the Radio Times , showing the Doctor and ascending the ladder to the . - The episode saw several major design changes for the series . " The " is the debut of a redesigned interior , as well as a new title sequence and variation of the theme tune . The new title sequence features a brief glimpse of the Doctor 's face , the first time since Survival , the final serial of the classic series in 1989 , that the Doctor 's face has been seen in the title sequence . Moffat had noticed that the ' design was getting " progressively whimsical " and resembled more of a " magical place " rather than a machine . It was designed by series production designer Michael , who stated that the new interior was also supposed to be " darker and " and provide an easier access to the " gallery " of the ship when shooting . - The Doctor also wears a one @-@ off costume , Victorian @-@ themed , which Smith described as " a bit meets the Doctor " . Moffat described the new outfit as a " progression " as the Doctor was in " a different phase of his life now " and felt more " grown @-@ up " and . The costume was designed by Howard for this episode . " The " also contains several references to Sherlock Holmes , including the Doctor dressing up as him . Moffat is co @-@ creator of the BBC series Sherlock , for which Smith auditioned for the role of Doctor Watson before being cast as the Doctor . In addition , the incidental music during the scene bears a resemblance to the Sherlock theme . - - = = = Casting = = = - - This episode marks the return of Jenna @-@ Louise Coleman , who previously appeared in the series opener , " Asylum of the " . Coleman was cast because of her chemistry with Matt Smith , and especially because she was able to talk faster than him . She auditioned for the role of , not from " Asylum " , as the concept of the two characters being the same only occurred to Moffat whilst casting for . The production team requested that the press and fans who attended advanced screenings keep Coleman 's appearance a secret until " Asylum " was broadcast ; the effort was ultimately successful . Moffat stated that the introduction of a new companion made " the show feel different " and brought the story to " a new beginning " with a different person meeting the Doctor . Smith said that was different from her predecessor Amy Pond ( Karen ) , which allowed the audience to see a different side of the Doctor . Coleman described her as resourceful and not intimidated , citing the reason for following the Doctor at the beginning as pursuing answers . The who would become a travelling companion of the Doctor would not debut until the Spring premiere , " The Bells of Saint John " ; save for a brief cameo at the end of " The " . Coleman stated that she played each version as individuals with " trust that there would be a payoff " to her mystery . - Also returning to the series are Neve as Madame , Dan as and Stewart as Jenny . All three previously appeared in " A Good Man Goes to War " and reprised their roles both in this episode and in the . They returned due to the popularity of and Jenny ; Moffat considered a spin @-@ off featuring them , though he did not have the time to do it . Instead , he decided to bring them back in the main series . Richard E. Grant had previously played the Doctor on two occasions , as an alternative Tenth Doctor in the spoof charity special Doctor Who and the Curse of Death , which was written by Moffat and as an alternative Doctor in the animated story Scream of the which had been intended to be a continuation of the series before it was revived in 2005 . Smith commented that Grant was " born to be a Who villain . He pitches it on that perfect level and tone " . Grant 's appearance in Doctor Who was by the BBC via Twitter , announcing his appearance at midnight 5 August 2012 . Tom Ward was drawn to his role because of the quality of the script , and also stated his young children were pleased that he appeared in the programme . The Great Intelligence was voiced by Sir Ian . The two children is governess to , and , were played by real @-@ life brother and sister Joseph and Ellie @-@ Alden . - - = = = Filming and effects = = = - - " The " was originally intended to be produced in the fourth production block of the series and be the first episode Coleman shot as her character ; however , it did not begin filming until the week of 6 August 2012 , after Coleman had worked on later episodes while Moffat was writing the Christmas special . The read @-@ through had taken place on 2 August 2012 . This was the first Christmas special to be filmed in BBC Wales ' new Lock studios . Scenes featuring Coleman and several guest stars in a Victorian setting were filmed in Newport , Wales , while Coleman and Smith were also spotted filming in Bristol two weeks later on 21 August . Some scenes which used snow props were filmed in Portland Square , Bristol , where filming took place overnight on 21 – 22 August 2012 . Bristol was chosen because it had Victorian @-@ era architecture . stated that his favourite set is the London Street with the back of the pub , which he said was based on a sixteenth @-@ century building in Oxford . The locations were blocked off and with fake snow . - The on the cloud was achieved through a mix of fog on the studio floor and post @-@ production special effects . Director Saul explained that it was difficult to achieve the desired look for the ; the first ones he likened to from Rainbow which was too " cute " of an appearance , and so the effects team created more menacing CGI faces . 's introduction to the introduced two novel effects for the show . The first was a single @-@ shot camera tracking from a few feet away from the to its interior , with the implication of the 's trans @-@ dimensional nature shown to the audience . In the following shot , the camera does a complete circle of the console , an effect not seen since the early days of the show . wanted to include this shot to further emphasize the " bigger on the inside than the outside " nature of the time machine . - In addition to the three prequel mini @-@ episodes , the cast also filmed an additional promotional video , " , " which the BBC uploaded during the days leading up to the broadcast . The video featured singing modified versions of several Christmas songs in character as as his look on , before everyone breaks character and begins laughing . - - = = Broadcast and reception = = - - " The " aired on BBC One on 25 December 2012 at 5 : 15 pm , the same day on BBC America in the US and Space in Canada and the next day on in Australia and on Prime in New Zealand . UK overnight ratings showed that the special had been watched by 7 @.@ 6 million viewers , coming in sixth for the night . Final consolidated figures ( not including BBC viewers ) showed that the episode was watched by 9 @.@ 87 million viewers , coming in fourth for the night . It also received an Index figure of 87 , higher than most of the Doctor Who Christmas . The version had 1 @,@ 467 @,@ 220 views , making it the most popular TV show on over Christmas . The US airing was seen by 1 @.@ 43 million viewers , with a 0 @.@ 6 rating in the demographic of adults aged 18 – 49 . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - The episode received mostly positive reviews . Dan Martin of The Guardian called it " actually the best Christmas Special since ' The Christmas Invasion ' " and the first to be " actually scary " , with " everything we like " about Doctor Who and Christmas . He praised Coleman 's introduction as and the gang of , Jenny , and . IGN 's Matt gave " The " a score of 9 @.@ 4 out of 10 , describing it as " a , in storytelling " which " refreshingly " lacked traditional Christmas references " in favour of some sparkling dialogue , gorgeous set design and fascinating characterisation " . While he felt that Grant and were , he was very positive towards Coleman 's " unpredictable " . Radio Times reviewer Patrick was pleased with the return of the Great Intelligence despite an inconsistency in the timeline he found , and praised the " lovely images " and direction of the special , though he felt the variation of the theme music " lacks the menace " of the original . While he was positive towards , he was " by her death " as it was " plainly silly " that she did not look injured . - Nick of gave the special four and a half out of five stars , writing that " the power of emotion saves the day again " was appropriate in light of the festivities and many referenced in the story . was positive towards the " terrific " comedy with , Coleman and the " surprisingly " Grant , as well as the new title sequence and . While he wrote that the subtle of the Great Intelligence was " a more interesting than the usual ' So , we meet again ! ' " , he ultimately felt their threat " never quite comes into sharp relief " . of The Independent wrote that " The " was stronger than the previous year 's " The Doctor , the Widow , and the " as it was connected to the overall story of the series , but " still has a way to go if it is to live up to ' A Christmas Carol ' " . Despite feeling that it was " enjoyable " , she noted that " the story feels truncated and rushed " - The Mirror 's Jon Cooper also praised Coleman and the new side of the Doctor that was shown , comparing it to Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) challenging the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) . However , he felt the character @-@ heavy story was to the of the plot , which was " a classic Who set @-@ up that ultimately suffers from a lack of explanation [ and ] more set @-@ pieces than a coherent whole " . He felt that the episode may not have been accessible for casual viewers , but offered much for fans in time for the programme 's fiftieth anniversary . Dominic of The Daily Telegraph gave " The " three out of five stars , disappointed that it was not as scary as it had been to be . While he was positive towards Smith and the on the cloud , he criticised and the " @-@ like complexity " of the script . - The episode was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , alongside " Asylum of the " and " The Angels Take Manhattan " , but lost to the Game of episode " " . - - = = DVD release = = - - " The " was initially released as a standalone on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in the UK and North America . It was later included as part of the DVD / Blu @-@ ray box set Doctor Who : The Complete Seventh Series in September 2013 . - It has subsequently been reissued in several box set compilations , most recently alongside the Christmas between " The Christmas Invasion " and " Last Christmas " inclusive in a titled Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas on 19 October 2015 . - - = = Soundtrack = = - - Selected pieces of score from " The " and the preceding Christmas special , as composed by Murray Gold , were included on a soundtrack released on 21 October 2013 by Silva Screen Records . - - - = No. 20 Squadron RAAF = - - No. 20 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) support squadron . Coming under the control of No. 96 Wing , it is responsible for the management of the airfield at RAAF Base , South Australia . The squadron originated as a maritime patrol unit during World War II . in August 1941 , it operated and Short Empire flying boats from bases in New Guinea , Queensland and the Northern Territory , conducting search @-@ and @-@ rescue , mine @-@ laying , anti @-@ submarine and bombing missions against Japanese targets in the Pacific theatre . Following the conclusion of hostilities , the squadron was disbanded in March 1946 . It was reactivated as an airfield support squadron in April 2015 . - - = = History = = - - - = = = World War II = = = - - No. 20 Squadron was formed at Port Moresby , New Guinea , on 1 August 1941 for a general reconnaissance role , under the command of Squadron Leader Gibson . Its establishment was six flying boats and 133 personnel , but only five aircraft ( all transferred from No. 11 Squadron ) and 55 personnel were available initially . The squadron conducted long @-@ range patrols between bases scattered around the islands to Australia 's north in conjunction with No. 11 Squadron . On 18 November , No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas were augmented by two Short Empire flying boats transferred from No. 11 Squadron . - On 25 November 1941 , following the loss of Sydney , one of No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas was despatched to Western Australia to join a No. 11 Squadron in search @-@ and @-@ rescue missions , but they found only oil . By the outbreak of war in the Pacific , No. 20 Squadron had a strength of six Catalinas and two Empire flying boats . Its personnel at the beginning of December numbered 14 officers and 118 men . The squadron undertook its first sortie of the Pacific War on 8 December ; a located three Japanese in the vicinity of Thursday Island , Queensland . Later in the month it commenced anti @-@ submarine patrols and , in January 1942 , bombing raids against Japanese bases . As the Japanese advanced into the South West Pacific , No. 20 Squadron was also responsible for evacuating white civilians from areas threatened by invasion . On 21 January , one of its Catalinas located the Japanese fleet steaming for Rabaul and signalled a warning to the town 's Australian defenders before being shot down by anti @-@ aircraft fire ; it was the squadron 's first combat loss . - In the wake of the fall of Rabaul , the Catalinas of Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons became the RAAF 's only offensive weapon against the Japanese . Their raids on Rabaul did little to stem the Japanese advance , and in the following months Port Moresby itself was subjected to increasingly frequent attacks , which destroyed aircraft , facilities , and squadron records . In February 1942 , the Short operated by Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons were transferred to the newly formed No. 33 ( Transport ) Squadron . No. 20 Squadron lost two Catalinas during patrols on 4 and 6 May ; the nine crewmen of the first were later found to have been captured and beheaded ; the crew of the second were also captured and subsequently disappeared without trace . - In response to the threat of invasion at Port Moresby , Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons moved to Bowen , Queensland , on 7 May 1942 . They were soon attacking Japanese targets in Lae , and Rabaul . On 27 June , each squadron contributed an aircraft to a four @-@ hour raid over Lae and during which , as well as bombs , the RAAF crews dropped beer bottles to disrupt the enemy soldiers ' sleep — the sound they made falling through the air was , according to the official history , " something between a whistle and a scream " . By 1 July , No. 20 Squadron 's strength was six Catalinas and 175 personnel , out of a planned establishment of nine aircraft and 415 personnel . Its prime responsibility in early 1942 was maritime reconnaissance as far as New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , and New Caledonia ; the latter half of the year saw a greater focus on night bombing . Now comprising 252 officers and men , the squadron relocated to Cairns on 11 November 1942 . From Cairns it continued to conduct reconnaissance , anti @-@ submarine and occasional bombing operations over the waters around New Guinea . Between December 1942 and March 1943 , No. 20 Squadron 's aircraft flew a total of 9 @,@ hours and dropped 227 tons of bombs . The squadron 's role changed in June 1943 when it commenced mine @-@ laying operations over the Netherlands East Indies and the Philippines , though it continued to make some bombing raids and supply drops . - In September 1944 , No. 20 Squadron became part of No. 76 Wing RAAF , along with Nos. 42 and 43 Squadrons , and moved to Darwin , Northern Territory . All three squadrons operated Catalinas , their primary purpose being mine @-@ laying . On the night of 30 September , a of No. 20 Squadron was shot down while attacking a ship at in the Dutch East Indies ; the loss was compounded by the fact that one of the of the mining campaign , Lieutenant Commander Carr of the Royal Australian Navy , was aboard the plane and was captured by the Japanese . Another of the squadron 's Catalinas went down on the night of 27 / 28 January 1945 , possibly in a cyclone over the Timor Sea , during the campaign to mine . In March , a detachment of four No. 20 Squadron aircraft , along with four from No. 43 Squadron , laid mines off the coast of southern China and as part of a No. 76 Wing offensive in this area ; these operations were conducted from Gulf in the Philippines . One of No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas was lost on the night of 7 / 8 March , most likely owing to bad weather rather than enemy action . Three of the squadron 's aircraft mined the entrance to Hong Kong harbour on 8 April and , on 26 May , four of its Catalinas mined harbour in China , the north that any Australian aircraft infiltrated during the war in the Pacific . Three of its aircraft flew the RAAF 's last mine @-@ laying mission on 30 July . - No. 20 Squadron 's final wartime sortie was a patrol on 14 August 1945 . Following the end of the war , the squadron operated in the transport role and ferried Australian prisoners of war home from various locations in South East Asia . It relocated to RAAF Station , New South Wales , on 21 November . No. 20 Squadron flew its last mission , a transport flight to , on 21 January 1946 , and disbanded at on 27 March . - - = = = Post @-@ war re @-@ establishment = = = - - No. 20 Squadron was reactivated on 1 April 2015 to support airfield operations at RAAF Base , South Australia . of nine personnel and one Australian Public Service member under the command of Squadron Leader Simon Bartlett , the squadron formed part of No. 96 Wing , a component of Combat Support Group ( ) . The airfield had previously been managed under the auspices of Operational Support Group , but a command @-@ and @-@ control review commissioned by the Chief of Air Force recommended that , in common with other RAAF airfields , it should be administered by . RAAF Base , incorporating Village , was one of two Air Force units formally established on 12 January 2015 as part of a reorganisation of the Range Complex , the other unit being RAAF Test Range . - The design of the reactivated squadron 's crest includes a wedge @-@ tailed eagle to denote courage and nobility , a spear to symbolise the town and its indigenous heritage , Sturt 's Desert to represent South Australia , and the star cluster , which features in the folklore of the local people . - - - = Light Tank Mk VII = - - The Light Tank Mk VII ( ) , also known as the , was a British light tank produced by Vickers @-@ in the late 1930s and deployed during the World War II . The was originally designed as the latest in the line of light tanks built by the company for the British Army . It improved upon its predecessor , the Mk Light Tank , by introducing the extra firepower of a 2 @-@ pounder gun . The War Office ordered 70 tanks , an order that eventually increased to 220 . Production was delayed by several factors , and as a consequence , only 100 to 177 of the tanks were produced . - The tank 's design flaws , combined with the decision by the War Office not to use light tanks in British armoured divisions , ruled out the use of in the North African Campaign . As a result , the majority of the tanks remained in Britain , although 20 were sent to the USSR as part of the @-@ program . In early 1941 , the Royal Armoured Corps formed three squadrons for use in overseas amphibious operations , one of which was equipped with . In May 1942 , a small number of formed part of the British force which participated in the invasion of Madagascar , and , in June 1942 , were attached to the 1st Airborne Division after it was decided that the design allowed its use as an air @-@ portable light tank to support British airborne forces . The were transported and landed in specially designed General Aircraft gliders . A lack of gliders prevented their participation in the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 ; instead they were attached to the new 6th Airborne Division and became part of the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment . - The division used approximately 20 during the British airborne landings in Normandy in June 1944 . The tanks were successfully landed by glider , but they did not perform well . Several were lost in accidents , and those that did see action proved to be inferior in firepower and armour to the armoured fighting vehicles of the German forces . A few days after the beginning of the operation , the tanks were removed from direct engagement with German armour and used only to provide fire support . By August 1944 , most of the in action were replaced with Cromwell cruiser tanks , and the remainder were replaced by the in December 1944 . - did not see any further combat and were deemed obsolete by 1946 ; the last was retired in 1950 . There were several variations on the design , including the self @-@ propelled gun and the Light Tank Mk VIII , but none of these were ever used in active service with the British Army . - - = = Development history = = - - - = = = Initial development = = = - - The prototype of the Light Tank Mk VII ( ) , nicknamed ' ' , was first developed in 1937 by Vickers @-@ as a private venture , and was intended to be sold either to the British Army or to foreign militaries . It was to be the latest in a series of light tanks produced by the company . The tank was designed to overcome the shortcomings of insufficient armament in earlier light tanks that were fitted only with machine guns . Vickers @-@ Armstrong installed on the Mk a 2 @-@ pounder 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) main gun paired with a 7 @.@ 92 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 312 in ) machine gun , and mounted the two guns in a two @-@ man turret . The tank possessed a maximum of 14 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) of armour . The prototype weighed approximately 16 @,@ 800 pounds ( 7 @,@ 600 kg ) and was powered by a 165 @-@ horsepower ( 123 kW ) Meadows engine . was on eight road wheels , four per side , with no separate driver or wheels and it was capable of a 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) top speed . The Mk VII design relied on an unusual steering method and a mechanical system incorporated into earlier Vickers models . The front wheels could be steered to allow for gentle turns by the tracks . For sharper turns , the system returned to the conventional method of one track to turn the tank ; the dual system of turning was designed to lessen mechanical strain on the and reduce its power . The suspension system was also a new design that relied on struts with pockets of air for and of oil for , and each of the wheels was independently sprung . - The War Office examined the design and put the prototype through a series of trials during May and June 1938 ; the model was tested as a possible " light cruiser " since War Office light tank needs were already met by its predecessor , the Mark VI . The War Office then took the view that the tank was not acceptable as a light cruiser because the offered better speed and obstacle crossing performance . Despite this , it was decided that it was essential for some to be produced , and it was suggested that they be brought in at the end of the light tank program . Accordingly , the War Office gave the the official General Staff specification number , and , in November 1938 , accepted it for limited production after requesting a few minor changes which included the fitting of an external fuel tank to increase the tank 's range . - - = = = Production = = = - - The number to be produced was subject to as the War Office in their demand ; in July 1938 , it requested that 70 of the tanks be produced , then increased the request to 120 after a three @-@ day conference in November . Production was to begin in July 1940 , but meanwhile the War Office temporarily returned to its original order of 70 before increasing the number to 100 . The number further increased to 220 after Metropolitan Carriage and , a company part owned by Vickers @-@ Armstrong that would be producing the tanks , indicated it had already ordered armour plating for that many tanks . - Production of the tank was delayed by a number of factors . The War Office put their order on hold in a post @-@ Battle of France decision to focus military production on infantry and cruiser tanks , due to the poor performance of British light tanks during that battle . Due to the shortage of more suitable tanks , light tanks that were not designed for use against German armour , were nevertheless deployed against them ; the resulting high casualties led the War Office to re @-@ evaluate the suitability of the light tank design . The pre @-@ war role of the light tank , that of reconnaissance , meanwhile had been found to be better suited to scout cars that used smaller crews and had better cross @-@ country abilities . Further delays were caused by the bombing raids of the Luftwaffe during May 1941 against the factories where the tanks were assembled . - The cumulative effect of these delays resulted in the production of only a small number of Mk ; estimates place the final total produced to be between 100 and 177 . The name ' ' was given to the Mk VII , on 22 September 1941 , on the orders of the War Office . The last of the tanks were built in the first quarter of 1942 and delivered at the end of the year . - - = = = Transfer to airborne role = = = - - The War Office and the Army were concluding , at this point , that light tanks were a liability and too vulnerable for use in further combat , and the was considered to be obsolete . This decision may have marked the end for the in active service ; several of the tanks destined to be deployed to the Eighth Army in the Middle East for the North African Campaign were left in Britain when their cooling systems were determined to be unable to cope with the intense North African heat . - The demise of was prevented by a decision made by the War Office in mid @-@ 1941 , as it was considering the equipment to be used by Britain 's fledgling airborne forces , formed in June 1940 under the orders of the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill . When selecting the equipment for the airborne forces , officials at the War Office concluded that gliders would be an integral component ; gliders would transport troops and heavy equipment , which , by 1941 , was to include artillery and some form of tank . Plans to transport a tank went through a number of revisions , but , by May 1941 , the feasibility of a 5 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 5 @.@ 4 long tons ) tank to be carried for 350 miles ( 560 km ) in a glider was accepted , although the aircraft would have to be specifically designed for the task . In a conference held on 16 January 1941 , it was decided that the General Aircraft , currently under development , would be used to transport a single tank or two Universal . The was chosen because it was an obsolete design , and was therefore available to be used by the airborne forces . - Beginning in January 1944 , training exercises were conducted carrying the and their crews inside gliders . These exercises were successful ; during the training by ' C ' Squadron of the Pilot Regiment , which specialised in flying the , over 2 @,@ 800 were made with an average of 50 per crew . Only three incidents resulted in fatalities or injuries , with seven pilots killed during the training . When the was re @-@ designated as an airborne tank , several changes were made to its design . A number of tanks had their 2 pounder guns replaced with a 76 @.@ 2 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) infantry support howitzer ; these tanks were then designated as 1 ( Close Support ) . Additionally , were added to those which still possessed their 2 pounders to increase their muzzle velocity and armour penetration . - The experienced several setbacks throughout its development and deployment with the Army and airborne forces . One of the major problems was the limited number of these tanks that existed after production ended in 1942 , which particularly affected the airborne forces . The transport of 20 of the tanks to the USSR under the @-@ Act depleted the number available for use by airborne forces , as did the loss of several more during Operation , the invasion of Madagascar . A Royal Armoured Corps report issued in December 1942 stated that approximately 50 were available for use . In a memorandum , dated January 1943 , by Major General George F. , commander of the 1st Airborne Division , complained that he had been informed that 70 of the tanks were available , whereas only 50 actually remained , with no reserves to replace those lost in combat . This lack of sufficient replacement reserves , combined with a War Office report that some airborne tanks would be required for the 1st Airborne Division and an unnamed airborne division to be formed in India , led to the 's eventual replacement by the US . - - = = Performance = = - - A number of design faults of the were revealed through its operational use . Its size limited the possible crew to three , a driver in the hull and a gunner and commander in the turret , resulting in too few crew members to operate the effectively . The gunner or commander , in addition to his own duties , had to act as for the 2 pounder , which caused delays in combat . A report on the tank written in January 1941 stated that as the commander had to both fight and control the tank , controlling a troop of during combat would be almost impossible . - Problems were also found with the fitted to the 2 @-@ pounder to increase its range and penetration power ; after they had been fitted the could not be removed , and could only fire specially designed armour @-@ piercing rounds , which took time to manufacture . - The War Office also considered the 's cooling system faulty , making the tank unsuitable for service in climates , such as the Middle East and North Africa . - - = = Operational history = = - - - = = = @-@ lease = = = - - The first were delivered to the Army in November 1940 , and were initially deployed with the 1st Armoured Division ( which was being refitted after losing the majority of its previous tanks during the Battle of France ) and the newly formed 6th Armoured Division . However , the faults discovered with the cooling system precluded them from being integrated into units that were sent to the Middle East to participate in the North African Campaign . Shortly after , all light tanks were discarded from the establishments of British armoured divisions as not suitable for further service . - The remained in Britain , and would probably have been used as training vehicles before being retired from service , but on 22 June 1941 the German invasion of the USSR , Operation Barbarossa began , and the USSR became an ally of Britain . The @-@ program , begun in March 1941 by the United States of America to supply defensive materials to Britain and China , was therefore extended to the USSR . As part of the program , the British government began supplying war materials to the USSR , which in early 1942 , included a shipment of 20 , as well as a number of Valentine and Matilda Mk I Infantry tanks . The Soviet military utilised a greater number of light tanks than the British , and so could use the . When the tanks arrived in the USSR , however , it was apparent that the design problems with the cooling system were also present in cold conditions ; additionally , the cold weather had a effect on the tank 's suspension and tracks . Additional testing of the was conducted by the Soviet military and the design was admired for its , , and speed , as well its ability to run on low @-@ quality fuel , unlike contemporary Soviet designs . The of the 's armour was found to be a problem and one which could not be solved , as the weight of extra armour plating caused an unacceptable reduction in the tank 's speed . Despite these drawbacks in the 's design , Soviet authorities believed it to be comparable to the T @-@ 70 light tank in use at the time , and decided that it was suitable to be used in combat . A number of were sent to Tank Training Schools which were subsequently sent into battle , and in September 1943 two were assigned to the Tank Battalion , which was attached to the 5th Guards Tank Brigade ; both tanks were destroyed in combat , one on 30 September and the other on 2 October , the latter a casualty of artillery fire . Several were also used for propaganda purposes , appearing in photographs of Soviet troops who were fighting in the region . - - = = = Operation = = = - - In mid @-@ 1941 , the Royal Armoured Corps in Britain created three tank squadrons for special overseas operations , known as ' A ' , ' B ' and ' C ' Special Service Squadrons . Both ' A ' and ' B ' Squadrons were equipped with Valentine Infantry tanks and Mark light tanks , but ' C ' Squadron was equipped with twelve transferred from the 2nd Armoured Brigade , 1st Armoured Division . On 31 July 1941 , ' C ' Squadron was officially activated and immediately received orders to prepare for overseas service alongside ' A ' and ' B ' Squadrons in an unspecified tropical climate . All three squadrons were transported to in Scotland for intensive training that focused on embarkation and from ships and landing craft to prepare them for action in potential amphibious operations . In early September , elements of ' C ' Squadron , including six , formed part of a force which sailed for Freetown in West Africa ; during this period of the war there were fears that the Spanish government might enter the conflict on the side of Germany , and the force was to capture a number of Spanish islands off the coast of Africa if this occurred . These fears proved , and in March 1942 , the unit returned to Britain to join the rest of the squadron in training . - The next assignment , Operation , was the invasion of Madagascar , the third largest island in the world and then under French control . The Prime Minister and the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Madagascar should be occupied as rapidly as possible to deny the port of to Japanese naval forces , which had recently advanced into the Indian Ocean . Operation was under the command of Major General Robert G. and consisted of No. 5 Commando , 29th Independent Brigade Group , and the 17th and 13th brigade groups from 5th Infantry Division . The 29th Brigade formed the core of the invasion force due to its training in amphibious operations , and under its command was ' B ' Special Service Squadron , created by six from ' B ' Squadron and six from ' C ' Squadron into a single unit . The squadron was formed into four troops , one Headquarters troop of three and one , one of four , and two formed from the remaining five . The invasion force assembled off the west coast of the northern tip of Madagascar on 4 May , near and the bay of Diego . The invasion plan called for an amphibious assault landing on four beaches on the west side of the tip , which would allow the British forces to advance approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) and approach from the rear . Information about the landing beaches , the defences possessed by the port , and the French defending forces was limited and vague , although it was believed that the defenders had no weapons capable of penetrating the armour of a Valentine tank . - The landings began at 04 : 30 on 5 May , with 5 Commando landing at Bay and the three infantry brigades and ' B ' Squadron landing at Bay . The objective of the infantry brigades and their armoured support was to take control of and a nearby town , but although the infantry landed successfully , ' B ' Squadron had more trouble ; the area of beach designated for its landing craft was blocked for several hours after a came loose from a landing craft and became stuck in the sand . The infantry brigades advanced toward without the squadron , but eventually two and a single were dispatched in support , catching up with the lead elements of the infantry near the town of . Here the invasion force encountered the first French defences , consisting of camouflaged trenches and dug in along a ridge . The tanks attempted to breach them , but the rocky ground made difficult and they could not close with the and trenches ; they engaged a number of targets with 2 pounder and machine @-@ gun fire , but the line had to be cleared by an infantry assault later in the day . The tanks were ordered to outflank the defences and advance further into the island , and they were soon joined by two other dispatched from the beaches ; the small force continued to advance until it encountered the French main line of defence . This had been built prior to the First World War and included camouflaged , machine @-@ gun nests and dug @-@ in 75 mm artillery pieces ; the latter , although not specifically designed for an anti @-@ tank role , could penetrate the armour of both the and the . The two advanced first but were knocked out by artillery fire , and two that were moving behind them suffered the same fate ; the third retreated in order to report on the French resistance , machine a motorcycle combination and a truck it encountered on the way back . - The commander of the made his report , and was then ordered to take command of four and two which had recently arrived and once again attempt to breach the French defences . The tanks followed the road leading to the defensive line and then attempted to out @-@ flank the line by advancing from the right @-@ hand side , using several hills as cover ; the artillery pieces were able to turn and face the assault , however , and one Valentine and one were hit and destroyed . The remaining tanks exchanged several of fire with the artillery pieces before retreating back to their original positions . The French line was eventually broken by 29th Brigade , aided by an amphibious assault by Royal Marines ; the remaining tanks of ' B ' Squadron , two and three , remained in defensive positions until the afternoon of 6 May , coming under sporadic artillery fire which disabled another Valentine . The squadron played no further part in the battle , as the French authorities negotiated a formal surrender the following day , although French troops would continue to engage the British occupying force in guerrilla warfare until late November . ' C ' Squadron suffered heavy casualties during the invasion ; only one Valentine and three out of twelve tanks were functional by 7 May , and the squadron had suffered seven killed and six wounded . It remained in Madagascar until early 1943 , when it was shipped to India and took part in the Burma Campaign as part of 29th Brigade . - - = = = Operation Tonga = = = - - Because of a lack of equipment training facilities in mid @-@ 1940 , when the British airborne establishment was formed , the War Office was able to accept only 500 volunteers for training as airborne troops . Progress in setting up proper training facilities and acquiring suitable transport aircraft was so slow that the first British airborne operation , Operation , was conducted by a Commando unit . By 1942 , there existed specifically trained airborne units , including the 1st Airborne Division , and on 19 January 1942 the War Office decided that a light tank unit would be one of the support units attached to the division . This unit , designated the Light Tank Squadron , was to be formed of nineteen light tanks and would operate to the fore of the division , using their tanks ' speed to capture objectives and then holding them until relieved by other units . The obvious unit for conversion was ' C ' Special Services Squadron , as it was trained to act as an independent tank unit and , more importantly , was the only unit that was still using ; it had been re @-@ designated as an airborne tank by the War Office . ' C ' Squadron was officially transferred to the 1st Airborne Division on 24 June 1942 , bringing with it seven among its other vehicles . The unit immediately began training , but was not attached to the 1st Airborne Division for long ; during mid @-@ 1943 , the division was transported to the Middle East so it could participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily . ' C ' Squadron remained in Britain , as not enough gliders had been built by the time the division departed to transport its ; the squadron was transferred to the 6th Airborne Division , which had been raised in April 1943 , and ' C ' Squadron remained with it for the rest of the conflict . The squadron continued to train as an air @-@ portable unit , and participated in a number of exercises to prepare for its new duties , including reconnaissance of enemy positions and counter @-@ attacking enemy infantry and armour . - On 13 December 1943 , the War Office decided to expand the squadron into a regiment equipped with a combination of light tanks and conventional reconnaissance vehicles such as scout cars , and on 1 April 1944 , it was re @-@ designated as the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment . The regiment consisted of a Headquarters Squadron , a Light Tank Squadron and a Reconnaissance Squadron ; two , the Mark 1 variation , were attached to the Headquarters Squadron , but the Light Tank Squadron , also known as ' A ' Squadron , received the majority of the . ' A ' Squadron had approximately nineteen split between six troops , two of which were of the variation and the rest were armed with 2 pounders fitted with . On 24 May 1944 , after participating in a further series of exercises and manoeuvres , ' A ' Squadron moved from their training area to a transit camp at airfield , while the rest of the regiment moved to RAF Norton airfield the next day ; from these two airfields , the regiment would be transported from to participate in the British airborne landings in Normandy . The operation began on the night of 5 June , with the deployment of 6th Airborne Division to eastern Normandy . It was tasked with protecting the eastern flank of the Allied landings , securing strategically important areas east of Caen , capturing several important bridges over the Caen Canal and River , and destroying a coastal artillery battery . transport aircraft were available to land all three of the division 's brigades simultaneously ; one would have to be landed in a second lift later in the day . Major General Richard Gale had initially intended for the 6th Brigade , to which the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment was attached , to be landed first ; however , aerial photography revealed that anti @-@ glider poles had been erected in the landing zone selected for the brigade . Therefore , Gale decided that the 3rd Parachute Brigade and 5th Parachute Brigade ( which did not gliders ) should land in the first lift to clear the landing zones , allowing the 6th Brigade to land in the second lift . - The and gliders of the brigade landed at 21 : 00 on 6 June in a landing zone cleared of obstructions by the 5th Parachute Brigade . The primary tasks of the brigade were to bring in reinforcements and supplies , and to aid the two parachute brigades in consolidating the area held by the division ; the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron was to aid in the latter task , acting as a reconnaissance force to scout out German positions and impede the movement of German forces attempting to counter @-@ attack . The of ' A ' Squadron were to play an integral part in this reconnaissance role due to their speed , but the squadron 's strength of twenty tanks was severely depleted by the time it landed in Normandy . It lost one tank before the formation landed when the broke loose of its and crashed through the nose of the glider that was carrying it , causing both to fall into the sea mid @-@ flight . The squadron 's strength was further weakened when two gliders collided with each other in the landing zone , destroying themselves and the they carried ; a third hit another as it was being and flipped the tank upside down , rendering it unusable , although the crew escaped without injury . The surviving tanks were then rendered temporarily immobile when parachute rigging lines became tangled in their , forcing their crews to cut the lines away with welding . - The squadron retrieved all of the remaining and advanced to the south of the landing zone to link up with the rest of the regiment ; there , they received orders to support the 8th Parachute Battalion in the de area and conduct reconnaissance duties . After linking with the battalion , the squadron began , and engaged German infantry and armour they encountered . By the end of 7 June , two had been lost to enemy action , one destroyed by a German self @-@ propelled gun and the second by hitting a mine . The division was reinforced by British troops who were advancing from the invasion beaches and it began to push through Normandy , while the squadron continued its reconnaissance duties . At this time , Gale decided to avoid , when possible , engaging the with German armour , as they proved to be completely by the German tanks and self @-@ propelled guns , such as the Panzer IV and the III . Instead , when the division required armoured support , it summoned it from armoured units outside the division , and the were used to support infantry patrols and provide fire support . By August , in the division 's preparation for the planned breakout from the Normandy bridgehead , the majority of in ' A ' Squadron were replaced with Cromwell fast cruiser tanks ; only three remained , assigned to the Headquarters troop of ' A ' Squadron . - - = = = Post @-@ war = = = - - Operation Tonga was the last that saw of active combat . During the first week of October 1944 , the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment underwent an extensive , in which it was completely , and all the remaining were retired . They were replaced with the , a purpose @-@ built airborne light tank of American design ; eight were used by the regiment in March 1945 during Operation , the airborne operation to cross the river Rhine . A report issued by the Director ( Air ) of the War Office in January 1946 confirmed that the design was considered obsolete , and any light tanks used in post @-@ war airborne formations would be entirely new in design . A small number of remained in service with the 3rd Hussars until 1949 ; a glider flight was stationed at RAF , and a troop of was kept by the regiment for training exercises with the gliders . However , glider training by the regiment was stopped in 1950 and the withdrawn from service . - - = = = = - - There were several variants of the design . The first was the Light Tank Mk VIII , Vickers @-@ Armstrong 's proposed successor to the . The Mark VIII was also known as the Harry Hopkins , named after President Roosevelt 's chief diplomatic advisor , and was given the General Staff design number by the War Office . The Mark VIII was intended to improve upon the design of the in a number of areas . It had thicker armour than the , with the front hull and turret armour increased to a thickness of 38 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) and the side armour to 17 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 67 in ) , and the turret and hull given more sloped surfaces to help shells fired at the tank . The dimensions of the were also changed ; the Mark VIII was longer by 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , wider by 1 foot 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 38 m ) and heavier . The new tank was no longer air @-@ portable , as it was too heavy to be carried by a . The 12 @-@ cylinder engine of the was fitted to the Mark VIII , although the increased weight meant that its maximum speed decreased to 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) ; its armament also remained the same as that of the . The War Office authorised the construction of three prototype models in April 1941 . The new design was considered a success , and the Tank Board of the War Office ordered 1 @,@ 000 to be constructed in September . However , problems were encountered with further tests of the prototypes , and a report issued in December 1942 stated that production of the Mark VIII had been delayed due to developmental problems . These problems continued to persist into 1943 , when the War Office decided against using the tank in active service ; approximately 100 Mark were produced by 1945 , when production ended . - A second variant on the design was the Drive ( " DD " ) . The Drive system was invented by Nicholas , and was designed to allow a tank to ' swim ' through water and participate in amphibious operations . The system functioned by a large canvas screen around the tank above its tracks , which was supported by thirty @-@ six tubes and steel struts ; this gave the tank sufficient to float , and was then propelled along by a small propeller powered by the tank 's engine . The screen could be collapsed by using a small explosive charge once the tank reached land . The system was fitted during June 1941 , as the was the lightest light tank available at the time ; the converted tank was successfully tested on a number of lakes and reservoirs , allowing the Drive system to be tested on heavier tanks , such as the Valentine . The system would be used during Operation , when M4 Sherman medium tanks would land on the invasion beaches . - - - = = - - , known in Japan as I Love Donald Duck : Georgia no ( Japanese : , Hepburn : no ) , is a 1991 video game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis . The game was released in Europe in 1991 , in North America on December 19 , 1991 and in Japan on December 20 , 1991 . stars Donald Duck and his three nephews , Huey , , and , as treasure @-@ hunters , and is part of a series of games published by Sega that were based on Walt Disney cartoon characters . - was released to mostly positive reviews from video game journalists . The game was universally lauded for its graphics , with magazines like Sega Pro describing them as " some of the best graphics around . " The game was also praised for its music and puzzles , as well as their clever use in the game . However , was criticized for its controls , being described by IGN as " float @-@ y " and making certain segments of the game difficult . The game was also criticized for its lack of difficulty overall as well as its lack of speech samples , which several other Genesis games of the time had . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The player , as Donald , ventures through a variety of side @-@ scrolling levels . Generally , each level is divided into an overland part and a dungeon , such as the 's palace or the temple in which the Great Duck Treasure resides . Although the player may choose any order to play the overland sections , various obstacles prevent the player from entering the outside of a specific order . In addition to this , some levels provide the player with vital clues which solve puzzles needed to progress in later sections . Once Donald has completed the overland section of an area , he may leave by calling his nephews ' biplane , and will return to the dungeon entrance of that area if the player chooses to return . - Donald is armed with a special gun that can shoot , popcorn or bubble gum . Donald has unlimited which can only temporarily enemies ( though bosses can still be damaged with ) , and can collect popcorn and gum along the way or get the latter from . Later in the game , the is upgraded to act as a temporary platform to climb walls with and , when stuck to a passing bird , allows Donald to traverse longer distances . In , India and Egypt , Donald can also pick up which increase his temper , eventually temporarily allowing him to become , increase his speed and knock out enemies in his path . - - = = Plot = = - - While Donald is through some books in 's library , a map falls out of a book relating to the treasure of King , ruler of the Great Duck Kingdom in ancient times . The map leads to the location of the king 's most prized possession , hidden in a secret place shortly before his death . Donald thinks this is his path to riches . Unfortunately Big Bad Pete and pursues Donald throughout the game hoping to steal the treasure . - with his nephews Huey , , and , and using the partial map from the library , Donald begins his search in , with the trail being directed to an Aztec pyramid in Mexico . Outside the pyramid , he is directed by a " sweet " to obtain a " hero key " from an explorer back in to open the pyramid . Inside the pyramid , Donald meets , who gives him a strange note and a to help him reach higher places , and tells him that is looking for him back in . Travelling across the of to meet , Donald is given 's latest invention , that can break through walls . The last location on the partial map is Count 's castle in Transylvania , where Donald encounters a ghost who tells him that the Count carries the real treasure map . - After defeating , Donald receives a more complete map . In India , Donald enters the palace of the , where she challenges him to defeat the tiger in her garden in exchange for a . Donald succeeds and receives the , which is the key to open a temple in Egypt . Donald is able to solve the " of the " using the note had given him , and obtains the of Ra before escaping in a mine cart . From there , he journeys to the South Pole , where he finds a key frozen in ice , and uses the of Ra to melt the ice and grab the key . The key unlocks the hold of a Viking ship , which contains an ancient diary with the secret to locating the treasure . The ship is haunted by ghosts , and the Viking captain sends Donald below decks to get rid of them . After defeating a skeletal Viking warrior , Donald returns to the deck , where the captain informs him that the diary is hidden in ice near the South Pole , and gives him an " ancient Viking " that to flying creatures . Donald then returns to the South Pole , a ride on one of Pete 's bird to reach the diary . - However , upon finding the diary , Pete shows up , holding Donald 's nephews hostage in exchange for the diary . After giving Pete the diary , Donald travels to Pete 's hideout to defeat Pete and get the diary back . The diary reveals that the map , when dipped in water , will reveal the location of the Great Duck Treasure . Donald flies to the island where the treasure is hidden and manages to evade its traps in order to reach the treasure vault . After defeating the ancient spirit guarding the treasure , Donald opens the vault only to find a simple stone statue . When the disappointed Donald returns home , Huey , and accidentally break the statue , which reveals a golden necklace was hidden inside . Donald gives the necklace to Daisy and the two fly off into the sunset together . - - = = Development and release = = - - was developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis as part of a series of games that were based on Walt Disney cartoon characters . The game was released in Europe in 1991 , in North America on December 19 , 1991 and in Japan on December 20 , 1991 . was later released as part of a bundle called The Disney Collection for Genesis in 1996 alongside Castle of Illusion . The game was also ported to the Sega Saturn and released exclusively in Japan alongside Castle of Illusion again as part of the Sega Ages series in 1998 , entitled Sega Ages : I Love Mickey Mouse . - - = = Reception = = - - received a mostly positive response from critics upon release . GameRankings , an aggregator for video game reviews , assigned the game a score of 77 % based on 2 reviews . Mega placed the game at # 7 in their " Top Mega Drive Games of All Time " list . magazine praised the game 's graphics , but criticized the game 's easy difficulty level , explaining simply that " the graphics are excellent , but the game is easy to complete . " Damian from Sega Pro also praised the graphics , stating that the game has " without [ a ] doubt some of the best graphics around " and that " the sprites and backgrounds are consistently excellent . " He also noted the game 's various puzzles and their use in the game , explaining that " [ e ] if the ideas are not original , the way they are strung together to accelerate the pace to is nothing short of breath @-@ taking . " Levi Buchanan from IGN gave a 7 @.@ 3 / 10 , also lauding the graphics and animation as excellent and saying the music was pleasing . - criticized Donald 's controls in certain situations in the game , as well as the difficulty of some levels and puzzles . Buchanan also criticized the controls , calling them " float @-@ y " and noted the difficulty in executing precision jumps , explaining that " [ i ] t 's far too easy to or under @-@ shoot a narrow column and slip to your . " was also " dubious of the number of credits , " stating that the game may seem easy with unlimited continues , but that the player will " still need considerable skill to reach the treasure island . " Buchanan was disappointed with the lack of speech samples , explaining that it 's " a bit of a drag with a character that is so defined by his voice . " Ultimately , said that " [ y ] players will instantly be by Donald 's quest " and that " is everything a cartoon game should be and more . " Buchanan summed up the game as being a " good platformer up by some questionable controls " and recommended the game as " a enjoyable 16 @-@ bit platformer that would fit nicely in your Genesis collection . " - - - = colossal heads = - - The colossal heads are at least seventeen monumental stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders . The heads date from at least before 900 BC and are a distinctive feature of the civilization of ancient . All portray mature men with , flat , and slightly crossed eyes ; their physical characteristics correspond to a type that is still common among the inhabitants of and Veracruz . The backs of the monuments often are flat . The boulders were brought from the Sierra de los mountains of Veracruz . Given that the extremely large slabs of stone used in their production were transported over large distances , requiring a great deal of human effort and resources , it is thought that the monuments represent portraits of powerful individual rulers . Each of the known examples has a distinctive headdress . The heads were variously arranged in lines or groups at major centres , but the method and logistics used to transport the stone to these sites remain unclear . - The discovery of a colossal head at in the nineteenth century spurred the first archaeological investigations of culture by Matthew in 1938 . Seventeen confirmed examples are known from four sites within the on the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Most colossal heads were sculpted from spherical boulders but two from San Lorenzo were re @-@ carved from massive stone . An additional monument , at in Guatemala , is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head . This is the only known example from outside the . - the monuments remains difficult because of the movement of many from their original contexts prior to archaeological investigation . Most have been dated to the Early period ( 1500 – 1000 BC ) with some to the Middle ( 1000 – 400 BC ) period . The smallest weigh 6 tons , while the largest is variously estimated to weigh 40 to 50 tons , although it was abandoned and left unfinished close to the source of its stone . - - = = civilization = = - - The civilization developed in the lowlands of southeastern Mexico between 1500 and 400 BC . The lies on the Gulf Coast of Mexico within the states of Veracruz and , an area measuring approximately 275 kilometres ( 171 mi ) east to west and extending about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) inland from the coast . The are regarded as the first civilization to develop in and the is one of six of civilization worldwide , the others being the culture of South America , the culture of China 's Yellow River , the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia , the civilization of ancient Egypt and the civilization of ancient Iraq . Of these , only the civilization developed in a lowland tropical forest setting . - The were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture and to settle in towns and cities . They were also the first people in the Americas to develop a sophisticated style of stone sculpture . In the first decade of the 21st century evidence emerged of writing , with the earliest examples of hieroglyphs dating to around 650 BC . Examples of script have been found on roller stamps and stone artefacts ; the texts are short and have been partially based on their similarity to other scripts . The evidence of complex society developing in the has led to the being regarded as the " Mother Culture " of , although this concept remains controversial . - Some of the ' rulers seem to have served religious functions . The city of San Lorenzo was succeeded as the main centre of the civilization by La in about 900 BC , with and de los possibly sharing the role ; other urban centres were much less significant . The nature and degree of the control exercised by the centres over a widespread rural population remains unclear . Very fine art , much clearly made for an elite , survives in several forms , notably figurines , and larger sculptures such as The . The figurines have been recovered in large numbers and are mostly in pottery ; these were presumably widely available to the population . Together with these , of particular relevance to the colossal heads are the " @-@ style masks " in stone , so called because none have yet been excavated in circumstances that allow the proper archaeological identification of an context . These evocative stone face masks present both similarities and differences to the colossal heads . Two thirds of monumental sculpture represents the human form , and the colossal heads fall within this major theme of art . - - = = = = - - The colossal heads cannot be precisely dated . However , the San Lorenzo heads were buried by 900 BC , indicating that their period of manufacture and use was earlier still . The heads from had been moved from their original context before they were investigated by archaeologists and the heads from La were found partially exposed on the modern ground surface . The period of production of the colossal heads is therefore unknown , as is whether it spanned a century or a millennium . Estimates of the time span during which colossal heads were produced vary from 50 to 200 years . The San Lorenzo heads are believed to be the oldest , and are the most executed . All of the stone heads have been assigned to the period of chronology , generally to the Early ( 1500 – 1000 BC ) , although the two heads and the La Head are attributed to the Middle ( 1000 – 400 BC ) . - - = = Characteristics = = - - colossal heads vary in height from 1 @.@ 47 to 3 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 to 11 @.@ 2 ft ) and weigh between 6 and 50 tons . All of the colossal heads depict mature men with flat and ; the eyes tend to be slightly crossed . The general physical characteristics of the heads are of a type that is still common among people in the region in modern times . The backs of the heads are often flat , as if the monuments were originally placed against a wall . All examples of colossal heads wear distinctive that probably represent cloth or animal hide originals . Some examples have a tied knot at the back of the head , and some are decorated with feathers . A head from La is decorated with the head of a bird . There are similarities between the on some of the heads that has led to speculation that specific may represent different dynasties , or perhaps identify specific rulers . Most of the heads wear large inserted into the ear lobes . - All of the heads are realistic , and descriptions of the men . It is likely that they were portraits of living ( or recently deceased ) rulers well known to the . Each head is distinct and , displaying features . They were once thought to represent although this theory is no longer widely held ; it is possible , however , that they represent rulers equipped for the . expressions depicted on the heads vary from stern through placid to smiling . The most art is the earliest , appearing suddenly without surviving , with a tendency towards more stylised sculpture as time progressed . Some surviving examples of wooden sculpture recovered from El demonstrate that the are likely to have created many more sculptures than works sculpted from stone . - In the late nineteenth century , José y Serrano described a colossal head as having " Ethiopian " features and speculations that the had African origins resurfaced in 1960 in the work of Alfonso and in the 1970s in the writings of Ivan van . Such speculation is not taken seriously by scholars such as Richard and Ann . - Although all the colossal heads are broadly similar , there are distinct stylistic differences in their execution . One of the heads from San Lorenzo bears traces of plaster and red paint , suggesting that the heads were originally brightly decorated . Heads did not just represent individual rulers ; they also incorporated the very concept of rulership itself . - - = = = = - - The production of each colossal head must have been carefully planned , given the effort required to ensure the necessary resources were available ; it seems likely that only the more powerful rulers were able to such resources . The workforce would have included , labourers , , , and other producing the tools to make and move the monument , in addition to the support needed to feed and otherwise attend to these workers . The seasonal and agricultural cycles and river levels needed to have been taken into account to plan the production of the monument and the whole project may well have taken years from beginning to end . - Archaeological investigation of basalt workshops suggest that the colossal heads were first roughly shaped using direct percussion to chip away both large and small of stone . The sculpture was then refined by the surface using , which were generally rounded that could be of the same basalt as the monument itself , although this was not always the case . were found in association with workshops at San Lorenzo , indicating their use in the finishing of fine detail . colossal heads were fashioned as in @-@ the @-@ round monuments with varying levels of relief on the same work ; they tended to feature higher relief on the face and lower relief on the and . Monument 20 at San Lorenzo is an extensively damaged throne with a figure emerging from a niche . Its sides were broken away and it was dragged to another location before being abandoned . It is possible that this damage was caused by the initial stages of re @-@ carving the monument into a colossal head but that the work was never completed . - All seventeen of the confirmed heads in the were sculpted from basalt mined in the Sierra de los mountains of Veracruz . Most were formed from coarse dark grey basalt known as basalt after a volcano in the range . have proposed that large basalt boulders found on the southeastern slopes of the mountains are the source of the stone for the monuments . These boulders are found in an area affected by large ( volcanic mudslides ) that carried substantial blocks of stone down the mountain slopes , which suggests that the did not need to quarry the raw material for the heads . Roughly spherical boulders were carefully selected to mimic the shape of a human head . The stone for the San Lorenzo and La heads was transported a considerable distance from the source . The La head was found on El hill in the Sierra de los and the stone from Head 1 and Head 1 ( also known as Monuments A and Q ) came from the same hill . - The boulders were transported over 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) from the source of the stone . The exact method of transportation of such large masses of rock are unknown , especially since the lacked of burden and functional wheels , and they were likely to have used water transport whenever possible . Coastal currents of the Gulf of Mexico and in river estuaries might have made the transport of monuments weighing 20 tons or more impractical . Two badly damaged sculptures depict rectangular stone blocks bound with ropes . A largely destroyed human figure rides upon each block , with their legs hanging over the side . These sculptures may well depict rulers overseeing the transport of the stone that would be fashioned into their monuments . When transport over land was necessary , the are likely to have used , ramps and roads to facilitate moving the heads . The regional terrain offers significant obstacles such as swamps and floodplains ; avoiding these would have necessitated crossing undulating hill country . The construction of temporary using the suitable and plentiful floodplain soils would have allowed a direct route across the floodplains to the San Lorenzo Plateau . Earth structures such as mounds , platforms and upon the plateau demonstrate that the possessed the necessary knowledge and could commit the resources to build large @-@ scale earthworks . - The flat backs of many of the colossal heads represented the flat bases of the monumental from which they were reworked . Only four of the seventeen heads do not have flattened backs , indicating the possibility that the majority were reworked monuments . Alternatively , the backs of many of these massive monuments may have been flattened to ease their transport , providing a stable form for the monuments with ropes . Two heads from San Lorenzo have traces of niches that are characteristic of monumental and so were definitely reworked from earlier monuments . - - = = Known monuments = = - - Seventeen confirmed examples are known . An additional monument , at in Guatemala , is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head . This is the only known example outside of the on the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Possible fragments of additional colossal heads have been recovered at San Lorenzo and at San Fernando in . colossal stone heads are also known in the Southern Maya area where they are associated with the style of sculpture . Although some arguments have been made that they are pre @-@ , these latter monuments are generally believed to be influenced by the style of sculpture . - - = = = San Lorenzo = = = - - The ten colossal heads from San Lorenzo originally formed two roughly parallel lines running north @-@ south across the site . Although some were recovered from , they were found close to their original and had been buried by local erosion . These heads , together with a number of monumental stone , probably formed a processional route across the site , powerfully displaying its dynastic history . Two of the San Lorenzo heads had been re @-@ carved from older . - San Lorenzo Head 1 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 1 ) was lying facing upwards when excavated . The erosion of a path passing on top of the monument uncovered its eye and led to the discovery of the site . Head 1 is 2 @.@ 84 metres ( 9 @.@ 3 ft ) high ; it measures 2 @.@ 11 metres ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) wide and it weighs 25 @.@ 3 tons . The monument was discovered partially buried at the edge of a gully by Matthew in 1945 . When discovered it was lying on its back , looking upwards . It was associated with a large number of broken ceramic vessels and figurines . The majority of these ceramic remains have been dated to between 800 and 400 BC ; some pieces have been dated to the Villa Alta phase ( Late Classic period , 800 – 1000 AD ) . The headdress possesses a plain band that is tied at the back of the head . The upper portion of the headdress is decorated with a U @-@ shaped motif . This element descends across the front of the headdress , terminating on the forehead . On the front portion it is decorated with five semicircular motifs . The piece does not meet the horizontal band , leaving a space between the two pieces . On each side of the face a strap descends from the headdress and passes in front of the ear . The forehead is wrinkled in a . The lips are slightly parted without revealing the teeth . The are pronounced and the ears are particularly well executed . The face is slightly asymmetric , which may be due to error on the part of the or may accurately reflect the physical features of the portrait 's subject . The head has been moved to the de de ( " Museum of " ) . - San Lorenzo Head 2 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 2 ) was reworked from a monumental throne . The head stands 2 @.@ 69 metres ( 8 @.@ 8 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 83 metres ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 05 metres ( 3 @.@ 4 ft ) deep ; it weighs 20 tons . Head 2 was discovered in 1945 when Matthew 's guide cleared away some of the vegetation and mud that covered it . The monument was found lying on its back , facing the sky , and was excavated in 1946 by and Philip . In 1962 the monument was removed from the San Lorenzo plateau in order to put it on display as part of " The tradition " exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston in 1963 . San Lorenzo Head 2 is currently in the de in Mexico City . The head was associated with a number of ceramic finds ; they have been dated to the Early and Late Classic periods . Head 2 wears a complex headdress that sports a horizontal band tied at the back of the head ; this is decorated with three bird 's heads that are located above the forehead and temples . The piece is formed from six strips running towards the back of the head . The front of the headdress above the horizontal band is plain . Two short hang down from the headdress in front of the ears . The ear jewellery is formed by large or framed discs . The left and right ornaments are different , with radial lines on the left , a feature absent on the right . The head is badly damaged due to an unfinished reworking process . This process has the entire face with at least 60 smaller and 2 larger holes . The surviving features appear to depict an ageing man with the forehead into a . The lips are thick and slightly parted to reveal the teeth ; the head has a pronounced chin . - San Lorenzo Head 3 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 3 . The head measures 1 @.@ 78 metres ( 5 @.@ 8 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 63 metres ( 5 @.@ 3 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 95 metres ( 3 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and weighs 9 @.@ 4 tons . The head was discovered in a deep gully by Matthew in 1946 ; it was found lying face down and its excavation was difficult due to the wet conditions in the gully . The monument was found 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) southwest of the main mound at San Lorenzo , however , its original location is unknown ; erosion of the gully may have resulted in significant movement of the sculpture . Head 3 has been moved to the de de . The headdress is complex , with the horizontal basal band being formed by four horizontal , with diagonal folds above each eye . A small tops the headdress . A large flap formed of four drops down both sides of the head , completely covering the ears . The face has a typically brow and , unusually , has clearly defined eyelids . The lips are thick and slightly parted ; the front of the lower lip has broken away completely , and the lower front of the headdress is pitted with 27 irregularly spaced artificial depressions . - San Lorenzo Head 4 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 4 ) weighs 6 tons and has been moved to the de de . Head 4 is 1 @.@ 78 metres ( 5 @.@ 8 ft ) high , 1 @.@ 17 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) wide and 0 @.@ 95 metres ( 3 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . The head was discovered by Matthew in 1946 , 550 metres ( 600 yd ) northwest of the principal mound , at the edge of a gully . When excavated , it was found to be lying on its right @-@ hand side and in a very good state of preservation . materials excavated with the head became mixed with ceramics associated with Head 5 , making ceramic dating of the monument difficult . The headdress is decorated with a horizontal band formed of four sculpted , similar to those of Head 3 . On the right @-@ hand side , three descend from the upper portion of the headdress ; they terminate in a total of eight strips that hang down across the horizontal band . These are judged to represent hair rather than . Also on the right hand side , two descend across the ear and continue to the base of the monument . On the left @-@ hand side , three vertical descend across the ear . The is only visible on the right hand side ; it is formed of a plain disc and . The face is that of an ageing man with a forehead , low and a prominent chin . The lips are thick and slightly parted . - San Lorenzo Head 5 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 5 . The monument stands 1 @.@ 86 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 47 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 15 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) deep . It weighs 11 @.@ 6 tons . The head was discovered by Matthew in 1946 , face down in a gully to the south of the principal mound . The head is particularly well executed and is likely to have been found close to its original location . recovered during its excavation became mixed with those from the excavation of Head 4 . The mixed ceramics have been dated to the San Lorenzo and Villa Alta phases ( approximately 1400 – 1000 BC and 800 – 1000 AD respectively ) . Head 5 is particularly well preserved , although the back of the headdress band was damaged when the head was moved from the archaeological site . The band of the headdress is set at an angle and has a notch above the bridge of the nose . The headdress is decorated with jaguar paws ; this general identification of the decoration is contested by de la since the " paws " have three claws each ; she identifies them as the claws of a bird of prey . At the back of the head , ten strips form a net decorated with disc motifs . Two short descend from the headdress in front of the ears . The ears are adorned with disc @-@ shaped with . The face is that of an ageing man with under the eyes and across the bridge of the nose , and a forehead that is in a . The lips are slightly parted . Head 5 has been moved to the de de . - San Lorenzo Head 6 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 17 ) is one of the smaller examples of colossal heads , standing 1 @.@ 67 metres ( 5 @.@ 5 ft ) . It measures 1 @.@ 41 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 26 metres ( 4 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and is estimated to weigh between 8 and 10 tons . The head was discovered by a local and was excavated in 1965 by Luis and Chan . The head had collapsed into a ravine under its own weight and was found face down on its left hand side . In 1970 it was transported to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for the museum 's centenary exhibition . After its return to Mexico , it was placed in the de in Mexico City . It is sculpted with a net @-@ like head covering joined together with sculpted beads . A covering descends from under the headdress to cover the back half of the neck . The is divided into four strips and begins above the right ear , extending around the entire head . A short strap descends from either side of the head to the ear . The ear ornaments are complex and are larger at the front of the ear than at the back . The face is that of an ageing male with the forehead in a , under the eyes , and deep on either side of the nose . The face is somewhat asymmetric , possibly due to errors in the execution of the monument . - San Lorenzo Head 7 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53 ) measures 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 85 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 35 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) deep and weighs 18 tons . San Lorenzo Head 7 was reworked from a monumental throne ; it was discovered by a joint archaeological project by the de e Historia and Yale University , as a result of a survey . It was buried at a depth of less than 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) and was lying facing upwards , leaning slightly northwards on its right hand side . The head is poorly preserved and has suffered both from erosion and deliberate damage . The headdress is decorated with a pair of human hands ; a feathered ornament is carved at the back of the and two discs adorn the front . A short strap descends from the and hangs in front of the right ear . The head sports large that completely cover the , although severe erosion makes their exact form difficult to distinguish . The face has between the nose and , and deep @-@ set eyes ; the lips are badly damaged and the mouth is open , displaying the teeth . In 1986 the head was transported to the de de . - San Lorenzo Head 8 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61 ) stands 2 @.@ 2 metres ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) high ; it measures 1 @.@ 65 metres ( 5 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) deep and weighs 13 tons . It is one of the finest examples of an colossal head . It was found lying on its side to the south of a monumental throne . The monument was discovered at a depth of 5 metres ( 16 ft ) during a survey of the site in 1968 ; it has been dated to the Early . After discovery it was initially reburied ; it was moved to the de de in 1986 . The headdress is decorated with the or claws of either a jaguar or an eagle . It has a and a cover that descends from under the headdress proper behind the ears . Two short descend in front of the ears . The head sports large ear ornaments in the form of . The face is that of a mature male with and between these and the nose . The forehead is gathered in a . The mouth is slightly parted to reveal the teeth . Most of the head is carved in a realistic manner , the exception being the ears . These are stylised and represented by one question mark shape contained within another . The head is very well preserved and displays a fine finish . - San Lorenzo Head 9 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 66 . It measures 1 @.@ 65 metres ( 5 @.@ 4 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 36 metres ( 4 @.@ 5 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 17 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) deep . The head was exposed in 1982 by erosion of the at San Lorenzo ; it was found leaning slightly on its right hand side and facing upwards , half covered by the collapsed side of a gully and washed by a stream . Although it was documented by archaeologists , it remained for some time in its place of discovery before being moved to the de de . The headdress is of a single piece without a distinct . The sides display features that are possibly intended to represent long hair trailing to the bottom of the monument . The are rectangular plates with an additional element at the front . The head is also depicted wearing a nose @-@ ring . The face is smiling and has under the eyes and at the edge of the mouth . It has and wide eyes . The mouth is closed and the upper lip is badly damaged . The sculpture suffered some mutilation in antiquity , with nine pits into the face and headdress . - San Lorenzo Head 10 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 89 ) has been moved to the de San Lorenzo near . It stands 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) tall and measures 1 @.@ 43 metres ( 4 @.@ 7 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 92 metres ( 3 @.@ 0 ft ) deep ; it weighs 8 tons . The head was discovered by a survey in 1994 ; it was found buried , lying face upwards in the bottom of a ravine and was excavated by Ann . The headdress is formed of 92 circular beads that completely cover the upper part of the head and descend across the sides and back . Above the forehead is a large element forming a three @-@ toed foot with long nails , possibly the foot of a bird . The head wears large that beyond the beads of the headdress . The have the form of a rounded square with a circular sunken central portion . The face is that of a mature man with the mouth closed , and lines under the eyes . The mouth is carved and the head possesses a pronounced chin . - - = = = La = = = - - Three of the La heads were found in a line running east @-@ west in the northern Complex I ; all three faced northwards , away from the city centre . The other head was found in Complex B to the south of the Great Pyramid , in a plaza that included a number of other sculptures . The latter , the first of the La heads to be discovered , was found during archaeological exploration of La in 1925 ; the other three remained unknown to archaeologists until a local boy guided Matthew to them while he was excavating the first head in 1940 . They were located approximately 0 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 56 mi ) to the north of Monument 1 . - La Monument 1 is speculated to have been the portrait of La 's final ruler . Monument 1 measures 2 @.@ 41 metres ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high by 2 @.@ 08 metres ( 6 @.@ 8 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 95 metres ( 6 @.@ 4 ft ) deep ; it weighs 24 tons . The front of the headdress is decorated with three motifs that apparently represent the claws or fangs of an animal . Above these symbols is an angular U @-@ shaped decoration descending from the . On each side of the monument a strap descends from the headdress , passing in front of the ear . Each ear has a prominent ear ornament that descends from the to the base of the monument . The features are those of a mature man , with around the mouth , eyes and nose . Monument 1 is the best preserved head at La but has suffered from erosion , particularly at the back . The head was first described by Franz and Oliver La who investigated the La remains on behalf of Tulane University in 1925 . When discovered it was half @-@ buried ; its massive size meant that the were unable to excavate it completely . Matthew fully excavated the monument in 1940 , after clearing the thick vegetation that had covered it in the intervening years . Monument 1 has been moved to the @-@ La in . The head was found in its original context ; associated finds have been dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . - La Monument 2 measures 1 @.@ 63 metres ( 5 @.@ 3 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 35 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 98 metres ( 3 @.@ 2 ft ) deep ; the head weighs 11 @.@ 8 tons . The face has a broadly smiling expression that reveals four of the upper teeth . The are given prominence by the action of smiling ; the brow that is normally visible in other heads is covered by the rim of the headdress . The face is badly eroded , the features . In addition to the severe erosion damage , the upper lip and a part of the nose have been deliberately . The head was found in its original context a few metres north of the northwest corner of pyramid @-@ platform A @-@ 2 . dating of the monument 's context dates it to between 1000 and 600 BC . Monument 2 has suffered erosion damage from its exposure to the elements prior to discovery . The head has a prominent headdress but this is badly eroded and any individual detail has been erased . A strap descends in front of the ear on each side of the head , descending as far as the . The head is adorned with ear ornaments in the form of a disc that covers the , with an associated clip or . The surviving details of the headdress and are similar to those of Monument A. The head has been moved to the del de in . - La Monument 3 stands 1 @.@ 98 metres ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) wide by 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) deep ; it weighs 12 @.@ 8 tons . Monument 3 was located a few metres to the east of Monument 2 , but was moved to the @-@ La in . Like the other La heads , its context has been dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . It appears unfinished and has suffered severe damage through , making analysis difficult . It had a large headdress that reaches to the eyebrows but any details have been lost through erosion . descend in front of each ear and continue to the base of the monument . The ears are wearing large flattened rings that overlap the ; they probably represent ornaments of a type that have been recovered in the region . Although most of the facial detail is lost , the of the bridge of the nose is still evident , a feature that is common to the expressions of the other colossal heads . - La Monument 4 measures 2 @.@ 26 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 98 metres ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) wide and 1 @.@ 86 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . It weighs 19 @.@ 8 tons . It was found a few metres to the west of Monument 2 and has been moved to the @-@ La . As with the other heads in the group , its archaeological context has been dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . The headdress is elaborate and , although damaged , various details are still discernible . The base of the headdress is formed by three horizontal strips running over the forehead . One side is decorated with a double @-@ disc motif that may have been repeated on the other ; if so , damage to the right side has obliterated any trace of it . The top of the headdress is decorated with the foot of a bird of prey . Either or of hair descend on either side of the face , from the headdress to the base of the monument . Only one survives ; it is flat , in the form of a rounded square , and is decorated with a cross motif . The ears have been completely eroded away and the lips are damaged . The surviving features display a and around the nose and . The head displays prominent teeth . - - = = = = = = - - The two heads at , with the La head , are distinct from the other known examples . de la views them as a late regional survival of an older tradition while other scholars argue that they are merely the kind of regional variant to be expected in a frontier settlement . These heads are sculpted with relatively simple ; they have squat , wide proportions and distinctive facial features . The two heads are the earliest known stone monuments from the site . The discovery of one of the heads in the nineteenth century led to the first archaeological investigations of culture , carried out by Matthew in 1938 . - Monument A ( also known as Head 1 ) was the first colossal head to be found , discovered by accident in the middle of the nineteenth century , 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the north of the modern village of . After its discovery it remained half @-@ buried until it was excavated by Matthew in 1939 . At some point it was moved to the plaza of the modern village , probably in the early 1960s . It has since been moved to the de . Monument A stands 1 @.@ 47 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) tall ; it measures 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 45 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , and is estimated to weigh 7 @.@ 8 tons . The head is sculpted with a simple headdress with a wide band that is otherwise unadorned , and wears rectangular ear ornaments that project forwards onto the . The face is carved with deep between the and the nose and around the mouth ; the forehead is into a . The upper lip has suffered recent damage , with the left portion away . - Monument Q ( also known as the Head and Head 2 ) measures 1 @.@ 45 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 34 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 26 metres ( 4 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and weighs 8 @.@ 5 tons . Its exact date of discovery is unknown but is estimated to have been some time in the 1940s , when it was struck by machinery being used to clear vegetation from hill . Monument Q was the eleventh colossal head to be discovered . It was moved to the plaza of Santiago in 1951 and remains there to this day . Monument Q was first described by Williams and in an article published in 1965 . The headdress is decorated with a frontal tongue @-@ shaped ornament , and the back of the head is sculpted with seven of hair bound with . A strap descends from each side of the headdress , passing over the ears and to the base of the monument . The face has pronounced around the nose , mouth and eyes . - - = = = La = = = - - The La region was the source of the basalt used for carving all of the colossal heads in the . The La colossal head was discovered in 1970 and was the fifteenth to be recorded . It was discovered in a mountain pass in the Sierra de los , on the north side of El volcano near to Santiago . The head was largely buried when found ; excavations uncovered a Late Classic ( 600 – 900 AD ) offering associated with the head consisting of a ceramic vessel and a 12 @-@ ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long knife placed pointing northwards towards the head . The offering is believed to have been deposited long after the head was sculpted . The La head has been moved from its original location to the main plaza at Santiago . - The La head is more or less rounded and measures 3 by 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) by 3 @.@ 4 metres ( 11 ft ) high , making it the largest known head . This massive sculpture is estimated to weigh 40 tons . It is distinct from the other examples , and de la placed it late in the time frame . The characteristics of the sculpture have led to some investigators suggesting that it represents a deceased person . Norman Hammond argues that the apparent stylistic differences of the monument stem from its unfinished state rather than its late production . The eyes of the monument are closed , the nose is flattened and lacks nostrils and the mouth was not sculpted in a realistic manner . The headdress is in the form of a plain horizontal band . - The original location of the La head was not a major archaeological site and it is likely that the head was either abandoned at its source or during transport to its intended destination . Various features of the head suggest that it was unfinished , such as a lack of symmetry below the mouth and an area of rough stone above the base . Rock was not removed from around the as on other heads , and does not narrow towards the base . Large parts of the monument seem to be out without finished detail . The right hand also appears incomplete ; the forward portion is marked with a sculpted line while the rear portion has been sculpted in relief , probably indicating that the right cheek and eye area were also unfinished . The La head was almost certainly carved from a raw rather than being sculpted from a throne . - - = = = = = = - - Monument 23 dates to the Middle period , and is found in , an important city in the foothills of the Pacific coast , in the modern department of . It appears to be an @-@ style colossal head re @-@ carved into a niche figure sculpture . If originally a colossal head then it would be the only known example from outside the . - Monument 23 is sculpted from and falls in the middle of the size range for confirmed colossal heads . It stands 1 @.@ 84 metres ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 56 metres ( 5 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . Like the examples from the , the monument features a flat back . Lee Parsons contests John Graham 's identification of Monument 23 as a re @-@ carved colossal head ; he views the side ornaments , identified by Graham as ears , as rather the eyes of an open @-@ monster upwards . this , James Porter has claimed that the re @-@ carving of the face of a colossal head into a niche figure is clearly evident . - Monument 23 was damaged in the mid @-@ twentieth century by a local who attempted to break its exposed upper portion using a steel . As a result , the top is fragmented , although the broken pieces were recovered by archaeologists and have been put back into place . - - = = Collections = = - - All of the 17 confirmed colossal heads remain in Mexico . Two heads from San Lorenzo are on permanent display at the de in Mexico City . Seven of the San Lorenzo heads are on display in the de de . Five of them are in 1 , one is in 2 and one is in 1 . The remaining San Lorenzo head is in the de San Lorenzo near . All four heads from La are now in , the state capital of . Three are in the @-@ La and one in the del de . Two heads are on display in the plaza of Santiago ; one from and the La Head . The other head is in the de . - Several colossal heads have been loaned to temporary exhibitions abroad ; San Lorenzo Head 6 was loaned to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1970 . San Lorenzo colossal heads 4 and 8 were lent to the Art of Ancient Mexico exhibition in the National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. that ran from 30 June to 20 October 1996 . San Lorenzo Head 4 was again loaned in 2005 , this time to the de Young Museum in San Francisco . The de Young Museum was loaned San Lorenzo colossal heads 5 and 9 for its : of Ancient Mexico exhibition , which ran from 19 February to 8 May 2011 . - - = = = = = = - - On 12 January 2009 , at least three people , including two and one American , entered the @-@ La in and damaged just under 30 archaeological pieces , including the four La colossal heads . The were all members of an evangelical church and appeared to have been carrying out a supposed pre @-@ Columbian ritual , during which salts , grape juice and oil were thrown on the heads . It was estimated that 300 @,@ 000 pesos ( US $ 21 @,@ 900 ) would be needed to repair the damage , and the restoration process would last four months . The three were released soon after their arrest after paying 330 @,@ 000 pesos each . - - = = = = = = - - Although not all of the replicas were placed by him , the majority of replicas around the world were placed under the leadership of Miguel , former governor of the state of Veracruz . The following is a list of replicas and their locations within the United States : - Austin , Texas . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 was placed in the Teresa Long Institute of Latin American Studies at the University of Texas in November 2008 . - Chicago , Illinois . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 made by was placed in the Field Museum of Natural History in 2000 . - , California . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 5 was donated to in 1989 , originally intended to be placed in Park . Due to concerns over potential it was instead installed outside the police station . It was removed in 2011 and relocated to 's Glen , Park in June 2012 . - , Texas . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 is located in the International Museum of Art & Science . The specific date placement is unknown , but it was dedicated by Herrera , then governor of Veracruz , during his time in office between 2004 – 2010 . - New York . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 was placed next to the main plaza in the grounds of College in the Bronx , New York . It was installed in 2013 to celebrate the first anniversary of the Institute of Mexican Studies , housed at the college . The replica was a gift by the government of state , and Mexico Trade ; it was first in Park , outside the United Nations , in 2012 . - San Francisco , California . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 created by was placed in San Francisco City College , Ocean Campus in October 2004 . - Washington , D.C. A replica of San Lorenzo Head 4 sculpted by was placed near the Constitution Avenue entrance of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in October 2001 . - West Valley City , Utah . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 was placed in the Utah Cultural Celebration Center in May 2004 . - Mexico donated a resin replica of an colossal head to Belgium ; it is on display in the Musée du in Brussels . - In February 2010 , the Mexican de ( of Foreign Affairs ) announced that the de e Historia would be a replica colossal head to Ethiopia , to be placed in Plaza Mexico in . - - - = Brad Stevens = - - Bradley Kent " Brad " Stevens ( born October 22 , 1976 ) is an American professional basketball head coach for the Boston Celtics of the NBA . He was previously the head coach at Butler University in Indianapolis . A former basketball player , he grew up in , Indiana , where he starred on the Community High School basketball team , setting four school records . After high school , he attended University , where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics . He made the all @-@ conference team multiple times and was a three @-@ time Academic All @-@ America nominee . - Stevens joined the Butler basketball program as a volunteer prior to the 2000 – 01 season after quitting his job at Lilly and Company . He was promoted to a full @-@ time assistant coaching position for the 2001 – 02 season . On April 4 , 2007 , he became the head coach after Todd left to coach the Iowa . In his first year , Stevens led Butler to 30 wins , becoming the third @-@ youngest head coach in NCAA Division I history to have a 30 @-@ win season . - In 2010 , his third year as head coach , Stevens broke the NCAA record for most wins in a coach 's first three years , exceeding the previous record by eight . In the postseason , Stevens coached Butler to the first Final Four in school history . At 33 years old , Stevens became the second @-@ youngest head coach to make a NCAA National Championship game , losing 61 – 59 to Duke . Shortly after the season ended , he signed a contract extension with Butler through the 2011 – 12 season . With the 2010 – 11 team making the Final Four , Stevens became the youngest coach to go to two Final . Stevens coached the Bulldogs in their second consecutive national championship game on April 4 , 2011 , where the team lost to the of the University of Connecticut . - Stevens is known for a calm , focused coaching style . He spends a lot of time opponents using statistical analysis , adding new to his team 's play each game . He puts a strong emphasis on defensive and team oriented basketball . Butler 's success against teams with superior athletes has been attributed to Stevens ' coaching style and calm demeanor . Stevens has twice been named the Horizon League Coach of the Year and won 's Hugh Durham Award mid @-@ season honors in January 2009 . He has also been both a Hugh Durham Award and Jim Award all three years of his career . Stevens has been called a coaching and compared to John Wooden . He is married with two young children . In July 2013 , he signed a six @-@ year , 22 million dollar contract to become the head coach of the Boston Celtics in the NBA . In April 2015 , Stevens led the Celtics to the NBA as the 7th seed in the Eastern Conference with a 40 – 42 record . - - = = Early life = = - - Bradley Kent Stevens grew up in , Indiana , where he developed his love for basketball . Starting at age five , Stevens would watch taped basketball games " before he went to afternoon kindergarten " . His father would often drive him to , to watch Indiana games . " It 's hard not to be [ in love with basketball ] when you 're a kid growing up in Indiana " , Stevens later said . - For his eighth birthday , Stevens received a new basketball . " It ’ s so much fun to dream in your , " he later remarked . " That ’ s where my friends and I hung out . It was a lot of fun to grow up in that era . " When a friend , Brandon , had a basketball court installed in his back yard , Stevens " appeared . " He was so dedicated to the game that he would bring the unprepared ingredients for cheese sandwiches over to 's house , so that he would not waste time waiting for the sandwiches to cook . - 's court soon became a gathering place , where kids and kids from the surrounding areas would hold games . These games helped develop Stevens ' competitive streak . Besides playing basketball , the young Stevens also enjoyed solving puzzles , a skill he later applied to opposing teams to find their weaknesses . - Stevens attended Community High School , where he became a star basketball player . He wore No. 31 in high school in honor of Indiana guard Miller . During his freshman year , he would get up early to practice shooting at a local gym before school . The hard work paid off as Stevens made the varsity team that same year . By the time his high school career was complete , Stevens had set school records for career scoring , assists , steals , and three @-@ point field goals . As of 2010 , he still holds the records for points ( ) , assists ( ) , and steals ( 156 ) , as well as the single @-@ season points record ( in 1995 ) . Stevens was named to the all @-@ conference team three times . In 1995 , he was named the MVP and was the leading scorer in state play ( 32 @.@ 3 ppg ) . - Stevens made the academic all @-@ state first team and received the A Gold Medal Award all four years . He was a member of the National Honor Society , graduating seventh in his class of 165 . He earned three letters in basketball , three in track , and one in baseball during his days at . During summers , he traveled the country playing basketball . - Although Stevens had a strong passion for the game , he realized that his basketball skills were modest and not likely to get him very far . As such , he chose to attend oriented University for college . During his stay , he played in all 101 games , earning four varsity letters . He earned multiple all @-@ conference and academic all @-@ conference awards , and was a three @-@ time Academic All @-@ America nominee . He was a team captain his senior year , and averaged more than 8 points per game three of his four years . His career highs were 24 points and 8 rebounds in a game . After his senior year , Stevens received the Coaches ’ Award . Coach Bill later described Stevens as " one of the most , team @-@ oriented person [ sic ] I 've ever been around . " - While at , Stevens was a member of the Management Honors Program and the Community Services ’ Sports Night executive board . He was also a brother of the Alpha . During summer vacations , Stevens spent time teaching at Butler basketball camps . He was named to the Dean 's list and graduated in 1999 with a degree in economics . - - = = College career = = - - In the summer of 2000 , Stevens was offered the opportunity to volunteer in the Butler basketball office . He ran the idea of quitting his job at Lilly by then @-@ longtime girlfriend Tracy . She thought about it for two hours before telling him to go for it . " Now , it looks like a great idea , " Stevens later remarked . " At the time , I thought it was something I really wanted to try . " Tracy went back to school to get a law degree that could support the couple if things did not work out for Brad . " We were 23 and realized this was our chance , " Tracy later said . " Five years down the road , we were probably not going to be in a position to do that . The more success you had at Lilly , the harder it would be to leave . " - Stevens planned to live in a friend 's basement and took a job at ’ s to pay the bills . Before he started training at 's , he was offered a low @-@ paying administrative position as coordinator of basketball operations under then @-@ coach . The position had opened up when assistant coach Jamal resigned after being arrested on and drug charges , of which he was later acquitted . Years later , recalled , " [ Stevens ] was just a hungry young kid that was desperate to get into coaching . He had a great passion and was willing to take a risk to get into the coaching profession . " - After left the school following the 2000 – 01 season , new head coach Todd promoted Stevens to a full @-@ time assistant coach . Under , Stevens was active in every aspect of the game : skills instruction , game preparation , in @-@ game coaching , and recruiting . Butler was 131 – 61 during Stevens ' time as an assistant coach . - - = = = Named head coach = = = - - On April 2 , 2007 , resigned in order to take the head @-@ coaching position at the University of Iowa . The Butler players had a meeting with athletic director Barry , urging him to promote from within . , having spent the entire season observing the assistant coaches ' interaction with the team , agreed . The day after resigned Stevens and Butler 's two other assistant coaches interviewed for the job . Within 24 hours of the interviews Stevens was named Butler 's new head coach . According to , Stevens had something older , outside candidates could never match : six years of experience learning the Butler system , dubbed " The Butler Way " by . " Age wasn 't a factor because I 'd seen his ability shine through during the course of the season , " said . - - = = = 2007 – 08 season = = = - - At the start of the 2007 – 08 season , Stevens was the second youngest coach in Division I basketball . He got off to a fast start , winning his first eight games before falling to Wright State 43 – 42 . coach Bob Knight , whose Texas Tech team was an early victim , said " I wish we played as smart as they do . " Virginia Tech coach Seth Greenberg added " they 've got about them and they expect to win . " - Midway through Stevens ' first season , with the Bulldogs at 12 – 1 , The New York Times wrote " so far , Stevens has made the transition [ to head coach ] look easy . " The Times went on to state that Stevens had the calm and of a veteran . " You ’ ve got a lot of people always looking for the next step . And that ’ s not what I was doing . I was just trying to figure out a way to win the next game and think like a head coach . " Stevens said . - Butler ended the regular season with a 27 – 3 record , taking first place in the Horizon League with a 16 – 2 in conference mark . The team beat Illinois @-@ Chicago 66 – 50 and Cleveland State 70 – 55 to claim the league 's tournament title and an automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA tournament . Butler was awarded the seven seed in the East Regional . They beat tenth @-@ South Alabama 81 – 61 in the first round , before falling to second @-@ Tennessee 76 – 71 in overtime . - Stevens ended up with a school and Horizon league record 30 wins , beating several big name schools – Michigan , Texas Tech , Florida State , Ohio State – along the way . In so doing , he became the third @-@ youngest head coach in NCAA Division I history to lead a team to 30 wins in a season , and became the fourth @-@ first @-@ year coach . Butler was nationally ranked for a school and league record 19 consecutive weeks . Butler 's 30 – 4 record was the best among teams that did not reach the Final Four . Stevens was a for the Hugh Durham Award , losing to Davis of Drake , and a for the Jim National Coach of the Year Award , losing to Bo Ryan . - At the conclusion of the season , Butler signed Stevens to a seven @-@ year contract . " We are extremely excited to reach this long @-@ term agreement to have Brad continue to lead our program , " remarked . - - = = = 2008 – 09 season = = = - - Butler lost four starters after the 2007 – 08 season , and was picked to finish fifth in the Horizon league during the 2008 – 09 season . The team got off to a 12 – 1 start that won Stevens the Hugh Durham mid @-@ season coaching award . On February 5 , Stevens notched his 50th win as Butler beat Detroit 66 – 61 . In so doing , Stevens became the sixth head coach in NCAA history to reach 50 wins in 56 games or fewer . Butler finished first in the Horizon League with a 15 – 3 in conference record , preseason expectations . Butler lost the Horizon League tournament final 57 – 54 to Cleveland State , but made the NCAA tournament as an at @-@ large selection . The team received the nine seed in the South Regional , and lost to eighth @-@ Louisiana State in the first round by a score of 75 – 71 to finish the year at 26 – 6 overall . - Stevens ' 56 – 10 two @-@ year record places him second only to Bill ( 58 ) in total wins during one 's first two years as head coach . Stevens was a for both the Hugh Durham and Jim Awards for the second straight year and was named the Horizon League Coach of the Year . He was also named as a for the Henry Coach of the Year Award . Stevens was given a one @-@ year contract extension at the conclusion of the season . - - = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = - - in large part by Gordon 's and Mack 's roles in leading Team USA to the gold medal in the FIBA Under @-@ 19 World Championship during the off @-@ season , Butler began the season ranked 10th in the Coaches ' Poll and 11th in the AP Poll . A few commentators picked the Bulldogs as a possible " team " to make the Final Four . Stevens was not so sure , privately telling his father , " We have a really good team , and I ’ m not sure how far we can go this year , but next year , we ought to go really far . " - Butler got off to a mediocre start , losing twice in the 76 Classic 82 – 73 to 22nd @-@ ranked Minnesota and to 19th @-@ ranked Clemson 70 – 69 . After the tournament Butler 's record stood at 4 – 2 and the team dropped to # 23 in the AP Poll and # 20 in the Coaches ' Poll . Butler won its next two games before falling to 13th @-@ ranked Georgetown 72 – 65 in the Jimmy V Classic . The team won its next two games beating # 15 Ohio State 74 – 66 and edging out former conference rival Xavier 69 – 68 , both at home . After losing 67 – 57 at three days later , Butler stood at 9 – 4 and fell out of the AP rankings . However , the team remained in the Coaches Poll at # 23 . - Stevens rallied the team , and they proceeded to win 16 straight games before facing in a game . Butler beat 70 – 53 and Stevens tied the NCAA record for most wins ( 81 ) by a head coach in his first three seasons set by Mark Few of in 2002 and tied by Mark Fox of Nevada in 2007 . - On February 26 , 2010 , Butler traveled to for their regular season finale . Leading scorer Gordon was sidelined with lower back pain , but the team still won 74 – 69 . In so doing , Stevens broke the coaching record he had tied the prior week and Butler completed an 18 – 0 undefeated conference schedule . It was Butler 's first undefeated conference record since joining the Horizon League , and first since Joe led the 1978 team to a 6 – 0 record in the now defunct Indiana Collegiate Conference . Stevens earned his third straight regular @-@ season conference championship . - In the Horizon league tournament , Stevens ' Bulldogs used their home @-@ court advantage to beat Milwaukee 68 – 59 in the semi @-@ finals and to beat Wright State 70 – 45 in the finals . The win earned the team an automatic bid into the 2010 NCAA tournament , and completed a 20 – 0 run through league play . Stevens became the first coach to lead a Horizon League team to both an undefeated regular season and conference tournament since the league was formed in 1979 . Stevens was also the only coach in Division I to lead his team to an undefeated conference schedule during the 2009 – 10 season . - - = = = = NCAA tournament = = = = - - For their season , the Bulldogs were ranked 8th in the final pre @-@ NCAA tournament Coaches ' Poll and 11th in the corresponding AP Poll . On Selection Sunday , the Bulldogs were fifth in the West regional of the NCAA tournament and given a first @-@ round match up with twelfth on March 18 . - Many basketball commentators picked to pull the upset , and at halftime it looked like they might be right , as led 33 – 27 . Stevens made a number of halftime adjustments , and the Bulldogs came out firing on all cylinders in the second half . The team dominated the second half and won the game 77 – 59 . Butler next faced off with thirteenth Murray State . The game was close throughout , but Butler emerged victorious 54 – 52 when a Murray State pass into the back court with less than five seconds on the clock . The win gave Stevens the first Sweet Sixteen appearance of his career . - On March 25 , 2010 , Butler faced top @-@ Syracuse . The Bulldogs got off to a good start , jumping out to a 12 – 1 lead and a 35 – 25 halftime advantage . Syracuse rallied in the second half , taking its first lead of the game , 40 – 39 , off a Wes Johnson three @-@ pointer . Stevens called timeout and Butler regained the lead on its next possession , stopping the run . At the 5 : 32 mark , Syracuse got a rare fast break opportunity that ended with a dunk and 54 – 50 lead . Stevens again called time out and re @-@ focused the team . Butler responded by holding Syracuse scoreless for the next 5 minutes , taking a 60 – 54 lead with 0 : 59 to go . Butler held on to win 63 – 59 , advancing to the Eight for the first time in school history . - Two days later , Stevens ' Bulldogs met second @-@ Kansas State in the regional finals . Perhaps feeling the effects of their double overtime 101 – 96 win two days prior , Kansas State got off to a slow start , scoring just 20 points in the first half to trail 27 – 20 . Butler kept the lead in the upper single digits for most of the second half , before Kansas State went on a 13 – 2 run and took a 52 – 51 lead . Stevens immediately called time out and re @-@ focused the team . " Play your game . Just play your game , " he told them . On the ensuing possession , Butler regained the lead for good . They Kansas State 12 – 4 the rest of the way and won the game 63 – 56 . In the post game celebration , Stevens and walk @-@ on forward Emerson connected on a flying back @-@ bump that became one of the iconic images of the tournament . - The win earned the Bulldogs a trip back to Indianapolis for the first Final Four appearance in school and Horizon League history . The win made Stevens , at age 33 , the youngest coach to lead a team to the Final Four since Bob Knight made his first Final Four appearance at age 32 in 1973 . Butler became the smallest school ( enrollment 4 @,@ 200 ) to make the Final Four since began in 1979 . - - = = = = = Final Four = = = = = - - On April 3 , Brad Stevens and the Butler Bulldogs faced off with Michigan State in the national semi @-@ finals . Michigan State took an early 14 – 7 lead , and Matt Howard got in early foul trouble , sitting most the first half . Stevens kept the team focused with a " next man up " attitude and the game was tied at 28 at halftime . The second half was dominated by tight defense for both sides . With 2 : 45 to go in the game , the score was 47 – 44 Butler . Michigan State called a time out to set up a play . Stevens correctly anticipated the play call and had Ronald , the team 's best defender , switch onto off a screen . stole the ball and Shawn got fouled on the resulting run out , hitting 1 of 2 . 50 – 49 with under 30 seconds remaining , Michigan State came up empty and was forced to foul . hit both foul shots , giving Butler a 52 – 49 lead . After a Michigan State time out , Stevens had his team foul with 2 seconds remaining to prevent a potentially game tying 3 @-@ pointer . After making the first , intentionally missed the second free throw . came down with the rebound to seal the victory . Butler became the first team since the shot clock was adopted for the 1985 – 86 season to hold five straight tournament opponents under 60 points . - On April 5 , 2010 , Butler and Duke faced off in what The New York Times called " the most eagerly awaited championship game in years " . Late in the first half , Duke went on an 8 – 0 run to take a 26 – 20 lead . Stevens called a timeout . With starters Matt Howard and Ronald on the bench in foul trouble , Stevens was forced to call on backup center Avery who came up big for Butler . scored 10 first half points , tying his season high . At half time , Duke 's lead stood at 33 – 32 . - The second half was played very closely , with neither team taking a substantial lead . With 3 : 16 to play , Duke took a 60 – 55 lead on two made free throws by Nolan Smith . Butler cut the lead to one point in the final minute and , after a missed Kyle jump shot with 36 seconds remaining , got a chance to retake the lead . Butler was unable to initiate their offense and Stevens called a timeout to set up a play . A failed attempt and a timeout later , missed a baseline fade @-@ away and Brian came down with the rebound for Duke . He was quickly fouled with less than 4 seconds remaining . narrowly missed a half @-@ court shot court as time expired , making the final margin 61 – 59 . - The loss snapped Butler 's 25 @-@ game winning streak , the longest in school history . Butler became the smallest school to play for a National Championship since Jacksonville in 1970 . Stevens became the second @-@ youngest head coach to coach in the NCAA National Championship Game , behind Branch who led the Indiana to the 1940 National Championship at age 31 . Stevens was named as both a Hugh Durham and Jim Award for the third consecutive year , losing to Mike Young and Jamie Dixon respectively . He was also a for the Prosser Man of the Year Award , which was won by Bob . - Butler finished the year ranked # 2 in the Coaches ' Poll , the highest ranking in school history . The school was ranked for 19 consecutive weeks , tying the school record . - - = = = 2010 off @-@ season = = = - - After the end of the 2009 – 10 season , Brad Stevens and Butler continued to attract considerable attention . President Barack Obama personally called Stevens to him on Butler 's season . David Letterman had Stevens on his show for a guest appearance . Butler admissions inquiries shot up 67 % . Stevens received fan letters from around the world , and his phone rang off the hook . He was invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch before the Chicago Cubs vs. Florida Marlins game in Chicago on May 10 . " It 's all been very surreal , " Stevens said . " If you are the runner @-@ up , you don 't expect to talk to the president . " " It 's been a little overwhelming , because I 'm a pretty simple guy , " he added . - The 2009 – 10 season also helped increase Butler 's recruiting profile . Asked if the increased fame would change things , Stevens said it better not him or the university . " I look at this new challenge of not changing and sticking to your core values and making sure you remain humble as a great coaching opportunity . " - - = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = - - Rankings by ESPN 's Andy Katz and Fox Sports ' Jeff Goodman released shortly after the 2010 Championship game both had Butler third for the 2010 – 2011 season . Duke coach Mike agreed , saying Butler would be " right up there , No. 1 or No. 2 ... They 'll be a favorite next year . " However , chose to leave early for the NBA Draft and Butler went through a rough patch early in the season , at one point losing three straight games and having a 6 – 5 conference record . by the emergence of Andrew Smith at center and Matt Howard 's success as a perimeter forward , Butler ended up winning a share of the conference title at 13 – 5 . The Bulldogs then won the Horizon League Tournament to secure an automatic NCAA tournament bid , and received an 8 seed . - by many to lose a first @-@ round match @-@ up against Old Dominion , Butler advanced on a last @-@ second tip @-@ in by Howard . Howard was also clutch in their next game , hitting a free throw with a less than one second remaining to beat Pitt in a dramatic finish . Mack scored 30 points in the win . Butler won their next game when they defeated Wisconsin . On March 26 , 2011 , the Bulldogs beat Florida 74 – 71 in overtime to earn back @-@ to @-@ back trips to the Final Four . On April 2 , Butler beat fellow Cinderella team 70 – 62 to make it to a second consecutive national championship game . For the second consecutive year , the Bulldogs fell in the national championship game , this time to Connecticut . - - = = = Coaching future = = = - - On April 8 , 2010 , Stevens signed a long @-@ term deal with Butler , extending his contract through the – 22 season . Financial terms of the contract were not disclosed ; however , Butler president Bobby had publicly stated that the university could afford to increase Stevens ' base salary to approximately US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 a few days prior . Stevens had previously made US $ 395 @,@ 000 plus benefits in base salary , a relatively low figure for a successful Division I head basketball coach . His total compensation for 2009 – 10 was estimated at US $ 750 @,@ 000 . Stevens had received a raise after each of his three seasons at Butler and his contract contains a buyout clause estimated in the high six or low seven figures . - By re @-@ signing with Butler , Stevens temporarily ended speculation that he would leave the university for a higher paying job . Oregon , Clemson , and Wake Forest were all said to be interested in offering Stevens multi @-@ million dollar contracts to leave Butler . " First and foremost , I ’ m loyal to Butler , " Stevens said . When asked if he would ever leave Butler , Stevens replied " I guess if they kicked me out . " - After the 2011 – 12 season , Stevens was pursued vigorously by Illinois to fill their coaching vacancy before he declined their offer . - In March 2013 , UCLA reportedly offered Stevens between $ 2 @.@ 5 and $ 3 million a year to leave Butler . circulated that Stevens was in contract negotiations with UCLA , but ultimately the rumors proved false and Stevens stayed at Butler . Commenting on the situation , a source close to Stevens said " Brad doesn 't understand why people would assume he 's leaving . " A few days later , Stevens reiterated that he was very happy at Butler and had no intentions to leave as long as he had the support of the university to continue running the program the " right way " . - - = = NBA = = - - - = = = Boston Celtics = = = - - On July 3 , 2013 , Stevens was signed as the head coach by the Boston Celtics . Reports state that his new contract is a six @-@ year , $ 22 million deal . In April 2015 , Stevens led the Celtics to the NBA as the 7th seed in the Eastern Conference with a 40 – 42 record . On April 21 , 2015 , it was announced that Stevens finished fourth in voting for the NBA 's Coach of the Year Award . On March 1 , 2016 , Stevens was named the Eastern Conference Coach of the Month for games played during February . In April 2016 , Brad Stevens led the Celtics to their second consecutive playoff appearance under his tenure as the 5th seed in the 2016 NBA finishing the season with a 48 – 34 record . On June 1 , 2016 , Stevens received a contract extension . - - = = Coaching style = = - - According to Stevens , in one of his first games as head coach , he was nervous and " felt like our team played on edge " because of it . He decided that a team 's play will reflect the mood of its coach ; a calm coach means a team that will remain poised in difficult game situations , while a nervous coach means a team that plays on edge . " I don ’ t want to lose a game because of my approach , " he told himself . Accordingly , he developed a strategy of always remaining calm and focused during games . He rarely raises his voice or gets emotional , instead quietly observing on the with folded arms . He does not get upset about bad calls by or player mistakes , preferring to focus on " the next play " rather than what just happened . Butler player Willie explained Butler 's 2010 Final Four run by saying , " When those big runs [ by Syracuse and Kansas State ] came , Coach called a timeout and said a few calm words . Then he said he believes in us , he loves us and we 're going to win the game . " On the rare occasion Stevens feels the need to correct a player , he does it with " positive reinforcement , just at a little louder " , according to former assistant coach Matthew Graves . Above all , Stevens wants his players to be confident , not living in fear of being for making a bad play . - , Stevens is always calm , but internally he is far from it . " I 'm not as calm as everybody thinks , " Stevens says . His wife Tracy adds , " He ’ s calm and collected , but he ’ s fiercely competitive . He ’ s always thinking about how he can beat you . " Former player Joel says " Everyone sees Brad as a level @-@ headed , calm and cool coach , but he ’ s about as competitive of a guy as I know . We would get into it constantly , whether playing two @-@ on @-@ two or arguing about players ’ having better college careers . " - Stevens spends a lot of time preparing for each game , and always tries to add a few new specific to that game 's opponent . Sports Illustrated calls Stevens an expert " on breaking down tape and looking at statistical trends to find opponents ' weaknesses . " Former player Ronald agrees : " We know everything we need to about our opponents , all their tendencies are broken down " ahead of time . - Stevens is a proponent of using statistical analysis to enhance his coaching decisions , spending almost as much time looking at statistics as watching game film . " I think it 's a unique way of looking at the game that may be able to help best communicate to your players " , he explains . For example , when Butler was in late 2010 , Stevens challenged his team : " this [ 46 % defensive field goal percentage ] is where we are . This isn 't acceptable to get to where we want to go . But what does that really mean ? It 's not just get better , it is , if we give up 3 less a game , then we will be at 40 percent field goal percentage defense which will be top 20 in the country " . The team got the message , improved throughout the season , and ultimately went on a March run fueled by defense . In 2012 , Stevens became the first college coach to hire someone solely for statistical research when he added Drew Cannon to the staff . If he had the resources , Stevens says he would hire a team of to analyze the teams play . - Stevens ' teams are built around solid basketball and good team work , rather than individual basketball skill . His teams are known for their defense , forcing opponents into mistakes . The secret to basketball – and life – is " just to do the job to the best of your ability and don 't worry about anything else , " Stevens says . " the next game . the next possession . That 's our focus . It 's boring . It 's also the way championships are won " , he says . In short , Stevens is a strong believer in " The Butler Way " – doing all the little things that transform a group of good basketball players into a great basketball team . " I tell the players ' the Butler Way ' isn 't easy to define , " Stevens says , " but you can see it on the floor when we share the basketball , play with great energy and defend . " - Stevens prefers to recruit strong team players instead of going after " top recruits . " " The guys we [ have ] recruited , most of them weren 't very highly ranked , " Stevens says . " They had very good high school careers or careers at other places ( transfers ) , but for one reason or the other they weren 't seen as great players . But they all had . " Stevens puts a strong emphasis on education and has said he would only recruit a " one and done " player if he was committed to getting his degree while playing professionally . - Stevens has often been referred to as a coaching , but is not interested in self @-@ promotion . He instead prefers to the praise he receives to the players , athletic department , and his . He has not been known to posture for more money , or to leak his name for open coaching positions . He has been described as humble , modest , and not " about the money " . - The New York Times , USA Today , ESPN , and other commentators have attributed Butler 's success against teams with superior athletes to Stevens ' coaching style . The Times remarks , " the Bulldogs are very well prepared for their opponents , and they do not easily " , and says that the resulting confidence has led to the team 's success . " He coaches to his personality and to his strengths , " says . " , he has great and communication ability with his team . " Yahoo ! Sports compared Stevens to legendary coach John Wooden writing " Brad Stevens is winning at Butler the Wooden way – calm and composed on the . " Wooden agreed , saying , " I enjoy watching [ Stevens ] and very much enjoy [ Butler 's ] style of play . " - - = = Personal life = = - - Brad Stevens is known for his youthful looks , often being described as " baby @-@ faced " . One commentator remarked , " Stevens looks like he checks the mirror every morning to see if it 's time to start . " On occasion , he has been mistaken for a player . He is also known for projecting a professional , " corporate " look from the sidelines . Asked what his life would be like if he had never taken up coaching , he replies " If everything else remained the same , I would have been as happy as ... Friends and family and faith , they 're going to take the cake over all this stuff . " Stevens met his wife , Tracy ( née ) , while attending University . Tracy , who played soccer for , quickly learned of Brad 's love for basketball ; on their third date he drove her an hour and a half to attend a high school basketball game . Tracy graduated from Rocky River High School in 1995 , and from in 1999 . She returned to school in 2000 , driving five hours from Case Western 's law school to Indianapolis on weekends to see Brad . She finished her final year of law school in Indianapolis , and the couple married in August 2003 . Tracy works as a labor and employment lawyer . Tracy also serves as Brad 's agent . - Brad and Tracy Stevens are involved with the American Cancer Society 's Coaches . Cancer . Brad says that the cause really hit home for them after Tracy 's mother died of the disease in June 2004 . The day before Butler 's 2010 Final Four appearance , they hosted a fundraiser for the organization . Brad Stevens has also volunteered his time to the Foundation for Kids , a charity children run by former Butler player Avery . Stevens remains in close touch with the Butler basketball family ; he notably took a one @-@ game leave from the Celtics in January 2016 to visit with Andrew Smith , a player on both of Butler 's Final Four teams who was dying of cancer ; Smith died less than a week later . At the request of Andrew 's widow , Sam , Brad delivered the at the memorial service on January 17 , 2016 . - Stevens ' father , Mark , is an surgeon in Indianapolis and former Indiana football player . His mother , Jan , is a university professor . She has previously taught at Butler . - - = = Head coaching record = = - - - = = = College = = = - - - = = = NBA = = = - - - = = = Awards and nominations = = = - - Henry Coach of the Year Award ( 2009 ) - Horizon League Coach of the Year ( 2009 , 2010 ) - Hugh Durham Award for Mid @-@ major Coach of the Year ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) - Hugh Durham Award Mid @-@ season honors ( 2009 ) - Jim National Coach of the Year Award ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) - Prosser Man of the Year Award ( 2010 ) - - - = ( crater ) = - - is an impact crater that lies at the south pole of the Moon . The peaks along the crater 's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight , while the interior is in shadow ( a of eternal darkness ) . The low @-@ temperature interior of this crater functions as a cold trap that may capture and freeze shed during comet impacts on the Moon . Measurements by the spacecraft showed higher than normal amounts of hydrogen within the crater , which may indicate the presence of water ice . The crater is named after Antarctic explorer Ernest . - - = = Description = = - - The rotational axis of the Moon lies within , only a few kilometers from its center . The crater is 21 km in diameter and 4 @.@ 2 km deep . From the Earth , it is viewed edge @-@ on in a region of rough , terrain . It is located within the South Pole @-@ basin on a . The rim is slightly raised about the surrounding surface and it has an outer rampart that has been only lightly impacted . No significant craters intersect the rim , and it is sloped about 1 @.@ 5 ° toward the direction 50 – 90 ° from the Earth . The age of the crater is about 3 @.@ 6 billion years and it has been in the proximity of the south lunar pole for at least the last two billion years . - Because the orbit of the Moon is only 5 ° from the ecliptic , the interior of this crater lies in perpetual darkness . Estimates of the area in permanent shadow were obtained from Earth @-@ based radar studies . along the rim of the crater are almost continually illuminated by sunlight , spending about 80 – 90 % of each lunar orbit exposed to the Sun . illuminated mountains have been termed peaks of eternal light and have been predicted to exist since the 1900s . - The shadowed portion of the crater was with the Camera of the Japanese spacecraft using the illumination of sunlight reflected off the rim . The interior of the crater consists of a symmetrical 30 ° slope that leads down to a 6 @.@ 6 km diameter floor . The handful of craters along the interior span no more than a few hundred meters . The bottom is covered by an uneven mound @-@ like feature that is 300 to 400 m thick . The central peak is about 200 m in height . - The continuous shadows in the south polar craters cause the floors of these formations to maintain a temperature that never exceeds about 100 K. For , the average temperature was determined to be about 90 K , reaching 88 K at the crater floor . Under these conditions , the estimated rate of loss from any ice in the interior would be 10 − 26 to 10 − 27 m / s . Any water vapor that arrives here following a impact on the Moon would lie permanently frozen on or below the surface . However , the surface albedo of the crater floor matches the lunar far @-@ side , suggesting that there is no exposed surface ice . - This crater was named after Ernest Henry , an Anglo @-@ Irish explorer of Antarctica from 1901 until his death in 1922 . The name was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1994 . Nearby craters of note include Shoemaker , , de , , and . farther away , on the eastern hemisphere of the lunar near side , are the larger craters and Scott , named after two other early explorers of the Antarctic continent . - - = = Exploration = = - - From the perspective of the Earth , this crater lies along the southern limb of the Moon , making observation difficult . Detailed mapping of the polar regions and of the Moon did not occur until the advent of orbiting spacecraft . lies entirely within the rim of the immense South Pole @-@ basin , which is one of the largest known impact formations in the Solar System . This basin is over 12 kilometers deep , and an exploration of its properties could provide useful information about the lunar interior . - A neutron on board the spacecraft detected enhanced concentrations of hydrogen close to the northern and southern lunar poles , including the crater . At the end of this mission in July 1999 , the spacecraft was crashed into the nearby crater Shoemaker in the hope of detecting from Earth @-@ based telescopes an impact @-@ generated plume containing water vapor . The impact event did not produce any detectable water vapor , and this may be an indication that the hydrogen is not in the form of hydrated minerals , or that the impact site did not contain any ice . Alternatively , it is possible that the crash did not excavate deeply enough into the to liberate significant quantities of water vapor . - From Earth @-@ based radar and spacecraft images of the crater edge , appears to be relatively intact ; much like a young crater that has not been significantly eroded from subsequent impacts . This may mean that the inner sides are relatively steep , which may make traversing the sides relatively difficult for a robotic vehicle . In addition , it is possible that the interior floor might not have collected a significant quantity of since its formation . However other craters in the vicinity are considerably older , and may contain significant deposits of hydrogen , possibly in the form of water ice . ( See Shoemaker ( lunar crater ) , for example . ) - Radar studies preceding and following the mission demonstrate that the inner walls of are similar in reflective characteristics to those of some craters . In particular , the surroundings appear to contain a significant number of blocks in its blanket , suggesting that its radar properties are a result of surface , and not ice deposits , as was previously suggested from a radar experiment involving the mission . This interpretation , however , is not universally agreed upon within the scientific community . Radar images of the crater at a wavelength of 13 cm show no evidence for water ice deposits . - Optical imaging inside the crater was done for the first time by the Japanese lunar spacecraft in 2007 . It did not have any evidence of significant amount of water ice , down to the image resolution of 10 m per pixel . - On November 15 , 2008 , a 34 @-@ kg probe made a hard landing near the crater . The moon impact probe ( ) was launched from the Indian @-@ I spacecraft and reached the surface 25 minutes later . The probe carried a radar , video imaging system , and a mass , which will be used to search for water . - - = = Potential uses = = - - Some sites along 's rim receive almost constant illumination . At these sunlight is almost always available for conversion into electricity using solar panels , potentially making them good locations for future Moon landings . The temperature at this site is also more favorable than at more equatorial latitudes as it does not experience the daily temperature extremes of 100 ° C when the Sun is overhead , to as low as − 150 ° C during the lunar night . - While scientific experiments performed by and could indicate the presence of water in the polar craters , the current evidence is far from definitive . There are doubts among scientists as to whether or not the hydrogen is in the form of ice , as well as to the concentration of this " ore " with depth below the surface . Resolution of this issue will require future missions to the Moon . The presence of water suggests that the crater floor could potentially be " mined " for deposits of hydrogen in water form , a commodity that is expensive to deliver directly from the Earth . - This crater has also been proposed as a future site for a large infrared telescope . The low temperature of the crater floor makes it ideal for infrared observations , and solar cells placed along the rim could provide near @-@ continuous power to the observatory . About 120 kilometers from the crater lies the 5 @-@ km tall Mountain , a peak that is visible from the Earth , and which could serve as a radio relay station when suitably equipped . - NASA has named the rim of as a potential candidate for its lunar outpost , slated to be up and running by and continuously staffed by a crew by . The location would promote self @-@ for lunar residents , as perpetual sunlight on the south pole would provide energy for solar panels . Furthermore , the shadowed polar regions are believed to contain the frozen water necessary for human consumption and could also be harvested for fuel manufacture . - - - = American Beauty ( 1999 film ) = - - American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester , a 42 @-@ year @-@ old advertising executive who has a crisis when he becomes infatuated with his daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena ) . co @-@ stars as Lester 's wife , Carolyn , and Birch plays their daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle @-@ class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , , self @-@ liberation , and redemption . - Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating writing for several sitcoms . Dan and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then @-@ fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250 @,@ 000 , several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director ' film debut ; after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and , was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several " A @-@ list " directors turned down the opportunity . - Spacey was ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better @-@ known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until offered the part to without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and to generate tension . Conrad Hall complemented ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on @-@ screen events . During editing , made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script . - Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and audiences ; it was the best @-@ reviewed American film of the year and grossed over $ million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting . - - = = Plot = = - - Lester is a middle @-@ aged advertising executive and magazine writer who his job . He is married to Carolyn , a neurotic yet fiercely ambitious real estate ; their daughter , Jane , her parents and has low self @-@ esteem . The ' new neighbors are retired United States Marine Corps Colonel Frank and his near @-@ wife , Barbara . Their son , Ricky , constantly films his surroundings with a , collecting hundreds of recordings on in his bedroom . His job as a part @-@ time bar serves as a front for his secret marijuana dealing . Col. is a strict disciplinarian who previously sent Ricky to a military school and briefly committed him to a psychiatric hospital . Jim and Jim Berkley , a gay couple who live nearby , welcome the family to the neighborhood ; the Col. angrily asks Ricky " why these faggots have to rub it in your face . " - Lester becomes infatuated with Jane 's vain friend , Angela Hayes , after seeing her perform a half @-@ time dance routine at a high school basketball game . He starts having sexual fantasies about Angela , in which red rose are a recurring motif . Carolyn begins an affair with her married business rival , Kane . When Lester 's boss , Brad , tells him that he is to be laid off , Lester instead blackmails him for $ 60 @,@ 000 and his job . Lester takes a minimum @-@ wage job at a fast @-@ food restaurant , trades in his Toyota for his dream car , a 1970 Pontiac , and starts working out after he Angela tell Jane that she would find him sexually attractive if he got in shape . He begins smoking marijuana supplied by Ricky . The girls ' friendship after Jane starts a relationship with Ricky . Jane and Ricky bond over what Ricky considers the most beautiful imagery he has filmed : a plastic bag being blown in the wind . - Lester discovers Carolyn 's , but reacts . ends the affair , fearing an expensive divorce . Col. becomes suspicious of Lester and Ricky 's friendship when he finds his son 's footage of Lester lifting weights while nude , which Ricky captured by chance , leading him to believe that Ricky is gay . After on Ricky and Lester through Lester 's garage window , the colonel mistakenly concludes the pair is sexually involved . He later confronts and beats Ricky for the supposed affair and accuses him of being gay . Ricky falsely admits the charges and his father into kicking him out of their home . Meanwhile , Carolyn is sitting in her car in the rain , taking a gun out of the box while a voice on the radio talks about not being a victim . Ricky goes to Jane 's bedroom , finding her arguing with Angela about Angela 's with Lester . Ricky convinces Jane to flee with him to New York City and assures Angela that she is ugly , boring , and ordinary . - Col. confronts Lester and attempts to kiss him ; Lester the colonel , who flees . Carolyn puts the gun in her handbag , shouting , " I refuse to be a victim ! " Lester finds a distraught Angela sitting alone in the dark ; she asks him to tell her she is beautiful . He does , and they kiss . - Carolyn drives through the rain , rehearsing a confession to Lester . Just as Lester and Angela are about to have sex , she admits that she is a virgin , and Lester changes his mind . He instead comforts her and the pair bond over their shared . Angela goes to the bathroom and Lester at a family photograph in his kitchen . An unseen figure raises a gun to the back of his head , a gunshot sounds , and blood on the wall . Ricky and Jane find Lester 's body , while Carolyn breaks down crying in the . A Col. returns home , where a gun is shown to be missing from his collection . Lester 's closing narration describes meaningful experiences during his life ; he says that , despite his death , he is happy because there is " so much beauty " in the world . - - = = Themes and analysis = = - - - = = = Multiple interpretations = = = - - Scholars and academics have offered many possible readings of American Beauty ; film critics are similarly divided , not so much about the quality of the film , as their interpretations of it . Described by many as about " the meaning of life " or " the hollow existence of the American suburbs " , the film has defied categorization by even the filmmakers . is , saying the script seemed to be about something different each time he read it : " a mystery story , a journey through American , a series of love stories ; [ ... ] it was about imprisonment , [ ... ] loneliness , [ and ] beauty . It was funny ; it was angry , sad . " The literary critic and author Wayne C. concludes that the film any one interpretation : " [ American Beauty ] cannot be adequately summarized as ' here is a satire on what 's wrong with American life ' ; that plays down the celebration of beauty . It is more tempting to it as ' a portrait of the beauty underlying American and ' , but that plays down the scenes of cruelty and horror , and Ball 's disgust with our . It cannot be summarized with either Lester or Ricky 's philosophical statements about what life is or how one should live . " He argues that the problem of interpreting the film is tied with that of finding its center — a controlling voice who " [ ] all of the choices " . He contends that in American Beauty 's case , it is neither nor Ball . considers the voice to be Ball 's , but even while the writer was " strongly influential " on set , he often had to accept deviations from his vision , particularly ones that transformed the cynical tone of his script into something more optimistic . With " voices on the original author 's , " says , those who interpret American Beauty " have forgotten to probe for the elusive center " . According to , the film 's true controller is the creative energy " that hundreds of people put into its production , agreeing and , inserting and cutting " . - - = = = and redemption = = = - - called American Beauty a rite of passage film about imprisonment and escape from imprisonment . The of Lester 's existence is established through his gray , workplace and clothing . In these scenes , he is often framed as if trapped , " reiterating rituals that hardly please him " . He in the of his shower ; the shower stall evokes a jail cell and the shot is the first of many where Lester is confined behind bars or within frames , such as when he is reflected behind columns of numbers on a computer monitor , " confined [ and ] nearly crossed out " . The academic and author W. argues that Lester 's journey is the story 's center . His sexual through meeting Angela is the first of several turning points as he begins to " [ throw ] off the responsibilities of the comfortable life he has come to " . After Lester shares a joint with Ricky , his spirit is released and he begins to rebel against Carolyn . Changed by Ricky 's " attractive , profound confidence " , Lester is convinced that Angela is and sees that he must question his " , suburban existence " ; he takes a job at a fast @-@ food outlet , which allows him to to a point when he could " see his whole life ahead of him " . - When Lester is caught by Carolyn , his angry about their lack of intimacy is the first time he says aloud what he thinks about her . By the issue and Carolyn 's " superficial investments in others " , Lester is trying to " regain a voice in a home that [ only respects ] the voices of mother and daughter " . His final turning point comes when Angela and he almost have sex ; after she confesses her , he no longer thinks of her as a sex object , but as a daughter . He holds her close and " her up " . called it " the most satisfying end to [ Lester 's ] journey there could possibly have been " . With these final scenes , intended to show Lester at the conclusion of a " mythical quest " . After Lester gets a beer from the , the camera pushes toward him , then stops facing a down which he walks " to meet his fate " . Having begun to act his age again , Lester achieves closure . As he at a family photo , the camera pans slowly from Lester to the kitchen wall , onto which blood as a gunshot rings out ; the slow pan reflects the peace of Lester 's death . His body is discovered by Jane and Ricky . said that Ricky 's staring into Lester 's dead eyes is " the culmination of the theme " of the film : that beauty is found where it is least expected . - - = = = and beauty = = = - - Like other American films of 1999 — such as Fight Club , Bringing Out the Dead , and Magnolia , American Beauty instructs its audience to " [ lead ] more meaningful lives " . The film argues the case against conformity , but does not deny that people need and want it ; even the gay characters just want to fit in . Jim and Jim , the ' other neighbors , are a satire of " gay " , who " [ invest ] in the " that the film criticizes in heterosexual couples . The feminist academic and author R. argues that American Beauty uses its " art house " to direct its message of primarily to the middle classes , and that this approach is a " cliché of preoccupation ; [ ... ] the underlying premise being that the luxury of finding an individual ' self ' through denial and is always open to those wealthy enough to choose , and enough to present themselves as a rebel . " - Professor Roy M. argues that the film 's thematic center is its direction to the audience to " look closer " . The opening combines an unfamiliar viewpoint of the ' neighborhood with Lester 's narrated admission that he will soon die , forcing audiences to consider their own mortality and the beauty around them . It also sets a series of mysteries ; asks , " from what place exactly , and from what state of being , is he telling this story ? If he 's already dead , why with whatever it is he wishes to tell about his last year of being alive ? There is also the question of how Lester has died — or will die . " believes the preceding scene — Jane 's discussion with Ricky about the possibility of his killing her father — adds further mystery . Professor Ann C. Hall ; she says by presenting an early resolution to the mystery , the film allows the audience to put it aside " to view the film and its philosophical issues " . Through this examination of Lester 's life , and death , American Beauty American middle class notions of meaning , beauty and satisfaction . Even Lester 's transformation only comes about because of the possibility of sex with Angela ; he therefore remains a " willing devotee of the popular media 's of male sexuality as a sensible route to personal " . Carolyn is similarly driven by conventional views of happiness ; from her belief in " house beautiful " domestic to her car and outfit , Carolyn 's domain is a " American vision of , or Eden " . The are unaware that they are " philosophically , and devout consumers " who expect the " of American beauty " to give them happiness . argues that " they are helpless in the face of the economic and sexual stereotypes [ ... ] that they and their culture have designated for their salvation . " - The film presents Ricky as its " visionary , [ ... ] spiritual and mystical center " . He sees beauty in the of everyday life , as much as he can for fear of missing it . He shows Jane what he considers the most beautiful thing he has filmed : a plastic bag , in the wind in front of a wall . He says capturing the moment was when he realized that there was " an entire life behind things " ; he feels that " sometimes there 's so much beauty in the world I feel like I can 't take it ... and my heart is going to cave in . " argues that Ricky , in looking past the " cultural " , has " [ grasped ] the of the created world " to see God . As the film progresses , the move closer to Ricky 's view of the world . Lester only personal satisfaction at the film 's end . On the of having sex with Angela , he returns to himself after she admits her . Suddenly confronted with a child , he begins to treat her as a daughter ; in doing so , Lester sees himself , Angela , and his family " for the poor and fragile but creatures they are " . He looks at a picture of his family in times , and dies having had an that him with " wonder , joy , and soul @-@ shaking gratitude " — he has finally seen the world as it is . - According to Patti , colors are used symbolically throughout the film , none more so than red , which is an important thematic signature that drives the story and " [ defines ] Lester 's arc " . First seen in drab colors that reflect his , Lester surrounds himself with red as he his individuality . The American Beauty rose is repeatedly used as symbol ; when Lester about Angela , she is usually naked and surrounded by rose . In these scenes , the rose Lester 's desire for her . When associated with Carolyn , the rose represents a " façade for suburban success " . Roses are included in almost every shot inside the ' home , where they signify " a mask covering a bleak , reality " . Carolyn feels that " as long as there can be , all is well " . She cuts the and puts them in , where they adorn her " vision of what makes for beauty " and begin to die . The in the vase in the Angela – Lester seduction scene symbolize Lester 's previous life and Carolyn ; the camera pushes in as Lester and Angela get closer , finally taking the — and thus Carolyn — out of the shot . Lester 's at the end of the film is expressed by rain and the use of red , building to a crescendo that is a deliberate contrast to the release Lester feels . The constant use of red " [ the audience ] " into becoming used to it ; consequently , it leaves the audience unprepared when Lester is shot and his blood on the wall . - - = = = and repression = = = - - argues that American Beauty defines its characters through their sexuality . Lester 's attempts to relive his youth are a direct result of his lust for Angela , and the state of his relationship with Carolyn is in part shown through their lack of sexual contact . Also sexually frustrated , Carolyn has an affair that takes her from " cold " to a more soul who " [ sings ] happily along with " the music in her car . Jane and Angela constantly reference sex , through Angela 's descriptions of her supposed sexual encounters and the way the girls address each other . Their nude scenes are used to communicate their vulnerability . By the end of the film , Angela 's hold on Jane has weakened until the only power she has over her friend is Lester 's attraction to her . Col. reacts with disgust to meeting Jim and Jim ; he asks , " How come these faggots always have to rub it in your face ? How can they be so ? " To which Ricky replies , " That 's the thing , Dad — they don 't feel like it 's anything to be of . " argues that Col. ' reaction is not , but an " self @-@ " . - With other turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ millennium films such as Fight Club , In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) , American ( 2000 ) , and Boys Don 't ( 1999 ) , American Beauty " raises the broader , widely explored issue of in crisis " . Professor Vincent charges that in their reinforcement of " against threats posed by war , by , and by feminist and challenges " , these films present a need to " focus on , and even to privilege " aspects of " deemed ' ' " . Lester 's transformation conveys " that he , and not the woman , has borne the brunt of [ lack of being ] " and he will not stand for being . Lester 's attempts to " strengthen traditional " conflict with his responsibilities as a father . Although the film portrays the way Lester returns to that role positively , he does not become " the figure implicitly celebrated in films like Fight Club " . concludes that Lester 's behavior toward Angela is " a but nearly necessary step toward his becoming a father again " . - says the film " explicitly affirms the importance of upholding the prohibition against " ; a recurring theme of Ball 's work is his comparison of the against and homosexuality . Instead of making an overt distinction , American Beauty looks at how their repression can lead to violence . Col. is so of his homosexuality that it drives him to murder Lester . Ball said , " The movie is in part about how homophobia is based in fear and repression and about what [ they ] can do . " The film implies two desires : Lester 's pursuit of Angela is a manifestation of his lust for his own daughter , while Col. ' repression is exhibited through the almost discipline with which he controls Ricky . Consequently , Ricky realizes that he can only hurt his father by falsely telling him he is homosexual , while Angela 's vulnerability and submission to Lester reminds him of his responsibilities and the limits of his fantasy . Col. represents Ball 's father , whose homosexual desires led to his own . Ball rewrote Col. to delay revealing him as homosexual , which reads as a possible " of Ball 's own patriarchal @-@ fantasies " . - - = = = and music = = = - - American Beauty follows a traditional narrative structure , only with the displaced opening scene of Jane and Ricky from the middle of the story . Although the plot spans one year , the film is narrated by Lester at the moment of his death . Jacqueline says that the plot " occupies [ ... ] no time [ or ] all time " , citing Lester 's claim that life did not flash before his eyes , but that it " stretches on forever like an ocean of time " . argues that a " rhythm of repetition " forms the core of the film 's structure . For example , two scenes have the sitting down to an evening meal , shot from the same angle . Each image is broadly similar , with minor differences in object placement and body language that reflect the changed dynamic brought on by Lester 's new @-@ found assertiveness . Another example is the pair of scenes in which Jane and Ricky film each other . Ricky films Jane from his bedroom window as she removes her bra , and the image is reversed later for a similarly " and " scene in which Jane films Ricky at a vulnerable moment . - Lester 's fantasies are emphasized by and repetitive @-@ motion shots ; uses double @-@ and @-@ triple in several sequences , and the score alters to make the audience aware that it is entering a fantasy . One example is the scene — Lester 's first encounter with Angela . While the perform their half @-@ time routine to " On Broadway " , Lester becomes increasingly on Angela . Time slows to represent his " hypnosis " and Lester begins to that Angela 's performance is for him alone . " On Broadway " — which provides a conventional to the action — is replaced by discordant , music that lacks melody or progression . This score is important to creating the narrative in the sequence ; it conveys a moment for Lester that is stretched to an indeterminate length . The effect is one that Stan Link to " vertical time " , described by the composer and music theorist Jonathan Kramer as music that " a single present stretched out into an enormous duration , a potentially infinite ' now ' that nonetheless feels like an instant " . The music is used like a visual cue , so that Lester and the score are staring at Angela . The sequence ends with the sudden reintroduction of " On Broadway " and time . - According to Drew Miller of , the soundtrack " [ gives ] unconscious voice " to the characters ' and the subtext . The most obvious use of pop music " accompanies and gives context to " Lester 's attempts to recapture his youth ; reminiscent of how the counterculture of the 1960s American repression through music and drugs , Lester begins to smoke cannabis and listen to rock music . ' song choices " progress through the history of American popular music " . Miller argues that although some may be over familiar , there is a element at work , " making good on [ the film 's ] encouragement that viewers look closer " . Toward the end of the film , Thomas Newman 's score features more prominently , creating " a disturbing tempo " that matches the tension of the visuals . The exception is " Don 't Let It You Down " , which plays during Angela 's seduction of Lester . At first appropriate , its tone clashes as the seduction stops . The lyrics , which speak of " castles burning " , can be seen as a metaphor for Lester 's view of Angela — " the , fantasy @-@ driven exterior of the ' American Beauty ' " — as it burns away to reveal " the timid , small @-@ girl who , like his wife , has developed a false public self " . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - In 1997 , Alan Ball resolved to move into the film industry after several frustrating years writing for the television sitcoms Grace Under Fire and . He joined the United Talent Agency , where his representative , Andrew , suggested he write a script to " [ himself ] to the town as a screenwriter " . Ball pitched three ideas to : two conventional romantic comedies and American Beauty , which he had originally conceived as a play in the early 1990s . Despite the story 's lack of an easily concept , selected American Beauty because he felt it was the one for which Ball had the most passion . While developing the script , Ball created another television sitcom , Oh , Up . He channeled his anger and frustration at having to to network demands on that show — and during his on Grace Under Fire and — into writing American Beauty . - Ball did not expect to sell the script , believing it would act as more of a calling card , but American Beauty drew interest from several production bodies . passed the script to several producers , including Dan and Bruce Cohen , who took it to DreamWorks . With the help of executives Glenn and Bob Cooper , and Steven Spielberg in his capacity as studio partner , Ball was convinced to develop the project at DreamWorks ; he received from the studio — known at the time for its more conventional fare — that it would not " iron the [ edges ] out " . In an unusual move , DreamWorks decided not to option the script ; instead , in April 1998 , the studio bought it outright for $ 250 @,@ 000 , Fox Pictures , October Films , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , and Entertainment . DreamWorks planned to make the film for $ 6 – 8 million . - and Cohen involved Ball throughout the film 's development , including casting and director selection . The producers met with about 20 interested directors , several of whom were considered " A @-@ list " at the time . Ball was not keen on the more well @-@ known directors because he believed their involvement would increase the budget and lead DreamWorks to become " nervous about the content " . Nevertheless , the studio offered the film to Mike Nichols and Robert ; neither accepted . In the same year , ( then a theater director ) revived the musical in New York with fellow director Rob Marshall . Beth of the Creative Artists Agency arranged meetings for with studio figures in Los Angeles to see if film direction was a possibility . came across American Beauty in a pile of eight scripts at 's house , and knew immediately that it was the one he wanted to make ; early in his career , he had been inspired by how the film Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) presented contemporary America as a mythic landscape and he saw the same theme in American Beauty , as well as parallels with his own childhood . later met with Spielberg ; impressed by ' productions of Oliver ! and , Spielberg encouraged him to consider American Beauty . - found that he still had to convince DreamWorks ' production executives to let him direct . He had already discussed the film with and Cohen , and felt they supported him . Ball was also keen ; having seen , he was impressed with ' " keen visual sense " and thought he did not make obvious choices . Ball felt that liked to look under the story 's surface , a talent he felt would be a good fit with the themes of American Beauty . ' background also him , because of the prominent role the playwright usually has in a theater production . Over two meetings — the first with Cooper , Walter , and Laurie MacDonald , the second with Cooper alone — pitched himself to the studio . The studio soon approached with a deal to direct for the minimum salary allowed under Directors Guild of America rules — $ 150 @,@ 000 . accepted , and later recalled that after taxes and his agent 's commission , he only earned $ 38 @,@ 000 . In June 1998 , DreamWorks confirmed that it had contracted to direct the film . - - = = = Writing = = = - - Ball was partly inspired by two encounters he had in the early 1990s . In about 1991 – 92 , Ball saw a plastic bag blowing in the wind outside the World Trade Center . He watched the bag for 10 minutes , saying later that it provoked an " unexpected emotional response " . In 1992 , Ball became preoccupied with the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial . a comic book telling of the scandal , he was struck by how quickly it had become . He said he " felt like there was a real story underneath [ that was ] more fascinating and way more tragic " than the story presented to the public , and attempted to turn the idea into a play . Ball produced around 40 pages , but stopped when he realized it would work better as a film . He felt that because of the visual themes , and because each character 's story was .. " intensely personal " , it could not be done on a stage . All the main characters appeared in this version , but Carolyn did not feature strongly ; Jim and Jim instead had much larger roles . - Ball based Lester 's story on aspects of his own life . Lester 's re @-@ examination of his life parallels feelings Ball had in his mid @-@ 30s ; like Lester , Ball put aside his to work in jobs he hated for people he did not respect . Scenes in Ricky 's household reflect Ball 's own childhood experiences . Ball suspected his father was homosexual and used the idea to create Col. , a man who " gave up his chance to be himself " . Ball said the script 's mix of comedy and drama was not intentional , but that it came from his own outlook on life . He said the juxtaposition produced a contrast , giving each trait more impact than if they appeared alone . - In the script that was sent to prospective actors and directors , Lester and Angela had sex ; by the time of shooting , Ball had rewritten the scene to the final version . Ball initially rebuffed counsel from others that he change the script , feeling they were being ; the final to alter the scene came from DreamWorks ' then @-@ president Walter . He convinced Ball by indicating that in Greek mythology , the hero " has a moment of before [ ... ] tragedy occurs " . Ball later said his anger when writing the first draft had blinded him to the idea that Lester needed to refuse sex with Angela to complete his emotional journey — to achieve redemption . and Cohen asked Ball not to alter the scene right away , as they felt it would be inappropriate to make changes to the script before a director had been hired . Early drafts also included a flashback to Col. ' service in the Marines , a sequence that unequivocally established his homosexual . In love with another Marine , Col. sees the man die and comes to believe that he is being punished for the " sin " of being gay . Ball removed the sequence because it did not fit the structure of the rest of the film — Col. was the only character to have a flashback — and because it removed the element of surprise from Col. ' later pass at Lester . Ball said he had to write it for his own benefit to know what happened to Col. , though all that remained in later drafts was subtext . - Ball remained involved throughout production ; he had signed a television show development deal , so had to get permission from his producers to take a year off to be close to American Beauty . Ball was on @-@ set for and to help interpret his script for all but two days of filming . His original scenes — in which Ricky and Jane are for Lester 's murder after being framed by Col. — were in post @-@ production ; the writer later felt the scenes were unnecessary , saying they were a reflection of his " anger and cynicism " at the time of writing ( see " Editing " ) . Ball and revised the script twice before it was sent to the actors , and twice more before the first read @-@ through . - The shooting script features a scene in Angela 's car in which Ricky and Jane talk about death and beauty ; the scene differed from earlier versions , which set it as a " big scene on a freeway " in which the three witness a car crash and see a dead body . The change was a practical decision , as the production was behind schedule and they needed to cut costs . The schedule called for two days to be spent filming the crash , but only half a day was available . Ball agreed , but only if the scene could retain a line of Ricky 's where he reflects on having once seen a dead homeless woman : " When you see something like that , it 's like God is looking right at you , just for a second . And if you 're careful , you can look right back . " Jane asks : " And what do you see ? " Ricky : " Beauty . " Ball said , " They wanted to cut that scene . They said it 's not important . I said , ' You 're out of your fucking mind . It 's one of the most important scenes in the movie ! ' [ ... ] If any one line is the heart and soul of this movie , that is the line . " Another scene was rewritten to accommodate the loss of the freeway sequence ; set in a , it presents a " turning point " for Jane in that she chooses to walk home with Ricky instead of going with Angela . By the end of filming , the script had been through 10 drafts . - - = = = Casting = = = - - had Spacey and in mind for the leads from the beginning , but DreamWorks executives were . The studio suggested several , including Bruce Willis , Kevin , or John to play Lester , and Helen Hunt or Holly Hunter to play Carolyn . did not want a big star " weighing the film down " ; he felt Spacey was the right choice based on his performances in the 1995 films The and Seven , and 1992 's Glen Ross . Spacey was surprised ; he said , " I usually play characters who are very quick , very and smart . [ ... ] I usually in dark , sort of waters . This is a man living one step at a time , playing by his instincts . This is actually much closer to me , to what I am , than those other parts . " offered the role of Carolyn without the studio 's consent ; although executives were upset at , by September 1998 , DreamWorks had entered negotiations with Spacey and . - Spacey loosely based Lester 's early " " on Walter . During the film , Lester 's physique improves from to toned ; Spacey worked out during filming to improve his body , but because shot the scenes out of chronological order , Spacey varied to portray the stages . Before filming , and Spacey analyzed Jack 's performance in The ( 1960 ) , because wanted Spacey to emulate " the way [ ] moved , the way he looked , the way he was in that office and the way he was an ordinary man and yet a special man " . Spacey 's is a to Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) , which is also narrated in by a dead character . felt it evoked Lester 's — and the film 's — loneliness . recalled women from her youth to inform her performance : " I used to constantly . You 'd go to church and see how people present themselves on the outside , and then be inside their house and see the difference . " and a hair stylist collaborated to create a " president " hairstyle , and and production designer researched mail @-@ order to better establish Carolyn 's environment of a " spotless suburban manor " . To help get into Carolyn 's mindset , gave her music that he believed Carolyn would like . He lent the Bobby version of the song " Don 't Rain on My Parade " , which she enjoyed and persuaded the director to include it for a scene in which Carolyn sings in her car . - For the roles of Jane , Ricky , and Angela , DreamWorks gave . By November 1998 , Birch , Wes Bentley , and Mena had been cast in the parts — in Birch 's case , despite the fact she was for her nude scene . As Birch was 16 at the time she made the film , and thus classified as a minor in the United States , her parents had to approve her brief scene in the movie . Child labor representatives and they were on the set for the shooting of the scene . Bentley competition from top actors under the age of 25 to be cast . The 2009 documentary My Big Break followed Bentley , and several other young actors , before and after he landed the part . To prepare , provided Bentley with a video camera , telling the actor to film what Ricky would . Peter Gallagher and Alison were cast ( as Kane and Barbara ) after filming began in December 1998 . gave a book of paintings by . He told her , " Your character is in there somewhere . " cut much of Barbara 's dialogue , including conversations between Colonel and her , as he felt that what needed to be said about the pair — their humanity and vulnerability — was conveyed successfully through their shared moments of silence . Chris Cooper plays Colonel , Scott Bakula plays Jim , and Sam plays Jim Berkley . Jim and Jim were deliberately depicted as the most normal , happy — and boring — couple in the film . Ball 's inspiration for the characters came from a thought he had after seeing a " bland , boring , heterosexual couple " who wore matching clothes : " I can 't wait for the time when a gay couple can be just as boring . " Ball also included aspects of a gay couple he knew who had the same . - insisted on two weeks of cast rehearsals , although the sessions were not as formal as he was used to in the theater , and the actors could not be present at every one . Several and suggestions by the actors were incorporated into the script . An early scene showing the leaving home for work was inserted later on to show the low point that Carolyn and Lester 's relationship had reached . Spacey and worked to create a sense of the love that Lester and Carolyn once had for one another ; for example , the scene in which Lester almost Carolyn after the pair argues over Lester 's buying a car was originally " strictly contentious " . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Principal photography lasted about 50 days from December 14 , 1998 , to February 1999 . American Beauty was filmed on soundstages at the Warner Bros. in Burbank , California , and at Hancock Park and in Los Angeles . The aerial shots at the beginning and end of the film were captured in , California , and many of the school scenes were shot at South High School in , California ; several extras in the gym crowd were South High students . The film is set in an upper middle @-@ class neighborhood in an unidentified American town . Production designer likened the to , Illinois , but said , " it 's not about a place , it 's about an . [ ... ] The milieu was pretty much , USA — mobile . " The intent was for the setting to reflect the characters , who are also . said , " All of them are very strained , and their lives are . " The ' household was designed as the reverse of the ' — the former a pristine ideal , but and lacking in " inner balance " , leading to Carolyn 's desire to at least give it the appearance of a " perfect all @-@ American household " ; the ' home is depicted in " exaggerated darkness [ and ] symmetry " . - The production selected two adjacent properties on the Warner 's " Street " for the and ' homes . The crew rebuilt the houses to incorporate false rooms that established lines of sight — between Ricky and Jane 's bedroom windows , and between Ricky 's bedroom and Lester 's garage . The garage windows were designed specifically to obtain the crucial shot toward the end of the film in which Col. — watching from Ricky 's bedroom — mistakenly assumes that Lester is paying Ricky for sex . made sure to establish the line of sight early on in the film to make the audience feel a sense of familiarity with the shot . The house interiors were filmed on the , on location , and on soundstages when overhead shots were needed . The inside of the ' home was shot at a house close to Interstate 405 and Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles ; the inside of the ' home was shot in the city 's Hancock Park neighborhood . Ricky 's bedroom was designed to be cell @-@ like to suggest his " " personality , while at the same time blending with the high @-@ tech equipment to reflect his side . The production deliberately the use of red , as it was an important thematic signature elsewhere . The ' home uses cool blues , while the ' is kept in a " depressed military palette " . - ' dominating visual style was deliberate and composed , with a design that provided " a sparse , almost surreal feeling — a bright , , hard edged , near @-@ like take on American " ; constantly directed his set to empty the frame . He made Lester 's fantasy scenes " more fluid and graceful " , and made minimal use of , feeling that stable shots generated more tension . For example , when used a slow push in to the ' dinner table , he held the shot because his training as a theater director taught him the importance of putting distance between the characters . He wanted to keep the tension in the scene , so he only cut away when Jane left the table . did use a hand @-@ held camera for the scene in which Col. beats Ricky . said the camera provided the scene with a " [ ... ] off @-@ balance energy " . He also went hand @-@ held for the of Ricky 's footage . took a long time to get the quality of Ricky 's footage to the level he wanted . For the plastic @-@ bag footage , used wind machines to move the bag in the air . The scene took four takes ; two by the second unit did not satisfy , so he shot the scene himself . He felt his first take lacked grace , but for the last attempt , he changed the location to the front of a brick wall and added leaves on the ground . was satisfied by the way the wall gave definition to the outline of the bag . - avoided using close @-@ ups , as he believed the technique was ; he also cited Spielberg 's advice that he should imagine an audience at the bottom of the camera monitor , to keep in mind that he was shooting for display on a 40 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) screen . Spielberg — who visited the set a few times — also advised not to worry about costs if he had a " great idea " toward the end of a long working day . said , " That happened three or four times , and they are all in the movie . " Despite Spielberg 's support , DreamWorks and fought constantly over the schedule and budget , although the studio little with the film 's content . Spacey , and Hall worked for significantly less than their usual rates . American Beauty cost DreamWorks $ 15 million to produce , slightly above their projected sum . was so dissatisfied with his first three days ' filming that he obtained permission from DreamWorks to the scenes . He said , " I started with a wrong scene , actually , a comedy scene . And the actors played it way too big : [ ... ] it was badly shot , my fault , badly composed , my fault , bad costumes , my fault [ ... ] ; and everybody was doing what I was asking . It was all my fault . " Aware that he was a novice , drew on the experience of Hall : " I made a very conscious decision early on , if I didn 't understand something technically , to say , without embarrassment , ' I don 't understand what you 're talking about , please explain it . ' " - encouraged some improvisation ; for example , when Lester in bed beside Carolyn , the director asked Spacey to improvise several for the act in each take . said , " I wanted that not just because it was funny [ ... ] but because I didn 't want it to seem . I wanted it to seem like he was it out of his mouth without thinking . [ Spacey ] is so in control — I wanted him to break through . " Spacey obliged , eventually coming up with 35 phrases , but could not always keep a straight face , which meant the scene had to be shot 10 times . The production used small amounts of computer @-@ generated imagery . Most of the rose in Lester 's fantasies were added in post @-@ production , although some were real and had the wires holding them digitally removed . When Lester about Angela in a rose @-@ bath , the steam was real , save for in the overhead shot . To position the camera , a hole had to be cut in the ceiling , through which the steam escaped ; it was instead added digitally . - - = = = Editing = = = - - American Beauty was edited by Christopher and ; began in the position , but had to leave halfway through post @-@ production because of a scheduling conflict with Me , Myself and Irene ( 2000 ) ( in which Chris Cooper also starred ) . and an assistant edited the film for 10 days between the appointments . realized during editing that the film was different from the one he had envisioned . He believed he had been making a " much more whimsical , [ ... ] " film than what came together in the edit suite . Instead , was drawn to the emotion and darkness ; he began to use the score and shots he had intended to to craft the film along these lines . In total , he cut about 30 minutes from his original edit . The opening included a dream in which Lester imagines himself flying above the town . spent two days filming Spacey against , but removed the sequence as he believed it to be too whimsical — " like a brothers movie " — and therefore inappropriate for the tone he was trying to set . The opening in the final cut reused a scene from the middle of the film where Jane tells Ricky to kill her father . This scene was to be the revelation to the audience that the pair was not responsible for Lester 's death , as the way it was scored and acted made it clear that Jane 's request was not serious . However , in the portion he used in the opening — and when the full scene plays out later — used the score and a reaction shot of Ricky to leave a lingering ambiguity as to his guilt . The subsequent shot — an aerial view of the neighborhood — was originally intended as the plate shot for the effects in the dream sequence . - spent more time the first 10 minutes than the rest of the film taken together . He several versions of the opening ; the first edit included scenes in which Jane and Ricky are convicted of Lester 's murder , but these in the last week of editing because he felt they made the film lose its mystery , and because they did not fit with the theme of redemption that had emerged during production . believed the trial drew focus away from the characters and turned the film " into an episode of Blue " . Instead , he wanted the ending to be " a poetic mixture of dream and memory and narrative resolution " . When Ball first saw a completed edit , it was a version with truncated versions of these scenes . He felt that they were so short that they " didn 't really register " . and he argued , but Ball was more accepting after cut the sequences completely ; Ball felt that without the scenes , the film was more optimistic and had evolved into something that " for all its darkness had a really romantic heart " . - - = = = = = = - - Conrad Hall was not the first choice for director of photography ; believed he was " too old and too experienced " to want the job , and he had been told that Hall was difficult to work with . Instead , asked Fred , who turned the job down because he did not like the script . Hall was recommended to by Tom Cruise , because of Hall 's work on Without ( 1998 ) , which Cruise had executive produced . was directing Cruise 's then @-@ wife Nicole Kidman in the play The Blue Room during on American Beauty , and had already the whole film . Hall was involved for one month during ; his ideas for lighting the film began with his first reading of the script , and further passes allowed him to refine his approach before meeting . Hall was initially concerned that audiences would not like the characters ; he only felt able to identify with them during cast rehearsals , which gave him fresh ideas on his approach to the visuals . - Hall 's approach was to create peaceful compositions that evoked , to contrast with the turbulent on @-@ screen events and allow audiences to take in the action . Hall and first discussed the intended mood of a scene , but he was allowed to light the shot in any way he felt necessary . In most cases , Hall first lit the scene 's subject by " painting in " the blacks and whites , before adding fill light , which he reflected from or white card on the ceiling . This approach gave Hall more control over the shadows while keeping the fill light and the dark areas free of spill . Hall shot American Beauty in a 2 @.@ 39 : 1 aspect ratio in the Super 35 format , using Vision 35 mm film stock . He used Super 35 partly because its larger scope allowed him to capture elements such as the corners of the @-@ filled pool in its overhead shot , creating a frame around Angela within . He shot the whole film at the same T @-@ stop ( ) ; given his preference for shooting that wide , Hall favored high @-@ speed stocks to allow for more subtle lighting effects . He used Platinum cameras with the company 's series of prime and lenses . Hall employed Vision and stock for scenes with daylight effects . He had difficulty adjusting to 's newly introduced Vision release print stock , which , combined with his contrast @-@ heavy lighting style , created a look with too much contrast . Hall contacted , who sent him a batch of that was 5 % lower in contrast . Hall used a 1 / 8 inch Black filter for almost every scene , which he said in may not have been the best choice , as the optical steps required to blow Super 35 up for its release print led to a slight amount of degradation ; therefore , the from the filter was not required . When he saw the film in a theater , Hall felt that the image was slightly unclear and that had he not used the filter , the from the Super 35 – conversion would have generated an image closer to what he originally intended . - A shot where Lester and Ricky share a cannabis joint behind a building came from a misunderstanding between Hall and . asked Hall to prepare the shot in his absence ; Hall assumed the characters would look for privacy , so he placed them in a narrow passage between a truck and the building , intending to light from the top of the truck . When returned , he explained that the characters did not care if they were seen . He removed the truck and Hall had to rethink the lighting ; he lit it from the left , with a large light crossing the actors , and with a soft light behind the camera . Hall felt the consequent wide shot " worked perfectly for the tone of the scene " . Hall made sure to keep rain , or the suggestion of it , in every shot near the end of the film . In one shot during Lester 's encounter with Angela at the ' home , Hall created rain effects on the foreground cross lights ; in another , he partly lit the pair through French windows to which he had added material to make the rain run slower , intensifying the light ( although the strength of the outside light was unrealistic for a night scene , Hall felt it justified because of the strong contrasts it produced ) . For the close @-@ ups when Lester and Angela move to the , Hall tried to keep rain in the frame , lighting through the window onto the ceiling behind Lester . He also used rain boxes to produce rain patterns where he wanted without lighting the entire room . - - = = = Music = = = - - Thomas Newman 's score was recorded in Santa Monica , California . He mainly used percussion instruments to create the mood and rhythm , the inspiration for which was provided by . Newman " favored pulse , rhythm , and color over melody " , making for a more score than he had previously created . He built each cue around " small , repeating phrases " — often , the only variety through a " thinning of the texture for eight bars " . The percussion instruments included , , , piano , , and ; also featured were guitars , flute , and world music instruments . Newman also used electronic music and on " " tracks employed more unorthodox methods , such as tapping metal mixing bowls with a finger and using a mandolin . Newman believed the score helped move the film along without disturbing the " moral ambiguity " of the script : " It was a real delicate balancing act in terms of what music worked to preserve [ that ] . " - The soundtrack features songs by Newman , Bobby , The Who , Free , , The Who , Bill , Betty Carter , Peggy Lee , The Folk , Gomez , and Bob Dylan , as well as two cover versions — The Beatles ' " Because " performed by Elliott Smith , and Neil Young 's " Don 't Let It You Down " performed by Annie Lennox . Produced by the film 's music supervisor Chris , an abridged soundtrack album was released on October 5 , 1999 , and went on to be nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album . An album featuring 19 tracks from Newman 's score was released on January 11 , 2000 , and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album . considered the score to be one of Newman 's best , saying it " [ enabled ] the film 's aspirations " . In 2006 , the magazine chose the score as one of 20 essential soundtracks it believed spoke to the " complex and innovative relationships between music and screen storytelling " . - - = = Release = = - - - = = = = = = - - DreamWorks contracted Amazon.com to create the official website , marking the first time that Amazon had created a special section devoted to a feature film . The website included an overview , a photo gallery , cast and crew , and exclusive interviews with Spacey and . The film 's tagline — " look closer " — originally came from a cutting on Lester 's workplace by the set . DreamWorks ran parallel marketing campaigns and trailers — one aimed at adults , the other at teenagers . Both trailers ended with the poster image of a girl holding a rose . Reviewing the posters of several 1999 films , David of Entertainment Weekly rated American Beauty 's highly , saying it evoked the tagline ; he said , " You return to the poster again and again , thinking , this time you 're gonna find something . " DreamWorks did not want to test screen the film ; according to , the studio was pleased with it , but he insisted on one where he could question the audience afterward . The studio agreed and showed the film to a young audience in San Jose , California . claimed the screening went very well . - - = = = run = = = - - The film had its world premiere on September 8 , 1999 , at 's Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles . Three days later , the film appeared at the Toronto International Film Festival . With the filmmakers and cast in attendance , it screened at several American universities , including the University of California at Berkeley , New York University , the University of California at Los Angeles , the University of Texas at Austin , and Northwestern University . - On September 15 , 1999 , American Beauty opened to the public in limited release at three theaters in Los Angeles and three in New York . More theaters were added during the limited run , and on October 1 , the film officially entered wide release by screening in theaters across North America . The film grossed $ 8 @,@ 188 @,@ over the weekend , ranking third at the box office . by the market research firm gave American Beauty a " B + " grade on average . The theater count hit a high of 1 @,@ at the end of the month , before a gradual decline . Following American Beauty 's wins at the 57th Golden Globe Awards , DreamWorks re @-@ expanded the theater presence from a low of 7 in mid @-@ February , to a high of 1 @,@ 990 in March . The film ended its North American theatrical run on June 4 , 2000 , having grossed $ 130 @.@ 1 million . - American Beauty had its European premiere at the London Film Festival on November 18 , 1999 ; in January 2000 , it began to screen in various territories outside North America . It debuted in Israel to " potent " returns , and limited releases in Germany , Italy , Austria , Switzerland , the Netherlands and Finland followed on January 21 . After January 28 opening weekends in Australia , the United Kingdom , Spain and Norway , American Beauty had earned $ 7 million in 12 countries for a total of $ 12 @.@ 1 million outside North America . On February 4 , American Beauty debuted in France and Belgium . to theaters in the United Kingdom , the film ranked first at the box office with $ 1 @.@ 7 million . On the weekend of February 18 — following American Beauty 's eight nominations for the 72nd Academy Awards — the film grossed $ 11 @.@ 7 million from 21 territories , for a total of $ 65 @.@ 4 million outside North America . The film had " dazzling " in Hungary , Denmark , the Czech Republic , , and New Zealand . - As of February 18 , the most successful territories were the United Kingdom ( $ 15 @.@ 2 million ) , Italy ( $ 10 @.@ 8 million ) , Germany ( $ 10 @.@ 5 million ) , Australia ( $ 6 million ) , and France ( $ 5 @.@ 3 million ) . The Academy Award nominations meant strong performances continued across the board ; the following weekend , American Beauty grossed $ 10 @.@ 9 million in 27 countries , with strong in Brazil , Mexico , and South Korea . Other high spots included robust returns in Argentina , Greece , and Turkey . On the weekend of March 3 , 2000 , American Beauty debuted strongly in Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore , markets traditionally " not receptive to this kind of fare " . The impressive South Korean performance continued , with a return of $ 1 @.@ 2 million after nine days . In total , American Beauty grossed $ 130 @.@ 1 million in North America and $ 226 @.@ 2 million internationally , for $ @.@ 3 million worldwide . - - = = = Home media = = = - - American Beauty was released on VHS on May 9 , 2000 , and on DVD with the format on October 24 , 2000 . Before the North American rental release on May 9 , Video wanted to purchase hundreds of thousands of extra copies for its " guaranteed title " range , whereby anyone who wanted to rent the film would be guaranteed a copy . and DreamWorks could not agree on a profit @-@ sharing deal , so ordered two @-@ thirds the number of copies it originally intended . DreamWorks made around one million copies available for rental ; 's share would usually have been about 400 @,@ 000 of these . Some stores only displayed 60 copies , and others did not display the film at all , forcing customers to ask for it . The strategy required staff to read a statement to customers explaining the situation ; claimed it was only " [ monitoring ] customer demand " due to the reduced availability . 's strategy leaked before May 9 , leading to a 30 % order increase from other retailers . In its first week of rental release , American Beauty made $ 6 @.@ 8 million . This return was lower than would have been expected had DreamWorks and reached an agreement . In the same year , The Sixth made $ 22 million , while Fight Club made $ 8 @.@ 1 million , though the latter 's North American theatrical performance was just 29 % that of American Beauty . 's strategy also affected rental fees ; American Beauty averaged $ 3 @.@ 12 , compared with $ 3 @.@ 40 for films that fully promoted . Only 53 % of the film 's rentals were from large outlets in the first week , compared with the usual 65 % . - The DVD release included a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes , film audio commentary from and Ball , and a storyboard presentation with discussion from and Hall . In the film commentary , refers to deleted scenes he intended to include in the release . However , these scenes are not on the DVD , as he changed his mind after recording the commentary ; felt that to show scenes he previously chose not to use would from the film 's integrity . - On September 21 , 2010 , Paramount Home Entertainment released American Beauty on Blu @-@ ray , as part of Paramount 's Series . All the extras from the DVD release were present , with the theatrical trailers upgraded to HD . - - = = Critical reception = = - - American Beauty was widely considered the best film of 1999 by the American press . It received overwhelming praise , chiefly for Spacey , and Ball . Variety reported that " no other 1999 movie has benefited from such universal . " It was the best @-@ received title at the Toronto International Film Festival ( ) , where it won the People 's Choice award after a ballot of the festival 's audiences . 's director , Piers , said , " American Beauty was the of the festival , the film most talked @-@ about . " - Writing in Variety , Todd McCarthy said the cast ensemble " could not be better " ; he praised Spacey 's " handling of , subtle sarcasm , and blunt talk " and the way he Lester with " genuine feeling " . Janet Maslin in The New York Times said Spacey was at his " and most agile " to date , and Roger of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times singled Spacey out for successfully portraying a man who " does and foolish things [ but who ] doesn 't himself " . Kevin Jackson of & Sound said Spacey impressed in ways distinct from his previous performances , the most satisfying aspect being his portrayal of " both and hero " . Writing in Film Quarterly , Gary praised the actors , but said that characters such as Carolyn and Col. were stereotypes . accused and Ball of identifying too readily with Jane and Ricky , saying the latter was their " fantasy figure " — a boy who 's an wealthy artist able to " finance [ his ] own projects " . said Angela was the most teenager , in particular with her " familiar " attempts to " live up to an unworthy image of herself " . Maslin agreed that some characters were unoriginal , but said their detailed made them memorable . Kenneth of the Los Angeles Times said the actors " " with what were difficult roles ; he called Spacey 's performance " the energy that drives the film " , saying the actor commanded audience involvement despite Lester not always being sympathetic . " Against considerable odds , we do like [ these characters ] , " concluded . - Maslin felt that directed with " terrific visual " , saying his style balanced " the and bright " and that he evoked the " delicate , power @-@ playing vignettes " of his theater work . Jackson said ' theatrical roots rarely showed , and that the " most remarkable " aspect was that Spacey 's performance did not overshadow the film . He said that worked the script 's smoothly , to the ensemble 's strengths , and staged the tonal shifts . McCarthy believed American Beauty a " stunning card of introduction " for film and Ball . He said ' " sure hand " was " as precise and controlled " as his theater work . McCarthy cited Hall 's involvement as fortunate for , as the cinematographer was " " at conveying the themes of a work . agreed that ' choice of collaborators was " " , naming Hall and Newman in particular . suggested that American Beauty may have benefited from ' inexperience , as his " anything 's possible daring " made him attempt beats that more directors might have avoided . felt that ' accomplishment was to " capture and enhance [ the ] " of Ball 's script — the simultaneously " [ ... ] and real " characters . , while critical of many of and Ball 's choices , admitted the film showed off their " considerable talents " . - cited Ball 's lack of when writing the film as the reason for its uniqueness , in particular the script 's subtle changes in tone . McCarthy said the script was " as fresh and distinctive " as any of its American film contemporaries , and praised how it analyzed the characters while not narrative pace . He called Ball 's dialogue " tart " and said the characters — Carolyn — were " deeply drawn " . One other flaw , McCarthy said , was the revelation of Col. ' homosexuality , which he said evoked " " . Jackson said the film its clichéd setup to become a " wonderfully resourceful and comedy " . He said that even when the film played for sitcom laughs , it did so with " unexpected nuance " . criticized how the film made a mystery of Lester 's murder , believing it and simply a way of generating suspense . McCarthy cited the production and costume design as , and said the soundtrack was good at creating " ironic counterpoint [ s ] " to the story . concluded that American Beauty was " vital but uneven " ; he felt the film 's examination of " the ways which teenagers and adults imagine each other 's lives " was its best point , and that although Lester and Angela 's dynamic was familiar , its romantic irony stood beside " the most enduring literary treatments " of the theme , such as . Nevertheless , believed that the film 's themes of and conformity in American were " " . McCarthy conceded that the setting was familiar , but said it merely provided the film with a " starting point " from which to tell its " subtle and judged tale " . Maslin agreed ; she said that while it " takes aim at targets that are none too fresh " , and that the theme of did not surprise , the film had its own " corrosive novelty " . awarded American Beauty four stars out of four , and said it was layered , , complex , and surprising , concluding it was " a hell of a picture " . - A few months after the film 's release , reports of a backlash appeared in the American press , and the years since have seen its critical regard . In 2005 , named American Beauty as one of 20 " most movies of all time " ; accepted the of the critical , saying , " I thought some of it was entirely justified — it was a little at the time . " - Currently , the film holds an 88 % score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 180 reviews , with an average rating of 8 @.@ 2 / 10 ; the critical consensus reads , " cast and with dark , acid wit , American Beauty is a smart , provocative high point of late ' 90s mainstream Hollywood film . " Metacritic gives the film a score of 86 , based on 33 reviews , indicating " universal acclaim . " - - = = Accolades = = - - American Beauty was not considered an immediate favorite to dominate the American awards season . Several other contenders opened at the end of 1999 , and US critics spread their honors among them when compiling their end @-@ of @-@ year lists . The Chicago Film Critics Association and the Broadcast Film Critics Association named the film the best of 1999 , but while the New York Film Critics Circle , the National Society of Film Critics and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association recognized American Beauty , they gave their top awards to other films . By the end of the year , reports of a critical backlash suggested American Beauty was the underdog in the race for Best Picture ; however , at the Golden Globe Awards in January 2000 , American Beauty won Best Film , Best Director and Best Screenplay . - As the nominations for the 72nd Academy Awards approached , a had not emerged . DreamWorks had launched a major campaign for American Beauty five weeks before ballots were due to be sent to the 5 @,@ 600 Academy Award voters . Its campaign combined traditional advertising and publicity with more focused strategies . Although direct mail campaigning was prohibited , DreamWorks reached voters by promoting the film in " casual , comfortable settings " in voters ' communities . The studio 's candidate for Best Picture the previous year , Saving Private Ryan , lost to Shakespeare in Love , so the studio took a new approach by hiring outsiders to provide input for the campaign . It hired three veteran consultants , who told the studio to " think small " . Nancy encouraged DreamWorks to produce a special about the making of American Beauty , to set up displays of the film in the communities ' , and to arrange a question @-@ and @-@ answer session with for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Dale advised the studio to advertise in free publications that circulated in Beverly Hills — home to many voters — in addition to major newspapers . arranged to screen American Beauty to about 1 @,@ 000 members of the Actors Fund of America , as many participating actors were also voters . Bruce Feldman took Ball to the Santa Barbara International Film Festival , where Ball attended a private dinner in honor of Anthony Hopkins , meeting several voters who were in attendance . - In February 2000 , American Beauty was nominated for eight Academy Awards ; its closest rivals , The Cider House Rules and The , received seven nominations each . In March 2000 , the major industry labor organizations all awarded their top honors to American Beauty ; perceptions had shifted — the film was now the favorite to dominate the Academy Awards . American Beauty 's closest rival for Best Picture was still The Cider House Rules , from . Both studios mounted aggressive campaigns ; DreamWorks bought 38 % more advertising space in Variety than . On March 26 , 2000 , American Beauty won five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay and Best . At the 53rd British Academy Film Awards , American Beauty won six of the 14 awards for which it was nominated : Best Film , Best Actor , Best Actress ( ) , Best , Best Film Music and Best Editing . In 2000 , the Guild of America recognized DreamWorks for the best film publicity campaign . In September 2008 , Empire named American Beauty the " Greatest Movie of All Time " after a poll of 10 @,@ 000 readers , 150 filmmakers , and 50 film critics , the fourth @-@ highest ranked movie from 1999 ( behind Fight Club , The Matrix , and Magnolia ) . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay number 38 on its list of 101 greatest screenplays . - The film was nominated for 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Edition ) in 2007 . - - - = Christopher = - - Christopher ( September 21 , 1758 – March 1 , 1827 ) was a prominent Massachusetts lawyer , politician , and U.S. diplomat . Born into a family divided by the American Revolution , sided with the victorious , established a successful law practice in Boston , and built a fortune by purchasing Revolutionary government debts at a discount and receiving full value for them from the government . - entered politics in 1788 , serving briefly in the Massachusetts legislature before being appointed U.S. District Attorney for Massachusetts . He was then appointed by President George Washington to a diplomatic commission dealing with maritime claims in Great Britain . He returned to Massachusetts in 1804 and state politics , running unsuccessfully for governor several times before winning in 1809 . He served one term , losing to Democratic @-@ Republican Elbridge Gerry in 1810 . He was appointed to the US Senate by Governor Caleb Strong in 1813 , where he led opposition to the War of 1812 . - invested his fortune in a variety of businesses , including important infrastructure projects such as the Middlesex Canal and a bridge across the Charles River . He was a major in the early textile industry , funding the Boston Manufacturing Company and the Manufacturing Company , whose business established the city of Lowell , Massachusetts . was involved in a variety of charitable causes , and was a major benefactor of Harvard College , where the first library was named in his honor . His palatial mansion in , Massachusetts , now known as Place , is one of the finest extant examples of architecture , and has been declared a National Historic Landmark . - - = = Early years = = - - Christopher was born in Boston on September 21 , 1758 , one of many children of Frances and John , a successful merchant and . He was the youngest of their three sons to survive to adulthood . He attended Boston Latin School , and entered Harvard College at the young ( even for the time ) age of thirteen . At the outset of the American Revolutionary War and the Siege of Boston in 1775 , Harvard 's buildings were occupied by the Continental Army , and temporarily continued his studies in Bradford until Harvard could resume operations in Concord . While at Harvard participated in a speaking club , and formed significant lifelong friendships with Rufus King and John . - graduated in 1776 , and promptly enlisted in the Continental artillery regiment of his brother @-@ in @-@ law Thomas , where he served as a clerk until 1778 . The family was divided by the war : 's father was a who left Boston when the British Army evacuated the city in March 1776 . was consequently called upon to support his mother and three sisters , who remained in Boston . In 1779 successfully petitioned the state for the remaining family 's share of his father 's seized assets . - - = = Early legal career = = - - After his military service studied law with John Lowell , and was admitted to the bar in 1778 after a comparatively brief tutelage . 's law practice flourished , in part because many lawyers had fled Massachusetts . 's clients included seeking to recover some of their assets , as well as London @-@ based British merchants with claims to pursue . His were generally well @-@ reasoned , and he was seen as a successful trial lawyer . - grew his fortune by investing carefully in revolutionary currency and bonds . The he purchased were paper that had been given to Continental Army soldiers in lieu of pay , which they often sold at a steep discount . One batch of he purchased , for instance , cost him about $ 3 @,@ 700 but had a face value of $ 25 @,@ 000 . In 1785 he married Rebecca Payne , daughter of a wealthy merchant , maritime , and director of the Bank of Massachusetts . The couple were known for their social and became prominent members of Boston society . - In 1786 became concerned about a rise in anti @-@ lawyer sentiment in Massachusetts . over harsh policies pursued by Governor James into ' Rebellion , which required militia action to crush in 1787 . was one of several high @-@ profile lawyers assigned to defend participants in the rebellion ( included in this group were Theodore , Caleb Strong , James Sullivan , Levi Lincoln , Sr. , and Thomas ) . Although many rebels were ultimately convicted , a large number received amnesty . In 1788 , was elected a delegate to the 1789 Massachusetts convention that ratified the United States Constitution . His election was contested because Boston , where he lived , was at the time more inclined toward state power . nonetheless was strongly , urging support of the new Constitution . - - = = , banker , and speculator = = - - In 1788 was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives . He took a leading role in adopting the state 's rules for actions required of it by the new federal constitution . By his proposal the legislature decided that presidential electors would be chosen by a joint session . He also proposed that the state House and Senate agree by separate votes on choices for the United States Senate , a process that would significantly reduce popular input to the choice . His choice was ultimately rejected in favor of a process whereby the House selected a slate of candidates , from which the Senate would choose one . In 1789 decided to stand for reelection , but lost , owing to strong anti @-@ nationalist fervor in Boston at the time . He managed to win a seat later , when a special election was held after opened several seats . - 's financial speculations in the late significantly multiplied his wealth . In 1788 he and Andrew , a Boston businessman who had retained for legal services , entered into a secret agreement to purchase Continental with a face value of $ 100 @,@ 000 in a speculative bid that their value would rise . By late October of that year , the pair had met this goal : had purchased $ 90 @,@ 000 worth of paper for about $ 20 @,@ 000 , and encouraged to purchase more than the $ 11 @,@ 000 he had acquired if his funding would allow for it . also purchased Massachusetts war @-@ related debts , and lobbied Massachusetts for the U.S. government to assume those as well . - 's was realized when in 1790 the United States Congress , acting on a proposal made by Alexander Hamilton and supported by 's friend Rufus King , passed legislation that exchanged Continental and state paper for new U.S. paper at face value . Not only did win on this exchange , but the paper he received appreciated in value before he sold it . The exact amount he made is unclear from the surviving documents : John Adams wrote that 's speculations made him the wealthiest lawyer in the country . - The success of 's speculations prompted him to enter a partnership with , William and Daniel Parker in an attempt to acquire U.S. foreign debt obligations on favorable terms . Parker was a business partner of 's , and was an influential New York businessman and Treasury Department official whose lavish lifestyle impressed . The partnership promoted sales of U.S. lands in Europe , and sought to acquire U.S. obligations to France . Although sank $ 10 @,@ 000 into this venture , it failed : more powerful and experienced Dutch the Americans . also engaged in other ventures with these partners , but apparently carefully stayed with financial speculations , and avoided the partners ' less successful land ventures . - Much of 's financial activity was mediated through the Bank of Massachusetts , where his father @-@ in @-@ law was a director . himself was elected to its board in 1785 , when he also became a shareholder . During his time on the board the bank its regulations on loan , a move that improved the stability of its capital . used the bank for most of his personal deposits , but also drew on lines of credit for as much as several thousand dollars . The bank shares he held paid relatively high until 1791 , when the bank received serious competition from the First Bank of the United States . - The Bank of the United States was established by Alexander Hamilton to provide stable banking services on a national scale , and sought to open a branch in Boston . Hamilton recruited heavily in the Bank of Massachusetts , and decided to make the move . He sold his shares in the Massachusetts bank , and became a director of the Boston branch of the U.S. Bank . He also purchased 200 shares in the new bank , a relatively large investment . was influential in making hiring decisions for the branch , and sought to merge state @-@ chartered banks into the organization , arguing that only a nationally chartered bank could provide consistent and stable service . resigned from the board in 1794 , citing the demands of his law practice . - 's financial successes enabled him to join the elite society of Boston . In 1789 he purchased a large mansion on fashionable Square , and also bought a country estate in that grew over time to 300 acres ( 120 ha ) . He had a house built on the estate , most of which he operated as a gentleman farmer . He and other similarly @-@ situated formed the Massachusetts Society for Agriculture , of which he served as a trustee for several years ; the organization was not seen as significantly contributing to advances in agriculture . - - = = District attorney and diplomat = = - - In 1789 President George Washington appointed the first United States Attorney for Massachusetts as a reward for his support . controversially refused to resign from the state legislature , arguing that the state constitution 's prohibitions against holding multiple offices did not apply to federal posts . He eventually resigned the legislative seat under protest because of pressure from his fellow legislators . - served as district attorney until 1796 . His principal matter of concern was the enforcement of U.S. neutrality with respect to the French Revolutionary Wars . He attempted several times to the French consul in Boston , Antoine , for and operating out of the Port of Boston , but he was by local that with the French . was eventually expelled on orders from President George Washington based on evidence provided by . - also promoted anti @-@ French sentiment with political writings in Massachusetts newspapers . Writing under the pseudonym " " , he denounced the formation of " Democratic Societies " formed to oppose policy and support pro @-@ French positions . He suggested to President Washington that someone be sent to England to negotiate with the British . John Jay traveled to London in 1794 and negotiated the Jay Treaty , whose ratification vocally supported . Although was hostile to French policy , he was on friendly terms with individual Frenchmen : he hosted the future French statesman when he visited the U.S. - In 1796 Washington appointed him as a commissioner representing the United States to handle maritime claims under the terms the Jay Treaty . As a result the moved to England that year , establishing a residence in the fashionable Hyde Park area . The commission was established to claims emanating from British of American vessels and cargoes , and from British claims relating to violations of American neutrality in the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars . It consisted of three Americans ( , William Pinkney , and John ) and two British commissioners ( John and Nicholas ) ; was chosen by the other four because he was deemed to sufficiently " fair @-@ minded " to cast deciding votes in the event of disagreements . That year he was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . - Although was well received by the British establishment , the work suffered from what called a " of process " , and he considered requesting a transfer in 1798 . In 1800 it ground to a halt because another board established by the treaty to resolve outstanding Revolutionary War claims against the United States had not yet met , and the British stopped the claims processing until resolution of the other issues got underway . used this break to briefly return to America and assess the condition of his estate , where the house had been largely destroyed by fire in . After his return to London , with the commission work still stopped , he and Rebecca embarked on a tour of Europe . They visited Holland , Belgium , and Switzerland , and spent six months in Paris . During this trip , and later ones in England and Scotland , they took note of the architecture of country estates , and began planning a new house for their property . - The commission resumed its work in early 1802 , and had resolved all outstanding claims by August 1803 . It awarded $ 110 @,@ 000 to British claimants and over $ 6 million to American claimants . The lopsided result is due to the vastly larger number of American claims , but also to some key early decisions that favored American interpretations in the processing of the claims , and by a British administration that sought to remain in America 's good . - The 's social circle in England revolved around his good friend Rufus King , who was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain in 1796 , along with other Massachusetts expatriates . When King left his post in May 1803 he named to head the London embassy as d . Although President Thomas Jefferson never issued a formal appointment , the British government accepted his role for the two @-@ month interval between King 's departure and the arrival of James Monroe as King 's replacement . The sailed for Boston in the spring of 1804 . - Rebecca used their exposure to European country estates to design a lavish new building for their estate during their English . Designed with the assistance of French architect Joseph @-@ Guillaume and probably also influenced by the works of English architect Sir John , the house that was built upon their return to the United States in 1804 ( now known as Place ) is one of the finest extant examples of architecture . - - = = and state = = - - Soon after his return to the United States , state politics , winning election to the Massachusetts Senate . He was active in the state Party organization , sitting on its secret central committee . He resumed his law practice , in which he took on as a student Daniel Webster . One of the highest profile cases he took on was the 1807 defense of Thomas , accused of murdering Charles Austin . , an older attorney , had been retained to assist in the collection of a debt from Austin 's Republican father . In the politically charged atmosphere of the day in Boston , , fearing for his own safety , had armed himself with a pistol . The younger Austin had , apparently on his own initiative , sought to beat with a cane , and fatally shot him in the encounter . was by Attorney General ( and future gubernatorial opponent ) James Sullivan , and the defense also included arch @-@ Harrison Gray . argued acted in self @-@ defense ; was acquitted of murder by a jury whose was and Paul after fifteen minutes ' . - also resumed business activities upon his return . He invested in a wide variety of businesses and infrastructure , spurring economic activity in the state . His investments ranged widely , including maritime insurance ( where is father @-@ in @-@ law had made his fortune ) , bridges , locks , canals , and textiles . He was a major in the Middlesex Canal , the Bridge ( the first to connect Boston to Cambridge ) , and the Boston Manufacturing Company , whose factory proving the single @-@ site production of textiles was in near his estate . Not all of his ventures panned out : the canal was in the long run a financial failure , as were efforts with other collaborators to develop Point , the Cambridge side of the Bridge . The textile mill , however , was a success , and invested in the Manufacturing Company . When it decided to locate in what is now Lowell , Massachusetts , purchased shares in the of and , which operated ( and still owns today ) the Lowell canals . - In 1806 won election to the State Senate . That year the Republicans were in the majority , and the election for governor was close enough to require a . The legislature the ballots in a partisan manner ( for example , retaining ballots containing versions of Republican James Sullivan 's name and discarding similar ballots marked for Caleb Strong ) . and other raised a public , and the legislature relented , eventually Strong as the winner . - ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts in 1807 and 1808 against a rising tide of in the state , losing both times to moderate Republican James Sullivan . The gained control of the state legislature in 1808 in a backlash against Republican economic policies , but was criticized for his failure to aggressively support state protests against the Act of 1807 , which had a major negative effect on the state 's large merchant fleet . was in 1808 elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives , where he successfully led efforts to ensure the selection of a slate of presidential electors . He also spearheaded actions to drive Senator John Adams from the Party over his support of Thomas Jefferson 's foreign policy . The legislature elected Adams ' successor nine months early , and gave Adams sufficiently instructions that he resigned the post and joined with the Republicans . - - = = Governor = = - - led the to victory in 1809 against Sullivan 's successor , Levi Lincoln , Sr. , who had taken over as acting governor upon Sullivan 's death late in 1808 . During 's term the principal domestic issue occupying state politics was a banking crisis stimulated by the federal policy of trade with Great Britain and France , then embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars . Although the crisis caused a number of bank failures in New England , Massachusetts banks largely escaped unscathed . - Foreign policy played a major role in 's administration . The legislature passed resolves opposing the federal government 's hardline policy against trade and diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom ( then embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars ) , and in early 1810 invited Francis James Jackson , who had been rejected as the UK 's ambassador to the US , to visit the state . This pressure may have played a role in President James Madison 's decision to renew relations with the UK and accept Jackson 's credentials . - The of the war threat , and the choice by the Republicans of the popular Elbridge Gerry as their candidate brought a challenge to control of Massachusetts in the 1810 elections . The Gerry and Republican criticized for his lavish lifestyle , including his palatial residence and activities he organized as governor , and highlighted his family connections while emphasizing Gerry 's patriotism . Gerry won the election . Jackson did visit Boston , but he was greeted not by , but Gerry . ran against Gerry again in 1811 , but lost in another campaign . - was granted an honorary law degree from Harvard in 1809 . He served on the college 's Board of from 1810 to 1815 and as a Fellow from 1816 to 1820 . Harvard 's first library building , a Gothic structure built in 1838 of granite , was named in his honor , but was demolished when Library was built in its place in 1915 . ( This structure is found on the seal of the city of Cambridge . ) One of the residential Winthrop House 's buildings is called Hall in his honor . - - = = United States Senator = = - - In the spring of 1813 , he was appointed by Governor Caleb Strong to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Senator James Lloyd . He served from May 5 , 1813 to May 30 , 1816 , winning reelection to the seat in 1814 . He opposed the ongoing War of 1812 in these years , with his earlier diplomatic experience providing valuable knowledge to interests . He expressed approval of the 1814 Hartford Convention in which the New England states aired grievances concerning Republican governance of the country and the conduct of the war . - to the Treaty of that ended the war , but was unhappy that the nation had not gained anything from the war . He resigned in June 1816 , unhappy with the politics of Washington and suffering from poor health . Although he was no longer active in politics , he continued to express opinions on the subjects of the day , opposing the 1820 Missouri and the " great & " of Governor John Brooks . - - = = Later years and legacy = = - - remained active in the administration of Harvard , and was active in a number of organizations , including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society ( whose president he was from 1806 to 1818 ) . He was also elected a member of the American Society in 1814 . spent most of his later years at his country estate in , suffering from worsening that made walking increasingly difficult . His declining health and lack of social scene in led him in 1822 to return to Boston in the winters . He died on March 1 , 1827 in Boston and is buried in its Ground . - 's wife died in 1834 ; the couple had no children . The major of the estate was Harvard ( which received an estimated $ 100 @,@ 000 ) , although were also made to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society . The estate passed through several hands and was subdivided over time . The mansion was saved from demolition by the Place Society ( established for the purpose of preserving it ) , which now operates it as a museum . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970 . - - - = = - - ( / / ; Latin : Claudius Caesar Augustus ; 15 December 37 AD – 9 June 68 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68 , and the last in the Julio @-@ dynasty . was adopted by his grand @-@ uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor , and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius ' death . - focused much of his attention on diplomacy , trade and enhancing the cultural life of the empire , but according to the historian he was viewed by the Roman people as and corrupt . He ordered theatres built and promoted athletic games . During his reign , the general conducted a successful war and negotiated peace with the Empire . His general crushed a revolt in Britain . annexed the Kingdom to the empire and began the First Jewish – Roman War . - In 64 AD , most of Rome was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome , which many Romans believed himself had started in order to clear land for his planned palatial complex , the . In 68 , the rebellion of in Gaul and later the acclamation of in drove from the throne . Facing a false report of being denounced as a public enemy who was to be executed , he committed suicide on 9 June 68 ( the first Roman emperor to do so ) . His death ended the Julio @-@ dynasty , sparking a brief period of civil wars known as the Year of the Four . 's rule is often associated with and extravagance . He is known for many executions , including that of his mother , and the probable murder by poison of his . - was to have had captured Christians dipped in oil and set on fire in his garden at night as a source of light . This view is based on the writings of , and , the main surviving sources for 's reign , but a few surviving sources paint in a more favourable light . Some sources , including some mentioned above , portray him as an emperor who was popular with the common Roman people , especially in the East . Some modern historians question the reliability of ancient sources when reporting on 's acts . - - = = Early life = = - - - = = = Family = = = - - Lucius , , was born on 15 December 37 in ( modern and ) , near Rome . He was the only son of and the Younger , sister of Emperor . - 's father , , was the son of Lucius ( consul 16 BC ) and Major . was thus the grandson of ( consul 32 BC ) and probably on his father 's side , and the grandson of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor on his mother 's side . Thus , had as his paternal grandmother Major , and also claimed more remote descent from Minor as a great @-@ grandson — later grandson after Claudius adopted him . - Through Octavia , was the great @-@ nephew of Caesar Augustus . 's father had been employed as a and was a member of 's staff when the latter travelled to the East ( some apparently think refers to Augustus 's adopted son Caesar here , but this is not likely ) . - 's father was described by as a murderer and a who was charged by Emperor with treason , adultery and . died , allowing him to escape these charges . 's father died of ( " " ) in 39 when was two . - 's mother was the Younger , a great @-@ granddaughter of Caesar Augustus and his wife through their daughter Julia the Elder and her husband Marcus . 's father , , was a grandson of Augustus 's wife , , on one side and to Mark Antony and Octavia on the other . ' mother Minor , was a daughter of Octavia Minor and Mark Antony . Octavia was Augustus ' elder sister . was also the adopted son of . poisoned her second husband , so many ancient historians also accuse her of murdering her third husband , the emperor Claudius . - - = = = Ancestry and family = = = - - - = = = Rise to power = = = - - was not expected to become Emperor because his maternal uncle , , had begun his reign at the age of 24 with enough time to produce his own heir . 's mother , , lost favour with and was exiled in 39 after her husband 's death . seized 's inheritance and sent him to be brought up by his less wealthy aunt , , who was the mother of Valeria , Claudius 's third wife . , his wife and their infant daughter Julia were murdered on 24 January 41 . These events led Claudius , 's uncle , to become emperor . Claudius allowed to return from exile . - Claudius had married twice before marrying Valeria . His previous marriages produced three children including a son , , who died at a young age . He had two children with – Octavia ( born 40 ) and ( born 41 ) . was executed by Claudius in the year 48 . - In 49 AD , Claudius married a fourth time , to 's mother , despite her being his niece . To aid Claudius politically , young was adopted in 50 and took the name Claudius Caesar ( see adoption in Rome ) . was older than his , and thus became heir to the throne . - was proclaimed an adult in 51 at the age of 14 . He was appointed , entered and first addressed the Senate , made joint public appearances with Claudius , and was featured in coinage . In 53 , he married his Octavia . - - = = Emperor ( 54 – 68 AD ) = = - - - = = = Early rule = = = - - Claudius died in 54 and , taking the name Claudius Caesar Augustus , was established as Emperor . Though accounts vary , many ancient historians state poisoned Claudius . According to Pliny the Elder , she used poison mushrooms . It is not known how much knew or if he was even involved in the death of Claudius . - wrote " ... for even if he was not the instigator of the emperor 's death , he was at least privy to it , as he openly admitted ; for he used afterwards to mushrooms , the vehicle in which the poison was administered to Claudius , as " the food of the gods , " as the Greek has it . At any rate , after Claudius ' death he vented on him every kind of insult , in act and word , charging him now with and now with cruelty ; for it was a favourite joke of his to say that Claudius had ceased " to play the fool " among mortals , the first syllable of the word , and he many of his decrees and acts as the work of a and a . Finally , he neglected to the place where his body was burned except with a low and mean wall . " - According to ; became Emperor at the age of 17 when the news of Claudius ' death was made known , making him the youngest emperor at that time Although , what may have meant is that he was in his seventeenth year as his date of birth , also listed by , would have made him 16 at the time of Claudius ' death . , in book XIII of his Annals , describes as being ' scarcely out of his ' at the time he became emperor . Ancient historians describe 's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother , , his tutor Lucius Seneca , and the , especially in the first year . Other tutors were less often mentioned , such as Alexander of . - Very early in 's rule , problems arose from competition for influence between and 's two main advisers , Seneca and . also attempted to influence the young . also is mentioned by ancient sources as " for her son ( ) " . This continued as is evidenced by the coin of the both of them . It is extremely unusual to see a women 's face on a coin in the ancient world . It is because of this position of power felt jealous as Seneca in particular rose up in 's court as he offered the advice wanted to hear unlike his mother . - In 54 , tried to sit down next to while he met with an Armenian envoy , but Seneca stopped her and prevented a scene ( as it was at that time for a woman to be in the same room as men doing official business ) . 's friends also and told to of his mother . - was reportedly unsatisfied with his marriage to Octavia and entered into an affair with , a former slave . In 55 , attempted to intervene in favor of Octavia and demanded that her son dismiss . , with the support of Seneca , resisted the intervention of his mother in his personal affairs . - With 's influence over her son severed , she reportedly began pushing for , 's , to become emperor . Nearly fourteen @-@ year @-@ old , heir @-@ designate prior to 's adoption , was still legally a minor , but was approaching legal adulthood . According to , hoped that with her support , , being the blood son of Claudius , would be seen as the true heir to the throne by the state over . However , the youth died suddenly and suspiciously on 12 February 55 , the very day before his proclamation as an adult had been set . - claimed that died from an seizure , but ancient historians all claim ' death came from 's poisoning him . , he enlisted the services of , a woman who specialized in the manufacture of poisons . She devised a mixture to kill , but after testing it unsuccessfully on a slave , angrily threatened to have her put to death if she did not come up with something usable . then devised a new that she promised would " kill than a viper . " - Her promise was fulfilled after consumed it at a dinner party from water used to cool his wine , which had already been , and succumbed within minutes . After the death of , was accused of Octavia and ordered her out of the imperial residence . - - = = = and consolidation of power = = = - - Over time , became progressively more powerful , freeing himself of his advisers and eliminating rivals to the throne . In 55 , he removed Marcus Antonius Pallas , an ally of , from his position in the treasury . Pallas , along with , was accused of conspiring against the Emperor to bring to the throne . Seneca was accused of having relations with and . Seneca succeeded in having himself , Pallas and acquitted . According to , at this time , Seneca and reduced their role in governing from careful management to mere of . - In 58 , became romantically involved with , the wife of his friend and future emperor . Reportedly because a marriage to and a divorce from Octavia did not seem politically feasible with alive , ordered the murder of his mother in 59 . A number of modern historians find this an unlikely motive as did not marry until 62 . - Additionally , according to , did not divorce her husband until after 's death , making it unlikely that the already married would be pressing for marriage . Some modern historians that 's execution of was prompted by her plotting to set on the throne . According to , tried to kill his mother through a planned by his tutor . Instead , it took the life of 's friend , . When survived , he had her executed by and framed it as a suicide . The incident is also recorded by . - In 62 , 's adviser , , died . Additionally , Seneca was again faced with charges . Seneca asked for permission to retire from public affairs . divorced and banished Octavia on grounds of infertility , leaving him free to marry the pregnant . After public protests , was forced to allow Octavia to return from exile , but she was executed shortly after her return . - also was reported to have kicked to death in 65 before she could have his second child . However , modern historians , noting , and 's possible bias against and the likelihood that they did not have accounts of private events , that may have died because of complications of or childbirth . - of treason being plotted against and the Senate first appeared in 62 . The Senate ruled that , a , should be put to death for speaking ill of at a party . Later , ordered the exile of who the Senate in a book . writes that the roots of the conspiracy led by began in this year . To consolidate power , executed a number of people in 62 and 63 including his rivals Pallas , and . According to , " showed neither discrimination nor in putting to death he pleased " during this period . - 's consolidation of power also included a slow of authority from the Senate . In 54 , promised to give the Senate powers equivalent to those under Republican rule . By 65 , complained that they had no power left and this led to the conspiracy . - - = = = Other relationships = = = - - When 's wife died in 65 , went into deep mourning . Her body was not , it was with spices , embalmed and put in the of Augustus . She was given a state funeral . praised her during the funeral and gave her divine honors . It is said that " burned ten years ' worth of Arabia 's incense production at her funeral . - In the beginning of 66 , he married . She was already married when she became 's mistress in 65 AD , with 's husband being driven to suicide in 66 , so could marry . She was one of the few of 's courtiers who survived the fall of his reign . - In 67 , ordered a young , , to be and then married him . According to Dion , bore an resemblance to , and even called him by his dead wife 's name . - - = = = Administrative policies = = = - - Over the course of his reign , often made that pleased the lower class . was criticized as being obsessed with personal popularity . - began his reign in 54 by promising the Senate more autonomy . In this first year , he forbade others to refer to him with regard to , for which he was praised by the Senate . was known for spending his time visiting and during this period . - In 55 , began taking on a more active role as an administrator . He was consul four times between 55 and 60 . During this period , some ancient historians speak fairly well of and contrast it with his later rule . - Under , restrictions were put on the amount of bail and fines . Also , fees for lawyers were limited . There was a discussion in the Senate on the of the freedmen class , and a strong demand was made that patrons should have the right of freedom . supported the freedmen and ruled that patrons had no such right . - The Senate tried to pass a law in which the crimes of one slave applied to all slaves within a household . Despite riots from the people , supported the Senate on their measure , and deployed troops to organise the execution of 400 slaves affected by the law . However , he vetoed strong measures against the freedmen affected by the case . - After tax collectors were accused of being too harsh to the poor , transferred collection authority to lower commissioners . banned any magistrate or from exhibiting public entertainment for fear that the venue was being used as a method to sway the populace . Additionally , there were many and of government officials along with arrests for and corruption . - When further complaints arose that the poor were being overly , attempted to repeal all indirect taxes . The Senate convinced him this action would bankrupt the public treasury . As a compromise , taxes were cut from 4 @.@ 5 % to 2 @.@ 5 % . Additionally , secret government tax records were ordered to become public . To lower the cost of food imports , merchant ships were declared tax @-@ exempt . - In imitation of the Greeks , built a number of and theatres . shows were also held . also established the . The festival included games , poetry , and theater . Historians indicate that there was a belief that theatre led to . Others considered that to have performers dressed in Greek clothing was old fashioned . Some questioned the large public expenditure on entertainment . - In 64 , Rome burned . enacted a public relief effort as well as significant reconstruction . A number of other major construction projects occurred in 's late reign . had the marshes of filled with rubble from the fire . He erected the large . In 67 , attempted to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of . Ancient historians state that these projects and others exacerbated the drain on the State 's budget . - The cost to rebuild Rome was immense , requiring funds the state treasury did not have . the Roman currency for the first time in the Empire 's history . He reduced the weight of the from 84 per Roman pound to 96 ( 3 @.@ 85 grams to 3 @.@ 35 grams ) . He also reduced the silver purity from 99 @.@ 5 % to 93 @.@ 5 % — the silver weight dropping from 3 @.@ 83 grams to 3 @.@ 4 grams . Furthermore , reduced the weight of the from 40 per Roman pound to 45 ( 8 grams to 7 @.@ 2 grams ) . - Between 62 and 67 , according to the Elder and Seneca , promoted an expedition to discover the sources of the Nile River . It was the first exploration of equatorial Africa from Europe in history . However , 's expedition up the Nile failed upon reaching the impenetrable of present @-@ day South Sudan . - The economic policy of is a point of debate among scholars . According to ancient historians , 's construction projects were overly extravagant and the large number of under left Italy " thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money " with " the provinces ruined . " Modern historians , though , note that the period was riddled with and that it is likely that 's spending came in the form of public works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles . - - = = = Great Fire of Rome ( 64 AD ) = = = - - The Great Fire of Rome erupted on the night of 18 July to 19 July 64 . The fire started at the southeastern end of the Circus in shops selling flammable goods . - The extent of the fire is uncertain . According to , who was nine at the time of the fire , it spread quickly and burned for over five days . It destroyed three of fourteen Roman districts and severely damaged seven . The only other historian who lived through the period and mentioned the fire is Pliny the Elder , who wrote about it in passing . Other historians who lived through the period ( including , , and ) make no mention of it in what remains of their work . - It is uncertain who or what actually caused the fire — whether accident or . and favor as the , so he could build a palatial complex . mentions that Christians confessed to the crime , but it is not known whether these were induced by torture . However , accidental fires were common in ancient Rome . In fact , Rome suffered other large fires in 69 and in 80 . - It was said by and that sang the " of " in stage costume while the city burned . Popular legend claims that played the at the time of the fire , an anachronism based merely on the concept of the , a instrument associated with and his performances . ( The was not invented until the 10th century . ) 's account , however , has in at the time of the fire . also said that playing his and singing while the city burned was only rumor . - According to , upon hearing news of the fire , returned to Rome to organize a relief effort , which he paid for from his own funds . 's contributions to the relief extended to personally taking part in the search for and rescue of victims of the , spending days searching the debris without even his . After the fire , opened his palaces to provide shelter for the homeless , and arranged for food supplies to be delivered in order to prevent starvation among the survivors . - In the wake of the fire , he made a new urban development plan . Houses after the fire were spaced out , built in brick , and faced by on wide roads . also built a new palace complex known as the in an area cleared by the fire . This included lush artificial landscapes and a 30 @-@ meter @-@ tall statue of himself , the of . The size of this complex is debated ( from 100 to 300 acres ) . To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction , tributes were imposed on the provinces of the empire . - , in one of the earliest non @-@ Christian references to the origins of Christianity , notes that the population searched for a and rumors held responsible . To blame , targeted Christians . He ordered Christians to be thrown to dogs , while others were and burned . - - = = = Public performances = = = - - enjoyed driving a one @-@ horse chariot , singing to the and poetry . He even composed songs that were performed by other throughout the empire . At first , only performed for a private audience . - In 64 AD . , began singing in public in in order to improve his popularity . He also sang at the second in 65 . It was said that the attention , but historians also write that was encouraged to sing and perform in public by the Senate , his inner circle and the people . Ancient historians strongly criticize his choice to perform , calling it . - was persuaded to participate in the Olympic Games of 67 in order to improve relations with Greece and display Roman dominance . As a competitor , raced a ten @-@ horse chariot and nearly died after being thrown from it . He also performed as an actor and a singer . Though in his racing ( in one case , dropping out entirely before the end ) and acting competitions , he won these crowns nevertheless and them when he returned to Rome . The victories are attributed to the judges and his status as emperor . - - = = = War and peace with = = = - - Shortly after 's accession to the throne in 54 , the Roman vassal kingdom of Armenia their Iberian prince and he was replaced with the prince . This was seen as a invasion of Roman territory . There was concern in Rome over how the young Emperor would handle the situation . reacted by immediately sending the military to the region under the command of . The temporarily relinquished control of Armenia to Rome . - The peace did not last and full @-@ scale war broke out in 58 . The king I refused to remove his brother from Armenia . The began a full @-@ scale invasion of the Armenian kingdom . Commander responded and repelled most of the army that same year . retreated and Rome again controlled most of Armenia . - was acclaimed in public for this initial victory . , a noble raised in Rome , was installed by as the new ruler of Armenia . was appointed governor of Syria as a reward . - In 62 , invaded the province of . Again , Rome and were at war and this continued until 63 . began building up for a strike against the Roman province of Syria . tried to convince to continue the war , but opted for a peace deal instead . There was anxiety in Rome about eastern grain supplies and a budget deficit . - The result was a deal where again became the Armenian king , but was crowned in Rome by Emperor . In the future , the king of Armenia was to be a prince , but his appointment required approval from the Romans . was forced to come to Rome and in ceremonies meant to display Roman dominance . - This peace deal of 63 was a considerable victory for politically . became very popular in the eastern provinces of Rome and with the as well . The peace between and Rome lasted 50 years until Emperor Trajan of Rome invaded Armenia in 114 . - - = = = Other major power struggles and rebellions = = = - - The war with was not 's only major war but he was both criticized and praised for an aversion to battle . Like many emperors , faced a number of rebellions and power struggles within the empire . - British of 60 – 61 ( 's Uprising ) - In 60 , a major rebellion broke out in the province of Britannia . While the governor and his troops were busy capturing the island of Mona ( Anglesey ) from the , the tribes of the southeast staged a revolt led by queen of the . and her troops destroyed three cities before the army of could return , receive reinforcements , and quell the rebellion in 61 . Fearing himself would provoke further rebellion , replaced him with the more passive . - The of 65 - In 65 , , a Roman statesman , organized a conspiracy against with the help of and , a and a of the Guard . According to , many conspirators wished to " rescue the state " from the emperor and restore the Republic . The discovered the conspiracy and reported it to 's secretary , . As a result , the conspiracy failed and its members were executed including , the poet . 's previous advisor , Seneca was ordered to commit suicide after admitting he discussed the plot with the conspirators . - The First Jewish War of 66 – 70 - In 66 , there was a Jewish revolt in Judea stemming from Greek and Jewish religious tension . In 67 , dispatched to restore order . This revolt was eventually put down in 70 , after 's death . This revolt is famous for Romans breaching the walls of Jerusalem and destroying the Second Temple of Jerusalem . - - = = = The revolt of and and the death of = = = - - In March 68 , Julius , the governor of Gallia , rebelled against 's tax policies . Lucius Rufus , the governor of Superior , was ordered to put down 's rebellion . In an attempt to gain support from outside his own province , called upon , the governor of , to join the rebellion and further , to declare himself emperor in opposition to . - At the Battle of in May 68 , ' forces easily defeated those of and the latter committed suicide . However , after putting down this one rebel , ' attempted to proclaim their own commander as Emperor . refused to act against , but the discontent of the of Germany and the continued opposition of in Spain did not well for him . - While had retained some control of the situation , support for increased despite his being officially declared a public enemy . The prefect of the Guard , , also abandoned his allegiance to the Emperor and came out in support for . - In response , fled Rome with the intention of going to the port of and , from there , to take a fleet to one of the still @-@ loyal eastern provinces . According to , abandoned the idea when some army officers openly refused to obey his commands , responding with a line from 's : " Is it so a thing then to die ? " then with the idea of fleeing to , throwing himself upon the mercy of , or to appeal to the people and beg them to pardon him for his past offences " and if he could not their hearts , to them at least to allow him the prefecture of Egypt " . reports that the text of this speech was later found in 's writing desk , but that he not give it from fear of being torn to pieces before he could reach the . - returned to Rome and spent the evening in the palace . After sleeping , he at about midnight to find the palace guard had left . messages to his friends ' palace chambers for them to come , he received no answers . Upon going to their chambers personally , he found them all abandoned . When he called for a or anyone else adept with a sword to kill him , no one appeared . He cried , " Have I neither friend nor ? " and ran out as if to throw himself into the Tiber . - Returning , sought for some place where he could hide and collect his thoughts . An imperial , , offered his villa , located 4 miles outside the city . Travelling in disguise , and four loyal freedmen , , , , and , reached the villa , where ordered them to dig a grave for him . - At this time , a arrived with a report that the Senate had declared a public enemy and that it was their intention to execute him by beating him to death and that armed men had been sent to apprehend him for the act to take place in the . The Senate actually was still reluctant and on the right course of action as was the last member of the Julio @-@ Family . Indeed , most of the had served the imperial family all their lives and felt a sense of loyalty to the deified bloodline , if not to himself . The men actually had the goal of returning back to the Senate , where the Senate hoped to work out a compromise with the governors that would preserve 's life , so that at least a future heir to the dynasty could be produced . - , however , did not know this , and at the news brought by the , he prepared himself for suicide , pacing up and down " " which translates to English as " What an artist dies in me . " his , he first for one of his companions to set an example by first killing himself . At last , the sound of approaching horsemen drove to face the end . However , he still could not bring himself to take his own life but instead he forced his private secretary , , to perform the task . - When one of the horsemen entered , upon his seeing all but dead he attempted to stop the bleeding in vain . 's final words were " Too late ! This is fidelity ! " He died on 9 June 68 , the anniversary of the death of Octavia , and was buried in the of the , in what is now the Villa ( Hill ) area of Rome . - With his death , the Julio @-@ dynasty ended . The Senate , when news of his death reached Rome , posthumously declared a public enemy to appease the coming ( as the Senate had initially declared as a public enemy ) and proclaimed the new emperor . Chaos would ensue in the year of the Four . - - = = = Post mortem = = = - - According to and , the people of Rome celebrated the death of . , though , describes a more complicated political environment . mentions that 's death was welcomed by Senators , nobility and the upper class . The lower @-@ class , slaves , of the arena and the theater , and " those who were supported by the famous excesses of " , on the other hand , were upset with the news . Members of the military were said to have mixed feelings , as they had allegiance to , but were to overthrow him . - Eastern sources , namely II and of , mention that 's death was as he " restored the liberties of with a wisdom and quite alien to his character " and that he " held our liberties in his hand and respected them . " - Modern scholarship generally holds that , while the Senate and more well @-@ off individuals welcomed 's death , the general populace was " loyal to the end and beyond , for and both thought it worthwhile to appeal to their nostalgia . " - 's name was erased from some monuments , in what Edward regards as an " outburst of private zeal " . Many portraits of were reworked to represent other figures ; according to Eric R. , over fifty such images survive . This reworking of images is often explained as part of the way in which the memory of disgraced emperors was condemned posthumously ( see ) . , however , doubts that the practice is necessarily negative and notes that some continued to create images of long after his death . - The civil war during the year of the Four was described by ancient historians as a period . According to , this instability was rooted in the fact that emperors could no longer rely on the perceived legitimacy of the imperial bloodline , as and those before him could . began his short reign with the execution of many allies of and possible future enemies . One such notable enemy included , who claimed to be the son of Emperor . - . was said to be liked by many soldiers because he had been a friend of 's and resembled him somewhat in temperament . It was said that the common Roman hailed as himself . used " " as a surname and many statues to . . began his reign with a large funeral for complete with songs written by . - After 's suicide in 68 , there was a widespread belief , especially in the eastern provinces , that he was not dead and somehow would return . This belief came to be known as the Legend . - The legend of 's return lasted for hundreds of years after 's death . Augustine of wrote of the legend as a popular belief in 422 . - At least three emerged leading rebellions . The first , who sang and played the or and whose face was similar to that of the dead emperor , appeared in 69 during the reign of . After persuading some to recognize him , he was captured and executed . during the reign of Titus ( 79 – 81 ) , another appeared in Asia and sang to the accompaniment of the and looked like but he , too , was killed . Twenty years after 's death , during the reign of , there was a third . He was supported by the , who only gave him up , and the matter almost came to war . - - = = Physical appearance = = - - In his book The Lives of the Twelve , describes as " about the average height , his body marked with spots and , his hair light blonde , his features regular rather than attractive , his eyes blue and somewhat weak , his neck over thick , his belly prominent , and his legs very slender . " - - = = Historiography = = - - The history of 's reign is problematic in that no historical sources survived that were contemporary with . These first histories at one time did exist and were described as biased and , either overly critical or praising of . The original sources were also said to contradict on a number of events . Nonetheless , these lost primary sources were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on written by the next generations of historians . A few of the contemporary historians are known by name . , Rufus and Pliny the Elder all wrote condemning histories on that are now lost . There were also pro @-@ histories , but it is unknown who wrote them or for what was praised . - The bulk of what is known of comes from , and , who were all of the class . and wrote their histories on over fifty years after his death , while wrote his history over 150 years after 's death . These sources contradict on a number of events in 's life including the death of Claudius , the death of , and the Roman fire of 64 , but they are consistent in their condemnation of . - A handful of other sources also add a limited and varying perspective on . Few surviving sources paint in a favourable light . Some sources , though , portray him as a competent emperor who was popular with the Roman people , especially in the east . - - ( c . 155 – ) was the son of , a Roman senator . He passed the greater part of his life in public service . He was a senator under and governor of after the death of Septimius ; and afterwards consul around 205 , and also in Africa and . - Books 61 – 63 of 's Roman History describe the reign of . Only fragments of these books remain and what does remain was abridged and altered by John , an 11th @-@ century monk . - - ( c . 40 – 120 ) , a Greek philosopher and historian , wrote the Roman people were very happy with and would have allowed him to rule indefinitely . They for his rule once he was gone and embraced when they appeared : - Indeed the truth about this has not come out even yet ; for so far as the rest of his subjects were concerned , there was nothing to prevent his continuing to be Emperor for all time , seeing that even now everybody wishes he were still alive . And the great majority do believe that he still is , although in a certain sense he has died not once but often along with those who had been firmly convinced that he was still alive . - - ( c . 55 – 135 ) was the slave to 's . He makes a few passing negative comments on 's character in his work , but makes no remarks on the nature of his rule . He describes as a spoiled , angry and unhappy man . - - The historian ( c . 37 – 100 ) , while calling a , was also the first to mention bias against . Of other historians , he said : - But I any further discourse about these affairs ; for there have been a great many who have composed the history of ; some of which have departed from the truth of facts out of favour , as having received benefits from him ; while others , out of hatred to him , and the great ill @-@ will which they bore him , have so against him with their lies , that they deserve to be condemned . Nor do I wonder at such as have told lies of , since they have not in their writings preserved the truth of history as to those facts that were earlier than his time , even when the actors could have no way incurred their hatred , since those writers lived a long time after them . - - Though more of a poet than historian , ( c . 39 – 65 ) has one of the accounts of 's rule . He writes of peace and prosperity under in contrast to previous war and . Ironically , he was later involved in a conspiracy to overthrow and was executed . - - II " the " ( c . 172 – 250 ) spoke of in the Life of ( Books 4 – 5 ) . Though he has a generally bad or dim view of , he speaks of others ' positive reception of in the East . - Pliny the Elder - The history of by Pliny the Elder ( c . 24 – 79 ) did not survive . Still , there are several references to in Pliny 's Natural . Pliny has one of the worst opinions of and calls him an " enemy of mankind . " - - ( c . 46 – 127 ) mentions indirectly in his account of the Life of and the Life of . is portrayed as a , but those that replace him are not described as better . - Seneca the Younger - It is not surprising that Seneca ( c . 4 BC – 65 ) , 's teacher and advisor , writes very well of . - - ( c . 69 – 130 ) was a member of the order , and he was the head of the department of the imperial correspondence . While in this position , started writing biographies of the emperors , the and sensational aspects . - - The Annals by ( c . 56 – 117 ) is the most detailed and comprehensive history on the rule of , despite being incomplete after the year 66 . described the rule of the Julio @-@ emperors as generally unjust . He also thought that existing writing on them was : - The histories of , , Claudius and , while they were in power , were falsified through terror , and after their death were written under the irritation of a recent hatred . - was the son of a , who married into the elite family of . He entered his political life as a senator after 's death and , by ' own admission , owed much to 's rivals . that this bias may be apparent to others , protests that his writing is true . - - In published in Basel his , which was one of the first historical references of the Modern era to portray in a positive light . - - = = in Jewish and Christian tradition = = - - - = = = Jewish tradition = = = - - At the end of 66 , conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea . According to the Talmud , went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions . All the arrows landed in the city . He then asked a passing child to repeat the verse he had learned that day . The child responded , " I will lay my vengeance upon by the hand of my people Israel " ( . 25 @,@ 14 ) . became , believing that God wanted the Temple in Jerusalem to be destroyed , but would punish the one to carry it out . said , " He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me , " whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such . was then dispatched to put down the rebellion . - The Talmud adds that the sage Baal , Rabbi or Rabbi Baal ( Rabbi the miracle maker ) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the a prominent supporter of the Bar rebellion against Roman rule . He was considered one of the greatest of the of the third generation ( 139 @-@ 163 ) . According to the Talmud , his father was a descendant of the Roman Emperor who had converted to Judaism . His wife is one of the few women cited in the . He is the third most frequently mentioned sage in the . - Roman and Greek sources nowhere report 's alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism . There is also no record of having any offspring who survived infancy : his only recorded child , Augusta , died aged 4 months . - - = = = Christian tradition = = = - - Non @-@ Christian historian describes extensively and executing Christians after the fire of 64 . also mentions punishing Christians , though he does so because they are " given to a new and mischievous superstition " and does not connect it with the fire . - Christian writer ( c . 155 – 230 ) was the first to call the first of Christians . He wrote , " your records . There you will find that was the first that persecuted this doctrine " . ( c . 240 – 320 ) also said that " first persecuted the servants of God " . as does . However , writes that , " since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of , he [ emperor Claudius ] expelled them from Rome " ( " " ) . These expelled " Jews " may have been early Christians , although is not explicit . Nor is the Bible explicit , calling Aquila of Pontus and his wife , , both expelled from Italy at the time , " Jews " . - - = = = = of Peter and Paul = = = = - - The first text to suggest that ordered the execution of an is a letter by Clement to the traditional dated to around 96 The Ascension of Isaiah , a Christian writing from the 2nd century says , " the of his mother , who himself ( even ) this king , will the plant which the Twelve Apostles of the Beloved have planted . Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands " was interpreted to mean . - Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea ( c . 275 – ) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded in Rome during the reign of . He states that 's persecution led to Peter and Paul 's deaths , but that did not give any specific orders . However , several other accounts going back to the 1st century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travelling to , before facing trial in Rome again prior to his death . - Peter is first said to have been upside @-@ down in Rome during 's reign ( but not by ) in the Acts of Peter ( c . 200 ) . The account ends with Paul still alive and by God 's command not to any more Christians . - By the 4th century , a number of writers were stating that killed Peter and Paul . - - = = = = The = = = = - - The , Book 5 and 8 , written in the 2nd century , speak of returning and bringing destruction . Within Christian communities , these writings , along with others , fueled the belief that would return as the . In 310 , wrote that " suddenly disappeared , and even the burial place of that wild beast was nowhere to be seen . This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that , having been conveyed to a distant region , he is still reserved alive ; and to him they apply the verses " , maintains that it is not right to believe this . - In 422 , Augustine of wrote about 2 2 : 1 – 11 , where he believed Paul mentioned the coming of the . Though he rejects the theory , Augustine mentions that many Christians believed that was the or would return as the . He wrote , " so that in saying , ' For the mystery of already work , ' he alluded to , whose already seemed to be as the of . " - Some modern biblical scholars such as ( Johns Hopkins University ) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford & Harper Collins Study Bibles , contend that the number in the Book of Revelation is a code for , a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic Biblical commentaries . - The concept of as the is often a central belief of . - - - = Manila = - - Manila ( / / ) is the capital city of the Philippines , founded on June 24 , by Spanish Miguel López de . It is one of the oldest cities in the country and was the seat of power for most of the colonial rules of the Philippines . It is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and contains a multitude of landmarks , some of which date back to the 16th century , such as the Spanish colonial era City of . - Manila is the second most populous city in the Philippines after the former capital City with a population of 1 @,@ 780 @,@ 148 in 2015 . Because of its small land area and huge population , Manila is regarded as one of the most densely populated cities in the world with 42 @,@ people per square kilometer . Manila is one of the sixteen cities and a municipality that make up Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . In 2012 , and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city . - Manila has six representative districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress . Furthermore , the city is composed of 16 districts , namely : , , , , , , Port Area , , , San Andres , San Miguel , San Nicolas , Santa , Santa Cruz , Santa Mesa and . - The Kingdom of once ruled in the vicinity of Manila before it briefly became a province of the Hindu Empire . During the invasion of the Philippines , Sultan of captured ( a village in modern @-@ day Manila ) and renamed it , a term referring to the presence of the shrub . was a vassal state of , established to . had been since the sixth century CE and earlier . It had become partly Islamic and Hindu @-@ by the 15th century CE . - In Spanish arrived from Mexico , from across the Pacific , and founded present @-@ day Manila in what today is . Spanish missionaries soon the city and incorporated under Manila and then built some of the oldest churches in the country , including San Agustin Church . The renamed the area de ( New Kingdom of ) and shortened the name to Manila . - Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila @-@ Acapulco trade route , linking Spanish America with Asia , one of the earliest examples of . Due to the central location in the Pacific sea trade routes , Manila received the moniker of the " Pearl of the " . Spanish rule of Manila and the entire Philippine archipelago lasted for over three centuries , until 1898 . At different times during the long Spanish period there were local , Chinese , massive pirate attacks , great earthquakes , Dutch raids and invasion attempts , and a British occupation of the city during their unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Philippines . Order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade . In the 19th century Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia . Before the Spanish – American War , Manila saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution . Under the American rule following the Spanish – American War , the United States changed the official language from Spanish to English and made some changes in education , local laws and urban planning . Towards the end of World War II , during the Battle of Manila most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force . As a result , relatively little remains of Manila 's prewar and colonial architecture , although there are ongoing restoration projects , especially within the old walled city , . - - = = History = = - - The earliest evidence of human life in and around the area of Manila is the nearby dated to around 3000 BC . Furthermore , , a class of peoples , became the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines . They were found across Luzon before the @-@ migrated in and assimilated them . - The Kingdom of flourished during the latter half of the Ming Dynasty as a result of direct trade relations with China . district was maintained as the traditional capital of the empire , with its rulers as sovereign kings and not mere chieftains , and were addressed variously as or in ( " lords " ) ; ( " son of heaven " ) ; or ( " lord of the palace " ) , the Emperor of China considered the ( rulers of ancient Manila ) " " ( Kings ) . - In the 13th century , Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter at the shores of the River , on top of previous older towns . Manila was then settled by the empire of as referenced in the epic poem which inscribed its conquest by . " ् ् " which is a historical name for the city of Manila is listed in 14 alongside , which is now , and . - During the reign of Sultan from to , the Empire invaded , wanting to take advantage of 's China trade by attacking its environs and establishing " " ( The Kingdom of ) . They ruled under and gave yearly tribute to the Sultanate of as its satellite state . They established a new dynasty under the local leader who accepted Islam and became or I. He also established a trading challenge to the already rich House of in . Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Arab @-@ Indian area and Southeast Asia . Manila was temporarily besieged by the invasion of Chinese pirate @-@ warlord ( ) but was thwarted by the local inhabitants , before it became the seat of the colonial government of Spain . - On June 24 , , Spanish Miguel López de arrived from New Spain ( now Mexico ) , and then exercised rule of the Spanish city of Manila as a territory of New Spain with the establishment of a city council in what today is the district of . López de had the local royalty executed or exiled , after the failure of the ; a plot wherein an alliance between Japanese merchants , Luzon 's with several and plus the Empire would band together to execute the Spaniards and their Latin @-@ American mercenaries , and allies . At the conclusion of which , the victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines , which the empire would control for the next three centuries , from to 1898 . - Manila then became famous during the Manila @-@ Acapulco trade which lasted for three centuries and brought goods from Europe , Africa and Latin America across the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia ( Which was already an for goods coming from India , Indonesia and China ) and trade also flowed vice versa . Silver that was mined in Mexico and Peru were exchanged for Chinese silk , Indian gems , and the spices of the Southeast Asia , some of which even flowed to Europe . Likewise wines and olives grown from Europe and North Africa were via Mexico towards Manila . - Manila was occupied by British forces for twenty months , from to 1764 , and used as a base for an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Philippines during the Seven Years ' War . Eventually , the British withdrew from Manila as per agreements in the 1763 Treaty of Paris . The Chinese were punished for supporting the British invasion , and the small fortress @-@ city of , mostly populated by Europeans and , kept its cannons pointed at , the world 's oldest . - Mexican Independence in 1821 necessitated direct rule from Spain . Under direct Spanish rule , banking , industry and education flourished more than it had in the previous two centuries . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain . - The growing wealth and education attracted indigenous , Chinese , Indians , , and Europeans from the provinces to Manila , all of whom elected a nascent citizenship regardless of ethnicity . The developments also facilitated the rise of an class which liberal ideas , the ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution which sought independence from Spain . - After the Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) , Spain ceded the surrendered city of Manila to the United States . The First Philippine Republic based at nearby fought against the Americans for control of the city of Manila . The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured president Emilio who announced allegiance to the United States on April 1 , 1901 . - Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901 , the Americans made official what had long been tacit : that the City of Manila was not alone but also all its . The new city charter proclaimed that Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts — presumably , , Santa Cruz , , San Miguel , , Santa , , , and . In addition to these , the Church recognized five parishes as — namely , , , @-@ , Santa Mesa and . Later times would add two more : and San Andres . - Under American control , a new civilian oriented Insular Government headed by then Governor @-@ General William Howard Taft invited city Daniel for the transformation of Manila , to adapt the old city to changed times and modern needs . The Plan included development of the road system , the use of waterways for transportation , and of Manila with the improvement of , construction of parks , and various building for various activities . - The latter included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field , which extends from to the present Taft Avenue . The Philippine Capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field , facing toward the sea , and would form , with the buildings of different government and departments , a , in the center , and a monument to José at its end . Of 's proposed government center , only three units — the Legislative Building and the building of the Finance and Agricultural departments — were completed when World War II erupted . - Due to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines , American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from the city and all military installations were removed on December 24 , 1941 . General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further death and destruction ; despite this , the Japanese continued to bomb the city . Manila was occupied by the Japanese forces on January 2 , 1942 . - Manila was also the site of the battle in the Pacific theater during the Second World War . After falling to the Empire of Japan on January 2 , 1942 , it was recaptured by joint American and troops from February 3 to March 3 , 1945 . Some 100 @,@ 000 civilians were killed in Manila in February 1945 . It was the second most devastated city in the world after Warsaw during the Second World War . At the end of World War II , almost all of the structures in the city , particularly , were destroyed but after the war , reconstruction took place . - In 1948 , President moved the seat of government of the Philippines to City , a new capital city in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila , created in 1938 by former President Manuel L. , which was named after him . The move ended any implementation of the Plan 's intent for the government centre to be at . - With the @-@ born as its first elected mayor in 1952 ( all mayors were appointed prior to this ) , Manila underwent The Golden Age , once again earning its status as the " Pearl of the " , a moniker it earned before the Second World War . After 's term in the 1950s , Manila was led by Antonio for most of the 1960s . Ramon ( an Indian @-@ ) was mayor for nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986 People Power Revolution . , , and are often collectively considered as the " Big Three of Manila " less for their rather long as the city 's chief executive ( continuously for over three decades , from 1952 – 1986 ) , but more for their contribution to the development and progress of the city and their lasting legacy in the quality of life and welfare of the people of Manila . - During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos , the region of the Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential No. on November 7 , 1975 . The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns , as a separate regional unit of government . On the anniversary of the city 's foundation on June 24 , 1976 , Manila was reinstated by Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period . Presidential No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the people and in the eyes of the world , the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade , commerce , education and culture . - During the martial law era , Manila became a hot @-@ bed of resistance activity as youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military which were to the Marcos regime . After decades of resistance , the non @-@ violent People Power Revolution ( predecessor to the peaceful @-@ that toppled the iron @-@ curtain in Europe ) , ousted the authoritarian Marcos from power . - In 1992 , Lim was elected mayor , the first Chinese @-@ to hold the office . He was known for his anti @-@ crime . Lim was succeeded by , who served as his vice @-@ mayor . was known for his campaign ( and city slogan ) " " ( Manila ) , which saw the establishment of several parks and the repair and rehabilitation of the city 's deteriorating facilities . He was the city 's mayor for 3 terms ( 9 years ) before being termed out of office . - Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated 's son Ali in the 2007 city election and immediately reversed all of 's projects claiming 's projects made little contribution to the improvements of the city . The relationship of both parties turned bitter , with the two again during the 2010 city elections in which Lim won against . - Lim was sued by Dennis on 2008 over human rights , charged with over the rehabilitation of public schools , and was heavily criticized for his resolution of the Park hostage taking incident , one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines . Later on , Vice Mayor and 28 city filed another case against Lim in 2012 , stating that Lim 's statement in a meeting were " life @-@ threatening " to them . On the 2013 elections , former President Joseph defeated Lim in the mayoral race . During his term , has paid the city 's over 5 billion debts , increase revenues by 2 @.@ 35 times from 6 @.@ 2 billion in 2012 to 14 @.@ 6 billion by 2016 , spent from 2013 to 2016 an unprecedented 6 @.@ 76 billion for the city 's infrastructure , built and or renovated seven city public markets , built 22 schools , increased teachers ' , modernized the six city hospitals and bought machines and magnetic resonance imaging , increased the efficiency of the police force and reduced crime . Manila has become the most competitive city in the Philippines by 2015 , making the city the best place for doing business and for living in . - Despite his achievements and unprecedented feat as the Mayor of Manila , however , was re @-@ elected as Manila mayor in the 2016 election against Lim and , only winning by an 2 @,@ 830 votes . - - = = Geography = = - - Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila bay , which rests on the western shores of Luzon . Manila lies 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 kilometers ) from mainland Asia . The River Manila . - Almost all of Manila sits on top of centuries of prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of the and on some land reclaimed from Manila Bay . Manila 's land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land along the since the American colonial times . Some of the natural variations in topography have been out due to the of the city . As of 2013 , Manila has a total area of 42 @.@ 88 square kilometres ( 16 @.@ 56 sq mi ) . - - = = = = = = - - Manila sits the Pacific typhoon belt and is @-@ crossed by several fault lines . This led to Manila and its metropolitan region to be ranked as the second capital ( city ) to live in according to Swiss Re . The active Valley System poses a threat to Manila and the surrounding regions . - Manila has endured several deadly earthquakes , notably in 1645 and in 1677 which destroyed the stone and brick medieval city . The Earthquake Baroque style was used by the Colonial architects during the Spanish colonial period in order to adapt to the frequent earthquakes . - - = = = Climate = = = - - Under the Köppen climate classification system , Manila features a tropical climate ( Köppen climate classification ) . Together with the rest of the Philippines , Manila lies entirely within the . Its proximity to the equator means that the temperature range is very small , rarely going below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) or above 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) . extremes have ranged from 14 @.@ 5 ° C ( 58 @.@ 1 ° F ) on January 11 , 1914 to 38 @.@ 6 ° C ( 101 @.@ 5 ° F ) on May 7 , 1915 . - levels are usually very high all year round . Manila has a distinct dry season from December through May , and a relatively lengthy wet season that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures . In the rainy season it rarely rains all day but the rainfall is very heavy during short periods . usually occur from June to September . - - = = = Environment = = = - - Due to industrial waste and automobiles , Manila suffers from air pollution , affecting 98 % of the population . , the air pollution causes more than 4 @,@ 000 deaths . is Manila 's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste . According to a report in 2003 , The River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily . - , Manila is hit with 6 to 7 creating floods . In 2009 , Typhoon struck Philippines . In the aftermath of Typhoon , the lack of infrastructure led to one of the worst in the Philippines and creating a significant amount of pollution . Following the aftermath of Typhoon , the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network . The River Commission is in charge of cleaning up the River and tributaries for transportation , recreation and tourism purposes . efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside , along with pollution controls . - - = = = = - - - = = = Architecture = = = - - Manila has significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods . Architectural styles reflect American , Spanish , Chinese , and Malay influences . architects such as Antonio Toledo , Felipe Roxas , Juan M. and Tomás have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches , government offices , theaters , mansions , schools and universities . - Manila is known for its distinct Art Deco theaters which are designed by National Artists such as Juan and Pablo Antonio . The historic Street in features many buildings of neo @-@ classical and @-@ arts architectural style , many of which were designed by prominent architects during the American Rule in the 1920s to the late 1930s . Many architects , artists , historians and heritage advocacy groups are pushing for the revival of Street , which was once the premier street of the Philippines . - Unfortunately , much of Manila 's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during World War II . Reconstruction took place afterwards , replacing the destroyed historic Spanish @-@ era buildings with modern ones , much of the city 's character . Some buildings destroyed by the war have been reconstructed , such as the Old Legislative Building ( National Museum ) , de Manila ( Bureau of the Treasury ) and the currently under construction San Church ( de ) . Plans have been laid out to several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen , San Sebastian Church and the Manila Metropolitan Theater and soon Spanish @-@ era shops and houses in , , and San Nicolas will be restored to its former , as a part of a movement to restore Manila to its former glory . - Since Manila is prone to earthquakes , the Spanish colonial architects invented the style called Earthquake Baroque which the churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted . As a result , succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila , although it did periodically level the surrounding area . Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have to withstand an 8 @.@ 2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country 's building code . - - = = = and districts = = = - - Manila is composed of fourteen districts according to Republic Act No. , otherwise known as the Charter of the City of Manila . Two were later added , which are Santa Mesa ( partitioned off from ) and San Andres ( partitioned off from Santa ) . - The city has that are known by numbers instead of names . These are further group into 100 zones for administrative and municipal purposes . - - = = = Military and national security = = = - - The headquarters of the Philippine Coast Guard is located at the South Harbor in Port Area near and . The Philippine Navy on the other hand has its headquarters in Naval Station Jose located along Roxas Boulevard in . Furthermore , the Joint Task Force @-@ National Capital Region was created in 2012 to ensure peace and stability in Metro Manila , of which Manila is a part . It bears the same functions of the deactivated National Capital Regional Command , although it operates on a much smaller size than its predecessor . - - = = = = = = - - There are an estimated 4 million dwellers living in Manila as of 2014 . - - = = Demographics = = - - According to the 2015 census , the population of the city was 1 @,@ 780 @,@ 148 , making it the second most populous city in the Philippines . - Manila is the most densely populated city in the world with 43 @,@ inhabitants per km2 . District 6 is listed as being the most dense with 68 @,@ 266 inhabitants per km2 , followed by District 1 with 64 @,@ and District 2 with 64 @,@ 710 , respectively . District 5 is the least densely populated area with 19 @,@ 235 . - Manila 's population density dwarfs that of Kolkata ( 27 @,@ inhabitants per km2 ) , Mumbai ( 22 @,@ inhabitants per km2 ) , Paris ( 20 @,@ 164 inhabitants per km2 ) , ( 19 @,@ inhabitants per km2 ) , Shanghai ( 16 @,@ 364 inhabitants per km2 , with its most dense district , , having a density of 56 @,@ inhabitants per km2 ) , and Tokyo ( 10 @,@ inhabitants per km2 ) . - The vernacular language is , based mostly on the of surrounding areas , and this Manila form of speaking has essentially become the of the Philippines , having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment . Meanwhile , English is the language most widely used in education , business , and heavily in everyday usage throughout the Metro Manila region and the Philippines itself . - A number of older residents can still speak basic Spanish , which used to be a mandatory subject in the curriculum of Philippine universities and colleges , and many children of Japanese , Indian , and other migrants or expatriates also speak their parents ' languages at home , aside from English and / or for everyday use . Chinese ( known as @-@ ) is spoken by the city 's Chinese @-@ community . - - = = Economy = = - - The city is a major center for commerce , banking and finance , , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the Philippines . - The Cities and Index , published by the National Council of the Philippines , ranks the cities , municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic , government efficiency and infrastructure . Manila placed third in the City ( ) category . Previously , Manila was the country 's most competitive city in 2015 , making it the best place to live in and do business . - The Port of Manila is the largest seaport in the Philippines , making it the premier international shipping gateway to the country . The Philippine Ports Authority is government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the ports . The International Terminal Services Inc. cited by the Asian Development Bank as one of the top five major maritime terminal operators in the world has its headquarters and main operations on the ports of Manila . Another port operator , the Asian Terminal Incorporated , has its corporate office and main operations in the Manila South Harbor and its container located in Santa Mesa . - , the oldest and one of the largest in the world , was the center of commerce and business activities in the city . Numerous residential and office are found within its medieval streets . Plans to make the area into a business process ( ) hub progresses and is aggressively pursued by the city government of Manila . 30 buildings are already identified to be converted into offices . These buildings are mostly located along the Street of , which are all unoccupied and can be converted into offices . - in is dubbed as the " shopping of the Philippines " . Numerous shopping malls are located in this place , which sells products and goods at price . Small occupies several roads that causes pedestrian and traffic . A famous landmark in is the Center , a large shopping mall that is a part of the Philippine National Railways ' Main Station . It attracts 1 million people every month , but is expected to add another 400 @,@ 000 people when the @-@ 2 West is constructed , making it Manila 's busiest transfer station . - manufacturers within the city produce industrial @-@ related products such as chemicals , textiles , clothing , and electronic goods . Food and and tobacco products also produced . Local entrepreneurs continue to process primary commodities for export , including rope , , refined sugar , , and oil . The food @-@ processing industry is one of the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city . - The Oil Depot houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of the three major players in the country 's petroleum industry , namely Philippines , Shell and Corporation . The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns , including its environmental and health impact to the residents of Manila . The Supreme Court has ordered that the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015 , but it failed to meet this deadline . It is currently being demolished which is expected to be finished before the year 2016 ends , and plans have been set up to turn this 33 hectare facility into a transport hub or even a food park . - Manila is a major publishing center in the Philippines . Manila Bulletin , the Philippines ' largest newspaper by circulation , is headquartered inside . Other major publishing companies in the country like The Manila Times , The Philippine Star and Manila Standard Today are headquartered inside the Port Area . The Chinese Commercial News , the Philippines ' oldest existing Chinese @-@ language newspaper , and the country 's third @-@ oldest existing newspaper is headquartered in . - Manila serves as the headquarters of the Central Bank of the Philippines which is located along Roxas Boulevard . Some universal banks in the Philippines that has its headquarters in the city are the of the Philippines and Philippine Trust Company . Life Insurance Company , currently the largest life insurance company in the Philippines in terms of assets , net worth , investment and paid @-@ up capital , has its headquarters along United Nations Avenue in . Philippines has its corporate office along United Nations Avenue in . Toyota , a company listed in the Forbes Global 2000 also has its regional office along UN Avenue . - - = = = Tourism = = = - - Tourism is a vital industry in Manila , and it approximately over 1 million tourists each year . Major destinations include the walled city of , the National Theater at the Cultural Center of the Philippines , Manila Ocean Park , , , , Manila Zoo , National Museum of the Philippines and Park . - Park , also known as Park , is the national park of the country and has an area of 58 hectares ( 140 acres ) , making it the largest urban park in Asia . In the Tourism Act of 2009 , Park along with are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone . A new attraction called de Manila is expected to rise in the park . The park was constructed as an honor and dedication to the country 's national hero José , who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion . The flagpole west of the Monument is the Zero marker for distances to the rest of the country . - is the historic center of Manila . Originally , it was considered to be Manila itself at the time when the Philippines was under the Spanish Empire colonial rule . Owing to its history and cultural value , and Park are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone in the Tourism Act of 2009 . is managed by the Administration ( ) . - The architecture of reflects the Spanish colonial style and the American neoclassical architectural style , since the Philippines was a colony of Spain and the United States before it is granted its independence in 1946 . is a popular mode of transportation in and nearby places such as , and the Park . - Popular tourist destinations in include the de San Diego , Club Golf Course , de Santa Lucia , Fort Santiago , Manila Cathedral , , de Santa , del , Plaza Mexico , Plaza de , San Agustin Church and the de Manila . - Some of the country 's oldest schools are founded in , these are the University of Santo Tomas ( 1611 ) , de San Juan de ( 1620 ) , and de Manila University ( 1859 ) . Only de San Juan de remains at ; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at in 1927 , and left for Loyola Heights , City ( while still retaining " de Manila " in its name ) in 1952 . Other prominent educational institutions include the Manila High School and the University of the City of Manila . - The Department of Tourism Manila as the pioneer of medical tourism , expecting it to generate $ 1 billion in revenue annually . However , lack of progressive health system , inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as for its growth . - - = = = centers = = = - - Manila is a well @-@ known shopping hub of the country and it has been named as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia . Major shopping malls , markets and in Manila . - Place Manila is the largest shopping mall in the city . The mall was the second and by @-@ far , the largest Robinson Mall ever built by John . SM maintains presence in the city . One of their shopping mall is the SM City Manila , the first SM in the city featuring major SM brands like The SM Store , SM , SM and SM . It is located right beside the Manila City Hall . SM City San is the second SM in Manila . It is located in Santa Cruz . SM City San was constructed on the site of the former San . The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in which is famed for its revolving restaurant atop is now the SM Center which was established in 1972 . The site of the first SM Store is located at Carlos Sr. ( formerly ) Street in San Miguel . - is referred as the " Old Downtown " where , markets , shops , music and electronics stores are common . Avenue is where lots of department stores are located . One of Avenue 's famous destination is , home to numerous shopping malls in the city . It is also dubbed as the shopping of the Philippines where everything is sold at price . , the oldest in the world , is the city 's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by @-@ Chinese merchants with a wide variety of Chinese and shops and restaurants . - - = = Arts , culture and religion = = - - - = = = Religion = = = - - - = = = = Christianity = = = = - - As a result of Spanish cultural influence , Manila is a predominantly Christian ( Catholic ) city . As of 2010 , Roman Catholics comprises 83 @.@ 5 % of the population , followed by adherents of the Philippine Independent Church ( 2 @.@ 4 % ) ; ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) ; various Protestant churches ( 1 @.@ 8 % ) ; and Buddhists ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) . Members of Islam and other religions comprises the remaining 10 @.@ 4 % of the city 's population . - Manila is the site of prominent Catholic churches and institutions . The Manila Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila and the oldest established church in the country . Aside from the Manila Cathedral , there are also three other in the city : Church , Church , and the Minor Basilica of San . The San Agustín Church in is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the two fully air @-@ conditioned Catholic churches in the city . Manila also has other parishes located throughout the city , with some of them dating back to the Spanish Colonial Period when the city serves as the base for numerous Catholic missions both within the Philippines and to Asia beyond . - Several Protestant denominations are headquartered in the city . St. Stephen 's Parish pro @-@ cathedral in the . Cruz district is the see of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines ' Diocese of Central Philippines , while align Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of the ( also called the Church , a national church that was a product of the Philippine Revolution ) . Other faiths like The Church of Jesus Christ of @-@ day Saints maintains a presence in the city . - The indigenous has several ( akin to parishes ) in the city , including its very first chapel ( now a museum ) in Punta , . . , and Seventh @-@ day denominations also within the city . The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila . Also , the main campus of the Cathedral of is located along Taft Avenue . Jesus Is Lord Church also has several branches and campuses in Manila , and celebrates its anniversary yearly at the Green and in Park . - - = = = = Other faiths = = = = - - The city also hosts other religions . There are many Buddhist and Taoist temples serving the Chinese community . is home to a sizable Muslim population which at Al @-@ . Members of the Indian expatriate population have the option of worshiping at the large Hindu temple in the city , or at the Sikh along United Nations Avenue . The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá of the Philippines , the governing body of the Bahá 'í community , is headquartered near Manila 's eastern border with . - - = = = Annual cultural events and religious festivities = = = - - Manila celebrates civic and national holidays . Manila Day , which celebrates the city 's founding on June 24 , , was first proclaimed by A. ( then Vice Mayor of Manila ) on June 24 , 1962 and has been annually commemorated , under the patronage of John the Baptist . , each of the city 's also have their own festivities guided by their own patron saint . The city is also the host to the Feast of the Black , held every January 9 , which draws millions of Catholic devotees . Another religious held in Manila was the Feast of the Nuestra Señora de los de Manila ( Our Lady of the ) , the patron saint of Santa and was held every May 12 . Non @-@ religious holidays include the New Year 's Day , National Heroes ' Day , Day and Day . - - = = = Museums and art galleries = = = - - As the cultural center of the Philippines , Manila is the home to a number of museums . The National Museum of the Philippines Complex , which include the National Museum of Fine Arts , Museum of Anthropology and the Museum of Natural History , is located on the northeast part of Park facing Taft proposed national government center during the American time . Museums established by educational institutions include the Shrine , the Museum of Contemporary Art and Design , Museum of Arts and Sciences , and the UP Museum of a History of . - , one of Manila 's most prominent museums , documents the Chinese lives and contributions in the history of the Philippines . The Light and Sound Museum chronicles the desire for freedom during the revolution under 's leadership and other revolutionary leaders . The Metropolitan Museum of Manila exhibits the arts and culture . - Other museums in the city are the Museum of Manila , the city @-@ owned museum that exhibits the city 's culture and history , , a children 's museum , the Museum of Philippine Political History , which exhibits notable political events in the country , the Parish of the Our Lady of the and the San Agustin Church Museum , which houses religious artifacts , and Plaza San Luis , a public museum . - - = = Sports = = - - Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history . The city 's , and in general the country 's main sport is basketball , and most have a makeshift basketball court , with court markings drawn on the streets . Larger have covered courts where leagues are held every summer ( April to May ) . - The city has several well @-@ known sports venues , such as the Memorial Sports Complex and San Andres , the home of the now defunct Manila . The Memorial Sports Complex houses the Memorial Track and Football Stadium , the Baseball Stadium , Tennis Courts , Memorial Coliseum and the Stadium ( the latter two are indoor arenas ) . - The complex had hosted several multi @-@ sport events , such as the 1954 Asian Games and the 1934 Far Eastern Games . Whenever the country hosts the Southeast Asian Games , most of the events are held at the complex , but in the 2005 Games , most events were held elsewhere . The 1960 ABC Championship and the 1973 ABC Championship , of the FIBA Asia Championship , was hosted by the complex , with the national basketball team winning on both tournaments . The 1978 FIBA World Championship was held at the complex although the latter stages were held in the Coliseum in City , Southeast Asia 's largest indoor arena at that time . - Manila also hosts several well @-@ known sports facilities such as the Enrique M. Sports Center and the University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex , both of which are private venues owned by a university ; collegiate sports are also held , with the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball games held at Memorial Coliseum and Stadium , although basketball events had transferred to San Juan 's Flying V Arena and the Coliseum in City . Other collegiate sports are still held at the Memorial Sports Complex . Professional basketball also used to play at the city , but the Philippine Basketball Association now holds their games at Coliseum and at ; the now defunct Philippine Basketball League played some of their games at the Memorial Sports Complex . - The Manila Storm are the city 's rugby league team training at Park ( Park ) and playing their matches at Southern Plains Field , , . - Previously a widely played sport in the city , Manila is now the home of the only sizable baseball stadium in the country , at the Memorial Baseball Stadium . The stadium hosts games of Baseball Philippines ; Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth were the first players to score a home run at the stadium at their tour of the country on December 2 , 1934 . - Another popular sport in the city are cue sports , and halls are a feature in most . The 2010 World Cup of Pool was held at Place Manila . - The Memorial Track and Football Stadium hosted the first FIFA World Cup in decades when the Philippines hosted Sri Lanka in July 2011 . The stadium , which was previously unfit for international matches , had undergone a major renovation program prior to the match . The Football Stadium now regularly hosts matches of the United Football League . The stadium also hosted its first rugby test when it hosted the 2012 Asian Five Nations Division I tournaments . - - = = Government and politics = = - - The government of Manila is divided into three branches : executive , legislative and judiciary . The judicial branch is administered solely by the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the Metro Manila judicial region . The city government have control of the executive and legislative branch . Manila employs 11 @,@ personnel at the end of 2014 . - The current Mayor of Manila is Joseph , who served as the President of the Philippines from 1998 @-@ 2001 . He is also the head of the executive department of the city . The legislative arm which is composed of six elected city , is headed by the Vice Mayor . Former actor currently serves as the city 's vice mayor . they are assisted by the Manila City Council , the local President of the Association of Captains , and the President of the . Their offices are located at the Manila City Hall . - - = = = Finance = = = - - On September 25 , 2014 , the Commission on released its 2013 Annual Financial Report citing the city 's income at 10 @.@ 1 billion with an asset worth of 18 @.@ 6 billion . Its local income stood at 5 @.@ 41 billion and its national government allocation was 1 @.@ 74 billion , having an annual regular income ( ) of an estimated 7 @.@ 15 billion . Manila 's net income stood at 3 @.@ 54 billion in 2014 . - Among the local government units , Manila has the highest budget allocation to health . It was also one of the cities with the highest tax and internal revenue . Tax revenue accounts for 46 % of the city 's income in 2012 . - - = = = and = = = - - Manila has six legislative districts that serve as the constituencies for the election of the city 's representatives to the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines and of the regular members to the ( ; City Council ) . Each district elects one representative to the House of Representatives and six members to the council . The city , along with the rest of the nation , elects 12 as one at @-@ large district . - Manila is politically divided into , the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines . Each has its own and . For administrative convenience , all the in Manila are grouped into 100 zones . These zones have no form of local government . - The 1st District ( 2015 population : 415 @,@ ) is Manila 's ( and the country 's ) most densely populated congressional district . It covers the western portion of that lies along Manila Bay . - The 2nd District ( 2015 population : 215 @,@ 457 ) covers the eastern inland portion of , a neighborhood or sub @-@ district known as . - The 3rd District ( 2015 population : 197 @,@ 242 ) covers , , San Nicolas and Santa Cruz . - The 4th District ( 2015 population : 265 @,@ ) covers . - The 5th District ( 2015 population : 366 @,@ ) covers , , Port Area , , San Andres , and a portion of ( except Zone 90 ) . - The 6th District ( 2007 population : 295 @,@ 245 ) covers ( Zone 90 only ) , , San Miguel , Santa and Santa Mesa . - Manila has the most number of of any city or municipality in the Philippines . Attempts at reducing its number have not prospered despite local legislation — , passed on 23 April 1996 — reducing the number from to 150 by merging existing , because of the failure to hold a . - - = = = National government = = = - - Manila , being the seat of political power of the Philippines , has several national government offices headquartered at the city . Planning for the development for being the center of government started during the early years of American colonization to the country when they envisioned a well @-@ designed city outside the walls of . The strategic location chosen was , a former town which is now the Park to become the center of government and a design commission was given to Daniel to create a master plan for the city patterned after Washington .. These improvements were eventually abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. . - A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila , or what is now City . Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in City but several key government offices still reside in Manila . However , many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations . - The city , as the capital , still hosts the Office of the President , as well as the president 's official residence . Aside from these , important institutions such as the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals , the , the of and Management , Finance , Health , Justice , Labor and and Public Works and Highways still call the city home . Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library , National Archives , National Museum and the Philippine General Hospital . - Congress previously held office at the Old Congress Building . In 1972 , due to declaration of martial law , Congress was dissolved ; its successor , the unicameral , held office at the new Complex . When a new constitution restored the Congress , the House of Representatives stayed at the Complex , while the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building . In May 1997 , the Senate transferred to a new building it shares with the Government Service Insurance System at reclaimed land at . - - = = Infrastructure = = - - - = = = Utilities = = = - - - = = = = Water and electricity = = = = - - Water services used to be provided by the Metropolitan and System , which served 30 % of the city with most other sewage being directly dumped into storm drains , tanks , or open canals . was in 1997 which split the water concession into the east and west zones . The Water Services took over the west zone of which Manila is a part . It now provides the supply and delivery of water and system in Manila , but it does not provide service to the southeastern part of the city which belongs to the east zone that is served by Manila Water . Electric services are provided by , the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila . - - = = = Transportation = = = - - One of the more famous modes of transportation in Manila is the . after U.S. army , these have been in use since the years immediately following World War II . The , the third generation Toyota , which competed directly with and followed fixed routes for a set price , once plied the streets of Manila . - On a for @-@ hire basis , the city is served by numerous , " " ( with , the Philippine version of the auto ) , and " " or " " ( with a , the Philippine version of ) . In some areas , especially in , are popular . Spanish @-@ era horse @-@ drawn are still a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in the streets of and . All types of public road transport are privately owned and operated under government franchise . - The city is serviced by the @-@ 1 and @-@ 2 which forms the system , as distinct from the @-@ 3 which is under the system that services other parts of Metro Manila . Development of the railway system began in the 1970s under the Marcos administration , making it the first light rail transport in Southeast Asia . These systems are currently undergoing a multibillion @-@ dollar expansion . Line 1 runs along the length of Taft Avenue ( R @-@ 2 ) and Avenue ( R @-@ 9 ) , and the Line 2 runs along M. Avenue ( C @-@ 1 ) and Ramon Boulevard ( R @-@ 6 ) from Santa Cruz , through City , up to in . - The main terminal of the Philippine National Railways lies within the city . One commuter railway within Metro Manila is in operation . The line runs in a general north @-@ south direction from ( ) toward . The Port of Manila , located in the vicinity of Manila Bay is the chief seaport of the Philippines . The River Ferry Service which runs on the River is another form of transportation . The city is also served by the International Airport and Clark International Airport . - In 2006 , Forbes magazine ranked Manila " the world 's most city " . Manila has become notorious for its frequent traffic jams and high densities . The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city . Some of the projects include : the construction of a new flyover at , the construction of the Metro Manila Stage 3 , the proposed Line 2 ( west ) extension from to or the Port Area , and the expansion of several national and local roads . However , such projects have yet to make any meaningful impact , and the traffic jams and congestion continue unabated . The urban planning of the Manila and the whole metropolis was based on the Metro Manila Dream Plan , which seeks to address the problems of Metro Manila 's urban planning and transportation . It consists of a list of short term priority projects and medium to long term infrastructure projects that will last up to . - - = = Healthcare = = - - The Manila Health Department is responsible for the planning and implementation of the health care programs provided by the city government . It operates 59 health centers and six city @-@ run hospitals , which are free of charge . The six public city @-@ run hospitals are the Medical Center , , Andres Memorial Medical Center , , . Hospital , and Justice Jose Santos General Hospital . Manila is also the site of the Philippine General Hospital , the tertiary state @-@ owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines Manila . - Manila 's healthcare is also provided by private corporations . Private hospitals that operates in the city are the Manila Doctors Hospital , Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center , Dr. José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center , Metropolitan Medical Center , Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital , and the University of Santo Tomas Hospital . - The Department of Health has its main office in Manila . The national health department also operates the San Hospital , a special referral tertiary hospital . Manila is also the home to the headquarters of the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific and the World Health Organization Country Office for the Philippines . - - = = Education = = - - The center of education since the colonial period , Manila — particularly — is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest ones . It served as the home of the University of Santo Tomas ( 1611 ) , de San Juan de ( 1620 ) , de Manila University ( 1859 ) , Lyceum of the Philippines University and the Institute of Technology . Only de San Juan de ( 1620 ) remains at ; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at in 1927 , and left for Loyola Heights , City ( while still retaining " de Manila " in its name ) in 1952 . - The University of the City of Manila ( ) located at , and de Manila located just outside the walled city , are both owned and operated by the Manila city government . The national government controls the University of the Philippines Manila , the oldest of the University of the Philippines constituent universities and the center of health sciences education in the country . The city is also the site of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , the largest university in the country in terms of student population . - The University Belt refers to the area where there is a high concentration or a cluster of colleges and universities in the city and it is commonly understood as the one where the San Miguel , and districts meet . Generally , it includes the western end of Boulevard , Reyes St. ( formerly St. ) , the eastern end of M. Avenue ( formerly ) , Avenue , Street , and the different side streets . Each of the colleges and universities found here are at a short walking distance of each other . Another cluster of colleges lies along the southern bank of the River , mostly at the and districts , and still a smaller cluster is found at the southernmost part of near the border with such as the private co @-@ educational institution of De La Salle University , the largest of all De La Salle University System of schools . - The Division of the City Schools of Manila , a branch of the Department of Education , refers to the city 's three @-@ tier public education system . It governs the 71 public elementary schools , 32 public high schools . - The city also contains the Manila Science High School , the pilot science high school of the Philippines ; the National Museum , where the of Juan is housed ; the Metropolitan Museum of Manila , a museum of modern and contemporary visual arts ; the , the Children 's Museum , a place of hands @-@ on discovery and fun learning ; and , the National Library , the of the country 's printed and recorded cultural heritage and other literary and information resources . - - = = Global outreach = = - - - = = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = = - - Sister cities of Manila - - = = = = Asia / Pacific Rim = = = = - - - = = = = North America = = = = - - - - = ( palm ) = - - is a large genus of native to Mexico , the Caribbean , Central and South America . This , non @-@ spiny genus includes both small lacking an stem and large trees . The genus has a complicated taxonomic history , and has often been split into four or five genera based on differences in the male flowers . Since the genera can only be distinguished on the basis of their male flowers , the existence of intermediate flower types and the existence of hybrids between different genera has been used as an argument for keeping them all in the same genus . This has been supported by a recent molecular phylogeny . - Somewhere between 29 and 67 species are recognised in the genus , with estimates of as many as 100 . collections make it difficult to determine whether certain groups represent single species , or groups of similar species . species have a long history of human use , and include economically important sources of palm oil and fibre . Many species are fire tolerant and thrive in disturbed habitats . Their seeds are animal dispersed , including some which are thought to have been adapted for dispersal by now @-@ extinct Pleistocene . - - = = Description = = - - The genus has compound leaves — rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather @-@ like or @-@ like pattern . Species are also non @-@ spiny and includes both large trees with stout stems up to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall and ( one which lack an stem ) . The number of leaves per individual varies from about three to thirty @-@ five ; larger plants tend to have more and longer leaves . - are large , branched and borne among the leaves . The consists of a main axis — the and the — and a series of smaller branches , the . The , which bear the flowers , emerge from the . The is the main stalk , connecting the with the stem . either consist entirely of male flowers , or are predominantly female with a few male flowers . Fruit usually have two or three seeds , although fewer or more are present in some species , and are usually brown , yellow , orange @-@ brown or purple when mature . - Four different types of male flowers exist . On the basis of these flower types , the genus has often been split into four genera — a more narrowly defined , , and . The species sometimes referred to have coiled , while the other groups have straight ones . The of those placed in are much shorter than the , while those placed in and a more narrowly defined have that are longer than the . Five species do not fit easily into any of these groups ; this fact has been used as an argument in favour of considering this group a single genus . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - has been placed in the subfamily , the tribe and the , together with the genera , , , , , , , , and . Within this , has been found to be a monophyletic group , and sister to the clade containing , , , and . - exists as to whether should be considered a single genus , or a group of related genera . In their 1996 Field Guide to the of the Americas , Andrew Henderson , Gloria and combined all the species in the ( as it was then defined ) into a single genus , . In his 1999 Treatment of Palm , American botanist Sidney F. divided the group into five genera — a more narrowly defined , , , and . and John recognised a single genus in their 2005 World of , and Jean @-@ Christophe continued this usage in his 2008 review of the genus . - The multi @-@ genus approach is based solely on the structure of the male flowers ; no other characters could be consistently associated with one genus or another . Four of the genera — ( in a narrow sense ) , , and — correspond to four different types of male flowers found within the genus . However , a few species have flowers that are intermediate between these four types , including A. ( which placed in its own genus , ) and this has been used as an argument for the single @-@ genus approach . In addition , there are several hybrids between species that would be considered different genera under 's five @-@ genus system , which has also been used as an argument for placing them in a single genus . In 2009 Alan and colleagues published a molecular phylogeny of the which found that some species placed in were actually more closely related to species placed in than they were to other members of that genus ( if the five @-@ genus approach was used ) , while A. , placed in by , was actually a sister to both and . - - = = = History = = = - - The genus was first described Carl in 1816 based on specimens collected by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé , although older , pre @-@ descriptions exist , including Charles 's 1703 description of A. . The genus was named for III , king of , known for his interest in plants . The type species is A. , a Colombian endemic . The genera and were described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von in 1826 and 1837 respectively . was described by Hermann in 1857 , and by F. Cook in 1942 . - - = = = Species = = = - - Experts disagree about the number of species in the genus ( broadly defined ) . In 1965 , Dutch Jan Gerard Boer estimated that there may be as many as 100 species in the genus . In their 1996 Field Guide to the of the Americas Andrew Henderson and recognised 29 species in the genus , while Sidney recognised 65 species in his 1999 treatment of the group . Largely following 's lead , and John recognised 67 species in their 2005 World of . An important element of this disagreement is the decision by to define species more narrowly than Henderson . As a result , what Henderson interpreted as variation within species , took as differences between similar species . This problem is complicated by the fact that many of these species are poorly represented in collections . The large size of the leaves , inflorescences and fruit of many species makes them difficult to collect . In addition , many important collections , including type specimen , have been lost or destroyed . or incomplete collections make it difficult to differentiate variation within a single species from variation between different species . - The three recent treatments ( Henderson and , , and and ) recognised a total of 73 species , but only 20 species are accepted by all of them . The remainder account for either nine species or more than 40 . For example , what Andrew Henderson considered a single species , , other authors have considered a species complex consisting of four or five species . doubted the validity of A. as a species , and described four new species from material that had previously been attributed to A. — A. , A. , A. and A. . and accepted both 's four species and A. . However , Jean @-@ Christophe was of the opinion that A. , A. and A. were all very similar , and thought it likely that they all represented the same species . - Another species complex in includes A. and related species . Henderson ( 1995 ) recognised A. and A. , considering the latter to either be an form of A. or a hybrid between it and A. . and accepted A. , but considered it a dubious taxon . was recognised as a distinct species by Michael and ; and and concurred , but Henderson considered it part of A. . also described a fourth member of this group , A. , and it is accepted by and . - - = = Reproduction and growth = = - - species are — male and female flowers are separate , but are borne by the same plant . Various species have been described as being insect @-@ , including A. , while in A. and A. , has been attributed both to insects and wind . - is remote tubular — during , as the expands it pushes the young shoot away from the seed . After , the stem initially grows downward before turning to grow upward and produce the stem . This produces a " saxophone shaped " portion of the stem . The fact that the shoot tips of seedlings are underground it likely to contribute to their fire @-@ tolerance . - - = = Distribution = = - - Species range across the from Mexico in the north to Bolivia , Paraguay , and southern Brazil in the south . According to and , three species are found in Mexico , four in Central America , and 62 in South America . Three species are present in the Caribbean — two in Trinidad and , along the southern edge of the region , and one in Haiti . - - = = Habitat and ecology = = - - includes both large trees and small which occupy a number of different ecological niches . stands of some of the larger species are conspicuous elements on the landscape , while smaller species are found in both in the forest and in . - has been implicated in the formation of vegetation dominated by large species . In seasonally dry forests the density of large adult A. was correlated with canopy ; the species also dominates formed by repeated forest fires in Trinidad and . forms pure stands in many parts of Brazil where natural forest vegetation has been cleared . Similarly , stands of A. in , Brazil ( which are cultivated for fibre ) are managed using fire — the seedlings survive cutting and burning , and are able to dominate burned forest patches . - The fruit are dispersed by animals ; fruit which are not dispersed frequently suffer seed predation by beetles . Certain species of have been mentioned as examples of " " species which are adapted for dispersal by now @-@ extinct Pleistocene . On Island , , in the Brazilian Amazon , fruit were consumed by , , deer and . , including , fed upon the fruit and , as the fruit availability declined , they fed on the seeds . Other of fruit include which consume the fruit and disperse the seeds of A. in the Brazilian . - - = = Uses = = - - species have a long history of human . seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP . A variety of species remain important sources of edible oil , , edible seeds and fibre . The leaves of and A. are used extensively for . Several species are oil , with A. among the most important economically . extracted from A. were reported to support over 300 @,@ 000 households in the Brazilian state of in 2005 , and in 1985 it was estimated to support over 450 @,@ 000 households throughout the Brazil . fibres , extracted from the leaf bases of A. , are commercially important , and generated about US $ 20 million in annual income to Brazilian farmers in 1996 . - - - = The Heart of Ezra Greer = - - The Heart of Ezra Greer is a 1917 American silent drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company and directed by Emile . The film focuses on Ezra Greer , a successful middle @-@ aged man who searches for his college age daughter , Mary . The Mary was and abandoned by Jack , later bearing his child . Once Ezra becomes broke he finds employment as the for Jack . After Jack 's engagement to a cabaret girl , Mary becomes upset and leaves her child at Jack 's home . Contrary to Jack 's wishes , Ezra keeps the child and Jack ultimately reveals that the child is his own . Ezra convinces Jack to make things right and Ezra convinces the cabaret girl to leave Jack . After a carriage accident in which the baby is injured , Ezra and Jack rush to the hospital and find Mary as a nurse crying over the child . The film ends with the marriage of Jack and Mary . The film was released by on October 7 , 1917 . The film was the final release from Thanhouser and was deemed to be an average film by most reviewers . Criticism for the film on far @-@ coincidences to drive the plot . The film is presumed lost . - - = = Plot = = - - The film follows Ezra Greer , a middle @-@ aged man who has worked hard since his youth . He cares deeply for his daughter , Mary , but was unable to attend the annual commencement at her co @-@ educational college . He awaits for her to return from college , but Mary leaves with her romantic interest , Jack . On promise of marriage and wealth , Mary is and gives birth to a child . Without word from his daughter , Ezra from his job and attempts to seek her out and finds a poor child , Marie . With Ezra 's money exhausted he seeks employment and finds it as the of Jack . - One day , Mary seeks an announcement of Jack 's engagement to a cabaret girl known as " The Baby " . over the prospect of her child 's future , she leaves the child at Jack 's home during his absence with a note . Jack orders Ezra to take the baby to an orphanage , but Marie begs Ezra to keep him . After continually seeing the child , Jack is overcome with remorse and explains to Ezra and seeks his advice . Not knowing he was making the case for his own daughter , Ezra convinces Jack to seek out Mary and forget the Baby . The Baby seeks out Jack , but finds Ezra who convinces her to leave Jack . Jack 's son is later injured in a coach accident and is taken to the hospital . Jack and Ezra rush to the hospital and find Mary , as a nurse , crying over the injured child . Ezra is enraged upon learning that his own daughter was by Jack , but Mary steps between the two men . Jack apologizes and wants to make it right . The film concludes with Jack and Mary . - - = = Cast = = - - Frederick as Ezra Greer - Frost as Mary - George Forth as Jack - Thomas A. as 's guardian - Mueller as Amy - Carey L. Hastings as 's housekeeper - Helen as the poor little girl - Gerald as the millionaire 's baby - W. Ray Johnston - - = = Production = = - - The film was the final production and release of the Thanhouser Company and it was to be released through . Numerous factors would play into the winding down and eventual closing of the Thanhouser Film Corporation with much advance notice by Edwin Thanhouser . Q. David Bowers writes that it was easy to understand Thanhouser 's decision to retire due to numerous aspects including that releases through were based on their decision to release or the work , the New Rochelle studio was 2 @,@ 500 miles from the center of the trade activity and the slump in industry tied to World War I. Weeks before the film was released , Variety told of the winding down of the Thanhouser with the studio 's staff consisting of Edwin Thanhouser and the , B. Bishop . The article concluded with the announcement that Lloyd F. Lonergan , the scenario writer of the company , had retired from the company . As it wound down , the Thanhouser Company was announced to have no would close with a positive bank balance . Little is known of the production of this final film , but it was directed by Emile from a scenario written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . The cameraman was Jacques . - - = = Release and reception = = - - The five reel film was released through the Exchange as a Gold Rooster Play on October 7 , 1917 . Charles E. Wagner of the 's Trade Review found it to be a good film with great direction and photography , but was concerned that the stunt in which the baby appeared to be involved in the accident was too real . Wagner stated the film had sufficient action and pathos without sexual ; which should prove a strong program for the program . Frances Agnew of The Morning Telegraph found it to be an average picture that was not exceptional for audiences , but it would hold sentimental appeal for the average viewer . A reviewer for the The New York Dramatic Mirror found the film 's excessive use of meetings to be highly , but found 's performance to be excellent and the rest of the cast give good performances . The reviewer said that Emile had made the story more plausible . - Like many American films of the time , The Heart of Ezra Greer was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards . The Chicago Board of required the cutting in 2 of a letter stating , " I cannot face my father , " etc . , and two of gambling scenes ; and in 5 a change of the " Because it means her whole future " to " Because she is his wife " . - - - = Free Derry = - - Free Derry ( Irish : ) was a self @-@ declared autonomous nationalist area of Derry , Northern Ireland , that existed between 1969 and 1972 . Its name was taken from a sign painted on a gable wall in the in January 1969 which read , " You are now entering Free Derry " . The area , which included the and neighbourhoods , was secured by community activists for the first time on 5 January 1969 following an incursion into the by members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( ) . Residents built barricades and carried clubs and similar arms to prevent the from entering . After six days the residents took down the barricades and patrols resumed , but tensions remained high over the following months . - Violence reached a peak on 12 August 1969 , culminating in the Battle of the — a three @-@ day pitched battle between residents and the . On 14 August units of the British Army were deployed at the edge of the and the were withdrawn . The Derry Citizens Defence Association ( ) declared their intention to hold the area against both the and the British Army until their demands were met . The British Army made no attempt to enter the area . The situation continued until October 1969 when , following publication of the Hunt Report , military police were allowed in . - The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) began to re @-@ arm and recruit after August 1969 . In December 1969 it split into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA . Both were supported by the people of the Free Derry area . Meanwhile , relations between the British Army and the nationalist community , which were initially good , deteriorated . In July 1971 there was a surge of recruitment into the IRA after two young men were shot and killed by British troops . The government introduced on 9 August 1971 , and in response , barricades went up once more in the and . This time , Free Derry was a no @-@ go area , defended by armed members of both the Official and Provisional IRA . From within the area they launched attacks on the British Army , and the began a bombing campaign in the city centre . As before , unarmed ' ' manned the barricades , and crime was dealt with by a voluntary body known as the Free Derry Police . - Support for the IRA increased further after Bloody Sunday in January 1972 , when thirteen unarmed men and boys were shot dead by the British Army 's Parachute Regiment at a march in the ( a 14th man was wounded and died 4 ½ months later ) . The support began to after the killing by the Official IRA of a local youth who was home on leave from the British Army . After a Provisional IRA ceasefire , during which it entered talks with the British government , broke down , the British took the decision to move against the " no @-@ go " areas . Free Derry came to an end on 31 July 1972 , when thousands of British troops moved in with armoured cars and to occupy the area . - - = = Background = = - - Derry City lies near the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . It has a majority nationalist population , and nationalists won a majority of seats in the 1920 local elections . Despite this , the Ulster Unionist Party controlled the local council , Corporation , from 1923 onwards . The maintained their majority , firstly , by manipulating the constituency boundaries ( ) so that the South Ward , with a nationalist majority , returned eight councillors while the much smaller North Ward and Ward , with unionist , returned twelve councillors between them ; , by allowing only to vote in local elections , rather than one man , one vote , so that a higher number of nationalists , who did not own homes , were disenfranchised ; and , by denying houses to nationalists outside the South Ward constituency . The result was that there were about 2 @,@ 000 nationalist families , and practically no unionists , on the housing waiting list , and that housing in the nationalist area was crowded and of a very poor condition . The South Ward comprised the , , , Bishop Street and Foyle Road , and it was this area that would become Free Derry . - The Derry Housing Action Committee ( ) was formed in March 1968 by members of the Derry Branch of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the James Republican Club , including and . It disrupted a meeting of Corporation in March 1968 and in May blocked traffic by placing a caravan that was home to a family of four in the middle of the Road in the and staging a sit @-@ down protest at the opening of the second deck of the Bridge . After the meeting of Corporation was again disrupted in August , telephoned the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( ) and invited them to hold a march in Derry . The date chosen was 5 October 1968 , an committee was formed ( although in reality most of the organizing was done by and ) and the route was to take the inside the city walls , where nationalists were traditionally not permitted to march . The Minister of Home Affairs , William Craig , made an order on 3 October prohibiting the march on the grounds that the Boys of Derry were intending to hold a march on the same day . In the words of Martin of " this particular tactic ... provided the excuse needed to ban the march . " When the attempted to defy the ban on 5 October they were stopped by a Royal Ulster Constabulary ( ) cordon . The police drew their and struck , including MP Eddie and Westminster MP Gerry . Subsequently the police " broke ranks and used their on people in Duke Street " . trying to escape met another party of police and " these police also used their . " Water cannons were also used . The police action caused outrage in the nationalist area of Derry , and at a meeting four days later the Derry Citizens ' Action Committee ( ) was formed , with John Hume as chairman and Ivan Cooper as vice @-@ chairman . - - = = The first barricades = = - - Another group formed as a result of the events of 5 October was People 's Democracy , a group of students in Queen 's University Belfast . They organised a march from Belfast to Derry in support of civil rights , starting out with about forty young people on 1 January 1969 . The march met with violent opposition from loyalist counter @-@ demonstrators at several points along the route . Finally , at Bridge , five miles outside Derry , they were attacked by a mob of about two hundred wielding clubs — some of them studded with nails — and stones . Half of the attackers were later identified from press photographs as members of the B @-@ . The police , who were at the scene , to the B @-@ as they prepared their ambush , and then failed to protect the , many of whom ran into the river and were with stones from the bank . Dozens of were taken to hospital . The remainder continued on to Derry where they were attacked once more on their way to Bridge before they finally reached Guildhall Square , where they held a rally . broke out after the rally . Police drove into the , but did not come after them . In the early hours of the following morning , 5 January , members of the charged into St. 's Wells and Road in the , breaking windows and beating residents . In his report on the disturbances , Lord Cameron remarked that " for such conduct among members of a disciplined and well @-@ led force there can be no acceptable justification or excuse " and added that " its effect in and inspiring hostility towards the police was great . " - That afternoon over 1 @,@ 500 residents built barricades , armed themselves with steel bars , wooden clubs and , and told the police that they would not be allowed into the area . chairman John Hume told a meeting of residents that they were to defend the area and no @-@ one was to come in . Groups of men wearing patrolled the streets in shifts . John ' ' Casey , a local activist , painted " You are now entering Free Derry " in white paint on the gable wall of a house on the corner of Road and Street . That corner , which was a popular venue for meetings , later became known as " Free Derry Corner " . On 7 January , the area was extended to include the , another nationalist area on a hill overlooking the . A clandestine radio station calling itself " Radio Free Derry " began broadcasting to residents , playing rebel songs and encouraging resistance . On a small number of occasions law @-@ attempted crimes , but were dealt with by the patrols . Despite all this , the Irish Times reported that " the infrastructure of revolutionary control in the area has not been developed beyond the maintenance of patrols . " Following some acts of destruction and of violence late in the week , members of the including Ivan Cooper addressed residents on Friday , 10 January and called on them to the barricades . The barricades were taken down the following morning . - - = = April 1969 = = - - Over the next three months there were violent clashes , with local youths throwing stones at police . Violence came to a head on Saturday , 19 April after a planned march from Bridge to the city centre was banned . A protest in the city centre led to clashes with " " — unionists in sympathy with the anti @-@ civil rights stance of Ian Paisley . Police attempting to drive the protesters back into the were themselves driven back to their barracks . A series of pitched battles followed , and barricades were built , often under the supervision of Devlin , newly elected MP for Mid Ulster . Police pursuing broke into a house in William Street and severely beat the , Samuel , his family and two friends . was brought to hospital " bleeding from a number of head wounds . " At midnight four hundred men in full riot gear and carrying riot shields occupied the . of police vehicles drove through the area with . - The following day , several thousand residents , led by the , withdrew to the and issued an ultimatum to the — withdraw within two hours or be driven out . With fifteen minutes of the two hours remaining , the police marched out through the 's Gate , even as the residents were entering from the far side . The barricades were not maintained on this occasion , and routine patrols were not prevented . - Samuel suffered a heart attack four days after his beating . On 17 July he suffered a further heart attack and died . Thousands attended his funeral , and the mood was sufficiently angry that it was clear the annual Boys ' parade , scheduled for 12 August , could not take place without causing serious disturbance . - - = = August – October 1969 = = - - The Boys ' parade is an annual celebration by unionists of the relief of the Siege of Derry in 1689 , which began when thirteen young apprentice boys shut the city 's gates against the army of King James . At that time the parade was held on 12 August each year . Participants from across Northern Ireland and Britain marched along the city walls above the , and were often openly hostile to the residents . On 30 July 1969 the Derry Citizens Defence Association ( ) was formed to try to preserve peace during the period of the parade , and to defend the and in the event of an attack . The chairman was , an Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) veteran ; the vice @-@ chairman was Paddy Doherty , a popular local man sometimes known as " Paddy " and the secretary was White , another leading republican and leader of the James Republican Club . Street committees were formed under the overall command of the and barricades were built on the night of 11 August . The parade took place as planned on 12 August . As it passed through Waterloo Place , on the edge of the , hostilities began between supporters and opponents of the parade . Fighting between the two groups continued for two hours , then the police joined in . They charged up William Street against the , followed by the ' ' . They were met with a hail of stones and petrol bombs . The ensuing battle became known as the Battle of the . Late in the evening , having been driven back repeatedly , the police fired of gas into the crowd . on the roof of a high @-@ rise block of flats on Street threw petrol bombs down on the police . @-@ were used to maintain contact between different areas of fighting and headquarters in Paddy Doherty 's house in Westland Street , and first aid stations were operating , staffed by doctors , nurses and volunteers . Women and girls made milk @-@ bottle of petrol bombs for supply to the youths in the front line and " Radio Free Derry " broadcast to the fighters and their families . On the third day of fighting , 14 August , the Northern Ireland Government mobilised the Ulster Special Constabulary ( B @-@ ) , a force greatly feared by nationalists in Derry and elsewhere . Before they engaged , however , British troops were deployed at the scene , carrying automatic rifles and sub @-@ machine guns . The and B @-@ withdrew , and the troops took up positions outside the area . - A that included met senior army officers and told them that the army would not be allowed in until certain demands were met , including the of the , the disbandment of the B @-@ and the abolition of ( the Parliament and Government of Northern Ireland ) . The officers agreed that neither troops nor police would enter the and districts . A ' peace corps ' was formed to maintain law and order . When the British Home Secretary , Jim , visited Northern Ireland and announced his intention to visit the on 28 August , he was told that he would not be allowed to bring either police or soldiers with him . agreed . by members of the Defence Committee , he was " swept along by a crowd of thousands " up Street and into Road , where he " took refuge " in a local house , and later addressed crowds from an upstairs window . In preparation for 's visit the " Free Derry " wall was painted white and the " You are now entering Free Derry " sign was professionally re @-@ painted in black . - Following 's visit , some barricades were breached , but the majority remained while the people awaited concrete evidence of reform . Still the army made no move to enter the area . Law and order was maintained by a ' peace corps ' — volunteers organised by the to patrol the streets and man the barricades . There was very little crime . , in the words of , " as often as not consisted of a stern lecture from on the need for solidarity within the area . " In September the barricades were replaced with a white line painted on the road . - The Hunt Report on the future of policing in Northern Ireland was presented to the cabinet in early October . Jim held talks with the cabinet in Belfast on 10 October , following which the report 's recommendations were accepted and made public . They included the recommendation that the should be ' ordinarily ' unarmed , and that the B @-@ should be phased out and replaced by a new force . The new Chief Constable , Arthur Young , an , was announced , and travelled to Belfast with . The same day , announced that the was to be dissolved . On 11 October and Young visited Free Derry , and on 12 October the first military police entered the , on foot and unarmed . - - = = IRA resurgence = = - - The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) had been inactive militarily since the end of the Border Campaign in 1962 . It was low in both personnel and equipment — Chief of Staff told and Paddy Doherty in August 1969 that he " couldn 't defend the . I haven 't the men nor the guns to do it . " During the 1960s the leadership of the republican movement had moved to the left . Its focus was on class struggle and its aim was to unite the Irish nationalist and unionist working classes in order to overthrow capitalism , both British and Irish . Republican were formed in Northern Ireland , where was proscribed . These clubs were involved in the formation of in 1967 . In Derry , the James Republican Club worked closely with Labour Party radicals , with whom they set up the Derry Housing Action Committee and Derry Action Committee . The Derry Citizens ' Defence Association was formed initially by , who then invited other nationalists to join . Although there were tensions between the younger leaders like White and the older , traditional such as , both sides saw the unrest of 1968 @-@ 69 as a chance to advance republican aims , and the two shared the platform at the Easter Rising commemoration in April 1969 . - The events of August 1969 in Derry , and more particularly in Belfast where the IRA was unable to prevent loss of life or protect families burned out of their homes , brought to a head the divisions that had already appeared within the movement between the radicals and the , and led to a split in December 1969 into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA . Initially , both armies organised for defensive purposes only , although the were planning towards an offensive campaign . In Derry there was far less hostility between the two organisations than elsewhere and commonly paid subscriptions to both . When were arrested after the Official 's Easter parade in March 1970 , Officials and their trial together . At the start the Officials attracted most of the younger members . Martin McGuinness , who in August 1969 had helped defend the barricades , initially joined the Officials , but a few months later left to join the . - Relations between the British Army and the residents had steadily decayed since the first appearance of troops in August 1969 . In September , after clashes between nationalist and unionist crowds that led to the death of a Protestant man , William King , the British Army erected a ' peace ring ' to the nationalist population in the area they had previously controlled . Roads into the city centre were closed at night and people were prevented from walking on certain streets . Although some moderate nationalists accepted this as necessary , there was anger among young people . between youths and troops became more frequent . The riot following the Officials ' Easter parade in March 1970 marked the first time that the army used ' squads ' , who rushed into the wielding to make arrests . The squads soon became a common feature of army arrest operations . There was also a belief that they were arresting people at random , sometimes days after the alleged offence , and based on the identification of people that they had seen from a considerable distance . The were condemned as by , who saw the riots as hampering attempts to resolve the situation . The Labour radicals and Official , still working together , tried to turn the youth away from rioting and create socialist organizations — one such organization was named the Young Association — but to no . The , while of riots , viewed them as the inevitable consequence of British occupation . This philosophy was more attractive to , and some of them joined the Provisional IRA . The deaths of two leading in a premature explosion in June 1970 resulted in young militants becoming more prominent in the organization . Nevertheless , up to July 1971 the Provisional IRA remained numerically small . - Two men , and Desmond Beattie , were shot dead in separate incidents in the early morning and afternoon of 8 July 1971 . They were the first people to be killed by the British Army in Derry . In both cases the British Army claimed that the men were attacking them with guns or bombs , while insisted that both were unarmed . The Social Democratic and Labour Party ( ) , the newly formed party of which John Hume and Ivan Cooper were leading members , withdrew from in protest , but among residents there was a perception that moderate policies had failed . The result was a surge of support for the IRA . The held a meeting the following Sunday at which they called on people to " join the IRA " . Following the meeting , people up to join , and there was large @-@ scale rioting . The British Army post at 's Lane came under sustained attack , and troops there and around the city came under fire from the IRA . - - = = and the third Free Derry = = - - The increasing violence in Derry and elsewhere led to increasing speculation that without trial would be introduced in Northern Ireland , and on 9 August 1971 hundreds of and nationalists were arrested in dawn raids . In Derry , residents came out onto the streets to resist the arrests , and fewer people were taken there than elsewhere ; nevertheless leading figures including and White were interned . In response , barricades were erected once again and the third Free Derry came into existence . Unlike its predecessors , this Free Derry was marked by a strong IRA presence , both Official and Provisional . It was defended by armed — a no @-@ go area , one in which British security forces were unable to operate . - Gun attacks on the British Army increased . Six soldiers were wounded in the first day after , and shortly afterwards a soldier was killed — the first to be killed by either IRA in Derry . The army moved in in force on 18 August to the barricades . A gun battle ensued in which a young Provisional IRA officer , , was killed . A crowd staging a sit @-@ down protest was down and the protesters , including John Hume and Ivan Cooper , arrested . With barricades re @-@ appearing as quickly as they were removed , the army eventually abandoned their attempt . - The Derry had little contact with the IRA elsewhere . They had few weapons ( about twenty ) which they used mainly for sniping . At the same time , they launched their bombing campaign in Derry . Unlike in Belfast , they were careful to avoid killing or injuring innocent people . wrote that " the Derry , under Martin McGuinness , had managed to bomb the city centre until it looked as if it had been hit from the air without causing any civilian casualties . " - Although both operated openly , neither was in control of Free Derry . The barricades were manned by unarmed ' ' . Crime was dealt with by a volunteer force called the Free Derry Police , which was headed by Tony O , a Derry footballer and Northern Ireland International . - - = = Bloody Sunday = = - - An anti @-@ protest organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( ) at Camp in January 1972 was met with violence from the 1st Battalion , The Parachute Regiment ( 1 ) . had organised a march from the to Derry city centre , in defiance of a ban , on the following Sunday , 30 January 1972 . Both were asked , and agreed , to suspend operations on that day to ensure the march passed off peacefully . The British Army erected barricades around the Free Derry area to prevent from reaching the city centre . On the day , march organisers turned the march away from the barriers and up to Free Derry Corner , but some youths proceeded to the barrier at William Street and soldiers . Troops from 1 then moved into Free Derry and opened fire , killing thirteen people , all of whom were subsequently found to be unarmed . A fourteenth shooting victim died four months later in June 1972 . Like the killing of and Beattie the previous year , Bloody Sunday had the effect of hugely increasing recruitment to the IRA , even among people who previously would have been ' ' . - - = = February - July 1972 = = - - Both the Provisional and Official IRA stepped up attacks after Bloody Sunday , with the tacit support of the residents . Local feelings changed , however , with the killing of Ranger William Best by the Official IRA . Best was a 19 @-@ year @-@ old local man who was home on leave from the British Army at his parents ' house in the . He was abducted , interrogated and shot . The following day 500 women marched to the Republican Club offices in protest . Nine days later , on 29 May , the Official IRA declared a ceasefire . The Provisional IRA initially stated that they would not follow suit , but after informal approaches to the British Government they announced a ceasefire from 26 June . Martin McGuinness was the Derry representative in a party of senior who travelled to London for talks with William , the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The talks were not resumed after the ending of the truce following a violent confrontation in Belfast when troops prevented Catholic families from taking over houses in the estate . - Political pressure for the action against the " no @-@ go " areas increased after the events of Bloody Friday in Belfast . A British Army attack was considered inevitable , and the IRA took the decision not to resist it . On 31 July 1972 , Operation was launched when thousands of British troops , equipped with armoured cars and armoured ( AVREs ) , dismantled the barricades and occupied the area . - - = = Subsequent history = = - - After Operation , the British Army controlled the and by large numbers of troops within the area , by conducting large @-@ scale ' search ' operations that were in fact undertaken for purposes of intelligence gathering , and by setting up over a dozen covert observation posts . Over the following years IRA violence in the city was contained to the point where it was possible to believe ' the war was over ' in the area , although there were still frequent street riots . Nationalists — even those who did not support the IRA — remained opposed to the army and to the state . - Many of the residents ' original grievances were addressed with the passing of the Local Government ( Northern Ireland ) Act , 1972 , which the electoral boundaries and introduced universal adult suffrage based on the single vote . were held in May 1973 . Nationalists gained a majority on the council for the first time since 1923 . Since then the area has been extensively redeveloped , with modern housing replacing the old houses and flats . The Free Derry era is commemorated by the Free Derry wall , the murals of the Artists and the Museum of Free Derry . - - - = Come What ( ever ) May = - - Come What ( ever ) May is the second studio album by American alternative metal band Stone . It was recorded and produced by the band and Nick at Studio in Los Angeles , California , and was released on August 1 , 2006 , through Roadrunner Records . Writing for the album began as early as 2003 when vocalist Corey Taylor and guitarist James Root were writing material for their other band , . In January 2006 Stone began recording the follow @-@ up to their 2002 debut album Stone , during which time drummer Joel left the band due to family constraints . He was eventually replaced by ex @-@ drummer Roy who played on all but two tracks on the album . - Following the release of the album , Stone went on to promote it for over a year ; releasing five singles and touring in several regions , including the United States , Canada , Japan and several countries in Europe . The album received generally positive reviews . It was praised for showing a progression in the band 's song writing ability and musical style . It was also certified Gold in the United States and Canada and the single " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 " was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards . On June 26 , 2007 Stone released a special edition version of the album , it included six previously unreleased tracks and a bonus DVD which featured three music videos and a complete live performance of the band in Moscow . It remains their best @-@ selling album to date , mostly due to the success of the single " Through Glass . " - - = = Production = = - - In September 2005 , lead singer Corey Taylor announced that Stone would return with a second album . He said that they had written over 30 songs , some during the writing process of Vol . 3 : ( The ) , the third album by vocalist Taylor and guitarist James Root 's other band , and that they were working on the tracks before entering the studio . Dave was originally slated to produce the album , however , on January 22 , 2006 Stone began working on the album with producer Nick at Dave Grohl 's personal studio ( Studio ) , in Los Angeles . Time in the studio began with a week of pre @-@ production , during which guitarist Josh Rand says producer " pushed [ the band ] to the brink and back " to help fine @-@ tune the songs they had previously written . Though Rand and Taylor wrote most of the music and lyrics for the first album , respectively , writing for Come What ( ever ) May was done by all members . - Following this , the band set out to record 18 tracks and work began on recording Joel 's drum tracks . However , was forced to leave the studio after four weeks due to his young son 's diagnosis of a . With the fate of the album in jeopardy , Stone recruited ex @-@ member Roy as a session drummer . recorded drums for all but two tracks on the album , Godsmack drummer Shannon performed on the track " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 " and guitarist Root performed drums on the bonus track " The Day I Let Go . " In an interview with Revolver during the recording process vocalist Taylor talked about the differences between this album and their previous album , Stone . He said that pressures from fans and the record label were much larger ; also noting that he " on the pressure , because it gets [ him ] going . " While promising that " the album 's gonna be miles above the first one , " Taylor explained that it is " more melodic and darker " . In late March 2006 , drummer Joel officially left Stone and the band was talking with a few drummers who could replace him . On April 7 , 2006 the recording sessions for Come What ( ever ) May concluded . A month later session drummer Roy joined Stone on a full @-@ time basis . - - = = Promotion = = - - It was announced in March 2006 that Stone 's second album , which was tentatively titled " Come What May , " would be released on July 18 , 2006 . However , the release date for the album was pushed back until August 22 . Due to the delay Stone released a music video for the track " Reborn " , which featured footage of the band working on the album in the studio . The cover artwork from the album was released online on May 20 , 2006 . Shortly after , it was confirmed by a representative from the band 's record label Roadrunner that the release date had been brought forward , and the official release date would be August 1 , 2006 . On July 31 , 2006 , the day before its release the album was made available online for streaming in its entirety through AOL . - On May 22 , 2006 the first single from the album , " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 " , was made available online as a free download . A music video for the single was shot with director Brown in Los Angeles , the video received a premier on MTV 's Ball on June 3 , 2006 . Prior to the release of the second single from the album , " Through Glass " , radio stations throughout the US showed high support for the song . A music video for the single was shot with director Tony and was released on June 9 , 2006 online through Yahoo ! . The third single from the album , " " , began receiving radio airplay in November 2006 . A music video for the single was shot in January 2007 and was released online on March 8 , 2007 . The fourth single from the album , " Made of Scars " , featured a music video which was recorded live on April 7 , 2007 and was posted online on June 5 , 2007 . The fifth and final single from the album , " . " , started receiving radio airplay in Fall 2007 and no music video was made for the single . - The band began touring in support of the album prior to its release , initiating touring with several free shows in the US . by multiple appearances at festivals in Europe . They then joined Korn for their 2006 edition of Family Tour across the US , which featured 33 dates across 3 months . On August 8 , 2006 Stone made a special guest appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay to promote and perform their second single " Through Glass . " They also performed at the Japanese festival Summer Sonic midway through the Family Tour . Then through November and December 2006 , Stone joined for their Music as a Tour . In January 2007 Stone joined for a Canadian tour , followed by a headlining tour of Europe . They then the Spring 2007 Music Tour across the US , followed by headlining tours in Australia and Japan . They then started a tour in Europe playing festivals and select headline shows . They wrapped up touring in support of the album with a headlining tour in the US through August and September in 2007 . - - = = = Special edition = = = - - On June 26 , 2007 , Stone released a special edition version of the album with six previously unreleased tracks and a bonus DVD . The DVD featured a full concert performance by the band from October 2006 in Moscow and the music videos for " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 , " " Through Glass , " and " . " When talking about the special edition , vocalist Taylor said , " we really wanted to do something which was really cool , " saying that this shows the band 's different musical elements and them in their live element , which he says " people really towards . " In addition to this , Stone released a live album of their concert in Moscow exclusively on iTunes , entitled Live in Moscow . - - = = Musical style = = - - In an interview with MTV in 2006 , vocalist Corey Taylor said that Come What ( ever ) May was a return to the roots of the band , stating it is " a lot more from the spirit of what the band started with in 1992 . " how some songs were " very atmospheric , " while others maintained " the hard rock and the heavy stuff . " Jon of MTV said that " for every thrash riff there 's a passage , for every guitar line there 's a rock @-@ radio hook . " When talking about the track " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 " , he said parts are " , barbed and heavy , " while others are " soaring and triumphant , " with the production of helping balance the album 's with its radio @-@ accessibility . Come What ( ever ) May 's lyrics include themes of " pain , pleasure , happiness , and grief . " The diversity in subjects is evident throughout the album , songs including " Come What ( ever ) May " were politically influenced while the track " " is about " social anxiety attacks " that vocalist Taylor suffered . " " is a love song written to Taylor 's wife for helping him in his struggles against and contemplation of suicide . " I 've never written anything like that before , but it was very important for me to tell the world not only how much she saved me , but how much she means to me , " said Taylor . Taylor said there is a common thread with the lyrics throughout the album , saying that they are " about never forgetting where you came from , who you are and why you do this . " - - = = Reception = = - - Come What ( ever ) May was met with generally positive critical reviews . Several reviewers noted on how it helped to further establish Stone . Chad of About.com stated that the band had " progressed a lot since their debut " , noting that the album was " very diverse and [ allows ] the band to show many different sides of their musical personality . " Megan of Allmusic opens her review of the album by distinguishing what sets Stone apart musically , stating " [ it 's their ] ability to create smooth , radio @-@ friendly alternative metal songs while simultaneously not boring the people who have heard way too much from post @-@ grunge groups . " On a similar note , Michael of said " the band is much better at the craft of songwriting than many of their peers . " However , in contrast , reviewer William Fry of IGN criticized the album , saying " Stone doesn 't do anything inspired , original , or fresh here " even calling the album " completely , and . " A particular point of interest for reviewers was how Come What ( ever ) May is more melodic than their previous album Stone . of said the album is " much more liberal with the and acoustic sounds than its predecessor , " noting on the track " " he said " it sounds like what Nickelback could be if Chad could write a good melody " . In his review , Chad labeled Come What ( ever ) May as a " very melodic and accessible album " stating that " it has a little something for everyone . " Similarly , Megan triumphed the album as an " effort from a promising talent " . - Come What ( ever ) May sold over 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted at the fourth spot on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and went on to be certified gold in the UK , Canada and the United States . In 2007 , the single " 30 / 30 @-@ 150 " was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards . - - = = Track listing = = - - All lyrics written by Corey Taylor , all music composed by Stone . - On the iTunes deluxe version , the pop version of " . " replaced the original version as the 12th track . - - = = = Special edition DVD = = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - - = = Chart positions = = - - - - = Chad at the 2008 Summer Olympics = - - Chad sent a delegation of two athletes to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China : , who competed in the men 's 100 meters , and , who competed in the women 's 100 meters and also bore the flag during ceremonies . The appearance of this delegation marked the tenth appearance of Chad at the Summer Olympics , the first been in 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and its seventh appearance since its Olympic hiatus between 1976 and 1980 . Both and ranked seventh in their respective and did not advance past the qualification round . As of the end of the 2012 London Olympics , there have been no from Chad . - - = = Background = = - - Chad is a country in Africa whose northern region lies within the eastern reaches of the Desert and whose southern region lies within the eastern portion of the . It borders Libya to the south , to the east , Sudan to the west , and the Central African Republic to the north . Chad was originally part of French West Africa until 1960 , when it declared independence . Some four years later , the former French colony made its at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . For the next three decades , Chad became embroiled in civil war and experienced invasions by Libya and upheavals by Sudanese @-@ backed rebels ; the civil war ended in 1990 , although rebel threats had persisted between then and 2008 . During Chad 's greatest era of instability , athletes from the country did not attend the 1976 Summer Olympics in , Canada or the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , USSR , although were sent to all other games between 1964 and 2008 . - The largest delegation to reach the Olympics appeared in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea and at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain ; each time , Chad 's National Olympic Committee sent six athletes . During the 1992 games , the sent the nation 's first female Olympian . Since then ( and up to the Beijing games ) , at least one woman has been a part of the delegation . The smallest of occurred during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , when only competed on the country 's behalf . The delegation that arrived in Beijing consisted of two athletes — one man ( 30 @-@ year @-@ old ) and one woman ( 15 @-@ year @-@ old ) , both participants in track events . was Chad 's at the ceremonies . Up to and including the Beijing games , there has yet to have been a from Chad . - - = = Athletics = = - - in athletics events could qualify for the next round of competition in two ways . Qualifying by right was posting a high result in their own heat , and qualifying by result was posting a high result in overall standings . shown are thus those within each heat , not in overall standings . - represented Chad at the Beijing Olympics in the men 's 100 meters dash . Born in 1977 , first participated in the Olympics at age 22 when he raced in the men 's 100 meters at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , placing seventh in his qualification heat and not progressing to later rounds . He did not attend the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , but returned to the Olympics at Beijing at the age of 30 . During the course of the August 14 , 2008 races in his event , when the qualification round took place , competed in the tenth heat against seven other athletes . He finished the race in 11 @.@ 14 seconds , placing seventh in the heat ahead of 's ( 11 @.@ 48 seconds ) and behind Gabon 's Wilfried ( 10 @.@ 87 seconds ) in a heat led by the Netherlands Antilles ' ( 10 @.@ 35 seconds ) and Japan 's ( 10 @.@ 39 seconds ) . Of the 80 athletes who participated in the events , the ranked 70th . He did not advance to later rounds . - competed on Chad 's behalf as the national delegation 's only female athlete at the Beijing games . She participated in the women 's 100 meters dash , and was 15 years old at the time of the competition . had not previously competed in any Olympic games . During the qualification round of the event , which took place on August 15 , 2008 , competed in the eighth heat against seven other athletes . She finished the race in 12 @.@ 55 seconds , placing seventh ; she defeated the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's ( 12 @.@ 57 seconds ) and fell behind Papua New Guinea 's ( 11 @.@ 68 seconds ) in a heat led by Nigeria 's ( 11 @.@ 13 seconds ) and the Bahamas ' Ferguson @-@ ( 11 @.@ 17 seconds ) . Of the event 's 85 competitors , finished in 64th place . Therefore , did not advance to round two and beyond . - Key - Note – given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only - Q - = for the next round - q = - for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target - NR - = National record - N / A = - Round not applicable for the event - = not required to compete in round - - - = View of the World from 9th Avenue = - - View of the World from 9th Avenue ( sometimes A New Yorker 's View of the World , A New Yorker 's View of the World or simply View of the World ) is a 1976 illustration by Saul that served as the cover of the March 29 , 1976 , edition of The New Yorker . The work presents the view from Manhattan of the rest of the world showing Manhattan as the center of the world . - View of the World has been parodied by Ted , Columbia Pictures , The New Yorker , The Economist and Mad Magazine , among others . The work has been imitated and printed without authorization in a variety of ways . The Columbia parody led to a ruling by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in v. Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc. in favor of because of copyright violations by Columbia Pictures . The work is regarded as one of the greatest magazine covers of recent generations and is studied by art students around the world . - - = = Background = = - - Saul created 85 covers and internal drawings and illustrations for The New Yorker , including its March 29 , 1976 cover , titled " View of the World from 9th Avenue " . This is regarded as his most famous work . It is considered an example of unintentional fame : has noted that the type of fame that resulted from the work has diminished his significance to " the man who did that poster " . The work is sometimes referred to as A New Yorker 's View of the World or A New Yorker 's View of the World because it depicts a map of the world as seen by self @-@ absorbed New Yorkers . At one point The New Yorker applied for a copyright from the United States Office for the work . It assigned the copyright to and subsequently reproduced posters of the painting . - - = = = = - - The illustration is split in two parts , with the bottom half of the image showing Manhattan 's 9th Avenue , 10th Avenue , and the Hudson River ( appropriately labeled ) , and the top half depicting the rest of the world . It is a westward view over 10th Avenue . The rest of the United States is the size of the three New York City blocks and is drawn as a bounded by North American neighbors Canada and Mexico , with a thin brown strip along the Hudson representing " Jersey " , the names of five cities ( Los Angeles ; Washington , D.C. ; Las Vegas ; Kansas City ; and Chicago ) and three states ( Texas , Utah , and Nebraska ) scattered among a few rocks for the United States beyond New Jersey , which is in bolder font than the rest of the country beyond the Hudson . Washington , D.C. is depicted as a remote location near Mexico . The Pacific Ocean , slightly wider than the Hudson , separates the United States from three flattened land masses labeled China , Japan and Russia . Notably , the image depicts the world with a back turned to Europe , which is absent from the painting . - The work is composed in ink , pencil , colored pencil , and on paper and measures 28 by 19 inches ( 71 cm × 48 cm ) . When exhibiting this work along with alternate versions and sketches , the University of Pennsylvania summarized the work as a " bird 's @-@ eye view of the city from Avenue in a straight line westward , with space becoming ever more ... " They also described the work as a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek view of the world . New York interpreted the New York @-@ centric mind 's view of the rest of the world as a set of outer as iconic . National Post journalist Robert described the perspective as one in which the entire world is a suburb of Manhattan . - - = = = = - - View of the World has been imitated without authorization in a variety of ways . The work has been imitated in format by numerous municipalities , states and nations . had stated that he could have retired on royalties from the many parodies made of the painting , had they been paid , a motivation for his eventual copyright lawsuit for the Moscow on the Hudson use . , writing in The National Post , noted that the metaphor of the world as a suburb of Manhattan was " understood and borrowed " by the whole world . Local artists , especially poster artists , presented similarly compelling depictions of their own provincial perceptions . demonstrated the prominence of this work by mentioning that a high school in suburban Ottawa made imitating View of the World an assignment in its graphic arts class . He also noted that the results of this assignment was a worldwide variety of global from which the students viewed the world . - The illustration — depicting New Yorkers ' self @-@ image of their place in the world , or perhaps outsiders ' view of New Yorkers ' self @-@ image — inspired many similar works , including the poster for the 1984 film Moscow on the Hudson ; that movie poster led to a lawsuit , v. Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc . , F. . ( 1987 ) , which held that Columbia Pictures violated the copyright held on his work . - On June 5 , 2003 , during the first term of George W. Bush 's presidency , Ted presented A View of the World from Pennsylvania Avenue as a of View of the World from 9th Avenue in a Universal Press Syndicate editorial cartoon . He replaced the letters representing The New Yorker with The . - The cover was later by Barry Blitt for the cover of The New Yorker on October 6 , 2008 . The cover featured Sarah Palin looking out of her window seeing only Alaska , with Russia in the far background . - The March 21 , 2009 The Economist included a story entitled " How China sees the World " that presents a parody that is also an homage to the original image , but depicting the viewpoint from Beijing 's Chang 'an Avenue instead of Manhattan . A caption above the illustration reads " by Jon Berkeley ( with to and The New Yorker ) " . It accompanied an article that discussed the burgeoning Chinese economy at the time of the contemporary financial crisis . - The October 1 , 2012 cover of Mad Magazine the problems with the September release of Apple Inc . ' s iOS 6 mobile operating system which included Apple Maps , a replacement for Google Maps . The work presents what View of the World might look like if one had relied upon the September 2012 version of Apple Maps to locate various landmarks . - - = = Critical review = = - - On October 17 , 2005 , American Society of Magazine Editors unveiled its list of the top 40 magazine covers of the prior 40 years and ranked View of the World from 9th Avenue in fourth place . The listing stated that the work " ... has come to represent Manhattan 's perception of the country beyond the Hudson River . The cartoon showed the supposed limited mental geography of . " - - - = = - - / / ( Chinese : ; pinyin : ; h @-@ @-@ : @-@ to ) is a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the central region of , Malaysia . is located 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northeast of , 216 kilometres ( 134 mi ) northeast of , and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southwest of . With a population of 114 @,@ as of 2010 , is the capital of the District of the Division of , Malaysia . - The name of was derived from the local native language " " ( picking heads ) . was a small fishing village when James Brooke acquired it in 1861 . Brooke later built a fort there in 1862 . In 1867 , the first General Council meeting ( now State Legislative Assembly ) was convened in . It is the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia . The construction of the earliest airstrip in began in 1934 but was halted in 1938 due to financial difficulties . During World War II , the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces . The British later rebuilt the airstrip , and it became fully operational in 1955 . The old airport was replaced by a new airport in 2002 . remained a fishing village until 1969 when oil and gas reserves were discovered off the coast . Since then , has become the centre of energy intensive industries such as a Malaysia plant , a Shell Middle Synthesis plant , and a combined cycle power plant . The economy has also expanded into oil palm and forest plantations , palm oil processing , wood @-@ waste processing , and cement manufacturing . The port of is the busiest in . The town is also a gateway to Industrial Park . - Among the tourist attractions in are National Park , Park , beach , village , Tong temple , mosque , Council monument , , and markets . The Borneo International Festival is held annually in the town . - - = = Etymology = = - - During the 16th century , was named " River de " by Portuguese . There are several legends surrounding the name . During the Brooke dynasty , the indigenous people practised to maintain their social status in the community . They threw the heads into the River , after which the heads had to be collected from the river . The practice of collecting the heads was known as " " ( picking heads ) in the local native language . Another story relates that two warriors named and built houses along the river . They and their followers frequently carried out preservation of severed heads near a small river stream branching off from River because the river bank was flat and wide . Therefore , the small river stream was named " " river . who came to subsequently pronounced the name as " " , and later the name evolved into " " and , finally , " " . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Brooke dynasty = = = - - James Brooke was appointed the White of ( now known as ) by the Empire in 1841 . In 1861 , the Sultanate of ceded the region to Brooke . was a small settlement at that time . A wooden fort named Fort was built in the village , named after Sir Henry , who was a close friend of the James and Charles Brooke . Sir Henry was responsible for crushing the piracy in the between 1840 and 1850 . Meanwhile , Charles Brooke was a nephew of James Brooke and would later become the latter 's successor as the second of . , an Italian botanist , visited in 1867 . On 4 August , he started his journey on a gunboat named " " , which was to send $ 6 @,@ 000 to for concessions being made to James Brooke in the and regions . He went to before coming back to . He dropped off at River on 13 August 1867 . His observations of the village were recorded as follows : - The fort of which was built entirely of wood , was in somewhat ruinous condition . It stood nearly on the sea @-@ shore , and just behind it , at a distance of few paces , the forests commenced ... Some had settled at the vicinity of the fort and had built a small ; but the village is chiefly formed by the houses of the beyond the Chinese ( village ) . These used to live further up the river , but since the construction of the fort , and the installation of an officer of the near the mouth of the river , they came to settle near the sea – a thing they would never have to do in former days for fear of the attacks of the pirates and pirates . - The houses of the people were built in rows on both sides of the River , mostly furnished by and . Each house had its own shed projection into the entrance of the river , which was used for the processing of . On 8 September 1867 , the first General Council meeting ( now State Legislative Assembly ) took place here . It was made up of 21 elected local community members ( five British officers and 16 Malay and local chiefs ) . The Council was formed by Raja Charles Brooke under orders from James Brooke . The Council is the oldest state legislative assembly in Malaysia . - - = = = Japanese occupation = = = - - During World War II , Charles Brooke ordered the construction of airstrips in , , , , and . Construction of the airstrip was started in 1934 under the direction of C. W. Bailey , a Works and Building Inspector for the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . All the airstrips were completed except for the airstrip , where construction was discontinued in October 1938 due to financial reasons . Japanese forces landed in on 16 December 1941 . fell into Japanese hands when they conquered on 24 December 1941 . When the Japanese invaded , Charles Brooke already left for Sydney ( Australia ) before the attack while his officers were captured by the Japanese and interned at the camp . During the Japanese occupation , the Japanese used the airstrip for military purposes . However , the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces . The British began reconstruction of the airstrip after the war ; during the project many bombs were unearthed . - On 5 September 1942 , Japanese Field Marshal Prince ( ) boarded a plane from to to an airport that bears his name . However , he never arrived . One month later , the plane was found to have crashed off the coast of , . The cause of the plane crash was not known . The Japanese later set up a wooden pole memorial made up of wood in . The wooden pole was later taken back to Japan by the family of Prince . - Chinese sawmill owners at and were instructed by the Japanese to produce timber for repairs at oil fields and ship building . During the Japanese occupation , sawmills at produced a total of 4 @,@ 000 tons of timber . - - = = = Post @-@ war period = = = - - In the 1950s , major economic activities in were the timber extraction industry , fishing , and processing . In the 1960s , was still a small fishing village , with a population of 5 @,@ 000 . No roads were constructed in until 1969 when the first road was built to connect to . The first bus that serviced the – route was owned by ( ) . The bus line was an initiative by the Malaysian federal government to provide public transportation for the people . The villagers paid the bus driver with " vegetables , chickens , bamboo shoots , and other items " . Before 1960 , was connected to by sea through a ship named " " . After 1960 , the ship " " was added to the route . It took around 36 to 48 hours to reach from , depending on the sea conditions . Due to lack of food supplies from , the villagers had to make do with limited food , and several villagers resorted to hunting in the to supplement the food supply . - In 1960 there were only three primary schools in . These schools provided classes until Primary 3 level . There were no secondary schools . could pursue their secondary school studies at either or by using small boats as there were no roads connecting to either or . Government Secondary School was opened in 1964 . In 1967 celebrated the first 100 years of the Council meeting ( State Legislative Assembly ) . A stone monument was built in front of a government rice to commemorate the event . was a sub @-@ district of Division in the 1970s . The sub @-@ district was upgraded into a district in 1987 . - - = = = Discovery of oil and gas reserves = = = - - Large reserves of natural gas were discovered off the coast of in 1969 . Following this , a feasibility study was done in 1975 , and was found to be a suitable site for a deep @-@ water port . On 14 June 1978 , Malaysia ( ) was established by , a Malaysian national oil and gas company for Natural Gas ( ) processing at . On 8 July 1978 , the Development Authority ( ) was established by the state government for infrastructure development and to promote industrial investment in the area . On 15 August 1981 , the Port Authority was established at , starting operation on 1 January 1983 . Since the establishment of Corridor of Energy ( ) in 2008 , become the gateway to Industrial Park , which is located 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) away from . The industrial park is a centre of heavy , energy @-@ intensive industry . Among the companies that started their operations in the industrial park are Malaysia , Press Metal , and . - Rural – urban migration is significant in because of greater job availability in the town . Since 2007 , new residents have started several areas in due to inability to find affordable housing , around Industrial estate and . To address the issue , several low @-@ cost housing projects were initiated by and state government to relocate the squatters . The state government planned to achieve zero squatters status by the year . also saw the rise in the number of residential and commercial properties such as double @-@ terraced houses , terraced , Commercial Centre , and Time Square Mall . Residential properties has shown a 20 % price increase from 2011 to 2013 . - - = = = = - - is represented by parliamentary seat ( P. 217 ) in the Parliament of Malaysia . The town is also represented by three state assembly seats – , ( later was split by two state assembly namely and ) , and – in the State Legislative Assembly . - - = = = Local authorities = = = - - Since 1978 the town of has been administered by the Development Authority ( ) , with offices located along . The town is located within the boundary of District , with a population of 183 @,@ 402 and a total area of 7 @,@ 220 @.@ 40 square kilometres ( 2 @,@ 787 @.@ 81 sq mi ) . Division was formerly a District under the jurisdiction of Division . The former District was upgraded to Division on 1 January 1987 . At the same time , sub @-@ district was upgraded to the present @-@ day District . Both the and District offices are located inside , Street , . - - = = Geography = = - - is located 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northeast of 216 kilometres ( 134 mi ) northeast of , and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southwest of . is located near the mouth of the River , in the coastal region of central . Geology of the coastal area was formed during the Pleistocene period ; silt , clay , and gravel can be found here . Geological formation from the period is found in the inland area , which contains limestone , , and sandstone . The soil is generally soft . - - = = = Climate = = = - - There are two monsoon seasons in the : the northeast ( November to March ) and the southwest ( May to September ) . The calm period between these two is known as the transitional period . In the coastal region , maximum rainfall occurs in the month of January , while minimal rainfall occurs from the period June to August . Rainfall is more evenly distributed in the inland areas . The annual rainfall of the region is about 3 @,@ 750 mm ( 148 in ) annually . The mean daily hours of sunshine at is about 5 @.@ 0 to 5 @.@ 5 hours . receives on average 14 to 15 / m2 of radiation throughout the year . 's relative humidity is 85 % . - - = = Demographics = = - - The growth of 's population is shown below : - The issue of gangsters in was first raised in 2007 by the member of parliament ( MP ) for . The gangsters may have run businesses related to illegal logging , controlling the prices of diesel , eggs , fertiliser and gas cylinders . police have been down on gangster activities in the town . businessmen who seek cheap labour have caused a rise in the number of illegal immigrants in . The number may have reached 50 @,@ 000 in 2009 . immigration department has performed several operations to illegal immigrants back to their home country . - - = = = = = = - - As of the 2010 Malaysian census , the population of the town of is 114 @,@ . Indigenous people accounted for the largest proportion of the town population ( 61 @.@ 2 % , 69 @,@ ) , followed by Chinese ( 25 @.@ 0 % , 28 @,@ 512 ) , Non @-@ ( 13 @.@ 1 % , 14 @,@ ) , and Indians ( 0 @.@ 28 % , 319 ) . Among the indigenous groups , there are ( 32 @,@ ) , Malay ( 14 @,@ ) , ( 14 @,@ 179 ) , ( 1 @,@ ) , and other indigenous tribes ( 6 @,@ ) . According to government sources , there are in the District . The moved into and basins in the mid @-@ 19th and early 20th century with permission of the Brooke government . Other indigenous tribes that form the minority are , , and . The Chinese in are mainly composed of dialect groups such as , , and . The Chinese have been living in the town of since the era of Empire . Later , Chinese from moved in , dominating the timber and plantation businesses in . There is also a large number of foreigners working there . Most of them come from Britain , Australia , the Netherlands , Germany , South Africa , New Zealand , Japan , China , the United States , and Indonesia . - - = = = Languages = = = - - While Malay is the official language of ; English is widely spoken there . Local ethnic languages and Chinese dialects are spoken by the respective ethnic groups . Standard Chinese is also spoken by ethnic Chinese in . is spoken by communities living along the River , with 4 @,@ 200 native speakers . These speakers are now recognised as part of the ethnic group , where their main language is Malay . is classified as one of the endangered languages in because of the isolated usage of the language in a small community . - - = = = Religion = = = - - The majority of the population are adherents of Christian denominations due to Christian missionaries operating during the Brooke dynasty ; followed by Islam , Buddhism , and Hinduism . Among the notable places of worship in are the Mosque ( ) , , Kong Temple , Methodist Church , and St. Thomas Church . The respective religious groups are free to hold processions in the town . - - = = Economy = = - - There are five industrial estates in . They are : Industrial Estate ( for wood @-@ based industries ) , Industries Estate ( wood @-@ based industries ) , Industrial Area ( for medium and light industries ) , Light Industrial Estate ( medium and light industries ) , and Light Industrial Estate ( light industry ) . - - = = = Oil and gas = = = - - Malaysia is a Natural Gas ( ) manufacturing complex located in that currently contains eight trains with a ninth one currently under construction . The complex was built by the Malaysian national oil and gas company , . The manufacturing complex has a production capacity of 25 @.@ 7 million tonnes per annum . is also planning to open ( ) offshore , which is used specifically to harvest natural gas from small and isolated gas fields . Transportation of natural gas from the state of , , to the complex at is facilitated by a 512 @-@ kilometre ( mi ) pipeline known as the " Gas " . Currently , 45 % of Malaysian natural gas is found at Central off the coast of . The largest of Malaysia productions are Japan ( 62 % ) , Korea ( 17 % ) , Taiwan ( 12 % ) , and China ( 9 % ) . - The Shell Plant ( ) , formerly known as Oil Terminal ( ) , was established in 1979 . It consists of three crude oil storage tanks , each with a capacity of 410 @,@ 000 barrels . It has three major areas of operation : Oil Operations , , and Gas Sales Facilities . Royal Dutch Shell started to establish the world 's first Shell Middle Synthesis plant ( Shell MDS ) in 1993 . It is also known as Gas @-@ To @-@ Liquid plant ( ) . The plant has a production capacity of 14 @,@ 770 barrels per day with a total investment of over US $ 1 billion as of the year 2010 . The plant is staffed with 380 people , of whom 93 % are , with 80 % of the staff coming from . - - = = = Wood @-@ based industries and plantations = = = - - Since the opening up of the – road in the 1970s , large @-@ scale plantations of oil palm and has been developed in rural areas of Division . Currently , there are 57 @,@ 740 hectares ( @.@ 4 km2 ( 223 sq mi ) ) of oil palm , 2 @,@ 000 hectares ( 200 km2 ( 77 sq mi ) ) of , and 815 hectares ( 8 @.@ 15 km2 ( 3 sq mi ) ) of plantations . - The first palm oil refinery , Oil , was established in June 1991 . currently has four palm oil refineries : ( operated under Group , a subsidiary of International ) , Darby Oil , Palm Oil , and Oil Palm . However , as of 2015 , no longer raw palm oil produced from cleared forests and peat swamps in because of environmental concerns . - The Division has been designated as a Zone ( ) by the state government since 1998 . As of 30 June 2011 , a total of 124 @,@ 618 hectares ( 1 @,@ @.@ 18 km2 ( sq mi ) ) has been planted with trees . Other trees that are planned for plantations are , , , , , and rubber trees . Forest , a company wholly owned by the state government , has been granted a license to forests for 60 years . However , the company has been suffering financial losses from 2009 to 2011 . - There are three mills in that process wood @-@ waste products . Two are @-@ density ( ) plants and the third is a charcoal plant , with a total installed capacity of @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 8 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 cu ft ) per year . plants wood waste purchased from sawmills and mills in the area and occasionally from the timber processing zone located at the mouth of the River . , which are required to hold wood dust together , constituted 20 % of the total production cost of the wood panel products . plants in are operated by , which was founded on 15 February 1994 . The plant is operated by . A glue / factory in is owned by & Chemicals . It produces resin and resin for and manufacturing at Industrial Estate . is also produced to supply ( ) plant . - - = = = Others = = = - - The Port Authority was established in 1981 . It started port operation in 1983 at . Following a exercise , Port ( ) was founded on 23 December 1992 and commenced operation on 1 January 1993 . is currently responsible for regulatory exercises and security of the port . Meanwhile , is responsible for cargo handling at the International Terminal ( ) . The port also provides Vessel traffic service to shipping vessels . The annual total cargo is 45 @.@ 4 million tonnes , consisting of 58 % and 42 % non @-@ products . As of 31 December 2014 , it generated a total revenue of @.@ 3 million per year . Port is the busiest port in . - The plant is the ammonia and plant operated by ( ) , which is partly owned by . The company was formed on 6 December 1980 . The plant started operation on 1 October 1985 . It is also one of the largest plants in Asia . It is a joint venture by five countries : Malaysia ( 63 @.@ 5 % shares ) , Thailand ( 13 % ) , Indonesia ( 13 % ) , the Philippines ( 9 @.@ 5 % ) , and Singapore ( 1 % ) . - Mata ( ) , one of the largest publicly traded companies in , set up a cement plant in at Industrial Estate . The plant , manned by 40 people , produces ordinary Portland cement and Portland blast cement . It currently has a combined production capacity of 2 @.@ 75 million ( million tonnes ) . - The combined cycle power plant was started in early 2010 with a capacity of 317 megawatts . The power plant is registered under the United Nations Clean Development Management ( ) scheme as of 18 September 2010 . The plant is built to ensure efficient use of energy and reduce green house gas emissions . It is the first power plant in Malaysia , currently operated by Power Generation ( ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy . - - = = Transportation = = - - - = = = Land = = = - - All roads in are maintained by the Development Authority ( ) . is connected to and by the Pan Borneo Highway . is also connected to and Industrial Park . Bridge crosses the River . It is the second bridge in Malaysia built using the incremental launch method . Road in is named after a friend of James Brooke , Sir Henry . - - = = = = Public transportation = = = = - - has a long @-@ distance bus station , located at Jaya , 5 km ( 3 mi ) northeast of the town centre . Among the areas served by the bus station are : , , , , , , , , and , Indonesia . The bus companies that serve the station are the . , , , and bus lines . There are also buses that serve the town area . Taxi service is also available . - - = = = Air = = = - - The old airport was built in 1955 in the town centre . It once held the Guinness World Record of nearest airport to town . On 19 December 2002 , the airport was replaced by a new airport , which is located 23 km ( 14 mi ) away from the town centre . The surroundings of the old airport were developed into commercial and residential projects while the runaway is reserved for International Festival . The new airport has a runway measuring 2 @,@ m ( 9 @,@ 006 ft ) , capable of handling planes as large as the Airbus . The airport currently serves three major airlines : Malaysia Airlines ( ) , Air Asia , and , connecting to domestic destinations such as : , , , Kuala , and . - - = = = Water = = = - - There is a terminal at that serves the rural areas of Division . Among the destinations that can be reached by express boat from are : , , , , and . - - = = Other utilities = = - - - = = = Courts of law and legal enforcement = = = - - The current court complex is located at Road . It comprises the High Court , the Sessions Court , and the Court . also has Court , located at , whose area of jurisdiction covers District and districts . The central police station is located at Hussein Road , with other police stations located at , , and . There is also a central prison in , which doubles as a centre . - - = = = Healthcare = = = - - Hospital started operation in 1968 . It is located at Road , 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from the town centre . Following renovations completed on 21 May 2000 , the hospital is now equipped with 200 beds . As of 2011 , the hospital provides services in seven medical disciplines . also has one , . There are two private hospitals in : Columbia Asia Hospital and Medical Centre . - - = = = Education = = = - - There are about 50 primary and eight secondary schools in . All the schools under the National Education System are managed by the District Education Office . The oldest primary schools in are St Anthony 's Primary School ( Roman Catholic Mission School ) , Chung Primary School , and the Primary School , which were established in the early 1960s . The Government Secondary School was built in 1964 . It is now known as , the oldest secondary school in the town . also has one Chinese independent school , Kai Dee Middle School ( ) . The Shell Oil Company established the International School in 1982 to meet the primary education needs of Shell employees ' children . The school provides English National Curriculum ( ) for literacy and and International Primary Curriculum ( IPC ) for other subjects . - Campus was started as the National Training Centre , , in 1974 . The oldest campus in , it was relocated to in 1987 as a branch campus of the Malaysia ( ) . The campus was closed down in 1992 before reopening in 2001 as Malaysia ( ) . During this period of closure , the campus was used as the site for ( Science Teachers ' Training College ) from 1994 to July 1999 when it was moved to as Guru Abdul ( Abdul Teachers ' Training Institute Campus ) . The campus is currently located 13 km ( 8 mi ) away from the town centre , occupying 715 ha ( 1 @,@ 767 acres ) , which can accommodate up to 2 @,@ 200 students . This branch campus currently has only one faculty , the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences , consisting of five academic departments . In 2015 was ranked 41st in the @-@ World University rankings . College , established in November 1999 , offers courses in business , information technology , language , and engineering . - There is also a technical school located 15 km ( 9 mi ) away from the town , near , occupying 20 ha ( 49 acres ) of land . The school was built in 1982 with a maximum capacity of 900 students . Among the courses offered are : automotive , mechanical and civil engineering , commerce , and fashion . Gulf Golden International Flying Academy ( ) , the first and only flying academy in , was closed in 2012 due to financial difficulties . - - = = = = = = - - The first public library in was built in 1971 by District Council ( ) . In 1988 the library was demolished to make way for car parks . Books from the library were moved into the former building . On 29 May 2000 , the Development Authority ( ) public library was built near the Civic Centre , which is 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the town . The public library has three branches : at , , and . - - = = Culture and leisure = = - - - = = = and recreational spots = = = - - - = = = = Cultural = = = = - - ( village ) is a fishing village in located near River . Among the daily activities in this village are processing , fish drying , and the manufacturing of , ( salted shrimp ) , ( headgear ) , and ( a type of food cover ) . Tong temple is located at Sultan . It has a structural design with a rock garden courtyard , man @-@ made waterfall , and dragon fencing . mosque , meaning " to God " , has a man @-@ made waterfall , a fountain , and a landscape planted with flowers . The Borneo International Festival has been held yearly since 2005 at the old airport runway . It usually lasts for four to five days in September . - - = = = = Historical = = = = - - In 1987 a clock tower and a fountain were erected at Council Monument . A centenary stone that was erected in 1967 to commemorate the event is kept under the clock tower . The Kong temple ( near ) is believed to have been built in the 1890s to purge the town from evil spirits . The temple survived World War II , and was rebuilt after the discovery of oil and gas reserves offshore . - - = = = = and conservation areas = = = = - - National Park is located 30 km ( 19 mi ) northeast of the town . The park was in 1976 , covering an area of 8 @,@ 996 ha ( 22 @,@ 230 acres ) ( 89 @.@ 96 km2 ( 35 sq mi ) with sandy beaches , rocky , jungle streams , and forests . Other national parks that can be accessed along the – road are the Hills National Park and National Park . - beach ( beach ) is located 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from the town centre . Meanwhile , ( Park ) is located 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the town centre . The park has a , a butterfly garden , and a mini @-@ zoo . - - = = = = Other attractions = = = = - - Tower is an observation tower located at . It offers a view of the oil and gas facilities shortly after nightfall . is a 3 @-@ kilometre ( 2 mi ) along the coastline with the River mouth as its focal point . It has the observation points offering sunset views . There is also an 18 @-@ hole golf course at . - - = = = = = = = = - - There are several shopping malls in : Mall , City Point , Stores , Farley shopping complex , Sing , and MDS @-@ Mart . Time Square Mall is currently under development in , with as the anchor tenant . - and are the two main markets in the town . Both places have a unique @-@ shaped roof that the traditional headgear named . offers items ranging from jungle produce to native home @-@ made such as . Meanwhile , houses both wet market and dry market under one roof , providing fresh vegetables , fruits , fish , and dairy products . The first floor of offers a variety of fast food such as , , , , , , and . The night market is located on road . There are over 150 selling a variety of items such as garments , electric goods , vegetables , fruits , food and drinks . - - - = Battalion = - - The Battalion ( Croatian : ) was a special forces unit of the Croatian National Guard ( garde – ) and later of the Croatian Army ( – ) established in on 18 May 1991 , during the Croatian War of Independence . The unit drew personnel from the special police forces and a former French Foreign Legion troops serving as its core . The battalion was set up and initially commanded by Ante , while Major took over as the commanding officer in August . - The Battalion trained volunteer troops in Vukovar in June 1991 before it saw action in , the Battle of and near in 1991 . By the end of 1991 , the unit 's personnel were tasked with setting up an additional special forces unit of the . The next year its elements took part in the Battle of and Operation Tiger aimed at lifting the Siege of Dubrovnik . It also and helped develop and train the Croatian Defence Council ( – ) , setting up a training camp in . In 1993 , the battalion took part in Operation . In February 1994 , the Battalion was amalgamated with several other special forces units into the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ ) , a component of the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 @.@ ) . - - = = Background = = - - In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , ethnic tensions between Croats and Croatian Serbs worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( – ) believed Croatia would use the Croatian Territorial Defence Force 's ( – ) equipment to build its own army and confront the itself . In order to minimize the expected resistance , the confiscated the weapons . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs . - In the beginning of 1991 , Croatia had no regular army . In an effort to bolster its defence , Croatia doubled the size of its police force to about 20 @,@ 000 . The most effective part of the force was the 3 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police that were deployed in 12 battalions , adopting military organisation . In addition there were 9 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 regionally organised reserve police . The reserve police were set up in 16 battalions and 10 companies , but they lacked weapons needed to arm many of the troops . - Preparations to set up the Croatian National Guard ( garde – ) began on 12 April 1991 . Establishment of the as a police force with military capabilities was thought necessary by the Croatian authorities following armed clashes in and at Lakes in March and due to the possibility of further confrontation with the . The , formally established on 23 April , was tasked with protection of the constitutional order , maintenance of public order , anti @-@ terrorist operations , protection of Croatia 's borders , territory , coast and territorial waters , as well as the protection of high @-@ value structures and high @-@ profile persons . - - = = Service = = - - On 18 May 1991 , the Battalion was established as a special forces unit of the . The core of the unit consisted of 27 volunteers drawn from the Special Police Unit ( ) . Initially , it relied on former French Foreign Legion troops . The most senior among the former was Ante , previously a @-@ ( non @-@ commissioned officer – ) in the 4th Foreign Regiment . In consequence , was tasked with setting up the unit as its initial commander . Major , likewise a former French Foreign Legion member , was assigned the battalions deputy commander . The unit was based in the village of in the region of , on the grounds of the former " Josip Tito " political school . The site , adjacent to the border of Slovenia , was selected to be inaccessible to Yugoslav Air Force raids without violation of or possibly Austrian airspace . In June 1991 , the was transferred to Peak north of Zagreb leaving base to the Battalion , as well as the second special forces unit , the Battalion . - The Battalion was deployed for the first time on 15 June . It was stationed in Vukovar , tasked with preparation of city defences and organisation of volunteer troops . In August , took over command of the battalion from . The same month , the Battalion was deployed to the , where it pushed the Croatian Serb forces out of the town of . In September , the battalion was deployed to , where it took part in battle to control against the . Troops assigned to the battalion captured barracks in . During combat in , 30 troops of the Battalion , assisted by , captured Major General , along with three armoured personnel carriers ( ) and 32 soldiers . The unit was deployed to on 28 October , tasked with from the . After the deployment to , a part of the unit personnel left to Bosnia and Herzegovina anticipating further conflict there , while the remainder of the unit returned to . The was renamed the Croatian Army ( – ) on 3 November 1991 . In late 1991 , personnel of the Battalion set up another special forces unit of the — the Battalion based in . - In 1992 , elements of the Battalion took part in the Battle of , before setting up a training camp in the town of . There the battalion personnel assisted in setting up and trained the Croatian Defence Council ( – ) . Later that year , elements of the battalion took part in Operation Tiger — aimed at lifting of the Siege of Dubrovnik . In 1993 , elements of the Battalion took part in Operation , fighting in the area of . The Central Intelligence Agency assessed the Battalion as one of the best units of the . - - = = = = - - On 25 February 1994 , the Battalion was amalgamated with parts of other special forces units of the : Battalion , Ban Battalion , Battalion , Battalion and part of 8th Light Assault Brigade forming the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ ) , a component of the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 @.@ ) , directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . - - - = But They Don 't Go Down = - - " But They Don 't Go Down " is the nineteenth and penultimate episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the episode overall . Written by Phil and directed by Jason Bloom , the episode premiered on The CW on May 22 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while as a private detective . - In this episode , Weevil ( Francis ) enlists Veronica 's help in proving his innocence when he is implicated in creating fake student . Meanwhile , Veronica and Piz ( Chris Lowell ) come to terms with Veronica 's FBI internship , and a sex tape of this couple is released on the internet . Logan ( Jason ) beats up Piz , thinking that he posted it . In addition , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) and ( Ken Marino ) debate on Piz 's radio show about the upcoming Sheriff 's election in which they are running against each other . - " But They Don 't Go Down " features the reappearance of Weevil after an absence of five episodes ; during filming of the third season , was undergoing medical treatment . Series creator Rob Thomas pointed out Logan and Piz 's fight scene as one of the highlights of the episode and the season . In its original broadcast , the episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics , with many praising the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . - - = = Synopsis = = - - In a line , Veronica and Mac ( Tina ) discuss her relationship with Piz and what her FBI internship will mean for them . They then see someone getting arrested by the campus police for a fake card . Weevil himself , but finds himself unable to receive adequate benefits . Veronica gets Piz to accept her leaving for the internship . At the Sheriff ’ s station , Weevil is called out by several students as being the one who gave them the fake cards . Weevil is put in the jail cell , but he tells Veronica that he think they targeted him after he was showcased in the criminology class . She investigates several of the owners of the student , who do seem genuine in accusing Weevil . Weevil gets bail , but Keith informs him that a student printing machine was found in the locker next to Weevil ’ s . Veronica and Wallace speak to a mechanical engineering professor , who says that it would be impossible for Weevil to be the . Piz invites Keith to appear on his show in an election special before Keith informs Veronica that Weevil ’ s were found all over the investigation . - Keith and debate on Piz ’ s radio show , and some support about his drinking policy . Wallace notices someone following him , and the student wants to recruit him for a secret society . insults Keith ’ s handling of his home life , and Veronica hits him on the head lightly . She helps Weevil his steps and notices one of her criminology classmates , Jenny ( Dianna Agron ) , involved with one of Weevil ’ s clients . Veronica that Jenny and her circle of friends are responsible for creating the fake student , them , and Weevil . Logan and Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) go surfing , and they run into Veronica , Piz , and Mac helping Wallace ( Percy III ) with his final project for a class . Veronica learns that one of Jenny ’ s group lives in the same town in Georgia where the student machines are made . - Veronica is called into a room in the library by Jenny ’ s group , who try to her into not turning them in to the police . However , she denies and records their conversation as further proof . They are hiding a third machine , and Veronica tells Weevil to go and find it . Dick shows Logan a sex tape of Piz and Veronica that has been circulating in an email . Because Logan thinks Piz posted the tape , he attacks Piz and hits him incessantly . Weevil does have a student machine , and Logan walks into Mars Investigations with Piz ’ s blood on him . - - = = Production = = - - " But They Don 't Go Down " was written by Phil and directed by Jason Bloom , marking 's fifteenth and final writing credit and Bloom 's fourth and final directing credit for Veronica Mars , after " Green @-@ Eyed Monster " , " Nevermind the " , and " Charlie Don 't Surf " . The episode features the final appearance of Dianna Agron , famous for her role as Quinn on Glee , as Jenny , Veronica ’ s classmate . Agron had previously appeared in the episode “ President Evil ” . The episode prominently features Weevil ( Francis ) , who appears after a five episode hiatus . During the third season , was struggling with a medical condition , and the medication he took for this illness caused his face and neck to swell and break out with . - Series creator Rob Thomas included the scene in which Logan attacks Piz on his list of highlights from the third season . When Thomas first viewed the scene with his wife , she emitted an audible when she saw Logan walking through the towards Piz , anticipating the fight that was about to come . Thomas thought that most fight scenes on the show were not well @-@ done , as they are filmed quickly and without a second unit . However , he was pleased with the final cut , stating that there was only one punch that he thought looked fake . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - In its original broadcast , “ But They Don ’ t Go Down ” received 1 @.@ 78 million viewers , ranking 77th of 85 in the weekly rankings . This was a decrease from the previous episode , “ I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer ” , which garnered 2 @.@ 10 million . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - Eric Goldman , writing for IGN , graded the episode a 9 @.@ 0 out of 10 , indicating that it was “ amazing ” . His very positive review focused on the ambiguous nature of the main plot and the subplots of Dick and Logan . He praised the presence of the majority of the main cast members , also stating that Dick ’ s reaction to dealing with his brother was realistic for him and in character . The reviewer called the conclusion to the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week a “ fun and satisfying one ” that highlighted the moral ambiguity of main characters , something “ that the show had been lacking for a while . ” He highlighted this ambiguity in both Weevil in Logan , elaborating that Logan attacking Piz showed an interesting side to his personality that had not been present all season . The reviewer also lauded the ending , stating , “ it was a reminder of how exciting and intense this show can be at its best . ” Television Without Pity did not grant the episode a rating but lauded the characterization of Weevil , stating , “ This is the most consistently written character on the show , bar none . ” - Kelly West of Cinema focused primarily on the series finale in her review but referred to this episode as containing a solid case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . “ Overall it was a good mystery @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week but seeing as it was the second to last episode , the only thing I cared about was that we finally got more Weevil ! ” Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave the episode a mixed review , stating that the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week was an of the overall themes of Veronica Mars . The reviewer enjoyed the potential for Logan and Dick ’ s character development , although he felt that it was by the knowledge that the series was about to end . “ As fun as this episode is , the lack of the fourth season stops me from fully enjoying it . [ … ] But the knowledge that this might be the last time we see them puts a on things . Still , better to go out with good episodes than bad . ” - - - = Temple Beth Israel ( Eugene , Oregon ) = - - Temple Beth Israel ( Hebrew : ) is a synagogue located at 1175 East 29th Avenue in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in the early 1930s as a Conservative congregation , Beth Israel was for many decades the only synagogue in Eugene . - The congregation initially worshipped in a converted house on West Eighth Street . It constructed its first building on Portland Street in 1952 , and occupied its current @-@ facilities in 2008 . - In the early 1990s conflict between feminist and traditional members led to the latter leaving Beth Israel , and forming the Orthodox Congregation Torah . Beth Israel came under attack from neo @-@ Nazi members of the twice , in 1994 and again in 2002 . In both cases the were caught and convicted . - Services were lay @-@ led for decades . Marcus Simmons was hired as the congregation 's first rabbi in 1959 , but left in 1961 . After a gap of two years , Louis became rabbi in 1963 , and served until his death in 1976 . He was followed by , who served from 1977 to 1994 , and in turn was succeeded by @-@ . Maurice Harris joined @-@ as associate rabbi in 2003 , and served until 2011 , when he was succeeded by Boris . As of 2014 , led by @-@ and , Beth Israel had approximately 400 member households , and was the largest synagogue in Eugene . - - = = Early history = = - - Small numbers of German Jews began settling in Eugene in the late 19th century , but most moved on . In the early 20th century the first Eastern European Jews settled there , and by the 1920s Eugene 's Jewish community began gathering prayer for holding Friday night and Jewish holiday services in individuals ' homes . Historian Steven Lowenstein writes that " [ a ] 's death in 1933 , his home at 231 West Eighth Street was remodeled and named Temple Beth Israel " . It was a traditional Conservative synagogue , and from that time until the 1990s it was the only synagogue in Eugene . - In 1952 , the congregation constructed a one @-@ story synagogue building on an almost 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 40 ha ) property at Portland Street . Designed by architect and Holocaust @-@ survivor Heinrich ( ) , the building featured an interior courtyard that provided natural lighting , and " a network of ceiling beams painted with symbols and shapes " by . - Temple Beth Israel 's services and religious functions were lay @-@ led for decades . Its first rabbi was Marcus Simmons . Originally from England , he was a graduate of University of London and Oxford University , and was ordained at the Hebrew . He emigrated to the United States in 1957 , and joined Beth Israel in 1959 . The members were not , however , agreed that a full @-@ time rabbi was required , and in 1961 , he accepted a position in , California . - Following a hiatus of two years , Louis was hired as rabbi in 1963 . Born in New York City in 1912 to immigrant parents , he was a graduate of City University of New York and was ordained at the Jewish Institute of New York . He had previously worked for the United Jewish Appeal , and from 1959 to 1963 was the first rabbi at Syracuse University . There was some concern about 's hiring , as he had a police record as a result of his involvement in freedom marches in the African @-@ American Civil Rights Movement ( 1955 – 1968 ) . He served until his death in 1976 . - - = = era = = - - was hired as rabbi in 1977 . in Reform Judaism , he had previously served as a rabbi in , Kansas for two years , then lived in Israel for two years , before coming to Eugene . was known for his support for minority rights and gay rights , anti @-@ nuclear and anti @-@ war activism , support of reconciliation between Israel and the Palestinians , and outreach to non @-@ members of Eugene 's Jewish community . - attempted to revive the Biblical concept of the " " in his approach to . He was willing to at an if the non @-@ Jewish partner , after discussions with the rabbi , agreed of his or her own free will to fulfill a set of commitments , including " a commitment to a Jewish home life , participation in Jewish life and tradition , and raising future children as Jews " . The non @-@ Jewish partner making this commitment became a " " , or " non @-@ Jewish member of the Jewish people " . - 's wife Alice was a strong feminist , and during the 1980s he and his wife supported a number of changes to the and ritual . These included allowing women to read from the Torah and lead the prayers , and changing prayers to be more gender inclusive - for example , using gender @-@ neutral terms and for God , and adding references to the Biblical in prayers like the , which traditionally only mentioned the Biblical . While most congregation members approved of these changes , a minority resisted them . - - = = = = = = - - By the early 1990s serious divisions developed among the members of the congregation over a number of issues , including personal , the rabbi 's activism and " advocacy of ' ultra @-@ liberal ' causes " , political differences over the Israeli – Palestinian conflict , and - a myriad of additional Jewish cultural / religious issues , such as the acceptance of couples , adherence to dietary laws , the use of modern language and music during worship services , of certain prayers such as the to make them less , and so on . - However , the biggest source of division , which all others , was " the roles and rights of men and women in the synagogue . " - In the early 1990s a group of newly members began holding more traditional services in a back room of the synagogue , complete with a , a partition separating men and women . The " more feminist @-@ minded " members strongly objected to having a anywhere in the Temple Beth Israel building , even if it were not in the services they attended . The latter group eventually circulated a petition which stated that either the would have to be taken down , or those members who wanted it would have to leave . also signed the petition . Faced with this opposition , in 1992 the Orthodox members left , renting new premises and hiring their own rabbi , creating Eugene 's second synagogue , originally called " The " , and in 1998 renamed " Congregation Torah " . - held himself responsible , and the schism led to his " of the needs of Temple Beth Israel and his role as a rabbi " . As a result , he left Beth Israel in 1994 to lead a synagogue on Long Island . During his tenure at Beth Israel , membership rose from 118 to 350 families . died two years later at age 51 . - - = = @-@ era = = - - @-@ succeeded in 1995 . @-@ began his involvement at Temple Beth Israel first as a , then as cantor , and then as an assistant rabbi . He was active in forming the Jewish movement , and was ordained by its leader @-@ . - The congregation decided to leave the Conservative movement in 1995 , and for a year had no affiliation . In late 1996 , after considering both Reform and as , the congregation affiliated with the movement . By 1999 , membership had grown to around 370 families . - @-@ was instrumental in developing the concept of " " , the idea that one should only purchase goods that are produced in an ethical way . His essay , " , " was selected for publication in Arthur 's Best Jewish Writing 2003 . A singer , cello and guitar player , he and performs Jewish music . - @-@ has had four assistant or associate working with him . joined Temple Beth Israel in 1998 as interim rabbi when @-@ went on a ; Jonathan was assistant rabbi from 2001 to 2003 . Maurice Harris , a 2003 graduate of the College , joined as assistant rabbi in 2003 . He is one of the of The Open Concerning Religion and Science From American , part of the Project which " encourages and the teaching of evolution in schools " . In 2011 , Boris joined the congregation as its newest associate rabbi . - - = = = Attacks by neo @-@ Nazis = = = - - On March 20 , 1994 , Chris Lord , an individual associated with the and American Front , fired ten rounds with an assault rifle into the temple , damaging the interior . The attacks were prompted by a newspaper article about several members of Eugene 's Jewish community , including a lesbian . Community organizations , including a local gay rights group , responded by standing vigil outside the synagogue during services . Lord and an associate were caught and convicted , and Lord was sentenced to four and a half years in prison . - On October 25 , 2002 Jacob , his brother Gabriel , Gerald , Jesse Baker , and one other man , all members of the , drove to Beth Israel with the intent of intimidating the . While a service with 80 members attending was taking place , the men threw rocks etched with Nazi through the synagogue 's stained glass windows , then off . The men were caught , pleaded guilty , and were convicted . They served sentences ranging from a 6 @-@ month work release term and five years , to eleven years and three months in federal prison for the , Jacob . - - = = = East 29th Avenue building = = = - - Originally sized for 75 families , Temple Beth Israel 's Portland Street building had been renovated and enlarged over the years to 7 @,@ 500 square feet ( 700 m2 ) to accommodate 250 families and 150 students . Despite these additions and the loss of members to Congregation Torah , the synagogue was not large enough , particularly during the High , when extra space had to be rented . In 1997 the congregation purchased the property of the University Street Christian Church for $ 500 @,@ 000 ( today $ 740 @,@ 000 ) , and began planning for a new facility . The members considered renovating the existing building on the property , but felt a new building would better suit their requirements , and razed the church . - In 2003 the congregation got a permit to begin construction of a new facility on the now @-@ vacant 1 @.@ 37 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 55 ha ) plot of land at the northwest corner of East 29th Avenue and University Street . An initial capital campaign raised more than $ 1 @.@ 8 million , which fully paid for the land , and by August 2007 an additional $ 1 @.@ 7 million had been raised towards anticipated overall project costs of $ 5 million . - The environmentally sensitive building was designed by Solomon and Associates of Kansas City and local company Architects & , and built by Commercial Construction of Eugene . The building used " energy efficient heating , ventilation and lighting " : specific design issues with the building 's energy efficiency included the fact that the largest room in the building , the sanctuary , was also the least @-@ used , and , in accord with Jewish tradition , had to face east ( towards Jerusalem ) . - On June 8 , 2008 the congregation dedicated its new building at 1175 East 29th Avenue . At approximately 25 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) , the facility included a sanctuary , commercial kitchen , banquet facilities , and classrooms , and housed the synagogue , the Lane County Jewish Federation , and the local Jewish Family Service . The project ended up costing $ 6 million , of which $ 4 million had been raised . - Made of concrete , steel , and wood , the building achieved in Energy and Environmental Design compliance " through the integration of management strategies , high efficiency irrigation , the use of recycled and / or materials , and drought tolerant . " materials used in the structure included and wood beams . - - = = Recent events = = - - In 2008 , Temple Beth Israel participated in Across America , an " witness against torture coordinated by the National Religious Campaign Against , " as part of the Jewish Campaign Against . by for Human Rights — North America in honor of Awareness Month , the Jewish campaign included over 25 which hung protesting " the use of abusive techniques by the American military and intelligence community " . That year , membership reached almost 400 families , and the Talmud Torah and pre @-@ school had about 200 and 40 students respectively . - The congregation sold the old synagogue building on Portland Street to Security First ( Portland Street ) Child Development Center for $ 815 @,@ 000 in 2009 , carrying the Center 's financing . The building was converted for use as an educational center , while retaining some of the original architectural elements . economic conditions forced the Child Development Center to give up the building in 2011 , and Eugene 's Network Charter School planned to move into it in autumn 2011 . - Harris announced he would be stepping down as rabbi in 2011 , and the synagogue hired Boris as his successor . Born and raised in Oregon , had worked at Temple Beth Israel as a teacher and youth group adviser from 1999 to 2001 . A graduate of the University of Oregon , with a master 's degree in Jewish Education from the Jewish , he was ordained by the College . - As of 2011 , Temple Beth Israel was the largest synagogue in Eugene . It was a member of the Community of , " an Oregon and Washington ministry and advocacy organization working toward full inclusion and equality for , lesbian , , gay and questioning persons . " The were @-@ and Boris . - - - = New York State Route 93 = - - New York State Route 93 ( NY 93 ) is a 43 @.@ 08 @-@ mile ( 69 @.@ 33 km ) state highway in western New York in the United States . The route begins at an intersection with NY in the village of and runs in a general northwest – southeast direction across Niagara and Erie counties to its east end at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of Newstead , just south of the village of . NY 93 serves as a connector between several major , including NY 104 in , NY 31 just west of the city of , and NY 78 south of the city . - The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . Although it began in and ended in Newstead as it does today , the initial routing of NY 93 from the modern path in the vicinity of the city of . From to 's eastern suburbs , the highway originally used NY 425 , Lower Mountain Road , Road , and a series of streets in . NY 93 was moved onto NY 104 and Junction Road in in the 1940s , and altered to bypass to the south on a new highway and Robinson and roads in 1991 . In 2006 , NY 93 was realigned west of to continue south on Junction Road to NY 31 . The change removed NY 93 from Upper Mountain Road , a county @-@ owned highway that had been part of the route since the 1930s . - - = = Route description = = - - - = = = West of = = = - - NY 93 begins at an intersection with NY ( Main Street ; co @-@ designated but not signed as County Route 907 or CR 907 ) in the center of the village of . The route proceeds eastward through the village as a two @-@ lane road named Street , serving two blocks of commercial areas before to the northeast and passing into the residential eastern portion of . At the eastern village limits , NY 93 briefly to four lanes as it enters a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Niagara Scenic Parkway . Past the junction , the highway to a two @-@ lane road and changes names to – Road as it runs across the town of Porter . The residential surroundings continue to the hamlet of Towers Corners , where NY 93 connects to NY 18 ( Creek Road ) . - After NY 18 , NY 93 curves to the southeast , serving another residential stretch ahead of a junction with – Wilson Road ( CR 36 ) on the eastern edge of Towers Corners . After this intersection , the homes give way to farms as the road heads into rural areas of the town . The route continues on a southeast track through Porter , passing a mixture of rural and residential areas on its way into the hamlet of Porter Center , where NY 93 enters an intersection with Porter Center Road ( CR 57 ) . Another southeastward stretch brings the route across Creek and into the hamlet of , where NY 93 becomes the community 's main street . Through , NY 93 retains the – Road name , intersecting with Road ( CR 17 ) in the hamlet 's business district . - Just outside , NY 93 leaves the town of Porter for the town of Wilson . It continues generally southeastward across mostly open terrain , meeting Randall Road ( CR 83 ) and Church Street ( CR 56 ) on its way to the town of . NY 93 becomes North Ridge Road at the town line , and it soon enters the hamlet of North Ridge , a community built up around the route 's intersection with NY 425 ( – Wilson Road ) . The hamlet 's residential surroundings continue to the adjacent community of Corners , where NY 93 becomes concurrent with NY 104 ( Ridge Road ) . NY 93 and NY 104 proceed northeast across lightly populated areas for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the hamlet of Warren Corners , at which point NY 93 splits from NY 104 and heads southward along Town Line Road . It immediately intersects with Stone Road ( CR 19 ) before leaving the hamlet . - - = = = area = = = - - Outside of Warren Corners , the route heads across rural areas along the – town line . It soon enters the small hamlet of Corners , where the road passes under Lower Mountain Road ( CR ) . to the highway is made by way of Town Line Road Spur ( CR 114 ) , a connector leading to Lower Mountain Road . NY 93 continues southward along the town line , changing names to Junction Road at an intersection with Upper Mountain Road ( CR 5 ) west of the city of . From here , the route crosses over Transportation 's rail line at the hamlet of Junction before intersecting with NY 31 ( Saunders Settlement Road ) and NY 270 ( Campbell Boulevard ) just south of the community . NY 270 begins straight ahead to the south while NY 93 turns northeast onto Saunders Settlement Road , beginning a concurrency with NY 31 . - Now fully in the town of , NY 31 and NY 93 proceed northeast through an open area of the town as a four @-@ lane divided highway . The two routes continue to the western edge of the city of , where they intersect with Upper Mountain Road and the Bypass . The overlap ends here as NY 93 turns southeastward onto the two @-@ lane bypass . Along the bypass , NY 93 briefly enters the city limits as it runs past several industrial facilities and intersects with Road ( CR 903 ) just ahead of a bridge over the Erie Canal . Past the waterway , the bypass takes a more course through an undeveloped part of the town of to a junction with Robinson Road ( CR 123 ) on the – town line . The Bypass ends here , leaving NY 93 to turn eastward onto Robinson Road . - The route initially serves a line of homes as it heads along Robinson Road ; however , it soon enters a commercial district surrounding the road 's intersection with NY 78 ( Transit Road ) . At this point , the – town line turns south to follow NY 78 , leaving NY 93 fully within the town of as it runs eastward past another stretch of homes . Not far from NY 78 , NY 93 changes names to Road at an intersection with Beattie Avenue ( CR 14 ) and Raymond Road ( CR 85 ) . The junction also marks a shift in the road 's surroundings as the homes give way to open , rolling terrain . NY 93 continues eastward for several miles to the town of , where it meets Road ( CR 35 ) and Road ( CR 142 ) at adjacent intersections just east of the town line . - - = = = East of = = = - - NY 93 takes over Road 's name and right @-@ of @-@ way , continuing eastward past a line of scattered homes to reach the sparsely developed hamlet of . Here , the route turns southward at a junction with Bunker Hill Road ( CR 136 ) . Outside of , NY 93 heads southeastward across undeveloped areas of , connecting to Block Church Road ( CR 110 ) as it approaches Creek and the Niagara – Erie county line . The road runs along the northern edge of the creek for about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) prior to curving southward at an intersection with Road ( CR 122 ) . The turn brings NY 93 across Creek and into the Erie County town of Newstead , where it becomes known as Maple Road and immediately intersects with CR 260 ( Road ) . - Continuing southward , NY 93 runs across open , rolling terrain , meeting CR 259 ( Creek Road ) on its way to the hamlet of Mills . Here , the rural surroundings briefly give way to residential areas as NY 93 intersects with CR 255 ( Swift Mills Road ) in the center of the community . South of Mills , the road serves only intermittent stretches of homes for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , including a cluster of residences around its closely spaced intersections with CR 253 ( Road ) and CR 42 ( Rapids Road ) . It continues on a southward track past the eastern terminus of CR 218 ( Corner – Road ) to the outskirts of the village of , where the highway turns east onto Lewis Road and soon enters the village limits . NY 93 runs past a line of homes before intersecting Cedar Street , a road maintained by Erie County as CR 261 north of the village . - The route turns south at Cedar Street , following the residential street into downtown . Here , NY 93 intersects with CR ( John Street ) at a junction that was once the western terminus of NY 267 . At this intersection , NY 93 heads west on John Street for one block before continuing south on Buffalo Street for another block to Main Street . NY 93 turns westward again , following Main Street through the westernmost part of 's central business district prior to curving southwestward at a junction with Street . The highway takes on the Street name as it crosses over Murder Creek and leaves downtown . Just south of the creek , NY 93 changes names to Street at an intersection with Jackson Street . - As the route continues southward through the southern part of , it serves mostly residential areas , save for an industrial complex at NY 93 's intersection with CR 163 ( Clarence Center Road ) and CR 167 ( Drive ) . NY 93 exits a short distance south of the junction , at which point the route heads into another area of open fields while retaining the Street name . It continues on a southward track for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to a intersection with NY 5 ( Main Road ) , where Street and NY 93 both come to an end . - - = = History = = - - - = = = and early changes = = = - - NY 93 was established as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , connecting the cities and villages of , , and . While the of NY 93 have remained the same to this day , several portions of the route have been realigned since that time . When NY 93 was first assigned , it turned south at the hamlet of North Ridge and overlapped with NY 425 along – Wilson Road to Lower Mountain Road , then part of NY 3 . NY 425 went west from this junction while NY 93 headed eastward , following NY 3 along Lower Mountain , Gothic Hill , Upper Mountain , and Saunders Settlement roads to the city of . At Street , NY 93 left NY 3 and exited the city along , High , and streets and Road . It met its current alignment southeast of the city in . - NY 3 was realigned c . 1932 to follow Saunders Settlement Road between Road ( NY 425 ) and Upper Mountain Road . The former routing of NY 3 along , Lower Mountain , Gothic Hill , and Upper Mountain roads was redesignated as NY even though all of NY 3 's former routing was already part of either NY 425 or NY 93 . The NY designation was eliminated c . 1935 when NY 3 was truncated eastward to a new western terminus in central New York . In the early 1940s , NY 93 was altered to follow North Ridge Road , U.S. Route 104 ( now NY 104 ) , and Junction Road between North Ridge and Lower Mountain Road . - Around the same time that NY 93 was rerouted , NY 270 was also extended northward along Junction Road from NY 31 to US 104 . As a result , NY 93 overlapped NY 270 between Lower Mountain Road and US 104 . The overlap with NY 270 remained in place until c . 1963 when NY 270 was truncated southward to the intersection of Lower Mountain and Junction roads . NY 93 was realigned in the late 1970s to bypass Lower Mountain and Gothic Hill Roads on Junction and Upper Mountain roads , replacing NY 270 along Junction Road . The Lower Mountain Road portion of NY 93 's former routing is now maintained by Niagara County as County Route ( CR ) . - - = = = = = = - - The Bypass , a highway bypassing downtown to the southwest , was opened to traffic on July 26 , 1991 . The highway cost $ 7 @.@ 7 million ( equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 4 million in 2016 ) to construct and extended from the junction of NY 31 and NY 93 west of the city to Robinson Road south of downtown . NY 93 was realigned to follow the new bypass south to Robinson Road , where it turned east and followed Robinson Road ( CR 123 ) and Road ( CR 133 ) to Road in . The portion of Road ( NY 93 's former routing ) east of the city limits became NY , an unsigned reference route . - and maintenance of Robinson Road from the bypass to NY 78 was transferred from Niagara County to the state of New York on September 1 , 1990 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The portion of NY 93 between NY 78 and Road became state @-@ maintained on October 1 , 1998 , as part of another swap that also transferred ownership and maintenance of Road to Niagara County . Road is now CR 142 . - On November 1 , 2005 , the Niagara County Legislature voted on a measure to allow the county to ask the New York State Department of Transportation ( ) to remove the NY 93 designation from Upper Mountain Road , a county @-@ maintained highway , and it to Junction Road ( NY 270 ) and Saunders Settlement Road ( NY 31 ) . The for the change came from a resident of Upper Mountain Road , who demanded that trucks should be removed from the roadway . This part of the agenda was passed . obliged to the request in 2006 , NY 93 as proposed and NY 270 southward to NY 31 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Operation USA = - - Operation USA ( , Operation California , or ) is a non profit humanitarian organization dedicated to helping communities alleviate the effects of disaster , disease , and endemic poverty throughout the world by providing privately funded relief , reconstruction , humanitarian aid and development aid . It is exclusively privately funded , receiving no assistance from the United States Federal Government . had a revenue of over $ 22 million in fiscal year 2012 and has shipped over $ 425 million worth of " high @-@ priority medical , nutritional and shelter supplies " since its inception , including shipments to Haiti , Japan , Chile , Kenya and Pakistan in 2011 and 2011 . - - = = Awards and affiliations = = - - Operation USA was part of the International Campaign to Ban in 1997 when it won the Nobel Peace Prize . Operation California was also the winner of the 1983 President 's Volunteer Action Award . Operation USA has been named one of America 's Best 100 by Worth Magazine and , in October 2008 , was named the top @-@ rated " exclusively privately funded charity in the U.S. " by Charity . Operation USA collaborated with NASA 's Jet Laboratory and the US National Laboratories at Lawrence and Los Alamos to develop new approaches to land mine detection , is a member of , and is an news partner . In 2014 Operation USA 's CEO Richard M. received the Hero Award from the - - = = History = = - - Operation California began in 1979 as " a relief organization created to provide aid to Vietnamese Boat People and Cambodian refugees " , founded by Richard ( still active as President & CEO ) and Werner ( who left in early 1980 ) . The organization flew " the first international relief to Cambodia since 1975 " , delivering medicine to Phnom @-@ Penh . Operation California had more than $ 3 million worth of aid by October 1979 . - Since then , Operation USA has become a highly acclaimed aid organization that is involved in helping people in different ways around the world . In 1982 , Operation California sent " the first private from the U.S. to Poland " , delivering 200 @,@ 000 of medical supplies and medicine ; that year Operation California also medical supplies to Lebanon . In 1983 , Operation California delivered aid to the children of Vietnam and Cambodia . Operation California provided aid to the earthquake victims in Mexico City in 1985 , as well as working in cooperation with the Service Committee and Oxfam America , to deliver $ 250 @,@ 000 worth of medical aid to Nicaragua . In 1986 Operation California , in conjunction with Medical Aid to El Salvador , sent " [ t ] cargo planes carrying $ 500 @,@ 000 worth of relief supplies to earthquake @-@ stricken El Salvador " . - In 1988 , Operation California began using the name Operation USA because it better described the effort and intent of the organization to represent the entire American people . In 1989 Operation USA facilitated operations on children in Vietnam who had by a Los Angeles @-@ based plastic surgeon , Dr Stanley . Medical aid effort was delivered to Mexico in 1990 , by in conjunction with USSR relief workers . In 1991 delivered aid to Bangladesh . delivered aid to war torn Somali 's in 1993 . In 1994 provided earthquake relief . In 1995 the organization provided aid to Hurricane Mitch survivors in Honduras and Nicaragua . In 1999 supplied aid to storm victims in Mexico . In 2003 delivered aid to Iraq War victims in the Persian Gulf . The tsunami victims in Sri Lanka and Indonesia were aided by in 2004 , as well as the Mexico City Flood victims . - In 2008 , has delivered aid to cyclone victims as well as Chinese earthquake victims and flood victims in the Midwest , USA . - In 2015 , partners with to raise fund for its project , which is to deliver recovery aid to Nepal Earthquake victims . - - = = Celebrity affiliates = = - - Operation USA , since the early 1980s , has relied on fundraising efforts featuring singers and celebrities . These include concerts , , and other events . These promotions have featured : - Streisand - Bonnie - Carol - Crosby , & Nash - Don - Ed - Frank Sinatra - Jack Elliot - Jackson Browne - James Garner - John Denver - Julie Andrews - Kirk Douglas - Michael Jackson - New American Orchestra - Domingo - Ricardo - - Sharon Stone - The Buena Vista Social Club - Tony Adams - Dawson travelled with Operation USA to Nicaragua in 2008 . George Hamilton assisted with relief to The Philippines Typhoon in 2013 as did Streisand , Dawson , Jackson Browne , Bill and . - - = = Film and theater projects = = - - Operation USA also relies on film and theater promotions to generate funds that pay for aid , including : - Because We Care ( CBS Television Special ) - Beyond Borders ( Hollywood ) - Buena Vista Social Club ( film ) ( Hollywood & Havana ) - ( film ) ( Hollywood for ) - Mary ( musical ) ( London stage ) - Miss Saigon ( Hollywood ) - Roll - The Killing Fields ( film ) ( Hollywood & Cambodia ) - Victor / Victoria ( Broadway ) - at The Plaza ( Disney TV ) - - - = Typhoon ( 2013 ) = - - Typhoon , known in the Philippines as Typhoon , was a typhoon that made landfall in the northern Philippines in late October 2013 . Forming on October 27 near Guam , the storm slowly intensified while moving westward . developed an eye and became a typhoon before striking Luzon on October 31 . The storm weakened over land , but re @-@ intensified over the South China Sea , reaching peak winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) on November 2 off the southeast coast of China . Typhoon stalled and encountered unfavorable conditions , resulting in quick weakening . By November 3 , it had weakened to tropical storm status , and was no longer being warned on by the next day . In northern Luzon , damaged 32 @,@ 000 houses , including 3 @,@ 000 that were destroyed , and caused four fatalities . High winds and rainfall left million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 4 million USD ) in damage . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On October 27 , an area of convection with a broad circulation persisted southeast of Guam , and slowly consolidated due to moderate wind shear and outflow . That day , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression about 380 km ( 235 mi ) to the southeast of , Guam . At 2100 UTC on October 28 , the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) began issuing advisories on the depression , giving it the local name . The next day , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm ( ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also classified it as Tropical Depression . By that time , the storm was moving steadily westward due to the subtropical ridge to the north . With the warm waters of the Philippine Sea , wind shear , and improving outflow , gradually strengthened , and the JTWC also upgraded to tropical storm status on October 30 after an eye feature developed . - While approaching northern Luzon on October 29 , quickly intensified as the initial eye feature organized into a well @-@ defined eye . Late on October 30 , the JTWC upgraded to typhoon status , and the next day , both PAGASA and JMA followed suit . On October 31 , made landfall in northeastern Luzon near Cagayan , and developed a eyewall while initially moving over land . Land interaction weakened the eye by the time emerged into the South China Sea late on October 31 . The next day , PAGASA discontinued advisories after the typhoon exited the region . rebuilt around the center , with continued favorable conditions allowing for . - Late on November 1 , a large eye redeveloped , and the JTWC estimated attained peak 1 minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Early the next day , the JMA also estimated the typhoon reached peak 10 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . Later , increasing wind shear caused the eye to deteriorate , and began slowing about 260 km ( 160 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Hong Kong after reaching the western edge of the subtropical ridge . After remaining nearly stationary , began moving steadily to the west @-@ southwest due to a new ridge . The convection continued to weaken due to continued shear and cooler waters from , and deteriorated to tropical storm status on November 3 . The next day , the JTWC issued its final advisory after the circulation became exposed from the convection . Also on November 4 , the JMA downgraded to tropical depression status off the northeast Vietnam coast . The system dissipated at 0000 UTC on November 5 . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - Before struck the Philippines , PAGASA issued a number 3 warning signal for portions of northern Luzon , where winds were expected to reach over 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . The agency noted for the potential for flooding and landslides . High winds knocked down trees across Luzon , and left about 80 % of Cagayan province without power , as well as some areas without internet or service . of the Pan @-@ Philippine Highway were blocked , and in Lal @-@ Lo , Cagayan , a car crashed into a gasoline truck due to power outages . Agriculture damage was estimated at million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 3 million USD ) , occurring just before the start of the harvest . Across the island , the typhoon damaged 32 @,@ houses , including 3 @,@ that were destroyed , forcing 65 @,@ 648 people to evacuate to storm shelters . Overall , killed four people in the Philippines , and left million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 4 million USD ) in damage . After the storm , workers quickly restored power lines , while the government provided monetary assistance to storm @-@ ravaged families , after Cagayan was declared a state of . Members of the Philippine military and Department of Public Works and Highways worked to clean up following the storm . - The China National Meteorological Centre issued a " yellow alert " , the second @-@ lowest of the four level warning system , for due to the threat of the storm . The agency recommended boats to return to port . in Vietnam also warned for the potential of heavy rainfall due to the dissipating Tropical Depression , and released water from three dams to prevent overflow . - - - = 's Block Ball = - - 's Block Ball is a 1995 action video game , a spin @-@ off from the series for the Game Boy portable console . It is a clone ; the player controls along the screen 's edge to knock a bouncing ball , , into bricks . The game 's 55 levels include power @-@ ups , bonus rounds , and minigames . 's Block Ball was developed by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo R & D1 . The team spent half a year revising the gameplay to match 's signature characteristics . 's Block Ball was published by Nintendo first in Japan in 1995 , later in Europe , and last in North America in 1996 . - Reviewers considered the game an improvement on the formula and praised its gameplay craftsmanship and incorporation of the series . It was included in multiple top Game Boy game lists and was later on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The player controls along the screen 's edges to knock a bouncing ball , , into bricks . The player loses a life if hits the edge of the screen . Each of the game 's eleven stages include five rounds of increasingly complex block patterns for to clear . The ten different block types vary in and points value . A well @-@ timed hit of the gives a powerful bounce to break through harder blocks . Another block type turns the remaining blocks into a bonus round that rewards the player for clearing the screen in the least amount of time . The player can find stars that lead to minigames , such as air hockey , where the player can earn extra lives . The rounds also include enemies to attack and avoid . Some enemies contain bonus items . Each stage ends in a boss fight . - With stone , needle , flame , and spark power @-@ ups , can transform to interact with blocks differently . For instance , the spark power @-@ up lets break through otherwise blocks , and the needle lets hit spikes once without losing a life . The game has a themed frame and uses a wide palette of colors in @-@ game when played with the Super Game Boy . - - = = Development = = - - The game was developed by HAL Laboratory with Yokoi 's Nintendo R & D1 , and published by Nintendo . At one point in development , HAL decided that the game did not feel like a game . The team spent six months completely revising the game under explicit instructions on how should move . games contain elements of unrestricted , creative movement as a general theme . 's Block Ball was released for the Game Boy first in Japan in 1995 and later in Europe ( 1995 ) and North America ( May 1996 ) . It was later on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual , and released first in Japan ( October 2011 ) and later in Europe ( February 2012 ) and North America ( May 2012 ) . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - On release , the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly applauded 's Block Ball for the formula to create a new and enjoyable game . They especially praised the unique power @-@ ups , though Boyer and X also felt the game was too short and easy . Nintendo Power said they enjoyed Block Ball and its number of stages , but wondered how its eight of memory were being used . The magazine found the parts where eats the blocks to be innovative . All six of the magazine 's reviewers recommended the game . - IGN wrote that the game was primarily remembered as " an or clone skinned with the franchise " . IGN calculated an average reviewer score of 7 @.@ 4 / 10 . The series became known for its number of non @-@ platformer spin @-@ offs , of which Block Ball was one , like 's Land and 's Dream Course . 's spherical shape lent itself towards ball @-@ like roles . IGN wrote that Block Ball was the first " truly out there " spin @-@ off , but that the game was too short . - Planet Game Boy called it one of the original Game Boy 's ten " all @-@ time classics " and GamesRadar placed it among the top 25 Game Boy games released . They considered 's Block Ball an improvement upon , a Game Boy launch title and clone . IGN recommended the game upon its 3DS both in general and for fans . Nintendo World Report recommended the game to players who like score attack games and called it the best version of released . reviewers found the game enjoyable and praised the craft behind the gameplay and themes . Alternatively , 's Block Ball received the lowest rating on Tim Rogers 's 2004 " System for Portable Games " ( a metric by which he played a game while counting stops on the circular train line until he lost interest ) with a score of " one " stop . He called it " too bland " . - In a retrospective review , had high praise for the level design , graphics , and animations . They also found the music excellent in comparison to the annoying and repetitive soundtrack of most . The magazine also liked how the game fit the universe , apart from its increased difficulty — occasionally had trouble hitting the slow @-@ paced ball with precision . - - - = Hannah Dodd = - - Hannah Dodd ( born 27 April 1992 ) is an Australian Grade IV and 2 @.@ 0 point wheelchair basketball player who represented Australia in at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , coming 11th and 12th in her events . to wheelchair basketball , she made her debut with the national team at the Osaka Cup in February 2015 . - In 2008 , Dodd was the Australian national Grade IV para @-@ champion . She was runner @-@ up in 2009 , and won the Australian national championships again in 2011 , along with the Oceania Championships and the National Titles team events . By 2012 , she was the top @-@ ranked Australian competitor in her event and class . - After the London Paralympics , Dodd took up wheelchair basketball . She started playing for the Sydney University Flames in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League in 2013 , made her debut with the national team at the Osaka Friendship Games in Osaka in February 2015 , winning bronze , and was part of the Under 25 team at the 2015 Women 's Wheelchair Basketball World Championship in Beijing in July 2015 , winning silver . - - = = Personal = = - - Hannah Dodd was born on 27 April 1992 , and is from , New South Wales . She has and with upper limb , and is missing four vertebrae in her back . When she was about a year old , her started failing . Her entire renal system needed to be reconstructed . She has two older brothers . She can walk with the aide of a , and also uses a wheelchair . As of 2012 , she is a horse riding teacher and student at the University of Western Sydney where she is in sports and exercise science . - - = = = = - - Dodd is a Grade IV competitor , coached by Peter Turner . Due to her , when she rides her horse , she several bones every time , but as a result of anti @-@ doping rules , she has had to find alternative ways of with pain associated with riding . - Dodd has been around horses since she was four months old , and was able to ride on her own by the time she was two years old , before she learned to walk . The sport gave her a degree of independence . She started competing in 2005 , and first represented Australia in 2006 , winning her first test in England that 2008 , she became the youngest @-@ ever winner of the Australian national championships . She finished first at the March 2009 inter @-@ schools cup at the St , and second at the 2009 Australian national championships , but her horse , Lucifer 's Dream , was injured in 2009 . In 2009 and 2010 , she searched for another horse to assist her in getting through Paralympic qualification . She won the Australian national championships again in 2011 , along with the Oceania Championships and the National Titles team events . By 2012 , she was the top @-@ ranked Australian competitor in her event and class . - Dodd was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in events with her horse . These Games were her first , and she was the youngest Australian competitor . A fund was organised by , New South Wales , residents . While her own costs and the cost of her horse were covered by Australian Paralympic Committee and Australia , funds were required for her coach . She was placed 12th in the Individual Championship Test – Grade IV , and 11th in the Individual Test – Grade IV and Team Test – Grade IV . - - = = Wheelchair basketball = = - - After the London Paralympics , Dodd took up wheelchair basketball . She started for the Sydney University Flames in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League in 2013 . She has to strap her fingers and wrists , and usually a shoulder during a game . " I 've had a few and and been tipped out of my chair a few times , " she , " but it 's really fun . The fast pace really gives you an kick and the girls I play with are awesome . " " If I have chose between my two sports for Rio , " she said , " I will go with basketball . " She made her debut with the national team , known as the Gliders , at the Osaka Cup in Osaka in February 2015 . The Gliders won bronze . In June 2015 , Dodd was selected as part of the under 25 team ( known as the Devils ) for the 2015 Women 's Wheelchair Basketball World Championship in Beijing in July . The Devils won silver . By this time her health had deteriorated . She had to use a wheelchair much of the time , and her classification had dropped to a 2 @.@ 5 point player . In 2015 , she was reclassified a 2 @.@ 0 . - - - = Commonwealth War Graves Commission = - - The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( ) is an organisation of six independent member states whose principal function is to mark , record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations military service members who died in the two World Wars . The Commission is also responsible for commemorating Commonwealth civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II . The Commission was founded by Ware and constituted through Royal Charter in 1917 named the Imperial War Graves Commission . The change to the present name took place in 1960 . - The Commission , as part of its mandate , is responsible for commemorating all Commonwealth war dead individually and equally . To this end , the war dead are commemorated by name on a , at an identified site of a burial , or on a memorial . War dead are commemorated uniformly and equally , irrespective of military or civil rank , race or . - The Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1 @.@ 7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries . Since its inception , the Commission has constructed approximately 2 @,@ 500 war and numerous memorials . The Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23 @,@ 000 separate burial sites and the maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide . In addition to commemorating Commonwealth military service members , the Commission maintains , under arrangement with applicable governments , over 40 @,@ 000 non @-@ Commonwealth war graves and over 25 @,@ 000 non @-@ war military and civilian graves . The Commission operates through the continued financial support of the member states : United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . The current President of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . - - = = History = = - - - = = = World War I = = = - - On the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , Ware , a director of the Rio Company , found that at 45 years old he was too old to join the British Army . He used the influence of Rio chairman , Viscount , to become the commander of a mobile unit of the British Red Cross . He arrived in France in September 1914 and whilst there was struck by the lack of any official mechanism for documenting or marking the location of graves of those who had been killed and felt compelled to create an organisation within the Red Cross for this purpose . In March 1915 , with the support of , @-@ General of the British Expeditionary Force , Ware 's work was given official recognition and support by the Imperial War Office and the unit was transferred to the British Army as the Graves Commission . The new Graves Commission had over 31 @,@ 000 graves of British and Imperial soldiers registered by October 1915 and 50 @,@ 000 registered by May 1916 . - When municipal began to Ware began negotiations with various local authorities to acquire land for further . Ware began with an agreement with France to build joint British and French under the understanding that these would be maintained by the French government . Ware eventually concluded that it was not to leave the maintenance responsibilities solely to the French government and subsequently arranged for France to purchase the land , grant it in , and leave the management and maintenance responsibilities to the British . The French government agreed under the condition that respected certain dimensions , were accessible by public road , were in the vicinity of medical aid stations and were not too close to towns or villages . Similar negotiations were started with the Belgian government . - As reports of the grave registration work became public , the Commission began to receive letters of enquiry and requests for photographs of graves from relatives of deceased soldiers . By 1917 , 17 @,@ 000 photographs had been dispatched to relatives . In March 1915 , the Commission , with the support of the Red Cross , began to dispatch photographic prints and cemetery location information in answer to the requests . The Graves Commission became the Directorate of Graves and in the spring of 1916 in recognition of the fact that the scope of work began to extend beyond simple grave registration and began to include responding to from relatives of those killed . The 's work was also extended beyond the Western Front and into other theatres of war , with units deployed in Greece , Egypt and Mesopotamia . - - = = = Formal establishment = = = - - As the war continued , Ware and others became concerned about the fate of the graves in the post @-@ war period . Following a suggestion by the British Army , the National Committee for the Care of Soldiers ' Graves was appointed by the British government in January 1916 , with Edward , Prince of Wales agreeing to serve as president . The National Committee for the Care of Soldiers ' Graves was created with the intention of taking over the work of the Directorate of Graves and after the war . The government felt that it was more appropriate to the work to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing government department . By early 1917 a number of members of the committee believed a formal imperial organisation would be needed to care for the graves . With the help of Edward , Prince of Wales , Ware submitted a memorandum to the Imperial War Conference in 1917 suggesting that an imperial organisation be constituted . The suggestion was accepted and on 21 May 1917 the Imperial War Graves Commission was established by Royal Charter , with the Prince of Wales serving as president , Secretary of State for War Lord Derby as chairman and Ware as vice @-@ chairman . The Commission 's undertakings began in earnest at the end of the First World War . Once land for and memorials had been guaranteed , the enormous task of recording the details of the dead could begin . By 1918 , some @,@ 000 graves had been identified and a further @,@ 000 casualties were registered as having no known grave . - The scale , and associated high number of casualties , of the war produced an entirely new attitude towards the commemoration of war dead . Previous to World War I , individual commemoration of war dead was often on an ad hoc basis and was almost exclusively limited to commissioned officers . However , the war required of a significant percentage of the population , either as volunteers or through conscription . An expectation had consequently arisen that individual soldiers would expect to be commemorated , even if they were low @-@ ranking members of the military . A committee under Kenyon , Director of the British Museum , presented a report to the Commission in November 1918 detailing how it envisioned the development of the . Two key elements of this report were that bodies should not be repatriated and that uniform memorials should be used to avoid class distinctions . Beyond the logistical nightmare of returning home so many corpses , it was felt that repatriation would conflict with the feeling of that had developed between serving ranks . - An article in The Times on 17 February 1919 by Kipling carried the Commission 's proposal to a wider audience and described what the graves would look like . The article entitled War Graves : Work of Imperial Commission : Mr. Kipling 's Survey was quickly republished as an illustrated booklet , Graves of the Fallen . The illustrated booklet was intended to the impact of Kenyon 's report as it included illustrations of with mature trees and shrubs ; contrasting the bleak landscapes depicted in published battlefield photos . There was an immediate public following the publication of the reports , particularly with regards to the decision to not the bodies of the dead . The reports generated considerable discussion in the press which ultimately led to a heated debate in Parliament on 4 May 1920 . Sir James started the debate , followed by speeches by William @-@ in favour of the Commission 's principles and Robert Cecil speaking for those repatriation and opposing of grave markers . Winston Churchill closed the debate and asked that the issue not proceed to a vote . withdrew his motion , allowing the Commission to carry out its work assured of support for its principles . - - = = = First and memorials to the missing = = = - - Three of the most eminent architects of their day , Sir Herbert Baker , Sir Reginald , and Sir Edwin were commissioned to design the and memorials . Kipling was appointed literary advisor for the language used for memorial inscriptions . - In 1920 , the Commission built three experimental at Le , and , following the principles outlined in the Kenyon report . Of these , the Communal Cemetery and was agreed to be the most successful . Having consulted with garden designer Gertrude Jekyll , the architects created a walled cemetery with uniform in a garden setting , augmented by 's Cross of and ' Stone of Remembrance . After some adjustments , became the template for the Commission 's building programme . were required because all three experimental went over budget . To ensure future remained within their budget the Commission decided to not build shelters in that contained less than 200 graves , to not place a Stone of Remembrance in any cemetery with less than 400 graves , and to limit the height of cemetery walls to 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) . - At the end of 1919 , the Commission had spent £ 7 @,@ 500 , and this figure rose to £ 250 @,@ 000 in 1920 as construction of and memorials increased . By 1921 , the Commission had established 1 @,@ 000 which were ready for , and burials . Between 1920 and 1923 , the Commission was shipping 4 @,@ 000 a week to France . In many cases small were closed and the graves concentrated in larger ones . By 1927 , when the majority of construction had been completed , over 500 had been built , with 400 @,@ 000 , a thousand Crosses of , and 400 Stones of Remembrance . - The Commission had also been mandated to individually commemorate each soldier who had no known grave , which amounted to 315 @,@ 000 in France and Belgium alone . The Commission initially decided to build 12 monuments on which to commemorate the missing ; each memorial being located at the site of an important battle along the Western Front . After resistance from the French committee responsible for the of memorials on French territory , the Commission revised their plan and reduced the number of memorials , and in some cases built memorials to the missing in existing rather than as separate structures . - Reginald 's Gate was the first memorial to the missing located in Europe to be completed , and was unveiled on 24 July 1927 . The Gate ( ) was found to have insufficient space to contain all the names as originally planned and 34 @,@ names of the missing were instead inscribed on Herbert Baker 's Memorial to the Missing . Other memorials followed : the Helles Memorial in Gallipoli designed by John James ; the Memorial on the Somme and the Memorial designed by Edwin ; and the Basra Memorial in Iraq designed by Edward Warren . The and India also erected memorials on which they commemorated their missing : the @-@ Memorial for the forces of India , the Memorial by Canada , the @-@ Memorial by Australia , the Wood Memorial by South Africa and the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Memorial by Newfoundland . The programme of commemorating the dead of the Great War was considered essentially complete with the inauguration of the Memorial in 1932 , though the Memorial would not be finished until 1936 , the @-@ Memorial until 1938 and were still conducting work on the Gate when Germany invaded Belgium in 1940 . - The only memorial created by the Commission that was not in the form of a monument or cemetery was the Institute at , Egypt — complete with library , and and pathology departments — as its memorial to men of the Egyptian Labour Corps and Camel Transport Corps . Its erection was agreed with local political pressure . - - = = = World War II = = = - - From the start of the Second World War in 1939 , the Commission organised grave registration units and , planning ahead based on the experience gained from the First World War , earmarked land for use as . When the war began turning in favour of the Allies , the Commission was able to begin restoring its First World War and memorials . It also began the task of commemorating the 600 @,@ 000 Commonwealth casualties from the Second World War . In 1949 , the Commission completed Canadian War Cemetery , the first of new and 36 new memorials . Eventually , over 350 @,@ 000 new were erected . Many were made from Wood stone . The wider scale of World War II , coupled with manpower shortages and unrest in some countries , meant that the construction and restoration programmes took much longer . Following the war , the Commission implemented a five @-@ year renovation programme . The neglect was largely addressed by 1950 but there were necessary structural repairs to be made . These , together with the of maintenance tasks from before the war , took a further 10 years to complete and the programme was not completed until the 1960s . - With the increased number of civilian casualties compared with the World War I , Winston Churchill agreed to Ware 's proposal that the Commission also maintain a record of Commonwealth civilian war deaths . A supplemental chapter was added to the Imperial War Graves Commission 's charter on 7 February 1941 , the organisation to collect and record the names of civilians who died from enemy action during the Second World War , which resulted in the creation of the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour . The roll eventually contained the names of nearly 67 @,@ 000 civilians . The Commission and the Dean of Westminster reached an agreement that the roll would eventually be placed in Westminster Abbey but not until the roll was complete and hostilities had ended . The Commission handed over the first six volumes to the Dean of Westminster on 21 February 1956 ; the final volume was added to the showcase in 1958 . - - = = = Post – World War II = = = - - Following World War II the Commission recognised that the word ' Imperial ' within its name was no longer appropriate . In the spirit of strengthening national and regional feelings the organisation 's name was changed to Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1960 . - More recent conflicts have sometimes made it impossible for the Commission to care for in a given region or resulted in the destruction of sites altogether . Indian Cemetery in Germany was after the end of World War II and until the German because it was located in an area occupied by Russian forces and was not entirely rebuilt until 2005 . The Six @-@ Day War and War of resulted in the destruction of Port Memorial and Aden Memorial , and the death of a Commission at Suez War Memorial Cemetery . During the Lebanese Civil War two in Beirut were destroyed and had to be rebuilt . The maintenance of war graves and memorials in Iraq has remained difficult since Iran – Iraq War in the 1980s , with regular maintenance being impractical since after the Gulf War . - The Commission has , and continues to , also provide support for war graves outside its traditional mandate . In 1982 , the British Ministry of Defence requested the Commission 's assistance to design and construct in the Falkland Islands for those killed during the War . Although these are not Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the Commission manages the administrative responsibilities of these . Since 2005 , the Commission has carried out similar management duties on behalf of the British Ministry of Defence for and graves of British and Imperial soldiers who died during the Second Boer War . In 2003 , Veterans Affairs Canada employed the Commission to develop an approach to locate grave markers for which the Canadian Minister of Veterans Affairs has responsibility . As of 2011 , the Commission conducts a twelve @-@ year cyclical inspection programme of Canadian veterans ' markers installed at the expense of the Government of Canada . - In 2008 , an excavation discovered mass graves on the edge of Wood outside of . Two @-@ hundred and fifty British and Australian bodies were excavated from five mass graves which were interred in the newly constructed ( Wood ) Military Cemetery . This was the first new Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in more than 50 years , the last such having been built after the Second World War . - - = = sites and memorials = = - - The Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1 @.@ 7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries and approximately 67 @,@ 000 civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II . Commonwealth military service members are commemorated by name on either a , at an identified site of a burial , or on a memorial . As a result , the Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23 @,@ 000 separate burial sites and maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide . The vast majority of burial sites are pre @-@ existing communal or municipal and parish located in the United Kingdom , however the Commission has itself constructed approximately 2 @,@ 500 war worldwide . The Commission has also constructed or commissioned memorials to commemorate the dead who have no known grave ; the largest of these is the Memorial . - - = = = for inclusion = = = - - The Commission only commemorates those who have died during the designated war years , while in Commonwealth military service or of causes attributable to service . The applicable periods of consideration are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921 for the First World War and 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 for the Second World War . The end date for the First World War period is the official end of the war , while for the Second World War the Commission selected a date approximately the same period after Day as the official end of the First World War was after the 1918 Armistice . - who died as a result of enemy action during the Second World War are commemorated differently from those that died as a result of military service . They are commemorated by name through the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour located in St George 's Chapel in Westminster Abbey . In addition to its mandated duties , the Commission maintains , under arrangement with applicable governments , over 40 @,@ 000 non @-@ Commonwealth war graves and over 25 @,@ 000 non @-@ war military and civilian graves . - - = = = Architects and = = = - - As well as the main Principal Architects for France and Belgium ( Baker , and ) , there were Principal Architects appointed for other regions as well . Sir Robert was Principal for Italy , Macedonia and Egypt , while Sir John James was Principal for Palestine and Gallipoli , assisted by Thomas Smith . The Principal for Mesopotamia was Edward Warren . - As well as these senior architects , there was a team of Assistant Architects who were actually responsible for many of the cemetery and memorial designs . These architects were younger , and many of them had served in the war . The Assistant Architects were : George Gordon , Clement von Berg , Charles Henry Holden ( who in 1920 became a Principal ) , William Harrison , William , George Hartley Goldsmith , Frank , Arthur James Scott Hutton , Noel Ackroyd , and John Reginald . Other architects that worked for the Commission , or won competitions for the Commission memorials , included George , Harold , Owen Rees , Gordon H. Holt , and Henry Philip de . - In January 1944 , Edward was appointed Principal for the UK . worked extensively for the Commission for 25 years until 1969 , becoming Chief and also succeeding Kenyon as Artistic . Together with , the other Principal Architects appointed during and after the Second World War were Hubert Worthington , Louis de , Philip and Colin St Clair . - Leading that worked on the memorials and after the First World War included Eric Henri , Charles Thomas Wheeler , Gilbert , and Charles Jagger . Other , both in the inter @-@ war period and after the Second World War , included William Reid Dick , Ernest , Basil , Alfred Turner , Laurence A. Turner , Walter Gilbert , Henry Poole , Vernon Hill , Robert Bell , Ferdinand Victor , Joseph , and Gilbert . - - = = = Cemetery design = = = - - - = = = = Common architectural design features = = = = - - Structural design has always played an important part in the Commission 's . Apart from a few exceptions , due to local geological conditions , the follow the same design and uniform aesthetic all over the world . This makes the easily recognisable and distinguishes them from war graves administered by other groups or countries . - A typical cemetery is surrounded by a low wall or hedge and with a wrought @-@ iron gate entrance . For in France and Belgium , a land near the entrance or along a wall identifies the cemetery grounds as having been provided by the French or Belgian governments . All but the smallest contain a register with an inventory of the burials , a plan of the plots and rows , and a basic history of the cemetery . The register is located within a metal cupboard that is marked with a cross located in either the wall near the cemetery entrance or in a shelter within the cemetery . More recently , in larger sites , a stainless steel notice gives details of the respective military campaign . The within the cemetery are of a uniform size and design and mark plots of equal size . - The cemetery grounds are , except in drier climates , grass covered with a floral border around the . There is also an absence of any paving between the rows which is intended to make the cemetery feel like a traditional walled garden where visitors could experience a sense of peace . However , Carter and Jackson argue that the uniform aesthetics are designed to evoke a positive experience which deliberately masks and the nature of the war deaths . - - = = = = Cross of and Stone of Remembrance = = = = - - Typically , of more than 40 graves contain a Cross of designed by architect Reginald . This cross was designed to imitate medieval crosses found in in England with proportions more commonly seen in the Celtic cross . The cross is normally a four @-@ point limestone Latin cross , mounted on an octagonal base , and ranging in height from 14 to 32 feet . A bronze , blade down , is embedded on the face of the cross . This cross represents the faith of the majority of the dead and the sword represents the military character of the cemetery , intended to link British soldiers and the Christian concept of self @-@ sacrifice . - with more than 1000 burials typically have a Stone of Remembrance , designed by Edwin with the inscription " Their Name for " . The concept of the Stone of Remembrance stone was developed by Kipling to commemorate those of all faiths and none respectively . In contrast to the Cross of , the design for the stone deliberately avoided " shapes associated with particular religions " . The geometry of the structure was based on studies of the . Each stone is 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) long and 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The shape of the stone has been compared both to that of a sarcophagus and an altar . The feature was designed using the principle of . The subtle curves in the design , if extended , would form a sphere 1 @,@ feet 8 inches ( @.@ 15 m ) in diameter . - - = = = = = = = = - - Every grave is marked with a . Each contains the national emblem or regimental badge , rank , name , unit , date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives . The use a standard upper case designed by MacDonald Gill . Individual graves are arranged , where possible , in straight rows and marked by uniform , the vast majority of which are made of Portland stone . The original dimensions were 76 centimetres ( 30 in ) tall , 38 cm ( 15 in ) wide , and 7 @.@ 6 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick . - Most are inscribed with a cross , except for those deceased known to be or non @-@ Christian . In the case of burials of Victoria Cross or George Cross recipients , the regimental badge is supplemented by the Victoria Cross or George Cross emblem . Sometimes a soldier employed a pseudonym because they were too young to serve or were sought by law enforcement ; in such cases their primary name is shown along with the " served as " . Many are for unidentified casualties ; they consequently bear only what could be discovered from the body . The , developed by Kipling , that appears on the graves of unidentified soldiers for which no details are known is " A Soldier of the Great War known God " . Some bear the text " believed to be buried in this cemetery " when they are believed to be buried in the cemetery but the exact location of the grave is not known . In some cases soldiers were buried in collective graves and distinguishing one body from another was not possible and thus one covers more than one grave . The does not denote any specific details of the death except for its date , and even then only if it is known , and are deliberately ambiguous about the cause of death . - Due to local conditions it was sometimes necessary for the Commission to deviate from its standard design . In places prone to extreme weather or earthquakes , such as Thailand and Turkey , stone @-@ faced pedestal markers are used instead of the normal . These measures are intended to prevent masonry being damaged during earthquakes or sinking into ground . In Italy were carved from limestone because it was in more plentiful supply . In Military Cemetery , in Greece , to avoid risk of earthquake damage , small are laid flat on the ground . The smaller size of the markers mean that they often lack unit insignia . - - = = = = = = = = - - Commission are distinctive in treating as an integral part of the cemetery design . Originally , the concept was to create an environment where visitors could experience a sense of peace in a setting , in contrast to traditionally bleak . given by Arthur William Hill , the Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens at enabled the Commission to develop cemetery layouts and architectural structures that took into account the placement of suitable plant life . structural and elements was not unfamiliar to the Commission 's architects . Sir Edwin furthered his long @-@ standing working relationship with Gertrude Jekyll , whose devotion to traditional cottage garden plants and greatly influenced the appearance of the . Where possible , indigenous plants were utilised to enhance sentimental associations with the gardens of home . - Variety in texture , height and timing of floral display were equally important . The beds around each are planted with a mixture of and . Low @-@ growing plants are chosen for areas immediately in front of , ensuring that inscriptions are not obscured and preventing soil from back during rain . In where there are pedestal grave markers , dwarf varieties of plants are used instead . - The absence of any form of paving between the rows contributes to the simplicity of the cemetery designs . Lawn paths add to the garden , and are irrigated during the dry season in countries where there is insufficient rain . Where irrigation is inappropriate or impractical , dry is an ecological alternative favoured by the Commission 's , as is the case in Iraq . areas require a different approach not only for , but also to plants and styles of planting . Similarly , there are separate in tropical climates . When many are concentrated within a limited area , like along the Western Front or Gallipoli peninsula , mobile teams of operate from a local base . Elsewhere , larger have their own dedicated staff while small are usually tended by a single working part @-@ time . - - = = Organisation = = - - - = = = Commissioners = = = - - The affairs of the are overseen by a Board of Commissioners . The president of the board is Prince Edward , Duke of Kent , the chairman is United Kingdom Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon and the vice @-@ chairman Vice @-@ Admiral Tim Laurence . The members are : the High Commissioner for New Zealand to the United Kingdom Smith , the High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom Alexander , the Acting High Commissioner of the Republic of South Africa to the United Kingdom , the High Commissioner for India to the United Kingdom , the High Commissioner for Canada to the United Kingdom Gordon Campbell , Strachan , Keith Simpson , Jones , Edward , Robert Fox , Kelly and Lieutenant General Bill . Victoria Wallace is the Director @-@ General of the and serves as secretary . The board also has an Honorary Artistic , Peter . - - = = = structure = = = - - The is headquartered in , England . or agencies that are each responsible for a specific geographical area manage the worldwide affairs of the organisation . They are : - France Area is headed by a director and is responsible for France ( including the island of ) , Monaco and Switzerland . - Northern Europe Area , headed by a director and responsible for Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , , Netherlands , Norway , Poland and Sweden . - United Kingdom Area , headed by a director and responsible for Channel Islands , Islands , Iceland , Ireland , Isle of Man and the United Kingdom - Mediterranean Area headed by a director and responsible for , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Azores , Bahrain , Canary Islands , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt , Gibraltar , Greece , Israel and Palestine , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Libya , Macedonia , Madeira , Malta , , Morocco , Oman , Portugal , San Marino , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , Spain , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , United Arab Emirates and - Canadian Agency is headed by a secretary @-@ general and responsible for Canada , the entire Americas ( including the Caribbean ) - Australia , managed by the Office of Australian War Graves in the Australian Department of Veterans Affairs on behalf of the , is responsible for Australia , Norfolk Island , Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands - New Zealand , managed by the New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage on behalf of the , is responsible for New Zealand , New Caledonia , Samoa , Society Islands , Tonga and - South Africa Agency is headed by a secretary and is responsible for Republic of South Africa , , Saint Helena and Ascension Island - Africa , Asia and Pacific Area is headed by a director and is responsible for areas not covered by any of the other bodies . - - = = = = = = - - The 's work is funded predominantly by grants from the governments of the six member states . In the fiscal year 2012 / 13 , these grants amounted to £ 58 @.@ 6 million of the organisation 's £ 66 @.@ 5 million of income . This to an approximate cost of C $ 85 per commemorated war dead . The contribution from each country is proportionate to the number of graves the maintains on behalf of that country . The percentage of total annual contributions for which each country is responsible is United Kingdom 78 @.@ 4 % , Canada 10 @.@ 1 % , Australia 6 @.@ 1 % , New Zealand 2 @.@ 1 % , South Africa 2 @.@ 1 % and India 1 @.@ 2 % . - - = = projects and issues = = - - - = = = War Graves Project = = = - - A project is underway to photograph the graves of and memorials to all service personnel from 1914 to the present day and make the images available to the public . The work is being carried out by The War Graves Project in conjunction with the . As of August 2013 , the project has recorded 1 @.@ 7 million photographs for . - - = = = and = = = - - Immediately following the First World War , the British Army remained responsible for the of remains . The Western Front was divided into sectors and for bodies by 12 @-@ man units . Between the Armistice and September 1921 , the units reburied 204 @,@ bodies . After 1921 , no further widespread search for bodies was undertaken and in February 1921 responsibility of the was transferred to the Commission . Despite the searches , bodies continued to be discovered in numbers . In the three years following the conclusion of the general search 38 @,@ 000 bodies were discovered . In the mid 1920s , 20 to 30 bodies were being discovered weekly . - The discovery of remains of First and Second World War casualties remains a common occurrence with approximately 30 bodies discovered annually . For example , in 2006 eight bodies of Canadian soldiers from the 78th Battalion ( Winnipeg ) , were discovered in a backyard in , France . In April 2013 , the remains of four British soldiers discovered by a French farmer clearing land with metal detector in 2009 were re @-@ interred at Cemetery near , France . In March 2014 , the remains of 20 Commonwealth and 30 German soldiers were discovered in @-@ le @-@ , France with the Commonwealth soldiers being subsequently reburied at British Cemetery . - When the remains of a Commonwealth soldier from the First or Second World War is discovered the Commission is notified and a Commission burial officer tries to collect any associated artifacts that may help in identify the remains . The details are then registered and archived at the Commission 's the collection of evidence can include artifacts with the remains , data and DNA . The archival records of the commission are open to the public to permit individuals to conduct their own research . Investigation of archival records by members of the public periodically result in the identification of previously buried casualties . In December 2013 , it was discovered that Second Lieutenant Philip Frederick , who was previously commemorated on the Flying Services Memorial , had in fact been buried in a French military cemetery in , East @-@ Flanders in Belgium . Sergeant Leonard was identified in 2013 after a visitor to British Cemetery discovered a of an unknown sergeant with the Hampshire Regiment killed on 20 July 1918 and was subsequently able to show that only one sergeant from that regiment had been killed in France on that date . - - = = = = = = - - , including those of war dead , are targets for vandalism . The gravestones , and buildings of the Commission are no exception . The Commission believes that graffiti and damage to stonework are usually the by young people , noting the number of incidents increases when schoolchildren are on school holidays . thieves will also steal the bronze swords off the Cross of , which are now replaced with identical ones made in fibreglass . - The vandalism of Commission has also been connected to the participation of Commonwealth countries in contemporary conflicts . In the 1970s , in The Troubles , Commission in Ireland experienced vandalism . defaced the central memorial of the Military Cemetery in northern France with anti @-@ British and anti @-@ American graffiti on 20 March 2003 immediately after the beginning of the Iraq War . On 9 May 2004 , thirty @-@ three were demolished in the Gaza cemetery , which contains 3 @,@ 691 graves , allegedly in retaliation for the Abu prisoner abuse scandal . On 24 February 2012 , during the Civil War , an Islamist militia damaged over 200 in the war cemetery as well as the central memorial . - - - = = - - or ( or ; c . – ) was the tenth Archbishop of Canterbury from 731 to . Prior to becoming archbishop , he was a monk and abbot of a Benedictine monastery . Besides his ecclesiastical career , was a writer , and he composed survive . Another work he composed was on the grammar of the Latin language , which was aimed at advanced students of that language . He was subsequently considered a saint . - - = = Biography = = - - was a by birth . His at Canterbury stated that when he died he was in old age , so perhaps he was born around . He became a monk at the monastery at @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Hill in the present @-@ day County of , and then abbot of that house . Through the influence of King he was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury in 731 and was consecrated on 10 June 731 . He was one of a number of who were appointed to Canterbury during the and . Apart from his consecration of the Bishops of Lindsey and in 733 , 's period as archbishop appears to have been uneventful . He died in office on 30 July . Later considered a saint , his feast day is 30 July . - - = = = = - - Bede 's commentary on calls him a " et , " ( a man notable for his prudence , devotion and learning ) . These qualities were displayed in the two surviving manuscripts of his and four of his Ars . The Ars is one of only two surviving 8th @-@ century Latin from England , and was based on the works of and . The deal with such diverse topics as philosophy and charity , the five senses and the alphabet , and a book and a pen . The are formed in . The grammar is a reworking of 's Ars Minor with the addition of information drawn from other . It was not designed for a newcomer to the Latin language , but is designed for more advanced students . It covers the eight parts of speech through illustrations drawn from classical scholars , although not directly but through other works . There are also some examples drawn from the . The work was completed before he became archbishop , and was used not only in England but also on the continent . A recent edition of his works is Opera , published in 1968 with some translations into English and German from the original Latin . - - - = German Type I submarine = - - The Type I was a class of small coastal submarines ( U @-@ boats ) built in Germany at the beginning of the First World War . 20 boats were constructed , most of which went into service with the German Imperial Navy . Boats of this design were also operated by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( und Kriegsmarine or Kriegsmarine ) and the Bulgarian Navy . The group is sometimes known as the @-@ 1 class after SM @-@ 1 , the class leader . In the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , it was called the U @-@ 10 class . - Built to meet the need for small submarines able to operate in the narrow , shallow seas off Flanders , the vessels were intended to be quickly constructed , then shipped by rail and assembled at their port of operation . The design effort began in mid @-@ August 1914 and by mid @-@ October the first 15 boats were ordered from two German shipyards . The German Imperial Navy subsequently ordered an additional pair of boats to replace two sold to Austria @-@ Hungary , who ordered a further three boats in April 1915 . A total of 20 Is were built . Construction of the first boats for Germany began in early November 1914 ; all 20 were completed by October 1915 . Several of the first boats underwent trials in German home waters , but the rest were assembled and tested at either Antwerp or Pola . The German boats operated primarily in the Flanders , Baltic , and Constantinople . The boats were about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displaced 127 tonnes ( 125 long tons ) when surfaced and 142 tonnes ( 140 long tons ) while submerged . All had two bow torpedo tubes and two torpedoes , and were equipped with a deck @-@ mounted machine gun . - In 1918 four of the surviving German boats were converted into coastal . Of the seventeen boats in German service , two were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary , one was sold to Bulgaria , and nine were lost during the war . One of the five Austro @-@ Hungarian boats was sunk and another mined and not repaired . The five surviving German boats , the four surviving Austro @-@ Hungarian boats , and the Bulgarian boat were all turned over to the Allies after the end of the war and were broken up . - - = = Design = = - - In the earliest stages of the First World War the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast found the German Imperial Navy without submarines suitable to operate in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . By 18 August 1914 , two weeks after the German invasion of Belgium , the planning of a series of small coastal submarines had already begun . - The German Imperial Navy stipulated that the submarines must be by rail , which imposed a maximum diameter of 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) . The rushed planning effort — which had been assigned the name " Project 34 " — resulted in the Type I design , created specifically for operation from Flanders . The boats were to be about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and to displace about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two bow torpedo tubes . - Boats of the Type I design were built by two manufacturers , Germaniawerft of Kiel and AG of , which led to some variations in boats from the two shipyards . The eight Germaniawerft @-@ built boats were slightly longer at 28 @.@ 10 metres ( 92 ft 2 in ) length overall , while the twelve @-@ built boats came in 22 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) shorter than their counterparts . All were 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam and had a draft of 3 @.@ 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . The boats all displaced 127 tonnes ( 125 long tons ) while surfaced , but differed slightly in displacement submerged . The slightly longer Germaniawerft boats displaced 142 tonnes ( 140 long tons ) while submerged , as they weighed 1 ( 0 @.@ 98 long tons ) more than the boats . - The of the boats consisted of a single propeller shaft driven by a ( Germaniawerft ) or ( ) diesel engine on the surface , or a @-@ electric motor for underwater travel . The boats were capable of nearly 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ; 8 @.@ 6 mph ) on the surface and a little more than 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) submerged . The Germaniawerft boats were about 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) slower than their @-@ made counterparts . The boats were equipped with two 45 @-@ ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) bow torpedo tubes and carried two torpedoes . They were also armed with a single 8 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun affixed to the deck . - - = = Construction = = - - The German Imperial Navy ordered its first fifteen Type I boats on 15 October 1914 . Eight boats — numbered @-@ 1 to @-@ 8 — were ordered from Germaniawerft of Kiel , and seven boats — numbered @-@ 9 to U @-@ 15 — from AG of . After two of the class , @-@ 1 and @-@ 15 , were sold in February 1915 to ally Austria @-@ Hungary ( becoming U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ) , the German Imperial Navy ordered @-@ 16 and @-@ 17 from . A further three for Austria @-@ Hungary — U @-@ 15 , U @-@ 16 , and U @-@ 17 — had been ordered from by April , bringing the total number constructed to 20 . - @-@ 1 and @-@ 2 were laid down on 1 November 1914 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel . @-@ 1 was launched on 22 January 1915 , just 75 working days later . @-@ 2 's launch followed on 13 February . Among the boats , @-@ 9 was laid down first , on 6 November 1914 , and launched on 6 February 1915 , a week ahead of @-@ 2 . These first three boats launched underwent trials in home waters , but most of the other members of the class were shipped via rail and underwent trials at their assembly point . - The process of shipping the submarines by rail involved breaking the submarines down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway . Type I boats destined for service with the Flanders Flotilla made a five @-@ day journey to Antwerp for the to three @-@ week assembly process . After assembly at Antwerp the boats were towed by barge to Bruges for trials . Boats selected for service in the Mediterranean were sent to the Austro @-@ Hungarian port of Pola for assembly . The total time from departure of the from the shipyard to operational readiness for the boats was about six weeks . - By July 1915 all seventeen of the German Imperial Navy Type Is had been completed . - - = = Service = = - - During their trials the Type Is were found to be too small and too slow and had a reputation for being ; one commander compared his Type I to a " machine " . According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice in their 1931 book The German War , 1914 – 1918 , the did not have enough power to chase down while surfaced and lacked the endurance to spend any extended amount of time underwater , exhausting their batteries after little over an hour 's running . In @-@ service use revealed another problem : with a single propeller shaft / engine combination , if either component failed , the U @-@ boat was almost totally disabled . - Another reported problem with the Type Is was the tendency to break trim after the firing of torpedoes . The boats were equipped with tanks designed to flood and offset the loss of the C / 06 torpedo 's 1 @,@ 700 @-@ pound ( 770 kg ) weight , but this system did not always function properly ; as a result , when firing from depth the boat could after firing or , if too much weight was taken on , to the depths . When @-@ 15 torpedoed and sank Italian submarine in June 1915 , the tank failed to properly compensate , forcing the entire crew to run to the stern to offset the trim imbalance . - Despite the problems , the " tin " , as the Germans referred to them , were in active service from March 1915 through the end of the war , with half of the 20 boats lost during the war . Boats of the class served in three navies : the German Imperial Navy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , and the Bulgarian Navy . In German service , they served primarily in the Flanders Flotilla , the Baltic Flotilla , and the Constantinople Flotilla . - - = = = German Imperial Navy = = = - - - = = = = Flanders Flotilla = = = = - - The first Type I to enter service was @-@ 10 , which formed the nucleus of the Flanders Flotilla , on 27 March 1915 . By the end of April five more Type I boats had become operational . @-@ 10 was eventually joined in the Flanders Flotilla by @-@ 2 , @-@ 4 , @-@ 5 , @-@ 6 , @-@ 12 , @-@ 13 , @-@ 16 , and @-@ 17 ; of these , only @-@ 2 made the journey to Flanders by sea rather than rail . - @-@ 4 departed on the first patrol from Flanders on 9 April , and was responsible for sinking the first ship sent down by the flotilla . The Type I boats of the Flanders Flotilla originally patrolled the area between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands , but began patrolling the English Channel after @-@ 6 pioneered a route past British nets and mines in the Straits of Dover in late June . - Over the Type Is ' first year of service , @-@ 4 and @-@ 13 were both lost , and @-@ 2 and @-@ 5 were transferred to the Baltic Flotilla . In March 1917 , @-@ 6 ran aground in Dutch waters and was interned for the rest of the war , along with her crew . The four remaining Type Is in Flanders — @-@ 10 , @-@ 12 , @-@ 16 , @-@ 17 — were all converted to by 1918 , having their torpedo tubes removed and replaced with chutes to carry up to eight mines . All but @-@ 10 were lost in 1918 ; @-@ 10 , in poor repair and out of service , was scuttled in October 1918 when the Germans evacuated from Flanders . - - = = = = Baltic Flotilla = = = = - - @-@ 9 was initially assigned to the Baltic Flotilla , and was joined by @-@ 2 and @-@ 5 in early 1916 . All three became training boats at Kiel in 1916 , joining @-@ 11 in that duty . Little information is available about the Type I boats operating in the Baltic . - - = = = = Constantinople Flotilla = = = = - - Four of the German Imperial Navy boats — @-@ 3 , @-@ 7 , @-@ 8 , and @-@ 14 — were selected for service with the Constantinople Flotilla . All were sent to Pola for assembly and trials there as part of the Pola Flotilla before sailing on to join the Constantinople Flotilla . @-@ 3 disappeared en route to Constantinople in May 1915 , but the other three arrived there by mid @-@ June . - The three Type I boats of the Constantinople Flotilla seem to have patrolled primarily in the Black Sea . @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , and @-@ 7 disappeared in the Black Sea in October 1916 , leaving @-@ 14 as the sole remaining German Type I in the flotilla ; she was surrendered at Sevastopol in November 1918 to French armies stationed there during the Russian Civil War . - - = = = Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy = = = - - @-@ 1 and the still incomplete @-@ 15 were sold to the Austria @-@ Hungary in February 1915 ; both were dismantled and shipped to Pola in May . After one cruise under the German flag , each boat was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . The pair — renamed U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively — were joined by U @-@ 15 , U @-@ 16 , and U @-@ 17 in October . Known as the U @-@ 10 or the ( English : ) class as a part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , the five boats operated primarily in the Adriatic in patrols off Italy and . U @-@ 10 ( ex @-@ 1 ) hit a mine in July 1918 and was , but had not been repaired by the end of the war . U @-@ 16 was sunk after she torpedoed an Italian destroyer in October 1916 , and the remaining three ( and the U @-@ 10 ) were ceded to Italy at the end of the war . - - = = = Bulgarian Navy = = = - - After @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , she was renamed No. 18 ( in Cyrillic : No. 18 ) . She was Bulgaria 's first submarine , and was engaged primarily in coastal defense duties off Bulgaria 's main Black Sea port of . No. 18 survived the war and was ceded to France after the Treaty of @-@ sur @-@ Seine . - - = = List of Type I submarines = = - - 20 Type I submarines were built , 17 for the German Imperial Navy and three for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Two of the German submarines — @-@ 1 and @-@ 15 — were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary and commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively . Those two and a further three built by AG comprised the virtually identical U @-@ 10 class for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Another of the German submarines , @-@ 8 , was sold to Bulgaria in May 1916 , becoming No. 18 . - - = = = German Imperial Navy = = = - - SM @-@ 1 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 10 , July 1915 ) - SM @-@ 2 - SM @-@ 3 - SM @-@ 4 - SM @-@ 5 - SM @-@ 6 - SM @-@ 7 - SM @-@ 8 ( became the Bulgarian No. 18 , May 1916 ) - SM @-@ 9 - SM @-@ 10 - SM @-@ 11 - SM @-@ 12 - SM @-@ 13 - SM @-@ 14 - SM @-@ 15 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 11 , June 1915 ) - SM @-@ 16 - SM @-@ 17 - - = = = Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy = = = - - In the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy the Type I boats were known as the U @-@ 10 class , which consisted of two former German Type I boats and three built specifically for Austria @-@ Hungary . - SM U @-@ 10 ( the former German @-@ 1 ) - SM U @-@ 11 ( the former German @-@ 15 ) - SM U @-@ 15 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) - SM U @-@ 16 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) - SM U @-@ 17 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) - In addition , four of the German Type Is assigned to the Pola Flotilla based at the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's main naval base at Pola were assigned Austro @-@ Hungarian designations . - SM @-@ 3 ( as U @-@ 9 ) - SM @-@ 7 ( as U @-@ 7 ) - SM @-@ 8 ( as U @-@ 8 ) - SM @-@ 14 ( as U @-@ 26 ) - These four boats remained under commission in the German Imperial Navy , retained German crews and commanders , and received orders from the German flotilla commander at Pola . - - = = = Bulgarian Navy = = = - - Germany and Bulgaria negotiated the purchase of two I boats for the Bulgarian Navy , @-@ 7 and @-@ 8 , in 1916 . Two crews of Bulgarian sailors were sent to Kiel for training . Before the purchase could be completed , @-@ 7 was sunk , leaving only one boat for Bulgaria . On 25 May 1916 , @-@ 8 was officially transferred to Bulgaria for the remainder of the war . - No. 18 ( the former German @-@ 8 ) - Key - - - = Military history of Gibraltar during World War II = - - The military history of Gibraltar during World War II exemplifies Gibraltar 's position as a British fortress since the early 18th century and as a vital factor in British military strategy , both as a foothold on the continent of Europe , and as a of British sea power . During World War II , Gibraltar served a vital role in both the Atlantic Theatre and the Mediterranean Theatre , controlling virtually all naval traffic into and out of the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean . - In addition to its commanding position , Gibraltar provided a strongly defended harbour from which ships could operate in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean . Force H , under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral James was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the besieged island of Malta . During the course of the war , Gibraltar came under aerial bombardment from French aircraft and from aircraft of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia ) based on Sardinia . Additionally , the fortress was the focus of underwater attacks by the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) commando unit ( ) and their human torpedoes . This Italian unit was based on the interned Italian ship SS in the nearby Spanish harbour of . A number of attacks were also carried out by Spanish and agents acting on behalf of the German . - Inside the Rock of Gibraltar itself , miles of tunnels were excavated from the limestone . of rock were blasted out to build an " underground city " . In huge man @-@ made , barracks , offices , and a fully equipped hospital were constructed , complete with an operating theatre and X @-@ ray equipment . - Operation , the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942 , was coordinated from the " Rock " . General Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was given command of the operation , set up his headquarters in Gibraltar during the planning phases of the operation . Following the successful completion of the North African campaign and the surrender of Italy in 1943 , Gibraltar 's role shifted from a forward operating base to a rear @-@ area supply position . The harbour continued to operate dry docks and supply depots for the convoy routes through the Mediterranean until V @-@ E Day in 1945 . - - = = Prelude and evacuation = = - - World War II dramatically changed the lives of . The decision to enforce mass evacuation in order to increase the strength of the Rock with more military and naval personnel meant that most ( some for up to ten years ) had nowhere to call ' home ' . Only those civilians with essential jobs were allowed to stay but it gave the entire community a sense of being ' British ' by sharing in the war effort . - In early June 1940 , about 13 @,@ 500 were shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco . However , following the capitulation of the French to the German armies later in June 1940 , the new Pro @-@ German French Government found the presence of in Casablanca an embarrassment and sought opportunities for their removal . The opportunity soon arose when 15 British cargo vessels arrived under Commodore , 15 @,@ 000 French servicemen who had been rescued from . Once their own rescued servicemen had disembarked , the ships were interned until they agreed to take away all the . Although was unable to obtain permission to clean and his ships ( and contrary to British Admiralty orders which forbade the taking on of ) , when he saw the mass of civilians pouring through the dockyards , he opened up his for boarding . Just beforehand , the British fleet had destroyed a number of French warships at el @-@ in order to prevent them ending up in German hands . The attack , during which 1 @,@ French sailors died , led to high tensions , which were evident when families were forced at bayonet point by French troops to board taking only what they could carry , leaving many possessions behind . However , when they arrived at Gibraltar , the Governor would not allow them to land , fearing that once the were back on the Rock , it would be virtually impossible to evacuate them a second time . gathered in John Square in the centre of Gibraltar as the news broke , speeches were made and two City accompanied by the Acting President of the Exchange and Commercial Library went to see the Governor ( Sir Clive ) to ask that the be allowed to land . After receiving instructions from London , a landing was allowed as long as the returned when other ships arrived to take them away from the Rock , and by 13 July the re @-@ evacuation back to Gibraltar had been completed . - British conservative politician Oliver Stanley agreed to accept the in the United Kingdom , but he argued with Gibraltar over the number of people involved . The Governor , he declared , had given the number of first as 13 @,@ 000 , then as 14 @,@ 000 and finally as 16 @,@ 000 . He asked for the situation to be clarified , stressing the shortage of accommodation in Britain and insisting that only 13 @,@ 000 could be accepted , 2 @,@ 000 of whom were to be sent to the Portuguese Atlantic island of Madeira . The situation , replied General on 19 July , " is that this is a fortress liable to heavy and immediate attack and there should be no civilians here whereas there are 22 @,@ 000 . The 13 @,@ 000 was the number sent to Morocco , and more would have been sent had the situation there not altered . " In London the were placed in the hands of the Ministry of Health , and many were housed in Kensington area . Concern for them in Gibraltar mounted as the air raids against London intensified , coupled with the arrival of letters , describing the circumstances in which the were living . - In September rumours were already circulating among the , and in Gibraltar , that the possibility of re @-@ evacuating the once more was being , this time the destination being Jamaica , in the West Indies . After much contention , it was decided to send a party directly from Gibraltar to the island , and 1 @,@ left for Jamaica direct , on 9 October , with more following later on . However followed and the demands were met , partly for strategic reasons and the lack of available shipping . The situation at the end of 1940 , therefore , was that approximately 2 @,@ 000 were in Jamaica and a lesser number in Madeira , with the bulk of around 10 @,@ 000 housed in the London area . - - = = Royal Air Force involvement : 1939 – 1941 = = - - Construction of a solid surface runway began in late 1939 and in 1940 it was proposed to extend the existing runway to a length of 1 @,@ 550 yards ( 1 @,@ m ) . The land commenced towards the end of 1941 along with the construction of an RAF camp at the " North Front " , now RAF Gibraltar . The RAF dispatched their next squadron to Gibraltar at this time and it was in September 1939 that war with Germany was declared and the strong possibility of German submarines concentrating in the Strait of Gibraltar and using Spanish port facilities , large in Admiralty thinking . So at 09 : 00 ( UTC ) on the 9 September 1939 , No. 202 Squadron RAF was ordered to Gibraltar , loaded to the with equipment . - On 25 September 1939 , No 200 ( Coastal ) Group was formed as a subordinate formation to HQ RAF Mediterranean in control of No 202 . The Group 's function was the control of Royal Air Force units operating from Gibraltar . In late 1940 the Group was transferred to Coastal Command . Later a combined HQ was formed which commenced operations in early 1942 . - - = = French attacks : 1940 = = - - On 18 July 1940 , after the attack on the French Fleet at @-@ el @-@ by the British , the government authorized a bombing raid of Gibraltar as a response . Little damage was reported to have been done . - On Tuesday , 24 September , the Italian Stefani news agency reported : " As a reprisal for the bombardment of yesterday morning , one @-@ hundred @-@ and @-@ twenty French aircraft based in Morocco attacked Gibraltar . " On the same day , the United Press Agency reported : " The French government has issued an official denial of reports , according to which French aircraft were said to have attacked Gibraltar . Up until now , no have been undertaken . " But the United Press report ended on an ominous note with : " French are imminent . " - Again , on the same day , the French government issued orders for the naval base and city of Gibraltar to be bombarded . As a result , six bomber squadrons of the French Air Force ( de l de ) and four squadrons of the French Navy ( Marine de ) were employed in the operation . The 64 bombers flew from bases in , ( in Algeria ) , , , and Port ( in Morocco ) . The French action was approved by both the German Armistice Commission and the Italian Armistice Commission . - No British aircraft were encountered and much damage was done in the area south of the fortress . The South Mole and a large ship in the harbour were heavily damaged . In the northern part of Gibraltar , fires broke out . - On 25 September , the French returned with a larger force of eighty @-@ three bombers to cause additional damage to the naval base and harbour installations . Again , aircraft of the British Royal Air Force made no appearance . However , the French crews did report encountering heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . One 451 bomber was lost and 13 other aircraft were lightly damaged during the two days of bombing attacks . The British armed trawler Stella Sirius was sunk by bombs . - The air attack on 25 September was the last by forces on Gibraltar . - - = = Operation Felix : 1940 – 1941 = = - - The Rock came through the war relatively unscathed but , given its strategic importance , Germany made plans to capture Gibraltar . " Felix " , the plan which was signed by Adolf Hitler himself was formulated at the highest level of command . With or without permission , Germany would take entry through Spain and attack Gibraltar driving the British out of the Western Mediterranean . The Strait would be effectively closed to the Allies once Gibraltar was in German hands , forcing Asia @-@ bound Allied shipping to steam all the way around Africa rather than to proceed to the east via the shorter route through the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal . The Rock was to be heavily dive bombed by planes leaving France but landing afterward at Spanish air bases . To deny a possible Spanish capture of the base , the German planners decided that the final attack to seize Gibraltar was to be made by German troops alone . - failure at the highest levels of government prevented the operation from occurring at the beginning of 1941 which had been drawn up in detail by the Wehrmacht in the summer and autumn of 1940 . - General Ludwig 's Corps would conduct the actual attack on the Rock . The assault forces would comprise the Infantry Regiment , the Regiment of the 1st Mountain Division , 26 medium and heavy artillery battalions , three observation battalions , three engineer battalions , two smoke battalions , a detachment of 150 , and up to 150 miniature remote controlled demolition vehicles ( ) , packed with high explosives . - As part of a combined @-@ force operation , the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) would contribute Ju , , , three light AA battalions , and three heavy AA battalions . Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine would cooperate by using U @-@ boats to interfere with British naval movement and coastal batteries to further discourage the Royal Navy . - On 10 March 1941 , with Operation Barbarossa looming , Felix was amended to Operation Felix @-@ Heinrich , whereby German troops would be withdrawn from the USSR to capture Gibraltar . As a result of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco 's , the operation was postponed , modified , and ultimately abandoned . - - = = Italian bombing of Gibraltar = = - - From Sardinia , Italian bombers attacked Gibraltar several times , mainly in 1942 . The last raids on Gibraltar were done during the 1943 Allied landing in Algeria , when those bombers hit successfully even the port . - The only unit of the Regia ( Royal Air Force ) ever to fly the was the " Long @-@ Range Squadron " . This unit was formed in May 1941 around the first machines that came off the assembly lines . The training of the crews lasted far longer than anticipated and only in June 1942 the became operational . The most spectacular raids with the P. 108 bombers were flown in October 1942 when several night attacks against Gibraltar were undertaken from Sardinia . - After the armistice of ( 8 September ) , the German @-@ allied Italian Social Republic launched at least two raids on Gibraltar : one on the night of 4 – 5 June 1944 with ten aircraft and another on 6 June with nine aircraft . Both sorties were undertaken by the " – " . - - = = Italian raids 1940 – 1943 = = - - Known as the " Horse of Gibraltar " , , an Italian commando unit created during the government , engaged in numerous attacks against the harbour at Gibraltar . - Gibraltar was a very tempting target for the Italians , who saw it as a refuge for British warships and allied merchant shipping . The Italian originally used a Spanish villa ( Villa ) located two miles ( 3 km ) from Gibraltar owned by an Italian officer who had married a Spanish woman named . Their base was shifted later to the Italian SS , interned in . - - = = from Spain = = - - Lesser known than the Italian actions were the sabotage operations and @-@ mine attacks carried out by Spanish and agents recruited in the de Gibraltar by the Germans . The contacted a Spanish staff officer from de Gibraltar , Lieutenant Colonel , a Spanish officer , member of the and coordinator of the intelligence operations in the , to establish a network of with access to Gibraltar . designated Emilio , also a member of , as operations chief of the organisation . Most of the recruits for the sabotage operations were Spaniards from the . A combination of financial reward , ideological commitment and some threats and were used to gather a significant number of agents . According to the British intelligence , there were at least 183 Spaniards and involved in the espionage and sabotage operations against Gibraltar . - operations were ordered from Berlin in the late autumn of 1940 , but actual work did not start until early 1941 . The first operations were unsuccessful . A first attempt to smuggle a bomb into Gibraltar was , as the timing device was faulty . In February there was a large explosion in the North Tunnel , and in April a bomb blew up near the airfield . In June 1941 , however , the British intelligence a new attempt , by a German agent , to attach a mine alongside an Allied cargo ship . Another attempt failed when placed a bomb inside an ammunition store but was not able to bring the explosive . It was not until 1942 that the operations begun to succeed . In January 1942 , two Spanish agents manage to destroy two aircraft at the North Front landing strip . - , trained and equipped by the Germans , the sank the armed trawler Erin , and destroyed the auxiliary minesweeper , which resulted in the deaths of six British on 18 January 1942 . was assisted by the Spanish naval commander of , Manuel Romero Hume , who allowed him to beach a there . The British intelligence was able however to counteract the sabotage operations . In March 1942 , a , José Key , one of the most prominent agents working for the Germans , responsible for the collection of information on military movements for the was arrested and executed in Prison in late 1942 . By September 1942 , , whose activities were closely monitored by the British at that time , resigned and left Carlos , his second in command , in charge of the operations . In late 1942 , the German headquarters in Berlin ordered the sabotage operations being expanded . In early 1943 , the arrival of an experienced head of operations in Spain improved the outreach of the operations . - In March 1943 an ammunition dump was blown up by 's agents . The British , growing suspicious of some of the , banned them from entering Gibraltar . This forced the to ask for new personnel . A working on the Rock , José Martín , was responsible for the explosion and fire at a large fuel tank at Island on 30 June 1943 ; this mission , however , would be the first and the last for , because he was cornered and arrested by British authorities in August , when he tried to smuggle a bomb into a weapons magazine inside Staff Cave . After being sentenced to death , he was hanged on 11 January 1944 in Gibraltar by British executioner Albert . A member of an unrelated sabotage network , Luis López @-@ ( also arrested in 1943 ) was executed by on the same day . himself was put under arrest by the Spanish police and . He would be a free man again in December , when he rejoined the in Madrid , under direct orders of Wolfgang , , head of the sabotage section in Spain . After a attempt against the life of pro @-@ allied General José Enrique , by network 's agent Juan José and a meeting between Anthony Eden and the Spanish ambassador at London , Fitz @-@ James Stuart , activities around Gibraltar came to an end . - - = = Operation : 1941 – 1942 = = - - Operation was a top @-@ secret British stay @-@ behind mission that was only to be implemented if Gibraltar was captured by the Axis Powers . Six men were to be sealed in a cave and left with only enough supplies for a year . The volunteers — two doctors , three and their leader — would run an observation post with one 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) by 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) slit looking over the harbour and a concealed outdoor terrace over the Mediterranean . The team would then wire back all shipping movements to the British Admiralty . - They were told there would be no way out and anyone who died within the chamber would have to be embalmed and cemented into the brick floor . Only if Germany was defeated within their first year would they be released . - As the threat of invasion was clearly felt in late 1941 , an idea for a series of secret observation posts ( first in Gibraltar and later in other places like Malta and Aden ) was put together under Operation . - Work in Gibraltar began immediately under Commander Geoffrey and his chief engineer Colonel Fordham . The site chosen at Lord 's Battery on the southern tip of the Rock already had an existing scheme for a shelter . Extensive trials of the equipment began in January 1942 under the eye of MI6 radio expert Colonel Richard Gambier @-@ Parry . Much thought was also given to the type of men needed for such a strange and demanding task . A member of Scott ’ s ill @-@ expedition to the Antarctic , George Murray was called up as Surgeon @-@ Commander to advise on survival techniques . There were practical matters such as diet , exercise , sanitation , and clothing to consider as well as vital " psychology of the personnel " . The full team was in place by the end of summer 1942 and their cavern fully equipped and ready for occupation . A comprehensive manual was prepared on all aspects of the operation and it was considered that similar secret lookout posts should be prepared throughout the world in the event of future wars . However , Operation was never needed , as Adolf Hitler turned his attention away from Gibraltar and towards the Eastern Front . - The operation had been in mystery until the discovery of papers at the Public Record Office in UK . Previously in the 1960s , details of the story were told to a journalist by his intelligence service contacts and he wrote these up as " Operation Monkey " , yet facts were very sparse . - In 1997 " Stay Behind Cave " ( as it was nicknamed ) was discovered in Gibraltar by the Gibraltar Group , but no account was ever obtained from anyone associated with the mission . The discovery came about when the group encountered a strong gust of wind in a tunnel . Further searching led them to break through a wall into chambers which had never been used and had remained sealed for over 50 years . - In November 2006 Jim and Sergeant Major Pete Jackson , senior tunnel guide with the Royal Gibraltar Regiment , met possibly the only member of Operation still alive when they travelled to meet Dr. W. A. Bruce Cooper at his home in England . Cooper , 92 at the time , provided an opportunity to shed light on the operation with his direct involvement in the mission as a Surgeon @-@ Lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve ( ) . He recalled stories about his colleagues , his training , and his feelings about the task . - - = = Mediterranean U @-@ boat Campaign : 1941 – 1944 = = - - The Mediterranean U @-@ boat Campaign lasted approximately from 21 September 1941 to May 1944 . The Kriegsmarine tried to isolate Gibraltar , Malta , and Suez and disrupt Britain 's trade routes . More than sixty U @-@ boats were sent to Allied shipping in the Mediterranean Sea . Many of these U @-@ boats were themselves attacked negotiating the Strait of Gibraltar controlled by Britain . Nine U @-@ boats were sunk while attempting passage and ten more were damaged . - - = = North African Campaign : 1942 = = - - Plans for the Allied counter offensive after the attack on Pearl Harbor were ongoing by mid @-@ 1942 . An invasion of Europe in 1943 would be , but the allies could attack the " soft of Europe " through the Mediterranean , as Prime Minister Winston Churchill put it . by President Franklin Roosevelt and Churchill and code named Operation , the plan was to occupy French North Africa : Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . From these French colonies , attacks could be launched that would drive Italy out of the war . - In July 1942 , Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed Allied Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Operation . Churchill placed Gibraltar under the command of General Eisenhower as the temporary headquarters for this , the first large @-@ scale Anglo @-@ American operation of the war . He arrived in Gibraltar on 5 November 1942 to take over , not just command of Operation itself , but also military command of Gibraltar . - General Eisenhower stayed at The , the official Governor 's residence , but his operational headquarters were in a small chamber in a tunnel in the heart of the Rock . In his memoirs General Eisenhower wrote : - The subterranean passages under the Rock provided the sole available office space , and in them was located the signal equipment by which we expected to keep in touch with the commanders of the three assault forces . The eternal darkness of the tunnels was here and there partially pierced by electric bulbs . , cold air in block @-@ long passages was heavy with stagnation and did not noticeably respond to the efforts of electric fans . Through the arched ceilings came a constant , , of surface water that faithfully but off the seconds of the , almost , wait which always occurs between completion of a military plan and the moment action begins . - One hundred thousand soldiers on the high seas in a multitude of transports on Gibraltar . More than 400 aircraft of all types were into the dispersal areas around the Gibraltar runway . Fighters had been shipped in and assembled on the airfield . Every available area of storage was taken up with ammunition , fuel , and other essential supplies . 168 American pilots were housed in the RAF at North Front . - On 8 November 1942 , aircraft from Gibraltar landed on captured North African airfields . - From their headquarters in Gibraltar , General Eisenhower and Admiral Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham directed Operation , the first major combined combat operation during World War II involving American and British forces . - - = = = War tunnels = = = - - Given that Gibraltar was a small town with only a few defences protecting it , the solution was to build a massive series of tunnels and chambers inside the natural protection of the Rock of Gibraltar . This " town " inside the Rock contained its own power station , water supply , and hospital . Some soldiers posted here would not see the light of day for months on end . Two Canadian engineer companies , the only soldiers with diamond @-@ tipped drills and 5 British engineer companies , added some 30 miles ( 48 km ) of such tunnels , a feat thought impossible at the time . That was enough to hold all 30 @,@ 000 troops on the rock . Today , the rock has more underground tunnels than roads . - - = = Death of Władysław : 1943 = = - - On 4 July 1943 , a Liberator bomber from RAF Transport Command took off from Gibraltar for England . On board was General Władysław , Prime Minister of Poland 's London @-@ based government in exile and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of its armed forces , returning from visiting Polish troops in the Middle East . - The aircraft climbed normally from the runway , levelled off to gather speed but then suddenly lost height and crashed into the harbour . The 62 @-@ year @-@ old general died , along with 15 others . The sole survivor was the Czech @-@ born pilot , Eduard , who was rescued by an RAF launch . The bodies of five passengers and crew , including 's daughter , were never found . - The coffins of General and his Chief @-@ of @-@ Staff , General , were draped in the Polish National Flag and lay in state in the Cathedral of St. Mary the . After a Mass , the bodies were carried in procession to the Dockyard with full Military Honours to be shipped to London in anticipation that General 's remains would one day be returned to a liberated Poland . The route to the dockyard was lined by British troops and the coffins carried and escorted by Polish . - - = = = Investigation = = = - - In 1943 a British Court of Inquiry investigated the crash of 's Liberator II , but was unable to determine the probable cause , finding only that it was an accident and the " aircraft became uncontrollable for reasons which cannot be established " . A popular theory was insufficient technical maintenance leading to aircraft controls . Despite this finding , the political context of the event , coupled with a variety of curious circumstances , immediately gave rise to speculation that 's death had been no accident , and may in fact have been the direct result of a Soviet , British or even Polish conspiracy . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The surrender of Italy in September 1943 lifted any possible objections to the return of the to the Rock . As a result , a Board was established in November , and at a meeting of the Board on 8 February 1944 repatriation priorities were finally agreed . On 6 April 1944 the first group of 1 @,@ 367 arrived on the Rock directly from the United Kingdom and on 28 May , the first repatriation party left Madeira , and by the end of 1944 only 520 non @-@ priority remained on the island . - In London , home @-@ were making claims on the ’ wartime accommodation and 500 were re @-@ evacuated to Scotland and 3 @,@ 000 to camps in Northern Ireland . Although the Governor , Lt. General Sir Noel Mason @-@ MacFarlane , fought on behalf of the and did not accept the lack of accommodation as a sufficient reason for the delays . As late as 1947 there were still 2 @,@ 000 in Northern Irish camps . The last of the did not see the Rock again until 1951 . - - = = See Also = = - - Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War - - - = = - - ( Latin : Marcus Caesar Augustus ; 8 November , 30 AD – 27 January , 98 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98 . became Emperor at the age of sixty @-@ five , after a lifetime of imperial service under and the rulers of the dynasty . Under , he was a member of the imperial entourage and played a vital part in exposing the conspiracy of 65 . Later , as a loyalist to the , he attained in 71 and 90 during the of and respectively . - On 18 September 96 , was assassinated in a palace conspiracy involving members of the Guard and several of his freedmen . On the same day , was declared emperor by the Roman Senate . This was the first time the Senate elected a Roman Emperor . As the new ruler of the Roman Empire , he vowed to restore liberties which had been curtailed during the government of . - 's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army . A revolt by the Guard in October 97 essentially forced him to adopt an heir . After some adopted Trajan , a young and popular general , as his successor . After barely fifteen months in office , died of natural causes on 27 January 98 . Upon his death he was succeeded and deified by Trajan . - Although much of his life remains obscure , was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians . 's greatest success was his ability to ensure a peaceful transition of power after his death , thus founding the – dynasty . - - = = Early career = = - - - = = = Family = = = - - Marcus was born in the village of , 50 kilometers north of Rome , to the family of Marcus , Consul in 40 , and . Ancient sources report the date as either 30 or 35 . He had at least one attested sister , named , who married Lucius , the brother of the future Emperor . - Like , the founder of the dynasty , was a member of the Italian nobility rather than one of the elite of Rome . Nevertheless , the were among the most esteemed and prominent political families of the late Republic and early Empire , attaining in each successive generation . The direct ancestors of on his father 's side , all named Marcus , were associated with imperial circles since the time of Emperor Augustus ( 27 BC – AD 14 ) . - His great @-@ grandfather was Consul in 36 BC ( in replacement , and abdicated ) , and Governor of Asia in the same year . His grandfather became Consul in July of either 21 or 22 , and was known as a personal friend of Emperor ( AD 14 – 37 ) , accompanying the emperor during his voluntary seclusion on Capri from 23 onwards , dying in 33 . 's father , finally , attained the in 40 under emperor ( 37 – 41 ) . The were connected with the Julio @-@ dynasty through the marriage of 's brother , and , the great @-@ granddaughter of . - - = = = Imperial service = = = - - Not much of 's early life or career is recorded , but it appears he did not pursue the usual administrative or military career . He was @-@ elect in the year 65 and , like his ancestors , moved in imperial circles as a skilled diplomat and strategist . As an advisor to Emperor , he successfully helped detect and expose the conspiracy of 65 . what his contribution to the investigation was is not known but his services must have been considerable , since they earned him rewards equal to those of 's guard prefect . He received honors — which was usually reserved for military victories — and the right to have his statues placed throughout the palace . - According to the contemporary poet Martial , also held 's literary abilities in high esteem , him as the " of our time " . Another prominent member of 's entourage was , an old and respected general who had celebrated military during the 40s . It appears befriended during his time as an imperial advisor , and may have asked him to watch over 's youngest son when departed for the Jewish war in 67 . - The suicide of on 9 June 68 brought the Julio @-@ dynasty to an end , leading to the chaotic Year of the Four , which saw the successive rise and fall of the emperors , and , until the accession of on 21 December 69 . nothing is known of 's whereabouts during 69 , but despite the fact that was his brother @-@ in @-@ law , he appears to have been one of the earliest and strongest supporters of the . - For services unknown , he was rewarded with a early in 's reign in 71 . This was a remarkable honour , not only because he held this office early under the new regime , but also because it was an ordinary ( instead of a less prestigious ) , making him one of the few non @-@ to be honoured in this way under . After 71 again disappears from historical record , presumably continuing his career as an inconspicuous advisor under ( 69 – 79 ) and his sons Titus ( 79 – 81 ) and ( 81 – 96 ) . - He re @-@ emerges during the revolt of in 89 . On 1 January , 89 , the governor of Superior , Lucius Antonius , and his two at , XIV and , against the Roman Empire with the aid of a tribe of the . The governor of , , moved to the region at once , assisted by the of , Titus . Within twenty @-@ four days the rebellion was crushed , and its leaders at punished . The were sent to the front of , while those who had assisted in their defeat were duly rewarded . - opened the year following the revolt by sharing the with . Again , the honour suggested had played a part in uncovering the conspiracy , perhaps in a fashion similar to what he did during the conspiracy under . Alternatively , may have selected as his colleague to emphasise the stability and status @-@ of the regime . The revolt had been suppressed , and the Empire could return to order . - - = = Emperor = = - - - = = = = = = - - On 18 September , 96 , was assassinated in a palace conspiracy organised by court officials . The , the Calendar , records that the same day the Senate proclaimed Marcus emperor . Despite his political experience , this was a remarkable choice . was old and , and had spent much of his career out of the public light , prompting both ancient and modern authors to speculate on his involvement in 's assassination . - According to , the conspirators approached as a potential successor prior to the assassination , which indicates that he was at least aware of the plot . by contrast does not mention , but he may have omitted his role out of . Considering the works of were published under 's direct descendants Trajan and , it would have been less than sensitive of him to suggest the dynasty owed its accession to murder . On the other hand , lacked widespread support in the Empire , and as a known loyalist his track record would not have recommended him to the conspirators . The precise facts have been obscured by history , but modern historians believe was proclaimed Emperor solely on the initiative of the Senate , within hours after the news of the assassination broke . - Although he appeared to be an unlikely candidate on account of his age and weak health , was considered a safe choice precisely because he was old and . Furthermore , he had close connections with the dynasty and commanded the respect of a substantial part of the Senate . had seen the anarchy which had resulted from the death of ; he knew that to even for a few hours could lead to violent civil conflict . Rather than decline the invitation and risk , he accepted . The decision may have been hasty so as to avoid civil war , but neither the Senate nor appears to have been involved in the conspiracy against . - Following the accession of as emperor , the Senate passed on : his coins and statues were melted , his arches were torn down and his name was erased from all public records . In many instances , existing portraits of , such as those found on the , were simply to fit the likeness of . This allowed quick production of new images and recycling of previous material . In addition , the vast palace which had erected on the Hill , known as the Palace , was renamed the " House of the People " , and himself took up residence in 's former villa in the Gardens of . - - = = = Administration = = = - - The change of government was welcome particularly to the , who had been harshly persecuted during 's reign . As an immediate gesture of goodwill towards his supporters , publicly that no would be put to death as long as he remained in office . He called an end to trials based on treason , released those who had been imprisoned under these charges , and granted amnesty to many who had been exiled . - All properties which had been confiscated by were returned to their respective families . also sought to involve the Senate in his government , but this was not entirely successful . He continued to rely largely on friends and advisors that were known and trusted , and by maintaining friendly relations with the pro @-@ faction of the Senate , he incurred hostility which may have been the cause for at least one conspiracy against his life . - Having been proclaimed emperor solely on the initiative of the Senate , had to introduce a number of measures to gain support among the Roman populace . As was custom by this time , a change of emperor was expected to bring with it a generous payment of gifts and money to the people and the army . Accordingly , a of 75 per head was bestowed upon the citizens , while the soldiers of the Guard received a which may have amounted to as much as 5000 per person . This was followed by a string of economic reforms intended to alleviate the burden of taxation from the most Romans . - To the poorest , granted of land worth up to 60 million . He parents and their children from a 5 % inheritance tax , and he made loans to Italian landowners on the condition that they pay interest of 5 % to their municipality to support the children of families ; schemes which were later expanded by Trajan , Pius , and Marcus Aurelius . Furthermore , numerous taxes were and privileges granted to Roman provinces . , he probably abolished the , the additional tax which all Jews throughout the Empire had to pay : some of his coins bear the legend ( abolition of malicious prosecution regarding the Jewish tax ) . - Before long , 's expenses strained the economy of Rome and , although perhaps not ruinous to the extent once suggested by , necessitated the formation of a special commission of economy to drastically reduce . The most superfluous religious sacrifices , games and horse races were abolished , while new income was generated from 's former possessions , including the of ships , estates , and even furniture . Large amounts of money were obtained from 's silver and gold statues , and forbade that similar images be made in his honor . - Because he reigned only briefly , 's public works were few , instead completing projects which had been initiated under rule . This included extensive repairs to the Roman road system and the expansion of the . The latter program was headed by the former consul Julius , who helped to put an end to abuses and later published a significant work on Rome 's water supply , De . The only major landmarks constructed under were a , known as the , and a small Imperial begun by , which linked the of Augustus to the Temple of Peace . Little remains , partly because the Via cuts across it . - - = = = Crisis of succession = = = - - Despite 's measures to remain popular with the Senate and the Roman people , support for remained strong in the army , which had called for his immediately after the assassination . In an attempt to appease the soldiers of the Guard , had dismissed their prefect Titus — one of the chief conspirators against — and replaced him with a former commander , . - Likewise , the generous bestowed upon the soldiers following his accession was expected to swiftly silence any protests against the violent regime change . The considered these measures insufficient , however , and demanded the execution of 's assassins , which refused . Continued dissatisfaction with this state of affairs would ultimately lead to the crisis of 's reign . - While the swift transfer of power following 's death had prevented a civil war from , 's position as an emperor soon proved too vulnerable , and his benign nature turned into a reluctance to assert his authority . Upon his accession , he had ordered a halt to treason trials , but at the same time allowed the prosecution of by the Senate to continue . This measure led to chaos , as everyone acted in his own interests while trying to settle scores with personal enemies , leading the consul to famously remark that 's was ultimately to 's anarchy . Early in 97 , a conspiracy led by the senator failed , but once again refused to put the conspirators to death , much to the disapproval of the Senate . - The situation was further aggravated by the absence of a clear successor , made more pressing because of 's old age and sickness . He had no natural children of his own and only distant relatives , who were unsuited for political office . A successor would have to be chosen from among the governors or generals in the Empire and it appears that , by 97 , was considering to adopt Marcus Cornelius , the powerful governor of Syria . This was covertly opposed by those who supported the more popular military commander Marcus , commonly known as Trajan , a general of the armies at the German frontier . - In October 97 these tensions came to a head when the Guard , led by , laid siege to the Imperial Palace and took hostage . He was forced to submit to their demands , agreeing to hand over those responsible for 's death and even giving a speech the rebellious . Titus and , 's former , were sought out and killed . was unharmed in this assault , but his authority was damaged beyond repair . - He realized that his position was no longer without the support of an heir who had the approval of both the army and the people . Shortly thereafter , he announced the adoption of Trajan as his successor , and with this decision all but abdicated . Trajan was formally bestowed with the title of Caesar and shared the with in 98 : - Contrary to the view here popularized by , however , had in fact little choice with regard to his successor . Faced with a major crisis , he desperately needed the support of a man who could restore his damaged reputation . The only candidate with sufficient military experience , ancestry , and connections was Trajan . Likewise , Edward 's assertion that established a tradition of succession through adoption among the Five Good has found little support among modern historians . - - = = Death and legacy = = - - On 1 January , 98 , at the start of his fourth , suffered a stroke during a private audience . Shortly thereafter he was struck by a fever and died at his villa in the Gardens of , on 28 January . He was deified by the Senate , and his ashes were laid to rest in the of Augustus . - was succeeded without incident by his adopted son Trajan , who was greeted by the Roman populace with much enthusiasm . According to Pliny the Younger , Trajan dedicated a temple in honour of , yet no trace of it has ever been found ; nor was a commemorative series of coins for the issued until ten years after his death . According to , however , the Guard prefect responsible for the mutiny against , , was ' dismissed ' upon Trajan 's accession . - Due to the lack of written sources on this period , much of 's life has remained obscure . The most substantial surviving account of the reign of was written by the 3rd @-@ century historian . His Roman History , which spans nearly a millennium , from the arrival of in Italy until the year , was composed more than one hundred years after had died . Further details are added by an abridged biography from the de , a work alleged to have been authored by the 4th @-@ century historian Aurelius Victor . - A more comprehensive text , presumed to describe the life of in closer detail , is the , by the contemporary historian . The is an account of the history of Rome covering three decades from the suicide of emperor in 69 until the death of in 96 . Unfortunately , a substantial part of the work has been lost , with only the first five books covering the Year of the Four remaining . In the introduction to his biography of Julius however , speaks highly of , describing his reign as " the dawn of a most happy age , [ when ] Caesar blended things once , sovereignty and freedom " . - The surviving histories speak equally positively of 's brief reign , although none offer a substantial commentary on his policies . Both and Aurelius Victor emphasize his wisdom and , with commending his decision to adopt Trajan as his heir . These views were later popularized by the 18th @-@ century historian Edward in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . considered the first of the Five Good , five successive rulers under whom the Roman Empire " was governed by absolute power , under the guidance of wisdom and virtue " from 96 until 180 . Nevertheless , even notes that , compared to his successors , may have lacked the necessary qualifications for a successful reign : - Modern history has expanded upon this sentiment , characterizing as a well @-@ but weak and ruler . The Roman Senate enjoyed renewed liberties under his rule , but 's of the state finances and lack of authority over the army ultimately brought Rome near the edge of a significant crisis . The mutiny led by was never intended as a coup , but a calculated attempt to put pressure on the emperor . The adoption of Trajan expanded his power base with a respected , reliable general as his successor . concludes that 's real talents were in fact ill @-@ suited to the : - His place in Roman history is therefore summarized as a necessary , if tumultuous stop @-@ gap before the @-@ dynasties . It is a fact of irony that even the only major public work completed during his reign , the of , ultimately became known as the , or transitional forum . - Two modern statues which commemorate can be found in towns associated with him . There is an statue in Gloucester , England , a town which was founded in his honour . It is at the entrance to Street . There is also a statue at his alleged birthplace , in Italy , at street . - - = = – family tree = = - - - = = In popular culture = = - - was played by Norman in the 1951 film . - He was also played by Gemma in the 1964 film of the . - - = = = Secondary material = = = - - web links , International links ' , International links from web site - , David ( 1998 ) . " ( 96 – 98 ) " . De . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 08 @-@ 11 . - Pelham , Henry Francis ( 1911 ) . " , Marcus " . In Chisholm , Hugh . Britannica 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University pp. 393 – 394 . - - = The ( film ) = - - The is a 1961 American drama film directed by Robert from Walter 's 1959 novel of the same name , adapted for the screen by and Sidney Carroll . It tells the story of small @-@ time pool " Fast Eddie " and his desire to break into the " major league " of professional and high @-@ stakes by high @-@ that follows it . He throws his raw talent and ambition up against the best player in the country ; seeking to best the legendary pool player " Minnesota . " After initially losing to and getting involved with manager Bert Gordon , Eddie returns to try again , but only after paying a terrible personal price . - The film was shot on location in New York City . It stars Paul Newman as " Fast " Eddie , Jackie Gleason as Minnesota , Piper Laurie as Sarah , and George C. Scott as Bert . - The was a major critical and popular success , gaining a reputation as a modern classic . Its exploration of winning , losing , and character garnered a number of major awards ; it is also credited with helping to spark a resurgence in the popularity of pool . Real @-@ life pool player Rudolf , known at the time as " New York " and " Chicago " , claimed to be the real life inspiration for Gleason 's character , Minnesota , and adopted the name as his own . - - = = Plot = = - - Small @-@ time pool " Fast Eddie " travels cross @-@ country with his partner Charlie to challenge the legendary player " Minnesota " . Arriving at ' home pool hall , Eddie declares he will win $ 10 @,@ 000 that night . arrives and he and Eddie agree to play straight pool for $ 200 a game . After initially falling behind , Eddie back to being $ 1 @,@ 000 ahead and suggests raising the bet to $ 1 @,@ 000 a game ; agrees . He sends out a runner , Preacher , to Johnny 's Bar , ostensibly for whiskey , but really to get professional Bert Gordon to the hall . Eddie gets ahead $ 11 @,@ 000 and Charlie tries to convince him to quit , but Eddie insists the game will end only when says it is over . agrees to continue after Bert labels Eddie a " loser . " After 25 hours and an entire bottle of , Eddie is ahead over $ 18 @,@ 000 , but loses it all along with all but $ 200 of his original stake . At their hotel later , Eddie leaves half of the remaining stake with a sleeping Charlie and leaves . - Eddie his belongings at the local bus terminal , where he meets Sarah , an alcoholic who is supported by her father , attends college part @-@ time , and walks with a limp . He meets her again at a bar . They go back to her place but she refuses to let him in , saying he is " too hungry " . Eddie moves into a house and starts for small stakes . He finds Sarah again and this time she takes him in , but with reservations . Charlie finds Eddie at Sarah 's and tries to persuade him to go back out on the road . Eddie refuses and Charlie realizes he plans to challenge again . Eddie realizes that Charlie held out his percentage and becomes enraged , believing that with that money he could have rebounded to beat . Eddie dismisses Charlie as a scared old man and tells him to " go lie down and die " by himself . - At Johnny 's Bar , Eddie joins a poker game where Bert is playing , and loses $ 20 . Afterward , Bert tells Eddie that he has talent as a pool player but no character . He figures that Eddie will need at least $ 3 @,@ 000 to challenge again . Bert calls him a " born loser " but nevertheless offers to stake him in return for 75 % of his ; Eddie refuses . - Eddie a local pool shark , exposing himself as a , and the other players punish him by breaking his . As he , Sarah cares for him and tells him she loves him , but he cannot say the words in return . When Eddie is ready to play , he agrees to Bert 's terms , deciding that a " 25 % slice of something big is better than a 100 % slice of nothing " . - Bert , Eddie , and Sarah travel to the Kentucky Derby , where Bert a match for Eddie against a wealthy local named . The game turns out to be , not pool . When Eddie loses badly , Bert refuses to keep him . Sarah pleads with Eddie to leave with her , saying that the world he is living in and its inhabitants are " , twisted , and crippled " ; he refuses . Seeing Eddie 's anger , Bert agrees to let the match continue at $ 1 @,@ 000 a game . Eddie comes back to win $ 12 @,@ 000 . He collects his $ 3 @,@ 000 share and decides to walk back to the hotel . Bert arrives first and subjects Sarah to a humiliating sexual encounter . After , she " " , " " , and " " in lipstick on the bathroom mirror . Eddie arrives back at the hotel to learn that she has killed herself . - Eddie returns to challenge again , putting up his entire $ 3 @,@ 000 stake on a single game . He wins game after game , beating so badly that is forced to quit . Bert demands a share of Eddie 's and threatens that Eddie will be injured unless he pays . But Eddie says that if he is not killed he will kill Bert when he recovers ; invoking the memory of Sarah , he Bert into giving up his claim . Instead , Bert orders Eddie never to walk into a big @-@ time pool hall again . Eddie and compliment each other as players , and Eddie walks out . - - = = Cast = = - - Cast notes - Pool champion Willie has a cameo appearance as Willie , who holds the stakes for Eddie and 's games . 's hands also appear in many of the shots . - - = = Production = = - - The novel had been optioned several times , including by Frank Sinatra , but attempts to adapt it for the screen were unsuccessful . Director 's daughter Carol speculates that previous adaptations focused too much on the pool aspects of the story and not enough on the human interaction . , who had pool himself as a youth and who had made an abortive attempt to write a pool @-@ themed play called Corner Pocket , optioned the book and teamed with Sidney Carroll to produce the script . - According to Bobby 's agent , Martin Baum , Paul Newman 's agent turned down the part of Fast Eddie . Newman was originally unavailable to play Fast Eddie regardless , being committed to star opposite Elizabeth Taylor in the film Two for the . offered the part after seeing him on The Mike Wallace Interview . When Taylor was forced to drop out of because of shooting on Cleopatra , Newman was freed up to take the role , which he accepted after reading just half of the script . No one associated with the production officially notified or his representatives that he had been replaced ; they found out from a member of the public at a charity horse race . - filmed The over six weeks , entirely in New York City . Much of the action was filmed at two now @-@ defunct pool halls , 's and Ames Academy . Other shooting locations included a on East 82nd Street , which served as the Louisville home of Murray Hamilton 's character , and the Manhattan bus terminal . The film crew built a dining area that was so realistic that confused passengers sat there and waited to place their orders . Willie served as technical advisor on the film and shot a number of the trick shots in place of the actors . All of Gleason 's shots were his own ; they were filmed in wide @-@ angle to emphasize having the actor and the shot in the same frames . , in pursuit of the style he termed " neo @-@ neo @-@ realistic " , hired actual street thugs , enrolled them in the Screen Actors Guild and used them as extras . Scenes that were included in the shooting script but did not make it into the final film include a scene at Ames pool hall establishing that Eddie is on his way to town ( originally slated to be the first scene of the film ) and a longer scene of Preacher talking to Bert at Johnny 's Bar which establishes Preacher is a . - Early shooting put more focus on the pool playing , but during filming made the decision to place more emphasis on the love story between Newman and Laurie 's characters . Despite the change in emphasis , still used the various pool games to show the strengthening of Eddie 's character and the evolution of his relationship to Bert and Sarah , through the positioning of the characters in the frame . For example , when Eddie is playing , Eddie is positioned below Bert in a two shot but above while still below Bert in a three shot . When Sarah enters the room , she is below Eddie in two shot while in a three shot Eddie is still below Bert . When Eddie is kneeling over Sarah 's body , Bert again appears above him but Eddie attacks Bert , ending up on top of him . Eddie finally appears above Bert in two shot when Eddie returns to beat . - - = = Themes = = - - The is fundamentally a story of what it means to be a human being , within the context of winning and losing . Describing the film , Robert said : " My protagonist , Fast Eddie , wants to become a great pool player , but the film is really about the obstacles he encounters in attempting to fulfill himself as a human being . He self @-@ awareness only after a terrible personal tragedy which he has caused — and then he wins his pool game . " Roger with this assessment , citing The as " one of the few American movies in which the hero wins by surrendering , by accepting reality instead of his dreams . " - The film was also somewhat autobiographical for , relating to his dealings with the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . A screenwriter during the 1930s and ' 40s , he had been involved with the Communist Party in the 1930s and refused to name names at his first appearance . Ultimately he changed his mind and identified friends and colleagues as party members . Similarly , sells his soul and betrays the one person who really knows and loves him in a pact to gain character . - Film and theatre historian has identified The as one of a handful of films from the early 1960s that re @-@ defined the relationship of films to their audiences . This new relationship , he writes , is " one of challenge rather than , of doubt rather than certainty . " No film of the 1950s , asserts , " took such a brutal , clear look at the ego @-@ affirmation of the one @-@ on @-@ one contest , at the of the winner or the vulnerability of the loser . " Although some have suggested the resemblance of this film to classic film noir , rejects the comparison based on 's ultra @-@ realistic style , also noting that the film lacks noir 's " Woman or its in discovering crime among the , hungry bank clerks and wives . " does note that while Fast Eddie " has a slight fifties ring " , the character " makes a decisive break with the extraordinarily feeling tough guys of the ' rebel ' era ... [ b ] he does end up seeking out his emotions " and telling Bert that he is a loser because he 's dead inside . - - = = Reception = = - - The had its world premiere in Washington , D.C. on September 25 , 1961 . Prior to the premiere , Richard Burton hosted a midnight screening of the film for the casts of the season 's Broadway shows , which generated a great deal of positive word of mouth . Initially reluctant to publicize the film , 20th Century Fox responded by stepping up its promotional activities . - The film was well received by critics , although with the occasional . Variety praised the performances of the entire main cast but felt that the " aspects " of the story prevented the film from achieving the " goal of being pure entertainment . " Variety also felt the film was far too long . Stanley , writing for The New Republic , concurred in part with this assessment . strongly praised the principal cast , calling Newman " first @-@ rate " and writing that Scott 's was " his most credible performance to date . " Laurie , he writes , gives her part " touches " ( although he also criticizes her for over @-@ reliance on Method acting ) . While he found that the script " strains hard to give an air of menace and to the pool hall " and also declares it " full of pseudo @-@ meaning " , 's " sure , economical " direction , especially in regard to Gleason who , he says , does not so much act as " [ pose ] for a number of pictures which are well arranged by . It is the best use of a by a director since photographed as Big Daddy . " The New York Times , despite finding that the film " a bit " and that the romance between Newman and Laurie 's characters " seems a far @-@ " , nonetheless found that The " speaks powerfully in a universal language that and reveals bitter truths . " - The received nine Academy Award nominations . The film won two , for Best Art Direction @-@ Set Decoration , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( Harry Horner and Gene ) and Best , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( ) . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Newman was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Gleason and Scott were both nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ; Scott refused the nomination . Laurie was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role . received nominations for Best Director and , with Carroll , for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another . - Newman was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . Gleason and Scott were each nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Scott was also nominated as Best New Star of the Year . At the 1962 BAFTA Awards , The tied with the Soviet film Ballad of a Soldier for Best Film from Any Source . Newman won for Best Foreign Actor and Piper Laurie was nominated for Best Foreign Actress . Gleason was honored as Best Supporting Actor by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures and the film was named among the Board 's ten best films of 1961 . was named Best Director by the New York Film Critics Circle Awards and and Carroll shared the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Drama . - American Film Institute - 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - - 's 100 Years ... 100 - - 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and : - Bert Gordon - - 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie : - " Eddie , you 're a born loser . " - - 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Edition ) - - 's 10 Top 10 - # 6 Sports Film - - = = Legacy = = - - In the decades since its release , The has cemented its reputation as a classic . Roger , echoing earlier praise for the performances , direction , and cinematography and adding for editor Allen , cites the film as " one of those films where scenes have such psychic weight that they grow in our memories . " He further cites Fast Eddie as one of " only a handful of movie characters so real that the audience refers to them as . " TV Guide calls the film a " dark " offering " a world whose only bright spot is the top of the pool table , yet [ with ] characters [ who ] maintain a nobility and grace . " The four leads are again lavishly praised for their performances and the film is summed up as " not to be missed . " - Paul Newman reprised his role as Fast Eddie in the 1986 film The Color of Money , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . A number of observers and critics have suggested that this Oscar was in recognition for his performance in The . In 1997 , the Library of Congress selected The for preservation in the United States National Film as " culturally , historically , or significant . " Carroll and 's screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America in 2006 as the best motion picture screenplay of all time . In June 2008 , released its " Ten top Ten " — the best ten films in ten " classic " American film genres — after polling over 1 @,@ 500 people from the creative community . The was acknowledged as the sixth best film in the sports genre . - The is credited with sparking a resurgence in the popularity of pool in the United States , which had been on the decline for decades . The film also brought recognition to Willie , who , despite having won multiple world championships , was virtually unknown to the general public . Perhaps the greatest of the film 's popularity was a real @-@ life pool named Rudolf . claimed in an interview at the time of the film 's release that the character of Minnesota was based on , who at the time was known as " New York " . immediately adopted the Minnesota nickname and his association with the film into book and television deals and other ventures . Author Walter denied for the rest of his life that had played any role in the creation of the character . Other players would claim , with greater or lesser degrees of credibility , to have served as models for Fast Eddie , including Ronnie Allen , Ed Taylor , Ed Parker , and Eddie . - diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/train.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/train.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2d84b35..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/train.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36718 +0,0 @@ - - = Valkyria Chronicles III = - - Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Chronicles ( Japanese : 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 ) , commonly referred to as Valkyria Chronicles III outside Japan , is a tactical role @-@ playing video game developed by Sega and Media.Vision for the PlayStation Portable . Released in January 2011 in Japan , it is the third game in the Valkyria series . the same fusion of tactical and real @-@ time gameplay as its predecessors , the story runs parallel to the first game and follows the " Nameless " , a penal military unit serving the nation of Gallia during the Second Europan War who perform secret black operations and are pitted against the Imperial unit " Raven " . - The game began development in 2010 , carrying over a large portion of the work done on Valkyria Chronicles II . While it retained the standard features of the series , it also underwent multiple adjustments , such as making the game more for series newcomers . Character designer Honjou and composer Hitoshi Sakimoto both returned from previous entries , along with Valkyria Chronicles II director Takeshi Ozawa . A large team of writers handled the script . The game 's opening theme was sung by May 'n . - It met with positive sales in Japan , and was praised by both Japanese and western critics . After release , it received downloadable content , along with an expanded edition in November of that year . It was also adapted into manga and an original video animation series . Due to low sales of Valkyria Chronicles II , Valkyria Chronicles III was not localized , but a fan translation compatible with the game 's expanded edition was released in 2014 . Media.Vision would return to the franchise with the development of Valkyria : Azure Revolution for the PlayStation 4 . - - = = Gameplay = = - - As with previous Chronicles games , Valkyria Chronicles III is a tactical role @-@ playing game where players take control of a military unit and take part in missions against enemy forces . Stories are told through comic book @-@ like panels with animated character portraits , with characters speaking partially through voiced speech bubbles and partially through text . The player progresses through a series of linear missions , gradually unlocked as maps that can be freely through and replayed as they are unlocked . The route to each story location on the map varies depending on an individual player 's approach : when one option is selected , the other is sealed off to the player . Outside missions , the player characters rest in a camp , where units can be customized and character growth occurs . Alongside the main story missions are character @-@ specific sub missions relating to different squad members . After the game 's completion , additional episodes are unlocked , some of them having a higher difficulty than those found in the rest of the game . There are also love simulation elements related to the game 's two main , although they take a very minor role . - The game 's battle system , the system , is carried over directly from Chronicles . During missions , players select each unit using a top @-@ down perspective of the battlefield map : once a character is selected , the player moves the character around the battlefield in third @-@ person . A character can only act once per @-@ turn , but characters can be granted multiple turns at the expense of other characters ' turns . Each character has a field and distance of movement limited by their Action . Up to nine characters can be assigned to a single mission . During gameplay , characters will call out if something happens to them , such as their health points ( HP ) getting low or being knocked out by enemy attacks . Each character has specific " Potentials " , skills unique to each character . They are divided into " Personal Potential " , which are innate skills that remain unaltered unless otherwise dictated by the story and can either help or impede a character , and " Battle Potentials " , which are grown throughout the game and always grant to a character . To learn Battle Potentials , each character has a unique " Masters Table " , a grid @-@ based skill table that can be used to acquire and link different skills . Characters also have Special that grant them temporary on the battlefield : Kurt can activate " Direct Command " and move around the battlefield without his Action Point gauge , the character can shift into her " Valkyria Form " and become , while Imca can target multiple enemy units with her heavy weapon . - Troops are divided into five classes : Scouts , , Engineers , and Armored Soldier . can switch classes by changing their assigned weapon . Changing class does not greatly affect the stats gained while in a previous class . With victory in battle , experience points are awarded to the squad , which are distributed into five different attributes shared by the entire squad , a feature differing from early games ' method of distributing to different unit types . - - = = Plot = = - - The game takes place during the Second Europan War . Gallian Army Squad 422 , also known as " The Nameless " , are a penal military unit composed of criminals , foreign , and military offenders whose real names are erased from the records and officially referred to by numbers . by the Gallian military to perform the most dangerous missions that the Regular Army and Militia will not do , they are nevertheless up to the task , exemplified by their motto , , meaning " Always Ready . " The three main characters are Kurt Irving , an army officer falsely accused of treason who wishes to redeem himself ; Ace Imca , a female Darcsen heavy weapons specialist who seeks revenge against the Valkyria who destroyed her home ; and Riela , a seemingly young woman who is unknowingly a descendant of the Valkyria . Together with their fellow squad members , these three are tasked to fight against a mysterious Imperial unit known as Calamity Raven , consisting of mostly Darcsen soldiers . - As the Nameless officially do not exist , the upper echelons of the Gallian Army exploit the concept of plausible in order to send them on missions that would otherwise make Gallia lose face in the war . While at times this works to their advantage , such as a successful incursion into Imperial territory , other orders cause certain members of the 422nd great distress . One such member , , becomes so enraged that he abandons his post and defects into the ranks of Calamity Raven , attached to the ideal of Darcsen independence proposed by their leader , Dahau . At the same time , elements within Gallian Army Command move to erase the Nameless in order to protect their own interests . by both allies and enemies , and combined with the presence of a traitor within their ranks , the 422nd desperately move to keep themselves alive while at the same time fight to help the Gallian war effort . This continues until the Nameless 's commanding officer , Ramsey Crowe , who had been kept under house arrest , is escorted to the capital city of in order to present evidence the weary soldiers and expose the real traitor , the Gallian General that had accused Kurt of Treason . - due to these events , and partly due to the major losses in manpower Gallia suffers towards the end of the war with the Empire , the Nameless are offered a formal position as a squad in the Gallian Army rather than serve as an anonymous shadow force . This is short @-@ lived , however , as following Maximilian 's defeat , Dahau and Calamity Raven move to activate an ancient super weapon within the Empire , kept secret by their benefactor . Without the support of Maximilian or the chance to prove themselves in the war with Gallia , it is Dahau 's last card in creating a new Darcsen nation . As an armed Gallian force invading the Empire just following the two nations ' cease @-@ fire would certainly wreck their newfound peace , Kurt decides to once again make his squad the Nameless , asking Crowe to list himself and all under his command as killed @-@ in @-@ action . Now owing allegiance to none other than themselves , the 422nd confronts Dahau and destroys the weapon . Each member then goes their separate ways in order to begin their lives . - - = = Development = = - - Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by The original scenario was written , while the script was written by Hiroyuki , , , and . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor . - The majority of material created for previous games , such as the system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G. - - = = = Music = = = - - The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( , Kimi ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles . - - = = = Release = = = - - In September 2010 , a teaser website was revealed by Sega , hinting at a new Valkyria Chronicles game . In its September issue , Famitsu listed that Senjō no Valkyria 3 would be arriving on the PlayStation Portable . Its first public appearance was at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show ( TGS ) , where a demo was made available for journalists and attendees . During the publicity , story details were kept so as not to too much for potential players , along with some of its content still being in flux at the time of its reveal . To promote the game and detail the story leading into the game 's events , an episodic Flash visual novel written by began release in January 2011 . The game was released January 27 , 2011 . During an interview , the development team said that the game had the capacity for downloadable content ( DLC ) , but that no plans were finalized . Multiple DLC maps , featuring additional missions and characters , were released between February and April 2011 . An expanded edition of the game , Valkyria Chronicles III Extra Edition , released on November 23 , 2011 . and sold at a lower price than the original , Extra Edition game with seven additional episodes : three new , three chosen by staff from the game 's DLC , and one made available as a pre @-@ order bonus . People who also owned the original game could transfer their save data between versions . - Unlike its two predecessors , Valkyria Chronicles III was not released in the west . According to Sega , this was due to poor sales of Valkyria Chronicles II and the general unpopularity of the PSP in the west . An unofficial fan translation patch began development in February 2012 : players with a copy of Valkyria Chronicles III could download and apply the patch , which translated the game 's text into English . with the Extra Edition , the patch was released in January 2014 . - - = = Reception = = - - On its day of release in Japan , Valkyria Chronicles III topped both platform @-@ exclusive and multi @-@ platform sales charts . By early February , the game sold 102 @,@ units , coming in second overall to The Last Story for the Wii . By the end of the year , the game had sold just over 152 @,@ 500 units . - Famitsu enjoyed the story , and were particularly pleased with the improvements to gameplay . Japanese gaming site Game Watch , despite negatively noting its pacing and elements recycled from previous games , was generally positive about its story and characters , and found its gameplay entertaining despite off @-@ putting difficulty spikes . writer , in a " Play Test " article based on the game 's demo , felt that Valkyria Chronicles III provided a " profound feeling of closure " for the Valkyria Chronicles series . He praised its gameplay despite annoying limitations to aspects such as special abilities , and positively noted its shift in story to a tone similar to the first game . - PlayStation Official Magazine - UK praised the story 's of Gallia 's moral standing , art style , and most points about its gameplay , positively noting the latter for both its continued quality and the tweaks to balance and content . Its one major criticism were multiple difficulty spikes , something that had affected the previous games . Heath Hindman of gaming website PlayStation praised the addition of non @-@ linear elements and improvements or removal of mechanics from Valkyria Chronicles II in addition to praising the returning gameplay style of previous games . He also positively noted the story 's serious tone . Points criticized in the review were recycled elements , awkward cutscenes that seemed to include all characters in a scene for no good reason , pacing issues , and occasional problems with the game 's AI . - In a preview of the TGS demo , Ryan Geddes of IGN was left excited as to where the game would go after completing the demo , along with enjoying the improved visuals over Valkyria Chronicles II . Kotaku 's Richard was highly positive about the game , citing is story as a return to form after Valkyria Chronicles II and its gameplay being the best in the series . His main criticisms were its length and gameplay repetition , along with expressing regret that it would not be localized . - - = = Legacy = = - - Kurt and Riela were featured in the Nintendo 3DS crossover Project X Zone , representing the Valkyria series . Media.Vision would return to the series to develop Valkyria : Azure Revolution , with Ozawa returning as director . Azure Revolution is a role @-@ playing video game for the PlayStation 4 that forms the beginning of a new series within the Valkyria franchise . - - = = = Adaptations = = = - - Valkyria Chronicles 3 was adapted into a two @-@ episode original video animation series in the same year of its release . Senjō no Valkyria 3 : no ( , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Taken for 's Sake ) , it was originally released through PlayStation Network and between April and May 2011 . The initially @-@ planned release and availability period needed to be extended due to a stoppage to during the early summer of that year . It later released for DVD on June 29 and August 31 , 2011 , with separate " Black " and " Blue " editions being available for purchase . The anime is set during the latter half of Valkyria Chronicles III , detailing a mission by the Nameless against their Imperial rivals Calamity Raven . The anime was first announced in November 2010 . It was developed by A @-@ 1 Pictures , produced by Shinji , directed by , and written by Hiroshi . Sakimoto 's music for the game was used in the anime . - The anime 's title was inspired by the principle purpose of the Nameless : to suffer in battle for the goals of others . A attached to the project during development was " The Road to " , which referenced the Tank Museum in Moscow . The game 's main theme was how the characters regained their sense of self when stripped of their names and identities , along with general themes focused on war and its consequences . While making the anime , the production team were told by Sega to make it as realistic as possible , with the consequence that the team did extensive research into aspects such as what happened when vehicles like tanks were overturned or damaged . Due to it being along the same timeline as the original game and its television anime adaptation , the cast of Valkyria Chronicles could make appearances , which pleased the team . The opening theme , " ( Light ) " ( @-@ ) , was sung by Japanese singer . The ending theme , " the Flowers of Light Will Bloom " ( , no ) , was sung by . Both songs ' lyrics were written by their respective artists . - Two manga adaptations were produced , following each of the game 's main female protagonists Imca and Riela . They were Senjō no Valkyria 3 : no ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Flower of the Nameless Oath ) , illustrated by and eventually released in two volumes after being serialized in Dengeki between 2011 and 2012 ; and Senjō no Valkyria 3 : no ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 of the Crimson Fate ) , illustrated by and eventually released in a single volume by Kadokawa Shoten in 2012 . - - - = Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal = - - The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal , also known as U.S. Arsenal Building , is a building located in MacArthur Park in downtown Little Rock , Arkansas . Built in 1840 , it was part of Little Rock 's first military installation . Since its decommissioning , The Tower Building has housed two museums . It was home to the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities from 1942 to 1997 and the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History since 2001 . It has also been the headquarters of the Little Rock Æsthetic Club since 1894 . - The building receives its name from its distinct octagonal tower . Besides being the last remaining structure of the original Little Rock Arsenal and one of the oldest buildings in central Arkansas , it was also the birthplace of General Douglas MacArthur , who became the supreme commander of US forces in the South Pacific during World War II . It was also the starting place of the Camden Expedition . In 2011 it was named as one of the top 10 attractions in the state of Arkansas by - - = = Construction = = - - The arsenal was constructed at the request of Governor James Conway in response to the perceived dangers of frontier life and fears of the many Native Americans who were passing through the state on their way to the newly established Oklahoma Territory . Thirty @-@ six acres were appropriated on the outskirts of Little Rock by Major Robert B. Lee of the U.S. Army . The land had been previously used as a racetrack by the local jockey club . John Walker , a builder for the Federal Government , supervised the construction . Originally $ 14 @,@ 000 was allocated for the construction of the arsenal , but proved inadequate . The budget was later increased to $ 30 @,@ 000 . Work began on the Tower Building in 1840 , and it was the first permanent structure of the arsenal to be built . Being originally constructed to store ammunition , the building was designed with 3 @-@ foot @-@ thick ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) exterior walls . The original plans called for it to be built of stone , however , masonry was used instead . The Arkansas Gazette referred to the structure as " A splendid specimen of masonry " . - - = = Civil War = = - - For several years the arsenal , which was owned by the federal government , served as a simple arms depot and was staffed with only a handful of soldiers . But in November 1860 , with the American Civil War on the horizon , a company of the Second United States Artillery , consisting of sixty @-@ five men , was transferred to Little Rock under the command of Captain James Totten . On January 15 , 1861 , the state legislature decided to hold a referendum to determine if a state convention should be held to consider the issue of and to elect delegates to such a convention . It was planned for February 18 ; however , events at the arsenal , would not wait . On January 28 , then Governor Henry Massey Rector informed Captain Totten that he and his soldiers would be " permitted to remain in the possession of the Federal officers until the State , by authority of the people , shall have determined to their connection with the General Government , " Totten responded to this by telling the Governor that his orders came from the United States Government and began a desperate but ultimately futile dispatch of letters and asking for reinforcements , although rumors were widely spread that they were already coming . The first telegraph wire to span between Little Rock and Memphis had recently been completed . Local attorney John M Harrel was asked to compose the first telegraph dispatched from Arkansas 's capital . In his message , Harrel reported unconfirmed rumors that more federal troops had been sent to reinforce the Little Rock Arsenal . - The United States troops at the outposts of the western frontier of the state and in the Indian nation have all been recalled from winter quarters to reinforce the garrison at Fort Smith . The garrison at Fort Smith had been previously transferred to the United States Arsenal in this city ( Little Rock ) . The arsenal is one of the richest of military stores in the United States and is supposed to be the ultimate destination of the [ sic ] ordered from the frontier . - M Harrel , January 31 , 1861 - The item was intended simply as a piece of news , but telegraph lines quickly spread the news throughout the state , procession sentiment . The rumor was interpreted by some as a call from the governor to assemble to help expel the federal troops from the arsenal . By February 5 , six militia units , consisting of 1 @,@ 000 men , with a guarantee that the numbers could be increased to 5 @,@ 000 if the situations deemed it necessary , had assembled in Little Rock . Governor Rector vehemently denied ordering the troops to assemble or giving any order at all in connection with the troops . Faced with the fact that the military had assembled believing they were following his orders and the consensus of the citizens of Little Rock against any armed conflict between the civilian army and federal troops , Governor Rector was forced to take control of the situation . On February 6 , he sent a formal demand for surrender of the arsenal to Captain Totten , - This movement is prompted by the feeling that the citizens of this State that in the present emergency the arms and munitions of war in the Arsenal should be under the control of the State authorities , in order to their security . This movement , although not authorized by me , has assumed such an aspect that it becomes my duty , as the executive of this , to my official authority to prevent a collision between the people of the State and the Federal troops under your command . I therefore demand in the name of the State the delivery of the possession of the Arsenal and munitions of war under your charge to the State authorities , to be held subject to the action of the convention to be held on the 4th of March next . - Perhaps because Abraham Lincoln had not yet been inaugurated as President , Captain Totten received no instructions from his superiors and was forced to withdraw his troops . He agreed to surrender the arsenal as long as the governor agreed to three provisions : - The governor would take possession of the arsenal in the name of the United States . - The soldiers would be allowed safe passage in any direction carrying any personal and public property besides munitions of war . - The soldiers would be allowed to march away as men leaving under orders , not as conquered and surrendering soldiers . - On the morning of February 8 , 1861 , Rector and Totten signed an agreement placing the arsenal in the hands of state officials . That afternoon , the citizen militia marched to the arsenal with Governor Rector at its head . All of the federal troops had left at this point , except Totten who had stayed behind to listen to the Governor 's speech and to hand the arsenal over in person . - The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an " arsenal of deposit , " meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis . Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs , nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands . Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board . - Inside the Little Rock Arsenal after its seizure in February , 1861 , the Confederates some 10 @,@ 247 weapons , 250 @,@ 000 musket cartridges , and 520 @,@ 000 percussion caps , as well as the four bronze cannon of Totten 's battery . Long arms in the Arsenal 's inventory consisted of : - M1822 .69 cal ( flintlock ) 5 @,@ 625 - M1822 .69 cal ( percussion @-@ converted ) 53 - .69 cal smoothbore ( percussion ) 357 - cal rifle @-@ 900 - common rifles 125 - rifle ( " Mississippi Rifle " ) 54 - 2 - Hall 's 267 - Hall 's rifles ( flintlock ) 2 @,@ 864 - Total 10 @,@ 247 - Of this number , approximately weapons were , or ready @-@ for @-@ issue . Note there were only 1 @,@ 364 percussion weapons available . of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy , but from various records it can be surmised that the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments , mustered in June , 1861 , were issued / M1822 .69 caliber . The 9th and 10th Arkansas , four companies of Kelly 's 9th Arkansas Battalion , and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment were issued flintlock Hall 's Rifles . The units comprising the infantry force of Van Dorn 's Army of the West were the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles were also armed with M1822 from the Little Rock Arsenal . By the time the 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments mustered in at Little Rock , the supply of arms had been almost completely exhausted , and only old " " weapons were left . - Most of the equipment , arms , and machinery at the Little Rock Arsenal was removed to east of the Mississippi River by order of Gen. Earl Van Dorn in April and May 1862 , and accountability for it is lost at that point . By all appearances , the equipment was sent down the river to Napoleon , Arkansas , and from there to Jackson Mississippi , where it was probably destroyed during the campaign in the early summer of 1863 . - Major General Thomas C. Hindman , sent to command the district of Arkansas in May , 1862 , found the state nearly destitute of military material . Hindman established another armory at Arkadelphia , and revived the Little Rock Arsenal as a collection point and depot for and ammunition manufacture for small arms . Hindman recorded : - " Machinery was made for manufacturing percussion caps and small arms , and both were turned out in small quantity , but of excellent quality . Lead mines were opened and worked , and a chemical laboratory was established and successfully operated in aid of the Ordnance Department and in the manufacture of , oil , spirits of , the various of iron , and other valuable medicines . Most of these works were located at or near Arkadelphia on the River , 75 miles south from Little Rock . The tools , machinery , and the material were gathered or else made by hand labor . Nothing of this sort had been before attempted on Government account in Arkansas to my knowledge , except for the manufacture of small arms , the machinery for which was taken away by General Van Dorn and there was neither capital nor sufficient enterprise among the citizens to engage in such undertakings A further supply , along with lead and caps , was procured from the citizens of Little Rock and vicinity by donation , purchases , and . - This ammunition , and that which I brought with me , was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose . As illustrating as the of material in the country , the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper . were employed or conscripted , tools purchased or impressed , and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once . But , after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to 'l as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of and lances , with which most of them were armed . Two days before the change could be effected . " - The Confederate ordnance establishment at Little Rock was reactivated in August , 1862 . Looking around for a suitable person to head this activity , General Hindman turned to the Confederate Navy and borrowed Lieutenant John W. Dunnington . Lt. Dunnington was the commander of the gunboat , which had been brought to Little Rock in hopes of converting it to an ironclad . Dunnington was selected to head the ordnance works at Little Rock , and although he continued to draw his pay from the Confederate Navy Department , he was placed in charge of all Confederate ordnance activities ( which included artillery functions ) there with the rank of lieutenant colonel . - Lt. Col. Dunnington 's " for the month of August , 1862 , at Little Rock Arsenal , , " are found in Vol . 149 , Chapter IV of the " Rebel Ordnance Records , " and are most enlightening as to the scope of Confederate ordnance activities at Little Rock during this crucial time . According to Dunnington , " When I assumed command at this Post , all material had been removed to Arkadelphia . There were no persons employed . No shops were open for repair of arms or for ammunition . Material , tools , etc . , had to be procured as well as the employment of laborers . Work commenced the last part of the month . " - The military force at Little Rock under Dunnington 's command consisted of four officers : himself , Major John B. , Captain Green , and 2nd Lt. Murphy . In addition to these , he had 20 enlisted men and a civilian force composed of a , 2 clerks , 3 for repairing small arms , a , 26 laborers in the ammunition laboratory , and a carpenter for making packing boxes . - During the month of August , 1862 , the following work was performed : " : one pair of musket bullet moulds ; 10 @,@ 000 buck & ball shot cartridges ; repaired : 750 , shotguns , and rifles ; received and repaired : ordnance stores and ; performed : guard , office , and police duties ; inspected : at Camden and Arkadelphia . " - Lt. Col. Dunnington continued to build up his works at Little Rock until November 1862 , when Captain Sanford C. Faulkner ( composer of The Arkansas Traveler ) was placed in charge of the Arsenal . Dunnington presumably returned to his naval duties and the . - A " Summary of the Work for November , 1862 , Little Rock Arsenal " shows : : - 75 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - percussion - 14 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - flint - 275 paper - 117 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder shot - 130 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder ball shot - 96 ammunition packing boxes - : - 2 @,@ 236 shotguns and rifles ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) - 23 pistols ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) - & : - packages of ordnance and ordnance stores received and mostly issued to troops in service . - and painted : - 4 gun carriages - Performed : - Guard , office , and police duties . - Perhaps the most points of the above " Summary of Work " and those for following months are that the standard ammunition made was . " buck & ball " , indicating that the .69 caliber and shotguns remained the predominant caliber weapon in use , and of this , nearly one sixth or more of all small arms ammunition was still for flintlock weapons , indicating that no less than a sixth of the Confederate troops in this vicinity were still armed with obsolete flintlock weapons . - The " of Work done at Little Rock Arsenal , " continue at about the same pace and scale from August 1862 until August 1863 . to the " Summary " for August , 1863 is the ominous , " During the last week in the month , nearly all stores at the Arsenal have been packed and sent to Arkadelphia , in obedience to orders from Chief of Ordnance , District of Arkansas . " This then marks the beginning of the evacuation of ordnance activities from Little Rock , with the city being surrendered to the advancing Federal troops of Frederick Steele 's Arkansas Expedition on September 11 , 1863 . - In 1864 , after Little Rock fell to the Union Army and the arsenal had been recaptured , General Steele marched 8 @,@ 500 troops from the arsenal beginning the Camden Expedition . - The arsenal was briefly seized once more by Joseph Brooks loyalists during the Brooks @-@ War of 1874 . - - = = = = - - In 1873 , the building was renamed Little Rock Barracks and used as a barracks for married officers and their families . The building was drastically altered the inside and outside . Prior to renovation , a rear basement door provided the only entrance to the building , while the tower served as a hoist to move munitions between floors . By 1868 , front and rear had been added to the building , as well as interior walls and stairs , some of which remain today , including the central staircase . In 1880 , Douglas MacArthur was born on the northwest upper floor of this building while his father , Captain Arthur MacArthur , was stationed there . - In the 1880s , the federal government began closing many small around the country in favor of smaller ones built near railroads for quick deployment . The arsenal commander received word from Washington that the Little Rock site must be abandoned " not later than October 1 , 1890 . " On April 12 , 1893 the tower building and the surrounding buildings were traded to the city of Little Rock for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in North Little Rock under the condition that the building and land be " forever exclusively devoted to the uses and purposes of a public park " for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in Big Rock Mountain on the north side of the Arkansas River , present day North Little Rock . That site later became Fort Logan H. Roots . All of the original buildings surrounding the Tower Building were demolished . - - = = Æsthetic Club = = - - In 1894 the Little Rock Æsthetic Club , one of the oldest women 's societies west of the Mississippi River , moved into the Tower Building . This was prompted due to increased membership and a need for larger , more permanent quarters . The previous year , club members working with women 's organizations throughout the state , raised money to the Arkansas Building of the Columbian Exposition at The Chicago World 's Fair . At the fair 's conclusion , artifacts from the exhibit were displayed in the Tower Building , with the Æsthetic Club invited to meet in the " Columbian Room . " - Except for Æsthetic Club meetings , the Tower Building remained largely unoccupied for almost fifty years and suffered significant deterioration . The Æsthetic Club provided much @-@ needed financial support during the period and even paid the electric bill during the Great Depression . The Æsthetic Club is still headquartered in the Tower Building . - - = = Public use = = - - The building and the surrounding park were used for many public purposes throughout the early 20th century . The Tower Building served as headquarters for the United Confederate Veterans , May 15 – 18 , 1911 . Over 106 @,@ 000 Civil War veterans , the largest popular gathering in the history of the city up to that time , attended and were housed in the building or camped in the park , which had also become a popular camping area . Later the building served as an armory for the Arkansas National Guard . In 1912 , the second floor of the Tower Building became Little Rock 's first public library . In 1917 , Little Rock built a fire station in the park , that building is now gone . A band shell named for H. H. Foster also was built in the park during this time , but also no longer exists . In 1936 , Works Progress Administration built the Museum of Fine Arts , now called the Arkansas Arts Center , just south of the Tower Building . - The arsenal was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . Due to its association with the Camden Expedition of 1864 , the arsenal may be included in the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark designated in 1994 . - In 1942 , the Tower Building was renovated due to the efforts of the Æsthetic Club , Little Rock philanthropist Frederick W. , and the Works Progress Administration . It became the new home of The Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities , which had been located in Little Rock City Hall . The museum remained in the tower building for approximately fifty @-@ five years . The area surrounding the Tower Building had been known as Arsenal Park when the first decommissioned and then later renamed City Park . Due to the efforts of Bernie Babcock , however , the city finally named it MacArthur Park in 1942 in honor of Douglas MacArthur . - In 1997 , the Museum of Science and Natural History merged with the Little Rock Children 's Museum , which had been located in Union Station , to form the Arkansas Museum of Discovery . The new museum was relocated to a historic building in the Little Rock River Market District . The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History opened on May 19 , 2001 in the Tower Building . The new museum 's goal is to educate and inform visitors about the military history of Arkansas , preserve the Tower Building , honor servicemen and of the United States and commemorate the birthplace of Douglas MacArthur . - - - = Mary Barker = - - Mary Barker ( 28 June 1895 – 16 February 1973 ) was an English illustrator best known for a series of fantasy illustrations depicting fairies and flowers . Barker 's art education began in girlhood with correspondence courses and instruction at the Croydon School of Art . Her earliest professional work included cards and juvenile magazine illustrations , and her first book , Flower Fairies of the Spring , was published in 1923 . Similar books were published in the following decades . - Barker was a devout Anglican , and donated her artworks to Christian fundraisers and missionary organizations . She produced a few Christian @-@ themed books such as The Children ’ s Book of Hymns and , in collaboration with her sister Dorothy , He Leadeth Me . She designed a stained glass window for St. Edmund 's Church , Pitlake , and her painting of the Christ Child , The Darling of the World Has Come , was purchased by Queen Mary . - Barker was equally proficient in , pen and ink , oils , and . Kate Greenaway and the Pre @-@ were the principal influences on her work . She claimed to paint instinctively and rejected artistic theories . Barker died in 1973 . Though she published Flower Fairy books with spring , summer , and autumn themes , it wasn 't until 1985 that a winter collection was assembled from her remaining work and published posthumously . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early life = = = - - Barker was born the second daughter and youngest child of Walter Barker , a partner in a seed supply company and an amateur artist , and his wife Mary Eleanor ( Oswald ) Barker on 28 June 1895 at home at 66 Waddon Road in Croydon , Surrey , England . Barker was an as a child , and cared for at home by her parents . Later , her sister and elder by two years , Dorothy Oswald Barker , continued the care . - The family of four was moderately well off , and belonged to the lower end of the upper middle class . A , a governess , and a cook to prepare special meals for Barker were hired . She spent much time in bed at home amusing herself with painting books and a nursery library that included the works of Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott – two artists who exerted strong influences on her later art . - - = = = Art education and first professional work = = = - - Barker took correspondence courses in art , probably until about 1919 . In 1908 at 13 years , she entered an evening class at the Croydon School of Art , and attended the school into the 1940s . In time , she received a teaching position . - In 1911 , Raphael Tuck & Sons bought four of Barker 's " little drawings " for half a sovereign , and published them as postcards . In October 1911 , she won second prize in the Croydon Art Society 's poster competition , and shortly afterward was elected the youngest member of the Society . The art critic for the Croydon Advertiser remarked , " Her drawings show a remarkable freedom of spirit . She has distinct promise . " - Following her father ’ s death in June 1912 , the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Barker submitted art and poetry to My Magazine , Child ’ s Own , Leading , and Raphael Tuck in an effort to support both her mother and sister . Her sister Dorothy taught kindergarten in two private schools before opening a kindergarten at home . She brought in some money for the family 's support while supervising the household . - - = = = Flower Fairies of the Spring , 1923 = = = - - Fairies became a popular theme in art and literature in the early 20th century following the releases of The Coming of the Fairies by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , Peter Pan by , and the fairy @-@ themed work of Australian Ida . Queen Mary made such themes even more popular by sending postcards to friends during the 1920s . In 1918 , Barker produced a series depicting elves and fairies . - In 1923 , Barker sent her flower fairy paintings to various publishers . Blackie paid £ 25 for 24 paintings with accompanying verses , but it wasn 't until publication of Flower Fairies of the Summer in 1925 that Barker received royalties for her work . Mary Clayton Calthrop , wife of author Dion Clayton Calthrop , wrote in April 1925 about Barker and Flower Fairies of the Spring : " She has such exquisite taste , besides . " - - = = = The Waldrons = = = - - In 1924 , the family moved into a four @-@ level , semi @-@ detached Victorian house at 23 The Waldrons . Barker had a studio built in the garden and her sister conducted a kindergarten in a room at the back of the house . The family lived and attended both St. Edmund 's and St. Andrew 's in Croydon – " low " churches for the less privileged . Barker sometimes incorporated portraits of her fellow parishioners in her religious works . She was described by Canon Ingram Hill as " one of the pillars " of St. Andrew 's . - The children in the kindergarten modelled for the Flower Fairies until the kindergarten closed in 1940 . In an interview in 1958 , Barker said , " My sister ran a kindergarten and I used to borrow her students for models . For many years I had an atmosphere of children about me – I never it . " She also painted the children of relatives as well as Gladys , the ' young housekeeper , who posed for the Primrose Fairy in 1923 . The plants were painted from life , and if a specimen was not readily at hand , Gardens staff would provide her the specimens needed . Barker designed and built the Flower Fairy costumes , and based each on the flowers and leaves of the particular plant to be illustrated . The costumes were kept in a trunk in her studio along with wings made of twigs and . Each was broken down after an illustration was completed and the parts recycled for other costumes . She often referred to Dion Clayton Calthrop 's English Costume . - - = = = Middle years = = = - - In the late 1920s , Barker began to doubt she was doing enough for the church and considered focusing solely on sacred works . Family and friends recommended she continue secular and sacred works , which she did . - Barker continued to attend evening classes at the Croydon Art School between the 1920s and the 1940s , eventually receiving a teaching position . She took trips to and Storrington in Sussex and to Cornwall and the southern coast with family and friends . She visited and stayed with artist Margaret in , Surrey and with family in , Near Whitby , North Yorkshire . - In 1940 , the Barker 's live @-@ in maid retired , and Dorothy Barker closed her school at the back of the house in The Waldrons . She continued to supervise the household , and to give both her mother and sister the care they needed . Dorothy and her sister collaborated upon only two books : Our Darling 's First Book and the Christian @-@ themed , He Leadeth Me . In 1954 Dorothy Barker died of a heart attack . Barker was unable to pursue her art to any significant extent following her sister 's death , as all the care of her aged mother devolved upon her , but she did manage to begin planning a stained glass window design in her sister 's memory for St. Edmund 's , Pitlake . - - = = = Later life and death = = = - - Barker 's mother died in 1960 , and , in 1961 , Barker moved from 23 The Waldrons to 6 Avenue in Croydon . She restored a in Storrington , Sussex , England , bequeathed by her friend Edith Major , and named it St. Andrew 's . After taking up residence , her health began to deteriorate . She was in and out of nursing and homes , and tended by relatives and friends . - Barker died at Worthing Hospital on 16 February 1973 , aged 77 years . Two funeral services were held – one in Storrington Church and one in Barker 's . Her ashes were scattered in Storrington churchyard . In 1989 , Frederick Warne , a division of Penguin Books since 1983 , acquired the Flower Fairies properties . - - = = Art = = - - Barker worked principally in with pen @-@ and @-@ ink , but she was equally competent in black @-@ and @-@ white , in oils , and in . She carried a with her for capturing interesting children . She once indicated , " I have always tried to paint instinctively in a way that comes naturally to me , without any real thought or attention to artistic theories . " - Kate Greenaway was a childhood favorite and an influence on her art . Barker 's child subjects wear nostalgic clothing as Greenaway 's children do , though Barker 's children are less melancholy and less flat in appearance , due perhaps to advances in printing technology . Barker studied flowers with an analytical eye and was friend to children 's illustrator , Margaret . Along with Greenaway , illustrator Alice B. Woodward also influenced Barker 's work . - The Pre @-@ were a strong , lifelong influence on Barker . She once indicated , " I am to some extent influenced by them — not in any technical sense , but in the choice of subject matter and the feeling and atmosphere they could achieve . " She admitted a fondness for the early paintings of John Everett Millais and " the wonderful things " of Edward @-@ Jones . - - = = = Depictions of children = = = - - Barker 's sketches , drawings , and paintings of children were given to friends or to the parents of the subjects , donated to charitable institutions and church sponsored events , or exhibited through various art organizations . She illustrated magazine covers , dust jackets , and produced series of postcards for Raphael Tuck and other publishers such as Children of the Allies ( 1915 ) , Seaside ( 1918 ) , and Shakespeare 's Boy and Girl Characters ( 1917 , 1920 ) . Her own Old Rhymes for All Times ( 1928 ) and The Lord of the Rushie River ( 1938 ) , a tale about a girl who lives among on a , were critically well received . Set about 1800 , Groundsel and Necklaces ( 1943 ) tells of a girl named Jenny who rescues her family from poverty through the agency of the fairies . The story features an old @-@ like man called Mr. and suggests a social consciousness . Simon the Swan , intended as a sequel to Rushie River was outlined in 1943 with Groundsel , but only developed in 1953 . It was published posthumously in 1988 and is critically considered less successful than Groundsel . - - = = = Christian @-@ themed works = = = - - Barker was a devout Christian , and produced religious @-@ themed works throughout her life . She published eight postcards and five guardian angel birthday cards for the Society for Christian Knowledge in 1916 and in 1923 respectively . Christmas cards were designed for The Girls ' Friendly Society over a 20 @-@ year period , and the first three designs sold out a combined printing of 46 @,@ 500 in 1923 . An original design for the society called The Darling of the World Has Come was purchased by Queen Mary for ₤ 5 @.@ 5 @.@ 0 in 1926 . The Croydon Art Society hung Barker 's booklet cover design for the Society for the of the Gospel in its November 1919 exhibition . - Religious @-@ themed books include The Children 's Book of Hymns ( 1929 ) and He Leadeth Me ( 1933 ) , the latter written in collaboration with her sister . Major religious works include the in oil , The Feeding of the Five Thousand ( 1929 ) , for the chapel in Llandaff House , a home for destitute women at Penarth , Wales , and The Parable of the Great Supper ( 1934 ) for St. George 's Chapel , Waddon . The Feeding has since disappeared , and only a black @-@ and @-@ white photograph dated 1929 the work . In 1941 , she completed oil panels on the subject of the seven sacraments for the baptismal font at St. Andrew 's , South Croydon . She designed baptismal rolls for the wall behind the font in 1948 and 1962 . In 1946 , she completed the 4 x 7 oil painting , Out of Great , for the Memorial Chapel of Methodist Church . Following the death of her sister in 1954 , Barker began designs for a stained glass memorial window depicting Christ preparing to wash the feet of his disciples . Her last religious @-@ themed work , it was installed in St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , in 1962 . - - = = Works = = - - - = = = Cards = = = - - Children of the Allies ; J. Salmon , 1916 - National Mission ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1916 - Shakespeare 's Boy Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1917 - Shakespeare 's Girl Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1920 - Seaside Holiday ; J. Salmon , 1918 , 1921 - and Fairies ; S. Harvey , 1918 - Guardian Angel ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1923 - Christmas cards ; Girls ' Friendly Society , 1920s , 1930s - Christmas cards ( US ) ; Barton @-@ Colton , 1920s , 1930s - Beautiful Bible Pictures ; Blackie , 1932 - - = = = Books = = = - - Flower Fairies of the Spring ; Blackie , 1923 - Spring Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1923 - Flower Fairies of the Summer ; Blackie , 1925 - Child in Picture and Verse ( by M. K. ) ; Blackie , 1925 - Flower Fairies of the Autumn ; Blackie , 1926 - Summer Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1926 - The Book of the Flower Fairies ; Blackie , 1927 - Autumn Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1927 - Old Rhymes for All Times ; Blackie , 1928 - The Children ’ s Book of Hymns ; Blackie , 1929 ; . 1933 - Our Darling ’ s First Book ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1929 - The Little Picture Hymn Book ; Blackie , 1933 - Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1933 - A Flower Fairy Alphabet ; Blackie , 1934 - A Little Book of Old Rhymes ; Blackie , 1936 - He Leadeth Me ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1936 - A Little Book of Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1937 - The Lord of the Rushie River ; Blackie , 1938 - Flower Fairies of the Trees ; Blackie , 1940 - When Spring In at the Window ; Blackie , 1942 - A Child ’ s Garden of ( Robert Louis Stevenson ) ; Blackie , 1944 - Flower Fairies of the Garden ; Blackie , 1944 - Groundsel and Necklaces ; Blackie , 1946 ; reprinted as Fairy Necklaces - Flower Fairies of the ; Blackie , 1948 - Flower Fairies of the Flowers and Trees ; Blackie , 1950 - Lively Stories ; Macmillan , 1954 - The Flower Fairy Picture Book ; Blackie , 1955 - Lively Numbers ; Macmillan , 1957 - Lively Words ; Macmillan , 1961 . - The Sand , the Sea and the Sun ; Gibson , 1970 - - = = = = published = = = = - - Flower Fairies of the Winter ; Blackie , 1985 - Simon the Swan ; Blackie , 1988 - Flower Fairies of the Seasons ; / Blackie , 1988 - A Little Book of and Hymns ; Frederick Warne , 1994 - A Flower Fairies Treasury ; Frederick Warne , 1997 - ; Frederick Warne , 2005 - Wild Cherry Makes A Wish ; ( collaboration with Le ) Frederick Warne , 2006 - How to find Flower Fairies ; Frederick Warne , 2007 - Return to ; Frederick Warne , 2008 - - = = = Book covers = = = - - A New Epiphany ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1919 - 43 ; Blackie , 1920s , 1930s - - = = = Religious works = = = - - St. Cecily 's Garden ; 1920 - roll design ; St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1922 - Banner design ; St. Mary 's , , 1923 - The Feeding of the Five Thousand ; , chapel at Penarth , Wales ; 1929 - The Parable of the Great Supper ; , St. George 's chapel , Waddon - The Seven ; baptismal font panels , St. Andrew 's , Croydon - St. John the Baptist ; central banner panel , church , 1943 - , sword , and shield ; mount for a list of men and woman serving in the Forces , St. Andrews , Croydon , 1943 - rolls ; St. Andrews , Croydon , 1948 , 1962 - The font in St Andrew 's Church , South Croydon - Out of Great ; memorial chapel , church , 1948 - I Am Among You As He That ; stained glass window design , St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1962 - - - = Gambia women 's national football team = - - The Gambia women 's national football team represents the Gambia in international football competition . The team , however , has not competed in a match recognised by FIFA , the sport 's international governing body , despite that organised women 's football has been played in the country since 1998 . The Gambia has two youth teams , an under @-@ 17 side that has competed in FIFA U @-@ 17 Women 's World Cup qualifiers , and an under @-@ 19 side that withdrew from regional qualifiers for an under @-@ 19 World Cup . The development of a national team faces challenges similar to those across Africa , although the national football association has four staff members focusing on women 's football . - - = = The team = = - - In 1985 , few countries had women 's national football teams . While the sport gained popularity worldwide in later decades , the Gambia 's national team only played its first game in 2007 . That game was not FIFA @-@ recognised . As of March 2012 , the team was unranked by FIFA , and as of the following month the Gambia had not played in a FIFA @-@ sanctioned match . The team has not participated in major regional and international tournaments , including the Women 's World Cup , the 2010 African Women 's Championship or the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games . - The country did not have a FIFA @-@ recognised youth national team until 2012 , when the Gambia under @-@ 17 women 's team competed in Confederation of African Football qualifiers for the FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup , to be held in Azerbaijan in September 2012 . The Gambia had fielded an under @-@ 17 team of 24 players , narrowed from an initial pool of 49 young women . Two girls from the SOS Children ’ s Village were chosen as a members of the team . The Gambia first played Sierra Leone in a pair of qualifying matches for the tournament . Gambia won the first match 3 @-@ 0 in , the Gambia 's capital . The return match was delayed in for 24 hours and played in . The Gambia beat Sierra Leone 4 @-@ 3 to qualify for the final round . The Gambia then beat Tunisia 1 @-@ 0 at home and won 2 @-@ 1 in Tunisia . Tamba and scored the Gambia 's goals . Tunisia 's only goal was a own goal . The win qualified Gambia for the 2012 Azerbaijan World Cup . - The Gambia also has an under @-@ 19 team that was to play in the African Women 's U @-@ 19 Championship in 2002 . The Gambia 's first match was against Morocco , but the team withdrew from the competition . - - = = Background and development = = - - The development of women 's football in Africa faces several challenges , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women , and human rights abuses targeting women . Funding is another issue impacting the game in Africa , where most financial assistance comes from FIFA and not national football associations . Another challenge is the retention of football players . Many women footballers leave the continent to seek greater opportunity in Europe or the United States . - Gambia 's national football association was founded in 1952 , and became affiliated with FIFA in 1968 . Football is the most popular women 's sport in the country , and was first played in an organized system in 1998 . A national competition was launched in 2007 , the same year FIFA started an education course on football for women . Competition was active on both the national and scholastic levels by 2009 . There are four staffers dedicated to women 's football in the Gambia Football Association , and representation of women on the board is required by the association 's charter . - - - = Plain maskray = - - The plain maskray or brown stingray ( Neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family . It is found in shallow , soft @-@ bottomed habitats off northern Australia . Reaching 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond @-@ shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc . Its short , whip @-@ like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below . There are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth . While this species possesses the dark mask @-@ like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not patterned like other maskrays . - in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes . It is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) . This species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build . As it also has a limited distribution and low , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Near Threatened . - - = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = - - The first scientific description of the plain maskray was authored by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) researcher Peter Last in a 1987 issue of Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria . The specific name comes from the Latin an ( " not " ) and ( " marked " ) , and refers to the ray 's coloration . The holotype is a male 21 @.@ 2 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) across , caught off Western Australia ; several were also designated . Last tentatively placed the species in the genus Dasyatis , noting that it belonged to the " maskray " species group that also included the stingray ( then Dasyatis ) . In 2008 , Last and William White elevated the group to the rank of full genus as Neotrygon , on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . - In a 2012 phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA , the plain maskray and the maskray ( N. ) were found to be the most basal members of Neotrygon . The divergence of the N. annotata lineage was estimated to have occurred ~ 54 Ma . Furthermore , the individuals sequenced in the study sorted into two genetically distinct clades , suggesting that N. annotata is a cryptic species complex . The two species were estimated to have diverged ~ 4 @.@ 9 Ma ; the event was likely the splitting of the ancestral population by coastline changes . - - = = Description = = - - The pectoral fin disc of the plain maskray is thin and diamond @-@ shaped with narrowly rounded outer corners , measuring 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 times longer than wide . The leading margins of the disc are gently and converge at a broad angle to the pointed tip of the snout . The small eyes are placed close together , and behind them are the spiracles . The nostrils are elongated and have a skirt @-@ shaped flap of skin between them . The small mouth bears prominent at the corners and contains two slender papillae on the floor . Small papillae are also found around the outside of the mouth . There are five pairs of gill slits . The pelvic fins are fairly large and pointed . - The tail is short , barely exceeding the length of the disc when intact , and has a broad and flattened base leading to usually two spines . After the stings , the tail becomes slender and bears a long ventral fin fold and a much shorter , lower dorsal fin fold . Most of the body lacks dermal denticles ; a midline row of 4 – 13 small , closely spaced thorns is present behind the spiracles , and another row of 0 – 4 thorns before the stings . The dorsal coloration is grayish green , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins ; there is a dark mask @-@ like shape around the eyes and a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles . The tail behind the stings has alternating black and white bands of variable width , ending with black at the tip . The underside is plain white and the ventral fin fold is light grayish in color . This species grows to 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) across and 45 cm ( 18 in ) long . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The plain maskray inhabits the continental shelf of northern Australia from the Islands in Queensland to the Bonaparte Archipelago in Western Australia , including the Gulf of and the Timor and Seas . There are reports that its range extends to southern Papua New Guinea . It is the least common of the several maskray species native to the region . This species is a bottom @-@ dweller that prefers habitats with fine sediment . It has been recorded from between 12 and 62 m ( 39 and 203 ft ) deep , and tends to be found farther away from shore than other maskrays in its range . - - = = Biology and ecology = = - - The plain maskray generally hunts at the surface of the bottom substrate , rather than digging for prey . Its diet consists predominantly of shrimp and polychaete worms . Small bony fishes are also eaten , along with the occasional or . Larger rays consume a greater variety of prey and relatively more polychaete worms when compared to smaller rays . This species is by the . - Like other stingrays , the plain maskray is viviparous with the developing embryos sustained to term by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . females have a single functional ovary and uterus , on the left . Litter size is one or two ; the newborns measure 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) across . Males and females reach sexual maturity at disc widths of 20 – 21 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 3 in ) and 18 – 19 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) respectively . The maximum lifespan is estimated to be 9 years for males and 13 years for females . - - = = Human interactions = = - - The main conservation threat to the plain maskray is incidental capture by commercial bottom fisheries . In the present day , this is mostly caused by Australia 's Northern , which operates throughout its range . Although this species is discarded when caught , it is more delicate @-@ bodied than other maskrays and is thus unlikely to survive encounters with trawling gear . Historically , this species may also have been negatively affected by Japanese , Chinese , and Taiwanese that fished intensively off northern Australia from 1959 to 1990 . These factors , coupled with the plain maskray 's limited distribution and low reproductive rate , have resulted in its being assessed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . - - - = 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season = - - The 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season was the team 's 12th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Blue Jackets ' record of 29 – 46 – 7 [ note 1 ] was the worst record in the NHL for 2011 – 12 and the first time in franchise history they finished in last place . It also marked the third straight year that they missed the playoffs . Consequently , they had the best chance to receive the first overall selection in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft lottery , but lost out to the Edmonton Oilers and received the second pick instead . - The Blue Jackets began the year with the worst start in franchise history and the worst by any team in an NHL season in 19 years . After an 11 – 25 – 5 start , Head Coach Scott Arniel was fired and replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards . The poor season prompted several personnel changes including the trade of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter , who was acquired with much fanfare during the off @-@ season . With the prospect of another rebuild looming the Blue Jackets ' captain and best player , Rick Nash , requested to be traded , though he would remain with the team for the entire season . - The team was involved in a controversial loss to the Los Angeles Kings , when the Staples Center clock appeared to freeze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds allowing the Kings time to score the tying goal , before winning in overtime . During the season Columbus managed only two winning streaks of three or more games . One of which came towards the end of the year helping the Blue Jackets finish with 65 points , the third worst point total in franchise history . - - = = Off @-@ season = = - - In the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets ' approach to building their team changed , moving from a team of young developing players into one with established players . The first deal General Manager Scott Howson made was the acquisition of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter on June 23 , 2011 . The deal sent , Columbus ' first @-@ round draft choice , the eighth overall , and their third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft to the Philadelphia in exchange for Carter . The trade received a positive response in Columbus from fans and management who felt they finally had a number one center to play alongside of their best player , Rick Nash . Next , they traded for the negotiating rights of soon to be free agent James Wisniewski . Wisniewski scored a career high 51 points during the 2010 – 11 season , splitting time between the New York Islanders and Montreal Canadiens . The point total was fifth @-@ highest in the league for defenseman scoring , tying Tobias . The Blue Jackets came to terms with Wisniewski , just an hour prior to the start of free agency , signing him to a six @-@ year , $ 33 million deal . - Columbus also traded former first round draft pick Nikita to the Ottawa Senators for a third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft . had failed to live up to expectations in Columbus , playing in only 44 games over three seasons scoring six goals . Prior to the start of the season , the Blue Jackets were questioned for not signing a veteran back @-@ up to starting goaltender Steve Mason , as the former Calder Memorial Trophy winner had struggled in consecutive seasons . The Blue Jackets signed Mark as the back @-@ up who had only 50 minutes of NHL experience prior to the start of the season . Columbus did sign a veteran Curtis Sanford to be their third string goaltender and to start for their American Hockey League ( ) affiliate , the Springfield Falcons . Sanford had not played in the NHL since 2009 . During training camp , suffered a high ankle sprain that was expected to keep him out of the line @-@ up for a month . Additionally , Sanford suffered a groin injury , leaving Allen York as the back @-@ up . York had only played four professional games , all in the , entering the season . - - = = Regular season = = - - - = = = October – December = = = - - After the first five games , all losses , Jeff Carter suffered a broken foot that kept him out of the line @-@ up for 10 games . While Carter was injured , the Blue Jackets continued to lose games . In the eighth game of the year , they had a chance to end the losing streak against the Ottawa Senators . Columbus held a 3 – 2 lead with under a minute to play . Jason tied the game on a late power play , and with just 4 @.@ 7 seconds remaining , Milan notched the winning goal for the Senators . The loss helped set a franchise record for with a 0 – 7 – 1 record to start a season . [ note 1 ] The losing streak came to an end three days later with a win over the Detroit Red Wings . During the game , several milestones were reached . James Wisniewski made his Columbus debut , Ryan Johansen and John Moore scored their first career NHL goals and Grant had a career @-@ high three assists . Columbus was unable to create any momentum from the win , however , and continued to struggle , culminating in a 2 – 12 – 1 record , which was the worst start to an NHL season for any team in 19 years . With the team struggling , management attempted to " shake things up " by making some roster moves . The first move was the acquisition of center Mark from the Pittsburgh Penguins . Next , they traded defenseman Kris Russell to the St. Louis Blues for Nikita . As the clubs slow start continued , there were rumors that Head Coach Scott Arniel would be fired and replaced with Ken Hitchcock . Hitchcock had previously coached the Blue Jackets to their only playoff appearance in club history and was still under contract with the franchise through to the end of the season . Before any of these rumors came to fruition , the St. Louis Blues asked Columbus for permission to hire Hitchcock , which the Blue Jackets allowed . Hitchcock began his Blues coaching career with a 6 – 1 – 2 record in his first nine games , while Columbus amassed a 6 – 13 – 3 record to start the season . - During the same time frame as the Hitchcock rumors , goaltender Curtis Sanford returned from his groin injury on November 13 . He made his first start of the season against the Boston Bruins , losing 2 – 1 in a shootout . Sanford continued his strong play , posting a 3 – 1 – 2 record , 1 @.@ 38 goals against average and save percentage over his next six games . Sanford started 12 consecutive games before Steve Mason made his next start . The number of starts might not have been as numerous , but prior to the November 23 game , Mason was hit in the head by a shot from Rick Nash during pre @-@ game warm @-@ ups and suffered a concussion . Mason returned from his concussion after two games , making a start against the Vancouver Canucks . Mason allowed only one goal in the game despite suffering from in the third period , temporarily being replaced by Sanford for just over three minutes . Columbus won the game 2 – 1 in a shootout , breaking a nine @-@ game losing streak to the Canucks . After the game , Arniel stated that Sanford was still seen as the team 's number one goaltender . However , Mason started four of the next six games with the Blue Jackets going 0 – 5 – 1 during that stretch . - - = = = January – February = = = - - With the losing continuing , more rumors began to surface . Unlike before , the rumors were about player moves rather than coaching changes . The majority of rumors were that the Blue Jackets would trade Rick Nash . While Howson stated that he had never brought up trading Nash in discussions , other teams had about his availability . Nash stated that if Columbus felt it would make the franchise better than he would be willing to waive his no @-@ trade clause . Howson publicly stated that he had no intention of trading Nash . More rumors came to light when reports attributed to des sports stated that Carter was unhappy in Columbus and demanded a trade . Howson , Carter and his agent all denied that a trade request was ever made , and they were unsure where the reports were coming from . With the trade deadline approaching , speculation picked up on the Blue Jackets trading Carter . Reports were that Columbus was trying to trade Carter and that he was " 100 percent available . " - At the halfway point of the season , with the Blue Jackets barely into double digit wins with an 11 – 25 – 5 record , worst in the league , and sitting 20 points out of playoff position , Columbus fired Arniel . He was replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards on an interim basis . Richards had previously coached the Minnesota Wild . He recorded his first coaching victory for the Blue Jackets in his second game , a 4 – 3 win over the Phoenix Coyotes . The change in coaching did not change the fortunes of the team , as they reached the All @-@ Star break with a 13 – 30 – 6 record . At the break , Blue Jackets ' owner John P. sent out a letter to fans stating his understanding of their frustration . He added that action would be taken around the trade deadline , the Entry Draft and free agency to take the team in a new direction . When speaking of the season , stated " disappointing is not a strong enough word " and that he was committed to giving fans a team of which they can be proud of . He also thanked them for their dedication and passion , while reiterating that the team goal was to " win consistently and compete for the Stanley Cup . " Days later , a 250 @-@ person protest occurred outside of Nationwide Arena . Fans were upset with the Blue Jackets ' management and were calling for changes at the top . The same day the fans protested , it was announced that the franchise would host the 2013 All @-@ Star Game . Columbus was without a representative for the 2012 All @-@ star Game , but Ryan Johansen represented the club as a rookie participant in the Super Competition . In the competition , Johansen participated in the Insurance NHL Challenge , a shootout themed event judged by the fans . He received just 1 % of the vote and finished last . - Following the break , the Blue Jackets were on the road playing the Los Angeles Kings , and with the score tied late in the game , Kings ' defenseman Drew scored with just 0 @.@ 4 seconds remaining to win the game . Upon review of the goal it , was determined that the clock at Staples Center froze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds for over a full second , which would have resulted in time expiring prior to the goal being scored . Kings ' General Manager Dean Lombardi stated that the clock was correct and no extra time had been added due to the way the clock self @-@ at various times . Howson stated on the team 's blog that " It is an amazing coincidence that with the Kings on a power play at Staples Center and with a mad scramble around our net in the dying seconds of the third period of a 2 – 2 hockey game that the clock stopped for at least one full second , " adding that , " Either there was a deliberate stopping of the clock or the clock . " NHL Senior Vice President of Hockey Operations Colin Campbell stated that the Blue Jackets were , but that the outcome of the game could not be changed , and that the delay was not noticed by the off @-@ ice officials or the situation room in Toronto . To determine the true cause of the clock pause , the NHL launched an investigation , talking with the clock 's manufacturer and interviewing Staples Center staff . - Two weeks prior to the NHL trade deadline , Columbus announced that unlike earlier in the season , they would listen to trade proposals involving Rick Nash , though they were not actively shopping him . Howson stated that the team was open to all options for improving the team , including trading Nash . was that in return for Nash the Blue Jackets would ask for a " combination of young , proven players , high @-@ end prospects and draft picks . " Leading up to the trade deadline , the Blue Jackets dealt Antoine to the Phoenix Coyotes for two draft picks and goaltender Curtis . Despite being injured at the time , the acquisition of was believed to give Columbus the flexibility to trade Curtis Sanford . The following day , on February 23 , Columbus traded Jeff Carter to the Kings . In the deal , Columbus acquired defenseman Jack Johnson and a first @-@ round draft pick ; the team was given the choice of taking the pick in either 2012 or 2013 . At the deadline , Columbus was unable to come to terms on a deal involving Nash , but they did make one more move ; they sent center Samuel to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for two fourth @-@ round draft picks and minor league defenseman Taylor Ellington . Following the trade deadline , Howson announced that the team had attempted to trade Nash at the player 's request . Nash stated that he had requested the trade after being informed that the franchise was going into another rebuilding phase . He further noted that he felt that he " could be a huge part of that towards bringing assets in , " and in his view " it was the best thing for the team , the organization , and personally for [ his ] career . " After the personnel changes , the Blue Jackets closed out the month with a three @-@ game losing streak . - - = = = March – April = = = - - Columbus started March with a 2 – 0 shutout against the Colorado Avalanche . They proceeded to win their next game against the Phoenix Coyotes 5 – 2 , which marked the first time that the Blue Jackets posted back @-@ to @-@ back regulation victories during the season . Columbus again defeated the Coyotes three days later to earn their first three @-@ game win streak of the season . They extended the streak to four with a win over the Los Angeles Kings before it came to an end with a 4 – 1 loss to the St. Louis Blues . It was the only four @-@ game win streak of the season for the Blue Jackets . They immediately matched their four @-@ game win streak with a four @-@ game losing streak and with ten games remaining , the Blue Jackets were the first team eliminated from playoff contention . Shortly after being eliminated , they were defeated by the Edmonton Oilers 6 – 3 ; the loss clinched last place in the NHL for Columbus . It was the first time in franchise history the Blue Jackets finished in 30th place . - Three days later , on March 28 , goaltender Steve Mason was injured in the morning skate when a shot from Colton hit him in the mask . With Sanford again injured , York made an emergency start . Playing against the Detroit Red Wings , York made 29 saves , including 17 in the third period , helping Columbus to a 4 – 2 victory and giving York his first career NHL win . York remained the starter and led the Blue Jackets to a second three @-@ game winning streak . In his fourth start , Columbus was shutout by the Coyotes despite a franchise @-@ record 54 shots on goal , losing 2 – 0 . The 54 saves by Phoenix goaltender Mike Smith set an NHL record for a regulation shutout . Mason returned to the starter 's role for the final two games , winning both . The two victories gave Columbus 65 points for the year , their third @-@ lowest total in franchise history . - The Blue Jackets struggled in situations , allowing the most power @-@ play goals in the League , with 64 , and having the lowest penalty @-@ kill percentage , at 76 @.@ 64 % - - = = Post @-@ season = = - - with the worst record in the NHL , Columbus had the best chance of receiving the first overall pick in the 2012 draft . With the NHL 's weighted draft lottery the Blue Jackets had a 48 @.@ 2 % chance of drafting first overall . However , the lottery was won by the Edmonton Oilers , who proceeded to Columbus and secure the number one draft pick for a third consecutive year . It was the fifth time that the Blue Jackets were dropped one draft position in the franchise 's 12 lottery . - A month later , on May 14 , the Blue Jackets announced that Richards would remain as head coach and signed him to a two @-@ year contract . During the press conference , Howson noted , " Our team continuously improved under Todd and he has earned the opportunity to build upon the work he started . " Columbus posted an 18 – 21 – 2 record under Richards , including winning seven of their final 11 games . - - = = = = - - Since being founded as an expansion team , the Blue Jackets have played in the Central Division of the Western Conference . Division rivals Chicago , Detroit Red Wings , Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues , all made the playoff during the 2011 – 12 season , which helped Columbus finish 36 points behind fourth place Chicago and 44 points out of first . - Divisions : CE – Central , NW – Northwest , PA – Pacific - bold - qualified for playoffs , y – Won division , p – Won Presidents ' Trophy ( best record in NHL ) - - = = Schedule and results = = - - - = = = Pre @-@ season = = = - - - = = = Regular season = = = - - Green background indicates win ( 2 points ) . - Red background indicates regulation loss ( 0 points ) . - Silver background indicates overtime / shootout loss ( 1 point ) . - - = = Player statistics = = - - In ice hockey , a combination of a player 's goals and assists are collectively called points . minutes are the total number of minutes assigned to a player for assessed during the @-@ minus is a statistic that tracks when a player was on the ice while goals were scored , both for and against their team , though some in game situations will not effect the statistic . Below is a listing of all player statistics for the Blue Jackets during the season . - - = = = = = = - - Note : - = ; = - Games played in ; G - = Goals ; A = - ; Pts - = Points ; = - minutes ; + / - = Plus / minus - - = = = = = = - - Note : - = Games Played ; = - Time On Ice ( minutes ) ; W - = Wins ; L = - Losses ; - = Losses ; GA = - Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; = Against ; - = ; Sv % = - Save ; = - † player spent time with another team before joining Blue Jackets . reflect time with the Blue Jackets only . mid @-@ season - - = = = = - - When Mason was injured in warm @-@ ups late in the year , Columbus was without an active goaltender on their roster . To remedy the situation , the team signed former University of Michigan goaltender Shawn Hunwick to a one @-@ day , amateur contract . After being eliminated from the NCAA Tournament just days prior , Hunwick an astronomy class and drove his worn down 2003 Ford Ranger to Columbus to make the game . He served as the back @-@ up to Allen York during the game , and the following day , he signed a contract for the remainder of the year . With Mason returning from injury , Hunwick was third on the team 's depth chart when an injury to York allowed Hunwick to remain as the back @-@ up for the final two games of the year . In the final game of the season , the Blue Jackets were leading the Islanders 7 – 3 with 2 : 33 remaining when , at the behest of his teammates , Head Coach Todd Richards put Hunwick in to finish the game . He did not face a shot . Hunwick was the franchise record ninth player to make his NHL debut during the season . Conversely , played in his 1,000th NHL game during the year . - - = = Transactions = = - - During the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets parted ways with Jan , Anton , Sami and Mike Commodore . , who played four of his first five NHL seasons with the Blue Jackets , was offered a contract by Columbus , but felt that the organization him and left via free agency . Columbus had offered him a three @-@ year , $ 7 @.@ 5 million contract . He instead signed a four @-@ year , $ 13 million deal with the Colorado Avalanche . and were not given qualifying offers which made them unrestricted free agents , and both signed with other teams . Commodore had originally signed a big contract with the Blue Jackets in 2008 , but fell out of favor . He was waived , sent to the minors and eventually had his contract bought out . In order to replace the departed players , Columbus not only acquired James Wisniewski , but also signed ten @-@ year NHL veteran . played only seven games with the Blue Jackets before suffering a concussion and missing the remainder of the season . Brett was brought in to replace him . - - = Gregorian Tower = - - The Gregorian Tower ( Italian : Torre ) or Tower of the Winds ( Italian : Torre ) is a round tower located above the Gallery of Maps , which connects the Villa with the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City . The tower was built between and 1580 to a design by the architect ( who was credited with building the Apostolic Palace ) mainly to promote the study of astronomy for the Gregorian Calendar Reform which was commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII and promulgated in . It was then also known as the Tower of Winds . The tower is now called the " " , the Vatican Observatory . Four stages of progressive development have occurred since it was first established . The tower was an edifice of great value for astronomical observations made using a sundial as they provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . - - = = Early history = = - - The first stage of building of the tower , as recorded by Leo XIII in his of 1891 , is credited to Pope Gregory XIII , Pope from to . The directive was to build a tower at a suitable location in the Vatican and equip it with the " greatest and best instruments of the time " . The design was effected after a series of meetings of the experts who had been appointed to reform the Julian calendar , in use since 45 BC , to verify their proposed reforms . . Christoph , a Jesuit mathematician from the Roman College , was the expert on the committee who suggested the new system for the observations . The 73 metres ( 240 ft ) tower was then built above the museum and library , flanked by the and della courtyards . The instrumentation for the observation of the sun rays falling over it consisted of a meridian line designed by of Perugia . It was in the form of a circular marble plate in the centre , embellished with scientific designs . The tower still remains today , but has undergone improvements over the centuries . - - = = Second stage = = - - The second stage of construction in the 17th and 18th centuries , when the tower was under the charge of the Vatican , involved . Filippo Luigi Gilii , a clergyman of St. Peter 's Basilica . Earlier in 1797 , Pius VI gave approval to placing a Latin inscription at the entrance to the upper part of the tower , which was implemented by Cardinal with plans to enhance the instrumentation system in the tower 's observatory . The original observatory was then set up above the second level of the tower with the agreement of Pope Pius VI . Its instrumentation , apart from many normal devices ( such as meteorological and magnetic equipment , with a and a small transit and clock , ) was noted for the Telescope . The instrumentation facilitated recording of occurrences of eclipse , appearance of comets , of Jupiter and Mercury ’ s transit . As an addition , under the patronage of Pope Pius X , four observatory were also added at strategic locations on the 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) long fortification walls , more than a thousand years old . . Gilii , highly respected as a with a knowledge of physics , biology , and the Hebrew language , was in charge of the observatory from 1800 to 1821 . He carried out continuous meteorological observations ( twice a day at 6 AM and 2 ) conforming to the programme of the Meteorological Society . While the observation records for seven years were published , the balance data in a manuscript form was preserved in the Vatican Library . Subsequent to Gilii 's death in 1821 , the observatory on the tower was discontinued and the instruments were moved to the observatory at the Roman College . Established in 1787 , it was considered more suitable for making observations than the Vatican . - - = = Third stage = = - - The revival of the observatory on the Gregorian Tower was initiated by the Francesco with the approval of Pope Leo XIII . High quality instruments were procured , partly with generous donations from of London , and the automatic recording instruments were procured from Richard in Paris . A four @-@ inch equatorial , a three @-@ inch transit instrument , and four clocks with two , were also procured from the observatory at . In 1888 , the gift of a 16 inch long telescope to Pope Leo XIII , became a part of the observatory . Father joined the observatory in 1889 after it was upgraded with more modern instruments . The same year , a second tower was built some 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) away from the main Gregorian Tower , overlooking the Vatican Gardens behind St. Peter 's Basilica on the south @-@ west border . It was built to a diameter of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) with a lower wall thickness of 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) , which could bear the load of a 13 inch photographic , newly procured from Paris . Father Rodriguez was the expert meteorologist who held the post of director from 1898 to 1905 . In 1891 , Pope Leo XIII , the , designated the second tower as the seat of the newly established Vatican Observatory , a decision which required altering the roof to provide a flat terrace for astronomical observations . - - = = Fourth stage = = - - The fourth stage involved the problem of communicating between the two towers during the time of Pope Pius X. His plans were to make the Gregorian Tower into a historical tower and to record and carry out observations at the second tower by linking the two towers along the fortified wall with a 83 metres ( 272 ft ) iron bridge spanning the gap . At the west end of this bridge , a four @-@ inch equatorial was installed on semicircular . The east end of the bridge , above the barracks of the gendarmes , had a , with a camera attached , used to photograph the Sun ( ) . A new 16 @-@ inch visual telescope , called Torre X , was erected in the second tower . As a result of these modifications , the original library was moved to the Academy , and the old meteorological and seismic instruments were shifted to the di observatory . The new Astronomical Library was housed in two rooms of the building . The two new machines were used for recording on the plates . The recorded observations were published along with notes together with the last two series of the of stars . Charts were printed on silver bromide paper . - - = = Features = = - - The tower had two floors and a . On the first floor was the famous Room or Meridian Room , which was initially an open . Pope Urban VIII had it enclosed and it was subsequently decorated with long sequences of frescoes painted between 1580 and by Simon and the two Flemish artists Paul and . Today the tower has paintings by and da . - The Room , also called the Meridian Hall , was once the residence of Queen Christina of Sweden , then newly converted to Catholicism . The room was further modified by two additions which gave it its current name : a sundial , and a delicate but sophisticated which was fixed to the ceiling of the Meridian Hall . These were created by , the papal , in association with the Gregorian Calendar Reform . The sundial consisted of a straight line in white marble running across the floor in a north @-@ south direction , intended to measure the height of the Sun at noon according to the seasons of the year . The observations made with the sundial provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . The , in contrast , was a complex mechanism attached to the ceiling which was used to measure the strength and direction of the wind but soon stopped functioning . The instrument may have led to the other name of the tower , Tower of the Winds ; however , an ancient observatory at Athens was also called the Tower of the Winds and might have been the source for inspiration . - The interior walls and ceiling of the hall were richly decorated , in some cases with frescoes of the hills and Roman countryside , the , religious themes , the buildings surrounding the area , and naval with Jesus calming the storm and so forth . - - - = There 's Got to Be a Way = - - " There 's Got to Be a Way " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . Columbia released it as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It was one of four songs Carey wrote with Ric Wake during their first recording session together , but " There 's Got to Be a Way " was the only composition to make the final track listing . It is a socio @-@ political conscious R & B @-@ pop song which addresses the existence of poverty , racism and war in the world which gradually becomes more and positive as it progresses . The track garnered a mixed reception upon the album 's release in 1990 . While Carey 's vocals were praised , it was seen as too political . An accompanying music video highlights social . The song reached number 54 on the UK Singles Chart . - - = = Background and release = = - - " There 's Got to Be a Way " was written by Mariah Carey and Ric Wake for Carey 's self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . It was written during Carey and Wake 's first recording session together . They composed four songs , but only " There 's Got to Be a Way " was chosen for the final track listing . Co @-@ produced by Wake and Michael , it appears as the second of ten songs on the track listing . The track was recorded and engineered by Bob at Cove City Sound Studios and The Power Station , both located in New York City . He was assisted by Dana Jon . It was mixed by David at Tarpan Studios in San Rafael . The keyboards , bass and rhythm engineering was carried out by Louis , while Joe Franco performed the percussion , Vernon " Ice " Black played the guitar , and Rich also performing on the keyboards . Walter Afanasieff played the synth horns . Carey provided her own background vocals along with Billy T. Scott , Muhammed and The Billy T. Scott Ensemble . The song was released as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It is available to purchase as a CD single while the remixes are available on vinyl . - - = = Composition = = - - " There 's Got to Be a Way " is an R & B @-@ pop music song with elements of gospel . The theme of social activism can be heard in the lyrics " There ’ s got to be a way / to connect this world today . " The song begins with Carey publicly denouncing the existence of poverty and racism in the world , and she uses the bridge to shift the lyrics towards an and tone . Carey suggests we should be more tolerant of each other and not resort so readily to war in the lyrics " Couldn 't we accept each other / Can 't we make ourselves aware . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - Music critic Robert Christgau felt that Carey was being too political in her " brave , young , idealistic attack " on war and . Ralph Novak , David and David of People wrote that it is a " testimony to her talent that she does so much with so little . " They continued to write that Carey 's " tone and clarity " makes " There 's Got to Be a Way " a " " track . To mark twenty @-@ five years since the release of Mariah Carey in June 1990 , Billboard writer Trevor Anderson wrote a track @-@ by @-@ track review of the album in June 2015 . He noted that " There 's Got to Be a Way " follows the same melodic tone as the album 's opener " Vision of Love " but highlighted their stark lyrical differences , as the former is about social activism and the latter is about love . Although he praised Carey 's vocals , writing that she " deploys " one of her best whistle notes of her career , he felt that " the aim for broad appeal comes at the expense of memorable lyrics . " - - = = Music video = = - - The accompanying music video begins with a shot of an empty street , followed by clips of disadvantaged and poorer members of society going about their daily activities . Two men play on a wooden outside a building , a gang make fun of an elderly man hanging newspapers outside his store and an woman walks down the street . of Carey leaning against a wall and sitting on some steps looking on at what is happening are shown . As the first chorus begins , everyone starts to dance in the street and help those in need . A gospel choir comes out of one of the buildings as the street becomes more crowded with people of all ages and backgrounds and getting along with each other . One of the shops in the background has a neon light outside the entrance which says " Jesus " . - - = = Track listings = = - - " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Original album version ) – 4 : 52 - " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 7 " remix ) - " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 12 " remix ) - " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Alternative Vocal Dub Mix ) - - = = Charts = = - - - - = Nebraska Highway 88 = - - Nebraska Highway 88 ( N @-@ 88 ) is a highway in northwestern Nebraska . It has a western terminus at Wyoming Highway 151 ( WYO 151 ) at the Wyoming – Nebraska state line . The road travels eastward to N @-@ 71 , where it turns south . N @-@ 88 continues east to south of Bridgeport . The road turns north , ends at an intersection with U.S. Highway 385 ( US 385 ) and N @-@ 92 in Bridgeport . The route was designated in 1937 , before the official state highway system was created . It was extended to the state line in 1986 . - - = = Route description = = - - N @-@ 88 starts at the Nebraska – Wyoming state line in Banner County , where WYO 151 ends , and travels northeast . The road quickly east after less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , and continues in a straight line . For the next twenty miles ( 32 km ) , N @-@ 88 intersects minor streets , through rural farmland . The route turns south at N @-@ 71 , and becomes concurrent . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) later , N @-@ 88 turns east , ending the concurrency with N @-@ 71 . The route continues to travel through farmland for sixteen miles ( 26 km ) , where it enters County . The road crosses over Creek four times , and enters the unincorporated community of . Two rock formations , Courthouse and Rocks , become visible from the road . N @-@ 88 turns north toward Bridgeport soon after . The road crosses over Creek for the fifth time , and enters into Bridgeport five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) later . The road intersects a railroad owned by Railway . N @-@ 88 turns northeast soon after , and ends at the intersection of US 385 and N @-@ 92 . In 2012 , Nebraska Department of Roads ( ) calculated as many as 2 @,@ 410 vehicles traveling on the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency , and as few as 315 vehicles traveling east of the Banner – county line . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . Only the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency is part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . - - = = History = = - - N @-@ 88 was unofficially designated around 1937 , connecting from N @-@ 29 , to N @-@ 86 and N @-@ 19 in Bridgeport . The route remained relatively the same as the state highway system was officially designated . Before 1955 , Nebraska did not have an adequate legal instrument to define the state highway system . By 1960 , N @-@ 19 was renumbered to US 385 , and US 26 was rerouted north near Bridgeport . The old alignment became part of N @-@ 92 . Two years later , N @-@ 29 was renumbered to N @-@ 71 . Between 1981 @-@ 82 , a road appeared on the official state map , extending from WYO 151 to N @-@ 71 . That road became part of N @-@ 88 by 1986 . No significant changes have been made since . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = USS Atlanta ( 1861 ) = - - Atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate and Union during the American Civil War . She was converted from a Scottish @-@ built blockade runner named Fingal by the Confederacy after she made one run to Savannah , Georgia . After several failed attempts to attack Union , the ship was captured by two Union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground . Atlanta was floated off , repaired , and , serving in the Union Navy for the rest of the war . She spent most of her time deployed on the James River supporting Union forces there . The ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve . Several years after the end of the war , Atlanta was sold to Haiti , but was lost at sea in December 1869 on her delivery voyage . - - = = Description and career as Fingal = = - - Fingal was designed and built as a by J & G Thomson 's Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at in Glasgow , Scotland , and was completed early in 1861 . She was described by Scales , who served on the Atlanta before her battle with the monitors , as being a two @-@ , iron @-@ ship 189 feet ( 57 @.@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) . She had a draft of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . He estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons . Fingal was equipped with two vertical single @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one @-@ tubular boiler . The engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) . They had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . - The ship briefly operated between Glasgow and other ports in Scotland for 's West Highland Service before she was purchased in September 1861 by James D. Bulloch , the primary foreign agent in Great Britain for the Confederacy , to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased . To disguise his control of Fingal , and the destination of her cargo , Bulloch hired an English crew and captain and put out his destination as Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas . The cargo was loaded in Greenock in early October , although and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at , Wales . On the night 14 / 15 October , as she was slowly rounding the at , Fingal rammed and sank the Austrian brig , slowly swinging at anchor without lights . Bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while Bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair he and Fingal be detained . The ship reached Bermuda on 2 November and , after leaving port on 7 November , Bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was Savannah , Georgia ; he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to Nassau . However , all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the Union blockade . Fingal was able slip safely into the Savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 November without sighting any . - While Fingal was her cargo , Bulloch went to Richmond to confer with Stephen Mallory , Secretary of the Navy . Mallory endorsed Bulloch 's plan to load Fingal with cotton to sell on the Navy Department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in Europe . He returned to Savannah on 23 November and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal . He made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 December , but it proved impossible to do as the Union controlled every channel from Savannah , aided by their occupation of Island at the mouth of the Savannah River . Bulloch reported to Mallory in late January 1862 that breaking out was so Mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to Europe some other way . - - = = As Atlanta = = - - The brothers and Nelson received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of Atlanta , after the city in Georgia . This was largely financed by contributions from the women of Savannah . Fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate . After the conversion , Atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @.@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) . Her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) . Atlanta now displaced 1 @,@ 006 long tons ( 1 @,@ t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 – 11 @.@ 5 mph ) . - The armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails , rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide . The outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally . Her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak , vertically oriented , and two layers of 7 @.@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine , alternating in direction . The bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) above the waterline . The pyramidal was armored in the same way and had room for two men . The upper portion of Atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor . - The rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports , one each at the bow and stern and three along each side . Each gun port was protected by an armored made of two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° . Atlanta was armed with single @-@ banded , 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) Brooke rifles on mounts at the bow and stern . The middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @-@ banded , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 mm ) Brooke rifle . The 17 @-@ caliber , seven @-@ inch guns weighed about 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @-@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @-@ piercing " bolts " and 110 @-@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells . The equivalent statistics for the 18 @.@ 5 @-@ caliber , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch gun were 9 @,@ 110 pounds ( 4 @,@ 130 kg ) with 80 @-@ pound bolts and 64 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells . Atlanta was also armed with a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) , solid iron , ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars . In front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of . - On 31 July 1862 , under the command of Lieutenant Charles H. , Atlanta conducted her sea trials down the Savannah River toward Fort Pulaski . The ship proved to be difficult to steer , and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft . This latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near Savannah . She also leaked significantly , and her design virtually eliminated air circulation . One report said that " it was almost intolerable on board the Atlanta , there being no method of ventilation , and the heat was intense . " Scales commented in his diary , " What a , and God @-@ forsaken ship ! ! " - Attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks . The ship was commissioned on 22 November and became the flagship of Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall , commander of the naval defenses of Georgia . Under pressure from Mallory to engage the blockading ships , Tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 January 1863 , but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner , despite early coordination being made by Tattnall to do so . It took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of January . Nonetheless Tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 February , but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so . After Atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 March , Tattnall planned to attack the Union base at Port Royal , South Carolina while the monitors were attacking Charleston . revealed 's plan while he was waiting at the head of Sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at Port Royal . with Tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness , Mallory replaced Tattnall as commander of the Savannah squadron later that month with Commander Richard L. . , in his turn was relieved in May by Commander William A. Webb ; Atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time . - Webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 May ) after taking command , but Atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions , and the ship ran aground . She was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free . He planned to make another attempt on the next full tide , rejecting Mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad Savannah was finished before his next sortie . In the meantime , Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du , commander of the South Atlantic Squadron , had ordered the monitors Weehawken and Nahant into Sound . Commander John in Weehawken had overall command of the two ships . - In the early evening of 15 June , Webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the Wilmington River and spent the rest of the night coaling . He moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning . Webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns . The gunboat and the tugboat were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to Savannah . - A lookout aboard Weehawken spotted Atlanta at 04 : 10 on the morning of 17 June . When the latter ship closed to within about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) of the two Union ships , she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over Weehawken and landed near Nahant . Shortly afterward , Atlanta ran aground on a ; she was briefly able to free herself , but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the . This time Webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range . When Weehawken , the leading ship , closed to within 200 – 300 yards ( 180 – 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns . The 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed , but the 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port , penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it , spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun , even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing . The next shot from the 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @-@ inch armor there . The next shell from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren off the middle starboard gun as it was being opened , wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments . The final shell was also from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and it struck the top of the , breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it . By this time , Atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots , none of which hit either Union ship , and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half . Weehawken and Nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the Atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile . Webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire , before Nahant even had a chance to fire . Of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men , one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization . - - = = In the Union Navy = = - - Atlanta was easily pulled free by the Union ships and she reached Port Royal under her own power . Not badly damaged , she was repaired and bought by the Union Navy . The prize money of $ 350 @,@ 000 was shared between the crews of Weehawken , Nahant and the gunboat , the only ships within signaling distance . The ship retained her name and was commissioned again on 2 February 1864 , with a pair of 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifles in the bow and stern and 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch , 100 @-@ pound Parrott rifles amidships . The 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifle weighed 16 @,@ 500 pounds ( 7 @,@ 500 kg ) and was 17 long . The 100 @-@ pounder weighed 9 @,@ 800 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) and was 20 long . It fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell a distance of 6 @,@ 900 yards ( 6 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of + 25 ° . All four of her Brooke rifles are currently located in Willard Park in the Washington Navy Yard . Atlanta was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron and spent most of her time stationed up the James River where she could support operations against Richmond and defend against a sortie by the ironclads of the James River Squadron . On 21 May 1864 , she and the gunboat Dawn fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry that was attacking Fort and she was deployed further upriver in February 1865 after the Battle of Trent 's Reach to better blockade the Confederate ironclads at Richmond . - After the end of the war in April , Atlanta was decommissioned in Philadelphia on 21 June 1865 and placed in reserve at League Island . She was sold to Sam Ward on 4 May 1869 for the price of $ 25 @,@ 000 and subsequently delivered to representatives of Haiti on 8 December by Sydney , a lawyer who had received an advance of $ 50 @,@ 000 on her purchase price of $ 260 @,@ 000 . The ship was briefly seized by the Customs Service , possibly for violations of neutrality laws as she had just loaded four large guns and a number of recruits for the forces of Sylvain , President of Haiti , who was embroiled in a civil war . Atlanta was released and sailed for Port @-@ au @-@ Prince three days later . She broke down in Delaware Bay and had to put in at Chester , Pennsylvania for repairs . The ship , now renamed either Triumph or , departed on 18 December 1869 and vanished en route , apparently sinking with the loss of all hands , either off Cape Hatteras or the Delaware . - - - = Jacqueline Fernandez = - - Jacqueline Fernandez ( born 11 August 1985 ) is a Sri Lankan actress , former model , and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant . As Miss Universe Sri Lanka she represented her country at the 2006 world Miss Universe pageant . She graduated with a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney , and worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . - While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009 , Fernandez successfully auditioned for 's fantasy drama , which marked her acting debut . Fernandez ' breakthrough role was in 's psychological thriller Murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success . This was followed by glamorous roles in the ensemble @-@ comedy Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel Housefull 3 , and the action thriller Race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @-@ office successes . Her performance in the first of these garnered her an IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . In 2014 , Fernandez played the leading lady in Sajid Nadiadwala 's Kick , which is one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time . - One of the most popular actresses in India , she was the recipient of the IIFA Award for Star of the Year – Female in 2010 . Alongside her screen acting career , Fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work . - - = = Early life and modeling career = = - - Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985 , in , Bahrain , and was raised in a multi @-@ ethnic family . Her father , , is Sri Lankan , and her mother , Kim , is of Malaysian descent . Her grandfather , on her mother 's side of the family , is Canadian and her great grandparents were from , India . Her father , who was a musician in Sri Lanka , moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the and and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess . She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers . She hosted television shows in Bahrain at the age of fourteen . After receiving her early education in Bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney in Australia . After graduating she worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . She also attended the school of languages , where she learnt Spanish and improved her French and Arabic . - According to Fernandez , she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and about becoming a Hollywood movie star . She received some training at the John School of Acting . Although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success . In 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles . In a 2015 interview , Fernandez described the modeling industry as " a good training ground " and said : " It is a medium that is about shedding your , knowing your body , confidence " . In 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song " O " by music duo and . - - = = Acting career = = - - - = = = 2009 – 2013 = = = - - In 2009 , Fernandez traveled to India for a modeling assignment . She studied acting under the of theatre director Barry John , and successfully auditioned for 's fantasy film ( 2009 ) her acting debut . She played the love interest of 's character , a role based on the Princess Jasmine character . Fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance . Anupama Chopra of NDTV called her a " plastic [ e ] " , and Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ felt that she was : " easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do " . Although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the IIFA Award for Star of the Year - Female . - In 2010 , Fernandez appeared opposite in the science fiction romantic comedy Se Hai . She was cast as a girl from Venus , who lands on Earth in search of love . The film , along with Fernandez 's performance , received poor reviews ; Rediff.com 's noted : " She makes a fool of herself whilst the actions of movie stars , ranging from 's dance , 's moves , to Big B 's violent in Hum . Her Tara could be a keeper if only Se Hai wasn 't so intent on turning her into a love @-@ struck Barbie . " Critic Anupama Chopra also criticized Fernandez , calling her " a pin @-@ on a balloon " . Later that year , she made a cameo appearance in Sajid Khan 's Housefull in the song " " . - Mahesh 's thriller Murder 2 was Fernandez 's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career . She took on the role of , a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun ( played by ) . Fernandez was praised for the her performance , and for the and sex appeal she displayed in the film . Gaurav Malini of The Times of India stated that she was " tempting " but noted that her romance with was " literally half @-@ baked " . The following year , Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy Housefull 2 alongside Kumar , John Abraham , and Asin . It became one of the top grossing productions of India that year and earned ₹ 1 @.@ 86 billion ( US $ 28 million ) worldwide . Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance . While Gaurav Malini praised her for her looks , NDTV called her a " " who " find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] " . Despite the negative reviews , Fernandez received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 14th IIFA Awards for her performance . - Fernandez 's first release of 2013 was Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside Ali Khan , John Abraham , Padukone , , and Kapoor ) ) , described as the " cinematic equivalent of a novel " by critic Rajeev Masand . She played , a , a role which required her learn fencing and some . The film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) . In a particularly scathing review , of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone " strut around like wound @-@ up automatons that are all @-@ up but have nowhere to go . " Fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled " Ki " for Prabhu Deva 's . - - = = = 2014 – present = = = - - In 2014 , Fernandez appeared in Sajid Nadiadwala 's directorial debut — the action film Kick , a remake of a 2009 Telugu film of same name . She starred opposite Salman Khan , playing , a student . She retained her real voice for the first time in Kick . While May Francis commented that she is : " incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic " , Raja of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it " unfortunate . " The film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film . The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses . - In 2015 , Fernandez featured in Singh 's Roy , a romantic thriller , which critic A. described as a " boring , exhausting and pretentious " film . Fernandez played dual roles , Ayesha , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by Arjun ) and , a girl in love with a thief ( played by Kapoor ) . While India TV called it " her best act till date " , critic Rajeev Masand felt that she " appears in a part that required greater range . " Roy failed to meet its box @-@ office expectations , and was a commercial failure . Later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @-@ satire . - Karan 's action drama Brothers was Fernandez 's next release . Co @-@ starring alongside Kumar and , Fernandez played Jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as " challenging " , " intense " , and " difficult " . The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying . Film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed . Sharma of News called her character " soft , timid and promising " , and praised her for : " convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter 's wife " . Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she : " ... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot " , while critic Raja remarked : " [ she ] plays Kumar 's long @-@ sobbing wife who gets so happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a Kick sequel . " - As of September 2015 , Fernandez has several projects in various stages of production . She has completed shooting for 's English @-@ Sri Lankan crime @-@ thriller According to , and the horror thriller Definition of Fear , which marks her Hollywood debut . Fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects — Dhawan 's opposite Dhawan and John Abraham as a part of three @-@ film deal with Nadiadwala Entertainment , D 's Flying opposite Tiger , and in an Indo @-@ Chinese film starring opposite , Amitabh Bachchan , and Jackie Chan titled Gold . - - = = Personal life and other work = = - - Fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them . She says : " I miss them so much everyday . You don 't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ ... ] At the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible . It has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . " In March 2012 , Fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @-@ day period to observe , a period from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . - In 2008 , Fernandez started dating prince Hassan bin Rashid Al , whom she met at a mutual friend 's party ; they separated in 2011 . While filming Housefull 2 in 2011 , Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director Sajid Khan . The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding . However , the relationship ended in May 2013 . - In addition to acting in films , Fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes . In 2011 , on the behalf of People for the Treatment of Animals ( ) , she sent a letter to the Mumbai Municipal Commissioner asking for an end to horse @-@ drawn carriage rides in Mumbai . In early 2013 , she asked the general of the Philippines , William John T in Colombo , to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the Manila Zoo to a humane sanctuary . Later that year , she auctioned a breakfast in Mayfair , London , where she raised around £ 4000 for the , which helps children 's primary education . In 2014 , Fernandez was named " Woman Of The Year " by ( India ) for advocating the protection of animals . The following year , she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause . Some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song " Party On My Mind " ( from Race 2 ) and " " ( from Kick ) . In March 2016 , she was part of " Jacqueline " campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 South Indian floods . - Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies . In 2013 , she performed at the Temptations in Auckland , Perth , and Sydney alongside Shah Khan , , and . She also performed at the live talent show " Got Talent World Stage Live " with Khan , Chopra and Dhawan the following year . In July 2014 , Fernandez opened a restaurant in Colombo , Sutra , in collaboration with chef , which in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine . - - = = In the media = = - - In the early 2013 , Fernandez became the ambassador for One , which she in India . She was the face of Indian Fashion Week — of 2013 . Later that year , she became the spokesperson for Gareth 's designed Diamonds in Mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the Forever 21 store in Mumbai . That year , she also launched System with Khan and Roy . While Fernandez 's career , India TV noted : " Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [ ... ] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . " On the contrary , Thakur of India Today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : " [ she has ] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles " . - In 2008 and 2011 , Fernandez featured in the UK magazine Eastern Eye 's " World 's Asian Women " list , ranking twelfth . She was ranked third on The Times of India 's listing of the " Most Woman " in 2013 and 2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years . In 2013 , Rediff.com placed her on their list of " Bollywood 's Best " . The following year , she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the Forbes ' Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of India 's celebrities . She has been the cover model for many Indian editions of magazines , including : Vogue , , Maxim , Cosmopolitan , , Elle , , Harper 's , Women 's Health , and L among others . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = TV Appearances = = - - - = = Awards = = - - - - = John Cullen = - - Barry John Cullen ( born August 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Pittsburgh Penguins , Hartford Whalers , Toronto Maple Leafs and Tampa Bay Lightning . He was a standout player for Boston University and is the school 's all @-@ time leading scorer . After the Buffalo Sabres selected him in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft but chose not to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season where he was named the IHL 's co @-@ Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player after leading the league in scoring . - His career was halted in 1997 when he was diagnosed with Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . He attempted a brief comeback in 1998 after an 18 @-@ month battle with the disease , for which the NHL awarded him the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , before retiring to serve as an assistant coach for a year with the Lightning . Cullen played in two NHL All @-@ Star Games in his career . He joined his brother in the car dealership business after leaving the game , and briefly operated his own dealership until forced to close during the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 10 . - - = = Early life = = - - Cullen was born in @-@ Ontario on August 2 , 1964 . He is one of six children of Barry and Cullen . His father and Brian and Ray all played in the NHL , and while Cullen and his three brothers all played as well , their father never pressured them , preferring that they enjoy the game . - He idolized his elder brother Terry , who was considered a top NHL prospect until Terry 's career was ended when he suffered a broken neck after being hit from behind into the boards during a college game . While his brother was highly sought by American universities , John received only two scholarship offers , choosing to play for Boston University ( BU ) in 1983 . - At the same time , his mother was diagnosed with skin cancer . Following her death early in his freshman year , Cullen contemplated returning to his Ontario home , but was convinced by his father to continue with both school and hockey . He used the game to cope with the loss and dedicated every game he played to his mother 's memory . Cullen felt that the inspiration he drew from his mother 's battle allowed him to become a better player . - - = = Playing career = = - - Cullen was a standout with BU ; he was named the East Coast Athletic Conference Rookie of the Year in 1983 – 84 after leading his team in scoring with 56 points . The National Hockey League passed him over , however , as he went in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft . He was named to the Hockey East All @-@ Star Teams in 1985 , 1986 and 1987 , and a National Collegiate Athletic Association East Second Team All @-@ American in 1986 . He graduated as BU 's all @-@ time scoring leader with 241 points , and was named to BU 's Hockey East 25th anniversary team in 2009 . - over in the Entry Draft , Cullen was finally selected by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft . When the Sabres failed to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season . He led the league with 157 points , scoring 48 goals , and won the James Memorial Trophy as league most valuable player while sharing the Gary F. Memorial Trophy with Ed as rookie of the year . Cullen 's outstanding season in Flint caught the attention of the Sabres and the Pittsburgh Penguins . He signed a contract with the Penguins for the league minimum , passing up a superior contract offer from Buffalo as he remained upset at how they released him the year before . - - = = = National Hockey League = = = - - Cullen made his NHL debut in 1988 – 89 , appearing in 79 games with the Penguins and scoring 49 points . He was given a greater role with the Penguins the following year after Mario Lemieux missed 21 games due to a back injury and responded by scoring 32 goals and 92 points to finish third in team scoring . Additionally , he played for Team Canada at the 1990 World Championship , scoring four points in ten games . Cullen had his best season in 1990 – 91 . As one of the team 's top offensive centres , he scored 94 points in the Penguins ' first 65 games and played in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game . However , when Lemieux returned after missing an additional 50 @-@ games due to injury , Cullen 's playing time and production declined . - The Penguins ' needs led them to complete a blockbuster trade on March 1 , 1991 . Cullen was sent to the Hartford Whalers , along with and Jeff Parker in exchange for Hartford 's all @-@ time leading scorer , Ron Francis , along with and Grant Jennings . The Penguins almost turned down the deal as they were concerned about giving up Cullen 's and leadership abilities , while his former teammates credited Cullen as being the primary reason they were in a playoff position at the time the trade happened . After the Penguins won their first Stanley Cup that season , Phil later said it " broke his heart " that Cullen was not able to share in that championship . - In Hartford , Cullen worked to overcome the team 's fans ' disappointment at losing Francis . The Hartford fans initially him to show their dissatisfaction with the trade . He scored 16 points in 13 regular season games to finish the season with 110 points combined between the Penguins and Whalers , and was the team 's best player in their first round loss to the Boston Bruins in the 1991 Stanley Cup . He initially accepted an invitation to join the Canadian team at the 1991 Canada Cup , but subsequently chose not to participate as his contract had expired , leading to greater insurance concerns . Still without a contract when the 1991 – 92 season began , Cullen missed the first four games before signing a four @-@ year deal with Hartford worth a total of $ 4 million . He returned to score 77 points in 77 games in his first full season with the Whalers and represented the team at the 1992 All @-@ Star Game . - Midway through the 1992 – 93 NHL season , the Whalers sent Cullen to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Toronto 's second round selection at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . Cullen was excited to play for his father 's old team , but injuries reduced his ability to perform . His most significant injury was a disc in his neck that doctors initially feared would end his career . A bulky neck allowed Cullen to return and play out his contract in Toronto . When the Leafs chose not to re @-@ sign him following the 1993 – 94 season , he returned to the Penguins for one season before Tony convinced him to sign with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1995 . - Cullen enjoyed immediate success with Shawn Burr and Alexander as the trio combined to score 130 points and helped lead the Lightning to the first playoff appearance in franchise history . They were eliminated by the Philadelphia in five games while Cullen led the team in playoff scoring with three goals and three assists . The Lightning looked to improve in 1996 – 97 ; Cullen was leading the team in scoring , but was suffering flu @-@ like symptoms that he could not shake . As Tampa was fighting for a playoff spot , he played through his condition for weeks . - - = = = Cancer and comeback = = = - - After two months of quietly dealing with his symptoms , Cullen 's wife finally called team trainers and asked them to check into his illness . The team took an x @-@ ray and found a large black shadow in his chest . He underwent a CAT scan which revealed Cullen had a baseball @-@ sized tumor ; he was diagnosed as having Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . The diagnosis ended his season , and he immediately began chemotherapy treatments that quickly reduced his cancer . The tumor was gone by September 1997 , but a test prior to training camp revealed that Cullen still had cancer cells in his body . He missed the entire 1997 – 98 NHL season as he continued to battle the disease , while his teammates wore a uniform patch with his # 12 in support throughout the year . - On one day during his treatments , as his wife was him down a hospital corridor , Cullen went into cardiac arrest , requiring doctors to use a to revive him . He underwent a bone marrow transplant that briefly reduced his immune system to the point that he could have very little human contact . Another examination in April 1998 revealed that the cancer was finally gone , and Cullen immediately began training for a comeback . - The Lightning signed Cullen to a one @-@ year , $ 500 @,@ 000 contract for the 1998 – 99 season . He played his first game in nearly 18 months on September 18 , 1998 , in an exhibition game between the Lightning and Sabres at , Austria . Cullen scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 3 – 1 victory , after which he said he sat on the bench in over how he was given a second chance . He was named to the roster and was greeted with a loud standing ovation by the fans in Tampa Bay when he was introduced prior to their season opening game . - Cullen appeared in four of the Lightning 's first eight games , but it was evident that he had lost much of his speed and strength . The Lightning assigned him to the IHL 's Cleveland , but also gave him the option of retiring and taking up a position as an assistant coach . He chose to accept the demotion , giving himself one month to determine if he could continue playing . He appeared in six games for Cleveland , and in one game against the Chicago Wolves tied an IHL record when he scored seven points in a 7 – 3 victory . - However , a bout of led Cullen to fear that his cancer had returned . Tests came back negative , but after spending time with his family , he realized that neither he nor his family were interested in returning to Cleveland . Cullen announced his retirement on November 28 , 1998 , and accepted the Lightning offer to become an assistant coach . In recognition of his comeback attempt , the NHL named him the 1999 winner of the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for dedication and , while the IHL renamed its Player of the Year award the John Cullen Award . - Former Lightning head coach Terry has stated publicly that Cullen was a player that stood out as something special saying “ John Cullen ... beat cancer and came back to play and helped us win . ” - - = = Off the ice = = - - Cullen and his wife have three daughters , Kennedy and twins and . Unwilling to spend so much time away from his family , he left the Lightning in 1999 and settled in the Atlanta area , joining his brother 's car dealership in , Georgia . He had always expected to become a car dealer after his hockey career , as his father , and brother all worked in the industry . After under his brother for five years , he bought a Dodge dealership in , Georgia in 2007 . However , he owned the dealership for less than two years before Chrysler closed him down as part of its recovery plan in response to the Automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2010 . He has since returned to his brother 's dealership , serving as its general manager . - Cullen 's battle with cancer inspired Harmon of the Cancer Centre to partner with the Lightning to raise awareness and money for cancer research . The NHL itself joined the cause in the winter of 1998 , creating the Hockey Cancer program to raise money for research . Cullen has spent time promoting the initiative . - Prior to marrying his wife , John dated Carolyn the future wife of John F. Kennedy , Jr . The two met while attending University in Boston . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = - - - = = = International = = = - - - = = Awards = = - - Cullen is the namesake of the John Cullen Award , previously given to key IHL players . - - - = SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max = - - For the ironclad present at the Battle of of the same name , see SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( 1865 ) . - SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( German : " His Majesty 's ship Ferdinand Max " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in 1902 . The second ship of the Erzherzog Karl class , she was launched on 3 October 1903 . She was assigned to the III Battleship Division . - For most of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max remained in her home port of Pola , in present @-@ day Croatia , except for four engagements . In 1914 , she formed part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British @-@ held Mediterranean ; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 – 3 February 1918 . She also attempted to break through the Otranto in June of that year , but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk . After the war , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war prize in 1920 . - - = = Design = = - - Erzherzog Ferdinand Max displaced 10 @,@ long tons ( 10 @,@ 640 t ) . She was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @.@ 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . She was manned by 700 men . She and her sisters were the last and largest pre @-@ dreadnought class built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 968 long tons ) . She was propelled by two two @-@ shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . On trials , they developed 18 @,@ 000 ( 13 @,@ kW ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . - Erzherzog Ferdinand Max carried a primary armament of four 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline . These guns were an Austro @-@ Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @.@ 4 " ) C / 94 , which was used on the Habsburgs . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @-@ centimeter ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns , also made by , mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the shell 20 @,@ 000 metres ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The gun weighed 12 @.@ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by . Anti @-@ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Vickers anti @-@ aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was also fitted with two above water 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used . - - = = Service history = = - - At the outbreak of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was in the III division of the Austrian @-@ Hungarian battle @-@ fleet . She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships were attempting to break out of , which was surrounded by British troops , and make their way to Turkey . The breakout succeeded . When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were recalled . In company with other units of the Austro Hungarian navy , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max took a minor part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915 . There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @-@ piercing shells at signal and stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun @-@ batteries and other port installations . - A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro , including Georg and Kaiser Karl VI , began on 1 February 1918 . Two days later , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . Following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place . On the morning of 11 June , Admiral Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto ; the three Erzherzog and the four Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships were to provide support for the @-@ class cruisers on an assault on the Allied defenses at the Strait of Otranto . The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . Horthy 's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class . However , on the morning of 10 June , the dreadnought Szent István was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat . Horthy felt that the element of surprise had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . This was to be the last military action Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was to take part in , and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port . - Near the end of World War I , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs but Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was later transferred to Great Britain as a war reparation . She was later broken up for scrap in 1921 . - - - = Ancient Egyptian deities = - - Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt . The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory . Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order . After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out . - The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and , and combinations of separate gods into one . Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features . - In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the sun god Aten . - Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of natural events and the course of human lives . People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to deities to act , and called upon them for advice . ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society . - - = = Definition = = - - The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods . - The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , " god " , and its feminine form , " goddess " . Scholars have tried to the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . The hieroglyphs that were used as and in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity . The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history . Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . The feminine form could also be written with an egg as , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities . - The Egyptians distinguished , " gods " , from , " people " , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly . The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call " demons " . Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors . - these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity " . One widely accepted definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . According to a different definition , by Dimitri , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . From this perspective , " gods " included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . Likewise , the of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt . - - = = Origins = = - - The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early Period ( c . 3100 – BC ) . Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for , and the " Set animal " that represents Set . - Many Egyptologists and have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and their environment , are difficult to prove . - Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities into larger states , spreading and the worship of the old local deities . But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it . - The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the focus of the religion . - New gods continued to emerge after this transformation . Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c . – BC ) . Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses . Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly . This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects and son of were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials . - Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities . , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c . 1550 – 1070 BC ) . In Greek and Roman times , from BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship . - - = = Characteristics = = - - Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature . - - = = = = = = - - Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . The gods were generally said to be in these phenomena — to be present within nature . The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . The god Shu was the of all the world 's air ; the goddess oversaw a limited region of the earth , the ; and the god personified the abstract notion of perception . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . For instance , was the god of Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization . He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland . Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , their bodies on a 's wheel . Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods . Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess . But some deities represented disruption to maat . Most prominently , was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it . - Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun . Short @-@ lived phenomena , like or , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world . - The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to or define . But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the of the gods , was not . Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not . - The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor divinities " or " demons " in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude draws a distinction between " " — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god @-@ and the harvest goddess — and demons , who have a more dangerous character . Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans . Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans . Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers . Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed . The protective deities and originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence . - - = = = Behavior = = = - - Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called , a term usually translated as " magic " . was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves . - The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a " multiplicity of approaches " to understanding the gods . - In myth , the gods behave much like humans . They feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , , , and die . Some have unique character traits . Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ speeches . Yet overall , the gods are more like than well drawn characters . Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated . Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling . - The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . The eight gods of the , who represent the chaos that creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by and naming them ; Atum produces all things as of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos . The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place . - A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder . They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . Ra and , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . The instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat . The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . In the process he comes into contact with the water of primordial chaos . Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are along with him . Instead of being immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world . But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos . - - = = = Locations = = = - - Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living . The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world . - In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or present within the world . Temples were their main means of contact with humanity . Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region . Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c . 2055 – 1650 BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god and then Amun — to national prominence . - - = = = Names and epithets = = = - - In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god Amun means " hidden one " , and the name of the goddess , who was worshipped in the city of , means " she of " . But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role . The names of the sky goddess and the earth god do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth . - The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names . A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god as r , meaning " cleaning of the mouth " , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting with the most important funerary deity . - The gods were believed to have many names . Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others . To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power . - In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like " of " , " ruler of Abydos " , or " lord of the sky " , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities . Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning " great " , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' nature . - - = = = Relationships = = = - - Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great as well as the of kings . Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed . - Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought . Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession . Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type . The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , , and their child at Memphis and Amun , , and at Thebes , were assembled into family . connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief . Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter . - Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos . There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each ( province ) of Egypt . Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities . Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity . Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and in darkness , merge into a single god each night . Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four . Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah . These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought . Sometimes Set , the patron god of the Dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon . - Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups " " , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . The most prominent was the of , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods . The term " " was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities . - This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Period , Ra rose to in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity . - - = = = and combinations = = = - - The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra . A depiction of a deity was considered a , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit . The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . Gods could be ascribed many bas and , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature . Everything in existence was said to be one of the of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power . Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses . - important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of , Horus of , and Horus of . Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings . During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an supposed to communicate messages from Amun of @-@ Khenty . He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment . Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles . Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities . - Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography . Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity to form @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ ; and with several solar deities as @-@ @-@ Ra @-@ Atum . On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ and @-@ . This linking of deities is called syncretism . Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones . Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them . combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities . But closely connected deities did sometimes merge . Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ and Khenty @-@ , who became little more than local manifestations of him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , @-@ , was by Osiris and Anubis . - - = = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = = - - In the reign of Akhenaten ( c . – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been , a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs . - - = = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = - - Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities . Another point of contention is the appearance of the word " god " in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities . In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature . His contemporary James Henry thought Egyptian religion was instead , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history . - In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study these views . He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others . He also argues that the unspecified " god " in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to . Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or way . , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels . An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on . Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform . - Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows . Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god . In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend . It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods . Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that with traditional polytheism . The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one . According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods . James P. Allen says that notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the " multiplicity of approaches " in Egyptian thought , as well as with the practice of ordinary worshippers . He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by " identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god , depending on the particular situation . " - - = = and depictions = = - - Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color . Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes . Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as " mysterious " . The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal . They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the in hieroglyphic writing . For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or , a creature whose habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black coloring alludes to the color of flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection . - Most gods were depicted in several ways . Hathor could be a cow , cobra , , or a woman with horns or ears . By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature . The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies . These forms include men and women ( ) , animals ( ) , and , more rarely , objects . of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common . New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history . Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor . Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone . - Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity . The head of a given divine image is particularly significant . In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , " a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . " Divine , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator . In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic . Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for " life " , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power . - The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways . Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , , and cattle , can each represent many deities . Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images . For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c . 1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god . Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses . - The basic anthropomorphic form varies . Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their powers are emphasized . Certain male deities are given heavy and breasts , signifying either or prosperity and abundance . Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors . Thus the blue skin and figure of the god alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought . A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and , have a " " appearance , with their limbs tightly in cloth . Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of , and this form may instead back to the earliest , depictions of deities . - - = = with humans = = - - - = = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = = - - In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the " son " of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods . had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths . But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light . For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god . He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies . - However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms . The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to them . These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers . Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead . These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat . The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live . - - = = = in the human world = = = - - Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication . - The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god . By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form . To the Egyptians , a place or object that was — " sacred " — was isolated and pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit . Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the bull , served as divine in this way . Dreams and provided a very different venue for interaction . In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them . Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death . The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature . - Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods . The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary . These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies . Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad . The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented . The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon . But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods . - To the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them . People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues . The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine . People did have less direct means of interaction . The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from to chapels near the back of the temple building . Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes . Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods . - - = = = Intervention in human lives = = = - - Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were . - Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to fixed to both humans and gods . Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives , including , who presided over birth , and , the personification of fate . Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well . Several texts refer to gods or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's " heart " — the seat of emotion and in Egyptian belief . Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples . Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes . in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people . Because deities were the of maat , morality was connected with them . For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for into the afterlife . But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out . - had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves . A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that the god 's power in the human world . Natural disasters and human were seen as the work of angry divine bas . Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their . Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and , an god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing . - Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly . was often seen as a product of , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events . Some deities who were closely connected with , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods . But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give in the gods ' defense . Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth . Because of this human , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist . New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom . They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events . People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives . As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life . Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will . - - = = = Worship = = = - - Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems . - Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity . The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor . These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful . - Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine . These processions served various purposes . In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could a large and fruitful flood . also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of . for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology . Such rituals were meant to be of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events . In the festival in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were at a time when crops were beginning to . The returning symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life . - Personal interaction with the gods took many forms . People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions . and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer . Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies . These practices used , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune . The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in the goal . Such rituals with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help . - Prayer and private offerings are generally called " personal piety " : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god . Evidence of personal piety is before the New Kingdom . offerings and personal names , many of which are , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods . But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era . Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions . Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples . They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae . They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility . Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult . These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history . These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess . Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition . - The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under control . In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt . The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there after Egypt lost control of the region . In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia . After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of . These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the . Some deities reached farther . became a goddess in Crete , and Amun 's at Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region . - Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt . These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of . But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones . Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones . Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture . Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire . Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt . In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult . Isis and Hermes Trismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world . - Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities . The last formal cults , at , died out in the fifth or sixth century . Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries . But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the Church . Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern practices are descended from those of religion . But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods . - - - = South of Heaven = - - South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on July 5 , 1988 , the album was the band 's second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood had helped the band 's sound evolve . - South of Heaven was Slayer 's second album to enter the Billboard 200 , and its last to be released by Def Jam Recordings , although the album became an American Recordings album after Rick Rubin ended his partnership with Russell Simmons . It was one of only two Def Jam titles to be distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records because of original distributor Columbia Records ' refusal to release work by the band . The release peaked at number 57 and in 1992 was awarded a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . - In order to offset the pace of the group 's previous album , Slayer deliberately slowed down the album 's tempo . In contrast to their previous albums , the band utilized guitars and toned @-@ down vocals . While some critics praised this musical change , others — more accustomed to the style of earlier releases — were disappointed . The songs " Mandatory Suicide " and the title track , however , have become permanent features of the band 's live setlist . - - = = Background = = - - South of Heaven was recorded in Los Angeles , California with Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin . PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand observed that Rubin 's production " [ Dave ] Lombardo 's drumming right up front in the mix . " Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has since said that South of Heaven was the only album the band members discussed before writing the music . Aware that they " couldn 't top Reign in Blood " , and that whatever they recorded would be " compared to that album " , he believed they " had to slow down " , something Slayer had never done on albums before , or since . Guitarist Kerry King cited the need to " keep people " as another reason for the musical shift . " In order to contrast the aggressive assault put forth on Reign in Blood , Slayer consciously slowed down the tempo of the album as a whole " , according to Slayer 's official biography . " They also added elements like guitars and toned @-@ down vocal styles not heard on previous albums . " - King has since been critical of his performance , which he describes as his " most lackluster . " King attributes this to the fact he had recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing himself as " probably the odd man out at that point " , he admitted he " didn ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go through dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about having two guitar players that can write music is that you are never gonna go without . I guess at that time , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King has also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums . He feels vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo has since observed : " There was fire on all the records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting something else . " - Judas Priest 's " " is the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a favorite of Kerry and I , so we just picked that one . " Meanwhile , " the Soul " has been heavily criticized by King who said that he hates the track : " That 's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it 's horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's what we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playing it , but after that , where it gets heavier , I like that section . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in there . " The Slayer Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman 's home . - - = = and illustration = = - - Artist Larry Carroll and Howard designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood . Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 's Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " had matured a little bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really cool back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin 's newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer 's second album to be certified gold in the United States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer 's first record to do so in that country . Slayer 's official biography states that " some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer 's desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " didn 't sacrifice any of the inherent in Slayer 's music . " - Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as " their most , and on this set , its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record . " 's Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album has a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which makes the record " so magnificent . " Grave 's and 's Karl both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time , while Max of Brazilian death metal group remembers hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . That was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved that the group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer gives " the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and not being afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He remarks , however , that " if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two , you ’ ll be in for a major disappointment " . - Kim of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as " genuinely offensive . " Slayer 's official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed some of the band 's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " Michael Roberts of Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at the speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented that the " album was a late — it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . " - - = = Cover versions = = - - The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " have received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You , with the former cover being described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic 's Johnny . - 1995 Slayer tribute album Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with the title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " the Blood " interpreted by , Crown of and respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slaughter , Vol . 2 only featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by . 1999 's to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , with versions of South of Heaven performed by ( ) and Electric Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by . 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del ( A Slayer ) saw and Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . covered the song " of War " for their 2009 cover album For the Lions . They released a music video for it also . Korn has covered the title track at least twice live , once with Kid Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live . - The title track itself has also been covered by 2000 , Modest Mouse and , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of for their album Crew in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , The opened their set with the beginning of " South of Heaven " at 7 on May 4 , 2013 - - = = Live performances = = - - Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) have become near constant fixtures in the band 's live setlist , up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live , War at the , Still , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse 's deluxe edition 's bonus live disc , and the live double album Decade of . Lombardo with Finnish cellist group on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 's 's Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum , the opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! There 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to that ! Listen to how that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of the track featured on the 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group 's 2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 's Alliance tour . - " Behind the Crooked Cross " is rarely played live as Hanneman hates the track , though King has always wanted to play it " because it 's got a cool intro " despite it not being his favorite song . King said " that 's fine " when speaking of the situation , noting " there are songs that he wants to play that I always shoot down . " " of War " isn 't King 's favorite song either , which he attests " everybody always wants to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like the big heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at the end of " Chemical Warfare " and just do the last half . ’ But I could never make that fly . " - Slayer has with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990 's Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it 's something which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a thing now . I don 't know . We have some really cool albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do that again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " Probably not . And I just don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . " - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - - = = = Slayer = = = - - Tom Araya – bass , lead vocals - Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar - Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals - Dave Lombardo – drums - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = General aviation in the United Kingdom = - - General aviation in the United Kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations are often included within the scope of general aviation ( GA ) in the UK . The sector operates business jets , , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of all descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of the economic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities are aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which plays an important role in the supply of pilots to the commercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted for personal transport and recreation . It includes a strong vintage aircraft movement , and encompasses a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and , at which British teams and individuals have succeeded in international competition . - Of the 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft is the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . There are 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities . Although GA operates from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which is around 7 per cent the size of its CAT cousin , employs 12 @,@ 000 people , and contributes £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy . - GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations , and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The planning process has become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , are the main subjects of public criticism levelled at GA . - - = = Definitions = = - - The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It defines commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . " - in the United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be " all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services " . The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description " all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire " . For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition and include aerial work and minor CAT operations . - - = = History = = - - The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Manor on the Isle of , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . The introduction of the de Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flying clubs were started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots were trained . - During World War II civil aerodromes were taken over for military use , existing military airfields were expanded , and new ones were built . This resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example , were returned to civilian use . military airfields were closed , and in some cases , for example , subsequently re @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate all civil aviation in the UK , and this task remained the responsibility of government departments until the establishment of the independent CAA in 1972 . - With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world 's best selling single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft are still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of the wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . The 1960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it was not until the 1970s that this blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of the microlight movement . Another milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the 23 . Although it was not the first business jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " . - - = = Activities = = - - The GA sector operates a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , , microlights , , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . can be broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which are commercial activities . - - = = = Commercial operations = = = - - Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some are , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations are non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more flexible service than airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services for third parties , and business or corporate aviation uses company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include business jets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation is the transport by helicopter of spectators to the British Formula One grand at Silverstone . This involves so many flights that , according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day the heliport is temporarily the world 's busiest airport . Aerial work is a small but important component of the commercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services work ( air ambulance and police ) . - - = = = Flying schools = = = - - Flying schools are commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account for a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hours flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by the GA community as a key benefit that is critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by the General Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator has stated that the industry must rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from the GA sector . The CAA estimates that between 1996 and 2006 the number of new professional pilots following the training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is that pilots can be trained outside of the UK , and that the airline industry is not therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAA concludes that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument that pilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on flying hours " does not support such a outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training means that the UK the economic benefit of the training activity . - - = = = Private flying = = = - - Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft that are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights were local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day trips away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home . - Private flying is most associated with the traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these are the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper , all with their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft has been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hour for gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour for microlights . Recent trends have seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flying following the introduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as the Robinson and . Another growth area in private flying in recent years has been in the use of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van 's Aircraft @-@ 4 and the Europa . - There is a strong vintage aircraft movement in the UK , with two @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . These cover the whole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples being the de Havilland Dragon airliner of the 1930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . There are many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as the Hawker Hunter . Historic aircraft are regular exhibits at air displays , which are claimed to be the second most popular activity after football in the UK . - - = = = Sports = = = - - Competitive gliding in the UK takes place between May and September . are local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in the allows pilots to progress to the , where there are five classes of competition . These are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing through standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps are permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 the British gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took two women 's world championships and the open class European championship . - air racing is open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hour in level flight . Races are a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . aircraft are handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being that the race concludes with all aircraft diving for the finish line together . There are up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in the UK , France and the Channel Islands , for prizes that include the Schneider Trophy and King 's Cup , and the season culminates with the British Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships . - competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at the level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up requires a wider repertoire of figures and progressively more performance from the aircraft . National championships are awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots who have reached Advanced and Unlimited levels are eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition . - Parachute competitions are held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , , formation , canopy formation , freestyle and , and . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took the 2006 world championship in women 's 4 @-@ way formation . - - = = = = - - Aerodrome is a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA applies the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed aerodromes in England which come under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . These range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in the first four categories . - - = = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = = - - The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to aerodromes were complex , using 28 different parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots . - Airports generally have long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They are usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , becomes increasingly prevalent , and there are few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At this level runways are generally shorter , and grass surfaces are increasingly common . Navigation aids are increasingly scarce , being more basic where they are available , and informal ground to air radio communication replaces air traffic control . The smallest airfields are too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips are basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar is not uncommon at the larger examples . They do not feature on OS maps , and are owned by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals . - - = = = Aerodrome licensing = = = - - Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the flying activities which are expected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and that staff are competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . classified as developed GA airfields or larger by the GASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only two basic GA airfields , Silverstone and , are licensed , and all airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of the restrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The group concluded that the requirement for public transport operations to be conducted only from licensed aerodromes should be further reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended that restrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010 - - = = Scale of the sector = = - - There are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900 . - The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of these would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , there are 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 . - The number of aerodromes that support GA in the UK is difficult to establish with certainty . 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide lists 355 , and the Flight Equipment UK Flight Guide 2008 lists nearly 500 . Farm ' ' and Private Flight Guide lists more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study estimates 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which includes 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight guides . It estimates another informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain . - The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , making it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation . - - = = Trends = = - - Most sectors of GA for which data are available have experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , have in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed during the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying has shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage has grown primarily due to the introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . activity has remained relatively static , although there has been a gradual increase in the number of self @-@ launching motor gliders . - Business aviation has shown strong growth , although the numbers of aircraft on the UK register have declined . This reflects a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered business jets based in the UK , which are estimated to be growing in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers have declined significantly , reflecting pressures on the light air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools has declined , largely at the hands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather . - Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector has remained in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flying , which accounts for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined with nil growth in hours flown has brought the annual average per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . The decline in asset has led to speculation that the economic health of the GA industry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability makes this difficult to confirm . - - = = Regulation = = - - The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this is the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment to be carried . The CAA was established as the primary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the Joint Aviation Authorities ( ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation ( JAR ) , throughout the European Union ( EU ) . In 2003 this was taken a step further when the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the central EU regulator , taking over responsibility for airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA acts as an agency of EASA on these issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA . - - = = = and self @-@ regulation = = = - - Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retains responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors that are not included in the scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of microlight aircraft are regulated by the British Microlight Aircraft Association ( ) , although a significant number are regulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular Flying Association . The LAA is the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity are generally CAA @-@ regulated . and airship flying is overseen by the British and Club . The UK @-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAA , the Aircraft and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the British Microlight Aircraft Association . from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK is self @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still retains control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the British Hang Gliding and Association . - - = = = Airworthiness = = = - - Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft that meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy the requirements for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may be issued with a to Fly . This allows them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example being restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. the British Microlight Aircraft Association and the Light Aircraft Association ) have obtained a standing over @-@ flight permission for to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with some European countries , notably France . are typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights . - - = = = Pilot licensing = = = - - The pilot qualification most relevant to GA is the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permits the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ ) standard , the CAA also issues UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA licenses these according to the original UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception that JAR pilot licensing standards are excessively bureaucratic and expensive for the purposes of recreational pilots , the National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL is easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ licence , has less stringent medical requirements , is more restrictive in the privileges it grants , and is valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flying in UK and French airspace . Although there are plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gliding sector is currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The British Gliding Association is responsible for defining the standards of initial training , and , via a badge system , pilots who meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA that are commercial operations , such as aerial work and business aviation , are required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , is the Commercial Pilot Licence . - - = = Safety = = - - Between 1995 and 2004 there were 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 were fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attributes the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action . - There were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in the loss of 48 lives . These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year , and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average , they are not exceptional . - - = = = = - - The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT ) has eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations is not within its remit . This makes aerodrome development difficult , often those that successfully negotiate the process to restrictions in use . - - = = = Airspace access = = = - - Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it . - airspace is essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for the safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even " by commercial operators . However this position has resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including some running down to the ground , prohibiting access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to the borders of controlled airspace who could not get formal of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace have been recorded every year . - in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , has resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of all airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed out . There are particular problems for GA around large airports , where Class A controlled airspace extends to ground level . The concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England have also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations through high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots . - - = = = Aerodrome access = = = - - Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in some cases . Some airports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft are now rarely or never seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , , Gatwick and Manchester . - In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK has been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened with closure , for example North , or actually being closed , as happened to Ipswich and Bristol Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA performs an air transport role , the CAA states that " there could be cause for concern if a significant further loss of airfields were to continue , especially if crucial nodes on the transport network were to be lost . " - - = = = Planning system = = = - - The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , there is no unified national planning policy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to these are based on local issues that are not required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , the only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through the planning process , and this issue is the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA is a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . Little is just one example of a GA airfield required to comply with planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations or even unsafe . - - = = Criticism = = - - Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and private flying has been criticised by to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and made to the CAA that relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of the 2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to the CAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying . - Planning guidance on aircraft noise advises that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , during which aircraft are audible for long periods ; slow climbing aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to the perception that such noise is more . In an attempt to alleviate these problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more than 50 are required by the government to provide facilities in which local concerns can be raised with aerodrome operators . - - - = SMS Zrínyi = - - SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty 's ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) , named for the , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . - During World War I , Zrínyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's battleships and shelled as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , for all intents and purposes , effectively up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , the presence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships . - With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following the handover to the United States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up for scrap . - - = = Design and construction = = - - Zrínyi was built at the dockyard in , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The used on Zrínyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men . - Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ long tons ( 16 @,@ t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . The ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Zrínyi was the first warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . - The ship 's primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship 's boats were equipped with two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern . - - = = Service history = = - - The ship was assigned to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet 's 1st Battle Squadron after her 1911 commissioning . In 1912 , Zrínyi and her two sister ships conducted two training cruises into the eastern Mediterranean Sea . On the second cruise into the Aegean Sea , conducted from November to December , Zrínyi and her sister ships were accompanied by the cruiser SMS Admiral and a pair of destroyers . After returning to Pola , the entire fleet mobilized for possible hostilities , as tensions flared in the Balkans . - In 1913 , Zrínyi participated in an international naval demonstration in the Sea to protest the Balkan Wars . Ships from other navies included in the demonstration were the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS King Edward VII , the Italian pre @-@ dreadnought di Saint Bon , the French armored cruiser Edgar , and the German light cruiser SMS Breslau . The most important action of the combined flotilla , which was under the command of British Admiral Cecil Burney , was to blockade the Montenegrin coast . The goal of the blockade was to prevent Serbian reinforcements from supporting the siege at , where Montenegro had besieged a combined force of and Ottomans . by the international blockade , Serbia withdrew its army from , which was subsequently occupied by a joint Allied ground force . - During that year , the first of four new dreadnoughts , SMS , that made up the Tegetthoff class — the only dreadnoughts built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy — came into active service . With the commissioning of these dreadnoughts , Zrínyi and her sisters were moved from the 1st Division to the 2nd Division of the 1st Battle Squadron . - - = = = World War I = = = - - At that time of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class ( which still had one ship , SMS Szent István , under construction ) , the Erzherzog Karl class and finally , the older Habsburg class . Along with the remainder of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Zrínyi was mobilized in late July 1914 to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships broke out of , which was surrounded by the British navy and reached Turkey . The flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in southeastern Italy when news of the successful breakout reached Vienna . The Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were then recalled before seeing action . - On 23 May 1915 , between two and four hours after news of the Italian declaration of war reached the main Austro @-@ Hungarian naval base at Pola , Zrínyi and the rest of the fleet departed to bombard the Italian and Montenegrin coast . Their focus was on the important naval base at Ancona , and later the coast of Montenegro . The bombardment of Montenegro was part of the larger Austro @-@ Hungarian campaign against the Kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia , who were members of the , during the first half of 1915 . The attack on Ancona was an immense success , and the ships were unopposed during the operation . The bombardment of the province and the surrounding area resulted in the destruction of an Italian steamer in the port of Ancona itself , and an Italian destroyer , , was severely damaged further south . On the shore , the infrastructure of the port of Ancona , as well as the surrounding towns , were severely damaged . The railroad yard in Ancona , as well as the port facilities in the town , were damaged or destroyed . The local shore batteries were also suppressed . During the bombardment , Zrínyi also helped to destroy a train , a railway station , and a bridge at . Additional targets that were damaged or destroyed included wharves , warehouses , oil tanks , radio stations , and the local barracks . Sixty @-@ three Italians , both civilians and military personnel , were killed in the bombardment . By the time Italian ships from Taranto and Brindisi arrived on the scene , the Austro @-@ Hungarians were safely back in Pola . - The objective of the bombardment of Ancona was to delay the Italian Army from deploying its forces along the border with Austria @-@ Hungary by destroying critical transportation systems . The surprise attack on Ancona succeeded in delaying the Italian deployment to the for two weeks . This delay gave Austria @-@ Hungary valuable time to strengthen its Italian border and re @-@ deploy some of its troops from the Eastern and Balkan fronts . - Aside from the attack on Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarian battleships were largely confined to Pola for the duration of the war . Their operations were limited by Admiral Anton Haus , the commander of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , who believed that he would need to husband his ships to counter any Italian attempt to seize the coast . Since coal was diverted to the newer Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships , the remainder of the war saw Zrínyi and the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy acting as a fleet in being . This resulted in the Allied blockade of the Otranto Strait . With his fleet blockaded in the Adriatic Sea , and with a shortage of coal , Haus followed a strategy based on mines and submarines designed to reduce the numerical superiority of the Allied navies . - - = = = Post @-@ war fate = = = - - After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 , the Austrians wanted to turn the fleet over to the newly created State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( later to become a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in order to prevent the Italians from claiming the ships as spoils of war . However , the victorious Allies refused to acknowledge the conversations between the Austrians and the south and , in due course , the ships . The ship had been boarded by a scratch Yugoslav crew on 10 November 1918 , one day before the Armistice , and had left Pola with her sister ship , Radetzky . They were soon spotted by heavy Italian ships , so the two battleships American flags and sailed south along the Adriatic coast to Bay near Spalato ( also known as ) . They appealed for American naval forces to meet them and accept their surrender , which a squadron of United States Navy ( USN ) submarine chasers in the area did . She had apparently been turned over to the fledgling south state , as it was a Croat naval officer , Korvettenkapitän Marijan , who presented the ship as a prize of war to representatives of the United States Navy on the afternoon of 22 November 1919 at Spalato ( ) in Dalmatia . Simultaneously she was commissioned as USS Zrínyi and Lieutenant , USN , assumed command . The initial American complement consisted of four officers and 174 enlisted men — the latter entirely composed of United States Navy Reserve Force personnel . The ship remained at anchor at Spalato for nearly a year while the negotiations that would determine her ultimate fate dragged on . Only once did she apparently turn her engines over , and that occurred during a severe gale that struck Spalato on 9 February 1920 . - On the morning of 7 November 1920 , Zrínyi was decommissioned . USS took her in tow and , assisted by Brooks and , towed the battleship to Italy . Under the terms of the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain , Zrínyi was ultimately turned over to the Italian government at Venice . She was broken up for scrap later that year and into 1921 . - - - = Geopyxis carbonaria = - - Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis , family . First described to science in 1805 , and given its current name in 1889 , the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf @-@ cup , dwarf cup , cup , or pixie cup . The small , @-@ shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish @-@ brown with a whitish fringe and measure up to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) across . They have a short , tapered stalk . Fruitbodies are commonly found on soil where brush has recently been burned , sometimes in great numbers . The fungus is distributed throughout many temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . It is found in Europe , Turkey , and North America . Although it is primarily a saprotrophic species , feeding on the decomposing organic matter remaining after a fire , it also forms biotrophic associations with the roots of Norway spruce . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The fungus was first described scientifically in 1805 by Johannes von and Lewis David de as Peziza carbonaria . Cooke illustrated the fruitbodies , spores , and asci in his 1879 work , . Figures of fungi from all parts of the world . In 1889 , Pier Andrea transferred the fungus to the genus Geopyxis , giving the species its current name . carbonaria , published by Heinrich in 1884 , is a synonym of G. carbonaria . Louis @-@ Joseph proposed the variety Geopyxis carbonaria var. in 1937 , referring to forms producing fruitbodies without a stalk , but the taxon is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance . In 1860 Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis described the species Peziza from collections made in Japan as part of the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition ( 1853 – 1856 ) . This taxon was synonymized with G. carbonaria by in 1968 , a taxonomic opinion corroborated by Donald about a decade later . - The specific epithet carbonaria derives from the Latin word for " charcoal " . Common names given to the fungus include " charcoal loving elf @-@ cup " , " dwarf cup " , " pixie cup " , and the British Mycological Society approved " cup " . - - = = Description = = - - The fruitbodies ( ) of Geopyxis are cup shaped , 1 – 2 cm wide , and have fringed whitish margins . The inner spore @-@ bearing surface of the cup , the hymenium , is brick red and smooth , while the exterior surface is a dull yellow , and may be either smooth or have @-@ like spots ( ) . The stipe is small ( 1 – 1 @.@ 5 mm long and 1 – 2 mm wide ) , whitish in color , and expands abruptly into the cup . The brownish flesh of the fungus is thin and brittle . It does not have any distinctive taste , but has an unpleasant smell when crushed in water . The edibility of the fungus is not known , but the fruitbodies are and unlikely to be harvested for eating . - - = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = - - In mass , the spores are whitish . The spores are elliptical , smooth , hyaline , devoid of oil droplets ( ) , and have dimensions of 13 – 18 by 7 – 9 µm . They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external . The asci are 190 – 225 by 9 – 10 µm . The paraphyses are slightly club @-@ shaped , , and have irregular orange @-@ brown granules , with tips up to 5 µm wide , and are not forked or lobed . The , the layer of cells below the hymenium , is made of densely packed , small irregular cells . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The closely related elf cup ( Geopyxis ) has a pale orange to yellowish that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity , and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur . It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses , which lack the orange @-@ brown granules characteristic of G. carbonaria . It also has larger spores , measuring 14 – 22 by 8 – 11 µm . Unlike G. carbonaria , it grows on substrates other than burned wood , including mosses , and needle duff . , which grows habitats similar to G. carbonaria , is distinguished microscopically by its spores that contain two oil droplets . Other genera with similar species with which G. carbonaria may be confused in the field include , , , and . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - Geopyxis carbonaria is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the growing season . It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground . The litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil as well as the availability of minerals . Fruitbodies are produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees . Most fruitbodies are produced in the first year after a burn . The fungus prefers fruiting in with thin duff near standing burned tree trunks . Geopyxis carbonaria fruitbodies are often found in the same post @-@ fire stands as morels , although the former is usually more abundant . Because the pixie cup fruits earlier than morels , it may serve as an indicator of imminent morel fruiting . Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as G. carbonaria include those from the genera , , Peziza , and . - The fungus is found in Europe ( from where it was originally described ) , and is widespread throughout North America . The North American distribution extends north to Alaska . In 2010 , it was reported for the first time from Turkey . - - = = Ecology = = - - Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post @-@ fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots , Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce ( ) . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic interaction with lodgepole pine ( Pinus ) . The hyphae of G. carbonaria were able to infect the cortex of the tree , but did not penetrate the . These traits suggest that the fungus is a moderate , with limited ability to cause reductions in seed . Additionally , the fungus produces the enzyme , and can break down the complex organic lignin — features characteristic of saprotrophic fungi . The formation of a rudimentary net , a characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi , indicated that G. carbonaria might be capable of forming mutualistic relationships under the right conditions . and colleagues suggest that its below @-@ ground association with spruce roots protects it from physical damage in the event of a fire , and the extensive production after a fire may reflect " a successful fungal escape from a dying host where the fungus no longer can maintain its biotrophic association " . - Large of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree , such as that which occurs with burning . A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned , compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the trees remained viable , or in areas . was much denser in spruce forests — with up to 700 – 1000 fruitbodies per square meter — than in pine forests , where fruitbodies were sporadic . Fruitbodies grew by the millions in the year following the Yellowstone fires of 1988 . - - - = Gold dollar = - - The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889 . The coin had three types over its lifetime , all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre . The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever minted . - A gold dollar had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s , but was not initially adopted . Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of caused by the California gold rush , and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar . In its early years , silver coins were being or exported , and the gold dollar found a ready place in commerce . Silver again circulated after Congress in 1853 required that new coins of that metal be made lighter , and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal coins vanished from circulation because of the economic disruption caused by the American Civil War . - Gold did not again circulate in most of the nation until 1879 ; once it did , the gold dollar did not regain its place . In its final years , it was struck in small numbers , causing speculation by . It was also in demand to be mounted in jewelry . The regular issue gold dollar was last struck in 1889 ; the following year , Congress ended the series . - - = = Background = = - - In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one @-@ dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin , and as one of silver , representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender . Congress followed Hamilton 's recommendation only in part , authorizing a silver dollar , but no coin of that denomination in gold . - In 1831 , the first gold dollar was minted , at the private mint of Christopher Bechtler in North Carolina . Much of the gold then being produced in the United States came from the mountains of North Carolina and Georgia , and the dollars and other small gold coins issued by Bechtler circulated through that region , and were now and then seen further away . Additional one @-@ dollar pieces were struck by August Bechtler , Christopher 's son . - Soon after the began to strike their private issues , Secretary of the Treasury Levi became an advocate of having the Mint of the United States ( " Mint " , when described as an institution ) strike the one @-@ dollar denomination in gold . He was opposed by the Mint Director , Robert M. Patterson . persuaded President Andrew Jackson to have pattern coins struck . In response , Patterson had Mint Second Engraver Christian Gobrecht break off work on the new design for the silver one @-@ dollar coin and work on a pattern for the gold dollar . Gobrecht 's design featured a Liberty cap surrounded by rays on one side , and a palm branch arranged in a circle with the denomination , date , and name of the country on the other . - was given to including the gold dollar as an authorized denomination in the legislation that became the Mint Act of 1837 . The Philadelphia newspaper Public Ledger , in December 1836 , supported a gold dollar , stating that " the dollar is the smallest gold coin that would be convenient , and as it would be eminently so , neither silver nor paper should be allowed to take its place . " Nevertheless , after Mint Director Patterson appeared before a congressional committee , the provision authorizing the gold dollar was deleted from the bill . - - = = = = - - In January 1844 , North Carolina Representative James McKay , the chairman of the Committee on Ways and , solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar . Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members , again advising against a coin that if issued would be only about a half inch ( 13 mm ) in diameter . He told Treasury Secretary John C. Spencer that the only gold coins of that size in commerce , the Spanish and Colombian half @-@ , were unpopular and had not been struck for more than twenty years . This seemed to satisfy the committee as nothing more was done for the time , and when a gold dollar was proposed again in 1846 , McKay 's committee recommended against it . - Even before 1848 , record amounts of gold were flowing to American mints to be struck into coin , but the California Gold Rush vastly increased these quantities . This renewed calls for a gold dollar , as well as for a higher denomination than the eagle ( $ 10 piece ) , then the largest gold coin . In January 1849 , McKay introduced a bill for a gold dollar , which was referred to his committee . There was much discussion in the press about the proposed coin ; one newspaper published a proposal for an annular gold dollar , that is , with a hole in the middle to increase its small diameter . McKay amended his legislation to provide for a double eagle ( $ 20 gold coin ) and wrote to Patterson , who replied stating that the annular gold dollar would not work , and neither would another proposal to have dollar piece consisting of a gold in a silver coin . Nevertheless , Gobrecht 's successor as chief engraver , James B. Longacre , prepared patterns , including some with a square hole in the middle . - McKay got his fellow Democrat , New Hampshire Senator Charles Atherton , to introduce the bill to authorize the gold dollar and the double eagle in the Senate on February 1 , 1849 — Atherton was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . McKay introduced a version into the House on February 20 ; debate began the same day . The dollar was attacked by from the Whig Party , then in the minority , on the grounds that it would be too small , would be and in bad light might be mistakenly spent as a half , the coins being similar in size . McKay did not respond , but stated that if no one wanted these denominations , they would not be called for at the Mint , and would not be coined . Pennsylvania Representative Joseph , a Whig , spoke against the bill , noting that Patterson opposed the new denominations , and that the idea had been repeatedly turned down , whenever considered . Another Whig , Massachusetts 's Charles Hudson , related that Patterson had sent a real and a counterfeit gold dollar to his committee and the majority of members had been unable to tell the difference . McKay made no answer to these claims , but others did , including New York Congressman Henry , who assured the House that the counterfeiting allegations were greatly exaggerated . The point was , he indicated , that the double eagle and gold dollar were wanted by the public , and , in the case of the gold dollar could help money circulate in small communities where were not accepted . Connecticut Representative John A. , a Whig , tried to table the bill , but his motion was defeated . The bill passed easily , and met only minimal opposition in the Senate , becoming law on March 3 , 1849 . - - = = Preparation = = - - The officers at the Philadelphia Mint , including Chief Franklin , were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson . The in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , successor to Gobrecht ( who had died in 1844 ) . A former copper @-@ plate engraver , Longacre had been appointed through the political influence of South Carolina Senator John C. . - When Longacre began work on the two new coins in early 1849 , he had no one to assist him . Longacre wrote the following year that he had been warned by a Mint employee that one of the officers ( undoubtedly ) planned to undermine the chief engraver 's position by having the work of preparing designs and dies done outside Mint premises . Accordingly , when the gold coin bill became law , Longacre Patterson that he was ready to begin work on the gold dollar . The Mint Director agreed , and after viewing a model of the head on the , authorized Longacre to proceed with preparation of dies . According to Longacre , - The engraving was unusually minute and required very close and incessant labor for several weeks . I made the original dies and for making the working dies twice over , to secure their perfect adaptation to the coining machinery . I had a wish to execute this work single handed , that I might thus silently reply to those who had questioned my ability for the work . The result , I believe , was satisfactory . - - = = Original design = = - - The Type 1 gold dollar depicts a head of Liberty , facing left , with a or tiara on her head bearing her name . Her hair is gathered in a bun ; she is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original states . The reverse features the date and denomination within a wreath , with the name of the nation near the rim . - Contemporary reviews of the Type 1 design were generally favorable . The New York Weekly Tribune on May 19 , 1849 described the new dollar as " undoubtedly the , , lightest , coin in this country ... it is too delicate and beautiful to pay out for potatoes , and , and salt pork . Oberon might have paid Puck with it for bringing the blossom which bewitched . " Willis ' Bank Note List stated that " there is no probability of them ever getting into general circulation ; they are altogether too small . " The North Carolina Standard hoped that they would be struck at the Charlotte Mint and circulated locally to eliminate the problem of small @-@ denomination bank notes from out of state . dealer and numismatic author Q. David Bowers notes that the head of Liberty on the Type 1 dollar is a scaled @-@ down version of that on the double eagle , and " a nicely preserved gold dollar is beautiful to " . - - = = = = - - Mint records indicate the first gold dollars were produced on May 7 , 1849 ; Longacre 's diary notes state instead that the first were struck on May 8 . A few coins in proof condition were struck on the first day , along with about 1 @,@ 000 for circulation . There are five major varieties of the 1849 gold dollar from Philadelphia , made as Longacre continued to fine @-@ tune the design . dies were sent by Longacre 's Department at the Philadelphia Mint to the branch mints at Charlotte , Dahlonega ( in Georgia ) , and New Orleans ; coins struck at the branches resemble some of the types issued from Philadelphia , depending on when the dies were produced . Of the coins struck at the branch mints in 1849 , only pieces struck at Charlotte ( 1849 @-@ C ) exist in multiple varieties ; most are of what is dubbed the " Wreath " variety . Approximately five of the 1849 @-@ C Open Wreath are known ; one , believed the finest surviving specimen , sold at auction for $ 690 @,@ 000 in 2004 , remaining a record for the gold dollar series as of 2013 . One of the changes made during production was the inclusion of Longacre 's initial " L " on the truncation of Liberty 's neck , the first time a U.S. coin intended for full @-@ scale production had borne the initial of its designer . All issues beginning in 1850 bear the Wreath . Beginning in 1854 , the gold dollar was also struck at the new San Francisco Mint . - The continued flow of gold from California made silver expensive in terms of gold , and U.S. silver coins began to flow out of the country for melting in 1849 , a flow that accelerated over the next several years as the price of the metal continued to rise . By 1853 , a thousand dollars in silver coin contained $ 1 @,@ worth of . As silver coins vanished , the gold dollar became the only federal coin in circulation between the cent and the quarter eagle ( $ 2 @.@ 50 piece ) . As such , it was struck in large numbers and widely circulated . According to Bowers in his book on the denomination , " the years 1850 to 1853 were the high @-@ water mark of the gold dollar , the glory years of the denomination when the little gold coins took the place of half dollars and silver dollars in everyday transactions . " This time came to an end in 1853 when Congress passed an act reducing the weight of most silver coins , allowing new issues of them to circulate . - As early as 1851 , New York Congressman William alleged that that Patterson had made the gold dollar too small in diameter on purpose to provoke criticism . Patterson retired that year after 16 years in his position , and under his successor , George N. , annular gold dollar and half dollar patterns were struck . Public Ledger reported that although gold dollars would not be struck in annular form , gold half dollars would be , to help fill the need for change . With the new Pierce administration , Thomas M. Pettit took office as Mint Director on March 31 , 1853 . In April , Treasury Secretary James Guthrie wrote to Pettit that there were complaints that the gold dollar was too small , often lost or mistaken for a small silver coin , and about reports the Mint had experimented with annular dollars . Pettit replied , stating that none had been preserved , but enclosed a silver piece of equivalent size . He noted that while there would be technical difficulties in the production of the annular dollar , these could be overcome . In a letter dated May 10 , Pettit proposed an oval @-@ shaped holed piece , or an angular @-@ shaped coin , which would lessen the production problems . Pettit died suddenly on May 31 ; Guthrie did not let the issue fall , but queried Pettit 's replacement , James Ross , concerning the issue on June 7 . As U.S. coins were required to bear some device of liberty , the secretary hoped that artists could be found who could find some such design for an annular coin . - The Act of February 21 , 1853 , that had lightened the silver coins also authorized a gold three @-@ dollar piece , which began to be produced in 1854 . To ensure that the three @-@ dollar piece was not mistaken for other gold coins , it had been made thinner and wider than it would normally be , and Longacre put a distinctive design with an Indian princess on it . Longacre adapted both the technique and the design for the gold dollar , which was made thinner , and thus wider . An adaptation of Longacre 's princess for the larger gold coin was placed on the dollar , and a similar agricultural wreath on the reverse . The idea of making the gold dollar larger in this way had been suggested in Congress as early as 1852 , and had been advocated by Pettit , but Guthrie 's desire for an annular coin stalled the matter . In May 1854 , sent Guthrie a letter stating that the difficulties with an annular coin , especially in getting the coins to properly from the press , were more than trivial . - Nevertheless , the Type 2 gold dollar ( as it came to be known ) proved unsatisfactory as the mints had difficulty in striking the new coin so that all details were brought out . This was due to the high relief of the design — the three Southern branch mints especially had trouble with the piece . Many of the Type 2 pieces quickly became , and were sent back to Philadelphia for melting and . On most surviving specimens , the " 85 " in the date is not fully detailed . The Type 2 gold dollar was struck only at Philadelphia in 1854 and 1855 , at the three Southern branch mints in the latter year , and at San Francisco in 1856 , after the design was designated for replacement . To correct the problems , Longacre enlarged the head of Liberty , making it a scaled @-@ down version of the three @-@ dollar piece , and moved the on the closer to the rim . This improved the metal flow and design so much that early numismatic scholars assumed the reverse was also altered , though in fact no change was made and the Type 2 and Type 3 reverses are identical . - - = = = Design of Type 2 and 3 dollars = = = - - The Type 2 and 3 gold dollars depict Liberty as a Native American princess , with a feathered headdress not resembling any worn by any Indian tribe . This image is an copy of the design Longacre had made for the three @-@ dollar piece , and is one of a number of versions of Liberty Longacre created based on the Venus or Venus , a sculpture then on display in a Philadelphia museum . For the reverse , Longacre adapted the " agricultural wreath " he had created for the reverse of the three @-@ dollar piece , composed of cotton , corn , tobacco , and wheat , blending the produce of North and South . This wreath would appear , later in the 1850s , on the Flying Eagle cent . - Art historian Cornelius the Indian princess design used by Longacre for the of the Types 2 and 3 gold dollar , and for the three @-@ dollar piece , " the ' princess ' of the gold coins is a engraver 's elegant version of folk art of the 1850s . The plumes or feathers are more like the crest of the Prince of Wales than anything that saw the Western , save perhaps on a music hall beauty . " - - = = War years = = - - The gold dollar continued to be produced in the late 1850s , though mintages declined from the figures of two million or more each year between 1850 and 1854 . Only about 51 @,@ 000 gold dollars were produced in 1860 , with over two @-@ thirds of that figure at Philadelphia , just under a third at San Francisco , and 1 @,@ at Dahlonega . Roughly a hundred are known of the last , creating one of the great from Dahlonega in the series . - The other candidate for the from that mint is the 1861 @-@ D , with an estimated mintage of 1 @,@ 000 and perhaps 45 to 60 known . Two pairs of dies were shipped from Philadelphia to Dahlonega on December 10 , 1860 ; they arrived on January 7 , 1861 , two weeks before Georgia voted to secede from the Union , as the American Civil War began . Under orders from Governor Joseph E. Brown , state militia secured the mint , and at some point , small quantities of dollars and half eagles were produced . Records of how many coins were struck and when have not survived . Since dies crack in time , and all the mints were supplied with them from Philadelphia , coining could not last , and in May 1861 , coins and supplies remaining at Dahlonega were turned over to the treasury of the Confederate States of America , which Georgia had by then joined . Gold coins with a face value of $ 6 were put aside for . Normally , they would have been sent to Philadelphia to await the following year 's meeting of the United States Commission , when they would be available for testing . Instead , these were sent to the initial Confederate capital of Montgomery , Alabama , though what was done with them there , and their ultimate fate , are unknown . The rarity of the 1861 @-@ D dollar , and the association with the Confederacy , make it especially prized . - Dahlonega , like the other two branch mints in the South , closed its doors after the 1861 . It and the Charlotte facility never reopened ; the New Orleans Mint again struck coins from 1879 to 1909 , but did not strike gold dollars again . After 1861 , the only issuance of gold dollars outside Philadelphia was at San Francisco , in 1870 . - The outbreak of the Civil War shook public confidence in the Union , and citizens began hoarding specie , gold and silver coins . In late December 1861 , banks and then the federal Treasury stopped paying out gold at face value . By mid @-@ 1862 , all federal coins , even the base metal cent , had vanished from commerce in much of the country . The exception was the Far West , where for the most part , only gold and silver were acceptable currencies , and paper money traded at a discount . In the rest of the nation , gold and silver coins could be purchased from banks , exchange agents , and from the Treasury for a premium in the new the government began to issue to fill the gap in commerce and finance the war . - - = = Final years , abolition , and collecting = = - - Since gold did not circulate in the United States ( except on the West Coast ) in the postwar period , much of the production of coins of that metal in the United States was double eagles for export . Accordingly , although 1 @,@ 361 @,@ 355 gold dollars were struck in 1862 — the last time production would exceed a million — the mintage fell to 6 @,@ 200 in 1863 and remained low for the rest of the coin 's existence , excepting 1873 and 1874 . The Mint felt it improper to suspend coinage of a coin authorized by Congress , and issued proof coins ( generally a few dozen to the tiny numismatic community ) from specially @-@ polished dies , also producing enough circulation strikes so that the proof coins would not be rare . In 1873 and 1874 , old and worn gold dollars held by the government were melted and , generating large mintages of that denomination . This was done in anticipation of the resumption of specie payments , which did not occur until the end of 1878 . Once specie again circulated at face value , the gold dollar found no place in commerce amid large quantities of silver coinage , either released from hoarding or newly struck by the Mint . The government expected that the resumption of specie payments would cause the dollar and other small gold coins to circulate again , but the public , allowed to redeem paper currency , continued to use it as more convenient than coins . - In the 1870s and 1880s , public interest grew in the low @-@ mintage gold dollar . coins was becoming more popular , and a number of put aside some gold dollars and hoped for increases in value . The Mint most likely channeled its production through some favored Philadelphia dealers , though proof coins could be purchased for $ 1 @.@ 25 at the 's window at the Philadelphia facility . Banks charged a premium for circulation strikes . They were popular in the jewelry trade , mounted into various items . The coins were often exported to China or Japan , where such jewelry was made . The dollars were often damaged in the process ; the Mint refused to sell into this trade and did its best to hinder it . Nevertheless , Mint officials concluded that were successful at getting the majority of each issue . Proof mintages exceeded 1 @,@ 000 by 1884 , and remained above that mark for the remainder of the series , numbers likely inflated by agents of , willing to pay the Mint 's premium of $ per coin . Another use for the gold dollar was as a holiday gift ; after its abolition the quarter eagle became a popular present . - James , in his final report as Mint Director in 1873 , advocated limiting striking of gold dollars to who specifically requested it . " The gold dollar is not a convenient coin , on account of its small size , and it suffers more from than larger coins . " His successors called for its abolition , with James P. Kimball , before he left office in 1889 , writing to Congress that except as jewelry , " little practical use has been found for this coin " . Later that year , the new director , Edward O. , issued a report stating that the gold dollar " is too small for circulation , and ... [ is ] used almost exclusively for the purposes of ornament . The last year in which the gold dollar was struck was 1889 . Congress abolished the gold dollar , along with the three @-@ cent nickel and three @-@ dollar piece , by the Act of September 26 , 1890 . - A total of 19 @,@ 499 @,@ 337 gold dollars were coined , of which 18 @,@ 223 @,@ were struck at Philadelphia , 1 @,@ @,@ 000 at New Orleans , 109 @,@ 138 at Charlotte , 90 @,@ 232 at San Francisco and 72 @,@ 529 at Dahlonega . According to an advertisement in the February 1899 issue of The , gold dollars brought $ 1 @.@ 80 each , still in demand as a birthday present and for jewelry . That journal in 1905 carried news of a customer depositing 100 gold dollars into a bank ; the teller , aware of the value , credited the account with $ 1 @.@ 60 per coin . In 1908 , a dealer offered $ 2 each for any quantity . As coin collecting became a widespread in the early 20th century , gold dollars became a popular specialty , a status they retain . The 2014 edition of 's A Guide Book of United States Coins rates the least expensive gold dollar in very fine condition ( @-@ 20 ) at $ 300 , a value given for each of the Type 1 Philadelphia issues from 1849 to 1853 . Those seeking one of each type will find the most expensive to be a specimen of the Type 2 , with the 1854 and 1855 estimated at $ 350 in that condition ; the other two types have dates valued at $ 300 in that grade . - - = = gold dollars = = - - The gold dollar had a brief resurrection during the period of Early United States commemorative coins . Between 1903 and 1922 nine different issues were produced , with a total mintage of 99 @,@ 799 . These were minted for various public events , did not circulate , and none used Longacre 's design . - - - = Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction = - - The Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction ( sometimes referred to as the Corey – Chaykovsky reaction or ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epoxides , aziridines , and . It was discovered in 1961 by A. William Johnson and developed significantly by E. J. Corey and Michael Chaykovsky . The reaction involves addition of a sulfur ylide to a , aldehyde , , or to produce the corresponding 3 @-@ membered ring . The reaction is favoring trans substitution in the product regardless of the initial . The synthesis of epoxides via this method serves as an important alternative to the traditional reactions of . - The reaction is most often employed for via methylene transfer , and to this end has been used in several notable total syntheses ( See Synthesis of epoxides below ) . Additionally detailed below are the history , mechanism , scope , and enantioselective variants of the reaction . Several reviews have been published . - - = = History = = - - The original publication by Johnson concerned the reaction of 9 @-@ with substituted derivatives . The attempted @-@ like reaction failed and a oxide was obtained instead , noting that " Reaction between the sulfur and did not afford as had the phosphorus and arsenic . " - The subsequent development of ( ) methanide , ( ) and ( ) methanide , ( ) ( known as Corey – Chaykovsky reagents ) by Corey and Chaykovsky as efficient methylene @-@ transfer reagents established the reaction as a part of the organic canon . - - = = = = - - The reaction mechanism for the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction consists of nucleophilic addition of the ylide to the or group . A negative charge is transferred to the and because the sulfonium cation is a good leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring . In the related reaction , the formation of the much stronger phosphorus @-@ oxygen double bond prevents formation and instead , takes place through a 4 @-@ membered cyclic intermediate . - The trans diastereoselectivity observed results from the reversibility of the initial addition , allowing to the favored anti betaine over the betaine . Initial addition of the ylide results in a betaine with adjacent charges ; density functional theory calculations have shown that the rate @-@ limiting step is rotation of the central bond into the necessary for attack on the sulfonium . - The degree of reversibility in the initial step ( and therefore the diastereoselectivity ) depends on four factors , with greater reversibility corresponding to higher selectivity : - of the substrate with higher stability leading to greater reversibility by favoring the starting material over the betaine . - of the ylide with higher stability similarly leading to greater reversibility . - hindrance in the betaine with greater hindrance leading to greater reversibility by formation of the intermediate and slowing the rate @-@ limiting rotation of the central bond . - of charges in the betaine by such as lithium with greater allowing more rotation in the betaine intermediate , lowering the amount of reversibility . - - = = = = - - The application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse . The reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur ylides with well beyond the original publications . It has seen use in a number of high @-@ profile total syntheses , as detailed below , and is generally recognized as a powerful tool in the organic repertoire . - - = = = Types of ylides = = = - - Many types of ylides can be prepared with various functional groups both on the carbon center and on the sulfur . The substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the reagents ( typically from the sulfonium , e.g. iodide ) and overall reaction rate in various ways . The general format for the reagent is shown on the right . - Use of a sulfoxonium allows more preparation of the reagent using weaker bases as compared to sulfonium ylides . ( The difference being that a sulfoxonium contains a bonded oxygen whereas the sulfonium does not . ) The former react slower due to their increased stability . In addition , the by @-@ products of sulfoxonium reagents are greatly preferred to the significantly more toxic , volatile , and by @-@ products from sulfonium reagents . - The vast majority of reagents are at the ylide carbon ( either R1 or as hydrogen ) . reagents are much rarer but have been described : - If the ylide carbon is substituted with an electron @-@ withdrawing group ( ) , the reagent is referred to as a stabilized ylide . These , similarly to sulfoxonium reagents , react much slower and are typically easier to prepare . These are limited in their usefulness as the reaction can become sluggish : examples involving are widespread , with many fewer involving and virtually no examples involving other 's . For these , the related reaction is typically more appropriate . - If the ylide carbon is substituted with an or group , the reagent is referred to as a semi @-@ stabilized ylide . These have been developed extensively , second only to the classical methylene reagents ( R1 = = H ) . The substitution pattern on reagents can heavily influence the selectivity of the reaction as per the criteria above . - If the ylide carbon is substituted with an group the reagent is referred to as an ylide . The size of the groups are the major factors in selectivity with these reagents . - The R @-@ groups on the sulfur , though typically , have been used to synthesize reagents that can perform enantioselective variants of the reaction ( See Variations below ) . The size of the groups can also influence diastereoselectivity in substrates . - - = = = Synthesis of epoxides = = = - - Reactions of sulfur ylides with and to form epoxides are by far the most common application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction . Examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' ylides have been reported , as shown below . - The reaction has been used in a number of notable total syntheses including the total synthesis , which produces the drug , and the total synthesis which produces the . - - = = = Synthesis of aziridines = = = - - The synthesis of aziridines from is another important application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amine transfer from . Though less widely applied , the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the equivalent . The examples shown below are representative ; in the latter , an forms in situ and is opened via nucleophilic attack to form the corresponding amine . - - = = = Synthesis of = = = - - For addition of sulfur ylides to , higher 1 @,@ 4 @-@ selectivity is typically obtained with sulfoxonium reagents than with sulfonium reagents . Many electron @-@ withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including , , and ( the example below involves a ) . With further conjugated systems 1 @,@ 6 @-@ addition tends to predominate over 1 @,@ 4 @-@ addition . - - = = = Other reactions = = = - - In addition to the reactions originally reported by Johnson , Corey , and Chaykovsky , sulfur ylides have been used for a number of related reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name . - With epoxides and aziridines the reaction serves as a ring @-@ expansion to produce the corresponding or . The long reaction times required for these reactions prevent them from occurring as significant side reactions when epoxides and aziridines . - Several wherein the ylide serves as a " nucleophilic carbenoid equivalent " have been reported . - Living using as the catalyst and ( ) methanide as the have been reported for the synthesis of various complex polymers . - - = = variations = = - - The development of an enantioselective ( i.e. yielding an enantiomeric excess , which is labelled as " ee " ) variant of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction remains an active area of academic research . The use of sulfides in a stoichiometric fashion has proved more successful than the corresponding catalytic variants , but the substrate scope is still limited in all cases . The catalytic variants have been developed almost exclusively for enantioselective purposes ; typical reagents are not expensive and the reactions can be carried out with amounts of ylide without raising costs significantly . sulfides , on the other hand , are more costly to prepare , spurring the advancement of catalytic enantioselective methods . - - = = = reagents = = = - - The most successful reagents employed in a stoichiometric fashion are shown below . The first is a that has been employed in the synthesis of the β @-@ compound ( ) but is limited by the availability of only one of the reagent . The synthesis of the axial is via the 1 @,@ 3 @-@ effect which reduces the of the equatorial lone pair . The conformation of the ylide is limited by strain and approach of the aldehyde is limited to one face of the ylide by interactions with the methyl . - The other major reagent is a camphor @-@ derived reagent developed by Aggarwal of the University of Bristol . Both are easily synthesized , although the yields are lower than for the reagent . The ylide conformation is determined by interaction with the bridgehead and approach of the aldehyde is blocked by the camphor . The reaction employs a base to promote formation of the ylide . - - = = = reagents = = = - - reagents have been less successful , with most variations suffering from poor yield , poor , or both . There are also issues with substrate scope , most having limitations with methylene transfer and . The trouble stems from the need for a nucleophilic sulfide that efficiently generates the ylide which can also act as a good leaving group to form the . Since the factors underlying these are at odds , tuning of the catalyst properties has proven difficult . below are several of the most successful along with the yields and enantiomeric excess for their use in synthesis of ( E ) oxide . - Aggarwal has developed an alternative method employing the same sulfide as above and a novel involving a carbenoid formed in situ . The method too has limited substrate scope , failing for any possessing basic due to competitive consumption of the carbenoid . - - - = Treaty of Ciudad Juárez = - - The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico , Porfirio Díaz , and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21 , 1911 . The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution . - The treaty stipulated that Díaz , as well as his vice president Ramón Corral , were to step down by the end of May , and that he was to be replaced by Francisco León de la Barra as interim president and hold presidential elections . Those who had suffered losses due to the revolution would be the , and there would be a general amnesty . Díaz resigned on May 25 , and interim president Francisco León de la Barra was the new incumbent . Díaz and his family , his vice president Corral , plus José Yves Limantour and left Mexico for exile . - , the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that Madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions . It also left the state essentially intact . Additionally , Madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts , staffed by the old judges , a decision that led to outbreaks of sporadic violence , particularly in rural areas . - On June 7 , 1911 , Madero entered Mexico City . In October 1911 he was elected president , under the banner of the , along with José María , his new running mate as vice @-@ president . Madero pushed aside Francisco Gómez , the vice presidential candidate for the Anti @-@ Party in 1910 , as being too moderate . - - = = Military developments leading up to the treaty = = - - The rebellion against the government of Porfirio Díaz broke out in late 1910 , after Díaz had his rival Francisco Madero imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election . Madero 's earlier vague promises of agrarian reforms had attracted many supporters . He himself escaped from prison and fled to Texas , from where he issued his famous Plan of San Luis . This manifesto called for an armed uprising against the and establishment of free and democratic elections . As a response to Madero 's proclamation , violent clashes began throughout Mexico in November 1910 . - In the Guerrero district of Chihuahua , Pascual Orozco attacked Federal troops and sent dead soldiers ' clothing back to Díaz with the message , " van las , " ( " Here are the , send me more . " ) He then began operations which threatened Ciudad Juárez . Additionally , political support for Madero 's rebellion came from Abraham González , who accepted the Plan of San Luis . - At roughly the same time , agrarian unrest in the state of Morelos turned into a full blown rebellion under the leadership of the Zapata brothers , and . - - = = = Orozco and Villa take Ciudad Juárez = = = - - Encouraged by the news of the uprisings , Madero crossed the border back into Mexico in February 1911 . He was joined by Villa and Orozco and in April the army began approaching Ciudad Juárez . Orozco and Villa led the way with 500 men each , while Madero followed up with 1 @,@ 500 riders . The city was besieged by the end of the month , after Madero 's army encountered some resistance in the countryside . Madero asked the commander of the city 's garrison to surrender but the latter refused , hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived . Concerned also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the United States which could provoke an outside intervention , and faced with a series of peace proposals from Díaz , Madero hesitated in attacking the city . He in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege . Orozco , however the order and , joined by Villa , attacked . After two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrectionists . Madero intervened personally to spare the life of the city 's commander , Gen. Navarro , whom both Orozco and Villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel . This , coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by Madero in his political appointments , outraged and estranged them from him . - - = = = Zapata in south and central Mexico = = = - - At about the same time that Villa and Orozco were marching on Ciudad Juárez , the revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of Puebla , , Mexico , Michoacán and Guerrero . On April 14 , Madero had Zapata officially designated as his representative in the region . However , Zapata was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns in Morelos by the time that Madero concluded negotiations with Díaz , the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of Morelos would be ignored or sidelined . Zapata 's first military action was to take the town of where he obtained essential supplies . Subsequently Zapata , for political and strategic reasons , decided to attack the city of Cuautla . In order to mislead his opponents however , he initially attacked and captured the towns of de ( which was subsequently by federal forces ) and . From there he made a wide circle around Cuautla and captured and where he gathered more supplies , munitions and soldiers . By May , out of all the major urban centers in the region , only Cuautla and the capital of Morelos , , remained outside of his control . - Zapata began the attack on Cuautla on May 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so @-@ called " Golden Fifth " ; the Fifth Cavalry Regiment of the Federal Army . The battle took almost a week and has been described as " six of the most terrible days of battle in the whole Revolution " . It consisted of house to house fighting , hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , and no quarter given by either side . General Huerta arrived in nearby with 600 reinforcements , but decided not to come to the relief of Cuautla as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence . On May 19 , the remains of the " Golden Fifth " pulled out of the town which was then occupied by Zapata 's soldiers . - The successful capture of Cuautla made Zapata a hero to ordinary people throughout Mexico and new were written about him . After Zapata 's taking of Cuautla , the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas . Porfirio Díaz himself later stated that , while he felt that he could defend against Villa and Orozco in Chihuahua , the fall of Cuautla was the event which persuaded him to agree to peace with Madero . - - = = The compromise = = - - As early as March 1911 , Madero 's representatives met in New York with Díaz 's finance minister , José Yves Limantour , and the Mexican ambassador to the US in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides . Limantour proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries , the resignation of the then vice president Ramón Corral , the replacement of four Díaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by Madero , and the establishment of the principle of " no @-@ reelection " which would prevent Díaz from seeking yet another term as president ( which would have been his ninth ) . Madero responded positively although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by Díaz . - Faced with the siege of Ciudad Juárez and the outbreak of rebellion in Morelos , Díaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a " peace offensive " aimed at Madero . This was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the Díaz regime ( the ) and the financial elite , which represented a " moderate " wing within the government . Some among the in fact , expected that Zapata would soon march on Mexico City itself , unless peace was concluded with Madero . - The moderate view within the Díaz government was represented by Jorge Estañol who in a to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two taking place in Mexico : a political revolution , based mostly in the north , whose aim was mostly to establish free elections and remove Díaz himself from power , and a social revolution whose aim was " anarchy " which was spreading throughout the Mexican countryside . Estañol recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries , by agreeing to the principle of no re @-@ election and a general amnesty , in order to prevent the second group from succeeding . In addition to his fear of " anarchy " , Estañol was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the United States . - Estañol 's views represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprisings , as exemplified by those of Zapata , which were throughout Mexico . Limantour , who broadly agreed with Estañol , had the support of the Mexican , who feared the of Mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest , as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with Madero if it would put an end to the agrarian uprisings . - These social group were in turn opposed by the more reactionary elements within Díaz 's government , mostly concentrated in the federal army , who though that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force . This faction was represented by General Huerta , who would later carry out an attempted coup d 'état against Madero . Likewise , the general , and potential successor to Díaz , Bernardo Reyes stated in a letter to Limantour that " the repression ( against the insurrectionists ) should be carried out with the energy , punishing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle " . In the end however , Díaz dismissed the advice from his generals as " @-@ like " and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution . Limantour had finally managed to persuade him to resign . - At the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels . The " left wing " of the revolutionary movement , represented by Zapata and Orozco ( Villa for the time being tended to support Madero ) , warned against any possible compromises with Díaz . In the end their suspicions proved correct as the treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle . - - = = The treaty 's terms = = - - The most significant point of the treaty was that Porfirio Díaz , and his vice president , Ramón Corral , resign and that de la Barra , acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible . - Additionally , the treaty stipulated that : - An amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared , with the option for some of them to apply for membership in the . - The revolutionary forces were to be as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in Mexico . This was in order to appease the army , which had opposed a compromise with Madero . - Madero and his supporters had the right to name fourteen provisional state governors , and to approve la Barra 's cabinet . - were to be established for relatives of the soldiers who had died fighting the rebels . - and judges , as well as state legislators , that had been appointed or " elected " under Díaz were to retain their offices . - - = = and results = = - - The treaty was signed on May 21 . Díaz resigned accordingly on May 25 . Francisco de la Barra became the interim president . Madero entered Mexico City on June 7 . - Zapata however refused to recognize the interim government of de la Barra , and for the time being the fighting in Morelos continued . Madero met with Zapata on several occasions during June . While initially Zapata trusted Madero , with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of " his revolution " were not being fulfilled . He was particularly angry that Madero did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform , or the breakup of large . Additionally , the press in Mexico City , controlled by the landowners began referring to Zapata as a bandit and federal generals , such as Huerta , continued attacking his troops under the pretext that Zapata failed to in violation of the treaty . fighting in southern Mexico continued . In November 1911 , shortly after Madero 's inauguration , Zapata issued the famous Plan of , in which the denounced Madero and instead recognized Pascual Orozco as the rightful president and leader of the revolution . - Madero also earned the great of other revolutionaries , including , Pascual Orozco . Madero 's first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the Díaz regime . As a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la Barra cabinet . He chose mostly upper class , including his wife for the post in the treasury . He also maintained the existing federal system , by keeping the sitting judges of the Supreme Court , the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the of the various federal agencies . , who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of Mexico , stated that , after the treaty , Madero had " deliver ( ed ) to the a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again " . Díaz , after leaving for exile in France , observed that " Madero has unleashed a tiger , let us see if he can control him " . - Orozco , who saw himself as being instrumental in Madero 's victory over Díaz , was merely appointed as a commander of the in Chihuahua , which increased his resentment . When he tried to run for governor of the state , Madero supported his opponent , Abraham González and eventually pressured Orozco to drop out of the race . When , in the aftermath of the Plan of , Madero ordered Orozco to lead federal troops to suppress Zapata , Orozco refused . In March 1912 , Orozco issued his Plan of and formally declared himself in rebellion against Madero . - - - = The Feast of the Goat = - - The Feast of the Goat ( Spanish : La fiesta del chivo , 2000 ) is a novel by the Peruvian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa . The book is set in the Dominican Republic and portrays the assassination of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo , and its aftermath , from two distinct standpoints a generation apart : during and immediately after the assassination itself , in May 1961 ; and thirty five years later , in 1996 . Throughout , there is also extensive reflection on the of the dictatorship , in the 1950s , and its significance for the island and its inhabitants . - The novel follows three interwoven storylines . The first concerns a woman , Urania Cabral , who is back in the Dominican Republic , after a long absence , to visit her ailing father ; she ends up recalling incidents from her youth and recounting a long @-@ held secret to her aunt and cousins . The second story line focuses on the last day in Trujillo 's life from the moment he wakes up onwards , and shows us the regime 's inner circle , to which Urania 's father once belonged . The third depicts Trujillo 's assassins , many of whom had previously been government loyalists , as they wait for his car late that night ; after the assassination , this story line shows us the assassins ' persecution . Each aspect of the book 's plot reveals a different viewpoint on the Dominican Republic 's political and social environment , past and present . - are shown the regime 's downward spiral , Trujillo 's assassination , and its aftermath through the eyes of , conspirators , and a middle @-@ aged woman looking back . The novel is therefore a portrait of dictatorial power , including its psychological effects , and its long @-@ term impact . The novel 's themes include the nature of power and corruption , and their relationship to machismo and sexual perversion in a hierarchical society with strongly gendered roles . Memory , and the process of remembering , is also an important theme , especially in Urania 's narrative as she recalls her youth in the Dominican Republic . Her story ( and the book as a whole ) ends when she recounts the terrible events that led to her leaving the country at the age of 14 . The book itself serves as a reminder of the atrocities of dictatorship , to ensure that the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . - Vargas Llosa fictional elements and historical events : the book is not a documentary , and the Cabral family , for instance , is completely fictional . On the other hand , the characters of Trujillo and Trujillo 's assassins are drawn from the historical record ; Vargas Llosa real historical incidents of brutality and oppression into these people 's stories , to further illuminate the nature of the regime and the responses it provoked . In Vargas Llosa 's words , " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . [ . . . ] I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " - The Feast of the Goat received largely positive reviews , with several reviewers commenting on the book 's depiction of the relationship between sexuality and power , and on the graphic descriptions of violent events . - A film version of the novel was released in 2005 , starring Isabella , Paul Freeman , and Tomas . Jorge Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003 . - - = = Background = = - - The Feast of the Goat is only the second of Vargas Llosa 's novels to be set outside Peru ( the first being The War of the End of the World ) . It is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist : as critic Lynn writes of the leading character in The Feast of the Goat , and also Vargas Llosa 's subsequent book The Way to Paradise , " both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels " . - The novel examines the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republic . Trujillo was , in historian Eric 's words , " a towering influence in Dominican and Caribbean history " who presided over " one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century " during the thirty @-@ one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961 . Trujillo had trained with the United States Marine Corps during the United States occupation of the island , and graduated from the Military Academy in 1921 . After the U.S. departed in 1924 , he became head of the Dominican National Police which , under his command , was transformed into the Dominican National Army and Trujillo 's personal " virtually autonomous power base " . - Trujillo was officially dictator only from 1930 to 1938 , and from 1942 to 1952 , but remained in effective power throughout the entire period . Though his regime was broadly nationalist , Daniel comments that he had " no particular ideology " and that his economic and social policies were basically progressive . - The novel 's title is taken from the popular Dominican merengue al chivo ( " They the Goat " ) , which refers to Trujillo 's assassination on May 30 , 1961 . is a style of music created by in the 1920s and actively promoted by Trujillo himself ; it is now considered the country 's national music . Cultural critics Julie Sellers and Stephen comment about this particular merengue that , by the dictator as an animal who could be turned into a ( as frequently happened with goats struck down on the Dominican Republic 's highways ) , the song " gave those performing , listening to and dancing to this merengue a sense of control over him and over themselves that they had not experienced for over three decades . " Vargas Llosa quotes the lyrics to al chivo at the beginning of the novel . - - = = Plot summary = = - - The novel 's narrative is divided into three distinct strands . One is centred on Urania Cabral , a fictional Dominican character ; another deals with the conspirators involved in Trujillo 's assassination ; and the third focuses on Trujillo himself . The novel alternates between these storylines , and also jumps back and forth from 1961 to 1996 , with frequent flashbacks to periods earlier in Trujillo 's regime . - The Feast of the Goat begins with the return of Urania to her hometown of Santo Domingo , a city which had been renamed Ciudad Trujillo during Trujillo 's time in power . This storyline is largely introspective and deals with Urania 's memories and her inner turmoil over the events preceding her departure from the Dominican Republic thirty @-@ five years earlier . Urania escaped the crumbling Trujillo regime in 1961 by claiming she planned to study under the tutelage of nuns in Michigan . In the following decades , she becomes a prominent and successful New York lawyer . She finally returns to the Dominican Republic in 1996 , on a whim , and finds herself compelled to confront her father and elements of her past she has long ignored . As Urania speaks to her ailing father , Agustin Cabral , she recalls more and more of the anger and disgust that led to her thirty @-@ five years of silence . Urania retells her father 's descent into political disgrace , and the betrayal that forms the of both Urania 's storyline and that of Trujillo himself . - The second and third storylines are set in 1961 , in the weeks prior to and following Trujillo 's assassination on 30 May . Each assassin has his own background story , explaining his motivation for his involvement in the assassination plot . Each has been by Trujillo and his regime , by torture and brutality , or through assaults on their pride , their religious faith , their morality , or their loved ones . Vargas Llosa the tale of the men as memories recalled on the night of Trujillo 's death , as the conspirators lie in wait for " The Goat " . with these stories are the actions of other famous of the time : Joaquín Balaguer , the puppet president ; Johnny Abbes García , the merciless head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) ; and various others — some real , some of historical figures , and some purely fictional . - The third storyline is concerned with the thoughts and motives of Rafael Trujillo Molina himself . The chapters concerning The Goat recall the major events of his time , including the slaughter of thousands of Dominican Haitians in 1937 . They also deal with the Dominican Republic 's tense international relationships during the Cold War , especially with the United States under the presidency of John F. Kennedy , and Cuba under Castro . Vargas Llosa also speculates upon Trujillo 's innermost thoughts and paints a picture of a man whose physical body is failing him . Trujillo is tormented by and impotence ; and this storyline intersects with Urania 's narrative when it is revealed that Urania was sexually assaulted by Trujillo . He is unable to achieve an erection with Urania , and in frustration and anger he rapes her with his hands . This event is the core of Urania 's shame , and her hatred towards her father . In addition , it is the cause of Trujillo 's repeated anger over the " little " that witnessed his impotence and emotion , and the reason he is en route to sleep with another girl on the night of his assassination . - In the novel 's final chapters , the three storylines intersect with increasing frequency . The tone of these chapters is especially dark as they deal primarily with the horrific torture and death of the assassins at the hands of the SIM , the failure of the coup , the rape of Urania , and the concessions made to Trujillo 's most vicious supporters allowing them to enact their horrific revenge on the conspirators and then escape the country . The book ends as Urania prepares to return home , determined this time to keep in touch with her family back on the island . - - = = Characters = = - - - = = = Modern day = = = - - Urania Cabral and her father Agustín Cabral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the novel . In the year 1996 , Urania returns to the Dominican Republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 . She is a successful New York lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to overcome the of her childhood , a goal she pursues through an academic fascination with Trujillo and Dominican history . Urania is deeply troubled by the events of her past , and is compelled to confront her father Agustín about his role in those events . Urania visits her father , finding him weakened by age and a severe stroke , so much so that he is barely able to respond physically to her presence , let alone speak . Agustín listens as Urania recounts his past as " Cabral " , a high @-@ ranking member of Trujillo 's inner circle , and his drastic fall from grace . Urania details Agustín 's role in the events that led to her rape by the Dominican leader , and to her subsequent lifetime of celibacy and emotional trauma . Agustín 's character in the modern day portion of the novel serves primarily as a sounding board for Urania 's of the Trujillo era and the events that surrounded both Agustín Cabral 's disgrace and Urania 's escape from the country . His responses are minimal and non @-@ vocal , despite the of Urania 's accusations and the of his own actions during Trujillo 's reign . - - = = = The Trujillo regime = = = - - Rafael Trujillo , known also as The Goat , The Chief , and The , is a fictionalized character based on the real dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official President of the Republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 . In The Feast of the Goat , Vargas Llosa imagines the innermost thoughts of the dictator , and retells The Goat 's last hours from his own perspective . Trujillo 's character struggles with aging and the physical problems of and impotence . Through fictional events and first person narrative , the reader is given insight into the man who , during his " thirty @-@ one years of political crimes " , modernized the country 's infrastructure and military , but whose regime 's attacks against its enemies overseas ( particularly the attempted assassination of , president of Venezuela ) led to the imposition of economic sanctions on the Dominican Republic by the Organization of American States in the 1950s . The resultant economic downturn , in conjunction with other factors , leads to the CIA supported assassination plot that ends Trujillo 's life on May 30 , 1961 . - Trujillo 's regime is supported by Johnny Abbes García , the head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) , a brutal man to whom many " , ... executions , ... sudden falls into disgrace " are attributed . Abbes and his intelligence officers are notorious for their cruelty , particularly their habit of killing dissidents by throwing them into shark @-@ infested waters . Colonel Abbes " may be the devil , but he 's useful to the Chief ; everything bad is attributed to him and only the good to Trujillo " . Trujillo 's son , Ramfis Trujillo , is a loyal supporter of the Chief . After unsuccessful attempts at schooling in the United States , Ramfis returns to the Dominican Republic to serve in his father 's military . He is a well @-@ known . Upon Trujillo 's death , Ramfis seeks revenge , even going so far as to torture and kill his uncle by marriage , General Jose Roman , for his part in the assassination conspiracy . - Joaquín Balaguer , Trujillo 's puppet president is also a supporter , and initially his seemingly character holds no real power . Following Trujillo 's death , the calm and of Balaguer bring about real change in his character , and General comments that " this insignificant man whom everyone had always considered a mere clerk , a purely decorative figure in the regime , began to acquire surprising authority " . It is Balaguer who guides much of the action in the last sections of the book . - - = = = = = = - - The storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four conspirators who directly participate in Trujillo 's death . Antonio Imbert is one of the few conspirators who survives the violent that follow Trujillo 's assassination . Imbert is a politician who becomes disillusioned with the deception and cruelty of the Trujillo regime . His first plan to kill Trujillo was by the unsuccessful attempted overthrow of the regime by Cuban paramilitary forces . Now convinced of the difficulty of his task , Imbert joins the other conspirators in plotting Trujillo 's death . Among the others is Antonio de la Maza , one of Trujillo 's personal guards . Antonio 's brother is killed as part of a government cover @-@ up and Antonio swears revenge upon Trujillo . Salvador , known as " Turk " , is a devout Catholic who , in at the regime 's many crimes against God , swears an oath against Trujillo . Turk eventually turns himself in for fear that the regime was his family . Both Turk and his innocent brother are then tortured for months . His father remains loyal to Trujillo and Turk to his face . Despite all of this , Turk refuses to commit suicide and does not lose faith in God . He is later executed by Ramfis and other high level government men . Turk 's close friend , García Guerrero , known as Amadito , is a Lieutenant in the army who gave up his beloved as proof of his loyalty to Trujillo , and then later was forced to kill her brother to prove himself to Trujillo . Amadito 's disgust with himself and disillusionment with the regime lead to his decision to help to kill Trujillo . Following the assassination he hides out with de la Maza and dies fighting . In the aftermath of the assassination , Amadito and Antonio de la Maza choose to fight the members of SIM who come to arrest them , to die in battle rather than be captured and tortured . - - = = Major themes = = - - The Feast of the Goat 's major themes include political corruption , machismo , memory , and writing and power . Olga Lorenzo , reviewer for The Melbourne Age , suggests that overall Vargas Llosa 's aim is to reveal the irrational forces of Latin tradition that give rise to . - - = = = Political corruption = = = - - The structure of Dominican society was hierarchical , with strongly gendered roles . Rafael Trujillo , the ruler , was a cruel dictator who haunts the people of Santo Domingo even 35 years after his death . He is a true , ruling with brutality and corruption . He creates a personality cult in his capitalist society and encourages within his regime . Prior to promotion to a position of responsibility , an officer is required to pass a " test of loyalty " . His people are to remain loyal to him all cost , and are periodically tested by public humiliation and even though acts of were rare . Trujillo women and children as an expression of political and sexual power , and in some cases takes the wife or child of his lieutenants , many of whom still remain loyal . Even the church and military institutions are employed to give women to the for pleasure . - Many of the assassins had belonged to the Trujillo regime or had at one point been its staunch supporters , only to find their support for him eroded by the state 's crimes against its people . Imbert , one of the assassins , sums up this realization in a comment prompted by the murder of the Mirabal sisters : " They kill our fathers , our brothers , our friends . And now they 're killing our women . And here we sit , resigned , waiting our turn . " In an interview , Vargas Llosa describes the corruption and brutality of Trujillo 's regime : " He had more or less all the common traits of a Latin American dictator , but pushed to the extreme . In cruelty , I think he went far far away from the rest — and in corruption , too . " - - = = = = = = - - According to literary scholar Peter Anthony , the two important components of machismo are aggressive behaviour and hyper @-@ sexuality . behaviour is exhibited by displays of power and strength , while hyper @-@ sexuality is revealed through sexual activity with as many partners as possible . These two components shape the portrayal of Trujillo and his regime in The Feast of the Goat . As Lorenzo observes , Vargas Llosa " reveals traditions of machismo , of abusive fathers , and of child @-@ rearing practices that repeat the of children , so that each generation a withering of the soul to the subsequent one . " - In a display of both aspects of machismo , Trujillo demanded of his aides and cabinet that they provide him with sexual access to their wives and daughters . Mario Vargas Llosa wrote of Trujillo 's machismo and treatment of women , " [ h ] e went to bed with his ministers ' wives , not only because he liked these ladies but because it was a way to test his ministers . He wanted to know if they were ready to accept this extreme humiliation . the ministers were prepared to play this grotesque role — and they remained loyal to Trujillo even after his death . " Trujillo 's sexual conquests and public of his enemies also serve to affirm his political power and machismo . In 's words , " The implication is that maximum equals political dominance . " - Trujillo 's attempted sexual conquest of Urania is an example of both political manipulation of Agustín Cabral and sexual power over young women . However , as Trujillo 's penis remains flaccid throughout the encounter and he is humiliated in front of the young girl , the encounter fails to satisfy his requirements for machismo . - - = = = Memory = = = - - All of the novel 's storylines concern memory in some sense or another . The most apparent confrontation of memory is on the part of Urania Cabral , who has returned to the Dominican Republic for the first time in 30 years , and is forced to confront her father and the that led her to leave the country at 14 . She was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of the dictator himself , a sacrifice her father made to try to gain favor with the dictator again , a fact to which she alludes throughout the book , but which is only revealed at the very end : the book concludes with her recounting the memory of that night to her aunt and cousins , who never knew the true reason she left the country . When her aunt is surprised that she remembers all these details , she responds that while she many things , " I remember everything about that night . " For Urania , forgetting the atrocities committed by the regime is unacceptable . Her father , on the other hand , is not capable of joining her in this process of remembering , since he has suffered a stroke and is not capable of speaking ; however , Urania is angry that he chose to forget these things while he was still capable of acknowledging them . - Memory is also important in the sections of the novel that deal with the assassins . Each recalls the events that led him to take part in the assassination of Trujillo . These incidents included the 1956 kidnapping and murder , the 1960 murder of the Mirabal sisters , and the 1961 split with the Catholic Church . These historical events are used by Vargas Llosa to connect the assassins with specific moments that demonstrate the violence of Trujillo 's regime . Trujillo , too , is shown reflecting on the past , not least his own formation and training at the hands of the US Marines . - But above all Mario Vargas Llosa uses the fictional Urania to facilitate the novel 's attempt at remembering the regime . The novel opens and closes with Urania 's story , effectively framing the narrative in the terms of remembering the past and understanding its legacy in the present . In addition , because of her academic study of the history of the Trujillo regime , Urania is also the memory of the regime for the country as a whole . This is in keeping with one purpose of the book , which is to ensure that the atrocities of the dictatorship and the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . - - = = = Writing and power = = = - - In her treatment of the novel , María Regina Ruiz claims that power gives its the ability to make prohibitions ; prohibitions that are reflected in history , the study of which reveals what is and what is not told . The government 's actions in The Feast of the Goat demonstrate the discourse of prohibition : foreign newspapers and magazines were prohibited from entering Trujillo 's country as they were seen as a threat to the government 's ideas . Mario Vargas Llosa takes part in this discourse by recounting what was prohibited . - Ruiz notes that writing also has the power to transform reality . It brings the reader back to the past , allowing the reader to comprehend myths or distorted stories told by historians . Ruiz contends that knowing the past is crucial to one 's understanding of the present that takes us to , and argues that The Feast of the Goat can thus be seen as a discourse that gives power to history recreation . - The construction of surrounding the events of Trujillo 's regime allow a degree of freedom from the that took places . Author Julia Alvarez contends that these events can " only finally be understood by fiction , only finally be by the imagination " , while Richard Patterson claims that Vargas Llosa " , and to a large degree " Trujillo and his brutal reign through use of narrative structure . Vargas Llosa 's writing acts as a force for this period in history . - - = = and fiction = = - - The novel is a combination of fact and fiction . together these two elements is important in any historical novel , but especially in The Feast of the Goat because Vargas Llosa chose to narrate an actual event through the minds of both real and fictional characters . Some characters are fictional , and those that are non @-@ fictional still have fictionalized aspects in the book . The general details of the assassination are true , and the assassins are all real people . While they lie in wait for the Dictator to arrive , they actual crimes of the regime , such as the murder of the Mirabal sisters . However , other details are invented by Vargas Llosa , such as Amadito 's murder of the brother of the woman he loved . - Those within the regime are also a mix of fictional characters and real people . President Balaguer is real , but the entire Cabral family is completely fictional . According to , Vargas Llosa " uses history as a starting point in constructing a fictionalized account of Trujillo 's " spiritual colonization " of the Dominican Republic as experienced by one Dominican family . The fictional Cabral family allows Vargas Llosa to show two sides of the Trujillo regime : through Agustin , the reader sees ultimate dedication and sacrifice to the leader of the nation ; through Urania , the violence of the regime and the legacy of pain it left behind . Vargas Llosa also fictionalized the internal thoughts of the characters who were non @-@ fictional , especially those of the Goat himself . According to literary scholar Richard Patterson , " Vargas Llosa 's expands all the way into the very " dark area " of Trujillo 's consciousness ( as the storyteller to conceive it ) . " - Vargas Llosa also built an image of the regime with the troubled historical events . With regard to the historical accuracy of the book , Vargas Llosa has said " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . The only limitation I imposed on myself was that I was not going to anything that couldn 't have happened within the framework of life in the Dominican Republic . I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - The realist style of The Feast of the Goat is recognized by some reviewers as being a break from a more allegorical approach to the dictator novel . The novel received largely positive reviews , most of which were willing to accept sacrifices of historical accuracy in favour of good storytelling . - A common comment on the novel is the graphic nature of the many acts of torture and murder which are depicted in the novel . Vargas lets the reader see the of an oppressive regime with a degree of detail not often used by his in Latin American literature , as Michael Wood suggests in the London Review of Books : " Vargas Llosa ... tells us far more about the details of day @-@ to @-@ day intrigue , and the , sadistic of torture and murder . " Walter Kirn of the New York Times suggests that the " scenes of dungeon and torture sessions " cast other aspects of the novel in a pale light , draining them of their significance and impact . Similarly , Kirn implies that the " narrative machinery " mentioned by Wood as being somewhat unwieldy also produces a largely superfluous storyline . The plot line centered on Urania Cabral is described by as being an emotional centre that focuses the novel , and Wood agrees that her confrontations with past demons hold the readers attention . In contrast , Kirn 's review states that Urania 's segments are " and atmospheric ... [ and ] seem to be on loan from another sort of book . " - Most reviews of The Feast of the Goat make either indirect of direct reference to the relationship between sexuality and power . Salon reviewer Laura Miller , writer for The Observer Jonathan , Walter Kirn , and Michael Wood each detail the connection between Trujillo 's gradual loss of ultimate control , both over his body and his followers . The means by which Trujillo reinforces political power through sexual acts and begins to lose personal conviction as his body fails him are topics of frequent discussion among reviewers . - In 2011 Bernard , author of the 1978 non @-@ fiction book Trujillo . The Death of the Goat , accused Vargas @-@ Llosa of plagiarism . - - = = Adaptations = = - - An English @-@ language film adaptation of the novel was made in 2005 , directed by Luis Llosa , Mario Vargas Llosa 's cousin . It stars Isabella as Urania Cabral , Paul Freeman as her father Agustin , Stephanie as and Tomas as Rafael Trujillo . It was filmed in both the Dominican Republic and in Spain . Reviewing the film for the trade paper Variety , critic Jonathan Holland called it " less a feast than a somewhat rushed , but thoroughly enjoyable , three @-@ course meal " , commenting that the main difference from the source novel was the sacrifice of psychological nuance . - The novel has also been adapted for the stage , by Jorge Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana , directed by Jorge Triana : the play was put on ( in Spanish , but with simultaneous translation to English ) at ( / chivo ) in New York in 2003 ; and the production moved to Lima in 2007 . A feature of the novel 's stage version is that the same actor plays both Agustin Cabral and Rafael Trujillo . For reviewer Bruce Weber , this makes the point " that Trujillo 's control of the nation depended on collaborators " . - - - = Charles Eaton ( RAAF officer ) = - - Charles Eaton , OBE , AFC ( 21 December 1895 – 12 November 1979 ) was a senior officer and in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , who later served as a diplomat . Born in London , he joined the British Army upon the outbreak of World War I and saw action on the Western Front before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 . as a bomber pilot to No. 206 Squadron , he was twice captured by German forces , and twice escaped . Eaton left the military in 1920 and worked in India until moving to Australia in 1923 . Two years later he joined the RAAF , serving initially as an instructor at No. 1 Flying Training School . Between 1929 and 1931 , he was chosen to lead three expeditions to search for lost aircraft in Central Australia , gaining national attention and earning the Air Force Cross for his " zeal and devotion to duty " . - In 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Eaton became the inaugural commanding officer of No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron at the newly established RAAF Station Darwin in Northern Australia . Promoted group captain the following year , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1942 . He took command of No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , Northern Territory , in 1943 , and was mentioned in despatches during operations in the South West Pacific . from the RAAF in December 1945 , Eaton took up diplomatic posts in the Dutch East Indies , heading a United Nations commission as Consul @-@ General during the Indonesian National Revolution . He returned to Australia in 1950 , and served in Canberra for a further two years . known as " Moth " Eaton , he was a farmer in later life , and died in 1979 at the age of 83 . He is commemorated by several memorials in the Northern Territory . - - = = Early life and World War I = = - - Charles Eaton was born on 21 December 1895 in Lambeth , London , the son of William Walpole Eaton , a , and his wife Grace . in , Charles worked in Town Council from the age of fourteen , before joining the London Regiment upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . Attached to a bicycle company in the 24th Battalion of the 47th Division , he arrived at the Western Front in March 1915 . He took part in trench bombing missions and attacks on enemy lines of communication , seeing action in the Battles of Ridge , , , and the Somme . - On 14 May 1915 , Eaton transferred to the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , undergoing initial pilot training at Oxford . While he was landing his Maurice at the end of his first solo flight , another student collided with him and was killed , but Eaton emerged . He was commissioned in August and was awarded his wings in October . Ranked lieutenant , he served with No. 110 Squadron , which operated " Elephant " fighters out of , defending London against airships . to the newly formed Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in April 1918 , he was posted the following month to France flying single @-@ engined bombers with No. 206 Squadron . On 29 June , he was shot down behind enemy lines and captured in the vicinity of . in prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , Germany , Eaton escaped but was recaptured and court @-@ , after which he was kept in solitary confinement . He later effected another escape and succeeded in rejoining his squadron in the final days of the war . - - = = Between the wars = = - - Eaton remained in the RAF following the cessation of hostilities . He married Godfrey in St. Thomas 's church at Shepherd 's Bush , London , on 11 January 1919 . to No. 1 Squadron , he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between London and Paris , ferrying delegates to and from the Peace Conference at Versailles . Eaton was sent to India in December to undertake aerial survey work , including the first such survey of the Himalayas . He resigned from the RAF in July 1920 , remaining in India to take up employment with the Imperial Forest Service . After successfully applying for a position with the Queensland Service , he and his family migrated to Australia in 1923 . Moving to South , Victoria , he enlisted as a flying officer in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) at Laverton on 14 August 1925 . He was posted to No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Point Cook , as a flight instructor , where he became known as a strict disciplinarian who " trained his pilots well " . Here Eaton acquired his nickname of " Moth " , the Air Force 's basic trainer at this time being the De Havilland DH.60 Moth . Promoted flight lieutenant in February 1928 , he flew a Moth in the 1929 East @-@ West Air Race from Sydney to Perth , as part of the celebrations for the Western Australia Centenary ; he was the sixth competitor across the line , after fellow RFC veteran Jerry . - Regarded as one of the RAAF 's most skilful cross @-@ country pilots and , Eaton came to public attention as leader of three military expeditions to find lost aircraft in Central Australia between 1929 and 1931 . In April 1929 , he coordinated the Air Force 's part in the search for aviators Keith Anderson and Bob Hitchcock , missing in their aircraft the Kookaburra while themselves looking for Charles Smith and Charles Ulm , who had force landed the Southern Cross in north Western Australia during a flight from Sydney . Three of the RAAF 's five " ancient " went down in the search — though all crews escaped injury — including Eaton 's , which experienced what he labelled " a good crash " on 21 April near Tennant Creek after the engine 's melted . The same day , Captain Lester Brain , flying a aircraft , located the wreck of the Kookaburra in the Desert , approximately 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east @-@ south @-@ east of Wave Hill . Setting out from Wave Hill on 23 April , Eaton led a ground party across rough terrain that reached the crash site four days later and buried the crew , who had perished of thirst and exposure . Not a particularly religious man , he recalled that after the burial he saw a perfect cross formed by cloud in an otherwise clear blue sky above the Kookaburra . The Air Board described the RAAF 's search as taking 240 hours flying time " under the most trying conditions ... where a forced landing meant certain crash " . In November 1930 , Eaton was selected to lead another expedition for a missing aircraft near Rock , but it was called off soon afterwards when the pilot showed up in Alice Springs . The next month , he was ordered to search for and , who had disappeared in the biplane Golden Quest 2 while attempting to discover 's Reef . a total of four DH.60 , the RAAF team located the missing men near Creek on 7 January 1931 , and they were rescued four days later by a ground party accompanied by Eaton . in nearby Alice Springs , he recommended a site for the town 's new airfield , which was approved and has remained in use since its construction . - Eaton was awarded the Air Force Cross on 10 March 1931 " in recognition of his zeal and devotion to duty in conducting flights to Central Australia in search of missing aviators " . The media called him the " ' Knight ' of the desert skies " . Aside from his crash landing in the desert while searching for the Kookaburra , Eaton had another narrow escape in 1929 when he was test flying the Wackett I with Sergeant Eric Douglas . Having purposely put the biplane trainer into a spin and finding no response in the controls when he tried to recover , Eaton called on Douglas to bail out . When Douglas stood up to do so , the spin stopped , apparently due to his torso changing the over the tail plane . Eaton then managed to land the aeroplane , he and his passenger both badly shaken by the experience . In December 1931 , he was posted to No. 1 Aircraft Depot at Laverton , where he continued to fly as well as performing administrative work . Promoted squadron leader in 1936 , he undertook a clandestine mission around the new year to scout for suitable landing grounds in the Dutch East Indies , primarily Timor and Ambon . civilian clothes , he and his companion were arrested and held for three days by local authorities in , Dutch Timor . Eaton was appointed commanding officer ( CO ) of No. 21 Squadron in May 1937 , one of his first tasks being to undertake another aerial search in Central Australia , this time for Sir Herbert , who was subsequently discovered alive and well . Later that year , Eaton presided over the court of inquiry into the crash of a Hawker Demon biplane in Victoria , recommending a gallantry award for William , who had leapt into the Demon 's burning wreckage in an effort to rescue its pilot ; subsequently received the Albert Medal for his heroism . - Following a 1937 decision to establish the first north Australian RAAF base , in April 1938 Eaton , now on the headquarters staff of RAAF Station Laverton , and Wing Commander George Jones , Director of Personnel Services at RAAF Headquarters , began developing plans for the new station , to be commanded by Jones , and a new squadron that would be based there , led by Eaton . The next month they flew an Avro on an inspection tour of Darwin , Northern Territory , site of the proposed base . meant that No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron was not formed until 6 February 1939 at Laverton . Jones had by now moved on to another posting but Eaton took up the squadron 's command as planned . Promoted to wing commander on 1 March , he and his equipment officer , Flying Officer , were ordered to build up the unit as quickly as possible , and established an initial complement of fourteen officers and 120 airmen , plus four Ansons and four Demons , within a week . An advance party of thirty NCOs and airmen under began moving to Darwin on 1 July . Staff were initially accommodated in a former built during World War I , and life at the newly established air base had a " distinctly raw , pioneering feel about it " according to historian Chris Coulthard @-@ Clark . , though , was high . On 31 August , No. 12 Squadron launched its first patrol over the Darwin area , flown by one of seven Ansons that had so far been delivered . These were augmented by a flight of four CAC Wirraways ( replacing the originally planned force of Demons ) that took off from Laverton on 2 September , the day before Australia declared war , and arrived in Darwin four days later . A fifth in the flight crashed on landing at Darwin , killing both crewmen . - - = = World War II = = - - Once war was declared , Darwin began to receive more attention from military planners . In June 1940 , No. 12 Squadron was " " to form two additional units , Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin and No. 13 Squadron . No. 12 Squadron retained its flight , while its two flights of Ansons went to the new squadron ; these were replaced later that month by more capable Lockheed . Eaton was appointed CO of the base , gaining promotion to temporary group captain in September . His squadrons were employed in escort , maritime reconnaissance , and coastal patrol duties , the aircraft having to be sent to RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , after every 240 hours flying time — with a consequent three @-@ week loss from Darwin 's strength — as deep maintenance was not yet possible in the Northern Territory . Soon after the establishment of Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin , Minister for Air James visited the base . his own light plane , he was greeted by four Wirraways that proceeded to escort him into landing ; the Minister subsequently complimented Eaton on the " keen @-@ ness and efficiency of all ranks " , particularly considering the challenging environment . When died in the Canberra air disaster shortly afterwards , his pilot was Flight Lieutenant Robert Hitchcock , son of Bob Hitchcock of the Kookaburra and also a former member of Eaton 's No. 21 Squadron . - As senior air commander in the region , Eaton sat on the Darwin Defence Co @-@ ordination Committee . He was occasionally at with his naval counterpart , Captain Thomas , and also incurred the ire of trade unionists when he used RAAF staff to ships in Port Darwin during industrial action ; Eaton himself took part in the work , coal alongside his men . On 25 February 1941 , he made a flight north to reconnoitre Timor , Ambon , and in Dutch New Guinea for potential use by the RAAF in any Pacific conflict . By April , the total strength based at RAAF Station Darwin had increased to almost 700 officers and airmen ; by the following month it had been augmented by satellite airfields at Bathurst Island , , Batchelor , and Katherine . over command of Darwin to Group Captain Frederick in October , Eaton took charge of No. 2 Service Flying Training School near , New South Wales . His " marked success " , " energy " , and " in handling men " while in the Northern Territory were recognised in the new year with his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire . Eaton became CO of No. 1 Engineering School and its base , RAAF Station Ascot Vale , Victoria , in April 1942 . Twelve months later in Townsville , Queensland , he formed No. 72 Wing , which subsequently deployed to in Dutch New Guinea , comprising No. 84 Squadron ( flying CAC Boomerang fighters ) , No. 86 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 fighters ) , and No. 12 Squadron ( A @-@ 31 dive bombers ) . His relations with North @-@ Eastern Area Command in Townsville were strained ; " mountains were made out of " in his opinion , and he was reassigned that July to lead No. 2 and School in Port , South Australia . - On 30 November 1943 , Eaton returned to the Northern Territory to establish No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , comprising No. 1 and No. 2 Squadrons ( flying Bristol Beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , No. 31 Squadron ( Bristol Beaufighter long @-@ range fighters ) , and No. 18 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron ( B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers ) . He developed a good relationship with his Dutch personnel , who called him " Charles " ( Uncle Charles ) . Operating under the auspices of North @-@ Western Area Command ( NWA ) , Darwin , Eaton 's forces participated in the New Guinea and North @-@ Western Area Campaigns during 1944 , in which he regularly flew on missions himself . Through March – April , his Beaufighters attacked enemy shipping , while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to Operations and , the invasions of Hollandia and Aitape . On 19 April , he organised a large raid against Su , Dutch Timor , employing thirty @-@ five Mitchells , Beauforts and Beaufighters to destroy the town 's barracks and fuel dumps , the results earning him the personal congratulations of the Air Officer Commanding NWA , Air Vice Marshal " King " Cole , for his " splendid effort " . On the day of the Allied landings , 22 April , the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on Dili , Portuguese Timor . The ground assault met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment in the days leading up to it . In June – July , No. 79 Wing supported the Allied attack on . Eaton was recommended to be mentioned in despatches on 28 October 1944 for his " and distinguished service " in NWA ; this was promulgated in the London Gazette on 9 March 1945 . - his tour with No. 79 Wing , Eaton was appointed Air Officer Commanding Southern Area , Melbourne , in January 1945 . The German submarine U @-@ operated off southern Australia during the first months of 1945 , and the few combat units in Eaton 's command were heavily engaged in anti @-@ submarine patrols which sought to locate this and any other U @-@ boats in the area . The Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command , Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , considered the sporadic attacks to be partly " nuisance value " , designed to draw Allied resources away from the front line of the South West Pacific war . In April , Eaton complained to Bostock that intelligence from British Pacific Fleet concerning its ships ' movements eastwards out of Western Area was hours out of date by the time it was received at Southern Area Command , leading to RAAF aircraft missing their rendezvous and wasting valuable flying hours searching empty ocean . There had been no U @-@ boat strikes since February , and by June the naval authorities indicated that there was no pressing need for air cover except for the most important vessels . - - = = Post @-@ war career and legacy = = - - Eaton retired from the RAAF on 31 December 1945 . In recognition of his war service , he was appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange @-@ Nassau with Swords by the Dutch government on 17 January 1946 . The same month , he became Australian consul in Dili . He had seen an advertisement for the position and was the only with experience of the area . While based there , he accompanied the provincial governor on visits to townships damaged in Allied raids during the war , taking care to be about the part played by his own forces from No. 79 Wing . In July 1947 , Dutch forces launched a " police action " against territory held by the fledgling Indonesian Republic , which had been declared shortly after the end of the war . Following a ceasefire , the United Nations set up a commission , chaired by Eaton as Consul @-@ General , to monitor progress . Eaton and his fellow commissioners believed that the ceasefire was serving the Dutch as a cover for further penetration of republican enclaves . His requests to the Australian government for military observers led to deployment of the first peacekeeping force to the region ; the Australians were soon followed by British and US observers , and enabled Eaton to display a more realistic impression of the situation to the outside world . The Dutch administration strongly opposed the presence of UN forces and accused Eaton of " " , but the Australian government refused to recall him . Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949 , he became Australia 's first secretary and d to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950 , he returned to Australia to serve with the Department of External Affairs in Canberra . After retiring from public service in 1951 , he and his wife farmed at , Victoria , and cultivated orchids . They later moved to , where Eaton was involved in promotional work . - Charles Eaton died in on 12 November 1979 . by his wife and two sons , he was . In accordance with his wishes , his ashes were scattered near Tennant Creek , site of his 1929 forced landing during the search for the Kookaburra , from an RAAF on 15 April 1981 . His name figures prominently in the Northern Territory , commemorated by Lake Eaton in Central Australia , Eaton Place in the Darwin suburb of , Charles Eaton Drive on the approach to Darwin International Airport , and the Charles Moth Eaton Bar in the Tennant Creek Hotel . He is also honoured with a display at the Northern Territory Parliament , and a National Trust memorial at Tennant Creek Airport . At the RAAF 's 2003 History Conference , Air Commodore Mark , recalling Eaton 's search @-@ and @-@ rescue missions between the wars , commented : " Today , we might think of Eaton perhaps as the pioneer of our contribution to assistance to the civil community — a tradition that continues today . Perhaps I might your memory to a more recent series of rescues no less hazardous for all concerned — the amazing location of missing Dubois , and Tony by our P @-@ 3s that guided the Navy to their eventual rescue . My observation is that such activities remain vital for our relevance in that we must remain connected , supportive and responsive to the wants and needs of the Australian community . " - - - = Tina Fey = - - Elizabeth " Tina " Fey ( / / ; born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is best known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 @-@ 2006 ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice @-@ Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 – present ) . She is also well known for appearing in films such as Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . - Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago @-@ based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co @-@ anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co @-@ starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self @-@ help book Queen Bees and . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co @-@ star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her recent films include Sisters and Whiskey . - Fey has received eight Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards and was nominated for a Grammy Award for her autobiographical book , which topped The New York Times Best list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American , becoming the youngest @-@ ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long @-@ time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim . - - = = Early life = = - - Fey was born on May 18 , 1970 , in Upper Darby , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia . Her mother , Zenobia " " ( née ) , is a employee ; her father , Donald Henry Fey ( died 2015 , age 82 ) , was a university grant proposal writer . She has a brother , Peter , who is eight years older . Fey 's mother , who was born in , Greece , is the daughter of Greek immigrants : , Fey 's maternal grandmother , left , , Greece on her own , arriving in the United States in February 1921 . - Fey 's father had English , German , and Northern Irish ancestry ; one of Fey 's paternal great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ was John Hewson ( 1744 – 1821 ) , a textile manufacturer who immigrated to America with the support of Benjamin Franklin , enabling Hewson to quickly open a factory in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . According to a genealogical DNA test arranged by the television series Finding Your Roots , Fey 's ancestry is 94 % European , 3 % Middle Eastern , and 3 % from the . - Fey was exposed to comedy early : - At age 11 , Fey read Joe Franklin 's Seventy Years of Great Film for a school project about comedy . She grew up watching Second City Television , and has cited Catherine O as a role model . - Fey attended @-@ Elementary School and Beverly Hills Middle School in Upper Darby . By middle school , she knew she was interested in comedy . Fey attended Upper Darby High School , where she was an honors student , a member of the choir , drama club , and tennis team , and co @-@ editor of the school 's newspaper , The . She also anonymously wrote the newspaper 's satirical column , The Colonel . Following her graduation in 1988 , Fey enrolled at the University of Virginia , where she studied play @-@ writing and acting and was awarded the Prize . She graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama . - After college , she worked as a during the day at the YMCA and took classes at Second City at night . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = Saturday Night Live ( 1997 – 2006 ) = = = - - While performing shows with The Second City in 1997 , Fey submitted several scripts to NBC 's variety show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , at the request of its head writer Adam McKay , a former performer at Second City . She was hired as a writer for SNL following a meeting with SNL creator Lorne Michaels , and moved to New York from Chicago . Fey told The New Yorker , " I 'd had my eye on the show forever , the way other kids have their eye on Derek . " Originally , Fey " struggled " at SNL . Her first sketch to air starred Chris Farley in a Raphael satire . Fey went on to write a series of parodies , including one of ABC 's morning talk show The View . She co @-@ wrote the " Sully and Denise " sketches with Rachel Dratch , who plays one of the teens . - Fey was an extra in a 1998 episode , and after watching herself , decided to diet and lost 30 pounds . She told The New York Times , " I was a completely normal weight , but I was here in New York City , I had money and I couldn 't buy any clothes . After I lost weight , there was interest in putting me on camera . " In 1999 , McKay stepped down as head writer , which led Michaels to approach Fey for the position . She became SNL 's first female head writer that year . - In 2000 , Fey began performing in sketches , and she and Jimmy Fallon became co @-@ anchors of SNL 's Weekend Update segment . Fey said she did not ask to audition , but that Michaels approached her . Michaels explained that there was chemistry between Fey and Fallon , though the decision was " kind of risky " at the time . Her role in Weekend Update was well received by critics . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote : " ... Fey delivers such blow – poison filled jokes written in long , precisely sentences unprecedented in Update history – with such a bright , sunny countenance makes her all the more delightful . " Dennis Miller , a former cast member of SNL and anchor of Weekend Update , was pleased with Fey as one of the anchors for the segment : " ... Fey might be the best Weekend Update anchor who ever did it . She writes the funniest jokes " . Robert Bianco of USA Today , however , commented that he was " not " of the pairing . - In 2001 , Fey and the rest of the writing staff won a Writers Guild of America Award for SNL 's 25th anniversary special . The following year at the 2002 Emmy Awards ceremony , they won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . - When Fallon left the show in May 2004 , he was replaced on Weekend Update by Amy Poehler . It was the first time that two women co @-@ anchored Weekend Update . Fey revealed that she " hired " Poehler as her co @-@ host for the segment . The reception was positive , with Rachel of the Chicago Tribune noting that the pairing " has been a hilarious , pitch @-@ perfect success as they play @-@ off each other with quick one @-@ liners and deadpan delivery " . - The 2005 – 2006 season was her last ; she departed to develop 30 Rock for Broadway Video . At the time she left , the 117 episodes she co @-@ hosted made her SNL 's longest @-@ serving Weekend Update anchor , a mark that would later be passed by her replacement , Seth Meyers . In Rolling Stone Magazine 's February , 2015 appraisal of all 141 SNL cast members to date , Fey was ranked third in importance ( behind John and Eddie Murphy ) . They credited her with " salvaging ' Update ' from a decade @-@ long losing streak , " and " slapping SNL out of its late @-@ coma . " - - = = = 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) = = = - - In 2002 , Fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC , which rejected it . The pilot was reworked to revolve around an SNL style series , and was accepted by NBC . She signed a contract with NBC in May 2003 , which allowed her to remain in her SNL head writer position at least through the 2004 – 2005 television season . As part of the contract , Fey was to develop a prime @-@ time project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal . The pilot , directed by Adam Bernstein , centered on Liz Lemon , the head writer of a variety show on NBC , and how she managed her relationships with the show 's volatile stars and the new head of the network . In October 2006 , the pilot aired on NBC as 30 Rock . Although the episode received generally favorable reviews , it finished third in its timeslot . - The network renewed the series for a second season , which began in October 2007 . The show 's third season premiered on October 30 , 2008 . The premiere episode drew 8 @.@ 5 million viewers , the highest ratings of the series . - In 2007 , Fey received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series . The show itself won the 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series ( and did so again for two subsequent years ) . In 2008 , she won the Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , and Emmy awards all in the category for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . The following year , Fey again won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories , and was nominated for an Emmy Award . In early 2010 , Fey received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress , and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Lead Actress . 30 Rock was renewed for the 2010 – 2011 season in March 2010 . The series returned for the 2011 – 2012 season , though due to Fey 's pregnancy with her second child , the season premiere was delayed until . Fey 's performance on the show was inspired by Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , and later used Louis @-@ Dreyfus to play the stand @-@ in for the character of Liz Lemon in flashback scenes during the live episode of the fifth season . On May 11 , 2012 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for a seventh and final season , to premiere October 4 , 2012 , with 13 episodes . After receiving 13 Emmy Award nominations and two wins for this final season , 30 Rock ended its critically acclaimed run with 112 Emmy award nominations . It has been cited as one of the greatest TV series of all time and it is considered to have one of the greatest in television history . - - = = = Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt = = = - - In 2015 , Fey created and produced the television comedy Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with fellow 30 Rock @-@ Robert Carlock . The series stars Ellie as the titular character who escapes from a cult and moves to New York . It also stars Fey 's former co @-@ star Jane Krakowski , as well as ( who had previously appeared in four 30 Rock episodes ) and Carol Kane . Although it was originally produced for NBC , it was eventually sold to Netflix and immediately renewed for a second season . The show premiered on March 6 , 2015 to critical acclaim . - On July 16 , 2015 , the series was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series . Fey herself was nominated both as the creator / executive producer of the series and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest performance as Marcia , a prosecutor in reference to Marcia Clark . - - = = = Feature films = = = - - In 2002 , Fey appeared in the surreal comedy Martin & . She made her debut as writer and co @-@ star of the 2004 teen comedy Mean Girls . Characters and behaviors in the movie are based on Fey 's high school life at Upper Darby High School and on the non @-@ fiction book Queen Bees and by Wiseman . The cast includes other past cast members of SNL including Tim Meadows , , and Amy Poehler . The film received favorable reviews , and was a box office success , grossing US $ 129 million worldwide . - In a 2004 interview , Fey expressed that she would like to write and direct movies . In 2006 , Fey worked on a movie script for Paramount Pictures , which was to feature Baron Cohen , by the name of Curly and Vic Thrill , based loosely on the true story of a rock musician . In 2007 , she was cast in the animated comedy film Aqua Teen Force Movie Film for Theaters as the Aqua ' mother , a giant . - She received her card after appearing in Artie 's Beer League released in 2006 , in which she was compelled to join for " ... a thousand dollars " . - Fey and former SNL Amy Poehler starred in the 2008 comedy Baby Mama . The movie was written and directed by Michael . The plot concerns Kate ( Fey ) , a business woman , who wants a child but , discovering she has only a million @-@ to @-@ one chance of getting pregnant , decides to find a surrogate : Angie ( Poehler ) , a white @-@ trash . Baby Mama received mixed reviews , but critics enjoyed Fey 's performance . Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote : " Fey is a delight to watch throughout . Able to convey Kate 's intentions and feelings through the simple looks and , she never her situation ; nor does her efficient , side become overbearing . " The movie grossed over US $ 64 million at the box office . - Fey 's projects after 2008 include a voice role in the English @-@ language version of the Japanese animated film . In 2009 , she appeared in The of , alongside Ricky Gervais , Jennifer Garner , Rob Lowe , and Christopher Guest . Her next film role was in Shawn Levy 's 2010 comedy Date Night , a feature that focuses on a married couple , played by Fey and Steve Carell , who go on a date ; however , the night goes awry for the two . Also in the same year , she voiced , a television reporter , in the DreamWorks animated film Megamind ( 2010 ) . With a total worldwide gross of US $ 321 million , Megamind is Fey 's most commercially successful picture to date . It earned US $ 173 million outside the U.S. and US $ 148 million domestically . - In 2013 , Fey starred alongside Paul in the romantic comedy @-@ drama film Admission , based on the Jean novel by the same name . The film was directed by Paul . Fey later starred in the 2014 comedy @-@ drama This Is Where I Leave You , helmed by Date Night director Shawn Levy . As was the case with Baby Mama , although both of these films received generally mixed reviews , Fey 's performances were well received by film critics . - In 2015 , it was announced Fey would be the narrator for the Disney Nature film Monkey Kingdom , which was released in theaters on April 17 , 2015 . She then re @-@ teamed with Poehler , starring in the 2015 comedy film Sisters as the title characters , and received positive reviews for her role . In 2016 , Fey starred in the biographical war comedy @-@ drama Whiskey , based on the memoir The Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan , to positive reviews . - - = = = Subsequent SNL appearances = = = - - On February 23 , 2008 , Fey hosted the first episode of SNL after the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . For this appearance , she was nominated for an Emmy in the category of Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program . Fey hosted SNL for a second time on April 10 , 2010 , and for her appearance she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . - From September to November 2008 , Fey made multiple guest appearances on SNL to perform a series of parodies of Republican vice @-@ presidential candidate Sarah Palin . On the 34th season premiere episode , aired September 13 , 2008 , Fey imitated Palin in a sketch , alongside Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton . Their included Clinton Palin about her " Tina Fey glasses " . The sketch quickly became NBC 's most @-@ watched viral video ever , with 5 @.@ 7 million views by the following Wednesday . Fey reprised this role on the October 4 show , on the October 18 show where she was joined by the real Sarah Palin , and on the November 1 show , where she was joined by John McCain and his wife . The October 18 show had the best ratings of any SNL show since 1994 . The following year Fey won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin . Fey returned to SNL in April 2010 , and reprised her impression of Palin in one sketch titled the " Sarah Palin Network " . Fey once again did her impression of Palin when she hosted Saturday Night Live on May 8 , 2011 . - In December 2009 , Entertainment Weekly put her Palin impersonation on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade " best @-@ of " list , writing , " Fey 's spot @-@ on SNL impersonation of the ( and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty ) made for truly transcendent television . " Rolling Stone called her Palin impression " [ arguably ] the most brilliant move SNL ever made " . - - = = = Other work = = = - - In 1997 , Fey and other members of The Second City provided voices for the game Medieval Madness . - In 2000 , Fey partnered with fellow SNL cast member Rachel Dratch in the Off Broadway two @-@ woman show Dratch & Fey at the Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City . The production was well received by critics . Tim Townsend of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the fun part of watching Fey and Dratch perform was " seeing how comfortable they are with each other " . He concluded that the production " isn 't about two women being funny ... Dratch and Fey are just funny . Period . " One of the SNL sketches , " Sully and Denise " , originated at The Second City . - On August 13 , 2007 , Fey made a guest appearance in the Sesame Street episode " The " . She appeared as a guest judge on the November 25 , 2007 episode of the Food Network program Iron America . - Fey has appeared as Bell in Disney 's campaign " Year of a Million Dreams " . She has also done commercials for American Express and Garnier . - On April 5 , 2011 , Fey 's autobiography , , was released to a positive review from The New York Times . - In 2011 , Fey narrated The Secret Life of Girls , a two @-@ hour @-@ long radio documentary produced by The Kitchen Sisters . She introduced stories of women and girls from around the world , and also shared memories of her own girlhood and mother . - In 2012 , Fey made her rapping debut on the ( Donald ) . is a former writer on 30 Rock , on which he worked with Fey . Fey was also featured as herself in the episode " America " . - - = = and acting style = = - - Fey is known for her deadpan humor and delivery ; her " sardonic wit " has become a trademark of hers , upon which several critics have commented in their reviews of Fey 's work . According to Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara , Fey " project [ s ] both oblivious security and hyper @-@ alert insecurity with the same expression " in her performances , while The Chronicle 's Dillon Fernando wrote that the actress specializes in " , and ironic comedy " . On Fey 's comedic prowess , Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels that his former employee " has a very clear take on things ... It always comes from a place of intelligence and there is just an edge to it . " Michaels concluded , " It 's not fearful . It 's strong and confident and you recognise the voice and most of the time you agree with it . " Writing for The Guardian , Christopher Goodwin believes that Fey " fashioned her comic persona around her glasses " , which she has worn since 1995 ; Fey joked that " make anyone look " . - to use herself as the butt of her own jokes , Fey is also well known for self @-@ deprecating humor , as demonstrated throughout her performance as Liz Lemon in 30 Rock . In an article ranking Fey 's six greatest jokes , David of The Guardian wrote that the performer 's work continues to feature her " trademark mix of , self @-@ deprecation and pop @-@ culture . " Fey 's self @-@ deprecating comedic style inspired Ashley of The Atlantic to recognize her as comedian 's successor because of their similar humor . Critics have been divided in their opinions and discussions of Fey 's use of self @-@ deprecating humor , and its effect on women as a female comic ; while blogger Kate Harding disapproved of Fey 's performance in 30 Rock because " I 'm torn between being sad that she apparently doesn 't see [ beauty ] in herself and being off that she 's reinforcing the idea that having brown hair , glasses , and a figure that 's maybe a size 2 instead of a 0 actually equals ugly " , Jessica G. of defended the actress , writing that Fey 's performance is " supposed to be parodying precisely the kinds of media that reinforce ideas that unconventional women are unworthy . " Writing that Harding misunderstood Fey 's intentions , the author concluded that her self @-@ deprecation " is precisely what makes her relatable " , elaborating that " [ women ] have many moments of self @-@ doubt , and seeing someone as successful as Tina Fey be self @-@ deprecating gives us all permission to be . " Sophie Caldecott of defended Fey 's and tendency to her own physical appearance : " She mocks her own appearance , sure , but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look , as if that ’ s the most interesting thing about us ... Her comic persona on 30 Rock , Liz Lemon , can be laughed at for many things , but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them . " Caldecott concluded , " In reality , self @-@ deprecation is an art that everywhere in ... In fact , I defy you to find a good male comedian who isn ’ t a master of self @-@ deprecation . make fun of themselves for many reasons , mostly because it is the most readily accessible source of inspiration but also because it is the most generous one . " Observing that Fey 's material lacks " " , of the Hartford Courant wrote that Fey 's comedy " is not simply an iteration of self @-@ deprecating femininity passing itself off as humor . In itself , this the current generation of female from earlier generations of performers who were told , more or less , to use themselves not as a sounding board for ideas but as a punching bag for insults . " - As an actress , Fey has developed a reputation for portraying " the hilarious , self @-@ deprecating unmarried career woman " in most of her films to @-@ date . The Boston Globe 's Paige defended her limited filmography by writing that , unlike most film actors , Fey remains " realistic about her range as a leading lady and says she ’ s been deliberate about only taking on parts for which she actually seems suited . " Fey explained that she approaches each role asking herself , " Would I be plausible in this role , in this job ? " However , her role as Kate Ellis in 2015 's Sisters provided Fey with an opportunity to stray from playing the type @-@ A female characters for which she has become known . The New York Times film critic A. O. Scott wrote , " We ’ re used to seeing Ms. Fey ... as an anxious using her sarcasm as a weapon against both her own and the and train wrecks who surround her . This time , she gets to be the train wreck . " In 30 Rock , Fey 's comedic acting was heavily influenced by both physical and improvisational comedy while , as a writer , her " carefully written scripts " were often quirky and character @-@ driven . - - = = In the media = = - - In 2002 , Fey was ranked in the Hot 100 List at number 80 on Maxim magazine , which used photos taken earlier by Rolling Stone calling her " the thinking man 's sex symbol " . She was named one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2003 , and one of People magazine 's 100 Most Beautiful People in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2007 , Fey placed seventh on the Hot 100 List on She repeated the appearance the following year , being voted as number one on the list . - In 2001 , Entertainment Weekly named Fey as one of their Entertainers of the Year for her work on Weekend Update . In 2007 , she was named one of the magazine 's Entertainers of the Year , and placed number two in 2008 . In 2009 , Fey was named as Entertainment Weekly 's fifth individual in their 15 Entertainers of the 2000s list . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly crowned Fey as " The Once and Future Queen " ( an allusion to The Once and Future King ) in their feature on " Women Who Run TV , " calling her " the funniest woman in the free world . " quoted Mindy as saying , " I always feel unoriginal bringing up Tina as my inspiration , but she 's everyone 's inspiration for a reason . " The column also quoted praise by and Lena Dunham . - The newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the Associated Press voted Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 , citing her impression of Sarah Palin on SNL . She has appeared on Forbes ' annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 at No. 99 , No. 86 , No. 90 , No. 92 , and No. 79 respectively . - In 2007 , the New York Post included Fey in New York 's 50 Most Powerful Women , ranking her at number 33 . Fey was among the Time 100 , a list of the 100 most influential people in the world , in 2007 and 2009 , as selected annually by Time magazine . Fey 's featured article for the 2009 list was written by 30 Rock co @-@ star , Alec Baldwin . She was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America 's 10 Most People of 2008 . - In September 2011 , Fey was ranked at the top of Forbes magazine 's list of the highest @-@ paid TV actresses . - In June 2010 , it was announced Fey would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011 . - In 2014 , Fey was recognized by Elle Magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards , honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film , spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry , including acting , directing , and producing . - - = = Charity work = = - - Fey 's charity work includes support of , an organization that sponsors autism research . In April 2008 , she participated in Night of Too Many Stars , a comedy benefit show for autism education . - Fey is also a supporter of Mercy Corps , a global relief and development organization , in their campaign to end world hunger . Fey narrated a video for Mercy Corps 's Action Center in New York City , describing hunger as a symptom of many wider world problems . She also supports the Love Our Children USA organization , which fights violence against children , who named her among their Mothers Who Make a , in 2009 . She was the 2009 national spokesperson for the Light the Night Walk , which benefits the Leukemia & Society . - - = = Personal life = = - - In 1994 , two years after Fey joined Chicago 's Second City improvisational theatre troupe , she began dating Jeff Richmond , a piano player who later became Second City 's musical director and then a composer on 30 Rock . They married in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on June 3 , 2001 . They have two daughters : Alice Zenobia Richmond ( born September 10 , 2005 ) and Penelope Athena Richmond ( born August 10 , 2011 ) . In April 2009 , Fey and Richmond purchased a US $ 3 @.@ 4 million apartment on the Upper West Side in New York City . - Fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek , the cause of which remained unexplained to the public until a 2008 Vanity Fair profile by Maureen , and subsequently in her autobiographical book , where she revealed that " during the spring semester of kindergarten , I was in the face by a stranger in the behind my house " . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = = Film = = = - - - = = = Television = = = - - - = = = Video games = = = - - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - - - = WASP @-@ 44 = - - WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star in constellation that has the Jupiter @-@ size planet WASP @-@ 44b in orbit . The star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the Sun ; it is also slightly cooler , but is more metal @-@ rich . The star was observed by SuperWASP , an organization in search of planets , starting in 2009 ; manual follow @-@ up observations used WASP @-@ 44 's spectrum and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transiting planet WASP @-@ 44b . The planet and its star were presented along with WASP @-@ and WASP @-@ on May 17 , 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that Hot Jupiters tend to have circular orbits , an assumption that is made when the orbital of such planets are not well @-@ constrained . - - = = history = = - - WASP @-@ 44 was observed between July and November 2009 by the WASP @-@ South , a station of the SuperWASP planet @-@ searching program based at the South African Astronomical Observatory . Observations of the star revealed a periodic decrease in its brightness . WASP @-@ South , along with the SuperWASP @-@ North station at the de los Observatory on the Canary Islands , collected 15 @,@ photometric observations , allowing scientists to produce a more accurate light curve . Another set of observations yielded a 6 @,@ 000 point photometric data set , but the light curve was prepared late and was not considered in the discovery paper . - In 2010 , a European science team investigated the star using the spectrograph and collected seventeen spectra of WASP @-@ 44 . From the spectra , radial velocity measurements were . Analysis of collected data ruled out the possibility that the detected radial velocity was caused by the blended spectrum of a spectroscopic binary star , supporting the possibility that the body orbiting WASP @-@ 44 was indeed a planet , designated WASP @-@ 44b . - The Telescope at La Observatory in Chile was used to follow up on the discovery WASP @-@ 44 , searching for a point at which the planet , or crossed in front of , its host star . One transit was detected . - WASP @-@ 44 , its recently discovered planet , the planets orbiting WASP @-@ 45 and WASP @-@ 46 , and a discussion exploring the validity of the common assumption amongst scientists that closely orbiting Hot Jupiter planets have highly circular orbits unless proven otherwise , were reported in a single discovery paper that was published on May 17 , 2011 by the Royal Astronomical Society . The paper was submitted to the Monthly of the Royal Astronomical Society on May 16 , 2011 . - - = = Characteristics = = - - WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star ( the same class of star as the Sun ) that is located in the constellation . WASP @-@ 44 has a mass that is 0 @.@ 951 times that of the Sun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 has a radius that is 0 @.@ times that of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 has an effective temperature of K , cooler than the Sun . However , the star is metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity is [ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 's ( outermost layer ) is not active . The star also does not at a high velocity . - The star has an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye . - - = = Planetary system = = - - There is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet is a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ Jupiters . Its radius is 1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b orbits its host star every 2 @.@ days at a distance 0 @.@ AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . With an orbital inclination of , WASP @-@ 44b has an orbit that exists almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . @-@ 44b 's orbital is fit to 0 @.@ , indicating a mostly circular orbit . - - - = Elephanta Caves = - - Elephanta caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " the city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The island , located on an arm of the Arabian Sea , consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five Hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two Buddhist caves . The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lord Shiva . - The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All the caves were also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain . - The main cave ( Cave 1 , or the Great Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) . - - = = Geography = = - - Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , is about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of the Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi means a " pier for embarkation and of passengers and goods " ) on the Mumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of in . The island covers about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri is small village on the south side of the island . The Elephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the Gateway of India , Mumbai , which has the nearest airport and train station . The cave is closed on Monday . - The island is 2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length with two hills that rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . A deep ravine cuts through the heart of the island from north to south . On the west , the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as the Stupa hill . Forest growth with clusters of , , and trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . Landing sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Bunder in the northeast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south . - The two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , have five rock @-@ cut caves in the western part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the eastern hill is unfinished . It is a protected island with a zone according to a issued in 1985 , which also includes " a prohibited area " that stretches 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline . - - = = History = = - - Since no inscriptions on any of the island have been discovered , the ancient history of the island is , at best . , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition holds that the caves are not man @-@ made . - The Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians have dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations have unearthed a few coins dated to 4th century AD . The known history is traced only to the defeat of rulers of Konkan by the Chalukyas emperor II ( – ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to the mid @-@ 6th century , though others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " an almost superhuman excavation effort , " which was needed to the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture . - Some other historians attribute the construction to the Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , who may have had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave the monotheism of the sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged . - The Chalukyas , who defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas are the last claimants to the creation of the main cave , to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave resembles in some aspects the 8th @-@ century rock @-@ temple Kailash at . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing the three faces of Shiva is akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the Rashtrakutas . The Nataraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures are also attributed to the Rashtrakutas . - Later , Elephanta was ruled by another Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , who surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which denotes a hill settlement . The name is still used in the local Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a huge rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant that was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now sits in the zoo in Mumbai . - Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , though worship on , the festival of Shiva , continued and still does . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . Portuguese soldiers used the reliefs of Shiva in the main cave for target practice , only the Trimurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While some historians solely blame the Portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . - Though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , are still badly damaged . The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a which is living or which has disappeared " . - - = = Overview = = - - The island has two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves were painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island , is well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , is about 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It is a rock @-@ cut temple complex that covers an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and consists of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It is 39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . The temple complex is the abode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts . - On the eastern part of the island , on the Stupa Hill , there is a small group of caves that house Buddhist monuments . This hill is named after the religious Stupa monument that they display . One of the two caves is incomplete , while the other contains a Stupa made in brick . - - = = Main cave = = - - The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall ( ) . At the entrance are four doors , with three open and an aisle at the back . , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . The cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which has 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . The left panel depicts Yogishvara ( The Lord of ) and the right shows Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) is a free @-@ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . The eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance . - Each wall has large carvings of Shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which denotes the River Ganges ' descent from Shiva 's matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive ; these include , depicting Shiva 's marriage to the goddess Parvati , or , the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and , depicting the demon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash . - The main cave blends Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars with custom capitals with Gupta artistic characteristics , like the depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles . - : - - = = = Shiva @-@ Parvati on Kailash and Ravana lifting Kailash = = = - - The carving on the south wall to the east of the portico depicts Shiva and Parvati seated on their abode Mount Kailash . The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( all damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressing gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to the front , looks away . Behind her at the right is a woman attendant holding the child , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind the main figures . Shiva 's attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and two monkeys . The scenic beauty of the mountain is sculpted with the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati is angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice . - The carved panel facing this one is a two @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . The upper scene is Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati are seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms are broken , two of them resting on attendants ' heads . The Parvati figure , seated facing Shiva , remains only as a trunk . The panel is flanked by door keepers . of Shiva are also seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva 's feet and to his left is the elephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few are discernible . Around Ravana are several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the god Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati 's mount , a tiger is depicted . - A legend relates to both these panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed with Shiva . At this moment , Ravana , who was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and Shiva . Enraged by Ravana 's arrogance , Shiva stamped down on Ravana , who sang praises of Shiva to free him of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version states that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati 's and blessed him . - - = = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = = - - Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves is the Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of the cave facing the entrance , on the north @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti and . The image , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , depicts a three @-@ headed Shiva , representing Shiva . The three heads are said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) shows him as a young person with sensuous lips , life and its vitality . In his hand he holds an object resembling a , depicting the promise of life and creativity . This face is closest to that of Brahma , the creator or or , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) is that of a young man , displaying anger . This is Shiva as the terrifying or Bhairava , the one whose anger can the entire world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . This is also known as @-@ Shiva , the Destroyer . The central face , benign and , resembles the Vishnu . This is , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and of their harmony " or Shiva as the in deep meditation praying for the preservation of humanity . The aspects and ( not carved ) faces are considered to be at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurti sculpture , with the Gateway of India in the background , has been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( ) . - The Gangadhara image to the right of the Trimurti is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing the River Ganges as she descends from heaven . The carving is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , who is shown with four arms , two of which are broken . From the crown , a cup with a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , representing the three sacred rivers Ganges , , and , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and with ornaments . The arms hold a serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) gives the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . There is a small snake on the right hand and a tortoise close to the neck , with a bundle tied to the back . An ornamented covers his lower torso , below the waist . Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a hair dress , fully with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touching the head of a female attendant who carries Parvati 's dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic and mounts , are shown to the right of Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the left of Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to be the king who ordered the image to be carved . There are many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole setting is under the sky and cloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deities . - In the chamber to the east of the Trimurti is the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which is 5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , has a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) with two draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the right side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . The female figure has all the ornamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on the fingers ) but the right male figure has hair , armlets and . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ s left horn , Shiva 's mount , which is fairly well preserved . The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male holds a serpent , while the left hand of the female holds a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robe of the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities . - - = = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = = - - The engraved panel in the north end of the aisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and shows Bhairava , or , a form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva 's consort is seen sitting next to him , looking . A female attendant is next to her . The central figure , which is much ruined below the waist , is 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear has a on the back , a skull and cobra over the forehead , and the crescent high on the right . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his brow , swollen eyes , and . The legs and five of the eight arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava 's image . It is interpreted that Shiva is him with the front right hand , as conjectured by the spear seen hanging without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holding an elephant 's skin as a cover ; the elephant 's head , carved , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The second left hand depicts a snake coiled round it . The hand holds a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and two dwarfs are also seen in the carved panel . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the or the or a Shiva shrine . - The niche image carved on the south wall is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown getting married ( Kalyanasundara icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva 's right , the ordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . The carvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva 's four hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva has a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments are well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure with hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father who has his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand Shiva 's right hand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest for the marriage . Vishnu is witness to the marriage . Mena , the mother of Parvati , is seen standing next to Vishnu . The moon @-@ god Chandra , seen with a wig and a crescent , is standing behind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the main images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , ( nymphs ) , , , , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants are seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple . - - = = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = = - - The panel to the east of the north portico is Shiva in a position called , , and . a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition with only two broken arms . Shiva is seated in posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by two . His crown is carved with details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at the back , and hair dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in , his eyes half @-@ closed . This represents Shiva in penance sitting amidst the mountains after the death of his first wife Sati , who was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen is a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a blossom . These are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the broken images are : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sun @-@ god Surya riding a fully horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the sky draped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moon with a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeleton of a sage ; Brahma ( without one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra without his mount ( elephant missing ) . - The panel carving in the west niche opposite Yogishvara depicts Shiva as Nataraja performing the ( cosmic dance ) . The niche is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on the wall . He wears well @-@ decorated headgear . The Shiva image displays a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first right and third left hands are missing . The remaining first right arm is held across the breast and touches the left side , the second right hand that is seen damaged with an out @-@ pose is broken at the elbow . The third arm is damaged at the elbow , and the fourth is also broken but inferred to have held a ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand is bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourth hand is raised up . The right thigh ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left leg is not seen at all , the elaborate armlets are well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is tied by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati stands to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief are : Vishnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; ; sages and attendants . - - = = = Main cave shrine = = = - - The central shrine is a free @-@ standing square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two ( gate keepers ) . The Linga , the symbol of Shiva in union with the , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity that is deified by the shrine . The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the floor level . The height of the eight varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue has many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a large skull above the forehead ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , , plain twisted armlets and thick ; a right shoulder ; a globe held at level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs are . - - = = = East wing = = = - - Several courtyards to the east and west of the main cave are blocked , though there is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) courtyard that is accessible by entering the eastern part and climbing nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court depicts a well @-@ preserved . The circular pedestal seen in the courtyard in front of the Shiva 's shrine near the east end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva 's mount . - On each side of the steps leading to the temple @-@ cave portico is a winged lion , or , each seated with a raised . The portico has chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at the back . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which is 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and has a path ( @-@ path ) around it . At the back of the portico , near the east end , is a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed with two attendant demons . At the north end is a standing figure holding a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall depicts the @-@ ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , the sons of Shiva . Some of are depicted with children , but all of them are shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico is another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water in this chapel . - - = = = West wing = = = - - The west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It has a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the cave , which is believed to be Buddhist . Another shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , has carvings of Shiva in a pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , figures ” . This carving also depicts a three @-@ faced bearded and several other figurines . Entering through the back door of the portico is a cave enshrined with a Shiva Linga erected over roughly hewn . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of standing over demons and two fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door is an ensemble of a number of statues . among these is the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in the forehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the carving shows Shiva with an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the left hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to this image are a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel are a male figure riding a bull with a bell to its neck , a female figure and another carving to left of Shiva , a female figure with a jewel on her forehead with looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with four arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with crescent in his hair . - - = = Other notable caves = = - - To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave is the second excavation , which faces east @-@ northeast . It includes a chapel at the north end . The front of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of some semi @-@ columns remain . The interior has suffered water damage . The portico is 26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two @-@ columns and is irregular in shape . At the back of the portico are three chambers ; the central one has an altar and a water channel ( ) , though the Linga is lost . The shrine door has some traces of sculpture ( a boy , a fat figure , alligators on the frieze , and broken animal figures at the head of a ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shrine are now in fragments . - A little to the south of the last cave is another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It is a portico in which each end probably had a chapel or room with pillars in front . Two of them have cells at the back . The central door at the back of the portico leads to a damaged shrine . The shrine door has door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on the and . The shrine is a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holding a Linga . South of this cave is a cavern that may be used as a cistern . - Above these caves is a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess . This sculpture may be a guardian of the north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother a child ( now moved ) were also found nearby . - Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 is large hall known as 's Temple ( cave ) . The portico has four pillars and two pilasters . The hall has 3 chambers at the back , the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . The door of the central shrine has pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the end . The shrine has an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may have been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record states that " this cave [ has ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess and a head being in a large square seat . - Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of 's cave is a small Hindu excavation with a , which was probably to be three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards the east of hill is a dry pond , with large artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of the north spur of the main hill is a mound that resembles a Buddhist stupa . - - = = Preservation = = - - The threats to Elephanta Caves have been identified as the following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , tourism and tourist facilities on the island , and poor management of the heritage monument . - Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole with its monuments has been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic enacted are : The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which prohibits mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; the Antiquities and Art Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay . - The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Circle , on the basis of the above legislation and rules , maintain and manage the monuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include of the rock face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the site . In addition , visitor facilities at the site have been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) . An on @-@ site museum has been established and a conservation plan has been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to be good . The site receives approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information are also available at the venue of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November there are special events held at the caves . Another popular event organised is an annual traditional dance festival that attracts many visitors . - After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site 's history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between the ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water into the caves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures . - The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( ) is also involved with the Archaeological Survey of India in improving the local conditions at the cave site . A book has been published jointly by UNESCO , and the Government of India which presents a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves . - - - = Devin Townsend = - - Devin Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) is a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and has an extensive career as a solo artist . - After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai 's album Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solo album Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released the critically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he has released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along with solo material released under his own independent record label , Records . - Townsend 's solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , have featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed the Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced the formation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend continues to record and tour under the new moniker . - Across all his bands and projects , Townsend has released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend 's trademark production style , featuring a heavily wall of sound , has been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery ranges from screaming to an opera @-@ esque singing , and his songwriting is similarly diverse . Townsend 's musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = = - - Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playing guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , who would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Thought , replacing Simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend 's flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " just as violent as Strapping Young Lad " . - Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Records responded to Townsend with a record deal and Townsend began work on what was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend 's vocal work , Vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the album . Townsend soon landed a second touring gig , this time with the opening band of Vai 's tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single . , the band 's frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later co @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and the + 4 EP . - While on tour with the Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project with Metallica 's then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . The group recorded a few songs together , although Townsend says that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which is absolutely not true , " he explains . " People took this project way too seriously . " A demo tape was put together , but the material was not released until 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. compilation . - Though Townsend was proud of what he had accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry . " I was becoming a product of somebody else 's imagination , and it was mixing with my own personality , " he later reflected . " This combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects off the ground . Despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai 's offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend 's music . " I have a they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he . While touring with the Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , who regarded Townsend 's recordings as " just noise " . - - = = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing through Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = = - - In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " some extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ album deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album Millennium and the 1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at this point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At the beginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because I was known as the singer for Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing somebody else 's music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 . - Following the release of the record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled – on . Written and recorded in under a month , the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , Records , to release the album . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along with Townsend 's former bandmates Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , the album is widely considered Strapping Young Lad 's best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of all time " . Townsend himself considers it the band 's " ultimate " album . Later that year , Townsend released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock . - After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . " I started to see human beings as little , water based , pink meat , " he explained , " life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music were coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes that are Strapping 's City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from the hospital , Townsend found that " everything just " and he was able to write his third solo album , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , with music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to the studio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on the album , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend has cited Infinity as his favorite solo record . - With Infinity , Townsend began to label all albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , dropping the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The album Biomech was and as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend 's name , to reflect the new arrangement . Townsend 's bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend 's solo albums . - - = = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = - - Townsend 's next project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted had begun work on a new project called , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When the IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted 's Metallica bandmates James and Lars learned of the project . was " fucking " that Newsted was playing outside the band , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects . With the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote the album himself , it Physicist . Townsend assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , the only time this lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend album . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend 's career . Hoglan and the rest of the band were dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend considers it his worst album to date . - Feeling he had " ostracized a bunch of fans " with Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one morning while driving across Canada with his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited 's White as an inspiration for the album . Terria was released in November 2001 . - - = = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = = - - Townsend 's solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend credits the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's about to blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write the soundtrack for it . " The album 's lyrics were based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial than City , and more reminiscent of death metal , with a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , , and 's Passage as influences . The self @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band 's first charting album , entering at place on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart . - While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band 's first album , Accelerated Evolution , at the same time he was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' ' yet and beautiful . " Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend had represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend 's two bands toured separately for their separate albums . - Strapping Young Lad began working on their next album , Alien , in March 2004 . Feeling that the band 's previous album did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration leads you to places that are a little crazy , " he explains . " And Alien was no exception with that . " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of " , it was well received on its release , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game : of Steel . - Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the next Devin Townsend Band record , with the working title Human . Townsend intended the album as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " The album ended up being renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " with influences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 . - - = = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = - - Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient album , The , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 . - In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien . This was truly a solo album ; he programmed the drums using from Hell , a software drum machine that uses samples recorded by Tomas of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album 's release , Townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt out on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production work , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring . - In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . The original character design for the Drummer , one of the series ' main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . The series ' co @-@ creator Small acknowledged the similarity , and altered the design before the series began . " We made sure he didn 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave him the and the so he wouldn 't look like that . " - - = = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = = - - After removing himself from the music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " . - Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " " for the persona he projects to the public . The project 's concept includes a different " theme " and a different group of musicians on each album . - Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project was written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " album , which contrasts with much of the music he had been known for . Additional female vocals were provided by Aimee ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 . - The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and features lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from the Devin Townsend Band to play bass . - Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America with Between the Buried and Me as well as and Scale the Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining the Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He a North American tour with UK label mates supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from and Anneke van Giersbergen . - The third and fourth albums in the Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , were released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums with additional material were released as the Us box set . Townsend performed all four of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them for a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 that was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows were held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction were each performed on one night , respectively . The show for Ghost was held at the Union Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These four shows were each entitled " An Evening with the Devin Townsend Project " . - Despite the Devin Townsend Project being originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ off show covering his musical career called The Circus at in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea album . He also produced the record . - Another project Townsend has mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 is , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working with many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the project is vying for pole position until " he wakes up and says ' he wants to do it ' " . - - = = = Casualties of Cool and ( 2012 – present ) = = = - - After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , with which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . The album features Aimee ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan on drums . Townsend described the album sounds like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late night music " , highlighting it will be different than anything he has done before . Townsend referred the music of the album to be " closest to his heart " at this point of his life , and that it is an important and satisfying project he doesn 't want to rush . - The album was completed on November 2013 , and a bonus disc was also made for the album , containing the leftover material from the main album as well as songs from Ghost 2 , the unreleased compilation of leftover tracks from Ghost . Originally in 2012 , Townsend stated that this album will be the sixth and the last album in the Devin Townsend Project series , but he ultimately confirmed that Casualties of Cool is its own project . Townsend also started a campaign through to support the release of the album . The funding quickly reached its goal , and all additional funds were put directly to Townsend 's upcoming projects . Casualties of Cool was released on May 14 , 2014 . The album was re @-@ issued worldwide on January 15 , 2016 containing an additional DVD with live footage from the 2014 concert at the Union Chapel in London . - From 2009 , Townsend worked on a long @-@ running album project called Z ² , a sequel to the album Ziltoid the Omniscient ( 2007 ) . Originally in 2012 , he he " may have just written the heaviest thing he 's ever done " for the album , and told there might a surprising lack of Ziltoid himself appearing on the album . However , in August 2013 , a London @-@ based radio station Radio aired the first episode of Ziltoid Radio , a satirical radio show hosted solely by Ziltoid , this being one element of the Z ² project . Townsend also discussed a " " or " Ziltoid TV " is preceding the album . Later Townsend stated he has found the project hard to schedule and work with amidst touring and writing , stating " it takes a lot of effort " to keep the content with tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek humour entertaining . - After writing ideas for over 70 songs , Townsend stated he is finally going to finish the whole project , followed by the announcement the album will be released on October 27 , 2014 . The recording process started in May 2014 , and the final project includes the album , a Ziltoid TV program and a live show , with a " big graphic novel comic " and a documentary . The album itself is a double album , with disc one being the main album and disc two featuring Devin Townsend Project material ; according to Townsend , the album 's theme is " Ziltoid against the world " . The Devin Townsend Project disc is called Sky Blue and the Ziltoid disc is called Dark Matters . - After finishing the album , Townsend stated the project was " punishing " and an " absolute nightmare to complete " due to amount of material against tight schedules . He also described the hardship of the project by telling " if he was ever going to start drinking [ again ] , the last months would have been it " , but now " he 's starting to get excited again " . Later , " after the chaos of finishing it had subsided " , Townsend stated he is really satisfied with the result . - Townsend recently discussed at least a year @-@ long hiatus , beginning after the Z ² show taking place at the Royal Albert Hall on April 13 , 2015 . During the indefinitely long break Townsend intends to " recharge his batteries " , " get some inspiration and experiences " and to " see what the next chapter holds " for him . - In 2014 , Devin recorded a ' poppy sounding ' song in Los Angeles with producer Brian , but has decided against releasing . Devin mentioned he is against the project being contrived due to the current hard rock undertones in popular music . He described it as a " lukewarm heavy metal Devin song " . On December 11 , 2015 Townsend announced via Twitter that he was recording vocals for a song by Steve Vai . - As of April 2016 , Devin is in the middle of recording the seventh album , entitled at Studios in Vancouver . - - = = Personal life = = - - Townsend has been married to Tracy Turner , his girlfriend since he was 19 . She gave birth to their first son , Liam Townsend , on October 4 , 2006 . He is a vegetarian . - - = = Musical style = = - - - = = = = = = - - Townsend designed his two main projects , the aggressive Strapping Young Lad and his more melodic solo material , as counterparts . Strapping Young Lad 's music was a diverse mix of extreme metal genres : death metal , thrash metal , black metal and industrial metal . Townsend 's solo material blends many genres and influences , with elements of atmospheric ambient music , hard rock and progressive rock , along with pop metal and arena rock . He described it as " a highly orchestrated type of expansive music based in hard rock and heavy metal . and produced with a large amount of ambient elements . " Despite Strapping Young Lad 's greater mainstream acceptance , Townsend identifies more with his solo material , and has never intended Strapping Young Lad to be the focus of his music . - - = = = Production style = = = - - As a self @-@ proclaimed " fan of " , Townsend has developed a trademark production style featuring an atmospheric , layered " wall of sound " . Townsend has drawn critical praise for his productions , which " are always marked by a sense of adventure , intrigue , chaotic and overall " , according to Mike G. of Metal Maniacs . Townsend mainly uses Pro Tools to produce his music , alongside other software such as , Live , and Logic Pro . Townsend 's musical ideas and production style have drawn comparisons to Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . Townsend has carried out the mixing and mastering for most of his solo work himself . He has also mixed and remixed work for other artists such as , August Burns Red and Signals . - - = = = Playing style = = = - - Townsend mainly uses Open C tuning for both six and seven string guitar . He now also uses Open B tuning and Open B flat tuning ( Open C tuning tuned a half and a whole step down respectively ) on his six string guitars . Townsend 's technique varies from , power chords and to sweep @-@ picked arpeggios and tapping techniques . He is also known for his heavy use of and delay effects . He has expressed that he has no taste for guitar , saying that " Musically it doesn 't do anything for me " and that he only solos when he thinks that he can within the context of the song . - - = = = Vocals = = = - - Townsend 's employs a variety of vocal techniques in his work , including screaming , growling or even falsetto . His vocal range has been noted to be over 5 octaves ( to ) . - - = = = Influences = = = - - Townsend draws influence from a wide range of music genres , most prominently heavy metal . Townsend has cited , among others , Judas Priest , , Frank Zappa , Broadway musicals , , new @-@ age music , France , King 's X , Angel , , , Jane 's , Metallica , Cop Shoot Cop and Fear Factory as his influences , and has also expressed his admiration for Meshuggah on several occasions , calling them " the best metal band on the planet " . Townsend lists Paul Horn and Ravi Shankar as the " two most important musicians in his life " . The two songs that Townsend credits with changing the way he thought about music are " The Burning Down " by King 's X , and " Up the Beach " by Jane 's . City was influenced by bands such as and Cop Shoot Cop , and The New Black 's influences were Meshuggah , and " more traditional metal " like Metallica . He is also influenced by orchestral and classical composers such as John Williams , Trevor Jones and Igor Stravinsky . - - = = Discography = = - - - - = Zagreb Synagogue = - - The Zagreb Synagogue ( Croatian : ) was the main place of worship for the Jewish community of Zagreb in modern @-@ day Croatia . It was constructed in 1867 in the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia within the Austrian Empire , and was used until it was demolished by the fascist authorities in 1941 in the Axis @-@ aligned Independent State of Croatia . - The Revival synagogue , designed after the in Vienna , was located on modern @-@ day Praška Street . It has been the only purpose @-@ built Jewish house of worship in the history of the city . It was one of the city 's most prominent public buildings , as well as one of the most esteemed examples of synagogue architecture in the region . - Since the 1980s , plans have been made to rebuild the synagogue in its original location . Due to various political circumstances , very limited progress has been made . Major disagreements exist between the government and Jewish organizations as to how much the latter should be involved in decisions about the reconstruction project , including proposed design and character of the new building . - - = = History = = - - Encouraged by the 1782 of of Emperor Joseph II , Jews first permanently settled in Zagreb in the late eighteenth century , and founded the Jewish community in 1806 . In 1809 the Jewish community had a rabbi , and by 1811 it had its own cemetery . As early as 1833 , the community was permitted to buy land for construction of a synagogue , but did not have sufficient money to finance one at the time . - By 1855 , the community had grown to 700 members and , on October 30 of that year , the decision was made to build a new Jewish synagogue . The construction committee , appointed in 1861 , selected and purchased a parcel of land at the corner of Maria Valeria Street ( now Praška Street ) and Ban Square , the central town square . However , a new urban planning scheme of 1864 reduced the area available for construction , and the community decided to buy another parcel of 1 @,@ 540 square metres ( 16 @,@ 600 sq ft ) in Maria Valeria Street , approximately 80 metres ( 260 ft ) south of the original location . - - = = = Design and construction = = = - - Franjo Klein , a Vienna @-@ born Zagreb architect , was commissioned to build the synagogue . Klein , a representative of romantic , modeled the building on the ( 1858 ) , a Revival temple designed by Ludwig Förster . It became a prototype for synagogue design in Central Europe . Zagreb Synagogue used the already developed round arch style ( ) , but did not adopt Förster 's early oriental motifs . - The composition of the main facade , with its dominant drawn @-@ out and elevated projection and the two symmetrical lower lateral parts , reflects the internal division into three naves . At ground @-@ floor level , the front was distinguished by the three @-@ arch entrance and , whereas the first @-@ floor level had a high with an elevated arch and the on the staircases . - The synagogue occupied the greater part of the plot , facing west . It from the street regulation @-@ line in accordance with the rule then still enforced in Austria – Hungary , prohibiting non @-@ Catholic places of worship from having a public entrance from the street . The synagogue had a wider and slightly higher central nave and two narrower naves ; unlike Förster 's synagogue in Vienna , it did not have a plan . - Construction began in 1866 and was completed the following year . The synagogue was officially consecrated on September 27 , 1867 , a ceremony attended by representatives of city and regional authorities , Zagreb public figures , and many citizens . It was the first prominent public building in Zagreb 's lower town , and its architecture and scale aroused general admiration and praise . - - = = = 19th and early 20th century = = = - - With the new synagogue , an organ was introduced into religious service . The small minority of Orthodox Jews found this change to be intolerable , and they began to hold their services separately , in rented rooms . - In the 1880 earthquake , the synagogue suffered minor damage and was repaired the following year . - Largely due to immigration from Hungary , Bohemia and Moravia , the Jewish population of Zagreb quickly grew in size : from 1 @,@ 285 members in 1887 to 3 @,@ 237 members in 1900 , and then to 5 @,@ 970 members in 1921 . The synagogue became too small to accommodate the needs of the ever @-@ growing community . In 1921 a renovation was undertaken to increase the number of available seats . A 1931 plan to increase the capacity to seats was ultimately abandoned . A central heating system was installed in 1933 . - - = = = Demolition during World War II = = = - - During the 1941 collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia under the Axis invasion in the April War , the Independent State of Croatia was created . It was ruled by the extreme nationalist Ustaša regime . The Ustaša quickly started with the systematic persecution of the Jews , modeled after the Nazi Germany approach , and at times even more brutal . Racial laws were introduced , Jewish property was confiscated , and the Jews were subjected to mass arrests and to death camps in Croatia and abroad . - In October 1941 , the newly installed mayor of Zagreb , Ivan Werner , issued a decree ordering the demolition of the Praška Street synagogue , ostensibly because it did not fit into the city 's master plan . The demolition began on October 10 , 1941 , proceeding slowly so as not to damage the adjacent buildings ; it was finished by April 1942 . The whole process was photographed for propaganda purposes , and the photographs were shown to the public at an antisemitic exhibition first held in Zagreb . It was also shown in Dubrovnik , , Sarajevo , Vukovar and , as an illustration of the " solution of the Jewish question in Croatia " . - A fragment of the film footage of the demolition was discovered five decades later by the film director during research for his 1993 documentary feature , Decline of the Century : of L. Z. ; 41 seconds of the film survives . This footage was also shown in Mira Wolf 's documentary , The Zagreb Synagogue 1867 @-@ 1942 ( 1996 ) , produced by Croatian . - The synagogue 's eight valuable Torah scrolls were saved due to an intervention by Leonardo Grivičić , an entrepreneur and industrialist who lived next door from Mile , a minister in the Ustaša government . He was also close to Ante Pavelić and the Third Reich 's ambassador to Croatia , Edmund @-@ . Although Grivičić did not have a significant political role in the Independent State of Croatia , he was considered trustworthy . On October 9 , 1941 , he learned about the regime 's plan to start the demolition of the synagogue on the following morning . By that evening , Grivičić secretly relayed the information to the synagogue 's chief cantor , , and during the night , the Torah scrolls were moved to safety . - Shortly after the destruction of the synagogue , the Catholic archbishop of Zagreb delivered a in which he said : " A house of God of any faith is a holy thing , and whoever harms it will pay with their lives . In this world and the next they will be punished . " . - The only surviving fragments of the building — the wash @-@ basin and two memorial tables from the , as well as some parts of a column — were saved by Ivo Kraus . He pulled them from the rubble shortly after the end of World War II . The wash @-@ basin and the memorial tables are now in the Zagreb City Museum . The column fragments are kept by the Jewish Community of Zagreb . - - = = Reconstruction efforts = = - - - = = = 1945 – 1990 = = = - - Only one in five Croatian Jews survived the Holocaust of World War II . Between 1948 and 1952 , nearly one half of the surviving members of Jewish Community of Zagreb opted for emigration to Israel , and the community dropped to one @-@ tenth of its pre @-@ war membership . The Yugoslav communist regime virtually all real estate owned by the Jewish Community of Zagreb , including the plot in Praška Street . All this , combined with the new regime 's general hostility toward religion , made reconstruction of the synagogue nearly impossible . - After World War II , the vacant site of the former synagogue was used as a makeshift volleyball court . The volleyball court made way for a prefabricated department store building , constructed in 1959 . The department store was completely destroyed in a fire on December 31 , 1980 , and was subsequently dismantled . Despite some earlier ideas about a permanent department store building on the same spot , and a 1977 architecture competition for its design , no construction took place . Instead , the parcel was turned into a parking lot , which it remains to this day . - After 1986 , the Jewish Community of Zagreb began to consider a Jewish cultural center and a memorial synagogue . Two architects , Branko and Boris , both of whom participated in the failed 1977 department store competition , came forward on their own accord and contributed their ideas for a new Jewish center in Praška Street . 's vision was ultimately not accepted by the Jewish community ; instead , plans were being made for the construction of the cultural center and a synagogue , following an international architecture competition . However , despite support for the project both within Yugoslavia and abroad , the issuance of necessary permits was either stalled or denied by the municipal government . The project was not developed . - - = = = 1990 – present = = = - - By the autumn of 1990 , after the first democratic elections in Croatia , the municipal government finally approved the project . An architectural competition was planned for January 1991 . Political turmoil in the country , followed by the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Croatian War of Independence ( 1991 – 1995 ) , caused the project to be put on hold again . In 1994 President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman said to , Council member of the Zagreb Jewish community , that they should build the new synagogue at the site of the former synagogue , which will be funded by the Croatian government . declined the offer believing to be inappropriate when 1800 Catholic churches are left destroyed at the time , during Croatian War of Independence . - In the meantime , the Jewish Community of Zagreb sought to legally its property . The Croatian law was enacted in 1996 , and the Praška Street parcel was finally returned to the community on December 31 , 1999 . By 2000 , reconstruction activities were invigorated again . An investment study was submitted to the Government of Croatia and the City of Zagreb in July 2004 and revised in October 2004 . The architecture competition was planned for 2005 . However , a 2005 rift in the Jewish Community of Zagreb resulted in formation of a splinter Jewish community , Bet Israel , led by Ivo and Goldstein . - In September 2006 , the Government of Croatia formed a construction . It was decided that the project , estimated at the time at 173 million ( US $ 30 million ) , would be partially financed by the Government of Croatia and the City of Zagreb , and that both Jewish organizations should be represented in the . However , the involvement of Bet Israel was deemed unacceptable by the Jewish Community of Zagreb , which is the sole owner of the Praška Street property , and which also sees itself as the sole legal representative of the Zagreb Jewish community . As a consequence , the community and its president , Kraus , refused further participation in the project under the set conditions . - Further disagreements existed about the design and character of the new building . reconstruction , while feasible , was not seriously contemplated . There was a general agreement that the new building should also have a cultural as well as commercial purpose . While the Jewish Community of Zagreb envisioned a modern design reminiscent of the original synagogue , the Bet Israel advocated building a replica of the original synagogue 's facade , it as having a powerful symbolism . Opinions of architects , urban planners , and art historians were also divided along similar lines . - In 2014 and 2015 , the Jewish Community of Zagreb presented new plans for a 10 @,@ 600 m2 ( 114 @,@ 000 sq ft ) multi @-@ purpose Jewish center and synagogue in Praška Street . - - - = 1806 Great Coastal hurricane = - - The 1806 Great Coastal hurricane was a severe and damaging storm along the East Coast of the United States which produced upwards of 36 in ( 91 cm ) of rainfall in parts of Massachusetts . First observed east of the Lesser Antilles on 17 August , the hurricane arrived at the Bahamas by 19 August . The disturbance continued to drift northward and made landfall at the mouth of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina on 22 August . The storm soon moved out to sea as a Category 2 @-@ equivalent hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale , off of New England before dissipating south of Nova Scotia on 25 August as a markedly weaker storm . Several French and British military ships were damaged out at sea . In the Carolinas , salt , sugar , rice , and lumber industries suffered considerably , and several individuals were killed . and vessels endured moderate damage , with many ships wrecked on North barrier islands . A majority of the deaths caused by the hurricane occurred aboard the Rose @-@ in @-@ Bloom offshore of Inlet , New Jersey , with 21 of the ship 's 48 passengers killed and $ 171 @,@ 000 ( 1806 USD ) in damage to its cargo . Upon arriving in New England , reports indicated extreme rainfall , though no deaths were reported ; in all , the hurricane killed more than 24 individuals along the entirety of its track . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The Great Coastal hurricane of 1806 was first noted far east of the Lesser Antilles on 17 August . Weather historian David M. followed the disturbance 's track to the Bahamas by 19 August ; intense winds persisted until 21 August , however , approximately 150 mi ( 240 km ) east of the island of . currents brought the storm northward , and it approached Charleston , South Carolina on 22 August , where a generally easterly flow preceded the storm indicated its passage far east of the city . The hurricane made landfall at the mouth of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina later that day , though the earliest impacts from the storm started several days earlier , with gusts initially toward the northeast but later curving southwestward . Reports of similar wind shifts throughout the region suggested that the gale persisted , stationary , for several hours . It eventually moved back out to sea while south of Norfolk , Virginia , departing the region on 24 August . The hurricane maintained 1 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) while offshore , equivalent to a Category 2 system on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . While offshore New England , the gale featured a of winds 90 mi ( 150 km ) wide , and was last observed just south of Nova Scotia on 25 August slightly weaker , with sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . - - = = Impact = = - - The hurricane damaged several vessels while still drifting at sea , and damaging Jérôme Bonaparte 's fleet and the 74 @-@ gun French ship of the line Impétueux , which later landed near Cape Henry . - In Charleston , South Carolina , the hurricane washed aground several ships and uprooted numerous trees , though damage to the city harbor was minimal . The lighthouse on North Island flanking Bay collapsed under high winds , and in Georgetown proper , the hurricane was considered to be the worst since the 1804 Antigua – Charleston hurricane , despite its storm surge being of a lesser size . A cotton field covering 94 acres was ruined nearby . At , North Carolina , numerous ships experienced damage , while considerable destruction to structures was observed , with many wharves wrecked . Meanwhile , at Wilmington , the hurricane inflicted widespread damage , with many wharves severely damaged , and significant losses sustained by salt , sugar , rice , and lumber industries . The gable sections of three masonry houses were destroyed by wind or water , and wooden houses suffered especially badly , with many obliterated and those under construction flattened . One individual died after a wall collapsed and several slaves were killed , one by drowning , at local plantations . At Bald Head Island , the United States Revenue Service vessel Governor Williams was stripped of its foremast and subsequently ran ashore before being repaired and continuing on its journey . A second boat owned by the agency , the , was at port in Wilmington and endured no damage ; similarly , little impact occurred at New Bern . Throughout the storm , several vessels and supplies of stranded sailors were driven aground along the North coast . On the Banks , the remains of the and Atlantic were discovered , and at the Core Banks , a dead body was washed ashore , partially eaten by fish . - Moderate damage occurred upon the hurricane 's arrival in Norfolk , Virginia . Winds toppled a number of newly built structures and chimneys , uprooted trees and fences , and washed two aground . After the storm , alterations to the shoreline around the Chesapeake Bay permitted the full establishment of a town at Willoughby . The Rose @-@ in @-@ Bloom was caught in the hurricane while offshore of Inlet , New Jersey , en route to New York City from Charleston , but was struck by a large wave which overturned the ship , resulting in the deaths of 21 of its 48 passengers and the loss of $ 171 @,@ 000 of its $ 180 @,@ 000 ( 1806 USD ) cargo . The vessel only barely stayed afloat , with 30 of cotton preventing it from sinking entirely ; survivors were ferried to New York by the British brig Swift , which had then been traveling toward St. John 's , Newfoundland . The hurricane produced strong gusts within the vicinity of New York City , and at Belleville , New Jersey , several peach trees were and uprooted . Cape Cod , Massachusetts was struck by heavy rain and observed minor damage to its port . At , meanwhile , an individual witnessed torrential rainfall , recording that a barrel was filled with 30 in ( 76 cm ) of water , and estimating total rainfall reached 36 in ( 91 cm ) there , where the storm devastated local crops and five cargo ships . At , meanwhile , severe damage to crops and was noted , and 18 in ( 46 cm ) of rainfall was recorded . Reports in Boston , however , indicate more modest rainfall amounts , with a precipitation rate of 0 @.@ 40 in ( 1 @.@ 0 cm ) per hour noted . - - - = Forward Intelligence Team = - - Forward Intelligence Teams ( FITs ) are two or more police officers who are deployed by UK police forces to gather intelligence on the ground and in some circumstances , to disrupt activists and deter anti @-@ social behaviour . They use cameras , and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public . An unsuccessful legal challenge has been made against their use of overt surveillance , but in 2009 the Court of Appeal ruled that they must justify retention of photographs on a case @-@ by @-@ case basis . Any retained information is recorded on the Crimint database . - Political activists have criticised FITs and said that they feel the aim of FIT deployment during protests is to prevent legal protests . Journalists have also complained that FITs attempt to stop them photographing protests and that they conduct surveillance of journalists . A campaign group , Fitwatch , formed in 2007 that aim to obstruct FITs and conduct on the officers . Two members of the group were arrested at the 2008 Climate Camp on obstruction charges . A similar police surveillance unit , the Video Intelligence Unit is operated by Greater Manchester Police . In June 2010 , the Home Office announced it would review the use of FITs during public order policing . - - = = History and Purpose = = - - FITs were first formed in the early 1990s , as part of the Public Order Intelligence Unit ( ) , a section of the Public Order Branch of the Metropolitan Police . They initially targeted football fans , hunt and political protesters ( since at least 1996 ) , using cameras , and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public . The police officers wear full uniform , and are intended to be a highly visible presence . Their uniform is sometimes different from normal police officers in that the upper half of their yellow fluorescent jackets is blue . Civilian photographers are also employed by the police to work alongside FITs . According to Scotland Yard , the aim of FIT teams at protests is to record evidence of protesters in case disorder occurs later on at a protest . - More recently the teams ' purpose has been extended to routine police work on low @-@ level crime and anti @-@ social behaviour and police forces throughout the UK now have their own FITs . Despite the implication in their name that their function is to merely gather intelligence , they are also intended to have a deterrent effect . This approach has been reported to work in reducing reports of anti @-@ social behaviour at times when FITs are deployed in specific neighbourhoods . Smith , then Home Secretary praised Operation Leopard that used FITs to target youths , in , Essex stating : - " Operation Leopard is exactly the sort of intensive policing that can bring persistent offenders to their senses ... filming of them and their associates throughout the day and night " - Linda , an activist , has suggested that their tactics are " designed to people and prevent lawful dissent " . This view is echoed by a police of their operations at the 2008 Camp for Climate Action which praised FITs at the event for disrupting activists . - In June 2010 , the Home Office announced it would review the use of FITs during public order policing . The move was influenced by the discovery that information collected by FITs , included that which was unrelated to suspected crimes , for example recording who made speeches at demonstrations . - In October 2010 , FIT officers in plain clothes were spotted by a press photographer at a protest against companies avoiding tax , despite Commander Bob Broadhurst telling a parliamentary committee in May 2009 , that only officers distinguishable by their blue and yellow jackets were involved in gathering intelligence at protests . The Metropolitan Police told The Guardian that it was necessary to deploy plain @-@ clothed officers to " gather information to provide us with a relevant and up @-@ to @-@ date intelligence picture of what to expect " . It was the first time that FITs are known to have been deployed in plain clothes . - - = = Legal issues = = - - Liberty brought a judicial review of the overt surveillance practices in May 2008 , which was decided in favour of the police , however the police were asked to clarify their evidence to the Court of Appeal , following an investigation by The Guardian newspaper . - In May 2009 , the Court of Appeal ruled that photographs collected by FITs of people who have not committed a criminal offence can no longer be kept . The ruling was made after Andrew Wood , an arms trade activist , was photographed after challenging the management of Reed at their over them organising arms trade exhibitions . Wood argued that police had harassed him and his right to privacy by photographing him . Lord Collins of said that the police presence had a " chilling effect " on people who were protesting . FITs have not been banned but they must now justify the retention of photographs on a case @-@ by @-@ case basis . As a result of the ruling the Metropolitan Police 's public order unit , was forced to 40 % of the photos of protesters that it held . - In a report about the policing of the 2009 G @-@ 20 London summit protests , Denis O 'Connor , the chief of , stated that the routine use of FITs at protests " raises fundamental privacy issues and should be reviewed " . He also said that there was " confusion " over the role of FITs and advised that the Home Office should issue guidance over the legality of the surveillance of protesters and the retention of images . - - = = Information processing = = - - The information that FITs collect is stored on the Crimint database , which is used daily by police officers to catalogue criminal intelligence . People are listed by name allowing police to determine which events individuals have attended . obtained by FITs are used to produce " cards " consisting of people 's photographs which allows officers to identify people at future events that they attend . For £ 10 , people are able to obtain a list of protests that they have attended from the data held on Crimint under laws in the Data Protection Act 1998 . - - = = Academic response = = - - A 2006 report , The Economics of Mass calculated that the use of FITs at mass gatherings involves gathering intelligence on roughly 1 @,@ 200 people to record the actions of one person . The report also noted that most of the people on " cards " , used by the police photographers , were those involved in the organisation of protests and that FITs also attend meetings where demonstrations are organised . - - = = Criticism = = - - Fitwatch ( formed in early 2007 ) campaign against FITs by actively their operations , and by passively opposing their operations by photographing units ( a form of ) . - In June 2009 , The Guardian released video evidence recorded by a FIT at the 2008 Climate Camp of alleged police brutality against two female members of Fitwatch . The women had asked police officers to reveal their shoulder numbers , as at least four officers had not displayed them . The women attempted to photograph the police officers for evidence , but were forced to the ground , restrained with handcuffs , and had their legs bound with . They were then placed in restraint positions , arrested , charged and held in custody for four days , including three days in , before they were released on bail . The police later all the charges against the women . The women lodged a complaint with the over the incident . The journalist George commented on this case , saying that " the police are turning activism into a crime " and that " the FITs ' methods appear to have been lifted from a training manual " . He claimed that " anybody who is politically active is filmed , identified , monitored , logged , and cross @-@ checked " . A police into the operation at praised the deployment of FITs saying that they were " highly effective and gained good intelligence and disruption " . - Three members of Fitwatch were convicted for FIT officers in June 2008 as they attempted to photograph those attending a No Borders meeting in London . In July 2010 the Inner London Crown Court overturned the men 's convictions , with the judge stating that the protesters ' human rights may have been violated by the FIT officers . - On 15 November 2010 , the hosts of the Fitwatch blog were asked by the Police National E @-@ Crime Unit to take down the website due to it " being used to undertake criminal activities " . The request came after a post on the blog after the 2010 student protest in London , which advised students of actions they should take if they were concerned that they were photographed at the demonstration , such as cutting their hair and of clothing they were wearing . Emily Apple , one of the founders of the site told The Guardian , " Nothing in that post [ giving guidance to student protesters ] has not been said before on our blog or on other sites " . On 17 November 2010 , the Fitwatch website returned , hosted on a web server outside of the UK . - The National Union of Journalists ( NUJ ) has criticised FITs for their surveillance and sometimes violent harassment of working journalists . Marc , who was hospitalised by police after documenting a protest , has said that the teams limit freedom of the press and called on the Home Office to confirm that the police had no right to restrict the work of . Bob Broadhurst , who is in charge of public order policing at the Metropolitan Police , said in a statement to the NUJ in 2008 that journalists , " on the production of a valid form of accreditation will be able to continue with their work " . The NUJ are to make a formal complaint to the Information Commissioner due to the Metropolitan Police failing to provide details on the surveillance of journalists under the Freedom of Information Act . Bob Broadhurst told photographers at an NUJ conference that he had no faith in the National Press Card ( a form of press pass ) despite journalists needing to prove that they are @-@ to an independent authority before they are issued . - The BBC TV series produced an episode entitled What ever happened to people power ? in July 2009 which discussed the use of FITs in targeting activists and journalists . - - = = Similar police units = = - - Greater Manchester Police operate a Video Intelligence Unit , whose officers confront and video certain freed prisoners as they leave prison after serving their sentences . They also record footage of people involved in anti @-@ social behaviour on the streets . The aim is to give other police officers up to date information on the appearance of people who have broken the law . Video footage thus collected is constantly replayed on TV screens in rooms where officers complete their . Footage that they have recorded has also been uploaded onto YouTube in an attempt to catch people they believe have . This has resulted in several offenders being sent back to prison after breaching licence conditions . Since the unit was launched in 2006 more than 900 people have been filmed by the unit . Not all of these people are suspects in crime however , people can be filmed if they are thought to associate with prolific offenders or if they have been stopped in an area of high crime under suspicious circumstances . Walsh , a civil liberties lawyer , said the unit 's work " could have implications " for the force under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights - the right to privacy . He believes that filming must be a " proportionate and reasonable " response to a crime and that this does not appear to be the case as people are being targeted over what they might do in the future . It is uncertain as to how long data collected by the unit is to be kept but currently anticipate it will be stored for 5 years . - - - = Trinsey v. Pennsylvania = - - Trinsey v. Pennsylvania 224 was a case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit that confirmed the validity of special elections held without a primary under the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Amendments to the United States Constitution . The case came about due to the death of H. John Heinz III , one of the US Senators from Pennsylvania , in a plane crash on April 4 , 1991 . Under the Seventeenth Amendment , state legislatures may give the Governor the power to appoint officials to fill temporarily vacant Senate seats until a special election can be held , and Pennsylvanian law contained a statute executing this and requiring no primaries for the special election . Instead , both the Democrats and Republicans would each internally select their candidates . John S. Trinsey Jr . , a and potential candidate , asked the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania to declare the statute unconstitutional as a violation on the Fourteenth and Seventeenth amendments , because the lack of a primary removed his right to properly vote for candidates and delegated that power to political parties . - After deciding that the statute 's subject matter necessitated the strict scrutiny approach , the District Court decided on June 10 , 1991 that it was an unconstitutional violation of the right to vote for and select Senate candidates . This decision was appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , who decided against the use of the strict scrutiny approach and , in its absence , ruled that the statute was not a violation of the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Amendments . Academics have been critical of both the decision reached and the approach used , with one suggesting that the " substantial state interests " test used in Valenti v. Rockefeller would be more appropriate . - - = = Background = = - - On April 4 , 1991 H. John Heinz III , one of the US Senators from Pennsylvania , was killed when his chartered plane collided with a helicopter inspecting its landing gear . Under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the legislature of each state has the power to permit the governor to fill the vacant seat until a special election can be held . In Pennsylvania , this power had been delegated , and Governor Robert P. Casey signed a writ on May 13 , 1991 , declaring November 5 the date for a special election and temporarily appointing Harris Wofford to fill Heinz 's now @-@ vacant seat . Under Pennsylvanian law , there was no need for a primary in such a situation ; instead , both the Democrats and Republicans would each internally select their candidate , who would run in the special election . John S. Trinsey Jr . , a member of the Pennsylvanian electorate and potential candidate , challenged the of this law , claiming that it violated his rights under the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Amendments . - Trinsey argued that , by failing to allow for primaries , the state legislation prevented him from getting to select a candidate of his choice , and that this violated the Fourteenth Amendment ; the terms of the statute ( and absence of a requirement for primaries ) also allegedly the rights of the electorate under the Seventeenth Amendment , which required the selection of Senators by popular vote ; Trinsey 's complaint was that the legislation had effectively delegated the power to choose candidates to political parties rather than the electorate . Accordingly , Trinsey filed a motion for a judgment to state that the statute was unconstitutional , and also requested that Wofford be removed from his seat . for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , joined by the office of the Governor , argued that the constitution did not require the holding of primary elections to fill vacancies , and that the statute " protected valid and compelling state interests in protecting the validity of the electoral process and limiting the term of a [ ] appointed Senator " . - - = = Judgment = = - - The case was first heard in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania , where , following oral arguments , the judge dismissed both Trinsey 's motion to remove Wofford and the Commonwealth 's motion to dismiss . On June 10 , 1991 , however , the District Court declared the statute unconstitutional , stating that it violated both the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Amendments due to the failure to ensure " popular participation " through the use of primary elections . This decision was reached following an analysis of the legislative history of the Seventeenth Amendment and electoral processes ; based on this analysis , the court concluded that the Pennsylvanian use of a nomination process before a special election implied a right to vote , which was violated by the lack of a primary and necessitated a strict of the legislation . After considering the evidence , the court concluded that " the interests the Commonwealth put forth in support of the statute could not the infringement of the right to vote " , leading to the conclusion that the statute governing special elections was unconstitutional . - With this " the public , press and political parties quickly turned their attention to the case " , with the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania ( supported by their Democratic counterparts ) and several prominent politicians intervening . They moved to expedite an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit . In a unanimous opinion , the Court of Appeals ( consisting of , Greenberg and Seitz ) confirmed that there was no restriction of any fundamental right , and therefore that the strict scrutiny process did not need to be applied . In the absence of this process , they held that the Seventeenth Amendment did not require primary elections to fill vacancies , and more broadly gave state legislatures wide discretion as to how to hold elections ; as such , the statute did not violate the constitution . In December 1991 the Supreme Court denied a writ of certiorari , presumably because the special election had already taken place in November and the issue was thus moot . - - = = = = - - Laura E. Little , writing in the Temple Law Review , notes the of guidance for either the District Court or Court of Appeals in Trinsey , with no " explicit direction and no direct precedent " from either the constitutional provisions or prior case law to rely on . In the absence of guidance , the Court of Appeals took a narrow view of the issues , something she . Under Pennsylvanian law , primaries are mandatory in all other elections , and in her opinion the lack of a primary in this case should have been judged to be a violation of Trinsey 's fundamental rights . Combined with the purpose of the Seventeenth Amendment - to ensure direct election - this should have led to the application of the strict scrutiny test , and the decision that the statute governing special elections was unconstitutional . Kevin M. Gold instead suggests that the test used in Valenti v. Rockefeller , an analogous decision over the validity of New York state electoral law . In Valenti , the judiciary applied the " substantial state interests " test , which involves simply looking at whether the statute in question the interests of the states , who under the Seventeenth Amendment are given some discretion as to the electoral process they use . - - - = Michael Jordan = - - Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials , MJ , is an American retired professional basketball player . He is also a businessman , and principal owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets . Jordan played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards . His biography on the NBA website states : " By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . " Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . - Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina . He was a member of the Tar ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the NBA 's Chicago Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick . He quickly emerged as a league star , entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam from the free throw line in slam dunk contests , earned him the nicknames " Air Jordan " and " His " . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a " three @-@ peat " . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 – 94 NBA season to pursue a career in baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then @-@ record 72 regular @-@ season wins in the 1995 – 96 NBA season . Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999 , but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards . - Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include five Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten All @-@ NBA First Team designations , nine All @-@ Defensive First Team honors , fourteen NBA All @-@ Star Game appearances , three All @-@ Star Game MVP Awards , ten scoring titles , three steals titles , six NBA Finals MVP Awards , and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . Among his numerous accomplishments , Jordan holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30 @.@ 12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33 @.@ 45 points per game ) . In 1999 , he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN , and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press 's list of athletes of the century . Jordan is a two @-@ time into the Basketball Hall of Fame , having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( " The Dream Team " ) . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015 . - Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan , which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred in the 1996 feature film Space Jam as himself . In 2006 , he became part @-@ owner and head of basketball operations for the then @-@ Charlotte Bobcats , buying a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2015 , as a result of the increase in value of NBA franchises , Jordan became the first billionaire NBA player in history and the world 's second @-@ richest African @-@ American . - - = = Early years = = - - Jordan was born in Brooklyn , New York , the son of ( née Peoples ) , who worked in banking , and James R. Jordan , Sr. , an equipment supervisor . His family moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , when he was a . - Jordan is the fourth of five children . He has two older brothers , Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan , Jr . , one older sister , , and a younger sister , . Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army . - - = = High school career = = - - Jordan attended A. Laney High School in Wilmington , where he anchored his athletic career by playing baseball , football , and basketball . He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year , but at 5 ' 11 " ( 1 @.@ 80 m ) , he was deemed too short to play at that level . His taller friend , Harvest Smith , was the only sophomore to make the team . - to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad , and several 40 @-@ point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All @-@ American Team after averaging a triple @-@ double : 29 @.@ 2 points , 11 @.@ 6 rebounds , and 10 @.@ 1 assists . - Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs , including Duke , North Carolina , South Carolina , Syracuse , and Virginia . In 1981 , Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina , where he in cultural geography . - - = = College career = = - - As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team @-@ oriented system , he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13 @.@ 4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53 @.@ 4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ) . He made the game @-@ winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown , which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing . Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career . During his three seasons at North Carolina , he averaged 17 @.@ 7 ppg on 54 @.@ 0 % shooting , and added 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game ( rpg ) . He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All @-@ American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons . After winning the and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984 , Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft . The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick , after Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ) . One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center . However , the Trail Blazers general manager contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center , but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan , in part because Portland already had a guard with similar skills to Jordan , Clyde Drexler . ESPN , citing Bowie 's injury @-@ laden college career , named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history . Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986 . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Early NBA years ( 1984 – 1987 ) = = = - - During his first season in the NBA , Jordan averaged 28 @.@ 2 ppg on 51 @.@ 5 % shooting . He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas , and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading " A Star Is Born " just over a month into his professional career . Jordan was also voted in as an All @-@ Star starter by the fans in his rookie season . Controversy arose before the All @-@ Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players , led by Isiah Thomas , were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving . This led to a so @-@ called " freeze @-@ out " on Jordan , where players refused to pass him the ball throughout the game . The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play , and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year . The Bulls finished the season 38 – 44 , and lost in the first round of the playoffs in four games to the Milwaukee . - Jordan 's second season was cut short by a broken foot in the third game of the season , which caused him to miss 64 games . Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 – 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ) , the Bulls made the playoffs . Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return . Against a 1985 – 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history , Jordan set the still @-@ unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2 . The Celtics , however , managed to sweep the series . - Jordan had recovered completely by the 1986 – 87 season , and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history . He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3 @,@ 000 points in a season , averaging a league high 37 @.@ 1 points on 48 @.@ 2 % shooting . In addition , Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess , as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in a season . Despite Jordan 's success , Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award . The Bulls reached 40 wins , and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year . However , they were again swept by the Celtics . - - = = = Pistons roadblock ( 1987 – 1990 ) = = = - - Jordan led the league in scoring again in the 1987 – 88 season , averaging 35 @.@ 0 ppg on 53 @.@ 5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award . He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year , as he had averaged 1 @.@ 6 blocks and a league high 3 @.@ 16 steals per game . The Bulls finished 50 – 32 , and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career , as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . However , the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons , who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the " Bad Boys " . - In the 1988 – 89 season , Jordan again led the league in scoring , averaging 32 @.@ 5 ppg on 53 @.@ 8 % shooting from the field , along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ) . The Bulls finished with a 47 – 35 record , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way . The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig at the in the fifth and final game of the series . However , the Pistons again defeated the Bulls , this time in six games , by utilizing their " Jordan Rules " method of guarding Jordan , which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball . - The Bulls entered the 1989 – 90 season as a team on the rise , with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant , and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson . Jordan averaged a league leading 33 @.@ 6 ppg on 52 @.@ 6 % shooting , to go with 6 @.@ 9 rpg and 6 @.@ 3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 – 27 record . They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals beating the and Philadelphia 76ers . However , despite pushing the series to seven games , the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season . - - = = = First three @-@ peat ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = = - - In the 1990 – 91 season , Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31 @.@ 5 ppg on 53 @.@ 9 % shooting , 6 @.@ 0 rpg , and 5 @.@ 5 apg for the regular season . The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season . With Scottie Pippen developing into an All @-@ Star , the Bulls had elevated their play . The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival , the Detroit Pistons , awaited them . However , this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four @-@ game sweep . In an unusual ending to the fourth and final game , Isiah Thomas led his team off the court before the final seconds had concluded . Most of the Pistons went directly to their locker room instead of shaking hands with the Bulls . - The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face Magic Johnson and James and beat the Los Angeles four games to one , compiling an outstanding 15 – 2 playoff record along the way . Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when , attempting a dunk , Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid @-@ air to lay the shot in . In his first Finals appearance , Jordan posted per game averages of 31 @.@ 2 points on 56 % shooting from the field , 11 @.@ 4 assists , 6 @.@ 6 rebounds , 2 @.@ 8 steals and 1 @.@ 4 blocks . Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award , and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy . - Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 – 92 season , establishing a 67 – 15 record , topping their franchise record from 1990 to 91 . Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30 @.@ 1 points , 6 @.@ 4 rebounds and 6 @.@ 1 assists per game on 52 % shooting . After winning a physical 7 @-@ game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games , the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic – Bird rivalry , highlighted the similarities between " Air " Jordan and Clyde " The " during the pre @-@ Finals hype . In the first game , Jordan scored a Finals @-@ record 35 points in the first half , including a record @-@ setting six three @-@ point field goals . After the sixth three @-@ pointer , he down the court as he looked . Albert , who broadcast the game , later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying , " I can 't believe I 'm doing this . " The Bulls went on to win Game 1 , and defeat the Blazers in six games . Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35 @.@ 8 ppg , 4 @.@ 8 rpg , and 6 @.@ 5 apg , while shooting 53 % from the floor . - In the 1992 – 93 season , despite a 32 @.@ 6 ppg , 6 @.@ 7 rpg and 5 @.@ 5 apg campaign , Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley . , Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals . The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game @-@ winning shot by John and a last @-@ second block by Horace Grant , but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader . He averaged a Finals @-@ record 41 @.@ 0 ppg during the six @-@ game series , and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards . He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series , including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games . With his third Finals triumph , Jordan capped off a seven @-@ year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships , but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non @-@ basketball in his life . - - = = = = controversy = = = = - - During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993 , controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City , New Jersey , the night before a game against the New York Knicks . In that same year , he admitted to having to cover $ 57 @,@ 000 in gambling losses , and author Richard wrote a book claiming he had won $ 1 @.@ 25 million from Jordan on the golf course . In 2005 , Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some decisions . Jordan stated , " Yeah , I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope . Is that ? Yeah , it depends on how you look at it . If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family , then yeah . " When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it his livelihood or family , Jordan replied , " No . " - - = = = First retirement and baseball career ( 1993 – 1994 ) = = = - - On October 6 , 1993 , Jordan announced his retirement , citing a loss of desire to play the game . Jordan later stated that the murder of his father earlier in the year also shaped his decision . Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23 , 1993 , at a highway rest area in , North Carolina , by two teenagers , Daniel Green and Larry Martin . The were traced from calls they made on James Jordan 's cellular phone , caught , convicted , and sentenced to life in prison . Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work . He later adopted it as his own signature , displaying it each time he drove to the basket . In 1996 , he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father . - In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game , Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992 . The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever @-@ growing celebrity status . Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world . - Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7 , 1994 . He reported to spring training in Sarasota , Florida , and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31 , 1994 . Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father , who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player . The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry , who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball . - In 1994 , Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons , a Double @-@ A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox , batting with three home runs , 51 runs batted in , 30 stolen bases , 114 strikeouts , 51 base on balls , and 11 errors . He also appeared for the in the 1994 Arizona Fall League , batting against the top prospects in baseball . On November 1 , 1994 , his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center . - - = = = " I 'm back " : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) = = = - - In the 1993 – 94 season , the Bulls , without Jordan , achieved a 55 – 27 record , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . But the 1994 – 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . at mid @-@ season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 – 31 at one point in mid @-@ March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the NBA for the Bulls . - In March 1995 , Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike , as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player . On March 18 , 1995 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two @-@ word press release : " I 'm back . " The next day , Jordan wore jersey number 45 ( his number with the Barons ) , as his familiar 23 had been retired in his honor following his first retirement . He took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana in Indianapolis , scoring 19 points . The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975 . - Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half , Jordan played well upon his return , making a game @-@ winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back . He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28 , 1995 . by Jordan 's comeback , the Bulls went 13 – 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference against the Orlando Magic . At the end of Game 1 , Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind , leading to the game @-@ winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan " didn 't look like the old Michael Jordan " and that " No. 45 doesn 't explode like No. 23 used to . " Jordan then returned to wearing his old number in the next game , scoring 38 points in a Bulls win . The Bulls were fined $ 30 @,@ 000 for the game : $ 25 @,@ 000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA and $ 5 @,@ 000 for Jordan wearing different shoes . Jordan averaged 31 points per game in the series , but Orlando won the series in 6 games . - - = = = Second three @-@ peat ( 1995 – 1998 ) = = = - - motivated by the playoff defeat , Jordan trained aggressively for the 1995 – 96 season . by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman , the Bulls dominated the league , starting the season 41 – 3 , and eventually finishing with the then @-@ best regular season record in NBA history ( later surpassed by the 2015 – 16 Golden State Warriors ) : 72 – 10 . Jordan led the league in scoring with 30 @.@ 4 ppg , and won the league 's regular season and All @-@ Star Game MVP awards . - In the playoffs , the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 @-@ 0 , New York Knicks 4 @-@ 1 , Orlando Magic 4 @-@ 0 ) . They defeated the Seattle 4 @-@ 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship . Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time , surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards . He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All @-@ Star Game , regular season and NBA Finals , Willis Reed having achieved the first , during the 1969 – 70 season . Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder , and it was won on Father 's Day , Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title , including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball . - In the 1996 – 97 season , the Bulls started out 69 – 11 , but missed out on a second consecutive 70 @-@ win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 – 13 . However , this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone . The Bulls again advanced to the Finals , where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz . The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career . He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a @-@ beating jump shot . In Game 5 , with the series tied at 2 , Jordan played despite being and from a stomach virus . In what is known as the " Game " , Jordan scored 38 points , including the game @-@ deciding 3 @-@ pointer with 25 seconds remaining . The Bulls won 90 – 88 and went on to win the series in six games . For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances , Jordan received the Finals MVP award . During the 1997 NBA All @-@ Star Game , Jordan posted the first triple double in All @-@ Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however , he did not receive the MVP award . - Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 – 20 record in the 1997 – 98 season . Jordan led the league with 28 @.@ 7 points per game , securing his fifth regular @-@ season MVP award , plus honors for All @-@ NBA First Team , First Defensive Team and the All @-@ Star Game MVP . The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season , including surviving a seven @-@ game series with the Indiana in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference with the Knicks . After winning , they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals . - The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14 , 1998 , leading the series 3 – 2 . Jordan executed a series of plays , considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history . With the Bulls trailing 86 – 83 with 41 @.@ 9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter , Phil Jackson called a timeout . When play resumed , Jordan received the inbound pass , drove to the basket , and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders , cutting the Utah lead to 86 – 85 . The Jazz brought the ball and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone , who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman . Malone with Rodman and caught the pass , but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal . Jordan then down the court and paused , his defender , Jazz guard Russell . With 10 seconds remaining , Jordan started to right , then crossed over to his left , possibly pushing off Russell , although the officials did not call a foul . With 5 @.@ 2 seconds left , Jordan gave Chicago an 87 – 86 lead with a game @-@ winning , the climactic shot of his Bulls career . Afterwards , John Stockton missed a game @-@ winning three @-@ pointer . Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three @-@ peat . Once again , Jordan was voted the Finals MVP , having led all scorers averaging 33 @.@ 5 points per game , including 45 in the deciding Game 6 . Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; O , Magic Johnson , LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece . The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history . Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history . - - = = = Second retirement ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = - - With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring , the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming , and being in the latter stages of an owner @-@ induced of NBA players , Jordan retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . On January 19 , 2000 , Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player , but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards . Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive . He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations , and had the final say in all personnel matters . Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed . He managed to purge the team of several highly paid , unpopular players ( such as forward Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ) , but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high Kwame Brown , who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons . - Despite his January 1999 claim that he was " 99 @.@ 9 % certain " that he would never play another NBA game , in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback , this time with his new team . Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter , Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training , holding several invitation @-@ only camps for NBA players in Chicago . In addition , Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach , Doug Collins , as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season , a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return . - - = = = Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 – 2003 ) = = = - - On September 25 , 2001 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards , indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In an injury @-@ plagued 2001 – 02 season , he led the team in scoring ( 22 @.@ 9 ppg ) , assists ( 5 @.@ 2 apg ) , and steals ( 1 @.@ 42 ) . However , torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games , the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 – 95 season . Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season , averaging 24 @.@ 3 points , 5 @.@ 4 assists , and 6 @.@ 0 rebounds , and shooting 41 @.@ 9 % from the field in his 53 starts . His last seven appearances were in a reserve role , in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game . - Playing in his 14th and final NBA All @-@ Star Game in 2003 , Jordan passed Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar as the all @-@ time leading scorer in All @-@ Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ) . That year , Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games , starting in 67 of them . He averaged 20 @.@ 0 points , 6 @.@ 1 rebounds , 3 @.@ 8 assists , and 1 @.@ 5 steals per game . He also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . Even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . On February 21 , 2003 , Jordan became the first 40 @-@ year @-@ old to tally 43 points in an NBA game . During his stint with the Wizards , all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out , and the Wizards were the second most @-@ watched team in the NBA , averaging 20 @,@ 172 fans a game at home and 19 @,@ 311 on the road . However , neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards , and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him . At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft , Kwame Brown . - With the recognition that 2002 – 03 would be Jordan 's final season , tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA . In his final game at his old home court , the United Center in Chicago , Jordan received a four @-@ minute standing ovation . The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11 , 2003 , even though Jordan never played for the team . At the 2003 All @-@ Star Game , Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy and Allen , but refused both . In the end he accepted the spot of Vince Carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . - Jordan 's final NBA game was on April 16 , 2003 in Philadelphia . After scoring only 13 points in the game , Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers , 75 – 56 . Just after the start of the fourth quarter , the First Union Center crowd began chanting " We want Mike ! " . After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins , Jordan finally rose from the bench and re @-@ entered the game , replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . At 1 : 45 , Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . After the second foul shot , the 76ers in @-@ bounded the ball to rookie John , who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later , stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench . Jordan received a three @-@ minute standing ovation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials and the crowd of 21 @,@ 257 fans . - - = = Olympic career = = - - Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal @-@ winning American basketball teams . As a college player he participated , and won the gold , in the 1984 Summer Olympics . The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris , Steve , and . Jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17 @.@ 1 ppg for the tournament . - In the 1992 Summer Olympics , he was a member of the star @-@ studded squad that included Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and David Robinson and was dubbed the " Dream Team " . Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics . Playing limited minutes due to the frequent , Jordan averaged 14 @.@ 9 ppg , finishing second on the team in scoring . Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold as amateurs and professionals . - - = = Post @-@ retirement = = - - After his third retirement , Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position of Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards . However , his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard " " Hamilton for Jerry ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ) . On May 7 , 2003 , Wizards owner Abe fired Jordan as Washington 's President of Basketball Operations . Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards . - Jordan kept busy over the next few years by staying in shape , playing golf in celebrity charity tournaments , spending time with his family in Chicago , promoting his Jordan Brand clothing line , and riding . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan , a professional closed @-@ course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two in the premier championship sanctioned by the American Association ( ) until the end of the 2013 season . Jordan and his then @-@ wife Juanita pledged $ 5 million to Chicago 's Franciscan High School in 2006 , and the Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls of America . - - = = = Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets = = = - - On June 15 , 2006 , Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats , becoming the team 's second @-@ largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson . As part of the deal , Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title " Managing Member of Basketball Operations . " Despite Jordan 's previous success as an , he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns . A decade earlier , Jordan had made a bid to become part @-@ owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team , the Charlotte Hornets , but talks collapsed when owner George refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations . - In February 2010 , it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats . As February wore on , it emerged that the leading contenders for the team were Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George . On February 27 , the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group , MJ Basketball Holdings , to buy the team pending NBA approval . On March 17 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase , making him the first former player ever to become the majority owner of an NBA team . It also made him the league 's only African @-@ American majority owner . - During the 2011 NBA , The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners wanting to cap the players ' share of basketball @-@ related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . Journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , Jordan had told Washington Wizards then @-@ owner Abe , " If you can 't make a profit , you should sell your team . " Jason of called Jordan a " sellout " wanting " current players to pay for his incompetence . " He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . - During the 2011 – 12 NBA season , which was shortened to 66 games , the Bobcats posted a 7 – 59 record . Their winning percentage was the worst in NBA history . " I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year . It 's very , very frustrating " , Jordan said later that year . - On May 21 , 2013 , Jordan filed papers to change the Bobcats ' name to the Hornets , effective with the 2014 – 15 season . The Hornets name had become available when the original Hornets , who had moved to New Orleans in 2002 , changed their name to the New Orleans for the 2013 – 14 season . The NBA approved the change on July 18 . The name change became official on May 20 , 2014 . On the same day , the team announced that it had reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988 – 2002 Hornets . - - = = Player profile = = - - Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash @-@ talk and well @-@ known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not " tough enough " to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 – 87 to 2001 – 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . From the start of his career , Jordan was unique among NBA players in that he had a special " Love of the Game " written into his contract , which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . - Jordan had a versatile offensive game . He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8 @,@ 772 free throw attempts are the ninth @-@ highest total of all time . As his career progressed , Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark jump shot , using his leaping ability to " fade away " from block attempts . According to Brown , this move alone made him nearly . Despite media criticism as a " selfish " player early in his career , Jordan 's 5 @.@ 3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to to his teammates . In later years , the NBA shortened its three @-@ point line to 22 feet ( from 23 feet , 9 inches ) , which coupled with Jordan 's extended shooting range to make him a long @-@ range threat as well — his 3 @-@ point stroke developed from a low 9 / 52 rate ( ) in his rookie year into a stellar 111 / 260 ( ) shooter in the 1995 – 96 season . For a guard , Jordan was also a good ( 6 @.@ 2 per game ) . - In 1988 , Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since by Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ) . In addition he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this with his ball @-@ ability to become a standout defensive player . He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2 @,@ , trailing John Stockton and Jason . Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones . He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 @-@ inch television clearly from about 50 feet away . - - = = NBA career statistics = = - - - = = = Regular season = = = - - - = = = = = = - - - = = Legacy = = - - Jordan 's marked talent was clear from his rookie season . In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks , Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation , a rarity for an opposing player . After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 , Celtics star Larry Bird described him as " God disguised as Michael Jordan . " - Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles . He was also a fixture on the NBA All @-@ Defensive First Team , making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary , Kevin and Kobe Bryant ) . Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30 @.@ 1 and 33 @.@ 4 points per game , respectively . By 1998 , the season of his Finals @-@ winning shot against the Jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . In the regular season , Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs , Jordan would always demand the ball at time . Jordan 's total of 5 @,@ points in the playoffs is the highest in NBA history . He retired with 32 @,@ points in regular season play , placing him fourth on the NBA 's all @-@ time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar , Karl Malone , and Kobe Bryant . - With five regular @-@ season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell ; only Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar has won more , six ) , six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ) , and three All @-@ Star MVPs , Jordan is the most decorated player ever to play in the NBA . Jordan finished among the top three in regular @-@ season MVP voting a record 10 times , and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship , an NBA championship , and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ) . - Many of Jordan 's contemporaries say that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . In 1999 , an ESPN survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century , above such as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali . Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press 's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes . In addition , the Associated Press voted him as the basketball player of the 20th century . Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times . In the September 1996 issue of Sport , which was the publication 's 50th anniversary issue , Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . - Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back @-@ to @-@ back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA All @-@ Stars have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while growing up , including LeBron James and Wade . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next @-@ generation players " the next Michael Jordan " upon their entry to the NBA , including " Penny " , Grant Hill , Allen , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Wade . Although Jordan was a well @-@ rounded player , his " Air Jordan " image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented . - I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan . Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and . That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all @-@ around game , but it was never really publicized . - Although Jordan has done much to increase the status of the game , some of his impact on the game 's popularity in America appears to be fleeting . Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship @-@ winning season . - In August 2009 , the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts , opened a Michael Jordan exhibit containing items from his college and NBA careers , as well as from the 1992 " Dream Team " . The exhibit also has a batting to signify Jordan 's short career in baseball . After Jordan received word of his being accepted into the Hall of Fame , he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him . As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009 , growing up in North Carolina , he was not a fan of the Tar , and greatly admired Thompson , who played at rival North Carolina State . He was inducted into the Hall in September , with several former Bulls teammates in attendance , including Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman , Charles Oakley , Ron Harper , Steve Kerr , and . Former coaches of Jordan 's , Dean Smith and Doug Collins , were also among those present . His emotional reaction during his speech , when he began to cry , was captured by Associated Press photographer and would later become widely shared on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet . - - = = Personal life = = - - He married Juanita in September 1989 , and they have two sons , Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James , and a daughter , Jasmine . Jordan and filed for divorce on January 4 , 2002 , citing differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made " mutually and " . It is reported that Juanita received a $ 168 million settlement ( equivalent to $ 197 million in 2015 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement in history at the time on public record . - In 1991 , Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park , Illinois , to build a 56 @,@ 000 square foot mansion , which was completed four years later . Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy , a private Roman Catholic high school located in , Illinois . Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11 , 2007 , for the University of Illinois . After two seasons , Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009 . He later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida , where Marcus was attending . Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009 . He began attending in the fall of 2009 , and played three seasons of basketball for the school . - On July 21 , 2006 , a judge in Cook County , Illinois , determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Knafel $ 5 million in a breach of contract claim . Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $ 250 @,@ 000 to keep their relationship a secret . Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $ 5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991 . A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child . - He proposed to his longtime girlfriend , Cuban @-@ American model , on Christmas Eve , 2011 , and they were married on April 27 , 2013 , at Bethesda @-@ by @-@ the @-@ Sea Episcopal Church . It was announced on November 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012 . On February 11 , 2014 , gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel . - Jordan 's private jet features a stripe in Carolina blue , the " Air Jordan " logo on the tail , and references to his career in the identification number . - - = = Media figure and business interests = = - - Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike , Coca @-@ Cola , , , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , , , , and MCI . Jordan has had a long relationship with , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the " Be Like Mike " commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan . - Nike created a signature shoe for him , called the Air Jordan . One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon . In the commercials Lee , as Blackmon , attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that " it 's gotta be the shoes " . The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a of " shoe @-@ " where people were robbed of their at . Subsequently , Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the " Jordan Brand " . The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as . The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina , , Georgetown , and Marquette . - Jordan also has been associated with the cartoon characters . A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl featured Jordan and Bunny playing basketball . The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam , which starred Jordan and in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball . They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI . Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's " Jam " ( 1992 ) . - Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars . In addition , when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . Due to this , Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $ 30 million per season . An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market of his client firms of more than $ 1 billion . - Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals , including his first deal with Nike , were engineered by his agent , David . Jordan has described as " the best at what he does " and that " marketing @-@ wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' " - In June 2010 , Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th @-@ most powerful celebrity in the world with $ 55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010 . According to the Forbes article , Jordan Brand generates $ 1 billion in sales for Nike . In June 2014 , Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89 @.@ 5 % . On January 20 , 2015 , Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014 . As of November 2015 , his current net worth is estimated at $ 1 @.@ 1 billion by Forbes . Jordan is the second @-@ richest African @-@ American in the world as of 2015 . - - = = Awards and honors = = - - - - = Polish culture during World War II = - - Polish culture during World War II was suppressed by the occupying powers of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , both of whom were hostile to Poland 's people and cultural heritage . aimed at cultural resulted in the deaths of thousands of scholars and artists , and the theft and destruction of cultural artifacts . The " of the Poles was one of many ways in which the Nazi and Soviet regimes had grown to resemble one another " , wrote British historian Niall Ferguson . - The looted and destroyed much of Poland 's cultural and historical heritage , while and murdering members of the Polish cultural elite . Most Polish schools were closed , and those that remained open saw their altered significantly . - Nevertheless , underground organizations and individuals – in particular the Polish Underground State – saved much of Poland 's most valuable cultural treasures , and worked to salvage as many cultural institutions and artifacts as possible . The Catholic Church and wealthy individuals contributed to the survival of some artists and their works . Despite severe by the Nazis and Soviets , Polish underground cultural activities , including publications , concerts , live theater , education , and academic research , continued throughout the war . - - = = Background = = - - In 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an sovereign nation and throughout the 19th century remained partitioned by degrees between Prussian , Austrian and Russian empires . Not until the end of World War I was independence restored and the nation reunited , although the drawing of boundary lines was , of necessity , a contentious issue . Independent Poland lasted for only 21 years before it was again attacked and divided among foreign powers . - On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland , initiating World War II in Europe , and on 17 September , pursuant to the @-@ Pact , Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union . Subsequently Poland was partitioned again – between these two powers – and remained under occupation for most of the war . By 1 October , Germany and the Soviet Union had completely overrun Poland , although the Polish government never formally surrendered , and the Polish Underground State , subordinate to the Polish government @-@ in @-@ exile , was soon formed . On 8 October , Nazi Germany annexed the western areas of pre @-@ war Poland and , in the remainder of the occupied area , established the General Government . The Soviet Union had to temporarily give up the territorial gains it made in 1939 due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union , but permanently re @-@ annexed much of this territory after winning it back in mid @-@ 1944 . Over the course of the war , Poland lost over 20 % of its pre @-@ war population amid an occupation that marked the end of the Second Polish Republic . - - = = Destruction of Polish culture = = - - - = = = German occupation = = = - - - = = = = Policy = = = = - - Germany 's policy toward the Polish nation and its culture evolved during the course of the war . Many German officials and military officers were initially not given any clear guidelines on the treatment of Polish cultural institutions , but this quickly changed . Immediately following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , the Nazi German government implemented the first stages ( the " small plan " ) of Ost . The basic policy was outlined by the Berlin Office of Racial Policy in a document titled Concerning the Treatment of the of the Former Polish Territories , from a Racial @-@ Political . Slavic people living east of the pre @-@ war German border were to be , enslaved or eradicated , depending on whether they lived in the territories directly annexed into the German state or in the General Government . - Much of the German policy on Polish culture was formulated during a meeting between the governor of the General Government , Hans Frank , and Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels , at on 31 October 1939 . Goebbels declared that " The Polish nation is not worthy to be called a cultured nation " . He and Frank agreed that opportunities for the Poles to experience their culture should be severely restricted : no theaters , cinemas or ; no access to radio or press ; and no education . Frank suggested that the Poles should periodically be shown films highlighting the achievements of the Third Reich and should eventually be addressed only by . During the following weeks Polish schools beyond middle vocational levels were closed , as were theaters and many other cultural institutions . The only Polish @-@ language newspaper published in occupied Poland was also closed , and the arrests of Polish intellectuals began . - In March 1940 , all cultural activities came under the control of the General Government 's Department of People 's Education and Propaganda ( für und Propaganda ) , whose name was changed a year later to the " Chief Propaganda Department " ( Propaganda ) . Further issued in the spring and early summer reflected policies that had been outlined by Frank and Goebbels during the previous autumn . One of the Department 's earliest decrees prohibited the organization of all but the most " primitive " of cultural activities without the Department 's prior approval . of " low quality " , including those of an erotic or pornographic nature , were however an exception — those were to be popularized to appease the population and to show the world the " real " Polish culture as well as to create the impression that Germany was not preventing Poles from expressing themselves . German propaganda specialists invited critics from neutral countries to specially organized " Polish " performances that were specifically designed to be boring or pornographic , and presented them as typical Polish cultural activities . Polish @-@ German cooperation in cultural matters , such as joint public performances , was strictly prohibited . Meanwhile , a compulsory registration scheme for writers and artists was introduced in August 1940 . Then , in October , the printing of new Polish @-@ language books was prohibited ; existing titles were censored , and often confiscated and withdrawn . - In 1941 , German policy evolved further , calling for the complete destruction of the Polish people , whom the Nazis regarded as " " ( ) . Within ten to twenty years , the Polish territories under German occupation were to be entirely cleared of ethnic Poles and settled by German colonists . The policy was relaxed somewhat in the final years of occupation ( 1943 – 44 ) , in view of German military defeats and the approaching Eastern Front . The Germans hoped that a more lenient cultural policy would lessen unrest and weaken the Polish Resistance . Poles were allowed back into those museums that now supported German propaganda and indoctrination , such as the newly created Chopin museum , which emphasized the composer 's invented German roots . on education , theater and music performances were eased . - Given that the Second Polish Republic was a state , German policies and propaganda also sought to create and encourage conflicts between ethnic groups , tension between Poles and Jews , and between Poles and . In , the Germans forced Jews to help destroy a monument to a Polish hero , Tadeusz , and filmed them committing the act . Soon afterward , the Germans set fire to a Jewish synagogue and filmed Polish , portraying them in propaganda releases as a " vengeful mob . " This divisive policy was reflected in the Germans ' decision to destroy Polish education , while at the same time , showing relative tolerance toward the Ukrainian school system . As the high @-@ ranking Nazi official Erich Koch explained , " We must do everything possible so that when a Pole meets a Ukrainian , he will be willing to kill the Ukrainian and , the Ukrainian will be willing to kill the Pole . " - - = = = = = = = = - - In 1939 , as the occupation regime was being established , the Nazis confiscated Polish state property and much private property . art objects were looted and taken to Germany , in line with a plan that had been drawn up well in advance of the invasion . The looting was supervised by experts of the SS @-@ , units , who were responsible for art , and by experts of Ost , who were responsible for more mundane objects . Notable items plundered by the Nazis included the Altar of and paintings by Raphael , , Leonardo da Vinci , and . Most of the important art pieces had been " secured " by the Nazis within six months of September 1939 ; by the end of 1942 , German officials estimated that " over 90 % " of the art previously in Poland was in their possession . Some art was shipped to German museums , such as the planned in , while other art became the private property of Nazi officials . Over 516 @,@ 000 individual art pieces were taken , including 2 @,@ 800 paintings by European painters ; 11 @,@ 000 works by Polish painters ; 1 @,@ 400 sculptures , 75 @,@ 000 manuscripts , 25 @,@ 000 maps , and 90 @,@ 000 books ( including over 20 @,@ 000 printed before 1800 ) ; as well as hundreds of thousands of other objects of artistic and historic value . Even exotic animals were taken from the zoos . - - = = = = Destruction = = = = - - Many places of learning and culture — universities , schools , libraries , museums , theaters and cinemas — were either closed or designated as " Nur für Deutsche " ( For Germans Only ) . Twenty @-@ five museums and a host of other institutions were destroyed during the war . According to one estimate , by war 's end 43 % of the infrastructure of Poland 's educational and research institutions and 14 % of its museums had been destroyed . According to another , only 105 of pre @-@ war Poland 's 175 museums survived the war , and just 33 of these institutions were able to reopen . Of pre @-@ war Poland 's 603 scientific institutions , about half were totally destroyed , and only a few survived the war relatively intact . - Many university professors , as well as teachers , lawyers , artists , writers , priests and other members of the Polish intelligentsia were arrested and executed , or transported to concentration camps , during operations such as @-@ . This particular campaign resulted in the infamous and the massacre of Lwów professors . During World War II Poland lost 39 % to 45 % of its and dentists , 26 % to 57 % of its lawyers , 15 % to 30 % of its teachers , 30 % to 40 % of its scientists and university professors , and 18 % to 28 % of its clergy . The Jewish intelligentsia was altogether . The reasoning behind this policy was clearly articulated by a Nazi : " In my district , [ any Pole who ] shows signs of intelligence will be shot . " - As part of their program to suppress Polish culture , the German Nazis attempted to destroy Christianity in Poland , with a particular emphasis on the Roman Catholic Church . In some parts of occupied Poland , Poles were restricted , or even forbidden , from attending religious services . At the same time , church property was confiscated , prohibitions were placed on using the Polish language in religious services , organizations affiliated with the Catholic Church were abolished , and it was forbidden to perform certain religious songs — or to read passages of the Bible — in public . The worst conditions were found in the , which the Nazis treated as a laboratory for their anti @-@ religious policies . Polish clergy and religious leaders figured prominently among portions of the intelligentsia that were targeted for . - To the rise of a new generation of educated Poles , German officials that the schooling of Polish children would be limited to a few years of elementary education . @-@ SS Heinrich wrote , in a memorandum of May 1940 : " The sole purpose of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic , nothing above the number 500 ; how to write one 's name ; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans .... I do not regard a knowledge of reading as desirable . " Hans Frank echoed him : " The Poles do not need universities or secondary schools ; the Polish lands are to be converted into an intellectual desert . " The situation was particularly dire in the former Polish territories beyond the General Government , which had been annexed to the Third Reich . The specific policy varied from territory to territory , but in general , there was no Polish @-@ language education at all . German policy constituted a crash @-@ Germanization of the populace . Polish teachers were dismissed , and some were invited to attend " orientation " meetings with the new administration , where they were either summarily arrested or executed on the spot . Some Polish schoolchildren were sent to German schools , while others were sent to special schools where they spent most of their time as unpaid laborers , usually on German @-@ run farms ; speaking Polish brought severe punishment . It was expected that Polish children would begin to work once they finished their primary education at age 12 to 15 . In the eastern territories not included in the General Government ( , and Ukraine ) many primary schools were closed , and most education was conducted in non @-@ Polish languages such as Ukrainian , , and Lithuanian . In the region , for example , 86 % of the schools that had existed before the war were closed down during the first two years of German occupation , and by the end of the following year that figure had increased to 93 % . - The state of Polish primary schools was somewhat better in the General Government , though by the end of 1940 , only 30 % of prewar schools were operational , and only 28 % of prewar Polish children attended them . A German police memorandum of August 1943 described the situation as follows : - Pupils sit together without necessary materials , and often without skilled teaching staff . Moreover , the Polish schools are closed during at least five months out of the ten months of the school year due to lack of coal or other fuel . Of twenty @-@ thirty school buildings which Kraków had before 1939 , today the worst two buildings are used ... Every day , pupils have to study in several shifts . Under such circumstances , the school day , which normally lasts five hours , is reduced to one hour . - In the General Government , the remaining schools were to the German educational system , and the number and competence of their Polish staff was steadily scaled down . All universities and most secondary schools were closed , if not immediately after the invasion , then by mid @-@ 1940 . By late 1940 , no official Polish educational institutions more advanced than a vocational school remained in operation , and they offered nothing beyond the elementary trade and technical training required for the Nazi economy . Primary schooling was to last for seven years , but the classes in the final two years of the program were to be limited to meeting one day per week . There was no money for heating of the schools in winter . Classes and schools were to be merged , Polish teachers dismissed , and the resulting savings used to sponsor the creation of schools for children of the German minority or to create barracks for German troops . No new Polish teachers were to be trained . The educational curriculum was censored ; subjects such as literature , history and geography were removed . Old textbooks were confiscated and school libraries were closed . The new educational aims for Poles included convincing them that their national fate was , and teaching them to be submissive and respectful to Germans . This was accomplished through deliberate tactics such as police raids on schools , police inspections of student belongings , mass arrests of students and teachers , and the use of students as forced laborers , often by transporting them to Germany as seasonal workers . - The Germans were especially active in the destruction of Jewish culture in Poland ; nearly all of the wooden there were destroyed . Moreover , the sale of Jewish literature was banned throughout Poland . - Polish literature faced a similar fate in territories annexed by Germany , where the sale of Polish books was forbidden . The public destruction of Polish books was not limited to those seized from libraries , but also included those books that were confiscated from private homes . The last Polish book titles not already proscribed were withdrawn in 1943 ; even Polish prayer books were confiscated . Soon after the occupation began , most libraries were closed ; in Kraków , about 80 % of the libraries were closed immediately , while the remainder saw their collections decimated by censors . The occupying powers destroyed Polish book collections , including the Sejm and Senate Library , the Estate Library , the Estate Library , the Central Military Library , and the Collection . In 1941 , the last remaining Polish public library in the German @-@ occupied territories was closed in Warsaw . During the war , Warsaw libraries lost about a million volumes , or 30 % of their collections . More than 80 % of these losses were the direct result of rather than wartime conflict . Overall , it is estimated that about 10 million volumes from state @-@ owned libraries and institutions perished during the war . - Polish flags and other symbols were confiscated . The war on the Polish language included the tearing down of signs in Polish and the banning of Polish speech in public places . Persons who spoke Polish in the streets were often insulted and even physically assaulted . The Germanization of place names prevailed . Many treasures of Polish culture – including memorials , plaques and monuments to national heroes ( e.g. , Kraków 's Adam Mickiewicz monument ) – were destroyed . In , all Polish monuments and plaques were torn down . Dozens of monuments were destroyed throughout Poland . The Nazis planned to level entire cities . - - = = = = and propaganda = = = = - - The Germans prohibited publication of any regular Polish @-@ language book , literary study or scholarly paper . In 1940 , several German @-@ controlled printing houses began operating in occupied Poland , publishing items such as Polish @-@ German dictionaries and antisemitic and novels . - at first targeted books that were considered to be " serious " , including scientific and educational texts and texts that were thought to promote Polish patriotism ; only fiction that was free of anti @-@ German overtones was permitted . literature included maps , and and French @-@ language publications , including dictionaries . Several non @-@ public of prohibited books were created , and over 1 @,@ 500 Polish writers were declared " dangerous to the German state and culture " . The index of banned authors included such Polish authors as Adam Mickiewicz , Juliusz , Stanisław , Bolesław , Stefan , , Władysław , Stanisław , Julian , , Leopold Staff , Eliza and Maria . Mere possession of such books was illegal and punishable by imprisonment . @-@ to @-@ door sale of books was banned , and — which required a license to operate — were either emptied out or closed . - Poles were forbidden , under penalty of death , to own radios . The press was reduced from over 2 @,@ 000 publications to a few dozen , all censored by the Germans . All pre @-@ war newspapers were closed , and the few that were published during the occupation were new creations under the total control of the Germans . Such a thorough destruction of the press was unprecedented in contemporary history . The only officially available reading matter was the propaganda press that was disseminated by the German occupation administration . , now under the control of the German propaganda machine , saw their programming dominated by Nazi German movies , which were preceded by propaganda . The few Polish films permitted to be shown ( about 20 % of the total programming ) were edited to eliminate references to Polish national symbols as well as Jewish actors and producers . Several propaganda films were shot in Polish , although no Polish films were shown after 1943 . As all profits from Polish cinemas were officially directed toward German war production , attendance was discouraged by the Polish underground ; a famous underground slogan declared : " w " ( " Only pigs attend the movies " ) . A similar situation faced theaters , which were forbidden by the Germans to produce " serious " . Indeed , a number of propaganda pieces were created for theater stages . Hence , theatrical productions were also boycotted by the underground . In addition , actors were discouraged from performing in them and warned that they would be labeled as collaborators if they failed to comply . Ironically , restrictions on cultural performances were eased in Jewish ghettos , given that the Germans wished to distract inhabitants and prevent them from grasping their eventual fate . - Music was the least restricted of cultural activities , probably because Hans Frank regarded himself as a fan of serious music . In time , he ordered the creation of the Orchestra and Symphony of the General Government in its capital , Kraków . Numerous musical performances were permitted in and churches , and the Polish underground chose to boycott only the propagandist operas . Visual artists , including painters and , were compelled to register with the German government ; but their work was generally by the underground , unless it conveyed propagandist themes . museums were replaced by occasional art exhibitions that frequently conveyed propagandist themes . - The development of Nazi propaganda in occupied Poland can be divided into two main phases . Initial efforts were directed towards creating a negative image of pre @-@ war Poland , and later efforts were aimed at anti @-@ Soviet , antisemitic , and pro @-@ German attitudes . - - = = = Soviet occupation = = = - - After the Soviet invasion of Poland ( beginning 17 September 1939 ) that followed the German invasion that had marked the start of World War II ( beginning 1 September 1939 ) , the Soviet Union annexed the eastern parts ( " " ) of the Second Polish Republic , comprising 201 @,@ 015 square kilometres ( 77 @,@ 612 sq mi ) and a population of 13 @.@ million . Hitler and Stalin shared the goal of Poland 's political and cultural life , so that Poland would , according to historian Niall Ferguson , " cease to exist not merely as a place , but also as an idea " . - The Soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar Polish state as a " crime against revolution " and " counter @-@ revolutionary activity " and arrested many members of the Polish intelligentsia , politicians , civil servants and academics , as well as ordinary persons suspected of posing a threat to Soviet rule . More than a million Polish citizens were deported to Siberia , many to concentration camps , for years or decades . Others died , including over 20 @,@ 000 military officers who perished in the massacres . - The Soviets quickly the annexed lands , introducing compulsory . They proceeded to confiscate , and private and state @-@ owned Polish property . In the process , they banned political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as " enemies of the people " . In line with Soviet anti @-@ religious policy , churches and religious organizations were persecuted . On 10 February 1940 , the unleashed a campaign of terror against " anti @-@ Soviet " elements in occupied Poland . The Soviets ' targets included persons who often traveled abroad , persons involved in overseas correspondence , , , Red Cross workers , refugees , smugglers , priests and members of religious congregations , the nobility , landowners , wealthy merchants , , , and hotel and restaurant owners . Stalin , like Hitler , worked to eliminate Polish society . - The Soviet authorities sought to remove all trace of the Polish history of the area now under their control . The name " Poland " was banned . Polish monuments were torn down . All institutions of the dismantled Polish state , including the Lwów University , were closed , then reopened , mostly with new Russian directors . Soviet Communist ideology became paramount in all teaching . Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by the Soviet authorities , and the Polish language was replaced with Russian or Ukrainian . Polish @-@ language books were burned even in the primary schools . Polish teachers were not allowed in the schools , and many were arrested . Classes were held in , Lithuanian and Ukrainian , with a new pro @-@ Soviet curriculum . As Polish @-@ Canadian historian Piotr noted , citing British historians M. R. D. Foot and I. C. B. Dear , majority of scholars believe that " In the Soviet occupation zone , conditions were only marginally less harsh than under the Germans . " In September 1939 , many Polish Jews had fled east ; after some months of living under Soviet rule , some of them wanted to return to the German zone of occupied Poland . - All publications and media were subjected to censorship . The Soviets sought to recruit Polish left @-@ wing intellectuals who were willing to cooperate . Soon after the Soviet invasion , the Writers ' Association of Soviet Ukraine created a local chapter in Lwów ; there was a Polish @-@ language theater and radio station . Polish cultural activities in and were less organized . These activities were strictly controlled by the Soviet authorities , which saw to it that these activities portrayed the new Soviet regime in a positive light and vilified the former Polish government . - The Soviet propaganda @-@ motivated support for Polish @-@ language cultural activities , however , clashed with the official policy of . The Soviets at first intended to phase out the Polish language and so banned Polish from schools , street signs , and other aspects of life . This policy was , however , reversed at times — first before the elections in October 1939 ; and later , after the German conquest of France . In November 1940 , the Poles of Lwów observed the 85th anniversary of Adam Mickiewicz 's death . Soon , however , Stalin decided to re @-@ implement the policies . He reversed his decision again , however , when a need arose for Polish @-@ language pro @-@ Soviet propaganda following the German invasion of the Soviet Union ; as a result Stalin permitted the creation of Polish forces in the East and later decided to create a Communist People 's Republic of Poland . - Many Polish writers collaborated with the Soviets , writing pro @-@ Soviet propaganda . They included Jerzy , Tadeusz Boy @-@ Żeleński , Kazimierz , , Jan , , Leon , Zuzanna Ginczanka , Halina , , Stefan , Stanisław Jerzy , Tadeusz , Juliusz , Jan , , Karol , Leopold , , Jerzy , Leon , Julian , Jerzy , Jerzy , Adolf Rudnicki , Włodzimierz , Włodzimierz , , Stern , Julian , , Leopold , Wanda , Stanisław , Adam , Aleksander and Bruno . - Other Polish writers , however , rejected the Soviet and instead published underground : , Jerzy , @-@ , , , , Tadeusz , , Juliusz . Some writers , such as Władysław , after with the Soviets for a few months , joined the anti @-@ Soviet opposition . Similarly , Aleksander Wat , initially sympathetic to communism , was arrested by the Soviet secret police and exiled to Kazakhstan . - - = = Underground culture = = - - - = = = = = = - - Polish culture persisted in underground education , publications , even theater . The Polish Underground State created a Department of Education and Culture ( under Stanisław ) which , along with a Department of Labor and Social ( under Jan Stanisław and , later , Stefan ) and a Department for of the Effects of War ( under Antoni and ) , became underground patrons of Polish culture . These oversaw efforts to save from looting and destruction works of art in state and private collections ( most notably , the giant paintings by Jan that were concealed throughout the war ) . They compiled reports on looted and destroyed works and provided artists and scholars with means to continue their work and their publications and to support their families . Thus , they sponsored the underground publication ( ) of works by Winston Churchill and and of 10 @,@ 000 copies of a Polish primary @-@ school and commissioned artists to create resistance artwork ( which was then disseminated by Operation N and like activities ) . Also occasionally sponsored were secret art exhibitions , theater performances and concerts . - Other important patrons of Polish culture included the Roman Catholic Church and Polish , who likewise supported artists and Polish heritage ( notable patrons included Cardinal Adam Stefan and a former politician , ) . Some private publishers , including Stefan , Zbigniew and the publishing house , paid writers for books that would be delivered after the war . - - = = = Education = = = - - In response to the German closure and censorship of Polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @-@ scale underground educational activities . Most notably , the Secret Teaching Organization ( , TON ) was created as early as in October 1939 . Other organizations were created locally ; after 1940 they were increasingly subordinated and coordinated by the TON , working closely with the Underground 's State Department of Culture and Education , which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by , creator of the TON . Classes were either held under the cover of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues . By 1942 , about 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 students took part in underground primary education ; in 1944 , its secondary school system covered 100 @,@ 000 people , and university level courses were attended by about 10 @,@ 000 students ( for comparison , the pre @-@ war enrollment at Polish universities was about 30 @,@ 000 for the 1938 / 1939 year ) . More than 90 @,@ 000 secondary @-@ school pupils attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @,@ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the General Government ( centered on the cities of Warsaw , Kraków , and ) . Overall , in that period in the General Government , one of every three children was receiving some sort of education from the underground organizations ; the number rose to about 70 % for children old enough to attend secondary school . It is estimated that in some rural areas , the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses were being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) . Compared to pre @-@ war classes , the absence of Polish Jewish students was notable , as they were confined by the Nazi Germans to ghettos ; there was , however , underground Jewish education in the ghettos , often organized with support from Polish organizations like TON . Students at the underground schools were often also members of the Polish resistance . - In Warsaw , there were over 70 underground schools , with 2 @,@ 000 teachers and 21 @,@ 000 students . Underground Warsaw University educated 3 @,@ 700 students , issuing 64 masters and 7 doctoral degrees . Warsaw under occupation educated 3 @,@ 000 students , issuing 186 engineering degrees , 18 doctoral ones and 16 . University issued 468 masters and 62 doctoral degrees , employed over 100 professors and teachers , and served more than 1 @,@ 000 students per year . Throughout Poland , many other universities and institutions of higher education ( of music , theater , arts , and others ) continued their classes throughout the war . Even some academic research was carried out ( for example , by Władysław , a leading Polish philosopher , and , a linguist ) . Nearly 1 @,@ 000 Polish scientists received funds from the Underground State , enabling them to continue their research . - The German attitude to underground education varied depending on whether it took place in the General Government or the annexed territories . The Germans had almost certainly realized the full scale of the Polish underground education system by about 1943 , but lacked the manpower to put an end to it , probably resources to dealing with the armed resistance . For the most part , closing underground schools and colleges in the General Government was not a top priority for the Germans . In 1943 a German report on education admitted that control of what was being taught in schools , particularly rural ones , was difficult , due to lack of manpower , transportation , and the activities of the Polish resistance . Some schools semi @-@ openly taught unauthorized subjects in defiance of the German authorities . Hans Frank noted in 1944 that although Polish teachers were a " mortal enemy " of the German states , they could not all be disposed of immediately . It was perceived as a much more serious issue in the annexed territories , as it hindered the process of Germanization ; involvement in the underground education in those territories was much more likely to result in a sentence to a concentration camp . - - = = = Print = = = - - There were over 1 @,@ 000 underground newspapers ; among the most important were the of Armia Krajowa and of the Government Delegation for Poland . In addition to publication of news ( from intercepted Western radio transmissions ) , there were hundreds of underground publications dedicated to politics , economics , education , and literature ( for example , i ) . The highest recorded publication volume was an issue of printed in 43 @,@ 000 copies ; average volume of larger publication was 1 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 copies . The Polish underground also published and leaflets from imaginary anti @-@ Nazi German organizations aimed at spreading and lowering morale among the Germans . Books were also sometimes printed . Other items were also printed , such as patriotic posters or fake German administration posters , ordering the Germans to evacuate Poland or telling Poles to register household cats . - The two largest underground publishers were the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of Armia Krajowa and the Government Delegation for Poland . ( Secret Military Publishing House ) of Jerzy ( subordinated to the Armia Krajowa ) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world . In addition to Polish titles , Armia Krajowa also printed false German newspapers designed to decrease morale of the occupying German forces ( as part of Action N ) . The majority of Polish underground presses were located in occupied Warsaw ; until the Warsaw Uprising in the summer of 1944 the Germans found over 16 underground printing presses ( whose crews were usually executed or sent to concentration camps ) . The second largest center for Polish underground publishing was Kraków . There , writers and editors faced similar dangers : for example , almost the entire editorial staff of the underground satirical paper Na was arrested , and its chief editors were executed in Kraków on 27 May 1944 . ( Na was the longest published Polish underground paper devoted to satire ; 20 issues were published starting in October 1943 . ) The underground press was supported by a large number of activists ; in addition to the crews manning the printing presses , scores of underground distributed the publications . According to some statistics , these were among the underground members most frequently arrested by the Germans . - Under German occupation , the professions of Polish journalists and writers were virtually eliminated , as they had little opportunity to publish their work . The Underground State 's Department of Culture sponsored various initiatives and individuals , enabling them to continue their work and aiding in their publication . Novels and anthologies were published by underground presses ; over 1 @,@ 000 works were published underground over the course of the war . Literary discussions were held , and prominent writers of the period working in Poland included , among others , Kamil , , Tadeusz Borowski , Tadeusz Boy @-@ Żeleński , Maria , Tadeusz , Zuzanna Ginczanka , , future Nobel Prize winner , Zofia , Jan , Leopold Staff , Kazimierz , and Jerzy . Writers wrote about the difficult conditions in the prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps ( Konstanty , Stefan , Leon , Andrzej and Marian ) , the ghettos , and even from inside the concentration camps ( Jan Maria , Halina , Zofia ( ) , Tadeusz , Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski and Marian ) . Many writers did not survive the war , among them Kamil , , Tadeusz Boy @-@ Żeleński , Tadeusz , Zuzanna Ginczanka , Juliusz @-@ , Stefan , , Halina , Tadeusz , , Antoni , Włodzimierz , Leon , Kazimierz @-@ and Bruno Schulz . - - = = = Visual arts and music = = = - - With the censorship of Polish theater ( and the virtual end of the Polish radio and film industry ) , underground theaters were created , primarily in Warsaw and Kraków , with shows presented in various underground venues . Beginning in 1940 the theaters were coordinated by the Secret Council . Four large companies and more than 40 smaller groups were active throughout the war , even in the 's prison in Warsaw and in Auschwitz ; underground acting schools were also created . Underground actors , many of whom officially worked mundane jobs , included Karol , , Henryk Borowski , , Władysław , Stefan , Tadeusz , , , Jan , Adam , Andrzej , Leon , Arnold , , Edmund , Maria , Karol ( who later became Pope John Paul II ) , Marian , Jerzy and others . Theater was also active in the Jewish ghettos and in the camps for Polish war prisoners . - Polish music , including orchestras , also went underground . Top Polish musicians and directors ( Adam , Zbigniew , Jan , Barbara , , Jerzy , , Andrzej , Piotr , Edmund Rudnicki , Eugenia , Jerzy , Kazimierz , Maria , Bolesław , Mira ) performed in restaurants , , and private homes , with the most daring singing patriotic ballads on the streets while German patrols . Patriotic songs were written , such as , , the most popular song of occupied Warsaw . Patriotic puppet shows were staged . Jewish musicians ( e.g. Władysław ) and artists likewise performed in ghettos and even in concentration camps . Although many of them died , some survived abroad , like Alexandre in the United States , and Eddie and Henryk Wars in the Soviet Union . - Visual arts were practiced underground as well . , restaurants and private homes were turned into galleries or museums ; some were closed , with their owners , staff and patrons harassed , arrested or even executed . Polish underground artists included , Stanisław @-@ , Stanisław @-@ , and Konstanty Maria . Some artists worked directly for the Underground State , forging money and documents , and creating anti @-@ Nazi art ( satirical posters and caricatures ) or Polish patriotic symbols ( for example ) . These works were reprinted on underground presses , and those intended for public display were plastered to walls or painted on them as graffiti . Many of these activities were coordinated under the Action N Operation of Armia Krajowa 's Bureau of Information and Propaganda . In 1944 three giant ( 6 m , or 20 ft ) puppets , caricatures of Hitler and , were successfully displayed in public places in Warsaw . Some artists recorded life and death in occupied Poland ; despite German on Poles using cameras , photographs and even films were taken . Although it was impossible to operate an underground radio station , underground auditions were recorded and introduced into German radios or loudspeaker systems . Underground stamps were designed and issued . Since the Germans also banned Polish sport activities , underground sport clubs were created ; underground football matches and even tournaments were organized in Warsaw , Kraków and , although these were usually dispersed by the Germans . All of these activities were supported by the Underground State 's Department of Culture . - - = = = Warsaw Uprising = = = - - During the Warsaw Uprising ( August – October 1944 ) , people in Polish @-@ controlled territory to recreate the former day @-@ to @-@ day life of their free country . Cultural life was vibrant among both soldiers and the civilian population , with theaters , cinemas , post offices , newspapers and similar activities available . The 10th Underground Tournament of Poetry was held during the Uprising , with prizes being weaponry ( most of the Polish poets of the younger generation were also members of the resistance ) . by Antoni , the Home Army 's Bureau of Information and Propaganda even created three and over 30 @,@ 000 metres ( 98 @,@ 425 ft ) of film documenting the struggle . - took some 1 @,@ 000 photographs before he died ; Braun some 3 @,@ 000 , of which 1 @,@ 500 survive ; Jerzy some 1 @,@ 000 , of which 600 survived . - - = = Culture in exile = = - - Polish artists also worked abroad , outside of occupied Europe . , based in Britain with the Polish Armed Forces in the West wrote about the Polish Fighter Squadron . Melchior wrote about the Polish contribution to the capture of Monte Cassino in Italy . Other writers working abroad included Jan , Antoni , Kazimierz and Julian . There were artists who performed for the Polish forces in the West as well as for the Polish forces in the East . Among musicians who performed for the Polish II Corps in a cabaret were Henryk Wars and Anders . The most famous song of the soldiers fighting under the Allies was the na Monte Cassino ( The Red on Monte Cassino ) , composed by and Alfred Schultz in 1944 . There were also Polish theaters in exile in both the East and the West . Several Polish painters , mostly soldiers of the Polish II Corps , kept working throughout the war , including Tadeusz Piotr , Adam , Marian , Bolesław and Stefan Knapp . - - = = Influence on postwar culture = = - - The wartime attempts to destroy Polish culture may have strengthened it instead . Norman Davies wrote in God 's : " In 1945 , as a prize for sacrifices , the attachment of the survivors to their native culture was stronger than ever before . " Similarly , close @-@ knit underground classes , from primary schools to universities , were renowned for their high quality , due in large part to the lower ratio of students to teachers . The resulting culture was , however , different from the culture of interwar Poland for a number of reasons . The destruction of Poland 's Jewish community , Poland 's postwar territorial changes , and postwar migrations left Poland without its historic ethnic minorities . The nation was no more . - The experience of World War II placed its stamp on a generation of Polish artists that became known as the " Generation of " . The term denotes an entire generation of Poles , born soon after Poland regained independence in 1918 , whose adolescence was marked by World War II . In their art , they " discovered a new Poland " – one forever changed by the atrocities of World War II and the ensuing creation of a communist Poland . - Over the years , nearly three @-@ quarters of the Polish people have emphasized the importance of World War II to the Polish national identity . Many Polish works of art created since the war have centered on events of the war . Books by Tadeusz Borowski , Adolf Rudnicki , Henryk , , Hanna and others ; films , including those by Andrzej ( A Generation , , Ashes and Diamonds , , A Love in Germany , , ) ; TV series ( Four Tank Men and a Dog and Stakes Larger than Life ) ; music ( ) ; and even comic books – all of these diverse works have reflected those times . Polish historian wrote in 1996 : - Educational and training programs place special emphasis on the World War II period and on the occupation . Events and individuals connected with the war are ubiquitous on TV , on radio and in the print media . The theme remains an important element in literature and learning , in film , theater and the fine arts . Not to mention that politicians constantly make use of it . Probably no other country marks related to the events of World War II so often or so solemnly . - - - = Arihant @-@ class submarine = - - The Arihant class ( Sanskrit , for Killer of ) is a class of nuclear @-@ powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy . They were developed under the US $ 2 @.@ 9 billion Advanced Technology Vessel ( ATV ) project to design and build nuclear @-@ powered submarines . - The lead vessel of the class , INS Arihant was launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials , was confirmed as ready for operations on 23 February 2016 . Arihant is the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . - - = = History = = - - In December 1971 , during the Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1971 , the US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74 , led by the nuclear @-@ powered USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to India . In response , the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from to trail the US task force . The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . Following the 1974 Buddha nuclear test , the Director of Marine Engineering ( ) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system ( Project ) . - The Indian Navy 's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s . Then Defence Minister George confirmed the project in 1998 . The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear @-@ powered fast attack submarines , though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use , the project was re @-@ aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India 's nuclear triad . - - = = Description = = - - The Arihant @-@ class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel ( ATV ) project . They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India . The submarines are 112 m ( 367 ft ) long with a beam of 11 m ( 36 ft ) , a draught of 10 m ( 33 ft ) , displacement of 6 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 5 @,@ 900 long tons ; 6 @,@ 600 short tons ) and a diving depth of 300 m ( 980 ft ) . The complement is about 95 , including officers and sailors . The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW ( 111 @,@ 000 hp ) water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12 – 15 knots ( 22 – 28 km / h ) when surfaced and 24 knots ( 44 km / h ) when submerged . - The submarines have four launch tubes in their and can carry up to 12 K @-@ 15 missiles with one warhead each ( with a range of 750 km or 470 mi ) or 4 K @-@ 4 missiles ( with a range of 3 @,@ 500 km or 2 @,@ 200 mi ) . The submarines are similar to the @-@ class submarine of Russia . The Indian Navy will train on INS , an @-@ class submarine leased from Russia in 2012 . - - = = Development = = - - The submarines are powered by a water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel . The version of the reactor was designed and built by the Atomic Research Centre ( ) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research ( ) in . It included a 42 @-@ metre ( 138 ft ) section of the submarine 's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor , a control room , as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters . The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006 . Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant . The reactor were tested at the Machinery Test Center in . Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established . - The detailed engineering of the design was implemented at Larsen & 's submarine design center at their shipbuilding facility . Tata Power built the control systems for the submarine . The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Industries . The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009 . The propulsion and power systems were tested with high @-@ pressure steam trials followed by harbor @-@ acceptance trials that included tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths . INS Arihant 's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013 . On 13 December 2014 , the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials . - - = = Ships in class = = - - number of planned submarines remains unclear , according to media reports about three to six submarines are planned to be built . The first boat of the class , INS Arihant is expected to be commissioned by 2016 . The first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by . In December 2014 , the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat , INS is being prepared for sea trials . The next three ships in the class , after the lead ship , will be larger and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant . A larger follow on class to the class is also planned , these new boats will be capable of carrying 12 to 16 ballistic missiles . - - = = Timeline = = - - - - = SMS Markgraf = - - SMS Markgraf was the third battleship of the four @-@ ship König class . She served in the Imperial German Navy during World War I. The battleship was laid down in November 1911 and launched on 4 June 1913 . She was formally commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 1 October 1914 , just over two months after the outbreak of war in Europe . Markgraf was armed with ten 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns in five twin turrets and could steam at a top speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Markgraf was named in honor of the royal family of Baden . The name Markgraf is a rank of German nobility and is equivalent to the English , or Marquess . - Along with her three sister ships , König , Grosser Kurfürst , and Kronprinz , Markgraf took part in most of the fleet actions during the war , including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916 . At Jutland , Markgraf was the third ship in the German line and heavily engaged by the opposing British Grand Fleet ; she sustained five large @-@ caliber hits and her crew suffered 23 casualties . Markgraf also participated in Operation Albion , the conquest of the Gulf of Riga , in late 1917 . The ship was damaged by a mine while en route to Germany following the successful conclusion of the operation . - After Germany 's defeat in the war and the signing of the Armistice in November 1918 , Markgraf and most of the capital ships of the High Seas Fleet were interned by the Royal Navy in Scapa Flow . The ships were disarmed and reduced to skeleton crews while the Allied powers negotiated the final version of the Treaty of Versailles . On 21 June 1919 , days before the treaty was signed , the commander of the interned fleet , Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , ordered the fleet to be scuttled to ensure that the British would not be able to seize the ships . Unlike most of the scuttled ships , Markgraf was never raised for scrapping ; the wreck is still sitting on the bottom of the bay . - - = = Construction and design = = - - Markgraf was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz and built at the AG shipyard in under construction number 186 . Her keel was laid in November 1911 and she was launched on 4 June 1913 . At her launching ceremony , the ship was christened by Frederick II , Grand Duke of Baden , the head of the royal family of Baden , in honor of which the ship had been named . @-@ out work was completed by 1 October 1914 , the day she was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet . She had cost the Imperial German Government 45 million . - Markgraf displaced 25 @,@ t ( 25 @,@ 389 long tons ) as built and 28 @,@ 600 t ( 28 @,@ 100 long tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 175 @.@ 4 m ( 575 ft 6 in ) , a beam of 19 @.@ 5 m ( 64 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 19 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She was powered by three Bergmann steam turbines , three oil @-@ fired and twelve coal @-@ fired boilers , which developed a total of 40 @,@ 830 shp ( 30 @,@ 450 kW ) and yielded a maximum speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . The ship had a range of 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The ship had a crew of 41 officers and 1 @,@ enlisted sailors . - She was armed with ten 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 50 guns arranged in five twin gun turrets : two superfiring turrets each fore and aft and one turret amidships between the two funnels . Her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns , six 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns and five 50 cm ( 20 in ) underwater torpedo tubes , one in the bow and two on each beam . Markgraf 's 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were removed and replaced with four 8 @.@ 8 cm anti @-@ aircraft guns . The ship 's main armored belt was 350 millimeters ( 14 in ) thick . The deck was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick ; the main battery turrets and forward conning tower were armored with 300 mm ( 12 in ) thick steel plates . - - = = Service history = = - - Following her commissioning on 1 October 1914 , Markgraf conducted sea trials , which lasted until 12 December . By 10 January 1915 , the ship had joined III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet with her three sister ships . On 22 January 1915 , III Squadron was detached from the fleet to conduct maneuver , gunnery , and torpedo training in the Baltic . The ships returned to the North Sea on 11 February , too late to assist the I Scouting Group at the Battle of Dogger Bank . - In the aftermath of the loss of SMS at the Battle of Dogger Bank , Kaiser Wilhelm II removed Admiral Friedrich von from his post as fleet commander on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet ; von Pohl carried out a series of sorties with the High Seas Fleet throughout 1915 . The first such operation — Markgraf 's first with the fleet — was a fleet advance to on 29 – 30 March ; the German fleet failed to engage any British warships during the sortie . Another uneventful operation followed on 17 – 18 April , and another three days later on 21 – 22 April . Markgraf and the rest of the fleet remained in port until 29 May , when the fleet conducted another two @-@ day advance into the North Sea . On 11 – 12 September , Markgraf and the rest of III Squadron supported a operation off . Another uneventful fleet advance followed on 23 – 24 October . - Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Admiral von Pohl became too ill from liver cancer to continue in that post . Scheer proposed a more aggressive policy designed to force a confrontation with the British Grand Fleet ; he received approval from the Kaiser in February . The first of Scheer 's operations was conducted the following month , on 5 – 7 March , with an uneventful sweep of the . Another sortie followed three weeks later on the 26th , with another on 21 – 22 April . On 24 April , the battlecruisers of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's I Scouting Group conducted a raid on the English coast . Markgraf and the rest of the fleet sailed in distant support . The battlecruiser Seydlitz struck a mine while en route to the target , and had to withdraw . The other battlecruisers bombarded the town of unopposed , but during the approach to Yarmouth , they encountered the British cruisers of the Harwich Force . A short artillery duel ensued before the Harwich Force withdrew . Reports of British submarines in the area prompted the retreat of the I Scouting Group . At this point , Scheer , who had been warned of the sortie of the Grand Fleet from its base in Scapa Flow , also withdrew to safer German waters . - - = = = Battle of Jutland = = = - - Markgraf was present during the fleet operation that resulted in the Battle of Jutland which took place on 31 May and 1 June 1916 . The German fleet again sought to draw out and isolate a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it before the main British fleet could retaliate . Markgraf was the third ship in the German line , behind her sisters König and Grosser Kurfürst and followed by Kronprinz . The four ships made up the V Division of the III Battle Squadron , and they were the vanguard of the fleet . The III Battle Squadron was the first of three battleship units ; directly were the Kaiser @-@ class battleships of the VI Division , III Battle Squadron . The III Squadron was followed by the and Nassau classes of the II Battle Squadron ; in the rear guard were the obsolescent @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnoughts of the I Battle Squadron . - Shortly before 16 : 00 the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral David Beatty . The opposing ships began an artillery duel that saw the destruction of , shortly after 17 : 00 , and Queen Mary , less than half an hour later . By this time , the German battlecruisers were steaming south to draw the British ships toward the main body of the High Seas Fleet . At 17 : 30 , König 's crew spotted both the I Scouting Group and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron approaching . The German battlecruisers were steaming to starboard , while the British ships steamed to port . At 17 : 45 , Scheer ordered a two @-@ point turn to port to bring his ships closer to the British battlecruisers , and a minute later , the order to open fire was given . - Markgraf opened fire on the battlecruiser Tiger at a range of 21 @,@ 000 yards ( 19 @,@ 000 m ) . Markgraf and her two sisters fired their secondary guns on British destroyers attempting to make torpedo attacks against the German fleet . Markgraf continued to engage Tiger until 18 : 25 , by which time the faster battlecruisers managed to move out of effective gunnery range . During this period , the battleships Warspite and Valiant of the 5th Battle Squadron fired on the leading German battleships . At 18 : 10 , one of the British ships scored a 15 @-@ inch ( 38 cm ) shell hit on Markgraf . Shortly thereafter , the destroyer Moresby fired a single torpedo at Markgraf and missed from a range of about 8 @,@ 000 yd ( 7 @,@ 300 m ) . Malaya fired a torpedo at Markgraf at 19 : 05 , but the torpedo missed due to the long range . Around the same time , Markgraf engaged a cruiser from the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron before shifting her fire back to the 5th Battle Squadron for ten minutes . During this period , two more 15 @-@ inch shells hit Markgraf , though the timing is unknown . The hit at 18 : 10 struck on a joint between two 8 @-@ inch @-@ thick side armor plates ; the shell burst on impact and holed the armor . The main deck was and approximately 400 t ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of water entered the ship . The other two shells failed to explode and caused negligible damage . - Shortly after 19 : 00 , the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the British battlecruiser Invincible ; Rear Admiral Paul in König attempted to position his four ships to cover the stricken cruiser . Simultaneously , the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line ; while advancing to torpedo range , they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns . The obsolescent armored cruisers of the 1st Cruiser Squadron also joined in the melee . Markgraf and her sisters fired heavily on the British cruisers , but even sustained fire from the battleships ' main guns failed to drive them off . Markgraf fired both her 30 @.@ 5 cm and 15 cm guns at the armored cruiser Defence . Under a hail of fire from the German battleships , Defence exploded and sank ; credit is normally given to the battlecruiser Lützow , though Markgraf 's gunners also claimed credit for the sinking . - Markgraf then fired on the battlecruiser Princess Royal and scored two hits . The first hit struck the 9 @-@ inch armor covering " X " barbette , was downward , and exploded after penetrating the 1 @-@ inch deck armor . The crew for the left gun were killed , the turret was disabled , and the explosion caused serious damage to the upper deck . The second shell penetrated Princess Royal 's 6 @-@ inch belt armor , upward off the coal bunker , and exploded under the 1 @-@ inch deck armor . The two shells killed 11 and wounded 31 . At the same time , Markgraf 's secondary guns fired on the cruiser Warrior , which was seriously damaged by 15 heavy shells and forced to withdraw . Warrior on the trip back to port the following morning . - Around 19 : 30 , Admiral John Jellicoe 's main force of battleships entered the battle ; Orion began firing at Markgraf at 19 : 32 ; she fired four salvos of 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Armor @-@ , ( ) shells and scored a hit with the last salvo . The shell exploded upon impacting the armor protecting the No. 6 15 cm gun casemate . The shell failed to penetrate but holed the armor and disabled the gun . The explosion seriously injured two and killed the rest of the gun crew . A heavy shell nearly struck the ship at the same time , and at 19 : 44 , a bent propeller shaft forced Markgraf 's crew to turn off the port engine ; naval historian John Campbell speculated that this shell was the one that damaged the shaft . Her speed dropped to 17 or 18 kn ( 31 or 33 km / h ; 20 or 21 mph ) , though she remained in her position in the line . - Shortly after 20 : 00 , the German battleships engaged the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron ; Markgraf fired primarily 15 cm shells . In this period , Markgraf was engaged by 's 12 @-@ inch guns , which scored a single hit at 20 : 14 . The shell failed to explode and shattered on impact on the 8 @-@ inch side armor , causing minimal damage . Two of the adjoining 14 @-@ inch plates directly below the 8 @-@ inch armor were slightly forced inward and some minor flooding occurred . The heavy fire of the British fleet forced Scheer to order the fleet to turn away . Due to her reduced speed , Markgraf turned early in an attempt to maintain her place in the battle line ; this , however , forced Grosser Kurfürst to fall out of formation . Markgraf fell in behind Kronprinz while Grosser Kurfürst steamed ahead to return to her position behind König . After successfully withdrawing from the British , Scheer ordered the fleet to assume night cruising formation , though communication errors between Scheer aboard Friedrich der and , the lead ship , caused delays . Several British light cruisers and destroyers stumbled into the German line around 21 : 20 . In the ensuing short engagement Markgraf hit the cruiser five times with her secondary guns . The fleet fell into formation by 23 : 30 , with Grosser Kurfürst the 13th vessel in the line of 24 capital ships . - Around 02 : 45 , several British destroyers mounted a torpedo attack against the rear half of the German line . Markgraf initially held her fire as the identities of the destroyers were unknown . But gunners aboard Grosser Kurfürst correctly identified the vessels as hostile and opened fire while turning away to avoid torpedoes , which prompted Markgraf to follow suit . Heavy fire from the German battleships forced the British destroyers to withdraw . At 05 : 06 , Markgraf and several other battleships fired at what they thought was a submarine . - The High Seas Fleet managed to punch through the British light forces without drawing the attention of Jellicoe 's battleships , and subsequently reached Horns Reef by 04 : 00 on 1 June . Upon reaching Wilhelmshaven , Markgraf went into harbor while several other battleships took up defensive positions in the outer . The ship was transferred to Hamburg where she was repaired in AG Vulcan 's large floating dock . Repair work was completed by 20 July . In the course of the battle , Markgraf had fired a total of 254 shells from her main battery and rounds from her 15 cm guns . She was hit by five large @-@ caliber shells , which killed 11 men and wounded 13 . - - = = = Subsequent operations = = = - - Following repairs in July 1916 , Markgraf went into the Baltic for trials . The ship was then temporarily assigned to the I Scouting Group for the fleet operation on 18 – 19 August . Due to the serious damage incurred by Seydlitz and Derfflinger at Jutland , the only battlecruisers available for the operation were Von der and Moltke , which were joined by Markgraf , Grosser Kurfürst , and the new battleship Bayern . The British were aware of the German plans , and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them . By 14 : 35 , Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet 's approach and , unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after the close engagement at Jutland , turned his forces around and retreated to German ports . - Markgraf was present for the uneventful advance in the direction of Sunderland on 18 – 20 October . Unit training with the III Squadron followed from 21 October to 2 November . Two days later , the ship formally rejoined III Squadron . On the 5th , a pair of U @-@ boats grounded on the Danish coast . Light forces were sent to recover the vessels , and III Squadron , which was in the North Sea en route to Wilhelmshaven , was ordered to cover them . During the operation , the British submarine torpedoed both Grosser Kurfürst and Kronprinz and caused moderate damage . For most of 1917 , Markgraf was occupied with guard duties in the North Sea , interrupted only by a refit period in January and periodic unit training in the Baltic . - - = = = Operation Albion = = = - - In early September 1917 , following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga , the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga . The ( Navy High Command ) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island of Ösel , and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Peninsula . On 18 September , the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands ; the primary naval component was to comprise the flagship , Moltke , along with the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet . The II Squadron consisted of the four König @-@ class ships , and was by this time augmented with the new battleship Bayern . The IV Squadron consisted of the five Kaiser @-@ class battleships . Along with nine light cruisers , three torpedo boat flotillas , and dozens of mine warfare ships , the entire force numbered some 300 ships , supported by over 100 aircraft and six . The invasion force amounted to approximately 24 @,@ 600 officers and enlisted men . - the Germans were the old Russian pre @-@ dreadnoughts and , the armored cruisers Bayan , Admiral , and Diana , 26 destroyers , and several torpedo boats and gunboats . Three British C @-@ class submarines where also stationed in the Gulf . The Strait , the main southern entrance to the Gulf of Riga , was heavily mined and defended by a number of coastal artillery batteries . The garrison on Ösel numbered nearly 14 @,@ 000 men , though by 1917 it had been reduced to 60 to 70 percent strength . - The operation began on 12 October , when Moltke and the four König @-@ class ships covered the landing of ground troops by suppressing the shore batteries covering Bay . Markgraf fired on the battery located on Cape . After the successful amphibious assault , III Squadron steamed to , although Markgraf remained behind for several days . On the 17th , Markgraf left Bay to rejoin her squadron in the Gulf of Riga , but early on the following morning she ran aground at the entrance to . The ship was quickly freed , and she reached the III Squadron anchorage north of Bank on the 19th . The next day , Markgraf steamed to Moon Sound , and on the 25th participated in the bombardment of Russian positions on the island of . The ship returned to on 27 October , and two days later was detached from Operation Albion to return to the North Sea . - Markgraf struck a pair of mines in quick succession while in the Strait and took in 260 metric tons ( 260 long tons ; 290 short tons ) of water . The ship continued on to Kiel via in Danzig ; she then went on to Wilhelmshaven , where the mine damage was repaired . The work was completed at the Imperial Dockyard from 6 to 23 November . After repairs were completed , Markgraf returned to guard duty in the North Sea . She missed an attempted raid on a British convoy on 23 – 25 April 1918 , as she was in dock in Kiel from 15 March to 5 May for the installation of a new foremast . - - = = = Fate = = = - - Markgraf and her three sisters were to have taken part in a final fleet action at the end of October 1918 , days before the Armistice was to take effect . The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet . Scheer — by now the Grand Admiral ( ) of the fleet — intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy in order to obtain a better position for Germany , despite the expected casualties . However , many of the war @-@ weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on and then on several other battleships , including Markgraf , mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . of the situation , the Kaiser stated , " I no longer have a navy . " - Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet ships , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Prior to the departure of the German fleet , Admiral Adolf von made clear to von Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships , under any conditions . The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow . The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British , American , and French warships . Once the ships were interned , their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks , and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and enlisted men . - The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the first opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships . Markgraf sank at 16 : 45 . The British soldiers in the guard detail in their attempt to prevent the Germans from scuttling the ships ; they shot and killed Markgraf 's captain , Walter Schumann , who was in a lifeboat , and an enlisted man . In total , the guards killed nine Germans and wounded twenty @-@ one . The remaining crews , totaling some 1 @,@ 860 officers and enlisted men , were imprisoned . - Markgraf was never raised for scrapping , unlike most of the other capital ships that were scuttled . Markgraf and her two sisters had sunk in deeper water than the other capital ships , which made any salvage attempt more difficult . The outbreak of World War II in 1939 put a halt to all salvage operations , and after the war it was determined that salvaging the deeper wrecks was financially impractical . The rights to future salvage operations on the wrecks were sold to Britain in 1962 . Owing to the fact that the steel that composed their hulls was produced before the advent of nuclear weapons , Markgraf and her sisters are among the few accessible sources of low @-@ background steel , which has occasionally been removed for use in scientific devices . Markgraf and the other vessels on the bottom of Scapa Flow are a popular dive site , and are protected by a policy barring divers from recovering items from the wrecks . - - - = Coldrum Long Barrow = - - The Coldrum Long Barrow , also known as the Coldrum Stones and the Stones , is a chambered long barrow located near to the village of Trottiscliffe in the south @-@ eastern English county of Kent . circa 4000 BCE , during Britain 's Early Neolithic period , today it survives only in a ruined state . - Archaeologists have established that the monument was built by communities shortly after the introduction of agriculture to Britain from continental Europe . Although representing part of an architectural tradition of long barrow building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe , the Coldrum Stones belong to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the vicinity of the River Medway , now known as the Medway Megaliths . Of these , it is in the best surviving condition , and lies near to both Addington Long Barrow and Chestnuts Long Barrow on the western side of the river . Three further surviving long barrows , Kit 's Coty House , the Little Kit 's Coty House , and the Coffin Stone , are located on the Medway 's eastern side . - Built out of earth and around fifty local sarsen megaliths , the long barrow consisted of a sub @-@ rectangular earthen tumulus enclosed by kerb @-@ stones . Within the eastern end of the tumulus was a stone chamber , into which human remains were deposited on at least two separate occasions during the Early Neolithic . analysis of these remains has shown them to be those of at least seventeen individuals , a mixture of men , women , children and adults . At least one of the bodies had been prior to burial , potentially reflecting a funerary tradition of and secondary burial . As with other barrows , Coldrum has been interpreted as a tomb to house the remains of the dead , perhaps as part of a belief system involving ancestor veneration , although archaeologists have suggested that it may also have had further religious , ritual , and cultural connotations and uses . - After the Early Neolithic , the long barrow fell into a state of ruined , perhaps experiencing deliberate deposition in the late medieval period , either by Christian or treasure hunters . Local folklore grew up around the site , associating it with the burial of a prince and the countless stones motif . The ruin attracted the interest of in the 19th century , while archaeological excavation took place in the early 20th . After limited reconstruction , in 1926 ownership was transferred to heritage charity The National Trust . It is open without charge to visitors all year around . - - = = Name and location = = - - The Coldrum Stones are named after a nearby farm , Coldrum Lodge , which has since been demolished . The monument lies in a " rather isolated site " north @-@ east of the nearby village of Trottiscliffe , about 500 metres from a prehistoric track known as the Pilgrim 's Way . The tomb can be reached along a pathway known as Coldrum Lane , which is only accessible on foot . The nearest car park to Coldrum Lane can be found off of Lane in Trottiscliffe . Another nearby village is Addington , which is located one and a quarter miles away . - - = = = = - - - = = = Early Neolithic Britain = = = - - The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British history . Beginning in the fifth millennium BCE , it saw a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living in the British Isles adopted agriculture as their primary form of subsistence , abandoning the hunter @-@ gatherer lifestyle that had characterised the preceding Mesolithic period . Archaeologists have been unable to prove whether this adoption of farming was because of a new influx of migrants coming in from continental Europe or because the indigenous Mesolithic Britons came to adopt the agricultural practices of continental societies . Either way , it certainly emerged through contact with continental Europe , probably as a result of centuries of interaction between Mesolithic people living in south @-@ east Britain and Linear culture ( ) communities in north @-@ eastern France . The region of modern Kent would have been a key area for the arrival of continental European settlers and visitors , because of its position on the estuary of the River Thames and its proximity to the continent . - Between and BCE , all of the British Isles came to abandon its former Mesolithic hunter @-@ gatherer lifestyle , to be replaced by the new agricultural subsistence of the Neolithic Age . Although a common material culture was shared throughout most of the British Isles in this period , there was great regional variation regarding the nature and distribution of settlement , architectural styles , and the use of natural resources . Throughout most of Britain , there is little evidence of cereal or permanent dwellings from this period , leading archaeologists to believe that the Early Neolithic economy on the island was largely pastoral , relying on herding cattle , with people living a nomadic or semi @-@ nomadic way of life . Although witnessing some land clearance , Britain was largely forested in this period , and it is unclear what level of the area of Kent had experienced in the Early Neolithic ; widespread forest clearance only took place on the of south @-@ east Britain in the Late Bronze Age . Environmental data from the area around the White Horse Stone supports the idea that the area was still largely forested in the Early Neolithic , covered by a woodland of oak , ash , / alder and . - - = = = The tomb building tradition = = = - - Across Western Europe , the Early Neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape . These were tombs that held the physical remains of the dead , and though sometimes constructed out of timber , many were built using large stones , now known as " megaliths " . Individuals were rarely buried alone in the Early Neolithic , instead being interned in collective burials with other members of their community . The construction of these collective burial monumental tombs , both wooden and megalithic , began in continental Europe before being adopted in Britain in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE . - The Early Neolithic people of Britain placed far greater emphasis on the ritualised burial of the dead than their Mesolithic forebears had done . Many archaeologists have suggested that this is because Early Neolithic people adhered to an ancestor cult that venerated the spirits of the dead , believing that they could intercede with the forces of nature for the benefit of their living descendants . Archaeologist Robin stressed that rather than simply being tombs , the Medway Megaliths were " communal fulfilling a social function for the communities who built and used them . " Thus , it has furthermore been suggested that Early Neolithic people entered into the tombs – which doubled as temples or shrines – to perform rituals that would honour the dead and ask for their assistance . For this reason , historian Ronald Hutton termed these monuments " tomb @-@ shrines " to reflect their dual purpose . - In Britain , these tombs were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the surrounding landscape , perhaps at the junction between different territories . Archaeologist Caroline Malone noted that the tombs would have served as one of a variety of markers in the landscape that conveyed information on " territory , political allegiance , ownership , and ancestors . " Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb @-@ shrines served as territorial markers between different tribal groups , although others have argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society . Instead it has been suggested that they represent markers along herding pathways . Many archaeologists have suggested that the construction of such monuments reflects an attempt to stamp control and ownership over the land , thus representing a change in mindset brought about by . Others have suggested that these monuments were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter @-@ gatherers . - Archaeologists have differentiated these Early Neolithic tombs into a variety of different architectural styles , each typically associated with a different region within the British Isles . Passage graves , characterised by their narrow passage made of large stones and one or multiple burial chambers covered in earth or stone , were predominantly located in northern Britain and southern and central Ireland . , across northern Ireland and central Britain long chambered mounds predominated , while in the east and south @-@ east of Britain , earthen long barrows represented the dominant architectural trend . These earthen long barrows were typically constructed of timber because building stone was scarce in southern Britain ; archaeologist Aubrey argued that these timber tombs might have been " even more eye @-@ catching " than their stone counterparts , perhaps consisting of " towering carved poles , painted " , but that evidence of such sculptures has not survived . The Medway Megaliths represent just one of these regional groups within the wider West European tradition of tomb building in this period . - - = = = The Medway Megaliths = = = - - Although now all in a ruinous state and not retaining their original appearance , at the time of construction the Medway Megaliths would have been some of the largest and most visually imposing Early Neolithic funerary monuments in Britain . along the River Medway as it cuts through the North Downs , they constitute the most south @-@ easterly group of megalithic monuments in the British Isles , and the only megalithic group in eastern England . Archaeologists Brian and Mike deemed the Medway Megaliths to be " some of the most interesting and well known " archaeological sites in Kent , while archaeologist Paul Ashbee described them as " the most grandiose and impressive structures of their kind in southern England " . - They can be divided into two separate clusters : one to the west of the River Medway and the other on Blue Bell Hill to the east , with the distance between the two clusters measuring at between 8 and 10 km . The western group includes Coldrum Long Barrow , Addington Long Barrow , and the Chestnuts Long Barrow . The eastern group consists of Kit 's Coty House , Little Kit 's Coty House , the Coffin Stone , and several other stones which might have once been parts of chambered tombs . It is not known if they were all built at the same time , or whether they were constructed in succession , while similarly it is not known if they each served the same function or whether there was a hierarchy in their usage . - The Medway long barrows all to the same general design plan , and are all aligned on an east to west axis . Each had a stone chamber at the eastern end of the mound , and they each probably had a stone facade flanking the entrance . The chambers were constructed from sarsen , a dense , hard , and durable stone that occurs naturally throughout Kent , having formed out of sand from the . Early Neolithic builders would have selected blocks from the local area , and then transported them to the site of the monument to be erected . - Such common architectural features among these tomb @-@ shrines indicate a strong regional cohesion with no direct parallels elsewhere in the British Isles . For instance , they would have been taller than most other tomb @-@ shrines in Britain , with internal heights of up to 10 ft . Nevertheless , as with other regional groupings of Early Neolithic tomb @-@ shrines ( such as the Cotswold @-@ Severn group ) , there are also various idiosyncrasies in the different monuments , such as Coldrum 's rectilinear shape , the long barrow 's facade , and the long , thin mounds at Addington and Kit 's Coty . This variation might have been caused by the tomb @-@ shrines being altered and adapted over the course of their use ; in this scenario , the monuments would represent composite structures . - It seems apparent that the people who built these monuments were influenced by pre @-@ existing tomb @-@ shrines that they were already aware of . Whether those people had grown up locally , or moved into the Medway area from elsewhere is not known . Based on a stylistic analysis of their architectural designs , Stuart Piggott thought that they had originated in the area around the Low Countries , while Glyn Daniel instead believed that the same evidence showed an influence from Scandinavia . John H. Evans instead suggested an origin in Germany , and Ronald F. thought that their origins could be seen in the Cotswold @-@ Severn megalithic group . Ashbee noted that their close in the same area was reminiscent of the megalithic tomb @-@ shrine traditions of continental Northern Europe , and emphasised that the Medway Megaliths were a regional manifestation of a tradition widespread across Early Neolithic Europe . He nevertheless stressed that a precise place of origin was " impossible to indicate " with the available evidence . - - = = Design and construction = = - - The monument originally consisted of a sarsen stone chamber , covered by a low earthen mound , which was bounded by prostrate slabs . As such , the archaeologist Paul Ashbee asserted that the monument could be divided into three particular features : the chamber , the barrow , and the sarsen stone surround . It is located on the edge of a large , although it is difficult to what views would have been possible from the monument at the time of construction , due to a lack of information on how densely forested the vicinity was . However , if the area was not highly wooded , then 360 ° views of the surrounding landscape would have been possible . The monument 's axis points toward both the North Downs and the Medway Valley , which is similar to the other Medway Megaliths . Archaeologist suggested that the Coldrum Long Barrow might have been built within view of a nearby settlement , and that this " may have been a key factor in the experience of ceremonies and rituals taking place at the tombs and may also have defined a link between the tomb builders and the landscape . " - It had been built using about 50 stones . The barrow is sub @-@ rectangular in plan , and about 20 meters ( 64 feet ) in length . At its broader , eastern end , where the chamber is located , the monument measures 15 metres ( 50 feet ) , while at the narrower , western end , it is 12 metres ( 40 feet ) in breadth . As such , the barrow is a " truncated wedge @-@ shape " . The megalithic builders responsible for the Coldrum Stones positioned it on the top of a small ridge adjacent to the North Downs , and constructed it facing eastward , towards the River Medway . - The chamber of the monument measures 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 13 feet ) in length , and 1 @.@ 7 metres ( 5 feet 6 inches ) in width , although it was potentially much larger when originally constructed . The chamber 's internal height would have been at least 2 metres ( 6 feet 6 inches ) . In its current state , the northern side of the chamber is made up of two slabs , one being 8 feet long , 7 feet , 6 inches deep , and 1 foot , 9 inches thick , and the other 5 feet long , 6 feet deep , and 2 feet thick . Conversely , the chamber 's southern side consists of a single slab , measuring 11 feet , 4 inches in length , 7 feet , 3 inches in depth , and 1 foot , 9 inches in depth at its thicker , eastern end . The western end of the chamber is closed off with a slab measuring about 14 feet , 6 inches wide , with a thickness of 1 foot and a depth of around 8 feet . A collapsed , broken slab lies at the opening eastern end of the chamber . It is also possible that a largely rectangular slab at the bottom of the slope had once been part of the eastern end of the chamber . Excavation has revealed that flint masonry was used to pack around the chamber and support its sarsens ; twentieth @-@ century renovation has seen this largely replaced with cement , allowing the stones to continue standing upright . - It is possible that there was a facade in front of the chamber , as is evident at other chambered tombs in Britain , such as West Kennet Long Barrow and 's Smithy . It is also possible that there was a portal stone atop the chamber , as was apparent at Kit 's Coty House and Lower Kit 's Coty House . Many of the larger slabs of stone that have fallen down the slope on the eastern end of the monument may have been parts of this facade or portal . - The earthen mound that once covered the tomb is now visible only as an approximately 1 foot , 6 inches in height . In the nineteenth @-@ century , the mound was higher on the western end of the tomb , although this was removed by excavation to reveal the sarsens beneath during the 1920s . It is likely that in the Early Neolithic , the mound had a quarry ditch surrounding it , and it is inside this ditch that the kerb @-@ stones now sit . - The kerb @-@ stones around the tomb display some ; those on the northern side are mostly rectilinear , while those on the southern side are smaller and largely irregular in shape . It is probable that there was an ancillary dry @-@ stone wall constructed using blocks of from the geological beds , as is evident at Chestnuts Long Barrow . Given that such blocks of stone rarely occur naturally , it may have been . - A line of and can be found on both one of the central kerb @-@ stones on the western end of the monument and a kerb @-@ stone on the south @-@ east of the monument . These have been attributed to the of flint and other stone axe @-@ on these sarsens . It is possible that these tools were sharpened for use in cutting and carving the timber and struts which would have been used in the stones and constructing the tomb . Similar evidence for the of tools has been found at West Kennet Long Barrow , as well as later prehistoric monuments such as Stonehenge . - Coldrum Long Barrow is comparatively isolated from the other Medway Megaliths ; in this it is unique , given that the other surviving examples are clustered into two groups . However , it is possible that another chambered tomb was located nearby ; a razed , elongated earthen mound with an east @-@ west orientation is located in a hollow at the foot of the downs just under a quarter of a mile to the north of the Coldrum Stones . It may be that this represents the remnants of another such monument which has had its stones removed or buried . Several large sarsens to the south of the might represent the remnants of a further such tomb , since destroyed . - - = = Human remains = = - - - = = = Demographics = = = - - Ashbee suggested that given its size and comparisons with other long barrows , such as 's Lodge , the Coldrum tomb could have housed the remains of over a hundred individuals . Excavations conducted in the early 20th century have led to the methodical discovery and removal of what was believed to be the remains of twenty @-@ two human individuals . These remains were examined by Sir Arthur Keith , the of the museum at the Royal College of Surgeons . He published his results in 1913 , in a paper largely concerned with discerning racial characteristics of the bodies . - A subsequent re @-@ analysis of the bones was conducted in the early 21st century , and published in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society in 2013 : the project presented " analysis , Bayesian modelling of dates , and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to inform on the , burial practices , diet and subsistence , and chronology of the Coldrum population " . earlier conclusions , it stated that the minimum number of individuals was seventeen . These were then further identified as probably belonging to nine adults ( probably five males and four females ) , two sub @-@ adults , four older children , and two younger children ( one around five years old , the other between 24 and 30 months old ) . - Keith had suggested that the he examined displayed similar features , which he attributed to the different individuals belonging to " one family - or several families united by common descent . " Similar observations had been made regarding the from other long barrows in Britain , although Martin Smith and Megan noted that this was not necessarily representative of a family group . Instead , they stated that it would also be consistent with " a population that was still relatively small and scattered " , in which most individuals were interrelated . - 's team noted that in all but one case , the fracture morphologies are consistent with dry @-@ bone breakage . Three of the skulls exhibited evidence that they had experienced violence ; a probable adult female had an injury on the left frontal , while an adult of indeterminate sex had an fracture on the left frontal , and a second adult female had a depressed fracture on the right frontal . - analysis of the remains revealed values that were typical of those found at many other Southern British Neolithic sites , albeit with significantly higher values of , which grew over time . Although this data is difficult to interpret , it was identified as probably reflecting a terrestrial diet high in animal protein that over time was increasingly supplemented with freshwater river or estuarine foods . In the case of the older individuals whose remains were interned in the tomb , the tooth enamel was worn away and the had become exposed on the chewing area of the crowns . - dating of the remains suggested Early Neolithic activity began at the site during – BCE ( 95 % probability ) or – cal BCE ( 68 % probability ) , when the first human remains were buried at the site . It then suggested that after an interval of either 60 – 350 years ( 95 % probability ) or 140 – 290 years ( 68 % probability ) , further of human remains were made inside the tomb . This second phase probably began in – cal BCE ( 95 % probability ) or – cal BCE ( 68 % probability ) . The dating of the human remains does not provide a date for the construction of Coldrum Long Barrow itself ; it is possible that the individuals died either some time before or after the monument 's construction . - - = = = Post @-@ mortem deposition = = = - - Cut @-@ marks were identified on a number of the bones ( two femora , two , and one ) , with specialists suggesting that these had been created post @-@ mortem as the bodies were and the bones removed from their attached ligaments . However , they further suggested that the lack of such cut @-@ marks on certain bones was that the body had already undergone partial decomposition or the removal of soft tissues prior to the process of dismemberment . The precision of the cut @-@ marks suggests that this dismemberment was done carefully ; " they do not suggest frenzied hacking or mutilation . " None of the criteria that deem diagnostic of cannibalism were found on the bones . - This cut @-@ marked human bone assemblage represented the largest yet identified from within a Neolithic long barrow in Southern Britain , although similar evidence for dismemberment has been found from a number of other Neolithic British sites , such as West , , , and . There are two possibilities for how this material developed . The first is that the bodies of the dead were or exposed to the elements , followed by a secondary burial within the tomb . The second is that they were placed in the tomb , where the flesh , before the bodies were then within the tomb itself . These practices may have been accompanied by , , or magical practices , direct evidence for which does not survive . - The inclusion of occupational debris over the bones was not unique to the site but common in chambered tombs from southern England . On the basis of an example discovered at Kit 's Coty House , Ashbee thought it apparent that the contents of the Coldrum 's chamber would have been by slabs , which served the same purpose as the side chambers of West Kennet and 's Smithy . - - = = Damage and = = - - All of the surviving megalithic tombs from the Early Neolithic period have suffered from neglect and the of agriculture . Although archaeologist Paul Ashbee noted that the Coldrum Stones represent " Kent 's least damaged megalithic long barrow " , it too has suffered considerable damage , having become dilapidated and fallen apart over the six millennia since its original construction . Most prominently , the eastern side has largely collapsed , with the stones that once helped to hold up the side of the barrow having fallen to the bottom of the slope . Conversely , it is possible that the sarsens at the bottom of the slope were not part of the original monument , but were stones found in nearby fields which were deposited there by farmers . - Excavation of Chestnuts Long Barrow revealed that it had been systematically destroyed in one event , and Ashbee suggested that the same may have happened to the Coldrum Stones . He believed that the kerb @-@ stones around the barrow were toppled , laid prostrate in the surrounding ditch , and then buried during the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century , by Christians seeking to non @-@ Christian monuments . Conversely , the archaeologist John Alexander — who excavated Chestnuts — suggested that the Medway tombs were destroyed by robbers seeking to locate treasure within them . As evidence , he pointed to the Close Roll of 1237 , which ordered the opening of barrows on the Isle of Wight in search for treasure , a practice which may have spread to Kent around the same time . Alexander believed that the destruction n Kent may have been brought about by a special commissioner , highlighting that the " and of the robbery " at Chestnuts would have necessitated resources beyond that which a local community could likely produce . Ashbee further suggested that in subsequent centuries , locals raided the damaged Coldrum tomb for chalk and stone , which was then re @-@ used as building material . - - = = Folklore and folk tradition = = - - In a 1946 paper published in the Folklore journal , John H. Evans recorded the existence of a local folk belief that a battle was fought at the site of the Coldrum Stones , and that a " Black Prince " was buried within its chamber . He suggested that the tales of battles taking place at this site and at other Medway Megaliths had not developed independently among the local population but had " down from the theories of " who believed that the Early Medieval Battle of , which was recorded in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , took place in the area . - Evans also recorded that there was a folk belief in the area that applied to all of the Medway megaliths and which had been widespread " up to the last generation " ; this was that it was impossible for any human being to successfully count the number of stones in the monuments . This " countless stones " motif is not unique to this particular site , and can be found at various other megalithic monuments in Britain . The earliest textual evidence for it is found in an early sixteenth @-@ century document , where it applies to the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire , although in an early seventeenth @-@ century document it was being applied to The , a set of three stone circles in Cornwall . Later records reveal that it had gained widespread distribution in England , as well as a single occurrence each in Wales and Ireland . The S. P. suggested that it could be attributed to an understanding that these megaliths had lives of their own . - In the early twenty @-@ first century , a tradition developed in which the Hartley Morris Men , a dancing side , travel to the site at dawn every May Day in order to " sing up the sun " . This consists of a number of dances performed within the stones on top of the barrow , followed by a song performed at the base of the monument . - - = = and archaeological investigation = = - - - = = = Early antiquarian descriptions = = = - - The earliest antiquarian accounts of Coldrum Long Barrow were never published . There are claims that at the start of the nineteenth century , the Reverend Mark Noble , Rector of , prepared a plan of the site for Gentleman 's Magazine , although no copies have been produced to verify this . Between 1842 and 1844 , the Reverend Post authored Remains at Coldrum , in which he described the monument , although it remained unpublished at the time . the site with the of Britain 's Iron Age , Post 's suggestion was that the name " Coldrum " derived from the linguistically Celtic " @-@ Dun " , and that the chiefs of some of the Gauls were interned there . He further reported that in both 1804 and 1825 , skulls had been found at the site . In 1844 , an antiquarian named Thomas Wright published a note on the Coldrum Stones and other Medway Megaliths in The Archaeological Journal . Wright had been alerted to their existence by a local vicar , the Reverend Lambert B. , and proceeded to visit them with him . Describing the , Wright mentioned " a smaller circle of stones " to the others in the area , with " a subterranean in the middle " . He further added that " it is a tradition of the that a continuous line of stones ran from Coldrum direct to the well @-@ known monument called Kit 's [ sic ] House " , attributing this belief to the variety of megaliths which were scattered throughout the landscape . - In 1857 , the antiquarian J. M. excavated at the site with the help of the Reverend , providing a report of their findings to the Central Committee of the British Archaeological Association . Describing the monument as a stone circle , they asserted that they discovered Anglo @-@ Saxon pottery at the site , and noted that as well as being called the Coldrum Stones , the monument also had the name of the Stones , which believed originated with the Old English word for funeral pile , ad . In August 1863 , the Archaeological Institute , who were then holding their week @-@ long meeting in Rochester , took a tour to visit the site , guided by the Charles Smith . That year , the monument was described in a copy of Gentleman 's Magazine by Yorkshire Charles Moore , who believed it to be a " Celtic " stone circle . - In 1869 , the antiquarian A. L. Lewis first visited the site , and was informed by locals that several years previously a skull had been uncovered from inside or near to the chamber , but that they believed it to be that of a . A later account elaborated on this , stating that two individuals excavated in the centre of the dolmen without permission , discovering a human skeleton , the skull of which was then re @-@ buried in the churchyard at . In an 1878 note published in The Journal of the Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , Lewis noted that while many tourists visited Kit 's Coty House , " very few goes to or ever hears of a yet more curious collection of stones at or Coldrum Lodge " . He believed that the monument consisted of both a " chamber " and an " oval " of stones , suggesting that they were " two distinct " . In 1880 , the archaeologist Flinders Petrie included the existence of the stones at " " in his list of earthworks ; although noting that a previous commentator had described the stones as being in the shape of an oval , he instead described them as forming " a rectilinear enclosure " around the chamber . He then included a small , basic plan of the monument . - In August 1889 , two amateur archaeologists , George Payne and A. A. Arnold , came across the monument , which they noted was known among locals as the " Coldrum Stones " and " Temple " ; according to Payne , " the huge stones were so overgrown with and that they could not be discerned " . He returned the next year , noting that at this point , the had been cut away to reveal the megaliths . In his 1893 book , Payne noted that although it had first been described in print in 1844 , " since that time no one seems to have taken the trouble to properly record them or make a plan " , an unusual claim given that a copy of Petrie 's published plan existed in his library . For this reason , after gaining permission from the landowner , he convinced Major A. O. Green , in Survey at , to conduct a survey of the monument in August 1892 . He also wrote to the archaeologist Augustus Pitt @-@ Rivers , encouraging him to schedule the Coldrum Stones as a legally protected site under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 . Payne described the Coldrum Stones as " the finest monument of its class in the county , and one worthy of every care and attention . " Comparing it to other monuments of its type in Britain , he asserted that it was undoubtedly " of sepulchral origin , belonging to a period anterior to the Roman domination of Britain . " Payne also noted a folk tradition that there were stone avenues connecting Coldrum to the Addington Long Barrow , although added that he was unable to discover any evidence for the existence of this feature . - In 1904 , George Clinch published a note on the Medway Megaliths in the Royal Institute 's journal , Man , in which he referred to the Coldrum Stones as " at once the most remarkable and the least known of the whole series . " Suggesting that its design indicates that it was built during " a late date in the age " , he compared the workmanship in producing the megaliths to that at the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire , although noted that they differed in that the Coldrum Stones clearly represented " a sepulchral pile " . Ultimately , he ended his note by urging for the site to be protected under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900 . In that same issue , Lewis included an added note in which he rejected the idea that the monument had once been covered by an earthen tumulus because he could see " no evidence that anything of that kind ever existed " , and instead he interpreted the site as a stone circle , comparing it to the examples at , , and Stanton Drew , suggesting that the central chamber was a shrine . - - = = = Archaeological excavation = = = - - The Coldrum Stones have been excavated on multiple occasions . On 16 April 1910 , the amateur archaeologist F. J. Bennett began excavation at the site , after previously having uncovered some Neolithic from Addington Long Barrow . He soon discovered human bones " under only a few inches of soil " . He returned to the site for further excavation in August 1910 , this time with his niece and her husband , both of whom were dentists with an interest in ; on that day they discovered pieces of a human skull , which they were able to largely reconstruct . A few days later he returned to excavate on the north @-@ west corner of the dolmen with the architect E. W. Filkins ; that day , they found a second skull , further bones , a flint tool , and pieces of pottery . - Later that month , George Payne and F. W. Reader met with Bennett to discuss his finds . With the aid of two other interested amateur archaeologists , Mr Boyd and Miss , both from , excavation resumed in early September . In 2009 , the archaeologists Martin Smith and Megan asserted that Bennett 's excavations had taken heed of the advice of Pitt @-@ Rivers that excavations should be recorded in full . They noted that Bennett had provided " clear plan and section drawings , photographs of the monument and careful attempts to consider site formation processes . " Suggesting that the monument was constructed on agricultural land , in his published report Bennett cited the ideas of anthropologist James in The Golden to suggest that the Coldrum Stones " monument may at one time have been dedicated , though not necessarily initially so , to the worship of the corn god and of agriculture . " He proceeded to that the human remains found at the site were the victims of human sacrifice killed in fertility rites . However , Evans later stated that " we have no means of knowing " whether human sacrifice had taken place at the site . - In September 1922 , Filkins once again began excavating at the site , this time with the aid of a resident of , Charles Gilbert . Their project was financed through grants provided by the British Association and the Society of Antiquaries , with Filkins noting that at the time of its commencement , " a miniature jungle " had grown up around the site which had to be cleared . Excavation continued sporadically until at least 1926 . Human remains were discovered , and placed into the possession of Sir Arthur Keith of the Royal College of Surgeons . This excavation revealed all the existing sarsens surrounding the monument , a number of which had previously been buried beneath earth . The stones of the dolmen were up with concrete foundations where Filkins deemed it necessary . Although Filkins ' excavation was comprehensive , it did ignore stone holes , packing stones , and their relationship to the mound . In 1998 , Ashbee noted that while from " a present @-@ day perspective , it is possible to see shortcomings [ ... ] in terms of the general standards of the early part of this century , there is much to . " - - = = = Management by The National Trust = = = - - In his 1924 publication dealing with Kent , the archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford , then working as the archaeological officer for the Ordnance Survey , listed the Coldrum Stones alongside the other Medway Megaliths . In 1926 , the Coldrum Stones were given to The National Trust , who dedicated it as a memorial to the historian Benjamin Harrison . A plaque was erected to mark this , which erroneously termed the monument a stone circle ; in 1953 , the archaeologist Leslie expressed the view that " it is hoped that this error may be rectified in the near future " . Still owned by the Trust , the site is open to visitors all year round , free of charge . On their website , the Trust advises visitors to look for " stunning views from the top of the barrow " . John H. Evans characterised the site as " the most impressive " of the Medway Megaliths , while described it as " the finest and most complete " of the group . - - - = Soviet cruiser Krasnyi Kavkaz = - - Krasnyi Kavkaz ( from Russian : " " - " Red " ) was a cruiser of the Soviet Navy that began construction during World War I , but was still incomplete during the Russian Revolution . Her design was heavily modified by the Soviets and she was completed in 1932 . During World War II she supported Soviet troops during the Siege of Odessa , Siege of Sevastopol , and the Kerch @-@ Feodosiya Operation in the winter of 1941 — 42 . She was awarded the Guards title on 3 April 1942 . She was reclassified as a training ship in May 1947 before being used as a target in 1952 . - - = = Service history = = - - down on 18 October 1913 at the Dockyard as Admiral for the Imperial Russian Navy as a cruiser of the class , she was launched on 8 June 1916 . Construction was abandoned in 1917 during the October Revolution when the ship was 63 % complete . In the second half of 1918 , the Marine Department of Hetman was engaged in completion of ship . On 25 January 1919 , the ship was formally renamed in " Hetman " , but was captured shortly afterward by the . The hull was relatively undamaged and the Soviets decided to finish the ship to a modified design . She was renamed Krasnyi Kavkaz on 14 December 1926 , and completed to a modernized design , being commissioned on 25 January 1932 . - Krasnyi Kavkaz was initially intended to accommodate eight 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) guns in four twin turrets , but this was impossible given her small and lightly constructed hull . Three twin turrets mounting the new 57 @-@ caliber 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) B @-@ 1 @-@ K gun under development also proved and the Soviets had to settle for four MK @-@ 1 @-@ 180 single 180 mm gun turrets , two at each end . Her superstructure was massively revised to fit these turrets and all of the original casemated 130 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) / 55 Pattern 1913 guns were removed . As completed her secondary armament was only four 30 @-@ caliber 76 @.@ 2 mm AA guns mounted between her funnels . Her original internal torpedo tubes were replaced by four triple 533 @-@ millimetre ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo mounts mounted on each side of the main deck the forecastle break . She was given an aircraft @-@ handling crane , but a catapult wasn 't installed aft of her rear funnel until 1935 when a Heinkel catapult was imported from Germany . She was also fitted for mine rails with a capacity of up to 120 mines . - The light cruiser collided with her in May 1932 , shortly after her commissioning , and badly damaged her bow . It was extensively rebuilt and increased her overall length by over 11 metres ( 36 ft ) . In 1933 she made port visits in Turkey , Greece and Italy . - She was refitted before Operation Barbarossa , probably about 1940 , her catapult was removed , and her anti @-@ aircraft armament was greatly increased . Her four 76 @.@ 2 mm AA guns were exchanged for four Italian twin gun 50 @-@ caliber 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) AA mounts and she received four single mounts for the semi @-@ automatic 76 @.@ 2 mm 34 @-@ K were fitted as well as six 12 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) AA machine guns . Two single mounts for 76 @.@ 2 mm ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) 34 @-@ K guns were also fitted , one on each side of the quarterdeck just aft of the rearmost main gun turret . Some of these guns may have been received earlier , the sources are unclear . While under repair at Poti in late 1942 she landed her aft pair of torpedo tubes and received two more mounts salvaged from the sunken cruiser Ukraina . Ten single mounts for the naval version of the 37 mm AA gun was also fitted . By 1944 she was also carrying one quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mount on top of each of her superfiring main gun turrets and she may have been using Oerlikon 20 mm cannon . - - = = = World War II = = = - - Krasnyi Kavkaz , in company with the cruisers Ukraina , and a number of destroyers , laid down a defensive mine barrage protecting the Black Sea Fleet base at Sevastopol on 22 June . She provided gunfire support to Soviet forces defending Odessa and escorted convoys bringing the 157th Rifle Division into Odessa during the month of September 1941 . She also transported one battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment from Sevastopol in a successful amphibious assault behind Romanian lines to destroy Romanian coastal batteries near and . She escorted convoys from 3 — 6 October that evacuated the 157th Rifle Division from Odessa to Sevastopol and escorted the final evacuation convoy during the night of 15 – 16 October . During the Siege of Sevastopol she provided gunfire support and evacuated cut @-@ off troops from elsewhere in the into Sevastopol and brought in reinforcements from Caucasian ports . She helped to transport the Rifle Division from Novorossiysk and to Sevastopol between 7 and 13 December and the Rifle Division between 21 and 22 December , bombarding German positions in the interim . - During the Kerch @-@ Feodosiya Operation Krasnyi Kavkaz sailed into the harbor of Feodosiya on 29 December 1941 and disembarked reinforcements and provided gunfire support for Soviet troops already ashore . She was hit seventeen times by Axis artillery and mortar fire in retaliation . On 1 and 3 January she ferried supplies and reinforcements for the Soviet bridgehead on the Kerch Peninsula . On the return voyage she was severely damaged by German Junkers Ju 87 dive @-@ bombers from II . / 77 . Four near @-@ misses close to her stern damaged her steering , her left propeller shaft , blew off one propeller and put enough holes in her stern that flooding caused her draft to increase by 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . She made it to Novorossiysk , escorted by the destroyer , where she was patched up enough to make to Poti where more permanent repairs could be made . These took until October 1942 and the opportunity was taken to reinforce her anti @-@ aircraft armament . - She was awarded the Guards title on 3 April in recognition of her performance . Between 20 and 23 October , Krasnyi Kavkaz , her half @-@ sister Krasnyi , and three destroyers ferried 12 @,@ 600 men of the 8th , 9th and 10th Guards Rifle Brigades from Poti to to reinforce the defenses there . On the night of 4 February 1943 the Soviets made a series of amphibious landings to the west of Novorossiysk , behind German lines . Krasnyi , Krasnyi Kavkaz , and three destroyers provided fire support for the main landing , but the Soviet troops there were wiped out by 6 February , although one secondary landing was successful . The loss of three destroyers attempting to the German evacuation of the on 6 October 1943 caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of Krasnyi Kavkaz 's active participation in the war . - - = = = Post @-@ war history = = = - - Little is known about her activities after the end of the war other than she was redesignated as a training ship on 12 May 1947 . She was sunk as a target ship by SS @-@ N @-@ 1 missiles on 21 November 1952 . - - - = Rhode Island Route 4 = - - Route 4 , also known as the Colonel Rodman Highway , is a 10 @.@ 37 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 69 km ) long numbered state highway located in Washington County and southern Kent County , Rhode Island , United States . The route is a major north – south freeway in the southern Providence metropolitan area , directly linking Providence with eastern Washington County , the beaches of Narragansett and South Kingstown , and the city of Newport . Route 4 begins as a two @-@ lane divided highway at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in the town of North Kingstown , becoming a limited @-@ access freeway after 1 @.@ 89 miles ( 3 @.@ 04 km ) . The route has four numbered interchanges before terminating in the city of Warwick , where the northbound lanes merge into Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) . - The origins of Route 4 date back to 1952 , when construction began on a short , unnumbered arterial from US 1 to the modern location of exit 5 at Routes 2 and 102 in Wickford . In 1965 , the Rhode Island Department of Public Works began work on a 5 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 7 km ) freeway from modern exit 6 north to the merge with I @-@ 95 . The freeway , designated as Route 4 , was completed in 1972 . At that time , the Route 4 designation was also applied to the Wickford arterial . In 1988 , the missing link in Route 4 between exits 5 and 6 was completed and opened . The Rhode Island Department of Transportation has long @-@ term plans to upgrade the southernmost portion of Route 4 to freeway status by constructing overpasses at Oak Hill Road and West Allenton Road and a grade separation with US 1 . Although the project was originally scheduled to be completed by 2007 , the $ 55 million project has been postponed indefinitely . - - = = Route description = = - - Route 4 begins at a fork in the alignment of U.S. Route 1 in the community of North Kingstown ; the two left lanes of US 1 default onto Route 4 north , with the right @-@ hand lane carrying Tower Hill Road and US 1 north into the village of Wickford . Route 4 heads in a northwestern direction as a four @-@ lane divided highway , crossing West Allenton Road at an at @-@ grade intersection with a traffic signal after approximately 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) . The highway continues on a northwesterly projection , passing to the northeast of Hole Pond and to the southwest of Secret Lake in a heavily forested region . After Secret Lake , the highway curves to the north , crossing Oak Hill Road at another at @-@ grade intersection . - Shortly after the intersection with Oak Hill Road , Route 4 transitions from a divided arterial highway into a four @-@ lane limited @-@ access freeway . The freeway passes to the west of Belleville Pond and begins to parallel the alignment of Route 102 ( Ten Rod Road ) near the community of Lafayette . Route 4 passes over Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor railroad before entering the business district of Wickford Junction . The freeway interchanges with Routes 2 and 102 at exit 5 , a partial cloverleaf interchange . After the interchange , Route 4 to the northeast , beginning a parallel alignment with Route 2 that continues to its northern terminus . Route 4 crosses into the town of East Greenwich , passing under South Road before with Route 2 at exit 6 , a partial cloverleaf interchange . - After exit 6 , Route 4 passes the Rhode Island Army National Guard base to the east and to the Hunt River to the west . Route 4 northbound interchanges with Route 403 at exit 7 ; Route 403 , or the Quonset Freeway , is a four @-@ lane , limited access freeway and spur route of Route 4 that serves the Quonset Business Park and the village of . Heading southbound , exit 7 is split into exit , which serves the Quonset Freeway , and exit , which serves Route 402 ( Frenchtown Road ) , another spur route connecting the highway to US 1 and Route 2 . After exit 7 , Route 4 continues northward as a six @-@ lane expressway , passing to the west and entering a suburban region of East Greenwich . The highway crosses under an overpass at Middle Road before with Route , the freeway 's final spur , at another partial cloverleaf interchange . Exit 8 is also used to access Route 2 and I @-@ 95 south , which has no direct freeway connection with Route 4 north . Shortly after exit 8 , the Route 4 designation ends and the mainline of the highway onto I @-@ 95 north . - - = = History = = - - In 1950 , the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 118 million in 2016 ) bond issue to fund the construction of a 3 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) , four @-@ lane divided arterial bypass of U.S. Route 1 in Wickford . Construction on the highway began in 1952 and was completed in 1954 , at which time the roadway opened as an unnumbered state highway leading from US 1 to Routes 2 and 102 in Wickford . - During the late 1950s , a few years after the completion of the arterial , the Rhode Island Department of Public Works ( ) proposed a relocation of Route 2 , which , at the time , was the major thoroughfare in the area . No action was taken until 1964 , when the introduced a study for the " Route 2 " proposal . During the study , drivers who used the Colonel Rodman Highway arterial and were bound for the state capital of Providence were onto Route 2 , an accident @-@ prone , four @-@ lane undivided highway near the modern exit 5 . In 1965 , the planned Route 2 freeway was given the new number of Route 4 , leaving Route 2 on its existing alignment . A public hearing was held by the state of Rhode Island on the proposed freeway , which was to be four lanes and have a divided , grassy median . This proposal was later accepted , and construction began two years later . - Construction of a 5 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 7 km ) long section of Route 4 from what is now exit 6 in East Greenwich to I @-@ 95 in Warwick began in 1967 and was completed in 1972 . That year , the 3 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) arterial south of the modern exit 5 was also designated as part of Route 4 . The divided highway remains largely intact to this date as the stretch of Route 4 from US 1 to Routes 2 and 102 at exit 5 ; the only piece of the arterial that has been significantly altered is the construction of a bridge over Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor line . By the early 1970s , Route 4 was complete north of exit 6 and south of what would become exit 5 , but there was a still a missing piece in the highway between the two exits . In the 1970s , the state of Rhode Island faced several budget problems and environmental concerns , both of which delayed the construction of the missing link for nearly eleven years . Environmental studies on the missing link began in 1977 , and the state estimated that the 1 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) long section of freeway would cost $ 15 – 21 million ( equivalent to $ 59 – 82 million in 2016 ) to construct . - In 1983 , the Rhode Island Department of Transportation ( RIDOT ) began construction of the new segment of Route 4 between exits 5 and 6 . The project , which ultimately went over budget at $ 24 million ( equivalent to $ 52 million in 2016 ) ) , was financed from a $ 63 million federal grant . In 1986 , during excavation for the new right @-@ of @-@ way , the Department of Transportation found archeological items from the Narragansett Indians dating from about 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 500 years prior . Although the findings were not centralized in the area , this caused delays for the extension of the freeway . On August 6 , 1988 , completed construction and performed a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony for the new highway . - In January 1990 , two police cruisers were severely damaged during a chase on Route 4 . A driver was in the southbound lanes of Route 4 near exit 7 ; when the driver exited at Route 402 ( Frenchtown Road ) , two police officers got into serious accidents in their attempts to pursue the vehicle . After the crashes , the American Civil Liberties Union efforts to amend police chase policy and avoid further crash @-@ related injuries for officers in the line of duty . - In 2000 , construction began on the Quonset Freeway , a relocated Route 403 that serves the Quonset Business Park from Route 4 . The project included the reconstruction and reworking of exit 7 off Route 4 , which was a southbound @-@ only exit serving both Route 403 and Route 402 when constructed . The exit was converted into a trumpet interchange with new ramps between Route 4 , Route 403 and Route 402 and was completed in December 2008 , one year ahead of schedule . The project included the construction of a new northbound exit 7 serving Route 403 east . - - = = Future = = - - The Rhode Island Department of Transportation ( RIDOT ) has laid out long @-@ term plans for improvements to both the southern and northern of Route 4 . During the 1980s and 1990s , RIDOT announced plans to eliminate the three traffic lights along the southern end of the highway . The department planned to replace the existing US 1 and Route 4 merge , converting it into a grade @-@ separated interchange with an extensive overpass . This would cut @-@ off access to three local roads that intersect US 1 near the signal . The plan also included the replacement of the two other signaled intersections at West Allenton Road and Oak Hill Road with overpasses ; the overpass for West Allenton Road is planned to be constructed as a new exit 4 . In the 1990s , the state purchased and demolished several houses in the region to allow for an expanded Route 4 right @-@ of @-@ way in the vicinity of West Allenton Road . - The upgrade proposal proved to be very unpopular with North Kingstown residents who lived on the affected local roads . Additionally , RIDOT laid the highway out so that Route 4 would cross through wetlands in the area . This sparked environmental concerns , as one of the large wetlands that would be affected , 's Marsh , was deemed to be of high value by Rhode Island environmentalists . Despite local and environmental concerns , RIDOT still considers the Route 4 upgrade to be the way to improve traffic flow in the region . While the Department of Transportation considered upgrading nearby Route 2 to freeway standards as a potential alternative , this plan was ultimately rejected because of its effects on wells in the area . Although the project was originally scheduled to be completed by 2007 , the $ 55 million project has been postponed indefinitely . - RIDOT also has long @-@ range plans to construct direct freeway connections linking Route 4 north with I @-@ 95 south and I @-@ 95 north with Route 4 south . As of November 2010 , environmental studies are being prepared for a of the interchange . - - = = Exit list = = - - denote future exit numbers . - - - = West End Girls = - - " West End Girls " is a song by British pop duo Pet Shop Boys . Written by Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe , the song was released twice as a single . The song is influenced by hip hop music , with lyrics concerned with class and the pressures of inner @-@ city life which were inspired partly by T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land . It was generally well received by contemporary music critics and has been frequently cited as a highlight in the duo 's career . - The first version of the song was produced by Bobby Orlando and was released on Columbia Records ' Records imprint in April 1984 , becoming a club hit in the United States and some European countries . After the duo signed with EMI , the song was re @-@ recorded with producer Stephen Hague for their first studio album , Please . In October 1985 , the new version was released , reaching number one in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1986 . - In 1987 , the song won Best Single at the Awards , and Best International Hit at the Ivor Novello Awards . In 2005 , 20 years after its release , the song was awarded Song of The Decade between the years 1985 and 1994 by the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's 12th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . - The song was performed by Pet Shop Boys at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and was included as part of the soundtrack of the 2013 game Grand Theft Auto V on the Non @-@ Stop @-@ Pop radio station . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Recording and production = = = - - In 1983 , Neil Tennant met producer Bobby Orlando , while on an assignment in New York interviewing Sting for Smash Hits . After listening to some demos , Orlando offered to produce for the duo . - In 1983 – 84 , the duo recorded eleven songs with Orlando , at Studios in New York , " West End Girls " , " Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) " , " One More Chance " , " I Want A Lover " , " A Man Could Get Arrested " , " I Get " , " Two by Zero " , " " , " It 's A Sin " , " Pet Shop Boys " , and " Later " . Orlando played most of the instruments on " West End Girls " , including the jazz riff at the end . Lowe played one chord and the bassline . It included a drum part lifted from Michael Jackson 's " Billie Jean " , and an arrangement involving what Tennant called " Barry White chords " . Orlando was thrilled by the song 's production ; his idea was to make a rap record in a British accent . - In April 1984 , " West End Girls " was released , becoming a club hit in Los Angeles and San Francisco , and a minor dance hit in Belgium , and France , but was only available in the United Kingdom as a 12 " import . In March 1985 , after long negotiations , Pet Shop Boys cut their contractual ties with Orlando , and hired manager Tom Watkins , who signed them with EMI . They re @-@ recorded " West End Girls " with producer Stephen Hague , and re @-@ released the song in late 1985 , topping the charts in both the UK and the U.S. - In an interview on 's Britannia programme ( Video on YouTube at ) , Neil Tennant explains the role of the then new sampling technology on the track and how every single sound came from the newly introduced E @-@ keyboard . - - = = = Music and lyrics = = = - - " West End Girls " is a synthpop song influenced by hip hop music . The song 's socially conscious streak , as well as the propulsive bass line , derives from Grandmaster Flash 's protest rap song " The Message " . Lowe and Hague created a " , obsessive rhythm punch " for the music , replacing the song 's previously sparse beats and minimal keyboard lines . - Tennant started to write the song when he was staying at his cousin 's house in Nottingham while watching a gangster film . Just when he was going to sleep he came up with the lines : " Sometimes you 're better off dead , there 's a gun in your hand and it 's pointing at your head " . The lyrics were inspired by T.S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , particularly in the use of different narrative voices and references . The song 's lyrics are largely concerned with class , inner @-@ city pressure . Tennant later said that some listeners had assumed the song referred to prostitutes , but was actually , " about rough boys getting a bit of . " - The lyric " From Lake Geneva to the Finland Station " refers to the train route taken by Vladimir Lenin when he was smuggled by the Germans to Russia during World War I , a pivotal event in the Russian Revolution . Indeed , it is highly likely the lyric was inspired by the book To the Finland Station by Edmund Wilson , a very famous work on the history of revolutionary thought and Socialism that Tennant would have at least heard of , if not read , as a student . The Bobby Orlando @-@ produced version of the single included another line , " All your stopping , stalling and starting , / Who do you think you are , Joe Stalin ? " which was removed for the 1985 version . - - = = Critical reception = = - - " West End Girls " has been generally well received by music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic in a review of the album Please called the song " hypnotic " , adding that " it 's not only a classic dance single , it 's a classic pop single " . In a review for the group 's second studio album , Rob from Rolling Stone magazine commented that " West End Girls " was " as catchy as anything on the radio in 1986 " , praising " its bass line and foreboding synth riffs " , but felt that it was almost " by spoken and the cryptic posturing of the duo 's lyrics " . In a review of the live album Concrete , Michael Hubbard from musicOMH said that " West End Girls " was one of the songs that " round out a collection that never feels too long or superfluous " , adding that it " goes some way to installing Tennant and Lowe as national treasures " . - from Pitchfork Media , in a review of their compilation album : Pet Shop Boys - The Hits commented that in the song " we meet Tennant not as a singer , but as a speaker " , adding that " he the verses to us not like a star , but like a stranger in a , alongside you and pointing out the sights " . - In 1987 , " West End Girls " won for Best Single at The BRIT Awards , and for Best International Hit at the Ivor Novello Awards . In 2005 , the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters gave to West End Girls the Ivor Novello Award for Song of The Decade between the years 1985 and 1994 . - - = = Music video = = - - The video was directed by Andy and Eric Watson , and consists of shots of the duo around London . At the beginning of the video , noises from the city can be heard , a camera passes Lowe on the street , and focus on two vintage dolls in a shop window . Then appears a sequence of quick cuts with shots of the city 's different sub @-@ cultures , the video freezes and cuts to Tennant and Lowe , who walk through an empty Wentworth Street in Lane Market . They stand in front of a red garage door , Tennant is in front dressed with a long coat , white shirt and dark , directly addressing the camera , with Lowe standing behind him with a blank expression . Lowe is filmed in double @-@ exposure and appears almost . In other shots , Tennant walks while Lowe follows behind , as if one were a master and the other an apprentice . - Then the video shows various shots at Waterloo station , as the chorus starts . In slow motion , the camera pans across the shop on the station as the duo walk past . It cuts to a brief shot of a No. 42 red double @-@ bus , showing the destination as , also advertising the stage @-@ show Evita , then black and white shots of the Tower Bridge , Westminster and the Westminster Palace Tower from the sky . The duo poses on the South Bank of the River Thames in a pastiche of a image , with the Houses of Parliament as a background . - The camera shows shots of young women , and passes through arcades and cinemas in Leicester Square . The camera now passes South Africa House showing protestors in the Non @-@ Stop , an anti @-@ apartheid vigil . The video cuts to a of Tennant singing the chorus , with a purple neon sign passing across his face . At the end the camera passes again through Leicester Square , where people queue to see Fletch and Susan . The video was nominated for Best New Artist in a Video at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to a @-@ ha 's Take On Me . - - = = Chart performance = = - - " West End Girls " was first released in April 1984 through writer and producer Bobby Orlando 's label . The song was a club hit in the United States , and in some European countries , such as Belgium , where it debuted at number 24 on the Top 30 chart on 28 July 1984 , peaking at 17 four weeks later . In Canada , " West End Girls " first entered the RPM singles chart in April 1985 , reaching a peak position of 81 in June 1985 . - Having signed with EMI , the group released their first major label single " Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) " in mid @-@ 1985 , but it failed to attract attention . The Pet Shop Boys then decided to re @-@ record " West End Girls " , and issue this new version as a single . Producer Stephen Hague helmed the new , re @-@ recorded version of " West End Girls " . - The re @-@ recorded version of " West End Girls " was released in the United Kingdom in October 1985 , debuting on the UK Singles Chart at number 80 , and within eight weeks of its release it had reached the top of the chart . It maintained the number one position for two weeks and received a gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in January 1986 . Across Europe , " West End Girls " also topped the singles chart in Norway , as well as peaking in the top three in Belgium , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Sweden , and Switzerland . - In Canada , where the original recording of " West End Girls " had already been a minor hit in 1985 , the re @-@ recorded version was issued as a single in early 1986 . The re @-@ recorded song entered the chart in March 1986 , peaking at number one for one week on 17 May 1986 . In the United States , West End Girls debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 71 , reaching the number one position on 10 May 1986 , and remained on the chart for 20 weeks . The song also peaked at number one on Billboard 's Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart for two weeks . - - = = Formats and track listings = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Neil Tennant – vocals , lyrics - Chris Lowe – keyboards , artwork design - Helena Springs – additional vocals - Bobby Orlando – producer , ( 1984 release ) - Stephen Hague – producer ( 1985 release ) - Steve Jerome – engineer – 1984 release - David Jacob – engineer - Frank – remixing - Eric Watson – photography - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - = = = Chart positions = = = - - - = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = - - - = = = Certifications = = = - - - = = East 17 version = = - - In 1993 East 17 covered " West End Girls " for their album , with limited chart success . - - = = = Track listings = = = - - 7 " - . West End Girls ( Faces on Mix ) - . West End Girls ( Kicking in ) - - = = = Charts = = = - - - - = Wrapped in Red = - - Wrapped in Red is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson , released on October 25 , 2013 , by RCA Records . The album is a follow @-@ up to her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits – Chapter One , and its companion extended play , The Sessions Vol . 2 . Produced by Greg Kurstin , it is her first Christmas album and her first record to be solely released by RCA . Wrapped in Red consists of sixteen tracks , featuring five co @-@ penned original songs and eleven cover versions of Christmas standards and , two of which are duets featuring recording artists Ronnie Dunn , McEntire and Yearwood . - Weary of constantly being asked for her primary genre , Clarkson had long @-@ desired to record a Christmas album as a means to defy genre limitations . She commissioned Kurstin , who had studied jazz music under the tutelage of , to produce the entire album . Drawing inspirations from the soundtracks to the features A Charlie Brown Christmas and White Christmas , as well as the Christmas albums by Mariah Carey , McEntire , and Phil Spector , they experimented on various styles and sounds using Spector 's famed Wall of Sound technique to a create a contemporary holiday theme to classics . The Christmas music of Wrapped in Red comprises a variety of the genres such pop , jazz , country , and soul , marking a departure from the pop rock sound established from her previous studio albums ; while its lyrics share a singular theme of the color red , which represents a of emotions during the holidays . - Wrapped in Red debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 3 and topped the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart with 70 @,@ 000 copies sold in its first week of release . For nine consecutive weeks , Wrapped in Red stayed on the top ten of both charts and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and Music Canada . By the end of 2013 , it became the year 's best @-@ selling Christmas release in the United States and the second best @-@ selling Christmas release in Canada . Its lead single " Underneath the Tree " became an international top forty Christmas hit song and was radio 's most @-@ played new holiday song of 2013 . In promoting Wrapped in Red , she appeared in red dresses on various televised appearances ; and filmed an accompanying television special , Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale , at The Venetian Las Vegas , which premiered on NBC on December 11 , 2013 . In 2014 , Clarkson released the title track as the second single and hosted an annual Christmas benefit concert , Miracle on Broadway , at the Bridgestone Arena on December 20 , 2014 . - - = = Background = = - - Clarkson had expressed interest in recording a Christmas album for years , having recorded various Christmas songs such as " Oh Holy Night " and " My Up Christmas List " on the American Idol : The Great Holiday Classics ( 2003 ) , " I 'll Be Home for Christmas " on iTunes Session ( 2011 ) , and being featured on Blake Shelton 's Christmas album Cheers , It 's Christmas ( 2012 ) . Weary of constantly being asked for her primary genre , she felt that recording a Christmas album would finally pave a way for her to explore other different genres . She remarked , " I always get asked what genre I 'm in : ' Is this country or pop or rock ? What are you ? ' And what 's cool about making the Christmas album was , ' Oh , there are no limitations ! We can do whatever we want ! ' " . She further added , " The thing about Christmas is that it almost doesn 't matter what mood you 're in or what kind of a year you 've had — it 's a fresh start . I 'm going to clear the air and take stock of the good that 's happened . " - about making her sixth studio album being a Christmas record began on December 2012 , a month after releasing her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits – Chapter One . Having found the opportunity to do so , Clarkson commissioned producer and multi @-@ instrumentalist Greg Kurstin , whom she had previously collaborated with on her albums Stronger and Chapter One , to solely produce the whole album . Despite having been raised in a Jewish faith and unfamiliar with Christmas songs , Kurstin still agreed to produce the project . As a result , the record marked the second time her studio album only had a single producer ( the first being David Kahne solely producing My December in 2007 ) . It also marked the fourth time Kurstin had solely produced an entire studio album apart from being a member of the musical groups The Bird and the Bee and ( the first three being Lily Allen 's It 's Not Me , It 's You in 2009 , 's We Are Born in 2010 , and The ' Port of Morrow in 2012 ) . - - = = Recording = = - - Recording sessions of the basic instrumental tracks for Wrapped in Red took place in Kurstin 's Echo Studio in Los Angeles while orchestral sessions were recorded at Studios in Hollywood and featured vocals recorded in The Barn studio in Nashville . In recording tracks for the album , Clarkson and Kurstin wanted to showcase as many different styles as they could by experimenting in various sounds and styles to create fresh , contemporary sound to classic @-@ sounding music . He recalled , " It was a lot of fun for us because we got to go back to our roots . When Kelly started singing , it was clear she had the chops and had been trained to do anything . " Further adding , " We really experimented . It was so much fun and liberating . And it pays off . " Kurstin , who studied with jazz musician at The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music , recruited various jazz and soul musicians such as James , Kevin Dukes , Roy , and Bill to perform on the record to a Memphis soul sound . He also collaborated with Joseph to arrange and conduct a chamber orchestra . - In providing instrumentation for the record , Kurstin used all of his instruments such as a and a , taping them from a distance to stimulate the Wall of Sound , a recording technique originally developed by Phil Spector that was popular in the early 1960s . He enlisted Clarkson to provide all the background vocals herself . Clarkson , who grew up singing in a chorus , was pleased with the aspect ; saying , " is something I knew how to do from childhood . Sometimes I 'd have to do an alto instead of a soprano because they needed a bigger sound . But I 've never had to do anything like this before — doing all my backup vocals , essentially being my own choir . " Together , they began to record in May 2013 and continued through the summer of that year , beginning by recording " White Christmas " with Clarkson in the vocal booth and with Kurstin on a piano . She commented , " The production is all him . I would be just like ' Hey , can we make this more jazz ? Hey , can we make this more . And he just , like Harry Potter , made this happen . It 's so weird . " - - = = Composition = = - - - = = = Theme and influences = = = - - Clarkson has cited the color red as the album 's only theme . A color traditionally associated with Christmas , she affiliated the color to various emotions in the holidays . Wanting to stray away from her usual pop sound , she described Wrapped in Red 's music as a representation to explore different genres such as jazz , country and Memphis soul . She recalled , " What 's cool about Christmas albums is you can do jazz , rock and roll , you can do pop , you can do blues , like you can do all that stuff and it works — cause it 's all classic and it 's sounding . " She also noted that the album 's multitude of styles positively contributes to her artistic goal , saying , " My best friend from childhood heard it and said , ' This is what you sound like , before everything else . ' And I agree , It 's my core sound . Back in the day , when artists came out with things like " Fall to " and " Bridge over Water " , those songs genres . It wasn 't , ' Where is it going to fit ? ' You to whatever the song calls for . And that 's exactly what I did — without having to have an umbrella for everything . " - In gathering inspirations for Wrapped in Red , Clarkson started by listening to Bing Crosby 's and Rosemary 's soundtracks from the 1954 feature film White Christmas as well as Mariah Carey 's Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) and Merry Christmas to You ( 1997 ) by McEntire . While Kurstin , who used to play in a jazz band , took influences from A Charlie Brown Christmas by the Vince Trio and A Christmas Gift for You by Phil Spector as his inspirations , which resulted to the album 's Wall of Sound resonance . Clarkson also cited that her relationship with her then @-@ fiancé Brandon Blackstock had inspired some of the album 's lyrical content . - - = = = Song analysis = = = - - Clarkson shares writing credits on all five original songs on Wrapped in Red , some of which were written in December 2012 to avoid writing Christmas tunes during the 2013 summer season . She co @-@ wrote the opening and the title track , " Wrapped in Red " , with Ashley , Eubanks , and Shane . A Christmas ballad , the song was inspired by a scene in the holiday feature film Love ( 2003 ) , in which someone confesses love towards another . Critics singled out the track the one that the Wall of Sound the most . The second track , " Underneath the Tree " , was written by Clarkson and Kurstin , making it the first time they had co @-@ written a track together . Clarkson remarked , " Greg and I have worked a lot together , but usually I just come in and I just sing . We 've never have actually written a song together at this point . And he and I were like , ' Let 's just try to write something for the record . " RCA Records chief executive Peter Edge remarked that its release as a single was partly inspired by the success of " All I Want for Christmas Is You " by Carey . The following track is a rendition of the holiday standard " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " , which Clarkson had selected for its saccharine content . - Clarkson favored " Run Run Rudolph " as her favorite classic , saying " Just because it got to be a little more rock and roll . " She also remarked that " Please Come Home for Christmas ( Bells Will Be Ringing ) " , was the first song selected for inclusion after her mother 's recommendation and the song 's melancholic lyrics . Written by Clarkson and Eubanks , " Every Christmas " , was the first song to be written for the album . She revealed that the song narrates of her holiday life prior to meeting Blackstock , McEntire 's stepson , saying " Every Christmas , I was just like , ' This is going to be different , right ? I 'm going to actually find someone and not be alone for the rest of my life ? ' " . The seventh track is a cover of Elvis Presley 's " Blue Christmas " . Its follow @-@ up , a rendition of " Baby , It 's Cold Outside " , features Ronnie Dunn . Clarkson had approached Dunn thinking that his personality suited the song 's content well , saying " Like , it 's straight @-@ up his personality to say all of that to try and get you to stay , and have a drink . " " Winter Dreams ( Brandon 's Song ) " was written by Clarkson , , and Eubanks as a companion piece to " Every Christmas " . Dedicated to Blackstock , the song accounts her holiday after meeting him . She remarked , " Christmas changes , it morphs , it comes to life a little more … It ’ s just a time . " - The tenth track , " White Christmas " , was the first song to be recorded for Wrapped in Red . A cover of and 's " My Favorite Things " follows up as the eleventh track . Clarkson opted for the Broadway performance of the song to stray away from Julie Andrews 's version , citing " I think you shouldn 't go near anywhere of what she 's doing because she 's so good . " Clarkson and Kurstin co @-@ wrote " 4 " with Dennis and . Originally written a pop song , they converted it as a Christmas song to fit the album 's theme , describing it as a crossover between 's " Santa Baby " ( 1953 ) and Madonna 's " Material Girl " ( 1984 ) . A rendition of 's " Just for Now " was described by Clarkson as her highly dysfunctional environment , saying " Can we just stop for like five minutes and have like a normal Christmas setting ? " The song begins by sampling the melody of the Christmas tune " Carol of the Bells " . The closing track , a rendition of the traditional " Silent Night " , features McEntire and Yearwood and ends in an a setting between the trio . In addition , two tracks were also included in the deluxe edition of the album : the first , Clarkson 's cover of " I 'll Be Home for Christmas " from iTunes Session ; and the second , her rendition of the first stanza of the ecclesiastical hymn " Oh Come , Oh Come Emmanuel " . - - = = Release = = - - Wrapped in Red was first released internationally on October 25 , 2013 by RCA Records through Sony Music Entertainment . It then received a North American release on October 29 , 2013 by RCA as part of its holiday promotional campaign with the soundtracks to the feature films Black and The Best Man Holiday , with Wrapped in Red being promulgated as the one that will transcend formats and become a new holiday classic . In an interview with Billboard , RCA marketing executive Aaron remarked that the album was their main release of the holidays , quoting " The angle on this album is that , like all great Christmas records , it 's about amazing vocal performances . That 's what this is intended to be @-@ an album launched this year but and genre @-@ . " In preparation for its release in the United States , RCA shipped a half @-@ million units on Amazon.com and Target , which exclusively released a deluxe edition . A red LP pressing of Wrapped in Red by United Record followed the CD release on November 25 , 2013 , marking the first time an album by Clarkson was released on a vinyl record . A deluxe LP and CD edition was also released on the Sony Music store which included a scarf , a holiday ornament , and a snow globe , all of which were decorated in red as inspired from the album . A international promotion campaign was also planned for Clarkson , but was later halted due her pregnancy . On October 21 , 2014 , Wrapped in Red was reissued by RCA with a special edition CD + DVD release exclusive to stores in the United States . A green LP pressing of the album will also have a limited 500 @-@ copy release on December 9 , 2014 . - - = = = Promotion = = = - - On October 15 , 2013 , " White Christmas " was released as a promotional single from Wrapped in Red . Three days after , " Underneath the Tree " premiered on Clarkson 's channel . A television Christmas special , titled Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale , was filmed by concert director Hamilton on October 30 , 2013 , the eve after its street date , at The Venetian Las Vegas . A pastiche of A Christmas Carol , the Christmas special featured live performances of selections from Wrapped in Red ( one of which features McEntire and Yearwood ) . Produced by and , Cautionary Christmas Music Tale premiered on NBC in the United States and Global in Canada on December 11 , 2013 , being by RCA as the album 's primary promotional medium . NBC 's premiere broadcast of the special was seen by 5 @.@ 31 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It also received a 1 @.@ 4 share among adults between the ages of 18 to 49 , generated NBC ’ s second biggest overall audience its time slot . NBC had also a broadcast of Cautionary Christmas Music Tale on Christmas Day , which was seen by an additional 3 @.@ 54 million viewers . - Clarkson had also promoted Wrapped in Red in various televised performances , all of which she was dressed in red attire . She first performed " Underneath the Tree " on the The Today Show on November 26 , 2013 . On December 4 , 2013 , she performed " Run Run Rudolph " and " Blue Christmas " on the Christmas at Rockefeller Center television special . Clarkson had then performed " Underneath the Tree " on more televised events : such as on the fifth season of the The Voice on December 3 , 2013 , The Ellen Show on December 5 , 2013 , and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on December 12 , 2013 . On December 25 , 2013 , Clarkson returned to The Today Show on its Christmas Day broadcast , performing " Blue Christmas " . Selected tracks from the album were also used in advertisements , such as " Run Run Rudolph " , which was used in a holiday advertisement , and " Underneath the Tree " , which was featured in an Amazon.com and Amazon Fire advertisement with an appearance by Clarkson performing the song . On December 20 , 2014 , She will host a Christmas concert , Miracle on Broadway , at the Bridgestone Arena . An annual Christmas benefit concert , Miracle on Broadway , will feature live performances of various Christmas songs by McEntire , Yearwood , Garth Brooks , Ronnie Dunn , , Hayley Williams , Charles , and , some of whom will also join Clarkson in performing selections from Wrapped in Red . - Wrapped in Red 's lead single , " Underneath the Tree " , was released to radio airplay on November 5 , 2013 . in its initial release , music critics compared the song to " All I Want for Christmas is You " and it as a future Christmas standard . Reviewing for Slant Magazine , Sal Cinquemani wrote that track is likely to become Clarkson 's very own contemporary standard ; while The Independent 's Hugh Montgomery applauded it as " a winner on all fronts . " After debuting on the Billboard Holiday 100 chart at number 34 , it became holiday top ten hit by peaking at number eight on the chart . It also topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for four consecutive weeks , becoming Clarkson 's third track and the fifteenth holiday song to top the chart . " Underneath the Tree " also charted on the main Billboard Hot 100 chart at number seventy @-@ eight and became a top forty hit internationally : including the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart , the Dutch Top 40 chart , and the Official UK Singles Chart . USA Today reported that " Underneath the Tree " was American radio 's most @-@ played new holiday song of 2013 , while Edison Media Research reported that the single was the first holiday song to receive a considerable support on mainstream contemporary hit radio in almost 20 years . Wrapped in Red 's second single , the title track , was serviced to radio airplay on November 25 , 2014 . On the week ending December 28 , 2014 , it debuted on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart at number 11 on the week ending December 13 , 2014 . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - At Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 73 , based on 6 reviews , and scoring higher than any other album by Clarkson . AllMusic 's senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars . He described its uptempo arrangements , as well as Clarkson 's vocal performance , as " bold and brassy " and its mid @-@ tempo arrangements as " even more " . He also noted the track selection " favors the bold , " but that " she well in this setting , always sounding like the strongest element in the mix " Towards the end of his review , he wrote that " Perhaps the concept and execution are conventional , but even in this utterly expected setting , Clarkson retains her fiery , individual spirit , and that 's what makes Wrapped in Red appealing : to the letter , it delivers what it promises . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also gave it a similar rating . He noted that the album " largely offers a respite from the pop @-@ rock template she 's been relentlessly pursuing since , with less shouting and more of the varied range and texture on full display that helped her the winner of the inaugural season of American Idol . For better or worse , a decade of recording and touring has up the edges of her voice , lending a lived @-@ in quality that lyrics about love and longing with an authenticity that might have otherwise been missing had she recorded these songs just a few years earlier . " - NPR 's Ken Tucker described the album as a " glossy but heartfelt work " and compared its contrasting philosophy to Nick Lowe 's Quality Street : A Selection for All the Family , both of which he described as " will put you in a holiday mood " . Matt of PopMatters gave the album a generally favorable review , claiming that " Clarkson plays it safe and spends too much time showing off her upper register , but Wrapped in Red is a warm and romantic addition to the Christmas pop , " adding " Wrapped in Red doesn ’ t need edge ; it ’ s just dynamic and varied enough to be satisfying , and it ’ s light @-@ years better than any of the whitewashed Christmas crap Simon Cowell has inflicted on the world " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe gave a favorable review , particularly lauding " Underneath the Tree " , and described Clarkson 's rendering the Christmas standards as " fairly straight " . She added , " She starts gently on " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " before belting out the money notes . She through the soulful favorite " Please Come Home for Christmas ( Bells Will Be Ringing ) " and hangs by the piano for a “ White Christmas . " Newsday 's music columnist Glenn Gamboa wrote that " Clarkson handles it all expertly — hitting remarkably high notes on " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " and swinging on " Baby It 's Cold Outside " with Dunn . The new songs make Wrapped in Red a real gift , as the title track and " Underneath the Tree " channel the Phil Spector Christmas albums ; and " 4 " somehow blends " Stronger " and " Santa Baby " . Reviewing for HitFix , Melinda Newman gave the album an " A " rating , praising Clarkson 's vocal performances and noting that she and Kurstin " have clearly studied legendary Christmas albums of — most notably Spector 's A Christmas Gift For You and Andy Williams ' Merry Christmas — to recreate Christmas standards , as well as craft new ones in the image of those sets . " Chris of Slate declared Wrapped in Red as the best of 2013 's new Christmas records , noting for its vintage sound . He also observed that its five original tracks , most notably " Wrapped in Red " and " Underneath the Tree " , have reasonable odds of remaining in the rotation five years from now . In his review for The New York Times , Jon Caramanica wrote that Clarkson is very likely the only singer working in pop with a real possibility of creating a modern holiday classic along the lines of Carey 's " All I Want for Christmas Is You . " and remarked that her takes on familiar songs , however accomplished , are " also faithful in the way that someone of pop history would be . " - - = = = Commercial performance = = = - - Wrapped in Red became a commercial success in the United States . Prior it its release , music commercial analysts predicted that the album would likely sell at least 60 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release in the region , and it to be the front @-@ runner as the bestselling holiday release of the season . On the week ending November 16 , 2013 , it debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 3 with 70 @,@ 000 copies sold in all retailers , a 93 @,@ 000 decrease from Stronger 's first week sales of 163 @,@ 000 copies in 2011 . Nielsen Music analyst Dave Bakula attributed its low performance to the falling market share of the holiday music in general , which saw 3 @.@ 8 percent decrease in 2012 . The album 's chart debut on the Billboard 200 earned Clarkson her sixth consecutive top three studio album as well as the highest debut for a Christmas record by a female artist since Susan Boyle 's first Christmas album The Gift debuted at the top of the chart in 2010 . Wrapped in Red also debuted three other different charts , most notably at the top of the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart . On the week ending November 30 , 2013 , by charting at number six on the Billboard 200 , the album became the lone Sony release inside the chart 's top ten , with the others being Universal Music Group releases . - Despite its modest debut week , Wrapped in Red began to gain at the beginning of the holiday season , selling up to 131 @,@ 000 copies during the week . It experienced its best sales week after from NBC 's premiere broadcast of Cautionary Christmas Music Tale , selling up to 136 @,@ 000 copies on its seventh week of release . For nine consecutive weeks , it stayed in the top ten of the Billboard 200 , the most by any studio album by Clarkson . On December 5 , 2013 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , making it her fifth platinum studio album . Wrapped in Red subsequently became the bestselling Christmas release of 2013 by selling over 763 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen Soundscan , making her the first American female artist to have the number @-@ one Christmas album of the Soundscan era . Twelve of the album cuts from Wrapped in Red have also entered the Billboard Holiday Digital Songs chart during its first week of release — led by " Silent Night " , " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " , and " Underneath the Tree " at numbers one , two , and four , respectively . Other songs have also appeared in various Billboard charts throughout the holiday season : songs such as " Blue Christmas " and " Please Come Home for Christmas " charted on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , peaking at numbers 5 and 6 , respectively ; whereas " My Favorite Things " , " Run Run Rudolph " , " Please Come Home for Christmas " , " Silent Night " and " Wrapped in Red " peaked on the Billboard Canada AC chart at numbers eight , seven , 14 , 22 , and 49 , respectively . Tracks such as " My Favorite Things " have charted on the Billboard Mexico Airplay chart at number 49 ; while " Silent Night " attained a position in both the Billboard Holiday 100 and the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , peaking at numbers 86 and 51 , respectively . Amazon.com listed Wrapped in Red as their second bestselling album during the holiday season , and listed it as their sixth bestselling title of 2013 . The album has sold @,@ 300 copies in the US as of November 2014 . And in 2014 peaked at 7 on the holiday chart . - , Wrapped in Red had a relatively limited commercial performance . In Canada , the album debuted on the Billboard Canadian Albums chart at number 6 on the week ending November 16 , 2013 , making it her fifth top ten debut on the Nielsen @-@ tracked chart . It peaked on the chart at number 5 on the week ending December 28 , 2013 . Wrapped in Red became the second bestselling Christmas album of 2013 in Canada with 67 @,@ 000 copies sold in the region , behind A Christmas Gift to You by Johnny Reid . In Australia , the album debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at number 82 on the week ending November 4 , 2013 , and peaked at number 29 on the week ending December 30 , 2013 . In Switzerland , it debuted on the at number 97 on the week ending November 10 , 2013 . In the United Kingdom , Wrapped in Red charted on the Official UK Albums Chart at number 65 on the week ending December 14 , 2013 . Despite its limited performance , Sony Corporation listed the album as their fifth bestselling release worldwide during the holiday season , which included albums , album cut tracks , and singles sales . - - = = Track listing = = - - All tracks were produced by Greg Kurstin , with vocal production on " Every Christmas " made by Jason . - Note - " Just for Now " contains a portion of the composition " Carol of the Bells " , written by Peter J. . - Tracks from the concert DVD were filmed from the television special Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits lifted from the album 's liner notes . - - Production - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Christmas 1994 nor 'easter = - - The Christmas 1994 nor 'easter was an intense cyclone along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada . It developed from an area of low pressure in the southeast Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys , and moved across the state of Florida . As it entered the warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean , it began to rapidly intensify , exhibiting traits of a tropical system , including the formation of an eye . It attained a pressure of 970 millibars on December 23 and 24 , and after moving northward , it came ashore near New York City on Christmas Eve . Because of the uncertain nature of the storm , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) did not classify it as a tropical cyclone . - Heavy rain from the developing storm contributed to significant flooding in South Carolina . Much of the rest of the East Coast was affected by high winds , coastal flooding , and beach erosion . New York State and New England bore the brunt of the storm ; damage was extensive on Long Island , and in Connecticut , 130 @,@ 000 households lost electric power during the storm . Widespread damage and power outages also occurred throughout Rhode Island and Massachusetts , where the storm generated 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) waves along the coast . Because of the warm weather pattern that contributed to the storm 's development , precipitation was limited to rain . Two people were killed , and damage amounted to at least $ 21 million . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The storm originated in an upper @-@ level low pressure system that moved southeastward from the central Great Plains into the Deep South of the United States . After reaching the southeast Gulf of Mexico , the disturbance underwent cyclogenesis , and the resultant system moved through Florida on December 22 in response to an approaching trough . National Hurricane Center forecaster Jack noted that " as it moved out into the Bahamas , it appeared to take on the characteristics of a tropical storm . " The uncertain nature of the storm prevented the NHC from issuing advisories on it , and forecasters lacked sufficient data to fully assess the cyclone for potential tropical characteristics . The same trough that pushed the storm across Florida had moved to the north , allowing for high pressure to develop in the upper levels of the atmosphere . - a " hybrid storm " , the cyclone rapidly intensified in warm waters of up to 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) from the Gulf Stream combined with a cold air mass over the United States . The system continued to rapidly intensify while moving within the Gulf Stream ; it developed central convection , an unusual trait for an extratropical cyclone , and at one point exhibited an eye . Despite these indications of tropical characteristics , " There was no front associated with it and it had a warm core , but the radius of maximum winds was more than 150 nautical miles ( 170 mi ; 280 km ) , so under the standard NHC criteria it didn 't qualify as a tropical storm . " On December 23 and 24 , the nor 'easter intensified to attain a barometric pressure of 970 mb ( 29 inHg ) . An upper @-@ level low pressure system that developed behind the storm began to intensify and grew to be larger in size than the original disturbance . In an interaction known as the effect , the broad circulation of the secondary low swung the primary nor 'easter northwestward towards southern New York and New England . The original low passed along the south shore of Long Island , and made landfall near New York City on December 24 . Subsequently , it moved over southeastern New York State . On December 25 , the system began to rapidly weaken as it moved towards Nova Scotia , before the pair of low pressure systems moved out to sea in tandem in the early hours of December 26 . - - = = Effects = = - - - = = = Southeast United States = = = - - In South Carolina , flooding associated with the cyclone was considered to be the worst since 1943 . Over 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of rainfall was reported , while winds brought down trees and ripped . In addition , the coast suffered the effects of beach erosion . Thousands of electric customers in the state lost power . As a result of the heavy rainfall , several dams became overwhelmed by rising waters . Extensive flooding of roads and highways was reported , many of which were closed as a result . Up to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) of water flooded some homes in the region . Approximately 300 people in Florence County were forced to evacuate because of the flooding , and at least 200 homes were damaged . Two deaths were reported in the state . One woman was killed when her vehicle and struck a tree , and another person drowned after her car was struck by another vehicle . Total damage in South Carolina amounted to at least $ 4 million . - Strong winds occurred along the North Carolina coast . Diamond Shoals reported sustained winds of 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) , and offshore , winds gusted to 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . On Beach , rough surf eroded an 8 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) ledge into the beach . On Carolina Beach , dunes were breached and some roads , including portions of North Carolina Highway 12 , were closed . - - = = = Mid @-@ Atlantic = = = - - As the primary storm entered New England , the secondary low produced minor coastal flooding in the region of Virginia on December 23 . Winds of 35 to 45 miles per hour ( 56 to 72 km / h ) and tides to 1 to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal were reported . In , Virginia Beach , Virginia , a beachfront home collapsed into the sea . Several roads throughout the region suffered minor flooding . Strong winds resulting from the tight pressure gradient between the nor 'easter and an area of high pressure located over the United States brought down a few utility poles , which sparked a brush fire on December 24 . The fire , quickly spread by the wind , burned a field . The winds brought down several trees . - Damage was light in Maryland . Some sand dunes and wooden structures were damaged , and above @-@ normal tides occurred . In New Jersey , high winds caused power outages and knocked down trees and power lines . Minor coastal flooding of streets and houses was reported . Otherwise , damage in the state was minor . - The storm brought heavy rainfall and high winds to New York State and New York City on December 23 and 24 . of 60 to 80 miles per hour ( 97 to 129 km / h ) downed hundreds of trees and many power lines on Long Island . Several homes , in addition to many cars , sustained damage . Roughly 112 @,@ 000 Long Island Company customers experienced power outages at some point during the storm . As the cyclone progressed northward into New York State , high winds occurred in the Hudson Valley region . Throughout Columbia , Ulster and Counties , trees , tree limbs , and power lines were downed by the winds . At , a gust of 58 miles per hour ( 93 km / h ) was reported . Ulster County suffered substantial impacts , with large trees being uprooted and striking homes . Across eastern New York State , 25 @,@ 000 households lost power as a result of the nor 'easter . On the North Fork of Long Island , in , a seaside home partially collapsed into the water . - - = = = New England = = = - - In Connecticut , the storm was described as being more significant than anticipated . Gale @-@ force wind gusts , reaching 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) , blew across the state from the northeast and later from the east . Trees , tree limbs , and power lines were downed , causing damage to property and vehicles . The high winds caused widespread power outages , affecting up to 130 @,@ 000 electric customers . As a result , electric companies sought help from as far as Pennsylvania and Maine to restore electricity . Bruno , a spokesman for Northeast Utilities , reported that " We 've had outages in virtually every community . " In New Haven , the nor 'easter ripped three barges from their . One of the barges traveled across the Long Island Sound and ran aground near Port Jefferson , New York . A man in Milford was killed indirectly when a tree that was partially downed by the storm fell on him during an attempt to remove it from a relative 's yard . Northeast Utilities , which reported the majority of the power outages , estimated storm damage in the state to be about $ 6 – $ 8 million ( 1994 USD ; $ 8 @.@ 8 – $ 11 @.@ 8 million 2008 USD ) . - Effects were less severe in New Hampshire and Vermont . In southern New Hampshire , a line of thunderstorms produced torrential rainfall , causing flooding on parts of New Hampshire Route 13 . Flash flooding of several tributaries feeding into the River was reported . In Maine , the storm brought high winds and heavy rain . Along the coast of southern Maine and New Hampshire , beach erosion was reported . Additionally , minor flooding was reported across the region , as a result of heavy surface runoff and small ice jams . In Rhode Island , the power outages were the worst since Hurricane Bob of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season . Throughout the state , approximately 40 @,@ 000 customers were without electric power . As with Massachusetts , downed trees and property damage were widespread . There were many reports of roof shingles being blown off roofs and of damage to . In Warwick , several small boats were damaged after being knocked into other boats . The highest reported wind gust in the state was 74 miles per hour ( 119 km / h ) at , Rhode Island . damage totaled about $ 5 million . - Massachusetts , particularly Cape Cod and Nantucket , bore the brunt of the nor 'easter . Reportedly , wind gusts approached 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) on Cape Cod and , offshore , waves reached 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) . At Walpole , wind gusts peaked at 88 miles per hour ( 142 km / h ) , while on Nantucket gusts of 84 miles per hour ( 135 km / h ) were reported . The winds left 30 @,@ 000 electric customers without power during the storm , primarily in the eastern part of the state . Power was out for some as long as 48 hours . Property damage was widespread and many trees , signs , and billboards were blown down . A large tent used by the New England was ripped and blown off its foundation . The winds also spread a deadly house fire in North . Although not directly related to the storm , it caused seven fatalities . Because tides were low , little coastal flooding occurred . Outside the Prudential Tower Center in Boston , the storm toppled a 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) Christmas tree . Rainfall of 2 to 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 51 to 89 mm ) was recorded throughout the eastern part of the state , contributing to heavy runoff that washed away a 400 @-@ foot ( 120 m ) section of a highway . Total damage in Massachusetts was estimated at about $ 5 million . - - - = Sholay = - - Sholay ( pronunciation , meaning " " ) is a 1975 Indian Hindi @-@ language action @-@ adventure film directed by Ramesh Sippy and produced by his father G. P. Sippy . The film follows two criminals , Veeru and Jai ( played by Dharmendra and Amitabh Bachchan ) , hired by a retired police officer ( Sanjeev Kumar ) to capture the ruthless dacoit Gabbar Singh ( Amjad Khan ) . Hema Malini and Jaya Bhaduri also star , as Veeru and Jai 's love interests . Sholay is considered a classic and one of the best Indian films . It was ranked first in the British Film Institute 's 2002 poll of " Top 10 Indian Films " of all time . In 2005 , the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards named it the Best Film of 50 Years . - The film was shot in the rocky terrain of Ramanagara , in the southern state of Karnataka , over a span of two and a half years . After the Central Board of Film mandated the removal of several violent scenes , Sholay was released with a length of 198 minutes . In 1990 , the original director 's cut of 204 minutes became available on home media . When first released , Sholay received negative critical reviews and a commercial response , but favourable word @-@ of @-@ mouth publicity helped it to become a box office success . It broke records for continuous showings in many theatres across India , and ran for more than five years at Mumbai 's Minerva theatre . By some accounts , Sholay is the highest grossing Indian film of all time , adjusted for inflation . - The film drew heavily from the conventions of Westerns , and is a defining example of the masala film , which mixes several genres in one work . Scholars have noted several themes in the film , such as glorification of violence , conformation to feudal ethos , debate between social order and mobilised usurpers , homosocial bonding , and the film 's role as a national allegory . The combined sales of the original soundtrack , scored by R. D. Burman , and the dialogues ( released separately ) , set new sales records . The film 's dialogues and certain characters became extremely popular , contributing to numerous cultural and becoming part of India 's daily vernacular . In January 2014 , Sholay was re @-@ released to theatres in the 3D format . - - = = Plot = = - - In the small village of Ramgarh , the retired policeman Thakur Baldev Singh ( Sanjeev Kumar ) summons a pair of small @-@ time thieves that he had once arrested . Thakur feels that the duo — Veeru ( Dharmendra ) and Jai ( Amitabh Bachchan ) — would be ideal to help him capture Gabbar Singh ( Amjad Khan ) , a dacoit wanted by the authorities for a ₹ 50 @,@ 000 reward . Thakur tells them to surrender Gabbar to him , alive , for an additional ₹ 20 @,@ 000 reward . - The two thieves thwart the dacoits sent by Gabbar to the villagers . Soon afterwards , Gabbar and his attack Ramgarh during the festival of . In a tough battle , Veeru and Jai are cornered . Thakur , although he has a gun within his reach , does not help them . Veeru and Jai fight back and the bandits flee . The two are , however , upset at Thakur 's inaction , and consider leaving the village . Thakur explains that Gabbar had killed nearly all of his family members , and cut off both his arms a few years earlier , which is why he could not use the gun . He had concealed the dismemberment by always wearing a . - Living in Ramgarh , the Veeru and cynical Jai find themselves growing fond of the villagers . Veeru is attracted to Basanti ( Hema Malini ) , a feisty , young woman who makes her living by driving a horse @-@ cart . Jai is drawn to Radha ( Jaya Bhaduri ) , Thakur 's reclusive , widowed daughter @-@ in @-@ law , who subtly returns his affections . - Skirmishes between Gabbar 's gang and Jai @-@ Veeru finally result in the capture of Veeru and Basanti by the dacoits . Jai attacks the gang , and the three are able to flee Gabbar 's hideout with dacoits in pursuit . Fighting from behind a rock , Jai and Veeru nearly run out of ammunition . Veeru , unaware that Jai was wounded in the gunfight , is forced to leave for more ammunition . Meanwhile , Jai , who is continuing the gunfight , decides to sacrifice himself by using his last bullet to ignite dynamite sticks on a bridge from close range . - Veeru returns , and Jai dies in his arms . Enraged , Veeru attacks Gabbar 's den and catches the dacoit . Veeru nearly beats Gabbar to death when Thakur appears and reminds Veeru of the promise to hand over Gabbar alive . Thakur uses his spike @-@ shoes to severely Gabbar and destroy his hands . The police then arrive and arrest Gabbar . After Jai 's funeral , Veeru leaves Ramgarh and finds Basanti waiting for him on the train . Radha is left alone again . - - = = Cast = = - - Dharmendra as Veeru - Sanjeev Kumar as Thakur Baldev Singh , usually addressed as " Thakur " - Hema Malini as Basanti - Amitabh Bachchan as Jai ( ) - Jaya Bhaduri as Radha , Thakur 's daughter @-@ in @-@ law - Amjad Khan as Gabbar Singh - as , Thakur 's servant - A. K. as , the imam in the village - as Ahmed , son of the imam - Jagdeep as Soorma Bhopali , a comical wood trader - Mishra as , Basanti 's maternal aunt - as the , a comical character modelled after Charlie in The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) - as , prison barber and 's side @-@ kick - Mac Mohan as Sambha , Gabbar Singh 's sidekick - as , another of Gabbar 's men whom he kills in a game of Russian - as Inspector , Radha 's Father - Helen in a special appearance in song " Mehbooba Mehbooba " - in a special appearance in song " Mehbooba Mehbooba " - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - The idea for Sholay began as a four @-@ line which screenwriter pair Salim @-@ Javed told G. P. Sippy and Ramesh Sippy ; two other producer / director teams had earlier rejected the idea . Ramesh Sippy liked the concept and hired them to develop it . The original idea of the film involved an army officer who decided to hire two ex @-@ soldiers to avenge the murder of his family . The army officer was later changed to a policeman because Sippy felt that it would be difficult to get permission to shoot scenes depicting army activities . Salim @-@ Javed completed the script in one month , incorporating names and personality traits of their friends and acquaintances . - The film was loosely styled after Akira 's 1954 film Seven , and drew heavily from the conventions of Westerns , especially Sergio Leone 's Westerns such as Once Upon a Time in the West ( 1968 ) , and John ' film The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) . Sholay was also influenced by the of Sam Peckinpah , such as The Wild ( 1969 ) and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ( 1973 ) ; and by George Roy Hill 's Butch and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) . A scene depicting an attempted train robbery was inspired by a similar scene in North West Frontier ( 1959 ) , and a scene showing the massacre of Thakur 's family has been compared with the massacre of the family in Once Upon a Time in the West . Some plot elements were borrowed from the Indian films Mera Mera ( 1971 ) and ( 1973 ) . - The character Gabbar Singh was modelled on a real @-@ life dacoit of the same name who had the villages around in the 1950s . Any policeman captured by the real Gabbar Singh had his ears and nose cut off , and was released as a warning to other policemen . The character was also influenced by the villain " El " ( played by Gian Maria ) of Sergio Leone 's For a Few More ( 1965 ) . Soorma Bhopali , a minor comic relief character , was based on an acquaintance of actor Jagdeep , a forest officer from named Soorma . The real @-@ life Soorma eventually threatened to press charges when people who had viewed the film began referring to him as a . The main characters ' names , Jai and Veeru , mean " victory " and " heroism " in Hindi . - - = = = Casting = = = - - The producers considered Danny for the role of bandit chief Gabbar Singh , but he could not accept it as he was committed to act in Khan 's ( 1975 ) , under production at the same time . Amjad Khan , who was the second choice , prepared himself for the part by reading the book , which told of the exploits of dacoits . The book was written by Kumar Bhaduri , the father of fellow cast member Jaya Bhaduri . As cast members had read the script ahead of time , many were interested in playing different parts . was considered for the role of Thakur Baldev Singh , but Sippy thought Sanjeev Kumar was a better choice . Initially , Dharmendra was also interested to play the role of Thakur . He eventually gave up the role when Sippy informed him that Sanjeev Kumar would play Veeru if that happened , and would be paired with Hema Malini , who Dharmendra was trying to woo . Dharmendra knew that Kumar was also interested in Malini . Sippy wanted to play the part of Jai , but there were already several big stars signed , and Amitabh Bachchan , who was not extremely popular yet , lobbied hard to get the part for himself . - During the film 's production , four of the leads became romantically involved . Bachchan married Bhaduri four months before filming started . This led to shooting delays when Bhaduri became pregnant with their daughter . By the time of the film 's release , she was pregnant with their son . Dharmendra had begun wooing Malini during their earlier film ( 1972 ) , and used the location shoot of Sholay to further pursue her . During their romantic scenes , Dharmendra would often pay the light boys to the shot , thereby ensuring many and allowing him to spend more time with her . The couple married five years after the film 's release . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Much of Sholay was shot in the rocky terrain of Ramanagara , a town near Bangalore , Karnataka . The filmmakers had to build a road from the Bangalore highway to Ramanagara for convenient access to the sets . Art director Ram had an entire township built on the site . A prison set was constructed near Studio in Mumbai , also outdoors , to match the natural lighting of the on @-@ location sets . One part of Ramanagara was for a time called " Sippy Nagar " as a tribute to the director of the film . As of 2010 , a visit to the " Sholay rocks " ( where much the film was shot ) was still being offered to tourists travelling through Ramanagara . - Filming began on location on 3 October 1973 , with a scene featuring Bachchan and Bhaduri . The film had a lavish production for its time ( with frequent banquets and parties for the cast ) , took two and a half years to make , and went over budget . One reason for its high cost was that Sippy re @-@ filmed scenes many times to get his desired effect . " Yeh Dosti " , a 5 @-@ minute song sequence , took 21 days to shoot , two short scenes in which Radha lights lamps took 20 days to film because of lighting problems , and the shooting of the scene in which Gabbar kills the imam 's son lasted 19 days . The train robbery sequence , shot on the Mumbai – Pune railway route near , took more than 7 weeks to complete . - Sholay was the first Indian film to have a soundtrack and to use the 70 mm widescreen format . However , since actual 70 mm cameras were expensive at the time , the film was shot on traditional 35 mm film and the 4 : 3 picture was subsequently converted to a 2 @.@ 2 : 1 frame . Regarding the process , Sippy said , " A [ sic ] format takes the of the big screen and it even more to make the picture even bigger , but since I also wanted a spread of sound we used six @-@ track sound and combined it with the big screen . It was definitely a . " The use of 70 mm was emphasised by film posters on which the name of the film was stylised to match the logo . Film posters also sought to differentiate the film from those which had come before ; one of them added the tagline : " The greatest star cast ever assembled – the greatest story ever told " . - - = = = version = = = - - The director 's original cut of Sholay has a different ending in which Thakur kills Gabbar , along with some additional violent scenes . Gabbar 's death scene , and the scene in which the imam 's son is killed , were cut from the film by India 's Censor Board , as was the scene in which Thakur 's family is massacred . The Censor Board was concerned about the violence , and that viewers may be influenced to violate the law by punishing people severely . Although Sippy fought to keep the scenes , eventually he had to re @-@ shoot the ending of the film , and as directed by the Censor Board , have the police arrive just before Thakur can kill Gabbar . The censored theatrical version was the only one seen by audiences for fifteen years . The original , cut of the film finally came out in a British release on VHS in 1990 . Since then , International has released two versions on DVD . The director 's cut of the film preserves the original full frame and is 204 minutes in length ; the censored widescreen version is 198 minutes long . - - = = Themes = = - - Scholars have noted several themes in the film , such as glorification of violence , conformation to feudal ethos , debate between social order and mobilised usurpers , homosocial bonding , and the film 's role as a national allegory . - Banerjea , a sociologist in the London School of Economics , notes that Sholay exhibits a " sympathetic construction of ' rogue ' " exemplified by the likeable outlaws Jai and Veeru . Banerjea argues during the film , the moral boundary between legality and gradually . Film scholar Dissanayake agrees that the film brought " a new stage in the evolving dialectic between violence and social order " to Indian cinema . Film scholar M. Prasad states that Jai and Veeru represent a marginalised population that is introduced into conventional society . Prasad says that , through the elements of revenge included in the plot and the application of Jai and Veeru 's for the greater good , the narrative reflects reactionary politics , and the audience is compelled to accept feudal order . Banerjea explains that though Jai and Veeru are mercenaries , they are by their emotional needs . Such dualism makes them vulnerable , in contrast to the pure evil of Gabbar Singh . - Gabbar Singh , the film 's antagonist , was well received by the audience , despite his pervasive sadistic cruelty . Dissanayake explains that the audience was fascinated by the dialogues and mannerisms of the character , and this element of spectacle outweighed his actions , a first for Indian melodrama . He notes that the of violence in the film was and . He further notes that , unlike earlier in which the female body occupies the audience 's attention as an object of male , in Sholay , the male body becomes the . It becomes the where good and evil compete for supremacy . Dissanayake argues that Sholay can be viewed as a national allegory : it lacks a logical narrative , it shows social stability being repeatedly challenged , and it shows the of human life resulting from a lack of emotions . Taken together , these elements comprise the allegorical representation of India . The narrative style of Sholay , with its violence , revenge , and action , is occasionally compared by scholars to the political unrest in India at the time of its release . This tension culminated in the Emergency ( rule by decree ) declared by prime minister Indira Gandhi in 1975 . - and note that , although the film borrowed heavily from the Hollywood Western genre , particularly in its visuals , it was successfully " " . As an example , William van der has compared a massacre scene in Sholay with a similar scene in Once Upon a Time in the West . Although both films were similar in technical style , Sholay emphasised Indian family values and melodramatic tradition , while the Western was more and restrained in its approach . Rao , in Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema , notes that Sholay the style of the Western genre into a " ethos " . Ted Shen of the Chicago Reader notes Sholay 's " hysterical visual style " and intermittent " populist message " . Cultural critic and Islamist scholar the film in his book The Secret Politics of Our : Innocence , and Indian Popular Cinema , both for its caricature and stereotyping of Muslim and women characters , and for what he calls mockery of innocent villagers . notes that the two most prominent Muslim characters in the film are Soorma Bhopali ( a criminal ) , and an victim of the bandits ( the imam ) . Meanwhile , the sole function of one female character ( Radha ) is to suffer her fate in silence , while the other female lead ( Basanti ) is just a garrulous village . - Some scholars have indicated that Sholay contains homosocial themes . Ted Shen describes the male bonding shown in the film as bordering on camp style . , in her book Bollywood and : Indian Popular Cinema , Nation , and , states that the death of Jai , and resultant break of bonding between the two male leads , is necessary for the sake of establishing a heterosexual relationship ( that of Veeru and Basanti ) . - - = = Music = = - - R. D. Burman composed the film 's music , and the lyrics were written by Anand . The songs used in the film , and released on the original soundtrack are listed below . Following that is a list of unused tracks and dialogues which were released later on an updated soundtrack . The album 's cover image depicts an emotional scene from the film in which Basanti is forced to sing and dance on the song " Hai " on broken glass under the sun to save Veeru 's life . - The song " Mehbooba Mehbooba " was sung by its composer , R. D. Burman , who received his sole Filmfare Award nomination for playback singing for his effort . The song , which is often featured on Bollywood hit song compilations , samples " Say You Love Me " by Greek singer . " Mehbooba Mehbooba " has been extensively , remixed , and recreated . A version was created in 2005 by the Quartet for their Grammy @-@ nominated album You 've Stolen My Heart , featuring . It was also remixed and sung by , along with , in his debut acting film ( 2007 ) . " Yeh Dosti " has been called the ultimate friendship anthem . It was remixed and sung by Shankar and Narayan for the 2010 Malayalam film Four Friends , and also in 2010 it was used to symbolise India 's friendship with the United States during a visit from President Barack Obama . - Several songs from the soundtrack were included in the annual list of top songs . " Mehbooba " was listed at No. 24 on the 1975 list , and at No. 6 on the 1976 list . " Koi " was listed at No. 30 in 1975 , and No. 20 in 1976 . " Yeh Dosti " was listed at No. 9 in 1976 . Despite the soundtrack 's success , at the time , the songs from Sholay attracted less attention than the film 's dialogue — a rarity for Bollywood . The producers were thus prompted to release records with only dialogue . Taken together , the album sales totalled an unprecedented 500 @,@ 000 units , and became one of the top selling Bollywood soundtracks of the 1970s . - Music critic Marlow reviewed the soundtrack in 2013 , calling it a unique fusion of religious , folk , and classical music , with influences from around the world . He also commented on the sound design of the film , calling it psychedelic , and saying that there was " a lot of incredible incidental music " in the film that was not included in the soundtrack releases . In a 1999 paper submitted to London 's Symposium on Sound in Cinema , film critic A. said , " Sholay offers a model lesson on how sound can be used to signify the terror a character evokes . Sholay is also exemplary in its use of to jump cut to a different scene and time , without breaking the continuity of the narrative , yet , intensifying the drama . " - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Box office = = = - - Sholay was released on 15 August 1975 , Indian Independence Day , in Mumbai . Due to reviews and a lack of effective visual marketing tools , it saw poor financial returns in its first two weeks . From the third week , however , viewership picked up owing to positive word of mouth . During the initial slow period , the director and writer considered re @-@ shooting some scenes so that Amitabh Bachchan 's character would not die . When business picked up , they abandoned this idea . After being helped additionally by a soundtrack release containing dialogue , Sholay soon became an " overnight sensation " . The film was then released in other distribution zones such as Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Bengal , and Hyderabad on 11 October 1975 . It became the highest grossing Bollywood film of 1975 , and film ranking website Box Office India has given the film a verdict of " All Time " . - Sholay went on to earn a still @-@ standing record of 60 golden across India , and was the first film in India to celebrate a silver jubilee at over 100 theatres . It was shown continuously at Mumbai 's Minerva theatre for over five years . Sholay was the Indian film with the longest theatrical run until Le ( 1995 ) broke its record of 286 weeks in 2001 . - figures are not available on the budget and box office earnings of Sholay , but film trade websites provide estimates of its success . According to Box Office India , Sholay earned about ₹ 150 million gross ( valued at about US $ 16 @,@ @,@ 000 in 1975 ) in India during its first run , which was many times its ₹ 30 million ( valued at about US $ 3 @,@ 355 @,@ 000 in 1975 ) budget . Those earnings were a record that remained unbroken for nineteen years , which is also the longest amount of time that a film has held the record . Its original gross was increased further with re @-@ releases during the late 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , and early 2000s . It is often cited that after adjusting the figures for inflation , Sholay is one of the highest grossing films in the history of Indian cinema , although such figures are not known with certainty . In 2012 , Box Office India gave ₹ 1 @.@ 63 billion ( US $ 24 million ) as Sholay 's adjusted net gross , whereas Times of India , in a 2009 report of business of Indian films , reported over ₹ 3 billion ( US $ 45 million ) as the adjusted gross . - - = = = Critical response = = = - - Initial critical reviews of Sholay were negative . Among contemporary critics , of India Today called the film a " dead " and " a flawed attempt " . Filmfare said that the film was an unsuccessful of Western style with Indian milieu , making it an " imitation western — neither here nor there . " Others labelled it as " sound and signifying nothing " and a " second @-@ rate take @-@ off " of the 1971 film Mera Mera . Trade journals and initially called the film a flop . In a 1976 article in the journal Studies : An Irish Quarterly Review , author Michael Gallagher praised the technical achievement of the film , but otherwise criticised it stating , " As a spectacle it breaks new ground , but on every other level it is intolerable : , incoherent , superficial in human image , and a somewhat nasty piece of violence " . - Over time , the critical reception to Sholay greatly improved ; it is now considered a classic , and among the greatest Hindi @-@ language films . In a 2005 BBC review , the well @-@ rounded characters and simple narrative of the film were commended , but the comical cameos of and Jagdeep were considered unnecessary . On the film 's 35th anniversary , the Times wrote that it was a " in terms of camera work as well as music , " and that " practically every scene , dialogue or even a small character was a highlight . " In 2006 , The Film Society of Lincoln Center described Sholay as " an extraordinary and utterly blend of adventure , comedy , music and dance " , labelling it an " classic " . Chicago Review critic Ted Shen criticised the film in 2002 for its formulaic plot and " " cinematography , and noted that the film " alternates between and melodrama " . In their obituary of the producer Sippy , the New York Times said that Sholay " revolutionized Hindi filmmaking and brought true professionalism to Indian script writing " . - - = = = Awards = = = - - Sholay was nominated for nine Filmfare Awards , but the only winner was M. S. Shinde , who won the award for Best Editing . The film also won three awards at the 1976 Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards ( Hindi section ) : " Best Actor in Supporting Role " for Amjad Khan , " Best ( Colour ) " for , and " Best Art Director " for Ram . Sholay received a special award at the 50th Filmfare Awards in 2005 : Best Film of 50 Years . - - = = Legacy = = - - Sholay has received many " Best Film " honours . It was declared the " Film of the Millennium " by BBC India in 1999 . It topped the British Film Institute 's " Top 10 Indian Films " of all time poll of 2002 , and was voted the greatest Indian movie in a Sky Digital poll of one million British Indians in 2004 . It was also included in Time Magazine 's " Best of Bollywood " list in 2010 , and in CNN @-@ 's list of the " 100 greatest Indian films of all time " in 2013 . - Sholay inspired many films and , and spawned a subgenre of films , the " Curry Western " , which is a play on the term Western . It was an early and most definitive masala film , and a trend @-@ for " multi @-@ star " films . The film was a watershed for Bollywood 's , who were not paid well before Sholay ; after the film 's success , script writing became a more respected profession . - Certain scenes and dialogues from the film earned iconic status in India , such as " the " ( How many men were there ? ) , " Jo , " ( One who is scared is dead ) , and " " ( like you two are very close ) – all dialogues of Gabbar Singh . These and other popular dialogues entered the people 's daily vernacular . Characters and dialogues from the film continue to be referred to and parodied in popular culture . Gabbar Singh , the sadistic villain , in an era in Hindi films characterised by " seemingly omnipotent as villains " , who play the pivotal role in setting up the context of the story , such as ( played by ) of ( 1980 ) , ( Puri ) of Mr. India ( 1987 ) and ( Puri ) of ( 1989 ) . Filmfare , in 2013 , named Gabbar Singh the most iconic villain in the history of Indian cinema , and four actors were included in its 2010 list of " 80 Performances " for their work in this film . - The film is often credited with making Amitabh Bachchan a " superstar " , two years after he became a star with ( 1973 ) . Some of the supporting actors remained etched in public memory as the characters they played in Sholay ; for example , Mac Mohan continued to be referred to as " Sambha " , even though his character had just one line . Major and minor characters continue to be used in commercials , promos , films and sitcoms . Amjad Khan acted in many villainous roles later in his career . He also played Gabbar Singh again in the 1991 spoof Ramgarh Ke Sholay , and reprised the role in commercials . The British Film Institute in 2002 wrote that fear of Gabbar Singh " is still invoked by mothers to put their children to sleep " . The 2012 film Gabbar Singh , named after the character , became the highest grossing Telugu film up to that point . Jagdeep , who played Soorma Bhopali in the film , attempted to use his Sholay success to create a spinoff . He directed and played the lead role in the 1988 film Soorma Bhopali , in which Dharmendra and Bachchan had cameos . - In 2004 , Sholay was digitally remastered and shown again to packed theatres in India , including Mumbai 's Minerva , where it had run successfully 29 years earlier . An attempt to remake Sholay , Ram Gopal Varma 's film ( 2007 ) , starring Amitabh Bachchan as the villain , was a commercial and critical disaster . Because of television and home media , Sholay is widely available and still popular . Twenty years after its release , Sholay was first shown on the Indian DD National television channel , where it drew the highest ratings ever for a film broadcast . Video game producer released the " Sholay Ramgarh Express " game for mobile phones in 2004 , along with other Sholay themed content such as , video clips , and . - Sholay has been the subject of two books and many articles . Dissanayake and 's Sholay , A Cultural Reading ( 1992 ) attempts a comprehensive scholarly study that sets the film within the broader history of popular cinema in India . Anupama Chopra 's Sholay : The Making of a Classic ( 2000 ) provides an inside look at the film 's production based on interviews with the director , stars , and crew members . - Sholay has been labelled by Chopra as the gold standard in Indian cinema , and a reference point for audiences and trade analysts . Over the years , the film has reached a mythic stature in popular culture , and has been called the greatest Hindi film of all time . It belongs to only a small collection of films , including ( 1943 ) , Mother India ( 1957 ) , Mughal @-@ e @-@ ( 1960 ) and Hum .. ! ( 1994 ) , which are repeatedly watched throughout India , and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance . The lasting effect of Sholay on Indian cinema was summarised by Anupama Chopra , when in 2004 she called it " no longer just a film , [ but ] an event " . In the 2000 book Sholay : The Making of a Classic , the noted director stated " there has never been a more defining film on the Indian screen . Indian film history can be divided into Sholay BC and Sholay AD " . The film was jointly released in Pakistan by films and Entertainment on 17 April 2015 , almost 40 years after its theatrical release . The film 's premiere in the country was held in Karachi . - - = = 3D re @-@ release = = - - 's company Maya Digital was responsible for converting Sholay into the 3D format . was approached by G. P. Sippy 's grandson , Sippy , about the project in 2010 . In March 2012 , Uttam Singh , the grandson of producer G. P. Sippy , said that he would sponsor a conversion of the film to 3D , and release it in late 2012 ; this was later postponed to late 2013 , and eventually finalised for 3 January 2014 . It took ₹ 250 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 7 million ) to convert Sholay to 3D . - Under the leadership of computer animator Frank Foster , 350 people worked to convert the film into the digital 3D format , for which every scene had to be individually restored , colour @-@ corrected and re @-@ in 3D to match the depth . New set @-@ pieces , particularly those suited to the new format were also included , such as digital logs which scatter in the direction of the camera during the first half of the film when the train with them , the gunshot scene which frees Jai and Veeru from their handcuffs , and panoramic views of Gabbar 's hideout in the caves . - The theatrical trailer and release date were unveiled by the original script @-@ writers Salim Khan and Javed . The two original leads , Bachchan and Dharmendra , were also involved in promoting the re @-@ release . The film was released in 1 @,@ 000 screens in India , and additional screens overseas . It earned approximately ₹ 100 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 5 million ) during its re @-@ release , not enough to recover its conversion cost . - - - = Adam Stansfield = - - Adam Stansfield ( 10 September 1978 – 10 August 2010 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a striker . He competed professionally for Yeovil Town , Hereford United and Exeter City , and won promotion from the Football Conference to The Football League with all three teams . - Having played for three counties as a child , Stansfield began his career in non @-@ league with Rangers and Elmore , and had unsuccessful trials at league teams . At the age of 23 , he signed his first professional contract with Yeovil Town , after impressing their manager Gary Johnson in a match against them . In his first season , he helped them win the FA Trophy , scoring in the 2002 final . The following season , Yeovil won the Conference and promotion into The Football League , although Stansfield was ruled out with a broken leg in the first game . In 2004 , he transferred to Hereford United , where he won promotion to The Football League via the 2006 play @-@ offs , and repeated the feat with Exeter City a year later . He also helped Exeter earn promotion into League One in 2008 . At international level , Stansfield played five matches and scored one goal for England 's national semi @-@ professional team , winning the 2005 Four Nations Tournament . - Stansfield was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2010 . He returned to training after surgery and chemotherapy , but died on 10 August that year . A foundation in his name was posthumously set up by his family to provide sporting opportunities and raise awareness of colorectal cancer . He has posthumously been featured on a airliner and tourist currency in Exeter . - - = = Early and personal life = = - - Stansfield was born in Plymouth , Devon , as the third of four children , and supported Nottingham Forest . On 2 June 2001 he married Marie , with whom he had three sons . Devon journalist Gary Andrews remembered Stansfield as a man who would spend time with his family after matches while speaking to fans and the press . He wrote that " I had the pleasure of interviewing Adam on a regular basis ... I say pleasure , because his answers were thoughtful and intelligent and he came across as a man who was delighted to be back home with his friends and family " . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = Early career = = = - - Stansfield 's first club was Evesham Colts under @-@ 10s . He played at county level for Worcestershire , and Devon . When his family settled back in Devon he joined Spartans , scoring 84 goals in 54 matches . He played in Town 's youth team as a left back before reverting to being a striker at his first senior club , non @-@ League side Rangers . He later moved to Elmore , where he attracted trials from Exeter City , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Torquay United , all of which were unsuccessful . His siblings joined the Royal Air Force and he thought of joining them , but continued searching for a breakthrough in professional football . - - = = = Yeovil Town = = = - - In October 2001 , Stansfield 's performances for Elmore impressed Yeovil Town manager Gary Johnson to sign him . He made his debut in the Conference on 9 November , playing the entirety of a 3 – 0 loss away to . His first goal came on 1 December , concluding a 3 – 1 victory at Victoria . His first season at Park was a success , finishing as the top scorer with 16 goals , 8 of which came in the club 's victorious FA Trophy run . He scored twice in a fourth round replay at Doncaster Rovers , as Yeovil came from 0 – 3 down for an eventual 5 – 4 victory . In the final on 12 May he scored the second goal of a 2 – 0 win over Borough at the Millennium Stadium . - On the first day of the following season , Stansfield was substituted through injury after 16 minutes of an eventual 2 – 2 home draw with & to be replaced by . It was later confirmed to be a break of the tibia and . He missed the remainder of the season , in which Yeovil won the Conference to be promoted to The Football League for the first time . - He recovered to feature in the next campaign , making his league debut on 16 August 2003 . In that match , Yeovil 's first in The Football League , he came on as an 80th @-@ minute substitute for Kirk Jackson in a 3 – 0 win against Carlisle United . His first of six goals in the Third Division season came on 6 September , opening a 2 – 0 home win over Swansea City . He was given a rare start in that match as first @-@ choice forward Kevin Gall was away with Wales under @-@ 21 . - - = = = Hereford United = = = - - On 14 June 2004 , Stansfield returned to the Conference with Hereford United , signed by Graham Turner to replace their previous season 's top scorer Steve Guinan , who had been sold to Cheltenham Town . He scored 20 goals across the season , including two on 25 March 2005 in a 6 – 0 win at Town . In that match , he came on in the 77th minute for Daniel Carey @-@ , who had also scored two . Hereford reached the promotion play @-@ offs , where they lost in the semi @-@ finals to . In the following season they won promotion by the play @-@ offs , with Stansfield starting in the final on 20 May 2006 at the Stadium in Leicester , a 3 – 2 extra @-@ time victory over Halifax Town . - - = = = Exeter City = = = - - On 12 June 2006 , with his contract expired , Stansfield decided to remain in the Conference , joining Exeter City . He told local radio that his aim was not to achieve promotion or reach a certain tally of goals , but to influence the club 's younger players . - He scored nine times in 40 league games in his first season , including two in a 2 – 1 home win over relegated on 28 April 2007 in order to seal a play @-@ off place . Eleven days later , in the second leg of the play @-@ off semi @-@ final away to Oxford United , he scored a goal which took the match to extra time and eventually a penalty shootout which his side won . In the final on 20 May at Wembley Stadium , he came on as a 36th @-@ minute substitute for goalscorer Lee Phillips in a 1 – 2 loss to Morecambe . - On 26 April 2008 , Stansfield scored in Exeter 's 4 – 4 draw at Burton Albion which qualified them for that season 's play @-@ offs . He started in the final , whereby the team returned to The Football League for the first time in five years with a 1 – 0 Wembley win over Cambridge United . - He scored 10 goals in 37 league games as they won a second consecutive promotion into League One in the 2008 – 09 season . This included consecutive on 27 September and 4 October , in wins over Macclesfield Town ( 4 – 1 away ) and Gillingham ( 3 – 0 home ) . The following campaign , despite never having previously played at as high a level , he was a regular starter for Exeter in League One , scoring eight goals in a season curtailed by his cancer diagnosis . - - = = = International career = = = - - Stansfield earned five caps and scored one goal for the England national semi @-@ professional team . He featured in the 2002 edition of the Four Nations Tournament , and made his debut in England 's opening match , a 1 – 1 draw with Wales at York Street in Boston on 14 May . Stansfield was injured in the first half of the last match , a 2 – 0 win against Scotland at Road in Kettering on 18 May , while Wales won the title . In 2005 , while back in the Conference with Hereford , he was again called up for the tournament by manager Paul . Stansfield played in two matches as England won the tournament with three wins . - - = = Illness and death = = - - Stansfield suffered from persistent abdominal pain in the early part of 2010 , and was admitted to hospital for tests at the end of March . On 8 April 2010 , Exeter City confirmed to the media that he had been diagnosed with a form of colorectal cancer . Manager Paul told local news programme BBC Spotlight that " there 's little good on this subject " , but " if there 's someone who can deal with it and meet it head on with real purpose , Adam 's the man . - Later that month , Stansfield underwent surgery to remove part of his . Club vice @-@ chairman Julian reported that the operation was successful , and that Stansfield appeared happy and was making jokes . He joined the Exeter squad for the first day of pre @-@ season training in July , appearing weak from chemotherapy . His condition deteriorated rapidly and he died on 10 August , with his death being announced shortly after Exeter 's loss to Ipswich Town in the Football League Cup . - As a mark of respect , Dagenham & Redbridge postponed the game Exeter were due to play against them at Victoria Road four days after his death . Exeter retired his shirt number 9 for nine seasons . - Stansfield 's body was taken from St James Park to his funeral service at Exeter Cathedral on 25 August , attended by over 1 @,@ 000 mourners . A private family service was held later . - - = = = recognition = = = - - Stansfield continues to be remembered by fans of Exeter . On 9 August 2014 , as they started the new season against Portsmouth , a giant flag resembling his club shirt was displayed by the crowd . - At his funeral , Stansfield 's widow Marie had an idea to set up the Adam Stansfield Foundation , which by the fourth anniversary of his death had raised over £ 150 @,@ 000 . It works in offering children football in Devon , Somerset and , the three counties in which he played professionally , as well as increasing opportunities for the disabled to take part in the sport . The foundation also aims to increase awareness of cancer . - From 2011 to 2015 , an aeroplane belonging to bore an image of Stansfield , with other aeroplanes belonging to the company featuring such former footballers as George Best and Kevin Keegan . In 2015 , Stansfield was featured on £ 5 Exeter Pound notes in the city . - Exeter City and Yeovil Town agreed that on their meeting at St James Park on 8 August 2015 , there would be a minute 's applause in the seventh minute and ninth , for the numbers he wore at each club . Earlier the same day , there was also a match between the two clubs ' supporters in , Devon , to raise funds for his foundation . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = Honours = = - - Yeovil Town - FA Trophy : 2001 – 02 - Football Conference : 2002 – 03 - Hereford United - Conference National play @-@ offs : 2006 - Exeter City - Conference National play @-@ offs : 2008 - England semi @-@ professional - Four Nations Tournament : 2005 - - - = Saprang Kalayanamitr = - - General Saprang Kalayanamitr ( Thai : ่ ง กัลยาณมิตร ; : @-@ , also known as ( Thai : ) or Big ( Thai : ) , born 8 July 1948 in , Thailand ) is a retired officer of the Royal Thai Army , Assistant Secretary @-@ General of the Council for National Security , Commander of the junta 's 14 @,@ 000 @-@ man anti @-@ protest force , Chairman of the Board of Directors of Airports of Thailand ( AoT ) , and also Chairman of the Boards of TOT and CAT Telecom , two major Thai state @-@ owned telecommunication companies . - Saprang grew up in an aristocratic military family and graduated from the 7th Class of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School and the 18th Class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy . He served for nearly three decades in the Army cavalry , and was promoted to 3rd Army Region Commander in 2005 . He was a key leader of the September 2006 coup that the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra . - Saprang is one of the critics of Thaksin Shinawatra , calling him a " traitor " and claiming that he should be " banished to live forever in the jungle . " Upon appointment to chair Airports of Thailand and TOT , he purged the management , initiated investigations into the overthrown government , and donated 200 million baht of the agency 's funds to the Army . He fired the President of TOT for questioning an 800 million baht donation that the agency made to the Army . As head of CAT Telecom , he was accused of blocking attempts to launch People 's Television , a new television station founded by ex @-@ leaders of Thaksin 's Thai Rak Thai party . - Saprang was considered one of the top contenders to lead the army and the junta after CNS @-@ leader Sonthi Boonyaratkalin 's mandatory retirement in 2007 . However , in September 2007 he was demoted to be Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Defense Ministry , while his rival , General Anupong Paochinda , was promoted to lead the Army . As a result , Saprang retired from the Army in 2010 . - - = = Education and early career = = - - - = = = Education = = = - - Born 8 July 1948 in , Thailand , Saprang graduated from the 7th Class of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School ( ) and the 18th Class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy . His classmates included General ( appointed Deputy Army Commander after the coup ) , Admiral Bannawit ( appointed to the National Legislative Assembly after the coup , and leader of its Suvarnabhumi Airport committee ) , and General . He later graduated from the 43rd class of the National Defence College of Thailand in 2001 . His thesis concerned the role of military forces in the control of illegal . His classmates included , governor of state energy company . - - = = = Early career = = = - - Saprang started his military career in 1969 as Rifle Platoon Leader in the 3rd Infantry Battalion , 4th Regimental Combat Team . He claims to have fought 200 battles during the course of his military career . - He was appointed Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment in 1982 , stationed in ( on the northwestern border with Burma ) . In 1985 , he became Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion in the 19th Infantry Regiment , stationed in Fort , ( on the western border with Burma ) . - He was then promoted to be Regimental Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School in 1990 . In 1991 , he began a six @-@ year stint as Regimental Commanding Officer of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy . - In April 1997 , Saprang was shortly transferred to the Ministry of Defense as a staff officer , before being promoted in October 1997 to Commanding General of the 15th Infantry Division , at the time stationed in , Khan Province . In 2003 , he was promoted to 3rd Corps Commander . In 2004 , it was strongly that Saprang might be promoted to command the 4th Army , replacing General Pongsak . General Pongsak had been criticized for fighting the South Thailand insurgency , after 39 successful attacks occurred in just one night . Pongsak ended up being replaced in April 2004 by . - - = = = 2006 = = = - - In a surprise to many observers , Saprang was promoted to 3rd Army Area Commander in October 2005 , headquartered in and responsible most of northern and northeastern Thailand . Analysts had expected Prime Minister Thaksin to promote his own classmates from Class 10 to the powerful position instead . At the same time , also in a surprise move , Deputy Army Commander Sonthi Boonyaratkalin was promoted to Army Commander . - Saprang and Sonthi started planning for the coup 7 to 8 months in advance , in approximately February 2006 . planning occurred prior to the April 2006 elections , during Thaksin 's controversial sale of Shin Corporation to Holdings and the peak of the People 's Alliance for Democracy 's campaign to the government . In July 2006 , Saprang gave an interview where he stated that Thai politics was below standard and that the Kingdom 's leadership was weak . He also claimed that Thailand had a false democracy . He denied that such criticism constituted military interference in politics . At the same time , the Thai media speculated that in the October 2006 annual Army reshuffle , Saprang would not be promoted to Assistant Army Commander and would not be allowed to retain his position of 3rd Army Area Commander . In July , Saprang 's own Deputy Commander in the 3rd Army Area , Major General Manas , warned the media that " a certain military officer who to become Assistant Army Commander " was planning a coup . - In the weeks leading up to coup , Saprang openly mobilised soldiers and northern residents to rebel against the government . Saprang played a key role on the evening of 19 September 2006 , securing Thaksin 's home town and power base of Mai . That same night , he was appointed assistant Secretary @-@ General of the CNS . The coup was executed just a week before the announcement of the Army 's annual reshuffle . - - = = After the 2006 coup = = - - A week after the coup , Saprang was promoted to Assistant Army Commander , alongside fellow coup leader Anupong Paochinda . His predecessor , General , had not taken part in the coup and was transferred to an inactive position . Saprang was also promoted from Lieutenant General to General . - - = = = CNS Special Operations Center = = = - - On 27 December 2006 , it was revealed that the Cabinet had approved over half a billion baht worth of funding for a 14 @,@ 000 @-@ man secret anti @-@ protest special operations force , of which General Saprang was Commander . The so @-@ called CNS Special Operations Center , funded with million baht diverted from the Defense Ministry , Police Office , and government emergency reserve fund , had been secretly established by the CNS on 1 December 2006 in order to control protests . - - = = = TOT and CAT Telecom = = = - - Saprang was appointed by the junta to become Chairman of the Board of Directors of Airports of Thailand ( AoT ) and also Chairman of the Boards of TOT and CAT Telecom , two major state @-@ owned telecommunication companies . Saprang 's first move as TOT Chairman was to hand @-@ pick three Army and vocal Thaksin @-@ critic Vuthiphong to sit on the state enterprise 's Board of Directors . Saprang transferred TOT President to an inactive position and appointed Vuthiphong new President . He then hand @-@ picked all 10 other directors . - Saprang noted in an interview that , " if telecommunication businesses are in private hands , the country won 't be safe . " The junta had earlier announced plans to cancel the initial public offering of both TOT and CAT Telecom and to merge the two state enterprises . - Under Saprang 's leadership , TOT reaffirmed its ownership rights to all existing backbone telecommunications networks under a new strategy to act as a " genuine " national company . The new strategy was expected to increase political and business tensions . Under the @-@ Transfer @-@ ( ) concession agreements that TOT signed with private operators , the TOT technically owns all fixed @-@ line , mobile , and optical fibre networks in Thailand . However , it had never exercised those rights in the past . - Vuthiphong was fired from the TOT board and his position of acting TOT President in June 2007 . He immediately accused the Army of using the TOT as an fund . He claimed that an unnamed Army unit had requested that TOT buy it 800 million baht worth of electronic equipment . Upon receiving the request , demanded to know why neither the Army nor the Defence Ministry used their own secret budgets to purchase the equipment , and why an internal Army unit , rather than the Kingdom 's main national security organisations , had made the request . Saprang denied that there was any lack of transparency in the request for financial support . claimed that the equipment should only have cost 30 million baht , not 800 million baht . He was fired and expelled from the Board soon after refusing to sign off on the deal . The Board later appointed Col. as the new TOT President and accepted the army 's donation request . - Under his leadership , TOT 's performance dropped . for the first half of 2007 fell 13 % year @-@ on @-@ year , while net profit fell 36 @.@ 1 % . Fixed line revenue dropped 16 % , while public telephone and international call revenue by 30 % each . - As Chairman of CAT Telecom , Saprang was accused by the founders of People 's Television ( PTV ) , a new satellite television station , of being behind CAT Telecom 's refusal to grant an internet link from Bangkok to a satellite up @-@ link station in Hong Kong . PTV was established by several ex @-@ executives of the Thai Rak Thai party . CAT Telecom claimed that it never received PTV 's application for internet access . - Under Saprang 's leadership , 80 @,@ 000 subscribers of Thai Mobile , a TOT / CAT joint venture mobile phone operator , were cut off temporarily in early May 2007 when owners TOT and CAT Telecom failed to pay the bills of a major supplier . Thai Mobile had accumulated significant losses and the company was not able to make its debt payments or supplier payments . The partners had stopped payments to the supplier , Samart Corporation , for nearly a year , until Samart threatened to suspend services within three days . After no payment , it delivered on its threat . TOT was subsequently able to negotiate with Samart to restart the service . - - = = = Airports of Thailand = = = - - - = = = = of AoT management = = = = - - A week after Saprang hinted at a reshuffle of AoT top management , AoT President was forced to resign , citing health reasons , while the Directors of Suvarnabhumi Airport and AoT Commercial Operations were dismissed . Police Commissioner General was appointed as an AoT Director . - - = = = = Suvarnabhumi Airport = = = = - - As AoT Chairman , Saprang spearheaded an effort to reopen Don Muang Airport in parallel with the newly opened Suvarnabhumi Airport , despite objections from the Civil Aviation Department , airlines , and internal studies within Airports of Thailand . 60 airlines threatened to halt flights to Thailand if they were forced to move back to Don Muang airport . - Saprang also refused to authorize urgent repairs on the airport tarmac , despite warnings from engineers . , president of the Engineering Institute of Thailand noted , " Suvarnabhumi is like a patient in a coma who continues to suffer from severe bleeding . the blood flow now is more urgent and important than debating what caused the injury . " The Engineering Institute of Thailand sent a formal warning to AoT in November 2006 about the urgent need to drain water from beneath the tarmac , and noted that immediate action should be taken . " The AOT did nothing about the problem " , of the noted . " The situation might not have become this bad if the water had been drained then . " , a senior foundation engineer and a member of the @-@ led airport tarmac inspection panel , accused the AOT of refusing to take any actions to solve the problems at the airport . - The airport faced ongoing operational challenges , including a computer virus that shut down the automated luggage bomb @-@ scanning system in June 2007 . A study by the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) released in July 2007 found the airport unsafe , citing numerous spots where checked passengers can meet people who have not passed through security checkpoints . - Serious security gaps at Suvarnabhumi Airport became known to the public beginning in early 2007 . The International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) found that there were many spots in the passenger terminal where checked passengers can meet people who have not passed through security checks and could receive unchecked objects and then carry them on board aircraft . The IATA also suggested that AoT deploy its own security staff instead of contracting out the job to the @-@ consortium . AoT threatened the consortium with contract termination , but didn 't follow through with its threat , even though the consortium failed to live up to its contract . Six months later , AoT stated that it still couldn 't make up its mind on how it should improve airport security . AoT said it was open to all possible options , and has taken no action to upgrade the problem . - - = = = = Trip to Europe = = = = - - On Tuesday 27 February 2007 , Saprang led a 13 @-@ member delegation to Europe , on what was claimed to be a week @-@ long trip to study safety and security measures at major European airports . Many delegates and accompanying members shared the same surname , and the trip , which cost 7 @.@ 2 million baht was attacked for " squandering " state funds for personal pleasure , unrealistic expenses , and inflating costs . The travel agent along received a 500 @,@ 000 baht commission fee for booking the trip . Saprang denied any wrongdoing and claimed he was the victim of a smear campaign . He also noted that " If you knew my character , you would know that even if a relative joined the trip he should have realised that he should work hard . " He also noted that instead of being a viewed as a defendant , he should be viewed as a hero for bringing down the Thaksin government . Saprang then summoned the leader of the AoT labor union in order to identify who leaked information about the trip to his . - - = = = = Financial performance = = = = - - The first quarter after Saprang was appointed Chairman , AoT profits plunged 90 % compared to the previous year , despite higher traffic volumes and increased passenger service charters and airline fees . Operating expenses 137 % , contributing to the AoT 's worst earnings report since it was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand . - The AoT board also granted 200 million baht to the Army , which had requested a financial donation . AoT also lent some of its explosives detectors to the Army for use in the South Thailand insurrection . - Financial performance continued to spiral downwards in the 3rd quarter of 2007 . Net profit for the period ending June fell by 84 % from a year before , despite higher traffic and a 17 @.@ 9 % increase in revenue . The fall in profit was attributed to AoT 's court case against King Power , the operator of duty @-@ free shops within Suvarnabhumi Airport . King Power 's concession was suspended while the case was in court , forcing AOT to stop reporting earnings from the . - - = = = Thaksin Shinawatra = = = - - Saprang had long been a fierce critic of Thaksin Shinawatra , and prior to the coup had even called Thaksin 's supporters within the military " evil . " After the coup , Saprang called Thaksin a " traitor " and said that he should be " banished to live forever in the jungle . " - He also accused Thaksin of on the military while he was Prime Minister . - Although Saprang and General Sonthi accused Thaksin of insulting and King , he noted that the junta did not pursue charges against Thaksin because " the police corrupted the evidence " , and delivered such a weak case that the attorney @-@ general could not file a lawsuit . A vocal self @-@ proclaimed , he insisted that various groups actively tried to challenge the monarchy , and that he " couldn 't stand it . " He noted , " I am a soldier , born to protect the Crown . They could only challenge the monarchy over my dead body . " - Saprang also suspected that Oliver , a Swiss man who was jailed for for spraying paint on a portrait of image of King , was hired by somebody to perform his vandalism . Saprang ordered a military investigation into the matter . The results have not been made public . - - = = = 2007 New Years bombings = = = - - Saprang had a public confrontation with former Prime Minister regarding the 2006 Bangkok New Year 's Eve bombings after accused him of incompetence . Saprang claimed that " the evidence and intelligence information proves that the bombs were the dirty work of politicians who lost power and benefits . Bad soldiers loyal to bad politicians collaborated with them with the intention to this government . " However , his claim was contradicted just an hour later by Prime Minister . - In May 2007 , Saprang claimed that he had information regarding the seizure of instructional manual on terrorism in Bangkok from a London apartment by English soldiers and police . He said he could not any further information , but told the public to connect the dots themselves . Days later , a bomb exploded outside of Palace . Saprang later clarified his remark , saying the Bangkok terrorism manual discovery had been made in the early 1990s . Deputy Chief of the British Mission in Bangkok Andy Pierce said he was " concerned " by Saprang 's remarks , which he insisted were " " . - - = = = Resignation of Pridiyathorn = = = - - Saprang was implicated in the resignation of Finance Minister Pridiyathorn on 28 February 2007 . The Bangkok Post reported that Pridiyathorn resigned in protest after a CNS member lobbied him to sell shares of ( formerly known as Thai Industry ) back to a former shareholder . The newspaper identified Saprang as the unnamed CNS member . Saprang 's brother , , was a key financial advisor to , the estranged founder of . - 's relations with the junta came under further public scrutiny when it was revealed that he was hired by the junta in order to lead a campaign to discredit deposed premier Thaksin Shinawatra . hired as part of the CNS campaign included Chat party leader Korn , Democrats Korn , and , @-@ , a key Thai Rak Thai member who defected to the Chat Thai party , plus ex @-@ senator . Academics hired by the CNS included @-@ , , @-@ , and . - - = = = Mad dogs and machine guns = = = - - Saprang was an extremely vocal critic of those who he perceived as his political opponents . In an interview with Thai ( Thailand 's most popular newspaper ) on 8 April 2007 , he called an unspecified enemy a " mad dog " who he claimed was destroying the monarchy . He said that it was necessary to shoot the dog with a machine gun . In the same interview , he threatened violent response to the " bold words that came from the mouths of evil people who did not know restraint " . He urged decisive action , so that the public would believe that good had triumphed over evil . - - = = = Post @-@ coup role = = = - - Saprang was considered a strong contender to lead the junta given the mandatory retirement of Army commander @-@ in @-@ chief and CNS President Sonthi Boonyaratkalin in September 2007 . He unofficially competed with fellow Assistant Army Commander Anupong Paochinda , who , as 1st Army Area Commander , secured Bangkok on the night of the coup . The Bangkok Post reported in October 2006 that Sonthi was Anupong to be his successor by giving him responsibilities over coup logistics , a greater task than had been assigned to Saprang . The Asia Times quoted a former MP as saying that " Anupong is seen as the real force behind the coup . Saprang is more vocal , but he has no real base . The only way he could be seen as a promising leader is by pushing the country to the brink . " - In an interview , Saprang warned that " the three pillars of society - the nation , the religion and the monarchy - might crumble ... If rogue politicians return to power following the next [ post coup ] general election . " - Saprang also held the opinion that military coups against the government " should never be ruled out . " The 1997 constitution had outlawed coups . A replacement constitution was , at the time of Saprang 's statement , being drafted by a military appointed panel . - Saprang was sidelined in security plans preceding the Constitutional Tribunal 's 20 May 2007 ruling on the dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai and Democrat . After the 2006 coup , Sonthi had delegated the task of securing Bangkok to Saprang . The pre @-@ ruling plan put Sonthi directly in charge of Bangkok crowd security , him with of Class 9 , including Army Chief of Staff General and First Army Region commander Lt General Chan @-@ . - , a military scholar at University and a personal adviser to Prime Minister noted in early September 2007 that " if the army is going to take a full step into politics , then it will be Saprang . If only a half @-@ step , then Anupong . And if it intends to beat a full retreat or take one step back , it will be [ Army chief of staff ] [ ] . " - On 19 September 2007 , Saprang 's rival , Assistant Army Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Anupong Paochinda , was appointed as the new commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Army , replacing the retiring General Sonthi . Anupong 's mandatory retirement occurred 2010 . Sonthi was , after resignation , appointed Deputy Prime Minister . Saprang was transferred to become Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defense . Saprang 's ally , Defence Ministry Deputy Permanent Secretary Admiral Bannawit , called Saprang 's transfer a " demotion " and a " punishment . " However , Saprang himself claimed that he did not feel slighted for being passed over , noting that " everything is over " for him . Bannawit himself was later transferred from Defence Ministry Deputy Permanent Secretary to be a Chief of the Ministry , replaced by Chief General Muang @-@ am . Bannawit denied that his own transfer was the result of his criticism of Saprang 's transfer . Bannawit then announced that he would resign from the military and enter politics . There was also rampant speculation that Saprang himself would resign and enter politics . Although the News Agency noted speculation that Saprang would stage a coup against Anupong , Saprang denied coup rumors , saying that another coup would be " suicide . " - - = = Family = = - - Saprang is the youngest of 9 children of Lieutenant Colonel Sri ( Thai : กัลยาณมิตร ) and Kalayanamitr ( Thai : กัลยาณมิตร ) . Sri was the eldest of the 8 children of , ruler ( Muang ) of the northern border city of . - The are a military aristocratic family with Chinese ( ) Thai roots . Saprang 's ancestor , ( original name , Thai : , ่ ง ่ ง ) migrated to during the reign of King the trade , and was given a feudal title during the reign of King Rama I. - Saprang has evoked his aristocratic background in order to increase his credibility in public confrontations . Saprang is married to ( Thai : ) and has 3 sons : Army Cadet ( Thai : ์ ) , Air Force Cadet ( Thai : ) , Air Force Cadet ( Thai : ์ ) . - - = = = = - - Saprang stands 161 centimeters tall and as of March 2007 , weighed 52 kilograms . - - - = Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video = - - The Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video was an award that was presented to recording artists at the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988 , and the 31st Grammy Awards in 1989 , for quality , concept music videos . The Grammy Awards ( ) is an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and was originally called the Awards ; awards are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to " honor artistic achievement , technical and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position " . - Beginning in 1982 , the Academy began to honor quality music videos with the Video of the Year category , which was discontinued with the establishment of the MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and was replaced with two awards ; Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album . changes for the 1988 and 1989 ceremonies resulted in the Best Concept Music Video award being presented alongside the award for Best Performance Music Video . Best Concept Music Video award recipients were the English rock band Genesis for " Land of Confusion " and the American singer " Weird Al " Yankovic for " Fat " . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories are now known as Best Short Form Music Video and Best Long Form Music Video . - - = = Background = = - - The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences began to honor quality music videos with the Grammy Award for Video of the Year category in 1982 . The first two award recipients were former member of The Monkees Michael for the hour @-@ long video Elephant Parts ( also known as Michael in Elephant Parts ) and Olivia Newton @-@ John for Olivia Physical . The Video of the Year category was discontinued in 1984 when MTV established the MTV Video Music Awards whose top award is also presented for Video of the Year . For the 26th Grammy Awards the Academy replaced the category with awards for Best Video , Short Form , and Best Video Album . For the awards held in 1988 and 1989 , the criteria changed and awards for the categories Best Concept Music Video , and Best Performance Music Video were presented . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories were renamed Best Music Video , Short Form , and Best Music Video , Long Form . In 1998 , the categories were retitled Best Short Form Music Video , and Best Long Form Music Video , respectively . - - = = = = - - For the 30th Grammy Awards ( 1988 ) , Best Concept Music Video nominees David Bowie for " Day @-@ In Day @-@ Out " , Kate Bush for The Whole Story , the English rock band Genesis for " Land of Confusion " , David Lee Roth for David Lee Roth , and Janet Jackson for Control – The Videos Part II . The music video for Bowie 's " Day @-@ In Day @-@ Out " , directed by Julien Temple , included " offending " scenes such as a man on Ronald Reagan 's Hollywood Walk of Fame star , which was edited out for television broadcast . Bush 's " imaginative " video sampler accompanies her greatest hits album of the same name and includes music videos for songs throughout her career to that point . The music video for " Land of Confusion " , a song included on the band 's 1986 album Invisible Touch , contained Image puppets of Ronald Reagan , Margaret Thatcher and other notable individuals . David Lee Roth 's self @-@ titled video consisted of promotional clips created for his debut solo EP Crazy from the Heat and album Eat ' Em and Smile . Jackson 's video collection , which was certified gold in the United States , contained six promotional videos recorded for singles from her album Control . Awards were presented to members of Genesis ( Tony Banks , Phil Collins , and Mike Rutherford ) as the performing artists , Jim and John Lloyd as the video directors , and Jon Blair as the video producer . - for the 31st Grammy Awards were the Hampton String Quartet for " Get a Job " , George Harrison for " When We Was " , the American rock band Talking Heads for Giant , " Weird Al " Yankovic for " Fat " , and Neil Young for " This Note 's for You " . " Get a Job " , a song recorded originally by the American group The , appears on the Hampton String Quartet 's album What If Mozart " Roll Over Beethoven " , a collection of 1950s R & B and pop music songs performed in the styles of Beethoven , Debussy , Mozart , and other composers . " When We Was " , a song from the album Cloud Nine , is constructed from quotations written when The Beatles were at the height of their fame and features Harrison playing a . The music video shows Elton John dressed as a , a reference to the 1967 song " I Am the " . Giants is a collection of Talking Heads ' music videos and additional material linking them together . Two of the nominated music videos had connections to Michael Jackson ; " Fat " is a parody of Jackson 's song " Bad " , and the video for " This Note 's for You " depicts a Jackson look @-@ alike 's hair catching fire ; a parody of an incident that occurred during a shoot for a Pepsi television advertisement in 1984 . In the " Fat " video , Yankovic becomes a " grossly overweight guy " through the use of cosmetics and special effects , and leads a group of overweight people on a parade . The award was presented to Yankovic as the performing artist , along with Jay as the video director and Susan as the video producer . - - - = Hadji Ali = - - Hadji Ali ( c . 1887 – 92 – November 5 , 1937 ) was a vaudeville performance artist , thought to be of Egyptian descent , who was famous for acts of controlled regurgitation . His best @-@ known feats included water spouting , smoke swallowing , and nut and handkerchief swallowing followed by in an order chosen by the audience . Ali 's most famous stunt , and the highlight of his act , was drinking copious amounts of water followed by kerosene , and then acting by turns as a human flamethrower and fire as he expelled the two liquids onto a theatrical prop . While these stunts were performed , a panel of audience members was invited to watch the show up close to verify that no was employed . - Although never gaining wide fame , Ali had a dedicated following on the vaudeville circuit in the United States . He performed for heads of state including Tsar Nicholas II of Russia . Judy Garland named him her favorite and David Blaine identified Ali as his favorite magician . of his act were captured in the short film Strange as It Seems ( 1930 ) and in Politiquerias ( 1931 ) , the Spanish @-@ language version of Laurel and Hardy 's Come Home . Two documentaries contain footage of Ali taken from Politiquerias : 1977 's ! , and 1999 's Vaudeville . Ali 's unusual abilities led to rumors that the Rockefeller Institute had offered a large sum of money to obtain his stomach post @-@ mortem . After he died in England , his body was offered to Johns Hopkins University for study , though the offer was declined . - - = = Background = = - - Hadji Ali was born into a working @-@ class family in approximately 1887 or 1892 , depending on the source consulted , probably in Egypt . His fame was as a of a recognized vaudeville subgenre known as a " regurgitation act " , involving the swallowing of material or objects and their regurgitation in various ways . Ali became aware as a child that he possessed an unusual ability . He explained in response to audience questions at a performance held at St. Mary 's Hospital in Niagara Falls , New York , in May 1926 , that while swimming in the Nile as a ten @-@ year @-@ old boy , he naturally discovered that he could swallow a large amount of water and blow it out like a whale spouting . He continued to develop and refine the ability as he grew older . A more dramatic version of these events was provided by Ali 's daughter , Almina Ali , in an interview in England after his death . She stated that his abilities were first learned through a single incident : while bathing in the Nile , he inadvertently swallowed a fish and an ample volume of water . Instead of dying , as those present thought he might , Ali simply regurgitated the liquid and the fish without ill effect . - Ali learned that his regurgitation talents had the potential to entertain and to earn money through performance at the age of fifteen : - I tried out my tricks first of all in the street , swallowing many glasses of water and then pouring forth a great fountain from one side of the road to the other ... A cafe proprietor saw me doing this one day , and chased me down the street . I thought he wanted to beat me up , but no — all he did was to put a coin in my hand and ask me to repeat the trick . Finally , he was so delighted that he asked me to come to his cafe and entertain the customers . - Taking his abilities on the road , Ali met an Italian man in Cairo who signed him to a contract for music hall performances . Ali performed under contract throughout Europe and at times for heads of state . According to Ali , in or about 1914 he was summoned by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to perform at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg , Russia . He stated that the Tsar " must have liked my performance because he awarded me a special decoration , which is now one of my most possessions . " Following World War I , Ali began managing his own affairs and toured the world , learning more tricks as he went . - Ali came to the United States with Almina in the mid @-@ 1920s . They performed together at , carnivals and in vaudeville , sometimes advertised under the collective name , " Hadji Ali & Co . " Almina played the part of assistant in her father 's act , billed in his shows as " The Princess " . Ali alone had a variety of stage names , including : " The Great Egyptian Miracle Man " , " The Amazing " , " The Egyptian " , " The Human " , " The Human " and " The 9th Wonder of the Scientific World " . Ali has been described as a " large , barrel @-@ and bearded man ... [ that cut ] an imposing figure in his Arab costume . " - Although Ali spoke a number of languages and became a naturalized U.S. citizen , it was reported that Almina acted as his interpreter in the United States and other places , as he did not speak English and was illiterate . Once he had gained some notoriety , Ali took on as his manager Hubert Julian , a former colonel in the Air Force . Although he developed a significant following , even being named Judy Garland 's favorite , Ali " remained more a curiosity than a true vaudeville " according to at least one source . Nevertheless , at the time of his death in 1937 , Julian commented that Ali had " earned big money in America — $ 1 @,@ 000 a week sometimes . I was building him up here [ in Europe ] and had a Continental tour arranged . " - - = = Performance = = - - The mainstay of Ali 's act was " water spouting " . After swallowing large amounts of water , 60 to 100 glasses at a time , he the water in a continuous stream for a sustained period of time , sometimes approaching one minute . Another common trick was to swallow 30 to 50 ( although one of his posters advertised 40 ) , followed by another nut of a different variety , such as an . Ali then brought them up one by one with the odd @-@ nut @-@ out produced at a mark called out by the audience . In another trick , Ali swallowed three to six of different and then produced them in a color order requested by audience members . - In a 1929 article appearing in the Lowell Sun newspaper , physician Morris speculated that for Ali 's nut feat , the one nut of a different variety was held in the mouth rather than swallowed , thus allowing him to produce it on cue . Dr. also stated that unnamed " investigators " were convinced that for Ali 's handkerchief stunt , to produce them in the sequence stipulated by the audience Ali flavored the cloth , and could therefore taste for the correct one as he brought them up . Ali also swallowed live , watches , coins , costume jewelry , paper money , peach pits , stones , live mice , buttons , pool balls and other odd objects . In another standard performance segment , he placed eight or more lit cigarettes in his mouth but instead of , he swallowed the smoke and , after a significant time had passed , issued it forth in a steady stream like an volcano . - Ali 's longstanding finale was the swallowing of copious amounts of water again , but this time followed by a pint of kerosene . A prop was then produced , typically a model castle or house made of metal set on a table , within which a small flame burned . than water and with it , the kerosene floated above the liquid in Ali 's gut , allowing him to it first . The stage thus set , and to a drum roll or an imitation of fire bells , Ali became a " human flamethrower " , the in a long stream over the sacrificial prop , setting it . Once the kerosene was exhausted , the water followed , streaming out his mouth in a long flow from up to six feet away , the fire . - At some performances , a panel or " jury " from the audience was invited on stage to verify that no trick mechanism was being employed — that he was actually swallowing the items in question and delivering them back through acts of regurgitation . Sometimes Ali would into the audience during his nut swallowing trick . His stomach exposed by his standard costume , he invited audience members to pat his stomach , allowing them to hear the nuts within . One newspaper reported that Ali 's feats , essentially controlled vomiting , were performed in " a manner without the least bit of or anything bordering on . " Not everyone felt the same : at least one of Ali 's engagements was cut short once the proprietor realized that the nature of the act " was killing their supper shows " . and magician Harry remarked in his 1920 work Miracle and Their Methods that water spouting was a " performance that could not fail to disgust a modern audience . " - The abilities of Ali fascinated the public and medical authorities . As reported in a 1928 Press article , at one of Ali 's acts a number of doctors attended and thoroughly examined him during the performance . They came away satisfied that he was actually and the material and objects as claimed , but remained " over his extraordinary performance . " According to an article appearing in the Daily News , " of three continents have puzzled over the mechanism of this human ostrich without success . X @-@ ray experiments have been made during his exhibition without a plausible explanation forthcoming that the critical , in fact , the profession of surgery has thrown up its hands in over this human ostrich . " - - = = Film appearances = = - - Ali 's act was captured in two films : the 1930 short Strange as It Seems , and Politiquerias ( 1931 ) , the expanded Spanish @-@ language version of Laurel and Hardy 's Come Home . Ali also had a bit part as the " Turkish " in Warner Bros. ' 1932 film Scarlet Dawn starring Douglas , Jr. and Nancy Carroll . Two documentaries contain footage of Ali taken from Politiquerias : 1977 's ! , and 1999 's Vaudeville , a documentary produced by @-@ TV that exhibits 90 vaudeville acts over a two @-@ hour running time . The documentary has since aired on the Public Broadcasting Service 's American Masters series numerous times . - Speaking about the democratic nature of the vaudeville performance circuit , Vaudeville 's writer and executive producer said in reference to Ali that the film " embraced everything from to a guy who threw up . " By contrast , in episode 30 of the Sundance Channel television program , magician David Blaine speaks enthusiastically of Ali . During the episode , Blaine shows artist Chuck Close Ali 's kerosene and water finale footage from Politiquerias and comments that Ali is his " favorite magician ... it 's real but nobody 's been able to do it since ... his name was Hadji Ali ... he 's my favorite of all time . " - - = = Death = = - - Ali died on November 5 , 1937 , in Wolverhampton , England , from heart failure during a bout of . Even before his death , a rumor had circulated that the Rockefeller Institute sought to procure Ali 's stomach upon his death , and would pay as much as $ 50 @,@ 000 for it . This claim appeared in a poster advertising Ali 's impending appearance at a theater during his lifetime . After Ali 's death was reported , the rumor resurfaced as an active offer of $ 10 @,@ 000 . When a Rockefeller Institute manager was interviewed about the story , he said the offer had never been made but that nevertheless , " we should very much like to see the body . " Almina and Julian transported Ali 's body back to the United States on board the Queen Mary . According to a November 29 , 1937 article in the New York Post , upon their arrival , Almina offered her father 's body to Maryland 's Johns Hopkins University for investigation by , after which it would be transported to Egypt for interment in a mausoleum . However , The Afro @-@ American newspaper reported on December 11 , 1937 , that Johns Hopkins ' officials had declined the offer . - - - = Battle of Tellicherry = - - The Battle of Tellicherry was a naval action fought off the Indian port of Tellicherry between British and French warships on 18 November 1791 during the Third Anglo @-@ Mysore War . Britain and France were not at war at the time of the engagement , but French support for the Kingdom of Mysore in the conflict with the British East India Company had led to Royal Navy patrols stopping and searching French ships sailing for the Mysorean port of Mangalore . When a French convoy from Mahé passed the British port of Tellicherry in November 1791 , Commodore William Cornwallis sent a small squadron to intercept the French ships . - As the British force under Captain Sir Richard Strachan approached the convoy , the escorting frigate Résolue opened fire . A general action followed , with Strachan succeeding in forcing the French ship to surrender within twenty minutes and both sides suffering damage and casualties . All of the French vessels were searched and subsequently returned to Mahé , the local French authorities reacting furiously at what they perceived as a violation of their neutral position . were sent back to France reporting the action from Commodore Saint @-@ Félix but they evoked little response . Although under normal circumstances the battle might have provoked a diplomatic incident , the upheavals of the ongoing French Revolution meant that the despatches had little effect . - - = = Background = = - - In December 1789 , after five years of diplomatic wrangling about the terms of the Treaty of Mangalore that had ended the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War , the ruler of Mysore Tipu Sultan again declared war on the British East India Company and their allies in Southern India . For the next two years the war continued as British forces and their allies drove the Mysore armies back towards the capital of . Both sides were reliant on supply by sea to maintain their campaigns inland : the British forces were supported from their major ports at Bombay and Madras , later additional forces at the small port of Tellicherry inside Mysore territory . The Mysorean forces were supplied through Mangalore by French ships . France had been an ally of the Tipu Sultan 's father Ali during the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War and although the political instability caused by the French Revolution in Europe prevented active involvement , they ensured that their ships kept up a supply of equipment to Mysore throughout the war . - In an effort to eliminate French support Commodore William Cornwallis , the British naval commander in the region , stationed a squadron of frigates at Tellicherry , where they were ideally situated to blockade Mangalore and prevent the passage of shipping into Mysorean territory . The squadron consisted of Cornwallis in HMS Minerva , Captain Sir Richard Strachan in HMS Phoenix and HMS under Captain Isaac Smith . The French operated a squadron of their own on the coast , led by Commodore Saint @-@ Félix and consisting of two frigates based at Mahé , a small French port 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Tellicherry . The French had communicated to the British at Tellicherry that they would not submit to any attempts to search their vessels , but Strachan and Cornwallis replied that they would enforce the blockade of Mangalore whatever the consequences . - - = = Battle = = - - In November 1791 , a French convoy sailed from Mahé on the short journey to Mangalore . The convoy included two merchant vessels and the frigate Résolue , a 36 @-@ gun warship under Captain . Passing northwards , the convoy soon passed Tellicherry and Cornwallis sent Strachan with Phoenix and to stop and inspect the French ships to ensure they were not carrying military supplies . As Smith halted the merchant ships and sent boats to inspect them , Strachan did the same to Résolue , the French captain and placing an officer in a small boat to board the frigate . The French captain was outraged at this violation of his neutrality , and responded by opening fire : British sources suggest that his initial target was the small boat , although Phoenix was the ship most immediately damaged . - Strachan was at the French reaction , and returned fire immediately , the proximity of the ships preventing any manoeuvres . Within twenty minutes the combat was decided , the French captain down his colours with his ship battered and more than 60 men wounded or dead . The French ship carried significantly weaker cannon than Phoenix , with 6 and 12 pounder guns to the 9 and 18 pounders aboard the British squadron . In addition , Résolue was heavily outnumbered : no other French warships were in the area while the British had three large frigates within sight . French losses eventually totalled 25 men killed and 60 wounded , Strachan suffering just six killed and 11 wounded in return . - - = = Aftermath = = - - With the enemy subdued , Strachan ordered a thorough search of the captured vessels , but could find no and returned control to the French commander . The French officer however refused , insisting that he and his ship were treated as prisoners of war . Cornwallis ordered the merchant ships released to continue their journey and for the frigate to be towed back to Mahé , where it was anchored in the roads with its sails and struck . was subsequently made at Mahé by Strachan for the wounded French sailors . Soon afterwards Saint @-@ Félix arrived at Mahé in his frigate and reacted furiously at the discovery that one of his neutral ships had been attacked and captured by the British . When Cornwallis insisted that his ships had been acting within their orders , Saint @-@ Félix promised if any of his vessels were attacked again and withdrew with both and Résolue later in the day , followed by Minerva and Phoenix . One account reported that Saint @-@ Félix actually ordered his crew to fire on Cornwallis but that they refused . The British shadowed the French for several days , openly stopping and searching French merchant ships but without provoking a response from Saint @-@ Félix . Résolue and Phoenix were subsequently detached by their commanders , Cornwallis and Saint @-@ Félix remaining in contact for several more days before finally separating . - News of the encounter was conveyed back to France , but the country was at this time in one of the most turbulent eras of the ongoing Revolution and little notice was taken of events in India . Historian William James notes that under normal political circumstances the action would have had more significant ramifications , while Edward Pelham Brenton claims that the French deliberately ignored the report out of fear of Britain . In Britain , the Admiralty approved of Cornwallis ' actions , suggesting that the French were deliberately using the guise of trade to support Mysore against Britain . The action had no effect on the ongoing war in India , which was now centred on the inland city of . As British forces closed on the city in February 1792 , the Tipu Sultan initiated peace talks which brought the war to an end in exchange for concessions to the Company and its Indian allies . - - - = Loose ( Nelly Furtado album ) = - - Loose is the third studio album by Canadian singer and songwriter Nelly Furtado , released on 6 June 2006 by Geffen Records and the Mosley Music Group . Following the release of Furtado 's second album , Folklore ( 2003 ) through DreamWorks Records , it was announced that Universal Music Group would acquire DreamWorks Records , the later was folded into the Interscope Geffen A & M umbrella where Furtado would release any new music . Timbaland and his protégé Danja produced the bulk of the album , which incorporates influences of dance , R & B and hip hop . The album explores the theme of female sexuality and has been described as introspective or even sad in parts . - The album received criticism because of the sexual image Furtado adopted for the recording , as some critics felt it was a ploy to sell more records . Further controversy rose over accusations of plagiarism on Timbaland 's part in the song " Do It " ( which contained the melody from Finnish musician 's song " Evening " without proper authorization ) when recordings were leaked onto YouTube . The record was seen generally as critically and commercially successful . It reached high positions on charts across the world , and according to an August 2009 press release , it had sold more than 12 million copies worldwide , making it the best @-@ selling album of 2006 – 07 and the twenty @-@ second best @-@ selling album of the 2000s . - The album was heavily promoted , released in several editions and supported by the Get Loose Tour , which is the subject of the concert DVD Loose : The Concert . " Loose " debuted at number one , making it Furtado 's first album to top the chart along with eight singles were released from the album , including the US number @-@ one singles " Promiscuous " and " Say It Right " , which received Grammy Award nominations for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , respectively . Other successful singles include the UK number @-@ one single " Maneater " and the European number one single " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " . - - = = Background = = - - Furtado 's second album , Folklore , was released in November 2003 . The lead single is " ( Say What You Want ) " and the second single is the ballad " Try " . The album was not as successful as her debut , partly due to the album 's less " poppy " sound . " ( Say What You Want ) " was later remixed , featuring Colombian rocker Juanes , who had previously worked with Furtado on his track " " ( " " ) . The two would collaborate again on " Te Busqué " ( " I searched for you " ) , the single from Furtado 's album Loose . The album was from her label DreamWorks Records ; it was announced on 11 November 2003 that Universal Music Group reached an agreement to acquire DreamWorks Records from DreamWorks for " about $ 100 million " . The purchase came at a time when the music business was " going through major changes " as it struggled to " counter falling sales and the impact of unofficial online music sales " . DreamWorks Records was folded into the Interscope Geffen A & M umbrella label in January 2004 . Furtado 's recording contract was then absorbed into Geffen Records . - - = = Recording = = - - Furtado began work on Loose by holding with what she referred to as a " hip @-@ hop workshop " , in which they would " write rhymes , them , and try different flows over beats . " The first producers she worked with were Track & Field — who co @-@ produced her first two albums , , Nelly ! ( 2000 ) and Folklore ( 2003 ) — and by May 2005 , she had collaborated with Members and K . She worked with Hooper in London on reggae @-@ oriented material and with Lester in Los Angeles on acoustic songs . One of the tracks helped to create is " Te Busqué " , which is co @-@ written by and features Juanes , who collaborated with Furtado on his 2002 song " " . During her time in Los Angeles , she worked with Rick , who co @-@ wrote and produced " In God 's Hands " and " Somebody to Love " . - In Miami , Florida , Furtado collaborated with ( who introduced her to reggaeton and who gave her a " shout @-@ out " in his 2005 single " Can I Have It Like That " ) and Scott ( with whom she recorded a " straight @-@ up rap song " ) before entering the studio with Timbaland . He and his protégé at the time , Danja , co @-@ produced eight of the tracks , with another produced solely by Danja . For some of the beats on the songs , Timbaland finished work on ones already present in the studio that were half @-@ developed or just " " ; the rest were completely reworked . Furtado recorded around forty tracks for Loose , deciding which she would include based on the of the album — she called Timbaland " a sonic extraterrestrial " who came up with a sequence of songs that flowed , and said that the one she had devised was supposedly unsatisfactory . She recorded an unreleased collaboration with Justin Timberlake , " Control " , which she described as " kind of sexy " and " a cute , , upbeat , fun track " . Other songs considered for inclusion on the album include " Boy " , " Friend of Mine " , " Go " , " Hands in the Air " , " Pretty Boy " , " Vice " and " " . - Furtado said in her diary on her official website that she recorded a remix of " Maneater " with rapper Lil Wayne ; it was only released as part of a compilation album , Timbaland 's Remix & Soundtrack Collection , she also used the instrumental of the song during many television performances of " Maneater " . A version of " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " featuring vocals by Coldplay lead singer Chris Martin , who co @-@ wrote the song , was not released after a request from Martin 's label , EMI . The song was released on the album , but only Furtado 's vocals are featured . Furtado explained that " Loose was 90 percent written with a beat first , and then I ’ d write my melodies and songs to the beat . " - - = = Post @-@ production = = - - The " off @-@ the @-@ cuff " conclusion to production was one of the reasons the album was titled Loose . It was named partly after the spontaneous decisions she made when creating the album . The album is also called Loose because it is " the opposite of calculated " and came naturally to Furtado and Timbaland ; she called him her " distant musical cousin because he was always pushing boundaries and always carving out his own path " , which she believed she was doing with Loose . " I think you have to keep surprising people as an artist , and I like that — I love doing that " , she said . Loose was also named partly for the R & B girl group TLC , who Furtado said she for " taking back their sexuality , showing they were complete women . " She said she wanted the album to be " assertive and cool " and " sexy but fun " , like TLC , MC , Queen and Janet Jackson , who inspired Furtado because , as she put it , she was " comfortable in her sexuality and womanhood " when her 1993 single " That 's the Way Love Goes " was released . - During the recording of Loose , Furtado listened to several electro and rock musicians , including Party , System of a Down , M.I.A. , , Queens of the Stone Age , and Death from Above 1979 , some of whom influenced the " rock sound " present on the album and the " , laughing , distorted " that were kept in the songs deliberately . According to her , music by such bands is " very loud and has a garage theme " to it , some of which she felt she captured on the album . Furtado has said rock music is " rhythmic again " and hip hop @-@ influenced after it had become " so churning and boring . " Because the mixing engineers were aware of Timbaland and Furtado 's rock influences , the songs were mixed on a mixing board in the studio instead of " the fancy mixer at the end " . Furtado said she preferred the louder volume that process gave to the album because she wanted it to sound like her demo tapes , which she prefers to her finished albums . She said , " It didn 't have that final wash over it ; it didn 't have the final pressing at the end , save for a couple sounds " . - - = = Music and lyrics = = - - Furtado said that with the release of her albums before Loose , she had wanted to prove herself as a musician and earn respect from listeners through using many different instruments on an album , which most hip hop musicians did not do . After she believed she had accomplished that , she felt she had freedom to make the type of music she " really love [ d ] " . Furtado said her previous problem with hip hop was that she did not think it was good enough to base one of her albums on , but that she then asked herself why she was being " pretentious " . The album represents her separating from such notions and , in her words , " jumping in the deep end of the pool — ' , screw it , this is fun ! ' " . Furtado said she considers herself " all over the map " and musically because she is not faithful to one style . - For the first time , Furtado worked with a variety of record producers and followed a more collaborative approach in creating the album . Produced primarily by Timbaland and Danja , Loose showcases Furtado experimenting with a more R & B – hip hop sound and , as she put it , the " surreal , theatrical elements of ' 80s music " . She has categorized the album 's sound as punk @-@ hop , which she describes as @-@ influenced " modern , poppy , music " and stated that " there 's a mysterious , after @-@ midnight vibe to [ it ] that 's extremely visceral " . Furtado has described the album as " more urban , more American , more hip @-@ hop , [ and ] more simplified " than her earlier work , which she said was more layered and textured because she " tend [ s ] to things " . In contrast , during her studio time with Timbaland , she said she was " in the boys club of just letting go " and being more impulsive . According to Furtado , instead of " pristine stuff " , the album features " really raw " elements such as distorted bass lines , laughter from studio outtakes and general " room for error " . Furtado has said Loose is not as much about the lyrics , which are not included in the liner notes , as it is about " in pleasures — whether it 's dancing or . " According to her , she wasn 't trying to be sexy with the album — " I think I just am sexy now " , she said . - - = = Songs = = - - The opening track , " " ( featuring rapper ) , is a description of Furtado 's fear of what people think of her , and she has said the chorus reminds her of " walking down the hall in high school ... because you live from the outside in . Now that I 'm an adult , I care about the inside of me ... Before I said I didn 't care about what people thought about me , but I really did . " " Maneater " is an uptempo electro rock song that combines 1980s electro synths and a more dance @-@ oriented beat . The up @-@ tempo song has prominent electropop and synthpop influences and is lyrically related to how people become " hot on themselves " when dancing in their in front of a mirror . " Promiscuous " ( featuring Timbaland ) was inspired by a flirting exchange Furtado had with , who co @-@ wrote the song - She has characterised the fifth track , " " , as " a proper R & B slow jam " . " No Hay Igual " is a hip hop and reggaeton song , that has a tongue over " future @-@ " beats . The song contains a " sharp mix " of percussion and " empowered chanting " . In " No Hay Igual " , Furtado sings in Spanish and raps in Portuguese over a reggaeton rhythm . The album also features more introspective songs , and The Sunday Times wrote that it " has a surprising sadness to it . " The seventh track , " Te Busqué " , which features Latin singer Juanes , is about Furtado 's experiences with depression , which she said she has had periodically since she was around seventeen years old . Furtado said she was unsure what " Say It Right " is about , but that it encapsulates her feeling when she wrote it and " into this other sphere " ; in an interview for The Sunday Times , it was mentioned that it is about her breakup with DJ Jasper , the father of her daughter . " In God 's Hands " , another song on the album , was also inspired by the end of their relationship . - - = = Singles = = - - In April 2006 , a remix of " No Hay Igual " featuring Calle 13 was issued as a club single in the US . During the same period , " Promiscuous " ( featuring Timbaland ) was released for digital download in North America . Promiscuous became Furtado 's first single to top the US Billboard Hot 100 and was released in Australia , where it reached the top five . The lead single in Europe and Latin America , " Maneater " , was released in late May to early June 2006 . It became Furtado 's first single to top the UK Singles Chart and made the top ten in other countries ; it reached the top five in Germany and the top twenty in France and Latin America . The second single in Europe , " Promiscuous " , was released in late August to early September 2006 but it did not perform as well as " Maneater " . It peaked inside the top five in the UK and the top ten in other countries , including Germany , and it reached the top twenty in France . During the same period , " Maneater " began its run as the second single in North America ; it was not as successful as " Promiscuous " , reaching number twenty @-@ two in Canada and the top twenty in the US , though it became a top five single on the ARIA Singles Chart . - Releases of the third North American single , " Say It Right " , and the third Europe single , " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " , took place in November and December , and the third Latin American single , " Promiscuous " , was released in January 2007 . " Say It Right " went to number one in the US and on the Nielsen BDS airplay chart in Canada ( where it was not given a commercial release ) , and it reached the top five in Australia . " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " reached number one on the pan @-@ European singles chart and the top five in the UK , and it was the album 's most successful single in Germany , where it topped the chart , and in France , where it became a top ten hit . After the release of " Say It Right " in Europe in March 2007 , the single reached the top five in Germany and the top ten in the UK , where it was a download @-@ only release . The video for " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " was released in North America during this period . " All Good Things ( Come to an End ) " peaked in the top five in Canada and in the top twenty in Australia , though it only reached the lower half of the US Hot 100 . - The album 's fifth and final UK single was " In God 's Hands " , and the fifth and final single in North America was " Do It " . In May 2007 , Furtado mentioned the possibility of a sixth or seventh single , mentioning the examples of Nickelback 's All the Right Reasons and The Pussycat Dolls ' as albums that were being supported by seven singles at the time . Furtado said she liked the possibility because she thought Loose was good and " want [ ed ] people to hear as much of it as possible " before she took time off . Two other songs , " Te Busqué " and " No Hay Igual " , were released as singles in other regions of the world . " Te Busqué " was the lead single in Spain because of the limited success hip @-@ hop / R & B @-@ influenced songs in the style of " Promiscuous " and " Maneater " achieved in the country . It was not released in the United States , but it was given airplay on Latin music radio stations and reached the top forty on Billboard 's Latin Pop Airplay chart . The " No Hay Igual " remix featuring Calle 13 was released in Latin America , and the music video debuted in September . - - = = Release and promotion = = - - The album was first released in Japan on 7 June 2006 through Universal Music Group before being released two days later in Germany . In the United Kingdom Loose was released on 12 June 2006 via Geffen Records and was released eight days later on 20 June 2006 in Canada and the United States . - In 2007 the album was re @-@ released in Germany . The re @-@ release included bonus content . - During the promotion of Loose , Furtado performed at major music festivals and award shows . In Europe , she appeared at Rock am Ring and Rock @-@ @-@ Park in Germany and the Festival in the Netherlands in June 2006 . She performed in Canada at the Calgary , the Ottawa in July , and at the Music Festival in September . Shortly after her August 2006 performance at the Summer Sonic in Japan , she sang at the Teen Choice Awards . In November , she contributed to the entertainment during the World Music Awards , the American Music Awards and the 94th Grey Cup halftime show . She performed at the 2007 Music Awards , held in January 2007 . - Furtado embarked on a world concert tour , the Get Loose Tour , on 16 February 2007 in the UK , in support of the album ; the tour included thirty @-@ one dates in Europe and Canada , with additional shows in the US , Japan , Australia and Latin America . Furtado described the show as a " full sensory experience " with " a beginning , middle and end ... [ it ] takes you on a journey " , also stressing the importance of crowd involvement and " spontaneity and , because those are my roots , you know ? I started by doing club shows , and that 's the energy I love , the raw club energy of just feeling like you 're rocking out . " Though Furtado said choreographed dance routines were to be included in the show , she described it as " music @-@ based ... Everything else is just to keep it sophisticated and sensual and fun . " Furtado said she hoped to have Chris Martin , Juanes , Justin Timberlake , Timbaland and Calle 13 to guest on the tour , and have a " revolving door " of opening acts with Latin musicians opening in the US . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - Loose debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling more than 34 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , at that time the year 's strongest debut for a Canadian artist . In late July , after Furtado embarked on a short tour of Canada and made a guest appearance on the television show Canadian Idol , the album returned to number one . It subsequently stayed near the top of the album chart until late January 2007 , when it reached number one again for two weeks . It was the third best @-@ selling album of 2006 in Canada , and the highest selling by a female solo artist , with 291 @,@ 700 copies sold . The Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) certified Loose five times platinum in May 2007 for shipments of more than 500 @,@ 000 copies . It stayed in the top twenty for fifty @-@ seven weeks . - The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , making it Furtado 's first album to top the chart with first @-@ week sales of 219 @,@ 000 ; it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and ranked sixty @-@ fourth on the Billboard 2006 year @-@ end chart . Loose exited the US top ten in August 2006 but re @-@ entered it in March 2007 , and according to Nielsen SoundScan in October 2007 , it had sold two million units . The album ranked thirty @-@ second on the Billboard 2007 year @-@ end chart . - In the United Kingdom , Loose entered the albums chart at number five ; in its forty @-@ third week , it reached number four , and it was certified double platinum for shipments to retailers of more than 600 @,@ 000 copies . As of July 2007 , it had sold roughly @,@ 000 copies in the UK . The record was certified two times platinum in Australia for more than 140 @,@ 000 units shipped ; it reached number four there and was placed forty @-@ fourth on the Australian Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) list of 2006 bestsellers . The album entered the chart in Germany at number one , spent a record forty @-@ nine weeks in the German top ten , and was certified five times platinum . Loose reached number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart in early 2007 , spending ten non @-@ consecutive weeks at number one . By March 2007 , it had been certified gold or platinum in twenty @-@ five countries . According to a Geffen Records press release , Loose had sold more than seven million copies by November 2007 . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Loose received generally positive reviews from music critics ; it holds an average score of 71 out of 100 at aggregate website Metacritic . AllMusic and musicOMH cited the " " effect of Timbaland on Furtado 's music , and The Guardian called it " slick , smart and surprising . " Q found most of it to be " an , hip @-@ hop @-@ delight . " Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times wrote that " the music and the lyrics are mainly aimed at dance floors , and yet this album keeps reminding listeners that a dance floor is one of the most complicated places on earth . " In its review , AllMusic wrote " It 's on this final stretch of the album that the Furtado and Timbaland pairing seems like a genuine collaboration , staying true to the Nelly of her first two albums , but given an adventurous production that helps open her songs up ... Timbaland has Nelly Furtado both creatively and commercially with Loose " . She won her first BRIT Award — Best International Female — in 2007 . - In a mixed review , Nick of The Village Voice felt that Furtado " up a bit too " and lacks " chemistry " with Timbaland , writing that Loose " isn 't a love child , but a bump @-@ and @-@ grind that never finds a groove " . Vibe stated , " she loses herself in Gwen Stefani – like posturing , as on “ , ” and ethnic like “ No Hay Igual ” or “ Te Busqué . " In his consumer guide for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau gave the album a " B " and named it " of the month " , indicating " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought . " Christgau viewed that its dance @-@ oriented tracks " might accomplish God 's great plan on the dance @-@ floor . But as songs they 're not much " . - - = = Impact = = - - attention was generated by the more sexual image of Furtado presented in promotion and publicity for the album , and in particular the music videos for " Promiscuous " and " Maneater " , in which she dances around with her exposed . According to Maclean 's magazine , some said that Furtado 's progression was a natural transformation of a pop singer ; others believed that she had " sold out " in an effort to garner record sales , particularly after her second album was a commercial failure in comparison to her first . Maclean 's wrote that her makeover " seems a bit forced " and contrasted her with singers such as Madonna and Emily of : " [ they ] seem to be completely in control , even somewhat intimidating in their sexuality : they 've made a calculated decision for commercial and feminist reasons . In contrast , Furtado 's new , overt sexuality comes off as unoriginal — by thousands of pop stars with a quarter of Furtado 's natural talent ... the feels as if it 's been imposed rather than chosen by the unique , articulate singer we 've seen in the past . " - magazine wrote that Furtado 's new " highly " image was manufactured , and noted the involvement in the album 's development of Geffen 's Jimmy , who helped to develop the Pussycat Dolls , a girl group known for their sexually dance routines . The writer also criticised Furtado 's discussion of her buttocks and apparent rejection of in a Blender magazine interview , writing : " Girls , do you hear that churning ? Those are the ideas of Gloria turning in their grave . " A writer for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation said that could attribute Furtado 's commercial success with Loose to her " @-@ up sex appeal . " The writer added that , the failure of Janet Jackson 's album Jo ( 2004 ) indicated such a move was not . Furtado was " still demure compared to many of her competitors " — she avoided sporting lingerie or performing " Christina Aguilera @-@ style or " in the " Promiscuous " and " Maneater " videos . " Despite its dramatic arrival ... Furtado 's new image doesn ’ t feel calculated " , he said . " [ She ] seems to be thinking less and feeling more , to the benefit of her music . " - In early 2007 , a video hosted on YouTube led to reports that the song " Do It " , and the Timbaland @-@ produced ringtone " Block Party " that inspired it , used — without authorization — the melody from Finnish musician " Tempest " 's song " Evening " , winner of the Assembly 2000 music competition . Timbaland used the record of adaptation of the song written by Glenn ( ) . Timbaland admitted sampling the song , but said that he had no time to research its intellectual owner . , a Finnish representative of Universal which represents Nelly Furtado in Finland , commented the controversy as follows in the 15 January 2007 issue of ; " In case that the artist decides to pursue the matter further , it 's on him to go to America and confront them with the local use of law . It will require a considerable amount of faith and , of course , money . " On 9 February 2007 , Timbaland commented on the issue in an MTV interview : " It makes me laugh . The part I don 't understand , the is trying to act like I went to his house and took it from his computer . I don 't know him from a can of paint . I 'm 15 years deep . That 's how you attack a king ? You attack ? Come on , man . You got to come correct . You the laughing stock . People are like , ' You can 't be serious . ' " - On 12 June 2009 , , who is one of the legal of Records , the owner of the sound recording rights , reported that the case had been filed in Florida . In January 2008 , Turkish newspapers reported that , the record label that released Turkish folk singer 's album Ya Ya , pressed charges against Furtado for the Loose track " for You " , which label officials said features the instrumental part of 's song " Allah Allah . " - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = = = = = - - Notes - ^ a signifies a vocal producer - - = = Personnel = = - - - = = = Production = = = - - Credits adapted from the Loose liner notes . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = 2013 – 14 York City F.C. season = - - The 2013 – 14 season was the season of competitive association football and 77th season in the Football League played by York City Football Club , a professional football club based in York , North Yorkshire , England . Their 17th @-@ place finish in 2012 – 13 meant it was their second consecutive season in League Two . The season ran from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014 . - Nigel Worthington , starting his first full season as York manager , made eight permanent summer signings . By the turn of the year York were only above the relegation zone on goal difference , before a 17 @-@ match unbeaten run saw the team finish in seventh @-@ place in the 24 @-@ team 2013 – 14 Football League Two . This meant York qualified for the play @-@ offs , and they were eliminated in the semi @-@ final by Fleetwood Town . York were knocked out of the 2013 – 14 FA Cup , Football League Cup and Football League Trophy in their opening round matches . - 35 players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first @-@ team competition , and there were 12 different . Defender Ben Davies missed only five of the fifty @-@ two competitive matches played over the season . Wes Fletcher finished as leading scorer with 13 goals , of which 10 came in league competition and three came in the FA Cup . The winner of the of the Year award , voted for by the club 's supporters , was Oyebanjo . - - = = Background and pre @-@ season = = - - The 2012 – 13 season was York City 's first season back in the Football League , having won the Conference Premier play @-@ offs in 2011 – 12 after years in the Football Conference . Manager Gary Mills was sacked in March 2013 following an 11 @-@ match run without a victory , and was replaced by former Northern Ireland manager Nigel Worthington . Despite being in the relegation zone with three matches remaining , Worthington led the team to safety from relegation after a 1 – 0 win away to Dagenham & Redbridge on the final day of the season . York finished the season in 17th @-@ place in the 2012 – 13 League Two table . - Following the previous season 's conclusion Lee , Jon , Chris , Ben Everson , Scott Kerr , David , Patrick , Michael Potts , Jamie Reed and Jason Walker were released by York , while Blair departed for Fleetwood Town . David McGurk , Oyebanjo , Danny Parslow , Tom Platt and Chris Smith signed new contracts with the club . New players signed ahead of the start of the season were goalkeeper Chris on a season @-@ long loan from Blackpool , defender Ben Davies on loan from Preston North End , midfielders Craig Clay from Chesterfield and Lewis Montrose from Gillingham , winger Puri from St and strikers Ryan Bowman from Hereford United , Richard Cresswell from Sheffield United , Wes Fletcher from Burnley and Ryan Jarvis from Torquay United . Defender Mike Atkinson and striker Chris Dickinson entered the first @-@ team squad from the youth team after agreeing professional contracts . - York retained the previous season 's home and away kits . The home kit comprised red shirts with white sleeves , light blue shorts and white socks . The away kit included light blue shirts with white sleeves , white shorts and light blue socks . Health continued as shirt sponsors for the second successive season . - - = = Review = = - - - = = = August = = = - - York began the season with a 1 – 0 home win over the previous season 's play @-@ off finalists , Northampton Town , with Jarvis scoring the winning goal in the 90th @-@ minute . However , defeat came in York 's match against Championship side Burnley in the first round of the League Cup , going down 4 – 0 at home . The team endured their first league defeat of the season in the following game after being beaten 2 – 0 away by Dagenham & Redbridge , the home team scoring in each half . York then held Hartlepool United to a 0 – 0 home draw , before being beaten 3 – 2 away by Bristol Rovers , in which Jarvis scored twice before John @-@ Joe O 'Toole scored the winning goal for the home team in the 67th @-@ minute . Two signings were made shortly before the transfer deadline ; defender George Taft was signed on a one @-@ month loan from Leicester City , while Middlesbrough midfielder Ryan Brobbel joined on a one @-@ month loan . John , who had been told he had no future with the club , departed after signing for FC Halifax Town . Jarvis gave York the lead away at Exeter City before Alan scored in each half to see the home team win 2 – 1 . - - = = = September = = = - - York suffered their first home league defeat of the season after AFC Wimbledon won 2 – 0 , with Michael Smith scoring in each half . Former Ipswich Town midfielder Josh Carson , who had a spell on loan with York the previous season , signed a contract until the end of 2013 – 14 and Sheffield United midfielder Elliott signed on a one @-@ month loan . Brobbel opened the scoring in the second minute of his home debut against Mansfield Town , although the away team went on to score twice to win 2 – 1 . York 's run of four defeats ended following a 1 – 1 draw away to Wycombe Wanderers , in which McGurk gave York the lead before the home team levelled through Dean Morgan . Taft was sent back to Leicester after he fell behind McGurk , Parslow and Smith in the pecking order for a central defensive berth . York achieved their first win since the opening day of the season after beating Portsmouth 4 – 2 at home , with Fletcher ( 2 ) , Montrose and Jarvis scoring . - - = = = October = = = - - Defender Luke O 'Neill was signed from Burnley on a 28 @-@ day emergency loan . He made his debut in York 's 3 – 0 win away at Torquay , which was the team 's first successive win of the season . York were knocked out of the Football League Trophy in the second round after being beaten 3 – 0 at home by League One team Rotherham United , before their winning streak in the league was ended with a 3 – 0 defeat away to Newport County . York drew 2 – 2 away to Chesterfield , having taken a two @-@ goal lead through O 'Neill and Jarvis , before the home team fought back through Armand and Jay O . The team then hosted Fleetwood Town , and the visitors won 2 – 0 with goals scored in each half by Gareth Evans and Matt . Scunthorpe United were beaten 4 – 1 at home to end York 's three @-@ match run without a win , with all the team 's goals coming in the first half from Carson , Fletcher and Brobbel ( 2 ) . - - = = = November = = = - - Bowman scored his first goals for York away to Cheltenham Town , as York twice fought back from behind to draw 2 – 2 . York drew 3 – 3 away to Bristol Rovers to earn a first round replay in the FA Cup , taking the lead through Jarvis before Eliot Richards equalised for the home team . Carson scored a 30 yard volley to put York back in the lead , and after Bristol Rovers goals from Matt and Chris , Fletcher scored an 86th @-@ minute equaliser for York . Bowman scored with a header from an O 'Neill cross to open the scoring at home to Plymouth Argyle , which was the first goal the visitors had conceded in 500 minutes of action . However , Plymouth equalised 11 minutes later through and the match finished a 1 – 1 draw . York were knocked out of the FA Cup after losing 3 – 2 at home to Bristol Rovers in a first round replay ; the visitors were 3 – 0 up by 50 @-@ minutes before Fletcher pulled two back for York with a penalty and a long @-@ range strike . - Defender Keith Lowe , of Cheltenham , and goalkeeper Nick Pope , of Charlton Athletic , were signed on loan until January 2014 . They both played in York 's first league defeat in four weeks , 2 – 1 away , to Southend United . gave Southend the lead early into the match and Bowman equalised for York with a low strike during the second half , before Luke Prosser scored the winning goal for the home side in stoppage time . With Pope preferred in goal , returned to Blackpool on his own accord , although his loan agreement would stay in place until January 2014 . York then drew 0 – 0 away to Morecambe . After Pope was recalled from his loan by Charlton , York signed Wolverhampton Wanderers goalkeeper Aaron McCarey on loan until January 2014 . McCarey kept a clean sheet in York 's 0 – 0 home draw with Rochdale . - - = = = December = = = - - Cresswell retired from playing as a result of an eye complaint and a knee injury . York drew 1 – 1 away to Burton Albion , with an own goal scored by Shane @-@ giving York the lead in the 64th @-@ minute before the home team equalised eight minutes later through Billy . Atkinson was released after failing to force himself into the first team and signed for Scarborough Athletic , with whom he had been on loan . York drew 0 – 0 at home with second @-@ placed Oxford United , in which Carson came closest to scoring with a volley that across the face of the goal . This was followed by another draw after the match away to Accrington Stanley finished 1 – 1 , with the home team 10 minutes after a Fletcher penalty had given York the lead in the 35th @-@ minute . Striker McDonald , who had been released by Peterborough United , was signed on a contract until the end of the season . York 's last match of 2013 was a 2 – 1 defeat away at Bury , a result that ended York 's run of consecutive draws at five . The home team were 2 – 0 up by the 19th @-@ minute , before Michael Coulson scored York 's goal in the 73rd @-@ minute . This result meant York would begin 2014 in 22nd @-@ position in the table , only out of the relegation zone on goal difference . - - = = = January = = = - - Jarvis scored the only goal in York 's first win since October 2013 , a 1 – 0 home victory over Morecambe on New Year 's Day . McCarey was recalled by Wolverhampton Wanderers due to an injury to one of their , while O 'Neill was recalled by Burnley to take part in their FA Cup match . York achieved back @-@ to @-@ back wins for the first time since October 2013 after Dagenham & Redbridge were beaten 3 – 1 at home , with Bowman opening the scoring in the second half before Fletcher scored twice . Adam Reed , who had a spell on loan with York in the previous season , was signed on a contract until the end of the season after parting company with Burton . Davies ' loan was extended , while Brobbel and returned to their parent clubs . Cheltenham club captain Russell Penn , a midfielder , was signed on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . Lowe was subsequently signed permanently from Cheltenham on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . Having been allowed to leave the club on a free transfer , Ashley Chambers signed for Conference Premier club Cambridge United . - York achieved three successive wins for the first time in 2013 – 14 after beating Northampton 2 – 0 away , with Bowman and Fletcher scoring in three @-@ second half minutes . Defender John McCombe was signed on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract following his release from Mansfield , before Clay and Jamal left York by mutual consent . Pope returned to York on loan from Charlton for the remainder of the season . York 's run of wins ended with a 0 – 0 draw at home to Bristol Rovers , before their first defeat of the year came after losing 2 – 0 away to Hartlepool . Preston winger Will Hayhurst , a Republic of Ireland under @-@ 21 international , was signed on a one @-@ month loan . York fell to a successive defeat for the first time since September 2013 after being beaten 2 – 0 at home by Chesterfield . Shortly after the match , Smith left the club by mutual consent to pursue first @-@ team football . - - = = = February = = = - - Fletcher scored a 90th @-@ minute winner for York away to Fleetwood in a 2 – 1 win , a result that ended Fleetwood 's five @-@ match unbeaten run . York then drew 0 – 0 at home to fellow mid @-@ table team Cheltenham , before beating Plymouth 4 – 0 away with goals from Fletcher , McCombe ( 2 ) and Carson as the team achieved successive away wins for the first time in 2013 – 14 . York went without scoring for a fourth consecutive home match after drawing 0 – 0 with Southend . Having worn the since an injury to McGurk , Penn was appointed captain for the rest of the season , a position that had earlier been held by Smith and Parslow . - - = = = March = = = - - York achieved their first home win in five matches after beating Exeter 2 – 1 , with first half goals scored by McCombe and Coulson . Hayhurst 's loan was extended to the end of the season , having impressed in his six appearances for the club . Coulson scored again with the only goal , a 41st @-@ minute header , in York 's 1 – 0 away win over AFC Wimbledon . Bowman scored the only goal with a 32nd @-@ minute penalty as York won 1 – 0 away against Mansfield , in which Fletcher missed the opportunity to extend the lead when his stoppage time penalty was saved by Alan Marriott . York moved one place outside the play @-@ offs with a 2 – 0 home win over Wycombe , courtesy of a second Bowman penalty in as many matches and a Carson goal from the edge of the penalty area . Coulson scored York 's only goal in a 1 – 0 away win over struggling Portsmouth with a low volley in the fifth @-@ minute ; this result meant York moved into the play @-@ offs in seventh @-@ place with eight fixtures remaining . - Striker Calvin Andrew , who had been released by Mansfield in January 2014 , was signed on a contract for the remainder of the season . He made his debut as a substitute in York 's 1 – 0 home win over bottom of the table Torquay , in which Hayhurst scored the only goal in the 11th @-@ minute with an 18 yard shot that off Aaron . Middlesbrough winger Brobbel rejoined on loan until the end of the season , following an injury to Carson . York 's run of successive wins ended on six matches after a 0 – 0 home draw with Burton , and this result saw York drop out of the play @-@ offs in eighth @-@ place . With the team recording six wins and one draw in March 2014 , including six clean sheets , Worthington was named League Two Manager of the Month . - - = = = April = = = - - Pope made a number of saves as York held league leaders Rochdale to a 0 – 0 away draw , with a point being enough to lift the team back into seventh @-@ place . York were prevented from equalling a club record of eight consecutive clean sheets when Accrington scored a stoppage time equaliser in a 1 – 1 home draw , in which York had taken earlier taken the lead with a Coulson penalty . A 1 – 0 win away win over Oxford , which was decided by a second half Coulson penalty , resulted in York moving one place above their opponents and back into seventh @-@ place . York consolidated their place in a play @-@ off position after beating Bury 1 – 0 at home with a fifth @-@ minute goal scored by Lowe from a Hayhurst corner . The result meant York opened up a five @-@ point lead over eighth @-@ placed Oxford with two fixtures remaining . A place in the League Two play @-@ offs was secured following a 1 – 0 win over Newport at home , in which Coulson scored the only goal in the 77th @-@ minute with a 25 yard free kick . Pope earned a nomination for League Two Player of the Month for April 2014 , having conceded only one goal in five matches in that period . - - = = = May = = = - - The league season concluded with an away match against divisional runners @-@ up Scunthorpe ; having gone two goals down York fought back to draw 2 – 2 with goals scored by Brobbel and Andrew . This result meant York finished the season in seventh @-@ place in League Two , and would thus play fourth @-@ placed Fleetwood in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final on the back of a 17 @-@ match unbeaten run . York lost 1 – 0 to Fleetwood in the first leg at Crescent ; the goal came from former York player Blair in the 50th @-@ minute , who scored from close range after Antoni 's shot was blocked on the line . A 0 – 0 draw away to Fleetwood in the second leg meant York were eliminated 1 – 0 on aggregate , ending the prospect of a second promotion in three seasons . At an awards night held at York Racecourse , Oyebanjo was voted of the Year for 2013 – 14 . - - = = Summary and aftermath = = - - York mostly occupied the bottom half of the table before the turn of the year , and dropped as low as 23rd in September 2013 . During February 2014 the team broke into the top half of the table and with one match left were in sixth @-@ place . York 's defensive record was the third best in League Two with 41 goals conceded , bettered only by Southend ( 39 ) and Chesterfield ( 40 ) . Davies made the highest number of appearances over the season , appearing in 47 of York 's 52 matches . Fletcher was York 's top scorer in the league and in all competitions , with 10 league goals and 13 in total . He was the only player to reach double figures , and was followed by Jarvis with nine goals . - After the season ended York released Tom Allan , Andrew , Dickinson , McDonald , Puri and Reed , while McGurk retired from professional football . Bowman and Oyebanjo left to sign for Torquay and Crawley Town respectively while Coulson signed a new contract with the club . York 's summer signings included goalkeeper Jason from Tranmere Rovers , defenders from Dagenham , Marvin McCoy from Wycombe and Dave Winfield from Shrewsbury Town , midfielders from Mansfield , Anthony from Southend and Luke from Shrewsbury and striker Jake Hyde from . - - = = Match details = = - - League positions are sourced by , while the remaining information is referenced individually . - - = = = Football League Two = = = - - - = = = League table ( part ) = = = - - - = = = FA Cup = = = - - - = = = League Cup = = = - - - = = = Football League Trophy = = = - - - = = = Football League Two play @-@ offs = = = - - - = = = = - - - = = = In = = = - - around club names denote the player 's contract with that club had expired before he joined York . - - = = = Out = = = - - around club names denote the player joined that club after his York contract expired . - - = = = Loan in = = = - - - = = = Loan out = = = - - - = = Appearances and goals = = - - Source : - Numbers in parentheses denote appearances as substitute . - Players with names struck through and marked left the club during the playing season . - Players with names in italics and marked * were on loan from another club for the whole of their season with York . - Players listed with no appearances have been in the squad but only as unused . - Key to positions : – ; – Defender ; – ; – Forward - - - = Antimony = - - Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb ( from Latin : stibium ) and atomic number 51 . A lustrous gray metalloid , it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite ( Sb2S3 ) . Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics ; metallic antimony was also known , but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery . In the West , it was first isolated by Biringuccio and described in 1540 , although in primitive cultures its powder has been used to cure eye , as also for eye shadow , since time immemorial , and is often referred to by its Arabic name , kohl . - For some time , China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds , with most production coming from the Mine in . The industrial methods to produce antimony are roasting and reduction using carbon or direct reduction of stibnite with iron . - The largest applications for metallic antimony are as material for lead and tin and for lead antimony plates in lead – acid batteries . lead and tin with antimony improves the properties of the alloys which are used in solders , bullets and plain bearings . Antimony compounds are prominent for chlorine and @-@ containing fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products . An emerging application is the use of antimony in . - - = = Characteristics = = - - - = = = Properties = = = - - Antimony is in the nitrogen group ( group 15 ) and has an of 2 @.@ 05 . As expected from periodic trends , it is more electronegative than tin or , and less electronegative than or arsenic . Antimony is stable in air at room temperature , but reacts with oxygen if heated , to form antimony trioxide , . - Antimony is a silvery , lustrous gray metalloid that has a scale hardness of 3 . Thus pure antimony is too soft to make hard objects ; coins made of antimony were issued in China 's province in 1931 , but because of their rapid wear , their was discontinued . Antimony is resistant to attack by acids . - Four of antimony are known : a stable metallic form and three metastable forms ( explosive , black and yellow ) . Elemental antimony is a brittle , silver @-@ white metalloid . When slowly cooled , molten antimony in a trigonal cell , with the gray allotrope of arsenic . A rare explosive form of antimony can be formed from the electrolysis of antimony . When with a sharp implement , an reaction occurs and white fumes are given off as metallic antimony is formed ; when rubbed with a in a mortar , a strong detonation occurs . Black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling of vapor derived from metallic antimony . It has the same crystal structure as red phosphorus and black arsenic , it oxidizes in air and may ignite spontaneously . At 100 ° C , it gradually transforms into the stable form . The yellow allotrope of antimony is the most unstable . It has only been generated by oxidation of stibine ( ) at − 90 ° C. Above this temperature and in ambient light , this metastable allotrope transforms into the more stable black allotrope . - Elemental antimony adopts a layered structure ( space group No. 166 ) in which layers consist of fused six @-@ membered rings . The nearest and next @-@ nearest neighbors form an irregular complex , with the three atoms in the same double layer being slightly closer than the three atoms in the next . This relatively close packing leads to a high density of 6 @.@ 697 g / cm3 , but the weak bonding between the layers leads to the low hardness and of antimony . - - = = = Isotopes = = = - - Antimony has two stable isotopes : with a natural abundance of 57 @.@ 36 % and with a natural abundance of 42 @.@ 64 % . It also has 35 , of which the longest @-@ lived is with a half @-@ life of 2 @.@ 75 years . In addition , 29 metastable states have been characterized . The most stable of these is with a half @-@ life of 5 @.@ 76 days . Isotopes that are lighter than the stable tend to decay by β + decay , and those that are heavier tend to decay by β − decay , with some exceptions . - - = = = Occurrence = = = - - The abundance of antimony in the Earth 's crust is estimated at 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 5 parts per million , comparable to at 0 @.@ 5 parts per million and silver at 0 @.@ 07 ppm . Even though this element is not abundant , it is found in over 100 mineral species . Antimony is sometimes found ( e.g. on Antimony Peak ) , but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite ( Sb2S3 ) which is the predominant ore mineral . - - = = Compounds = = - - Antimony compounds are often classified according to their oxidation state : Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) . The + 5 oxidation state is more stable . - - = = = and = = = - - Antimony trioxide ( Sb - 4O - 6 ) is formed when antimony is burnt in air . In the gas phase , this compound exists as Sb - 4O - 6 , but it upon . Antimony ( Sb - 4O - 10 ) can only be formed by oxidation by concentrated nitric acid . Antimony also forms a mixed @-@ valence oxide , antimony tetroxide ( Sb - 2O - 4 ) , which features both Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) . Unlike oxides of phosphorus and arsenic , these various oxides are , do not form well @-@ defined and react with acids to form antimony salts . - acid Sb ( OH ) - 3 is unknown , but the base sodium ( [ Na - - 3 ] - 4 ) forms upon fusing sodium oxide and Sb - 4O - 6 . Transition metal are also known . acid exists only as the hydrate ( OH ) - 6 , forming salts containing the anion Sb ( OH ) − - 6 . metal salts containing this anion yields mixed oxides . - Many antimony ores are sulfides , including stibnite ( Sb - 2S - 3 ) , ( - - 3 ) , , , and . Antimony is non @-@ stoichiometric and features antimony in the + 3 oxidation state and S @-@ S bonds . Several are known , such as [ Sb - - 10 ] 2 − and [ Sb - - 13 ] 2 − . - - = = = Halides = = = - - Antimony forms two series of halides : - 3 and - 5 . The SbF - 3 , SbCl - 3 , - 3 , and - 3 are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry . - The SbF - 3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb - 2O - 3 with HF : - Sb - 2O - 3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF - 3 + 3 H - 2O - It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF − - 4 and − - 5 . SbF - 3 is a weak electrical conductor . The SbCl - 3 is prepared by dissolving Sb - 2S - 3 in acid : - Sb - 2S - 3 + 6 → 2 SbCl - 3 + 3 H - 2S - The SbF - 5 and SbCl - 5 have trigonal molecular geometry in the gas phase , but in the liquid phase , SbF - 5 is , whereas SbCl - 5 is . SbF - 5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the acid ( " " ) . - are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus . Antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form compounds such as and ( ) - - 4 . - - = = = , , and compounds = = = - - Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3 − . Antimony forms antimonides with metals , such as indium antimonide ( ) and silver antimonide ( - ) . The alkali metal and zinc antimonides , such as and , are more reactive . these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine , - 3 : - Sb3 − + 3 H + → - 3 - can also be produced by treating Sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium spontaneously at room temperature . Because stibine has a positive heat of formation , it is unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly . - compounds are typically prepared by of antimony halides with reagents . A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) centers , including mixed @-@ organic derivatives , anions , and . Examples include Sb ( C6H5 ) 3 ( ) , ( C6H5 ) 4 ( with an Sb @-@ Sb bond ) , and cyclic [ Sb ( C6H5 ) ] n . compounds are common , examples being Sb ( C6H5 ) 5 and several related halides . - - = = History = = - - Antimony ( III ) sulfide , Sb2S3 , was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 BC , when the cosmetic palette was invented . - An artifact , said to be part of a vase , made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at , ( part of present @-@ day Iraq ) , and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and BC has been found in Egypt . Austen , at a lecture by Herbert Gladstone in 1892 commented that " we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal , which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase , and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable . " - was the artifact was indeed a vase , mentioning that , after his analysis of the object ( published in 1975 ) , " attempted to relate the metal to natural antimony " ( i.e. native metal ) and that " the antimony objects from are all small personal ornaments . " This weakens the evidence for a lost art " of rendering antimony malleable . " - The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise Natural History . Pliny the Elder also made a distinction between " male " and " female " forms of antimony ; the male form is probably the sulfide , while the female form , which is superior , heavier , and less , has been suspected to be native metallic antimony . - The Roman naturalist mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air . It is thought that this produced metallic antimony . - The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la of 1540 by Biringuccio ; this predates the more famous book by , De re . In this context has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony . The book ( The Chariot of Antimony ) , describing the preparation of metallic antimony , was published in Germany in 1604 . It was purported to have been written by a Benedictine monk , writing under the name , in the 15th century ; if it were authentic , which it is not , it would predate Biringuccio . - The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide , salt and potassium tartrate . This procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface . - With the advent of challenges to theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides , oxides , and other compounds , as is the case with other metals . - The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth 's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von in 1783 ; the type @-@ sample was collected from the Silver Mine in the mining district of , , Sweden . - - = = = Etymology = = = - - The ancient words for antimony mostly have , as their chief meaning , kohl , the sulfide of antimony . - The Egyptians called antimony ; in hieroglyphs , the vowels are uncertain , but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is . The Greek word , stimmi , is probably a loan word from Arabic or from Egyptian - and is used by tragic poets of the 5th century BC ; later Greeks also used , as did and Pliny , writing in Latin , in the first century AD . Pliny also gives the names [ sic ] , , alabaster , and the " very common " , " wide @-@ eye " ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) . Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium . The Arabic word for the substance , as opposed to the cosmetic , can appear as , , , or . suggests the first form , which is the earliest , derives from , an for stimmi . - The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to Jakob Berzelius , who used this abbreviation of the name stibium . The medieval Latin form , from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony , is antimonium . The origin of this is uncertain ; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation . The popular etymology , from anti @-@ or French , still has adherents ; this would mean " monk @-@ killer " , and is explained by many early being monks , and antimony being poisonous . - Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word , " against " , explained as " not found as metal " , or " not found " . conjectured a hypothetical Greek word , which would mean " " , and cites several examples of related Greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological . - The early uses of antimonium include the translations , in – 1100 , by Constantine the African of Arabic medical . Several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form ; derives it from ; other possibilities include , the Arabic name of the metalloid , and a hypothetical as @-@ stimmi , derived from or parallel to the Greek . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Top producers and production volumes = = = - - The British Geological Survey ( ) reported that in 2005 , China was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 % world share , followed at a distance by South Africa , Bolivia and . Mine in province has the largest deposits in China with an estimated deposit of 2 @.@ 1 million metric tons . - In 2010 , according to the US Geological Survey , China accounted for 88 @.@ 9 % of total antimony production with South Africa , Bolivia and Russia sharing the second place . - However , Roskill estimates for primary production show that in 2010 China held a 76 @.@ 75 % share of world supply with 120 @,@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @,@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @,@ tonnes of un @-@ reported production ) , followed by Russia ( 4 @.@ 14 % share , 6 @,@ 500 tonnes of production ) , ( 3 @.@ 76 % share , 5 @,@ tonnes ) , Canada ( 3 @.@ 61 % share , 5 @,@ 660 tonnes ) , ( 3 @.@ 42 % share , 5 @,@ 370 tonnes ) and Bolivia ( 3 @.@ 17 % share , 4 @,@ 980 tonnes ) . - Roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @,@ 540 tonnes . - Antimony was ranked first in a Risk List published by the British Geological Survey in the second half of 2011 . The list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current British economy and lifestyle . - Also , antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the EU in a report published in 2011 , primarily due to the lack of supply outside China . - production of antimony in China fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years , according to the Roskill report . No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years , and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted . - The world 's largest antimony producers , according to Roskill , are listed below : - - = = = Reserves = = = - - According to statistics from the USGS , current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years . However , the USGS expects more resources will be found . - - = = = Production process = = = - - The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore . Most antimony is mined as the sulfide ; lower @-@ grade ores are concentrated by flotation , while higher @-@ grade ores are heated to 500 – 600 ° C , the temperature at which stibnite and is separated from the minerals . Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by a reduction with scrap iron : - Sb - 2S - 3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 - The sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the of antimony ( III ) oxide , which is recovered from roasting . This material is often used directly for the main applications , impurities being arsenic and sulfide . antimony from its oxide is performed by a reduction : - 2 Sb - 2O - 3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO - 2 - The lower @-@ grade ores are reduced in blast while the higher @-@ grade ores are reduced in . - - = = Applications = = - - About 60 % of antimony is consumed in flame retardants , and 20 % is used in alloys for batteries , plain bearings and solders . - - = = = Flame retardants = = = - - Antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @-@ compounds . It is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants , with the only exception being in @-@ containing polymers . The formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame effect of antimony trioxide , due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals , thus inhibiting fire . for these flame @-@ applications include children 's clothing , toys , aircraft and automobile seat covers . It is also used in the fiberglass industry as an to for such items as light aircraft engine covers . The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed . - - = = = = = = - - Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead , increasing its hardness and mechanical strength . For most applications involving lead , varying amounts of antimony are used as metal . In lead – acid batteries , this addition improves the charging characteristics and reduces generation of hydrogen during charging . It is used in alloys ( such as metal ) , in bullets and lead shot , cable , type metal ( for example , for printing machines ) , ( some " lead @-@ free " solders contain 5 % Sb ) , in , and in alloys with low tin content in the manufacturing of organ pipes . - - = = = Other applications = = = - - Three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the consumption . One of these uses is as a and a catalyst for the production of . Another application is to serve as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass , mostly for TV screens ; this is achieved by the interaction of antimony ions with oxygen , interfering the latter from forming bubbles . The third major application is the use as pigment . - Antimony is being increasingly used in the industry as a for heavily doped n @-@ type silicon in the production of diodes , infrared detectors , and Hall @-@ effect devices . In the 1950s , tiny beads of a lead @-@ antimony alloy were used to the and collectors of n @-@ p @-@ n alloy junction with antimony . antimonide is used as a material for mid @-@ infrared detectors . - Few biological or medical applications exist for antimony . principally containing antimony are known as and are used as . Antimony compounds are used as drugs . tartrate , or tartar emetic , was once used as an anti @-@ drug from 1919 on . It was subsequently replaced by . Antimony and its compounds are used in several preparations like or lithium antimony , which is used as a skin in . Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on tissues , at least in animals . - Antimony @-@ based drugs , such as , are also considered the drugs of choice for treatment of in domestic animals . Unfortunately , as well as having low therapeutic , the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow , where some of the amastigotes reside , and so cure of the disease – especially the visceral form – is very difficult . Elemental antimony as an antimony pill was once used as a medicine . It could be reused by others after ingestion and elimination . - In the heads of some safety matches , antimony ( III ) sulfide is used . Antimony @-@ 124 is used together with beryllium in neutron sources ; the gamma rays emitted by antimony @-@ 124 initiate the of beryllium . The emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 keV . Antimony sulfides have been shown to help stabilize the friction coefficient in automotive brake pad materials . - Antimony also is used in the making of bullets and bullet . This element is also used in paint and glass art crafts and as in enamel . - - = = Precautions = = - - The effects of antimony and its compounds on human and environmental health differ widely . The massive antimony metal does not affect human and environmental health . Inhalation of antimony trioxide ( and similar poorly soluble Sb ( III ) dust particles such as antimony dust ) is considered harmful and suspected of causing cancer . However , these effects are only observed with female rats and after long @-@ term exposure to high dust concentrations . The effects are hypothesized to be attributed to inhalation of poorly soluble Sb particles leading to impaired lung clearance , lung , inflammation and ultimately formation , not to exposure to antimony ions ( , 2008 ) . Antimony are corrosive to skin . The effects of antimony are not comparable to arsenic ; this might be caused by the significant differences of uptake , metabolism and between arsenic and antimony . - For oral absorption , ( 1994 ) recommended values of 10 % for tartar emetic and 1 % for all other antimony compounds . absorption for metals is estimated at most 1 % ( , 2007 ) . Inhalation absorption of antimony trioxide and other poorly soluble Sb ( III ) substances ( such as antimony dust ) is estimated at 6 @.@ 8 % ( , 2008 ) , whereas a value < 1 % is derived for Sb ( V ) substances . Antimony ( V ) is not reduced to antimony ( III ) in the cell , and both species exist simultaneously . - Antimony is mainly excreted from the human body via urine . Antimony and its compounds do not cause acute human health effects , with the exception of antimony potassium tartrate ( " tartar emetic " ) , a that is intentionally used to treat patients . - skin contact with antimony dust may cause . However , it was agreed at the European Union level that the skin observed are not substance @-@ specific , but most probably due to a physical blocking of ( / PR / 09 / 09 , Helsinki , 6 July 2009 ) . Antimony dust may also be explosive when dispersed in the air ; when in a bulk solid it is not . - Antimony is incompatible with strong acids , halogenated acids , and ; when exposed to newly formed hydrogen it may form stibine ( ) . - The 8 hour time weighted average ( TWA ) is set at 0 @.@ 5 mg / m3 by the American Conference of Industrial and by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( ) as a legal permissible exposure limit ( ) in the workplace . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( ) of 0 @.@ 5 mg / m3 as an 8 hour TWA . Antimony compounds are used as for ( ) production . Some studies report minor antimony from bottles into liquids , but levels are below drinking water guidelines . Antimony concentrations in fruit juice concentrates were somewhat higher ( up to 44 @.@ 7 µg / L of antimony ) , but do not fall under the drinking water regulations . The drinking water guidelines are : - World Health Organization : 20 µg / L - Japan : 15 µg / L - United States Environmental Protection Agency , Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment : 6 µg / L - EU and German Federal Ministry of Environment : 5 µg / L - The proposed by WHO is 6 µg antimony per kilogram of body weight . The ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value for antimony is 50 mg / m3 . - - - = Mortimer Wheeler = - - Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH , , MC , , , FRS , ( 10 September 1890 – 22 July 1976 ) was a British archaeologist and officer in the British Army . Over the course of his career , he served as Director of both the National Museum of Wales and London Museum , Director @-@ General of the Archaeological Survey of India , and the founder and Honorary Director of the Institute of Archaeology in London , further writing twenty @-@ four books on archaeological subjects . - Born in Glasgow to a middle @-@ class family , Wheeler was raised largely in Yorkshire before relocating to London in his teenage years . After studying Classics at University College London ( UCL ) , he began working professionally in archaeology , specializing in the Romano @-@ British period . During World War I he volunteered for service in the Royal Artillery , being stationed on the Western Front , where he rose to the rank of major and was awarded the Military Cross . Returning to Britain , he obtained his doctorate from UCL before taking on a position at the National Museum of Wales , first as Keeper of Archaeology and then as Director , during which time he oversaw excavation at the Roman forts of Segontium , Y , and Augusta with the aid of his first wife , Tessa Wheeler . by the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers , Wheeler argued that excavation and the recording of context required an increasingly scientific and methodical approach , developing the " Wheeler Method " . In 1926 , he was appointed Keeper of the London Museum ; there , he oversaw a reorganisation of the collection , successfully lobbied for increased funding , and began lecturing at UCL . - In 1934 , he established the Institute of Archaeology as part of the federal University of London , adopting the position of Honorary Director . In this period , he oversaw excavations of the Roman sites at Lydney Park and Verulamium and the Iron Age hill fort of Maidan Castle . During World War II , he re @-@ joined the Armed Forces and rose to the rank of brigadier , serving in the North African Campaign and then the Allied invasion of Italy . In 1944 he was appointed Director @-@ General of the Archaeological Survey of India , through which he oversaw excavations of sites at Harappa , Arikamedu , and , and implemented reforms to the subcontinent 's archaeological establishment . Returning to Britain in 1948 , he divided his time between lecturing for the Institute of Archaeology and acting as archaeological adviser to Pakistan 's government . In later life , his popular books , cruise ship lectures , and appearances on radio and television , particularly the BBC series Animal , , Mineral ? , helped to bring archaeology to a mass audience . Appointed Honorary Secretary of the British Academy , he raised large sums of money for archaeological projects , and was appointed British representative for several UNESCO projects . - Wheeler is recognised as one of the most important British archaeologists of the twentieth century , responsible for successfully encouraging British public interest in the discipline and advancing methodologies of excavation and recording . Further , he is widely acclaimed as a major figure in the establishment of South Asian archaeology . However , many of his specific interpretations of archaeological sites have been discredited or , and he was often criticised for bullying colleagues and sexually harassing young women . - - = = Early life = = - - - = = = Childhood : 1890 – 1907 = = = - - Mortimer Wheeler was born on 10 September 1890 in the city of Glasgow , Scotland . He was the first child of the journalist Robert Mortimer Wheeler and his second wife Emily Wheeler ( née ) . The son of a tea merchant based in Bristol , in youth Robert had considered becoming a Baptist minister , but instead became a staunch while studying at the University of Edinburgh . Initially working as a lecturer in English literature , Robert turned to journalism after his first wife died in childbirth . His second wife , Emily , shared her husband 's interest in English literature , and was the niece of Thomas Spencer , a Shakespearean scholar at St. Andrews University . Their marriage was emotionally strained , a situation exacerbated by their financial insecurity . Within two years of their son 's birth , the family moved to Edinburgh , where a daughter named Amy was born . The couple gave their two children nicknames , with Mortimer being " " and Amy being " " . - When Wheeler was four , his father was appointed chief leader writer for the Bradford Observer . The family relocated to , a village northwest of Bradford , a cosmopolitan city in Yorkshire , northeast England , which was then in the midst of the wool trade boom . Wheeler was inspired by the surrounding and fascinated by the area 's archaeology . He later wrote about discovering a late prehistoric cup @-@ marked stone , searching for on Moor , and digging into a barrow on Moor . Although suffering from ill health , Emily Wheeler taught her two children with the help of a maid up to the age of seven or eight . Mortimer remained emotionally distant from his mother , instead being far closer to his father , whose company he favoured over that of other children . His father had a keen interest in natural history and a love of fishing and shooting , rural in which he encouraged Mortimer to take part . Robert acquired many books for his son , particularly on the subject of art history , with Wheeler loving to both read and paint . - In 1899 , Wheeler joined Bradford Grammar School shortly before his ninth birthday , where he proceeded straight to the second form . In 1902 Robert and Emily had a second daughter , whom they named Betty ; Mortimer showed little interest in this younger sister . In 1905 , Robert agreed to take over as head of the London office of his newspaper , by then renamed the Yorkshire Daily Observer , and so the family relocated to the southeast of the city in December , settling into a house named Carlton Lodge on South Croydon Road , West . In 1908 they moved to 14 Avenue in nearby Hill . Rather than being sent for a conventional education , when he was 15 Wheeler was instructed to educate himself by spending time in London , where he frequented The National Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum . - - = = = University and early career : 1907 – 14 = = = - - After passing the entrance exam on his second attempt , in 1907 Wheeler was awarded a scholarship to read classical studies at University College London ( UCL ) , daily from his parental home to the university campus in Bloomsbury , central London . At UCL , he was taught by the prominent A. E. . During his undergraduate studies , he became editor of the Union Magazine , for which he produced a number of illustrated cartoons . Increasingly interested in art , he decided to switch from classical studies to a course at UCL 's art school , the School of Fine Art ; he returned to his previous subject after coming to the opinion that – in his words – he never became more than " a conventionally accomplished picture maker " . This interlude had adversely affected his classical studies , and he received a second class on graduating . - Wheeler began studying for a Master of Arts degree in classical studies , which he attained in 1912 . During this period , he also gained employment as the personal secretary of the UCL Provost Gregory Foster , although he later criticised Foster for transforming the university from " a college in the truly academic sense [ into ] a as little like a college as a is like a man " . It was also at this time of life that he met and began a relationship with Tessa , a student then studying history at UCL , when they were both serving on the committee of the University College Literary Society . - During his studies , Wheeler had developed his love of archaeology , having joined an excavation of , a Romano @-@ British settlement in , in 1913 . Considering a profession in the discipline , he won a that had been established jointly by the University of London and the Society of Antiquaries in memory of Augustus Franks . The prominent archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans doubled the amount of money that went with the . Wheeler 's proposed project had been to Romano @-@ Rhenish pottery , and with the grant he funded a trip to the Rhineland in Germany , there studying the Roman pottery housed in local museums ; his research into this subject was never published . - At this period , there were very few jobs available within British archaeology ; as the later archaeologist Stuart Piggott related , " the young Wheeler was looking for a professional job where the profession had yet to be created . " In 1913 Wheeler secured a position as junior investigator for the English Royal Commission on Historical Monuments , who were embarking on a project to assess the state of all structures in the nation that pre @-@ dated 1714 . As part of this , he was first sent to in Essex to assess Late Medieval buildings , although once that was accomplished he focused on studying the Romano @-@ British remains of that county . In summer 1914 he married Tessa in a low @-@ key , secular wedding ceremony , before they moved into Wheeler 's parental home in Hill . - - = = = First World War : 1914 – 18 = = = - - After the United Kingdom 's entry into World War I in 1914 , Wheeler volunteered for the armed forces . Although preferring solitary to group activities , Wheeler found that he greatly enjoyed . For the next seven months , he was posted as an instructor in the University of London Officer Training Corps . It was during this period , in January 1915 , that a son was born to the Wheelers , and named Michael . Michael was their only child , something that was a social anomaly at the time , although it is unknown if this was by choice or not . In May 1915 , Wheeler transferred to the Royal Field Artillery ( Territorial Force ) and shortly thereafter was appointed captain . In this position he was stationed at various bases across Britain , often bringing his wife and child with him ; his responsibility was as a battery commander , initially of field guns and later of howitzers . - In October 1917 Wheeler was posted to the 76th Army Field Artillery Brigade , one of the Royal Field Artillery brigades under the direct control of the General Officer Commanding , Third Army . The brigade was then stationed in Belgium , where it had been engaged in the Battle of Passchendaele against German troops along the Western Front . There , he was immediately placed in command of an artillery battery , replacing a major who had been poisoned by gas . Being promoted to the rank of acting major , he was part of the Left Group of artillery covering the advancing Allied infantry in the battle . Throughout , he maintained with his wife , his sister Amy , and his parents . After the Allied victory in the battle , the brigade was transferred to Italy . - Wheeler and the brigade arrived in Italy on 20 November , and proceeded through the Italian to reach , where it had been sent to bolster the Italian troops against a German and Austro @-@ Hungarian advance . As the Russian Republic removed itself from the war , the German Army its efforts on the Western Front , and so in March 1918 Wheeler 's brigade was ordered to leave Italy , getting a train from to Rouen in France . Back on the Western Front , the brigade was assigned to the 2nd Division , again part of Julian 's Third Army , reaching a stable area of the front in April . Here , Wheeler was engaged in artillery fire for several months , before the British went on the offensive in August . On 24 August , in between the ruined villages of and , he led an expedition which captured two German field guns while under heavy fire from a castle mound ; he was later awarded the Military Cross for this action . Wheeler continued as part of the British forces pushing westward until the German surrender in November 1918 . He was not for several months , instead being stationed at in Germany until March ; during this time he wrote up his earlier research on Romano @-@ Rhenish pottery , making use of access to local museums , before returning to London in July 1919 . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = National Museum of Wales : 1919 – 26 = = = - - On returning to London , Wheeler moved into a top @-@ floor flat near Gordon Square with his wife and child . He returned to working for the Royal Commission , examining and the historic structures of Essex . In doing so , he produced his first publication , an academic paper on Colchester 's Roman Gate which was published in the Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society in 1920 . He soon followed this with two papers in the Journal of Roman Studies ; the first offered a wider analysis of Roman Colchester , while the latter outlined his discovery of the vaulting for the city 's Temple of Claudius which was destroyed by 's revolt . In doing so , he developed a reputation as a Roman archaeologist in Britain . He then submitted his research on Romano @-@ Rhenish pots to the University of London , on the basis of which he was awarded his Doctorate of Letters ; until his knighthood he styled himself as Dr Wheeler . He was unsatisfied with his job in the Commission , unhappy that he was receiving less pay and a lower status than he had had in the army , and so began to seek out alternative employment . - He obtained a post as the Keeper of Archaeology at the National Museum of Wales , a job that also entailed becoming a lecturer in archaeology at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire . Taking up this position , he moved to Cardiff with his family in August 1920 , although he initially disliked the city . The museum was in ; prior to the war , construction had begun on a new purpose @-@ built building to house the collections . This had ceased during the conflict and the edifice was left abandoned during Cardiff 's post @-@ war economic slump . Wheeler recognised that Wales was very divided regionally , with many Welsh people having little loyalty to Cardiff ; thus , he made a point of touring the country , lecturing to local societies about archaeology . According to the later archaeologist Lydia C. Carr , the Wheelers ' work for the cause of the museum was part of a wider " cultural @-@ nationalist movement " linked to growing Welsh nationalism during this period ; for instance , the Welsh nationalist party Cymru was founded in 1925 . - Wheeler was impatient to start excavations , and in July 1921 started a six @-@ week project to excavate at the Roman fort of Segontium ; accompanied by his wife , he used up his holiday to oversee the project . A second season of excavation at the site followed in 1922 . influenced by the writings of the archaeologist Augustus Pitt @-@ Rivers , Wheeler emphasised the need for a strong , developed methodology when undertaking an archaeological excavation , believing in the need for strategic planning , or what he termed " controlled discovery " , with clear objectives in mind for a project . Further emphasising the importance of prompt publication of research results , he wrote full seasonal reports for before publishing a full report , Segontium and the Roman Occupation of Wales . Wheeler was keen on training new generations of archaeologists , and two of the most prominent students to excavate with him at Segontium were Victor Nash @-@ Williams and Ian Richmond . - Over the field seasons of 1924 and 1925 , Wheeler ran excavations of the Roman fort of Y near , a project aided by his wife and two archaeological students , Myres and Christopher Hawkes . During this project , he was visited by the prominent Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie and his wife Hilda Petrie ; Wheeler greatly admired Petrie 's emphasis on strong archaeological methodologies . Wheeler published the results of his excavation in The Roman Fort Near . He then began excavations at Augusta , a Roman site in , where he focused on revealing the Roman amphitheatre . Intent on attracting press attention to both raise public awareness of archaeology and attract new sources of funding , he contacted the press and organised a sponsorship of the excavation by the middle @-@ market newspaper the Daily Mail . In doing so , he emphasised the and legendary associations that the site had with King Arthur . In 1925 , Oxford University Press published Wheeler 's first book for a general audience , Prehistoric and Roman Wales ; he later expressed the opinion that it was not a good book . - In 1924 , the Director of the National Museum of Wales , William Evans , resigned amid ill health . Wheeler applied to take on the role of his replacement , providing supportive from Charles Reed , Robert , and H. J. . Although he had no prior museum experience , he was successful in his application and was appointed Director . He then employed a close friend , Cyril Fox , to take on the vacated position of Keeper of Archaeology . Wheeler 's proposed reforms included extending the institution 's reach and influence throughout Wales by building affiliations with regional museums , and focusing on fundraising to finance the completion of the new museum premises . He obtained a £ 21 @,@ 367 donation from the wealthy William Smith and appointed Smith to be the museum 's treasurer , and also travelled to , London , where he successfully urged the British Treasury to provide further funding for the museum . As a result , construction on the museum 's new building was able to continue , and it was officially opened by King George V in 1927 . - - = = = London Museum : 1926 – 33 = = = - - Upon the retirement of the Keeper of the London Museum , Harmon Oates , Wheeler was invited to fill the vacancy . He had been considering a return to London for some time and eagerly agreed , taking on the post , which was based at Lancaster House in the St James 's area , in July 1926 . In Wales , many felt that Wheeler had simply taken the directorship of the National Museum to advance his own career prospects , and that he had abandoned them when a better offer came along . Wheeler himself disagreed , believing that he had left Fox at the Museum as his obvious successor , and that the reforms he had implemented would therefore continue . The position initially provided Wheeler with an annual salary of £ 600 , which resulted in a decline in living standards for his family , who moved into a flat near to Victoria Station . - Tessa 's biographer Carr later commented that together , the Wheelers " the London Museum " . Wheeler expressed his opinion that the museum " had to be cleaned , , and ; in general , turned from a junk shop into a rational institution " . Focusing on the exhibits and developing a more efficient method of the artefacts , he also authored A Short Guide to the Collections , before using the items in the museum to write three books : London and the Vikings , London and the Saxons , and London and the Romans . Upon his arrival , the Treasury allocated the museum an annual budget of £ 5 @,@ 000 , which Wheeler deemed insufficient for its needs . In 1930 , Wheeler persuaded them to increase that budget , as he highlighted increasing visitor numbers , publications , and acquisitions , as well as a rise in the number of educational projects . With this additional funding , he was able to employ more staff and increase his own annual salary to £ 900 . - Soon after joining the museum , Wheeler was elected to the council of the Society of Antiquaries . Through the Society , he became involved in the debate as to who should finance archaeological supervision of building projects in Greater London ; his argument was that the City of London Corporation should provide the funding , although in 1926 it was agreed that the Society itself would employ a director of excavation based in Lancaster House to take on the position . Also involved in the largely Royal Archaeological Institute , Wheeler organised its relocation to Lancaster House . In 1927 , Wheeler took on an unpaid at University College London , where he established a graduate course on archaeology ; one of the first to enroll was Stuart Piggott . In 1928 , Wheeler an exhibit at UCL on " Recent Work in British Archaeology " , for which he attracted much press attention . - Wheeler was keen to continue archaeological outside London , undertaking excavations every year from 1926 to 1939 . After completing his excavation of the amphitheatre in 1928 , he began at the Roman settlement and temple in Lydney Park , Gloucestershire , having been invited to do so by the aristocratic landowner , Charles Bathurst . It was during these investigations that Wheeler personally discovered the Lydney of coinage . Wheeler and his wife jointly published their excavation report in 1932 as Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric , Roman and Post @-@ Roman Site in Lydney Park , Gloucestershire , which Piggott noted had " set the pattern " for all Wheeler 's future excavation reports . - From there , Wheeler was invited to direct a Society of Antiquaries excavation at the Roman settlement of Verulamium , which existed on land recently acquired by the Corporation of St Albans . He took on this role for four seasons from 1930 to 1933 , before leaving a fifth season of excavation under the control of the archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon and the architect A. W. G. . Wheeler enjoyed the opportunity to excavate at a civilian as opposed to military site , and also liked its proximity to his home in London . He was particularly interested in searching for a pre @-@ Roman Iron Age oppidum at the site , noting that the existence of a nearby settlement was attested to in both classical texts and numismatic evidence . With Wheeler focusing his attention on potential Iron Age evidence , Tessa concentrated on excavating the inside of the city walls ; Wheeler had affairs with at least three assistants during the project . After Tessa wrote two interim reports , the final excavation report was finally published in 1936 as Verulamium : A and Two Roman Cities , jointly written by Wheeler and his wife . The report resulted in the first major published criticism of Wheeler , produced by the young archaeologist Myres in a review for Antiquity ; although stating that there was much to praise about the work , he critiqued Wheeler 's selective excavation , dubious dating , and . Wheeler responded with a piece in which he defended his work and launched a personal attack on both Myres and Myres 's employer , Christ Church , Oxford . - - = = = Institute of Archaeology : 1934 – 39 = = = - - Wheeler had long desired to establish an academic institution devoted to archaeology that could be based in London . He hoped that it could become a centre in which to establish the professionalisation of archaeology as a discipline , with systematic training of students in methodological techniques of excavation and conservation and recognised professional standards ; in his words , he hoped " to convert archaeology into a discipline worthy of that name in all senses " . He further described his intention that the Institute should become " a laboratory : a laboratory of archaeological science " . Many archaeologists shared his hopes , and to this end Petrie had donated much of his collection of Near Eastern artefacts to Wheeler , in the hope that it would be included in such an institution . Wheeler was later able to persuade the University of London , a federation of institutions across the capital , to support the venture , and both he and Tessa began raising funds from wealthy . In 1934 , the Institute of Archaeology was officially opened , albeit at this point without premises or academic staff ; the first students to enroll were Rachel Clay and Barbara Parker , who went on to have careers in the discipline . While Wheeler – who was still Keeper of the London Museum – took on the role of Honorary Director of the Institute , he installed the archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon as secretary of the Management Committee , describing her as " a level @-@ headed person , with useful experience " . - After ending his work at Verulamium , Wheeler turned his attention to the late Iron Age hill @-@ fort of Maidan Castle near to , Dorset , where he excavated for four seasons from 1934 to 1937 . Co @-@ directed by Wheeler , Tessa , and the Curator of Dorset County Museum , Charles Drew , the project was carried out under the joint auspices of the Society of Antiquaries and the Dorset Field Club . With around 100 assistants each season , the dig constituted the largest excavation that had been conducted in Britain up to that point , with Wheeler organising weekly meetings with the press to inform them about any discoveries . His excavation report was published in 1943 as Maidan Castle , Dorset . The report 's publication allowed further criticism to be voiced of Wheeler 's approach and interpretations ; in his review of the book , the archaeologist W. F. Grimes criticised the highly selective nature of the excavation , noting that Wheeler had not asked questions regarding the socio @-@ economic issues of the community at Maidan Castle , aspects of past societies that had come to be of increasing interest to British archaeology . Over coming decades , as further excavations were carried out at the site and archaeologists developed a greater knowledge of Iron Age Britain , much of Wheeler 's interpretation of the site and its development was shown to be wrong , in particular by the work of the archaeologist Niall . - In 1936 , Wheeler embarked on a visit to the Near East , sailing from to Port Said , where he visited the Old Kingdom tombs of . From there he went via Sinai to Palestine , Lebanon , and Syria . During this trip , he visited various archaeological projects , but was dismayed by the quality of their excavations ; in particular , he noted that the American @-@ run excavation at Tel was adopting standards that had been rejected in Britain twenty @-@ five years previously . He was away for six weeks , and upon his return to Europe discovered that his wife Tessa had died of a pulmonary after a minor operation on her toe . According to Tessa 's biographer , for Wheeler this discovery was " the peak of mental misery , and marked the end of his ability to feel a certain kind of love " . That winter , his father also died . By the summer of 1937 , he had embarked on a new romance , with a young woman named Mavis de Cole , who had first met Wheeler when visiting the Maidan Castle excavations with her then @-@ lover , the painter Augustus John . After she eventually agreed to his repeated requests for marriage , the two were early in 1939 in a ceremony held at Caxton Hall , with a reception at Shelley House . They proceeded on a honeymoon to the Middle East . - After a search that had taken several years , Wheeler was able to secure a premises for the Institute of Archaeology : St. John 's Lodge in Regent 's Park , central London . Left empty since its use as a hospital during the First World War , the building was owned by the Crown and was controlled by the First Commissioner of Works , William @-@ ; he was very sympathetic to archaeology , and leased the building to the Institute at a low rent . The St. John 's Lodge premises were officially opened on 29 April 1937 . During his speech at the ceremony , the University of London 's Vice @-@ Chancellor Charles Reed made it clear that the building was only intended as a temporary home for the Institute , which it was hoped would be able to move to Bloomsbury , the city 's academic hub . In his speech , the university 's Chancellor , Alexander Cambridge , 1st Earl of , compared the new institution to both the Institute of Historical Research and the Institute of Art . - Wheeler had also become President of the Museums Association , and in a presidential address given in Belfast talked on the topic of preserving museum collections in war time , believing that Britain 's involvement in a second European conflict was imminent . In anticipation of this event , in August 1939 he arranged for the London Museum to place many of its most important collections into safe keeping . He was also awarded an honorary doctorate from Bristol University , and at the award ceremony met the Conservative Party politician Winston Churchill , who was then engaged in writing his multi @-@ volume A History of the English @-@ Speaking Peoples ; Churchill asked Wheeler to aid him in writing about late prehistoric and early medieval Britain , to which the latter agreed . - After Maidan Castle , Wheeler turned his attention to France , where the archaeological investigation of Iron Age sites had behind developments in Britain . There , he oversaw a series of surveys and excavations with the aid of Leslie Scott , beginning with a survey tour of Brittany in the winter of 1936 – 37 . After this , Wheeler decided to excavate the oppidum at Camp d , near , . In addition to bringing many British archaeologists to work on the site , he hired six local Breton to assist the project , coming to the belief that the oppidum had been erected by local Iron Age tribes to defend themselves from the Roman invasion led by Julius Caesar . Meanwhile , Scott had been placed in charge of an excavation at the smaller nearby hill fort of , near . In July 1939 , the project focused its attention on Normandy , with excavations beginning at the Iron Age hill forts of Camp de Canada and . They were brought to an abrupt halt in September 1939 as the Second World War broke out in Europe , and the team evacuated back to Britain . Wheeler 's excavation report , co @-@ written with Katherine Richardson , was eventually published as Hill @-@ forts of Northern France in 1957 . - - = = = Second World War : 1939 – 45 = = = - - Wheeler had been expecting and openly hoping for war with Nazi Germany for a year prior to the outbreak of hostilities ; he believed that the United Kingdom 's involvement in the conflict would remedy the shame that he thought had been brought upon the country by its signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938 . for the armed services , he was assigned to assemble the 48th Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Battery at , where he set about recruiting volunteers , including his son . As the 48th swelled in size , it was converted into the 42nd Mobile Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment in the Royal Artillery , which consisted of four batteries and was led by Wheeler – now promoted to the rank of colonel – as Commanding Officer . Given the nickname of " Flash " by those serving under him , he was recognised by colleagues as a ruthless disciplinarian and was blamed by many for the death of one of his soldiers from influenza during training . Having been appointed secretary of the Society of Antiquaries in 1939 and then director in 1940 , he travelled to London to deal with society affairs on various occasions . In 1941 Wheeler was awarded a Fellowship of the British Academy . Cole had meanwhile entered into an affair with a man named Clive , who lambasted Wheeler as " that " . When Wheeler discovered in bed with his wife , he initiated divorce proceedings that were finalised in March 1942 . - In the summer of 1941 , Wheeler and three of his batteries were assigned to fight against German and Italian forces in the North African Campaign . In September , they set sail from Glasgow aboard the Empress of Russia ; because the Mediterranean was controlled largely by enemy naval forces , they were forced to travel via the Cape of Good Hope , before taking shore leave in Durban . There , Wheeler visited the local to compare them with the settlements of Iron Age Britain . The ship docked in Aden , where Wheeler and his men again took shore leave . They soon reached the British @-@ controlled Suez , where they disembarked and were stationed on the shores of the Great Lake . There , Wheeler took a brief leave of absence to travel to Jerusalem , where he visited Petrie on his hospital deathbed . Back in Egypt , he gained permission to fly as a front gunner in a Wellington bomber on a bombing raid against Axis forces , to better understand what it was like for aircrew to be fired on by an anti @-@ aircraft battery . - Serving with the Eighth Army , Wheeler was present in North Africa when the Axis armies pushed the Allies back to El . He was also part of the Allied counter @-@ push , taking part in the Second Battle of El and the advance on Axis @-@ held Tripoli . On the way he became concerned that the archaeological sites of North Africa were being threatened both by the fighting and the occupying forces . After the British secured control of Libya , Wheeler visited Tripoli and Magna , where he found that Roman remains had been damaged and vandalised by British troops ; he brought about reforms to prevent this , lecturing to the troops on the importance of preserving archaeology , making many monuments out @-@ of @-@ bounds , and ensuring that the Royal Air Force changed its plans to construct a radar station in the midst of a Roman settlement . Aware that the British were planning to invade and occupy the Italian island of Sicily , he insisted that measures be introduced to preserve the historic and archaeological monuments on the island . - Promoted to the rank of brigadier , after the German surrender in North Africa , Wheeler was sent to Algiers where he was part of the staff committee planning the invasion of Italy . There , he learned that the India Office had requested that the army relieve him of his duties to permit him to be appointed Director General of Archaeology in India . Although he had never been to the country , he agreed that he would take the job on the condition that he be permitted to take part in the invasion of Italy first . As intended , Wheeler and his 12th Anti @-@ Aircraft Brigade then took part in the invasion of Sicily and then mainland Italy , where they were ordered to use their anti @-@ aircraft guns to protect the British 10th Corps . As the Allies advanced north through Italy , Wheeler spent time in Naples and then Capri , where he met various who had anti @-@ fascist sympathies . - Wheeler left Italy in November 1943 and returned to London . There , he resigned as the director of the London Museum and focused on organising the Institute of Archaeology , preparing it for its adoption of a new director , V. Gordon Childe , after the war . He also resigned as director of the Society of Antiquaries , but was appointed the group 's representative to the newly formed Council for British Archaeology . He developed a relationship with a woman named Kim Collingridge , and asked her to marry him . As she was a devout Roman Catholic , he officially converted to the religion , something which shocked many of his friends , who believed that he was being dishonest because he did not genuinely believe in the doctrines of the faith . He then set sail for Bombay aboard a transport ship , the City of Exeter , in February 1944 . - - = = = Archaeological Survey of India : 1944 – 48 = = = - - Wheeler arrived in Bombay in the spring of 1944 . There , he was welcomed by the city 's governor , John , before heading by train to Delhi and then , where the headquarters of the Archaeological Survey of India were located . Wheeler had been suggested for the job by Archibald Wavell , the Viceroy of India , who had been acting on the recommendations of the archaeologist Leonard Woolley , who had authored a report lamenting the state of the archaeological establishment in the British @-@ controlled subcontinent . Wheeler recognised this state of affairs , in a letter to a friend complaining about the lack of finances and equipment , commenting that " We 're back in 1850 " . He initially found much to dislike in India , and in his letters to friends in Britain expressed derogatory and racist sentiments toward Indians : he stated that " they feed wrongly and think wrongly and live wrongly ... I already find myself regarding them as ill @-@ made clockwork toys rather than as human beings , and I find myself bullying them most brutally . " He expelled those staff members whom he deemed too idle , and physically beat others in an attempt to motivate them . - From the beginning of his tenure , he sought to distance himself from previous Director @-@ Generals and their administrations by criticising them in print and attempting to introduce new staff who had no loyalty to his predecessors . with a four @-@ year contract , Wheeler attempted to recruit two archaeologists from Britain , Glyn Daniel and Stuart Piggott , to aid him in reforming the Archaeological Survey , although they declined the offer . He then toured the subcontinent , seeking to meet all of the Survey 's staff members . He had drawn up a containing research questions that he wanted the Survey to focus on ; these included understanding the period between the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization and the Achaemenid Empire , discerning the socio @-@ cultural background to the , dating the invasion , and establishing a dating system for southern India prior to the sixth century CE . During his time in office he also achieved a 25 per cent budget increase for the Archaeological Survey , and convinced the government to agree to the construction of a National Museum of Archaeology , to be built in New Delhi . - In October 1944 , he opened his six @-@ month archaeological field school in , where he instructed various students from across India in the methodologies of the discipline . Wheeler became very fond of his students , with one of them , B. B. Lal , later commenting that " behind the exterior , Sir Mortimer had a very kind and sympathetic heart " . Throughout his period in India , his students were some of the only individuals to whom Wheeler warmed ; more widely , he was annoyed by what he saw as the idleness , incompetence and corruption of Indian society . Initially focusing on the northwest of the subcontinent , Wheeler was particularly fascinated by the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization . On his initial inspection of the Indus Valley sites of Mohenjo @-@ daro and Harappa , he organised a very brief excavation which revealed fortifications around both settlements . He later led a more detailed excavation at Harappa , where he exposed further fortifications and established a for the settlement . - Turning his attention to southern India , Wheeler discovered remnants of a Roman in a museum , and began excavations at Arikamedu , revealing a port from the first century CE which had traded in goods from the Roman Empire . The excavation had been plagued by severe rains and tropical heat , although it was during the excavation that World War II ended ; in celebration , Wheeler gave all his workers an extra for the day . It has since been alleged that while Wheeler took credit for discovering the significance of this site , it had previously been established by A. , the Superintendent of the Government Museum in Madras , and the French archaeologist Dubreuil , with Wheeler intentionally ignoring their contribution . He later undertook excavations of six megalithic tombs in , Mysore , which enabled him to gain a chronology for the archaeology of much of southern India . - Wheeler established a new archaeological journal , Ancient India , planning for it to be published twice a year . He had trouble securing printing paper and faced various delays ; the first issue was released in January 1946 , and he would release three further volumes during his stay . Wheeler married Kim Collingridge in , before he and his wife took part in an Indian Cultural Mission to Iran . The Indian government had deemed Wheeler ideal to lead the group , which departed via train to before visiting , Tehran , , , , and . Wheeler enjoyed the trip , and was envious of Tehran 's archaeological museum and library , which was far in advance of anything then found in India . Crossing into Iraq , in Baghdad the team caught a flight back to Delhi . In 1946 , he was involved in a second cultural mission , this time to Afghanistan , where he expressed a particular interest in the kingdom of ancient and visited the archaeology of . - Wheeler was present during the 1947 Partition of India into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India and the accompanying ethnic violence between Hindu and Muslim communities . He was unhappy with how these events had affected the Archaeological Survey , complaining that some of his finest students and staff were now citizens of Pakistan and no longer able to work for him . He was based in New Delhi when the city was by sectarian violence , and attempted to help many of his Muslim staff members escape from the Hindu @-@ majority city unharmed . He further helped smuggle Muslim families out of the city hospital , where they had taken refuge from a violent Hindu mob . As India neared independence from the British Empire , the political situation had changed significantly ; by October 1947 he was one of the last British individuals in a high @-@ up position within the country 's governing establishment , and recognised that many Indian nationalists wanted him to also leave . - As their relationship had become increasingly strained , his wife had left and returned to Britain . Although hoping to leave his post in India several months early , he was concerned for his economic prospects , and desperately searched for a new job position . Through friends in the British archaeological community , he was offered a job as the Secretary of the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments for Wales , although he was upset that this would mean a drop in his professional status and income and decided to turn it down . Instead , he agreed to take up a chair in the Archaeology of the Roman at the Institute of Archaeology . In addition , the Pakistani Minister of Education invited him to become the Archaeological to the Pakistani government ; he agreed to also take up this position , on the condition that he would only spend several months in the country each year over the next three . - - = = Later life = = - - - = = = Between Britain and Pakistan : 1948 – 52 = = = - - Returning to London , Wheeler moved into the Hallam Street flat where his son and daughter @-@ in @-@ law were living . Wheeler and the latter disliked each other , and so in summer 1950 he moved out and began renting an apartment in Mount Street . A year later he moved into his wife 's house in Street , in an unsuccessful hope of their relationship . Taking up his part @-@ time at the Institute of Archaeology , he began to lecture to students almost every day . There , he found that he developed a relationship of mutual respect with the director , Childe , despite their strong personal and professional differences . In April 1949 , after the retirement of Cyril Fox , Wheeler was nominated for the of the Society of Antiquaries , but lost to James Mann ; many archaeologists , including Childe and O. G. S. Crawford , resigned from the Society in protest , deeming Wheeler to have been a far more appropriate candidate for the position . Wheeler was nevertheless elected director of the Society . In 1950 he was awarded the Petrie Medal , and in 1952 was knighted . That same year he was invited to give the Norton lectures for the Archaeological Institute of America , and while in the United States was also awarded the Lucy medal at Pennsylvania . He nevertheless disliked the country , and in later life exhibited anti @-@ Americanism . - Wheeler spent three months in Pakistan during early 1949 , where he was engaged in organising the fledgling Pakistani Archaeological Department with the aid of former members of the Archaeological Survey and new students whom he recruited . The Minister of Education , , was sympathetic to Wheeler 's plans , and the government agreed to establish a National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi , which opened in April 1950 . Wheeler himself was appointed the first President of the Pakistani Museums Association , and found himself as a mediator in the arguments between India and Pakistan over the of archaeological and historic artefacts following the partition . He also wrote a work of archaeological propaganda for the newly formed state , Five Thousand Years of Pakistan ( 1950 ) . - To instruct new Pakistani students in the methods of archaeology , in early 1950 Wheeler ran a training excavation at Mohenjo @-@ daro ; there , he was joined by the British student Leslie Alcock , who spoke both Punjabi and and who was appointed a site supervisor by Wheeler . This excavation proved to be the only one for which Wheeler would not write and publish a full excavation report . Instead , he made reference to its findings in his book The Indus Civilization , published as part of the series The Cambridge History of India . His relationship with the Pakistani government had become strained , and so he declined to return to work for them for a third year . - Wheeler had been keen to return to excavation in Britain . Based on the one he had organised in India , Wheeler developed an archaeological training course , which he ran at Verulamium in the summer of 1949 to instruct British students in the methodologies of excavation . In summer 1950 , he was invited by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments to direct a trial excavation at Hill in Dorset . It was a leisurely project which he treated as a seaside holiday . He was invited by the Ancient Monuments Department of the Ministry of Works to excavate the Iron Age in North Riding , Yorkshire , which he proceeded to do over the summers of 1951 and 1952 . Aided by many old friends and colleagues from within the British archaeological scene , he was joined by Alcock and Alcock 's wife , among others . Wheeler published his report on the site in 1954 . - In 1949 Wheeler was appointed Honorary Secretary of the British Academy after G. Kenyon stepped down from the position . According to Piggott , the institution had " drifted into without the excuse of being venerable " , and Wheeler devoted much time attempting to the organisation and ensured that Charles Webster was appointed President . Together , Wheeler and Webster sought to increase the number of younger members of the Academy , increasing the number of who were permitted to join and proposing that those over 75 years of age not be permitted to serve on the organisation 's council ; this latter measure was highly controversial , and though defeated in 1951 , Wheeler and Webster were able to push it through in 1952 . In doing so , Piggott stated , Wheeler helped rid the society of its " self @-@ perpetuating " . To aid him in these projects , Wheeler employed a personal assistant , Molly Myers , who remained with him for the rest of his life . - - = = = Popular fame : 1952 – 69 = = = - - In 1956 , Wheeler retired from his part @-@ time at the Institute of Archaeology . Childe was also retiring from his position of director that year , and Wheeler involved himself in the arguments surrounding who should replace him . Wheeler vocally opposed the nomination of Grimes , deeming his career undistinguished ; instead , he championed Glyn Daniel as a candidate , although ultimately Grimes was selected . That year , Wheeler 's marriage broke down , and he moved from his wife 's house to a former at 27 Street in central London . From 1954 to 1959 , he served as the President of the Society of Antiquaries , and after resigning supported Ian Richmond as his replacement ; however , Joan Evans was selected . From 1964 to 1966 he served as Chairman of the Ancient Monuments Board , stepping down when he concluded that he was too old for the role . In December 1963 , Wheeler underwent a prostate operation that went wrong , and was hospitalised for over a month . In November 1967 , Wheeler became a Companion of Honour , and in 1968 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society . - - = = = = Media fame and public archaeology = = = = - - Wheeler became famous in Britain as " the embodiment of popular archaeology through the medium of television " . In 1952 , Wheeler was invited to be a on the new BBC television series , Animal , , Mineral ? . Based on the American quiz programme What in the World ? , the show was hosted by Glyn Daniel and featured three experts in archaeology , anthropology , and natural history being asked to identify artefacts which had been selected from various museums . However , Wheeler is alleged to have prepared for the show by checking beforehand which objects had been temporarily removed from display . The show proved popular with British audiences , and would air for six more years . It brought Wheeler to public attention , resulting in a Television Personality of the Year award for him in 1954 . He also appeared in an episode of Buried Treasure , an archaeology show also hosted by Daniel , in which the pair travelled to Denmark to discuss Man . In 1957 , he appeared in a second episode of Buried Treasure , for which he travelled to Pakistan to discuss that nation 's archaeology , and in 1958 again appeared in an episode , this time on the site of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Rhodesia . In 1959 he presented his own three @-@ part series on The That Was Rome , for which he travelled to 's Wall , Pompeii , and Magna ; the show failed to secure high ratings , and was Wheeler 's last major foray into television . Meanwhile , he also made appearances on BBC radio , initially featuring on the John Irving series The Archaeologist , but later presenting his own eight @-@ part series on Roman Britain and also appearing on the series Asian Club , which was aimed primarily at newly arrived migrants from the Indian subcontinent . - From 1954 onward , Wheeler began to devote an increasing amount of his time to encouraging greater public interest in archaeology , and it was in that year that he obtained an agent . Oxford University Press also published two of his books in 1954 . The first was a book on archaeological methodologies , Archaeology from the Earth , which was translated into various languages . The second was Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontier , discussing evidence for Roman activity at sites like Arikamedu and Segontium . In 1955 Wheeler released his episodic autobiography , Still , which had sold over 70 @,@ 000 copies by the end of the year . In 1959 , Wheeler wrote Early India and Pakistan , which was published as part as Daniel 's " Ancient Peoples and Places " series for Thames and Hudson ; as with many earlier books , he was criticised for rushing to conclusions . - He authored the section entitled " Ancient India " for Piggott 's edited volume The Dawn of Civilisation , which was published by Thames and Hudson in 1961 , before writing an introduction for Roger Wood 's photography book Roman Africa in Colour , which was also published by Thames and Hudson . He then agreed to edit a series for the publisher , known as " New Aspects of Antiquity " , through which they released a variety of archaeological works . The rival publisher & had also persuaded Wheeler to work for them , securing him to write many sections of their book , of the East . They also published his 1968 book Flames Over , in which Wheeler discussed and the Persian Empire in the year that it was conquered by Alexander the Great . - In 1954 , the tour company Swan invited Wheeler to provide lectures on the archaeology of ancient Greece aboard their Hellenic cruise line , which he did in 1955 . In 1957 , he then gave a guided tour of the archaeology of the Indian subcontinent for the rival tour company and . After Swans appointed him to the position of chairman of their Hellenic Cruise division , he made two fortnight tours a year , in spring and summer . In late 1969 he conducted the Swans tour to the Indian subcontinent , visiting the south and east of the republic as well as Ceylon . During this period , Wheeler had kept in contact with many of his friends and colleagues in India and Pakistan , helping to secure them work and funding where possible . - Wheeler had continued his archaeological investigations , and in 1954 led an expedition to the Somme and de Calais where he sought to obtain more information on the French Iron Age to supplement that gathered in the late 1930s . Pakistan 's Ministry of Education invited Wheeler to return to their country in October 1956 . Here , he undertook test excavations at to determine a chronology of the site . In 1965 , he agreed to take on the position of President of the Research Committee , which had been established to promote the findings of excavations at Castle in Somerset run by his friends Radford and Alcock ; the project ended in 1970 . He also agreed to sit as Chairman of the Archaeological Committee overseeing excavations at York Minster , work which occupied him into the 1970s . Wheeler had also continued his work with museums , campaigning for greater state funding for them . While he had become a trustee of the institution in 1963 , he achieved publicity for vocally criticising the British Museum as " a mountainous corpse " , it as being poorly managed and overcrowded with artefacts . The BBC staged a public debate with the museum director Frank Francis . - - = = = = British Academy and UNESCO = = = = - - As Honorary Secretary of the British Academy , Wheeler focused on increasing the organisation 's revenues , thus enabling it to expand its remit . He developed personal relationships with various employees at the British Treasury , and offered the Academy 's services as an in dealing with the Egypt Exploration Society , the British School at Athens , the British School at Rome , the British School at , the British School in Iraq , and the British School at Jerusalem , all of which were then directly funded independently by the Treasury . Accepting this offer , the Treasury agreed to double its funding of the Academy to £ 5 @,@ 000 a year . various charitable foundations , from 1955 Wheeler also secured funding from both the Pilgrim Trust and the Foundation , and in 1957 then secured additional funding from the Rockefeller Foundation . - With this additional money , the Academy was able to organise a survey of the state of the humanities and social sciences in the United Kingdom , a report that was published by Oxford University Press in 1961 as Research in the Humanities and the Social Sciences . On the basis of this report , Wheeler was able to secure a dramatic rise in funding from the British Treasury ; they increased their annual grant to £ 25 @,@ 000 , and promised that this would increase to £ 50 @,@ 000 shortly after . According to his later biographer Jacquetta Hawkes , in doing so Wheeler raised the position of the Academy to that of " the main source of official patronage for the humanities " within the United Kingdom , while Piggott stated that he set the organisation upon its " modern course " . - To improve Britain 's cultural influence abroad , Wheeler had been urging the establishment of a British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa , touring East Africa itself in August 1955 . In 1956 the Academy requested £ 6 @,@ 000 from the Treasury to fund this new institution , to which they eventually agreed in 1959 . The Institute was initially established in Dar es Salaam in 1961 , although later relocated to . Meanwhile , Wheeler had also been campaigning for the establishment of a British Institute of Persian Studies , a project which was supported by the British Embassy in Tehran ; they hoped that it would rival the successful French Institute in the city . In 1960 , the Treasury agreed , with the new institution being housed on the premises of the University of Tehran . He further campaigned for the establishment of a British Institute in Japan , although these ideas were scrapped amid the British financial crisis of 1967 . - Wheeler retained an active interest in the running of these British institutions abroad ; in 1967 he visited the British School in Jerusalem amid the Six @-@ Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbours , and in January 1968 visited the Persian institute with the archaeologist Max Mallowan and Mallowan 's wife Christie , there inspecting the excavations at . In 1969 he proceeded to the Italian city of Rome to inspect the British School there . That year , he resigned as Honorary Secretary of the Academy . The position became a salaried , professional one , with the Derek Allen taking on the position . - his stature within the archaeological establishment , the government appointed Wheeler as the British representative on a UNESCO project to undertake a programme of rescue archaeology in the Nile Valley ahead of the construction of the Dam , which was going to flood large areas of Egypt and Sudan . securing UK funding for the project , he deemed it an issue of national and personal shame when he was unable to persuade the British government to supply additional funding for the relocation of the Abu temples . In October 1968 , he took part in a UNESCO visit to Pakistan to assess the state of Mohenjo @-@ daro , writing the project 's report on how the archaeological site could best be preserved . His involvement with UNESCO continued for the rest of his life , and in March 1973 he was invited to the organisation 's conference in Paris . - - = = = Final years : 1970 – 76 = = = - - During his final years , Wheeler remained involved in various activities , for instance sitting on the advisory panel of the Antiquity journal and the Management Committee of the Royal Archaeological Institute . In March 1971 , the archaeologist Barry and a number of his undergraduate students at the University of Southampton organised a conference on the subject of " The Iron Age and its " to celebrate Wheeler 's birthday . Wheeler attended the event , whose conference proceedings were published as a for the . In spring 1973 , Wheeler returned to BBC television for two episodes of the archaeology @-@ themed series Chronicle in which he discussed his life and career . The episodes were well received , and Wheeler became a close friend of the show 's producer , David . - In the 1970s , Wheeler became increasingly and came to rely largely on his assistant , Molly Myres , to organise his affairs . Amid increasing ill health , in September 1973 he moved full @-@ time into Myres 's house in , Surrey , although he continued to use his central London flat during day @-@ trips to the city . There , he authored a final book , My Archaeological Mission to India and Pakistan , although much of the text was culled from his previous publications ; it was published by Thames and Hudson in 1976 . After suffering a stroke , Wheeler died at Myers ' home on 22 July 1976 . In , the British Academy , Royal Academy , and Royal Society flew their flags at half @-@ mast . Wheeler 's funeral was held with military at a local , while a larger memorial service was held in St James 's Church , Piccadilly in November . - - = = Personal life = = - - Wheeler was known as " " among friends . He divided opinion among those who knew him , with some loving and others him , and during his lifetime he was often criticised on both scholarly and moral grounds . The archaeologist Max Mallowan asserted that he " was a delightful , light @-@ hearted and amusing companion , but those close to him knew that he could be a dangerous opponent if threatened with frustration " . His charm offensives were often condemned as being . During excavations , he was known as an authoritarian leader , but favoured those whom he thought exhibited bravery by standing up to his authority . Hence , he has been termed " a benevolent dictator " . He was meticulous in his writings , and would repeatedly revise and rewrite both pieces for publication and personal letters . Throughout his life , he was a heavy smoker . - Wheeler expressed the view that he was " the least political of mortals " . Despite not taking a strong interest in politics , Wheeler was described by his biographer as " a natural conservative " ; for instance , during his youth he was strongly critical of the and their cause of greater legal rights for women . Nevertheless , he was " usually happy to advance young women professionally " , something that may have been based largely on his sexual attraction toward them . He expressed little interest in his relatives ; in later life he saw no reason to have a social relationship with people purely on the basis of family ties . - Wheeler was married three times . In May 1914 , Wheeler married Tessa . Tessa became an accomplished archaeologist , and they collaborated until she died in 1936 . Their only child , a son Michael , was born in January 1915 ; he became a barrister . Following Tessa 's death , in 1939 , Wheeler married Mavis de Cole , although their relationship was strained ; Cole 's diaries revealed that Wheeler physically hit her when she annoyed him . In 1945 Mortimer Wheeler married his third wife , Margaret " Kim " Collingridge , although they became estranged in 1956 ; they never divorced as a result of her devout Catholicism . Meanwhile , Wheeler was well known for his conspicuous promiscuity , favouring young women for one night stands , many of whom were his students . He was further known for having casual sex in public places . This behaviour led to much emotional suffering among his various wives and , of which he was aware . As a result of this behaviour , later archaeologist Gabriel Moshenska informed a reporter from the Daily Mail that Wheeler had developed a reputation as " a bit of a and a sex pest and an incredible as well " . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - Wheeler has been termed " the most famous British archaeologist of the twentieth century " by archaeologists Gabriel Moshenska and Tim Schadla @-@ Hall . Highlighting his key role in encouraging interest in archaeology throughout British society , they stated that his " mastery of public archaeology was founded on his keen eye for value and a 's willingness to package and sell the past " . This was an issue about which Wheeler felt very strongly ; writing his obituary for the Memoirs of of the Royal Society , the English archaeologist Stuart Piggott noted that Wheeler placed " great importance to the archaeologist 's obligation to the public , on whose support the prosecution of his subject ultimately depended . " - Piggott believed that Wheeler 's greatest impact was as " the great innovator in field techniques " , comparing him in this respect to Pitt @-@ Rivers . Piggott stated that the " importance of Wheeler 's contribution to archaeological technique , enormous and far @-@ reaching , lies in the fact that in the early 1920s he not only appreciated and understood what Pitt @-@ Rivers had done , but saw that his work could be used as a basis for adaptation , development and improvement . " L. C. Carr stated that it was for his methodological developments , oft termed " the Wheeler Method " , that Wheeler was best known ; in this she contrasted him with those archaeologists who were best known for their associations with a specific archaeological site , such as Arthur Evans and or Leonard Woolley and . - Wheeler was well known for his publications on archaeological matters ; Carr stated that both Wheeler and his first wife emphasised " technical and a full presentation of materials unearthed , as well as a literary discussion of their meaning calculated to appeal to a larger audience . " Focusing on Wheeler 's publications regarding South Asian archaeology , noted that he " produced an assemblage of image @-@ objects that embodied the precision he demanded from excavation photography . " Mallowan noted that " and swift presentation of results was more important to him than profound scholarship , although his critical sense made him conscious that it was necessary to maintain high standards and he would approve of nothing that was . " Jacquetta Hawkes commented that he made errors in his interpretation of the archaeological evidence because he was " sometimes too sure of being right , too ready to accept his own authority " . She asserted that while Wheeler was not an original thinker , he had " a vision of human history that enabled him to see each discovery of its traces , however small , in its significance . " - Piggott claimed that Wheeler 's appointment as Director @-@ General of the Archaeological Survey of India represented " the most remarkable archaeological achievement of his career , an enormous challenge accepted and surmounted in the and authoritarian terms within which he could best deploy his powers as administrator and . No other archaeologist of the time , it seems fair to remark , could have come near to attaining his command of strategy and often ruthless tactics which won him the admiration and touching devotion of his Indian staff . " The Indian archaeologist K. Chakrabarti later stated that Wheeler 's accomplishments while in India were " considerable " , particularly given the socio @-@ political turmoil of independence and partition . Chakrabarti stated that Wheeler had contributed to South Asian archaeology in various ways : by establishing a " total view " of the region 's development from the onward , by introducing new archaeological techniques and methodologies to the subcontinent , and by encouraging Indian universities to begin archaeological research . Ultimately , Chakrabarti was of the opinion that Wheeler had " prepared the archaeology of the subcontinent for its transition to modernity in the post @-@ Partition period . " Similarly , Peter Johansen praised Wheeler for and Indian archaeology and for " a clearly defined body of techniques and methods for field and laboratory work and training . " - On Wheeler 's death , of Deccan College , Pune , described him as " well known among Old World archaeologists in the United States " , particularly for his book Archaeology from the Earth and his studies of the Indus Valley Civilisation . In its 2013 obituary of the English archaeologist Mick Aston , British Archaeology magazine – the publication of the Council for British Archaeology – described Aston as " the Mortimer Wheeler of our times " because despite the strong differences between their personalities , both had done much to bring archaeology to the British public . However , writing in 2011 , Moshenska and Schadla @-@ Hall asserted that Wheeler 's reputation has not undergone significant revision among archaeologists , but that instead he had come to be remembered as " a and slightly eccentric figure " whom they termed " Naughty " . Carr described the Institute of Archaeology as " one of the [ Wheeler ] couple 's most permanent memorials . " - - = = = Biographies and studies = = = - - In 1960 , Ronald William Clark published a biography titled Sir Mortimer Wheeler . Somerset , 4th Baron reviewed the volume for the journal Man , describing " this very readable little book " as being " adulatory " in tone , " but hardly more so than its subject deserves . " In 1982 , the archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes published a second biography , Mortimer Wheeler : in Archaeology . Hawkes admitted she had developed " a very great liking " for Wheeler , having first met him when she was an archaeology student at the University of Cambridge . She believed that he had " a energy " , with his accomplishments in India being " almost superhuman " . Ultimately , she thought of him as being " an epic hero in an anti @-@ heroic age " in which growing social had and condemned aspects of his greatness . - In the 2000 film Hey Ram , the lead character , Ram ( played by ) and his friend , Amjad Khan ( played by Shah Khan ) are shown as employees of Wheeler , who was portrayed by Lewis K. , before the 1947 Hindu @-@ Muslim riots . In a 2003 volume of the South Asian Studies journal , published a research article examining Wheeler 's use of photography in his excavations and publications in the Indian subcontinent . In 2011 , the academic journal Public Archaeology published a research paper by Moshenska and Schadla @-@ Hall that analysed Wheeler 's role in presenting archaeology to the British public . Two years later , the from the Institute of Archaeology issued a short comic strip by Moshenska and Alex depicting Wheeler 's activities in studying the archaeology of Libya during World War II . - - - = Species of Allosaurus = - - There have been a number of potential species assigned to the dinosaur genus Allosaurus since its description in 1877 by Othniel Charles Marsh , but only a handful are still regarded as valid . Allosaurus was originally described from material from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States of America ; the type species A. fragilis became one of the best @-@ known species of dinosaur . - The genus Allosaurus was part of the Marsh / Cope " Bone Wars " of the late 19th century , and its taxonomy became increasingly confused due to the competition , with several genera and species named by Cope and Marsh now regarded as synonyms of Allosaurus or A. fragilis . Since the description of Allosaurus , scientists have proposed additional species from such far @-@ flung as Portugal , Siberia , and Tanzania . - - = = about type specimen = = - - The issue of synonyms is complicated by the type specimen of Allosaurus fragillis ( catalogue number YPM 1930 ) being extremely fragmentary , consisting of a few incomplete vertebrae , limb bone fragments , rib fragments , and a tooth . Because of this , several scientists have noted that the type specimen , and thus the genus Allosaurus itself or at least the species A. fragillis , is technically a nomen dubium ( " dubious name " , based on a specimen too incomplete to compare to other specimens or to classify ) . In an attempt to fix this situation , Gregory S. Paul and Kenneth Carpenter ( 2010 ) submitted a petition to the to have the name A. fragillis officially transferred to the more complete specimen ( as a ) . This request is currently pending review . - - = = valid species = = - - It is unclear how many species of Allosaurus there were . Eight species have been considered potentially valid since 1988 ( A. amplexus , A. atrox , A. europaeus , the type species A. fragilis , the as @-@ yet not formally described " A. jimmadseni " , A. , A. maximus , and A. tendagurensis ) , although only about half are usually considered valid at any given time . There are also at least ten dubious or undescribed species that have been assigned to Allosaurus over the years , along with the species belonging to genera now sunk into Allosaurus . In the most recent review of basal tetanuran theropods , only A. fragilis ( including A. amplexus and A. atrox ) , " A. jimmadseni " ( as an unnamed species ) , and A. tendagurensis were accepted as potentially valid species , with A. europaeus not yet proposed and A. maximus assigned to Saurophaganax . - A. fragilis is the type species and was named by Marsh in 1877 . It is known from the remains of at least sixty individuals , all found in the Kimmeridgian – Tithonian Upper Jurassic @-@ age Morrison Formation of the United States , spread across the states of Colorado , Montana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Utah , and Wyoming . Details of the humerus ( upper arm ) of A. fragilis have been used as diagnostic among Morrison theropods , but the discovery of " A. jimmadseni " indicates that this will no longer be the case at the species level . - A. amplexus was named by Gregory S. Paul for giant Morrison allosaur remains , and included in his conception maximus ( later Saurophaganax ) . A. amplexus was originally coined by Cope in 1878 as the type species of his new genus , and is based on what is now AMNH , parts of three vertebrae , a coracoid , and a . Following Paul 's work , this species has been accepted as a synonym of A. fragilis . - Allosaurus material from Portugal was first reported in 1999 on the basis of / , a partial skeleton including a , vertebrae , ribs , , chevrons , part of the , and hindlimbs . This specimen was assigned to A. fragilis , but the subsequent discovery of a partial skull and neck ( ML 415 ) near , in the Kimmeridgian @-@ age Porto Novo Member of the Formation , spurred the naming of the new species A. europaeus . It differs from other species of Allosaurus in cranial details . However , more material may show it to be A. fragilis , as originally described . - Daniel Chure 's work on Morrison remains has been responsible , directly or indirectly , for " A. jimmadseni " and A. maximus . " A. jimmadseni " is the proposed name for a new species of Morrison allosaur , based on a nearly complete skeleton and skull . A. sp . 2 , as it is also known , differs from A. fragilis in several anatomical details including a jugal or with a straight lower margin , and is also found only in the Salt Member of the Morrison Formation , with A. fragilis only present in the higher Basin Member . A. maximus was coined by David K. Smith for Chure 's Saurophaganax maximus , a taxon created by Chure in 1995 for giant remains from the Morrison of Oklahoma . These remains had been known as , but that name was already in use , leading Chure to propose a substitute . Smith , in his 1998 analysis of variation , concluded that S. maximus was not different enough from Allosaurus to be a separate genus , but did warrant its own species , A. maximus . This was rejected in the most recent review of basal . - - = = Biological variation , A. atrox , and A. fragilis = = - - The perception that there were two common Allosaurus species in the Morrison Formation was popularized in Gregory S. Paul 's 1988 book Predatory Dinosaurs of the World . Paul proposed that A. fragilis had tall pointed horns and a slender build compared to a postulated second species A. atrox , and was not a different gender due to rarity . Allosaurus atrox was originally named by Marsh in 1878 as the type species of its own genus , Creosaurus , and is based on YPM 1890 , an assortment of bones including a couple of pieces of the skull , portions of nine tail vertebrae , two hip vertebrae , an , and ankle and foot bones . Although the idea of two common Morrison allosaur species has had support in semi @-@ technical and popular works , it has generally been rejected in the technical literature . - David K. Smith , examining Allosaurus fossils by quarry , found that the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur ( Utah ) specimens are generally smaller than those from Bluff ( Wyoming ) or Young University 's Dry Mesa ( Colorado ) , but the shapes of the bones themselves did not vary between the sites . A later study by Smith incorporating Garden Park ( Colorado ) and Dinosaur National Monument ( Utah ) specimens found no justification for multiple species based on skeletal variation ; skull variation was most common and was , suggesting individual variation was responsible . Further work on size @-@ related variation again found no consistent differences , although the Dry Mesa material tended to clump together on the basis of the , an ankle bone . Kenneth Carpenter , using skull elements from the Cleveland Lloyd site , found wide variation between individuals , calling into question previous species @-@ level distinctions based such features as the shape of the horns , and the proposed differentiation of " A. jimmadseni " based on the shape of the jugal . - - = = and synonymous species = = - - A number of species assigned to Allosaurus are no longer recognized as valid , for one reason or another . Species " A. " , seen in , 1887 , and , 1912 , is a typographical error for A. fragilis . Marsh 's A. ferox ( 1896 ; not to be confused with his 1884 Labrosaurus ferox , also part of Allosaurus taxonomy ) was coined for a partial skull in a footnote , and has been recognized as a specimen of A fragilis . A. lucaris , another Marsh name , was given to a partial skeleton in 1878 . He later decided it warranted its own genus , Labrosaurus , but this has not been accepted , and A. lucaris is also regarded as another specimen of A. fragilis . Allosaurus lucaris , is known mostly from vertebrae , sharing characters with Allosaurus . Paul and Carpenter stated that the type specimen of this species , YPM 1931 , was from a younger age than Allosaurus , and might represent a different genus . However , they found that the specimen was , and thus A. lucaris was a nomen dubium . " A. " , an informally described species coined by Pickering in 1996 , is a of the A. atrox versus A. fragilis debate using a better specimen to represent the A. atrox form , and has not been recognized . - Several species coined in genera other than Allosaurus are also now thought to be synonymous with A. fragilis . Labrosaurus ferox was named in 1884 by Marsh for an oddly formed partial lower jaw , with a prominent gap in the tooth row at the tip of the jaw , and a rear section greatly expanded and turned down . Later researchers suggested that the bone was , showing an injury to the living animal , and that part of the unusual form of the rear of the bone was due to plaster reconstruction . It is recognized as most likely a specimen of A. fragilis . Allosaurus valens is a for valens accidentally used by Friedrich von in 1932 ; valens itself may also to Allosaurus fragilis , as Gilmore suggested in 1920 . , based on a scrap of Marsh first thought to be a mammalian jaw , may or may not be the same as Allosaurus . - - = = species = = - - Several species initially classified within or referred to Allosaurus do not belong within the genus . A. medius was named by Marsh in 1888 for " various specimens " from the Early Cretaceous of Maryland , although most of the remains were removed by Richard Lull to the new ornithopod species , except for a tooth . Gilmore considered the tooth but transferred it to a new species , medius . The referral was not accepted in the most recent review , and Allosaurus medius was simply listed as a dubious species of theropod . Allosaurus was described in 1914 by A. N. on the basis of a bone , later identified as a partial fourth , from the Early Cretaceous of , Russia . It was transferred to in 1990 . - Allosaurus was described in 1870 by as a species of Megalosaurus , based on a tooth from the Late Jurassic of Switzerland . It has occasionally been referred to Allosaurus , but recent reviews have listed it as dubious theropod species Megalosaurus , or included it in Ceratosaurus sp . Allosaurus stechowi was described in 1920 by as Labrosaurus stechowi for isolated Ceratosaurus @-@ like teeth from the beds of Tanzania . With the of Labrosaurus and Allosaurus , Donald F. listed it as a species of Allosaurus , but it is now either assigned to Ceratosaurus sp. or considered a dubious . - There are also several species left over from the of Creosaurus and Labrosaurus with Allosaurus . Creosaurus was named by Lull in 1911 for a from the Early Cretaceous of Maryland . It is now regarded as a dubious theropod . Labrosaurus fragilis is a typographical error by Marsh ( 1896 ) for Labrosaurus ferox . L. , named by Marsh in 1896 for a Morrison theropod tooth , which like L. stechowi is now regarded as either Ceratosaurus sp. or a dubious . - A. tendagurensis was named in 1925 by Werner for a partial ( 67 ) found in the Kimmeridgian @-@ age rocks of , in , Tanzania . This species has not had strong support in recent years , with opinions on its identity ranging from a tentatively valid species of Allosaurus , to a basal tetanuran . The most recent analysis has placed it in . Although obscure , it was a large theropod , possibly around 10 meters long ( 33 ft ) and 2 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 2 @.@ 8 short tons ) in weight . - - = = Specimens to Allosaurus though not described as new species = = - - and colleagues in 2003 designated six teeth from Siberia as Allosaurus sp . ( meaning the authors found the specimens to be most like those of Allosaurus , but did not or could not assign a species ) . Also , reports of Allosaurus in Shanxi , China go back to at least 1982 . - An ( ankle bone ) thought to belong to a species of Allosaurus was found at Cape Paterson , Victoria in Early Cretaceous beds in southeastern Australia . It was thought to provide evidence that Australia was a for animals that had gone extinct elsewhere . This identification was challenged by Samuel Welles , who thought it more resembled that of an , but the original authors defended their identification . With fifteen years of new specimens and research to look at , Daniel Chure the bone and found that it was not Allosaurus , but could represent an . Similarly , and Phil , in their description of , noted that the bone closely resembled that of their new genus . This specimen is sometimes referred to as " Allosaurus " , an informal museum name . It may have belonged to something similar to , or the same as , , or it may represent an . A speculative " polar " or " dwarf allosaur " was used for the " Spirits of the Ice Forest " episode of Walking with Dinosaurs . - - - = Astraeus hygrometricus = - - Astraeus hygrometricus , commonly known as the hygroscopic earthstar , the barometer earthstar , or the false earthstar , is a species of fungus in the Diplocystaceae family . Young specimens resemble a puffball when young and . In maturity , the mushroom displays the characteristic earthstar shape that is a result of the outer layer of fruit body tissue splitting open in a star @-@ like manner . The false earthstar is an ectomycorrhizal species that grows in association with various trees , especially in sandy soils . A. hygrometricus has a cosmopolitan distribution , and is common in temperate and tropical regions . Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic ( water @-@ absorbing ) , and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity , and close them up again in drier conditions . The rays have an irregularly cracked surface , while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top . The gleba is white initially , but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature . The spores are reddish @-@ brown , roughly spherical with minute warts , measuring 7 @.@ 5 – 11 in diameter . - Despite a similar overall appearance , A. hygrometricus is not related to the true earthstars of genus Geastrum , although historically , they have been confused . The species was first described by Persoon in 1801 as Geastrum hygrometricus . In 1885 , Andrew P. Morgan proposed that differences in microscopic characteristics warranted the creation of a new genus Astraeus distinct from Geastrum ; this opinion was not universally accepted by later authorities . Several Asian populations formerly thought to be A. hygrometricus were renamed in the 2000s once phylogenetic analyses revealed they were unique Astraeus species , including A. asiaticus and A. odoratus . Research has revealed the presence of several chemical compounds in the fruit bodies . North American field guides typically rate A. hygrometricus as inedible . - - = = Taxonomy , naming , and phylogeny = = - - Because this species resembles the earthstar fungi of Geastrum , it was placed in that genus by early authors , starting with Christian Persoon in 1801 ( as , an alternate spelling of Geastrum ) . According to the American botanist Andrew P. Morgan , however , the species differed from those of Geastrum in not having open chambers in the young gleba , having larger and branched threads , not having a true hymenium , and having larger spores . Accordingly , Morgan set Persoon 's as the type species of his new genus Astraeus in 1889 . Despite Morgan 's publication , some authorities in the following decades continued to classify the species in Geastrum . The New @-@ Zealand based mycologist Gordon Cunningham explicitly transferred the species back to the genus Geastrum in 1944 , explaining : - The treatment of this species by certain well illustrates the pitfalls that lie in wait for those who worship at the shrine of classification ... The only feature of those outlined in which the species differs from others of Geastrum is the somewhat primitive hymenium . In the developing plant the cavities are separated by plates so tenuous as to be overlooked by the worker . Each cavity is filled with basidia somewhat irregularly arranged in clusters ( like those of Scleroderma ) and not in the definite palisade of the species which have been studied . This difference disappears as maturity is reached , when plants resemble closely the of any other member of the genus . The is then unable to indicate any point of difference by which " Astraeus " may be separated from Geastrum , which indicates that the name should be discarded . - Cunningham 's treatment was not followed by later authorities , who largely considered Astraeus a distinct genus . According to the authority , synonyms of Astraeus hygrometricus include . ( 1772 ) ; Geastrum . ( 1822 ) ; Geastrum ( . ) . ( 1885 ) ; and Astraeus ( 1900 ) . - Astraeus hygrometricus has been given a number of names that allude to its hygroscopic behavior , including the " earthstar " , the " hygroscopic earthstar " , the " barometer earthstar " , and the " water @-@ measure earthstar " . The resemblance to Geastrum species ( also known as true earthstars ) accounts for the common name " false earthstar " . The specific name is derived from the Greek words ( ) " wet " and ( ) " measure " . The German Mycological Society selected the species as their " Mushroom of the Year " in 2005 . - Studies in the 2000s showed that several species from Asian collection sites labelled under the specific epithet hygrometricus were actually considerably variable in a number of and microscopic characteristics . Molecular studies of the DNA sequences of the region of the ribosomal DNA from a number of Astraeus specimens from around the world have helped to clarify phylogenetic relationships within the genus . Based on these results , two Asian " hygrometricus " populations have been described as new species : A. asiaticus and A. odoratus ( synonymous with 's A. described in 2003 ) . Preliminary DNA analyses suggests that the European A. hygrometricus described by Persoon is a different species than the North American version described by Morgan , and that the European population may be divided into two distinct , from France and from the Mediterranean . A 2010 study identified a Japanese species , previously identified as A. hygrometricus , as genetically distinct ; it has yet to be officially named . - A form of the species found in Korea and Japan , A. hygrometricus var. koreanus , was named by in 1958 ; it was later ( 1976 ) published as a distinct species — A. koreanus — by . As pointed out by and colleagues , clarification of the proper name for this taxon must await analysis of A. hygrometricus var. koreanus specimens from the type locality in North Korea . - - = = Description = = - - Young specimens of A. hygrometricus have roughly spherical fruit bodies that typically start their development partially embedded in the substrate . A smooth whitish mycelial layer covers the fruit body , and may be partially encrusted with debris . As the fruit body matures , the mycelial layer tears away , and the outer tissue layer , the exoperidium , breaks open in a star @-@ shaped ( ) pattern to form 4 – 20 irregular " rays " . This simultaneously pushes the fruit body above ground to reveal a round spore case enclosed in a thin . The rays open and close in response to levels of moisture in the environment , opening up in high humidity , and closing when the air is dry . This is possible because the exoperidium is made of several different layers of tissue ; the innermost , fibrous layer is hygroscopic , and or the entire ray as it loses or gains moisture from its surroundings . This adaptation enables the fruit body to disperse spores at times of moisture , and reduce evaporation during dry periods . Further , dry fruit bodies with the rays curled up may be readily blown about by the wind , allowing them to scatter spores from the pore as they roll . - The fruit body is 1 – 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter from tip to tip when expanded . The exoperidium is thick , and the rays are typically ( divided into small areas by cracks and crevices ) on the upper surface , and are dark grey to black . The spore case is ( lacking a stalk ) , light gray to tan color and 1 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2 in ) broad with a felt @-@ like or ( coated with loose scaly crust ) surface ; the top of the spore case is opened by an irregular slit , tear or pore . The interior of the spore case , the gleba , is white and solid when young , and divided into oval — a characteristic that helps to distinguish it from Geastrum . The gleba becomes brown and powdery as the specimen matures . Small dark threads ( rhizomorphs ) extend from the base of the fruit body into the substrate . The rhizomorphs are fragile , and often break off after maturity . - The spores are spherical or nearly so , reddish @-@ brown , thick @-@ walled and ( covered with warts and spines ) . The spores ' dimensions are 7 – 11 µm ; the warts are about 1 µm long . The spores are non @-@ amyloid , and will not stain with iodine from Melzer 's reagent . The use of scanning electron microscopy has shown that the spines are 0 @.@ 90 – 1 @.@ 45 µm long , rounded at the tip , narrow , tapered , and sometime joined together at the top . The capillitia ( masses of thread @-@ like sterile fibers dispersed among the spores ) are branched , 3 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 5 µm in diameter , and hyaline ( translucent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are to eight @-@ spored , with very short sterigmata . The basidia are arranged in long strings of clusters ; individual basidia measure 11 – 15 by 18 – 24 µm . The threads of the capillitia arise from the inner surface of the peridium , and are thick @-@ walled , long , interwoven , and branched , measuring 3 – 5 @.@ 5 µm thick . The exoperidium ( the outer layer of tissue , comprising the rays ) is made of four distinct layers of tissue : the mycelial layer contains branched hyphae that are 4 – 6 μm in diameter ; the hyphae of the fibrous layer are 6 – 8 μm diameter and branched ; the @-@ type layer has branched hyphae of 3 – 4 μm diameter ; the soft layer contains hyphae that are 3 – 6 μm in diameter . - - = = = Edibility = = = - - North American sources describe A. hygrometricus as being of either unknown edibility , or too tough to be edible . However , they are regularly consumed in Asia , including Nepal and South Bengal , where " local people consume them as delicious food " . They are collected from the wild and sold in the markets of India . - A study of a closely related southeast Asian Astraeus species concluded that the fungus contained an abundance of volatile eight @-@ carbon compounds ( including 1 @-@ , 1 @-@ @-@ 3 @-@ , and 1 @-@ @-@ 3 @-@ one ) that imparted a " mushroom @-@ like , , and pungent odor that was evident as an and moss @-@ like smell upon opening the caps " . The study 's authors further noted that the fruit bodies after cooking have a " roasted , , , and flavor " . compounds detected after cooking the mushroom samples included , , , and compounds . The regional differences in opinions on edibility are from sources published before it was known that North American and Asian versions of A. hygrometricus were not always the same ; in some cases Asian specimens have been identified as new species , such as A. asiaticus and A. odoratus . - - = = Similar species = = - - Although A. hygrometricus bears a superficial resemblance to member of the " true earthstars " Geastrum , it may be readily differentiated from most by the hygroscopic nature of its rays . earthstars include G. , G. , G. , G. , and G. . Unlike Geastrum , the young fruit bodies of A. hygrometricus do not have a ( sterile tissue in the gleba , at the base of the spore sac ) . Geastrum tends to have its spore sac opening surrounded by a or a disc , in contrast with the single slit of A. hygrometricus . There are also several microscopic differences : in A. hygrometricus , the basidia are not arranged in parallel columns , the spores are larger , and the threads of the capillitia are branched and continuous with the hyphae of the peridium . Despite these differences , older specimens can be difficult to distinguish from Geastrum in the field . One species of Geastrum , G. , does have thick and brittle rays that are moderately hygroscopic , and could be confused with A. hygrometricus ; however , its spores are smaller than A. hygrometricus , typically about 4 µm in diameter . - Astraeus is larger , 5 to 15 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 5 @.@ 9 in ) or more when expanded , and often has a more pronounced pattern on the inner surface of the rays . It is found in North America and the Canary Islands . A. asiaticus and A. odoratus are two similar species known from throughout Asia and Southeast Asia , respectively . A. odoratus is distinguished from A. hygrometricus by a smooth outer mycelial layer with few adhering soil particles , 3 – 9 broad rays , and a fresh odor similar to moist soil . The spore ornamentation of A. odoratus is also distinct from A. hygrometricus , with longer and narrower spines that often joined together . A. asiaticus has an outer surface covered with small granules , and a gleba that is purplish @-@ chestnut in color , compared to the smooth surface and brownish gleba of A. hygrometricus . The upper limit of the spore size of A. asiaticus is larger than that of its more common relative , ranging from 8 @.@ 75 – 15 @.@ 2 μm . A. koreanus ( sometimes named as the variety A. hygrometricus var. koreanus ; see Taxonomy ) differs from the more common form in its smaller size , paler fruit body , and greater number of rays ; microscopically , it has smaller spores ( between 6 @.@ 8 and 9 μm in diameter ) , and the spines on the spores differ in length and morphology . It is known from Korea and Japan . - - = = Habitat , distribution , and ecology = = - - Astraeus hygrometricus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus and grows in association with a broad range of tree species . The mutualistic association between tree roots and the mycelium of the fungus helps the trees extract nutrients ( particularly phosphorus ) from the earth ; in exchange , the fungus receives from . In North America , associations with oak and pine are usual , while in India , it has been noted to grow commonly with pine ( Pinus ) and ( ) . The false earthstar is found on the ground in open fields , often scattered or in groups , especially in nutrient @-@ poor , sandy or soils . It has also been reported to grow on rocks , preferring acid substrates like slate and granite , while avoiding substrates rich in lime . In Nepal , fruit bodies have been collected at elevations of 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . Fruit bodies typically appear in autumn , although the dry fruit bodies are persistent and may last up to several years . is a fungus with minute , gelatinous , ( cushion @-@ shaped ) , known to grow only on the inner surface of the rays of dead Astraeus species , including A. hygrometricus . - The species has a cosmopolitan distribution except for , alpine and cold temperate regions ; it is common in temperate and tropical regions of the world . It has been collected in Africa , Asia , Australia , Europe , North America , and South America . - - = = compounds = = - - Mushroom from a number of species have attracted research interest for their and properties . from A. hygrometricus containing the named AE2 were found to inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines in laboratory tests , and stimulated the growth of , , and bone marrow cells from mice . The extract also stimulated mouse cells associated with the immune system ; specifically , it enhanced the activity of mouse natural killer cells , stimulated macrophages to produce nitric oxide , and enhanced production of . The activation of macrophages by AE2 might be mediated by a @-@ activated protein kinase pathway of signal transduction . AE2 is made of the simple , glucose , and in a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio . - In addition to the previously known steroid compounds @-@ 7 @,@ 22 @-@ @-@ 3 @-@ acetate and @-@ ( 14 ) , 22 @-@ @-@ 3 @-@ one , three unique — derivatives of 3 @-@ @-@ — have been isolated from fruit bodies of A. hygrometricus . The compounds , named , 3 @-@ @-@ , and ( 3 @-@ @-@ @-@ @-@ 8 @-@ @-@ 26 @,@ 22 @-@ lactone ) , have @-@ lactone ( a six @-@ membered ring ) in the side chain — a chemical feature previously unknown in the . A previously unknown ( , @-@ ( , ) @-@ 7 @,@ 22 @-@ @-@ @-@ ) has been isolated from mycelia grown in liquid culture . The compound has a @-@ type nucleus . - of the fruit body are high in activity , and have been shown in laboratory tests to have anti @-@ inflammatory activity comparable to the drug . Studies with mouse models have also demonstrated ( liver @-@ protecting ) ability , possibly by restoring diminished levels of the enzymes and caused by experimental exposure to the liver @-@ damaging chemical carbon . - - = = Traditional beliefs = = - - This earthstar has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a agent ; the spore dust is applied to stop wound bleeding and reduce . Two Indian forest tribes , the and the of Pradesh , have been reported to use the fruit bodies . The spore mass is blended with seed oil , and used as a against burns . The Blackfoot of North America called the fungus " fallen stars " , considering them to be stars fallen to the earth during supernatural events . - - - = Paul Thomas Anderson = - - Paul Thomas Anderson ( born June 26 , 1970 ) also known as Anderson , is an American film director , screenwriter and producer . in film @-@ making at a young age , Anderson was encouraged by his father Ernie Anderson ( a disc jockey , and television and radio announcer / artist ) to become a filmmaker . - In 1993 , he wrote and directed a short film titled & Coffee on a budget of $ 20 @,@ 000 . After he attended the Sundance Institute , Anderson had a deal with Rysher Entertainment to direct his first feature film , a neo @-@ noir crime thriller titled Hard Eight , in 1996 . Anderson received critical and commercial success for his film Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , set during the Golden Age of in the 1970s and 1980s . His third feature , Magnolia ( 1999 ) , received wide acclaim despite struggling at the box office . - In 2002 , the romantic comedy @-@ drama Punch @-@ Drunk Love , Anderson 's fourth feature , was released to generally favorable reviews . After a five @-@ year absence , the epic drama There Will Be Blood was released to critical acclaim in 2007 . In 2012 , Anderson 's sixth film , the drama The Master , was released to critical acclaim . His seventh film , the crime comedy @-@ drama Inherent Vice , based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Pynchon , was released in 2014 , to general acclaim . - Anderson has been nominated for six Academy Awards over the course of his career , while his films have earned a further fourteen Academy Award nominations for cast and crew . - - = = Early life = = - - Anderson was born June 26 , 1970 , in Studio City , California , to Edwina ( née ) and Ernie Anderson . Ernie was an actor who was the voice of ABC and a Cleveland television late @-@ night horror movie host known as " " ( after whom Anderson later named his production company ) . Anderson grew up in the San Fernando Valley . He is third youngest of nine children , and had a troubled relationship with his mother but was close with his father , who encouraged him to become a writer or director . Anderson attended a number of schools , including Buckley in Sherman Oaks , John Thomas School , Campbell Hall School , Cushing Academy and . - Anderson was involved in filmmaking at a young age and never really had an alternative plan to directing films . He made his first movie when he was eight years old and started making movies on a video camera which his dad bought in 1982 when he was twelve years old . He later started using 8 mm film but realized that video was easier . He began writing in adolescence , and at 17 years old he began experimenting with a sixteen millimeter camera . After years of experimenting with " standard fare " , he wrote and filmed his first real production as a senior in high school at using money he earned cleaning at a pet store . The film was a thirty @-@ minute shot on video called The Dirk Story ( 1988 ) , about a pornography star ; the story was inspired by John Holmes , who also served as a major inspiration for Boogie Nights . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = Early career = = = - - Anderson spent two as an English major at Emerson College , and only two days at New York University before he began his career as a production assistant on television films , music videos and game shows in Los Angeles and New York City . Feeling that the material shown to him at film school turned the experience into " or a " , Anderson decided to make a twenty @-@ minute film that would be his " college " . - For $ 20 @,@ 000 , made up of gambling , his girlfriend 's credit card , and money his father set aside for him for college , Anderson made & Coffee ( 1993 ) , a short film connecting multiple story lines with a twenty @-@ dollar bill . The film was screened at the 1993 Sundance Festival Shorts Program . He decided to expand the film into a feature @-@ length film and was subsequently invited to the 1994 Sundance Feature Film Program . At the Sundance Feature Film Program , Michael @-@ Jones served as Anderson 's mentor ; he saw Anderson as someone with " talent and a fully formed creative voice but not much hands @-@ on experience " and gave him some hard and practical lessons . - - = = = 1990s = = = - - - = = = = Hard Eight = = = = - - While at the Sundance Feature Film Program , Anderson already had a deal with Rysher Entertainment to direct his first feature . In 1996 , Anderson made his first full @-@ length feature , Sydney , which was retitled Hard Eight ( 1996 ) . Upon completion of the film , Rysher re @-@ edited it . Anderson , who still had the of his original cut , submitted the film , which was accepted and screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival . Anderson was able to get his version released but only after he retitled the film and raised the $ 200 @,@ 000 necessary to finish it - he , Philip Baker Hall , and John C. Reilly contributed the funding . The version that was released was Anderson 's and the acclaim from the film launched his career . - - = = = = Boogie Nights = = = = - - Anderson began working on the script for his next feature film during his troubles with Hard Eight , completing the script in 1995 . The result was Anderson 's breakout for the drama film Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , which is based on his short The Dirk Story . The script was noticed by New Line Cinema 's president , Michael De Luca , who felt " totally " reading it . It was released on October 10 , 1997 and was a critical and commercial success . The film revived the career of Burt Reynolds , and provided breakout roles for Mark and Julianne Moore . At the 70th Academy Awards ceremony , the film received three Academy Award nominations , including for Best Supporting Actor ( Burt Reynolds ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Julianne Moore ) and Best Original Screenplay . - - = = = = Magnolia = = = = - - After the success of Boogie Nights , New Line told Anderson that he could do whatever he wanted for his next film and granted him creative control . Though Anderson initially wanted to make a film that was " intimate and small @-@ scale " , the script " kept " . The resulting film was the ensemble piece Magnolia ( 1999 ) , which tells the story of the peculiar interaction of several individuals in the San Fernando Valley . Anderson used the music of Aimee Mann as a basis and inspiration for the film , commissioning her to write eight new songs . At the 72nd Academy Awards , Magnolia received three nominations , for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tom Cruise ) , Best Original Song for " Save Me " by Aimee Mann and Best Original Screenplay . Anderson stated after the film 's release that " what I really feel is that Magnolia is , for better or worse , the best movie I 'll ever make . " - - = = = 2000s = = = - - - = = = = Punch @-@ Drunk Love = = = = - - After the release of Magnolia , Anderson stated that he would like to work with comedic actor Adam Sandler in the future and that he was determined to make his next film 90 minutes long . His next feature was the romantic comedy @-@ drama film Punch @-@ Drunk Love ( 2002 ) , starring Sandler , with Emily Watson portraying his love interest . The story centers on a small @-@ business owner ( Sandler ) with anger issues and seven sisters . A subplot in the film was partly based on David Phillips ( also called The Pudding Guy ) . Sandler received critical praise for his role in his first major departure from the mainstream comedies that had made him a star . At the 2002 Cannes Film Festival , Anderson won the Best Director Award and was nominated for the d 'Or . - - = = = = There Will Be Blood = = = = - - There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) was loosely based on the Sinclair novel Oil ! . The budget of the film was $ 25 million , and it earned $ 76 @.@ 1 million worldwide . Daniel Day @-@ Lewis starred and won an Oscar for Best Leading Actor for his role . The film received eight nominations overall at the 80th Academy Awards . Paul received a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Anderson was nominated for Best Director from the Directors Guild of America . The film also received eight Academy Award nominations , tying with No Country for Old Men for the most nominations . Anderson received nominations for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay , losing all three to the Brothers for No Country for Old Men . There Will Be Blood was regarded by some critics as one of the greatest films of the decade , some parties further declaring it one of the most accomplished American films of the modern era ; David of The New Yorker wrote " the young writer @-@ director Paul Thomas Anderson has now done work that bears comparison to the greatest achievements of Griffith and Ford " , while Richard proclaimed it " one of the most wholly original American movies ever made " . - - = = = 2010s = = = - - - = = = = The Master = = = = - - In December 2009 , Anderson was working on a new script tentatively titled The Master , about a " charismatic intellectual " who starts a new religion in the 1950s . An associate of Anderson stated that the idea for the film had been in Anderson 's head for about twelve years . Though the film makes no reference to the movement , it has " long been widely assumed to be based on Scientology . " The Master was released on September 14 , 2012 by The Weinstein Company in the United States and Canada to critical acclaim . The film received three nominations at the 85th Academy Awards : Phoenix for Best Leading Actor , Philip Seymour Hoffman for Best Supporting Actor and Amy Adams for Best Supporting Actress . - - = = = = Inherent Vice = = = = - - Production of Anderson 's adaptation of Thomas Pynchon 's 2009 novel Inherent Vice began in May 2013 and ended in August of the same year . The film marked the first time that Pynchon allowed his work to be adapted for the screen and saw Anderson work with Phoenix for a second time . The supporting cast includes Owen Wilson , Reese Witherspoon , Malone , Martin Short , Del Toro , Katherine , Josh , Peter , Michael K. Williams and Eric Roberts . The film received two nominations at the 87th Academy Awards : Anderson for Best Adapted Screenplay and Mark Bridges for Best Costume Design . - - = = = = Junun = = = = - - In 2015 , Anderson directed a 54 @-@ minute documentary , Junun , about the making of an album of the same name by Jonny Greenwood , Israeli composer Ben and a group of Indian musicians . Most of the performances were recorded at the 15th @-@ century Fort in the Indian state of Rajasthan . Junun premiered at the 2015 New York Film Festival . - - = = = = Future projects = = = = - - Anderson is currently working on a drama about the New York fashion industry in the 1950s , which is expected to star Daniel Day @-@ Lewis in his first acting role since Lincoln in 2012 . - - = = = Other work = = = - - Anderson was a standby director during the 2005 filming of Robert Altman 's A Prairie Home Companion for insurance purposes , as Altman was 80 years old at the time . In addition to films , Anderson has directed several music videos , including several for musician Fiona Apple . In 2008 , Anderson co @-@ wrote and directed a 70 @-@ minute play at the Theatre , comprising a series of vignettes starring Maya Rudolph and Fred , with a live musical score by Jon . - - = = Influences and style = = - - - = = = Influences = = = - - Anderson only attended film school for two days , preferring to learn the craft by watching films by the filmmakers he liked , as well as watching films accompanied by director 's audio commentary . Anderson has cited Martin Scorsese , Robert Altman , Jonathan , Stanley Kubrick , Orson Welles and Max , as his main influences as a filmmaker . - - = = = Themes and style = = = - - Anderson is known for films set in the San Fernando Valley with realistically flawed and desperate characters . Among the themes dealt with in Anderson 's films are dysfunctional familial relationships , alienation , surrogate families , regret , loneliness , destiny , the power of forgiveness , and ghosts of the past . Anderson makes frequent use of repetition to build emphasis and thematic consistency . In Boogie Nights , Magnolia , Punch Drunk Love and The Master , the phrase " I didn 't do anything " is used at least once , developing themes of responsibility and denial . Anderson 's films are known for their bold visual style which includes stylistic such as constantly moving camera , @-@ based long takes , memorable use of music , and imagery . Anderson also tends to reference the Book of Exodus , either explicitly or subtly , such as in recurring references to Exodus 8 : 2 in Magnolia , which chronicles the plague of frogs , culminating with the literal of frogs in the film 's climax , or the title and themes in There Will Be Blood , a phrase that can be found in Exodus 7 : 19 , which details the plague of blood . - Within his first three films , Hard Eight , Boogie Nights and Magnolia , Anderson explored themes of dysfunctional families , alienation and loneliness . Boogie Nights and Magnolia were noted for their large ensemble casts , which Anderson returned to in Inherent Vice . In Punch @-@ Drunk Love , Anderson explored similar themes but expressed a different visual style , shedding the influences and references of his earlier films , being more surreal and having a heightened sense of reality . It was also short , compared to his previous two films , at 90 minutes . - There Will Be Blood stood apart from his first four films but shared similar themes and style such as flawed characters , moving camera , memorable music , and a lengthy running time . The film was more overtly engaged with politics than his previous films had been , examining capitalism and themes such as , optimism , and obsession . The Master dealt with " ideas about American personality , success , , master @-@ disciple dynamics , and father @-@ son mutually assured destruction . " All of his films deal with American themes with business versus art in Boogie Nights , ambition in There Will Be Blood , self @-@ in The Master . - - = = = Frequent collaborators = = = - - Anderson frequently with many actors and crew , carrying them over from film to film . Anderson has referred to his regular actors as " my little company " that has included John C. Reilly , Philip Baker Hall , Julianne Moore , William H. , Walters , and most prominently , the late Philip Seymour Hoffman . Luis is also considered an Anderson regular . Hoffman acted in Anderson 's first four films as well as The Master . Except for Paul F. Tompkins , Kevin , and Jim , who all had equally minor roles in Magnolia , There Will Be Blood had an entirely new cast . Robert has been cinematographer for all of Anderson 's films except The Master which was shot by Mihai Jr . Jon served as composer for Hard Eight , Magnolia , and Punch @-@ Drunk Love , and Jonny Greenwood of for There Will Be Blood , The Master , and Inherent Vice . Anderson also regularly works with producing partners , Scott , Michael De Luca , and Daniel as well as casting director Cassandra . - - = = Personal life = = - - Anderson dated ( and frequently collaborated with ) singer Fiona Apple for several years during the late 1990s and early 2000s . He has been in a relationship with actress and comedian Maya Rudolph since 2001 . They live together in the San Fernando Valley with their four children : daughters Pearl Bailey ( born October 2005 ) , Lucille ( born November 2009 ) , and Minnie Ida ( born August 2013 ) and son Jack ( born July 2011 ) . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = Awards and recognition = = - - Anderson has been called " one of the most exciting talents to come along in years " and " among the supreme talents of today . " After the release of Boogie Nights and Magnolia , Anderson was praised as a . In his 2002 interview with Jan , the director referenced Magnolia as an example of the strength of American cinema . In 2004 , Anderson was ranked twenty @-@ first on The Guardian 's list of the forty best living filmmakers . In 2007 , Total Film named him the twentieth greatest director of all time and the American Film Institute regarded him as " one of American film 's modern masters . " In 2012 , The Guardian ranked him number one on its list of " The 23 Best Film Directors in the World , " writing " his dedication to his craft has intensified , with his disdain for PR and celebrity marking him out as the most devout filmmaker of his generation . " In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly named him the eighth @-@ greatest working director , calling him " one of the most dynamic directors to emerge in the last 20 years . " In a podcast interview with critic Elvis Mitchell , director Sam referred to Anderson as " a true – and there are very few of those who I would classify as " , and Ben Affleck in his acceptance speech for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director said " Paul Thomas Anderson , who I think is like Orson Welles . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that " The Master , the sixth film from the 42 @-@ year @-@ old writer @-@ director , affirms his position as the foremost filmmaking talent of his generation . Anderson is a rock star , the artist who knows no limits . " As of 2016 , Anderson is the only person to win all three director prizes from the three major international film festivals ( Cannes , Berlin , Venice ) . - - - = The Fox , the Wolf and the Husbandman = - - The Fox , the Wolf and the Husbandman is a poem by the 15th @-@ century Scottish poet Robert Henryson and part of his collection of moral fables known as the of the Phrygian . It is written in Middle Scots . As with the other tales in the collection , to it is a moralitas which on the moral that the fable is supposed to contain . However , the of the moralitas for the tale itself has been questioned . - The tale combines two motifs . Firstly , a husbandman the fields with his new oxen makes a rash oath aloud to give them to the wolf ; when the wolf this , he attempts to make sure that the man his promise . The fox a solution by speaking to them individually ; eventually he fools the wolf into following him to claim his supposed reward for dropping the case , and tricks him into a draw @-@ well . The moralitas connects the wolf to the wicked man , the fox to the devil , and the husbandman to the godly man . A probable source for the tale is Petrus Alfonsi 's Disciplina , containing the same motifs , and William Caxton 's Aesop 's — though the tale is a beast fable , not Aesopic . - - = = Source = = - - A probable source of the tale is Petrus Alfonsi 's Disciplina , which has the same three motifs : the rash promise of the husbandman ; the wolf the moon for cheese ; and the wolf that descends into the well via a bucket , thereby trapping himself and freeing the fox . However , the discussion of legality and the questioning of language that take place alongside these motifs are entirely Henryson 's invention . Whereas the moral of Alfonsi 's tale explains that the wolf lost both the oxen and the cheese because he " relinquished what was present for what was to come " ( Latin : pro ) , Henryson 's moralitas more fully involves the husbandman . - Another source may be Aesop 's as published by William Caxton — scholar John considers this more likely than Disciplina — although the tale itself is not Aesopic but rather of the beast fable ( also beast @-@ epic ) genre . The plots of such works are more complicated than their Aesopic counterpart , tend more towards , and feature the fox making a victim of the wolf . - - = = Synopsis = = - - - = = = Tale = = = - - A husbandman the fields with his new , untrained oxen is made furious by their of the land . In his anger he makes the rash oath that the wolf " have you all at ! [ may , at once ] " . However , the wolf is lying nearby with the fox , and , it , promises to make him stay true to his word . Eventually the oxen calm down , but on the way back home the wolf jumps into their path . The wolf asks where the husbandman is driving them , since they are not his , to which he confirms that they are and asks why he is being stopped since he never offended the wolf before . The wolf reminds the husbandman of his earlier declaration , to which he replies that a man may say things that do not mean anything . They argue , and the husbandman the wolf for not having a witness ; in response , he produces the fox . The creature takes it upon himself to mediate the dispute , and takes each aside in turn . To the husbandman he says that he would lend his expertise to help him were it not for the " grit and " of doing so ; the husbandman offers him half a dozen of the he has , to which the fox and goes off . To the wolf he says that the husbandman has offered an unparalleled block of cheese in exchange for him dropping the case . - The wolf , after some complaint , agrees to this and the two proceed through the woods after the prize — all the while the fox considers how to trick the wolf . Eventually , as the wolf complains of the of their quest , they arrive at a draw @-@ well with buckets on each end of a rope . Seeing the reflection of the moon in the water at the bottom of the well , the wolf believes there to be cheese down there and lowers the fox down to pick it up . When he complains that it is too heavy for him to lift alone , the wolf jumps into the other bucket and descends to help . However , this pulls up the other bucket , into which the fox has jumped , and so the two swap places ; the wolf at the bottom of the well and the fox safely escaped . The narrator that he does not know who helped the wolf out of the well , but that the tale is at an end . - - = = = = = = - - The wolf is likened to a wicked man who others . The fox is likened to the devil . The farmer is likened to the godly man , with whom the finds fault . The woods where the wolf was cheated are goods that man longs to get . The cheese represents covetousness ; the well that contains it is fraud and fantasy , which draws men downwards into hell . - - = = Analysis = = - - As with other tales in the collection , the moralitas of The Fox , the Wolf and the Husbandman can be considered at odds with the tale itself . Farber highlights a number of these discrepancies , and says that the allegory " does not hold true in any traditional sense " . Amongst the inconsistencies is that the fox , not the wolf , is the figure that argues with and finds fault in the husbandman ; the " woods of the world " are not by the husbandman , in spite of the moralitas suggesting it is applicable to all men ; Farber argues that even assuming the moral to be true is problematic , since it apparently suggests that the godly man must the figure of the judge , and that this does not affect his godly status . Furthermore , the absence of the legal discussion and the binding quality of words from the moralitas suggests to Farber that the " intricate legal framework … has no impact whatsoever in resolving the issues with which it is supposed to deal " . In contrast , M. Bright considers that the moralitas of this tale , as well as several others , create " an additional sense which co @-@ exists with the literal narrative and extends and it thematically " ; treating literal details symbolically and establishing the sense through direct comparisons . - According to Dorothy Yamamoto , the significant themes in the tale are " and vacancy , substance and illusion " . The cheese that apparently resides in the well is only an illusion , not a solid object , and similarly the fox creates a surface reconciliation between the wolf and the husbandman , but which betrays his real intentions . Through their frequent misuse , words that should convey real value are emptied of meaning . As an example , Yamamoto highlights the fox 's on which the wolf and husbandman make their pledge — which body part she says is used by the fox in other tales to blind his , and is thereby a highly inappropriate object to use . - - = = = Modern edition = = = - - Henryson , Robert ( 2009 ) . The Testament of & seven fables . by Seamus Heaney . London : and . ISBN . - - - = Joe Nathan = - - Joseph Michael " Joe " Nathan ( born November 22 , 1974 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Nathan started out his baseball career as a shortstop in high school and while at Stony Brook University , but converted to a pitcher after being drafted by the San Francisco Giants . He worked his way through the minor leagues , alternating between spots in the rotation and the bullpen . After a few years of splitting time between the majors and the minors , Nathan had a breakout season as a setup man for the Giants in 2003 . That offseason , Nathan was traded to the Minnesota Twins and became their closer . - From 2004 to 2009 , Nathan was considered one of the top in MLB with four All @-@ Star appearances and a league @-@ leading saves . In 2010 , Nathan underwent Tommy John surgery to repair a torn ulnar collateral ligament in his throwing elbow and missed the entire season . On April 3 , 2011 , Nathan recorded his first save since his injury against the Toronto Blue Jays and later that year in July , Nathan regained the role as closer . On August 10 , 2011 , he became the Twins all @-@ time leader in saves with his in a game against the Boston Red Sox . After the 2011 season , Nathan left the Twins via free agency to sign with the Texas Rangers , becoming an All @-@ Star again in 2012 and 2013 . On April 8 , 2013 , he earned his 300th save . After the 2013 season , Nathan left the Rangers via free agency to sign with the Detroit Tigers . Nathan is currently 8th on the all @-@ time saves list . - - = = Early career = = - - Nathan graduated from Pine Bush High School in Pine Bush , New York in 1992 , where he played basketball and baseball and ran track . Only Division III colleges showed minimal interest in him , and he ended up at Stony Brook University largely because his high school assistant coach Jeff and Stony Brook baseball coach Matt knew each other as former teammates in the State University of New York at Cortland baseball program . - - = = College career = = - - He first played shortstop for the then Division III Stony Brook ( now Division I and called the ) , at Stony Brook University in Long Island , New York . Nathan became a two @-@ time Academic All @-@ American and graduating as a member of the Golden Key International Honour Society . During his tenure there , professional baseball scouts began to notice his good arm and pitcher 's body , and on the day of a , unfortunately , " literally someone from every organization " came to watch him pitch . He was drafted in the sixth round ( overall ) of the amateur draft by the San Francisco Giants in 1995 , and signed the next day , June 2 . His college jersey number has since been retired , and he was awarded the University Medal , the highest recognition given by / Stony Brook . He also played for the Fairfield in the New England Collegiate Baseball League in 1994 . - In August 2008 , he gave the / Stony Brook athletics department $ 500 @,@ 000 for a new baseball facility . In recognition of this " lead gift " from the Joe Nathan Charitable Foundation , the college named it " Joe Nathan Field . " - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Minor = = = - - He began his minor league career in Class A for the Giants . After an unsuccessful year at the plate the Giants tried to convert Nathan into a pitcher , but he refused and left to return to Stony Brook for a year , graduating with a degree in business management . He gave more thought to his future in baseball , however , and after graduation decided to return to the Giants organization and developed into a standout pitching prospect . After a season with the Salem @-@ , he pitched for both the A and AA levels for ( the San Jose Giants and Shreveport Captains ) in 1998 as a starter . During his tenure with San Jose he started 22 games with an ERA of 3 @.@ 32 and 118 strikeouts , leading the Class A Giants to the California League championship . Promoted to AA Shreveport in 1999 , he pitched in only two games before being promoted to the parent club in 1999 . - - = = = San Francisco Giants ( 1999 – 2003 ) = = = - - Nathan was promoted to the San Francisco Giants on April 20 , 1999 , taking the roster spot of superstar Barry Bonds , who went on the disabled list after left elbow surgery . He made his major league debut the next day , pitching seven shutout innings and winning his first major league decision against the Florida Marlins , 4 – 0 . He then divided the rest of the season between the AAA Fresno and the Giants , going 6 – 4 with the and 7 – 4 and 4 @.@ 18 with the Giants , earning his first career save on May 16 against the Houston . - After a short stint in the minors in 2000 , Nathan spent most of the season in the majors , finishing 5 – 2 and even hitting two home runs . But he struggled with his control , walking 63 in ⁄ 3 innings and ending the season with a 5 @.@ 21 ERA . He was on the disabled list twice : from May 17 to June 6 for right shoulder tendinitis and from July 14 to August 18 for an right shoulder , surgery on the afflicted shoulder at the end of the season . Nathan divided 2001 between the AAA Fresno and AA Shreveport both starting and relieving , finishing with a disappointing combined 3 – 11 record and an ERA over 7 . Nathan improved slightly in 2002 to 6 – 12 with an ERA of over 5 at Fresno , but finally his struggles to return to the Giants in September with 32 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings in relief . - Nathan spent all of 2003 with the Giants in the bullpen after marrying Lisa , his girlfriend of five years , in November 2002 . This was a breakout year for Nathan , starting the season with 23 scoreless innings en route to a 12 – 4 record in his first full year as a reliever . His 78 appearances put him high on the list of most @-@ used pitchers for the season as one of the best setup men in the NL , allowing no runs in 15 appearances from July 18 to August 20 . His 12 wins in relief led the majors . The Giants won the National League West by 151 ⁄ 2 games and drew the Florida Marlins , the National League 's wild card winner , in the NLDS . Nathan was hit hard in that series , blowing his only save opportunity . His team fared no better , winning Game 1 behind Jason Schmidt 's complete game shutout before dropping the next three . - - = = = Minnesota Twins ( 2004 – 2011 ) = = = - - - = = = = 2004 = = = = - - Nathan was traded to the Minnesota Twins on November 16 , 2003 , in one of the more lopsided trades in San Francisco Giants history . The Giants sent Nathan to the Twins along with pitchers and Francisco for catcher A. J. and cash . The Twins decided to make Nathan their closer starting in 2004 , risky move considering that Nathan had notched only one save in six opportunities as a Giant , but he won the job over J. C. Romero and Jesse in spring training . He was signed to a three @-@ year deal on March 4 , 2004 and agreed to an incentive @-@ laden contract with a base salary of $ 440 @,@ 000 . He started off the season strong , allowing no runs in 20 appearances and earning 14 saves from April 15 to June 4 . He was named AL Co @-@ Player of the Week starting on May 10 with four saves in four innings and four appearances , facing the minimum number of batters each time . His credentials for the first half of the season , 23 saves in 24 opportunities with a 1 @.@ 19 ERA in 26 appearances , earned him his first All @-@ Star appearance in the 2004 MLB All @-@ Star Game . He was the only Twin on the squad and pitched a perfect seventh inning , getting Bobby to strike out , Mike Lowell to fly out and Miguel Cabrera to strike out . His numbers were impressive through the rest of the season , allowing no runs between June 9 and August 18 , and between August 25 and September 16 @.@ and finishing 2004 with 44 saves in 47 opportunities and an ERA of 1 @.@ 62 . The Twins won the AL Central division and faced the New York Yankees in the ALDS . Nathan picked up his first postseason save in Game 1 , but blew his second opportunity in Game 2 as the Twins went on to lose the ensuing three games . His outstanding season earned him MVP and Cy Young votes , finishing fourth for Cy Young and 12th for MVP . His first child , a son named Cole , was born on November 9 , 2004 . - - = = = = 2005 = = = = - - During spring training in 2005 , Nathan signed a two @-@ year deal that includes a club option for 2008 . He picked up from where he left off in 2004 , allowing no earned runs in 15 appearances from April 5 to May 10 . He also had streaks of 13 and 12 consecutive save opportunities converted between April and July . As a result , Nathan was named the American League Player of the Week for the week of June 27 . Nathan earned another All @-@ Star appearance in 2005 for his pitching in the first half of the season . Although his record was 1 – 3 with a 3 @.@ 57 ERA in 37 appearances , he had struck out 43 batters in ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and lead the AL with 23 saves in 25 opportunities . Nathan pitched in the 2005 MLB All @-@ Star Game alongside fellow pitcher Johan Santana . Pitching the eighth inning of the game , he got Morgan to pop out for the first out , then gave out a double to . Felipe López singled , and Nathan was able to get Miguel Cabrera and Luis out , but not before scored . Nathan had a brilliant second half as he went 6 – 1 with 18 saves in 20 chances , and posted an ERA of 1 @.@ 76 . He finished the season with a 7 – 4 record , a 2 @.@ 70 ERA , 43 saves in 48 opportunities , and 94 strikeouts . Nathan also became the third pitcher in club history to post consecutive 40 save seasons . The Twins however missed the playoffs . - - = = = = 2006 = = = = - - Before the 2006 season began , Nathan participated in the 2006 World Baseball Classic as one of the 30 players selected for the Team USA roster . He played the first game , a 2 – 0 win against Mexico , striking out the side while allowing one hit . He also pitched the 4 – 3 victory against Japan , again throwing a shutout inning . Nathan went on to pitch the last game for the United States in the ninth inning against Mexico , again not allowing a run and striking out two . - As the regular 2006 season began for the Twins , Nathan started off strong , allowing no runs from the start of the season to April 25 . He also converted 10 straight save opportunities from April 11 to June 17 . On June 24 , Nathan recorded his one hundredth career save against the Chicago Cubs , and 99th save with Minnesota . Four days later he got save number 101 , his hundredth save with Minnesota against the Los Angeles Dodgers , becoming the fifth pitcher in Twins history to achieve that mark . Despite putting up great numbers during the 2006 season , Nathan was not selected to the All @-@ Star Game . He continued to pitch well throughout the season , passing Eddie for second on the Twins ' all @-@ time save list when he earned his save against the Detroit Tigers on September 9 . Nathan was also given the Major League Baseball Man of the Month award for July , going nine for nine in save opportunities and posting a 0 @.@ 75 ERA for the month . He finished the season with some of his best numbers to date : a 7 – 0 record , a 1 @.@ 58 ERA , 95 strikeouts , 36 saves , an 18th @-@ place finish in MVP voting , and a fifth @-@ place finish in Cy Young voting . His 61 games finished were also good for the AL lead and opponents batted just against him , a career high . With 36 saves in 38 opportunities , Nathan also became the first pitcher for the organization to earn 35 saves in three straight seasons . The Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season , but were swept by the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS as Nathan made one scoreless appearance . - - = = = = 2007 = = = = - - Nathan continued as the Twins ' closer for the 2007 season . He had a stretch between July and August where he gave up just two earned runs and converted all 12 save chances . Once again despite Nathan 's numbers , he was not picked for the All @-@ Star team . Nathan finished the year by converting 37 of 41 save opportunities with a record of 4 – 2 and an ERA of 1 @.@ 88 . The Twins however had a disappointing season and missed the playoffs . - On September 25 , 2007 , Nathan was named as one of 10 finalists for the " Man of the Year Award " , the third year in a row that he has been a . On October 29 , the Twins exercised Nathan 's club option for 2008 . - - = = = = 2008 = = = = - - Though Nathan was slated to make $ 6 million in 2008 , on March 24 , 2008 , the Minnesota Twins re @-@ signed Nathan to a four @-@ year , $ 47 million contract through 2011 . The deal also includes a $ 12 @.@ 5 million club option for 2012 with a $ 2 million buyout . - Nathan started the season with 13 consecutive saves but blew his first save of the season on May 27 by giving up a three @-@ run inside @-@ the @-@ park home run on a fly ball by teammate Young ; however , Nathan got two outs to end the 9th inning and the Twins went on to win the game . By converting 27 of 29 save opportunities prior to the All @-@ Star break , Nathan was selected as a reserve player for the American League in the 2008 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game . Nathan finished the year with 39 saves and a career best 1 @.@ 33 ERA . He also had a career high six blown saves and surrendered his first career walk @-@ off home run to Victor Martinez on September 16 . Nathan ranked seventh in the majors in saves and had the lowest ERA of the top 30 save leaders in 2008 . - - = = = = 2009 = = = = - - Nathan had a strong season , as he was selected as an All @-@ Star for the 2009 MLB All Star Game , and he finished the year with 2 @.@ 10 ERA with 47 saves in 52 opportunities , which was a franchise record . He shared honors for the AL Relief Man award with Mariano Rivera . However , Nathan did not fare as well in the postseason ; in Game 2 of the American League Division Series against the New York Yankees , with the Twins leading 3 – 1 in the bottom of the ninth inning , Nathan blew the save when he surrendered a game @-@ tying two @-@ run home run to Alex Rodriguez . It was the first home run Nathan had allowed with men on base all year . The Yankees later won the game in the 11th inning and swept the series . On October 11 , 2009 , after the Twins lost the final game at the Metrodome ( a 4 – 1 playoff loss to the Yankees that eliminated them ) , Nathan took a pile of dirt from the mound as a from the Metrodome . - - = = = = 2010 = = = = - - On March 9 , 2010 , it was reported that Nathan had a tear in his ulnar collateral ligament . On March 21 , after attempting to pitch without having surgery , Nathan decided to undergo Tommy John surgery , missing the entire 2010 season . - - = = = = 2011 = = = = - - Nathan earned his first save at Target Field on April 8 , 2011 . He emptied the container of dirt he took from the Metrodome on the mound at Target Field before pitching . On April 18 , Nathan was replaced at closer by Matt after going 3 for 5 in save opportunities . On May 28 , 2011 , Nathan was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with a right muscle strain . Chuck James was called up to take his place . - On August 10 , 2011 , against the Boston Red Sox , Nathan became the Twins all @-@ time saves leader with 255 , passing Rick Aguilera . - After the Twins declined his $ 12 @.@ 5 million club option and exercised a $ 2 million buyout , Nathan became a free agent at the end of the 2011 season . - Nathan is currently the Minnesota Twins leader in career saves . - - = = = Texas Rangers ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = = - - On November 21 , 2011 , Nathan agreed to terms on a two @-@ year deal with the Texas Rangers worth $ 14 @.@ 5 million guaranteed with an option for a third year at $ 9 million or a $ 500 @,@ 000 buyout . - Nathan had a strong first season with the Rangers , as he was selected to the represent the Rangers at the 2012 MLB All Star Game , the fifth all star selection of his career . He finished his 2012 campaign with 37 saves and an ERA of 2 @.@ 80 . During a game against the Tampa Bay on April 8 , 2013 , Nathan earned his 300th career save after striking out Ben looking on a controversial strike call made by home plate umpire Marty Foster . TV cameras captured Nathan saying " ! " after the call . - Nathan was selected to his sixth All Star Game in 2013 , and earned the save for the American League . Nathan improved on his 2012 campaign , finishing his 2013 season with 43 saves and an ERA of 1 @.@ 39 . Nathan finished his Rangers career with an overall record of 9 – 7 , 80 saves , a 2 @.@ 08 ERA and 0 @.@ 98 . - - = = = Detroit Tigers ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = = - - On December 4 , 2013 , the Tigers signed Nathan to a two @-@ year , $ 20 million contract , with a club option for 2016 . This reunited him with former teammate and fellow ex @-@ Twins great , Hunter along with Rangers teammate Ian . On May 5 , 2014 , Nathan recorded his career save , tying him with Randy Myers for ninth on the all @-@ time saves list . Two days later , Nathan recorded career save number 348 , putting him alone at ninth on the all @-@ time saves list . On June 9 , Nathan recorded career save 358 , tying him with Troy Percival for 8th on the all @-@ time saves list . On August 23 , 2014 , Nathan recorded his career save , passing up Jeff for 7th place on the all @-@ time saves list . In a September 16 game against the Minnesota Twins , Nathan blew his seventh save of the season , surpassing his previous career high of six blown saves when he pitched for the Twins in 2008 . Nathan finished his first season with the Tigers making 62 appearances and recording 35 saves in 42 chances , while posting an ERA of 4 @.@ 81 . He made one postseason appearance in 2014 , retiring all three batters he faced in a non @-@ save situation in Game 2 of the ALDS against the Baltimore Orioles . The Tigers were swept in the series , 3 – 0 . - On April 8 , 2015 , Nathan was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list due to a strained right elbow . During a rehab start with the Toledo on April 22 , Nathan re @-@ injured his elbow after throwing only 10 pitches . The same night , Nathan underwent , which tested positive revealing tears in his ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow and his muscle , and would undergo Tommy John surgery , ending Nathan 's 2015 season . Sources projected that this surgery could end Nathan 's career , but he was not planning to retire yet . - During the 2015 offseason , the Tigers declined the $ 10 million club option for Nathan for the 2016 season , and exercised a $ 1 million buyout . - - = = = Chicago Cubs ( 2016 – present ) = = = - - On May 17 , 2016 , Nathan signed with the Chicago Cubs . He was immediately placed on the 60 @-@ day disabled list upon signing to continue recovery from his previous Tommy John surgery . Nathan made his Cubs debut on July 24 , 2016 against the Milwaukee Brewers . He pitched one inning and struck out the side , allowing one hit and one walk . - - = = Records and notable statistics = = - - - = = Personal life = = - - Nathan is married to Lisa ( ) . They have two children . Nathan 's foundation , Joe Nathan Charitable Foundation , also called " Save It " , helps raise money and awareness for many different charities . The Nathan 's reside in , Tennessee in the offseason . - - = = Pitching style = = - - Nathan throws a mix of four pitches . His main pitch , a four @-@ seam fastball was once thrown in the mid @-@ to @-@ upper 90s , but now settles between 91 and 94 mph . His main breaking ball is a hard slider in the upper 80s , occasionally even touching 90 . He uses the slider less frequently against left @-@ handed hitters , preferring to use a curveball in the low 80s . He also uses a two @-@ seam fastball against . His slider is his best swing @-@ and @-@ miss pitch , with a rate of 42 % since 2007 . - - - = Art Ross = - - Arthur " Art " Ross ( January 13 , 1885 – August 5 , 1964 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and executive from 1905 until 1954 . Regarded as one of the best defenders of his era by his peers , he was one of the first to skate with the puck up the ice rather than pass it to a forward . He was on Stanley Cup championship teams twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons ; in January 1907 with the Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers . Like other players of the time , Ross played for several different teams and leagues , and is most notable for his time with the Wanderers while they were members of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) and its successor , the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . In 1911 he led one of the first organized player strikes over increased pay . When the Wanderers ' home arena burned down in January 1918 , the team ceased operations and Ross retired as a player . - After several years as an on @-@ ice official , he was named head coach of the Hamilton Tigers for one season . When the Boston Bruins were formed in 1924 , Ross was hired as the first coach and general manager of the team . He would go on to coach the team on three separate occasions until 1945 and stayed as general manager until his retirement in 1954 . Ross helped the Bruins finish first place in the league ten times and to win the Stanley Cup three times ; Ross personally coached the team to two of those victories . After being hired by the Bruins , Ross , along with his wife and two sons , moved to a suburb of Boston , and became an American citizen in 1938 . He died near Boston in 1964 . - Outside of his association with the Bruins , Ross also helped to improve the game . He created a style of hockey puck still used today , and advocated an improved style of goal nets , a change that lasted forty years . In 1947 Ross donated the Art Ross Trophy , awarded to the leading scorer of the NHL regular season . Ross was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949 . - - = = Early life = = - - Ross was born January 13 , 1885 , in , Ontario . His father , Thomas Ross , was the head of a Hudson 's Bay Company trading post in the area . The ninth of ten children , Ross grew up speaking both English and Ojibwe , a native Canadian language . Ross moved to Montreal in 1902 to play in organized hockey leagues , living in the affluent district . He played high school and junior hockey with Lester and Frank Patrick , both of whom were later inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Ross and Lester had a financially successful ticket business at the Montreal Arena , buying tickets for thirty @-@ five cents and selling them for up to a dollar . - - = = Playing career = = - - - = = = 1905 – 09 = = = - - The best hockey players on their high school team , Ross and the Patrick brothers were invited to play occasional games for local league teams in Montreal . Ross first played in an organized league in 1905 , joining Montreal of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League ( ) , the top amateur league in Canada . He scored ten goals in eight games during the season . His opponents regarded him as one of the best rushing . Most defenders at the time either shot the puck down the ice or passed to a forward ; in contrast , Ross up the ice , taking the puck into the offensive zone . Later that year , wishing to pursue a career in banking , he moved to Brandon , Manitoba , where he joined the Brandon of the Manitoba Hockey League , the senior league in the province . In 1906 , his first season , he scored six goals in seven games while he recorded six goals in ten games in 1907 . Around this time , the Thistles , the Manitoba League champions , wanted to strengthen their team for the Stanley Cup challenge against the Montreal Wanderers in Montreal during January 1907 . They paid Ross $ 1 @,@ 000 to play both matches , a common practice at the time , and the Thistles won the Cup . While failing to score , Ross started many plays and proved an important part of the team . Although he played for the opposing team , he received a good reception from the Montreal crowd . Ross did not play for the Thistles when the two teams played for the Cup again in March , which the Wanderers won to take back the Cup . - The following year Ross moved back to Montreal . He joined the Wanderers , the team he had helped to defeat , who played in the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) , the successor league to the as the premier league in the country . He scored eight goals in ten games over the two @-@ month season that lasted from January to March . He helped the team to finish first in the ECAHA and retain the Cup in 1908 with challenges from Ottawa , Winnipeg and Toronto . The Wanderers were Cup champions throughout these challenges , so Ross became the second player to win the Cup with different teams in consecutive years , after Jack Marshall in 1901 and 1902 . In January 1908 , he participated in the first all @-@ star game in sports history , a benefit for the family of former defender Hod Stuart , who died the previous summer . Aside from his time with the Wanderers , Ross repeated his practice of playing for other teams who paid for his services in important matches . For the 1909 season Ross demanded a salary of $ 1 @,@ 600 . Although he settled for $ 1 @,@ 200 , the average salary of hockey players at the time was $ 600 . Ross received a cash bonus of $ 400 to play in a Stanley Cup challenge against a team from Edmonton in December 1908 , in which the Wanderers won the two @-@ game , total @-@ goal series 13 – 10 . He finished the season with two goals in nine games . - - = = = 1909 – 18 = = = - - A new league , the Canadian Hockey Association ( ) , was formed in late November 1909 . One of the teams , the All @-@ Montreal Hockey Club , hired Ross as a playing @-@ manager , but the league only lasted to mid @-@ January 1910 before disbanding . Ross , who scored four goals in four games in the , then signed with the of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , a league formed in December 1909 , which proved to be the stronger replacement to the ECAHA as the highest level of hockey in Canada . He received $ 2 @,@ 700 to play in the 1910 season , which lasted from January to March , playing twelve games for the team and finishing with six goals . Before the following season , the NHA imposed a salary cap of $ 5 @,@ 000 per team . The players , including Ross , were unhappy as this would result in a pay decrease , and began looking to form their own league without a cap . Ross wrote to the Montreal Herald , stating " all the players want is a fair deal ... The players are not trying to the NHA , but we want to know where we get off at . " The plans were abandoned when they realized all the suitable arenas would be unavailable as they were owned or leased by the NHA . Ross scored four goals in eleven games with the Wanderers , who finished fourth in the five team league . During a match against the Quebec Bulldogs on February 25 , 1911 , Ross knocked out Eddie in a fight , provoking a massive brawl between the two teams , which the police had to break up . The fight helped to increase the reputation Ross had as a tough player unwilling to back down from any opponent . The following season Ross had eleven goals in nineteen games as the Wanderers improved to second in the league . - Prior to the 1913 – 14 NHA season , Ross refused to sign a contract for the Wanderers , requesting a salary increase . As one of the top players on the team , the Wanderers agreed to his demands of $ 1 @,@ 500 for the forthcoming season , in which he finished with four goals and nine points in eighteen games . The next season Ross , again concerned with his salary , began negotiating with other players in the NHA to leave their teams and form a new league that would offer higher wages . These actions resulted in his suspension in November 1914 by Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA . Ross responded by declaring himself a free agent and claiming his contract with the Wanderers was no longer valid . Consequently , although having no technical power to do so , Quinn suspended Ross from all organized hockey . The proposed new league failed to materialize and Ross applied for to the NHA , which was granted at a meeting of the team owners on December 18 , 1914 . The owners realized if they suspended Ross , they would also have to suspend all those he signed , hurting the league . However , Ross 's actions led to his release by the Wanderers . At first he trained with the Montreal Canadiens , then joined the Ottawa Senators . - At the conclusion of the 1914 – 15 season , the Senators and Wanderers finished with identical records of fourteen wins and six losses . A two @-@ game , total goal series was played to determine the NHA league champion who would contest the Stanley Cup with the Pacific Coast Hockey Association winner , the Vancouver . Ross , who finished with three goals in sixteen games in the season , scored one goal in the first match against the Wanderers , a Senators 4 – 0 victory , and though Ottawa lost the second game 1 – 0 , they won the series , 4 – 1 . To help the Senators stop the Wanderers , who were known for their speed , Ross created a new system of defence . " bar the door " , it required three defenders to align themselves across the ice 30 feet in front of the goaltender to stop offensive rushes . This style of defence would later be used in a modified version known as the neutral zone trap , later used widely to stop opposition offensive chances . - The following year Ross , who had eight goals and eight assists in twenty @-@ one games , was the second highest paid player on the team ; his salary of $ 1 @,@ 400 was $ 100 less than Frank made . Even so , Ross left the team in 1916 , returning to Montreal in order to look after his sporting @-@ goods store , and rejoining the Wanderers . He scored six goals and had two assists in sixteen games for the team . The Wanderers , along with the Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Arenas , Quebec Bulldogs and Ottawa Senators dissolved the NHA and founded the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in November 1917 . Ross became coach of the Wanderers , but a fire on January 2 , 1918 , destroyed their home , the Montreal Arena , and forced them to fold after four games . However , the NHL insisted the team continue to play , and recorded two additional scheduled matches as losses for the Wanderers , even though the matches were not played . With the Wanderers disbanded , Ross retired as a player . His NHL career yielded one goal in three games played . - - = = Managerial career = = - - - = = = 1918 – 36 = = = - - Ross began his career as a hockey coach in the midst of his playing days , when at age 24 he led the McGill University to a 4 – 2 – 1 record during the 1910 – 11 season . Following his playing career , Ross became a NHL referee . He was hired to coach the Hamilton Tigers for the 1922 – 23 season , and adopted new methods in training camp that emphasized physical fitness , including work off the ice . However , the Tigers finished with a record of six wins and eighteen losses , last in the NHL for the third successive year , and Ross did not return the next season . His next coaching appointment arose from meeting Boston grocery store magnate Charles Adams during the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals . Before the 1924 season , the NHL awarded Adams an expansion team . Adams ' first move was to hire Ross as vice president , general manager , coach and scout . Adams instructed Ross to come up with a nickname portraying an animal displaying speed , agility and . With this in mind , Ross named the team the Boston Bruins , after the Old English word for a bear . The team 's nickname went perfectly with the original colours of brown and yellow , which were the same colours of Adams ' grocery chain , First National Stores . - Ross utilized his many hockey connections throughout Canada and the United States to sign players . Even so , the team started poorly . Early in the first season the University of Toronto hockey team was in Boston for matches against local universities . The team 's manager , , who later owned and managed the Toronto Maple Leafs , said that his team could easily defeat the Bruins — Ross 's team had won only two of their first fifteen NHL games . This began a feud between and Ross which lasted for over 40 years , until Ross ' death ; while mostly confined to newspaper reports , they refused to speak to each other at NHL Board of Governor meetings . The Bruins finished their first season with six wins in thirty games , one of the worst records in the history of the league . Several records were set over the course of the season ; the three home wins are tied for the second fewest ever , and an eleven @-@ game losing streak from December 8 , 1924 , until February 17 , 1925 , set a record for longest losing streak , surpassed in 2004 and now second longest in history . With 17 wins in 36 games the following season , the team greatly improved , and finished one point out of a playoff spot . - In 1926 the Western Hockey League , the other top professional hockey league , was in decline . The Patrick brothers , who controlled the league , offered to sell the remaining five teams for $ 300 @,@ 000 . Ross realized the potential talent available and convinced Adams to pay the money . As a result , the Bruins acquired the rights to several future Hall of Fame players , the most notable being defender Eddie Shore . Ross signed goaltender Cecil " Tiny " Thompson in 1928 , who was with a team in Minnesota , despite never watching him play ; Ralph " " Weiland was also brought over from Minnesota . Ross acquired Cy from Ottawa and made him a player @-@ assistant @-@ coach while he assumed the role of coach and team manager . On November 20 , 1928 , the Bruins moved to a new arena when the Boston Garden opened . The team played the Canadiens who won the match 1 – 0 in front of 16 @,@ 000 fans . The players signed by Ross helped the Bruins to improve quickly , and they won the Stanley Cup in 1929 . retired after the Cup win , Ross guiding the team to several league records in the 1929 – 30 season . The team won 38 of 44 games for an winning percentage , the highest in league history ; the five losses tied a record for fewest ever , and the four road losses tied a record for second fewest . The Bruins also only finished one game in a tie , a record for fewest ties in a season since the NHL began recording the record in 1926 . One of the longest winning streaks was also set during the season . From December 3 , 1929 , until January 9 , 1930 , the team won fourteen games in a row , a record that lasted until 1982 and now tied for third longest , as of October 2010 . A home winning streak began the same day and lasted for twenty games , until March 18 , 1930 , which was tied for the longest of its kind in 1976 . In 1930 – 31 , the Bruins again lost only one home game , which equalled their previous record . - On March 26 , 1931 , Ross substituted a sixth for goaltender Tiny Thompson in the final minute of play in a playoff game against the Montreal Canadiens . Although the Bruins lost the game 1 – 0 , Ross became the first coach to replace his goaltender with an extra attacker , a tactic which became widespread practice in hockey . aside as coach in 1934 to focus on managing the team , Ross hired Frank Patrick as coach with a salary of $ 10 @,@ 500 , which was high for such a role . However rumours spread during the season that Patrick was drinking heavily and not being as strict with the players as Ross wanted . After the Bruins lost their playoff series with the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1936 playoffs , the result of an 8 – 1 score in the second game , a newspaper claimed that Patrick had been drinking the day of the game and had trouble controlling the team . Several days later , Ross relieved Patrick of his duties and once again assumed the role of coach . - - = = = 1936 – 54 = = = - - Ross took over an improved team . He had recently signed three players , Schmidt , Bobby Bauer and Woody , who all grew up together in , Ontario , and had them play on the same line , soon nicknamed the Line in reference to the German heritage of all three . Along with them , Ross had acquired a new goaltender in 1938 , Frank Brimsek ; after Brimsek earned six in his first eight games , the Bruins traded away Tiny Thompson to allow Brimsek to play . With these players the Bruins finished first in the league in 1937 – 38 ; Ross was named as the second best coach in the league , selected for the end of season All @-@ Star Second Team . The next season the Bruins won 36 of 48 games , and won the Stanley Cup in the playoffs ; Ross was named to the First All @-@ Star Team as the best coach in the league for the season and the team only tied two games , which is tied for the second fewest in a season . He hired the recently retired Weiland to coach the Bruins for the 1939 – 40 NHL season . The Bruins would win the Cup again in 1941 , and tied their record of only four away losses all season . Ross once again took over as coach of the team before the 1941 – 42 season began , as Weiland became coach of the Bears of the American Hockey League , and led the team to 25 wins in 48 games , which was enough to earn third place in the league . By this time the Second World War had caused several Bruins players , including the entire Line and goaltender Brimsek , to enlist in their respective armed forces . The Bruins finished second in the NHL during the 1942 – 43 season with 24 wins in 50 games and Ross was again named in the Second NHL All @-@ Star Team as second best coach in the league . The Bruins missed the playoffs in 1943 – 44 , the first time in ten years they failed to qualify , but returned to the playoffs the next season , something they did for five straight years . - In 1949 , Ross had signed Georges Boucher as coach , but Boucher did not work well with Ross and team president Weston Adams . Looking to hire a new coach in the summer of 1950 , Ross Lynn Patrick , the son of Lester , who had just resigned from the New York Rangers after coaching the team to the Stanley Cup Final . Lynn had moved his family back to Victoria , British Columbia , where he grew up as a child , with the intention of coaching the Victoria Cougars , a team in the minor professional Pacific Coast Hockey League . Though reluctant to move back to the eastern United States , Lynn was hired by Ross after he was offered a salary of $ 12 @,@ 000 . He would coach the team for the next four seasons and become the second general manager of the Bruins when Ross retired at the end of October 1954 . - - = = = Legacy = = = - - Aside from his career in hockey , Ross was interested in improving the game . Prior to the start of the 1927 – 28 season , the NHL adopted a new style of goal net created by Ross . With the back into a B @-@ shape , it was better designed to catch and the net was used until 1984 , when a modified version was adopted . He also improved the design of the puck . Ross ' design had edges , which prevented it bouncing too much , and used synthetic rubber , rather than the natural rubber previously in vogue . Along with New York Rangers coach Frank Boucher , Ross helped to create the red line , which was introduced to help speed up the game by removing the ability for defenders to pass the puck from the defensive to offensive zone ; until 2006 it was against the rules of hockey to make a two line pass . More scoring chances resulted as teams could not simply send the puck down the ice with . In order to help tell the red line and blue lines apart on television , Ross suggested that the red line be striped . - Regarded throughout his playing career as one of the best defenders in hockey , Ross was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949 , selected for his playing career rather than his work as an executive . A ceremony for his induction was held prior to a Bruins game on December 2 , 1949 , where he was given his Hall of Fame scroll and a silver with the of the six NHL teams on it . In 1975 he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame . Along with his two sons he donated the Art Ross Trophy to the NHL in 1947 , to be awarded to the leading scorer in the league 's regular season . In 1984 he was posthumously awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy for service to hockey in the United States . - A descriptive biography entitled Art Ross : The Hockey Legend who Built the Bruins by Eric Zweig was published by Press in 2015 . - - = = Personal life = = - - Ross also excelled in baseball , football , and motorcycle racing . Before he became a hockey executive , he had a career as a bank clerk and ran a sporting @-@ goods store in Montreal . Ross had moved to Brandon , Manitoba , in 1905 at the advice of his parents so he could get a job with a bank , with a salary of $ 600 per year . He gave that career up when he began playing hockey professionally . He was married to , a native of Montreal , and had two sons , Art and John . During the Second World War , both sons served in the Royal Canadian Air Force . After the war Ross made his son Art the business manager for the Bruins . Ross was named coach and manager of the Boston Bruins in 1924 and moved his family to , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , after being hired . In 1928 , he served as the traveling secretary of the Boston Braves baseball team , which was owned by Bruins owner Charles Adams . He became a naturalized American citizen on April 22 , 1938 . On August 5 , 1964 , Ross died at a nursing home in , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , at the age of 79 . A sister , both his sons , and three grandchildren survived him . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = - - * Playing stats from Total Hockey - - = = = Coaching record = = = - - * Coaching stats from Total Hockey - - = = Awards = = - - - = = = NHL = = = - - * Awards from Legends of Hockey - - - = Saint Leonard Catholic Church ( Madison , Nebraska ) = - - Saint Leonard Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Madison , in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States . Built in 1913 , it has been described as " an outstanding example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture . " - St. Leonard 's parish , named after Saint Leonard of Port Maurice , was organized in 1879 . A wood frame church was built in 1881 on the outskirts of Madison , and moved into the city in 1898 . In 1902 , the basement of the current church was built , and the congregation moved into it , converting the old church to a school . When funds allowed , the basement was extended , and the current brick church completed in 1913 . - In 1989 , the church , its 1912 rectory , and the rectory 's garage were listed in the National Register of Historic Places , as the work of noted Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall . A pupil of Thomas Rogers Kimball , Nachtigall designed a number of Catholic churches and other buildings in the state , several of which are also listed in the National Register . - - = = History = = - - The first white settlers to occupy the site of Madison were a party led by Henry Mitchell Barnes , who settled near the junction of Union and Taylor Creeks in 1867 . Growth of the new settlement was rapid ; in particular , there was an influx of German families from Wisconsin . The town of Madison was officially by Barnes in 1870 or 1871 . In 1875 , it became the county seat of Madison County , and in 1876 it was incorporated . The Union Pacific Railroad reached Madison in 1879 ; by 1880 , the town had a population of about 300 . - The first Christian services held in Madison were Presbyterian , taking place in Barnes 's and other homes . A Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1870 , and a church built in 1872 . A Methodist circuit encompassing Madison and counties was organized in 1871 ; a was built in Madison ca . 1875 , and a church begun in 1877 . A Lutheran congregation may have formed in Madison in about 1875 , although early records are incomplete ; the congregation was initially served by the pastor of a Lutheran church in Green Garden Precinct , located about seven miles ( 11 km ) southwest of Madison . It was formally organized in 1885 , and a church built in Madison in 1887 . - The first Catholic settlers in Madison County near present @-@ day Battle Creek , northwest of Madison , in the late 1860s . In 1874 , they organized a parish ; in 1874 – 75 , they built St. Patrick 's Church , the county 's first Catholic church . In 1877 , they wrote to Bishop James O 'Connor of the Diocese of Omaha , asking that a priest be assigned to visit the church at intervals until a permanent priest could be assigned to the parish ; in apparent response to this , Franciscan missionaries based in Columbus were given the responsibility of providing for Madison County . - - = = = 1879 – 1900 = = = - - In 1879 , a group of Catholic residents of the Madison area met to plan the building of a church . At the meeting , a total of $ 426 @.@ 75 was subscribed ; additional contributions of $ 322 @.@ 86 were obtained from citizens of Madison . In January 1880 , the church 's trustees spent $ 100 for five acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) on a hill at the southeastern edge of town . In the spring , a party of parishioners drove their teams to , about 30 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of Madison , for the first load of lumber for the new church . The 30 @-@ by @-@ 40 @-@ foot ( 9 m × 12 m ) frame structure , with a capacity of 100 , was completed in November 1881 ; the total cost was $ 957 @.@ 61 , leaving $ 208 @.@ 00 owed to the carpenter . The new church was dedicated to St. Leonard of Port Maurice , an 18th @-@ century Franciscan priest , preacher , ascetic , and writer venerated as the patron saint of parish missions . - In 1882 , a parcel of land southeast of the church was purchased for a cemetery ; a one @-@ year @-@ old child buried in September of that year became its first . The cemetery was in 1883 . In 1884 , the church was enlarged : a sacristy and a room for the priest were added to the east end , and a steeple to the west end . - As Madison 's population grew , the church became too small for the expanding congregation . In addition , its location outside of the city was for many parishioners . In 1898 , a tract of land inside Madison was bought . Rather than building a new church at the time , the parish elected to move the old one to the new site . The church was moved in two parts ; when it was reconstructed , another section was added between them , increasing the building 's seating capacity to 180 . The church on the new site was dedicated in November 1898 . - - = = = 1900 – 1913 = = = - - In the early 20th century , the parish decided that the old church should be remodelled into a school and a convent for the teachers , and that a new church should be built . Brother Leonard , a Franciscan architect , drew up plans for a church ; but financial constraints precluded its construction . Instead , a temporary basement church was built just west of the old church building . It is not known whether the design of the basement used 's plans . Construction of the basement church began in July 1902 , services were held there beginning in September 1902 , and it was dedicated in February 1903 . - The school opened in September 1903 , with two classrooms staffed by two members of the Sisters of the Presentation of , Iowa . 66 students were enrolled , including a number of non @-@ Catholics , owing to overcrowding in the public schools . To make more space available , a basement was dug in 1904 . In 1910 , a third classroom was added . - In 1910 , the Franciscans turned the management of the parish over to the Diocese of Omaha . In October of that year , Edward S. Muenich became the first diocesan pastor of St. Leonard 's . - Muenich embarked upon an extensive building campaign , for which he retained Omaha architect Jacob M. Nachtigall . Born in Germany in 1874 , Nachtigall had immigrated to the United States with his family in 1883 . Initially working as a in Omaha , he had served as a draftsman for that city 's 1898 Trans @-@ Mississippi and International Exposition . He had then worked as a draftsman for Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball from 1900 to 1908 ; during this time , Kimball had designed the city 's St. Cecilia 's Cathedral . In 1909 , Nachtigall had opened his own architectural office . - In 1911 , a two @-@ story eight @-@ room brick rectory designed by Nachtigall was begun ; it was completed and furnished in 1912 , at a cost of $ 10 @,@ 374 . In the fall of 1912 , the church basement was extended by over 50 percent . - - = = = 1913 – 1946 = = = - - In 1913 , a Romanesque Revival church designed by Nachtigall was built on the existing basement . The cornerstone was laid and construction begun in May ; the church was completed by the end of November , and formally dedicated on December 4 . The cost of construction was about $ 75 @,@ 000 . While the church was under construction , Catholic services were held in Madison 's armory . - The new church had a seating capacity of 700 . In its 110 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) tower was a clock with four six @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) dials , and a of three bells , contributed by the citizens of Madison ; beside summoning the parishioners to Mass , these rang the quarter @-@ hours , marking time for the residents of the city and the surrounding rural areas . - While the urban United States experienced an economic boom during the 1920s , the agricultural sector of the country experienced a depression . of European agriculture by World War I had produced high prices for farm commodities , and it had been thought that Europe 's recovery would be slow and that the high prices would persist . This gave rise to a bubble in farmland prices , which burst when the rapid postwar recovery of European agriculture drove commodity prices down again . At the same time , increasing mechanization reduced the need for farm labor , pushing agricultural wages downward and rural unemployment upward . Madison and St. Leonard 's parish suffered from this agricultural depression and from the Great Depression of the 1930s . During this time , the parish 's population remained more or less stable : in 1918 , it consisted of 440 individuals ; in 1929 , . - In 1926 , the parish was forced to close its school , since the Presentation Sisters were no longer able to staff it . The school re @-@ opened in 1931 , with 60 pupils taught by Benedictine Sisters based in Norfolk . - The onset of World War II once again brought prosperity to rural Nebraska , and it persisted into the 1950s . St. Leonard 's paid off its remaining debt , held a @-@ burning ceremony in 1946 , and began raising funds for a new school . - - = = = 1946 – present = = = - - The cornerstone for a new school was laid in November 1953 . A property adjoining the new school site was bought , and the house standing upon it converted to a convent for the nuns staffing the school . The new building was completed and opened for classes in August 1954 ; the old school , which had begun life as the first St. Leonard 's Church , was demolished that fall , and its site became a parking lot . - The Benedictine Sisters withdrew from the school in 1978 , prompting the closing of the seventh and eighth grades . The school continued to offer grades 1 – 6 , taught by three lay instructors . - Beginning in the early 1990s , Madison experienced a large influx of . In 1990 , Madison County 's population was 2 % Hispanic ; by 2010 , the number had increased to 13 % . In the city of Madison , whose single largest employer was a plant with over 1000 employees , operated by and then by Tyson , the increase was far greater : the Hispanic fraction of the population rose from less than 1 % in 1980 to 48 @.@ 8 % in 2010 , as the Spanish @-@ speaking population increased and the white non @-@ Hispanic population fell . By 2011 , an estimated two @-@ thirds of St. Leonard 's parishioners were Hispanic . Beginning in 1991 , the assigned Spanish @-@ speaking priests to the parish , and both and Spanish @-@ language services were offered . - The centennial of the church building was celebrated in December 2013 , at a bilingual Mass conducted by , archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Omaha . - - = = Architecture = = - - In 1989 , three of the parish 's buildings — the church , the rectory , and the rectory 's garage — were added to the National Register of Historic Places , as the work of distinguished Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall . Beside St. Leonard 's , Nachtigall designed a number of other notable buildings in Nebraska , many of them Catholic ; these include St. Mary of the Assumption Church in Dwight ( 1914 ) , St. Anthony 's Church in Cedar Rapids ( 1919 ) , St. 's Church in ( 1919 ) , Immaculate Conception Church in Omaha ( 1926 ) , and Father Flanagan 's House at Boys Town ( 1927 ) . - - = = = Church = = = - - The church is oriented east @-@ west , with the main entrance facing westward . It is just over 153 feet ( 47 m ) long from east to west ; 52 feet ( 16 m ) wide from north to south . The walls are made of mosaic gray pressed brick trimmed with Bedford stone , rising from a rock @-@ faced limestone foundation , and are about 40 feet ( 12 m ) high . The peak of the roof is about 70 feet ( 21 m ) above ground level . - At the west end of the church , a 110 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) rises above the main entrance . The tower is topped with a copper dome , capped with a cross . It contains three bells , weighing 900 , 1 @,@ 600 , and 2 @,@ 500 pounds ( 410 , 730 , and 1 @,@ 130 kg ) . The tower 's clock has four six @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) dials . Below the tower , a flight of seventeen steps to the church 's main entrance , via a set of double doors through a semicircular . - The church 's north and south walls are supported by a series of buttresses . Seven windows run along each wall . A line of brick runs along the walls below the eaves . Near the east end of the church , a short transept extends a short distance outward . At the church 's east end , beyond the transept , is a semicircular apse with a conical roof , topped with a six @-@ conical . - - = = = = Interior = = = = - - The interior plan of the church consists of a nave , a short transept , and a semicircular apse . At the west end of the nave is a narthex . At the center of this is a leading to the church 's main entrance ; at the church 's northwest corner is a reconciliation room , formerly a ; at the southwest corner is a short passage from which a staircase descends to the basement and another rises to the choir . In the is the church 's organ , a model manufactured by the Organ Company in 1879 ; the organ was not originally built for St. Leonard 's . - The nave measures 98 feet ( 30 m ) between the entrance and the communion rail . An aisle passes down its center ; narrower aisles follow the north and south walls . Two rows of seven circular columns run along the nave . The columns are made of wood , plastered to conceal the material , and decorated with Corinthian capitals . The rib @-@ vaulted ceiling rises 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) above the floor . Fourteen stained @-@ glass windows , depicting scenes from the life of Christ , occupy the nave 's walls . The 13 @.@ 5 @-@ by @-@ 5 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 1 m × 1 @.@ 5 m ) windows were produced by the Muenich Art Studio of Chicago . Between the windows are sculpted stations of the cross . In three above columns on each side are paintings . - Two marble steps rise from the nave to the chancel . At the top of the steps is a hand @-@ carved white wood communion rail , decorated with miniature columns and topped with marble . - At the northwest and southwest corners of the chancel are two side altars : to the north , a Marian altar ; to the south , an altar of St. Joseph . The original image on the Marian altar depicts Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception ; more recently , an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been added . The St. Joseph altar includes a bone relic of St. Leonard of Port Maurice . - On the Gospel side of the chancel is a large hand @-@ carved wood pulpit , decorated with carved figures of the four . - The chancel is dominated by the high altar , which stands over 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) tall , and which cost its donors $ 2 @,@ in 1913 . Like the communion rail , the side altars , and the pulpit , it is made of hand @-@ carved wood decorated with small columns . At the base is a relief sculpture of the Last Supper ; above that is a marble altar table . The tabernacle is just above that ; to either side is a sculpted angel , kneeling to the tabernacle and holding the sanctuary lamps . Above the tabernacle is a sculpted of Jesus , with the Virgin Mary and the John on either side of the cross . In separate niches on either side of the scene are statues of St. and St. Patrick , representing the German and Irish ethnicity of the parish in the early 20th century . Above their niches are figures of angels blowing ; at the top of the altar is a statue of St. Leonard . - On the half @-@ domed ceiling of the apse is a large oil @-@ painted mural depicting a scene in Heaven . In the center , God the Father and Jesus are enthroned on a cloud ; a stained @-@ glass at the top of the dome depicting the Holy Spirit completes the Trinity . the Father and Son are the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist . Below the cloud is Satan in . At the left and right of the scene is an assemblage of 18 Catholic saints and 10 angels . - Beside the fourteen large windows in the nave , there are 25 stained @-@ glass windows in the church , depicting saints and symbols of the Catholic Church . These include St. Cecilia , patron saint of the Archdiocese of Omaha , and a pair of windows depicting St. and St. Patrick . - In the 1989 form nominating it for the National Register of Historic Places , it was noted that the church had undergone only minor alterations , including an interior in 1964 , the replacement of roof slates with asphalt shingles in 1977 , and the addition of a concrete ramp for access by the handicapped in 1986 . - - = = = = = = - - The rectory , located just south of the church , was designed in style , with Romanesque Revival elements . It is a rectangular house measuring 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide by 57 feet ( 17 m ) long , with eight rooms in two stories . Like the church , it is made of mosaic gray brick . - An open porch occupies the whole of the west frontage , facing the street , and around to cover half of the south side . The portico is supported by circular columns with capitals . At the base of the porch is brick . There is a small enclosed porch with a doorway on the east side . - There are three rowlock arches above all of the windows on the first floor . One of the west @-@ facing windows on the second floor has two rowlock arches above it ; the other second @-@ floor windows are rectangular . There are two circular window openings in the attic , one facing west and the other south . - The rectory has a sloping roof with eaves and wood . On the south wall is a , filled in with siding . - - = = = = = = = = - - The original rectory garage is located southeast of the rectory . It is a rectangular structure facing westward , measuring 16 feet 2 inches ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) north to south , and 26 feet 4 inches ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) east to west . The interior is a single room . - The front ( west side ) of the garage is made of the same mosaic gray brick that was used for the construction of the church and the rectory . The north and south walls are both made of two different materials : the western two @-@ thirds of them is red brick , possibly from the that once operated in Madison ; the easternmost third is plastered with a layer of cement , painted red to match the bricks . The rear ( east ) wall is also plastered with red cement . It is speculated that the garage was either lengthened to fit a longer car , or that the eastern third had to be rebuilt ; the building 's hip roof shows no signs of having been lengthened . - The garage has two doors and two windows . Both the doors and windows have two rowlock brick arches over them . The car entrance is on the west side ; a passage door is on the north side . A clear @-@ glass window with 16 is on the east side . On the west side , north of the car entrance , is a window with lead @-@ glass , which appear clear from the outside but red from inside the building . It has been speculated that this window was part of the parish 's first church . - - - = Portuguese ironclad Vasco da Gama = - - Vasco da Gama was a central battery ironclad which entered service with the Portuguese Navy in 1876 , serving until 1935 . She was built by the Thames Iron Works in London , launched in 1876 , and completed in 1878 . She served as the flagship of the Portuguese fleet for the majority of her long and peaceful career . She was rebuilt and heavily modernized between 1901 and 1903 . Long @-@ since obsolete by the 1930s , Vasco da Gama was finally sold for scrapping in 1935 . - - = = Design = = - - Vasco da Gama was 200 feet ( 61 m ) long between , and she had a beam of 40 ft ( 12 m ) , though at the main battery guns , the ship was 46 ft 6 in ( 14 @.@ 17 m ) wide . She had a maximum draft of 19 ft ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 384 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 346 long tons ; 2 @,@ 628 short tons ) as originally built . She was fitted with a rig and a steam engine rated at 3 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 200 kW ) , which produced a top speed of 10 @.@ 3 kn ( 19 @.@ 1 km / h ; 11 @.@ 9 mph ) . She had a crew of 232 officers and men . - As built , Vasco da Gama was armed with a main battery of two 10 @.@ 2 in ( 260 mm ) guns , placed in individual barbettes side by side amidships . She was also equipped with a single 5 @.@ 9 in ( 150 mm ) gun mounted on her stern , and four 9 @-@ pounder guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . She was protected with a complete iron armored belt that was 4 inches ( 100 mm ) thick on either end and 9 in ( 230 mm ) thick amidships . The main battery guns were protected by 10 @-@ inch ( 250 mm ) thick barbettes . - - = = Service history = = - - Vasco da Gama was laid down at the Thames Iron Works shipyard in London , Britain in 1875 , and was launched on 1 December 1876 . The ship was completed in 1878 . She served as part of the coastal defense force that protected Lisbon , the Portuguese capital , and the mouth of the river . On 26 June 1897 , Vasco da Gama participated in the Fleet Review at Spithead celebrating Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee . At the time , the ship was commanded by Captain de . - In 1901 , Vasco da Gama was taken into at Orlando shipyard in , Italy , for a major reconstruction . She was cut in half and lengthened by a 32 ft 6 in ( 9 @.@ 91 m ) long section . She was fitted with new engines and more powerful water @-@ tube boilers rated at 6 @,@ 000 ( 4 @,@ 500 kW ) ; this increased her speed to 15 @.@ 5 kn ( 28 @.@ 7 km / h ; 17 @.@ 8 mph ) . Her sailing rig also was removed . Her main battery guns were replaced with new 8 in ( 200 mm ) L / 40 guns in , the short 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch gun was replaced by a new long @-@ 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch L / 45 gun , and six 3 @-@ pounders augmented her close @-@ range defense . Her iron belt armor was removed and stronger steel armor was installed in its place . The ship 's crew increased to 260 officers and men . All of the changes caused her displacement to rise to 2 @,@ 972 metric tons ( 2 @,@ long tons ; 3 @,@ 276 short tons ) . Work on Vasco da Gama was completed by 1903 . - On 27 August 1907 , a gas explosion aboard the ship injured several crewmen . During political unrest in April 1913 , part of the crew of Vasco da Gama had to be removed from the ship , as they had been involved in a planned ultra @-@ Radical coup d 'état against the First Portuguese Republic . On 14 May 1915 , the crew again participated in unrest ; they mutinied and killed the ship 's captain and bombarded Lisbon , killing around one hundred people . Vasco da Gama remained the flagship of the Portuguese Navy at least as late as 1914 , as the Portuguese naval budget was insufficient to fund a suitable replacement vessel . obsolete , she remained in the Portuguese fleet until 1935 , when she was sold for scrapping . - - - = Nicole Franklin = - - Nicole Franklin is a fictional character from the Australian Channel Seven soap opera Home and Away , played by Tessa James . She debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 18 April 2008 . Nicole was introduced by executive producer Cameron Welsh . Nicole was mentioned various times before appearing on @-@ screen , James was cast in the role and described by Welsh as an " exciting talent " . He predicted that the viewers would respond " really well " to her . Nicole was initially portrayed as a shallow " party girl " with " wild ways " . Also described as a " high maintenance " female , she has been shown to dress constantly in a stylish manner . Nicole is also become notable for her many relationships . Her first prominent romance was with Geoff Campbell . Described as " complete opposites " , Geoff is credited as a catalyst in Nicole her attitude . Their storyline allowed the actors to take part in one of the serial 's " biggest ever location shoots " , when the couple became stranded on a remote desert island . In one storyline Nicole was involved in a same sex kiss with fellow character Freya , which was branded controversial by various media sources . The plot saw Nicole question her persona , believing Geoff had transformed her into a boring person . - Another relationship Nicole pursued was with Aden Jefferies , her longtime closest friend . Aden had a strong fanbase from his previous relationship with Belle Taylor . This resulted in the audience being divided over their relationship . Nicole has also been featured in various other romantic storylines , such as a brief with Liam Murphy , James said that he was compatible with Nicole because he had " the edge she was after " . She also dated Trey Palmer and they became involved in sex tape storyline , many newspapers reported on the plot because it " echoed " co @-@ star Lewis ' real life sex tape scandal . Producer Welsh once stated he believed Nicole was destined to become " full circle " and Nicole began erratic and wild once more , due to her failed romances and the death of her friend Belle . She also had an affair with an older male character , Sid Walker . James liked the fact Nicole had so many romances because she got to kiss many of her co @-@ stars . - James announced her departure from Home and Away in March 2011 . One of her final storylines was a pregnancy plot . Nicole felt she was too young and unable to offer a child stability , so she agreed to let Marilyn Chambers adopt the baby upon its birth . James and the writing team took the storyline " very seriously " and conducted research to portray the issue . Nicole has received critical analysis from various sources , with perception being mixed to positive . TV Week were neutral to aspects of her pregnancy plot but opined James was one of the serials best actress ' . The Daily Record said that being single was good for the character . She has also been likened to celebrities because of her glamorous image . - - = = Creation and casting = = - - Nicole is Roman Harris ' ( Conrad Coleby ) daughter and she was often mentioned on @-@ screen before producers decided to introduce her into the serial . In January 2008 it was announced that ex @-@ star Tessa James had been cast as Nicole . Executive producer Cameron Welsh said ' She is an exciting talent and I think audiences are going to love her character and respond really well to her . " James then moved to Sydney especially for the role . Speaking of working on the serial James stated : " Working on a series like this [ Home and Away ] is the best training you can get , I look at it like an apprenticeship and never forget how lucky I am . " Fellow cast member Celeste who plays Melody Jones originally auditioned for the part of Nicole . After Coleby who plays Roman quit the serial , James ' time with the show was in doubt . - In March 2011 , James confirmed that she had left Home and Away . She has already filmed her final scenes and Nicole will leave on @-@ screen later in the year . Of her departure , James said " I was at Home and Away for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ years , so it 's good to be finished and get to be who I am , and do what I 've wanted to do for so long . " - - = = Character development = = - - - = = = = = = - - Nicole has been portrayed as a party girl , feisty and has had many in a short space of time . James has described Nicole stating : " I love playing Nicole because she 's feisty and fun , and doesn 't mind pushing the boundaries . And she dresses – she 's very high maintenance , which is fun to play . " The serial 's official website describe her as : " Nicole might come off as a princess to some people , she 's not malicious . She 's simply as shallow as a puddle , and while she might cause others emotional pain , it 's totally unintentional . " They also state : " Nicole is a girl who lives to have fun , and she is fun if you accept her for who she is . And , of course , she thinks you 're worth her attention . Nicole is a girl who knows exactly who she is and where she stands : at the centre of the universe . " Soap opera reporting website Holy Soap described Nicole as " a label @-@ loving princess , armed with a sharp wardrobe and an even sharper tongue " . They also added she was a " " type character . - Whilst interviewed by The Daily Telegraph , James stated : " I think she 's the best character , I get to have so much fun being a princess and a . She doesn 't mind pushing the boundaries . She 's very high maintenance , which is fun to play . " She also stated she enjoys Nicole 's " side " because she seems to have another boyfriend every week . James also enjoys the role because of this and the fact she gets so many " " scenes with other cast members . - Series producer Cameron Welsh branded Nicole as an " interesting character " , adding his opinion on her development stating : " She came in with really strong opinions and a kind of morality that was different to the rest of the group " . Welsh also believes that Nicole is destined to come " full circle " . Of her 2010 storylines he comments that Nicole poor make her realise and re @-@ evaluate her life . - - = = = Relationship with Geoff Campbell = = = - - Nicole on a relationship with Geoff Campbell , not before they are embroiled in a " love triangle " along with Melody . In one storyline Nicole and Geoff became stranded on a " deserted island " and nearly die . The episodes were filmed on Box Beach located at Bay , New South Wales as part of a two @-@ day location shoot . Nicole nearly drowns in scenes which aired for the serial 's " cliff @-@ " in 2008 . James and Lewis took diving lessons in preparation for the storyline . Filming the storyline was compromised by logistical challenges . The crew had to move camera equipment between boats and the crew walked around the of the beach in order to avoid leaving . This was to keep the authenticity of a deserted location . The storyline was also given a " big budget " , featured helicopters and a number of promotional adverts were aired on Seven . - The storyline began on @-@ screen when Nicole started dating Elliot ( Paul ) . He had a against Roman and kidnapped Nicole and Geoff and left them stranded out at sea . They washed up on a deserted island and were forced to survive without food and clothing . Describing the effect it had on Nicole and Geoff , James stated : " They have no food , shelter or clothing . [ ... ] They find moments to make each other laugh , though , and realise how much they mean to one another . " Geoff had strong religious views and did not believe in premarital sex . However , the environment they were in caused him to let his guard down and they slept together . Lewis told TV Week that all the pair could think of whilst trapped was being rescued and their feelings for one an other . He added that " the fact they were both pretty much naked didn 't help " . He concluded the fact they were both kids , trying to keep warm - that then " stuff happens " . Geoff was left " guilt @-@ ridden " because he gave into . He did not regret it , but acknowledged that he wanted to save his until marriage . Therefore , Geoff saw no other option but to propose to Nicole . Lewis stated , " He 's not 100 % sure about that either , but he feels that if they 're going to have sex , a wedding is the only solution . " Describing Nicole 's reaction he said that she was " " by his offer , as she had believed he was acting strange because he wanted to dump her . Nicole refused when she realised his reasons for proposing . According to James , the moment managed to ruin their passion , she also commented that : " Nicole has liked Geoff for ages and was so happy to have got together with him - but now he 's spoiled it . " James also admitted she was to learn Nicole would turn down his proposal . James later opined that Nicole was " the one " for Geoff , but did not believe that Geoff was " the one " for Nicole . - Nicole and Geoff 's relationship became strained . Nicole decided to plan a return trip to the island , believing it would solve their problems and bring them closer together . James said that Geoff loved the surprise , but found Nicole " very sexy and tempting " . She added that everything about Nicole forced Geoff to question his religious beliefs and he felt he " needed to back away " . Their trip soon turned disastrous when a man named Derrick ( John Atkinson ) stole their food and intimidated the couple . He admitted he were a murderer and tried to attack Geoff with a knife . James said he " put himself in harms way " to save Nicole . - In 2009 , James told Inside Soap that Nicole and Geoff had a strong friendship underneath their romance . She also described their compatibility stating : " They 're complete opposites , which works well for them . It 's a bit of a fiery relationship , and they 've been through a lot together . " Whilst Lewis added : " They 're also very similar in some of their strongest traits . Geoff and Nicole are both stubborn and opinionated , and in some ways they 're naive . In a weird way they show a side to each other nobody else gets to see . " James opined Nicole 's wild behaviour was often to much for Geoff to cope with . In public , Lewis initially had negative feedback from older viewers because they felt Geoff was better suited to Melody . He revealed they felt like she was a bad influence for Geoff because she often played games . However towards the end of their relationship he felt perception had changed due to viewers having a better understanding of Nicole 's persona . - - = = = Other relationships = = = - - In 2009 , the serial embarked on two lesbian storylines , one of which involved Nicole . It featured Freya ( Sophie ) kissing Nicole , which sparked complaints . However , for Nicole it wasn 't about sexuality , rather finding herself the center of attention . James described their dynamic , stating : " Freya 's exactly what Nicole was like when she first arrived in the bay , that is why they click . Nicole relates to the wild side of Freya , but has no idea how far Freya is going to take it . " Through her relationship with Geoff she had , however her vanity was still present . James said Nicole was " angry " because she was on Freya 's " not hot list " . Freya kissed her to prove she thinks she is hot , James opined that Nicole did not enjoy the kiss , but was just " happy to be center of attention " and happy that people were talking about her again . The incident eventually brought her to the realisation that she had become boring . Nicole denied it was to do with her involvement with Geoff , however James said Geoff was the reason she became bored . - Later that year the serial included a storyline which was branded " bizarre " after it mirrored a real life scandal that had occurred weeks earlier . Lewis who plays love interest Geoff had been caught up in a sex tape scandal which leaked onto the internet , the serial decided to include Nicole making a sex tape with Trey Palmer ( Luke Bracey ) and having it leaked . Trey filmed without Nicole 's consent , when she found out the truth she ended their relationship . Trey thought she and Geoff were getting back together so aired the tape at a local film festival to gain revenge . James described Nicole 's state of mind adding , " She 's quite vulnerable at the moment , with her dad , Roman , in prison . She 's relying on Trey , so this is the last thing she needs . " - Nicole 's best friend during her initial storylines was Aden Jefferies ( Todd Lasance ) . After Brendan Austin ( O ) caused Roman to go blind , he took his anger out on Nicole and Aden . Subsequently they became " each other 's support network " and Lasance said it was not long afterward that they " slipped between the sheets " . One of the conditions of Aden 's was to never sleep with Nicole , this made the pair feel guilty that they had deceived Roman . Lasance felt the storyline was controversial as he had a strong fan base for his relationship with Belle Taylor ( Jessica ) - which meant he knew it would " cause a stir " and divide the audience . In January 2010 , Nicole and Aden " get up close and personal " and they decided to spend Aden 's remaining time in the Bay together . They shared a kiss and James told TV Week that there are " a lot of complications " for them . She said that no one knew what was going to happen with Liam Murphy ( Whitehead ) and that Nicole felt guilty for betraying Belle because she was her friend . James explained that Nicole 's pairing with Aden was " a bit more serious and in @-@ depth than her usual relationships . " James opined that Aden was the " guy " for Nicole , but Liam may have had " the edge she 's after . " Nicole and Aden then embarked on a relationship . James thought that Nicole and Aden 's relationship was great and said " They started out having a kind of brother @-@ sister relationship , and that developed into something more . " Nicole declared her love for Aden , however he did not . Lasance described the moment whilst interviewed by TV Week stating : " They 've always had an awesome connection and Nicole gets into a bit of a comfortable state and out that she loves Aden . " Aden appreciated her love for him , however cannot say it back until he felt the same way . It is this that made their relationship " awkward " , Nicole tried to withdraw her declaration and hide her hurt feelings . - - = = = spiral = = = - - In mid @-@ 2009 , producers decided to take Nicole 's storyline into a " u @-@ turn " , when she reverted to her " wild ways " . At the time Nicole had endured repetitive personal trauma including failed relationships , Roman being sent to prison and her best friend Belle was dying of cancer . James explained : " It 's all too much for her and she can 't handle it , so she to her wild ways . " Geoff notices Nicole 's erratic behaviour and attempts to help her . She tried to " lure him into bed " after he comforted her , however he turned her down . James said she no longer had romantic feelings for Geoff , but was actually in a " vulnerable state " . She then started relying on alcohol more , and with fellow " wild child " Indigo Walker ( Weaving ) at a " " venue . James explained that Nicole saw alcohol as an answer to her problems . The fact that " she 's trying to deal with too many things " saw Nicole transform into a up and depressed person . - Nicole became more irresponsible with the more she drank and was in the company of many men . Geoff arrived and saved her from danger , Lewis said there was a part of Geoff that still loved Nicole . However they did not start anything again , James said she understood why because of their complicated backstory . However Geoff continued to support Nicole as he realised that " a lot of people she was closest to have deserted her " . Nicole 's unpredictable behaviour continued thereafter . All that Geoff could offer was to be there for her because ultimately " Nicole is the only one that can save her from herself . " - - = = = = = = - - Nicole had a brief relationship with Penn Graham ( Christian Clark ) and after he was murdered , she discovered that she was pregnant with his child . James told Sunrise that viewers could expect a " realistic portrayal of teen pregnancy " and she explained that it was important to respect the issue . She added " We took it very seriously with the writers , and you do a lot of research and things like that . You can only do your best , I guess ! " Nicole later told Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) about the baby and she offered to adopt it . James later revealed that when she joined Home and Away she told the writers that they can do anything with her character , except make her pregnant . Of the moment she was told that Nicole was going to have a baby , James said " I went in to see our producer later and he said , ' Okay , I 'm going to in advance - we 're making Nicole pregnant ! ' " She initially did not want to portray a " typical soap teenage pregnancy " as she thought Nicole should be different . However the situation was explained to her and she became excited at the challenging storyline ahead . - Nicole later decided to let Marilyn and Sid Walker ( Robert ) adopt the baby upon its birth . Marilyn was desperate to mother a child and her obsession with that and her controlling behaviour became too much for Nicole . Of the situation , Symons said " Marilyn is in Nicole 's face every minute . She 's doing it out of love , but she doesn 't realise she 's becoming obsessed with the baby . " Nicole was still questioning whether she is making the right decision about her baby 's future and she argued with Marilyn . Nicole began dating a student from university , Angus ( Tim ) , they got along well on their first dates . Marilyn was left worried about their agreement and she felt " distanced . " Symons explained , " Marilyn is scared of being replaced . She 's scared of losing the baby , which could happen because there isn 't a legal agreement . " Roo Stewart ( Parker ) helped Nicole by convincing Marilyn to re @-@ evaluate the situation . Symons added that there is " still a long way to go " with the arrangement , but thereafter she was supportive and offered constructive help to Nicole . - During the final few weeks of her pregnancy Nicole began to receive increasing support from Angelo ( Luke ) . James said it was clear to see that " the lines of friendship could be into something more " for the pair . Whilst opined " They 've been spending time together and have realised how comfortable they are together . " - Angelo was forced to help Nicole give birth to a baby boy , George , and she handed him over to Marilyn immediately as agreed . She then tried to stay away , however it became obvious he needed her when he struggled without her . Marilyn then became obsessed with Nicole having the power to take her new son back . It was then revealed that Nicole would struggle to switch off her instinct after giving George away . Nicole came to visit the baby and Marilyn caught her George , while she was alone with him . Symons called the scenes " volatile . " Nicole was unaware that Marilyn has reservations about her spending time with the baby . Of the scene , Symons stated : " Marilyn is shocked and offended , and this cuts to the very core of her worries - that she doesn 't have the same natural instincts as George 's birth mother . Without a doubt , Marilyn thinks Nicole is the mark . She feels that a boundary has been and it could put a big strain on their relationship . " After the incident , Nicole is asked by Marylin , to stay away from the baby . James defended Nicole stating : " I think it 's hard to not bond , but this is Marilyn 's baby , and Nicole is so young and wants very much to give Marilyn and Sid this gift . " - - = = = = - - Nicole 's biological parents were the teenage Roman Harris ( Conrad Coleby ) and Natalie Franklin ( Pickering ) , but she was raised by her maternal grandparents and considered her mother , Natalie , as an older sister . She did not meet her father until her early teenage years . Nicole arrives in Summer Bay in a car . She initially makes herself unpopular with her care @-@ free nature . She tries to sleep with Aden but he her . She makes a bet with Aden that she can sleep with Geoff Campbell ( Lincoln Lewis ) within two weeks , but Geoff and Belle publicly her when they find out . Nicole starts dating Roman 's old SAS friend Mark 's brother Elliot , despite Roman 's disapproval . After breaking up with Elliot , he takes her diving where he tries to kill her , Geoff and later Roman . Geoff tries to save Nicole , but Elliot leaves the pair stranded at sea . They wash up on a remote island and Geoff and Nicole grow close to each other . Geoff , who has strong religious views , sleeps with Nicole as they cannot fight . When rescued Geoff proposes to Nicole out of guilt , she turns him down . She later has a pregnancy scare but is happy to discover it was a false alarm . Nicole later decides she and Geoff should return to the island to repair their relationship . They chased through woodland by a murderer , Derrick who tries to kill them both . However they manage to escape . Nicole decides to try her best to make their relationship work . However , after Freya kisses her they enter a few rocky periods and later break up . - She starts a relationship with troublesome Trey . He films them having sex , which is later leaked at the town 's movie festival . She has a brief relationship with Liam . After the death of good friend Belle , Nicole goes on a downward spiral . She starts and binge drinking along with Indigo . Geoff notices her behaviour and attempts to help her . After pushing him away she sleeps with drug addict Liam . She then pursues older man Sid . She kisses him and Indigo sees them , which ruins their friendship . She later moves in with Miles ( Josh ) who agrees to look after her . - Nicole starts dating Penn who manipulates her . He makes her believe she has accidentally stepped on a needle and she has tests for HIV . She later finds out she has the all clear . Nicole reveals to Marilyn that she is pregnant with Penn 's child . She initially chooses to have an abortion , but changes her mind and decides to give the baby to Marilyn . Nicole goes on a date with Angelo and she takes him to her class . When he learns that Nicole is giving her baby away , Angelo ends their relationship . Nicole become friends with Roo and asks her to be at the birth , but Roo turns her down . Marilyn to Nicole when she starts to take over and begins leaving her out of her plans for the baby . Nicole becomes fed up when the baby is late and Angelo tries to help her start labour . They go for a walk on the beach and Nicole 's water breaks . Angelo is then forced to deliver the baby . Nicole later decides that she wants her baby back and tells Marilyn , who is devastated . Marilyn takes the baby , but later returns him . Nicole then leaves Summer bay with Angelo and George . She later contacts Marilyn and they meet in the city . Nicole and Marilyn talk things through and Angelo shows up with George . - - = = Reception = = - - Holy Soap said that Nicole 's most memorable moment was when she " returned to the desert island with Geoff to rekindle their love " and she was held hostage by Derek the murderer , before her father came to the rescue . When Nicole began dating Liam , Caroline writing for the Daily Mail said " I think this reforming wild child – a kind of less moody – has struck lucky " . Inside Soap opined that Nicole was a " from the city who prays at the altar of Paris Hilton " . The Sunday Mail said it seemed like no one could stop her downward spiral . The Daily Record said that Nicole and Geoff 's relationship ending was good for her character . They later branded her a " fiery favourite " and when she started dating Penn , they said " Nicole looks set to fall for the wrong man all over again " . When Nicole had her HIV scare Holy Soap said " As if defending her man against the Bay 's critics wasn 't enough for one girl to take , poor Nic " . Inside Soap said " Nicole Franklin isn 't exactly backward in coming forward " . Stephen of the Daily Mail opined that Nicole seemed incapable of decision making when it came to deciding on a partner . TV Week chose James as one of the serial 's most promising actresses opining she was ready for roles in Hollywood . - TV Week often commented on her pregnancy storyline . After the plot was half way through Erin Miller of TV Week said that Nicole had changed her mind about adopting her baby " more times that Julia has uttered the phrase ' moving forward ' " . Upon watching Nicole 's beach birth scenes , the magazine website editor " Who knew sand had properties ? ! Well , maybe not ... but you could forgive pregnant teen Nicole for thinking that after a casual along the Bay 's beach ends with Angelo delivering her newborn son ! " Commenting on the realism of the storyline they added : " Only in the Bay would a baby be born on the beach ! " Miller thought it was odd she had then " lost any signs that she even had a baby . " She " already the teen is back to wearing skin @-@ tight dresses ! " . They later described Nicole and Marilyn 's argument over George as " the mother of all rifts " and said " It 's exhausting just thinking about it ! " Miller later criticised Nicole 's career in fashion , after John told her he hated her designs for the Surf Club . She said " I had to agree with him - putting in pink @-@ neck swimmers is a terrible idea . " - - - = Livin ' the Dream = - - " Livin ' the Dream " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on May 2 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Michael Imperioli as Billy , and was initially scheduled to air in its half @-@ hour timeslot , before being expanded to a full hour . - The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) decides to pursue a career as a professional actor , and his job at Dunder Mifflin . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) finally receives his black belt in karate from his new sensei ( Imperioli ) and , on the recommendation of Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , is promoted to Regional Manager of the Scranton branch . Jim with Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) , and makes it clear that he will choose her over Philadelphia . - The episode was viewed by an estimated and received a 1 @.@ 8 / 5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking third in its first half @-@ hour timeslot and fourth in its second , marking a slight increase in the ratings from the previous episode . " Livin ' the Dream " received mostly positive reviews from television critics . Critical praise mainly went towards the dynamic between Jim , Pam and Dwight , particularly for the former two 's reconciliation and the latter 's promotion . Andy 's subplot , meanwhile , received more mixed reviews . - - = = Plot = = - - CEO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) plans on firing Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) due to his missing work for acting gigs . However , Andy tells David he is resigning to pursue his dreams of stardom full time , and David is relieved to not have to fire him . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) receives his black belt in karate from his new sensei ( Michael Imperioli ) . Seeing Dwight 's tenacity and devotion , David is inspired to make Dwight Andy 's replacement . - Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) has returned to Scranton full time , saying he has realized that he can 't devote himself to both his family and his new job , and has decided to go " all in " on his family since that is what makes him most happy . David asks Jim his opinion on promoting Dwight , and Jim says that Dwight deserves the job and will be a great manager . Dwight then appoints Jim the new assistant to the regional manager . Darryl ( Craig Robinson ) informs Jim that has found a buyer and wants them to do a promotional tour around the country for three months . With regret , Jim says he will not do the tour because he cannot put his wife Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) through that , unaware that Pam is listening in . - Everyone in the office tells Andy that quitting is a foolish move and that he has no chance of achieving stardom . Andy eventually goes back on his decision , and David allows him to stay on in a sales position . However , mere hours later Andy feels that he is only sticking with his @-@ Mifflin job because it is safe and that he has to take a shot at achieving fame . Fearing his conviction will a second time , he decides he cannot simply quit , but get fired . This proves difficult as he is unable to make himself go through with any offense more serious than on David 's car . Andy bids farewell to his with an unexpectedly moving rendition of " I Will Remember You " , prompting them to comment to the documentary crew that he may have star potential after all . - Meanwhile , Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) is evicted from her studio apartment after her cats were taken away by Animal Control . She considers living in a tent in the woods , prompting Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) to offer her to stay with him until she gets back on her feet . She finally accepts with gratitude . As they set off to take Angela 's things to Oscar 's place , Oscar mentions her marriage to Robert and she breaks down into tears , saying " I love him . " However , she denies she still has feelings for Robert and claims she was talking about Dwight . - - = = Production = = - - " Livin ' the Dream " was written by story editor @-@ Wright , marking her second writing credit for the series , after the earlier season episode " " . It was directed by regular Office director Jeffrey Blitz , who last directed season eight 's " " . The episode was originally scheduled to air in its regular half @-@ hour time slot , but NBC later announced it would be expanded to fill an hour time slot beginning a half hour early , although it still counts as one official episode , similar to the earlier season episode " Moving On " . Rogers noted that " we knew the last two episodes would be hour @-@ longs , and The might even end up running longer , but we still had a lot of great storytelling to do leading up to them , and ' Livin ' the Dream ' was one that ultimately deserved to be an hour long episode as well ! " - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " Livin ' the Dream " originally aired on May 2 , 2013 on NBC . In its original American broadcast , " Livin ' the Dream " was viewed by an estimated 3 @.@ 51 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 8 rating / 5 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 8 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight increase in the ratings from the previous episode , " Paper " . The episode ranked third in its first half @-@ hour timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS comedy series Two and a Half Men which received a 3 @.@ 2 / 10 rating and an entry of the Fox reality series American Idol which scored a 2 @.@ 6 / 9 rating . The second half @-@ hour ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which scored a 3 @.@ 0 / 9 rating , an entry of the CBS series Person of Interest which garnered a 2 @.@ 4 / 7 rating , and installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 1 @.@ 9 / 5 rating . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - " Livin ' the Dream " received positive reviews from television critics . Roth Cornet of IGN wrote that " it me greatly that at the conclusion of this super @-@ sized episode I was left , once again , truly looking forward to seeing what these next few weeks , and that final hour of The Office , will bring . " Cornet praised the full @-@ use of the ensemble , particularly the " and Stanley Lil ' Romeo mini @-@ debate " and Creed 's confused of Dwight 's declaration . Cornet also called the Dwight storyline " perfectly executed " , as well as the Jim @-@ Pam @-@ Dwight dynamic featured throughout the episode , calling their companionship to be " entirely earned " . She also praised Kinsey 's performance during her character 's storyline , and said her final scenes with Oscar " [ ] at my heart @-@ string " . She gave the episode an 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 , calling it " Great " . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an " A – " and wrote that " almost everybody is having their best day in a long time , in the best episode of The Office in an even longer time " . - Nick Campbell of TV.com complimented the sentimental storylines in the episode , specifically between Jim , Pam and Dwight . He was positive towards Jim and Pam 's reconciliation , but felt " something hollow about their reunion " . He also noted that the Jim @-@ Pam storyline caused the Dwight @-@ Angela relationship to go " darker " . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a slightly more mixed review writing that " the non @-@ Andy parts of " Livin ' the Dream " were fairly interesting " . He appreciated the drama coming from Angela 's , despite with the logic in the situation . Sepinwall praised the Jim @-@ Dwight dynamic in the episode , considering it an enjoyable payoff , and also praised Jim and Pam 's reconciliation , particularly them annoying their co @-@ workers with their flirting . Joshua Alton of The A.V. Club was more negative towards the episode , saying it felt " padded @-@ out " to fill the full hour timeslot , and that " this episode might be the nadir for the show ’ s hour @-@ long installments " . He was complimentary towards the Jim @-@ Pam storyline , but felt " there wasn ’ t much happening " beyond Pam Jim 's talk with Darryl . Alton praised the Dwight storyline and his dynamic with Jim and Pam , calling it " the true fan service " . Alton gave the episode a " C – " . - - - = Toniná = - - ( or Toniná in Spanish ) is a pre @-@ Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas , some 13 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) east of the town of Ocosingo . - The site is medium to large , with groups of temple @-@ pyramids set on terraces rising some 71 metres ( 233 ft ) above a plaza , a large court for playing the , and over 100 carved monuments , most dating from the 6th century through the 9th centuries AD , during the Classic period . Toniná is distinguished by its well preserved stucco sculptures and particularly by its in @-@ the @-@ round carved monuments , produced to an extent not seen in since the end of the much earlier civilization . - Toniná was an aggressive state in the Late Classic , using warfare to develop a powerful kingdom . For much of its history , Toniná was engaged in sporadic warfare with Palenque , its greatest rival and one of the most important polities in the west of the Maya region , although Toniná eventually became the dominant city in the west . - The city is notable for having the last known Long Count date on any Maya monument , marking the end of the Classic Maya period in AD 909 . - - = = Etymology = = - - Toniná means house of stone in the language of the local Maya inhabitants , an alternate interpretation is the place where stone sculptures are raised to honour time . However , this is a modern name and the original name was either Po or Popo , appearing in Classic Maya texts in the title used for the kings of Toniná , k po ' ( Divine Lord of Po ) . A Maya rebellion in Colonial times , in 1558 , featured a group called the po ' ' ( People of Po ) . Early versions of the Toniná emblem glyph bore a doubled po glyph and the term Popo is also found in Colonial records . Since double sounds were often abbreviated in hieroglyphic texts , Popo may represent the original name of the city . - - = = Location = = - - Toniná is located at an altitude of 800 to 900 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 to 3 @,@ 000 ft ) above mean sea level in the Chiapas of southern Mexico , some 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of the contemporary Maya city of Palenque , Toniná 's greatest rival throughout its recorded history . Toniná is separated from Palenque by mountainous terrain and the site core is located along an easily defended ascending limestone ridge immediately to the west of a seasonal tributary of the , one of the two rivers forming the Ocosingo Valley . - - = = Rulers = = - - Rulers of Toniná recorded in the Maya script on Toniná monuments include : - The last known recorded date at the site is featured on Monument 101 as 15 January 909 CE . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early Classic = = = - - Toniná had a particularly active Early Classic presence , although the Early Classic remains lie entirely buried under later construction . Due to this , early texts are scarce and only offer a glimpse of the early history of the site . An 8th @-@ century text refers to a king ruling in AD 217 , although it only mentions his title , not his name . - Ruler 1 is depicted on a couple of Early Classic monuments , the better preserved of which is an altar that dates to . A ruler known as Jaguar Bird is represented on a 6th @-@ century stela , which describes him to the throne in 568 . - The first mention of Toniná in a record from a foreign state is from the site of , located 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) to the northeast on the Usumacinta River , the text is from a throne and describes the capture of a person from Toniná in . - - = = = Late Classic = = = - - - = = = = K 'inich Hix Chapat = = = = - - Toniná 's history comes into focus in the Late Classic , when its historical record is more fully represented by hieroglyphic texts . In K 'inich Hix Chapat is recorded as installing two subordinate lords but little else is known of his reign , although he was probably enthroned in 595 . The last mention of K 'inich Hix Chapat is in a monument dated to that appears to be a memorial stone . - - = = = = Ruler 2 = = = = - - Ruler 2 acceded to the throne of Toniná in . His rule is marked by warfare and the frequent depiction of bound captives on his monuments . Ruler 2 established the use of in @-@ the @-@ round style that came to the stelae of Toniná . A monument dated to 682 depicts three naked prisoners with their arms bound , one of them is identified as a lord from ' , an as yet unidentified site . His reign may have ended with his defeat and capture by K 'inich Kan II of Palenque in September , as described in a text from Temple 17 in the rival city , an event that probably culminated in his sacrifice . - - = = = = K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak = = = = - - K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak was enthroned in , twenty years after Ruler 2 , and reigned for twenty @-@ seven years . During his reign he restored Toniná 's power with a number of military victories over Palenque , and his reign was dominated by the struggle against the rival city for regional power . Ballcourt 1 , the larger of Toniná 's two , was dedicated in 699 to celebrate three victories over the city 's arch @-@ rival . The ballcourt originally had six sculptures of bound captives , all vassals of the enemy Palenque king from the Usumacinta region . The date of the king 's death is unknown . - - = = = = Ruler 4 = = = = - - Ruler 4 came to power in 708 at a very young age . Three years later , in 711 , while Ruler 4 was still a child , Toniná gained an important victory over Palenque . The battle resulted in the capture of Kan Joy II of Palenque and made Toniná the dominant centre in the lower Usumacinta region . The victory was so complete that it resulted in a ten @-@ year gap in the dynastic history of the defeated city , during which the captured ruler may have been held hostage . Ruler 4 continued in power to celebrate the period endings of 716 and . A captive depicted on one of his monuments is identified as being from the distant city of , one of the two Maya " " . - - = = = = K 'inich Ich 'aak Chapat = = = = - - Ruler 4 was succeeded by K 'inich Ich 'aak Chapat in . Around 725 Toniná fought a war against Piedras Negras , a city on the north bank of the Usumacinta River , now in Guatemala . A series of events during his reign were marked on monuments between and 729 and in 730 he the tomb of his predecessor K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak . The mother of K 'inich Ich 'aak Chapat is named as Lady K 'awiil and his father may well have been K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak himself . The reign of K 'inich Ich 'aak Chapat is notable for the absence of the usual sculptures depicting bound war captives , although the reason for this is unknown . - - = = = = Later rulers = = = = - - Little is known of the next two rulers , Ruler 6 is named as K 'inich Chapat , he celebrated the period ending of and may have died 762 . A damaged text accompanying the image of a bound captive indicates renewed warfare with Palenque during his reign , however the name of the prisoner is lost and it is unclear if it is the actual king of Palenque or merely one of his vassals . He was succeeded by Ruler 7 , about whom even less is known . Around Toniná defeated Palenque in battle . - In 775 a text recorded the death of Lord Chan K ' , a prince who appears to have been the heir to the throne and who died before he could take power . - Ruler 8 was the last of the successful warrior kings of Toniná . He celebrated a series of events between 789 and , including the defeat of in 789 , and the capture of the ruler 'an Aj , who appears to have been the vassal of B K 'awiil of . In 799 he the tomb of Ruler 1 . Ruler 8 oversaw an extensive of the upper levels of the Acropolis . Ruler 8 erected a number of sculptures of bound prisoners of war and adopted the title b b 'aak , " He of Many " . However , the lesser extent of Toniná 's power is evident from its victory over the site of 'i ' ( White Dog ) , an important city in the region , an area which had once been dominated by Toniná . - By the time of Ruler 8 's successor , Uh Chapat , Toniná was clearly in decline . Only a single event , in , can be dated to his reign , although a stucco mural depicting captives with at their may belong to his period of rule . - The history of Toniná continued after most other Classic Maya cities had fallen , perhaps aided by the site 's relative isolation . Ruler 10 is associated with a monument dating to in the Terminal Classic and a monument dating to 909 bears the last known Long Count date although the name of the king has not survived . fragments indicate that occupation at the site continued for another century or more . - - = = = Modern history = = = - - The first published account of the ruins was made by Jacinto at the end of the 17th century . A number of visitors investigated the ruins of Toniná in the 19th century , the first being an expedition led by Guillaume in 1808 . John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick visited in 1840 , and Stephens wrote an extensive description of the site . Eduard and @-@ Sachs investigated the monuments at Toniná , publishing their reports at the turn of the 20th century . Karl Sapper visited the site in 1895 and 1896 . and Oliver La investigated the site in 1920s for Tulane University , publishing their reports in 1926 — 1927 . - The French Toniná Project began excavations in 1972 which continued through 1975 , then resumed in 1979 to 1980 , under the direction of Pierre and Claude . The National Institute of Anthropology and History of Mexico ( , the de e Historia ) began their own excavations at Toniná the following year . - The site is accessible for tourism and has a small museum that was inaugurated on 15 July 2000 . - - = = Site description = = - - The site was built on a platform covering 6 hectares ( 650 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The principal architecture is located in the , which occupies seven south @-@ facing terraces on the northern side of the platform , rising 71 metres ( 233 ft ) over the plaza below . It has a more distinct geometry than at most Maya sites , with a right @-@ angle relationship between most structures . - Much of the public imagery of the site details the ruthless manner in which the city dealt with its enemies . A 16 by 4 metres ( 52 by 13 ft ) stucco sculpture rising from the fourth to fifth terraces depicts a skeletal death god carrying the severed head of a lord of Palenque in one hand . A frieze on the fifth terrace probably displayed Toniná 's most distinguished victims , dozens of fragments of this frieze were discovered in the plaza below . This frieze was carved from the local sandstone but its style is that of Palenque , suggesting that captured artists carried out the work . - After the abandonment of the city at the end of the Classic Period , many of the sculptures fell down the steep embankment supporting the seven terraces . - - = = = Structures = = = - - Ballcourt 1 ( the Sunken Ballcourt ) was dedicated in 699 by K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak to mark three victories over K 'inich Kan II of Palenque . of the torsos of six captured vassals of the Palenque king were used as ballcourt markers . One of these vassals is named as Ahk ( Green Turtle ) , who was the lord of Te ' , a site that probably lay on the south side of the Usumacinta between Piedras Negras and . - Ballcourt 2 is the smaller of the two and lies in the north of the plaza , at the foot of the Acropolis . - The Palace of the is entered via three step @-@ vaulted arches on the eastern side of the second terrace of the Acropolis . - The Palace of is located on the fourth terrace of the Acropolis . The south facade of the palace is decorated with four large stepped frets . On the east side of the palace a stairway leads to a decorated throne of stone and stucco . One of the rooms of the palace contains a stucco decoration representing feathered serpents and crossed bones . - - = = = Monuments and sculptures = = = - - The monuments of Toniná tend to be smaller than those at other Maya sites , with most of the stelae measuring less than 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) tall . The most important difference from monuments at other Maya sites is that they are carved in the round like statues , often with hieroglyphic text running down the spine . On the fifth terrace , in @-@ the @-@ round sculptures of Toniná 's rulers dominated two @-@ dimensional representations of defeated enemies . - The dated monuments at Toniná span the period from AD 495 to 909 , covering most of the Classic Period . - Monument 3 is broken into various fragments , five of which were recovered from various locations in Ocosingo and Toniná through the course of the 20th century and most of which were reunited in the Toniná site museum . Aside from being broken , the stela is largely complete and only lightly eroded , it is a statue of a ruler with inscriptions describing the accession of K 'inich Chaak and the promotion to the priesthood of Aj Ch . - Monument 5 was recovered from a school in Ocosingo and moved to the site museum of Toniná . It is a badly eroded life @-@ size human statue with the head missing . - Monument 7 is carved from yellow sandstone and has suffered only minor damage . It is a stela base with well @-@ preserved hieroglyphs on all four vertical sides and was dedicated by K 'inich Ich 'aak Chapat in . It is currently in the Regional in Gutiérrez . - Monument 8 dates to the reign of Ruler 2 . It marks the period ending of 682 and shows the presentation of three war captives . - Monument 12 is a sculpture carved in the round , representing Ruler 2 . It dates to AD . - Monument 27 is a carved step depicting K 'awiil Mo ' , a lord from Palenque , as an elderly prisoner , bound and lying on his back with his profile positioned in such a way as to be on time and again . - Monument 99 is an undated fragment that depicts a female captive , which is rare in Maya art . - Monument 101 has the last Long Count date from any Maya monument , it marks the K ending of AD 909 . - Monument 106 is the earliest securely dated monument at the site , dating to AD 593 . It depicts Ruler 1 . - Monument 113 depicts Ruler 2 participating in a scattering ritual . - Monument 114 was dedicated in 794 by Ruler 8 . It commemorates the death of an important noble , apparently a relative or vassal of Ruler 8 's predecessor Chapat . - Monument 122 is a low relief sculpture marking the defeat of Palenque by Ruler 4 in 711 and the capture of Kan Joy II , who is depicted as a bound captive . - Monument 141 is a very well preserved hieroglyphic panel carved from fine white limestone with almost the whole inscription intact . It describes the dedication of a ballcourt by K 'inich B 'aaknal Chaak . - Monument 154 dates to the reign of K 'inich Hix Chapat and records his installing of two subordinate lords in . - Monument 158 has a very late date , in AD , at the very end of the Classic Period . It was erected during the reign of Ruler 10 . - The Frieze of the Dream Lords ( also known as the Frieze of the Four Suns or Frieze of the Four ) was uncovered by archaeologists during excavations in 1992 . It is a stucco mural located at the east end of the 5th terrace . It represents a complex supernatural scene divided into four by a feather @-@ covered from which hang the severed heads of sacrificial victims . Among the are depicted the ( spirit companions ) of the Maya elite . The most well @-@ preserved section of the sculpture depicts a skeletal supernatural way named Kimi ( " Turtle Foot Death " ) wearing on its feet and carrying a severed head in one hand , interpreted as the way of a lord from the site of ' . The frieze was once brightly painted in red , blue and yellow . This frieze has strong stylistic parallels with mural paintings at the great Early Classic metropolis of in the distant Valley of Mexico . - - = = = The site museum = = = - - The site museum is located 300 metres ( 980 ft ) outside of the Toniná archaeological zone . It possesses 2 exhibition rooms and a conference room . The first room explains the pyramidal form of the and how it relates to Maya mythology , while the main room contains sculptures of the city 's rulers . - in the collection include stone sculptures , ceramics and artefacts sculpted from bone , shell , and flint . The pieces in the museum depict the two sides of the power exercised by Toniná , on the one hand with sculptures of the city 's rulers and on the other with its depictions of bound prisoners of war . - - - = Central Area Command ( RAAF ) = - - Central Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . It was formed in March 1940 , and covered the central portion of New South Wales . Headquartered at Sydney , Central Area Command was primarily responsible for air defence , aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries . It was disbanded in August 1941 and control of its units taken over by other RAAF formations . in 1943 – 44 to raise a new Central Area Command did not come to fruition . - - = = History = = - - Prior to World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne . After war broke out in September 1939 , the RAAF began to implement a form of command , with expected increases in manpower and units . Its initial move in this direction was to create Nos. 1 and 2 Groups to control units in Victoria and New South Wales , respectively . Then , between March 1940 and May 1941 , the RAAF divided Australia and New Guinea into four geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control zones : Central Area , Southern Area , Western Area , and Northern Area . The roles of these area commands were air defence , protection of adjacent sea lanes , and aerial reconnaissance . Each was led by an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) responsible for the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary . - No. 2 Group , which had been established on 20 November 1939 , was re @-@ formed as one of the first two area commands , Central Area , on 7 March 1940 . Headquartered in Sydney , Central Area Command was given control of all Air Force units in New South Wales except those in the southern and the north of the state . Units in Queensland were also temporarily assigned to its control , pending the formation of Northern Area . Central Area 's inaugural AOC was Air Commodore Adrian " King " Cole , who had also led No. 2 Group . His senior air staff officer was Wing Commander Alan . - In May 1940 it was reported that the area 's headquarters building would change from " Mont " in Point Piper to the mansion " " nearby . Cole handed over command of Central Area to Air Commodore Bill Anderson in December 1940 . By August 1941 , the RAAF 's expanding instructional program necessitated the establishment of overarching training organisations on a semi @-@ functional , semi @-@ geographical basis . Accordingly , No. 2 ( Training ) Group was formed in Sydney , taking responsibility for the training units then under Central Area , which was disbanded . Control of other Central Area units was " divided as convenient " , according to the official history of the war , between Northern and Southern Area . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The RAAF 's area command structure was revised in 1942 , following the outbreak of the Pacific War : Northern Area was split into North @-@ Eastern Area and North @-@ Western Area , and a new command covering New South Wales and southern Queensland , Eastern Area , was created , making a total of five commands . In October 1943 , the Air Board proposed carving a new Central Area Command out of Eastern Area , which by then was considered too large to be controlled by one headquarters and therefore for . This Central Area Command would have been responsible for training and operational units in southern Queensland . The War Cabinet deferred its decision on the proposal . The concept was raised again in August 1944 , and this time the new Central Area Command was to control maintenance units , as well as training and operations , in southern Queensland . Once again , nothing came of the proposal . - - - = Corn crake = - - The corn crake , corncrake or ( Crex crex ) is a bird in the rail family . It breeds in Europe and Asia as far east as western China , and to Africa for the northern hemisphere 's winter . It is a medium @-@ sized crake with or grey @-@ streaked brownish @-@ black upperparts , chestnut markings on the wings , and blue @-@ grey underparts with rust @-@ coloured and white bars on the flanks and undertail . The strong bill is flesh @-@ toned , the iris is pale brown , and the legs and feet are pale grey . Juveniles are similar in plumage to adults , and chicks are black , as with all rails . There are no subspecies , although individuals from the east of the breeding range tend to be slightly paler than their western counterparts . The male 's call is a loud krek krek , from which the scientific name is derived . The corn crake is larger than its closest relative , the African crake , which shares its wintering range ; that species is also darker @-@ , and has a face . - The corn crake 's breeding habitat is grassland , particularly , and it uses similar environments on the wintering grounds . This secretive species builds a nest of grass leaves in a hollow in the ground and lays 6 – 14 cream @-@ coloured eggs which are covered with rufous blotches . These hatch in 19 – 20 days , and the black precocial chicks fledge after about five weeks . This crake is in steep decline across much of its former breeding range because modern farming practices often destroy nests before breeding is completed . The corn crake is omnivorous but mainly feeds on invertebrates , the occasional small frog or mammal , and plant material including grass seed and cereal grain . Natural threats include introduced and feral mammals , large birds , various parasites and diseases . - Although numbers have declined steeply in western Europe , this bird is classed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its huge range and large , apparently stable , populations in Russia and Kazakhstan . Numbers in western China are more significant than previously thought , and conservation measures have facilitated an increased population in some countries which had suffered the greatest losses . Despite its elusive nature , the loud call has ensured the corn crake has been noted in literature , and garnered a range of local and dialect names . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The rails are a bird family comprising nearly 150 species . Although origins of the group are lost in antiquity , the largest number of species and least specialised forms are found in the Old World , suggesting this family originated there . The taxonomy of the small crakes is complicated , but the closest relative of the corn crake is the African crake , C. , which has sometimes been given its own genus , , but is now more usually placed in Crex . Both species are short @-@ billed brown birds with a preference for grassland rather than wetland habitats typical of rails . crakes , particularly the ash @-@ throated crake ( ) are near relatives of the Crex genus . - Corn crakes were first described by Linnaeus in his Systema in 1758 as crex , but was subsequently moved to the genus Crex , created by German naturalist and ornithologist Johann in 1803 , and named Crex . The earlier use of crex gives it priority over 's specific name , and leads to the current name of Crex crex . The binomial name , Crex crex , from the Ancient Greek " " , is , referring to the crake 's repetitive grating call . The common name was formerly spelt as a single word , " corncrake " , but the official version is now " corn crake " . The English names refer to the species habit of nesting in dry hay or cereal fields , rather than marshes used by most members of this family . - - = = Description = = - - The corn crake is a medium @-@ sized rail , 27 – 30 cm ( 11 – 12 in ) long with a wingspan of 42 – 53 cm ( 17 – 21 in ) . Males weigh 165 g ( 5 @.@ 8 oz ) on average and females 145 g ( 5 @.@ 1 oz ) . The adult male has the crown of its head and all of its upperparts brown @-@ black in colour , streaked with buff or grey . The wing coverts are a distinctive chestnut colour with some white bars . The face , neck and breast are blue @-@ grey , apart from a pale brown streak from the base of the bill to behind the eye , the belly is white , and the flanks , and undertail are barred with chestnut and white . The strong bill is flesh @-@ coloured , the iris is pale brown , and the legs and feet are pale grey . Compared to the male , the female has warmer @-@ toned upperparts and a narrower duller eye streak . Outside the breeding season , the upperparts of both sexes become darker and the underparts less grey . The juvenile is like the adult in appearance , but has a yellow tone to its upperparts , and the grey of the underparts is replaced with buff @-@ brown . The chicks have black down , as with all rails . While there are no subspecies , all populations show great individual variation in colouring , and the birds gradually become paler and towards the east of the range . Adults undergo a complete moult after breeding , which is normally finished by late August or early September , before migration to south eastern Africa . There is a pre @-@ breeding partial moult prior to the return from Africa , mainly involving the plumage of the head , body and tail . Young birds have a head and body moult about five weeks after hatching . - The corn crake is with the African crake on the wintering grounds , but can be distinguished by its larger size , paler upperparts , tawny and different underparts pattern . In flight , it has longer , less rounded wings , and shallower than its African relative , and shows a white leading edge to the inner wing . In both the breeding and wintering ranges it is unlikely to be confused with any other rails , since species are smaller , with white markings on the upperparts , different underparts patterns and shorter bills . A flying corn crake can resemble a , but its chestnut wing pattern and dangling legs are diagnostic . - - = = = Voice = = = - - On the breeding grounds , the male corn crake 's advertising call is a loud , repetitive , grating krek krek normally delivered from a low perch with the bird 's head and neck almost vertical and its bill wide open . The call can be heard from 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) away , and serves to establish the breeding territory , attract females , and challenge males . differences in mean that individual males can be distinguished by their calls . Early in the season , the call is given almost continuously at night , and often during the day , too . It may be repeated more than 20 @,@ 000 times a night , with a peak between midnight and 3 am . The call has evolved to make a singing male 's location clear , as this species hides in vegetation . The frequency of calling reduces after a few weeks but may intensify again near the end of the laying period before falling away towards the end of the breeding season . To attract males , mechanical imitations of their call can be produced by rubbing a piece of wood down a notched stick , or by a credit card against a comb or @-@ . The male also has a growling call , given with the bill shut and used during aggressive interactions . - The female corn crake may give a call that is similar to that of the male ; it also has a distinctive sound , similar in rhythm to the main call but without the grating quality . The female also has a high @-@ pitched call , and a oo @-@ oo @-@ oo sound to call the chick . The chicks make a quiet @-@ contact call , and a used to beg for food . Because of the difficulty in seeing this species , it is usually by counting males calling between 11 pm and 3 am ; the birds do not move much at night , whereas they may wander up to 600 m ( 660 yd ) during the day , which could lead to double @-@ counting if monitored then . individual males suggests that just counting calling birds the true count by nearly 30 % , and the discrepancy is likely to be greater , since only 80 % of males may call at all on a given night . The corn crake is silent in Africa . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The corn crake breeds from Britain and Ireland east through Europe to central Siberia . Although it has vanished from much of its historic range , this bird was once found in suitable habitats in Eurasia everywhere between latitudes 41 ° N and 62 ° N. There is also a sizable population in western China , but this species nests only rarely in northern Spain and in Turkey . Old claims of breeding in South Africa are incorrect , and result from of eggs in a museum collection which are actually those of the African rail . - The corn crake winters mainly in Africa , from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and central Tanzania south to eastern South Africa . North of this area , it is mainly seen on migration , but occasionally winters in North Africa and to the west and north of its core area in southeast Africa . Most of the South African population of about 2 @,@ 000 birds occurs in KwaZulu @-@ Natal and the former Province , and numbers elsewhere in Africa are uncertain . There are several nineteenth @-@ century records , when populations were much higher than now , of birds being seen in western Europe , mainly Britain and Ireland , between December and February . - This crake to Africa along two main routes : a western route through Morocco and Algeria , and a more important through Egypt . On passage , it has been recorded in most countries between its breeding and wintering ranges , including much of West Africa . Birds from following the western route paused in West Africa on their way further south , and again on the return flight , when they also rested in Spain or North Africa . Eastern migrants have been recorded in those parts of southern Asia that lie between the east of the breeding range and Africa . Further afield , the corn crake has been recorded as a to Sri Lanka , Vietnam and Australia , the , Bermuda , Canada , the US , Greenland , Iceland , the , the Azores , Madeira , and the Canary Islands . - The corn crake is mainly a lowland species , but breeds up to 1 @,@ 400 m ( 4 @,@ 600 ft ) altitude in the , 2 @,@ 700 m ( 8 @,@ 900 ft ) in China and 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) in Russia . When breeding in Eurasia , the corn crake 's habitats would originally have included river meadows with tall grass and meadow plants including sedges and irises . It is now mainly found in cool moist grassland used for the production of hay , particularly moist traditional farmland with limited cutting or fertiliser use . It also other grasslands in mountains or , on coasts , or where created by fire . areas like wetland edges may be used , but very wet habitats are avoided , as are open areas and those with vegetation more than 50 cm ( 20 in ) tall , or too dense to walk through . The odd bush or hedge may be used as a calling post . which is not or grazed becomes too matted to be suitable for nesting , but locally crops such as , , rape , or potatoes may be used . After breeding , adults move to taller vegetation such as common , iris , or to moult , returning to the hay and meadows for the second brood . In China , flax is also used for nest sites . Although males often sing in intensively managed grass or cereal crops , successful breeding is uncommon , and nests in the field margins or nearby fallow ground are more likely to succeed . - When wintering in Africa , the corn crake occupies dry grassland and habitats , occurring in vegetation 30 – 200 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 6 @.@ 56 ft ) tall , including seasonally burnt areas and occasionally sedges or beds . It is also found on fallow and abandoned fields , uncut grass on airfields , and the edges of crops . It occurs at up to at least 1 @,@ 750 metres ( 5 @,@ 740 ft ) altitude in South Africa . Each bird stays within a fairly small area . Although it sometimes occurs with the African crake , that species normally prefers moister and shorter grassland habitats than does the corn crake . On migration , the corn crake may also occur in and around golf courses . - - = = Behaviour = = - - The corn crake is a difficult bird to see in its breeding sites , usually being hidden by vegetation , but will sometimes emerge into the open . Occasionally , individuals may become very trusting ; for five consecutive summers , an individual crake on the Scottish island of entered a kitchen to feed on scraps , and , in 1999 , a wintering Barra bird would come for feed once the chickens had finished . In Africa , it is more secretive than the African crake , and , unlike its relative , it is rarely seen in the open , although it occasionally feeds on tracks or road sides . The corn crake is most active early and late in the day , after heavy rain and during light rain . Its typical flight is weak and , although less so than that of the African crake . For longer flights , such as migration , it has a , stronger action with legs drawn up . It walks with a high @-@ stepping action , and can run swiftly through grass with its body held horizontal and laterally flattened . It will swim if essential . When flushed by a dog , it will fly less than 50 m ( 160 ft ) , frequently landing behind a bush or thicket , and then crouch on landing . If disturbed in the open , this crake will often run in a crouch for a short distance , with its neck stretched forward , then stand upright to watch the intruder . When captured it may death , recovering at once if it sees a way out . - The corn crake is solitary on the wintering grounds , where each bird occupies 4 @.@ 2 – 4 @.@ 9 ha ( 10 – 12 acres ) at one time , although the total area used may be double that , since an individual may move locally due to flooding , plant growth , or grass cutting . Flocks of up to 40 birds may form on migration , sometimes associating with common . Migration takes place at night , and flocks resting during the day may aggregate to hundreds of birds at favoured sites . The ability to migrate is innate , not learned from adults . Chicks raised from birds kept in captivity for ten generations were able to migrate to Africa and return with similar success to wild @-@ bred young . - - = = = Breeding = = = - - Until 1995 , it was assumed that the corn crake is monogamous , but it that a male may have a shifting home range , and mate with two or more females , moving on when laying is almost complete . The male 's territory can vary from 3 to 51 ha ( 7 @.@ 4 to 126 @.@ 0 acres ) , but averages 15 @.@ 7 ha ( 39 acres ) . The female has a much smaller range , averaging only 5 @.@ 5 ha ( 14 acres ) . A male will challenge an intruder by calling with his wings and his head pointing forward . Usually the stranger moves off ; if it stays , the two birds square up with heads and necks raised and the wings touching the ground . They then run around giving the growling call and at each other . A real fight may ensue , with the birds leaping at each other and pecking , and sometimes kicking . Females play no part in defending the territory . - The female may be offered food by the male during courtship . He has a brief courtship display in which the neck is extended and the head held down , the tail is fanned , and the wings are spread with the tips touching the ground . He will then attempt to approach the female from behind , and then leap on her back to . The nest is typically in grassland , sometimes in safer sites along a hedge , or near an isolated tree or bush , or in overgrown vegetation . Where grass is not tall enough at the start of the season , the first nest may be constructed in or marsh vegetation , with the second brood in hay . The second nest may also be at a higher altitude that the first , to take advantage of the later @-@ developing grasses further up a hill . The nest , well hidden in the grass , is built in a scrape or hollow in the ground . It is made of woven coarse dry grass and other plants , and lined with finer grasses . Although nest construction is usually described as undertaken by the female , a recent study found that in the captive population the male always built the nest . - The nest is 12 – 15 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter and 3 – 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) deep . The clutch is 6 – 14 , usually 8 – 12 eggs ; these are oval , slightly glossy , creamy or with green , blue or grey , and blotched red @-@ brown . They average 37 mm × 26 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in × 1 @.@ 0 in ) and weigh about 13 – 16 g ( 0 @.@ 46 – 0 @.@ 56 oz ) , of which 7 % is shell . The eggs are laid at daily intervals , but second clutches may sometimes have two eggs added per day . Incubation is by the female only ; her tendency to sit tight when disturbed , or wait until the last moment to flee , leads to many deaths during hay @-@ cutting and harvesting . The eggs hatch together after 19 – 20 days , and the precocial chicks leave the nest within a day or two . They are fed by the female for three or four days , but can find their own food thereafter . The juveniles fledge after 34 – 38 days . The second brood is started about 42 days after the first , and the incubation period is slightly shorter at 16 – 18 days . The grown young may stay with the female until departure for Africa . - Nest success in undisturbed sites is high , at 80 – 90 % , but much lower in fertilised meadows and on arable land . The method and timing of mowing is crucial ; mechanized mowing can kill 38 – 95 % of chicks in a given site , and losses average 50 % of first brood chicks and somewhat less than 40 % of second brood chicks . The influence of weather on chick survival is limited ; although chick growth is faster in dry or warm weather , the effects are relatively small . Unlike many precocial species , chicks are fed by their mother to a greater or lesser extent until they become independent , and this may cushion them from adverse conditions . The number of live chicks hatched is more important than the weather , with lower survival in large broods . The annual adult survival rate is under 30 % , although some individuals may live for 5 – 7 years . - - = = = Feeding = = = - - The corn crake is omnivorous , but mainly feeds on invertebrates , including earthworms , slugs and snails , spiders , beetles , , grasshoppers and other insects . In the breeding areas , it is a predator of , which infest and in the past consumed large amounts of the former grassland pests , and . This crake will also eat small frogs and mammals , and plant material including grass seed and cereal grain . Its diet on the wintering grounds is generally similar , but includes locally available items such as , cockroaches and dung beetles . Food is taken from the ground , low @-@ growing plants and from inside grass ; the crake may search leaf litter with its bill , and run in pursuit of active prey . Hunting is normally in cover , but , particularly in the wintering areas , it will occasionally feed on grassy tracks or dirt roads . material is regurgitated as 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) . Chicks are fed mainly on animal food , and when fully grown they may fly with the parents up to 6 @.@ 4 km ( 4 @.@ 0 mi ) to visit supplementary feeding areas . As with other rails , grit is swallowed to help break up food in the stomach . - - = = Predators and parasites = = - - Predators on the breeding grounds include feral and domestic cats , introduced American mink , feral ferrets , otters and red foxes , and birds including the common and hooded . In Lithuania , the introduced dog has also been recorded as taking corn crakes . When chicks are exposed by rapid mowing , they may be taken by large birds including the white stork , and other birds of prey , and . At undisturbed sites nests and broods are rarely attacked , as reflected in a high breeding success . There is a record of a corn crake on migration through Gabon being killed by a black . - The widespread , which lives in the of birds , has been recorded in the corn crake , as have the parasitic worm elegans , the larvae of parasitic flies , and hard ticks of the genera and . - During the reintroduction of corn crakes to England in the 2003 breeding season , and ill health in pre @-@ release birds was due to bacteria of a pathogenic species . Subsequently , tests were done to detect infected individuals and to find the source of the bacteria in their environment . - - = = Status = = - - Until 2010 , despite a breeding range estimated at 12 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 km2 ( 4 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , the corn crake was classified as near threatened on the IUCN Red List because of serious declines in Europe , but improved monitoring in Russia indicates that anticipated losses there have not occurred and numbers have remained stable or possibly increased . It is therefore now classed as least concern , since the major populations in Russia and Kazakhstan are not expected to change much in the short term . There are an estimated 1 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 0 million breeding pairs in Europe , three @-@ quarters of which are in European Russia , and a further 515 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 240 @,@ 000 pairs in Asiatic Russia ; the total Eurasian population has been estimated at between 5 @.@ 45 and 9 @.@ 72 million individuals . In much of the western half of its range , there have been long @-@ term declines that are expected to continue , although conservation measures have enabled numbers to grow in several countries , including a five @-@ fold increase in Finland , and a doubling in the UK . In the Netherlands , there were 33 breeding territories in 1996 , but this number had increased to at least 500 by 1998 . - The breeding corn crake population had begun to decline in the 19th century , but the process gained pace after World War II . The main cause of the steep declines in much of Europe is the loss of nests and chicks from early mowing . dates have moved forward in the past century due to faster crop growth , made possible by land drainage and the use of , and the move from manual grass @-@ cutting using to mechanical , at first horse @-@ drawn and later pulled by . also means that large areas can be cut quickly , leaving the crake with no alternative sites to raise either a first brood if suitable habitat has gone , or a replacement brood if the first nest is destroyed . The pattern of mowing , typically in a circular pattern from the outside of a field to its centre , gives little chance of escape for the chicks , which are also exposed to potential animal predators . Adults can often escape the , although some females sit tight on the nest , with fatal results . - Loss of habitat is the other major threat to the corn crake . Apart from the reduced suitability of drained and fertilised fields compared to traditional hay meadows , in western Europe the conversion of grassland to arable has been aided by subsidies , and further east the collapse of collective farming has led to the abandonment and lack of management of much land in this important breeding area . More localised threats include floods in spring , and disturbance by roads or wind farms . This bird is good eating ; when they were common in England , Mrs Beeton recommended roasting four on a . More significant than direct hunting is the loss of many birds , up to 14 @,@ 000 a year , in Egypt , where migrating birds are captured in nets set for the quail with which they often migrate . Although this may account for 0 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 7 % of the European population , the losses to this form of hunting are less than when the targeted species were more numerous and predictable . - Most European countries have taken steps to conserve the corn crake and produce national management policies ; there is also an overall European action plan . The focus of conservation effort is to monitor populations and ecology and to improve survival , principally through changing the timing and method of hay harvesting . Later cutting gives time for breeding to be completed , and leaving uncut strips at the edges of fields and cutting from the centre outwards reduces the casualties from mowing . these changes is predicted to stop the population decline if the measures are applied on a sufficiently large scale . of illegal hunting , and protection in countries where hunting is still allowed , are also conservation aims . of the corn crake is being attempted in England , and breeding sites are scheduled for protection in many other countries . Where breeding sites on urban areas , there are cost implications , estimated in one German study at several million euros per corn crake . The corn crake does not appear to be seriously threatened on its wintering grounds and may benefit from , which creates more open habitats . - - = = In culture = = - - Most rails are secretive wetland birds that have made little cultural impression , but as a formerly common farmland bird with a loud nocturnal call that sometimes led to disturbed sleep for rural dwellers , the corn crake has acquired a variety of folk names and some commemoration in literature . - - = = = Names = = = - - The favoured name for this species among naturalists has changed over the years , with " " and variants of " corncrake " being preferred at various times . " " also had a period of popularity between 1768 and 1813 . The originally Older Scots " " was popularised by Thomas , who used this term in his 1797 A History of British Birds . Other Scots names include " corn " and " " ; the latter term , like " king of the quail " , " grass quail " , the French " de " , and the German " " refer to the association with the small . Another name , " " , has been variously interpreted as , or derived from the Old Norse @-@ , meaning " cock of the field " ; variants include " drake " , " drake Hen " and " gorse drake " . - - = = = In literature = = = - - Corn crakes are the subject of three stanzas of the seventeenth century poet Andrew 's " Upon House " , written in 1651 about the North Yorkshire country estate of Thomas Fairfax . The narrator depicts the scene of a cutting the grass , before his " whistling " unknowingly " the Rail " . The draws out the " all bloody from its breast " and " does the stroke " . It continues with a stanza that demonstrates the problematic nature of the corn crake 's nesting habits : - John Clare , the nineteenth @-@ century English poet based in , wrote " The " , a semi @-@ comic piece which is primarily about the difficulty of seeing corn crakes – as opposed to hearing them . In the fourth verse he : " Tis like a fancy everywhere / A sort of living doubt " . Clare wrote about corn crakes in his prose works too , and his writings help to clarify the distribution of this rail when it was far more widespread than now . - The Finnish poet also wrote about the bird in his poem " " . - The use of the corn crake 's call to describe someone with a grating or voice is illustrated in the quotation " thanks to a wee woman with a voice like a corncrake who believed she was an apprentice angel " . This usage dates from at least the first half of the nineteenth century , and continues through to the present . - - - = Acute myeloid leukemia = - - Acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) , also known as acute leukemia or acute leukemia ( ) , is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells , characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells . AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults , and its incidence increases with age . Although AML is a relatively rare disease , accounting for roughly 1 @.@ 2 % of cancer deaths in the United States , its incidence is expected to increase as the population ages . - The symptoms of AML are caused by replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells , which causes a drop in red blood cells , platelets , and normal white blood cells . These symptoms include fatigue , shortness of breath , easy bruising and bleeding , and increased risk of infection . Several risk factors and chromosomal abnormalities have been identified , but the specific cause is not clear . As an acute leukemia , AML progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated . - AML has several subtypes ; treatment and prognosis vary among subtypes . AML is cured in 35 – 40 % of people less than 60 years old and 5 – 15 % more than 60 years old . Older people who are not able to withstand intensive chemotherapy have an average survival of 5 – 10 months . - AML is treated initially with chemotherapy aimed at inducing a remission ; people may go on to receive additional chemotherapy or a stem cell transplant . Recent research into the genetics of AML has resulted in the availability of tests that can predict which drug or drugs may work best for a particular person , as well as how long that person is likely to survive . The treatment and prognosis of AML differ from those of chronic leukemia ( ) in part because the cellular differentiation is not the same ; AML involves higher percentages of and undifferentiated cells , including more blasts ( , , and ) . - - = = Signs and symptoms = = - - Most signs and symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal blood cells with leukemic cells . A lack of normal white blood cell production makes people more susceptible to infections ; while the leukemic cells themselves are derived from white blood cell precursors , they have no infection @-@ fighting capacity . A drop in red blood cell count ( anemia ) can cause fatigue , , and shortness of breath . A lack of platelets can lead to easy bruising or bleeding with minor trauma . - The early signs of AML are often vague and nonspecific , and may be similar to those of influenza or other common illnesses . Some symptoms include fever , fatigue , weight loss or loss of appetite , shortness of breath , anemia , easy bruising or bleeding , ( flat , pin @-@ head sized spots under the skin caused by bleeding ) , bone and joint pain , and persistent or frequent infections . - of the spleen may occur in AML , but it is typically mild and . node swelling is rare in AML , in contrast to acute leukemia . The skin is involved about 10 % of the time in the form of leukemia . Rarely , Sweet 's syndrome , a inflammation of the skin , can occur with AML . - Some people with AML may experience swelling of the because of infiltration of leukemic cells into the gum tissue . Rarely , the first sign of leukemia may be the development of a solid leukemic mass or tumor outside of the bone marrow , called a . Occasionally , a person may show no symptoms , and the leukemia may be discovered incidentally during a routine blood test . - - = = Risk factors = = - - A number of risk factors for developing AML have been identified , including : other blood disorders , chemical exposures , ionizing radiation , and genetics . - - = = = = = = - - " " blood disorders , such as myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) or myeloproliferative disease ( ) , can evolve into AML ; the exact risk depends on the type of MDS / . - - = = = Chemical exposure = = = - - Exposure to chemotherapy , in particular agents , can increase the risk of subsequently developing AML . The risk is highest about three to five years after chemotherapy . Other chemotherapy agents , specifically and , have also been associated with treatment @-@ related leukemias , which are often associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities in the leukemic cells . - Occupational chemical exposure to benzene and other organic is controversial as a cause of AML . and many of its derivatives are known to be carcinogenic in vitro . While some studies have suggested a link between occupational exposure to benzene and increased risk of AML , others have suggested the attributable risk , if any , is slight . - - = = = Radiation = = = - - High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure can increase the risk of AML . of the atomic bombings of and had an increased rate of AML , as did exposed to high levels of X @-@ rays prior to the adoption of modern radiation safety practices . People treated with ionizing radiation after treatment for prostate cancer , non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma , lung cancer and breast cancer have the highest chance of acquiring AML , but this increased risk returns to the background risk observed in the general population after 12 years . - - = = = = = = - - A hereditary risk for AML appears to exist . Multiple cases of AML developing in a family at a rate higher than predicted by chance alone have been reported . Several congenital conditions may increase the risk of leukemia ; the most common is probably Down syndrome , which is associated with a to 18 @-@ fold increase in the risk of AML . - - = = Diagnosis = = - - The first clue to a diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a complete blood count . While an excess of abnormal white blood cells ( ) is a common finding , and leukemic blasts are sometimes seen , AML can also present with isolated decreases in platelets , red blood cells , or even with a low white blood cell count ( ) . While a diagnosis of AML can be made by examination of the peripheral blood smear when there are circulating leukemic blasts , a definitive diagnosis usually requires an adequate bone marrow aspiration and . - or blood is examined under light microscopy , as well as flow , to the presence of leukemia , to differentiate AML from other types of leukemia ( e.g. acute leukemia - ALL ) , and to classify the subtype of disease . A sample of marrow or blood is typically also tested for chromosomal abnormalities by routine cytogenetics or fluorescent in situ . Genetic studies may also be performed to look for specific mutations in genes such as FLT3 , , and KIT , which may influence the outcome of the disease . - stains on blood and bone marrow are helpful in the distinction of AML from ALL , and in of AML . The combination of a or Sudan black stain and a nonspecific esterase stain will provide the desired information in most cases . The or Sudan black reactions are most useful in establishing the identity of AML and distinguishing it from ALL . The nonspecific esterase stain is used to identify a component in and to distinguish a poorly differentiated leukemia from ALL . - The diagnosis and classification of AML can be challenging , and should be performed by a qualified or . In straightforward cases , the presence of certain features ( such as rods ) or specific flow results can distinguish AML from other leukemias ; however , in the absence of such features , diagnosis may be more difficult . - The two most commonly used classification for AML are the older French @-@ American @-@ British ( FAB ) system and the newer World Health Organization ( WHO ) system . According to the widely used WHO criteria , the diagnosis of AML is established by demonstrating involvement of more than 20 % of the blood and / or bone marrow by leukemic , except in the three best prognosis forms of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities ( t ( 8 ; 21 ) , ( 16 ) , and t ( 15 ; 17 ) ) in which the presence of the genetic is diagnostic irrespective of blast percent . The French – American – British ( FAB ) classification is a bit more stringent , requiring a blast percentage of at least 30 % in bone marrow ( ) or peripheral blood ( ) for the diagnosis of AML . AML must be carefully differentiated from " " conditions such as myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative , which are treated differently . - Because acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) has the highest and requires a unique form of treatment , it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia . in situ performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose , as it readily identifies the chromosomal translocation [ t ( 15 ; 17 ) ( ; ) ; ] that APL . There is also a need to detect the presence of PML / fusion protein , which is an product of that translocation . - - = = = World Health Organization = = = - - The WHO 2008 classification of acute myeloid leukemia attempts to be more clinically useful and to produce more meaningful prognostic information than the FAB criteria . Each of the WHO categories contains numerous descriptive of interest to the and ; however , most of the clinically significant information in the WHO is communicated via categorization into one of the subtypes listed below . - The WHO subtypes of AML are : - Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage ( also known as mixed phenotype or acute leukemia ) occur when the leukemic cells can not be classified as either myeloid or cells , or where both types of cells are present . - - = = = French @-@ American @-@ British = = = - - The French @-@ American @-@ British ( FAB ) classification system divides AML into eight subtypes , through to , based on the type of cell from which the leukemia developed and its degree of maturity . This is done by examining the appearance of the malignant cells with light microscopy and / or by using cytogenetics to characterize any underlying chromosomal abnormalities . The subtypes have varying and responses to therapy . Although the WHO classification ( see above ) may be more useful , the FAB system is still widely used . - Eight FAB subtypes were proposed in 1976 . - The subtypes of AML also include rare types not included in the FAB system , such as acute leukemia , which was proposed as a ninth subtype , M8 , in 1999 . - - = = = = - - The malignant cell in AML is the myeloblast . In normal , the myeloblast is an immature precursor of myeloid white blood cells ; a normal myeloblast will gradually mature into a mature white blood cell . In AML , though , a single myeloblast genetic changes which " freeze " the cell in its immature state and prevent differentiation . Such a alone does not cause leukemia ; however , when such a " differentiation arrest " is combined with other mutations which disrupt genes controlling proliferation , the result is the uncontrolled growth of an immature clone of cells , leading to the clinical entity of AML . - Much of the diversity and of AML stems is because leukemic transformation can occur at a number of different steps along the differentiation pathway . Modern classification schemes for AML recognize the characteristics and behavior of the leukemic cell ( and the leukemia ) may depend on the stage at which differentiation was halted . - Specific cytogenetic abnormalities can be found in many people with AML ; the types of chromosomal abnormalities often have prognostic significance . The chromosomal encode abnormal fusion proteins , usually transcription factors whose altered properties may cause the " differentiation arrest " . For example , in acute promyelocytic leukemia , the t ( 15 ; 17 ) translocation produces a PML @-@ fusion protein which binds to the acid receptor element in the of several myeloid @-@ specific genes and inhibits myeloid differentiation . - The clinical signs and symptoms of AML result from the growth of leukemic clone cells , which tends to displace or interfere with the development of normal blood cells in the bone marrow . This leads to , anemia , and . The symptoms of AML are , in turn , often due to the low numbers of these normal blood elements . In rare cases , people with AML can develop a , or solid tumor of leukemic cells outside the bone marrow , which can cause various symptoms depending on its location . - An important mechanism of in AML is the epigenetic induction of by genetic mutations that alter the function of epigenetic enzymes , such as the DNA and the metabolic enzymes and , which lead to the generation of a novel , D @-@ 2 @-@ , which inhibits the activity of epigenetic enzymes such as . The hypothesis is that such epigenetic mutations lead to the of tumor genes and / or the activation of proto @-@ . - - = = Treatment = = - - First @-@ line treatment of AML consists primarily of chemotherapy , and is divided into two phases : induction and postremission ( or consolidation ) therapy . The goal of induction therapy is to achieve a complete remission by reducing the number of leukemic cells to an undetectable level ; the goal of consolidation therapy is to eliminate any residual undetectable disease and achieve a cure . stem cell transplantation is usually considered if induction chemotherapy fails or after a person , although transplantation is also sometimes used as front @-@ line therapy for people with high @-@ risk disease . Efforts to use kinase inhibitors in AML continue . - - = = = = = = - - All FAB subtypes except M3 are usually given induction chemotherapy with cytarabine ( ara @-@ C ) and an anthracycline ( most often ) . This induction chemotherapy regimen is known as " 7 + 3 " ( or " 3 + 7 " ) , because the cytarabine is given as a continuous IV infusion for seven consecutive days while the anthracycline is given for three consecutive days as an IV push . Up to 70 % of people with AML will achieve a remission with this protocol . Other alternative induction , including high @-@ dose cytarabine alone , @-@ like or agents , may also be used . Because of the toxic effects of therapy , including and an increased risk of infection , induction chemotherapy may not be offered to the very elderly , and the options may include less intense chemotherapy or care . - The M3 subtype of AML , also known as acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) , is almost universally treated with the drug all @-@ trans @-@ acid ( ) in addition to induction chemotherapy , usually an anthracycline . Care must be taken to prevent disseminated ( ) , complicating the treatment of APL when the release the contents of their granules into the peripheral circulation . APL is eminently , with well @-@ documented treatment protocols . - The goal of the induction phase is to reach a complete remission . Complete remission does not mean the disease has been cured ; rather , it signifies no disease can be detected with available diagnostic methods . Complete remission is obtained in about 50 % – 75 % of newly diagnosed adults , although this may vary based on the prognostic factors described above . The length of remission depends on the prognostic features of the original leukemia . In general , all will fail without additional consolidation therapy . - - = = = = = = - - Even after complete remission is achieved , leukemic cells likely remain in numbers too small to be detected with current diagnostic techniques . If no further postremission or consolidation therapy is given , almost all people with AML will eventually relapse . Therefore , more therapy is necessary to eliminate disease and prevent relapse — that is , to achieve a cure . - The specific type of postremission therapy is based on a person 's prognostic factors ( see above ) and general health . For good @-@ prognosis leukemias ( i.e. ( 16 ) , t ( 8 ; 21 ) , and t ( 15 ; 17 ) ) , people will typically undergo an additional three to five courses of intensive chemotherapy , known as consolidation chemotherapy . For people at high risk of relapse ( e.g. those with high @-@ risk cytogenetics , underlying MDS , or therapy @-@ related AML ) , stem cell transplantation is usually recommended if the person is able to tolerate a transplant and has a suitable donor . The best postremission therapy for intermediate @-@ risk AML ( normal cytogenetics or cytogenetic changes not falling into good @-@ risk or high @-@ risk groups ) is less clear and depends on the specific situation , including the age and overall health of the person , the person 's values , and whether a suitable stem cell donor is available . - For people who are not eligible for a stem cell transplant , with a combination of ( ) and 2 ( ) after the completion of consolidation has been shown to reduce the absolute relapse risk by 14 % , translating to a 50 % increase in the likelihood of maintained remission . - - = = = AML = = = - - For people with relapsed AML , the only proven potentially therapy is a stem cell transplant , if one has not already been performed . In 2000 , the antibody @-@ linked agent ( ) was approved in the United States for people aged more than 60 years with relapsed AML who are not candidates for high @-@ dose chemotherapy . This drug was voluntarily withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer , in 2010 . - Since treatment options for relapsed AML are so limited , care or enrolment in a clinical trial may be offered . - For relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) , arsenic trioxide is approved by the US FDA . Like , arsenic trioxide does not work with other subtypes of AML . - - = = = = - - Acute myeloid leukemia is a disease ; the chance of cure for a specific person depends on a number of prognostic factors . - - = = = = = = - - The single most important prognostic factor in AML is cytogenetics , or the chromosomal structure of the leukemic cell . Certain cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with very good outcomes ( for example , the ( 15 ; 17 ) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia ) . About half of people with AML have " normal " cytogenetics ; they fall into an intermediate risk group . A number of other cytogenetic abnormalities are known to associate with a poor prognosis and a high risk of relapse after treatment . - The first publication to address cytogenetics and prognosis was the trial of 1998 : - Later , the Southwest Group and Eastern Cooperative Group and , later still , Cancer and Leukemia Group B published other , mostly overlapping lists of cytogenetics in leukemia . - - = = = syndrome = = = - - AML which arises from a pre @-@ existing myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) or myeloproliferative disease ( so @-@ called secondary AML ) has a worse prognosis , as does treatment @-@ related AML arising after chemotherapy for another previous . Both of these entities are associated with a high rate of unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities . - - = = = Other prognostic markers = = = - - In some studies , age > 60 years and elevated level were also associated with poorer outcomes . As with most forms of cancer , performance status ( i.e. the general physical condition and activity level of the person ) plays a major role in prognosis as well . - - = = = = = = = = - - A large number of molecular alterations are under study for their prognostic impact in AML . However , only FLT3 @-@ , , and c @-@ KIT are currently included in international risk . These are expected to increase rapidly in the near future . FLT3 internal tandem ( ) have been shown to confer a poorer prognosis in AML with normal cytogenetics . Several FLT3 inhibitors have undergone clinical trials , with mixed results . Two other mutations - and are associated with improved outcomes , especially in people with normal cytogenetics and are used in current risk algorithms . - Researchers are investigating the clinical significance of c @-@ KIT mutations in AML . These are prevalent , and potentially clinically relevant because of the availability of kinase inhibitors , such as and that can block the activity of c @-@ KIT . It is expected that additional markers ( e.g. , , , and ) that have consistently been associated with an inferior outcome will soon be included in these recommendations . The prognostic importance of other genes ( e.g. , , , ) is less clear . - - = = = of cure = = = - - Cure rates in clinical trials have ranged from 20 – 45 % ; although clinical trials often include only younger people and those able to tolerate aggressive . The overall cure rate for all people with AML ( including the elderly and those unable to tolerate aggressive therapy ) is likely lower . Cure rates for promyelocytic leukemia can be as high as 98 % . - - = = Epidemiology = = - - Acute myeloid leukemia is a relatively rare cancer . There are approximately 10 @,@ 500 new cases each year in the United States , and the incidence rate has remained stable from 1995 through 2005 . AML accounts for 1 @.@ 2 % of all cancer deaths in the United States . - The incidence of AML increases with age ; the median age at diagnosis is 63 years . AML accounts for about 90 % of all acute leukemias in adults , but is rare in children . The rate of therapy @-@ related AML ( that is , AML caused by previous chemotherapy ) is rising ; therapy @-@ related disease currently accounts for about 10 – 20 % of all cases of AML . AML is slightly more common in men , with a male @-@ to @-@ female ratio of 1 @.@ 3 : 1 . - There is some geographic variation in the incidence of AML . In adults , the highest rates are seen in North America , Europe , and Oceania , while adult AML is rarer in Asia and Latin America . In contrast , childhood AML is less common in North America and India than in other parts of Asia . These differences may be due to population genetics , environmental factors , or a combination of the two . - - = = = UK = = = - - AML accounts for 34 % of all leukaemia cases in the UK , and around 2 @,@ 900 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011 . - - = = History = = - - The first published description of a case of leukemia in medical literature dates to 1827 , when French physician Alfred @-@ Armand @-@ Louis @-@ Marie Velpeau described a 63 @-@ year @-@ old who developed an illness characterized by fever , weakness , urinary stones , and substantial enlargement of the liver and spleen . Velpeau noted the blood of this person had a consistency " like " , and speculated the appearance of the blood was due to white . In 1845 , a series of people who died with enlarged and changes in the " colors and of their blood " was reported by the Edinburgh @-@ based pathologist Bennett ; he used the term " " to describe this condition . - The term " leukemia " was coined by Rudolf Virchow , the renowned German pathologist , in 1856 . As a pioneer in the use of the light microscope in pathology , Virchow was the first to describe the abnormal excess of white blood cells in people with the clinical syndrome described by Velpeau and Bennett . As Virchow was uncertain of the of the white blood cell excess , he used the purely descriptive term " leukemia " ( Greek : " white blood " ) to refer to the condition . - Further advances in the understanding of acute myeloid leukemia occurred rapidly with the development of new technology . In 1877 , Paul Ehrlich developed a technique of staining blood films which allowed him to describe in detail normal and abnormal white blood cells . Wilhelm introduced the term " acute leukemia " in 1889 to differentiate rapidly progressive and fatal leukemias from the more chronic leukemias . The term " myeloid " was coined by Franz Ernst Christian Neumann in 1869 , as he was the first to recognize white blood cells were made in the bone marrow ( Greek : , = ( bone ) marrow ) as opposed to the spleen . The technique of bone marrow examination to leukemia was first described in 1879 by . Finally , in 1900 , the myeloblast , which is the malignant cell in AML , was characterized by Otto , who divided the leukemias into myeloid and . - In 2008 , AML became the first cancer genome to be fully sequenced . DNA extracted from leukemic cells were compared to unaffected skin . The leukemic cells contained acquired mutations in several genes that had not previously been associated with the disease . - - = = = = - - Leukemia is rarely associated with pregnancy , affecting only about 1 in 10 @,@ 000 pregnant women . How it is handled depends primarily on the type of leukemia . Acute leukemias normally require prompt , aggressive treatment , despite significant risks of pregnancy loss and birth defects , especially if chemotherapy is given during the sensitive first . - - - = Love Me Like You = - - " Love Me Like You " is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their third studio album , Get Weird ( 2015 ) . The song was released on 25 September 2015 , as the second single from the album . Produced by Steve Mac , he co @-@ wrote the song with Iain James , Camille Purcell and James Newman . Backed by an instrumental of pianos , bells , and percussion , the song is a down @-@ tempo retro homage to doo @-@ wop , with lyrics about love . Its composition was compared by several critics to Motown artists of the 1950s and 1960s , namely The , The and Shadow Morton . - Critical response to " Love Me Like You " was positive : critics praised its vintage style and highlighted it as an album standout . It reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and has been certified gold by the BPI . The accompanying music video for the song was set at a high school dance . Unbeknownst to each member of the group , they had been invited to attend by the same date after previously meeting him in different situations . He arrives with another girl near the end of the night , and they realise that he had all been invited by the same guy , and end up . Little Mix have performed the track on both the Australian and British versions of The X Factor and on Good Morning America in the United States . - - = = Background and release = = - - " Love Me Like You " was written by Steve Mac , Camille Purcell , Iain James and James Newman for Little Mix 's third studio album , Get Weird ( 2015 ) . It was published by Music Ltd. under exclusive licence to BMG Rights Management ( UK ) Ltd ; Music Group ; Sony / ATV Music Publishing ; Black Music Publishing and BMG Rights Management . The song was produced by Mac and mixed by at Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia . It was engineered for mixing by John and engineered by Chris Laws and , and mastered by Tom Coyne and Randy Merrill at Sterling Sound Studios in New York . The track was recorded at Studios in London . Purcell also provided background vocals . The keyboards were performed by Mac , and the guitars were played by Paul . Laws and performed the drums and the percussion , respectively . - The group announced on 9 September 2015 that " Love Me Like You " would be the second single to be released from the album , and that it would be made available to pre @-@ order on 11 September , and be released on 25 September . It was released by Syco and Columbia in Ireland and the United Kingdom on 25 September 2015 . The single 's artwork was released on the same day . In their review , MTV News joked that the group were suggesting that it would be number @-@ one due to each of the band members , writing " We can 't help but get the hint they 're on the hunt for chart topping trophy . Leigh @-@ Anne clearly thinks she can see it in the distance , Jesy is just imagining it with her brain , Jade definitely thinks she can hear the noise of records being sold and Perrie is convinced it 's on the floor . " M magazine writer Heather Thompson described the artwork as " vibrant " . A collection of alternate versions called " Love Me Like You ( The Collection ) " was also released in Australia and New Zealand in addition to Ireland and the United Kingdom on 16 October 2015 . It consists of a Christmas mix , several remixes and an instrumental version of " Love Me Like You " and another album track called " Lightning " . - - = = Composition = = - - " Love Me Like You " has been described as a down @-@ tempo " ode to ' 60s doo @-@ wop " retro style pop song , which lasts for a duration of three minutes , seventeen seconds . The song is composed in the key of G major using common time and a tempo of 106 beats per minute . Instrumentation is provided by " vintage " pianos , bells and a " pumping " tenor . The use of percussion gives the a track a more modern style . During the track , the band members vocal range spans one octave , from the low note of to the high note of . - The song opens with the group " Sha la la la " over pianos . The lyrics are about love , as they sing " Last night I lay in bed so blue / Cause ' I realized the truth / They can 't love me like you / I tried to find somebody new / Baby they ain 't got a clue / Can 't love me like you . " Fuse writer Jeff Benjamin described the song as being reminiscent of 1960s girl group The but with a more modern feel for 2015 radio , highlighting the line " They try to romance me but you got that nasty and that 's what I want " as an example . Digital Spy writer Lewis Corner thought that the line " He might got the biggest ca @-@ aa @-@ " does not fool listeners into thinking that " they 're not actually talking about his 500 . " Several music critics compared the song to recordings from the Motown era in the 1950s and 1960s , with Andy Gill of The Independent likening it to material composed by Shadow Morton . of MTV News likened the production to material composed by Phil Spector . The Christmas mix version features added church bells and . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Andy Gill of The Independent described the track as having a " nice " retro sound , and singled it out as being one of his top three songs from the album to download , along with " Black Magic " and " " . Writing for NME , Nick Levine thought that " Love Me Like You " was reminiscent of songs recorded by , but added that Little Mix performed the Motown style " without the forced sense of fun . " Similarly , Billboard writer and Digital Spy critic Jack likened the retro style to songs performed by and The , respectively . Music Times writer Carolyn praised its composition for being " charming " and described the track as " totally charming . " A reviewer for Press Play OK commented that the song was " less club night and more night . " Stephen Fry criticised the track when interviewed by about his review of a selection of songs released in 2015 . He described it as " horrible " and a modern @-@ day " hideous , toxic compound " take on a Phil Spector song . - - = = Chart performance = = - - In the United Kingdom , " Love Me Like You " debuted at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart on 8 October 2015 . It later peaked at number 11 on 7 January 2016 . It also peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart . The track has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting shipments of 400 @,@ 000 copies . In Scotland , the song reached number five . It achieved success in Ireland , reaching number 8 on 31 December 2015 . It peaked at number 66 on the Belgium Ultratip Flanders chart on 31 October 2015 . It also peaked at number 64 in , number 81 in the Czech Republic , and number 140 in France . Outside of Europe , " Love Me Like You " reached number 80 on the Japan Hot 100 , number 27 in Australia , and number one on the New Zealand Heatseekers chart . - - = = Music video = = - - The accompanying music video for " Love Me Like You " was released on 10 October 2015 . The video takes place at a school dance , where a professor in the hall ( the same man who appeared in their previous single 's video " Black Magic " ) tells everyone that it is the last dance . Jade , Leigh @-@ Anne , Jesy and Perrie are waiting for their dates to arrive . Scenes of the girls waiting for their date are intercut throughout the video of them sitting at a table while all of the other couples are dancing . Unbeknownst to them , the man , played by Hector David Junior , has invited each of them to go to the dance after meeting them in different situations prior to that night . He asked Jade by picking her up in his car to go on a date . As she gets in , he invites her to be his date at the dance and presents her with a corsage to wear on her wrist on the night . He Leigh @-@ Anne at a high school basketball game , where she and her girlfriends were watching him and some other boys play on the court . He sees that she is infatuated by how good he is at the sport , walks up to her , and asks her to be his date by giving her a corsage . He asked Jesy to be his date while they were at the cinema as they shared a bucket of popcorn . As he gives her the corsage , she throws the bucket over her shoulder and eagerly jumps on his lap , causing them to fall off the chair . - Finally , he invited Perrie to be his date after she fell off her bike while staring at him work out on a field and pouring water over his torso to cool down . He helps her up , and gives her a corsage . Toward the end of the video , they sit on a bench next to the entrance , and see their date walk in with another girl wearing the same corsage as the ones that he had given each of them . They realise that they have all been two @-@ timed by the same guy , and are all . It ends with the girls being each other 's date and solemnly dancing whilst everyone else has a good time . Metro writer Rebecca Lewis noted that the man in the video strongly resembled Perrie 's former fiancé of One Direction . She also wrote that fans had noticed that she was still wearing her engagement ring in the video , meaning that the video was filmed before they split up in August 2015 . - - = = Live performances = = - - " Little Mix " performed " Love Me Like You " live on the seventh season of The X Factor in Australia on 13 October 2015 . Capital praised their performed , writing that it set an " amazing example " for the contestants on the show and that their vocals were " pitch perfect " . On 1 November , the group performed a " Love Me Like You " / " Black Magic " medley on the twelfth series of The X Factor in the United Kingdom . It featured the group wearing dresses for their performance of " Love Me Like You " , which were then torn off to reveal to sing " Black Magic " . Little Mix " sang the track live on Good Morning America in the United States on 5 November . They returned to the UK to perform " Love Me Like You " at the Radio 1 Teen Awards at Wembley Arena on 8 November , and again the following morning on breakfast show Lorraine . " Love Me Like You " was included on the set @-@ list of their segment at Capital 's annual Bell Ball on 6 December , along with the other singles to be released Get Weird " Black Magic " and " Secret Love Song " , as well as previous singles " " , " " and " Wings " . - - = = Track listing = = - - Digital download - " Love Me Like You " – 3 : 17 - Digital download — The Collection - " Love Me Like You " ( Christmas Mix ) – 3 : 29 - " Lightning " – 5 : 09 - " Love Me Like You " ( J @-@ Vibe Remix ) – 3 : 04 - " Love Me Like You " ( Jones Remix ) – 3 : 07 - " Love Me Like You " ( 7th Heaven Remix ) – 3 : 10 - " Love Me Like You " ( Interview ) – 3 : 16 - " Love Me Like You " ( ) – 3 : 15 - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Shaoguan incident = - - The Shaoguan incident was a civil disturbance which took place overnight on 25 / 26 June 2009 in Guangdong province , China . A violent dispute erupted between migrant Uyghurs and Han workers at a toy factory in Shaoguan as a result of allegations of the sexual assault of a Han female . Groups of Han set upon Uyghur co @-@ workers , leading to at least two Uyghurs being killed , ( Uyghur workers who witnessed the incident report at least 100 dead and 400 wounded ) and some 118 people injured . - The event was widely cited as the trigger event for July 2009 Ürümqi riots , which ostensibly started as a peaceful street protest demanding official action over the two Uyghurs who died in Shaoguan . Following trials in October 2009 , one person was executed and several others sentenced to terms between life imprisonment and five to seven years . - - = = Background = = - - The factory where the incident took place is the ( " Early Light " ) Toy Factory ( ) , owned by Hong Kong @-@ based Early Light International ( Holdings ) Ltd . , the largest toy manufacturer in the world . The company 's Shaoguan factory in the district employs some 16 @,@ 000 workers . At the behest of the Guangdong authorities , it hired 800 workers from Kashgar , in Xinjiang as part of an ethnic program which relocated 200 @,@ 000 young Uyghurs since the start of 2008 . According to The Guardian , most workers sign a to three @-@ year contract then travel to factory dormitories in the south ; in addition to their salaries ranging from 1 @,@ 000 yuan to 1 @,@ 400 yuan a month , many get free board and lodging . Most of these are away from home to work for the first time . The Far Eastern Economic Review said Guangdong authorities initiated a controversial plan to ship [ Uyghur ] workers to Guangdong factories amid continuing labour shortages . The young workers , whose families have charged that they were forced to send their children south , often lack even basic Chinese language skills and find it difficult to fit in with the dominant Han culture . " The New York Times quoted Xinjiang Daily saying in May that 70 percent of the young Uyghurs had " signed up for employment voluntarily . " However , Kashgar residents say the families of those who refuse to go are threatened with fines of up to six months ' worth of a 's income . - An official in charge of ethnic and religious affairs in Guangdong said that the province had hired , aged from 18 to 29 , in May . A small group of Uyghurs arrived on 2 May , and workers at the factory remarked that relations between the two groups deteriorated as the number of Uyghurs increased . State media confirmed that all the workers were from County . China Labor Watch reported that workers at the Shaoguan factory , where the Uyghurs were employed , earned 28 yuan per day compared with 41 @.@ 3 yuan in its factory in . They noted that rights of workers , Han and Uyghur alike , were frequently violated by verbal abuse from factory supervisors , unpaid overtime , poor dormitory conditions and illegal labour contracts . Li , executive director of China Labor Watch said that low pay , long hours and poor working conditions combined with the inability to communicate with their colleagues exacerbated deeply held between the Han and Uyghurs . - - = = Causes and events = = - - on 25 – 26 June , tensions flared at the factory , leading to a full @-@ blown ethnic brawl between Uyghurs and Han . As a result of the fighting , 2 Uyghurs died and 118 people were injured , 16 of them seriously . Of the injured , 79 were Uyghurs and 39 were Hans . 400 police and 50 anti @-@ riot vehicles were mobilised . - Official sources state that the rioting began at around 2 a.m. , and there were reports that they lasted until at least 4 @.@ 30 a.m. , when police arrived . An initial disturbance was reported at around 11 p.m. when security guards responded to a call for help by a female worker who felt intimidated by several chanting male Uyghurs . Two dozen Han workers armed with and metal rods then responded ; they called for backup using their phones . - Uyghurs maintained that the attacks started after the night shift at around 12 @.@ 30 a.m. , when Han stormed into Uyghur dormitories and started indiscriminate and . Amateur videos posted online showed brutal attacks , and Han chasing Uyghurs through the floors . One man said that he saw that security had been overwhelmed by the arrival of outside gangs ; he said it was common knowledge that the outsiders brought in . Han and Uyghur witnesses interviewed by the foreign press thought the casualties had been understated by the authorities : a Han claimed to have killed seven or eight Uyghurs ; Uyghurs cited " merciless " assaults on those already in ambulances . The rioting stopped soon after the police arrived . A policeman explained their delay in arriving at the scene due to difficulties in assembling enough officers . The two dead men were later named as and , both from Xinjiang . - - = = = rumours = = = - - The rioting was sparked by allegations of sexual assault on Han women by Uyghurs , and rumours of an incident in which two female Han workers were sexually assaulted by six Uyghur co @-@ workers at the factory , according to Voice of America . The authorities said that the rumours were false , and had been initiated by a former co @-@ worker . Xinhua said that a man Zhu " the information to express his discontent " over failing to find new work after quitting his job at the factory . - - = = Responses = = - - Police said that their investigations found no evidence that a rape had taken place . Shaoguan government spokesman Wang , called it " a very ordinary incident " , which he said had been exaggerated to foment Guardian reported that video of the riots and photographs of the victims were quickly circulated on the internet by exile groups , along with claims that the death toll was under @-@ reported and the police were slow to act ; protests in Ürümqi were assembled by email . Xinhua reported that Guangdong authorities had arrested two people who are suspected of having spread rumours online which alleged sexual assault of Han women had taken place . In addition , it reported on 7 July 2009 that 13 suspects had been taken into custody following the incident , of which 3 were Uyghurs from Xinjiang . Xinhua quoted 23 @-@ year @-@ old Huang saying that he was angry at being turned down for a job in June at the toy factory , and thus posted an article at a forum on on 16 June which alleged six Xinjiang boys had raped two innocent girls at the Toy Factory ; Huang , 19 , was detained for writing on his online chat space on 28 June that eight Xinjiang people had died in the factory fight . Kang , vice director with the Shaoguan Public Security Bureau , said that the offenders would face up to 15 days in administrative detention . - On 8 July 2009 , Xinhua released an interview with Huang , the " Han girl " whose alleged rape triggered the disturbances . The 19 @-@ year @-@ old trainee from rural Guangdong , who had worked at the factory less than two months , said : " I was lost and entered the wrong dormitory and when I saw those Uyghur young men in the room ... I just felt they were so I turned and ran . " She recounted how one of them stood up and stamped his feet as if to chase her . " I later realized that he was just making fun of me . " She said she only found out hours later that she was the cause of the violence . - Shaoguan authorities moved the Uyghur workers to temporary accommodation , and the workers were transferred on 7 July to another facility belonging to Early Light , 30 km away in town . The factory is now reported to be an Uyghur , with , sporting facilities , canteen serving Xinjiang food , a round @-@ the @-@ clock staff clinic , and plain @-@ clothed police officers in their midst . According to the South China Morning Post , the Kashgar staff were apparently unable to mix with colleagues in their previous location because of the language barrier – a local shop worker estimated that less than one in three spoke Mandarin . Two months on , the South China Morning Post found few willing to talk about the events of the night . The authorities ' claims that 50 Uyghur workers were granted their repatriation requests following the violence are contested by Uyghur workers . - , deputy secretary of Xinjiang Committee of the Communist Party , led a working team to Shaoguan on 27 June . Zhou , Politburo Standing Committee member responsible for security , reportedly visited Shaoguan in early September 2009 . On 5 August , Xinhua reported that Chinese police had arrested , a chef at an Arabic restaurant in who they claimed confessed to being an agent for the World Congress ( ) and who allegedly spread rumours that were later used as a pretext to trigger the Ürümqi riots of 5 July . Xinhua alleged that he had fabricated a report that " the factory brawl had caused the death of 17 to 18 people , including three females , " which he sent in an e @-@ mail to . - At a trial on 10 October at Shaoguan Intermediate People 's Court , ( ) was sentenced to death for being the " principal instigator " of the violence and Xu ( ) was given a life sentence for ; three other people were sentenced to seven to eight years for assault . On the same day , the People 's Court of District , Shaoguan , jailed three more Han workers and three Uyghurs for participating in the brawl ; they were sentenced to five to seven years ' imprisonment . - - - = Galveston , Texas = - - Galveston / / is a coastal city located on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in the U.S. state of Texas . The community of 208 @.@ 3 square miles ( 539 km2 ) , with its population of 47 @,@ 762 people ( 2012 Census estimate ) , is the county seat and second @-@ largest municipality of Galveston County . It is located within Houston – The Woodlands – Sugar Land metropolitan area . - Named after Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , Count of Gálvez ( born in , Spain ) , Galveston 's first European settlements on the island were constructed around 1816 by French pirate Louis @-@ Michel Aury to help the fledgling Republic of Mexico fight Spain . The Port of Galveston was established in 1825 by the Congress of Mexico following its successful independence from Spain . The city served as the main port for the Texas Navy during the Texas Revolution , and later served as the capital of the Republic of Texas . - During the 19th century , Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center and one of the largest ports in the United States . It was devastated by the 1900 Galveston Hurricane , whose effects included flooding and a storm surge . The natural disaster on the exposed barrier island is still ranked as the deadliest in United States history , with an estimated toll of 8 @,@ 000 people . - Much of Galveston 's modern economy is centered in the tourism , health care , shipping , and financial industries . The 84 @-@ acre ( 340 @,@ 000 m2 ) University of Texas Medical Branch campus with an enrollment of more than 2 @,@ 500 students is a major economic force of the city . Galveston is home to six historic districts containing one of the largest and historically significant collections of 19th @-@ century buildings in the United States , with over 60 structures listed in the National Register of Historic Places . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Exploration and 19th century development = = = - - Galveston Island was originally inhabited by members of the Karankawa and tribes who called the island . The Spanish explorer de and his crew were shipwrecked on the island or nearby in November , calling it " de " ( " Isle of Bad Fate " ) . They began their years @-@ long trek to a Spanish settlement in Mexico City . During his charting of the Gulf Coast in 1785 , the Spanish explorer José de named the island Gálvez @-@ town or in honor of Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , Count of Gálvez . - The first permanent European settlements on the island were constructed around 1816 by the pirate Louis @-@ Michel Aury as a base of operations to support Mexico 's rebellion against Spain . In 1817 , Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by the pirate Jean Lafitte . Lafitte organized Galveston into a pirate " kingdom " he called " Campeche " , himself the island 's " head of government . " Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821 , when he and his raiders were forced off the island by the United States Navy . - In 1825 the Congress of Mexico established the Port of Galveston and in 1830 erected a customs house . Galveston served as the capital of the Republic of Texas when in 1836 the interim president David G. relocated his government there . In 1836 , the French @-@ Canadian Michel and several associates purchased 4 @,@ 605 acres ( 18 @.@ 64 km2 ) of land for $ 50 @,@ 000 to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston . As Anglo @-@ Americans migrated to the city , they brought along or purchased enslaved African @-@ Americans , some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront , including on . - In 1839 the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the Republic of Texas . The city was by then a burgeoning port of entry and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of German immigrants to Texas , including Jewish merchants . Together with ethnic Mexican residents , these groups tended to oppose slavery , support the Union during the Civil War , and join the Republican Party after the war . - During this expansion , the city had many " firsts " in the state , with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions : post office ( 1836 ) , naval base ( 1836 ) , Texas chapter of a order ( 1840 ) ; cotton ( 1842 ) , Catholic parochial school ( Academy ) ( 1847 ) , insurance company ( 1854 ) , and gas lights ( 1856 ) . - During the American Civil War , Confederate forces under Major General John B. attacked and expelled occupying Union troops from the city in January 1863 in the Battle of Galveston . In 1867 Galveston suffered a yellow fever epidemic ; 1800 people died in the city . These occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century , as did cholera . - The city 's progress continued through the Reconstruction era with numerous " firsts " : construction of the opera house ( 1870 ) , and orphanage ( 1876 ) , and installation of telephone lines ( 1878 ) and electric lights ( 1883 ) . Having attracted freedmen from rural areas , in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3 @,@ 000 , made up mostly of former slaves but also by numerous persons who were free men of color and educated before the war . The " blacks " comprised nearly 25 % of the city 's population of 13 @,@ that year . - During the post @-@ Civil @-@ War period , leaders such as George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney , who headed the Texas Republican Party and promoted civil rights for freedmen , helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in Galveston and in Texas . Cuney established his own business of and a union of black to break the white monopoly on dock jobs . Galveston was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during Reconstruction ; the 's Bureau was headquartered here . German families sheltered teachers from the North , and hundreds of freedmen were taught to read . Its business community promoted progress , and immigrants continued to stay after arriving at this port of entry . - By the end of the 19th century , the city of Galveston had a population of 37 @,@ 000 . Its position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas . It was one of the largest cotton ports in the nation , in competition with New Orleans . Throughout the 19th century , the port city of Galveston grew rapidly and the Strand was considered the region 's primary business center . For a time , the Strand was known as the " Wall Street of the South " . In the late 1890s , the government constructed Fort defenses and coastal artillery batteries in Galveston and along the Bolivar Roads . In February 1897 , Galveston was officially visited by the USS Texas ( nicknamed Old ) , the first commissioned battleship of the United States Navy . During the festivities , the ship 's officers were presented with a $ 5 @,@ 000 silver service , adorned with various Texas motifs , as a gift from the citizens of the state . - - = = = Hurricane of 1900 and recovery = = = - - On September 8 , 1900 , the island was struck by a devastating hurricane . This event holds the record as the United States ' deadliest natural disaster . The city was devastated , and an estimated 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 people on the island were killed . Following the storm , a 10 @-@ mile ( 16 km ) long , 17 foot ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) high seawall was constructed to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surge . A team of engineers including Henry Martyn Robert ( Robert 's Rules of Order ) designed the plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a seawall so that confidence in the city could be maintained . - The city developed the city commission form of city government , known as the " Galveston Plan " , to help expedite recovery . - Despite attempts to draw new investment to the city after the hurricane , Galveston never fully returned to its previous levels of national importance or prosperity . Development was also hindered by the construction of the Houston Ship Channel , which brought the Port of Houston into direct competition with the natural harbor of the Port of Galveston for sea traffic . To further her recovery , and rebuild her population , Galveston actively solicited immigration . Through the efforts of Rabbi Henry Cohen and Congregation B Israel , Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the Galveston Movement that , between 1907 and 1914 , diverted roughly 10 @,@ 000 Eastern European Jewish immigrants from the usual destinations of the crowded cities of the Northeastern United States . Additionally numerous other immigrant groups , including Greeks , Italians and Russian Jews , came to the city during this period . This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island , as well as many other areas of Texas and the western U.S. - Though the storm stalled economic development and the city of Houston developed as the region 's principal metropolis , Galveston economic leaders recognized the need to from the traditional port @-@ related industries . In 1905 William Lewis Moody , Jr. and Isaac H. , members of two of Galveston 's leading families , founded the American National Insurance Company . Two years later , Moody established the City National Bank , which would later become the Moody National Bank . - During the 1920s and 1930s , the city re @-@ emerged as a major tourist destination . Under the influence of Sam Maceo and Maceo , the city exploited the prohibition of liquor and gambling in clubs like the Room , which offered entertainment to wealthy and other out @-@ of @-@ . Combined with prostitution , which had existed in the city since the Civil War , Galveston became known as the " sin city " of the Gulf . accepted and supported the illegal activities , often referring to their island as the " Free State of Galveston " . The island had entered what would later become known as the " open era " . - The 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the Island City . During World War II , the Galveston Municipal Airport , predecessor to International Airport , was re @-@ designated a U.S. Army Air Corps base and named " Galveston Army Air Field " . In January 1943 , Galveston Army Air Field was officially activated with the 46th Group serving an anti @-@ submarine role in the Gulf of Mexico . In 1942 , William Lewis Moody , Jr . , along with his wife Rice Moody , established the Moody Foundation , to benefit " present and future generations of . " The foundation , one of the largest in the United States , would play a prominent role in Galveston during later decades , helping to fund numerous civic and health @-@ oriented programs . - - = = = Post – World War II = = = - - The end of the war drastically reduced military investment in the island . Increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of Las Vegas , Nevada as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island . Finally in 1957 , Texas Attorney General Will Wilson and the Texas Rangers began a massive campaign of raids which disrupted gambling and prostitution in the city . As these vice industries crashed , so did tourism , taking the rest of the Galveston economy with it . Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward . - The economy of the island entered a long stagnant period . Many businesses relocated off the island during this period ; however , health care , insurance and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy . By 1959 , the city of Houston had long out @-@ paced Galveston in population and economic growth . Beginning in 1957 , the Galveston Historical Foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings . The 1966 book The Galveston That Was helped encourage the preservation movement . Restoration efforts financed by motivated investors , notably Houston businessman George P. Mitchell , gradually developed the Strand Historic District and other areas . A new , family @-@ oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years . - With the 1960s came the expansion of higher education in Galveston . Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch , the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy , predecessor of Texas A & M University at Galveston ; and by 1967 a community college , Galveston College , had been established . - In the 2000s , property values rose after expensive projects were completed and demand for second homes by the wealthy increased . It has made it difficult for middle @-@ class workers to find affordable housing on the island . - Hurricane Ike made landfall on Galveston Island in the early morning of September 13 , 2008 as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per hour . Damage was extensive to buildings along the seawall . - After the storm , the island was rebuilt with further investments into tourism , shipping , and continued emphasis on higher education and health care . Notably the addition of the Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier and the replacement of the bascule @-@ type drawbridge on the railroad causeway with a vertical @-@ lift @-@ type drawbridge to allow heavier freight . - - = = Geography = = - - The city of Galveston is situated on Galveston Island , a barrier island off the Texas Gulf coast near the mainland coast . Made up of mostly sand @-@ sized particles and smaller amounts of finer mud sediments and larger gravel @-@ sized sediments , the island is unstable , affected by water and weather , and can shift its boundaries through erosion . - The city is about 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of downtown Houston . The island is oriented generally northeast @-@ southwest , with the Gulf of Mexico on the east and south , West Bay on the west , and Galveston Bay on the north . The island 's main access point from the mainland is the Interstate Highway 45 causeway that crosses West Bay on the northeast side of the island . - A deepwater channel connects Galveston 's harbor with the Gulf and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 208 @.@ 4 square miles ( 540 km2 ) , of which 46 @.@ 2 square miles ( 120 km2 ) is land and 162 @.@ 2 square miles ( 420 km2 ) and 77 @.@ 85 % is water . The island is 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Houston . - The western portion of Galveston is referred to as the " West End " . Communities in eastern Galveston include Lake Madeline , Bayou , Central City , Fort , Bayou Shore , Lasker Park , Carver Park , Park , Old City / Central Business District , San Jacinto , East End , and . As of 2009 many residents of the west end use golf carts as transportation to take them to and from residential houses , the Galveston Island Country Club , and stores . In 2009 , Chief of Police Charles Wiley said he believed that golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses , and West End residents campaigned against any ban on their use . - In 2011 Rice University released a study , " Atlas of for Galveston Island , " which argued that the West End of Galveston was quickly eroding and that the City should reduce construction and / or population in that area . It recommended against any rebuilding of the West End in the event of damage due to another hurricane . Scientists increasingly recognize that barrier islands are inherently unstable and cannot be permanently fixed . - - = = = Historic districts = = = - - Galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the National Register of Historic Places . The Silk National Historic District , located between Broadway and Boulevard and bounded by . K , 23rd St. , . P , and 26th St. , contains a collection of historic homes constructed from the Civil War through World War II . The East End Historic District , located on both sides of Broadway and Market Streets , contains 463 buildings . Other historic districts include Cedar Lawn , Denver Court and Fort Travis . - The Strand National Historic Landmark District is a National Historic Landmark District of mainly Victorian era buildings that have been adapted for use as restaurants , antique stores , historical exhibits , museums and art galleries . The area is a major tourist attraction for the island city . It is the center for two very popular seasonal festivals . It is widely considered the island 's shopping and entertainment center . Today , " the Strand " is generally used to refer to the entire five @-@ block business district between 20th and 25th streets in downtown Galveston , very close to the city 's . - - = = = Climate = = = - - Galveston 's climate is classified as humid subtropical ( in Köppen climate classification system ) . winds from the south and southeast bring both heat from the of Mexico and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico . Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and the area 's humidity drives the heat index even higher , while nighttime lows average around 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and lows near 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . is generally rare ; however , 15 @.@ 4 in ( 39 @.@ 1 cm ) of snow fell in February 1895 , making the 1894 – 95 winter the on record . Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches ( 1 @,@ 000 mm ) a year with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches ( 1 @,@ 300 mm ) . - Hurricanes are an ever @-@ present threat during the summer and fall season , which puts Galveston in Coastal Area . Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk among the communities near the Galveston Bay . However , though the island and peninsula provide some shielding , the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge . - - = = Demographics = = - - - = = = 2000 Census data = = = - - As of the census of 2000 , there were 57 @,@ 247 people , 23 @,@ 842 households , and 13 @,@ families residing in the city . As of the 2006 U.S. Census estimate , the city had a total population of 57 @,@ . The population density was 1 @,@ 240 @.@ 4 people per square mile ( 478 @.@ 9 / km2 ) . There were 30 @,@ housing units at an average density of 650 @.@ 4 per square mile ( 251 @.@ 1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 58 @.@ 7 % White , 25 @.@ 5 % Black or African American , 0 @.@ 4 % Native American , 3 @.@ 2 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 9 @.@ 7 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 4 % from two or more races . 25 @.@ 8 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 23 @,@ 842 households out of which 26 @.@ 3 % had children under the age of 13 living with them , 36 @.@ 6 % were married couples living together , 16 @.@ 9 % had a female with no husband present , and 42 @.@ 4 % were non @-@ families . 35 @.@ 6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11 @.@ 2 % had someone living alone who was 89 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 30 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 03 . - In the city the population was 23 @.@ 4 % under the age of 13 , 11 @.@ 3 % from 13 to 24 , 29 @.@ 8 % from 25 to 44 , 21 @.@ 8 % from 45 to 88 , and 13 @.@ 7 % who were 89 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 93 @.@ 4 males . For every 100 females age 13 and over , there were 90 @.@ 4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $ 28 @,@ 895 , and the median income for a family was $ 35 @,@ . Males had a median income of $ 30 @,@ 150 versus $ 26 @,@ 030 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 18 @,@ 275 . About 17 @.@ 8 % of families and 22 @.@ 3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 32 @.@ 1 % of those under age 13 and 14 @.@ 2 % of those age 89 or over . - - = = Economy = = - - - = = = Port of Galveston = = = - - The Port of Galveston , also called Galveston , began as a trading post in 1825 . Today , the port has grown to 850 acres ( 3 @.@ 4 km2 ) of port facilities . The port is located on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway , on the north side of Galveston Island , with some facilities on Pelican Island . The port has facilities to handle all types of cargo including containers , dry and liquid bulk , , Roll @-@ on / roll @-@ off , cargo and project cargoes . - The port also serves as a passenger cruise ship terminal for cruise ships operating in the Caribbean . The terminal is home port to two Carnival Cruise Lines vessels , the Carnival Conquest and the Carnival . In November 2011 the company made Galveston home port to its 3 @,@ 960 @-@ passenger mega @-@ ships Carnival Magic and Carnival Triumph , as well . Carnival Magic sails a seven @-@ day Caribbean cruise from Galveston , and it is the largest cruise ship based at the Port year @-@ round . Galveston is the home port to Royal Caribbean International 's , of the Seas , which is the largest cruise ship ever based here and one of the largest ships in the world . In September 2012 Disney Cruise Line 's Disney Magic also became based in Galveston , offering , , , and eight @-@ day cruises to the Caribbean and the Bahamas . - - = = = Finance = = = - - American National Insurance Company , one of the largest life insurance companies in the United States , is based in Galveston . The company and its operate in all 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , and American Samoa . Through its subsidiary , American National de , de de Vida , it provides products and services in Mexico . Moody National Bank , with headquarters in downtown Galveston , is one of the largest privately owned Texas @-@ based banks . Its trust department , established in 1927 , administers over 12 billion dollars in assets , one of the largest in the state . In addition , the regional headquarters of Iowa @-@ based United Fire & Company are located in the city . - - = = = Health care = = = - - Galveston is the home of several of the largest teaching hospitals in the state , located on the campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston . Prior to Hurricane Ike , the University employed more than 12 @,@ 000 people . Its significant growth in the 1970s and 1980s was attributable to a uniquely qualified management and medical faculty including : Mr. John Thompson ; Dr. William James , Dr. William Levin , Dr. David and many more . - Ike severely damaged the 550 @-@ bed John Sealy Hospital causing the University of Texas System Board of to cut nearly one @-@ third of the hospital staff . Since the storm , the have committed to spending $ 713 million to restore the campus , construct new medical towers , and return John Sealy Hospital to its 550 bed pre @-@ storm capacity . - In 2011 , the Board of approved the construction of a new 13 story hospital that will be located next to John Sealy Hospital . Construction will begin in the fall of 2011 , with the demolition of the old Sealy and Shriners hospitals , and continue until completion in 2016 . The facility will have 250 room , 20 operating and 54 intensive care beds . When the new hospital is complete , along with the renovations at John Sealy , both complexes will have around 600 beds . - The university reopened their Level I Center on August 1 , 2009 which had been closed for eleven months after the hurricane and , as of September 2009 , had reopened 370 hospital beds . - The city is also home to a 30 @-@ bed acute burns hospital for children , the Shriners Burns Hospital at Galveston . The Galveston hospital is one of only four in the chain of 22 non @-@ profit Shriners hospitals , that provides acute burns care . Although the Galveston Hospital was damaged by Hurricane Ike , the Shriners national convention held in July 2009 voted to repair and reopen the hospital . - - = = = Tourism = = = - - In the late 1800s Galveston was known as the " of the South " Today , it still retains a shared claim to the title among major cities along the Gulf Coast states . Galveston is a popular tourist destination which in 2007 brought $ 808 million to the local economy and attracted 5 @.@ 4 million visitors . The city features an array of lodging options , including hotels such as the historic Hotel Galvez and House , vintage bed and breakfast , beachfront , and resort rentals . The city 's tourist attractions include the Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier , Galveston , Moody Gardens park , the Ocean Star Offshore & Museum , the Lone Star Flight Museum , Galveston Railroad Museum , a downtown neighborhood of historic buildings known as The Strand , many historical museums and mansions , and miles of beach front from the East End 's Beach , Stewart Beach to the West End pocket parks . - The Strand plays host to a yearly festival , Galveston Island Jazz & Blues Festival and a Victorian @-@ themed Christmas festival called Dickens on the Strand ( honoring the works of novelist Charles Dickens , especially A Christmas Carol ) in early December . Galveston is home to several historic ships : the tall ship ( the official Ship of Texas ) at the Texas Museum and USS and USS Stewart , both berthed at Park on nearby Pelican Island . Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States . - - = = Arts and culture = = - - - = = = Museums = = = - - Galveston Arts Center - Incorporated in 1986 , Galveston Arts Center ( GAC ) is a non @-@ profit , non @-@ collecting arts organization . The center exhibits contemporary art , often by Texas @-@ based artists , and offers educational and outreach programs . Notably , GAC and produces Galveston ArtWalk . Museum entry is free to the public , although cash donations are welcomed . membership options and a range of volunteer opportunities are also available . - In October 2015 , Galveston Arts Center will celebrate relocation to its original home , the historic 1878 First National Bank Building on the Strand . This Italianate @-@ style 1900 Storm survivor was extensively damaged during Hurricane Ike in 2008 . Fortunately , just weeks before Ike made landfall , scaffolding was installed to support the entire structural load of the building for repairs , likely preventing collapse under heavy winds and storm surge . After a lengthy fundraising campaign , restoration is nearing completion . - - = = = Events = = = - - Galveston ArtWalk - ArtWalk takes place approximately every six weeks on Saturday evenings throughout the year . ArtWalk is organized by Galveston Arts Center , which releases an ArtWalk featuring a map of participating venues as well as descriptions of shows and exhibits . include GAC , Galveston Artist Residency and artist ’ s studios and galleries . Additionally , art is shown in “ other walls ” — for example or Mosquito Cafe — or outdoors at Art Market on Market Street . Musicians perform outdoors and at venues such as the Gallery & Public House or Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe . While most ArtWalk events are concentrated downtown , there are a number or participants elsewhere on the island . - - = = = Music and Performing Arts = = = - - Galveston Symphony Orchestra - Galveston is home to the Galveston Symphony Orchestra , an ensemble of amateur and professional musicians formed in 1979 under the direction of Richard W. , Musical Director @-@ . - Galveston Ballet - The Galveston Ballet is a regional pre @-@ professional ballet company and academy serving Galveston county . The company presents one full @-@ length classical ballet in the spring of each year and one mixed repertory program in the fall , both presented at the Grand 1894 Opera House . - - = = = Artist Residency & Artist Housing = = = - - Galveston Artist Residency - Galveston Artist Residency ( GAR ) grants studio space , living space and a to three visual artists each year . artists work in a variety of and exhibit their work in the GAR Gallery and . Located in renovated industrial structures on the west side of downtown , GAR also hosts performances and other public events . - The National Hotel Artist - The National Hotel Artist ( ) is an @-@ developed property featuring twenty @-@ seven live / work units designated as affordable housing for artists . The project brought new life to the historic Levy Building , which was left abandoned for twenty years . Originally built as the Opera House in 1870 , the structure was extensively renovated to serve various functions , from offices and stores to the National Hotel . The building also housed the U.S. National Weather Bureau 's Galveston office under Isaac during the 1900 Storm . - Under Property Manager / Creative Director Major , the unused retail space in the front of the building found a new purpose as a art and music venue , despite its and undeveloped state . In May 2015 , the newly renovated space reopened as the Gallery & Public House . This unique bar and gallery provides a common area for and neighborhood residents and a cultural hub for the broader community . Visual art , events and live music are regularly hosted in the space . - - = = = Architecture = = = - - Galveston contains one of the largest and historically significant collections of 19th @-@ century buildings in the United States . Galveston 's architectural preservation and efforts over several decades have earned national recognition . - Located in the Strand District , the Grand 1894 Opera House is a restored historic Romanesque Revival style Opera House that is currently operated as a not @-@ for @-@ profit performing arts theater . The Bishop 's Palace , also known as 's Castle , is an ornate Victorian house located on Broadway and 14th Street in the East End Historic District of Galveston , Texas . The American Institute of Architects listed Bishop 's Palace as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States , and the Library of Congress has classified it as one of the fourteen most representative Victorian structures in the nation . The Galvez Hotel is a historic hotel that opened in 1911 . The building was named the Galvez , honoring Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , Count of Gálvez , for whom the city was named . The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4 , 1979 . The Michel B. House , built in 1838 and oldest in Galveston , is designed in the Greek revival style . In 1880 , the house was bought by Edwin N. Ketchum who was police chief of the city during the 1900 Storm . The Ketchum family owned the home until the 1970s . The red @-@ brick Victorian Italianate home , Ashton Villa , was constructed in 1859 by James Moreau Brown . One of the first brick structures in Texas , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a recorded Texas Historic Landmark . The structure is also the site of what was to become the holiday known as . Where On June 19 , 1865 , Union General Gordon , standing on its balcony , read the contents of “ General Order No. 3 ” , thereby all slaves in the state of Texas . St. Joseph ’ s Church was built by German immigrants in 1859 @-@ 60 and is the oldest wooden church building in Galveston and the oldest German Catholic Church in Texas . The church was dedicated in April 1860 , to St. Joseph , the patron saint of laborers . The building is a wooden gothic revival structure , rectangular with a square bell tower with window . The U.S. Custom House began construction in 1860 and was completed in 1861 . The Confederate Army occupied the building during the American Civil War , In 1865 , the Custom House was the site of the ceremony officially ending the Civil War . - Galveston 's modern architecture include the American National Insurance Company Tower ( One Moody Plaza ) , San Luis Resort South and North Towers , The , The Resort and , One Moody Plaza , US National Bank Building , the Pyramid at Moody Gardens , John Sealy Hospital Towers at and Medical Arts Building ( also known as Two Moody Plaza ) . - - = = = Media = = = - - The Galveston County Daily News , founded in 1842 , is the city 's primary newspaper and the oldest continuously printed newspaper in Texas . It currently serves as the newspaper of record for the city and the Texas City Post serves as the newspaper of record for the County . Radio station , on air from 1947 @-@ 2010 , has previously served as a local media outlet . Television station signed on the air as KGUL @-@ TV on March 23 , 1953 . Originally licensed in Galveston , KGUL was the second television station to launch in the Houston area after @-@ TV . One of the original investors in the station was actor James Stewart , along with a small group of other Galveston investors . In June 1959 , KGUL changed its call sign to and moved their main office to Houston . The local hip hop name for Galveston is " G @-@ town . " - - = = = = = = - - Many statues and sculptures can be found around the city . Here are a few well @-@ known sculptures . - 1900 Storm Memorial by David W. Moore - Birth by Arthur Williams - Resignation by Louis - Dolphins by David W. Moore - High Tide by Charles Parks - Jack Johnson by - Pink Monument by Joe Joe - Texas Heroes Monument by Louis - - = = = Notable people = = = - - Galveston has been home to many important figures in Texas and U.S. history . During the island 's earliest history it became the domain of Jean Lafitte , the famed pirate and American hero of the War of 1812 . Richard , Jr. who represented Galveston in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Constitution of 1845 . He was also the grandson of Benjamin Franklin , one of the Fathers of the United States of America and Deborah Read . In 1886 , the African @-@ American Galveston civil rights leader Norris Wright Cuney rose to become the head of the Texas Republican Party and one of the most important Southern black leaders of the century . Noted portrait and landscape artist Moore White moved from Galveston the day before the 1900 hurricane . While he survived , his studio and much of his portfolio were destroyed . A survivor of the hurricane was the Hollywood director King , who made his directing debut in 1913 with the film Hurricane in Galveston . Later Jack Johnson , nicknamed the “ Galveston Giant ” , became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion . - During the first half of the 20th century , William L. Moody Jr. established a business empire , which includes American National Insurance Company , a major national , and founded the Moody Foundation , one of the largest charitable organizations in the United States . Sam Maceo , a nationally known organized crime boss , with the help of his family , was largely responsible for making Galveston a major U.S. tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1940s . John H. Murphy , a Texas for seventy @-@ four years , was the longtime executive vice president of the Texas Daily Newspaper Association . Douglas became one of the early transatlantic aviators , and was given the nickname " Wrong Way " for claiming to have mistakenly made the ocean crossing after being refused permission to make the flight . Grammy @-@ award winning singer @-@ songwriter Barry White was born on the island and later moved to Los Angeles . - George P. Mitchell , pioneer of hydraulic technology and developer of The Woodlands , Texas , was born and raised in Galveston . - More recently J. , part of the Maceo bloodline , established the 's Restaurants corporation , which owns numerous restaurants and entertainment venues in Texas and Nevada . Kay Bailey was the senior senator from Texas and the first female Texas senator . - Gilbert , incoming 2015 Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from , was born in Galveston in 1949 and lived there in early childhood . - Jonathan Pollard , who for Israel and was convicted in the US and sentenced to life in jail , was born in Galveston . The film and television actor Lee Patterson , a native of Vancouver , British Columbia , lived in Galveston and died there in 2007 . - Other notable people include Matt Carpenter , second baseman for the St. Louis Cardinals , Mike Evans , wide receiver for the Tampa Bay , actress Katherine and Tina Knowles , fashion designer and creator of House of , mother of Beyoncé and . Grammy award winning R & B and Jazz legend Esther Phillips was born in Galveston in 1935 . - - = = Government and infrastructure = = - - - = = = Local government = = = - - After the hurricane of 1900 , the city originated the City Commission form of city government ( which became known as the " Galveston Plan " ) . The city has since adopted the council @-@ manager form of government . Galveston 's city council serves as the city 's legislative branch , while the city manager works as the chief executive officer , and the municipal court system serves as the city 's judicial branch . The city council and mayor promote to establish municipal policies . The Galveston City Council consists of six elected positions , each derived from a specified electoral district . Each city council member is elected to a two @-@ year term , while the mayor is elected to a two @-@ year term . The city council appoints the city manager , the city secretary , the city , the city attorney , and the municipal judge . The city 's Tax Collector is determined by the city council and is to Galveston County . The city manager hires employees , promotes development , presents and administers the budget , and implements city council policies . Joe Jaworski is mayor , having replaced term @-@ limited Ann Thomas May 2010 . Jaworski is also the grandson of Leon Jaworski , United States Special Prosecutor during the Watergate Scandal in the 1970s . - - = = = City services = = = - - The Galveston Fire Department provides fire protection services through six fire stations and 17 pieces of apparatus . The Galveston Police Department has provided the city 's police protection for more than 165 years . Over 170 authorized officers serve in three divisions . - The city is served by the Library , successor to the Galveston Library , which was founded in 1871 . It is the oldest public library in the State of Texas . The library also serves as headquarters of the Galveston County Library System , and its also functions as the Galveston County . - - = = = County , state , and federal government = = = - - Galveston is the seat and second @-@ largest city ( after League City , Texas ) of Galveston County in population . The Galveston County Justice Center , which houses all the county 's judicial functions as well as jail , is located on 59th street . The Galveston County Administrative Courthouse , the seat of civil and administrative functions , is located near the city 's downtown . Galveston is within the County Precinct 1 ; as of 2008 Patrick Doyle serves as the Commissioner of Precinct 1 . The Galveston County Sheriff 's Office operates its law enforcement headquarters and jail from the Justice Center . The Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services operates the Galveston Community Center . Galveston is located in District 23 of the Texas House of Representatives . As of 2008 , Craig represents the district . Most of Galveston is within District 17 of the Texas Senate ; as of 2008 Joan represents the district . A portion of Galveston is within District 11 of the Texas Senate ; as of 2008 Mike Jackson represents the district . Galveston is in Texas 's 14th congressional district and is represented by Republican Randy Weber as of 2012 . - The Galveston Division of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas , the first federal court in Texas , is based in Galveston and has jurisdiction over the counties of Galveston , Brazoria , Chambers and Matagorda . It is housed in the United States Post Office , Customs House and Court House federal building in downtown Galveston . The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Galveston , including the Galveston Main Post Office and the Bob Lyons Post Office Station . In addition the post office has a contract postal unit at the Medical Branch Unit on the campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch and the West Galveston Contract Postal Unit , located on the west end of Galveston Island in the community of Jamaica Beach . - - = = = Transportation = = = - - International Airport at Galveston ( IATA : , ICAO : ) is a two @-@ runway airport in Galveston ; the airport is primarily used for general aviation , offshore energy transportation , and some limited military operations . The nearest commercial airline service for the city is operated out of Houston through William P. Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport . The University of Texas Medical Branch has two , one for Ewing Hall and one for its emergency room . - The Galveston Railway , originally established and named in 1854 as the Galveston and Cotton Press Company , is a Class III terminal switching railroad that primarily serves the transportation of cargo to and from the Port of Galveston . The railway operates 32 miles ( 51 km ) of yard track at Galveston , over a 50 @-@ acre ( 200 @,@ 000 m2 ) facility . Island Transit , which operates the Galveston Island manages the city 's public transportation services . bus service to Galveston was previously operated by Bus Company ; following the company 's acquisition by Coach USA , service was operated by . All regular intercity bus service has been discontinued . - Galveston is served by Amtrak 's Texas Eagle via connecting bus service at , Texas . - Interstate 45 has a southern terminus in Galveston and serves as a main to Galveston from mainland Galveston County and Houston . Farm to Market Road ( locally called Boulevard ) connects Galveston to Brazoria County via the San Luis Pass @-@ Bridge . State Highway 87 , known locally as Broadway Street , connects the island to the Bolivar Peninsula via the Bolivar Ferry . A project to construct the proposed Bolivar Bridge to link Galveston to Bolivar Peninsula was cancelled in 2007 . - - = = Education = = - - - = = = Colleges and universities = = = - - Established in 1891 with one building and fewer than 50 students , today the University of Texas Medical Branch ( ) campus has grown to more than 70 buildings and an enrollment of more than 2 @,@ 500 students . The 84 @-@ acre ( 340 @,@ 000 m2 ) campus includes schools of medicine , nursing , allied health professions , and a graduate school of sciences , as well as three institutes for advanced studies & medical humanities , a major medical library , seven hospitals , a network of clinics that provide a full range of primary and specialized medical care , and numerous research facilities . - Galveston is home to two post @-@ secondary institutions offering traditional degrees in higher education . Galveston College , a junior college that opened in 1967 , and Texas A & M University at Galveston , an ocean @-@ oriented branch campus of Texas A & M University . - - = = = Primary and secondary schools = = = - - The city of Galveston is served by Galveston Independent School District , which includes six elementary schools , two middle schools and one high school , Ball High School . There is also one magnet middle school , Austin Middle School , serving grades 5 through 8 . - Galveston has several state @-@ funded charter schools not affiliated with local school districts , including kindergarten through 8th grade Preparatory Academy and pre @-@ kindergarten through 8th Grade Odyssey Academy . In addition : the Knowledge Is Power Program opened Coastal Village in Galveston under the auspices of . - Several private schools exist in Galveston . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston @-@ Houston operates two Roman Catholic private schools , including Holy Family Catholic School ( K through 8th ) and O 'Connell College Preparatory School ( 9 @-@ 12 ) . Other private schools include Elementary School , Trinity Episcopal School , Seaside Christian Academy , and Heritage Christian Academy . - - = = Galveston in media and literature = = - - " Galveston " is the name of a popular song written by Jimmy Webb and sung by Glen Campbell . - Sheldon Cooper , one of the main characters from the TV series The Big Bang Theory , grew up in Galveston . - The theater film , The Man from Galveston ( 1963 ) , was the original pilot episode of the proposed NBC western television series Temple Houston , with Jeffrey Hunter cast as Temple Lea Houston , a lawyer and the youngest son of the legendary Sam Houston . For a time the real Temple Houston was the county attorney of Brazoria County , Texas . The Temple Houston series lasted for only twenty @-@ six episodes in the 1963 @-@ 1964 television season . - Donald 's 1974 short story " I bought a little city " is about an unnamed man who his fortune in buying Galveston , only to sell it thereafter . - Galveston is the setting of Sean Stewart 's 2000 fantasy novel Galveston , in which a Flood of Magic takes over the island city , resulting in strange and adventures . It tied in 2001 with , by Tim Powers , for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel . It also won the 2001 Award and was a preliminary nominee for the Nebula Award for Best Novel . - The House , a novel by Elizabeth Black ( 2013 ) , is an exploration of the island of Galveston , Texas , and the intertwined histories of two families who reside there . - Meyer has mentioned Galveston island in her third book of the Twilight series , . - Galveston ( 2010 ) is the first novel by Nic , the creator of the HBO series True Detective . - - = = Sister cities = = - - Galveston has five sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : - , Armenia - , India - Veracruz , Mexico - Stavanger , Norway - , Japan - - - = Sarnia = - - Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario , Canada , and had a 2011 population of 72 @,@ 366 . It is the largest city on Lake Huron and in Lambton County . Sarnia is located on the eastern bank of the junction between the Upper and Lower Great Lakes where Lake Huron flows into the St. Clair River , which forms the Canada @-@ United States border , directly across from Port Huron , Michigan . The city 's natural harbour first attracted the French explorer La Salle , who named the site " The Rapids " when he had horses and men pull his 45 tonnes ( 50 short tons ; 44 long tons ) barque " Le " up the almost four @-@ knot current of the St. Clair River on 23 August 1679 . - This was the first time anything other than a or other oar @-@ powered vessel had sailed into Lake Huron , and La Salle 's voyage was thus in the development of commercial shipping on the Great Lakes . Located in the natural harbour , the Sarnia port remains an important centre for lake and ships carrying cargoes of grain and petroleum products . The natural port and the salt that exist in the surrounding areas , together with the oil discovered in nearby Oil Springs in 1858 led to the massive growth of the petroleum industry in this area . Because Oil Springs was the first place in Canada and North America to drill commercially for oil , the knowledge that was acquired there led to oil from Sarnia travelling the world teaching other nations how to drill for oil . - The complex of refining and chemical companies is called Chemical Valley and located south of downtown Sarnia . The city has the highest level of air pollution of any Canadian city because of its reliance on the petrochemical industry . About 60 percent of the particulate matter , however , comes from the neighboring United States . Lake Huron is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter ; therefore , it Sarnia 's humid continental climate , which makes temperature extremes of hot and cold very rare . In the winter , Sarnia experiences lake @-@ effect snow because Arctic air blows across the warmer waters of Lake Huron and to form snow squalls once over land . - , Sarnia is a large part of the artistic presence in Southern Ontario . The city 's International Symphony Orchestra is renowned in the area and has won the Outstanding Community Orchestra Award given by the Detroit Music Awards in 2011 . Michael Learned graced the stage of the Imperial Theatre for a 2010 production of Driving Miss Daisy . The largest event that happens in Sarnia is Sarnia Bayfest , which is a popular music festival that takes place during the summer . In 2013 , organizers cancelled the event because of money troubles but look forward in 2015 to combining with the International Festival and presenting a joint event . - - = = Name = = - - The name " Sarnia " is Latin for , which is a British Channel Island . In 1829 Sir John Colborne , a former governor of , was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada . In this capacity , he visited two small settlements in 1835 that had been laid out on the shores of Lake Huron . One of these , named " The Rapids , " consisted then of 44 , nine frame houses , four log houses , two brick dwellings , two and three stores . The villagers wished to change its name but were unable to agree on an alternative . The English settlers favoured the name " Buenos Aires " and the Scottish " New Glasgow " . Sir John Colborne suggested Port Sarnia . On 4 January 1836 , the name was formally adopted by a vote of 26 to 16 , and Colborne also named the nearby village Moore after British military hero Sir John Moore . Sarnia adopted the nickname " The Imperial City " on 7 May 1914 because of the visit of Canada 's Governor General , the Duke of , and his daughter Princess Patricia . - - = = History = = - - First Nations peoples have lived , hunted , and traveled across the area for at least 10 @,@ 000 years , as shown by archaeological evidence on Walpole Island . These peoples were drawn from an amalgamation of , , and clans , which formed the Three Fires Confederacy , also called the Council of Three Fires , in These clans came together through common links in both language and culture , developing a self @-@ sufficient society where tasks and responsibilities were equally shared among all members . - During the and , The Three Fires Confederacy controlled much of the area known as the hub of the Great Lakes , which included the Canadian shore where Sarnia is now located . During this time , it maintained relations with many of the First Nations , including Huron , Sioux , and Iroquois , as well as the countries of Great Britain and France . In fact , their trading partners , the Huron , welcomed La Salle and the in 1679 after he sailed into Lake Huron . The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a sign under the Blue Water Bridge in commemoration of the voyage , as shown by the photo of the sign . - Because of this beginning of the incursion of Europeans into the area , the members of the Confederacy helped shape the development of North America throughout the 18th Century , becoming a center of trade and culture . Great Britain supported this strengthening of the tribes in the area as a set of allies against the French and the . The people of the Three Fires Confederacy , however , sided with the French during the Seven Years ' War and only made peace with Great Britain after the Treaty of Fort Niagara in 1764 . It also fought on the side of the British during the War of 1812 . The Three Fires Confederacy also broke several treaties with the United States prior to 1815 , but finally signed the Treaty of in September of that year and ceased all hostilities directed at the United States . The Grand Council survived intact until the middle to late 19th century , when more modern political systems began to evolve . - After the War of 1812 , the first Europeans in the area were French settlers loyal to the British Crown who moved north from Detroit . They successfully traded with the Three Fires Confederacy , which contributed to the growth of the area . After its foundation , Port Sarnia expanded throughout the 19th Century ; on 19 June 1856 , the residents passed the Act to the Town of Sarnia and the name Port Sarnia was officially changed to Sarnia effective 1 January 1857 . The Act mentioned 1 @,@ 000 inhabitants in three wards . The wealth of adjoining stands of timber , the discovery of oil in nearby Oil Springs in 1858 by James Miller Williams , and the arrival of the Great Western Railway in 1858 and the Grand Trunk Railway in 1859 all stimulated Sarnia 's growth . The rail lines were later linked directly to the United States by the opening of the St. Clair Tunnel under the St. Clair River at Sarnia in 1890 , by the Grand Trunk Railway , which was the first railroad tunnel ever constructed under a river . The tunnel was an engineering in its day , achieved through the development of original techniques for excavating in a compressed air environment . - Canada Lines formed in 1913 from many previous companies that plied the waters of the St. Clair River . One of these companies was Northwest Transportation Company of Sarnia , which was founded in 1870 . By 20 April 1914 , when the residents passed Act to the City of Sarnia , the population had grown to 10 @,@ 985 in six wards . Sarnia officially became a city as of 7 May 1914 . - Sarnia 's grain elevator , which is the sixth largest currently operating in Canada , was built after the dredging of Sarnia Harbour in 1927 . Two short years later , grain shipments had become an important part of Sarnia 's economy . The grain elevator rises above the harbour , and next to it is the slip for the numerous bulk carriers and other ships that are part of the shipping industry that includes vessels from all over the world . The waterway between Detroit and Sarnia is one of the world 's busiest , as indicated by the average of 78 @,@ @,@ 900 tonnes ( 87 @,@ 020 @,@ 800 short tons ; 77 @,@ 697 @,@ 100 long tons ) of shipping that annually travelled the river going in both directions during the period 1993 – 2002 . Lake and ships , which are known as " , " pass up and down the river at the rate of about one every seven minutes during the shipping season . During this same period , The Paul M. Tunnel , which was named after the retired president of in 2004 , was bored and began operation in 1995 . It accommodates double @-@ stacked rail cars and is located next to the original tunnel , which has been sealed . - While there had been a petroleum industry in the Sarnia area since 1858 , the establishment of Polymer Corporation in 1942 to manufacture synthetic rubber during World War II was a great success and began Sarnia 's rise as a major petrochemical centre . Because of Sarnia 's importance in this industry , it appeared on a United States Government list of possible Soviet targets as part of its Anti @-@ Energy nuclear strike strategy during the Cold War . - On 1 January 1991 , Sarnia and the neighbouring town of Clearwater were amalgamated as the new city of Sarnia @-@ Clearwater . The amalgamation was originally slated to include the village of Point Edward , although that village 's residents resisted and were eventually permitted to remain independent of the city . On 1 January 1992 , the city reverted to the name Sarnia . - Sarnia 's population experienced a continual growth from 1961 to 1991 , with a 1991 population of 74 @,@ . In 2001 the population had declined by approximately 3 @,@ 000 . Since 2001 Sarnia 's population has been growing slowly , with a 2011 population count of 72 @,@ 366 . Despite these modest gains , an April 2010 report " Sarnia @-@ Lambton 's Labour Market " states : " Large petrochemical companies are the community 's main economic drivers . Over the recent past , several plants have , and of those still in operation , increased and has led to significantly fewer workers . " . These and the resulting loss of jobs , and therefore population as workers search for employment elsewhere , will contribute to a general decline shown by one August 2011 study , which shows that the population will decline by 17 % over the next twenty @-@ five years . The Monteith @-@ Brown study cited outlines a plan for restructuring the city based on hybrid areas , which will bring work opportunities closer to the neighborhoods where people live . The City of Sarnia and Lambton County are also implementing an economic development plan with an emphasis on and renewable energy . - - = = Geography = = - - Sarnia is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron at its extreme southern point where it flows into the St. Clair River . Most of the surrounding area is flat , and the elevation ranges from 169 metres ( ft ) and 281 metres ( 922 ft ) above sea level . The soil mostly comprises clay . Despite this high percentage of clay , the soil is remarkably rich for cultivation . Prior to the Ice Age , glaciers covered most of the area , as can be seen not only by the existence of the Great Lakes themselves but also of alluvial sand deposits , terminal moraines , and rich oil reserves . The entire area was submerged and plant and animal matter formed many layers of sediment as they settled after the waters . Sarnia is not part of the Canadian Shield and is located just beyond its southernmost reaches , 290 kilometres ( 180 mi ) West of Toronto and 106 kilometres ( 66 mi ) North of Detroit . - - = = = = = = - - Wiltshire Park , Woodland , Oak Acres , Beach , Oakwood Corners , , and Blackwell , are part of the North End of Sarnia , which begins immediately north of Ontario Highway 402 and terminates at the shore of Lake Huron . Coronation Park , Heritage Park , College Park , The Tree Streets , and Sherwood Village are some of the neighbourhoods south of the highway . The village of Blue Water was built to house workers and their families in Chemical Valley during the construction of Polymer Corporation and at one point had nearly 3 @,@ 000 residents . In 1961 , all the residents were relocated , mostly to the North End , to make way for expansion of the chemical industry . The village was demolished , and all that remains now is an historical marker at the corner of Vidal Street and Huron Avenue . This neighbourhood was largely forgotten until historian Lorraine Williams penned two books about it and was instrumental in the dedication of the plaque . - - = = = Climate = = = - - Sarnia has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification ) . Winters are cold with a few short @-@ lasting Arctic air masses that dip far enough south and bring with them daily high temperatures lower than − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . Sarnia , while not quite located in the southwestern Ontario , sometimes receives large quantities of lake @-@ effect snow . Sarnia averages 112 @.@ 0 cm ( 44 @.@ 1 in ) of snow per year , while London averages 194 @.@ 3 cm ( 76 @.@ 5 in ) . - The lake creates a seasonal , and compared to the rest of Canada and inland Ontario , Sarnia has a noticeably longer warm period following summer . However , cooler temperatures tend to prevail for longer after winter . Lake Huron can also create large temperature differences within the city in spring and early summer , particularly on hot days in late May , early June . Finally , extreme temperatures , particularly lows , are rarely ever seen . Daily lows less than − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) are seen an average of 30 days a year , and less than − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) two days a year . are warm to hot and usually humid . readings can be very high at times from late May to late September . In fact , Sarnia has the second greatest number of high days at or above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) ( with 23 @.@ 16 days on average per year ) and days at or above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) ( with 61 @.@ 20 days on average per year ) in Canada , both after Windsor , Ontario . can become quite severe from April to September . weather is very rare in the area but has occurred , such as the tornado event of 1953 . - - = = Demographics = = - - In the 2011 Census , the City of Sarnia had a population of 72 @,@ 366 , an increase of 1 @.@ 3 % from the 2006 Census . With a land area of 164 @.@ 71 km2 ( 63 @.@ 59 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 439 @.@ 354 / km2 ( 1 @,@ 137 @.@ 92 / sq mi ) in 2011 . - In 2011 , Sarnia had an overwhelmingly white population ; only 8 @.@ 54 % were visible minorities . Of those , 63 @.@ 77 % were aboriginal representing the largest group . In 2011 , 89 @.@ 31 % of called English their mother tongue , 2 @.@ 46 % listed French , 0 @.@ 87 % stated both of those languages , and 7 @.@ 37 % said another language was their mother tongue . - The median age in Sarnia is 44 @.@ 5 which is older than the Canadian median of 40 @.@ 95 , indicative of Sarnia 's aging population . According to the 2011 Census , Sarnia is predominately Christian as 28 @.@ 46 % of the population were Catholic , 12 @.@ 4 % were members of the United Church of Canada , 7 @.@ 3 % were Anglican , and 20 @.@ 06 % were of other Christian faiths , Muslim , or Jewish ; 28 @.@ 38 % professed no religious preference or were . The median income counting all persons 15 years old or older in Sarnia in 2010 was $ 29 @,@ 196 , while median family income was $ 76 @,@ 523 , both of which were slightly lower than Ontario 's , at $ 30 @,@ 526 and $ 80 @,@ , respectively . The cost of living in Sarnia , however , is significantly lower than it is in Ontario as a whole . The median value of a dwelling , for instance , is $ 179 @,@ 266 , compared to the $ 300 @,@ of Ontario as a whole . - - = = Economy and infrastructure = = - - The Sarnia @-@ Lambton Development Board states in its March 2011 Labour Market Report that : " Even though employment in both the petrochemical and agricultural industries has declined significantly in recent years , these two industries remain central drivers of the Sarnia Lambton economy . " - When World War II threatened tropical sources of natural latex for rubber , Sarnia was selected as the site to spearhead development of synthetic petroleum @-@ based rubbers for war materials , and Polymer Corporation was built by Dow Chemical at the request of the Government of Canada . Large bring Alberta oil to Sarnia , where oil refining and petrochemical production have become of the city 's economy . Shell Canada , Imperial Oil , and Energy ( ) operate refineries in Sarnia . Large salt beds found under the city became a source of chlorine and other significant ingredients which contributed to the success of Chemical Valley . Chemical companies operating in Sarnia include Chemicals , Bayer ( Lanxess and ) , Corporation and Corporation . - Dow ceased operations at its Sarnia site in 2009 . The plant was decommissioned , and the land has been sold to neighbouring Energy Corporation . produces power and steam for industry , and is the largest natural gas co @-@ generation plant in Canada . It has created the Bluewater Energy Park on the former Dow site . Lanxess produces more than 150 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 170 @,@ 000 short tons ; 150 @,@ 000 long tons ) of butyl rubber annually at its Sarnia location , and is the sole producer of regulatory @-@ approved , food @-@ grade butyl rubber , used in the manufacture of chewing gum . Within the boundaries of its Sarnia plant Lanxess has also created the @-@ industrial Park Sarnia . - Chemical Valley and the surrounding area are home to 62 facilities and refineries . These industrial complexes are the heart of Sarnia 's infrastructure and economy . They directly employ nearly 8 @,@ 000 , and contribute to almost 45 @,@ 000 additional jobs in the area . In 1971 , the Canadian government deemed this area so important to the economic development of the country that it printed an image of a Sarnia Oil on the reverse of the Canadian $ 10 note . The huge industrial area is the cause of significant air and water pollution . The Canada Wide Daily Standard for airborne particulate matter and pollution , regulation , is 30 per cubic metre . Forty @-@ five percent of this particulate air pollution in Sarnia comes from Chemical Valley , and the rest drifts over the St. Clair River from the neighbouring United States in the form of what is known as " Air . " - Sarnia is the location of 's Sarnia Power Plant . The facility went into full commercial operation in December 2009 , with 20 MW of power . As of September 2010 , the plant was the largest ( ) solar power generation facility in the world , putting out 97 MW . - The 80 @-@ acre Western University Research Park , Sarnia @-@ Lambton Campus was established in 2003 by the University of Western Ontario as a joint initiative with the County of Lambton and the City of Sarnia . The park is also the location of the Innovation Centre , Canada 's centre for the of industrial . - In 2012 began construction of North America 's first acid plant at the @-@ Industrial Park . The company has since announced that it plans to double the original size of this $ 80 million plant . is developing a 50 @,@ 000 square foot demonstration facility at the Bluewater Energy Park . This company captures waste gas / water streams to process into value @-@ added co @-@ products . Corporation , a Canadian startup company producing ultra @-@ low @-@ cost therapeutic antibody drugs , opened an office at the Western University Research Park in 2011 , and the Corporation began work on a pilot plant at the park in Summer 2012 , for the production of . - - = = = Retail and hospitality = = = - - Sarnia has two large malls : Lambton Mall with 72 stores , and the Centre with 9 stores , and several government and medical services . These large malls combine with several smaller shopping centres , discount stores , dollar stores , convenience stores , and a collection of antique and specialty stores to form the of Sarnia 's retail business . can choose from eight branded and many family @-@ owned hotels and . - - = = = Transportation = = = - - The Blue Water Bridge links Sarnia and its neighbouring village of Point Edward to the city of Port Huron in the United States . It spans the St. Clair River , which connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair . The bridge 's original three @-@ lane span , opened in 1938 , was twinned on 22 July 1997 , making the bridge the fourth busiest border crossing in Ontario . The Blue Water Bridge border crossing makes use of both the ( frequent traveler program ) and the Free and Trade ( ) program . Highway 402 with the American Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) and I @-@ 69 , the bridge forms part of the , and is one of the most important on the north – south truck routes . - Public transportation within the City of Sarnia , including conventional bus transit , transportation of people with disabilities , transportation support for major events , and charter services , is provided by Sarnia Transit . From the city 's local airport , Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport , Air Georgian operates services to and from Toronto Pearson International Airport on behalf of Air Canada Express . For rail travel , Sarnia is one of the two western , along with Windsor , of the Via Rail Quebec City – Windsor Corridor , over which a service departs Sarnia station in the morning and arrives in the evening . - - = = = Health care = = = - - Sarnia is served by Bluewater Health , a hospital with 188 acute care beds , 70 complex continuing care beds and 27 rehabilitation beds . The hospital opened in 2010 , following the amalgamation of several smaller facilities . Bluewater Health was recently recognized by Healthcare Insurance of Canada , one of the country 's largest hospital , for its continued improvement in patient safety and care quality . - - = = Culture = = - - - = = = Music , theatre , and arts = = = - - Sarnia 's musical and theatrical presence in Southern Ontario is significant . The International Symphony Orchestra plays at the Imperial Theatre for an annual season lasting from September to April . In addition to symphonic concerts , the Imperial Theatre offers year @-@ round dramatic productions ; Michael Learned played the lead in Driving Miss Daisy at the theatre in 2010 . Former Max Webster frontman Kim Mitchell has returned to his hometown on occasion to play a concert , including his visit in 2008 for Sarnia 's popular , a competition where local amateur chefs share their recipes for ribs and compete against each other . Canadian composer and music Raymond Murray Schafer was born in Sarnia and developed his radical techniques there . Musicians and groups such as Aerosmith , , Keith Urban , John Bon Jovi and Rascal Flatts have played at Sarnia Bayfest in the past . The Sarnia Bayfest , which was preceded by the " Festival by the Bay , " is an annual concert festival that features big @-@ name rock and country bands , typically during the second or third weekend of July . 2013 would have marked the fifteenth anniversary of the annual festival , but financial problems caused the event 's cancellation . Prior to December 2013 , organizers stated that it is " not the end " and that they planned on coming back on solid financial footing sometime in the future . As of December 2013 , however , Bayfest organizers indicated they planned on merging with the International Festival for a joint event in 2015 . - Besides the single museum in Sarnia proper , six other museums in the local area document Sarnia 's history , including its legacy as the home of the North American Oil Industry . Gallery Lambton offers 12 annual art exhibitions . In 2012 the Judith and Norman Alex Art Gallery opened . It is an international Category A art gallery . - During the Christmas season , the city of Sarnia presents the annual " Celebration of Lights " in Centennial Park . The event was created in 1984 by Dr. Wills and a committee funded by the retail chain Hudson 's Bay , and the national telecommunications company . From modest beginnings the event has garnered numerous awards as it has grown , including second place in the 2002 Canadian Government 's Canada competition . The Celebration , was incorporated in its national year and is now run by a voluntary Board of Directors . - - = = = = - - There are over 100 parks in Sarnia , the largest being Canatara Park , which covers over 200 acres along the shore of Lake Huron . Canatara is an Ojibwe word that means Blue Water . The park was opened 24 May 1933 . Within the park is Lake , a haven for 280 different species of birds on their migration routes . The park also maintains a Children 's Animal Farm as part of Sarnia 's commitment to wildlife . The annual " Christmas on the Farm " weekend event held at the Farm in early December is a popular community event enjoyed by families . Canatara Park is one of the first parks in southern Ontario to feature an outdoor fitness equipment installation . - The largest recreational park in Sarnia is Germain Park , which incorporates five baseball , four soccer fields , an outdoor pool , and the Community Gardens . As a memorial to Canadian aviators who gave their lives in World War II , one of the remaining Canadair Sabres in Canada is on display in the park , - Centennial Park was opened on Dominion Day in 1967 , as part of Canada 's centenary celebrations . The City of Sarnia decided in 2013 to close much of Centennial Park , after the discovery of toxic lead and in the soil . - Sarnia has one remaining museum within its city limits : " Stones ' N " , which houses over 6 @,@ 000 exhibits . The collection includes rocks , artifacts , fossils , and bones from all over the world . A previous museum , the Discovery House Museum , has been converted into to a hospice . This historic house , built between 1869 and 1875 , is recognised as a testament to Victorian Era construction . - The city 's sandy fresh water beaches are a popular tourist attraction , while the sheltered harbour houses for recreational sailing . Since 1925 , the 400 km ( 250 mi ) Mackinac race from Sarnia / Port Huron to Mackinac Island at the north end of the lake has been the highlight of the sailing season , drawing more than 3 @,@ 000 sailors each year . - Sarnia 's fresh @-@ cut fries are another popular tourist attraction , and thousands of visitors annually visit the chip trucks parked under the Blue Water Bridge . Niagara @-@ based cookbook author and food e @-@ magazine publisher Lynn visited the chip trucks in August 2012 and stated " I was blown away by Sarnia , " not only by the city 's waterfront , where the chip trucks are located , but also by the chip trucks themselves . She also published an article in her e @-@ magazine , The Ontario Table , recognizing the outstanding quality of the fresh @-@ cut fries . @-@ based travel writer Pat also recognized the quality of Sarnia 's fries in his 2007 piece " Sarnia Best Fries in the World . " In 2012 , Sarnia officials even created a special to reach the chip trucks during a period of construction . Realizing the popularity of Sarnia 's chip trucks , the Ontario Medical Association includes them in a campaign to have fries and other junk food labelled for being dangerous in the same manner as cigarettes . - - = = Sports = = - - Sarnia is home to the Sarnia Sting , a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League . , a former NHL player , was a part owner of the team . Former Sting player Steven was selected first overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Tampa Bay Lightning , and was followed by in 2012 . Sarnia is also home to the Sarnia Legionnaires ice hockey team , which plays in the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League . The team is successor to the Sarnia Legionnaires ( 1954 – 1970 ) , who won five Western Jr . ' B ' championships and four Sutherland Cups during 16 seasons in the Ontario Hockey Association . - Sarnia has a successful tradition in Canadian football . As members of the Ontario Rugby Football Union , the local team Sarnia twice won the Grey Cup , in 1934 and 1936 . The modern Sarnia are a semi @-@ professional team playing in the Northern Football Conference . - The Sarnia @-@ born world champion Steve played as alternate for the Glenn Howard in the 2007 Tim and 2007 Ford World Men 's Championship , winning both times . - - = = Government = = - - Sarnia City Council consists of nine elected members : the Mayor , four members from the city , and four members from the county . The Mayor and all Council members are elected to four @-@ year terms . The four Lambton County Council members serve both County and City Council . - The current mayor , Mike Bradley , has held the position since December 1988 and is currently the second longest @-@ serving mayor in the province of Ontario behind Milton 's . Past mayors of the city have included Andy Brandt , , Paul , Thomas George Johnston , and Alexander Mackenzie , the second Prime Minister of Canada . - At the provincial level , Sarnia is located within the Sarnia — Lambton provincial electoral district , represented in 2013 by Bob Bailey , a member of the Conservative Party of Ontario . At the federal level , Sarnia is located within the Sarnia — Lambton federal electoral district which in 2013 was represented by Patricia Davidson of the Conservative Party of Canada . - Over the past 50 years , Sarnia 's voters have been moderate , and the party affiliation of its Members of Parliament , both provincial and federal , has swung back and forth largely between the Liberal and Conservative parties ( a New Democrat was elected in their 1990 provincial wave ) . - - = = Education = = - - The Lambton Kent District School Board is responsible for the 13 elementary and four secondary public schools ( Northern Collegiate Institute and School , Alexander Secondary School , Sarnia Collegiate Institute & Technical School , and St. Clair Secondary School ) located within Sarnia 's boundaries . - The St. Clair Catholic District School Board is responsible for the city 's seven elementary and two secondary Catholic schools ( St. Christopher 's and St. Patrick 's ) . In 2014 , St. Patrick 's and St. Christopher 's merged , under the St. Patrick 's name , on St. Christopher 's North Sarnia site . - The de Providence ( Providence ) represents the two French Catholic schools in the city , Saint @-@ François @-@ Xavier and Saint @-@ Thomas @-@ d , while the operates two French public schools , the elementary École Les and the secondary École Franco @-@ Jeunesse . There are also two independent Christian elementary schools in Sarnia — Sarnia Christian School and Temple Christian Academy . - Lambton College , which offers two @-@ year programs and , is one of Ontario 's 21 colleges of applied arts and technology . It has a full @-@ time enrolment of 3 @,@ 500 and a part @-@ time enrolment of about 8 @,@ 000 . It is the city 's only post @-@ secondary school . - - = = Media = = - - There are four radio stations that originate from Sarnia , although other stations their signal there , notably @-@ FM , a First Nations produced station from Point , and @-@ FM and @-@ 3 @-@ FM , of Radio One and Radio @-@ Canada , respectively , from Windsor , Ontario . - CHOK , country / news / sports - @-@ FM The Fox , adult contemporary - CHOK @-@ 1 @-@ FM ( of CHOK AM ) - @-@ FM , active rock - Sarnia does not have a network television station of its own , although it has a community channel on , which is the cable television provider in Sarnia . Cable systems pipe in stations from and Toronto . - The city 's main daily newspaper is the Sarnia Observer , owned by , which purchased Sun Media in 2014 for $ 316 million . A weekly newspaper called the Sarnia Journal began distribution in March 2014 . It is distributed to 30 @,@ 000 households in Sarnia , Bright ’ s Grove , Point Edward and . The community publications Sarnia This Week , Lambton County Smart and Business Trends are owned by Bowes Publishing . The monthly business oriented newspaper First Monday is owned by Huron Web and Graphics . Lambton Shield Publishing has been in operation since November 2010 and runs an on @-@ line only news website , , delivering local news and services to the Sarnia @-@ Lambton area . There are two magazines currently published in Sarnia , Business Trends and Report on Industry . Business Trends is distributed through City Hall and Report on Industry is sent to executives in surrounding businesses . Report on Industry articles are available online . - - = = Notable people = = - - Among Sarnia 's distinguished residents are retired Canadian Space Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield , who flew on two NASA Space Shuttle missions and served as the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station during Expedition 35 . The Nobel laureate George Andrew moved to Sarnia from his native Hungary to join Dow Chemical in 1957 . James Doohan , the well @-@ known Star Trek actor , attended high school in Sarnia . virtuoso Mike Stevens still lives in Sarnia and tours all over the world ; he is also notable for his extensive work with aboriginal youth . Many notable are athletes and others associated with sports , such as NHL Hall of Famer , former NHL star Pat , retired NHL referee Kerry Fraser , current NHL star Steven , champion Steve , and golfer Mike Weir , who was the 2003 Masters Champion . Dominique , a Sarnia , won a bronze medal in Exercise , at the World Cup event in in March 2012 . The Honourable Alexander Mackenzie , second Prime Minister of Canada , was buried at Cemetery , Sarnia , where a monument has been erected . The – 1930s actress Marie was also born there . Katherine Ryan , comedian , writer , presenter and actress , was born in Sarnia in 1983 she now resides in London , England . - - - = French cruiser Sully = - - The French cruiser Sully was an armored cruiser of the Gloire class that was built for the French Navy in the early 1900s . She was named in honor of Maximilien de , Duke of Sully , trusted minister of King Henry IV . The ship struck a rock in Long Bay , French Indochina in 1905 , only eight months after she was completed , and was a total loss . - - = = Design and description = = - - The Gloire @-@ class ships were designed as enlarged and improved versions of the @-@ class armored cruisers by Emile Bertin . Her crew numbered 612 officers and men . The ship measured 139 @.@ 8 meters ( ft 8 in ) overall , with a beam of 20 @.@ 2 meters ( 66 ft 3 in ) . Sully had a draft of 7 @.@ 7 meters ( 25 ft 3 in ) and displaced 10 @,@ metric tons ( 9 @,@ 856 long tons ) . - Sully had three propeller shafts , each powered by one vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engine , which were rated at a total of 20 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 15 @,@ 300 kW ) . Twenty @-@ four Belleville water @-@ tube boilers provided steam for her engines . She had a designed speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . She carried up to 1 @,@ 590 long tons ( 1 @,@ 620 t ) of coal and could steam for 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ; 14 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . - Sully 's main armament consisted of two 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns were mounted in single gun turrets fore and aft . Her intermediate armament was eight 45 @-@ caliber Canon de 164 mm 1893 guns . Four of these were in single gun turrets on the sides of the ship and the other four were in casemates . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defence she carried six 45 @-@ caliber 100 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) guns in casemates and eighteen 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) guns . She was also armed with five 450 @-@ millimeter ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes ; two of these were submerged and the others were above water . - The waterline armored belt of the Gloire @-@ class ships was 170 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) thick amidships and tapered to 106 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 2 in ) towards the bow and stern . Above the main belt was another belt , 127 millimeters ( 5 in ) thick that also tapered to 106 mm at the ends of the ship . The conning tower had armored sides 150 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The main gun turrets were protected by 173 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 8 in ) of armor and the intermediate turrets by 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) . The flat part of the lower armored deck was 45 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) , but increased to 64 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) as it sloped down to the sides of the ship . - - = = Service = = - - Sully was laid down at the et de la shipyard in La on 24 May 1899 and launched on 4 June 1901 . The ship was completed in June 1904 and sent to French Indochina for her first commission . On 7 February 1905 Sully struck a rock in Long Bay ; her crew was not injured . Her guns and equipment were salvaged , but the ship broke in two and was abandoned as a total loss . - - - = Norman Finkelstein = - - Norman Gary Finkelstein ( born December 8 , 1953 ) is an American political scientist , activist , professor , and author . His primary fields of research are the Israeli – Palestinian conflict and the politics of the Holocaust , an interest motivated by the experiences of his parents who were Jewish Holocaust survivors . He is a graduate of Binghamton University and received his in political science at Princeton University . He has held faculty positions at Brooklyn College , Rutgers University , Hunter College , New York University , and DePaul University where he was an assistant professor from 2001 to 2007 . - In 2007 , after a highly publicized feud between Finkelstein and an academic opponent , Alan Dershowitz , Finkelstein 's tenure bid at DePaul was denied . Finkelstein was placed on administrative leave for the 2007 – 2008 academic year , and on September 5 , 2007 , he announced his resignation after coming to a settlement with the university on generally undisclosed terms . An official statement from DePaul strongly defended the decision to deny Finkelstein tenure , stated that outside influence played no role in the decision . In 2008 , he was banned from entering Israel for 10 years . - Finkelstein taught at University Middle East Institute in Turkey between 2014 and 2015 . - - = = Personal background and education = = - - Finkelstein has written of his Jewish parents ' experiences during World War II . His mother , , grew up in Warsaw , survived the Warsaw , the concentration camp , and two slave labor camps . Her first husband died in the war . She considered the day of her liberation as the most horrible day of her life , as she realized that she was alone , her parents and siblings gone . Norman 's father , Finkelstein , active in , was a survivor of both the Warsaw and the Auschwitz concentration camp . - After the war they met in a displaced persons camp in , Austria , and then emigrated to the United States , where his father became a factory worker and his mother a homemaker and later a . Finkelstein 's mother was an ardent pacifist . Both his parents died in 1995 . Of his parents , Finkelstein has recalled that " they saw the world through the of the Nazi Holocaust . They were indebted to the Soviet Union ( to whom they attributed the defeat of the Nazis ) , and so anyone who was anti @-@ Soviet they were extremely harsh on " . They supported the Soviet Union 's approval of the creation of the State of Israel , as by , who stated that the Jews had earned the right to a state , but thought that Israel had sold its soul to the West and " refused to have any truck with it " . - Finkelstein grew up in Borough Park , then Mill Basin , both in Brooklyn , New York , where he attended James Madison High School . In his memoir , Finkelstein recalls his strong youthful identification with the outrage that his mother , witness to the atrocities of World War II , felt at the carnage wrought by the United States in Vietnam . One childhood friend recalls his mother 's " emotional investment in left @-@ wing humanitarian causes as bordering on " . He had " [ her ] " , a trait which he admits rendered him " " when talking of the Vietnam War , and which him with a " @-@ than @-@ thou " attitude at the time which he now regrets . But Finkelstein regards his absorption of his mother 's outlook — the refusal to put aside a sense of moral outrage in order to get on with one 's life — as a virtue . Subsequently , his reading of Noam Chomsky played an important role in the passion bequeathed to him by his mother to the necessity of maintaining intellectual rigor . - Finkelstein completed his undergraduate studies at Binghamton University in New York in 1974 , after which he studied at the École des Études in Paris . A deep admirer of Paul , he was an ardent and was devastated by the news of the trial of the Gang of Four , an event which " totally devastated " him , and led him to abandon – . - Finkelstein received his Master 's degree in political science in 1980 , and later his PhD in political studies , from Princeton . His doctoral thesis was on Zionism . Before gaining academic employment , Finkelstein was a part @-@ time social worker with teenage in New York . He then taught successively at Rutgers University , New York University , Brooklyn College , and Hunter College and at DePaul University in Chicago . During the First Intifada , he spent every summer from 1988 in the West Bank , a guest of Palestinian families in Hebron and Beit . - According to The New York Times , Finkelstein left Hunter College in 2001 , " after his teaching load and salary were reduced " by the college administration . In his own recollection , he enjoyed teaching at Hunter ( 1992 – 2000 ) and was ' kicked out of ' the school after them to keep him on with just two courses a semester ( $ 12 @,@ 000 a year ) . Hunter set conditions that would have required him to spend four days a week , which he thought unacceptable . - Beginning with his doctoral thesis at Princeton , Finkelstein 's career has been marked by controversy . A self @-@ described " forensic scholar " , he has written sharply critical academic reviews of several prominent writers and scholars whom he accuses of the documentary record in order to defend Israel 's policies and practices . His writings have dealt with politically charged topics such as Zionism , the demographic history of Palestine and his allegations of the existence of a " Holocaust Industry " that exploits the memory of the Holocaust to further Israeli and financial interests . - Citing linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky as an example , Finkelstein notes that it is " possible to unite exacting scholarly rigor with scathing moral outrage , " and supporters and detractors alike have remarked on the polemical style of Finkelstein 's work . Its content has been praised by eminent historians such as Raul Hilberg and Avi Shlaim , as well as Chomsky . - Finkelstein has described himself as " an old @-@ fashioned communist , " in the sense that he " see [ s ] no value whatsoever in states . " - - = = Academic career = = - - - = = = On From Time Immemorial = = = - - In Finkelstein 's doctoral thesis , he examined the claims made in Joan Peters 's From Time Immemorial , a best @-@ selling book at the time . Peters 's " history and defense " of Israel deals with the demographic history of Palestine . studies had tended to assert that the Arab population of Ottoman @-@ controlled Palestine , a 94 % majority at the turn of the century , had dwindled towards parity due to massive Zionist immigration . Peters radically challenged this picture by arguing that a substantial part of the Palestinian people were descended from immigrants from other Arab countries from the early 19th century onwards . It followed , for Peters and many of her readers , that the picture of a native Palestinian population overwhelmed by Jewish immigration was little more than propaganda , and that in actuality two almost simultaneous waves of immigration met in what had been a relatively unpopulated land . - From Time Immemorial had been praised by figures as varied as Barbara , Theodore H. White , Elie Wiesel , and Lucy . Saul , for one , wrote in a jacket endorsement that : - " Millions of people the world over , smothered by false history and propaganda , will be grateful for this clear account of the origins of the Palestinians . " - Finkelstein asserted that the book was a " monumental hoax " . He later opined that , while Peters 's book received widespread interest and approval in the United States , a scholarly demonstration of its and aroused little attention : - " By the end of 1984 , From Time Immemorial had ... received some two hundred [ favorable ] notices ... in the United States . The only ' false ' notes in this chorus of praise were the Journal of Palestine Studies , which ran a highly critical review by Bill Farrell ; the small Chicago @-@ based In These Times , which published a version of this writer 's findings ; and Alexander Cockburn , who devoted a series of columns in The Nation exposing the hoax . ... The periodicals in which From Time Immemorial had already been favorably reviewed refused to run any critical correspondence ( e.g. The New Republic , The Atlantic Monthly , ) . that had yet to review the book rejected a manuscript on the subject as of little or no consequence ( e.g. The Village Voice , , The New York Review of Books ) . Not a single national newspaper or columnist contacted found that a best @-@ selling , praised ' study ' of the Middle East conflict was a hoax . " - Noam Chomsky later : - " I warned him , if you follow this , you 're going to get in trouble — because you 're going to expose the American intellectual community as a gang of , and they are not going to like it , and they 're going to destroy you . " - In 1986 , the New York Review of Books published 's review and an exchange with critics of the review in which he criticized the assumptions and evidence on which Peters 's thesis relied , thus lending independent support from an expert in Palestinian demographics to Finkelstein 's doctoral critique . - In the house journal of the American Council on Foreign Relations , Foreign Affairs , William B. , the Edward professor of Politics at the University of Virginia and authority on Middle Eastern politics , later described Finkelstein 's critique of From Time Immemorial as a " landmark essay " and a " victory to his credit " , in its " demonstration " of the " scholarship " of Peters ' book . Israeli historian Avi Shlaim later praised Finkelstein 's thesis , saying that it had established his credentials when he was still a doctoral student . In Shlaim 's view , Finkelstein had produced an " case " with " evidence " , proving that Peters ' book was both " preposterous and worthless " . - According to Noam Chomsky , the controversy that surrounded Finkelstein 's research caused a delay in his earning his Ph.D. at Princeton University . Chomsky wrote in Understanding Power that Finkelstein " literally could not get the faculty to read [ his dissertation ] " and that Princeton eventually granted Finkelstein his doctorate only " out of embarrassment [ for Princeton ] " but refused to give him any further professional backing . - Finkelstein published portions of his thesis in the following publications : - " and the Palestine Question : The Not @-@ So @-@ Strange Case of Joan Peters 's From Time Immemorial " , Chapter 2 of the Victims : Scholarship and the Palestinian Question ( 1988 ) ; and - " A Land Without a People ( Joan Peters ' " Wilderness " Image ) " , Chapter 2 of Image and Reality of the Israel @-@ Palestine Conflict ( 1995 ) . - - = = = The Holocaust Industry = = = - - The Holocaust Industry : Reflections on the of Jewish Suffering was published in 2000 . Here , Finkelstein argues that Elie Wiesel and others exploit the memory of the Holocaust as an " ideological weapon . " The purpose , writes Finkelstein , is to enable the State of Israel , " one of the world 's most formidable military powers , with a human rights record , [ to ] cast itself as a victim state ; " that is , to provide Israel " immunity to criticism . " He what he calls a " double shakedown " by " a repellent gang of , and " seeking enormous legal damages and financial settlements from Germany and Switzerland , which then go to the lawyers and institutional actors involved in them , rather than actual Holocaust survivors . - The book received a hostile reception in some quarters , with critics charging that it was poorly researched and / or allowed others to exploit it for antisemitic purposes . The German historian Hans disparaged the first edition as " a most trivial book , which appeals to easily aroused anti @-@ Semitic prejudices " . Israeli Holocaust historian Israel called the book " a " , stating " this is not research ; it isn 't even political literature ... I don 't even think it should be reviewed or critiqued as a legitimate book . " The book was also harshly criticized by Brown University Professor Omer Bartov and University of Chicago Professor Peter . - However , Holocaust scholar Raul Hilberg said the book expressed views Hilberg himself subscribed to in substance , in that he too found the exploitation of the Holocaust , as Finkelstein describes , " " . Asked on another occasion if Finkelstein 's analysis might play into the hands of neo @-@ Nazis for antisemitic purposes , Hilberg replied : " Well , even if they do use it in that fashion , I 'm afraid that when it comes to the truth , it has to be said openly , without regard to any consequences that would be undesirable , embarrassing " . - Other critics claim Finkelstein 's evidence is highly selective and / or dubious and that his arguments would be based on a of history and a questionable use of sources . The historian David wrote that while Finkelstein Swiss banks of serious towards Holocaust survivors and depicts them as victims of a Jewish terror based on a sentence from an important report annex , he had ignored the report body which describes actions by Swiss banks , inappropriate closing of accounts , failure to keep adequate records , and so on . - - = = = Criticism of Alan Dershowitz 's The Case for Israel = = = - - Shortly after the publication of the book The Case for Israel by Alan Dershowitz , Finkelstein derided it as " a collection of fraud , , plagiarism , and nonsense " . During a debate on Democracy Now ! , Finkelstein asserted that Dershowitz lacked knowledge about specific contents of his own book . He also claimed that Dershowitz did not write the book , and may not have even read it . - Finkelstein noted 20 instances , in as many pages , where Dershowitz 's book cites the same sources and passages used by Joan Peters in her book , in largely the same sequence , with in the same places . In two instances , Dershowitz Peters 's errors ( see below ) . From this Finkelstein concluded that Dershowitz had not checked the original sources himself , contrary to the latter 's claims . Finkelstein suggests that this copying of quotations amounts to copying ideas . Examining a copy of a proof of Dershowitz 's book he managed to obtain , he found evidence that Dershowitz had his assistant , Holly Beth Billington , check in the Harvard library the sources he had read in Peters 's book . Dershowitz answered the charge in a letter to the University of California 's Press Director , arguing that Finkelstein had made up the smoking gun quotation , in that he had changed its wording ( from ' cite ' to ' copy ' ) in his book . In public debate he has stated that if " somebody borrowed the quote without going to check back on whether Mark Twain had said that , obviously that would be a serious charge " ; however , he insisted emphatically that he himself did not do that , that he had indeed checked the original source by Twain . - Dershowitz threatened libel action over the charges in Finkelstein 's book , as a consequence of which , the publisher deleted the word " plagiarism " from the text before publication . Finkelstein agreed to remove the suggestion that Dershowitz was not the true author of The Case for Israel because , as the publisher said , " he couldn 't document that " . - that he did consult the original sources , Dershowitz said Finkelstein is simply accusing him of good scholarly practice : citing references he learned of initially from Peters 's book . Dershowitz denies that he used any of Peters 's ideas without citation . " is taking someone else 's words and claiming they 're your own . There are no borrowed words from anybody . There are no borrowed ideas from anybody because I fundamentally disagree with the conclusions of Peters 's book . " In a footnote in The Case for Israel which cites Peters 's book , Dershowitz explicitly denies that he " relies " on Peters for " conclusions or data " . - In their joint interview on Democracy Now , however , Finkelstein cited specific passages in Dershowitz 's book in which a phrase that he says Peters coined was incorrectly attributed to George Orwell : - " [ Peters ] coins the phrase , ' turnspeak ' , she says she 's using it as a play off of George Orwell which as all listeners know used the phrase ' . ' She coined her own phrase , ' turnspeak ' . You go to Mr. Dershowitz 's book , he got so confused in his massive from Joan Peters that on two occasions , I 'll cite them for those who have a copy of the book , on page 57 and on page 153 he uses the phrase , quote , George Orwell 's ' turnspeak ' . ' ' is not Orwell , Mr. Dershowitz , you 're the Felix Frankfurter chair at Harvard , you must know that Orwell would never use such a phrase as ' turnspeak ' " . - James O. , the former president of Dartmouth College , the University of Iowa , and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , has defended Dershowitz : - I do not understand [ Finkelstein 's ] charge of plagiarism against Alan Dershowitz . There is no claim that Dershowitz used the words of others without attribution . When he uses the words of others , he quotes them properly and generally cites them to the original sources ( Mark Twain , Palestine Royal Commission , etc . ) [ Finkelstein 's ] complaint is that instead he should have cited them to the secondary source , in which Dershowitz may have come upon them . But as The Chicago Manual of Style emphasizes : ' Importance of attribution . With all reuse of others ' materials , it is important to identify the original as the source . This not only the claims of fair use , it also helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism . ' This is precisely what Dershowitz did . - Responding to an article in The Nation by Alexander Cockburn , Dershowitz also cited The Chicago Manual of Style : - Cockburn 's claim is that some of the quotes should not have been cited to their original sources but rather to a secondary source , where he believes I stumbled upon them . Even if he were correct that I found all these quotations in Peters 's book , the preferred method of citation is to the original source , as The Chicago Manual of Style emphasizes : " With all reuse of others ' materials , it is important to identify the original as the source . This ... helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism ... To cite a source from a secondary source ( ' quoted in ... ' ) is generally to be discouraged .... " - ... to which Cockburn responded : - Quoting The Chicago Manual of Style , Dershowitz implies that he followed the rules by citing " the original " as opposed to the secondary source , Peters . He Chicago here , where " the original " means merely the origin of the borrowed material , which is , in this instance , Peters . - Now look at the second bit of the quote from Chicago , separated from the preceding sentence by a demure three @-@ point . As my associate Kate Levin has discovered , this passage ( " To cite a source from a secondary source ... " ) occurs on page , which is no less than 590 pages later than the material before the , in a section titled " Taken from Secondary Sources . " Here 's the full quote , with what Dershowitz left out set in bold : " ' in ' . To cite a source from a secondary source ( " quoted in " ) is generally to be discouraged , since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite . If an original source is unavailable , however , both the original and the secondary source must be listed . " - So Chicago is clearly insisting that unless Dershowitz went to the originals , he was obliged to cite Peters . Finkelstein has conclusively demonstrated that he didn 't go to the originals . , , plus added time for distortion of the language of Chicago 's guidelines , together two separate discussions . - On behalf of Dershowitz , Harvard Law School dean asked former Harvard president Derek Bok to investigate the assertion of plagiarism ; Bok Dershowitz of the charge . - In an April 3 , 2007 interview with the Harvard Crimson , " Dershowitz confirmed that he had sent a letter last September to DePaul faculty members lobbying against Finkelstein 's tenure . " - In April 2007 , Dr. Frank , a former Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief of the UCLA Law Review , published an analysis of the charges made against Finkelstein by Dershowitz , finding no merit in any single charge and concluding that Dershowitz had misrepresented matters . In a follow @-@ up analysis he concluded that he could find ' no way of avoiding the inference that Dershowitz copied the quotation from Twain from Peters 's From Time Immemorial , and not from the original source ' , as Dershowitz claimed . In an interview given for the film American Radical : The Trials of Norman Finkelstein in 2009 , Dershowitz said of Finkelstein : " I don 't think he is a Jew . He 's Jewish only on his parents ' side . " - - = = Controversies = = - - - = = = denial and resignation = = = - - In September 2006 , Dershowitz sent members of DePaul 's law and political science faculties what he described as " a of Norman Finkelstein 's most academic sins , and especially his outright lies , , and distortions " and lobbied professors , alumni and administrators to deny Finkelstein tenure . De Paul 's political science committee investigated his accusations against Finkelstein and concluded that they were not based on legitimate criticism . The department subsequently invited John and Ian , two independent academics with known expertise on the Israel – Palestine conflict , to evaluate the academic merit of Finkelstein 's work ; they came to the same conclusion . - Also in 2006 , the Washington Post noted " the repeatedly accused " Norman Finkelstein of being a " Holocaust " and that " These charges have proved . " Finkelstein 's mother survived the concentration camp , his father survived the Auschwitz concentration camp , and most of his family died in the Holocaust - In early 2007 , the DePaul Political Science Department voted nine to three , and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Personnel Committee five to zero , in favor of giving Finkelstein tenure . The three opposing faculty members subsequently filed a minority report opposing tenure , supported by the Dean of the College , Chuck Suchar . Suchar stated he opposed tenure because Finkelstein 's " personal and reputation attacks on Dershowitz , Benny Morris , and the authors Elie Wiesel and Jerzy " were inconsistent with DePaul 's " " values ; as examples of the latter , Suchar argued that Finkelstein lacked respect for " the dignity of the individual " and for " the rights of others to hold and express different intellectual positions " . considerable public debate , Dershowitz actively campaigned to block Finkelstein 's tenure bid . In June 2007 , a 4 – 3 vote by DePaul University 's Board on Promotion and ( a faculty board ) , affirmed by the university 's president , the Rev. Dennis , denied Finkelstein tenure . - The university denied that Dershowitz , who had been criticized for his campaign against Finkelstein 's tenure , played any part in this decision . At the same time , the university denied tenure to international studies assistant professor , a strong supporter of Finkelstein , despite unanimous support from her department , the Personnel Committee and the dean . Finkelstein stated that he would engage in civil disobedience if attempts were made to bar him from teaching his students . - The Faculty Council later affirmed the right of Finkelstein and to appeal , which a university lawyer said was not possible . Council President Anne Bartlett said she was " ' terribly concerned ' correct procedure was not followed " . DePaul 's faculty association considered taking no @-@ confidence votes on administrators , including the president , because of the tenure . In a statement issued upon Finkelstein 's resignation , DePaul called him " a prolific scholar and an outstanding teacher " . Dershowitz expressed outrage at the compromise and this statement in particular , saying that the university had " traded truth for peace " . - In June 2007 , after two weeks of protests , some DePaul students staged a sit @-@ in and hunger strike in support of both professors denied tenure . The Illinois Conference of the American Association of University also sent a letter to the university 's president stating : " It is entirely illegitimate for a university to deny tenure to a professor out of fear that his published research ... might hurt a college 's reputation " and that the association has " explicitly rejected as an appropriate criterion for evaluating faculty members " . In a 2014 interview , professor Matthew Abraham , author of Out of : Academic Freedom and the Question of Palestine , described the Finkelstein tenure case as " one of the most significant academic freedom cases in the last fifty years " , claiming the case demonstrated " the substantial pressure outside parties can place on a mid @-@ tier religious institution when the perspectives advanced by a controversial scholar threaten dominant interests " . - - = = = entry to Israel in 2008 = = = - - On May 23 , 2008 , Finkelstein was denied entry to Israel , according to unnamed Shin Bet security officials , because " of suspicions involving hostile elements in Lebanon " and that he " did not give a full accounting to with regard to these suspicions . " Finkelstein had previously visited south Lebanon and met with Lebanese families during the 2006 Lebanon War . He was banned from entering Israel for 10 years . - Finkelstein was questioned after his arrival at Ben Gurion Airport near Tel Aviv and detained for 24 hours in a holding cell . After speaking to Israeli attorney Michael he was placed on a flight back to Amsterdam , his point of origin . In an interview with , Finkelstein stated " I did my best to provide absolutely and comprehensive answers to all the questions put to me . I am confident that I have nothing to hide ... no suicide missions or secret rendezvous with terrorist organizations . " He had been travelling to visit friends in the West Bank and stated he had no interest in visiting Israel . said banning Finkelstein from entering the country " recalls the behavior of the Soviet bloc countries " . - - = = Reception = = - - Finkelstein 's books are an attempt to examine the works of mainstream scholarship . The authors whose work he has thus targeted , including Daniel Goldhagen and Dershowitz , along with others such as Benny Morris whose work Finkelstein has also cited in his scholarship , have in turn accused Finkelstein of grossly their work , and selectively quoting from their books . - According to Raul Hilberg , Finkelstein displays " academic courage to speak the truth when no one else is out there to support him ... I would say that his place in the whole history of writing history is assured , and that those who in the end are proven right triumph , and he will be among those who will have triumphed , albeit , it so seems , at great cost . " In a peer review for Beyond Chutzpah , Avi Shlaim said that Finkelstein " has a most impressive track record in exposing American @-@ Jewish scholarship on the Arab @-@ Israeli conflict . " He praised Finkelstein for " all the sterling qualities for which he has become famous : , originality , spark , meticulous attention to detail , intellectual integrity , courage , and formidable forensic skills . " - Sara Roy stated that her shared experience with Finkelstein as a child of Holocaust survivors engaged in research on the Palestinian @-@ Israeli conflict gave her a unique position to comment . According to Roy , Finkelstein 's scholarship is , " exceptional both for its and rigor . In the fields of Middle Eastern studies and political science his work is considered seminal and there is no doubt that both disciplines would be weaker without it . Norman 's power and value , however , do not only from his scholarship but from his character . His life ’ s work , shaped largely but not entirely by his experience as a child of survivors has been and continues to be informed by a profound concern with human dignity and the danger of . " - The Israeli newspaper , , stated that " [ i ] t is difficult to with Finkelstein 's opinions and preferences , especially since he decided to support Hezbollah , meet with its fighters and visit the graves of some of its slain operatives . " Still , it continued to say that he should not be banned from entering Israel , because " meetings with Hezbollah operatives do not in themselves constitute a security risk " . - - = = = 2009 film about Finkelstein = = = - - American Radical : The Trials of Norman Finkelstein is an award @-@ winning documentary film about the life and career of Norman Finkelstein , released in 2009 and directed by David and Nicolas . It has been screened in Amsterdam , in Toronto Hot and in more than 40 other national and international venues , it received a freshness rating of 100 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . The same year Finkelstein appeared in Defamation ( Hebrew : ; translit . ) a documentary film by award @-@ winning Israeli filmmaker . - - = = = Criticism = = = - - Criticism has been leveled against Finkelstein from several angles . The first sources are responses from those whose work Finkelstein has discussed . Daniel Goldhagen , whose book Hitler 's Finkelstein criticized , claimed his scholarship has " everything to do with his burning political agenda " . Alan Dershowitz has written that Peter , Professor of History at the University of Chicago and a noted Holocaust historian whose work Finkelstein says inspired The Holocaust Industry , has strongly criticized the latter 's work , describing it as " trash " . Similarly , Dershowitz , whose book The Case for Israel and Finkelstein 's response Beyond Chutzpah sparked an ongoing feud between the two , has claimed Finkelstein 's in a conspiracy against pro @-@ Israel scholars : " The mode of attack is consistent . Chomsky selects the target and directs Finkelstein to probe the writings in minute detail and conclude that the writer didn 't actually write the work , that it is plagiarized , that it is a hoax and a fraud , " arguing that Finkelstein has leveled charges against many academics , calling at least 10 " distinguished Jews ' ' , ' ' ( sic ) , ' thieves ' , ' ' , and worse . " Although the back and forth between Finkelstein and Dershowitz received the most attention and attracted significant controversy , Finkelstein has maintained that " the real issue is Israel 's human rights record . " - Israeli historian Omer Bartov , writing for The New York Times Book Review , judged The Holocaust Industry to be marred by the same errors he in those who exploit the Holocaust for profit or politics : - It is filled with precisely the kind of that Finkelstein rightly in much of the current media hype over the Holocaust ; it is with the same indifference to historical facts , inner contradictions , strident politics and dubious ; and it with the same sense of moral and intellectual superiority ... Like any conspiracy theory , it contains several grains of truth ; and like any such theory , it is both irrational and . - Finkelstein has accused journalist Jeffrey Goldberg of " " or " being an accessory to torture of " Palestinian prisoners during his IDF service in the First Intifada , based on statements made in Goldberg 's book Prisoners . Finkelstein says that Goldberg admits to personally sending prisoners to the , which he says has been repeatedly condemned as torture in human rights reports . Goldberg referred to the allegation as " ridiculous " and he had " never laid a hand on anybody . " Goldberg said his " principal role " was " making sure prisoners had fresh fruit . " He characterized Finkelstein as a " ridiculous figure " and accused him of " lying and purposely my book . " - - = = Statements on Israel = = - - Finkelstein is a sharp critic of the state of Israel . Discussing Finkelstein 's book Beyond Chutzpah , Israeli historian Avi Shlaim stated that Finkelstein 's critique of Israel " is based on an amazing amount of research . He seems to have read everything . He has gone through the reports of Israeli groups , of human rights groups , Human Rights Watch and Peace Now and B , all of the reports of Amnesty International . And he deploys all this evidence from Israeli and other sources in order to sustain his critique of Israeli practices , Israeli violations of human rights of the Palestinians , Israeli house , the targeted of Palestinian militants , the cutting down of trees , the building of the wall — the security barrier on the West Bank , which is illegal — the restrictions imposed on the Palestinians in the West Bank , and so on and so forth . I find his critique extremely detailed , well @-@ documented and accurate . " - In a telephone interview with Today 's , in 2009 , Finkelstein stated : - I think Israel , as a number of commentators pointed out , is becoming an insane state . And we have to be honest about that . While the rest of the world wants peace , Europe wants peace , the US wants peace , but this state wants war , war and war . In the first week of the massacres , there were reports in the Israeli press that Israel did not want to put all its ground forces in Gaza because it was preparing attacks on Iran . Then there were reports it was planning attacks on Lebanon . It is a state . - When asked how he , as the son of Holocaust survivors , felt about Israel ’ s operation in Gaza , Finkelstein replied : - It has been a long time since I felt any emotional connection with the state of Israel , which relentlessly and brutally and keeps these vicious , murderous wars . It is a state . There is a Russian writer who once described states as Genghis Khan with a telegraph . Israel is Genghis Khan with a computer . I feel no emotion of affinity with that state . I have some good friends and their families there , and of course I would not want any of them to be hurt . That said , sometimes I feel that Israel has come out of the ( sic ) of the hell , a state . - The Anti @-@ Defamation League has described Finkelstein as an " obsessive anti @-@ Zionist " filled with " hatred of Zionism and Israel . " On being called an anti @-@ Zionist Finkelstein has said : " It 's a superficial term . I am opposed to any state with an ethnic character , not only to Israel . " - Finkelstein is an advocate of a two @-@ state solution to the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict . - - = = = Hezbollah and Hamas = = = - - Finkelstein has expressed solidarity with Hezbollah and Hamas with respect to defensive actions , alleging that Israel had invaded Lebanon as a signal of rejection when Hamas was seeking a diplomatic settlement with Israel . He also condemned what he said was Israel 's refusal " to abide by international law [ and ] to abide by the opinion of the international community " to settle the conflict . - " I was of course happy to meet the people , because it is a point of view that is rarely heard in the United States . I have no problem saying that I do want to express solidarity with them , and I am not going to be a of ( sic ) a about it . I don 't care about as a political organization . I don 't know much about their politics , and , it 's irrelevant . I don 't live in Lebanon . It 's a choice that the Lebanese have to make : Who they want to be their leaders , who they want to represent them . But there is a fundamental principle . People have the right to defend their country from foreign , and people have the right to defend their country from invaders who are destroying their country . That to me is a very basic , elementary and question . " - While condemning the targeting of civilians to achieve a political goal , Finkelstein has stated he believes Hezbollah has the right to target Israeli civilians as long as " Israel persists in targeting [ Lebanese ] civilians until Israel ceases its terrorist acts . " - Finkelstein claims that an equivalence exists between Hamas and the state of Israel in regards to the military policy of targeted killings during the Second Intifada . According to Finkelstein " the record shows that Israel has routinely targeted civilians for killing " and " Israel kills civilians " . He concludes that " the argument , among human rights organizations at any rate is that ... in effect , there ’ s no difference between killing civilians and targeting civilians . " - Finkelstein argued one of Israel 's primary motivations for launching the 2008 offensive in Gaza was that Hamas was " signaling that it wanted a diplomatic settlement of the conflict along the June 1967 border . " Finkelstein believes Hamas had joined the international community in " seeking a diplomatic settlement " and describes Hamas 's stance towards Israel prior to the war as a " peace offensive . " - - = = Statements on the BDS movement = = - - Finkelstein had made many criticisms of the , and Movement . Finkelstein stated that " I think the solidarity movement has the right tactics . I support the BDS . But I said it will never reach a broad public until and unless they are explicit on their goal . And their goal has to include recognition of Israel , otherwise it 's a . " Elsewhere , he has stated that he supports a " " BDS , making the same point about tactics and goals . - In February 2012 , The Jewish Chronicle in England stated that Finkelstein " launched a blistering attack " on the BDS movement , saying it was a " , dishonest cult " , " [ l ] the cult in , " that tries to cleverly pose as human rights activists while in reality their goal is to destroy Israel . Finkelstein stated that the BDS movement has had very few successes , and that just like a cult , the leaders pretend that they are hugely successful when in reality the general public rejects their extreme views . - In June 2012 , in an appearance on Democracy Now ! , Finkelstein elaborated on his criticisms of the BDS movement : - The problem as I see it with the BDS movement is not the tactic . Who could not support , and ? Of course you should . And most of the human rights organizations , church organizations have moved in that direction . The problem is the goal . . . The official BDS movement , they claim to be agnostic , neutral — whatever term you want to use — on the question of Israel . You can ’ t reach a broad public if you are agnostic on the question of Israel . The broad public wants to know , where do you stand ? And if you claim not to have a stand , you lose them . The BDS movement , it always says , and I ’ m using their language , " We are a rights @-@ based organization . We are based in international law . " I agree with that . That ’ s where you have to go : rights @-@ based international law . But the international law is clear . You read the last sentence of the 2004 International Court of Justice opinion on the wall that Israel has been building in the West Bank , and the last sentence says , " We look forward to two states : a Palestinian state alongside Israel and at peace with its neighbors . " That 's the law . - And if you want to go past that law or ignore the Israel part , you ’ ll never reach a broad public . And then it 's a cult . Then it ’ s pointless , in my opinion . We 're wasting time . And it 's only a wasting of time . It becomes — and I know it 's a strong word , and I hope I won 't be faulted for it , but it becomes historically criminal , because there was a time where whatever we said , it made no difference . Nobody was listening . You could shout whatever you want — who cares ? But now , actually , we can reach people . There is a possibility . I ’ m not saying a certainty . I 'm not even saying a probability . But there is a possibility that we can reach a broad public . And so , we have to be very careful about the words we use , and we have to be very careful about the political strategy we map out . Otherwise , we 're going to a real opportunity . And I don 't want to it . - - = = = Books = = = - - 2014 : Method and Madness : The Story of Israel 's on Gaza , OR Books , New York ( 2014 ) - 2014 : Old Wine , Broken : Ari 's Land , OR Books , New York ( 2014 ) - 2012 : Knowing Too Much : Why the American Jewish with Israel is Coming to an End , OR Books , New York ( 2012 ) ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 935928 @-@ 77 @-@ 5 - 2012 : What Gandhi About , Resistance and Courage , OR Books , New York : 2012 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 935928 @-@ 79 @-@ 9 - 2011 : " . Richard Israel 's license to kill " , OR Books , New York ( 2011 ) , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 935928 @-@ 51 @-@ 5 - 2010 : This Time We Too Far : Truth and of the Gaza Invasion . OR Books , New York : 2010 . [ 2 ] ; ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 935928 @-@ 43 @-@ 0 - 2005 : Beyond Chutzpah : On the of Anti @-@ Semitism and the Abuse of History . University of California Press ; ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ @-@ 9 . 2nd updated Ed . , University of California Press . June 2008 ; ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ @-@ 5 , contains an written by Frank J. , Dershowitz vs Finkelstein . Who 's Right and Who 's Wrong ? , pp. – 94 @,@ - 2000 : The Holocaust Industry : Reflections on the of Jewish Suffering , Verso ; ISBN 1 @-@ @-@ @-@ X. - 1998 : A Nation on Trial : The Goldhagen and Historical Truth ( co @-@ written with Ruth ) , Henry Holt and Co . ; ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 9 . - 1996 : The Rise and Fall of Palestine : A Personal of the Intifada Years . Minneapolis : U of Minnesota P , ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 9 . - 1995 : Image and Reality of the Israel @-@ Palestine Conflict , Verso ; ISBN 1 @-@ @-@ @-@ 1 - 1987 : From the Jewish Question to the Jewish State : An Essay on the Theory of Zionism ( thesis ) , Princeton University . - - = = = Articles and chapters = = = - - " and the Palestine Question : The Not @-@ So @-@ Strange Case of Joan Peter 's ' From Time Immemorial . ' " in the Victims : Scholarship and the Palestinian Question . Ed . Edward W. Said and Christopher . Verso Press , 1988 ; ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 4 . Chapter Two , Part One : - " Peace process or peace panic ? - The of Palestinian " , Middle East Report , 19 ( 1989 ) 3 / 158 , pp. 25 – 26 @,@ 28 @-@ 30 @,@ 42 - " Zionist orientations " , Scandinavian Journal of Development 9 ( March 1990 ) 1 @.@ p . 41 @-@ 69 - " in year II of the . - A personal account " , Journal of Palestine Studies 19 ( Winter 1990 ) 2 / 74 , pp. 62 – 74 - " Israel and Iraq . - A double standard " , Journal of Palestine Studies 20 ( 1991 ) 2 / 78 @.@ pp. 43 – 56 - " Reflections on Palestinian attitudes during the Gulf war " , Journal of Palestine Studies , 21 ( 1992 ) 3 / 83 , pp. 54 – 70 - " sur la de l et du dans le @-@ " ( Reflections on the responsibility of state and citizen in the Arab @-@ Israeli conflict ) , in L ' et la , L 1994 , 114 , S. 37 @-@ 50 - " the process ' ? " , New Left Review , ( 1996 ) 218 , p . 138 - " occupation : The real meaning of the River " , New Left Review , ( 1998 ) 232 , pp. 128 – 39 - to The Politics of Anti @-@ Semitism . Ed . Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair . AK Press , 2001 ; ISBN 1 @-@ @-@ 77 @-@ 4 . - " of Holocaust compensation " , in Palestinian : The Right of Return . Ed . . Pluto Press , 2001 , S. 272 @-@ 275 ; ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ 1776 @-@ 6 . - " Abba with " , Journal of Palestine Studies , vol 32 . ( 2003 ) , pp. 74 – 89 - " for Ending the Occupation " , , 35 ( 2003 ) 5 , pp. – 45 - to , and : Conversations with Jewish Critics of Israel , by Seth Farber . Common Courage Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 @-@ @-@ 326 @-@ 3 . - " The Camp David II negotiations . - how Dennis Ross proved the Palestinians the peace process " , Journal of Palestine Studies , vol . 36 ( 2007 ) , pp. 39 – 53 - " Dennis Ross and the peace process : Palestinian rights to Israeli ' needs ' " , Institute for Palestine Studies , 2007 ; ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ 308 @-@ X - - = = Others on Finkelstein and his works = = - - - = = = Academic reviews of books by Finkelstein = = = - - , Joseph . " Holocaust " , Review Essay , Journal of Palestine Studies , Vol . 32 , No. 1 . ( Autumn , 2002 ) , pp. 78 – 89 . - Cole , Tim . " Representing the Holocaust in America : Mixed or Abuse ? " , The Public Historian , Vol . 24 , No. 4 . ( Fall , 2002 ) , pp. 127 – 31 - , Eric . Reviewed work : Image and Reality of the Israel @-@ Palestine Conflict by Norman Finkelstein , Journal of Palestine Studies , Vol . 33 , No. 3 , Special Issue in Honor of Edward W. Said . ( Spring , 2004 ) , pp. 123 – 124 . - Pelham , Nicolas . Reviewed Work : Image and Reality in the Israel @-@ Palestine by Norman G. Finkelstein , International Affairs , Vol . 72 , No. 3 , and International Relations . ( July 1996 ) , pp. – 28 . - , Ilan . " Valuable New , " Reviewed Work : Image and Reality of the Israel @-@ Palestine by Norman G. Finkelstein , Journal of Palestine Studies , Vol . 26 , No. 4 . ( Summer , 1997 ) , pp. 113 – 15 . - , Joel . " The Palestinian @-@ Israeli Conflict after Oslo " , Reviewed work : Image and Reality of the Israel @-@ Palestine Conflict by Norman G. Finkelstein . Middle East Report , No. 201 , Israel and Palestine : Two States , or ? . ( @-@ Dec 1996 ) , pp. 45 – 47 . - - = = = Reviews of books by Finkelstein = = = - - , ( review of Beyond Chutzpah ) , NRC , February 24 , 2006 . - , Ilan ( review of Beyond Chutzpah ) , ( February / March 2006 ) - De , Alfred . Review of Beyond Chutzpah in Frankfurter Zeitung ( February 3 , 2006 ) - , Paul Charles . These on the Face of the Earth : Israel 's most critic ( review of Beyond Chutzpah , in Christianity Today ( January / February 2006 ) - , Mike . " Israel , fraud and " ( review of Beyond Chutzpah ; January 2006 ) - , Vijay . Z magazine reviews Beyond Chutzpah . Review of Beyond Chutzpah . Z Magazine November 2005 Volume 18 , Number 11 - Gordon , Neve . Neve Gordon : Review of Norman Finkelstein 's , Beyond Chutzpah . Review of Beyond Chutzpah : On the of Anti @-@ Semitism and the Abuse of History , by Norman G. Finkelstein . History News Network , October 12 , 2005 - , Paul . The Finkelstein ( review of The Holocaust Industry ) , Judaism ( Fall 2002 ) - , Tobias . Finkelstein 's : The of Anti @-@ Zionism ( review of The Holocaust Industry ) , ; accessed November 1 , 2015 - Bartov , Omer . " A Tale of Two " ( review of The Holocaust Industry ) , New York Times Book Review , August 6 , 2000 - - = = = of Finkelstein = = = - - Garner , Mandy . " The Good Jewish Boys Go into Battle . " Times Higher Education Supplement 16 December 2005 . - , Ben . " His Own Enemy . " The Jerusalem Post 12 December 2005 . - , Jay . " Finkelstein 's List . " The Observer 16 July 2000 . - , . " The Finkelstein . " Ha 30 March 2001 . - - = = = Critics of Finkelstein and replies = = = - - Daniel Goldhagen , The New of at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 4 , 2002 ) - Norman Finkelstein , Response to Goldhagen - William Rubinstein et al . , Uses of Holocaust , letters to the London Review of Books - David Friedman , Anti @-@ Defamation League letter at the Wayback Machine , calling Finkelstein a " Holocaust " - The Washington Post a : Marc Fisher , a Washington Post columnist , publishes a retraction of his charge of " Holocaust " , ; accessed November 1 , 2015 . - - = = = Video = = = - - Norman Finkelstein at the Internet Movie Database - Eight with Finkelstein ( two sets of four ) , December 2014 and January 2015 , and Three More with Finkelstein , May 2015 , The Real News - American Radical : The Trials of Norman Finkelstein - broadcast of the documentary in two parts - the Israel @-@ Palestine Conflict : University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Jan 21 , 2009 . - Interview broadcast on Lebanese TV January 20 , 2008 - VIDEO : Norman Finkelstein - Israel and Palestine : Roots of Conflict , for Peace , presentation in Seattle , Washington , May 8 , 2008 . - VIDEO : Norman Finkelstein - The Coming of American Zionism , presentation in , Washington , May 8 , 2008 . - VIDEO : Norman Finkelstein at Brown University on YouTube , April 15 , 2008 - Doha Debate at the Oxford Union Video of debate on whether the " pro @-@ Israeli lobby has successfully Western debate about Israel 's actions " with Andrew Cockburn , Martin , and David , May 1 , 2007 - Debate with Ben @-@ on Democracy Now ! , February 14 , 2006 - Finkelstein to Clinton , March 23 , 2010 - Israel vs Palestine - featuring Norman Finkelstein ( April 2014 ) , Rap News - - = Mutinus elegans = - - Mutinus elegans , commonly known as the elegant stinkhorn , the dog stinkhorn , the headless stinkhorn , or the devil 's , is a species of fungus in the family . A saprobic species , it is typically found growing on the ground singly or in small groups on woody debris or leaf litter , during summer and autumn in Japan , Europe , and eastern North America . The fruit body begins its development in an " egg " form , resembling somewhat a puffball partially submerged in the ground . As the fungus matures , a slender orange to pink colored stalk emerges that tapers evenly to a pointed tip . The stalk is covered with a foul @-@ smelling green spore mass on the upper third of its length . Flies and other insects feed upon the which contains the spores , assisting in their dispersal . Due to their repellent odor , mature specimens are not generally considered edible , although there are reports of the immature " eggs " being consumed . In the laboratory , Mutinus elegans has been shown to inhibit the growth of several microorganisms that can be pathogenic to humans . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - Mutinus elegans was first described by British missionary John in 1679 who chronicled the natural history of Virginia ; this early report is thought to be the first account of a fungus in North America . It was first characterized scientifically by French scientist Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne in 1856 , who called it elegans . The genus name Mutinus refers to a phallic deity , Mutinus , one of the Roman di by Roman . The species is commonly known variously as the " elegant stinkhorn " , the " headless stinkhorn " , the " dog stinkhorn " , or the " devil 's " . The specific epithet elegans is derived from the Latin word meaning " graceful " or " elegant " . - - = = Description = = - - The young fruiting bodies are initially white and spherical or egg @-@ shaped , partially submerged in the ground , with dimensions of 2 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 1 @.@ 2 in ) by 1 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) . As the fruit body matures , the egg and the spore @-@ bearing stalk emerges ; fully grown , it may be from 1 to 15 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 9 in ) long and 1 @.@ 5 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The stalk is hollow and strongly wrinkled overall ; its shape is cylindrical below , but it gradually tapers to a narrow apex with a small opening at the tip . The upper half of the stalk is bright red to reddish orange , and the color gradually loses intensity transforming into pinkish white below . The stalk may be straight , or slightly curved . A gelatinous greenish @-@ brown gleba covers the upper third of the stalk in newly emerged specimens . The remains of the " egg " forms a volva around the base of the stalk . The odor of the gleba is foul ; one author describes it as " sickly sweet or metallic " . The spores are a greenish @-@ brown color . Fruit bodies are attached to the substrate by whitish rhizomorphs that resemble plant roots . American mycologist Smith noted that the eggs are often slow to open , sometimes taking up to two weeks before the stalk expands . - The spores are 4 – 7 by 2 – 3 µm , oblong @-@ elliptical , smooth , and embedded in the gleba . A 1982 study revealed that spores of species in the family , including Mutinus elegans , have a scar ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 3 µm diameter ) that is observable with scanning electron microscopy . The scar is a circular at one end of the spore , and it most likely results during the separation of the attachment of the spore to the of the . - - = = = Edibility = = = - - The immature egg @-@ forms of Mutinus elegans are edible , but " not recommended " . One field guides notes that the eggs of the stinkhorn fungi " taste like the that are added to them . " The odor of mature specimens would probably be repellent to most , although they are not considered poisonous . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The " dog stinkhorn " ( Mutinus caninus ) is smaller , has a distinct oval or spindle @-@ shaped tip on a slender stem and lacks the bright coloring of M. elegans ; it has less of the stalk covered by gleba . The portion of the stalk below the spore mass is pitted in M. caninus , compared to " " in M. elegans . M. caninus is also less common than M. elegans . Mutinus is similar in size and shape , except it does not have a distinct color demarcation between the upper and lower parts of the stalk ; instead , the entire stem shows red pigments . The stalk of M. is less tapered than M. elegans , and it has a clearly differentiated swollen head . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - Mutinus elegans is saprobic — deriving nutrients by breaking down dead or dying organic matter . It is commonly found in gardens and farm areas enriched with , near well @-@ decayed stumps and logs , and in wood chips . A Japanese publication mentioned its occurrence in and Osaka @-@ , where it in November and December on the ground along paths or in open spaces , under or near bamboo ( ) and such as the Sawtooth Oak , the Japanese , and the tree . - This common species has been collected in eastern North America , in the area extending from Quebec to Florida and west to the Great Lakes , Iowa , and Texas . In Europe , it has been reported from Netherlands and in Asia , it has been collected in Japan . - - = = activity = = - - A study of 32 mushrooms showed that Mutinus elegans was the only species to show antibiotic ( both and ) activity against all six microorganisms tested , namely , the human pathogenic , , , coli , and the yeast . - - - = The Boat Race 1900 = - - The 57th Boat Race took place on 31 March 1900 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge won by twenty lengths in a record @-@ equalling time of 18 minutes 45 seconds , taking the overall record in the event to 32 – 24 in Oxford 's favour . - - = = Background = = - - The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1899 race by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , while Oxford led overall with 32 victories to Cambridge 's 23 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Leading up to the race , Oxford suffered a variety of misfortune : M. C. was ordered by his doctor not to row , H. J. Hale was injured and president Felix contracted scarlet fever . - Cambridge were coached by James Close , who had rowed for the Light Blues three times between 1872 and 1874 , and Stanley , five @-@ time Blue for Cambridge between 1886 and 1890 . Oxford 's coaches were Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president the previous year and four @-@ time Blue ) and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . The umpire for the race for the eleventh year in a row was Frank who had won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . - - = = Crews = = - - The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 4 @.@ 625 lb ( 78 @.@ 1 kg ) , 0 @.@ 25 pounds ( 0 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained three members with Boat Race experience : C. E. Johnston , C. W. and G. S. Maclagan . Cambridge saw six of their 1899 crew return , including William Dudley Ward and Raymond @-@ Smith , both of whom were rowing in their third race . Eight of the nine Light Blues were students at Trinity College . Oxford 's stroke H. H. , a native of South Australia , was the only non @-@ British participant registered in the race . Author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater suggested that this year 's Cambridge crew , along with the Oxford crew which rowed in the 1897 race , " stand in a class by themselves among University crews . " He also described the Oxford crew as " one of the poorest that ever came from the Isis " . - - = = Race = = - - Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In good conditions , umpire got the race under way at 2 : 00 p.m. whereupon Cambridge took the lead immediately . By Steps they were three lengths ahead and continued to draw away from the Dark Blues , to win by 20 lengths in a time of 18 minutes 45 seconds . It was the fastest winning time in the history of the event , equalling that set by Oxford in the 1893 race . Although it was the Light Blues ' second consecutive victory , it followed a run of nine consecutive wins for Oxford – overall the Dark Blues led 32 – 24 . - - - = Ten Commandments in Catholic theology = - - The Ten Commandments are a series of religious and moral that are recognized as a moral foundation in several of the Abrahamic religions , including Catholicism . As described in the Old Testament books Exodus and , the Commandments form part of a covenant offered by God to the Israelites to free them from the spiritual slavery of sin . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church — the official of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs — the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth , and serve as the basis for Catholic social justice . A review of the Commandments is one of the most common types of examination of conscience used by Catholics before receiving the sacrament of . - The Commandments appear in the earliest Church writings ; the Catechism states that they have " occupied a predominant place " in teaching the faith since the time of Augustine of ( AD 354 – 430 ) . The Church had no official standards for religious instruction until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 ; evidence suggests the Commandments were used in Christian education in the early Church and throughout the Middle Ages , but with inconsistent emphasis . The lack of instruction in them by some dioceses formed the basis of one of the criticisms launched against the Church by Protestant reformers . Afterward , the first Church @-@ wide catechism in provided " thorough discussions of each commandment " , but gave greater emphasis to the seven sacraments . The most recent Catechism devotes a large section to interpret each of the commandments . - Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament , Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and . by Jesus into two " Great Commandments " that teach love of God and love of neighbor , they instruct individuals on their relationships with both . The first three commandments demand respect for God 's name , observation of the Lord 's Day and prohibit the worship of other gods . The others deal with the relationships between individuals , such as that between parent and child ; they include prohibitions against lying , stealing , murdering , adultery and covetousness . - - = = Numbering = = - - The Old Testament refers to ten individual commandments , even though there are more than ten sentences in the two relevant texts : Exodus 20 : 1 – 17 and 5 : 6 – 21 . The Old Testament does not make clear how the texts should be divided to arrive at ten commandments . The division traditionally used by the Catholic and Lutheran churches was first derived by the Latin Church Father Augustine of ( 354 – 430 ) in his book on Exodus . Other Christian churches , such as the Eastern Orthodox and some Protestant churches , use a form established by the Greek Fathers . The two forms have slightly different numbering , but maintain exactly the same substance despite Protestant accusations to the contrary . Jewish numbering differs from Christian denominations in that it considers what many Christians call a to be the entire first commandment . - - = = History = = - - The Ten Commandments are recognized as a moral foundation by Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . They first appear in the Book of Exodus , according to which Moses , acting under the orders of God , freed the Israelites from physical slavery in Egypt . According to Church teaching , God offered a covenant — which included the Ten Commandments — to also free them from the " spiritual slavery " of sin . Some historians have described this as " the central event in the history of ancient Israel " . - The coming of Jesus is seen by the Catholic Church as the of the destiny of the Jews , who were chosen , according to Peter Kreeft , to " show the true God to the world " . Jesus acknowledged the Commandments and instructed his followers to go further , requiring , in Kreeft 's words , " more , not less : a ' righteousness ( which ) exceeds that of the scribes and ' " . Explaining Church teaching , Kreeft states , " The Commandments are to the moral order what the creation story in Genesis 1 is to the natural order . They are God 's order conquering chaos . They are not man 's ideas about God , but God 's ideas about man . " The Church teaches that Jesus freed people from keeping " the burdensome Jewish law ( Torah or Law ) with its distinct regulations [ but ] not from the obligation to keep the Ten Commandments " , because the Ten " were written ' with the finger of God ' , unlike [ those ] written by Moses " . This teaching was reaffirmed at the Council of Trent ( 1545 – 1563 ) and at the Second Vatican Council ( 1962 – 1965 ) . - Although it is uncertain what role the Ten Commandments played in early Christian worship , evidence suggests they were recited during some services and used in Christian education . For example , the Commandments are included in one of the earliest Christian writings , known as the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles or the . Scholars contend that the Commandments were highly regarded by the early Church as a summary of God 's law . The Protestant scholar Klaus believes that the Church replaced the Commandments with lists of virtues and vices , such as the seven deadly sins , from 400 – 1200 . Other scholars contend that throughout Church history the Commandments have been used as an examination of conscience and that many theologians have written about them . While evidence exists that the Commandments were part of in monasteries and other venues , there was no official Church position to promote specific methods of religious instruction during the Middle Ages . The Fourth Lateran Council ( 1215 ) was the first attempt to remedy this problem . Surviving evidence reveals that some bishops ' efforts to implement the Council 's resolutions included special emphasis on teaching the Commandments in their respective dioceses . later , the lack of instruction in them by some dioceses formed the basis of one of the criticisms launched against the Church by Protestant reformers . - produced in specific dioceses from the mid @-@ fourteenth century emphasized the Commandments and laid the foundation for the first official Church @-@ wide catechism , the Roman Catechism . Commissioned by the Council of Trent , it provided " thorough discussions of each commandment " but gave greater emphasis to the seven sacraments to emphasize the Catholic belief that Christian life was dependent upon the grace solely obtained through the sacramental life provided by the Catholic Church . This emphasis conflicted with Protestant beliefs , which held the Commandments as the source of divine grace . While more recent papal offer interpretations of Church teaching on individual commandments , throughout history official Church teachings on the Commandments are based on their mentions in the Old and New and the writings of the early Church Fathers , and Augustine . Later , theologians Thomas Aquinas and offered notable commentaries on the Commandments . Aquinas , a Doctor of the Church , considered them to be the " primary precepts of justice and all law , and natural reason gives immediate assent to them as being plainly evident principles . " - The most recent Catechism of the Catholic Church — the official summary of Church beliefs — devotes a large section to the Commandments , which serve as the basis for Catholic social teaching . According to the Catechism , the Church has given them a predominant place in teaching the faith since the fifth century . Kreeft explains that the Church regards them as " a path of life " , and a " path to freedom " just as a fence protects children from " life @-@ threatening dangers " . - - = = First commandment = = - - The first commandment , according to Church teaching , " means that [ followers ] must worship and God alone because God is alone . " The Catechism explains that this prohibits idolatry , providing examples of forbidden practices such as the worship of any creature , and of " ' demons ... power , pleasure , race , ancestors , the state [ and ] money ' " . Augustine interpreted this commandment as " Love God and then do what you will " . Explaining this sentiment , Kreeft states that all sin " serves some other god , another commander : the world or the flesh or the devil " , if God truly be loved then one will do what God wills . - The Catechism associates this commandment with the three theological virtues . The first virtue , faith , instructs Catholics to believe in God and avoid heresy , , and schism . The second virtue , hope , Catholics against despair and . According to the Catechism , the last virtue , charity , can be met only if Catholics refrain from indifference or toward God , and avoid spiritual and a hatred of God stemming from pride . The Catechism specific violations of this commandment , including superstition , polytheism , , , and all practices of magic and sorcery . It further prohibits astrology , palm reading , and consulting or . The Catechism attributes the latter actions to a " desire for power over time , history , and in the last analysis , other human beings as well as a wish to hidden powers " . - - = = = images = = = - - While Catholics are sometimes accused of worshiping images , in violation of the first commandment , the Church says this is a misunderstanding . In the Church 's opinion , " the honor paid to sacred images is a ' respectful veneration ' , not the adoration due to God alone " . In the 8th century , heated arguments arose over whether religious icons ( in this context paintings ) were prohibited by the first commandment . The dispute was almost entirely restricted to the Eastern church ; the wished to prohibit icons , while the supported their veneration , a position consistently backed by the Western Church . At the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 , the ecumenical council determined that the veneration of icons and statues was not in violation of the commandment and stated " whoever an image the person portrayed in it . " At around the time of the controversy over , the Western church began to use monumental sculpture , which by the Romanesque period became a major feature of Western Christian art , that has remained part of the Catholic tradition , in contrast to Eastern Christianity , which avoids large religious sculpture . The Catechism , using very traditional arguments , posits that God gave permission for images that symbolize Christian salvation by leaving symbols such as the bronze serpent , and the on the Ark of the Covenant . It states that " by becoming , the Son of God introduced a new economy of images " . - The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( ) explain the Catechism in their book entitled United States Catechism for Adults , published in 2006 . Regarding images , they expound that this command addresses idolatry that in ancient times expressed itself in the worship of such things as the " sun , moon , stars , trees , bulls , eagles , and serpents " as well as " emperors and kings " . They explain that today , idolatry expresses itself in the worship of other things , and list some as " power , money , and sports . " - - = = Second commandment = = - - The second commandment prohibits the use of God 's name in vain . Many ancient cultures believed that names were sacred ; some had prohibitions on when a person 's name could be spoken . The Gospel of John relates an incident where a group of Jews attempted to stone Jesus after he used a sacred name of God to refer to himself . They interpreted his statement as a claim of divinity . Since they did not believe that he was God , they considered this blasphemy , which under law carries a death penalty . Kreeft writes that all of the names by which God is known are holy , and thus all of those names are protected by the second commandment . The Catechism states , " Respect for his name is an expression of the respect owed to the mystery of God himself and to the whole sacred reality it evokes . " The Catechism also requires respect for the names of people out of respect for the dignity of that person . - The sentiment behind this commandment is further codified in the Lord 's Prayer , which begins , " Our Father who art in heaven , be thy name " . According to Pope Benedict XVI , when God revealed his name to Moses he established a relationship with mankind ; Benedict states that the was the culmination of a process that " had begun with the giving of the divine name . " Benedict that this means the divine name could be misused and that Jesus ' inclusion of " be thy name " is a plea for the of God 's name , to " protect the wonderful mystery of his accessibility to us , and constantly assert his true identity as opposed to our distortion of it " . - According to Catholic teaching , this commandment does not preclude the use of God 's name in taking solemn oaths administered by legitimate authority . However , lying under oath , invoking God 's name for magical purposes , or voicing words of hatred or defiance against God are considered sins of blasphemy . - - = = Third commandment = = - - Quoting the Jewish rabbi and scholar Jacob , Pope Benedict XVI explains that to Israel , keeping this commandment was more than ritual ; it was a way to imitate God , who rested on the seventh day after the creation . It also constituted the core of the social order . - Although a few Christian denominations follow the practice of observing the Sabbath on Saturday , Catholics , along with most Christians , observe Sunday as a special day , which they call the " Lord 's Day " . This practice dates to the first century , arising from their belief that Jesus rose from the dead on the first day of the week . The calls on Christians to come together on the Lord 's Day to break bread and give thanks . is the first to mention Sunday rest : " We , however ( just as tradition has taught us ) , on the day of the Lord 's Resurrection ought to guard not only against kneeling , but every posture and office of , even our businesses we give any place to the devil " ( " De . " , ; cf . " Ad nation . " , I , ; " . " , ) . - In the sixth century , of taught that the whole glory of the Jewish Sabbath had been transferred to Sunday and that Christians must keep Sunday in the same way as the Jews were commanded to keep the Sabbath . The Council of in 538 this tendency , to apply the law of the Jewish Sabbath to the observance of the Christian Sunday , as Jewish and non @-@ Christian . - The Church leaders of later centuries inscribed Sunday rest into official Church teaching , and Christian governments have attempted to enforce the Sunday rest throughout history . For Catholics , Jesus ' teaching that " the was made for man , not man for the " means that good works " when the needs of others demand it " can be part of the day of rest . The Catechism offers guidelines on how to observe the Lord 's Day , which include attending Mass on Sundays and holy days of obligation . On these days , Catholics may not work or do activities that " hinder the worship due to God " , but " performance of the works of mercy , and appropriate relaxation in a spirit of joy " are permitted . - According to the , this commandment " has been for Catholics " as one of the Church precepts . The organization cites the papal encyclical Dies : - Because the faithful are obliged to attend Mass unless there is a grave , have the corresponding duty to offer everyone the real possibility of fulfilling the precept . ... Yet more than a precept , the observance should be seen as a need rising from the depths of Christian life . It is important that all the faithful should be convinced that they cannot live their faith or share fully in the life of the Christian community unless they take part regularly in the Sunday assembly . - - = = Fourth commandment = = - - Pope Benedict XVI states that Rabbi " rightly sees this commandment as anchoring the heart of the social order " . It strengthens relationships , makes explicit the connection between family order and societal stability , and reveals that the family is " both willed and protected by God . " Because parents ' unconditional love for their children mirrors God 's love , and because they have a duty to pass the faith on to their children , the Catechism calls the family " a domestic church " , " a privileged community " and the " original cell of social life " . - The Catechism says this commandment requires duties of children to parents that include : - Respect toward parents that also flows to brothers and sisters . - Gratitude , as expressed in a quote from : " Remember that through your parents you were born ; what can you give back to them that equals their gift to you ? " - to parents for as long as the child lives at home " when it is for his good or the good of the family " , except when obedience would require the child to do something morally wrong . - Support that requires grown children to offer material and moral support for their aging parents , particularly at times of " illness , loneliness , or distress " . - Keeping this commandment , according to the Catechism , also requires duties of parents to children which include : - " education , spiritual formation and " of their children . - Respect for their children as children of God and human persons . - discipline for children while being careful not to provoke them . - " pressure to choose a certain profession or spouse " , which does not preclude parents from giving " advice " . - " Being a good example " to their children . - " their own failings " to their children to guide and correct them . - - = = = Jesus ' expansion = = = - - The Gospel of Matthew relates that when told his mother and brothers were waiting to see him , Jesus replied , " Who is my mother and who are my brothers ? " his hand over his disciples he said , " Here are my mother and my brothers ! For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother , and my sister , and mother . " Pope Benedict XVI stated that this of Jesus brought the fourth commandment to a new and higher level . By doing God 's will , any person can become part of the universal family of Jesus . Thus , the fourth commandment 's responsibilities extend to the greater society and requires respect for " legitimate social authorities " . The Catechism specifies " duties of citizens and nations " , which Kreeft as : - " and honor " to " all who for our good have received authority in society from God " . - " of taxes , exercising the right to vote and defending one 's country " . - " An obligation to be and critical " , which requires citizens to criticize that which harms human dignity and the community . - " A duty to disobey " civil authorities and that are contrary to the moral order . - " To practice charity " , which is a " necessity for any working family or society " ; it is the " greatest social commandment " and requires people to love God and neighbor . - " To welcome the foreigner " who is in need of security and livelihood that cannot be found in his own country . - " An obligation for rich nations to help poor nations " , especially in times of " immediate need " . - " An expectation for families to help other families " . - - = = Fifth commandment = = - - This commandment demands respect for human life and is more accurately translated as " thou not murder . " Indeed , killing may , under limited circumstances , be justified within Catholicism . Jesus expanded it to prohibit unjust anger , hatred and vengeance , and to require Christians to love their enemies . The basis of all Catholic teaching about the fifth commandment is the of life ethic , which Kreeft argues is philosophically opposed to the quality of life ethic , a philosophy which he as introduced by a book entitled Die der des ( The to Life of Life ) ( see Life unworthy of life ) and which he asserts was the " first to win public acceptance ... by German doctors before World War II — the basis and beginning of Nazi medical practices . " This interpretation is supported by modern medical journals that discuss the dilemma posed by these opposing philosophies to who must make life or death decisions . Some characterize the use of the " Nazi analogy " as inappropriate when applied to quality of life decisions ; Arthur called this rhetoric " wrong " . The Church is actively involved in the public debates over abortion , capital punishment and , and encourages to support legislation and politicians it describes as pro @-@ life . - - = = = = = = - - The Catechism states : " Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator , who is its sole end . ... no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being . " Direct and intentional killing of an innocent human is considered a mortal sin . Considered by the Church to be of an even greater gravity is the murder of family members , including " , , , the murder of a spouse and procured abortion . " - The Catechism states that the embryo " must be treated from conception as a person " . The Latin original of as is , meaning " like " or " just as " . " Although the Church has not determined officially when human life actually begins , it has taken the course of maintaining that human life is present from the moment of conception or fertilization " ; respect for life at all stages , even potential life , is generally the context of church documents . - has been specifically and persistently condemned by the Church since the first century . " Formal cooperation " in abortion the penalty of excommunication " by the very commission of the offense " ( , " sentence [ already , i.e. automatically ] passed " ) . The Catechism emphasizes that this penalty is not meant to restrict mercy , but that it makes clear the gravity of the crime and the harm done to the child , its parents and society . " Formal cooperation " in abortion extends not just to the mother who freely , but also to the doctor , nurses and anyone who directly aids in the act . The Church has of reconciliation , such as Project Rachel , for those who of their sin of formal cooperation in abortion . - Official Church teaching allows for medical procedures and treatments intended to protect or restore the mother 's health if she would be in mortal danger without them , even when such procedures carry some risk of death to the fetus . Examples include the removal of a tube in the case of an pregnancy , removal of a pregnant uterus , or an . - - = = = = Use of embryos for research or fertilization = = = = - - The United States Catechism for Adults devotes a section to in vitro fertilization , stem @-@ cell research and in its explanation of the fifth commandment , because these often involve the destruction of human embryos , considered to be a sinful form of murder . stem cell research is called " an immoral means to a good end " and " morally unacceptable . " Citing the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 's on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the of , the US Bishops quote : " No objective , even though noble in itself , such as a foreseeable advantage to science , to other human beings , or to society , can in any way justify experimentation on living human embryos or , whether viable or not , either inside or outside the mother 's body . " The Bishops note that adult stem cell research , using cells obtained with informed consent , is a promising field of research that is morally acceptable . - - = = = Suicide , = = = - - The fifth commandment forbids suicide and the mercy killing of those who are dying , even to eliminate suffering . The ordinary care of those facing an imminent death may not morally be withheld , according to the Church . " Ordinary care " refers to food , water and pain relief , and does not include " extraordinary care " , which refers to the use of or feeding tubes that are considered discretionary . a terminally ill person to die , using that may shorten their life , or refusing extraordinary treatment to the terminally ill such as chemotherapy or radiation , are considered morally acceptable and not a violation of the fifth commandment , in accordance with the principle of double effect . - - = = = Capital punishment = = = - - For the first two hundred years , Christians " refused to kill in the military , in self @-@ defense , or in the judicial system " , but there was no official Church position on the death penalty . When the Church was first officially recognized as a public institution in , its attitude toward capital punishment became one of toleration but not outright acceptance . The death penalty had support from early Catholic theologians , though some of them such as Saint encouraged members of the clergy not to or carry out capital punishment . Saint Augustine answered objections to capital punishment rooted in the first commandment in The City of God . Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus argued that civil authority to carry out capital punishment was supported by scripture . Pope Innocent III required Peter Waldo and the to accept that " secular power can , without mortal sin , exercise judgement of blood , provided that it with justice , not out of hatred , with prudence , not precipitation " as a prerequisite for reconciliation with the church . Paul states that official Church teachings have neither absolutely condemned nor promoted capital punishment , but toleration of it has fluctuated throughout the ages . The provide the most memorable instance of Church support for capital punishment , although some historians considered these more lenient than the secular courts of the period . - The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that the death penalty is permissible in cases of extreme gravity . It is allowed if the " guilty party 's identity and responsibility have been fully determined " and if the death penalty is the only way to defend others against the guilty party . However , if there are other means available to defend people from the " unjust aggressor " , these are preferred because they are considered to be more respectful of the dignity of the person and in keeping with the common good . Because modern societies have effective means for preventing crime without execution , the Catechism declares , " the cases in which execution of the is an absolute necessity ' are very rare , if practically . ' " Pope John Paul II discussed and affirmed this in , published in 1995 . - - = = = Personal health , dead bodies , burial = = = - - According to Church teaching , respect for human life requires respect for one 's own body , unhealthy behavior , the abuse of food , alcohol , medicines , illegal drugs , tattoos and . The Church also warns against the opposite behavior of " excessive preoccupation with the health and welfare of the body that ' ' physical perfection , fitness , and success at sports . " - , terrorism , and torture are forbidden , as well as , , that are not for therapeutic medical reasons . According to the Catechism , societies have a moral obligation to strive to provide healthy living conditions for all people . - Church belief in the resurrection of the body led to a prohibition against cremation that was modified at the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s under limited circumstances , but those conditions have been largely ignored even by the clergy . According to the Catechism , burial of the dead is a corporal work of mercy that must treat the body with respect and love ( e.g. scattering of remains , burial in an unmarked grave , are forbidden in the Catholic Church ) . Organ donation after death and organ under certain terms , also for legal and scientific reasons are permitted . - - = = = War and self @-@ defense = = = - - In the on the Mount , Jesus recalls the commandment , " You shall not kill " and then adds to it the against anger , hatred and vengeance . Going further , Christ asks his disciples to love their enemies . The Catechism asserts that " it is legitimate to insist on respect for one 's own right to life . " Kreeft says , " self @-@ defense is legitimate for the same reason suicide is not : because one 's own life is a gift from God , a treasure we are responsible for preserving and defending . " The Catechism teaches that " someone who defends his life is not guilty of murder even if he is forced to deal his aggressor a lethal blow . " defense can be not only a right but a grave duty for one who is responsible for the lives of others . The defense of the common good requires that an unjust aggressor be rendered unable to cause harm . For this reason , those who legitimately hold authority also have the right to use arms to repel against the civil community entrusted to their responsibility . - The Church requires all to pray and work to prevent unjust wars , but allows for just wars if certain conditions are met : - The reasons for going to war are defensive . - " The damage inflicted by the aggressor ... must be lasting , grave , and certain . " - It is a last resort taken only after all other means of putting an end to the " grave damage " have been ineffective . - The ultimate aim is peace and there is a serious chance of success . - No are produced that overshadow the evil to be eliminated . This forbids the use of arms to eliminate whole cities and areas with their inhabitants . - Respect and care is required for non @-@ combatants , wounded soldiers and prisoners . Soldiers are required to disobey commands to commit and ones that violate universal principles . - - = = = Scandal = = = - - The Catechism classifies scandal under the fifth commandment and defines it as " an attitude or behavior which leads another to do evil " . In the Gospel of Matthew , Jesus stated , " causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin , it would be better for him to have a great round his neck and to be drowned in the depth of the sea . " The Church considers it a serious crime to cause another 's faith , hope and love to be weakened , especially if it is done to young people and the perpetrator is a person of authority such as a parent , teacher or priest . - - = = Sixth commandment = = - - According to the Church , humans are sexual beings whose sexual identity should be accepted in the unity of body and soul . The sexes are meant by divine design to be different and complementary , each having equal dignity and made in the image of God . Sexual acts are sacred within the context of the marital relationship that reflects a " complete and lifelong mutual gift of a man and a woman . " Sexual sins thus violate not just the body but the person 's whole being . In his 1995 book Crossing the of Hope , John Paul II reflected on this concept : - After all , young people are always searching for the beauty in love . They want their love to be beautiful . If they give in to weakness , following the models of behavior that can rightly be considered a ' scandal in the contemporary world ' ( and these are , unfortunately , widely models ) , in the depths of their hearts they still desire a beautiful and pure love . This is as true of boys as it is of girls . Ultimately , they know that only God can give them this love . As a result , they are willing to follow Christ , without caring about the sacrifices this may entail . - Like Orthodox Judaism and Islam , the Catholic Church considers all sexual acts outside of marriage to be grave sins . The gravity of the sin " ' excludes one from sacramental communion ' until of and in sacramental confession . " - - = = = to chastity = = = - - Church teaching on the sixth commandment includes a discussion on chastity . The Catechism describes chastity as a " moral virtue ... a gift from God , a grace , a fruit of spiritual effort . " The Church sees sex as more than a physical act ; it also affects body and soul , so the Church teaches that chastity is a virtue all people are called to acquire . It is defined as the inner unity of a person 's " bodily and spiritual being " that successfully a person 's sexuality with his or her " entire human nature . " To acquire this virtue , followers are encouraged to enter into the " long and exacting work " of self @-@ mastery that is helped by friendships , God 's grace , maturity and education " that respects the moral and spiritual dimensions of human life . " The Catechism violations of the sixth commandment into two categories : " offenses against chastity " and " offenses against the dignity of marriage " . - - = = = = against chastity = = = = - - The Catechism lists the following " offenses against chastity " in increasing order of gravity : - Lust : the Church teaches that sexual pleasure is good and created by God , who meant for spouses to " experience pleasure and enjoyment of body and spirit " . Kreeft says , " Lust does not mean sexual pleasure as such , nor the delight in it , nor the desire for it in its right context . " Lust is the desire for sexual pleasure alone , outside its intended purpose of procreation and the uniting of man and woman , body and soul , in mutual self @-@ donation . - is considered sinful for the same reasons as lust , but is a step above lust in that it involves a physical act instead of a mental one . - is the sexual union of an unmarried man and an unmarried woman . This is considered contrary to " the dignity of persons and of human sexuality " because it is not ordered to the " good of spouses " or the " generation and education of children . " - ranks higher because it is considered a perversion of the sexual act that is intended for distribution to third parties for viewing . - is considered sinful for both the prostitute and the customer ; it reduces a person to an instrument of sexual pleasure , violating human dignity and society . The gravity of the is less for prostitutes who are forced into the act by , blackmail or social pressure . - is an intrinsically evil act that can cause grave damage to the victim for life . - , or " rape of children by parents or other adult relatives " or " those responsible for the education of the children entrusted to them " is considered the most of sexual sins . - - = = = = = = = = - - The Catechism devotes a separate section to homosexuality within its explanation of the sixth commandment . Like heterosexual acts outside of marriage , homosexual acts are considered sins . The Church distinguishes between homosexual attractions , which are not considered sinful , and homosexual acts , which are . The Catechism states that they " violate natural law , cannot bring forth life , and do not proceed from a genuine and sexual . Under no circumstances can they be approved . " The Church teaches that a homosexual inclination is " disordered " and can be a great trial for the person , who the Church teaches must be " accepted with respect , compassion and sensitivity ... unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided . " - are , according to the Church , " called to chastity " . They are instructed to practice the virtues of " self @-@ mastery " that teaches " inner freedom " using the support of friends , prayer and grace found in the sacraments of the Church . These tools are meant to help homosexuals " gradually and approach Christian perfection " , which is a state to which all Christians are called . - ( Two lay movements represent opposing philosophies regarding homosexuality : seeks to change the Church 's teachings to justify homosexual acts ; Courage International is an organization of homosexuals who " support each other in the sincere effort to live in chastity and in fidelity to Christ and his Church " . ) - - = = = Love of husband and wife = = = - - According to Church teaching , spousal love is intended to form an unbroken , two @-@ fold end : the union of husband and wife and the transmission of life . The aspect includes the of each partner 's being " so that they are no longer two but one flesh . " The sacrament of is viewed as God 's sealing the consent which binds the partners together . Church teaching on the marital state requires spousal acceptance of each other 's failures and faults , and the recognition that the " call to in marriage " is one that requires a process of spiritual growth and conversion that can last throughout life . - - = = = = of marriage , sexual pleasure , birth control = = = = - - The Church position on sexual activity can be summarized as : " sexual activity belongs only in marriage as an expression of total self @-@ giving and union , and always open to the possibility of new life . " Sexual acts in marriage are considered " noble and honorable " and are meant to be enjoyed with " joy and gratitude . " is to be reserved to marriage : " by its very nature love requires the fidelity of the spouses . This is the consequence of the gift of themselves which they make to each other . Love seeks to be definitive ; it cannot be an arrangement ' until further notice . ' " The " intimate union of marriage , as a mutual giving of two persons , and the good of the children , demand total fidelity from the spouses and require an union between them . " ( Gaudium et spes ) " . - Artificial birth control predates Christianity ; the Catholic Church has condemned these methods throughout its history . In response to the Church of England accepting the practice of artificial contraception in 1930 , the Catholic Church issued the papal encyclical on 31 December 1930 . The 1968 papal encyclical is a of the Catholic Church 's traditional view of marriage and marital relations , and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control . - The Church seeing large families as a sign of God 's blessing . " By its very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the procreation and education of the offspring and it is in them that it finds its crowning glory . " ( Gaudium et spes ) Children are the supreme gift of marriage and contribute greatly to the good of the parents themselves . ( ... ) true married love and the whole structure of family life which results from it , without of the other ends of marriage , are directed to the spouses to cooperate with the love of the Creator and , who through them will increase and his family from day to day . ( Gaudium et spes ) . " It recognizes that responsible sometimes calls for reasonable spacing or limiting of births and considers natural family planning as morally acceptable , but rejects all methods of artificial contraception . The Church rejects all forms of artificial insemination and fertilization because the techniques divorce the sexual act from the creation of a child . The Catechism states , " A child is not something owed to one , but is a gift ... ' the supreme gift of marriage . ' " - Many Western Catholics and non @-@ Catholics have voiced disagreement on the Church 's support for natural family planning , and contend it contributes to and poverty . The Church 's rejection of condom use is widely criticized , in particular with regard to countries where the incidence of AIDS and HIV has reached epidemic proportions . In its defense , Catholics cite countries such as Kenya and Uganda , where behavioral changes are encouraged instead of condom use , and where greater progress in controlling the disease has been made than in countries that promote condom use alone . - - = = = = against the dignity of marriage = = = = - - According to the Church , adultery and divorce are considered offenses against the dignity of marriage and are defined as follows : - is the sexual union of a man and woman where at least one is married to someone else . It is for this reason that the Church considers it a greater sin than . Kreeft states , " The sins against his spouse , his society , and his children as well as his own body and soul . " - Divorce : According to the Catholic New American Bible translation , Jesus taught , " whoever divorces his wife ( unless the marriage is unlawful ) causes her to commit adultery , and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery . " Explaining Church interpretation of this teaching , Kreeft says Jesus considered divorce to be an accommodation that had slipped into Jewish law . The Church teaches that marriage was created by God and was meant to be : like the creation of a child that cannot be " un @-@ created " , neither can the " one flesh " of the marriage bond . The Catechism states , " Divorce is a grave offense against the natural law . It claims to break the contract , to which the spouses freely consented , to live with each other till death . " By marrying another , the divorced person adds to the gravity of the offense as the remarried spouse is considered to be in a state of " public and permanent adultery " . - The of the Catechism 502 lists other offenses against the dignity of marriage : " polygamy , , free unions ( , ) , and sexual acts before or outside of marriage " . - - = = = = , civil divorce , = = = = - - According to the Church , there are situations that do not to divorce : - In extreme situations , such as domestic violence , separation is allowed . This is not considered a divorce and may be justified . - Civil divorce is not a divorce according to the Church . If it is deemed to be the only way of ensuring legal rights , care of children , or protection of inheritance , the Church considers it morally acceptable . - is not a divorce ; it is a ruling by the Church that the marriage was never valid . The marriage is deemed invalid if it lacks one of five integral elements : it should be " complete " , " lifelong " , " mutual " , a " free gift " and of " man and woman " . According to Pope John Paul II 's Address to the Roman on 22 January 1996 , couples do not have a right to an annulment , but do have a right to make their case for or validity before " the competent Church authority and to request a decision in the matter . " According to the Catholic Diocese of : - ... signs that might indicate reasons to investigate for an annulment are : marriage that excluded at the time of the wedding the right to children , or to a permanent marriage , or to an exclusive commitment . In addition , there are youthful marriages ; marriages of very short duration ; marriages marked by serious emotional , physical , or substance abuse ; sexual practices ; profound and consistent and lack of commitment ; conditional consent to a marriage ; fraud or deceit to elicit spousal consent ; serious mental illness ; or a previous bond of marriage . The determination of the ground should be made after extensive consultation with the parish priest or deacons , and based upon the proofs that are available . - - = = Seventh commandment = = - - The Catechism explains that this commandment worldly goods , and forbids unjustly taking , using or damaging those that belong to someone else . It places requirements upon those who possess worldly goods to use them , taking into consideration the good of society . The Catechism addresses the concept of human stewardship of God 's creation in its explanation of the seventh commandment and forbids abuse of animals and the environment . - - = = = Private property = = = - - According to the Church , people have a right to private property . However , ownership makes that person " a steward " who is expected to make it " fruitful " or profitable in a way that benefits others after that person has first taken care of their family . Private property and the common good are seen as complementary elements that exist for the purpose of strengthening society . The taking of another 's private property " in obvious and urgent necessity " as " the only way to provide for immediate , essential needs ( food , shelter , clothing ) " is not considered by the Church to be stealing . The concept of slavery as private property is condemned by the Church , which classifies it as the stealing of a person 's human rights . - - = = = Theft = = = - - According to the Catechism , theft or stealing means " another 's property against the reasonable will of the owner " though exclusion exists for someone in great need to survive . " taking and keeping the property of others " considered as theft , even if the act is outside the scope of civil law . Cardinal Christoph gave example from the story of Saint Augustine , written in his Confessions , who took from neighbor 's garden when he was young . says that Augustine still has " of conscience over a childish theft " even when he became grown person , indicating that human conscience is very aware of theft though the act perhaps not an offense against civil law . - Following acts are also considered as violation of the seventh commandment : price manipulation to get advantage on the harm of others , corruption , appropriation of the public goods for personal interests , work poorly carried out , tax avoidance , counterfeiting of checks or any means of payment , any forms of copyright infringement and piracy , and extravagance . - - = = = Social justice = = = - - The papal encyclical discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital , as well as government and its citizens . Of primary concern was the need for some for " the misery and pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class " . The encyclical supported the right to form unions , rejected socialism , communism and unrestricted capitalism , and affirmed the right to private property . - Church interpretation of the seventh commandment teaches that business owners should balance a desire for profits that will ensure the future of the business with a responsibility toward the " good of persons " . Business owners are required to pay their workers a reasonable wage , honor contracts , and from dishonest activity , including bribery of government officials . Workers are required to do their jobs , as they have been hired to do them , and to avoid in the workplace , such as using office goods for personal use without permission ( ) . - The Church teaches that a balance should exist between government regulation and the laws of the marketplace . It deems that sole reliance on the marketplace ( pure capitalism ) addresses many human needs , while sole reliance on government regulation ( pure socialism ) " the basis of social bonds " . The Church warns about the danger of either capitalism or socialism , as these systems tend to use excessive extremes that result in injustice to persons . - nations , like individuals , have a moral obligation to help poorer nations and individuals , and work to reform financial institutions and economic factors to benefit all . - - = = Eighth commandment = = - - The Catechism explains that bearing false witness or " speaking a with the intention of " encompasses all violations of truth . These violations have degrees of gravity depending on the " intentions of the one who lies and the harms suffered by its victims . " Listed as follows , these are : - witness and : statements made publicly in court which obstruct justice by condemning the innocent or the guilty , or which may increase the punishment of the accused . - judgement : believing , without sufficient evidence , that a person has done moral faults . - : the of another 's faults without a valid reason . - : lying to harm a person 's reputation and providing opportunity to others to make false concerning them . - : " speech to others for our benefit . " - , , or mocking : speech which either only honors oneself or others . - The Church requires those who have damaged the reputation of another to " make reparation for the they have communicated . " However , it does not require a person to reveal a truth to someone who does not have a right to know , and teaches respect for a right to privacy . are prohibited from violating the seal of confession no matter how grave the sin or its impact on society . - Included in the Church teachings of this commandment is the requirement for Christians to bear witness to their faith " without " in situations that require it . The use of modern media in spreading , by individuals , businesses or governments , is condemned . - - = = commandment = = - - The ninth and tenth commandments deal with , which is an interior disposition not a physical act . The Catechism distinguishes between covetousness of the flesh ( improper sexual desire ) and covetousness for another 's worldly goods . The ninth commandment deals with the former and the tenth the latter . - Jesus emphasized the need for pure thoughts as well as actions , and stated , " Everyone who looks at a woman has already committed adultery with her in his heart " ( Matthew 5 : 28 ) . The Catechism states that , with the help of God 's grace , men and women are required to overcome lust and bodily desires " for sinful relationships with another person 's spouse . " In of the Body , a series of lectures given by Pope John Paul II , Jesus ' statement in Matthew 5 : 28 is interpreted that one can commit adultery in the heart not only with another 's spouse , but also with his / her own spouse if one looks at him / her or treats him / her " only as an object to satisfy instinct " . - Purity of heart is suggested as the necessary quality needed to accomplish this task ; common Catholic prayers and hymns include a request for this virtue . The Church identifies gifts of God that help a person maintain purity : - , which enables people to love others with upright and undivided hearts . - Purity of intention , which seeks to fulfill God 's will in everything , knowing that it alone will lead to the true end of man . - Purity of vision , " external and internal " , the thoughts and imagination to reject those that are impure . - Prayer that recognizes the power of God to grant a person the ability to overcome sexual desires . - , of the feelings as well as the body is discreet in choice of words and clothing . - Jesus stated , " Blessed are the clean of heart , for they shall see God . " This purity of heart , which the ninth commandment introduces , is the " of the vision of God " and allows the person to see situations and people as God sees . The Catechism teaches that " there is a connection between purity of heart , of body and of faith . " - - = = Tenth commandment = = - - Detachment from riches is the goal of the tenth commandment and the first ( " blessed are the poor in spirit " ) because , according to the Catechism , this precept is necessary for entrance into the Kingdom of heaven . is prohibited by the tenth commandment because it is considered to be the first step toward commission of theft , robbery and fraud ; these lead to violence and injustice . The Church defines covetousness as a " disordered desire " that can take different forms : - is the desire for too much of what one does not need . - is the desire for what belongs to another . The US Bishops define it as " an attitude that fills us with sadness at the sight of another 's prosperity . " - Explaining Church teaching of this commandment , Kreeft cites Saint Thomas Aquinas , who wrote , " An evil desire can only be overcome by a stronger good desire . " The US Bishops suggest that this can be achieved through cultivation of goodwill , and gratitude for one 's own and others ' blessings , while trusting in God 's grace . Kreeft explains that Saint Paul the illustrated the concept in his letter to the when he listed his worldly credentials as a respected Jew and stated , " I count everything as loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord . " As Jesus stated , " What shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world , and lose his own soul ? " Church teaching on the tenth commandment is directed toward this same attitude toward worldly goods , termed " poverty of spirit " . - - - = Yamaha NS @-@ 10 = - - The Yamaha NS @-@ 10 is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers . in 1978 , the NS @-@ 10 started life as a speaker destined for the domestic environment . It was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings . The speaker has a characteristic white @-@ coloured mid – bass drive unit . - Technically , it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings . Recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it , resulting in what became known as the " tissue paper effect " , a type of comb filtering . The NS @-@ 10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists , leading Gizmodo to refer to it as " the most important loudspeaker you never heard of " . Yamaha discontinued the product in 2001 . - - = = History = = - - Originally conceived as a domestic hi @-@ fi speaker , the NS @-@ 10 was designed by Akira and launched in 1978 . It was sold at the $ 400 price point . The speaker was poorly received and its commercial life was short . However , it took five years for its popularity to be established with professional users . As recording engineers came to rely on the NS @-@ 10 as a , it dominated the mixing of pop and rock music throughout the world for at least 20 years . - The NS @-@ 10 displaced the Sound as the nearfield monitor of choice in the 1980s and was recognised for its ability to reveal shortcomings in recordings . It probably first reached American shores through a recording engineer 's visit to Japan . The engineer , likely to have been Greg , monitored a recording session through the speaker in a Japanese studio and brought a pair back on his return to the US . then began using the speakers in a Los Angeles studio . Other engineers heard the NS @-@ 10 for the first time and were impressed by its sound . Its use spread to New York where the NS @-@ 10 was adopted at The Power Station and other studios . - Early use of the NS @-@ 10 among engineers include Bob Clearmountain , Rhett Davies , and Bill in the US , and Nigel in the UK . Clearmountain , then a rising star in record production , is often credited for the popularity of the NS @-@ 10 ; Phil Ward , writing in Sound on Sound , suggested that Clearmountain was probably not the earliest , but was certainly the most influential early . It became a legend that Clearmountain had chosen it because it was the worst speaker he could find . He was one of a new breed of creative freelance recording engineers and producers who would travel from studio to studio equipped with their own gear that included microphones , and a pair of Yamaha NS @-@ 10 , as a reference . - Recording studios around the world , particularly those specialising in rock and pop music , adopted the speaker as the standard . In excess of 200 @,@ 000 pairs were sold throughout the world . Gizmodo referred to it as " the most important loudspeaker you never heard of " . - Yamaha stopped manufacturing the speaker in 2001 , citing problems the wood pulp for the drivers . Even years after it was discontinued , the speaker continued to be found in studios everywhere . Mix reported in 2008 that variants of the NS @-@ 10 were still commercially available in the Japanese consumer market . - - = = Design and construction = = - - The NS @-@ 10 is an 8 @-@ two @-@ way loudspeaker with a 10 @.@ 4 @-@ litre cabinet measuring × 215 × 199 millimetres ( 15 @.@ 0 × 8 @.@ 5 × 7 @.@ 8 in ) and weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 @.@ 2 lb ) . Its 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) particle @-@ board cabinet has a wood veneer skin with seven black finishing layers . The domestic version of the speaker was vertically , and came factory fitted with a grille . - Its two drivers are a 180 mm paper and a 35 mm soft @-@ domed tweeter . The 's , weighing 3 @.@ 7 g , is manufactured from a flat sheet of pressed pulp paper . , it is formed into conical shape not through moulding or pressure , but by curling and then the two ends together . Against the black finish of the cabinet , the white bass / mid driver is a distinctive and iconic feature of the product . - The network is second @-@ order passive , crossing over at 2 kHz . The frequency range is quoted from 60 Hz to 20 kHz , and rated power handling is 25 – 50 W. The early version of the speaker has press @-@ down type output terminals ; later models had screw terminals . - - = = Signature sound = = - - In simplistic terms , the NS @-@ 10 possesses sonic characteristics that allow record producers to assume that if a recording sounds good on these monitors , then it should sound good on most playback systems . Whilst it can reveal any shortcomings in the recording mix as well as the monitoring chain , it may lead to listener fatigue with prolonged use in the domestic setting . - The NS @-@ 10 does not have a perfectly flat frequency response . The sound of the NS @-@ 10 is slightly heavy in the midrange , and like other sealed @-@ box speakers of similar size its bass extension is limited . It has a + 5 boost in the midrange at around 2 kHz , and the bottom end starts rolling off at 200 Hz . The midrange response is so open that it exposes the frequencies that are the most problematic and worst @-@ sounding to the human ear . - On a practical level for the music professional , the speaker is and clinical @-@ sounding . Gizmodo likened the NS @-@ 10 to music editors who reveal the weaknesses of recordings , so that engineers would be forced to either make necessary compensation in the mix or otherwise rework them . - A 2001 report by Newell et al. at Southampton University undertaken for Studio Sound in 2001 found that the NS @-@ 10 had excellent time @-@ domain response at low frequencies – its ability to start and stop in response to signal input was found to be superior to that of most other nearfield monitors . Part of this was related to its closed @-@ box design . The researchers held that the extremely fast decay time of the speaker in the low frequencies ensures that the bass instruments ( guitar and drums ) are correctly balanced in the mix . - - = = Product revisions = = - - There were many other versions of the NS @-@ 10 , the best known of which were the " NS @-@ 10M Studio " and the " NS @-@ 10M Pro " , both introduced in 1987 . Technically identical to the " Studio " , the " Pro " comes fitted with a speaker grille and is meant to be used in a vertical orientation . - The " professional " version launched some nine years after its first introduction on the back of the popularity of the NS @-@ 10 among engineers . The revised version , with everything including the logo and connection panel horizontally , was " NS @-@ 10M Studio " . included a new tweeter and crossover to address the problem in the treble , better connection terminals , and a cabinet that no longer accommodates . The Studio reincarnation also has improved power handling – 60 – 120 W. In excess of 200 @,@ 000 pairs of " Studio " alone were sold throughout the world . - Also in the product line @-@ up were NS @-@ , NS @-@ 10M X , NS @-@ , NS @-@ . The NS @-@ 10M X is a " Studio " with magnetic shielding and a different tweeter . In the 1990s Yamaha introduced the NS @-@ , a bass @-@ version of the 10M X with a different tweeter and grille . Designed for home cinema , it has bass response down to 43 Hz , nominal of 6 and maximum power handling rated at 180 W. A miniature version named Natural Sound Speaker was launched in 1997 or 1998 . - - = = Reception = = - - The sound quality of the NS @-@ 10 has opinions , characterised as " love them or hate them " . Many professionals find it indispensable , even though they may not particularly enjoy listening to it ; others refuse to give it space in their studio but will happily admit that it is an effective professional tool . The reliance on the NS @-@ 10 by top independent producers became a viral phenomenon ; thousands of studios equipped themselves with NS @-@ 10s to attract big named producers , making the speakers an industry standard . - - = = paper effect = = - - Clearmountain was said to have been one of the first recording engineers to hang tissue paper over the of the NS @-@ 10 to tame the over @-@ bright treble . Covering the with tissue paper was said to produce treble @-@ deficient mixes when replayed on normal domestic hi @-@ fi . The phenomenon became the subject of hot debate . Recording engineer Bob investigated the alleged sonic effects of tissue paper . He found inconsistent results with different paper , but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an undesirable effect known as comb filtering , where the high frequencies are reflected back into the tweeter instead of being absorbed . derided the tissue practice as " aberrant behaviour " , saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its associated cancellation effects . He also suggested that more and less random electronic filtering would be . Newell et al. noted that had the speakers ' been used in studios , where they are routinely removed , they would have had the same effect on the treble output as the improvised tissue paper filter . - - = = Influence = = - - The speaker came to be relied on by independent engineers , who worked in different studios and needed equipment they were familiar with as a reference point . Throughout the 1980s , engineers and producers worked widely with the speaker to monitor " [ almost ] any album you love from the 80s or 90s " – from Born in the ( Bruce Springsteen ) , Avalon ( Roxy Music ) Let 's Dance ( David Bowie ) , to Big Boom ( Hall and Oates ) . - The NS @-@ 10 , and the before it , are two of the most influential nearfield monitors used in the professional mixing of sound recordings . In 2008 , the NS @-@ 10 was inducted into the Mix magazine Hall of Fame . Also reflecting its influence , the speaker won a Technical Grammy for Yamaha in 2007 . In 2008 , the speaker was found " in almost every studio " . - - - = Utah State Route 61 = - - State Route 61 ( SR @-@ 61 ) is a nearly 7 @.@ 3 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 11 @.@ 7 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Utah , connecting SR @-@ 23 in Cornish , Cache County to U.S. Route 91 ( US @-@ 91 ) near Richmond via Lewiston , in the extreme northern part of the state . The highway has existed since at least 1914 , as SR @-@ 61 since at least 1937 , and between 735 and 2 @,@ 180 vehicles travel along the highway on an average day in 2012 . - - = = Route description = = - - At the intersection of SR @-@ 23 ( West ) and 13400 North in the center of Cornish , SR @-@ 61 departs east on 13400 North due east , crossing over a single track belonging to the Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) . Cornish , the highway crosses the Bear River and continues east through rural Cache County . Just shy of the western city limits of Lewiston , the highway intersects SR @-@ 200 ( 800 West ) , a connector road to Preston , Idaho . From the western terminus to SR @-@ 200 , the shoulder is up to four feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) wide , suitable for , however the remainder of the route has much narrower shoulders , between less than or equal to one and nine @-@ tenths feet ( 0 @.@ 58 m ) wide . - The highway 's name changes from 13400 South to Center Street through Lewiston . Passing the Lewiston Cemetery , SR @-@ 61 crosses over the Cub River and a second single track belonging to UP , and then a third UP single track just before the highway 's eastern terminus at US @-@ 91 north of Richmond . All of the rail lines that SR @-@ 61 crosses originally belonged to the Oregon Short Line Railway . Aside from the segment through Lewiston , the highway is surrounded by farmland for its entire journey across northern Utah . - Every year , conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , calculated that as few as 735 vehicles used the highway on an average day at its western terminus in Cornish , and as many as 2 @,@ 180 vehicles used the highway at its junction with SR @-@ 200 . Thirty @-@ five percent of this was truck traffic . - - = = History = = - - A roadway linking Cornish to the east has existed since at least 1914 . The roadway that serves as the eastern terminus was numbered SR @-@ 1 by 1927 , and the highway officially was designated SR @-@ 61 since at least 1937 . The 53 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 16 @.@ 2 m ) bridge that carries SR @-@ 61 over the Cub River today was constructed in 1952 , while the 182 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 55 @.@ 5 m ) bridge over the Bear River was built in 1961 . The original river were slightly further south than their current locations . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in Cache County . - - - = = - - A hemmema ( from Finnish " Hämeenmaa " , ) was a type of warship built for the Swedish archipelago fleet and the Russian Baltic navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . The hemmema was initially developed for use against the Russian Navy in the Archipelago Sea and along the coasts of and Finland . It was designed by the prolific and innovative Swedish naval architect Fredrik Henrik Chapman ( 1721 – 1808 ) in collaboration with Augustin Ehrensvärd ( 1710 – 1772 ) , an artillery officer and later commander of the Swedish archipelago fleet . The hemmema was a specialized vessel for use in the shallow waters and narrow passages that surround the thousands of islands and extending from the Swedish capital of Stockholm into the Gulf of Finland . - The hemmema replaced the galleys that had made up the core of the Swedish archipelago fleets until the mid @-@ 18th century . Compared to galleys , the hemmema had a deeper draft and was slower under oars , but offered superior accommodation for the crew , carried more stores , was more and had roughly ten times as many heavy guns . It could be propelled by either sails or oars but was still smaller and more than most sailing warships , which made it suitable for operations in confined waters . - Between 1764 and 1809 , Sweden built six hemmemas . The hemmema became the largest and most heavily armed vessel in the archipelago fleet and served in the Russo @-@ Swedish War of 1788 – 90 . Oden , the first hemmema , was relatively small and very similar to a turuma , a different type of " archipelago frigate " . Russia built six hemmemas based on the Swedish design between 1808 and 1823 after capturing three of the Swedish vessels at the surrender of Sveaborg in 1808 . The later versions , both Swedish and Russian , were much larger and much more heavily armed than Oden . - - = = Background = = - - Russian Tsar Peter the Great had established a new capital and powerful naval base in Saint Petersburg in 1703 . Russian naval power in the Baltic grew to challenge the interests of Sweden , the other leading power in the Baltic . Swedish holdings at that time included territory in Northern Germany , all of modern Finland and most of the Baltic states , a dominion depending on , and connected by , the Baltic Sea trade routes . During the Great Northern War ( 1700 – 1721 ) , Sweden lost all its territories in the Baltic states and suffered Russian raids in Finland and along the chain of islands and stretching from the Gulf of Finland to Stockholm . The Swedes began to deploy inshore flotillas of shallow @-@ draft vessels , beginning with smaller versions of the traditional Mediterranean galleys . Most of these new vessels were more akin to and were complemented with gun prams . The disastrous war with Russia ( 1741 – 43 ) and the minor involvement against Prussia in the Seven Years ' War ( 1757 – 62 ) showed the need for further expansion and development of the inshore flotillas with more specialized vessels . - were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations , but were severely under @-@ , especially in relation to their large crews ; a galley with a 250 @-@ man crew , most of whom were rowers , would typically carry only one 24 @-@ pounder cannon and two 6 @-@ pounders , all in the bow . The galleys also lacked decks and adequate shelter for the rower @-@ soldiers , many of whom succumbed to illness as a result of exposure during the war of 1741 – 43 . - - = = = Archipelago fleet = = = - - After the Russian victory against Sweden in 1743 , the Swedes established a commission to identify weaknesses in the eastern defenses . In 1747 , the commission concluded that the fortifications in southeastern Finland needed to be improved and expanded , and that Sweden needed to build a strong coastal navy . Augustin Ehrensvärd ( 1710 – 72 ) , an artillery officer , was the driving force behind these changes . The committee based many of its conclusions and decisions on his ideas . In 1756 , Sweden established the archipelago fleet with the official name ( " fleet of the army " ) under the command of the army department , , with Ehrensvärd as supreme commander . For two decades , the struggle for power between the Hats and the , the dominant political factions at the time , and rivalries between army and navy brought about changes to the archipelago fleet . The parliamentary victory of the Hats in the in 1769 – 70 and the coup d by King Gustav III in 1772 secured the archipelago fleet 's status as an independent branch of the army . Starting in 1770 , the archipelago fleet merged with the Finnish Squadron ( ) based at Sveaborg . In 1777 , it incorporated the Swedish Squadron ( ) , the galley fleet based at Stockholm . The Swedish armed forces invested considerable resources in the new army branch and made it a professional , independent organization . The archipelago fleet attracted members of the social and cultural elite who enjoyed the protection and patronage of King Gustav III , who had established himself as an absolute monarch in the 1772 coup . - After the poor performance of galleys in Russo – Swedish war of 1741 – 43 and the War ( 1757 – 62 ) , development of replacements became . During the War , trials had been made with " gun prams " ( ) , heavily armed , oar @-@ driven , flat @-@ bottomed barges with a shallow draft that carried guns in broadside arrangements . The prams carried more guns than the galleys , but proved far too slow to be effective . Augustin Ehrensvärd argued for new archipelago vessels that combined firepower , maneuverability , , and decent crew accommodations . He began a successful collaboration with Fredrik Henrik Chapman ( " Chapman " in 1772 ) , and together they developed five new vessels : a gunboat with a 12 @-@ pounder gun and a schooner rigging , as well as four types of " archipelago frigates " ( ) : the smaller and , and the larger turuma and hemmema . All four types have been called ( archipelago frigates ) in Swedish and English historical literature , though some authors have called the and " archipelago " . Chapman specifically designed the archipelago frigates for service off the south coast of Finland and named them after the Finnish provinces of , ( ) , ( ) , and Hämeenmaa ( ) . - - = = Development = = - - The concept of small sailing frigates with a complementary set of oars ( or " " ) was not new . The English Tudor navy had used small " " in the mid @-@ 16th century . In the 1660s its successor , the Royal Navy , equipped the equivalent of sixth @-@ rates with oar ports on or below the . During the 18th century the Russian Navy introduced " " , Baltic variants on the Mediterranean , for inshore duties . The were good , could be rowed if necessary and had more guns and greater stores than galleys ; they were also less expensive to maintain . The Russian designs influenced Chapman and the Swedish naval commanders . Consequently , Chapman 's designs for new ships were on those principles , but with adaptations to archipelago warfare . - Chapman 's archipelago frigates provided better protection for their crew than the galleys they replaced , and up to three times the capacity for stores and provisions . They could operate in the narrow , shallow waters around in all and in open water in all but the worst storms . They had a deeper draft than galleys , but considerably shallower draft than traditional sailing warships . The new ship types also increased the archipelago fleet 's firepower , provided it with better defensive capabilities , and made possible more efficient fire support in amphibious operations . - - = = Design and construction = = - - Of the new designs , and hemmemas best fit the description of " archipelago frigate " because of their similarities to small ocean @-@ going frigates . The first hemmema , the Oden , was completed in 1764 . It was c . 33 m ( 108 @.@ 2 ft ) long and 8 @.@ 2 m ( 26 @.@ 8 ft ) wide with a draft of 2 @.@ 8 m ( 9 @.@ 25 ft ) . It had a low hull with no forecastle , only a low quarterdeck , and no deck . It had three masts that were initially rigged with sails , like a galley . The navy later replaced the rigs with a more conventional square @-@ sail frigate rig . The early design provided for 14 pairs of oars with four men per oar . The rowers plied their oars from the gun deck through oar ports positioned between the gunports , close to the waterline , which gave the rowers better leverage . The oars were also placed on a rectangular , designed to further improve the leverage . Even so , hemmemas performed poorly when rowed and were difficult in contrary winds . They were slower than ordinary sailing ships , but sailed better than galleys . - During the Russian war of 1788 – 1790 , Sweden built three hemmemas of a new design . They were considerably larger , 44 @.@ 5 by 11 m ( 146 by 36 ft ) , and the number of oars were increased to 20 pairs . They also had some of the heaviest broadsides , even when compared with the much larger frigates of the high seas navy . The artillery officer Carl Fredrik had cooperated with Chapman to increase the main armament to twenty @-@ two 36 @-@ pounders and two 12 @-@ pounders , which increased the draft by about 30 cm ( 1 ft ) . The addition of diagonal to reinforce the hull allowed the later hemmemas to carry guns more powerful even than those on the largest sailing frigates of the high seas navy . Due to their considerable firepower and relative size , naval historian Jan has described the hemmemas as " super archipelago frigates " . - The hemmema 's design was very similar to that of the turuma . The primary difference was that the turuma 's oarsmen sat on the weather deck above the guns , whereas the hemmema 's oarsmen sat on the . The later hemmemas were considerably larger , more heavily armed , and of a more robust construction . has described them as variations on the same type , especially when considering the pre @-@ war designs . - - = = Service = = - - served in the Finnish squadrons during the war of 1788 – 1790 . They supported amphibious operations and conducted raids on the Russian archipelago fleet , while at the same time acting as sea @-@ borne flank support for the Swedish army on the Finnish mainland . fought in the first and second battles of . During the first battle in 1789 , one hemmema complemented the similar , and in the second battle in July 1790 , two hemmemas made up the defensive center and provided a considerable percentage of the firepower . - The Swedes were building three additional hemmemas at the shipyards within the fortress of Sveaborg when it was surrendered to the Russians in 1808 , and all three were incorporated in the Russian Navy . Shortly afterward , the Russian Navy built its own 32 @-@ gun versions , with the final vessel launched as late as 1823 . Two more were built in Sweden in 1809 , Birger Jarl and Erik Segersäll . Birger Jarl sank in an accident in 1813 and Erik Segersäll was planned for conversion as a steam battery for coastal defense , though the idea was eventually abandoned and the ship scrapped in 1826 . - Like the other specialized archipelago vessels , the hemmema had specific strengths and weaknesses . Although it had superior firepower relative to galleys , its sailing qualities were somewhat mediocre and while highly under oars , it was still difficult to propel while rowed . A hemmema had the potential to be an effective weapon against galleys , matching their forward firepower and severely them with its broadside armament . Inside an enemy galley formation , it could considerable , but such a maneuver was never achieved in an actual battle , leaving that tactical role . - - = = Ships = = - - A total of twelve hemmemas were built , six of them for the Swedish archipelago fleet and six for the Russian Navy . Details of individual vessels are listed below . The Swedish hemmemas were all built to the same specifications , except for the early design Oden , and Birger Jarl and Erik Segersäll carried heavier armament than the others . and list Oden as a turuma rebuilt as a hemmema in 1784 , though Oscar and Lars @-@ Otto Berg do not . The Russian vessels were built between 1808 and 1823 and have been described by and as @-@ class " rowing frigates " . - Under the Finnish form " Hämeenmaa " , the name of the ship type was later carried on to several vessels of the 20th century Finnish Navy . - - - = Edward Creutz = - - Edward Creutz ( January 23 , 1913 – June 27 , 2009 ) was an American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory and the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . After the war he became a professor of physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology . He was Vice President of Research at General Atomics from 1955 to 1970 . He published over 65 papers on , physics , mathematics , metallurgy and science policy , and held 18 patents relating to nuclear energy . - A graduate of the University of Wisconsin – Madison , Creutz helped Princeton University build its first cyclotron . During World War II he worked on nuclear reactor design under Eugene Wigner at the Metallurgical Laboratory , designing the cooling system for the first water @-@ cooled reactors . He led a group that studied the metallurgy of uranium and other elements used in reactor designs . In October 1944 , he moved to the Los Alamos Laboratory , where he became a group leader . - After the war ended , Creutz accepted an offer to come to the Carnegie Institute of Technology , where he became the head of its Physics Department and its Nuclear Research Center in 1948 . In 1955 he returned to Los Alamos to evaluate its thermonuclear fusion program for the Atomic Energy Commission . While there he accepted an offer to become Vice President for Research and Development and the Director of its John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science at General Atomics . Under his leadership , General Atomics developed TRIGA , a nuclear reactor for universities and laboratories . - Creutz served as an assistant director of the National Science Foundation from 1970 to 1977 , and then as Director of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu , where he took particular interest in the museum 's preparation of a Manual of the of Hawaii ' . - - = = Early life = = - - Edward Chester Creutz was born on January 23 , 1913 , in Beaver Dam , Wisconsin , the son of Lester Creutz , a high school history teacher , and Grace Smith Creutz , a general science teacher . He had two older brothers , John and Jim , and a younger sister , Edith . The family moved to Claire , Wisconsin , in 1916 , Monroe , Wisconsin , in 1920 , and to Janesville , Wisconsin , in 1927 . He played a number of musical instruments , including the mandolin , and trombone . He played in the school bands at Janesville High School and Monroe High School . At Janesville he played tenor banjo in a dance orchestra called 's , and timpani with the school orchestra at Monroe . He also played left guard on the American football teams at Janesville and Monroe . He expressed an interest in chemistry , biology , geology and photography . - After graduating from Janesville High School in 1929 , he took a job as a at a local bank . In 1932 , his brother John , who had graduated from the University of Wisconsin – Madison with a degree in electrical engineering , persuaded him to go to college as well . John suggested that " if you aren ’ t sure what part of science you want , take physics , because that 's basic to all of them . " Creutz later recalled that this was the best advice he ever got . He entered the University of Wisconsin and studied mathematics and physics . Money was scarce during the Great Depression , especially after his father died in 1935 . To pay his bills , Creutz worked as a and short order cook , and took a job taking care of the physics laboratory equipment . In 1936 , his senior year , he taught physics laboratory classes . - Creutz encountered several members of the faculty at the University of Wisconsin , including Julian Mack , Rollefson , Raymond Herb , Eugene Wigner and Gregory Breit . Mack gave Creutz a research project to do in his junior year . Creutz remained at Wisconsin as a graduate student after receiving his Bachelor of Science ( ) degree in 1936 , working for Herb upgrading the Van de generator from 300 to 600 keV . With this done , the question became what to do with it , and Breit suggested that it had previously been observed that high @-@ energy gamma rays were produced when lithium was bombarded with protons at 440 keV . Creutz therefore wrote his 1939 Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) thesis on of by , under Breit 's supervision . Creutz married Rollefson , a mathematics student at Wisconsin , and the sister of Rollefson , on September 13 , 1937 . The couple had three children , two sons , Michael and Carl , and a daughter , Ann Jo . - Wigner moved to Princeton University in 1938 , and soon after Creutz received an offer as well . Princeton had been given a 36 @-@ inch ( 910 mm ) magnet by the University of California , which had been used to build an 8 MeV cyclotron . They wanted Creutz to help get it operational . He later recalled : - On my third day in Princeton I was invited to give a short report on my thesis work . There were usually two or three speakers at these " Journal Club " meetings . This time the speakers were , Albert Einstein , and Ed Creutz . To be on the same program with these two giants of scientific accomplishments was . Just before the meeting began , my sponsor , , asked me , " Say , Creutz , have you met Einstein yet ? " I had not . took me over to where Einstein was sitting in and tennis shoes , and said , " Professor Einstein , this is Creutz who has come to work on our cyclotron . " The great man held out his hand , which seemed as big as a dinner plate , and said in an accented voice , " I ’ m glad to meet you , Dr. Creutz . " I managed to out , " I ’ m glad to meet you , too , Dr. Einstein . " - But it was who electrified the audience with his news from Europe of the discovery by and Otto of nuclear fission . rushed to confirm the results . Creutz built an ionization chamber and a linear amplifier out of radio vacuum tubes , coffee cans and motorcycle batteries , and with this apparatus the physicists at Princeton were able to confirm the results . - - = = World War II = = - - In the early years of World War II between 1939 and 1941 , Wigner led the Princeton group in a series of experiments involving uranium and two tons of graphite as a neutron . In early 1942 , Arthur Compton concentrated the Manhattan Project 's various teams working on plutonium and nuclear reactor design , including Wigner 's team from Princeton , at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago . The name was a ; Creutz was the first to conduct actual metallurgy research , and he hired its first to work with him . - Wigner led the Theoretical Group that included Creutz , Leo , Alvin M. Weinberg , Way and Gale Young . The group 's task was to design the reactors that would convert uranium into plutonium . At the time , reactors existed only on paper , and no reactor had yet gone critical . In July 1942 , Wigner chose a conservative 100 MW design , with a graphite neutron and water cooling . The choice of water as a coolant was controversial at the time because water was known to absorb neutrons , thereby reducing the efficiency of the reactor ; but Wigner was confident that his group 's calculations were correct and that water would work , while the technical difficulties involved in using helium or liquid metal as a coolant would delay the project . Working seven days a week , the group designed the reactors between September 1942 and January 1943 . Creutz studied the corrosion of metals in a water @-@ cooled system , and designed the cooling system . In 1959 a patent for the reactor design would be issued in the name of Creutz , , Weinberg , Wigner , and Young . - As a group leader at the Metallurgical Laboratory , Creutz conducted studies of uranium and how it could be into rods . His group looked into the process of corrosion in metals in contact with fast @-@ flowing liquids , the processes for aluminium and uranium with it . It also investigated the forging of beryllium , and the preparation of thorium . Frederick Seitz and Alvin Weinberg later that the activities of Creutz and his group may have reduced the time taken to produce plutonium by up to two years . - The discovery of spontaneous fission in reactor @-@ bred plutonium due to contamination by plutonium @-@ 240 led Wigner to propose switching to breeding uranium @-@ 233 from thorium , but the challenge was met by the Los Alamos Laboratory developing an @-@ type nuclear weapon design . In October 1944 , Creutz moved to Los Alamos , where he became a group leader responsible for explosive lens design and preliminary testing . encountered in testing the lenses led to the construction of a special test area in Canyon , and Creutz became responsible for testing there . As part of the preparation for the Trinity nuclear test , Creutz conducted a test detonation at Canyon without nuclear material . This test brought bad news ; it seemed to indicate that the Trinity test would fail . Hans Bethe worked through the night to assess the results , and was able to report that the results were consistent with a perfect explosion . - - = = Later life = = - - After the war ended in 1945 , Creutz accepted an offer from Seitz to come to the Carnegie Institute of Technology as an associate professor , and help create a nuclear physics group there . Creutz in turn recruited a number of young physicists who had worked with him at Princeton and on the Manhattan Project in Chicago and Los Alamos , including Martyn , Jack Fox , Roger Sutton and Sergio . Together , with funding from the Office of Naval Research they built a 450 MeV at the Nuclear Research Center near , Pennsylvania . For a time , This put them at the forefront of research into nuclear physics , allowing physicists there to study the recently discovered meson and meson . A visiting scholar , , created the first photographic of a meson . - Creutz became a professor , the head of the Physics Department , and the head of Nuclear Research Center at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1948 . He was also a member of the Executive Board at the National Laboratory from 1946 to 1958 , and a consultant at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1946 to 1958 . In addition to his work on nuclear physics , he cultivated flowers and orchids at his home . He published eight papers on floral species , and named three varieties of after his children . One 1966 paper , published in the New York Garden Journal was on , a rare flower found only on the island of in French Polynesia . He travelled to Polynesia many times , and translated Grammar of the Tahitian language from French into English . His family served as hosts for a time to two young people from Tahiti and Samoa . - In 1955 and 1956 , Creutz spent a year at Los Alamos evaluating its thermonuclear fusion program for the Atomic Energy Commission . While there he was approached by de Hoffmann , who recruited him to join the General Atomics division of General . He moved to La , California , as its Vice President for Research and Development , and was concurrently the Director of its John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science from 1955 to 1967 . He was also a member of the Advisory Panel on General Science at the Department of Defense from 1959 to 1963 . - Under his leadership , General Atomics developed TRIGA , a small reactor for universities and laboratories . TRIGA used uranium hydride ( ) fuel , which has a large , prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity . As the temperature of the core increases , the reactivity rapidly decreases . It is thus highly unlikely , though not completely impossible , for a nuclear to occur . Due to its safety and reliability , which allows it to be installed in densely populated areas , and its ability to still generate high energy for brief periods , which is particularly useful for research , it became the world 's most popular research reactor , and General Atomics sold 66 in 24 countries . The high @-@ temperature gas @-@ cooled reactor ( ) was less successful , and only two power reactors were built , both in the United States . A 40 MW demonstration unit at the Peach Nuclear Station in Pennsylvania operated successfully , but a larger 300 MW unit at the Fort St. Station in Colorado encountered technical problems . General Atomics also conducted research into thermonuclear energy , including means of plasma . Between 1962 and 1974 Creutz published six papers on the subject . - In 1970 President Richard Nixon appointed Creutz as Assistant Director for Research of the National Science Foundation . He became Assistant Director for and Sciences in 1975 , and was acting Deputy Director from 1976 to 1977 . The 1970s energy crisis raised the national profile of energy issues , and Creutz served on a panel that produced a study called The Nation 's Energy Future . His wife died of cancer in 1972 . In 1974 he married Elisabeth , who worked for the National Science Board . The two of them enjoyed locating and photographing rare orchids . - His appointment at the National Science Foundation ended in 1977 , and Creutz became director of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu . He took particular interest in the museum 's work preparing a two @-@ volume Manual of the of Hawaii , which was published in 1999 . He expanded programs for education and outreach , and secured funding for two new buildings . He retired in 1987 and returned to his home in Rancho Santa Fe , California , and died there on June 27 , 2009 . - - = = Documentaries = = - - To Mars by A @-@ : The Secret History of Project Orion - - - = Del Toso = - - Del Toso ( born 12 August 1980 ) is a 3 @.@ 5 point wheelchair basketball player who represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a silver medal . with chronic inflammatory at the age of nineteen , Del Toso started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . Playing in the local Victorian competition , she was named the league 's most valuable player in 2007 . That year started playing for the Knox Ford Raiders in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) . The following year , she was named the team 's Players ' Player and Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . - Del Toso has played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL since 2008 . In the semifinal between her Dandenong Rangers and the in 2009 , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the Rangers win 81 – 42 . The Dandenong Rangers won back to back titles in 2011 and 2012 . - Del Toso made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , at the 2009 Osaka Cup in Japan . Since winning a silver medal in London , she has participated in the 2013 Osaka Cup in Japan , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . - - = = Personal = = - - Nicknamed , Del Toso was born on 12 August 1980 . At the age of nineteen , she was diagnosed with chronic inflammatory ( ) , a heredity condition that involves damage to the nerves . Del Toso has two siblings ; her younger brother Daniel also developed the disease . Prior to her diagnosis , she played regular basketball . Del Toso has worked as a , and as a participation assistant for Basketball Victoria . As of 2013 , she lives in , Victoria . - - = = Wheelchair basketball = = - - Del Toso was a 4 point wheelchair basketball player . Due to the progress of her disease , she was reclassified as a 3 @.@ 5 point player in 2013 . As of 2012 , she has a scholarship with the Victorian Institute of Sport , and in financial year 2012 / 13 , she received a A $ 20 @,@ 000 grant from the Australian Sports Commission as part of its Direct Support ( ) program . She received $ 17 @,@ 000 in 2011 / 12 and 2010 / 11 , $ 5 @,@ 571 @.@ 42 in 2009 / 10 and $ 5 @,@ 200 in 2008 / 09 . In 2012 , she trained in Dandenong , , Box Hill and Knox . - - = = = Club = = = - - Del Toso started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . An Australian Paralympic Committee flyer on the wall at her local gym asking " Are you the next ? " prompted Del Toso to respond . She was advised to take up wheelchair basketball . Playing in the local Victorian competition in 2007 , she was named the league 's most valuable player . That year , she made her debut in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) with the Knox Ford Raiders . At the end of the season , she was named the most improved player . She played for the Rangers ( now known as Victoria ) since 2008 . In the second round of the 2008 season , the Dandenong Rangers defeated the Western Stars 53 – 47 . She scored 20 points in her team 's victory . In the second round of the 2008 season , playing for the Dandenong Rangers in a 38 – 72 loss to the Hills Hornets , she scored 12 points . That season , she was named the team 's Players Player and Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . - In 2009 , Del Toso played in the WNWBL finals . In the semifinal between the Dandenong Rangers and the , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the Rangers win 81 – 42 . In 2010 , she was named the Dandenong Rangers 's Most Valuable Player . The Rangers won the WNWBL title in 2011 . In a round four game in 2012 , against Sydney Flames that the Rangers won 55 – 44 , she scored 14 rebounds . The Rangers won the league championship again that year . - - = = = National = = = - - In 2008 , Del Toso was named as a reserve for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , for the 2008 Summer Paralympics . She made her national team debut at the 2009 Osaka Cup the following year , when her team finished first . That year , she also participated in the Four Nations in Canada and the Japan Friendly Series , one of six players who played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL . She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 . In July 2010 , she played in a three @-@ game test series against Germany . She was member of the Australian team at the 2010 World Championships that finished fourth . She also played in the 2010 Osaka Cup where her team finished first . She played in four games in the 2012 Gliders World Challenge . - Del Toso was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in wheelchair basketball . The London Games were her first . In the group stage , the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter @-@ finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 – 58 , and earned a silver medal . - Since the games , Del Toso has participated in the 2013 Osaka Cup in Japan , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . - - = = Statistics = = - - - - = No. 79 Wing RAAF = - - No. 79 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . It was formed in December 1943 at Batchelor , Northern Territory , as part of North @-@ Western Area Command . by Group Captain Charles Eaton , the wing comprised four squadrons on its establishment , flying Beaufort and B @-@ 25 Mitchell bombers and Beaufighter heavy fighters . No. 79 Wing took part in the New Guinea and North @-@ Western Area Campaigns during 1944 – 45 , eventually transferring to in the Dutch East Indies as the Allies advanced northward . By the end of the Pacific War , the wing was attached to the Australian First Tactical Air Force and was made up of Nos. 2 and 18 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadrons , both flying Mitchells . The latter transferred to the Netherlands Air Force in late 1945 , while the former returned to Australia where it disbanded the following year . No. 79 Headquarters itself disbanded in October 1945 , soon after the end of hostilities . - - = = History = = - - No. 79 Wing was established at Batchelor , Northern Territory , on 30 November 1943 . Its combat units consisted of Nos. 1 and 2 Squadrons ( flying Beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , No. 31 Squadron ( Beaufighter long @-@ range fighters ) , and No. 18 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron ( B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers ) . The wing was commanded by Group Captain Charles Eaton , whose Dutch personnel called him " Charles " ( Uncle Charles ) . Operating under the auspices of North @-@ Western Area Command ( NWA ) , Darwin , No. 79 Wing participated in the New Guinea and North @-@ Western Area Campaigns during 1944 . - Through March – April 1944 , the Beaufighters attacked Japanese shipping , while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to Operations and , the invasions of Hollandia and Aitape . Eaton organised a large raid against Su , Dutch Timor , on 19 April . of thirty @-@ five Mitchells , Beauforts and Beaufighters , the force destroyed the town 's barracks and fuel dumps , a result that earned the personal congratulations of the Air Officer Commanding NWA , Air Vice Marshal " King " Cole . On the day of the Allied landings , 22 April , the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on Dili , Portuguese Timor . The ground assault on Hollandia – Aitape met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment leading up to it . - In May 1944 , Nos. 1 , 18 and 31 Squadrons attacked Japanese positions in Timor , while No. 2 Squadron was withdrawn from combat to re @-@ equip with Mitchells . No. 79 Wing 's light and medium bombers suffered from a lack of suitable targets as they had few airfields in forward areas from which to refuel . No. 2 Squadron returned to operations with Mitchells in June . That month , No. 18 Squadron flew 149 sorties , damaging Japanese airfields and shipping in the Timor area , but lost its commanding officer to anti @-@ aircraft fire during a raid . - In June – July 1944 , No. 79 Wing supported the Allied attack on . No. 18 Squadron was again the wing 's most active unit , flying 107 sorties . In September , the Beaufighters and Mitchells attacked Japanese shipping and infrastructure in and , but lost nine aircraft and twenty @-@ six crewmen killed , among them Squadron Leader Wilbur Wackett , son of Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation manager Lawrence Wackett . By the end of the month , Mitchell missions were put on hold while replacement crews were trained . In late 1944 , plans were made to transfer No. 79 Wing from North @-@ Western Area Command to Northern Command in Papua New Guinea , where it would undertake operations against the Japanese in New Britain . The wing 's composition for this move was to be Nos. 2 and 18 Squadrons , operating Mitchells , and 120 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron , operating P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks . No. 31 Squadron was transferred from No. 79 Wing to the Australian First Tactical Air Force at in December . The same month , Group Captain Eaton posted out and was replaced by Group Captain John . - Weather hampered the wing 's activities in January 1945 . No. 1 Squadron was withdrawn to Queensland to re @-@ equip with , with No. 13 Squadron , flying , taking up the on anti @-@ shipping missions . The squadron accounted for around half of the thirty @-@ eight enemy vessels sunk by No. 79 Wing in February , and a similar ratio to the twenty sunk the following month . Wing operations were cut back in March , as preparations were made to transfer the Mitchells to Bay in New Britain . On 6 April , all twenty available aircraft of Nos. 2 and 18 Squadrons were ordered to join B @-@ 24 Liberators of No. 82 Wing in an assault on a Japanese convoy that included the cruiser . The Liberators were late for their rendezvous with the Mitchells off so the latter , at the very limit of their range , attacked the convoy regardless . They claimed two direct hits without loss , despite anti @-@ aircraft fire from the cruiser and other ships , and frontal attacks by enemy fighters . Allied submarines sank the damaged the next day . - The wing 's proposed move to New Britain was cancelled in May 1945 , after the Netherlands government requested that its squadrons operate over the Dutch East Indies . No. 120 Squadron was transferred to , while No. 79 Wing and its two Mitchell squadrons were ordered to move to Borneo , under the command of First Tactical Air Force . By July , No. 79 Wing had relocated from Batchelor to , leaving No. 13 Squadron under the control of North @-@ Western Area Command . After the Pacific War ended in August 1945 , the Mitchells joined Liberators of No. 82 Wing RAAF personnel from Borneo to Australia . No. 79 Wing Headquarters was disbanded on 8 October . The following month , No. 18 Squadron was reassigned to the Netherlands Air Force . No. 2 Squadron returned to Australia in December , disbanding in mid @-@ 1946 . These were the only two squadrons in the RAAF to operate Mitchells during the war . - - - = Vitamin D ( Glee ) = - - " Vitamin D " is the sixth episode of the American television series Glee . The episode premiered on the Fox network on October 7 , 2009 . It was written by series creator Ryan Murphy and directed by Keene . In the episode , glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) pits the male and female club members against each other for a mash @-@ up competition . Will 's wife Terri ( ) takes a job as the school nurse to stop him becoming closer to guidance Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , but is fired after giving the students performance @-@ enhancing pseudoephedrine tablets . - The episode features mash @-@ up covers of " It 's My Life " by Bon Jovi and " Confessions Part II " by Usher , and " Halo " by Beyoncé Knowles and " Walking on Sunshine " by Katrina and the Waves . Both tracks were released as singles , available for digital download . " Vitamin D " was watched by 7 @.@ 30 million US viewers , and received generally positive reviews from critics . Performances by Morrison , Mays and Jane Lynch as coach Sue Sylvester attracted praise , as did the staging of the musical mash @-@ ups . However , of MTV and Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly both noted critically that dramatic storylines in the episode dominated over the musical performances . - - = = Plot = = - - Believing the glee club members are becoming complacent ahead of the forthcoming , director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) divides the club into boys against girls for a mash @-@ up competition . coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) observes that head cheerleader Quinn 's ( Dianna Agron ) performance standards are slipping . When Quinn blames her on her glee club participation , Sue her resolve to destroy the club , planning to sabotage Will 's personal life . - Sue tells Will 's wife Terri Schuester ( ) that guidance Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) has romantic feelings for Will . to stay close to her husband , Terri takes a job as the school nurse , despite having no medical qualifications . She encourages Emma 's boyfriend , football coach Ken Tanaka ( Patrick Gallagher ) to propose to her , which he does . After asking Will if there is any reason she should not marry Ken , and being warned off Will by Terri , Emma accepts his proposal . Terri is still hiding the fact she experienced a hysterical pregnancy from Will , and upon realizing how much her life is changing due to her pregnancy , Quinn agrees to let Terri secretly adopt her baby . - Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) is exhausted by his extra @-@ curricular activities , so Terri gives him pseudoephedrine tablets , which Finn shares with the rest of the males in the glee club . The effects of the tablets enhance their performance , and they give an energetic mash @-@ up of " It 's My Life and " Confessions Part II " . When Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) tells the girls the secret behind the boys ' performance , they , too , request the tablets from Terri , and give a high @-@ spirited mash @-@ up of " Halo " and " Walking On Sunshine " . Finn and Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) feel guilty for cheating , however , and agree to the competition . When Principal Figgins ( Theba ) learns what has happened , he fires Terri and , angry with Will , appoints Sue as co @-@ director of the glee club . - - = = Production = = - - Recurring characters who appear in " Vitamin D " are glee club members Santana Lopez ( Rivera ) , Brittany Pierce ( Heather Morris ) , Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) and Matt Rutherford ( ) , former glee club director Sandy ( Stephen ) , Principal Figgins ( Theba ) , football coach Ken Tanaka ( Gallagher ) , Terri 's co @-@ worker Howard ( Kent ) , and local news anchors Rod ( Bill A. Jones ) and Andrea Carmichael ( Davis ) . Joe guest stars as Joe . - The episode features mash @-@ up covers of " It 's My Life " by Bon Jovi and " Confessions Part II " by Usher , and " Halo " by Beyoncé Knowles and " Walking on Sunshine " by Katrina and the Waves . Both tracks were released as singles , available for digital download . " It 's My Life / Confessions Part II " charted at number 7 in Ireland , 14 in the UK , 22 in Australia , 25 in Canada and 30 in America , while " Halo / Walking on Sunshine " charted at number 4 in Ireland , 9 in the UK , 10 in Australia , 28 in Canada and 40 in America . Michele has revealed that she practiced talking " " for several days in order to convey the effects of pseudoephedrine on Rachel . In order to portray the character in her altered state , she questioned : " How manic is the right amount of manic ? What would Rachel be like on ? What would she sound like ? " She deemed performing the mash @-@ up piece in that state " so much fun " . - - = = Reception = = - - The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 30 million U.S. viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 2 / 8 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . Glee maintained its ratings from the previous week , despite all of the other new Wednesday night shows of the season declining by double @-@ digit percentages . It was the eighteenth most watched show in Canada for the week of broadcast , with 1 @.@ 61 million viewers . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 008 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 608 million on E4 , and 400 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week , as well as the most @-@ watched episode of the series at the time . - " Vitamin D " was nominated for the best " Comedy Series Episode " award at the 2010 Awards . It received generally positive reviews from critics . Malcom of the Los Angeles Times noted that she preferred the boys ' performance to the girls ' , commenting : " Their number had the same heart @-@ soaring power as " Don 't Stop ' " [ performed in the pilot episode ] . " Malcom enjoyed Sue 's character development in the episode , claiming that , " In less skilled hands , there ’ s no doubt Sue would be an over @-@ the @-@ top disaster . But thanks to the Jane Lynch , I can ’ t wait to see what trouble the character up next . " of MTV also enjoyed the boys ' performance more than the girls ' , and gave the episode a mostly positive review , writing that it moved the series ' storylines to " a whole new level " . She felt , however , that the episode " didn 't have nearly enough singing " . Mandi Bierly for Entertainment Weekly similarly noted that : " So much happened in this hour that the musical numbers , though enjoyable , were almost an . " Bierly favoured the girls ' performance , and praised Morrison 's acting , commenting : " Matthew Morrison so much with his eyes . There ’ s a and a longing in them that I ’ m always surprised Emma ( Jayma Mays ) matches . " - Mike Hale for the New York Times praised Mays ' performance , noting : " Jayma Mays registered Emma ’ s devastation with just the slightest widening of those enormous eyes . In fact all the best non @-@ singing moments in the episode were hers . " Hale was less impressed with the rest of the episode , deeming the pregnancy storyline " so boring that is hardly " . He noted that : " For many viewers , the best moments in the episode probably came very early on and involved Jane Lynch ’ s Sue Sylvester , who still got all the best lines . " Wieselman for the New York Post agreed with this assessment , opining that although the episode was " filled with more brilliant moments than ever before " , the stand @-@ out scene was Sue writing in her journal , which Wieselman deemed " jam @-@ packed with so many one liners , it acted as a vacuum , sucking the smart out of everything else on TV from 9 : 05 to 9 : 07 pm . " Fellow New York Post critic Shen deemed the episode her favorite of the series so far . Anna of The Guardian called the pseudoephedrine storyline " relentlessly silly [ ... ] but so " , preferring the boys ' performance to the girls ' as " some excellent comedy helped me forget about Finn 's dodgy vocals for once " . - - - = Fern Hobbs = - - Fern Hobbs ( May 8 , 1883 – April 10 , 1964 ) was an American attorney in the U.S. state of Oregon , and a private secretary to Oregon Governor Oswald West . She was noted for her ambition and several accomplishments as a young woman , and became the highest @-@ paid woman in public service in America in her mid @-@ twenties . - Hobbs made international news when Governor West sent her to implement martial law in the small Eastern Oregon town of Copperfield . The event was considered a strategic coup for West , establishing the State 's authority over a remote rural community and his reputation as a proponent of prohibition . - Hobbs later worked for the American Red Cross in Europe and at the Oregon Journal newspaper . She died in Portland in 1964 . - - = = Early life = = - - Hobbs was born on May 8 , 1883 , in , Nebraska , to John Alden Hobbs and Bush Hobbs . Her family moved to Salt Lake City , Utah when she was six years old ; she lived there for 12 years , finishing high school . Her father then met with financial difficulties , and she moved to Oregon , settling in Hillsboro . There , she put her younger brother and sister through school , while studying and working for a living . - She soon became a private secretary to the president of the Title and Trust Company . The bank , which held many assets of the Oregon Common School Fund , failed during Hobbs ' time there . Ben , who was the Secretary of State and a member of the State Land Board , was charged with protecting the Common School Fund , and was involved in negotiating with the failing bank over the State 's assets . He took note of Hobbs ' strong loyalty to her employer . - After the bank 's failure , Hobbs worked as a governess for J. Wesley ( brother of William S. ) in Portland . She also helped raise her younger brother and sister , studied and the law , and worked as a secretary . In 1913 , Hobbs graduated from University College of Law with a Bachelor of Laws degree , and was admitted to the Oregon State Bar . - , who managed Oswald West 's successful 1910 campaign to become Governor of Oregon , recommended that West hire Hobbs as his private stenographer . She was hired , and impressed West to the point that he hired her as his private secretary two years later . At that time , at age 27 , she was the highest @-@ paid woman in public service in the United States , earning $ 3 @,@ 000 per year . - - = = Martial law in Copperfield , Oregon = = - - West ordered Hobbs to Copperfield , Oregon to restore law and order on January 2 , 1914 , along with a group of six militia men that included Oregon State Lawson . Copperfield , located on the Snake River in Baker County , had grown up around construction projects for a railroad tunnel and power plant . Fifteen @-@ hundred jobs in the area came from the railway project of E. H. or the power generation facility . - The town had descended into lawlessness with a number of saloons , , dancing halls , and widespread gambling . The town had no law enforcement officers , and the local government officials had become bar keepers . Governor West had extended prohibition laws , Some local residents had appealed to the state government for but they were widely ignored in Copperfield . Over half the residents of the town had signed a petition , addressed to West , alleging that saloons owned by the mayor and City Council members were selling liquor to minors and staying open later than their posted hours . Governor West responded by ordering county officials to restore order , close the saloons , and force the of the corrupt city leaders by December 25 , 1913 . - County officials did not take care of the problem , so West sent Hobbs , hoping the presence of a woman would prevent any outbreak of violence . Hobbs was a woman standing 5 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 63 m ) tall and weighing less than 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) . She was dispatched with orders to restore order and to implement martial law if necessary . While Hobbs was traveling to Eastern Oregon , both she and Governor West were coy with reporters about the presence of the militia men , suggesting that Hobbs might be acting alone . - The saloon keepers , who received word that Hobbs was accompanied by law enforcement officers only shortly before her arrival , greeted her by dressing up the town with , blue and pink ribbons , and flowers . A town meeting was arranged at 2 : 30 p.m. on January 3 . Hobbs renewed the call for the resignation of city officials , but was the request was refused . Hobbs ' escorts then arrested the city leaders and ordered Lawson to declare martial law . It was the first time in Oregon since the Civil War that martial law was put into effect . - Soon the town was disarmed and order restored , with the gambling equipment and weapons confiscated , and the saloons closed down . Hobbs then left Lawson in charge and caught the 4 : 00 p.m. train out of town that same day . The residents did not openly resist Hobbs or the militia men , although nearly all were armed and had been prepared to offer non @-@ violent resistance . She stopped at the county seat in Baker City to officially remove the town 's officials in front of a judge before returning to the state capitol in Salem . The Baker County Circuit Court quickly the militia from holding the town under martial law ; Sheriff Rand began assembling a to carry out the court order . Governor West requested a hearing , seeking Rand 's temporary removal from office , and appointed Hobbs to represent the State as special counsel . - The actions of the governor were later challenged in court , with Hobbs and West among the defendants . The saloon keepers sought remuneration for liquor they claimed was confiscated during the period of martial law . The Baker County circuit court determined the governor 's actions were within his powers , and the Oregon Supreme Court ultimately concurred . - These events made Hobbs the most famous woman in Oregon at that time . Hobbs also made national and international news for these events . Writer Stewart Holbrook reported : - - = = Later life = = - - After the Copperfield affair , Hobbs continued as Governor West 's secretary until the end of his term in 1915 . She visited the Union County town of Cove in February 1914 , also to investigate complaints about a saloon . A local election had declared the town " dry , " but a county election had declared the entire county " wet . " On advice of a judge , the mayor of Cove stated that he was unable to determine whether the saloon was legal or not , but expressed to the governor 's wishes . Hobbs did not order the saloon closed down . - She then moved to Portland and practiced law . Women 's rights groups promoted Hobbs as a candidate to run for governor , but she never ran for office . Within a few years Fern Hobbs became the commissioner of Oregon State Industrial Accident Commission , working on getting taxes due on the Oregon & California Lands . In 1917 , with the United States entering World War I , she began a long association with the Red Cross . From 1917 to 1922 she worked in Europe , including time spent as the chief of the casualty division in Paris , France . In that position Hobbs was responsible for notifying dead soldiers ' next of . She returned to Europe in the 1930s , working in the Rhine Valley when it was occupied by France . - Upon returning to Oregon , Hobbs worked as a secretary for the Oregon Journal newspaper . She retired in 1948 as the secretary to the paper 's business manager . Fern Hobbs died on April 10 , 1964 , at the age of 80 , and was buried at the Hillsboro Pioneer Cemetery in Hillsboro , Oregon . - The Oregon writer Stewart Holbrook interviewed her in the early 1950s , a few years after her retirement , observing that she " still weighs 104 pounds . Her eyes are clear and blue behind her glasses . There is not a gray hair on her head . She lives as quietly as she has always lived , except for those few days so long ago [ concerning Copperfield ] . " Holbrook noted during his interview that " the subject of Copperfield her " and concluded his account of her as follows : - - - = Stephen = - - Stephen , MBE ( 19 April 1893 – 12 June 1979 ) was a twentieth @-@ century British suffragette , labour activist and local councillor . She grew up in Scotland and won a scholarship to train as a teacher . Family finances dictated otherwise , leading to her becoming a domestic worker at the age of 15 . She became involved in national labour issues as a teenager , via organisations such as the Independent Labour Party and the Women 's Social and Political Union . After moving to Lancashire and London she visited the United States and Canada , where she held meetings with the public including migrant English domestic workers . - Stephen later become more involved in formal political parties , being elected as a local councillor and standing as a candidate in general elections . After moving to Bristol she became the first woman president of Bristol Trades Council . She was appointed MBE in 1977 and her life is commemorated by a blue plaque in Bristol . - - = = Biography = = - - Stephen is recorded in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as a " suffragette and labour activist " , and has been described as " working @-@ class " . - - = = = Childhood and family = = = - - Some sources give Stephen 's place of birth as Marylebone , London , others as Glasgow . The eldest of eleven children in a " closely @-@ knit ... family " , her father was a . She has been described as " virtually the only Scottish working @-@ class Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) member about whom anything is known " . She attended Sunday schools separately linked to the church and to socialism , and was educated at North School . She won a scholarship to train as a pupil @-@ teacher . - Her father 's low and variable income meant that she could not afford to pursue her aspiration to become a teacher , and became a domestic worker at the age of 15 . Her father was a founder member of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) when it was established in 1893 . She described her mother as being " so quiet and the very opposite of dad " . - - = = = Early career = = = - - She was referred to as a " young activist in the Branch of the ILP " , before she joined the WSPU in 1909 , aged 16 . She was the youngest member of the WSPU Glasgow delegation to the Chancellor of the David Lloyd George in 1912 . As a member of the WSPU and organiser of the Domestic Workers ' Union , she led the first of the " Scottish " ( involving attacks on pillar boxes ) in Glasgow in February 1913 . - Stephen was approached by Sylvia and moved from Glasgow to London , where she became considered one of the " most active members " ( along with Emma , around 1916 ) of the Workers ' Suffrage Federation . In April 1919 , Stephen was one of a number of speakers to address a crowd of " about 10 @,@ 000 people " in Trafalgar Square , opposing the of Germany . Other speakers included @-@ Lawrence and Wilson Wilson . She was also an active member of the Women 's Peace Crusade and at the 1920 ILP conference argued against the use of force during events preceding the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR . - In the 1920s she visited the United States , holding public meetings with immigrant communities from Scotland and and fund @-@ raising for the Socialist Party of America . She also visited Vancouver , where she encouraged migrant English domestic workers to . - - = = = Middle years = = = - - Stephen later lived in Lancashire and also in London , where she became involved in the East London Federation and sold the Women 's . She was elected Labour borough councillor for in 1922 , after failing to be selected as a parliamentary candidate for the ILP , and worked for MP Alfred . She stood as Labour candidate for Portsmouth South in the general elections of 1923 , 1924 and 1929 , and for in 1931 . - From 1924 she worked as a freelance journalist , established a agency in Lewes in 1935 and joined the National Union of Clerks in 1938 . At the time of the Second World War , she worked for Murphy Radio in Garden City . - She later moved to , Bristol , where she worked at the Broad branch of the Co @-@ operative Society ( ) and with the National Union of Clerks . She later became chair of the local management committee . Around this time , she spoke publicly and gave advice on birth control . She was elected to the city council . In 1952 she became the first woman president of Bristol Trades Council . - - = = = Later life = = = - - In the 1964 general election , she was a candidate for the Labour Party in the Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare constituency . She was appointed MBE for " services to the trade union movement " in June 1977 . She died at Bristol General Hospital in 1979 , and her life is commemorated by a blue plaque in . - - - = Of Human Feelings = - - Of Human Feelings is a studio album by American jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman . It was recorded on April 25 , 1979 , at CBS Studios in New York City with his band Prime Time , which featured guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix , bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma , and drummers Calvin Weston and Coleman 's son Denardo . It followed Coleman 's failed attempt to record a direct @-@ to @-@ disc session earlier in March 1979 . - Of Human Feelings explores jazz @-@ funk music and continues Coleman 's approach to improvisation with Prime Time , whom he introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head . He drew on rhythm and blues influences from early in his career for Of Human Feelings , which had shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head . Coleman also applied free jazz principles from his music during the 1960s to elements of funk . - Following a change in management , Coleman signed with Island Records , and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 by its subsidiary label Antilles Records . Critics generally praised Coleman 's expressive music and approach , but the album made little commercial impact and went out of print . Coleman enlisted his son Denardo as manager after a dispute with his former managers over the album 's royalties , a change that inspired him to perform publicly again during the 1980s . - - = = Background = = - - By the end of the 1960s , Ornette Coleman had become one of the most influential musicians in jazz after pioneering its most controversial subgenre , free jazz , which jazz critics and musicians initially derided for its from conventional structures of harmony and tonality . In the mid @-@ 1970s , he stopped recording free jazz , recruited electric , and pursued a new creative theory he called harmolodics . According to Coleman 's theory , all the musicians are able to play individual melodies in any key , and still sound coherent as a group . He taught his young this new improvisational and ensemble approach , based on their individual tendencies , and prevented them from being influenced by conventional styles . Coleman likened this group ethic to a spirit of " collective consciousness " that stresses " human feelings " and " biological rhythms " , and said that he wanted the music , rather than himself , to be successful . He also started to incorporate elements from other styles into his music , including rock influences such as the electric guitar and non @-@ Western rhythms played by Moroccan and musicians . - Of Human Feelings was a continuation of the harmolodics approach Coleman had applied with Prime Time , an electric quartet introduced on his 1975 album Dancing in Your Head . The group comprised guitarists Charlie Ellerbee and Bern Nix , bassist Jamaaladeen Tacuma , and drummers Ronald Shannon Jackson and Denardo Coleman , Ornette Coleman 's son . Tacuma was still in high school when Coleman enlisted him , and first recorded with Prime Time in 1975 for the album Body Meta , which was released in 1978 . Tacuma had played in an ensemble for jazz Charles , but dismissed him as he felt audiences gave excessive attention to his playing . Coleman found Tacuma 's playing ideal for harmolodics and encouraged him not to change . Although Coleman 's theory initially challenged his knowledge and perception of music , Tacuma came to like the unconventional role each band member was given as a soloist and : " When we read Ornette 's music we have his notes , but we listen for his phrases and phrase the way he wants to . I can take the same melody , then , and phrase it like I want to , and those notes will determine the , the rhythm , the harmony – all of that . " - In March 1979 , Coleman went to RCA Records ' New York studio to produce an album with Prime Time by direct @-@ to @-@ disc recording . They had mechanical problems with the studio equipment and the recording was rejected . The failed session was a project under Text , Coleman 's music publishing company . He wanted to set up his own record company with the same name , and chose his old friend Mwanga as his manager . In April , Mwanga arranged another session at CBS Studios in New York City , and Coleman recorded Of Human Feelings there on April 25 ; the session was originally titled Fashion Faces . Jackson did not record with the band and Calvin Weston was hired in his place to play simultaneously with Denardo Coleman . They recorded all the album 's songs on the first take without any equipment problems . The album was recorded with a Sony @-@ 1600 two @-@ track digital recorder , a rare item at the time . According to journalist Howard Mandel , the passages played by the band sounded neither very soft or loud on the album , because it had been mixed with a middle @-@ frequency range and compressed dynamics . Because of the equipment used , Coleman did not the album with added effects and avoided , multi @-@ tracking , and remixing . According to him , Of Human Feelings was the first jazz album to be digitally recorded in the United States . - - = = Composition = = - - According to The Oxford Dictionary of Music ( 2004 ) , Of Human Feelings features jazz @-@ funk , a type of music that originated around 1970 and was characterized by intricate rhythmic patterns , a recurrent bass line , and Latin rhythmic elements . Lloyd Sachs of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times wrote that , although Coleman was not viewed as a jazz fusion artist , the album can be described as such because of its combination of free jazz and funk . Glenn Kenny disagreed and felt its style had more in common with the no wave genre and the artists of New York City 's downtown music scene such as John . Jazz writer Stuart Nicholson viewed it as the culmination of Coleman 's musical principles that dated back to his free jazz music in 1960 , but with a funk @-@ oriented . According to jazz critic Barry McRae , " it was as if Coleman was translating the concept of the famous double quartet " from his 1961 album Free Jazz to what was required to perform jazz @-@ funk . - Coleman incorporated traditional structures and rhythms , and other elements from the rhythm and blues music he had played early his career . According to Mandel , the album 's simple , brisk music was more comparable to a coherent R & B band than jazz fusion . Although Coleman still performed the melodies on a song , he employed two guitarists for contrast to make each pair of guitarist and drummer responsible for either the rhythm or melody . Ellerbee provided accented linear counterpoint and Nix played variations of the song 's melody , while Denardo Coleman and Weston played both and . Tacuma and Ornette Coleman 's instrumental responses were played as the foreground to the less prominent guitars . McRae remarked that Coleman and Prime Time exchanged " directional hints " throughout the songs , as one player changed key and the others accordingly . The band made no attempt to their radically different parts . - Of Human Feelings features shorter and more distinct compositions than Dancing in Your Head . " Sleep Talk " , " Air Ship " , and " Times Square " were originally performed by Coleman during his concerts in 1978 under the names " Dream Talking " , " Meta " , and " Writing in the Streets " , respectively . " What Is the Name of That Song ? " was titled as a reference to two of his older compositions , " Love Eyes " and " Forgotten Songs " ( also known as " Holiday for Heroes " ) , whose themes were played concurrently and by Prime Time . The theme from " Forgotten Songs " , originally from Coleman 's 1972 album Skies of America , was used as a refrain . - On songs such as " Jump Street " and " Love Words " , Ellerbee incorporated distortion into his guitar playing , which gave the songs a thicker texture . " Jump Street " is a blues piece , " Air Ship " comprises a six @-@ bar riff , and the " Times Square " has futuristic dance themes . " Love Words " heavily uses , a central feature of harmolodics , and Coleman 's extended solo against a dense , complex backdrop . Nicholson observed West African rhythms and collective improvisation rooted in New Orleans jazz on " Love Words " , and suggested that " Sleep Talk " was derived from the opening solo in Igor Stravinsky 's 1913 orchestral work The of Spring . - - = = Release and reception = = - - A few weeks after Of Human Feelings was recorded , Mwanga went to Japan to negotiate a deal with Trio Records to have the album released on Text . Trio , who had previously released a compilation of Coleman 's 1966 to 1971 live performances in Paris , prepared to press the album once Mwanga provided the label with the record . Coleman was also set to perform his song " Skies of America " with the Symphony Orchestra , but cancelled both deals upon Mwanga 's return from Japan . Mwanga immediately quit after less than four months as Coleman 's manager . In 1981 , Coleman hired Stan and Sid Bernstein as his managers , who sold the album 's recording tapes to Island Records . He signed with the record label that year , and Of Human Feelings was released in 1982 on Island 's subsidiary jazz label Antilles Records . Billboard magazine published a front @-@ page story at the time about its distinction as both the first digital album recorded in New York City and the first digital jazz album recorded by an American label . - According to jazz writer Francis Davis , " a modest commercial breakthrough seemed imminent " for Coleman , who appeared to be regaining his celebrity . German Peter Wilson said the album may have been the most and commercial @-@ sounding of his career at that point . The album 's clean mix and relatively short tracks were interpreted as an attempt for radio airplay by Mandel , who described its production as " the surface consistency that would put it in the pop sphere " . Of Human Feelings had no success on the American pop charts , only charting on the Top Jazz Albums , where it spent 26 weeks and peaked at number 15 . Because the record offered a middle ground between funk and jazz , McRae argued that it consequently appealed to neither demographic of listeners . Sound & Vision critic Brent speculated that it was overlooked because it had electric instruments , rock and funk drumming , and did not conform to what he felt was the image of jazz that many of the genre 's fans preferred . The album later went out of print . - Of Human Feelings received considerable acclaim from contemporary critics . In a review for , Gary hailed it as another landmark album from Coleman and his most accomplished work of harmolodics , partly because of compositions which he found clearly expressed and occasionally . In his opinion , the discordant keys radically transmuted conventional and would be the most challenging part for listeners , whom he said should concentrate on Coleman 's playing and " let the resolve itself around his center " . from the Detroit Metro Times said Coleman 's approach displayed expressive rather than superficial technical while calling the record " a multi @-@ tonal mosaic of great power , humor , color , wit , , compassion and " . He found the songs inspirational , , and encompassing developments in African @-@ American music over the previous century . Robert Christgau found the music heartfelt and sophisticated in its exchange of rhythms and simple pieces of melody , writing in The Village Voice , " the way the players break into of song only to back into the is democracy at its most practical and . " - critics in jazz complained about the music 's incorporation of beats and electric guitar . In Review , Chris deemed the combination of saxophone and bizarre funk occasionally captivating but ultimately . Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times argued that the album 's supporters in " hip rock circles " had overlooked flaws ; he felt Tacuma and Coleman 's playing sounded like a unique " beacon of clarity " amid an incessant background . Leonard Feather wrote in the Toledo deemed the music ambiguous , potentially controversial , and difficult to assess but interesting enough to warrant a listen . At the end of 1982 , Billboard editor Peter named Of Human Feelings the year 's best album , calling it a prime example of fusing free jazz with modern funk . In year @-@ end lists for The Boston Phoenix , James Hunter and Howard Hampton ranked the album number one and number four , respectively . It was voted 13th best in the & , an annual poll of American critics nationwide , published in The Village Voice . Christgau , the poll 's supervisor , ranked it number one in an accompanying list , and in 1990 he named it the second @-@ best album of the 1980s . - Coleman received $ 25 @,@ 000 for the publishing rights to Of Human Feelings but said his managers sold it for less than the recording costs and that he did not receive any of its royalties . According to Stan Bernstein , Coleman had financial expectations that were " unrealistic in this business unless you 're Michael Jackson " . Antilles label executive Ron Goldstein felt the $ 25 @,@ 000 Coleman received was neither a great nor a fair amount for someone in jazz . After he had gone over budget to record a follow @-@ up album , Island did not release it nor pick up their option on him , and in 1983 , he left the Bernstein Agency . He chose Denardo Coleman to manage his career while overcoming his of public performance , which had been rooted in his distrust of doing business with a predominantly White music industry . According to Nicholson , " the man once accused of standing on the throat of jazz was welcomed back to the touring circuits with both curiosity and affection " during the 1980s . Coleman did not record another album for six years and instead performed internationally with Prime Time . - In a 1986 article for The New York Times on Coleman 's work with Prime Time , Robert Palmer said Of Human Feelings was still innovative and radical by the standards of other music in 1982 , three years after it was recorded . Because writers and musicians had heard its test pressing in 1979 , the album 's mix of jazz improvisation and gritty , punk and funk @-@ derived energy sounded " " when it was released , Palmer explained . " The album is clearly the progenitor of much that has sounded radically new in the ongoing fusion of punk rock , black dance rhythms , and free jazz . " AllMusic critic Scott believed that although Coleman 's compositions never achieved popularity , they succeeded within the context of an album that showcased his distinctive saxophone style , which was high @-@ brow yet catchy . Joshua Klein from The A.V. Club recommended Of Human Feelings as the best album for new listeners of Coleman 's harmolodics @-@ based music , while Chicago Tribune rock critic Greg included it in his guide for novice jazz listeners ; he named it one of the few albums that helped him both become a better listener of rock music and learn how to enjoy jazz . In 2008 , New York magazine 's Martin Johnson included it in his list of canonical albums from what he felt had been New York 's yet vital jazz scene in the previous 40 years ; Of Human Feelings what he described as a spirit of with elements of funk , Latin , and African music , all of which were by music that retained a jazz identity . - - = = Track listing = = - - All compositions by Ornette Coleman . - Side one - " Sleep Talk " – 3 : 34 - " Jump Street " – 4 : 24 - " Him and Her " – 4 : 20 - " Air Ship " – 6 : 11 - Side two - " What Is the Name of That Song ? " – 3 : 58 - " Job " – 4 : 57 - " Love Words " – 2 : 54 - " Times Square " – 6 : 03 - - = = Personnel = = - - Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . - - = = = Musicians = = = - - Denardo Coleman – drums - Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone , production - Charlie Ellerbee – guitar - Bern Nix – guitar - Jamaaladeen Tacuma – bass guitar - Calvin Weston – drums - - = = = Additional personnel = = = - - Susan Bernstein – cover painting - Peter – cover design - Joe – mastering - Ron Saint Germain – engineering - Ron Goldstein – executive direction - Harold – second engineering - Steven Mark – photography - Ken Robertson – tape operation - - - = Dangerously in Love Tour = - - The Dangerously in Love Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . Although the tour was intended to showcase songs from her debut solo album , Dangerously in Love , ( 2003 ) the set list also contained a special segment dedicated to Beyoncé 's girl group Destiny 's Child and featured songs from her 2003 film The Fighting Temptations . The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that displayed video images of Beyoncé and her dancers , as well as some images from her music videos and some images . The tour was reviewed negatively by Dave Simpson of The Guardian who graded it with two stars out of five . The Dangerously in Love Tour only reached Europe and Beyoncé 's performance at the Wembley Arena in London , was filmed and later released on the CD / DVD Live at Wembley ( 2004 ) . - - = = Background and development = = - - The Dangerously In Love Tour was the debut solo concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . The tour was intended to showcase songs from Beyoncé ' debut solo album , Dangerously in Love released in 2003 . However , the set list also contained a special segment of her show dedicated to her girl group Destiny 's Child and songs from Beyoncé ' 2003 film The Fighting Temptations ( " Fever " and " " ) . The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that moved up and down throughout the entire show and displayed video images of Beyoncé and her dancers , as well as some images from her music videos and some images with special effects . The show also featured a small staircase and platforms on both side of the stairs for her band . Beyoncé later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys as ensemble for the Verizon Ladies First Tour ( 2004 ) in North America . - - = = Synopsis and reception = = - - Dave Simpson of The Guardian described the opening of the show during his review : " Some while after Beyoncé is due on stage , a voice announces that the support act won 't be appearing and that Beyoncé will be with us ' in a moment ' . Like everything else – hits , boots , hair and sponsorship deals – moments are very big in Beyoncé world . An age later , cheers erupt for the raising of a curtain which revealed , er , a with a drum kit . An hour later , the music is getting gradually louder to drown boos and the cries of small children whose parents are moaning it 's getting past their . " The show opens with " Baby Boy " which Beyoncé sang while being lowered onto the stage upside down . A highlight for many fans was her performance of " Dangerously in Love 2 " . During the tour , a special 8 @-@ minutes rendition of the song was performed . - Simpson of The Guardian reviewed the opening show of the tour negatively , it with two out of five stars . He was negative about Beyoncé ' clothing during the show , saying : " The delays may well be down to Beyoncé 's wardrobe , which could trouble Marcos . There are skimpy skirts , tails ( for a note perfect if pointless version of Peggy Lee 's Fever ) and a general theme of low material , high . But often , the main is on Beyoncé 's outfit . " He also added that " The dancers ' ' naked suits ' make the former church girl a rival to [ ] . But there 's an section where they pretend to be , and when Beyoncé disappears for long periods it feels like an expensive night with and Co . " He concluded his review by saying , - " , the armies of industry professionals that put Beyoncé together aren 't sure of her core audience . A vague Saturday night TV , family entertainment feel gradually gives way to a more intriguing cross between showbiz and thumping R & B. However , a tape Crazy In Love and a belting Work It Out suggest Beyoncé is best sticking to her roots . , if , she puts the carnage down to her tour manager falling off stage , but at least she 's grasped one showbiz : the show must go on . " - - = = and recordings = = - - On November 10 , 2003 , Beyoncé performed at the Wembley Arena in London ; this was later put on a DVD , titled Live at Wembley , which was released in April 2004 . It was accompanied by a CD comprising three previously @-@ unreleased studio recorded songs and one remix each of " Crazy in Love " , " Baby Boy " and " Naughty Girl " . Behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage can be also seen on the DVD . The album debuted at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 , selling 45 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The DVD has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 200 @,@ 000 copies . According to Nielsen SoundScan , it had sold 264 @,@ 000 copies in the US by October 2007 , while as at October 6 , 2010 , it had sold 197 @,@ 000 digital downloads . In an interview with The New York Times in 2007 , American singer Miranda Lambert revealed that Live at Wembley inspired her to " take little bits from that [ Beyoncé ' performance ] " for her live shows . - - = = Set list = = - - " Baby Boy " - " Naughty Girl " - " Fever " - " Hip Hop Star " - " Yes " - " Work It Out " - " Gift from " - " Be with You " - " " - Destiny 's Child Medley : - " a Boo " - " No , No , No Part 2 " - " Bootylicious " - " ' , ' " - " Say My Name " - " Independent Women Part I " - " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " - " Survivor " - " Me , Myself and I " - " " - " Dangerously in Love 2 " - " Crazy in Love " - - = = Tour dates = = - - - - = Zhou Tong ( archer ) = - - Zhou ( or ) Tong ( Chinese : and ; pinyin : ) ( died late 1121 CE ) was the archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song Dynasty general Yue Fei . Originally a local hero from Henan , he was hired to continue Yue Fei 's military training in archery after the boy had rapidly mastered under his first teacher . In addition to the future general , Zhou accepted other children as archery pupils . During his tutelage , Zhou taught the children all of his skills and even rewarded Yue with his two favorite bows because he was his best pupil . After Zhou 's death , Yue would regularly visit his tomb twice a month and perform unorthodox sacrifices that far surpassed that done for even beloved tutors . Yue later taught what he had learned from Zhou to his soldiers and they were successful in battle . - With the publishing of Yue Fei 's 17th folklore biography , The Story of Yue Fei ( 1684 ) , a new distinct fictional Zhou Tong emerged , which differed greatly from his historical persona . Not only was he now from Shaanxi ; but he was Yue 's adopted father , a learned scholar with knowledge of the eighteen weapons of war , and his personal name was spelled with a different , yet related , Chinese character . The novel 's author portrayed him as an elderly widower and military arts tutor who counted Lin Chong and Lu Junyi , two of the fictional 108 outlaws on which the Water Margin is based , among his former pupils . A later republican era folktale by noted Yangzhou storyteller Wang Shaotang not only adds Wu Song to this list , but represents Zhou as a knight @-@ errant with supreme . The tale also gives him the nickname " Iron Arm " , which he shares with the executioner @-@ turned @-@ outlaw Cai Fu , and makes the outlaw Lu Zhishen his sworn brother . Because of his association with the outlaws , he is often confused with the similarly named outlaw Zhou Tong . - Various novels and folk legends have endowed Zhou with different kinds of martial and supernatural skills . These range from mastery of the bow , double , and Chinese spear to that of hard qigong and even x @-@ ray vision . Practitioners of Eagle Claw , Chuojiao and Xingyi commonly include him within their lineage history because of his association with Yue Fei , the supposed progenitor of these styles . He is also linked to Northern Mantis boxing via Lin Chong and Yan Qing . Wang Shaotang 's folktale even represents him as a master of Eight Immortals boxing . However , the oldest historical record that mentions his name only says he taught archery to Yue Fei . Nothing is ever said about him knowing or teaching a specific style of Chinese martial arts . - Zhou has appeared in various forms of media such as novels , comic books , and movies . His rare 20th century biography , Iron Arm , Golden Sabre , serves as a sequel to The Story of Yue Fei because it details his adventures decades prior to taking Yue as his pupil . This was later adapted into a ten volume comic book . He also appears in a novel concerning one of his fictional martial arts brothers . He was portrayed by three different actors in a string of black and white Yue Fei films produced in the 1940s and 1960s , one of which featured a ten @-@ year @-@ old as the lead . martial arts actor Yu , who played the sword @-@ wielding antagonist in Jet Li 's Shaolin Temple , stated in a 2005 interview that he has always wanted to portray Zhou in a film . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Mention in Yue family memoirs = = = - - On his deathbed , Yue Fei 's third son Yue Lin ( , born 1130 ) asked his own son , the poet and historian Yue Ke ( , – post @-@ ) , to complete Yue Fei 's memoirs . This two @-@ part memoir was completed in 1203 , some sixty years after the general 's political execution , but was not published until 1234 . It was later abridged in 1345 and published in the Yuan Dynasty 's dynastic chronology History of the Song Dynasty under the title Yue Fei Biography ( chapter 365 , biography 124 ) . Zhou 's mention in Yue Ke 's memoir was only briefly summarized in the Yuan rewrite . It reads , " He [ Yue Fei ] learned archery from Zhou Tong . He learned everything and could fire with his left and right hands . After Tong 's death , he would offer sacrifices at his tomb " . - Western Washington University history professor Edward Kaplan explains Zhou was a " local " ( - " heroic ( person ) " ) . He comments Hao can also mean " a ' knight errant ' in poetic translation , or in terms a professional and bodyguard . ' " This means Zhou was a local hero from Tangyin County , prefecture , Henan province ( the same area as Yue Fei ) . - Historical and scholarly sources spell his personal name as ( Tong ) , meaning " same or similar " . This differs from the spelling present in fictional sources , which will be further explained below . So , " " represents the historical archer . - - = = = = = = - - Despite being literate , giving him a chance to become a scholar , young Yue Fei chose the military path because there had never been any tradition of full @-@ fledged Confucian civil service in his family history . He would stay up all night reading military strategy books and idolized such great historical heroes as Guan Yu . However , the Yue family was much too poor to afford military lessons for their son , so , Yao , the boy 's maternal grandfather , hired Chen ( ) to teach the eleven @-@ year @-@ old how to wield the Chinese spear . Yao was very surprised when his grandson quickly mastered the spear by the age of thirteen . Zhou was then brought in to continue Yue 's military training in archery . Dr. Kaplan describes Zhou as the " most important " of the two teachers . - A section of the Jin Xu , the second part of Yue Ke 's original published memoir , describes one of Zhou 's archery lessons and reveals that he took other children as his pupils : - " One day , [ Chou ] T 'ung gathered his pupils for an archery session and to display his ability put three arrows in succession into the center of the target . Pointing to the target to show grandfather [ Yue Fei ] , he said : ' After you can perform like this , you can say you are an archer ' . , thanked him and asked to be allowed to try . He drew his bow , let fly his arrow and struck the end of T 'ung 's arrow . He shot again and again hit the mark . T 'ung was greatly amazed and subsequently presented to grandfather his two favorite bows . Thereafter grandfather practiced still more [ until ] he was able to shoot to the left and right , accurately letting fly the arrow as he moved . When he became a general he taught this to his officers and men so that his whole army became skilled at shooting to the left and right and frequently used this technique to crush the enemy 's spirit " . - The last sentence of the passage is similar to one from the Republican era Biography of Song Yue , Prince of E. But instead of teaching them his own technique , it states Yue taught what he had learned from Zhou to his soldiers who were victorious in battle . - - = = = Death = = = - - Zhou continued to teach the children until his death , prior to Yue 's legal adulthood . Following his passing , Yue became extremely depressed since Zhou had been the greatest influence on his early life . Zhou 's student would regularly visit his tomb on the first and fifteenth of every month with sacrifices of meat and wine and would shoot three arrows in succession with one of the two bows his tutor had presented him with ( it is never mentioned whether any of Zhou 's other archery pupils came to visit his tomb ) . Dr. Kaplan comments this continuous unusual display of mourning " went far beyond the ceremonial appropriate for even a highly respected teacher " . Noted Wilhelm claims even though the display of grief was genuine , it was also a way of the stories of his heroic idols and " [ establishing himself ] in the public eye " . Yue 's father later followed him secretly to Zhou 's tomb after striking him during an argument over his melancholic behavior . There , he saw him perform the unorthodox involving the meat , wine , and three arrows . When he finally confronted him , the son confessed that " his gratitude for Chou 's instruction could not be simply by the usual first and middle of the month ceremonies and so he ... shot off the three arrows to symbolize that Chou had been the source of his inspiration as an archer " . Dr. Kaplan 's states this happened just prior to Yue 's entrance into the army and that the entire event served as a symbol for Yue 's " entrance into responsible " . - The of Yue lists the events at Zhou 's tomb happening in 1121 when Yue was nineteen , but Yue would have been eighteen in that year since he was born on " the fifteenth day of the second month of 1103 " . The author of the original source material was using age calculation , in which a child is already considered one year old at birth . Since Yue joined the military shortly after Zhou 's death , a relative time frame can be given for when he died . During the early months of 1122 , the Song empire mobilized its armed forces to assist the Jurchen in their common enemy , the Liao Dynasty . Therefore , it appears that Zhou died in late 1121 , before the call to arms was issued . - - = = Fiction = = - - Zhou Tong 's fictional life story can be together from two sources : The Story of Yue Fei and Iron Arm , Golden Sabre . The Story of Yue Fei is a fictionalized retelling of Yue Fei 's young life , military exploits , and execution . It was written by a native of named Qian Cai ( ) , who lived sometime between the of the and emperors in the Qing dynasty . The preface dates the book 's publication to 1684 . It was deemed a threat by the Qing emperors and banned during the era . In the novel , Zhou is portrayed as an elderly widower and Yue 's only military arts tutor . The General 's historical spear master Chen is never mentioned . Zhou teaches Yue Fei and his sworn brothers military and literary arts from chapters two through five , before his death . - In the writing of his novel , Qian Cai used a different character when spelling Zhou 's given name . Instead of the original character meaning " similar " , it was changed to , meaning " rude or " . So , " " represents Zhou 's distinct fictional persona . This spelling has even been carried over into modern day martial arts manuals . - Iron Arm , Golden Sabre was written by Wang and Long and published in 1986 . This novel , which serves as Zhou 's own fictional biography , is a prequel to The Story of Yue Fei because it details his adventures decades prior to taking Yue Fei as his student . It follows his life as a young martial arts instructor in the Song army 's Imperial guard , his struggles against the and Liao barbarian tribes and his tutelage of Water Margin outlaws . The last few chapters incorporate the storyline from the four chapters that he appears in The Story of Yue Fei . This was later adapted into a ten volume @-@ style comic book called The Legend of Zhou Tong in 1987 . - - = = = Early life and adulthood = = = - - Zhou is born in Shaanxi and trains in the martial arts from a young age . He is taken as one of the pupils of Shaolin master Tan ( ) and , learning the true essence of Shaolin , becomes proficient in things both literary and martial . Tan 's other students include the future generals Jin Tai ( ) and Zong Ze ( ) and the future Water Margin outlaws Sun Li and . As a young man , Zhou catches the attention of Judge and enlists in the military as an officer . His superiors take note of his great skill after he helps his classmate General Jin battle Liao in northern China and install him as a teacher in the Capital Imperial Martial Arts School . The school has three teaching positions named in order of prestige : " Heaven , " " Earth , " and " Man . " Since he has the greatest skill , he occupies the Heaven position . He uses this post and his friendship with General Zong to get their classmate Sun Li installed as the Superintendent of Forces of . Sun later becomes an outlaw under and helps defeat the evil Zhu Family , who learn military arts from his classmate . - As he grows older , Zhou becomes dissatisfied with politics because the Imperial court chooses to appease the northern barbarian tribes instead of standing against them . He then devotes himself to his martial arts practice and creates several official and authoritative techniques including the " five step , thirteen lance piercing kick " , which is a development of Shaolin boxing , and the " Zhou Tong . " He makes a effort to transmit his martial efforts while teaching at the Imperial Martial Arts School and formally accepts two disciples : " Jade Unicorn " Lu Junyi and " Panther head " Lin Chong . Lu Junyi is a millionaire with vast land holdings and does not hold office , but Lin Chong Zhou 's position after his retirement , and continues to serve as the lead instructor for the 800 @,@ 000 members of the Song army 's Imperial Guard . - During this time , Zhou Tong also has an additional disciple named Wu Song . Wu Song becomes famous for killing a man @-@ eating tiger with his bare hands and is appointed as a constable in his native Shandong . The county magistrate Sun later sends Wu on a mission to Kaifeng with precious tiger bone in order to favor with influential personages . During his stay in the capital , he makes the acquaintance of Zhou . Zhou finds Wu to be a man of great strength , but feels that he lacks refinement in his martial technique and , therefore , offers guidance for Wu 's training . Unfortunately , these two men only interact for a brief two months before Wu has to return home , never to see Zhou again . - Following his retirement , Zhou serves for a time as an advisor to General Liu ( ) , whose troops are garrisoned in Henan Province . But Zhou later becomes an outlaw himself after he aids the heroes of the Water Margin and is forced to flee from government forces . Meanwhile , he learns his elderly classmate Jin Tai is close to death and to Shaolin ( where the general had become a Buddhist monk after the murder of his family ) to pay his last respects . As the oldest of Tan 's pupils , Jin orders Zhou to find a talented youth to pass on all of his martial arts knowledge to . However , this reunion is cut short when the troops track him to Shaolin . He flees to Wine Spring mountain and lives in hiding for sometime before being invited by his old friend Wang Ming ( ) to become the precept of the Wang family in Unicorn Village . - - = = = Old age and death = = = - - One day , Zhou surprises the children with a written exam and leaves the classroom to speak with a visitor . Wang 's son , Wang Gui ( ) , tricks their maid 's son , Yue Fei , into completing their assignment while they go outside to play . After easily finishing the task at hand , Yue writes a heroic poem on a whitewashed wall and signs it with his name . The children then burst into the classroom upon learning of Zhou 's forthcoming return and tell Yue to escape in order to avoid apprehension . The old teacher eventually discovers the and , after at Yue 's impromptu ballad , asks Yue to fetch his mother , Lady Yao ( ) , for an important meeting . With the entire Wang household assembled in the main hall , Zhou asks the Lady for her blessing to have the boy as his adopted son and student . She and Yue takes his seat amongst Zhou 's students the following morning . Because Zhou knows Yue is poor , he commands the four students to become sworn brothers . Zhou also begins to teach Yue all of the eighteen weapons of war . - Six years later , Zhou takes the group to visit his old friend , the abbot of a small Buddhist temple on the " Hill of Dripping Water " . Thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Yue wanders behind the temple and finds the " Cave of Dripping Water " , in which lives a magical snake . When it at Yue , he to one side and pulls on its tail with his supernatural strength , causing it to turn into an 18 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) , gold @-@ plated spear named the " Supernatural of Dripping Water " . When they return home , Zhou begins to drill all of his students in the military arts — eighteen weapons of war , archery , and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . After three years of practice , Zhou enters them into a preliminary military examination in Tangyin in which sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Yue wins first place by shooting a succession of nine arrows through the of a target two hundred and forty paces away . After his display of , Yue is asked to marry the daughter of Li Chun ( ) , an old friend of Zhou 's and the county magistrate who presided over the military exams . Father and son then return home to their village . - Li writes out a marriage certificate and dispatches a messenger to deliver the document to Yue Fei in Unicorn Village . Zhou and Yue set out at dawn and travel back to Tangyin to thank the for his generosity and kindness . There , Li prepares a great feast for them , but when food is brought out for any servants that might have accompanied them , Zhou comments that they had come on foot without help . Li decides to let Yue pick from any one of his thousands of horses because every able military man needs a strong . After finishing their feast , Zhou and Yue thank Li once again and leave Tangyin to return home . During their journey , Zhou recommends that Yue run the horse to test its speed . Yue spurs the horse on leaving Zhou in pursuit . When they reach the village gate , the two and Zhou returns to his study where he feels hot from the race and removes his outer garments to fan himself . But he soon falls ill and stays for seven days . Then the book describes his death and burial : - " ... his up and he died . This was on the fourteenth day of the ninth month in the seventeenth year of the Reign of Xuan He , and his age was seventy @-@ nine ... Buddhist and Taoist were asked to come and chant prayers , for seven times seven , namely forty @-@ nine days . Then the body was taken up to be buried beside the Hill of Dripping Water " . - Yue lives in a shed by his grave through the winter and in the second lunar month of the following year , his martial brothers come and pull the building down , forcing him to return home and take care of his mother . - The quoted death date is not only unreliable because the book is fiction , but also because the Xuan He reign era of Emperor Huizong lasted only seven years ( 1119 – 1125 ) and not seventeen . Although The Story of Yue Fei states Zhou died shortly before Yue took a wife , he historically died after Yue married . It is likely that the original author invented this fictional date . - - = = = Family = = = - - According to The Story of Yue Fei , Zhou was married with a son . But Zhou comments that his " old wife " died and his " small son " was killed in battle against the after leaving with the outlaw Lu Junyi to fight in the war . In The Legend of Zhou Tong , his wife is named Meng ( ) and his son is named Zhou ( ) . He defeats Meng in a martial arts contest and wins her as his wife . But she is shortly thereafter kidnapped by the wicked monks of the Stone Buddha temple . Both Zhou and Meng eventually defeat the monks with their combined martial skills and later marry at the Pass in Hubei province . - Zhou first appears as a fierce , impulsive young man who rides his horse into the thick of enemy wielding a long spear . He later dies in battle against the Liao Dynasty . After his son 's death , Zhou retreats to the Temple for a long morning period . He later takes seven @-@ year @-@ old Yue Fei as his adopted son and sole heir years after the boy 's father drowns in a great flood : - " I see that he [ Yue Fei ] is clever and handsome and I , an old man , wish to have him as my adopted son ... He need change neither his name nor his surname . I only want him to call me father temporarily so that I can faithfully transmit all the skills I have learned in my life to a single person . Later , when I die , all he has to do is to bury my old bones in the earth and not allow them to be exposed , and that is all " . - However , after comparing events from The Story of Yue Fei and an account of Yue 's life from the sixteenth @-@ century work Restoration of the Great Song Dynasty : The Story of King Yue ( ) , literary critic Hsia concluded " that his father did not [ historically ] die in the flood and that , although Fei showed almost regard for the memory of his teacher Chou T 'ung ( not ) , the latter had not been his adopted father " . The Restoration of the Great Song was one of the earliest of four " historical novels " ( fictionalized dynastic ) written about Yue during the Ming Dynasty , all of which predate The Story of Yue Fei . Despite the addition of popular legends , ( fl 1552 ) , the author of the The Story of King Yue , relied heavily on historical including Zhu Xi 's ( 1130 – 1200 ) and Details Based on the T 'ung @-@ , Yue Ke 's family memoir , and the Yuan Dynasty 's official Yue Fei Biography to write his story . So , The Story of Yue Fei was the first full @-@ blown fictionalized novel to introduce the adoption storyline . - - = = = and voice = = = - - He is generally portrayed as a large elderly man with a powerful voice . A modern folktale by noted Yangzhou storyteller Wang Shaotang ( 1889 – 1968 ) , whom folklore researcher called " the master of this [ the 20th ] century " , describes Zhou thus , - " He was beyond the age of fifty , he was more than fifty , and standing upright he measured about eight feet . His face had a golden tan , arched , a pair of bright eyes , a regular head form , a square mouth , a pair of protruding ears , and under his chin there were three locks of beard , a beard . On his head he wore a sky @-@ blue satin scarf , and he was dressed in a sky @-@ blue satin coat with a , a pair of wide black trousers without and satin boots with thin " . - Heroes and religious masters with above normal height are a recurring theme in Chinese folklore . For instance , his student Wu Song is said to be over nine feet tall in the same folktale . In The Story of Yue Fei , the General simultaneously duels with two other warriors vying for first place in a military exam ; one is nine feet tall and the other is eight feet tall . A of the Taoist saint Zhang states he was over seven feet tall . - When Zhou is in " Yangzhou storytelling " , he speaks in " Square mouth public talk " , which is a manner of speaking reserved for martial heroes , highly respected characters , or , sometimes , lesser characters that pretend to be an important hero . Square mouth public talk is actually a mixture of two forms of dialogue : and . ( square mouth ) is a manner of steady , yet forceful over pronunciation of dialogue that was possibly influenced by Northern Chinese opera . ( public talk ) is monologue and dialogue that is sometimes used for " imposing heroes " . This mixture of styles means Zhou Tong is treated as a highly regarded hero . - In her analysis of Yangzhou storytelling , noted that the aforementioned tale about Zhou and Wu Song uses different forms of dialogue for both characters . Wu speaks square mouth utilizing standard without rusheng ( short syllables ) . On the contrary , Zhou speaks using the Yangzhou tone system , which does utilize rusheng syllables . Therefore , she believes " square mouth dialogue should at least be divided into two , namely the Wu Song variant — without rusheng , and the Zhou Tong variant — with rusheng " . - - = = = Students = = = - - - = = = = Water Margin outlaws = = = = - - The Water Margin ( c . 1400 ) is a Ming Dynasty military romance about one hundred and eight demons @-@ born @-@ men and women who band together to rebel against the lavish Song Dynasty government . Lin Chong and Lu Junyi , two of these outlaws , are briefly mentioned as being Zhou 's previous students in The Story of Yue Fei . They are not characters within the main plot , though , as both are killed by " villainous officials " prior to Zhou becoming precept of the Wang household . Most importantly , the two were not among his historical students since they are fictional characters . - Zhou 's portrayal as their teacher is connected to a recurring element in Chinese fiction where Tang and Song Dynasty heroes train under a " celestial master " , usually a Taoist immortal , prior to their military exploits . Hsia suggests the mold from which all other similar teachers are cast is , master of the feuding Sun and Juan , from the Yuan Dynasty tale Volume of the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Seven Kingdoms ( ) . Hsia goes on to say that Qian Cai , Yue 's fictional biographer , associated Zhou with the outlaws because " most such teachers [ in the military romance genre ] are " with at least two students . But in adopting this format , Qian reversed the traditional pattern of " celestial tutelage " since Zhou is written as a human , while his students are of demons ( Lin and Lu ) and the celestial bird Garuda ( Yue Fei ) . - Although Lin and Lu have been connected to Zhou since the early Qing Dynasty , Wu Song did not become associated with him until Wang Shaotang created a 20th @-@ century folktale in which the two meet in Kaifeng . The tale takes place during Wu 's mission to Kaifeng , but before the murder of his older brother Wu . Zhou teaches Wu the " Rolling Dragon " style of during the constable 's one @-@ month stay in the capital city . This tale was chapter two of Wang 's " Ten chapters on Wu Song " storytelling repertoire , which was later transcribed and published in the book Wu Sung in 1959 . It eventually carried over into the storyline of Iron Arm , Golden Sabre and , subsequently , The Legend of Zhou Tong . In the latter version , Wu instead learns boxing from Zhou during a two month stay in the capital . - Wang 's tale portrays Zhou as an aging itinerant with " a fame like thunder " throughout the underworld society of . He is made the sworn brother of the outlaw " " Lu Zhishen , a military officer @-@ turned @-@ fighting monk , who is , according to Hsia , first among the most popular protagonists of the Water Margin . He is also given the nickname " Iron Arm " ( ) , which carried over into the title of his fictional biography Iron Arm , Golden Sabre . While the tale fails to explain the reason for the moniker , it does mention Zhou 's ability to direct his to any part of his body to make it hard enough to the " Iron shirt " technique of another martial artist . Furthermore , Zhou shares the same nickname with Cai Fu , an executioner @-@ turned @-@ outlaw known for his ease in wielding a heavy sword . - Because of his association with these outlaws , Zhou is often confused with the similarly named outlaw " Little " Zhou Tong . In the Water Margin , this Zhou Tong is a bandit chief of Mount Peach whom Lu Zhishen beats for trying to forcibly marry the daughter of the Liu family . He dies later under the sword of Li , an officer in the rebel army of Fang La . So , the connection between both Zhou 's is based solely on the transcription of their name . - - = = = = Yue Fei = = = = - - The Story of Yue Fei comments Lu Junyi is Zhou 's last student prior to taking on seven @-@ year @-@ old Yue Fei and his three sworn @-@ brothers Wang Gui , Tang Huai ( ) and Zhang ( ) . He teaches them literary and military lessons on even and odd days . The novel says Yue is talented in all manners of " literary and military matters " and even surpasses the skill of Lin and Lu . After Yue his " Supernatural of Dripping Water " , Zhou tutors all of his students in the eighteen weapons of war , but each excels with one in particular ; Yue Fei and Tang Huai , the spear ; Zhang , the Hook @-@ spear and Wang Gui , the . All of them learn the skill of archery in addition . Some of these and other children are mentioned in Yue Ke 's memoir as being his grandfather 's historical childhood friends , but they are never specified as being Zhou 's students . - Books written by modern @-@ day martial artists make many claims that are not with historical documents or current scholarly thought . For instance , Yang @-@ Ming says Zhou was a scholar who studied martial arts in the Shaolin Monastery and later took Yue as his student after the young man worked as a tenant farmer for the official @-@ general Han Qi ( , – 1075 ) . During this time , he learned all types of military weapons , horseback riding , and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . The General later created Xingyi and Eagle Claw boxing from his internal and external training under Zhou . However , history notes that unarmed boxing styles did not develop at Shaolin until the late Ming Dynasty . He also states that Ji family memoirs and Qing Dynasty records suggest Xingyi was created hundreds of years after the death of Yue by a named Ji ( fl . 1651 ) . In addition , the appearance of Han Qi in the story is a chronological anachronism since he died nearly 30 years before Yue 's birth . Yue historically worked as a tenant farmer and bodyguard for descendants of Han Qi in 1124 after leaving the military upon the death of his father in late 1122 , but he learned from Zhou well before this time . - Eagle Claw Shum and Lily believe " Tong " ( the Cantonese rendering of his name ) was a monk who brought young Yue to the Shaolin Monastery and taught him a set of hand techniques , which Yue later adapted to create his ( Eagle fist ) . Liang states practitioners of believe Yue trained under Zhou as a child and competed to become China 's top fighter at an early age . Their lineage story dictates Zhou also took Yue to a " Buddhist " who taught him said qigong style . Northern Mantis Master says Zhou taught Yue the " same school " of martial arts as he did his Water Margin students and that the General was the originator of the praying technique " Black Tiger [ sic ] Heart " . Although Martial arts historian Stanley admits that Yue 's biographies do not mention boxing , he says " he [ Yue ] almost certainly did practice some form of bare handed fighting " to prepare for his weapons training . But he does not suggest who Yue might have learned it from . - - = = = Martial arts = = = - - There is insufficient historical evidence to support the claim he knew any skills beyond archery . Contemporary records never once mention Zhou teaching Yue boxing . Despite this , various novels and folk legends have attributed many different military and supernatural skills to Zhou . These range from mastery of the bow , double swords and Chinese spear to that of hard qigong , Chuojiao boxing and even X @-@ ray vision . Wang Shaotang 's folktale even represents him as a master of Eight Immortals boxing . - Zhou can also be linked to these combat arts through his historical and folklore students . Practitioners of Eagle Claw , Chuojiao and Xingyi commonly include him within their lineage history because of his association with Yue Fei , the supposed progenitor of these styles . believes Zhou taught Lin Chong and Lu Junyi the " same school " of martial arts that was later combined with seventeen other schools to create Mantis fist . This combination of various schools refers to an eighteenth @-@ century martial arts manual that describes the gathering of eighteen masters at the Shaolin Monastery that supposedly took place during the early years of the Song Dynasty . Lin Chong and Yan Qing are listed as two of the eighteen masters invited , which means their skills of Mandarin Duck Leg and ground fighting are treated as two separate schools , instead of one . But he believes Mantis fist was created during the Ming Dynasty , and was therefore influenced by these eighteen schools from the Song . He also says Lu Junyi taught Yan Qing the same martial arts as he learned from Zhou . - Very few references are made to the people who supposedly taught martial arts to Zhou . In The Legend of Zhou Tong , he learns as a child from a Shaolin master named Tan . Practitioners of Chuojiao claim he learned the style from its creator , a wandering Taoist named Liang . Practitioners of , a style attributed to Yue Fei , believe he studied under Han De , a " person " from Shaanxi . - - = = In popular culture = = - - Zhou has appeared in various kinds of media including novels , comic books , and movies . Apart from The Story of Yue Fei and Iron Arm , Golden Sabre , he appears in a novel based around his older martial arts brother , Jin Tai . A recent graphic novel of The Story of Yue Fei , all mythological elements from the storyline and presents it in a historical manner . Instead of traveling from Hebei to Hubei to inspect land , Zhou travels from Shaanxi to Kaifeng City in Henan to visit an old friend who had been promoted to General . While en route to the capital city , Zhou takes note of a great famine the and even hears stories of some people to . However , when he arrives in Kaifeng , he sees the empire is wasting money on the construction of large imperial gardens , the court officials Cai Jing and Wang have extravagant , and hears that even are rich because they are given high government posts . Upon locating his friend , Zhou is distressed to find him in stocks and and being escorted to the farthest reaches of China by imperial guards . He later learns that the General had accidentally offended some court officials and was sentenced to permanent exile on some up charges . Apparently having little or no money , Zhou decides to visit Wang Ming in Hubei ( mistakenly called Hebei ) and becomes the estate 's tutor . - Another noticeable difference in the storyline takes place when Zhou travels with his teenage disciples to visit his friend the Abbot . Instead of Yue wandering behind the temple to battle the magical snake , he stays with Zhou and the Abbot , while the other disciples go off to explore . Zhou watches as the Abbot tests Yue 's strength by asking him to move an ornate three @-@ hundred pound copper stove dating from the Han Dynasty . The abbot then a stone floor tile and presents the boy with a large book on military strategy . He goes on to tell Yue how he was once a great soldier who fought in campaigns against the Liao and Western Xia empires , but became a monk after the Song agreed to become a vassal of each state . He later made a name for himself by teaching military skills to youths from the surrounding area . Since he has no heir of his own , the Abbot presents Yue with his own personal spear and instructs him in the proper use of the weapon . Zhou kindly protests the gift at first , but allows Yue to keep it out of friendship . - A second graphic novelization drastically changes the storyline involving Zhou . Like the original , Zhou becomes the tutor of the Wang estate , but , when news of his arrival prompts rich families to send their sons to learn from him , he is forced to accept of these students on a trial basis . He eventually chooses his friends ' sons as his indoor disciples and Yue as his " " . Years later , he takes his now teenage students not to see the Buddhist abbot , but to teach them military strategy out in the mountain wilderness . Yue senses trouble after his martial brothers separate to explore the forest and rushes off to rescue them , only to be confronted by a monstrous snake . After vanquishing the beast with his sword , Yue discovers a magic glowing spear within a cave and reports back to Zhou . Following their training , Zhou becomes ill from to the cold mountain air on the return trip home and dies soon after . Instead of just Yue , all of his students live beside his grave for a mourning period of one hundred days before returning home to their families . These events take place three years before Zhou originally died in The Story of Yue Fei . - Stories including Zhou have also been used to educate . The Secondary School system of Hong Kong teaches children the value of by making them read about the close teacher @-@ pupil relationship between Zhou and Yue . A morale tale called " Yue Fei Studies " in Children 's , a Chinese magazine tailored for children ages two through seven , demonstrates how great achievements are only made possible via practice . The story states how young Yue stumbles upon Zhou 's training hall in a neighboring town while gathering fire wood . Yue applies to become a student , but Zhou tells him he must first practice the art of the " far @-@ sighted person " by staring into the morning sun to improve his eyesight . After years of practice , Yue is able to spot a lone flying off in the distance and two on a tree far into the forest . Zhou then officially takes him as his disciple and adopted son . Under his tutelage , Yue is able to master the eighteen weapons of war and to shoot a falling leaf from one @-@ hundred paces away . - He is mentioned numerous times in author Robert 's thriller ( 2009 ) . Zhou is first featured in chapter eight during a conversation between the main character John " Hutch " Hutchinson , a journalist bent on stopping the plans of a billionaire , and his friend 's young son Dillon , an archery enthusiast . When Hutch asks him if he had ever heard of the archery @-@ champion @-@ turned @-@ actor Howard Hill , Dillon replies : " I don 't think so ... You told me about Zhou Tong " . Hutch then says : " Oh , yeah . Zhou Tong was something . the Song Dynasty to be the best military in history . But Howard Hill [ was the best ] " . Later in chapter fifty , while Hutch is trailing a killer through an airport , a page goes out over the system for a " Mr. Zhou Tong " . When the page goes out again , Hutch muses : " Zhou Tong had been a famous archery teacher and military arts tutor in the Song Dynasty . [ Dillon and I ] had long telephone conversations about him , because of Tong 's blending of archery skills and self @-@ discipline . He was an inspiration to [ me ] . Dillon had that and wanted to known everything about him " . He finally realizes that the page had to have been left by Dillon 's mother Laura to catch his attention . The page is sent to warn him of a trap , but Hutch receives it too late . - Screen actors who have portrayed Zhou in film 's from the 1940s and 1960s include , Li Ming , and Jing Bo . Jing starred alongside a ten @-@ year @-@ old , who played young Yue Fei . martial arts actor Yu , who played the sword @-@ wielding antagonist in Jet Li 's Shaolin Temple , stated in a 2005 newspaper interview that he never shaved his trademark beard , even at the request of movie producers , because he wanted to portray Zhou in a future film . He went on to say " He is an outstandingly able person from the northern and southern Song and many Water Margin heroes are his disciples . This person is very important in the martial arts and many people want to portray him in films " . - - - = Romanian Land Forces = - - The Romanian Land Forces ( Romanian : ) is the army of Romania , and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces . In recent years , full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the force . - The Romanian Land Forces were founded on 24 November [ 12 November ] 1859 . They participated in World War I , together with the Russian Empire forces in actions against the Central Powers and , despite initial setbacks , won the decisive battles of and . During most of World War II ( until August 23 , 1944 ) Romanian forces supported the Axis powers , fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front . From August 1944 until the end of the war , Romania fought against Germany under the control of the Soviet Union . When the communists seized power after the Second World War , the army underwent reorganisation and . - Following the Romanian Revolution , due to shortage of funds , many units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out . Likewise , Romanian military capability declined because of a lack of fuel as well as training . However , since the late 1990s , a number of positive changes have come about and the level of combat readiness is growing greatly ; since 1996 , the military budget has grown more than four times - rising from million dollars to 2 @.@ 8 billion dollars in 2007 . Conscription has been abolished and professionalisation has been completed . - - = = Mission = = - - The Land Forces represent the most important component of the Romanian Armed Forces and they are for execution of various military actions , with terrestrial or character , in any zone or direction . - The Land Forces must , independently or together with other Romanian military branches , conduct operations and defensive or offensive battles , for capture , or destruction of the invading enemy , being part of national , or multinational military structures . - A part of the units which compose the current operational structure of the Land Forces , must be able to conduct military operations outside the national territory , together with the international military forces . - - = = History = = - - The first attempt to create an independent Romanian army was made by during the 1848 Revolution , and it was based at ( now part of ) . However , rapidly ordered his troops to when the Ottoman forces swept into Bucharest to stop the revolution . - - = = = Romanian War of Independence = = = - - The current Romanian Land Forces were formed in 1859 , immediately after the unification of with Moldavia , and were commanded by Alexandru , of Romania until his abdication in 1866 . In 1877 , at the request of , Grand Duke of Russia the Romanian army fused with the Russian forces , and led by King Carol I , fought in what was to become the Romanian War of Independence . They participated in the Siege of and several other battles . The Romanians won the war , but suffered about 27 @,@ 000 casualties . Until World War I , the Romanian army didn 't face any other serious actions . - - = = = Second Balkan War = = = - - The Romanian Army entered the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria , allowing Romania to annex Southern ( also known as the ) . Although some 330 @,@ 000 troops were mobilised , the Romanians met little resistance in Bulgaria and as such this is not considered a major conflict in Romanian history . This was due to historical claims on land . This area no longer belongs to Romania . - - = = = World War I = = = - - On July 6 , 1916 , Romania declared war on Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary , following the initial success of the Offensive ( a major Russian offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front ) . The Romanian armies entered Transylvania ( then part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire ) , together with Russian forces . However , German forces under the command of General Erich von stalled the attack in November , 1916 , and drove back the Romanians . At the same time , Austrian and Turkish troops invaded southern Romania , forcing the country into a two @-@ front war . The Central Powers drove deep into Romania and conquered the south of the country ( , including Bucharest ) by the end of 1916 . The Romanian forces , led by Marshal Constantin Prezan , retreated into the north @-@ east part of Romania ( Moldavia ) . In the summer of 1917 however , Prezan , aided by the future Marshal , General Ion Antonescu , successfully defended the remaining unoccupied territories against German and Austro @-@ Hungarian forces led by Field Marshal August von . General Alexandru led the Second Army in the victories of the Battle of ( July 22 to August 1 , 1917 ) and the Battle of ( August 6 to September 8 , 1917 ) . As a result of the Russian Revolution , Romania was left isolated and unable to continue the war , and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers . Later on , in 1919 , Germany agreed , in the Treaty of Versailles Article 259 , to renounce all the benefits provided to it by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918 . After the successful offensive on the front , which put Bulgaria out of the war , Romania re @-@ entered the war on November 10 , 1918 , a day before its end in the West . - - = = = Hungarian @-@ Romanian War of 1919 = = = - - After World War I , Transylvania proclaimed union with the Kingdom of Romania . As a result , in April 1919 , the newly established Hungarian Soviet Republic vowed to retake the region by force , and Hungarian troops attacked Romanian formations in Transylvania . The Romanian Army defeated the Hungarians and conquered Budapest in August 1919 . - From 1921 to 1939 in Transylvania General of Army no . 3 had subordinate the 6th and 7th Army Corps . By 1 April 1921 , when he disbanded Forces Western Command , to order 6th Army Corps ( and earlier structures ) have been generals Prezan Constantin , Constantin , George , Nicholas and Arthur et al . After 1 April 1921 to 23 March 1939 , C. 6 A. was commissioned by General Nicholas , Pop Alexander , John , and Christie , prominent military leaders , whom Octavian wrote that " in the interwar period , in Cluj in Transylvania , commanders have made a large @-@ scale opera and unanimous praise . " Three divisions were part of 6th Army Corps : 16th ( ) , 17th ( Oradea ) and 20th Infantry Divisions ( @-@ Mureş ) . With rapid and marked worsening international situation , especially in neighboring Romania , on 22 September 1939 , the 4th Army , recently founded , became Army Group Command no . 1 of Transylvania . - - = = = World War II = = = - - After General ( later Marshal ) Ion Antonescu took power in September 1940 , Romania signed the Pact with the Axis Powers and subsequently took part in Operation Barbarossa in 1941 . An expeditionary force invaded the Soviet Union in and southern Ukraine , alongside the German Wehrmacht . The expeditionary force , ' Army Group Antonescu , ' was composed on 22 June 1941 of the 3rd Army , the 4th Army , the 2nd Army Corps , and the 11th Infantry Division . The 3rd Army comprised the 4th Army Corps ( 6th and 7th Infantry Divisions ) , the Cavalry Corps , the Mountain Corps , two separate artillery battalion , a TA unit , and the Air Force 's 3rd Army Cooperation Command . The 4th Army consisted of the 3rd Army Corps , the 5th Army Corps , the 11th Army Corps ( two fortress brigades ) , and the 4th Army Cooperation Command . The army group @-@ level 2nd Army Corps , under Major General N. , controlled the 9th and 10th Infantry Divisions and the 7th Cavalry Brigade . Additionally the 1st Armoured Division was formed for service on the Eastern Front . The Army Group 's first offensive , in conjunction with the Army , Operation , enabled Romania to retake the territory immediately east of the , former part of Moldavia . The Romanian Armies saw their first major battles at Odessa and Sevastopol , and in 1942 advanced with other Axis forces deeper into Soviet territory during Operation Blue . - The greatest disaster for the Romanian expeditionary force on the Eastern Front came at Stalingrad , where , during the Soviet counter @-@ offensive of November 1942 , the thinly spread forces of the Third Army ( deployed north of Stalingrad ) and of the Fourth Army ( deployed south of Stalingrad ) were attacked by vastly superior Soviet forces and suffered combined losses of some 158 @,@ 000 personnel . - During April – May 1944 the Romanian forces led by General Mihai , together with elements of the German Eighth Army were responsible for defending Northern Romania during the Soviet First @-@ Offensive , and took part in the Battles of . In late August 1944 , the Red Army entered eastern Romania . On August 23 , 1944 , a coup led by King Michael I of Romania deposed Marshal Antonescu and set up a pro @-@ Soviet government . It has been estimated that the royal coup shortened the war for Romania by six months . Romania soon declared war on Nazi Germany , and the First and Fourth Armies were pressed into action . After the of the last Wehrmacht remnants from Romania , the Romanian Armies took part in the Siege of Budapest and the Prague Offensive of May 1945 . - - = = = Cold War = = = - - The Soviet occupation of Romania led to a complete reorganisation of the Romanian Land Forces under the supervision of the Red Army . At the onset , pro @-@ German elements were purged from the Romanian armed forces . In 1944 – 45 , two divisions were formed out of Romanian volunteers — ex @-@ prisoners of war , trained and in the Soviet Union during the war , but also of many Communist activists . One was the Tudor First Volunteer Division , under the command of Colonel Nicolae , and the other the , Division , under the command of General ( who later served as Minister of Defence from 1946 to 1947 ) . These two units formed the nucleus of the new Romanian Land Forces under Soviet control . The postwar reorganisation of the Land Forces included cavalry but the arm disappeared from the force with the disbandment in November 1954 of the 59th Cavalry Division at Oradea . - After the Romanian Communist Party seized political power , the of the army commenced , under the supervision of the new Minister of Defence , Emil . Thirty per cent of the officers and officers ( mostly experienced soldiers , and a potential source of opposition ) were purged from the military . This involved copying the Soviet model of military and political organisation , and changing the military doctrine of combat and defence , also in the context of Romania 's integration in the strategic system of the Soviets , at the beginning of the Cold War . - In the early 1950s the reached a level of 12 rifle , one mechanised , and one tank division . Between 1960 and 1964 the rifle and mechanised divisions were converted to motor rifle divisions , and reductions in strength began ; force size dropped to six motor rifle and two tank divisions by 1970 . From 1970 to 1976 , three more motor rifle divisions were formed , but one was deactivated in 1977 , and the eight motor rifle and three tank division figure remained that way for the rest of the Cold War . - From 1947 to 1960 the country seems to have been divided into three major military regions : Cluj , , and Bucharest in the west , east , and south , respectively . In wartime the land forces in each military region would become an army corps with their headquarters in Cluj @-@ , , and Bucharest . Armies seem to have succeeded military regions in 1960 , and three armies seem to have become four in 1980 . What is known is that on 01 @.@ 07 @.@ 1947 Fourth Army became 3rd Military Region , based in Cluj . The 3rd Military Region became the 3rd Army on 30 April 1960 , and the 4th Army on 5 April 1980 . - During the 1980s , the land forces numbered 140 @,@ 000 personnel , of whom two thirds were conscripts . In 1989 four armies appeared to exist : the First Army at Bucharest , Second Army at , Third Army at , and Fourth Army at . In 1989 the land forces consisted of eight mechanised ( infantry ) divisions ( 1st , Bucharest , 2nd , , 9th , , 10th , , 11th , Oradea , 18th , , 67th , and 81st , Mureş ) two tank divisions ( the 57th Tank Division at Bucharest and the 6th Tank Division at Mureş ) , four mountain infantry brigades , and three airborne brigades . According to the 165 @-@ year ' History of Modern Romanian Artillery , ' in 1989 the 1st Army consisted of the 1st Mech Div , 57th Tank Div . , and the 2nd Mountain Brigade ; the 2nd Army of the 9th Mech Div , 10th Mech Div , 67th Mech Div , and 32nd Rocket Bde ; the 3rd Army of the 2nd Mech Div , 18th Mech Div , and the 4th Mountain Bde ; and the 4th Army of the 11th Mech Div , 81st Mech Div , 6th Tank Div . , 1st Mountain Bde , 5th Mountain Bde , and 37th Tactical Missile Brigade . - rifle divisions were organized along the Soviet model with three motorised rifle regiments , one tank regiment , and a full complement of 12 @,@ 000 infantry soldiers . The artillery , , and air defence regiments of divisions provided specialised fire support that enabled motorised rifle and tank regiments to maneuver . The air defense regiments consisted of two anti @-@ aircraft artillery battalions and one surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( ) battalion , each composed of several batteries . In the late 1980s the artillery regiments of motorised rifle and tank divisions included two artillery battalions , one multiple rocket launcher battalion , and one surface @-@ to @-@ surface missile battalion . - Surface @-@ to @-@ surface missile battalions were divided into three or four batteries , each equipped with one missile launcher . They operated thirty FROG @-@ 3 and eighteen missile launchers . The FROG @-@ 3 , a tactical missile first introduced in 1960 , was being replaced in other non @-@ Soviet Warsaw Pact armies . to be fairly inaccurate in combat , FROG and missiles would be ineffective weapons carrying conventional high @-@ explosive warheads . with nuclear or chemical warheads , however , they could be devastating . According to one former Romanian official writing in 1988 , Romania produced chemical agents that could be delivered by battlefield missiles . - - = = = Post @-@ communist era = = = - - During the early 1990s , some major units were disbanded and a lot of equipment was phased out or scrapped due to a severe shortage of funds . The whole land forces structure was reorganized from armies into territorial corps , and from regiments into battalions . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the situation of the land forces was critical : the military budget was three times lower than in 1989 ( million dollars ) , 50 % of the equipment was older than 30 years , and 60 % of the armoured vehicles and 85 % of the missile units were non @-@ operational . Due to lack of fuel and training , the level of combat readiness and military capability was extremely low ( only about 30 % of the entire land forces were operational ) . However , after 1996 the government took serious action ; the military budget was increased greatly , and modernisation of equipment commenced . Officially , the program to modernize and the armed forces began on 11 April 2000 . - - = = Present organisation = = - - - = = = = = = - - In 2005 , the army comprised eight combat , four combat support and two logistic brigades , while ten combat , five combat support and two logistic brigades could be further mobilised in case of crisis . Many of these units have been , however , as part of the 2007 Force Plan . - Currently , about 75 @,@ 000 military personnel and 15 @,@ 000 civilians comprise the armed forces , for a total of 90 @,@ 000 men and women . Out of these 75 @,@ 000 , . 43 @,@ 000 are in the Land Forces . - - = = = = = = - - The Romanian military is undergoing a three @-@ stage restructuring . As of 2007 , the first short @-@ term stage was completed ( reorganisation of the command system , implementation of the voluntary military service ) . The year 2015 marks the end of the second stage ( operational integration in NATO and EU ) , while is the date when the long @-@ term stage is to be completed ( full technical integration in NATO and EU ) . The stages aim at the structure of the armed forces , reducing the personnel as well as acquiring newer and improved technology that is compatible with NATO standards . - Romania abolished compulsory military service on October 23 , 2006 . This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which allowed the parliament to make military service optional . The Romanian Parliament voted to abolish conscription in October 2005 , with the vote one of many military modernisation and reform programmes that Romania agreed to when it joined NATO in March 2004 . - - = = = Structure = = = - - In peacetime , the commander of the land forces is the minister of defense , while in wartime , the President of Romania becomes the supreme commander of the armed forces . The main combat formations of Romania are the 2nd Infantry Division , and the 4th Infantry Division . Until 2015 the Romanian land forces fielded a third division , namely the 1st Division . Before June 2008 , the 1st and 4th divisions were known as the 1st Territorial Army Corps and the 4th Territorial Army Corps and in turn they used to be called the 1st Army and 4th Army prior to 2000 . However due to their personnel having been reduced considerably in order to reach compatibility with NATO standards they were renamed and reorganized as divisions . In 2010 , the Joint HQ command was renamed as 2nd Infantry Division and received units from the 1st and the 4th Infantry divisions . - The current chief of the Romanian Land Forces Staff is Major General Nicolae , who succeeded Major General on 7 January 2014 . The Land Forces official day is celebrated each year , on 23 April . - - = = Equipment = = - - The Romanian Land Forces have completely overhauled their equipment in the past few years , replacing it with a more modern one . The @-@ " " main battle tank and the @-@ " " infantry fighting vehicle are the most modern native made equipment of the Romanian Land Forces . Also , 43 ex @-@ German anti @-@ aircraft systems were commissioned in late @-@ 2004 . - The Land Forces ordered about 100 US Army ; the first eight were delivered to the military police in December 2006 . 31 III armoured vehicles ( III variant ) and 60 high mobility vehicles were also ordered in 2007 for deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan . - Equipment Summary : - - = = Special Forces = = - - The evolution of the special forces within the Romanian Land Forces led to the establishment of the 1st Special Operations Regiment on 1 August 2009 , headquartered at Mureş . It later became the 6th Special Operations Brigade on 25 October 2011 , composed of a special operations battalion , two paratrooper battalions and a logistic battalion . - The most famous and well trained unit is the 1st Special Operations Battalion " " , which was legally created in late 2005 , after several batches of graduates had already been selected . Members of the special forces battalion have from courses abroad , such as the US Army Special Forces ( Green ) course , the United States Marine Corps Force Recon course , as well as other courses . The Special Forces battalion became fully operational during 2007 , after a company had already been commissioned in early @-@ 2006 . - The current Romanian reconnaissance battalions ( the , the and the ) are also considered special forces units , and were formed in the 1960s during the communist regime . After the revolution , the units suffered from a lack of funds which resulted in the temporary disbandment of the Battalion . However , their equipment was completely overhauled in the past few years and the combat readiness and capabilities have regained full strength . - , Rapid Intervention Squad of the Romanian Ministry of Defense is an elite special operations unit currently belonging to the Romanian Military Police . It is a special unit inside the military , formed of highly skilled individuals , a very large percentage of its members being champions in martial arts , , athletic disciplines and so on . was , until December 2003 , top secret . - - = = International missions = = - - The following troops are deployed abroad : - 45 personnel in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 23 in Sarajevo and 22 in ) - as part of , since 2000 ( to be withdrawn ) - 150 personnel in , Kosovo - as part of - 1 battalion in ( personnel ) , 1 guard detachment in ( 193 personnel ) , a reconnaissance squad in Sharif ( 6 personnel ) , Afghanistan - as part of ; additionally , a special forces squad ( 39 personnel ) and a training detachment ( 47 personnel ) are deployed there - - = = Training = = - - After the Romanian Revolution , many firing ranges and training areas were closed and abandoned due to lack of funds . Currently , the military schools and training units of the Romanian Land Forces are directly subordinated to the central headquarters . There are 3 military high schools ( , and ) , one military academy ( ) , one officers school ( ) , 3 training schools ( , , ) and 9 training battalions . - In the past few years , lots of training exercises took place in Romania with other Balkan or Allied countries . Most of these exercises took place at , which is one of the largest and most modern training firing ranges and military facilities in Europe , with a total surface area of 270 square kilometres . It was announced on December 6 , 2006 that 1 @,@ 500 U.S. troops stationed at , which in time will form Joint Task Force East , will be using as a training base . - - = = and insignia = = - - The Romanian Land Forces distinguishes four career paths : officers ( ) , warrant officers ( ) , 's ( ) and enlisted men ( ) . The Marshal rank can be given only in wartime by the President of Romania ; in fact , Romania had only three coming from the rank in its history : Ion Antonescu , Alexandru and Constantin Prezan . Kings Ferdinand I , Carol II and Mihai I also held the rank of Marshal of Romania . King Carol I held simultaneous ranks as Russian Marshal and German Field @-@ marshal . - - - = Not Quite Hollywood : The Wild , Untold Story of Ozploitation ! = - - Not Quite Hollywood : The Wild , Untold Story of Ozploitation ! is a 2008 Australian documentary film about the Australian New Wave of 1970s and ' 80s low @-@ budget cinema . The film was written and directed by Mark Hartley , who interviewed over eighty Australian , American and British actors , directors , screenwriters and producers , including Quentin Tarantino , Brian Trenchard @-@ Smith , Jamie Lee Curtis , Dennis Hopper , George , George Miller , Barry , Stacy Keach and John . - Hartley spent several years writing a detailed research document , which served to some degree as a script for the film , about the New Wave era of Australian cinema . It focused on the commonly overlooked " Ozploitation " films — mainly filled with sex , horror and violence — which critics and film historians considered vulgar and offensive , often excluded from Australia 's " official film history " . Hartley approached Quentin Tarantino , a longtime " Ozploitation " fan who had dedicated his 2003 film Kill Bill to the exploitation genre , and Tarantino agreed to help get the project off the ground . Hartley then spent an additional five years interviewing subjects and editing the combined 250 hours of interviews and original stock footage into a 100 @-@ minute film . - Not Quite Hollywood , which premiered at the 2008 Melbourne International Film Festival , did not perform well at the box office upon its Australia @-@ wide release , but garnered universally positive reviews from critics and a nomination for " Best Documentary " at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards . - - = = Synopsis = = - - Not Quite Hollywood documents the revival of Australian cinema during the Australian New Wave of the 1970s and ' 80s through B @-@ movies including Alvin Purple , Barry His Own , Dead @-@ End Drive In , Long Weekend , Mad Max , The Man from Hong Kong , Patrick , Razorback , Road Games , and Turkey Shoot . From 1971 through to the late 1980s , Australian directors began to take advantage of the newly introduced R @-@ rating which allowed more on @-@ screen nudity , sex and violence for audiences restricted to age 18 and over . " Ozploitation " — writer @-@ director Mark Hartley 's own of " Australian exploitation " — was a subgenre of the New Wave which accounted for the critically panned " gross @-@ out comedies , sex , action and road movies , teen films , , and horror films " of the era , commonly overlooked in Australia 's " official film history " . The film addresses three main categories of " Ozploitation " films : sex , horror and action . - - = = = = - - The actors , directors , screenwriters and producers interviewed for the film were : - - = = Production = = - - As a child , Mark Hartley discovered many of the " Ozploitation " B @-@ movies from the 1970s and ' 80s while watching late @-@ night television , but was disappointed when they were completely overlooked in books he read detailing Australian cinema . After becoming an accomplished music video director , his interest in this era of Australian filmmaking grew and he spent years researching a potential documentary film . He was close to giving up on the project when he sent a 100 @-@ page draft of the script to American film director Quentin Tarantino , not expecting to receive a reply . Tarantino was a longtime fan of " Ozploitation " films and had even dedicated his film Kill Bill to Brian Trenchard @-@ Smith 's work . He replied the day after , telling Hartley that he would do whatever he could to get the film made . Hartley traveled to Los Angeles , California to meet with Tarantino , who agreed to sit for hours of interviews as one of the film 's most prominent . Hartley spent the following five years interviewing other actors , directors , screenwriters and producers , collecting original stock footage , and then cutting the 100 hours of interviews and 150 hours of film footage down into a 100 @-@ minute film . - - = = Release = = - - Not Quite Hollywood had its worldwide premiere at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 28 July 2008 , and was screened at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image . Its Australia @-@ wide release was a month later , on 28 August 2008 , and it had its overseas premiere at the Toronto Film Festival on 7 September 2008 , where distribution rights were secured for the United Kingdom , Canada , France , Russia , Germany and . The film was also screened at the Austin , , Warsaw , Helsinki and Stockholm International Film Festivals in 2008 , and featured at the London Film Festival on 25 October 2008 . - The film did not perform well at the box office upon its Australian release , taking in a gross of A $ 108 @,@ 330 on its first weekend but only $ 31 @,@ 995 on its second weekend at a screen average of $ on 47 screens . - - = = Reception = = - - Overall , Not Quite Hollywood received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 94 % of critics have given the film a positive review , " Fresh " , based on 63 reviews , with an average score of 7 @.@ 4 out of 10 . Margaret and David Stratton of At the Movies gave the film four and three and a half out of five stars respectively ; commended Hartley for " the depth of his research and for creating a wildly entertaining film experience " , and claimed that " for those of us who remember the films , Not Quite Hollywood is a blast " . Sandra Hall , writing for The Sydney Morning Herald , gave the film three and a half out of five stars , believing that " Hartley 's own film is much than most of those he is out to celebrate " . Jake Wilson of The Age similarly gave the film three and a half stars , but called the film " basically a feature @-@ length advertisement for its subject " , saying that it " moves far too rapidly to permit sustained analysis " . The Courier @-@ Mail 's Des , who gave the film four and a half out of five stars , disagreed , saying that " editing means the history is lively and fun " , and claimed in homage to The Castle , " of Hartley 's film should go straight to pool rooms all over Australia when it becomes available on DVD . " Luke of Empire Magazine gave Not Quite Hollywood five out of five stars , calling the film " fast , thrilling and often " , while Leigh wrote for the Herald Sun that " there is not a single instant where boredom can possibly " , dubbing the film " an incredibly energetic and @-@ up celebration of Australian B @-@ movies " . - English director Edgar Wright named Not Quite Hollywood his fourth favourite film of 2008 , and called it " the best documentary ever . " - - = = = Awards and nominations = = = - - - = = Films referenced = = - - A list of film referenced within Not Quite Hollywood , separated by genre . - - = = Box office = = - - Not Quite Hollywood : The Wild , Untold Story of Ozploitation ! grossed $ 186 @,@ 986 at the box office in Australia , . - - - = Why Does It Hurt So Bad = - - " Why Does It Hurt So Bad " is a song recorded by American singer Whitney Houston for the 1995 film Waiting to Exhale . It was released on July 7 , 1996 , by Records as the seventh and final single from the accompanying soundtrack . The song was written and produced solely by Babyface . Musically , it is an R & B ballad , and the lyrics chronicle a lament . - The song garnered positive reviews from critics , who commended Houston 's vocal effort . It charted in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number twenty @-@ six . It also reached a peak position of number twenty @-@ two in the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart and number six on the Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , the song reached a peak of number forty @-@ five on the RPM Singles chart . Although there is no official music video for the song , a performance of the song at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards was taped and is used as a promotional clip . The song was later included as a medley , in her My Love Is Your Love World Tour ( 1999 ) , along with a few other songs . - - = = Background = = - - Houston starred in the 1995 romance film Waiting to Exhale , directed by Forest Whittaker . Although Houston did not intend to contribute to the film 's soundtrack , when Whittaker hired Babyface to score the soundtrack , she opted in . Babyface , Houston and some other African @-@ American female singers recorded songs for the album . The song was one of the final additions to the soundtrack . " Why Does It Hurt So Bad " was originally written by Babyface for Houston , two years prior to the release of Waiting to Exhale , but Houston refused to record it at that time . " I wasn 't really in the mood for singing about why it so bad , " said Houston . Two years later , according to Chris of Entertainment Weekly , the emotions of the movie merged with the real @-@ life circumstances of Houston 's troubled marriage to Bobby Brown . " Now , I 'm ready to sing not only the of things , but the pains of things , also , " Houston explained . - - = = Composition = = - - " Why Does It Hurt So Bad " is an R & B ballad . The song was written and produced by Kenneth Brian Edmonds , popularly known as " Babyface " . According to the sheet music book for The Greatest Hits at , the song is written in the key of B ♭ major , and moves at a tempo of 69 beats per minute . It is set in time signature of common time and features a basic chord progression of B / E – Em – C ♯ m – G ♯ 7 . Houston 's vocals span from the note of to the note of D5 . According to Stephen Holden of New York Times , the song is a " lament with a realistic twist " . He noted that , through the verses , the singer herself for breaking up with an abusive boyfriend and admits that she is still in love . - - = = Reception = = - - The song garnered mainly positive reviews from critics . Craig of Allmusic noted that Houston 's voice " sailed " through the song . Christopher John Farley of TIME commented Houston " particularly held her own " , with a " masterly balance of pop , , and soulful melancholy " . Steve of Newsday wrote : " It 's lower @-@ key and the singer , who also stars in the film , doesn 't feel compelled to perform constant vocal feats . " A writer for Boston Herald noted that the song was " understated " . Similarly , Larry of Billboard commented that the song should have been released as the follow @-@ up to " Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) " . " Paired with Babyface , Houston is positively luminous on [ this ] ballad , performing with a perfect blend of theatrical melodrama and guttural soul , " he added . Deborah of South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel was mixed in her review commenting that the song was a " follow @-@ up " to " Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) " . But , Nick of The Spectator was even less enthusiastic , writing " [ ... ] the two guaranteed [ Whitney Houston ] hits – ' Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) ' and ' Why Does It Hurt So Bad ' – don 't really offer anything new . " Similarly , Cary Darling of Rome News @-@ Tribune gave a negative review . She noted that " [ the ] ballad ' Why Does It Hurt So Bad ' is [ more ] standard Whitney @-@ fare " . - Released as the seventh and final single from the Waiting to Exhale : Original Soundtrack Album , the song debuted at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the issue dated August 3 , 1996 . On the same issue , the song debuted at number 34 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart . The song later reached a peak of number 26 on the Hot 100 , and 22 on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart . It also reached number six on the Adult Contemporary chart , while reaching a peak of 39 on the Adult Pop Songs chart . In Canada , the song debuted at number 98 on the RPM Singles chart , on the July 22 , 1996 issue . Later , on the September 15 , 1996 issue , it reached a peak of number 45 . - - = = Music video and live performances = = - - The song was not promoted through an official music video , although Houston appeared at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards held at Walt Disney Studios , Burbank and performed " Why Does It Hurt So Bad " . The performance was directed and taped by Bruce and was later used as a promotional clip to accompany the song . The performance features Houston sitting on a chair , wearing a white outfit , and singing the song . - Houston performed the song on her My Love Is Your Love World Tour , in 1999 . The song was performed as a part of the " Movie Medley " , along with " I Believe in You and Me " , " It Like Hell " , originally performed by Aretha Franklin , and " I Will Always Love You " . This performance was taped in , Poland , on August 22 , 1999 and broadcast on Polish television channel , . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Retrieved from CD liner notes - - = = Charts = = - - - - = Hurricane Omar ( 2008 ) = - - Hurricane Omar was a strong hurricane that took an unusual southwest to northeast track through the eastern Caribbean Sea during October , 2008 . Forming out of a tropical disturbance on October 13 , Omar initially moved slowly in the eastern Caribbean Sea . By October 15 , Omar began to quickly intensify as deep convection developed around the center of circulation . Later that day , an eye developed and the storm began to accelerate to the northeast . Early on October 16 , Omar reached its peak intensity with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . Shortly after , the hurricane rapidly weakened to Category 1 intensity . After slightly re @-@ strengthening the next day , Omar weakened to a tropical storm before degenerating into a non @-@ convective low pressure area . The remnants of Omar persisted until October 21 at which time it dissipated to the west of the Azores . - Throughout the eastern Caribbean , Omar affected numerous islands , most of which only recorded minor impacts . Large swells and heavy rains impacted the ABC islands . Antigua and Barbuda sustained $ 54 million in damages , mainly on Antigua as nine homes were destroyed , several others damaged and many farms were inundated by flood waters . One person died in Puerto Rico after suffering a stress @-@ induced cardiac arrest . The United States Virgin Islands also sustained significant damage , costing roughly $ 6 million . Numerous boats and homes were damaged and over 100 power poles were snapped . Total losses from the storm were estimated at $ 79 million . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On September 30 , a well @-@ developed tropical wave moved off the eastern coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean . Deep convection formed around a prominent mid @-@ level circulation as it moved towards the west . However , the convection diminished on October 2 before entering the Caribbean Sea a week later . Upon entering the Caribbean Sea , shower and thunderstorm activity redeveloped around the low . Continued development followed and the low was designated as Tropical Depression Fifteen at 0600 UTC on October 13 while located about 190 miles ( 305 kilometres ) south of the southeastern tip of the Dominican Republic . The previous steady westward motion that the system took across the Atlantic halted as it entered an area of weak steering currents and significant motion was not expected for another day or two . As the structure of the storm improved , it was upgraded to a tropical storm and the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) gave it the name Omar . - Located to the southeast of a broad and deep tropospheric trough and to the west of a low to mid @-@ level ridge , Omar took a counter @-@ clockwise turn on October 14 . Upon becoming a tropical storm , Omar began to undergo an extended period of rapid intensification as very deep convection developed around the center of circulation . Wind shear around the storm , which was previously inhibiting quick development , weakened , allowing for further strengthening . Later that day , an 11 @.@ 5 to 17 @.@ 2 mi ( 18 @.@ 5 to 27 @.@ 7 km ) wide eye formed as the storm began to turn towards the northeast due to the trough . With the formation of an eye , the Dvorak technique rendered an intensity of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , signifying that Omar had intensified into a hurricane . The intensification briefly stalled as the eyewall eroded and the center of the storm became slightly elliptical . However , deep convection persisted and strengthening was forecast as the storm neared Puerto Rico . Shortly after , the eye quickly became well @-@ defined and appeared on visible satellite images , an indication the storm was intensifying . The chances of rapid intensification were good as the storm featured well @-@ developed outflow and prominent banding features . - With very warm sea surface temperatures , high ocean heat content , low wind shear , and a moist air mass , Omar quickly reached its peak intensity early on October 16 as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . During the intensification phase , the forward motion of the hurricane increased to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . Once in the Atlantic Ocean , Omar began to rapidly weaken , with winds decreasing by 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) in 12 hours . Visible satellite images depicted an exposed low @-@ level circulation with convection displaced to the east due to a combination of very high wind shear and dry air . By October 17 , most of the deep convection associated with the system dissipated ; however , a brief decrease in wind shear allowed Omar to re @-@ strengthen to its secondary peak , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . During this phase , convection redeveloped around the center and an eye reformed . Later that day , the trough that caused the rapid northeastern motion bypassed Omar , leading to decreasing movement . - A weakening storm , Omar continued towards the northeast due to a mid to upper @-@ level ridge located south of the system and the mid @-@ latitude westerlies to the north . Late on October 17 , wind shear increased once more as Omar tracked over waters below 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) . Around 0000 UTC on October 18 , Omar weakened to a tropical storm as deep convection associated with it dissipated . Twelve hours later , while still producing tropical storm @-@ force winds , the storm degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . The remnants of Omar persisted until 0600 UTC on October 21 when it dissipated about 805 mi ( 1 @,@ 295 km ) west of the Azores . - - = = Preparations = = - - On October 15 , the governor of the United States Virgin Islands announced the final preparations for Hurricane Omar as he signed a State of Emergency declaration for the territory . Public schools would be closed on October 16 . All non @-@ essential workers would be dismissed at 10 a.m. local time . At 6 p.m. curfew was put in place for the same day . Only those with valid passes would be allowed to be out after the curfew was put in place . That same day , a Hurricane Warning and flash flood watch were put in place in anticipation of hurricane @-@ force winds and torrential rains from Omar . The American Red Cross planned to open shelters throughout the islands before the hurricane struck . were also being distributed in St. Croix . A large oil refinery , which produces 500 @,@ 000 barrels per day ( 79 @,@ 000 m3 / d ) , was shut down and only necessary workers remained at the refinery . - On Sint Maarten , officials advised residents to start all necessary actions to prepare for a hurricane . Residents were told to clear their yards of any debris or lose furniture that could become airborne during the storm , place shutters over windows and doors and assist elderly neighbors with their homes , and mariners should find a safe haven . A curfew from 10 : 00 p.m. on October 15 to 10 : 00 a.m. on October 16 was put in place . Due to the possibility of flash flooding , residents were to and free up all waterways around their homes . Officials also warned people to stay away from areas prone to landslides until the " all @-@ clear " was given . of livestock were advised to have insured that they were secured in holding areas . As a precaution , the water supply would be shut down from 8 : 00 p.m. October 15 to 8 : 00 a.m. October 16 . Four public areas , St. Peters Community Center , Dutch Quarter Community Center , Genevieve de School , and the Army building would be used as emergency shelters . - All public activities , flights , and schools were either closed or canceled on Puerto Rico . Eighteen shelters were open on the eastern part of the island . Also , on Anguilla , residents in the Sandy Ground , Valley , and Mount Fortune areas were placed under evacuation orders . were opened throughout the island for those in need of shelter . Schools and government offices were also closed and visitors were told to leave the island . - - = = Impact = = - - Omar produced moderate damage throughout numerous islands , amounting to at least $ 60 million ( 2008 USD ) and one death was related to the storm . - While it was moving little over the south @-@ central Caribbean , Omar brought prolonged tropical storm conditions to the ABC Islands . Sustained winds to near gale force battered the islands , although peak gusts to 58 mph ( 92 km / h ) were confined to . In 24 hours , a maximum precipitation total of 4 @.@ 0 in ( 102 mm ) was recorded on , while 1 @.@ 7 in ( 43 mm ) and 1 @.@ 5 in ( 41 mm ) of rain fell in and , respectively . The high winds damaged roofs on all three islands , and rough seas caused beach erosion and significant damage to coastal facilities . Some rain damage also occurred , with significant flooding reported in some parts of . In the Islands ( , St. , and Sint Maarten ) strong winds from Omar , gusting up to 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) , and high waves caused significant damage and coastal flooding . On Sint Maarten , rainfall from the storm totaled to 5 @.@ 4 in ( 139 @.@ 4 mm ) . Damage in Sint Maarten was mainly limited to beach erosion and scattered power outages . - The island of Dominica suffered severe damage from Hurricane Omar . The village of Scotts Head , with a population of 450 , was cut off from the rest of the country as roads were extensively damaged . The village also suffered water losses , electricity shortage , and telephones were cut off . Ports throughout the country were severely damaged . All barge access for sand and stones were destroyed . The airport also sustained some damage . Seven boats ran aground during the storm . Minor damage was reported in Anguilla . Two hotels sustained roof damage , downed treed knocked down power lines causing scattered power outages , and the rough seas caused severe beach erosion . Three cargo ships and seven boats ran aground and two other boats sank . - In Antigua and Barbuda , winds from Omar were recorded at 40 mph , with gusts to 48 mph . lines brought torrential rains , falling at rates of 2 in ( 50 @.@ 8 mm ) at times , peaking at 2 @.@ 22 in ( 56 @.@ 4 mm ) per hour from UTC to 1200 UTC on October 16 . The maximum recorded rainfall was 9 @.@ 1 in ( 232 @.@ 6 mm ) however , up to 11 in ( 279 @.@ 4 mm ) was estimated to have fallen in the mountains . Storm was estimated at 2 – 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 2 m ) with waves reaching 5 – 8 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 4 m ) in height . Nine homes were destroyed and several landslides were reported . No fatalities were associated with Omar , and only a few sustained minor injuries . The most severe damage was dealt to roads and agriculture due to flooding . Seventy @-@ five people were forced to evacuate to shelters as their homes were flooded . Several farms were washed away , including their livestock . Numerous farmers lost their harvest due to flooding . Damages in Barbuda were estimated at $ 18 million . Agricultural losses in Antigua amounted to around $ 11 million ( 2008 USD ) and property damage amounted to $ 25 million . - In Puerto Rico , a man died after he collapsed from cardiac arrest while trying to install storm shutters on his home . As a tropical wave , the precedent to Omar produced heavy rains over the island , causing minor flooding . After passing by Puerto Rico a second time , Omar produced locally heavy rains , which caused minor street flooding . - On St. Croix , waves up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 5 m ) from Omar sank about 47 boats , leading to a large oil spill around the islands . About 400 ships broke lose from the docks , 200 of which lost their anchors . Omar produced upwards of 7 in ( 177 @.@ 8 mm ) of rain on the island within a 24 ‑ hour span . Although St. Croix was brushed by the eyewall , sustained winds reached 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) with gusts to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) . Three people needed to be rescued when their ship struck a reef and began to sink . Most of the islands 55 @,@ 000 residents were without power as over 100 utility poles were destroyed . Damages on the island were estimated at $ 700 @,@ 000 with another $ 1 million in clean @-@ up costs . St. Thomas , one of the hardest hit islands , was left completely without power in the wake of the hurricane . All of the major intersections were shut down as traffic lights were either on the ground or without power . Damages on the island totaled to $ 5 @.@ 3 million . - In the Quarter on St. Lucia , rough seas damaged a jetty and grounded a yacht . In , four homes were destroyed by the storm surge , which also made some areas . The storm surge also flooded parts of the la Quarter , leading to officials declaring a mandatory evacuation of the area . On Montserrat , very little damage was reported . A few minor landslides occurred in rural areas ; no impact was caused by them . On there was relatively little damage although the beachfront part of the Four Seasons Resort was severely damaged and was subsequently closed for an extended period . Throughout St. and , damage was estimated at $ 19 million . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The damage dealt to the agricultural sector of Antigua and Barbuda fueled major concerns for " food security " in 2009 . The government allocated about $ 33 @,@ @,@ 420 to help develop and repair the industry . Significant expansions of croplands were discussed , 15 @,@ 000 ( m2 ) area , to help promote growth of the sector . - On October 29 , in the wake of Omar , President George W. Bush signed a major disaster declaration for the United States Virgin Islands , allowing public aid to assist the islands . The Federal Emergency Management Agency or , had received 60 requests for public assistance throughout the area . value for the assistance was estimated at $ 3 million and growing . Twenty @-@ five departments and agencies were approved of for federal support , namely the U.S. Department of Public Works . Several non @-@ profit organizations also received support from , while those that did not meet the criteria were referred to the Small Business Administration ’ s low @-@ interest loan program . - On Dominica , Omar 's close pass to the island left 30 families homeless and severely hampered the fishing community . On December 15 , the Board of Directors of the Caribbean Development Bank approved $ 9 @.@ 16 million for assistance to those affected by Omar on the island and to restore the infrastructure damaged by the hurricane . On December 18 , the government of Dominica invested $ 4 million in aid for the fishing communities impacted by Omar . A total of 140 fishermen were provided with $ 250 per week for a total of four weeks . Sixty @-@ two of which continued to receive funds due to their circumstances . The government also purchased 121 boat engines to distribute to fishers . Another $ 794 @,@ 000 was spent to repair 47 boats and construct another 28 that had been damaged or destroyed by Omar . The government also bought replacement fishing gear . - - - = Papal conclave , 1769 = - - A papal conclave which lasted from 15 February to 19 May 1769 was after the death of Pope Clement XIII . It elected as his successor Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli , who took the name Clement XIV . - - = = Death of Clement XIII = = - - Clement XIII died suddenly on 2 February 1769 , a day before the date of the that he had to examine the demands for the general suppression of the Society of Jesus . The various courts under the House of Bourbon and the Kingdom of Portugal ( under the House of ) had exerted strong pressure on the Holy See to suppress this order through almost the whole of his . In 1759 Jesuits were expelled from Portugal , in from the Kingdom of France , in 1767 from Spain and in 1768 from the Kingdom of Naples , the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of and . Clement XIII strongly defended the Society ( e.g. in the bull in 1765 ) , but without success . In January 1769 France and Naples seized the papal territories around Avignon , and to force the pope to issue a decree for the suppression of the order . The sudden death of 75 @-@ year @-@ old Clement XIII left this difficult decision to his successor . - - = = List of participants = = - - Forty six out of fifty seven cardinals participated in the conclave : - Carlo Alberto ( created cardinal on September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of e ; Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; pro @-@ of His ; prefect of the S.C. of ; prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and - Federico ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of Porto e Santa ; Sub @-@ dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; prefect of the S.C. of the Good Government ; governor of - Gian Francesco Albani ( April 10 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Poland - Henry Benedict Stuart ( July 3 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of ; of S. Lorenzo in ; Vice @-@ Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica - ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of - Giovanni Francesco Stoppani ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Bishop of - Giuseppe Pozzobonelli ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria Minerva ; archbishop of Milan - Carlo Amedeo ( April 10 , 1747 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; titular archbishop of - ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . e Pietro ; archbishop of Bologna - Antonio ( April 22 , 1754 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; archbishop of Naples - Francisco de de ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Seville ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Spain - Paul d de ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. in ; archbishop of - Carlo Rezzonico ( September 11 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; of the Holy Roman Church - Antonio Maria ( October 2 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Marco ; bishop of Padua - Fernando Maria de Rossi ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Cecilia ; prefect of the S.C. of the Council ; Latin Patriarch of Constantinople - ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; legate in - Giuseppe Maria ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; prefect of the S.C. for the of Faith - Gaetano Fantuzzi ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Pietro in ; prefect of the S.C. of the - Pietro ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . al Monte ; of the Sacred College of Cardinals - Pietro de ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. al Monte - Lorenzo Ganganelli , ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . XII - Marcantonio Colonna ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria della Pace ; General of Rome ; prefect of the S.C. of the Residence of the Bishops ; archpriest of the patriarchal Basilica - de de la ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; patriarch of the West Indies ; vicar general of the Spanish army and fleet - Giovanni ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of - Simone ( July 18 , 1763 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Giovanni a - Giovanni ( July 21 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria ; archbishop of Ancona - Giovanni Carlo ( July 21 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . Giovanni e ; Grand ; prefect of the Congregation for the correction of the books of the Oriental Church - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; prefect of the S.C. of the and Sacred Relics - Antonio Colonna ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in Via - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . ed ; legate in Bologna - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in ; legate in - Pietro ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria in - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Callisto ; archbishop of - Filippo Maria Pirelli ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. - Alessandro Albani ( July 16 , 1721 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria in Via ; of S. Maria in ; of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; of the Holy Roman Church ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia - Maria Corsini ( August 14 , 1730 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. ; archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran Basilica ; secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition ; prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice ; Cardinal @-@ protector of Portugal - Orsini d ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria ad ; Cardinal @-@ protector of the Kingdom of Naples - II Chigi ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria in ; prefect of the S.C. of - Luigi Maria ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. in ; Cardinal Secretary of State - François @-@ Joachim de Pierre de Bernis ( October 2 , 1758 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon [ no assigned ] ; Cardinal @-@ protector of the Kingdom of France ; archbishop of - Giovanni ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. in ; prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace - Nicola ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. in - Andrea Corsini ( September 24 , 1759 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Angelo in - Andrea ( July 18 , 1763 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of SS . e ; secretary of the Apostolic - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of S. Maria della ; abbot of - ( September 26 , 1766 ) – Cardinal @-@ Deacon of SS . e ; prefect of the S.C. of Index - Twenty nine electors were created by Clement XIII , while fifteen by Pope Benedict XIV . Alessandro Albani received the red hat from Innocent XIII , and Maria Corsini from Clement XII . - - = = = = = = - - Giacomo ( September 9 , 1743 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Lorenzo in ; of the Sacred College of Cardinals ; archbishop of e - Carlo Francesco ( November 26 , 1753 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of SS . IV ; archbishop of - Luis Fernández de ( December 18 , 1754 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Toledo - @-@ René de ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. le ; bishop of - Franz Konrad Casimir von ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. Maria del ; bishop of Constance - Francisco de da Gama ( April 5 , 1756 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; patriarch of Lisbon - Christoph Anton von von und ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of Vienna ; administrator of the see of - Antoine de de ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of - Jean @-@ François @-@ Joseph de ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest of S. ; bishop of - Franz Christoph Freiherr von ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of - Louis @-@ César @-@ Constantine de @-@ ( November 23 , 1761 ) – Cardinal @-@ Priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of - - = = Divisions in the College of Cardinals and the candidates to the papacy = = - - The papal conclave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus . The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two : pro @-@ Jesuits and anti @-@ Jesuits , but several cardinals were neutral . The pro @-@ Jesuit faction , called Zelanti , grouped Italian cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church . Their leaders were Gian Francesco and Alessandro Albani and cardinal @-@ nephew of the deceased pope Carlo Rezzonico . The anti @-@ Jesuit bloc ( called also " court faction " ) grouped crown @-@ cardinals of the Catholic Powers : France , Spain and Naples . ruled at the time by Louis XV of France , Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand III of Sicily / Ferdinand IV of Naples . In spite of the national divisions they worked together for the main goal – suppression of the Society of Jesus . The Bourbon courts had decided to put the official leadership of this bloc in the hands of the French Cardinal de Bernis . He and his colleagues were instructed to block every pro @-@ Jesuit candidature , even with the official exclusion if necessary . Several cardinals , among them Lorenzo Ganganelli , did not belong to either faction . - The Spanish and Neapolitan governments had classified forty three Italian cardinals into five categories : " good " ( eleven cardinals ) , " indifferent " ( eight ) , " doubtful " ( three ) , " bad " ( fifteen ) and " very bad " ( six ) : - Cardinal Orsini , the official representative of the Neapolitan court , and all the foreigners , were not classified because it was certain that none of them would be ever elected pope . - The French government was more than Spanish and Neapolitan . Only three cardinals were considered good candidates : , and Ganganelli - Out of these 43 cardinals only 27 or 28 were actually considered , while the remaining 15 were excluded due to their age or health . - - = = = = - - The conclave began on February 15 , 1769 . Initially only 27 cardinals participated . Zelanti , taking advantage of the small number of the electors and the absence of the French and Spanish cardinals , tried to achieve a quick election of Cardinal Chigi . In one ballot he was only two votes short of being elected . The efforts of Zelanti met with strong protests from the ambassadors of France and Spain , but , for them , Cardinal Orsini , protector of the Kingdom of Naples and the only crown @-@ cardinal present in the early ballots , was able to join some neutral cardinals to block Chigi ’ s candidature . - An unprecedented event was the visit of Joseph II , Holy Roman Emperor , who arrived in Rome on March 6 and was allowed to enter the conclave . He stayed there two weeks , freely debating with the electors . Fortunately , he did not press them but only expressed the wish for the election of a pope who would be able to carry out his duties with the proper respect for the secular rulers . - Cardinal de Bernis entered the conclave at the end of March and took the leadership of the anti @-@ Jesuit faction from the hands of Cardinal Orsini , who could have blocked Zelanti ’ s actions only with the great difficulties . Bernis immediately established a regular correspondence with French ambassador Marquis d , which was in violation of the fundamental law of the conclave . of France and Spain urged Bernis to insist that the election of the future pope be made to depend on his written engagement to suppress the Jesuits . Bernis refused , answering that demanding from the future pope a written or oral promise to destroy the Society of Jesus would be in violation of the canon law . In spite of this refusal , during the next few weeks Bernis consecutively rejected all candidates proposed by Zelanti as too devoted to the Jesuits . In this way twenty @-@ three out of twenty @-@ eight were eliminated , among them strongly pro @-@ Jesuit Cardinal Fantuzzi , who at some point was very close to achieving election to the papal throne , as well as , Colonna , Stoppani , Pozzobonelli , , and several others . - The arrival of Spanish cardinals Solis and de la on April 27 strengthened the anti @-@ Jesuit party . They also violated the law of the conclave by establishing regular correspondence with Spanish ambassador . The Spaniards had fewer than Bernis and , supported by Cardinal , took the matter into their own hands . They paid attention to the only friar in the Sacred College , Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli , The attitude of Ganganelli towards the Jesuits was a great mystery – he had been educated by the Jesuits and it was said that he received the red hat at the instance of Father Lorenzo , general of the Society of Jesus , but during the of Clement XIII he did not engage himself in the defence of the Order . Cardinal Solis began by sounding him out as to his willingness to give the promise required by the Bourbon princes as an indispensable condition for election . Ganganelli answered that " he recognized in the sovereign the right to extinguish , with good conscience , the Society of Jesus , provided he observed the canon law ; and that it was desirable that the pope should do everything in his power to satisfy the wishes of the Crowns " . It is not certain whether it was a written or only an oral promise , but this declaration fully satisfied the ambassadors . - In the same time Zelanti , also began to incline to give their support to Ganganelli , looking upon him as indifferent or even favourable to the Jesuits . It seems that the attitude of Zelanti was decided by the secret negotiations between their leaders Alessandro and Gian Francesco Albani and the Spanish cardinals . Cardinal de Bernis , the nominal leader of the court faction , probably did not play any role in the appointment of Ganganelli and only followed the instructions of Marquis d when all had been already known . - - = = = Results of the ballots = = = - - The results of the ballots between April 27 and May 18 were following ( only the leading candidates are included ) : - April 27 – Fantuzzi – 10 ; Colonna – 9 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Ganganelli – 5 - April 28 – Fantuzzi – 9 ; Colonna – 9 ; Pozzobonelli – 7 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 - April 29 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 8 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - April 30 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 8 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - May 1 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - May 2 – Colonna – 11 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - May 3 – Colonna – 9 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - May 4 – Colonna – 10 ; Fantuzzi – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 2 - May 5 – Fantuzzi – 10 ; Colonna – 9 ; Stoppani – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 3 - May 6 – Fantuzzi – 11 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Colonna – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 - May 7 – Colonna – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 7 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 - May 8 – Colonna – 9 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 ; Ganganelli – 4 ; Pozzobonelli – 3 - May 9 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 ; Pozzobonelli – 4 ; Ganganelli – 3 - May 10 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Pozzobonelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 4 ; Ganganelli – 4 - May 11 – Colonna – 11 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Ganganelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 3 - May 12 – Colonna – 11 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Ganganelli – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 5 - May 13 – Colonna – 13 ; Stoppani – 7 ; Pozzobonelli – 6 ; Ganganelli – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 5 - May 14 – Colonna – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 9 ; Stoppani – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 4 - May 15 – Colonna – 11 ; Stoppani – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 9 ; Fantuzzi – 5 - May 16 – Colonna – 11 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Pozzobonelli – 8 ; Stoppani – 8 ; Fantuzzi – 4 - May 17 – Colonna – 12 ; Pozzobonelli – 12 ; Ganganelli – 10 ; Stoppani – 5 ; Fantuzzi – 1 - May 18 – Ganganelli – 19 ; Colonna – 13 ; Pozzobonelli – 11 ; Stoppani – 6 ; Fantuzzi – 1 - - = = Election of Clement XIV = = - - In the final ballot on May 19 , 1769 Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except of his own , which he gave to Carlo Rezzonico , nephew of Clement XIII and one of the leaders of Zelanti . He took the name of Clement XIV , in honour of Clement XIII , who had elevated him to the . - On May 28 the new pope was consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Federico , bishop of Porto e Santa and sub @-@ dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals , assisted by Cardinals Gian Francesco Albani , bishop of and Henry Benedict Stuart , bishop of . On June 4 he was solemnly crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani , of S. Maria in Via - - - = West Hendford Cricket Ground , Yeovil = - - West Hendford Cricket Ground was a first @-@ class cricket ground located in Yeovil , Somerset . The land for the ground was first leased by Yeovil Cricket Club in 1874 , and was also used for a range of other sports , most significantly hosting Yeovil Rugby Club in the 1890s , and then again from 1935 until the ground was closed . Significant improvements were made to the ground during the 1930s , including the opening of a new pavilion , jointly funded by the Rugby and Cricket clubs . The ground was demolished in 1944 when Westland Aircraft extended their factory , and both Yeovil Cricket Club and Rugby Club moved to Johnson Park . - Between 1935 and 1939 , the ground hosted five annual Somerset County Cricket Club matches in July or August ; the first of which nearly broke a county record for ticket sales on the gate . Somerset only won one of the five matches , the 1936 contest against Worcestershire . - - = = History = = - - Yeovil and County Cricket Club was formed in 1865 , and was the first attempt at setting up a county cricket team for Somerset . The attempt was unsuccessful , and the club broke up . In 1874 , the club was re @-@ formed with the lesser remit , as Yeovil Cricket Club . As part of the club 's resuscitation , the committee purchased the use of a field in West Hendford in Yeovil , from a local farmer , Mr Brook . The field , part of Key Farm , was leased for £ 10 . There is record of a match being played on the ground the following year between two sets of members of the Yeovil Cricket Club . During the late 19th @-@ century , the ground was used for other sports as well as cricket ; it had a grass athletics track , and also hosted Yeovil Football Club , who at the time played both association and rugby football . The football club played at West Hendford on an irregular basis during the late 19th @-@ century , but returned in 1935 , by which time they only played rugby , and had changed their name accordingly to Yeovil Rugby Club . In 1895 , the cricket club committee announced that there was provision for a longer lease , of five or seven years , and that they would make improvements to the ground to enable it to host first @-@ class cricket . The ground was also used for field hockey in the early 20th @-@ century , hosting a Yeovil Hockey Club . - Somerset County Cricket Club played their first of five annual first @-@ class matches on the ground in 1935 . The match , against Surrey , was a significant event in the town , and a series of festivities were arranged to run alongside the three @-@ day contest , including a dance and a smoking concert . Entry for the match , which took place from 17 to 19 August was one shilling , and attracted over 5 @,@ 000 people , raising around £ 400 . Surrey won the match by eight wickets . The takings from this match helped the Yeovil Cricket Club make further improvements to the ground , expanding it and adding further seating . The following year , Somerset played Worcestershire at the ground , in what the Western Gazette described as " Yeovil Cricket Festival " . The captain of Yeovil Cricket Club , Richard , was included in the Somerset team , which won the match by 170 runs . The takings were slightly lower than the previous year due to poor weather , but still described as " " . - In 1937 , Sussex beat Somerset at the ground , in a match that once again drew a crowd of around 5 @,@ 000 . The Yorkshire Evening Post described the wicket as " crumbling " towards the end of the match , favouring the bowlers . In 1938 Hampshire visited , and the report in the Western Daily Press lamented the state of the wicket , which meant that the game , like the three first @-@ class matches at the ground before it , was completed in two days , rather than the scheduled three . That winter , a new pavilion costing £ 550 was erected on the ground for the shared use of the cricket club and the rugby club . The final first @-@ class match on the ground was played in July 1939 against Lancashire , but torrential rain limited the match to only three hours of play . The takings for the full three days of the match were only £ 87 , and the Taunton Courier estimated that the losses for the match could be hundreds of pounds . Despite the weather , almost 2 @,@ 000 people attended the match , and the Taunton Courier report praised the alterations that had been made to the ground ; the removal of a hedge made the ground lighter , while the ground itself had been well looked after , and drained quickly . The Second World War suspended the County Championship from 1940 to 1945 , and during that time , Westland Aircraft took over the ground to expand their factory , and informed Yeovil Cricket Club that it was no longer available , forcing them to search for a new ground in 1946 . They eventually relocated to the newly opened Johnson Park in 1948 . The rugby club also moved to Johnson Park , itself into Yeovil Sports Club . After a short break , Somerset County Cricket Club returned to Yeovil , playing fourteen fixtures at Johnson Park between 1951 and 1970 , and eight matches at Sports Ground from 1971 to 1978 . - - = = Records = = - - During its limited use as a first @-@ class cricket ground , only one century was scored on the ground , by Jim Parks . During the 1937 match , he scored 140 runs for Sussex . The most wickets taken by a bowler in a match at West Hendford was achieved in 1938 , when Hampshire 's Stuart took twelve wickets , including nine in the first innings . Somerset 's only success on the ground was in 1936 against Worcestershire , who they dismissed for 60 runs in the first innings , and 77 in the second . - - - = New Year 's Eve ( Up All Night ) = - - " New Year 's Eve " is the twelfth episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Up All Night . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 12 , 2012 . It was written by Erica and was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . The episode also featured a guest appearance from Jason Lee as Chris and Reagan 's neighbor and Ava 's boyfriend , Kevin . - During Reagan ( Christina Applegate ) and Chris 's ( Will ) first New Year 's Eve game night , Reagan 's competitiveness comes out causing Chris to become embarrassed . Meanwhile , Missy ( Jennifer Hall ) brings an unexpected date along to the party and , Kevin ( Jason Lee ) starts to feel as though Ava ( Maya Rudolph ) may be of him . - " New Year 's Eve " received mostly positive reviews from critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , " New Year 's Eve " drew 4 @.@ 28 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 5 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , marking a 5 % rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " First Christmas " . It ranked third in its timeslot and was the second highest @-@ rated NBC program of the night after The Office . - - = = Plot = = - - After not being able to find a baby @-@ sitter for Amy , Reagan suggests that the two throw a game night , an idea Chris doesn 't react well to . They invite Ava , Kevin , Missy , but Chris attempts to hide the games due to Reagan 's competitive nature . He tries to make her promise that she won 't be too competitive , but she does which makes the party awkward . While playing Rock Band the two get in a fight when Chris loses the beat on the drums because he was looking at his " drumming arm " . Reagan decide to a make a list of " Things We Are Going to Stop Doing That Each Other in 2012 " , which features annoying habits that the two want each other to give up . However , before 2011 comes to an end the two erase every thing from the list except for Chris 's impression and 's competitive nature . - Meanwhile , Ava is asked to be the grand marshal to a New Year 's Day parade . This makes her boyfriend , Kevin , feel like he can 't live up to her lifestyle . He then starts thinking she may be of him , especially after he isn 't invited to sit with her during the parade . Eventually , Kevin confronts Ava on this and she reveals that if she up their relationship she doesn 't wanted to be reminded of it while her name . He assures her that their relationship won 't end badly and the two go to the parade . - - = = Production = = - - " New Year 's Eve " was written by supervising producer Erica , marking her third writing credit for the series after " Mr. Bob 's " and " Parents " . The episode was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , who previously worked with creator Emily Spivey and executive producer Lorne Michaels on Saturday Night Live as director for 11 years . The episode features a guest appearance from Jason Lee as Kevin , Ava 's boyfriend . He first appeared in the eighth episode , " First Night Away " and is currently set to appear in a recurring role for the series . Lee had previously worked with Spivey and Michaels after hosting an episode of Saturday Night Live on November 12 , 2005 . This is the first time the series aired in the 9 : 30 pm timeslot for the first season after The Office ; the series previously aired in the 8 : timeslot on Wednesday . The series switched with another NBC comedy series , Whitney . Some media critics have said that the goal for moving the series was in order to make it more of a ratings success , like The Office . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " New Year 's Eve " originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 12 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 24 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 5 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 0 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a 5 % rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " First Christmas " . The episode finished third in its time slot along with The Office , being beaten by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 8 rating / 9 % share and the CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode , however , did manage to beat the Fox drama series The and the CW drama series The Secret Circle . with viewers , who viewed the episode within seven days of the original broadcast , the episode received a 3 @.@ 0 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , adding a 1 @.@ 0 rating to the original viewership . - - = = = Critical reviews = = = - - " New Year 's Eve " received several positive reviews from critics . New York writer Steven Heisler praised the episode for avoiding " sitcom @-@ y territory " with the emotional ending . He also called the series a better choice to follow The Office then Whitney . The A.V. Club reviewer Margaret complemented the of the main @-@ Chris plot . Despite this , she criticized the Ava @-@ Kevin subplot comparing it to a storyline from Sex and The City . She also noted the plotline didn 't stay true to the characters following their plotline in the previous episode , " First Christmas " . She ultimately rated the episode with a B. Adam of Paste called the episode a perfect transition from the previous episodes and allowed Ava to be " a third wheel to a completely strong duo in Chris and Reagan " . He also reacted positively for the scenes featuring Missy , comparing her scenes to " early Ava , but less " . He ultimately gave the episode an 8 @.@ 7 / 10 calling it " " . Bradford Evans of praised Jennifer Hall 's performance calling her the " hero " of the series . He also reacted positively towards the episode 's ability to the show and " keep all of the characters on the same turf " . He concluded that he hoped the series could make itself a vital part of the network 's lineup . HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall called the episode " one its [ the series ] strongest episodes to date " . He wrote that the addition of Jason Lee Ava more and gave her a more natural reason to visit Reagan and Chris at home . He also wrote that the episode worked on a " character level " . - - - = World War Z = - - World War Z : An Oral History of the Zombie War ( 2006 ) is an apocalyptic horror novel by Max Brooks . The novel is a collection of individual accounts narrated by an agent of the United Nations Postwar Commission , following the devastating global conflict against the zombie plague . Other passages record a decade @-@ long desperate struggle , as experienced by people of various . The personal accounts also describe the resulting social , political , religious , and environmental changes . - World War Z is a follow @-@ up to Brooks ' " survival manual " The Zombie Survival Guide ( 2003 ) , but its tone is much more serious . It was inspired by The Good War : An Oral History of World War Two ( 1984 ) by Studs Terkel , and by the zombie films of George A. Romero . Brooks used World War Z to comment on government and American , while also examining and uncertainty . The novel was a commercial hit and was praised by most critics . - Its audiobook version , performed by a full cast including Alan , Mark , and John , won an Award in 2007 . A film inspired by the novel , directed by Marc Forster and starring Brad Pitt , was released in 2013 . - - = = Plot = = - - The story is told in the form of a series of interviews conducted by the narrator , Max Brooks , an agent of the United Nations Postwar Commission . Although the exact origin of the plague is unknown , a young boy from a village in China is identified as the plague 's official patient zero . The boy 's case marks the point where the Chinese government begins to take measures to cover up the disease , including generating a crisis with Taiwan to mask their activities . Nevertheless , the plague still manages to spread to various nations by human , refugees and the black market organ trade . Initially , these nations were able to cover up their smaller outbreaks , until a much larger outbreak in South Africa brings the plague to public attention . - As the infection spreads , Israel abandons the Palestinian territories and initiates a nationwide quarantine , closing its borders to everyone except uninfected Jews and Palestinians . Its military then puts down an ultra @-@ Orthodox uprising , which is later referred to as an Israeli civil war . The United States does little to prepare because it is in its ability to suppress any threat . Although special forces teams contain initial outbreaks , a widespread effort never starts : the nation is deprived of political will by " wars " , and a widely distributed and marketed vaccine creates a false sense of security . - As many more areas around the globe fall to infection , a period known as the " Great Panic " begins . Pakistan and Iran destroy each other in a nuclear war , after the Iranian government attempts to stem the flow of refugees fleeing through Pakistan into Iran . After zombies overrun New York City , the U.S. military sets up a high @-@ profile defense in the nearby city of . The " Battle of " is a disaster ; modern weapons and tactics prove ineffective against zombies , as the enemy has no self @-@ preservation instincts and can only be stopped if shot through the head . The unprepared and soldiers are routed on live television . Other countries suffer similarly disastrous defeats , and human civilization on the brink of destruction . - In South Africa , the government adopts a plan drafted by apartheid @-@ era intelligence consultant Paul . It calls for the establishment of small sanctuaries , leaving large groups of survivors abandoned in special zones in order to distract the undead and allowing those within the main safe zone time to regroup and . Governments worldwide assume similar plans or relocate the populace to safer foreign territory , such as the attempted complete evacuation of the Japanese archipelago to . Because zombies freeze solid in severe cold , many civilians in North America flee to the of northern Canada and the Arctic , where eleven million people die of starvation and . It is implied that some turn to cannibalism to survive ; further interviews from other sources imply that cannibalism occurred in areas of the United States where food shortages occurred . The three remaining astronauts in the International Space Station survive the war by salvaging supplies from the abandoned Chinese space station and maintain some military and civilian satellites using an orbital fuel station . A surviving member of the crew describes " mega " of zombies on the American Great Plains and Central Asia , and how the crisis affected Earth 's atmosphere . - The U.S. eventually establishes safe zones west of the Rocky Mountains and spends much of the next decade zombies in that region . All aspects of civilian life are devoted to supporting the war effort against the pandemic . Much of it resembles total war strategies : rationing of fuel and food , cultivation of private gardens , and civilian neighborhood patrols . The U.S. government also initiates a " Re @-@ education Act " to train the civilian population for the war effort and restore order ; the people with skills such as carpentry and construction find themselves more valuable than people with managerial skills . - Seven years after the outbreak began , a conference is held off the coast of Honolulu , aboard the USS Saratoga , where most of the world 's leaders argue that they can the zombie plague if they stay in their safe zones . The U.S. President , however , argues for going on the offensive . to lead by example , the U.S. military itself to meet the specific strategic requirements of fighting the undead : using semi @-@ automatic , high @-@ power rifles and volley firing , focusing on head shots and slow , steady rates of fire ( a tactic " re @-@ invented " by the Indian Army during the Great Panic ) ; and a multipurpose hand tool , the " " or " " ( described as a combination of a shovel and a battle axe ) , for close @-@ quarters combat . The military , backed by a American wartime economy , began the three @-@ year @-@ long process of retaking the contiguous United States from both the undead as well as groups of hostile human survivors . military tactics and equipment are mentioned as being employed to deal with sometimes well @-@ armed and organized human criminal or rebel opposition . - Ten years after the official end of the zombie war , millions of zombies are still active , mainly on the ocean floor or on snow line islands . A democratic Cuba has become the world 's most thriving economy . Following a civil war that saw use of nuclear weapons , China has become a democracy and is now known as the " Chinese Federation " . is freed from Chinese rule and hosts , the world 's most populated city . Following a religious revolution and the revival of Russian , Russia is now an known as the Holy Russian Empire . Owing to the fact that many young Russians either became zombies , were infected with HIV , or died due to drugs , the government has initiated a " breeding " program , with the remaining fertile women implied to be impregnated to raise the . North Korea is completely empty , with the entire population presumed to have disappeared into underground bunkers . - The situation in the British Isles is not entirely clear in the novel , although Ireland may have escaped the worst of the outbreak . Members of the British Royal Family had fled to Ireland and the Isle of Man , following the military retreat to the Wall , and now exports oil from a reserve under Windsor Castle where the Queen held out for the war 's duration , refusing to flee with her relatives . The established a wartime refuge in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh . In France , the Palace of Versailles was the site of a massacre and has been burned to the ground ; military losses were particularly high while clearing the catacombs underneath Paris because the catacombs housed nearly a quarter of a million refugees during the early stages of the war , all of whom became zombies . Iceland has been completely and remains the world 's most heavily infested country . - The and Palestinians have made peace , and the former occupied territories have been renamed " Unified Palestine " . Mexico is now known as " " . Several countries are described as having revised borders due to the " dumping " of convicts into infected zones ; these convicts rose to command " powerful " that later became independent states . A so @-@ called " Pacific Continent " appears to encompass previously uninhabited islands as well as ships rendered immobile due to lack of fuel . For unknown reasons , the Saudi Royal Family destroyed the oil fields in Saudi Arabia . - The United Nations fields a large military force to eliminate the remaining zombies from overrun areas , defeat hordes that surface from the ocean floor , and kill frozen zombies before they . It is stated that previously eradicated diseases have made a comeback and that global life expectancy is greatly reduced as the world starts over from where it began . - - = = Development = = - - Brooks designed World War Z to follow the " laws " set up in his earlier work , The Zombie Survival Guide ( 2003 ) , and explained that the guide may exist in the novel 's fictional universe . The zombies of The Zombie Survival Guide are human bodies by an virus ( ) , devoid of intelligence , solely of consuming living flesh , and cannot be killed unless the brain is destroyed . will eventually set in , but this process takes longer than for an uninfected body and can be slowed by effects such as freezing . Although zombies do not tire and are as strong as the humans they infect , they are slow @-@ moving and incapable of planning or cooperation in their attacks . Zombies usually reveal their presence by moaning . - Brooks discussed the cultural influences on the novel . He claimed inspiration from " The Good War " : An Oral History of World War Two ( 1984 ) by Studs Terkel , stating : " [ Terkel 's book is ] an oral history of World War II . I read it when I was a teenager and it 's sat with me ever since . When I sat down to write World War Z : An Oral History of the Zombie War , I wanted it to be in the vein of an oral history . " Brooks also cited renowned zombie film director George A. Romero as an influence and criticized The Return of the Living Dead films : " They zombies , make them silly and . They 've done for the living dead what the old Batman TV show did for The Dark Knight . " Brooks acknowledged making several references to popular culture in the novel , including one to alien robot franchise , but declined to identify the others so that readers could discover them independently . - Brooks conducted copious research while writing World War Z. The technology , politics , economics , culture , and military tactics were based on a variety of reference books and with expert sources . Brooks also cites the U.S. Army as a reference on statistics . - - = = Analysis = = - - - = = = Social commentary = = = - - Reviewers have noted that Brooks uses World War Z as a platform to criticize government , corporate corruption , and human short @-@ . At one point in the book , a Palestinian refugee living in Kuwait refuses to believe the dead are rising , fearing it is a trick by Israel . Many American characters blame the United States ' inability to counter the zombie threat on low confidence in their government due to conflicts in the Middle East . - Brooks shows his particular dislike of government bureaucracy . For example , one character in the novel tries to justify lying about the zombie outbreak to avoid widespread panic , while at the same time failing to develop a solution for fear of public ire . He has also criticized American : - - = = = Themes = = = - - - = = = = = = = = - - and disaster preparation are prevalent themes in the novel . Several interviews , especially those from the United States , focus on policy changes designed to train the surviving Americans to fight the zombies and rebuild the country . For example , when cities were made to be as efficient as possible in order to fight the zombies , the could hold a higher status than the former ; when the ultra @-@ rich hid in their homes , which had been turned into fortified compounds , they were overwhelmed by others trying to get in , leading to mass slaughter . Throughout the novel , characters demonstrate the physical and mental requirements needed to survive a disaster . Brooks described the large amount of research needed to find optimal methods for fighting a worldwide zombie outbreak . He also pointed out that Americans like the zombie genre because they believe they can survive anything with the right tools and talent . - - = = = = Fear and uncertainty = = = = - - Brooks considers the theme of uncertainty central to the zombie genre . He believes that zombies allow people to deal with their own anxiety about the end of the world . Brooks has expressed a deep fear of zombies : - This is connected to the context in which Brooks was writing . He declared : " at this point we 're pretty much living in an irrational time " , full of human suffering and lacking reason or logic . When asked in a subsequent interview about how he would compare terrorists with zombies , Brooks said : - - = = Reception = = - - Reviews for the novel have been generally positive . Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly gave the novel an " A " rating , commenting that the novel shared with great zombie stories the use of a central metaphor , describing it as " an readable oral history . " Steven H. Silver identified Brooks ' international focus as the novel 's greatest strength and commented favorably on Brooks ' ability to create an appreciation for the work needed to combat a global zombie outbreak . Silver 's only complaint was with " Good @-@ " — the final chapter — in which characters get a chance to give a final closing statement . Silver felt that it was not always apparent who the , undifferentiated characters were . The Eagle described the book as being " unlike any other zombie tale " as it is " sufficiently terrifying for most readers , and not always in a blood @-@ and @-@ way , either . " Keith of The A.V. Club stated that the format of the novel makes it difficult for it to develop momentum , but found the novel 's individual episodes gripping . Patrick Daily of the Chicago Reader said the novel the " " of The Zombie Survival Guide by " touching on deeper , more somber aspects of the human condition . " In his review for Time Out Chicago , Pete Coco declared that " [ b ] ending horror to the form of alternative history would have been novel in and of itself . Doing so in the mode of Studs Terkel might constitute . " - Ron Jr. named World War Z one of his favorite apocalyptic novels and praised Brooks for illustrating " the tacit agreement between writer and reader that is essential to the success of stories about the end of the world ... [ both ] agree to pretend that this is not fiction , that in fact the horrific tales of a war between humans and zombies are based in reality . " Drew Taylor of the Fairfield County Weekly credited World War Z with making zombies more popular in mainstream society . - The hardcover version of World War Z spent four weeks on the New York Times Best list , peaking at number nine . By November 2011 , according to Publishers Weekly , World War Z had sold one million copies in all formats . - - = = Audiobook = = - - Random House published an abridged audiobook in 2007 , directed by John and produced by Dan , with sound editing by Charles De . The book is read by Brooks but includes other actors taking on the roles of the many individual characters who are interviewed in the novel . Brooks ' previous career in voice acting and voice @-@ over work meant he could recommend a large number of the cast members . - On May 14 , 2013 , Random House Audio released a audiobook titled World War Z : The Complete Edition ( Movie @-@ in Edition ) : An Oral History of the Zombie War . It contains the entirety of the original , abridged audiobook , as well as new recordings of each missing segment . A separate , additional audiobook containing only the new recordings not found in the original audiobook was released simultaneously as World War Z : The Lost Files : A Companion to the Edition . - - = = = Cast = = = - - * edition - - = = = Reception = = = - - In her review of the audiobook for Strange Horizons , Carroll called the story " gripping " and found the listening experience evocative of Orson Welles 's famous radio narration of The War of the Worlds ( broadcast October 30 , 1938 ) . Carroll had mixed opinions on the voice acting , commending it as " solid and understated , free of ' special effects ' and ' scenery chewing ' overall " , but lamenting what she perceived as undue on the part of Max Brooks and in Steve Park 's Chinese accent . Publishers Weekly also criticized Brooks ' narration , but found that the rest of the " all @-@ star cast deliver their parts with such fervor and intensity that listeners cannot help but with these characters " . In an article in Slate concerning the mistakes producers make on publishing , Nate used World War Z as an example of whose full casts contributed to making them " great listens " and described the book as a " @-@ than @-@ it @-@ has @-@ any @-@ right @-@ to @-@ be zombie novel " . The World War Z audiobook won the 2007 Award for Multi @-@ Performance and was nominated for Audiobook of the Year . - - = = Film adaptation = = - - In June 2006 , Paramount Studios secured the film rights for World War Z for Brad Pitt 's production company , Plan B Entertainment , to produce . The screenplay was written by J. Michael , with Marc Forster directing and Pitt starring as the main character , UN employee Gerry Lane . Despite being the draft that got the film green @-@ lit , 's script was tossed aside , so that production , which was to begin at the start of 2009 , was delayed while the script was completely re @-@ written by Matthew Michael to set the film in the present , leaving behind much of the book 's premise to make it more of an action film . In a 2012 interview , Brooks claimed the film now had nothing in common with the novel other than the title . Filming commenced mid @-@ 2011 , and the film was released in June 2013 . - - - = Sentence spacing = - - Sentence spacing is the horizontal space between sentences in typeset text . It is a matter of typographical convention . Since the introduction of movable @-@ type printing in Europe , various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a Latin alphabet . These include a normal word space ( as between the words in a sentence ) , a single enlarged space , and two full spaces . - Until the 20th century , publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences . There were exceptions to this traditional spacing method — some printers used spacing between sentences that was no wider than word spacing . This was French spacing — a term synonymous with single @-@ space sentence spacing until the late 20th century . With the introduction of the typewriter in the late 19th century , typists used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional typesetters . While wide sentence spacing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid @-@ twentieth century , the practice continued on typewriters and later on computers . Perhaps because of this , many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spacing was created for the typewriter . - The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated but many sources now say additional space is not necessary or desirable . From around 1950 , single sentence spacing became standard in books , magazines and newspapers and the majority of style guides that use a Latin @-@ derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence . However , some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable . The debate continues on the World Wide Web . Many people prefer double sentence spacing for informal use because that was how they were taught to type . There is a debate on which convention is more readable ; the few recent direct studies conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Traditional typesetting = = = - - Shortly after the invention of movable type , highly variable spacing was created that could create spaces of any size , and allowed for perfectly even justification . Early American , English , and other European typesetters ' style guides ( also known as printers ' rules ) specified spacing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards . These guides — e.g. , Jacobi in the UK ( 1890 ) and , , and De ( 1866 – 1901 ) in the U.S. — indicated that sentences should be em @-@ spaced , and that words should be 1 / 3 or 1 / 2 em @-@ spaced ( illustration right ) . The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs . For most countries , this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century . Yet , even in this period , there were publishing houses ( notably in France ) that used a standard word space between sentences — a technique called French spacing ( illustration below ) . - - = = = Mechanical type and the advent of the typewriter = = = - - Mechanical type systems introduced near the end of the 19th century , such as the and machines , allowed for some variable sentence spacing similar to hand composition . Just as these machines revolutionized the mass production of text , the advent of the typewriter around the same time revolutionized the creation of personal and business documents . But the typewriters ' mechanical limitations did not allow variable spacing — typists could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar . in some English @-@ speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spacing used in traditional printing , but later settled on two spaces , a practice that continued throughout the 20th century . This became known as English spacing , and marked a divergence from French typists , who continued to use French spacing . - - = = = Transition to single spacing = = = - - In the early 20th century , some printers began using one and a half spaces ( an " en " ) to separate sentences . This standard continued in use , to some extent , into the 1990s . - , newspapers , and books began to adopt the single space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s . did not move to single spacing simultaneously . The average writer still relied on the typewriter to create text — with its inherent mechanical spacing limitations . - advances began affecting sentence spacing methods . In 1941 , IBM introduced the Executive , a typewriter capable of proportional spacing — which had been used in professional typesetting for hundreds of years . This innovation broke the hold that the monospaced font had on the typewriter — reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations . By the 1960s , electronic systems ignored runs of white space in text . This was also true of the World Wide Web , as HTML normally ignores additional spacing , although in 2011 the CSS 2 @.@ 1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces . In the 1980s , desktop publishing software provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools . By the late 20th century , literature on the written word had begun to adjust its guidance on sentence spacing . - - = = Modern literature = = - - - = = = Typography = = = - - Early positions on typography ( the " arrangement and appearance of text " ) supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications . In 1954 , Geoffrey 's book , Points in the and Arrangement of Type , the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences . - With the advent of the computer age , began deprecating double spacing , even in monospaced text . In 1989 , Desktop Publishing by Design stated that " typesetting requires only one space after periods , question marks , exclamation points , and " , and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention . Stop & Find Out How Type Works ( 1993 ) and with Type : The Essential Guide to Typography ( 2006 ) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words , including between sentences . - More recent works on typography weigh in strongly . , founder of the Type Studio , says , " Forget about differences of opinion : speaking , typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely , unequivocally wrong . " The Complete Manual on Typography ( 2003 ) states that " The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting " and the single space is " standard typographic practice " . The Elements of Style ( 2004 ) advocates a single space between sentences , noting that " your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from this quaint [ double spacing ] Victorian habit . " - David Jury 's book , About Face : the Rules of Typography ( 2004 ) — published in Switzerland — the contemporary typographic position on sentence spacing : - Word spaces , preceding or following punctuation , should be adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space . If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma , then , , this produces a space of up to 50 % wider than that of other word spaces within a line of type . This is because these punctuation marks carry space above them , which , when added to the adjacent standard word spaces , combines to create a visually larger space . Some argue that the " additional " space after a comma and full point serves as a " pause signal " for the reader . But this is unnecessary ( and visually disruptive ) since the pause signal is provided by the punctuation mark itself . - - = = = Style and language guides = = = - - - = = = = Style guides = = = = - - Early style guides for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words – " traditional spacing " , as shown in the illustration to the right . During the 20th century , style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for manuscripts , which were used prior to professionally typesetting the work . As computer desktop publishing became commonplace , manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final typeset products . In the same period , style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spacing . The 1969 edition of the Chicago Manual of Style used em spaces between sentences in its text ; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spacing for both manuscript and print . By the 1980s , the United Kingdom 's Hart 's Rules ( 1983 ) had shifted to single sentence spacing . Other style guides followed suit in the 1990s . Soon after the beginning of the 21st century , the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences . - Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language . These works are important to writers since " virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication . " Late editions of comprehensive style guides , such as the Oxford Style Manual ( 2003 ) in the United Kingdom and the Chicago Manual of Style ( 2010 ) in the United States , provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics , including sentence spacing . The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications . A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work , and the Gregg Reference Manual makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences . Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic , as " HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether . " These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing . - The European Union 's Style Guide ( 2008 ) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications — encompassing 23 languages . For the English language , the European Commission 's English Style Guide ( 2010 ) states that sentences are always single @-@ spaced . The Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and ( 2007 ) , first published in 1966 by the Commonwealth Government Office of Australia , that only one space is used after " sentence @-@ closing punctuation " and that " for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated , variable spacing , so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create distracting gaps on a page . " - National languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides — only some of which may discuss sentence spacing . This is the case in the United Kingdom . The Oxford Style Manual ( 2003 ) and the Modern Humanities Research Association 's Style Guide ( 2002 ) state that only single spacing should be used . In Canada , both the English and French language sections of the Canadian Style , A Guide to Writing and Editing ( 1997 ) , prescribe single sentence spacing . In the United States , many style guides — such as the Chicago Manual of Style ( 2003 ) — allow only single sentence spacing . The most important style guide in Italy , Il di ( 2009 ) , does not address sentence spacing , but the di ( 2010 ) , the official guide for Microsoft translation , tells users to use single sentence spacing " instead of the double spacing used in the United States " . - - = = = = Language guides = = = = - - Some languages , such as French and Spanish , have academies that set language rules . Their publications typically address and grammar as opposed to matters of typography . Style guides are less relevant for such languages , as their academies set rules . For example , the française publishes the de l française for French speakers worldwide . The 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing , but is single @-@ sentence @-@ spaced throughout — consistent with historical French spacing . The Spanish language is similar . The most important body within the Association of Spanish Language Academies , the Real , publishes the de la , which is viewed as for the Spanish language worldwide . The 2001 edition does not provide sentence spacing guidance , but is itself single sentence spaced . The German language manual des für Deutsche ( " of the Council for German " ) ( 2006 ) does not address sentence spacing . The manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation . Additionally , the , the German language dictionary most commonly used in Germany , indicates that double sentence spacing is an error . - - = = = Grammar guides = = = - - A few reference address sentence spacing , as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself . Most do not . Grammar guides typically cover terminal punctuation and the proper construction of sentences — but not the spacing between sentences . Moreover , many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive style guides for additional matters of writing style . For example , the Pocket 's Guide to Grammar and ( 2005 ) points users to style guides such as the MLA Style Manual for consistency in formatting work and for all other " editorial concerns " . The Grammar Bible ( 2004 ) states that " The modern system of English punctuation is by no means simple . A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the Chicago Manual of Style . " - - = = Digital age = = - - In the computer era , spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages . Some systems accept whatever the user types , while others attempt to alter the spacing , or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences . Computer @-@ based word processors , and typesetting software such as troff and , allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters . - The text editing environment in uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously ; the double space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations . How recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence @-@ end @-@ double @-@ space and sentence @-@ end . The vi editor also follows this convention ; thus , it is relatively easy to manipulate ( jump over , copy , ) whole sentences in both and vi . - The program troff uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence . This allows the to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently . Early versions of troff , which only typeset in fixed width fonts , would automatically add a second space between sentences , which were detected based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed . - Microsoft Word does not treat sentences differently by default , but the grammar checking can be set to prefer a specific number of spaces between sentences . - On some modern touch @-@ screen platforms , including and iOS , typing two spaces in a row is automatically interpreted to mean the end of a sentence , and a period is automatically inserted . However , only one space is retained . - Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content , regardless of whether they are associated with sentences or not . There are options for preserving spacing , such as the CSS white @-@ space property , and the < pre > tag . Twitter retains extra spaces in user input on their website . HTML also includes several other space entities which are not collapsed , such as an em space , an en space , and a non @-@ breaking space . Some space characters are also not collapsed on the web . - - = = Controversy = = - - James , author of the Complete Manual of Typography , says that the topic of sentence spacing is " the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type , it 's still the question I hear most often , and a search of the web will find threads on the subject " . This subject is still widely debated today . - Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons . Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply to change . Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text . Proponents of double sentence spacing also state that some publishers may still require double @-@ spaced manuscript submissions from authors . A key example noted is the screenwriting industry 's monospaced standard for screenplay manuscripts , Courier , 12 @-@ point font , although some works on screenwriting indicate that Courier is merely preferred – proportional fonts may be used . Some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide , but proponents of double spacing caution that publishers ' guidance takes precedence , including those that ask for double sentence spaced manuscripts . - One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter , and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts . However , proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter , and remained for decades after its invention . When the typewriter was first introduced , typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences . This gradually shifted to two spaces , while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em @-@ spaced sentences . Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single spaced today , although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts . The double space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes , and that remains the practice in many cases . Some voice concerns that students will later be forced to how to type . - Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today , and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication — single sentence spaced . Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra spaces before submitting manuscripts , although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication . - - = = Effects on readability and legibility = = - - Claims regarding the legibility and readability of the single and double sentence spacing methods — by proponents on both sides . Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books , magazines , and the Web enhances readability , that double spacing looks strange in text using proportional fonts , and that the " rivers " and " holes " caused by double spacing readability . Proponents of double sentence spacing state that the extra space between sentences enhances readability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more , particularly noting the very small visual difference between a dot and a comma . - However , typographic opinions are typically with no basis in evidence . " Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print " , and when direct studies are conducted , opinions — even those of experts — can turn out to be false . Text that seems ( visually pleasing at first glance ) may be shown to actually reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study . - - = = = Studies = = = - - Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by , Branch , , and Ali ( 2002 ) ; Clinton , Branch , , and ( 2003 ) ; and Ni , Branch , and Chen ( 2004 ) , with results favoring neither single , double , nor triple spacing . The 2002 study tested participants ' reading speed for single and double sentence spaced passages of on @-@ screen text . The authors stated that " the ' double space group ' consistently took longer time to finish than the ' single space ' group " but concluded that " there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists . " The 2003 and 2004 studies analyzed on @-@ screen single , double , and triple spacing . In both cases , the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion . Ni , Branch , Chen , and Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables . The authors concluded that the " results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences " . - - - = The Crab with the Golden Claws = - - The Crab with the Golden Claws ( French : Le aux d ) is the ninth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was serialised weekly in Le Soir Jeunesse , the children 's supplement to Le Soir , Belgium 's leading francophone newspaper , from October 1940 to October 1941 amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II . Partway through serialisation , Le Soir Jeunesse was cancelled and the story began to be serialised daily in the pages of Le Soir . The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy , who travel to Morocco to pursue a gang of international opium smugglers . - The Crab with the Golden Claws was published in book form shortly after its conclusion . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with The Star , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . In 1943 , Hergé coloured and the book in his distinctive ligne @-@ claire style for Casterman 's . The Crab with the Golden Claws introduces the recurring character Captain Haddock , who became a major fixture of the series . The book is the first Tintin adventure published in the United States and the first to be adapted into a motion picture . The Crab with the Golden Claws was adapted for the 1956 Studios animation Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , for the 1991 / animated series The Adventures of Tintin , and for the 2011 film directed by Steven Spielberg . - - = = Synopsis = = - - Tintin is informed by Thomson and Thompson of a case involving the of a drunken man , later killed , found with a scrap of paper from what appears to be a tin of crab meat with the word " Karaboudjan " on it . His subsequent investigation and the kidnapping of a Japanese man interested in giving him a letter leads Tintin to a ship called the Karaboudjan , where he is abducted by a syndicate of criminals who have hidden opium in the crab tins . Tintin escapes from his locked room after Snowy through his bonds and Tintin knocks out a man sent to bring him food , leaving the man bound and gagged in the room . Tintin encounters Captain Haddock , an alcoholic sea captain , who is manipulated by his first mate , Allan , and is unaware of his crew 's criminal activities . Tintin hides in the locker under the bed and defeats Jumbo , the sailor left in the cabin , while Allan thinks Tintin has climbed out of the back into the . He blows open the door , then finding it empty goes back to the Captain 's room , where he finds Jumbo tied to a chair and gagged . the ship in a lifeboat after sending a radio message to the police about the cargo , a seaplane tries to attack them . Tintin and the Captain the plane , tie up the pilots , and try to reach Spain . Haddock 's drunken behaviour in a storm causes them to crash @-@ land in the , where the crew escapes . - After across the desert and nearly dying of , Tintin and Haddock are rescued and taken to a French outpost , where they hear on the radio the storm sunk the Karaboudjan . They travel to a Moroccan port , and along the way are attacked by tribesmen , defending themselves with French @-@ 36 rifles . At the port , members of his old crew kidnap the Captain after he recognises their disguised Karaboudjan . Tintin meets Thomson and Thompson who got his message , and they learn that the wealthy merchant Omar ben Salaad sold the crab tins ; Tintin tells Thomson and Thompson to discreetly investigate . Tintin tracks down the gang and saves the Captain , but they both become intoxicated by the fumes from wine barrels breached in a shootout with the villains . Haddock chases a gang @-@ member from the cellar to an entrance behind a bookcase in Salaad 's house . Upon sobering up , Tintin discovers a necklace of a crab with golden claws on the now @-@ subdued owner of the wine cellar , Omar ben Salaad , and realizes that he is the leader of the drug . Allan steals a boat and tries escaping , but Tintin captures him . The police arrest the gang and free the Japanese man , who introduces himself as Kuraki , a police detective who was trying to warn Tintin of the group he was up against . He had been investigating the sailor on Haddock 's crew who drowned ; the sailor was on the verge of bringing him opium before he was eliminated . Turning on the radio , Tintin learns that , thanks to him , the entire organisation of the Crab with the Golden Claws is behind bars . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - As the Belgian army clashed with the invading Germans in May 1940 , Hergé and his wife fled by car to France along with tens of thousands of other Belgians , first staying in Paris and then heading south to @-@ de @-@ , where they remained for six weeks . On 28 May , Belgian King Leopold III officially surrendered the country to the German army to prevent further killing ; a move that Hergé agreed with . Germany placed Belgium under occupation . Hergé followed the king 's request that all civilians who had fled the country return ; he arrived back in Brussels on 30 June . There , he found that an officer of the German army 's occupied his house , and he also faced financial trouble , as he owed back taxes yet was unable to access his financial reserves ( his fee due from Casterman eventually arrived ) . All Belgian publications were now under the control of the German occupying force . The Catholic publication Le Vingtième Siècle and its supplement Le Petit Vingtième , where Hergé had always worked The Adventures of Tintin , no longer had permission to continue publication . Land of Black Gold , the story that Hergé had been there , had to be abandoned . Victor , the editor of Le Pays , offered Hergé employment as a cartoonist , but Hergé perceived Le Pays as an explicitly political publication and thus declined the position . - Instead , he accepted a position with Le Soir , Belgium 's largest daily newspaper . from its original owners , the German authorities permitted Le Soir to reopen under the directorship of Belgian editor Raymond de Becker , although it remained firmly under Nazi control , supporting the German war effort and anti @-@ Semitism . After joining Le Soir on 15 October , Hergé created its new children 's supplement , Le Soir Jeunesse . Appointed editor of this supplement , he was aided by old friend Paul and the cartoonist Jacques Van . The first issue of Le Soir Jeunesse was published with a large announcement across the cover : " Tintin et ! " ( " Tintin and Snowy are Back ! " ) . Some Belgians were upset that Hergé was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the occupying Nazi administration ; he received an anonymous letter from " the father of a large family " asking him not to work for Le Soir , fearing that The Adventures of Tintin would now be used to children in Nazi ideology , and that as a result " They will no longer speak of God , of the Christian family , of the Catholic ideal ... [ How ] can you agree to collaborate in this terrible act , a real sin against Spirit ? " Hergé however was heavily by the size of Le Soir 's readership , which reached 600 @,@ 000 , far more than what Le Vingtième Siècle had been able to accomplish . Faced with the reality of Nazi oversight , Hergé abandoned the overt political themes that had much of his earlier work , instead adopting a policy of neutrality . Without the need to political types , Harry Thompson observed that " Hergé was now concentrating more on plot and on developing a new style of character comedy . The public reacted positively . " - - = = = Publication = = = - - The Crab with the Golden Claws began serialisation in Le Soir Jeunesse on 17 October 1940 . However , on 8 May 1941 , a paper shortage caused by the ongoing war led to the Le Soir Jeunesse being reduced to four pages , with the length of the weekly Tintin strip being cut by two @-@ thirds . Several weeks later , on 3 September 1941 , the supplement disappeared altogether , with The Crab with the Golden Claws being moved into Le Soir itself in September , where it became a daily strip . As a result , Hergé was forced to alter the pace at which his narrative moved , as he had to hold the reader 's attention at the end of every line . As with earlier Adventures of Tintin , the story was later serialised in France in the Catholic newspaper from 21 June 1942 . - Following serialisation , Casterman collected together and published the story in book form in 1941 ; the last black @-@ and @-@ white Tintin volume to be released . For this collected edition , Hergé thought of renaming the story , initially considering The Red Crab ( to accompany earlier adventures The Blue Lotus and The Black Island ) before re @-@ settling on Le aux d ( The Crab with the Golden Claws ) . Hergé became annoyed that Casterman then sent the book to the printers without his final approval . Nevertheless , as a result of Le Soir 's publicity , book sales markedly increased , to the extent that most of the prior Adventures of Tintin were reprinted as a result . German authorities made two exceptions : No of Tintin in America or The Black Island because they were set in the United States and Britain respectively , both of which were in conflict with Germany . - The serial introduced the character of Captain Haddock . Haddock made his first appearance in Le Soir adjacent to an advert for the anti @-@ Semitic German film , . Hergé chose the name " Haddock " for the character after his wife , , mentioned " a sad English fish " during a meal . The inclusion of the Japanese police detective Kuraki as an ally of Tintin 's in this story was probably designed to counterbalance Hergé 's portrayal of the Japanese as the antagonists in his earlier story , The Blue Lotus , particularly given that the occupying government was allied with Japan at the time . The use of Morocco as a setting was likely influenced by The White Squadron by French writer Joseph , which Hergé had read and seen the film in 1936 . The depiction of the French Foreign Legion in North Africa was possibly influenced by P. C. Wren 's novel Beau Geste ( 1925 ) or its cinematic adaptations in 1926 , 1928 , and 1939 . - Whereas Hergé 's use of Chinese in The Blue Lotus was correct , the Arabic script employed in The Crab with the Golden Claws was intentionally fictitious . Many of the place names featured in the series are puns : the town of was a pun on the French Que ? ( " what is to be done ? " ) while the port of derives from the French ( scrape , or fight ) . The name of Omar ben Salaad is a pun meaning " " in French . - In February 1942 , Casterman suggested to Hergé that his books be published in a new format ; 62 @-@ pages rather than the former 100 to 130 pages , and now in full colour rather than black @-@ and @-@ white . He agreed to this , and in 1943 The Crab with the Golden Claws was re @-@ edited and coloured for publication as an album in 1944 . Due to the changes in how the adventure had been serialised at Le Soir , the album at this was only 58 pages long , and thus Hergé filled the missing pages with four full @-@ page colour frames , thus bringing it up to the standard 62 @-@ page format . - In the 1960s , The Crab with the Golden Claws , along with King 's , became the first Tintin adventures published in the United States , in Little Golden Books . However , Casterman , working with the American publisher Western Publishing , made a number of changes : Jumbo , the sailor who Tintin leaves bound and gagged in Captain Haddock 's cabin , as well as another man who beats Haddock in the cellar , could not be black Africans as depicted in the original ; these were changed to a white sailor and an Arab due to the American publisher 's concerns depicting blacks and whites mixing together . The accompanying text was not changed , however , and Haddock still refers to the man who beat him as a " " . Also by request of the Americans , scenes of Haddock drinking directly from bottles of whiskey on the lifeboat and the plane were out , keeping only the text . The edited albums later had their areas redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable , and they appear this way in published editions around the world . Casterman republished the original black @-@ and @-@ white version of the story in 1980 , as part of the fourth volume in their Archives Hergé collection . In 1989 , they then published a facsimile version of that first edition . - - = = Critical analysis = = - - Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters described the story as a " " for The Adventures of Tintin and described the addition of Haddock as " a formidable narrative element " , one which " profoundly changed the spirit of the series " . Elsewhere , he asserts that it is Haddock 's appearance which " makes this book so memorable " and that he is to define the book by that character 's . Fellow biographer Pierre Assouline commented that The Crab with the Golden Claws had " a certain charm " stemming from its use of " and colonial nostalgia , for the French especially , their holdings in North Africa . " Michael Farr asserted that the arrival of Haddock was the most " remarkable " element of the story , offering the series " tremendous new potential " . He also thought that the dream sequences reflected the popularity of surrealism at the time , and that the influence of cinema , in particular the films of Alfred Hitchcock , is apparent in the story . - Jean @-@ Marc and Randy described the story as " a thinly @-@ disguised remake of Cigars of the Pharaoh " , an Adventure of Tintin which had been first serialised in 1934 . Both feature the smuggling of opium , in crab tins and cigars respectively , and " desert , hostile tribes and , at the end , the infiltrating of a secret underground lair . " They also opined that artistically , the story represented " a turning point in Hergé 's career " , because he had to switch to a daily format in Le Soir , although as a result of this they felt that the final third of the story " seems rushed " . that the inclusion of a Japanese detective investigating drug smuggling in the Mediterranean makes no sense within the context of 1940s Europe , they ultimately awarded the story three out of five stars . - Literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University , in a review of The Crab with the Golden Claws , commented that this book witnessed Tintin 's " real entrance into the community of human beings " as he gains an " older brother " in Haddock . He also believed that the recurring image of alcohol throughout the story was symbolic of sexuality . In particular , he believed that there was a strong subtext between Haddock and Tintin , represented in the two delirious sequences ; in one , Haddock Tintin as a bottle at the top ( thereby symbolising an penis ) , while in the other , Tintin dreams that he is trapped inside a bottle , with Haddock about to stick a into him ( thereby symbolising sexual penetration ) . However , Apostolidès notes , in both instances the pair are prevented from realising their sexual fantasies . Literary critic Tom McCarthy concurred with Apostolidès on this point , also highlighting what he perceived as undertones to these two scenes . He also noted that in this Adventure , the manner in which a chance finding of a tin can on a Belgian street leads Tintin into the story is representative of the recurring theme of " Tintin the detective " found throughout the series . - - = = Adaptations = = - - In 1947 , the first Tintin motion picture was created : the stop motion @-@ animated feature film The Crab with the Golden Claws , faithfully adapted by producer Wilfried for Films Claude . It was first shown at the ABC Cinema on 11 January 1947 for a group of invited guests . It was screened publicly only once , on 21 December of that year , before declared bankruptcy and fled to Argentina . - In 1957 , the animation company Studios produced a string of colour adaptations based upon Hergé 's original comics , adapting eight of the Adventures into a series of daily five @-@ minute episodes . The Crab with the Golden Claws was the fifth such story to be adapted , being directed by Ray and written by Greg , himself a well @-@ known cartoonist who in later years would become editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Tintin magazine . - In 1991 , a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the French studio and the Canadian animation company . 21 of the stories into a series of episodes , each 42 minutes long , with most stories spanning two episodes , The Crab with the Golden Claws was the seventh story produced in the series . Directed by , critics have praised the series for being " generally faithful " , with compositions having been actually directly taken from the panels in the original comic book . - A motion capture adventure film titled The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson was released in the US on 21 December 2011 and in Europe at the end of October 2011 . Parts of the movie are taken from The Crab with the Golden Claws including the meeting and first adventures of Tintin and Captain Haddock , the Karaboudjan , the flight to , and the crab cans ( although the plot involving the smuggled opium was not adapted ) . A video @-@ game tie @-@ in to the movie was released October 2011 . - - = = In popular culture = = - - In The Simpsons episode In the Name of the Bart Simpson makes a derogatory remark about Belgium , causing his mother Marge to threaten him with " taking his away " , whereupon Bart clutches a copy of the Tintin album The Crab with the Golden Claws to his chest , promising he 'll behave . - - - = L.A.M.B. = - - L.A.M.B. is a fashion line by American singer Gwen Stefani , the lead vocalist of the rock band No Doubt . The line manufactures apparel and fashion accessories . It was founded in 2003 and made its runway debut in 2004 . The fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes , watches , bags and a fragrance called " L. " The name is an acronym of her debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . - The line is influenced by a variety of cultures , including , Japanese , Indian and Jamaican styles . Stefani came from a family of . This further inspired her to launch her own fashion line . The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher , Nicole Kidman , Paris Hilton and Stefani herself . The fashion line made a runway debut in the spring collection of 2004 and achieved mainstream success at New York Fashion Week in 2005 . It currently makes an annual gross income of $ 90 million . The line , as well as the fashion shows , were well received by critics and appreciated the indulgence of a celebrity into the fashion world . An additional fashion line was launched by Stefani called Harajuku Lovers . - In late 2014 Stefani announced she would be producing an animated series that was based on the characters Love , Angel , Music and Baby . The series , Harajuku follows the Harajuku Girls , known together as , as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career . - - = = History = = - - Stefani first came face to face with designing clothes when she and her mother would clothes for themselves when she was young . Stefani comes from a long line of , as even her great @-@ grandmother would clothes . Stefani made most of the things she wore onstage during concerts . When she became successful and began to tour constantly , she felt she lost her way . Then she met the stylist Andrea Lieberman . Lieberman introduced her to couture clothing . Later Lieberman became her creative consultant and took over as the head designer . later parted ways with L.A.M.B. - L.A.M.B. started out as a collaboration with LeSportsac in 2003 . The name L.A.M.B. is an acronym which stands for Love . Angel . Music . Baby . , which is also the name of Stefani 's first solo album . - - = = = = - - The fashion line manufactures clothes , shoes , bags and a fragrance called " L " . The brand started out as a line for women but claims the track items are . The clothes were manufactured by Girl LLC , which was founded in 2003 by Ken , president of L.A.M.B. While for its other products , L.A.M.B has been more of a collaborative fashion line . Now the line is teaming up with another manufacturer , which explains why the official website is down . - L.A.M.B joined with Royal for the shoe line . Stefani is widening her footwear line for adults to include boots and . L.A.M.B collaborated with Coty Inc. for the fragrance and with LeSportsac for handbags in 2003 . Stefani went on to design a new line of handbags with and Partners in 2006 . The bags feature LeSportsac 's signature rip @-@ stop nylon along with a variety of metal hardware , leather and colorful . Stefani plans to design lingerie as well as make @-@ up products for L.A.M.B. L.A.M.B. partnered with Group on a line of women 's watches . The line consists of 39 . - L.A.M.B. products are relatively expensive , with apparel priced $ 55 to $ 1100 , handbags priced $ 80 to $ , and watches priced $ 125 to $ 995 . - - = = = = = = - - Coty Inc. announced a global licensing agreement with Stefani , to develop and market for L.A.M.B. Catherine Walsh , senior vice president , American , Coty , said in a statement - " From the packaging to the bottle design to the distinctive scent itself , we will be working very closely with Stefani to ensure that her signature fragrance captures her rare spirit , style and warmth , " Stefani said , " a fragrance is one of the most prestigious things a designer can do . " - The fragrance called " L " was launched in September , 2007 at House in New York . Stefani worked with Harry to develop the scent . Stefani described the fragrance as " it 's another thing you can wear and another thing I can be part of creatively . I created it for myself -- it 's like me shrunk into a box . " The perfume is a blend of the of , white , fresh pear , violet , , rose , , sweet pea , orange blossom , peach , , and . The perfume is available in 50 ml and 100 ml bottles . - - = = Promotion and fashion shows = = - - Stefani frequently refers to her clothing line in her music , as one of the brand 's promotional strategies . Stefani refers to her clothing line in her songs " Wind It Up , " " Harajuku Girls , " and " Crash " ( which even incorporates the brand 's slogan , " I want you all over me like L.A.M.B. " ) . Stefani is often seen wearing her own designs , especially when making public appearances . A thirty @-@ second commercial directed by Sophie was also released to promote the brand 's fragrance . - L.A.M.B. has participated in the Spring / Summer 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 New York Fashion Weeks . Stefani described her first line , which debuted on September 16 , 2005 , as " a little Sound of Music , some Orange County girl , some , and a bit of The Great . " The highlights of the show were purple cars bouncing using while Stefani 's song " Wind It Up " made its debut as the models walked the runway . - For Spring / Summer 2007 , Stefani opted for a presentation rather than a catwalk show . The models , all donning identical blond , wore designs Stefani said were inspired by Michelle Pfeiffer 's role as Elvira Hancock in the 1983 . The show included some of Stefani 's trademark and extensively referenced prints from Guatemala , India , and Japan . On September 5 , 2007 , L.A.M.B opened New York 's Spring / Summer 2008 Mercedes @-@ Benz Fashion Week . The collection " looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties " and incorporated influences from Stefani 's roots . Fashion week organizer Fern said that celebrity designers provided and energy to the fashion industry , which made Stefani 's collection a desirable opener . - - = = Critical reception = = - - The line was mostly well received by critics and Stefani was appreciated for taking fashion seriously even though she is a celebrity . Fern of praised the line and Stefani as well and said , " the L.A.M.B. line is clearly at the top of these lines and is as unique and individual as Gwen herself . " The shoes were well received by the critics , though considered to be . Desiree of About.com said , " ... these shoes aren 't for everyone , but will most definitely appeal to fans of Ms. Stefani 's music and fashion - sense . " Tim of Entertainment Weekly said , " L.A.M.B. ' s embellished , @-@ inspired , and @-@ heel deliver the edge " Nicole of said , " The collection , which looked like the sixties as seen by someone who grew up in the eighties , was altogether more and on trend . " Fashion journalist of The New York Times differed and said , " If ever there was a reason for a pop star to concentrate on her vocal skills , it was Gwen Stefani 's fashion . " - - = = Commercial success = = - - The brand is sold in 275 stores worldwide and is worn by celebrities including Teri Hatcher , Nicole Kidman , Kelly , Paris Hilton , and Stefani herself . L.A.M.B sales have expanded from $ 40 million in 2005 to a predicted $ 90 million in 2007 . According to a spokesperson , the debut of L.A.M.B. ' s watch line , which sold out in two days , was the store 's most successful watch launch ever . The brand 's designs have appeared in W , Marie Claire , Elle , Lucky and . - - - = First @-@ move advantage in chess = - - The first @-@ move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player ( White ) who makes the first move in chess . Chess players and theorists generally agree that White begins the game with some advantage . Since 1851 , compiled statistics support this view ; White consistently wins slightly more often than Black , usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent . White 's winning percentage is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers . However , White 's advantage is less significant in games and games between . - Chess players and have long debated whether , given perfect play by both sides , the game should end in a win for White , or a draw . Since approximately 1889 , when World Champion Wilhelm addressed this issue , the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw . However , a few notable players have argued that White 's advantage may be sufficient to force a win : Weaver Adams and claimed that White is winning after the first move 1.e4 , while Hans Berliner argued that 1.d4 may win for White . - Some players , including World Champions such as José Capablanca , Emanuel Lasker , and Bobby Fischer , have expressed fears of a " draw death " as chess becomes more deeply analyzed . To alleviate this danger , Capablanca and Fischer both proposed chess variants to renew interest in the game , while Lasker suggested changing how draws and stalemate are scored . - Since 1988 , chess theorists have challenged previously well @-@ established views about White 's advantage . Grandmaster ( GM ) Adorján wrote a series of books on the theme that " Black is OK ! " , arguing that the general perception that White has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality . GM Mihai Suba and others contend that sometimes White 's initiative disappears for no apparent reason as a game progresses . The prevalent style of play for Black today is to seek dynamic , positions with active , rather than merely trying to equalize . - Modern writers also argue that Black has certain advantages . The consensus that White should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player , who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win . Some symmetrical openings ( i.e. those where both players make the same moves ) can lead to situations where moving first is a disadvantage , either for psychological or objective reasons . - - = = Winning percentages = = - - In 1946 , Streeter examined the results of 5 @,@ games played in 45 international chess tournaments between 1851 and 1932 . Streeter found that overall White scored 53 @.@ 4 % ( W : 38 @.@ 12 ; D : 30 @.@ 56 ; L : 31 @.@ 31 ) . White scored 52 @.@ 55 % in 1851 – 78 ( W : 45 @.@ 52 ; D : 14 @.@ 07 ; L : 40 @.@ 41 ) , 52 @.@ 77 % in 1881 – 1914 ( W : 36 @.@ 89 ; D : 31 @.@ 76 ; L : 31 @.@ 35 ) , and 55 @.@ 47 % in 1919 – 32 ( W : 36 @.@ 98 ; D : 36 @.@ 98 ; L : 26 @.@ 04 ) . Streeter concluded , " It thus appears that it is becoming increasingly difficult to win with Black , but somewhat easier to draw . " - Two decades later , Arthur M. Stevens concluded in The Blue Book of Charts to Winning Chess , based on a survey of 56 @,@ 972 master games that he completed in 1967 , that White scores 59 @.@ 1 % . However , Stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines , rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events . - More recent sources indicate that White scores approximately 54 to 56 percent . In 2005 , GM Jonathan Rowson wrote that " the conventional wisdom is that White begins the game with a small advantage and , holding all other factors constant , scores approximately 56 % to Black 's 44 % " . International Master ( IM ) John Watson wrote in 1998 that White had scored 56 % for most of the 20th century , but that this figure had recently slipped to 55 % . The website holds regularly updated statistics on its games database . As of January 12 , 2015 , White had won 37 @.@ 50 % , 34 @.@ 90 % were drawn , and Black had won 27 @.@ 60 % out of @,@ games , resulting in a total White winning percentage of 54 @.@ 95 % . - New In Chess observed in its 2000 that of the 731 @,@ 740 games in its database , White scored 54 @.@ 8 % overall ; with the two most popular opening moves , White scored 54 @.@ 1 % in 349 @,@ games beginning 1.e4 , and 56 @.@ 1 % in 296 @,@ 200 games beginning The main reason that 1.e4 was less effective than 1.d4 was the Sicilian Defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which gave White only a 52 @.@ 3 % score in 145 @,@ 996 games . - Jeff , in examining data from 266 @,@ 000 games played between 1994 and 2001 , concluded that White scored 54 @.@ 1767 % plus 0 @.@ times White 's Elo rating advantage , treating White 's rating advantage as + 390 if it is better than + 390 , or − 460 if it is worse than − 460 . He found that White 's advantage is equivalent to 35 rating points , i.e. if White has a rating 35 points below Black 's , each player will have an expected score of 50 % . also found that White 's advantage is smaller ( 53 % ) in rapid games than in games at a slower ( " classical " ) time control . In the 462 games played at the 2009 World Blitz Chess Championship , White scored only 52 @.@ 16 % ( L 34 @.@ 63 ) . - Other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players ' ratings and White 's score . According to GM Sveshnikov , statistics show that White has no advantage over Black in games between , but " if the players are stronger , White has the lead " . An analysis of the results of games in 's Mega 2003 database between players with similar Elo ratings , commissioned by GM Adorján , showed that as the players ' ratings went up , the percentage of draws increased , the proportion of decisive games that White won increased , and White 's overall winning percentage increased . For example , taking the highest and lowest of Adorján 's rating categories of 1669 games played by the highest @-@ rated players ( Elo ratings and above ) , White scored 55 @.@ 7 % overall ( ) , whereas of 34 @,@ games played by the lowest @-@ rated players ( Elo ratings below 2100 ) , White scored 53 @.@ 1 % overall ( ) . Adorján also analyzed the results of games played at the very highest level : World Championship matches . Of games played in 34 matches between 1886 and 1990 , White won 234 ( 31 @.@ 0 % ) , drew ( 52 @.@ 6 % ) , and lost 124 ( 16 @.@ 4 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 57 @.@ 3 % . In the last five matches in 's survey , all between and Garry Kasparov , White won 31 ( 25 @.@ 8 % ) , drew 80 ( 66 @.@ 7 % ) , and lost 9 ( 7 @.@ 5 % ) , for a total white winning percentage of 59 @.@ 2 % . - Chess Grand Tournament ( ) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other , with time controls of forty moves in one hundred and twenty minutes per player ( 40 / 120 ) , and also 40 / 20 and 40 / 4 , and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control . At the slowest time control ( 40 / 120 ) , White has scored 55 @.@ 4 % ( ) in games played among 38 of the strongest chess engines ( as of May 27 , 2009 ) . At 40 / 20 , White has scored 54 @.@ 6 % ( ) in games played among engines ( as of May 24 , 2009 ) . At the fastest time control ( 40 / 4 ) , White has scored 54 @.@ 8 % ( ) , in games played among 128 programs ( as of May 28 , 2009 ) . - - = = Drawn with best play = = - - Joseph Bertin wrote in his textbook The Noble Game of Chess , " He that plays first , is understood to have the attack . " This is consistent with the traditional view that White , by virtue of the first move , begins with the initiative and should try to extend it into the , while Black should strive to neutralize White 's initiative and attain equality . Because White begins with the initiative , a minor mistake by White generally leads only to loss of the initiative , while a similar mistake by Black may have more serious consequences . Thus , Sveshnikov wrote in 1994 , " Black players cannot afford to make even the slightest mistake ... from a theoretical point of view , the tasks of White and Black in chess are different : White has to strive for a win , Black — for a draw ! " - Chess theorists have long debated how enduring White 's initiative is and whether , if both sides play perfectly , the game should end in a win for White or a draw . George Walker wrote in 1846 that , " The first move is an advantage , ... but if properly answered , the first move is of little worth " . , the first World Champion , who is widely considered the father of modern chess , wrote in 1889 , " It is now conceded by all experts that by proper play on both sides the legitimate issue of a game ought to be a draw . " Lasker and Capablanca , the second and third World Champions , agreed . Fine , one of the world 's leading players from 1936 to 1951 , wrote that White 's opening advantage is too to be sufficient for a win without an error by Black . - The view that a game of chess should end in a draw given best play prevails . Even if it cannot be proved , this assumption is considered " safe " by Rowson and " logical " by Adorján . Watson agrees that " the proper result of a perfectly played chess game ... is a draw . ... Of course , I can 't prove this , but I doubt that you can find a single strong player who would disagree . ... I remember Kasparov , after a last @-@ round draw , explaining to the waiting reporters : ' Well , chess is a draw . ' " World Champion Bobby Fischer thought that was almost definitely so . - Lasker and Capablanca both worried that chess would suffer a " draw death " as top @-@ level players drew more and more of their games . More recently , Fischer agreed , saying that the game has become played out . All three advocated changing the rules of chess to minimize the number of drawn games . Lasker suggested scoring less than half a point for a draw , and more than half a point for the opponent 's king . Capablanca in the 1920s proposed Capablanca chess , a chess variant played on a larger board and with additional pieces . Fischer advocated Fischer Random Chess , another chess variant , in which the initial position of the pieces is determined at random . - Today some of the opening variations have been analyzed so deeply that they are often used as drawing weapons . For example , at the highest levels , Black often uses the Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez , a line where Black sacrifices a pawn for strong attacking chances , to obtain an endgame where Black is still a pawn down but is able to draw with correct play . - In 2007 , Georgiev and Kolev asserted that much the same was true of the so @-@ called Variation of the Sicilian , which arises after 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 cxd4 Nf6 a6 6.Bg5 e6 ! ? This has long been considered one of the and most problematic , or even , opening lines . The game usually continues . Georgiev and Kolev stated that 6.Bg5 is seldom seen at the highest level because the main line of this variation leads , with best play , to a draw by perpetual check . They wrote that the following game " will probably remain the last word of theory " : - Francisco – Kasparov , Moscow 2004 : 1 @.@ e4 c5 2 . Nf3 d6 3 @.@ d4 cxd4 4 . Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 6 . e6 7 @.@ 8 . 9 . Rb1 10 @.@ Nc6 11 @.@ fxe6 fxe6 12 . 13 @.@ e5 14 . 15 . Ne4 16 . Be7 17 . 0 @-@ 0 18 . 0 @-@ 0 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . + 23 . 24 . 25 . + 26 . + 27 . + 28 . + 29 . + 30 . + 31 . + 32 . + 33 . + 34 . 1 / 2 – 1 / 2 ( After 34 ... + , White cannot escape the checks . ) - However , Georgiev and Kolev 's pessimistic assessment of 6.Bg5 has since been called into question , as White succeeded with ( another critical line ) in several later high @-@ level games . GM wrote in 2013 that after , " a forced draw results " , but that after , " we reach a very sharp position , with mutual chances . " - - = = White wins = = - - - = = = White wins with 1.e4 = = = - - Although it is very much a minority view , three prominent twentieth @-@ century masters claimed that White 's advantage should or may be decisive with best play . Weaver Adams , then one of the leading American masters , was the best @-@ known proponent of this view , which he introduced in his 1939 book White to Play and , and continued to expound in later books and articles until shortly before his death in 1963 . Adams opined that 1.e4 was White 's strongest move , and that if both sides played the best moves thereafter , " White ought to win . " Adams ' claim was widely ridiculed , and he did not succeed in demonstrating the validity of his theory in tournament and match practice . The year after his book was published , at the finals of the 1940 U.S. Open tournament , he scored only one draw in his four games as White , but won all four of his games as Black . Adams also lost a match to IM Horowitz , who took the black pieces in every game . - According to Sveshnikov , , a leading Soviet player and during the 1930s , likewise " claimed in the [ 1930s ] : ' 1.e4 — and White wins ! ' and he managed to prove it quite often " . - - = = = White wins with 1.d4 = = = - - More recently , IM Hans Berliner , a former World Champion of Chess , claimed in his 1999 book The System that 1.d4 gives White a large , and possibly decisive , advantage . Berliner asserted that with best play White wins against the Defense , the Modern , the Gambit and other ( unnamed ) " major defences " , and achieves at least a large advantage in many lines of the Queen 's Gambit . However , he allowed that , " It is possible that the rules of chess are such that only some number of plausible @-@ appearing defences to 1.d4 can be refuted . " Berliner wrote that Adams ' " theories , though looked upon with by most top chess players , made an immediate and lasting impression on me . Weaver W. Adams was the first person I met who actually had theories about how chess should be played . " - Berliner 's thesis , like Adams ' , has been sharply criticized . - - = = Modern perspectives = = - - As explained below , chess theorists in recent decades have continued to debate the size and nature of White 's advantage , if any . Apart from Berliner , they have rejected the idea that White has a forced win from the opening position . Many also reject the traditional paradigm that Black 's objective should be to neutralize White 's initiative and obtain equality . - - = = = White has an enduring advantage = = = - - In 2004 , GM Larry Kaufman expressed a more view than Adams and Berliner , arguing that the initiative stemming from the first move can always be transformed into some sort of enduring advantage , albeit not necessarily a decisive one . Kaufman writes , " I don 't believe that White has a forced win in Chess . I do however believe that with either 1.e4 or 1.d4 , White should be able to obtain some sort of advantage that persists into the endgame . If chess were scored like boxing , with drawn games awarded by some point system to the player ( if any ) who came ' closer ' to winning , then I believe White would indeed have a forced win in theory . " - - = = = Black is OK ! = = = - - Starting in 1988 , Adorján has argued in a series of books and magazine articles that " Black is OK ! " Alone amongst modern writers , Adorján claims that White starts the game with essentially no advantage . He writes , " In my opinion , the only obvious advantage for White is that if he or she plays for a draw , and does so well , then Black can hardly avoid this without taking obvious risks . " Adorján goes so far as to claim that , " The tale of White 's advantage is a delusion , belief in it is based on mass . " Rowson writes that Adorján 's " contention is one of the most important chess ideas of the last two decades ... because it has shaken our assumption that White begins the game with some advantage , and revealed its ideological nature " . However , Rowson rejects Adorján 's claim that White has essentially no advantage , reasoning that " ' White is better ' and ' Black is OK ' need not be mutually exclusive claims " . - In one of Adorján 's books , GM Portisch opined that " at least two @-@ thirds of all ' tested ' openings give White an apparent advantage . " According to Portisch , for Black , " The root of the problem is that very few people know which are the openings where Black is really OK . Those who find these lines have nothing to fear , as Black is indeed OK , but only in those variations ! " Rowson considers this an important point , noting that " 1.d4 players struggle to get anywhere against main @-@ line and 1.e4 players find the and Sveshnikov particularly tough . " - - = = = = = = - - Modern writers often think of Black 's role in more dynamic terms than merely trying to equalize . Rowson writes that " the idea of Black trying to ' equalize ' is questionable . I think it has limited application to a few openings , rather than being an opening for Black in general . " Evans wrote that after one of his games against Fischer , " Fischer his ' secret ' to me : unlike other masters , he sought to win with the Black pieces from the start . The revelation that Black has dynamic chances and need not be satisfied with mere equality was the turning point in his career , he said . " Likewise , Watson surmised that Kasparov , when playing Black , bypasses the question of whether White has an opening advantage " by thinking in terms of the concrete nature of the dynamic imbalance on the board , and seeking to seize the initiative whenever possible " . Watson observes that " energetic opening play by Black may ... lead to a position so complex and unclear that to speak of equality is meaningless . Sometimes we say ' dynamically balanced ' instead of ' equal ' to express the view that either player is as likely as the other to emerge from complications with an advantage . This style of opening play has become prevalent in modern chess , with World Champions Fischer and Kasparov as its most visible practitioners . " - Modern writers also question the idea that White has an enduring advantage . Suba , in his influential 1991 book Dynamic Chess Strategy , rejects the notion that the initiative can always be transformed into an enduring advantage . He contends that sometimes the player with the initiative loses it with no logical explanation , and that , " Sometimes you must lose it , just like that . If you try to to it , by forcing the issue , your dynamic potential will become exhausted and you won 't be able to face a vigorous counter @-@ attack . " Rowson and Watson . Watson also observes , " Because of the of White being better , the of the game at which Black frees his game or White 's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality , even though in dynamic openings , the exhaustion of White 's initiative very often means that Black has seized it with advantage . " - - = = = advantages = = = - - Rowson argues that both White and Black have certain advantages : - - = = = = White 's advantages = = = = - - According to Rowson , White 's first advantage is that , " The advantage of the first move has some similarities with the serve in tennis in that White can score an ' ace ' ( for instance with a powerful opening novelty ) , he has more control over the pace and direction of the game , and he has a ' second serve ' in that when things go wrong his position is not usually losing . " Second , White begins the game with some initiative , although Rowson regards this as a psychological rather than a positional advantage , " and whether it leads to a positional advantage depends on the relative skill of the players . " Third , some players are able to use the initiative to " play a kind of powerful ' serve and volley ' chess in which Black is flattened with a mixture of deep preparation and attacking prowess . " Fourth , " If White wants to draw , it is often not so easy for Black to prevent this . This advantage is particularly acute in cases where there is a possible threefold repetition , because White can begin the repetition without committing to a draw and Black has to decide whether to deviate before he knows whether White is . " - Rowson cites as an example of the last phenomenon the well @-@ regarded Zaitsev Variation of the Ruy Lopez . After 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 a6 Nf6 5 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 Be7 b5 0 @-@ 0 d6 Bb7 Re8 ( initiating the Zaitsev Variation ) , White can repeat moves once with Rf8 This puts Black in an awkward situation , since he must either ( a ) insist on the Zaitsev with 12 ... Re8 , which allows White to choose whether to draw by threefold repetition with Rf8 , or play on with a different move , or ( b ) play a different ( and possibly inferior ) variation by playing something other than 12 ... Re8 . - - = = = = Black 's advantages = = = = - - Rowson argues that Black also has several advantages . First , " White 's alleged advantage is also a kind of obligation to play for a win , and Black can often use this to his advantage . " Second , " White 's ' extra move ' can be a burden , and sometimes White finds himself in a mild form of ( ' Lite ' ) . " Third , although White begins the game with the initiative , if " Black retains a flexible position with good reactive possibilities , this initiative can be absorbed and often passes over to Black . " Fourth , " The fact that White moves before Black often gives Black useful information " . Suba likewise argues that White 's advantage is actually less than a move , since White must tip his hand first , allowing Black to react to White 's plans . Suba writes , " In terms of the mathematical games theory , chess is a game of complete information , and Black 's information is always greater — by one move ! " - Rowson also notes that Black 's chances increase markedly by playing good openings , which tend to be those with flexibility and latent potential , " rather than those that give White fixed targets or that try to take the initiative prematurely . " He also emphasizes that " White has ' the initiative ' , not ' the advantage ' . Success with Black depends on seeing beyond the initiative and thinking of positions in terms of ' potential ' . " These ideas are exemplified by the Hedgehog , a dynamic modern system against the English Opening that can arise from various move orders . A typical position arises after 1.c4 c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 b6 Bb7 5 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 e6 Be7 cxd4 d6 a6 . White has a spatial advantage , while Black often maneuvers his pieces on the last two ranks of the board , but White " has to keep a constant eye on the possible liberating pawn ... b5 and ... d5 . " Watson remarks , " Black 's goal is to remain elastic and flexible , with many options for his pieces , whereas White can become at some point by the need to protect against various dynamic pawn breaks . " He also observes that , " White tends to be as much tied up by Black 's latent activity as Black himself is tied up by White 's space advantage . " Moreover , attempts by White to overrun Black 's position often rebound . An example of this is the following game : - Lev – Ftáčnik , 1982 : 1 . Nf3 Nf6 2 @.@ c4 c5 3 . Nc3 e6 4 @.@ g3 b6 5 . Bg2 Bb7 6 . 0 @-@ 0 Be7 7 @.@ d4 cxd4 8 . d6 9 . a6 10 @.@ 11 @.@ e4 12 . 0 @-@ 0 Suba wrote of a similar Hedgehog position , " White 's position looks ideal . That 's the naked truth about it , but the ' ideal ' has by definition one drawback — it cannot be improved . " 13 . 14 @.@ 15 . 16 . 17 @.@ ? According to Ftáčnik , is ! 18 @.@ 19 . Nf3 Now Black breaks open the position in typical Hedgehog d5 ! 20 @.@ ? ! Ftáčnik considers or ! 21 . 22 @.@ 23 @.@ fxe6 24 @.@ e5 ? Ftáčnik recommends instead + 25 . ! 26 . 27 . Other moves get mated immediately : # ; # ; # . 28 . + ! 29 . + If ( the only legal response to the double check ) , + Rf8 + forces mate . 0 – 1 - An examination of reversed and symmetrical openings illustrates White 's and Black 's respective advantages : - - = = = = = openings = = = = = - - In a " reversed opening " , White plays an opening typically played by Black , but with colors reversed and thus an extra tempo . Evans writes of such openings , " If a defense is considered good for Black , it must be even better for White with a move in hand . " Former World Champion Mikhail reportedly expressed the same view . Watson questions this idea , citing Suba 's thesis that Black , by moving second , has more complete information than White . He writes , " everyone has such difficulties playing as White against a Sicilian Defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , but ... leading masters have no qualms about answering 1.c4 with 1 ... e5 . " To explain this paradox , Watson discusses several different reversed Sicilian lines , showing how Black can exploit the disadvantages of various " extra " moves for White . He concludes , " The point is , Black 's set @-@ up in the Sicilian is fine as a reactive system , but not worth much when trying to claim the initiative as White . This is true because Black is able to react to the specific plan White chooses ; in Suba 's terms , his information is indeed a move greater ! Furthermore , he is able to take advantage of dead equal positions which White ( hoping to retain the advantage of the first move ) would normally avoid . " - Watson also observes , " Similarly , the Dutch Defence looks particularly sterile when White achieves the reversed positions a tempo up ( it turns out that he has nothing useful to do ! ) ; and indeed , many standard Black openings are not very inspiring when one gets them as White , tempo in hand . " GM Alex likewise notes that GM Vladimir , a successful exponent of the Leningrad Dutch ( 1.d4 g6 ) at the highest levels , " once made a deep impression on me by someone 's suggestion that he should try as White . He and said , ' That extra move 's gonna hurt me . ' " - also agrees with Alekhine 's criticism of e5 2.Nf3 , a reversed Alekhine 's Defense , in – Alekhine , Baden @-@ Baden 1925 , writing that Alekhine " understood the difference in opening philosophies for White and Black , and realized they just can 't be the same ! White is supposed to try for more than just obtaining a comfortable game in reversed colour opening set @-@ ups , and , as the statistics show — surprisingly for a lot of people , but not for me — White doesn 't even score as well as Black does in the same positions with his extra tempo and all . " Howard , generally considered to have been the strongest player in the world from 1843 to 1851 , made a similar point over 160 years ago , writing that Owen 's Defense ( 1.e4 b6 ) is playable for Black , but that is inferior to " the more customary [ first ] moves , from its being essentially defensive " . The current view is that Owen 's Defense is slightly better for White , while is playable but less likely to yield an opening advantage than 1.e4 or - Watson concludes that ( a ) " most moves have disadvantages as well as advantages , so an extra move is not always an blessing " ; ( b ) " with his extra information about what White is doing , Black can better react to the new situation " ; and ( c ) because a draw is likely to be more acceptable to Black than to White , White is to avoid lines that allow , while Black may not object to such lines . - - = = = = = Symmetrical openings = = = = = - - Rowson writes that " in general one would assume that whatever advantage White has would be revealed most clearly in symmetrical positions . " Accordingly , Watson , Suba , Evans , and the eminent player and theorist ( 1886 – 1935 ) have all argued that it is in Black 's interest to avoid symmetry . Nonetheless , even symmetrical opening lines sometimes illustrate the tenuous nature of White 's advantage , in several respects . - It is often difficult for White to prove an advantage in symmetrical opening lines . As GM Bent Larsen wrote , a game that began 1.c4 c5 b6 , " In symmetrical openings , White has a theoretical advantage , but in many of them it is only theoretical . " GM Andrew Soltis wrote in 2008 that he hates playing against the symmetrical 's Defense ( 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 ) , and accordingly varies with , the Vienna Game . However , there too he has been unable to find a way to an advantage after the symmetrical 2 ... Nc6 g6 Bg7 , or after Nf6 ( to the Four Knights Game ) 5 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 d6 Nd4 , or d5 , when ? ! e4 ! may even favor Black . - Moreover , symmetrical positions may be to White in that he has to commit himself first . Watson notes that it is even difficult for White to play in a symmetrical position , since almost every move has certain drawbacks . Fischer once went so far as to claim that after Nf6 g6 Bg7 4 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 d6 ( Reinhard – Fischer , Western Open 1963 ) , " ' Believe it or not , ' Black stands better ! Now , whatever White does , Black will vary it and get an asymmetrical position and have the superior position due to his better pawn structure ! " However , GM Paul responded in magazine , " We just don 't believe it ! " In symmetrical positions , as the Hodgson – and Portisch – Tal games discussed below illustrate , Black can continue to imitate White as long as he finds it feasible and desirable to do so , and deviate when that ceases to be the case . - Further , a particular extra move is sometimes more of a liability than an asset . For example , Soltis notes that the Exchange French position arising after 1.e4 e6 d5 Nf6 " is pretty equal . " The same position , but with Black 's knight moved to e4 , arises in 's Defense after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 d6 d5 . That position offers White better chances precisely because Black 's extra move ( ... Ne4 ) allows the advanced knight to become a target for attack . - Finally , symmetrical positions may be difficult for the white player for psychological reasons . Watson writes that anyone who tries the Exchange French , " even if he thinks he is playing for a win , assume [ s ] a psychological burden . White has already ceded the advantage of the first move , and knows it , whereas Black is challenged to find ways to seize the initiative . " Two famous examples of White losses in the Exchange French are M. Gurevich – Short and – Korchnoi . In M. Gurevich – Short , a game between two of the world 's leading players , White needed only a draw to qualify for the Candidates , while Black needed to win . Gurevich played passively and was by Short , who achieved the necessary win , qualified for the Candidates , and ultimately went on to challenge Kasparov for the World Championship . In – Korchnoi , the Italian IM fell victim to Korchnoi 's mating attack , losing in just 14 moves . - Rowson gives the following example of Black White from the Symmetrical Variation of the English Opening . He remarks , " there is something compelling about Black 's strategy . He seems to be saying : ' I will copy all your good moves , and as soon as you make a bad move , I won 't copy you any more ! ' " - Hodgson – , Newcastle 2001 : 1 @.@ c4 c5 2 @.@ g3 g6 3 . Bg2 Bg7 4 . Nc3 Nc6 5 @.@ a6 6 . Rb1 Rb8 7 @.@ 8 @.@ b5 9 @.@ Here Rowson remarks , " Both sides want to push their d @-@ pawn and play / ... , but White has to go first so Black gets to play ... d5 before White can play d4 . This doesn 't matter much , but it already points to the challenge that White faces here ; his most natural allow Black to play the moves he wants to . I would therefore say that White is in ' Lite ' and that he remains in this state for several moves . " 10 . Nf3 d5 10 ... Nf6 11 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 d6 would to the Portisch – Tal game below . 11 @.@ d4 Nf6 12 . 13 . 0 @-@ 0 14 . 0 @-@ 0 15 . Ne4 16 @.@ ! ? Finally breaking the symmetry . 17 . The position is still almost symmetrical , and White can find nothing useful to do with his extra move . Rowson suggests ! ? , forcing Black to be the one to break the symmetry . 17 ... Re8 ! Rowson notes that this is a useful waiting move , covering , which needs protection in some lines , and possibly supporting an eventual ... e5 ( see Black 's twenty @-@ second move ) . White cannot copy it , since after ? Nxf2 Black would win a pawn . 18 . ? ! ! 19 @.@ ! Rowson notes that with his more active pieces , " It looks like Black has some initiative . " If now , " is at least equal for Black " . 20 . ! 20 ... Nxf2 ? ! wins . 21 . Nd4 22 . e5 Rowson writes , " Now both sides have their , but I think Black has some advantage , due to his extra central control , imposing knight and prospects for a attack . " 23 @.@ b5 Rc8 24 . d4 Now White has a difficult game : Rowson ? ! Bc2 ! , winning ; hxg4 Nxf2 ! Bc2 , winning ; ! ? ! with advantage ; and ( risky @-@ looking , but perhaps best ) Nc3 ! , and Black is better . 25 @.@ b6 ? Black 's threat . 25 ... Nxf2 ! 26 . If , Bc2 forks White 's queen and . 26 ... Ne4 27 @.@ Rb8 28 @.@ hxg4 29 @.@ hxg4 30 . Nf6 ! 31 . 32 . 33 @.@ + 0 – 1 - The opening of the following game between two world @-@ class players , another Symmetrical English , took a similar course : - Portisch – Mikhail Tal , Candidates Match 1965 : 1 . Nf3 c5 2 @.@ c4 Nc6 3 . Nc3 Nf6 4 @.@ g3 g6 5 . Bg2 Bg7 6 . 0 @-@ 0 0 @-@ 0 7 @.@ a6 8 @.@ Rb8 9 . Rb1 b5 10 @.@ 11 @.@ 12 @.@ d6 13 . Once again , White is on move in a symmetrical position , but it is not obvious what he can do with his first @-@ move initiative . Soltis writes , " It 's ridiculous to think Black 's position is better . But Mikhail Tal said it is easier to play . By moving second he gets to see White 's move and then decide whether to match it . " Here , Soltis writes that Black could maintain equality by keeping the symmetry : 14 ... . Instead , he plays to prove that White 's queen is . 14 ... Rc8 ! Nd4 ! 16 ... + . Rc8 Although the pawn structure is still symmetrical , Black 's control of the c @-@ file gives him the advantage . Black ultimately reached an endgame two pawns up , but White managed to hold a draw in 83 moves . - Tal himself lost a famous game as White from a symmetrical position in Tal – , USSR Championship 1974 . - - = = Tournament and match play = = - - In chess tournaments and matches , the frequency with which each player receives white and black is an important consideration . In matches , the players ' colors in the first game are determined by drawing lots , and alternated thereafter . In round robin tournaments with an odd number of players , each player receives an equal number of whites and blacks ; with an even number of players , each receives one extra white or black . Where one or more players withdraws from the tournament , the tournament director may change the assigned colors in some games so that no player receives two more blacks than whites , or vice versa . The double @-@ round robin tournament is considered to give the most reliable final standings , since each player receives the same number of whites and blacks , and plays both White and Black against each opponent . - In Swiss system tournaments , the tournament director tries to ensure that each player receives , as nearly as possible , the same number of games as White and Black , and that the player 's color alternates from round to round . After the first round , the director may deviate from the otherwise prescribed in order to give as many players as possible their or due colors . More substantial deviations are permissible to avoid giving a player two more blacks than whites ( for example , three blacks in four games ) than vice versa , since extra whites " cause far less player distress " than extra blacks , which impose " a significant handicap " on the affected player . with an even number of rounds cause the most problems , since if there is a , it is greater ( e.g. , a player receiving two whites and four blacks ) . - - = = chess = = - - tablebases have solved a very limited area of chess , determining perfect play in a number of endgames , including all non @-@ trivial endgames with no more than six pieces or pawns ( including the two kings ) . Seven @-@ piece endgames were solved in 2012 and released as " Lomonosov tablebases " . - Jonathan Rowson has speculated that " in principle it should be possible for a machine to ... develop 32 @-@ piece tablebases . This may take decades or even centuries , but unless runaway global warming or nuclear war gets in the way , I think it will eventually happen . " However , information theorist Claude Shannon argued that it is not feasible for any computer to actually do this . In his 1950 paper " Programming a Computer for Playing Chess " he writes : - With chess it is possible , in principle , to play a perfect game or construct a machine to do so as follows : One considers in a given position all possible moves , then all moves for the opponent , etc . , to the end of the game ( in each variation ) . The end must occur , by the rules of the games after a finite number of moves ( remembering the 50 move drawing rule ) . Each of these variations ends in win , loss or draw . By working backward from the end one can determine whether there is a forced win , the position is a draw or is lost . It is easy to show , however , even with the high computing speed available in electronic calculators this computation is impractical . In typical chess positions there will be of the order of 30 legal moves . The number holds fairly constant until the game is nearly finished as shown ... by De , who averaged the number of legal moves in a large number of master games . Thus a move for White and then one for Black gives about 103 possibilities . A typical game lasts about 40 moves to resignation of one party . This is conservative for our calculation since the machine would calculate out to , not resignation . However , even at this figure there will be variations to be calculated from the initial position . A machine operating at the rate of one variation per would require over years to calculate the first move ! - It is thus theoretically possible to " solve " chess , determining with certainty whether a perfectly played game should end in a win for White , a draw , or even a win for Black . However , according to Shannon the time frame required puts this possibility beyond the limits of any feasible technology . - Hans @-@ Joachim , a professor of mathematics and at the University of California at Berkeley , further argued in a 1965 paper that the " speed , memory , and processing capacity of any possible future computer equipment are limited by certain physical barriers : the light barrier , the quantum barrier , and the barrier . These limitations imply , for example , that no computer , however constructed , will ever be able to examine the entire tree of possible move sequences of the game of chess . " Nonetheless , did not the possibility that a computer would someday be able to solve chess . He wrote , " In order to have a computer play a perfect or nearly perfect game [ of chess ] it will be necessary either to analyze the game completely ... or to analyze the game in an approximate way and combine this with a limited amount of tree searching . ... A theoretical understanding of such programming , however , is still very much wanting . " - Recent scientific advances have not significantly changed that assessment . The game of checkers was solved in 2007 , but it has roughly the square root of the number of positions in chess . Jonathan , the scientist who led the effort , said a breakthrough such as quantum computing would be needed before solving chess could even be attempted , but he does not rule out the possibility , saying that the one thing he learned from his 16 @-@ year effort of solving checkers " is to never the advances in technology " . - - = = = = - - " You will win with either color if you are the better player , but it takes longer with Black . " – Isaac - - - = Frederick Reines = - - Frederick Reines ( @-@ ness ) ; ( March 16 , 1918 – August 26 , 1998 ) was an American physicist . He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his co @-@ detection of the neutrino with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment . He may be the only scientist in history " so intimately associated with the discovery of an elementary particle and the subsequent thorough investigation of its fundamental properties " . - A graduate of the Stevens Institute of Technology and New York University , Reines joined the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in 1944 , working in the Theoretical Division in Richard Feynman 's group . He became a group leader there in 1946 . He participated in a number of nuclear tests , culminating in his becoming the director of the Operation Greenhouse test series in the Pacific in 1951 . - In the early 1950s , working in and Savannah River Sites , Reines and Cowan developed the equipment and procedures with which they first detected the supposedly undetectable neutrinos in June 1956 . Reines dedicated the major part of his career to the study of the neutrino 's properties and interactions , which work would influence study of the neutrino for many researchers to come . This included the detection of neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays , and the 1987 detection of neutrinos emitted from Supernova , which inaugurated the field of neutrino astronomy . - - = = Early life = = - - Frederick Reines was born in Paterson , New Jersey , one of four children of ( Cohen ) and Israel Reines . His parents were Jewish emigrants from the same town in Russia , but only met in New York City , where they were later married . He had an older sister , Paula , who became a doctor , and two older brothers , David and William , who became lawyers . He said that his " early education was strongly influenced " by his siblings . He was the great @-@ nephew of the Rabbi Reines , the founder of , a religious Zionist movement . - The family moved to , New York , where his father ran the general store , and he spent much of his childhood . He was an Eagle Scout . Looking back , Reines said : " My early childhood memories center around this typical American country store and life in a small American town , including Independence Day July celebrations marked by fireworks and patriotic music played from a pavilion . " - Reines sang in a chorus , and as a soloist . For a time he considered the possibility of a singing career , and was instructed by a vocal coach from the Metropolitan Opera who provided lessons for free because the family did not have the money for them . The family later moved to North Bergen , New Jersey , residing on Kennedy Boulevard and 57th Street . Because North Bergen did not have a high school , he attended Union Hill High School in Union Hill , New Jersey , from which he graduated in 1935 . - From an early age , Reines exhibited an interest in science , and liked creating and building things . He later recalled that : - The first of interest in science that I remember occurred during a moment of boredom at religious school , when , looking out of the window at through a hand curled to simulate a telescope , I noticed something peculiar about the light ; it was the phenomenon of . That began for me a fascination with light . - Ironically , Reines excelled in literary and history courses , but received average or low marks in science and math in his freshman year of high school , though he improved in those areas by his junior and senior years through the encouragement of a teacher who gave him a key to the school laboratory . This cultivated a love of science by his senior year . In response to a question seniors were asked about what they wanted to do for a quote , he responded : " To be a physicist . " - Reines was accepted into the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , but chose instead to attend Stevens Institute of Technology in , New Jersey , where he earned his Bachelor of Science ( ) degree in mechanical engineering in 1939 , and his Master of Science ( ) degree in mathematical physics in 1941 , writing a thesis on " A Critical Review of Optical Theory " . He married Sylvia on August 30 , 1940 . They had two children , Robert and . He then entered New York University , where he earned his Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) in 1944 . He studied cosmic rays there under Serge A. , but wrote his thesis under the supervision of Richard D. Present on " Nuclear fission and the liquid drop model of the nucleus " . Publication of the thesis was delayed until after the end of World War II ; it appeared in Physical Review in 1946 . - - = = Los Alamos Laboratory = = - - In 1944 Richard Feynman recruited Reines to work in the Theoretical Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory , where he would remain for the next fifteen years . He joined Feynman 's T @-@ 4 ( Problems ) Group , which was part of Hans Bethe 's T ( Theoretical ) Division . was an important aspect of critical mass calculations . In June 1946 , he became a group leader , heading the T @-@ 1 ( Theory of Dragon ) Group . An outgrowth of the " the Dragon 's tail " experiment , the Dragon was a machine that could attain a critical state for short bursts of time , which could be used as a research tool or power source . - Reines participated in a number of nuclear tests , and writing reports on their results . These included Operation Crossroads at Atoll in 1946 , Operation at Atoll in 1948 , and Operation Ranger and Operation – at the Nevada Test Site . In 1951 he was the director of Operation Greenhouse series of nuclear tests in the Pacific . This saw the first American tests of boosted fission weapons , an important step towards thermonuclear weapons . He studied the effects of nuclear blasts , and co @-@ authored a paper with John von Neumann on stem formation , an important aspect of an air blast wave . - In spite or perhaps because of his role in these nuclear tests , Reines was concerned about the dangers of radioactive pollution from atmospheric nuclear tests , and became an advocate of underground nuclear testing . In the wake of the crisis , he participated in John Archibald Wheeler 's Project 137 , which evolved into . He was also a delegate at the for Peace Conference in Geneva in 1958 . - - = = Discovery of the neutrino and the inner workings of stars = = - - The neutrino was a particle first proposed theoretically by Wolfgang on December 4 , 1930 , to explain undetected energy that escaped during beta decay when neutron decayed into a proton and an electron so that the law of conservation of energy was not violated . Enrico Fermi renamed it the neutrino , Italian for " little neutral one " , and in 1934 , proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton , an electron , and a neutrino : - → p + + e − + - e - The neutrino accounted for the missing energy , but Fermi 's theory described a particle with little mass and no electric charge that would be difficult to observe directly . In a 1934 paper , Rudolf and Hans Bethe calculated that neutrinos could easily pass through the Earth , and concluded " there is no practically possible way of observing the neutrino . " In 1951 , at the conclusion of the Greenhouse test series , Reines received permission from the head of T Division , J. Carson Mark , for a leave in residence to study fundamental physics . Reines and his colleague Clyde Cowan decided to see if they could detect neutrinos . " So why did we want to detect the free neutrino ? " he later explained , " Because everybody said , you couldn ’ t do it . " - According to Fermi 's theory , there was also a corresponding reverse reaction , in which a neutrino combines with a proton to create a neutron and a positron : - - e + p + → + e + - The positron would soon be annihilated by an electron and produce two 0 @.@ 51 MeV gamma rays , while the neutron would be captured by a proton and release a 2 @.@ 2 MeV gamma ray . This would produce a distinctive signature that could be detected . They then realised that by adding cadmium salt to their liquid to enhance the neutron capture reaction , resulting in a 9 MeV burst of gamma rays . For a neutrino source , they proposed using an atomic bomb . for this was obtained from the laboratory director , Norris Bradbury . Work began on digging a shaft for the experiment when J. M. B. convinced them to use a nuclear reactor instead of a bomb . Although a less intense source of neutrinos , it had the advantage in allowing for multiple experiments to be carried out over a long period of time . - In 1953 , they made their first attempts using one of the large reactors at the nuclear site in what is now known as the Cowan – Reines neutrino experiment . Their detector now included 300 litres ( 66 imp gal ; 79 US gal ) of fluid and 90 tubes , but the effort was frustrated by background noise from cosmic rays . With encouragement from John A. Wheeler , they tried again in 1955 , this time using one of the newer , larger 700 MW reactors at the Savannah River Site that emitted a high neutrino flux of 1 @.@ 2 x 1012 / . They also had a convenient , well @-@ shielded location 11 metres ( 36 ft ) from the reactor and 12 metres ( 39 ft ) underground . On June 14 , 1956 , they were able to send a telegram announcing that the neutrino had been found . When Bethe was informed that he had been proven wrong , he said , " Well , you shouldn ’ t believe everything you read in the papers . " - From then on Reines dedicated the major part of his career to the study of the neutrino ’ s properties and interactions , which work would influence study of the neutrino for future researchers to come . Cowan left Los Alamos in 1957 to teach at George Washington University , ending their collaboration . On the basis of his work in first detecting the neutrino , Reines became the head of the physics department of Case Western Reserve University from 1959 to 1966 . At Case , he led a group that was the first to detect neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays . Reines had a booming voice , and had been a singer since childhood . During this time , besides performing his duties as a research supervisor and chairman of the physics department , Reines sang in the Cleveland Orchestra Chorus under the direction of Robert Shaw in performances with George and the Cleveland Orchestra . - In 1966 , Reines took most of his neutrino research team with him when he left for the new University of California , Irvine ( UCI ) , becoming its first dean of physical sciences . At UCI , Reines extended the research interests of some of his graduate students into the development of medical radiation detectors , such as for measuring total radiation delivered to the whole human body in radiation therapy . - Reines had prepared for the possibility of measuring the distant events of a supernova explosion . Supernova explosions are rare , but Reines thought he might be lucky enough to see one in his lifetime , and be able to catch the neutrinos streaming from it in his specially @-@ designed detectors . During his wait for a supernova to explode , he put signs on some of his large neutrino detectors , calling them " Supernova Early Warning Systems " . In 1987 , neutrinos emitted from Supernova were detected by the Irvine – Michigan – ( ) Collaboration , which used an 8 @,@ 000 ton detector located in a salt mine near Cleveland . Normally , the detectors recorded only a few background events each day . The supernova registered 19 events in just ten seconds . This discovery is regarded as the field of neutrino astronomy . - In 1995 , Reines was honored , along with Martin L. with the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Cowan in first detecting the neutrino . Unfortunately , Cowan had died in 1974 , and the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously . Reines also received many other awards , including the J. Robert Memorial Prize in 1981 , the National Medal of Science in 1985 , the Bruno Rossi Prize in 1989 , the – Morley Award in 1990 , the Prize in 1992 , and the Franklin Medal in 1992 . He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 and a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1994 . He remained dean of physical sciences at UCI until 1974 , and became a professor emeritus in 1988 , but he continued teaching until 1991 , and remained on UCI 's faculty until his death . - - = = Death = = - - Reines died after a long illness at the University of California , Irvine Medical Center in Orange , California , on August 26 , 1998 . He was survived by his wife and children . His papers are in the UCI . Reines Hall at UCI was named in his honor . - - = = Publications = = - - Reines , F. & C. L. Cowan , Jr . " On the of the Free Neutrino " , Los Alamos National Laboratory ( ) ( through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ) , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( August 6 , 1953 ) . - Reines , F. , Cowan , C. L. Jr . , Carter , R. E. , Wagner , J. J. & M. E. Wyman . " The Free Absorption Cross Section . Part I. of the Free Absorption Cross Section . Part II . Cross Section from Measurements of Spectrum " , Los Alamos National Laboratory ( ) ( through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory ) , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( June 1958 ) . - Reines , F. , , H. S. , Jenkins , T. L. & J. H. Munsee . " Neutrino Experiments at " , University of California @-@ Irvine , Case Western Reserve University , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( September 9 , 1968 ) . - Roberts , A. , Blood , H. , Learned , J. & F. Reines . " Status and of the Neutrino Project : the Ocean as a Neutrino " , Fermi National Laboratory ( ) , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration ) , ( July 1976 ) . - Reines , F. ( 1991 ) . and Other Matters : Selected Works of Frederick Reines . , : World Scientific . ISBN 978 @-@ @-@ 02 @-@ @-@ 4 . - - - = Lock Haven , Pennsylvania = - - The city of Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County , in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . Located near the confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek , it is the principal city of the Lock Haven Statistical Area , itself part of the Williamsport – Lock Haven combined statistical area . At the 2010 census , Lock Haven 's population was 9 @,@ 772 . - Built on a site long favored by pre @-@ Columbian peoples , Lock Haven began in 1833 as a timber town and a haven for loggers , , and other travelers on the river or the West Branch Canal . extraction and efficient transportation financed much of the city 's growth through the end of the 19th century . In the 20th century , a light @-@ aircraft factory , a college , and a paper mill , along with many smaller enterprises , drove the economy . Frequent floods , especially in 1972 , damaged local industry and led to a high rate of unemployment in the 1980s . - The city has three sites on the National Register of Historic Places — Memorial Park Site , a significant pre @-@ Columbian archaeological find ; House , a Victorian @-@ era museum ; and Water Street District , an area with a mix of 19th- and 20th @-@ century architecture . A levee , completed in 1995 , protects the city from further flooding . While industry remains important to the city , about a third of Lock Haven 's workforce is employed in education , health care , or social services . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Pre @-@ European = = = - - The earliest settlers in Pennsylvania arrived from Asia between BCE and 8000 BCE , when the glaciers of the Pleistocene Ice Age were . point from this era , known as the @-@ Indian Period , have been found in most parts of the state . discoveries at the Memorial Park Site near the confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek collectively span about 8 @,@ 000 years and represent every major prehistoric period from the Middle Archaic to the Late Woodland period . Prehistoric cultural periods over that span included the Middle Archaic starting at BCE ; the Late Archaic starting at 3000 BCE ; the Early Woodland starting at 1000 BCE ; the Middle Woodland starting at 0 CE ; and the Late Woodland starting at 900 CE . First contact with Europeans occurred in Pennsylvania between 1500 and 1600 CE . - - = = = century = = = - - In the early 18th century , a tribal confederacy known as the Six Nations of the Iroquois , headquartered in New York , ruled the Indian ( Native American ) tribes of Pennsylvania , including those who lived near what would become Lock Haven . Indian settlements in the area included three Munsee villages on the 325 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 32 km2 ) Great Island in the West Branch Susquehanna River at the mouth of Bald Eagle Creek . Four Indian trails , the Great Island Path , the Great Path , the Bald Eagle Creek Path , and the Path , crossed the island , and a fifth , Logan 's Path , met Bald Eagle Creek Path a few miles upstream near the mouth of Creek . During the French and Indian War ( 1754 – 63 ) , colonial on the Expedition destroyed Munsee property on the Great Island and along the West Branch . By 1763 , the Munsee had abandoned their island villages and other villages in the area . - With the signing of the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 , the British gained control from the Iroquois of lands south of the West Branch . However , white settlers continued to appropriate land , including tracts in and near the future site of Lock Haven , not covered by the treaty . In 1769 , Campbell , the first white settler in the area , built a log cabin near the present site of Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania , and by 1773 William Reed , another settler , had built a cabin surrounded by a stockade and called it Reed 's Fort . It was the westernmost of 11 mostly primitive forts along the West Branch ; Fort Augusta , at what is now Sunbury , was the easternmost and most defensible . In response to settler incursions , and encouraged by the British during the American Revolution ( 1775 – 83 ) , Indians attacked colonists and their settlements along the West Branch . Fort Reed and the other white settlements in the area were temporarily abandoned in 1778 during a general evacuation known as the Big Runaway . Hundreds of people fled along the river to Fort Augusta , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Fort Reed ; some did not return for five years . In 1784 , the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix , between the Iroquois and the United States , transferred most of the remaining Indian territory in Pennsylvania , including what would become Lock Haven , to the state . The U.S. acquired the last remaining tract , the Erie Triangle , through a separate treaty and sold it to Pennsylvania in 1792 . - - = = = century = = = - - Lock Haven was laid out as a town in 1833 , and it became the county seat in 1839 , when the county was created out of parts of Lycoming and Centre counties . Incorporated as a borough in 1840 and as a city in 1870 , Lock Haven prospered in the 19th century largely because of timber and transportation . The forests of Clinton County and counties upriver held a huge supply of white pine and hemlock as well as oak , ash , maple , , cherry , beech , and . The wood was used locally for such things as frame houses , shingles , canal boats , and wooden bridges , and whole logs were floated to Chesapeake Bay and on to Baltimore , to make for ships . driving and log rafting , competing forms of transporting logs to sawmills , began along the West Branch around 1800 . By 1830 , slightly before the founding of the town , the lumber industry was well established . - The West Branch Canal , which opened in 1834 , ran 73 miles ( 117 km ) from Northumberland to , about 5 miles ( 8 km ) upstream from Lock Haven . A state @-@ funded extension called the Bald Eagle Cut ran from the West Branch through Lock Haven and Flemington to Bald Eagle Creek . A privately funded extension , the Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation , eventually reached , 24 miles ( 39 km ) upstream . Lock Haven 's founder , Jeremiah Church , and his brother , Willard , chose the town site in 1833 partly because of the river , the creek , and the canal . Church named the town Lock Haven because it had a canal lock and because it was a haven for loggers , , and other travelers . Over the next quarter century , canal boats 12 feet ( 4 m ) wide and 80 feet ( 24 m ) long carried passengers and mail as well as cargo such as coal , ashes for and soap , , food , furniture , dry goods , and clothing . A rapid increase in Lock Haven 's population ( to 830 by 1850 ) followed the opening of the canal . - A Lock Haven log boom , smaller than but otherwise similar to the Susquehanna Boom at Williamsport , was constructed in 1849 . Large of timbers weighted with tons of stone were arranged in the pool behind the Dunnstown Dam , named for a settlement on the shore opposite Lock Haven . The piers , about 150 feet ( 46 m ) from one another , stretched in a line from the dam to a point 3 miles ( 5 km ) upriver . by timbers together with iron and rings , the piers anchored an enclosure into which the river current forced floating logs . Workers called boom rats sorted the captured logs , branded like cattle , for delivery to sawmills and other owners . Lock Haven became the lumber center of Clinton County and the site of many businesses related to forest products . - The Sunbury and Erie Railroad , renamed the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad in 1861 , reached Lock Haven in 1859 , and with it came a building boom . that the area 's coal , iron ore , white pine , and high @-@ quality clay would produce significant future wealth , railroad investors led by Christopher and John Fallon financed a line to Lock Haven . On the strength of the railroad 's potential value to the city , local residents had invested heavily in housing , building large homes between 1854 and 1856 . Although the ' coal and iron ventures failed , Gothic Revival , Greek Revival , and Italianate mansions and commercial buildings such as the Fallon House , a large hotel , remained , and the railroad provided a new mode of transport for the ongoing timber era . A second rail line , the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad , originally organized as the Tyrone and Lock Haven Railroad and completed in the 1860s , linked Lock Haven to Tyrone , 56 miles ( 90 km ) to the southwest . The two rail lines soon became part of the network controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad . - During the era of log floating , sometimes occurred when logs struck an obstacle . rafts floating down the West Branch had to pass through chutes in canal dams . The rafts were commonly 28 feet ( 9 m ) wide — narrow enough to pass through the chutes — and 150 feet ( 46 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) long . In 1874 , a large raft got in the of the Dunnstown Dam and caused a jam that blocked the channel from bank to bank with a pile of logs 16 feet ( 5 m ) high . The jam eventually trapped another 200 log rafts , and 2 canal boats , The of Newport and The Sarah Dunbar . - In terms of board feet , the peak of the lumber era in Pennsylvania arrived in about 1885 , when 1 @.@ 9 million logs went through the boom at Williamsport . These logs produced a total of about 226 million board feet ( 533 @,@ 000 m3 ) of lumber . After that , production steadily declined throughout the state . Lock Haven 's timber business was also affected by flooding , which badly damaged the canals and destroyed the log boom in 1889 . - The Central State Normal School , established to train teachers for central Pennsylvania , held its first classes in 1877 at a site overlooking the West Branch Susquehanna River . The small school , with below 150 until the 1940s , eventually became Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania . In the early 1880s , the New York and Pennsylvania Paper Mill in Castanea Township near Flemington began paper production on the site of a former sawmill ; the paper mill remained a large employer until the end of the 20th century . - - = = = Twentieth century = = = - - As older forms of transportation such as the canal boat disappeared , new forms arose . One of these , the electric trolley , began operation in Lock Haven in 1894 . The Lock Haven Electric Railway , managed by the Lock Haven Traction Company and after 1900 by the Susquehanna Traction Company , ran passenger trolleys between Lock Haven and Mill Hall , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the west . The trolley line extended from the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad station in Lock Haven to a station of the Central Railroad of Pennsylvania , which served Mill Hall . The route went through Lock Haven 's downtown , close to the Normal School , across town to the trolley car barn on the southwest edge of the city , through Flemington , over the Bald Eagle Canal and Bald Eagle Creek , and on to Mill Hall via what was then known as the Lock Haven , , and Nittany Valley Turnpike . Plans to extend the line from Mill Hall to , 3 miles ( 5 km ) miles south of Mill Hall , and to Avis 10 miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Lock Haven , were never carried out , and the line remained unconnected to other trolley lines . The system , always financially marginal , declined after World War I. business to automobiles and buses , it ceased operations around 1930 . - William T. Piper , Sr. , built the Piper Aircraft Corporation factory in Lock Haven in 1937 after the company 's Taylor Aircraft manufacturing plant in Bradford , Pennsylvania , was destroyed by fire . The factory began operations in a building that once housed a silk mill . As the company grew , the original factory expanded to include engineering and office buildings . Piper remained in the city until 1984 , when its new owner , Lear @-@ , moved production to Beach , Florida . The Clinton County Historical Society opened the Piper Aviation Museum at the site of the former factory in 1985 , and 10 years later the museum became an independent organization . - The state of Pennsylvania acquired Central State Normal School in 1915 and renamed it Lock Haven State Teachers College in 1927 . Between 1942 and 1970 , the student population grew from 146 to more than 2 @,@ 300 ; the number of teaching faculty rose from 25 to 170 , and the college carried out a large building program . The school 's name was changed to Lock Haven State College in 1960 , and its emphasis shifted to include the humanities , fine arts , mathematics , and social sciences , as well as teacher education . Becoming Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania in 1983 , it opened a branch campus in , 48 miles ( 77 km ) west of Lock Haven , in 1989 . - An 8 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) industrial area in Castanea Township adjacent to Lock Haven was placed on the National Priorities List of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites ( commonly referred to as sites ) in 1982 . Drake Chemical , which went bankrupt in 1981 , made ingredients for and other compounds at the site from the 1960s to 1981 . Starting in 1982 , the United States Environmental Protection Agency began a clean @-@ up of contaminated containers , buildings , and soils at the site and by the late 1990s had replaced the soils . Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater at the site was installed in 2000 and continues to operate . - - = = = Floods = = = - - Pennsylvania 's streams have frequently flooded . According to William H. Shank , the Native Americans of Pennsylvania warned white settlers that great floods occurred on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers every 14 years . Shank tested this idea by the highest floods on record at key points throughout the state over a 200 @-@ year period and found that a major flood had occurred , on average , once every 25 years between 1784 and 1972 . Big floods recorded at Harrisburg , on the main stem of the Susquehanna about 120 miles ( 193 km ) miles downstream from Lock Haven , occurred in 1784 , 1865 , 1889 , 1894 , 1902 , 1936 , and 1972 . from the Williamsport stream gauge , 24 miles ( 39 km ) miles below Lock Haven on the West Branch of the Susquehanna , showed major flooding between 1889 and 1972 in the same years as the Harrisburg station ; in addition , a large flood occurred on the West Branch at Williamsport in 1946 . flood @-@ crest readings between 1847 and 1979 — based on data from the National Weather Service flood gauge at Lock Haven — show that flooding likely occurred in the city 19 times in 132 years . The biggest flood occurred on March 18 , 1936 , when the river crested at 32 @.@ 3 feet ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) , which was about 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) above the flood stage of 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) . - The third biggest flood , at 29 @.@ 8 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in Lock Haven , occurred on June 1 , 1889 , and coincided with the Flood . The flood demolished Lock Haven 's log boom , and millions of feet of stored timber were swept away . The flood damaged the canals , which were subsequently abandoned , and destroyed the last of the canal boats based in the city . - The most damaging Lock Haven flood was caused by the remnants of Hurricane Agnes in 1972 . The storm , just below hurricane strength when it reached the region , made landfall on June 22 near New York City . Agnes merged with a non @-@ tropical low on June 23 , and the combined system affected the northeastern United States until June 25 . The combination produced widespread rains of 6 to 12 inches ( 152 to 305 mm ) with local amounts up to 19 inches ( 483 mm ) in western County , about 75 miles ( 121 km ) southeast of Lock Haven . At Lock Haven , the river crested on June 23 at 31 @.@ 3 feet ( 9 @.@ 5 m ) , second only to the 1936 crest . The flood greatly damaged the paper mill and Piper Aircraft . - Federal , state , and local governments began construction in 1992 of barriers to protect the city . The project included a levee of 36 @,@ 000 feet ( 10 @,@ 973 m ) and a flood wall of 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) along the Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek , closure structures , retention basins , a pumping station , and some relocation of roads and buildings . Completed in 1995 , the levee protected the city from high water in the year of the Blizzard of 1996 , and again 2004 , when rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Ivan threatened the city . - - = = Geography = = - - Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2 @.@ 7 square miles ( 7 @.@ 0 km2 ) , 2 @.@ 5 square miles ( 6 @.@ 5 km2 ) of which is land . About 0 @.@ 2 square miles ( 0 @.@ 5 km2 ) , 6 percent , is water . - Lock Haven is at feet ( 171 m ) above sea level near the confluence of Bald Eagle Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River in north @-@ central Pennsylvania . The city is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) by highway northwest of Philadelphia and 175 miles ( 280 km ) northeast of Pittsburgh . U.S. Route 220 , a major transportation corridor , skirts the city on its south edge , intersecting with Pennsylvania Route 120 , which passes through the city and connects it with in northern Clinton County . Other highways entering Lock Haven include Pennsylvania Route and Pennsylvania Route 150 , which connects to Avis . - The city and nearby smaller communities — Castanea , Dunnstown , Flemington , and Mill Hall — are mainly at valley level in the Ridge @-@ and @-@ Valley , a mountain belt characterized by long even valleys running between long continuous ridges . Bald Eagle Mountain , one of these ridges , runs parallel to Bald Eagle Creek on the south side of the city . of the confluence with Bald Eagle Creek , the West Branch Susquehanna River drains part of the Allegheny Plateau , a region of dissected ( also called the " Deep Section " ) generally north of the city . The geologic formations in the southeastern part of the city are mostly limestone , while those to the north and west consist mostly of and shale . Large parts of the city are flat , but slopes rise to the west , and very steep slopes are found along the river , on the university campus , and along Pennsylvania Route 120 as it approaches U.S. Route 220 . - - = = = Climate = = = - - Under the Köppen climate classification , Lock Haven is in zone meaning a humid continental climate with hot or very warm summers . The average temperature here in January is 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , and in July it is 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) . Between 1888 and 1996 , the highest recorded temperature for the city was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) in 1936 , and the lowest recorded temperature was − 22 ° F ( − 30 ° C ) in 1912 . The average wettest month is June . Between 1926 and 1977 the mean annual precipitation was about 39 inches ( 990 mm ) , and the number of days each year with precipitation of 0 @.@ 1 inches ( 2 @.@ 5 mm ) or more was 77 . Annual snowfall amounts between 1888 and 1996 varied from 0 in several years to about 65 inches ( 170 cm ) in 1942 . The maximum recorded snowfall in a single month was 38 inches ( 97 cm ) in April 1894 . - - = = Demographics = = - - As of the census of 2010 , there were 9 @,@ 772 people living in 3 @,@ housing units spread across the city . The average household size during the years 2009 – 13 was 2 @.@ 38 . During those same years , multi @-@ unit structures made up 57 percent of the housing @-@ unit total . The rate of home ownership was 35 percent , and the median value of owner @-@ occupied units was about $ 100 @,@ 000 . The estimated population of the city in 2013 was 10 @,@ , an increase of 2 @.@ 6 percent after 2010 . - The population density in 2010 was 3 @,@ people per square mile ( 1 @,@ per km2 ) . The reported racial makeup of the city was about 93 percent White and about 4 percent African @-@ American , with other categories totaling about 3 percent . People of Hispanic or Latino origin accounted for about 2 percent of the residents . Between 2009 and 2013 , about 2 percent of the city 's residents were foreign @-@ born , and about 5 percent of the population over the age of 5 spoke a language other than English at home . - In 2010 , the city 's population included about 16 percent under the age of 18 and about 12 percent who were 65 years of age or older . Females accounted for 54 percent of the total . Students at the university comprised about a third of the city 's population . - Between 2009 and 2013 , of the people who were older than 25 , 82 percent had graduated from high school , and 20 percent had at least a bachelor 's degree . In 2007 , 640 businesses operated in Lock Haven . The mean travel time to work for employees who were at least 16 years old was 16 minutes . - The median income for a household in the city during 2009 – 13 was about $ 25 @,@ 000 compared to about $ 53 @,@ 000 for the entire state of Pennsylvania . The per capita income for the city was about $ 19 @,@ 000 , and about 40 percent of Lock Haven 's residents lived below the poverty line . - - = = Economy = = - - Lock Haven 's economy , from the city 's founding in 1833 until the end of the 19th century , depended heavily on natural resources , particularly timber , and on cheap transportation to eastern markets . used the Susquehanna River and Bald Eagle Creek to float timber to sawmills in Lock Haven and nearby towns . The West Branch Canal , reaching the city in 1834 , connected to large markets downstream , and shorter canals along Bald Eagle Creek added other connections . In 1859 , the first railroad arrived in Lock Haven , spurring trade and economic growth . - By 1900 , the lumber industry had declined , and the city 's economic base rested on other industries , including a furniture factory , a paper mill , a fire brick plant , and a silk mill . In 1938 , the Piper Aircraft Corporation , maker of the Piper Cub and other light aircraft , moved its production plant to Lock Haven . It remained one of the city 's biggest employers until the 1980s , when , after major flood damage and losses related to Hurricane Agnes in 1972 , it moved to Florida . The loss of Piper Aircraft contributed to an unemployment rate of more than 20 % in Lock Haven in the early 1980s , though the rate had declined to about 9 % by 2000 . Another large plant , the paper mill that had operated since the 1880s in Castanea Township , closed in 2001 . By 2005 , 32 % of the city 's labor force was employed in health care , education , or social services , 16 % in manufacturing , 14 % in retail trade , 13 % in arts , entertainment , recreation , accommodation , and food services , and smaller fractions in other sectors . The city 's biggest employers , Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania and Lock Haven Hospital , are among the seven biggest employers in Clinton County . - - = = Arts , culture , historic sites , and media = = - - Lock Haven University presents public concerts , plays , art exhibits , and student recitals at the Price Performance Center , the Sloan , and the Sloan Fine Arts Gallery on campus . The in Mill Hall has produced plays since 1963 . Summer concerts are held in city parks , and the local Junior Chamber International ( ) chapter sponsors an annual boat on the river . The city sponsors a festival called at the airport in the summer , a Halloween parade in October , and a holiday parade in December . Light @-@ airplane pilots travel to the city in vintage Piper planes to attend Journey Fly @-@ , which have been held each summer since 1986 . of radio @-@ controlled model meet annually at the William T. Piper Memorial Airport to fly their planes . - The central library for Clinton County is the Annie Ross Library in Lock Haven ; it has about 130 @,@ 000 books , subscriptions to periodicals , electronic resources , and other materials . Stevenson Library on the university campus has additional collections . - The Piper Aviation Museum exhibits aircraft and aircraft equipment , documents , photographs , and related to Piper Aircraft . An eight @-@ room home , the House , restored to its mid @-@ 19th century appearance , displays Victorian @-@ era collections ; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and is home to the Clinton County Historical Society . The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission has placed three cast aluminum markers — Clinton County , Fort Reed , and Pennsylvania Canal ( West Branch Division ) — in Lock Haven to commemorate historic places . The Water Street District , a mix of 19th- and 20th @-@ century architecture near the river , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . Memorial Park Site , an archaeological site of prehistoric significance discovered near the airport , was added to the National Register in 1982 . - The city 's media include The Express , a daily newspaper , and The Eagle Eye , the student newspaper at the university . Radio stations ( AM ) and ( FM ) broadcast from the city . A television station , ( available on @-@ campus only ) , and a radio station , ( Internet station only , with no FCC broadcast license ) , both managed by students , operate on the university campus . - - = = Parks and recreation = = - - The city has 14 municipal parks and playgrounds ranging in size from the 0 @.@ 75 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 30 ha ) Triangle Park in downtown to the 80 @-@ acre ( 32 ha ) Douglas H. Memorial Park along Route 120 . Fields maintained by the city accommodate baseball for the Pony League , Little League , and Junior League and for the Youth Girls League and for adults . In 1948 , a team from the city won the Little League World Series . In 2011 , the Little League based in Lock Haven advanced to the Little League World Series and placed third in the United States , drawing record crowds . Hanna Park includes tennis courts , and Park includes a skate park . The Lock Haven City Beach , on the Susquehanna River , offers water access , a sand beach , and a bath house . In conjunction with the school district , the city sponsors a summer recreation program . - A 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) trail and run , the Bald Eagle Mountain , takes place annually near Lock Haven . The local branch of the Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) offers a wide variety of recreational programs to members , and the Clinton Country Club maintains a private 18 @-@ hole golf course in Mill Hall . - - = = Government = = - - Lock Haven has a council @-@ manager form of government . The council , the city 's legislative body , consists of six members and a mayor , each serving a four @-@ year term . The council sets policy , and the city manager day @-@ to @-@ day operations . The mayor is William , whose term in 2019 . The manager is Richard W. . - Lock Haven is the county seat of Clinton County and houses county offices , courts , and the county library . Three elected commissioners serving four @-@ year terms manage the county government . Robert " Pete " , chairman ; Jeffrey , vice @-@ chairman , and Paul , have terms running through 2019 . - Michael K. Hanna , a Democrat , represents the 76th District , which includes Lock Haven , in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Joseph B. III , a Republican , represents Lock Haven as part of the 25th District of the Pennsylvania State Senate . - - = = Education = = - - The Central School District serves most of Clinton County , including Lock Haven , as well as parts of Centre County and Potter County . The district 's administration building is in Lock Haven as are three of the district 's elementary schools , Dickey Elementary , Elementary , and Woodward Elementary , all for children enrolled in kindergarten through fifth grade . The total enrollment of these three schools combined in 2002 – 03 was 790 . Central Mountain Middle School in Mill Hall is the nearest public middle school , for grades six to eight . The nearest public high school , grades nine to twelve , is Central Mountain High School , also in Mill Hall . - The city has two private schools , Lock Haven Christian School , with about 80 students in kindergarten through 12th grade , and Lock Haven Catholic School , which had about 190 students in kindergarten through sixth grade as of 2002 – 03 . In 2015 , the Catholic School is completing a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 930 m2 ) expansion to include grades seven and eight , which will make it a combined elementary and middle school . - Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania , offering a wide range of undergraduate studies as well as continuing @-@ education and graduate @-@ school programs at its main campus , occupies 175 acres ( 71 ha ) on the west edge of the city . at this campus was about 4 @,@ 400 in 2003 . - - = = Infrastructure = = - - Lock Haven Taxi , based in the central downtown , has for hire . provides daily intercity bus service between Lock Haven and nearby cities including State College , Williamsport , and Wilkes @-@ Barre . Charter and tour buses are available through Susquehanna , based in Avis , 10 miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Lock Haven . Pennsylvania Bicycle Route G follows Pennsylvania Route 150 and links to the Pine Creek Rail Trail at the eastern end of the county near Jersey Shore , Pennsylvania . A 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) walking trail on the levee along the river is restricted to pedestrian use . - The Norfolk Southern Railway mainline from Harrisburg to Buffalo , New York , runs through the center of Lock Haven . On the east side of town , it connects to the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad , a short line . Trains serving Lock Haven carry only freight . The City of Lock Haven operates the William T. Piper Memorial Airport , a general aviation facility with a paved runway , runway lighting , paved , a tie @-@ down area , and hangar spaces . No commercial , charter , or freight services are available at this airport . - Electric service to Lock Haven residents is provided by PPL ( formerly known as Pennsylvania Power and Light ) , the gas division of which provides natural gas to the city . Verizon Communications handles local telephone service ; long @-@ distance service is available from several providers . offers high @-@ speed cable connections to the Internet . Several companies can provide Lock Haven residents with @-@ up Internet access . One of them , , has an office in Lock Haven . also provides cable television . - The City of Lock Haven owns the reservoirs and water distribution system for Wayne Township , Castanea Township , and the city . Water is treated at the Central Clinton County Water Authority Plant in Wayne Township before distribution . The city also provides water to the Lock Haven Water Authority , which distributes it to surrounding communities . Lock Haven operates a sewage treatment plant for waste water , industrial waste , and sewage from the city and eight upstream municipalities : Bald Eagle Township , Castanea , Flemington , Lamar , Mill Hall , Porter Township , Woodward Township , and Walker Township in Centre County . Storm water runoff from within the city is transported by city @-@ owned storm sewers . of household garbage is provided by a variety of local licensed by the city ; are picked up once every two weeks . The Clinton County Solid Waste Authority owns and operates the Wayne Township , which serves Lock Haven . - Lock Haven Hospital is a 77 @-@ bed hospital with a 120 @-@ bed extended @-@ care unit . It offers , , and 24 @-@ hour emergency services with heliport access . @-@ View Home , next to the hospital , offers long @-@ term care to the elderly and other services including speech , physical , and occupational therapy for people of all ages . A 10 @-@ physician community @-@ practice clinic based in the city provides primary care and specialty services . A behavioral health clinic offers programs for children and and psychiatric care for all ages . - - = = Notable people = = - - , winner of America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 16 ) , is a 2015 graduate of Lock Haven University . Alexander McDonald , a U.S. Senator for Arkansas was born near Lock Haven in 1832 . Artist John French Sloan was born in Lock Haven in 1871 , and cartoonist Alison , author of Dykes to Watch Out For and Fun Home , was born in Lock Haven in 1960 . Richard , author of the Donald Strachey mysteries , was born in Lock Haven in 1938 . Other notable residents have included diplomat and Dartmouth College president John Sloan Dickey and federal judge of the U.S. Federal First District Court of Appeals . - - - = Rachel Green = - - Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character , one of the six main characters who appear in the American sitcom Friends . by actress Jennifer Aniston , the character was created by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman , and appeared in each of the show ’ s 236 episodes during its decade @-@ long run , from its premiere on September 22 , 1994 to its finale on May 6 , 2004 . Introduced in the show 's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best friend Monica and to New York City , Rachel gradually evolves from a spoiled , inexperienced daddy 's girl into a successful . During the show 's second season , the character becomes romantically involved with her friend Ross , with whom she maintains a complicated on @-@ again , off @-@ again relationship throughout the entire series . Together , the characters have a daughter , Emma . - The role of Rachel was originally offered to actresses Leoni , the producer 's first choice , and Courteney Cox , both of whom declined , Leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom The Naked Truth , and Cox in favor of playing Rachel 's best friend Monica in Friends . A virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously starred in five short @-@ lived sitcoms , Aniston auditioned for the role of Rachel after turning down an offer as a cast member on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . After acquiring the role and before Friends aired , Aniston was temporarily at risk of being recast because she had also been involved with another sitcom , Muddling Through , at the time , which was ultimately canceled and allowed Aniston to remain on Friends . - Critical reception towards Rachel has remained consistently positive throughout Friends ' decade @-@ long run , with The A. V. Club attributing much of the show 's early success to the character . However , some of her storylines have been criticized , specifically her romantic relationship with her friend Joey during season ten . Rachel 's popularity established her as the show 's breakout character , who has since been named one of the greatest television characters of all @-@ time , while the character 's second season haircut spawned an international phenomenon of its own . Named the " Rachel " after her , the character 's continues to be imitated by millions of women around the world and remains one of the most popular hairstyles in history , in spite of Aniston 's own resentment towards it . Rachel is also regarded as a style icon due to her influence on during the 1990s . Meanwhile , the character 's relationship with Ross is often cited among television 's most beloved . - Rachel is considered to be Aniston 's breakout role , credited with making her the show 's most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career . for her performance as Rachel , Aniston won both an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Comedy Or Musical . - - = = Role = = - - Rachel in the pilot episode of Friends as a runaway bride who is distraught after abandoning her fiancé Barry Farber ( Mitchell ) at the altar . She locates her high school best friend Monica Geller ( Courteney Cox ) , the only person she knows in New York City , who agrees to let Rachel reside with her while she attempts to reorganize her life . Rachel meets and befriends Monica ’ s friends Phoebe ( Lisa ) , Joey ( Matt ) , and Chandler Bing ( Matthew Perry ) , while reuniting with Monica 's older brother Ross Geller ( David Schwimmer ) , who has romantic feelings for her since high school . Having previously relied on her parents ' money her entire life with a sole goal of marrying wealthy , Rachel attempts to reinvent herself as an independent young woman by at Central , a coffeehouse where her new friends regularly . - As season one concludes , Rachel finally confesses her love for Ross , having learned of his feelings for her from Chandler , only to find that he has already begun dating another woman , whom she . However , Ross eventually chooses Rachel over his girlfriend Julie ( Lauren Tom ) , and the couple dates for the remainder of the second season . However , their relationship rapidly begins to deteriorate towards the end of the third season after Rachel her job at the coffeehouse in favor of working in fashion . While Rachel becomes increasingly preoccupied with her new job , Ross grows jealous of her companionship with her Mark ( Steven ) , ultimately culminating in their break up on their one @-@ year anniversary following a series of heated arguments and disagreements . - In the episodes following the break up , Rachel and Ross are initially hostile towards each other . The continue to harbor feelings for each other . During a beach house vacation with their friends , Rachel and Ross briefly reconcile when he ends his relationship with Bonnie ( Christine Taylor ) , only to break up once again due to a disagreement . During season four , Rachel dates her customer Joshua ( Tate ) , while Ross dates her boss ' niece Emily ( Helen ) , to whom he eventually gets engaged . , Rachel proposes to recent Joshua , frightening him off . Rachel indirectly contributes to the demise of Ross and Emily 's relationship when he accidentally Rachel 's name while exchanging their wedding vows . Ross ultimately divorces a jealous Emily , choosing his friendship with Rachel instead . - At the end of season five , Ross and Rachel get married while with their friends in Las Vegas . In season six , their annulment request is denied because of Rachel having leveled unfounded allegations against Ross , forcing the two to file for a divorce instead . In season seven , Ross and Rachel unwittingly conceive a child when their birth control fails . Rachel gives birth to a girl in season eight , naming the baby Emma Geller @-@ Green ; the name Emma is a gift from Monica , who had previously been reserving the name for her own child . Rachel and Ross live together as non @-@ romantic roommates during the first half of season nine . - Rachel eventually finds a job opportunity in France , but has second thoughts when Ross eventually forfeits and says " I love you " . Rachel ultimately decides to stay and her relationship with Ross , getting off the plane at the last minute . - - = = Development = = - - - = = = Conception and writing = = = - - After their short @-@ lived television series Family Album was canceled , television writers David Crane and Marta Kauffman pitched Friends to then @-@ NBC president Warren Littlefield as a sitcom about " that special time in your life when your friends are your family , " basing the show on their own experiences as young people living in New York ; the main characters themselves were inspired by their own friends . as a young woman who is unprepared for adulthood , the character Rachel Green was originally named Rachel . Although critics and audiences initially perceived Monica as the show 's main character when Friends premiered , the writers had actually given Rachel the pilot 's most prominent storyline . Before deciding that Rachel and Ross would be an item for the entire series , the writers had originally intended for the show 's defining couple to be Joey and Monica . However , after the success of the pilot , in which Rachel and Ross ' developing romance is first hinted at , and witnessing Aniston and co @-@ star David Schwimmer 's on @-@ screen chemistry for the first time , Crane and Kauffman determined that the entire series relied on " finding all the wonderful roadblocks for them to be with each other . " - began for Rachel and Ross ' union since the very beginning of Friends , openly voicing their frustration with Rachel ’ s to Ross ' feelings for her . The episode that would ultimately transform the friends ' relationship for the remainder of the series was the first season finale " The One Where Rachel Finds Out " , in which Rachel finally learns of Ross ' true feelings for her , at the same time discovering she actually feels the same . However , the episode nearly went unwritten because , at the time , few friends writers were expecting the couple 's relationship to into the phenomenon that it ultimately became . The episode was first suggested by director James Burrows ; the writers felt that it was time to alter the couple 's dynamic in order to avoid the repetitive " he 's pining , she 's oblivious " pattern , using the work of author Jane Austen as inspiration on how to finally shift the pining arc from Ross to Rachel . Because stakes for the episode were high , " The One Where Rachel Finds Out " became Friends ' most reworked episode . The couple 's first kiss at the end of season two 's " The One Where Ross Finds Out " was met with applause from the studio audience . Crane admitted that keeping viewers interested in their relationship for ten years was challenging . Jonathan Bernstein of The Daily Telegraph believes that they accomplished this by " [ ing ] the possibility of a Ross and Rachel through several without ever putting them back together . " According to Encyclopedia of Television author Horace , Ross and Rachel 's ever @-@ changing relationship " converted the traditional of the situation comedy into ones akin to episodic drama . " Meanwhile , writing for The New York Review of Books , Elaine Blair agreed that Friends created " a sense of chemistry between two characters while also putting obstacles in their way , setting us up for a long @-@ deferred union . " - After Rachel and Ross get married while on vacation in Las Vegas during season five , Schwimmer had initially objected to the idea of having his character Ross divorce her – his third divorce – because he felt that it was taking it " too far . " The actor explained that " The whole arc of the relationship was weird then ... because for [ Ross ] to be able to move on enough to marry someone else and then go back to being in love with Rachel later just went a bit too far . " Rachel and Joey 's romantic storyline was conceived because the writers wanted to delay Ross and Rachel 's reunion further . Crane felt that pairing Rachel and Joey during season ten " was for the greater good " because " It was inappropriate . " However , the cast initially protested the idea , fearing that Rachel , Joey , and Ross would ultimately become characters and audiences would either " resent Joey for going after a pregnant woman , or resent Rachel for rejecting him , or resent Ross for standing between the two of them . " Meanwhile , the writers also approached the concept of Rachel 's pregnancy and baby tentatively , worrying about how they would include it in the show because they did not want Friends " to become a show about a baby " while " On the other hand , we don 't want to pretend that there isn 't one . " According to Robert Bianco of USA Today , the critical success and popularity of Rachel 's pregnancy is ultimately responsible for " propel [ ling ] the show to the top of the ratings " . When it finally came time to write the series finale , " The only thing [ Crane and Kauffman ] absolutely knew from very early on was that we had to get Ross and Rachel together , " deciding , " We had the audience around for 10 years with their ' will they or won ’ t they , ' and we didn ’ t see any advantage in frustrating them " any longer . However , at one point the writers had ending the series with Ross and Rachel in " a gray area of where they aren ’ t together , but we hint there ’ s a sense that they might be down the road . " Ultimately , Crane and Kauffman relented in favor of giving the audience what they want . - - = = = Casting = = = - - The final character to be cast , Rachel is portrayed by actress Jennifer Aniston , who auditioned for the role shortly after declining a position as a cast member on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . Her decision was initially ridiculed by both her friends as well as actor Adam Sandler , a Saturday Night Live . Actress Leoni , who at the time was being referred to by the media as " the next Lucille Ball " , was offered the role of Rachel as the studio 's first choice , but she declined in favor of starring in the sitcom The Naked Truth . Actress Elizabeth Berkley also auditioned for the role prior to being cast in the teen sitcom Saved by the Bell . Other actresses who auditioned for Rachel include Denise Richards , Rivers , Sheridan , Parker , and . Originally , the producers wanted to cast actress Courteney Cox as Rachel , who Crane and Kauffman were particularly drawn to because of her " , upbeat energy . " Additionally , Cox was the most famous cast member at the time amidst an ensemble of relatively unknown actors . However , the actress lobbied for the role of Rachel 's best friend Monica , as whom she was ultimately cast , because she felt that she was not " quirky " enough to play Rachel . At the same time , although to each other , Aniston was being considered for the role of Monica , but fought to play Rachel because she felt that the character suited her better . At one point , Cox had begun to regret her decision to play Monica until her own character 's storylines started improving . - Friends was Aniston 's sixth sitcom ; each of her previous ventures had been canceled prematurely . Feeling vulnerable , Aniston had begun to doubt herself as an actress and personally approached Littlefield for on her career , who encouraged her to audition for Friends , which was being referred to as Friends Like These at the time . Crane and Kauffman had worked with Aniston prior to this . However , casting her as Rachel posed a challenge for the network because , at the time , Aniston was simultaneously starring in a developing CBS sitcom called Muddling Through , in which she plays a young woman whose mother is returning home from jail after two years . CBS was initially reluctant to release Aniston from her contract , which required the actress to balance both roles simultaneously , traveling back @-@ and @-@ forth between Muddling Through and Friends for two weeks . Meanwhile , NBC risked having to recast the role of Rachel , replace Aniston , and several episodes if CBS ' series proved successful , which would have potentially cost the network millions of dollars . However , Littlefield remained confident that Muddling Through would fail . Essentially , the producers of Friends hoped that Muddling Through would be canceled before Friends premiered , while Aniston feared that Muddling Through would be the more successful of the two sitcoms in spite of her preference towards Friends . During this time of uncertainty , Aniston was forced not to participate in several Friends @-@ related promotions and photo shoots ; the network excluded her from these in case she would be replaced . Aniston explained , " When we were shooting the first grouping of cast photos ... I was asked to step out of a bunch because they didn 't know if I was going to be still playing Rachel . " Director James Burrows admitted that Aniston had been cast in second position . The producers had already begun auditioning other actresses for the part , while Aniston also received phone calls from her own friends warning her , " I 'm auditioning for your part in Friends . " Ultimately , Muddling Through was canceled after only three months and ten episodes , two weeks before the pilot of Friends aired , thus allowing Aniston to keep her role on the show , becoming its second youngest cast member at the age of 25 . Crane appreciated Aniston 's interpretation of Rachel because " in the wrong hands Rachel is kind of annoying and spoiled and , " commending the actress for " breathing life into a difficult character . " - Crane and Kauffman strongly envisioned Friends as an ensemble comedy , and Warner Bros. initially marketed the show as such by having the cast appear in their entirety for all press , interviews and photo shoots . One of few sitcoms at the time to be neither a workplace comedy , family sitcom or star a famous comedian , Elizabeth of The New York Times explained that each of the show 's main characters are " of equal importance . " As a writer , Crane preferred it this way because " utilizing six equal players , rather than emphasizing one or two , would allow for myriad story lines . " Kauffman echoed " that Friends worked best when the entire ensemble was onstage . " The only reason Aniston is credited first during the show 's title sequence is because the cast is listed . The show 's ensemble format is also believed to have prevented jealous conflicts among the cast . , the Friends cast became the first in television history to negotiate as a group for equal salaries , refusing to work until their demands of $ 100 @,@ 000 per episode were met during season three , which eventually increased to $ 1 million per episode by seasons nine and ten – approximately $ 25 million per year . Alongside Cox and actress Lisa , who portrays Phoebe , Aniston became the highest @-@ paid television actress of all time . By then , Aniston had surpassed Cox as the show 's most famous cast member due to having launched an international hair trend with the " Rachel " and successfully transitioning into a film career , combined with her high @-@ profile relationship with her then @-@ husband , actor Brad Pitt , who had once guest starred in an episode of the show . At times the producers would use the actress ' popularity to boost the show 's ratings , notably her character 's seventh season kiss with actress Ryder and pregnancy arc . Aniston had been telling the press that the show 's ninth season would be her last , and was initially hesitant to return to Friends to film its tenth and final season . She explained to NBC 's Matt , " I wanted it to end when people still loved us and we were on a high . And then I was also feeling like , ‘ How much more of Rachel do I have in me ? ’ ” However , the actress ultimately agreed to complete the tenth season of Friends , which was reduced from 24 to 18 episodes to accommodate Aniston 's busy film schedule . - - = = and themes = = - - Rachel is the youngest of Friends six main characters . The term " spoiled " is often used to describe the character 's personality during her early appearances . Britannica describes Rachel as a spoiled and funny character . According to Rachel 's original character description , written by Crane and Kauffman themselves for the show 's pilot , the character is a spoiled yet courageous young woman who " has worked for none of what she has " , unlike best friend Monica , and is initially " equipped to do nothing " . James of the Hartford Courant identified her as " a spoiled rich kid " , while the Daily News dubbed Rachel an " endearingly spoiled Daddy 's girl . " Author Kim Etingoff wrote about Rachel in her book Jennifer Aniston : From Friends to Films that the character is " and sometimes spoiled " , while TV Land called her " naive . " Citing the differences between Rachel and her two female friends , The Guardian 's Ryan Gilbey observed that the character " wasn 't by self @-@ regard , like Monica , or in , like Phoebe . " identified as fitting the " girl next door " , Anne of The Telegraph described Rachel as " funny but not too funny , pretty but not too pretty , sexy but not too sexy , but not too . " 's Dominic Wills described the character as " smart but , determined but . " Meanwhile , , writing for The Huffington Post , that Rachel is a " beautiful , , slightly neurotic , borderline " character . - Observing that the show 's main characters are each based on a stereotype , Jonathan Bernstein of The Daily Telegraph identified Rachel as " the self @-@ absorbed one who goes from riches to . " According to Reign Magazine , Rachel is " a human being full of vulnerability , humor and strength while donning an undeniable beauty and . " Originally depicted as a character who is unprepared for " the world as an adult " , Rachel 's personality was gradually tailored to suit Aniston as the series progressed , becoming " more self @-@ sufficient and sympathetic . " According to Shining in the Shadows : Movie Stars of the 2000s author Murray , " The more boundary collapsed between the ' real ' Jennifer Aniston and Rachel , the more ' authentic ' Aniston became . " also noted that the character 's " well @-@ , normalcy and " is similar to Aniston 's , while both the character and the actress herself are very expressive , talking " with [ their ] hands a good deal . " In her book How To For Television , author Madeline wrote that although " Rachel grew within the context of the series ... she would always struggle with the spoiled , image @-@ conscious Daddy 's girl who fled from her wedding in the pilot . " Similarly , BuddyTV wrote that although Rachel " eventually evolves into being less absorbed in later series , she [ remains ] the most image @-@ centric among the six " , while Vogue 's Edward opined , " She might have been self @-@ centered and , but Rachel Green was perhaps the most stylish and fashion @-@ obsessed character on the show . " TV Land summarized the character 's arc and development in the website 's biography of her , writing , " Rachel is a born , but … she ’ s not necessarily a born worker . In fact , before moving in with Monica , she ’ s never had to work at all , thanks to the generosity of her parents . , Rachel is smart , resourceful and , so her future is bright , both as a member of the workforce and with her newfound tribe . " Examining the character 's sexuality , Splitsider 's Mike D determined that Rachel has had the third most sexual partners , 14 , as well as the highest percentage of serious monogamous relationships at 71 % . D opined , " Throughout the whole series Rachel is continually meeting men she wants to impress . Her typically fail , but she somehow winds up in a serious relationship with them . " Additionally , Rachel is also the only character to admit to having had a homosexual experience . - In an interview with the Jewish Telegraph , Kauffman confirmed that Rachel is Jewish . On the character 's " Jewish ties " , Kauffman told that Rachel had always been Jewish " in our minds " , explaining , " You can ’ t create a character with the name ' Rachel Green ' and not from the get @-@ go make some character choices " . Prior to this , critics and fans had long speculated whether or not Rachel is Jewish ; there are entire websites entirely devoted to discussing this . 's Lindsey Weber , who identifies herself as Jewish , observed several similarities and Jewish stereotypes she shares with the character , citing the facts that Rachel refers to her grandmother Ida Green as " " , Long Island origin , and engagement to a Jewish doctor as allusions to the character 's Jewish culture . In her book Changed for Good : A History of the Broadway Musical , author Stacy Wolf identified Rachel as one of several popular female television characters who embodied Jewish stereotypes during the 1990s and often served as " the butt of the shows ' jokes . " Meanwhile , 's Rebecca cited Rachel as one of the earliest and most prominent examples of the Jewish American Princess stereotype on screen . Writing for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Alicia R. also acknowledged Rachel 's initial Jewish American Princess qualities , describing her as " spoiled , dependent on her father 's money and her 's , is horrified at the thought of working for a living and generally inept in her attempts to do so , and is eventually revealed to have had a nose job " , which she eventually as they become less " evident in later seasons of the show " . In his article " , , and Mothers " , Evan Cooper described Rachel as a " de @-@ " Jew because , aside from her name , " there is never any discussion of experiences of growing up in a Jewish culture , no use of Yiddish , and few , if any , references to family members with Jewish " . Cooper continued to write that although Rachel possesses some Jewish American Princess traits , she is more similar to the " little woman " stereotype . The New York Post 's Robert labeled Rachel " a rehabilitated Jewish American Princess " , in contrast to her sister Amy ( Christina Applegate ) who remains " selfish , condescending and . " - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - Critical reception towards Rachel has remained mostly positive throughout the show 's ten @-@ year run . Writing for The A. V. Club , John Reid holds Rachel responsible for the success of the pilot , explaining , " The story of this group of friends must start with a stranger coming to town , and Rachel is the perfect stranger for this plot " . Reid also believes that Rachel initiated character development in the five other main characters , describing her arrival as " a catalyst for all of them to grow , because unlike the rest of them , Rachel is interested in finding meaning for her life " . Also writing for The A. V. Club , Sonia was pleased with Rachel and Ross ' first romantic encounter because , for the first time , " Rachel displays a moment of true empathy for another human being " . went on to describe Rachel as " as a model for women coming of age in the 1990s — the popular , pretty girl dissatisfied with where those illusions have taken her but also unwilling to embrace the more aggressively ' feminist ' career @-@ woman strategy " . The New York Times Joseph enjoyed Rachel 's telephone conversation with her father during the pilot , describing it as " hilarious . " The Los Angeles Times Bob admitted that he is attracted to Rachel , joking , " my feelings for Rachel , I say with some embarrassment , mirror those of " . Cosmopolitan reviewed Rachel as " the best fictional gal pal we 've ever had " , while People called her " spoiled yet " . USA Today 's Robert Bianco credits Rachel 's pregnancy arc with saving Friends , explaining that it " propel [ led ] the show to the top of the ratings " and ultimately " [ ed ] the show 's decline in ways ... that no one watching ' The One With Monica & Chandler 's Wedding ' could ever have imagined . " Bianco concluded , " Indeed , without that fortune @-@ altering twist , Friends probably would have ended sooner " . - ranked " The One With The Ball " , " The One With Rachel ’ s Kiss " , " The One With The Football " , " The One With The Fake Party " , and " The One In Vegas , Part One Rachel 's five best episodes . Meanwhile , TVLine criticized Rachel 's storyline in season one 's " The One With the Evil " for impulsively sleeping with her ex @-@ fiancé , Barry , the episode as " " . TVLine also criticized the character 's arc in season four 's " The One With The Fake Party " . At times the character has generated mild controversy , specifically in 1996 in response to her role in the second season episode " The One Where Dr. Dies " , in which Rachel and Monica fight over a condom . Aniston revealed that Friends fans would often approach and her for things Rachel did that they deemed " disagreeable " . - Neil , writing for The Daily Telegraph , hailed Rachel as " one of six @-@ young New Yorkers who helped Friends redefine the kind of relationships that could form the heart of a US sitcom " . According to Jennifer Aniston : From Friends to Films author Kim Etingoff , audiences wanted to see Rachel " figure out life , " allowing the character to become " a favorite of many Friends fans throughout all ten seasons " . Writing for , Dominic Wills echoed that Rachel " became the general favourite " , while " No one had a bad word to say about Jennifer Aniston " . Rachel would go on to become the show 's breakout character , and is often revered as one of the greatest characters in television history . Us Weekly magazine ranked Rachel the most beloved television character of the past 20 years , citing her as " one of TV 's most personalities " , while Entertainment Weekly ranked the character sixth on a similar list . AOL TV ranked Rachel among television 's hundred " Greatest Women " at number 23 , with author Kim Potts , " Rachel became one of viewers ' favorite Friends because she grew from what could have been a one @-@ note character ... into a more independent , caring pal " . CBS News placed Rachel and the cast of Friends at number 31 on its list of the " 50 greatest TV characters " . BuddyTV ranked Rachel the 15th funniest female character in sitcom history . collectively ranked Rachel , Monica and Phoebe 11th , 12th and 13th on the website 's list of the " Top 16 Female TV Characters of All Time " . Writing for , believes that Rachel 's influence is evident in the character Penny in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory , noting that both characters are " blonde , cute , funny , likeable girls @-@ next @-@ door " . Several baby name books and websites now commonly associate the name " Rachel " with the character . According to , the name peaked in popularity in 1996 , during the second season of Friends , becoming the ninth most popular female name in the United States that year . - Aniston 's performance in Friends has been praised since her first appearance in its pilot . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker wrote that the actress provides Rachel with " prickly intelligence " . Writing for The Baltimore Sun , David cited Aniston among the show 's " very strong cast " , while Variety 's Tony Scott wrote that " All six of the principals ... appear resourceful and display sharp sitcom skills " . Robert Bianco of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette praised the show 's female cast collectively . TV Guide wrote that the actress " instantly charmed audiences with her perfect looks and endearingly flawed persona " . Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast dubbed Aniston 's performance on Friends " the work of a brilliant character actress . " The Guardian 's Ryan Gilbey reviewed that " Aniston was the member of the ensemble and the one least reliant on caricature " , concluding , " Playing the only character with whom a viewer might reasonably identify also meant that she got the lion 's share of attention " . Andrew Collins of Radio Times described Aniston as a " natural comic performer , as adept with a subtle nose as a full @-@ on , and fluent in quick @-@ fire patter " . In 2002 , Aniston won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , one of the show 's six wins out of a total of 62 nominations . In 2003 , the actress won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Comedy Or Musical . Karen Thomas of USA Today dubbed Aniston " our favorite Friend " . According to Turner Classic Movies , Aniston ultimately became " One of the most popular television actresses of her era " . According to Jennifer Aniston : From Friends to Films author Kim Etingoff , the actress ' own fame " " those of her co @-@ stars , becoming the first cast member to " rise to prominence " ; the actress continues to experience the most post @-@ Friends success . Aniston 's performance in Friends led to a successful film career . According to The News , Rachel is " the role that would end up launching [ Aniston 's ] success " , while Bradford Evans of Splitsider believes " that Jennifer Aniston likely wouldn 't have become a major movie star without Friends " . While ranking Aniston the most attractive sitcom star of the 1990s , Josh Robertson of Complex magazine wrote that " With the haircut , the TV fame , and a true gift for comedy ... combined , Aniston became a big star " , replacing Cox as the show 's " established " . According to Steve of Yahoo ! Movies , Aniston is " the series ' only main to become a movie star since the end of the show " . While agreeing that Aniston 's film career has been successful , several critics believe that the actress ' filmography remains limited to playing Rachel @-@ like roles in romantic comedies , save for some exceptions . Ryan Gilbey of The Guardian noted that " Consequently , many of Aniston 's movie roles ... have been Rachel in all but name . " Andrew Collins of Radio Times agreed , writing that Aniston " seems trapped , playing variations of Rachel " . According to TV Guide , Aniston is " usually called upon to play a variation of her neurotic and adorable Friends character " . Aniston cites Rachel as one of three roles for which she is most grateful , to whom she " owe [ s ] everything " . On being typecast , Aniston admits that at times it " gives you more of a challenge , to shape people ’ s perceptions of you " . as audiences struggle " to lose the Rachel tag that has made her one of the world 's most recognisable faces " . - - = = = Relationships = = = - - Rachel has had several romantic relationships throughout Friends decade @-@ long run , the most famous and prominent of which remains her on @-@ again , off @-@ again relationship with friend Ross . Although wildly popular among audiences , the couple has been met with mixed reviews from critics . Katherine of the Daily Express described the characters ' relationship as " the heart of the show " . China Daily cited Ross and Rachel 's reunion during the series finale " The Last One " among the episode 's highlights , while Gary of Rolling Stone believes that audiences would not have been happy had the couple not ultimately reunited . Contrastingly , The Wire 's Joe Reid is of the opinion that the show 's second season is " the only time Ross / Rachel was truly great " . Virgin Media wrote that the couple 's dynamics " had grown tedious " by season ten . E ! cable network ranked Rachel and Ross the ninth greatest Friends couple , writing that their relationship gave " Friends fans enough iconic quotes to fill a book " , considering Phoebe 's line " See ? [ Ross is ] her lobster ! " to be among show 's most iconic . Ross and Rachel 's season three breakup has spawned a debate among Friends fans , who continue to argue over which of the two was at fault : Rachel for suggesting that they take a break from their relationship , or Ross for sleeping with another woman immediately afterwards . Writing for E ! , Jenna ruled in favor of Rachel , elaborating , " there is no excuse for Ross sleeping with someone else after his lobster suggested taking a break " , concluding that Ross " blew it " . The Jewish community was particularly receptive to the fact that a Jewish @-@ American couple existed on prime time television , described by Lilith magazine as " a first " . - Rachel and Ross are considered to be among television 's greatest and most beloved couples . referred to them as " everyone 's favourite on ... off ... on ( a break ! ) duo , " while Us Weekly and ranked them the first and second best television couple , respectively . TV Guide ranked Ross and Rachel the third greatest television couple , dubbing them " the most iconic TV couple in recent memory " . Extra placed the couple at number eight , writing , " Never did we want two people to get together more than Ross ... and Rachel " . included Rachel and Ross in the website 's " 16 TV We Want To Be Together Forever " list . The pair is also often ranked among television 's greatest " will they or won 't they " couples . Naming Ross and Rachel the greatest " will they , won 't they " couple , Network Ten believes they defined the term , while dubbed them " The quintessential will they / won ’ t they couple . " According to Sarah Doran of Radio Times , the couple " became synonymous with the phrase ' we 're on a break ' " . Phoebe 's line , in which she refers to the couple as each other 's lobsters , has become one of the show 's most popular and oft @-@ quoted . Reilly of magazine defined the term as " the person of whom another is meant to be with forever " . Tara of Complex magazine believes that " Every other person can tell you what exactly a ' Ross and Rachel ' relationship means " . Ultimately , Rachel 's season eight pregnancy arc is credited with reviving the show 's ratings and reviews . - Rachel 's brief romantic relationship with friend Joey during season ten drew strong criticism from both critics and fans alike , although viewership was not . In fact , Joshua of Splitsider believes that the only reason the show 's final two seasons performed well in spite of lackluster reviews " was because of the Joey / Rachel / Ross love triangle " . Eric Goldman of IGN referred to the Rachel @-@ Joey storyline as " questionable . " Entertainment Tonight Canada ranked " The One After Rachel and Joey Kiss " among the show 's ten worst episodes at number five , with author I. P. Johnson it as " desperate " , concluding , " for even this romantic plot ; cheers for abandoning it " . also cited the same episode as one of the show 's worst , calling it " the most nonsensical idea to ever be . " , E ! enjoyed Rachel and Joey as a couple because they brought out positive aspects in each other 's personalities . Their relationship also spawned a debate among fans , who argued over whether making Rachel and Joey a couple was a bad idea . Jenna of E ! determined that it is because " It was too far into the series to throw these two together . They didn 't make sense and their romantic scenes felt forced " . - - = = = Fashion = = = - - Both Rachel and Aniston have become fashion icons due to their combined influence on during the 1990s and onwards , particularly among British women . According to Vogue magazine 's Edward , Rachel 's fashion sense inspired " the cool New York look " . According to magazine , Rachel " revived [ a ] love of denim shirts and " , while Clayton of believes that the character " managed to dominate every fashion trend that passed by her radar in the most stylish ways possible " . Hailing her as the " Queen " , Heat magazine observed the character 's influence on skirts , denim and . Citing every costume the character wore during the first season of Friends , determined that Rachel popularized the dress . TV Guide published a list of " The 17 Ways Rachel from Friends Changed ' 90s Fashion " . - Rachel is often ranked among television 's best dressed characters . Elle included Rachel in the magazine 's " 50 Best Women on TV " list . ranked Friends 15th on the website 's list of " 50 TV That Changed the Way We Dress " , citing Rachel 's " impressive " wardrobe . ranked Friends the 36th most fashionable television show of all @-@ time , praising Rachel , Monica and Phoebe 's costumes . ranked Rachel among " The 50 Most TV Characters Of All Time " at number 28 . Cosmopolitan magazine compiled a list of " 16 things Rachel Green wore to work that we 'd totally wear today " , while Virgin Media ranked the character among television 's . magazine ranked Rachel 's wedding dress among " The Best TV Wedding " . - - = = = = The " Rachel " haircut = = = = - - Named after the character , the " Rachel " refers to a layered inspired by the way in which Aniston wore her hair on Friends between 1994 and 1996 , during the first and second seasons of the series . The " Rachel " debuted in the show 's 20th episode , " The One With the Evil " . Aniston believes that her hair stylist , Chris McMillan , created the haircut while he was " " . The " Rachel " immediately became popular among women , launching an international hair trend . The popularity of the " Rachel " coincided with the popularity of Friends during the mid @-@ to @-@ late @-@ 1990s . Marie Claire estimates that 11 million women the hairstyle throughout the decade , while the Daily Express determined that the hairstyle was most popular among British women , who went to hair salons " clutching magazine pictures of Aniston " and asking to give them the look . - According to Vanity Fair , the hairstyle 's " widespread popularity ... in the show ’ s very first year cemented the sitcom early on as heavily influential when it came to style . " The " Rachel " remains one of the most popular hairstyles in history , and became the most popular hairstyle in the United States since actress 's . Hair credit its appeal and popularity to its medium length and volume , combined with its tendency to frame the face . Mark Woolley described it as " a cut that almost everyone , designed to make women look beautiful " . The " Rachel " is often ranked among the greatest and most iconic hairstyles of all @-@ time , with placing it at number four and Time ranking it ninth . The Huffington Post determined that the hairstyle is one of " The Most Famous TV Of All Time " . US Weekly ranked the " Rachel " the 17th most iconic hairstyle . magazine ranked the " Rachel " fourth on the magazine 's list of " The 100 Best of All Time " . Meanwhile , also cited it among " The very best hair to have graced the small screen " , while ranking it the most memorable hairstyle in television history . The Sydney Morning Herald ranked it the second greatest television hairstyle , while Metro ranked the " Rachel " the character 's second @-@ best hairstyle . Ranked sixth on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the " 25 Fashion That Changed Entertainment " , the haircut was declared the most " desired " hairstyle of the Clinton era . - Barnes of Self magazine joked that the character 's hair was the " true star of the show " , while its popularity led to Virgin Media coining Rachel " the one with the hair " . the " Rachel " as one of television 's greatest hairstyles , Sarah of Elle magazine believed that its popularity " helped make Friends the phenomenon it was " . that Friends spawned few memorable in comparison to its contemporaries , Tom of The Baltimore Sun attributed much of the show 's legacy to the hairstyle , calling it the show 's " only cultural trend " . Josh Robertson of Complex magazine felt that " With the haircut , the TV fame , and a true gift for comedy ... combined , Aniston became a big star " , replacing Courteney Cox . According to Jim of Paste magazine , " ' the Rachel ' hairstyle became the decade ’ s defining ' do , calling it " the definition of influence " . - In the second season episode " The One With The Wedding " , Rachel complains that her overbearing mother ( Marlo Thomas ) is trying to pattern her own life after hers , lamenting , " Couldn 't she just copy my haircut ? " Although Aniston eventually abandoned the " Rachel " for a , longer look , the hairstyle remained popular nonetheless . Despite her association with the cut , Aniston disliked the hairstyle . She found maintaining the hairstyle without McMillan 's help difficult , stating " I 'd curse Chris every time I had to . It took three — it was like doing surgery ! " and that she would rather shave her head than have to wear it for the rest of her life . - Since Aniston , several other celebrities have worn variations of the " Rachel " , among them actresses Cameron , Rachel , Emma Watson , Reese Witherspoon , Julia Roberts , comedian Tina Fey , model Banks , and singer Lily Allen . - - - = Krak des Chevaliers = - - Krak des Chevaliers ( French pronunciation : [ de ] ; Arabic : حصن ) , also Crac des Chevaliers , al @-@ Akrād ( حصن ) , Castle , formerly Crac de l 'Ospital , is a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world . The site was first inhabited in the 11th century by a settlement of Kurdish troops dispatched there by the ; as a result it was known as Hisn al @-@ Akrad , meaning the " Castle of the Kurds " . In 1142 it was given by Raymond II , Count of Tripoli , to the Knights Hospitaller . It remained in their possession until it fell in 1271 . It became known as Crac de l 'Ospital ; the name Krak des Chevaliers was coined in the 19th century . - The Hospitallers began rebuilding the castle in the and were finished by 1170 when an earthquake damaged the castle . The order controlled a number of castles along the border of the County of Tripoli , a state founded after the First Crusade . Krak des Chevaliers was among the most important , and acted as a center of administration as well as a military base . After a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century , Krak des Chevaliers became a concentric castle . This phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance . The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers ' " golden age " . At its peak , Krak des Chevaliers housed a garrison of around 2 @,@ 000 . Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to extract tribute from a wide area . From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured Krak des Chevaliers after a siege lasting 36 days , supposedly by way of a forged letter purportedly from the Hospitallers ' Grand Master that caused the Knights to surrender . - Renewed interest in Crusader castles in the 19th century led to the investigation of Krak des Chevaliers , and architectural plans were drawn up . In the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle , causing damage to its fabric . The 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the French state , which carried out a program of clearing and restoration . When Syria declared independence in 1946 , it assumed control . Today , a village called al @-@ Husn exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9 @,@ 000 . Krak des Chevaliers is located approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) west of the city of Homs , close to the border of Lebanon , and is administratively part of the Homs . Since 2006 , the castles of Krak des Chevaliers and El @-@ Din have been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . It was partially damaged in the Syrian civil war from shelling : the full extent of the damage is unknown , but there have been reports of hasty repairs . - - = = Etymology = = - - The modern Arabic word for a castle is ( ) , but Krak des is known as a " " ( حصن ) , or " fort " . This derives from the name of an earlier fortification on the same site called al @-@ Akrād ( حصن ) , meaning " fort of the Kurds " . It was called by the Franks Le and then by a confusion with ( fortress ) , Le Crac . was probably the Frankish version of Akrād , the word for Kurds . After the Knights Hospitaller took control of the castle , it became known as Crac de l 'Ospital ; the name Crac des Chevaliers ( alternatively spelt Krak des Chevaliers ) was introduced by Guillaume Rey in the 19th century . - - = = Location = = - - The castle sits atop a 650 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 2 @,@ 130 ft ) hill east of , Syria , in the Homs Gap . On the other side of the gap , 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) away , was the 12th @-@ century Castle . The route through the strategically important Homs Gap connects the cities of Tripoli and Homs . To the north of the castle lies the , and to the south Lebanon . The surrounding area is fertile , from streams and abundant rainfall . Compared to the Kingdom of Jerusalem , the other Crusader states had less land suitable for farming ; however , the limestone peaks of Tripoli were well @-@ suited to defensive sites . - Property in the County of Tripoli , granted to the Knights Templar in the , included the Castle of the Kurds , the towns of and , and the plain separating Homs and Tripoli . Homs was never under Crusader control , so the region around the Castle of the Kurds was vulnerable to expeditions from the city . While its proximity caused the Knights problems with regard to defending their territory , it also meant Homs was close enough for them to raid . Because of the castle 's command of the plain , it became the Knights ' most important base in the area . - - = = History = = - - According to 13th @-@ century Arab historian Ibn Shaddad , the of Aleppo , ad @-@ , established a settlement of Kurdish tribesmen at the site of the future castle in CE , hence the castle 's Arabic name " Hisn al @-@ Akrad " ( Castle of the Kurds ) . The site was strategically located at the southern edge of the al @-@ mountain range and dominated the road between Homs and Tripoli . When building castles , Muslims often chose elevated sites such as hills and mountains that provided natural obstacles . - In January 1099 on the journey to Jerusalem during the First Crusade , the company of Raymond IV of Toulouse came under attack from the garrison of Hisn al @-@ Akrad , the forerunner of the Krak , who Raymond 's . The following day Raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted . The crusaders briefly occupied the castle in February of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards Jerusalem . Permanent occupation began in when , Prince of Galilee took control of the site . The early castle was substantially different from the extant remains and no trace of this first castle survives at the site . - The origins of the Knights Hospitaller are unclear , but the order probably emerged around the in Jerusalem . It started as a religious order which cared for the sick , and later looked after pilgrims to the Holy Land . After the success of the First Crusade in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 , many crusaders donated their new property in the Levant to the Hospital of St John . Early donations were in the newly formed Kingdom of Jerusalem , but over time the order extended its holdings to the Crusader states of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch . Evidence suggests that in the the order became when Fulk , King of Jerusalem , granted the newly built castle at to the order in 1136 . A papal bull from between 1139 and may indicate the order hiring people to defend pilgrims . There were also other military orders , such as the Knights Templar , which offered protection to pilgrims . - Between 1142 and Raymond II , Count of Tripoli , granted the order property in the county . According to historian Jonathan Riley @-@ Smith , the Hospitallers effectively established a " palatinate " within Tripoli . The property included castles with which the Hospitallers were expected to defend Tripoli . Along with Krak des Chevaliers , the Hospitallers were given four other castles along the borders of the state which allowed the order to dominate the area . The order 's agreement with Raymond II stated that if he did not accompany knights of the order on campaign , the spoils belonged entirely to the order , and if he was present it was split equally between the count and the order . Raymond II could further not make peace with the Muslims without the permission of the Hospitallers . The Hospitallers made Krak des Chevaliers a center of administration for their new property , undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate Crusader fortifications in the Levant . - After acquiring the site in 1142 , they began building a new castle to replace the former Kurdish fortification . This work lasted until 1170 , when an earthquake damaged the castle . An Arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the castle 's chapel , which was replaced by the present chapel . In the Crusaders emerged victorious over Nur ad @-@ Din in the Battle of al @-@ near Krak des Chevaliers . - Drought conditions between 1175 and 1180 prompted the Crusaders to sign a two @-@ year truce with the Muslims , but without Tripoli included in the terms . During the raids by Christians and Muslims into each other 's territory became more frequent . In 1180 , Saladin ventured into the County of Tripoli , the area . Unwilling to meet him in open battle , the Crusaders retreated to the relative safety of their fortifications . Without capturing the castles , Saladin could not secure control of the area , and once he retreated the Hospitallers were able to their damaged lands . The Battle of in 1187 was a disastrous defeat for the Crusaders : Guy of , King of Jerusalem , was captured , as was the True Cross , a relic discovered during the First Crusade . Afterwards Saladin ordered the execution of the captured Templar and Hospitaller knights , such was the importance of the two orders in defending the Crusader states . After the battle , the Hospitaller castles of , , and fell to Muslim armies . Following these losses , the Order focused its attention on its castles in Tripoli . In May Saladin led an army to attack Krak des Chevaliers , but on seeing the castle decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the Hospitaller castle of Margat , which he also failed to capture . - Another earthquake struck in , and it may have been after this event that the castle was remodelled . The 13th @-@ century work was the last period of building at Krak des Chevaliers and gave it its current appearance . An enclosing stone circuit was built between 1142 and 1170 ; the earlier structure became the castle 's inner court or ward . If there was a circuit of walls surrounding the inner court that pre @-@ dated the current outer walls , no trace of it has been discovered . - The first half of the 13th century has been characterized as Krak des Chevaliers ' " golden age " . While other Crusader strongholds came under threat , Krak des Chevaliers and its garrison of 2 @,@ 000 soldiers dominated the surrounding area . It was effectively the center of a principality which remained in Crusader hands until 1271 and was the only major inland area to remain constantly under Crusader control during this period . Crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle , and probably made donations . King Andrew II of Hungary visited in 1218 and proclaimed the castle the " key of the Christian lands " . He was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60 marks to the Master and 40 to the brothers . de Joinville , uncle of the noted chronicler of the Jean de Joinville , died at Krak des Chevaliers in 1203 or 1204 and was buried in the castle 's chapel . - The main contemporary accounts relating to Krak des Chevaliers are of Muslim origin and tend to emphasize Muslim success while overlooking setbacks against the Crusaders although they suggest that the Knights Hospitaller forced the settlements of Hama and Homs to pay tribute to the Order . This situation lasted as long as Saladin 's successors between themselves . The proximity of Krak des Chevaliers to Muslim territories allowed it to take on an offensive role , acting as a base from which neighboring areas could be attacked . By 1203 the garrison were making raids on ( which was under Muslim control ) and Hama , and in 1207 and 1208 the castle 's soldiers took part in an attack on Homs . Krak des Chevaliers acted as a base for expeditions to Hama in 1230 and 1233 after the refused to pay tribute . The former was unsuccessful , but the 1233 expedition was a show of force that demonstrated the importance of Krak des Chevaliers . - In the 1250s , the fortunes of the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers took a turn for the worse . A Muslim army estimated to number 10 @,@ 000 men ravaged the countryside around the castle in after which the Order 's finances declined sharply . In 1268 Master Hugh Revel complained that the area , previously home to around 10 @,@ 000 people , now stood deserted and that the Order 's property in the Kingdom of Jerusalem produced little income . He also noted that by this point there were only 300 of the Order 's brethren left in the east . On the Muslim side , in 1260 Baibars became Sultan of Egypt , following his overthrow of the incumbent ruler , and went on to unite Egypt and Syria . As a result , Muslim settlements that had previously paid tribute to the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers no longer felt intimidated into doing so . - Baibars ventured into the area around Krak des Chevaliers in 1270 and allowed his men to their animals on the fields around the castle . When he received news that year of the Eighth Crusade led by King Louis IX of France , Baibars left for Cairo to avoid a confrontation . After Louis died in 1271 Baibars returned to deal with Krak des Chevaliers . Before he marched on the castle the Sultan captured the smaller castles in the area , including Blanc . On 3 March , Baibars ' army arrived at Krak des Chevaliers . By the time the Sultan appeared on the scene , the castle may already have been blockaded by Mamluk forces for several days . Of the three Arabic accounts of the siege only one was contemporary , that of Ibn Shaddad , although he was not present at the siege . who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward . As soon as Baibars arrived he erected , powerful siege weapons which he would later turn on the castle . In a probable reference to a walled suburb outside the castle 's entrance , Ibn Shaddad records that two days later the first line of defences fell to the besiegers . - Rain interrupted the siege , but on 21 March , immediately south of Krak des Chevaliers , 's forces captured a triangular possibly defended by a timber palisade . On 29 March , the attackers undermined a tower in the southwest corner causing it to collapse whereupon Baibars ' army attacked through the breach . In the outer ward they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle . Though the outer ward had fallen , with a handful of the garrison killed in the process , the Crusaders retreated to the more formidable inner ward . After a lull of ten days , the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison , supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli , which granted permission for them to surrender . Although the letter was a forgery , the garrison and the Sultan spared their lives . The new owners of the castle undertook repairs , focused mainly on the outer ward . The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a mosque and two were added to the interior . - - = = Later history = = - - After the Franks were driven from the Holy Land in , European familiarity with the castles of the declined . It was not until the 19th century that interest in these buildings was renewed , so there are no detailed plans from before 1837 . Guillaume Rey was the first European researcher to scientifically study Crusader castles in the Holy Land . In 1871 he published the work sur les monuments de l des en et dans l de ; it included plans and drawings of the major Crusader castles in Syria , including Krak des Chevaliers . In some instances his drawings were inaccurate , however for Krak des they record features which have since been lost . - Paul Deschamps visited the castle in February 1927 . Since Rey had visited in the 19th century a village of 500 people had been established within the castle . Renewed had damaged the site : underground vaults had been used as rubbish tips and in some places the had been destroyed . Deschamps and fellow architect François attempted to clear some of the ; General Maurice assigned 60 soldiers to help . Deschamps left in March 1927 , and work resumed when he returned two years later . The culmination of 's work at the castle was the publication of Les des en I : le Crac des Chevaliers in 1934 , with detailed plans by . The survey has been widely praised , described as " brilliant and " by military historian D. J. King in 1949 and " perhaps the finest account of the archaeology and history of a single medieval castle ever written " by historian Hugh Kennedy in 1994 . - As early as 1929 there were suggestions that the castle should be taken under French control . On 16 November 1933 Krak des Chevaliers was given into the control of the French state , and cared for by the des @-@ Arts . The villagers were moved and paid F1 million between them in compensation . Over the following two years a programme of cleaning and restoration was carried out by a force of 120 workers . Once finished , Krak des Chevaliers was one of the key tourist attractions in the French Levant . Pierre , who had undertaken similar work at the Tower of the Lions and the two castles at Sidon , the work . Despite the restoration , no archaeological excavations were carried out . The French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon , which had been established in 1920 , ended in 1946 with the declaration of Syrian independence . The castle was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO , along with ’ at El @-@ Din , in 2006 , and is owned by the Syrian government . - Several of the castle 's former residents built their houses outside the fortress and a village called al @-@ Husn has since developed . Many of the al @-@ Husn 's roughly 9 @,@ 000 Muslim residents benefit economically from the tourism generated by the site . - - = = = Syrian Civil War = = = - - During the Syrian Civil War which began in 2011 , UNESCO voiced concerns that the war might lead to the damage of important cultural sites such as Krak des Chevaliers . It has been reported that the castle was shelled in August 2012 by the Syrian Arab Army , and the Crusader chapel has been damaged . The castle was reported to have been damaged in July 2013 by an during the Siege of Homs , and once more on the 18th of August 2013 it was clearly damaged yet the amount of destruction is unknown . The Syrian Arab Army recaptured the castle and the village of al @-@ from rebel forces on March 20 , 2014 , although the extent of damage from earlier mortar hits remained unclear . - - = = Architecture = = - - Writing in the early 20th century , T. E. Lawrence , popularly known as Lawrence of Arabia , remarked that Krak des Chevaliers was " perhaps the best preserved and most wholly admirable castle in the world , [ a castle which ] forms a fitting commentary on any account of the buildings of Syria " . in Europe provided accommodation for their owners and were centers of administration ; in the Levant the need for defence was paramount and was reflected in castle design . Kennedy suggests that " The castle scientifically designed as a fighting machine surely reached its in great buildings like Margat and Crac des Chevaliers . " - Krak des Chevaliers can be classified both as a spur castle , due to its site , and after the 13th @-@ century expansion a fully developed concentric castle . It was similar in size and layout to Jacob , a Crusader castle built in the late . Margat has also been cited as Krak des Chevaliers ' sister castle . The main building material at Krak des Chevaliers was limestone ; the ashlar facing is so fine that the mortar is barely noticeable . Outside the castle 's entrance was a " walled suburb " known as a , no trace of which remains . To the south of the outer ward was a triangular and the Crusaders may have intended to build stone walls and towers around it . It is unknown how it was defended at the time of the 1271 siege , though it has been suggested it was surrounded by a timber palisade . South of the castle the spur on which it stands is connected to the next hill , so that siege engines can approach on level ground . The inner defences are strongest at this point , with a cluster of towers connected by a thick wall . - - = = = Inner ward = = = - - Between 1142 and 1170 the Knights Hospitaller undertook a building programme on the site . The castle was defended by a stone curtain wall studded with square towers which projected slightly . The main entrance was between two towers on the eastern side , and there was a gate in the northwest tower . At the center was a courtyard surrounded by vaulted chambers . The lay of the land dictated the castle 's irregular shape . A site with natural defences was a typical location for Crusader castles and steep slopes provided Krak des Chevaliers with defences on all sides bar one , where the castle 's defences were concentrated . This phase of building was incorporated into the later castle 's construction . - When Krak des Chevaliers was remodelled in the 13th century , new walls surrounding the inner court were built . They followed the earlier walls , with a narrow gap between them in the west and south which was turned into a gallery from which defenders could missiles . In this area , the walls were supported by a steeply sloping glacis which provided additional protection against both siege weapons and earthquakes . Four large , round towers project vertically from the glacis ; they were used as accommodation for the Knights of the garrison , about 60 at its peak . The southwest tower was designed to house the rooms of the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller . Though the defences which once crested the walls of the inner wards no longer survive in most places , it seems that they did not extend for the entire circuit . were absent from the southern face . The area between the inner court and the outer walls was narrow and not used for accommodation . In the east , where the defences were weakest , there was an open cistern filled by an . It acted both as a and water supply for the castle . - At the north end of the small courtyard is a chapel and at the southern end is an esplanade . The esplanade is raised above the rest of the courtyard ; the vaulted area beneath it would have provided storage and could have acted as and shelter from missiles . the west of the courtyard is the hall of the Knights . Though probably first built in the 12th century , the interior dates from the 13th @-@ century . The tracery and delicate decoration is a sophisticated example of Gothic architecture , probably dating from the 1230s . - - = = = Chapel = = = - - The current chapel was probably built to replace the one destroyed by an earthquake in 1170 . Only the east end of the original chapel , which housed the apse , and a small part of the south wall survive from the original chapel . The later chapel had a barrel vault and an apse ; its design would have been considered by contemporary standards in France , but bears similarities to that built around at Margat . It was divided into three roughly equal bays . A runs round the chapel at the point where the vault ends and the wall begins . roughly east to west , it was 21 @.@ 5 metres ( 71 ft ) long and 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 28 ft ) wide with the main entrance from the west and a second smaller one in the north wall . When the castle was remodelled in the early 13th century , the entrance was moved to the south wall . The chapel was lit by windows above the , one at the west end , one on either side of the east bay , and one on the south side of the central bay , and the apse at the east end had a large window . In 1935 a second chapel was discovered outside the castle 's main entrance , however it no longer survives . - - = = = Outer ward = = = - - The second phase of building work undertaken by the Hospitallers began in the early 13th century and lasted decades . The outer walls were built in the last major construction on the site , lending the Krak des Chevaliers its current appearance . Standing 9 metres ( 30 ft ) high , the outer circuit had towers that projected strongly from the wall . While the towers of the inner court had a square plan and did not project far beyond the wall , the towers of the 13th @-@ century outer walls were rounded . This design was new and even contemporary Templar castles did not have rounded towers . The technique was developed at Gaillard in France by Richard the between and . The extension to the southeast is of lesser quality than the rest of the circuit and was built at an unknown date . Probably around the 1250s a was added to the north wall . - Arrow slits in the walls and towers were distributed to minimize the amount of dead ground around the castle . crowned the walls , offering defenders a way to projectiles towards enemies at the foot of the wall . They were so cramped would have had to crouch inside them . The box were unusual : those at Krak des Chevaliers were more complex that those at or Margat and there were no comparable features amongst Crusader castles . However , they bore similarities to Muslim work , such as the contemporary defences at the Citadel of Aleppo . It is unclear which side imitated the other , as the date they were added to Krak des Chevaliers is unknown , but it does provide evidence for the of military ideas between the Muslim and Christian armies . These defences were accessed by a wall @-@ walk known as a chemin de . In the opinion of historian Hugh Kennedy the defences of the outer wall were " the most elaborate and developed anywhere in the Latin east ... the whole structure is a brilliantly designed and superbly built fighting machine " . - When the outer walls were built in the 13th century the main entrance was enhanced . A vaulted corridor led uphill from the outer gate in the northeast . The corridor made a hairpin turn halfway along its length , making it an example of a bent entrance . Bent entrances were a Byzantine innovation , but that at Krak des Chevaliers was a particularly complex example . It extended for 137 metres ( 450 ft ) , and along its length were murder @-@ holes which allowed defenders to shower attackers with missiles . Anyone going straight ahead rather than following the hairpin turn would emerge in the area between the castle 's two circuits of walls . To access the inner ward , the passage had to be followed round . - - = = = = = = - - Despite its predominantly military character , the castle is one of the few sites where Crusader art ( in the form of frescoes ) has been preserved . In 1935 , 1955 , and 1978 medieval frescoes were discovered within Krak des Chevaliers after later plaster and white @-@ wash had decayed . The were painted on the interior and exterior of the main chapel and the chapel outside the main entrance , which no longer survives . Writing in 1982 , historian noted that at the time there had been little investigation of Crusader frescoes that would provide a comparison for the fragmentary remains found at Krak des Chevaliers . Those in the chapel were painted on the masonry from the 1170 – rebuild . , smoke , and moisture have made it difficult to preserve the frescoes . The fragmentary nature of the red and blue frescoes inside the chapel means they are difficult to assess . The one on the exterior of the chapel depicted the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple . - - - = The Importance of Being Earnest = - - The Importance of Being Earnest , A Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde . First performed on 14 February 1895 at the St James 's Theatre in London , it is a farcical comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious to escape burdensome social obligations . Working within the social conventions of late Victorian London , the play 's major themes are the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage , and the resulting satire of Victorian ways . Contemporary reviews all praised the play 's humour , though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages , while others the modern consensus that it was the culmination of Wilde 's artistic career so far . Its high farce and witty dialogue have helped make The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde 's most popular play . - The successful opening night marked the climax of Wilde 's career but also heralded his downfall . The Marquess of Queensberry , whose son Lord Alfred Douglas was Wilde 's lover , planned to present the writer with a bouquet of rotten vegetables and disrupt the show . Wilde was tipped off and Queensberry was refused admission . Soon afterwards their feud came to a climax in court , where Wilde 's homosexual double life was revealed to the Victorian public and he was eventually sentenced to imprisonment . His notoriety caused the play , despite its early success , to be closed after 86 performances . After his release , he published the play from exile in Paris , but he wrote no further comic or dramatic work . - The Importance of Being Earnest has been revived many times since its premiere . It has been adapted for the cinema on three occasions . In The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) , Dame Edith Evans reprised her celebrated interpretation of Lady Bracknell ; The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1992 ) by Kurt Baker used an all @-@ black cast ; and Oliver Parker 's The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) incorporated some of Wilde 's original material cut during the preparation of the original stage production . - - = = Composition = = - - After the success of Wilde 's plays Lady Windermere 's Fan and A Woman of No Importance , Wilde 's producers urged him to write further plays . In July 1894 he his idea for The Importance of Being Earnest to George Alexander , the actor @-@ manager of the St James 's Theatre . Wilde spent the summer with his family at Worthing , where he wrote the play quickly in August . His fame now at its peak , he used the working title Lady to avoid pre @-@ speculation of its content . Many names and ideas in the play were borrowed from people or places the author had known ; Lady Queensberry , Lord Alfred Douglas 's mother , for example , lived at Bracknell . There is widespread agreement among Wilde scholars that the most important influence on the play was W. S. Gilbert 's 1877 farce ; Wilde borrowed from Gilbert not only several incidents but , in Russell Jackson 's phrase " the gravity of tone demanded by Gilbert of his actors " . - Wilde continually revised the text over the next months : no line was left , and " in a play so economical with its language and effects , [ the revisions ] had serious consequences " . describes Wilde 's revisions as a refined art at work : the earliest , longest handwritten drafts of the play labour over farcical incidents , broad puns , nonsense dialogue and conventional comic turns . In revising as he did , " Wilde transformed standard nonsense into the more systemic and disconcerting which Earnest 's dialogue " . Richard Ellmann argues that Wilde had reached his artistic maturity and wrote this work more surely and rapidly than before . - Wilde hesitated about submitting the script to Alexander , worrying that it might be unsuitable for the St James 's Theatre , whose typical repertoire was relatively serious , and explaining that it had been written in response to a request for a play " with no real serious interest " . When Henry James 's Guy failed , Alexander turned to Wilde and agreed to put on his play . Alexander began his usual meticulous preparations , the author on each line and planning stage movements with a toy theatre . In the course of these rehearsals Alexander asked Wilde to shorten the play from four acts to three . Wilde agreed and combined elements of the second and third acts . The largest cut was the removal of the character of Mr. , a solicitor who comes from London to arrest the " Ernest " ( i.e. , Jack ) for his unpaid dining bills . Algernon , who is posing as " Ernest " , will be led away to Holloway unless he settles his accounts immediately . Jack finally agrees to pay for Ernest , everyone thinking that it is Algernon 's bill when in fact it is his own . The four @-@ act version was first played on the radio in a BBC production and is still sometimes performed . Peter argues that the three @-@ act structure is more effective , and that the shorter original text is more theatrically than the expanded published edition . - - = = Productions = = - - - = = = = = = - - The play was first produced at the St James 's Theatre on Valentine 's Day 1895 . It was freezing cold but Wilde arrived dressed in " sobriety " , wearing a green . The audience , according to one report , " included many members of the great and good , former cabinet ministers and privy councillors , as well as actors , writers , academics , and enthusiasts " . Allan Aynesworth , who played Algernon Moncrieff , recalled to Hesketh Pearson that " In my fifty @-@ three years of acting , I never remember a greater triumph than [ that ] first night " . Aynesworth was himself " and stylish " , and Alexander , who played Jack Worthing , " demure " . - The cast was : - John Worthing , J.P. — George Alexander - Algernon Moncrieff — Allan Aynesworth - Rev. Canon Chasuble , — H. H. Vincent - — Frank - Lane — F. Kinsey - Lady Bracknell — Rose - Gwendolen Fairfax — Irene - Cecily — Evelyn - Miss Prism — Mrs. George - The Marquess of Queensberry , the father of Wilde 's lover Lord Alfred Douglas ( who was on holiday in Algiers at the time ) , had planned to disrupt the play by throwing a bouquet of rotten vegetables at the playwright when he took his bow at the end of the show . Wilde and Alexander learned of the plan , and the latter cancelled Queensberry 's ticket and arranged for policemen to bar his entrance . Nevertheless , he continued harassing Wilde , who eventually launched a private prosecution against the peer for criminal libel , triggering a series of trials ending in Wilde 's imprisonment for gross indecency . Alexander tried , unsuccessfully , to save the production by removing Wilde 's name from the billing , but the play had to close after only 86 performances . - The play 's original Broadway production opened at the Empire Theatre on 22 April 1895 , but closed after sixteen performances . Its cast included William as Algy , Henry Miller as Jack , Viola Allen as Gwendolen , and Ida Vernon as Lady Bracknell . The Australian premiere was in Melbourne on 10 August 1895 , presented by Dion , Jr. and Robert Brough , and the play was an immediate success . Wilde 's downfall in England did not affect the popularity of his plays in Australia . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - In contrast to much theatre of the time , The Importance of Being Earnest 's light plot does not tackle serious social and political issues , something of which contemporary reviewers were wary . Though unsure of Wilde 's seriousness as a , they recognised the play 's , humour and popularity with audiences . George Bernard Shaw , for example , reviewed the play in the Saturday Review , arguing that comedy should touch as well as , " I go to the theatre to be moved to laughter . " Later in a letter he said , the play , though " extremely funny " , was Wilde 's " first really [ one ] " . In The World , William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning , " What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle , whether of art or morals , creates its own canons and conventions , and is nothing but an absolutely expression of an witty personality ? " - In The Speaker , A. B. admired the play and was one of few to see it as the culmination of Wilde 's dramatic career . He denied the term " farce " was derogatory , or even lacking in seriousness , and said " It is of nonsense all compact , and better nonsense , I think , our stage has not seen . " H. G. Wells , in an unsigned review for the Mall Gazette , called Earnest one of the comedies of the year , saying " More humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine . " He also questioned whether people would fully see its message , " ... how Serious People will take this Comedy intended for their learning remains to be seen . No doubt seriously . " The play was so light @-@ hearted that many reviewers compared it to comic opera rather than drama . W. H. later called it " a pure verbal opera " , and The Times commented , " The story is almost too preposterous to go without music . " Mary McCarthy , in and ( 1959 ) , however , and despite thinking the play extremely funny , would call it " a ferocious " ; " is the hero and the only character . " - The Importance of Being Earnest is Wilde 's most popular work and is continually revived . Max Beerbohm called the play Wilde 's " finest , most undeniably his own " , saying that in his other comedies — Lady Windermere 's Fan , A Woman of No Importance and An Ideal Husband — the plot , following the manner of , is unrelated to the theme of the work , while in Earnest the story is " dissolved " into the form of the play . - - = = = = = = - - Until after Wilde 's death in 1900 his name remained disgraced , and few discussed , let alone performed , his work in Britain . Alexander revived The Importance in a small theatre in Notting Hill , outside the West End , in 1901 ; in the same year he presented the piece on tour , playing Jack Worthing with a cast including the young Lilian as Cecily . The play returned to the West End when Alexander presented a revival at the St James 's in 1902 . Broadway revivals were mounted in 1902 and again in 1910 , each production running for six weeks . - A collected edition of Wilde 's works , published in 1908 and edited by Robert Ross , helped to restore his reputation as an author . Alexander presented another revival of The Importance at the St James 's in 1909 , when he and Aynesworth reprised their original roles ; the revival ran for 316 performances . Max Beerbohm said that the play was sure to become a classic of the English repertory , and that its humour was as fresh then as when it had been written , adding that the actors had " worn as well as the play " . - For a 1913 revival at the same theatre the young actors Gerald Ames and A. E. Matthews succeeded the creators as Jack and Algy . John as Jack and Margaret as Lady Bracknell headed the cast in a 1923 production at the Haymarket Theatre . Many revivals in the first decades of the 20th century treated " the present " as the current year . It was not until the 1920s that the case for 1890s costumes was established ; as a critic in The Manchester Guardian put it , " Thirty years on , one begins to feel that Wilde should be done in the costume of his period — that his wit today needs the backing of the atmosphere that gave it life and truth . … Wilde 's and complex verbal go ill with the and the short skirt . " - In Sir Nigel 's 1930 production at the Lyric , , John Gielgud played Jack to the Lady Bracknell of his aunt , Terry @-@ Lewis . Gielgud produced and starred in a production at the Globe ( now the Gielgud ) Theatre in 1939 , in a cast that included Edith Evans as Lady Bracknell , Joyce Carey as Gwendolen , Angela as Cecily and Margaret Rutherford as Miss Prism . The Times considered the production the best since the original , and praised it for its fidelity to Wilde 's conception , its " airy , responsive ball @-@ playing quality . " Later in the same year Gielgud presented the work again , with Jack Hawkins as Algy , Gwen @-@ Davies as Gwendolen and Peggy Ashcroft as Cecily , with Evans and Rutherford in their previous roles . The production was presented in several seasons during and after the Second World War , with mostly the same main players . During a 1946 season at the Haymarket the King and Queen attended a performance , which , as the journalist Geoffrey put it , gave the play " a final accolade of respectability . " The production toured North America , and was successfully staged on Broadway in 1947 . - As Wilde 's work came to be read and performed again , it was The Importance of Being Earnest that received the most productions . By the time of its centenary the journalist Mark Lawson described it as " the second most known and quoted play in English after Hamlet . " - For Sir Peter Hall 's 1982 production at the National Theatre the cast included Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell , Martin Jarvis as Jack , Nigel Havers as Algy , Zoë as Gwendolen and Anna Massey as Miss Prism . Nicholas 's 1993 production at the Aldwych Theatre , starring Maggie Smith , had occasional references to the supposed gay subtext . - In 2005 the Abbey Theatre , Dublin , produced the play with an all @-@ male cast ; it also featured Wilde as a character — the play opens with him drinking in a Parisian café , dreaming of his play . The Melbourne Theatre Company staged a production in December 2011 with Geoffrey Rush as Lady Bracknell . - In 2011 the Roundabout Theatre Company produced a Broadway revival based on the 2009 Stratford Shakespeare Festival production featuring Brian Bedford as director and as Lady Bracknell . It opened at the American Airlines Theatre on 13 January and ran until 3 July 2011 . The cast also included Dana as Miss Prism , Whitehead as Canon Chasuble , as Algernon , Paul O 'Brien as Lane , Charlotte Parry as Cecily , David as Jack and Sara as Gwendolen . It was nominated for three Tony Awards . - The play was also presented internationally , in Singapore , in October 2004 , by the British Theatre , and the same company brought it to London 's Greenwich Theatre in April 2005 . - - = = Synopsis = = - - The play is set in " The Present " ( i.e. 1895 ) . - - = = = Act I = = = - - Algernon Moncrieff 's flat in Half Moon Street , W - The play opens with Algernon Moncrieff , an idle young gentleman , receiving his best friend , John Worthing , whom he knows as Ernest . Ernest has come from the country to propose to Algernon 's cousin , Gwendolen Fairfax . Algernon , however , refuses his consent until Ernest explains why his cigarette case bears the inscription , " From little Cecily , with her love to her dear Uncle Jack . " ' Ernest ' is forced to admit to living a double life . In the country , he assumes a serious attitude for the benefit of his young ward , the Cecily , and goes by the name of John ( or , as a nickname , Jack ) , while pretending that he must worry about a younger brother named Ernest in London . In the city , meanwhile , he assumes the identity of the Ernest . Algernon confesses a similar deception : he pretends to have an invalid friend named Bunbury in the country , whom he can " visit " whenever he wishes to avoid an unwelcome social obligation . Jack refuses to tell Algernon the location of his country estate . - Gwendolen and her formidable mother Lady Bracknell now call on Algernon who Lady Bracknell in another room while Jack proposes to Gwendolen . She accepts , but seems to love him very largely for his professed name of Ernest . Jack accordingly resolves to himself to be " Ernest " . them in this intimate exchange , Lady Bracknell interviews Jack as a prospective . to learn that he was adopted after being discovered as a baby in a handbag at Victoria Station , she refuses him and forbids further contact with her daughter . Gwendolen , though , manages covertly to promise to him her love . As Jack gives her his address in the country , Algernon notes it on the cuff of his sleeve : Jack 's revelation of his pretty and wealthy young ward has motivated his friend to meet her . - - = = = Act II = = = - - The Garden of the Manor House , - Cecily is studying with her governess , Miss Prism . Algernon arrives , pretending to be Ernest Worthing , and soon charms Cecily . Long fascinated by Uncle Jack 's hitherto absent black sheep brother , she is to fall for Algernon in his role of Ernest ( a name she , like Gwendolen , is apparently particularly fond of ) . Therefore , Algernon , too , plans for the rector , Dr. Chasuble , to him " Ernest " . - Jack , meanwhile , has decided to abandon his double life . He arrives in full mourning and announces his brother 's death in Paris of a severe , a story undermined by Algernon 's presence in the guise of Ernest . - Gwendolen now enters , having run away from home . During the temporary absence of the two men , she meets Cecily , each woman declaring that she is the one engaged to " Ernest " . When Jack and Algernon reappear , their are exposed . - - = = = Act III = = = - - Morning @-@ Room at the Manor House , - Arriving in pursuit of her daughter , Lady Bracknell is astonished to be told that Algernon and Cecily are engaged . The revelation of Cecily 's trust fund soon Lady Bracknell 's initial doubts over the young lady 's suitability , but any engagement is forbidden by her guardian Jack : he will consent only if Lady Bracknell agrees to his own union with Gwendolen — something she declines to do . - The is broken by the return of Miss Prism , whom Lady Bracknell recognises as the person who , twenty @-@ eight years earlier , as a family , had taken a baby boy for a walk in a ( baby carriage ) and never returned . , Miss Prism explains that she had put the manuscript of a novel she was writing in the , and the baby in a handbag , which she had left at Victoria Station . Jack produces the very same handbag , showing that he is the lost baby , the elder son of Lady Bracknell 's late sister , and thus indeed Algernon 's elder brother . Having acquired such respectable relations , he is acceptable as a for Gwendolen after all . - Gwendolen , though , still insists that she can only love a man named Ernest . What is her fiancé 's real first name ? Lady Bracknell informs Jack that , as the first @-@ born , he would have been named after his father , General Moncrieff . Jack examines the army lists and discovers that his father 's name — and hence his own real name — was in fact Ernest . was reality all along . As the happy couples embrace — Jack and Gwendolen , Algernon and Cecily , and even Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism — Lady Bracknell complains to her newfound relative : " My nephew , you seem to be displaying signs of triviality . " " On the contrary , Augusta " , he replies , " I 've now realised for the first time in my life the vital importance of being Earnest . " - - = = Themes = = - - - = = = = = = - - Arthur Ransome described The Importance ... as the most trivial of Wilde 's society plays , and the only one that produces " that peculiar of the spirit by which we recognise the beautiful . " " It is " , he wrote , " precisely because it is consistently trivial that it is not ugly . " Ellmann says that The Importance of Being Earnest touched on many themes Wilde had been building since the 1880s — the of aesthetic poses was well established and Wilde takes it as a starting point for the two protagonists . While , An Ideal Husband and The Picture of Dorian Gray had dwelt on more serious wrongdoing , vice in Earnest is represented by Algy 's for sandwiches . Wilde told Robert Ross that the play 's theme was " That we should treat all trivial things in life very seriously , and all serious things of life with a sincere and studied triviality . " The theme is hinted at in the play 's ironic title , and " earnestness " is repeatedly alluded to in the dialogue , Algernon says in Act II , " one has to be serious about something if one is to have any amusement in life " but goes on to Jack for ' being serious about everything ' " . and corruption had haunted the double lives of Dorian Gray and Sir Robert ( in An Ideal Husband ) , but in Earnest the protagonists ' duplicity ( Algernon 's " " and Worthing 's double life as Jack and Ernest ) is undertaken for more innocent purposes — largely to avoid unwelcome social obligations . While much theatre of the time tackled serious social and political issues , Earnest is superficially about nothing at all . It " refuses to play the game " of other of the period , for instance Bernard Shaw , who used their characters to draw audiences to ideals . - - = = = As a satire of society = = = - - The play repeatedly mocks Victorian traditions and social customs , marriage and the pursuit of love in particular . In Victorian times earnestness was considered to be the over @-@ riding societal value , originating in religious attempts to reform the lower classes , it spread to the upper ones too throughout the century . The play 's very title , with its mocking paradox ( serious people are so because they do not see trivial comedies ) , introduces the theme , it continues in the drawing room discussion , " Yes , but you must be serious about it . I hate people who are not serious about meals . It is so shallow of them , " says Algernon in Act 1 ; allusions are quick and from multiple angles . - Wilde managed both to engage with and to mock the genre , while providing social commentary and offering reform . The men follow traditional rites , whereby admit their weaknesses to their prospective , but the they excuse are ridiculous , and the farce is built on an absurd confusion of a book and a baby . When Jack to Gwendolen during his marriage proposal it is for not being wicked : - : Gwendolen , it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth . Can you forgive me ? - : I can . For I feel that you are sure to change . - In turn , both Gwendolen and Cecily have the ideal of marrying a man named Ernest , a popular and respected name at the time . Gwendolen , quite unlike her mother 's methodical analysis of John Worthing 's suitability as a husband , places her entire faith in a Christian name , declaring in Act I , " The only really safe name is Ernest " . This is an opinion shared by Cecily in Act II , " I pity any poor married woman whose husband is not called Ernest " and they declare that they have been deceived when they find out the men 's real names . - Wilde embodied society 's rules and rituals into Lady Bracknell : minute attention to the details of her style created a comic effect of assertion by restraint . In contrast to her knowledge of the social distinctions of London 's street names , Jack 's obscure parentage is subtly evoked . He defends himself against her " A handbag ? " with the clarification , " The Brighton Line " . At the time , Victoria Station consisted of two separate but adjacent terminal stations sharing the same name . To the east was the & D Railway , on the west the up @-@ market & — the Brighton Line , which went to Worthing , the fashionable , expensive town the gentleman who found baby Jack was travelling to at the time ( and after which Jack was named ) . - - = = = homosexual subtext = = = - - It has been argued that the play 's themes of duplicity and are bound up with Wilde 's homosexuality , and that the play exhibits a " presence @-@ absence of … homosexual desire " . On re @-@ reading the play after his release from prison , Wilde said : " It was extraordinary reading the play over . How I used to toy with that Tiger Life . " As one scholar has put it , the absolute necessity for homosexuals of the period to " need a public mask is a factor contributing to the satire on social disguise . " - The use of the name Earnest may have been a homosexual in @-@ joke . In 1892 , three years before Wilde wrote the play , John Nicholson had published the book of poetry Love In Earnest . The Of Boys ' Names included the verse : " Though Frank may ring like silver bell / And Cecil softer music claim / They cannot work the miracle / – ' Tis Ernest sets my heart a @-@ flame . " The word " earnest " may also have been a code @-@ word for homosexual , as in : " Is he earnest ? " , in the same way that " Is he so ? " and " Is he musical ? " were employed . - Sir Donald , an actor who had met two of the play 's original cast ( Irene and Allan Aynesworth ) , and Lord Alfred Douglas , wrote to The Times to dispute suggestions that " Earnest " held any sexual connotations : - Although they had ample opportunity , at no time did any of them even hint that " Earnest " was a synonym for homosexual , or that " " may have implied homosexual sex . The first time I heard it mentioned was in the 1980s and I immediately consulted Sir John Gielgud whose own performance of Jack Worthing in the same play was legendary and whose knowledge of theatrical lore was . He replied in his ringing tones : " No @-@ No ! , absolute nonsense : I would have known " . - A number of theories have also been put forward to explain the derivation of Bunbury , and , which are used in the play to imply a secretive double life . It may have derived from Henry Shirley Bunbury , a acquaintance of Wilde 's youth . Another suggestion , put forward in 1913 by Aleister Crowley , who knew Wilde , was that Bunbury was a combination word : that Wilde had once taken train to , met a schoolboy there , and arranged a second secret meeting with him at Sunbury . - - = = Dramatic analysis = = - - - = = = Use of language = = = - - While Wilde had long been famous for dialogue and his use of language , ( 1988 ) argues that he achieved a unity and mastery in Earnest that was in his other plays , except perhaps . While his earlier comedies suffer from an resulting from the thematic clash between the trivial and the serious , Earnest achieves a pitch @-@ perfect style that allows these to dissolve . There are three different registers detectable in the play . The of Jack and Algernon — established early with Algernon 's exchange with his — betrays an underlying unity despite their differing attitudes . The formidable of Lady Bracknell are as startling for her use of and extravagance as for her disconcerting opinions . In contrast , the speech of Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism is distinguished by " precept " and " idiosyncratic diversion " . Furthermore , the play is full of and . Max Beerbohm described it as littered with " — witticisms unrelated to action or character " , of which he found half a dozen to be of the highest order . - Lady Bracknell 's line , " A handbag ? " , has been called one of the most malleable in English drama , lending itself to interpretations ranging from or to . Edith Evans , both on stage and in the 1952 film , delivered the line loudly in a mixture of horror , and . Channing , in the Gaiety Theatre , Dublin in 2010 , the line , in a critic 's words , " with a barely audible ' A handbag ? ' , rapidly swallowed up with a sharp intake of breath . An understated take , to be sure , but with such a well @-@ known play , packed full of witticisms and aphorisms with a life of their own , it 's the little things that make a difference . " - - = = = = = = - - Though Wilde deployed characters that were by now familiar — the lord , the overbearing , the woman with a past , the puritan young lady — his treatment is than in his earlier comedies . Lady Bracknell , for instance , embodies respectable , upper @-@ class society , but notes how her development " from the familiar overbearing into a and more disturbing character " can be traced through Wilde 's revisions of the play . For the two young men , Wilde presents not stereotypical stage " " but intelligent beings who , as Jackson puts it , " speak like their creator in well @-@ formed complete sentences and rarely use slang or vogue @-@ words " . Dr Chasuble and Miss Prism are characterised by a few light touches of detail , their old @-@ fashioned , and the Canon 's , down by Wilde during his many of the text . - - = = = Structure and genre = = = - - Ransome argues that Wilde freed himself by abandoning the melodrama , the basic structure which his earlier social comedies , and basing the story entirely on the Earnest / Ernest verbal . Now freed from " living up to any drama more serious than conversation " Wilde could now himself to a fuller extent with , @-@ , and that really had little to do with the business at hand . - The genre of the Importance of Being Earnest has been deeply debated by scholars and critics alike who have placed the play within a wide variety of genres ranging from parody to satire . In his critique of Wilde , Foster argues that the play creates a world where “ real values are inverted [ and ] , reason and are " . Similarly , Wilde 's use of dialogue mocks the upper classes of Victorian England lending the play a satirical tone . further that the use of farcical humour to mock the upper classes " merits the play both as satire and as drama " . - - = = Publication = = - - - = = = First edition = = = - - Wilde 's two final comedies , An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , were still on stage in London at the time of his prosecution , and they were soon closed as the details of his case became public . After two years in prison with hard labour , Wilde went into exile in Paris , sick and depressed , his reputation destroyed in England . In 1898 , when no @-@ one else would , Leonard Smithers agreed with Wilde to publish the two final plays . Wilde proved to be a , sending detailed instructions on stage directions , character listings and the presentation of the book , and insisting that a from the first performance be reproduced inside . Ellmann argues that the proofs show a man " very much in command of himself and of the play " . Wilde 's name did not appear on the cover , it was " By the Author of Lady Windermere 's Fan " . His return to work was brief though , as he refused to write anything else , " I can write , but have lost the joy of writing " . - On 19 October 2007 , a first edition ( number 349 of 1 @,@ 000 ) was discovered inside a handbag in an Oxfam shop in , Cheshire . Staff were unable to trace the donor . It was sold for £ 650 . - - = = = In translation = = = - - The Importance of Being Earnest 's popularity has meant it has been translated into many languages , though the pun in the title ( " Ernest " , a masculine proper name , and " earnest " , the virtue of steadfastness and seriousness ) poses a special problem for translators . The case of a suitable translation of the pun , perpetuating its sense and meaning , may have been its translation into German . Since English and German are closely related languages , German provides an equivalent adjective ( " ernst " ) and also a matching masculine proper name ( " Ernst " ) . The meaning and tenor of the wordplay are exactly the same . Yet there are many different possible titles in German , mostly concerning sentence structure . The two most common ones are " Bunbury oder ernst / Ernst ist " and " Bunbury oder es ist , ernst / Ernst " . In a study of Italian translations , Adrian found thirteen different versions using eight titles . Since wordplay is often unique to the language in question , translators are faced with a choice of either staying faithful to the original — in this case the English adjective and virtue earnest — or creating a similar pun in their own language . - Four main strategies have been used by translators . The first leaves all characters ' names unchanged and in their original spelling : thus the name is respected and readers reminded of the original cultural setting , but the of the pun is lost . Eva varied this source @-@ oriented approach by using both the English Christian names and the adjective earnest , thus preserving the pun and the English character of the play , but possibly straining an Italian reader . A third group of translators replaced Ernest with a name that also represents a virtue in the target language , favouring transparency for readers in translation over fidelity to the original . For instance , in Italian , these versions variously call the play L di Franco / / , the given names being respectively the values of honesty , , and loyalty . French offers a closer pun : " Constant " is both a first name and the quality of steadfastness , so the play is commonly known as De l d 'être Constant , though Jean Anouilh translated the play under the title : Il est important d 'être Aimé ( " Aimé " is a name which also means " beloved " ) . These translators differ in their attitude to the original English honorific titles , some change them all , or none , but most leave a mix partially as a compensation for the added loss of . Lastly , one translation gave the name an Italianate touch by rendering it as ; this work mixed proper from both languages . - - = = Adaptations = = - - - = = = Film = = = - - Apart from multiple " made @-@ for @-@ television " versions , The Importance of Being Earnest has been adapted for the English @-@ language cinema at least three times , first in 1952 by Anthony Asquith who adapted the screenplay and directed it . Michael ( Algernon ) , Michael Redgrave ( Jack ) , Edith Evans ( Lady Bracknell ) , Dorothy ( Cecily ) , Joan Greenwood ( Gwendolen ) , and Margaret Rutherford ( Miss Prism ) and Miles ( Canon Chasuble ) were among the cast . In 1992 Kurt Baker directed a version using an all @-@ black cast with Keith as Jack , Wren T. Brown as Algernon , Ann Weldon as Lady Bracknell , Chapman as Cecily , Chris Calloway as Gwendolen , as Miss Prism , and Peters as Doctor Chasuble , set in the United States . Oliver Parker , an English director who had previously adapted An Ideal Husband by Wilde , made the 2002 film ; it stars Colin Firth ( Jack ) , Rupert Everett ( Algy ) , Judi Dench ( Lady Bracknell ) , Reese Witherspoon ( Cecily ) , Frances O 'Connor ( Gwendolen ) , Anna Massey ( Miss Prism ) , and Tom Wilkinson ( Canon Chasuble ) . Parker 's adaptation includes the solicitor Mr. who pursues Jack to Hertfordshire ( present in Wilde 's original draft , but cut at the behest of the play 's first producer ) . Algernon too is pursued by a group of in the opening scene . - - = = = and musicals = = = - - In 1960 , Ernest in Love was staged Off @-@ Broadway . The Japanese all @-@ female musical theatre troupe Revue staged this musical in 2005 in two productions , one by Moon and the other one by Flower . - In 1963 , Erik Chisholm composed an opera from the play , using Wilde 's text as the libretto . - In 1964 , Gerd composed the musical Mein Bunbury based on the play , 1964 premiered at Theater Berlin . - According to a study by Robert , by 2002 there had been least eight adaptations of the play as a musical , though " never with conspicuous success " . The earliest such version was a 1927 American show entitled Oh Earnest . The journalist Mark comments , " The libretto of a 1957 musical adaptation , Half in Earnest , deposited in the British Library , is scarcely more encouraging . The curtain rises on Algy strumming away at the piano , singing ' I can play , Lane ' . Other songs include — almost — ' A I Must Go ' . " - Gerald Barry created the 2011 opera , The Importance of Being Earnest , commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Centre in London . It was premiered in Los Angeles in 2011 . The stage premiere was given by the Opéra national de Lorraine in Nancy , France in 2013 . - - = = = Radio and television = = = - - There have been many radio versions of the play . In 1925 the BBC broadcast an adaptation with Hesketh Pearson as Jack Worthing . Further broadcasts of the play followed in 1927 and 1936 . In 1977 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast the four @-@ act version of the play , with Drake as Lady Bracknell , Richard as Jack , Jeremy Clyde as Algy , Maurice Denham as Canon Chasuble , Sylvia Coleridge as Miss Prism , Barbara Leigh @-@ Hunt as Gwendolen and Scales as Cecily . The production was later released on CD . - To commemorate the centenary of the first performance of the play , Radio 4 broadcast a new adaptation on 13 February 1995 ; directed by Glyn , it featured Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell , Michael as Lane , Michael Sheen as Jack Worthing , Martin as Algernon Moncrieff , John as Canon Chasuble , Miriam as Miss Prism , Samantha Bond as Gwendolen and Amanda Root as Cecily . The production was later issued on audio cassette . - On 13 December 2000 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new adaptation directed by Howard Davies starring as Lady Bracknell , Simon Russell as Jack Worthing , Julian as Algernon Moncrieff , Geoffrey Palmer as Canon Chasuble , Celia as Miss Prism , Victoria Hamilton as Gwendolen and Emma Fielding as Cecily , with music composed by Dominic . The production was released on audio cassette . - A 1964 commercial television adaptation starred Ian Carmichael , Patrick , York , Fielding , Pamela Brown and Irene . - BBC television transmissions of the play have included a 1974 Play of the Month version starring Coral Browne as Lady Bracknell with Michael , Julian Holloway , Gemma Jones and Celia . Stuart directed another adaptation in 1986 with a cast including Gemma Jones , Alec , Paul and Joan Plowright . - It was adapted for Australian TV in 1957 . - - = = = Commercial recordings = = = - - Gielgud 's performance is preserved on an EMI audio recording dating from 1952 , which also captures Edith Evans 's Lady Bracknell . The cast also includes Roland Culver ( Algy ) , Jean ( Miss Prism ) , Pamela Brown ( Gwendolen ) and Celia Johnson ( Cecily ) . - Other audio recordings include a " Theatre " version from 1953 , directed and narrated by Margaret Webster , with a cast including Maurice Evans , Watson and Mildred ; a 1989 version by California Artists Radio Theatre , featuring Dan O Nolan , Les and Richard ; and one by L.A. Theatre Works issued in 2009 , featuring Charles Busch , James and Andrea Bowen . - - - = Lloyd Mathews = - - Sir Lloyd William Mathews , , CB ( 7 March 1850 – 11 October 1901 ) was a British naval officer , politician and abolitionist . Mathews joined the Royal Navy as a cadet at the age of 13 and progressed through the ranks to lieutenant . He was involved with the Third Anglo @-@ War of 1873 – 4 , afterwards being stationed in East Africa for the suppression of the slave trade . In 1877 he was seconded from the navy to Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar in order to form a European @-@ style army ; he would remain in the employment of the government of Zanzibar for the rest of his life . His army quickly reached 6 @,@ 300 men and was used in several expeditions to suppress the slave trade and rebellions against the Zanzibar government . - Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in 1881 and was appointed Brigadier @-@ General of Zanzibar . There followed more expeditions to the African mainland , including a failed attempt to stop German expansion in East Africa . In October 1891 Mathews was appointed First Minister to the Zanzibar government , a position in which he was " by the sultan " . During this time Mathews was a keen abolitionist and promoted this cause to the Sultans he worked with . This resulted in the prohibiting of the slave trade in Zanzibar 's dominions in 1890 and the abolition of slavery in 1897 . Mathews was appointed the British Consul @-@ General for East Africa in 1891 but declined to take up the position , remaining in Zanzibar instead . Mathews and his troops also played a key role in the ending of the Anglo @-@ Zanzibar War of 1896 which erupted out of an attempt to bypass the requirement that new Sultans must be by the British consul . During his time as first minister Mathews continued to be involved with the military and was part of two large campaigns , one to Witu and another to Mwele . - Mathews was decorated by several governments , receiving appointments as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George , Companion of the Order of the Bath and as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George from the British government and membership in the Prussian Order of the Crown . Zanzibar also rewarded him and he was a member of the Grand Order of and a first class member of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar . Mathews died of malaria in Zanzibar on 11 October 1901 . - - = = Early life and career = = - - Mathews was born at on Madeira on 7 March 1850 . His father , Captain William Matthews was Welsh , and his mother Jane Wallis Penfold , was the daughter of William Penfold and Sarah Gilbert . Her sister , Augusta Jane née Penfold was the author of a famous book about the flora and fauna of Madeira , which is now in the Natural History Museum . Mathews became a cadet of the Royal Navy in 1863 and was appointed a on 23 September 1866 . From 1868 he was stationed in the Mediterranean but his first active service was during the Third Anglo @-@ War of 1873 – 4 where he qualified for the campaign medal . He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 March 1874 . On 27 August 1875 Mathews was posted to HMS London , a depot ship and the Royal Navy headquarters for East Africa , to assist in the suppression of the slave trade in the area . Whilst he drilled his own troops , captured several slave and was commended for his actions by the Admiralty . - - = = Commander in Chief of Zanzibar = = - - In August 1877 , Mathews was seconded from the Navy to Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar to form a European @-@ style army which could be used to enforce Zanzibar 's control over its mainland possessions . The army had traditionally been composed entirely of Arabs and Persians but Mathews opened up recruitment to the African majority on the island and had 300 recruits in training by the end of the year . In addition , Mathews employed some unorthodox recruitment methods such as purchasing slaves from their masters , using inmates from the prison and recruiting from Africans rescued from the . In June 1877 , at the instigation of John Kirk , the explorer and friend of the Sultan , the British government sent a shipment of 500 modern rifles and ammunition as a gift with which to arm the troops . Mathews introduced a new uniform for the troops consisting of a red cap , short black jackets and white trousers for the enlisted ranks and dark blue coats and trousers with gold and silver for the Arab officers . The latter was possibly modelled on the Royal Navy officers uniform with which he was familiar . The army grew quickly ; by the 1880s Mathews would command 1 @,@ 300 men , his forces eventually numbering 1 @,@ 000 regulars and 5 @,@ 000 . - One of the first tasks for the new army was to suppress the smuggling of slaves from on the mainland to the island of Pemba , north of Zanzibar . The troops completed this mission , capturing several and hindering the trade . Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in June 1881 and was appointed Brigadier @-@ General of Zanzibar . In 1880 , the Sultan dispatched a military force under Mathews to bring his unruly African mainland territories under control . Mathews ' expedition was initially intended to reach but his men refused to march inland and , when made to do so , deserted in large numbers . The expedition ended instead at where a 60 @-@ man garrison was established . This had been reduced to a mere handful of men by the mid @-@ 1880s but the expedition proved that the Sultan was serious about maintaining control of all of his possessions . Mathews ' men were also involved in several expeditions to halt the land @-@ based slave trade which had developed once the seas became too heavily for the traders . - In 1881 Mathews ' old vessel , the HMS London , was captained by Charles J Brownrigg . This vessel and her crew made several patrols aimed at hindering the slave trade using smaller steam boats for the actual and captures . On December 3 , 1881 , they caught up with a slave dhow captained by Hindi bin . This dhow had around 100 slaves on board and was transporting them between Pemba and Zanzibar . Captain Brownrigg led a boarding party to release the slaves but bin 's men then attacked the sailors , killing Brownrigg and his party before sailing away . Mathews led a force to on Pemba and , after a short battle , took a mortally wounded bin prisoner before returning to Zanzibar . - Mathews returned to the African mainland territories once more in 1884 when he landed with a force which intended to establish further garrisons there to dissuade German territorial claims . This attempt ultimately failed when five German warships steamed into Zanzibar Town harbour and threatened the Sultan into signing away the territories which would later form German East Africa . Further territories were ceded to the German East Africa Company in 1888 but unrest amongst the locals against them prevented them from taking control and Mathews was dispatched with 100 men to restore order . Finding around 8 @,@ 000 people gathered against the German administrators Mathews was forced to return with his men to Zanzibar . He landed once again with more troops but found himself subject to death threats and that his troops would not obey his orders and so returned again to Zanzibar . - - = = First Minister = = - - In October 1891 , upon the formation of the first constitutional government in Zanzibar , Mathews was appointed First Minister , despite some hostility from Sultan Ali bin Said . In this capacity Mathews was " by the sultan " and only to the Sultan and the British Consul . His position was so strong that one missionary on the island is quoted as saying that his powers defied " analytical examination " and that Mathews really could say " L 'état est " ( I am the state ) . Mathews was also known as the " Strong man of Zanzibar " . The principal departments of government were mostly run by Britons or British Indians and Mathews ' approval was required before they could be removed from office . Mathews was rewarded by the Zanzibar government for his role with his appointment as a first class member of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar , which he was granted licence by Queen Victoria to accept and wear on 17 May 1886 . Mathews used his position to suppress slavery in the country and in 1889 convinced the Sultan to issue a decree purchasing the freedom of all slaves who had taken refuge in his dominions and , from 1890 , the prohibiting the slave trade . On 1 February 1891 Mathews was appointed Her Majesty 's Commissioner and Consul @-@ General to the British of Influence in East Africa . He never took up the post and instead chose to remain in Zanzibar . - Mathews was rewarded for his service in Zanzibar by the British government which appointed him a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1889 . Despite becoming renowned in East Africa as a man who ran a fair administration and was strict with criminals , with effective British rule and his halting of the slave trade led some Arabs to petition the Sultan for his removal in 1892 . In 1893 Mathews purchased the island of for the government . He intended it to be used as a prison but it never housed prisoners and was instead used to quarantine yellow fever cases before its present use as a conservation area for giant . Mathews was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1894 . He was also awarded membership of the Order of the Crown by the German government . - Matters came to a head when Khalid bin Barghash attempted to take control of the palace in Zanzibar Town upon the death of his uncle in August 1896 , despite failing to gain the consent of the British consul there . Mathews opposed this succession and , with British agreement , called up 900 soldiers in an attempt to prevent it . This situation eventually led to the Anglo @-@ Zanzibar War and Mathews , with the support of Admiral Harry Rawson and five vessels of the Royal Navy , bombarded the palace and secured the end of Khalid 's administration . Mathews ' helped to arrange the succession of a pro @-@ British Sultan , bin Mohammed , as Khalid 's successor . Mathews continued his reforms after the war , abolishing slavery in 1897 and establishing new farms to grow produce using Western techniques . He was appointed a member of the Grand Order of of Zanzibar and was permitted to accept and wear the decoration on 25 August 1897 . - - = = Military expeditions = = - - - = = = Mwele = = = - - In addition to the smaller @-@ scale expeditions described earlier , Mathews embarked on two much larger expeditions to the African mainland during his tenure as first minister , the first at Mwele . The initial rebellion in the area had been led by Mbaruk bin Rashid at Gazi , which Mathews had put down with 1 @,@ 200 men in 1882 . However , in 1895 Mbaruk 's nephew , Mbaruk bin Rashid , refused to acknowledge the appointment of a new leader at . This led to open rebellion at in February of that year when the younger Mbaruk attacked Zanzibari troops under Arthur , one of Mathews ' officers . Mathews was part of an Anglo @-@ Zanzibari expedition sent to quell it , which consisted of 310 British sailors , 50 Royal Marines , 54 Sudanese and 164 Zanzibari troops . was destroyed and the leaders fled to Gazi where the older Mbaruk failed to turn them over . Another force , under Admiral Rawson , with 400 British marines and sailors , was sent after them . This further expedition failed to capture the and a third expedition was organised by Rawson with 220 sailors , 80 marines , 60 Sudanese and 50 , which destroyed Mwele . During the latter action Mathews was wounded in the shoulder . - - = = = Witu = = = - - Following the death of a German who had been operating illegally , the Sultan of Zanzibar and the British government dispatched an expedition on 20 October 1890 to bring the Sultan of Witu to justice . Nine warships and three transports carrying 800 sailors and marines , 150 Imperial British East Africa Company ( IBEA ) Indian police , 200 Zanzibari and 50 Sudanese troops were sent , defeating the Sultan and establishing a British protectorate . The IBEA was given control of the area and established a force of 250 Indian police to maintain the peace . The police were withdrawn in July 1893 following threats of violence from the new Sultan of Witu , Oman , and another expedition was dispatched to the region . This consisted of three warships : HMS Blanche , HMS and the Zanzibari ship . The latter carried Mathews with 125 and 50 Sudanese under Brigadier @-@ General of the Zanzibar army . - Mathews and an escort force went to Witu where , on 31 July , they removed the flag of the IBEA company and replaced it with the red flag of Zanzibar , before destroying several villages and causing Oman to retreat into the forests . The British troops then withdrew , having suffered heavily from malaria , but the Sudanese and Zanzibari troops remained . A further expedition was sent of 140 sailors and 85 other troops but Oman died soon after and a more sultan , Omar bin , was appointed to govern on behalf of Zanzibar , bringing the affair to a close . In return for this action , Mathews received the British East and West Africa campaign medal . - - = = Later life = = - - Mathews died of malaria in Zanzibar on 11 October 1901 and was buried with full military honours in the British cemetery outside Zanzibar Town . His successor as first minister was Rogers . island , which Mathews bought for a prison , now has a restaurant named in his honour and also a church . Mathews House , at the Western end of Zanzibar Town , is also named for him . - - - = HMS Boreas ( ) = - - HMS Boreas was a B @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy around 1930 . Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , she was transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936 . The ship then patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the arms blockade during the first year of the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 39 . She spent most of World War II on convoy escort duties in the English Channel and the North Atlantic , based at Dover , Gibraltar , and Freetown , Sierra Leone . Boreas also served two brief tours with the Mediterranean Fleet and participated in Operation , the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily . She was loaned to the Royal Hellenic Navy the next year after conversion into an escort destroyer . She was renamed Salamis and served in the Aegean for the rest of the war . Salamis became a training ship after the war until she was returned to Britain and scrapped in 1951 . - - = = Description = = - - Boreas displaced 1 @,@ 360 long tons ( 1 @,@ 380 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 790 long tons ( 1 @,@ 820 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 32 feet 3 inches ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 3 inches ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers . Boreas carried a maximum of 390 long tons ( 400 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 4 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 900 km ; 5 @,@ 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 134 officers and enlisted men , although it increased to 142 during wartime . - The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Boreas had two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on a platform between her funnels . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . The ship was fitted with a Type 119 set to detect submarines through sound waves into the water that would reflect off the submarine . - By October 1940 , the ship 's AA armament was increased when the rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 @.@ 2 mm ) ( 12 @-@ pounder ) AA gun and ' Y ' gun was removed to compensate for the additional depth charges added . Boreas was converted to an escort destroyer in late 1943 with the replacement of the 12 @-@ pounder high @-@ angle gun with additional depth charge stowage . The 2 @-@ pounder mounts were replaced during the war by 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon . Four additional Oerlikon guns were added in the forward superstructure for a total of six guns . - - = = Construction and service = = - - The ship was ordered on 22 March 1929 from Palmer 's at , under the 1928 Naval Programme . She was laid down on 22 July 1929 , and launched on 11 June 1930 , as the fourth RN ship to carry this name . Boreas was completed on 21 February 1931 at a cost of £ 221 @,@ 156 , excluding items supplied by the Admiralty such as guns , ammunition and communications equipment . After her commissioning , she was assigned to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla with the Mediterranean Fleet until September 1936 when it was transferred to Home Fleet . Her service in the Mediterranean was uneventful until shortly before she returned home when Boreas evacuated civilians at the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 . After a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until 26 September , she made multiple deployments off the coast of Spain in 1937 and 1938 . On 6 March 1938 , She rescued survivors of the torpedoed Nationalist heavy cruiser off Cartagena , Spain with the destroyer . Upon her return the following month , the ship began a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until 11 June . Boreas escorted the royal yacht Victoria and Albert during the Royal Tour of Scotland from 26 July to 4 August . The ship escorted the battleship Revenge and the ocean liner Aquitania in September during the Munich Crisis . She remained with the 4th Destroyer Flotilla until April 1939 . Boreas briefly served as a plane guard for the aircraft carriers of the Home Fleet later that year . - The ship was assigned to the 19th Destroyer Flotilla on the start of the war and spent the first six months on escort and patrol duties in the English Channel and North Sea . While assisting the damaged minesweeper on 4 February 1940 in the Moray Firth , Boreas 's stern was damaged and she required repairs that lasted until the following month . The ship was attached to the 12th Destroyer Flotilla on 29 March until she was damaged in a collision with her sister ship Brilliant on 15 May . Her repairs lasted until 19 June and Boreas was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla at Dover upon their completion . On 25 July , the ship engaged German E @-@ boats off Dover Harbour together with Brilliant and was badly damaged by German Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers after she was ordered to withdraw . Her bridge was hit twice by bombs that killed one officer and twenty crewmen . Boreas was under repair at Dock until 23 January 1941 ; she was lightly damaged by bomb splinters on 19 January . Around 1941 , she was fitted with a Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar . - After working up , the ship was briefly assigned to Western Approaches Command on escort duties before she was transferred to the 18th Destroyer Flotilla at Freetown , Sierra Leone , where she arrived on 28 April . Boreas remained there until she joined Convoy 70 on 10 August at Gibraltar . The ship rescued survivors from four ships and returned them to Gibraltar on 25 August . She received a lengthy refit at South Shields from 19 September to 4 January 1942 , after which rejoined the 18th Destroyer Flotilla on 25 January . - Boreas remained on escort duty in the Eastern Atlantic until she arrived in Alexandria , Egypt on 11 November after escorting a convoy around the Cape of Good Hope . She was immediately assigned to escort the ships of Operation that relieved the Siege of Malta . The ship remained in the Mediterranean until January 1943 before she was briefly assigned to the 13th Destroyer Flotilla at Gibraltar . Boreas returned to Freetown in February and remained there until June when she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in preparation for Operation . She was converted into an escort destroyer in Liverpool from September 1943 to February 1944 . As part of the conversion , a Type 271 target indication radar was installed above the bridge that replaced her director @-@ control tower and rangefinder and her Type 286 radar was replaced by a Type 290 . - The ship was loaned to the Royal Hellenic Navy on 10 February and recommissioned by them on 25 March as Salamis . She was damaged while working up at Scapa Flow and was under repair at Hull from 28 April to 13 June . Salamis was assigned to escort duty at Gibraltar until October when she was transferred to the Aegean where she served with the 12th ( Greek ) Destroyer Flotilla for the rest of the war . The ship was used as a training ship after the war until she was returned to the Royal Navy at Malta on 9 October 1951 . Salamis arrived at Rosyth under tow on 15 April 1952 to be broken up by Metal Industries , Limited . - - - = Kaimanawa horse = - - Kaimanawa horses are a population of feral horses in New Zealand that are descended from domestic horses released in the 19th and 20th centuries . They are known for their and quiet temperament . The New Zealand government strictly controls the population to protect the habitat in which they live , which includes several endangered species of plants . The varying heritage gives the breed a wide range of heights , body patterns and colours . They are usually well @-@ muscled , sure @-@ footed and tough . - Horses were first reported in the Kaimanawa Range in 1876 , although the first horses had been brought into New Zealand in 1814 . The feral herds grew as horses escaped and were released from sheep stations and cavalry bases . Members of the herd were recaptured by locals for use as riding horses , as well as being caught for their meat , hair and hides . The herd declined as large scale farming and forestry operations on their ranges , and only around 174 horses were known to exist by 1979 . The Kaimanawa herd was protected by the New Zealand government in 1981 , and there were 1 @,@ 576 horses in the herd by 1994 . A small , mostly unmanaged population also exists on the Peninsula at the northern tip of the North Island . have been carried out annually since 1993 to manage the size of the herd , removing around 2 @,@ 800 horses altogether . The Kaimanawa population is listed as a herd of special genetic value by the United Nations ' Food and Agricultural Organization , and several studies have been conducted on the herd dynamics and habits of the breed . - - = = History = = - - The first horses were introduced to New Zealand by Protestant missionary Reverend Samuel in December 1814 , and wild horses were first reported in the Kaimanawa Range in central North Island of New Zealand in 1876 . The Kaimanawa breed descended from domestic horses that were released in the late 19th century and early 20th century in the middle of the North Island around the Kaimanawa mountains . Between 1858 and 1875 , Major George Carlyon imported ponies to Hawkes Bay and crossed them with local stock to produce the Carlyon . These Carlyon ponies were later crossed with two Welsh stallions , Caesar and Comet , imported by Sir Donald McLean , and a breed known as the Comet resulted . At some point during the 1870s , McLean released a Comet stallion and several mares on the Plains and the bloodline apparently became part of the wild Kaimanawa population . Other horses were added to the bloodline through escapes and releases from local sheep stations and from cavalry units at Waiouru that were threatened with a epidemic . It is also thought that in the 1960s Nicholas released an Arabian stallion into the Valley region . - Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries , horses were harvested from the feral herds and used as riding and stock horses , as well as being used for their meat , hair and hides . Originally there were many herds that roamed land owned by the British Crown and the native Māori , but many were eradicated with the intensification of large scale farming and forestry operations combined with increased mechanization that decreased the need for stock horses . Kaimanawa horses today have the highest amount of genetic similarity with the Thoroughbred and other Thoroughbred cross breeds . - from land development and an encroaching human population reduced the range and the number of the Kaimanawa horses , and in 1979 it was found that only about 174 horses remained . Starting in 1981 , the Kaimanawa population , range size , and herd movements began to be officially measured , and a protected area was formed for the breed in the Waiouru Military Training Area . Legislative protection was similar to the and other native species . There was a rapid increase in the herd size following the protection of the breed , and 1 @,@ 576 horses were known to exist in the area by 1994 . There is also a small population of horses on the Peninsula at the northern tip of the North Island , which is mostly unmanaged by the New Zealand government . In 2008 , the Kaimanawa herds were the focus of a novel called Kaimanawa Princess , by . - - = = characteristics = = - - Many characteristics of the Comet type are said to be shown in the Kaimanawa horses today , although the varied gene input has produced a wide range of sizes , colours , and body types among the wild horses . The Kaimanawa breed varies widely in general appearance , with heights ranging between 12 @.@ 2 and 15 hands ( 50 and 60 inches , 127 and 152 cm ) high . Any coat colour or pattern marking is acceptable . They are usually well @-@ muscled . Their feral way of life has given them the ability to adapt quickly and live on very little , and they are usually sure @-@ footed and tough . They have a medium @-@ sized head in good proportion to their body , with wide variation in shape due to the different conformation of their ancestors . Kaimanawa horses have a short , deep neck with a thick throat area , straight shoulders , a deep girth , and a short to medium back . The vary from sloping to well @-@ rounded . The legs are long and well @-@ muscled , with strong hooves , and hind hooves that are generally smaller than the front ones . All horses are considered to age a year on the first of August , regardless of their actual date . - - = = Population control and study = = - - Due to the increase in population after protective legislation was put into place , the Department of Conservation developed a management plan for the Kaimanawa herd in 1989 and 1990 . A draft plan was made available to the public for comment in 1991 , and the public made it clear that it objected to herd reduction through shooting from helicopters , and instead favored the horses remaining alive after being removed from the herd . However , core animal welfare groups felt that shooting was the most humane option . Trial were conducted in 1993 , 1994 and 1995 , and were successful , although costly and with a limited demand for the captured horses . - In 1994 , a working party was established to look at the management of the Kaimanawa herd . They aimed to decide which organization was in charge of long term management , to ensure that the treatment of horses is humane , to preserve and control the best attributes of the herds , and to eliminate the impacts of the herds on other conservation priorities . Goals included ensuring the welfare of the horses , protecting natural ecosystems and features that the Kaimanawa herd may impact and keeping the herd at a sustainable level . Ecological objectives included ensuring that Kaimanawa horse does not adversely affect endangered , rare and significant plants ; ensuring that the herd does not further the ecosystems in which it lives ; and preventing the herd from spreading into the Kaimanawa Forest Park and the National Park . Herd objectives included ensuring that the public was safe from horses , while still allowing and improving public access to the herd and ensuring humane treatment of the horses ; reducing conflict between the herd and other ecological values and land uses ; and ensuring that the herd is contained to a population that is by the ecosystems in which they live while still maintaining a minimum effective population that is in general free ranging . - The Department of Conservation has since 1993 carried out annual and muster of to keep the herd population around a target level of 500 horses . The target will be reduced to 300 horses in stages starting in 2009 . These horses are either taken directly to slaughter or are placed at holding farms for later slaughter or adoption by private homes . A main reason for the strict population control is to protect the habitat in which they live . This habitat includes 16 plant species listed as endangered , which the Kaimanawa may endanger further through and . These plants include herbs , grasses , sedges , flowers and ; among these are ( a very rare grass ) , ( a vulnerable mistletoe ) and ( a possibly locally extinct sand iris ) . The 2009 culling of the population removed 230 horses from the herd , the largest culling since the beginning of the program , with homes found for 85 % of the horses removed . Conservation of these horses is an important matter to the public , and between 1990 and 2003 the New Zealand Minister for Conservation received more public comments on the Kaimanawa horse than on any other subject . In this period , more than 1 @,@ 400 requests for information and letters were received , with public interest peaking in 1996 and 1997 . This was due to a program of population reduction by shooting scheduled to begin implementation in 1996 ; due to public opposition the shooting was cancelled and a large scale muster and adoption program began in 1997 . In 1997 , around 1 @,@ horses were removed from the range and adopted , reducing the main herd to around 500 , and reducing their range to around 25 @,@ 000 ha from around 70 @,@ 000 . Since 1993 , a total of around 2 @,@ 800 horses have been removed from the range . Only one injury resulting in the death of a horse is known to have occurred . - The United Nations ' Food and Agricultural Organization lists the Kaimanawa horses as a herd of special genetic value that can be compared with other groups of feral horses such as New Forest ponies , ponies , wild Mustangs , and with free @-@ living . are of special value because of their low rate of interaction with humans . This lack of interaction may result in a herd with more wild and fewer domestic characteristics , which is of special interest to researchers . Between 1994 and 1997 , students from Massey University studied a population of around 400 Kaimanawa horses to learn their habits and herd dynamics . A 2000 study found that although sometimes there are more than two stallions in Kaimanawa horse herds , only the two stallions highest in the herd hierarchy mate with the herd females . This differs from other feral horse herds , some of which have only one stallion that mates with mares , while others have several stallions that sire foals . - - - = The Remix ( Lady Gaga album ) = - - The Remix is a remix album by American recording artist Lady Gaga . Released in Japan on March 3 , 2010 , it contains remixes of the songs from her first studio album , The Fame ( 2008 ) , and her third extended play , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . A revised version of the track list was prepared for release in additional markets , beginning with Mexico on May 3 , 2010 . A number of recording artists have produced the songs , including Pet Shop Boys , Passion Pit and The Sound of Arrows . The remixed versions feature both uptempo and compositions , with altered vocals from Gaga . - The album received mixed reviews from contemporary critics , but some noted how Gaga was able to sell the songs from The Fame in new and novel ways . It reached the top of charts in Greece and the Dance / Electronic Albums chart of Billboard magazine in the United States . In other nations , The Remix charted within the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia region ) , Canada , Ireland , Japan , Mexico , the United Kingdom and the Billboard 200 chart of United States , while reaching the top @-@ twenty in others . It was certified platinum in Japan and Brazil and received gold certification in Belgium and Russia . Worldwide the album has sold over 500 @,@ 000 copies , and it is among the best @-@ selling remix albums of all time . - - = = Background = = - - On April 15 , 2010 , The Guardian reported that a number of artists , including Pet Shop Boys , Passion Pit and rock musician Marilyn Manson , have contributed to a remix album by Lady Gaga , titled The Remix . The remixes included in the package had been previously released alongside Gaga 's single releases in the past years . The album was originally released in Japan on March 3 , 2010 , containing sixteen of the remixes . The revised version , consisting of seventeen remixes , was released on May 3 , 2010 , the first market being Mexico . Manson features on the Chew Fu remix of " LoveGame " , while Passion Pit remixed " Telephone " and Pet Shop Boys remixed " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " . Other artists who remixed Gaga 's songs included , , Stuart Price , Monarchy and to Mars . The album was released in the United Kingdom on May 10 , 2010 and featured a different artwork for that region . The US release of the album was announced by Interscope Records in July 2010 and it was released on August 3 , 2010 . - - = = Composition = = - - Chuck Campbell from the California Chronicle felt that the main " trick " adopted by the producers behind The Remix , was to preserve the integrity of Gaga 's nuances in her songs , at the same time bringing something new to her music . The second song in the track list , the " vs Radio Mix " of " Poker Face " , features a computerized chanting of the " mum @-@ mum @-@ mum @-@ " hook of the song . Stuart Price remixed " " into an electronic version , changing the original mid @-@ tempo composition of the song . New vocals were added on top of the song , giving it a jungle @-@ like vibe , according to from Phoenix New Times . She also felt that the remix of " LoveGame " featuring Manson , changed the original composition by " giving the originally innocent and fun song an almost demonic quality " . According to Campbell , The Monarchy remix of " Dance in the Dark " " pump [ ed ] extra " into the song , with addition of drum beats . Richard 's remix of " Just Dance " introduced an elastic rhythm in the song , while changed the soft composition of " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " to a more upbeat one , also manipulating Gaga 's vocals in the process . Campbell also added that the Passion Pit remix of " Telephone " felt like a " theatrical set up for a song that feels like it 's going somewhere , but never does " ; the remix consists of synths , with a thumping beat accompanying the song . Sound of Arrows remixed " Alejandro " , changing the dark nature of its music into a bright , jam while " Bad " was remixed by , making it a complete dance track . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Upon its release , the album met with mixed reviews . At Metacritic it holds an aggregate score of 54 out of 100 points , indicating generally mixed or average reviews . Simon Cage from the Daily Express gave the album three out of five stars and felt that although she " has a winning way with hats " , Gaga 's true talent lies in selling the same album over and over again . " It ’ s great but ... enough already ! " Music critic J. D. , while reviewing the album for The Globe and Mail , complimented the piano and voice version of " Poker Face " adding that the latter was " the track on her newest remix album " . He felt that the song " brings out her inner Elton John . And yes , this move , too , is probably just another bit of calculated image management , but that doesn ’ t make it any less brilliant . " Robert Copsey from Digital Spy noted that the release of The Remix was a more natural progression than music labels trying to " cash @-@ in " by releasing something not associated with the artist . He complimented the featured in the album , calling them " as vital to keeping the singer 's music fresh as her Haus Of designers are to her image . " - Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars , but felt that the track list could have been shortened . Erlewine complimented some of the remixes , including those by Pet Shop Boys and Space , adding that The Remix " is not an essential addition to Gaga ’ s canon goes without saying ... but there ’ s and glamour to enjoy here . " Mark , reviewing the album for Bloomberg Television , noticed that the already familiar tracks from Gaga " are given a new by the Pet Shop Boys and sometime Madonna producer Stuart Price . " from Phoenix New Times gave a positive review saying that the songs featured in The Remix can be a great addition during , as well as staple dance floor music . She listed the Chew Fu remix of " LoveGame " as a highlight from the album . Monica Herrera from Billboard complimented the album saying " Gaga has employed a collection of more @-@ than @-@ capable producers to make her dance @-@ ready smashes from The Fame and The Fame Monster even more . " Giving it three out of five stars , from Rolling Stone noted an uneven sequencing among the tracks in The Remix . She felt that the Passion Pit remix of " Telephone " was the best remix on the album . - - = = Chart performance = = - - Following the album 's release in Japan , it debuted at number nine on the Oricon Albums Chart . On the issue dated May 17 , 2010 , the album moved to a new peak of number seven and has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 250 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , The Remix entered the ARIA Albums Chart at its peak position of number 12 on May 16 , 2010 , remaining on the chart for a total of five weeks . In the United Kingdom , the album debuted at number three on the official UK Albums Chart dated May 22 , 2010 , and has sold 166 @,@ 440 copies according to the Official Charts Company , being certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Across Europe , the album debuted at seven on the European Top 100 Albums chart of Billboard . The Remix also reached the top of the charts in Greece , while attaining top @-@ ten positions in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Czech Republic , Ireland , the Netherlands and New Zealand . - In the United States , The Remix charted at number six on the Billboard 200 dated August 21 , 2010 , with 39 @,@ 000 copies sold . It became Gaga 's third top ten album on the Billboard 200 . It also debuted at number one on Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Albums making this Gaga 's third number one entry on the chart . The same week , her studio albums The Fame and The Fame Monster were at positions two and three respectively . Billboard chart manager Keith noted that Gaga became the first act to occupy the chart 's top three positions , in its nine @-@ year history . She additionally charted on the Billboard 200 with The Fame at number 12 and The Fame Monster at number 27 , marking the first time an artist placed three concurrent titles in the top 30 since 1993 , when Garth Brooks last achieved the feat on the January 23 , 1993 , chart by placing four sets in the top 30 : The Chase at number two , Beyond the Season at number 23 , ' the Wind at number 26 and No at number 29 . According to Nielsen SoundScan , The Remix has sold 314 @,@ 000 copies in US as of April 2016 . In Canada , the album debuted at number five on the Canadian Albums Chart issue dated May 22 , 2010 , and remained on the chart for a total of ten weeks . The Remix has sold more than 500 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , and it is among the best @-@ selling remix albums of all time . - - = = Track listings = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes of UK pressings of The Remix . Track numbers correspond to international ( non @-@ US and Japan ) pressings . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Architecture of the Song dynasty = - - The architecture of the Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) was noted for its towering Buddhist pagodas , enormous stone and wooden bridges , lavish tombs , and extravagant palaces . Although literary works on architecture existed beforehand , architectural writing during the Song dynasty , into a more professional form that described dimensions and working materials in a , organized manner . In addition to the examples still standing , depictions in Song artwork , architectural drawings , and illustrations in published books all aid modern historians in understanding the architecture of the period . - The professions of architect , master craftsman , carpenter , and structural engineer did not have the high status of the Confucian scholar @-@ officials during the dynastic era . Architectural knowledge had been passed down orally for thousands of years , usually from craftsman fathers to their sons . There were also government agencies and schools for construction , building , and engineering . The Song dynasty 's building manuals aided not only the various private workshops , but also the craftsmen employed by the central government . - - = = City and palace = = - - The layout of ancient Chinese capitals , such as Bianjing , capital of the Northern Song , followed the guidelines in Gong Ji , which specified a square city wall with several gates on each side and passageways for the emperor . The outer city of ancient Bianjing was built during the reign of Emperor to a rectangular plan , almost square in proportions , about 6 km ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from north to south and 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) from west to east . The south wall had three gates , with Gate in the center , Gate to the east , and Gate to the west . The other walls had four gates each : in the east wall were Gate ( at the southern end ) , Gate , Gate , and North @-@ East Water Gate ; in the west wall Gate , West Water Gate , Gate , and Gate ; and in the north wall Gate ( at the eastern end ) , Gate , New Wild Gate and Gate . The gates in the center of each of the four sides were reserved for the emperor ; these gates had straight passages and only two sets of doors , while the other city gates had passages and were guarded by three sets of doors . - The Song artist Zhang 's painting Along the River During the Festival depicts the Gate in detail : the building on top had a five @-@ roof with a shallow slope in the Song dynasty style , supported prominently by two sets of brackets ( dougong ) . The lower bracket assembly rested on the city gate to form a wooden foundation , while the upper assembly supported the roof , similar to the dougong in an extant Song building , the Goddess Temple in Taiyuan . This method of using bracket assemblies to support superstructure was specified in Li Jie 's 12th @-@ century building manual Yingzao Fashi as ( literally " flat base " ) . - The city wall itself was built with rammed earth , a technique also detailed in Yingzao Fashi , vol . III , " Standards for , and Work " : - Foundation : For every square chi , apply two dan of earth ; on top of it lay a mixture of broken brick , tile and crushed stones , also two dan . For every five @-@ cun layer of earth , two men , standing face to face , should tamp six times with , each man pounding three times on a dent ; then tamp four times on each dent , two men again standing face to face , each pounding twice on the same dent ; then tamp two more times , each man pounding once . Following this , tamp the surface with or stamp with feet randomly to even out the surface . Every five @-@ cun layer of earth should be compressed to three cun ; every three @-@ cun layer of brick and stone to one and a half cun . - @-@ earth walls during this time were tapered : the thickness of the wall is greatest at the base and decreases steadily with increasing height , as detailed in Li Jie 's book . - During the Song dynasty , the city of Bianjing had three enclosures : the outer city wall , the inner city wall , and the palace at the center . The inner city was rectangular , with three doors on each side . The palace enclosure was also rectangular , with a watch tower on each of the four corners . It had four main gates : Gate to the west , Gate to the east , Gate to the north , and Xuande Gate , also known as Gate or , at the south . Xuande Gate had five @-@ doors , painted red and decorated with gold ; its walls were lavishly decorated with dragon , and floating @-@ cloud patterns to match the carved beams , painted and glazed @-@ tile roof . There were also two glazed , each biting an end of the ridge , its tail pointing to the sky . The symbolic function of these chi wei was explained in Yingzao Fashi : - There is a dragon in the East Sea , whose tail ( wei ) is similar to that of a sparrow @-@ hawk ( chi ) ; it up waves and causes rainfall , so people put its likeness on the to prevent fire . However , they it " sparrow @-@ hawk tail " ( chi wei ) . - Running southward from Xuande Gate was the Imperial Boulevard , about two hundred paces wide , with the Imperial on either side . opened shops in the until , when they were banned . Two rows of black fencing were placed at the center of the boulevard as a barrier to pedestrians and carriages . Along the inner sides of the fences ran the brick @-@ lined Imperial Water , filled with lotus . About 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) south from Xuande Gate , the River intercepted the Imperial Boulevard , which crossed it over the stone Zhou Bridge , and flat @-@ . This design of a boulevard with a stone bridge crossing a river was later imitated in the Forbidden City . During spring and summer , peach , plum , pear and apricot trees adorned the banks of the with a variety of flowers . - - = = Buddhist pagodas = = - - Following the reign of the Han dynasty , ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , the idea of the Buddhist stupa entered Chinese culture , as a means to house and protect . During the Southern and Northern period , the distinctive Chinese pagoda was developed , its predecessors being the tall watch towers and towering residential apartments of the Han dynasty ( as inferred from models in Han @-@ era tombs ) . During the ( – 618 ) and Tang ( 618 – 907 ) periods , Chinese pagodas were developed from purely wooden structures to use articulated stone and brick , which could more easily survive fires caused by lightning or and were less susceptible to decay . The earliest brick pagoda that remains extant is the Pagoda , built in 523 , and a typical example of a Tang @-@ era stone pagoda is the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda , constructed in . Although Buddhist influences on China after the late Tang period , numerous Buddhist pagoda towers were built during the Song dynasty . Chinese pagodas were often built in the countryside rather than within a city 's walls , largely to avoid competition with the cosmic @-@ imperial authority embodied in the cities ' and gate @-@ towers . The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda , built in a city ward of what was southeastern Chang 'an , is among the exceptions . - The Iron Pagoda of Temple in Kaifeng earned it name from the iron @-@ grey color of the glazed bricks forming the tower . Originally built of wood by the architect Yu Hao , it was struck by lightning and burned down in 1044 , during the Northern Song period . In the pagoda was rebuilt as it appears today , under the order of Emperor of Song . This 13 @-@ story pagoda , structured on an octagonal base , is 56 @.@ 88 meters ( 186 @.@ 6 ft ) tall . Its glazed tile bricks feature carved artwork of dancing figures , solemn ministers , and Buddhist themes ( see gallery below ) . - The period also featured true cast @-@ iron pagodas , such as the Iron Pagoda of Temple ( Jade Springs Temple ) , , Hubei Province . Built in , it incorporates 53 @,@ kg ( 118 @,@ 715 lb ) of cast iron and stands 21 @.@ 28 m ( 69 @.@ 8 ft ) tall . contemporary wooden , stone , and brick pagodas , the pagoda features sloping eaves and an octagonal base . Another iron pagoda was constructed in 1105 , , Shandong , and was cast layer by layer in octagonal sections , standing 78 feet high . Several such cast iron pagodas exist in China today . - The Pagoda , or Six Pagoda , is another example of Song @-@ era pagoda architecture . It is located in the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou , in Zhejiang Province , at the foot of Hill facing the River . Although the original was destroyed in 1121 , the current tower was erected in and fully restored by 1165 . It stands 59 @.@ 89 m ( 196 @.@ 5 ft ) tall , and was constructed from a red brick frame with 13 stages of wooden eaves . Because of its size , the pagoda served as a permanent lighthouse to aid sailors at night ( as described in Hangzhou Fu ) . - The Temple Pagoda in County of Sichuan Province ( near ) is a brick pagoda that was built between 1023 and , according to inscriptions running along its first storey . It has a square base on a pedestal , thirteen stories totaling 28 m ( 92 ft ) in height , and multiple layers of eaves similar in style to the earlier Tang pagodas of Chang 'an , the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda . - Wood @-@ and @-@ brick hybrid pagodas were also built . The first four floors of the octagonal , 42 m ( 138 ft ) Pagoda of are brick ( with wooden eaves ) , while from the fifth floor up it is entirely made of wood . Even pagodas made of stone or brick featured architectural elements that were typical of Chinese wooden buildings ; for example the Pizhi Pagoda , built from to 1063 , uses the dougong brackets typical of wooden architecture to hold up , roofs and tiers . Both of these pagodas feature interior staircases , although the Pagoda 's only reaches to the fourth floor , and the Pizhi Pagoda 's to the fifth . However , the Pizhi Pagoda features winding exterior stairs that provide access to the ninth and topmost floor . - Although the Pagoda of Temple is the tallest extant wooden pagoda , the tallest Chinese pagoda built in the dynastic era that remains standing is the Pagoda . Completed in , it is 84 meters ( 276 ft ) tall , with an octagonal base on a large platform , surpassing the 69 @-@ meter ( 226 ft ) Pagoda , which had held the record since its construction in the 9th century by the Kingdom of . Although the Pagoda served its religious purpose as a Buddhist landmark in the Monastery of County , Hebei province , its great height gave it another valuable function , as a military watch tower that was used to observe movements of the Liao enemy . Beside their utility in surveillance , pagoda towers could also serve as astronomical observatories ; one such is the Astronomical Observatory , built in and still standing today . - pagoda - - = = Temples = = - - It was not uncommon for wealthy or powerful families to facilitate the construction of large temple complexes , usually by a portion of their family estate to a Buddhist sect . Often the land already contained buildings that could be re @-@ for religions use . The Fei ( ) family of the town of , located just west of Shanghai , converted a mansion on their property into a Buddhist @-@ hall , and later built several other religious buildings around the hall . This spurred a boom in temple construction in the area , causing to become a major center of the White Lotus sect of Buddhism , which in turn spurred the construction of more temples and lead the town to become a significant location within the Song . The nearby town of gained prominence shortly after the fall of the Song in large part to the construction of temples and other religious buildings , which spanned the entire Song empire . - Apart from the development of urban areas , temples and religious buildings featured a number of unique aesthetic and structural features . The Temple of the Saintly Mother ( ) and the Hall of of the Jin Temple ( ) , located in a southeastern suburb of Taiyuan City , Shanxi province , are extant examples of early Song architecture . The Temple of the Saintly Mother is the main building of the Jin Temple , first built in the period between 1023 and and renovated in 1102 . It has a double @-@ roof with nine ridges , and two dragon @-@ heads with wide @-@ open jaws biting the ends of the main ridge . The roof is supported by massive dougong brackets corresponding to drawings in Yingzao Fashi . The eaves of the Temple of the Saintly Mother curve upward slightly at each end , a characteristic of Song architecture . The columns of the façade , decorated with that coil around the shafts , become progressively taller with increasing distance to either side of the central pair . The building has a porch around it , the sole example of such a structure ; another unique feature of the site is a cross @-@ shaped bridge that leads to the Goddess Temple . - The Trinity Hall of Xuan Temple ( ) , situated in the heart of city , is another example of Song architecture . In 1982 , it was established as a National Heritage Site by the Chinese government . - The Jingling Palace ( , Jingling Gong ) , a temple to the legendary Yellow Emperor located near modern @-@ day Qufu , was built in the 11th century . It was subsequently destroyed near the end of the Yuan dynasty . However , several other structures in Shou Qiu , the complex that Jingling Palace was situated in , remain intact . Two giant tortoise @-@ borne flank what was the entrance to the palace . One of the two , the of the of 10 @,@ 000 , is at 52 meters ( 171 ft ) high , the tallest unmarked stele in the country . A large pyramid constructed of rounded stone blocks , the symbolic tomb of the Yellow Emperor 's son , is located outside the Shou Qiu complex . Another important large tortoise @-@ borne stele of the same period has been preserved at the Dai of Mount Tai . - - = = Bridges = = - - Bridges over waterways had been known in China since the ancient Zhou dynasty . During the Song dynasty , large bridges were constructed , such as that built by Zhang in . There were also large bridges made entirely of stone , like the Ba Bridge of Shaoxing , built in and still standing today . Bridges with pavilions crowning their central spans were often featured in such paintings as the landscapes of Xia Gui ( – 1224 ) . Long , covered corridor bridges , like the 12th @-@ century Rainbow Bridge in , province , which has wide stone @-@ based piers and a wooden superstructure , were also built . - While serving as an administrator for Hangzhou , the poet Su Shi ( – 1101 ) had a large pedestrian causeway built across the West Lake , which still bears his name : ( ) . In 1221 , the Taoist traveler Qiu visited Genghis Khan in , describing various Chinese bridges encountered on the way there through the Shan Mountains , east of . The historian Joseph quotes him as saying : - [ The road had ] " no less than 48 timber bridges of such width that two carts can drive over them side by side " . It had been built by Chang Jung [ Zhang ] and the other engineers of the some years before . The wooden of Chinese bridges from the − 3rd century [ BC ] onwards were no doubt similar to those supposed to have been employed in Julius Caesar 's bridge of − 55 [ BC ] across the Rhine , or drawn by Leonardo , or found in use in Africa . But where in + 13th century [ AD ] Europe could a two @-@ lane highway like Chang Jung 's have been found ? - In Fujian Province , enormous beam bridges were built during the Song dynasty . Some of these were as long as 1 @,@ 220 m ( 4 @,@ 000 ft ) , with individual spans of up to 22 m ( 72 ft ) in length ; their construction necessitated moving massive stones of 203 t ( 203 @,@ 000 kg ) . No names of the engineers were recorded or appear in the inscriptions on the bridges , which give only the names of local officials who sponsored them and oversaw their construction and repair . However , there might have been an engineering school in Fujian , headed by a prominent engineer known as Cai ( 1012 – ) , who had risen to the position of governmental prefect in Fujian . Between and 1059 , he planned and supervised the construction of the large Bridge ( once called the Luoyang Bridge ) near ( on the border of the present @-@ day District and Huai 'an County . This bridge , a stone structure similar to a number of other bridges found in Fujian , still stands , and features ship @-@ like piers bound to their bases using from as an . It is 731 m ( 2 @,@ 398 ft ) in length , 5 m ( 16 ft ) in width , and 7 m ( 23 ft ) in height . Another famous bridge near , the Bridge , was constructed between 1138 and . - Other examples of Song bridges include Bridge , a stone arch bridge in , Zhejiang Province . The bridge was built in 1213 , the sixth year of the Era in the Southern Song dynasty . Song @-@ era bridges include the Bridge , 400 m ( 1 ⁄ 4 mi ) long , which may still be seen today . - - = = of the Northern Song emperors = = - - Located southwest of city in County , Henan province , the large tombs of the Northern Song number about one thousand , including individual tombs for Song emperors , , princes , , consorts , and members of the extended family . The complex extends approximately 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) from east to west and 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) from north to south . The construction of the complex began in AD , during the reign of the first Song ruler , Emperor of Song , whose father is also buried at the site . The only Northern Song emperors not buried there are Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song , who died in captivity after the Jurchen invasion of northern China in 1127 . the spirit ways of the tomb complex are hundreds of Song sculptures and statues of tigers , rams , lions , horses with , horned and mythical creatures , government officials , military generals , foreign ambassadors , and others featured in an enormous display of Song @-@ era artwork . - The layout and style of the Song tombs resemble those found in the contemporary kingdom of the Western Xia , which also had an auxiliary burial site associated with each tomb . At the center of each burial site is a truncated pyramidal tomb , each having once been guarded by a four @-@ walled enclosure with four centered gates and four corner towers . About 100 km ( 62 mi ) from is the Tomb , which contains " elaborate in brick of Chinese timber frame construction , from door to pillars and to bracket sets , that adorn interior walls . " The Tomb has two large separate chambers with conical ceilings ; a large staircase leads down to the entrance doors of the subterranean tomb . - - = = Literature = = - - During the Song dynasty , previous works on architecture were brought to more sophisticated levels of description , as in , written by Li in AD . One of the most definitive works , however , was the earlier Mu Jing ( " Manual " ) , ascribed to Yu Hao and written sometime between 965 and 995 . Yu Hao was responsible for the construction of a wooden pagoda tower in Kaifeng , which was destroyed by lightning and replaced by the brick Iron Pagoda soon after . In his time , books on architecture were still considered a scholarly achievement due to the craft 's status , so Mu Jing was not even recorded in the official court bibliography . Although the book itself was lost to history , the scientist and statesman Shen wrote of Yu 's work extensively in his Dream Pool Essays of , praising it as a work of architectural genius , saying that no one in his own time could reproduce such a work . Shen singled out , among other passages , a scene in which Yu Hao gives advice to another @-@ architect about struts in order to a pagoda against the wind , and a passage in which Yu Hao describes the three sections of a building , the area above the , the area above ground , and the foundation , and then proceeds to provide proportional ratios and construction techniques for each section . - Several years later Li Jie ( ; 1065 – ) published Yingzao Fashi ( " on Architectural Methods " or " State Building Standards " ) . Although similar books came before it , such as ( " National Building Law " ) of the early Tang dynasty ( 618 – 907 ) , Li 's book is the earliest technical manual on Chinese architecture to have survived in full . - - = = = Yingzao Fashi = = = - - Yingzao Fashi is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by Li Jie , an architect and official at the Directorate of Buildings and Construction . Li completed the book in 1100 , and presented it to Emperor of Song in the last year of his reign . His successor , Emperor Huizong of Song , had Li 's treatise officially published three years later , in 1103 , for the benefit of , architects , and literate craftsmen . The book was intended to provide standard regulations , to not only the engineering agencies of the central government , but also the many workshops and families throughout China who could benefit from using a well @-@ written government manual on building practices . - Yingzao Fashi included building codes and regulations , accounting information , descriptions of construction materials , and classification of crafts . In its 34 chapters , the book outlined units of measurement , and the construction of , fortifications , stonework , and woodwork . For the latter , it included specifications for making units with inclined arms and joints for columns and beams . It also provided specifications for wood carving , drilling , , bamboo work , , wall building , and decoration . The book contained recipes for decorative paints , , and coatings , also listing proportions for mixing mortars used in masonry , . brickwork , and manufacture of glazed tiles , illustrating practices and standards with drawings . His book outlined structural carpentry in great detail , providing standard dimensional measurements for all components used ; . here he developed a standard eight @-@ grade system for timber elements , known as the @-@ system of units , which could be universally applied in buildings . About 8 % of Li Jie 's book was derived from pre @-@ existing written material on architecture , while the majority of the book documented the inherited traditions of craftsmen and architects . The Yingzao Fashi provided a full of technical terms that included mathematical formulae , building proportions , and construction techniques , and discussed the implications of the local topography for construction at a particular site . He also estimated the monetary costs of hiring laborers of different skill levels from various crafts on the basis of a day 's work , in addition to the price of the materials they would need and according to the season in which they were to be employed . - - = = Architecture in Song artwork = = - - - - = Lost Horizons ( Lemon Jelly album ) = - - Lost Horizons is the second studio album from the British electronic duo Lemon Jelly , released on 7 October 2002 . Released by Recordings and produced by Nick Franglen , the album generated two charting singles in the UK , " Space Walk " and " Nice Weather for Ducks " ; the latter has often been called the album 's stand @-@ out track . The album , which is built around a mix of organic instrumentation and idiosyncratic samples , was met with largely positive reviews by music critics , although it was somewhat critiqued due to its near @-@ constant . - In the United Kingdom , Lost Horizons peaked at number 20 on the Official Albums Chart , whereas in the United States , it peaked at number 24 on Billboard 's Top Electronic Albums component chart . The album 's two singles , " Space Walk " and " Nice Weather for Ducks " , were also successful , peaking on the UK Singles Chart , at number 36 and 16 respectively . The album , was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2003 , was eventually certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments exceeding 100 @,@ 000 copies . - - = = Music = = - - Lost Horizons opens with " Elements " , which " blends acoustic guitars , , synths , rhythms , a harmonica , and ... a falsetto ' doo @-@ doo ' chorus " . the music is a , courtesy of English actor John Standing , that lists the basic ' elements ' that make up the world : ash , metal , water , wood , fire , and ( eventually , later in the song ) sky . The second track , " Space Walk " , is set to a recording of Ed White 's 1965 space walk on the Gemini 4 mission . Franglen and Deakin chose to use the sample after listening to an album called Flight to the Moon ( 1969 ) ; the two were struck by how moving and emotive many of the tracks were . Deakin later said , " ' One small step ' leaves me cold , because it was so obviously scripted . But the … even after hearing it so many times , it 's so vivid . " - " Ramblin ' Man " features a conversation between an interviewer ( the voice of Michael Deakin — father of Lemon Jelly 's Fred Deakin ) and " John the Ramblin ' Man " ( the voice of Standing ) , during which he lists various places from around the world , ranging from " from small Sussex villages to major world capitals . " When listed in the order in which the locations are narrated , the message " All Things " is spelled out midway through the song ( from Brixton at four minutes ten seconds , to San José at four minutes 31 seconds ) using the first letter of each location . The fourth track , " Return to " , features several jazz @-@ inspired elements . - The song " Nice Weather for Ducks " is built around a sample inspired by John Langstaff 's song " All the Ducks " . This song was based on the popular Dutch children 's song , " in water " ( translated : " All the ducks are swimming in the water " ) . Franglen later said that he and Deakin were drawn to Langstaff 's recording because it " had a gentle madness to it , slightly " . The duo had attempted to clear Langstaff 's version for sampling , but were unable to . In the end , they had re @-@ record the vocal . Franglen , while noting that 's performance was good , said that once the sample was re @-@ recorded , its " edge disappeared " . " Experimental Number 6 " , arguably the album 's track , features a faux field recording of a doctor documenting the side effects of an unnamed drug administered to a patient ; the recording tells how the patient progresses from normalcy , to an " overwhelming sense of well @-@ being and euphoria " , before eventually expiring . The album closes with " The Curse of Ka " , which features " a two @-@ part harmony chorus and drum loop " . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical Reviews = = = - - Lost Horizons received mostly positive reviews from music critics , although several critics critiqued the album 's near @-@ constant . Stuart Mason of AllMusic called the album " a delightful but slightly faceless blend of lounge pop , subtle beats , found sound , with mellow jazz influences . " A reviewer for praised the band for approaching electronica from a new angle , writing , " this London @-@ based duo employ pianos , acoustic guitars and beats to create laid @-@ back guaranteed to even the most restless of souls . [ ... ] What really marks Lemon Jelly as exciting new talents is their quirky sense of humour , which they use to up their sound with skilful [ sic ] use of nursery rhymes , brass bands and samples . Pascal of The Guardian wrote , " Everything is and purely crafted , but Lost Horizons cheats with some choice : Magnificent Seven strings , astronauts , panoramic sound effects . " Chris Dahlen of Pitchfork Media felt that the album was a little too saccharine at times , but that it is " the perfect disc to throw on after your four @-@ disc Dub Groove Mix has put the whole party to sleep . It 's like eight of ribbon candy , beach balls hitting the ground like hail , and a big plastic clown face that blows helium . " - Many reviews singled out " Nice Weather for Ducks " as the album 's stand @-@ out track . Mason selected the " , acoustic guitar @-@ based " song as one of the album 's highlights in his review . Dahlen described it as " the most likeable " on the album , and concluded that it is " a happy @-@ of a song that nicely sums this record up : , bright , and vaguely irritating . " wrote , " When the arrives on ' Nice Weather for Ducks ' it is impossible to believe there is any evil in the world . " Conversely , several critics felt that " Experiment Number Six " did not fit with the mood of the rest of the album . called it a " pool of darkness " that " comes as quite a shock . " Dahlen felt that the song is " is the only break in the [ album 's ] mood . " While he enjoyed the song 's concept , calling it " so different and sinister that it 's more intriguing than the rest of the album " , he felt that it was " displaced . " Hermann , on the other hand , called the track " clever " and " " with " music ... so well crafted that [ the concept ] works " . - - = = = Sales and accolades = = = - - In the UK , the album charted at number 20 on the Albums Chart . In the US , it peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart . In both cases , it was the first Lemon Jelly album to do so . The album 's two singles , " Space Walk " and " Nice Weather for Ducks " , also managed to chart on the UK Singles Chart , at number 36 and 16 respectively . Again , this was a first for the band . On 20 December 2002 the album was certified Silver . Almost six months later , on 22 July 2013 , it was certified gold , denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 . In 2003 , the album was nominated for a Mercury Music Prize , although the album lost to Rascal 's Boy in da Corner . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - - = = Charts = = - - - = Fastra II = - - The Fastra II is a desktop supercomputer designed for . It was built in late 2009 by the ASTRA ( All Scale Reconstruction Antwerp ) group of researchers of the ( institute for Technology ) at the University of Antwerp and by Belgian computer shop Tones , in collaboration with Asus , a Taiwanese multinational computer product manufacturer , as the successor to the Fastra I ( built in 2008 ) . - The Fastra II was determined to be over three times faster than the Fastra I , which in turn was slightly faster than a 512 @-@ core cluster . However , because of the number of GPUs in the computer , the system initially suffered from several issues , like the system refusing to reboot and due to a lack of space between the video cards . - - = = Development = = - - The computer was built as a researching and demonstration project by the ASTRA group of researchers at the Vision Lab in the University of Antwerp in Belgium , one of the researchers being . Unlike other modern such as the Jaguar and the IBM Roadrunner , which cost millions of euros , the Fastra II only uses consumer hardware , costing € 6 @,@ 000 in total . - The Fastra II 's predecessor , the Fastra I , has 4 dual @-@ GPU GeForce video cards , for a total of 8 GPUs . At that time , the ASTRA group needed a motherboard that had four PCI Express x16 slots with double @-@ spacing between each of them . The only such motherboard the ASTRA group could find at that time was the Platinum , which has four such slots . In 2009 , the Asus motherboard , which the Fastra II uses , was released , which has seven PCI Express x16 slots . The Fastra II has six faster dual @-@ GPU GeForce GTX 295 video cards , and a single @-@ GPU GeForce GTX 275 , for a total of 13 GPUs . In the Fastra II , the GPUs mainly perform reconstruction . The technique which allows GPUs to perform general @-@ purpose tasks like this outside of gaming , instead of , is called , general @-@ purpose computing on graphics processing units . - caused by the lack of space between the video cards forces researchers using the II to keep the side panel door open , so that the video cards can get regular air , decreasing the overall temperature inside the case . - Due to the number of GPUs in the system , its initial boot was unsuccessful . This was because its motherboard uses a 32 bit BIOS , which only had approximately 3 GB of address space for the video cards . However , Asus managed to provide them a specialized BIOS that entirely the address space allocation of the GTX 295 video cards . The BIOS @-@ replacement was not tested . - All seven PCI Express x16 slots in the Asus motherboard were used in the building of the Fastra II computer . However , the video cards in the Fastra II are wide enough to require two such slots each . To solve this issue , the researchers came up with flexible PCI Express cables , and Tones developed a custom cage which allowed the video cards to suspend over the motherboard . - - = = Specifications and benchmarks = = - - Like the Fastra I , the Fastra II uses a Li PC @-@ case , which has 10 expansion slots . The motherboard in the Fastra II was at that time the only motherboard that had seven full @-@ sized PCI Express x16 slots . The memory were initially six 2 GB , but were later upgraded to 4 GB each , for a total of 24 GB . Instead of an eighth dual @-@ GPU video card , the single @-@ GPU GTX 275 is in the computer because , out of all the video cards in the Fastra II , the GTX 275 is the only one the Fastra II 's BIOS can fully . The total amount of GPUs is 13 . The video cards together bring 12 of computing power . Four of the six GTX 295 video cards have 2 , while the other two have only 1 . - According to the benchmarks on its official website , the Fastra II is faster and more power efficient than its competitors , including the Fastra I and the video card . The benchmarks were performed on the Fastra II , the Fastra I , a 512 @-@ core cluster ( consisting of ) , an card on an Intel Core 940 , and on an Intel Core 940 itself . The Fastra II is over three times faster than the Fastra I in CT slice reconstruction speed . Although the Fastra II consumes more power than the Fastra I , it 's nearly 3 times as energy efficient as the Fastra I , and over 300 times as energy efficient as the 512 @-@ core cluster . The video cards run at 37 degrees when idle , and at 60 degrees at full load . - - = = Applications and reception = = - - The operating system is , a community driven Linux distribution and Red Enterprise Linux clone . The Fastra II received a positive public impression . called it the " world 's most powerful desktop @-@ sized supercomputer " , describing it as a computer with " so much power in such a small space . " News Net called it " the Most Powerful Desktop " . - Fastra II relies on 's Link ( ) and is therefore limited to the number of GPUs supported by it and also by the respectively the free and open @-@ source device drivers . The Fastra II 's motherboard is designed for , and it is mainly being used in hospitals for medical imaging . - It remains to be seen whether another Fastra featuring , first available with Pascal @-@ based GPUs , will be build . - - - = USS Breese ( DD @-@ 122 ) = - - USS Breese ( DD – 122 ) was a Wickes class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I , and later redesignated , DM @-@ 18 in World War II . She was the only ship named for Captain Breese . - Commissioned as a destroyer in 1919 , she undertook a number of patrol and training duties along the East Coast of the United States until being decommissioned in 1922 . in 1931 , she returned to service with the United States Pacific Fleet on training and patrol for the next 10 years . She was present during the attack on Pearl Harbor , and following this she supported several operations during the war , laying minefields and sweeping for mines in the Pacific . Following the end of the war , she was sold for scrap in 1946 and broken up . - - = = Design and construction = = - - Breese was one of 111 Wickes @-@ class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919 . She , along with ten of her sisters , were constructed at Newport News Shipbuilding shipyards in Newport News , Virginia using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works . - She had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 213 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 194 long tons ; 1 @,@ 337 short tons ) an overall length of 314 feet 5 inches ( 95 @.@ 83 m ) , a beam of 31 feet 8 inches ( 9 @.@ 65 m ) and a draught of 9 feet 4 inches ( 2 @.@ 84 m ) . On trials , Harding reached a speed of 33 @.@ 2 knots ( 61 @.@ 5 km / h ; 38 @.@ 2 mph ) . She was armed with four 4 " / 50 caliber guns , two 3 " / 23 caliber guns , and twelve 21 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . She had a regular crew complement of 122 officers and enlisted men . She was driven by two Parsons or Westinghouse turbines , and powered by four boilers . - on Breese 's performance are not known , but she was one of the group of Wickes @-@ class destroyers known unofficially as the ' Liberty Type ' to differentiate them from the destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem , which used Curtis steam turbines and boilers . The Bethlehem destroyers deteriorated badly in service , and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy . performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy , with most only able to make 2 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 600 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) instead of the design standard of 3 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 700 km ; 3 @,@ 600 mi ) at 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . The class also suffered problems with turning and weight . Ships such as Breese , however , performed better than this . - Breese was the only U.S. Navy ship to be named for Breese , who had been a U.S. Navy officer during the Mexican @-@ American War and later the Civil War . - - = = Service history = = - - - = = = period = = = - - Breese was launched on 11 May 1918 out of Newport News , Virginia . She was sponsored by Gilbert , daughter of Breese ; and commissioned 23 October 1918 under the command of Lieutenant B. Smith . After her commissioning , she reported to the United States Atlantic Fleet and cruised for several days as an escort for convoys supporting World War I , before the end of the conflict on 11 November . Returning to Norfolk , Virginia at the end of the war , she was assigned to Destroyer Division 12 and served off the coast of Cuba on training exercises during the spring of 1919 . In July 1919 , Destroyer Division 12 was assigned to the United States Pacific Fleet , based at San Diego , California . For the next year , she served with Destroyer Squadron 4 and , from June 1920 , began operating in Reserve . From October 1920 to June 1922 , she participated in division maneuvers and fleet maneuvers with the Pacific Fleet 's main battle force , and she was placed out of commission 17 June 1922 . - On 5 January 1931 , Breese was redesignated as a light , with the hull classification symbol of DM @-@ 18 . Following an overhaul and conversion at Mare Island Navy Yard , she was recommissioned on 1 June 1931 . She then returned to San Diego for sea trials and tests in her new role . These completed , she departed for Pearl Harbor . She was assigned to Mine Division 1 of the Pacific Fleet , and operated out of Hawaiian waters . She conducted several training exercises , including with the submarine divisions where she served as a target ship . She also served as a station ship for aircraft . She returned to San Diego in June 1937 , and placed out of commission and in reserve on 12 November 1937 . On 25 September 1939 , Breese was again recommissioned and assigned to Mine Division 5 of the Pacific Fleet . On 2 November 1939 , she arrived at Puget Sound Navy Yard and began to conduct Patrol off the Oregon and Washington coasts . Throughout 1940 , she cruised to different bases along the coastline of Alaska with the commander of the Sector aboard . Upon returning , she rejoined Mine Division 5 in San Francisco and steamed for Hawaii , returning there on 10 December 1940 . Attached to Mine Division 2 in the Pacific Fleet , she took part in training exercises in the operating area and on the Maui range during much of 1941 . - - = = = World War II = = = - - On 7 December 1941 , Breese was moored in the Middle Loch , northwest of Ford Island . She was moored to Buoy D @-@ 3 alongside a nest of three other which were also converted Wickes destroyers ; Ramsay , Montgomery , and Gamble . At the outbreak of the attack , her crew was distracted by the initial assault on Ford Island and was by a flight of Nakajima torpedo bombers . Breese quickly loaded her machine guns and began firing at 07 : 57 . She and many of the other ships in the area were quickly able to a strong anti @-@ aircraft defense which lasted throughout the morning . She was credited with hits on several Japanese aircraft and damaging at least one submarine . Breese was undamaged in the attack . - Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , she remained berthed in the harbor until leaving on 26 December , carrying mail and orders for other ships . She rendezvoused with at the mouth of the harbor to this , then steamed east on patrol . - On 6 May 1942 , she took on 84 survivors of the carrier Yorktown which had sunk in the aftermath of the Battle of Midway . During the summer of 1942 , she operated out of the South Pacific On 3 August 1942 , she , along with minesweepers Gamble and Tracy , were laying mines in Channel , Santo . Destroyer Tucker entered the on escort patrol , having not been notified of the minefield , when she struck one of the mines and sank . Breese , which was moored in the channel , rendered aid . On 30 September 1942 , she was on a nighttime exercise off Santo when she was damaged in a collision with the cruiser San Francisco . She carried out duties during the consolidation of the Solomon Islands from 1 – 13 May 1943 , where she was assigned to Task Group 36 @.@ 5 alongside Gamble , , and Radford . They laid mined in Strait to guard the western approaches to Gulf . - She supported Allied efforts around New Georgia @-@ from 29 June to 25 August . to Task Unit 36 @.@ 2 @.@ 2 , she , and Gamble laid mines off Harbor , . She then supported the occupation and defense of Cape conducting duties there from 1 to 8 November . She later supported the landings from 12 to 24 October 1944 . She was subsequently among the ships to support the Gulf landings from 4 to 18 January 1945 . She supported the Battle of Iwo Jima from 7 February to 7 March . She undertook mine duties supporting the Battle of Okinawa between 25 March and 30 June . In her final act of the war , she steamed in support of the United States Third Fleet near mainland Japan between 5 and 31 July . In August and September 1945 Breese swept mines in the East China Sea and @-@ Korean area following the end of the war . - On 7 November 1945 , Breese steamed to the west coast arriving 26 November . She the Panama Canal and arrived at New York City on 13 December . She was decommissioned on 15 January 1946 and sold for scrap on 16 May 1946 . She received ten battle stars for her service in World War II . - - - = Sandwich Day = - - " Sandwich Day " is the fourteenth episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the thirty @-@ fifth episode overall . It was written by one of the season 's executive producers , Robert Carlock , and one of the season 's co @-@ executive producers , Jack Burditt . The episode was directed by one of the season 's producers , Don . The episode first aired on May 1 , 2008 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode included Bill , Brian , , May , Jason Sudeikis , Miriam and . The episode earned Tina Fey the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . - Unusually this episode begins on the 30 Rock title sequence - there is no cold open as is normally the case . - This episode begins on the annual TGS with Tracy Jordan ( a fictional sketch comedy series ) Sandwich Day . Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) receives a phone call from her ex @-@ boyfriend , Floyd ( Jason Sudeikis ) , asking for a place to stay ; Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , Jenna ( Jane Krakowski ) and the TGS writers try to get a new sandwich for Liz ; Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) his future at General Electric . - - = = Plot = = - - It is the annual Sandwich Day for the crew of TGS . The , led by Mickey J. ( Brian ) , bring in " secret " sandwiches from an unknown Italian in Brooklyn . When the writers eat Liz 's sandwich , Liz threatens that she will " cut [ their ] faces up so bad [ ... ] [ they 'll ] all have . " As a result , the writers and Tracy , aided by Jenna , enter a drinking contest against the in an attempt to get Liz a new sandwich . - Floyd , who broke up with Liz in the episode " Hiatus " , calls Liz to ask if he can have a place to stay , as he has come to visit New York on business . Liz tries to win Floyd back , only for him to lie to her about going home to Cleveland , Ohio . Floyd eventually travels home , and the pair agree to remain friends . - Meanwhile , after being ousted from his office on the 52nd floor by Devon Banks ( Will ) , Jack is not taking well to his new job on the 12th floor . He later decides to move to Washington , D.C. , to be the new " Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management . " - - = = Production = = - - This episode was primarily filmed on April 1 , 2008 . This episode was the fourth episode written by Jack Burditt and the seventh written by Robert Carlock . The episode was the twelfth episode which was directed by Don . - Jason Sudeikis , who played Floyd in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey was the head writer on Saturday Night Live from 1999 until 2006 . Various other cast members of Saturday Night Live have appeared on 30 Rock , including Rachel Dratch , Fred , Kristen , Will Forte , Jimmy Fallon , Amy Poehler , Will , Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , Bill , Tim Meadows , Andy , Chris and Molly Shannon . Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of Saturday Night Live . Alec Baldwin has also hosted Saturday Night Live sixteen times , the highest number of episodes of any host of the series . This was actress May 's second appearance in 30 Rock . She previously appeared in the episode " Tracy Does Conan " as a nurse who takes Liz 's blood for donation . In this episode she plays a who would not allow Liz past airport security because she had her Sandwich Day sandwich with her , and its dipping sauce container held " more than 3 ounces . " - - = = Reception = = - - " Sandwich Day " brought in an average of 5 @.@ 4 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 2 @.@ 6 / 7 in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The 2 @.@ 6 refers to 2 @.@ 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and the 7 refers to 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S. - Robert Canning of IGN wrote that this episode " turned out to be an absolute winner " . He concluded that " with its more relatable storylines and moments like the eerie @-@ voiced guy at the hospital , Liz tables for her mac and cheese , and watching an entire sandwich be eaten in real time in the airport security line , ' Sandwich Day ' was a definite highlight in the post @-@ writers ' strike season . " Erin Fox of TV Guide said that " the minor story of the episode was probably the funniest " . Jeff of Entertainment Weekly thought that this episode " was nothing more than ... " . He called this episode a " weak link " . - - - = Tiber Oil Field = - - The Tiber Oil Field is a deepwater offshore oil field located in the Keathley Canyon block 102 of the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico . The deepwater field ( defined as water depth 1 @,@ 300 to 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 400 to 1 @,@ 520 m ) , ) was discovered in September 2009 and it is operated by BP . Described as a " giant " find , it is estimated to contain 4 to 6 billion barrels ( 640 × 10 ^ 6 to 950 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) of oil in place . Although BP states it is too early to be sure of the size – a " huge " field is usually considered to contain 250 million barrels ( 40 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) . It required the drilling of a 10 @,@ m ( 35 @,@ 056 ft ) deep well under 1 @,@ 260 m ( 4 @,@ 130 ft ) of water , making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled at the time of discovery . - - = = Description = = - - Tiber comprises multiple Lower Tertiary petroleum reservoirs located in Keathley Canyon block 102 about 250 mi ( 400 km ) southeast of Houston and 300 mi ( 480 km ) south west of New Orleans . Tiber is only the 18th Lower Tertiary well to date , and drilling in these formations is in its infancy . The oil from Tiber is light crude , and early estimates of reserves are around 20 – 30 % recovery , suggesting figures of around 600 to 900 million barrels ( 95 × 10 ^ 6 to 143 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) of reserves . Sources such as Bloomberg suggest caution , warning that the find is technically complex and potentially could take 5 – 6 years to produce oil or be lower yield ( 5 – 15 % ) based on " rates talked about " at nearby Oil Field , BP 's previous giant find ( 2006 ) 40 mi ( 64 km ) away . The commercial prospects of the field have not yet been evaluated . - - = = Discovery = = - - BP acquired the Outer Continental lease of Keathley Canyon block 102 reference , station , on October 22 , 2003 , in Phase 2 of the Western Gulf of Mexico ( / ) Sale 187 . Lower Tertiary rock formations are some of the oldest and most technically challenging offshore rock formations currently drilled for oil , dating to between 23 and 66 million years ago . The plan of exploration was filed in June 2008 . - Tiber was initially drilled by 's fifth @-@ generation dynamic positioned semi @-@ oil rig , Deepwater Horizon , with drilling commencing around March 2009 , slightly delayed from the planned date of September 2008 . Much of the deeper gulf reserves are buried under salt thousands of feet thick , which present a problem for seismic exploration . BP had previously developed exploration techniques to bypass this difficulty . Oil was located at " multiple levels " . The field was announced on September 2 , 2009 , and BP shares rose 3 @.@ 7 percent on the news . With Tiber joining at least ten other successful Lower Tertiary in the area , analysts viewed the announcement as a sign for optimism , and a of renewed interest in , and production from , the offshore Gulf of Mexico . - - = = Exploration on hold = = - - Following the April 2010 destruction of the Deepwater Horizon while drilling the well , and the resulting oil spill , all appraisal activities at 33 wells under exploration in the Gulf of Mexico , including Tiber , were placed on hold . At least two rigs that might otherwise have been used for developing Tiber are also in use on the relief wells for the well . - - - = Glorious First of June = - - The Glorious First of June ( also known in France as the du 13 an 2 or Combat de ) [ Note A ] of 1794 was the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars . - The action was the culmination of a campaign that had @-@ crossed the Bay of Biscay over the previous month in which both sides had captured numerous merchant ships and minor warships and had engaged in two partial , but inconclusive , fleet actions . The British Channel Fleet under Admiral Lord Howe attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French grain convoy from the United States , which was protected by the French Atlantic Fleet , commanded by Rear @-@ Admiral Villaret @-@ . The two forces clashed in the Atlantic Ocean , some 400 nautical miles ( 700 km ) west of the French island of Ushant on 1 June 1794 . - During the battle , Howe defied naval convention by ordering his fleet to turn towards the French and for each of his vessels to rake and engage their immediate opponent . This unexpected order was not understood by all of his captains , and as a result his attack was more than he intended . Nevertheless , his ships inflicted a severe tactical defeat on the French fleet . In the aftermath of the battle both fleets were left shattered ; in no condition for further combat , Howe and Villaret returned to their home ports . Despite losing seven of his ships of the line , Villaret had bought enough time for the French grain convoy to reach safety unimpeded by Howe 's fleet , securing a strategic success . However , he was also forced to withdraw his battle fleet back to port , leaving the British free to conduct a campaign of blockade for the remainder of the war . In the immediate aftermath both sides claimed victory and the outcome of the battle was seized upon by the press of both nations as a demonstration of the prowess and bravery of their respective navies . - The Glorious First of June demonstrated a number of the major problems inherent in the French and British navies at the start of the Revolutionary Wars . Both admirals were faced with disobedience from their captains , along with ill @-@ discipline and poor training among their crews , and they failed to control their fleets effectively during the height of the combat . - - = = Background = = - - Since early 1792 France had been at war with four of its neighbours on two fronts , battling Austria and Prussia in the Austrian Netherlands , and the Austrians and in Italy . On 2 January 1793 , almost one year into the French Revolutionary War , republican @-@ held forts at Brest in Brittany fired on the British brig HMS . [ Note B ] A few weeks later , following the execution of the imprisoned King Louis XVI , diplomatic ties between Britain and France were broken . On 1 February France declared war on both Britain and the Dutch Republic . - Protected from immediate invasion by the English Channel , Britain prepared for an extensive naval campaign and dispatched troops to the Netherlands for service against the French . Throughout the remainder of 1793 , the British and French navies undertook minor operations in Northern waters , the Mediterranean and the West and East Indies , where both nations maintained colonies . The closest the Channel Fleet had come to an engagement was when it had narrowly missed the French convoy from the Caribbean , escorted by 15 ships of the line on 2 August . The only major clash was the Siege of Toulon , a confused and bloody affair in which the British force holding the town — alongside Spanish , , Austrian and French Royalist troops — had to be evacuated by the Royal Navy to prevent its imminent defeat at the hands of the French Republican army . The aftermath of this siege was by and accusations of cowardice and betrayal among the allies , eventually resulting in Spain switching allegiance with the signing of the Treaty of San two years later . Nevertheless , the siege produced one major success : Sir Sidney Smith , with parties of sailors from the retreating British fleet , accomplished the destruction of substantial French naval stores and shipping in Toulon . More might have been achieved had the Spanish raiding parties that accompanied Smith not been issued with secret orders to stall the destruction of the French fleet . - The situation in Europe remained volatile into 1794 . Off Northern France , the French Atlantic Fleet had mutinied due to errors in provisions and pay . In consequence , the French Navy officer corps suffered greatly from the effects of the Reign of Terror , with many experienced sailors being executed , imprisoned or dismissed from the service for perceived . The shortage of provisions was more than a navy problem though ; France itself was because the social upheavals of the previous year had combined with a harsh winter to ruin the harvest . By this time at war with all her neighbours , France had nowhere to turn for overland imports of fresh provisions . Eventually a solution to the food crisis was agreed by the National Convention : food produced in France 's overseas colonies would be concentrated on board a fleet of merchant ships gathered in Chesapeake Bay , and augmented with food and goods purchased from the United States . During April and May 1794 , the would convoy the supplies across the Atlantic to Brest , protected by elements of the French Atlantic Fleet . - - = = Fleets = = - - The navies of Britain and France in 1794 were at very different stages of development . Although the British fleet was numerically superior , the French ships were larger and stronger , and carried a heavier weight of shot . The largest French ships were three @-@ first rates , carrying 110 or 120 guns , against 100 guns on the largest British vessels . - - = = = Royal Navy = = = - - Since the Spanish Armament of 1790 , the Royal Navy had been at sea in a state of readiness for over three years . The Navy 's dockyards under First Lord of the Admiralty Charles Middleton were all fully fitted and prepared for conflict . This was quite unlike the disasters of the American Revolutionary War ten years earlier , when an ill @-@ prepared Royal Navy had taken too long to reach full effectiveness and was consequently unable to support the North American campaign — which ended in defeat at the Battle of Yorktown due to lack of supplies . With British dockyards now readily turning out cannon , shot , sails , provisions and other essential equipment , the only remaining problem was that of manning the several hundred ships on the Navy list . - Unfortunately for the British , gathering sufficient manpower was difficult and never satisfactorily accomplished throughout the entire war . The shortage of was such that press gangs were forced to take thousands of men with no experience on the sea , meaning that training and preparing them for naval life would take quite some time . The lack of Royal Marines was even more urgent , and soldiers from the British Army were drafted into the fleet for service at sea . Men of the 2nd . Regiment of Foot - The Queen 's ( Royal West Surrey Regiment ) and the 29th Regiment of Foot served aboard Royal Navy ships during the campaign ; their descendant regiments still maintain the battle honour " 1 June 1794 " . - Despite these difficulties , the Channel Fleet was possessed of one of the best naval commanders of the age ; its commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Richard Howe , 1st Earl Howe , had learned his trade under Sir Edward and fought at the Battle of Bay in 1759 . In the spring of 1794 , with the French convoy 's arrival in European waters imminent , Howe had dispersed his fleet in three groups . George Montagu , in HMS Hector , was sent with six ships of the line and two frigates to guard British convoys to the East Indies , West Indies and Newfoundland as far as Cape . Peter , in HMS Suffolk and commanding six other ships , was to escort the convoys for the rest of their passage . The third force consisted of 26 ships of the line , with several supporting vessels , under Howe 's direct command . They were to patrol the Bay of Biscay for the arriving French . - - = = = French Navy = = = - - In contrast to their British counterparts , the French Navy was in a state of confusion . Although the quality of the fleet 's ships was high , the fleet hierarchy was by the same that had torn through France since the Revolution five years earlier . Consequently , the high standard of ships and ordnance was not matched by that of the available crews , which were largely untrained and inexperienced . With the Terror resulting in the death or dismissal of many senior French sailors and officers , political and conscripts – many of whom had never been to sea at all , let alone in a fighting vessel – filled the Atlantic fleet . - The manpower problem was compounded by the supply crisis which was affecting the entire nation , with the fleet going unpaid and largely for months at times . In August 1793 , these problems came to a head in the fleet off Brest , when a lack of provisions resulted in a mutiny among the regular sailors . The crews overruled their officers and brought their ships into harbour in search of food , leaving the French coast undefended . The National Convention responded instantly by executing a of senior officers and ship 's non @-@ commissioned officers . Hundreds more officers and sailors were imprisoned , banished or dismissed from naval service . The effect of this purge was devastating , seriously degrading the fighting ability of the fleet by removing at a stroke many of its most capable personnel . In their places were promoted junior officers , merchant captains and even civilians who expressed sufficient revolutionary zeal , although few of them knew how to fight or control a battle fleet at sea . - The newly appointed commander of this troubled fleet was Villaret de ; although formerly in a junior position , he was known to possess a high degree of tactical ability ; he had trained under Admiral Pierre André de in the Indian Ocean during the American war . However , Villaret 's attempts to mould his new officer corps into an effective fighting unit were hampered by another new appointee , a deputy of the National Convention named Jean @-@ Bon Saint @-@ André . Saint @-@ André 's job was to report directly to the National Convention on the revolutionary of both the fleet and its admiral . He frequently intervened in strategic planning and tactical operations . Shortly after his arrival , Saint @-@ André proposed issuing a decree ordering that any officer deemed to have shown insufficient zeal in defending his ship in action should be put to death on his return to France , although this highly controversial legislation does not appear to have ever been acted upon . Although his interference was a source of frustration for Villaret , Saint @-@ André 's dispatches to Paris were published regularly in Le Moniteur , and did much to popularise the Navy in France . - The French Atlantic fleet was even more dispersed than the British in the spring of 1794 : Rear @-@ Admiral Pierre Vanstabel had been dispatched , with five ships including two of the line , to meet the much @-@ needed French grain convoy off the American eastern seaboard . Rear @-@ Admiral Joseph @-@ Marie Nielly had sailed from with five ships of the line and cruising warships to rendezvous with the convoy in the mid @-@ Atlantic . This left Villaret with 25 ships of the line at Brest to meet the threat posed by the British fleet under Lord Howe . - - = = = Convoy = = = - - By early spring of 1794 , the situation in France was dire . With famine looming after the failure of the harvest and the blockade of French ports and trade , the French government was forced to look overseas for sustenance . Turning to France 's colonies in the Americas , and the agricultural of the United States , the National Convention gave orders for the formation of a large convoy of sailing vessels to gather at Hampton Roads in the Chesapeake Bay , where Admiral Vanstabel would wait for them . According to contemporary historian William James this of ships was said to be over 350 strong , although he disputes this figure , citing the number as 117 ( in addition to the French warships ) . - The convoy had also been augmented by the United States government , in both cargo and shipping , as repayment for French financial , moral and military support during the American Revolution . In supporting the French Revolution in this way , the American government , urged especially by Ambassador Morris , was fulfilling its ten @-@ year @-@ old debt to France . Friendly relations between the United States and France did not long survive the Jay Treaty which came into effect in 1796 ; by 1798 the two nations would be engaged in the Quasi War . - - = = May 1794 = = - - The French convoy , escorted by Vanstabel , departed America from Virginia on 2 April , and Howe sailed from Portsmouth on 2 May , taking his entire fleet to both escort British convoys to the Western Approaches and intercept the French . that Villaret was still in Brest , Howe spent two weeks searching the Bay of Biscay for the grain convoy , returning to Brest on 18 May to discover that Villaret had sailed the previous day . [ Note C ] Returning to sea in search of his opponent , Howe pursued Villaret deep into the Atlantic . Also at sea during this period were the squadrons of Nielly ( French ) and Montagu ( British ) , both of whom had met with some success ; Nielly had captured a number of British merchant ships and Montagu had taken several back . Nielly was the first to encounter the grain convoy , deep in the Atlantic in the second week of May . He took it under escort as it moved closer to Europe , while Montagu was searching to the south . - Despite Howe 's pursuit , the main French sortie found initial success , running into a Dutch convoy and taking 20 ships from it on Villaret 's first day at sea . For the next week Howe continued to follow the French , seizing and burning a trail of French @-@ held Dutch ships and enemy . On 25 May Howe spotted a from Villaret 's fleet and gave chase ; led Howe straight to his opponent 's location . Having finally found Villaret , on 28 May Howe attacked , using a flying squadron of his fastest ships to cut off its rearmost vessel . This first rate was at various times engaged with six British ships and took heavy damage , possibly striking her colours late in the action . As darkness fell the British and French fleets separated , leaving and her final enemy , HMS Audacious , still locked in combat behind them . These two ships parted company during the night and eventually returned to their respective home ports . By this stage Villaret knew through his patrolling frigates that the grain convoy was close , and deliberately took his fleet to the west , hoping to decoy Howe away from the vital convoy . - Taking the bait , the following day Howe attacked again , but his attempt to split the French fleet in half was unsuccessful when his lead ship , HMS Caesar , failed to follow orders . Much damage was done to both fleets but the action was inconclusive , and the two forces again separated without having settled the issue . Howe had however gained an important advantage during the engagement by seizing the weather gage , enabling him to further attack Villaret at a time of his choosing . Three French ships were sent back to port with damage , but these losses were offset by reinforcements gained the following day with the arrival of Nielly 's detached squadron . Battle was postponed during the next two days because of thick fog , but when the haze lifted on 1 June 1794 , the battle lines were only 6 miles ( 10 km ) apart and Howe was prepared to force a decisive action . - - = = First of June = = - - Although Howe was in a favourable position , Villaret had not been idle during the night . He had attempted , with near success , to distance his ships from the British fleet ; when dawn broke at 05 : 00 he was within a few hours of gaining enough wind to escape over the horizon . his men to breakfast , Howe took full advantage of his position on the weather gage to close with Villaret , and by 08 : 12 the British fleet was just four miles ( 6 km ) from the enemy . By this time , Howe 's formation was strung out in an organised line parallel to the French , with frigates acting as for the admiral 's commands . The French were likewise in line ahead and the two lines began exchanging long @-@ range gunfire at 09 : 24 , whereupon Howe unleashed his innovative . - It was normal in fleet actions of the 18th century for the two lines of battle to pass one another , exchanging fire at long ranges and then wearing away , often without either side losing a ship or taking an enemy . In contrast , Howe was counting on the professionalism of his captains and crews combined with the advantage of the weather gage to attack the French directly , driving through their line . However , this time he did not plan to manoeuvre in the way he had during the two previous encounters ; each ship following in the wake of that in front to create a new line through his opponent 's force ( as Rodney had done at the Battle of the 12 years earlier ) . Instead , Howe ordered each of his ships to turn individually towards the French line , intending to breach it at every point and rake the French ships at both bow and stern . The British captains would then pull up on the side of their opposite numbers , cutting them off from their retreat , and engage them directly , hopefully forcing each to surrender and consequently destroying the French Atlantic Fleet . - - = = British break the line = = - - Within minutes of issuing the signal and turning his flagship HMS Queen Charlotte , Howe 's plan began to . Many of the British captains had either misunderstood or ignored the signal and were hanging back in the original line . Other ships were still struggling with damage from Howe 's earlier engagements and could not get into action fast enough . The result was a ragged formation tipped by Queen Charlotte that headed for Villaret 's fleet . The French responded by firing on the British ships as they approached , but the lack of training and coordination in the French fleet was obvious ; many ships which did obey Howe 's order and attacked the French directly arrived in action without significant damage . - - = = = Van squadron = = = - - Although Queen Charlotte pressed on all sail , she was not the first through the enemy line . That distinction belonged to a ship of the van squadron under Admiral Graves : HMS Defence under Captain James Gambier , a notoriously officer nicknamed " Jimmy " by his contemporaries . Defence , the seventh ship of the British line , successfully cut the French line between its sixth and seventh ships ; Mucius and . both opponents , Defence soon found herself in difficulty due to the failure of those ships behind her to properly follow up . This left her vulnerable to Mucius , and the ships following them , with which she began a furious . However , Defence was not the only ship of the van to break the French line ; minutes later George Cranfield @-@ Berkeley in HMS Marlborough executed Howe 's manoeuvre perfectly , and then his ship with Impétueux . - In front of Marlborough the rest of the van had mixed success . HMS Bellerophon and HMS Leviathan were both still suffering the effects of their earlier in the week and did not breach the enemy line . Instead they pulled along the near side of and America respectively and brought them to close gunnery duels . Rear @-@ Admiral Thomas Pasley of Bellerophon was an early casualty , losing a leg in the opening exchanges . HMS Royal Sovereign , Graves 's flagship , was less successful due to a of distance that resulted in her pulling up too far from the French line and coming under heavy fire from her opponent Terrible . In the time it took to engage Terrible more closely , Royal Sovereign suffered a severe pounding and Admiral Graves was badly wounded . - More disturbing to Lord Howe were the actions of HMS Russell and HMS Caesar . Russell 's captain John Payne was criticised at the time for failing to get to with the enemy more closely and allowing her opponent to badly damage her rigging in the early stages , although later commentators blamed damage received on 29 May for her poor start to the action . There were no such , however , for Captain Anthony Molloy of Caesar , who totally failed in his duty to engage the enemy . Molloy completely ignored Howe 's signal and continued ahead as if the British battleline was following him rather than engaging the French fleet directly . Caesar did participate in a exchange of fire with the leading French ship Trajan but her fire had little effect , while Trajan inflicted much damage to Caesar 's rigging and was subsequently able to attack Bellerophon as well , unchecked through the melee developing at the head of the line . - - = = = Centre = = = - - The centre of the two fleets was divided by two separate squadrons of the British line : the forward division under admirals Benjamin Caldwell and George Bowyer and the rear under Lord Howe . While Howe in Queen Charlotte was engaging the French closely , his subordinates in the forward division were less active . Instead of moving in on their opposite numbers directly , the forward division closed with the French in line ahead formation , engaging in a long distance duel which did not prevent their opponents from harassing the embattled Defence just ahead of them . Of all the ships in this squadron only HMS Invincible , under Thomas , ranged close to the French lines . Invincible was badly damaged by her lone charge but managed to engage the larger Juste . HMS Barfleur under Bowyer did later enter the action , but Bowyer was not present , having lost a leg in the opening exchanges . - Howe and Queen Charlotte led the fleet by example , sailing directly at the French flagship Montagne . Passing between Montagne and the next in line Vengeur du Peuple , Queen Charlotte raked both and hauled up close to Montagne to engage in a close @-@ range artillery battle . As she did so , Queen Charlotte also became briefly entangled with Jacobin , and exchanged fire with her too , causing serious damage to both French ships . - To the right of Queen Charlotte , HMS Brunswick had initially struggled to join the action . behind the flagship , her captain John Harvey received a from Howe for the delay . by this signal , Harvey pushed his ship forward and almost Queen Charlotte , blocking her view of the eastern half of the French fleet for a time and taking severe damage from French fire as she did so . Harvey hoped to run aboard Jacobin and support his admiral directly , but was not fast enough to reach her and so attempted to cut between Achille and Vengeur du Peuple . This manoeuvre failed when Brunswick 's anchors became entangled in Vengeur 's rigging . Harvey 's master asked if Vengeur should be cut loose , to which Harvey replied " No ; we have got her and we will keep her " . The two ships swung so close to each other that Brunswick 's crew could not open their gunports and had to fire through the closed , the ships battering each other from a distance of just a few feet . - Behind this combat , other ships of the centre division struck the French line , HMS Valiant under Thomas Pringle passing close to which pulled away , her crew suffering from and unable to take their ship into battle . Valiant instead turned her attention on Achille , which had already been raked by Queen Charlotte and Brunswick , and badly damaged her before pressing on sail to join the embattled van division . HMS Orion under John Thomas and HMS Queen under Admiral Alan Gardner both attacked the same ship , Queen suffering severely from the earlier actions in which her masts were badly damaged and her captain John mortally wounded . Both ships bore down on the French Northumberland , which was soon dismasted and left attempting to escape on only the stump of a mast . Queen was too slow to engage Northumberland as closely as Orion , and soon fell in with Jemmappes , both ships battering each other severely . - - = = = Rear = = = - - Of the British rear ships , only two made a determined effort to break the French line . Admiral Hood 's flagship HMS Royal George pierced it between Républicain and Sans Pareil , engaging both closely , while HMS Glory came through the line behind Sans Pareil and threw herself into the melee as well . The rest of the British and French rearguard did not participate in this close combat ; HMS Montagu fought a long range gunnery duel with Neptune which damaged neither ship severely , although the British captain James Montagu was killed in the opening exchanges , command on Lieutenant Ross Donnelly . Next in line , HMS Ramillies ignored her opponent completely and sailed west , Captain Henry Harvey seeking Brunswick , his brother 's ship , in the confused action around Queen Charlotte . - Three other British ships failed to respond to the signal from Howe , including HMS Alfred which engaged the French line at extreme range without noticeable effect , and Captain Charles Cotton in HMS who likewise did little until the action was decided , at which point he took the surrender of several already shattered French ships . Finally HMS under took no part in the initial action at all , standing well away from the British line and failing to engage the enemy despite the signal for close engagement hanging from her . The French rear ships were no less idle , with and firing at any British ships in range but refusing to close or participate in the on either side . The French rear ship Scipion did not attempt to join the action either , but could not avoid becoming embroiled in the group around Royal George and Républicain and suffered severe damage . - - = = = = - - Within an hour of their opening the British and French lines were confused , with three separate engagements being fought within sight of one another . In the van , Caesar had finally attempted to join the fight , only to have a vital spar shot away by Trajan which caused her to slip down the two embattled fleets without contributing significantly to the battle . Bellerophon and Leviathan were in the thick of the action , the outnumbered Bellerophon taking serious damage to her rigging . This left her unable to manoeuvre and in danger from her opponents , of which Eole also suffered severely . Captain William Johnstone Hope sought to extract his ship from her perilous position and called up support ; the frigate HMS under Captain Edward arrived to provide assistance . brought his small ship between the ships of the French battleline and opened fire on Eole , helping to drive off three ships of the line and then Bellerophon to safety . Leviathan , under Lord Hugh Seymour , had been more successful than Bellerophon , her gunnery America despite receiving fire from Eole and Trajan in passing . Leviathan only left America after a two @-@ hour duel , sailing at 11 : 50 to join Queen Charlotte in the centre . - Russell had not broken the French line and her opponent got the better of her , knocking away a and escaping to windward with Trajan and Eole . Russell then fired on several passing French ships before joining Leviathan in attacking the centre of the French line . Russell 's boats also took the surrender of America , her crew boarding the vessel to make her a prize ( although later replaced by men from Royal Sovereign ) . Royal Sovereign lost Admiral Graves to a serious wound and lost her opponent as well , as Terrible fell out of the line to windward and joined a growing collection of French ships forming a new line on the far side of the action . Villaret was leading this line in his flagship Montagne , which had escaped from Queen Charlotte , and it was Montagne which Royal Sovereign engaged next , pursuing her close to the new French line accompanied by Valiant , and beginning a long @-@ range action . - Behind Royal Sovereign was Marlborough , tangled with Impétueux . damaged and on the verge of surrender , Impétueux was briefly when Mucius appeared through the smoke and collided with both ships . The three entangled ships continued exchanging fire for some time , all suffering heavy casualties with Marlborough and Impétueux losing all three of their masts . This combat continued for several hours . Captain Berkeley of Marlborough had to retire below with serious wounds , and command fell to Lieutenant John , who signalled for help from the frigates in reserve . Robert responded in HMS , which had the assignment of repeating signals , and towed Marlborough out of the line as Mucius freed herself and made for the regrouped French fleet to the north . Impétueux was in too damaged a state to move at all , and was soon seized by sailors from HMS Russell . - , Defence was unable to hold any of her various opponents to a protracted duel , and by 13 : 00 was threatened by the damaged Républicain moving from the east . Although Républicain later hauled off to join Villaret to the north , Gambier requested support for his ship from the fleet 's frigates and was aided by HMS under Captain William . As Impétueux passed she fired on , to which responded with several broadsides of his own . Invincible , the only ship of the forward division of the British centre to engage the enemy closely , became embroiled in the confusion surrounding Queen Charlotte . Invincible 's guns drove Juste onto the broadside of Queen Charlotte , where she was forced to surrender to Lieutenant Henry in a boat from Invincible . Among the other ships of the division there were only minor casualties , although HMS lost several yards and was only brought back into line by the quick reactions of two junior officers , Lieutenant Robert Otway and Charles . - The conflict between Queen Charlotte and Montagne was oddly one @-@ sided , the French flagship failing to make use of her lower @-@ deck guns and consequently suffering extensive damage and casualties . Queen Charlotte in her turn was damaged by fire from nearby ships and was therefore unable to follow when Montagne set her remaining sails and slipped to the north to create a new focal point for the survivors of the French fleet . Queen Charlotte also took fire during the engagement from HMS Gibraltar , under Thomas Mackenzie , which had failed to close with the enemy and instead fired at random into the smoke bank surrounding the flagship . Captain Sir Andrew Douglas was seriously wounded by this fire . Following Montagne 's escape , Queen Charlotte engaged Jacobin and Républicain as they passed , and was successful in forcing the surrender of Juste . To the east of Queen Charlotte , Brunswick and Vengeur du Peuple continued their bitter combat , locked together and firing main broadsides from point blank range . Captain Harvey of Brunswick was mortally wounded early in this action by fire from Vengeur , but refused to quit the deck , ordering more fire into his opponent . Brunswick also managed to drive Achille off from her far side when the French ship attempted to intervene . Achille , already damaged , was totally dismasted in the exchange and briefly surrendered , although her crew rescinded this when it became clear Brunswick was in no position to take possession . With her colours , Achille then made what sail she could in an attempt to join Villaret to the north . It was not until 12 : 45 that the shattered Vengeur and Brunswick pulled apart , both largely dismasted and very battered . Brunswick was only able to return to the British side of the line after being supported by Ramillies , while Vengeur was unable to move at all . Ramillies took Vengeur 's surrender after a brief but was unable to board her and instead pursued the fleeing Achille , which soon surrendered as well . - To the east , Orion and Queen forced the surrender of both Northumberland and Jemmappes , although Queen was unable to secure Jemmappes and she had to be abandoned later . Queen especially was badly damaged and unable to make the British lines again , between the newly reformed French fleet and the British battleline along with several other shattered ships . Royal George and Glory had between them disabled Scipion and Sans Pareil in a bitter exchange , but were also too badly damaged themselves to take possession . All four ships were among those left drifting in the gap between the fleets . - - = = French recovery = = - - Villaret in Montagne , having successfully broken contact with the British flagship and slipped away to the north , managed to gather 11 ships of the line around him and formed them up in a reconstituted battle squadron . At 11 : 30 , with the main action drawing to a close , he began a recovery manoeuvre intended to lessen the tactical defeat his fleet had suffered . his new squadron at the battered Queen , Villaret 's attack created consternation in the British fleet , which was unprepared for a second engagement . However , discerning Villaret 's intention , Howe also pulled his ships together to create a new force . His reformed squadron consisted of Queen Charlotte , Royal Sovereign , Valiant , Leviathan , Barfleur , and . Howe deployed this squadron in defence of Queen , and the two short lines engaged one another at a distance before Villaret abandoned his manoeuvre and hauled off to collect several of his own dismasted ships that were to escape British pursuit . Villaret was subsequently joined by the battered Terrible , which sailed straight through the dispersed British fleet to reach the French lines , and he also recovered the dismasted Scipion , Mucius , Jemmappes , and Républicain — all of which lay within reach of the British ships — before turning eastwards towards France . At this stage of the battle , Howe retired below and the British consolidation was left to his Captain of the Fleet , Sir Roger Curtis . Curtis was subsequently blamed by some in the Navy for not capturing more of the dismasted French ships , and was also accused of Howe from attempting further pursuit . - In fact , the British fleet was unable to pursue Villaret , having only 11 ships still capable of battle to the French 12 , and having numerous dismasted ships and prizes to protect . and , the British crews set about making hasty repairs and securing their prizes ; seven in total , including the badly damaged Vengeur du Peuple . Vengeur had been holed by cannon firing from Brunswick directly through the ship 's bottom , and after her surrender no British ship had managed to get men aboard . This left Vengeur 's few remaining unwounded crew to attempt to salvage what they could — a task made harder when some of her sailors broke into the spirit room and became drunk . Ultimately the ship 's pumps became , and Vengeur began to sink . Only the timely arrival of boats from the undamaged Alfred and HMS , as well as the services of the cutter HMS , saved any of the Vengeur 's crew from drowning , these ships taking off nearly 500 sailors between them . Lieutenant John of was especially commended for this hazardous work . By 18 : 15 , Vengeur was clearly beyond salvage and only the very worst of the wounded , the dead , and the drunk remained aboard . Several sailors are said to have the from the bow of the ship and cried " la Nation , la ! " - Having escaped to the east , Villaret made what sail his battered fleet could muster to return to France , and dispatched his frigates in search of the convoy . Villaret was also hoping for reinforcements ; eight ships of the line , commanded by Admiral Pierre @-@ François Cornic , were patrolling near the Ushant headland . Behind him to the west , the British took the whole night to secure their ships and prizes , not setting out to return to Britain until 05 : 00 on 2 June . - Casualties in the battle are notoriously hard to calculate exactly . With only one exception ( Scipion ) , records made by the French captains of their losses at the time are incomplete . The only immediately available casualty counts are the sketchy reports of Saint @-@ André and the records made by British officers aboard the captured ships , neither of which can be treated as completely reliable . Most sources accept that French casualties in the campaign numbered approximately 7 @,@ 000 , including around 3 @,@ 000 captured , but these figures are vague and frequently do not agree with each other on details . British casualties are easier to confirm but here , too , there are some discrepancies ; overall British casualties are generally given as around 1 @,@ 200 . - - = = The convoy arrives = = - - With a large portion of his fleet no longer , Howe was unable to resume his search for the French convoy in the Bay of Biscay . The Admiralty , though unaware of Howe 's specific circumstances , knew a battle had taken place through the arrival of HMS Audacious in Portsmouth , and was preparing a second expedition under George Montagu . Montagu had returned to England after his unsuccessful May cruise , and was in Portsmouth when ordered to sea again . His force of ten ships was intended to both cover Howe 's withdrawal from Biscay , and find and attack the French grain convoy . Montagu returned to sea on 3 June , and by 8 June was off Ushant searching for signs of either the French or Howe ; unknown to him , neither had yet entered European waters . At 15 : 30 on 8 June Montagu spotted sails , and soon identified them as the enemy . He had located Cornic 's squadron , which was also patrolling for the convoy and the returning fleets . Montagu gave chase and drove Cornic into Bay , where he blockaded the French squadron overnight , hoping to bring them to action the following day . However , on 9 June , Montagu sighted 19 French ships appearing from the west — the remnants of Villaret 's fleet . turning his ships , Montagu sailed south to avoid becoming trapped between two forces which might easily overwhelm him . Villaret and Cornic gave chase for a day before turning east towards the safety of the French ports . - Howe benefited from Montagu 's withdrawal , as his own battered fleet passed close to the scene of this stand @-@ off on 10 June , pushing north into the English Channel . With Villaret and Cornic pursuing Montagu to the south , Howe was free to pass Ushant without difficulty and arrived off Plymouth on 12 June , joined soon afterwards by Montagu . Villaret had anchored with Cornic in Bay the day before , but Saint @-@ André refused to allow him to enter Brest until the republican attitudes of the town 's population had been assessed . On 12 June , the convoy from America finally arrived off France , having lost just one ship in passage during a storm . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Both Britain and France claimed victory in the battle : Britain by virtue of capturing or sinking seven French ships without losing any of her own and remaining in control of the battle site ; France because the vital convoy had passed through the Atlantic unharmed and arrived in France without significant loss . The two fleets were showered by their respective nations with both praise and criticism – the latter particularly directed at those captains not felt to have contributed significantly to the fighting . The British fleet in Spithead was treated with a Royal visit by King George III and the entire royal household . - - = = = France = = = - - In France the revolutionary principles of precluded extensive awards , but Villaret was promoted to vice @-@ admiral on 27 September 1794 and other minor awards were distributed to the admirals of the fleet . In addition the fleet 's officers took part in a celebratory parade from Brest to Paris , accompanying the recently arrived food supplies . The role of Vengeur du Peuple was by Bertrand , giving birth to an exalted legend . in France concerning the battle 's outcome was divided ; while many celebrated Saint @-@ André 's exaggerated accounts of victory in Le Moniteur , senior naval officers disagreed . Among the dissenters was the highly experienced but recently dismissed Admiral Kerguelen . Kerguelen was disgusted by Villaret 's failure to renew the battle after he had reformed his squadron , and felt that the French fleet could have been successful tactically as well as strategically if only Villaret had made greater efforts to engage the remains of Howe 's fleet . The French Navy had suffered its worst losses in a single day since the Battle of La in 1692 . - Ultimately the revolutionary excesses of the period would prove disastrous for the French Navy . leadership , conflicting and arbitrary orders and the of the experienced in the ranks promoted a negative attitude in the French officer corps . The French did not contest British dominance in Northern European waters again , and their raiding operations repeatedly ended in failure at the hands of more confident British squadrons and the Atlantic weather . By 1805 , when the last great French fleet to take to the sea was crushed at the Battle of Trafalgar , poor training and low investment in the Navy had reduced its efficiency to levels 20 years earlier . - - = = = Britain = = = - - In Britain , numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders . Admiral Howe , already an earl , refused any further elevation , and King George III was from making him a Knight of the Garter by one of Howe 's political opponents . Vice @-@ Admiral Graves was elevated to the of Ireland as Baron Graves , while Vice @-@ Admiral Hood was made Viscount . Rear @-@ Admirals Bowyer , Gardner , Pasley and Curtis ( the last @-@ named was promoted from captain on 4 July 1794 ) were all made , and Bowyer and Pasley also received of £ 1 @,@ 000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds . All first lieutenants were promoted to commander and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions . The thanks of parliament were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet . A memorial to Captains John and John Harvey , both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 June , was raised in Westminster Abbey . - There was , however , a bitter consequence of the awards , rooted in Howe 's official dispatch to the Admiralty concerning the battle , which according to some accounts was actually written by Curtis . Howe had a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed special reward for their part in the battle . The list included Vice @-@ Admirals Graves and Hood , Rear @-@ Admirals Bowyer , Gardner , and Pasley , and Captains Seymour , , Cranfield @-@ Berkeley , Gambier , John Harvey , Payne , Henry Harvey , Pringle , , , Nichols , and Hope . Also mentioned were and Donnelly . The list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle , and the justice of their omission was a highly controversial issue in the Navy . Rear @-@ Admiral Caldwell was the sole British flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour , although he was promoted to Vice @-@ Admiral on 4 July ( as were Bowyer and Gardner ) . After studying the ship 's logs and reports of the battle , the Admiralty minted a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only ( although Captain William Parker of HMS Audacious was awarded one as well ) . The captains excluded from the list were furious , and the from this selective commendation lasted years : in 1795 Vice @-@ Admiral Caldwell quit the service in anger as a result , while , flag captain of Barfleur , refused all awards for future service until the Glorious First of June medal was presented to him as well . He eventually received it after the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797 . Over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . - of all was the campaign directed at Anthony Molloy , captain of HMS Caesar . Molloy was accused of cowardice by fellow officers for his failure to follow Howe 's orders on both 29 May and 1 June . Molloy 's request for an official court @-@ martial to clear his name failed , and although his personal courage was not called into question , his professional ability was . Molloy was dismissed from his ship . - Of the captured ships , several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the Royal Navy , in particular the two 80 @-@ gun ships HMS Sans Pareil which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842 , and HMS Juste , which was a popular command until her decommissioning in 1802 at the Peace of Amiens . Of the four 74 @-@ gun prizes , Achille and Northumberland ( both built in the late 1770s ) were broken up as soon after arrival in Britain , while Impétueux was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 August 1794 while undergoing repairs . America , the final prize , was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS America but renamed HMS in July 1795 and remained in service until 1813 . The combined prize money for these ships was £ 201 @,@ ( the equivalent of £ 21 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , divided among the ships under Lord Howe 's command . - - - = New York State Route 368 = - - New York State Route 368 ( NY 368 ) was a state highway in Onondaga County , New York , in the United States . It was one of the shortest routes in the county , extending for only 1 @.@ 69 miles ( 2 @.@ 72 km ) between NY 321 and NY 5 in the town of Elbridge . NY 368 was known as Halfway Road for the hamlet it served near its midpoint . The route was assigned in the 1930s and removed in 1980 as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state of New York and Onondaga County . - - = = Route description = = - - NY 368 began at an intersection with NY 321 adjacent to the Carpenter 's Brook Fish in the town of Elbridge . The route headed north as Halfway Road , passing by farmland as it headed through a rural area of Onondaga County to the small hamlet of Halfway . Here , NY 368 served a small number of homes as it crossed a railroad line ( now part of the Finger Lakes Railway ) at the center of the community . Outside of Halfway , the route turned to the northwest toward the village of Elbridge , avoiding a marshy area directly north of Halfway . It intersected with Lynch Road and Campbell Road before turning slightly northward and following Carpenter 's Brook through another undeveloped area to an intersection with NY 5 east of the village , where NY 368 ended . - - = = History = = - - NY 368 was assigned in the 1930s as a connector between NY 321 and NY 5 in the town of Elbridge by way of the hamlet of Halfway . It remained unchanged until April 1 , 1980 , when ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Onondaga County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The county also assumed ownership and maintenance of the Onondaga County portion of NY as part of the exchange . NY 368 was redesignated as County Route 107 ( CR 107 ) following the swap . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route was in Elbridge , Onondaga County . - - - = M @-@ 122 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 122 was a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan entirely in the city of St. Ignace . The highway connected US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) to the State Highway Ferry Dock used before the Mackinac Bridge was built . It was retired and the road returned to local control in 1957 . - - = = Route description = = - - Prior to the opening of the Mackinac Bridge , travelers wishing to venture from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City had to do so via ferry . M @-@ 122 began at US 2 ( now Business Loop Interstate 75 ) near Straits State Park and traveled through town along Ferry Road where it ran southeasterly from the main highway . East of Street M @-@ 122 curved around to the east near Street . The highway ended at the State Ferry Docks on the southeast side of the city next to the Coast Guard station . - - = = History = = - - M @-@ 122 was initially assumed into the state highway system in 1929 as a connector between US 31 and Straits State Park . In 1936 , US 2 was routed into St. Ignace and US 31 was scaled back to end in the Lower Peninsula in Mackinaw City . M @-@ 122 now provided a connection between US 2 and the new docks on the southeast side of the city . It existed in this capacity until 1957 when the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire highway was in St. Ignace , Mackinac County . - - - = Tupolev Tu @-@ 12 = - - The Tupolev Tu @-@ 12 ( development designation Tu @-@ 77 ) was an experimental Soviet jet @-@ powered medium bomber developed from the successful piston @-@ engined Tupolev Tu @-@ 2 bomber after the end of World War II . It was designed as a transitional aircraft to Tupolev and the VVS with the issues involved with jet @-@ engined bombers . - - = = Development = = - - The Tupolev Tu @-@ 73 jet @-@ engined bomber project was suffering delays in early 1947 and Tupolev suggested re @-@ the Tu @-@ 2 medium bomber with imported British Rolls @-@ Royce Nene jet engines to produce a jet bomber as quickly as possible . Design work began well before official approval was received on 31 May 1947 for one Tu @-@ 2S to be converted in the 's workshop and another five to be converted at ( Factory ) Nr. 23 , but construction of the prototype had already begun in early May under the bureau designation Tu @-@ 77 . - Changes from the standard Tu @-@ 2 were to speed production and they consisted of the following : - Two Nene jet engines replaced the standard @-@ radial engines . - The wing dihedral was reduced to 3 ° from 6 ° . - The fuselage was lengthened 400 mm ( 16 in ) and the rear fuselage was heightened by 300 mm ( 12 in ) . - A new was fitted , with the main gear units into the engine . - Additional fuel tanks were fitted and the design of the tanks was changed to accommodate the change from gasoline to kerosene . - The control system was revised and trim were fitted to the . - The wing and tail were reinforced . - The 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) cannon were removed from the wing roots and a 23 mm ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) @-@ NS @-@ 23 cannon was mounted in an external on the starboard side of the nose . - - = = = Testing and evaluation = = = - - The prototype was completed in July and was first flown on 27 July 1947 . Two aircraft were shown at the Aviation Day on 3 August 1947 . It completed its manufacturer 's trials in September and underwent the State acceptance trials from 4 October 1947 to 27 February 1948 where it was redesignated as the Tu @-@ 12 . The VVS ( @-@ @-@ – Air Force Scientific Test Institute ) report summarized the differences between the Tu @-@ 2 and Tu @-@ 12 as " a considerable gain in speed , an improved rate of climb , a higher service ceiling , but poorer field performance and a considerably greater fuel load required to achieve the same range as the Tu @-@ 2 . " Both the lack of a pressurized cabin that greatly reduced its effectiveness at high altitude and the lack of equipment for the wing and tail leading edges and the cockpit glazing were noted as major problems . At high speeds it was virtually impossible to traverse and elevate the manually operated @-@ 68 and Lu @-@ 68 gun turrets . The vibration of the NS @-@ 23 cannon when firing rendered the equipment in the 's cabin unusable and damaged the cabin glazing . Turning on the friend or ( ) system adversely affected the system and the radios . New generators had to be installed as the originals did not produce enough electrical power . - The trials conducted by the VVS included engagements between the Tu @-@ 12 and the Soviet @-@ 9 and @-@ 23 jet fighters which were very useful in evaluating the offensive armament of the fighters , the defensive armament of the bomber and the proper tactics involved for both types of aircraft . The tests demonstrated the of the current 12 @.@ 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) armament and meant that every Soviet bomber would have a defensive armament using power @-@ operated turrets that carried guns 20 mm or larger . - The five aircraft modified by the factory were given the @-@ 45 engine , the Soviet unlicensed copy of the Nene engine , and all six aircraft , used by the VVS for aircrew and training . The aircraft completed were later relegated to test duties . One aircraft was used for drone tests and another , redesignated as the Tu @-@ , mounted various pulse jet engines on a above the fuselage . - - = = = = - - Soviet Union - Soviet Air Force - - = = Specifications ( Tu @-@ 12 ) = = - - Data from , Tupolev Aircraft since 1922 - General characteristics - Crew : 5 - Length : 16 @.@ 45 m ( 53 ft 11 ½ in ) - : 18 @.@ 86 m ( 61 ft 10 ½ in ) - Wing area : 48 @.@ 80 m2 ( 525 @.@ 30 ) - Empty weight : kg ( 19 @,@ 826 lb ) - Gross weight : 15 @,@ 720 kg ( 34 @,@ lb ) - : 2 × Rolls @-@ Royce Nene I , 22 ( 5 @,@ 000 ) thrust each each - Performance - Maximum speed : km / h ( mph ) - Range : 2 @,@ 200 km ( 1 @,@ 367 miles ) - Service ceiling : 11 @,@ 370 m ( 37 @,@ 305 ft ) - Armament - 1 × 23 mm NS @-@ 23 cannon - 2 × 12 @.@ 7 mm machine @-@ guns - 3 @,@ 000 kg ( 6 @,@ 614 lb ) of bombs - - - = Civilian Public Service = - - The Civilian Public Service ( CPS ) was a program of the United States government that provided conscientious objectors with an alternative to military service during World War II . From 1941 to 1947 , nearly 12 @,@ 000 draftees , willing to serve their country in some capacity but unwilling to perform any type of military service , accepted assignments in work of national importance in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and Puerto Rico . Draftees from the historic peace churches and other faiths worked in areas such as soil conservation , forestry , fire fighting , agriculture , under the supervision of such agencies as the U.S. Forest Service , the Soil Conservation Service , and the National Park Service . Others helped provide social services and mental health services . - The CPS men served without wages and minimal support from the federal government . The cost of maintaining the CPS camps and providing for the needs of the men was the responsibility of their congregations and families . CPS men served longer than regular draftees and were not released until well after the end of the war . Initially skeptical of the program , government agencies learned to appreciate the men 's service and requested more workers from the program . CPS made significant contributions to forest fire prevention , erosion and flood control , medical science and reform of the mental health system . - - = = Background = = - - Conscientious objectors ( COs ) refuse to participate in military service because of belief or religious training . During wartime , this stance conflicts with conscription efforts . Those willing to accept non @-@ combatant roles , such as medical personnel , are accommodated . There are few legal options for draftees who cannot cooperate with the military in any way . - - = = = of World War I = = = - - The conscription law of World War I provided for noncombatant service for members of a religious organization whose members were forbidden from participating in war of any form . This exemption effectively limited conscientious objector status to members of the historic peace churches : Mennonites ( and other Anabaptist groups such as ) , Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and Church of the Brethren . The law gave the President authority to assign such draftees to any noncombatant military role . - Conscientious objectors who refused noncombatant service during World War I were imprisoned in military facilities such as Fort Lewis ( Washington ) , Island ( California ) and Fort ( Kansas ) . The government assumed that COs could be converted into soldiers once they were exposed to life in their assigned military camps . Simultaneously the Justice Department was preparing to 181 Mennonite leaders for violating the espionage act because of a statement they adopted against performing military service . The draftees ' refusal to put on a uniform or cooperate in any way caused difficulties for both the government and the COs . The treatment received by nearly 2000 of these absolute COs included short rations , solitary confinement and physical abuse so severe as to cause the deaths of two draftees . - - = = = Preparation for World War II = = = - - After World War I , and with another European war looming , leaders from the historic peace churches met to about how to cooperate with the government to avoid the difficulties of World War I. Holding a common view that any participation in military service was not acceptable , they devised a plan of civilian alternative service , based on experience gained by American Friends Service Committee work in Europe during and after World War I and forestry service done by Russian Mennonites in lieu of military service in Russia . - As the United States prepared for another war , the historic peace churches , represented by Friends who understood inner dealings of Washington D.C. politics , attempted to influence new draft bills to ensure their men could fulfill their duty in an alternative , non @-@ military type of service . On June 20 , 1940 , the Burke @-@ Wadsworth Bill came before Congress . The arrangements for conscientious objectors were almost identical to the World War I provisions . - - = = = Selective Service Act = = = - - The Friends representatives continued attempting to make the bill more favorable to the historic peace churches . The Burke @-@ Wadsworth Bill passed on September 14 , 1940 , becoming the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 . The influence of the churches was evident in section 5 ( g ) , which says in part : - Any such person claiming such exemption from combatant training and service ... in lieu of such induction , be assigned to work of national importance under civilian direction . - The bill offered four improvements from the perspective of the churches over the World War I provisions . The exemption applied to conscientious based on religious training or belief , opening the door for members of any religious denomination to apply for CO status . Draftees turned down by local draft board could appeal under the new law . Those assigned to " work of national importance " would be under civilian , not military , control and violations of law on the part of those in the program were subject to normal federal jurisdiction , not the military justice system . From the military perspective , it removed the burden of dealing with thousands of uncooperative draftees and segregated the COs and their philosophy from military service members . - Unlike methods , the military found that this gentler approach resulted in about one in eight eventually transferring to military service . - - = = Organization = = - - When registration commenced on October 16 , 1940 , no structure was in place to handle thousands of anticipated conscientious objectors . Church representatives meeting with government officials learned that little thought had been put into the program , and the churches were advised to create a plan . Because the government wanted to deal with one body , not individual religious denominations , the National Council for Religious Conscientious was formed as a liaison between the churches and the federal government . The historic peace churches outlined a plan that included running and maintaining CPS camps under church control . However , President Roosevelt opposed any plan not involving military control over the draftees . To save their plan and retain civilian direction of the program , the churches offered to fund the camps . convinced Roosevelt that putting the COs to work in out @-@ of @-@ the @-@ way camps was to repeating the difficulties of World War I. Selective Service and the peace churches agreed to a six @-@ month trial of church supported and funded camps for conscientious objectors and thus Civilian Public Service was born . - The first camp opened on May 15 , 1941 near Baltimore , Maryland . A total of 152 camps and units were established over the next six years . The federal government provided work projects , housing , camp and paid for transportation to the camps . The responsibilities of the churches included day @-@ to @-@ day management of the camps , subsistence costs , meals and healthcare for the men . When the young men arrived at the first camps , they started a six @-@ month experiment that would extend to six years . - - = = = Camp life = = = - - Civilian Public Service men lived in barracks @-@ style camps , such as former Civilian Conservation Corps facilities . The camps served as a base of operations , from which the COs departed to their daily assignments . Sites were located typically in rural areas near the agricultural , soil conservation and forestry projects where the work took place . A large camp such as number 57 near Hill City , South Dakota , had five dormitories and housed as many as 172 men building the Dam . Later , with projects located in urban areas , the men lived in smaller units , communal housing near their assignments . CPS men typically worked nine hours , six days per week . - Mennonite Central Committee , American Friends Service Committee and Brethren Service Committee administered almost all of the camps . The Association of Catholic Conscientious managed four camps and the Methodist World Peace Commission two . Each camp was assigned a director responsible for supervising camp operation . The director managed the needs of the men , oversaw maintenance of the camp facilities , handled community relations and reported to Selective Service officials . Initially a pastor had the camp director role . Later , capable men from among the CPS workers directed the camps . - Besides the director , a , business manager and staffed a typical camp . An educational director was responsible for creating recreational , social and educational programs for the men . Church history , Bible and first aid were standard course topics . The strength of instructional programs varied from camp to camp , and after nine hours of physical labor , it could be difficult to motivate the men to attend classes . Most camps had libraries , some showed current films and camp number 56 ( Camp Angel ) near , Oregon had a particular emphasis on the arts . Camps produced and documenting their experiences . - The camp , with the help of men assigned as cooks , prepared all of the meals . Camps with large gardens provided their own fresh vegetables . congregations also supplied home canned and fresh produce . The camps were subject to the same shortages and rationing as the rest of the nation . - Sunday worship services were organized by the camp director if he was a pastor , by a visiting pastor , or by the CPS men themselves . While the historic peace churches organized the CPS , 38 % of the men came from other denominations and 4 % claimed no religious affiliation . - Men spent their free time doing crafts such as , , and photography . Outdoor activities included hiking and swimming . Men formed choirs and music ensembles , performing in neighboring towns when relations were good . The men earned two days of for each month of service . These days could be saved to allow enough time to travel several hundred miles home or in some cases traded to other men in exchange for cash . - Men with wives and dependents found it difficult to support their families . Beyond a small allowance , the men did not get paid for their service , nor were their dependents given an allowance . To be closer to their husbands , women sought employment near their husband 's assignment . Later , when jobs on dairy farms became available , families could live together in housing provided for farm workers . - Men who became uncooperative with the CPS system and were unable to adjust to the church @-@ managed camps were reassigned to a few camps managed by the Selective Service System . These camps tended to be the least productive and most difficult to administer . Men who felt compelled to protest the restrictions of the conscription law attempted to disrupt the program through the use of various techniques , including the initiation of work and labor strikes . rule breaking frustrated camp directors . The most difficult cases were given to the federal court system and the men imprisoned . - - = = = = = = - - Churches were primarily responsible for financing Civilian Public Service , providing for the men 's food , clothes , and other material needs . The churches also provided and paid for the camp director . The men received an allowance of between $ 2 @.@ 50 and $ 5 @.@ 00 monthly for personal needs . When jobs were available in surrounding farms and communities , those willing to work beyond their regular CPS jobs could earn extra spending money . The federal government spent $ 1 @.@ 3 million on the CPS program . The men performed $ 6 million of unpaid labor in return . - Men who worked for farmers or psychiatric hospitals received regular wages , which they were required to give to the federal government . to this practice developed immediately because the men felt they were helping to fund the war . A compromise was reached where the wages were put into a special fund that was unused until after the end of the war . At one point , church representatives attempted unsuccessfully to have these funds used for providing a living allowance for the men 's dependents . - - = = Types of work = = - - The first Civilian Public Service projects were in rural areas where the men performed tasks related to soil conservation , agriculture and forestry . Later men were assigned to projects in cities where they worked in hospitals , psychiatric wards , and university research centers . - - = = = Soil conservation and agriculture = = = - - the rural background of most men , the initial camps provided soil conservation and farming @-@ related projects . By August 1945 , 550 men worked on dairy farms and with milk testing . Labor @-@ intensive farming operations like were short of workers and accepted COs to help fill the gap . Men assigned to the Bureau of Reclamation built to prevent soil erosion , constructed 164 reservoirs and 249 dams . A sixth of all CPS work was performed in this area . - - = = = and National Parks = = = - - At Forest Service and National Park Service camps , CPS men were responsible for fire control . Between fires they built forest trails , cared for nursery stock , planted thousands of seedlings and engaged in pest control . and roadways on the Blue Ridge Parkway and Drive of Virginia are products of CPS labor . - Hundreds of men volunteered for smoke jumping , showing their willingness to take great personal risks . When fire was detected by a lookout , smoke jumpers were flown directly to the site and dropped by parachute to quickly contain and extinguish the fire . From base camps scattered through the forests of Montana , Idaho and Oregon , the men were flown as many as 200 miles to fire sites , carrying tools and a two @-@ day supply of K @-@ rations . For larger fires , additional men , supplies and food were to expand the effort . Up to 240 CPS men served in this specialized program . One of the schools was at Camp in Montana . - - = = = Mental health = = = - - As the war progressed , a critical shortage of workers in psychiatric hospitals developed , because staff had left for better paying jobs with fewer hours and improved working conditions . wards at Philadelphia State Hospital had one attendant member for 300 patients , the minimum ratio being 10 : 1 . The government at initial requests that CPS workers have these positions , believing it better to keep the men segregated in the rural camps to prevent the spread of their philosophy . - Eventually the men received permission to work for the mental institutions as attendants or psychiatric aides . Individuals who found jobs at the rural camps and meaningless , volunteered for this new type of assignment . The mental health field promised to provide the work of national importance that the program was designed to produce . By the end of 1945 , more than 2000 CPS men worked in 41 institutions in 20 states . - The CPS men discovered appalling conditions in the mental hospital wards . In an interview , a conscientious objector described his experience when he first entered a mental hospital in October 1942 : - It is sort of like a perpetual bad dream . The , the sounds of the insane voices , the bad equipment . The long , dark corridors . I tell you , it is all very much like a medieval of the regions . We ’ d heard about how these patients had been treated by the attendants , Beat with rods , you know , do all kind of things . We took a vow before we left the camp , we decided that we would not assault or in any way , strike a patient . - I opened one of those rooms , and there was a man lying on the floor . I leaned over to try to see what I could do to minister to him in some way , do something for him . He may have been on a or he may have been on the bare floor . No he was on the bare floor , because when I tried to move him , his skin came off . His skin was bloody and stuck to the floor and when I tried to lift him up it just his skin off . He was in the last stages of syphilis . He died less than a week afterwards . Now that was my first introduction to what was badly needed in that institution . - The CPS men objected to the mistreatment and abuse of patients and determined to improve conditions in the psychiatric wards . They wanted to show other attendants to violence when dealing with patients . - Frank , chairman of the War League observed : - One objector assigned to a violent ward refused to take the broomstick offered by the Charge . When he entered the ward the patients crowded around asking , " Where is your broomstick ? " He said he thought he would not need it . " But suppose some of us gang up on you ? " The CO guessed they wouldn 't do that and started talking about other things . Within a few days the patients were seen gathering around the unarmed attendant telling him of their troubles . He felt much safer than the Charge who had only his broomstick for company . - workers surveyed CPS men in other hospitals and learned of the degree of abuse throughout the psychiatric care system . church managers and government officials , the COs begin advocating for reforms to end the abuses . Conditions were exposed in institutions such as Cleveland State Hospital , Eastern State Hospital in Virginia and Hudson River State Hospital . One explained : - And the governor came in and they cleaned out the hospital . I mean , they had hearings . We all had to appear in court and all that kind of stuff . And within a month or so , the hospital was completely changed . The superintendent was fired and the new superintendent was put in , and not only did they do our hospital , they did all the hospitals , mental hospitals in Virginia . - The reformers were especially active at the Hospital in Philadelphia where four Friends initiated the The magazine as a way to communicate ideas and promote reform . This periodical later became The , a professional journal for mental health workers . On May 6 , 1946 Life Magazine printed an of the mental healthcare system based on the reports of COs . Another effort of CPS , Mental Hygiene Project became the National Mental Health Foundation . Initially skeptical about the value of Civilian Public Service , Eleanor Roosevelt , impressed by the changes introduced by COs in the mental health system , became a sponsor of the National Mental Health Foundation and actively inspired other prominent citizens including Owen J. Roberts , Pearl Buck and Harry Emerson to join her in advancing the organization 's objectives of reform and humane treatment of patients . - - = = = Medical experiments = = = - - Draftees in Civilian Public Service became medical and scientific research test subjects in human medical experiments under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the Surgeon General at medical institutions such as Harvard Medical School , Yale and Stanford Universities , and Massachusetts General Hospital . These experiments involved a range of research topics , sometimes the health of the COs . - : During the 1940s the cause , method of communication and treatment of infectious was not well understood . began with COs working at psychiatric hospitals and was expanded to a major research project with 30 to 60 test subjects at the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University . The men were with infected blood plasma , swallowed nose and throat and the human body of infected patients , and drank contaminated water . - As a young surgeon , C. Everett was part of the research team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . He related his experience with CPS test subjects : - And the first time I was introduced to this whole program when I as a young surgeon , was asked to do serial on their to see what the effect of the virus was in the production of the changes in the liver . And in that way , I got to know that a lot of these young men had no idea that the risk they were taking also included death . And some of those youngsters did die and it was a very difficult thing for me to be part of , because you know , you ’ re powerless , when you ’ re part of the big team . - It couldn 't happen today . Internal Review Boards would not permit the use of a live virus in human subjects unless they really understood what was going to happen to them . And I doubt that even if they knew what the risk was , that an Internal Review Board in any academic institution would consent to that kind of experimental work . - The research was instrumental in determining a virus is responsible for the disease and that it is transmitted through human , and drinking water . - : During the early 1940s , quinine was the chief anti @-@ drug . Made from the bark of the South American tree , quinine was in short supply during the war , so scientists began searching for an alternative treatment . The test subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by mosquitoes and when the fever reached its peak in three to four days , were given experimental treatments . At the University of Minnesota , twelve CPS men underwent tests to determine the recovery period for those infected with malaria . This research documented the debilitating effects of the disease and the amount of time required for a complete recovery . - Common cold and atypical pneumonia : A hundred CPS men participated with tests such that they inhaled or drank throat from soldiers with and pneumonia . This research proved that and some types of pneumonia are cause by a virus , not bacteria . - Minnesota Experiment : To study the effects of diet and , Dr. Keys of the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Hygiene placed 32 conscientious objectors on a controlled diet . For three months they were given a normal 3 @,@ 200 calories ( 13 @,@ 000 ) diet . This was followed by six months of an 1 @,@ 800 calories ( 7 @,@ 500 ) diet , fewer calories than provided by the famine diet experienced by the civilian population in wartime Europe . The research documented the men 's ability to maintain physical output and the psychological effects such as , , and severe depression . The study then followed the men 's long recovery as they returned to a normal diet and regained the weight lost during the experimentation . - The study provided valuable insights into hunger and starvation and the results were made available to all major relief agencies concerned with postwar food and problems , helping to inspire the Marshall Plan . - - = = and impact = = - - Civilian Public Service men were released from their assignments and the camps closed during March 1947 , nineteen months after the end of the war in the Pacific . in the mental health system continued after the war . The experience of Mennonite COs was instrumental in creating regional mental health facilities in California , Kansas and Maryland . - Lewis Hill , who was in CPS camp number 37 near , California , together with several other COs founded Pacifica Network and Radio in Berkeley , California , the world 's first listener @-@ sponsored radio station . Poets William Everson and William Stafford were both in CPS camps . Actor Francis ( ) William Weaver spent time in the Big ( New York ) CPS Camp number 46 . - Men from the historic peace churches volunteered for relief and reconstruction after their release from CPS . The 1947 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to American and British Friends Service Committees for their relief work in Europe after the war . Mennonite Central Committee its effort from camp administration to relief and reconstruction in Europe after the war . - Civilian Public Service created a precedent for the Alternative Service Program for conscientious objectors in the United States during the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although the CPS program was not , the idea of offering men an opportunity to do " work of national importance " instead of military service was established . - - - = Ireland = - - Ireland ( / / ; Irish : [ ] ; Ulster @-@ Scots : [ ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second @-@ largest island of the British Isles , the third @-@ largest in Europe , and the twentieth @-@ largest on Earth . - , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five @-@ of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 the population of Ireland was about 6 @.@ 4 million , ranking it the second @-@ most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . Just under 4 @.@ 6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1 @.@ 8 million live in Northern Ireland . - The island 's geography comprises relatively low @-@ lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages . As of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a European average of 35 % . There are twenty @-@ six extant mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is very moderated and classified as oceanic . As a result , winters are than expected for such a northerly area . However , summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe . Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant . - The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10 @,@ 500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD and lasted until the First World War . The island was from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th – 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . This subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , as part of it , did the same . - Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain , including the English language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf . - - = = Name = = - - Ireland consists of Old Irish + English land . derives from Proto @-@ Celtic * ( compare Welsh ) , which is also the source of Latin . derives from a root meaning " fat , prosperous " . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Prehistoric Ireland = = = - - During the last glacial period , and up until about 9000 years ago , most of Ireland was covered with ice , most of the time . Sea levels were lower and Ireland , like Great Britain , formed part of continental Europe . By 12 @,@ 000 BC , rising sea levels due to ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain . Later , around BC , Great Britain itself became separated from continental Europe . The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10 @,@ 500 BC . Until recently the earliest evidence of humans in Ireland were Mesolithic people who arrived by boat from Britain between 8000 BC and 7000 BC . - From about BC , Neolithic settlers arrived introducing cereal , a housing culture ( similar to those of the same period in Scotland ) and stone monuments . A more advanced agriculture was to develop . At the Fields , preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present @-@ day County Mayo , is an extensive field system , arguably the oldest in the world , dating from not long after this period . of small divisions separated by dry @-@ stone walls , the fields were farmed for several centuries between BC and 3000 BC . and barley were the principal crops imported from the Iberian Peninsula . - The Bronze Age – defined by the use of metal – began around 2500 BC , with technology changing people 's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel , oxen , weaving textiles , alcohol , and skilful , which produced new weapons and tools , along with fine gold decoration and jewellery , such as brooches and . According to John T. Koch and others , Ireland in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading @-@ culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included Britain , western France and Iberia , and that this is where Celtic languages developed . This contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland Europe with the culture . - - = = = = of Celtic Ireland = = = = - - During the Iron Age , a Celtic language and culture emerged in Ireland . How and when the island of Ireland became Celtic has been debated for close to a century , with the migrations of the Celts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies . Today , there is more than one school of thought on how this occurred in Ireland . - The long @-@ standing traditional view , once widely accepted , is that Celtic language , script and culture were brought to Ireland by waves of invading or migrating Celts from mainland Europe . This theory draws on the , a medieval Christian pseudo @-@ history of Ireland along with the presence of Celtic culture , language and artefacts found in Ireland such as Celtic bronze , shields , and other finely crafted Celtic associated possessions . The theory holds that there were four separate Celtic invasions of Ireland . The were said to be the first , followed by the from northern Gaul and Britain . Later , tribes from ( present @-@ day Brittany ) were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously . Lastly , the ( ) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul . It was claimed that a second wave named the , belonging to the people of northern Gaul , began arriving about the sixth century BC . They were said to have given their name to the island . - A more recent theory , with broad support among archaeologists , is that Celtic culture and language arrived in Ireland as a result of cultural . This theory proposes that the of Ireland may have been the culmination of a long process of social and economic interaction between Ireland , Britain and adjacent parts of Continental Europe . - The theory was advanced in part because of lack of archeological evidence for large @-@ scale Celtic immigration , though it is accepted that such movements are notoriously difficult to identify . Some proponents of this theory hold that it is likely that there was migration of smaller groups of Celts to Ireland , with sufficiently regular traffic to constitute a " migration stream , " but that this was not the fundamental cause of Insular . Historical linguists are that this method alone could account for the absorption of the Celtic language , with some saying that an assumed processional view of Celtic linguistic formation is ' an especially hazardous exercise ' . Genetic lineage investigation into the area of Celtic migration to Ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in mitochondrial DNA between Ireland and large areas of continental Europe , in contrast to parts of the Y @-@ chromosome pattern . When taking both into account a recent study drew the conclusion that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European " Atlantic Celts " showing a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia rather than substantially central European . - - = = = Late antiquity and early medieval times = = = - - The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco @-@ Roman . Ptolemy in his refers to Ireland as ( Little Britain ) , in contrast to the larger island , which he called ( Great Britain ) . In his later work , Geography , Ptolemy refers to Ireland as and to Great Britain as Albion . These " new " names were likely to have been the local names for the islands at the time . The earlier names , in contrast , were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made . - The Romans would later refer to Ireland by this name too in its form , , or Scotia . Ptolemy records sixteen nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 AD . The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear . However , a number of finds of Roman coins have been made , for example at the Iron Age settlement of Hill near and . - Ireland continued as a of rival kingdoms but , beginning in the 7th century AD , a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a High King of Ireland . Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of High Kings stretching back thousands of years but modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past . - The High King was said to over the provincial kingdoms that together formed Ireland . All of these kingdoms had their own kings but were at least nominally subject to the High King . The High King was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of Meath , with a ceremonial capital at the Hill of Tara . The concept only became a political reality in the Viking Age and even then was not a consistent one . Ireland did have a culturally rule of law : the early written judicial system , the Laws , administered by a professional class of jurists known as the . However , a united kingdom of Gaelic Ireland was never achieved . - The Chronicle of Ireland records that in AD Bishop arrived in Ireland on a mission from Pope Celestine I to minister to the Irish " already believing in Christ " . The same chronicle records that Saint Patrick , Ireland 's best known patron saint , arrived the following year . There is continued debate over the missions of and Patrick but the consensus is that they both took place and that the older tradition collapsed in the face of the new religion . Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin and Greek learning and Christian theology . In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland , Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the Early Middle Ages in contrast to elsewhere in Europe , where the Dark Ages followed the decline of the Roman Empire . - The arts of manuscript illumination , and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the Book of Kells , ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses that still dot the island today . A mission founded in on Iona by the Irish monk Saint Columba began a tradition of Irish missionary work that spread Celtic Christianity and learning to Scotland , England and the Frankish Empire on Continental Europe after the fall of Rome . These missions continued until the late Middle Ages , establishing monasteries and centres of learning , producing scholars such as and Johannes and much influence in Europe . - From the 9th century , waves of Viking raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns . These raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep @-@ seated in Ireland . The Vikings also were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in Ireland : Dublin , Limerick , Cork , Wexford , Waterford , and also , , , , , Foyle and . - - = = = Norman and English invasions = = = - - On 1 May , an expedition of @-@ Norman knights with an army of about six hundred landed at Strand in present @-@ day County Wexford . It was led by Richard de Clare , called due to his prowess as an archer . The invasion , which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion , was at the invitation of Mac , the king of Leinster . - In 1166 , Mac had fled to , France , following a war involving Ua , of , and sought the assistance of the king , Henry II , in his kingdom . In , Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition . He wanted to re @-@ exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control . Henry successfully re @-@ imposed his authority over and the @-@ Norman and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord , an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 Treaty of Windsor . - The invasion was by the provisions of the Papal Bull , issued by Adrian IV in 1155 . The bull encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church and its integration into the Roman Church system . Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the of Kells in . There has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of , and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forgery . - In , the new pope , Alexander III , further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome . Henry was authorised to impose a of one per hearth as an annual contribution . This church levy , called Peter 's , is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation . In turn , Henry accepted the title of Lord of Ireland which Henry conferred on his younger son , John , in . This defined the Irish state as the Lordship of Ireland . When Henry 's successor died unexpectedly in , John inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland . - Over the century that followed , Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Law so that by the late 13th century the Norman @-@ Irish had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland . Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of , , towns and the seeds of the modern county system . A version of the Magna ( the Great Charter of Ireland ) , Dublin for London and Irish Church for Church of England , was published in 1216 and the Parliament of Ireland was founded in . - From the mid @-@ 14th century , after the Black Death , Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline . The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish and the areas under Norman rule became . In some parts , a hybrid Hiberno @-@ Norman culture emerged . In response , the Irish parliament passed the of Kilkenny in . These were a set of laws designed to prevent the of the into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English , follow English customs and abide by English law . - By the end of the 15th century central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared and a renewed Irish culture and language , albeit with Norman influences , was dominant again . English Crown control remained relatively in an foothold around Dublin known as The , and under the provisions of ' Law of , the Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Parliament . - - = = = The Kingdom of Ireland = = = - - The title of King of Ireland was re @-@ created in 1542 by Henry VIII , then King of England , of the Tudor dynasty . English rule of law was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century , leading to the Tudor conquest of Ireland . A near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century , following the Nine Years ' War and the Flight of the Earls . - This control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century , which witnessed English and Scottish colonisation in the of Ireland , the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the War . Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( which , in Ireland , included the Irish Confederacy and the conquest of Ireland ) are estimated to include 20 @,@ 000 battlefield casualties . 200 @,@ 000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war @-@ related famine , displacement , guerrilla activity and pestilence over the duration of the war . A further 50 @,@ 000 were sent into indentured servitude in the West Indies . Some historians estimate that as much as half of the pre @-@ war population of Ireland may have died as a result of the conflict . - The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland . Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament . After the passing of the Test Act 1672 , and with the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of William and Mary over the , Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament . Under the emerging Laws , Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various and civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property . Additional punitive legislation followed 1703 , and . This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters , while a new ruling class of Anglican conformists . The new Anglo @-@ Irish ruling class became known as the Protestant . - An extraordinary climatic shock known as the " Great Frost " struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December and September 1741 , after a decade of relatively mild winters . The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples and the poor summers severely damaged . This resulted in the famine of 1740 . An estimated 250 @,@ 000 people ( about one in eight of the population ) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease . The Irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more . Local and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality . - In the aftermath of the famine , an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms . The population soared in the latter part of this century and the architectural legacy of Georgian Ireland was built . In 1782 , ' Law was repealed , giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since . The British government , however , still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland without the consent of the Irish parliament . - - = = = Union with Great Britain = = = - - In 1798 , members of the Protestant tradition ( mainly Presbyterian ) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the Society of United , with the aim of creating an independent Ireland . Despite assistance from France the rebellion was put down by British and Irish government and yeomanry forces . In 1800 , the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that , with effect from 1 January 1801 , merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . - The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial , having failed on the first attempt in . According to contemporary documents and historical analysis , this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery , with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office , and the of , places and honours to secure votes . Thus , the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at Westminster in London , though resistance remained , as evidenced by Robert Emmet 's failed Irish Rebellion of 1803 . - Aside from the development of the linen industry , Ireland was largely passed over by the industrial revolution , partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England , which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital . - The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it . By the end of the decade , half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland . The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the Land War . Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid @-@ 20th century . Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8 @.@ 2 million by the 1841 census . The population has never returned to this level since . The population continued to fall until 1961 and it was not until the 2006 census that the last county of Ireland ( County ) to record a rise in population since 1841 did so . - The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism , primarily among the Roman Catholic population . The pre @-@ eminent Irish political figure after the Union was Daniel O 'Connell . He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ennis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat as a Roman Catholic . O 'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister , the Irish @-@ born soldier and statesman , the Duke of Wellington . the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament , aided by future prime minister Robert Peel , Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law . George 's father had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister , Pitt the Younger , to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801 , fearing Catholic to be in conflict with the Act of Settlement 1701 . - Daniel O 'Connell led a subsequent campaign , for the repeal of the Act of Union , which failed . Later in the century , Charles Stewart and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union , or " Home Rule " . , especially those located in Ulster , were strongly opposed to Home Rule , which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests . After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament , it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914 . To prevent this from happening , the Ulster Volunteers were formed in 1913 under the leadership of Edward Carson . - Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers , whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed . The Act was passed but with the " temporary " exclusion of the six counties of Ulster that would become Northern Ireland . Before it could be implemented , however , the Act was suspended for the duration of the First World War . The Irish Volunteers split into two groups . The majority , approximately 175 @,@ 000 in number , under John , took the name National Volunteers and supported Irish involvement in the war . A minority , approximately 13 @,@ 000 , retained the Irish Volunteers ' name , and opposed Ireland 's involvement in the war . - The Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia , the Irish Citizen Army . The British response , executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and or more than a thousand people , turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels . Support for Irish increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe , as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . - The pro @-@ independence republican party , , received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918 , and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic , setting up its own parliament ( Dáil ) and government . Simultaneously the Volunteers , which became known as the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) , launched a three @-@ year guerrilla war , which ended in a truce in July 1921 ( although violence continued until June 1922 , mostly in Northern Ireland ) . - - = = = Partition = = = - - In December 1921 , the Anglo @-@ Irish Treaty was concluded between the British Government and representatives of the Second Dáil . It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy , but an opt @-@ out clause allowed Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom , which it immediately exercised as expected . Additionally , an oath of allegiance to the King was to be taken . over these provisions led to a split in the nationalist movement and a subsequent Irish Civil War between the new government of the Irish Free State and those opposed to the treaty , led by de Valera . The civil war officially ended in May 1923 when de Valera issued a cease @-@ fire order . - - = = = = Independence = = = = - - During its first decade , the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war . When de Valera achieved power , he took advantage of the of Westminster and political circumstances to build upon to greater sovereignty made by the previous government . The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted . This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence . However , it was not until 1949 that the state was declared , officially , to be the Republic of Ireland . - The state was neutral during World War II , but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies , particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland . Despite their country 's neutrality , approximately 50 @,@ 000 volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war , four being awarded Victoria Crosses . - The was also active in Ireland . German intelligence operations effectively ended in September 1941 when police made arrests on the basis of surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic in Dublin , including that of the United States . To the authorities , was a fundamental line of defence . With a regular army of only slightly over seven thousand men at the start of the war , and with limited supplies of modern weapons , the state would have had great difficulty in defending itself from invasion from either side in the conflict . - Large @-@ scale emigration marked most of the post @-@ WWII period ( particularly during the 1950s and 1980s ) , but beginning in 1987 the economy improved , and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth . This period of growth became known as the Celtic Tiger . The Republic 's real GDP grew by an average of 9 @.@ 6 % per annum between 1995 and 1999 , in which year the Republic joined the euro . In 2000 , it was the sixth @-@ richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita . - Social changes also occurred in this time , most markedly with the decline in authority of the Catholic Church . The financial crisis that began in 2008 dramatically ended this period of boom . GDP fell by 3 % in 2008 and by 7 @.@ 1 % in 2009 , the worst year since records began ( although earnings by foreign @-@ owned businesses continued to grow ) . The state has since experienced deep recession , with unemployment , which doubled during 2009 , remaining above 14 % in 2012 . - - = = = = Northern Ireland = = = = - - Northern Ireland was created as a division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and until 1972 it was a self @-@ governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister . Northern Ireland , as part of the United Kingdom , was not neutral during the Second World War and Belfast suffered four bombing raids in 1941 . Conscription was not extended to Northern Ireland and roughly an equal number volunteered from Northern Ireland as volunteered from the south . One , James Joseph , received the Victoria Cross for . - Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the of the civil war , in decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter @-@ communal violence . Nationalists , mainly Roman Catholic , wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic , whereas unionists , mainly Protestant , wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom . The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along sectarian lines , meaning that the Government of Northern Ireland ( elected by " first @-@ past @-@ the @-@ post " from 1929 ) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party . Over time , the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further fuelled by practices such as and discrimination in housing and employment . - In the late 1960s , nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests , which were often confronted by loyalist counter @-@ protests . The government 's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one @-@ sided and heavy @-@ handed in favour of unionists . Law and order broke down as unrest and inter @-@ communal violence increased . The Northern Ireland government requested the British Army to aid the police , who were exhausted after several nights of serious rioting . In 1969 , the paramilitary Provisional IRA , which favoured the creation of a united Ireland , emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army and began a campaign against what it called the " British occupation of the six counties " . - Other groups , on both the unionist side and the nationalist side , participated in violence and a period known as the Troubles began . Over 3 @,@ 600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict . Owing to the civil unrest during the Troubles , the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed direct rule . There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically , such as the Agreement of 1973 . In 1998 , following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi @-@ party talks , the Good Friday Agreement was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments , the text agreed in the multi @-@ party talks . - The substance of the Agreement ( formally referred to as the Belfast Agreement ) was later endorsed by in both parts of Ireland . The Agreement restored self @-@ government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power @-@ sharing in a regional Executive drawn from the major parties in a new Northern Ireland Assembly , with entrenched for the two main communities . The Executive is jointly headed by a First Minister and deputy First Minister drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties . Violence had decreased greatly after the Provisional IRA and loyalist in 1994 and in 2005 the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and an independent commission supervised its and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations . - The Assembly and power @-@ sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007 . In that year the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland ( Operation Banner ) and began withdrawing troops . On 27 June 2012 , Northern Ireland 's deputy first minister and former IRA commander , Martin McGuinness , shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast , symbolising reconciliation between the two sides . - - = = Politics = = - - , the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland , an independent state , and Northern Ireland ( a constituent country of the United Kingdom ) . They share an open border and both are part of the Common Travel Area . - Both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom are members of the European Union , and as a consequence there is free movement of people , goods , services and capital across the border . - - = = = Republic of Ireland = = = - - The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the British model , with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers . The government is headed by a prime minister , the , who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of parliament , the Dáil . Members of the government are chosen from both the Dáil and the upper house of parliament , the . Its capital is Dublin . - The Republic today ranks amongst the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita and in 2012 was ranked the seventh most developed nation in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the Celtic Tiger period , was brought to an end in 2008 with an unprecedented financial crisis and an economic depression in 2009 . - - = = = Northern Ireland = = = - - Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local executive and assembly which exercise devolved powers . The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy @-@ first minister , with the being allocated in proportion with each party 's representation in the assembly . Its capital is Belfast . - Ultimately political power is held by the UK government , from which Northern Ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which devolved powers have been suspended . Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK House of Commons ' 650 MPs . The Northern Ireland Secretary is a cabinet @-@ level post in the British government . - Along with England , Wales and Scotland , Northern Ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the UK , all of which share the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom as their court of final appeal . - - = = = All @-@ island institutions = = = - - As part of the Good Friday Agreement , the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all @-@ island institutions and areas of cooperation . - The North / South Council is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all @-@ island policies . At least six of these policy areas must have an associated all @-@ island " implementation bodies " and at least six others must be implemented separately in each jurisdiction . The implementation bodies are : Waterways Ireland , the Food Safety Promotion Board , , the Special European Union Programmes Body , the North / South Language Body and the Foyle , and Irish Lights Commission . - The British – Irish Conference provides for co @-@ operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matter of mutual interest , especially Northern Ireland . In light of the Republic 's particular interest in the governance of Northern Ireland , " regular and frequent " meetings co @-@ chaired by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and the UK Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , dealing with non @-@ devolved matters to do with Northern Ireland and non @-@ devolved all @-@ Ireland issues , are required to take place under the establishing treaty . - The North / South Inter @-@ Parliamentary Association is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland . It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures . - - = = Economy = = - - Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies ( the euro and pound sterling ) , a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all @-@ Ireland basis . This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions ' shared membership of the European Union , and there have been calls from members of the business community and for the creation of an " all @-@ Ireland economy " to take advantage of economies of scale and boost competitiveness . - There are two multi @-@ city regions on the island of Ireland : - Dublin @-@ Belfast corridor - 3 @.@ 3 m - Cork @-@ Limerick @-@ Galway corridor - 1 m - Below is a comparison of the Regional GDP on the island of Ireland . - The BMW region of the Republic of Ireland ( consisting of , Counties , , , Longford , Donegal , Monaghan , , ) - The S & E region of the Republic of Ireland ( consisting of Munster , Counties Dublin , , Meath , Kildare , Kilkenny , , Wexford ) . - - = = = Energy = = = - - Ireland has an ancient industry based on peat ( known locally as " turf " ) as a source of energy for home fires . A form of energy , this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas . However , due to the ecological importance of in storing carbon and their rarity , the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland if they are dug up . In cities , heat is generally supplied by heating oil , although some urban suppliers distribute " of turf " as " fuel " . - An area in which the island operates as a single market is electricity . For much of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate . Both networks were designed and constructed independently post partition . However , as a result of changes over recent years they are now connected with three and also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe . The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity ( ) with enough power . In the Republic of Ireland , the has failed to its power stations and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66 % , one of the worst such rates in Western Europe . is building a transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW , about 10 % of Ireland 's peak demand . - As with electricity , the natural gas distribution network is also now all @-@ island , with a pipeline linking , County Meath , and , County Antrim completed in 2007 . Most of Ireland 's gas comes through between in Scotland and , County Antrim and , County Dublin . A decreasing supply is coming from the gas field off the County Cork coast and the Gas Field off the coast of County Mayo has yet to come on @-@ line . The County Mayo field is facing some localised opposition over a controversial decision to refine the gas onshore . - The Republic of Ireland has shown a strong commitment to renewable energy , ranking as one of the top 10 markets for investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index . Research and development in Ireland in renewable energy such as wind power has increased since 2004 . Large wind farms are being constructed in coastal counties such as Cork , Donegal , Mayo and Antrim . The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities , some of whom overall consider the wind turbines to be . The Republic of Ireland is also hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms . The 's Hill facility is the only power @-@ storage facility in the state . - - = = Geography = = - - The island of Ireland is located in the north @-@ west of Europe , between latitudes 51 ° and 56 ° N , and 11 ° and 5 ° W. It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel , which has a width of 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) at its point . To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea , which lies between Ireland and Brittany , in France . Ireland has a total area of 84 @,@ km2 ( 32 @,@ 595 sq mi ) . Ireland and Great Britain , together with many nearby smaller islands , are known collectively as the British Isles . As the term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland , the alternate term Britain and Ireland is often used as a neutral term for the islands . - A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island . The highest of these is ( Irish : ) in County Kerry , which rises to 1 @,@ m ( 3 @,@ 406 ft ) above sea level . The most arable land lies in the province of Leinster . Western areas can be mountainous and rocky with green panoramic . The River Shannon , the island 's longest river at 386 km ( 240 mi ) long , rises in County in the north west and flows 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) to Limerick city in the mid west . - The island 's lush vegetation , a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall , earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle . Overall , Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes . The climate is typically insular and is temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes . This is a result of the moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the South @-@ Western Atlantic . - Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall , particularly in the east . The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms , especially in the late autumn and winter months . These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas , as well as sometimes snow and hail . The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island , with lightning occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas . Munster , in the south , records the least snow whereas Ulster , in the north , records the most . - Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter . Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) at inland weather stations , compared to 10 days at coastal stations . Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves , most recently in 1995 , 2003 , 2006 and 2013 . In common with the rest of Europe , Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2009 / 10 . Temperatures fell as low as − 17 @.@ 2 ° C ( 1 ° F ) in County Mayo on 20 December and up to a metre ( 3 ft ) of snow fell in mountainous areas . - The island consists of varied geological provinces . In the far west , around County Galway and County Donegal , is a medium to high grade and igneous complex of affinity , similar to the Scottish Highlands . Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to Longford and south to is a province of Ordovician and rocks , with similarities to the Southern province of Scotland . Further south , along the County Wexford coastline , is an area of granite into more Ordovician and rocks , like that found in Wales . - In the southwest , around Bay and the mountains of 's , is an area of substantially deformed , but only lightly , Devonian @-@ aged rocks . This partial ring of " hard rock " geology is covered by a blanket of limestone over the centre of the country , giving rise to a comparatively fertile and lush landscape . The west @-@ coast district of the around has well @-@ developed features . Significant lead @-@ zinc is found in the around and . - exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Head gas field off Cork in the mid @-@ 1970s . In 1999 , economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the Gas Field off the County Mayo coast . This has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the " West of Shetland " step @-@ out development from the North Sea province . The oil field , estimated to contain over 28 million barrels ( 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 m3 ) of oil , is another recent discovery . - - - = = = Places of interest = = = - - There are three World Heritage Sites on the island : the na , Michael and the Giant 's Causeway . A number of other places are on the tentative list , for example the , the Fields and Mount Stewart . - Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Castle , the Rock of , the of , Holy Cross Abbey and Castle . Historically important monastic sites include and Clonmacnoise , which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland . - Dublin is the most heavily region and home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness and Book of Kells . The west and south west , which includes the Lakes of Killarney and the peninsula in County Kerry and and the Islands in County Galway , are also popular tourist destinations . - Island lies off the coast of County Mayo and is Ireland 's largest island . It is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 Blue Flag beaches and one of the worlds highest sea cliffs . homes , built during the 17th , 18th and 19th centuries in , and neo @-@ Gothic styles , such as , Castle Ward , House , House , Castle are also of interest to tourists . Some have been converted into hotels , such as Castle , Castle Leslie and Castle . - World Heritage Sites - - = = Flora and fauna = = - - Because Ireland became isolated from mainland Europe by rising sea levels before the last ice age had completely finished , it has fewer land animal and plant species than Great Britain , which separated later , or mainland Europe . There are 55 mammal species in Ireland and of them only 26 land mammal species are considered native to Ireland . Some species , such as , the red fox , and , are very common , whereas others , like the Irish hare , red deer and pine are less so . wildlife , such as species of sea turtle , shark , seal , whale , and , are common off the coast . About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland . Many of these are migratory , including the barn swallow . - Several different habitat types are found in Ireland , including farmland , open woodland , temperate broadleaf and mixed forests , conifer plantations , peat and a variety of coastal habitats . However , agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland , limiting natural habitat preserves , particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs . With no large apex predators in Ireland other than humans and dogs , such populations of animals as semi @-@ wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators , such as the fox , are controlled by annual culling . - There are no snakes in Ireland and only one species of reptile ( the common lizard ) is native to the island . Extinct species include the Irish elk , the great and the wolf . Some previously extinct birds , such as the golden eagle , been reintroduced in about the year 2000 after decades of . Until medieval times Ireland was heavily forested with oak , pine and birch . today cover about 12 @.@ 6 % of Ireland , of which 4 @,@ 450 km ² or one million acres is owned by , the Republic 's forestry service . - As of 2012 the Republic is one of the least forested countries in Europe . Much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild @-@ flower . ( europaeus ) , a wild , is commonly found growing in the and are plentiful in the more moist regions , especially in the western parts . It is home to hundreds of plant species , some of them unique to the island , and has been " invaded " by some grasses , such as . - The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold @-@ temperate variety . The total number of species is and is distributed as follows : - 264 ( red algae ) - 152 ( brown algae including ) - 114 ( green algae ) - 31 ( Blue @-@ green algae ) - species include : - ( ) & Guiry - & Guiry - & Guiry - Rico & Guiry - & ex . - The island has been invaded by some algae , some of which are now well established . For example : - Harvey , which originated in Australia and was first recorded by M. De Valera in 1939 - , which is now locally abundant and first recorded in the 1930s - ( ) , now well established in a number of localities on the south , west , and north @-@ east coasts - fragile ssp. fragile ( formerly reported as ssp. ) , now well established . - fragile ssp. has been established to be native , although for many years it was regarded as an alien species . - Because of its mild climate , many species , including sub @-@ tropical species such as palm trees , are grown in Ireland . , Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Region within the Kingdom . The island itself can be subdivided into two : the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests . - - = = = Impact of agriculture = = = - - The long history of agricultural production , coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as and fertiliser use and runoff from into streams , rivers and lakes , impact the natural fresh @-@ water ecosystems and have placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland . - A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species . , however , traditionally used for maintaining and land boundaries , act as a refuge for native wild flora . This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and acts as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island . under the Common Agricultural Policy , which supported agricultural practices that preserved environments , are undergoing reforms . The Common Agricultural Policy had in the past potentially destructive agricultural practices , for example by emphasising production without placing limits on indiscriminate use of and ; but reforms have gradually subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements . - Forest covers about 12 @.@ 6 % of the country , most of it designated for commercial production . Forested areas typically consist of plantations of non @-@ native species , which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates . Remnants of native forest can be found scattered around the island , in particular in the Killarney National Park . Natural areas require fencing to prevent over @-@ grazing by deer and sheep that over areas . in this manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country . - - = = Demographics = = - - People have lived in Ireland for over 9 @,@ 000 years . The different eras are termed , , Bronze Age , and Iron Age . - Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the , , Dál Riata , , , , , , Ulaid . later major groups included the , , . - Smaller groups included the ( see ) , , , , , , , Fir , , , , , , , , , Uí Maine , Uí . Many survived into late medieval times , others vanished as they became politically unimportant . - Over the past 1200 years , Vikings , , Welsh , , Scots , English , Africans , Eastern Europeans and South Americans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture . - Ireland 's largest religious group is Christianity . The largest denomination is Roman Catholicism representing over 73 % for the island ( and about 87 % of the Republic of Ireland ) . Most of the rest of the population to one of the various Protestant denominations ( about 48 % of Northern Ireland ) . The largest is the Anglican Church of Ireland . The Muslim community is growing in Ireland , mostly through increased immigration , with a 50 % increase in the republic between the 2006 and 2011 census . The island has a small Jewish community . About 4 % of the Republic 's population and about 14 % of the Northern Ireland population describe themselves as of no religion . In a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the Irish Times , 32 % of said they went to a religious service more than once a week . - The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid @-@ 19th century , but a devastating famine in the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to in its immediate wake . Over the following century the population was reduced by over half , at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three @-@ fold . - - = = = Divisions and settlements = = = - - Traditionally , Ireland is subdivided into four provinces : ( west ) , Leinster ( east ) , Munster ( south ) , and Ulster ( north ) . In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries , Ireland has 32 traditional counties . Twenty @-@ six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland and six are in Northern Ireland . The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster ( which has nine counties in total ) . As such , Ulster is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland , although the two are not . - In the Republic of Ireland , counties form the basis of the system of local government . Counties Dublin , Cork , Limerick , Galway , Waterford and have been broken up into smaller administrative areas . However , they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes , for example postal addresses and by the Ordnance Survey Ireland . Counties in Northern Ireland are no longer used for local governmental purposes , but , as in the Republic , their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts . - City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter . Dublin , with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area , is the largest city on the island . Belfast , with @,@ residents , is the largest city in Northern Ireland . City status does not directly with population size . For example , Armagh , with 14 @,@ 590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic of All Ireland and was re @-@ granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 ( having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840 ) . In the Republic of Ireland , Kilkenny , seat of the Butler dynasty , while no longer a city for administrative purposes ( since the 2001 Local Government Act ) , is entitled by law to continue to use the description . - - = = = Migration = = = - - The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century . A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921 . In part , the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852 , which took about 1 million lives . However , by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century . - Emigration from Ireland in the 19th century contributed to the populations of England , the United States , Canada and Australia , where a large Irish diaspora lives . As of 2006 , 4 @.@ 3 million Canadians , or 14 % of the population , are of Irish descent . As of 2013 , a total of 34 @.@ 5 million Americans claim Irish ancestry . - With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century , Ireland became a destination for immigrants . Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004 , Polish people have made up the largest number of immigrants ( over 150 @,@ 000 ) from Central Europe . There has also been significant immigration from Lithuania , the Czech Republic and Latvia . - The Republic of Ireland in particular has seen large @-@ scale immigration , with 420 @,@ 000 foreign as of 2006 , about 10 % of the population . A quarter of births ( 24 percent ) in 2009 were to mothers born outside Ireland . Chinese and , along with people from other African countries , have accounted for a large proportion of the non – European Union migrants to Ireland . Up to 50 @,@ 000 eastern and central European migrant workers left Ireland in response to the Irish financial crisis . - - = = = Languages = = = - - Two main languages are spoken in Ireland : Irish and English . Both languages have widely contributed to literature . Irish , now a minority but official language of the Republic of Ireland , was the vernacular of the Irish people for over two thousand years and was probably introduced by some sort of proto @-@ Gaelic migration during the Iron Age , possibly earlier . It began to be written down after Christianisation in the 5th century and spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man where it evolved into the Scottish Gaelic and languages respectively . - The Irish language has a vast treasure of written texts from many centuries , and is divided by linguists into Old Irish from the 6th to 10th century , Middle Irish from the 10th to 13th century , Early Modern Irish until the 17th century , and the Modern Irish spoken today . It remained the dominant language of Ireland for most of those periods , having influences from Latin , Old Norse , French and English . It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century , and since then has been a minority language , although revival efforts are continuing in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . - Gaeltacht or Irish @-@ speaking areas are still seeing a decline in the language . The main Gaeltacht areas are down the west of the country , in Donegal , Mayo , Galway and Kerry with smaller Gaeltacht areas near in Waterford , , in Meath , and the Shaw 's Road in Belfast . Irish language is a compulsory subject in the state education system in the Republic , and the movement has seen many Irish medium schools established in both jurisdictions . - English was first introduced to Ireland in the Norman invasion . It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England , and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor Conquest of Ireland . It was introduced as the official language with the Tudor and conquests . The Ulster plantations gave it a permanent foothold in Ulster , and it remained the official and upper @-@ class language elsewhere , the Irish @-@ speaking chieftains and nobility having been deposed . Language shift during the 19th century replaced Irish with English as the first language for a vast majority of the population . - Less than 10 % of the population of the Republic of Ireland today speak Irish regularly outside of the education system and 38 % of those over 15 years are classified as " Irish speakers " . In Northern Ireland , English is the de facto official language , but official recognition is afforded to Irish , including specific protective measures under Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Languages . A lesser status ( including recognition under Part II of the Charter ) is given to Ulster Scots dialects , which are spoken by roughly 2 % of Northern Ireland residents , and also spoken by some in the Republic of Ireland . Since the 1960s with the increase in immigration , many more languages have been introduced , particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe . - - = = Culture = = - - Ireland 's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples , later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences ( chiefly Gaelic culture , , and aspects of broader European culture ) . In broad terms , Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe , alongside Scotland , Wales , Cornwall , Isle of Man and Brittany . This combination of cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed Irish interlace or Celtic . These can be seen in the ornamentation of medieval religious and secular works . The style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art , as is the distinctive style of traditional Irish music and dance , and has become indicative of modern " Celtic " culture in general . - Religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times ( and since the 17th century plantations , has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island ) . Ireland 's pre @-@ Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the 5th century . The Hiberno @-@ Scottish missions , begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba , spread the Irish vision of Christianity to pagan England and the Frankish Empire . These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the fall of Rome , earning Ireland the sobriquet , " the island of saints and scholars " . - Since the 20th century the Irish worldwide have become , especially those with a full range of cultural and offerings , outposts of Irish culture . - The Republic of Ireland 's national theatre is the Abbey Theatre , which was founded in 1904 , and the national Irish @-@ language theatre is An , which was established in 1928 in Galway . such as O , Brian , Sebastian Barry , McPherson and Billy Roche are internationally renowned . - - = = = Arts = = = - - Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches , particularly in the English language . Poetry in Irish is among the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe , with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century . In English , Jonathan Swift , still often called the foremost in the English language , was very popular in his day for works such as 's and A Modest , and Oscar Wilde is known most for his often quoted witticisms . - In the 20th century , Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature : George Bernard Shaw , William Butler Yeats , Samuel and Seamus Heaney . Although not a Nobel Prize winner , James Joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century . Joyce 's 1922 novel Ulysses is considered one of the most important works of literature and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as " " . Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage through writers such as John and poets such as Seamus Heaney . - Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times . Although in the early Middle Ages the church was " quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe " , there was considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as Gregorian chant . Outside religious establishments , musical genres in early Gaelic Ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music ( ) , laughing music ( ) and sleeping music ( ) . Vocal and instrumental music ( e.g. for the , pipes , and various string instruments ) was transmitted orally , but the Irish , in particular , was of such significance that it became Ireland 's national symbol . Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas , in establishments of Anglo @-@ Irish rule such as Dublin Castle , St Patrick 's Cathedral and Christ Church as well as the country houses of the Anglo @-@ Irish ascendancy , with the first performance of Handel 's ( 1742 ) being among the highlights of the era . In the 19th century , public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society . Yet , for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians , so the names of the better @-@ known Irish composers of this time belong to emigrants . - Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s . In the middle years of the 20th century , as Irish society was , traditional music had fallen out of favour , especially in urban areas . However during the 1960s , there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as The Dubliners , The , The Wolfe Tones , the Clancy Brothers , 's Men and individuals like and Christy Moore . Groups and musicians including , Van Morrison and incorporated elements of Irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and , during the 1970s and 1980s , the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred , with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing . This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like , The Saw Doctors , The , O 'Connor , , The and The among others . Since then there have been a number of stylistic including folk metal and others , while some contemporary music groups stick closer to a " traditional " sound . - The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as and is traced through Bronze age artefacts and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period . During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries , a strong tradition of painting emerged , including such figures as John Butler Yeats , William , Jack Yeats and Louis le . Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include Sean Scully , Kevin , and Alice . - - = = = Science = = = - - The Irish philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus was considered one of the leading intellectuals of his early Middle Ages . Sir Ernest Henry , an Irish explorer , was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration . He , along with his expedition , made the first ascent of Mount and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole . Robert Boyle was a 17th @-@ century natural philosopher , chemist , physicist , inventor and early gentleman scientist . He is largely regarded one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of Boyle 's law . - 19th century physicist , John Tyndall , discovered the Tyndall effect . Father Nicholas Joseph , Professor of Natural Philosophy in College , is best known for his invention of the induction coil , and he discovered an early method of in the 19th century . - Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton , winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics . With Sir John Douglas , he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation . William Thomson , or Lord Kelvin , is the person whom the absolute temperature unit , the Kelvin , is named after . Sir Joseph , a physicist and mathematician , made innovations in the understanding of electricity , dynamics , and the electron theory of matter . His most influential work was and , a book on theoretical physics published in 1900 . - George Johnstone introduced the term electron in 1891 . John Stewart Bell was the originator of Bell 's and a paper concerning the discovery of the Bell @-@ @-@ anomaly and was nominated for a Nobel prize . Notable mathematicians include Sir William Rowan Hamilton , famous for work in classical mechanics and the invention of . Francis Edgeworth 's contribution of the Edgeworth Box remains influential in neo @-@ classical theory to this day ; while Richard inspired Adam Smith , among others . John B. was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000 @-@ digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite number in 2003 . John made progress in different fields of science , including mechanics and methods in general relativity . He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students . - Ireland has nine universities , seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland , including Trinity College , Dublin and the University College Dublin , as well as numerous third @-@ level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University , the Open University in Ireland . - - = = = Sports = = = - - The island of Ireland fields a single international team in most sports . One notable exception to this is association football , although both associations continued to field international teams under the name " Ireland " until the 1950s . An all @-@ Ireland club competition for soccer , the Cup , was created in 2005 . - Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement , with about 2 @,@ 600 clubs on the island . In 2003 it represented 34 % of total sports at events in Ireland and abroad , followed by hurling at 23 % , soccer at 16 % and rugby at 8 % and the All @-@ Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in the sporting calendar . Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island , and the most popular in Northern Ireland . , golf , aerobics , soccer , cycling , Gaelic football and / are the sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation . The sport is also the most notable exception where the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland field separate international teams . Northern Ireland has produced two World Champions . - Many other sports are also played and followed , including basketball , boxing , cricket , fishing , greyhound racing , , hockey , horse racing , motor sport , show jumping and tennis . - - = = = = Field sports = = = = - - Gaelic football , hurling and are the best @-@ known of the Irish traditional sports , collectively known as Gaelic games . Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) , with the exception of ladies ' Gaelic football and ( women 's variant of hurling ) , which are governed by separate organisations . The headquarters of the GAA ( and the main stadium ) is located at the 82 @,@ 500 capacity Park in north Dublin . Many major GAA games are played there , including the semi @-@ finals and finals of the All @-@ Ireland Senior Football Championship and All @-@ Ireland Senior Championship . During the redevelopment of the Lansdowne Road stadium in 2007 – 10 , international rugby and soccer were played there . All GAA players , even at the highest level , are amateurs , receiving no wages , although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport @-@ related income from commercial sponsorship . - The Irish Football Association ( IFA ) was originally the governing body for soccer across the island . The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s , with F.C. in Belfast being Ireland 's oldest club . It was most popular , especially in its first decades , around Belfast and in Ulster . However , some clubs based outside Belfast thought that the IFA largely favoured Ulster @-@ based clubs in such matters as selection for the national team . In 1921 , following an incident in which , despite an earlier promise , the IFA moved an Irish Cup semi @-@ final replay from Dublin to Belfast , Dublin @-@ based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State . Today the southern association is known as the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) . Despite being initially by the Home Nations ' associations , the FAI was recognised by FIFA in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 ( against Italy ) . However , both the IFA and FAI continued to select their teams from the whole of Ireland , with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams . Both also referred to their respective teams as Ireland . - In 1950 , FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and , in 1953 , directed that the FAI 's team be known only as " Republic of Ireland " and that the IFA 's team be known as " Northern Ireland " ( with certain exceptions ) . Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup finals in 1958 ( reaching the quarter @-@ finals ) , 1982 and 1986 . The Republic qualified for the World Cup finals in 1990 ( reaching the quarter @-@ finals ) , 1994 , 2002 and the European Championships in 1988 and 2012 . Across Ireland , there is significant interest in the English and , to a lesser extent , Scottish soccer leagues . - Unlike soccer , Ireland continues to field a single national rugby team and a single association , the Irish Rugby Football Union ( ) , governs the sport across the island . The Irish rugby team have played in every Rugby World Cup , making the quarter @-@ finals in four of them . Ireland also hosted games during the 1991 and the 1999 Rugby World Cups ( including a quarter @-@ final ) . There are four professional Irish teams ; all four play in the League ( now called the ) and at least three compete for the Cup . Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994 . During that time , Ulster ( 1999 ) , Munster ( 2006 and 2008 ) and Leinster ( 2009 , 2011 and 2012 ) have won the Cup . In addition to this , the Irish International side has had increased success in the Six Nations Championship against the other European elite sides . This success , including Triple Crowns in 2004 , 2006 and 2007 , culminated with a clean sweep of victories , known as a Grand Slam , in 2009 . - - = = = = Other sports = = = = - - Horse racing and greyhound racing are both popular in Ireland . There are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well @-@ attended . The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs . The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare . - Irish athletics has seen a heightened success rate since the year 2000 , with Sonia O winning two medals at 5 @,@ 000 metres on the track ; gold at the 1995 World Championships and silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics . Gillian O won silver in the walk at the 2003 World Championships , while sprint O 'Rourke won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow . Olive won a silver medal in the walk in the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009 . - Ireland has won more medals in boxing than in any other Olympic sport . Boxing is governed by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association . Michael won a gold medal and Wayne won a silver medal in the Barcelona Olympic Games and in 2008 Kenneth won a silver medal in the Beijing Games . Paddy Barnes secured bronze in those games and gold in the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships ( where Ireland came 2nd in the overall medal table ) and 2010 Commonwealth Games . Katie Taylor has won gold in every European and World championship since 2005 . In August 2012 at the Olympic Games in London Katie Taylor created history by becoming the first Irish woman to win a gold medal in boxing in the 60 kg lightweight . - Golf is very popular and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240 @,@ 000 visitors annually . The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare . Harrington became the first since Fred Daly in 1947 to win the British Open at in July 2007 . He successfully defended his title in July 2008 before going on to win the Championship in August . Harrington became the first European to win the Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland . Three from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful . In 2010 , Graeme became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open , and the first European to win that tournament since 1970 . Rory , at the age of 22 , won the 2011 U.S. Open , while Darren Clarke 's latest victory was the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St. George 's . In August 2012 , won his 2nd major championship by winning the Championship by a record margin of 8 shots . - - = = = = Recreation = = = = - - The west coast of Ireland , and Donegal Bay in particular , have popular surfing beaches , being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean . Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west / south @-@ west Atlantic winds , creating good surf , especially in winter . Since just before the year 2010 , has hosted European championship surfing . diving is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life , particularly along the western seaboard . There are also many along the coast of Ireland , with some of the best wreck dives being in Head and off the County Cork coast . - With thousands of lakes , over 14 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 8 @,@ 700 mi ) of fish bearing rivers and over 3 @,@ 700 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 300 mi ) of coastline , Ireland is a popular angling destination . The temperate Irish climate is suited to sport angling . While salmon and trout fishing remain popular with anglers , salmon fishing in particular received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon fishery . fishing continues to increase its profile . Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and , and the range of sea angling species is around 80 . - - = = = Food and drink = = = - - Food and cuisine in Ireland takes its influence from the crops grown and animals farmed in the island 's temperate climate and from the social and political circumstances of Irish history . For example , whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle , the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing . Thus herders would avoid a milk @-@ producing cow . - For this reason , pork and white meat were more common than beef and thick fatty strips of salted ( or ) and the eating of salted butter ( i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself ) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages . The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter ( not unlike the practice of the Maasai ) was common and black pudding , made from blood , grain ( usually barley ) and , remains a breakfast staple in Ireland . All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the " breakfast roll " . - The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter . Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food and by the mid @-@ 19th century the vast majority of the population with a diet of potatoes and milk . A typical family , consisting of a man , a woman and four children , would eat 18 stone ( 110 kg ) of potatoes a week . Consequently , dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental to cooking , such as the Irish , and cabbage , , a type of potato , or , a dish of potatoes and or cabbage . - Since the last quarter of the 20th century , with a re @-@ emergence of wealth in Ireland , a " New Irish " based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences has emerged . This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables , fish ( especially salmon , trout , , and other ) , as well as traditional and the wide range of hand @-@ made that are now being produced across the country . The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita consumers of potatoes in Europe . An example of this new cuisine is " Dublin " : lobster cooked in whiskey and cream . Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country , for example in Dublin or in Cork , both a type of sausage , or , a white bread particular to Waterford . - Ireland once dominated the world 's market for whiskey , producing 90 % of the world 's whiskey at the start of the 20th century . However , as a consequence of during the prohibition in the United States ( who sold poor @-@ quality whiskey bearing Irish @-@ sounding names thus eroding the pre @-@ prohibition popularity for Irish brands ) and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the Anglo @-@ Irish Trade War of the 1930s , sales of Irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2 % by the mid @-@ 20th century . In 1953 , an Irish government survey , found that 50 per cent of whiskey in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey . - Irish whiskey , as researched in 2009 by the CNBC American broadcaster , remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades . Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as as a Scotch , but not as sweet as American or Canadian . Whiskey forms the basis of traditional cream , such as , and the " Irish coffee " ( a cocktail of coffee and whiskey invented at flying @-@ boat station ) is probably the best @-@ known Irish cocktail . - , a kind of beer , particularly Guinness , is typically associated with Ireland , although historically it was more closely associated with London . Porter remains very popular , although it has lost sales since the mid @-@ 20th century to . Cider , particularly ( marketed in the Republic of Ireland as ) , is also a popular drink . Red , a soft @-@ drink , is consumed on its own and as a mixer , particularly with whiskey . - - - = St Nazaire Raid = - - The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German @-@ occupied France during the Second World War . The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942 . St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship in need of repairs , such as the Tirpitz , to return to home waters via either the English Channel or the gap , both of which were heavily defended by British units including the Royal Navy 's Home Fleet , rather than having a haven available on the Atlantic coast . - The obsolete destroyer HMS Campbeltown , accompanied by 18 smaller craft , crossed the English Channel to the Atlantic coast of France and was rammed into the Normandie dock gates . The ship had been packed with delayed @-@ action explosives , well hidden within a steel and concrete case , that detonated later that day , putting the dock out of service for the remainder of the war and up to five years after . - A force of commandos landed to destroy machinery and other structures . Heavy German gunfire sank , set or all the small craft intended to transport the commandos back to England ; the commandos had to fight their way out through the town to try to escape overland . They were forced to surrender when their ammunition was expended and they were surrounded . - After the raid 228 men of the force of returned to Britain ; 169 were killed and 215 became prisoners of war . German casualties were over 360 dead , some killed after the raid when Campbeltown exploded . To recognise their bravery , 89 decorations were awarded to members of the raiding party , including five Victoria Crosses . After the war , St Nazaire was one of 38 battle honours awarded to the Commandos ; the operation has since become known as The Greatest Raid of All within military circles . - - = = Background = = - - St Nazaire is on the north bank of the Loire 400 km ( 250 miles ) from the nearest British port . In 1942 , it had a population of 50 @,@ 000 . The St Nazaire port has an outer harbour known as the Avant Port , formed by two piers out into the Atlantic Ocean . This leads to two lock gates before the Bassin de St Nazaire . These gates control the water level in the basin so that it is not affected by the tide . - Beyond the basin is the larger inner dock called the Bassin de , which can accommodate ships up to 10 @,@ 000 tons . There is also an old entrance to the Bassin de St Nazaire located southwest of the Normandie dry dock . Built to house the ocean liner SS Normandie , this dock was the largest dry dock in the world when it was completed in 1932 . The " Old Mole " jetty into the Loire halfway between the southern pier of the Avant Port and the old entrance into the basin . - On 24 May 1941 , the Battle of the Denmark Strait was fought between the German ships Bismarck and and the British ships HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Hood . Hood was sunk and the damaged Prince of Wales was forced to retire . Bismarck , also damaged , ordered her consort to proceed independently while she headed for the French port of St Nazaire , which was the only port on the Atlantic coast with a dry dock able to accommodate a ship of her size . She was intercepted by the British and sunk en route . - Britain 's Naval Intelligence Division first proposed a commando raid on the dock in late 1941 . When the German battleship Tirpitz was declared operational in January 1942 , the Royal Navy ( RN ) and Royal Air Force ( RAF ) were already drawing up plans to attack her . from Combined Operations Headquarters were looking at potential scenarios if Tirpitz escaped the naval blockade and reached the Atlantic . They decided the only port able to accommodate her was St Nazaire , especially if , like the Bismarck , she was damaged en route and needed repairs . They came to the conclusion that if the dock at St Nazaire were unavailable the Germans were unlikely to risk sending Tirpitz into the Atlantic . - Combined Operations examined a number of options while planning the destruction of the dock . At this stage of the war the British government still tried to avoid civilian casualties . This ruled out a bombing attack by the RAF , which at the time did not possess the accuracy needed to destroy the dock without serious loss of civilian life . - The Special Operations Executive were approached to see if its agents could destroy the dock gates . They decided that the mission was beyond their capabilities because the weight of explosives required would have needed too many agents to carry them . The Royal Navy was also unable to mount an operation , as St Nazaire is 8 km ( 5 miles ) up the Loire estuary . Any naval ships large enough to cause sufficient damage would be detected well before they were within range . - The planners then examined whether a commando force was feasible to accomplish the task . An unusually high spring tide was due in March 1942 which would allow a light ship to pass over the sand banks in the estuary and approach the docks , bypassing the heavily defended dredged channel . The approach was too shallow for an infantry landing ship , but the planners believed if a destroyer could be lightened it might have a draft shallow enough to enable it to get through . - - = = Plan = = - - The purpose of the raid was to destroy three objectives : the Normandie dock , the old gates into the Bassin de St Nazaire together with the water pumping machinery and other installations , and any U @-@ boats or other shipping in the area . The initial Combined Operations plan required two specially lightened destroyers to carry out the raid . The first would be packed with explosives and rammed into the dock gates . - Commandos on board would then disembark and use demolition charges to destroy nearby dock installations , searchlights and gun emplacements . The destroyer would then be blown up , and the second ship would come in and evacuate the ship 's crew and the commandos . At the same time the RAF would carry out a number of diversionary air raids in the area . - When the plan was presented to the Admiralty they refused to support it . The certain loss of one or both destroyers to eliminate the dry dock was out of the question . They suggested they could provide an old Free French destroyer , the , and a flotilla of small motor launches to transport the commandos and evacuate them afterwards . - for the mission , codenamed Operation Chariot , was given on 3 March 1942 . Using a French ship would involve using the Free French forces and increase the number of people aware of the raid . Consequently , it was decided the navy would have to provide a ship of their own . The RAF complained that the raid would draw heavily on their resources ; the number of aircraft assigned by RAF Command was reduced time and again before the day of the raid . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill further complicated matters when he ordered that bombing should only take place if targets were clearly identified . - Combined Operations Headquarters worked closely with several intelligence organisations to plan the raid . The Naval Intelligence Division compiled information from a variety of sources . A detailed plan of the town of St Nazaire was provided by the Secret Intelligence Service , and information on the coastal artillery nearby was sourced from the War Office 's Military Intelligence branch . Intelligence about the dock itself came from pre @-@ war technical journals . - The RN 's Operational Intelligence Centre selected the route and timing for the raid based on intelligence about the location of minefields and German recognition signals sourced from and knowledge of Luftwaffe patrols compiled by the Air Ministry 's Air Intelligence Branch . When all the plans had been pulled together and the timing worked out , the raid was expected to last no longer than two hours . The commandos and crew from Campbeltown would board the motor launches at the Old Mole jetty and then return to base . - - = = Composition of the raiding force = = - - The revised Combined Operations plan required one destroyer to ram the dock gates and a number of smaller craft to transport the Commandos . The Royal Navy would therefore provide the largest contingent for the raid , under the overall command of the senior naval officer , Commander Robert Ryder . The ship selected to ram into the dock gates was HMS Campbeltown , commanded by Lieutenant Commander Stephen Beattie . Campbeltown was a First World War destroyer and had previously been the USS Buchanan in the United States Navy . She had come into RN service in 1940 as one of 50 destroyers transferred to the United Kingdom under the Destroyers for Agreement . - Campbeltown for the raid took ten days . She had to be lightened to raise her draught to get over the sand banks in the estuary . This was achieved by completely stripping all her internal compartments . The dockyard removed her three 4 inch ( 100 mm ) guns , torpedoes and depth charges from the deck and replaced the forward gun with a light quick – firing 12 pounder ( 3 " ) . Eight 20 mm were installed on mountings raised above deck level . The bridge and were given extra armour @-@ plate protection , and two rows of armour were fixed along the sides of the ship to protect the Commandos on the open deck . - Two of her four funnels were removed , and the forward two were cut at an angle to resemble those of a German destroyer . The bow was packed with 4 @.@ 5 tons of high explosives , which were set in concrete . It was decided that the explosive charge would be timed to after the raiders had left the harbour . To prevent the Germans her away , the crew would open the ship 's before abandoning the ship . Should she become disabled or sunk before getting to the dock , four motor launches had been detailed to take off the crew and put the commandos ashore . The charge would be reset to explode after the last boat had left . - Other naval units involved were two Hunt class destroyers , HMS Tynedale ( ) and Atherstone ( ) , which would accompany the force to and from the French coast and remain out at sea during the raid . A Motor Gun Boat ( MGB 314 ) was the headquarters ship for the raid , with Commander Ryder and the commanding officer of the Commandos on board . A Motor Torpedo Boat ( MTB 74 ) , commanded by Sub @-@ Lieutenant Michael Wynn , had two objectives : If the outer Normandie dock gates were open , she had to torpedo the inner dock gates . If the gates were closed she would instead torpedo the gates at the old entrance into the St Nazaire basin . - To assist in transporting the Commandos , 12 motor launches ( ML ) were assigned from the 20th and 28th Motor flotillas . These boats were re @-@ armed with two Oerlikon 20 mm guns mounted forward and aft to complement their twin Lewis guns . At the last minute another four MLs were assigned from the 7th Motor flotilla ( see for flotilla details ) . These four boats were also armed with two torpedoes each . Instead of transporting the Commandos , these boats were to engage any German shipping found in the estuary . All the MLs had a 500 @-@ gallon auxiliary fuel tank fixed to the upper deck to increase their range . The S class submarine HMS Sturgeon would leave before the rest of the convoy and be in position to act as a navigational beacon to guide the convoy into the Loire estuary . - The man selected to lead the Commando force was Lieutenant Colonel Charles Newman ; his No. 2 Commando would provide the largest Commandos contingent , 173 men , for the raid . The Special Service Brigade headquarters used the raid to provide experience for their other units and 92 men were drawn from Nos 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , and 12 Commandos . - The Commandos were divided into three groups ; One and Two would travel in the MLs , while Three would be in Campbeltown . Under the command of Captain , Group One had the objectives of securing the Old Mole and eliminating the anti @-@ aircraft gun positions around the southern . They were then to move into the old town and blow up the power station , bridges and locks for the new entrance into the basin from the Avant port . The capture of the mole was a major objective , as it was to be the embarkation point for the evacuation after the mission . - Group Two , under the command of Captain Burn , would land at the old entrance to the St Nazaire basin . Their objectives were to destroy the anti @-@ aircraft positions in the area and the German headquarters , to blow up the locks and bridges at the old entrance into the basin and then to guard against a counter @-@ attack from the submarine base . Group Three was under the command of Major William ' Bill ' Copland , who was also the Commandos ' second in command . They were to secure the immediate area around Campbeltown , destroy the dock 's water @-@ pumping and gate @-@ opening machinery and the nearby underground fuel tanks . All three groups were subdivided into assault , demolition and protection teams . The assault teams would clear the way for the other two . The demolition teams carrying the explosive charges only had for self @-@ defence ; the protection teams , armed with Thompson guns , were to defend them while they completed their tasks . - The Commandos were aided in their planning for the operation by Captain Bill of the Royal Engineers , who had pre @-@ war experience as an apprentice in the Great Western Railway dockyards and whose father was the dock master of Cardiff Docks . In 1940 while part of the British Expeditionary Force in France , his duties had included determining how to the French dockyards if they were captured . One of the dockyards he had studied was St Nazaire , and he had submitted a report detailing how to put the dock out of action . - - = = German forces = = - - The Germans had around 5 @,@ 000 troops in the immediate area of St Nazaire . The port was defended by the 280th Naval Artillery Battalion under the command of Kapitän zur See Edo . The battalion was composed of 28 guns of various from 75 mm to 280 mm railway guns , all positioned to guard the coastal approaches . The heavy guns were supplemented by the guns and searchlights of the 22nd Naval Flak Brigade under the command of Kapitän zur See Karl @-@ Konrad Mecke . - The brigade was equipped with 43 anti @-@ aircraft guns ranging in calibre from 20 to 40 mm . These guns had a dual role as both anti @-@ aircraft and coastal defence weapons . Many were in concrete emplacements on top of the submarine pens and other installations of the St Nazaire submarine base . - The harbour defence companies were responsible for local defence and for the security of the ships and submarines moored in the harbour . These companies and the harbour defence boats used to patrol the river were under the command of Harbour Commander Korvettenkapitän . The Infantry Division was the German Army unit responsible for the defence of the coast between St Nazaire and . The division had no troops based in the town , but some were located in villages nearby and would be able to respond to any attack on the port . - The Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) had at least three surface ships in the Loire estuary : a destroyer , an armed trawler and a ( minesweeper ) , the latter being the guard ship for the port . On the night of the raid there were also four harbour defence boats and ten ships from the 16th and 42nd flotillas berthed in the basin , while two tankers were berthed inside the Normandie dock . The 6th and 7th U @-@ boat flotillas , commanded by Georg @-@ Wilhelm Schulz and Korvettenkapitän Herbert respectively , were permanently based in the port . It is not known how many submarines were present on the day of the raid . The submarine base had been inspected by the U @-@ boat Commander in Chief , Karl , the day before the raid . He asked what would they do if the base was subject to an attack by British Commandos . replied that " an attack on the base would be hazardous and highly " . - - = = The raid = = - - - = = = journey = = = - - The three destroyers and 16 small boats left Falmouth , Cornwall at 14 : 00 on 26 March 1942 . They formed into a convoy of three lanes , with the destroyers in the middle . On arrival at St Nazaire the MLs were to head for the Old Mole to disembark their Commandos , while the starboard lane would make for the old entrance to the basin to disembark theirs . Not having the range to reach St Nazaire unaided , the MTB and MGB were taken under tow by Campbeltown and Atherstone . - On 27 March at 07 : 20 Tynedale reported a U @-@ boat on the surface and opened fire . The two escort destroyers left the convoy to engage the U @-@ boat , later identified as U @-@ 593 . The U @-@ boat promptly and was unsuccessfully attacked by depth charges . The two destroyers returned to the convoy at 09 : 00 . - The convoy next encountered two French fishing . Both crews were taken off and the ships sunk for fear they might report the composition and location of the convoy . At 17 : 00 the convoy received a signal from Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Plymouth that five German torpedo boats were in the area . Two hours later another signal informed them that another two Hunt class destroyers , HMS Cleveland and HMS , had been dispatched at full speed to join the convoy . - The convoy reached a position 65 nautical miles ( 120 km ; 75 mi ) off St Nazaire at 21 : 00 and changed course toward the estuary , leaving Atherstone and Tynedale as a sea patrol . The convoy adopted a new formation with the MGB and two torpedo MLs in the lead , followed by Campbeltown . The rest of the MLs formed two columns on either side and of the destroyer , with the MTB bringing up the rear . The first casualty of the raid was ML 341 , which had developed engine trouble and was abandoned . At 22 : 00 the submarine Sturgeon directed her navigation beacon out to sea to guide the convoy in . At about the same time Campbeltown raised the German naval in an attempt to any German lookouts into thinking she was a German destroyer . - At 23 : 30 on 27 March , five RAF squadrons ( comprising 35 and 27 ) started their bombing runs . The bombers had to stay above 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) and were supposed to remain over the port for 60 minutes to divert attention toward themselves and away from the sea . They had orders to only bomb clearly identified military targets and to drop only one bomb at a time . As it turned out , poor weather over the port ( 10 / cloud ) meant that only four aircraft bombed targets in St Nazaire . Six aircraft managed to bomb other nearby targets . - The unusual behaviour of the bombers concerned Kapitän zur See Mecke . At 00 : 00 on 28 March , he issued a warning that there might be a parachute landing in progress . At 01 : 00 on 28 March , he followed up by ordering all guns to cease firing and searchlights to be in case the bombers were using them to locate the port . Everyone was placed on a heightened state of alert . The harbour defence companies and ships ' crews were ordered out of the air raid shelters . During all this a lookout reported seeing some activity out at sea , so Mecke began some type of landing and ordered extra attention to be paid to the approaches to the harbour . - - = = = the dry dock = = = - - At 00 : 30 hours on 28 March the convoy crossed over the at the mouth of the Loire estuary , with Campbeltown scraping the bottom twice . Each time she was able to pull free , and the group proceeded on up toward the harbour in darkness . They had got to within about eight minutes passage from the dock gates when at 01 : 22 the entire convoy was illuminated by the combined searchlights of both banks of the estuary . A naval signal light demanded their identification . - The MGB @-@ 314 replied in a coded response obtained from a German trawler boarded during the raid . A few bursts were fired from a shore battery and both Campbeltown and MGB @-@ 314 replied : " Ship being fired upon by friendly forces " . The deception gave them a little more time before every German gun in the bay opened fire . At 01 : 28 , with the convoy 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the dock gates , Beattie ordered the German flag lowered and the White Ensign raised . The intensity of the German fire seemed to increase . The guard ship opened fire and was quickly when the ships in the convoy responded , shooting into her as they passed . - By now all the ships in the convoy were within range to engage targets ashore and were firing at the gun emplacements and searchlights . Campbeltown was hit a number of times and increased her speed to 19 kn ( 35 km / h ) . The on her bridge was killed ; his replacement was wounded and replaced as well . by the searchlights , Beattie knew they were close to their objective . Still under heavy fire , the MGB turned into the estuary as Campbeltown cleared the end of the Old Mole , cut through anti @-@ torpedo netting strung across the entrance and rammed the dock gates , striking home at 01 : 34 , three minutes later than scheduled . The force of the impact drove the ship 33 feet ( 10 m ) onto the gates . - - = = = from Campbeltown and the MLs = = = - - The Commandos on Campbeltown now disembarked : two assault teams , five demolition teams with their and a mortar group . Three demolition teams were tasked with destroying the dock pumping machinery and other installations associated with the dry dock . The @-@ wearing Captain Donald Roy - ' The Laird ' - and his 14 @-@ man assault troop were tasked with two pump @-@ house roof @-@ top gun emplacements high above the and securing a bridge to provide a route for the raiding parties to exit the dock area . Roy and Don Randall used scaling and grenades to accomplish the former , and a head @-@ on rush to secure the bridge and form a bridgehead that enabled Bob Montgomery and Lt Corran and their demolition teams to exit the area . - They lost 4 men in this action . The fifth team also succeeded in completing all their objectives but almost half its men were killed . The other two Commando groups were not as successful . The MLs transporting Groups One and Two had almost all been destroyed on their approach . ML 457 was the only boat to land its Commandos on the Old Mole and only ML 177 had managed to reach the gates at the old entrance to the basin . That team succeeded in planting charges on two moored in the basin . - There were only two other MLs in the vicinity : ML 160 had continued past the dock and was engaging targets upriver , ML 269 appeared to be out of control and was running in circles . By this time the crew of Campbeltown had detonated the scuttling charges and gathered at the rear of the ship to be taken off . ML 177 came alongside the destroyer and took 30 men on board including Beattie and some of the wounded . Major Copland went through Campbeltown and evacuated the wounded towards the Old Mole , not knowing that there were no other boats there to take the Commandos off . - Lt Newman aboard the MGB , need not have landed , but he was one of the first ashore . One of his first actions was to direct mortar fire onto a gun position on top of the submarine pens that was causing heavy casualties among the Commandos . He next directed machine @-@ gun fire onto an armed trawler , which was forced to withdraw upriver . Newman organised a defence that succeeded in keeping the increasing numbers of German reinforcements at bay until the demolition parties had completed their tasks . - Some 100 Commandos were still ashore when Newman realised that evacuation by sea was no longer an option . He gathered the survivors and issued three orders : - To do our best to get back to England ; - Not to surrender until all our ammunition is exhausted ; - Not to surrender at all if we can help it . - Newman and Copland led the charge from the old town across a bridge raked by machine gun fire and advanced into the new town . The Commandos attempted to get through the narrow streets of the town and into the surrounding countryside , but were eventually surrounded . When their ammunition was expended their only option was to surrender . Not all the Commandos were captured ; five men reached neutral Spain , from where they eventually returned to England . - - = = = Small ships = = = - - Most of the MLs had been destroyed on the run in and were burning . The first ML in the starboard column was the first boat to catch fire ; her captain managed to beach her at the end of the Old Mole . Some starboard boats managed to reach their objective and disembark their Commandos . ML 443 , the leading boat in the port column , got to within 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) of the mole in the face of heavy direct fire and hand grenades before being set on fire . The crew were rescued by ML 160 , one of the torpedo MLs which had been looking for targets of opportunity such as the two large tankers reported to be in the harbour . The commanders of MLs 160 and 443 , T Boyd and T D L Platt , were awarded the Distinguished Service Order for their bravery . The rest of the port column had been destroyed or disabled before reaching the mole . MLs 192 and 262 were set on fire ; there were only six survivors . ML 268 was blown up ; one man survived . - ML 177 , the launch that had successfully taken off some of the crew from Campbeltown , was sunk on her way out of the estuary . ML 269 , another torpedo @-@ armed boat , had the unenviable task of moving up and down the river at high speed to draw German fire away from the landings . Soon after passing Campbeltown it was hit and its steering damaged . It took ten minutes to repair the steering . They turned and started in the other direction , opening fire on an armed trawler in passing . Return fire from the trawler set their engine on fire . - ML also came under heavy fire when it arrived near the port . Sergeant Thomas Durrant of No. 1 Commando , manning the aft Lewis gun , engaged gun and positions on the run in . He was wounded but refused to leave the gun for treatment . The ML reached the open sea but was attacked at short range by the German torpedo boat Jaguar . Durrant returned fire , aiming for the torpedo boat 's bridge . He was wounded again but remained at his gun even after the German commander asked for their surrender . drum after drum of ammunition , he refused to give up until after the ML had been boarded . Durrant died of his wounds and , after the recommendation of the Jaguar 's commander , was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross . - After the Commando headquarters group had landed , Commander Ryder went to check for himself that Campbeltown was firmly stuck in the dock . Some of her surviving crewmen were being taken on board the MGB . Ryder returned to the boat and ordered the MTB to carry out its alternative task and torpedo the lock gates at the old entrance to the basin . After a successful torpedo attack , Ryder ordered the MTB to leave . On their way out of the estuary they stopped to collect survivors from a sinking ML and were hit and set on fire . Back at the docks the MGB had positioned itself in mid @-@ river to engage enemy gun emplacements . The forward 2 pounder was manned by Able Seaman William Alfred Savage . Commander Ryder reported that - " The rate of supporting fire had evidently been felt , and the Commandos in the area of the Tirpitz dock had undoubtedly overcome the resistance in that area . There was an in the enemy 's fire . " - Ryder could see no ships other than seven or eight burning MLs . He then realised that the landing places at the Old Mole and the entrance to the basin had both been recaptured by the Germans . There was nothing more they could do for the Commandos , so they headed out to sea . On their way they were continuously illuminated by German searchlights and were hit at least six times by the German guns . Passing ML 270 , they ordered her to follow and made smoke to hide both boats . - When they reached the open sea the smaller calibre guns were out of range and stopped firing but the heavier artillery continued to engage them . The boats were about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) off @-@ shore when the last German salvo them and killed Savage , who was still at his gun . He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his exploits . His citation recognised both Savage and the bravery of " the many unnamed crews of the Motor Gun Boat , Motor Torpedo Boat and Motor who continued to carry out their duties in exposed positions , in the face of close range enemy fire . " - - = = = Return journey = = = - - At 06 : 30 the five German torpedo boats that the convoy had the previous day were sighted by HMS Atherstone and Tynedale . The two destroyers turned toward them and opened fire at a range of 7 miles ( 11 km ) . After ten minutes the German boats turned away , making smoke . The destroyers sighted the MGB and two accompanying MLs soon after and transferred their casualties to the Atherstone . Not expecting any more boats to arrive , they headed for home . Just after 09 : 00 the Hunt @-@ class escort destroyers HMS and HMS Cleveland arrived , sent by Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Plymouth . Shortly after this the ships were spotted by a Heinkel 115 of the Luftwaffe . - The next German aircraft on the scene , a Junkers 88 , was engaged by a RAF Bristol Beaufighter which had appeared in the area earlier . Both machines crashed into the sea . Other German planes arrived but were driven off by Beaufighters and from Coastal Command . The Atlantic weather conditions deteriorated . Amid concerns about the growing German threat and the realisation that the damaged small ships would not be able to keep up , Commander ordered the crews off the smaller boats and had them sunk . - Three of the small vessels managed to return to England : MLs 160 , and 443 . They had reached the rendezvous and waited until 10 : 00 for the destroyers to appear . Having already been attacked once , they moved further out into the Atlantic to try and avoid the German Air Force , but a Junkers 88 appeared overhead at 07 : 30 and approached them at low level for a closer look . The ships opened fire and hit the Junkers in the cockpit . The plane went into the sea . The next aircraft to appear was a and seaplane which attempted to bomb the ships , but left after being damaged by machine @-@ gun fire . The surviving MLs eventually reached England unaided the following day . - - = = = Campbeltown explodes = = = - - The explosive charges in HMS Campbeltown detonated at noon on 28 March 1942 , and the dry dock was destroyed . Reports vary on the fate of the two tankers that were in the dock ; they were either swept away by the wall of water and sunk , or swept to the far end of the dock , but not sunk . A party of 40 senior German officers and civilians who were on a tour of Campbeltown were killed . In total , the explosion killed about 360 men . The wreck of Campbeltown could still be seen inside the dry dock months later when RAF photo reconnaissance planes were sent to photograph the port . - According to Captain Robert Montgomery ( Royal Engineers , attached to Commando ) , Campbeltown was meant to have detonated at 4 : , the delay caused , he believes , by some of the acid in the pencil fuses being away . As the morning progressed , more and more captured comrades joined him in the German HQ . - The day after the explosion , Organisation Todt workers were assigned to clean up the debris and wreckage . On 30 March at 16 : 30 the torpedoes from MTB 74 , which were on a delayed fuse setting , exploded at the old entrance into the basin . This raised alarms among the Germans . The Organisation Todt workers ran away from the dock area . German guards , their uniforms for British uniforms , opened fire , killing some of them . The Germans also thought that some Commandos were still hiding in the town , and made a street by street search , during which some were also killed . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The explosion put the dry dock out of commission for the remainder of the war . The St Nazaire raid had been a success , but at a cost . Of the men of the Royal Navy and Commandos who took part in the raid , only 228 men returned to England . Five commandos escaped via neutral Spain and Gibraltar with the help of French citizens , and took a ship to England from Gibraltar . 169 men were killed ( 105 RN and 64 Commandos ) and another 215 became prisoners of war ( 106 RN and 109 Commandos ) . They were first taken to La and then sent to 133 at Rennes . The fallen British raiders were buried at the La @-@ cemetery with military honours . The cemetery is located 13 kilometres west of St Nazaire . - To recognise their achievement , 89 decorations were awarded for the raid . This total includes the five Victoria Crosses awarded to Lieutenant Commander Beattie , Lieutenant Colonel Newman and Commander Ryder , and posthumous awards to Sergeant Durrant and Able Seaman Savage . Four Distinguished Service Orders were awarded to Major William Copland , Captain Donald Roy , Lieutenant T Boyd and Lieutenant T D L Platt . Other decorations awarded were four Medals , five Distinguished Conduct Medals , 17 Distinguished Service Crosses , 11 Military Crosses , 24 Distinguished Service Medals and 15 Military Medals . Four men were awarded the Croix de guerre by France , and another 51 were mentioned in despatches . - Adolf Hitler was furious that the British had been able to sail a flotilla of ships up the Loire . His immediate reaction was to dismiss Carl , chief @-@ of @-@ staff to the Commander in Chief West . The raid German attention on the Atlantic Wall , and special attention was given to ports to prevent any repeat of the raid . By June 1942 the Germans began using concrete to gun emplacements and bunkers in quantities previously only used in U @-@ boat pens . Hitler laid out new plans in a meeting with Minister Albert in August 1942 , calling for the construction of 15 @,@ 000 bunkers by May 1943 to defend the Atlantic coast from Norway to Spain . - The battleship Tirpitz never entered the Atlantic . She remained in Norwegian to threaten Allied shipping until she was destroyed by the RAF on 12 November 1944 . - - = = Legacy = = - - St Nazaire was one of the 38 battle honours presented to the Commandos after the war . The raid has since been called The Greatest Raid of All . The survivors formed their own association , the St Nazaire Society , which is a registered charity in the United Kingdom . - A memorial to the raid erected in Falmouth bears the following inscription : - A new HMS Campbeltown , a Type 22 Frigate , was launched on 7 October 1987 . She carried the ship 's bell from the first Campbeltown which was rescued during the raid and had been presented to the town of , Pennsylvania at the end of the Second World War . In 1988 the people of voted to lend the bell to the new ship for as long as she remained in Royal Navy service . The bell was returned to the town on 21 June 2011 when HMS Campbeltown was decommissioned . - On 4 September 2002 , a tree and seat at the National Memorial were dedicated to the men of the raid . The seat bears the inscription : - In memory of the Royal Navy Sailors and Army Commandos killed in the raid on St Nazaire on 28 March 1942 - - = = Documentaries and = = - - A version of the raid was the climax of the 1952 British war film , Gift Horse . The film follows the career of an ex @-@ US Navy destroyer , HMS ( actually HMS ) ; the raid is named Operation Boadicea and portrays the main events of the actual battle . - The war film Attack on the Iron Coast was released in 1968 and was a highly fictionalized version of the raid . - In 2007 , Jeremy Clarkson presented the story of the raid in a BBC documentary entitled The Greatest Raid of All Time . - An episode of the television series ; " World War II 's Greatest " on the Military Channel ( now the American Heroes Channel ) devoted an episode to this raid . " Commando Do or Die ! " it was released in early 2014 ; and has been several times . - A mission in the video game Enemy Front re @-@ the mission from the first person perspective of a British Commando . - A mission in the video game Medal Of Honour : European Assault also re @-@ the mission from the perspective of fictional soldier William Holt . - - - = Hellblazer = - - Hellblazer ( also known as John Constantine , Hellblazer ) is an American contemporary horror comic book series , originally published by DC Comics , and subsequently by the Vertigo imprint since March 1993 when the imprint was introduced . Its central character is the magician John Constantine , who was created by Alan Moore and Stephen R. , and first appeared as a supporting character in The Saga of the Swamp Thing # 37 ( June 1985 ) , during that creative team 's run on that title . Hellblazer had been published continuously since January 1988 , and was Vertigo 's longest running title , the only remaining publication from the imprint 's launch . In 2013 , the series concluded with issue 300 , and has been replaced by a DC Universe title , Constantine . Well known for its political and social commentary , the series has spawned a film adaptation , television show , novels , multiple spin @-@ offs and . - The series was the longest @-@ running and one of the most successful titles of DC 's Vertigo imprint , and was the stepping stone to many British writers . Notable writers who have contributed to the series include Jamie Delano , Garth Ennis , Paul Jenkins , Warren Ellis , Grant Morrison , Neil Gaiman , Mike Carey , Andy Diggle , and Peter Milligan . Hellblazer was one of the first modern occult detective fiction works and heavily influenced the genre to come . - - = = Production history = = - - After favorable reader reaction to John Constantine 's appearances in the comic book series Swamp Thing , where he had been introduced by Alan Moore during his authorship of the title , the character was given his own comic book series in 1988 . The series was intended to bear the title , but this title was revised before publication due to the contemporaneous release of Clive Barker 's unrelated film of the same name . Initial writer Jamie Delano was , in his own words , " fairly ambivalent " about the change of title . - The initial creative team was writer Jamie Delano and artist John Ridgway , with Dave McKean supplying distinctive painted and covers . Delano introduced a political aspect to the character , about which he stated : " ... generally I was interested in commenting on 1980s Britain . That was where I was living , it was shit , and I wanted to tell everybody . " The book , originally published as a regular DC Comics title , became a Vertigo title with the imprint 's launch in March 1993 ( issue # 63 of the series ) . In October 2011 , it was announced that this would join DC titles in being published digitally on the same day as its physical release , starting in January 2012 . - - = = = Creative personnel = = = - - Many writers had lengthy runs on the series , such as Garth Ennis and Mike Carey , who respectively had the second- and third @-@ longest runs on the book , ( only behind Peter Milligan ) . Other writers who wrote for the series include Paul Jenkins , Warren Ellis , Brian Azzarello , Neil Gaiman , Grant Morrison , Denise Mina , and Peter Milligan . - Numerous artists worked on the series as well , such as John Ridgway ( the original series artist ) , Simon , Mark Buckingham , Richard , Steve Dillon , Marcelo , Jock , David Lloyd , Leonardo , and Sean Phillips . Cover artists included Dave McKean ( who designed the first run of the series ' covers ) , Tim Bradstreet ( who designed the most ) , Glenn , Kent Williams , David Lloyd , and Sean Phillips . - - = = In the comics = = - - - = = = Setting and protagonist = = = - - Hellblazer was set in a contemporary world , albeit a world of magic and supernatural conflict behind the scenes . Although issue 14 made a passing reference to , the series since developed its own pocket universe in which the supernatural or paranormal did not play a large role in the lives of most ordinary people , and in Earth @-@ threatening circumstances no superhero were shown or hinted at , suggesting that no longer existed there . However , some DC Comics characters — most notably the fringe supernatural characters such as Zatanna , The Phantom Stranger , Shade , The Changing Man , Dream of the , and Swamp Thing made appearances . - John Constantine , the main character of Hellblazer , was portrayed as a kind of confidence man and occult detective who did morally questionable things , arguably for the greater good . He usually triumphed through , deceit , and , but often made more enemies in the process than he defeated . Indeed , it was a common theme in the book that Constantine was unable to effect any lasting change or enjoy victories . While sometimes striving for the good of mankind , Constantine was often and a dangerous person to have as a friend , as the lives and souls of those around him became involved in his . He took pains to protect himself from direct attacks , but his friends and relatives were often endangered in order to strike at him . The spirits of deceased friends haunted him , individually or as an entourage of ghosts . - Constantine made appearances in other comic book titles , such as Crisis on , Crisis , Green Arrow , Green Lantern , The Sandman , Lucifer , and Shade , the Changing Man . He was a recurring supporting character in both Swamp Thing and The Books of Magic throughout their numerous . Some attempts to use the character in other superhero or family @-@ friendly comics were altered due to editorial mandate , such as " " in and Captain ( who refers to Constantine as " an in England " ) . Grant Morrison created " Willoughby Kipling " for Doom Patrol after being refused Constantine by DC , changing his appearance to that of Richard E Grant in and I , following which Phil was forced to create " Ambroise " in Stanley and His Monster , having been refused both Constantine and Willoughby Kipling . - John Constantine was reintroduced into the DC Universe in 2011 , initially in the Day crossover event title Search for the Swamp Thing , and in the ongoing The New 52 title Justice League Dark . - - = = = 1988 – 1991 : Jamie Delano ( # 1 – 40 , # 84 ) = = = - - Having previously worked on & for 2000 AD , a title made popular by John Constantine 's creator Alan Moore , Delano was selected to start the character 's first run in his own comic by then editor Karen Berger in 1988 . Delano 's run was characterised by his political satire , taking on late 1980s and 1990s tropes such as with city being literal demons , and Constantine meeting with from the Houses of Parliament . He also had issues crop up , especially in " The Fear Machine " ( issues # 15 @-@ 22 ) , where John fell in with a travelling community of environmental activists . Indeed , editor Karen Berger noted on Delano 's departure the irony that his final issue was handed in the week that Margaret Thatcher was forced out of office . - There were five main storylines in the run . The first , collected as " Original " , deals with John travelling to America to a demon , , and investigate a strange cult known as 's Army , crossing paths with a demon called Nergal ( from whom he gains demon blood ) , and having to be responsible for killing an old friend , Gary Lester , and betraying another , called , in the process . The following four issues , " The Devil You Know " finally explain John 's failure to save a young girl , , from a demon in Newcastle , an event that left him near insane and incarcerated in an known as , and still haunted him to the comic 's end . He eventually discovers that the demon responsible for this was Nergal , and uses a technological scheme to trap him , and lead him back to hell . It also contains a crossover with Swamp Thing , where Constantine loses his body while the Swamp Thing uses it to . - This was followed by a lengthy nine @-@ issue story arc , " The Fear Machine " , revolving around a plot to collect people 's fears , in order to resurrect a god known as , and his efforts to prevent this with the help of environmentalists , including Mercury , a young psychic girl , and , her mother , with whom he becomes romantically involved . The penultimate major run of Delano 's tenure was " The Family Man " , which differed from the main body of the series thus far in that Constantine 's nemesis is not supernatural ( beyond an opening encounter with a fictional fence ) , but a former policeman turned serial killer . John 's ethical quandary as to whether murder is ever acceptable , and his with the murder of his father , Thomas , frames this story . During this run on the title , Grant Morrison ( issues # 25 & 26 ) and Neil Gaiman ( issue # 27 ) both filled in during a three @-@ month break , Grant Morrison 's story dealing with nuclear fear , and Neil Gaiman 's being a simple romantic ghost story . - Delano 's run ended with " The Golden Child " , where John is reunited with and Mercury , who help him discover that he murdered his more perfect twin in the , culminating in an extended story , in which we are shown what would have occurred had the other twin survived in his place . During his run , there was also a stand @-@ alone issue , the Hellblazer Annual # 1 , exploring Constantine 's ancestry , and featuring the video to John 's punk band , Membrane 's song " Venus of the " . - Jamie Delano returned to the title on several occasions . Between the Garth Ennis and Paul Jenkins runs on Hellblazer , he finally told the story of why John 's best friend Chas ' ' him , and he returned again for one of the five Christmas stories in issue # 250 . He also wrote the mini series The in 1995 , and Bad Blood in 2000 , both featuring John Constantine . A more substantial return was made in 2010 for a hardcover graphic novel Hellblazer : with artist Jock to commemorate the 25th anniversary of John Constantine 's first appearance in Swamp Thing . - - = = = 1991 – 1999 : Garth Ennis ( # 41 – 83 , # 129 – 133 ) and Paul Jenkins ( # 89 – 128 ) = = = - - Irish writer Garth Ennis then took over the title in 1991 , again from 2000 AD , where he had been working on Judge . He proceeded to write the longest run for any writer on the title . His take on the title was more personal than Jamie Delano 's , with John 's relationships coming to the fore . It also had a strong religious theme , with John 's dealings with the First of the Fallen , and some storylines , such as the relationship between an angel , , and a demon , Ellie , would go on to be used again as a major plot device in Preacher , one of his most popular works . He also references the music of The and the poetry of Brendan , both of these being relevant to Ennis ' Irish heritage . - His run started with " Dangerous Habits " ( 41 @-@ 46 ) , which was the basis for the 2005 film Constantine , and dealt with John Constantine contracting lung cancer , and the desperate deal he makes with the First of the Fallen , and various other lords of Hell , to save himself . In the course of trying to save himself , he visits Ireland , where he becomes with Kit Ryan , an old friend . The following few issues follow the early stages of his relationship with Kit , a plot to install a demon on the British throne in the plotline " Royal Blood " , and in the extended issue # 50 , his first meeting with the King of the . One minor story in this arc ( issue # 51 ) was written by guest writer John Smith . - The next major arc , " Fear and " ( issues 62 @-@ 67 ) covers a high point of John 's personal life , with his relationship with Kit going well , and a birthday party where his friends Ellie , Zatanna , and the Swamp Thing attend , and use their various abilities to create a large quantity of whiskey and marijuana . The story then takes him to his lowest point , through his dealings with the National Front , their threats towards Kit , and her leaving him to return to Ireland . Following this , John is defeated , and lives homeless on the streets , drinking to forget his life . This remains the case until the King of the hunts him out , and is poisoned by his demon blood , leaving him out in the sun at dawn , killing him . Following his recovery , the storyline " 's Flame " ( # 72 – 77 ) follows a trip to the US , where Constantine is put into an alternative America by his old Papa , a . He is accompanied by the spirit of JFK , who has to hold his brain in place from his infamous wound . He eventually learns how to escape , shortly before running into the First of the Fallen , in the guise of Abraham Lincoln . There then follows a small break where he meets the spirit of a dead friend in Dublin , offering some closure to his recent problems . Ennis ' run ends with " at the Gates of Hell " , a story which finally brings together the racism storyline , with riots in Mile End , echoing the real @-@ life Brixton and Farm riots in London , the revenge attempt of the First of the Fallen , started in " Dangerous Habits " , and the end of John 's relationship with Kit Ryan . John 's eventual victory leaves this run with closure , and a relatively clean slate for a new writer to take over . - Following a brief interlude by From Hell artist Eddie Campbell , the series ' direction was taken over by Paul Jenkins in 1995 . He had been former editor of Teenage Turtles and other Studios lines . He had pitched to several comic houses , having tired of editing , and eventually managed to gain stewardship of Hellblazer , the first largely writer to achieve this . His four @-@ year run is the longest run to remain . Jenkins ' run is more traditionally English in its themes , with Albion , legend , and old English battles all featuring , and even an appearance by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and a speculative explanation of the writing of Kubla Khan , and what the of the ' man from ' may have been . He also returns to Jamie Delano 's coverage of lifestyles , and the effects of the Criminal Justice Act of 1994 , a controversial law which restricted the ability of the public to throw and large demonstrations . - Major storylines in this run include " Critical Mass " , where Constantine is forced to use magic to purge his darker side into another human body , in order to avoid being to Hell as part of a trade to save the possessed son of a friend , thus creating the antagonistic character , Demon Constantine , with the assistance of Aleister Crowley . The landmark hundredth issue gave more detail on John Constantine 's father , and the abusive relationship that they had shared . However , it is unclear as to whether this is happening in reality , or in his mind as John in a coma . " Last Man Standing " reveals that his friend Rich is the current descendant of King Arthur , and 's attempt to discover God 's secret , an act which would destroy England , using John 's few remaining friends as bait . - The tenth anniversary issue breaks from the usual format , in breaking the fourth wall , and addressing the reader as if they are in a pub with Constantine for a monthly get together to hear his stories . Over the course of the issue , most of the characters from Constantine 's history appear , along with Death of the from Sandman . There are also appearances by writers and artists , including series creator Alan Moore , Garth Ennis , and Jenkins himself . Jenkins ' run then draws to a close with two storylines , " Up the Down " and " How to Play With Fire " , which relate the First of the Fallen 's new plan , to essentially let mankind ruin itself through television and , and Ellie 's plot to leave Constantine and alone . John eventually saves himself , through a literal ex , in a conversation with God . However , at that time Rich and his family finally their friendship with John , and the latter ends the run alone . Paul Jenkins later returned for one of the five stories in issue # 250 . - Ennis briefly returned to the title in 1998 with " Son of Man " , filling the gaps between Paul Jenkins ' and Warren Ellis ' runs on the title . This more story is about the consequences of Constantine the dead son of an East London gangster , using the spirit of a demon . He also had two published during his run on the title , the Hellblazer Special and , which follows Kit Ryan 's return to Ireland . - - = = = 1999 – 2002 = = = - - - = = = = Warren Ellis ( # 134 – 143 ) = = = = - - Warren Ellis took over the title in 1999 , after his work on which had moved to the Vertigo imprint , following the closure of Comics . He was meant to become a full @-@ time writer for several years , as Delano , Ennis and Jenkins before him , but left the title early after DC refused to publish the story " Shoot " , about high school shootings , following the High School massacre , despite the fact it had been written and submitted prior to the event . The story was finally published in 2010 . - His brief run began with " " , a London @-@ based story in which John investigates the brutal murder of a former girlfriend , Isabel by an Aleister Crowley style magician , Josh Wright . The story introduces , or many characters who became an important part of the Hellblazer universe , including Inspector ( originally from Jamie Delano 's run on the title ) , aging magician , and Map , a powerful magician who works on tube renovations in his part as of London . The remainder of Ellis ' brief tenure was taken up with single issue stories , collected as " Setting Sun " . - - = = = = Brian Azzarello ( # 146 – 174 ) = = = = - - Following a brief interlude by Croatian writer , the series was then taken over by Brian Azzarello , once again hired on the strength of his own series for Vertigo , 100 . Azzarello 's run is one large meta @-@ story , that follows John Constantine on a trip across America , starting with his incarceration in prison , then variously uncovering a pornography ring , catching a serial killer , taking on a Neo Nazi group before finally dealing with the architect of his incarceration , Stanley W. Manor , a thinly @-@ veiled pastiche of Batman . Brian Azzarello did return for one of the five stories in issue # 250 . - - = = = 2002 – 2006 : Mike Carey ( # 175 – 215 , # ) = = = - - Following Azzarello 's run , writer Mike Carey took over the title , following his award @-@ winning title Lucifer , set in the Sandman universe . Carey 's run attempted to return John Constantine to his roots , with the title largely set back in London , and featuring many characters from former runs on the title . Mike Carey also has the honour of being the first to write the character . His was the second longest run by any single author on the title , second only to Garth Ennis . - The start of his run introduces Angie , a fellow magician , and his niece , Gemma Constantine , who has also fallen into magic use , to her uncle 's consternation . After his sister 's house of an evil spirit , and finding out Gemma has gone missing , John returns to London , to find his old colleagues and enemies are all taking sides in the hunt for a mythical item , known as the Red . John eventually locates the item , and finds Gemma , freeing her from his old enemy Josh Wright . Following several , Constantine then travels the world to set up a plan for a forthcoming tragedy , which will occur when " Three doors are opened " , involving Swamp Thing and the Garden of Eden amongst others . - John 's preparations have no effect , however , as he is into killing the guardian that had been preventing the tragedy , freeing a beast which can control the collective unconsciousness of mankind . John Constantine cuts his own wrists , in order to free himself from consciousness , and plays a confidence trick on the beast , allowing his friends time to use the collective consciousness to rebuild the guardian that had kept the beast trapped . However , in this process , Swamp Thing has his human soul removed , setting up the fourth run of the comic , relaunched shortly afterward . In the process John loses his memory , setting up the events leading up to the 200th issue . Leading up to the landmark issue , John has little control over events , and is led along by a psychic serial killer , who threatens to kill Chas and his family , and a demon , Rosacarnis , who offers his memories back , at the cost of 24 hours in her service . John eventually gives into this offer , and the 200th issue shows how Rosacarnis manipulates his reality , making him raise three children with her , in the guise of Kit Ryan , from Garth Ennis ' time on the title , , from Jamie Delano 's , and Angie , from the current run , with three different artists , Steve Dillon , Marcelo and Leonardo each drawing one story , as the past , present and future of the title . - Carey 's final run followed the attempts of John 's three new children attempting to kill all of his family and friends , culminating in the death of his sister , , at the hands of her possessed husband . John then travels into Hell to try to rescue her soul , with the assistance of Rosacarnis ' father , Nergal . The plan ultimately fails , and John returns broken , and intending to renounce magic . - Mike Carey returned to the title for a single issue between Denise Mina and Andy Diggle 's runs on the title , and also wrote the well @-@ received Hellblazer graphic novel All His about a strange illness sweeping the globe . - - = = = 2006 – 2013 = = = - - - = = = = Denise Mina ( # 216 – 228 ) = = = = - - Denise Mina had not written for comics when she took over the title in 2006 , but had three acclaimed crime novels to her name , the trilogy , the first of which won the award for best debut crime novel . Her run on the title took John to Scotland , to attempt to stop a plot to make everybody with each other . However , John fails to stop this , and , overwhelmed by the grief and horror they 're forced to share , suicides through the people of Glasgow . With help from Gemma Constantine , Angie and Chas Chandler , a plan to reverse the problem is made , as tension builds among the soldiers now surrounding the city . The soldiers listen to a World Cup match between England and Portugal on the radio . When England loses the match , it seems all is lost , but the expected psychic riot fails to materialize . The soldiers are Scottish , so England 's loss is celebrated , saving the day , and proving there 's no source of joy like . - - = = = = Andy Diggle ( # 230 – 249 ) = = = = - - Andy Diggle , having previously written the Hellblazer special , Lady Constantine , and Vertigo titles The and Swamp Thing , took over the title in 2007 , another former writer for 2000 AD to have done this . He left the title in 2009 after accepting an exclusive contract with Marvel . - The run starts by introducing two main antagonists , an aging politician , who is using a strange portal to enter other people 's minds and commit crimes , and Mako , a who other in order to obtain their power . Constantine 's attempt to play them off one another only succeeds in making them join forces in a further plot . Constantine then traps them both with considerable ease , and questions how this has been so easy . It then becomes apparent that he has been manipulated by the ' Golden Child ' , his twin who did not survive childbirth , and has been manipulating events for the whole of the series , including his battle with cancer and many other events . He declines his twin 's offer to merge souls , suspicious that his twin has been weakening his will in past years to make him accept this offer , choosing instead to take control of his own destiny . - - = = = = Peter Milligan ( # 250 – 300 ) = = = = - - Peter Milligan , a veteran of the Vertigo line , having written both Shade , The Changing Man and Animal Man at the publisher 's inception , then took over , starting with a short story in the landmark issue , and taking over full @-@ time following this . His run implemented several major changes , including John Constantine 's wedding and the loss of his thumb . - In a rare change , Milligan 's run on the title starts with John living in domestic with a nurse , Phoebe . Over the course of the first storyline , several new characters are introduced , including Epiphany Greaves , the daughter of a notorious London gangster , and Julian , a Babylonian demon . Over the course of the run , John dealt with a demon taking revenge on people involved in the Liverpool ' strike gone insane and sought help from Shade , The Changing Man , after off his own thumb , seen Phoebe die at the hands of Julian , and traveled to India to try to find a way of saving her . Following this , he realised that he was in love with Epiphany , and married her in the issue . However , the events of this wedding turned Constantine 's niece Gemma against him , due to the Demon Constantine sexually assaulting her in the . The strain of this traumatic incident turned her against John , and she enlisted the help of a coven of witches to kill him , which later came to a head when John was forced to fight off a brutal Demon summoned by them using John 's iconic to target him . - Afterwards , John 's coat ( which Gemma sold on ) began to manipulate its various new owners into murder , suicide , or other horrific acts until coming into the hands of a man from the U.S. , who tried to kill John and Epiphany . During the time the coat was missing , John 's magical abilities had begun to go out of control . John eventually resolves this , and he was re @-@ united with his coat . Since this , Gemma and John have a very relationship with one another , and she began a sexual relationship with Epiphany 's crime @-@ boss father Terry in order to " punish " John . When he confronted her about this relationship though , she told him that she would not stop unless he was able to retrieve her mother 's soul from Hell . John agreed . In order to get his sister to leave Hell , John agreed to track down her son , his adopted nephew , in Ireland . - On October 8 , 2012 , the series was announced as ending with issue 300 , following which a new title , Constantine started at the main imprint of DC comics . By 2013 , Constantine was contacted by the Three , who tell him that he will finally meet his end in five days . Having lived a good and adventurous life , he happily accepts his fate rather than trying to fight it like he always does . When the last day came , Constantine was ambushed and shot in his own home right in front of a horrified Epiphany . After he died , Epiphany and Finn had an affair as a way to comfort each other . John 's ghost saw them having sex in a graveyard and seemed to give his blessing , making the fates decide that John wasn 't going to try to come back to life . Then , of course , he did . He contacted Epiphany and asked her to help resurrect him by making him cigarettes from his ashes , which , after he smoked them , made him again . to disappear and live happily ever after with Epiphany , they moved to a tiny house in Ireland , courtesy of Finn , that was totally off the grid and far removed from any apparent trouble , the last place anyone would think to look for John . That didn 't last long , though , as John realized he can never run from his past . - So John left Epiphany in Ireland and returned to England to confront Gemma . He stole the last dart holding the that killed his demon twin , but ultimately gave it back to Gemma and told her either she could kill him , and live her life without him in but consumed with guilt for killing him , or she could let him disappear from her life forever , without any guilt for murdering him . Gemma shot the dart at him , but John disappeared . The final panel of Hellblazer reveals John , looking shocked and much older than we 'd previously seen him , standing in a bar appropriately called " A Long Journey 's End " surrounded by people , in front of a shelf full of bottles with the names of the comic 's staff over the years . - - = = Justice League Dark , Constantine and cancellation = = - - In 2011 , it was announced that a younger John Constantine would feature in Justice League Dark , one of the new titles launched as part of September 2011 's DC Universe reboot . He was to be part of a team including Shade , The Changing Man , and Madame , known as Justice League Dark . As part of the DC universe reboot in September 2011 , Peter Milligan started the title which featured an alternate version of John Constantine as a prominent part of the team . Milligan wrote eight issues of Justice League Dark , with writer Jeff taking over on issue nine . - On November 8 , 2012 , DC announced that Hellblazer would be cancelled following its 300th issue , and would be replaced by Constantine written by Robert and drawn by starring the younger New 52 John Constantine , rather than the version from Hellblazer , depicted as being in his late 50s . The Constantine series finally ended its run on its 23rd issue in May 1 , 2015 . Nonetheless , the character would again star in another solo series entitled Constantine : The Hellblazer , written by Ming Doyle and art by Riley , and released in June 10 , 2015 . Writer Ming Doyle expressed excitement in her chance to write Constantine , stating that the reason of putting the term Hellblazer back to the character 's title was to " take Constantine back to what he was at the start . " - - = = Themes and style = = - - Hellblazer was first published during the early days of the Modern Age of Comics , and so its themes were dark , , politically and morally complex as its contemporaries . Hellblazer mixes supernatural and real life horror , akin to contemporary gothic , with , surrealism and occult detective fiction elements . Unlike other comic books , Hellblazer is unique as it follows real time in its span of 20 years , with its protagonist John Constantine aging in every publication . Because of this , writers of the series often places their era 's culture and social commentary in their run . When Jamie Delano first wrote the series in the late 1980s and early 1990s , his issues were heavily inspired by the era such as punk rock and the British economy . Delano would be the first to put his political views in the series , an element never before seen in mainstream comics , such as his negative views of Thatcher 's regime and by 2005 includes the War on Terror . This made John Constantine different from other comic book characters at that time , in that he fights the political and social injustice of Great Britain . - When Garth Ennis took over writing , he included his trademark representation of racism and religious , as well his depictions of the War . The most controversial writer , Brian Azzarello , tackled issues such as Neo @-@ Nazism , prison rape and homosexuality . During Warren Ellis ' run , he included American school shootings in a one @-@ shot issue which led to a major controversy . In his run , Peter Milligan managed to put punk ideology in the series , with the protagonist trying to his former punk self , while also characterizing the Conservative government as a demon infestation with the punk fighting against this supposed subversion and abuse . As such , much of Hellblazer 's horror often comes in the crisis and controversies of its time . Being set in the UK , many famous British personalities have appeared or made cameos such as Sid , Margaret Thatcher , Aleister Crowley and Alan Moore . - As stated by Warren Ellis , Hellblazer 's major themes were cynicism , and " sudden violence " , with the protagonist the story in dark with occasional breaking of the fourth wall . In many story arcs every victory Constantine makes has a negative side effect and often leads to tragedy . His friends , family , and others would be sacrificed or be caught in the crossfire , many of them dead or have left him . John tries his best to make something good in his life , but most of it leading to failure . - - = = Reception = = - - Over the two decades that it had been published , Hellblazer had normally been quite well received . While not attaining the sales of ' mainstream ' comics , it had sustained healthy figures , consistently being one of the top selling Vertigo titles , and was sustained by healthy sales of trade . Hillary Goldstein of IGN described it as , " Sometimes surreal , often provocative and almost always entertaining , the adventures of the Hellblazer are among the best Vertigo has to offer . " Well @-@ known comic book writer Warren Ellis also praised the series as his favorite , calling it as " among the very best horror works of the 1990 's . " Andre from DNA India listed it in the " 15 Must Read Graphic Novels " , describing it as " one of the first of its kind " , and that its " writing and art work have been praised throughout its run . " Robert of Paste Magazine listed the series at # 4 in its " 13 Modern Horror Comics " , stating that " Constantine ’ s most frightening encounters have hewn close enough to that of truth to remind readers that real life can be as terrifying as any or demon spawn . " - Jamie Delano 's original run on the title is looked on fondly , with journalist Helen stating , " His take on the character of John Constantine has never been equalled . Delano 's Original graphic novel should be in every comic book fan 's collection . " She added that , " His writing evokes an incredible sense of and terror in a reader . " IGN listed the title as one of the 25 Best Vertigo Books , calling John Constantine as " one of Vertigo 's best characters . " - Garth Ennis ' run is also much loved , particularly Dangerous Habits , which was voted the best Garth Ennis story on Comic Book Resources , ahead of his work on Preacher , The Boys and The . In the same article Brian describes John 's one time love , Kit Ryan , as one of the series ' most memorable characters . The popularity of Ennis and Dillon 's run on Hellblazer is also credited for Vertigo agreeing to publish their seminal series Preacher . Empire Magazine called Dangerous Habits storyline as " rightly one of the most celebrated in comic book history . " Glenn who was the cover artist during Ennis ' run , won an Ward for " Best Cover Artist " in 1995 . - The creator of the protagonist , Alan Moore , praised Jamie Delano 's portrayal of the character , commenting " [ Delano ] demonstrates brilliantly that English horror didn 't vanish with the fog and gas lit at the end of the Victorian era . " Moore also liked Brian Azzarello 's run on the series , commenting that Azzarello and captured the character " down , cold and to the life . " - The character received positive critical reception while starring in the series . Empire Magazine ranked Constantine third in their 50 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time , while IGN ranked him # 29 in their Top 100 Comic Book Heroes , and the character ranked # 10 in Magazine 's Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time . - - = = = Legacy = = = - - The comic book 's initial cancellation , and the introduction of the character to DC led to many negative feedback and reception . I , Vampire writer Joshua Hale expressed sadness he would never get to write " the ' real ' John Constantine " , noted crime author and former Hellblazer writer Ian Rankin stated that Constantine was the only comic book character he ever wanted to write for , and Alan Moore 's daughter , Leah Moore expressing doubt that Constantine could replace Hellblazer , among others . As a result , DC co @-@ publisher Dan issued a statement defending this decision , stating that , " Hellblazer 's had a long and incredibly successful run and that 's a tip of the hat to all the great creators that have worked on the book over the years . The new Constantine series will return him back to his roots in the and hopefully be the start of another incredible run . " Comic Alliance described Hellblazer 's cancellation as marking " the end of an era for Vertigo " while adding it to be " one of a handful of comics from the late eighties that helped comic books and their readers grow up . " - Hellblazer boosted the popularity and image of the occult detective fiction genre and shaped it to its modern form . Many modern examples of the genre such as , Supernatural , , The , and The Dresden Files have been influenced by it , and many of both the series and its character flourished such as Criminal , , Planetary , and others . Its elements and style have been used countless of times in other works and many of the cynical John Constantine have appeared . - - = = Publications = = - - - = = editions = = - - - = = = Trade = = = - - - = = Adaptations = = - - - = = = Film = = = - - The first adaptation of Hellblazer ever filmed for the screen is one of the scenes in the documentary feature film The of Alan Moore , which was shot in early 2002 . The consists of the John Constantine character wandering through London and , in the film ending , experiencing a mystical of sorts . - In 2005 , Constantine was released , a feature film that did not use the same title as the comic book , in order to avoid confusion with the horror franchise . The only links to the character of John Constantine were the name and a plotline loosely based on the " Dangerous Habits " story arc ( Hellblazer # 41 – 46 ) . DC Comics announced a sequel to the 2005 Constantine movie was in the works , with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura linked to the project . He stated : " I 'd love to do it ... We want to do a hard , R @-@ rated version of it . We 're going to scale back the size of the movie to try and persuade the studio to go ahead and make a tough version of it . " In late 2012 , director Guillermo del Toro publicly discussed the notion of creating a film that would star John Constantine alongside other DC / Vertigo characters such as Zatanna , Swamp Thing , and more . - - = = = Television = = = - - In January 2014 it was announced that David and Daniel were developing a TV series based on Hellblazer and that NBC had ordered a pilot for it . A few weeks later it was announced that Neil Marshall would be directing the pilot . The series will follow Constantine in his early years , defending humanity against dark forces from beyond . On February , 21 it was announced that Welsh actor Matt Ryan ( whose credits include Criminal : Behavior and Edward in 's Creed IV : Black Flag ) will play the role of Constantine in the TV series pilot . On May 8 , NBC announced it had officially picked up Constantine for the Fall 2014 season . The show ran for 13 episodes , and on May 8 , 2015 , NBC cancelled Constantine after the end of its first season . It was later announced that the character of Constantine as portrayed by Ryan would be in the fourth season of the CW 's Arrow . - - = = = Others = = = - - released a video game film tie @-@ in of the film entitled Constantine . The song Stranger in the Mirror by the is written from Constantine 's point of view , including a lyrical reference to ' the Newcastle incident ' . The song " Venus of the " , which first appeared in Hellblazer Annual # 1 and written by Jamie Delano , was adapted by the rock group . - Fantasy fiction author John Shirley is credited in making three Hellblazer novels , including the of the Constantine film . The novel Hellblazer : War Lord features Constantine talking about " another John Constantine in an alternate universe , [ who ] has black hair and lives most of his life in Los Angeles " whilst giving a brief summary of the film 's plot . - - - = Curtis Woodhouse = - - Curtis Woodhouse ( born 17 April 1980 ) is an English former professional footballer turned professional boxer and football manager . Most recently manager of Hull United , Woodhouse played football as a central midfielder , and competed as a light @-@ welterweight boxer . He is the former British light @-@ welterweight champion . His career in the Football League spanned across nine seasons , earning four caps for the England under @-@ 21 football team . Woodhouse 's professional boxing record stands at 29 fights 22 wins , 13 of which are by knock @-@ out , and 7 defeats . - He started his career with York City 's centre of excellence before joining Sheffield United . In November 2001 , he was transferred to Birmingham City for a fee of £ 1 million , before joining Rotherham United in January 2003 , on loan for five months . He then joined Peterborough United on a free transfer in October 2003 . In May 2005 , he joined Hull City for £ 25 @,@ 000 , before joining Grimsby Town just eight months later in January 2006 . He retired at the end of the 2006 – 07 season . - Woodhouse stated that he had " fallen out of love " with football and decided to turn to professional boxing , despite no previous experience . In September 2006 , he won his first professional boxing match , defeating Dean Marcantonio , on points , knocking him down twice in the final round . His only defeat was by Jay Morris in April 2009 , losing 37 – 36 on points . - He was convicted of assaulting a police officer and of using threatening , abusive or insulting words or behaviour in April 2006 . As a result , he had his boxing licence suspended for five months by the British Boxing Board of Control , despite the incident happening before he was under the 's jurisdiction . Woodhouse returned to football in November 2006 , joining Rushden & Diamonds in the Conference National before moving to Mansfield Town in January 2009 . After leaving them , he moved to Harrogate Town . At the end of February 2010 , he joined Sheffield in the Northern Premier League . Before the start of the 2011 – 12 football season , he moved up two divisions in the football league system when he joined Conference North outfit Eastwood Town . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = York City and Sheffield United = = = - - Woodhouse began his football career at York City 's centre of excellence in 1994 , before being transferred to Sheffield United for an initial compensation fee of £ 2 @,@ 200 . Sheffield United and York City later agreed on an additional £ 15 @,@ 000 fee plus a five @-@ percentage sell @-@ on clause . He made his debut for Sheffield United at the age of 17 , coming on as a 79th @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 home win against Crewe Alexandra in the First Division on 29 November 1997 . He made a total of nine First Division appearances in the 1997 – 98 season . Woodhouse holds the record for being the club 's youngest ever captain , aged 19 . He earned a call @-@ up to the England under @-@ 21 team , and made his debut in a 2 – 2 away draw against Hungary on 27 April 1999 . He went on to earn another three caps against Sweden , Bulgaria and Poland in England 's 2000 European Under @-@ 21 Championship qualifying group . He made a total of 104 appearances in the Football League , scoring six goals , before being sold to Birmingham City for £ 1 million in February 2001 . - - = = = Birmingham City = = = - - He made his debut for Birmingham City on 3 February 2001 , in a 2 – 1 home victory against Norwich City . He made 17 appearances for Birmingham during the 2000 – 01 season , scoring twice . Both goals came in the final league match of the season , a 2 – 1 away win against Huddersfield Town , sealing their relegation fate . Birmingham reached the League Cup final , however , Woodhouse was unable to play as he was cup @-@ tied , having previously played in three League Cup games for Sheffield United that season . He was arrested after the final of the League Cup , on 25 February 2001 , having been charged with affray along with two others after they " " an Indian restaurant and he wielded a chair in a brawl with university students . In July 2002 , he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service and ordered to pay £ 250 costs . Birmingham finished fifth in the First Division , and reached the play @-@ offs , losing in a penalty shootout in the semi @-@ final , after the game was drawn 2 – 2 on aggregate . Woodhouse played in both semi @-@ final matches . The following season , 2001 – 02 , he made 28 appearances in the First Division . Birmingham reached the play @-@ offs again for the fourth consecutive season , this time gaining after beating in the semi @-@ final and Norwich City in the final . This time , Woodhouse did not play in any of the play @-@ off matches . He made just three appearances for Birmingham City in the Premier League , before being loaned out to Rotherham United in January 2003 . Grimsby Town and Brighton & Hove Albion were also reportedly interested in signing the midfielder . During his loan spell at Rotherham , he turned out 11 times in the First Division . - - = = = Peterborough United = = = - - Woodhouse signed for Peterborough United on 14 October 2003 , the same day that he made his debut against Torquay United in a 3 – 2 victory in the Football League Trophy . However , he had been training with Peterborough a month prior to signing for them , whilst he " sorted out some problems at Birmingham City " . He went on to captain the side , and was later described as " Captain Marvel " by manager , Barry Fry . In 2003 – 04 , he made 27 appearances in the Second Division , scoring seven goals . Peterborough finished 18th in the Second Division , two points from relegation , with Woodhouse being named as Peterborough 's player of the season . In May 2004 , Hull City manager , Peter Taylor , made a failed £ 100 @,@ 000 bid to try and sign the midfielder . The following season , 2004 – 05 , he made 34 appearances in the newly named League One and scored four goals . Peterborough suffered relegation , after finishing 23rd in the league . - - = = = Hull City = = = - - He joined Hull City in May 2005 , the club he supported as a child , on a two @-@ year contract for a fee of £ 25 @,@ 000 , with the potential to rise to £ 150 @,@ 000 depending on appearances . His debut for Hull was as a late substitute in a 2 – 0 victory against Brighton & Hove Albion on 20 August 2005 . Though he lacked fitness at the start of the season , injuries to Keith Andrews and Ian Ashbee gave him the chance of a regular starting place , and manager Taylor also handed him the team captaincy . Despite consistent performances , by December 2005 he had lost his place and there was speculation that he had fallen out with Taylor and wanted to leave ; this was strongly denied by the player : " I 'm shocked that people are saying I want to go . I 'm very happy here . ... It 's taken me long enough to get to Hull so I 'm not going to walk out after a few months , or whatever . " In the following six weeks he made only two brief substitute appearances – in five months with the club he played 18 games in the Championship without scoring – and the strength of Hull 's squad was such that he could not be guaranteed regular first @-@ team football . - - = = = Grimsby Town = = = - - In the January 2006 transfer window , he joined Grimsby Town on a two @-@ year deal , three years after they first expressed an interest in signing him . He made his debut against former club Peterborough United in League Two , on 28 January 2006 in a 2 – 1 home defeat , and scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for the club against Mansfield on 14 February 2006 . On 26 April 2006 , Woodhouse said he planned to retire from football at the end of the 2005 – 06 season and embark on a career as a professional boxer . He made 16 appearances in League Two , helping them to finish fourth place , reaching the play @-@ offs . Woodhouse played in both of Grimsby 's play @-@ off semi @-@ final victories over Lincoln City , setting up the only goal of the game in the first leg . He played his last Football League game in the play @-@ off final at the Millennium Stadium on 28 May 2006 . Grimsby were defeated 1 – 0 in the final by Cheltenham Town . Woodhouse gave away a penalty in the 70th minute that was saved by goalkeeper Steve . - - = = = to boxing = = = - - Woodhouse had a history of theft , robbery and affray , and said that he had " fallen out of love " with football . He admitted to have been involved in around 100 street fights . He said ; " Boxing has always been my first love , even as a kid " , and " I love fighting ... Rather than get locked up for it , I might as well get paid for it . " He also stated that he used to spar in the boxing gym after football training without his manager 's knowledge , saying " A few times at Sheffield United , Neil Warnock would drag me in and say ‘ I hear you ’ ve been boxing ’ . I ’ d be standing there with a big black eye and a fat lip and deny it . " He trained under former British champion , Gary De , and made his boxing debut on 8 September 2006 at House Hotel , London , in a welterweight contest against Dean Marcantonio , despite not having any previous amateur experience . The former footballer had lost two stone in weight since his playing days with Grimsby Town . The fight was scheduled for four rounds of two minutes , Woodhouse knocked his opponent down twice in the final round and won on points . - - = = = Return to football part @-@ time = = = - - After only one professional fight , Woodhouse returned to football in November 2006 , signing for Rushden & Diamonds , who were playing in the Conference National , the highest @-@ tier of non @-@ league football . His boxing licence was suspended by the British Boxing Board of Control , following a conviction for assaulting a police officer whilst drunk and of using threatening , abusive or insulting words or behaviour in April 2006 , when he was still playing for Grimsby Town , and not under the 's jurisdiction at the time of the incident . He was ordered to pay £ 100 compensation to PC Andrew Whitehead and £ 350 in costs . Woodhouse chose to play for Rushden & Diamonds to fulfil a promise he made to someone who was part of the consortium that took over the based club . He made his debut against Aldershot Town on 25 November 2006 , in a 1 – 0 defeat . He made five appearances in the Conference National for Rushden , before deciding to leave to concentrate on his boxing career . - He then returned to Rushden on 1 March 2007 , and made a further 11 appearances in the Conference in the 2006 – 07 season , scoring three goals , including a 30 @-@ yard long range effort against Victoria on 23 April . After five months away from boxing , Woodhouse returned to the ring for his second fight on 15 April , defeating Duncan on points after four rounds . On 1 May , he signed a new two @-@ year deal with Rushden & Diamonds . He then defeated Peter Dunn in a bout on 3 June , again on points , in a contest of four three @-@ minute rounds . In his fourth fight on 5 December 2007 , he defeated Craig by way of knock @-@ out after just 1 minute and 57 seconds , landing a left hook that as the referee decided his opponent as unfit to continue . Matt Seawright was Woodhouse 's next boxing opponent on 16 March 208 , he defeated him after Seawright felt he was unable to continue after the third round . Woodhouse finished the 2007 – 08 football season having played in 29 Conference National matches , scoring once and receiving two red cards . On 17 May , Woodhouse achieved his sixth straight victory , maintaining his undefeated record against Dave Murray at Bramall Lane , defeating his opponent by knock @-@ out in the second round . Murray managed to beat the standing eight count , but the referee deemed him unable to continue after 1 minute and 23 seconds . - After defeating Wayne in 57 seconds on 21 June 2008 , Woodhouse stated his intention to retire from football at the end of the 2008 – 09 season , to concentrate on his boxing career . He was later appointed as team captain for his final season at the club . Woodhouse scored a decisive penalty in Rushden 's opening game of the 2008 – 09 season , away on 9 August , against newly promoted Borough . He was sent off again in the home game against on 25 August , after receiving two yellow cards . In his eighth boxing match , Woodhouse defeated Jimmy on points on 20 September . He then proceeded to defeat Peter Dunn on 30 November , stopping him 23 seconds in the sixth and final round at 's Hotel , Rotherham . - He signed for Mansfield Town on 5 January on a contract until the end of the 2008 – 09 season . Woodhouse made his debut for Mansfield Town on 24 January in a Conference National match against Lewes . Mansfield won 1 – 0 . Matt was Woodhouse 's next opponent in the ring on 29 March at Bramall Lane . The fight went the distance of six rounds and Woodhouse was given the decision over . His first professional loss as a boxer was on 25 April at Ulster Hall , in Belfast at the hands of Jay Morris . The fight went the distance , but Woodhouse lost 37 – 36 on points over six rounds . Mansfield manager David Holdsworth hoped Woodhouse would stay at the club , but on 18 June , he joined Conference North team Harrogate Town . On 27 November , he defeated Dean by TKO in round 6 . This was Woodhouse 's first fight in the light @-@ welterweight division , having dropped down from welterweight . - On 13 January 2010 , in an interview to the Grimsby Telegraph , Woodhouse commented he would definitely consider a move back to former club Grimsby Town after expressing his dismay at The Mariners near the bottom of the League Two , within danger of being relegated from the Football League . He commented " If they are looking for a central midfielder , though , they are welcome to give me a call " . Harrogate released him by mutual consent on 25 February . Three days later he avenged his defeat by Jay Morris by beating him with a TKO in round 3 . This gave Woodhouse the first title of his boxing career , the International Masters light @-@ welterweight title . On 25 April , Woodhouse defended the title with a 4th round knockout of , who stepped in as a late replacement for Steve Saville . Next , on 2 July , Woodhouse knocked out veteran Bull in round 9 . His next fight was due to be against 2006 Commonwealth Games gold medallist and former world amateur champion Frankie Gavin on 18 September , but Woodhouse pulled out days after the bout was announced in July . He moved up the non @-@ League football ladder in June 2011 , after signing for Conference North side Eastwood Town . - - = = Managerial career = = - - It was announced on 2 May 2012 , that Woodhouse was the new manager of Northern Premier League Division One South club Sheffield . Woodhouse resigned in December 2012 after admitting having difficulty to managing a football team as well as being a professional boxer . - On 14 October 2013 , Woodhouse was announced as the assistant manager at Northern Premier League Division One South club , with former team mate David Holdsworth being appointed manager . In January 2014 Woodhouse replaced Holdsworth as manager following Holdsworth 's resignation . Woodhouse then left after some issues with the board , and took over at Hull United in January 2015 . - - = = Personal life = = - - Woodhouse was born in and raised in . His father , Bernard Woodhouse , died at the age of 51 after he had a fatal stroke . Unlike other boys who footballers , Woodhouse stated his heroes were Nigel Benn and Mike Tyson . He admits to fighting at school and in the streets after being racially abused : " I went from scrapping in the street and at school to fighting in the boxing ring from the age of 12 . I was called a few names due to the colour of my skin , but with a quick in the mouth they soon backed off . " He used to visit Park to support Hull City before pursuing his career in professional football . He has a wife , Charlotte , and two children : a son named Kyle and a daughter , . - - = = Career statistics = = - - As of 29 January 2011 . - - = = Professional boxing record = = - - - - = 2010 Haiti earthquake = - - The 2010 Haiti earthquake ( French : de 2010 à ; Haitian Creole : 12 2010 ) was a catastrophic magnitude 7 @.@ 0 Mw earthquake , with an epicenter near the town of ( ) , approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) west of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , Haiti 's capital . The earthquake occurred at 16 : 53 local time ( 21 : 53 UTC ) on Tuesday , 12 January 2010 . - By 24 January , at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4 @.@ 5 or greater had been recorded . An estimated three million people were affected by the quake . Death toll estimates range from 100 @,@ 000 to about 160 @,@ 000 to Haitian government figures from 220 @,@ 000 to 316 @,@ 000 that have been widely characterized as deliberately inflated by the Haitian government . The government of Haiti estimated that 250 @,@ 000 residences and 30 @,@ 000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged . There has been a history of national debt , trade policies by other countries , and foreign intervention into national affairs that contributed to the pre @-@ existing poverty and poor housing conditions that exacerbated the death toll . - The earthquake caused major damage in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , Jacmel and other settlements in the region . Notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building , the Port @-@ au @-@ Prince Cathedral , and the main jail . Among those killed were Archbishop of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince Joseph Serge , and opposition leader Gaillard . The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ( MINUSTAH ) , located in the capital , collapsed , killing many , including the Mission 's Chief , . - Many countries responded to appeals for humanitarian aid , pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams , engineers and support personnel . Communication systems , air , land , and sea transport facilities , hospitals , and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake , which hampered rescue and aid efforts ; confusion over who was in charge , air traffic congestion , and problems with of flights further complicated early relief work . Port @-@ au @-@ Prince 's were overwhelmed with tens of thousands of bodies . These had to be buried in mass graves . As rescues tailed off , supplies , medical care and sanitation became priorities . in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors , and looting and sporadic violence were observed . On 22 January the United Nations noted that the emergency phase of the relief operation was drawing to a close , and on the following day the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors . - - = = Background = = - - The island of Hispaniola , shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic , is active and has a history of destructive earthquakes . During Haiti 's time as a French colony , earthquakes were recorded by French historian Moreau de Saint @-@ ( – 1819 ) . He described damage done by an earthquake in 1751 , writing that " only one masonry building had not collapsed " in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince ; he also wrote that the " whole city collapsed " in the 1770 Port @-@ au @-@ Prince earthquake . Cap @-@ , other towns in the north of Haiti and the Dominican Republic , and the Sans @-@ Palace were destroyed during an earthquake on 7 May 1842 . A magnitude 8 @.@ 0 earthquake struck the Dominican Republic and shook Haiti on 4 August 1946 , producing a tsunami that killed 1 @,@ 790 people and injured many others . - Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere , and is ranked of 182 countries on the Human Development Index . The Australian government 's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster , and the country is considered " economically vulnerable " by the Food and Agriculture Organization . Haiti is no stranger to natural disasters . In addition to earthquakes , it has been struck frequently by tropical cyclones , which have caused flooding and widespread damage . The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav , Hanna and Ike , all in the summer of 2008 , causing nearly 800 deaths . - - = = Geology = = - - The magnitude 7 @.@ 0 Mw earthquake occurred inland , on 12 January 2010 at 16 : 53 ( UTC @-@ 05 : 00 ) , approximately 25 km ( 16 mi ) from Port @-@ au @-@ Prince at a depth of 13 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) on blind thrust faults associated with the Enriquillo @-@ Plantain Garden fault system . There is no evidence of surface rupture and based on , geological and ground data it is thought that the earthquake did not involve significant lateral slip on the main Enriquillo fault . Strong shaking associated with intensity IX on the scale ( MM ) was recorded in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and its suburbs . It was also felt in several surrounding countries and regions , including Cuba ( MM III in ) , Jamaica ( MM II in Kingston ) , Venezuela ( MM II in ) , Puerto Rico ( MM II – III in San Juan ) , and the bordering Dominican Republic ( MM III in Santo Domingo ) . According to estimates from the United States Geological Survey , approximately 3 @.@ 5 million people lived in the area that experienced shaking intensity of MM VII to X , a range that can cause moderate to very heavy damage even to earthquake @-@ resistant structures . damage was more severe than for other of similar magnitude due to the shallow depth of the quake . - The quake occurred in the vicinity of the northern boundary where the Caribbean plate shifts eastwards by about 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) per year in relation to the North American plate . The strike @-@ slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti , the Septentrional @-@ Oriente fault in the north and the Enriquillo @-@ Plantain Garden fault in the south ; both its location and focal mechanism suggested that the January 2010 quake was caused by a rupture of the Enriquillo @-@ Plantain Garden fault , which had been locked for 250 years , gathering stress . However , a study published in May 2010 suggested that the rupture process may have involved slip on multiple blind thrust faults with only minor , deep , lateral slip along or near the main Enriquillo – Plantain Garden fault zone , suggesting that the event only partially relieved centuries of accumulated left @-@ lateral strain on a small part of the plate @-@ boundary system . The rupture was roughly 65 km ( 40 mi ) long with mean slip of 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Preliminary analysis of the slip distribution found of up to about 4 m ( 13 ft ) using ground motion records from all over the world . - A 2007 earthquake hazard study by C. and M. @-@ noted that the Enriquillo @-@ Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst @-@ case forecast would involve a 7 @.@ 2 Mw earthquake , similar in size to the 1692 Jamaica earthquake . Paul Mann and a group including the 2006 study team presented a hazard assessment of the Enriquillo @-@ Plantain Garden fault system to the 18th Caribbean Conference in March 2008 , noting the large strain ; the team recommended " high priority " historical geologic rupture studies , as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years . An article published in Haiti 's Le newspaper in September 2008 cited comments by geologist Patrick Charles to the effect that there was a high risk of major seismic activity in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince . - - = = = = = = - - The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) recorded eight aftershocks in the two hours after the main earthquake , with between 4 @.@ 3 and 5 @.@ 9 . Within the first nine hours 32 aftershocks of magnitude 4 @.@ 2 or greater were recorded , 12 of which measured magnitude 5 @.@ 0 or greater , and on 24 January USGS reported that there had been 52 aftershocks measuring 4 @.@ 5 or greater since 12 January quake . - On 20 January at 06 : 03 local time ( 11 : 03 UTC ) the strongest aftershock since the earthquake , measuring magnitude 5 @.@ 9 Mw , struck Haiti . USGS reported its epicenter was about 56 km ( 35 mi ) of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , which would place it almost exactly under the coastal town of Petit @-@ Goâve . A UN representative reported that the aftershock collapsed seven buildings in the town . According to staff of the International Committee of the Red Cross , which had reached Petit @-@ Goâve for the first time the day before the aftershock , the town was estimated to have lost 15 percent of its buildings , and was suffering the same shortages of supplies and medical care as the capital . Workers from the charity Save the Children reported hearing " already weakened structures collapsing " in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , but most sources reported no further significant damage to infrastructure in the city . Further casualties are thought to have been minimal since people had been sleeping in the open . There are concerns that 12 January earthquake could be the beginning of a new long @-@ term sequence : " the whole region is fearful " ; historical accounts , although not precise , suggest that there has been a sequence of progressing along the fault , starting with an earthquake in the Dominican Republic in 1751 . - - = = = Tsunami = = = - - The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning immediately after the initial quake , but quickly cancelled it . Nearly two weeks later it was reported that the beach of the small fishing town of Petit was hit by a localised tsunami shortly after the earthquake , probably as a result of an underwater slide , and this was later confirmed by researchers . At least three people were swept out to sea by the wave and were reported dead . Witnesses told reporters that the sea first retreated and a " very big wave " followed rapidly , crashing ashore and sweeping boats and debris into the ocean . - - = = Damage to infrastructure = = - - - = = = Essential services = = = - - Amongst the widespread devastation and damage throughout Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and elsewhere , vital infrastructure necessary to respond to the disaster was severely damaged or destroyed . This included all hospitals in the capital ; air , sea , and land transport facilities ; and communication systems . - The quake affected the three Médecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) medical facilities around Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , causing one to collapse completely . A hospital in , a wealthy suburb of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , also collapsed , as did the St. Michel District Hospital in the southern town of Jacmel , which was the largest referral hospital in south @-@ east Haiti . - The quake seriously damaged the control tower at Toussaint L 'Ouverture International Airport . Damage to the Port @-@ au @-@ Prince seaport rendered the harbor unusable for immediate rescue operations ; its container crane subsided severely at an angle because of weak foundations . seaport in northern Haiti remained operational . - Roads were blocked with road debris or the surfaces broken . The main road linking Port @-@ au @-@ Prince with Jacmel remained blocked ten days after the earthquake , hampering delivery of aid to Jacmel . When asked why the road had not been opened , el @-@ , head of the south @-@ east division of the UN World Food Programme said that " We ask the same questions to the people in charge ... They promise rapid response . To be honest , I don 't know why it hasn 't been done . I can only think that their priority must be somewhere else . " - There was considerable damage to communications infrastructure . The public telephone system was not available , and two of Haiti 's largest cellular telephone providers , and Haiti , both reported that their services had been affected by the earthquake . @-@ was also disrupted . According to Sans Frontières ( ) , Radio , which broadcasts out of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and reaches 90 percent of Haiti , was initially knocked off the air , but it was able to resume broadcasting across most of its network within a week . According to , some 20 of about 50 stations that were active in the capital region prior to the earthquake were back on air a week after the quake . - - = = = General infrastructure = = = - - In February 2010 Prime Minister Jean @-@ Max Bellerive estimated that 250 @,@ 000 residences and 30 @,@ 000 commercial buildings were severely damaged and needed to be demolished . The deputy mayor of reported that 90 percent of the town 's buildings had been destroyed . Many government and public buildings were damaged or destroyed including the Palace of Justice , the National Assembly , the Supreme Court and Port @-@ au @-@ Prince Cathedral . The National Palace was severely damaged , though President René Préval and his wife Elisabeth Préval escaped injury . The Prison de Port @-@ au @-@ Prince was also destroyed , allowing around 4 @,@ 000 inmates to escape . - Most of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince 's municipal buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged , including the City Hall , which was described by the Washington Post as , " a skeletal of concrete and stucco , to the left . " Port @-@ au @-@ Prince had no municipal petrol reserves and few city officials had working mobile phones before the earthquake , complicating communications and transportation . - Minister of Education Joel Jean @-@ Pierre stated that the education system had " totally collapsed " . About half the nation 's schools and the three main universities in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince were affected . More than 1 @,@ 300 schools and 50 health care facilities were destroyed . - The earthquake also destroyed a nursing school in the capital and severely damaged the country 's primary school . The Haitian art world suffered great losses ; artworks were destroyed , and museums and art galleries were extensively damaged , among them Port @-@ au @-@ Prince 's main art museum , Centre d , College Saint Pierre and Holy Trinity Cathedral . - The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ( MINUSTAH ) at Christopher Hotel and offices of the World Bank were destroyed . The building housing the offices of Citibank in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince collapsed , killing five employees . The clothing industry , which accounts for two @-@ thirds of Haiti 's exports , reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities . - The quake created a landslide dam on the Rivière de Grand Goâve . As of February 2010 the water level was low , but engineer Yves believed the dam could collapse during the rainy season , which would flood Grand @-@ Goâve 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) downstream . - - = = Conditions in the aftermath = = - - In the nights following the earthquake , many people in Haiti slept in the streets , on , in their cars , or in makeshift towns either because their houses had been destroyed , or they feared standing structures would not withstand aftershocks . Construction standards are low in Haiti ; the country has no building codes . Engineers have stated that it is unlikely many buildings would have stood through any kind of disaster . Structures are often raised wherever they can fit ; some buildings were built on slopes with insufficient foundations or steel supports . A representative of Catholic Relief Services has estimated that about two million Haitians lived as squatters on land they did not own . The country also suffered from shortages of fuel and water even before the disaster . - President Préval and government ministers used police headquarters near the Toussaint L 'Ouverture International Airport as their new base of operations , although their effectiveness was extremely limited ; several were still trapped in the Presidential Palace , and offices and records had been destroyed . Some high @-@ ranking government workers lost family members , or had to tend to wounded relatives . Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with UN planners each day , there remained confusion as to who was in charge and no single group had organized relief efforts as of 16 January . The government handed over control of the airport to the United States to hasten and ease flight operations , which had been hampered by the damage to the air traffic control tower . - Almost immediately Port @-@ au @-@ Prince 's morgue facilities were overwhelmed . By 14 January , a thousand bodies had been placed on the streets and . Government crews manned trucks to collect thousands more , burying them in mass graves . In the heat and humidity , corpses buried in rubble began to and smell . Goldstein , head of the Israeli International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti , described the situation as " from hell . Everywhere , the acrid smell of bodies hangs in the air . It 's just like the stories we are told of the Holocaust – thousands of bodies everywhere . You have to understand that the situation is true madness , and the more time passes , there are more and more bodies , in numbers that cannot be grasped . It is beyond comprehension . " - Mayor Jean @-@ Yves Jason said that officials argued for hours about what to do with the volume of corpses . The government buried many in mass graves , some above @-@ ground tombs were forced open so bodies could be stacked inside , and others were burned . Mass graves were dug in a large field outside the settlement of , north of the capital ; tens of thousands of bodies were reported as having been brought to the site by dump truck and buried in trenches dug by earth . Max , a priest , protested the lack of dignity in mass burials , stating , " ... it is not in our culture to bury people in such a fashion , it is " . - Towns in the eastern Dominican Republic began preparing for tens of thousands of refugees , and by 16 January hospitals close to the border had been filled to capacity with Haitians . Some began reporting having expended stocks of critical medical supplies such as antibiotics by 17 January . The border was reinforced by Dominican soldiers , and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily . A local governor stated , " We have a great desire and we will do everything possible to help Haitian families . But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine . We need the helping hand of other countries in the area . " - Slow distribution of resources in the days after the earthquake resulted in sporadic violence , with looting reported . There were also accounts of wounded or killed by and neighbourhoods that had constructed their own roadblock barricades . Dr Evan Lyon of Partners in Health , working at the General Hospital in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , claimed that and overblown reports of violence had hampered the delivery of aid and medical services . - Former US president Bill Clinton acknowledged the problems and said Americans should " not be from supporting the relief effort " by upsetting scenes such as those of looting . Lt. Gen. , deputy commander of US Southern Command , however , announced that despite the stories of looting and violence , there was less violent crime in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince after the earthquake than before . - In many neighbourhoods , singing could be heard through the night and groups of men coordinated to act as security as groups of women attempted to take care of food and hygiene . During the days following the earthquake , hundreds were seen marching through the streets in peaceful processions , singing and clapping . - The earthquake caused an urgent need for outside rescuers to communicate with Haitians whose main or only language is Haitian Creole . As a result , a mobile translation program to translate between English and Haitian Creole had to be written quickly . - - = = Casualties = = - - The earthquake struck in the most populated area of the country . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies estimated that as many as 3 million people had been affected by the quake . In mid February 2010 , the Haitian government reported the death toll to have reached 230 @,@ 000 . However , an investigation by Radio Netherlands has questioned the official death toll , reporting an estimate of 92 @,@ 000 deaths as being a more realistic figure . On the first anniversary of the earthquake , 12 January 2011 , Haitian Prime Minister Jean @-@ Max Bellerive said the death toll from the quake was more than 316 @,@ 000 , raising the figures from previous estimates . - Several experts have questioned the validity of the death toll numbers ; Anthony , professor emeritus in environmental history at Northeastern University , warned that casualty estimates could only be a " " , and Belgian disaster response expert Claude de de noted that " round numbers are a sure sign that nobody knows . " Edmond , UN Assistant Secretary @-@ General for Operations , said , " I do not think we will ever know what the death toll is from this earthquake " , while the director of the Haitian Red Cross , Jean @-@ Pierre , noted that his organization had not had the time to count bodies , as their focus had been on the treatment of survivors . - While the vast majority of casualties were Haitian civilians , the dead included aid workers , embassy staff , foreign tourists — and a number of public figures , including Archbishop of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince Monsignor Joseph Serge , aid worker and officials in the Haitian government , including opposition leader Michel " " Gaillard . Also killed were a number of well @-@ known Haitian musicians and sports figures , including thirty members of the Fédération de Football . At least 85 United Nations personnel working with MINUSTAH were killed , among them the Mission Chief , , his deputy , Luiz Carlos da Costa , and police commissioner Douglas . Around 200 guests were killed in the collapse of the Montana in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince . - On 31 May 2011 , an unreleased draft report based on a survey commissioned by the US Agency for International Development ( USAID ) challenged the Haiti earthquake death toll and several damage estimates . The unpublished report put the death toll between 46 @,@ 000 and 85 @,@ 000 and put the number of displaced persons at 895 @,@ 000 , of which only 375 @,@ 000 remained in temporary shelters . The unreleased report , which compiled its figures from a door @-@ to @-@ door survey , was done by a Washington consulting firm , . A US State Department spokesperson said the report had inconsistencies and would not be released until they were resolved . As of January 2012 , USAID has not released the report and states at its website that 1 @.@ 5 million people were displaced , of which 550 @,@ 000 remain without permanent shelter . The most reliable academic estimate of the number of earthquake casualties in Haiti ( over 95 % were in the immediate Port @-@ au @-@ Prince area ) " within six weeks of the earthquake " appears to be the 160 @,@ 000 estimate in a 2010 University of Michigan study . - - = = Early response = = - - Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by many aid organizations , the United Nations and president René Préval . Raymond Joseph , Haiti 's ambassador to the United States , and his nephew , singer Jean , who was called upon by Préval to become a " ambassador " for Haiti , also pleaded for aid and donations . and circulating after the earthquake across the internet and through social media helped to intensify the reaction of global engagement . - Many countries responded to the appeals and launched fund @-@ raising efforts , as well as sending search and rescue teams . The neighbouring Dominican Republic was the first country to give aid to Haiti , sending water , food and heavy @-@ lifting machinery . The hospitals in the Dominican Republic were made available ; a combined effort of the Airports Department ( ) , together with the Dominican Naval , the UN and other parties formed the Dominican @-@ Haitian Aerial Support Bridge , making the main Dominican airports available for support operations to Haiti . The Dominican website made available to the internet , daily updates on airport information and news from the operations center on the Dominican side . The Dominican emergency team assisted more than 2 @,@ 000 injured people , while the Dominican Institute of ( ) helped with the restoration of some telephone services . The Dominican Red Cross coordinated early medical relief in conjunction with the International Red Cross . The government sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including specialists , , , and . In addition , 39 trucks carrying canned food were dispatched , along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks capable of producing 100 @,@ 000 meals per day . - Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel , medicines , materiel , and other aid to Haiti . The first team to arrive in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince was @-@ from Iceland , landing within 24 hours of the earthquake . A 50 @-@ member Chinese team arrived early Thursday morning . From the Middle East , the government of sent a strategic transport aircraft ( C @-@ 17 ) , loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the armed forces , the internal security force ( ) , police force and the Medical Corporation , to set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and other affected areas in Haiti . A rescue team sent by the Israel Defense Forces ' Home Front Command established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince with specialised facilities to treat children , the elderly , and women in labor . It was set up in eight hours and began operations on the evening of 16 January . A Korean International Disaster Relief Team with 40 rescuers , medical doctors , nurses and 2 k @-@ was deployed to to assist efforts of Haitian Government . - The American Red Cross announced on 13 January that it had run out of supplies in Haiti and appealed for public donations . Giving Children Hope worked to get much @-@ needed medicines and supplies on the ground . Partners in Health ( ) , the largest health care provider in rural Haiti , was able to provide some emergency care from its ten hospitals and clinics , all of which were outside the capital and undamaged . MINUSTAH had over 9 @,@ 000 peacekeepers deployed to the area . Most of these workers were initially involved in the search for survivors at the organization 's collapsed headquarters . - The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated , allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be shared with rescue and aid organizations . Members of social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages and pleas to send help . Facebook was overwhelmed by — and blocked — some users who were sending messages about updates . The American Red Cross set a record for mobile donations , raising US $ 7 million in 24 hours when they allowed people to send US $ 10 donations by text messages . The community responded to the disaster by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post @-@ earthquake satellite photography provided by , and tracking website coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped and to keep families of survivors informed . Some online poker sites hosted poker tournaments with tournament fees , prizes or both going to disaster relief charities . Google Earth updated its coverage of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince on 17 January , showing the earthquake @-@ ravaged city . - refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , and in the US Haitians were granted protected status , a measure that permits about 100 @,@ 000 illegal alien Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18 months , and the of 30 @,@ 000 more , though it does not apply to Haitians outside the US . Local and state agencies in South Florida , together with the US government , began implementing a plan ( " Operation " ) for a mass migration from the Caribbean that had been laid out in 2003 . - Several were destroyed in the earthquake . After the process for the adoption of 400 children by families in the US and the Netherlands was expedited , and SOS Children urged an immediate halt to from Haiti . Jasmine , chief executive of Save the Children said : " The vast majority of the children currently on their own still have family members alive who will be desperate to be reunited with them and will be able to care for them with the right support . Taking children out of the country would permanently separate thousands of children from their families — a separation that would compound the acute trauma they are already suffering and inflict long @-@ term damage on their chances of recovery . " However , several organizations were planning an of thousands of orphaned children to South Florida on humanitarian , modelled on a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named " Pedro Pan " . The Canadian government worked to expedite around 100 adoption cases that were already underway when the earthquake struck , issuing temporary permits and regular processing fees ; the federal government also announced that it would cover adopted children 's healthcare costs upon their arrival in Canada until they could be covered under administered public healthcare plans . - - = = Rescue and relief efforts = = - - Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake , with able @-@ bodied survivors the living and the dead from the rubble of the many buildings that had collapsed . Treatment of the injured was hampered by the lack of hospital and morgue facilities : the Argentine military field hospital , which had been serving MINUSTAH , was the only one available until 13 January . Rescue work intensified only slightly with the arrival of doctors , police officers , military personnel and from various countries two days after the earthquake . - From 12 January , the International Committee of the Red Cross , which has been working in Haiti since 1994 , focused on bringing emergency assistance to victims of the catastrophe , in close cooperation with its partners within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , particularly the Haitian Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . - Médecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ; MSF ) reported that the hospitals that had not been destroyed were overwhelmed by large numbers of seriously injured people , and that they had to carry out many . Running short of medical supplies , some teams had to work with any available resources , constructing out of cardboard and reusing latex gloves . Other rescue units had to withdraw as night fell amid security fears . Over 3 @,@ 000 people had been treated by Médecins Sans Frontières as of 18 January . Ophelia Dahl , director of Partners in Health , reported , " there are hundreds of thousands of injured people . I have heard the estimate that as many as 20 @,@ 000 people will die each day that would have been saved by surgery . " - An MSF aircraft carrying a field hospital was repeatedly turned away by US air traffic controllers who had assumed control at Toussaint L 'Ouverture International Airport . Four other MSF aircraft were also turned away . In a 19 January press release MSF said , " It is like working in a war situation . We don 't have any more morphine to manage pain for our patients . We cannot accept that planes carrying medical supplies and equipment continue to be turned away while our patients die . must be given to medical supplies entering the country . " First voiced frustration with the number of relief trucks sitting unused at the airport . Aid workers blamed US @-@ controlled airport operations for the transportation of security troops over rescuers and supplies ; evacuation policies favouring citizens of certain nations were also criticised . - The US military acknowledged the non @-@ governmental organizations ' complaints concerning flight @-@ operations bias and promised improvement while noting that up to 17 January 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted ; by the first weekend of disaster operations had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday . The airport was able to support 100 landings a day , up from the 35 a day that the airport gets during normal operation . A spokesman for the joint task force running the airport confirmed that though more flights were requesting landing slots , none were being turned away . - Brazilian Foreign Minister and French Minister of State for Cooperation Alain criticised the perceived treatment for US aid arriving at the airport , though a spokesman for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that there had been no official protest from the French government with regard to the management of the airport . US officials acknowledged that coordination of the relief effort is central to Haitian recovery , and President Préval asked for calm coordination between assisting nations without mutual accusations . - US Air Force logs documenting activity at the airport obtained by the Associated Press largely the claim that the US held up aid in favor of military flights . The US military initially did give priority to military units needed to secure the airport , distribute aid , and provide security , but after that , incoming relief flights were cleared or rejected on a first @-@ come , first @-@ served basis . According to a US Air Force Captain who had coordinated flight schedules , nearly all groups sending aid insisted their shipment was urgent . Those flights that were rejected were diverted to the Dominican Republic , where their cargoes were and taken to Haiti by land . - At the peak of the relief efforts , the airport was in a state of chaos . Normally , the airport , with a single runway and 10 spaces for large planes , handled 20 flights a day . After the earthquake struck , hundreds of planes rushed to Haiti without designated landing time . On average , a plane would land or take off every two minutes . The situation was further complicated by the fact that there was no room on ramps for planes to their cargo , and some planes did not have enough fuel to leave . - While the Port @-@ au @-@ Prince airport ramp has spaces for over a dozen , in the days following the quake it sometimes served nearly 40 at once , creating serious delays . The supply backup at the airport was expected to ease as the apron management improved , and when the perceived need for heavy security diminished . Airport congestion was reduced further on 18 January when the United Nations and US forces formally agreed to humanitarian flights over security reinforcement . - By 14 January , over 20 countries had sent military personnel to the country , with Canada , the United States and the Dominican Republic providing the largest . The USS Carl arrived at maximum possible speed on 15 January with 600 @,@ 000 emergency food rations , 100 @,@ 000 ten @-@ litre water containers , and an enhanced wing of 19 helicopters ; 130 @,@ 000 litres of drinking water were transferred to shore on the first day . - The helicopter carrier USS sailed with three large dock landing ships and two survey / salvage vessels , to create a " sea base " for the rescue effort . They were joined by the French Navy vessel Francis Garnier on 16 January , the same day the hospital ship and guided @-@ missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill left for Haiti . Another large French vessel was later ordered to Haiti , the amphibious transport dock . - International rescue efforts were restricted by traffic congestion and blocked roads . Although US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air as too dangerous , by 16 January , US helicopters were distributing aid to areas impossible to reach by land . - In Jacmel , a city of 50 @,@ 000 , the mayor claimed that 70 percent of the homes had been damaged and that the quake had killed 300 to 500 people and left some 4 @,@ 000 injured . The small airstrip suffered damage that rendered it unusable for supply flights until 20 January . The Canadian navy vessel HMCS Halifax was deployed to the area on 18 January ; the Canadians joined Colombian rescue workers , Chilean doctors , a French mobile clinic , and Sri Lankan relief workers who had already responded to calls for aid . - About 64 @,@ 000 people living in the three adjacent agricultural communities of , a , and Les were relatively unharmed because most of the people were working in the fields ; but all churches , chapels and at least 8 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed . - British search and rescue teams were the first to arrive in , the town at the epicenter of the quake , on 17 January . The Canadian ship HMCS reached the area on 19 January , and by 20 January there were 250 – 300 Canadian personnel assisting relief efforts in the town . By 19 January , staff of the International Red Cross had also managed to reach the town , which they described as " severely damaged ... the people there urgently need assistance " , and by 20 January they had reached Petit @-@ Goâve as well , where they set up two first @-@ aid posts and distributed first @-@ aid kits . - Over the first weekend 130 @,@ 000 food and 70 @,@ 000 water containers were distributed to Haitians , as safe landing areas and distribution centers such as golf courses were secured . There were nearly 2 @,@ 000 rescuers present from 43 different groups , with 161 search dogs ; the airport had handled 250 tons of relief supplies by the end of the weekend . Reports from Sunday showed a record @-@ breaking number of successful rescues , with at least 12 survivors pulled from Port @-@ au @-@ Prince 's rubble , bringing the total number of rescues to 110 . - The buoy tender Oak and ( T @-@ ARS @-@ 51 ) were on scene by 18 January to assess damage to the port and work to reopen it , and by 21 January one pier at the Port @-@ au @-@ Prince seaport was functional , humanitarian aid , and a road had been repaired to make transport into the city easier . In an interview on 21 January , Leo , Haiti 's ambassador to the UN , said that he expected the port to be fully functional again within two weeks . - The US Navy listed its resources in the area as " 17 ships , 48 helicopters and 12 fixed @-@ wing aircraft " in addition to 10 @,@ 000 sailors and Marines . The Navy had conducted air deliveries , delivered 32 @,@ 400 US gallons ( 123 @,@ 000 L ) of water , @,@ 440 bottles of water , 111 @,@ meals and 9 @,@ 000 lb ( 4 @,@ 100 kg ) of medical supplies by 20 January . Hospital ship began operations on 20 January , completing the arrival of the first group of sea @-@ base vessels ; this came as a new flotilla of USN ships were assigned to Haiti , including survey vessels , ferries , elements of the maritime and underway fleets , and a further three amphibious operations ships , including another helicopter carrier , USS Nassau ( @-@ 4 ) . - On 22 January the UN and United States the coordination of relief efforts by signing an agreement giving the US responsibility for the ports , airports and roads , and making the UN and Haitian authorities responsible for law and order . The UN stated that it had resisted the organization of the relief effort to allow as much as possible for those wishing to assist in the relief effort , but with the new agreement " we 're leaving that emergency phase behind " . The UN also urged organizations to coordinate aid efforts through its mission in Haiti to allow for better scheduling of the arrival of supplies . On 23 January the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors , and most search and rescue teams began to prepare to leave the country . However , as late as 8 February 2010 , survivors were still being discovered , as in the case of Evan , 28 , found in the rubble of a grocery store . - On 5 February , ten Baptist missionaries from Idaho led by Laura were charged with criminal association and kidnapping for trying to smuggle 33 children out of Haiti . The missionaries claimed they were rescuing orphaned children but investigations revealed that more than 20 of the children had been taken from their parents after they were told the children would have a better life in America . In an interview , the United States Ambassador to Haiti Kenneth , stated that the US justice system would not interfere and that " the Haitian justice system will do what it has to do . " By 9 March 2010 , all but were deported and she remained incarcerated . - Social networking organizations such as Crisis Camp Haiti were developed to aid in the structure and coordination of relief efforts in Haiti and future catastrophic events as well . - On 10 April , due to the potential threat of mudslides and flooding from the upcoming rainy season , the Haitian government began operations to move thousands of refugees to a more secure location north of the capital . - - = = Recovery = = - - US President Barack Obama announced that former presidents Bill Clinton , who also acts as the UN special envoy to Haiti , and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti 's recovery . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Haiti on 16 January to survey the damage and stated that US $ 48 million had been raised already in the US to help Haiti recover . Following the meeting with Secretary Clinton , President Préval stated that the highest priorities in Haiti 's recovery were establishing a working government , clearing roads , and ensuring the streets were cleared of bodies to improve conditions . - US Vice President Joe stated on 16 January that President Obama " does not view this as a humanitarian mission with a life cycle of a month . This will still be on our radar screen long after it 's off the at CNN . This is going to be a long . " - Trade and Industry Minister estimated that the earthquake 's toll on the Haitian economy would be massive , with one in five jobs lost . In response to the earthquake , foreign governments offered badly needed financial aid . The European Union promised € 330 million for emergency and long @-@ term aid . Brazil announced R $ 375 million for long @-@ term recovery aid , R $ 25 million of which in immediate funds . The United Kingdom 's Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander called the result of the earthquake an " almost unprecedented level of devastation " , and committed the UK to ₤ 20 million in aid , while France promised € 10 million . Italy announced it would waive repayment of the € 40 million it had loaned to Haiti , and the World Bank waived the country 's debt for five years . On 14 January , the US government announced it would give US $ 100 million to the aid effort and pledged that the people of Haiti " will not be forgotten " . - In the aftermath of the earthquake , the government of Canada announced that it would match the donations of Canadians up to a total of C $ 50 million . Canadians were able to donate through the Humanitarian Coalition which distributed funds to partner organizations working in the field . During this time the Humanitarian Coalition raised over C $ 15 Million . After a United Nations call for help for the people affected by the earthquake , Canada pledged an additional C $ 60 million in aid on 19 January 2010 , bringing Canada 's total contribution to C $ 135 million . By 8 February 2010 , the federal International Co @-@ operation Department , through the Canadian International Development Agency ( ) , had already provided about C $ 85 million in humanitarian aid through UN agencies , the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and to organizations such as , Médecins du , Save the Children , Oxfam Quebec , the Centre for International Studies and co @-@ operation , and World Vision . On 23 January 2010 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the federal government had lifted the limit on the amount of money allocated for matching individual donations to relief efforts , and that the federal government would continue to match individual donations until 12 February 2010 ; by the deadline , Canadians had privately raised C $ 220 million . On top of matching donations , International Co @-@ operation Minister pledged an additional C $ 290 million in long @-@ term relief to be spent between 2010 and 2012 , including C $ 8 million in debt relief to Haiti , part of a broader cancellation of the country 's overall World Bank debt . The government 's commitment to provide C $ 550 million in aid and debt relief and Canadians ' individual donations amount to a total of C $ 770 million . - In addition to Canada 's federal government , the governments of several of the provinces and territories of Canada also announced that they would provide immediate emergency aid to Haiti . On 18 January 2010 , the province of Quebec , whose largest city – Montreal – houses the world 's largest Haitian diaspora , pledged C $ 3 million in emergency aid . Both the provincial government of Quebec and the Canadian federal government reaffirmed their commitment to rebuilding Haiti at the 2010 Summit ; Prime Minister Harper used his opening speech to " tell the head of the Haitian delegation to keep up their spirits " and to urge other nations to continue to support recovery efforts . - President Wade of Senegal offered interested Haitians free land in Senegal ; depending on how many respond to the offer , this could include up to an entire region . - Prime Minister Bellerive announced that from 20 January , people would be helped to relocate outside the zone of devastation , to areas where they may be able to rely on relatives or better fend for themselves ; people who have been made homeless would be relocated to the makeshift camps created by residents within the city , where a more focused delivery of aid and sanitation could be achieved . Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , according to an international studies professor at the University of Miami , was ill @-@ equipped before the disaster to sustain the number of people who had migrated there from the countryside over the past ten years to find work . After the earthquake , thousands of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince residents began returning to the rural towns they came from . - On 25 January a one @-@ day conference was held in Montreal to assess the relief effort and discuss further plans . Prime Minister Bellerive told delegates from 20 countries that Haiti would need " massive support " for its recovery from the international community . A donors ' conference was expected to be held at the UN headquarters in New York in March , however , took more than three months to hold the UN conference . The 26 @-@ member international Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission , headed by Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean @-@ Max Bellerive , convened in June 2010 . That committee is overseeing the US $ 5 @.@ 3 billion pledged internationally for the first two years of Haiti 's reconstruction . - The commission was critiqued by Haitian groups for lacking Haitian civil society representation and accountability mechanisms . Half the representation on the commission was given to foreigners who effectively bought their seats by pledging certain amounts of money . An international development consultant contracted by the commission was quoted as saying , “ Look , you have to realize the [ commission ] was not intended to work as a structure or entity for Haiti or Haitians . It was simply designed as a vehicle for donors to funnel ’ and ’ project contracts . ” - The Netherlands sponsored a project , called . The Dutch radio channels , Radio 538 and Radio Veronica all broadcast under the name of , funded by a contribution of € 80 million . - Several organizations of the US building industry and government , such as the Department of Homeland Security and the International Code Council , among others , reported that they were compiling a " Haiti " coordinated by the National Institute of Building Sciences . The would comprise building technology resources and best practices for consideration by the Haitian government with the goal of creating a more infrastructure to prevent future losses of life . - Immediately following the earthquake , Real Medicine Foundation began providing medical staffing , in @-@ kind medical supplies and strategic coordination to help meet the needs of the health crisis on the ground . Working in close partnership with other relief organizations , Real Medicine organized deployments of volunteer medical specialists to meet the needs of partner hospitals and clinics at the Haiti – Dominican Republic border and in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , provided direct funding , medical supplies and to local health facilities and partner hospitals , provided advisory services and coordination to local health facilities , including physical therapy support , and coordinated mobile health , field clinics and food supplies to outlying villages overlooked in the relief effort . - On 15 January 2011 , the Catholic Relief Services announced a US $ 200 million , five @-@ year relief and reconstruction program that covers shelter , health , livelihoods , and child protection among its program areas . - - = = = Status of the recovery = = = - - Six months after the quake as much as 98 percent of the rubble remained . An estimated 26 million cubic yards ( 20 million cubic meters ) remained , making most of the capital impassable , and thousands of bodies remained in the rubble . The number of people in relief camps of tents and tarps since the quake was 1 @.@ 6 million , and almost no transitional housing had been built . Most of the camps had no electricity , running water , or sewage disposal , and the tents were beginning to fall apart . Crime in the camps was widespread , especially against women and girls . Between 23 major charities , US $ 1 @.@ 1 billion had been collected for Haiti for relief efforts , but only two percent of the money had been released . According to a CBS report , US $ 3 @.@ 1 billion had been pledged for humanitarian aid and was used to pay for field hospitals , plastic tarps , bandages , and food , plus salaries , transportation and upkeep of relief workers . By May 2010 , enough aid had been raised internationally to give each displaced family a for US $ 37 @,@ 000 . - In July 2010 , CNN returned to Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and reported , " It looks like the quake just happened yesterday " , and Wall , spokeswoman for the United Nations office of humanitarian affairs in Haiti , said that " six months from that time it may still look the same . " Land ownership posed a particular problem for rebuilding because so many pre @-@ quake homes were not officially registered . " Even before the national registry fell under the rubble , land tenure was always a complex and contentious issue in Haiti . Many areas of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince were settled either by – 's death squads – given land for their service or by squatters . In many cases land ownership was never officially registered . Even if this logistical were to be cleared , the vast majority of Port @-@ au @-@ Prince residents , up to 85 percent , did not own their homes before the earthquake . " - Haitian groups advocated for the government to fulfill the right to housing as designated in the Haitian constitution , and for donor governments to support this as well . They also worked to push the international community to recognize the wave of from camps that started as early as three months after the earthquake and to put in place , but little was done in response . - In September 2010 there were over one million refugees still living in tents , and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase , according to the Apostolic to Haiti , Archbishop Bernard . He went on to say that the number was rising instead of diminishing , and reported that the state had decided to first rebuild downtown Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and a new government center , but reconstruction had not yet begun . - In October 2010 , International characterized the aid agencies as dysfunctional and inexperienced saying , " The people of Haiti are still living in a state of emergency , with a humanitarian response that appears " . It was reported that gang leaders and land owners were intimidating the displaced and that sexual , domestic , and gang violence in and around the camps was rising . They claimed that rape of Haitian women and girls who had been living in camps since the January earthquake was increasing , in part , because the United Nations wasn 't doing enough to protect them . - In October , a cholera epidemic broke out , probably introduced by foreign aid workers . Cholera most often affects poor countries with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation . By the end of 2010 , more than 3 @,@ 333 had died at a rate of about 50 deaths a day . - - = = = = 2011 = = = = - - In January 2011 , one year after the quake , Oxfam published a report on the status of the recovery . According to the report , relief and recovery were at a standstill due to government inaction and on the part of the donor countries . The report stated , " One year on , only five percent of the rubble has been cleared and only 15 percent of the required basic and temporary houses have been built . House building on a large scale cannot be started before the enormous amount of rubble is cleared . The government and donors must this most basic step toward helping people return home " . Robert Fox , executive director of Oxfam Canada , said " The has been aided unabated by the way the international community has organized itself , where pledges have been made and they haven 't followed through [ and ] where they come to the table with their own and own priorities . Most donors provided funds for transitional housing but very little money for clearing rubble or repairing houses " . Fox said that in many instances rubble removal " means it was [ moved ] off someone 's property onto the road in front of the property " . According to a UNICEF report , " Still today more than one million people remain displaced , living in crowded camps where livelihoods , shelter and services are still hardly sufficient for children to stay healthy " . Amnesty International reported that armed men were preying with on girls and women in displacement camps , worsening the trauma of having lost homes , livelihoods and loved ones . - On the first anniversary of the earthquake , Haitian @-@ born Jean , who served as the Governor General of Canada at the time of the disaster and who became United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) Special for Haiti on 8 November 2010 , voiced her anger at the slow rate of aid delivery , placing much of the blame on the international community for abandoning its commitments . In a public letter co @-@ authored with UNESCO head , Jean said , " As time passes , what began as a natural disaster is becoming a reflection on the international community . " The Interim Haiti Recovery Commission , led by former US President Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean @-@ Max Bellerive , had been set up to facilitate the flow of funds toward reconstruction projects in April 2010 , but as of January 2011 , no major reconstruction had started . - - = = = = 2012 = = = = - - In January 2012 , two years since the quake , figures released by the United Nations show that of the nearly US $ 4 @.@ 5 billion pledged for reconstruction projects in 2010 and 2011 , only 43 percent has been delivered . Venezuela and the US , which promised the major share of reconstruction funds , have only 24 percent and 30 percent , respectively . Japan and Finland are among the few donors to have fully met their pledges . The data shows that some crucial sectors face particularly large funding gaps . In 2010 and 2011 , for example , donors just US $ 125 million of the US $ 311 million in grants allocated to agriculture projects , and only US $ 108 million of the US $ 315 million in grants allocated to health projects . Only 6 percent of bilateral aid for reconstruction projects has gone through Haitian institutions , and less than 1 percent of relief funding has gone through the government of Haiti . - A January 2012 Oxfam report said that a half a million Haitians remained homeless , still living under tarps and in tents . groups have criticized the reconstruction process saying that part of the problem is that charities spent a considerable amount of money on " soaring rents , board members ' needs , supplies and imported personnel " . The Miami Herald reports . " A lot of good work was done ; the money clearly didn 't all get , " but , " A lot just wasn 't responding to needs on the ground . Millions were spent on ad campaigns telling people to wash their hands . them to wash their hands when there 's no water or soap is a in the face . " - The Institute of Justice & Democracy in Haiti , Let Haiti Live , and The Center For Constitutional Rights have recommended immediate changes to recovery efforts to ensure that critical human rights concerns are addressed . A report found that , " The conditions in the displaced persons camps are , particularly for women and girls who too often are victims of gender based violence " . They call for more oversight of accountability of reconstruction plans , asking , " Why have only 94 @,@ 000 transitional shelters been built to date despite a stated goal of 125 @,@ 000 in the first year ? " . - On 25 August 2012 , recovery was hampered due to Tropical Storm Isaac impacting Haiti 's southern peninsula . There it caused flooding and 29 deaths according to local reporting . As a result of the 2010 earthquake , more than 400 @,@ 000 Haitians continue to live in tents and experienced the storm without adequate shelter . In late October , with over 370 @,@ 000 still living in tent camps , a second tropical storm , Hurricane Sandy , killed 55 and left large portions of Haiti under water . - At the 2012 Group meeting of the Global for Disaster and Recovery ( ) , the Haitian delegation shared a " bottom @-@ up " approach to disaster reduction and management based on community integration and sustainable development with a group of experts from approximately 38 nations . - - = = = = 2013 = = = = - - According to the International Fund , more than half of the 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 13 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of debris have been removed , and 20 percent of it has been recycled . - The cholera outbreak which began in October 2010 has continued . According to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention it is considered the worst epidemic of cholera since the 1994 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( called at that time ) . By August 2013 , it had killed over 8 @,@ 231 Haitians and hospitalized hundreds of thousands more . More than 6 % of Haitians have had the disease . Care of cholera patients remains inadequate with much now done in tent facilities with rows of for patient treatment . The United Nations peace keeping force , widely believed responsible for the cholera outbreak , continues to refuse to accept responsibility , however , they have launched a $ 2 @.@ 2 billion initiative to combat cholera and the construction of a $ 17 million teaching hospital in which will employ 800 Haitians and treat 185 @,@ 000 people . - By the beginning of the year only a small $ 215 million — of the total funds collected for aid had been spent on permanent housing , with most of $ 1 @.@ 2 billion — going for short @-@ term solutions including tent camps , temporary shelters , and cash grants that paid a year 's rent . A 2013 survey disclosed that of the 1 @.@ 5 million Haitians living in camps following the quake , about 279 @,@ 000 remained in a total of 352 camps . Fifteen percent of the camps had no basic protection services , and 48 % no health services . While 20 % lacked functioning toilets , this is higher than the population outside tent cities , where 50 % lack toilets . Many camps remained at a risk for flooding and more than a third of the camps ( 108 ) were at risk for . In a 2013 statement , the American Red Cross reported that almost all of the money collected for quake relief has been spent or is scheduled for making progress permanent by ensuring people can leave camps and return to stable communities , which includes building new homes , repairing homes , completing a new hospital and clinic , and signing an agreement for a second hospital . - - = = = = 2015 = = = = - - In 2015 , NPR and investigated the disappearance of US $ 500 million donated to the American Red Cross , described as " one of the most successful fundraisers ever " . Despite the claims of the American Red Cross that 130 @,@ 000 homes had been built , the investigation discovered that only six had been built . The investigation reviewed " hundreds " of pages of internal documents and interviewed " more than a dozen " former and current staff members , and investigated the organization 's claim that 4 @.@ 5 million Haitians had been helped " back on their feet " despite Joel , a Haitian government advisor , stating that this number would cover " 100 percent of the urban area " , and observing that this would mean they had served every city in Haiti . Numerous other claims did not hold up under investigation , and it was found that the project was riddled with " multiple staffing changes " , bureaucratic delays and a language barrier as many of the Red Cross officials did not speak French or Creole . General counsel for the American Red Cross , David , directed the investigators to their official statistics , but would not elaborate on them . The public affairs office of the Red Cross disputed NPR and 's claims in an email , and claimed that the investigative report could cause an international incident . The American Red Cross has handed over the rebuilding efforts to the Haitian Red Cross . - - = = In literature = = - - The Haiti 2010 earthquake has been depicted in the novel God Loves Haiti , by Elias . - - = De a : interviews with persons affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake = - a . United States : . ISBN . - - - = Thom Darden = - - Thomas Vincent Darden ( born August 28 , 1950 ) is a former American football cornerback , safety , and punt who played for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) . In the NFL , he was a three @-@ time All @-@ Pro free safety . He earned a Pro Bowl selection in 1978 . He holds most Cleveland Browns franchise interception records . He was an All @-@ American defensive back for the Michigan Wolverines football team and made one of the more memorable interceptions in college football history . After retiring from football , Darden pursued careers as a sports agent , security provider and business consultant . - - = = Early life = = - - Darden was born in , Ohio . He graduated from High School . - - = = College football = = - - After graduating , he was recruited by six Big Ten Conference football programs in 1968 . He played at the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1971 and had 218 tackles and 11 interceptions . He was an All American in 1971 , and he was also named All @-@ Big Ten in 1970 . He played on Big Ten champions in both 1969 and 1971 . Thom fit in well at Michigan becoming one of Coach Bo 's prized pupils and earning a reference in his 2006 book Bo . Darden still ranks among leaders at Michigan for Punt and Punt Return . Darden played all defensive back positions at Michigan . In college , Darden was a of , Glenn , Billy Taylor and Mike Taylor in a notable house known as the Den of the Men . - ESPN chose Darden 's November 21 , 1971 interception against Ohio State as one of the 100 , performances and moments that define college football . The play was a very controversial call late in the 10 – 7 game and Ohio State coach Woody Hayes stormed the field to at the referee Jerry about the referee 's call that Hayes thought should have been ruled pass interference . By the end of Hayes ' , he had broken a yard marker , a first @-@ down indicator and earned two 15 @-@ yard unsportsmanlike penalties . The scene was replayed over and over on national television broadcasts . That was Darden 's second interception in that game . ESPN also chose Darden as a member of the All @-@ Time University of Michigan Football team . - - = = Pro football = = - - Darden was drafted in the first round ( 18th overall ) in the 1972 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns . Darden started at free safety from his rookie season of 1972 until he lost the job in his tenth and final season to Clinton Burrell . He was selected an All @-@ Pro safety in 1976 , 1978 , and 1979 , and went to the Pro Bowl in 1978 . Over the course of his career he handled 45 punt returns for 285 return yards . Darden holds Cleveland Browns franchise records with 45 career interceptions , 10 single @-@ season interceptions and 820 interception return yards . Two of Darden 's Browns teams went to the playoffs . His rookie year , the 10 – 4 1972 Browns went to the 1972 @-@ 73 NFL playoffs under head coach Nick , but lost in the first round to the Miami Dolphins 20 – 14 . The 11 – 5 1980 Browns went to the 1980 @-@ 81 NFL playoffs under head coach Sam , but lost in the first round to the Oakland Raiders 14 – 12 . - Darden was ranked 47th on the Cleveland Browns top 100 players list . - - = = Post football = = - - Darden has served as a professional sports agent and represented Tony . In 1990 , he invested $ 25 @,@ 000 in by hosting him in Cleveland , Ohio and working him out with athletic trainers . At the time he was Cleveland @-@ based sports agent . During Darden 's career as an agent he represented an assortment of NFL and National Basketball Association players and prospects including Felix Wright and Chris Calloway . He was a supporter of Maurice 's attempt to challenge the NFL Draft 's eligibility rules . In 1998 , when the NFL reissued a franchise in Cleveland , Darden was part of one of the six bidding groups . In 1999 , he owned a security company in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . As of 2006 , Darden was a business consultant living in Cedar Rapids . - In 1993 , he went to jail for failure to pay child support . At the time he was a registered NFL agent in Connecticut and owed $ 14 @,@ 000 in child support , $ 30 @,@ 000 to a trust for his 16 @-@ year @-@ old son , Todd , and $ 12 @,@ 000 in his former wife 's legal fees . Darden had been married to from 1972 – 1977 when they divorced . He had previously been $ 5000 in until being briefly jailed for failure to pay and cursing the judge . He had been in contempt of court twenty times previously . - - - = Voyage : Inspired by Jules Verne = - - Voyage : Inspired by Jules Verne ( known as Journey to the Moon in the United Kingdom and Australia ) is a point @-@ and @-@ click adventure game with pre @-@ rendered graphics , developed by Kheops Studio and published by The Adventure Company for the PC in 2005 . The game 's story focuses on a French adventurer 's journey to the moon in the 19th century , and the ancient lunar civilization he . - Voyage is loosely based on the novels From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon by science @-@ fiction author Jules Verne , and the novel The First Men in the Moon by science @-@ fiction author H.G. Wells . Reactions to the game were generally mixed . In particular , some reviewers praised it for the player in the look and feel of the 19th century ; others have criticized it for featuring dated graphics and dull textures . - While staying true to most adventure game conventions , Voyage has some unique features for its genre . These include two dexterity minigames which take advantage of the reduced gravity in the game 's lunar setting , and an " Intelligence Management System " , in which a score is assigned to the player for every puzzle he solves , and for certain actions . The Adventure Company introduced this feature to motivate players to replay the game to increase their cumulative score . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The main focus of Voyage is puzzle @-@ solving . The player can move by clicking , and can the camera 360 degrees . There are several types of puzzle in Voyage including those involving native plant life on the moon , mechanical puzzles , audio puzzles , and mathematical puzzles . Many of these puzzles require the player to and use the native language of the moon . - Voyage features two unique dexterity minigames . Using a low @-@ gravity setting , the first minigame requires the player to collect floating bubbles in a can , and the second requires the player to execute large jumps across the surface of the moon . These two minigames form only a minor part of the game . The game also has several timed sequences requiring the player to complete puzzles under a time limit . The consequence of failing a puzzle of this sort is death , after which the player is able to return and replay the puzzle . Players can also be killed as the result of taking incorrect actions related to the game 's story . - A critical aspect of gameplay in Voyage is the inventory system , which allows the player to pick up and keep dozens of different items . However , the maximum quantity of a given item that the player may keep in his inventory at any one time is three . One of the main uses of the inventory is to combine items together to make new items . This process of breaking and reforming items in the inventory comprises a large portion of the puzzle aspect of the game . The inventory can also be used to create meals which the player can consume ; this ability plays a major role in several puzzles . Another use of the inventory is to create hybrid lunar plants , which play a critical role in the earlier puzzles of the game . - - = = = Intelligence Management System = = = - - The " Intelligence Management System " featured in Voyage is a score assigned to the player by the Selenites , the natives of the moon . For each puzzle the player solves , and for certain actions , this score is increased , and the Selenites treat the player with more respect . During an interview with , Benoît Hozjan , Managing Director and co @-@ founder of Kheops Studio , described the system , saying : - In the same interview , Alexis Lang , the Lead Game Designer at Kheops , commented that : " [ A ] low score does not mean that you are stupid in any way , it just means that some and lunar people think that your character is dumb ! " This reflects the fact that the " Intelligence Management System " is designed primarily to earn the respect of the Selenites . However , Hozjan also said that he hopes " players will try to increase their score and certainly share their experience through forums . " The Adventure Company has marketed the system as bringing a degree of replay value to Voyage , as players can replay the game to achieve a higher score . - - = = Synopsis = = - - - = = = Setting = = = - - Voyage is set in 1865 . President Barbicane of the ' Gun Club ' decides to build an enormous cannon in Baltimore to shoot a shell , capable of supporting human life , towards the moon in the hopes of a successful landing . Voyage 's protagonist , Michel Ardan , volunteers to travel in the aluminium shell . After the game 's brief introduction in the shell , Ardan lands on the moon and discovers the Selenites , as well as a complex ecosystem of lunar plants . The main accessible areas in the game are the moon 's surface , and the underground Selenite civilization . - The ' Selenites ' are the subterranean inhabitants of the moon , and are a highly intelligent society maintained by hierarchy and secret . They possess blue skin , large black eyes and transparent lobes on the sides of their heads . This is in fact a reference to H.G. Wells ' book The first men in the moon , as the adventurers never actually land on the moon in Verne 's original story . - They are divided into castes . The Selenites live in a large complex under the surface of the moon from which they rarely venture , with the exception of the ' exiles ' . The Selenites " [ these ] of their society , the criminals and , " to the surface of the moon . There are three Selenite exiles with whom the player can interact ; they live on the surface and sleep in their isolated underground at night . Each exile has two different plants on either shoulder with which they share a special bond . - - = = = Characters = = = - - The player character is Michel Ardan , an eccentric and intrepid French scientist who is enthusiastic , daring and cheerful . President Barbicane , the President of the Gun Club , and Captain Nicholl , an engineer , are both found dead at the start of the game , not having survived the flight to the moon . A woman called Diana features in the game 's backstory , as a woman whose ancestors made contact with the Selenites . Apart from these human characters , there are also several Selenite characters such as the Supreme Moon Ruler , the High , , , and the three exiles . - - = = = Plot = = = - - Voyage begins as Ardan in the shell and discovers his two dead companions : Barbicane and Nicholl . The first part of the game consists of Ardan investigating the shell , trying to regain his memory of what happened , and how Barbicane and Nicholl died , he will also encounter other problems , most notably when his oxygen supply is low and needs to be . Eventually Ardan 's journey will carry him into orbit around the moon in which he must prepare himself for a lunar landing . - Once Ardan successfully lands the shell on the moon , he must solve a series of puzzles on the surface in order to gain access to the hidden civilization below . There he encounters the Selenite race . Following this , Ardan on finding a way to leave the moon and report his findings to Earth . After acquiring what he needs , Ardan travels back to Earth in the shell . He lands in the ocean and manages to swim to a nearby island , where he meets another famous Jules Verne character , Captain . - - = = Development = = - - Journey to the Center of the Moon was announced for the PC at E3 2005 . The Adventure Company collaborated with developers Kheops Studios for the release . Benoît Hozjan , the co @-@ founder of Kheops Studio , became Managing Director of the game , while Alexis Lang became the Lead Game Designer . - Journey to the Center of the Moon was later renamed Voyage : Inspired by Jules Verne . Benoît Hozjan explained the change , saying that Journey to the Center of the Moon " seems to be confusing and some people thought that it could be the sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth , " another Verne @-@ inspired PC game , " so marketing decided to change it . " The name was changed on July 7 , 2005 , a few months after the game 's announcement . - Benoît Hozjan explained Kheops Studio 's choice of Jules Verne 's work as a basis for Voyage , saying that : " Jules Verne 's novels provide the two core elements of adventure games : dreams and challenges . Characters are ordinary men engaged in concrete challenges that are [ a ] great inspiration for puzzles . " He further went on to say that the game is influenced by Verne 's From the Earth to the Moon , which documents the lead up to the lunar trip , but draws more heavily from the sequel Around the Moon , which recounts the actual voyage . The main difference , Hozjan said , was that in the novel the protagonists fail to reach the moon , whereas in Voyage the trip is a success . Additionally , Alexis Lang attributed the inspiration for the Selenites to H.G. Wells ' The First Men in the Moon , explaining that : " [ Wells ] pictured a very ancient Selenite horrified at human . Wells was more than Verne . To balance this fact , we 've added a touch of irony in our story and chosen a very optimistic and joyful main character . " - The Adventure Company announced the release of the Voyage demo on August 3 , 2005 . The demo included the game 's introduction in the shell . Voyage , originally slated for a September 27 release , was shipped to stores ahead of schedule on August 16 , 2005 . The game for US $ 19 @.@ 99 . - - = = Reception = = - - In general , Voyage received mixed reviews upon its release . According to Metacritic , reviewers have given Voyage scores between 60 % and 86 % . One of the more positively received aspects of the game was its ability to recreate the mood of 19th century science @-@ fiction , with GameSpot writing that the game " nicely re @-@ creates the whimsical mood of 19th @-@ century @-@ fi [ and ] a sense of wonder fills every pixel of the graphic design . " In contrast , Game Over Online Magazine said that once the player leaves the capsule and arrives on the moon , instead of viewing colorful and sights , the game turns into a drab and unlikely bore . The puzzle aspect of Voyage met with mixed responses . On the other hand , GameSpot accused the puzzle aspects of Voyage of " [ ing ] Jules Verne 's tale of a visit to the moon in 1865 to a series of arranged logic puzzles geared to try the patience of adventure @-@ game veterans . " The puzzles in the game are often extremely difficult , with Just Adventure attributing the unexpected difficulty in the game to the fact that there are often several different ways to achieve the same goals , thanks to the game 's " Intelligence Management System " . The game 's inventory system received praise from as being very well done . - In terms of graphics , Voyage was poorly received , with the graphics being described by as containing some vibrant colors , but lacking the lush , spectacular view that has been seen in countless other adventure games . Voyage has also been criticized for its lack of story and over @-@ reliance on back story . The game 's music was generally appreciated , with describing the music has having a nice retro @-@ futuristic feel which sets the mood perfectly . commented on the game 's voice acting as overly dramatic but appropriate , but criticized many of the sound effects as being cheesy . GameSpot described Ardan 's dialogue as somewhat lame , and also criticized the game 's sound effects . Metacritic averaged out the scores of several internet reviews of Voyage to reach a rating of 71 % , the closest to an ' overall ' rating of the game . - - - = Old Baltimore Pike = - - Old Baltimore Pike is a road in the U.S. state of Delaware . The road , known as New Castle County Road 26 , runs from Maryland Route 281 ( MD 281 ) at the Maryland state line south of Newark , Delaware and continues east to Christiana , ending near Delaware Route 1 ( DE 1 ) . The road is paralleled by Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 , Delaware Turnpike ) to the north and U.S. Route 40 ( US 40 , Pulaski Highway ) to the south . The Old Baltimore Pike was built before 1720 and connected Elkton , Maryland to Christiana . It was a turnpike called the Elk and Christiana Turnpike between 1817 and 1838 . In the past it served as a major connection between Philadelphia and Baltimore . - - = = Route description = = - - Old Baltimore Pike begins at the Delaware – Maryland state line near Newark , Delaware , where the highway continues west into that state as MD 281 . The road heads northeast from the state line through wooded residential areas as a two @-@ lane undivided road , intersecting Chapel Road before passing south of Iron Hill Park . Old Baltimore Pike crosses DE and enters rural areas . Here , the roadway passes 's Bridge , a historic battle site of the American Revolutionary War . It then crosses Norfolk Southern 's Secondary railroad line and encounters DE 72 . - After this intersection , Old Baltimore Pike continues past suburban neighborhoods , gaining a center left @-@ turn lane and intersecting Salem Church Road . Farther east , the highway reaches a junction with DE 273 in a wooded area . At this point , the road to two lanes again and heads into the community of Christiana . Here , the highway intersects DE 7 , where it turns north and follows that route through residential areas . The road comes to an interchange with DE 1 to the west of the Christiana Mall , where DE 7 continues north along with DE 1 and Old Baltimore Pike reaches a dead end . - - = = History = = - - The Old Baltimore Pike was built before 1720 . The road was known as the Great Road and ran between Head of Elk ( now Elkton , Maryland ) and Christiana Bridge . It was later known as the Christiana @-@ Elkton Turnpike before becoming Old Baltimore Pike . This path served as a major connection between Philadelphia and Baltimore in addition to providing access between the shipping area of Christiana Bridge and agricultural areas in northern Delaware , northern Maryland , and southeastern Pennsylvania . In 1723 , Welsh settlers pushed for the road to be improved . This road was part of the Washington – Revolutionary Route that was used by the French army during their march from Newport , Rhode Island to Yorktown during the Revolutionary War , passing through the area in September . - The road , also known as Old Post Road , was incorporated in 1813 as the Elk and Christiana Turnpike in order to get more money for repairs . The turnpike was completed in April 1817 . As a turnpike , tolls were collected to pay for the maintenance of the road . The construction of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad lowered the revenues of the turnpike and it became a public road again in 1838 . The road historically went through agricultural areas ; however , the surroundings have become more developed over the years . Much of the Old Baltimore Pike remains two lanes . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in New Castle County . - - - = Mega Man & Bass = - - Mega Man & Bass , known in Japan as Rockman & Forte ( & , ) , is an action @-@ platform video game developed and published by Capcom . It is a spin @-@ off title in the original Mega Man series and was originally released exclusively in Japan on April 24 , 1998 for the Super Famicom . Mega Man & Bass was ported to the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) handheld in 2002 and was localized in North America and regions the following year . - After defeating the evil Dr. Wily many times , the robotic hero Mega Man is called into action once again when a powerful being known as King steals the blueprints to the creations of Dr. Wily and Dr. Light in order to create an army for robotic dominance over humans . Having learned of the threat , Mega Man 's rival Bass decides to take matters into his own hands . The game is an action @-@ platformer where the player advances by defeating bosses and acquiring their signature weapons . Mega Man & Bass lets the player choose between either of its title characters , each of which plays differently from the other . - Mega Man & Bass debuted on the aging 16 @-@ bit Super Famicom despite the series having already transitioned to the PlayStation and Sega Saturn with Mega Man 8 . Artist and designer Inafune claimed Mega Man & Bass was created with regard to younger players who did not yet own one of the more advanced gaming systems . The game received positive remarks from critics for its graphics and use of a tried @-@ and @-@ true gameplay formula , though many found the difficulty to be too steep . Although Mega Man & Bass shares many traits with previous console games in the series , the ninth numbered title would not be released until 2008 . - - = = Plot = = - - The story of Mega Man & Bass varies slightly depending on which player character is chosen . It begins One year after 8 when a robot villain named King breaks into Dr. Wily 's laboratory and then the Robot Museum to collect the data blueprints for the creations of Dr. Light . Dr. Light alerts the hero Mega Man that he must go at once to the Robot Museum to confront this new enemy . Meanwhile , Bass ( Mega Man 's rival and Wily 's greatest creation ) hears of the new criminal 's appearance and decides to prove himself the stronger robot by defeating King . Proto Man is the first to arrive at the scene . King his plan to him ; he desires to create a in which robots rule the world over humans . To accomplish this , King seeks to create an army using the data and invites Proto Man to join him . Proto Man refuses and attempts to attack , but King and his body in half . Proto Man then back to the lab for repairs while King escapes with the data , instructing his to handle the heroes . With their own motivations , Mega Man and Bass set out to put a stop to King 's plans . - After vanquishing eight powerful robots under allegiance to King ( Cold Man , Astro Man , Ground Man , Magic Man , Tengu Man , Dynamo Man , Pirate Man , and Burner Man ) , the duo infiltrates his castle and engages him in combat . Proto Man interrupts the fight and again attempts to defeat their new nemesis . all of his remaining energy into a blast , Proto Man manages to destroy King 's shield and loses consciousness , allowing Mega Man and Bass to best King in battle afterwards . King questions why they fight so hard for humans when robots are the superior species . The pair explains that humans are the ones who created robots in the first place , which King . The villain reveals that his creator is Dr. Wily , who then appears on a video monitor . When King asks the evil inventor why robots fight each other for the sake of humans , Wily strengthens his " brainwashing level " and his power . Mega Man and Bass engage King in another battle and defeat him , but not before the latter Proto Man out of his castle . The castle begins a self @-@ destruct sequence and the protagonists escape without King . - Mega Man and Bass begin a final confrontation with Dr. Wily in his newly regained laboratory . When Wily is beaten , Bass demands to know why he deceived him . Wily explains that he created King simply to test Bass ' abilities . Wily shows him written plans for making a newer version of King to join with Bass in this venture , promising that the two would be together . Proto Man appears and immediately destroys these plans . Wily then demands Bass to destroy Proto Man , but Bass is unsure . It was then Proto Man tells Bass that although he is a strong robot of free will , he can never defeat his rival because he has nothing for which to fight . Bass doesn 't care and forces Proto Man to leave , saying that he will still destroy Mega Man to prove his cause . Mega Man returns home where his sister Roll presents him a letter from King , who has somehow escaped the destruction of his castle . King wishes to atone for his own crimes against humans and hopes for them to be friends if they were to meet in the future . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The gameplay in Mega Man & Bass is similar to earlier games in the series . The player is tasked with completing a series of action @-@ platform stages while overcoming obstacles , solving minor puzzles , and battling enemies . Destroying the " Robot Master " boss at the end of a stage lets the player acquire its special weapon . In previous games , the player generally took on the role of the hero Mega Man . In this game , the player can choose to start the game as either Mega Man or Bass . However , whichever character is picked must be used for the rest of the game and cannot be changed . Mega Man is able to charge his shots to make them more powerful and has the ability to slide along the ground . Bass is able to rapidly fire his arm cannon in eight directions , though shots cannot be fired while moving or pass through walls unless a certain upgrade is obtained . Bass is also able to double @-@ jump ( jump a second time in mid @-@ air ) and dash along the ground . Performing both simultaneously lets him cross great distances by doing a dash @-@ jump . - The stage structure is different from other games in the series . After the introduction level , the player can only choose between three Robot Masters . Cold Man unlocks Burner Man and Pirate Man ; defeating Astro Man unlocks Dynamo Man , Tengu Man , and Pirate Man ; and defeating Ground Man unlocks Magic Man and Tengu Man . Clearing one of these unlocked stages opens the way to a security room where the player must destroy a series of crystals with obtained Robot Master weapons . all eight crystals opens the way to the fortress stages . In a similar fashion to previous installments in the series , enemies often drop bolts after they are destroyed , and these can be exchanged for various restorative items and upgrades . However , unlike in Mega Man 7 the security cavern offers a way to obtain large amounts of bolts without having to repeatedly visit stages . Some upgrades are unique to either character , such as Mega Man 's ability to call on his dog Rush to search for items , or an for Bass to combine with his wolf Treble to temporarily fly . Also distributed throughout the introduction and Robot Master levels are a collection of 100 data CDs that contain information on many prominent characters in the series . Most of the CDs are hidden either behind obstacles that need to be destroyed with a special weapon or accessed with a character @-@ specific ability , making it impossible to collect them all on a single playthrough . CDs collected in each playthrough are permanently placed in a database and remain unlocked after beating the game . Saved games are used in place of the series ' traditional system . - - = = Development = = - - Mega Man & Bass was developed for the Super Famicom after the release of Mega Man 8 , which preceded Mega Man & Bass on the two 32 @-@ bit consoles , the PlayStation and Sega Saturn . According to series producer Inafune , Mega Man & Bass was intended for younger players who still owned a Super Famicom and did not have the means to experience Mega Man 8 on one of the newer systems . " Even though trying to bridge out a new title on the [ Super Famicom ] was a little backwards at the time , we didn 't want to make a half @-@ hearted attempt at it , " Inafune explained . The design team included several new employees , as well as members of previous Mega Man games . Inafune required them to make the game " as hardcore as possible " . Designer recalled the development of Mega Man & Bass as " one big party " . The staff attempted to create an original game while avoiding the " same old , same old [ ... ] " that so many long video game series suffer and " had a lot of fun doing it " . - , Mega Man & Bass uses many of the same two @-@ dimensional sprites and animations as Mega Man 8 . Two of the eight Robot Master bosses in Mega Man & Bass ( Tengu Man and Astro Man ) are borrowed from Mega Man 8 . The other six were newly created for the game by three character designers : Hitoshi ( credited as " H. " ) , Iwamoto ( credited as " Iwamoto " ) and ( credited as " K. " ) designed two characters each . The bosses were officially unveiled on a teaser page in the Kodansha magazine Comic . Each boss was given distinct characteristics so that they could be easily identified by players in both their aesthetics and personalities . Some of these characters had different names during their conceptual phase prior to the of the game . " Man " became Burner Man , " Man " became Cold Man , and " Man " became Dynamo Man . Iwamoto originally denoted Ground Man as " Man " despite there already being a Robot Master by that name in Mega Man 4 . The musical score for Mega Man & Bass was composed by Kaida ( credited as " A. Kaida " ) , ( credited as " N. " ) , and " @-@ " ( real name unknown ) . Rather than create tracks together , each composer was responsible for their own songs . Kaida would later work with other composers in the Mega Man series on the soundtrack for Mega Man 10 , released in 2010 . - Mega Man & Bass was originally available in Japan through the Nintendo Power game service in Lawson convenience stores . Its popularity prompted Capcom to later release the game in Super Famicom cartridge form . Until its GBA re @-@ release , it was one of the few Mega Man titles not localized for English @-@ speaking countries . The company commemorated the 15th anniversary of the Mega Man franchise with the GBA version of the game . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - The GBA port has received generally positive critical reviews , currently holding an aggregate score of 79 % on both GameRankings and Metacritic . Most critics found the game to be a solid yet conventional action @-@ platformer that successfully to the classic Mega Man formula . Electronic Gaming Monthly summarized that Mega Man & Bass is " one of the best action games on GBA " and " a great , if slightly derivative , platformer " with plenty of replay value due to the CDs . GamePro was pleased with the game 's fidelity to its predecessors when compared to the deviations made by the Mega Man Battle Network and Mega Man Zero series on the same system . GameSpy criticized its lack of innovation , declaring , " Anyone that hasn 't tried a Mega Man game yet would be better advised to spend $ 15 on a new copy of Mega Man 8 on the rather than paying $ 30 for an inferior of the same game " . - Many reviews also noted the game 's high difficulty . Both Giancarlo of GameSpot and Craig Harris of IGN found that the game 's bosses have very unpredictable attack patterns , thus making the battles extremely challenging . Harris additionally observed a heavy amount of trial @-@ and @-@ error for the levels themselves where the player must die several times before completing each one . He concluded , " [ ... ] It 's really the way Mega Man games have always been ... and to be honest , with all of the annoying little deaths in the game , there 's always that sensation after every failure that you 've learned the challenge , and definitely prevails in this game " . - According to Famitsu , Mega Man & Bass for the GBA sold 91 @,@ copies in Japan between its release date and the week of December 23 , 2002 . Nintendo Power listed Mega Man & Bass as the 14th best GBA game of all time in its 20th anniversary issue in 2008 . A related game exclusive to Japan titled Rockman & Forte no ( & , lit . Rockman & Forte : from the Future ) was released for the handheld in 1999 . The plot consists of the titular duo 's struggle against an named " Rockman Shadow " . As Mega Man & Bass was released directly after Mega Man 8 and it shares plot and gameplay characteristics with the rest of the numbered titles in the series , many believed it to be the ninth main game in the series ; however , the actual Mega Man 9 would not be released until 2008 . Inafune explained in an interview with the Brazilian magazine Nintendo World that the ninth installment follows the storyline of Mega Man 8 and that the worlds for Mega Man & Bass and Mega Man 9 are meant to coincide with one another , as evidenced by a of Bass in the ending of the game . In 2010 , Bass was made playable via downloadable content in Mega Man 10 . As in Mega Man & Bass , he is able to dash , fire in seven directions with his , and fly by combining with Treble . - Elements of the game appeared in the Mega Man comic series from Archie Comics before it went on hiatus . Most notably , King appeared during a time travel story in issue 20 , while issue 55 saw Dr. Light experiencing a vision of the events of the game among other yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ adapted games . - - - = Ohio State Route 319 = - - State Route 319 ( SR 319 ) is a very short , two @-@ lane state highway in the western portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . A spur route , SR 319 has its western terminus at an abandoned railroad grade just west of Washington Street in the village of Burkettsville . Its eastern terminus is 0 @.@ 56 miles ( 0 @.@ 90 km ) to the east of its western terminus at its junction with SR 118 . SR 319 was established in the early 1930s . It started out as a much longer highway , but earlier segments would become a part of SR 118 in the late 1930s . - - = = Route description = = - - For its entire length , SR 319 runs along the boundary between Darke County on the south side and Mercer County on the north side . SR 319 begins in downtown Burkettsville at a former railroad grade just west of Washington Street . Known as Main Street within Burkettsville , the route runs due east through the village 's central business district prior to entering a residential area where it intersects a few side streets . After leaving the village of Burkettsville , SR 319 becomes the boundary between Darke County 's Allen Township and Mercer County 's Granville Township . After a short distance through farmland , the highway comes to an end as it arrives at its junction with SR 118 . Continuing east after the route terminates is Darke – Mercer County Line Road . - The Ohio Department of Transportation ( ) conducts surveys throughout its highway system to determine traffic volume . This is most commonly expressed as the average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , or the measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2010 , determined that an average of 710 vehicles per day traveled along the length of SR 319 . This state highway is not included as a part of the National Highway System , a system of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . - - = = History = = - - SR 319 was assigned in 1932 . Originally , SR 319 included the entirety of the current route , along with the stretch of SR 118 from SR 319 north to SR 219 in . In 1935 , SR 319 was extended further north along the present alignment of SR 118 to what was then designated as SR 32 , now a part of SR 29 , west of . Two years later , SR 118 was extended south from its former southern terminus in to its present southern terminus in . Consequently , the entirety of what was the north – south stretch of SR 319 prior to that time became a part of the new extension of SR 118 . In turn , SR 319 became the short spur route that it is today . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Parliament Act 1911 = - - The Parliament Act 1911 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It is important and partly governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords which make up the Houses of Parliament . This Act must be construed as one with the Parliament Act 1949 . The two Acts may be cited together as the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 . - Following the rejection of the 1909 " People 's " , the House of Commons sought to establish its formal dominance over the House of Lords , who had broken convention in opposing the Bill . The budget was eventually passed by the Lords after the Commons ' democratic mandate was confirmed by holding elections in January 1910 . The following Parliament Act , which looked to prevent a recurrence of the budget problems , was also widely opposed in the Lords and cross @-@ party discussion failed , particularly because of the proposed Act 's to passing an Irish home rule bill . After a second general election in December , the Act was passed with the support of the monarch , George V , who threatened to create sufficient Liberal peers to overcome the then Conservative majority . - The Act effectively removed the right of the Lords to veto money bills completely , and replaced a right of veto over other public bills with a maximum delay of two years . It also reduced the maximum term of a parliament from seven years to five . - - = = Background = = - - Until the Parliament Act 1911 , there was no way to resolve contradictions between the two Houses of Parliament except through the creation of additional peers by the Monarch . Queen Anne had created 12 Tory peers to vote through the Treaty of in . The Reform Act 1832 was passed when the House of Lords dropped opposition — William IV had threatened to create 80 new peers by request of the Prime Minister , Earl Grey — creating an informal convention that the Lords would give way when the public was behind the House of Commons . For example , Irish , which had been a major bone of contention between the two main parties since the 1830s , was — following intervention by the Queen — passed by the Lords in 1869 after Gladstone won the 1868 Election on the issue . However , in practice , this gave the Lords a right to demand that such public support was present and to decide the timing of a General Election . - It was the prevailing wisdom that the House of Lords could not amend money bills , since only the House of Commons had the right to decide upon the resources the Monarch could call upon . This did not , however , despite the apparent contradiction , prevent it from rejecting such bills outright . In 1860 , with the repeal of the paper duties , all money bills were consolidated into a single budget . This denied the Lords the ability to reject individual components and the prospect of voting down the entire budget was seemingly . It was only in 1909 that this became a possibility . Until the Act , the Lords had equal rights over legislation compared to the Commons , but did not its right of veto over financial measures by convention . - There had been an overwhelming Conservative @-@ Unionist majority in the Lords since the Liberal split in 1886 . With the Liberal Party attempting to push through significant welfare reforms with considerable popular support , this seemed certain to cause problems in the relationship between the Houses . Between 1906 and 1909 , several important measures were being considerably watered down or rejected outright : for example , introduced the Education Bill 1906 , which was intended to address grievances arising from the Education Act 1902 , but which was amended by the Lords to such an extent that it was effectively a different bill , upon which the Commons dropped the bill . This led to the 26 June 1907 resolution in the House of Commons declaring that the Lords ' power should be curtailed , put forward by Liberal Prime Minister Henry Campbell @-@ . In 1909 , hoping to force an election , the Lords rejected the financial bill based on the government budget ( the " People 's " ) put forward by David Lloyd George , by 350 votes to 75 . This , according to the Commons , was " a breach of the Constitution , and a of the rights of the Commons " . The Lords suggested that the Commons justify its position as representing the will of the people : it did this through the January 1910 general election . The Liberal government lost heavily , but remained in majority with the help of a significant number of Irish Nationalist and Labour MPs . The Irish Nationalists saw the continued power of the Lords as detrimental to securing Irish Home Rule . Following the election , the Lords relented on the budget ( since reintroduced by the government ) , it passing the Lords on 28 April , a day after the Commons . - - = = Passage = = - - The Lords was now faced with the prospect of a Parliament Act , which had considerable support from the Irish Nationalists . A series of meetings between the Liberal government and Conservative opposition members was agreed . Twenty @-@ one such meetings were held between 16 June and 10 November . The discussions considered a wide range of proposals , with initial agreement on finance bills and a joint sitting of the House of Commons and Lords as a means by which to enforce Commons superiority in controversial areas ; the number of Lords present would be limited such that a Liberal majority of 50 or more in the House of Commons could the Lords . However , the issue of home rule for Ireland was the main contention , with looking to exempt such a law from the Parliament Act procedure by means of a general exception for " constitutional " or " structural " bills . The Liberals supported an exception for bills relating to the monarchy and Protestant succession , but not home rule . were declared failed on 10 November . - The government threatened another dissolution if the Parliament Act were not passed , and followed through on their threat when opposition in the Lords did not . The elections of December produced little change from January . The calling of a second dissolution of parliament now seems to have been contrary to the wishes of Edward VII . Edward had died in May 1910 while the crisis was still in progress . His successor , George V , was asked if he would be prepared to create sufficient peers , which he would only if the matter arose . This would have meant creating over 400 new Liberal peers . The King did , however , demand that it would have to be rejected at least once by the Lords before his intervention . Two amendments made by the Lords were rejected and opposition showed little sign of slipping . This led Asquith to declare the King 's intention to overcome the majority in the House of Lords by creating sufficient new peers . It was passed in the Lords by 131 votes to 114 votes , a majority of 17 . This reflected a large number of . - - = = Provisions = = - - The included the words " it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis , but such substitution cannot be immediately brought into operation " at the request of prominent Cabinet member Sir Edward Grey . The long title of the Act was " An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons , and to limit the duration of Parliament . " Section 8 defined the short title as the " Parliament Act 1911 " . - The bill was also an attempt to place the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords on a new footing . As well as the direct issue of money Bills , it set new conventions about how the power the Lords continued to hold would be used . It did not change the composition of the Lords , however . - The Lords would only be able to delay money bills for one month , effectively ending their ability to do so . These were defined as any public bill which contained only provisions dealing with the imposition , repeal , remission , alteration , or regulation of taxation ; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund , or on money provided by Parliament , or the variation or repeal of any such charges ; supply ; the appropriation , , custody , issue or audit of accounts of public money ; and the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment . It did not however , cover any sort of local taxes or similar measures . Some Finance Bills have not fallen within this criterion ; Consolidated Fund and Bills have . The Speaker of the House of Commons would have to that a bill was a money bill , it with a Speaker 's certificate . The Local Government Finance Bill 1988 , which introduced the Community Charge ( " Poll Tax " ) , was not certified as a Money Bill and was therefore considered by the Lords . Whilst Finance Bills are not considered Money Bills , convention dictates that those parts of a Finance Bill dealing with taxation or expenditure ( which , if in an Act alone , would constitute a Money Bill ) are not questioned . - Other public bills could no longer be vetoed ; instead , they could be delayed for up to two years . This two @-@ year period meant that legislation introduced in the fourth or fifth years of a parliament could be delayed until after the next election , which could prove an effective measure to prevent it being passed . Specifically , two years had to between the second reading in the House of Commons in the first session and the passing of the bill in the House of Commons in the third session . The Speaker has to also that the conditions of the bill had been complied with . Significant restrictions on amendments are made to ensure that it is the same bill that has been rejected twice . The 1911 Act made clear that the life of a parliament could not be extended without the consent of the Lords . - Parliament had been limited to a maximum of seven years under the Act , but this was reduced by the passing of the Parliament Act 1911 . Parliament would now be limited to five years , beginning the first meeting of parliament after the election . In practice , no election has been forced by such a limitation as all parliaments have been dissolved by the Monarch on request of the Prime Minister . It should be noted , however , that the five @-@ year maximum duration referred to the lifetime of the Parliament , and not to the interval between General . For example , the 2010 General Election was held five years and one day after the 2005 General Election , whilst the 1992 General Election was held on 9 April 1992 and the next General Election was not held until 1 May 1997 . The reduction in parliament length was seen as a counterbalance to the new powers granted to the Commons . - - = = = = - - The Lords continued to suggest amendments to money bills over which it had no right of veto and in several instances these were accepted by the Commons . These included the China Bill 1925 and the Inshore Industry Bill 1947 . The use of the Lords ' now temporary veto remains a powerful check on legislation . - It was used in relation to the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , which had been under the threat of a Lords veto , now removed . Ulster Protestants had been firmly against the passing of the bill . However , it never came into force because of the outbreak of the First World War . Amendments to the Parliament Act 1911 were made to prolong the life of the 1910 parliament following the outbreak of the First World War and 1935 parliament because of the Second World War . These made special exemptions to the requirement to hold an election every five years . - Legislation passed through the Parliament Act , without the consent of the Lords , is still considered primary legislation . The importance of this was highlighted Jackson v Attorney General , where the legality of the Parliament Act 1949 was questioned . The challenge asserted foremost that the 1949 Act was delegated rather than primary legislation , and that the 1911 Act had delegated power to the Commons . If this were the case , then the Commons could not itself through the 1949 Act without direct permission from the Lords . Since it was passed under the 1911 Act , it had never received the required consent of the Lords . However , the 1949 Act was found to be legal . The 1911 Act , it was concluded , was not primarily about the Commons , but rather to restrict the ability of the Lords to affect legislation . This ruling also means that efforts to abolish the House of Lords ( a major constitutional change ) using the Act could be successful , although the issue was not directly addressed in the ruling . - - = = Analysis = = - - The Parliament Act 1911 can be seen in the context of the British constitution : rather than creating a written constitution , parliament chose instead to through the usual channels in response to the crisis . This was a response , which avoided the further problems of unwritten rules and the entire government . It is commonly considered a statute of " constitutional importance " , which gives it informal priority in parliament and in the courts with regards to whether later legislation can change it and the process by which this may happen . - It is also mentioned in discussion of constitutional convention . Whilst it replaced conventions regarding the role of the House of Lords , it also relies on several others . Section 1 ( 1 ) only makes sense if money bills do not arise in the House of Lords and the provisions in section 2 ( 1 ) only if proceedings on a public bill are completed in a single session , otherwise they must fail and be put through procedure again . - - = = = Case law = = = - - - - = Hibiscus ( restaurant ) = - - Hibiscus is a London restaurant owned and run by French chef Claude Bosi . It was opened in 2000 in Ludlow , Shropshire , and won its first Michelin star within a year , and a second in the 2004 Guide . In July 2006 , Bosi and his wife Claire announced that they were to sell the location in Ludlow and move closer to London . The property was sold to Alan Murchison , and Bosi purchased a new site on Street in London . - Bosi uses molecular to create some items on the menu in an effort to enhance their flavours , such as freeze @-@ drying cabbage to create a . The restaurant has received mixed reviews from critics , but has been listed in The World 's 50 Best Restaurants since 2010 , and was named by Egon Ronay as the best restaurant in the UK in 2005 . The Good Food Guide ranked Hibiscus as the eighth @-@ best restaurant in the UK in the 2013 edition . It has also been awarded five AA . - In 2011 , Bosi started a new venture , the Fox & in Wimbledon . This new operates under the same philosophy as Hibiscus , and is a collaboration with brother Cedric and former sous chef at Hibiscus , Patrick . - - = = History = = - - Claude Bosi and his wife Claire opened Hibiscus in Ludlow , Shropshire , in 2000 . The location had a 36 @-@ seat capacity , and was previously occupied by a three AA restaurant called the Oaks . - Bosi had previously been head chef and won a Michelin star at the restaurant , just outside the town . He had intended to open a restaurant in Warwickshire , but found the premises too expensive and purchased a 25 @-@ year lease on the former Oaks property in Ludlow for £ 40 @,@ 000 . Within a year Hibiscus won its first Michelin star , and at the same time was downgraded before going in to receivership . - Working under Bosi at Hibiscus was sous chef , who left Hibiscus in 2003 to become head chef at Jessica 's restaurant in . Hibiscus gained a second star in the 2004 Michelin Guide . - In July 2006 , Bosi and his wife Claire announced that they were intending to sell Hibiscus and open a new restaurant closer to London , or in the capital itself . Hibiscus closed in Ludlow in April 2007 , with Bosi selling the site to fellow chef Alan Murchison for £ 247 @,@ 500 , but retaining the Hibiscus name for himself . The restaurant was renamed " Le " ( sic ) , and underwent a £ 100 @,@ 000 makeover before being re @-@ opened under head chef Will Holland . In 2014 , Murchison 's company went into voluntary after running up debts of almost half a million pounds . - Bosi completed the deal in June 2007 for a new site at 29 Street in London . He intended for the new Hibiscus to be open by September , and to transfer over the style of cooking he had used in Ludlow , saying , " I 'm transferring Hibiscus , not starting a new restaurant . The idea is to continue and build on what I have been doing . " and fitting out the London premises cost around £ 1 million . - Many of the staff from the Ludlow incarnation of Hibiscus agreed to move to London to continue working at the restaurant , including head chef Marcus McGuinness and Simon Freeman . Hibiscus re @-@ opened in October 2007 in its new location after following building works and planning delays . The interior of the London @-@ based restaurant was decorated in orange and shades of brown . The walls were covered in pale @-@ coloured wooden panels , and a designed as a series of from the middle of the main dining room 's ceiling . - The handover on the first day was so tight that builders moved out at midday , and the first service was run at 7 pm that evening . The late opening resulted in the reviewers for the Michelin Guide having only a two @-@ week window in which to re @-@ assess the restaurant for the 2008 guide . Bosi admitted later that the restaurant was not yet up to scratch in those two weeks and agreed with the decision of Michelin to Hibiscus to a single star in the 2008 Guide . The restaurant was also given a " rising star " as one with potential to go up to two stars in the future . During the run up to Christmas , the stress of serving 550 covers a week in a new location with a modified menu resulted in three sous chefs resigning . - The two @-@ star award was restored a year later in the 2009 Michelin Guide , as had been predicted by a number of Bosi 's fellow chefs including Tom Aikens , Antonin and Richard . went a step further and said " I would love to see Claude Bosi regain his second star at Hibiscus and win his third in time . He ’ s probably the best chef I know . " - - = = Menu = = - - The menu is created by Bosi . He has been described as an innovator and his work has been compared to that of Heston at The Fat Duck . One of the new dishes Bosi introduced following his move to London was a two @-@ part pork dish . The first part was roasted pig served with sea , and a of sweet potato . The second , inspired by his daughter , featured a sausage roll with a and a dressing . Other dishes have included chicken with an onion and , and desserts include a chocolate tart served with ice cream . - Bosi uses molecular techniques , such as in the process for making a Savoy cabbage , in which the cabbage is freeze dried into a powder and then reconstituted , but he prefers only to enhance the flavours of individual ingredients rather than changing those flavours by using unusual techniques . - - = = Reception = = - - Jay reviewed the restaurant for The Observer after Hibiscus moved from Ludlow to London , his first time at the restaurant . While stating that elements of the meal were " very clever indeed " , such as ice cream and a sausage roll he described as a " " , he described the desserts as a " disappointment " , calling an olive oil a " mess " . Overall , he planned on returning to give Bosi another chance . - Zoe Williams also reviewed the restaurant shortly after it arrived in London , for The Daily Telegraph . She enjoyed her visit , and was impressed with the unusual combinations of foods that worked together saying " the sheer expertise of taking a food with a range of flavours , and knowing it 's in peak condition to meet four others ... it really is something " . - John Walsh also visited it , for The Independent , after the restaurant arrived in London , and gave the food four stars , and the and service three stars ; Terry reviewed it for the same paper , giving the restaurant 17 out of 20 . - Food critics from Time Out visited the restaurant in 2009 , and were " disappointed " compared to their previous visit . They thought that Bosi 's food combinations just did not work , but still said that some of his desserts were " " . - Andy gave the restaurant a score of six out of ten on his scale during his November 2011 visit . The redeeming feature of his trip was a dish of , he thought , served with a of pear in wine and Savoy cabbage with a red wine and smoked chocolate sauce , but he otherwise felt that the food was " over @-@ worked " and the service " amateurish " . - - = = = Ratings and awards = = = - - In 2005 Hibiscus was one of three restaurants to be awarded three @-@ stars by the Egon Ronay Restaurant Guide , along with The Inn and Restaurant Tom Aikens , and was named Ronay 's Restaurant of the Year . - The restaurant made its first entry in the World 's 50 Best Restaurants in 2010 , ranked in 49th place and one of three British restaurants in the list ; the following year it moved up to 43rd . - The Good Food Guide ranked Hibiscus as the eighth @-@ best restaurant in the UK in its 2013 guide . - The restaurant has been given five AA by The Automobile Association . - - - = Chris Turner ( American football ) = - - Chris Turner ( born September 8 , 1987 ) is an American football quarterback . He played quarterback for the Maryland Terrapins at the University of Maryland from 2007 to 2009 . Turner began his career at Maryland as a redshirt in 2005 and then served as a reserve quarterback before he earned the starting position . - After a redshirt season in 2005 , Turner saw no playing time as the third @-@ string quarterback the following year . In 2007 , he replaced the injured starter during the game against 10th @-@ ranked Rutgers and led the Terrapins to an upset victory . After that , he remained as the team 's leader for the remainder of the season , and against eighth @-@ ranked Boston College , engineered another upset victory . Turner also helped Maryland secure an appearance in the Emerald Bowl . At the start of the 2008 season , he was relegated to backup status , but soon regained the starting position . That year , he led Maryland in wins over four of their five ranked opponents and to an appearance in the Humanitarian Bowl . He returned as the starter for the 2009 season , but suffered a knee injury and was replaced by Robinson . - - = = Early years = = - - Turner was born in Valley , California to parents John and Grace Turner . His father was the original drummer of the metal band . Chris Turner attended high school at the College Preparatory School , where he was a three @-@ year and starting quarterback in football and pitcher in baseball . As a sophomore , he was on the junior varsity football team until when the varsity quarterback suffered an injury against Valencia High School , a regional powerhouse . Turner described the incident as the last time that he was nervous during a game and said , " It got pretty ugly to be honest . Ever since then , I 've always thought to myself , ' It can 't get worse than that . ' " - At , he led a pass @-@ oriented offense and , during his senior year , accumulated 139 completions on 265 attempts , 2 @,@ yards , 16 touchdowns , and 11 interceptions . He was named to the All @-@ California Federation ( ) second team as a senior and the All @-@ Mission League team as both a junior and senior . picked him as a Far West all @-@ region selection and as an all @-@ region selection . Turner was assessed as a three @-@ star and two @-@ star recruit . He received scholarship offers from Boise State , Illinois , Louisville , Maryland , Oregon , Utah , and . Maryland offered him after another Californian recruit , Josh Portis , chose Florida instead — although Portis later transferred to Maryland and served as a backup alongside Turner . Turner ultimately chose Maryland , which is located just outside Washington , D.C. , partly due to his interest in politics . - - = = College career = = - - - = = = Experience = = = - - Turner sat out his true freshman year during the 2005 season on redshirt status . In 2006 , he served as the third @-@ team quarterback behind starter Sam and reserve Jordan Steffy , but Turner saw no playing time during that season . - - = = = = 2007 season = = = = - - In 2007 , as the second @-@ string quarterback , he saw his first action against when he was substituted for injured starter Jordan Steffy . Turner executed a scoring drive and completed four of six passes , but also threw two interceptions . He sat out the next two games and then took one snap against Wake Forest . When the unranked faced 10th @-@ ranked Rutgers , Steffy suffered a concussion and Turner again filled in . He led drives for two touchdowns and two field goals in an upset of the Scarlet Knights , 34 – 24 . About the then relatively unknown Turner , Rutgers head coach Greg said , " I wish I would have seen this guy before . " Turner started for the remaining eight games of the season . In his career @-@ first start , he passed for 255 yards in a win against Georgia Tech , 28 – 26 . In the game , he threw a 78 @-@ yard touchdown pass , which was caught by tight end Jason Goode rather than his intended receiver , @-@ . After a three @-@ game losing streak , Turner led another upset win over a top @-@ ten team , this time against eighth @-@ ranked Boston College , 42 – 35 . In the 24 – 16 loss to Florida State , Turner had his worst performance of the season . Late in the second quarter , he was and replaced by Steffy for two possessions . Turner said , " I didn 't know that my was that short in the first place , to be honest . I didn 't think it would come to this . I guess I should have . " After an uneven performance by Steffy , Turner played the entire second half and showed improvement . The following week Maryland played their regular season finale against NC State and both teams needed an additional win to attain bowl eligibility . Maryland led in the second quarter , 3 – 0 , but was struggling . Turner , a generally immobile pocket quarterback , invigorated the offense when he executed a 41 @-@ yard option run for a first down . He completed 19 of 24 passes for 206 yards and led a shutout of NC State , 37 – 0 . With the sixth win , Maryland was invited to the Emerald Bowl , where they were beaten by Oregon State , 21 – 14 . Turner finished the season as the third @-@ most efficient passer in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . - - = = = = 2008 season = = = = - - In 2008 , Maryland hired a new offensive coordinator , James Franklin , who installed a West Coast offense . That season started with some controversy when head coach Ralph Friedgen initially selected senior Jordan Steffy as the starting quarterback . Turner considered returning home with a transfer to a Californian school , but ultimately decided against it . When Steffy was injured again in the season @-@ opener against Delaware , Turner was awarded the starting job for the rest of the season . After Maryland defeated 21st @-@ ranked Wake Forest , 26 – 0 , Turner was voted the ACC Player of the Week and ESPN named him an " On the Mark " quarterback . Against 16th @-@ ranked North Carolina , Turner 's split @-@ second decision to hold onto the ball for a nine @-@ yard run on fourth down and five put the team within range for the game @-@ winning field goal , 17 – 15 . For that , he was nominated for the week 's Pontiac Game Changing Performance . The win improved Maryland 's record to 7 – 3 and control over their ACC championship destiny , although they lost the next game against Florida State , 37 – 3 , which ended the Terrapins ' title hopes . The following week against Boston College , Turner set career highs with 33 completions , 57 attempts , and 360 passing yards , but the effort fell short and Maryland lost , 28 – 21 . In the postseason , the Terrapins played Nevada in the Humanitarian Bowl where Turner threw for 198 yards , one interception , two touchdowns including a 59 @-@ yard long , and a two @-@ point conversion . At the end of the season , Maryland had beaten four out of their five Top 25 @-@ ranked opponents , a feat that was surpassed only by the teams in the BCS Championship Game : Florida and Oklahoma . - - = = = = 2009 season = = = = - - Fifth @-@ year senior Turner entered the 2009 season as the uncontested starter at quarterback for the first time in his career . He was backed @-@ up by sophomore Robinson and true freshmen C. J. Brown and Danny O 'Brien . Turner 's was called critical for the performance of the team 's relatively youthful offensive line . Head coach Friedgen said , " If I had to choose between a veteran offensive line and an inexperienced quarterback , or an inexperienced line with a veteran quarterback , I think I 'd go with the veteran quarterback . " Upon the conclusion of preseason camp , the coaching staff praised his progress , particularly his game @-@ planning , for which he had been criticized in the past . Turner said , " , I am way further ahead than where I was last year . " , he dropped 16 pounds by adding muscle and losing body fat , and weighed 220 pounds before the start of the season . Offensive coordinator Franklin said , " You look at him , he was kind of last year . You look at him now and he 's muscular and shaped . He looks more athletic . " - Before the season , Turner was added to the watch list for the Johnny Golden Arm Award , an annual honor bestowed upon the nation 's top senior quarterback . At that time , he ranked as the school 's fourth all @-@ time quarterback in terms of completion percentage , fifth in completions , seventh in total offensive yards , and he is tied for 11th in number of touchdown passes . In June 2009 , Turner stated that he wanted to leave a " legacy " at Maryland in his final season . He also expressed a desire to pursue a professional playing career in the National Football League ( NFL ) if possible . The NFL Draft Scout assessed Turner as the 16th @-@ ranked quarterback out of the 135 available for the 2010 NFL Draft and projected him as a potential seventh @-@ round selection . - - = = = Playing style and personality = = = - - Prior to his senior year , Jeff Barker of The Baltimore Sun noted that Turner 's strengths were " poise , , [ and ] , " while he had room for improvement in arm strength and mobility . Barker said , " He 's a bit — he calls himself a ' rhythm ' passer … But he doesn 't quit when things go poorly . His coolness can be mistaken for apathy . " Turner typically himself to the pocket , as his ability to run the ball himself is limited by his speed . He has made light of his own lack of by saying that he runs a " flat 5 @.@ 0 " 40 @-@ yard dash . The CBS Sports @-@ affiliated NFL Draft Scout records his actual time as ranging from a low of 4 @.@ 89 to a high of 5 @.@ 16 seconds , while reports his 40 @-@ yard time as 4 @.@ 8 seconds . Turner 's supposedly one @-@ dimensional nature , however , has occasionally allowed him to make unexpected plays with his feet . The most noteworthy of these were the momentum @-@ changing 41 @-@ yard option run against NC State in 2007 , and the fourth @-@ down nine @-@ yard scramble into field goal range against North Carolina in 2008 . - and coaches sometimes characterized Turner as a quarterback who did not during practices , but executed well on game @-@ day . Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen said " He 's pretty go @-@ with @-@ the @-@ flow . And that 's his greatest strength and maybe his greatest weakness . The bottom line is , he plays well in games . " The Baltimore Sun wrote that he " seems to play his best when it counts — and his worst when it doesn 't . " Regarding the 2008 summer practices , offensive coordinator James Franklin said Turner ranked in the middle compared with Jordan Steffy and Josh Portis in terms of completion percentage , fewest interceptions , and " explosive " plays that gained 16 yards or more . Turner conceded that Steffy was a better game @-@ during practices . Head coach Ralph Friedgen who had offered critical or subdued assessments of ' practice , said his intensity grew after losing the starting position to Steffy prior to the 2008 season . Turner said , " It lit a fire in me in the sense that I had to be ready . " - Among his Maryland teammates and coaches , Turner earned a reputation as an " laid @-@ back " Californian and for remaining calm under pressure . After the 2007 win over Rutgers , offensive tackle Scott described his roommate Turner as " real calm [ in the ] . . . He would say , ' , are you ready to score again ? Are you ready to run the ball on these guys ? ' And we 're like , ' Yeah , let 's do that . ' " Turner received the nicknames " Sunshine " and " Napoleon " , in reference to his similar appearance to the fictional characters in the films Remember the Titans and Napoleon , respectively . - - = = Personal life = = - - Turner graduated from the University of Maryland in May 2009 with a bachelor 's degree in government and politics . His strong interest in politics into his decision on where to attend college . He chose the University of Maryland partly based on its close proximity to Washington , D.C. Turner 's political views are liberal ; he is registered as a Democrat , and has described himself as an idealist . - During the 2008 season , political discussions were common in the Maryland locker room because of the presidential election . Turner and fellow quarterback Jordan Steffy , a conservative and supporter of presidential candidate Senator John McCain , were the most frequent , while defensive tackle Dean was described as the primary instigator . During the summer of 2009 , Turner held an internship on Capitol Hill working for Democratic Representative , the House Majority Leader and Maryland 's fifth district congressman . Turner had previously considered for the presidential campaign of Barack Obama , which he said probably annoyed his conservative father , John Turner . Describing his experience during the internship , Turner said , " It 's funny to compare how serious politics is and how serious football is . Depending on who you talk to , they 're both pretty big deals . . . There 's more to life than football . " - , Turner 's favorite sport is soccer , not football . He is also interested in foreign cultures and expressed regret at being unable to spend a semester abroad because of college football . Turner said that , dependent upon the outcome of his football career , he would like to attend the 2010 World Cup in South Africa . He also got to meet his childhood idol David while at the 2010 South Africa world cup . - - = = Statistics = = - - - - = Jack and Jill ( nursery rhyme ) = - - " Jack and Jill " ( sometimes " Jack and Gill " , particularly in earlier versions ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme . The Roud Folk Song Index classifies this tune and its variations as number . The rhyme dates back at least to the 18th century and exists with different numbers of verses each with a number of variations . Several theories have been advanced to explain its origins and to suggest meanings for the lyrics . - - = = Lyrics and structure = = - - The first and most commonly repeated verse is : - Jack and Jill went up the hill - To fetch a of water . - Jack fell down and broke his crown , - And Jill came tumbling after . - Many verses have been added to the rhyme , including a version with a total of 15 stanzas in a of the 19th century . The second verse , probably added as part of these extensions has become a standard part of the nursery rhyme . Early versions took the form : - Up Jack got , and home did trot , - As fast as he could ; - To old Dame , who patched his - With vinegar and brown paper . - By the early 20th century this had been modified in some collections , such as L. E. Walter 's , Mother Goose 's Nursery Rhymes ( London , 1919 ) to : - Up Jack got and home did trot , - As fast as he could ; - And went to bed and bound his head - With vinegar and brown paper . - A third verse , sometimes added to the rhyme , was first recorded in a 19th @-@ century and took the form : - Then Jill came in , and she did , - To see Jack 's paper plaster ; - Her mother her , across her knee , - For laughing at Jack 's disaster . - Twentieth @-@ century versions of this verse include : - When Jill came in how she did - To see Jack 's paper plaster ; - Mother did whip her next - For causing Jack 's disaster . - The rhyme is made up of , with a rhyming scheme of ( with occasional internal rhymes ) , using falling rhymes ( where the rhyming sound is on a relatively syllable : de @-@ emphasising the rhyme ) and a rhythm ( with the stress falling on the first of a pair of syllables ) , known as a ballad form , which is common in nursery rhymes . The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( 1870 ) . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as . - - = = Meaning and origins = = - - The rhyme has traditionally been seen as a nonsense verse , particularly as the couple go up a hill to find water , which is often thought to be found at the bottom of hills . and brown paper were a home cure used as a method to draw out on the body . The phrase " Jack and Jill " , indicating a boy and a girl , was in use in England as early as the 16th century . A comedy was performed at the court in 1567 @-@ 8 with the title Jack and Jill and the phrase was used twice by Shakespeare : in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which contains the line : " Jack shall have Jill ; shall go ill " ( III : ii : 460 @-@ 2 ) and in Love 's Labour 's Lost , which has the lines : " Our wooing not end like an old play ; Jack hath not Jill " ( V : ii : 874 – 5 ) , suggesting that it was a phrase that indicated a romantically attached couple , as in the " A good Jack makes a good Jill " . - Jack is the most common name used in English language nursery rhymes and by the 18th century represented an hero , while by the end of the Middle Ages Jill or Gill had come to mean a young girl or a . However , the woodcut that accompanied the first recorded version of the rhyme showed two boys ( not a boy and a girl ) , and used the spelling Gill not Jill . This earliest printed version comes from a reprint of John 's Mother Goose 's Melody , thought to have been first published in London around 1765 . The rhyming of " water " with " after " , was taken by Iona and Peter to suggest that the first verse may date from the first half of the 17th century . - - = = = = - - While the true origins of the rhyme are unknown there are several theories . As is common with nursery rhyme , complicated metaphors are often said to exist within the lyrics of Jack and Jill . Most explanations post @-@ date the first publication of the rhyme and have no evidence . These include the suggestion by S. @-@ Gould in the 19th century that the events were a version of the story told in the 13th @-@ century written by Icelandic historian , who stated that in Norse mythology , and , brother and sister ( respectively ) , were taken up from the earth by the moon ( personified as the god ) as they were water from the well called , bearing on their shoulders the called and the pole called . Around 1835 John suggested that Jack and Jill were two priests , and this was enlarged by Katherine in 1930 to indicate that Jack represented Cardinal ( – 1530 ) ; and Jill was Bishop , who negotiated the marriage of Mary Tudor to the French king in 1514 . - It has also been suggested that the rhyme records the attempt by King Charles I to reform the taxes on liquid measures . He was blocked by Parliament , so subsequently ordered that the volume of a Jack ( 1 / 2 pint ) be reduced , but the tax remained the same . This meant that he still received more tax , despite Parliament 's veto . Hence " Jack fell down and broke his crown " ( many pint glasses in the UK still have a line marking the 1 / 2 pint level with a crown above it ) " and Jill came tumbling after " . The reference to " Jill " ( actually a " gill " , or 1 / 4 pint ) is said to reflect that the gill dropped in volume as a consequence . - The suggestion has also been made that Jack and Jill represent Louis XVI of France , who was deposed and beheaded in 1793 ( lost his crown ) , and his Queen , Marie ( who came tumbling after ) , a theory made difficult by the fact that the earliest printing of the rhyme pre @-@ dates those events . There is also a local belief that the rhyme records events in the village of in Somerset in 1697 . When a local spinster became pregnant , the father is said to have died from a rock fall and the woman died in childbirth soon after . - - - = Florida State Road 878 = - - State Road 878 ( SR 878 ) , named the Snapper Creek Expressway or the Snapper Creek for its entire length , is a 2 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 4 @.@ 3 km ) east – west electronic toll road south of Miami , Florida . The expressway is named for the nearby Snapper Creek which runs parallel to SR 878 . It acts as a spur route of the Don Shula Expressway ( SR 874 ) , providing access to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) near South Miami and local access to the eastern Kendall area while bypassing the district . The road is maintained and by the Miami @-@ Dade Expressway Authority ( MDX ) . - - = = Route description = = - - SR 878 's western terminus is integrated into the Don Shula Expressway 's interchange with Kendall Drive ( SR 94 ) across the boundary of the Kendall and Sunset districts . entering the Don Shula Expressway northbound from Kendall Drive are given the option of continuing onto SR 874 via a flyover , or else merging into the traffic leaving SR 874 for the Snapper Creek Expressway , which then heads under the Kendall Drive – Don Shula Expressway flyover . The westbound lanes of SR 878 , however , pass over SR 874 's mainline , and are then given an exclusive carriageway beside the southbound lanes for 0 @.@ 46 miles ( 0 @.@ 74 km ) , before merging into SR 874 just north of the Kendall Drive overpass . motorists from the Don Shula Expressway wishing to exit to Kendall Drive merge into this carriageway before leaving for SR 94 with those vehicles originating from the Snapper Creek Expressway . There is no direct connection for southbound motorists on SR 874 to head east on SR 878 ; likewise , westbound motorists on SR 878 cannot head north along SR 874 directly . - From here , SR 878 heads predominantly eastwards as a four @-@ lane @-@ wide expressway through residential neighborhoods for the remainder of its length , generally lying 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) north of Kendall Drive . After approximately 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 64 km ) , the Snapper Creek Expressway passes through the 87th Avenue toll gantry . It then meets Galloway Road ( SR 973 ) shortly afterwards with a diamond interchange . The expressway then enters Heights once it crosses SR 973 and remains in that district for the rest of its duration . Just before passing over the Expressway ( SR 826 ) without an interchange ( approximately 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) east of Galloway Road ) , SR 878 meets its second and final toll gantry . - About 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) east of the Expressway , SR 878 has a partial diamond interchange with Southwest 72nd Avenue , which only allows westbound entry to and eastbound exit from the Snapper Creek Expressway . Immediately afterwards , SR 878 turns to the southeast and prepares to meet its eastern terminus at the South Dixie Highway ( US 1 ) at a surface intersection 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 0 @.@ 97 km ) later , passing under the line and associated just before doing so . Traffic heading south along US 1 from eastbound SR 878 moves into a slip lane , while that wishing to head north along US 1 enters it at an oblique angle , aided by traffic signals . The only access onto SR 878 westbound from US 1 is for southbound traffic ; motorists heading north along US 1 are guided to SR 878 by signage along Southwest 67th Avenue and Southwest 80th Street . - - = = = = - - SR 878 's tolls are entirely electronic : cash cannot be accepted along its length . is done either via SunPass or via toll @-@ by @-@ plate billing , the latter of which attracts a higher cost . Two toll are located along the Snapper Creek Expressway , the first between the Don Shula Expressway and Galloway Road , and the second between Galloway Road and Southwest 72nd Avenue . The relationship between the points and interchanges along SR 878 and SR 874 is that all motorists are charged at least one toll for using the road ; there are no " free sections " . As of July 1 , 2013 , the cost for a two @-@ axle vehicle to travel the entire length of the Snapper Creek Expressway is $ 0 @.@ 50 with a SunPass , or $ 1 @.@ 00 via the toll @-@ by @-@ plate program . Each additional axle on a vehicle attracts an extra $ 0 @.@ 25 via SunPass or $ 0 @.@ 50 via toll @-@ by @-@ plate for each toll gantry passed . - - = = History = = - - Planning by Dade County for a road named the " Snapper Creek Expressway " was underway as early as 1958 , with a final completion date set as late as 1975 . Funding for SR 878 's construction was made available in 1971 by the Florida Department of Transportation as part of plans to construct the Snapper Creek Expressway along with the South Dade Expressway ( now known as the Don Shula Expressway ) and the West Dade Expressway ( now known as the of Florida 's Turnpike ) , with an expected completion date of early 1973 . Construction was halted in 1974 due to money issued from county bonds for expressway building running out , and the road was left partially completed ; however , $ 8 million in federal emergency funds was directed to completing the expressway in late 1977 . The Snapper Creek Expressway , designated SR 878 , finally opened in early 1980 , with the Southwest 72nd Avenue interchange opening a few weeks later . - No tolls were collected along SR 878 , in line with the road 's original plans , until MDX 's initial roll @-@ out of open road from late 2009 to mid @-@ 2010 on its road network . along the Snapper Creek Expressway began on July 17 , 2010 . The move to toll the Snapper Creek Expressway angered local residents , but was tempered by MDX 's move to investigate toll . Initially , tolls were $ 0 @.@ 25 for SunPass users , with a $ 0 @.@ 15 for motorists using the toll @-@ by @-@ plate system . The toll @-@ by @-@ plate rate increased by ten cents on July 1 , 2013 , to $ 0 @.@ 50 per toll gantry passed , while the SunPass rate was unaffected . - - = = Exit list = = - - The entire route is in Miami @-@ Dade County . All exits are unnumbered . - - - = James Nesbitt = - - William James Nesbitt , OBE ( born 15 January 1965 ) is an actor and presenter from Northern Ireland . Born in Ballymena , County Antrim , Nesbitt grew up in the nearby village of , before moving to Coleraine , County . He wanted to become a teacher like his father , so he began a degree in French at the University of Ulster . He dropped out after a year when he decided to become an actor , and transferred to the Central School of Speech and Drama in London . After graduating in 1987 , he spent seven years performing in plays that varied from the musical Up on the Roof ( 1987 , 1989 ) to the political drama Paddywack ( 1994 ) . He made his feature film debut playing talent agent O 'Donnell in Hear My Song ( 1991 ) . - Nesbitt got his breakthrough television role playing Adam Williams in the romantic comedy @-@ drama Cold Feet ( 1998 – 2003 ) , which won him a British Comedy Award , a Television and Radio Industries Club Award , and a National Television Award . His first significant film role came when he appeared as pig farmer " Pig " Finn in Waking Ned ( 1998 ) . With the rest of the starring cast , Nesbitt was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award . In Lucky Break ( 2001 ) , he made his debut as a film lead , playing prisoner Jimmy Hands . The next year , he played Ivan Cooper in the television film Bloody Sunday , about the 1972 shootings in Derry . A departure from his previous " " roles , the film was a turning point in his career . He won a British Independent Film Award and was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor . - Nesbitt has also starred in Murphy 's Law ( 2001 – 2007 ) as undercover detective Tommy Murphy , in a role that was created for him by writer Colin Bateman . The role twice gained Nesbitt Best Actor nominations at the Irish Film & Television Awards ( IFTA ) . In 2007 , he starred in the dual role of Tom Jackman and Mr Hyde in Steven Moffat 's Jekyll , which earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination in 2008 . Nesbitt has since appeared in several more dramatic roles ; he starred alongside Liam Neeson in Five Minutes of Heaven ( 2009 ) , and was one of three lead actors in the television miniseries Occupation ( 2009 ) . He also starred in the movies ( 2010 ) and The Way ( 2010 ) . He portrayed in Peter Jackson 's three @-@ part film adaptation of The Hobbit ( 2012 @-@ 2014 ) . - Nesbitt is married to former actress Sonia Forbes @-@ Adam , with whom he has two daughters . He is an advocate of numerous charities , and in 2010 he accepted the ceremonial position of Chancellor of the University of Ulster . - - = = Early life and education = = - - James Nesbitt was born on 15 January 1965 in Ballymena , County Antrim , Northern Ireland . His father , James " Jim " Nesbitt , was the headmaster of the primary school in , a hamlet near , while his mother , May Nesbitt , was a civil servant . Jim and May already had three daughters — Margaret , and Andrea . The family lived in the house adjoining the one @-@ room school where Nesbitt was one of 32 pupils taught by Jim ; the other pupils were all farmers ' children . Nesbitt grew up " completely " around women , and spent a lot of time alone , " kicking a ball against a wall " . He had ambitions to play football for Manchester United , or to become a teacher like his father . The family was Protestant , and was in " Paisley country " . The spent Sunday evenings singing hymns around the piano . Jim marched in the Ballymena Young flute band and Nesbitt joined him playing the flute . After the conflicts , they stopped marching with the band . The family 's residence in the countryside left them largely unaffected by The Troubles , although Nesbitt , his father , and one of his sisters narrowly escaped a car bomb explosion outside Ballymena County Hall in the early 1970s . - When Nesbitt was 11 years old , the family moved to Coleraine , County , where May worked for the Housing Executive . He completed his primary education at primary school , then moved on to Coleraine Institution ( ) . In 1978 , when he was 13 , his parents took him to audition for the Riverside Theatre 's Christmas production of Oliver ! . Nesbitt sang " Bohemian " at the audition and won the part of the , who he played in his acting debut . He continued to act and sing with the Riverside until he was 16 , and appeared at festivals and as an extra in Play For Today : The ( Christopher , 1984 ) . He got his card when the professional actor playing Cricket in broke his ankle two days before the performance , and Nesbitt stepped in to take his place . Acting had not initially appealed to him , but he " felt a light go on " after he saw The Winslow Boy ( Anthony Asquith , 1948 ) . When he was 15 , he got his first paid job as a at Barry 's Amusements in . He was paid £ 1 per hour for the summer job and would also , on occasions , work as the brake man on the big . - He left at the age of 18 and began a degree in French at the University of Ulster , ( formally Ulster Polytechnic ) in . He stayed at university for a year before dropping out . In a 1999 interview , Nesbitt said , " I had the necessary in my head , but I just couldn 't be bothered . Being 18 is the worst age to expect people to learn things . There are other things to be bothered with , like girls and football . " He made the decision to quit when he was trying to write an essay on in Les Sales at 4 am one day . His father suggested that he should move to England if he wanted to continue acting , so Nesbitt enrolled at the Central School of Speech and Drama ( ) , part of University of London . Nesbitt felt lost and misrepresented when he first arrived in London , on account of his Northern Irish background ; " When I first came to drama school I was a Paddy the minute I walked in . And I remember going to drama school and them all saying to me , ' , yeah , out ' , and I was like ' It 's a wee bit more complicated than that , you know . ' " He graduated in 1987 , at the age of 22 . - - = = Acting career = = - - - = = = Theatre and Hear My Song = = = - - The day after leaving in 1987 , Nesbitt got a bit part in , a BBC Two Screen Two television play about the life of John Ogdon . He worked for two days on the play , earning £ 250 per day . His first professional stage appearance came in the same year , when he played Keith in Up on the Roof . The musical ran at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth , before transferring to the London West End . Nesbitt reprised the role when the production returned to Plymouth in early 1989 . Roger Malone in The Stage and Television Today wrote that Nesbitt " steals the show with the best lines and best delivery as he squares up to life with an easy contentment " . Nesbitt appeared in two other plays in 1989 ; in June , he played Dukes Frederick and Senior in Paul 's As You Like It at the Rose Theatre Club , and then appeared in 's version of Hamlet . Hamlet had been translated back to English from Boris 's Russian translation . It ran at the Haymarket Theatre , Leicester for a month before a transfer to the Old Vic and then a nine @-@ month world tour . Nesbitt played Guildenstern , and the second . He recalled that the play received " shocking " reviews , but was exciting . - In the early 1990s , he lived with fellow actor Jerome Flynn and earned money by signing fan mail for the successful star of Soldier Soldier . In his debut feature film , Hear My Song ( Peter , 1991 ) , Nesbitt played O 'Donnell , a struggling theatrical agent and friend of Mickey O 'Neill ( Adrian Dunbar ) . A New York Times critic wrote , " the , Mr. Nesbitt , manages to combine with humor " . The praise he received made him self @-@ assured and complacent ; in 2001 , he recalled , " When I did Hear My Song , I disappeared so far up my own afterwards . I thought , ' Oh , that 's it , I 've cracked it . ' And I 'm glad that happened , because you then find out how expendable actors are . " His attitude left him out of work for six months after the film was released . Until 1994 , he mixed his stage roles with supporting roles on television in episodes of Boon , The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , Covington Cross , , and Between the Lines . In 1993 , he appeared in Love Lies Bleeding , an instalment of the BBC anthology series Screenplay and his first appearance in a production directed by Michael Winterbottom ; he later appeared in Go Now ( 1995 ) , Jude ( 1996 ) and Welcome to Sarajevo ( 1997 ) . A Guardian journalist wrote that " he showed himself to be a generous supporting actor " in Jude and Sarajevo . - Back on stage , he appeared as in ( Hughes , Birmingham Repertory Theatre , 1991 ) , Aidan in ( Mark Lambert and Nicholas Kent , Theatre , 1992 ) , in Paddywack ( Michael ) , Theatre , 1994 ) , and Jesus in Darwin 's Flood ( Simon Stokes , Bush Theatre , 1994 ) . Paddywack , in which Nesbitt 's character is suspected by others of being an IRA member , transferred to the United States for a run at the Long Theatre in New Haven , Connecticut in October 1994 . A Variety critic called " the play 's only fully developed character " and commended Nesbitt for giving " the one strong , telling performance [ of the cast ] " . In 1996 , Nesbitt appeared in an episode of the BBC Northern Ireland television drama , playing Leo , the ex @-@ boyfriend of Fitzgerald ( ) and love rival of Peter Clifford ( Stephen ) . He reprised the role for four episodes in 1998 . - - = = = Cold Feet and early films = = = - - In 1996 , Nesbitt auditioned to play Adam Williams , the male lead in Cold Feet , an ITV Comedy about three couples in different stages of their romantic relationships . The audition came about through a mutual friend of Nesbitt 's and the director , Declan Lowney . The producer , Christine , had also recalled his performances in Hear My Song and Go Now . Adam had not been written with an in mind to play him — English writer Mike had written the character as a thinly veiled portrayal of himself in his youth — but Nesbitt wanted to take the opportunity to appear in a contemporary drama as an ordinary man from Northern Ireland with no connection to the Troubles , especially after the Troubles @-@ based plot of Love Lies Bleeding . Cold Feet was a critical success ; it won the 1997 Golden Rose of Montreux and the 1997 British Comedy Award for Best ITV Comedy and was thus commissioned for a full series . Cold Feet 's first series aired at the end of 1998 and was followed by the second series in 1999 . A storyline in that series featured Adam being diagnosed with cancer , which inspired Nesbitt to become a patron of the charity Action Cancer . By the time of the third series , Nesbitt and the other cast members were able to influence the show 's production ; an episode featuring Adam 's weekend was due to be filmed on location in Dublin but Nesbitt suggested it be filmed in Belfast and instead . Several scenes were filmed at his old workplace Barry 's Amusements , although they were cut from the broadcast episode . At the end of the fourth series in 2001 , Nesbitt decided to quit to move on to other projects . Executive producer Andy persuaded him to stay for one more series by suggesting that Adam be killed off , so Nesbitt signed on for the fifth series . During pre @-@ production of the fifth series , Mike decided to kill off Adam 's wife Rachel ( played by Helen ) instead . - Cold Feet ran for five years from 1998 to 2003 , and Nesbitt won the British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actor in 2000 , the Television and Radio Industries Club Award for Drama TV of the Year in 2002 , the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performance in 2003 , and the TV Quick Award for Best Actor in 2003 . Nesbitt credits the role with raising his profile with the public . Further television roles during these five years included women 's football team coach John Dolan in the first two series of Kay 's Playing the Field ( appearing alongside his Cold Feet co @-@ star John Thomson ) , investigative journalists Ryan and David Laney in Resurrection Man ( Marc Evans , 1998 ) and Touching Evil II respectively , and Stanley in Women Talking Dirty ( , 1999 ) . - Nesbitt 's performance in Hear My Song had also impressed first @-@ time screenwriter and film director Kirk Jones , who cast him in his 1998 feature film Waking Ned . Playing pig farmer " Pig " Finn brought Nesbitt to international attention , particularly in the United States ( where the film was released as Waking Ned ) ; the cast was nominated for the 1999 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . In 1999 , he appeared as the paramilitary " Mad Dog " Billy Wilson in The Most Man in Ireland ( ) . The following year , he appeared in Declan Lowney 's feature debut , Wild About Harry . Lowney had personally asked him to appear in the supporting role of cross @-@ dressing Unionist politician Walter Adair . In 2001 , he made his debut as a lead actor in a feature film in Peter 's Lucky Break . He played Jimmy Hands , an incompetent bank who an escape from a prison by staging a musical as a distraction . On preparing for the role , Nesbitt said , " Short of robbing a bank there wasn 't much research I could have done but we did spend a day in Prison and that showed the nightmare of prisoners ' lives . I didn 't interview any of the inmates because I thought it would be a little as it was research for a comedy and also because we were going home every night in our fancy cars to sleep in our fancy hotels . " The film was a commercial failure , despite receiving good feedback from test audiences in the United States . - - = = = Bloody Sunday = = = - - Nesbitt had been approached at a British Academy Television Awards ceremony by director Paul , who wanted him to star in a television drama he was making about the 1972 " Bloody Sunday " shootings in Derry . Nesbitt was only seven years old when the shootings happened and was ignorant of its cause ; he believed that there was " no smoke without fire " and that the Catholic must have done something to provoke the British Army . He was filming Cold Feet in Manchester when he received the script . He read it and found that had " an extraordinary effect " on him . Nesbitt played Ivan Cooper in Bloody Sunday , the man who pressed for the march to go ahead . To prepare for the role , Nesbitt met with Cooper and spent many hours talking to him about his motives on that day . He met with relatives of the victims and watched the televised Bloody Sunday Inquiry with them , and also read Don 's Eyewitness Bloody Sunday and Peter Pringle and Philip Jacobson 's Those Are Real , 't They ? . compared Nesbitt 's preparation to an athlete preparing for a race , and told The Observer , " For an Irish actor , doing the Troubles is like doing Lear . " Nesbitt had questioned whether he was a good enough actor to effectively portray Cooper and was worried what Derry Catholics would think of a Protestant playing the lead , although Ivan Cooper himself is a Protestant . - Shortly before Bloody Sunday was broadcast , Nesbitt described it as " difficult but extraordinary " and " emotionally draining " . The broadcast on ITV in January 2002 and its promotion did not pass without incident ; he was criticised by for saying that Protestants in Northern Ireland felt " a collective guilt " over the killings . His parents ' home was also vandalised and he received death threats . During the awards season , Nesbitt won the British Independent Film Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film and was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor . The film was also screened at film festivals such as the Stockholm International Film Festival , where Nesbitt was presented with the Best Actor award . - In an analysis of the film in the History & Memory journal , Blaney wrote that it is Nesbitt 's real @-@ life household name status that made his portrayal of Cooper such a success . She reasoned that Nesbitt 's celebrity status mirrors that of Cooper 's in the 1970s : " A household name across Great Britain , Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic [ sic ] , Nesbitt 's widespread popular appeal is emphatically not contingent upon his Protestant Ulster identity , and consequently the double @-@ voicing of the character he plays does not alienate viewers of an alternative , or no , sectarian persuasion . " Guardian journalist Susie Steiner suggested that his appearance in Bloody Sunday was an attempt to resolve the expression of his " " on screen : " Where he has taken part in a sectarian theme , his intelligence as an actor has often been masked by an excessive , cartoon @-@ style comedy . Yet in his more successful , high @-@ profile roles , ( notably in Cold Feet , and as Pig Finn in the gently pastoral film Waking Ned ) , Nesbitt 's has been exploited for its romantic charm . It has been and , in the process , de @-@ . " A critic identified Bloody Sunday as Nesbitt 's " coming of age " film , and Nesbitt called it a turning point in his career . He refers to his career since the film was released as " post @-@ Bloody Sunday " . - - = = = Murphy 's Law = = = - - In 2003 , Nesbitt played undercover police detective Tommy Murphy in the first series of Murphy 's Law , after starring in a successful pilot episode in 2001 . The series was conceived when Nesbitt was working on Playing the Field ; he and producer Greg approached author Colin Bateman about creating a television series for Nesbitt in a similar vein to Bateman 's Dan novels . Bateman and Nesbitt were already well acquainted ; Nesbitt had been considered for a main role in Jack ( David , 1998 ) , based on Bateman 's original novel . A 90 @-@ minute pilot of Murphy 's Law was commissioned by the BBC , initially as a " comedy action adventure " . Bateman created a complex backstory for Murphy , which was cut at the request of the producers . After the broadcast of the pilot , Guardian critic Gareth McLean wrote , " the likeable James Nesbitt turned in a strong , extremely central performance , though rarely did he look by his efforts , and his chemistry with [ ] Harrison was promising and occasionally electric . " In 2003 , Nesbitt won the Irish Film & Television Award ( IFTA ) for Best Actor in a TV Drama for the role . The second series was broadcast in 2004 . - By 2005 , Nesbitt had become tired of the formula and threatened to quit unless the structure of the series was changed . He was made a creative consultant and suggested that Murphy keep one undercover role for a full series , instead of changing into a new guise every episode . This new dramatic element to the series was intended to make it a closer representation of real @-@ life undercover work . Alongside his research with former undercover officer Peter , Nesbitt hired a personal trainer and grew a moustache to change Murphy 's physical characteristics and tone down the " " persona that the audience had become accustomed to from his roles . With his trainer , he worked out three times a week , boxing and doing circuits and weights . After the first new episode was broadcast , Sarah wrote in The Times , " In the past , when attempting a nasty stare or a hard face , Nesbitt has never managed much more than a look , forever threatening to break out behind those Irish eyes . But here , it 's different . He genuinely has the air of a man who means business . " The refreshed series marked another milestone in Nesbitt 's career ; he describes it as " a big moment " in his life . Murphy 's Law was not recommissioned for a sixth series , which Nesbitt attributed to the damage done to the fifth series ratings when it was scheduled opposite the popular ITV drama Doc Martin . - In 2004 , Nesbitt appeared in Wall of Silence , a fact @-@ based drama about the aftermath of the murder of schoolboy Jamie Robe . Nesbitt played Stuart Robe , the boy 's father , who tries to break down the wall of silence in the local community to discover exactly what happened to his son . He had only just completed Bloody Sunday when he was offered the part and was unsure whether he wanted to take on such a demanding role so soon after playing Ivan Cooper . He decided to accept the part because he found it interesting . To prepare for the role , Nesbitt met with Robe and spent weeks talking to him in his South London flat , learning about Jamie , and of Robe 's fight for his justice . Nesbitt spoke with his natural accent instead of affecting Robe 's South London speech , as he did not want the audience to be distracted from the drama . The single @-@ drama was filmed over four weeks and broadcast in January 2004 . The role gained Nesbitt an IFTA nomination for Best Actor in a TV Drama later that year . - In March 2004 , he appeared in Tony 's By , playing Joe Keyes , a man who witnesses a woman being by some men on a train and chooses not to help . Keyes later discovers that the woman was raped but cannot bring himself to admit in court that he did nothing to help her . Nesbitt described Keyes as " like a better man than me : a good father and husband . But , once he has made a wrong decision , he can 't control everything in his life , as he thinks he is weak . He loses the respect of his wife , his son and at work , and has to reach the lowest possible point before finding redemption . " As a result of these serious roles , he was named the sixth most powerful figure in TV drama in a listing compiled by industry experts for the Radio Times . In September 2004 , he starred as Jack Parlabane in the ITV adaptation of Christopher 's Quite One Morning . The producers originally wanted Scottish actor Douglas to play Parlabane but ITV executives overruled them and cast Nesbitt . He was given coaching to perfect the accent but it was soon discarded on the advice of both the director and his co @-@ star . Also in 2004 , he filmed the roles of Ronnie Cunningham in Millions ( Danny Boyle , 2004 ) , and Detective Banner in Match Point ( Woody Allen , 2005 ) . He was considering taking time off from acting and did not really want the role in Match Point . He sent in an audition tape and was accepted for the part . Nesbitt 's character appears at the end of the film and he read only that part of the script , so did not know the full circumstances of the crime Banner investigates . Despite his initial reluctance , Nesbitt enjoyed working with Allen , and complimented him on his directing style . - Nesbitt returned to theatre acting in June 2005 when he appeared in David Nicholls ' After Sun , a ten @-@ minute @-@ play performed as part of the Old Vic 's 24 @-@ Hour Play season . Nesbitt and Catherine Tate starred as a married couple who meet a pair of returning from their honeymoon . Later that year , he appeared in his first full @-@ length play in 11 years , in Owen 's Shoot the Crow . He enjoyed the stimulation of learning his lines and rehearsing with the cast and director . The play opened at the Trafalgar Studios in September 2005 and his role as gained mixed reviews . In The Independent , Michael suggested the role did not fit the actor : " Nesbitt is cool . But I never felt that he was inside his role of a chap called [ ... ] He and through the evening which steadily became less about on tiles and more about grating on nerves . " In The Daily Telegraph , Charles Spencer described Nesbitt 's acting as " outstanding " . - - = = = Jekyll , Five Minutes , Occupation = = = - - At the end of 2005 , Nesbitt and his agent met with BBC of Fiction Jane to discuss a new series of Murphy 's Law . At the meeting 's conclusion , offered Nesbitt the first episode script of Jekyll , a television series by Steven Moffat that updated Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . Nesbitt spent three hours reading the script before accepting the role of Tom Jackman — and his alter @-@ ego Mr Hyde . After signing on for the role , he met with Moffat and Films executive producer to discuss the character , and had several make @-@ up tests . His anticipation for the part was heightened because filming was not scheduled to begin until September 2006 . Nesbitt spent an hour each day being made up as Hyde ; a wig altered his hairline and were added to his chin , nose and ear lobes . He also wore black contact lenses to make Hyde " " , though CGI was used to show the transformation from Jackman in close @-@ ups . The series was broadcast on BBC One in June and July 2007 . The role secured him a nomination from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini @-@ Series or Motion Picture Made for Television , and a nomination for the Rose d 'Or for Best Entertainer . - In 2008 , he portrayed in The Passion , a BBC / HBO adaptation of the last week in the life of Jesus . He had originally rejected the script due to other filming commitments , but accepted the role after his agent told him to re @-@ read it before making a final decision . He was pleased to learn that the serial was being produced by Nigel Stafford @-@ Clark , whose House adaptation he had enjoyed , and that he would be appearing with his Jekyll co @-@ star Denis Lawson . Contrary to previous portrayals of , Nesbitt played the biblical figure as " nice " , and — as when playing Jack Parlabane — used his own accent . The serial was broadcast in the UK during Easter week 2008 . Shortly after filming The Passion , he filmed the part of journalist Max in the Carnival Films thriller Midnight Man , which was shown on ITV in May 2008 . It won him a joint nomination ( along with the 2007 series of Murphy 's Law ) for the Crime Thriller Award for Best Actor . At the end of the year , he had a starring role in the low @-@ budget independent film Blessed . The writer and director Mark scripted the character of Peter with Nesbitt in mind to play him . The film had a limited release throughout 2008 and 2009 before the BBC screened it on television in 2010 . Nesbitt said , " The role of Peter is what I have dreamed about playing , you wait your whole life for an opportunity like this and when it comes you have to grab it . " - The following year , Nesbitt co @-@ starred with Liam Neeson in the fact @-@ based television film Five Minutes of Heaven ( Oliver , 2009 ) . The first part of the film the real @-@ life murder of Jim Griffin by Little in 1970s ; the second part features a fictional meeting between Little ( Neeson ) and Jim 's brother Joe ( Nesbitt ) 33 years later . Nesbitt met with Griffin before filming began to learn about how his brother 's murder affected him . The film was broadcast on BBC Two in April 2009 . He also starred as Colour Sgt. Mike Swift in Peter Bowker 's three @-@ part BBC / television serial Occupation . In Occupation , set over six years , Nesbitt 's character is one of three British soldiers who return to Basra , Iraq after their tours have concluded . He researched the role by speaking to Territorial Army soldiers in Belfast , and RAF officers in Morocco , where the serial was filmed . Both performances were commended by Independent journalist Hugh Montgomery ; in a review of 2009 's television , Montgomery named Nesbitt " Face of the Year " , writing , " Just as you had James Nesbitt written off as the embodiment of everything mediocre about British TV drama , he produced two performances , as the sergeant in Occupation , and a vengeful victim 's relative in Irish @-@ troubles piece Five Minutes of Heaven . Give the man a . " Nesbitt was not nominated for a BAFTA award , though did receive a nomination for Best Actor from the Broadcasting Press Guild for both performances . - - = = = International work = = = - - In March 2009 , Nesbitt signed a contract with the American talent agency United Talent Agency , as the global financial crisis was roles in British television . He continued to be represented in the United Kingdom by Artists Rights Group . The next year Nesbitt played the hunter in the low @-@ budget British horror film , which was a departure from his previous character types . After screening at major international film festivals in early 2010 , the film had a general release in the latter part of the year . Nesbitt had previously worked with the film 's director and co @-@ writer Colm McCarthy on Murphy 's Law , which was one reason he took the role . He researched the mythical aspects of the character by reading about Irish folklore and beliefs . He also starred alongside Minnie Driver and his Welcome to Sarajevo co @-@ star in the Tiger television serial The Deep . In the five @-@ part drama , Nesbitt played submarine engineer Donnelly . The serial was filmed over 12 weeks at BBC Scotland 's studios in . August 2010 saw the release of Nadia 's film Jack , in which Nesbitt plays the leading role of Connor . He became involved in the film after reading an early script draft in 2006 . In 2008 , the global financial crisis severely reduced the budget of the film , and Nesbitt volunteered a reduction in his salary so the film could still be made . The film was shot over eight weeks in Melbourne in 2009 and released in 2010 . - Next , Nesbitt reunited with Occupation screenwriter Peter Bowker to star in the ITV medical drama series Monroe , playing Gabriel Monroe . Nesbitt was Bowker 's first choice for the part . Nesbitt researched the role of the character by watching brain surgery being performed by Henry Marsh , and by consulting Philip Van at Leeds General . The series was filmed over 12 weeks in Leeds at the end of 2010 and broadcast on ITV during March and April 2011 . Nesbitt will reprise the role in a second series , which is due to begin production in 2012 . In film , Nesbitt co @-@ stars as Irish writer Jack in Emilio 's drama The Way , alongside Martin Sheen , Deborah Kara , and van , and has a role as in Ralph ' contemporary Shakespeare adaptation Coriolanus . - Alongside many other British and Irish actors , Nesbitt was cast in Peter Jackson 's three @-@ part film The Hobbit , as the dwarf . Nesbitt had not read 's novel but accepted the role immediately . As the film was scheduled to take over 12 months to make in New Zealand , Nesbitt 's wife and daughters moved with him , and his daughters were enrolled in a New Zealand school . Filming commenced in March 2011 . The first part , The Hobbit : An Journey , was released in December 2012 , the second part , The Hobbit : The of , in December 2013 , and the third and final part , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , in December 2014 . - - = = Other projects = = - - In 2002 , Nesbitt made his documentary debut as the presenter of James Nesbitt 's , a production for BBC Choice that saw him spend two weeks in Las Vegas at the National Finals and the Miss America pageant . In 2007 , he was the guest host of an episode of the late @-@ night Channel 4 comedy The Friday Night Project . As a film awards presenter , he hosted the IFTA Awards ceremony for three consecutive years between 2005 and 2007 , the British Independent Film Awards from 2005 to 2010 , and the National Movie Awards in 2008 and 2010 . In 2009 , he hosted the Laurence Olivier Awards . - An amateur golfer since his teenage years , Nesbitt joined the European team for Sky One 's All * Star Cup in 2005 and 2006 . He signed up to a series of high @-@ profile television advertisements for the Group in 2003 , playing a character called James for the company 's Yellow campaign until 2006 . Times writer Andrew noted that the adverts " cost him some credibility " but Nesbitt was pleased with the money he made from them . In 2004 , he joined the X to produce " Born in England " , an unofficial anthem for the England national football team 's entry in the UEFA Euro 2004 tournament . His vocals have also appeared in Lucky Break and an episode of Cold Feet . The song he performed in the latter — " ( Love Is ) The Trap " — was released on one of the series ' soundtrack albums . He also contributed vocals to the Waking Ned soundtrack . A fan of Northern Irish band Ash , he made a cameo in their unreleased film . In 2009 , he starred in the music video for " The Day I Died " , a single by English dance @-@ pop artist Just Jack . Nesbitt was recommended to Just Jack by Elton John . is scheduled to host the 2013 British Independent Film Awards in London on 8 December 2013 . - Since 2013 Nesbitt appears in adverts for Thomas Cook . - In 2014 , Nesbitt had the lead role as the father character Tony Hughes in BBC drama series The Missing , alongside Frances O 'Connor ( as his wife / ex @-@ wife , Emily Hughes / Walsh ) and ( as Julien Baptiste , leading French police investigator ) . The drama focused on a British married couple , whose son goes missing while they are on holiday in France , and the subsequent years of enquiry trying to find answers as to what happened to their son and why . , Nesbitt and had appeared previously together in the Martin Sheen film The Way ( 2010 ) . - - = = Personal life = = - - Nesbitt was married to Sonia Forbes @-@ Adam , the daughter of Reverend Sir Timothy Forbes Adam . The two met when Nesbitt went to the final call @-@ back for Hamlet at Loughborough Hall in 1989 , and they soon began dating . They split up for a year after the release of Hear My Song but reunited and married in 1994 . They have since had two daughters , Peggy and Mary ( both of whom appeared in the final two Hobbit movies as the daughters of Bard the Bowman ) . Nesbitt 's three sisters all became teachers . In 2002 , a Sunday tabloid published an interview with a legal secretary who claimed to have had a two @-@ month affair with Nesbitt . Shortly afterwards , another tabloid story revealed an affair with a prostitute , who claimed Nesbitt had boasted of with his Cold Feet co @-@ star Joseph , and Amanda , a former Miss Ireland . Commenting on the publication of details about his personal life , Nesbitt has said he feared that he would lose his marriage , though the exposing of his " dual life " allowed him to " take a long and considered look " at himself . In October 2013 , Nesbitt announced that he and his wife Sonia Forbes @-@ Adam would separate from each other after 19 years . The couple says that the filming of The Hobbit Trilogy has forced the couple to live separately for the past two years . The split came as a mutual decision and the couple says that was not one of the reasons for their decision . - Nesbitt is a patron of Wave , a charity set up to support those by the Troubles . The charity faced closure due to funding problems before Nesbitt encouraged celebrities and artists to become involved . Since 2005 , he has been a UNICEF UK ambassador , working with HIV and AIDS , and former child soldiers in Africa . He describes the role as " a privilege " . Writing in The Independent about his visit to Zambia in 2006 , Nesbitt concluded that the children he met were owed a social and moral responsibility . The article was described in the Evening Standard as " moving and notably well @-@ crafted " . Since 1999 , he has been a patron of Action Cancer , a result of both his father 's with prostate cancer and a storyline in the second series of Cold Feet , where his character suffered cancer . He has been an honorary patron of Youth Lyric , one of Ireland 's largest theatre schools , since 2007 . - He is a fan of football teams Coleraine and Manchester United . In 2003 , Nesbitt made a donation of " thousands of pounds " to Coleraine , after the team came close to bankruptcy . He has called the team " a " of Coleraine and encouraged more people to watch Irish League football . Nesbitt was a vocal opponent of Malcolm 's 2005 takeover of Manchester United , though after the completion of that deal he acted in television advertisements promoting executive boxes at Old Trafford , for which he was criticised by fans . To counter the criticism , he pledged one half of his £ 10 @,@ 000 fee to the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust and the other half to UNICEF . - Nesbitt is co @-@ owner of National Hunt racehorse ' Riverside Theatre ' , named after the theatre of the University of Ulster in Coleraine , which won the Chase at the 2012 Cheltenham Festival . - In March 2010 , Nesbitt accepted the ceremonial position of Chancellor of the University of Ulster , succeeding former Lord Mayor of London Sir Richard Nichols . Gerry , the chair of the university ruling council , expected Nesbitt to " bring considerable energy , and commitment " to the post . Following his official installation on 8 June 2010 , Nesbitt said , " Rather than being just an informal role officiating at ceremonies , I think I can act as an ambassador . I have access to an awful lot of people and places because of my work . I hope to be a voice that can be heard , not just at the university , but also outside promoting the importance of the funding of education . If that involves me being at , then I 'd be very happy to do that . these public spending cuts are going to have an impact and it 's important to fight for funding because it 's about investing in students and investing in the future of Northern Ireland . I believe I can bring something to that , otherwise I wouldn 't have taken this on . " - He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to drama and to the community in Northern Ireland . - - = = Filmography and awards = = - - - = = Academic honours = = - - Honorary Doctor of Letters ( ) for services to drama from University of Ulster , campus ( 9 July 2003 ) . - Award of for contribution to drama from Belfast Metropolitan College ( 13 November 2008 ) . - Chancellor of the University of Ulster ( 2010 — ) ( ceremonial ) - - - = Crazy in Love = - - " Crazy in Love " is a song from American singer Beyoncé 's debut solo album Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Beyoncé wrote the song with Rich Harrison , Jay Z , and Eugene Record , and produced it with Harrison . " Crazy in Love " is an R & B and pop love song that incorporates elements of hip hop , soul , and 1970s @-@ style funk music . Its lyrics describe a romantic obsession that causes the protagonist to act out of character . Jay Z contributes a verse to the song and is credited as a featured performer . The French horn @-@ based hook samples " Are You My Woman ( Tell Me So ) " , a 1970 song by the Chi @-@ Lites . - Columbia Records released " Crazy in Love " on May 18 , 2003 , as the lead single from Dangerously in Love . It was a number @-@ one hit in the United States and United Kingdom , and achieved top @-@ ten peaks on several other countries ' record charts . With global sales of over 8 @.@ 5 million , including 2 million from the U.S. , it is one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time . Music critics praised " Crazy in Love " ' s hook , Jay Z 's contribution , and Beyoncé 's assertive delivery of the lyrics . VH1 declared it the greatest song of the 2000s decade , while Rolling Stone ranked it as the 118th best song of all time in 2010 . At the 46th Grammy Awards , " Crazy in Love " won Best R & B Song and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . - The song 's accompanying music video features Beyoncé in various dance sequences . It won three awards at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards , and its director , Jake Nava , won the Music Video Production Association award for Best R & B Video in 2004 . Since 2003 , " Crazy in Love " has been a staple in Beyoncé ’ s live performances and concert tours . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized " Crazy in Love " as one of the most performed songs of 2004 . Artists including David have covered the song , and it has been used in various television shows and other media . - - = = Development and production = = - - In July 2002 , Beyoncé had already recorded several songs which would appear on Dangerously in Love . Columbia Records planned to release the album in October 2002 ; however the release was postponed several times to capitalize on the success of American rapper Nelly 's single " " ( 2002 ) , which features Destiny 's Child singer Kelly Rowland . These delays allowed Beyoncé to record more songs for the album . - Before meeting Beyoncé , Rich Harrison had the beat of the song . He sampled the hook 's instrumentation from the 1970 song " Are You My Woman ? ( Tell Me So ) " , originally written by Eugene Record , frontman of the Chicago @-@ based vocal group The Chi @-@ Lites . When Harrison first played the beat to his friends , they could not " dig it " , and this made him realize that he had conceived something special , which people would appreciate better after hearing the whole record . Harrison decided not to market the track and instead waited for the right artist to record it : " I had it in the chamber , I had not really it much , because sometimes you do not want to come out of the bag before it 's right . People do not really get it and you will leave them with a foul taste in their mouth . " - Harrison was surprised when he got a call from Beyoncé , who was working on one of the most anticipated albums of the year . However , things did not turn up according to his plans the following day as he was late and was still suffering the effects of a . When Harrison played the sample to Beyoncé in the studio , the singer initially had doubts about the " sound so full of fanfare " ; it seemed too retro and according to her , no one used horn riffs in the 21st century . Nevertheless , Beyoncé became to the sample much to Harrison 's delight and gave him two hours to write the song while she went out . - Harrison confessed that it was not easy for him to come up with the lyrics to " Crazy in Love " in that length of time . Two hours later , he had penned the verses and the hook in spite of being hung over . Harrison had also made provision for a backing track ; he played all the instruments on the track . The bridge was written by Beyoncé , who was inspired by looking at herself in the mirror ; she was not wearing matching clothes and her hair was untidy as she kept saying , " I 'm looking so crazy right now . " Harrison sang back to her and said , " That 's the hook . " It also inspired the title of the song . After that Beyoncé had filled up the middle eight , she came up with the catchphrase - " Uh @-@ oh , uh @-@ oh , you know " - alongside Harrison . - American rapper Jay @-@ Z became involved late in the song 's production . Around three in the morning , he came to the studio and recorded a rap verse , which he improvised in about ten minutes . The recording of " Crazy in Love " took place nearly three months following the meeting of Beyoncé with Harrison . - - = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = - - According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , " Crazy in Love " is an R & B and pop love song , composed in the key of D @-@ minor and F @-@ major . It incorporates 1970s @-@ style funk , hip hop , and contains influences of soul . As commented by Robert Webb of The Independent , the old soul influences in the song seem to have been derived from the horn hook , which samples the 1970 song " Are You My Woman ? ( Tell Me So ) " . Having a go @-@ go vibe , " Crazy in Love " is built on a hip hop beat . Beyoncé told The Sunday Herald that the beat is " so hard that it makes your heart hurt . " The song 's tempo is a moderate 100 beats per minute , in common time . Beyoncé ’ s vocal range spans around one and a half octaves in the song , from the low note of A ♯ 3 to the high note of . " Crazy in Love " uses two major chords , B ♭ and G , a minor third apart . One of the main vocal riffs uses the traditional rhythm often found in music . Lisa of The Times magazine , wrote that " Crazy in Love " makes use of big drums and bits of brass . - According to Natalie Nichols of Los Angeles Times , the lyrics of " Crazy in Love " reference a state of romantic obsession . Beyoncé said that the song talks " about how , when you are falling in love , you do things that are out of character and you do not really care because you are just open . " Anthony of Rolling Stone wrote that " Crazy in Love " has " such a cauldron of energy " , that Beyoncé sounds " loose and sexy " , by emotions she " can neither understand nor control " . The lyrics are composed in the traditional verse @-@ chorus form . Jay Z opens the song with a brief spoken verse @-@ rap , containing the lyrics : " Yes ! So crazy right now . Most incredibly , it 's your girl , B. It 's your boy , Young . You ready ? " After Beyoncé delivers the " uh @-@ oh , uh @-@ oh " catchphrase , Jay Z continues the monologue . Beyoncé begins the first verse , followed with the whistle @-@ backed chorus . She repeats the " uh @-@ oh , uh @-@ oh " phrase , leading to the second verse . The chorus follows , giving way to the second verse @-@ rap which contains the lyrics : " Jay Z in the range , crazy and [ ... ] I been the chain smokers , how you think I got the name ' ' , I been real and the game 's over " . The song continues to the bridge , singing : " I 'm not myself , lately I 'm foolish , I don 't do this , / I 've been playing myself , baby , I don 't care / ' your love 's got the best of me , / And baby , you 're making a fool of me , / You got me sprung and I don 't care who sees " . She then sings the chorus again and the song fades out with the horns . - - = = Release and remixes = = - - " Crazy in Love " was released to radio in the United States on May 18 , 2003 under formats including , Top 40 , and Urban radios . The single was released first as a digital download to iTunes Stores in the United Kingdom and in the United States on May 20 , 2003 . Notably , the song was also fairly successful as a ringtone among cell phone users across America . The song was released as a CD single in Ireland and Switzerland on June 30 , 2003 and as a digital EP in Germany on the same date . " Crazy in Love " was released as a single in Germany on June 30 , 2003 and in Australia on July 15 , 2003 along with the song 's accompanying music video , exclusive to Australia . The song was issued on DVD and CD single in the United Kingdom on June 30 , 2003 . " Crazy in Love " was released as a digital EP in several European countries , including Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , and Sweden on July 8 , 2003 . This digital EP was also available in Canada and Ireland on July 8 , 2003 . On July 22 , 2003 , two remixes - one from Rockwilder and the other from Adam 12 - was serviced in the United States . - " Crazy in Love " has various remixes , including the Rockwilder remix , Maurice 's " Nu Soul remix " , and Juniors World remix . These versions appeared on the single releases of " Crazy in Love " under an alternative spelling , " in " . The Rockwilder remix slows down the beat and makes the song deeper and with up horn samples and sparkling synth textures . Maurice 's " Nu Soul Remix " speeds up the beat , taking it from hip @-@ hop to house territory . A version of the song included on Asian releases of Dangerously in Love features a rap in Mandarin Chinese performed by American @-@ Taiwanese singer Wu , instead of Jay Z 's performance . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - " Crazy in Love " was lauded by contemporary music critics , who complimented the horn lines and the guest appearance of Jay @-@ Z. Many of them called it the Summer Anthem of 2003 . Tim of AllMusic described the song as a " stunning pop masterpiece " , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the same website called it " catchy " . Darryl of Jam ! noted the " Crazy in Love " is " instantly addictive horn lines " . Anthony of Rolling Stone wrote : " ' Crazy in Love ' ... out of the speakers on the strength of a propulsive horn sample and the charged presence of her pal , Jay @-@ Z. " Ben of Blender magazine called the song an " [ and ] eager @-@ to @-@ please " one . Marc Anthony Neal of PopMatters called the " uh @-@ oh , uh @-@ oh " phrase catchy . MTV News considered " Crazy in Love " to be the " proudest moment " of Dangerously in Love . Similarly , Allison Stewart of The Washington Post called it the best song on the album , praising its instrumentation , harmonies , and the rap verse of Jay Z. This was echoed by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times who wrote that " Crazy in Love " is the best one on the album thanks to its " simplicity , irresistible combination of triumphant horns and a wicked hip @-@ hop beat " . She added that " [ Beyoncé ’ s ] vocals - as and accurate as ever - convey none of the rush that the lyrics describe . " Likewise , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote the lyrical arrangement , the music structure and the guest vocals by Jay Z all contributed in making " Crazy in Love " a wonderful resume for Beyoncé . - Rob Fitzpatrick of NME called " Crazy in Love " a " head @-@ [ and ] body @-@ rocking funk @-@ soul genius " and wrote that it is " a 100 per cent , stone @-@ cold , dead @-@ classic " . He complimented Beyoncé ’ s vocals , describing them as " genuinely , hip @-@ " . Los Angeles Times writer Natalie Nichols noted that " sexy dance tunes as the vintage funk @-@ flavored ' Crazy in Love ' " made Dangerously in Love a great album . Neil of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song has a " fresh sound " . Spence D. of IGN Music wrote that Beyoncé rides the " infectious rhythm " with grace and mid @-@ range . He added , " As [ it ] can be expected , the track when Jay drops his distinctive flavor . While other rap @-@ meet @-@ R & B tracks often fall flat , this one works well as Beyoncé and Jay 's play nicely against one another . " Lisa of The Times wrote that Jay Z performed a " decent rap " , however , " Beyoncé and the beats save the day " and that " Crazy in Love " was a departure for Beyoncé from Destiny 's Child . - - = = = Accolades = = = - - In 2004 , " Crazy in Love " was nominated for three Grammy Awards in the categories of Best R & B Song and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration , which it won , and Record of the Year , which it did not win . A remix of " Crazy in Love " , known as " in " ( Maurice 's Nu Soul Mix ) , won the award Best Recording , Non @-@ Classical for its , Maurice Joshua . " Crazy in Love " was also recognized at the 2004 ASCAP Pop Music Awards Awards as one of the Most Performed Songs and its publisher , EMI , received the Publisher of the Year award . Vibe magazine 's Awards recognized the song for Collaboration in 2003 . In Europe , " Crazy in Love " won the Best Song award at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards . " Crazy in Love " won the awards for Best R & B / Urban Track and Best Pop Dance Track at the 22nd Annual International Dance Music Awards in 2003 . It was recognized by Beyoncé ’ s peers in the urban markets , and won the award for Best Collaboration at the BET Awards , where it also received a nomination in the Choice Awards category in 2004 . " Crazy in Love " was nominated at the 36th NAACP Image Awards for the Outstanding Song award and for Favorite Song at the 2004 Kids ' Choice Awards . - - = = Legacy = = - - Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked " Crazy in Love " forty @-@ seven in its list of The 100 Greatest Summer Songs . The song is ranked second in Yahoo ! ' s list of biggest @-@ selling singles since 2000 . The song was listed at number three on Rolling Stone 's list of the 50 Best Songs of the 2000s Decade , in 2009 , and as the 118th greatest song of all time on the magazine 's 2010 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time , as well as ranking it number 3 in their 100 Best Songs of the 2000s list , writing " The horns weren 't a hook . They were a herald : Pop 's new queen had arrived . " . NME staff voted " Crazy in Love " the best song of the 2000s , calling it " a @-@ destroying howitzer of a pop song . " The song was ranked at number four on Pitchfork Media 's list of The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s , number seven on The Daily Telegraph 's list of the best songs of the decade and number six on Slant Magazine 's list of the 100 Best Singles of the Decade . In September 2011 , VH1 ranked " Crazy in Love " number one on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . In October 2011 , to mark NME fifteenth birthday , its staff members selected the 150 tracks " that have meant the most to [ them ] over the site 's lifetime " . They placed " Crazy in Love " at number 16 on their list of the 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years . In 2012 , the song was ranked at number 22 on Billboard magazine 's list of " Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time " . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer of E ! placed the song at number one on their list of ten best Beyoncé ’ s songs writing " It 's the song that started it all . The definitive best Beyoncé jam is her first , complete with a guest spot by now @-@ husband Jay Z , a killer hook and a chorus of horns that you have to dance to . have to , conditioning @-@ style . " In a 2013 list of Jay Z 's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits , " Crazy in Love " was ranked at number 1 . On July 5 , 2013 , NME magazine named " Crazy in Love " " The Best Pop Song Of The Century " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - " Crazy in Love " was a commercial success in the United States . Although it was not yet released to retail stores , the single gained much attention and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , the official US singles chart , based on heavy rotation alone . The same week it reached number one , Dangerously in Love debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one on July 12 , 2003 . airplay , and later in retail , gains of " Crazy in Love " allowed it to dominate the chart , spending eight consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot 100 , making it Beyoncé ’ s first number one single in her solo career . According to Nielsen SoundScan , " Crazy in Love " was the most downloaded song in the United States for four consecutive weeks in July 2003 . " Crazy in Love " spent twenty @-@ seven weeks on the Hot 100 , fifteen weeks in the top ten , and twenty @-@ six weeks in the top fifty . The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2004 while its Mobile was also certified gold two years later . " Crazy in Love " was the fourth biggest hit of 2003 in the United States . By October 6 , 2010 , " Crazy in Love " had sold 47 @,@ 000 physical units in the US , and as of October 2012 , 1 @,@ @,@ 000 paid digital downloads . - In the United Kingdom , Beyoncé became the third female artist to top the UK Singles Chart and UK Albums Chart simultaneously , following Mariah Carey in 1994 and in 2001 . Including her career with Destiny 's Child , " Crazy in Love " became Beyoncé ’ s third number one single in Britain and was the only song to top the charts the United Kingdom and the United States in 2003 . The single spent three weeks at number one in the United Kingdom and fifteen weeks in the top 100 . As of July 2013 , it has sold @,@ 000 units in the UK . " Crazy in Love " reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart , where it spent eighteen weeks . In Australia , " Crazy in Love " peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) with sales of over 70 @,@ 000 units . It also peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( ) . " Crazy in Love " reached top ten positions in some European singles charts . It reached the top ten in Austria , the Belgian territories of Flanders and Wallonia , Denmark , Germany , Hungary , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . As of September 2009 , " Crazy in Love " had sold more than five million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time worldwide . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Production and synopsis = = = - - The music video of " Crazy in Love " , released in May 2003 , was directed by Jake Nava and filmed in downtown Los Angeles . In MTV Making of the Video 2003 documentary , Beyoncé described the video 's conception : " [ It ] celebrates the evolution of a woman . It is about a girl who is at the point of a relationship . She realises that she is in love , she is doing stuff she would not normally do but she does not care . It does not matter she is just crazy in love . " - The opening sequence of the video features Jay Z as a passenger in a car along Mission Road in Los Angeles , where he encounters Beyoncé , standing in the middle of the road , at the Fourth Street bridge . Beyoncé performs in various dance sequences , beginning with her wearing a white tank top , denim blue shorts , and red high @-@ heels . She performs an elaborate solo dance on a . The scene shifts to a gold set with a mock photo shoot , before moving into a scene with dancers detailing Beyoncé and dancing against a wall while wearing caps and full length pants . Jay Z appears and a line of petrol leading to a car parked under the bridge , which explodes in flames . Jay Z performs his rap in front of the burning car , and Beyoncé dances beside him , wearing an exotic silk print over a fur coat , before kicking the valve off a fire . She continues to dance while the water is flying everywhere . The video ends with Beyoncé and her dancers wearing vibrant dresses in front of a large fan . Their outfits contrast with the neutral colors of the background , the video . , a former Pussycat Dolls singer , is one of the dancers . - - = = = Reception = = = - - The music video was acclaimed by critics and won several awards . Cynthia , writing for PopMatters commented that the photo shoot scene uses the routine used by Jennifer Lopez in the video for " Jenny from the Block " ( 2002 ) with hot lights , scary makeup , and inclusion of many shots of legs . She wrote that : " Beyoncé 's body becomes its undeniable emblem . Tom Moon of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that Beyoncé shakes every inch of her famously goddess frame . " The music video won three awards at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Female Video , Best R & B Video , and Best Choreography . It however lost to Good Charlotte 's " of the Rich & Famous " in the 's Choice category . Director Nava also won a Music Video Production Association award for the Best R & B Video in 2004 . During the same year , the video won the Best Collaboration award at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan , where it was also nominated for the Best Female Video award . " Crazy in Love " was nominated at the 36th NAACP Image Awards for the Outstanding Music Video award . It won the Best International Video award at the 2004 Video Awards . In 2014 , The Guardian writer Michael included the clip for " Crazy in Love " in his list of the ten best music videos by Beyoncé . He offered high praise for it , saying " Aware of how much of a statement the song was , the video is a of icon @-@ making visuals , from the locations ... the dance moves ... to the part where she makes bubble blowing look like the thing a human could do . " - - = = Live performances = = - - Beyoncé first performed " Crazy in Love " with Jay Z on August 28 , 2003 , during the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards . She sang the song in a medley , with the pre @-@ recorded vocals of Sean Paul on " Baby Boy " ( 2003 ) . " Crazy in Love " was included on the set list for most of Beyoncé ’ s concert tours . The song was the closing track of her Dangerously in Love World Tour that began in late 2003 . Beyoncé performed " Crazy in Love " live at the 2004 BRIT Awards February 17 , 2004 . And Todd Peterson wrote that she , " ... lit up the stage with her performance of " Crazy in Love " , wearing a white Roberto dress and nearly half a million dollars worth of . The pop diva , appearing onstage in a puff of smoke , stopped midway through the song to pull up her top before walking away with the best international female solo artist award . " Beyoncé and Jay Z also performed " Crazy in Love " at The Prince 's Trust Urban Music Festival at Earls Court in London on May 31 , 2004 . - " Crazy in Love " was the first song on Beyoncé ’ s set list on The Beyoncé Experience in Los Angeles and the I Am ... Tour at several venues , including the Odyssey Arena in Belfast , the O2 Arena in London , and in Athens and Sydney . On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Beyoncé emerged in a sparkling silver dress with a long train . She walked to the front of the stage , did a couple of snaps of her neck and then started singing " Crazy in Love " . She climbed a staircase where her all @-@ female band and three backup singers were positioned . The staircase moved forward in two places ; top part moved while the bottom poked out more . At the top of her staircase , she removed her train and returned to the main stage . Her backup singers followed and danced with Beyoncé . After " Crazy in Love " , Beyoncé performed a short rendition of Barkley 's " Crazy " ( 2006 ) , singing , " Who do you , who do you think you are ? / Ha , ha , ha , your soul . " - Reid of MTV News wrote : " There are few ( very few ) ladies out there who can really sing , a lot who can dance , a lot more who look good — but really no other who can combine all three and add iconic star power like Miss Beyoncé , arguably the best all @-@ around stage performer in the game right now . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in . But she was in constant motion , in costumes ( most of them silvery ) , from to formal dresses , flesh @-@ toned to bikini to . " Frank of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : " Her performance of ' Crazy in Love ' featured some surprising arrangements that gave the material freshness " . Performances of " Crazy in Love " were included on her live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) , and the deluxe edition of I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) . Beyoncé performed " Crazy in Love " wearing a pink fringe dress at a concert at in Nice , France , on June 20 , 2011 , in support of her album 4 , and at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 to an audience of 175 @,@ 000 . - In August , 2011 , Beyoncé performed " Crazy in Love " during her revue show 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé . She performed a slowed @-@ down , version of the song and danced with a similar routine to the one in the music video . During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed " Crazy in Love " to a selected crowd of fans . In May , 2012 , she performed the song during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . During the performance , Jay @-@ Z did not appear on stage but his pre @-@ recorded voice was heard . Dan of noted that the song was one of the " beat @-@ booty @-@ shaking " performed during the revue . Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that " The first , and last parts of the show stressed the Beyoncé , told in bold songs " like " Crazy in Love " . A writer of Black Entertainment Television noted that , " She fans with an assortment of high @-@ energy performances of her upbeat hits like ... ' Crazy in Love . ' " Beyoncé also performed the song at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show held on February 3 , 2013 . In July 2013 , while placing Beyoncé at number 33 on their list of 50 Best Live Musicians , the writers of Rolling Stone magazine noted that the performance of " Crazy in Love " was a highlight during her live shows with the singer " expertly ' her booty " . - - = = Cultural impact = = - - - = = = Cover versions = = = - - Several artists have recorded cover versions of " Crazy in Love " . In 2003 , Irish singer @-@ songwriter Mickey Joe recorded an acoustic rendition of " Crazy In Love " for the charity album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol . 1 . Alternative rock band Snow Patrol recorded the song during a BBC session with Lowe . Snow Patrol 's version was released as a B @-@ side to the single " Games " , on the compilation - Tom Middleton Presents Crazy Covers Vol . 1 and Snow Patrol 's compilation album Up to Now . Ross of PopMatters noted that their cover " sparks an initial of recognition but soon after becomes more than a bit unfortunate " . David closed his concert at the Hollywood Bowl on June 27 , 2005 with a @-@ version of " Crazy in Love " . In 2007 , American alternative rock band produced a rock version that was released as part of Yahoo ! ' s series . produced a video for their cover version . Nashville @-@ based indie Wild Cub performed a version of the song in June 2014 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . - British band The Magic Numbers performed " Crazy in Love " on the Australian radio station Triple J , and recorded it for the 2007 Starbucks ( Hear Music ) compilation album , Sounds : The Covers Project . Tracy covered the song with guitar and violin accompaniment , for her 2007 album In The City + In The Woods . British close harmony trio The Sisters covered " Crazy in Love " for their 2007 album The Rise and Fall of Ruby ; this was remixed by the electronica jazz outfit The Real Tuesday . Indie artist recorded an electronic cover of the song . In 2009 , Pattern Is Movement recorded a cover of " Crazy in Love " , which they claimed was inspired by 's version ; this cover was included on their 4 / 9 / 2009 session . Antony and the released an orchestral version of the song as the b @-@ side to their 2009 single " " . - German group The covered the song in rockabilly style for their debut album Strike ! Back in August 2010 . " Crazy in Love " was performed live on Australian Idol in Season 1 by winner Guy Sebastian on the Final 2 showdown in 2003 , A jazz version was performed on Season 4 by runner @-@ up Jessica on the Final 6 Big Band show in 2006 . In June 2008 , performed " Crazy in Love " on Indonesian Idol with some eliminated contestants . Singapore Idol contestant Lee performed " Crazy in Love " on that program . In March 2012 , Swing Republic released their electro swing cover version which also ended up featuring on their album released the same year entitled Midnight Calling . In June 2012 , Robin and Olivia Chisholm covered the song during the show Duets . Kate of Rolling Stone gave a negative review for Chisholm 's performance , saying that " Her voice sounded thin , and she just can 't seem to shake that Wife stare . " Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra recorded a cover of the song which was included on The Great soundtrack ( 2013 ) . Upon hearing a preview of the song , Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times commented that the cover was the best song on the album sang with a " surprising , urgency " . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly also wrote that the swing cover of " Crazy in Love " was one of the highlights on the album . On October 21 , 2013 , Third covered " Crazy in Love " on the fifth series of The X Factor Australia , and on May 4 , 2014 , C Major covered the song on the third series of The Voice 2015 , Monica Michael covered the song on The X Factor UK . actress Denise Laurel covered the song while impersonating , based on her performance at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show in Your Face Sounds ( Philippines season 2 ) , in which Laurel won the season . - - = = = Usage in media = = = - - In 2002 , Beyoncé signed a contract with Pepsi , and appeared on several of its advertising campaigns , one of which featured " Crazy in Love " as background music . After winning the Best Collaboration Awards for " Crazy in Love " at the 2004 BET Awards , Beyoncé dedicated the award to the show 's host , comedian Mo , who parodied the choreography from the " Crazy in Love " video with six equally female dancers . " Crazy in Love " was included on the official soundtrack albums of the following films : Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) , White Chicks ( 2004 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Good Chuck ( 2007 ) , ( 2012 ) , and Love , ( 2014 ) , as well in the tenth season of Brazilian soap opera . In 2009 , the cast of Glee performed a mash up of the songs " Hair " from the musical Hair and " Crazy in Love " in season one , episode eleven " " . A parody of the song is also used in the Disney Channel 's show That 's So Raven , in the episode " Party " . - " Crazy in Love " was re @-@ recorded by Beyoncé for the film Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and used for its trailer which was released on July 24 , 2014 . This slowed @-@ down version was produced by Boots with violin arrangements by Margot , both of whom worked on Beyoncé 's fifth studio album . Margot said , " It inspires me to work on other artists ' songs [ because ] it pushes my boundaries in a direction that I wouldn ’ t necessarily come up with . I know how ' Crazy in Love ' goes , but I knew there was the possibility her vocals would be different . It 's almost more vulnerable and beautiful this way , because you do do crazy things when you fall in love . To hear the mood reversed and flipped makes it even more powerful . " - - = = Formats and track listings = = - - - = = Credits = = - - Recording and management - Recorded at Sony Music Studios ( New York City , New York ) - Mixed at The Hit Factory ( New York City , New York ) - Additional vocals recorded at The Hit Factory ( New York City , New York ) - samples of the composition " Are You My Woman ( Tell Me So ) " , written by Eugene Record , published by Music Inc . ( BMI ) and performed by The Chi @-@ Lites ( courtesy of Brunswick Records ) - Jay @-@ Z appears courtesy of @-@ A @-@ Records and Def Jam Recordings - Published by Beyoncé Publishing ( ASCAP ) , South South ( ASCAP ) — all rights administered by Music of ( ASCAP ) — , EMI Music Inc . ( BMI ) , Dam Rich Music ( BMI ) , EMI April Music Inc . ( BMI ) , Carter Boyd Publishing ( ASCAP ) and Music Inc . ( BMI ) - Personnel - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Moro River Campaign = - - The Moro River Campaign was an important battle of the Italian Campaign during the Second World War , fought between elements of the British Eighth Army and LXXVI Panzer Corps ( LXXVI ) of the German 10th Army ( 10 . ) . from 4 – 26 December 1943 , the campaign occurred primarily in the vicinity of the Moro River in eastern Italy . The campaign was designed as part of an offensive launched by General Sir Harold Alexander 's Allied 15th Army Group , with the intention of breaching the German Army 's Winter Line defensive system and advancing to Pescara — and eventually Rome . - Beginning on 4 December , four infantry divisions — one British , one Canadian , one Indian and one New Zealand ( which included an armoured brigade ) — and two armoured brigades ( one British and one Canadian ) of V Corps and XIII Corps attacked heavily defended German positions along the Moro River , achieving several by 8 December . Throughout the next week , nearly continuous combat operations by both sides — designed to keep one another pinned down — created defensive positions near Orsogna and a narrow pit known as " The Gully " . After being held at the Gully for 10 days , the Canadians succeeded in outflanking German defences , and forcing a German withdrawal to the Ortona – Orsogna Line . On 20 December , the line was attacked by both corps . - By 26 December , strong German defences had stalled Canadian forces in Ortona and British and New Zealand forces in Orsogna . Although both Ortona and Villa Grande were captured by the end of December , general exhaustion among the Allied forces prevented the capture of Orsogna and an advance to Pescara . When harsh winter weather set in , it became clear to the Allied generals that no further progress would be made and Alexander called off the offensive . - - = = Background = = - - In late 1943 , the 15th Army Group under General Sir Harold Alexander were fighting their way northward in Italy against determined German opposition commanded by Albert Kesselring , whose forces had prepared a succession of defensive lines . East of the Mountain spine was the British Eighth Army , under General Bernard Montgomery . In October , Eighth Army had crossed the river and pushed the German defenders from the Volturno @-@ Line defences . by logistical problems , they were not able to attack the next line of defences ( the Barbara Line ) behind the river until 2 November . However , by 9 November forward elements of the Eighth Army were in contact with the forward defences of the German Winter Line , which had been set on the high ground north of the River . - The main attack across the by V Corps ( Lieutenant @-@ General Charles ) , comprising the British 78th Infantry Division ( Major @-@ General ) and 8th Indian Infantry Division ( Major @-@ General Dudley Russell ) with supporting and diversionary attacks further inland by 2nd New Zealand Division ( Lieutenant @-@ General Bernard Freyberg ) and XIII Corps ( Lieutenant @-@ General Miles C. Dempsey ) — was delayed by bad weather until late November . After several days of hard fighting , the Germans withdrew to the defences they had prepared on the high ground to the north of the Moro river . - - = = Offensive strategy and order of battle = = - - The Moro River runs from the central mountain spine of Italy to the Adriatic coast south of Ortona . The German defences on the Moro were a centerpiece of the Winter Line , which guarded the eastern side of the along Route 5 . Montgomery hoped to punch through the Winter Line , capture Ortona and Pescara and advance to Rome . The 78th Infantry Division , which had been V Corps since the Volturno Line actions and had sustained over 7 @,@ 000 casualties in less than six months , was relieved by the fresh 1st Canadian Infantry Division ( Major @-@ General Chris Vokes ) , ready to renew the offensive on 5 December 1943 . The 78th Infantry Division was sent into the mountains on the relatively quiet left wing of the army , joining the British 5th Infantry Division ( Major @-@ General Gerard ) under XIII Corps . - Montgomery 's plan was for the Canadian Division to attack across the Moro in the coastal lowlands to take Ortona first and then Pescara . Inland , in the jagged hills above the headwaters of the Moro , the relatively fresh 2nd New Zealand Division would attack toward Orsogna , while between these two the 8th Indian Infantry Division would hold the centre of the front in a relatively static role . - Facing V Corps was the 1st Parachute Division ( 1 . ) under Brigadier General ( ) Richard on the coast , to their right stood the 90th Panzergrenadier Division ( 90 . ) under Major General Carl @-@ Hans succeeded by Colonel ( ) Ernst @-@ Günther on 20 December , and further inland of them was the 26th Panzer Division ( 26 . ) under Brigadier General Freiherr von with their right flank on Orsogna . Further inland , facing XIII Corps , was the 65th Infantry Division ( 65 . ) under Brigadier General supported by elements of 1st Parachute and 5th Mountain Division ( 5 . ) under Brigadier General Julius . Together , these units formed Herr ′ s LXXVI Panzer Corps , the part of Joachim 's 10th Army responsible for the front line to the east of the . - - = = Canadian division across the Moro = = - - On 6 December 1943 , Canadian forces began a series of large @-@ scale assaults on major crossing points along the Moro River with the objective of securing a large bridgehead along the defensive line . Three primary points of attack were chosen : Villa Rogatti , along the western edge of the Canadian sector ; San Leonardo , 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) south of Ortona ; and San Donato , a small town near the Italian coast . Five primary infantry battalions were selected to assault these positions with the objective of crossing the Moro River . The offensives were scheduled to start on the morning of 6 December . - - = = = Villa Rogatti = = = - - The task of taking Villa Rogatti , the westernmost crossing point , was given to Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ( PPCLI ) . Having conducted reconnaissance on their objective during the night of 5 December 1943 , an attack plan was devised by the battalion 's commander — Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Cameron Bethel Ware — detailing the objectives of all four rifle companies . Once the objectives had been secured by the early morning of 6 December , Anglo @-@ Canadian reinforcements were to be moved into Villa Rogatti , with the intention of the expected potentially strong German counterattacks . Elements of three German regiments — the 200th and 361st Panzergrenadier , and 26th Panzer — maintained strong defences within the town . - At 00 : 00 on 5 December , two companies of the PPCLI crossed the Moro River , moving towards Villa Rogatti . Within an hour , vicious fighting had erupted throughout the town as the two companies of Canadian infantry struggled to break the German defensive lines . As B Company broke through the German defences , A Company attacked to the northeast , continuing to engage 200th Panzergrenadier Regiment ( 200 . Panzergrenadier Regiment ) near Villa Rogatti . Although two Canadian infantry companies now occupied Villa Rogatti , German Panzergrenadier forces still maintained substantial defences on the outskirts of the town . However , C Company continued to advance steadily along the eastern side of the town , encountering significant resistance from the 361st Panzergrenadier Regiment ( 361 . Panzergrenadier @-@ Regiment ) . After approximately an hour of fighting by C and D Companies , Villa Rogatti had been occupied by Canadian forces shortly before dawn . - By mid @-@ morning , German counterattacks on PPCLI positions in the town had begun , involving tanks from the 7th Company of the 26th Panzer Regiment ( 26 . Panzer @-@ Regiment ) , field guns and substantial infantry forces . Throughout the afternoon two infantry companies of the PPCLI fought off several attacks by German forces , eventually managing to push them back to the vineyards on the northern edge of the town . While the PPCLI had taken 68 casualties , German casualties were estimated at 120 . However , three strong German formation surrounded the Canadian positions at Villa Rogatti , rendering further exploitation of the bridgehead unlikely . Col. Ware was advised to be ready to withdraw across the Moro River , should German forces counterattack . In order to allow the Canadian Division a greater concentration of force , on the night of 7 / 8 December , the Indian 21st Infantry Brigade from the Indian 8th Infantry Division amalgamated the western flank of the 1st Canadian Division into their own lines . As a result of the withdrawal , Canadian efforts would focus on achieving a bridgehead at San Leonardo . - - = = = San Leonardo = = = - - The Canadian attack on San Leonardo by the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada began late on 5 December 1943 with A Company establishing a bridgehead across the Moro , taking heavy casualties . In the early morning of 6 December , A Company was withdrawn and two additional Seaforth companies resumed the offensive . As PPCLI secured and held their bridgehead over the Moro River , the Seaforth Highlanders were struggling to enter San Leonardo . By 07 : 15 , a single objective had been taken , with Canadian units pinned down by well @-@ coordinated defensive fire from several companies of the 361st Regiment . Simultaneously , small arms fire prevented C Company from moving up the road from the Moro to San Leonardo , while D Company remained on the southern banks of the Moro throughout the early morning . - In the afternoon , having failed to capture San Leonardo , the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment sent two rifle companies to the aid of the Seaforth Highlanders , as Seaforth B Company attacked positions west of San Leonardo — inflicting 129 casualties on German forces in the area . However , the attack on San Leonardo by three Seaforth companies stalled rapidly when the 26th Panzer Regiment 's armoured companies reinforced the sector . As a result , was ordered to prepare for a withdrawal from the San Leonardo bridgehead . - - = = = San Donato = = = - - While attempts were made to cross the Moro at San Leonardo and Villa Rogatti , The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment launched an attack on the Moro River defences at the small coastal hamlet of San Donato at 13 : 40 on 6 December . However , the single rifle company making the attack achieved little territorial gain and Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Kennedy — commander of the Hastings & Prince Edward Regiment — ordered a withdrawal at 15 : 40 . Throughout 6 December , strong German coastal defences would prevent further advancement , despite the incorporation of tanks and artillery into the assault . By nightfall , the German defenders still possessed control of San Donato , with the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment withdrawing to the southern bank of the Moro River . - - = = = Taking the Moro = = = - - On 8 December 1943 , Major General Vokes devised a new plan for taking the Moro River . While the 48th Highlanders of Canada and Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry resumed the assault on San Leonardo from the southwest side of the town , the Royal Canadian Regiment ( RCR ) would break out of the bridgehead created by the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment , then move southwest towards San Leonardo to link up with the 48th and PPCLI . The operation was scheduled to start on the afternoon of 8 December . - The attack began with a massive artillery barrage which German positions continuously for two hours . At 16 : 00 , the Light Infantry support battalion joined in , hitting German positions with bursts of machine gun fire . The moment the heavy bombardment lifted , the 48th Highlanders and the RCR both initiated their attacks . D Company of the 48th Highlanders was able to quickly cross the Moro , taking minimal casualties . However , B Company was subjected to heavy fire from German mortars and 88 mm ( 3 @.@ 46 in ) artillery positions . Eventually , however , both companies managed to establish strong positions on the western ridge overlooking San Leonardo . During the night of 8 / 9 December , units of the Royal Canadian Engineers ( ) constructed a bridge over the Moro , to allow armour and equipment to move into San Leonardo the following day . - As the 48th Highlanders secured their positions west of San Leonardo , the Royal Canadian Regiment was involved in intense fighting southwest of San Donato . Two companies had advanced against strong and well prepared German defences of the 200th Panzergrenadier Regiment . A Company was quickly tied down by German mortar fire , while B Company flanked German positions to the north of San Donato . By nightfall , all four companies held tenuous positions in the thick of German defences . On the night of 8 / 9 December , the RCR was subjected to counterattacks by the 200th Panzergrenadier Regiment which were repulsed with the support of continuous Canadian artillery shelling . - By the morning of 9 December , the had completed the bridge across the Moro River , enabling the tanks of the 14th Armoured Regiment ( The Calgary Regiment ) to transport two companies of Seaforth Highlanders across the river into San Leonardo . By mid morning , San Leonardo had been cleared of German defenders , although strong positions still existed outside of the town . Within an hour , the ' tanks had broken through German positions near Castle and two companies had linked up with the 48th Highlanders and Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry within San Leonardo , finally establishing firm Canadian positions across the Moro River . Near the end of 9 December , German forces of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division fell back to their second defensive line : a formidable obstacle known as " The Gully " . - - = = Attacks on Orsogna = = - - While Canadian crossed the Moro River , the New Zealand Division launched a two brigade attack , Operation , against Orsogna at 14 : 30 on 7 December . The division had the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade under their command , anchoring their left flank and were supported by heavy concentrations of artillery and air support . was achieved as Herr , the commander of LXXVI Panzer Corps , had been persuaded that the New Zealanders would not be in a position to launch a major attack until 8 December . - Initially , the New Zealand attack progressed well , but the German defenders regained their and the attack lost momentum against heavily fortified defensive positions . By 21 : 00 , the NZ 24th Infantry Battalion had fought its way in slow house to house fighting to the centre of the town , but were pinned down with no prospect of further progress without significant armoured support . However , a combination of concealed minefields and well dug in German armour made the task of the Allied tanks impossible . In the early hours of 8 December , the New Zealand commander — Bernard Freyberg — ordered a withdrawal from the town with a view to renewing the attack after further up from artillery and bombers . - - = = Indian Division across the Moro – the " impossible " bridge = = - - With both the Canadian and New Zealand Divisions finding progress difficult , it was decided to bring the Indian 21st Infantry Brigade into the attack with orders to seize . With no river crossing available , the Indian engineers rushed to build a bridge across the Moro which was completed on 9 December and allowed infantry and supporting armour to cross and expand the bridgehead on the far bank . The bridge was named the " Impossible Bridge " because the local geography required for it to be built backwards from the enemy bank of the river . - - = = The Gully = = - - - = = = Initial attacks = = = - - Following the loss of San Leonardo and the Moro River , the 90th Panzergrenadier Division withdrew to a primary defensive line 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) north of San Leonardo . The line centred around a natural ravine known as " The Gully " , with an average depth of 200 ft ( 61 m ) . General Vokes ' initial plan to take the position ( as well as achieve a foothold on the roads toward Ortona ) consisted of a frontal assault by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade , which would seize Ridge , capture The Gully and gain positions on the Ortona to Orsogna road . However , German defences were adequately prepared , including gun @-@ pits , bunkers and shelters . - On 10 December , three Canadian battalions made their first attempt to cross The Gully . Although they succeeded in capturing Ridge , directly south of The Gully , attempts to German positions in the ravine were unsuccessful . On 11 December , the three battalions made another attempt , with the Loyal Edmonton Regiment suffering heavy casualties in their attempts to take German positions in the sector . Although a badly A Company was able to gain a foothold on the reverse slope , newly arrived German units forced the remaining men to withdraw . - On 12 December 1943 , General Vokes sent the three battalions of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade against German defences in The Gully . The assault started poorly , when Canadian artillery plans were captured by soldiers of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division 's 200th Regiment . When The West Nova Scotia Regiment attacked The Gully , they were subject to counterattacks by the 200th Panzergrenadier Regiment approximately 10 : 30 . By 14 : 00 , the regiment had called off its attacks and had taken heavy casualties . To the west , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry fared little better , with C Company taking heavy casualties in their assault . Attempts were again made on 13 December , by two battalions of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade , and the attacks were driven back by German resistance . On the evening of 13 December , the heavily depleted 90th Panzergrenadier Division were relieved from their positions in The Gully by units of the 1st Parachute Division . - - = = = Casa Berardi = = = - - By 14 December , Vokes had devised a new assault plan for taking The Gully . A small force from the Royal 22e Régiment would move to Casa Berardi , a small set of west of The Gully , before outflanking German positions with infantry and armour , thereby forcing the 1st Parachute Division to withdraw . The attack was to begin at dawn , with two companies of the Royal 22e Régiment attacking Casa Berardi with artillery support . By 07 : 50 , both companies had control of the lateral highway leading to Casa Berardi . C Company — under Captain Paul Triquet — pushed on toward Casa Berardi with support from the Ontario Regiment , while D Company found itself involved in southwest of Casa Berardi . At 08 : 30 , C Company began their assault toward the manor house in Casa Berardi , some 2 @,@ 000 yd ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) away . Strong German defences caused heavy casualties to the attackers ; only 21 men and five tanks made it to within 200 yd ( 180 m ) of the objective . Despite the arrival of several Panzer , Triquet 's remaining forces captured the manor house at 14 : 30 . However , only 14 men of C Company remained fit to continue fighting . For his efforts to capture Casa Berardi , Triquet was awarded the Victoria Cross . - - = = Eighth Army to intensify the attack = = - - With the Indian Division committed , Montgomery decided to raise the stakes further by bringing the British 5th Infantry Division from the relatively tranquil XIII Corps front in the high mountains on the left wing of the 8th Army and insert them between the New Zealand and Indian Divisions . This would allow the Indian division to narrow and concentrate their attack and give Montgomery four divisions to continue the attack between Orsogna and the sea . By 12 December , the British 17th Infantry Brigade — the first of 5th Division 's brigades — was in place and under the New Zealand division 's command . Once 5th Division headquarters and its other brigades had arrived , these two left hand divisions were to be organised under the command of XIII Corps , commanded by Lieutenant @-@ General Miles Dempsey . - To the left of the Canadian division , the Indian 21st Brigade had by 13 December established a solid bridgehead around the " Impossible Bridge " . That night , a second 8th Indian Division brigade — the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade — passed through and attacked towards . The 1st Battalion Royal Fusiliers stormed the village in a wild night 's fighting while the 1st Battalion 5th Rifles seized Point 198 nearby , holding it against determined counterattacks , including from tanks in the afternoon of 14 December . That evening , 1st Battalion 12th Frontier Force Regiment attacked on the left of the and established positions on the lateral road between Ortona and Orsogna running parallel to the Moro some 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) north of the " Impossible Bridge " . On the evening of 15 December , the 1st / 5th Battalion Essex Regiment from the Indian Division 's 19th Indian Infantry Brigade , which had been held in reserve , was committed on the left flank of the Frontier Force Regiment to advance in the direction of and overran a number of German positions . By the end of 16 December , further attacks from the 15th Punjab Regiments 3rd Battalion had secured positions on the lateral road , ensuring that the 8th Indian Division was firmly embedded in the main German defences . - Meanwhile , at 01 : 00 on 15 December , the New Zealand Division — not to make a further frontal assault on Orsogna — launched their 5th Brigade in Operation Florence , a new flanking attack to the right of the village . By that afternoon , 5th Brigade was well established on the Orsogna to Ortona lateral road and had driven a shallow salient into the German forward defensive line . Although they had exhausted nearly all their reserves , divisional headquarters was optimistic for the prospects for the next day , given the heavy casualties they had inflicted that day . - However , the Germans launched a counterattack at 03 : 15 on 16 December , throwing in men from the 6th Parachute Regiment , sent by Herr to the 26th Panzer Division to relieve the exhausted 9th Panzergrenadier Regiment . These troops had arrived late that evening after a long journey . by tanks , they attacked the right @-@ hand New Zealand positions held by the 21st NZ Battalion , but were held off and had retired by daylight . Meanwhile , even before the German counterattack had been repelled , the 20th Regiment had attacked toward Orsogna with two squadrons of Sherman tanks . Under intense artillery and anti @-@ tank fire , the tanks and infantry became separated and the tanks became a target rather than a threat . - Operation Florence had come to an end . While the German line had been pushed back and they had sustained casualties they could ill afford , they still firmly held Orsogna . Furthermore , the New Zealand Division was , for the time being , fought out and needed a period of consolidation and reorganisation . - By 16 December , the British 5th Division had completed its move into the line between the New Zealand and the Indian divisions . There followed a period of hostile patrolling and on the XIII Corps front . The main burden of the fighting was therefore assumed by V Corps as the Canadians pushed for Ortona with the Indian Division on their left flank attacking toward Villa Grande and . - - = = Taking The Gully = = - - In preparation for what he hoped would be the final attack on The Gully , Vokes shifted the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade to occupy positions formerly belonging to the 1st Brigade . Vokes planned for an attack by The Carleton and York Regiment to be the last of the frontal assaults against The Gully . Should this attack fail , the 1st Brigade 's Seaforth Highlanders and the Royal Canadian Regiment would move through Casa Berardi and outflank German defences , forcing a withdrawal from The Gully . - At 07 : 30 on 15 December , two companies of the Carleton and York Regiment attacked . After little more than an hour of fighting , however , the Canadians were forced to call the attack off . In the afternoon , the two heavily depleted companies of the Royal 22e Régiment fought off a large German counterattack on Casa Berardi , with the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery firing 5 @,@ 398 rounds in support of Canadian forces . - On 18 December , Vokes planned what would be the largest assault on The Gully during the campaign . Beginning at 08 : 00 , Canadian artillery would bombard a 900 m ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) front , to a depth of 300 m ( 980 ft ) . Every five minutes , the barrage would move 100 m ( 110 yd ) forward , continuing to pound German defences in the bombardment area . Less than 100 m behind this barrage , the 48th Highlanders would advance across the Ortona @-@ Orsogna Road . At the same time , the 8th Indian Division would attack northward toward , preventing German reinforcements from reaching The Gully . When the 48th Highlanders reached the Cider Crossroads , the Royal Canadian Regiment would move north , overrunning Cider itself , then advance up the Ortona @-@ Orsogna road . Both battalions would be supported by tanks of The Three Rivers Regiment . At first , the attack went extremely well . However , when the artillery shifted their barrage , the German defences quickly recovered and their machine gun fire devastated the advancing forces . In C Company of the Royal Canadian Regiment , every platoon commander was killed or wounded . The attack was quickly abandoned . - On 20 December , Canadian forces tried again and The Royal Canadian Regiment attacked Cider Crossroads at noon . This time , Vokes was determined that the operation would be successful , with armoured forces of the Three Rivers Regiment moving to the start lines well before 07 : 00 . Due to shortages of fuel and poor weather , H @-@ Hour was postponed until 14 : 15 . When H @-@ Hour came , a powerful barrage supported two companies of the Royal Canadian Regiment eastward . By evening , B Company controlled the Cider Crossroads , having met virtually no resistance in their advance to the objective . However , German forces had already evacuated The Gully , falling back to prepare for a strong defence of Ortona , with elements of the powerful 1st Parachute Division firmly entrenched in the town . - - = = Villa Grande = = - - In order to keep up pressure on the whole front , the 19th Indian Brigade was ordered to attack Villa Grande and exploit any gains as far as the river which ran from the mountains through to the Adriatic . The attack went in at 05 : 30 on 22 December but failed in desperate fighting . The 1 / 5th Battalion , Essex Regiment renewed their attack the following morning with more success . After a counterattack by German had been repulsed at midday , the Essex advanced to up the remainder of the village . However , deadly small scale house @-@ to @-@ house battles continued throughout the rest of 23 December and for the next two days as the determined parachute soldiers on . To the south of Villa Grande , the 3rd / 15th had taken on 23 December and a continuous brigade line had been established . - On 25 December , reinforcements in the form of 3rd Battalion , 8th Punjab Regiment were brought forward and after a up barrage were launched at the east side of Villa Grande . With four battalions now involved ( the 5th Battalion , Royal West had by now been tasked on the south east side of the village ) supported by tanks , Villa Grande was finally cleared by the end of 26 December . The troops of the 8th Indian Division entered the village to find a . One correspondent described the scene " as though a giant had on a child 's box of blocks " . - - = = XIII Corps attacks Orsogna = = - - On 23 December , Lieutenant @-@ General Dempsey 's XIII Corps launched a new attack to push back the German line from Orsogna . In the afternoon , the British 5th Infantry Division attacked on the right wing of the Corps front toward the stream . Their objective was to secure the flank of the 2nd New Zealand Division , which was in turn to attack northwest and west from the salient in order to roll up the Orsogna defences from the north . - After the British 5th Infantry Division had achieved its objectives , the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade attacked at 04 : 00 on 24 December . Despite intensive artillery support ( 272 guns on a 3 @,@ 500 yards ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) front ) , the tired and New Zealand battalions struggled to make progress . By the afternoon , it had become clear to the New Zealand commander — Bernard Freyberg — that the stubborn defences of the 26th Panzer Division would not be . He is reported to have remarked , " It is not a question of further advance , it is a question of holding on to what we have got " . The XIII Corps front was effectively and settled into a posture of active defence and patrolling . - - = = Ortona = = - - Throughout the week of 11 – 18 December , the 1st Parachute Battalion from the German 1st Parachute Division — with supporting units — had prepared strong defences within the Italian coastal town of Ortona . engineers and infantry had destroyed much of Ortona itself , turning the streets into a debris @-@ filled maze . Major streets were mined , with demolition charges throughout the main , and booby traps littered the town . German forces had also buried tanks in the rubble , leaving only the turrets exposed . - On 20 December 1943 , the under @-@ strength Loyal Edmonton Regiment moved toward Ortona , with the Seaforth Highlanders covering their eastern flank . Throughout the day , they encountered heavy machine gun fire during their attempts to enter Ortona . By nightfall , both battalions held a on the western edge of Ortona , yet had encountered heavy resistance in their attempts to secure it . The following day , D Company of the Loyal Edmonton Regiment launched attacks eastward towards the city centre , but accurate German sniper fire rapidly stalled the advance . - Throughout the remainder of the week , the Battle of Ortona degenerated into a small @-@ scale version of the Battle of Stalingrad , with vicious house @-@ to @-@ house fighting through the narrow streets and debris of Ortona . Over the course of the battle , Canadian forces developed innovative " mouse @-@ " tactics , moving between houses to avoid German sniper fire in the open streets . German counterattacks on 24 and 26 December caused significant casualties to Canadian forces in the town . In danger of being outflanked by Allied advances west of Ortona , the 1st Parachute Regiment abandoned the town the following day , leaving Ortona to Canadian forces . Canadian casualties in the fighting for the town approached 650 killed or wounded . - - = = Aftermath = = - - With Ortona and Villa Grande captured , it looked as if it would require Eighth Army only to itself and strike one more concentrated blow at Orsogna to complete the breaching of the Gustav Line 's main Adriatic . However , on 31 December , as V Corps along the coastal plain towards Pescara , a enveloped the battlefield . Drifting snow , and biting winds movement and communications on the ground while cloud ceiling and visibility fell to nil and grounded the . Montgomery — realising the Eighth Army no longer had the strength or conditions to force its way to Pescara and the Via Valeria to Rome — recommended to General Alexander that the Eighth Army offensive should be halted . Alexander agreed but ordered him to maintain aggressive patrolling in order to pin the units of the LXXVI Panzer Corps in the Adriatic sector and prevent Kesselring moving them to reinforce the XIV Panzer Corps front opposite Mark Clark 's U.S. Fifth Army where the Allied offensive would continue . - In spite of this , three attempts during the winter of 1943 / 44 by Fifth Army to break through into the valley at Cassino failed . As spring approached in 1944 , Alexander concentrated his forces in great secrecy by thinning out the Adriatic front and bringing the bulk of Eighth Army 's striking power to the Cassino front . The combined attack of his two armies during the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in early May took Kesselring by surprise and led to the Allied capture of Rome in early June . - - - = Berkley Bedell = - - Berkley Warren Bedell ( born March 5 , 1921 ) is a former U.S. Representative from Iowa . After starting a successful business in his youth , Berkley Fly Co . , he ran for the United States Congress in 1972 , but was defeated by incumbent Wiley Mayne . In 1974 , however , Bedell beat Wiley Mayne and was elected to Congress . - He was known for his support of representative democracy and his populist style . For example , he would hold town halls and let constituents vote on motions to decide what he would do in Congress on their behalf . These meetings helped Bedell understand the problems of his constituents ; as a result , he backed issues that were important to his farming constituency , such as waterway usage fees and production constraints . - He did not seek reelection in 1986 after contracting disease from a tick bite . Though he no longer serves in Congress , Bedell remains active in Iowa politics , strongly supporting Howard Dean in 2004 over John Kerry . In the 2008 presidential election , he met several times with Chris Dodd , but endorsed Barack Obama in the end . - - = = Early life = = - - Born in Spirit Lake , Iowa , Bedell was educated in Spirit Lake public schools . He graduated from Spirit Lake High School in 1939 , where he earned spending money with a business in the midst of the Great Depression . His business involved dog hairs around , the result of which could be sold as trout flies . He began tying the fly @-@ fishing in his bedroom , then he moved the business into his parents ' basement . In time , he got space above a grocery store to continue the business full @-@ time . - After graduating from high school , he attended Iowa State University from 1940 to 1942 , where he met fellow student Elinor from Grand , Minnesota . Berkley and Elinor married in Minneapolis on August 29 , 1943 and their son Kenneth was born in 1947 , Thomas in 1950 and daughter in 1952 . Berkley ’ s college and personal life was interrupted in 1942 when he joined the army . He served in the United States Army as first lieutenant and flight trainer from 1942 to 1945 . When he got back , he began to garner success from his fish tackling business . His business became larger , with hundreds of employees and international operations ; he had become a millionaire by the 1960s . He served as member of the Spirit Lake Board of Education from 1957 to 1962 . - - = = Political career = = - - - = = = Running for Congress = = = - - By the early 1970s , Bedell had decided to run for political office . In 1972 , he ran against Wiley Mayne , a Republican incumbent in Iowa 's 6th congressional district . Mayne was a staunch supporter of Richard Nixon and secured victory along with the President in a year favorable to the Republicans . Mayne , however , would politically suffer after Watergate ( he was one of only a few Republicans to vote against the President on the judiciary committee . ) The damage had already been done , and Bedell defeated Mayne in a 1974 rematch . - During his time at Congress , Bedell took efforts to uphold representative democracy . He held town halls regularly with his constituents , and he would let them vote on motions to decide what he would do in Congress on their behalf . This type of communication told Bedell of the types of issues affecting his farming constituency . Thus , though Bedell had not farmed in his life , he would take steps in Congress to benefit farmers . - - = = = Waterway usage fees = = = - - Bedell sponsored several bold initiatives during his tenure in the United States House of Representatives . One initiative , which came from his constituents ' problems with the barge industry , focused on waterway usage fees . He introduced legislation in 1977 that would require the barge industry to pay a fee for using the waterways which , Bedell pointed out , the Government paid millions of dollars to create and maintain . Bedell 's original plan set the rate the barge industry paid as directly related to the amount the Government spent on waterway projects . This would have the additional effect of helping curb unnecessary waterway projects , and it was the same plan proposed by Pete Domenici in the Senate . - Congress eventually passed a watered @-@ down version of the original plan put forward by Bedell and Senator Pete Domenici . The compromise version enacted a tax on the gasoline barges used and put it into a " trust " for waterway projects . While other supporters of waterway usage fees , including Domenici , backed the compromise , Bedell gave a plea for his colleagues to oppose it . He viewed it as lacking a crucial element of the original plan - that of capital recovery . The trust was optional , and the Government could spend money on waterway projects irrespective of the trust . The compromise was eventually signed by Jimmy Carter . Bedell 's original plan never made it through the House of Representatives , but he continued to introduce it in succeeding sessions . It would not , however , get a floor vote in succeeding sessions . - - = = = issues = = = - - In 1985 , Bedell put forward an agricultural plan that he thought would increase production controls for farmers , thus raising prices for crops . This plan , backed by labor unions and certain Democrats , passed the Agriculture Committee as an amendment to farm legislation . It mandated a referendum that would then be used to determine what types of production controls to enact . The purpose of this plan was : production controls would decrease the aggregate supply of crops , thus making individual crops cost more ( which would benefit farmers , who were in the middle of an acute debt crisis . ) Second , by styling it as a referendum , the farmers would get to decide the severity of the controls . - On the other hand , opponents of the Bedell plan had a very different view of this legislation . Representatives such as Pat Roberts claimed that the referendum was redundant because the farmers already voted the politicians into office , and this bill was an example of the politicians not doing their jobs . The Reagan Administration opposed the bill because of their opposition to production controls , and the President threatened to veto the farm bill if Bedell 's plan was left in place . When the bill got to the floor , an amendment was proposed to strike this provision , and it was passed 251 @-@ 174 . - - = = = Investigations of large businesses = = = - - While in Congress , Berkley Bedell was Chairman of the Small Business , and he used this position to investigate on the part of large oil companies . He also claimed that certain large oil companies their " taxes " in certain cases and wanted to pass legislation to increase regulations on these corporations . - In these investigations , Bedell quickly gained the support of small gasoline and Congressman Bill Nelson . The chief target , , was accused of not paying all of its taxes on crude oil . In the end , the government tried to make a case against , but it was eventually dropped in 1985 . Bedell used this opportunity to attack the Administration for " not caring " about small business owners , and he advocated that agencies put aside 1 @-@ 3 % of their research and development money for small businesses . - - = = = Clash with Reagan = = = - - In late 1982 , Congress passed a law which forbade the United States from funding groups aiming to overthrow the government of Nicaragua . Then , in 1983 , Bedell visited Nicaragua and Honduras along with Representative Robert G. . During the trip , Bedell spoke with soldiers , generals , governmental officials and members of the contras . His conclusion at the end of the trip was that Ronald Reagan was aiding the contras in violation of federal law . He promised to hold hearings after returning to Congress . Bedell would later join other House Democrats in demanding documents from the White House related to the contras , but the Reagan Administration refused to provide them . Bedell became with the Reagan Administration as the decade wore on . He called his Central American policies " sheer , " saying that the mining of was an acts of war . Bedell would retire from Congress before Reagan 's acts in Central America would with the Iran @-@ Affair . - Furthermore , Bedell was a sharp critic of Reagan 's agricultural policies , calling for John Block to resign after calling his agricultural plan a failure that was " dead on arrival " in both the House and the Senate . Reagan 's agricultural plan consisted primarily of a gradual reduction in farm subsidies . He also attacked the Department of Agriculture for " looking backward " when it dismissed the only expert on organic farming . Also , as chairman of the on Department Operations , Research and Foreign Agriculture , which was in charge of regulating USDA operations , he opposed the proposals Reagan had for reforming the organization . The proposals generally involved shifting costs for meat inspections and other USDA duties from the federal government to the industry . - - = = = Controversy = = = - - In 1981 , it was revealed in internal that Bedell may have known about potential customs violations that his company engaged in . It asserted that Bedell had gone to Taiwan in 1973 to discuss " prior violations of customs law " in regards to the sale of fishing rods from the company 's Taiwan subsidiary . Bedell responded by denying any wrongdoing , saying that he has not been personally involved in the company in years . In the end , no charges were against him , and he was reelected after the story was published . - - = = After politics = = - - Bedell decided not to seek reelection in 1986 after contracting Disease from a tick bite . Since then , he has founded a center for alternative medicine and is a noted advocate of health freedom . Due largely to his friendship with Tom , he remains an important political figure in Iowa , with politicians such as Howard Dean meeting him in their trips to the state . Also , the Elinor Bedell State Park was established in 1998 on land donated by Berkley Bedell . The park is named after the Congressman 's wife . - As an opponent of the Vietnam War , Bedell signed a petition urging against United States military intervention in Iraq . This petition was signed with the names of 70 former from the 1970s and was presented in a press conference on March 15 , 2003 . Bedell said that it was unbelievable for the United States to settle disputes with war , and he said that an Iraq war would be similar to the Vietnam War . - In the 2004 presidential election , Bedell attacked John Kerry for voting for 's Freedom to Farm Act , which Bedell claims wrecked the farm program . Bedell would later officially endorse Howard Dean 's candidacy . For the 2008 election , Bedell met with Chris Dodd . However , in December 2007 , he announced his endorsement of Barack Obama . - - - = Bart vs. Australia = - - " Bart vs. Australia " is the sixteenth episode of the sixth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 19 , 1995 . In the episode , Bart is indicted for fraud in Australia , and the family travels to the country so Bart can apologize . The Australian Parliament decides to give him the additional punishment of a boot to his buttocks , but the Simpson family refuses . Bart later changes his mind and agrees to the punishment , but just as he is about to receive it , he moons the Australians and the family flee back to America . - The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein and directed by Wes Archer . It features cultural references to films such as Mad Max 2 and Crocodile Dundee . " Bart vs. Australia " acquired a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 1 and was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . It received mixed reception in Australia , with some Australian viewers saying the episode was a mockery of their country . - - = = Plot = = - - While in the bathroom , Bart notices that the water in the sink always drains . Lisa explains ( not entirely correctly ) that the water never drains the other way except in the southern hemisphere , due to the Coriolis effect , but Bart does not believe her . To confirm this , Bart makes phone calls to various countries in the southern hemisphere . Lisa points out how expensive international calls are , so Bart decides to make a collect call instead . He calls Australia , where a little boy answers the phone . to represent the " International Drainage Commission " , Bart is informed that the toilet and sink are both draining clockwise . Frustrated , Bart asks him to go and check the toilets of the neighbors . The call takes six hours to complete , since the boy lives in the outback , and Bart to hang up the phone . Later , the boy 's father is billed A $ 900 ( referred to as " " ) . The father calls Bart and demands that he pay , but Bart only taunts him . Unfortunately for Bart , the father 's neighbour is a federal Member of Parliament , who reports Bart 's offense to the Prime Minister — who is relaxing naked in a nearby pond . - After a long series of ignored letters , Australia Bart for fraud . The United States Department of State wants to send him to prison in order to the Australian government , but Marge furiously objects to this idea . The State Department then settles on having Bart publicly apologize in Australia . The family is sent to Australia and they stay in the American Embassy , which is fitted with all the comforts of their home country , including a specially modified toilet that an exaggerated Coriolis effect . Then they start exploring the local culture . - After Bart makes his apology , the Parliament reveals that they want to give him the additional punishment of a " " , which is a kick in the buttocks using a giant boot . Bart and Homer escape and the family flees to the American Embassy . After a prolonged standoff , the two governments propose a compromise to the Simpson family : one kick from the Prime Minister , through the gate of the embassy , with a regular shoe , believed to be a . Marge is opposed to the idea , but Bart agrees . However , Bart the kick , moons the Australians with the words " don 't on me " written on his buttocks , then " The Star @-@ Banner " . In a scene reminiscent of the Fall of Saigon the Simpson family flees the outraged country in a helicopter . Looking down on Australia , they see that have begun to and destroy the Australian ecosystem , due to a Bart left earlier at the airport . the devastation , the family remark upon the destruction that can be caused by introducing a foreign species into a new environment , and laugh at the Australians ' misfortune , unaware that a is hanging onto the helicopter . The camera in on the , ending with a close @-@ up of its eye , implying that America will face a similar fate as Australia . - - = = Production = = - - The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . The writing staff wanted to do an episode where the Simpsons family traveled to Australia , because they thought everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and that they " would get the jokes " . The staff had previously poked fun at several American institutions on the show and they thought it would be interesting to poke fun at a whole nation . They designed Australia and the Australian people very inaccurately and many things were completely made up for fun . The animators , however , got two Australian tourist guides to help them out with the design of the Australian landscape and buildings , as well as the American Embassy . The writers did research on the Coriolis effect for this episode . Lisa 's explanation of the effect is incorrect ; it affects global weather patterns and is caused by the spinning of the globe on its axis . The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it . - In 1999 , Fox Studios Australia in Sydney used a different version of " Bart vs. Australia " as part of their Simpsons attraction , called The Simpsons Down Under . They had contacted the Simpsons writing staff and asked if they would write the screenplay for a ride in their attraction , based on this episode . The episode was re @-@ edited and re @-@ animated for the ride and new scenes were included . The attraction featured motion capture technology , allowing audience members faces and expressions to be transformed into moving cartoon characters . - - = = Cultural references = = - - The plot of the episode is based on the story of Michael Fay , an American teenager who was in Singapore in 1994 for cars . This episode a popular myth that the Coriolis effect affects the motion of drains in the Northern and Southern . In reality , the Coriolis effect affects global weather patterns . The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it . - When Bart is talking to the boy 's father on the phone he says " I think I hear a eating your baby " , referencing the case of Azaria Chamberlain , a ten @-@ week @-@ old baby who was killed by . The taking over Australia and destroying all the crops is a reference to the cane , originally introduced to Australia in order to protect sugar from the cane beetle , but became a pest in the country . - When the Simpson family go to an Australian pub , Bart plays with a at the table and a man asks him : " You call that a knife ? " , and as the man draws a spoon from his pocket he says : " This is a knife . " The scene is a reference to a famous scene from Crocodile Dundee in which Mick Dundee is threatened by some thugs with a , and Mick takes out a knife and says ; " That 's not a knife ; that 's a knife ! " The Simpson family is shown a slide show by the US Department of State depicting a boarded up cinema with a sign out the front saying " Yahoo Serious Festival " , in reference to the Australian actor and director Yahoo Serious . , one of the characters from the 1981 film Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior , is seen in the Australian mob that chases Bart and Homer to the American Embassy . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American broadcast , " Bart vs. Australia " finished 56th in the ratings for the week of February 13 – 19 , 1995 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 1 . It was the fourth highest rated show on Fox that week . The episode has since become study material for sociology courses at the University of California , where it is used to " examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects , in this case , a satirical cartoon show " , and to figure out what it is " trying to tell audiences about aspects primarily of American society , and , to a lesser extent , about other societies . " - Since airing , the episode has received positive reviews from fans and television critics . In a DVD review of the sixth season , Ryan Keefer said " all the Australian jabs you expect to have here are present . Bart 's international incident is hilarious , from top to bottom . The phone calls he makes to other countries ( particularly Buenos Aires ) are fantastic . This is one of the more under appreciated episodes in the series ' run . " Vanity Fair named it the second best episode of The Simpsons in 2007 . " Bart vs. Australia " was also nominated for an Emmy Award in 1995 in the category " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special " . - - = = = Reaction in Australia = = = - - The episode received mixed reception in Australia , with some Australian fans saying the episode was a mockery of their country . Shortly after it had aired , the Simpsons staff received over 100 letters from Australians who were insulted by the episode . They also received letters from people complaining about the Australian accents used in the episode that " sounded more like South African accents " . The Simpsons writer and producer Mike claimed that this episode is Australia 's least favorite , and that " whenever we have the Simpsons visit another country , that country gets furious , including Australia " . He claimed that they were " condemned in the Australian Parliament after the episode had aired " . - The Newcastle Herald 's James Joyce said he was shocked when he first saw the episode : " Who are the Americans trying to kid here ? I agree Australia has its faults , as does any other country . But laughing in our face about it , then mocking our heritage was definitely not called for . It embarrassed and degraded our country as well as making us look like total " . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , advised that the episode is " best if watched with Australians who will be , perhaps understandably , at their portrayal . After the attack on the French , this is a vicious , , offensive and wonderfully amusing slaughter of Australian culture by the makers of The Simpsons " . - The Simpsons executive producer David Mirkin , who produced the episode , responded to the criticism in an interview with The Newcastle Herald by saying : " We like to have the Simpsons , the entire family , travel and this was the beginning of that . Australia was a fantastic choice because it has lots of quirky visual things . And it 's a country that is really very close to America , very in sync with America . We are so similar but yet there are all these fantastic differences , familiar yet twisted . It was intentional to make it very inaccurate . That was our evil side coming out : We 'll take our knowledge of Australia and we 'll twist it around to stimulate an audience and annoy them at the same time " . Despite being criticized for mocking the country , the episode received positive reviews from Australians , too . Jim of the Australian newspaper The Age named it the funniest episode ever while the was forked ( the ' @-@ ' fork ) into the ' ' in honour of the episode . - - - = Leslie Andrew = - - Brigadier Leslie Andrew VC DSO ( 23 March 1897 – 8 January 1969 ) was a senior officer in the New Zealand Military Forces and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award of the British Commonwealth for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " . He received the decoration for his actions during the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 . - Born in 1897 , Andrew joined the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in 1915 , having gained military experience while serving with the Territorial Force . He served on the Western Front from September 1916 to early 1918 , and ended the war as a commissioned officer in England . He remained in the military after the cessation of hostilities , and joined the New Zealand Staff Corps . He held staff and administrative positions in New Zealand and , while on an officer exchange program , British India . - Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Andrew was appointed commander of the 22nd Battalion , which he led during the Battles of Greece , Crete and the early part of the North African Campaign . For a short period in late 1941 he commanded an infantry brigade of the 2nd New Zealand Division , and received the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership . He returned to New Zealand in 1942 and commanded the Wellington Fortress Area for the remainder of the war . He retired from the military in 1952 with the rank of brigadier , and died in 1969 aged 71 . - - = = Early life = = - - Leslie Andrew was born on 23 March 1897 in in the region of New Zealand , the son of a local school headmaster . He grew up in , where his father had moved his family having taken up a position in the area , and was educated at Collegiate School . After leaving school he was employed by the New Zealand Railways Department as a clerk . He participated in the cadet program while at school , and later joined the Territorial Force . By 1915 , he had been promoted to sergeant and had sat the necessary exams to become a commissioned officer in the . - - = = Military career = = - - - = = = First World War = = = - - Andrew volunteered for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) in October 1915 . Because only men between the ages of 19 and 45 were required to register for service with the NZEF , he falsified his age to ensure that he would be eligible for duty overseas . A member of the 12th Reinforcements , he embarked for the Western Front via Egypt on 1 May 1916 . In France , he was posted to B Company , Wellington Infantry Battalion with the rank of private . - Andrew 's arrival at the front coincided with the start of the Somme Offensive . He participated in the Battle of @-@ , which began on 15 September , and was wounded . Promoted to corporal in January 1917 , he took part in the Battle of the following June . - During the early phase of the Battle of Passchendaele , Andrew 's battalion was engaged in fighting around the village of La , a few kilometres southwest of . Originally captured by the New Zealanders prior to the battle on 26 July , the village had been re @-@ taken by the Germans the next day . Under cover of an artillery barrage , the began an advance towards the village . Andrew was tasked with leading two sections to destroy a machine @-@ gun post . During the advance , he noticed another machine @-@ gun post that was holding up the advance of another platoon . On his own initiative , he promptly diverted his force and removed the newly spotted threat with a flanking attack . He then continued with his men to his original objective . continuous gunfire , he and his men captured the machine @-@ gun post . While most of his men withdrew with the gun , he and another man continued to scout further forward . Coming across another machine @-@ gun post , the two men destroyed it before returning to their lines with useful information on the increasing numbers of Germans in the area . - It was for his leadership and bravery during these actions that Andrew was awarded the Victoria Cross ( VC ) at the age of 20 . The citation read as follows : - For most conspicuous bravery when in charge of a small party in an attack on the enemy 's position . His objective was a machine @-@ gun post which had been located in an isolated building . On leading his men forward he encountered unexpectedly a machine @-@ gun post which was holding up the advance of another company ; he immediately attacked , capturing the machine gun and killing several of the crew . He then continued the attack on the machine gun post which had been his original objective . He displayed great skill and determination in his disposition , finally capturing the post , killing several of the enemy and putting the remainder to flight . Andrew 's conduct throughout was for cool daring , initiative , and fine leadership , and his magnificent example was a great to his comrades . - Andrew was promoted to sergeant the day after his VC @-@ winning action . He continued to serve on the front until early 1918 , when he was sent to England for officer training . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in March 1918 , but remained in England until the end of the war . - - = = = period = = = - - While in England , Andrew met Ball , of Nottingham , and they were married on 12 November 1918 . The couple had five children although one died in infancy . Upon discharge from the NZEF in August 1919 , he joined the New Zealand Staff Corps and served in a number of administrative positions for the next several years . From 1927 to 1929 he served with the Highland Light Infantry in British India on an officer exchange program . On his return to New Zealand he was appointed adjutant of the 1st Wellington Regiment . In 1937 , having been promoted to captain , he commanded the New Zealand contingent sent to London for the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . - - = = = Second World War = = = - - Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Andrew was seconded to the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force . In early 1940 , he was appointed commander of 22nd Battalion , then forming at Military Camp near Wellington . He trained his new command hard , and quickly earned the nickname of February due to his habit of issuing 28 @-@ day for any breaches in discipline . - The battalion embarked for England in May 1940 as part of 5th Infantry Brigade , 2nd New Zealand Division . Arriving in June , it spent the remainder of the year on garrison duties in the south of England . In March 1941 it travelled for Egypt and then onto Greece . Andrew led the battalion through the subsequent Battle of Greece , during which it saw little action , and the Battle of Crete . - In Crete , the battalion was tasked with the defence of airfield and the overlooking hill , Point 107 . Andrew was ordered to maintain control of his positions " at all costs " . Forced to disperse the companies of his battalion widely to cover his positions , he lost contact with most of his units after German paratroopers began landing in the area on 20 May . to receive any support from his brigade commander following a request for assistance , and fearing most of his command overrun after a failed counterattack by his small reserve , he withdrew his remaining units . As it happened , most of his forward companies remained intact and were subsequently able to withdraw themselves after finding they had been abandoned . Andrew was criticised for his withdrawal , which led to the loss of airfield . This was a significant factor in allowing the German forces to become established on Crete . He and the surviving elements of his battalion were later evacuated from Crete . - Despite the setback of Crete , Andrew remained as commander of 22nd Battalion during the early phases of the North African Campaign . At one stage he was temporary commander of 5th Infantry Brigade when its nominal commander , Brigadier James , was captured in late November 1941 . Andrew was awarded with the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership of the brigade , which had to deal with repeated attacks by German forces in early December . He relinquished command of 22nd Battalion on 3 February 1942 , and returned to New Zealand . He was promoted to full colonel and commanded the Wellington Fortress Area for the rest of the war . - - = = Later life = = - - Andrew commanded the New Zealand contingent for the 1946 Victory Parade in London , and the following year attended the Imperial Defence College . He was promoted to brigadier in 1948 and appointed commander of the Central Military District . He remained in this capacity until his retirement from the military in 1952 . Andrew was later invited to run for Parliament but declined . He died on 8 January 1969 , aged 71 . He was buried with full military honours in a ceremony at Levin Cemetery , in Levin . - - = = Victoria Cross = = - - Andrew 's VC was displayed at the Army Memorial Museum , Waiouru , New Zealand . On 2 December 2007 it was one of nine Victoria Crosses that were among a hundred medals stolen from the museum . On 16 February 2008 , New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ $ 300 @,@ 000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom . - - - = Rebbie Jackson = - - Maureen " Rebbie " Brown ( née Jackson ; born May 29 , 1950 ) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson / / . Born and raised in Gary , Indiana , she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians . She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas , Nevada , at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974 , before subsequently appearing in the television series The Jacksons . Her sister La Toya was born on Jackson 's 6th birthday . At age 34 , Jackson released her debut album Centipede ( 1984 ) . The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson , Prince , and Jackson 's younger brother Michael , whose contribution ( the title track " Centipede " ) became Rebbie 's most successful single release . By the end of the 1980s , the singer had released two more albums in quick succession : Reaction ( 1986 ) and R U Tuff Enuff ( 1988 ) . - Following a 10 @-@ year hiatus in her musical career , Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully . The production of the album , her last to date , was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of 's Spanky Williams , Keith Thomas , and Eliot Kennedy . It also featured contributions from her children . In 2011 , Rebbie embarked on the " Pick Up the Tour , " which is dedicated to teens who have committed suicide all over the U.S. - - = = Life and career = = - - - = = = Childhood and youth = = = - - Maureen " Rebbie " Jackson was born in Gary , Indiana , to a working @-@ class family on May 29 , 1950 . The daughter of Joseph Walter " Joe " and Katherine Esther ( née ) , she is the eldest of their ten children . Her siblings are Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , La Toya , Brandon ( d . March 12 , 1957 ) , Marlon , Michael ( d . June 25 , 2009 ) , Randy , and Janet . Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues ( R & B ) band called The Falcons with his brother , Luther . His wife , Katherine , is a 's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion . Rebbie , La Toya , and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed . Reflecting on her early life , Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a " second mother " to her younger siblings , whom she would often . She also from Theodore Roosevelt High school in Gary IN in 1968 - - = = = Marriage = = = - - 18 @-@ year @-@ old Rebbie 's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love , Nathaniel Brown , in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family . Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky . Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union ; she felt that being a wife and mother were important roles for all of her daughters to play . Joseph , however , was against the marriage ; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers ( The Jackson 5 ) and become a singer . Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business . Though Rebbie had taken , piano and dance lessons in her childhood , she had no interest in a music career . This was despite the fact that according to brother Jermaine she had won several singing contests , with brother Jackie . The teenager thought a happy home was more and secure than the instability of show business . She also wanted to leave her family 's drama @-@ filled home on Jackson Street as well as get away from her controlling father . ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown . Having the last word on the matter , Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle . - Brown and Jackson have three children ; daughters , Stacee ( born May 5 , 1971 ) and ( born October 5 , 1977 ) and son , Austin ( born November 22 , 1985 ) . Jackson 's husband , Nathaniel Brown , died of cancer on January 6 , 2013 . Rebbie has one grandson , London Blue ( born July 25 , 2005 ) , from Stacee . - - = = = Early career = = = - - Jackson began her singing career in 1974 , performing with her siblings in Las Vegas . The Vegas shows had initially begun in April , without Rebbie ; due to a ankle , Rebbie 's debut was postponed until June . Her five brothers were the main draws , with herself , Randy , Janet , and La Toya serving as for the performances . - When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976 , they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons . Additionally , the brothers were signed to CBS @-@ TV to star with their family in a variety series called The Jacksons . The shows premiered in June 1976 , and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine , who had chosen to stay with Motown . The initial series run of the 30 @-@ minute programs was four weeks . Due to ratings success , more episodes were ordered in January 1977 . The shows marked the first time that an African @-@ American family had ever starred in a television series . The run of programs concluded shortly afterward . - Prior to the series , Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private . The Jacksons — as well as an early love of musicals — motivated her to become a professional recording artist , and the show 's producer encouraged her to sing . Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time , as well as a cabaret singer . She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The , Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson 's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time . - - = = = Centipede = = = - - Following years of preparation , Jackson 's debut album Centipede was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records , who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously . The album was only released once the singer had ensured that family life was secure and that she had spent time with her children during their important younger years . Centipede became a moderate chart success , reaching number 13 on Billboard 's Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart and number 63 on its Top 200 . The recording of the album had been a family affair ; it involved several contributions from her relatives . Her husband Nathaniel Brown co @-@ wrote the song " Come Alive Saturday Night " with two of his wife 's brothers : Randy and Tito . The latter Jackson also penned " Hey Boy " with his wife Dee Dee . The most successful song from the album was the million @-@ selling title track , " Centipede " . Written , arranged and produced by Michael , the song also featured Jackson 's famous brother on backing vocals . It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was subsequently certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . " Centipede " marked Michael 's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful Thriller ( 1982 ) . - Other tracks from Rebbie 's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ( " I Feel for You " ) and Smokey Robinson and the ( " A Fork in the Road " ) . The album received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics . According to the magazine Jet , Centipede marked Jackson 's emergence as a " legitimate recording artist " and " cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [ was ] talented and " . With the album , Jackson became the last of her siblings to embark on a recording career and the last in line to release hit material . - Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of Centipede over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not . To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre @-@ marriage surname , but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage . Jackson explained that she did , however , compromise with the use of her family name on the Centipede album cover - " Rebbie is large and Jackson is small " . She further stated that the success of siblings Michael and Janet had not been a hindrance to her , but served as an enhancement to her career . Rebbie added that she did not have to worry about " name recognition " . - - = = = Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff = = = - - Reaction served as a follow @-@ up album to Centipede , and was released in October 1986 . The album was recorded at Tito 's Ponderosa Studios in Los Angeles , California . Her brother Tito produced Reaction along with David and David Townsend of the R & B group Surface . Duets were featured on the album , including one with lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes . The Zander @-@ Jackson collaboration ( " You the Rain Away " ) was released as a single , and peaked at number 50 on the R & B singles chart . Jackson 's duet with Hayes , the ballad " Tonight I 'm Yours " , was not released as a single , though received substantial airplay . Reaction 's title track ( " Reaction " ) was the most popular hit from the album , reaching number 16 on the R & B singles chart . - The R U Tuff Enuff album succeeded Reaction upon its release in July 1988 . Jackson was more involved with the production of the album than she had been on her previous releases . She stated at the time of R U Tuff Enuff 's distribution that the sound on the album differed from anything she had done previously . Jackson commented that the album was " more versatile " , while noting that it resembled other albums because it had a lot of dance music . Two singles were released from the album and charted on the R & B singles chart : " " , which made it into the top 10 , and the title track " R U Tuff Enuff " , which peaked at number 78 . By mid @-@ June 1988 , R U Tuff Enuff had reportedly sold 300 @,@ 000 copies . MTV later concluded that the album " struggled " . Jackson would lend her vocals to " 2300 Jackson Street " ( the title track of her brothers ' 2300 Jackson Street album ) , before taking a hiatus from releasing music . Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus . - - = = = Yours Faithfully = = = - - Following a 10 @-@ year break from music , Jackson signed with her brother Michael 's record label , Music , in 1997 . From the label , Yours Faithfully was released on March 31 , 1998 . The album featured a remixed version of Jackson 's successful " Centipede " . Initially , the singer had not wanted to feature the track , believing that it was part of the past . After thinking about it for a while , Jackson felt that the inclusion of the remix — which features a rap by son Austin — would be a good way to return to the music scene . In addition , two of her other children , Stacee and , contributed backing vocals for the album . Other tracks from the album included " Fly Away " , which was written and produced by brother Michael , who also served as co @-@ executive producer for Yours Faithfully . Fellow producers included Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy . The album also featured a duet with Men of 's Spanky Williams on The ' " I Don 't Want to You " , which Jet described as being a " " rendition . Yours Faithfully 's title track was released as a single and peaked at number 76 on the R & B chart . Vibe magazine 's Mitchell expressed disappointment in the album , labelling its content a " mix of dated R & B grooves dressed up with a few cleverly placed samples " . - - = = = Death of Michael Jackson = = = - - Rebbie 's brother Michael died on June 25 , 2009 , after suffering a cardiac arrest . His memorial service was held twelve days later on July 7 , and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems " We Are the World " and " the World " . The featured Michael 's siblings ( including Rebbie ) and the late singer 's children . Following the service — which was held at Los Angeles ' Staples Center — Rebbie , along with sisters Janet and La Toya , addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex . " We are extremely grateful for all the support . We love you all . " In the weeks following Michael 's death , it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother 's children : Prince , Paris and . It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie 's mother Katherine were granted custody of the children , Rebbie would care for the siblings on a day @-@ to @-@ day basis at the Jackson family 's home . Katherine was named the legal guardian of them in August 2009 after the death of Michael Jackson . In early 2011 , Rebbie announced she 's begun recording for a new album , her first in 14 years . She 's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs , some of her brothers ' songs , and some Motown classics . - - = = = Voice Type = = = - - Rebbie Jackson is a with a 3 octave range . She has an impressive belting range , belting up to F # 5 in her song " Reaction . " - - = = Discography = = - - - = = = Albums = = = - - - = = = Singles = = = - - - - = Hugh Foliot = - - Hugh Foliot ( c . 1155 – 1234 ) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford . Related somehow to his predecessor at Hereford , he served as a priest and papal judge as well as being an unsuccessful candidate as Bishop of St David 's in Wales . In 1219 , he was appointed Bishop of Hereford . During his time in office , he mostly attended to ecclesiastical duties , but did occasionally serve as a royal administrator . He helped found a hospital and a priory , and died in 1234 after a months @-@ long illness . - - = = Early life = = - - Foliot possibly was the son of Roger Foliot and his wife . Roger held three knight 's fees in . Probably born sometime between 1150 and 1160 , Hugh was related in some manner to Robert Foliot , his predecessor at Hereford . He was a canon of Hereford Cathedral before becoming Archdeacon of Shropshire by May . Foliot is a frequent witness on charters as archdeacon , but little else is known of his tenure of the office . From 1212 to 1219 , he served as a papal judge @-@ delegate three times . In 1215 he was also King John 's candidate for the see of St David 's in Wales , but was not elected . - After Foliot 's failed candidacy as bishop , in February 1216 John appointed him to the benefice of in , the king having the ability to make the appointment because Giles de , the Bishop of Hereford , who would normally have made the appointment , had recently died . Also from this time comes Foliot 's patronage of Robert , the theologian and future Bishop of Lincoln . - - = = Bishop = = - - Foliot had been one of three members of the cathedral chapter from Hereford sent to King Henry III 's court to secure permission for the chapter to hold an election in 1219 Foliot was elected to the see of Hereford in June 1219 and consecrated on 27 October 1219 along with William de , the Bishop of Llandaff , at Canterbury . - The new bishop accompanied Peter des Roches , the Bishop of Winchester , on a pilgrimage in 1221 . Because des Roches travelled to Spain to the shrine of St James at Compostela , and it is known that Foliot accompanied him , the statement by a medieval chronicler from that Foliot 's destination was not certain , being either Rome or Compostela , should be discounted . - Foliot spent most of his tenure of office in his diocese , only rarely attending the royal court or being assigned governmental duties . On 30 December , Foliot assumed one of those duties , when he took custody of Hereford Castle after it was surrendered by Hubert de , during the of royal castles when de ousted des Roches from power . He also was appointed to determine the size of the royal forest in Gloucestershire . Foliot also founded a hospital in , devoted to St Katherine . He helped found Priory , a house of the order . In his cathedral , he reorganised the and offices of the chapter , as well as further . - Foliot died 7 August 1234 , after an illness that began in the spring . He was buried in Hereford Cathedral , where his tomb survives . Foliot appointed his younger brother Thomas to offices in the diocese , first as precentor in the and then around 1230 as treasurer of the cathedral chapter . - - - = AIL Storm = - - The AIL Storm ( Hebrew : , ) is an Israeli manufactured off @-@ road vehicle and the of the Israeli Security Forces . The series of Jeep Wrangler based vehicles have been produced by Automotive Industries Ltd. in Upper Nazareth under licence from Chrysler since 1990 . The vehicles fill a number of military roles , including that of armoured Infantry Vehicle , and certain models are available for export as well as for the civilian market . - Production of an updated four @-@ door second generation model commenced in 2006 despite some mixed messages from the Storm 's primary customer , the Israel Defense Forces . Development of a third generation vehicle based on the new Jeep Wrangler JK has been completed and significant production for both Israeli and foreign customers is under way . - - = = Storm I = = - - The M @-@ 240 Storm Vehicle is the first of three Storm generations . A variant of the 1991 Jeep Wrangler and the older @-@ 6 / @-@ 8 , it is entirely produced in Israel by Automotive Industries Ltd. with the exception of the engines , as their manufacture is not economically viable on the Storm 's market scale . - The Storm was primarily meant to satisfy Israeli military needs , but capable long and short versions are produced for the local civilian market . Like the Jeep , it has a conventional front @-@ engine design with a driver and passenger seated behind the engine , and room for cargo or passengers behind them . It is powered by an AMC 3 @.@ 983 litre 6 @-@ cylinder in @-@ line petrol with fuel injection developing 180 hp ( 130 kW ) at 4 @,@ 700 rpm , fitted with 2 @-@ stage air cleaner or a 2 @.@ 5 litre 4 @-@ cylinder diesel developing 88 ( 118 hp ) at 4 @,@ 200 rpm . The front axle is fully floating and the rear axle is semi @-@ floating , while a reinforced frame and body as well as good angles of approach and departure ( 40 ° and 37 ° for short frame , 40 ° and 26 @.@ 5 ° for long frame ) add to the Storm 's off @-@ capability . - The two production frame lengths , 4 @.@ 15 ( 13 @.@ 6 ) and 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 14 @.@ 8 ft ) , the latter of which was among the few such Jeep @-@ derivatives in production in recent years , were both available in civilian and military models . Aside from the Israeli market , Storms have long been exported to countries in South America , Asia , and Africa . A Jeep @-@ managed production line in Egypt , whose vehicles are used by the Egyptian armed forces , was absorbed into the AIL Storm production after it closed in 1995 . - - = = = Security versions = = = - - Like its parent Jeep Wrangler , the Storm is first and foremost an , capable and utility vehicle meant to tackle extreme terrain in a general reconnaissance role , and can be outfitted with a machine gun or other weapons systems . When armed with a 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) recoilless rifle , the vehicle is uniquely capable of firing directly over its blast guard equipped hood rather than in the perpendicular position required by most other vehicles . - A variant of the extended version used in desert border patrol makes use of a high @-@ canopy to allow a rear @-@ facing heavy machine @-@ gun mount , while the canopy can be extended to provide a mobile command post . An air conditioned version of the extended model is often used by officers , and a version developed for riot control has clear shielding along the rear sides and roof , as well as gunports for less @-@ lethal weapons . The shielding allows for a wide field of view while at the same time protecting against and rock @-@ throwing . - - = = = Armoured version = = = - - As with several analogous light military vehicles , despite being originally designed to fill a light reconnaissance role , the rise of urban warfare and close quarters combat meant that the Israel Defense Forces had to recast the Storm in new roles . - When the need for a light armoured vehicle became apparent to the Israeli security forces , AIL 's engineering department designed a vehicle protection system from the bottom up , integrating it into the existing vehicle in a manner that did not compromise its off @-@ road and other capabilities , and that did not create the mechanical strain and increase in maintenance often associated with up @-@ , in part due to its computerized 180 horsepower ( 130 kW ) engine . - The armour protects against 7 @.@ 62 × ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) armour @-@ piercing ammunition , and maintains a high protection @-@ to @-@ weight and cost ratio by employing IDF approved advanced materials . The protected Israeli configuration 's gross vehicle weight is 3 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 6 @,@ 614 lb ) , though several varying protection levels are in use with individual units . - Another important asset are the Storm 's narrow dimensions , which allow it to traverse the narrow alleyways common to the of many Middle Eastern cities , places that armoured can only enter with great difficulty and minimal , if at all . Full @-@ height rear doors which allow for the quick deployment of fully equipped troops into combat are as another advantage over similar vehicles . - - = = = Civilian use = = = - - First generation Storms were made available to the general public in Israel from 1992 to 2001 . A small number were purchased directly by private consumers , while larger numbers were acquired second @-@ hand from Israeli government @-@ owned firms like the Israel Electric Company and water company , as well as National Parks Authority and Israel Police . Storms are popular with off @-@ enthusiasts in Israel . - - = = Storm II = = - - Beginning in 2006 , AIL began delivery of an improved model to the IDF , the M @-@ 242 Storm Mark II , known in the field as the " Storm Commander " . A number of significant changes have been incorporated into the new TJ @-@ based Storms stemming from soldiers ' feedback , updated operational requirements , and testing by Army Headquarters and , Medical , and the Centers Directorate . Perhaps the most obvious change is the addition of dual passenger doors , making the Storm II the first five @-@ door Jeep Wrangler derivative . - Other improvements include the change to a manual transmission with six forward speeds ( instead of the previous four ) , and increased stability resulting from wider track axles than its predecessor . Leaf springs were replaced with modern coil spring suspension front and rear , and the Storm II features rear Dana 44 axles and front TJ Dana 30s , factory designed slip , and the added safety of standard . Soldiers ' comfort was addressed as well with the addition of standard rear air conditioning and a compact disc player . - Storm II is also produced in an armoured version , and is offered with an optional 2 @.@ 8 litre , automatic transmission , right hand drive , and run @-@ flat tyres . AIL is capable of completing ten vehicles daily . Due to recently passed tax laws , a civilian version is not yet available in the local market . - - = = = MDT David controversy = = = - - Developed in the 2000s at an investment of US $ 2 million after IDF commitments for 1 @,@ 200 units , some AIL jobs were believed to be in jeopardy following a mid @-@ 2005 announcement that the IDF would purchase 100 US sold Land Rover Defender @-@ based MDT David . The announcement provoked threats of protests from AIL 's management and labourers , who had recently faced the blow of local assembly due to budget . The MDT David was chosen over the armoured version of the Storm because the heavy Storm was said to suffer from handling and reliability problems , safety and limited mission . However the IDF said that the purchase of the David was to fill a temporary gap in production until the Storm II 's testing was completed , and has since begun filling its commitment . - - = = Storm III = = - - A Storm Mark III was set to be produced for the Israeli defense forces starting in June 2008 , when the IDF was to purchase around 600 vehicles beginning in early 2011 . Based on the then new four @-@ door Jeep Wrangler JK design , the Mark III is meant to address some of the of the earlier Mark II . Whereas the previous vehicle was an update of the original TK Storm , the Storm III was designed from the outset with a five @-@ door configuration . Unlike the TJ @-@ L , the new JK Storm has a much higher maximum load capacity in part due to heavier @-@ duty shock , springs and axles , necessary for an armored version . It includes a standard and automatic transmission . - Like the Storm II , the Mark III was initially available only to the military with versions set to be delivered to the Israel Police in 2009 . A civilian version would only be released if the local tax code was modified to allow it to compete with foreign imports of the same class . AIL states that if such a thing would happen , a petrol engine version could be offered . Regarding markets , the Storm 3 has already seen use in several countries , especially in its armored version . - A pair of production 's was tested by Israeli web magazine journalists in April 2009 . It was dubbed " probably , the best Jeep ever " . - - = = = Commander version = = = - - The commander version incorporates a 5 @-@ door hard top cab allowing for the quick and convenient entrance and exit of the driver and all passengers or troops . A large rear compartment enables the storage of both cargo and communications equipment . - This version comes equipped with an air conditioning system providing maximum comfort in hot climatic conditions . A roll over protection structure ( ) safety conditions for passengers . - - = = = Armored version = = = - - The armored version of the Storm 3 , designed for protection against light weapon threats , incorporates a heavy duty transfer case and a specially designed suspension system which includes heavy duty springs ( front - coil , rear - leaf ) and shock , together with rigid heavy duty axles allowing for a smooth and safe ride on both rough terrain as well as regular highways . - - = = = Reconnaissance & Patrol version = = = - - The Storm 3 reconnaissance and patrol model allows for extra stowage of fuel , water and equipment . This version is especially suited to be fitted with various machine gun or special equipment mountings . - - - = 1940 Atlantic hurricane season = - - The 1940 Atlantic hurricane season was a generally average period of tropical cyclogenesis in 1940 . Though the season had no official bounds , most tropical cyclone activity occurred during August and September . Throughout the year , fourteen tropical cyclones formed , of which nine reached tropical storm intensity ; six were hurricanes . None of the hurricanes reached major hurricane intensity . Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes , especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration , may have remained undetected . Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s , historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable . As a result of a reanalysis project which analyzed the season in 2012 , an additional hurricane was added to HURDAT . The year 's first tropical storm formed on May 19 off the northern coast of Hispaniola . At the time , this was a rare occurrence , as only four other tropical disturbances were known to have formed prior during this period ; since then , reanalysis of previous seasons has concluded that there were more than four tropical cyclones in May before 1940 . The season 's final system was a tropical disturbance situated in the Greater Antilles , which dissipated on November 8 . - All three hurricanes in August brought flooding rainfall to areas of the United States . The first became the wettest tropical cyclone recorded in Louisiana history . The second hurricane impacted regions of the Southeastern United States , producing record precipitation and killing at least 52 people . Despite not making landfall , the third hurricane in August interacted with a stationary front over the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , resulting in localized flooding and thus making the tropical cyclone the wettest in New Jersey history . This hurricane would also be the strongest in the hurricane season , with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 961 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 39 inHg ) , making it a high @-@ end Category 2 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . decreased in September , though a damaging hurricane swept through areas of the Canadian , resulting in large crop and infrastructural losses . Two tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm strength were recorded in October , though neither resulted in fatalities . , storms in the hurricane season caused 71 fatalities and $ 29 @.@ million in damages . The 1940 South Carolina hurricane , which swept through areas of the Southeastern United States in August , was the most damaging and deadly of the tropical cyclones . - - = = Storms = = - - - = = = Tropical Storm One = = = - - On May 18 , a weak low @-@ pressure area was detected south of Hispaniola . Moving northward , the low became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm at 1200 UTC on May 19 , southeast of Turks Island . At the time , ship observations indicated that the disturbance had a well @-@ defined cyclonic circulation , with the strongest winds situated in the northern of the cyclone . Continuing northward , the tropical storm gradually intensified and attained maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) by 0000 UTC on May 22 . The Belgian ship recorded a peripheral barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 42 inHg ) ; this was the lowest pressure measured in connection with the storm . The following day , the tropical storm temporarily curved towards the east @-@ southeast before back towards a northeast direction . At the same time , the storm expanded in size and began to transition into an extratropical cyclone . By 1200 UTC , the cyclone completed its extratropical transition , due to the of colder air . The remnant system persisted until 0600 UTC on May 27 . - - = = = Hurricane Two = = = - - On August 3 , an extratropical cyclone developed into a tropical depression off the west coast of Florida . Initially a weak disturbance , it moved generally westward , slowly gaining in intensity . Early on August 4 , the depression attained tropical storm intensity . Ships in the vicinity of the storm reported a much stronger tropical cyclone than initially suggested . After reaching hurricane strength on August 5 south of the Mississippi River Delta , the storm strengthened further into a modern @-@ day Category 2 hurricane , with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 972 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 71 inHg ) at 0600 UTC on August 7 . The hurricane moved ashore near Sabine Pass , Texas later that day at peak strength . Once inland , the storm executed a sharp curve to the north and quickly weakened , degenerating into a tropical storm on August 8 before dissipating over Arkansas on August 10 . - Reports of a potentially destructive hurricane near the United States Gulf Coast forced thousands of residents in low @-@ lying areas to evacuate prior to the storm moving inland . Offshore , the hurricane generated rough seas and a strong storm surge , peaking at 6 @.@ 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 95 m ) on the western edge of Lake . The high tides flooded many of Louisiana 's outlying islands , resorts . Strong winds caused moderate infrastructural damage , primarily in Texas , though its impact was mainly to communication networks along the U.S. Gulf Coast which were disrupted by the winds . However , much of the property and crop damage wrought by the hurricane was due to the torrential rainfall it produced in low @-@ lying areas , setting off record floods . Rainfall peaked at 37 @.@ 5 in ( mm ) in Miller Island off Louisiana , making it the wettest tropical cyclone in state history . Nineteen official weather stations in both Texas and Louisiana observed record 24 @-@ hour rainfall totals for the month of August as a result of the slow @-@ moving hurricane . Property , livestock , and crops – especially cotton , corn , and crops – were heavily damaged . Entire ecosystems were also altered by the rainfall . Overall , the storm caused $ 10 @.@ 75 million in damages and seven fatalities . - - = = = Hurricane Three = = = - - A storm of potentially Cape Verde origin was detected in the Virgin Islands at 1800 UTC on August 5 . Initially moving westward , the tropical storm gradually gained in intensity before making a sharp curve towards the north on August 8 . The storm continued in a northerly motion before a second brought it in a generally westward direction on August 9 . Shortly after , the tropical storm reached hurricane intensity as a modern @-@ day Category 1 hurricane . The hurricane eventually made landfall at peak intensity on Hilton Head Island , South Carolina at UTC on September 21 . At the time , the storm had maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 972 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 71 inHg ) , equivalent to a modern @-@ day Category 2 hurricane . Once inland , the tropical cyclone gradually weakened , and recurved northeastward before dissipating over the Appalachian Mountains on August 14 . - The hurricane dropped torrential rainfall over the Southeast United States , causing unprecedented devastation in the region . The storm was considered the worst to impact in the region in at least 29 years . Precipitation peaked at 20 @.@ 65 in ( 525 mm ) in , North Carolina . The heavy rainfall caused streams to greatly exceed their respective flood stages , damaging waterfront property . Many of the deaths occurred in North Carolina , where 30 people died . Transportation was disrupted as a result of the debris scattered by the wind and rain . In Caldwell County alone , 90 percent of bridges were swept away . Overall , the storm caused 50 fatalities and $ 13 million in damages . - - = = = Hurricane Four = = = - - On August 26 , a low @-@ pressure area in the open Atlantic Ocean became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical cyclone . Moving slowly in a general west @-@ northwest motion , the disturbance intensified , reaching tropical storm strength on August 28 and subsequently hurricane intensity on August 30 . The hurricane passed within 85 mi ( 135 km ) of Cape Hatteras before towards the northeast . However , the hurricane continued to intensify , and reached peak intensity as a modern @-@ day Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 961 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 38 inHg ) , though these statistical peaks were achieved at different times on September 2 . Afterwards , the tropical cyclone began a weakening trend as it proceeded northward , and had degenerated into a tropical storm by the time it made its first landfall on Nova Scotia later that day . The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day while making another landfall on New Brunswick . The extratropical remnants persisted into Quebec before merging with a larger extratropical system late on September 3 . - Despite not making landfall on the United States , the hurricane caused widespread damage . Extensive measures were undertaken across the coast , particularly in New England . The heightened precautions were due in part to fears that effects from the storm would be similar to that of a devastating hurricane which struck the region two years prior . Most of the damage associated with the hurricane occurred in New Jersey , where the combination of moisture from the hurricane and a stationary front produced record rainfall , peaking at 24 in ( 610 mm ) in the town of Ewan . This would make the storm the wettest in state history . The resultant floods damaged infrastructure , mostly to road networks . Damage in the state amounted to $ 4 million . Further north in New England , strong winds were reported , though damage remained minimal . Although the storm made two in Atlantic Canada , damage too was minimal , and was limited to several boating incidents caused by strong waves . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 4 @.@ 05 million in damage , primarily due to flooding in New Jersey , and seven fatalities . - - = = = Hurricane Five = = = - - A tropical depression was first detected east of the Lesser Antilles on September 7 , though at the time weather observations in the area were sparse . The disturbance gradually intensified throughout much of its early formative stages , attaining tropical storm strength on September 10 ; further strengthening into a hurricane north of Puerto Rico occurred two days later . Shortly thereafter , the hurricane recurved northward , and reached peak intensity the following day as a modern @-@ day Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of at least mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 18 inHg ) . The cyclone steadily weakened thereafter before making landfall on Nova Scotia on September 17 with winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . Moving into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence later that day , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnant system curved eastward and passed over Newfoundland before dissipating over the Atlantic on September 19 . - While off of the United States East Coast , the hurricane caused numerous shipping incidents , most notably the stranding of the Swedish freighter off of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina on September 16 . Two other boat incidents resulted in two deaths . The hurricane also brought strong winds of tropical storm @-@ force and snow over areas of New England . In Atlantic Canada , a strong storm surge peaking at 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 3 m ) above average sunk or damaged several ships and inundated cities . In New Brunswick , the waves hurt the lobster fishing industry . In Nova Scotia , strong winds disrupted telecommunication and power services . The winds also severely damaged crops . Roughly half of production in Annapolis Valley was lost during the storm , resulting in around $ 1 @.@ 49 million in economic losses . Strong winds in New Brunswick caused moderate to severe infrastructural damage , and additional damages to crops occurred there . Overall , the hurricane caused three fatalities , with two off of the United States and one in New Brunswick . - - = = = Tropical Storm Six = = = - - A westward moving tropical depression developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea just west of , Nicaragua at 1200 UTC on September 18 . The following day , the depression intensified into a tropical storm at 0600 UTC . The tropical storm made landfall on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua at 1400 UTC , with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over land , but back to tropical storm strength upon entry into the Gulf of Honduras on September 20 . The cyclone 's northwest motion caused it to make a second landfall near the border of Mexico and British Honduras at 0300 UTC on September 21 as a slightly stronger system with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) ; this would be the storm 's peak intensity . Over the Yucatán Peninsula , the tropical storm re @-@ weakened , but later intensified once again once it reached the Gulf of Mexico . In the Gulf , the storm made a gradual curve northward , before making a final landfall near Lafayette , Louisiana at UTC on September 24 with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1002 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 59 inHg ) . Once inland , the tropical cyclone curved eastward and weakened before dissipating the next day , after becoming absorbed by a frontal boundary . - Upon making landfall , the tropical storm produced strong winds over a wide area . The strongest winds were reported by a station in San Antonio , Texas , which reported 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) winds , far removed from the storm 's center ; these strong winds were likely due to squalls . Heavy rainfall was also reported , though the rains mainly occurred to the east of the passing tropical cyclone . Precipitation peaked at 10 in ( 254 mm ) in Platte , Louisiana . The tropical storm produced three tornadoes over the Southern United States which caused $ 39 @,@ 000 in damage and caused two fatalities . Two of the tornadoes formed in Mississippi while one formed in Louisiana . Several other people were also injured by the tornadoes . - - = = = Hurricane Seven = = = - - In late September , a tropical wave persisted in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean . The low @-@ pressure area later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm at 0000 UTC on September 22 . The disturbance quickly organized after tropical cyclogenesis , and reached a strength equivalent to a modern @-@ day Category 1 hurricane strength at 1800 UTC later that day . The American steamship encountered the system that day , and reported gale force winds in conjunction with a peripheral barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 42 inHg ) . The tropical cyclone continued to the east @-@ northeast , where it gradually intensified . At 1200 UTC on September 23 , the hurricane attained modern @-@ day Category 2 hurricane intensity with winds of 100 mbar ( 155 km / h ) ; a peak which would be maintained for at least the following 12 hours . A second steamship , the , reported hurricane @-@ force winds along with a minimum pressure of 977 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 85 inHg ) ; this would be the lowest pressure measured associated with the tropical cyclone . After reaching peak intensity , the hurricane began a weakening trend , and degenerated to a Category 1 hurricane at 0600 UTC as it passed over the Azores . The following day , the hurricane recurved westward , where it weakened before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 28 . This remnant system subsequently dissipated . - As the hurricane passed over the Azores , several weather stations reported low barometric pressures , with the lowest being a measurement of mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 06 inHg ) on Island at 0600 UTC on September 25 . As a result of the impending storm , several Pan Am flights to the archipelago were suspended for three consecutive days . The maximum reported gust in the Azores was an observation of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) on September 25 . As a result of moving slowly over the islands , torrential rainfall was also reported . At do , 13 @.@ 11 in ( 333 mm ) of precipitation was reported in a four @-@ day , accounting for a third of the station 's yearly average rainfall . Strong storm surge was reported at the same location . The waves swept boats away from the coasts of islands . Further inland , there was extensive damage to homes and crops , though no people died . Despite evidence that the system had distinct tropical characteristics , it was not operationally added to HURDAT . - - = = = Hurricane Eight = = = - - On October 19 , a low @-@ pressure area moved into the southwestern Caribbean Sea . The area of disturbed weather quickly became well @-@ organized , and was analyzed to have become a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on October 20 . Initially , the tropical cyclone moved very slowly towards the west and then the northwest . Shortly after formation , the disturbance intensified into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC later that day . The S.S. provided the first indications of a tropical cyclone in the region , after reporting strong gusts and low pressures north of the Panama Canal Zone during that evening . Continuing to intensify , the storm reached hurricane intensity at 0600 UTC on October 22 . Several vessels in the storm 's vicinity reported strong gusts and rough seas generated by the storm . Later that day at 1200 UTC , the ship S.S. reported a minimum pressure of 983 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 03 inHg ) near the periphery of the storm . Based on this observation , the hurricane was estimated to have reached intensity at the same time with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . The hurricane subsequently curved west and then southwest , before making its only landfall in northern Nicaragua at 1900 UTC on October 23 at peak intensity . Once inland , the tropical cyclone rapidly weakened over mountainous terrain , and dissipated at 1200 UTC the following day . Reports of damage were limited , though a report stated that considerable damage had occurred where the hurricane made landfall . - - = = = Tropical Storm Nine = = = - - On October 23 , an open trough was centered north of Hispaniola near the Turks and islands . At 0000 UTC the following day , the area of disturbed weather became organized and was analyzed to have become a tropical storm southeast of , based on nearby vessel reports . Initially , the storm drifted northward , but later began to accelerate towards the northeast after a roughly 12 @-@ hour period . At 0600 UTC on September 25 , the disturbance slightly gained in intensity to attain maximum wind speeds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) ; these would be the strongest winds associated with the storm as a fully tropical cyclone . A reanalysis of the system indicated that due to a lack of definite tropical features , the storm may have had been a subtropical cyclone . On October 26 , the system became increasingly asymmetric and had developed frontal boundaries , allowing for it to be classified as an extratropical cyclone at 0600 UTC that day . Once transitioning into an extratropical system , the storm continued to intensified as it moved northward . On October 27 , the system was analyzed to have a minimum pressure of at least 985 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 09 inHg ) after passing to the southeast of Bermuda . At 1200 UTC later that day , the cyclone reached an extratropical peak intensity with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) just east of Newfoundland . Had the storm been tropical at the time , it would have been classified as a modern @-@ day Category 1 hurricane . Subsequently , the extratropical storm curved eastward , where it persisted before dissipating by 1800 UTC on September 29 . - - = = = Tropical depressions = = = - - In addition to the storms which attained at least tropical storm strength in 1940 , five additional tropical depressions were analyzed by the HURDAT reanalysis project to have developed during the season . Due to their weak intensity , however , they were not added to HURDAT . On September 2 , a closed low @-@ pressure area was detected in the open Atlantic Ocean southeast of Bermuda and was analyzed as a tropical depression . At the time , the disturbance had a minimum pressure of at least 1015 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 98 inHg ) . The depression initially moved to the southeast , but later recurved towards the northwest over the next two days . On September 4 , the S.S. West en route for Boston , Massachusetts reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , which would be considered as tropical storm @-@ force winds . The depression later moved to the northeast before it was absorbed by a stationary front on September 7 . Since there was only one report that the disturbance may have reached tropical storm intensity , it was not included in HURDAT . Later on September 10 , a trough was detected in a similar region in the Atlantic where the first depression formed . The trough later became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression . The cyclone moved slowly to the east and did not further intensify before dissipating on September 13 . - On October 7 , a large elongated extratropical cyclone extended across the Atlantic Ocean with a pressure of at most 1015 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 98 inHg ) . The following day , the low @-@ pressure area became more narrow and well @-@ defined , with its central pressure deepening to 1000 mph ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) . On October 9 , the extratropical system was analyzed to have become a tropical depression . The low moved slowly to the northeast and gradually weakened before dissipating on October 10 . On October 14 , offshore observations indicated that a tropical depression had developed north of The Bahamas . The following day , however , the depression became less defined and degenerated into a trough of low pressure . On October 16 , two ships listed in the International Ocean @-@ Data Set reported winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) off the coast of North Carolina . However , since these reports occurred in a higher pressure gradient , the system was not included in HURDAT . - On November 2 , a trough of low @-@ pressure was analyzed near the Lesser Antilles . The system moved westward into the Caribbean Sea without much organization . On November 7 , the low @-@ pressure area moved south of Cuba and became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical depression with a pressure of at least mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 83 inHg ) . The depression moved over Cuba and into the Atlantic , where it dissipated the following day . On November 9 , a second system was detected northeast of Bermuda with a pressure of 1005 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 68 inHg ) , though it remained unclear whether the two systems were related . - - = = Season effects = = - - - - = Ode to a Nightingale = - - " Ode to a Nightingale " is a poem by John Keats written either in the garden of the Spaniards Inn , Hampstead , London or , according to Keats ' friend Charles Brown , under a plum tree in the garden of Keats ' house at Wentworth Place , also in Hampstead . According to Brown , a nightingale had built its nest near the house Keats and Brown shared in the spring of 1819 . Inspired by the bird 's song , Keats composed the poem in one day . It soon became one of his 1819 odes and was first published in Annals of the Fine Arts the following July . - " Ode to a Nightingale " is a personal poem that describes Keats 's journey into the state of negative capability . The tone of the poem rejects the optimistic pursuit of pleasure found within Keats 's earlier poems and , rather , explores the themes of nature , and mortality , the latter being particularly personal to Keats . - The nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but does not actually die . Instead , the is capable of living through its song , which is a fate that humans cannot expect . The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inevitable part of life . In the poem , Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead — as a " sod " over which the nightingale sings . The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man sitting in his garden , is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination . The presence of weather is noticeable in the poem , as spring came early in 1819 , bringing all over the heath . - - = = Background = = - - Of Keats 's six major odes of 1819 , " Ode to Psyche " , was probably written first and " To Autumn " written last . between these two , he wrote " Ode to a Nightingale " . It is possible that " Ode to a Nightingale " was written between 26 April and 18 May 1819 , based on weather conditions and similarities between images in the poem and those in a letter sent to Fanny Keats on May Day . The poem was composed at the Hampstead house Keats shared with Brown , possibly while sitting beneath a plum tree in the garden . According to Keats ' friend Brown , Keats finished the ode in just one morning : " In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house . Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song ; and one morning he took his chair from the breakfast @-@ table to the grass @-@ plot under a plum @-@ tree , where he sat for two or three hours . When he came into the house , I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand , and these he was quietly behind the books . On inquiry , I found those scraps , four or five in number , contained his poetic feelings on the song of the nightingale . " Brown 's account is personal , as he claimed the poem was directly influenced by his house and preserved by his own doing . However , Keats relied on both his own imagination and other literature as sources for his depiction of the nightingale . - The exact date of " Ode to a Nightingale " , as well as " Ode on Indolence " , " Ode on Melancholy " , and " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , is unknown , as Keats dated all as ' May 1819 ' . However , he worked on the four poems together , and there is a unity in both their stanza forms and their themes . The exact order the poems were written in is also unknown , but they form a sequence within their structures . While Keats was writing " Ode on a Grecian Urn " and the other poems , Brown transcribed copies of the poems and submitted them to Richard Woodhouse . During this time , Benjamin , Keats ' friend , was given a copy of " Ode to a Nightingale " , and he shared the poem with the editor of the Annals of the Fine Arts , James . paid Keats a small sum of money , and the poem was published in the July issue . The poem was later included in Keats ' 1820 collection of poems , , Isabella , The Eve of St Agnes , and Other written by Kumar - Poems . - - = = Structure = = - - " Ode to a Nightingale " was probably the first of the middle set of four odes that Keats wrote following " Ode to Psyche " , according to Brown . There is further evidence of this in the structure of the poems because Keats combines two different types of lyrical poetry in an experimental way : the hymn and the lyric of questioning voice that responds to the hymn . This combination of structures is similar to that in " Ode on a Grecian Urn " . In both poems the dual form creates a sort of dramatic element within the poem . The stanza forms of the poem is a combination of elements from and Shakespearean . - When it came to vowel forms , Keats incorporated a pattern of alternating historically " short " and " long " vowel sounds in his ode . In particular , line 18 ( " And purple @-@ stained mouth " ) has the historical pattern of " short " followed by " long " followed by " short " and followed by " long " . This alteration is continued in longer lines , including line 31 ( " Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee " ) which contains five pairs of . However , other lines , such as line 3 ( " Or emptied some dull to the drains " ) rely on a pattern of five " short " vowels followed by " long " and " short " vowel until they end with a " long " vowel . These are not the only combination patterns present , and there are patterns of two " short " vowels followed by a " long " vowel in other lines , including 12 , 22 , and 59 , which are repeated twice and then followed up with two sets of " short " and then " long " vowel pairs . This reliance on vowel sounds is not unique to this ode , but is common to Keats 's other 1819 odes and his Eve of St. Agnes . - The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance — the repetition of vowel sounds — in a conscious pattern , as found in many of his poems . Such a reliance on assonance is found in very few English poems . Within " Ode to a Nightingale " , an example of this pattern can be found in line 35 ( " Already with thee ! tender is the night " ) , where the " " of " Already " connects with the " e " of " tender " and the " i " of " with " connects with the " i " of " is " . This same pattern is found again in line 41 ( " I cannot see what flowers are at my feet " ) with the " a " of " cannot " linking with the " a " of " at " and the " ee " of " see " linking with the " ee " of " feet " . This system of assonance can be found in approximately a tenth of the lines of Keats 's later poetry . - When it came to other sound patterns , Keats relied on double or triple in approximately 6 % of lines throughout the 1819 odes . An example from " Ode to a Nightingale " can be found within line 45 ( " The grass , the thicket , and the fruit @-@ tree wild " ) as the after the commas are a " masculine " pause . Furthermore , Keats began to reduce the amount of Latin @-@ based words and that he relied on in his poetry , which in turn shortened the length of the words that dominate the poem . There is also an emphasis on words beginning with consonants , especially those that begin with " b " , " p " or " v " . These three consonants are relied on heavily in the first stanza , and they are used to add a musical tone within the poem . - In terms of poetic meter , Keats relies on throughout his 1819 odes and in just over 8 % of his lines within " Ode to a Nightingale " , including line 12 : - and line 25 : - To Walter Jackson Bate , the use of spondees in lines 31 – 34 creates a feeling of slow flight , and " in the final stanza . . . the distinctive use of scattered spondees , together with initial , lend [ s ] an approximate phonetic suggestion of the peculiar spring and bounce of the bird in its flight . " - - = = Poem = = - - My heart , and a pains - My sense , as though of hemlock I had drunk , - Or emptied some dull to the drains - One minute past , and @-@ wards had sunk : - not through envy of thy happy lot , 5 - But being too happy in happiness , - That thou , light @-@ of the trees , - In some plot - Of green , and shadows , - of summer in full @-@ throated ease . 10 - O for a draught of vintage ! that hath been - Cool 'd a long age in the deep @-@ earth , - of Flora and the country @-@ green , - Dance , and song , and ! - O for a full of the warm South ! 15 - Full of the true , the , - With bubbles at the , - And purple @-@ mouth ; - That I might drink , and leave the world unseen , - And with thee fade away into the forest dim : 20 - far away , dissolve , and quite forget - What thou among the leaves never known , - The weariness , the fever , and the fret - Here , where men sit and hear each other ; - Where shakes a few , sad , last grey hairs , 25 - Where youth grows pale , and @-@ thin , and dies ; - Where but to think is to be full of - And @-@ eyed ; - Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes , - Or new Love pine at them beyond to @-@ . 30 - Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee , - Not by and his , - But on the wings of Poesy , - Though the dull brain and : - Already with thee ! tender is the night , 35 - And the Queen @-@ Moon is on her throne , - 'd around by all her - But here there is no light , - Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown - Through and winding ways . 40 - I cannot see what flowers are at my feet , - Nor what soft incense hangs upon the , - But , in darkness , guess each sweet - the month - The grass , the thicket , and the fruit @-@ tree wild ; 45 - White hawthorn , and the pastoral ; - Fast @-@ fading cover 'd up in leaves ; - And mid @-@ May 's eldest child , - The coming @-@ rose , full of wine , - The haunt of flies on summer . 50 - I listen ; and , for many a time - I have been half in love with Death , - Call 'd him soft names in many a rhyme , - To take into the air my quiet breath ; - Now more than ever seems it rich to die , 55 - To cease upon the midnight with no pain , - While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad - In such an ecstasy ! - Still thou sing , and I have ears in vain — - To thy high become a sod . 60 - not born for death , immortal Bird ! - No hungry generations thee down ; - The voice I hear this passing night was heard - In ancient days by emperor and clown : - Perhaps the self @-@ same song that found a path 65 - Through the sad heart of Ruth , when , sick for home , - She stood in tears amid the alien corn ; - The same that hath - 'd magic , opening on the - Of perilous seas , in lands forlorn . 70 - ! the very word is like a bell - To toll me back from thee to my sole self ! - ! the fancy cannot so well - As she is famed to do , elf . - ! ! thy plaintive anthem fades 75 - Past the near meadows , over the still stream , - Up the hill @-@ side ; and now ' tis buried deep - In the next valley @-@ : - Was it a vision , or a waking dream ? - is that music : — do I wake or sleep ? 80 - - = = Themes = = - - " Ode to a Nightingale " describes a series of conflicts between reality and the Romantic ideal of uniting with nature . In the words of Richard Fogle , " The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual : inclusive terms which , however , contain more particular of pleasure and pain , of imagination and common sense reason , of and , of permanence and change , of nature and the human , of art and life , freedom and bondage , waking and dream . " Of course , the nightingale 's song is the dominant image and dominant " voice " within the ode . The nightingale is also the object of empathy and praise within the poem . However , the nightingale and the discussion of the nightingale is not simply about the bird or the song , but about human experience in general . This is not to say that the song is a simple metaphor , but it is a complex image that is formed through the interaction of the conflicting voices of praise and questioning . On this theme , David Perkins the way " Ode to a Nightingale " and " Ode on a Grecian Urn " perform this when he says , " we are dealing with a talent , indeed an entire approach to poetry , in which symbol , however necessary , may possibly not satisfy as the principal concern of poetry , any more than it could with Shakespeare , but is rather an element in the poetry and drama of human reactions " . However , there is a difference between an urn and a nightingale in that the nightingale is not an eternal entity . Furthermore , in creating any aspect of the nightingale immortal during the poem the narrator separates any union that he can have with the nightingale . - The nightingale 's song within the poem is connected to the art of music in a way that the urn in " Ode on a Grecian Urn " is connected to the art of sculpture . As such , the nightingale would represent an presence and , unlike the urn , is directly connected to nature . As natural music , the song is for beauty and lacks a message of truth . Keats follows Coleridge 's belief , as found in " The Nightingale " , in separating from the world by losing himself in the bird 's song . Although Keats favours a female nightingale over Coleridge 's masculine bird , both reject the traditional depiction of the nightingale as related to the tragedy of . Their is a happy nightingale that lacks the melancholic feel of previous poetic depictions . The bird is only a voice within the poem , but it is a voice that the narrator to join with in and forget the of the world . However , there is tension in that the narrator holds Keats 's guilt regarding the death of Tom Keats , his brother . The song 's conclusion represents the result of trying to escape into the realm of fancy . - Like Percy Shelley ’ s " To a " , Keats ’ s narrator listens to a bird song , but listening to the song within “ Ode to a Nightingale ” is almost painful and similar to death . The narrator seeks to be with the nightingale and abandons his sense of vision in order to embrace the sound in an attempt to share in the darkness with the bird . As the poem ends , the trance caused by the nightingale is broken and the narrator is left wondering if it was a real vision or just a dream . The poem reliance on the process of sleeping common to Keats 's poems , and " Ode to a Nightingale " shares many of the same themes as Keats 's Sleep and Poetry and Eve of St. Agnes . This further separates the image of the nightingale 's song from its closest comparative image , the urn as represented in " Ode on a Grecian Urn " . The nightingale is distant and mysterious , and even disappears at the end of the poem . The dream image emphasizes the and of the poem . These elements make it impossible for there to be a complete self @-@ identification with the nightingale , but it also allows for self @-@ awareness to throughout the poem , albeit in an altered state . - Midway through the poem , there is a split between the two actions of the poem : the first attempts to identify with the nightingale and its song , and the second discusses the convergence of the past with the future while experiencing the present . This second theme is reminiscent of Keats 's view of human progression through the Mansion of Many Apartments and how man develops from experiencing and wanting only pleasure to understanding truth as a mixture of both pleasure and pain . The fields and the nightingale 's song in the first half of the poem represent the moments that overwhelm the individual like a drug . However , the experience does not last forever , and the body is left it until the narrator feels helpless without the pleasure . Instead of embracing the coming truth , the narrator clings to poetry to hide from the loss of pleasure . Poetry does not bring about the pleasure that the narrator original asks for , but it does liberate him from his desire for only pleasure . - Responding to this emphasis on pleasure , Albert Guerard , Jr. argues that the poem contains a " longing not for art but a free of any kind . The form of the poem is that of progression by association , so that the movement of feeling is at the mercy of words evoked by chance , such words as fade and forlorn , the very words that , like a bell , toll the back to his sole self . " However , Fogle points out that the terms Guerard emphasizes are " translations " and that Guerard Keats 's aesthetic . After all , the acceptance of the loss of pleasure by the end of the poem is an acceptance of life and , in turn , of death . Death was a constant theme that permeated aspects of Keats poetry because he was exposed to death of his family members throughout his life . Within the poem , there are many images of death . The nightingale experiences a sort of death and even the god Apollo experiences death , but his death reveals his own divine state . As Perkins explains , " But , of course , the nightingale is not thought to be literally dying . The point is that the deity or the nightingale can sing without dying . But , as the ode makes clear , man cannot — or at least not in a visionary way . " - With this theme of a loss of pleasure and inevitable death , the poem , according to Claude , describes " the of the romantic escape from the world of reality to the world of ideal beauty " . Earl essentially agrees with , but he extended his of the poem to incorporate the themes of Keats 's Mansion of Many Apartments when he says , " the core of the poem is the search for the mystery , the unsuccessful quest for light within its darkness " and this " leads only to an increasing darkness , or a growing recognition of how impenetrable the mystery is to mortals . " With these views in mind , the poem recalls Keats 's earlier view of pleasure and an optimistic view of poetry found within his earlier poems , especially Sleep and Poetry , and rejects them . This loss of pleasure and incorporation of death imagery lends the poem a dark air , which connects " Ode to a Nightingale " with Keats ' other poems that discuss the demonic nature of poetic imagination , including . In the poem , Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead — he uses an abrupt , almost brutal word for it — as a " sod " over which the nightingale sings . The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man , sitting in his garden , is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination . - - = = Keats 's reception = = - - Contemporary critics of Keats enjoyed the poem , and it was heavily quoted in their reviews . An anonymous review of Keats 's poetry that ran in the August and October 1820 Scots Magazine stated : " Amongst the minor poems we prefer the ' Ode to the Nightingale . ' Indeed , we are inclined to prefer it beyond every other poem in the book ; but let the reader judge . The third and seventh stanzas have a charm for us which we should find it difficult to explain . We have read this ode over and over again , and every time with increased delight . " At the same time , Leigh Hunt wrote a review of Keats 's poem for the 2 August and 9 August 1820 The : " As a specimen of the Poems , which are all lyrical , we must indulge ourselves in quoting entire the ' Ode to a Nightingale ' . There is that mixture in it of real melancholy and imaginative relief , which poetry alone presents us in her ' charmed cup , ' and which some over @-@ rational critics have undertaken to find wrong because it is not true . It does not follow that what is not true to them , is not true to others . If the relief is real , the mixture is good and . " - John Scott , in an anonymous review for the September 1820 edition of The London Magazine , argued for the greatness of Keats 's poetry as exemplified by poems including " Ode to a Nightingale " : - The injustice which has been done to our author 's works , in estimating their poetical merit , rendered us anxious , on opening his last volume , to find it likely to seize fast hold of general sympathy , and thus turn an overwhelming power against the of talent , more eminently promising in many respects , than any the present age has been called upon to encourage . We have not found it to be quite all that we wished in this it would have been very extraordinary if we had , for our wishes went far beyond reasonable expectations . But we have found it of a nature to present to common the poetical power with which the author 's mind is gifted , in a more and shape than that in which it has appeared in any of his former compositions . It is , therefore , calculated to throw shame on the lying , vulgar spirit , in which this young in the temple of the has been cried @-@ down ; whatever questions may still leave to be settled as to the kind and degree of his poetical merits . Take for instance , as proof of the justice of our praise , the following passage from an Ode to the Nightingale : is distinct , noble , pathetic , and true : the thoughts have all chords of direct communication with naturally @-@ constituted hearts : the echoes of the strain linger bout the depths of human . - In a review for the 21 January 1835 London Journal , Hunt claimed that while Keats wrote the poem , " The poet had then his mortal illness upon him , and knew it . Never was the voice of death . " David , in 1851 , used The Even of St Agnes to claim , " We have here a specimen of descriptive power rich and original ; but the following lines , from the ' Ode to a Nightingale , ' flow from a far more profound fountain of inspiration . " - At the end of the 19th century , Robert Bridges 's analysis of the poem became a dominant view and would influence later interpretations of the poem . Bridges , in 1895 , declared that the poem was the best of Keats 's odes but he thought that the poem contained too much artificial language . In particular , he emphasised the use of the word " forlorn " and the last stanza as being examples of Keats 's artificial language . In " Two odes of Keats 's " ( 1897 ) , William C Wilkinson suggested that " Ode to a Nightingale " is deeply flawed because it contains too many " incoherent " that failed to supply a standard of logic that would allow the reader to understand the relationship between the poet and the bird . However , Herbert , arguing in 1928 , believed Nightingale to be superior to " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , " Ode on Melancholy " , and " Ode to Psyche " , arguing the exact opposite of Wilkinson as he stated that " Nightingale " , along with " To Autumn " , showed a greater amount of logical thought and more presented the cases they were intended to make . - - = = = 20th @-@ century criticism = = = - - At the beginning of the 20th century , Kipling referred to lines 69 and 70 , alongside three lines from Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's Kubla Khan , when he claimed of poetry : " In all the millions permitted there are no more than five — five little lines — of which one can say , ' These are the magic . These are the vision . The rest is only Poetry . ' " In 1906 , Alexander argued : " The nightingale and the for long poetic privilege they enjoyed solely on account of their pre @-@ as song birds . Keats 's Ode to a Nightingale and Shelley 's Ode to a are two of the of English literature ; but both were written by men who had no claim to special or exact knowledge of as such . " Sidney , in 1920 , argued , " Throughout this ode Keats ’ s genius is at its height . cannot be more rich and satisfying , of phrase and cannot be more absolute , than in the several contrasted stanzas calling for the draft of southern vintage [ … ] To praise the art of a passage like that in the fourth stanza [ … ] to praise or comment on a stroke of art like this is to throw doubt on the reader ’ s power to perceive it for himself . " - Bridge 's view of " Ode to a Nightingale " was taken up by H. W. Garrod in his 1926 analysis of Keats 's poems . Like Albert Gerard would argue later in 1944 , Garrod believed that the problem within Keats 's poem was his emphasis on the rhythm and the language instead of the main ideas of the poem . When describing the fourth stanza of the poem , Maurice Ridley , in 1933 , claimed , " And so comes the stanza , with that remarkable piece of imagination at the end which feels the light as blown by the breezes , one of those characteristic sudden flashes with which Keats fires the most ordinary material . " He later declared of the seventh stanza : " And now for the great stanza in which the imagination is fanned to yet heat , the stanza that would , I suppose , by common consent be taken , along with Kubla Khan , as offering us the of ' Romanticism ' " . He concluded on the stanza that " I do not believe that any reader who has watched Keats at work on the more exquisitely finished of the stanzas in The Eve of St. Agnes , and seen this craftsman slowly elaborating and refining , will ever believe that this perfect stanza was achieved with the easy fluency with which , in the draft we have , it was obviously written down . " In 1936 , F. R. Leavis wrote , " One remembers the poem both as recording , and as being for the reader , an indulgence . " Following Leavis , Brooks and Robert Penn Warren , in a 1938 essay , saw the poem as " a very rich poem . It contains some complications which we must not over if we are to appreciate the depth and significance of the issues engaged . " Brooks would later argue in The Well @-@ Urn ( 1947 ) that the poem was thematically unified while many of the negative criticisms lodged against the poem . - Richard Fogle responded to the critical attack on Keats 's emphasis on rhyme and language put forth by Garrod , Gerard , and others in 1953 . His argument was similar to Brooks : that the poem was thematically coherent and that there is a poet within the poem that is different from Keats the writer of the poem . As such , Keats consciously chose the shift in the themes of the poem and the contrasts within the poem represent the pain felt when comparing the real world to an ideal world found within the imagination . Fogle also responded directly to the claims made by Leavis : " I find Mr. Leavis too austere , but he points out a quality which Keats plainly sought for . His and is , however , modified by a principle of sobriety . " It is possible that Fogle 's statements were a defense of Romanticism as a group that was both respectable in terms of thought and poetic ability . , following in 1953 , claimed that " Of all Keats ' poems , it is probably the ' Ode to a Nightingale ' that has most tormented the critic [ ... ] in any reading of the ' Ode to a Nightingale ' the turmoil will not down . Forces contend wildly within the poem , not only without resolution , but without possibility of resolution ; and the reader comes away from his experience with the sense that he has been in ' a wild Abyss ' " . He then explained , " It is this turbulence , I suspect , that has led Allen Tate to believe the ode ' at least tries to say everything that poetry an say . ' But I propose it is the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' that succeeds in saying what poetry can say , and that the other ode attempts to say all that the poet can . " - - = = = Later critical responses = = = - - Although the poem was defended by a few critics , E. C. returned to the argument that the poem lacked a structure and emphasized the word " forlorn " as evidence of his view . In his 1957 work , did praise the poem as he declared , " The Ode to a Nightingale has a special interest in that most of us would probably regard it as the most richly representative of all Keats ’ s poems . Two reasons for this quality are immediately apparent : there is its evocation of that late spring and early summer season [ … ] and there is its exceptional degree of ' distillation ' , of concentrated recollection " . David Perkins felt the need to defend the use of the word " forlorn " and claimed that it described the feeling from the impossibility of not being able to live in the world of the imagination . When praising the poem in 1959 , Perkins claimed , " Although the " Ode to a Nightingale " ranges more widely than the " Ode on a Grecian Urn , " the poem can also be regarded as the exploration or testing out of a symbol , and , compared with the urn as a symbol , the nightingale would seem to have both limitations and advantages . " Walter Jackson Bate also made a similar defense of the word " forlorn " by claiming that the world described by describing the impossibility of reaching that land . When describing the poem compared to the rest of English poetry , Bate argued in 1963 , " Ode to a Nightingale " is among " the greatest lyrics in English " and the only one written with such speed : " We are free to doubt whether any poem in English of comparable length and quality has been composed so quickly . " In 1968 , Robert stated , " It may not be wrong to regard [ Ode on Indolence and Ode on Melancholy ] as Keats 's earlier essays in this [ ode ] form , and the great Nightingale and Grecian Urn as his more finished and later works . " - From the late 1960s onward , many of the Yale School of critics describe the poem as a reworking of John Milton 's poetic diction , but they argued that poem revealed that Keats lacked the ability of Milton as a poet . The critics , Harold Bloom ( 1965 ) , Leslie ( 1973 ) , Paul Fry ( 1980 ) , John ( 1981 ) and Cynthia Chase ( 1985 ) , all focused on the poem with Milton as a progenitor to " Ode to a Nightingale " while ignoring other possibilities , including Shakespeare who was emphasised as being the source of many of Keats 's phrases . Responding to the claims about Milton and Keats 's shortcomings , critics like R. S. White ( 1981 ) and Willard Spiegelman ( 1983 ) used the Shakespearean echoes to argue for a multiplicity of sources for the poem to claim that Keats was not trying to respond just Milton or escape from his shadow . Instead , " Ode to a Nightingale " was an original poem , as White claimed , " The poem is richly saturated in Shakespeare , yet the are so profound that the Ode is finally original , and wholly " . Similarly , Spiegelman claimed that Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream had " flavored and the later poem " . This was followed in 1986 by Jonathan Bate claiming that Keats was " left enriched by the voice of Shakespeare , the ' immortal bird ' " . - Focusing on the quality of the poem , Stuart , argued in 1973 , " ' Ode to a Nightingale ' is the supreme expression in all Keats 's poetry of the impulse to imaginative escape that flies in the face of the knowledge of human limitation , the impulse fully expressed in ' Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee . ' " Wolf , in 1981 , described the poem as " celebrated " and claimed that " Since this movement into an eternal realm of song is one of the most magnificent in literature , the poet 's return to actuality is all the more shattering . " Helen continued the earlier view that the poem was artificial but added that the poem was an attempt to be aesthetic and spontaneous that was later dropped . In 1983 , she argued , " In its absence of and its abandonment to , the poem appeals to readers who prize it as the most personal , the most apparently spontaneous , the most immediately beautiful , and the most confessional of Keats 's odes . I believe that the ' events ' of the ode , as it in time , have more logic , however , than is usually granted them , and that they are best seen in relation to Keats 's pursuit of the idea of music as a art . " - In a review of contemporary criticism of " Ode to a Nightingale " in 1998 , James O claimed that " To judge from the volume , the variety , and the polemical force of the modern critical responses engendered , there have been few moments in English poetic history as as Keats 's repetition of the word ' forlorn ' " . When referring to the reliance of the ideas of John Dryden and William within the poem , Poet Laureate Andrew Motion , in 1999 , argued " whose notion of poetry as a ' movement ' from personal consciousness to an awareness of suffering humanity it perfectly illustrates . " - - = = In fiction = = - - F. Scott Fitzgerald took the title of his novel is the Night from the 35th line of the ode . - According to de Carrington , Keats ' wording , " when , sick for home , / She stood in tears amid the alien corn " , seems to be echoed in by Alice Munro 's Save the ( 1998 ) , the end of which reads : " Eve would lie down [ ... ] with nothing in her head but the of the deep tall corn which might have stopped growing now but still made its live noise after dark " ( book version ) . - The poem is quoted in Chapter 1 of P. G. Wodehouse 's novel Full Moon ( 1947 ) : " ' Coming here ? Freddie ? ' seemed to be his sense , as though of hemlock he had drunk . " - - - = Weather buoy = - - Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world 's oceans , as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills , legal proceedings , and engineering design . Moored buoys have been in use since 1951 , while drifting buoys have been used since 1979 . Moored buoys are connected with the ocean bottom using either chains , nylon , or . With the decline of the weather ship , they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s . During the 1980s and 1990s , a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific ocean helped study the El Niño @-@ Southern . Moored weather buoys range from 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) in diameter , while drifting buoys are smaller , with diameters of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) . Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number , with 1250 located worldwide . Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships . There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well , relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity . - - = = History = = - - The first known proposal for surface weather observations at sea occurred in connection with aviation in August 1927 , when stated that " weather stations along the ocean coupled with the development of the seaplane to have an equally long range , would result in regular ocean flights within ten years . " Starting in 1939 , United States Coast Guard vessels were being used as weather ships to protect transatlantic air commerce . - During World War II The German Navy deployed weather buoys ( See — ) at fifteen fixed positions in the North Atlantic and Sea . They were launched from U @-@ boats into a maximum depth of ocean of 1000 ( 1 @,@ 800 metres ) , limited by the length of the anchor cable . Overall height of the body was 10 @.@ 5 metres ( of which most was submerged ) , surmounted by a mast and aerial of 9 metres . Data ( air and water temperature , atmospheric pressure and relative humidity ) were encoded and transmitted four times a day . When the batteries ( high voltage dry @-@ cells for the , and nickel @-@ iron for other power and to raise and lower the aerial mast ) were exhausted , after about eight to ten weeks , the unit self @-@ . - The Navy Oceanographic Meteorological ( NOMAD ) buoy 's 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) hull was originally designed in the 1940s for the United States Navy ’ s offshore data collection program . Between 1951 and 1970 , a total of 21 NOMAD buoys were built and deployed at sea . Since the 1970s , weather buoy use has superseded the role of weather ships by design , as they are cheaper to operate and maintain . The earliest reported use of drifting buoys was to study the behavior of ocean currents within the Sea in 1972 and 1973 . Drifting buoys have been used increasingly since 1979 , and as of 2005 , 1250 drifting buoys roamed the Earth 's oceans . - Between 1985 and 1994 , an extensive array of moored and drifting buoys was deployed across the equatorial Pacific Ocean designed to help monitor and predict the El Niño phenomenon . Hurricane Katrina capsized a 10 m ( 33 ft ) buoy for the first time in the history of the National Data Buoy Center ( ) on August 28 , 2005 . On June 13 , 2006 , drifting buoy ended its long @-@ term data collection of sea surface temperature after transmitting for 10 years , 4 months , and 16 days , which is the longest known data collection time for any drifting buoy . The first weather buoy in the Southern Ocean was deployed by the Integrated Marine Observing System ( ) on March 17 , 2010 . - - = = Instrumentation = = - - Weather buoys , like other types of weather stations , measure parameters such as air temperature above the ocean surface , wind speed ( steady and gusting ) , barometric pressure , and wind direction . Since they lie in oceans and lakes , they also measure water temperature , wave height , and dominant wave period . Raw data is processed and can be logged on board the buoy and then transmitted via radio , cellular , or satellite communications to meteorological centers for use in weather forecasting and climate study . Both moored buoys and drifting buoys ( drifting in the open ocean currents ) are used . Fixed buoys measure the water temperature at a depth of 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) . Many different drifting buoys exist around the world that vary in design and the location of reliable temperature sensors varies . These measurements are to satellites for automated and immediate data distribution . Other than their use as a source of meteorological data , their data is used within research programs , emergency response to chemical spills , legal proceedings , and engineering design . Moored weather buoys can also act as a navigational aid , like other types of buoys . - - = = Types = = - - Weather buoys range in diameter from 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) . Those that are placed in shallow waters are smaller in size and moored using only chains , while those in deeper waters use a combination of chains , nylon , and . Since they do not have direct navigational significance , moored weather buoys are classed as special marks under the scheme , are coloured yellow , and display a yellow flashing light at night . - buoys are round and moored in deep ocean locations , with a diameter of 10 metres ( 33 ft ) to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) . The aluminum 3 @-@ metre ( 10 ft ) buoy is a very rugged meteorological ocean platform that has long term . The expected service life of the 3 @-@ metre ( 10 ft ) platform is in excess of 20 years and properly maintained , these buoys have not been retired due to corrosion . The NOMAD is a unique moored aluminum environmental monitoring buoy designed for deployments in extreme conditions near the coast and across the Great Lakes . moored off the Atlantic Canadian coast commonly experience winter storms with maximum wave heights approaching 20 metres ( 66 ft ) into the Gulf of Maine . - Drifting buoys are smaller than their moored counterparts , measuring 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) in diameter . They are made of plastic or fiberglass , and tend to be either bi @-@ colored , with white on one half and another color on the other half of the float , or black or blue . It measures a smaller subset of meteorological variables when compared to its moored counterpart , with a barometer measuring pressure in a tube on its top . They have a ( metallic ) on its base , and an underwater , or sea anchor , located 15 metres ( 49 ft ) below the ocean surface connected with the buoy by a long , thin . - - = = and maintenance = = - - A large network of coastal buoys near the United States is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center , with deployment and maintenance performed by the United States Coast Guard . For South Africa , the South African Weather Service deploys and their own buoys , while the Meteorological Service of New Zealand performs the same task for their country . Environment Canada operates and deploys buoys for their country . The Met Office in Great Britain deploys drifting buoys across both the northern and southern Atlantic oceans . - - = = to data from ships = = - - Wind reports from moored buoys have smaller error than those from ships . the comparison of the two measurements are that NOMAD buoys report winds at a height of 5 metres ( 16 ft ) , while ships report winds from a height of 20 metres ( 66 ft ) to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) . Sea surface temperature measured in the intake port of large ships have a warm bias of around 0 @.@ 6 ° C ( 1 ° F ) due to the heat of the engine room . This bias has led to changes in the perception of global warming since 2000 . Fixed buoys measure the water temperature at a depth of 3 metres ( 10 ft ) . - - - = HMS Marlborough ( 1912 ) = - - HMS Marlborough was an Iron Duke @-@ class battleship of the British Royal Navy , named in honour of John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . She was built at Devonport Royal Dockyard between January 1912 and June 1914 , entering service just before the outbreak of the First World War . She was armed with a main battery of ten 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 340 mm ) guns and was capable of a top speed of 21 @.@ 25 knots ( 39 @.@ 36 km / h ; 24 @.@ 45 mph ) . - Marlborough served with the Grand Fleet for the duration of the war , primarily patrolling the northern end of the North Sea to enforce the blockade of Germany . She saw action at the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May – 1 June 1916 ) , where she administered the coup de to the badly damaged German cruiser SMS Wiesbaden . During the engagement , Wiesbaden hit Marlborough with a torpedo that eventually forced her to withdraw . The damage to Marlborough was repaired by early August , though the last two years of the war were uneventful , as the British and German fleets adopted more cautious strategies due to the threat of underwater weapons . - After the war , Marlborough was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , where she took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Black Sea in 1919 – 20 . She was also involved in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . In 1930 , the London Naval Treaty mandated that the four Iron Duke @-@ class battleships be discarded ; Marlborough was used for a variety of weapons tests in 1931 – 32 , the results of which were incorporated into the reconstruction programme for the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships . - - = = Design = = - - Marlborough was feet 9 inches ( 190 m ) long overall and had a beam of 90 ft ( 27 m ) and an average draught of 29 ft 6 in ( 9 m ) . She displaced 25 @,@ 000 long tons ( 25 @,@ t ) as designed and up to 29 @,@ 560 long tons ( 30 @,@ t ) at combat loading . Her propulsion system consisted of four Parsons steam turbines , with steam provided by eighteen Babcock & Wilcox boilers . The engines were rated at 29 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 21 @,@ 625 kW ) and produced a top speed of 21 @.@ 25 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Marlborough 's cruising radius was 7 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 446 km ; 8 @,@ mi ) at a more economical 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 995 officers and enlisted men ; during wartime this increased to up to 1 @,@ . - The ship was armed with a main battery of ten BL 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Mk V naval guns mounted in five twin gun turrets . They were arranged in two superfiring pairs , one forward and one aft ; the fifth turret was located amidships , between the funnels and the rear superstructure . Close @-@ range defence against torpedo boats was provided by a secondary armament of twelve BL 6 @-@ inch Mk VII guns . Marlborough was also fitted with a pair of QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft guns and four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 3 @-@ pounder guns . As was typical for capital ships of the period , she was equipped with four 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged on the broadside . She was protected by a main armoured belt that was 12 in ( 305 mm ) thick over the ship 's . Her deck was 2 @.@ 5 in ( 64 mm ) thick . The main battery turret faces were 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick , and the turrets were supported by barbettes 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick . - - = = Service history = = - - Marlborough was laid down at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 25 January 1912 . She was launched nearly ten months later , on 24 October , and was commissioned on 2 June 1914 . The ship was completed on 16 June 1914 , a month before the First World War broke out on the Continent . Marlborough initially joined the Home Fleets , where she served as the flagship for Sir Lewis . Following the British entry into the war in August , the Home Fleets was reorganised as the Grand Fleet , commanded by Admiral John Jellicoe . Marlborough was assigned as the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron , where she served for the duration of the conflict . - - = = = First World War = = = - - On the evening of 22 November 1914 , the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the North Sea to support Vice Admiral David Beatty 's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron . The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November . Marlborough and most of the fleet initially remained in port during the German raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby on 16 December 1914 , though the 3rd Battle Squadron was sent to reinforce the British forces in the area . After receiving further information about the possibility of the rest of the German fleet being at sea , Jellicoe gave the order for the fleet to sortie to try to intercept the Germans , though by that time they had already retreated . Vice Admiral Cecil Burney replaced aboard Marlborough in December ; at that time , Marlborough became the second @-@ in @-@ command flagship for the Grand Fleet . On 25 December , the fleet sortied for a sweep in the North Sea , which concluded on 27 December without event . Marlborough and the rest of the fleet conducted gunnery drills during 10 – 13 January 1915 west of the and . On the evening of 23 January , the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet but the rest of the fleet did not become engaged in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day . - On 7 – 10 March 1915 , the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea , during which it undertook training manoeuvres . Another such cruise took place during 16 – 19 March . On 11 April , the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April ; another patrol in the area took place during 17 – 19 April , followed by gunnery drills off the on 20 – 21 April . The Grand Fleet conducted a sweep into the central North Sea during 17 – 19 May without encountering German vessels . Another patrol followed during 29 – 31 May ; it too was uneventful . The fleet conducted gunnery training in mid @-@ June . During 2 – 5 September , the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills . Throughout the rest of the month , the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises . - On 13 October , the majority of the fleet conducted a sweep into the North Sea , returning to port on 15 October . During 2 – 5 November , Marlborough participated in a fleet training operation west of the . Another such cruise took place during 1 – 4 December . The typical routine of gunnery drills and squadron exercises occurred in January 1916 . The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February ; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Bight , but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea . As a result , the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea . On the night of 25 March , Iron Duke and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow , to support the Battlecruiser Fleet and other light forces that raided the German base at . - On 21 April , the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans , while the Russian Navy its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea . The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and , before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on . The Grand Fleet did not arrive in the area until after the Germans had withdrawn . During 2 – 4 May , the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea . - - = = = = Battle of Jutland = = = = - - In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet , the German High Seas Fleet with 16 dreadnoughts , six pre @-@ dreadnoughts , six light cruisers and 31 torpedo boats commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The Royal Navy 's Room 40 had intercepted and German radio traffic containing plans of the operation . The Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet of 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . On the day of the battle , Marlborough was stationed toward the rear of the British line in the 6th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron . - The initial action was fought primarily by the British and German battlecruiser formations in the afternoon , but by 18 : 00 , the Grand Fleet approached the scene . Fifteen minutes later , Jellicoe gave the order to turn and deploy the fleet for action . The transition from their cruising formation caused congestion with the rear divisions , forcing Marlborough and many of the other ships to reduce speed to 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) to avoid colliding with each other . The British ships initially had poor visibility and Marlborough could only make out a group of German Kaiser @-@ class battleships at 18 : 17 . In the span of four minutes , she fired seven salvos , first at 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) and then at 13 @,@ 000 yards ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) . Marlborough 's gunners claimed to have made hits with the 5th and 7th salvos but these claims are unlikely . Her guns were then masked by a burning cruiser , probably the armoured cruiser HMS Warrior . - Marlborough joined the group of battleships battering the German light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden at 18 : 25 . She fired five salvos , before a premature detonation in the right barrel of " A " turret disabled the gun . She also engaged the ship with her secondary battery . At 18 : 39 , Marlborough again engaged what appeared to be a Kaiser @-@ class ship , firing a salvo before the German vessel disappeared into the haze . During the engagement with Wiesbaden , the German cruiser launched one or two torpedoes at around 18 : 45 , one of which struck Marlborough around the starboard diesel generator room . The detonation tore a 28 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) hole in the hull and causing significant flooding , that forced the forward boilers on that side of the ship to be and reduced the ship 's speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . Burney initially reported to Jellicoe that his ship had struck a mine or had been hit by a torpedo at 18 : 57 . Several more torpedoes , this time from the torpedo boat SMS , forced Marlborough and the rest of the ships in her division to take action . - At 19 : 03 , Marlborough engaged Wiesbaden again , firing four salvos at ranges of 9 @,@ 500 to 9 @,@ 800 yards ( 8 @,@ 700 to 9 @,@ 000 m ) . She hit the German cruiser with probably three shells from the last two salvos and these finally neutralised the ship , although it took several more hours before Wiesbaden sank . Marlborough then shifted fire to the König @-@ class battleships leading the German line at 19 : 12 . She fired thirteen salvos in the span of six minutes at SMS Grosser Kurfürst at ranges of 10 @,@ 200 to 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 330 to 9 @,@ 830 m ) , scoring three hits , though she incorrectly claimed a fourth hit . During this phase of the battle , Marlborough fired two torpedoes , both of which missed their targets : the first at Wiesbaden at 19 : 10 and the second at SMS Kaiser at 19 : 25 . - By about 19 : 30 , Marlborough 's pumps had contained the flooding in the boiler rooms but she took on a list of around 7 – 8 degrees . Instead of using counter @-@ flooding to minimise the list , her crew attempted to correct the list by using coal and oil from the starboard bunkers first . The list caused the generators supplying power to the main battery turrets to flood , hampering the gun crews , particularly as shells were transferred from the magazines to the turrets . The blast from the torpedo was so powerful that forty compartments were damaged , though the torpedo bulkhead localised most of the damage and the more badly damaged compartments were sufficiently up . Three more torpedoes approached Marlborough at 19 : 33 . She the first two and the third passed under the ship . - After the opposing fleets late in the day , the Grand Fleet steamed south in an attempt to cut off the retreating Germans and destroy them the following morning . The 6th Division was slowed down by Marlborough , which could make no more than 15 @.@ 75 kn ( 29 @.@ 17 km / h ; 18 @.@ 12 mph ) by this point . By around 02 : 00 on 1 June , the 6th Division was about 12 nmi ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) behind the rest of the fleet . At that time , the bulkheads in the starboard forward boiler room started to give way under the strain , forcing Marlborough to reduce speed to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The damage control teams believed that if the main battery were to fire , the shoring supporting the damaged bulkheads would give way , greatly increasing the risk to the ship . Jellicoe detached the ship to proceed independently to Rosyth or the ; Burney had ordered the scout cruiser Fearless to come alongside to transfer him to the battleship Revenge . Marlborough thereafter proceeded northward at a speed of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) . - Fearless rejoined Marlborough around 04 : 00 and both ships briefly fired at the German . Commodore Reginald 's Harwich Force had been ordered to reinforce the Grand Fleet , particularly to relieve ships low on fuel ; they departed at 03 : 50 but this was too late for them to reach the fleet by morning , so Jellicoe ordered to detach destroyers to escort Marlborough back to port . On the way , Marlborough and Fearless encountered the British submarines and ; the two submarines prepared to attack the ships but recognised them before they launched torpedoes . By 15 : 00 , eight destroyers from the Harwich Force had joined Marlborough and another pump had been lowered into the flooded boiler room . At around 23 : 30 , the pump was being moved to clean it when the roll of the ship threw the pump into the damaged bulkhead , knocking the shores loose . Water flooded into the ship and Marlborough 's captain ordered Fearless and the destroyers to prepare to come alongside , to rescue the crew if the flooding worsened at 00 : 47 on 2 June . A diver was sent into the boiler room at that time , and he was able to keep the pump clean , which slowly reduced the water level in the ship . - Jellicoe ordered Marlborough to proceed to the for temporary repairs . While there , her forward main battery and 6 @-@ inch magazines were emptied to lighten the ship , more pumps were brought aboard and the shoring supporting the damaged bulkhead was reinforced . On the morning of 6 June , the ship left the for the , where she would receive permanent repairs , escorted by four destroyers from the Harwich Force . In the course of the battle , Marlborough had fired 162 shells from her main battery , 60 rounds from her secondary guns and five torpedoes . The torpedo hit had killed two men and wounded another two . She was repaired by the Armstrong Whitworth shipyard at , with the work lasting until 2 August , after which she departed for , arriving on 5 August . During the repair work , an extra 100 t ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) of armour plating was added to the ship , primarily over the magazines . These alterations were the result of the British experience at Jutland , where three battlecruisers had been destroyed by magazine explosions . - - = = = = Later operations = = = = - - On 18 August , the Germans again sortied , this time to bombard Sunderland ; Scheer hoped to draw out Beatty 's battlecruisers and destroy them . British signals intelligence German wireless transmissions , allowing Jellicoe enough time to deploy the Grand Fleet in an attempt to engage in a decisive battle . Both sides withdrew the following day , after their opponents ' submarines inflicted losses in the Action of 19 August : the British cruisers Nottingham and Falmouth were both torpedoed and sunk by German U @-@ boats and the German battleship SMS was damaged by the British submarine . After returning to port , Jellicoe issued an order that prohibited the fleet in the southern half of the North Sea due to the overwhelming risk from mines and U @-@ boats . - In February 1917 , Revenge replaced Marlborough as the 1st Battle Squadron flagship ; she thereafter served as the second command flagship . She was briefly replaced in this role by Emperor of India in May and she temporarily became a private ship . Toward the end of the year , the Germans began using destroyers and light cruisers to raid the British convoys to Norway ; this forced the British to deploy capital ships to protect the convoys . On 23 April 1918 , the German fleet sortied in an attempt to catch one of the isolated British squadrons , though the convoy had already passed safely . The Grand Fleet sortied too late the following day to catch the retreating Germans , though the battlecruiser SMS Moltke was torpedoed and badly damaged by the submarine HMS . In 1918 , Marlborough and her sisters received flying @-@ off platforms on their " B " and " Q " turrets to handle reconnaissance aircraft . - Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , the Allies interned most of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow . The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow . The massive fleet consisted of some 370 British , American , and French warships . The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles . Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . That morning , the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training manoeuvres and while they were away Reuter issued the order to the High Seas Fleet . - - = = = Postwar career = = = - - On 12 March 1919 , Marlborough was recommissioned at Devonport and assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , as part of the 4th Battle Squadron , along with her three sisters and two Centurion @-@ class battleships . During this period , she served in the Black Sea during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War to support the Whites against the Red . On 5 April 1919 , Marlborough arrived in Sevastopol before proceeding to the following day . The ship took Empress Maria and other members of the Russian Imperial Family including Grand Duke Nicholas and Prince Felix aboard in on the evening of the 7th . The Empress refused to leave unless the British also evacuated wounded and sick soldiers , along with any civilians that also wanted to escape the advancing . The Russian entourage aboard Marlborough numbered some 80 people , including 44 members of the Royal Family and nobility , with a number of governesses , nurses , maids and , plus several hundred cases of luggage . - About 35 officer ’ s cabins were vacated and additional were installed , with the Empress taking over the Captain 's cabin . On the morning of 12 April the ship anchored off Island , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Constantinople , due to some uncertainty over the final destination for the Russian Royal family . On 16 April Grand Duke Nicholas and his wife the Grand Duchess , the Grand Duke Peter and his wife Grand Duchess , Princess Marina , Prince Roman , Count and Countess , Baron and Baroness , Mr and Dr with their respective servants left the ship and boarded HMS Lord Nelson destined for Genoa . They were replaced by Count Dimitri and Countess Sophia Mengden , Count George and Countess Mengden , Countess Mengden , Count Nicholas Mengden , Madame Helena and two maids . On the morning of 18 April , Good Friday , the ship sailed for Malta . The ship departed on 18 April , bound for Malta to deposit the Russians , before returning to Constantinople . - In May 1919 , Marlborough conducted tests with new high @-@ explosive 6 @-@ inch shells off the Kerch Peninsula , though these proved to be unreliable . During this period , she operated a balloon to aid in spotting the fall of shot . Later that month , a shell broke up in the left barrel of " A " turret and caused minor damage . While stationed off the Kerch Peninsula , the ship provided artillery support to White troops , including bombardments of positions in the villages of Koi @-@ and . By 1920 , British attention had turned to the Greco @-@ Turkish War . On 20 June 1920 , Marlborough arrived in Constantinople , where the Mediterranean Fleet was being concentrated to support the occupation of the city . On 6 July , British forces landed at , while Marlborough provided artillery support . - In October 1920 , the battleship King George V arrived to replace Marlborough in the Mediterranean Fleet . Marlborough then returned to Devonport , where she was paid off for a major refit that took place between February 1921 and January 1922 . During the refit , range dials were installed , along with another range @-@ finder on the rear superstructure . The aircraft platform was removed from " B " turret . Long @-@ base range @-@ were installed on " X " turret . After completing the refit in January 1922 , Marlborough was recommissioned and assigned to the Mediterranean , where she replaced Emperor of India . She served as the second command flagship until October . Following the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 , the Allied countries withdrew their occupation forces from Turkey ; Marlborough was involved in escorting the troop convoys out of Constantinople . - Marlborough briefly served as the flagship for the deputy commander of the 4th Battle Squadron after King George V was damaged from striking a rock off . In November 1924 , the 4th Battle Squadron was renamed the 3rd Battle Squadron . In March 1926 , the 3rd Battle Squadron , including Marlborough , was transferred to the Atlantic Fleet . There , the battleships served as training ships . In 1929 , the ship 's 3 @-@ inch anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced with more powerful 4 @-@ inch guns . In January 1931 , Marlborough served as the squadron flagship , relieving Emperor of India . She remained in the position for only five months , being decommissioned on 5 June . According to the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 , the four ships of the Iron Duke class were to be scrapped or ; Marlborough was scheduled to be removed from service in 1931 and broken up for scrap . - The ship was used as a target to test the effect of various weapons on capital ships , along with Emperor of India . The tests included firing destroyer armament at the upper works at close range to test their effectiveness in a simulated night engagement , direct hits from 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch shells , bomb tests , and experiments with flash tightness in the magazines . The first two tests were conducted in July 1931 , and were of magazine explosions . The system worked as designed , and while the explosions caused serious internal damage , Marlborough was not destroyed , as the three battlecruisers had been at Jutland . In 1932 , further tests were conducted with 250 @-@ pound ( 110 kg ) and 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bombs to test deck strength ; 450 @-@ pound ( 200 kg ) armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) bombs and 1 @,@ @-@ pound ( 490 kg ) high explosive ( ) bombs were then detonated inside the ship to test their effectiveness . The Royal Navy determined that the bombs were useless , but that thick deck armour would be required to defeat AP bombs . This led to the decision to reinforce the deck armour of existing battleships throughout the 1930s . - Marlborough was placed on the disposal list in May 1932 and was quickly sold to the Co . On 25 June , she arrived in Rosyth , where she was broken up for scrap . - - - = 766th Independent Infantry Regiment ( North Korea ) = - - The 766th Independent Infantry Regiment ( Korean : ) was a light infantry unit of North Korea 's Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) that existed briefly during the Korean War . It was headquartered in , North Korea , and was also known as the 766th Unit ( Korean : ) . extensively in amphibious warfare and unconventional warfare , the 766th Regiment was considered a special forces commando unit . The regiment was trained to conduct assaults by sea and then to lead other North Korean units on offensive operations , to infiltrate behind enemy lines and to disrupt enemy supplies and communications . - in 1949 , the regiment trained for more than a year before the outbreak of the war on June 25 , 1950 . On that day , half of the regiment led North Korean forces against South Korean troops by land and sea , pushing them back after several days of fighting . Over the next six weeks the regiment advanced slowly down the Korean Peninsula , acting as a forward unit of the North Korean army . Suffering from a lack of supplies and mounting casualties , the regiment was committed to the Battle of Pusan Perimeter as part of a push to force United Nations ( UN ) troops out of Korea . - The regiment saw its final action at the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong , fighting unsuccessfully to take the town from troops . by naval and air forces and suffering extensive losses from continuous fighting , the regiment was forced to retreat from the P 'ohang @-@ dong battlefield . It moved north , joining a concentration of other KPA units , before being disbanded and absorbed into the KPA 's 12th Division . - - = = Organization = = - - Upon creation , the 766th Unit was designed to vary in size , consisting of a number of smaller units capable of acting alone . Eventually , it was reinforced to the size of a full regiment , with 3 @,@ 000 men equally distributed across six battalions ( numbered 1st through 6th ) . It was made directly subordinate to the KPA Army headquarters and put under the command of Senior Colonel Oh Jin , who would command the unit for its entire existence . All 500 men of the 3rd Battalion were lost just before the war started when their transport was sunk while attacking Pusan harbor by the Republic of Korea Navy . For the remainder of its existence the regiment was down by losses until it numbered no more than 1 @,@ 500 men and could not muster more than three battalions . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Origins = = = - - During the planning for the invasion of South Korea in the years before the war , the North Korean leadership began to create large numbers of commando and special forces units to send south . These units South Korean authority before and during the war with terror campaigns , sabotage and inducing rebellions in ROK military units . Hundreds of commandos were sent to South Korea in this fashion , and by the end of the war up to 3 @,@ 000 of them had been trained and armed . During this time , North Korean leadership also ordered the creation of large conventional units to act as advance forces for the actual invasion . The 766th Unit was formed in April 1949 at the Third Military Academy in , North Korea . The academy was specially designed to train commandos , and the 766th was originally designed to supervise North Korean light infantry ranger units . Over the next year , the 766th Unit received extensive training in unconventional warfare and amphibious warfare . During this time , the unit was expanded in size to 3 @,@ 000 men in six battalions . - Prior to the beginning of the war in June 1950 , the 766th completed training and was moved to the front at to support the KPA 's 5th Division . The North Korean plan was to conduct amphibious landings in and Imwonjin on the eastern coast using the 766th Regiment , in conjunction with the 549th Unit . These amphibious landings would harass the rear area of the Republic of Korea Army , providing supporting attacks to the planned frontal attack by the KPA 's II Corps directly from the north . The 766th was in position by June 23 and prepared for the attack . The unit was moved to the ports of and and loaded into ships . With the 3 @,@ 000 men in the 766th , another 3 @,@ 000 in the 549th , and 11 @,@ 000 men in the KPA 's 5th Division , the 17 @,@ 000 North Korean troops outnumbered the Republic of Korea Army 's ( ROK ) 8th Division 's 6 @,@ by a ratio of 2 @.@ 1 to 1 . The combination of the frontal attack and the landings were expected to crush the ROK division and prevent reinforcements from moving in to support it . - The regiment was split into three groups for the attack . Three battalions acted as for the 5th Division on land while two more battalions conducted the landings in Imwonjin . This 2 @,@ 500 man force reassembled and then led the North Korean units south . In the meantime , the 3rd Battalion , 766th Regiment was detached and sent on a mission to infiltrate Pusan . Paired with additional support , it formed the 600 @-@ man 588th Unit . 588th Unit was tasked with raiding Pusan harbor , destroying vital facilities to make it impossible for UN forces to land troops there . However , the troop transport carrying the 588th Unit was discovered and sunk by United Nations ships outside Pusan harbor the morning of June 25 , destroying the 3rd Battalion . - - = = = = = = - - Around 04 : 00 on June 25 , the KPA 's 5th Division began its first attacks on the ROK 10th Regiment 's forward positions . Three hours later , the 766th Regiment 's two battalions landed at the village of Imwonjin , using motor and sail boats to land troops and South Korean villagers to assist in setting up supplies . The two battalions separated ; one headed into the T Mountains and the second advanced north toward . At this point , the ROK 8th Division , under heavy attack from the front and aware of attacks in the rear , urgently requested reinforcements . It was denied these reinforcements , as ROK higher commanders informed the division commander that the ROK Army was under heavy attack across the entirety of the 38th parallel and had no reinforcements to spare . - The ROK 21st Regiment , 8th Division 's southernmost unit , moved to counter the amphibious attack . The regiment 's 1st Battalion moved from into the area and ambushed forward elements of the 766th in conjunction with local police and militia forces . They were able to drive back the 766th Regiment 's northern advance . However , at least one of the 766th Regiment 's battalions massed at , blocking one of the 8th Division 's main supply routes . ROK troops mustered a civilian militia to help fight the North Koreans , which was only moderately effective . The embattled ROK 8th Division was forced to withdraw under overwhelming attacks and in communication on July 27 . With the retreat of the ROK 6th Division , the entire ROK eastern flank was forced back . The 766th Regiment had been successful in establishing a bridgehead and disrupting communications in the initial attack . - - = = = Advance = = = - - With the ROK army in retreat , the 766th Regiment , 549th Unit , and KPA 's 5th Divisions all advanced steadily south along the eastern roads without encountering much resistance . Across the entire front the North Korean Army had successfully routed the South Koreans and was pushing them south . The 766th Regiment acted as an advance force , attempting to infiltrate further inland as it moved through the mountainous eastern region of the country . The rugged terrain of the eastern regions of Korea , poor communication equipment , and unreliable resupply lines thwarted the South Korean resistance . The North Koreans used this to their advantage in advancing but they began to experience the same problems themselves . The 5th Division and the two other units began advancing south slowly and cautiously , sending strong reconnaissance parties into the mountains to ensure they would not be threatened from the rear . However , this more cautious advance began to give the South Koreans valuable time to build up further south . By June 28 , the 766th had infiltrated into @-@ from Uljin and was moving toward , and in order to block communications between and , where United States Army forces were landing in an attempt to support the collapsing ROK Army . - The ROK 23rd Regiment of the ROK 3rd Division was moved to block the advance of the three units at Uljin . The ROK forces mounted a series of delaying actions against the main North Korean force , which was significantly dispersed throughout the mountainous region and unable to muster its overwhelming strength . The ROK regiment was subsequently able to hold up the North Korean advance until July 5 . On July 10 , the 766th separated from the 5th Division and met an advance party of North Korean civilians in Uljin who had been sent to set up government in the area . From here , the 766th dispersed in small groups into the mountains . On July 13 it reached @-@ ri , 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of Yongdok . - Over the next week the 766th Regiment and the KPA 's 5th Division continued in a slow advance south as it met increasing South Korean resistance . United Nations air support began to increase , slowing the advance further . The force continued to occupy the eastern flank , and by July 24 it was advancing from the @-@ region and approaching . On its flank was the KPA 's 12th Division . Progress halted as UN aerial and naval bombardment made movement more difficult . At the same time the North Korean units ' supply lines were stretched thin and began to break down , forcing them to South Korean civilians to carry supplies . - - = = = Resistance = = = - - On July 17 , the KPA 's 5th Division entered Yongdok , taking the city without much resistance before fierce UN air attacks caused the division heavy losses . Still , it was able to surround the ROK 3rd Division in the city . By now , the 5th Division and the 766th Regiment had been reduced to a combined strength of 7 @,@ 500 men to the ROK 3rd Divisions ' 6 @,@ . The 766th massed its force again to assist the 5th Division in surrounding and besieging the ROK 3rd Division , which was trapped in the city . The 3rd Division , in the meantime , was ordered to remain in the city to delay the North Koreans as long as possible . It was eventually evacuated by sea after delaying North Korean forces for a considerable time . The rugged terrain of the mountains prevented the North Korean forces from conducting the maneuvers they had used so effectively against other troops , and their advantages in numbers and equipment had been negated in the fight . - By July 28 , the division was still embroiled in this fight and the 766th bypassed it and moved toward on the left flank of the city . However the 766th had suffered significant setbacks at Yongdok , with substantial losses due to American and British naval artillery fire . Once it arrived in the area , it met heavier resistance from South Korean police and militia operating in armored vehicles . With air support , they offered the heaviest resistance the unit had faced thus far . With the support of only one of the 5th Division 's regiments , the 766th was unable to sustain its advance , and had to pull back by the 29th . Movement from the ROK Capital Division prevented the 766th Regiment from infiltrating further into the mountains . ROK cavalry and civilian police then began isolated against the 766th . These forces included special counter @-@ guerrilla units targeting the 766th and its tactics . South Korean troops halted the advance of the North Koreans again around the end of the month thanks to increased reinforcements and support closer to the Pusan Perimeter logistics network . - On August 5 , the KPA 's 12th Division pushed back the ROK Capital Division in the Ch @-@ area , and linked up with elements of the 766th which had infiltrated the area of . , they began to prepare to attack P 'ohang to secure entry into the UN 's newly established Pusan Perimeter . The Regiment was ordered to begin an attack in coordination with the KPA 's 5th Division . The Korean People 's Army planned simultaneous offensives across the entire Perimeter , including a flanking maneuver by the 766th and the 5th Division to UN troops and push them back to Pusan . The 766th was not reinforced ; North Korean planners intended it to move unseen around the UN lines while the majority of the UN and North Korean troops were locked in fighting around and the . - By this time , however , North Korean logistics had been stretched to their limit , and resupply became increasingly difficult . By the beginning of August , the North Korean units operating in the area were getting little to no food and ammunition supply , instead relying on captured UN weapons and foraging for what they could find . They were also exhausted from over a month of advancing , though morale remained high among the 766th troops . The 766th Regiment specialized in raiding UN supply lines , and effectively mounted small disruptive attacks against UN targets to equip themselves . - - = = = = = = - - At dawn on August 11 , one 300 @-@ man battalion of the 766th Regiment entered the village of P 'ohang , creating a state of alarm among its populace . The village was only protected by a small force of South Korean Navy , Air Force and Army personnel comprising the rear guard of the ROK 3rd Division . The South Korean forces engaged the 766th forces around the village 's middle school with small @-@ arms fire until noon . At that point , North Korean armored vehicles moved in to reinforce the 766th troops and drove the South Koreans out of the village . - The village was strategically important because it was one of the few direct routes through the mountains and into the plain . It also led directly to the land routes being used by the UN to reinforce . Upon hearing of the fall of P 'ohang , UN Eighth United States Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker immediately ordered naval and air bombardment of the village . He also ordered ROK and US forces to secure regions around the village to prevent further advance of the North Korean troops . Within a few hours , the village was being blasted by artillery forcing the Regiment 's advance force to pull back . The 766th 's forces congregated and fought in the hills around the village . They joined elements of the KPA 's 5th Division , and did not enter P 'ohang until night . - UN forces responded to the threat with overwhelming numbers . A large force of South Korean troops , designated Task Force P 'ohang , was massed and sent into P 'ohang @-@ dong to engage the 766th Regiment and the 5th Division . ROK troops attacked toward An @-@ to the east , forcing the KPA 's 12th Division into a full retreat . Threatened with , the KPA 's 5th Division and 766th Regiment were ordered into full retreat on August 17 . By this time , the 766th had been reduced to 1 @,@ 500 men , half its original strength . - and out of supplies , the 766th Regiment moved to @-@ , a mountain 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of , to join the shattered KPA 's 12th Division . The 12th Division was reduced to 1 @,@ 500 men in the fighting , and 2 @,@ 000 army replacements and South Korean conscripts were brought to replenish the division . The 766th Regiment was also ordered to merge its remaining troops into the depleted KPA 's 12th Division . Upon the completion of the merger with the 12th Division on August 19 , 1950 , the 766th Regiment ceased to exist . It had trained for close to 14 months prior to the war but fought for less than two . - - - = Sister Wives = - - Sister Wives is an American reality television series broadcast on TLC that began airing in 2010 . The show documents the life of a polygamist family , which includes patriarch Kody Brown , his four wives , and their 18 children . The family began the series living in , Utah , but has since moved to Las Vegas , Nevada in 2011 . - Brown and his wives have said they participated with the show to make the public more aware of polygamist families and to combat societal prejudices . Brown believes his polygamist arrangement is legal because he is legally married only to one woman , and the other marriages are spiritual unions . The series led to the Brown family being investigated for possible prosecution . - - = = Concept = = - - The show follows the lives of advertising salesman Kody Brown , his wives Meri , Janelle , Christine , and Robyn , and their 18 children . In the first season the show televised Brown 's courting and marriage of his fourth wife , Robyn Sullivan , in 2010 . Sullivan was the first new wife to enter the family in 16 years . - The only legal marriage was between Kody and his first wife Meri , until their legal divorce in September 2014 . ( He legally married fourth wife Robyn in December 2014 in order to legally adopt her three children ) . The other marriages are considered spiritual unions . As of 2015 Kody has been married to Meri for 25 years , Janelle for 22 years , Christine for 21 years , and Robyn for 5 years . Kody and Meri have a daughter named Mariah , their only child . Kody and Janelle have six children : daughters Madison and and sons Logan , Hunter , Garrison , and Gabriel . Kody and Christine have six children : daughters , Mykelti , , Ysabel , and Truely and son . Robyn had three children from her first marriage , which was monogamous : Dayton , Aurora , and . Kody legally adopted them in June 2015 . Kody and Robyn have two children : son Solomon and daughter . - Meri , Robyn , and Christine were all raised in polygamist families , but Janelle was not . Although Christine 's mother left the faith she still supports them . Months before the marriage of Janelle and Kody , however , Janelle 's mother entered into a polygamist marriage with Kody 's father . The Brown family belongs to the Apostolic United Brethren ( . ) For years before the series , the family kept their polygamist lifestyle what they called a " quasi @-@ secret " . - - = = Children = = - - Kody has 18 children : - With Meri : - Mariah ( July 29 , 1995 ) daughter - With Janelle : - Logan ( May 21 , 1994 ) son - Madison ( November 3 , 1995 ) daughter - Married to Caleb since June 4 , 2016 - Hunter ( February 9 , 1997 ) son - Garrison ( April 10 , 1998 ) son - Gabriel ( October 11 , 2001 ) son - ( December 7 , 2004 ) daughter - With Christine : - ( March 14 , 1995 ) daughter - Mykelti ( June 9 , 1996 ) daughter - to Antonio - ( August 7 , 1998 ) son - ( July 23 , 2001 ) daughter - Ysabel ( March 7 , 2003 ) daughter - Truely ( April 13 , 2010 ) daughter - With Robyn : - Solomon ( October 27 , 2011 ) son - ( January 10 , 2016 ) daughter - Robyn 's children from her first marriage who were adopted by Kody on June 17 , 2015 : - Dayton ( January 16 , 2000 ) son - Aurora ( June 4 , 2002 ) daughter - ( April 8 , 2005 ) daughter - - = = Development = = - - In the autumn of 2009 , independent producers Timothy Gibbons and Christopher Poole approached Figure 8 Films , a North company , with the concept of a reality series about the Brown family . Bill Hayes , the president of Figure 8 Films , said the company agreed to the idea after meeting with the Browns and deciding their lives would make a great story . Camera crews shot footage of the family in mid @-@ 2010 to be used in the first season , ending in May with the marriage of Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan . The crews continued to film them afterward in case the series was picked up for a second season . Sister Wives was publicly introduced on August 6 , 2010 , at the Television Critics Association summer media tour in Beverly Hills , California . The series ' first episode , an hour long , was broadcast on TLC on September 26 , 2010 , and the first season continued with six half @-@ hour chapters until October 17 , 2010 . - The broadcast of Sister Wives came at a time that polygamy and multiple marriages were a prevalent topic in American pop culture . Big Love , the hit HBO series about fictional Utah polygamist Bill , his three sister wives , and their struggle to gain acceptance in society , had already been on the air for several years . In early September 2010 , the drama series Lone Star , about a con man on the verge of entering into multiple marriages , premiered on Fox but was quickly canceled after two episodes , and when Sister Wives debuted , actress Katherine was in the process of developing a film about Carolyn , a woman who fled from a polygamist sect . - In October 2010 , TLC announced it had commissioned a second season , which began in March 2011 . A TLC interview with the Brown family was broadcast on October 31 , 2010 , and a one @-@ hour program featuring the honeymoon of Kody Brown and Robyn Sullivan aired on November 22 , 2010 . - - = = Episodes = = - - - = = = Season 1 = = = - - The nine @-@ episode first season ran from September 26 to November 21 , 2010 . The season premiere introduced viewers to Kody Brown and his three wives , Meri , Janelle , and Christine , and their twelve children , all of whom lived in a @-@ style home with three interconnected apartments . It also chronicled Kody 's dating and engagement to Robyn Sullivan , who herself has three children , marking the first time in 16 years Kody had another wife . The new relationship creates insecurity and jealousy among the other three wives , but they ultimately accept her and welcome her into the family . During the fourth episode of the season , Christine gives birth to her sixth child , Truely , which brings the family to 16 children including Robyn 's three kids . - Later , Kody and Meri go to Mexico to celebrate their twentieth wedding anniversary , where Meri discussed her sadness about her infertility problems and the jealousy that has arisen from Kody 's engagement to Robyn . Kody proposes in vitro fertilisation , but she turns down the idea as she is only interested in a naturally occurring conception . As Robyn 's wedding approaches , the three sister wives help Robyn prepare , and they begin to bond . However , Kody upsets his wives when he reveals he secretly chose Robyn 's wedding dress himself , which makes Christine feel so betrayed that she angrily walks away in mid @-@ interview . Kody eventually apologizes , and the five reconcile . The first season finale ends with the wedding of Kody and Robyn , where Meri , Janelle , and Christine present her with a ring to welcome her into the family . - - = = = Season 2 = = = - - Season 2 ran 23 episodes from March 13 , 2011 to November 27 , 2011 , though many sources refer to the episodes airing from September 25 , 2011 to November 27 , 2011 as Season 3 . This is due to a short hiatus from June 5 , 2011 to September 25 , 2011 . - Season 2 begins with the Browns heading to New York to appear on national television for the first time as open polygamists , while back home the kids head off to their first day of public school . Throughout the season , the Browns visit various friends and family members and reflect on how their relationships have changed with these people since they became open polygamists . These friends and family members include Kody 's parents ( also polygamists ) , Kody 's high school friends , and various monogamous couples that Kody and the sister wives know . Part 1 of Season 2 also follows the Browns through Kody and Janelle 's anniversary camping trip , preparing and participating in Halloween , and Christmas , which the Browns celebrate in a mountain cabin . During Season 2 we also learn more about Meri 's personal struggle with her risk of cancer and the loss of her sister . In episode 5 , Kody , Christine , and their children take a trip to Las Vegas , which we later learn is the beginning of the Browns ' subsequent move to Las Vegas . The final episodes of Season 2 follow the Browns with their real estate agent Mona Riekki through their struggle to find a home in Las Vegas suitable for polygamists , telling the kids that they are moving , and the subsequent move to Las Vegas . , Mona Riekki finds rental homes for each of the wives and Kody . Once the Browns settle into their new homes they discuss the possibility of finding a home for all of them to live together or four homes in one @-@ de @-@ sac . In the last episode before the hiatus , Robyn announces that she is expecting her and Kody 's first child . - The second part of Season 2 brings the announcement of the sex of Robyn and Kody 's baby and the Browns ' struggle to adjust to life in Las Vegas . The episodes following the Season 2 hiatus focus largely on Robyn 's pregnancy and the kids ' adjustment to their new lives . The abrupt move to Las Vegas brings about behavioral problems in some of the older kids , which is also discussed largely in the second half of Season 2 . During these episodes the Browns also explore possible businesses that the five of them ( Kody and the sister wives ) can run together . Several episodes after the hiatus discuss specific topics such as jealousy among the sister wives , especially regarding courting a new wife , how the parents combat the influence of Las Vegas on their children , and how the Browns are preparing the older children for college . Mona Riekki is back in this season and is working with the family on finding a permanent home in Vegas . In the finale , Robyn gives birth to baby Solomon on October 27 , 2011 and the possibility of Meri having more children once again . - Although the ongoing investigation of the Browns is brought up during Season 2 , it is not extensively discussed , and the progress of the investigation is unknown . - - = = = Season 3 = = = - - Season 3 premiered on May 13 , 2012 after vague details surfaced about the show 's spring return on the Twitter account of sister wife Robyn Sullivan Brown . The twenty one episode season mainly dealt with the family 's inability to be a cohesive unit while living in four separate homes . Meri explains more about the infertility problems she has experienced , while Christine more on her jealousy of Robyn . The season returned from hiatus on November 18 , 2012 , to the Brown family still discussing their options into moving their family onto one property , and invest in a @-@ de @-@ sac where they can build four homes . It is more evident this season that living in separate homes is tearing the family apart . Towards the end of the season , the family plans a three @-@ day trip to , Illinois , the birthplace of American polygamy . In the last episode on December 30 , 2012 , the family also deals with the upcoming departure to college of the eldest Brown child , Logan . - - = = = Season 4 = = = - - Season 4 premiered on July 21 , 2013 . It chronicles the family as they move into four adjacent houses within the same neighborhood . The wives are still working on starting their jewelry business . Meri comes to a decision following Robyn 's offer to be her surrogate . - - = = = Season 5 = = = - - Season 5 includes seven episodes , eight if you include the " Tell All " at the end , and eleven if you include the " Down with the Browns " , " Meri @-@ Behind the Scenes " , and the " Robyn , the Scenes " episodes . Season 5 begins with two daughters graduating high school , Mykelti and Madison . The grown ups plan to lip sync a song to celebrate , but it brings out some negative feelings for Janelle , who is not comfortable being so outgoing and admits to being embarrassed in public by the others ' behavior . And a deeper issue of feeling like she 's not heard bubbles to the surface and she sees a therapist to discuss that along with her challenging relationship with first wife Meri . On a business level , the family discusses whether to turn down investors ' money and keep full ownership of ' and whether to keep the products all their own creations or branch out and other artists ' designs and products . Christine 's mother moves in with her in Las Vegas , and in episode four , the Browns allow two to live with them for two days to see the inner workings of polygamy , an arrangement that could either put their lifestyle in a positive or negative light . - Finally , after five years of mental , Meri files for legal divorce from Kody so Kody can adopt Robyn 's three children from her previous marriage . By the end of the season , Meri and Kody maintained that they would continue their relationship . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Sister Wives drew national media attention after its first season and garnered generally mixed reviews from critics . Washington Post staff writer Hank Stuever called it " refreshingly " and found most interesting the small details of the family 's everyday life , such as the food supply , division of labor , and minor arguments . Los Angeles Times television critic Mary McNamara said she was intrigued by the nature of the polygamist family , a unit that is traditionally considered patriarchal . McNamara said the wives form the center of the family and that " their bonds appear far stronger and more vital than the casual fondness with which they all treat Kody " . writer praised Sister Wives for introducing viewers to unfamiliar subject matter and called it " refreshingly modest " considering its controversial subject matter . said it has " a natural , honest presence in a genre fabled for the camera @-@ antics of Jersey Shore " . Shelley of The Vancouver Sun called it fascinating and surprising and was impressed with the sensible and articulate way in which the family defended their lifestyle . When the Brown family made an October 2010 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show , talk show host Oprah Winfrey said she found particularly fascinating the relationship between the sister wives . - Mark A. of the Boston Herald criticized Kody Brown for opening himself and his family up to potential criminal prosecution by appearing in the series , describing him as " a who is himself and the family he claims is so precious just to star in his own TV show " . Elizabeth of The Washington Post called the series " one part domestic , another part " and claimed it relied on a " familiar reality TV recipe " shared by other TLC series such as 19 Kids and and Kate Plus 8 . Religion writer Joanna Brooks shared 's perspective , criticizing the show for presenting polygamy in a manner that " is about as interesting to me as Kate 's latest makeover . " In this vein Brooks criticized the show for not engaging the theology of plural marriage and for letting Kody Brown 's superficial comments about the of Fundamentalist and mainstream pass onto the viewers without any critical scrutiny or added nuance . , television columnist with the Park Press , felt the sister wives had issues with jealousy and self @-@ worth , and she compared Kody to a cult leader . added , " I can 't speak for everyone , but I believe in the of marriage . It 's sad to see that TLC 's on people who don 't . " Former prosecutor and television personality Nancy Grace criticized the show and said she believed Kody Brown should go to jail , but she expressed doubt he would based on Utah 's history of overlooking polygamy . Christine , an associate professor of communications at Westminster College in Salt Lake City , said the show could give viewers who are unfamiliar with the church the incorrect assumption that polygamy is accepted by the mainstream church . Several commentators have taken notice of the fact that the family 's religious convictions are in Sister Wives . - - = = = Ratings = = = - - According to Nielsen Media Research , the September 26 , 2010 , one @-@ hour premiere episode of Sister Wives drew 2 @.@ 26 million viewers , a strong rating for the network . It marked the biggest series debut for TLC since Cake Boss launched in 2009 and was a stronger rating than any of the season premieres for HBO 's Big Love . The remaining episodes of the first season were each a half @-@ hour long , with two broadcast together each Thursday . In the second week , the first episode drew 1 @.@ 88 million viewers , while the second drew 2 @.@ 13 million . The third week drew similar results , with 1 @.@ 89 million viewers watching the first episode and 2 @.@ 05 million watching the second . Sister Wives drew its strongest ratings during the fourth and final week of the first season , with 2 @.@ 67 million viewers for the first episode and 2 @.@ 74 million for the season finale . As a result of the 2 @.@ 7 million average viewership for the two episodes , TLC ranked first among all ad @-@ support cable channels in the 18 – 49 and 25 – 54 age groups . The series drew and triple @-@ digit ratings gains in all key demographics and ranked second in ad @-@ supported cable network shows during its time period . - - = = = = - - - - = You Only Live Twice ( film ) = - - You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) is the fifth spy film in the James Bond series , and the fifth to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . The film 's screenplay was written by Roald Dahl , and loosely based on Ian Fleming 's 1964 novel of the same name . It is the first James Bond film to most of Fleming 's plot , using only a few characters and locations from the book as the background for an entirely new story . - In the film , Bond is dispatched to Japan after American and Soviet manned spacecraft disappear mysteriously in orbit . With each nation the other amidst the Cold War , Bond travels secretly to a remote Japanese island in order to find the and comes face to face with Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the head of SPECTRE . The film reveals the appearance of Blofeld , who was previously a partially unseen character . SPECTRE is the government of an unnamed Asian power , implied to be the People 's Republic of China , in order to provoke war between the . - During the filming in Japan , it was announced that Sean Connery would retire from the role of Bond . But after a hiatus , he returned in 1971 's Diamonds Are Forever and later 1983 's non @-@ Bond film Never Say Never Again . You Only Live Twice is the first Bond film to be directed by Lewis Gilbert , who later directed the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me and the 1979 film , both starring Roger Moore . - You Only Live Twice was a great success , receiving positive reviews and grossing over $ 111 million in worldwide box office . - - = = Plot = = - - An American NASA spacecraft is from orbit by an unidentified spacecraft . The U.S. suspect it to be the work of the Soviets , but the British suspect Japanese involvement since the spacecraft landed in the Sea of Japan . To investigate , MI6 operative James Bond is sent to Tokyo after his own death in Hong Kong and being buried at sea from the HMS ( ) . - Upon his arrival , Bond is contacted by Aki , assistant to the Japanese secret service leader Tiger Tanaka while watching sumo . Aki introduces Bond to local MI6 operative Henderson . Henderson claims to have critical evidence about the rogue craft , but is killed before he can elaborate . Bond chases and kills the assailant , taking the assailant 's clothing as a disguise and escapes in the getaway car , which takes him to Osato Chemicals . Once there , Bond the driver and breaks into the office safe of president Mr. Osato . After stealing documents , Bond is pursued by armed security , but is rescued by Aki , who flees to a secluded subway station . Bond chases her , but falls down a trap door leading to Tanaka 's office . The stolen documents are examined and found to include a photograph of the cargo ship Ning @-@ Po with a message saying the tourist who took the photo was killed as a security precaution . - Bond goes to Osato Chemicals to meet Mr. Osato himself , as a potential new buyer . Osato Bond but , after their meeting , orders his secretary , Helga Brandt , to have him killed . Outside the building , assassins open fire on Bond before Aki rescues him again . Bond and Aki drive to Kobe , where the Ning @-@ Po is docked . They investigate the company 's dock facilities and discover that the ship was delivering elements for rocket fuel . They are discovered , but Bond the henchmen until Aki gets away ; however , Bond himself is captured and knocked out . He wakes , tied up in SPECTRE operative Helga Brandt 's cabin on the Ning @-@ Po . She Bond , but he thinks he has managed to his way to freedom . Brandt then flies Bond to Tokyo but , en route , she sets off a flare in the plane and out . Bond manages to land the plane . - After finding out where the Ning @-@ Po , Bond flies over the area in a heavily armed created by Q. Near a volcano , Bond is attacked by helicopters , which he defeats , confirming his suspicions that the enemy 's base is nearby . A Soviet spacecraft is then captured in orbit by another unidentified craft , tensions between Russia and the US . The mysterious spaceship lands in an extensive base hidden inside the volcano . It is revealed that the true mastermind behind this is Ernst Stavro Blofeld and SPECTRE . Blofeld seems to forgive Brandt for her failure to kill Bond , but as she leaves , he activates a mechanism that drops her into a pool of . Blofeld instructs Osato to kill Bond . - Bond trains with Tanaka 's ninjas , during which an attempted assassination kills Aki instead . Bond is disguised as an Oriental in a fake marriage to Tanaka 's student , Kissy Suzuki . Acting on a lead from Suzuki , the pair a cave and the volcano above it . that the mouth of the volcano is a disguised hatch to the secret rocket base , Bond slips in , while Kissy goes to alert Tanaka . Bond locates and frees the captured astronauts and , with their help , steals a in attempt to infiltrate the SPECTRE spacecraft " Bird One " . However , Blofeld spots Bond , and he is detained while Bird One is launched . - Bird One closes in on the American space capsule , and US forces prepare to launch a nuclear attack on the USSR . Meanwhile , the Japanese ninjas approach the base 's entrance , but are detected and fired upon . Bond manages to open the hatch , letting in the ninjas . During the ensuing battle , Bond fights his way to the control room and activates Bird One 's self @-@ destruct before it reaches the American craft . The Americans stand down their forces . - Blofeld activates the base 's self @-@ destruct system and escapes . Bond , Kissy , Tanaka , and the surviving ninjas leave before the base explodes . - - = = Cast = = - - Sean Connery as James Bond : An MI6 agent . - Akiko Wakabayashi as Aki : An agent with the Japanese who assists Bond . - Mie Hama as Kissy Suzuki : An diving girl who replaces Aki after her death . - Donald Pleasence as Ernst Stavro Blofeld : The head of the terrorist syndicate known as SPECTRE . He intends to ignite a global nuclear war . - Tamba as Tiger Tanaka : Head of Japanese secret service . - as Mr. Osato : A Japanese industrialist secretly affiliated to SPECTRE . - Karin Dor as Helga Brandt / No. 11 : Osato 's secretary and a SPECTRE assassin . - Bernard Lee as M : The head of MI6 . - Charles Gray as Henderson : British contact living in Japan . - Burt as 3 : one of Blofeld 's henchmen . - Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary . - Desmond Llewelyn as Q : Head of MI6 technical department . - as : Undercover MI6 agent in Hong Kong . - Ronald Rich as Hans : Blofeld 's personal bodyguard . - David as in : one of Osato 's henchmen , who kills Aki . - Peter as Car Driver : one of Osato 's henchmen , who fights Bond . - - = = Production = = - - On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was the intended next film , but the producers decided to adapt You Only Live Twice instead because would require searching for high and locations . Lewis Gilbert originally declined the offer to direct , but accepted after producer Albert R. Broccoli called him saying : " You can 't give up this job . It 's the largest audience in the world . " Peter R. Hunt , who edited the first five Bond films , believed that Gilbert had been contracted by the producers for other work but they found they had to use him . - Gilbert , producers Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , production designer Ken Adam and director of photography Freddie Young then went to Japan , spending three weeks searching for locations . SPECTRE ’ s shore fortress headquarters was changed to an extinct volcano after the team learned that the Japanese do not build castles by the sea . The group was due to return to the UK on a Boeing flight ( Flight 911 ) on 5 March 1966 , but cancelled after being told they had a chance to watch a ninja demonstration . That flight crashed 25 minutes after takeoff , killing all on board . In Tokyo , the crew also found Hunt , who decided to go on holiday after having his request to direct declined . Hunt was invited to direct the second unit for You Only Live Twice and accepted the job . - Unlike most James Bond films featuring various locations around the world , almost the entire film is set in one country and several minutes are devoted to an elaborate Japanese wedding . This is in keeping with Fleming 's original novel , which also devoted a number of pages to the discussion of Japanese culture . Studios provided soundstages , personnel , and the female Japanese stars to the producers . - - = = = Writing = = = - - The producers had Harold Jack Bloom come to Japan with them to write a screenplay . Bloom 's work was ultimately rejected , but since several of his ideas were used in the final script , Bloom was given the credit of " Additional Story Material " . Among the elements were the opening with Bond 's fake death and burial at sea , and the ninja attack . As the screenwriter of the previous Bond films Richard was unavailable , Roald Dahl , a close friend of Ian Fleming , was chosen to write the adaptation despite having no prior experience writing a screenplay except for the uncompleted The Bells of Hell Go @-@ a @-@ ling @-@ a @-@ ling . - Dahl said that the original novel was " Ian Fleming ’ s worst book , with no plot in it which would even make a movie " , and compared it to a , stating that he had to create a new plot " [ though ] I could retain only four or five of the original story 's ideas . " On creating the plot , Dahl said he " didn 't know what the hell Bond was going to do " despite having to deliver the first draft in six weeks , and decided to do a basic plot similar to Dr. No . Dahl was given a free on his script , except for the character of Bond and " the girl formula " , involving three women for Bond to : an ally and a who both get killed , and the main Bond girl . While the third involved a character from the book , Kissy Suzuki , Dahl had to create Aki and Helga Brandt to fulfil the rest . - Gilbert was mostly collaborative with Dahl 's work , as the writer declared : " He not only helped in script conferences , but had some good ideas and then left you alone , and when you produced the finished thing , he shot it . Other directors have such an ego that they want to rewrite it and put their own dialogue in , and it 's usually disastrous . What I admired so much about Lewis Gilbert was that he just took the screenplay and shot it . That 's the way to direct : You either trust your writer or you don 't . " - - = = = Casting = = = - - When the time came to begin You Only Live Twice , the producers were faced with the problem of a disenchanted star . Sean Connery had stated that he was tired of playing James Bond and all of the associated commitment ( time spent filming and each movie ) , together with finding it difficult to do other work , which would potentially lead to . Saltzman and Broccoli were able to persuade Connery by increasing his fee for the film , but geared up to look for a replacement . - Jan was originally cast by producer Harry Saltzman to play Blofeld . Upon his arrival at the set , both producer Albert R. Broccoli and director Lewis Gilbert felt that he was a poor choice , resembling a " poor , benevolent Santa Claus " . Nonetheless , in an attempt to make the casting work , Gilbert continued filming . After several days , both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that was not menacing enough , and recast Blofeld with Donald Pleasence in the role . Pleasence 's ideas for Blofeld 's appearance included a , a limp , a beard , and a lame hand , before he settled on the scar . He found it uncomfortable , though , because of the glue that attached it to his eye . - Many European models were tested for Helga Brandt including German actress Eva who passed on the film , with German actress Karin Dor being cast . Dor performed the stunt of diving into a pool to depict Helga 's demise herself , without the use of a double . , for the German version Dor was dubbed by somebody else . - Gilbert had chosen Tamba after working with him in The 7th Dawn . A number of actual martial arts experts were hired as the ninjas . The two Japanese female parts proved difficult to cast , due to most of the actresses tested having limited English . Akiko Wakabayashi and Mie Hama were eventually chosen and started taking English classes in the UK . Hama , initially cast in the role of Tanaka 's assistant , had difficulty with the language , so the producers switched her role with Wakabayashi , who had been cast as Kissy , a part with significantly less dialogue . Wakabayashi only requested that her character name , " " , be changed to " Aki " . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Filming of You Only Live Twice lasted from July 1966 to March 1967 . The film was shot primarily in Japan . Castle in was depicted as Tanaka 's ninja training camp . His private transportation hub was filmed at the Tokyo Metro 's Nakano @-@ Station . As of 2011 , many of the fixtures in the station are unchanged from the time of filming . - The Hotel New Tokyo served as the outside for Osato Chemicals and the hotel 's gardens were used for scenes of the ninja training . in served as the fishing village , the Kobe harbour was used for the dock fight and Mount @-@ in was used for the exteriors of SPECTRE 's headquarters . Large crowds were present in Japan to see the shooting . A Japanese fan began following Sean Connery with a camera , and the police were called several times to prevent invasions during shooting . - The heavily armed WA @-@ 116 " Little Nellie " was included after Ken Adam heard a radio interview with its inventor , RAF Wing Commander Ken Wallis . Little Nellie was named after music hall star Nellie Wallace , who has a similar surname to its inventor . Wallis his invention , which was equipped with various mock @-@ up by John ' special effects team , during production . - " Nellie 's " battle with helicopters proved to be difficult to film . The scenes were initially shot in Miyazaki , first with takes of the , with more than 85 take @-@ offs , 5 hours of flight and Wallis nearly crashing into the camera several times . A scene filming the helicopters from above created a major and cameraman John Jordan 's foot was severed by the craft 's . The concluding shots involved explosions , which the Japanese government did not allow in a national park . So , the crew moved to , Spain , which was found to resemble the Japanese landscape . - The sets of SPECTRE 's volcano base were constructed at a lot inside Studios , with a cost of $ 1 million and including operative heliport and . The 45 m ( 148 ft ) tall set could be seen from 5 kilometres ( 3 miles ) away , and attracted many people from the region . Locations outside Japan included using the Royal Navy frigate HMS , then in Gibraltar , for the sea burial , Hong Kong for the scene where Bond fakes his death , and Norway for the Soviet radar station . - Sean Connery 's then wife Diane did the swimming scenes for at least five Japanese actresses , including Mie Hama . Martial arts expert Donn F. provided martial arts training , and also doubled for Connery . Lewis Gilbert 's regular editor , , was originally hired to edit the film . However , after her initial , almost three @-@ hour cut received a terrible response from test audiences , Peter R. Hunt was asked to re @-@ edit the film . Hunt 's cut proved a much greater success , and he was awarded the director 's chair on the next film as a result . - - = = = Music = = = - - The soundtrack was the fourth of the series to be composed by John Barry . He tried to incorporate the " of the Oriental sound " with Japanese music @-@ inspired tracks . The theme song , " You Only Live Twice " , was composed by Barry and Leslie and sung by Nancy Sinatra after her father Frank Sinatra passed on the opportunity . Nancy Sinatra was reported to be very nervous while recording – first she wanted to leave the studio ; then she claimed to sometimes " sound like Minnie Mouse " . Barry declared that the final song uses 25 different takes . British singer Julie Rogers recorded an alternative song for the titles , but this was not used . - There are two versions of the song " You Only Live Twice " , sung by Nancy Sinatra , one directly from the movie soundtrack , and a second one for record release arranged by Billy Strange . The movie soundtrack song is widely recognised for its striking opening bars and oriental flavour , and was far more popular on radio . The record release made No. 44 on the Billboard charts in the USA , No. 11 in UK . Both versions of the title song are available on CD . - In 1992 , sampled the title song " You Only Live Twice " for his song " Trip II the Moon Part 2 " . In 1997 , Icelandic singer recorded a cover version . In 1998 , Robbie Williams used the distinctive string figure for his song " Millennium " , ( although it was re @-@ recorded , rather than sampled from the movie for cost reasons ) . Coldplay covered it when they toured in 2001 , and it was covered by Atlas for her 2005 compilation album The Best of Atlas . Shirley , who has three original Bond themes to her credit , has also covered the song . - A different title song was originally recorded by Julie Rogers , but eventually discarded . Only two lines from that version were kept in the final lyrics , and the orchestral part was changed to fit Nancy Sinatra 's vocal range . Rogers ' version only appeared in a James Bond 30th CD , with no singer credit . In the 1990s , an alternative example of a possible theme song ( also called " You Only Live Twice " and sung by Lorraine Chandler ) was discovered in the vaults of RCA Records . It became a very popular track with followers of the Northern Soul scene ( Chandler was well known for her high @-@ quality soul output on RCA ) and can be found on several RCA soul compilations . - - = = Promotion = = - - To promote the film , Productions produced a one @-@ hour colour television programme entitled Welcome to Japan , Mr. Bond first aired on 2 June 1967 in the United States on NBC . Bond regulars Lois Maxwell and Desmond Llewelyn appeared playing respectively " Miss Moneypenny " and " Q " . Kate O appears as Miss Moneypenny 's assistant . The programme shows clips from You Only Live Twice and the then four existing Bond and contained a storyline of Moneypenny trying to establish the identity of Bond 's bride . - - = = Release and reception = = - - You Only Live Twice premiered at the Leicester Square in London . It was the first premiere of a James Bond film that Queen Elizabeth II attended . The film grossed $ 43 million in the United States and over $ 111 million worldwide . - Critical response today is mostly positive , with Rotten Tomatoes giving a 72 % rating . But most reviews pointed out various flaws in the film . James said that the first half was good , but " during the second half , as the plot escalates beyond the bounds of , that the film starts to fragment " , criticising Blofeld 's appearance and stating " rockets that swallow up spacecraft are a bit too extravagant . " - Roger criticised the focus on , declaring that the James Bond formula " fails to work its magic " . John in his book James Bond in the Cinema compared the film to an episode of Thunderbirds with a reliance on but admitted it had pace and spectacle . Christopher considered the film one of James Bond 's most memorable adventures , but the plot " and quite confusing " . - Ali of BBC Films panned Dahl 's script displaying " a whole new world of and technology . " Leo Goldsmith lauded the volcano base as " the most impressive of Ken Adam 's sets for the franchise . " Danny wrote that You Only Live Twice " should have been about twenty minutes shorter " and described it as " not a bad Bond film , but it doesn ’ t compare to its predecessors – the formula had become a little stale . " - IGN ranked You Only Live Twice as the fourth best Bond film , and Entertainment Weekly as the second best , considering that it " pushes the series to the outer edge of coolness " . But Norman of chose it as the fifth worst , criticising the plot , action scenes and little for Blofeld . Literary critic Paul Simpson called the film one of the most colourful of the series and credited the prefecture of for adding " a good flavour " of Japanese influence on the film , but he panned the depiction of Blofeld as a " let @-@ down " , " small , bald and a scar . " Simon said that the film is " perfect " for parodies of the series . - - - = WASP @-@ 13b = - - WASP @-@ 13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the star WASP @-@ 13 . The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter , but a radius five @-@ the size of Jupiter . This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all . - The planet orbits at approximately 5 % of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days . The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009 , at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow @-@ up observations . Analysis of collected radial velocity measurements led to the discovery of WASP @-@ 13b , which was reported in a journal on April 7 , 2009 . A follow @-@ up study published in 2011 investigated the cause for inflated planets such as WASP @-@ 13b , and re @-@ examined ( and re @-@ constrained ) its mass , radius , density , and age . - - = = Discovery = = - - Between November 27 , 2006 , and April 1 , 2007 , images of the star WASP @-@ 13 by the SuperWASP @-@ North program based at de los Observatory in the Canary Islands led to the identification of WASP @-@ 13 as host to a potentially transiting object . follow @-@ up observations were taken on February 16 , 2008 using the James Gregory Telescope ( JGT ) in Scotland , which took exposures of the star , although the last twenty images taken were obscured by cloud cover and were discarded . Using HD as a reference star along with JGT measurements , the astronomers investigating the system were able to create a light curve for the transiting planet . - WASP @-@ 13 was observed between February 11 and 15 in 2008 by the SOPHIE spectrograph at the @-@ Provence Observatory in France , determining the radial velocity of the transiting body . Use of the FIES spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands gained other spectral measurements that yielded the characteristics of the star . Analysis of the SOPHIE and FIES data were used to some of the orbiting body 's characteristics . The discovery of the orbiting body 's mass using radial velocity measurements led to its confirmation as the planet WASP @-@ 13b . - The discovery of WASP @-@ 13b was reported in the journal and by the European Southern Observatory on May 19 , 2009 . The discovery paper was received by the journal on April 7 , 2009 . - Later , between 2009 and 2011 , another team of astronomers observed WASP @-@ 13b and WASP @-@ to find what caused some Hot Jupiters to have high radii . The photometric camera on the Liverpool Telescope was used to detect further transits . Two partial transits and two full transits were observed during this period , although the quality of both full transits was slightly compromised because of passing cloud cover . The collected observations , along with the JGT observations that were used to confirm the planet , were scaled to filter out errors such as background noise . The data was then used to re @-@ define WASP @-@ 13b 's parameters , including its age , mass , radius , and density . The study also noted that a limb darkening effect was present , a characteristic that may affect future atmospheric studies of the planet . - - = = Host star = = - - WASP @-@ 13 is a G @-@ type star located in the Lynx constellation . Measurements taken by FIES and SOPHIE did not the mass , radius , or age well ; however , a later 2011 study using the Liverpool Telescope better @-@ constrained those parameters . The star 's mass is estimated at 1 @.@ 09 times the mass of the Sun , its radius at 1 @.@ times that of the Sun , and its density at 0 @.@ 288 time 's the Sun 's density . These characteristics are re @-@ defined taking limb darkening into account . The star 's metallicity , which is measured by iron content , is placed roughly at [ Fe / H ] = 0 , similar to that of the Sun . Also , the star 's estimated effective temperature is K , slightly warmer than the Sun . - WASP @-@ 13 has an apparent magnitude of 10 @.@ 42 , making it invisible to the unaided eye as seen from Earth . - - = = Characteristics = = - - WASP @-@ 13b is a transiting planet with an estimated mass that is ( including limb darkening ) 0 @.@ times that of Jupiter and a radius that is 1 @.@ 389 times Jupiter 's radius . The planet is , in other words , less than half the mass of Jupiter , but slightly less than fourteen tenths its size . WASP @-@ 13b 's low mass can mostly likely be attributed to the presence of a low @-@ mass core , or to the total lack of a core , according to the discovery paper . WASP @-@ 13b , which orbits its host star at a distance of 0 @.@ AU , circles its star completely every 4 @.@ days . The 2011 study on the planet recognized WASP @-@ 13b as the fifth lowest @-@ density extrasolar planet known , behind Kepler @-@ ; WASP @-@ ; @-@ ; and @-@ . - WASP @-@ 13b has an orbital inclination of , which means that it orbits almost edge @-@ on as seen from Earth . - - - = U2 concert in Sarajevo = - - On 23 September 1997 , the Irish rock band U2 held a concert at Stadium in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina , as part of the group 's PopMart Tour . They were the first major artist to hold a concert in the city after the end of the Bosnian War . Approximately 45 @,@ 000 fans attended the show . - The band first became involved with Sarajevo in 1993 on their Zoo TV Tour ; approached by aid worker Bill Carter about bringing attention to the Siege of Sarajevo , the band conducted nightly satellite transmissions with Bosnians during their shows . These link @-@ ups were the subject of criticism from journalists for mixing entertainment with human tragedy . Although the war made it impractical for U2 to visit Sarajevo at the time , they vowed to eventually play a concert in the city . After the conflict ended in November 1995 , they made arrangements to visit Sarajevo , and with help from United Nations ambassadors and peacekeeping troops , they scheduled and played the concert in 1997 . - The band offered to hold a benefit concert or small show in Sarajevo , but it was requested that they stage a full PopMart concert . The performance consequently featured the tour 's extravagant stage , and the band played a set list typical of the tour . The show brought together people of different who had previously clashed during the war , and train service was temporarily resumed to allow to attend . Among the songs played was " Miss Sarajevo " , written by U2 and Brian Eno about a beauty pageant held during the war . Although the band were with their performance and lead vocalist Bono had vocal difficulties , the concert was well received and was credited with improving morale among Bosnians . The members of U2 consider the show to be among their proudest moments . The concert was lauded by Bosnians . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = War in Sarajevo = = = - - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was composed of six constituent republics : Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia . In 1991 , Croatia , and Slovenia from Yugoslavia . Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina — a republic with a mixed population consisting of , Serbs , and Croats — followed suit in March 1992 in a highly controversial referendum , creating tension in the ethnic communities . Bosnian Serb militias , whose strategic goal was to secede from Bosnia and Herzegovina and unite with Serbia , Sarajevo with a siege force of 18 @,@ 000 stationed in the surrounding hills , from which they assaulted the city with weapons that included artillery , mortars , tanks , anti @-@ aircraft guns , heavy machine @-@ guns , rocket launchers , and aircraft bombs . From 2 May 1992 until the end of the war in 1996 , the city was blockaded . The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , numbering roughly 40 @,@ 000 inside the besieged city , was poorly equipped and unable to break the siege . Meanwhile , throughout the country , thousands of predominantly civilians were driven from their homes in a process of ethnic cleansing . In Sarajevo , women and children attempting to buy food were frequently by Bosnian Serb sniper fire . - - = = = U2 's reaction = = = - - In 1993 , U2 were in Europe for the " " leg of their Zoo TV Tour . Before their 3 July show in , Italy , the band received a from Radio I asking for an interview regarding the situation in Bosnia . The band agreed and met with an American aid worker named Bill Carter , who acted as the station 's foreign associate , due to Serbian travel restrictions . Carter described his experiences in Sarajevo helping Bosnians while surviving the dangerous living conditions . Lead vocalist Bono was to hear that those living in makeshift bomb shelters in the city played music , including U2 's , at loud volumes to drown out the sound of explosions . While in Sarajevo , Carter had seen a television interview on MTV in which Bono mentioned the theme of the tour leg was a unified Europe . Feeling that such an aim was empty if ignoring the Bosnians ' plight , Carter sought Bono 's help . He requested that U2 go to Sarajevo to bring attention to the war and break the " media fatigue " that had occurred from covering the conflict . - Bono agreed to Carter 's request without asking the rest of the band , and when informed of the idea , the other members gave only tacit approval . They briefly considered playing an impromptu concert in the city , with Bono suggesting that they perform in the bunker where Carter and his friends hid during the siege . He said , " even if all we get is some extra attention for Bosnia on MTV , that 's something " . The idea fell through when it was pointed out that the logistics of transporting their equipment into the city were impossible , as the only way into Sarajevo was on a United Nations plane . Manager Paul McGuinness realized that even if the band managed to organize a concert , it would endanger their lives and those of the audience and the Zoo TV crew . As he explained , " U2 's effort to discuss any humanitarian issue have sometimes been accompanied by a false instinct that U2 is also obliged to resolve that issue . Going to Sarajevo seems to me to fall into that category . I think it would endanger the people we go with , endanger the tour , and endanger the band . " Drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. feared that the move would look like a publicity stunt . - Instead , the group agreed to use the tour 's satellite dish to conduct live video transmissions from their concerts to Carter in Sarajevo . Carter returned to the city and assembled a video unit . The band purchased a satellite dish to be sent to Sarajevo and paid a £ 100 @,@ 000 fee to join the European Broadcasting Union ( ) . Once set up , the band began satellite link @-@ ups to Sarajevo on nearly a nightly basis , the first of which aired on 17 July 1993 in Bologna , Italy . To connect with the satellite , Carter and two co @-@ workers were forced to visit the Sarajevo television station at night and to film with as little light as possible to avoid the attention of and bombers . To reach the building , they had to traverse an area known as " " . This was done a total of 12 times over the course of a month . During the broadcasts , Carter discussed the deteriorating situation in the city , and Bosnians often spoke to U2 and their audience . These interviews starkly contrasted with the rest of the show ; concerts on the Zoo TV Tour were elaborately staged events that television and the audience 's over @-@ stimulation . Most of the shows were scripted , but the link @-@ ups to Sarajevo were not , leaving the group unsure who would speak or what they would say . U2 stopped the broadcasts in August 1993 after learning that the Siege of Sarajevo was being reported on the front of many British newspapers . Though this trend had begun before the band 's first Sarajevo transmission , Nathan Jackson suggested that U2 's actions had brought awareness of the situation to their fans and to the British public indirectly . - Reactions to the transmissions were mixed . Many fans felt the transmissions disrupted the flow of the concerts . Most of the British press was highly critical . One writer for NME wrote , " The Bosnian was beyond bad taste . It was insulting . " Bono thought that they were bringing the public 's attention to an important event , though he admitted that the link @-@ ups were the most difficult thing the band had done in their career . Guitarist The Edge said , " We don 't normally see that kind of cold hard news . We get a very , take on everything ... When you watch the television news , you are getting something palatable , whereas this was really quite most of the time . And for that reason I think it affected people very much , including us . " Mullen worried that the band were the Bosnians ' suffering for entertainment . During a transmission from the band 's concert at Wembley Stadium , three women in Sarajevo asked what the band intended to do to help before telling Bono , " We know you 're not going to do anything for us . You 're going to go back to a rock show . You 're going to forget that we even exist . And we 're all going to die . " During a transmission to a Glasgow concert , a Bosnian woman told the concert audience , " We would like to hear the music , too , but we hear only the screams of wounded and tortured people and raped women . " Some people were upset by the circumstances of Sarajevo and were motivated to join the War Child charity project , including U2 producer Brian Eno . Despite U2 's obligation to the tour and their inability to perform in Sarajevo during the war , they vowed to play the city someday . - The band contributed to Bosnian relief efforts to enhance humanitarian and public awareness of the issue , and Bono and Carter subsequently collaborated on the documentary Miss Sarajevo , which showcased the war @-@ torn city during Carter 's six months living there . In 1995 , U2 and Eno wrote the song " Miss Sarajevo " as a response to " the surreal acts of defiance that had taken place during the siege of Sarajevo " . One such act was a beauty pageant organized by Bosnian women who planned to fight the war with their " lipstick and heels " . During the pageant , all of the participants walked onto the stage carrying a banner that said , " Don 't let them kill us " . The winner of the pageant , 17 @-@ year @-@ old Nogić , later said the pageant " was a crazy thing to do during a war . But we tried to live a normal life . It was some kind of a defence mechanism we all had . " Years later , Bono said , " It was pure and it deserved to be celebrated in song . " Of the song 's meaning , he said , " Everywhere people had heard their call for help — but help never came . That was the feeling . I had tried to tackle subjects like this head @-@ on , but I 'd learnt a lesson . You have to try and make the same points , in a different , less direct , more way . " " Miss Sarajevo " was recorded with Luciano Pavarotti and released as the first single from U2 's side @-@ project with Eno entitled Original 1 ; the record was released under the pseudonym " " . - - = = Scheduling and preparations = = - - As the Bosnian War ended in 1995 and the Siege of Sarajevo in 1996 , the stability of the region began to improve . Realizing this , U2 began to plan a concert for Sarajevo that would take place on their 1997 PopMart Tour . Although they were the first major musical artist to perform in the city following the war , China Drum had played a concert in July 1996 . Music journalist Andrew Mueller described China Drum 's experience in a single van as a " logistical and administrative nightmare " . Sacirbey , the Bosnian Ambassador to the United Nations , helped U2 make arrangements , playing an informal role as promoter and organizer . McGuinness said , " We thought it was going to be quite difficult . But it 's been quite straightforward . People have just wanted to help . We 've a lot of equipment , and so on , from the military , and the local crew have been incredibly supportive . " - Scheduling the concert meant a financial loss of £ 500 @,@ 000 for the band , despite sponsorship from Coca @-@ Cola and . Ticket prices were set at just DM 8 ( £ 8 , US $ 18 ) , because of the 50 percent unemployment rate in the city . Bono offered for the group to perform a benefit concert or small show in Sarajevo , but the city requested they hold the full PopMart show . Bono said , " We offered to do a charity gig here , just turn up and do a scratch gig , but they wanted the whole fucking thing . They wanted the lemon ! " McGuinness added , " we felt it was important that we treat this as another city on the tour , to pay them that respect . To come here and not do the whole show would have been rude . " According to news releases following the concert , the total net income for the show was US $ 13 @,@ 500 ; however , tour promoter John noted that price did not include the costs of the production or transportation . - As late as July 1997 , U2 were pressured to accept an offer of approximately $ 4 million to perform in Basel , Switzerland on the date scheduled for the Sarajevo show . At the time , rumours about the region 's instability persisted . To ensure the Sarajevo show was not canceled , Sacirbey appeared at many of the band 's preceding shows to lobby on behalf of the city . For the stage to reach Sarajevo , the road crew had to drive the equipment and stage through war @-@ torn Bosnia . Although the trip was without incident , they had to pass through towns such as Mostar , which had been " obliterated " during the war . Stage and lighting designer Willie Williams commented that " when the truck drivers arrived you could see that they were changed men " . The only trouble in transporting the stage came when a border control agent prevented them from crossing the border for hours . The trucks reached Sarajevo two days prior to the concert , arriving to the cheers and applause of the city 's residents ; their arrival was the first concrete evidence that the band were keeping their promise to play there . McGuinness explained , " This is a city that 's been disappointed so many times there were a lot of people who weren 't prepared to believe the gig was going to take place until they saw the stage going up . " Until then , tickets had sold very slowly , but within 24 hours of the trucks ' arrival , another 8 @,@ 000 tickets were sold . Despite this , a day before the concert , 15 @,@ 000 tickets remained . Three @-@ hundred local residents were employed to help assemble the stage and promote the show . - Several hundred members of the international " Force " ( SFOR ) were tasked with upholding the Dayton Agreement for the concert . The band were overwhelmed by the sights they saw when arriving . During the war , Stadium was used as a morgue , and were present on either sides . Although the venue had escaped the worst of the shelling , the nearby Olympic Hall had been badly damaged during the war . Despite its condition , U2 used the building for their dressing rooms and offices . Following the concert , it was used to provide lodging for 3 @,@ 000 fans . The band 's hotel , a nearby Holiday Inn , had been shelled during the siege , and part of the building had been destroyed as a result . The walls in Mullen 's room were with mortar shrapnel , and sections of the floor were also missing . Prior to the show , Sacirbey took Mullen on a tour of the city , showing him the Sarajevo Roses embedded in the streets . - On the day of the concert , trains ran into Sarajevo for the first time since the start of the war . Two lines were opened , one from Mostar to Sarajevo and the other from to Sarajevo . Although the railways had been functional for the duration of the war , Muslim and Croat politicians could not decide who would operate them . As a result , the trains were only run on the date of the concert to bring fans to the city , and the day after to take them home again . requirements were temporarily suspended . An effort was made to include all of the country 's ethnic groups at the concert . Approximately 500 fans crossed the ethnic boundary lines between Bosnia 's Serb Republic and the @-@ Croat Federation . People from several of the other republics went to Sarajevo for the concert , with buses carrying fans from Zagreb , Croatia and , Slovenia . Security around the event was strict . SFOR soldiers searched for bombs with dogs , and the buildings around the stadium were lined with Irish troops and in case violence broke out . - - = = Concert overview = = - - The concert was held on 23 September 1997 , and approximately 45 @,@ 000 people attended . It was broadcast in Bosnia by local television networks , as well as globally by BBC . During the event , 10 @,@ 000 soldiers stood on the left side of the stadium to ensure no conflicts broke out . At , a decision was made to open the stadium gates to all , allowing approximately 10 @,@ 000 more fans who could not afford the concert or who had not purchased tickets in time to attend . In addition to the local and foreign fans , 6 @,@ 000 off @-@ duty SFOR soldiers attended the event in uniform . Nogić attended the concert and arrived in a with the band . The concert was broadcast live internationally on radio , and all proceeds from the radio sales were donated to the War Child project . - Three opening acts played before U2 , beginning with the Gazi @-@ choir , an Islamic choir from a local high school . Their performance was followed by two local bands , and , one of which was chosen personally by Sacirbey , and the other which was selected through a radio contest . Following the opening acts , musician B performed a DJ set before U2 took the stage . - The band 's set list was similar to that of most shows on the PopMart Tour , but with " Sunday Bloody Sunday " in place of The Edge 's karaoke segment and the addition of " Miss Sarajevo " in the second encore . The night was a celebration of the end of the war , with Bono setting the tone by shouting out " Viva Sarajevo ! the past , kiss the future ! " at the beginning of " Even Better Than the Real Thing " . Bono had struggled with his voice throughout the tour , and the morning of the concert he up " without a voice " . There was no intent to cancel , and the show went ahead as planned . Though Bono had few difficulties through the opening quartet of " " , " I Will Follow " , " Gone " , and " Even Better Than the Real Thing " , his voice gave out during " Last Night on Earth " . In 2006 , The Edge suggested that Bono 's vocal troubles had been caused by or by the stress of the previous few months of touring , though he later remarked that " it didn 't really matter that our lead singer was under the weather because every member of the audience seemed to join in on every song . There was a mass chorus for the whole concert . " - At various points during " Until the End of the World " and " New Year 's Day " , Bono for the audience to help him with the vocals , and by the eighth song of the night , " Pride ( In the Name of Love ) " , he was reduced to speaking the lyrics instead of singing them . The band continued with their standard set list by playing " I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For " , " Stand By Me " , " All I Want Is You " , and " at the Sun " . U2 considered playing " Desire " after " All I Want Is You " , but they chose not to perform the song . The Edge then performed a solo version of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " . The rendition was slower and quieter than the studio version . During the song , Bono went backstage for , which helped to improve his voice for a short time . Brian Eno was prepared to go on stage to replace Bono if he could not continue , or to sing alongside him . Bono ultimately returned to the stage alone for the next song , " Bullet the Blue Sky " , and the band continued with renditions of " Please " and " Where the Streets Have No Name " , which concluded the main set . - In the interlude before the first encore , U2 had a worried discussion over the introduction to " Miss Sarajevo " . The song had only been played once prior — at a benefit concert in 1995 with Bono , The Edge , Eno , and Pavarotti . They returned to the stage and played " " , " If You Wear That Velvet Dress " , " With or Without You " , and a rough version of " Miss Sarajevo " . Pavarotti was not at the concert to sing his part and so an antique was brought onto the stage in his place . Eno came on stage to sing backing vocals , and Bono invited Nogić on stage during the chorus . During the song , the video screen showed images from Carter 's Miss Sarajevo documentary , including footage of the girls taking part in the beauty contest and the banner reading " Please don 't let them kill us " . Bono apologized for the rocky performance at the end of the song , saying " Sarajevo , this song was written for you . I hope you like it , because we can 't fucking play it . " The concert concluded with a second encore of " Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me " , " Ways " , " One " , and an abbreviated cover of " Melody " . - After the band had walked , in a move described by NME as the most meaningful of the concert , the audience faced the troops in the stadium and broke into a spontaneous round of applause , which quickly turned into an ovation — an act which the soldiers mimicked in turn . - - = = Reaction = = - - The day after the concert in Sarajevo , a local newspaper carried an editorial which was , " Today was the day the siege of Sarajevo ended " . In reaction to the event , a Bosnian student told members of the international press , " I felt excluded from the world for so long . It 's not only about U2 . It 's the feeling of being part of the world . " A local resident said that the concert was " proof that we have peace here , that everything is OK " . Fans from outside the former Yugoslavia described Sarajevo as " an oasis of light " in the midst of destroyed and fire @-@ damaged buildings , and deserted villages . Despite the performance , the Associated Press said , " For two magical hours , the rock band U2 achieved what warriors , politicians and diplomats could not : They united Bosnia . " Andrew Mueller of The Independent wrote , " For the first time since the start of the war in 1992 , people more accustomed to seeing each other through the sights of a rifle were on the capital to listen to music together . It was a reminder of prewar Sarajevo , home to some of old Yugoslavia 's best rock bands . " Sacirbey stated that he was satisfied that the concert " was held to promote a sense of normalcy , peace and reconciliation in Sarajevo and not to raise money . " He also expressed thanks on behalf of President , who described the concert as a " landmark event " . - Mullen and The Edge both agreed that playing the Sarajevo concert had been the highlight of their careers ; Mullen said , " [ t ] here 's no doubt that that is an experience I will never forget for the rest of my life . And if I had to spend 20 years in the band just to play that show , [ ... ] I think it would have been worthwhile . " Bono described it as " one of the toughest and one of the sweetest nights of my life " , saying of the audience , " I think they wanted , more than anything , a return to normalcy . That 's what these people want , it 's what they deserve . " He also speculated that the loss of his voice had " allowed room for Sarajevo to take the gig away from us . They could see that things could go horribly wrong , they 'd gone to a lot of trouble to come here , and they were just going to make it happen . And they did . " After the completion of the PopMart Tour , he said , " it was amazing and to discover that on our most ' pop ' of tours some of the best shows were in political like Santiago , Sarajevo , Tel Aviv [ ... ] anywhere music meant more than entertainment " . Following the concert , President presented Bono with an honorary Bosnian passport , in recognition of his humanitarian efforts during the war . - - = = Legacy = = - - The peaceful nature of the U2 concert was fleeting , as violence flared up in the region the following year with the Kosovo War . NATO troops remained in Sarajevo until 2004 , while European Union peace @-@ keeping troops remain in the city . - Following the Sarajevo concert , The Edge 's solo performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " was performed at the majority of shows for the remainder of the tour , and a recording of the song from the Sarajevo concert was released on the CD single for " If God Will His Angels " on 8 December 1997 ; The Edge later stated the band had " rediscovered " the song in Sarajevo after his solo performance . A short documentary about the concert , Missing Sarajevo , was included on the DVD release of U2 's 2002 video compilation , The Best of 1990 @-@ 2000 . - After U2 first performed " Miss Sarajevo " at the Sarajevo concert , it was not performed again until the second leg of the Vertigo Tour in 2005 . U2 did not return to perform in any country in the former Yugoslavia until August 2009 , when they performed two shows in Zagreb during the U2 360 ° Tour . During the Zagreb shows , Bono stated that his honorary Bosnian passport was one of his " most possessions " , which prompted the country 's Council of Ministers to announce that his passport was to be revoked , citing how country 's laws do not allow honorary to be conferred . - - - = Frank Slide = - - The Frank Slide was a that buried part of the mining town of Frank , Alberta , Canada . The province of Alberta was not created until September 1905 , more than two years after the slide . The community was still part of the Northwest Territories when the incident occurred at 4 : 10 am on April 29 , 1903 . Over 82 million tonnes ( 90 million tons ) of limestone rock down Turtle Mountain within 100 seconds , the eastern edge of Frank , the Canadian Pacific Railway line and the coal mine . It was one of the largest landslides in Canadian history and remains the deadliest , as between 70 and 90 of the town 's residents were killed , most of whom remain buried in the rubble . Multiple factors led to the slide : Turtle Mountain 's formation left it in a constant state of instability . Coal mining operations may have weakened the mountain 's internal structure , as did a wet winter and cold snap on the night of the disaster . - The railway was repaired within three weeks and the mine was quickly reopened . The section of town closest to the mountain was relocated in 1911 amid fears that another slide was possible . The town 's population nearly doubled its pre @-@ slide population by 1906 , but dwindled after the mine closed permanently in 1917 . The community is now part of the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass in the Province of Alberta and has a population around 200 . The site of the disaster , which remains nearly unchanged since the slide , is now a popular tourist destination . It has been designated a Provincial Historic Site of Alberta and is home to an interpretive centre that receives over 100 @,@ 000 visitors annually . - - = = Background = = - - The town of Frank was founded in the southwestern corner of the District of Alberta , a of the Northwest Territories in 1901 . A location was chosen near the base of Turtle Mountain in the Crowsnest Pass , where coal had been discovered one year earlier . It was named after Henry Frank who , along with Samuel , owned the Canadian @-@ American Coal and Coke Company , which operated the mine that the town was created to support . The pair celebrated the founding of the town on September 10 , 1901 , with a gala opening that featured speeches from territorial leaders , sporting events , a dinner and tours of the mine and planned layout for the community . The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) ran special trains that brought over 1 @,@ 400 people from neighbouring communities to celebrate the event . By April 1903 , the permanent population had reached 600 , and the town featured a two @-@ storey school and four hotels . - Turtle Mountain stands immediately south of Frank . It consists of an older limestone layer folded over on top of softer materials such as shale and sandstone . had left the mountain with a steep overhang of its limestone layer . It has long been unstable ; the Blackfoot and peoples called it " the mountain that moves " and refused to camp in its vicinity . In the weeks leading up to the disaster , miners occasionally felt from within the mountain , while the pressure created by the shifting rock sometimes caused the timbers supporting the mine shafts to crack and splinter . - - = = = = - - In the early morning hours of April 29 , 1903 , a freight train pulled out of the mine and was slowly making its way towards the when the crew heard a behind them . The engineer instinctively set the to full speed ahead and his train to safety across the bridge over the Crowsnest River . At 4 : 10 am , 30 million cubic metres ( 82 million tonnes ) of limestone rock broke off the peak of Turtle Mountain . The section that broke was 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) wide , 425 metres ( 1 @,@ 394 ft ) high and 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep . Witnesses to the disaster claimed it took about 100 seconds for the slide to reach up the opposing hills , indicating the mass of rock traveled at a speed of about 112 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) . The sound was heard as far away as , over 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Frank . - Initial reports on the disaster indicated that Frank had been " nearly wiped out " by the mountain 's collapse . It was thought the was triggered by an earthquake , volcanic eruption or explosion within the mine . The majority of the town survived , but the slide buried buildings on the eastern outskirts of Frank . Seven cottages were destroyed , as were several businesses , the cemetery , a 2 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) stretch of road and railroad tracks , and all of the mine 's buildings . - Approximately 100 people lived in the path of destruction , located between the CPR tracks and the river . The death toll is uncertain ; estimates range between 70 and 90 . It is the deadliest landslide in Canadian history and was the largest until the Hope Slide in 1965 . It is possible that the toll may have been higher , since as many as 50 had been camped at the base of the mountain while looking for work . Some residents believed that they had left Frank shortly before the slide , though there is no way to be certain . Most of the victims remain beneath the rocks ; only 12 bodies were recovered in the immediate aftermath . The skeletons of six additional victims were unearthed in 1924 by crews building a new road through the slide . - Initial news reports stated that between 50 and 60 men were within the mountain and had been buried with no hope of survival . In reality , there were 20 miners working the night shift at the time of the disaster . Three had been outside the mine and were killed by the slide . The remaining 17 were underground . They discovered that the entrance was blocked and water from the river , which had been by the slide , was coming in via a secondary tunnel . They unsuccessfully tried to dig their way through the blocked entrance before one miner suggested he knew of a seam of coal that reached the surface . Working a narrow tunnel in pairs and , they dug through the coal for hours as the air around them became increasingly toxic . Only three men still had enough energy to continue digging when they broke through to the surface late in the afternoon . The opening was too dangerous to escape from due to falling rocks from above . Encouraged by their success , the miners cut a new shaft that broke through under an of rock that protected them from falling debris . Thirteen hours after they were buried , all 17 men emerged from the mountain . - The miners found that the row of cottages that served as their homes had been devastated and some of their families killed , seemingly at random . One found his family alive and safe in a makeshift hospital , but another emerged to discover his wife and four children had died . Fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Clark , working a late shift that night in the town 's boarding house , had been given permission to stay overnight for the first time . She was the only member of her family to survive . Her father was working outside the mine when the slide hit , while her mother and six siblings were buried in their home . All 12 men living at the CPR work camp were killed , but 128 more who were scheduled to move into the camp the day before the slide had not arrived — the train that was supposed to take them there from , British Columbia , failed to pick them up . The Spokane , a passenger train heading west from , was saved by CPR Sid , one of two men who rushed across the rock @-@ ground to warn the train that the track had been buried under the slide . Through falling rocks and a dust cloud that impaired his visibility , ran for 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) to warn the oncoming of the danger . The CPR gave him a letter of commendation and a $ 25 in recognition of his heroism . - - = = = Aftermath = = = - - Early on April 30 a special train from Fort arrived with police officers and doctors . Premier Frederick arrived at the disaster site on May 1 , where he met with engineers who had investigated the top of Turtle Mountain . Though new fissures had formed at the peak , they felt there was limited further risk to the town ; the CPR 's chief engineer was convinced that Frank was in imminent danger from another slide . with the latter , ordered the town evacuated , and the Geological Survey of Canada ( GSC ) sent two of its top geologists to investigate further . They reported that the slide had created two new peaks on the mountain and that the north peak , overlooking the town , was not in imminent danger of collapse . As a result , the evacuation order was lifted on May 10 and Frank 's citizens returned . The North @-@ West Mounted Police , reinforced by officers who arrived from , and Calgary , kept tight control of the town and ensured that no cases of looting occurred during the evacuation . - Clearing the Canadian Pacific Railway line was of paramount importance . Approximately 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the main line had been buried under the slide , along with part of an auxiliary line . The CPR had the line cleared and rebuilt within three weeks . Intent on reopening the mine , workers opened passageways to the old mine works by May 30 . To their , they discovered that Charlie the horse , one of three who worked in the mine , had survived for over a month underground . The horse had by eating the bark off the timber supports and by drinking from pools of water . The horse died when his rescuers him on oats and brandy . - The town 's population not only recovered but grew ; the 1906 census of the Canadian listed the population at 1 @,@ 178 . A new study commissioned by the Dominion government determined that the cracks in the mountain continued to grow and that the risk of another slide remained . Consequently , parts of Frank closest to the mountain were dismantled or relocated to safer areas . - - = = Causes = = - - Several factors led to the Frank Slide . A study conducted by the GSC immediately following the slide concluded that the primary cause was the mountain 's unstable formation ; a layer of limestone rested on top of softer materials that , after years of erosion , resulted in a top @-@ heavy , steep cliff . laced the eastern face of the mountain while underground fissures allowed water to flow into the mountain 's core . Local Indigenous peoples of the area , the Blackfoot and , had oral traditions referring to the peak as " the mountain that moves . " noticed the mountain had become increasingly unstable in the months preceding the slide ; they felt small and the superintendent reported a " general " in the mountain at depths between 1 @,@ 100 metres ( 3 @,@ 600 ft ) and 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) . They found that coal broke from its seam ; it was said to have practically mined itself . - An unusually warm winter , with warm days and cold nights , was also a factor . Water in the mountain 's fissures froze and repeatedly , further weakening the mountain 's supports . Heavy snowfall in the region in March was followed by a warm April , causing the mountain to melt into the fissures . GSC geologists concluded that the weather conditions that night likely triggered the slide . The crew of the freight train that arrived at Frank shortly before the disaster said it was the coldest night of the winter , with overnight temperatures falling below − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) . Geologists speculated that the cold snap and rapid freezing resulted in expansion of the fissures , causing the limestone to break off and tumble down the mountain . - Though the GSC concluded that mining activities contributed to the slide , the facility 's owners disagreed . Their engineers claimed that the mine bore no responsibility . Later studies suggested that the mountain had been at a point of " equilibrium " ; even a small such as that caused by the mine 's existence would have helped trigger a slide . The mine was quickly re @-@ opened , even though rock continued to tumble down the mountain . Coal production at Frank peaked in 1910 , but the mine was permanently closed in 1917 after it became unprofitable . - The slide created two new peaks on the mountain ; the south peak stands 2 @,@ 200 metres ( 7 @,@ 200 ft ) high and the north peak 2 @,@ 100 metres ( 6 @,@ 900 ft ) . Geologists believe that another slide is inevitable , though not imminent . The south peak is considered the most likely to fall ; it would likely create a slide about one @-@ sixth the size of the 1903 slide . The mountain , continuously monitored for changes in stability , has been studied on numerous occasions . The Alberta Geological Survey operates a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art monitoring system used by researchers around the world . Over 80 monitoring stations have been placed on the face of the mountain to provide an early warning system for area residents in case of another slide . - Geologists have debated about what caused the slide debris to travel the distance it did . The " air cushion " theory , an early hypothesis , postulated that a layer of air was trapped between the mass of rock and the mountain , which caused the rock to move a greater distance than would otherwise be expected . " Acoustic " is another theory , which suggests that large masses of material create seismic energy that reduces friction and causes the debris to flow down the mountain as though it is a fluid . Geologists created the term " debris avalanche " to describe the Frank Slide . - - = = Legends = = - - Numerous legends and were spawned in the aftermath of the slide . The entire town of Frank was claimed to have been buried , though much of the town itself was unscathed . The belief that a branch of the Union Bank of Canada had been buried with as much as $ 500 @,@ 000 persisted for many years . The bank — by the slide — remained in the same location until it was demolished in 1911 , after which the buried treasure legend arose . Crews building a new road through the pass in 1924 operated under police guard as it was believed they could the supposedly buried bank . - Several people , telling amazing stories to those who would listen , passed themselves off as the " sole survivor " in the years following the slide . The most common such tale is that of an infant girl said to have been the only survivor of the slide . Her real name unknown , the girl was called " Frankie Slide " . Several stories were told of her escape : she was found in a of hay , lying on rocks , under the collapsed roof of her house or in the arms of her dead mother . The legend was based primarily on the story of Marion , who was thrown from her home into a pile of hay when the slide enveloped her home . Her sisters also survived ; they were found unharmed under a collapsed ceiling . Her parents and four brothers died . the story was the survival of two @-@ year @-@ old Gladys Ennis , who was found outside her home in the mud . The last survivor of the slide , she died in 1995 . In total , 23 people in the path of the slide survived , in addition to the 17 miners who escaped from the tunnels under Turtle Mountain . A ballad by Ed featuring the story of Frankie Slide was popular in parts of Canada in the 1950s . The slide has formed the basis of other songs , including " How the Mountain Down " by ' Tom Connors , and more recently , " Frank , " by The Rural Alberta . The Frank Slide has been the subject of several books , both historical and fictional . - - = = Legacy = = - - Curious flocked to the site of the slide within the day of the disaster . It has remained a popular tourist destination , in part due to its proximity to the Crowsnest Highway . The province built a roadside turnout in 1941 to accommodate the traffic . Town unsuccessfully sought to have the site designated as a National Historic Site in 1958 . It was later designated a Provincial Historic Site of Alberta . The provincial government designated the slide area a restricted development zone in 1976 , which prevents alteration of the site . In 1978 , a memorial plaque was erected . The Frank Slide Centre , within sight of the mountain , was opened in 1985 . A museum and tourist stop document the Frank Slide and the region 's coal mining history . The site receives over 100 @,@ 000 tourist visits annually . - Though Frank recovered from the slide and achieved a peak population of 1 @,@ 000 shortly thereafter , the closure of the mine resulted in a longstanding decline in population . Frank ceased to be an independent community in 1979 when it was amalgamated into the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass along with the neighbouring communities of , Coleman , and Bellevue . Frank is now home to about 200 residents . - - - = Protein = - - Proteins ( / / or / / ) are large biomolecules , or macromolecules , consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues . Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms , including metabolic reactions , DNA replication , responding to , and transporting molecules from one location to another . Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids , which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes , and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three @-@ dimensional structure that determines its activity . - A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide . A protein contains at least one long polypeptide . Short polypeptides , containing less than 20 @-@ 30 residues , are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides , or sometimes . The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues . The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic code . In general , the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids ; however , in certain organisms the genetic code can include and — in certain archaea — . Shortly after or even during synthesis , the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post @-@ modification , which alters the physical and chemical properties , folding , stability , activity , and ultimately , the function of the proteins . Sometimes proteins have non @-@ peptide groups attached , which can be called prosthetic groups or . Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function , and they often associate to form stable protein complexes . - Once formed , proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell 's machinery through the process of protein turnover . A protein 's lifespan is measured in terms of its half @-@ life and covers a wide range . They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1 – 2 days in mammalian cells . and or proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable . - Like other biological macromolecules such as and nucleic acids , proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells . Many proteins are enzymes that biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism . Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions , such as actin and in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton , which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape . Other proteins are important in cell signaling , immune responses , cell , and the cell cycle . In animals , proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized . breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism . - Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as , precipitation , electrophoresis , and chromatography ; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification . Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include , site @-@ directed , X @-@ ray crystallography , nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry . - - = = = = - - Most proteins consist of linear polymers built from series of up to 20 different L @-@ α @-@ amino acids . All amino acids possess common structural features , including an α @-@ carbon to which an amino group , a group , and a variable side chain are bonded . Only differs from this basic structure as it contains an unusual ring to the N @-@ end amine group , which forces the CO – into a fixed conformation . The side chains of the standard amino acids , detailed in the list of standard amino acids , have a great variety of chemical structures and properties ; it is the combined effect of all of the amino acid side chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three @-@ dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity . The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds . Once linked in the protein chain , an individual amino acid is called a residue , and the linked series of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone . - The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double @-@ bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis , so that the alpha are roughly . The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone . The end of the protein with a free group is known as the C @-@ terminus or terminus , whereas the end with a free amino group is known as the N @-@ terminus or amino terminus . The words protein , polypeptide , and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning . Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation , whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid often lacking a stable three @-@ dimensional structure . However , the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20 – 30 residues . can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids , usually regardless of length , but often implies an absence of a defined conformation . - - = = = in cells = = = - - It has been estimated that average @-@ sized bacteria contain about 2 million proteins per cell ( e.g. E. coli and ) . Smaller bacteria , such as or contain fewer molecules , namely on the order of 50 @,@ 000 to 1 million . By contrast , eukaryotic cells are larger and thus contain much more protein . For instance , yeast cells were estimated to contain about 50 million proteins and human cells on the order of 1 to 3 billion . Note that bacterial encode about 10 times fewer proteins than humans ( e.g. small bacteria ~ 1 @,@ 000 , E. coli : ~ 4 @,@ 000 , yeast : ~ 6 @,@ 000 , human : ~ 20 @,@ 000 ) . - , the concentration of individual proteins ranges from a few molecules per cell to hundreds of thousands . In fact , about a third of all proteins is not produced in most cells or only induced under certain circumstances . For instance , of the 20 @,@ 000 or so proteins encoded by the human genome only 6 @,@ 000 are detected in cells . - - = = Synthesis = = - - - = = = = = = - - Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes . Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein . The genetic code is a set of three @-@ nucleotide sets called codons and each three @-@ nucleotide combination an amino acid , for example ( @-@ @-@ ) is the code for . Because DNA contains four , the total number of possible codons is 64 ; hence , there is some in the genetic code , with some amino acids specified by more than one codon . encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre @-@ messenger RNA ( mRNA ) by proteins such as RNA polymerase . Most organisms then process the pre @-@ mRNA ( also known as a primary transcript ) using various forms of Post @-@ transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA , which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome . In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced , or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the . In contrast , eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm , where protein synthesis then takes place . The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second . - The process of a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation . The mRNA is loaded onto the ribosome and is read three at a time by matching each codon to its base pairing located on a transfer RNA molecule , which carries the amino acid corresponding to the codon it recognizes . The enzyme tRNA " charges " the tRNA molecules with the correct amino acids . The growing polypeptide is often termed the nascent chain . Proteins are always from N @-@ terminus to C @-@ terminus . - The size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by its total molecular mass , which is normally reported in units of ( synonymous with atomic mass units ) , or the derivative unit ( kDa ) . proteins are on average amino acids long and 53 kDa in mass . The largest known proteins are the , a component of the muscle , with a molecular mass of almost 3 @,@ 000 kDa and a total length of almost 27 @,@ 000 amino acids . - - = = = Chemical synthesis = = = - - Short proteins can also be synthesized chemically by a family of methods known as peptide synthesis , which rely on organic synthesis techniques such as chemical to produce peptides in high yield . Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non @-@ natural amino acids into polypeptide chains , such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains . These methods are useful in laboratory and cell biology , though generally not for commercial applications . Chemical synthesis is inefficient for polypeptides longer than about 300 amino acids , and the synthesized proteins may not readily assume their native tertiary structure . Most chemical synthesis methods proceed from C @-@ terminus to N @-@ terminus , opposite the biological reaction . - - = = Structure = = - - Most proteins fold into unique 3 @-@ dimensional structures . The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native conformation . Although many proteins can fold , simply through the chemical properties of their amino acids , others require the aid of molecular to fold into their native states . often refer to four distinct aspects of a protein 's structure : - Primary structure : the amino acid sequence . A protein is a . - Secondary structure : regularly repeating local structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds . The most common examples are the α @-@ helix , β @-@ sheet and turns . Because secondary structures are local , many regions of different secondary structure can be present in the same protein molecule . - Tertiary structure : the overall shape of a single protein molecule ; the spatial relationship of the secondary structures to one another . Tertiary structure is generally stabilized by interactions , most commonly the formation of a hydrophobic core , but also through salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , bonds , and even modifications . The term " tertiary structure " is often used as synonymous with the term fold . The tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein . - structure : the structure formed by several protein molecules ( polypeptide chains ) , usually called protein subunits in this context , which function as a single protein complex . - Proteins are not entirely rigid molecules . In addition to these levels of structure , proteins may shift between several related structures while they perform their functions . In the context of these functional , these tertiary or structures are usually referred to as " conformations " , and transitions between them are called conformational changes . Such changes are often induced by the binding of a substrate molecule to an enzyme 's active site , or the physical region of the protein that in chemical catalysis . In solution proteins also undergo variation in structure through thermal vibration and the collision with other molecules . - Proteins can be informally divided into three main classes , which with typical tertiary structures : globular proteins , fibrous proteins , and membrane proteins . Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes . proteins are often structural , such as , the major component of tissue , or keratin , the protein component of hair and nails . Membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane . - A special case of hydrogen bonds within proteins , poorly shielded from water attack and hence promoting their own , are called . - - = = = Structure determination = = = - - the tertiary structure of a protein , or the structure of its complexes , can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function . Common experimental methods of structure determination include X @-@ ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy , both of which can produce information at atomic resolution . However , NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated , and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem . Dual is a analytical method for measuring the overall protein conformation and conformational changes due to interactions or other stimulus . is another laboratory technique for determining internal β @-@ sheet / α @-@ helical composition of proteins . microscopy is used to produce lower @-@ resolution structural information about very large protein complexes , including assembled viruses ; a variant known as electron crystallography can also produce high @-@ resolution information in some cases , especially for two @-@ dimensional crystals of membrane proteins . structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( PDB ) , a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of coordinates for each atom in the protein . - Many more gene sequences are known than protein structures . Further , the set of solved structures is biased toward proteins that can be easily subjected to the conditions required in X @-@ ray crystallography , one of the major structure determination methods . In particular , globular proteins are comparatively easy to in preparation for X @-@ ray crystallography . Membrane proteins , by contrast , are difficult to and are in the PDB . Structural genomics initiatives have attempted to remedy these deficiencies by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes . Protein structure prediction methods attempt to provide a means of generating a plausible structure for proteins whose structures have not been experimentally determined . - - = = Cellular functions = = - - Proteins are the chief actors within the cell , said to be carrying out the duties specified by the information encoded in genes . With the exception of certain types of RNA , most other biological molecules are relatively inert elements upon which proteins act . Proteins make up half the dry weight of an coli cell , whereas other macromolecules such as DNA and RNA make up only 3 % and 20 % , respectively . The set of proteins expressed in a particular cell or cell type is known as its . - The chief characteristic of proteins that also allows their diverse set of functions is their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly . The region of the protein responsible for binding another molecule is known as the binding site and is often a depression or " pocket " on the molecular surface . This binding ability is mediated by the tertiary structure of the protein , which defines the binding site pocket , and by the chemical properties of the surrounding amino acids ' side chains . Protein binding can be extraordinarily tight and specific ; for example , the ribonuclease inhibitor protein binds to human with a sub @-@ constant ( < 10 − 15 M ) but does not bind at all to its amphibian ( > 1 M ) . minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes to nearly eliminate binding ; for example , the tRNA specific to the amino acid against the very similar side chain of the amino acid . - Proteins can bind to other proteins as well as to small @-@ molecule substrates . When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule , they can to form fibrils ; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self @-@ associate to form rigid fibers . Protein – protein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity , control progression through the cell cycle , and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function . Proteins can also bind to , or even be integrated into , cell membranes . The ability of binding partners to induce conformational changes in proteins allows the construction of enormously complex signaling networks . , as interactions between proteins are , and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function , study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function , and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types . - - = = = Enzymes = = = - - The best @-@ known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes , which chemical reactions . Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions . Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism , as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication , DNA repair , and transcription . Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as modification . About 4 @,@ 000 reactions are known to be by enzymes . The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous — as much as @-@ fold increase in rate over the reaction in the case of ( 78 million years without the enzyme , 18 with the enzyme ) . - The molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates . Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids , it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate , and an even smaller fraction — three to four residues on average — that are directly involved in catalysis . The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site . - proteins are members of a class of proteins that the of a compound synthesized by other enzymes . - - = = = Cell signaling and ligand binding = = = - - Many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction . Some proteins , such as insulin , are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues . Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell . Many receptors have a binding site exposed on the cell surface and an domain within the cell , which may have enzymatic activity or may undergo a conformational change detected by other proteins within the cell . - Antibodies are protein components of an adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind , or foreign substances in the body , and target them for destruction . Antibodies can be into the extracellular environment or anchored in the membranes of specialized B cells known as plasma cells . Whereas enzymes are limited in their binding affinity for their substrates by the necessity of conducting their reaction , antibodies have no such constraints . An antibody 's binding affinity to its target is extraordinarily high . - Many ligand transport proteins bind particular small biomolecules and transport them to other locations in the body of a multicellular organism . These proteins must have a high binding affinity when their ligand is present in high concentrations , but must also release the ligand when it is present at low concentrations in the target tissues . The canonical example of a ligand @-@ binding protein is , which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all vertebrates and has close in every biological kingdom . are sugar @-@ binding proteins which are highly specific for their sugar . typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins . and hormones are highly specific binding proteins . - proteins can also serve as ligand transport proteins that alter the of the cell membrane to small molecules and ions . The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse . Membrane proteins contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell . Many ion channel proteins are specialized to select for only a particular ion ; for example , potassium and sodium channels often discriminate for only one of the two ions . - - = = = Structural proteins = = = - - Structural proteins confer and to otherwise @-@ fluid biological components . Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins ; for example , and are critical components of tissue such as cartilage , and keratin is found in hard or structures such as hair , nails , feathers , hooves , and some animal shells . Some globular proteins can also play structural functions , for example , actin and are globular and soluble as monomers , but to form long , stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton , which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size . - Other proteins that serve structural functions are motor proteins such as , , and , which are capable of generating mechanical forces . These proteins are crucial for cellular of single organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually . They also generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles and play essential roles in intracellular transport . - - = = Methods of study = = - - The activities and structures of proteins may be examined in vitro , in vivo , and in silico . In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function : for example , enzyme studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme 's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules . By contrast , in vivo experiments can provide information about the physiological role of a protein in the context of a cell or even a whole organism . In silico studies use computational methods to study proteins . - - = = = Protein purification = = = - - To perform in vitro analysis , a protein must be purified away from other cellular components . This process usually begins with cell , in which a cell 's membrane is disrupted and its internal contents released into a solution known as a crude lysate . The resulting mixture can be purified using , which the various cellular components into fractions containing soluble proteins ; membrane and proteins ; cellular organelles , and nucleic acids . Precipitation by a method known as out can concentrate the proteins from this lysate . Various types of chromatography are then used to isolate the protein or proteins of interest based on properties such as molecular weight , net charge and binding affinity . The level of purification can be monitored using various types of gel electrophoresis if the desired protein 's molecular weight and point are known , by spectroscopy if the protein has distinguishable spectroscopic features , or by enzyme assays if the protein has enzymatic activity . Additionally , proteins can be isolated according their charge using . - For natural proteins , a series of purification steps may be necessary to obtain protein sufficiently pure for laboratory applications . To this process , genetic engineering is often used to add chemical features to proteins that make them easier to without affecting their structure or activity . Here , a " tag " consisting of a specific amino acid sequence , often a series of residues ( a " His @-@ tag " ) , is attached to one terminus of the protein . As a result , when the lysate is passed over a chromatography column containing nickel , the residues the nickel and attach to the column while the components of the lysate pass unimpeded . A number of different have been developed to help researchers specific proteins from complex mixtures . - - = = = Cellular localization = = = - - The study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell . Although many intracellular proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and membrane @-@ bound or proteins in the , the specifics of how proteins are targeted to specific organelles or cellular structures is often unclear . A useful technique for assessing cellular localization uses genetic engineering to express in a cell a fusion protein or consisting of the natural protein of interest linked to a " reporter " such as green fluorescent protein ( ) . The fused protein 's position within the cell can be cleanly and efficiently visualized using microscopy , as shown in the figure opposite . - Other methods for the cellular location of proteins requires the use of known markers for regions such as the ER , the , or , mitochondria , , plasma membrane , etc . With the use of versions of these markers or of antibodies to known markers , it becomes much simpler to identify the localization of a protein of interest . For example , indirect will allow for fluorescence and demonstration of location . are used to label cellular compartments for a similar purpose . - Other possibilities exist , as well . For example , usually utilizes an antibody to one or more proteins of interest that are conjugated to enzymes yielding either or signals that can be compared between samples , allowing for localization information . Another applicable technique is in ( or other material ) using . While this technique does not prove of a compartment of known density and the protein of interest , it does increase the likelihood , and is more amenable to large @-@ scale studies . - Finally , the gold @-@ standard method of cellular localization is microscopy . This technique also uses an antibody to the protein of interest , along with classical electron microscopy techniques . The sample is prepared for normal electron microscopic examination , and then treated with an antibody to the protein of interest that is conjugated to an extremely electro @-@ dense material , usually gold . This allows for the localization of both details as well as the protein of interest . - Through another genetic engineering application known as site @-@ directed , researchers can alter the protein sequence and hence its structure , cellular localization , and to regulation . This technique even allows the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins , using modified , and may allow the rational design of new proteins with novel properties . - - = = = = = = - - The total complement of proteins present at a time in a cell or cell type is known as its , and the study of such large @-@ scale data sets defines the field of proteomics , named by analogy to the related field of genomics . Key experimental techniques in proteomics include 2D electrophoresis , which allows the separation of a large number of proteins , mass spectrometry , which allows rapid high @-@ identification of proteins and sequencing of peptides ( most often after in @-@ gel ) , protein , which allow the detection of the relative levels of a large number of proteins present in a cell , and two @-@ hybrid screening , which allows the systematic exploration of protein – protein interactions . The total complement of biologically possible such interactions is known as the . A systematic attempt to determine the structures of proteins representing every possible fold is known as structural genomics . - - = = = = = = - - A vast array of computational methods have been developed to analyze the structure , function , and evolution of proteins . - The development of such tools has been driven by the large amount of and data available for a variety of organisms , including the human genome . It is simply impossible to study all proteins experimentally , hence only a few are subjected to laboratory experiments while computational tools are used to to similar proteins . Such proteins can be efficiently identified in distantly related organisms by sequence alignment . and gene sequences can be searched by a variety of tools for certain properties . tools can find restriction enzyme sites , open reading frames in nucleotide sequences , and predict secondary structures . trees can be constructed and evolutionary hypotheses developed using special software like regarding the ancestry of modern organisms and the genes they express . The field of is now indispensable for the analysis of genes and proteins . - - = = = = Structure prediction and simulation = = = = - - to the field of structural genomics , protein structure prediction seeks to develop efficient ways to provide plausible models for proteins whose structures have not yet been determined experimentally . The most successful type of structure prediction , known as modeling , relies on the existence of a " template " structure with sequence similarity to the protein being modeled ; structural genomics ' goal is to provide sufficient representation in solved structures to model most of those that remain . Although producing accurate models remains a challenge when only distantly related template structures are available , it has been suggested that sequence alignment is the bottleneck in this process , as quite accurate models can be produced if a " perfect " sequence alignment is known . Many structure prediction methods have served to inform the emerging field of protein engineering , in which novel protein folds have already been designed . A more complex computational problem is the prediction of interactions , such as in molecular and protein – protein interaction prediction . - The processes of protein folding and binding can be simulated using such technique as molecular mechanics , in particular , molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo , which increasingly take advantage of parallel and distributed computing ( home project ; molecular modeling on GPU ) . The folding of small α @-@ helical protein domains such as the headpiece and the HIV accessory protein have been successfully simulated in silico , and hybrid methods that combine standard molecular dynamics with quantum mechanics calculations have allowed exploration of the electronic states of . - - = = = = Protein disorder and prediction = = = = - - Many proteins ( in ~ 33 % ) contain large but biologically functional segments and can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins . and protein disorder is , therefore , an important part of protein structure characterisation . - - = = = = - - Most microorganisms and plants can all 20 standard amino acids , while animals ( including humans ) must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet . The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essential amino acids . Key enzymes that synthesize certain amino acids are not present in animals — such as , which the first step in the synthesis of , , and from . If amino acids are present in the environment , microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their surroundings and their pathways . - In animals , amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein . proteins are then broken down into amino acids through , which typically involves of the protein through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called . Some ingested amino acids are used for protein , while others are converted to glucose through , or fed into the acid cycle . This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it allows the body 's own proteins to be used to support life , particularly those found in muscle . acids are also an important dietary source of nitrogen . - - = = History and etymology = = - - Proteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century by Antoine and others , distinguished by the molecules ' ability to or under treatments with heat or acid . Noted examples at the time included from egg whites , blood , , and wheat . - Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius in 1838 . Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same formula , . He came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of ( very large ) molecule . The term " protein " to describe these molecules was proposed by Mulder 's associate Berzelius ; protein is derived from the Greek word ( ) , meaning " primary " , " in the lead " , or " standing in front " , + . Mulder went on to identify the products of protein degradation such as the amino acid for which he found a ( nearly correct ) molecular weight of 131 Da . - Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body , because it was generally believed that " flesh makes flesh . " Karl Heinrich extended known protein forms with the identification of acid . At the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station a detailed review of the vegetable proteins was compiled by Thomas Burr Osborne . Working with Lafayette and applying 's law of the minimum in feeding laboratory rats , the essential amino acids were established . The work was continued and communicated by William Rose . The understanding of proteins as polypeptides came through the work of Franz and Hermann Emil Fischer . The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926 , when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme was in fact a protein . - The difficulty in purifying proteins in large quantities made them very difficult for early protein to study . Hence , early studies focused on proteins that could be purified in large quantities , e.g. , those of blood , egg white , various toxins , and digestive / metabolic enzymes obtained from . In the 1950s , the Armour Hot Dog Co. purified 1 kg of pure ribonuclease A and made it freely available to scientists ; this gesture helped ribonuclease A become a major target for biochemical study for the following decades . - Linus is credited with the successful prediction of regular protein secondary structures based on hydrogen bonding , an idea first put forth by William in 1933 . Later work by Walter on , based partly on previous studies by Kaj @-@ Lang , contributed an understanding of protein folding and structure mediated by hydrophobic interactions . - The first protein to be sequenced was insulin , by Frederick Sanger , in 1949 . Sanger correctly determined the amino acid sequence of insulin , thus conclusively demonstrating that proteins consisted of linear polymers of amino acids rather than branched chains , , or . He won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958 . - The first protein structures to be solved were and , by Max and Sir John , respectively , in 1958 . As of 2016 , the Protein Data Bank has over 115 @,@ 000 atomic @-@ resolution structures of proteins . In more recent times , @-@ electron microscopy of large assemblies and computational protein structure prediction of small protein domains are two methods approaching atomic resolution . - - = = = = - - - = = = and projects = = = - - The Protein Naming - Human Protein Atlas - Protein database - Protein Structure database - Human Protein Reference Database - Human - Home ( Stanford University ) - Comparative Database protein – chemical interactions , as well as gene / protein – disease relationships and chemical @-@ disease relationships . - Harvester A Meta search engine ( 29 ) for gene and protein information . - Protein in Europe ( see also , short articles and tutorials on interesting PDB structures ) - Research for Structural ( see also of the Month , presenting short accounts on selected proteins from the PDB ) - – Life in 3D : , 3D model with wiki for every known protein molecular structure . - the Universal Protein - – Exploring the universe of human proteins : human @-@ centric protein knowledge resource - Multi @-@ Database : human and model organism protein / gene knowledge and expression data - - = = = and educational websites = = = - - " An Introduction to Proteins " from ( Huntington 's Disease Project for Education at Stanford ) - Proteins : Biogenesis to – The Virtual Library of and Cell Biology - Alphabet of Protein Structures - - = LiSA ( Japanese musician , born 1987 ) = - - Risa Oribe ( , Oribe Risa , born June 24 , 1987 ) , better known by her stage name LiSA ( an acronym of Love is Same All ) , is a Japanese pop singer @-@ songwriter from , , signed to under Sony Music Artists . After aspiring to become a musician early in life , she started her musical career as the vocalist of the indie band Chucky . Following Chucky 's disbandment in 2005 , LiSA moved to Tokyo in order to pursue a solo career , making her major debut in 2010 singing songs for the anime television series Angel Beats ! as one of two vocalists for the fictional band Girls Dead Monster . In April 2011 , she made her solo debut with the release of her mini @-@ album Letters to U. She performed at Summer Live in August 2010 , Anime Expo in 2012 , and is a regular guest at Anime Festival Asia . - LiSA 's songs have been featured as theme music for various anime such as Fate / Zero and Sword Art Online . Her singles have regularly been in the top ten of the Oricon weekly charts , with " Crossing Field " being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan and " Oath Sign " being certified gold . She performed at the Nippon Budokan in 2014 and 2015 . In 2015 , she made her acting debut as Nelson in the Japanese dub of the animated film . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = Early years and major debut = = = - - Oribe 's musical experience began at the age of three when , upon her mother 's suggestions , she took private piano lessons . Although she was a shy student in kindergarten , she enjoyed her music lessons . In primary school , she was inspired to sing after seeing the band Speed on television . She later took dance and vocal lessons , which continued through her junior high school years . While in elementary , she participated in an audition held at the Nippon Budokan , and it was during this time she decided to become an artist . In junior high school , she formed a band which covered songs by , Love , and @-@ ' . - Oribe began her singing career in 2005 during her first year in high school when she formed the indie rock band Chucky , which mainly covered songs by other artists . During her second year , the band received advice from their peers that they should start making their own songs ; eventually the band 's reputation grew enough that they performed in Osaka and Nagoya in addition to . Although her grades in high school were good , she decided not to go to university , despite the recommendations of her teachers , in order to focus on her work with Chucky . Nevertheless , after graduation , due to varying schedules among the band 's members , it became difficult to continue performing . Following the band 's disbandment in July 2008 , she moved to Tokyo in order to continue her singing career . - After moving to Tokyo , Oribe formed the band Love is Same All with members from the indie band Out and began using the stage name LiSA , which is an acronym for Love is Same All . The band performs with LiSA during the latter 's solo live performances . In 2010 , she made her major debut singing songs for the anime series Angel Beats ! as one of two vocalists for the fictional in @-@ story band Girls Dead Monster . She was the vocalist for the character Yui , and the second vocalist , Marina , sang as the character . LiSA put out three singles and one album in 2010 under the name Girls Dead Monster on Key 's record label Key Sounds . The first single " Thousand " was released on May 12 ; the second single " Little " came out on June 9 ; and the third single " no ( Yui final ver . ) " ( Yui final ver . , " My Most Treasure ( Yui final ver . ) " ) was sold on December 8 . The album The Beats ! was released on June 30 . LiSA made her first appearance at Summer Live during the concert 's 2010 iteration on August 28 . - LiSA made her solo debut on April 20 , 2011 with the release of her mini @-@ album Letters to U by under Sony Music Artists . The songs on the album were composed by and major artists , and she composed the first song " Believe in Myself " ; she wrote the album 's lyrics . On November 12 , 2011 , She made her first appearance in Singapore at Anime Festival Asia , Southeast Asia 's largest anime and pop culture convention . She released her first solo single " Oath Sign " on November 23 , 2011 , which was used as the opening theme to the 2011 anime series Fate / Zero . The single peaked at No. 5 on the Oricon weekly charts and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) . - - = = = 2012 – present = = = - - LiSA released her first full solo album Lover " s " mile on February 22 , 2012 ; the album peaked at No. 7 on the Oricon weekly charts . She attended the Anime Expo 2012 in Los Angeles as a guest of honor and performed her first concert in North America there on July 1 . After her success with " Oath Sign " , she was chosen to perform the first opening theme to the 2012 anime series Sword Art Online ; the single " Crossing Field " , her second single , was released on August 8 , 2012 ; the single peaked at No. 5 on Oricon and was later certified gold by the RIAJ . Her third single " Best Day , Best Way " , which peaked at No. 6 on Oricon , was released on April 3 , 2013 , and her fourth single " Träumerei " , which peaked at No. 15 on Oricon and was used as the opening theme to the 2013 anime series Day Break Illusion , was released on August 7 , 2013 . LiSA released her second solo album Landspace on October 30 , 2013 ; the album peaked at No. 2 on Oricon charts . A titled Hi da ( , " Another Great Day " ) that contains photos of her taken by ! magazine over three years was published on November 22 , 2013 . When asked if she would revisit the meaning of her acronym in the future in an interview with at Anime Festival Asia 2013 in Singapore , she suggested international Super Apple . - On January 3 , 2014 , LiSA held a sold @-@ out solo concert at the Nippon Budokan . Her fifth single " Rising Hope " , which is used as the opening theme to the 2014 anime series The at Magic High School , was released on May 7 , 2014 ; the single peaked at No. 4 on Oricon . She later covered the songs " Actor " ( ) and " " ( , " Evening " ) from the Project franchise for the sixth episode of the 2014 anime series Actors . She released her sixth single " Bright Flight / L. Miranic " on September 17 , 2014 , which peaked at No. 8 on Oricon , and her seventh single " " ( , lit . " Sign " ) on December 10 , 2014 , which peaked at No. 3 on the Oricon ; the title song is used as the third ending theme to the 2014 anime series Sword Art Online II , and the single also includes the song " No More Time Machine " , which was used as the second ending theme to Sword Art Online II . She held her second Nippon Budokan concert on January 10 and 11 , 2015 , tickets for which were sold out . She released her third solo album Launcher on March 4 , 2015 and her eighth single " Rally Go Round " on May 27 , 2015 ; the song is used as the opening theme to the second season of the anime television series . She was cast as Nelson in the Japanese dub of the animated film , which premiered in Japanese theaters on July 31 , 2015 . She released her ninth single " Empty " on September 30 , 2015 . In late 2015 , she performed " " , which is used as theme song of the 2015 video game Dengeki : Fighting . To commemorate her fifth year as a solo artist , LiSA released her Letters To U EP as a limited edition LP on March 23 , 2016 . LiSA released a mini @-@ album titled Lucky Hi Five ! on April 20 , 2016 . She will release the single " Freak Out " , which will be used as the opening theme to the 2016 anime television series Code , on August 24 , 2016 . - - = = Musical style and influences = = - - LiSA lists , Oasis , Green Day , , Ke $ ha , and Rihanna as among her musical influences , as well as her time in Chucky . LiSA wrote the lyrics for some of her songs in her Landspace and Launcher albums , as well as the lyrics for the singles " Bright Flight / L. Miranic " , " " , and " Rally Go Round " ; " Rally Go Round " was co @-@ written with songwriter Shin . - LiSA 's musical style is described by Dennis of J ! as a young woman with style , beautiful vocals , and the ability to take on various musical styles , may it be happy , upbeat rock music or " even something more darker . " She has used the phrase " ii hi da " ( , " Another Great Day " ) as a theme throughout her career ; the phrase is also the name of her personal blog . In an interview with HMV Japan , she mentioned that before her major debut , she tended to sing pop songs , and because of this , she felt uneasy when making " Oath Sign " , which had a heavy and dark style , although she was able to receive several favorable responses to the single , which allowed her to make her next single " Crossing Field " with confidence . As for " Crossing Field " , she says that feels that the song grows every time she sings it , in the same way that love is through dates or love letters . In " Best Day , Best Way " , she mentioned that the song 's theme is " what you did yesterday will lead to what happens today " , and that the lyrics are delivered as if they are her own words . She also shared her experience with the single 's B @-@ sides : " I 'm a Rock Star " , which according to her represents her fulfilling her dream of becoming a singer , and " " ( , " White " ) , which represents happy feelings . - In an interview with Oricon , LiSA explained her experiences with " Träumerei " , where she stated that because Day Break Illusion is an original anime , she wanted the song to be presented in the color of her own work , but even in the world of anime , her music would continue to have an atmosphere of rock , as opposed to the pop style she used in " Best Day , Best Way " . She mentioned that she sang that song in a way that she felt the conflicts that were present in the story and with the strength that was part of the show 's theme . With regards to the song 's music video , she wanted to have a video which would express in color emotions , such as the use of red to represent confrontations , black to represent the feeling of being lost , and green for frightening things . - In making the single " Bright Flight / L. Miranic " , she mentions in an interview with HMV Japan that the concept of the single is that it can be divided into two parts : pink and black . Pink is the color of " Bright Flight " , a song which is in a pop style and was written in a " cute " image in mind , while black is the color of " L. Miranic " , which is in a dark rock style and has the theme of a " bad woman " . LiSA mentioned that the name " L. Miranic " was chosen because the song is linked to criminals and that since " Miranic " is a name in some countries , adding her name to " Miranic " to make " LiSA @-@ Miranic " would mean that the criminal in the song is her . - Dennis of J ! reviewed LiSA 's album Landspace , where he describes the song " Crossing Field " as a song about " wanting to forget the weakness and of one past and being with someone you love who gives you the strength to become even stronger . " Meanwhile , he describes the song " Best Day , Best Way " as " a fun and happy track about believing in yourself and overcoming anything bad that have happened in the past and moving forward . " Finally , he describes " Träumerei " as " another inspirational song about one losing the rhythm in their heart and is now on the road of loneliness , but still the person wants to the sky with their own light , the darkness and have a fresh new start in life . " He concludes the review by saying that the album is full of upbeat and inspirational songs and showcases LiSA 's talents as a vocalist , and in contrast to many artists who are known for their cute and sweet vocals , LiSA is able to take on many musical styles . - - = = Discography = = - - The discography of LiSA includes three studio albums , one extended play , ten singles , and five video albums . - Studio albums - Lover " s " mile ( 2012 ) - Landspace ( 2013 ) - Launcher ( 2015 ) - - - = Aston Villa F.C. = - - Aston Villa Football Club ( / / ; nicknamed Villa , The Villa , The , The Lions ) is a professional association football club based in Aston , Birmingham , that plays in the Championship , the second level of English football . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their current home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were the and founding members of the Football League in 1888 . They were also founding members of the Premier League in 1992 . In June 2016 , the club was sold by American businessman Randy Lerner to Recon Group , owned by Chinese businessman Dr Tony Xia . - Aston Villa are one of the oldest and most successful football clubs in the history of English football . Villa won the 1981 – 82 European Cup , and are thus one of five English clubs to win what is now the UEFA Champions League . They have the fifth highest total of major honours won by an English club , having won the First Division Championship seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the Football League Cup five times , and the European Cup and UEFA Super Cup double in 1982 . - They have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City . The Second City derby between Aston Villa and Birmingham City has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional badge is of a rampant lion , which was introduced by the club 's Scottish chairman William McGregor in honour of the Royal Standard of Scotland . - - = = History = = - - Aston Villa Football Club were formed in March 1874 , by members of the Villa Cross Chapel in which is now part of Birmingham . The four founders of Aston Villa were Jack Hughes , Frederick Matthews , Walter Price and William . Aston Villa 's first match was against the local Aston Brook St Mary 's Rugby team . As a condition of the match , the Villa side had to agree to play the first half under rugby rules and the second half under football rules . After moving to the Wellington Road ground in 1876 , Villa soon established themselves as one of the best teams in the Midlands , winning their first honour , the Birmingham Senior Cup in 1880 , under the captaincy of Scotsman George Ramsay . - The club won their first FA Cup in 1887 with captain Archie Hunter becoming one of the game 's first household names . Aston Villa were one of the dozen teams that competed in the inaugural Football League in 1888 with one of the club 's directors , William McGregor being the league 's founder . Aston Villa emerged as the most successful English club of the Victorian era , winning no fewer than five League titles and three FA Cups by the end of Queen Victoria 's reign . In 1897 , the year Villa won The Double , they moved into their present home , the Aston Lower Grounds . Supporters coined the name " Villa Park " ; no official declaration listed the ground as Villa Park . - Aston Villa won their sixth FA Cup in 1920 , soon after though the club began a slow decline that led to Villa , at the time one of the most famous and successful clubs in world football , being relegated in 1936 for the first time to the Second Division . This was largely the result of a defensive record : they conceded 110 goals in 42 games , 7 of them coming from Arsenal 's Ted Drake in an infamous 1 – 7 defeat at Villa Park . Like all English clubs , Villa lost seven seasons to the Second World War , and that conflict brought several careers to a premature end . The team was rebuilt under the guidance of former player Alex for the remainder of the 1940s . Aston Villa 's first trophy for 37 years came in the 1956 – 57 season when another former Villa player , Eric Houghton led the club to a then record seventh FA Cup Final win , defeating the ' ' of Manchester United in the final . The team struggled in the league though and were relegated two seasons later , due in large part to . However , under the stewardship of manager Joe Mercer Villa returned to the top @-@ flight in 1960 as Second Division Champions . The following season Aston Villa became the first team to win the Football League Cup . - Mercer 's forced retirement from the club in 1964 signalled a period of deep turmoil . The most successful club in England was struggling to keep pace with changes in the modern game , with Villa being relegated for the third time , under manager Dick Taylor in 1967 . The following season the fans called for the board to resign as Villa finished 16th in the Second Division . With mounting debts and Villa lying at the bottom of Division Two , the board sacked Tommy Cummings ( the manager brought in to replace Taylor ) , and within weeks the entire board resigned under overwhelming pressure from fans . After much speculation , control of the club was bought by London financier Pat Matthews , who also brought in Doug Ellis as chairman . However , new ownership could not prevent Villa being relegated to the Third Division for the first time at the end of the 1969 – 70 season . However , Villa gradually began to recover under the management of former club captain Vic Crowe . In the 1971 – 72 season they returned to the Second Division as Champions with a record 70 points . In 1974 , Ron Saunders was appointed manager . His brand of no @-@ nonsense man @-@ management proved effective , with the club winning the League Cup the following season and , at the end of season 1974 – 75 , he had taken them back into the First Division and into Europe . - Villa were back among the elite as Saunders continued to mould a winning team . This culminated in a seventh top @-@ flight league title in 1980 – 81 . To the surprise of commentators and fans , Saunders quit halfway through the 1981 – 82 season , after falling out with the chairman , with Villa in the quarter final of the European Cup . He was replaced by his @-@ spoken assistant manager Tony Barton who guided the club to a 1 – 0 victory over Bayern Munich in the European Cup final in Rotterdam courtesy of a Peter goal . The following season Villa were crowned European Super Cup winners , beating Barcelona in the final . This marked a pinnacle though and Villa 's fortunes declined sharply for most of the 1980s , culminating in relegation in 1987 . This was followed by promotion the following year under Graham Taylor and a runners @-@ up position in the First Division in the 1989 – 90 season . - Villa were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 , and finished runners @-@ up to Manchester United in the inaugural season . For the rest of the however Villa went through three different managers and their league positions were inconsistent , although they did win two League Cups and regularly achieved UEFA Cup qualification . Villa reached the FA Cup final in 2000 but lost 1 – 0 to Chelsea in the last game to be played at the old Wembley Stadium . Again Villa 's league position continued to under several different managers and things came to a head in the summer of 2006 when David O 'Leary left in . After 23 years as chairman and single biggest shareholder ( approximately 38 % ) , Doug Ellis finally decided to sell his stake in Aston Villa due to ill @-@ health . After much speculation it was announced the club was to be bought by American businessman Randy Lerner , owner of NFL franchise the Cleveland Browns . - The arrival of a new owner in Lerner and of manager Martin O 'Neill marked the start of a new period of optimism at Villa Park and sweeping changes occurred throughout the club including a new badge , a new kit sponsor and team changes in the summer of 2007 . The first Cup final of the Lerner era came in 2010 when Villa were beaten 2 – 1 in the League Cup Final . Villa made a second trip to Wembley in that season losing 3 – 0 to Chelsea in the FA Cup semifinal . Just five days before the opening day of the 2010 – 11 season , O 'Neill resigned as manager with immediate effect . The club appointed Gérard Houllier as a replacement in September 2010 , but he stepped down on 1 June 2011 due to ill @-@ health . Houllier was replaced by Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish , despite numerous protests from fans against his appointment ; this was the first time that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham to Villa . McLeish 's contract was terminated at the end of the 2011 – 12 season after Villa finished in 16th place , only just above the relegation zone . On 2 July 2012 , Aston Villa confirmed the appointment of former Norwich City manager Paul Lambert as the replacement for McLeish . On 28 February 2012 , the club announced a financial loss of £ 53 @.@ 9 million . Lerner put the club up for sale on 12 May 2014 , with an estimated value of £ 200 million . With Lerner still on board , in the 2014 – 15 season Aston Villa scored just 12 goals in 25 league games , the lowest in Premier League history , and Lambert was sacked on 11 February 2015 . Tim Sherwood succeeded him , and saved Aston Villa from relegation while also leading them to the 2015 FA Cup Final , but he was sacked in the 2015 – 16 season , as was his successor . Eric Black took temporary charge of the team , but was not able to prevent Villa from being relegated for the first time since 1987 . On 2 June 2016 , Roberto Di was announced as the club 's new manager . - - = = and badge = = - - The club colours are a claret shirt with sky blue sleeves , white shorts with claret and blue trim , and sky blue socks with claret and white trim . They were the original of the claret and blue . Villa 's colours at the outset generally comprised plain shirts ( white , grey or a shade of blue ) , with either white or black shorts . For a few years after that ( 1877 – 79 ) the team wore several different kits from all white , blue and black , red and blue to plain green . By 1880 , black jerseys with a red lion embroidered on the chest were introduced by William McGregor . This remained the first choice strip for six years . On Monday , 8 November 1886 , an entry in the club 's official minute book states : - ( i ) Proposed and seconded that the colours be chocolate and sky blue shirts and that we order two dozen . - ( ii ) Proposed and seconded that Mr McGregor be requested to supply them at the lowest quotation . - The chocolate colour later became claret . Nobody is quite sure why claret and blue became the club 's adopted colours . Several other English football teams adopted their colours ; clubs that wear claret and blue include West Ham United and Burnley . - A new badge was revealed in May 2007 , for the 2007 – 08 season and beyond . The new badge includes a star to represent the European Cup win in 1982 , and has a light blue background behind Villa 's ' lion rampant ' . The traditional motto " " remains in the badge , and the name Aston Villa has been shortened to , FC having been omitted from the previous badge . The lion is now unified as opposed to fragmented lions of the past . Randy Lerner petitioned fans to help with the design of the new badge . - On 6 April 2016 , the club confirmed that it will be using a new badge from the 2016 – 17 season after consulting fan groups for suggestions . The lion in the new badge will have claws added to it and the word " " will be removed to increase the size of the lion and club initials in the badge . - - = = = Kit sponsorship = = = - - Aston Villa commercial kit sponsorship for the 2008 – 09 and 2009 – 10 seasons ; instead advertising the charity Acorns Children 's Hospice , the first deal of its kind in Premier league history . The partnership continued until 2010 when a commercial sponsor replaced Acorns , with the hospice becoming the club 's Official Charity Partner . In 2014 – 15 , the Acorns name returned to Aston Villa 's home and away shirts , but only for children 's shirts re @-@ the club 's support for the children 's charity . - Since 2015 Villa 's shirt sponsors have been . Previous commercial sponsors have been ( 1982 – 83 ) , ( 1983 – 93 ) , ( 1993 – 95 ) , Computer ( 1995 – 98 ) , ( 1998 – 2000 ) , ( 2000 – 02 ) , Rover ( 2002 – 04 ) , ( 2004 – 06 ) , ( 2006 – 08 ) , ( 2010 – 11 ) , ( 2011 – 13 ) , ( 2013 – 2015 ) , and ( 2015 – ) . Since 2016 , kit has been manufactured by Under Armour . Previous manufacturers have been ( 1972 – 81 , 1990 – 93 ) , le ( 1981 – 83 ) , Henson ( 1983 – 87 ) , Hummel ( 1987 – 90 , 2004 – 07 ) , ( 1993 – 95 ) , ( 1995 – 2000 ) , ( 2000 – 04 ) , Nike ( 2007 – 12 ) and ( 2012 @-@ 16 ) . - - = = Stadium = = - - Aston Villa 's current home venue is Villa Park , which is a UEFA 5 @-@ star rated stadium , having previously played at Aston Park ( 1874 – 1876 ) and Wellington Road ( 1876 – 1897 ) . Villa Park is the largest football stadium in the English Midlands , and the eighth largest stadium in England . It has hosted 16 England internationals at senior level , the first in 1899 , and the most recent in 2005 . Thus , it was the first English ground to stage international football in three different centuries . Villa Park is the most used stadium in FA Cup semi @-@ final history , having hosted 55 semi @-@ finals . The club have planning permission to extend the North Stand ; this will involve the ' filling in ' of the corners to either side of the North Stand . If completed , the capacity of Villa Park will be increased to approximately 51 @,@ 000 . - The current training ground is located at Bodymoor Heath near in north Warwickshire , the site for which was purchased by former chairman Doug Ellis in the early 1970s from a local farmer . Although Bodymoor Heath was state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art in the 1970s , by the late 1990s the facilities had started to look dated . In November 2005 , Ellis and Aston Villa announced a state of the art GB £ 13 million redevelopment of Bodymoor in two phases . However , work on Bodymoor was suspended by Ellis due to financial problems , and was left in an unfinished state until new owner Randy Lerner made it one of his priorities to make the site one of the best in world football . The new training ground was officially unveiled on 6 May 2007 , by then manager Martin O 'Neill , then team captain Gareth Barry and 1982 European Cup winning team captain Dennis Mortimer , with the Aston Villa squad moving in for the 2007 – 08 season . - It was announced on 6 August 2014 , that Villa Park would appear in the FIFA video game from FIFA 15 onwards , with all other Premier League stadiums also fully licensed from this game onwards . - - = = = = - - The first shares in the club were issued towards the end of the 19th century as a result of legislation that was intended to the growing numbers of professional teams and players in the Association Football leagues . FA teams were required to distribute shares to investors as a way of facilitating trading among the teams without the FA itself . This trading continued for much of the 20th century until Ellis started buying up many of the shares in the 1960s . He was chairman and substantial shareholder of " Aston Villa F.C. " from 1968 to 1975 and the majority shareholder from 1982 to 2006 . The club were floated on the London Stock Exchange ( ) in 1996 , and the share price fluctuated in the ten years after the flotation . In 2006 it was announced that several and individuals were considering bids for Aston Villa . - On 14 August 2006 , it was confirmed that Randy Lerner , then owner of the National Football League 's Cleveland Browns , had reached an agreement of £ 62 @.@ 6 million with Aston Villa for a takeover of the club . A statement released on 25 August to the announced that Lerner had secured 59 @.@ 69 % of Villa shares , making him the majority shareholder . He also appointed himself Chairman of the club . In Ellis 's last year in charge Villa lost £ before tax , compared with a £ profit the previous year , and income had fallen from £ to £ . Lerner took full control on 18 September , as he had 89 @.@ 69 % of the shares . On 19 September 2006 , Ellis and his board resigned to be replaced with a new board headed by Lerner . Lerner installed Charles as a non @-@ executive director and Ellis was awarded the honorary position of Chairman . - Lerner put the club up for sale in May 2014 , it at an estimated £ 200 million . - On 18 May 2016 , Randy Lerner agreed the sale of Aston Villa to Recon Group , owned by Chinese businessman Xia . The sale was completed on 14 June 2016 for a reported £ 76 million after being approved by the Football League , with the club becoming part of Recon Group 's Sport , and Tourism division . Recon Group were selected to take over Aston Villa following a selection process by the club . - - = = Social responsibility = = - - Aston Villa have a unique relationship with the Acorns Children 's Hospice charity that is groundbreaking in English football . In a first for the Premier League , Aston Villa donated the front of the shirt on their kit , usually reserved for high @-@ paying , to Acorns Hospice so that the charity would gain significant additional visibility and greater fund raising capabilities . Outside of the shirt sponsorship the club have paid for hospice care for the charity as well as regularly providing player visits to hospice locations . - In September 2010 , Aston Villa launched an initiative at Villa Park called Villa Midlands Food ( ) where the club will spend two years training students with Aston Villa and Events in association with Birmingham City Council . The club will open a restaurant in the Trinity Road Stand staffed with 12 students recruited from within a ten @-@ mile ( 16 km ) radius of Villa Park with the majority of the food served in the restaurant sourced locally . - - = = Supporters and rivalries = = - - Aston Villa have a large fanbase and draw support from all over the Midlands and beyond , with supporters ' clubs all across the world . Former Villa chief executive Richard Fitzgerald has stated that the ethnicity of the supporters is currently 98 % white . When Randy Lerner 's regime took over at Villa Park , they aimed to improve their support from ethnic minorities . A number of organisations have been set up to support the local community including Aston Pride . A Villa in the Community programme has also been set up to encourage support among young people in the region . The new owners have also initiated several surveys aimed at gaining the opinions of Villa fans and to involve them in the decision making process . Meetings also occur every three months where supporters are invited by ballot and are invited to ask questions to the Board . In 2011 , the club supported a supporter @-@ based initiative for an official anthem to boost the atmosphere at Villa Park . The song " The Bells Are Ringing " is to be played before games . - Like many English football clubs Aston Villa have had several firms associated with them : Villa Youth , , Villa Hardcore and the C @-@ Crew , the last mentioned being very active during the 1970s and 1980s . As can be seen across the whole of English football , the groups have now been marginalised . In 2004 , several Villa firms were involved in a fight with fans outside Villa Park in which a steward died . The main groupings of supporters can now be found in a number of domestic and international supporters ' clubs . This includes the Official Aston Villa Supporters Club which also has many smaller regional and international sections . There were several independent supporters clubs during the reign of Doug Ellis but most of these disbanded after his retirement . The supporter group My Old Man Said formed to stand up for Villa supporter 's rights , as a direct result of Villa supporters ' protest against the club 's appointment of Alex McLeish . The club 's supporters also publish such as Heroes and and The Holy Trinity . - Aston Villa 's arch @-@ rivals are Birmingham City , with games between the two clubs known as the Second City Derby . Historically though , West Bromwich Albion have arguably been Villa 's greatest rivals , a view highlighted in a fan survey , conducted in 2003 . The two teams contested three FA Cup finals in the late 19th century . Villa also enjoy less heated local rivalries with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Coventry City . Through the relegation of West Brom and Birmingham City , to the Football League Championship , in the 2005 – 06 season , at the start of 2006 – 07 Premiership season , Villa were the only Midlands club in that League . The nearest opposing team Villa faced during that season was Sheffield United , who played 62 miles ( 100 km ) away in South Yorkshire . For the 2010 – 11 season , West Bromwich Albion were promoted and joined Aston Villa , Wolverhampton Wanderers , and Birmingham City in the Premier League . This marked the first time that the " West Midlands ' Big Four " clubs have been in the Premier League at the same time , and the first time together in the top flight since the 1983 – 84 season . Birmingham were relegated at the end of the 2010 – 11 season , ending this period . - - = = Statistics = = - - As of the end of the 2014 – 15 season , Aston Villa have spent 104 seasons in the top tier of English football ; the only club to have spent longer in the top flight are Everton , with 112 seasons , making Aston Villa versus Everton the most @-@ played fixture in English top @-@ flight football . Aston Villa were in an elite group of seven clubs that has played in every Premier League season , the other six being Tottenham Hotspur , Chelsea , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester United and Arsenal since its establishment in 1992 – 93 until they were relegated in 2016 . They are seventh in the All @-@ time FA Premier League table , and have the fifth highest total of major honours won by an English club with 21 wins . - Aston Villa currently hold the record number of league goals scored by any team in the English top flight ; 128 goals were scored in the 1930 – 31 season , one more than Arsenal who won the league that season for the very first time , with Villa runners @-@ up . Villa legend Archie Hunter became the first player to score in every round of the FA Cup in Villa 's victorious 1887 campaign . Villa 's longest unbeaten home run in the FA Cup spanned 13 years and 19 games , from 1888 to 1901 . - Aston Villa are one of five English teams to have won the European Cup . They did so on 26 May 1982 in Rotterdam , beating Bayern Munich 1 – 0 thanks to Peter 's goal . - - = = Club honours = = - - Aston Villa have won European and domestic league honours . The club 's last major honour was in 1996 when they won the League Cup . - - = = = Domestic = = = - - League titles - First Division 7 : 1893 – 94 , 1895 – 96 , 1896 – 97 , 1898 – 99 , 1899 – 1900 , 1909 – 10 , 1980 – 81 - Second Division 2 : 1937 – 38 , 1959 – 60 - Third Division 1 : 1971 – 72 - Cups - FA Cup 7 : - 1886 – 87 , 1894 – 95 , 1896 – 97 , 1904 – 05 , 1912 – 13 , 1919 – 20 , 1956 – 57 - League Cup 5 : - 1960 – 61 , 1974 – 75 , 1976 – 77 , 1993 – 94 , 1995 – 96 - FA Charity Shield 1 : - 1981 - Football League War Cup 1 : - 1944 ( shared ) - - = = = European = = = - - European Cup 1 : - 1981 – 82 - European Super Cup 1 : - 1982 - Intertoto Cup 2 : - 2001 , 2008 - - = = = Other sports = = = - - English Baseball Championship - 1890 - - = = Players = = - - - = = = First @-@ team squad = = = - - As of 21 June 2016 . - Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . - - = = = Out on loan = = = - - Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . - - = = = squad = = = - - As of 21 June 2016 . - Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . - - = = = Notable players = = = - - There have been many players who can be called notable throughout Aston Villa 's history . These can be classified and recorded in several forms . The of Fame and PFA Players of the Year are noted below . As of 2014 , Aston Villa , jointly with Tottenham Hotspur , hold the record for providing the most England internationals with 73 . Aston Villa have had several players who were one @-@ club men . In 1998 , to celebrate the 100th season of League football , The Football League released a list entitled the Football League 100 Legends that consisted of " 100 legendary football players . " There were seven players included on the list who had formerly played for Villa : Danny , Trevor Ford , Archie Hunter , Sam Hardy , Paul McGrath , Peter Schmeichel and . - Three Aston Villa players have won the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award . At the end of every English football season , the members of the Professional ' Association ( PFA ) vote on which of its members has played the best football in the previous year . In 1977 Andy Gray won the award . In 1990 it was awarded to David Platt , whilst Paul McGrath won it in 1993 . The PFA Young Player of the Year , which is awarded to players under the age of 23 , has been awarded to four players from Aston Villa : Andy Gray in 1977 ; Gary Shaw in 1981 ; Ashley Young in 2009 and James in 2010 . The National Football Museum in Preston , Lancashire administers the English Football Hall of Fame which currently contains two Villa teams , two Villa players and one manager . The 1890s team and 1982 team were inducted into the Hall of Fame in July 2009 . Joe Mercer was inducted into the Hall of Fame at the same time for his career as a manager including his time at Aston Villa . The only two Villa players in the Hall of Fame are Danny and Peter Schmeichel . - In 2006 , Aston Villa announced the creation of an " Aston Villa Hall of Fame . " This was voted for by fans and the inaugural induction saw 12 former players , managers and directors named . In May 2013 it was announced that former Villa and Bulgaria captain , , would be the 13th addition to the Hall of Fame . - - = = Management = = - - - = = = Current technical staff = = = - - As of 4 June 2016 - - = = = Board of Directors = = = - - As of 15 June 2016 - - = = = Notable managers = = = - - The following managers have all won at least one trophy when in charge or have been notable for Villa in the context of the League , for example who holds a League record . - - = = In popular culture = = - - A number of television programmes have included references to Aston Villa over the past few decades . In the sitcom , the character Lennie is a Villa supporter . When filming began on Dad 's Army , Villa fan Ian was allowed to choose Frank Pike 's scarf from an array in the BBC wardrobe ; he chose a claret and blue one — Aston Villa 's colours . The character in the BBC sitcom Gavin & was revealed as an Aston Villa fan in an episode screened in December 2009 . In the BBC series " Yes Minister " / " Yes Prime Minister " , the Minister Jim 's local team was Aston Villa , as was the Member of Parliament for Birmingham East . - Aston Villa have also featured on several occasions in prose . Stanley Woolley , a character in Derek Robinson 's Booker shortlisted novel Squadron is an Aston Villa fan and names a pre @-@ war starting eleven Villa side . Together with The Oval , Villa Park is referenced by the poet Philip in his poem about the First World War , . Aston Villa are also mentioned in Harold 's play The . - - - = Pattycake ( gorilla ) = - - Pattycake , also known as Patty Cake ( September 3 , 1972 – March 31 , 2013 ) was a female western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) born to Lulu and Kongo at the Central Park Zoo in New York City . She was the first baby gorilla successfully born in captivity in New York . Months after her much publicized birth , Pattycake 's arm was broken when it got stuck in her cage as her mother grabbed her away from her father . The incident was in the media as a domestic dispute between Lulu and Kongo , but in reality experts thought it was a simple accident . - Her injury was treated at the Bronx Zoo while a custody dispute between the two zoos broke out in public and elicited a range of opinions from experts who believed Pattycake should be returned to her mother . media coverage and public interest brought Pattycake to the attention of a wide audience , with stories focusing on her recovery , her eventual reunion with her parents , and the conditions of zoo animals in Central Park . An ambitious proposal for renovating the Central Park Zoo arose in the wake of the controversy while the zoo received record attendance rates . - Pattycake was the " child star " of New York City in the early 1970s , and her fame was compared to Shirley Temple . At a time when New York City was facing many problems , she distracted the public from their growing and became a welcome relief for New Yorkers and their children who loved to visit her . After spending the first decade of her life at the Central Park Zoo , Pattycake moved permanently to the Bronx Zoo in 1982 . She was the mother of ten baby gorillas , including twins born in 1995 . Pattycake spent her later life as an independent but caring troop in the Bronx Zoo 's Congo Gorilla Forest exhibit . After suffering from and cardiac problems for some time , Pattycake succumbed to heart disease in 2013 . - - = = Birth = = - - " Pattycake " was born on September 3 , 1972 , to western lowland gorilla parents Lulu and Kongo at the Central Park Zoo . Lulu and Kongo first arrived at the zoo on May 11 , 1966 . At the time , it was thought that Lulu wasn 't mature enough to conceive , so when Lulu gave birth to Pattycake at the age of 8 , it came as a surprise . Up until the time Lulu gave birth , it had been very difficult to get captive gorilla mothers to raise their young in zoos because the babies would either be rejected by the mother or they would be taken away by the handlers . Pattycake was the first gorilla successfully born in captivity in New York . - At the time of her birth , it was unknown if she was a male or female , as it was considered too dangerous to approach her and her parents . Her handlers assumed she was a male and originally named her " Sonny Jim " . When it was established that Pattycake was a female , a contest was held by the New York Daily News to find her a name . " Patty Cake " , the winning entry , was submitted by New York John O 'Connor , who named the gorilla after his wife and a proposed daughter . " It just so happens that we have three boys and I told my wife that if we ever have a girl , we should name her Patty , which happens to be her name . I thought we 'd let the baby gorilla use the name in the meantime , " O 'Connor told reporters . - Pattycake 's birth caught the attention of the city and brought crowds of thousands of New Yorkers to the Central Park Zoo . Reporter N. R. called her a child star whose " face served as a bit of a respite at a time when the city found itself grappling with high crime rates and an intensifying financial crisis . " Six months after Pattycake was born , the director of the zoo estimated that based on the crowds , she might draw an additional 500 @,@ 000 visitors by the time of her first birthday . - - = = dispute = = - - At the age of five months , Pattycake was sharing the Lion House with Lulu and Kongo at the Central Park Zoo . On March 20 , 1973 , an accident occurred that was attributed more to than to parenting skills . Although no staff were on hand to see it directly , according to visitors , while little Pattycake was reaching out to her father through the bars of her cage , her right arm became stuck somehow when her mother Lulu pulled her away , breaking her right arm . Zoo handlers had to subdue Lulu with a tranquilizer dart to remove Pattycake and treat her injury . While experts considered the incident an accident , the media the event . Veronica Nelson , who worked with Patty Cake , recalled that - The news media would have liked to have it a dramatic bloody mess — a struggle between mom and pop for the custody of the child . It was nothing like that . It was a simple accident . Kongo was in one part of the double cage , Lulu in another , and between them was a partition of narrow bars . Lulu had Patty Cake in her arms and when Patty reached in between the narrow bars to touch her father , Lulu suddenly pulled her away . But Patty 's arm got caught in the narrow bars and broke . It was a freak accident . No one ever realized that those bars were narrow enough to catch that tiny arm . - Pattycake was brought to New York Medical College for surgery and she was given a cast for her arm . Due to concerns that Lulu would try to remove Pattycake 's cast , she was separated from her mother and moved to the Bronx Zoo for . Pattycake was treated by veterinarian Emil who later replaced her cast with a sling . After an examination , the staff discovered that Pattycake had intestinal parasites and determined she was . They also believed that as a result of the incident , Lulu wasn 't capable as a mother . - A custody dispute began between the two zoos , with the Bronx Zoo arguing that she would be better cared for in their facilities . Time magazine noted that it was the " custody battle of the decade " in the " world " , comparing Patty Cake 's popularity and fame to that of child star Shirley Temple . biologist Ronald of the National Research Center was brought in to the dispute and published a report that favored returning Pattycake to her mother and the Central Park Zoo . In his report noted that " the recommendation is based on the judgment that an infant gorilla is more likely to develop into a socially competent and adequate animal if it is raised in the company of its parents as opposed to being raised with a group of peers . " - After three months from her injuries , Pattycake was returned to her mother on June 15 , 1973 . The entire incident was documented by artist Susan Green in her book Gorilla : The Story of Patty Cake ( 1978 ) . - - = = Central Park Zoo conditions = = - - By the 1970s , animal welfare organizations began to voice their increasing concern with the treatment of zoo animals and the conditions of their enclosures at the Central Park Zoo , the oldest zoo in the U.S. The Society of the United States , the Friends of the Zoo , and the Society for Animal Rights decried the prison @-@ like conditions of the and called for changes . The New York Zoological Society , which was responsible for creating realistic habitat enclosures at the Bronx Zoo , also began calling for changes and for Pattycake to be moved to another zoo . A renovation plan for the Central Park Zoo was approved in 1981 , with plans made to move the gorillas to larger spaces in other zoos . The New York Times reported that " the of these animals in inadequate spaces has long enraged animal lovers . " When the zoo was finally closed for renovations in 1982 , Pattycake was moved to the Bronx Zoo . - - = = Bronx Zoo = = - - Pattycake moved permanently to the Bronx Zoo on December 20 , 1982 . For a few years , she lived in a cage with , a . In June 1999 , Pattycake moved into the Wildlife Conservation Society 's $ 43 million Congo Gorilla Forest exhibit . The exhibit includes a Great Gorilla Forest viewing area that separates gorillas and visitors with a glass window . Two troops of gorillas inhabited the 6 @.@ 5 acre exhibit , with a dozen gorillas in Pattycake 's troop alone , including , Pattycake , , , , Fran , , , , , Barbara , and M . The general curator of the Bronx Zoo , James Doherty , described Pattycake as " independent " with " few close friends " in the Congo Gorilla Forest . " It may have something to do with the fact that she didn 't live with her parents that long , and lived with that for a few years , " Doherty said . - - = = Breeding and offspring = = - - Pattycake gave birth to her first baby , , a male gorilla , on January 20 , 1985 . was sired by . Pattycake and had a second baby on March 23 , 1986 , but it died soon after birth . With Barney , Pattycake gave birth to three babies : a female named Paki , on May 26 , 1989 , followed by Patrick on April 19 , 1990 , and on December 14 , 1991 . Paki gave birth to Pattycake 's only , , in 1998 . - In October 1991 , a named Timmy ( 1959 – 2011 ) was taken away from Kate , his infertile companion at the Cleveland Zoo , in the hopes of breeding lowland gorillas and introducing new genes into the captive gorilla gene pool . This forced separation led to protests from animal rights activists who expressed concerns about the potential consequences of emotional trauma on the two gorillas . The Association of and Species Survival Plan sent Timmy to the Bronx Zoo where he joined Pattycake and other females . - On July 11 , 1993 , Pattycake and Timmy gave birth to , a male gorilla . The pair also gave birth to twin males , and , on August 8 , 1994 . It was the sixth time western lowland gorillas had given birth to twins in captivity . The twins were raised in a separate habitat by surrogate mothers . After seven years , and , along with another gorilla named Dan , left for a zoo in Nebraska in February 2001 . On February 4 , 2001 , Pattycake and gave birth to , a female . Her last and tenth baby gorilla , a male , was delivered on April 15 , 2002 . , it died four days later . - - = = Later life = = - - Kongo , Pattycake 's father , died in 1998 . In 2002 , the Pattycake Fund was established to raise $ 250 @,@ 000 to stop illegal poaching of African gorillas . The fundraising coincided with Pattycake 's 30th birthday , commemorated with a two @-@ day celebration at the Bronx Zoo . A special cake was made for her from , , , and berries . - Timmy , along with two female gorillas , and Paki , left the Bronx Zoo for the Louisville Zoo in May 2004 . - Pattycake tried her hand at painting while participating with the Wildlife Conservation Society ( ) animal program at the Bronx Zoo . A sample of her work was published in the 2010 Annual Report . - Pattycake 's mother Lulu died in early 2011 . - Pattycake suffered from chronic heart disease and as she aged . She was one of 338 captive zoo gorillas within North America when she died in her sleep at the age of 40 . According to the Wildlife Conservation Society , Pattycake exceeded the median life span of 37 years for female zoo gorillas . - - = = Cultural depictions = = - - In honor of Pattycake , the Rev. Frederick Douglass Kirkpatrick ( Brother Kirk ) joined Pete Seeger and the Sesame Street kids chorus for the song " Patty Cake Gorilla " , released on the album Pete Seeger and Brother Kirk Sesame Street ( 1974 ) . A picture book called Patty Cake ( 1974 ) , featuring New York Times photographer Neal and others , was written by Elizabeth Moody . Pearl Wolf wrote Gorilla Baby : The Story of Patty Cake ( 1974 ) , a picture book for children . Artist Susan Green published her direct , personal observations about the custody dispute ( along with her drawings ) in the book Gorilla : The Story of Patty Cake ( 1978 ) . - - - = Lactarius indigo = - - Lactarius indigo , commonly known as the indigo milk cap , the indigo ( or blue ) , or the blue milk mushroom , is a species of agaric fungus in the family . A widely distributed species , it grows naturally in eastern North America , East Asia , and Central America ; it has also been reported in southern France . L. indigo grows on the ground in both deciduous and coniferous forests , where it forms mycorrhizal associations with a broad range of trees . The fruit body color ranges from dark blue in fresh specimens to pale blue @-@ gray in older ones . The milk , or latex , that when the mushroom tissue is cut or broken — a feature common to all members of the Lactarius genus — is also indigo blue , but slowly turns green upon exposure to air . The cap has a diameter of 5 to 15 cm ( 2 to 6 in ) , and the stem is 2 to 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 3 in ) tall and 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick . It is an edible mushroom , and is sold in rural markets in China , Guatemala , and Mexico . - - = = Taxonomy and nomenclature = = - - Originally described in 1822 as Agaricus indigo by American mycologist Lewis David de , the species was later transferred to the genus Lactarius in 1838 by the Elias Magnus Fries . German botanist Otto called it indigo in his 1891 treatise , but the suggested name change was not adopted by others . Hesler and Smith in their 1960 study of North American species of Lactarius defined L. indigo as the type species of , a group characterized by blue latex and a sticky , blue cap . In 1979 , they revised their opinions on the organization of subdivisions in the genus Lactarius , and instead placed L. indigo in subgenus Lactarius based on the color of latex , and the subsequent color changes observed after exposure to air . As they explained : - The gradual development of blue to violet as one progresses from species to species is an interesting phenomenon further study . The climax is reached in L. indigo which is blue throughout . L. and its variety , L. , and L. may be considered as along the road to L. indigo . - The specific epithet indigo is derived from the Latin word meaning " indigo blue " . Its names in the English vernacular include the " indigo milk cap " , the " indigo Lactarius " , the " blue milk mushroom " , and the " blue Lactarius " . In central Mexico , it is known as , , , , and ; it is also called ( meaning " blue " ) in Veracruz and Puebla . - - = = Description = = - - Like many other mushrooms , L. indigo develops from a , or , that forms within the underground mycelium , a mass of threadlike fungal cells called hyphae that make up the bulk of the organism . Under appropriate environmental conditions of temperature , humidity , and nutrient availability , the visible reproductive structures ( fruit bodies ) are formed . The cap of the fruit body , measuring between 5 and 15 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 and 5 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter , is initially convex and later develops a central depression ; in age it becomes even more deeply depressed , becoming somewhat funnel @-@ shaped as the edge of the cap upward . The margin of the cap is rolled when young , but and as it matures . The cap surface is indigo blue when fresh , but fades to a paler or silvery @-@ blue , sometimes with greenish . It is often : marked with concentric lines that form alternating pale and darker zones , and the cap may have dark blue spots , especially towards the edge . Young caps are sticky to the touch . - The flesh is to bluish in color , slowly turning greenish after being exposed to air ; its taste is mild to slightly acrid . The flesh of the entire mushroom is brittle , and the stem , if bent sufficiently , will snap open cleanly . The latex from injured tissue is indigo blue , and stains the wounded tissue greenish ; like the flesh , the latex has a mild taste . Lactarius indigo is noted for not producing as much latex as other Lactarius species , and older specimens in particular may be too dried out to produce any latex . - The gills of the mushroom range from ( squarely attached to the stem ) to slightly ( running down the length of the stem ) , and crowded close together . Their color is an indigo blue , becoming paler with age or staining green with damage . The stem is 2 – 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) tall by 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick , and the same diameter throughout or sometimes narrowed at base . Its color is indigo blue to or grayish blue . The interior of the stem is solid and firm initially , but develops a hollow with age . Like the cap , it is initially sticky or to the touch when young , but soon out . Its attachment to the cap is usually in a central position , although it may also be off @-@ center . Fruit bodies of L. indigo have no distinguishable odor . - L. indigo var. ( the " smaller indigo milk cap " ) is a smaller variant of the mushroom , with a cap diameter between 3 and 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 and 2 @.@ 8 in ) , and a stem 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) long and 0 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) thick . It is often seen in Virginia . Hesler and Smith , who first described the variant based on specimens found in Brazoria County , Texas , described its typical habitat as " along [ the ] sides of a muddy ditch under grasses and weeds , [ with ] pine nearby " . - - = = = Microscopic features = = = - - When viewed in mass , as in a spore print , the spores appear cream to yellow colored . with a light microscope , the spores are translucent ( hyaline ) , elliptical to nearly spherical in shape , with amyloid warts , and have dimensions of 7 – 9 by 5 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 5 µm . electron microscopy reveals on the spore surface . The hymenium is the spore @-@ producing tissue layer of the fruit body , and consists of hyphae that extend into the gills and terminate as end cells . Various cell types can be observed in the hymenium , and the cells have microscopic characteristics that may be used to help identify or distinguish species in cases where the characters may be ambiguous . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are four @-@ spored and measure 37 – 45 µm long by 8 – 10 µm wide at the point . are terminal cells of hyphae in the hymenium which do not produce spores , and function in aiding spore dispersal , and maintaining favorable humidity around developing spores . The are cystidia that are found on the face of a gill ; they are 40 – 56 by 6 @.@ 4 – 8 µm , roughly spindle @-@ shaped , and have a apex . The cheilocystidia — located on the edge of a gill — are abundant , and are 40 @.@ 0 – 45 @.@ 6 by 5 @.@ 6 – 7 @.@ 2 µm . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The characteristic blue color of the fruiting body and the latex make this species easily recognizable . Other Lactarius species with some blue color include the " silver @-@ blue " ( L. ) , found in eastern North America , which has a grayish @-@ blue cap when young , but it has reddish @-@ brown to purple @-@ brown latex and gills . L. has a yellowish to yellow @-@ brown to bluish @-@ gray cap and yellowish to brown latex . L. has blue @-@ colored flesh in the cap and orange to red @-@ orange flesh in the base of the stem . Although the blue of L. indigo is thought to be rare in the genus Lactarius , in 2007 five new species were reported from Malaysia with latex or flesh , including L. , L. , L. , and two species still unnamed . - - = = Edibility = = - - Although L. indigo is a well @-@ known edible species , opinions vary on its . For example , American mycologist David Arora considers it a " superior edible " , while a field guide on Kansas fungi rates it as " mediocre in quality " . It may have a slightly bitter , or taste , and has a coarse , texture . The firm flesh is best prepared by cutting the mushroom in thin . The blue color disappears with cooking , and the mushroom becomes grayish . Because of the texture of the flesh , it does not lend itself well to drying . Specimens producing copious quantities of milk may be used to add color to . - In Mexico , individuals harvest the wild mushrooms for sale at farmers ' markets , typically from June to November ; they are considered a " second class " species for consumption . L. indigo is also sold in markets from May to October . It is one of 13 Lactarius species sold at rural markets in in southwestern China . - - = = = Chemical composition = = = - - A chemical analysis of Mexican specimens has shown L. indigo to contain moisture at 951 mg / g of mushroom , fat at 4 @.@ 3 mg / g , protein at 13 @.@ 4 mg / g , and dietary at 18 @.@ 7 mg / g , much higher in comparison to the common button mushroom , which contains 6 @.@ 6 mg / g . Compared to three other wild edible mushroom species also tested in the study ( Amanita , Boletus , and ) , L. indigo contained the highest saturated fatty acids content , including acid with 32 @.@ 1 mg / g — slightly over half of the total free fatty acid content . - The blue color of L. indigo is due to ( 7 @-@ @-@ 4 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ ) methyl , an organic derivative of . It is unique to this species , but similar to a compound found in L. . - - = = Distribution , habitat , and ecology = = - - L. indigo is distributed throughout southern and eastern North America but is most common along the Gulf Coast , Mexico , and Guatemala . Its frequency of appearance in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States has been described as " occasional to locally common " . Mycologist David Arora notes that in the United States , the species is found with ponderosa pine in Arizona , but is absent in California 's ponderosa pine forests . It has also been collected from China , India , Guatemala , and Costa Rica ( in forests dominated by oak ) . In Europe , it has so far only been found in southern France . A study on the seasonal appearance of fruiting bodies in the subtropical forests of , Mexico , confirmed that production coincided with the rainy season between June and September . - L. indigo is a mycorrhizal fungus , and as such , establishes a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain trees ( " hosts " ) , in which the fungi exchange minerals and amino acids extracted from the soil for fixed carbon from the host . The subterranean hyphae of the fungus grow a sheath of tissue around the rootlets of a broad range of tree species , forming so @-@ called ectomycorrhizae — an intimate association that is especially beneficial to the host , as the fungus produces enzymes that organic compounds and facilitate the transfer of nutrients to the tree . - Reflecting their close relationships with trees , the fruit bodies of L. indigo are typically found growing on the ground , scattered or in groups , in both deciduous and coniferous forests . They are also commonly found in floodplain areas that have been recently submerged . In Mexico , associations have been noted with Mexican alder , American , American , and , while in Guatemala the mushroom associates with smooth @-@ bark Mexican pine and other pine and oak species . In Costa Rica , the species forms associations with several native oaks of the Quercus genus . Under controlled laboratory conditions , L. indigo was shown to be able to form ectomycorrhizal associations with the pine species Mexican white pine , 's pine , Mexican yellow pine , smooth @-@ bark Mexican pine , and the Eurasian pines Aleppo pine , European black pine , maritime pine , and Scots pine . - - = = = Cited literature = = = - - Arora D. ( 1986 ) . Mushrooms : A Guide to the Fungi . Berkeley , California : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ 169 @-@ 4 . - Hesler , Smith AH ( 1979 ) . North American Species of Lactarius . Ann Arbor , Michigan : The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 2 . - - - = You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow = - - " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " is the fifth season premiere episode of the American comedy @-@ drama series Desperate Housewives , and the 88th episode overall . It originally aired on September 28 , 2008 , in the United States on ABC ( American Broadcasting Company ) . The episode was written by series creator Marc Cherry and directed by Larry Shaw . " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " , as well as all subsequent episodes , takes place five years after the events of the fourth season finale following Cherry 's decision to revamp the series with a time jump . - In the episode , Edie ( Nicollette Sheridan ) returns to Wisteria Lane after a five @-@ year absence with her new husband , Dave ( Neal McDonough ) . While Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) hesitates to make a romantic commitment to Jackson ( Gale Harold ) , Lynette ( ) struggles with her teenage children and her husband 's crisis . Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) deals with her daughters ' weight problems and Bree ( Marcia Cross ) faces the ramifications of her success . - " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " received mostly positive reviews from television critics , most of whom agreed that the time jump refreshed the show . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode drew over 18 million viewers , making it the most @-@ watched show of the night and the second most @-@ watched program of the week across all networks . - - = = Plot = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents living on Wisteria Lane . In recent episodes , Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) and Mike ( James Denton ) celebrate the birth of their son . Bree ( Marcia Cross ) chooses to raise her grandson while her daughter , Danielle ( Joy Lauren ) , attends college . She also issues an ultimatum , telling her husband , Orson ( Kyle ) , that she will leave him if he does not turn himself into the police after committing a hit @-@ and @-@ run . Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) struggles with Carlos ' ( Ricardo Antonio ) permanent blindness . Also , Edie ( Nicollette Sheridan ) leaves Wisteria Lane after the other residents her for her . - - = = = Episode = = = - - " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " takes place five years after the aforementioned events . Important plot information that takes place during the time jump is revealed in flashbacks . Orson has completed his prison sentence and the success of Bree 's catering company has provided her the opportunity to write her own cookbook . Her business partner , Katherine Mayfair ( Dana Delany ) , how Bree 's success has changed her and intentionally Bree 's television interview , further straining their friendship . A flashback reveals that Danielle married a lawyer and took her son away from Bree . Meanwhile , Lynette is frustrated with Tom 's ( Doug ) relaxed approach to parenting their rebellious teenage sons , Porter and Preston ( Charlie Carver and Max Carver , respectively ) . She encourages him to employ more disciplinary actions . - During the time jump , Susan and Mike were involved in a car crash that killed a mother and her child . As a result , the couple divorced and now share custody of their son , ( Mason Vale Cotton ) . Susan engages in a sexual relationship with her house painter , Jackson ( Gale Harold ) , but keeps their romance a secret from her friends and family . Jackson seeks a more substantial relationship , but Susan is weary of such a commitment following her divorce . Elsewhere , Gabrielle has been raising two overweight daughters , Juanita ( Madison De La Garza ) and Celia ( Baltodano ) , and has also lost her own figure as well . Gabrielle tricks Juanita into exercising by driving away and making Juanita chase after her car . - After five years of absence , Edie returns to Wisteria Lane with her mysterious husband , Dave ( Neal McDonough ) , who seems to have a calming effect on his ill @-@ tempered wife . Later , Dave receives a phone call from Dr. Samuel Heller ( Stephen ) , who reminds him that monthly check @-@ ins are a condition of his release . After the conversation , Dr. Heller reviews a taped therapy session in which Dave threatens to get revenge on the man who destroyed his life . - - = = Production = = - - " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " was written by series creator and executive producer Marc Cherry and directed by Larry Shaw . Filming for the episode was scheduled to begin on July 7 , 2008 . The episode is the first to fully employ the five @-@ year jump , which was introduced in the final two minutes of the fourth season finale . While developing the fifth season , Cherry began ways to revamp the series . He stated : " The soap tends to build up , and I wanted to get back to where we were that very first season , where it 's just the problems of some ordinary women and they were small and relatable . " Cherry credits the producers of Lost for the idea of the time jump . The writers hoped the time jump would also help them avoid repeating mistakes they made during the show 's poorly received second season , during which they relied heavily on storylines from the previous season . Cherry said that the time jump would be permanent , with executive producer Bob Daily clarifying that some brief flashback scenes would be used to enhance the storytelling and provide context for current plot lines . Cherry had originally wanted to do a ten @-@ year jump , mostly to age the young characters into their teenage years in order to open up more storyline possibilities . - The writers ensured that although they were changing the storyline circumstances , the characters remained the same with minimal changes to their personalities . According to series writer Matt Berry , the time jump allowed the writers to work with the characters " without most of the baggage they ’ d accumulated in the earlier years , and put them into starting places so we could move them forward and build in new story arcs . " For this reason , the writers treated the season premiere as a pilot , in which , according to Daily , they " could give the women a new drive . " Daily identified the Susan character as having undergone the greatest change , stating that she has given up on looking for a " fairy @-@ tale romance " and is emotionally distant in her new relationship . He also stated that the character of Gabrielle has dealt with the biggest change in terms of her circumstances , as she continues to deal with her husband 's blindness and their financial problems . Actress Eva Longoria had to gain weight and wear additional body padding for her character 's new storyline . Dana Delany stated that her character , Katherine , who was portrayed as an in the previous season , is more relaxed following the time jump . However , Delany clarified that while Katherine is now friends with the other characters , she and Bree would become as a result of their business partnership . Nicollette Sheridan , commented that Edie , who played an integral role in the season 's mystery story arch , is " a lot more conscientious about things [ this season ] , without losing her comedic edge . " - Several casting changes were made as a result of the five @-@ year jump . Neal McDonough 's involvement was announced in July 2008 . McDonough did not audition for the role of Dave Williams , but was offered it after meeting with Cherry . Gale Harold continued appearing as Jackson , Susan 's new love interest , after appearing briefly in the segment at the end of the fourth season . The roles of the children were recast in order to reflect their new ages following the time jump . Charlie and Max Carver replaced Brent and Shane as Preston and Porter , respectively . The twins appeared in a flashback in this episode . Joshua Logan Moore was cast as Parker , a role previously played by , and Kendall Applegate joined the cast as Penny , who had previously been portrayed by several actresses . Despite their casting announcements alongside the Carver twins , Moore and Applegate did not appear in " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " . The segment at the end of the fourth season also introduced Say and Baltodano as Gabrielle 's daughters , Juanita and Celia , respectively . Only Baltodano continued portraying her role for the fifth season ; Say was replaced by Madison De La Garza during the summer hiatus . - Andrea Bowen , who starred as Susan 's daughter , Julie , departed from the cast , as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season . Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers ' decision , but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future . Joy Lauren , who portrayed Bree 's daughter , Danielle , and , who played Katherine 's daughter , Dylan , also left the main cast , although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star . Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike 's whereabouts unknown , James Denton 's return to the series was questioned during hiatus . Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would not make a decision on his character until mid @-@ June and that he was preparing to find work in case his contract was terminated . It was later confirmed that he would return to the series . - The Wisteria Lane set , which is located on the Colonial Street set at Universal Studios , underwent changes for the time jump . Production designer P. Erik Carlson explained , " [ former production designer Thomas A. Walsh ] had already created a fairly world , and we wanted to and enhance it a little bit more , mostly through the use of color . We didn ’ t want it to feel ridiculously futuristic or viewers would be jarred by the contrast . " Bree 's garage was remodeled into a testing kitchen as result of the character 's catering business . Additionally , all houses were with bolder colors , with the exception of Gabrielle 's home , in order to reflect the Solis ' financial situation . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - According to Nielsen ratings , " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " was watched by 18 @.@ 684 million viewers and held an 11 @.@ 4 rating / 17 share on its original American broadcast on September 28 , 2008 . The episode was watched in 13 @.@ 105 million total households . It was number one in its timeslot , beating Sunday Night Football on NBC , Cold Case on CBS , and Family Guy and American Dad ! on Fox . The episode was the most @-@ watched program of the night in both total viewers and the young adult demographic . It was the second @-@ most watched program of the week across all networks by viewers 18 to 49 years old , behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the second @-@ most watched program in total viewership , behind Dancing with the Stars . The episode also performed better than any original broadcast of the series since January 2008 . It outperformed the fourth season finale by two million total viewers and showed a 17 percent increase in viewers 18 to 49 years old . At the time , the episode was the least @-@ watched season premiere of the series , falling half a million viewers from the fourth season premiere , " Now You Know " , a year earlier . However , " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " outperformed " Now You Know " in the demographic of women between 18 and 34 years of age with an 8 @.@ 3 rating / 20 share in that demographic . In the United Kingdom , the episode premiered on Channel 4 on October 22 , 2008 . It was watched by 2 @.@ 39 million viewers , becoming the sixth most @-@ watched program of the week on the channel . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics . of Entertainment Weekly called the five @-@ year jump " a stroke of genius , effectively increasing our insight into these ladies ' world by . " He called the Gabrielle storyline a true depiction of motherhood and applauded the scene in which Carlos and Gabrielle discuss her low self @-@ esteem . He complimented the Bree storyline , particularly the argument scene between Bree and Katherine . He enjoyed the Dave storyline , but expressed disappointment that Edie 's reappearance was the only scene that involved all of the leading women . Additionally , was not intrigued by Lynette 's storyline and deemed it " more of the same " for the character . He criticized Susan 's storyline , calling it annoying . He also dismissed the writers ' ploy to give viewers the impression that Mike had died for almost the entire episode . TV Guide 's Matt Roush gave the episode an ' A ' , stating , " Moving the story ahead five years didn 't so much reinvent the show as it and refreshed the mix of domestic comedy and intrigue that we 've always enjoyed . " He highlighted the comedic Gabrielle storyline while the additions of McDonough and Harold to the cast . - In his review of the first two episodes of the season , Brian Lowry of Variety said that while " You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow " is satisfactory and establishes the five @-@ year jump effectively , the second episode is better , calling it " a knock @-@ out . " Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker commended the time jump as a reflection of both the characters ' and series ' ambitions , rating the episode a ' B + ' . Joanna Weiss of The Boston Globe gave the episode a mixed review . She said that the time leap proved to be successful , as the show had been " " for several seasons and concluded that , " so far , at least , this season promises to be less about plot than personality . That doesn 't mean the show is perfect - it never was - but it 's better , and that 's a big relief . " The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette 's Rob Owen was positive in his review , noting that the writers handled the five @-@ year leap well , especially in regards to Lynette 's storyline . He complimented the episode 's comedy and expressed his hope that the time jump would allow the writers to focus on humor rather than overly @-@ dramatic storylines . - - - = Fear of Flying ( The Simpsons ) = - - " Fear of Flying " is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on December 18 , 1994 . In the episode , Homer is banned from Moe 's Tavern and struggles to find a new bar . When he destroys a plane after being mistaken for a pilot at a pilots @-@ only bar , the airline the Simpsons ' silence with free tickets . The family discovers that Marge is afraid of flying . - The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland , and written by David Sacks . It features numerous guest stars , including Anne Bancroft as Dr. Zweig . Additionally , Ted , Woody , Rhea , John Ratzenberger , and George appear as their characters from Cheers . It received positive reception from television critics , and acquired a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 6 . The authors of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide commented positively on the episode , as did reviews from DVD Verdict and DVD Movie Guide . - - = = Plot = = - - After pulling a harmless prank on Moe , Homer is banned from His Tavern , ironically after Moe laughed off life @-@ threatening ones that Lenny , Carl and Barney pulled on him . Looking for another place to drink ( including the Cheers bar ) , Homer eventually settles for an airline pilots ' bar , but is mistaken for a pilot ( despite that he 's not really a pilot ) and is put in the cockpit of an airplane , which he promptly wrecks after raising the stationary plane 's landing gear . In exchange for his silence of the mistake they 've made , the airline gives the Simpson family free tickets to anywhere they desire in the continental United States . However , the idea of plane travel fills Marge with anxiety as she has a fear of flying , and after numerous failed attempts to get out of the trip , she eventually has a panic attack on the plane , following which the trip is postponed . - Marge does not want to talk to anybody about her fear , and Lisa worries that Marge 's decision to keep her feelings up will cause them to " come out in other ways " . When Marge begins to show signs of her lingering flight @-@ related trauma by insisting the cat and the dog are living in sin , cooking giant , and the roof in the middle of the night , Lisa convinces Marge to undergo treatment with therapist Dr. Zweig . Homer , however , grows increasingly paranoid about Marge 's therapy , believing that Zweig will blame Marge 's trauma on him , and encourage her to leave him . - Zweig the roots of Marge 's fear : the moment she realized her father was not a pilot , but an apron @-@ wearing flight attendant , a job that was mostly reserved for women at the time . Her shame is eased when Zweig assures her that male flight attendants are now very common and that her father could be considered a pioneer . Marge also brings up memories of her grandmother poking her in the eye as a baby while playing airplane , a toy plane catching fire , and having a plane fire at her and her mother , but Zweig just ignores them . Before the therapist begins to question Marge 's marriage , Homer immediately takes Marge away and Marge manages to thank Zweig for helping her . Marge is finally cured of her fears , but when she and Homer attempt to fly on a plane again , the plane crashes into a lake . - - = = Production = = - - " Fear of Flying " was directed by Mark Kirkland , and written by David Sacks . The story of the episode came about when Sacks came into the writers ' room with an idea for an episode where Marge goes to a therapist " for one reason or another " . Sacks and the other writers then structured the rest of the plot around that storyline . Anne Bancroft was called in to voice Zweig . Before Bancroft recorded her part , the animators based Zweig 's design on a track from cast member as the therapist . After Bancroft had recorded her part , Zweig was redesigned to fit with Bancroft 's voice . They added split glasses and a streak of silver in her hair to give her a more mature look . - After Homer was kicked out of Moe 's Tavern , it was originally planned for a cat to come to Homer , and then have it enter the bar . The result is the loving the cat , and depressing Homer even more . According to David Silverman , the fact that it looked depressing was the reason why it was deleted , and replaced with a more humorous approach with him chasing a . - The staff was able to get the central cast of the American sitcom Cheers , with the exception of Grammer , to reunite and guest star in the episode . The staff could not arrange the script to allow time in the episode for Grammer , who already had a recurring role on The Simpsons as Sideshow Bob , to voice Crane . Ted guest starred as Sam , Woody as Woody , Rhea as Carla , John Ratzenberger as Cliff , and George as . - - = = Cultural references = = - - Homer enters the Cheers bar in a scene which is a parody of a typical episode of the comedy series Cheers . All of the speaking characters are voiced by the actors who played them in Cheers . Ironically , Crane remains silent despite being played by Simpsons veteran Grammer , the voice of Sideshow Bob . Marge 's dream sees her in the role of Mrs. Robinson from Lost in Space , while Homer plays Dr. Smith . The scene where Marge and Jacqueline duck down when a biplane shoots at them in a is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock 's film North by Northwest . - Homer 's Mount caricature resembles , the mascot of The New Yorker . Homer 's line about getting out of Springfield is lifted from It 's a Life , while Homer 's all @-@ time favorite song is revealed to be " It 's Men " by The Weather Girls . When Abe Simpson is left behind on the plane , his slapping his hands on his face and is a reference to Home Alone . This is the second time Home Alone has been parodied on The Simpsons . The first was " Homer Alone " , a reference to the title . - As Homer is looking for a place to drink , he tries a lesbian bar , the She She Lounge . However , he soon realizes that " this lesbian bar doesn 't have a fire exit " . He then leaves , saying " your , ladies ! " . This is a reference to a famous Greenwich Village gay bar , the Inn . This mafia @-@ owned and bar " had no rear exit , so if there had been a fire on a weekend night , hundreds of customers would have had to escape through a single narrow passage leading to the front door . " The films Homer rents are Hero , Fearless , and Alive , the latter of which Marge watches . All of them involve plane crashes . - When Marge leaves Dr. Zweig 's office , she says , " Whenever the wind whistles through the leaves , I 'll think , Lowenstein , Lowenstein … " . This is a reference to The Prince of Tides ; the is Dr. Lowenstein . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American broadcast , " Fear of Flying " finished 48th ( tied with Dateline NBC ) in the ratings for the week of December 12 to December 18 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 6 . The episode was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beaten only by Beverly Hills , , and Married ... with Children . Since airing , the episode has received many positive reviews from fans and television critics . In July 2007 , Simon of The Times listed the Cheers cast 's performance as one of the thirty @-@ three funniest cameos in the history of the show . - Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , said it was " a good Marge @-@ centric episode with plenty of clever set pieces – the tributes to Cheers and Lost in Space are fantastic " , and noted that " Marge 's father looks suspiciously like Moe " . Ryan Keefer at DVD Verdict said that " with the cast of Cheers appearing ( except for Grammer , ironically ) and a funny spoof of North by Northwest , the episode is much better than you would expect " , and gave it a B + . - Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review of the sixth season DVD that it was " another show I didn ’ t recall fondly but that works exceedingly well . I hadn ’ t realized how many quotes I ’ ve stolen from this one : the name ' Guy ' , the dog with the tail , ' a burden coupled with a ' . The show makes little sense in regard to continuity since Marge has flown during prior shows , but it ’ s consistently very funny and entertaining . " The Phoenix named Anne Bancroft one of the twenty best guest stars to appear on the show . - - = = Merchandise = = - - The episode was selected for release in a 1999 video collection of selected episodes titled : The Simpsons Go To Hollywood . Other episodes included in the collection set were " Moe 's " , " " , and " Homer to the Max " . " Fear of Flying " was again included in the 2003 DVD release of the same set . It was included in The Simpsons season 6 DVD set , which was released on August 16 , 2005 , as The Simpsons – The Complete Sixth Season . - - - = Harold Innis = - - Harold Adams Innis ( / / ; November 5 , 1894 – November 8 , 1952 ) was a Canadian professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on media , communication theory , and Canadian economic history . Despite his dense and difficult prose , Innis was one of Canada 's most original thinkers . He helped develop the staples thesis , which holds that Canada 's culture , political history , and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of " staples " such as fur , fishing , lumber , wheat , mined metals , and coal . The staple thesis dominated economic history in Canada 1930s @-@ 1960s , and is still used by some . - Innis 's writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations . He argued , for example , that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of Greek civilization in the 5th century BC . He warned , however , that Western civilization is now by powerful , advertising @-@ driven media obsessed by " present @-@ mindedness " and the " continuous , systematic , ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity " . His intellectual bond with Eric A. Havelock formed the foundations of the “ Toronto School of Communication ” which provided a source of inspiration for future members of the school : Marshall McLuhan and Edmund Snow Carpenter . - Innis laid the basis for scholarship that looked at the social sciences from a distinctly Canadian point of view . As the head of the University of Toronto 's political economy department , he worked to build up a cadre of Canadian scholars so that universities would not continue to rely as heavily on British or American @-@ trained professors unfamiliar with Canada 's history and culture . He was successful in establishing sources of financing for Canadian scholarly research . - As the Cold War grew after 1947 , Innis grew increasingly hostile to the United States . He warned repeatedly that Canada was becoming a colony to its much more powerful southern neighbor . " We are indeed fighting for our lives , " he warned , pointing especially to the " influence of American advertising .... We can only survive by taking persistent action at strategic points against American imperialism in all its attractive . " His anti @-@ Americanism influenced some younger scholars , including Donald Creighton . - Innis also tried to defend universities from political and economic pressures . He believed that independent universities , as centres of critical thought , were essential to the survival of Western civilization . His intellectual disciple and university colleague , Marshall McLuhan , lamented Innis 's premature death as a disastrous loss for human understanding . McLuhan wrote : " I am pleased to think of my own book The Galaxy as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social consequences , first of writing then of printing . " - - = = Rural roots = = - - - = = = Early life = = = - - Harold Adams Innis was born in 1894 on a small livestock and dairy farm near the community of Otterville in southwestern Ontario 's Oxford County . As a boy he loved the rhythms and routines of farm life and he never his rural origins . His mother , Mary Adams Innis , had named him ' Herald ' , hoping he would become a minister in the strict evangelical Baptist faith that she and her husband William shared . At the time , the Baptist Church was an important part of life in rural areas . It gave isolated families a sense of community and embodied the values of and independence . Its far @-@ flung congregations were not ruled by a centralized , bureaucratic authority . Innis became an agnostic in later life , but never lost his interest in religion . According to his friend and biographer Donald Creighton , Innis 's character was moulded by the Church : - The strict sense of values and the feeling of devotion to a cause , which became so characteristic of him in later life , were derived , in part at least , from the instruction imparted so and inside the severely unadorned walls of the Baptist Church at Otterville . - Innis attended the one @-@ room schoolhouse in Otterville and the community 's high school . He travelled 20 miles ( 32 km ) by train to Woodstock , Ontario , to complete his secondary education at a Baptist @-@ run college . He intended to become a public @-@ school teacher and passed the entrance examinations for teacher training , but decided to take a year off to earn the money he would need to support himself at an Ontario teachers ' college . At age 18 , therefore , he returned to the one @-@ room schoolhouse at Otterville to teach for one term until the local school board could recruit a fully qualified teacher . The experience made him realize that the life of a teacher in a small , rural school was not for him . - - = = = University studies = = = - - In October 1913 , Innis started classes at McMaster University ( then in Toronto ) . McMaster was a natural choice for him because it was a Baptist university and many students who attended Woodstock College went there . McMaster 's liberal arts professors encouraged critical thinking and debate . Innis was especially influenced by James Ten , the university 's one @-@ man philosophy department . Ten posed an essay question that Innis pondered for the rest of his life : " Why do we attend to the things to which we attend ? " - Before his final undergraduate year at McMaster , Innis spent a summer teaching at the Northern Star School in the frontier farming community of near , Alberta . The experience gave him a sense of the of Canada . He also learned about Western grievances over high interest rates and steep transportation costs . In his final undergraduate year , Innis focused on history and economics . He kept in mind a remark made by history lecturer Wallace that the economic interpretation of history was not the only possible one , but that it went the deepest . - - = = = First World War service = = = - - After graduating from McMaster , Innis felt that his Christian principles compelled him to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force . He was sent to France in the fall of 1916 to fight in the First World War . warfare with its " mud and lice and rats " had a devastating effect on him . - Innis 's role as an artillery gave him firsthand experience of life ( and death ) on the front lines as he participated in the successful Canadian attack on Ridge . , or , watched where each artillery shell landed , then sent back aiming corrections so that the next shells could hit their targets more accurately . On July 7 , 1917 , Innis received a serious shrapnel wound in his right thigh that required eight months of hospital treatment in England . - Innis 's war was over . His biographer , John Watson , notes the physical wound took seven years to heal , but the psychological damage lasted a lifetime . Innis suffered recurring bouts of depression and nervous exhaustion because of his military service . - Watson also notes that the Great War influenced Innis 's intellectual outlook . It strengthened his Canadian nationalism ; sharpened his opinion of what he thought were the destructive effects of technology , including the communications media that were used so effectively to " sell " the war ; and led him , for the first time , to doubt his Baptist faith . - - = = studies = = - - - = = = McMaster and Chicago = = = - - Harold Innis completed a Master of Arts at McMaster , graduating in April 1918 . His thesis , called The Soldier , " was a detailed description of the public policy measures that were necessary , not only to provide a supportive milieu to help veterans get over the effects of the war , but also to move on with national reconstruction " . - Innis did his work at the University of Chicago and was awarded his PhD in August 1920 . His two years at Chicago had a profound influence on his later work . His interest in economics deepened and he decided to become a professional economist . The economics faculty at Chicago questioned abstract and neoclassical theories , then in vogue , arguing that general rules for economic policy should be derived from specific case studies . - Innis was influenced by the university 's two eminent communications scholars , George Herbert Mead and Robert E. Park . Although he did not attend any of these famous professors ' classes , Innis did absorb their idea that communication involved much more than the transmission of information . James W. Carey writes that Mead and Park " characterized communication as the entire process whereby a culture is brought into existence , maintained in time , and into institutions " . - While at Chicago , Innis was exposed to the ideas of Veblen , the thinker who drew on his deep knowledge of philosophy and economics to write scathing critiques of contemporary thought and culture . Veblen had left Chicago years before , but his ideas were still strongly felt there . Years later , in an essay on Veblen , Innis praised him for war against " standardized static economics " . - Innis got his first taste of university teaching at Chicago , where he delivered several introductory economics courses . One of his students was Mary , the woman he would marry in May 1921 when he was 26 and she 22 . Together they had four children , Donald ( 1924 ) , Mary ( 1927 ) , Hugh ( 1930 ) and Ann ( 1933 ) . Mary Innis was herself a notable economist and writer . Her book , An Economic History of Canada , was published in 1935 . Her novel , Stand on a Rainbow appeared in 1943 . Her other books include Mrs. 's ( 1965 ) , The Spirit : Canadian Women and Their Times ( 1966 ) and the Years ( 1949 ) , a history of the Young Women 's Christian Association . She also edited Harold Innis 's posthumous Essays in Canadian Economic History ( 1956 ) and a 1972 reissue of his Empire and Communications . - - = = = History of the CPR = = = - - Harold Innis wrote his PhD thesis on the history of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) . The completion of Canada 's first railway in 1885 had been a defining moment in Canadian history . Innis 's thesis , eventually published as a book in 1923 , can be seen as an early attempt to document the railway 's significance from an economic historian 's point of view . It uses statistics to its arguments . Innis maintains that the difficult and expensive construction project was sustained by fears of American of the Canadian West . - Innis argues that " the history of the Canadian Pacific Railroad is primarily the history of the spread of Western civilization over the northern half of the North American continent " . As Robert Babe notes , the railway brought , transporting coal and building supplies to manufacturing sites . It was also a kind of communications medium that contributed to the spread of European civilization . Babe writes that , for Innis , the CPR 's equipment " comprised a massive , energy @-@ consuming , fast @-@ moving , powerful , capital @-@ intensive ' sign ' dropped into the very midst of indigenous peoples , whose entire way of life was disrupted , and eventually shattered as a result . - Communications scholar Arthur argues that Innis 's study of the Canadian Pacific Railway was only the first in which he attempted to demonstrate that " technology is not something external to Canadian being ; but on the contrary , is the necessary condition and lasting consequence of Canadian existence " . It also reflected Innis 's lifelong interest in the exercise of economic and political power . His CPR history ends , for example , with a recounting of Western grievances against economic policies , such as high freight rates and the steep import tariffs designed to protect fledgling Canadian manufacturers . complained that this National Policy money from Prairie farmers into the pockets of the Eastern business establishment . " Western Canada " , Innis wrote , " has paid for the development of Canadian nationality , and it would appear that it must continue to pay . The of Eastern Canada shows little sign of abatement . " - - = = Staples thesis = = - - Harold Innis is considered the leading founder of a Canadian school of economic thought known as the staples theory . It holds that Canada 's culture , political history and economy have been decisively shaped by the exploitation and export of a series of " staples " such as fur , fish , wood , wheat , mined metals and fossil fuels . Innis theorized that this reliance on exporting natural resources made Canada dependent on more advanced countries and resulted in periodic disruptions to economic life as the international demand for staples rose and fell ; as the staple itself became increasingly scarce ; and , as technological change resulted in shifts from one staple to others . Innis pointed out , for example , that as furs became scarce and trade in that staple declined , it became necessary to develop and export other staples such as wheat , and especially lumber . The export of these new staples was made possible through improved transportation networks that included first canals , and later , railways . - - = = = " Dirt " research = = = - - In 1920 , Innis joined the department of political economy at the University of Toronto . He was assigned to teach courses in commerce , economic history and economic theory . He decided to focus his scholarly research on Canadian economic history , a hugely neglected subject , and he settled on the fur trade as his first area of study . had brought French and English traders to Canada , motivating them to travel west along the continent 's lake and river systems to the Pacific coast . Innis realized that he would not only need to search out archival documents to understand the history of the fur trade , but would also have to travel the country himself gathering masses of firsthand information and accumulating what he called " dirt " experience . - Thus , Innis travelled extensively beginning in the summer of 1924 when he and a friend an 18 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) canvas @-@ covered hundreds of miles down the Peace River to Lake ; then down the Slave River to Great Slave Lake . They completed their journey down the Mackenzie , Canada 's longest river , to the Arctic Ocean on a small Hudson 's Bay Company . During his travels , Innis supplemented his fur research by gathering information on other staple products such as lumber , pulp and paper , minerals , grain and fish . He travelled so extensively that by the early 1940s , he had visited every part of Canada except for the Western Arctic and the east side of Hudson Bay . - Everywhere Innis went his methods were the same : he interviewed people connected with the production of staple products and listened to their stories . - - = = = Fur trade in Canada = = = - - Harold Innis 's interest in the relationship between empires and colonies was developed in his classic study , The Fur Trade in Canada : An Introduction to Canadian Economic History ( 1930 ) . The book chronicles the trade in beaver fur from the early 16th century to the 1920s . Instead of focusing on the " heroic " European adventurers who explored the Canadian wilderness as conventional histories had done , Innis documents how the interplay of geography , technology and economic forces shaped both the fur trade and Canada 's political and economic destiny . He concludes that the fur trade largely determined Canada 's boundaries adding that the country " emerged not in spite of geography but because of it " . - The Fur Trade in Canada also describes the cultural interactions among three groups of people : the Europeans in fashionable metropolitan centres who regarded beaver hats as luxury items ; the European colonial settlers who saw beaver fur as a staple that could be exported to pay for essential manufactured goods from the home country , and First Nations peoples who traded furs for industrial goods such as metal pots , knives , guns and liquor . Innis describes the central role First Nations peoples played in the development of the fur trade . Without their skilled hunting techniques , knowledge of the territory and advanced tools such as , and birch @-@ bark canoes , the fur trade would not have existed . However , dependence on European technologies disrupted First Nations societies . " The new technology with its radical innovations " , Innis writes , " brought about such a rapid shift in the prevailing Indian culture as to lead to wholesale destruction of the peoples concerned by warfare and disease . " Historian Carl Berger argues that by placing First Nations culture at the centre of his analysis of the fur trade , Innis " was the first to explain adequately the disintegration of native society under the thrust of European capitalism . " - Unlike many historians who see Canadian history as beginning with the arrival of Europeans , Innis emphasizes the cultural and economic contributions of First Nations peoples . " We have not yet realized , " he writes , " that the Indian and his culture was fundamental to the growth of Canadian institutions . " - The Fur Trade in Canada concludes by arguing that Canadian economic history can best be understood by examining how one staple product gave way to another — furs to timber , for example , and the later importance of wheat and minerals . on staples made Canada economically dependent on more advanced countries and the " cyclonic " shifts from one staple to another caused frequent disruptions in the country 's economic life . - - = = = Cod fishery = = = - - After the publication of his book on the fur trade , Innis turned to a study of an earlier staple — the fished for centuries off the eastern coasts of North America , especially the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . The result was The Cod Fisheries : The History of an International Economy published in 1940 , 10 years after the fur trade study . Innis tells the detailed history of competing empires in the exploitation of a natural resource — a history that ranges over 500 years . While his study of the fur trade focused on the continental interior with its rivers and lakes , The Cod Fisheries looks outward at global trade and empire , showing the far @-@ reaching effects of one staple product both on imperial centres and on marginal colonies such as Newfoundland , Nova Scotia and New England . - - = = Communications theories = = - - Harold Innis 's study of the effects of interconnected lakes and rivers on Canadian development and European empire sparked his interest in the complex economic and cultural relationships between transportation systems and communications . During the 1940s , Innis also began studying pulp and paper , an industry of central importance to the Canadian economy . This research provided an additional crossover point from his work on staple products to his communications studies . Biographer Paul writes that Innis " followed pulp and paper through its subsequent stages : newspapers and journalism , books and advertising . In other words , from looking at a natural resource @-@ based industry he turned his attention to a cultural industry in which information , and ultimately knowledge , was a commodity that circulated , had value , and empowered those who controlled it . " - One of Innis 's primary contributions to communications studies was to apply the dimensions of time and space to various media . He divided media into time @-@ binding and space @-@ binding types . Time @-@ binding media are durable . They include clay or stone tablets . Space @-@ binding media are more . They include modern media such as radio , television , and mass circulation newspapers . - Innis examined the rise and fall of ancient empires as a way of tracing the effects of communications media . He looked at media that led to the growth of an empire ; those that sustained it during its periods of success , and then , the communications changes that an empire 's collapse . He tried to show that media ' biases ' toward time or space affected the complex interrelationships needed to sustain an empire . These interrelationships included the partnership between the knowledge ( and ideas ) necessary to create and maintain an empire , and the power ( or force ) required to expand and defend it . For Innis , the interplay between knowledge and power was always a crucial factor in understanding empire . - Innis argued that a balance between the spoken word and writing contributed to the flourishing of ancient Greece in the time of . This balance between the time @-@ biased medium of speech and the space @-@ biased medium of writing was eventually upset , Innis argued , as the oral tradition gave way to the dominance of writing . The torch of empire then passed from Greece to Rome . - Harold Innis 's analysis of the effects of communications on the rise and fall of empires led him to warn that Western civilization was now facing its own profound crisis . The development of powerful communications media such as mass @-@ circulation newspapers had shifted the balance decisively in favour of space and power , over time , continuity and knowledge . The balance required for cultural survival had been upset by what Innis saw as " mechanized " communications media used to transmit information quickly over long distances . These media had contributed to an obsession with " present @-@ mindedness " out concerns about past or future . Innis wrote , - The overwhelming pressure of mechanization evident in the newspaper and the magazine , has led to the creation of vast of communication . Their entrenched positions involve a continuous , systematic , ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity . - Western civilization could only be saved , Innis argued , by recovering the balance between space and time . For him , that meant the oral tradition within universities while freeing institutions of higher learning from political and commercial pressures . In his essay , A for Time , he suggested that genuine dialogue within universities could produce the critical thinking necessary to restore the balance between power and knowledge . Then , universities could muster the courage to attack the that always civilization . - Although Innis remains appreciated and respected for the grand and unique nature of his later efforts regarding communications theories , he was not without critics . Particularly , the fragmentary and mosaic writing style exemplified in Empire and Communications has been criticized as ambiguous , aggressively non @-@ linear , and lacking connections between levels of analysis . Biographers have suggested that this style may have been a result of Innis ' illness late in his career . - - = = Academic and public career = = - - - = = = Influence in the 1930s = = = - - Aside from his work on The Cod Fisheries , Innis wrote extensively in the 1930s about other staple products such as minerals and wheat as well as Canada 's immense economic problems in the Great Depression . During the summers of 1932 and 1933 , he travelled to the West to see the effects of the Depression for himself . The next year , in an essay entitled , The Canadian Economy and the Depression , Innis outlined the plight of " a country susceptible to the slightest ground @-@ swell of international disturbance " , yet beset by regional differences that made it difficult to effective solutions . He described a Prairie economy dependent on the export of wheat , yet afflicted by severe drought , on the one hand , and the increased political power of Canada 's growing cities , sheltered from direct reliance on the staples trade , on the other . The result was political conflict and a breakdown in federal – provincial relations . " We lack vital information on which to base prospective policies to meet this situation " , Innis warned , because of " the weak position of the social sciences in Canada " . - Innis 's reputation as a " public intellectual " was growing steadily and , in 1934 , Premier Angus L. Macdonald invited him to serve on a Royal Commission to examine Nova Scotia 's economic problems . The next year , he helped establish The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science . In 1936 , he was appointed a full University of Toronto professor and a year later , became the head of the university 's Department of Political Economy . - Innis was appointed president of the Canadian Political Science Association in 1938 . His inaugural address , entitled The Powers of the Price System , must have his listeners as he ranged over centuries of economic history jumping abruptly from one topic to the next linking monetary developments to patterns of trade and settlement . The address was an ambitious attempt to show the disruptive effects of new technologies culminating in the modern shift from an industrial system based on coal and iron to the newest sources of industrial power , electricity , oil and steel . Innis also tried to show the commercial effects of mass circulation newspapers , made possible by expanded production , and of the new medium of radio , which " threatens to the walls imposed by tariffs and to reach across boundaries frequently denied to other media of communication " . Both media , Innis argued , stimulated the demand for consumer goods and both promoted nationalism . - Innis was also a central participant in an international project that produced 25 scholarly volumes between 1936 and 1945 . It was a series called The Relations of Canada and the United States overseen by James T. , director of the Carnegie for International Peace . Innis edited and wrote for the volumes contributed by Canadian scholars . His own study of the fisheries also appeared as part of the series . His work with enabled Innis to gain access to Carnegie money to further Canadian academic research . As John Watson points out , " the project offered one of the few sources of research funds in rather lean times " . - - = = = Politics and The Great Depression = = = - - The era of the " Dirty " with its mass unemployment , poverty and despair gave rise to new Canadian political movements . In Alberta , for example , the radio William " Bible Bill " led his populist Social Credit party to victory in 1935 . Three years earlier in Calgary , Alberta , social reformers had founded a new political party , the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation or . It advocated democratic socialism and a mixed economy with public ownership of key industries . Frank Underhill , one of Innis 's colleagues at the University of Toronto was a founding member of the . Innis and Underhill had both been members of an earlier group at the university that declared itself " dissatisfied with the policies of the two major [ political ] parties in Canada " and that aimed at " forming a definite body of progressive opinion " . In 1931 , Innis presented a paper to the group on " Economic Conditions in Canada " , but he later from participating in party politics , denouncing like Underhill as " hot " . - Innis maintained that scholars had no place in active politics and that instead , they should devote themselves , first to research on public problems , and then to the production of knowledge based on critical thought . He saw the university , with its emphasis on dialogue , open @-@ mindedness and skepticism , as an institution that could foster such thinking and research . " The university could provide an environment " , he wrote , " as free as possible from the biases of the various institutions that form the state , so that its intellectuals could continue to seek out and explore other perspectives . " - Although sympathetic to the plight of western farmers and urban , unemployed workers , Innis did not embrace socialism . Eric Havelock , a left @-@ leaning colleague explained many years later that Innis political " solutions " imported from elsewhere , especially those based on Marxist analysis with its emphasis on class conflict . He worried , too , that as Canada 's ties with Britain weakened , the country would fall under the spell of American ideas instead of developing its own based on Canada 's unique circumstances . Havelock added : - He has been called the radical conservative of his day — not a bad designation of a complex mind , clear sighted , cautious , perhaps at bottom pessimistic in areas where thinkers we would label ' progressive ' felt less difficulty in taking a stand ; never content to select only one or two elements in a complicated equation in order to build a quick @-@ order policy or program ; far ranging enough in to take in the whole sum of the factors , and comprehend their often contradictory effects . - - = = = Late career and death = = = - - In the 1940s , Harold Innis reached the height of his influence in both academic circles and Canadian society . In 1941 , he helped establish the American @-@ based Economic History Association and its Journal of Economic History . He later became the association 's second president . Innis played a central role in founding two important sources for the funding of academic research : the Canadian Social Science Research Council ( 1940 ) and the Humanities Research Council of Canada ( 1944 ) . - In 1944 , the University of New Brunswick awarded Innis an honorary degree , as did his , McMaster University . , the University of Manitoba and the University of Glasgow would also confer honorary degrees in 1947 – 48 . - In 1945 , Innis spent nearly a month in the Soviet Union where he had been invited to attend the anniversary celebrations marking the founding of the country 's Academy of Sciences . Later , in his essay Reflections on Russia , he about the differences between the Soviet " producer " economy and the West 's " consumer " ethos : - [ A ] n economy which emphasizes consumer 's goods is characterized by communication industries largely dependent on advertising and by constant efforts to reach the largest number of readers or listeners ; an economy emphasizing producer 's goods is characterized by communications industries largely dependent on government support . As a result of this contrast , a common public opinion in Russia and the West is hard to achieve . - Innis 's trip to Moscow and Leningrad came shortly before U.S. – Soviet rivalry led to the hostility of the Cold War . Innis lamented this rise in international tensions . He saw the Soviet Empire as a stabilizing counterbalance to the American Empire 's emphasis on commercialism , the individual and constant change . For Innis , Russia was a society within the Western tradition , not an alien civilization . He the nuclear arms race , seeing it as the triumph of force over knowledge , a modern form of the medieval Inquisition . " The Middle Ages burned its heretics " , he wrote , " and the modern age threatens them with atom bombs . " - In 1946 , Innis was elected president of the Royal Society of Canada , the country 's senior body of scientists and scholars . That same year , he served on the Manitoba Royal Commission on Adult Education and published Political Economy in the Modern State , a collection of his speeches and essays that reflected both his staples research and his new work in communications . In 1947 , Innis was appointed the University of Toronto 's dean of graduate studies . In 1948 , he delivered lectures at the University of London and Nottingham University . He also gave the prestigious Beit lectures at Oxford , later published in his book Empire and Communications . In 1949 , Innis was appointed as a commissioner on the federal government 's Royal Commission on Transportation , a position that involved extensive travel at a time when his health was starting to fail . The last decade of his career during which he worked on his communications studies was an unhappy time for Innis . He was isolated because his colleagues in economics could not how this new work related to his pioneering research in staples theory . Biographer John Watson writes that " the almost complete lack of positive response to the communications works , contributed to his sense of and depression " . - Innis died of prostate cancer in 1952 a few days after his birthday . In commemoration , Innis College at the University of Toronto and Innis Library at McMaster University were named in his honour . - Following his premature death , Innis ' significance increasingly deepened as scholars in several academic disciplines continued to build upon his writings . Marshall 's general media theory that proposes two sub @-@ theories were inspired by Innis . Douglas C. North expanded on of Innis ' " vent for surplus " theory of economic development by applying it to regional development in the United States and countries . In addition , James W. Carey adopted Innis as a " reference point in his conception of two models of communication " . - - = = Innis and McLuhan = = - - Marshall McLuhan was a colleague of Innis 's at the University of Toronto . As a young English professor , McLuhan was flattered when he learned that Innis had put his book The Mechanical Bride on the reading list of the fourth @-@ year economics course . McLuhan built on Innis 's idea that in studying the effects of communications media , technological form more than content . Biographer Paul writes that Innis 's concept of the " bias " of a particular medium of communication can be seen as a " less flamboyant precursor to McLuhan 's legendary phrase ' the medium is the message . ' " Innis , for example , tried to show how printed media such as books or newspapers were " biased " toward control over space and secular power , while engraved media such as stone or clay tablets were " biased " in favour of continuity in time and metaphysical or religious knowledge . McLuhan focused on what may be called a medium 's " sensory bias " arguing , for example , that books and newspapers appealed to the rationality of the eye , while radio played to the of the ear . The differences in the and approaches were summarized by the late James W. Carey : - Both McLuhan and Innis assume the of communication technology ; where they differ is in the principal kinds of effects they see deriving from this technology . Whereas Innis sees communication technology principally affecting social organization and culture , McLuhan sees its principal effect on sensory organization and thought . McLuhan has much to say about perception and thought but little to say about institutions ; Innis says much about institutions and little about perception and thought . - Biographer John Watson notes that Innis 's work was profoundly political while McLuhan 's was not . He writes that " the mechanization of knowledge , not the relative sensual bias of media , is the key to Innis 's work . This also the of Innis 's position vis @-@ a @-@ vis that of McLuhan . " Watson adds that Innis believed very different media could produce similar effects . " For Innis , the yellow press of the United States and the Nazi loudspeaker had the same form of negative effect : they reduced men from thinking beings to mere automatons in a chain of command . " Watson argues that while McLuhan separated media according to their sensory bias , Innis examined a different set of interrelationships , the " dialectic of power and knowledge " in specific historical circumstances . For Watson , Innis 's work is therefore more flexible and less than McLuhan 's . - As scholars and teachers , Innis and McLuhan shared a similar dilemma since both argued that book culture tended to produce fixed points of view and of thought ; yet both produced many books . In his introduction to the 1964 reprint of The of Communication , McLuhan at Innis 's technique of juxtaposing " his insights in a mosaic structure of seemingly unrelated and sentences and aphorisms " . McLuhan argued that although this made reading Innis 's dense prose difficult — " a pattern of insights that are not packaged for the consumer palate " — Innis 's method " the natural form of conversation or dialogue rather than of written discourse " . Best of all , it yielded " insight " and " pattern recognition " rather than the " classified knowledge " so by print @-@ trained scholars . " How exciting it was to encounter a writer whose every phrase invited prolonged meditation and exploration " , McLuhan added . McLuhan 's own books with their reliance on aphorisms , puns , , " probes " and oddly juxtaposed observations also employ this mosaic technique . - Innis 's theories of political economy , media and society remain highly relevant : he had a profound influence on critical media theory and communications and , in conjunction with McLuhan , offered groundbreaking Canadian perspectives on the function of communication technologies as key agents in social and historical change . Together , their works advanced a theory of history in which communication is central to social change and transformation . - - - = Hurricane Lorenzo ( 2007 ) = - - Hurricane Lorenzo was a rapidly developing tropical cyclone that struck the Mexican state of Veracruz in late September 2007 . The twelfth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season , it formed in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico from a tropical wave . After for two days without development , the storm began a steady westward track as its structure became better organized . In an 18 ‑ hour period , Lorenzo 's winds increased from 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , or from a tropical depression to a hurricane . On September 28 it struck near Tecolutla , Veracruz , a month after Hurricane Dean affected the same area , before it quickly dissipated over land . - The most significantly affected area was Veracruz , where damage reached over $ 1 billion pesos ( $ 92 million 2007 USD ) . Most of it came from road damage in the state 's northern portion , although there were also hundreds of damaged houses . Between Veracruz and neighboring Hidalgo , there were 123 @,@ 320 people affected across 112 municipalities . Overall there were six deaths in the country , one in Veracruz and five in Puebla . In the latter state , a family of three perished in a landslide . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of Hurricane Lorenzo were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on September 11 . After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean , it much of the Caribbean Sea before developing an area of thunderstorms on September 21 . The system developed a low pressure area on September 23 after the northern portion of the wave broke off and crossed the Yucatán Peninsula . Initially , a Hurricane Hunters flight was scheduled to investigate the system , although the low became disorganized over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico due to high wind shear . However , the wind shear decreased , and late on September 25 , another Hurricane Hunters flight indicated the development of a closed low @-@ level circulation . Based on that observation , along with sufficient persistence of the thunderstorms , the system developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen about 190 mi ( 305 km ) east of Tampico , Tamaulipas . - Upon developing , the depression was located in an area of weak steering currents , resulting in an erratic movement generally to the south . In its formative stages , the depression executed a small loop . As it did so , it moved into an area of very warm waters and decreasing wind shear . The depression 's convection gradually organized , although the winds were slower to increase . An anticyclone became established over the system , and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Lorenzo at around 1200 UTC on September 27 . At the time , it was located about 150 mi ( 240 km ) east of Tuxpan , Veracruz , moving steadily westward under the influence of a building ridge to its east . As it approached the coast , Lorenzo rapidly intensified unexpectedly , and within 12 hours of attaining tropical storm status it strengthened into a hurricane . - Hurricane Lorenzo quickly developed a closed eyewall , which was observed on radar and provided a peak intensity estimate of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at 0000 UTC on September 28 . The cyclone maintained vigorous and convection across the center , although the structure deteriorated slightly before Lorenzo crossed the coast near Tecolutla , Veracruz at UTC that day , with winds estimated around 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . After making landfall , the hurricane rapidly weakened to tropical depression intensity . inland , the circulation became difficult to locate as the convection diminished to rainbands along the coast . Within 19 hours after moving ashore , the circulation of Lorenzo dissipated , therefore ending its duration as a tropical cyclone . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - About 26 hours before landfall , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch from Sola to La Cruz in Veracruz . About 14 hours before landfall , a tropical storm warning was put into place from Sola to Cabo Rojo , which in turn was upgraded to a hurricane warning six hours later . Mexico 's Civilian Protection officials declared a " red alert " for much of the state of Veracruz . Along the coast of Veracruz , officials canceled school classes . Officials opened 315 shelters in Veracruz , along with six in neighboring Hidalgo , which housed 45 @,@ 164 people during the storm . The government of Veracruz provided buses for people to transport from their houses to the shelters . Ports in Tecolutla , Tuxpan and Nautla were forced to close . Lorenzo 's formation caused gas prices to rise due to its potential to disrupt oil facilities in the Gulf of Mexico . - Hurricane Lorenzo made landfall in Veracruz , the same region of east @-@ central Mexico as Hurricane Dean did one month prior . The hurricane primarily affected small fishing villages along the coast , where strong winds knocked down power lines , leaving about 85 @,@ 000 people without electricity . To prevent the danger of fallen wires , officials shut off the power grid in several municipalities in northern Veracruz . The winds also destroyed the roofs of several houses in Nautla . In addition to the high winds , Lorenzo dropped heavy rainfall along the coast and further inland , peaking at 12 @.@ 83 in ( 326 mm ) in El , Veracruz . The rains caused flash flooding and mudslides that killed at least four people , including a family of three in Puebla state . also closed portions of three highways . In some locations , reached about 1 foot ( 300 mm ) in depth . The combination of winds and rains damaged 169 houses in Puebla , while in Hidalgo , the San Lorenzo River overflowed its banks and forced the evacuation of over 200 people . rivers in Veracruz forced about 25 @,@ 000 people to leave their houses . Along the River , more than 1 @,@ 000 houses were flooded , resulting in local police officials to assist in . Damage in Veracruz was estimated at $ 1 billion pesos ( $ 92 million 2007 USD ) , much of it from road damage in the northern portion of the state . - Overall , the hurricane affected 123 @,@ 320 people across Veracruz and Hidalgo , prompting the declaration of a state of emergency in 112 municipalities . The declaration allowed the usage of emergency resources for the affected people . There were a total of six deaths in the country , five of which in Puebla . By about three days after the storm , all schools were reopened . The Mexican government distributed food , water , and construction materials for the areas most affected in Veracruz . Following the storm , about 500 power workers were dispatched in Veracruz to restore electricity in the affected areas . - - - = Cadmium = - - Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48 . This soft , bluish @-@ white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12 , zinc and mercury . Like zinc , it demonstrates oxidation state + 2 in most of its compounds , and like mercury , it has a lower melting point than other transition metals . Cadmium and its are not always considered transition metals , in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states . The average concentration of cadmium in Earth 's crust is between 0 @.@ 1 and 0 @.@ 5 parts per million ( ppm ) . It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann , both in Germany , as an impurity in zinc carbonate . - Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a of zinc production . Cadmium was used for a long time as a corrosion @-@ resistant plating on steel , and cadmium compounds are used as red , orange and yellow pigments , to colour glass , and to stabilize plastic . Cadmium use is generally decreasing because it is toxic ( it is specifically listed in the European of ) and nickel @-@ cadmium batteries have been replaced with nickel @-@ metal hydride and lithium @-@ ion batteries . One of its few new uses is cadmium telluride solar panels . - Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms , a cadmium @-@ dependent carbonic has been found in marine diatoms . - - = = Characteristics = = - - - = = = Physical properties = = = - - Cadmium is a soft , malleable , , bluish @-@ white divalent metal . It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds . Unlike most other metals , cadmium is resistant to corrosion and is used as a protective plate on other metals . As a bulk metal , cadmium is in water and is not flammable ; however , in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes . - - = = = Chemical properties = = = - - Although cadmium usually has an oxidation state of + 2 , it also exists in the + 1 state . Cadmium and its are not always considered transition metals , in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states . Cadmium burns in air to form brown cadmium oxide ( ) ; the crystalline form of this compound is a dark red which changes color when heated , similar to zinc oxide . acid , sulfuric acid , and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride ( ) , cadmium sulfate ( ) , or cadmium nitrate ( Cd ( ) 2 ) . The oxidation state + 1 can be produced by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and aluminium chloride , forming the + cation , which is similar to the + cation in mercury ( I ) chloride . - Cd + + 2 → ( ) 2 - The structures of many cadmium complexes with , amino acids , and have been determined . - - = = = Isotopes = = = - - Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes . Two of them are radioactive , and three are expected to decay but have not done so under laboratory conditions . The two natural radioactive isotopes are ( beta decay , half @-@ life is 7 @.@ 7 × 1015 years ) and ( two @-@ neutrino double beta decay , half @-@ life is 2 @.@ 9 × years ) . The other three are , ( both double electron capture ) , and ( double beta decay ) ; only lower limits on these half @-@ lives have been determined . At least three isotopes – , , and – are stable . Among the isotopes that do not occur naturally , the most long @-@ lived are with a half @-@ life of 462 @.@ 6 days , and with a half @-@ life of 53 @.@ 46 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives of less than 2 @.@ 5 hours , and the majority have half @-@ lives of less than 5 minutes . Cadmium has 8 known meta states , with the most stable being ( t1 / 2 - = 14 @.@ 1 years ) , ( t1 / 2 = - 44 @.@ 6 days ) , and ( t1 / 2 = 3 @.@ 36 hours ) . - The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94 @.@ 950 u ( ) to 131 @.@ u ( ) . For isotopes lighter than 112 u , the primary decay mode is electron capture and the dominant decay product is element 47 ( silver ) . isotopes decay mostly through beta emission producing element 49 ( indium ) . - One isotope of cadmium , , absorbs neutrons with high selectivity : With very high probability , neutrons with energy below the cadmium cut @-@ off will be absorbed ; those higher than the cut @-@ off will be transmitted . The cadmium cut @-@ off is about 0 @.@ 5 , and neutrons below that level are deemed slow neutrons , distinct from intermediate and fast neutrons . - Cadmium is created via the long s @-@ process in low @-@ medium mass stars with masses of 0 @.@ 6 to 10 solar masses , taking thousands of years . In that process , a silver atom captures a neutron and then undergoes beta decay . - - = = History = = - - Cadmium ( Latin , Greek meaning " calamine " , a cadmium @-@ bearing mixture of minerals that was named after the Greek mythological character , , the founder of Thebes ) was discovered simultaneously in 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer and Karl Samuel Hermann , both in Germany , as an impurity in zinc carbonate . Stromeyer found the new element as an impurity in zinc carbonate ( calamine ) , and , for 100 years , Germany remained the only important producer of the metal . The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine , because it was found in this zinc compound . Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not . He was persistent in studying these results and eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reducing the sulfide . The potential for cadmium yellow as pigment was recognized in the 1840s , but the lack of cadmium limited this application . - Even though cadmium and its compounds are toxic in certain forms and concentrations , the British from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication to treat " enlarged joints , glands , and " . - In 1907 , the International Astronomical Union defined the international in terms of a red cadmium spectral line ( 1 wavelength = @.@ ) . This was adopted by the 7th General Conference on and Measures in 1927 . In 1960 , the definitions of both the metre and were changed to use krypton . - After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s , the major application of cadmium was the coating of iron and steel to prevent corrosion ; in 1944 , 62 % and in 1956 , 59 % of the cadmium in the United States was used for plating . In 1956 , 24 % of the cadmium in the United States was used for a second application in red , orange and yellow pigments from sulfides and of cadmium . - The stabilizing effect of cadmium chemicals like the cadmium and cadmium on PVC led to an increased use of those compounds in the 1970s and 1980s . The demand for cadmium in pigments , coatings , stabilizers , and alloys declined as a result of environmental and health regulations in the 1980s and 1990s ; in 2006 , only 7 % of to total cadmium consumption was used for plating , and only 10 % was used for pigments . At the same time , these decreases in consumption were compensated by a growing demand for cadmium for nickel @-@ cadmium batteries , which accounted for 81 % of the cadmium consumption in the United States in 2006 . - - = = Occurrence = = - - Cadmium makes up about 0 @.@ 1 mg kg − 1 ( ppm ) of Earth 's crust . Typical background concentrations in other environmental media are : atmosphere < 5 m − 3 ; soil < 2 mg kg − 1 ; vegetation < 0 @.@ 5 mg kg − 1 ; freshwater < 1 L − 1 ; seawater < 50 L − 1 ; sediment < 2 mg kg − 1 . Compared with the more abundant 65 ppm zinc , cadmium is rare . No significant deposits of cadmium @-@ containing ores are known . ( CdS ) , the only cadmium mineral of importance , is nearly always associated with ( ) . This association is caused by similarity between zinc and cadmium , with no geological process likely to separate them . Thus , cadmium is produced mainly as a from mining , , and refining ores of zinc , and , to a lesser degree , lead and copper . Small amounts of cadmium , about 10 % of consumption , are produced from secondary sources , mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap . Production in the United States began in 1907 , but not until after World War I did cadmium come into wide use . - cadmium can be found is the River basin in Siberia . - Rocks mined for phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium , resulting in a cadmium concentration of as much as 300 mg / kg in the fertilizers and a high cadmium content in agricultural soils . Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium , which ends up mostly in dust . - - = = Production = = - - The British Geological Survey reports that in 2001 , China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one @-@ sixth of the world 's production , closely followed by South Korea and Japan . - Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores , and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc . Some zinc ores concentrates from zinc ores contain up to 1 @.@ 4 % of cadmium . In the 1970s , the output of cadmium was 6 @.@ 5 pounds per ton of zinc . Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen , converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide . Zinc metal is produced either by the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid . Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is , or cadmium sulfate is precipitated from the electrolysis solution . - - = = Applications = = - - Cadmium is a common component of electric batteries , pigments , coatings , and electroplating . - - = = = Batteries = = = - - In 2009 , 86 % of cadmium was used in batteries , predominantly in nickel @-@ cadmium batteries . @-@ cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1 @.@ 2 V. The cell consists of a positive nickel hydroxide and a negative cadmium plate separated by an alkaline electrolyte ( potassium hydroxide ) . The European Union put a limit on cadmium in electronics in 2004 of 0 @.@ 01 % , with some exceptions , and reduced the limit on cadmium content to 0 @.@ 002 % . - - = = = = = = - - Cadmium electroplating , consuming 6 % of the global production , is used in the aircraft industry reduce corrosion of steel components . This coating is by salts . A limitation of cadmium plating is hydrogen embrittlement of high @-@ strength from the electroplating process . Therefore , steel parts heat @-@ treated to tensile strength above 1300 MPa ( 200 ) should be coated by an alternative method ( such as special low @-@ embrittlement cadmium electroplating processes or physical vapor deposition ) . - embrittlement from cadmium @-@ plated tool residues resulted in banishment of those tools ( and the implementation of routine tool testing to detect cadmium contamination ) in the A @-@ 12 / SR @-@ 71 , U @-@ 2 , and subsequent aircraft programs that use . - - = = = Nuclear fission = = = - - Cadmium is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors , acting as a very effective " neutron poison " to control neutron flux in nuclear fission . When cadmium rods are inserted in the core of a nuclear reactor , cadmium absorbs neutrons preventing them from creating additional fission events , thus controlling the amount of reactivity . The pressurized water reactor designed by Westinghouse Electric Company uses an alloy consisting of 80 % silver , 15 % indium , and 5 % cadmium . - - = = = Compounds = = = - - Cadmium oxide was used in black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors of color television ray tubes . Cadmium sulfide ( CdS ) is used as a surface coating for drums . - Various cadmium salts are used in paint pigments , with CdS as a yellow pigment being the most common . Cadmium selenide is a red pigment , commonly called cadmium red . To painters who work with the pigment , cadmium provides the most brilliant and durable , , and reds — so much so that during production , these colors are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and or blended into watercolors , , , and other paint and pigment . Because these pigments are potentially toxic , users should use a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin even though the amount of cadmium absorbed into the body through the skin is reported to be less than 1 % . - In PVC , cadmium was used as heat , light , and stabilizers . Currently , cadmium stabilizers have been completely replaced with barium @-@ zinc , calcium @-@ zinc and @-@ tin stabilizers . Cadmium is used in many kinds of and bearing alloys , because a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance . It is also found in some of the lowest @-@ melting alloys , such as Wood 's metal . - - = = = Laboratory uses = = = - - – cadmium lasers are a common source of blue @-@ ultraviolet laser light . They operate at either 325 or 422 nm in fluorescence and various laboratory experiments . Cadmium selenide quantum dots emit bright luminescence under ( He @-@ Cd laser , for example ) . The color of this luminescence can be green , yellow or red depending on the particle size . solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a fluorescence microscope . - Cadmium is a component of some compound , such as cadmium sulfide , cadmium selenide , and cadmium telluride , used for light detection and solar cells . is sensitive to infrared light and can be used as an infrared detector , motion detector , or switch in remote control devices . - In molecular biology , cadmium is used to block voltage @-@ dependent calcium channels from calcium ions , as well as in hypoxia research to stimulate @-@ dependent degradation of @-@ . - - = = = Cadmium @-@ selective sensors = = = - - Cadmium @-@ selective sensors based on the have been developed for imaging and sensing of cadmium in cells . - - = = Biological role = = - - Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms , but a cadmium @-@ dependent carbonic has been found in some marine diatoms . The diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and cadmium performs the function normally carried out by zinc in other . This was discovered with X @-@ ray absorption fluorescence spectroscopy ( ) . - The highest concentration of cadmium is absorbed in the of humans , and up to about 30 mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout human childhood and adolescence . - Cadmium can be used to block calcium channels in chicken neurons . Analytical methods for the determination of cadmium in biological samples have been reviewed . - - = = Environment = = - - The of cadmium and its release to the environment has been the subject of review , as has the of cadmium in the environment . - Environmental concentrations can exceed adverse @-@ effect @-@ in cadmium @-@ polluted ecosystems ( e.g. in some parts of Europe ) and cadmium can accumulate in invertebrates , earthworms , , marine mammals , plants , and some algal species ; effects in animals include kidney disorders , of enzymes , disruption of calcium metabolism , and changes in cell membrane ; excess Cd uptake in plants can affect growth and metabolic processes such as and . - - = = Safety = = - - The aspects of cadmium toxicity have been reviewed . - The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes , or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds . Inhalation of cadmium fumes can result initially in metal fever but may progress to chemical , pulmonary , and death . - Cadmium is also an environmental hazard . Human exposure is primarily from fossil fuel combustion , phosphate fertilizers , natural sources , iron and steel production , cement production and related activities , metals production , and municipal solid waste . Bread , root crops , and vegetables also contribute to the cadmium in modern populations . - There have been a few instances of general population poisoning as the result of long @-@ term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water , and research into an estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer is ongoing . In the decades leading up to World War II , mining operations contaminated the River in Japan with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals . As a consequence , cadmium accumulated in the rice crops along the riverbanks downstream of the mines . Some members of the local agricultural communities consumed the contaminated rice and developed itai @-@ itai disease and renal abnormalities , including and . - The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusively post @-@ women with low iron and other mineral body stores . Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of the world have not resulted in the same health problems because the populations maintained sufficient iron and other mineral levels . Thus , although cadmium is a major factor in the itai @-@ itai disease in Japan , most researchers have concluded that it was one of several factors . Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union 's on ( ) directive , which hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment but allows for certain exemptions and from the scope of the law . The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium and cadmium compounds as carcinogenic to humans . Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer , there is still a substantial controversy about the of cadmium in low environmental exposure . Recent data from studies suggest that intake of cadmium through diet associates to higher risk of , breast and prostate cancer as well as to in humans . A recent study has demonstrated that tissue is characterized by higher levels of cadmium in current and former smoking females . - Cadmium exposure is a risk factor associated with a large number of illnesses including kidney disease , early , , and diseases . Although studies show a significant correlation between cadmium exposure and occurrence of disease in human populations , a necessary molecular mechanism has not been identified . One hypothesis holds that cadmium is an and some experimental studies have shown that it can interact with different signaling pathways . For example , cadmium can bind to the estrogen receptor alpha , and affect signal transduction along the estrogen and signaling pathways at low doses . - Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population . An estimated 10 % of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking . Absorption of cadmium through the lungs is more effective than through the gut , and as much as 50 % of the cadmium inhaled in cigarette smoke may be absorbed . On average , cadmium concentrations in the blood of smokers is 4 times 5 times greater and in the kidney , 2 – 3 times greater than non @-@ smokers . Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke , there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking . - In a non @-@ smoking population , food is the greatest source of exposure . High quantities of cadmium can be found in crustaceans , , , and algae products . However , grains , vegetables , and roots and are consumed in much greater quantity in the US , and are the source of the greatest dietary exposure . Most plants bio @-@ accumulate metal toxins like Cd , and when to form organic fertilizers yield a product which can often contain high amounts ( e.g. , over 0 @.@ 5 mg ) of metal toxins for every of . made from animal dung ( e.g. , cow dung ) or urban waste can contain similar amounts of Cd . The Cd added to the soil from fertilizers ( rock or organic fertilizers ) become bio @-@ available and toxic only if the soil is low ( i.e. , acidic soils ) . Zinc is chemically similar to cadmium and some evidence indicates the presence of ions reduces cadmium toxicity . - Zinc , , , and Fe ions , and with C are used to treat Cd intoxication , though it is not easily reversed . - - = = = Regulations = = = - - Because of the adverse effects of cadmium on the environment and human health , the supply and use of cadmium is restricted in Europe under the Regulation . - The Panel on in the Food Chain specifies that 2 @.@ 5 / kg body weight is a weekly intake for humans . The Joint / WHO Expert Committee on Food has declared 7 / kg to be the provisional weekly intake level . - The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( ) has set the permissible exposure limit ( ) for cadmium at a time @-@ weighted average ( TWA ) of 0 @.@ ppm . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( ) has not set a recommended exposure limit ( ) and has designated cadmium as a known human . The ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) level for cadmium is 9 mg / m3 . - - = = = Product recalls = = = - - In May 2006 , a sale of the seats from Arsenal F.C. ' s old stadium , Highbury in London , England was cancelled when the seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium . Reports of high levels of cadmium use in children 's jewelry in 2010 led to a US Consumer Product Safety Commission investigation . The U.S. issued specific recall notices for cadmium content in jewelry sold by Claire 's and Wal @-@ Mart stores . - In June 2010 , McDonald 's voluntarily recalled more than 12 million promotional " Forever After 3D " because of the cadmium levels in paint pigments on the . The glasses were manufactured by International , of , , USA . - - - = First Battle of Maryang San = - - The First Battle of Maryang San ( 3 – 8 October 1951 ) , also known as the Defensive Battle of ( Chinese : ; pinyin : ) , was fought during the Korean War between United Nations ( UN ) forces — primarily Australian and British — and the Chinese communist People 's Volunteer Army . The fighting occurred during a limited UN offensive by US I Corps , codenamed Operation Commando . This offensive ultimately pushed the Chinese back from the Imjin River to the Jamestown Line and destroyed elements of four Chinese armies following heavy fighting . The much smaller battle at Maryang San took place over a five @-@ day period , and saw the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) a numerically superior Chinese force from the tactically important Kowang @-@ San ( Hill 355 ) and Maryang San ( Hill 317 ) features , in conjunction with other units of the 1st Commonwealth Division . - Using tactics first developed against the Japanese in New Guinea during the Second World War , the Australians gained the advantage of the high ground and assaulted the Chinese positions from unexpected directions . They then repelled repeated Chinese counterattacks aimed at re @-@ capturing Maryang San , with both sides suffering heavy casualties before the Australians were finally relieved by a British battalion . However , with the peace @-@ talks ongoing , these operations proved to be last actions in the war of manoeuvre , which had lasted the previous sixteen months . It was replaced by a static war characterised by fixed defences reminiscent of the Western Front in 1915 – 17 . A month later , the Chinese subsequently re @-@ captured Maryang San from the British during fierce fighting , and it was never re @-@ gained . Today , the battle is widely regarded as one of the Australian Army 's greatest accomplishments during the war . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Military situation = = = - - Following General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 's dismissal as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of UN forces in Korea , he was replaced by General Matthew B. Ridgway . Consequently , on 14 April 1951 , General James Van Fleet replaced Ridgway as commander of the US Eighth Army and the United Nations forces in Korea . The Chinese Spring Offensive during April and May 1951 ended in its defeat , while following two months of sporadic operations in mid @-@ June and August , the war entered a new phase , with Van Fleet returning to the offensive . In July the Kansas and Wyoming Lines were strengthened , while a limited offensive in the east @-@ central sector in mid @-@ August seized the high ground around the and Bloody Ridge during the Battle of Bloody Ridge . In September the offensive in this sector continued , targeting the next hill complex north of Bloody Ridge , known as Heartbreak Ridge . - Meanwhile , the organisation of British Commonwealth ground forces fighting in Korea as part of the United Nations Command had undergone considerable change in the months following the battles of the Imjin River and in late @-@ April 1951 . 3 RAR had been transferred from 27th British Infantry Brigade to the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade when that formation departed for Hong Kong . Meanwhile , after protracted negotiations between the governments of Australia , Britain , Canada , India , New Zealand and South Africa , agreement had been reached to establish an integrated formation with the aim of increasing the political significance of their contribution , as well as facilitating the solution of the logistic and operational problems faced by the various Commonwealth . - The 1st Commonwealth Division was formed on 28 July 1951 , with the division including the 25th Canadian , 28th British Commonwealth and 29th British infantry brigades under the command of Major General James , and was part of US I Corps . Since its formation , the division had occupied part of the west @-@ central sector of the UN line , approximately 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) north of the capital Seoul . The 28th Brigade included three infantry battalions — the 1st Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers ( 1 KOSB ) , 1st Battalion , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry ( 1 ) and the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment — under the command of Brigadier George Taylor . During this period 3 RAR was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Francis Hassett . Peace @-@ talks at during July and September led to a lull in the fighting and 3 RAR undertook mainly defensive duties , helping to construct the defences of the Kansas Line south of the Imjin River , as well as conducting extensive patrolling on the northern side . The battalion also used the reduced operational tempo as an opportunity to train reinforcements . The period culminated in a limited , and largely unopposed , divisional advance 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) north of the Imjin to the Wyoming Line , codenamed Operation , in September . - - = = Prelude = = - - - = = = forces = = = - - In late @-@ September and early @-@ October — even while continuing the attack against Heartbreak Ridge — Van Fleet developed a plan for a limited offensive in the western section , known as Operation Commando , to advance 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the 38th parallel , with the aim of pushing Chinese forces back and giving United Nations forces more leverage at the truce negotiations now occurring at . Operation Commando was scheduled for 3 – 5 October 1951 and the US I Corps commander , Lieutenant General John W. O , envisioned a concept of operations in which three of the corps ' four divisions would advance on a broad front in conjunction with US 25th Infantry Division on the left flank of the neighbouring US IX Corps , seizing a new defensive line known as the Jamestown Line . The divisions to be used in the advance included the 1st Commonwealth Division , US 1st Cavalry Division and the 9th South Korean Division . The 1st South Korean Division would remain in its existing position on the left flank . - In the sector occupied by 1st Commonwealth Division , Chinese communist forces were dug into a group of hills overlooking the Imjin River . The division faced 6 @,@ 000 troops from the Chinese Division , 64th Army under the overall command of . The Chinese forces were divided into three regiments of about 2 @,@ 000 men each , with two regiments dug @-@ in in well prepared defensive positions with overhead protection , and a third regiment in support . The 28th Brigade faced one of the two forward regiments — the Regiment — which was deployed with one battalion on Hill 355 , a second battalion Hill 217 and Hill 317 , and a third battalion in reserve to the west . - The task allocated to the British Commonwealth force was to take these positions with the intention of advancing the line from the southern bank of the Imjin to a line of hills to the north , in total an objective that stretched more than 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) . The primary objectives of the advance would be the capture of Kowang @-@ San ( Hill 355 ) and Maryang San ( Hill 317 ) and the task of taking these positions was allocated to the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade , with this formation bearing the brunt of the fighting . planned on capturing the Jamestown Line in three phases . In the first phase , scheduled for 3 October , the 28th Brigade would take Hill 355 in the east @-@ central sector . During the second phase , on 4 October , the 25th Brigade would assault the two Hill 187 features and the south @-@ western ridge running to the River . Lastly during the third phase , scheduled for 5 October , the 28th Brigade would capture Hills 217 and 317 . As such , the bulk of the division 's strength would be concentrated on the right flank , to be held by the 28th Brigade ; meanwhile , the 25th Brigade would hold the left flank and the 29th Brigade would be held in reserve while providing a battalion to each of the other brigades as reinforcements . - Kowang @-@ San would be assaulted during the first phase by 1 KOSB with 1 and 3 RAR in support , while Maryang San would be taken in the third phase of the operation by 3 RAR and the 1st Battalion , Royal Northumberland Fusiliers ( 1 RNF ) , who were under commander from 29th Brigade for the duration of Operation Commando . reconnaissance and planning took place in the week prior to the commencement of the operation and Taylor emphasised the use of indirect fires , air support and infiltration tactics to limit casualties , as well as the exploitation of weak points in the Chinese defences . In direct support of the brigade was 16th Field Regiment , Royal New Zealand Artillery with its 3 @.@ 45 @-@ inch ( 88 mm ) 25 @-@ pounder field guns , in addition to divisional and corps assets which included 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch ( 110 mm ) mortars , 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) howitzers and 155 @-@ millimetre ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) heavy artillery ; in total more than 120 guns and mortars . Also in support were two British Centurion tank squadrons from the 8th Royal Irish Hussars . - - = = = Preliminary operations = = = - - Given the primary task of capturing Hill 317 , Hassett studied the approaches from the air and the ground . Two previous attempts to take Maryang San by American troops had been unsuccessful . Regardless , utilising tactics first developed against the Japanese in New Guinea during the Second World War of running along the tops of ridges , he intended to gain the advantage of the high ground , while utilising the cover afforded by the vegetation and the ease of movement along the crest @-@ lines , in order to assault the Chinese positions from unexpected directions . Meanwhile , the Chinese defenders on Maryang San were also testing a newly developed tactic called the " mobile positional defense " , in which only small units were stationed on the hills in order to exhaust the UN attackers , while the bulk of the Chinese defenders would later counterattack before the UN forces could consolidate into their newly gained positions . - However , during the first phase of the operation the Australians would be tasked with capturing a Chinese outpost on Hill 199 to allow tanks and medium machine @-@ guns to provide direct fires onto the northern and eastern slopes of Hill 355 in support of an attack by the Borderers from the south @-@ east . Likewise , the Shropshires would assault and capture Hill 208 . Finally then , two days before the start of Operation Commando , the 28th Brigade crossed the Imjin river to assemble behind the 25th Brigade on 1 October . The following day the 3 RAR , less D Company , and the Borderers moved forward carefully into their assembly areas , ready to advance the following morning . C Company advanced to a position 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) in front of the Canadian positions , north @-@ east of Hill 355 . B Company was 200 metres ( 220 yd ) to the rear . In the afternoon C Company was subjected to heavy shelling , losing one soldier wounded . D Company — under the command of Major Basil — was detached to 25th Brigade to strengthen its extended front , and it would not be available until the afternoon of 3 October . - - = = Battle = = - - - = = = of Hill 199 , 3 October 1951 = = = - - At 03 : 00 on 3 October , B Company 3 RAR moved north 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 2 @,@ 200 yd ) toward Hill 199 , crossing the open valley under the cover of darkness and heavy mist . A Company then moved up behind C Company . Artillery and mortar fire targeted known Chinese artillery positions with counter @-@ battery fire prior to dawn , before switching to support the Borderers in their assault on Hill 355 . Simultaneously , the Shropshires were assaulting Hill 208 and with the support of A Squadron , 8th Royal Irish Hussars they reached the positions without opposition by 06 : 00 . By 08 : 00 B Company had gained the high ground to the north and then proceeded to patrol the short distance to west to the objective which was then taken with three wounded ; five Chinese were killed and one captured . By mid @-@ morning , both the Shropshires and the Australians had successfully captured their objectives . - a counter @-@ attack , the Australians on Hill 199 began digging @-@ in , however no such attack occurred . D Company subsequently returned and was allocated a position between C Company and the Borderers . C and B Companies both received shelling during the day , wounding two men . At 10 : 00 A Company — under Captain Jim Shelton — took over the defence of Hill 199 , and B Company went into reserve behind A Company . According to plan a troop of Centurion tanks and a section of medium machine @-@ guns were then moved up onto Hill 199 and began directing their fire onto the northern slopes of Hill 355 in support of the Borderers . Meanwhile , at 07 : 15 , following preparation by artillery and mortar fire , the lead British assault companies had begun to advance on Hill 355 . However , with the Chinese expecting an assault from that direction , the initial British moves met strong resistance and the Borderers were forced to withdraw and . At 14 : 15 a second assault reached the objectives on the lower slopes , and these gains were consolidated by nightfall . - The attack was now behind schedule . Indeed , the Borderers were still more than 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) short of their final objective , and with stubborn resistance being encountered during the initial phase , Hill 355 would now not be secured until the afternoon of 4 October . The assault was being slowed by two positions on the northeast slopes of Hill 355 — known as Hill 220 — from which the Chinese held the British right flank in enfilade . C Company 3 RAR would be detached to assist the attack on Kowang @-@ San the next morning , with the Australians tasked with outflanking the Chinese defences and capturing this position . Heavy Chinese artillery fire had also slowed progress with more than 2 @,@ 500 rounds falling in the 28th Brigade area in the previous twenty @-@ four hours , although this total was many times over by the weight of allied artillery fired across the brigade front , which included 22 @,@ rounds . On the division 's left flank , the delay also meant that the Canadian attack scheduled for 06 : 00 the next day in the 25th Brigade sector would have to be postponed until 11 : 00 , due to the continuing requirement to use the divisional artillery in support of 28th Brigade . - - = = = of Hill 220 and the fall of Kowang @-@ San , 4 October 1951 = = = - - On 4 October , C Company 3 RAR — under the command of Major Jack — attacked the long spur running east from the peak of Hill 355 , known as Hill 220 . their assault at 09 : 00 , the Australians quickly killed or drove off the defenders before pressing on up the spur and routing the remainder of a Chinese company . Reaching their objectives by 10 : 00 , the Australians then took advantage of the initiative gained so far , pushing a platoon towards the summit of Hill 355 . Amid heavy fighting , the Australians cleared the eastern slopes of Kowang @-@ San by 12 : 00 , despite having received no orders to do so . Thirteen Chinese were killed and three captured in the fighting , while Australian casualties included 11 wounded , one of whom subsequently died . was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) for his leadership . C Company withdrew to the rear of the 3 RAR position and were replaced by D Company , who occupied the position held by A Company 500 metres ( 550 yd ) north of Hill 199 . Meanwhile , led by a , the Borderers made a simultaneous assault up the western face of Kowang @-@ San , and fearing they may be caught between two attacks the Chinese defenders abandoned Hill 355 , withdrawing northwest under heavy indirect fire . - Given the strong resistance exhibited by the Chinese , the Canadians expected a tough fight as 25th Brigade prepared to assault its objectives as part of the second phase of the divisional plan . Yet with the loss of Hill 355 and 210 the Chinese unexpectedly withdrew from their well @-@ prepared defensive positions , with Hill 159 and 175 captured without opposition . Only the 2nd Battalion , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry encountered any opposition before they captured the two Hill 187 features , losing one killed and six wounded during stiff fighting in which 28 Chinese were also killed . Indeed , the ease with which the Canadians had captured their initial objectives allowed them to press on , attaining their final objectives on the Jamestown Line by nightfall . No further resistance was encountered , although heavy Chinese artillery fire caused a number of casualties , including three killed . The Canadians subsequently occupied the positions they were destined to hold for the next twenty @-@ two months of fighting . - Meanwhile , on the 28th Brigade 's left flank the Shropshires met slight resistance , securing Hill 210 southwest of Kowang @-@ San by 10 : 10 . They were then relieved by the Canadians by nightfall in preparation for the third phase of the operation . The brigade plan was now a day behind schedule , although with the unexpected ease experienced by the Canadians , overall , the divisional attack was still running according to plan . However , determined to hold on following the loss of Hill 355 , the Chinese moved in fresh troops , heavily reinforcing a number of positions , including Maryang San . - - = = = Fall of Maryang San , 5 October 1951 = = = - - The final objective was Maryang San , a steep hill rising 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above the valley about 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 2 @,@ 700 yd ) north of Hill 355 . However , following the delay in capturing Hill 355 , Hassett would not be ready to implement his plan until early the next day . As such the third phase would begin on 5 October , with the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers scheduled to attack an intermediate objective — Hill 217 , adjacent Kowang @-@ San — before assisting the Australians assault Hill 317 . The Australians moved into position northeast of Hill 199 on the afternoon of 4 October , while over the night of 4 / 5 October the divisional artillery hit Chinese positions , with two batteries of 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) howitzers and another two 155 @-@ millimetre ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) batteries them . Air strikes by the Mustangs of No. 2 Squadron , South African Air Force were also planned , targeting Chinese concentrations north and west of the objectives to cut @-@ off supplies and reinforcements . Both the Australians and Fusiliers were scheduled to begin their attacks at first light — at 05 : 45 — following a heavy artillery preparation . - In the dark the Fusiliers moved off , but amid dense fog they found it difficult to maintain their bearings and were not in position in time to commence the attack as planned . By 10 : 00 they had struggled to within 300 metres ( 330 yd ) from their objective , and following further delays the assault was commenced at 11 : 00 . After initially achieving surprise a number of the forward Chinese outposts fell to the Fusiliers . strong defensive positions on Hill 217 , the Chinese regained the initiative however , and poured heavy machine @-@ gun and rifle fire onto the attackers as they crossed the valley , forcing them to withdraw after suffering heavy casualties and running low on ammunition . Having expected the main axis of assault from the south , the Chinese positions were stronger than previously considered and the Fusiliers were unable to gain the summit , despite one company gaining a on the summit by midday . - Earlier that morning , at 04 : 45 , B and D Companies 3 RAR had moved north across the valley , while Anti @-@ Tank Platoon crossed the Imjin , taking up positions further north in order to protect the right flank . The assaulting companies would then move west towards a series of objectives before assaulting Hill 317 . Initially 3 RAR was to attack from the east , while 1 RNF would attack from the southwest through Hill 217 , however with the Fusiliers facing stiff resistance on Hill 217 itself they were unable to get forward to assist . The previous attempts to capture Maryang San had failed due to the approach to steep eastern slopes of the feature being across a wide , open valley that was dominated by enfilade fire from mutually supporting Chinese positions . Consequently , the Australians planned to cross the valley under cover of darkness and position themselves on the Chinese flank in the foothills , before scaling the position at first light . A Company would create a diversion on the left flank , while B Company would clear the lower slopes before D Company passed through to assault the Chinese main defensive position , known as the ' Victor ' feature , in a one @-@ up , one @-@ in @-@ depth assault . However , following the casualties of previous nights on Hill 199 , 220 and 355 , and the effect of constant shelling , 3 RAR was now reduced to just 320 men . In contrast , the Australians faced two fresh Chinese battalions on Maryang San , in total about 1 @,@ 200 men . - B Company — commanded by Captain Henry Nicholls — led off in the heavy mist , and with visibility limited in the thick vegetation , it drifted to the right off the intended axis of advance having lost direction , suffering a similar fate as the Fusiliers . , the assaulting companies became separated and the battalion attack turned into a series of independent company attacks . D Company slowly continued forward however , and when the mist lifted suddenly at 11 : 20 they were left dangerously exposed still only halfway up the slope to their objective . The Australian approach had surprised the Chinese however , who were apparently expecting the assault from the north , and D Company succeeded in closing to within grenade range of the Chinese on Victor . During a fierce twenty @-@ minute fire @-@ fight the Australians cleared their first objective with the assistance of direct fire from supporting tanks , and indirect fire support from artillery , losing three killed and 12 wounded . Included among the Australian wounded was the company commander and one of the platoon commanders , both of whom remained in command despite gunshot wounds . Chinese losses included 30 killed and 10 captured . - During the initial phase A Company had attacked southwest along a spur leading to Hill 317 and had met stiff opposition . The diversion was largely successful however , causing the Chinese to reinforce against the attack , which they believed to be the main effort . Meanwhile , D Company continued to press their attack along the high ground towards the ' ' feature , assaulting the deeply entrenched Chinese positions , which included heavy automatic weapons . By 16 : 00 it had successfully captured the last of the intermediate objectives assigned to it and a platoon from B Company was pushed forward to assist in the clearance of the feature . Later , Lieutenant Clark was awarded the Military Cross while Sergeant Rowlinson was awarded a bar to his Distinguished Conduct Medal for their actions during the fighting . By this time total Chinese casualties included 98 killed and 40 captured , while the Australians believed that a large number of Chinese had also been wounded . Following the progress of B and D Companies , C Company was moved up behind them and with the capture of final objective they immediately commenced an assault on Hill 317 , capturing 10 prisoners for no loss . Although the Chinese had been well dug @-@ in , there were no barbed wire obstacles to hamper the attackers and the Australians had rapidly gained the position . By 17 : 00 , Maryang San had fallen to the Australians , with the Chinese withdrawing under heavy artillery , mortar and machine @-@ gun fire . - On Hill 217 the Fusiliers had maintained the pressure on the Chinese throughout the day , however they were still unable to capture the feature . Regardless , the efforts of the Fusiliers in conjunction with A Company 's diversionary attack and the rapid advance of D Company with tank and artillery support had carried the day . A Company continued to attack against heavy opposition and indirect fire , slowly pushing the Chinese defenders back . Later , a platoon was detached to assist C Company consolidate the defence of Maryang San following its capture , while the remaining two platoons were withdrawn , again under heavy artillery fire . Indeed , although it had played a supporting role in the attack , the efforts of A Company had been vital , suffering 20 casualties while killing at least 25 Chinese and capturing two . Now with Maryang San captured the Australians began digging @-@ in , the south @-@ facing linear Chinese trench system into an all @-@ round defensive position with mutually supporting weapons pits . Fully expecting a Chinese counter @-@ attack that evening , moved the Assault Pioneer Platoon to bolster the hasty defences . Meanwhile , the Chinese still occupied three key positions — the ' Sierra ' feature , the ' Hinge ' and the summit of Hill 317 itself — which they continued to furiously defend . These would be the scene of considerable fighting in the days to come as the Australians attempted to clear them . - - = = = The Hinge , 6 – 8 October 1951 = = = - - With both sides exhausted from the fighting the night of 5 / 6 October was less eventful than expected , and the Australians used the opportunity to develop their position . To add further depth to their defences and to probe the Chinese positions , Taylor ordered the Australians to capture the central remaining Chinese position , the Sierra feature — a wooded knoll halfway between the summit of Maryang San and the Hinge — the next day . Meanwhile , the Fusiliers would renew their attack on Hill 217 . The southern approach to Hill 217 had proved to be too strongly defended by the Chinese and it became obvious that if it was to be overcome Taylor would need to split the fire of its defenders . To do this the high ground to the north @-@ west of Maryang San , known as the Hinge , would be vital . Indeed , adjacent to Hill 217 , the Hinge dominated it from the north . As such for the next assault , planned for the morning , the Fusiliers would detach their reserve company to attack the Hinge from the east , using the Australian positions on Maryang San as a firm base and thereby allowing them to outflank their opponents on Hill 217 . - At 07 : 00 on 6 October , 9 Platoon C Company — under the command of Lieutenant Arthur — moved forward to Sierra , using the heavy mist to conceal their movements . Under @-@ strength and not expecting the feature to be occupied , instead the Australians found a large number of Chinese in well prepared defensive positions . Without fire support and outnumbered , the Australians immediately conducted a quick attack and , using grenades and bayonets , they inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese before forcing the survivors to withdraw . Although subjected to constant shelling , 9 Platoon continued to hold the knoll , several counterattacks over the next 13 hours , cutting down each assault through the tree @-@ line and long grass with accurate rifle and machine @-@ gun fire , forcing the Chinese to withdraw leaving their dead and wounded behind . One Australian was killed in the initial assault on Sierra , while a number were later wounded during the defence . Chinese casualties included 19 killed , 30 wounded and seven captured . was later awarded the Military Cross . - During the day the Fusiliers again assaulted Hill 217 from the south , and attempted to work their way around the eastern and western flanks of the feature . Despite preparation by the divisional artillery and the 3 RAR Machine Gun Platoon firing their Vickers medium machine @-@ guns in support from Maryang San , the Fusiliers were unable to make progress due to Chinese machine @-@ guns located in bunkers at the top of their objective . Meanwhile , their flanking movements were also blocked by Chinese small arms and grenades . 1 RNF had now taken over 100 casualties during two days of fighting and by the afternoon they were a spent force . the Fusiliers ' weakness , the Chinese then launched their own assault , forcing them to withdraw in contact . Previous plans for an assault on the Hinge had not occurred due to issues with resupply and the dangerous approach march that would have been required . Again , despite their efforts , the Fusiliers had failed to capture their objective . It seemed that the only way to finally secure Hill 217 was along the ridge from Hill 317 , via the Hinge , and as such the Australians would be tasked with capturing the Hinge the following day . B Company was subsequently allocated the attack . In preparation , they ascended Hill 317 late in the afternoon of 6 October , finally securing the crest , and at last light joined 9 Platoon on the knoll northwest of the summit where they would form up the next day to conduct the assault . - In the early hours of 7 October the allied artillery and mortar bombardment began , targeting Chinese positions on the Hinge . Hassett moved the 3 RAR tactical headquarters on to Hill 317 just before the assaulting troops stepped off the line of departure , allowing him to direct the battle from a forward position and to co @-@ fire support . Waiting for the fog to lift so that the artillery could fire until the last safe moment , the attack finally began at 08 : 00 . B Company moved off down the , with two @-@ up and one @-@ in @-@ depth , using the trees and long grass for concealment . Initially it seemed that the Chinese had withdrawn during the night , when suddenly the lead Australian platoons were by small arms fire from their rear . A series of intense fire @-@ fights ensued as the Australians fought back and by 09 : 20 the Hinge finally fell , with the Australians losing two killed and 20 wounded . Chinese casualties included more than 20 killed . As a result of the fighting Captain Henry Nicholls and Lieutenant Jim Hughes were awarded the Military Cross , while J. Park and Bosworth were awarded the Military Medal . Yet even as the surviving Chinese withdrew , artillery and mortar fire began to fall on the Hinge . B Company moved quickly to consolidate the position , but were hampered by the shelling , while they now faced a pressing shortage of ammunition and difficulties evacuating their casualties . - For the remainder of the day B Company was subjected to intense indirect fire on the Hinge , as was C Company on Hill 317 . The Anti @-@ Tank Platoon and Assault Pioneer Platoon reinforced C Company , with a platoon of C Company moved forward to the Hinge to support B Company . At 20 : 00 both the Hinge and Hill 317 were again heavily shelled for 45 minutes , the beginning of the inevitable Chinese counterattack . Heavy mist concealed the Chinese advance , and this assisted many to penetrate the Australian perimeter . Throughout the night of 7 / 8 October the Hinge was attacked on three occasions from both the front and the flanks by a force of battalion strength , however the Australians beat back the Chinese in desperate hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . The Chinese swept forward , but were stopped by intense small arms and artillery fire . During one such assault Sergeant P.J. O 'Connell , on seeing one of his platoon 's Bren gunners wounded , manned the light machine @-@ gun himself , breaking up a Chinese assault , while controlling the fire of the men around him . Meanwhile , Sergeant Strong arranged the resupply of ammunition to the forward Australian sections . Both were awarded the Military Medal . - The intensity of the fighting had led to a severe shortage of ammunition among the defenders , and attempts to resupply the Australians were plagued by heavy shelling . The use of salvaged ammunition the situation momentarily after one of B Company 's two Vickers medium machine @-@ guns was destroyed by Chinese shelling , and its ammunition belts were subsequently broken up and dispersed among the riflemen . However , this soon resulted in a large number of mechanical failures and weapon , causing additional problems for the defenders . The evacuation of casualties was again an issue , and the Assault Pioneer Platoon — commanded by Lieutenant Jock McCormick — was used as stretcher bearers and to run ammunition forward , as were a number of the other specialist platoons . Their ammunition nearly exhausted , the Australians resorted to kicking and many of the attacking Chinese during the brutal fighting . Fearing the Australians would be overwhelmed by the persistent Chinese attacks , Taylor ordered the Borderers and Shropshires to detach their Korean porters to resupply the Australians , while a full divisional concentration of artillery was fired in support of 3 RAR . - Ultimately , B Company succeeded in holding their hastily constructed defensive positions throughout the night and until 05 : 00 on 8 October when the Chinese finally gave up . In order to preserve its remaining strength , the Chinese Division was forced to pull back by 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) , surrendering the control of Hill 217 without a fight . At first light more than 120 Chinese dead and wounded lay around the Australian defences and in contrast to the savage fighting during the night , Chinese stretcher parties were allowed to come forward and collect their wounded under a flag of truce . The Australians had been victorious but were now exhausted after five days of heavy fighting . - - = = Aftermath = = - - - = = = Casualties = = = - - Four hours later , at 09 : 00 , 3 RAR was relieved on Maryang San and the Hinge by the Borderers , having lost 20 killed and 104 wounded . Chinese casualties on Hill 317 had been severe , with at least 283 killed ( determined by body count ) and another 50 captured , while hundreds more were thought likely to have been killed and wounded . Later it was estimated that the Australians had destroyed at least two Chinese battalions during the five @-@ day battle . 1 RNF once more advanced against Hill 217 , this time without opposition , sending patrols to confirm that the Chinese had withdrawn . They were met by patrols from 1 KOSB on the Hinge , with the Borderers taking control of the area at 11 : 00 . Hill 217 was latter occupied on 9 October by the Borderers . The 3 RAR Assault Pioneer Platoon , the Anti @-@ Tank Platoon and a platoon from C Company remained on Maryang San however , and during the evening of 8 / 9 October the Pioneers killed four Chinese during a probe on their position . They were finally relieved on 9 October . For his leadership , Hassett was immediately awarded the DSO , while a number of awards were also made to others that had distinguished themselves during the fighting . The Royal Australian Regiment was subsequently granted the battle honours " Kowang @-@ San " and " Maryang San " . Today , the First Battle of Maryang San is widely regarded as one of the Australian Army 's greatest accomplishments of the Korean War . - - = = = Assessment = = = - - During the battle , the British Commonwealth logistic system proved robust enough to bear the strain of the fighting without serious disruption , although problems were experienced . Despite difficulties , an adequate flow of ammunition , equipment , food and water was maintained , although there were occasions when the Australians endured thirst and hunger for several hours . 3 RAR used 900 @,@ 000 rounds of small arms , 5 @,@ 000 grenades and 7 @,@ 000 mortar rounds during the five @-@ day battle , all of which was moved in man @-@ loads by Korean Service Corps porters and Australian soldiers over long distances and extreme terrain , often while under fire . These resupply operations had required considerable effort and bravery to effect , and a number of Korean porters were killed and wounded at Maryang San . - Indeed , the evacuation of casualties and the resupply of ammunition at times proved problematic , and heavy shelling and sniper fire disrupted stretcher parties and porters on a number of occasions , resulting in the forward companies running short of ammunition . Meanwhile , the quality of support given to the British and Australian infantry by the artillery and tanks was of a high standard and proved a critical factor . Indeed , the tanks had often operated in terrain to which they were unsuited , while the New Zealand gunners had fired over 50 @,@ 000 rounds in direct support of 3 RAR , blistering the paint off the barrels of their guns . Air support , including that provided by the South African Mustangs , had been important throughout . - The battle was also noted for the pioneering use of tunnel warfare by the Chinese in the Korean War . During the fighting , a company of Chinese soldiers had defended their positions from a U @-@ shaped tunnel capable of housing 100 men , which had served as both a bomb shelter and a base for counterattacks . The company leader later claimed that the tunnel enabled the defenders to inflict 700 UN casualties while suffering only 21 casualties in return . Impressed by the report , the commander of the People 's Volunteer Army , , later ordered the construction of 30 @-@ metre ( 98 ft ) deep tunnels along the entire front line , and it formed a formidable obstacle for UN forces to overcome during the stalemate period . - - = = = Subsequent operations = = = - - Operation Commando finally ended on 15 October with the US I Corps having successfully seized the Jamestown Line and destroying elements of the 42nd , 47th , 64th and 65th Chinese Armies . Chinese losses were estimated at 21 @,@ 000 casualties , while UN losses were 4 @,@ 000 — the majority of them in the US 1st Cavalry Division which had borne the brunt of the fighting . Although a few hills south of the line remained in communist hands — requiring a follow @-@ up operation known as Operation which succeeded in capturing these positions by 19 October — UN supply lines near Seoul were now free from Chinese interdiction . With the peace @-@ talks ongoing , these operations proved to be last actions in the war of manoeuvre , which had lasted the previous sixteen months . It was replaced by a static war characterised by fixed defences , trench lines , bunkers , patrols , parties and minefields reminiscent of the Western Front in 1915 – 17 . Construction of defensive localities began almost immediately , although such operations were confined to the reverse slopes during the day due to artillery and mortar fire which made such operations hazardous . Patrolling forward of the Jamestown Line also began in order to prevent the Chinese from gaining control of no land . Yet even as the war became a contest of positional warfare and , growing western political ensured that UN commanders were increasingly of limiting casualties . - Total casualties among the 1st Commonwealth Division during Operation Commando amounted to 58 killed and 262 wounded , the bulk of which had occurred during the fighting for Hill 217 and Hill 317 . Indeed , in addition to the heavy casualties suffered by 3 RAR , 1 RNF had lost 16 killed and 94 wounded . The Chinese 64th Army later received a commendation for keeping their casualties " light " , despite some estimates placing its casualties at higher than 3 @,@ 000 . Throughout the operation 3 RAR had played a crucial role , and in a bold series of holding and flanking movements , coordinated with accurate and sustained artillery and direct tank fire , it had driven the Chinese from both Kowang @-@ San and Maryang San . They had then held the key position against several unsuccessful counterattacks before forcing the Chinese to retire . A month later Maryang San was subsequently by the Chinese from the Borderers amid fierce fighting at the Second Battle of Maryang San , for which Private Bill was later awarded the Victoria Cross . It was not re @-@ gained , and remained in Chinese hands until the end of the war . - - - = Ulysses ( poem ) = - - " Ulysses " is a poem in blank verse by the Victorian poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson ( 1809 – 1892 ) , written in 1833 and published in 1842 in his well @-@ received second volume of poetry . An oft @-@ quoted poem , it is popularly used to illustrate the dramatic monologue form . Facing old age , mythical hero Ulysses describes his discontent and restlessness upon returning to his kingdom , Ithaca , after his far @-@ ranging travels . Despite his reunion with his wife Penelope and son Telemachus , Ulysses to explore again . - The character of Ulysses ( in Greek , Odysseus ) has been explored widely in literature . The adventures of Odysseus were first recorded in Homer 's and Odyssey ( c . 800 – 700 BC ) , and Tennyson draws on Homer 's narrative in the poem . Most critics , however , find that Tennyson 's Ulysses recalls Dante 's Ulisse in his Inferno ( c . ) . In Dante 's re @-@ telling , Ulisse is condemned to hell among the false , both for his pursuit of knowledge beyond human bounds and for his adventures in disregard of his family . - For much of this poem 's history , readers viewed Ulysses as resolute and heroic , him for his determination " To strive , to seek , to find , and not to yield " . The view that Tennyson intended a heroic character is supported by his statements about the poem , and by the events in his life — the death of his closest friend — that prompted him to write it . In the twentieth century , some new interpretations of " Ulysses " highlighted potential in the poem . They argued , for example , that Ulysses wishes to abandon his kingdom and family , and they questioned more positive assessments of Ulysses ' character by demonstrating how he resembles flawed protagonists in earlier literature . - - = = Synopsis and structure = = - - As the poem begins , Ulysses has returned to his kingdom , Ithaca , having made a long journey home after fighting in the War . again by domestic life , Ulysses expresses his lack of contentment , including his indifference toward the " savage race " ( line 4 ) whom he governs . Ulysses contrasts his present restlessness with his heroic past , and contemplates his old age and eventual death — " Life on life / Were all too little , and of one to me / Little remains " ( 24 – 26 ) — and longs for further experience and knowledge . His son Telemachus will inherit the throne that Ulysses finds burdensome . While Ulysses thinks that Telemachus will be a good king — " Most blameless is he , centred in the sphere / Of common duties " ( 39 ) — he seems to have lost any connection to his son — " He works his work , I mine " ( 43 ) — and the conventional methods of governing — " by slow prudence " and " through soft degrees " ( 36 , 37 ) . In the final section , Ulysses turns to his fellow mariners and calls on them to join him on another quest , making no guarantees as to their fate but attempting to their heroic past : - - = = = = = = - - The speaker 's language is unadorned but forceful , and it expresses Ulysses ' conflicting moods as he searches for continuity between his past and future . There is often a marked contrast between the sentiment of Ulysses ' words and the sounds that express them . For example , the poem 's iambic is often interrupted by spondees ( feet that consist of two long syllables ) ; such language slows the poem ( and in other places may cast doubt upon the reliability of Ulysses ' utterances ) : - Observing their burdensome effect , the poet Matthew Arnold remarked , " these three lines by themselves take up nearly as much time as a whole book of the . " Many of the poem 's clauses carry over into the following line ; these emphasize Ulysses ' restlessness and dissatisfaction . - - = = = Form = = = - - The poem 's seventy lines of blank verse are presented as a dramatic monologue . Scholars disagree on how Ulysses ' speech functions in this format ; it is not necessarily clear to whom Ulysses is speaking , if anyone , and from what location . Some see the verse turning from a to a public address , as Ulysses seems to speak to himself in the first movement , then to turn to an audience as he introduces his son , and then to relocate to the where he addresses his mariners . In this interpretation , the comparatively direct and honest language of the first movement is set against the more politically minded tone of the last two movements . For example , the second paragraph ( 33 – 43 ) about Telemachus , in which Ulysses muses again about domestic life , is a " revised version [ of lines 1 – 5 ] for public consumption " : a " savage race " is revised to a " rugged people " . - The ironic interpretations of " Ulysses " may be the result of the modern tendency to consider the narrator of a dramatic monologue as necessarily " unreliable " . According to critic Dwight , the poem has been a victim of readings in which the reader expects to reconstruct the truth from a misleading narrator 's accidental revelations . ( the more obvious use of this approach in Robert 's " My Last Duchess " . ) himself views " Ulysses " as a dialectic in which the speaker weighs the virtues of a contemplative and an active approach to life ; Ulysses moves through four emotional stages that are self @-@ , not ironic : beginning with his rejection of the barren life to which he has returned in Ithaca , he then fondly recalls his heroic past , recognizes the validity of Telemachus ' method of governing , and with these thoughts plans another journey . - - = = = Publication history = = = - - Tennyson completed the poem on 20 October 1833 , but it was not published until 1842 , in his second collection of Poems . Unlike many of Tennyson 's other important poems , " Ulysses " was not revised after its publication . - Tennyson originally blocked out the poem in four paragraphs , broken before lines 6 , 33 and 44 . In this structure , the first and third paragraphs are thematically parallel , but may be read as interior and exterior monologues , respectively . However , the poem is often printed with the first paragraph break omitted . - - = = = = - - - = = = elements = = = - - Tennyson penned " Ulysses " after the death of his close Cambridge friend , the poet Arthur Henry Hallam ( 1811 – 1833 ) , with whom Tennyson had a strong emotional bond . The two friends had spent much time discussing poetry and philosophy , writing verse , and travelling in southern France , the Pyrenees , and Germany . Tennyson considered Hallam destined for greatness , perhaps as a statesman . - When Tennyson heard on 1 October 1833 of his friend 's death , he was living in , Lincolnshire , in cramped quarters with his mother and nine of his ten siblings . His father had died in 1831 , requiring Tennyson to return home and take responsibility for the family . Tennyson 's friends were becoming increasingly concerned about his mental and physical health during this time . The family had little income , and three of Tennyson 's brothers were mentally ill . Just as Tennyson 's outlook was improving — he was adjusting to his new domestic duties , regaining contact with friends , and had published his 1832 book of poems — the news of Hallam 's death arrived . Tennyson shared his grief with his sister , Emily , who had been engaged to Hallam . - According to Victorian scholar Linda Hughes , the emotional gulf between the state of his domestic affairs and the loss of his special friendship informs the reading of " Ulysses " — particularly its treatment of domesticity . At one moment , Ulysses ' discontent seems to mirror that of Tennyson , who would have been frustrated with managing the house in such a state of grief . At the next , Ulysses is determined to transcend his age and his environment by travelling again . It may be that Ulysses ' determination to defy circumstance attracted Tennyson to the myth ; he said that the poem " gave my feeling about the need of going forward and the struggle of life " . On another occasion , the poet stated , " There is more about myself in Ulysses , which was written under the sense of loss and that all had gone by , but that still life must be fought out to the end . It was more written with the feeling of his loss upon me than many poems in In . " Hallam 's death influenced much of Tennyson 's poetry , including perhaps his most highly regarded work , In , begun in 1833 and completed seventeen years later . - Other critics find stylistic between the poem and its author that make " Ulysses " exceptional . W. W. Robson writes , " Tennyson , the responsible social being , the serious and ' committed ' individual , is strenuous sentiments in the accent of Tennyson the most un @-@ strenuous , lonely and poignant of poets . " He finds that Tennyson 's two widely noted , the " responsible social being " and the melancholic poet , meet uniquely in " Ulysses " , yet seem not to recognize each other within the text . - - = = = Literary context = = = - - Tennyson adopts aspects of the Ulysses character and narrative from many sources ; his treatment of Ulysses is the first modern account . The ancient Greek poet Homer introduced Ulysses ( Odysseus in Greek ) , and many later poets took up the character , including , Horace , Dante , William Shakespeare , and Alexander Pope . Homer 's Odyssey provides the poem 's narrative background : in its eleventh book the prophet that Ulysses will return to Ithaca after a difficult voyage , then begin a new , mysterious voyage , and later die a peaceful , " " death that comes vaguely " from the sea " . At the conclusion of Tennyson 's poem , his Ulysses is contemplating undertaking this new voyage . - Tennyson 's character , however , is not the lover of public affairs seen in Homer 's poems . Rather , " Ulisse " from Dante 's Inferno is Tennyson 's main source for the character , which has an important effect on the poem 's interpretation . Ulisse recalls his voyage in the Inferno 's 26th , in which he is condemned to the Eighth Circle of false for his gift of reason . Dante treats Ulisse , with his " zeal … / T the world " , as an evil who lusts for adventure at the expense of his family and his duties in Ithaca . Tennyson projects this zeal into Ulysses ' desire for knowledge : - The poet 's intention to recall the Homeric character remains evident in certain passages . " I am become a name " ( 11 ) recalls an episode in the Odyssey in which sings about Odysseus ' adventures in the king 's presence , acknowledging his fame . With phrases such as " There the dark broad seas " ( 45 ) and " The deep / round with many voices " ( 55 – 56 ) , Tennyson seems to be consciously invoking Homer . - Critics have also noted the influence of Shakespeare in two passages . In the early movement , the savage race " That hoard , and sleep , and feed , and know not me " ( 5 ) echoes Hamlet 's : " What is a man , / If his chief good and market of his time / Be but to sleep and feed ? A beast , no more . " Tennyson 's " How dull it is to pause , to make an end , / To rust ’ d , not to shine in use ! " ( 22 – 23 ) recalls Shakespeare 's Ulysses in and ( c . ) : - The last movement of " Ulysses " , which is among the most familiar passages in nineteenth @-@ century English @-@ language poetry , presents decisive evidence of the influence of Dante . Ulysses turns his attention from himself and his kingdom and speaks of ports , seas , and his mariners . The strains of discontent and weakness in old age remain throughout the poem , but Tennyson finally leaves Ulysses " To strive , to seek , to find , and not to yield " ( 70 ) , recalling the desire for knowledge beyond all bounds . The words of Dante 's character as he his men to the journey find parallel in those of Tennyson 's Ulysses , who calls his men to join him on one last voyage . Quoting Dante 's Ulisse : - However , critics note that in the Homeric narrative , Ulysses ' original mariners are dead . A significant irony therefore develops from Ulysses ' speech to his sailors — " Come , my friends , / ' Tis not too late to seek a newer world " ( 56 – 57 ) . Since Dante 's Ulisse has already undertaken this voyage and recounts it in the Inferno , Ulysses ' entire monologue can be envisioned as his recollection while situated in Hell . - - = = = From affirmation to irony = = = - - The degree to which Tennyson identifies with Ulysses has provided one of the great debates among scholars of the poem . Critics who find that Tennyson identifies with the speaker read Ulysses ' speech " " , or without irony . Many other interpretations of the poem have developed from the argument that Tennyson does not identify with Ulysses , and further criticism has suggested that the purported inconsistencies in Ulysses ' character are the fault of the poet himself . - Key to the reading of " Ulysses " is the biographical context of the poem . Such a reading takes into account Tennyson 's statements about writing the poem — " the need of going forward " — and considers that he would not undermine Ulysses ' determination with irony when he needed a similar to face life after Hallam 's death . Ulysses is thus seen as an heroic character whose determination to seek " some work of noble note " ( 52 ) is courageous in the face of a " still hearth " ( 2 ) and old age . The passion and conviction of Tennyson 's language — and even his own comments on the poem — signify that the poet , as was typical in the Victorian age , admired courage and persistence . Read , " Ulysses " promotes the spirit of youth , even in old age , and a refusal to resign and face life passively . - Until the early twentieth century , readers reacted to " Ulysses " . The meaning of the poem was increasingly debated as Tennyson 's stature rose . After F. Baum criticized Ulysses ' inconsistencies and Tennyson 's conception of the poem in 1948 , the ironic interpretation became dominant . Baum finds in Ulysses echoes of Lord Byron 's flawed heroes , who similarly display conflicting emotions , self @-@ critical , and a rejection of social responsibility . Even Ulysses ' resolute final — " To strive , to seek , to find , and not to yield " — is undercut by irony , when Baum and later critics compare this line to Satan 's " courage never to submit or yield " in John Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) . - Ulysses ' apparent disdain for those around him is another of the ironic perspective . He declares that he is " matched with an aged wife " ( 3 ) , indicates his weariness in governing a " savage race " ( 4 ) , and suggests his philosophical distance from his son Telemachus . A skeptical reading of the second paragraph finds it a condescending tribute to Telemachus and a rejection of his " slow prudence " ( 36 ) . However , the adjectives used to describe Telemachus — " blameless " , " discerning " , and " decent " — are words with positive connotations in other of Tennyson 's poetry and within the classical tradition , where " blameless " is an attribute of gods and heroes . - Critic E. J. argued in 1954 that Ulysses is without faith in an afterlife , and that Tennyson uses a " method of " to affirm the need for religious faith by showing how Ulysses ' lack of faith leads to his neglect of kingdom and family . regards the poem as " " in Tennyson 's canon , but finds that the poem 's meaning resolves itself when this is understood : it illustrates Tennyson 's conviction that " religious sanctions and ' submitting all things to desire ' leads to either a or a brutal of responsibility and ' life ' . " - Other ironic readings have found Ulysses longing for withdrawal , even death , in the form of his proposed quest . In noting the sense of in the poem , critics highlight Tennyson 's tendency toward the melancholic . T. S. Eliot opines that " Tennyson could not tell a story at all " . He finds Dante 's treatment of Ulysses exciting , while Tennyson 's piece is " an elegiac mood " . " Ulysses " is found lacking in narrative action ; the hero 's goal is vague , and by the poem 's famous last line , it is not clear for what he is " striving " , or to what he refuses to yield . According to Victorian scholar Herbert Tucker , Tennyson 's characters " move " through time and space to be moved . To Ulysses , experience is " somewhere out there " , - - = = Legacy = = - - - = = = Contemporary appraisal and = = = - - The contemporary reviews of " Ulysses " were positive and found no irony in the poem . Author John Sterling — like Tennyson a member of the Cambridge Apostles — wrote in the Quarterly Review in 1842 , " How superior is ' Ulysses ' ! There is in this work a delightful epic tone , and a clear impassioned wisdom quietly carving its sage words and graceful figures on pale but lasting marble . " Tennyson 's 1842 volume of poetry impressed Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle . Quoting three lines of " Ulysses " in an 1842 letter to Tennyson — - — Carlyle remarked , " These lines do not make me , but there is in me what would fill whole as I read . " - English theologian Richard Holt Hutton summarized the poem as Tennyson 's " friendly picture of the for new experience , enterprise , and adventure , when under the control of a luminous reason and a self @-@ controlled will . " The contemporary poet Matthew Arnold was early in observing the narrative irony of the poem : he found Ulysses ' speech " the least plain , the most un @-@ Homeric , which can possibly be conceived . Homer presents his thought to you just as it wells from the source of his mind : Mr. Tennyson carefully his thought before he will part with it . Hence comes ... a heightened and elaborate air . " - Despite the critical acclaim " Ulysses " received , its rise within the Tennyson canon took decades . Tennyson did not usually select it for publication in poetry anthologies ; in teaching anthologies , however , the poem was usually included — and it remains a popular teaching poem today . Its current prominence in Tennyson 's is the result of two trends , according to Tennyson scholar Matthew Rowlinson : the rise of formal English poetry studies in the late nineteenth century , and the Victorian effort to articulate a British culture that could be exported . He argues that " Ulysses " forms part of the prehistory of imperialism — a term that only appeared in the language in 1851 . The protagonist sounds like a " colonial administrator " , and his reference to seeking a newer world ( 57 ) echoes the phrase " New World " , which became common during the Renaissance . While " Ulysses " cannot be read as overtly , Tennyson 's later work as Poet Laureate sometimes argues for the value of Britain 's colonies , or was accused of . Rowlinson the Marxist theorist Louis 's extension of the argument that ideology is , finding that Tennyson 's poem " comes before an ideological construction for which it nonetheless makes people nostalgic " . - - = = = Literary and cultural legacy = = = - - In a 1929 essay , T. S. Eliot called " Ulysses " a " perfect poem " . An of Ulysses is found in Eliot 's " " ( 1920 ) . Both poems are narrated by an aged man contemplating life 's end . An excerpt from " " reads as an ironic comment on the introductory lines of " Ulysses " : - The Italian poet Giovanni ( 1855 – 1912 ) stated that his long lyric poem L was an attempt to reconcile the portrayals of Ulysses in Dante and Tennyson with 's prophecy that Ulysses would die " a mild death off the sea " . 's Ulysses leaves Ithaca to his epic voyage rather than begin another . - " Ulysses " remains much admired , even as the twentieth century brought new interpretations of the poem . Professor of literature Basil commented in 1956 , " In ' Ulysses ' the sense that he must press on and not in idleness is expressed , through the classical story , and not as his own experience . [ Tennyson ] comes here as near perfection in the grand manner as he ever did ; the poem is flawless in tone from beginning to end ; spare , grave , free from excessive decoration , and full of firmly controlled feeling . " In the fifteenth edition of Bartlett 's ( 1980 ) , nine sections of " Ulysses " , comprising 36 of the poem 's 70 lines , are quoted , compared to only six in the ninth edition ( 1891 ) . - Many readers have accepted the acclaimed last lines of " Ulysses " as inspirational . The poem 's ending line has also been used as a motto by schools and other organisations . U.S. Senator Robert Francis Kennedy quoted the three last lines at the end of his speech " On the of Violence " in America a day after the assassination of Martin Luther King . The final line is inscribed on a cross at Observation Hill , Antarctica , to commemorate explorer Robert Falcon Scott and his party , who died on their return trek from the South Pole in 1912 : - - - = The Food Album = - - The Food Album is a compilation album by American singer @-@ songwriter " Weird Al " Yankovic , released on June 22 , 1993 by Scotti Brothers Records . The release features ten of Yankovic 's song parodies , all of which to food . A similar album , The TV Album , which features songs entirely about television , would be released two years later . - The album was begrudgingly released by Yankovic , who felt that the compilation was unnecessary and merely a way for his record label to make money . Several food @-@ related songs that Yankovic had recorded , such as " Girls Just Want to Have Lunch " and " Waffle King " were left off the record , although the former was due to personal preference , while the latter was due to scheduling issues . - The Food Album received mixed reviews from music critics , many of whom felt that the record was an enjoyable collection of songs , but that it was not an essential record to purchase . Despite the lukewarm reception , the record was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , making it Yankovic 's first and only compilation record to reach this certification . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Music = = = - - The music featured on The Food Album spans a decade , with the earliest songs being recorded in 1982 , and the most recent song being recorded in 1992 . Yankovic 's first eponymous album has two songs featured : " I Love Rocky Road " and " My Bologna " . Both " Eat It " and " Theme from Rocky XIII ( The Rye or the Kaiser ) " were culled from the 1984 release , " Weird Al " Yankovic in 3 @-@ D. " Addicted to Spuds " originally appeared on the 1986 release Polka Party ! , and " Fat " and " " were first featured on Yankovic 's 1988 release Even . " " first was released on the soundtrack to the 1989 film UHF . The final two songs — " The White " and " Grande " — were taken from the 1992 album Off the Deep End . - Notable for its absence is " Girls Just Want to Have Lunch " , from Dare to Be Stupid ( 1985 ) , Yankovic 's only previously released food @-@ related song not to make the album . According to Yankovic , this is due to the fact there is a " royalty ceiling " on the albums and he needed to pick one song to cut from the list in order to turn a profit on the album . " Girls Just Want to Have Lunch " was chosen due to Yankovic 's personal dislike of the song , as his record label had forced him to record it in order to release Dare to Be Stupid back in 1985 . Also absent from the release is " Waffle King . " The song had originally been recorded for Off the Deep End . However , Yankovic decided to swap " Waffle King " with " I Was Only " — a song he had actually recorded for his next album — at the last minute ; this forced Yankovic to " Waffle King " for the time being . The song was later released on " Like Nirvana " single , as well as Yankovic 's eighth studio album , , which was released four months after The Food Album . - - = = = Release = = = - - The album was released by Scotti Brothers Records and was only begrudgingly approved by Yankovic . At the time , Scotti Brothers had insisted on putting out a new album by Yankovic in order to meet monetary projections for the fiscal quarter , despite the fact that no new album was ready ; would not be released until later in the year . The original concept was to release a record entitled Al Unplugged , which would have featured a cover depicting Yankovic holding the for kitchen appliances , but instead of being a live album featuring live performances , it would have featured studio remixes of previously released material , with the electronic instruments missing . Yankovic convinced them to release The Food Album instead — " a concept [ he ] hated only slightly less " — but would later describe it as a " cheesy compilation " put out " against [ his ] better wishes and judgement . " - The TV Album was released under similar circumstances in 1995 ; however , when it came time to release the latter album , Yankovic reported that " the record company was a whole lot when they asked the second time " , and that there was " more [ and ] less demanding " . Following the release of The Food Album and The TV Album — in addition to the various greatest hits records that had been released — Scotti Brothers used @-@ up all of their compilation options in Yankovic 's contract , which prevented the release of further compilations when Records acquired his contract in the late 1990s . - - = = = = = = - - The album artwork — which features a cartoon alien after it has eaten Yankovic — was created by Doug Lawrence , who is better known as " Mr. Lawrence " , an American voice actor , comedian , writer , storyboard artist , animator and director . The " grotesque " cover was Yankovic 's " passive @-@ aggressive protest " against his label for forcing out the album ; Yankovic intended the alien having " picked the corpse of Weird Al clean " to be a reference to his record label " bleed [ ing ] his catalogue dry " by releasing the album . The Japanese release of the album , however , featured much different artwork , as well as a name change ; because there is no " F " in the Japanese language , the album was retitled The Hood . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - The Food Album has received mixed reviews from most critics ; many felt that while the album was amusing it was not an essential release . Allmusic reviewer Johnny awarded the album three out of five stars and wrote that , " The Food Album is an enjoyable bag of treats . Just don 't eat too much , or you 'll probably get sick . " Likewise , The Rolling Stone Album Guide awarded the album three out of five stars . Anthony of The Buffalo News gave the album a moderately positive review and wrote that , " [ t ] here are two kinds of people in the world : those who love Weird Al Yankovic and those who can 't stand him . Count me among the Weird One 's biggest fans , and that 's why I flipped out when listening to The Food Album . " He concluded that the album was " like reading Mad magazine " ; he gave the record three stars out of five . Tim of the Press @-@ , on the other hand , wrote negatively of the album , stating " Yankovic 's songs are the kinds of things that are sort of funny in concept , less funny when you actually hear them once , and increasingly irritating with each subsequent listen [ and ] his food songs are among his worst . " - - = = = Commercial performance = = = - - Upon release , The Food Album failed to chart ; however , it sold steadily . On January 25 , 2006 — more than ten years after its release — the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . This makes it Yankovic 's first and only compilation album to sell over 500 @,@ 000 copies and be certified Gold . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God = - - The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God ( Bulgarian : „ “ , „ “ ) is a former Eastern Orthodox cathedral in the city of Tarnovo , in north central Bulgaria . Located on top of the fortified Tsarevets hill in the former capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire , the cathedral was the seat of the Bulgarian patriarch from its construction in the 11th – 12th century to its destruction in . - Standing on top of a late Roman church , the cathedral , reconstructed in the 1970s and 1980s , follows a cross @-@ domed plan with a bell tower and a triple apse . decorated on both the exterior and interior , its internal walls now feature modern frescoes , the presence of which has meant that it has not been . Though not active as a Christian place of worship , it has been open for visitors since 1985 . - - = = History = = - - The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God is not the first church building to occupy the position on top of the Tsarevets hill . It was constructed directly on top of a late Roman ( early Byzantine ) basilica which dates to the 5th – 6th century AD . The Roman basilica may have remained in use by the local congregation during the First Bulgarian Empire , though it was no longer active by the time the construction of the current church began . - The current building of the Patriarchal Cathedral is considered by scholars to have been built in two stages . The first stage of construction was carried out in the late 11th century or the 12th century . The cathedral was initially built as a monastery church in the middle of a monastery compound , though in the early 12th century it was already the seat of the Bulgarian patriarch . The compound suffered large @-@ scale damage caused by a fire , which necessitated the church 's reconstruction in middle of the 14th century , perhaps during the rule of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria ( r . 1331 – 71 ) . Besides repair and reinforcement efforts , work on the church in the 14th century also included the construction of the and the bell tower . - There are several references to the cathedral in medieval sources . The earliest reference to the church tells of the transfer of Saint Michael the Warrior 's relics from the fortress to the Patriarchal Cathedral on the order of Tsar ( r . – 1207 ) . The housing of a warrior saint 's relics in the Patriarchal Cathedral signifies the incessant warfare against and that dominated 's reign . In the late 14th century , the last Patriarch of Tarnovo , Saint , described the church as the " great patriarch 's Cathedral of the Holy Ascension " in his writings . - Another possible reference to the church may be in a marginal note from to a copy of the Acts of the Apostles . In the note , the , one , thanks God and the " Holy and Most Glorious Ascension " for having finished his work on the book . Scholar believes this to be an allusion to the Patriarchal Cathedral , which may have patronised the project . Alternatively , the copy could have been made at the cathedral 's , where may have worked . - The church is also depicted in the medieval sketch of Tarnovo in the , a service book written in the mid @-@ 14th century and then carried to ( now , Romania ) after the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule . - The Patriarchal Cathedral was destroyed after the Ottomans captured the Bulgarian capital after their Siege of Tarnovo on 17 July . The church was fully reconstructed in the 20th century ; reconstruction works were carried out by a team under architect . These commenced in 1978 and were finished in 1981 , to mark Bulgaria 's anniversary . However , it was not until November 1985 , when the contemporary murals were finished , that the church was opened once again for visitors . The church 's ruins have been protected as a national antiquity since 1927 ; in 1967 , they were proclaimed an architectural monument of culture of national importance . As part of the Tsarevets architectural reserve , it is also listed among the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria . - - = = Location and architecture = = - - The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of God is located on top of the Tsarevets hill , overlooking the modern city of Tarnovo . The church was part of a group of buildings which constituted the seat of the Bulgarian and acted as the city and the country 's main cathedral . The on Tsarevets was a fortress of its own , with two defensive towers and an entrance on its west wall . The Patriarchal Cathedral stood in the middle of its courtyard . - The Patriarchal Cathedral features a triple apse , the central part of which matches the apse of the original basilica on the site . The three @-@ church follows the traditional Byzantine cross @-@ in @-@ square design . Built out of crushed stones and mortar with limited brickwork , it measures 26 by 12 metres ( 85 ft × 39 ft ) . The cathedral includes two , a bell tower and two other premises attached to the south church wall . The presence of a bell tower is considered to be a rarity in Balkan church architecture . Six columns support the interior and distinguish the altar from the cella ( ) . It is unclear whether the church housed a ( stone for the clergy ) in the apse , as there are doubts that its remains may actually be part of the older basilica . - The church featured ample exterior and interior decoration . While the facades were decorated with arches and ceramic tiles , the interior floor mosaics were made of white , yellow and pink marble as well as semi @-@ precious like and . The interior walls were covered with frescoes and mosaics . However , none of the interior decoration has survived . During the church 's 20th @-@ century reconstruction , its interior was by artist , who depicted important moments of medieval Bulgarian history in a modernist style . Due to these murals , the church has never been and remains inactive . The facade of the cathedral also includes a stone with a donor 's inscription of a Bulgarian ruler , which ended up as part of the building material . - There are a total of four burial grounds in and around the church , two of which are burials for priests . One of the burial grounds is inside the , where tombs were built in the 14th century . Besides Michael the Warrior 's relics , the cathedral also housed the remains of Bulgarian Joachim I , and Joachim III . - - - = Daydream ( Mariah Carey album ) = - - Daydream is the fifth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released on October 3 , 1995 , by Columbia Records . The follow @-@ up to her internationally successful album Music Box ( 1993 ) and holiday album Merry Christmas ( 1994 ) , Daydream differed from the two by leaning increasingly towards R & B and hip hop . Throughout the project , Carey collaborated with Walter Afanasieff , with whom she wrote and produced most of her two previous albums . With Daydream , Carey took more control over the musical direction as well as the album 's composition . Carey said she considered Daydream the beginning of her musical and vocal transformation , a change that became more apparent in her sixth album Butterfly ( 1997 ) . During the album 's production , Carey endured many creative differences with her label and husband Tommy Mottola . - On Daydream , Carey collaborated with Jermaine Dupri for the first time , and co @-@ wrote and produced a song with Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , with whom she had collaborated on Music Box . It was also the first time she had worked with Boyz II Men , an R & B group consisting of four male vocalists . Together , they wrote the concept and lyrics for " One Sweet Day , " a song that Carey co @-@ produced with Afanasieff . With his assistance and the addition of a few contemporary producers , she was able to make a subtle transition into the R & B market . Daydream was nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 38th annual ceremony , during which Carey performed live . Due to the album 's critical and commercial success , critics believed Carey would be one of the night 's big winners . However , to her dismay , she was completely shut out , causing the subject to become very public and controversial . She left the annual ceremony empty @-@ handed . - Six singles were released from the album . Its lead single " Fantasy " became the first single by a female artist to debut at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and went on to top the chart for eight weeks and became the second best @-@ selling single of 1995 in the country . The song topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand and became a top @-@ five hit in Finland , France , and the United Kingdom . The second single " One Sweet Day " topped the Billboard Hot 100 for sixteen weeks and became the longest @-@ running number one single in American history , a record it still holds . It also topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand and peaked within the top five in Australia , France , Ireland and the Netherlands . , the singles from Daydream spent a combined six months at the top of the Hot 100 . To promote Daydream , Carey embarked on the short but successful , Daydream World Tour , visiting Japan and Europe . - At the time of its release , Daydream became Carey 's best @-@ reviewed album . Critics universally praised her matured lyrics and songwriting , as well as her musical direction . The album became an international success , debuting at number one in nine different countries , and in the top five in almost every major music market . Daydream became Carey 's second album to be certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of ten million copies in the United States . Aside from its success in the United States , the album made the top five of the best @-@ selling albums in Japan by a non @-@ Asian artist , with 2 @.@ 1 million copies sold . Daydream remains one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time , with 25 million copies sold worldwide . - - = = Background = = - - Aside from being Carey 's second highest worldwide seller , Daydream served as her most personal and directly influenced album at the time . During the album 's recording , Carey grew as an artist , as well as a writer . For the first time in her career , Carey was able to make music that she truly related to , R & B and hip hop . While Columbia allowed Carey more with the music she recorded , they became hesitant when she featured ' Dirty # # # # # # # in the remix for " Fantasy . " They feared the sudden change was completely left field for her music , and worried it would jeopardize the album 's success . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Carey openly spoke of her issues with Columbia : " Everybody was like ' What , are you crazy ? ' They 're nervous about breaking the formula . It works to have me sing a ballad on stage in a long dress with my hair up . " - While Carey 's new musical direction caused tension between her and Columbia , it began to severely strain her relationship with her husband at the time , Tommy Mottola . Mottola had always been involved in Carey 's career , because he was the head of Sony Music , the parent company of her label . Since the time of Carey 's debut , Mottola had controlled nearly every aspect of her career , keeping her sound carefully regulated and insisting that she continue recording middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road pop music , despite her interest in hip hop . - Carey confessed that she never tried to change the situation because " [ she ] used to be and cautious , and so [ she ] would listen to what the people said . " However , the control Mottola exerted over her career soon " spilled into her personal life " once they were married , increasing the amount of conflict between the two . Soon , it was obvious that their marriage was in ; as stated in a Vanity Fair article , " the couple began to argue at the drop of a hat . " Carey was very involved in the project , more so than she had ever been on an album . " I went into this phase of recording , recording , recording and doing it really fast , " she told Time . " This time , I had more time , and I focused more on what I wanted to do . " As Carey 's career and work continued to reflect her views on how it should sound , her marriage to Mottola continued to " deteriorate . " - - = = Conception and composition = = - - One of the first songs that was recorded for the album was " Fantasy . " While Carey began developing new ideas for Daydream , she thought of the song " Genius of Love " by Tom Tom Club . She had always been a fan of the song , and presented Dave Hall with the idea of sampling the song 's hook . Hall incorporated a groove that he felt complimented Carey 's voice , while she composed some of the other beats and wrote the lyrics . Carey recorded a remix to the song as well , featuring hip @-@ hop verses from O.D.B of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan , as well as production from . She spoke highly of the remix , complimenting and O.D.B , " He 's so known in the street , and he 's one of the best people out there ... we kind of did what we both do and having O.D.B took it to another level . He was my ultimate choice , so I was really happy with the way it turned out . " " One Sweet Day " was a song that Carey wrote with the R & B group Boyz II Men . After Carey 's friend and past collaborator David Cole died , she began writing and developing a song that would pay homage to him and all the friends and family her fans had lost along life 's journey . Carey had the chorus and concept composed , and after meeting with Boyz II Men , they realized they too had a similar idea in development . Together , using Carey 's chorus and idea , as well as the melody they had produced , they wrote and composed the song . It was produced by Afanasieff , who built on the song 's melody and added various grooves and beats . Carey expressed how the song was " meant to be " and how all the pieces fit into place : - I wrote the initial idea for ' One Sweet Day ' with Walter , and I had the chorus ... and I stopped and said , ' I really wanna do this with Boyz II Men , ' because ... obviously I 'm a big fan of theirs and I just thought that the work was crying out for them , the vocals that they do , so I put it away and said , ' Who knows if this could ever happen , but I just don 't wanna finish this song because I want it to be our song if we ever do it together . [ The ] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you , it changes your life and changes your perspective . When they came into the studio , I played them the idea for the song and when [ it ] finished , they looked at each other , a bit stunned , and told me that Nat " Nathan Morris " had written a song for his road manager who had passed away . It had basically the same lyrics and fit over the same chord changes . It was really , really weird , we finished the song right then and there . We were all flipped about it ourselves . Fate had a lot to do with that . I know some people won 't believe it , but we wouldn 't make up such a crazy story . - While the album 's development was underway , Carey expressed interest in working with Jermaine Dupri , whom she had been a fan of since his 1992 song , " Jump . " Soon after , Carey , Dupri , and Manuel Seal began composing a song for the album . As Seal played the piano , Carey began and playing with certain notes in the B @-@ section , until she came up with the chorus for " Always Be My Baby . " After the rest of the song was written and composed , Carey recorded the song alongside longtime background singers Kelly Price , Price , and Daniels . Together , they built " a wall of background voices " in which she would cover with her final belting notes . The song featured a rhythm , while its composition was described as " sassy and soft R & B " which displayed a " sexy and slow jam . " " Underneath the Stars " was the first song recorded for Daydream . The song featured a " ' 70s soul vibe " as well as synthetic record , in order to the give the song an authentic ' 70s sound . Carey felt the additions were simple steps taken to further display a contemporary R & B groove . Additionally , she felt the song paid homage to the style of Minnie , who was one of Carey 's biggest vocal influences growing up . The song had a soft sound , and had " a lot [ sic ] of texture " and bass , showing a more creative side to Carey . - For the album , Carey covered the 1982 Journey song " Open Arms . " The song was of Carey 's personal choice , as well as her own idea . Together with Afanasieff , they toned down the song 's arrangement , making it a bit glossy , especially in comparison to the " raw and powerful ' One Sweet Day . ' " Additionally , with the help of her background singers , Carey added a touch of gospel to the song . One of the more gospel @-@ influenced songs on the album was " I Am Free . " The song was created by Carey , Afanasieff and Holland , with whom she had worked previously on Merry Christmas . Carey began the melody with the lyrics she had already written , while Holland played the organ and Afanasieff worked on the song 's programming . , giving the song a genuine and gospel feel . The chorus was sophisticated and natural , with each following line " cascading onto one another , " something that would have proved difficult for a " less skilled vocalist . " Carey started leaning away from the " standard Dion ballad " and more towards R & B jams . However , she was not going to completely abandon the type of songs that made her famous . For this reason , Carey wrote " When I Saw You " with Afanasieff , a song that would truly embody some of her earlier work , as well as show off her powerful vocals . Returning to her R & B territory , Carey recorded " Long " , the second song she wrote alongside Dupri and Seal which contains a strong hip hop background . Her vocals in the song were described as " over the bassline like silk . " - " Melt Away " was a song Carey produced on her own , and co @-@ wrote with Babyface . The song 's writing and production were " superb . " with each verse gliding into its chorus . According to Chris , " Underneath the Stars " was as " strong as any slow jam released in the , and one that would find a lot of flavor late at night with dancers . " Another song that brought back of older decades was " Forever . " The was featured through the chord changes and in the way the guitar arpeggios " stayed at the forefront of the music . " The song displayed subtle vocals from Carey , as well as an undeniable . " Daydream Interlude ( Sweet Fantasy Dub Mix ) " was one of the tracks on the album . The song was a club remix of " Fantasy " , which was tuned and remixed by famed house music producer David . The song was directed to be a dance @-@ club song , further broadening Carey 's " musical horizon . " The song incorporated Carey 's vocals , and added them to a thumping house beat , something he would do for many of her future singles . " Looking In " was the final song on the album . It was Carey 's most personal song at the time , one in which she let herself appear " naked " and " stripped down ; it was written by her and Afanasieff . " According to author Chris : - " [ The song ] reflected on her life now , the changes she 'd gone through , and the difference between the public perception of Mariah Carey and the real person . Intimate and revealing , it made an appropriate end to the album , and was evident that Mariah was growing , changing , and becoming much more herself , confident of who she was and what she could do . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - Daydream received universal acclaim at the time of its release . Reviews applauded the little changes of style from previous Carey releases , some of whom adding that it is her best record , while others dismissed it as and lacking of originality . AllMusic 's senior editor , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , awarded the album four and a half out of five stars . Erlewine called Daydream her " best record yet " and wrote , " Mariah Carey certainly knows how to construct an album . herself directly between urban R & B with tracks like " Fantasy , " and the adult contemporary radio format with songs like " One Sweet Day , " a duet with Boyz II Men , Carey appeals to both audiences equally because of the sheer amount of craft and hard work she puts into her albums . Daydream is her best record to date , featuring a consistently strong selection of songs and a remarkably impassioned performance by Carey . Daydream demonstrates that Carey continues to perfect her craft , and that she has earned her status as an R & B / pop diva . " In his review for the album , Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly called Daydream " her best record since her 1990 debut " , writing , " in fact , it 's easily the best collection Carey has put out since her self @-@ titled 1990 debut , the album Daydream most resembles in its emphasis on R & B grooves . " Tucker specifically complimented " One Sweet Day " , " Always Be My Baby " , " Forever " , and " Daydream Interlude " ( Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix ) , writing " One Sweet Day , her collaboration with Boyz II Men , radiates a that Carey , for all the brazen of her public persona , rarely permits herself to reveal in song . I like the relaxed swing of " Always Be My Baby " , and the brisk tempo of Forever . However , it 's on what many Carey fans will probably find the most cut , " Daydream Interlude ( Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix ) " , that the singer really defines herself . At her best , as she is on this , track , Carey is a disco diva for the ' 90s , a worthy successor to women like Summer and Vicki Sue Robinson , R & B singers with an affinity for the endless groove . " - Stephen Holden , editor of The New York Times , gave the album a positive review . Holden wrote the following regarding Daydream " Ms. Carey 's songwriting has taken a leap forward , becoming more relaxed , , and less reliant on . " Holden praised " Fantasy " , which he wrote " with ' Fantasy , ' Ms. Carey confidently into the territory where gospel @-@ flavored pop @-@ soul meets light hip @-@ hop and recorded some of the most gorgeously spun choral music to be found on a contemporary album . " Additionally , he complimented " One Sweet Day , " " Melt Away , " " Always Be My Baby " , and " Underneath the Stars " , calling them " the best on the album " . People gave the album a positive review , calling it " her fourth and best album . " Additionally , People praised the album and its songs , writing " Daydream vaults over its pop predecessors because the material is both and . Carey also has better control of her instrument — her voice greater and agility . She still it on a little thick at times when it comes to fervor , as on the ' Melt Away , ' which Carey co @-@ wrote with Babyface . For the most part she from strength to strength , from the belting on ' One Sweet Day , ' a duet with Boyz II Men , to the rich gospel feel of ' I Am Free , ' which has a mood so you can almost hear the ladies ' handheld fans snapping . " While the album was positively reviewed by critics , Carey 's cover of Journey 's 1982 song " Open Arms " was universally panned . Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the song , calling it " second rate " . " Open Arms " received a negative review from Stephen Holden as well , who called it a " sobbing remake " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - Daydream entered the Billboard 200 at number one , with 224 @,@ 000 copies sold , staying at the top spot the following week with 216 @,@ 000 copies sold , for a third consecutive week , it topped the charts with 170 @,@ 000 copies sold . It gained power again in the upcoming weeks of holiday sales where it peaked in the year 's last weeks with 486 @,@ 000 and 760 @,@ 000 units sold at the pinnacle . The album moved 760 @,@ 000 copies during the Christmas week of 1995 , the album 's highest sales week . It also reached number one on Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . Daydream was the second best @-@ selling album of 1996 , and the eighteenth best @-@ selling album on the 1990s decade in the US . In the United States , Daydream became Carey 's best @-@ selling album , being certified diamond by the RIAA ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of ten million copies . - In Canada , Daydream peaked at number two on the charts , and was certified seven @-@ times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) . The album experienced success in Europe , where it reached number one in Germany , The Netherlands , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In France , Daydream peaked at number two and was certified double @-@ platinum by the National de l ( ) . Sales in France are estimated at 800 @,@ 000 copies . Daydream was certified triple @-@ platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , denoting shipments of three million copies throughout Europe in 1996 . - In Australia , Daydream was certified five @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 350 @,@ 000 copies . The album finished ninth on the ARIA End of Year Charts in both 1995 and 1996 . In Japan , the album debuted at number one on the Oricon charts . According to the Oricon , Daydream made the top five of the best @-@ selling albums in Japan by a non @-@ Asian artist , with 2 @.@ 5 million copies sold . Daydream remains one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time , with sales of 25 million copies worldwide . - - = = Singles = = - - Six singles were released from Daydream . " Fantasy " was released as the album 's lead single on September 12 , 1995 . The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , making Carey the first female artist , and the second performer ever to accomplish the feat . The song spent eight consecutive weeks atop the chart , as well as topping the charts in Australia , Canada and New Zealand . In Europe , " Fantasy " performed well , peaking within the top five in Belgium , Finland , France , and the United Kingdom . " Fantasy " was the second best @-@ selling single of 1995 in the US , with sales of 1 @.@ 5 million in 95 ' alone . " One Sweet Day " was chosen as the follow @-@ up single , achieving similar success . The song once again debuted at the top of the US charts , and became the longest running number one single in US history , spending sixteen consecutive weeks atop the Billboard charts . The song became a success in other regions around the world as well , topping the charts in Canada and New Zealand and peaked within the top five in Australia , France , Ireland , and The Netherlands . Serving as the album 's third single in select European countries , " Open Arms " was released on December 5 , 1995 . The song achieved success in the UK , Ireland and New Zealand , where it peaked at number four , seven and eight . However , " Open Arms " charted weakly in other European countries , such as Belgium , France , and Germany , where it charted outside the top @-@ thirty . - " Always Be My Baby " was released as the fourth single . The song debuted at number two on the Hot 100 , failing to become Carey 's third number one debut ( a feat she would accomplish with " " in 1997 ) . The song eventually reached and stayed atop the charts for two weeks , and then kept steady at number two for nine weeks . " Always Be My Baby " performed moderately in other major markets . The song peaked within the top five in Canada , New Zealand and the UK , but charted outside the top @-@ ten elsewhere . " Forever " was chosen as the fifth single from Daydream . The song was ineligible to chart in the Hot 100 , but managed to crack the top @-@ ten on the Hot 100 airplay chart . " Forever " charted well in Canada , where it peaked at number thirteen . " Underneath the Stars " was chosen as the sixth and final single from the album . Described by Carey as one of her favorite songs , " Underneath the Stars " received a limited number of pressings in the US , where it charted weakly on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . - - = = Promotion = = - - In order to promote the album , Carey embarked on her second head @-@ lining tour . Originally , she had not planned to tour , due to the long travel times and ; however , after many requests from fans , Carey agreed to tour . The tour reached Japan and select European countries , not visiting the United States . This was possibly due to the mixed reception Carey 's 1993 North American Music Box Tour received three years prior . The shows were all spaced apart , giving Carey time to rest her vocals , " It 's very strenuous to sing all my songs back to back , but I 'm actually really looking forward to it . " Many musicians joined Carey for the tour , including Randy Jackson who served as the musical director and played the bass , Dan Shea on the keyboards , Vernon Black playing the guitar , Conway on the drums , and percussion and music sequencing by Peter Michael and Gary . All of the musicians and background vocalists were under the supervision of Walter Afanasieff , who played the piano and guided the production . Before embarking on her world tour in 1996 , Carey performed a sold @-@ out show at Madison Square Garden in 1995 . The performance was filmed , and released as a DVD titled Fantasy : Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden . It became Carey 's fourth video release . - When the three Japanese shows at the Tokyo went on sale , Carey set a record after all 150 @,@ 000 tickets sold out under three hours . The shows became the fastest sellout in the stadium 's history , breaking the previous record held by The Rolling Stones . The shows in Japan were a critical and commercial success , with critics and fans raving about the show and Carey 's vocals . Carey 's presence in Asia in the 90s was unparalleled to any other international artist . Her international success and anticipation was even compared to the " " in the 1960s . In an interview with MTV , Carey spoke of how she felt performing in Asia : - " First of all , you 're in front of so many people that basically don 't speak your language . It took a little getting used to , but I think by the end of the show , you know , everybody started to kind of . " - For the show , Carey sang fourteen original songs , including many of her biggest hits up until that point , as well as many songs from Daydream . They included " Fantasy , " " One Sweet Day , " " Open Arms , " " Always Be My Baby , " " Forever " and " Underneath the Stars " as well as hits from her previous studio efforts . Carey 's following shows in France , Germany , The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were all sold @-@ out as well , receiving warm critical response . During the span of the tour 's seven short dates , Carey had already begun working on concepts for her new album Butterfly . According to author Marc , Carey 's European tour was truly a success , in many aspects : - " The European tour mirrored the success of her shows in Japan . Mariah 's appearances overseas were experiences for the singer . The popularity – indeed , – surrounding her shows in these countries reached massive proportions . The reception the concerts received reflected the fact that Mariah 's music cut through race and language barriers and had struck at a universal , emotional core with fans . The tour cemented the fact that Mariah Carey had arrived as the performing centerpiece on the world stage . " - In addition to touring the world , Carey performed on a variety of television programs and award shows . After " Fantasy " was released in September throughout Europe , Carey performed the song on the popular British chart show Top of the Pops , which aired live via satellite on Asian television . Carey performed " Fantasy " in France and at the 23rd Annual American Music Awards on January 29 , 1996 . " One Sweet Day " was performed at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards , Princess Diana 's memorial service in September 1997 , and at Carey 's Black Entertainment Television Christmas special in 2001 . During her European promotional tour for the album , Carey performed " Open Arms " on various television programs , including , .. ? in Germany , Top of the Pops and Des O 'Connor in the United Kingdom and on Swedish television . - - = = Awards and accolades = = - - The music industry took note of Carey 's success . She won two awards at the 1996 American Music Awards for her solo efforts : Favorite Pop / Rock Female Artist and Favorite Soul / R & B Female Artist . Throughout 1995 & 1996 , Carey was awarded various prestigious awards at the World Music Awards , including " World 's Best Selling Female R & B Artist " , " World 's Best Selling Overall Female Recording Artist , " " World 's Best Selling Pop Artist " and " World 's Best Selling Overall Recording Artist . " Additionally , " Fantasy " was named " Song of the Year " at the BMI Awards and " Favorite Song " at the Entertainment Awards , where Carey also won the award for " Top Pop Female . " In 1996 , Carey won many awards at the Billboard Music Awards , including " Hot 100 Singles Artist of the Year " , " Hot 100 Airplay ( Always Be My Baby ) , " " Hot Adult Contemporary Artist of the Year " and " Special Award for 16 weeks at # 1 for ' One Sweet Day . ' " - - = = = Grammy controversy = = = - - Daydream was proven to be one of the best @-@ selling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be " cleaning up " that year . The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 at the Shrine in Los Angeles . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of " One Sweet Day , " to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the " album of the year " . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award . The disappointment on her face was obvious . While Carey was nominated again the following year , she did not perform again until the 2006 ceremony , when she was nominated for eight awards ( winning three ) for The of Mimi . - - = = Music videos = = - - Carey directed the music video for " Fantasy " . Additionally , she chose the concept and created the idea . The video featured Carey in roller @-@ , through a theme @-@ park , while enjoying different rides and roller coasters . The video then cut into scenes of Carey dancing on top of a car , celebrating an event with many friends . Carey said her inspiration for the video was to give off a " free and open feeling , " trying to portray the freedom she had finally achieved in being allowed to direct her first video . The video for " Fantasy " debuted on September 7 , at the " MTV Video Music Awards . " Carey expressed how much she enjoyed the video 's filming , speaking about the " roller @-@ coaster scenes " : - " They did not expect me to get that shot ! They were saying , ' How 's she going to sing on a roller coaster ? ... We put a little speaker on the bottom of the car , where my feet where . We built the rig in front of the roller coaster and the lens kept falling off ! " - When Carey and Boyz II Men got together to record " One Sweet Day , " they didn 't have enough time to re @-@ unite and film a video . For this reason , a filming crew was present during the song 's recording , and filmed bits of Carey and Boyz recording the song . In an interview with Fred Bronson , Walter Afanasieff made the following statements regarding the video for " One Sweet Day " : - " It was crazy ! They had film crews and video guys , while I 'm at the board trying to produce . And these guys were running around having a ball , because Mariah and them are laughing and screaming and they 're being interviewed . And I 'm tapping people on the shoulder . " We 've got to get to the microphone ! " They 're gone in a couple of hours , so I recorded everything they did , praying that it was enough . " - The video for " Always Be My Baby " was once again filmed by Carey . It featured Carey swinging on a swing in the middle of a dark meadow , showing her through the woodlands . The video was set as a " peaceful and relaxing " setting , in order to try to reflect the sweet and mellow song 's message . " Forever " , the album 's fifth single , was the final song to be accompanied by a music video . Carey 's label used footage from her live performances of the song in New York City and Japan and compiled them into a video . On February 11 , 2012 , Carey revealed through her Twitter account that a music video for " Underneath the Stars " was actually recorded . Filming sessions occurred in England and France ; Carey commented , however , that it " never got released and I don 't know where it is ! " - - = = Track listing = = - - Notes - Track listing and credits from album booklet . - " Fantasy " contains a sample of " Genius of Love " by Tom Tom Club . - - = = Album credits = = - - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = Leg before wicket = - - Leg before wicket ( lbw ) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the sport of cricket . Following an appeal by the fielding side , the umpire may rule a batsman out lbw if the ball would have struck the wicket , but was instead intercepted by any part of the batsman 's body ( except the hand holding the bat ) . The umpire 's decision will depend on a number of criteria , including where the ball pitched , whether the ball hit in line with the wickets , and whether the batsman was attempting to hit the ball . - Leg before wicket first appeared in the laws of cricket in 1774 , as batsmen began to use their pads to prevent the ball hitting their wicket . Over several years , were made to clarify where the ball should pitch and to remove the element of interpreting the batsman 's intentions . The 1839 version of the law used a wording that remained in place for nearly 100 years . However , from the latter part of the 19th century , batsmen became increasingly expert at " pad @-@ play " to reduce the risk of their dismissal . Following a number of failed proposals for reform , in 1935 the law was expanded , such that batsmen could be dismissed lbw even if the ball pitched outside the line of off stump . Critics felt this change made the game unattractive as it encouraged negative tactics at the expense of leg spin bowling . - After considerable debate and various experiments , the law was changed again in 1972 . In an attempt to reduce pad @-@ play the new version , which is used to this day , allowed batsmen to be out lbw in some circumstances if they did not attempt to hit the ball with their bat . Since the 1990s , the availability of television replays and , later , ball @-@ tracking technology to assist umpires has increased the percentage of lbws in major matches . However , the accuracy of the technology and the consequences of its use remain controversial . - In his 1995 survey of cricket laws , Gerald Brodribb states : " No dismissal has produced so much argument as lbw ; it has caused trouble from its earliest days " . Owing to its complexity , the law is widely misunderstood among the general public and has proven controversial among spectators , administrators and commentators ; lbw decisions have sometimes caused crowd trouble . Since the law 's introduction , the proportion of lbw dismissals has risen steadily through the years . Statistics reveal that the probability of a batsman being dismissed lbw in a Test match varies depending on where the match is played and which teams are playing . - - = = Definition = = - - The definition of leg before wicket ( lbw ) is currently Law 36 in the Laws of Cricket , written by the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . Before a batsman can be dismissed lbw , the fielding team must appeal to the umpire . For the batsman to be lbw , the ball , if it , must pitch in line with the wickets , or on the off side of the stumps . Then the ball must strike part of the batsman 's body , without first touching his bat , in line with the wickets and have been going on to hit the stumps . The batsman may also be out lbw if , having made no attempt to hit the ball with his bat , he is struck outside the line of off stump by a ball that would have hit the wickets . The umpire must assume that the ball would have continued on the same trajectory after striking the batsman , even if it would have bounced before hitting the stumps . However , if the bowler delivers a no ball — an illegal delivery — the batsman cannot be lbw under any circumstances . - A batsman can be out lbw even if the ball did not hit his leg : for example , a batsman struck on the head could be lbw . However , he cannot be lbw if the ball pitches on the leg side of the stumps ( " outside leg stump " ) , even if the ball would have otherwise hit the wickets . Similarly , a batsman who has attempted to hit the ball with his bat cannot be lbw if the ball strikes him outside the line of off stump . However , some shots in cricket , such as the switch hit or reverse sweep , involve the batsman switching between a and left @-@ handed stance ; this affects the location of the off and leg side , which are determined by the stance . The law explicitly states that the off side is determined by the batsman 's position when the bowler his run @-@ up . - According to MCC guidelines for umpires , factors to consider when giving an lbw decision include the angle at which the ball was travelling and whether the ball was swinging through the air . He must also account for the height of the ball at impact and how far from the wicket the batsman was standing ; from this information he must determine if the ball would have passed over the stumps or struck them . The MCC guidance states that it is easier to make a decision when the ball strikes the batsman without pitching , but that the difficulty increases when the ball has bounced and more so when there is a shorter time between the ball pitching and striking the batsman . - - = = Development of the law = = - - - = = = Origins = = = - - The earliest known written version of the Laws of Cricket , dating from 1744 , does not include an lbw rule . At the time , batsmen in English cricket used curved bats , which made it unlikely that they would be able to stand directly in front of the wickets . However , a clause in the 1744 laws gave umpires the power to take action if the batsman was " standing unfair to strike " . Cricket bats were modified to become over the following years , allowing batsmen to stand closer to the wickets . Subsequently , some players deliberately began to obstruct the ball from hitting the wickets . Such tactics were criticised by writers and a revision of the laws in 1774 ruled that the batsman was out if he deliberately stopped the ball from hitting the wicket with his leg . However , critics noted that the umpires were left the difficult task of interpreting the intentions of batsmen . The 1788 version of the laws no longer required the umpires to take account of the batsman 's intent ; now a batsman was lbw if he stopped a ball that " pitch [ ed ] straight " . Further clarification of the law came in 1823 , when a condition was added that " the ball must be delivered in a straight line to the wicket " . The ambiguity of the wording was highlighted when two prominent umpires disagreed over whether the ball had to travel in a straight line from the bowler to the wicket , or between the wickets at either end of the pitch . In 1839 the MCC , by then responsible for drafting the Laws of Cricket , endorsed the latter interpretation and ruled the batsman out lbw if the ball pitched in between the wickets and would have hit the stumps . - - = = = Controversy and attempted reform = = = - - In essence , the lbw law remained the same between 1839 and 1937 , despite several campaigns to have it changed . An 1863 proposal to allow a batsman to be lbw if the ball hit his body at any point between the wickets , regardless of where the ball pitched or whether it would hit the wicket at all , came to nothing . There were few complaints until the proportion of lbw dismissals in county cricket began to increase during the 1880s . Until then , batsmen used their pads only to protect their legs ; their use for any other purposes was considered , and some amateur cricketers did not wear them at all . As cricket became more organised and competitive , some batsmen began to use their pads as a second line of defence : they lined them up with the ball so that if they missed with the bat , the ball struck the pad instead of the wicket . Some players took this further ; if the delivery was not an easy one from which to score runs , they attempted no shot and allowed the ball to bounce safely off their pads . Arthur Shrewsbury was the first prominent player to use such methods , and others followed . Criticism of this practice was heightened by the increased quality and reliability of cricket pitches , which made batting easier , led to higher scores and created a perceived imbalance in the game . - Several proposals were made to prevent pad @-@ play . At a meeting of representatives of the main county cricket clubs in 1888 , one representative expressed the opinion that a " batsman who defended his wicket with his body instead of with his bat should be punished " . The representatives supported a motion to alter the law to state that the batsman would be out if he stopped a ball that would have hit the wicket ; in contrast to the existing wording , this took no account of where the ball pitched relative to the wickets . Further proposals included one in which the intent of the batsman was taken into account , but no laws were changed and the MCC merely issued a condemnation of the practice of using pads for defence . This reduced pad @-@ play for a short time , but when it increased again , a second by the MCC had little effect . - Further discussion on altering the law took place in 1899 , when several prominent cricketers supported an amendment similar to the 1888 proposal : the batsman would be out if the ball would have hit the wicket , where it pitched was irrelevant . At a Special General Meeting of the MCC in 1902 , Alfred formally proposed this amendment ; the motion was supported by 259 votes to 188 , but failed to secure the two @-@ thirds majority required to change the laws . A. G. Steel was the principal opponent of the change , as he believed it would make the task of the umpires too difficult , but he later regretted his stance . 's brother , Robert , supported the alteration and campaigned for the rest of his life to have the lbw law altered . As evidence that pad @-@ play was increasing and needed to be curtailed , he cited the growing number of wickets which were falling lbw : the proportion rose from 2 % of dismissals in 1870 to 6 % in 1890 , and 12 % in 1923 . In 1902 , the proposed new law was tried in the Minor Counties Championship , but deemed a failure . An increase in the size of the stumps was one of several other rejected proposals at this time to reduce the dominance of batsmen over bowlers . - - = = = to the law = = = - - Between 1900 and the 1930s , the number of runs scored by batsmen , and the proportion of lbw dismissals , continued to rise . grew increasingly frustrated with pad @-@ play and the extent to which batsmen refused to play shots at bowling directed outside the off stump , simply allowing it to pass by . The English fast bowler Harold Larwood responded by targeting leg stump , frequently hitting the batsman with the ball in the process . This developed into the controversial Bodyline tactics he used in Australia in 1932 – 33 . Some batsmen began to go further and preferred to kick away balls pitched outside off stump — reaching out to kick the ball instead of allowing it to hit their pads — if they presented any threat , knowing that they could not be dismissed lbw . The authorities believed these developments represented poor entertainment value . At the height of the Bodyline controversy in 1933 , Donald Bradman , the leading Australian batsman and primary target of the English bowlers , wrote to the MCC recommending an alteration of the lbw law to create more exciting games . - To address the problem , and the balance for bowlers , the MCC made some alterations to the laws . The size of the ball was reduced in 1927 , and that of the stumps increased in 1931 , but the changes had little effect . Between 1929 and 1933 , county authorities conducted a trial in which a batsman could be lbw if he had hit the ball onto his pads . Then , in 1935 , an experimental law was introduced in which the batsman could be dismissed lbw even if the ball pitched outside the line of off stump — in other words , a ball that turned or swung into the batsman but did not pitch in line with the wickets . However , the ball was still required to strike the batsman in line with the wickets . The umpire signalled to the scorers when he declared a batsman out under the new rule , and any such dismissal was designated " lbw ( n ) " on the . - Several leading batsmen opposed the new law , including the professional Herbert , known as an exponent of pad @-@ play , and amateurs Errol Holmes and Bob Wyatt . Wisden ' noted that these three improved their batting records during the 1935 season , but batsmen generally were less successful . There were also fewer drawn matches . There was an increase in the number of lbws — out of 1 @,@ 560 lbw dismissals in first @-@ class matches in 1935 , 483 were given under the amended law . Wisden judged the experiment a success and several of its opponents changed their mind by the end of the season ; batsmen soon became accustomed to the alteration . Although Australian authorities were less convinced , and did not immediately introduce the revision into domestic first @-@ class cricket , in 1937 the new rule became part of the Laws of Cricket . - According to Gerald Brodribb , in his survey and history of the Laws , the change produced more " " , exciting cricket but any alteration in outlook was halted by the Second World War . When the sport resumed in 1946 , batsmen were out of practice and the amended lbw law played into the hands of off spin and inswing bowlers , who began to dominate county cricket . The cricket historian Derek notes that many of these bowlers imitated the methods of Alec , an inswing bowler who was successful immediately after the war , but that the resulting cricket was to watch . The revised lbw law , and other alterations in the game in favour of the bowler , further encouraged such bowling . The new law continued to provoke debate among writers and cricketers ; many former players claimed that the alteration had caused a deterioration in batting and reduced the number of shots played on the off side . A 1963 report in The Times blamed the law for reducing the variety of bowling styles : " the change has led to a steady increase in the amount of seam and off @-@ spin bowling . Whereas in the early thirties every county had a leg spinner and an orthodox left arm spinner , leg spinners , at any rate , are now few and far between . Walk on to any of the first @-@ class grounds at any time tomorrow and the chances are that you will see the standing back and a medium pace bowler in action ... there is little doubt that the game , as a spectacle , is less attractive than it was . " Several critics , including Bob Wyatt , maintained that the lbw law should be returned to its pre @-@ 1935 wording ; he campaigned to do so until his death in 1995 . On the other hand , Bradman , in the 1950s , proposed extending the law so that batsmen could be lbw even if they were struck outside the line of off stump . An MCC study of the state of cricket , carried out in 1956 and 1957 , examined the prevalent and unpopular tactic involving off @-@ spin and inswing bowlers aiming at leg stump with fielders concentrated on the leg side . Rather than alter the lbw law to combat the problem , the MCC reduced the number of fielders allowed on the leg side . - - = = = Playing no stroke = = = - - In the 1950s and 1960s , the amount of pad @-@ play increased , owing to more difficult and unpredictable pitches that made batting much harder . Critics continued to regard this tactic as " negative and unfair " . In an effort to discourage pad @-@ play and encourage leg spin bowling , a new variant of the lbw law was introduced , initially in Australia and the West Indies in the 1969 – 70 season , then in England for 1970 . Under the re @-@ law , a batsman would be lbw if a ball destined to hit the stumps pitched in line with the wickets or " outside a batsman 's off stump and in the opinion of the umpire he made no genuine attempt to play the ball with his bat . " This revision omitted the requirement that the impact should be in line with the wickets , but meant that any batsman playing a shot could not be out if the ball pitched outside off stump , in contrast to the 1935 law . The editor of Wisden believed the change encouraged batsmen to take more risks , and had produced more attractive cricket . However , the proportion of wickets falling lbw sharply declined , and concerns were expressed in Australia . The Australian authorities proposed a to the previous law . A batsman could once more be out to a ball that pitched outside off stump , but a provision was added that " if no stroke is offered to a ball pitching outside the off @-@ stump which in the opinion of the umpire would hit the stumps , but hits the batsman on any part of his person other than the hand , then the batsman is out , even if that part of the person hit is not in line between wicket and wicket . " The difference to the 1935 rule was that the batsman could now be out even if the ball struck outside the line of off @-@ stump . This wording was adopted throughout the world , although it was not yet part of the official Laws , from 1972 and the percentage of lbws sharply increased to beyond the levels preceding the 1970 change . The MCC added the revised wording to the Laws of Cricket in 1980 ; this version of the lbw law is still used as of 2013 . - - = = = Effects of technology = = = - - Since 1993 , the proportion of lbws in each English season has risen steadily . According to cricket historian Douglas Miller , the percentage of lbw dismissals increased after broadcasters incorporated ball @-@ tracking technology such as Hawk @-@ Eye into their television coverage of matches . Miller writes : " With the passage of time and the adoption of into other sports , together with presentations demonstrating its accuracy , cricket followers seem gradually to have accepted its predictions . Replay analyses have shown that a greater proportion of balls striking an leg go on to hit the wicket than had once been expected . " He also suggests that umpires have been influenced by such evidence ; their greater understanding of which deliveries are likely to hit the stumps has made them more likely to rule out batsmen who are standing further away from the stumps . This trend is replicated in international cricket , where the increasing use of technology in reviewing decisions has altered the attitude of umpires . Spin bowlers in particular win far more appeals for lbw . However , the use of on @-@ field technology has proved controversial ; some critics regard it as more reliable than human judgement , while others believe that the umpire is better placed to make the decision . - The International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , responsible for running the game worldwide , conducted a trial in 2002 where lbw appeals could be referred to a match official , the third umpire , to review on television replays . The third umpire could only use technology to determine where the ball had pitched and if the batsman hit the ball with his bat . The ICC judged the experiment unsuccessful and did not pursue it . More trials followed in 2006 , although ball @-@ tracking technology remained unavailable to match officials . After a further series of trials , in 2009 the Decision Review System ( DRS ) was brought into international cricket where teams could refer the on @-@ field decisions of umpires to a third umpire who had access to television replays and technology such as ball tracking . According to the ICC 's general manager , Dave Richardson , DRS increased the frequency with which umpires awarded lbw decisions . In a 2012 interview , he said : " may have realised that if they give someone out and DRS shows it was not out , then their decision can be rectified . So they might , I suppose , have the courage of their convictions a bit more and take a less conservative approach to giving the batsman out . I think if we 're totally honest , DRS has affected the game slightly more than we thought it would . " - Critics of the system suggest that rules for the use of DRS have created an inconsistency of approach to lbw decisions depending on the circumstances of the referral . Opponents also doubt that the ball @-@ tracking technology used in deciding lbws is reliable enough , but the ICC state that tests have shown the system to be 100 % accurate . The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( ) have consistently declined to use DRS in matches involving India owing to their concerns regarding the ball @-@ tracking technology . Early DRS trials were conducted during India matches , and several problems arose over lbws , particularly as the equipment was not as advanced as it later became . The believe the technology is unreliable and open to manipulation . - - = = Trends and perception = = - - A study in 2011 by Douglas Miller shows that in English county cricket , the proportion of wickets to fall lbw has increased steadily since the First World War . In the 1920s , around 11 % of wickets were lbw but this rose to 14 % in the 1930s . Between 1946 and 1970 , the proportion was approximately 11 % but subsequently increased until reaching almost 19 % in the decade before 2010 . Miller also states that captains of county teams were statistically more likely to receive the benefit of lbw decisions — less likely to be out lbw when batting and more likely to dismiss batsmen lbw when bowling . For many years , county captains submitted end @-@ of @-@ match reports on the umpires ; as umpires were professionals whose careers could be affected , captains consequently received whether batting or bowling . Before 1963 , when the status was abolished in county cricket , umpires were also more lenient towards amateur cricketers . administered English cricket , and offending one could end an umpire 's career . Elsewhere in the world , lbws are more statistically likely in matches taking place on the Indian subcontinent . However , batsmen from the subcontinent were less likely to be lbw wherever they played in the world . - Teams that toured other countries often became frustrated by lbws given against them ; there was often an assumption of national bias by home umpires against visiting teams . Several studies investigating this perception have suggested that home batsmen are sometimes less likely than visiting batsmen to be lbw . However , the data is based on lbw decisions awarded , not on the success @-@ rate of appeals to the umpire . Fraser points out that it is impossible to determine from these studies if any of the decisions were wrong , particularly as the lbw law can have different interpretations , or if other factors such as pitch conditions and technique were involved . A 2006 study examined the effect that neutral umpires had on the rate of lbws . Although the reasons were again ambiguous , it found that lbws increased slightly under neutral umpires regardless of team or location . - In his survey of cricket laws , Gerald Brodribb suggests that " no dismissal has produced so much argument as lbw ; it has caused trouble from its earliest days " . Among those who do not follow cricket , the law has the reputation of being extremely difficult to understand , of equivalent complexity to association football 's offside rule . Owing to the difficulty of its interpretation , lbw is regarded by critics as the most controversial of the laws but also a by which an umpire 's abilities are judged . In his book Cricket and the Law : The Man in White Is Always Right , David Fraser writes that umpires ' lbw decisions are frequently criticised and " arguments about bias and incompetence in inform almost every discussion about lbw decisions . " Problems arise because the umpire has not only to establish what has happened but also to speculate over what might have occurred . aspects of lbw decisions include the umpire having to determine whether the ball pitched outside leg stump , and in certain circumstances whether the batsman intended to hit the ball or leave it alone . are frequently criticised for their lbw decisions by players , commentators and spectators . Historically , trouble ranging from protests and arguments to crowd demonstrations occasionally arose from disputed decisions . For example , a prolonged crowd disturbance , in which items were thrown onto the playing field and the match was delayed , took place when was lbw during a 1996 One Day International in India . - - - = The Family Jewels ( Marina and the Diamonds album ) = - - The Family Jewels is the debut studio album recorded by Welsh singer Marina Diamandis , professionally known as Marina and the Diamonds . It was released on 15 February 2010 by 679 Recordings and Atlantic Records . Diamandis collaborated with several producers including Pascal Gabriel , Liam Howe , Greg Kurstin , Richard " " , and during its recording . She identifies the lyrical themes as " the seduction of commercialism , modern social values , family and female sexuality . " - Contemporary music critics gave The Family Jewels fairly positive reviews , with the vocal delivery dividing opinions . The record debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 27 @,@ 618 copies . The album was eventually certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry and has sold 195 @,@ 358 units in the United Kingdom . The Family Jewels performed moderately on international record charts ; it peaked at number 138 on the Billboard 200 in the United States . - The Family Jewels was supported by five singles , all of which were supplemented by accompanying music videos . " Mowgli 's Road " was released on 13 November 2009 , although " Hollywood " became its first charting track after reaching number 12 on the UK Singles Chart . Follow @-@ up singles " I Am Not a Robot " , " Oh No ! " , and " Shampain " respectively peaked at numbers 26 , 38 , and 141 in the United Kingdom . The record was additionally promoted by Diamandis ' headlining The Family Jewels Tour , which visited Australia , Europe and North America from January 2010 through December 2011 . - - = = Background = = - - Born and raised in South East Wales , Diamandis moved to London at the age of 18 to study music , despite not having a musical background . After dropping out of four institutions and failing in auditions , she began composing her own music . After the success of her @-@ released debut EP vs. in 2007 , she was signed by Gold Records the following year and by 679 Artists in October 2008 . In 2009 , after playing at a variety of festivals including Glastonbury in the summer , she ranked in second place in the BBC 's Sound of 2010 and was one of the three nominees for the Critics ' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards . - In a 2012 interview with , Diamandis said that the album 's title came from a slang term for , but she had been too coy to admit it before . - - = = Composition = = - - Diamandis explained that the album is " a body of work largely inspired by the seduction of commercialism , modern social values , family and female sexuality " , intended to be " enjoyed and consumed as a story and theory that encourages people to question themselves " . - In a review for Q , writer Hugh Montgomery noted genres such as disco ( " Shampain " ) , punk ( " Girls " ) and cabaret ( " Hermit The Frog " ) . The opening track , " Are You Satisfied ? " , the meaning of a fulfilling life ; a writer for The Line of Best likened it to the thinking of Danish philosopher . In a January 2010 interview with The Daily Telegraph , Diamandis admitted that she " " at the lyrics of the song " Girls " , which " could be seen as a bit " , including the lines " Girls they never befriend me / ' Cause I fall asleep when they speak / Of all the calories they eat " ; she clarified that the lyrics concerned her own psychological problems with weight . A Gold press release for a limited double A @-@ side of " Obsessions " and " Mowgli 's Road " described the former as a " bold and ambitious ... master work " and the latter as a " a high intensity , left field pop smash " . - Diamandis reportedly made producer Liam Howe take 486 vocal takes for " The Outsider " . " Hollywood " takes inspiration from Diamandis ' previous obsession with American celebrity culture , while in " I Am Not a Robot " , her favourite track from the album , she sings to tell herself to accept , with lines such as " you 've been acting awful tough lately , smoking a lot of cigarettes lately ... don 't be so pathetic " ; she expected audiences to be able to relate to the song . " " reflects on the dedication and sacrifice needed during her early years in London ; " Oh No ! " and " Are You Satisfied ? " have similar lyrical themes . " Oh No ! " was a late addition to the track listing , causing some reviews of the album to not include it . The album had initially been scheduled for release in October 2009 , and was delayed by Diamandis ' self @-@ confessed . - - = = Release and promotion = = - - - = = = Music videos = = = - - In 2008 , Diamandis filmed videos for the tracks " Seventeen " and " Obsessions " . The following year , photographer Rankin directed the accompaniment for " I Am Not a Robot " , which used much body . The video for " Mowgli 's Road " featured Diamandis and two dancers , with puppeteers standing in front of them to give them the impression of having limbs ; it was shot over 17 hours . - Polish artist Burza shot the " classic pop video " for " Hollywood " , with the aim to " make her audiences fall in love her even more , perhaps a little popcorn and feel inspired to dress up for fun " . Burza also filmed the video for " Oh No ! " , with an aesthetic based on " neon " MTV graphics and the fame @-@ hungry lyrics . The video to " Shampain " made an homage to Michael Jackson 's Thriller . - Dan Knight made a video for Gonzales ' " stripped @-@ down " remix of " Hollywood " that was intended to be the opposite of Burza 's official video . In the video , Gonzales and Diamandis perform on a 1980s music show complete with . - - = = = Singles = = = - - " Obsessions " was Diamandis ' first single , released on 14 February 2009 , and " Mowgli 's Road " followed on 13 November 2009 . She chose the song as an " " due to its , but it received attention after being shared by bloggers including Hilton and Kanye West . - " Hollywood " was released as the album 's second single and Diamandis ' first major release on 1 February 2010 . It reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart . It was followed on 26 April by " I Am Not a Robot " , which peaked at number 26 on the same listing . " Oh No ! " was released as the album 's fourth single on 2 August only in the UK and Ireland ; it charted at number 38 . " Shampain " was released as the album 's fifth and final single on 11 October , again only in the same region , and reached number 141 in the UK . - " I Am Not a Robot " was nominated for the 2010 £ 20 Music Prize for best British single , eventually losing to " " by . - - = = = Tour = = = - - Diamandis went on her first headlining tour to promote the album , performing in Europe , North America and Australia . included the Glastonbury Festival 2010 , South by Southwest and the Falls Festival . In parallel to headlining her own tour in the United States in mid @-@ 2011 , she was an opening act for Katy Perry 's California Dreams Tour , and finished by opening for Coldplay 's Tour at the Manchester Arena that December . - After a performance at Manchester 's Institute on 21 February 2010 , Contactmusic.com writer Katy awarded Diamandis a 9 / 10 rating , stating " Next time she plays Manchester , it will be to a sold out Academy 2 audience , with a top @-@ selling album the merchandising stand . Marina won 't be playing to a few hundred people above a bar in the foreseeable future " . - - = = Critical reception = = - - The Family Jewels received mostly positive reviews . At Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 68 , based on 21 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . - Hugh Montgomery of Q magazine noted that the singer 's " imaginative reach " was " complemented by a winning pop " , while Luke O 'Neil from The Phoenix stated that " [ t ] he likes of Kate Nash and company have through this piano / dance @-@ diva territory , but never mind , because this gorgeous genre starts now . " Cooper from NME rated the album nine out of ten stars , finding flaw only in the titles of " Shampain " and " Hermit the Frog " . - More mixed reviews were critical of Diamandis ' vocal delivery . Lou Thomas from BBC Music commented that " [ t ] he consistently diverting changes in style across the album are fine — the 80s shoulder @-@ pad pop of ' The Outsider ' is nothing like anything else here , for example . But over 13 songs of Sparks @-@ voice and many similar staccato piano riffs listeners may feel by Marina and her slightly overbearing presence " , concluding that her eccentric vocals would opinions . Sean O wrote on The Club that after " dozens of Regina @-@ " and " Kate Bush " , the " overbearing need to prove herself just ends up being exhausting " . Joe Rivers of No praised " Are You Satisfied ? " , " Hollywood " and " Oh No ! " but was put off by sudden " " in " Hermit the Frog " and a " " in " The Outsider " . - A negative review came from The Independent 's Andy Gill who considered " Shampain " and " Hermit the Frog " as " every bit as annoying as their titles , with , piano and synth figures " . He found certain vocal techniques in " Mowgli 's Road " and " I Am Not a Robot " to be " " , and evaluated the lyrics of " Girls " and " Hollywood " as shallow . Gill added that the content of " " , " Obsessions " and " The Outsider " did not match with what would be expected from the titles . - The NME placed the album at number 33 on its list of the Top 75 Albums of 2010 . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - The Family Jewels debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 27 @,@ 618 copies . It remains Diamandis ' best @-@ selling debut week , after her second studio album Heart entered the chart at number one with first @-@ week sales of 21 @,@ 358 units . The Family Jewels was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry , and had sold 195 @,@ 358 copies in the United Kingdom as of April 2015 . The record debuted at number seven in Greece and number nine in Ireland ; it was eventually certified gold by the Irish Recorded Music Association . - The Family Jewels performed moderately on several international record charts . The record reached number 12 on the German Media Control Charts , and entered the Austria Top 40 at number 18 . It peaked at number 88 on the Dutch , number 100 on the Swiss , and number 132 in France . In Oceania , the album reached number 79 on the Australian ARIA Charts . With first @-@ week sales of 4 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , The Family Jewels entered the Billboard 200 at number 138 ; furthermore , it respectively charted at numbers 2 and 49 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and Top Rock Albums charts . - In an interview for Australian radio in January 2011 , Diamandis said that her career that far had been " more like a failure than a success " , particularly in the American market . She attributed this to the inaction of Shop Records , her label in the United States , as well as a move in musical tastes to " pumping beats " by artists like Lady Gaga . She cancelled performances in the United States in order to begin work on a new album . - - = = Track listing = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Family Jewels . - Notes - ^ a signifies an additional producer - ^ b signifies an original producer - ^ c signifies a - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Family Jewels . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = 1981 Peach Bowl ( January ) = - - The 1981 Peach Bowl was a post @-@ season American college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Hurricanes from the University of Miami at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 2 , 1981 . The game was the final contest of the 1980 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season for both teams , and ended in a 20 @-@ 10 victory for Miami . Another game by the same name followed the 1981 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season and was played in December , 1981 . - Virginia Tech was awarded a bid to the Peach Bowl as a reward for finishing 8 – 3 during the regular season , a record that included wins over nationally ranked teams such as the Clemson Tigers and the Virginia Cavaliers . Facing Virginia Tech was a familiar post @-@ season opponent — Miami — whom the Hokies had played in the 1966 Liberty Bowl , Tech 's last bowl appearance prior to the Peach Bowl . Miami finished the regular season with an 8 – 3 record , including wins over Florida State and Florida . - The game kicked off at 3 : 00 p.m. EST under sunny skies and in temperatures of 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . Unlike the 1966 Liberty Bowl , in which Virginia Tech scored first , it was Miami who dominated the game 's early going . The Hurricanes scored a touchdown on the first drive of the game and on another touchdown early in the second quarter . Tech was held scoreless in the early going , thanks to two Miami interceptions at the goal line as Virginia Tech was threatening to score . Late in the second quarter , Tech was finally able to get on the with a field goal , but at halftime , the Miami Hurricanes led 14 – 3 . After halftime , the Hokies threatened Miami for the first time all game . Virginia Tech mounted an 80 @-@ yard drive that resulted in a touchdown , cutting Miami 's lead to 14 – 10 . But the Hurricanes ' defense down on any further offensive attempts by Virginia Tech and denied the Hokies more points . Miami added two field goals : one in the third quarter and one in the fourth quarter that finally put the game out of reach for Virginia Tech . Miami 's win was its first bowl victory since the 1966 Liberty Bowl , which also featured a Hurricane victory over Virginia Tech . - - = = Team Selection = = - - - = = = Miami = = = - - The Miami Hurricanes came into the 1980 college football season after an 5 – 6 season in 1979 under head coach Howard Schnellenberger . During that season , the team was nicknamed the " Jet Kids " after they traveled an NCAA @-@ record 28 @,@ 000 miles ( 45 @,@ 000 km ) , including a trip to the Bowl in Tokyo , Japan . While impressive , the season wasn 't as successful as hoped , and Schnellenberger began his second season as coach hoping to improve upon the 5 – 6 effort despite what was the toughest schedule — in terms of opponents ' winning percentage — in the country . - Miami got off to a good start doing just that as it raced out to four consecutive wins to begin the season , including a victory over nationally ranked rival No. 9 Florida State . On October 11 , however , Miami traveled to South Bend , Indiana , to face the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and suffered its first loss of the season to the undefeated Irish , who would go on to be ranked No. 1 in the country . This defeat was followed in succession by two others , but the Hurricanes were able to stop the slide on November 8 with a homecoming win over East Carolina . Miami added two more wins before the end of the season , and brought the regular season to a close with an overall record of 8 – 3 . - - = = = Virginia Tech = = = - - The Virginia Tech Hokies , like Miami , entered the 1980 season after accumulating a 5 – 6 record in 1979 . Though the Hokies traveled far less than Miami , they also hoped to improve upon their losing record . Tech was coached by Bill Dooley , who was entering his third season as head coach . - Like Schnellenberger , he got his team off to a fast start . In the season opener , Tech traveled to North Carolina to face the Wake Forest Demon . Wake Forest had attended the Bowl the previous year and was favored in the game against Tech . Despite those facts , the Hokies won , 16 – 7 . Virginia Tech won its first four games of the regular season before falling to the nationally ranked Clemson Tigers on October 4 . Tech recovered from the loss , defeating Rhode Island , then Virginia before a then @-@ state record crowd of 52 @,@ 000 people , but lost a second game , to Richmond on October 25 . The Hokies split their final three games of the regular season , winning two and losing one , and finished with a regular season record of 8 – 3 . Tech 's 6 – 0 record at Lane Stadium — its home stadium — was the best in school history . Tech 's selection by the Peach Bowl was announced in the locker room following the team 's final regular season game . The Peach Bowl representative present was by celebrating players chanting " Peach Bowl ! Peach Bowl ! " The representative later said , " I 've never seen a celebration . " - - = = buildup = = - - - = = = Miami offense = = = - - The Miami Hurricanes entered the Peach Bowl with a record @-@ breaking offense that set the school mark for the most accumulated yards in school history with a total offensive mark of 3 @,@ yards . Leading the aerial portion of the Miami offense was sophomore quarterback Jim Kelly , who completed 109 of 206 passes for 1 @,@ yards , 11 touchdowns , and seven interceptions . Kelly 's 11 touchdowns tied the Miami record for most touchdowns in a season at that time . Kelly 's favorite receiver was wide receiver Larry Brodsky , who caught 33 passes for 570 yards and three touchdowns during the regular season . One of Brodsky 's touchdowns came on an 81 @-@ yard reception that tied the longest pass reception in the history of Miami football to that point . - The Hurricanes ' ground offense was led by running back Smokey Roan , who carried the ball 152 times for yards and five touchdowns . Roan was assisted by an able offensive line . Miami offensive tackle John was named as an honorable mention to the Associated Press All @-@ America team , which recognizes the best college football players in the country . - - = = = Miami defense = = = - - Miami 's defense shut out one opponent , and held six other opponents to single touchdowns or field goals . Middle guard Jim Burt was one of the Hurricanes ' defensive leaders , recovering four fumbles in a single game during the regular season . In recognition of this and other performances , Burt was named to the Associated Press All @-@ America list . Also recognized was defensive back Fred Marion , who was named an honorable mention to the All @-@ America list . Marion intercepted seven passes during the regular season , tying him for second in Miami history for the most interceptions in a season . - - = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = - - Throughout the regular season , Virginia Tech 's offense was led by running back Cyrus Lawrence , who accumulated what was then a school record of 1 @,@ 221 yards during the regular season . He also set a record for most carries by a Tech player in a season with 271 . Tech quarterback Steve Casey was called the " key man in the Tech offense . " Casey was Tech 's starting quarterback and completed 97 of 176 passes during the regular season for 1 @,@ 119 yards and 13 touchdowns . At the time , he ranked second among Tech 's career passing leaders , and was considered to be an offensive threat . - Casey 's favorite target was wide receiver Sidney Snell , who caught a Tech @-@ record eight touchdown receptions during the regular season . Snell accounted for 568 yards on 43 receptions of all types . end Rob Purdham only caught seven passes during the regular season , but four of the catches were for touchdowns . - - = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = - - The Tech defense was ranked among the top five in the country during the regular season , and set a school record for fewest points allowed during an 11 @-@ game regular season . Tech permitted just 109 points during the season , and allowed only 11 touchdowns in 11 games . - The leading on the Tech defense was freshman linebacker Ashley Lee , who accumulated 95 tackles during the regular season . Lee was one of two freshman linebackers for the Hokies during their record @-@ breaking defensive season . - Virginia Tech 's defense also featured Robert Brown , who accumulated 10 tackles , including two quarterback sacks , in the Hokies ' regular @-@ season finale against the Virginia Military Institute . Tech head coach Bill Dooley lobbied in vain for Brown 's inclusion in the annual All @-@ America list recording the best college football players in the country , saying , " Robert Brown is an All @-@ American football player ... but because he was a transfer student , he received no preseason buildup . ... I guarantee the people who have seen him know he 's an All @-@ American . " Brown finished the regular season with 61 tackles , broke up four passes , and recovered three fumbles . - - = = Game summary = = - - The 1981 Peach Bowl kicked off at 3 p.m. EST on January 2 , 1981 , at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia in front of a crowd estimated at 45 @,@ 384 people . More than 14 @,@ 000 of those present were estimated to be fans of Virginia Tech . Weather at kickoff was sunny , with a temperature of 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) and a north @-@ northwest wind estimated at 14 miles per hour ( 23 km / h ) . The game was televised nationally on CBS , with Curt , Hank , and Frank serving as the for the television broadcast . William Parkinson was the referee , Robert was the umpire , and the linesman was Richard . Miami won the traditional coin toss used to decide first possession and elected to receive the ball to begin the game . - - = = = First quarter = = = - - After the Virginia Tech kickoff and a short return , Miami began the first drive of the game at its 32 @-@ yard line . The game 's first play was an incomplete pass from Miami quarterback Jim Kelly . After a one @-@ yard rush , Kelly completed his first pass of the game , an 18 @-@ yard toss that drove Miami to the Tech 49 @-@ yard line and gave the Hurricanes a first down . Miami then committed a 15 @-@ yard penalty , pushing the Hurricanes back into their side of the field . On the second play after the penalty , Kelly completed a 29 @-@ yard pass that gave Miami a first down . The Hurricanes were further aided by a 15 @-@ yard the passer penalty against Virginia Tech , giving Miami a first down at the Tech 20 @-@ yard line . From there , it took Miami just three plays to score a touchdown , the final play being a 15 @-@ yard pass from Kelly to Larry Brodsky . With 12 : 37 remaining in the quarter , Miami took a 7 – 0 lead . - Following Miami 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff , Virginia Tech began its first offensive possession of the game at its 24 @-@ yard line . A three @-@ yard rush from fullback Scott Dovel was followed by two rushes from Tech 's Cyrus Lawrence : one for eight yards and a second for 17 more . These drove Tech into Miami territory and gave the Hokies a first down . Once there , however , Miami 's defense stiffened and Tech was forced to punt . Miami recovered the ball at its 12 @-@ yard line , and the Hurricanes began their second possession of the game . Chris Hobbs and running back Smokey Roan alternated carries , picking up yardage and first downs before entering Virginia Tech territory . On the Hurricanes ' first play on Tech 's side of the field , however , Miami committed two penalties , pushing the Hurricanes back 20 yards . Following the penalties , Miami was unable to pick up a first down and punted back to the Hokies . - Tech recovered the punt at its 30 @-@ yard line and began its second possession . Lawrence rushed for five yards , and Miami committed a five @-@ yard penalty , giving Tech a first down by penalty . Dovel and Lawrence then combined for another first down after two plays . Tech was unable to gain another first down and punted the ball away . Attempting to field the ball , Miami 's Fred Marion fumbled the ball , which was recovered by a Tech defender at the Miami 25 @-@ yard line . Despite beginning with excellent field position , Tech was unable to score . On the first play after the fumble recovery , Tech attempted to run a trick play involving a pass by Lawrence . The pass was intercepted by a Miami defender at the Hurricanes ' one @-@ yard line , and Miami 's offense returned to the field . - From their one @-@ yard line , the Hurricanes ran a short rush up the middle , then Kelly connected on a 28 @-@ yard pass to tight end Mark Cooper for a first down . Three short rushes by fullback Neal resulted in 12 yards and a first down . With time running out in the quarter , Kelly attempted and completed a 27 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Rocky , driving the Hurricanes to the Tech 30 @-@ yard line and bringing the quarter to an end . Miami led , 7 – 0 at the end of the first quarter . - - = = = Second quarter = = = - - Miami began the second quarter in possession of the ball and facing a first down at the Virginia Tech 30 @-@ yard line . From there , it took Miami just four plays to score . Roan ran for seven yards , Kelly completed an 11 @-@ yard pass , threw an incomplete pass , then Hobbs ran 12 yards for the touchdown . The score and following extra point gave Miami a 14 – 0 lead with 13 : 47 remaining before halftime . - Virginia Tech received the post @-@ touchdown kickoff and was promptly penalized 10 yards for an illegal block during the kickoff . Despite the initial setback , Tech made good the penalty with two passes from quarterback Steve Casey . After gaining one first down , the Hokies gained several more with a combination of passes from Casey and rushes from Lawrence . Tech drove into Miami territory and penetrated the Hurricanes ' red zone , in the process gaining a first down after facing a fourth down near midfield . Attempting to pass for a touchdown , however , Casey threw an interception at the goal line to a Miami defender . The Hurricanes thus again denied Tech a scoring opportunity and the Miami offense began . - The Hurricanes picked up a first down on one rush each from Hobbs and Roan , but were unable to gain another . After a Miami punt , Tech returned to offense from its 46 @-@ yard line . Casey picked up a first down on a pass , then gained another after a seven @-@ yard scramble that followed a three @-@ yard rush by Lawrence . Lawrence then gained a first down on his own after rushing for nine yards and five yards , driving the Hokies to the Miami 15 @-@ yard line in the process . After entering the Miami red zone , however , Tech was unable to gain a first down and Casey was sacked for a loss of 13 yards . Facing a fourth down and needing 20 yards for a first down , Tech coach Bill Dooley sent in kicker Dennis to attempt a 42 @-@ yard field goal . The kick was successful , and with 29 seconds left in the first half , Tech cut Miami 's lead to 14 – 3 . - Miami was penalized 15 yards for the kicker during the field goal attempt , allowing Tech to kick off from the Miami 45 @-@ yard line following the score . Instead of kicking off to Miami , Tech attempted an kick , which would allow Tech to retain possession if the ball was recovered by the kicking team after traveling 10 yards from the point at which it was kicked . The ball did not travel the needed 10 yards , however , and Miami began offense at its 37 @-@ yard line , where the ball rolled out of bounds . On Miami 's first play after the kick , Kelly attempted a long pass into Tech territory , but the ball was intercepted by Tech 's Mike at the Hokies ' 12 @-@ yard line . With just 21 seconds remaining in the first half , Tech attempted to gain quick yardage in an effort to close within field goal distance . Though Lawrence picked up 15 yards and a first with a rush , the Hokies were unable to enter the Miami side of the field before time expired . At the end of the first half , Miami still held a 14 – 3 lead . - - = = = Third quarter = = = - - Because Miami received the ball to begin the game , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . After Miami 's kickoff and a touchback , Tech began the first possession of the second half at its 20 @-@ yard line . The Hokies picked up a quick first down off a rush each by Lawrence , Dovel , and Casey . Lawrence picked up another with two rushes that resulted in 13 yards and drove the Hokies to their 44 @-@ yard line . There , Casey completed his longest pass of the game — a 42 @-@ yard throw to tight end Rob Purdham — that gave Tech a first down at the Miami 14 @-@ yard line . Tech continued to drive , picking up short yardage with multiple rushes . The Hokies suffered a near @-@ disaster when Lawrence fumbled the ball , but Tech retained possession when the ball rolled out of bounds at the one @-@ yard line . Two plays after the fumble , Lawrence vaulted over the goal line for Tech 's first and only touchdown of the game . Following the extra point , Tech cut Miami 's lead to 14 – 10 with 8 : 52 remaining in the quarter . - Following the Tech kickoff , Miami began a drive at its 20 @-@ yard line and went three and out . Following the Hurricanes ' punt , Tech 's offense began work at its 22 @-@ yard line . Despite having a chance to take the lead with a successful drive , the Hokies also went three and out , punting back to Miami and allowing the Hurricanes to begin a possession at their 33 @-@ yard line . This possession was more successful than Miami 's first of the second half . Kelly ran for four yards , then completed a six @-@ yard pass for a first down . Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard grabbing @-@ the @-@ penalty , and Kelly completed a 15 @-@ yard pass that pushed the Miami offense to the Tech 22 @-@ yard line . Young picked up 12 yards and a first down with a rush to the left , but Kelly was sacked for a loss of 13 yards , the gain . Unable to gain another first down or a touchdown , Miami was forced to settle for a field goal attempt . The 31 @-@ yard attempt was good , and Miami expanded its lead to 17 – 10 with 29 seconds remaining in the quarter . - Tech received Miami 's kickoff for a touchback , and the Hokies ' offense began work at the Tech 20 @-@ yard line . Lawrence ran for six yards , and time ran out in the quarter . With one quarter remaining , Miami held a 17 – 10 lead . - - = = = Fourth quarter = = = - - Tech began the fourth quarter in possession of the ball and facing a second down at its 26 @-@ yard line . Despite needing just another four yards for a first down , Tech was unable to gain the needed yardage and was forced to punt . During the kick , Miami was penalized five yards , and began its first possession of the fourth quarter at its 18 @-@ yard line after the penalty . Kelly completed an 18 @-@ yard pass for a first down , but Miami was unable to gain another . After punting to Tech , the Hokies were likewise unable to gain a first down and went three and out after committing a delay of game penalty . - Tech 's punt was short , and Miami began a possession at the Tech 41 @-@ yard line . The Hurricanes picked up a first down with two rushes by Roan for a total of 14 yards . Despite further short gains by Roan , the Hurricanes were stopped short by the Tech defense and were unable to gain another . Miami sent in kicker Dan Miller , who kicked a 37 @-@ yard field goal to give Miami a 20 – 10 lead with 6 : 27 remaining in the game . - Tech received Miami 's post @-@ score kickoff needing to score quickly in order to have a chance to have a second opportunity on offense — needed because Tech was now two scores behind . Tech returned the kickoff to the 24 @-@ yard line but were penalized 12 yards for an illegal block . Casey passed for an eight @-@ yard gain and ran for three yards for a first down . After that gain , things went against the Hokies . Casey was penalized 15 yards for intentional , and Tech was unable to gain another first down . The Hokies punted , and Miami took over on offense at its 46 @-@ yard line . In possession of the lead , Miami began to run out the clock , executing multiple rushing plays in succession in order to force the game clock to continue to count down . Tech 's defense forced a stop , but because Miami punted the ball with just 2 : 20 remaining in the game , there was little chance that Tech would be able to make up the needed two scores . - Tech received the ball at its 16 @-@ yard line , and Casey completed a quick 14 @-@ yard pass to Purdham for a first down . But Tech was unable to gain another first down , and after four plays were stopped short , Tech turned the ball over to Miami after Casey threw an incomplete pass on fourth down . Miami received the ball with 1 : 24 remaining and ran a series of plays to draw down the clock and bring the game to an end . Miami earned the win , 20 – 10 . - - = = Statistical summary = = - - In recognition of their performances during the Peach Bowl , Miami quarterback Jim Kelly and nose guard Jim Burt were named the game 's offensive and defensive most valuable players of the game , respectively . Kelly finished the game having completed 11 of his 22 pass attempts for 179 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Burt , the other MVP , accumulated nine tackles — the second @-@ most of any player in the game — including seven tackles and one tackle for loss . - Virginia Tech running back Cyrus Lawrence finished the game with 27 carries for 137 rushing yards and a touchdown . The 27 carries remain the most ever recorded by a single Virginia Tech player in a bowl game . Tech quarterback Steve Casey led the Hokies in passing yardage , completing nine of his 23 pass attempts for 119 yards and one interception . - The Hurricanes ' ground offense was led by Smokey Roan , who carried the ball 16 times for 86 yards . Second to Roan for Miami was Chris Hobbs , who contributed 66 yards and a touchdown on 10 carries . Hurricanes wide receiver Larry Brodsky finished with four catches for 80 yards and a touchdown . Miami turned the ball over four times during the course of the game . Tech 's 80 @-@ yard touchdown drive in the third quarter remains tied for the longest ever recorded by a Tech offense during a bowl game . Conversely , the 99 @-@ yard drive allowed to Miami remains the longest scoring drive Tech 's defense has ever allowed in a bowl game . - On defense , Virginia Tech linebacker Ashley Lee 's 15 tackles remains the most ever recorded by a Tech defender in a bowl game . Three Tech players were tied for second on the team with eight tackles . Behind defensive MVP Burt , Miami had one player with eight tackles and two with seven . Fred Marion , one of the Hurricanes with seven tackles , also intercepted a Tech pass and broke up another pass . - - = = effects = = - - In exchange for their participation , each team received $ @,@ 389 . Miami 's win brought the Hurricanes to a final record of 9 – 3 for the 1980 college football season . Likewise , the loss dropped Virginia Tech to a final record of 8 – 4 . Miami 's win also was its first bowl @-@ game victory since a similar win over Tech in the 1966 Liberty Bowl . - The 1980 Peach Bowl victory is sometimes cited as the turning point in the Miami football program , as the Hurricanes went 9 – 2 and 7 – 4 over the next two season before participating in the 1984 Orange Bowl , the championship game of the 1983 college football season . Tech also participated in a 1984 bowl game ; the 1984 Independence Bowl , which followed the 1984 college football season . The Hokies did not win a bowl game until the 1986 Peach Bowl ; however , the game had lasting effects on Virginia Tech 's football recruiting efforts . star players Bruce Smith and Jesse Penn signed letters of intent with Virginia Tech following the game . - Miami had a handful of players selected in the 1981 NFL Draft : John was picked with the 101st overall selection , Jim with the pick , and Pat Walker with the pick . Miami quarterback Jim Kelly , a sophomore during the 1981 Peach Bowl , was selected in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft and went on to become a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his performance during 10 seasons with the Buffalo Bills . In 2002 , Kelly was named to the Peach Bowl Hall of Fame in honor of his performance in the 1980 game . - - = = Later aftermath = = - - Miami and Virginia Tech would both be charter members of the Big East Conference 's football league in 1991 , and in 2004 , both schools moved to the Atlantic Coast Conference - which now has a tie @-@ in for what is now called the Chick @-@ A Bowl . - - - = The Magdalen Reading = - - The Magdalen Reading is one of three surviving fragments of a large mid @-@ 15th @-@ century oil on panel altarpiece by the Early Netherlandish painter Rogier van der Weyden . The panel , originally oak , was completed some time between 1435 and 1438 and has been in the National Gallery , London since 1860 . It shows a woman with the pale skin , high cheek bones and oval eyelids typical of the portraits of noble women of the period . She is identifiable as the Magdalen from the jar of placed in the foreground , which is her traditional attribute in Christian art . She is presented as completely absorbed in her reading , a model of the contemplative life , repentant and of past sins . In Catholic tradition the Magdalen was with both Mary of Bethany who the feet of Jesus with oil and the unnamed " sinner " of Luke 7 : 36 – 50 . Iconography of the Magdalen commonly shows her with a book , in a moment of reflection , in tears , or with eyes averted . Van der Weyden pays close attention to detail in many passages , in particular the folds and cloth of the woman 's dress , the rock crystal of the rosary beads held by the figure standing over her , and the of the exterior . - The background of the painting had been overpainted with a thick layer of brown paint . A cleaning between 1955 and 1956 revealed the figure standing behind the Magdalene and the kneeling figure with its bare foot protruding in front of her , with a landscape visible through a window . The two partially seen figures are both cut off at the edges of the London panel . The figure above her has been identified as belonging to a fragment in the Gulbenkian , Lisbon , which shows the head of Saint Joseph , while another Lisbon fragment , showing what is believed to be Saint Catherine of Alexandria , is thought to be from the same larger work . The original altarpiece was a , known only through a drawing , Virgin and Child with Saints , in Stockholm 's , which followed a partial copy of the painting that probably dated from the late 16th century . The drawing shows that The Magdalen occupied the lower right @-@ hand corner of the altarpiece . The Lisbon fragments are each a third of the size of The Magdalen , which measures 62 @.@ 2 cm × 54 @.@ 4 cm ( 24 @.@ 5 in × 21 @.@ 4 in ) . - Although internationally successful in his lifetime , van der Weyden fell from view during the 17th century , and was not rediscovered until the early 19th century . The Magdalen Reading can first be traced to an 1811 sale . After passing through the hands of a number of dealers in the Netherlands , the panel was purchased by the National Gallery , London , in 1860 from a collector in Paris . It is described by art historian Lorne Campbell as " one of the great masterpieces of 15th @-@ century art and among van der Weyden 's most important early works . " - - = = Description = = - - Mary Magdalene as depicted in early Renaissance painting is a composite of various biblical figures . Here , she is based on Mary of Bethany , who is identified as the Magdalene in the Roman Catholic tradition . Mary of Bethany sat at Jesus ' feet and " listened to His Word " , and thus is seen as a contemplative figure . The counterpoint is Mary 's sister Martha who , representative of the active life , wished that Mary would help her serve . Mary is shown by van der Weyden as youthful , sitting in quiet piety with her head and eyes averted from the viewer . She is absorbed in her reading of a holy book , the covers of which include a of white cloth , a common form of protective binding . Four coloured cloth are tied to a gold bar near the top of the spine . According to Lorne Campbell , the manuscript " looks rather like a 13th @-@ century French Bible " and is " clearly a devotional text " . It was rare for contemporary portraits to show women reading , and if the model herself could read then she was likely from a noble family . - Van der Weyden often linked form and meaning , and in this fragment the semicircular outline of the Magdalene reinforces her quiet detachment from her surroundings . She is seated on a red cushion and rests her back against a wooden . By her feet is her usual attribute of an alabaster jar ; in the she brought spices to the tomb of Jesus . The view through the window is of a distant canal , with an archer atop the garden wall and a figure walking on the other side of the water , whose reflection shows in the water . - Van der Weyden 's pose for the Magdalene is similar to a number of female religious figures painted by his master Robert Campin or his workshop . It closely resembles , in theme and tone , the figure of Saint Barbara in Campin 's Altarpiece , and also the Virgin in an attributed to Campin in Brussels . Typically for a van der Weyden , the Magdalen 's face has an almost sculpted look , and the elements of her clothes are conveyed in minute detail . She wears a green robe ; in medieval art the Magdalene is usually depicted naked ( sometimes clad only in her long hair ) or in richly coloured dress , typically red , blue or green , almost never in white . Her robe is tightly pulled below her bust by a blue sash , while the gold of her is adorned by a jewelled . Art critic Charles observed that the Magdalen 's past as a " fallen woman " is hinted at by the in the fur lining of her dress and the few strands of hair loose from her veil . wrote , " Even her fingers , absent @-@ , suggest . In her mix of purity and , van der Weyden 's Magdalen feels whole ; but she isn 't . " In the medieval period , fur symbolized female sexuality and was commonly associated with the Magdalene . Medieval historian Philip explains that artists such as and often portrayed the Magdalen in furs and notes that she " is noticeably dressed in fur @-@ lined garments in The Magdalen Reading by Rogier van der Weyden " . - The level of detail used in portraying the Magdalene has been described by Campbell as " far exceed [ ing ] " van Eyck . Her lips are painted with a shades of , white and red which are mixed into each other to give a transparent look at the edges . The fur lining of her dress is painted in a range of greys running from almost pure white to pure black . Rogier gave the fur a textured look by painting stripes parallel to the line of the dress and then the paint before it dried . The gold on the cloth is rendered with a variety of , grid and dots of varying colour and size . - Many of the objects around her are also closely detailed , in particular the wooden floor and nails , the folds of the Magdalene 's dress , the costume of the figures in the exterior and the beads of Joseph 's rosary . The effect of falling light is closely studied ; Joseph 's crystal rosary beads have bright highlights , while subtle of light and shade can be seen in the 's tracery and in the of her book . Mary is absorbed in her reading and seemingly unaware of her surroundings . Van der Weyden has given her a quiet dignity although he is generally seen as the more emotional of the master Netherlandish painters of the era , in particular when contrasted with Jan van Eyck . - Lorne Campbell describes the tiny figure of the woman seen through the window and her reflection in the water as " small miracles of painting " , and says that " the attention to detail far exceeds that of Jan van Eyck and the skill of execution is " . He notes that these tiny details would have been impossible for a viewer to observe when the altarpiece was in its intended position . Other areas of the panel , however , have been described as dull and . One critic wrote that the areas of the floor and most of the cupboard behind her seem unfinished and " much too narrow and in effect " . A number of objects placed on the cupboard are now barely visible save for their bases . The object on the right seated on legs alongside a box is likely a small pitcher , possibly a reliquary . A moulding to the left of the cupboard may represent a doorway . - - = = Altarpiece fragment = = - - Virgin and Child with Saints , a drawing in Stockholm 's , is believed to be a study of a portion of the original altarpiece by a follower of van der Weyden , who possibly may have been the Master of the . The drawing has a loosely background and shows , from left to right : an unidentified bishop saint with and making a blessing gesture ; a narrow gap with a few wavy vertical lines suggesting a start at the outline of a further kneeling figure ; a barefoot bearded figure in a rough robe identified as Saint John the Baptist ; a seated Virgin holding on her lap the Christ Child who leans to the right , looking at a book ; and holding the book , a kneeling male identified as John the Evangelist . The drawing stops at the end of John 's robe , at about the point on the London panel where Joseph 's walking stick meets John and the Magdalene 's robes . This suggests that the Magdalene panel was the first to be cut from the larger work . - At an unknown point before 1811 , the original altarpiece was broken into at least three pieces , possibly due to damage , although The Magdalen fragment is in good condition . The black was likely added after the early 17th century when Netherlandish painting had fallen from favour and was . Campbell believes that after the removal of the background detail " it looked sufficiently like a genre piece to hang in a well @-@ known collection of Dutch seventeenth @-@ century paintings " . From the size of three surviving panels in relation to the drawing , it is estimated that the original was at least 1 m high by 1 @.@ 5 m wide ; the bishop and the Magdalene seem to clearly mark the horizontal , but the extent of the picture above and below the surviving elements and the drawing cannot be judged . Such a size is comparable with smaller altarpieces of the period . The background was overpainted with a thick layer of black / brown pigment until it was cleaned in 1955 ; it was only after the layer 's removal that it was linked to the upper body and head of Joseph from the Lisbon piece . These two works were not recorded in inventory until 1907 , when they appear in the collection of in , France . - The London panel shows much of the clothing of two other figures from the original altarpiece . To the left of the Magdalene is the red robe of what appears to be a kneeling figure . The figure and robe , and less precisely the background , match a kneeling Saint John the Evangelist . Behind the Magdalen is a standing figure in blue and red robes , with linear rosary beads in one hand and a walking stick in the other . A panel at the Gulbenkian in Lisbon shows the head of a figure believed to be the Saint Joseph ; the background and clothes match with those of the figure behind the Magdalen on the London panel . - There is a further small panel in Lisbon of a female head , richly or dressed , which first appeared in 1907 with the Joseph panel when it was recorded in the inventory of Leo at . The figure may represent Saint Catherine of Alexandria , and from both the angle of her cloth and the fact that the river behind her would be parallel to that in the exterior of the London panel it can be assumed that she was kneeling . In the Stockholm drawing she is omitted , or only traces of her dress shown . The Joseph panel has a of a view through a window to an exterior scene ; if the other female is presumed to be kneeling , the trees above the waterway with those in the London panel . Some art historians , including Martin Davies and John Ward , have been slow to allow the Catherine panel as part of the altarpiece , though it is undoubtedly by van der Weyden or a near @-@ contemporary follower . Evidence against this link includes the fact that the moulding of the window to the left of the Gulbenkian female saint is plain , while that next to Saint Joseph is . Such an inconsistency in a single van der Weyden work is unusual . The panels are of equal thickness ( 1 @.@ 3 cm ) and of near @-@ identical size ; the Saint Catherine panel measures 18 @.@ 6 cm × 21 @.@ 7 cm ( 7 @.@ 3 in × 8 @.@ 5 in ) , the Saint Joseph 18 @.@ 2 cm × 21 cm ( 7 @.@ 2 in × 8 @.@ 3 in ) . - Lorne Campbell thinks that though the Catherine head is " obviously less well drawn and less successfully painted than the Magdalen " , it " seems likely " that all three fragments came from the same original work ; he points out that " about half way up the right edge of this fragment [ " Catherine " ] is a small triangle of red , outlined by a continuous ... It is likely that the red is part of the of the missing figure of the Baptist " . The small piece is on the outermost edge of the panel , and only visible when it was removed from the frame . Ward believes the piece corresponds directly with the folds of John 's robes . - The Stockholm drawing contains a narrow blank gap to the right of the bishop with a few lines that could represent the lower profile of the kneeling figure of Saint Catherine . Although none of the faces in the three surviving panels match any in the drawing , a 1971 reconstruction by art historian John Ward — which combined all of the works into a composition of a central Virgin and Child flanked by six saints — is widely accepted . The Stockholm drawing 's original location or history before the 19th century is unknown , except that the shows a surviving carving of the Virgin and Child attributed to a Brussels workshop from about 1440 . This carving is also now in Portugal . - - = = Iconography = = - - Van der Weyden 's depiction of the Magdalen is based on Mary of Bethany , identified by the time of Pope Gregory I as the repentant prostitute of Luke 7 : 36 – 50 . She then became associated with weeping and reading : Christ 's mercy causes the eyes of the sinner to be or tearful . Early Renaissance artists often conveyed this idea by portraying contemplative eyes , associating tears with words , and in turn weeping with reading . Examples can be seen in 16th @-@ century works by and which show the Magdalen reading , often with her eyes averted towards her book ( and presumably away from a male gaze ) , or looking up to the heavens or , sometimes , glancing towards the viewer . Writing in " The Crying Face " , explains that in van der Weyden 's time the gesture of or concealing the eyes became a " pictorial formula for crying " . - By the medieval period , reading became synonymous with devotion , which involved withdrawal from public view . Van der Weyden 's placement of the Magdalen in an interior scene reflects the increasing literacy of domestic or in the mid @-@ 15th century . The increased production of devotional texts showed that noble women of the period routinely read texts such as a psalter or book of hours in the privacy of their homes . Whether the Magdalen herself was a reader , by the 17th century she was firmly established as such in the visual arts . Because the Magdalen was present at Christ 's death and subsequent resurrection , she was seen as the bearer of news — a witness — and hence directly associated with the text . - The Magdalen imagery further draws on the idea of Christ as the word , represented by a book , with the Magdalen as the reader learning of her own life story in a moment of reflection and repentance . Her devotion to reading reflects her traditional status as the repentant , as well as a or seer . According to legend , the Magdalen lived the last 30 years of her life as a in @-@ and is often shown with a book , reading or writing , symbolizing her later years of contemplation and repentance . By the 13th century she acquired the imagery of a once @-@ woman who , clothed in long hair , now hid her nakedness in exile and " borne by angels , floats between heaven and earth " . - The Magdalen 's jar was common in the lexicon of art in van der Weyden 's period . Mary of Bethany may have used a jar when she of her sins at Christ 's feet in her home ; by the Renaissance , the image of the Magdalen was of the woman who Christ 's feet with her tears and dried them with her hair . She signified the " sacrament of ( and ) " by pouring precious on Christ 's feet at his tomb . - - = = and = = - - The altarpiece 's date is uncertain but believed to be between 1435 and 1438 . Van der Weyden was made painter to the city of Brussels in 1435 , and it is believed to have been painted after this appointment . The National Gallery gives " before 1438 " . Art historian John Ward notes that the altarpiece was one of van der Weyden 's first masterpieces , created early in his career when he was still heavily influenced by Robert Campin . He proposes a c . date based on similarities to Campin 's Altarpiece . - Because van der Weyden , like most of the early Netherlandish painters , was not rediscovered until the early 19th century , many of his works were wrongly attributed or dated , and major pieces such as the Berlin Altarpiece continue to emerge . Conversely , when a number of pieces considered either by van der Weyden or assistants under his supervision were cleaned in the to late 20th century , his hand or direct influence was , or in the case of the Magdalen , associated with other images whose attribution had been uncertain . - The Magdalen Reading can first be traced to an 1811 sale of the estate of Cassino , a little @-@ known collector in , when the work was already cut down . The painting is recorded in the inventory of , also of . After passing to the brothers , who were leading dealers in art of the early Netherlandish period , it moved to the collector Edmond in Paris , whose " small but choice " collection of early Netherlandish paintings was purchased for the National Gallery , London by Charles Lock in 1860 ; an acquisition that also included two Robert Campin portraits and panels by Simon ( 1425 – 1489 ) . This was during a period of acquisition intended to establish the international prestige of the gallery . Probably before 1811 , all the background except the red robe on the left and the alabaster jar and was overpainted in plain brown , which was not removed until the cleaning begun in 1955 . In general the " painted surface is in very good condition " , although better in the parts that were not overpainted , and there are a few small losses . - The Magdalen Reading was transferred from its original oak to a mahogany panel ( West Indian ) by unknown craftsmen sometime between 1828 and when the National Gallery acquired it in 1860 . Campbell states that the transfer was " Certainly after 1828 , probably after 1845 , and certainly before 1860 " , the year it was acquired by the National Gallery . Artificial @-@ coloured paint found in the transfer ground indicates that the change of panel took place after 1830 . The heads in Lisbon are still on their original oak panels . The Stockholm drawing was discovered in a German inventory c . 1916 and is likely of Swedish origin . It was bequeathed by a Norwegian collector , Christian , to the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts in 1918 . - - = = Gallery = = - - - - = Rosemary 's Baby ( 30 Rock ) = - - " Rosemary 's Baby " is the fourth episode of the second season of 30 Rock , and the twenty @-@ fifth episode overall . It was written by Jack Burditt and was directed by Michael Engler . The episode first aired on October 25 , 2007 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Elijah Cook , Carrie Fisher , Marcella Roy , Paul Scheer , Megan Blake Stevenson , Jean and Stuart . - The episode focuses on Liz Lemon 's ( Tina Fey ) with her idol , Rosemary Howard ( Carrie Fisher ) ; Tracy Jordan 's ( Tracy Morgan ) family problems ; and Jenna 's ( Jane Krakowski ) attempt to replace Kenneth 's ( Jack ) burnt page jacket . The episode was praised by critics , with Alec Baldwin winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . - - = = = = - - Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) announces that Liz Lemon is the winner of the " G.E. Award " , a prize awarded to the G.E. employee who best exemplifies a follower , which also includes $ 10 @,@ 000 . Liz takes Pete ( Scott ) to a book signing to meet Rosemary Howard ( Carrie Fisher ) , her idol when she was a girl , and invites her to be a guest writer on " The Show " . Rosemary pitches several controversial ideas to Jack , who orders Liz to fire her , but when Liz refuses , Jack fires them both . Liz goes to Rosemary 's house , and once she realizes that Rosemary is crazy , she flees . Liz goes back to Jack 's office and begs for her job back , and he happily her . Jack promises to help Liz invest her prize money , and she swears that she will send Rosemary $ 400 a month for the rest of her life . - When Tracy causes a stir at a public event , Jack assures him that as a movie star , he can do anything he wants , except for dog fighting . Jack finds Tracy his order , but Tracy shouts that Jack is not his dad . Jack and Tracy meet with an NBC , and Jack role @-@ plays Tracy 's father , Tracy , and Tracy 's mom , among several other people from Tracy 's childhood , conveying the message that even though Tracy 's parents may have divorced , they still loved him . This comforts Tracy , and affirms that while he loves his family , they are crazy , and he needs to stay away from them . Tracy hugs Jack , and tells him that he is the only family he needs . - Jenna accidentally burns Kenneth 's page jacket on a hot plate , and Kenneth worries that head page Donny Lawson ( Paul Scheer ) will punish him . Jenna finds Donny backstage at the studio , who is that he finally has a reason to send Kenneth to CNBC in New Jersey . Donny offers Kenneth a choice : go to New Jersey , or compete in a " page off " , a contest of physical and NBC ; Jenna agrees to the page off . Before the event starts , Pete comes in and at the pages to get back to work . He forces Donny to give Kenneth a new jacket , but Donny swears to Jenna and Kenneth that he will get back at them . - - = = Production = = - - " Rosemary 's Baby " was mainly filmed on September 11 , 2007 , while Fisher 's scenes were filmed the next day on September 12 , 2007 . Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode where Tracy Jordan is seen shouting that he is a . Liz Lemon admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete , and dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess during four recent . Star Wars is also referenced when Tracy Jordan takes on the identity of the character . Fey , a fan of Star Wars herself , said that the weekly Star Wars joke or reference " started happening " when the crew realized that they had a Star Wars reference " in almost every show " . Fey said that from then on " it became a thing where [ they ] tried to keep it going " , and that even though they could not include one in every episode , they still had a " pretty high batting average " . Fey attributed most of the references to Robert Carlock , who she described as " the resident expert " . Prior to the airing of the episode , fans were " raving " about the much awaited guest appearance of Fisher . Fisher 's last line in the episode , " Help me , Liz Lemon ! You 're my only hope ! " , was a spoof of the line " Help me @-@ , you 're my only hope ! " from her past role in the original Star Wars trilogy , in which she played Princess . - - = = Reception = = - - According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Rosemary 's Baby " was viewed by an average of 6 @.@ 5 million American viewers . The episode achieved a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 in key 18 – 49 demographic . The 3 @.@ 1 rating refers to 3 @.@ 1 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and the 8 share refers to 8 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . In the U.S. , " Rosemary 's Baby " was up by 19 % in the rating demographic compared to the previous episode , " The Collection , " receiving its highest result since the second season premiere episode , " , " on October 4 , 2007 . - " Rosemary 's Baby " was named as one of the " Top 11 TV Episodes of 2007 " by UGO , and ranked thirteenth on The Critic 's list of " the 50 Best Episodes of 2007 " ; both citing the Baldwin and Morgan therapy scene as the reason . Matt Webb of TV Guide declared it as " one of 30 Rock 's best episodes ever . " Webb praised Carrie Fisher 's guest appearance , but felt that Baldwin 's role @-@ playing during Morgan 's therapy session stole the show . Bob Sassone of TV Squad felt that even though the plot was " insane " , the episode still managed " to have a heart at its core " . Sassone called the therapy scene " one of the funniest scenes ... on TV this season " . Robert Canning of IGN felt that the episode has " great storylines to great guest stars " , making it " one of the best the series has produced so far " . Canning called the therapy scene " the best moment of the episode " . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " Between Carrie Fisher 's guest role and Jack Donaghy 's of Tracy Jordan 's therapy session , this 2007 episode was so wrong . And so good . " - Michael Engler , the director of this episode , was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series . This episode also earned Carrie Fisher a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series and earned Jack Burditt a nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . - - - = Polka Party ! = - - Polka Party ! is the fourth studio album by " Weird Al " Yankovic , released in 1986 . The album is the fourth of Yankovic 's to be produced by former The guitarist Rick . Recorded between April 1986 and September 1986 , the album was Yankovic 's follow @-@ up to his successful 1985 release , Dare to Be Stupid . The album 's lead single was " Living With a Hernia " , although it was not a hit and did not chart . - The music on Polka Party ! is built around parodies and of pop and rock music of the mid @-@ 1980s , featuring jabs at James Brown , Mick Jagger , El , and Robert Palmer . The album also features many " style parodies " , or musical imitations that come close to , but do not copy , existing artists . These style parodies include imitations of specific artists like the Talking Heads , as well as imitations of various musical genres like country music . - Peaking at only number 177 on the Billboard 200 , Polka Party ! was met with mixed reviews and was considered a commercial and critical failure . Despite this , the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording in 1986 . Polka Party ! is one of Yankovic 's few studio albums not to be certified either Gold or Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and was later demoted to a budget release in 2009 . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Recording = = = - - In April 1986 Yankovic entered the recording studio to begin the sessions to his follow @-@ up to 1985 's Dare to Be Stupid . To produce the album , Yankovic brought in former The guitarist Rick , who had also produced Yankovic 's previous albums . Yankovic were Jon " Bermuda " on drums , Steve Jay on bass , and Jim West on guitar . The album was recorded in roughly three sessions . The first session took place between April 22 and 23 , and yielded four originals : " Don 't Wear Those Shoes " , " One of Those Days " , " Dog Eat Dog " , and " Christmas at Ground Zero " . The second session , which spanned August 4 – 5 , produced three parodies : " Living with a Hernia " , " Addicted to Spuds " , and " Here 's Johnny " . The final session , which lasted from August 29 to September 1 produced the parody " People " , an original song named " Good Enough for Now " , and the album 's titular polka medley . , Yankovic described the record as " not a whole lot different than " the other albums he had recorded , calling the process " even a bit formulaic " . - - = = = = = = - - On April 22 , 1986 , Yankovic began recording three new original songs for his next album : " Don 't Wear Those Shoes " , " One of Those Days " , and " Dog Eat Dog " . Although " Don 't Wear Those Shoes " is an original composition , Yankovic admitted that the intro was inspired by the style of The . Lyrically , the song is a plea by the singer to his wife not to not wear certain shoes which he cannot stand . " One of Those Days " is a song detailing horrible things as if they were everyday . Each horrible thing escalates up to global while more mundane pop up at different times . - " Dog Eat Dog " is a style parody of the Talking Heads . Described as a " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek look at office life " , the song was inspired by Yankovic 's past experience of working in the as well as the traffic department at One radio station . He noted , " At first I thought [ the job ] was cool that I had a phone and a desk and a little to call my own , but after a while I felt like my soul had been sucked out of me . " The song features a line directly parodying the Talking Heads song " Once In a Lifetime " : " Sometimes I tell myself , this is not my beautiful / Sometimes I tell myself this is not my beautiful chair ! " This mirrors a similar line in the Talking Heads song : " You may tell yourself , this is not my beautiful house / You may tell yourself , this is not my beautiful wife " . - On April 23 , Yankovic recorded " Christmas at Ground Zero " . The song , " a little tune about death , destruction and the end of the world " was the result of Scotti Brothers Records ' insistence that Yankovic record a Christmas record . After Yankovic presented the song to his label , they relented , because it was " a little different from what they were expecting . " After the song 's release , some radio stations banned the record , a move that Yankovic attributes to " most people [ not wanting ] to hear about nuclear during the holiday season . " Following the September 11 attacks , when the general term " ground zero " was co @-@ opted as a proper name for the World Trade Center site where two of those attacks took place , the disturbing lyrics caused this song to be banned largely from radio . Yankovic wanted the song to receive a video , but due to budget reasons , his label did not agree . Yankovic , however , directed one himself which was mostly made up of stock footage , with a live action finale that was filmed in an economically devastated part of the Bronx , New York that looked like a bomb had gone off . The final original that was recorded was " Good Enough for Now " , a country music pastiche about how the singer 's lover , who , while not the best , will do for now . - - = = = and polka = = = - - On August 4 , Yankovic began recording parodies starting with " Living With a Hernia " . The song , a spoof of " Living in America " by James Brown — which was also the theme to the 1985 film Rocky IV — is about . When it came time to pick a song to parody as the lead single for Polka Party ! Scotti Brothers Records " had some very strong ideas " and wished to have Yankovic parody a musician who was signed on the same label . After " Living in America " became a hit , the record label insisted that Yankovic parody the song , to which Yankovic obliged . In order to accurately write the song , Yankovic researched the various types of . Yankovic noted that " it was a real to do James Brown . I 'm a total non @-@ dancer , never went to any dances in high school , but if I a dance routine I can figure it out . " A named Chester was hired to accurately create the dance scenes featured in the video , which was shot on the concert set actually used in the movie Rocky IV . The second parody recorded was " Addicted to Spuds " , a pastiche of " Addicted to Love " by Robert Palmer , about a man 's obsession for potatoes and potato @-@ based dishes . A music video for the song was never made to the song because there was a strict budget for videos for the album , and Yankovic felt that the video would be one big joke and not really worth its own video . A parody of Palmer 's video , however , was later inserted into Al 's " UHF " video . - On August 5 , Yankovic recorded " Here 's Johnny " , a parody of " Who 's Johnny " by El . The song , a loving ode to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson announcer Ed McMahon , features John of the television series fame doing an impression of McMahon 's voice . According to Yankovic , Peter Wolf , the man who wrote " Who 's Johnny " , enjoyed the parody idea so much that he personally brought the disc program that had all the synthesizer parts for the original song into the studio when Yankovic was recording his parody . The final parody recorded for the album was " People " , a play on Mick Jagger 's " People " , which was recorded on August 29 , 1986 . The song , about elderly people who are missing their teeth , was written after Yankovic heard it would be the theme to the 1986 film People . Assuming the song would be a hit , Yankovic requested and received permission from Jagger to record a parody version . When Jagger 's song failed to crack the Top 40 , Yankovic considered not recording his version , but because Jagger had " authorized " the parody , he decided failing to produce it would be an insult to the artist . Therefore , he recorded the spoof anyway . - The album 's polka medley , the titular " Polka Party ! " , was recorded on the same day as " Here 's Johnny " . This was Yankovic 's third polka medley , and his only medley to bear the same name as an album . Like his other , the song is a of then @-@ popular songs in music . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Promotion = = = - - To promote the album 's release , Scotti Brothers Records purchased full @-@ page in Billboard magazine that advertised the release as Yankovic 's " biggest yet " . Unlike previous albums , Yankovic did not undertake a tour to promote Polka Party ! Instead , he opened for the American rock band The Monkees ; Yankovic later joked that the Monkees merely " closed for me " . Yankovic explained that while it " was a fun tour " and that the crowds were very enthusiastic , the tension between the Monkees was obvious ; on his website , he wrote that while the band members " are all terrific people individually " , they " didn 't seem to get along all that great when they weren 't on stage . " - - = = = Critical response = = = - - Polka Party ! received mixed to negative reviews from critics . Allmusic reviewer Eugene gave the album three stars and wrote that " just about anyone could feel let down by this album . " was largely critical of the parody choices , noting that many of the original versions would be forgotten in " fifteen years " . Christopher from The Daily Vault gave Polka Party ! an F and described it as an album that " seemed like it could well have been the ' last call ' for Yankovic . " heavily criticized the record , writing that both the parodies and originals were not good and that " Yankovic [ was ] going through the motions " . Rolling Stone awarded the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , tying it with the 1992 album Off the Deep End and the 1999 release Running with as Yankovic 's best @-@ rated album . Although it was not a critical success , the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording in 1987 , but lost to Bill 's Those of You with or Without Children , You 'll . - Despite the album 's lackluster reception , many of the songs on the album , such as " Dog Eat Dog " , " Addicted to Spuds " , and " Christmas at Ground Zero " , went on to become fan favorites and live staples . Two of the album 's tracks , " Living with a Hernia " and " Addicted to Spuds " , appeared on Yankovic 's first greatest hits album ( 1988 ) , " Christmas at Ground Zero " appeared on the second volume ( 1994 ) . In addition , the 1994 box set Permanent Record : Al in the Box contained five of the album 's songs : " Addicted to Spuds " , " Dog Eat Dog " , " Here 's Johnny " , " Living with a Hernia " , and " Christmas at Ground Zero " . Only " Dog Eat Dog " , however , appeared on Yankovic 's 2009 Essential collection , although the 3 @.@ 0 version contained " Living with a Hernia " . - - = = = Commercial performance = = = - - Polka Party ! was released October 21 , 1986 . After it was released , the album peaked at number 177 on the Billboard 200 . Compared to Yankovic 's previous albums — Dare to Be Stupid peaked at number 50 and In 3 @-@ D peaked at number 17 — Polka Party ! was a major commercial disappointment for the comedian . The album was the lowest @-@ charting studio album released by Yankovic and is one of his few studio albums not to be certified either Gold or Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The others include the soundtrack to his film UHF ( 1989 ) and ( 2003 ) . Due to low sales the album was demoted to a budget release along with various other Yankovic albums in August 2009 . - Yankovic was dismayed by the album 's lackluster reception . He noted that he " thought it was the end of [ his ] career " . Yankovic explained that " I figured I 'd peaked with ' Eat It ' and ' Like a Surgeon ' and now people were slowly forgetting about me and I was well on my way to obscurity . " However , Yankovic 's next album , Even , would resurrect his career and become his best @-@ selling album at the time ; the experience led Yankovic to realize that " careers have peaks and valleys , and whenever I go through the rough times , another peak might be right around the corner . " - - = = Track listing = = - - The following is adapted from the album liner notes . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - = = = Charts = = = - - - - = Trees ( poem ) = - - " Trees " is a lyric poem by American poet Joyce Kilmer . Written in February 1913 , it was first published in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse that August and included in Kilmer 's 1914 collection Trees and Other Poems . The poem , in twelve lines of rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse , describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of art created by humankind to replicate the beauty achieved by nature . - Kilmer is most remembered for " Trees " , which has been the subject of frequent parodies and references in popular culture . Kilmer 's work is often disparaged by critics and dismissed by scholars as being too simple and overly sentimental , and that his style was far too traditional and even archaic . Despite this , the popular appeal of " Trees " has contributed to its endurance . Literary critic Guy Davenport considers it " the one poem known by practically everybody . " " Trees " is frequently included in poetry anthologies and has been set to music several times — including a popular rendition by Oscar Rasbach , performed by singers Nelson Eddy , Robert Merrill , and Paul . - The location for a specific tree as the possible inspiration for the poem has been claimed by several places and institutions connected to Kilmer 's life — among these are Rutgers University , the University of Notre Dame , and towns across the country that Kilmer visited . However , Kilmer 's eldest son , Kenton , declares that the poem does not apply to any one tree — that it could apply equally to any . " Trees " was written in an upstairs bedroom at the family 's home in Mahwah , New Jersey that " looked out down a hill , on our well @-@ wooded lawn . " Ironically , Kenton Kilmer stated that while his father was " widely known for his affection for trees , his affection was certainly not sentimental — the most distinguished feature of Kilmer 's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home . " - - = = Writing = = - - - = = = Mahwah : February 1913 = = = - - According to Kilmer 's oldest son , Kenton , " Trees " was written on 2 February 1913 , when the family resided in Mahwah , New Jersey in the northwestern corner of Bergen County . The lived on the southwest corner of the intersection of Road and Armour Road in Mahwah for five years and the house overlooked the Valley . - It was written in the afternoon in the intervals of some other writing . The desk was in an upstairs room , by a window looking down a wooded hill . It was written in a little notebook in which his father and mother wrote out copies of several of their poems , and , in most cases , added the date of composition . On one page the first two lines of ' Trees ' appear , with the date , February 2 , 1913 , and on another page , further on in the book , is the full text of the poem . It was dedicated to his wife 's mother , Mrs. Henry Mills Alden , who was to all her family . - In 2013 , the notebook alluded to by Kilmer 's son was uncovered by journalist and Kilmer researcher Alex in Georgetown University 's Library in a collection of family papers donated to the university by Kilmer 's granddaughter , Miriam Kilmer . The " Mrs. Henry Mills Alden " to whom the poem was dedicated was Foster Murray Alden ( 1866 – 1936 ) , the mother of Kilmer 's wife , Murray Kilmer ( 1888 – 1941 ) . Alden , a writer , had married Harper 's Magazine editor Henry Mills Alden in 1900 . - - = = = Kilmer 's inspiration = = = - - Kilmer 's poetry was influenced by " his strong religious faith and dedication to the natural beauty of the world . " - Although several communities across the United States claim to have inspired " Trees " , nothing can be established specifically regarding Kilmer 's inspiration except that he wrote the poem while residing in Mahwah . Both Kilmer 's widow , , and his son , Kenton , refuted these claims in their correspondence with researchers and by Kenton in his memoir . Kenton wrote to University of Notre Dame researcher Dorothy Colson : - Mother and I agreed , when we talked about it , that Dad never meant his poem to apply to one particular tree , or to the trees of any special region . Just any trees or all trees that might be on or on , and that would be suitable nesting places for robins . I guess they 'd have to have upward @-@ reaching branches , too , for the line about ' lifting leafy arms to pray . ' Rule out weeping willows . - According to Kenton Kilmer , the upstairs room in which the poem was written looked down the hill over the family 's " well @-@ wooded lawn " that contained " trees of many kinds , from mature trees to thin : oaks , , black and white , and I do not know what else . " A published interview with Joyce Kilmer in 1915 mentioned the poet 's large woodpile at the family 's Mahwah home : - ... while Kilmer might be widely known for his affection for trees , his affection was certainly not sentimental — the most distinguished feature of Kilmer 's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home . The house stood in the middle of a forest and what lawn it possessed was obtained only after Kilmer had spent months of weekend in down trees , pulling up stumps , and splitting logs . Kilmer 's neighbors had difficulty in believing that a man who could do that could also be a poet . - - = = and analysis = = - - " Trees " is a poem of twelve lines in strict iambic tetrameter . All but one of the lines has the full eight syllables of iambic tetrameter . The eleventh , or penultimate , line begins on the stressed syllable of the iambic foot and drops the syllable — an ( or " headless " ) line — that results in a truncated seven @-@ syllable iambic tetrameter line . Making the meter of a line can change the feeling of the poem , and is often used to achieve a certain effect as a way of changing tone or announcing a conclusion . The poem 's rhyme scheme is rhyming couplets rendered aa ee aa . - Despite its deceptive simplicity in rhyme and meter , " Trees " is notable for its use of personification and anthropomorphic imagery : the tree of the poem , which Kilmer depicts as female , is depicted as pressing its mouth to the Earth 's breast , looking at God , and raising its " leafy arms " to pray . The tree of the poem also has human physical attributes — it has a " hungry mouth " , arms , hair ( in which robins nest ) , and a . - Rutgers @-@ Newark English professor and poet Rachel described the poem as being " rather slight " although it " is free of irony and self consciousness , except that little reference to fools like me at the end , which I find kind of charming . " Scholar Mark Winchell points out that Kilmer 's depiction of the tree indicates the possibility that he had several different people in mind because of the variety of anthropomorphic descriptions . Winchell posits that if the tree described were to be a single human being it would be " an deformed one . " - " In the second stanza , the tree is a sucking drawing from Mother Earth ; in the third it is a reaching its leafy arms to the sky in prayer ... In the fourth stanza , the tree is a girl with jewels ( a nest of robins ) in her hair ; and in the fifth , it is a woman living alone with nature and with God . There is no warrant in the poem to say that it is different trees that remind the poet of these different types of people . " - However , Winchell observes that this " series of ... could be presented in any order without damaging the overall structure of his poem . " - - = = Publication and reception = = - - - = = = Publication = = = - - " Trees " was first published in the August 1913 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse . The magazine , which had begun publishing the year before in Chicago , Illinois , quickly became the " principal organ for modern poetry of the English @-@ speaking world " publishing the early works of poets who became the major influences on the development of twentieth @-@ century literature ( including T.S. Eliot , Ezra Pound , , Wallace Stevens , Robert Frost and Edna St. Vincent ) . Poetry paid Kilmer six dollars to print the poem , which was immediately successful . The following year , Kilmer included " Trees " in his collection Trees and Other Poems published by the George H. Doran Company . - Joyce Kilmer 's reputation as a poet is staked largely on the widespread popularity of this one poem . " Trees " was liked immediately on first publication in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ; when Trees and Other Poems was published the following year , the review in Poetry focused on the " nursery rhyme " and simplicity of the poems , finding a particular in " Trees " , which gave it " an unusual , haunting " . However , the same review criticized the rest of the book , stating " much of the verse in this volume is very slight indeed . " - Despite the enduring popular appeal of " Trees " , most of Joyce Kilmer 's works are largely unknown and have fallen into obscurity . A select few of his poems , including " Trees " , are published frequently in anthologies . " Trees " began appearing in anthologies shortly after Kilmer 's 1918 death , the first inclusion being Louis 's Modern American Poetry ( 1919 ) . Journalist and author Mark , ranks the first two lines of " Trees " as 26th out of 50 lines in an assessment of the " most quoted lines of poetry " as measured by Google hits . - - = = = Popular appeal = = = - - With " Trees " , Kilmer was said to have " rediscovered simplicity " , and the simplicity of its message and delivery is a source of its appeal . In 1962 , English professor Barbara recounted that her undergraduate students considered the poem as " one of the finest poems ever written , or at least a very good one " — even after its technical flaws were discussed — because of its simple message and that it " paints such lovely pictures " . The students pointed to " how true the poem is " , and it appealed to both her students ' " romantic attitude towards nature " and their appreciation of life , nature , , and beauty because of its message that " the works of God completely overshadow our own attempts at creation . " Considering this sentiment , the enduring popularity of " Trees " is by its association with annual Arbor Day and the planting of memorial trees as well as the several parks named in honor of Kilmer , including the Joyce Kilmer @-@ Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest tracts within the National Forest in Graham County , North Carolina . - " Trees " has been described by literary critic Guy Davenport as " the one poem known by practically everybody . " According to journalist Rick Hampson , " Trees " was " and recited by generations of students ... It comforted troops in the trenches of World War I. It was set to music and set in stone , in opera houses and vaudeville theaters , at ceremonies each April on Arbor Day . " According to Robert Holliday , Kilmer 's friend and editor , " Trees " speaks " with authentic song to the simplest of hearts . " Holliday added that this " exquisite title poem now so universally known made his reputation more than all the rest he had written put together " and was " made for immediate widespread popularity . " - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Several critics — including both Kilmer 's contemporaries and modern scholars — have disparaged Kilmer 's work as being too religious , simple , overly sentimental , and suggested that his style was far too traditional , even archaic . Poet Conrad , a contemporary of Kilmer , lambasted his work as being unoriginal — merely " with a sentimental bias " and " out of the same faint , the same old and love songs , of all too familiar . " characterized Kilmer as a " in the pretty and sweet " and " pale @-@ to the artificial and archaic . " - Kilmer is considered among the last of the Romantic era poets because his verse is conservative and traditional in style and does not break any of the formal rules of — a style often criticized today for being too sentimental to be taken seriously . The entire corpus of Kilmer 's work was produced between 1909 and 1918 when Romanticism and sentimental lyric poetry fell out of favor and took root — especially with the influence of the Lost Generation . In the years after Kilmer 's death , poetry went in drastically different directions , as is seen in the work of T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound , and academic criticism grew with it to the more sentimental and straightforward verse . - The poem was criticized by Brooks and Robert Penn Warren in their textbook Understanding Poetry first published in 1938 . Brooks and Warren were two of the major contributors to the New Criticism movement , where its supporters opposed using literature as a surrogate for religion . New Criticism proponents analyzed poetry on its aesthetic formulae and excluded reader 's response , the author 's intention , historical and cultural contexts , and bias from their analysis . They attributed the popularity of Trees largely to its religious appeal and believed it was a " stock response that has nothing to do , as such , with poetry , " adding : - " It praises God and appeals to a religious sentiment . Therefore , people who do not stop to look at the poem itself or to study the images in the poem and think about what the poem really says , are inclined to accept the poem because of the sentiment , the little pictures ( which in themselves appeal to stock responses ) , and the mechanical rhythm . " - Literary critic Mark Winchell believed that Brooks and Warren 's criticism of Kilmer 's poem was chiefly to demonstrate that " it is sometimes possible to learn as much about poetry from bad poems as from good ones . " - - = = claims regarding inspiration = = - - Due to the enduring popular appeal of " Trees " , several local communities and organizations across the United States have staked their claim to the genesis of the poem . While the accounts of family members and of documents firmly establish Mahwah being the place where Kilmer wrote the poem , several towns throughout the country have claimed that Kilmer wrote " Trees " while staying there or that a specific tree in their town inspired Kilmer 's writing . Local tradition in , New Hampshire asserts without proof that Kilmer wrote the poem while in the town . , Massachusetts claims that either " a sprawling maple dominated the grounds near a hospital where Kilmer once was treated " or " a spreading maple in the yard of an old mansion , " inspired the poem . - In New Brunswick , New Jersey , Kilmer 's hometown , the claim involved a large white oak on the Cook College campus ( now the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences ) , at Rutgers University . This tree , the " Kilmer Oak " , was estimated to be over 300 years old . Because it had been weakened by age and disease , the Kilmer Oak was removed in 1963 , and in reporting by The New York Times and other newspapers the local tradition was repeated with the claim that " Rutgers said it could not prove that Kilmer had been inspired by the oak . " Currently , from of the historic tree are being grown at the site , throughout the Middlesex County and central New Jersey , as well as in major around the United States . The remains of the original Kilmer Oak are presently kept in storage at Rutgers University . - Because of Kilmer 's close identification with Roman Catholicism and his correspondence with many priests and theologians , a tree located near a dedicated to the Virgin Mary at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend , Indiana has been asserted as the inspiration for the poem . According to Dorothy , the claim was first made by a priest named Henry . There are several accounts that Kilmer visited the campus of Notre Dame to lecture and to visit friends , but none of these accounts or occasions date before 1914 . - In his 1997 book of essays entitled The Geography of the , American writer Guy Davenport suggests a different inspiration for Kilmer 's poem . - " Trees were favorite symbols for Yeats , Frost , and even the young Pound . ... But Kilmer had been reading about trees in another context [ , ] the movement to stop child labor and set up nursery schools in slums . ... Margaret McMillan ... had the happy idea that a breath of fresh air and an intimate acquaintance with grass and trees were worth all the pencils and in the whole school system . ... The English word for equipment is ' apparatus . ' And in her book Labour and Childhood ( 1907 ) you will find this sentence : ' can be made by fools , but only God can make a - It appears that Davenport must have loosely and erroneously the sentiments expressed by McMillan , as this exact quote does not appear in her text . Instead , McMillan is expressing the observation that several nineteenth @-@ century writers , including William Rankin , William Morris and Thomas Carlyle , opposed the effects of machinery on society and craftsmanship and thus machine @-@ made items . Davenport 's observation likely was derived in some way from McMillan 's examination and quotation of Carlyle : - " He ( Carlyle ) often makes comparisons between men and machines , and even trees and machines , greatly to the disadvantage of the latter . For example , ' O , that we could displace the machine god and put a man god in his place ! ' and ' I find no of life so true as this of a tree ! Beautiful ! Machine of the universe ! ' - - = = Adaptations and parodies = = - - - = = = Musical adaptations = = = - - Several of Kilmer 's poems , including " Trees " , were set to music and published in England by Kilmer 's mother , Annie Kilburn Kilmer , who was a writer and amateur composer . The more popular musical setting of Kilmer 's poem was composed in 1922 by American pianist and composer Oscar Rasbach . This setting had been performed and recorded frequently in twentieth century , including Schumann @-@ , John Charles Thomas , Nelson Eddy , Robert Merrill , Perry , and Paul . Rasbach 's song appeared on popular network television shows , including All in the Family , performed by the puppets Wayne and Wanda in The Show , and as an animated feature segment featuring Fred and the performing the song in the 1948 animated film Melody Time , the last of the short @-@ film anthology features produced by Walt Disney . - Rasbach 's setting has also been lampooned , most notably in the Our Gang short film " Arbor Day " ( 1936 ) , directed by Fred C. , in which ( played by Carl ) , sings the song in a , strained voice after a " , spare that tree " dialogue with Spanky ( George McFarland ) , sings " Trees . " Film critic Leonard has called this " the poem 's all @-@ time worst rendition . " In his album Caught in the Act , Victor , when playing requests , responds to a member of the audience : " I don 't know that ' in the Window ' . I know one that comes pretty close to it , " and proceeds to play the Rasbach setting of " Trees . " - Dutch composer van der , included a setting of " Trees " as the third in a set of five songs written in 1977 , which included texts by poets Christina , Percy Shelley , Kilmer , Matthew Prior , and Sir John . - - = = = = = = - - Because of the varied reception to Kilmer 's poem and its simple rhyme and meter , it has been the model for several parodies written by and poets alike . While keeping with Kilmer 's iambic tetrameter rhythm and its couplet rhyme scheme , and references to the original poem 's thematic material , such parodies are often immediately recognizable , as is seen in " Song of the Open Road " written by poet and humorist Nash : " I think that I shall never see / A billboard lovely as a tree . / Indeed , unless the billboards fall , / I 'll never see a tree at all . " - A similar sentiment was expressed in a 1968 episode of the animated series Races titled " The Wrong Lumber Race " , where the villainous Dick chops down a tree and uses it as a roadblock against the other , declaring proudly : " I think that I shall never see / A roadblock lovely as a tree . " - Further , monk , poet and spiritual writer Thomas Merton used Kilmer 's poem as a model for a parody called " $ e " — with a dollar sign purposefully substituted for the letter " s " — in which Merton ridiculed the lucrative sale of cheese by his monastery , the Abbey of in Kentucky . This poem was not published during Merton 's lifetime . Merton often criticized the " of monastic life and business for a profit " , claiming that it affected the well @-@ being of the spirit . In his poem , Merton attributed his parody to " Joyce Killer @-@ . " - Like Kilmer , Merton was a graduate of Columbia University and a member of its literary society , the Society , which has hosted the annual Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest since 1986 . " Trees " is read at the conclusion of each year 's event . - Kilmer 's poem was recited in the 1980 film Superman II , as well as its 2006 director 's cut . In the scene , villain Lex Luthor ( played by Gene ) and others enter Superman 's Fortress of Solitude and comes across a video of an elder ( John Hollis ) from planet Krypton " Trees " as an example of " poetry from Earth literature " . Luthor ridicules the poem . - - - = Zygoballus sexpunctatus = - - Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the southeastern United States where it can be found in a variety of grassy habitats . Adult spiders measure between 3 and 4 @.@ 5 mm in length . The cephalothorax and abdomen are bronze to black in color , with reddish brown or yellowish legs . The male has distinctive enlarged chelicerae ( the used for grasping prey ) and front femora ( the third , and typically largest , leg segments ) . Like many jumping spiders , Z. sexpunctatus males exhibit courtship and agonistic behavior . - - = = Etymology = = - - The specific name is derived from the Latin sex meaning " six " and meaning " spot " . This is a reference to the six spots typically occurring on the abdomen of the male . - - = = History and taxonomy = = - - The species was first described by Nicholas Hentz in 1845 in the Boston Journal of Natural History . Hentz named the species sexpunctatus and described it as follows : - " Black ; cephalothorax with the two posterior eyes near the base , which is wide and suddenly inclined at nearly a right angle with the upper surface , with a strong inner tooth , and a long , curved ; abdomen with six dots , and a line in front , white ; feet , 1 . 4 . 2 . 3 . , first pair with enlarged thighs and quite long . " - Hentz classified A. sexpunctatus in the group , which consisted of jumping spiders whose first pair of legs were the longest , followed by the fourth pair . Later abandoned this classification , which Hentz himself admitted was " somewhat artificial " . In 1888 , with the recognition of Zygoballus as an independent genus , American George and Elizabeth renamed the spider Zygoballus sexpunctatus . Specimens of Z. sexpunctatus are housed at the Museum of Comparative , the British Museum , the Milwaukee Public Museum , the American Museum of Natural History , and the National d . No type specimens are known . - The genus Zygoballus contains approximately twenty species distributed from the United States to Argentina . Zygoballus is classified in the subfamily of the family ( jumping spiders ) . - - = = Description = = - - According to B. J. , adult females are 3 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 mm in body length , while males are 3 to 3 @.@ 5 mm . The Peckhams ' earlier description , however , gives a length of 3 mm for females and 3 to 4 @.@ 5 mm for males . - The cephalothorax of Z. sexpunctatus is bronze to black in color . Like all Zygoballus spiders , the cephalothorax is box @-@ like in shape , being at the posterior lateral eyes . Numerous white or pale blue scales cover the ( " face " ) and chelicerae . This covering extends around the sides of the carapace , ending beyond the posterior median eyes . In males , the is two @-@ as long as the , and as wide as it is long . The chelicerae of males are greatly enlarged and oriented , with each having a prominent inner tooth and a long , curved . - The legs are reddish brown , or sometimes yellowish , with the femora of the anterior ( first ) pair being darker and enlarged , especially in the male . The anterior legs have three pairs of long spines on the ventral surface of the tibia and two pairs of spines on the . The Peckhams give the following measurements for the lengths of the legs of a male specimen , starting with the anterior pair : 3 @.@ 7 mm , 2 @.@ 2 mm , 2 mm , 3 mm . In females , the fourth pair of legs are the longest . The in the male has a single which tapers gradually . - The abdomen is bronze to black with a white basal band and two white transverse bands . The transverse bands are often broken to form six spots . Some or all of these spots may be lacking , however . - Zygoballus sexpunctatus is similar in appearance to Zygoballus rufipes , with whom its range overlaps . The male can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by the large spot of white scales at the beginning of the slope ( which is lacking in Z. rufipes ) , and by the longitudinal division present on the bulb of the ( Z. rufipes has a transverse division ) . The female can best be distinguished by the form of the ( the external genital structure ) . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - The range of the species extends from New Jersey to Florida and west to Texas , although it is most commonly found in the southern states . Hentz collected his original specimen in North Carolina . In 1909 , the Peckhams reported that the species had been collected from North Carolina , Florida , Texas , Louisiana , and Mississippi . A seven @-@ year survey of spider species in western Mississippi reported the abundance of Z. sexpunctatus as " uncommon " . A one @-@ year survey in County , Florida , reported the species as " rare " . - Specimens have been collected from several ecosystems , including old fields , river terrace forests , , Florida Sand Pine scrub , Slash Pine forests , Appalachian grass , and rice fields . Robert and Betty Barnes reported the species as occurring in fields throughout the southeastern . The species is typically found in the herb ( among grasses and other short plants ) and may be collected with a sweep net . - - = = Behavior = = - - Male Zygoballus sexpunctatus spiders are known to exhibit elaborate courtship displays . As a male approaches a female , it will typically raise and spread its first pair of legs and vibrate its abdomen . If the female is receptive , it will often vibrate its abdomen as well . The specific patterns of courtship behavior , however , vary between individuals . - Z. sexpunctatus males exhibit agonistic behavior when encountering other males of the same species . This behavior may include many of the same elements as courtship , such as raising and spreading the first pair of legs and the abdomen . During agonistic display , males will also extend their and fangs . attacks between males appear to be rare , however . - - = = Diet and ecology = = - - Like most spiders , Zygoballus sexpunctatus is an opportunistic , feeding on a wide range of invertebrate prey . The spider 's diet typically includes small insects such as and young . They have also been known to eat mosquitoes and numerous kinds of small spiders . - wasps , which capture and spiders as a source of food for their larvae , have been shown to prey on both male and female Z. sexpunctatus spiders . - - = = Life cycle = = - - In a study of spider populations in western Tennessee , Zygoballus sexpunctatus were reported to hatch from egg sacs in mid summer . The spiders through the winter in an immature form and reached sexual maturity around late April . - - - = 1986 Peach Bowl = - - The 1986 Peach Bowl was a post @-@ season American college football bowl game at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the North Carolina State Wolfpack from on December 31 , 1986 . The game was the final contest of the 1986 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season for both teams , and ended in a 25 – 24 victory for Virginia Tech , the first bowl victory in school history . - Virginia Tech came into the game with a 9 – 1 – 1 record that included an unusual win over the Temple Owls , who were forced to forfeit a victory to Virginia Tech after using an ineligible player . Facing the Hokies in the Peach Bowl were the 18th @-@ ranked Wolfpack from North Carolina State University . State was led by head coach Dick Sheridan and had a regular @-@ season record of 8 – 2 – 1 that included five wins over Atlantic Coast Conference teams . - The 1986 Peach Bowl kicked off five years minus one day since Virginia Tech had last played in Atlanta — during the 1981 Peach Bowl . Virginia Tech scored first in the game , but NC State 's blocked a Tech punt in the Tech end zone and recovered it for a tying touchdown . Virginia Tech kicked a field goal at the end of the quarter to take a 10 – 7 lead , but NC State fought back , scoring 14 points in the second quarter to take a 21 – 10 lead by halftime . In the third quarter , the game turned into a defensive battle . Neither side scored until late in the third quarter , when Tech took advantage of a State fumble to score the first touchdown of the second half . Tech failed to convert a two @-@ point conversion , but NC State fumbled again on the ensuing possession , and Tech was able to drive for another touchdown . Leading 22 – 21 , Tech attempted another two @-@ point conversion , which also failed . - NC State , needing to score , drove down the field and kicked a go @-@ ahead 33 @-@ yard field goal with 7 : 12 remaining in the game . After a failed possession , Tech was forced to punt the ball , allowing NC State to run down the clock . The Virginia Tech defense eventually forced a stop , giving the Tech offense one final chance to win the game . With 1 : 53 on the clock and beginning from their own 20 @-@ yard line , the Hokies drove 57 yards to the NC State 23 @-@ yard line . There , kicker Chris Kinzer successfully kicked a 40 @-@ yard field goal as time expired to give Virginia Tech the win . - - = = Team selection = = - - The Peach Bowl game was created in 1968 by the Lions Club of Atlanta as a means to attract tourism to the city . First played at Grant Field on the campus of Georgia Tech , the game was moved to Fulton County Stadium in 1971 . By the mid @-@ 1980s , the Peach Bowl was facing hard times . At the time , NCAA guidelines for bowls required 75 percent of gross receipts to go to participating schools , with 33 percent of tickets to the game also required to go to each school . In 1983 , the NCAA threatened to the Peach Bowl 's charter when ticket sales around 25 @,@ 000 with a week to go before the bowl . Last @-@ minute sales saved the game , as attendance at the 1983 game climbed to 40 @,@ 000 and a new television contract allowed the bowl to make a of $ 580 @,@ 000 to each team . Still , the bowl 's future was in doubt . - In the spring of 1986 , the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce ( ) took over the Peach Bowl . The bowl executive director at the time was Dick , and he encouraged the Chamber to step up its support of the game over what had been provided by the Lions Club . In 1986 , the Peach Bowl had no contractual obligations with college football conferences , as its successor , the Chick @-@ @-@ A Bowl , does today . Team selections were made by the Peach Bowl committee , a board of Atlanta community members , business leaders , and organizers of the Peach Bowl . To form one half of the matchup , the committee selected second @-@ place Atlantic Coast Conference team NC State , which accepted the bowl bid on November 22 , 1986 , the day of their final regular @-@ season game . The other half of the matchup was Virginia Tech , a football independent that had finished with nine wins , one loss , and one tie during the regular season and received its invitation one week after the regular season concluded . - Virginia Tech had not participated in a bowl game since the 1984 Independence Bowl against Air Force , while NC State was playing in its first postseason game since 1978 . The two teams had played each other 39 times prior to the Peach Bowl , with Virginia Tech leading the all @-@ time series , 20 – 16 – 3 . - - = = = Virginia Tech = = = - - In the days leading up to the Peach Bowl , one sportswriter called Virginia Tech 's 1986 football season a " season of surprises . " Tech began the season having gone 6 – 5 in 1985 . In their first game , the Hokies faced the Cincinnati . Tech lost , 24 – 20 , on a last @-@ minute play that saw a Cincinnati pass tipped twice and caught for a sustaining first down . The drive eventually resulted in a game @-@ winning touchdown for Cincinnati . - Tech recovered from that season @-@ opening loss by going on a four @-@ game winning streak , defeating Clemson in South Carolina , Syracuse in New York , and East Tennessee State and West Virginia in . On October 11 , against South Carolina , the Hokies tied , 27 – 27 . - Then , on a trip to Norfolk , Virginia to face the Temple Owls in the Oyster Bowl , Tech fell 29 – 13 for what appeared to be its second loss of the season . It was later revealed , however , that Temple used an ineligible player in the game , and the Owls were forced to forfeit the win . Following the Temple game , Tech returned to its winning ways , defeating Virginia , Kentucky , Richmond , and Vanderbilt . One week after defeating Vanderbilt , November 22 , 1986 , Tech received an invitation to the 1986 Peach Bowl . - - = = = NC State = = = - - NC State began the 1986 college football season coming off three consecutive losing seasons . Those losing seasons also resulted in the firing of head coach Tom Reed , who was replaced by Dick Sheridan . Sheridan 's first game with the Wolfpack was at home against East Carolina on September 6 . It was an beginning , as NC State won , 38 – 10 . After a 14 – 14 tie the next week against Pittsburgh , the Wolfpack won their next two games : at home against Wake Forest , and in Maryland against Maryland . - On October 11 , NC State traveled to Grant Field in Atlanta , Georgia , home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . There , they suffered a lopsided 59 – 21 loss , the worst ever suffered by a Sheridan @-@ coached team at the time . Following the loss to the Yellow Jackets , said linebacker Pat , " the coaches and players came together . The coaches were hurting as bad as we were . We pulled them up and they pulled us up . That was the turning point . " - Following the " turning point , " the Wolfpack won three consecutive games , their overall record to 6 – 1 – 1 . One of the victories was against the Clemson Tigers , who would ultimately go on to win that year 's ACC football championship . On November 8 , NC State traveled to , Virginia , to play the Virginia Cavaliers . In a close @-@ fought game , State lost , 20 – 16 . Though the Wolfpack won their final two regular @-@ season games ( against Duke and Western Carolina football ) , the loss to Virginia denied them a share of the ACC championship . Despite that missed opportunity , NC State finished the season with a winning record and received a bid to the Peach Bowl . - - = = buildup = = - - The Peach Bowl was the final game as head coach of Virginia Tech for Bill Dooley , who had accumulated a record of 62 – 38 – 1 for the Hokies since assuming the head coaching job in 1978 . Tech president William had long disagreed with Dooley about the role of football at Virginia Tech , and prior to the beginning of the season , told Dooley that his tenure as coach would end on January 1 , 1987 . This fact was revealed to the football team and the general public after Tech 's third game of the season . At the time , Dooley was the head coach in Virginia Tech history , but was under investigation for recruiting violations and had settled a breach @-@ of @-@ contract lawsuit against the university for $ 3 @.@ 5 million . As part of the out @-@ of @-@ court settlement , Dooley was required to quit his position following the Peach Bowl . In the weeks leading up to the game , Dooley questions about his future . On December 23 , it was announced that Murray State head coach Frank would replace Dooley after the Peach Bowl . Facing Dooley across the field was NC State head coach Dick Sheridan , who in his first year as head coach of the Wolfpack , was named Atlantic Coast Conference coach of the year and guided the Wolfpack to eight wins . - - = = = = = = - - The game was expected to be an offensive struggle that could potentially break the then @-@ record 74 points scored in the 1970 Peach Bowl . During the regular season , NC State averaged yards on offense per game , while Virginia Tech averaged 358 yards . On defense , State gave up an average of 402 yards per game , while Tech allowed an average of 366 yards . NC State averaged almost 28 points per game , while Virginia Tech averaged just over 24 points . This statistical parity was reflected by pre @-@ game point spreads , which favored NC State by two points . - State quarterback Erik Kramer was the cornerstone of one of those high @-@ powered offenses , passing for 2 @,@ yards and 14 touchdowns en route to All @-@ ACC honors and being named the ACC 's player of the year . He set school records for passing yards in a season and total yards in a season despite being hampered by an injured ankle suffered in the Wolfpack 's game against South Carolina . He was assisted in the passing game by All @-@ ACC receiver Nasrallah Worthen , who led the team in receptions after catching 41 passes for yards . State 's offense was mostly accumulated through the air , as the Wolfpack averaged less than 160 yards per game on the ground . - Virginia Tech 's offense was slightly more balanced , featuring two running backs who had success throughout the regular season . Maurice Williams rushed the ball 166 times for 1 @,@ yards and six touchdowns during the regular season , and Eddie Hunter contributed rushing yards . Through the air , Tech quarterback Erik Chapman passed for 1 @,@ yards and 10 touchdowns during the season prior to the Peach Bowl , making him the most prolific Virginia Tech passer in the nine @-@ year tenure of Tech head Coach Bill Dooley . - The Hokies suffered a setback on offense a few days prior to the Peach Bowl when it was announced that offensive tackle Jim Davie was suspended from playing in the game after testing positive for anabolic steroids as part of a nationwide series of random tests conducted by the NCAA . Tech defensive end Morgan was also suspended from playing for reasons not revealed by the university . - - = = = Defense = = = - - On defense , Tech allowed an average of 190 yards per game through the air . Free safety Carter Wiley and cornerback Billy Myers had three interceptions each during the regular season . Virginia Tech linebacker Lawrence White was expected to miss the game after undergoing knee surgery following the Hokies ' last regular @-@ season game . White was the team 's No. 3 in terms of statistics , having accumulated 77 during the course of the regular season . The team 's No. 1 and 2 were linebackers Paul Nelson and , who had 104 and 80 tackles , respectively . The Hokies ' rush defense allowed an average of 175 rushing yards per game and 14 total rushing touchdowns . - State 's defense allowed an average of 228 @.@ 6 yards through the air during the regular season and the pass defense led by Derrick Taylor , who had six interceptions . At linebacker , Pat and Kelvin were considered keys to the Wolfpack run defense , which allowed an average of 173 rushing yards per game and 14 total rushing touchdowns . - - = = = Special teams = = = - - Both Virginia Tech and NC State featured All @-@ America . NC State 's Mike Cofer was named an Associated Press All @-@ America honorable mention selection after converting 13 of his 17 field goal attempts , while Virginia Tech 's Chris Kinzer had been successful throughout the regular season , making 22 of 27 field goal attempts , and breaking the school record for single @-@ season scoring with 93 points . - - = = Game summary = = - - The 1986 Peach Bowl kicked off at 1 : 05 p.m. EST on December 31 , 1986 , at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . At kickoff , the sky was partly cloudy with an air temperature of 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) . The wind was from the south at 12 miles per hour ( 19 km / h ) . The game was played before a sellout crowd of 53 @,@ , just the third sellout in the history of the Peach Bowl at that point . Virginia Tech won the ceremonial pre @-@ game coin toss , and elected to kick off to NC State . Therefore , the Wolfpack received the ball to begin the game , while Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . The referee for the game was John , Bob was the umpire , and Ed was the linesman . Each team received more than $ 600 @,@ 000 for participating in the game . - - = = = First quarter = = = - - Following Virginia Tech 's kickoff , NC State returned the ball to the 27 @-@ yard line , where the Wolfpack began the game 's first play . That play was a short run to the right . On the next play , NC State picked up the game 's first first down with a rush up the middle by fullback Mal Crite . Crite picked up another first down on the next play , driving the Wolfpack inside Virginia Tech territory , but the Hokies ' defense stiffened and forced the Wolfpack to punt after NC State failed to gain another first down . Tech returned the punt to its 21 @-@ yard line , where the Tech offense took over . On Virginia Tech 's first offensive play , running back Maurice Williams broke free for a 77 @-@ yard run that took the Hokies inside the one @-@ yard line of NC State . The run was the longest of Williams ' career and is a Peach Bowl record for longest play from scrimmage . Two plays later , Virginia Tech 's Eddie Hunter crossed the goal line and scored the game 's first points . The touchdown and extra point made the score 7 – 0 , Virginia Tech . - Following Virginia Tech 's post @-@ kickoff , NC State began its second possession of the game at its 24 @-@ yard line after a short kick return . The NC State 's second drive of the game was more successful than its first , but as before , the Wolfpack offense ground to a halt before penetrating too deeply into Tech territory , and State was forced to punt the ball back to Virginia Tech . The Hokie offense began work at its eight @-@ yard line but went three and out and prepared to punt the ball back to NC State . Tech punter Tony Romero , kicking from the Tech goal line , had his kick blocked by State defender Derrick Taylor . The ball rolled into the Virginia Tech end zone and was recovered by an NC State 's Brian for a touchdown . The play and extra point tied the game at 7 – 7 . - Virginia Tech received NC State 's kickoff and returned it to their 25 @-@ yard line , where Tech 's offense returned to the field . After picking up short yardage on two rushing plays , Tech quarterback Erik Chapman completed a pass to tight end Steve Johnson to give the Hokies a first down at their 48 @-@ yard line with just over four minutes to go in the quarter . Tech continued to drive into Wolfpack territory , but inside the NC State 35 @-@ yard line , Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard illegal block penalty that pushed the Hokies back to the Wolfpack 47 @-@ yard line and had them facing a first down and 25 yards . Though unable to gain the 25 yards needed for another first down , Tech did make up most of the penalty yards , putting the ball at the Wolfpack 30 @-@ yard line . Facing fourth down , Tech sent in kicker Chris Kinzer to attempt a 46 @-@ yard field goal , which was successfully completed . The score gave Tech a 10 – 7 lead with 1 : 06 remaining the first quarter . - Kinzer delivered the post @-@ score kickoff , and NC State began its final drive of the first quarter at its 32 @-@ yard line with 1 : 01 remaining . The Wolfpack picked up a quick first down but were forced to punt when they did not gain another . NC State 's punt was returned to the Tech 13 @-@ yard line and the quarter came to an end with Virginia Tech leading , 10 – 7 . - - = = = Second quarter = = = - - Tech began the second quarter in possession of the ball with a first down at their 13 @-@ yard line . The Hokies picked up a first down , but then NC State safety Michael Brooks jumped in front of a Virginia Tech pass , it at the 50 @-@ yard line . With 13 : 05 remaining in the quarter , NC State had its first offensive possession of the second quarter . The Wolfpack picked up several first downs , driving within the Virginia Tech 25 @-@ yard line for their offensive penetration of the game . After being stopped for no or little gain on consecutive plays , NC State quarterback Erik Kramer completed a 25 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Nasrallah Worthen . The score and extra point gave NC State its first lead of the game , 14 – 10 , with 8 : 55 remaining in the first half . - Virginia Tech returned the post @-@ touchdown kickoff to its 26 @-@ yard line . The Hokie offense picked up short gains on first and second down before Tech quarterback Erik Chapman threw his second interception of the game , a pass that was tipped into the air and caught by NC State defender Derrick Taylor . The Wolfpack offense took over at the 46 @-@ yard line of Virginia Tech . On its first play after the interception , Kramer completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to . After a short run , Kramer completed a 13 @-@ yard pass to Jeffries for another first down . Deep inside the Tech red zone , it took the Wolfpack two more plays before Kramer connected on a pass to tight end Ralph for a touchdown . NC State now led 21 – 10 with just over four minutes remaining before halftime . - Following the score , kickoff , and return , Tech began another offensive possession at its 24 @-@ yard line . The Hokies picked up two first downs and drove into NC State territory , but the clock continued to tick toward halftime . In the Wolfpack side of the field , Tech running back Eddie Hunter broke free for a 23 @-@ yard run , the longest play by Virginia Tech in the second quarter . There was now just over two minutes remaining in the quarter . Tech was unable to pick up another first down after Hunter 's run , and attempted to convert the fourth down rather than trying a field goal . When the play was stopped for a loss , however , Virginia Tech was denied points and NC State 's offense returned with 47 seconds remaining in the half . - The Wolfpack proceeded to run out the clock and took a 21 – 10 lead into halftime . - - = = = Third quarter = = = - - Because NC State received the ball to begin the game , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the second half . Tech received NC State 's kickoff and returned it to the 10 @-@ yard line , where the Hokie offense began work . Tech began working down the field , running the ball for short gains and throwing passes for longer gains . Tech picked up three first downs , then reached NC State territory on a pass to Donnelly . Once on the NC State side of the field , Tech picked up another first down , but Tech 's quarterback was sacked on third down for a loss , and the Hokies were forced to punt the ball away . The ball landed at the NC State 12 @-@ yard line where the Wolfpack began a drive . - NC State went three and out after receiving the ball , and after Tech incurred a running into the kicker penalty on the first punt attempt , NC State punted the ball away . After the kick , Tech took over on offense at its 27 @-@ yard line . On Tech 's first play after the punt , however , Hunter fumbled the ball after a 10 @-@ yard rush . NC State recovered the ball , and the Wolfpack offense returned to the field at the Tech 40 @-@ yard line . On their first play after the fumble recover , Kramer completed a 12 @-@ yard pass to Worthen for a first down . During the next play , Kramer fumbled the ball while attempting to run with it , and Virginia Tech 's defense recovered . This allowed the Tech offense to return to the field and attempt another offensive drive beginning at their 27 @-@ yard line . - Tech picked up a first down , then Chapman was forced to scramble for a first down after facing third and 10 . Stopped inches short of gaining the first down , Tech risked turning the ball over by attempting to convert the fourth down . Unlike their previous try in the game , Tech was successful and the Hokies ' drive continued . Tech continued to pick up yardage and first downs , advancing deep into the NC State side of the field . Inside the State 30 @-@ yard line , Tech quarterback Chapman was sacked for a 10 @-@ yard loss . He responded by throwing a 30 @-@ yard pass on the next play , driving Virginia Tech inside the State one @-@ yard line . Williams rushed into the end zone with 33 seconds remaining in the quarter , cutting the Wolfpack lead to 21 – 16 . Virginia Tech elected to attempt a two @-@ point conversion , which was unsuccessful . - NC State received Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff and returned the ball to their 32 @-@ yard line . The Wolfpack offense had time for just one play — an eight @-@ yard pass — before the end of the quarter . With one quarter remaining in the game , NC State still held a 21 – 16 lead . - - = = = Fourth quarter = = = - - The fourth quarter began with NC State in possession of the ball at their 40 @-@ yard line and facing a second down and one yard . On the first play of the quarter , NC State quarterback Erik Kramer ran the ball , but fumbled at the end of the run . The ball was recovered by Virginia Tech , and the Hokie offense took the field . The first Virginia Tech play of the quarter was a first @-@ down throw to David Everett that drove the Hokies into Wolfpack territory . Tech followed the pass by driving down the field with alternating run and pass plays . Tech penetrated the NC State 20 @-@ yard line with 12 minutes remaining in the quarter , and continued to drive . Once the Hokies crossed the State 10 @-@ yard line , the State defense stiffened and the Hokies were able to gain a first down only with difficulty . With a first down at the State seven @-@ yard line , it took Tech just two plays to earn a touchdown . The Hokies again attempted a two @-@ point conversion , but were again stopped short . Despite that setback , the touchdown gave Tech six points and a 22 – 21 lead , their first since the 8 : 55 mark in the second quarter . - Because Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty following the touchdown , NC State was able to acquire good field position during the kickoff return , starting their drive at their 44 @-@ yard line . On the second play of the drive , Erik Kramer completed an 18 @-@ yard pass to Nasrallah Worthen , driving State into the Tech side of the field . After a short play , Kramer again completed a long pass , this time to Bobby for 24 yards . Now inside the Tech red zone , Kramer was tackled for a big loss , losing some of the yardage that he had gained with the previous play . NC State was unable to pick up another first down and sent in Mike Cofer to attempt a 33 @-@ yard kick , which was successfully completed . The field goal regained NC State a 24 – 22 lead . - Following the post @-@ score kick , Tech began its offensive drive at its 23 @-@ yard line with just under seven minutes to play in the game . The Hokies picked up a first down on three short rushing plays , then another on a single passing play . This drove the Hokies to their 45 @-@ yard line with just over five minutes to play . Tech was unable to gain another first down and was forced to punt the ball to NC State . The ball was fielded at the 14 @-@ yard line , which was where the NC State offense began its final drive of the game . - On State 's first play after the punt , fullback Mal Crite ran for a 40 @-@ yard gain , pushing State 's offense to the Tech 46 @-@ yard line with just over four minutes left . State pushed forward another seven yards , but failed to gain another first down and prepared to punt the ball back to Tech with 3 : 14 remaining in the game . Rather than punt the ball , however , State punter Kelly instead received the snap on fourth down and ran for a first down . Because State retained possession , it was able to continue to run down the clock after the fake punt . Tech stopped the clock once by calling a timeout and prevented State from gaining another first down . With 2 : 01 remaining in the game , State punted the ball into Tech 's end zone for a touchback . - Tech 's offense took the field at their 20 @-@ yard line with 1 : 53 remaining in the game , two left ( used to stop the clock as necessary ) , and needing at least a field goal to win the game . Tech picked up one first down via a pass , then another as the Hokies drove to their 44 @-@ yard line . Stopped short of midfield with less than a minute to play , Tech called its second timeout in order to stop the game clock from ticking down . In college football , the clock stops after a team earns a first down , and because Virginia Tech had not earned a first down on the short run , Tech was forced to call the timeout . Following the timeout , the Hokies ran for a first down , penetrating to the NC State 44 @-@ yard line . With 53 seconds remaining , Chapman out of bounds on a short run . Another short run brought the Hokies to the State 36 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies called their final timeout to stop the clock . A few plays later , Tech ran a short running play that kept the clock running down . With just 33 seconds remaining and no other way to stop the clock , Tech 's Maurice Williams stayed down with a leg and the stopped the clock to allow the injured player to receive assistance from athletic trainers before the next play . Facing fourth down and needing three yards for drive @-@ continuing first down , Chapman passed for a first down at the State 29 @-@ yard line with 15 seconds remaining in the game . On the game 's next play , Tech committed a holding penalty , which pushed the Hokies 10 yards further away from the end zone , out of field goal range , with 11 seconds remaining . - On the game 's next play , Chapman passed the ball deep , toward the end zone . Though the pass fell incomplete , a game official called a 15 @-@ yard pass interference penalty against NC State . This moved the ball to the NC State 23 @-@ yard line and forced Tech kicker Chris Kinzer to attempt a potentially game @-@ winning 40 @-@ yard field goal with four seconds remaining . Though NC State coach Dick Sheridan called a timeout in an attempt to ice Chris Kinzer , the kick sailed through the and Virginia Tech won a 25 – 24 victory as time expired . - - = = Statistical summary = = - - In recognition of their performance in a losing effort , NC State quarterback Erik Kramer was named the game 's offensive most valuable player , while on defense , NC State cornerback Derrick Taylor won the honor . Kramer finished the game having completed 12 of his 19 passes for 155 yards . On the opposite side of the field , Virginia Tech quarterback Eric Chapman finished with 20 completions out of 30 attempts for two touchdowns and 200 passing yards . - Virginia Tech running back Maurice Williams ' 77 @-@ yard run on the second play of the game remains the longest play from scrimmage in the Peach Bowl ( today the Chick @-@ @-@ A Bowl ) , and Virginia Tech also set the current record for the most first downs in a Peach Bowl ( 29 ) . Williams finished the game with 16 carries for 129 yards , and was the game 's leading rusher . The second @-@ place rusher was fellow Hokie running back Hunter , who ran with the ball 22 times for 113 yards . NC State 's leading rusher was fullback Mal Crite , who finished the game with 14 carries for 101 yards . - - = = effects = = - - Virginia Tech 's win brought it to a final 1986 record of 10 – 1 – 1 , while NC State 's loss took it to a final record of 8 – 3 – 1 . The victory was Virginia Tech 's first bowl win in school history and was the team 's only such win until 1993 , when Tech defeated Indiana University in the 1993 Independence Bowl . - Peach Bowl officials pronounced themselves pleased with both the turnout for the game and the action on the field . Though traffic jams attendees ' arrival to the stadium , there were only 5 @,@ 366 no @-@ shows out of 58 @,@ 212 tickets sold . Following the game , Peach Bowl chairman Ira announced that the bowl would seek corporate sponsorship and a potential television broadcast deal with a major American television network . The takeover by the chamber of commerce also proved to be successful , as the 1986 game made a small profit . This was an improvement over the three previous Peach , which lost more than $ 170 @,@ 000 . The sellout also confirmed that the game would continue to be held annually instead of being abandoned , as sportswriters had speculated prior to the 1986 game . - Tech kicker Chris Kinzer , who kicked the game @-@ winning field goal , did not go on to play in the National Football League despite predictions that he might do so . He attended several NFL teams ' , but a contract to play in the league never materialized . He sold insurance for several years , then school and graduated from Virginia Tech in 1994 with a degree . - - = = Later aftermath = = - - Virginia Tech would go on to join the Atlantic Coast Conference , which NC State was a member of , in 2004 . The ACC now sends a team to the later @-@ renamed Chick @-@ @-@ A Bowl every year . - - - = Greens Ledge Light = - - Greens Ledge Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Connecticut , United States , off the southwest end of the Norwalk Islands , Long Island Sound , near Norwalk , Connecticut . It is on north side of the west end of Greens Ledge , west of Norwalk Harbor a mile south of the entrance to Five Mile River at , and just over a mile southwest of Sheffield Lighthouse . Completed in 1902 , it was constructed by the Philadelphia Construction Company . The light is 52 feet ( 16 m ) tall and is made of five courses that make up its four stories . The lantern measures 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter . The Greens Ledge Light replaced the Sheffield Island Light . Originally , the light had a fifth @-@ order Fresnel lens , but a fourth @-@ order Fresnel lens was installed in May 1902 , just three months into its operation . Currently a @-@ 25 is in use and it has alternating white and red flash every 24 seconds . The light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Greens Ledge Lighthouse on May 29 , 1990 . - - = = Design = = - - In the 1890s , the lighthouse was first formally proposed to mark the Norwalk Harbor . In 1899 , the United States Congress appropriated $ 60 @,@ 000 for the establishment of a light and fog signal at Greens Ledge . In 1900 , the Philadelphia Construction Company was contracted to construct the foundation and the superstructure . The design for this type of lighthouse was first realized in 1873 , from Major of the Lighthouse Board . The foundation form is made of identical curved @-@ iron plates with top inward @-@ pointing that are together and secured with knees . The assembled rings are lowered into the water and filled with concrete or stone , concrete for the Greens Ledge Light . A series of photographs from the work in 1901 shows the assembly of the three lower courses at Wilson 's Point , the lowering of the cylinder and the light in the fall of 1901 prior to a deposit of protective . - The 52 @-@ foot ( 16 m ) tall Greens Ledge Light was completed in 1902 and serves as a typical example of a lighthouse . Located in 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) of water , the foundation flares out to support the deck the lighthouse is built on and includes a cavity for the lighthouse 's brick basement and cisterns . The four @-@ story structure of the lighthouse is assembled from five courses of curved iron plates . The interior is lined with brick to and strengthen the tower and to " [ e ] an anchorage for the winding cast @-@ iron stairs which rise on the periphery of each story , " writes historian Dorothy . - The plain prefabricated features underwent a period of development of which the Greens Ledge Light was part of a second phase . describes , " the brackets which support the gallery and covered deck [ as having ] a simplified classical detailing and [ the ] rectilinear window are enclosed in shallower , cast @-@ iron surrounds . " A deck the light on above the first story , the and lantern . The original roofing and some cast @-@ iron of the decks are able to be seen atop the . The cast @-@ iron door to the lighthouse faces south and at the time of nomination the windows were sealed with . The first floor of the lighthouse serves as the kitchen . The second level has two rooms split by a partition with the smaller room being a bathroom . The third level was not divided , but did not have a description in the National Historic Register of Places survey . The fourth floor has six windows and has had much of its woodwork removed and part of the cast @-@ iron floor and brick wall are exposed . The lighthouse 's lantern measures 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter . Once active , the Sheffield Island Light was discontinued . - - = = Service = = - - Originally , the light had a fifth @-@ order Fresnel lens , but a fourth @-@ order Fresnel lens was installed in May 1902 , just three months into its operation . The light characteristic was a fixed white light with a red flash every 15 seconds . In 1972 , the light was automated and the Fresnel lens was replaced with a modern . The light continues to serve as an active aid to navigation . In 1987 , a FA @-@ 251 was installed before the current lens , a @-@ 25 was installed . The current light characteristic is an alternating white and red flash every 24 seconds . The white and red flashes can be seen for 18 nautical miles and 15 nautical miles , . - During its service , the tower began to tilt and the keepers moved all the furniture to one side of the tower . The problem was reported to have been exacerbated following the 1938 New England hurricane . - - = = Importance = = - - The light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Greens Ledge Lighthouse on May 29 , 1990 . It is listed as " significant as a typical example of a pre @-@ fabricated cast @-@ iron conical on a cast @-@ iron tubular foundation . " - The lighthouse served as a source of inspiration for Walter Richards , an artist , for over forty years . Since 1935 , swimmers have been competing annually in the Arthur J. Race , a one @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) race from the lighthouse to Beach in the section of Norwalk . - - = = List of keepers = = - - This list includes known keepers , but excludes assistants and non @-@ officers of the Coast Guard . - - - = Action of 13 September 1810 = - - The Action of 13 September 1810 was an inconclusive frigate engagement during the Napoleonic Wars between British Royal Navy and French Navy frigates during which a British frigate was defeated by two French vessels near Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) , but British reinforcements were able to recapture the ship before the French could secure her . The British frigate was HMS Africaine , a new arrival to the Indian Ocean . She was under the command of Captain Robert Corbet , who had served there the previous year . Corbet was a notoriously unpopular officer and his death in the battle provoked a storm of controversy in Britain over claims that Corbet had either committed suicide at the shame of losing his ship , been murdered by his disaffected crew , or been abandoned by his men , who were said to have refused to load their guns while he remained in command . Whether any of these rumours were accurate has never been satisfactorily determined , but the issue has been discussed in several prominent naval histories and was the subject of at least one lawsuit . - The action came about as a direct consequence of the Battle of Grand Port three weeks earlier , in which a British squadron had been destroyed in a failed attack on Grand Port harbour on Isle de France . This gave the French forces on the island a significant regional advantage , the British frigate on the recently captured Île Bourbon , commanded by Commodore Rowley , by six to one . British reinforcements were hastily despatched to the area but the French were blockading Île Bourbon in force and the arriving reinforcements were in constant danger of attack by more powerful French units . Africaine was the first ship to reinforce Rowley 's squadron , but within three days of her arrival in the region was engaged by two French ships while attempting to drive them away from Saint Denis on Île Bourbon . Corbet was severely wounded in the opening exchanges and subsequently died . Although his crew fought hard , they were overwhelmed by the French frigates and forced to surrender , only for Rowley to arrive in HMS Boadicea and drive off the French warships , Africaine . - - = = Background = = - - In 1808 , both the British Royal Navy and the French Navy despatched frigate squadrons to the Indian Ocean . The French , led by Commodore Jacques Hamelin , were ordered to disrupt British trade in the region , particularly targeting the large East Indiamen that carried millions of pounds worth of goods between Britain and her Empire . The British force under Commodore Rowley was tasked with the blockade and eventual capture of the two well defended island bases of the French , Île Bonaparte and Isle de France . At the Action of 31 May 1809 , a French frigate named Caroline captured two East Indiamen , sheltering with her prizes at Saint Paul on Île Bonaparte . In his first major operation against the islands , Rowley landed soldiers behind the defences of the harbour and sent his ships into the bay , seizing the town and the shipping in the harbour , including Caroline . One of Rowley 's captains who had performed well in this engagement was Robert Corbet of HMS Nereide . the Caroline as a British warship and renaming her HMS , Rowley placed Corbet in command and sent him to Britain with despatches . - Over the following year , the French continued to attack British trade convoys , achieving important victories at the Action of 18 November 1809 and the Action of 3 July 1810 , where they captured another five East Indiamen as well as numerous smaller merchant ships and a large Portuguese frigate . Rowley too was active , commanding the successful Invasion of Île Bonaparte in July and renaming the island Île Bourbon , basing his squadron at Saint Paul on the island 's eastern shore . From this base , Rowley 's ships were ideally positioned to begin a close blockade of Isle de France , led initially by Captain Samuel Pym in HMS Sirius . Pym sought to reduce French movement by seizing a number of fortified offshore islands , starting with Île de la off Grand Port . The island was captured , but when a French squadron broke through the British blockade and took shelter in Grand Port , Pym resolved to attack them . The ensuing Battle of Grand Port was a disaster for Rowley 's squadron , as Pym led four of Rowley 's five frigates into the bay without adequately assessing the channel through the coral reefs that sheltered the harbour . As a result , two frigates grounded out of range of the enemy and the remaining two were outnumbered in confined waters . In a complicated battle lasting several days , two of Pym 's frigates were captured and two more had to be scuttled , with their entire crews made prisoner . Rowley 's reinforcements arrived too late , and the British was chased back to Saint Denis by Hamelin 's flagship . - While Rowley and Hamelin had in the Indian Ocean , Corbet had made the lengthy journey back to Britain . During his time in command of Nereide , Corbet had already developed a reputation as a strict disciplinarian , regularly beating his men for the slightest , to the extent that he had provoked a brief mutiny on Nereide in 1808 . His reputation spread before him , and when he switched commands with Captain Richard of HMS Africaine , he was met with a storm of protest from Africaine 's crew . Although none of the men aboard Africaine had served with Corbet before , his preference for brutal punishment was well known in the Navy and the crew sent a letter to the Admiralty insisting that they would not serve under him . Concerned at what they considered to be mutiny , the Admiralty sent three popular officers to Africaine with the message that if the protest was quietly dropped there would be no courts @-@ martial for mutiny but if not , the entire crew would be liable to attack . To emphasise the threat , the frigate HMS was brought alongside with her gunports open and her cannon ready to fire . , the crew of Africaine allowed Corbet aboard and the frigate sailed for the Indian Ocean a few days later , carrying instructions for the authorities at Madras to prepare an expeditionary force to invade Isle de France . - - = = Africaine off Isle de France = = - - Africaine 's journey to Madras took several months and Corbet made a number of stops on his passage , the final one being at the small British island base of Rodriguez in early September 1810 . There Corbet was informed of the disaster at Grand Port and on his own initiative immediately sailed south to augment Rowley 's weakened squadron . Arriving off Isle de France at 06 : 15 on 11 September , Corbet spotted a French schooner near Île and gave chase , the schooner sheltering behind the reefs at Grand Bay on the eastern side of the island . At 07 : 30 , Corbet ordered the frigate 's boats to enter the creek into which the schooner had fled , the small craft entering the waterway in the hope of and capturing the vessel . As the boats approached , French soldiers and militia appeared along the banks and began firing on the British sailors . Fire was returned by Royal Marines in the boats , but Africaine 's barge grounded soon after the ambush was sprung and became trapped , French gunfire killing two men and wounding ten . The other boat reached the grounded and abandoned schooner , but the six men aboard were unable to move the vessel unaided and were forced to depart , coming under fire which wounded five men , before they could escape the French trap . - his boats , Corbet determined to sail to Île Bourbon directly . By 04 : 00 on 12 September he had arrived at Saint @-@ Denis and there landed his wounded and came ashore for news , learning that two French frigates were just offshore , blockading the port . The French ships had spotted Africaine in the harbour and despatched the small brig to Isle de France with information of her whereabouts , although Corbet had raised flags that successfully deceived the French into believing that his frigate was Rowley 's flagship HMS Boadicea . The French ships were Astrée , commanded by Pierre Bouvet , and Iphigénie , formerly one of the British frigates captured at Grand Port , under René de . - - = = = Battle = = = - - Rowley , stationed at Saint @-@ Paul to the west of Saint @-@ Denis , received word that Africaine had arrived at Saint Denis and immediately sought to drive off the French blockade . eastwards , Boadicea came within sight of Bouvet 's squadron at 15 : 00 and the British flagship followed by the small HMS Otter and HMS Staunch . Corbet recognised Rowley 's intention and joined the attack , embarking 25 soldiers from the 86th Regiment of Foot to replace his losses at Grand Bay . The French , still believing Africaine to be Boadicea , assumed that Boadicea was an East named in disguise , and fell back towards Isle de France before the British force . - Otter and Staunch both fell rapidly behind Boadicea , while Africaine pulled far ahead . By 18 : 20 , lookouts on Africaine could no longer see the other British ships , and by 18 : 30 , Boadicea was similarly alone . Bouvet realised the lack of cohesion in the British squadron , and also recognised that Africaine was faster than either of his ships and would soon catch them . As a result , he slowed and prepared to meet the British frigate as night fell . Corbet now found himself outnumbered and began to launch rockets and flares in the hope of attracting Rowley 's attention and as the French closed with Africaine , he his ship for action . 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) behind , Rowley could see the flares and flashes but was powerless to intercede in the darkness . At 01 : 50 on 13 September , the gap had closed between Africaine and the French ships , and at 02 : 20 Corbet opened fire on Astrée , with Bouvet returning the fire immediately . - A from the second French broadside struck Corbet within minutes of the first broadside , the ball tearing off his foot above the ankle just as a large wooden splinter thrown from the struck the thigh of the same leg , shattering the bone . Corbet was brought below to the ship 's surgeon where the remnant of his leg was hastily amputated and bound , and command devolved on Lieutenant John Crew Tullidge . At 02 : 30 , Astrée pulled away from Africaine to perform hasty repairs , but Bouvet 's guns had wrecked Africaine 's rigging , leaving the British frigate uncontrollable and largely immobile . Slowly moving ahead , Africaine engaged Iphigénie at close range but was counter attacked by Astrée and found herself assailed on both sides , Astrée angled in such a position that she was able to rake the British ship , inflicting significant damage and casualties . - By 03 : 30 , Africaine was in ruins . Tullidge was wounded in four places , but refused to leave the deck as the ship 's master had been and the other lieutenant shot in the chest . All three had collapsed and as guns were dismounted and casualties increased the return fire of Africaine became more and more ragged , until it stopped entirely at 04 : 45 , when only two guns were still capable of firing . French fire stopped at 05 : 15 , first light showing Boadicea 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ) away and unable to affect the surrender of Africaine , which had hauled down its flags at 05 : 00 . Within minutes , a French prize crew boarded the battered frigate and seized the magazine of shot and gunpowder , which was shipped to Iphigénie whose ammunition was almost exhausted . - - = = = Boadicea arrives = = = - - At 06 : 00 , a breeze pushed Boadicea forward and she began to close with her former consort , Rowley watching as all three of Africaine 's masts gave way and collapsed over the side one by one . By 08 : 00 , Africaine was a dismasted hull and Corbet was dead in the of the ship , although the exact manner of his death was to cause lasting controversy . By 10 : 00 , Boadicea had been joined by Otter and Staunch and bore down on the French ships and their prize , so that by 15 : 30 Bouvet was persuaded to abandon Africaine and tow the damaged Iphigénie back to Port Napoleon . By 17 : 00 , Boadicea pulled alongside Africaine and the French prize crew surrendered . Rowley later reported that a number of British sailors into the sea at his approach and swam to Boadicea , requesting that they be allowed to pursue the French ships in the hope of capturing one . - Rowley dismissed this idea given the shattered state of Africaine and instead towed the frigate back to Île Bourbon , shadowed by Astrée and Iphigénie on the return journey . The French frigates did achieve some in pursuing Rowley from a distance , running into and capturing the Honourable East India Company 's armed brig Aurora , sent from India to reinforce Rowley . On 15 September , Boadicea , Africaine and the arrived at Saint Paul , Africaine sheltering under the fortifications of the harbour while the others put to sea , again seeking to drive away the French blockade but unable to bring them to action . Bouvet returned to Port Napoleon on 18 September , and thus was not present when Rowley attacked and captured the French flagship and Commodore Hamelin at the Action of 18 September 1810 . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The action was the first of two in this campaign in which lone British frigates were briefly overwhelmed by superior French forces as they sailed independently to join Rowley 's squadron . On each occasion however , Rowley was able to recapture the lost frigate and drive off the French attackers . Corbet 's action was particularly violent , British casualties totalling 49 killed and 114 wounded , including every single officer and all but three of the soldiers embarked . Africaine was seriously damaged and would not be ready to return to active service for some months . French losses were less severe , Astrée suffering one killed and two wounded , Iphigénie nine killed and 33 wounded . - The action was considered a defeat by the Admiralty and was not reported in the London Gazette . The British naval authorities were particularly disturbed by rumours that began to circulate concerning the death of Captain Corbet and the behaviour of his crew during the battle . among these rumours was the suggestion that Corbet had been murdered by his disaffected crew : historian William James wrote in 1827 that " There are many who will insist , that Captain Corbett 's [ sic ] death @-@ wound was inflicted by one of his own people . " although he goes on to point out the of Corbet being shot by one of his own cannon . He gives more to the story that Corbet committed suicide to avoid the shame of defeat , that he " cut the bandages from his amputated limb , and suffered himself to bleed to death . " This story was also alluded to in Edward Pelham Brenton 's 1825 history : " Corbet did not ( we fear would not ) survive his capture " . The truth of Corbet 's end will never be known with certainty , although James ultimately concludes that Corbet 's wound was almost certainly a mortal one and thus the most likely cause of death . - A second accusation , and one that proved even more controversial in the aftermath of the engagement , was the claim that Africaine 's crew abandoned their guns , refused to load them or deliberately fired them into the sea in protest at Corbet 's behaviour . Corbet 's brutality was well known in the Navy , James describing him as " an excessively severe officer " who had a " career of cruelty " . James does not accuse the crew of any deliberate attempt to sabotage their ship in the engagement , instead attributing their poor gunnery to Corbet 's own failings as a commander , most significantly his failure to practice gunnery regularly . Other authors were less understanding of the crew of Africaine , Brenton stating that " they cut the of their guns , and put no shot in them after the first or second broadside " , while historian Basil Hall stated in 1833 that they " preferred to be down by the French broadsides " than fight under Corbet . This last accusation provoked outrage among naval officers , and Captain Jones , a former of Corbet launched a successful lawsuit , forcing Hall to make a retraction . In 1900 , William Laird commented that " There is , unfortunately , much reason to suppose that Captain Corbett 's [ sic ] reputation for extreme severity had his crew , and that the men did not behave as as they should have " . He later Brenton for the suggestion that Corbet committed suicide , suggesting that the wound alone was the cause of death . Modern historians have also been scathing of Corbet 's behaviour , Robert calling him " notoriously brutal , " and Richard describing Tullidge as " an unfortunate victim of Corbet 's cruelty , for suspicions that Africaine 's crew had failed to do their in support of their hated commander . " - - - = M @-@ 114 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 114 was the designation of a former state trunkline highway and planned in the US state of Michigan around the city of Grand Rapids . It was designated by the end of 1929 on various streets in adjoining cities and townships . By the 1940s , sections of it on the west and south sides of Grand Rapids were given new designations and the segment along the east side of town was finished . By late 1945 the highway designation was completely decommissioned in favor of other numbers . M @-@ 114 split into two branches , one running east – west and the other running north – south . The east – west spur routing is now local streets while the rest is part of state highways . - - = = History = = - - The first segments of M @-@ 114 were completed by January 1 , 1930 , and ran along the west side of Grand Rapids , on what is now Wilson Avenue between Lake Michigan Drive and Leonard Street . At the same time , what would become a spur was also finished from the town of Cascade to US 131 ( Division Avenue ) . By July 1 that same year , the southern segment was extended west to Clyde Park Avenue in Wyoming Township . By the end of 1936 M @-@ 114 was a three @-@ legged trunkline around the Grand Rapids area . It started at US 16 in Walker Township and ran south to where it turned to run eastward to the community of Cascade . The third leg was shown on maps as under construction from a junction in Paris Township north to a junction with US 16 in East Grand Rapids ; the trunkline continued north from US 16 to a junction with US 131 in Plainfield Township north of Grand Rapids . - By June 15 , 1942 the highways in the Grand Rapids area were . A Bypass US 16 ( BYP US 16 ) designation was assigned to the portion of M @-@ 114 that traveled around the southwest side of Grand Rapids ( now M @-@ 11 ) , leaving just the east and unfinished north segments left . The section along the east side of the city was completed as M @-@ 114 . A northern leg was added along 3 Mile Road at the same time . By 1945 , the northern leg of M @-@ 114 was turned back to local control and removed from the highway system . The eastern leg was assigned a BYP US 131 designation , thereby eliminating the last remaining portion of M @-@ 114 . A BYP M @-@ 21 designation was also used along part of the southern and eastern legs . East Beltline now carries M @-@ 37 and M @-@ 44 . - - = = Route description = = - - As it existed before the designation was removed , M @-@ 114 started at the corner of BYP US 16 ( 28th Street ) and what is now East Beltline Avenue in Paris Township ( now Kentwood ) and ran northward . The trunkline intersected the mainline for US 16 / M @-@ 50 at Cascade Road and the mainline for M @-@ 21 at Fulton Street near East Grand Rapids in Grand Rapids Township . Further north , the highway split into two . In Plainfield Township , a leg of M @-@ 114 continued west along the modern 3 Mile Road through an intersection with US 131 to terminate at Avenue near the Grand River and the other leg continued north to a terminus with US 131 at Drive and Plainfield Avenue . - - = = Major intersections = = - - South leg - The entire highway was in Kent County . - West leg - The entire highway was in Grand Rapids Township , Kent County . - North leg - The entire highway was in Kent County . - - - = Jane Dudley , Duchess of Northumberland = - - Jane Dudley ( née Guildford ) , Duchess of Northumberland ( / – 1555 ) was an English , the wife of John Dudley , 1st Duke of Northumberland and mother of Guildford Dudley and Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester . Having grown up with her future husband , who was her father 's ward , she married at about age 16 . They had 13 children . Jane Dudley served as a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting at the court of Henry VIII and was a close friend of Queen Catherine . Reformed in religious outlook , she was also a supporter of the Protestant martyr Anne Askew . - Under the young King Edward VI John Dudley became one of the most powerful politicians , rising to be Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland . After the fall of Lord Protector Somerset in 1549 , John Dudley joined forces with his wife to promote his rehabilitation and a reconciliation between their families , which was symbolized by a marriage between their children . In the spring of 1553 Jane Dudley , Duchess of Northumberland became the mother @-@ in @-@ law of Lady Jane Grey , whom the Duke of Northumberland unsuccessfully tried to establish on the English throne after the death of Edward VI . Mary I being victorious , the Duchess sought frantically to save her husband 's life . Notwithstanding his and her son Guildford 's executions , she was successful in achieving the release of the rest of her family by befriending the Spanish noblemen who came to England with Philip of Spain . She died soon afterwards , aged 46 . - - = = Family and marriage = = - - Jane Guildford was born in Kent in about / , the only daughter of Sir Edward Guildford and Eleanor West , daughter of Thomas West , 8th Baron De La . Her schooling occurred at home together with her brother Richard and her future husband , who was her father 's ward from . In , at about 16 , she married Sir John Dudley , who was 20 or 21 years old . The match had been arranged by their parents some years before . Jane Dudley gave birth to 13 children , eight boys and five girls . In most cases it is impossible to establish their exactly . An exception is Robert , the future favourite of Elizabeth I ; he was born in 1532 as the fifth son , and possibly after the eldest daughter Mary , who became the mother of the @-@ poet Philip Sidney . The family life of John and Jane Dudley seems to have been happy and was free from any ; around a poem praised the " love and devotion " of their marriage . - Sir Edward Guildford died in 1534 before he could draw up his last will . Since his son Richard had him , Guildford 's nephew , John Guildford , claimed the inheritance . The Dudleys maintained that Guildford 's daughter Jane was the natural heir . They finally won the resulting court case with the assistance of Thomas Cromwell . - - = = Court life = = - - Jane Dudley served as a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting to Anne , and later to Anne of . She was interested in the Reformed religion and , with her husband , moved in evangelical circles from the mid @-@ . In 1542 John Dudley was created Viscount Lisle . He was on friendly terms with William , whose sister Catherine became Henry VIII 's last queen in July . As one of her closest friends , the Lisle was among the four ladies leading her to the altar on the marriage day . Jane Dudley belonged also to the courtly sympathizers of Anne Askew , whom she contacted during her imprisonment in 1545 – 1546 . The Protestant was burnt at the stake as a in July 1546 on the of the religiously conservative court party around Bishop Stephen . - Renaissance and science figured large in the Dudley children 's education . In 1553 Jane Dudley herself commissioned two works from the mathematician and John Dee about heavenly and the tides . Jane Dudley was close to her children ; her eldest son , Henry , had died during the siege of in 1544 , aged 19 . A she wrote in 1552 under a letter by her husband to their then eldest son , John Dudley , 2nd Earl of Warwick , reads : " your that you Jane Northumberland " . She also had health problems : In her husband was unwilling to leave her side , because she " had had her fit again more extreme that she had any time yet . " - Under Edward VI John Dudley , Viscount Lisle was raised to the title of Earl of Warwick , while Edward Seymour , Earl of Hereford became Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector . In October 1549 the Protector lost his power in a trial of strength with the Privy Council , from which John Dudley , Earl of Warwick emerged as Lord President of the Council and leader of the government . Somerset , who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London , was soon allowed to rejoin the Council . Before his release , the Duchess of Somerset and the Countess of Warwick had arranged daily banquets in order to reconcile their husbands . A marriage between their respective eldest son and daughter , Anne Seymour and John Dudley , was equally promoted by the two ladies . In June 1550 a grand wedding was staged at the palace of Sheen , attended by the twelve @-@ year @-@ old King Edward . Jane Dudley continued as a great lady at court during the ascendancy of her husband , who became Duke of Northumberland in October . She was influential with him ; the financier Thomas and the diplomat Richard Morrison sought her patronage , and she also for Mary Tudor , who had stood to one of her daughters in 1545 . - - = = Mother @-@ in @-@ law to a queen = = - - King Edward fell ill in early 1553 . He drew up a document , " My for the " , whose final version of June 1553 was to settle the Crown on his Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey , the claims of his half @-@ sisters Mary and Elizabeth . Jane Grey was the daughter of Frances Grey , Duchess of Suffolk , a niece of Henry VIII by his younger sister Mary . On 25 May 1553 three were celebrated at Durham Place , the Dudleys ' London town mansion . Two of their younger children were concerned : Guildford , aged about 17 , married Lady Jane Grey , while Katherine , who was between eight and ten years old , was promised to the Earl of 's heir , Henry Hastings . A few months later these matches came to be seen as proof of a conspiracy by the Duke of Northumberland to bring his family to the throne . At the time the marriages took place , however , their implications were not considered significant by even the most suspicious of observers , the Imperial ambassador de . Modern historians have considered them either as part of a plot , or as " routine actions of dynastic politics " , in the words of David . The initiative for the matches had probably come from the of Northampton . - After Edward 's death on 6 July 1553 Northumberland undertook the enforcement of the King 's will . Lady Jane Grey accepted the Crown only after by her parents and parents @-@ in @-@ law . On 10 July the Duchess of Northumberland accompanied her son and daughter @-@ in @-@ law on their ceremonial entry into the Tower of London , where they were to reside for the rest of the short reign . According to Jane 's own letter to Queen Mary a few months later , Guildford now wanted to be made king . The young people agreed on having him declared king by Act of Parliament ; but then Jane changed her mind and declared she would only make him a duke . " I will not be a duke , I will be King " , Guildford replied and went to fetch his mother . Furious , the Duchess took the side of her son , before she told him to leave the Tower and go home . Jane , however , insisted that he remain at court . According to her the Duchess also " induced her son not to sleep with me any more " , and it is clear from her writings that Jane disliked her mother @-@ in @-@ law . - - = = and struggle for her family = = - - To claim her right , Mary Tudor began assembling her supporters in East and demanded to be recognized as queen by the Privy Council in London . When her letter arrived on 10 July 1553 during dinner , the Duchess of Suffolk , Jane 's mother , and the Duchess of Northumberland broke into tears . Mary was gathering strength , and on 14 July the Duke marched to Cambridge with troops to capture her . As it came , he passed a tranquil week until he heard on 20 July that the Council in London had declared for Mary . On the orders of the Privy Council Northumberland himself now proclaimed Queen Mary at the market @-@ place and awaited his arrest . His wife was still in the Tower , but was soon released . She tried to intercede personally for her imprisoned husband and five sons with Mary , who was staying outside London . However , five miles before reaching the court the Duchess was turned away on the Queen 's orders . She then wrote a letter to her friend Lady Paget , the wife of William , Lord Paget , asking her to plead with the Queen 's ladies for her husband 's life . Her plea , if it went not unheard , was in vain , and the Duke of Northumberland was executed on 22 August 1553 on Tower Hill after having recanted his Protestant faith . - Following Wyatt 's rebellion , Guildford Dudley was beheaded on 12 February 1554 shortly before his wife . Knowing the Queen 's character , in June 1554 Jane Dudley pleaded with the authorities to allow her remaining sons to hear mass . During 1554 the Duchess and her son @-@ in @-@ law Henry Sidney worked hard pleading with the Spanish nobles around England 's new king consort , Philip of Spain . Lord Paget may also have proved helpful , and Henry Sidney even travelled to Spain in their cause . In the autumn of 1554 the Dudley brothers were released from the Tower , though the eldest , John , died immediately afterwards at Sidney 's house in Kent . At the same location Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554 . His was his grandmother Jane Dudley , while his was Philip of Spain . - Amid the of the Dudley family 's possessions in July 1553 , Mary had allowed Jane Dudley to retain her wardrobe and plate , carpets , and other household , as well as the use of the Duke 's house in Chelsea , London . There , she died on either 15 or 22 January 1555 , and was buried on 1 February at Chelsea Old Church . In her will she tried to provide for her sons financially and thanked the Queen , as well as the many Spanish nobles she had lobbied . The Duchess of was to receive her green parrot ; to Don Diego de she gave " the new bed of green velvet with all the furniture to it ; him even as he hath in my lifetime showed himself like a father and a brother to my sons , so shall [ I ] require him no less to do now their mother is gone " . She also remembered " my lord , my dear husband " , and stipulated : " in no wise let me be opened after I am dead . ... I have not lived to be very bold before women , much more I should be to come into the hands of any living man , be he or Surgeon . " She avoided to be specific on religion , but stressed that " who ever trust to this world , as I did , may happen to have an overthrow , as I had ; therefore to the worms will I go as I have before written . " - - = = Ancestry = = - - - - = Elgin Cathedral = - - Elgin Cathedral is a historic ruin in Elgin , Moray , north @-@ east Scotland . The cathedral — dedicated to the Holy Trinity — was established in 1224 on land granted by King Alexander II outside the burgh of Elgin and close to the River . It replaced the cathedral at Spynie , 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the north , that was served by a small chapter of eight clerics . The new and bigger cathedral was staffed with 18 canons in and then increased to 23 by . After a damaging fire in 1270 , a rebuilding programme greatly enlarged the building . It was unaffected by the Wars of Scottish Independence but again suffered extensive fire damage in 1390 following an attack by Robert III 's brother Alexander Stewart , Earl of Buchan , also known as the Wolf of Badenoch . In 1402 the cathedral precinct again suffered an incendiary attack by the followers of the Lord of the Isles . The number of clerics required to staff the cathedral continued to grow , as did the number of craftsmen needed to maintain the buildings and surrounds . The number of canons had increased to 25 by the time of the Scottish Reformation in 1560 , when the cathedral was abandoned and its services transferred to Elgin 's parish church of St Giles . After the removal of the lead that the roof in 1567 , the cathedral steadily fell into decay . Its deterioration was arrested in the 19th century , by which time the building was in a substantially ruinous condition . - The cathedral went through periods of enlargement and renovation following the fires of 1270 and 1390 that included the doubling in length of the choir , the provision of outer aisles to the northern and southern walls of both the nave and choir . Today , these walls are at full height in places and at foundation level in others yet the overall cruciform shape is still discernible . A mostly intact octagonal chapter house dates from the major enlargement after the fire of 1270 . The gable wall above the double door entrance that links the west towers is nearly complete and was rebuilt following the fire of 1390 . It accommodates a large window opening that now only contains tracery work and fragments of a large rose window . and chest tombs in both transepts and in the south aisle of the choir contain effigies of bishops and knights , and large flat slabs in the now grass @-@ covered floor of the cathedral mark the positions of early graves . The homes of the dignitaries and canons , or manses , stood in the chanonry and were destroyed by fire on three occasions : in 1270 , 1390 and 1402 . The two towers of the west front are mostly complete and were part of the first phase of construction . Only the precentor 's manse is substantially intact ; two others have been incorporated into private buildings . A protective wall of massive proportions surrounded the cathedral precinct , but only a small section has survived . The wall had four access gates , one of which — the Port — still exists . - - = = Early cathedral churches of Moray = = - - The Diocese of Moray was a regional bishopric unlike the pre @-@ eminent see of the Scottish church , St Andrews , which had evolved from a more ancient monastic Celtic church and administered scattered localities . It is uncertain whether there were bishops of Moray before c . 1120 but the first known — possibly later translated to — was Gregory ( or ) . He was probably bishop in name only , with the first resident diocesan being Richard of Lincoln . Gregory was a signatory to the foundation charter of Priory , issued by Alexander I ( mac Maíl ) between December 1123 and April 1124 , and again in a charter defining the legal rights of the same monastery . He is recorded for the last time when he witnessed a charter granted by David I to Abbey in c . 1128 . After the suppression of of Moray 's rebellion in 1130 , King David must have regarded the continued presence of bishops in Moray as essential to the stability of the province . These early bishops had no settled location for their cathedral , and sited it successively at the churches of , and Spynie . Pope Innocent III issued an bull on 7 April 1206 that allowed bishop Bricius de Douglas to fix his cathedral church at Spynie — its inauguration was held between spring 1207 and summer 1208 . A chapter of five dignitaries and three ordinary canons was authorised and based its constitution on that of Lincoln Cathedral . Elgin became the lay centre of the province under David I , who probably established the first castle in the town , and it may have been this castle , with its promise of better security , that prompted Bricius , before July 1216 , to petition the Pope to move the seat from Spynie . - - = = Cathedral church at Elgin = = - - Despite Bricius 's earlier appeal , it was not until Andreas de Moravia 's episcopate that Pope Honorius III issued his bull on 10 April 1224 his Gilbert de Moravia , Bishop of Caithness , Robert , Abbot of and Henry , Dean of Ross to examine the suitability of transferring the to Elgin . The Bishop of Caithness and the Dean of Ross performed the translation ceremony on 19 July 1224 . On 10 July , Alexander II ( mac ) had agreed to the in an that referred to his having given the land previously for this purpose . The land grant the Papal mandate and there is evidence that building had started in around 1215 . Construction of the cathedral was completed after . John of recorded without explanation that in 1270 the cathedral church and the canons ' houses had burned down . The cathedral was rebuilt in a larger and style to form the greater part of the structure that is now visible , work that is supposed to have been completed by the outbreak of the Wars of Scottish Independence in . Although Edward I of England took an army to Elgin in and again in , the cathedral was left unscathed , as it was by his grandson Edward III during his assault on Moray in 1336 . - Soon after his election to the see in – 63 , Bishop Alexander Bur requested funds from Pope Urban V for repairs to the cathedral , citing neglect and hostile attacks . In August Bur began protection payments to Alexander Stewart , Lord of Badenoch , known as the Wolf of Badenoch , who became Earl of Buchan in , and who was son of the future King Robert II . Numerous disputes between Bur and Buchan culminated in Buchan 's excommunication in February 1390 and the bishop turning to Thomas Dunbar , son of the Earl of Moray , to provide the protection service . - These acts by the bishop , and any frustration Buchan may have felt about the of his brother Robert Stewart , Earl of Fife as guardian of Scotland , may have caused him to react : in May , he descended from his island castle on and burned the town of , followed in June by the burning of Elgin and the cathedral with its manses . It is believed that he also burned Priory at this time , which was officially under the Bishop 's protection . Bur wrote to Robert III seeking reparation for his brother 's actions in a letter stating : - Robert III granted Bur an annuity of £ 20 for the period of the bishop 's lifetime , and the Pope provided income from the Scottish Church during the following decade . In 1400 , Bur wrote to the Abbot of complaining that the abbot 's prebendary churches in the Moray diocese had not paid their towards the cathedral restoration . In the same year Bur wrote to the rector of church , telling him that he now owed three years ' of the subsidy that had been imposed on non @-@ prebendary churches in . Again , on 3 July 1402 , the burgh and cathedral precinct were attacked , this time by Alexander of Lochaber , brother of of Islay , Lord of the Isles ; he spared the cathedral but burned the manses . For this act , Lochaber and his captains were excommunicated , prompting Lochaber 's return in September to give reparation and gain . In , the money saved during an vacancy was diverted to the rebuilding process and in a grant from the customs of Inverness was provided . Increasingly , the appropriation of the parish church revenues led in many cases to churches becoming dilapidated and unable to attract educated priests . By the later Middle Ages , the standard of pastoral care outside the main had significantly declined . - Bishop John ( – 14 ) contributed greatly to the rebuilding of the cathedral , as evidenced by the inscription on his tomb praising his efforts . When he died , the chapter met secretly — " in camera in " — and agreed that should one of their number be elected to the see , the bishop would grant one third of the income of the bishopric annually until the rebuilding was finished . The major alterations to the west front were completed before 1435 and contain the arms of Bishop Columba de Dunbar ( 1422 – 35 ) , and it is presumed that both the north and south aisles of the choir were finished before , as the south aisle contains the tomb of John de Winchester ( 1435 – 60 ) . Probably the last important rebuilding feature was the major restructuring of the chapterhouse between and 1501 , which contains the arms of Bishop Andrew Stewart . - - = = = organisation = = = - - The dignitaries and canons constituted the chapter and had the primary role of aiding the bishop in the governance of the diocese . Often the bishop was the titular head of the chapter only and was excluded from its decision @-@ making processes , the chapter being led by the dean as its superior . As the diocese of Moray based its constitution on that of Lincoln Cathedral , the bishop was allowed to participate within the chapter but only as an ordinary canon . Moray was not unique in this : the bishops of Aberdeen , , Caithness , Orkney and Ross were also canons in their own chapters . Each morning , the canons held a meeting in the chapterhouse where a chapter from the canonical rule book of St Benedict was read before the business of the day was discussed . - Bishop Bricius 's chapter of eight clerics consisted of the dean , precentor , treasurer , chancellor , archdeacon and three ordinary canons . His successor , Bishop Andreas de Moravia , greatly expanded the chapter to cater for the much enlarged establishment by creating two additional hierarchical posts ( and ) and added 16 more . In total , 23 had been created by the time of Andreas ' death , and a further two were added just before the Scottish Reformation . churches were at the of the bishop as the churches either were within the diocesan lands or had been granted to the bishop by a landowner as patronage . In the case of Elgin Cathedral , the de Moravia family , of which Bishop Andreas was a member , is noted as having the patronage of many churches given as . - Rural , or of Christianity as they were known in the Scottish Church , supervised the priests in the and implemented the bishop 's edicts . There were four in the Moray diocese — Elgin , Inverness , and — and these provided the income not only for the cathedral and chapter but also for other religious houses within and outside the diocese . Many churches were allocated to support designated canons , and a small number were held in common . The bishop received and prebendary income in his separate positions as and canon . - The government of the diocese affecting both clergy and laity was vested entirely in the bishop , who appointed officers to the ecclesiastical , criminal and civil courts . The bishop , assisted by his chapter , produced the church laws and regulations for the bishopric and these were enforced at occasional diocesan by the bishop or , in his absence , by the dean . Appointed officials at courts looking at matters affecting , marriages , divorces , widows , orphans , wills and other related legal matters . In Moray , these courts were held in Elgin and Inverness . By the Bishop of Moray held all his lands in one and had Courts of presided over by and to ensure the payment of revenues from his estates . - - = = = Cathedral offices = = = - - Large cathedrals such as Elgin had many chapel altars and daily services and required to be suitably staffed with canons assisted by a plentiful number of chaplains and vicars . Bishop Andreas allowed for the canons to be aided by seventeen vicars made up of seven priests , five deacons and five sub @-@ deacons — later the number of vicars was increased to twenty five . In the vicars at Elgin could not live on their and Bishop John of provided them with the income from two churches and the patronage of another from Thomas Randolph , second Earl of Moray . By 1489 one vicar had a of 12 marks ; six others , 10 marks ; one , eight marks ; three , seven marks , and six received five marks ; each vicar was employed directly by a canon who was required to provide four months ' notice in the event of his employment being terminated . The vicars were of two kinds : the vicars @-@ choral who worked chiefly in the choir taking the main services and the chaplains who performed services at the individual foundation altars though there was some overlapping of duties . Although the chapter followed the constitution of Lincoln , the form of divine service copied that of Salisbury Cathedral . It is recorded that Elgin 's vicars @-@ choral were subject to disciplinary correction for shortcomings in the performance of the services , resulting in fines . More serious offences could end in corporal punishment , which was administered in the chapterhouse by the sub @-@ dean and witnessed by the chapter . King Alexander II founded a for the soul of King Duncan I who died in battle with Macbeth near Elgin . The chapel most frequently referenced in records was St Thomas the , located in the north transept and supported by five chaplains . Other mentioned are those of the Holy , St Catherine , St , St Lawrence , St Mary Magdalene , St Mary the Virgin and St Michael . By the time of Bishop Bur 's episcopate ( – ) , the cathedral had 15 canons ( excluding dignitaries ) , 22 vicars @-@ choral and about the same number of chaplains . - Despite these numbers , not all the clergy were regularly present at the services in Elgin Cathedral . was an enduring fact of life in all cathedrals in a period when clerics would accept positions in other cathedrals . This is not to say that the time spent away from the chanonry was without permission , as some canons were appointed to be always present while others were allowed to attend on a part @-@ time basis . The dean of Elgin was permanently in attendance ; the precentor , chancellor , and treasurer , were available for half the year . The non @-@ permanent canons had to attend continuously for three months . The chapter decided in to persistently absent canons who broke the terms of their attendance by removing one seventh of their income . In the Diocese of Aberdeen and it is assumed in other also , when important decisions of the chapter had to be taken , an canon had to appoint a to act on his behalf — this was usually one of the dignitaries who had a higher likelihood of being present . At Elgin in , many canons were not by the terms of their leave of absence , resulting in each of them receiving a formal warning and a summons ; despite this , ten canons refused to attend and had a seventh of their prebendary income deducted . The bulk of the workload fell to the vicars and a smaller number of permanent canons who were responsible for celebrating high mass and for leading and arranging and feast day processions . Seven services were held daily , most of which were solely for the clergy and took place behind the screen which separated the high altar and choir from lay . Only cathedrals , collegiate churches and large burgh churches were to perform the more elaborate services ; the services in the parish churches were more basic . - The clergy were augmented by an unknown number of lay lawyers and clerks as well as masons , carpenters , , , and . Master Gregory the and Master Richard the are mentioned in the of the cathedral . - - = = = and burgh = = = - - The chanonry , referred to in the cathedral 's as the college of the chanonry or simply as the college , was the collection of the canons ' manses that were grouped around the cathedral . A substantial wall , over 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) high , 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) thick and around 820 metres ( 2 @,@ 690 ft ) in length , enclosed the cathedral and manses and separated the church community from the laity ; only the manse of lay outside the west wall . The houses of 17 vicars and the many chaplains were also situated outside the west wall . The wall had four gates : the West Port gave access to the burgh , the North Port provided access to the road to the bishop 's palace of Spynie , the South Port opened opposite the hospital of Dieu and the surviving East or Port allowed access to the called Le . The Port illustrates the defences of the gate @-@ houses ( Fig . 1 ) . Each canon or was responsible for providing his own manse and was built to reflect his status within the chapter . The castle having become unsuitable , Edward I of England stayed at the manse of on 10 and 11 September as did James II in . In 1489 , a century after the incendiary attack on the cathedral and precinct in 1390 and 1402 , the cathedral records revealed a chanonry still lacking many of its manses . The chapter ordered that 13 canons , including the and the archdeacon , should immediately " erect , construct , build , and duly repair their manses , and the enclosures of their gardens within the college of Moray " . The manse of the precentor , erroneously called the Bishop 's House , is partially ruined and is dated . ( Fig . 2 ) of the Dean 's and the Archdeacon 's ( Fig . 3 ) are now part of private buildings . - The hospital of Dieu , dedicated to St Mary and situated near the cathedral precinct but outside the chanonry , was established by Bishop Andreas before 1237 for the aid of the poor . It suffered fire damage in 1390 and again in . The cathedral clerks received it as a secular benefice but in later years it may , in common with other hospitals , have become dilapidated through a lack of patronage . Bishop James Hepburn granted it to the of Elgin on 17 November , perhaps in an effort to preserve its existence . The property was taken into the ownership of the Crown after the Reformation and in was granted to the burgh by James VI for educational purposes and for helping the poor . In 1624 , an was constructed to replace the original building , but in a storm substantially damaged its relatively intact ruins . The remnants of the original building were finally demolished during a 19th @-@ century redevelopment of the area . - There were two in the burgh . The Dominican Black Friars friary was founded in the western part of the burgh around 1233 . The Franciscan ( Friars Minor ) Grey Friars friary was later founded in the eastern part of the burgh sometime before 1281 . It is thought that this latter Grey Friars foundation did not long survive , but was followed between and by the foundation of a friary near Elgin Cathedral by the Franciscan ( ) Grey Friars . The building was transferred into the ownership of the burgh around and later became the Court of Justice in 1563 . In 1489 , the chapter founded a school that was not purely a song school for the cathedral but was also to be available to provide an education in music and reading for some children of Elgin . - - = = = Post – Reformation = = = - - In August 1560 , parliament assembled in Edinburgh and legislated that the Scottish church would be Protestant , the Pope would have no authority and that the Catholic mass was illegal . Scottish cathedrals now survived only if they were used as parish churches and as Elgin had been fully served by the Kirk of St Giles , its cathedral was abandoned . An act of parliament passed on 14 February 1567 authorised Regent Lord James Stewart 's Privy Council to order the removal of the lead from the roofs of both Elgin and Aberdeen cathedrals , to be sold for the upkeep of his army , but the ship that was intended to take the cargo to Holland capsized and sank in Aberdeen harbour . In 1615 , John Taylor , the ' Water Poet ' , described Elgin Cathedral as " a and beautiful church with three , the walls of it and the all yet standing ; but the , and many marble monuments and of and personages all broken and defaced " . - had set in and the roof of the eastern limb collapsed during a gale on 4 December 1637 . In 1640 the General Assembly ordered Gilbert Ross , the minister of St Giles , to remove the screen which still partitioned the choir and presbytery from the nave . Ross was assisted in this by the of and who it up for . It is believed that the destruction of the great west window was caused by Oliver Cromwell 's soldiers sometime between 1650 and 1660 . - At some point the cathedral grounds had become the burial ground for Elgin . The town council arranged for the boundary wall to be repaired in 1685 but significantly , the council ordered that the stones from the cathedral should not be used for that purpose . Although the building was becoming increasingly unstable the chapterhouse continued to be used for meetings of the Incorporated Trades from to 1676 and then again from 1701 to around . No attempt was made to the structure and on Easter Sunday the central tower gave way , demolishing the nave . Following this collapse , the " quarrying " of the cathedral 's stone work for local projects began . Many artists visited Elgin to sketch the ruins , and it is from their work that the slow but continuing can be observed . By the closing years of the 18th century , travellers to Elgin began to visit the ruin , and pamphlets giving the history of the cathedral were prepared for those early tourists . In 1773 Samuel Johnson recorded , " a paper was put into our hands , which deduced from sufficient authorities the history of this venerable ruin . " - Since the abolition of bishops within the Scottish Church in 1689 , ownership of the abandoned cathedral fell to the crown , but no attempt to halt the decline of the building took place . the necessity to the structure , the Elgin Town Council initiated the reconstruction of the perimeter wall in 1809 and cleared debris from the surrounding area in about 1815 . The Lord Provost of Elgin petitioned the King 's for assistance to build a new roof for the chapterhouse and in 1824 , £ 121 was provided to the architect Robert Reid for its construction . Reid was significant in the development of a conservation policy for historical buildings in Scotland and was to become the first Head of the Scottish Office of Works ( ) in 1827 . It was probably during his tenure at the that the supporting buttresses to the choir and transept walls were built . - In 1824 John Shanks , an Elgin and an important figure in the conservation of the cathedral , started his work . by local gentleman Isaac , Shanks cleared the grounds of centuries of rubbish dumping and rubble . Shanks was officially appointed the site 's Keeper and in 1826 . Although his work was highly valued at the time and brought the cathedral back into public focus , his clearance work may have resulted in much valuable evidence of the cathedral 's history being lost . He died on 14 April 1841 , aged 82 . A fortnight later , the Inverness Courier published a commemorative piece on Shanks , calling him the " or of Elgin Cathedral " , and writing : - Some minor works took place during the remainder of the 19th century and continued into the early 20th century . During the 1930s further maintenance work ensued that included a new roof to protect the vaulted ceiling of the south choir aisle . From 1960 onwards the crumbling sandstone blocks were replaced and new windows were fitted in the chapterhouse , which was re @-@ to preserve its vaulted ceiling . From 1988 to 2000 , the two western towers were substantially overhauled with a viewing platform provided at the top of the north tower . - - = = Building phases = = - - - = = = Construction 1224 – 1270 = = = - - The first church was markedly cruciform in shape and smaller than the present floor plan . This early structure had a choir without aisles and more truncated , and a nave with only a single aisle on its north and south sides ( Fig . 4 ) . The central tower rose above the crossing between the north and south transepts and may have held bells in its upper storey . The north wall of the choir is the earliest extant structure , dating to the years immediately after the church 's 1224 foundation ; the clerestory windows on top of it are from the later post @-@ 1270 reconstruction . This wall has blocked up windows extending to a low level above ground , indicating that it was an external wall and proving that the eastern limb then had no aisle ( Fig . 5 ) . - The south transept 's southern wall is nearly complete , displaying the fine workmanship of the first phase . It shows the Gothic pointed arch style in the windows that first appeared in France in the mid @-@ 12th century and was apparent in England around 1170 , but hardly appeared in Scotland until the early 13th century . It also shows the round early Norman window design that continued to be used in Scotland during the entire Gothic period ( Fig . 6 ) . The windows and the are of finely cut ashlar sandstone . A doorway in the south @-@ west portion of the wall has large and has a pointed oval window placed above it . to the doorway are two lancet @-@ arched windows that are topped at the clerestory level with three round @-@ headed windows . The north transept has much less of its structure preserved , but much of what does remain , taken together with a study by John in 1693 , shows that it was similar to the south transept , except that the north transept had no external door and featured a stone turret containing a staircase . - The west front has two 13th century towers 27 @.@ 4 metres ( 90 ft ) high that were originally topped with wooden covered in protective lead . Although the difference between the construction of the base course and the transepts suggests that the towers were not part of the initial design , it is likely that the building process was not so far advanced that the masons could fully integrate the nave and towers into each other ( Fig . 7 ) . - - = = = and re @-@ construction after 1270 = = = - - After the fire of 1270 , a programme of reconstruction was launched , with repairs and a major enlargement . Outer aisles were added to the nave , the eastern wing comprising the choir and presbytery was doubled in length and had aisles provided on its north and south sides , and the octagonal chapterhouse was built off the new north choir aisle ( . 8 & 9 ) . The new northern and southern aisles ran the length of the choir , past the first bay of the presbytery , and contained and chest tombs . The south aisle of the choir contained the tomb of bishop John of Winchester , suggesting a completion date for the reconstructed aisle between 1435 and ( Fig . 10 ) . Chapels were added to the new outer aisles of the nave and were partitioned from each other with wooden screens . The first bay at the west end of each of these aisles and adjacent to the western towers did not contain a chapel but instead had an access door for the laity . - In June 1390 , Alexander Stewart , Robert III 's brother , burned the cathedral , manses and burgh of Elgin . This fire was very destructive , requiring the central tower to be completely rebuilt along with the principal arcades of the nave . The entire western gable between the towers was reconstructed and the main west doorway and chapterhouse were . The internal stonework of the entrance is late 14th or early 15th century and is carved with branches , vines , and oak leaves . A large pointed arch opening in the gable immediately above the main door contained a series of windows , the uppermost of which was a circular or rose window dating from between 1422 and 1435 . Just above it can be seen three coats of arms : on the right is that of the bishopric of Moray , in the middle are the Royal Arms of Scotland , and on the left is the shield of Bishop Columba Dunbar ( Fig . 11 ) . The walls of the nave are now very low or even at foundation level , except one section in the south wall which is near its original height . This section has windows that appear to have been built in the 15th century to replace the 13th century openings : they may have been constructed following the 1390 attack ( Fig . 12 ) . Nothing of the elevated structure of the nave remains , but its appearance can be deduced from the scarring seen where it attached to the eastern walls of the towers . Nothing of the crossing now remains following the collapse of the central tower in . Elgin Cathedral is unique in Scotland in having an English style octagonal chapterhouse and French influenced double aisles along each side of the nave ; in England , only Chichester Cathedral has similar aisles . The chapterhouse , which had been attached to the choir through a short vaulted vestry , required substantial modifications and was now provided with a vaulted roof supported by a single pillar ( . 13 & 14 ) . The chapterhouse measures 10 @.@ 3 metres ( 34 ft ) high at its apex and 11 @.@ 3 metres ( 37 ft ) from wall to opposite wall ; it was substantially rebuilt by Bishop Andrew Stewart ( – 1501 ) , whose coat of arms is placed on the central pillar . Bishop Andrew was the half @-@ brother of King James II . The delay to the completion of these repairs until this bishop 's demonstrates the extent of the damage from the 1390 attack . - - = = = 19th and 20th century = = = - - In 1847 – 8 several of the old houses associated with the cathedral on the west side were demolished , and some minor changes were made to the boundary wall . Structural reinforcement of the ruin and some reconstruction work began in the early 20th century , including restoration of the east gable rose window in 1904 and the replacement of the missing form pieces , , and decorative ribs in the window in the north @-@ east wall of the chapterhouse ( Fig . 15 ) . By 1913 , the walls and additional waterproofing of the wall tops were completed . In 1924 the ground level was lowered and the 17th century tomb of the Earl of was . Further repairs and restoration ensued during the 1930s , including the partial of some 19th century ( Fig . 16 ) , the reconstruction of sections of the nave piers using recovered pieces ( Fig . 17 ) , and the addition of external roofing to the vault in the south choir in 1939 ( Fig . 18 ) . From 1960 to 2000 , masons restored the cathedral 's crumbling stonework ( Fig . 19 ) and between 1976 and 1988 , the window tracery of the chapterhouse was gradually replaced , and its re @-@ roofing was completed ( Fig . 20 ) . , glazing , and a new roof were added to the south @-@ west tower between 1988 and 1998 and comparable restoration work was completed on the north @-@ west tower between 1998 and 2000 ( Fig . 21 ) . - - = = = = - - Andreas de Moravia – buried in the south side of the choir under a large blue marble stone - David de Moravia – buried in the choir - William de Spynie – buried in the choir - Andrew Stewart ( d . 1501 ) - Alexander Gordon , 1st Earl of - Columba de Dunbar ( c . – 1435 ) was Bishop of Moray from 1422 until his death - - = = figures = = - - - - = St Mary 's Church , Alderley = - - St Mary 's Church is an Anglican church at the end of a lane to the south of the village of Alderley , Cheshire , England . It dates from the 14th century , with later additions and a major restoration in the late @-@ 19th century . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . - The church was built in the Gothic style , and has historically been associated with the Stanley family of Alderley . Its major features include a fine tower , the Stanley pew which is entered by an outside staircase , a 14th @-@ century font , the western gallery , and monuments to the Lords Stanley of Alderley . The grounds contain a 17th @-@ century former schoolhouse , now used as a parish hall , a medieval church cross , and the Stanley , which dates from 1909 . An ancient yew tree stands in the churchyard . - St Mary 's is an active parish church in the diocese of Chester , the of Macclesfield , and the of . Its benefice is combined with that of St Catherine 's , . - - = = History = = - - The oldest parts of the church date from around 1300 , but it is likely that a timber @-@ framed church existed on the site before then . The church 's original dedication was to Saint Lawrence , but that was later changed to Saint Mary . A clerestory was added in the 15th century . The tower was built in 1530 , and the Stanley pew was added in about 1600 . The west gallery , which contained an organ , was installed in 1803 . In 1856 , the chancel was completely rebuilt , to a design by and , paid for by the Stanley family . The vestry was constructed in 1860 . The church was restored between 1877 and 1878 by Paley and Austin ; the nave floor was lowered , the pulpit was replaced , plaster was removed from the roof and the walls , and the box pews were replaced by new oak pews . The tower clock , made in 1743 , was renovated in 1997 . In 2000 , the 16th @-@ century wooden bell @-@ frame was strengthened by the addition of a steel frame , and the Stanley pew was restored . - - = = Architecture = = - - - = = = = = = - - St Mary 's is built of ashlar buff and red sandstone locally at Alderley Edge , and the roof is of stone slates . Its plan consists of a tower at the west end , a four @-@ bay nave with north and south aisles , a chancel with a vestry to its north , and a south porch . Over the north aisle is a window . The tower has diagonal buttresses . Its west door has 14th @-@ century and above the door is a three @-@ light window . The stage above this contains ' windows on the north and west faces and a diamond @-@ shaped clock on the south face . Above these the windows on all faces have two lights . The top of the tower is embattled and contains the bases of eight pinnacles . Below the parapet is a string course with large grotesque . At the west end of the nave roof is a bellcote . The Stanley pew projects to the east of the south porch . In the porch are grooves which were cut where arrows were sharpened . - - = = = Interior = = = - - The barrel @-@ shaped nave roof dates possibly from the early 16th century . The early 17th @-@ century Stanley pew at the eastern end of the south aisle is at the level of an upper storey , and is entered by a flight of steps from outside the church . Its front is richly carved and displays six panels with coats of arms . Richards states that it is one of the finest of its kind in the country and that it is unique in Cheshire . At the west end of the church is a late @-@ 18th @-@ century musicians ' gallery , whose front panel has painted coats of arms . The gallery contains the organ which replaces an earlier organ . This was presented by Lady Stanley in 1875 and was made by Hill and Company of London at a cost of £ 350 ( equivalent to £ 30 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , An oak document chest in the tower has been dated to 1686 . The 14th @-@ century font was buried in the churchyard during the Commonwealth , dug up in 1821 and restored to use in the church in 1924 . It consists of a plain circular bowl on four short cylindrical columns with moulded bases . Richards considers it to be one of the finest examples of 14th @-@ century work in Cheshire . The church has two old Bibles , a Bible and a Bible . - The chancel contains memorials to the Lords Stanley of Alderley . The memorial to John Stanley , 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley contains his effigy dressed in peer 's robes lying under a canopy with his hand on a book , dated 1856 and by Richard . On the other side of the chancel is a memorial to his son Edward Stanley , his effigy holding a scroll in his hand and with a dog at his feet . in brass on the side of the memorial are the figures of his widow and children . Lady Stanley is seated in the middle with their four surviving sons on her right , five surviving daughters on her left and three children who had died at a young age at her knee and on her lap . A memorial to John Constantine Stanley , who died in 1878 , is by Joseph . The chancel contains a monument to Rev. Edward , rector of the church from 1625 to 1630 . - The stained glass in the east window , dated 1856 , was made by William . The glass in a south window in the chancel of 1909 was made by Morris & Co . The east window in the north aisle , dated 1920 is by Irene . The stained glass window to the left of the pulpit was donated by the Greg family of Mill . The stained glass in the window at the west end of the north aisle is to the memory of the wife of Edward John Bell , rector from 1870 to 1907 , and was made by Clayton and Bell in 1877 . The tower holds a ring of six bells , hung for change ringing , five of which were cast in 1787 by of Gloucester , and the sixth by Charles and George at the Bell in 1847 . A seventh , unused , bell dates from 1686 and has been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England . The parish registers begin in 1629 , and the churchwardens ' accounts in 1612 . - - = = External features = = - - The sandstone schoolhouse in the churchyard was built in 1628 ; the school room was on the ground floor and the schoolmaster 's accommodation was above . A large room was added to the rear in 1817 , and in 1908 the building was restored and presented to the parish by Lord Stanley . It is now used as a parish hall and is listed Grade II * . - The medieval church cross in the churchyard , the Stanley , and the churchyard walls , gate piers and gates , are Grade II listed . - The mausoleum was built in 1909 by Edward , 4th Lord Stanley . He died in 1925 and it contains his ashes and those of his wife , Mary Katherine , who died in 1929 . The mausoleum is built in ashlar buff and red sandstone with a stone @-@ slate roof . It was designed in the neo @-@ style by Paul , and is rectangular in shape , with two and a three @-@ bay north front . The central bay contains a door , above which is the Stanley crest , a three @-@ light window and a date plaque in the gable . On the sides of the upper storey are three four @-@ light windows . Inside the mausoleum is a white marble sarcophagus . The yew tree in the churchyard is 1 @,@ 200 years old . - - = = Rediscovery of the crypt = = - - It had been known that under the church was a vault containing the remains of some members of the Stanley family but its whereabouts were not known until they were discovered by an architect in 2007 . A stone slab was removed exposing steps leading to a crypt under the chancel . This contained six coffins , four of which contained the bodies of the first and second Lords Stanley and their wives . Once the details had been recorded , the crypt was . - - = = Present activities = = - - St Mary 's holds a variety of Anglican services on Sundays and offers a range of church activities . The church is open to visitors at advertised times and guided tours are available . A parish magazine is published monthly . - - - = Tawny nurse shark = - - The tawny nurse shark ( Nebrius ) is a species of carpet shark in the family , and the only extant member of the genus Nebrius . It is found widely along in the Indo @-@ Pacific , preferring reefs , sandy flats , and seagrass beds from very shallow water to a depth of 70 m ( 230 ft ) . With a cylindrical body and a broad , flattened head , the tawny nurse shark is quite similar in appearance to the nurse shark ( Ginglymostoma ) of the Atlantic and East Pacific , from which it can be distinguished by its pointed @-@ tipped dorsal fins and narrow , sickle @-@ shaped pectoral fins . The maximum recorded length of the tawny nurse shark is 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 ft ) . - in habits , the tawny nurse shark tends to spend the day resting in piles of two dozen or more individuals inside caves or under ledges . At night , it is an active @-@ swimming predator that uses a powerful force to extract prey from inside holes and crevices . The diet of this species consists mainly of , though they also take other invertebrates , small bony fishes , and rarely sea snakes . It is aplacental viviparous , meaning the embryos hatch from egg capsules inside the mother . It is the only carpet shark in which the embryos are , feeding on eggs produced by the mother while inside the uterus . The litter size may be as small as one or two , based on the large size of near @-@ term embryos . - Compared to the nurse shark , the tawny nurse shark has a more placid disposition and will often allow divers to touch and play with it . However , it should be accorded respect due to its powerful jaws and sharp teeth . This species is caught by commercial fisheries across most of its range for meat , fins , liver oil , leather , and . It is also esteemed as a game fish off Queensland , Australia , and is known for its habit of spitting water in the faces of its captors . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the tawny nurse shark as Vulnerable , with in several areas already diminished or extirpated . - - = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = - - The tawny nurse shark was first described by French naturalist René @-@ Lesson as , based on a 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) long specimen from New Guinea . His short account was published in 1831 in Voyage au tour du , sur la La . A more detailed description , along with an illustration , was published by German naturalist Eduard in 1837 as Nebrius concolor , based on a specimen from the Red Sea . Both names were retained , often in separate genera ( Ginglymostoma and Nebrius respectively ) , until they were synonymized by Leonard in 1984 . recognized that the tooth shape differences used to separate these species were the result of differences in age , with N. concolor representing younger individuals . - The genus name Nebrius is derived from the Greek word or , meaning the skin of a . The specific epithet is Latin for " rust @-@ colored " . Other common names for this species include giant shark , Madame X ( a name coined by the shark fisherman Norman Caldwell in the 1930s for the then @-@ unidentified Australian specimens ) , nurse shark , rusty , rusty shark , shark , spitting shark , and tawny shark . Based on morphological similarities , Nebrius is believed to be the sister genus of Ginglymostoma , with both being placed in a clade that also contains the short @-@ tail nurse shark ( ) , the whale shark ( ) , and the zebra shark ( ) . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The tawny nurse shark is widely distributed in the Indo @-@ Pacific region . In the Indian Ocean , it is found from KwaZulu @-@ Natal , South Africa northward to the Red Sea , Persian Gulf and India , including Madagascar , Mauritius , the Archipelago , the , and the Maldives . In the western Pacific , it occurs from southern Japan and the coast of China to the Philippines , Southeast Asia , and Indonesia , to as far south as the northern coast of Australia . In the central Pacific , it has been reported from off New Caledonia , Samoa , , the Marshall Islands , and Tahiti . teeth belonging to this species have been found in the Formation of northern Brazil , dating back to the Lower Miocene ( 23 – 16 Ma ) . The presence of these fossils indicates that the range of the tawny nurse shark once extended to the tropical Atlantic Ocean , prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama . - An inshore species , the tawny nurse shark inhabits continental and insular shelves over sandy flats or beds of seagrass , as well as along the outer edges of coral or rocky reefs . This shark may be found from the surf zone , often in water barely deep enough to cover its body , to a maximum depth of 70 m ( 230 ft ) on coral reefs ; it is most common at a depth of 5 – 30 m ( 16 – 98 ft ) . Young sharks are generally found in the shallow areas of , while adults may be encountered across a variety of habitats . - - = = Description = = - - The tawny nurse shark grows to a maximum length of 3 @.@ 2 m ( 10 ft ) . It has a robust , cylindrical body with a broadly rounded and flattened head . The eyes are small and face laterally , with prominent ridges over them and smaller spiracles behind . There are a pair of long , slender in front of the nostrils . The mouth is small , with the lower lip divided into three lobes . There are 29 – 33 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 26 – 28 tooth rows in the lower jaw , arranged in an ( overlapping ) pattern with the outermost 2 – 4 functional rows separated from the rest by a narrow space . Each tooth resembles a fan , with a broad base rising to a small , sharp central point flanked by 3 or more smaller on both sides . As the shark ages , the teeth become relatively taller and thicker . The fourth and fifth pairs of gill slits are placed much closer together than the others . - The dorsal and pelvic fins are angular , with the first dorsal fin larger than the second . The pectoral fins are narrow , pointed , and ( sickle @-@ shaped ) ; their shape separates this species from the similar @-@ looking nurse shark . The origin of the first dorsal fin is about even with the origin of the pelvic fins , while the origin of the anal fin is even with or somewhat behind the origin of the second dorsal fin . The caudal fin has a shallow upper lobe and barely present lower lobe , comprising about a quarter of the total length in adults . The dermal denticles are diamond @-@ shaped , bearing 4 – 5 faint ridges radiating from a blunt point . Tawny nurse sharks are yellowish , reddish , or grayish brown above and off @-@ white below , and are capable of slowly changing their color to better blend with the environment . Young sharks have starkly white lower eyelids . - Many tawny nurse sharks found off the coasts of Japan , Taiwan , and the Islands lack a second dorsal fin . This physical has been speculated to result from pregnant females being exposed to water of unusually high salinity and / or temperature , possibly from human activity . In 1986 , a 2 @.@ 9 m ( 9 ft 6 in ) long adult male with both a missing dorsal fin and partial albinism ( in the form of white body color with gray @-@ brown eyes ) was captured off Prefecture , Japan . This individual is the largest shark known to date , having survived for a long time in the wild despite its lack of camouflage . - - = = Biology and ecology = = - - With a more streamlined form than other nurse sharks , the tawny nurse shark is believed to be a less , more active swimmer . The characteristics of its body , head , fins , and teeth are comparable to other active reef sharks sharing its range , such as the lemon shark ( ) . Tawny nurse sharks are primarily nocturnal , though they are said to be active at all hours off Madagascar , and in captivity they will become active if presented with food . During the day , groups of two dozen or more sharks can be found resting inside caves and under ledges , often stacked atop one another . Individual sharks have small home ranges that they consistently return to each day . - The tawny nurse shark has few natural predators ; attacks on this species have been reported from bull sharks ( ) and great ( ) , while the related nurse shark has been known to fall prey to tiger sharks ( ) and lemon sharks ( ) . Known parasites of this species include five species of in the genus , which infest the shark 's spiral intestine . - - = = = Feeding = = = - - The tawny nurse shark may be one of the few fishes specializing in preying on . Other known food items include , sea , crustaceans ( e.g. crabs and lobsters ) , , small fishes ( e.g. , , and ) , and the occasional sea snake . Hunting tawny nurse sharks swim slowly just above the sea floor , poking their heads into depressions and holes . When a prey item is found , the shark expands its large , muscular , creating a powerful negative pressure that sucks the prey into its mouth . - - = = = Life history = = = - - Mating in the tawny nurse shark is known to occur from July to August off Madagascar . Adult females have one functional ovary and two functional . The mode of reproduction is aplacental , meaning that the embryos hatch inside the uterus ; females in captivity have been documented depositing up to 52 non @-@ viable egg capsules , which has led to erroneous reports of this shark being . The egg capsules of this species are onion @-@ shaped , with thin , brown , translucent shells . The tawny nurse shark is the only carpet shark in which there is : once the developing embryos exhaust their supply of yolk , they on eggs produced by the mother and acquire the abdomen characteristic of such embryos . Unlike in sharks , the eggs consumed by the embryos are large and shelled rather than small and undeveloped . There is no evidence of sibling cannibalism as in the sand tiger shark ( ) . - Various authors have reported the length at birth anywhere from 40 to 80 cm ( 16 to 31 in ) , with the discrepancy possibly reflecting geographic variation . Although females release up to four fertilized eggs into each uterus , the very large size of the newborns suggest that the litter size may be as few as one or two . In one examined female that had two embryos sharing a single uterus , one embryo was much smaller and thinner than the other , implying that competition may eliminate the additional siblings . Males attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) , and females at a length of 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 9 m ( 7 ft 7 in – 9 ft 6 in ) . - - = = Human interactions = = - - with tawny nurse sharks underwater indicate a more docile demeanor than the similar nurse shark ; usually divers are able to approach the sharks closely and even touch and play with them without incident . However , this species has been infrequently provoked into biting , and merits respect due to its strength , small but sharp teeth , and extremely powerful jaws . Tawny nurse sharks are favored attractions for divers off Thailand , the Solomon Islands , and elsewhere . This species also well to captivity and is displayed in public in Europe , the United States , Okinawa , and Singapore , where they may become tame enough to be hand @-@ fed . - The tawny nurse shark is taken by commercial fisheries operating throughout its range , including off Pakistan , India , Thailand , and the Philippines ; an exception is in Australian waters , where it is only taken in small numbers as . This shark is caught using trawls , floating and fixed bottom gill nets , and on hook @-@ and @-@ line . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted , the fins are used for shark fin soup , and the processed into . In addition , the liver is a source of oil and , and the thick , tough skin is made into leather products . Off Queensland , Australia , the tawny nurse shark is valued by big @-@ game anglers . When hooked , large individuals are opponents and are difficult to subdue due to their habit of spinning . They are also capable of spitting a powerful jet of water into the faces of their captors , making noises in between jets ( making the tawny shark one of the few species of sharks to produce a noise ) ; whether this is a deliberate defensive behavior is uncertain . - The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the tawny nurse shark as Vulnerable worldwide , as it faces heavy fishing pressure and its low reproductive and dispersal rates limit the ability of over @-@ exploited populations to recover . Furthermore , this shark 's inshore habitat renders it susceptible to habitat degradation , destructive fishing practices ( e.g. poisons and explosives , especially prevalent off Indonesia and the Philippines ) , and human harassment . declines or of the tawny nurse shark have been documented off India and Thailand . Off Australia , this species has been assessed as of Least Concern , as there it is not targeted by fisheries . - - - = California State Route 243 = - - State Route 243 ( SR 243 ) , or the Banning @-@ Idyllwild Highway , is a 30 @-@ mile ( 50 kilometer ) two @-@ lane highway that runs from Banning , California ( in the north ) to Idyllwild , California ( in the south ) in Riverside County , California . The highway is a connector between Interstate 10 ( I @-@ 10 ) and SR 74 . Along its route , it provides access to the San National Forest . A road from Banning to Idyllwild was planned around the turn of the twentieth century , and was open by 1910 . The road was added to the state highway system in 1970 . - - = = Route description = = - - SR 243 begins at SR 74 in the San Jacinto Wilderness near Mountain Center , Riverside County as Idyllwild Road . The highway traverses north along a winding road through the community of Idyllwild . SR 243 makes a left turn at the intersection with Circle Drive and continues through Pine Cove . The road continues through the forest past Mount San Jacinto State Park through Twin and the Indian before making a few and descending en route to the city of Banning as the Banning Idyllwild Highway . The highway continues as San Avenue into the city before making a left onto Lincoln Street and a right onto 8th Street and terminating at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 10 . - SR 243 is part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 243 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , and is officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) , meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a " memorable landscape " with no " visual " , where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community . In 2007 , it was named the Memorial Highway in honor of five who died while fighting the Fire in October 2006 . In 2013 , SR 243 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 1 @,@ 650 between Marion Ridge Drive in Idyllwild and San Avenue in Banning , and 6 @,@ 500 at the northern terminus in Banning , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . - - = = History = = - - A road from Banning to Idyllwild was under construction in 1904 , and 12 miles ( 19 km ) of the road was open by August , with an additional six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of the road planned . Another four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) were commissioned in 1908 . The road was completed by September 1910 , and provided a view of Lake Elsinore and the Colorado Desert , and it was expected to help with transporting lumber and stopping fires ; because of this , the federal government provided $ 2 @,@ 000 for the construction . The road became a part of the forest highway system in 1927 . - A new " high @-@ gear " road from Banning to Idyllwild was under way by 1935 , and two years later , the Los Angeles Times considered the road to be " high @-@ gear " . Efforts to pave the road were under way in 1950 . The road from Banning through Idyllwild to SR 74 was known as County Route R1 ( CR R1 ) by 1966 . By 1969 , plans were in place to add the Banning to Idyllwild to Mountain Center road as a state highway ; earlier , State Senator Nelson proposed legislation to require the road to be added to the state highway system if SR 195 was removed , as the two were of roughly the same length , but the latter remained in the system . SR 243 was added to the state highway system in 1970 . The Division of Highways suggested the highway in 1971 . In 1998 , Caltrans had no plans to improve the route through 2015 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - Except where with a letter , were measured on the road as it was when the route was established , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates classified as temporary ( for a full list of , see the list of definitions ) . that remain or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in Riverside County . - - = = Other important information = = - - Transportation Due to the fact that CA @-@ 243 passes Idyllwild School , pursuant to the Gun @-@ Free School Act of 1990 , firearms , including those in vehicles , must be within the guidelines of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( q ) ( 2 ) ( B ) within the school zone , which is , as defined by 18 U.S.C. § ( a ) ( 25 ) , is 1000 feet . will be , according to 18 U.S.C. § ( a ) ( 4 ) , " fined under this title , imprisoned for not more than 5 years , or both . " - - - = The Amps = - - The Amps were an American alternative @-@ indie rock group . Formed by Kim Deal in 1995 after her band the Breeders went on hiatus , the group consisted of Deal , vocals and guitars ; Luis Lerma , bass ; Nate Farley , guitars ; and the Breeders ' Jim Macpherson , drums . The Breeders ' Kelley Deal , Kim 's sister , was also briefly involved , but had to leave the band due to drug problems . The group was named when Kim Deal started calling herself Tammy for fun , and the band Tammy and the Amps . They recorded the album Pacer in Ireland and the United States . - Pacer was released in October 1995 . The group toured the United States , Europe , and Australia , with bands including the Foo Fighters , Sonic Youth , and Guided by Voices . Critics commented on the loose and rough quality of these performances . The Amps continued as a group until 1996 , when Deal changed their name back to the Breeders . By 2000 , Macpherson , Lerma , and Farley had left the band ; they were all at times involved in various projects with Guided by Voices ' Robert Pollard . Deal 's next album , the Breeders ' Title TK , was released seven years after Pacer . - - = = Background and formation = = - - From 1986 to 1992 , Deal was a member of the , and from 1989 onwards , the Breeders . In August 1993 , the Breeders released their second album , Last Splash , which went platinum in the USA , gold in Canada , and silver in the UK . The other members of the group at that time were Kim 's twin sister Kelley Deal , Wiggs and Jim Macpherson . By late 1994 , after two years of straight touring and recording , and culminating in the tour , the band members were exhausted ; they decided to take some time off from the Breeders , but this hiatus ended up being longer than expected . Kelley was arrested on drug charges in late 1994 and spent time in and out of rehabilitation , while Wiggs became involved in musical projects in New York , including collaborations with members of Jackson . - Meanwhile , Kim Deal was eager to continue recording and performing . At first , she envisioned her next album as a solo record , on which she would play all of the instrument parts . When she was recording initial demos for the project , she asked Kelley to play on some of them , to distract her from her drug difficulties . Since Kelley was now also involved , Deal decided not to go solo , but formed a new group . She recruited Macpherson to play drums , musician Luis Lerma , bass , and Nate Farley , guitar . Later , Kelley dropped out of the project for rehabilitation and moved to Saint Paul , Minnesota . For fun , Deal began calling herself Tammy , and the group , Tammy and the Amps . This later became simply the Amps . - - = = Recording and touring = = - - The Amps released one album , Pacer , which was recorded at several different studios . The first session , at Easley Studios in Memphis , Tennessee , was engineered by Davis McCain and Doug Easley . There Deal recorded new songs , including what would become Pacer 's single , " City " . This recording opportunity came about when she was producing a planned record by Guided by Voices ; when that group abandoned work on their album , Deal used the leftover studio time for her own songs . Following the Easley Studios session , recording for Pacer continued at six other locations in total , including studios in Chicago , Los Angeles , Dublin , and Deal 's hometown , Dayton , Ohio . Engineers Steve , John , and others each helped record one or more of these sessions . Pacer came out in October 1995 . - The Amps toured throughout 1995 and 1996 . Early performances , before releasing Pacer , included June 1995 shows in Dayton : one with Children and another with Guided by Voices . They toured with Guided by Voices and in the United Kingdom in September , in cities such as London , Glasgow , and Sheffield , and played another show with Guided by Voices in Ohio in October . The Amps performed a series of US concerts in October and November with Sonic Youth , including shows in Detroit and Chicago with , in Seattle and Portland with Kill , and in Los Angeles with Mike . Following the concerts with Sonic Youth , the Amps did a tour of Europe . In January 1996 , they played the festival in Australia . That year , the Amps toured with the Foo Fighters in the United States , in locations such as Chicago ( with That Dog ) , Worcester , Massachusetts , and Austin , Texas ( with ) . In 1995 or 1996 , they also played shows with the and . - Reviewers described live concerts by the Amps as and relaxed . The Chronicle 's praised their show at an unidentified location as " fun @-@ spirited and silly " . Greg of The Chicago Tribune described one of their Chicago performances as " off @-@ " and wrote that " Deal 's pungent vocals were swallowed up by the guitars , and the 's slight melodies were lost amid all the bashing . " A review in The Chicago Reader of the same concert noted that " The Amps play with a low @-@ key , sound . " The Phoenix 's Matt felt that at their December 1995 show in Boston " the Amps didn 't click in a way that would suggest that this was Deal 's new , full @-@ time band " ; he added that it was " an gritty way for Deal to let off some steam while the Breeders [ took ] a little break " . In Boston Rock , this concert was characterized as " " but " charm [ ing ] ... hanging loosely off Kim 's vocals and personality " . - - = = the Breeders = = - - Later in 1996 , Deal changed the name of the group back to the Breeders , originally with almost the same line @-@ up as the Amps . Until then , Deal had been waiting for Wiggs and Kelley to rejoin the Breeders and record a new album together , and had held back from reforming the Breeders out of respect for them . In May 1996 , Wiggs revealed that she would not be involved in any immediate Breeders activity ; Kelley also chose to stay in Saint Paul , to be close to her rehabilitation facility . Deal then decided that she did not want to wait any longer to reform the group , partly because the Breeders ' repertoire was larger than the Amps ' , thereby allowing longer concerts . Deal added violinist Carrie Bradley ( who had played on the Breeders ' Pod album ) , and with Macpherson , Lerma , and Farley , played some shows in 1996 with . - By 1998 , Kelley had rejoined and Macpherson had left the group , and by 2000 Lerma and Farley had also left . The Breeders , with a line @-@ up including the Deal sisters and new members Lopez and Jose , released the albums Title TK in 2002 and Mountain Battles in 2008 . Meanwhile , Macpherson was a member of Guided by Voices from 1998 to 2001 , and participated in other projects with Guided By Voices ' Robert Pollard until 2005 . Lerma and Farley have been members of the , and in 1999 participated in Pollard 's and the side project group ; Farley was also a member of Guided by Voices from 1999 to 2004 . In 2013 , the Last Splash @-@ era Breeders line @-@ up of Kim and Kelley Deal , Macpherson , and Wiggs reunited to tour to celebrate the 20th anniversary of that album . - - = = Members = = - - Kim Deal – vocals , guitars - Luis Lerma – bass - Nate Farley – guitars - Jim Macpherson – drums - - = = Discography = = - - - = = = Album = = = - - - = = = Single = = = - - - - = Exploration of Jupiter = - - The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft . It began with the arrival of Pioneer 10 into the Jovian system in 1973 , and , as of 2016 , has continued with eight further spacecraft missions . All of these missions were undertaken by the National and Space Administration ( NASA ) , and all but two have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit . These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System 's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements and travel time . On 5th July 2016 , spacecraft Juno arrived and entered the planet 's orbit — the second craft ever to do so . a craft to Jupiter many technical difficulties , especially due to the probes ' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet 's harsh radiation environment . - The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973 , followed a year later by Pioneer 11 . Aside from taking the first close @-@ up pictures of the planet , the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior . The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited the planet in 1979 , and studied its moons and the ring system , discovering the volcanic activity of Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa . Ulysses further studied Jupiter 's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2000 . The Cassini probe approached the planet in 2000 and took very detailed images of its atmosphere . The New Horizons spacecraft passed by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its and its satellites ' parameters . - The Galileo spacecraft was the first to have entered orbit around Jupiter , arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003 . During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system , making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them , as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces . It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede . As it approached Jupiter , it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 . In December 1995 , it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere , so far the only craft to do so . - In July 2016 , the Juno spacecraft , launched in 2011 , completed its orbital insertion maneuver successfully , and is now in orbit around Jupiter and preparing for its science programme . - The European Space Agency selected the @-@ class JUICE mission in 2012 as part of its Vision programme to explore three of Jupiter 's Galilean moons , with a possible Ganymede provided by . JUICE is proposed to be launched in 2022 . - - = = Technical requirements = = - - from Earth to other planets in the Solar System have a high energy cost . It requires almost the same amount of energy for a spacecraft to reach Jupiter from Earth 's orbit as it does to lift it into orbit in the first place . In , this energy expenditure is defined by the net change in the spacecraft 's velocity , or delta @-@ v. The energy needed to reach Jupiter from an Earth orbit requires a delta @-@ v of about 9 km / s , compared to the 9 @.@ 0 – 9 @.@ 5 km / s to reach a low Earth orbit from the ground . Gravity assists through planetary flybys ( such as by Earth or Venus ) can be used to reduce the energetic requirement ( i.e. the fuel ) at launch , at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration to reach a target such as Jupiter when compared to the direct trajectory . Ion capable of a delta @-@ v of more than 10 kilometers / s were used on the Dawn spacecraft . This is more than enough delta @-@ v to do a Jupiter fly @-@ by mission from a solar orbit of the same radius as that of Earth without gravity assist . - A major problem in sending space probes to Jupiter is that the planet has no solid surface on which to land , as there is a smooth transition between the planet 's atmosphere and its fluid interior . Any probes descending into the atmosphere are eventually crushed by the immense pressures within Jupiter . - Another major issue is the amount of radiation to which a space probe is subjected , due to the harsh charged @-@ particle environment around Jupiter ( for a detailed explanation see of Jupiter ) . For example , when Pioneer 11 made its closest approach to the planet , the level of radiation was ten times more powerful than Pioneer 's designers had predicted , leading to fears that the probes would not survive . With a few minor glitches , the probe managed to pass through the radiation belts , but it lost most of the images of the moon Io , as the radiation had caused Pioneer 's imaging photo to receive false commands . The subsequent and far more technologically advanced Voyager spacecraft had to be redesigned to cope with the radiation levels . Over the eight years the Galileo spacecraft orbited the planet , the probe 's radiation dose far exceeded its design specifications , and its systems failed on several occasions . The spacecraft 's often exhibited increased errors , and electrical arcs sometimes occurred between its rotating and non @-@ rotating parts , causing it to enter safe mode , which led to total loss of the data from the 16th , 18th and 33rd orbits . The radiation also caused phase shifts in Galileo 's ultra @-@ stable . - - = = missions = = - - - = = = Pioneer program ( 1973 and 1974 ) = = = - - The first spacecraft to explore Jupiter was Pioneer 10 , which flew past the planet in December 1973 , followed by Pioneer 11 twelve months later . Pioneer 10 obtained the first @-@ ever close @-@ up images of Jupiter and its Galilean moons ; the spacecraft studied the planet 's atmosphere , detected its magnetic field , observed its radiation belts and determined that Jupiter is mainly fluid . Pioneer 11 made its closest approach , within some 34 @,@ 000 km of Jupiter 's cloud tops , on December 4 , 1974 . It obtained dramatic images of the Great Red Spot , made the first observation of Jupiter 's immense polar regions , and determined the mass of Jupiter 's moon Callisto . The information gathered by these two spacecraft helped astronomers and engineers improve the design of future probes to cope more effectively with the environment around the giant planet . - - = = = Voyager program ( 1979 ) = = = - - Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979 and made its closest approach on March 5 , 1979 , at a distance of 349 @,@ 000 km from Jupiter 's center . This close approach allowed for greater image resolution , though the flyby 's short duration meant that most observations of Jupiter 's moons , rings , magnetic field , and radiation environment were made in the 48 @-@ hour period the approach , even though Voyager 1 continued photographing the planet until April . It was soon followed by Voyager 2 , which made its closest approach on July 9 , 1979 , 576 @,@ 000 km away from the planet 's cloud tops . The probe discovered Jupiter 's ring , observed intricate in its atmosphere , observed active volcanoes on Io , a process analogous to plate on Ganymede , and numerous craters on Callisto . - The Voyager missions vastly improved our understanding of the Galilean moons , and also discovered Jupiter 's rings . They also took the first close @-@ up images of the planet 's atmosphere , revealing the Great Red Spot as a complex storm moving in a counter @-@ clockwise direction . Other smaller storms and were found throughout the banded clouds ( see animation on the right ) . Two new , small satellites , and , were discovered orbiting just outside the ring , making them the first of Jupiter 's moons to be identified by a spacecraft . A third new satellite , , was discovered between the orbits of Amalthea and Io . - The discovery of volcanic activity on the moon Io was the greatest unexpected finding of the mission , as it was the first time an active volcano was observed on a celestial body other than Earth . Together , the recorded the eruption of nine volcanoes on Io , as well as evidence for other eruptions occurring between the Voyager encounters . - Europa displayed a large number of intersecting linear features in the low @-@ resolution photos from Voyager 1 . At first , scientists believed the features might be deep cracks , caused by or processes . The high @-@ resolution photos from Voyager 2 , taken closer to Jupiter , left scientists puzzled as the features in these photos were almost entirely lacking in topographic relief . This led many to suggest that these cracks might be similar to ice on Earth , and that Europa might have a liquid water interior . Europa may be internally active due to heating at a level about one @-@ tenth that of Io , and as a result , the moon is thought to have a thin crust less than 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) thick of water ice , possibly floating on a 50 @-@ kilometers @-@ deep ( 30 mile ) ocean . - - = = = Ulysses ( 1992 ) = = = - - On February 8 , 1992 , the Ulysses solar probe flew past Jupiter 's north pole at a distance of 451 @,@ 000 km . This swing @-@ by maneuver was required for Ulysses to attain a very high @-@ inclination orbit around the Sun , increasing its inclination to the ecliptic to 80 @.@ 2 degrees . The giant planet 's gravity bent the spacecraft 's downward and away from the ecliptic plane , placing it into a final orbit around the Sun 's north and south poles . The size and shape of the probe 's orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree , so that its remained at approximately 5 AU ( Jupiter 's distance from the Sun ) , while its perihelion lay somewhat beyond 1 AU ( Earth 's distance from the Sun ) . During its Jupiter encounter , the probe made measurements of the planet 's magnetosphere . Since the probe had no cameras , no images were taken . In February 2004 , the probe arrived again at the vicinity of Jupiter . This time the distance from the planet was much greater — about 240 million km — but it made further observations of Jupiter . - - = = = Cassini ( 2000 ) = = = - - In 2000 , the Cassini probe , en route to Saturn , flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest @-@ resolution images ever taken of the planet . It made its closest approach on December 30 , 2000 , and made many scientific measurements . About 26 @,@ 000 images of Jupiter were taken during the months @-@ long flyby . It produced the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter yet , in which the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) across . - A major finding of the flyby , announced on March 6 , 2003 , was of Jupiter 's atmospheric circulation . Dark belts alternate with light zones in the atmosphere , and the zones , with their pale clouds , had previously been considered by scientists to be areas of air , partly because on Earth clouds tend to be formed by rising air . Analysis of Cassini imagery showed that the dark belts contain individual storm cells of bright @-@ white clouds , too small to see from Earth . Anthony Del of NASA 's Goddard Institute for Space Studies said that " the belts must be the areas of net @-@ rising atmospheric motion on Jupiter , [ so ] the net motion in the zones has to be sinking " . - Other atmospheric observations included a dark oval of high atmospheric @-@ haze , about the size of the Great Red Spot , near Jupiter 's north pole . imagery revealed aspects of circulation near the poles , with bands of globe @-@ winds , and adjacent bands moving in opposite directions . The same announcement also discussed the nature of Jupiter 's rings . Light scattering by particles in the rings showed the particles were irregularly shaped ( rather than spherical ) and likely originated as from impacts on Jupiter 's moons , probably on and . On December 19 , 2000 , the Cassini spacecraft captured a very @-@ low @-@ resolution image of the moon , but it was too distant to show any surface details . - - = = = New Horizons ( 2007 ) = = = - - The New Horizons probe , en route to Pluto , flew by Jupiter for a gravity assist and was the first probe launched directly towards Jupiter since the Ulysses in 1990 . Its Long Range Reconnaissance ( ) took its first photographs of Jupiter on September 4 , 2006 . The spacecraft began further study of the Jovian system in December 2006 , and made its closest approach on February 28 , 2007 . - Although close to Jupiter , New Horizons ' instruments made refined measurements of the orbits of Jupiter 's inner moons , particularly Amalthea . The probe 's cameras measured volcanoes on Io , studied all four Galilean moons in detail , and made long @-@ distance studies of the outer moons and . The craft also studied Jupiter 's Little Red Spot and the planet 's magnetosphere and tenuous ring system . - On March 19 , 2007 the Command and Data computer experienced an memory error and itself , causing the spacecraft to go into safe mode . The craft fully recovered within two days , with some data loss on Jupiter 's . No other data loss events were associated with the encounter . Due to the immense size of the Jupiter system and the relative closeness of the Jovian system to Earth in comparison to the closeness of Pluto to Earth , New Horizons will send back more data to Earth from the Jupiter encounter than the Pluto encounter . - - = = Orbiter missions = = - - - = = = Galileo ( 1995 – 2003 ) = = = - - The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the Galileo , which went into orbit around Jupiter on December 7 , 1995 . It orbited the planet for over seven years , making 35 orbits before it was destroyed during a controlled impact with Jupiter on September 21 , 2003 . During this period , it gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system ; the amount of information was not as great as intended because the deployment of its high @-@ gain radio transmitting antenna failed . The major events during the eight @-@ year study included multiple flybys of all of the Galilean moons , as well as Amalthea ( the first probe to do so ) . It also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 as it approached Jupiter in 1994 and the sending of an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere in December 1995 . - on the Galileo spacecraft observed fragments of Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 between 16 and 22 July 1994 as they collided with Jupiter 's southern hemisphere at a speed of approximately 60 kilometres per second . This was the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects . While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth , Galileo , then at a distance of 1 @.@ 6 AU from the planet , was able to see the impacts as they occurred . Its instruments detected a fireball that reached a peak temperature of about 24 @,@ 000 K , compared to the typical Jovian temperature of about 130 K ( − 143 ° C ) , with the plume from the fireball reaching a height of over 3 @,@ 000 km . - An atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July 1995 , entering the planet 's atmosphere on December 7 , 1995 . After a high @-@ g descent into the Jovian atmosphere , the probe discarded the remains of its heat shield , and it through 150 km of the atmosphere , collecting data for 57 @.@ 6 minutes , before being crushed by the pressure and temperature to which it was subjected ( about 22 times Earth normal , at a temperature of 153 ° C ) . It would have melted thereafter , and possibly . The Galileo itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21 , 2003 at a speed of over 50 km / s , in order to avoid any possibility of it crashing into and Europa . - Major scientific results of the Galileo mission include : - the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet 's atmosphere — the atmosphere creates ammonia ice particles from material coming up from lower depths ; - confirmation of extensive volcanic activity on Io — which is 100 times greater than that found on Earth ; the heat and frequency of eruptions are reminiscent of early Earth ; - observation of complex plasma interactions in Io 's atmosphere which create immense electrical currents that couple to Jupiter 's atmosphere ; - providing evidence for supporting the theory that liquid oceans exist under Europa 's icy surface ; - first detection of a substantial magnetic field around a satellite ( Ganymede ) ; - magnetic data evidence suggesting that Europa , Ganymede and Callisto have a liquid @-@ layer under the visible surface ; - evidence for a thin atmospheric layer on Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto known as a ' surface @-@ bound ' ; - understanding of the formation of the rings of Jupiter ( by dust kicked up as which smash into the planet 's four small inner moons ) and observation of two outer rings and the possibility of a separate ring along Amalthea 's orbit ; - identification of the global structure and dynamics of a giant planet 's magnetosphere . - On December 11 , 2013 , NASA reported , based on results from the Galileo mission , the detection of " clay @-@ like minerals " ( specifically , ) , often associated with organic materials , on the icy crust of Europa , moon of Jupiter . The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet according to the scientists . - - = = = Juno ( 2016 ) = = = - - NASA launched Juno on August 5 , 2011 to study Jupiter in detail from a polar orbit when it arrives in 2016 . The spacecraft will be placed in a polar orbit to study the planet 's composition , gravity field , magnetic field , and polar magnetosphere . Juno will also search for clues about how Jupiter formed , including whether the planet has a rocky core , the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere , and how the mass is distributed within the planet . Juno will also study Jupiter 's deep winds , which can reach speeds of 600 km / h . Juno started orbiting Jupiter on the night of 4th July 2016 . - - = = = Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( 2022 ) = = = - - ESA 's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ) has been selected as part of ESA 's Vision science program . It is expected to launch in 2022 and , after a series of flybys in the inner Solar System , arrive in . In 2012 , the European Space Agency 's selected the moon Explorer ( JUICE ) as its first Large mission , replacing its contribution to , the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter ( ) . The partnership for the Europa Jupiter System Mission has since ended , but NASA will continue to contribute the European mission with hardware and an instrument . - - = = Proposed missions = = - - The Europa is a mission proposed to NASA to focus on studying Jupiter 's moon Europa . In March 2013 , funds were authorized for " pre @-@ formulation and / or formulation activities for a mission that meets the science goals outlined for the Jupiter Europa mission in the most recent planetary survey " . The proposed mission would be set to launch in the early and reach Europa after a 6 @.@ 5 year cruise . The spacecraft would fly by the moon 32 times to minimize radiation damage . - - = = = missions = = = - - Because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter 's moons Europa , Ganymede and Callisto , there has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail . Funding difficulties have delayed progress . The Europa Orbiter was a planned NASA mission to Europa , which was canceled in 2002 . Its main objectives included determining the presence or absence of a subsurface ocean and identifying candidate sites for future missions . NASA 's ( Jupiter Icy Orbiter ) , which was canceled in 2005 , and a European Jovian Europa Orbiter mission were also studied , but were superseded by the Europa Jupiter System Mission . - The Europa Jupiter System Mission ( ) was a joint NASA / ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter and its moons . In February 2009 it was announced that both space agencies had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission . The proposal included a launch date of around and consists of the NASA @-@ led Jupiter Europa Orbiter , and the ESA @-@ led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter . ESA 's contribution had encountered funding competition from other ESA projects . However , the Jupiter Europa Orbiter ( ) , NASA 's contribution , was considered by the Planetary Survey to be too expensive . The survey supported a cheaper alternative to . - - = = Human exploration = = - - While scientists require further evidence to determine the extent of a rocky core on Jupiter , its Galilean moons provide the potential opportunity for future human exploration . - targets are Europa , due to its potential for life , and Callisto , due to its relatively low radiation dose . In 2003 , NASA proposed a program called Human Outer Exploration ( ) that involved sending astronauts to explore the Galilean moons . NASA has projected a possible attempt some time in the . In the Vision for Space Exploration policy announced in January 2004 , NASA discussed missions beyond Mars , mentioning that a " human research presence " may be desirable on Jupiter 's moons . Before the mission was cancelled , NASA administrator Sean O stated that " human explorers will follow . " - - = = = Potential for colonization = = = - - NASA has speculated on the feasibility of mining the atmospheres of the outer planets , particularly for helium @-@ 3 , an isotope of helium that is rare on Earth and could have a very high value per unit mass as thermonuclear fuel . stationed in orbit could mine the gas and deliver it to visiting craft . However , the Jovian system in general poses particular disadvantages for colonization because of the severe radiation conditions prevailing in Jupiter 's magnetosphere and the planet 's particularly deep gravitational well . Jupiter would deliver about 36 Sv ( rem ) per day to colonists at Io and about 5 @.@ 4 Sv ( 540 ) per day to colonists at Europa , which is a decisive aspect due to the fact that already an exposure to about 0 @.@ 75 Sv over a period of a few days is enough to cause radiation poisoning , and about 5 Sv over a few days is fatal . - Ganymede is the Solar System 's largest moon and the Solar System 's only known moon with a magnetosphere , but this does not shield it from cosmic radiation to a noteworthy degree , because it is overshadowed by Jupiter 's magnetic field . Ganymede receives about 0 @.@ 08 Sv ( 8 rem ) of radiation per day . Callisto is farther from Jupiter 's strong radiation belt and subject to only 0 @.@ Sv ( 0 @.@ 01 rem ) a day . For comparison , the average amount of radiation taken on Earth by a living organism is about 0 @.@ Sv per year ; the highest natural radiation levels on Earth are recorded around hot springs at about 0 @.@ 26 Sv per year . - One of the main targets chosen by the study was Callisto . The possibility of building a surface base on Callisto was proposed , because of the low radiation levels at its distance from Jupiter and its geological stability . Callisto is the only Galilean satellite for which human exploration is feasible . The levels of ionizing radiation on Io , Europa , and Ganymede are hostile to human life , and adequate protective measures have yet to be devised . - It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System . In 1997 , the Project designed a plan to Europa . According to this plan , explorers would drill down into the Europan ice crust , entering the postulated subsurface ocean , where they would inhabit artificial air pockets . - - - = Fort Glanville Conservation Park = - - Fort Glanville Conservation Park is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia located in Semaphore Park , a seaside suburb of Adelaide consisting of a functional 19th century fort listed on the South Australian Heritage Register and some adjoining land . The fort was built after more than 40 years of over the defence of South Australia . It was the first colonial fortification in the state and is the best preserved and most functional in Australia . Fort Glanville was designed by Governor Major General Sir William Jervois and Lieutenant Colonel Peter Scratchley , both important figures in early Australian colonial defence . When built it was designed to defend both Semaphore 's anchorage and shipping entering the Port River from naval attack . - Construction of the fort began in 1878 . It was officially opened in October 1880 and completed by 1882 . Due to changes in the Port River and shipping movements , Fort Largs surpassed it for strategic importance by 1890 . By the close of the 19th century , the fort was largely unused and had no defence significance . It was briefly used for military purposes during World War I and World War II , though not for its original defensive role . For much of the 20th century the area was put to a variety of uses including accommodation , a caravan park and a boy scout . After coming into state government hands in 1951 it was declared as a conservation park and is now managed by the Department of Environment , Water and Natural Resources ( DEWNR ) ; preserving and showcasing its historic value . The fort and surrounds occupy the northern half of the 5 @-@ hectare ( 12 @-@ acre ) conservation park , the southern half is a caravan park . The fort is a lunette shaped defensible battery that was supported by land forces for self @-@ defence . When constructed it was seen as state of the art , incorporating powerful and modern weapons . Its main armament is two rifled muzzle @-@ loading ( RML ) 10 inch 20 ton guns backed up by two RML 64 pounder 64 cwt guns , both rare in their particular configuration . The fort retains its original 19th century cannons and three have been restored to working condition . - Fort Glanville Historical Association operates the park under license and conducts open days in the park , the past operation of the fort including military drill and the firing of period weapons . The Association , park service , other volunteers and various grants have all helped ensure the fort is presented in close to original condition . It is the most complete 19th Century fort in Australia , and one of very few in the world that remains in original condition . the fort to Semaphore jetty is the Semaphore and Fort Glanville Tourist Railway , a 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) gauge passenger steam train operated by volunteers from the National Railway Museum . - - = = Historic background = = - - In the early years of colonial South Australia , the colonists saw themselves as part of the British Empire and external defence as an Imperial responsibility . Communication lines were long and the empire 's wars remote . Great Britain had military and she was expected by all to protect her colonies , even one as distant . For local defence , Governor raised the first military force in 1840 , composed solely of volunteers and known as the South Australian Volunteer Militia Brigade . It was granted the " Royal " title in 1841 but the brigade had all but ceased to exist a year later . The colony obtained its first artillery in 1847 with the arrival of six field guns of various types . - Tensions between Britain and the Russian Empire in the 1850s , as starkly demonstrated by the Crimean War , along with Australia @-@ wide moves towards self @-@ government caused a of the colony 's defence posture . The various colonies regarded themselves as possible targets for the Russian Pacific Fleet , then based in Siberia . In 1854 , Governor Henry Young appointed a commission under Boyle Travers Finniss to report on the defence of the colony , in case of war . Boyle 's report recommended leaving strategic defence in the hands of the Imperial Navy , though South Australia was to purchase a 400 ton naval vessel . Local defence was to be largely handled by the existing small Imperial garrison and local colonial force , supported by the artillery obtained in 1847 . When the Crimean War ended in 1856 , the danger passed and the perceived need for expensive defence preparations with it . For many years nothing substantive came about from debate on defence of the colony . Over time there formed a consensus favouring Semaphore for fixed defences or fortification ; a strategy also argued by the government established Hart Commission in 1858 . Raiders were seen as unlikely to force the of the Port River but instead were expected to stand off Semaphore , shell the port and use their guns to support landings . The Hart Report recommended building of towers at Semaphore and Glenelg , the first report to recommend permanent fortification at Semaphore , though none were built mainly due to the cost . - The volunteer military force was revived in 1859 , with new and modern arms for the infantry , cavalry and artillery . Though there was a few years of enthusiasm and a restructuring in 1866 , by 1870 the force was virtually disbanded . In that year also , British troops were withdrawn from the other Australian colonies ; none were by then stationed in South Australia . With no definitive defence policy , in 1864 the government had sought advice from Captain of HMS Falcon and Commodore Sir William Wiseman commander of the Australian station ; both visiting British naval officers . They both recommended fixed fortifications for the coast supported by gunboats . Sir Wiseman 's report particularly recommended construction of forts at Semaphore , Port Creek 's entrance and one midway between . In 1864 a story circulated , supported by press speculation , that there was a danger of the Russian fleet attacking Melbourne should Russia and Britain find themselves at war . The South Australian Register produced an editorial decrying the states lack of defences . Within days £ 20 @,@ 000 ( A $ 4 @.@ 14 million in 2005 ) was provided by the government for defence , an amount then seen as insufficient for significant preparation . The danger passed without any lasting defence action except the government 's in @-@ principle adoption of Sir Wiseman 's recommendations . To costs only the Semaphore fort was to be built initially , as it was considered the most critical . Site preparation begun and two 9 @-@ inch ( 230 mm ) guns were purchased , but escalating cost estimates caused the plan to be abandoned by 1868 . - During the early 1870s South Australia 's defence was solely dependent on the volunteer military , and a few artillery pieces purchased during earlier war . British troops had been withdrawn from the Australian colonies in 1870 , leaving the state dependent on its own military resources . In a report to the government in 1866 , Colonel and Major Peter Scratchley recommended establishment of a permanent military force . In 1876 the South Australian government , along with those from New South Wales , Victoria and Queensland requested from the War Office that Major General Sir William Jervois , a noted coastal fortification expert , be appointed to advise on defence needs . He arrived in Sydney in mid @-@ 1877 with then Lieutenant Colonel Scratchley . The 1877 report , delivered after he became South Australian Governor , called for three batteries , at Largs Bay , Semaphore and Glenelg , connected by a military road and supported by field gun emplacements , naval elements and mobile forces . He determined that South Australia 's most probable defence risk was an attack by up to two ships rather than a larger force , and this formed the basis of the final fortification design . His report called for Military Road to be extended to Marino , an electro @-@ contact torpedo station be established on Torrens Island and that a gun boat be provided . In November 1878 the government passed the Military Forces Act , which provided for the raising of a permanent military force and reserve . Two volunteer reserve rifle companies were formed in 1878 and a permanent artillery unit in 1882 . - At this time Semaphore , with its jetty built in 1860 , was the state 's main entry point for passengers and mail . It had a signal station ( built 1872 ) and a time ball tower ( built 1875 ) . Semaphore remained of great maritime significance for the state until the 1880s . When the decision was made to build the fort , in 1878 , the state 's population had reached approximately 250 @,@ 000 . Settlement extended beyond Port Augusta , though Adelaide remained the dominant feature in the economy partly due to the layout of the rail network . At this point Adelaide had a population of over 30 @,@ 000 . Port Adelaide was the main port for South Australia , with over 1000 ships visiting each year , and a local population of over 2 @,@ 500 . - - = = Foundation = = - - Scratchley had inspected the proposed South Australian fort sites , and Jervois and Scratchley were both responsible for the final fort design and location . The first fort was erected to guard both the entrance to Port Adelaide and the anchorage at Semaphore . It was built on near Glanville Hall at Semaphore , on a promontory called " Point Malcom " — a name that is now used for an adjacent reserve . The site was chosen so as to best guard shipping sailing to both the Port River and the Outer Harbour ; and a second northern fort was to protect the entrance to Port River itself . At the time of its construction it was seen as a defence against foreign threats , mainly Russian . Scratchley had offered to design the battery , the offer accepted by Cabinet in January 1878 , and he was primarily responsible for the design of both Fort Glanville and Fort Largs . The plans were drawn by Alexander Bain Moncrieff of the South Australian Engineer @-@ in @-@ Chief 's Department , supervised by Scratchley in his Melbourne headquarters . Moncrieff , at Scratchley 's suggestion , was later to supervise the fort 's construction . Plans for both batteries were completed in June 1878 , called for in July and the contract for Fort Glanville awarded in August to John of , South Australia for the sum of £ 15 @,@ . - Construction began in 1878 and though completed by 1882 the fort was operational in 1880 . Changes were made to the design during construction . Some forced by armament changes and others made to ensure additional security , including a rear @-@ defence wall and connecting road from Military Road . By January 1880 two guns were in place and the fort opened later the same year with an extensive opening ceremony on 2 October . In addition to parades , a small target was moored 3 @,@ 500 yards ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) offshore and fired on by all guns . A total of sixteen shots were fired during which one of the ten inch guns proved faulty . Only one ranging shot was fired and the shots were estimated to land from on @-@ target to 350 yards short . The fort 's final cost was approximately £ 36 @,@ 000 ( A $ 7 @.@ 05 million in 2005 ) consisting of £ 23 @,@ 600 for physical structures and the remainder for armament and fittings . At the time of its construction it was at the forefront of such fortification design , and was considered state of the art . - When first conceived , it was known as the Semaphore Battery , later changed to South Battery and then Fort Glanville by the opening ceremony . The name Glanville came from nearby Glanville Hall , residence of John Hart ( 1809 – 1873 ) Premier of South Australia . Hart had named the house after his mother 's maiden name ( Mary Glanville ) . - - = = Personnel = = - - For the eighteen months after its opening , the fort was manned by B company of the South Australian Volunteer Artillery but only on weekends . This changed in mid @-@ 1882 when South Australia 's first permanent military force was formed . The fort became the headquarters for the South Australian Permanent Military Force , then the state 's entire standing army of one officer and eighteen other ranks . Some of the unit was stationed at nearby Fort Largs from 1886 ; and , by 1889 the unit had grown to one officer and 45 other ranks . This force grew to 53 of all ranks by 1892 and was by then known as the Permanent Artillery . The unit trained 27 more non @-@ commissioned officers and men who were sent to man the King George Sound batteries near Albany , Western Australia . Though some of the gunners served in the Second Boer War , the unit itself never saw action . Fort Glanville 's section was called out in 1890 , marching to assist the police with a worker 's strike in Port Adelaide . In this case no shots were fired and the strikers did not confront the police or troops . Additional defence acts were passed in 1886 , 1890 and 1895 but , until defence passed into federal hands after 1901 , the state 's permanent military force was composed solely of artillery . Shortly after the federation of Australia , a regiment of the Royal Australian Artillery ( ) was formed and what had been the Permanent Artillery became company . The fort was manned to an extent during World War I , with one non @-@ commissioned officer and 11 gunners stationed as of November 1914 . Military reports and orders show the fort manned to at least mid @-@ 1918 , though at this point it is doubtful if the guns were fit to engage targets . - There is little in the way of surviving personnel records from the fort 's active time . They may have either been destroyed or transferred to Melbourne after federation . The fort 's record book shows it manned by a section of either the Royal Australian Artillery or B Company of the militia garrison artillery . For the time covered by the book , strength varied from 56 to 108 men of all ranks . Two figures who served at the fort are remembered for their impact outside its operation : - Battery Sergeant Major Charles Moritz , who initially joined the volunteer artillery and was the Permanent Artillery 's first recruit . - Joseph Maria Gordon ( 1856 – 1929 ) , the fort 's first commander and later military commandant for South Australia . Gordon retired in 1914 as Chief of the General Staff , Australian Military Forces . - - = = Structure = = - - The fort is designed as a defensible battery , rather than a defensive strongpoint . The faces of the fort join to form a half @-@ moon shape or lunette . The guns ' primary role was to defend Port Adelaide and the Semaphore anchorage rather than the fort itself , and the design reflects this . It was intended to be supported by field artillery , cavalry and infantry for self @-@ defence and to repel landings . While the fort retains its original form , the ditch and glacis ( embankment ) have been modified and are largely non @-@ in some areas . Ground levels have been changed to accommodate paths and a caravan park , and the original western fence no longer exists . - The entrance road was constructed from Military Road to the fort 's rear gates . Its path is largely followed by the modern Queen Elizabeth II walk , though the former road was slightly to the south . This walk links the conservation park 's visitor centre to the fort gates ; some of the old road can still be seen close to the gates . What was the muster ground is partly taken up by the caravan and camping park and a car park . It was levelled and filled in the 1950s for this use . What remains of this ground , north of the caravan park , was returned to its 1880s profile in 1993 funded by a Federal Government grant . In the 19th century , the muster ground was used for training of the Volunteer Military Force including artillery , who camped on the site . As designed the fort 's rear was protected with a wooden palisade or stockade . In 1881 a masonry wall was added , greatly strengthening defence . Most of the stockade was reconstructed in the 1970s ; some of the original wooden structure is visible in the fort 's north . - - = = = = = = - - The main defensive structure is a lunette shaped . It has a 15 @-@ metre ( 49 ft ) thick rampart with 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) of concrete and 0 @.@ 6 m ( 2 ft ) of brick forming a retaining wall for the earth fill . The rampart is covered by natural vegetation and , in both the 19th and 21st century operation , is closed to access to preserve this . The glacis gives extra protection to the fort and was designed to blend the fort into the landscape . It surrounded the fort on the north , south and seaward sides and was made by forming the surrounding . The side facing the fort — the — is steep and , with the front face of the rampart , forms a 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) wide ditch that can be raked by rifle fire from the caponier or the stockade 's sides . The outer face is a gentle slope and is designed to be covered by case shot fired from the fort 's 64 @-@ pounder guns . The southern glacis section was removed during sand mining and construction of the caravan park , both after World War II . The western glacis is changed , but still visible , and the northern glacis was recreated in 1993 — showcasing the purpose of the glacis and the function of the caponier . to the fort is via double gates at the fort 's rear , one each through the stockade and the rear defence wall . Both gates were removed or destroyed over time and the 21st century gates are reconstructions . The formal parade ground or manning parade lies between the rear walls and barracks , and the raised terreplein . It was formerly used for drill training , assembly and formal parades . First when constructed , it was paved with tar in the 1890s to solve drainage problems . Around the seaward side of the manning parade runs the terreplein . It is a raised crescent shaped level on which the guns platforms sit , and is ascended from the manning parade by ramps and stairs . - After numerous proposals the sand hills rear and north of the fort were removed in 1882 , improving the fort 's land defence and allowing the 64 @-@ pounder guns to sweep the Semaphore jetty . This now levelled area was used as a bivouac and exercise area for the colony 's volunteer troops . A stable , office , shed and gunner 's store were also erected north of the fort . The gunner 's shed was damaged by fire in 1895 and replaced further eastward . These buildings did not survive into the 21st century . - - = = = Internal rooms = = = - - On either side of the terreplein , wide of the 64 @-@ pound guns , are two small rooms known as the expense stores . They were used for ready @-@ to @-@ use ammunition for the adjacent guns , except for armour piercing shells which were stored in the rear @-@ defence wall 's . Between the 64 @-@ pounders and the 10 " gun positions are two raised observation platforms set into the structure for gun commanders to spot the fall of outgoing shells . was either performed from here or from a ranging position set in the sand hills to the fort 's north . Between the 10 " guns is a T @-@ shaped loading gallery that draws shells and gunpowder via a hoist system from the magazine below . Either side of the gallery was installed the Armstrong mechanical loading systems for the 10 " guns . These mechanical systems proved unsuccessful and were removed in the 1890s , though the southern one has been reconstructed . The magazine is accessed from the manning parade and is directly beneath the 10 " gun loading gallery . Voice pipes and hoists originally installed have been removed but their remains are visible . - The caponier ( rifle gallery ) extends into the ditch between the rampart and glacis from the fort 's north west corner . It is connected to the fort via a tunnel , running under the rampart from the manning parade . For blast protection and the tunnel was built with a . The caponier has rifle firing ports and was originally protected from direct artillery fire by the glacis . Early plans showed the caponier extending from the fort 's south west , and a tunnel linking the magazine and southern guns . - - = = = Buildings = = = - - The barracks consists of two levels , with rifle firing holes on all sides . Iron shutters closed on the inside and were locked with wooden beams . In 1885 the facing the manning parade was enclosed with wooden shutters to keep the weather out . These shutters were removed during 20th @-@ century restoration work and the returned to original condition . The roof was at first flat timber overlaid by 12 inches ( 30 cm ) of lime concrete . This first roof leaked and an iron roof was added in 1885 . The first floor of the barracks contains the officer 's rooms and troop 's barracks room . Its eastern ( outer ) wall is not flat , incorporating a design feature known as " " , which opens the field of fire from the rifle holes . Some of the firing holes were in during the 1930s ; this has been only partly rectified during restoration . - The basement contains the gunner 's mess , canteen , No. 1 ancillary store , and officer 's kitchen . The canteen sold everyday as well as a few items like , and tobacco to the stationed troops . from the canteen were used to fund sporting equipment for the garrison . The ancillary store was used for various pieces of delicate equipment , fuses , friction tubes and rockets . In 1887 an explosion in the room caused a number of injuries , damage to the store and to the above officer 's quarters . The barracks room and officer 's quarters are connected with a door , probably added in the 1930s as it is not part of the original plans . The barracks room accommodated approximately 20 men . For display purposes it is outfitted as for similar period barracks . - A laboratory is built into the rear wall , on the forts southern side . This room is set into the end of the rampart and was used to prepare gunpowder charges . A was built at the manning parade 's southern end in 1885 . It is now used as a duty room for the drill squad during recreation demonstrations but originally was a guard 's room and separate cells connected by telephone to Fort Largs . Up to three men appear to have been accommodated in the guard 's room . When the fort was converted to use as a caravan park the guard house was converted to an ablution block . A store and ablution block were also built in 1885 between the stockade and rear defence wall . - - = = Armament = = - - Early plans for the fort 's armament were drawn up by Harding Stewart of the British War Office . They called for four 9 in ( 230 mm ) 12 long tons ( 12 t ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading ( RML ) guns , two mounted in turrets and two behind vertical iron shields . This configuration of siege artillery had not been tried before and the plan was abandoned due to the large expected cost . Two of the 9 in guns had been in South Australia since after a Colonial Government request , but were not used in the eventual fort design . The final Jervois / Scratchley design omitted the turret and iron shields . 64 @-@ pounder RML guns were substituted for two of the 9 in guns and 10 in 20 ton RML guns for the remaining two . The 20 ton guns were chosen over the then standard 18 ton gun by Jervois after he saw the plans in England , the decision influenced by the then fully committed nature of the Royal Arsenal . Jervois had originally ordered the 18 ton guns but cancelled the order and changed to the Armstrong 20 ton when the arsenal was unable fulfil the order . He also ordered Armstrong 's mechanical loading and protected barbette system for the 20 ton guns . This original battery of four heavy guns remains in place at the fort . - - = = = 10 inch RML guns = = = - - The fort 's main armament were the two RML 10 inch 20 ton guns — Numbers and . They were manufactured in 1879 by Armstrong and Company and originally used the Armstrong protected barbette loading system . They were made to the 1878 pattern and supplied on traversing . The guns have a 10 @-@ inch ( 250 mm ) calibre , a range of 6 @,@ 500 yards ( 5 @,@ 900 m ) with a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 630 feet per second ( 497 m / s ) and are capable of penetrating 11 inches ( 28 cm ) of iron at 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) . - They fire 400 @-@ pound ( 181 kg ) projectiles using a 130 @-@ pound ( 59 kg ) gunpowder cartridge . Though they were insufficient against contemporary battleships , they were seen as adequate for the light cruisers that the fort was expected to face . The carriages weighed 13 long tons ( 13 t ) and moved on semi @-@ circular traverses . The guns were loaded either manually — using the ( ) system — or via the Armstrong mechanical . The Armstrong system enabled loading of the guns from behind the protection of the rampart whereas the manual system required at least two crew to be exposed on the rampart 's top . Despite this the guns were manually loaded for most of their operational life as the Armstrong cable drive was faulty and too difficult to maintain . The guns had a 14 @-@ man crew and loading took about 2 minutes , a rate of fire that was only slightly faster using the Armstrong equipment . - By 1902 the guns had together fired 219 rounds , though not all at full charge with the records showing only 125 effective full charges . The platforms and traverses were scrapped in 1937 but the gun barrels were to cut up and were left in place . One gun platform and its equipment was rebuilt in 1997 using money raised by Fort Glanville Historical Association volunteers working at the Australian Grand Prix . - - = = = 64 pounder RML guns = = = - - In the flank barbettes are mounted two mark III RML 64 pounder 64 cwt guns , numbers 462 and 463 . They are rifled muzzle @-@ loading heavy guns weighing 64 long ( 3 @,@ 300 kg ) with a 6 @.@ 3 @-@ inch ( 160 mm ) calibre steel barrel . They were made to the model 's 1867 pattern by the Royal Arsenal , , England in 1872 . Their intended use was to protect the flanks and approaches to the fort . These smaller guns use an 8 lb ( 4 kg ) charge of gunpowder to send a 64 lb ( 29 kg ) up to 5 @,@ 000 yards ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . There are iron rings fixed in the rampart wall that indicate traversing gun carriages were intended to be mounted , though this never . The guns were supplied with siege over @-@ bank carriages . The lower carriage sections are the type made for the guns when used as field pieces and the upper sections are brackets that raise the guns to the over @-@ bank firing position . In this particular configuration the two guns are thought to be the last in the world . - By the end of their active use in 1902 together they had fired 1540 rounds in practice , though not all at full power as they are recorded as firing under 300 effective full charges . By then the wheels were significantly and the ammunition had become . Less wheels , the guns were removed from the fort in 1909 ; Adelaide 's city council then set them in Gardens , North Adelaide . Both were returned to the fort in 1976 and on restored carriages of the original design . They are the only two guns of their type remaining in Australia . The southern gun ( Number 463 ) fired three blank charges in 1980 to mark the centenary of the first firing at the fort . This same gun is fired regularly by the volunteers of the Fort Glanville Historical Association ( ) . - Both types of heavy guns used where the only ones of their specific series and type to come to Australia . Though they were never fired in anger , the battery is only 40 feet ( 12 m ) above mean sea level which would have limited the accuracy of the mark III depression rangefinders used . - - = = = Other weaponry = = = - - Prior to 1895 two 6 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) breech @-@ loading guns had been imported for use in small boats . This use was rejected by military authorities and the guns sat unused . In 1895 the South Australian Defence Committee proposed that the guns be mounted at Fort Glanville , replacing the 64 @-@ pounders whose siege carriages were then unfit for service . This proposal would have greatly extended the useful life of the fort , at little cost . The two military branches , army and navy , could not reach agreement and the proposal was abandoned by 1897 . The gun 's eventual fate is unknown , though a gun found in the Port River later indicates they may have been dumped . - Gun emplacements were made , about a mile apart south of the fort , for six 16 @-@ pounder field guns to provide close defence in case of an attempted beach landing . From 1890 the fort was equipped with armament . It received an 1867 Whitworth 12 @-@ pounder RML field gun and a 5 @-@ barrel 0 @.@ 45 " @-@ cartridge firing gun . The 12 @-@ pounder had fired 222 effective full charges by 1902 ; at which time both weapons were obsolete and their eventual fate is unknown . A 32 @-@ pounder 56 long cwt ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) smoothbore gun on a stepped wooden carriage was purchased in 1878 . Manufactured by the Royal Arsenal in 1806 , it was the familiar " ships cannon " and came to South Australia with two other identical guns . By 1902 no ammunition was held for it and it was listed as for instruction only . The gun was probably destroyed in the 1930s — certainly by the end of the 1940s — with pieces of such a gun found on site in 1983 . - In the late 20th century the fort acquired three 16 @-@ pounder RML mark I field guns . They were formerly used by A battery , South Australian Volunteer Artillery from 1880 until 1901 . Gun number 288 is complete and used for blank by the Historical Association . Also acquired is a 2 @-@ pounder RML Whitworth mountain gun made in 1867 . It was also used by A Battery , subsequently by Fort Largs as a signal gun . It is one of only two of this type known to exist , the other in the United Kingdom . The visitors centre has two 9 @-@ pounder brass smoothbore field guns made by H & C King in 1819 . They arrived in South Australia in 1857 and were used for practice shoots near the fort ; one is known to have been on the manning parade in 1890 though its use is unknown . They later became guns at Fort Largs , moving by 1919 to near the Jervois Wing of the State Library of South Australia . The Art Gallery of South Australia saved them from a 1941 wartime scrap drive and mounted them on reproduction naval carriages in front of Government House in 1962 . The gallery took them back in late 1977 and transferred them to the History Trust of South Australia in 1988 . The History Trust has loaned them to Fort Glanville for display . Outside the visitor 's centre is a 6 in ( 200 mm ) breech @-@ loading Armstrong 80 long cwt ( 4 @,@ 100 kg ) gun ( ) that was made in 1884 and used in Victoria . The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) brought it to the state in 1966 for research , subsequently moving it to Perry Engineering at Mile End . In 1984 the CSIRO donated the gun to the park . - - = = Defence significance = = - - Work began in 1882 on Fort Glanville 's northern sister Fort Largs — then known as the Port Adelaide battery — to the same specification as Fort Glanville ; its barracks and rear defence wall were finished in 1885 . Though guns had already been purchased specially , plans for the third fort at Glenelg were not proceeded with . South Australia was experiencing a depression in 1886 and that coupled with a report by General James Edwards scuttled plans for the third coastal fort . As early as 1888 the emphasis for defence of the Adelaide coast had already shifted to Fort Largs ; a fact cited as part of the reason for abandonment of the Glenelg fortifications . - From this point Fort Glanville 's significance declined rapidly . Fort Largs was equipped in 1889 with two 6 inch breech @-@ loading disappearing guns which Glanville 's armament . The decline was also linked to changes in Port Adelaide 's maritime facilities and the consequent northward movement of anchored and berthed vessels . During the 1880s the Port River was deepened enabling large ships to sail up and berth , rather than the former practice of anchoring off @-@ shore . - The fort remained as headquarters of South Australia 's permanent military force until the 1890s and as late as 1895 there were still plans to upgrade the 64 @-@ pounder armament , though without result . By 1901 the fort was manned on a caretaker basis only and no permanent forces were stationed . The Federal Government assumed responsibility for South Australian defence in 1903 and took over the fort . Though Glanville by then had no significant defence role , the state received £ 14 @,@ in compensation . From that point its significance was not defence related but as the first and best preserved 19th @-@ century fortification in South Australia . - - = = 20th century = = - - At Federation in 1901 South Australia 's defences became a federal responsibility . Though both infantry and artillery units were housed at the site on occasion , by 1903 there was no longer a permanent military presence at the fort . For most of the 20th century the site was neglected and largely vacated . It did attract some usage though not always of a military nature . During World War I it was partly revived for a former use , with ammunition stored on site . During the same period however the military used it as a detention barracks . Some or all of the fort was leased for private accommodation during the great depression . During the 1930s the magazine was again used , this time to store small arms ammunition . From June 1931 until the beginning of World War II the site housed a Sea Scout detachment , and was used as a district camp @-@ site for the Boy Scouts . The Department of Defence decided in 1937 that much of the equipment and fittings at the fort were surplus to requirements . to this the mountings and carriages for the 10 inch guns were removed and sold as scrap ; though effort was made to scrap the barrels it proved and they were left in place . In an unusual turn of events , the fort briefly housed refugees . Twenty @-@ nine from the Maldives were rescued from their sinking dhow by a ship bound for . They stayed at the fort for a week in 1938 , before repatriation could be arranged . During World War II the fort again attracted military related use . During 1944 the Proof and Experimental Establishment at Port Wakefield made use of the site to proof ordnance QF 6 pounder anti @-@ tank guns manufactured at General Motors Holden in . The fort was also used as a residence again , with at least two families reported as living in the under @-@ ground sections during the war . - After the war , the State Government negotiated with its federal counterpart to gain control of Fort Glanville . This in the 1951 sale of the 13 @-@ acre ( 5 ha ) site , which was subsequently administered by the State Tourist Department as a caravan and camping park . The park occupied the muster ground outside the fort and the fort 's barracks building was used as a manager 's residence . The caravan park has had various managers since establishment : Until 1981 it was managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service ( NPWS ) , by Council until 1986 and subsequently by a private operator under a long @-@ term lease . - A significant change in the fort 's conservation and preservation outlook was its declaration as a Historic under the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act in 1972 . Up to then there had been growing awareness of the significance of the site in terms of the state 's colonial heritage . Control of the park was moved to the National Parks and Wildlife Service ( NPWS ) , and the fort and surrounds became designated as Fort Glanville Conservation Park . The National Estate Grants Program provided funds in 1975 for conservation work ; NPWS began this work in the same year and the caravan park boundary was moved southwards . Though the site had long been neglected , there was minimal permanent damage to its structure . During the 1970s reconstruction , much of the stockade was replaced . The replaced timbers are visibly different as they have shrunk significantly with large gaps that are not evident in the original timber . Adelaide City Council agreed to return the 64 @-@ pounder guns and new wheels were made ; replacing those over half a century before . In a ceremony on 2 October 1980 , the 100th anniversary of the guns first firing , one of the 64 @-@ pounders was fired again ; later a commemoration plaque was added to the fort 's flagpole 's base . Shortly after this firing the Fort Glanville Historical Association was formed , and was incorporated in 1981 . Fort Glanville was opened for public visitation in 1981 . - As part of South Australia 's , the South Australia Jubilee 150 board granted $ 250 @,@ 000 for work on the fort , allowing construction of a visitor centre . Queen Elizabeth II visited and inspected the site , and newly constructed visitor centre , for almost an hour on 13 March 1986 . For the visit the historical association demonstrated firing of both the 64 and 2 pounder cannons . The visitor centre was officially opened one month after this visit . Governor Dame Mitchell named the old road " Queen Elizabeth II Walk " in March 1991 ceremony , commemorating the 5th anniversary of the queen 's visit . subsequent restoration work has been completed on the fort , including the 's interior . The portion of the muster ground that is not within the caravan park was returned to its original level in 1993 . - - = = Park and fort today = = - - Fort Glanville Conservation Park is one of South Australia 's most important heritage sites . It is the premier site in the state , and possibly Australia , for showcasing colonial era defences and fortifications . The fort is listed on both the South Australian Heritage Register and the National Trust 's classified list . It is considered significant , in national historical military terms , for its association with Jervois and Scratchley ; both leading British defence experts who influenced Australian defence thinking in the late 19th century . The fort was very well constructed with high quality materials ; facts that have been noted as contributing to its preservation . The fort is largely intact and in original condition and is , along with Bluff Battery in Hobart , the best preserved Jervois @-@ Scratchley designed fort in Australia . It is the only Australian colonial fort to still have all of its original armament , and the only to have a regular living history program . Its companion Fort Largs does survive but in greatly modified condition , converted for use as the South Australia Police academy . The fort retains its original armament ; armament that is both rare in Australia and worldwide . - The conservation park is in the suburb of Semaphore Park at the southern end of the Lefevre Peninsula . It covers approximately 5 hectares ( 12 acres ) and is bounded by and Military roads , the Point Malcolm Reserve and Semaphore beach . The land is entirely crown land and is administered by the DEWNR . It is divided into roughly two halves with the northern containing the fort and the southern half containing a caravan park . While it is managed by the DEWNR , the Fort Glanville Committee and Fort Glanville Historical Association are heavily involved . The committee is appointed by the Minister for Environment and Planning and acts to advise the Minister and with the community . As of 1988 , the fort hosted approximately 7 @,@ 000 visitors annually , and is used as an event venue including the annual City of Charles Sturt citizenship ceremony . - The historical association is an incorporated body of volunteers who use the fort under licence from the Minister . The association operate the fort and visitor centre , holding monthly public open days at which the history of the fort is recreated ; this includes drill demonstrations and firing of the fort 's weapons . The association maintain static displays of the fort 's active period and sell souvenirs . The association 's goal is to have the site open as a fully operational fort for interpretation , tourism and education . The volunteers are involved with recreation , living history and ceremonial work outside the fort . They act as guards of honour at some Government House functions and attended the restoration opening of the Albany , Western Australia fort , and the annual re @-@ enactment of the Battle of Waterloo in , Victoria . The fort has living history displays , including the barracks laid out and furnished in period detail . The visitor centre has displays showing the development of South Australia 's colonial defence from 1836 and artifacts found on site during restorations . - the fort to Semaphore jetty is the Semaphore and Fort Glanville Tourist Railway , a 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) gauge steam train operated by volunteers from the National Railway Museum . The railway opened in December 1992 and , as of 2002 , carried over 16 @,@ 000 passengers annually . - - - = Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom = - - The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority , privilege , and immunity , recognised in the United Kingdom as the sole prerogative of the Sovereign and the source of many of the executive powers of the British government . - Prerogative powers were formerly exercised by the monarch acting on his or her own initiative . Since the 19th century , by convention , the advice of the prime minister or the cabinet — who are then to Parliament for the decision — has been required in order for the prerogative to be exercised . The monarch remains empowered to exercise the royal prerogative against the advice of the prime minister or the cabinet , but in practice would only do so in or where existing precedent does not adequately apply to the circumstances in question . - Today the royal prerogative is available in the conduct of the government of the United Kingdom , including foreign affairs , defence , and national security . The monarchy has a significant constitutional presence in these and other matters , but limited power , because the exercise of the prerogative is in the hands of the prime minister and other ministers or other government officials . - - = = Definition = = - - The royal prerogative has been called " a notoriously difficult concept to define adequately " , but whether a particular type of prerogative power exists is a matter of common law to be decided by the courts as the final . A prominent constitutional theorist , A. V. Dicey , proposed in the nineteenth century that : - The prerogative appears to be historically and as a matter of fact nothing else than the residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the crown . The prerogative is the name of the remaining portion of the Crown 's original authority ... Every act which the executive government can do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of the prerogative . - While many commentators follow the view , there are constitutional lawyers who prefer the definition given by William Blackstone in the : - By the word prerogative we usually understand that special pre @-@ which the King hath , over and above all other persons , and out of the ordinary course of common law , in right of his regal dignity ... it can only be applied to those rights and capacities which the King enjoys alone , in contradiction to others , and not to those which he enjoys in common with any of his subjects . - Dicey 's opinion that any action of governance by the monarch beyond statute is under the prerogative from Blackstone 's that the prerogative simply covers those actions that no other person or body in the United Kingdom can undertake , such as the dissolution of Parliament . Case law exists to support both views . Blackstone ’ s notion of the prerogative being the powers of an exclusive nature was favoured by Lord in the De ’ s Royal Hotel case of 1920 , but some difficulty with it was expressed by Lord Reid in the Oil case of 1965 . A clear distinction has not been necessary in the relevant cases , and the courts may never need to settle the question as few cases deal directly with the prerogative itself . - - = = History = = - - The royal prerogative originated as the personal power of the monarch . From the 13th century in England , as in France , the monarch was all @-@ powerful , but this absolute power was checked by " the of feudal turbulence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries " . An early attempt to define the royal prerogative was stated by Richard II 's judges in . - During the 16th century , this " turbulence " began to , and the monarch became truly independent . Under Henry VIII and his successors , the king was the head of the Protestant English church , and therefore not to the clergy . The rise of Parliament in this period , however , was problematic . While the monarch was " the predominant partner in the English constitution " , the courts stopped short of declaring him all @-@ powerful , recognizing the role that Parliament played . In 's Case , Henry recognised this , noting that he was far more powerful with the consent of Parliament than without . Nowhere was this more apparent than in the matter of taxation : Sir Thomas Smith and other writers of the period pointed out the monarch could not impose taxation without Parliament 's consent . - At the same time , Henry and his descendants normally followed the will of the courts , despite the fact they were theoretically not bound by judges . William Holdsworth that by regularly asking the legal officers of the crown and judiciary for legal advice and consent , Henry recognised the need for a stable government to follow the law . He also contends that the view that the law is supreme over all " was the view of all the leading lawyers and and of the Tudor period " . It was accepted that while the King had " discretion " , he was limited in areas where the courts had imposed conditions on the use of the prerogative , or where he had chosen to do so . - The first dent in this stability came about in , with the Case of . James VI and I claimed that as monarch , he had a divine right to sit as a judge and interpret the common law as he saw fit . by Sir Edward Coke , the judiciary rejected this idea , stating that while the monarch was not subject to any individual , he was subject to the law . Until he had gained sufficient knowledge of the law , he had no right to interpret it ; Coke pointed out that such knowledge " demanded mastery of an artificial reason ... which requires long study and experience , before that a man can attain to the of it " . Similarly , in the Case of in 1611 , Coke held that the monarch could only exercise those prerogatives he already had , and not create new ones . - With the Glorious Revolution , King James VII and II was replaced by Queen Mary II and her husband King William III . At the same time the Bill of Rights 1689 was drafted , which cemented the monarch 's subservience to Parliament . It specifically limited the royal prerogative , with Article 1 holding that the " power of the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal " , and article 4 confirming that " money for or to the use of the Crown by of prerogative , without grant of Parliament , for longer time , or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted , is illegal " . The Bill also confirmed that Parliament had the right to limit the use of remaining prerogatives , as evidenced by the Act 1694 , which required the monarch to dismiss and call Parliament at certain times . - - = = Prerogative powers = = - - - = = = Legislature = = = - - One of the monarch 's historic prerogatives was the dissolution of Parliament , which was " perhaps the most important residual prerogative exercised personally by the sovereign , and represents the greatest potential for controversy . " This prerogative was normally exercised at the request of Parliament and the prime minister , either at his or her discretion or following a motion of no confidence . Constitutional theorists have had differing views as to whether a unilateral dissolution of Parliament would be possible today ; Sir Ivor Jennings wrote that a dissolution involves " the of ministers " , and as such the monarch could not dissolve Parliament without consent ; " if ministers refuse to give such advice , she can do no more than dismiss them " . A. V. Dicey , however , believed that in certain extreme circumstances the monarch could dissolve Parliament single @-@ , on the condition that " an occasion has arisen on which there is fair reason to suppose that the opinion of the House is not the opinion of the electors ... A dissolution is , or necessary , whenever the wishes of the legislature are , or may fairly be presumed to be , different from the wishes of the nation . " - The monarch could force the dissolution of Parliament through a refusal of royal assent ; this would inevitably lead to a government resigning . By convention , the monarch always to bills ; the last time the royal assent was not given was in during the reign of Queen Anne . This does not mean that the right to refuse has died : George V believed he could veto the Third Irish Home Rule Bill ; Jennings writes that " it was assumed by the King throughout that he had not only the legal power but the constitutional right to refuse assent " . The royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament was by the Fixed @-@ term Act 2011 . Section 6 ( 1 ) of the Act however specifically states that the monarch 's power to Parliament is not affected by the Act . - The appointment of the prime minister is also , theoretically , governed by the royal prerogative . Technically the monarch may appoint as prime minister anyone she wants to appoint , but in practice the appointee is always the person who commands a majority in the House of Commons . Usually , this is the leader of the political party that is returned to Parliament with a majority of seats after a general election . may result with a so @-@ called hung parliament , in which no party commands majority support , as last occurred in 2010 . In this situation , constitutional convention is that the previous incumbent has the first right to form a coalition government and seek appointment . If the prime minister decides to retire in the middle of a parliamentary session , as Anthony Eden did in 1957 , the monarch has no discretion . There is usually a " prime minister @-@ in @-@ waiting " who commands the support of the majority of the Commons ; he or she will near @-@ automatically be appointed . - - = = = Judicial system = = = - - The most noted prerogative power that affects the judicial system is the prerogative of mercy , which has two elements : the granting of and the granting of . may eliminate the " pains , penalties and punishments " from a criminal conviction , though they do not remove convictions themselves . This power is commonly exercised on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Home Department ; the monarch has no direct involvement in its use . of this power may also take the form of , a limited form of pardon where the sentences is reduced , on certain conditions . The granting of a pardon is not subject to judicial review , as confirmed by Council of Civil Service v Minister for the Civil Service , but the courts have chosen to its application or lack , as in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Bentley . is done by the Attorney General of England and Wales ( or the equivalent in Scotland or Northern Ireland ) in the name of the crown , to stop legal proceedings against an individual . This is not by the courts , as confirmed by R v Comptroller of Patents , and does not count as an ; the defendant may be brought before the courts on the same charge at a later date . - - = = = Foreign affairs = = = - - The royal prerogative is in much use in the realm of foreign affairs . It is the monarch who recognises foreign states ( although several statutes regulate the enjoyed by their heads and diplomatic representatives ) , issues declarations of war and peace , and forms international treaties . The monarch also has the power to annex territory , as was done in 1955 with the island of . Once territory has been annexed , the monarch has complete discretion as to the extent to which the government will take over the former government 's ; this was confirmed in West Rand Central Gold Company v The King . The monarch also has the power to alter British territorial waters and cede territory . Her freedom to do these things in practice is doubtful , in that they might deprive British citizens of their nationality and rights . When the island of was ceded to Germany in 1890 , Parliamentary approval was first sought . The monarch can also regulate colonies and dependent territories by exercising the prerogative through Orders in Council . The courts have long fought against the monarch 's use of this power : in R ( ) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( No 2 ) , the Court of Appeal ruled that using Orders @-@ in @-@ Council to judicial was an unlawful abuse of power , although this ruling was later overturned . - British passports are also issued under the prerogative , though these are also covered by statute law . Under the common law , citizens have the right freely to leave and enter the United Kingdom . In R v Foreign Secretary ex parte Everett , the courts held that it was their right to review the granting of passports to , and the of passports from , British citizens . The writ of ne is also used to prevent a person leaving the country . The right to make treaties is a disputed prerogative power : under Blackstone 's definition , a prerogative power must be one unique to the monarch . - - = = = Other prerogative powers = = = - - The monarch also has power to exercise her prerogative over the granting of honours , the regulation of the armed forces and ecclesiastical appointments . Although the granting of most honours is normally decided by the executive , the monarch is still the person who technically awards them . to this rule are membership of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the , the Order of Merit , the Royal Victorian Order and the Royal Victorian Chain , which the monarch has complete discretion to grant . In relation to the armed forces , the monarch is the Commander in Chief , and members are regulated under the royal prerogative . Most statutes do not apply to the armed forces , although some areas , such as military discipline , are governed by Acts of Parliament . Under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 , the monarch is the sole authority for the armed forces , and as such their organisation , disposition and control cannot be questioned by the courts . This exercise of prerogative power gives the Crown authority to recruit members of the armed forces , appoint commissioned officers , and establish agreements with foreign governments to station troops in their territory . The prerogative the monarch to appoint bishops and archbishops in the Church of England , and to regulate the printing and licensing of the authorised Church of England version of the Bible . - R v Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Northumbria Police Authority , recognised that the prerogative also includes the power to " take all reasonable steps to preserve the Queen 's peace " , and in Oil Co. v Lord , the House of Lords took the view that it extended to " doing all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of [ the Second World War ] . " - - = = Use = = - - Today , the monarch exercises the prerogative almost exclusively in line with the advice of her government . notes that : - The present Queen ... is kept very closely in touch with the exercise of governmental power by means of a weekly audience with the prime minister during which she is fully briefed about the affairs of government ... [ But it ] should be emphasised that the prime minister is not under any obligation to take account of royal opinions . - In simple terms , the prerogative is used to govern the realm in the name of the Crown ; although the monarch has the " right to be consulted , the right to encourage , and the right to warn " , her role involves no exercise of discretion . - Today , some prerogative powers are directly exercised by ministers without the approval of Parliament , including the powers of declaring war and of making peace , the issue of passports , and the granting of honours . Prerogative powers are exercised nominally by the monarch , but on the advice of the prime minister ( whom the monarch meets weekly ) and of the cabinet . Some key functions of the British government are still executed by virtue of the royal prerogative , but generally the usage of the prerogative has been diminishing as functions are progressively put on a statutory basis . - - = = = = = = - - Several influential decisions of the House of Lords have determined the limited scope for the use of prerogative powers . In 1915 , an appeal was made to the House of Lords , Re of Right ( ' Aerodrome Case ' ) , but during the appeal the case was settled and the appeal withdrawn when the Crown agreed to pay compensation . The appeal was from a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeal that the Crown , both under the statutory Defence of the Realm Regulations and by the royal prerogative , was entitled to take and occupy , for military purposes in wartime , a commercial airfield on the south coast . The government argued that this action was to defend against an invasion ; the courts held that for the prerogative to be exercised , the government must demonstrate that a threat of invasion exists . This was backed up by The ( 1916 ) , where the Privy Council , on appeal from the Prize Court , held generally that to exercise a power not granted by statute ( such as a prerogative power ) the government must prove to the court that the exercise is justified . The next decision came in Attorney General v De 's Royal Hotel Ltd ( 1920 ) , where the House of Lords confirmed that a statutory provision in an area where prerogative powers are in use " the Royal Prerogative while it is in force to this extent – that the Crown can only do the particular thing under and in accordance with the statutory provisions , and that its prerogative power to do that thing is in " . - This principle of statutory superiority was extended in Ltd v Department of Trade , concerning the of a commercial airline operator 's licence ( December 1976 ) , where it was confirmed that prerogative powers could not be used to contradict a statutory provision , and that in situations to which the power and the statute both applied , the power could only be used to further the aim of the statute . Another extension came with R v Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Fire Brigades Union , where the Court of Appeal held that even if a statute had not yet come into force , the prerogative could not be used to alter this statute to " conflict with Parliament 's wishes " . - - = = = Judicial review = = = - - Before the modern judicial review procedure superseded the petition of right as the remedy for challenging the validity of a prerogative power , the courts were traditionally only willing to state whether or not powers existed , not whether they had been used appropriately . They therefore applied only the first of the tests : whether the use was illegal . Constitutional scholars such as William Blackstone consider this appropriate : - In the exertion therefore of those prerogatives , which the law has given him , the King is irresistible and absolute , according to the forms of the constitution . And yet if the consequence of that exertion be to the or of the kingdom , the Parliament will call his advisers to a just and severe account . - During the 1960s and 70s this attitude was changing , with Lord saying in the case that " seeing that the prerogative is a discretionary power to be exercised for the public good , it follows that its exercise can be examined by the courts just as any other discretionary power which is vested in the executive . " The most authoritative case on the matter is Council of Civil Service v Minister for the Civil Service , generally known as the case . The House of Lords confirmed that the application of judicial review would be dependent on the nature of the government 's powers , not their source . Foreign policy and national security powers are considered outside the scope of judicial review , while the prerogative of mercy is considered within it , as per R v Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Bentley . - - = = Reform = = - - Abolition of the royal prerogative is not on the immediate horizon , and recent movements to abolish the role of the monarchy and its royal prerogative in government have been unsuccessful . The Ministry of Justice undertook a " review of executive Royal Prerogative powers " in October 2009 . Former Labour MP and cabinet minister Tony Benn campaigned unsuccessfully for the abolition of the royal prerogative in the United Kingdom in the 1990s , arguing that all governmental powers in effect exercised on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet should be subject to parliamentary scrutiny and require parliamentary approval . Later governments argued that such is the breadth of topics covered by the royal prerogative that requiring parliamentary approval in each instance where the prerogative is currently used would overwhelm parliamentary time and slow the enactment of legislation . - - - = Mount Jackson ( Antarctica ) = - - Mount Jackson ( Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening ) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is located in Palmer Land , within the Antarctic claims of Argentina , Chile and the United Kingdom . With an elevation of 3 @,@ 184 metres ( 10 @,@ 446 ft ) , Mount Jackson is the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory . Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service , 1939 – 41 , it was named for Andrew Jackson , the seventh President of the United States . The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) in 1964 . Mount Jackson 's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists . - Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains the central Black Coast , which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Plateau of central Palmer Land . The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 – 4 @,@ 900 ft ) towards the east . They are interconnected by zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes . Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks , displaying a steeple summit , while the north flank is occupied by a vast . moraines on the mountain 's east side measure between 1 – 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 62 – 3 @.@ 11 mi ) in length and display boulders at their distal ends . - - = = History = = - - The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a party of the United States Antarctic Service ( ) . The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations . The height was estimated at 4 @,@ 200 metres ( 13 @,@ 800 ft ) , and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time , Ernest Gruening . later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States . President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 – 42 . The expedition , led by Lt. Charles Wilkes , included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands , including Antarctica . - In November 1947 , a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( ) ground party based at Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3 @,@ 050 metres ( 10 @,@ 010 ft ) , considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940 . - After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962 , a series of depots were developed , including one at Mount Jackson . BAS members were successful in making many first of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula , and John Cunningham , who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island , was the first to climb Mount Jackson . Traveling by dog for 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) , his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964 . - A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the summer of 1996 – 97 . - - = = Geography = = - - The mountain is 3 @,@ 184 metres ( 10 @,@ 446 ft ) in height , with a prominence of 2 @,@ 187 metres ( 7 @,@ 175 ft ) and a saddle of metres ( 3 @,@ 271 ft ) . Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains the central Black Coast , which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Plateau of central Palmer Land , with elevation ranging between 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 – 9 @,@ 800 ft ) , and on the west side of the central Black Coast . The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 – 4 @,@ 900 ft ) towards the east . They are interconnected by zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes . The northern part of the mountain system , which extends over 1 @,@ 590 kilometres ( 990 mi ) , covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula , and Mount Jackson is its highest peak . - Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks , displaying a steeple summit , while the north flank is occupied by a vast . moraines on the mountain 's east side measure between 1 – 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 62 – 3 @.@ 11 mi ) in length and display boulders at their distal ends . Mount Jackson and the Rowley are separated by Inlet . Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Inlet . - Mount Jackson 's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists . They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity . The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side , characterized by a steep rocky face . Rock is intense in the area spread with and . Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted . - - - = Italian cruiser Aretusa = - - Aretusa was a torpedo cruiser of the class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . down in June 1889 at the Orlando shipyard , she was launched in March 1891 and was commissioned in September 1892 . Her main armament were her six torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small @-@ caliber guns . Aretusa spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . At the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , she was assigned to the Red Sea Squadron in Italian Eritrea . She bombarded Ottoman positions in the Arabian Peninsula and took part in a blockade of the coast . out by the end of the war in October 1912 , Aretusa was sold for scrap that December and broken up . - - = = Design = = - - Aretusa was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced metric tons ( 820 long tons ; 918 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired boilers . Specific figures for Aretusa 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ to 3 @,@ kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 and 121 . - Aretusa was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . - - = = Service history = = - - Aretusa was laid down at the Orlando ( Orlando Brothers ' Shipyard ) in on 1 June 1889 , and was launched on 14 March 1891 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 1 September 1892 . During the 1893 fleet maneuvers , Aretusa served with the 3rd Division of the Reserve Squadron , along with the protected cruisers and and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Reserve Squadron defended against a simulated attack by the Active Squadron , which a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , Aretusa was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships , Minerva , , , Urania , and Caprera , the four @-@ class cruisers , and Tripoli . As of 1898 , Aretusa was assigned to the Active Squadron , with included the ironclads and and two other cruisers . - At the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , Aretusa was stationed in Italian Eritrea in the Red Sea Squadron . Italian naval forces in the region also included five protected cruisers and several smaller vessels . Shortly after the start of the war on 2 October , Aretusa and the gunboat Volturno encountered the Ottoman torpedo cruiser @-@ i off Al Hudaydah . In a short engagement , the Italians vessels forced the Ottoman ship to flee into Al Hudaydah , bombarded the port facilities , and then withdrew . @-@ i was later interned in British @-@ controlled Suez The threat of an Ottoman attack from the Arabian Peninsula led the Italian High Command to reinforce the Red Sea Squadron ; the additional ships included another cruiser and several destroyers . The protected cruiser and two destroyers annihilated a force of seven Ottoman gunboats in the Battle of Bay on 7 January 1912 . - Following the of Ottoman naval forces in the region , Aretusa and the rest of the Italian ships then commenced a bombardment campaign against the Turkish ports in the Red Sea before declaring a blockade of the city of Al Hudaydah on 26 January . On 27 July and 12 August , Aretusa , her sister ship Caprera , and conducted two bombardments of Al Hudaydah . During the second attack , they destroyed an Ottoman ammunition dump . With the threat of an Ottoman attack greatly reduced , the High Command thereafter began to withdraw forces from the Red Sea Squadron . By the end of August , the unit was reduced to three protected cruisers , Aretusa , Caprera and two . On 14 October , the Ottoman government agreed to sign a peace treaty , ending the war . Aretusa 's career ended shortly thereafter ; the Regia Marina discarded the ship in December and she was subsequently broken up for scrap . - - - = M @-@ 6 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 6 , or the Paul B. Henry Freeway , is a 19 @.@ 696 @-@ mile ( 31 @.@ km ) freeway and state trunkline highway in the United States that serves portions of southern Kent and eastern Ottawa counties south of Grand Rapids , Michigan . Although the freeway is named for Paul B. Henry , local residents and the press continue to use the original name , South Beltline as well on occasion . The freeway connects Interstate 196 ( I @-@ 196 ) on the west with I @-@ 96 on the east . M @-@ 6 also provides a connection to U.S. Highway 131 ( US 131 ) in the middle of its corridor while running through several townships on the south side of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan . Each end is in a rural area while the central section has suburban development along the trunkline . - The freeway was originally conceived in the 1960s . It took 32 years to approve , plan , finance , and build the freeway from the time that the state first authorized funding in 1972 to the time of the ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony in 2004 that opened the South Beltline to traffic . The project cost around $ 700 million or around $ 35 million per mile ( approximately $ 22 million per kilometer ) . Initial construction started in November 1997 , with the first phase opened in November 2001 . The full freeway was opened in November 2004 . The first phase of construction was completed in asphalt , while the second and third phases were built in concrete . The project was built with two firsts : the first single @-@ point urban interchange ( ; / / ) in Michigan , and a new technique to apply the pavement markings , them into the concrete to reduce the chance of a scraping them off . In advance of the opening of the freeway to traffic , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) allowed the public to walk or bike the South Beltline in an open @-@ house event called the " Shuffle " . - - = = Route description = = - - M @-@ 6 starts at exit 64 on I @-@ 196 in Ottawa County near Hudsonville . The freeway runs southeast from the interchange through the rural Georgetown and Jamestown townships toward the county line . Through this area , MDOT traffic surveys measured a traffic count of 27 @,@ 117 vehicles on average per day , the lowest along the freeway , in 2010 . At Avenue , the South Beltline crosses into Byron Township in Kent County . The freeway corridor is bounded on each side by farmland , scattered subdivisions , and small pockets of woodland . Near the Wilson Avenue interchange , M @-@ 6 curves to the northeast around the edge of the Golf Course and heads for the interchange with Byron Center Avenue . On either side of the freeway at Byron Center Avenue , there are two hospitals , Metro Health and St. Mary 's Southwest , the former located on the very southern edge of the city of Wyoming . Continuing east , the curves to the southeast and into the cloverleaf interchange complex at US 131 . This " " interchange stretches over a half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) in one direction and over a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in the other , encompassing 27 bridges and 18 retaining walls . This makes it the largest freeway interchange in Western Michigan . There are four overpasses which carry M @-@ 6 over the US 131 freeway : two for the main in each direction and two for the collector @-@ distributor lanes on each side . The auxiliary lanes funnel the traffic using the interchange off the main to eliminate conflicts between merging streams of traffic . In the eastbound direction , the collector @-@ distributor lane also has access to a ramp for traffic bound for 68th Street , which runs parallel to , and south of , the M @-@ 6 freeway . No such access to 68th Street is provided for westbound M @-@ 6 traffic , although 68th Street traffic can access each direction of M @-@ 6 or US 131 . - East of US 131 , M @-@ 6 crosses over Division Avenue and enters Gaines Township through a series of sound barrier walls as the freeway ramps merge back into the main lanes . This area had the highest traffic counts in 2011 at 55 @,@ 236 vehicles per day . Near Kalamazoo Avenue , the freeway passes through an area with retail businesses and movie theaters on each side of the interchange ; to the northeast is East Kentwood High School . On the approach to the East Paris Avenue , M @-@ 6 curves first to the northeast and then back to the southeast , passing near one of 's office buildings , the pyramid @-@ shaped Corporate Development Center . The freeway begins to curve to the northeast as it crosses into Caledonia Township , with an interchange for M @-@ 37 ( Broadmoor Avenue ) and an overpass for 60th Street . M @-@ 6 curves around the southeast side of the Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Cascade Township . As the South Beltline I @-@ 96 , it crosses 48th Street next to the Golf Course . The carriageway splits into ramps for each direction of I @-@ 96 , the ramps to eastbound I @-@ 96 crossing over the River in the process . This interchange marks the eastern terminus of the Paul B. Henry South Beltline Freeway . The entire length of the freeway is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . - The right @-@ of @-@ way along M @-@ 6 includes a 9 @-@ mile ( 14 km ) pedestrian path known as the Frederik Trail . Previously called the M @-@ 6 Trail , it links the Kent Trails west of Byron Center Avenue in Wyoming with the Paul Henry Rail Trail at 60th Street and Wing Avenue by Paris Park in Kentwood . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Earlier designations = = = - - The first appearance of M @-@ 6 was in 1926 as a two @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) road in County in the Upper Peninsula . The highway ran from US 41 at Phoenix to north of Eagle River . The Michigan State Highway Department redesignated the highway as M @-@ 111 in 1938 , and it was redesignated two years later to become a part of the route of M @-@ 26 . - In the late 1970s , during the second phase of construction of the I @-@ 696 ( Walter P. Freeway ) in Metro Detroit , lobbying efforts and lawsuits attempted to block construction of the central section . If successful , the efforts would have left the freeway with a gap in the middle between the first ( western ) and second ( eastern ) phases of construction . During this time , MDOT assigned M @-@ 6 to the eastern section of the freeway under construction . Signs were erected along the service roads that followed 11 Mile Road to connect the already built stack interchange at I @-@ 75 east to I @-@ 94 . By the time the eastern freeway segment was completed in 1979 , the signage for M @-@ 6 was removed and replaced with I @-@ 696 signage , leaving an eight @-@ mile ( 13 km ) gap in the I @-@ 696 freeway until completion of the central section in 1989 . - - = = = Current freeway = = = - - - = = = = Planning = = = = - - The South Beltline Freeway near Grand Rapids was a project that took about 32 years to complete . The idea dates back to the 1940s , but serious proposals were not made until the 1960s . The 1955 planning map for the Grand Rapids area Interstate Highways included a freeway roughly along the M @-@ 6 corridor before I @-@ 96 and I @-@ 196 were shifted north and east to their current locations . An increase in the state gas tax was approved in 1972 with the goal to finance local road projects in the state , including the South Beltline . The project was anticipated to cost $ 30 – 100 million ( equivalent to $ – 713 million in 2015 ) in June 1975 with an expected groundbreaking in 1982 – 85 . The highway was studied in January 1981 for $ 144 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 575 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . The choice of consultants on the project was controversial ; local planners felt that MDOT picked BKI Inc. only because they used a minority @-@ owned and not because they would be qualified for the assignment . - As this study was initiated , the route for the proposed freeway was located between 60th and 68th streets with a western end in Hudsonville and an eastern end in Lowell Township . The consultants were asked to study a full freeway and a limited access boulevard design . One final option was a " no @-@ build " alternative ; under this option , existing roads would be upgraded but no new roads would be built . The City of Grand Rapids opposed the freeway while the suburbs and townships south and west of the city supported it . City officials were concerned about the impact to commercial and industrial business in Grand Rapids . Hudsonville 's city manager favored the proposal as a benefit to local vegetable producers who shipped produce to Detroit or Cleveland . Other supporters , such as the Georgetown Township supervisor , were concerned that delays in starting the project could increase costs . State and local officials expected the freeway in January 1981 to cost between $ 40 – 100 million ( equivalent to $ 160 – 400 million in 2015 ) . The road was to be started no sooner than 1990 . - The boundaries for the highway corridor were determined by the consultants in April 1982 , running between 60th and 84th streets , " dipping like a beneath the cities of Kentwood and Wyoming " . The results of the study by BKI were criticized by local planners in May 1982 , who called the study " and work " , and asked the state to fire the consulting firm . Local residents distributed 2 @,@ 000 to their neighbors in opposition to the freeway . The South Belt Local Advisory Board criticized BKI 's 110 @-@ page study report as " filled with errors " ; the consultants ' earlier 26 @-@ page paper had been rejected by the board and MDOT as " unusable " . An editorial in the The Grand Rapids Press stated that the study did not help advance the project in the area , instead opening the proposed freeway up to new controversies . about the state 's budget in 1982 to build the roadway combined with issues over the consultants and their study results . - A second citizens group , the South Belt Citizens Committee , was formed in July 1982 to gain additional public information on the project and supplement the work of the other groups , including the South Belt Local Advisory Board . BKI was fired as consultant on the project by MDOT on September 9 , 1982 . The switch to a new consultant delayed further study because of the timetable to take bids and interview the candidates . In the interim , work was shifted to local and state planners until a new consultant could be retained in an effort to minimize the delays involved . These local projects were focused on updating the information and maps from BKI 's study and refining the scope of the highway 's corridor . - Gaines , Cascade , and Caledonia townships and the city of Kentwood circulated a survey amongst their communities ' planning commissions and elected boards in 1982 . The survey showed an inconclusive preference for a limited @-@ access highway in what was termed a " gut level reaction " to the proposed roadway . The South Belt Citizens Committee actively started to oppose the roadway during the fall of 1982 , pressing local candidates for political office to take positions on the project . The group called the roadway a " " in its mailings to the candidates . Future Lieutenant Governor Dick , then a member of the Michigan State Senate , called for an end to the studies in 1983 ; he would later reverse and become one of the project 's biggest supporters . - MDOT hired a new consultant , / Associates , in 1984 to study the proposed freeway . The consultant recommended the freeway in March 1985 . The South Beltline was included in the ten @-@ year highway plan in 1986 . By 1989 , the state wanted to set the route in 1991 with construction starting in 1993 . The freeway was studied as a possible toll road in June 1991 after three alternative routes were proposed the previous year . That September , the final route was set with a projected start date in 1997 . The toll road concept was revived in September 1995 to offset the failure of a proposed gas tax increase . As a cost @-@ saving measure , the number of interchanges was reduced to four from eight in June 1996 . When a gas tax increase was passed in 1997 , Governor John Engler promised at least seven access points for the freeway . The South Beltline was as " [ cutting ] travel time around Grand Rapids virtually in half " . - - = = = = Phase I = = = = - - for the South Beltline Freeway were nearly 25 years old by the time initial construction was started in 1997 . The Michigan State Legislature named the South Beltline around the same time for the Congressman Paul B. Henry , who died in office in 1993 , serving in Gerald Ford 's old US House seat . The cost of the construction of new roads like the South Beltline was a campaign issue when Engler ran for re @-@ election against Geoffrey in 1998 . The entire freeway was projected to open by 2008 , with the first phase opening in 2002 . MDOT gave the South Beltline its numerical designation on the July 1999 edition of the state map , marking M @-@ 6 for the first time as a dotted line , to denote it was " under construction " . The legislature approved Engler 's " Michigan III " program in 2000 ; the plan accelerated road projects in the state . The capital for the year was $ 82 million ( equivalent to $ 132 million in 2015 ) . proceedings were initiated in the Kent County Circuit Court in 1999 to clear the way for the acquisitions . Land that contained homes , farms , trailer parks , and businesses was purchased by MDOT to acquire the right @-@ of @-@ way needed for the freeway . The land needed measured 360 feet ( 110 m ) wide and 20 miles ( 32 km ) long . Land acquisitions for the South Beltline Freeway were completed in July 2001 . Construction started later in the fall of 2001 on the second and third phases of the project . - The first leg of the South Beltline Freeway , located between M @-@ 37 ( Broadmoor Avenue ) and I @-@ 96 , was finished six months early . Dry summer weather allowed the roadbed contractors to finish their portion of the five @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) section of the freeway early , earning them a $ 300 @,@ 000 bonus ( equivalent to $ @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . The overpasses for the remaining sections of the freeway were completed while the first phase was under construction , leaving the interchanges at US 131 and I @-@ 196 and the connecting roadbed to be completed at that time . The first section was paved in asphalt after MDOT reversed the decision to pave the whole freeway in concrete . That stretch of freeway opened to traffic on November 20 , 2001 . The state kept the overall project in an accelerated status headed into the next phases in 2002 . - - = = = = II and III = = = = - - Construction of the remaining phases between US 131 and M @-@ 37 and between I @-@ 196 and US 131 was started on April 1 , 2002 . Area roads that crossed the path of the new freeway were closed to traffic with posted detours so that work could begin on the roadbed for the freeway . The last major project for the freeway was to replace bridge beams in the overpasses from westbound I @-@ 196 to eastbound M @-@ 6 . Design flaws were found in 2002 in the size of the beams in the bridges over eastbound I @-@ 196 and the ramp from westbound M @-@ 6 to westbound I @-@ 196 . The replacement was originally supposed to close traffic along I @-@ 196 over a weekend in 2004 , but kept a lane closed for a full week , backing up traffic on the Interstate for two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) ; completion of the work was delayed when human error caused a shortage of nuts and bolts . - MDOT hosted an open house along the section of M @-@ 6 between Kalamazoo and Byron Center avenues . This event took place on October 2 , 2004 , and was billed as the " Shuffle " , allowing the public to walk or bike along the freeway . The event was planned to draw attention to the M @-@ 6 Trail that runs parallel to the freeway . Some event participants brought their horses for the chance to ride on the freeway . The whole freeway was opened to traffic on November 17 , 2004 , after a ribbon cutting ceremony . When opened , reconstruction work was still being completed on overpass bridges at the I @-@ 196 interchange on the west end . The entire project cost $ 700 million ( equivalent to $ million in 2015 ) to complete over the five @-@ year construction period , about $ 35 million / mi ( approximately $ 22 million / km , equivalent to $ 47 million / mi or $ 29 million / km in 2015 ) . When the freeway was opened , it was the first in the state of Michigan to use a located at the Kalamazoo Avenue exit . All of the bridges and sound barrier walls were painted beige as part of a " color theme " to the freeway . MDOT also used a new technique to recess the pavement markings into the concrete , designed to reduce the likelihood that would scrape them off . The signs are in miles , but " the entire M @-@ 6 freeway was designed and constructed in metric " , according to MDOT manager . The final ramps opened to traffic on December 9 , 2004 . - - = = = = After construction = = = = - - MDOT added the completed M @-@ 6 to the state maps in an updated printing in June 2005 . At the time , the various online mapping services still did not show a complete freeway in eastern Ottawa or southern Kent counties . Services such as and Yahoo ! Maps rely on Atlas out of New Hampshire for their mapping information , which , in turn , relies on agencies like MDOT to update their data . MDOT 's map update came out nearly eight months after the initial opening due to its inclusion in a large @-@ scale update to the state highway map . - A year after the freeway opened , traffic volumes along parallel roads like 44th , 56th and 68th streets dropped 40 – 50 % . At the same time , roads with interchanges along the freeway saw increased traffic . Wilson Avenue experienced a 120 % increase and sections of Byron Center Avenue jumped 100 % in traffic levels a month after M @-@ 6 opened . Property values in the townships surrounding the freeway increased 11 @.@ 3 – 12 @.@ 4 % by 2006 as a result of development attached to the freeway . Local officials credited the freeway for increased access to the area , driving housing starts as residents flocked to the communities for their schools and quality of life . In 2007 , the Metro Health Village , a commercial development centered around the Byron Center Avenue exit and the hospital opened . Described as being similar to a mall with the hospital as a tenant , the village features restaurants , shops , offices and a hotel . Metro Health relocated from Grand Rapids to the location in Wyoming in the face of opposition to planned expansions of their previous location . Since opening , even though the freeway was officially named for Paul Henry , the original South Beltline name is still in use . - Reactions to the new freeway were not all positive . In a special editorial in the The Grand Rapids Press after the freeway opened in 2004 , local resident Curt summarized the criticisms of the new freeway . He cited the loss of rural farmland and wetlands as a negative effect of the highway . The editorial also discussed that the freeway does decrease travel times for some residents , but it will mean increased development . That development will mean further urban , and could spur the creation of additional highways in the area . - The M @-@ 6 Trail was constructed in a $ 3 @.@ 5 million project ( equivalent to $ 4 million in 2015 ) that started in 2008 . The goal was to create a 10 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) path linking the Kent Trails with the Paul Henry Rail Trail . The M @-@ 6 Trail was the of Gaines Township Supervisor Don Hilton , Sr. He had pushed to have the path included in the original freeway construction and opened with the rest of the South Beltline . The trail project was funded by $ 2 @.@ 9 million ( equivalent to $ 3 @.@ 3 million in 2015 ) in federal grants and $ 300 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 350 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) from the Frederik and Lena Foundation . The balance came from Kent County and the townships . Work on the trail was completed in November 2008 . - In 2009 , the asphalt section of M @-@ 6 had to be repaired . This section of roadway between East Paris Avenue and 48th Street was rated poorly by the Michigan Infrastructure and Transportation Association , while the concrete west of Broadmoor Avenue had favorable marks . MDOT budgeted $ 2 million in repairs on top of previous crack @-@ related that were handled by the original pavement contractor under a in 2006 . The local press described the 4 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) stretch of road as " troublesome " in relation to pavement quality issues . - Legislation was signed by Governor Rick on December 27 , 2014 , to name the section of M @-@ 6 between Byron Center and Kalamazoo avenues the David John Memorial Highway . , a US Navy , was killed in a helicopter accident in Afghanistan in 2012 . This section of the highway was dedicated on August 15 , 2015 . - - = = Exit list = = - - - - = Hi , Infidelity = - - " Hi , Infidelity " is the sixth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the fiftieth episode overall . Written by John Enbom and directed by Michael Fields , the episode premiered on The CW on November 17 , 2006 . - The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica investigates an accusation that she plagiarized a criminology paper only to find out that her teacher is having an affair with Mindy O 'Dell ( Jamie Ray Newman ) . Meanwhile , " Piz " ( Chris Lowell ) invites Veronica to go bowling , and Wallace ( Percy III ) must choose between basketball and his studies . - The episode features the return of Laura San Giacomo as Harmony Chase and the introduction of the recurring character of Max ( Adam Rose ) . San Giacomo and Colantoni , who had previously co @-@ starred on the sitcom Just Shoot Me ! , lobbied for more storylines together after their friendship during production of " Charlie Don 't Surf " , her first appearance . Rose 's character had been planned to begin a later romantic relationship with Mac since the writing of this episode and went on to fulfill this role in several future episodes . At the time of its initial broadcast , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 75 million people and received mixed to positive reviews from television critics . - - = = Plot = = - - Following the events of the previous episode , Veronica confronts Claire ( ) for her rape after she publishes a story on it . Wallace and a lawyer are taken in to Dean O ’ Dell ’ s ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) office , where he is caught for cheating on a test . Veronica ’ s criminology paper is praised by her teacher , Hank ( Patrick ) leading her to praise him incessantly . Harmony Chase ( Laura San Giacomo ) , a former client who asked Keith Mars ( Enrico Colantoni ) to investigate her possibly husband , calls him and asks him on a date . Tim Foyle ( James Jordan ) , Hank 's teaching assistant , tells Veronica that she plagiarized her paper , even though she did not . Hank gives her three days to prove that she is innocent . Veronica learns that a student named Jeff accused her . Veronica goes to a computer student and the email address of the person who her paper . " Piz " invites Veronica bowling , and she invites Parker ( Julie ) as well . - Veronica gets caught in the Dean ’ s office , although she makes up a hasty lie that she was searching for class notes , and it his attention . Wallace decides not to drop the class on whose test he cheated . Veronica proves that the essay hers was supposedly plagiarized from was posted after she turned in her paper ; nevertheless , she still wants to find who framed her . Parker Lee , Veronica , Piz , and Logan ( Jason ) bowl and have fun together . When Veronica and Logan get room service , Veronica spots Jeff and questions him . Parker is romantically interested in Piz , and she tasks Veronica with talking to him about her . After talking to Mercer Hayes ( Ryan Devlin ) , Parker informs Veronica that she remembers Mercer 's from the night of her rape . Veronica goes to Sheriff Lamb ( Michael ) with this news ; Wallace drops basketball to study for the class . Veronica runs into Keith at the hotel before learning that the room that belongs to " Rory Finch " is actually Hank , who is having an affair with Mrs. O ’ Dell . - On their second date , Harmony suggests that they have sex , but Keith declines the proposal . On the way back , Keith ’ s becomes involved in a traffic collision , but the catches him . This traumatic experience makes him go back to Harmony , and they sleep together . Veronica talks to Tim Foyle , who made her follow the trail of " Rory Finch " deliberately in order for her to discover the professor ’ s affair . Tim was the professor ’ s protégé , and he wants Veronica to discover Hank 's flaws before she becomes more involved with him . Logan runs up to Veronica and tells her that Mercer has been arrested for the rapes on campus , despite the fact that he believes that Mercer is innocent . Logan begs Veronica to defend Mercer , as he was with him the night of one of the rapes . However , he refuses to tell Veronica what they were doing . - - = = Production = = - - " Hi , Infidelity " was written by John Enbom and directed by Michael Fields , marking Enbom 's twelfth writing credit and Fields 's sixth directing credit for the series . The episode features the second of three appearances by Laura San Giacomo as Harmony Chase . She and Enrico Colantoni had become friends when they co @-@ starred on the sitcom Just Shoot Me ! . They their friendship during production of " Charlie Don 't Surf " , San Giacomo 's first appearance , so they lobbied for more storylines together . Thomas was open to the possibility , saying , " I wouldn 't to go back to this , because I was really happy with how it played out . " - Adam Rose made his first appearance in this episode as a suspect ; he would make appearances later in the season as well . From the very beginning of his appearances , Rose 's character , Max , was planned to begin a romantic relationship with Mac ( Tina ) . Rose was roommates with Michael Mitchell , who played Bronson , another love interest for Mac . When Rose received the call that he would have a romantic storyline with Mac , he reportedly stated , " but I thought that 's what my roommate was doing . " - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - At the time of its initial broadcast , " Hi , Infidelity " was viewed by 2 @.@ 75 million people , ranking 94th out of 97 in the weekly rankings . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " , but his review was mixed . Comparing it with the rest of the season , he opined that it suffered from some of the same problems of previous episodes . He thought that the actions of many of the characters in " Hi , Infidelity " were out of character or unrealistic . While writing that " the rape storyline is still not feeling nearly as as it should , " he praised the development of the rape mystery for hinting that there were larger forces at work . Price Peterson of TV.com gave a positive review , praising the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week 's emotional connection to Veronica for " [ raising ] the stakes " and Piz 's increased role . He also believed that all the series regulars , excluding Wallace , had an important and interesting role to play . Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " , which is one of its highest ratings given for the season . - Alan Sepinwall praised the episode compared to the first few episodes of the season , writing it balanced Veronica 's character traits well , including her jealousy and generosity . He also wrote that it showed her as a character with some " instincts " , giving the scene with Jeff as an example . Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , gave a mixed review . The reviewer was very critical of what he called the " ' radical feminist fakes her own rape ' " storyline , but he praised the episode as the first one of the third season to make the college setting feel natural . Although he thought that the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week contributed to his overall positive view of the episode , he thought that " it 's mostly the little things that make it work " , pointing out Piz 's increased role as an example . - - - = Ceratopsia = - - Ceratopsia or ( / / or / / ; Greek : " horned faces " ) is a group of herbivorous , dinosaurs that in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong , lived between 161 @.@ 2 and 155 @.@ 7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops , became extinct during the Cretaceous – extinction event , 66 million years ago . - Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 5 @,@ 400 kg ( 12 @,@ 000 lb ) . - Triceratops is by far the best @-@ known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in " " , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians . - - = = Anatomy = = - - are easily recognized by features of the skull . On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone , an ( toothless ) ossification , unique to ceratopsians . Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone , which acts as a mirror image of the bone on the lower jaw . This ossification evolved to aid the of plant matter . Along with the bone , which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians , the rostral forms a superficially parrot @-@ like beak . Also , the jugal bones below the eye are very tall and flare out sideways , making the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above . This triangular appearance is in later ceratopsians by the extension of the parietal and bones of the skull roof , to form the neck frill . - The is a distinctive bones found lining the frills of ceratopsians . The name is a , as they are not associated with the bone . begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal 's growth to either the or parietal bones that make up the base of the frill . These bones were ornamental instead of functional , and may have helped differentiate species . probably were present in all known ceratopsids with the possible exception of Zuniceratops . They appear to have been broadly different between short @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( ) and long @-@ frilled ceratopsids ( ) , being elliptical with bases in the former group , and triangular with wide bases in the latter group . Within these broad definitions , different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers . In especially , like Centrosaurus , , and , these bones become long and or hook @-@ like . A well @-@ known example is the coarse fringe of broad triangular on the frill of Triceratops . When regarding the ossification 's traits , it can be described as dermal . The term was coined by famous paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889 . - - = = History of study = = - - The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist . discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus Trachodon . It was not until the early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth . During another of 's expeditions in 1872 , Fielding Bradford found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming . He alerted paleontologist Edward Cope , who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton . Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur , but noted that even though the fossil lacked a skull , it was different from any type of dinosaur then known . He named the new species Agathaumas , meaning " marvellous forest @-@ dweller " . Soon after , Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids : and Monoclonius . Monoclonius was notable for the number of remains found , including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills . Several Monoclonius fossils were found by Cope , assisted by Charles Sternberg , in the summer of 1876 near the Judith River in County , Montana . Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group , Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material , not recognizing the nasal horn core , nor the brow horns , as part of a fossil horn . The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the . - In 1888 and 1889 , Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs , Ceratops and Triceratops . In 1890 Marsh classified them together in the family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia . This prompted Cope to his own specimens and to realized that Triceratops , Monoclonius , and Agathaumas all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs , which he named in 1891 . Cope Monoclonius as a horned dinosaur , with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes , and a large frill . - - = = Classification = = - - Ceratopsia was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features , including horns , a rostral bone , teeth with two roots , fused neck vertebrae , and a forward @-@ oriented . Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within . The name is derived from the Greek / meaning ' horn ' and / meaning ' face ' . As early as the 1960s , it was noted that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be . However , this spelling , while technically correct , has been used only rarely in the scientific literature , and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia . As the does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily , this is unlikely to change . - - = = = Taxonomy = = = - - Following Marsh , Ceratopsia has usually been classified as a suborder within the order . While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists , some researchers have continued to employ such a classification , though sources have differed on what its rank should be . Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder , though some have reduced to the level of . - This list of ceratopsian genera by classification and location follows a review by Thomas R. Holtz , Jr. in 2010 . - Ceratopsia - - ( Japan ) - - ( Shandong , eastern China ) - - ( Germany ) - Yinlong - ( Xinjiang , western China ) - Family - Chaoyangsaurus - ( , northeastern China ) - - ( Hebei , China ) - Family Psittacosauridae - Psittacosaurus - ( China & Mongolia ) - Neoceratopsia - - ( Gansu , northwestern China ) - Auroraceratops - ( Gansu , northwestern China ) - - ( , northwestern China ) - - ( South Korea ) - - ( Uzbekistan ) - - ( , northeastern China ) - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( central China ) - - ( Mongolia ) - Family Leptoceratopsidae - Asiaceratops - ( China , Mongolia , Uzbekistan ) - - ( Montana , US ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( China ) - - ( Alberta , Canada & Wyoming , US ) - - ( Montana , US ) - - ( Montana , US ) - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( , China ) - Family - - ( Hungary ) - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( Mongolia ) - Family Protoceratopsidae - - ( Mongolia ) - - ( Mongolia ) - Magnirostris - ( Inner Mongolia , China ) - Protoceratops - ( Mongolia ) - Ceratopsoidea - Turanoceratops - ( Uzbekistan ) - Zuniceratops - ( New Mexico , US ) - Family Ceratopsidae - Subfamily - - ( Alberta , Canada & ? Montana , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada ) - Centrosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Utah , USA ) - Monoclonius - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Utah , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Alberta , Canada & Montana , USA ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - Tribe - - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA ) - ( Alberta , Canada & Alaska , USA ) - - ( Shandong , China ) - Subfamily - Ceratops - ( Montana , USA & Alberta , Canada ) - Subfamily - Agathaumas - ( Wyoming , USA ) - - ( Texas , USA ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - Chasmosaurus - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( , Mexico ) - ? - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Utah , USA ) - - ( Montana , USA ) - - ( Alberta & Saskatchewan , Canada ) - - ( New Mexico , USA ) - ? - ( Colorado , USA ) - - ( Utah , USA ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - Tribe - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( Wyoming , USA ) - - ( New Mexico , USA ) - - ( Alberta , Canada ) - - ( South Dakota , USA ) - - ( New Mexico , USA ) - - ( Wyoming , Montana , South Dakota , North Dakota , & Utah , USA & Saskatchewan , Canada ) - Triceratops - ( Montana & Wyoming , USA & Saskatchewan & Alberta , Canada ) - Possible ceratopsians from the Southern Hemisphere include the Australian , known from an , and from Argentina is known from a single toothless jaw ( which has been lost ) . from the Late Cretaceous ( ) of Belgium may also be a ceratopsian , specifically a neoceratopsian closer to than . Possible leptoceratopsid remains have also been described from the early Campanian of Sweden . - - = = = Phylogeny = = = - - today agree on the overall structure of the ceratopsian family tree , although there are differences on individual taxa . There have been several cladistic studies performed on basal ceratopsians since 2000 . None have used every taxon listed above and many of the differences between the studies are still unresolved . - In clade @-@ based phylogenetic taxonomy , Ceratopsia is often defined to include all more closely related to Triceratops than to . Under this definition , the most basal known ceratopsians are Yinlong , from the Late Jurassic Period , along with Chaoyangsaurus and the family Psittacosauridae , from the Early Cretaceous Period , all of which were discovered in northern China or Mongolia . The rostral bone and flared are already present in all of these forms , indicating that even earlier ceratopsians remain to be discovered . - The clade Neoceratopsia includes all ceratopsians more derived than . Another subset of is called , which currently includes all ceratopsians more derived than Auroraceratops . show the first development of the neck frill and the fusion of the first several neck vertebrae to support the increasingly heavy head . Within , three groups are generally recognized , although the membership of these groups varies somewhat from study to study and some animals may not fit in any of them . One group can be called Protoceratopsidae and includes Protoceratops and its closest relatives , all Asian . Another group , Leptoceratopsidae , includes mostly North American animals that are more closely related to . The Ceratopsoidea includes animals like Zuniceratops , which are more closely related to the family Ceratopsidae . This last family includes Triceratops and all the large North American ceratopsians and is further divided into the subfamilies and ( also known as ) . - - = = = = phylogeny = = = = - - Andrew and his colleagues in 2014 published a description of a new neoceratopsian , Aquilops americanus , through the peer @-@ reviewed science journal . They analysed their taxa as well as most other primitive ceratopsians to get a consensus cladogram . They created their own data matrix and through it found that many groups of ceratopsians could be supported , and that Aquilops was a basal neoceratopsian that could potentially be a , leptoceratopsid , or ceratopsid , although any one of these groups would have a large ghost lineage with Aquilops . - Their study also found an equal consensus cladogram finding not as a neoceratopsian but a . Nothing else about the cladograms changed . - - = = = = Xu / Makovicky / Chinnery Phylogeny = = = = - - Xu of the Chinese Institute of and ( ) in Beijing , along with Peter Makovicky , formerly of the American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH ) in New York City and others , published a cladistic analysis in the 2002 description of . This analysis is very similar to one published by Makovicky in 2001 . Makovicky , who currently works at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , also included this analysis in his 2002 doctoral thesis . Xu and other colleagues added Yinlong to this analysis in 2006 . - Brenda Chinnery , formerly of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman , Montana , independently described in 2005 and published a new phylogeny . In 2006 , Makovicky and Mark of the AMNH incorporated Chinnery 's analysis into their own and also added , although they were not able to include Yinlong . The cladogram presented below is a combination of Xu , Makovicky , and their colleagues ' most recent work . - Chaoyangsaurus is recovered in a more basal position than Psittacosauridae , although Chinnery 's original analysis finds it within Neoceratopsia . Protoceratopsidae is considered to be the sister group of Ceratopsoidea . The fragmentary Asiaceratops was included in these studies and is found to have a variable position , either as a basal neoceratopsian or as a leptoceratopsid , most likely due to the amount of missing information . of Asiaceratops the entire cladogram . - Makovicky 's latest analysis includes ( " " ) , a Late Jurassic ceratopsian from China that , at the time , was awaiting publication , but has since been published as . and Turanoceratops are considered nomina dubia in this study . Makovicky believes , Magnirostris , and to be junior synonyms of , and to be synonymous with Protoceratops . - - = = = = You / Dodson Phylogeny = = = = - - You of Beijing 's Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences , was a co @-@ author with Xu and Makovicky in 2002 but , in 2003 , he and Peter Dodson from the University of Pennsylvania published a separate analysis . The two presented this analysis again in 2004 . In 2005 , You and three others , including Dodson , published on Auroraceratops and inserted this new dinosaur into their phylogeny . - In contrast to the previous analysis , You and Dodson find Chaoyangsaurus to be the most basal neoceratopsian , more derived than Psittacosaurus , while Leptoceratopsidae , not Protoceratopsidae , is recovered as the sister group of Ceratopsidae . This study includes Auroraceratops , but lacks seven taxa found in Xu and Makovicky 's work , so it is unclear how comparable the two studies are . Asiaceratops and Turanoceratops are each considered nomina dubia and not included . Along with , You described Magnirostris in 2003 , but to date has not included it in any of his cladograms . - - = = = = - - - = = = = = = - - Ceratopsia appears to have originated in Asia , as all of the earliest members are found there . remains , including teeth , which appear to be neoceratopsian , are found in North America from the stage ( 112 to 100 million years ago ) , indicating that the group had dispersed across what is now the Bering Strait by the middle of the Cretaceous Period . Almost all are North American , aside from , which may represent a separate dispersal event , back into Asia . and their immediate ancestors , such as Zuniceratops , were unknown outside of western North America , and were presumed endemic to that continent . The traditional view that originated in North America was called into question by the 2009 discovery of better specimens of the dubious Asian form Turanoceratops , which confirmed it as a ceratopsid . It is unknown whether this indicates ceratopsids actually originated in Asia , or if the Turanoceratops immigrated from North America . - - = = = Individual variation = = = - - Unlike almost all other dinosaur groups , skulls are the most commonly preserved elements of ceratopsian skeletons and many species are known only from skulls . There is a great deal of variation between and even within ceratopsian species . Complete growth series from embryo to adult are known for Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops , allowing the study of variation in these species . Significant sexual has been noted in Protoceratops and several ceratopsids . - - = = = Ecological role = = = - - Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops are the most common dinosaurs in the different Mongolian sediments where they are found . Triceratops fossils are far and away the most common dinosaur remains found in the latest Cretaceous rocks in the western United States , making up as much as 5 / of the large dinosaur fauna in some areas . These facts indicate that some ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environments . - Some species of ceratopsians , especially Centrosaurus and its relatives , appear to have been gregarious , living in herds . This is suggested by finds with the remains of many individuals of different ages . Like modern migratory herds , they would have had a significant effect on their environment , as well as serving as a major food source for predators . - Although ceratopsians are generally considered herbivorous , a few paleontologists , such as Darren and Mark , have speculated online that at least some ceratopsians may have been omnivorous . - - = = = and = = = - - Most restorations of ceratopsians show them with erect hindlimbs but semi @-@ sprawling forelimbs , which suggest that they were not fast . But Paul and Christiansen ( 2000 ) argued that at least the later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as , which can run at up to 56 km or 35 miles per hour . - - = = = Daily activity patterns = = = - - A nocturnal lifestyle has been suggested for the primitive ceratopsian Protoceratops . However , comparisons between the rings of Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been , active throughout the day at short intervals . - - = = = = = = - - @-@ related bone fractures have been documented in ceratopsians . has also been documented in the shoulder blade of a ceratopsian . - - = = Timeline of genera = = - - - - = Truth in Numbers ? = - - Truth in Numbers ? Everything , According to Wikipedia is a 2010 American documentary film that explores the history and cultural implications of the online , user @-@ Wikipedia . The film considers the question of whether all individuals or just experts should be tasked with editing an . - The site 's history and background is given , along with commentary from Wikipedia founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger . Commentators that appear in the film include author Howard , Len of The Washington Post , Bob of CBS News , former Britannica chief Robert and former Central Intelligence Agency director James . The documentary discusses incidents that shed a negative light on Wikipedia , including the controversy and the Wikipedia biography controversy . - The long @-@ delayed film premiered at Wikimania 2010 in in July 2010 , and was screened at the Paley Center for Media in New York City in October 2010 . It was shown as part of the Savannah Film Festival on November 3 , 2010 , at Savannah College of Art and Design 's Trustees Theater . Truth in Numbers ? received a mixed reception , with favorable commentary from author Ted , in the AOL publication , and coverage at the Savannah Film Festival by Carlos Serrano of District . - - = = Contents = = - - Truth in Numbers ? Everything , According to Wikipedia , an American documentary film , explores the history and cultural implications of Wikipedia . The film presents Wikipedia as a new form of communication and cultural dialog . The directors attempt to answer the question of whether ordinary individuals should be tasked with collecting knowledge for presentation online , or this should be relegated solely to academic scholars in specific fields . The film gives an overview of the history of the enterprise , as well as biographical information on founder Jimmy Wales . Wales is shown discussing Wikipedia with an Indian reader , who points out an in an article . Wales proceeds to show the reader how to click the " edit " on the website . Wikipedia founder Larry Sanger is featured in the documentary and speaks critically about the website 's embracing of editors from the general public as opposed to soliciting expert contributors . - and media commentators who appear and are interviewed in the film include author Howard ; Len , ( executive editor of The Washington Post ) ; Bob ( CBS News ) ; Robert ( former chief of Britannica ) ; James ( former director of the Central Intelligence Agency ) ; Chris Wilson ( reporter for Slate Magazine ) ; Cade Metz ( reporter for The Register who has written critically about Wikipedia ) ; Richard Branson and Noam Chomsky . The film documents an initiative in India and Africa called " Wikipedia Academies " . Controversies discussed in the film include the controversy , where a member of Wikipedia made false about his academic background ; and the Wikipedia biography controversy , where false statements were inserted into the Wikipedia entry for journalist John . Musician @-@ One comments about the site after reading his biography on Wikipedia : " I can say to you , these are the facts but they are not true . " - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Conception = = = - - The idea for the film originated from a suggestion by Michael Gibson , who had made the 2005 documentary 24 on . Gibson , a producer on the film , met with co @-@ director Nic Hill . Gibson financed Hill 's travels while making the film . The working title for the film was Truth in Numbers : The Wikipedia Story . Gibson chose to finance the film through a request for funding from Internet visitors ; the initial request drew in US $ 20 @,@ 000 in initial investment . The production team made their initial work on the project known to Internet viewers via the website Another collaborative website focused on the documentary was formed at , located at Regarding his financing strategy , Gibson commented to the San Francisco Chronicle , that smaller incremental donations from multiple individuals showed genuine interest in his initiative . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Filming started in August 2006 at the Wikimania 2006 conference , and by April 2007 the team had aggregated 100 hours of footage . Co @-@ director Hill accompanied Wales during 2007 , filming him as he journeyed around the globe . Hill took a two @-@ person film crew and traveled to China , Indonesia , India , South Africa , Australia and Europe , interviewing editors and contributors . Hill is himself an editor of Wikipedia , starting an article about a graffiti artist . Gibson and Hill required expertise in the creative and funding aspects of film @-@ making and invited Scott Glosserman to join the venture . Glosserman 's involvement with the film began during the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . After Glosserman signed on , the breadth of the endeavor became larger . The film ended up taking an additional three years to finish after Glosserman joined the production . - Eric served as director of photography ; he joined the team during a shift in focus in January 2008 . used a AG @-@ HD . He commented to industry publication about the choice of technique , that due to the intensity of the production team 's travel schedule tape format would not have been an option . He stated he preferred using cards over the @-@ based format due to its superior reliability . During the editing process , Glen Echo Entertainment utilized eight Apple Macintosh computers with Intel processors , equipped with Apple 's Final Cut Pro editing software . - - = = = Re @-@ focus = = = - - Glosserman and the rest of the production team met together to put together a focus for the film ; they centered their efforts on answering the question : " How does Wikipedia get at the truth ? " They also wanted to provide information for everyday individuals wanting to know about Wikipedia 's background and functioning . Experts were sought out , including the author of The Age of American Susan , to discuss Wikipedia 's approach to scholars about specific subject matter . Glosserman commented in an interview with , " We tried to get people offering compelling arguments for either side of any particular topic because our intention was to be objective and to let the viewer make up his or her own mind . " The narrative structure of the film What the Do We Know ! ? served as an inspiration for Glosserman during the production process . As a non @-@ profit project , the film had received more than $ 55 @,@ 000 in donations by March 2009 . - - = = Release = = - - The release for the film was originally planned for 2007 , then 2008 and 2009 , before its 2010 release . of the film were shown at Wikimania 2007 in prior to its completion . Editors in the audience had mixed views on the film . In 2008 , footage from the film was used in an official fundraising video by the Wikimedia Foundation . The film had its premiere at Wikimania 2010 in in July 2010 , before an audience of approximately 300 people . A trailer for the movie was released in October 2010 . - The film was screened at the Paley Center for Media in New York City on October 20 , 2010 . It was shown in conjunction with the Robert M. University Series . The Paley Center screening included an online streaming broadcast — the first simultaneous film screening and panel question @-@ and @-@ answer for online and local audiences . The panel discussion was moderated by The New York Times journalist Noam Cohen , and featured both co @-@ directors , in addition to Wikimedia Foundation representative Samuel Klein and in Residence at the British Museum Liam Wyatt . After the event , subsequently made the film available for free for six days to viewers in the United States . - The film was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on November 3 , 2010 , at Savannah College of Art and Design 's Trustees Theater . It was scheduled for a limited theatrical release in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . - - = = Reception = = - - Wales wrote favorably about the film in 2007 during its production , and noted , " Director Nic Hill is making what looks to be a fabulous film about Wikipedia and worldwide . " However , Wales commented negatively about the delayed release , in a statement to . He said the movie was dated due to its delay . He commented that the documentary was lopsided towards reliance on expert commentary and did not feature enough weight towards depicting community involvement in the online project . Wales posted to a Wikimedia Foundation mailing list , " the film was poorly received in Poland , and it is seriously out of date . " Larry Sanger commented he thought the film was , " Not too bad , from what I saw . " Wikimedia Foundation board member Samuel Klein commented , " In general , I like the film a lot more after seeing it for the second time , in a very different audience ( and seeing their live reactions ) . " Sage Ross , an of Wikimania 2010 , commented that the film appears to take a mainly negative point of view towards Wikipedia , " The film gives a lot of focus to some shallow or misleading lines of criticism , and on an intellectual level , it comes off as largely anti @-@ Wikipedia , contrasting the reasonable @-@ sounding arguments of mature critics with the naive optimism of youthful . " Author Ted commented favorably about the documentary , at his blog , Ted 's Take , characterizing it as , " A great film about the Wikipedia movement . " He concluded , " This is a must see film , a premiere film . You gotta watch it to remain socially relevant ! " - Daniel D 'Addario reviewed Truth in Numbers ? Everything , According to Wikipedia for the AOL Inc. publication , . D 'Addario commented , " the film raises interesting questions about authority , only somewhat intentionally . " He noted the dated bits observing , " Truth in Numbers ? may well be coming too late . " D 'Addario concluded his assessment by noting that at the time of his review , the Wikipedia article for the film was under threat of being deleted : " According to the site , the entry for Truth in Numbers ? is being considered for – it links to few other articles on the site , and is an ' . ' Given the tenor of Truth in Numbers ? , which combines interest in Wikipedia with wide @-@ eyed dismay at much of its , this is either very surprising or not surprising at all . " - In his review for the Savannah Film Festival , Carlos Serrano of District wrote that though the subject matter covered a lot of ground , it utilized an efficient presentation : " Sounds like a lot to put in to one movie , but the film manages to make good use of its 85 minute running time . " Serrano commented on the presentation of Jimmy Wales during the film , " In the end , I came out of the theater thinking of him as a three @-@ dimensional figure , very much a man with passion but neither completely good or evil . To be honest , this is very important in a film like this and is a definite plus for the movie . " Serrano recommended the documentary , and concluded , " This is definitely a solid film . ... This film is definitely worth a viewing . It ’ s interesting , well made , and presents varied perspectives on Wikipedia that help the narrative stay interesting . " - - - = Hope Highway = - - The Hope Highway , also known as the Hope Road , is a Forest Highway located in the Kenai Peninsula Borough , in the U.S. state of Alaska . The highway connects the city of Hope to the Seward Highway , and travels through 17 miles ( 27 km ) of the Chugach National Forest . The road passes the ghost town of Sunrise City and several smaller settlements , remnants of the gold rush that occurred in that area . The highway was created circa 1928 and was designated as Forest Highway 14 by the Federal Highway Administration . - - = = Route description = = - - The Hope Highway begins at an intersection with the Seward Highway ( AK @-@ 1 ) , inside Chugach National Forest . The highway proceeds north , traveling through several miles of pine forest , in a valley in the Kenai Mountain range . The highway passes alongside the Resurrection Creek , which was the source for the settlement of this area . The road proceeds through the abandoned settlement of Sunrise City , which was an old mining town . The roadway proceeds to the Arm , and turns in a westward direction . The road continues along the arm for several miles before entering the city of Hope . The highway passes through Hope , intersecting the Old Hope Highway and several smaller streets before exiting the town and the forest . The highway reaches its northern terminus , an access road to the Creek . The entire length of the Hope Highway is located in the Chugach National Forest . No portion of the highway is listed on the National Highway System . - - = = = Traffic = = = - - Traffic on the Hope Highway is very low , with the highest traffic count being just over 400 vehicles daily , at its intersection with the Seward Highway . The daily average vehicle count for the highway is just under 300 . - - = = History = = - - The Hope Highway was first established in 1928 . The original highway connected the city of Hope to Moose Pass , which then took people to via the Alaska Railroad . The Seward Highway was completed in 1951 , which allowed travelers to get to Hope without having to transport their vehicle on a train . The highway operated as an improved dirt road until 1952 or 1953 , when the highway was finally paved . The portion of the highway that connected Hope to the campgrounds was created in the 1970s . Around the same time as the extension of the route , the Hope Highway was rerouted around the city of Hope , with the original path that traveled through the city being renamed the Old Hope Highway . In 1982 , during the expansion of the Federal Forest Highway System , the Hope Highway was added to the system , due to its location and local importance . - - = = Major junctions = = - - The entire highway is in Kenai Peninsula Borough . - - = = Old Hope Highway = = - - The Old Hope Highway is a short , historic route of the Hope Highway located in the city of Hope . The road is just 0 @.@ 259 miles ( 0 @.@ km ) long , and connects the Hope Highway to the central region of Hope . The road has an unpaved , gravel surface , and passes several small businesses and homes located in Hope . The road was part of the original Hope Highway , which was created in 1928 , and remained part of the highway until circa 1970 , when the highway was rerouted around Hope . - - - = Super Mario Land = - - Super Mario Land is a 1989 side @-@ scrolling platform video game , the first in the Super Mario Land series , developed and published by Nintendo as a launch title for their Game Boy handheld game console . In gameplay similar to that of the 1985 Super Mario Bros. , but for the smaller device 's screen , the player advances Mario to the end of 12 levels by moving to the right and jumping across platforms to avoid enemies and pitfalls . Unlike other Mario games , Super Mario Land is set in Sarasaland , a new environment depicted in line art , and Mario pursues Princess Daisy . The game introduces two @-@ style shooter levels . - At Nintendo CEO Hiroshi 's request , Game Boy creator Yokoi 's Nintendo R & D1 developed a Mario game to sell the new console . It was the first portable version of Mario and the first to be made without Mario creator and Yokoi protégé Shigeru Miyamoto . Accordingly , the development team shrunk Mario gameplay elements for the device and used some elements from the series . Super Mario Land was expected to showcase the console until Nintendo of America Tetris with new Game Boys . The game launched alongside the Game Boy first in Japan ( April 1989 ) and later worldwide . Super Mario Land was later for the Nintendo 3DS via Virtual in 2011 again as a launch title , which featured some tweaks to the game 's presentation . - Initial reviews were laudatory . Reviewers were satisfied with the smaller Super Mario Bros. , but noted its short length . They considered it among the best of the Game Boy launch titles . The handheld console became an immediate success and Super Mario Land ultimately sold over 18 million copies , more than that of Super Mario Bros. 3 . Both contemporaneous and retrospective reviewers praised the game 's soundtrack . Later reviews were critical of the compromises made in development and noted Super Mario Land 's from series norms . The game a series of sequels , including the 1992 Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins , 1994 Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , and 2011 Super Mario 3D Land , though many of the original 's mechanics were not revisited . The game was included in several top Game Boy game lists and debuted Princess Daisy as a recurring Mario series character . - - = = Gameplay = = - - As a side @-@ scrolling platform game and the first in the Super Mario Land series , Super Mario Land is similar in gameplay to its forebears : as Mario , the player advances to the end of the level by moving to the right and jumping across platforms to avoid enemies and pitfalls . In Super Mario Land , Mario travels to Sarasaland to save Princess Daisy from , an evil . Two of the game 's twelve levels are " forced @-@ scrolling " @-@ style where Mario a submarine or airplane and fires projectiles towards oncoming enemies and bosses . Levels end with a challenge to reach an alternative exit located above the regular exit . The former leads to a bonus minigame that awards extra lives . - Unlike other Mario games , which take place in the Mushroom Kingdom , Super Mario Land is set in Sarasaland and drawn in line art . Mario pursues Princess Daisy , in her debut , rather than the series standard damsel in distress , Princess Peach . Koopa shells explode rather than slide , Mario throws bouncing balls rather than fireballs , 1 @-@ Up Mushroom power @-@ ups are depicted as hearts , and the level @-@ end are replaced with a challenge . Some elements recur from previous Mario games , such as blocks suspended in , pipes that lead to other areas , and enemies . - - = = Development = = - - Super Mario Land was developed by Nintendo R & D1 and published by Nintendo in 1989 as a launch title for their Game Boy handheld console . Nintendo CEO Hiroshi believed that fun games sold consoles , so when the company created the Game Boy handheld console , he wanted a fun game that would feature Nintendo 's mascot , Mario , and subsequently sell consoles . The job fell to Nintendo R & D1 , a development team led by Game Boy inventor Yokoi . Yokoi had previously created the Game & Watch series and worked with his protégé , Shigeru Miyamoto , on the game that invented Mario , Kong . Super Mario Land was the fourth Super Mario title , the first portable Mario game , and the first in the series to be made without Miyamoto . - Miyamoto 's direction , the development team used elements new and inconsistent with the series as Super Mario Land shrunk elements of the series to fit the portable device 's small screen . Yokoi , the head of R & D1 , served as producer , and served as director . They had previously developed ( 1986 ) and Kid Icarus ( 1986 ) together , and the two subsequently designed the Game Boy — Yokoi on its industrial design , and on its engineering . Their Super Mario Land was planned as the portable console 's showcase title until Rogers brought Tetris to Nintendo of America and convinced that the addictive computer game would help Nintendo reach the largest audience . The company subsequently chose to bundle Tetris with every Game Boy purchase . - The Game Boy was released in Japan in April 1989 , North America in July , and Europe in September 1990 , and Super Mario Land was a launch title . The game 's official first released was on April 21 , 1989 , in Japan , and its North American release followed in August . About 22 years later , Super Mario Land was released for the Nintendo 3DS via Virtual on June 6 , 2011 , as one of its opening titles . Its added features include an increased size ( about 60 percent ) and an optional " shades of green " color palette to match the effect of the original Game Boy 's monochrome . - - = = Reception = = - - Critics saw Super Mario Land as a " smaller " and shorter version of Super Mario Bros. IGN 's Lucas Thomas wrote that the protagonist , enemies , and overall game were shorter , and noted that Mario himself was just 12 in height on the Game Boy 's small screen . With this in mind , Thomas was concerned about player " " in of the game . Still , IGN 's Levi Buchanan thought the game made no compromises in its size reduction . At the time of its release in 1989 , reviewers were excited to have a portable Mario game . Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games called the game " an arcade machine in your pocket " and the graphics " remarkable " for their size . French games magazine Player One felt that Super Mario Land adequately compromised where necessary to bring Mario to a portable device . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Steve Harris considered the game " fantastic " and " very fun to play " , albeit short . Ed and Donn of the same outlet both declared Super Mario Land " easily the best Game Boy cart " of the time . Complex 's Gus Turner wrote that the graphics were " simple " , and Official Nintendo Magazine said the game was " ridiculously short " . Eurogamer reported that the game could be finished in under an hour . - Complex 's Gus Turner wrote that the game had the fun , , and difficulty associated with the series , and Tony of said the game proved that Nintendo 's Game Boy " had to match " its competitors . Matt of Mean Machines agreed : " to the degree ! " British magazines Mean Machines and The Games Machine both commented on the game 's number of secrets to find . Eurogamer 's Chris Schilling called Tanaka 's soundtrack " surely one of the all @-@ time greats " , and Official Nintendo Magazine said it was among the " greatest music ever composed " . Player One , Eurogamer , and Complex too complimented the music . Player One further pronounced Super Mario Land a " masterpiece " , " the pinnacle of portable video gaming " . - Following the Game Boy 's " overnight success " , Super Mario Land sold over 18 million copies — more than that of Super Mario Bros. 3 . - - = = Legacy = = - - The game a Super Mario Land series of portable Mario games . Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins added a non @-@ linear overworld and introduced Wario , an evil version of Mario , as the game 's villain . The subsequent Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 began the Wario franchise . After 19 years , the 2011 title Super Mario 3D Land for the Nintendo 3DS became Mario 's first game in stereoscopic 3D . Drake of IGN argued that both Wario Land and Super Mario 3D Land were not " legitimate sequels " , and wrote that the latter felt more like " Super Mario Bros. 3 with Mario Galaxy influences " than a successor to Super Mario Land 2 . - Super Mario Land is remembered for its Super Mario elements and " twist on just about every Mario mainstay " . Many of its new elements did not recur later in the series , making Super Mario Land strange compared to the rest of the series , or what IGN 's Thomas described as a " singular " . IGN 's Marc Nix felt that Super Mario Land was the only Mario game , with " of white " and instead of the " strikingly original " Mushroom Kingdom . Mean Machines was also put off by the alien theme , easy difficulty , and dot matrix screen blur . IGN 's Travis wrote that the game was comparatively not as " ambitious " as Super Mario Bros. 3 . Mean Machines felt as if it was not " a true Mario game " , not worth its originally high review score , and " in , not really a classic " . - Eurogamer 's Schilling wrote that Mario felt different — lighter , with more friction — and that the game felt " radical and distinctive " for the risks it took . IGN 's Thomas cited " out of place " gameplay elements like the shooter levels , exploding Koopa shells , non @-@ fireballs , and non @-@ Princess Peach plot as departures from the series . Thomas attributed this to Mario creator Miyamoto 's lack of involvement in the game 's development , which he described as " famously hands @-@ off " . Schilling of Eurogamer instead blamed the Game Boy 's technical limitations . But he too was by the new sphinx , , and head enemies , and considered the exploding Koopa shells a " cruel trick " of the series ' core gameplay . Super Mario Land 's shooter levels , new to the series , were not revisited in subsequent series games . And subsequent series games such as Super Mario Land 2 both dropped the original 's tiny scale and chose the classic fire flower fireballs over the first installment 's bouncing balls . - The game was included in multiple rankings of top Game Boy games , and Official Nintendo Magazine listed it at 73 in its top 100 Nintendo games . After her debut in Super Mario Land , Princess Daisy as Luigi 's girlfriend and appears in later Mario series sports and racing games . - - - = Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! = - - Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! ( ストップ ! ! ! , ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hisashi Eguchi . It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 1981 to November 1983 , and the chapters were published in four volumes by Shueisha from November 1982 to January 1984 . The series was adapted into a 35 @-@ episode anime television series by Toei Animation that aired on Fuji Television from May 1983 to January 1984 . The story focuses on Kōsaku Sakamoto , a high school student who goes to live with yakuza boss Ibari Ōzora and his four children — Tsugumi , Tsubame , Hibari and Suzume — after the death of his mother . Kōsaku is shocked to learn that Hibari , who looks and behaves as a girl , was assigned male at birth . - Eguchi wanted to create a romantic comedy manga where the main female character is a cross @-@ dressing boy so as to poke fun at the genre . He took more time to draw the chapters compared to his earlier manga , and as the serialization continued , he found it increasingly difficult to keep up a weekly pace for the chapters . He eventually abandoned the series after the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Weekly Shōnen Jump refused his request to release the chapters every other week . From July 2009 to February 2010 , Shogakukan published a three @-@ volume Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! Complete Edition collection , which features various revisions to the originally published chapters in addition to newly drawn cover art . - Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! has been described as achieving a dizzying reality with Hibari by contrasting a exterior with a male interior . The series has been praised for its overall light and pop literary style , and the delicate touch in how Hibari is drawn has been described as so attractive that it makes the reader forget that it is a gag manga . However , the jokes surrounding the yakuza characters have been criticized as extreme and no longer humorous in modern times . The series has been described as having had a hand in paving the way for the J @-@ pop phenomenon . - - = = Plot = = - - Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! follows Kōsaku Sakamoto , a high school student whose mother tells him on her deathbed to live with her friend and yakuza boss Ibari Ōzora and his family in Tokyo after she dies . Although Kōsaku is initially unsure about his situation , he is relieved when he meets Ibari 's four children : Tsugumi , Tsubame , Hibari and Suzume . Kōsaku is attracted to Hibari from the start , but he is shocked to learn that Hibari , who looks and behaves as a girl , was assigned male at birth — something only known within the Ōzora Group and Hibari 's family . A group of four girls led by Kaori begin to suspect that Hibari may be a guy , but Tsubame takes Hibari 's place during a health , effectively any suspicions . Hibari begins to show an immediate interest in Kōsaku , so in an effort to distance himself from Hibari , Kōsaku joins the Wakaba Academy boxing club . Also in the club is Makoto Shiina , who is attracted to Hibari , and Rie Kawai , the club manager who Kōsaku likes . Hibari soon joins the club as its second manager shortly before they go on a training camp in at the end of the year . - At the start of the new school year , Hibari is scouted to join the girl 's volleyball team after the captain , Jun , witnesses Hibari 's athletic prowess . Although Hibari refuses , Jun continues to pursue Hibari until Jun is overwhelmed by Hibari 's superhuman ability to spike the ball . After Kaori and her friends try to embarrass Hibari during swim class , they once again suspect that Hibari may be a guy , but Hibari prevents them from getting any proof during the school sponsored summer camp . After Hibari refuses several advances from a popular guy at school named Honda , Hibari starts openly flirting with Kōsaku at school . Shiina becomes enraged at Kōsaku for earning Hibari 's affection , but Shiina and Kōsaku grow closer as friends after they fight it out and Kōsaku him that there is nothing going on between him and Hibari . - When Kōsaku is out one day , he helps out a girl named Sayuri Kōenji who was being harassed by three guys from the Kokuryū High School boxing club , although Hibari deals with them before Kōsaku can do anything . Despite this , Sayuri is instantly by Kōsaku and hires a detective to find out more about him , leading her to discover Hibari 's secret . Hibari has another run @-@ in with the Kokuryū boxing club members after they harass Tsubame at a festival . The Kokuryū boxing club challenges the Wakaba boxing club to some inter @-@ school matches , but this turns out to be a to get a chance to gang up on Hibari . However , the Ōzora Group , allowing Hibari to knock out the Kokuryū boxing club 's leader . Sayuri transfers into Kōsaku 's class , and she blackmails him into going on a date with her in exchange for not revealing Hibari 's secret . During the school festival , Kōsaku 's class acts out a Sleeping Beauty play with Kōsaku as the prince and Hibari as the princess , culminating in Hibari giving Kōsaku a French kiss on stage . Ibari agrees to look after , the son of one of his close friends , who Kōsaku is surprised to learn is a trans man . - - = = = Characters = = = - - Kōsaku Sakamoto ( , Sakamoto Kōsaku ) is the protagonist of Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! ! and is originally from 33 He is a pure @-@ hearted high school student who constantly refuses Hibari 's advances toward him , Ch . 2 , 3 , 10 , 17 but as time goes on , he becomes increasingly concerned that he is being influenced by Hibari.Ch. 8 , 22 , 35 , 38 Kōsaku treats Hibari kindly , and helps to maintain Hibari 's 25 , 50 , 51 Initially at fighting , Ch . 3 he joins the Wakaba Academy boxing club in an effort to get stronger because of Hibari 's inherent strength , Ch . 8 which he achieves as the series 38 Kōsaku is voiced by . - Hibari Ōzora ( 大空 , Ōzora Hibari ) is the titular character of Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! ! . Hibari is a high school student assigned male at birth who looks and behaves as a girl , much to Ibari 's 2 , 4 , 8 Hibari prefers being referred to as Ibari 's daughter , Ch . 6 , 8 , 15 and has expressed an interest in having 6 According to Suzume , Hibari becomes more feminine after Kōsaku starts living at the Ōzora 8 Hibari show an interest in Kōsaku early on , Ch . 9 and continues to make advances toward him throughout the 17 , 22 , 35 Hibari gets bolder as the series progresses , including openly flirting with Kōsaku at school , Ch . 37 and kissing him.Ch. 18 , 48 , 51 Hibari is extremely athletic and intelligent , in addition to being physically strong despite Hibari 's relatively small body 5 , 7 , 8 , 22 Hibari is voiced by . - Ibari Ōzora ( 大空 , Ōzora Ibari ) is the boss of the Ōzora Group , a yakuza 1 As the father of Tsugumi , Tsubame , Hibari and Suzume , he wants the Ōzora Group to be family @-@ 4 Ibari is extremely distressed by Hibari 's usual behavior , partly because Hibari is his only choice to inherit the Ōzora 2 He has a weak heart and frequently gets attacks whenever he is overly excited or shocked by 2 , 4 , 8 , 28 Ibari had been in love with Kōsaku 's mother , but she ended up marrying a 19 Ibari is voiced by . - Tsugumi Ōzora ( 大空 , Ōzora Tsugumi ) is the eldest daughter who has acted as a figure to her family after their mother died . She dropped out of art school in her second year and became a professional 31 Tsugumi is voiced by . - Tsubame Ōzora ( 大空 , Ōzora Tsubame ) is the second daughter and is two years older than Hibari . Like her father , Tsubame is against Hibari acting as a girl , Ch . 5 , 7 and constantly gets mad at Hibari for wearing her clothes , Ch . 4 , 23 , 44 although Tsubame sometimes wears Hibari 's clothes , 6 Tsubame and Hibari are nearly identical except for their hair and eye color , and they each other on certain 7 , 13 , 18 Tsubame is voiced by . - Suzume Ōzora ( 大空 , Ōzora Suzume ) is the youngest daughter and is a elementary school 14 , 19 , 48 She is scared of flat @-@ faced 4 , 28 Suzume is voiced by Suzuki . - ( ) is a member of the Ōzora Group . He is in love with 32 is voiced by . - ( ) is a member of the Ōzora Group . He looks scary , but he has a timid 2 , 4 , 18 He Kōsaku in the 6 , 9 , 20 is voiced by . - Makoto Shiina ( , Shiina Makoto ) is Kōsaku 's classmate who likes Hibari.Ch. 3 , 12 He is a member of the boxing club , and initially hates Kōsaku for earning Hibari 's affection , Ch . 8 but as the series progresses , the two become 38 Shiina is voiced by Mori . - Rie Kawai ( , Kawai Rie ) is a normal girl with a gentle personality who is attracted to 12 She joined the boxing club as a manager because of him.Ch. 17 She leaves the boxing club when she learns Shiina likes Hibari , Ch . 30 but she rejoins the club after she gets over him.Ch. 50 Rie is voiced by . - ( , ) is one of Tsubame 's classmates and is the boxing club 10 , 13 He is an overbearing guy and is very towards Tsubame whom he 13 , 18 His family members have the same face as him.Ch. 18 He is voiced by . - Kaori ( , Kaori ) is Kōsaku 's 23 She is jealous of Hibari 's popularity at school , Ch . 6 and takes pride in her 7 , 27 Along with her three friends , they try to embarrass Hibari.Ch. 24 , 27 Kaori is voiced by Nakano . - Sayuri Kōenji ( , Kōenji Sayuri ) is a rich girl one year younger than 50 She falls in love easily and will do anything she can to bring her love to fruition . When something surprises her , she a 43 Sayuri is voiced by Yamamoto . - - = = Media = = - - - = = = Manga = = = - - Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! is written and illustrated by Hisashi Eguchi . Following the conclusion of his manga ( ) in 1981 , Eguchi wanted to go against the notion at the time that there was currently a golden age of romantic comedy manga in manga magazines . In response , Eguchi thought of creating a romantic comedy manga where the main female character is a cross @-@ dressing boy , and in doing so , poke fun at the genre by developing it as the antithesis of a romantic comedy . Eguchi drew up the storyboard for the first chapter in about 30 minutes in a cafe , and came up with the title Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! as a reference to Hisashi 's manga Stop ! @-@ ( ストップ ! ) . In wanting to highlight the comedy of having a character like Hibari , Eguchi realized that the he could draw Hibari , the more effective the jokes would be , so he tried to draw Hibari as cute as he could . - Eguchi had often rushed when drawing his earlier manga ! ! Pirates ( ! ! ) , but starting with Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! , he raised the standards he held for his art and had to began taking more time to draw the chapters . In addition , Eguchi was very particular about the appearance of his manuscripts , so he never used white @-@ out to correct any drawing errors because he disliked how it looked . As the serialization continued , Eguchi found it increasingly difficult to keep up a weekly pace for the chapters , leading him to take frequent and later say that " drawing weekly isn 't something humans can do . " Furthermore , the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Weekly Shōnen Jump at the time , Nishimura , refused his request to release the chapters every other week . When it came time to draw what would end up being the last serialized chapter , Eguchi completed the chapter 's storyboard , but ultimately submitted only about two @-@ thirds of the chapter , leaving out the last five pages . After he submitted the chapter 's manuscript , Eguchi fled to a hotel and secluded himself for a day , only coming out after Nishimura called him to say that he could not deal with him anymore on a weekly basis . As a result , Eguchi abandoned the serialization and the editorial department decided to the series . - Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! was serialized in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from the October 19 , 1981 issue to the November 28 , 1983 issue . The individual chapters were collected and published in four volumes by Shueisha from November 1982 to January 1984 . Inspired by , Eguchi fought against the established design format for the volumes that at the time was " set in stone " for series serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump . later published it in three volumes in July 1991 , and again in two volumes in February 1995 . Shueisha republished it in four volumes from May to June 2001 . Home @-@ published it in two volumes in January 2004 . In an interview in 2007 , Eguchi expressed a desire to continue some of his older series , but stated that a continuation of Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! would be difficult . - Starting in 2009 , Eguchi began working with Shogakukan on releasing a Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! Complete Edition collection , which features various revisions to the originally published chapters in addition to newly drawn cover art . Not wanting to end the Complete Edition with an abrupt conclusion like he had done before , Eguchi found the storyboard for the final chapter and used it as a basis to newly draw the last five pages he had omitted 27 years earlier . Shogakukan published the Complete Edition in three volumes from July 2009 to February 2010 ; Shogakukan later republished the series in another three volumes from May to July 2012 . In 2010 , Eguchi did not rule out the possibility of someday drawing a continuation of the series , but he said it probably would not be a story under the title Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! . - - = = = Anime = = = - - A 35 @-@ episode anime television series adaptation , produced by Toei Animation and directed by . It aired from May 20 , 1983 to January 27 , 1984 on Fuji Television . The screenplay was written by : Shigeru , , Hiroshi , , Takeshi and . The character design used in the anime was provided by Yoshinori , and the music was composed by Nishimura . The series was later released by Universal J to two DVD compilation volumes from February to March 2003 . A DVD box set was released by Entertainment in September 2014 . The opening theme is " Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! " ( ストップ ! ! ! ) sung by Yuki and the ending theme is " Connection " ( ・ ) sung by . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - described Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! as achieving a " dizzying reality " with Hibari " by contrasting a exterior with a male interior " , and went on to say that the series could be seen as a " continuation of the perversion lineage " of cross @-@ dressing characters . Manga critic Nakano has called Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! a unique and outstanding gag manga for its juxtaposition of Hibari being a boy and the heir to a yakuza organization . Nakano largely attributes this successful combination to Eguchi 's ability to draw girls that are not only cute , but also have good taste and sex appeal . The delicate touch in how Hibari is drawn has been described as so attractive that it makes the reader forget that it is a gag manga . - In writing for the magazine , manga critic wrote that because of its overall light and pop literary style , none of the indecency or cross @-@ dressing may engender comes through , which he is why the anime was able to air during prime time . notes the more extreme nature of the jokes surrounding the yakuza characters in comparison to the jokes involving cross @-@ dressing , and that some jokes such as those involving drugs would not be humorous today . Manga commentator lauded Eguchi for being a pioneer in drawing characters with a high fashion sense in Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! , which he says effectively changed fashion in manga from being seen as a " symbol " to now being treated as an " accessory " . Eguchi 's attention to detail is also praised , such as drawing Kōsaku wearing Chuck Taylor All @-@ Stars in one chapter . - The series has been called effervescent and having had a hand in paving the way for the J @-@ pop phenomenon . When author Hiroyuki read Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! in junior high school , he admired its novel sensibility , and Eguchi 's art also influenced him . According to Eguchi , some people who read Stop ! ! Hibari @-@ kun ! were influenced to start cross @-@ dressing . - - - = Guitar Hero = - - The Guitar Hero series ( sometimes referred to as the Hero series ) is a series of music rhythm games first published in 2005 by RedOctane and Harmonix , and distributed by Activision , in which players use a guitar @-@ shaped game controller to simulate playing lead , bass guitar , and rhythm guitar across numerous rock music songs . Players match notes that scroll on @-@ screen to colored fret buttons on the controller , strumming the controller in time to the music in order to score points , and keep the virtual audience excited . The games attempt to mimic many features of playing a real guitar , including the use of fast @-@ fingering hammer @-@ and pull @-@ offs and the use of the whammy bar to alter the pitch of notes . Most games support single player modes , typically a Career mode to play through all the songs in the game , and both competitive and cooperative multiplayer modes . With the introduction of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008 , the game includes support for a four @-@ player band including vocals and drums . The series initially used mostly cover versions of songs created by Sound , but most recent titles feature soundtracks that are fully master recordings , and in some cases , special re @-@ recordings , of the songs . Later titles in the series feature support for downloadable content in the form of new songs . - In 2005 , RedOctane , a company specializing in the manufacture of unique game controllers , was inspired to create Guitar Hero based on RedOctane 's experience creating hardware for Konami 's Guitar Freaks arcade game . They enlisted Harmonix , who previously developed several music video games , for development assistance . The first game in the series was made on a budget of $ 1 million . The series became extremely successful , leading to the acquisition of RedOctane by Activision in 2007 . Harmonix was acquired by MTV Games and went on to create the Rock Band series of music games in the same vein as Guitar Hero . Activision brought Neversoft ( primarily known for their Tony Hawk series of games ) on board for future development duties . Additional companies , such as Budcat Creations and Vicarious Visions have assisted in the adaptation of the games for other systems . - The series currently has eight major releases ( six Guitar Hero games , two DJ Hero games and Band Hero ) and five expansions on gaming consoles . There are spin @-@ offs for Windows and Macintosh systems , mobile phones , the Nintendo DS ( the Guitar Hero : On Tour series ) , and an arcade game . The Guitar Hero franchise was a primary brand during the emergence of the popularity of rhythm games as a cultural phenomenon in North America . Such games have been utilized as a learning and development tool for medical purposes . The first game in the series was considered by several journalists to be one of the most influential video games of the first decade of the 21st century . The series has sold more than 25 million units worldwide , earning US $ 2 billion at retail , claimed by Activision to be the 3rd largest game franchise after the Mario and NFL franchises ; the third main title of the series , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock is also claimed by Activision to be the first single video game title to exceed $ 1 billion in sales . - Despite early success , the series , along with the overall rhythm game genre , suffered from poor sales starting in 2009 . Activision had stated in early 2011 that the series was on hiatus for 2011 , while a seventh main title in the series was under development ; this title was later cancelled due to the poor quality of the emerging product . Activision later shut down sales of the series ' downloadable content , although users who purchased material from it previously may still play what they bought . - In 2015 , Activision announced the first new title to the series in 5 years , Guitar Hero Live , released in October 2015 . The title is considered a reboot of the series , with development being performed by FreeStyleGames , who had developed the DJ Hero games previously . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Origins and development at Harmonix ( 2005 @-@ 2006 ) = = = - - Guitar Hero was created from a partnership between RedOctane , then their own company that produced specialized video game controllers , and Harmonix , a music video game development company who had previously produced , Amplitude and Karaoke Revolution . RedOctane was seeking to bring in a Guitar Freaks @-@ like game , highly popular in Japan at the time , into Western markets , and approached Harmonix about helping them to develop a music game involving a guitar controller . Both companies agreed to it , and went on to produce Guitar Hero in 2005 . The title was highly successful , leading to the development of its successful sequel Guitar Hero II in 2006 . While the original controllers for the first Guitar Hero game were designed by Ryan Lesser , Rob Kay , Greg and Alex of Harmonix and built by the Corporation of China , subsequent and future controllers were developed at RedOctane , with development led primarily by Jack . - - = = = Sale to Activision and development by Neversoft ( 2006 @-@ 2009 ) = = = - - Both RedOctane and Harmonix experienced changes in 2006 . RedOctane was bought by Activision in June — who spent US $ 100 million to acquire the Guitar Hero franchise — while it was announced in October that Harmonix would be purchased by MTV Networks . As a result of the two purchases , Harmonix would no longer develop future games in the Guitar Hero series . Instead , that responsibility would go to Neversoft , a subsidiary of Activision known for developing the Tony Hawk 's series of games . Neversoft was chosen to helm the Guitar Hero series after Neversoft founder , Joel , admitted to the RedOctane founders , Kai and Charles Huang , that his development team for Tony Hawk 's Project 8 went to work on weekends just to play Guitar Hero . Activision CEO Bobby Kotick believed that Neversoft would help them bring great games to the series , but on reflection , stated that had Activision explored Harmonix further as a continued developer for the series , things " may have turned out differently " . In addition , Activision began seeking other markets for the game ; a Nintendo DS version of the series was developed by Vicarious Visions , while a Guitar Hero Mobile series was created for mobile phones . The company also began considering the expansion of the series to band @-@ specific titles with Guitar Hero : Aerosmith . Later , in November 2008 , Activision acquired Budcat Creations , another development studio that had helped with the PlayStation 2 versions of Guitar Hero III and World Tour , announcing that they would be helping to develop another game in the Guitar Hero series . - In 2007 , Harmonix and MTV Games released a new music title through rival publisher Electronic Arts , called Rock Band . It expanded upon the gameplay popularized by the Guitar Hero series by adding drum and microphone instruments , allowing players to simulate playing songs as bands . Activision followed suit with the release of Guitar Hero World Tour in 2008 , which supported multiple instruments . In 2009 , Activision its Guitar Hero offerings , and in addition to further continuation of the existing main series with Guitar Hero 5 and expansions , they introduced the titles Band Hero , geared towards more family @-@ friendly pop music , and DJ Hero , a game based on and featuring a number of mixes . With the release of Guitar Hero 5 , Activision considered the series to have moved away from its heavy metal basis into a broader selection of music . Guitar Hero 5 is the first game in the series to use a new version of the series ' logo ; previous games used a logo in a font with sharper " points " on the letters , which was considered " idiosyncratic with a vengeance " to match the games ' emphasis on heavy metal music . Activision used the services of the Pentagram design studio to the game 's logo . Pentagram developed a new font , removing some of the " aggressive odd " features to make the more suitable and to design feature incorporation to other games such as Band Hero and DJ Hero . - - = = = Decline and hiatus ( 2009 @-@ 2015 ) = = = - - The results of the expanded offerings did not contribute well to the series , alongside the late @-@ 2000s recession ; sales of most rhythm games including Guitar Hero and DJ Hero did not meet expectations , falling about 50 % short of projected targets . Activision announced it would be cutting back to only 10 within 2010 instead of the 25 in 2009 . Though RedOctane and Neversoft continued to develop the 6th main game , Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , until its completion , both studios were later by Activision , moving key personnel into Activision directly for future game development , and in the case of Neversoft , closing its Guitar Hero division , while transferring future development duties for the series to Vicarious Visions , another Activision studio which had been fundamental in building the Wii and Nintendo DS versions of the games . In November 2010 , Activision also closed Budcat Creations , the arm of the publisher that was primarily responsible for the Guitar Hero games to the PlayStation 2 . - Ahead of Activision 's 2010 fourth quarter financial report in February 2011 , Activision disbanded its Guitar Hero business unit and announced that it would cease development of the planned 2011 Guitar Hero game . Activision cited " continued declines in the music genre " to explain its decision . The closure also affected the DJ Hero series , as Activision stated that there were no plans to publish a music game during 2011 . Activision 's vice president Dan Winters later clarified that the company was " just putting Guitar Hero on hiatus " and that they were " just not making a new game for next year , that 's all " . - In a July 2011 interview with Forbes , Kotick stated that while the publisher was " going to stop selling Guitar Hero altogether " , they were " going to go back to the studios and we ’ re going to use new studios and reinvent " the series , but a former of Vicarious Visions has stated that as of 2012 , all development of Guitar Hero has come to an end within Activision . Another source close to Vicarious Visions had reported to Kotaku that while Guitar Hero 7 was in development under an Activision studio , the game was considered a " disaster " . The cancelled game omitted the additional instruments and used only a guitar peripheral , the unit to include a 6 @-@ button mechanism replacing the strum bar ; the resulting unit was considered too expensive to manufacture and purchase . The developers had also started the game development from scratch to try to create new characters and venues that would be more reactive to the actual songs being played to give the feel of a music video , but ultimately this proved too much of a challenge and had to be scrapped . Further , with a limited budget , the song selection was limited to " low @-@ budget " hits of the 1990s , or at times reusing songs that had previously been included in Guitar Hero games . Though the team had a two @-@ year development cycle , it was closed down after Activision president Eric had seen the current state of the project at the one @-@ year point . - Another potential Guitar Hero project was discovered by the archival site for a game titled Hero World , a massively multiplayer online game that would link the Guitar Hero and DJ Hero games . The game had been developed by Games , sometime after the release of DJ Hero 2 , with the main development duties passed to Virtual , using their platform The Ride , an Flash @-@ based platform that would let the game be played in a web . The game was cancelled in 2011 along with other pending Guitar Hero projects . - No further downloadable content for either Guitar Hero or DJ Hero was made after February 2011 , though Activision committed to releasing content that was already in development by that time due to fan response ; later , in a move described by Game Informer as " the final nail in [ the series ' ] coffins " , Activision announced it would all DLC sales for the series ( although customers can still play tracks they have already bought ) as of March 31 , 2014 . Though Activision had moved away from the Guitar Hero series , the lessons learned helped them and developer Toys for Bob to handle the manufacturing and issues that came with the highly successful toy and video game franchise . - - = = = Guitar Hero Live = = = - - In April 2015 , Activision announced a new entry in the series , titled Guitar Hero Live . The title was developed by Activision 's internal studio FreeStyleGames , who previously had worked on the DJ Hero spinoff titles . FreeStyleGames were given free reign to reboot the Guitar Hero series for next @-@ generation consoles . One of their first innovations was to drop the standard five @-@ button guitar controller , ultimately designing a six @-@ button guitar controller , with two rows of three buttons each , allowing them to mimic actual guitar fingering . Guitar Hero Live was released with both career and an online mode . The career mode used full @-@ motion video taken from the perspective of a lead guitarist underneath the note highway , to create an experience to the player . The online mode , called , discarded the previous downloadable content approach and used a music video channel approach to stream playable songs to players , adding new songs to the catalog on a weekly basis . The game was released in October 2015 . - Though the game was praised as a of the Guitar Hero series , the game did not sell as well as Activision expected ; due to lowered , Activision let go of a significant fraction of FreeStyleGames ' developers . - - = = Games = = - - - = = = Main titles = = = - - The original Guitar Hero was released on the PlayStation 2 in November 2005 . Guitar Hero is notable because it comes packaged with a controller peripheral modeled after a black Gibson SG guitar . Rather than a typical , this guitar controller is the primary input for the game . Playing the game with the guitar controller playing an actual guitar , except it uses five colored " fret buttons " and a " strum bar " instead of frets and strings . The development of Guitar Hero was inspired by Konami 's Guitar Freaks video game , which at the time , had not seen much exposure in the North American market ; RedOctane , already selling guitar @-@ shaped controllers for imported copies of , approached Harmonix about creating a game to use an entirely new Guitar controller . The concept was to have the gameplay of Amplitude with the visuals of Karaoke Revolution , both of which had been developed by Harmonix . The game was met with critical acclaim and received numerous awards for its innovative guitar peripheral and its soundtrack , which comprised 47 playable rock songs ( most of which were cover versions of popular songs from artists and bands from the 1960s through modern rock ) . Guitar Hero has sold nearly 1 @.@ 5 million copies to date . - The popularity of the series increased dramatically with the release of Guitar Hero II for the PlayStation 2 in 2006 . Featuring improved multiplayer gameplay , an improved note @-@ recognizing system , and 64 songs , it became the fifth best @-@ selling video game of 2006 . The PlayStation 2 version of the game was offered both separately and in a bundle with a cherry red Gibson SG guitar controller . Guitar Hero II was later released for the Xbox 360 in April 2007 with an exclusive Gibson Explorer guitar controller and an additional 10 songs , among other features . About 3 million units of Guitar Hero II have sold on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . - Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock was released in late 2007 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Microsoft Windows , and Mac OS X platforms . The title is the first installment of the series to include wireless guitars with the game and also the first to release a special bundle with two guitars . The game includes Slash and Tom as playable characters in addition to the existing fictional avatars ; both guitarists performed motion capture to be used for their characters ' animation in the game . - Guitar Hero World Tour , previously named Guitar Hero IV , is the fourth full game in the series and was released on October 26 , 2008 for PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Wii . Analysts had expected that future Guitar Hero games in 2008 would include additional instrument to compete against Rock Band ; Guitar Hero World Tour was confirmed as in development following the announcement of the merger between Activision and Games in December 2007 . Activision 's CEO Bobby Kotick announced on April 21 , 2008 that Guitar Hero World Tour will branch out into other instruments including vocals . Guitar Hero World Tour includes drums and vocals , and can be bought packaged with a new drum set controller , a microphone , and the standard guitar controller . A larger number of real @-@ world musicians appear as playable characters , including Jimi Hendrix , Billy , Hayley Williams , , Ted , Travis Barker , Sting , and Ozzy Osbourne . Guitar Hero World Tour also features custom song creation that can be shared with others . - Guitar Hero 5 , the fifth main entry in the series , was confirmed in December 2008 . It was released on September 1 , 2009 , and includes 85 songs from 83 different artists . The game includes new game modes and features , including its ' Party Mode , ' which gives players the ability to drop @-@ in and out and change difficulties in the middle of a song . Artists including Johnny Cash , Matt Bellamy , Carlos Santana , Kurt Cobain and Shirley Manson appear as playable characters in the game . - Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , the sixth main console game in the series , was released on September 28 , 2010 . It is the last game in the series developed by Neversoft 's Guitar Hero division prior to its dissolution , with Vicarious Visions assisting on the Wii version with added Nintendo DS functionality . The game has been described as returning to the roots of the Guitar Hero series ; while it still allows for full band play , the soundtrack 's focus is on rock and roll music and an emphasis on guitar " " . The game introduced a career @-@ based " Quest Mode " , narrated by Gene Simmons , that guides the players to complete songs to unlock " warriors of rock " to join them in saving " of rock " and his guitar from his imprisonment by " the Beast " . - Following a five @-@ year hiatus , as described below , Activision announced Guitar Hero Live for release in late 2015 on most seventh @-@ generation and eighth @-@ generation consoles . Live was developed to rebuild the game from the ground up , and while the gameplay remains similar to the earlier titles , focusing primarily on the lead guitar , it uses a 3 @-@ button guitar controller with each button having " up " and " down " positions , making for more complex . The game using live footage of a rock concert , taken from the perspective of the lead guitarist , as to provide a more experience . - - = = = Series expansions = = = - - Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s for the PlayStation 2 , which was released in July 2007 , was the final game developed by Harmonix for the series . Though it was produced after Harmonix were purchased by MTV Games , it was part of their contractual obligation to complete the game . The game , as suggested by its name , features tracks primarily from the 1980s . - Guitar Hero : Aerosmith was the first band @-@ centric game for the series . On September 4 , 2007 , Billboard announced that the band Aerosmith was " working closely with the makers of Guitar Hero IV , which will be dedicated to the group 's music . " On February 15 , 2008 , Activision announced that Guitar Hero : Aerosmith would be released on June 29 , 2008 . Guitar Hero : Aerosmith is developed by Neversoft for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions , while the Wii version of the game is developed by Vicarious Visions and the PlayStation 2 version is developed by Budcat Creations . The game features a track selection composed of 60 % of Aerosmith songs , with other songs from Joe Perry 's solo work or artists that have inspired or performed with Aerosmith , including Run .. - The series ' next band @-@ centric title , Guitar Hero : Metallica , was released on March 29 , 2009 . Guitar Hero : Metallica is based on the full band experience of World Tour while offering similar features on Metallica 's history and music as found in Guitar Hero : Aerosmith . In addition , Metallica 's album , Death Magnetic , was available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero III simultaneously with the release of the album , with the content being forward @-@ compatible with Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero : Metallica . Since the PlayStation 2 version does not support downloading , three extra songs were included from Death Magnetic and are as follows : " Broken , Beat , and " , " Cyanide " , and " My Apocalypse " . A new feature in the game , where the drummer can access a mode called Expert + , has also been added . Expert + mode was implemented to allow faster bass pedal beats , fast to the point where it would normally be out of the playable range of a single bass pedal , and was intended for a dual bass pedal . - Guitar Hero Smash Hits ( titled Guitar Hero : Greatest Hits in Europe and Australia ) was released in June 2009 . It features full @-@ band versions of 48 songs from earlier Guitar Hero games that only used the guitar controller . Unlike the previous versions , each of the songs is based on a master recording that includes some live tracks . The game follows a similar model as Guitar Hero : Metallica , and was developed by Neversoft and Studios for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 2 , and Wii . - Guitar Hero : Van Halen was released on December 22 , 2009 , though customers that purchased Guitar Hero 5 under a special promotion received a copy of the game early . Like the other band @-@ centric games , Guitar Hero : Van Halen includes 25 songs from the band Van Halen , including 3 guitar solos by Eddie Van Halen , in addition to 19 guest acts such as Queen , , Blink @-@ 182 , Foo Fighters , The and Queens of the Stone Age . - Another new title to the series , Band Hero , was announced in May 2009 . Band Hero features Top 40 hits aimed at family audiences , and include the full band play style of Guitar Hero 5 . The game was developed for the Nintendo DS , using the Guitar Hero On Tour Guitar Grip , a new " drum skin " to fit the DS Lite , and the DS 's microphone to support the full band experience . Musician Taylor Swift appears as a playable character in the game , as do the members of No Doubt . - DJ Hero was announced by Activision in May 2009 . Prior to the announcement , the company had purchased FreeStyleGames , a small developer of music games , to help produce localized downloadable content for Guitar Hero games and a then @-@ music game , later revealed to be DJ Hero . DJ Hero uses a special @-@ based controller for players to perform with on various song mixes in the game . The game also incorporates the use of a Guitar Hero controller on ten specially arranged tracks ; Bright has suggested that future Guitar Hero games after Guitar Hero 5 may include the use of the control . - A sequel , DJ Hero 2 , was officially announced in June 2010 for release in the last quarter of 2010 , featuring more than 70 from over 85 artists . The game includes several new gameplay modes , including an " Empire " career mode , head @-@ to @-@ head DJ battles , social multiplayer modes , and a jump @-@ in and out Party Play mode similar to Guitar Hero 5 . The game also includes more vocal options for singing and rapping to songs , and a freestyle mode for players . - - = = = Portable versions = = = - - Guitar Hero : On Tour was released on the Nintendo DS hand @-@ held system on June 22 , 2008 . The game includes a peripheral , dubbed the " Guitar Grip " , a rectangular device that fits into the second slot of the Nintendo DS or DS Lite . The peripheral only features the first four fret buttons and a strap so the Nintendo DS can be held sideways comfortably for play . The game also includes a guitar pick shaped stylus for use with strumming in the game , which players move across the . Guitar Hero : On Tour was developed by Vicarious Visions , who also ported the Guitar Hero games to Nintendo 's Wii console . - A sequel , Guitar Hero On Tour : , was released in November 2008 , featuring music spanning four decades . A third title in the series , Guitar Hero On Tour : Modern Hits , was announced following various rumors of its existence , and was released in June 2009 , featuring songs recorded since the year 2000 . Both games use the " Guitar Grip " controller , and allow two players to compete against each other using any version of the On Tour series , with songs being shared between versions . - Band Hero was also ported to the Nintendo DS by Vicarious Visions , expanding the play to include vocals ( through the DS microphone ) and drumming . The drumming uses a special " drum skin " adapter designed for the Nintendo DS Lite to map the unit 's face buttons to four drum pads . However , the peripheral is not compatible with the original Nintendo DS model or the Nintendo . However , since the drum skin is not electronic but a rubber cover switch that certain buttons on the DS Lite , a player can simply press the buttons in time to play the drums . The game includes four @-@ player local wireless play in a similar manner as Guitar Hero 5 allowing any combination of instruments to be used . The game has a set of 30 songs ; some are from Band Hero and others are from several Guitar Hero games ' set lists . - Guitar Hero : On Tour does not work on the Nintendo and Nintendo 3DS because unlike the Nintendo DS , they do not have Game Boy Advance slots . Band Hero is limited to vocals and drums on the two consoles for the same reason . - - = = = Mobile phone versions = = = - - Guitar Hero III Mobile was released for mobile phones in 2007 and 2008 , and was developed by Northwest LLC . The base version of the game includes 15 songs from both Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III , and has released a three @-@ song add @-@ on pack every month since January 2008 . The title has been downloaded by users one million times , with both Verizon and Hands @-@ On Mobile claiming that over 250 @,@ 000 songs are played a day on the platform . The two companies produced two other mobile @-@ based Guitar Hero games ; Guitar Hero III : Pass , released in July 2008 , adds role @-@ playing elements to manage the band 's success in addition to the core rhythm game , while the mobile version of Guitar Hero World Tour , released in December 2008 , expands each included track for play on both lead guitar and drums , the expansion of the console series to the full band . - Mobile developed the mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 , released in the last quarter of 2009 . - - = = = Other games = = = - - Activision and RedOctane also worked with Basic Fun , Inc. to produce Guitar Hero , a handheld electronic game that features 30 and 60 @-@ second clips of ten of the songs from Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II . - Activision and Konami , who had previously worked together to make sure that the Guitar Hero series meets with Konami 's patents on music games , developed an arcade console version of the game , titled Guitar Hero Arcade , distributed to arcades in early 2009 . The game is completely based on the Guitar Hero III gameplay , but reducing some of the features such as the use of the bar , Star Power Button ( Star Power may only be activated by lifting the Guitar ) and Practice , but keeping the ability to download new songs for the cabinet from the Internet . The arcade game has come under some scrutiny by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) , who believe the use of the game in arcades is equivalent to " public performances " and seek additional fees to be paid by operators of the game . - - = = = Planned games = = = - - No more Guitar Hero games were released on the PlayStation 2 after 2009 , with the double release of Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero . It was expected that the 2010 entry for Guitar Hero , Warriors of Rock , would be the final entry developed by Neversoft , based on claims that Neversoft would be letting go of its Guitar Hero division , with Vicarious Visions likely poised to take over future development . Further industry rumors pointed at the closure of RedOctane Studios and Underground Development ( the development studio for Guitar Hero : Van Halen ) as further results from the scaling @-@ back ; Activision moved the controller hardware development within their own division to continue to support the series , with RedOctane founders Kai and Charles Huang remaining with Activision . A week prior to these announcements , the Guitar Hero division CEO at Activision , Dan , left the company , leading to some speculation on whether 's departure influenced these changes . Activision and RedOctane had trademarked the titles " Guitar " , " Drum " , " Hero " and " Sing Hero " . RedOctane originally trademarked the titles " Drum Hero " and " Band Hero " , but the work performed towards the Drum Hero title was eventually folded into the gameplay for Guitar Hero World Tour , and Band Hero became its own game . Later , as of October 2009 , Activision for a Drum Hero trademark . Studios , which had previously helped to port Rock Band to the Wii , had started work on the karaoke title Sing Hero before Activision cancelled its development . - Dave , frontman for , stated he had been in talks with Activision and Neversoft for a Guitar Hero @-@ related product . It was later revealed that Dave was working with Activision for music in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , including an original track ( " Death " ) recorded specifically for the game . - Two Guitar Hero products that were announced but never released were a Red Hot @-@ themed title and a PlayStation Portable title that would have featured a drum component . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The core gameplay of the Guitar Hero games is a rhythm game similar to Konami 's Guitar Freaks and to a lesser extent Harmonix 's previous music games such as and Amplitude . The guitar controller is recommended for play , although a standard console controller can be used instead . However , the guitar controller has been required for play ever since the inclusion of drum and vocal parts in the series . The game supports the handedness of the guitar , allowing both left @-@ handed and right @-@ handed players to utilize the guitar controller . - While playing the game , an extended guitar neck is shown vertically on the screen ( the frets horizontal ) , often called the " note highway " , and as the song progresses , colored markers or " gems " indicating notes travel down the screen in time with the music ; the note colors and positions match those of the five fret keys on the guitar controller . Once the note ( s ) reach the bottom , the player must play the indicated note ( s ) by holding down the correct fret button ( s ) and hitting the strumming bar in order to score points . Success or failure will cause the on @-@ screen Rock Meter to change , showing how well the player is playing ( denoted by red , yellow , and green sections ) . Should the Rock Meter drop below the red section , the song will automatically end , with the player off the stage by the audience . Successful note hits will add to the player 's score , and by hitting a long series of consecutive successful note hits , the player can increase their score . There is a window of time for hitting each note , similar to other rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution , but unlike these games , scoring in Guitar Hero is not affected by accuracy ; as long as the note is hit within that window , the player receives the same number of points . - Selected special segments of the song will have glowing notes outlined by stars : successfully hitting all notes in this series will fill the " Star Power Meter " . The Star Power Meter can also be filled by using the whammy bar during sustained notes within these segments . Once the Star Power Meter is at least half full , the player can activate " Star Power " by pressing the select button or momentarily lifting the guitar into a vertical position . When Star Power is activated , the scoring is doubled until Star Power is depleted . The Rock Meter also increases more dramatically when Star Power is activated , making it easier for the player to make the Rock Meter stay at a high level . Thus , Star Power can be used strategically to play difficult sections of a song that otherwise might cause the player to fail . In the earlier entries of the series ( up until Guitar Hero : Aerosmith ) , activating Star Power meant that players could not more Star Power until the Star Power meter was fully drained and the effect ended . Starting with Guitar Hero : World Tour , more Star Power can be collected even if the effect is active by completing more Star Power phrases , extending the Star Power 's duration by doing so . When playing in cooperative play ( with a bassist / rhythm guitarist in Guitar Hero II through Guitar Hero : Aerosmith or as a band in Guitar Hero : World Tour ) , Star Power is shared between all the players and activation of Star Power is dependent on all players simultaneously activating it . - Notes can be a single note , or composed of two to five notes that make a chord . Both single notes and chords can also be sustained , indicated by a colored line following the note marker ; the player can hold the sustained note ( s ) keys down for the entire length for additional points . During a sustained note , a player may use the whammy bar on the guitar to alter the tone of the note . Also , regardless of whether are hit early or late , if the fret is held for the full duration of the hold , the game will always award the same amount of score increase for the note . In addition , the games support virtual of " hammer @-@ " and " pull @-@ offs " , guitar @-@ playing techniques that are used to successfully play a fast series of notes by only changing the fingering on the fret buttons without having to strum each note . where strumming is not required are indicated on @-@ screen by notes with a white outline at the top of the marker instead of the usual black one , with Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock adding a white @-@ glowing effect to make these notes clearer . Guitar Hero World Tour features transparent notes that are connected by a purple outline ; players may either simply tap the correct fret for these notes without strumming or utilize a on World Tour 's guitar controller to mimic the slide technique . In addition , notes can now be played while a sustained note is being played . World Tour also adds an open string note for bass players , represented by a line across the fret instead of any note gems , that is played by strumming without holding down any fret buttons ( the sixth installment , Warriors of Rock , features an open note sustain for bass instruments as well ) . - Guitar Hero World Tour introduced drums and vocal tracks in addition to lead and bass guitar . Drum tracks are played similar to guitar tracks ; the player must strike the appropriate drum head or step down on the bass drum pedal on the controller when the note gems pass the indicated line . Certain note gems , when using a drum controller that is velocity @-@ sensitive , are " armored " , requiring the player to hit the indicated drum pad harder to score more points . Vocal tracks are played similar to games such as Karaoke Revolution where the player must match the pitch and the pacing of the lyrics to score points . Guitar Hero 5 allows players to create a band of up to four players using any combination of instruments . - While the song is playing , the background visuals feature the players ' chosen avatar , along with the rest of the band performing in one of several real and fictional venues . The reaction of the audience is based on the performance of the player judged by the Rock Meter . Guitar Hero II added special lighting and other stage effects that were to the music to provide a more complete concert experience . The games developed by Neversoft feature a simple storyline , usually about a band 's quest for fame , which is told through animations played throughout the game . These animations were created by Chris and his studio , , Inc . , who have also done animations for the animated show Metalocalypse . - - = = = Game modes = = = - - The main mode of play in the Guitar Hero games is Career Mode , where the player and in @-@ game band travel between various fictional performance arenas and perform sets of four to six songs . It is by completing songs in this mode that the songs are unlocked for play across the rest of the game . Players can choose their on @-@ stage character , their guitar of choice , and the venue in which they wish to play . In this mode , the player can earn money from his / her performances that is at the in @-@ game store , where bonus songs , additional guitars and finishes , your characters clothing and bonus content can be unlocked . Quick Play mode is a quicker method of playing songs , as it allows the player to select a track and difficulty , selecting the character , venue , and guitar and guitar skin for the player based on the song chosen . After successfully completing a song , the player is given a score , a percentage of how many notes they hit and a rating from three to five stars , and two in rare cases depending on his / her final score on the song , with money being awarded in Guitar Hero World Tour . - The games have also added multiplayer modes . Cooperative modes allow two players to play lead and either bass or rhythm guitar on the same song , working together towards the same score . A competitive Face @-@ Off mode allows two players to play against each other at different difficulty levels , each attempting to earn the best score on a song . Each player plays different portions of the song . There is also a Pro Face @-@ Off mode , where two players battle at the same difficulty level . Unlike standard Face @-@ off , each player attempts to play all of the notes in a song , while still trying to earn the highest score . In Guitar Hero World Tour this was advanced on , as players could play a Pro Face @-@ Off game against each other on any difficulty level , the lower your difficulty , the more points were awarded so a player on a low difficulty could potentially beat a player on a more challenging difficulty . Guitar Hero III introduced Boss Battles , in which two players face off against each other , attempt to collect " distractions " to throw at their opponent , trying to make them fail . With Guitar Hero World Tour , up to four players can play on lead and bass guitar , drums , and vocals , while a total of eight players can compete in a Battle of the . The Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions of the games support multiplayer modes over their respective network services . - The four difficulty levels for each song afford the player a learning curve in order to help him / her progress in skill . The first difficulty level , Easy , only focuses on the first three fret buttons while displaying a significantly reduced amount of notes for the player to play . introduces the fourth ( blue ) fret button , and Hard includes the final fret button while adding additional notes . The addition of the orange fret button forces players to move their fingers up and down the neck . Expert does not introduce any other frets to learn , but adds more notes in a manner designed to challenge the player and to simulate the player 's hands to move in a sequence similar to a real guitar . A difficulty added in World Tour is , which only requires the player to strum to the basic rhythm ; holding the fret buttons becomes unnecessary . Another new difficulty only for drums was added to Metallica known as Expert + , which uses the double bass pedal . - Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock is the sixth installment in the franchise and introduced a new take on the Career mode of previous games . Rather than being a quest for fame and glory with the band travelling through different venues , Warriors of Rock features the " Quest Mode " as the primary campaign mode . Quest Mode tells the story of an ancient warrior who was defeated by a powerful monster and his mystical guitar was lost . The player must a team of rockers to help recover this guitar and defeat the monster ( called " The Beast " ) . As the player progresses through the mode , the rockers joining them will transform based on the number of stars earned from songs played . These will the player with extra abilities in a song such as constant score or Star Power bonuses . These abilities are each unique to the individual rockers and by using them effectively , it is possible now to earn up to forty stars for a single song . - - = = = Characters and = = = - - When playing through Career mode or in other parts of the Guitar Hero games , the player has the option to select one of several pre @-@ created avatar characters , who will be shown performing on stage as the player attempts a song , but otherwise has no effect on the gameplay . A certain number of characters are available at the start of the game , but the player must spend in @-@ game money earned by successful performances to unlock other characters . Many of the characters reappear throughout the series , with the character roster changing as new characters are added or removed . characters that have appeared in nearly all the games include the Axel Steel , extreme / Viking / thrash Lars , punk rocker Johnny , alternative rocker Judy , and hard rocker Casey Lynch . The developers utilized these characters in more detail within Warriors of Rock , where each was given a unique setlist and venue based on their musical style , as well as a unique power within the game 's Quest mode . - Several games in the series feature caricatures of celebrity artists , such as Slash , Tom and Bret Michaels in Guitar Hero III , Ozzy Osbourne and Jimi Hendrix in World Tour , Kurt Cobain in Guitar Hero 5 , and Taylor Swift and the band No Doubt in Band Hero . The band @-@ specific games , Aerosmith , Metallica , and Van Halen also feature the members of the respective bands . However , in late 2009 , both Courtney Love and the members of No Doubt sought legal action against Activision for the misuse of their in @-@ game characters singing or performing songs by other artists , which the musicians believe fell outside of their contract . - The ability for the players to create their own avatars was added in Guitar Hero World Tour , and was based on Neversoft 's existing character creation tools from the Tony Hawk series . Later games on the Xbox 360 and Wii allowed players to use the respective console 's avatars as members of the band . In addition to unlocking characters , in @-@ game money can be used to buy clothing , accessories and instruments that they are seen playing with . The guitars can also be customized with special finishes through the in @-@ game store . Guitar Hero World Tour includes the ability to fully any component of the guitar . The in @-@ game store in the series is also used to unlock bonus songs or special videos with interviews about the game or with the artists involved . - - = = = = = = - - Most of the games in the Guitar Hero series feature a selection of songs ranging from the 1960s to present day rock music from both highly successful artists and bands and independent groups . Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s features songs primarily from the 1980s , while Guitar Hero : Aerosmith , Metallica , and Van Halen feature music from the respective bands and groups that inspired or worked with the bands . Songs with have been censored . - Many of the Guitar Hero games developed for the recent generation of consoles ( Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii ) support downloadable content , allowing players to purchase new songs to play in the respective titles . Songs each cost approximately $ 2 through the various online stores for the console 's platform . Prior to Guitar Hero 5 , downloadable content for earlier games will not work in other games in the series , save for songs from Metallica 's Death Magnetic , which were available for Guitar Hero III , World Tour , and Metallica . World Tour downloadable content for World Tour will be forward @-@ compatible with Guitar Hero 5 , Band Hero and Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock , and for a small fee , some songs from both Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero Smash Hits can be exported to both Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero , limited by music licensing . Activision has also stated that they are considering a monthly subscription service to deliver downloadable content to user for future games . Guitar Hero World Tour introduced a music creation mode that will allow players to create and share songs ( excluding vocals ) via the " " service , which was also used in all other Guitar Hero games and Band Hero since its inclusion . The creation tools were improved with Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero to allow longer songs and other means of generating songs in real @-@ time . - In the first two games and the 2007 expansion Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s , the majority of the songs on the main career mode set lists are covers of the original song ; for example , a song may be presented as " Free Bird as made famous by " . Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock introduces a much larger range of original recordings , and World Tour featured a setlist that contained all master recordings . The covers throughout the games are mostly recreated by Sound who has worked before to create songs for , Dance Dance Revolution , and Karaoke Revolution , making small changes to the guitar portions to make them more adaptable for gameplay . Almost all of the bonus songs are songs performed by the original artist for the game ( the only exception is the song " She the " by The Stone Roses , which is featured in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ) . - Prior to the release of Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , Activision worked with the iTunes Store to provide more than 1300 tracks of Guitar Hero @-@ related music across more than 20 compilations , including most of the tracks from the games in the series , called " Guitar Hero " . These compilations , such as " Killer Guitar " and " Guitar of the ' 80s " , include songs related to but not contained within the Guitar Hero series . Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated , " Where there ’ s music , there ’ s Guitar Hero , and with iTunes , we are able to provide fans with a central location for downloading their favorite rock anthems . " Following the merger of Activision and Blizzard , the new company announced that it planned on creating an alternative to iTunes based on the Guitar Hero brand that would allow for downloading songs and their associated note tracks for the Guitar Hero games . - - = = Reception and sales = = - - Games in the Guitar Hero series have been generally well received by critics . The initial games were highly praised by reviewers . Neversoft 's first entry to the series , Guitar Hero III , was considered to be too difficult , with many difficult songs presenting players with " walls of notes " ; the developers later acknowledged this . Subsequent efforts in Guitar Hero : Aerosmith and Guitar Hero World Tour were seen to have some improvements , with Guitar Hero : Metallica considered to be a well @-@ polished title and , at that time , the best Guitar Hero title Neversoft has produced . Guitar Hero 5 's improvements toward social gameplay were complemented by reviewers and considered a further improvement upon the series . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " An addictive provides the illusion of musical mastery for even the least gifted : . How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? , tap , tap . " - Upon release , the first game was seen as an unexpected hit , earning over US $ 45 million with about 1 @.@ 5 million copies sold . Guitar Hero II was significantly more financially successful , with over 1 @.@ 3 million copies sold and sales over US $ 200 million . Guitar Hero III , according to Activision , was the first single video game to sell more than US $ 1 billion at retail , with nearly 3 @.@ 5 million copies sold during the first seven months of 2008 . World Tour continued the series ' high sales records with 3 @.@ 4 million units sold in the United States during 2008 . More than 60 million downloadable tracks have been purchased across the series as of February 2010 . Both Guitar Hero III and World Tour were listed on a March 2011 list from the Group of top grossing games in sales in the United States since 1995 ; Guitar Hero III tops the list with total sales of $ 830 @.@ 9 million . - Overall , the Guitar Hero series has sold more than 25 million units worldwide , earning US $ 2 billion at retail . Activision claimed the series to be the 3rd largest game franchise in 2009 after the Mario and NFL franchises . - - = = Cultural impact = = - - The Guitar Hero series has made a significant cultural impact , becoming a " cultural phenomenon " . The series has helped to rekindle music education in children , influenced changes in both the video game and music industry , has found use in health and treatment of recovering patients , and has become part of the popular culture vernacular . Several journalists , including 1UP.com , Wired , G4TV , the San Jose Mercury News , Inc . , The Guardian , and Advertising Age , considered Guitar Hero to be one of the most influential products of the first decade of the 21st century , attributing it as the spark leading to the growth of the rhythm game market , for music sales for both new and old artists , for introducing more social gaming concepts to the video game market , and , in conjunction with the Wii , for improving interactivity with gaming consoles . - - = = Legal and practical issues = = - - - = = = PlayStation 3 = = = - - Sony 's PlayStation 3 console has no compatibility with the PlayStation 2 Guitar Hero controller on the system . While Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II are fully backward @-@ compatible through the hardware PlayStation 2 emulation in the initial North American release of the console , it was impossible at launch to use the guitar controller to play either game . Kai Huang , of RedOctane , states that they are " working on that with Sony right now – looking at how we can get all the PlayStation 2 guitars that are out there , and all the owners of them , to use them on the PlayStation 3 . " , an accessories company , was poised to make a special PlayStation 2 controller adapter for the PlayStation 3 , but put the product on hold due to technical difficulties . , another accessories company , also made a PlayStation 2 controller adapter for a PlayStation 3 game console so players could use their Guitar Hero guitar controllers that were made for the PlayStation 2 with a PlayStation 3 . However , the May 2007 PlayStation 3 system update has made the guitar controller compatible with generic PlayStation 2 controller to when playing Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II . In addition , Pelican has released a special controller adapter that supports both games , including the ability to switch the handedness of the guitar . - - = = = Patent litigation = = = - - Gibson Guitar Corporation , whose guitar likenesses have appeared in the Guitar Hero series from the first game to Guitar Hero Aerosmith , informed Activision on January 7 , 2008 , that it believed the games its U.S. Patent 5 @,@ 990 @,@ 405 . Gibson claimed that this covers technology that a concert performance via pre @-@ recorded audio and a musical instrument . In response , Activision filed a suit seeking a declaration that it was not in violation of the Gibson patent ; Activision also asserted that Gibson had given an implied license by waiting to assert the patent and that the patent was invalid . On March 17 , 2008 , Gibson sued six retailers ( , Amazon.com , Wal @-@ Mart , Target , Toys " R " Us and ) for selling Guitar Hero products . Subsequently , on March 21 , 2008 , Gibson also filed a lawsuit against , MTV , and Harmonix over their game Rock Band also for violation of its patent , to which a Harmonix spokesperson stated that Gibson 's claims are " completely without merit " . Activision lawyer Mary Tuck stated in their legal that they believe that Gibson initiated the lawsuit due to the fact that " Activision was not [ interested ] in renewing the and Marketing Support Agreement " with Gibson . In February 2009 , the United States District Court for the Central District of California ruled against Gibson in their case against Activision , stating that the controllers are not musical instruments but " toys that represent other items " , and that Gibson 's patent only covers instruments that send out analog signals . Activision and Gibson settled the suit following this ruling . - Activision , through John , owns all of Enterprises ' US and international patents that deal with music games . All patents issued by the are presumed valid . - In February 2010 , Activision was sued by the Patent Group ( PCG ) for releasing Guitar Hero products with false patent claims , with the PCG asserting that games like Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero were marked with up to 10 patents that are not used within the games along with several other improper patent pending claims . PCG claims that " Acts of false marketing deter innovation and competition in the marketplace . " PCG 's qui lawsuit is seeking up to $ 500 per unit sold if Activision is found liable . - - = = = = = = - - Many critics believed that the number of releases of Guitar Hero games was " milking " the brand name and the market . the creator stated that the video game market was growing stale and needed to move beyond games that simply challenge the player to mimic the playing of licensed music . Ryan Geddes of IGN stated that he " hit the wall with play @-@ along music games " , and challenged the game makers to explore other ways to combine music and video games . Analysts stated that such games must continue to innovate instead of just providing more songs in order to prevent " genre fatigue " . Jesse of Electronic Entertainment and Design Research commented that , much like Dance Dance Revolution , Guitar Hero and other music games explosively grew initially due to significant new features from other games but have become stagnant due to focusing on content over features , and suggested that for the genre to continue to grow , they must look to incremental changes as done with the first @-@ person shooter genre . Former CEO for RedOctane , Kelly Sumner , believed that Activision " abused " the series , as " they tried to get too much out of the franchise too quickly " . - The series has also been criticized for its release model in contrast to the Rock Band series , causing some players to hold contempt towards Activision . Harmonix considered the Rock Band series as a " music platform " , and supported it with downloadable content and the ability to import songs from its games and expansions into most other games of the series . Critics argued that Guitar Hero should have been doing the same , either through releasing expansions that could be incorporated into the main games of the series , or by issuing the songs as downloadable content . The release of Guitar Hero : Smash Hits , reworking older songs from the series to full four @-@ instrument band support but otherwise adding no additional material , was called " the definition of ' milking ' " by reviewers , with no observable technical limitation as to why the songs could not be added as downloadable content . Ars Technica recognized that licensing issues might have limited when songs from one single game could be played in others of the series ( such as the case for The Beatles : Rock Band ) , but that such cross @-@ compatibility should have been a high priority for rhythm games . Furthermore , some expansions were praised for the additional content beyond the note @-@ matching gameplay ; Guitar Hero : Metallica is considered to be one of the series ' best works to be developed by Neversoft in part due to the care that the developers took with imaging the band and the available extras for the game . Activision later revealed that both Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero would support playing songs from both Guitar Hero World Tour ( both on @-@ disc and downloadable content ) and Guitar Hero Smash Hits , with music licensing being the only limiting factor on which songs could be made forward @-@ compatible . - The large number of Guitar Hero and Rock Band titles on the market is considered to be partially responsible for the sharp decline of music game sales in the latter half of 2009 , along with the effects of the late @-@ 2000s recession . The market for rhythm games was $ 1 @.@ 4 billion in 2008 , but dropped to $ 700 million in 2009 even though more titles were available that year . Former Neversoft project director Brian Bright noted that at one point in 2009 , they were responsible for the release of three games that year ( Guitar Hero 5 , Metallica , and Band Hero ) and supporting other studios for the development of two additional games , causing the studio to lose focus both in development and marketing efforts . According to Bright , sales of all the Guitar Hero games released in 2009 totaled the number of sales of the 2008 title World Tour , demonstrating the of the marketing . Though Activision had originally planned on the offerings of the Guitar Hero series in 2010 , the company their plans , reducing the number of offerings and focusing more on selling digital downloadable content for the series . Only two titles , Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock and DJ Hero 2 were released in 2010 , both scheduled for the " back half of 2010 " . Analysts believe that the market will evolve to support a smaller number of titles each year , averaging at a " healthy " value $ 500 – 600 million in revenues annually . Kotick believed that part of the downfall of Guitar Hero was due to Activision 's introduction of DJ Hero , which they gave too much focus and left the core Guitar Hero games without the " and care " needed to continue to innovate in the series . - Activision Publishing chief executive Mike Griffith , in response to questions about Activision 's approach to the Guitar Hero market , noted that Guitar Hero continues to the Rock Band series in both number of sales and revenue , with consumers continuing to buy the separate games on the market , and considered the market acceptance of the multiple games as for their model . Regardless , after releasing 25 different ( between games and bundle packages ) in 2009 , Activision opted to reduce that number to 10 in 2010 , recognizing the music game genre was not as profitable as it once was . Activision later opted to put future development of the series on hold in early 2011 citing weak sales in the rhythm game genre , a move that many journalists attributed to Activision 's earlier . - - = = List of games = = - - All games are published by Activision , except the first Guitar Hero and the PS2 version of Guitar Hero II , which were published by RedOctane . - - - = = - - The fieldfare ( Turdus ) is a member of the thrush family . It breeds in woodland and scrub in northern Europe and Asia . It is strongly migratory , with many northern birds moving south during the winter . It is a very rare breeder in the British Isles , but winters in large numbers in the United Kingdom , Southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East . It is omnivorous , eating a wide range of molluscs , insects and earthworms in the summer , and berries , grain and seeds in the winter . - often nest in small colonies , possibly for protection from predators . The nest is built in a tree where five or six eggs are laid . The chicks are fed by both parents and leave the nest after a fortnight . There may be two broods in southern parts of the range but only one further north . birds and wintering birds often form large flocks , often in the company of . - The fieldfare is 25 cm ( 10 in ) long , with a grey crown , neck and rump , a plain brown back , dark wings and tail and white . The breast and flanks are heavily spotted . The breast has a reddish wash and the rest of the underparts are white . The sexes are similar in appearance but the females are slightly more brown . The male has a simple chattering song and the birds have various guttural flight and alarm calls . - - = = Etymology = = - - The English common name fieldfare dates back to at least the eleventh century . The Anglo @-@ Saxon word perhaps meant traveller through the fields . - The species was described by Linnaeus in his Systema ( 1758 ) under its current scientific name . The name Turdus comes from two separate Latin words for thrush . No subspecies are recognised . - - = = Description = = - - The fieldfare is easily recognisable with its slate @-@ grey head , nape and rump , dark brown back , blackish tail and boldly speckled breast . In flight , its white under wing @-@ coverts and are conspicuous . The harsh flight call " tsak tsak " is also distinctive . - The forehead and crown of the male are bluish @-@ grey and each feather has a central brownish @-@ black band . The and under @-@ eye regions are black and there are faint , pale streaks above the eyes . The ear coverts , nape , hind neck and rump are bluish @-@ grey , usually with a white streak near the shaft of each rump feather . The and mantle feathers are dark chestnut @-@ brown with dark central streaks and pale tips . There are fourteen tail feathers each with a pointed tip , the outer two slightly shorter than the others giving a rounded tail . They are brownish @-@ black , with inconspicuous darker bars visible in some lights . The outer edge of each tail feather is fringed with grey near the base and the outer pair of feathers have a narrow white border on the inner edge . The chin , throat and upper breast are creamy @-@ buff with bold streaks and speckles of brownish @-@ black . The lower breast is creamy @-@ white with a diminishing buff tinge and fewer speckles and the belly is similarly creamy @-@ white , with the speckles restricted to the uppermost parts . The primaries are brownish @-@ black with the leading edge fringed grey and the inner edge of the outer feathers grey near the base whereas the inner feathers are fringed with brown near the base . The are similar but fringed with chestnut @-@ brown on the leading edge . The upper wing @-@ coverts are brownish @-@ black and similar to the outer primaries in their margin colouration . The and under wing @-@ coverts are white and the under tail @-@ coverts have dark greyish @-@ brown bases and margins and white centres and tips . The beak is strong , with a slight curve and a notch near the tip . It is orange @-@ yellow in winter , with the upper mandible somewhat brownish and both mandible tips brownish @-@ black . In the summer both of the male 's beak are yellow . The irises are dark brown and the legs and feet are brown . The average adult length is 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) , the is 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) and the length 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) . - The female is very similar to the male but the upper parts are somewhat more brownish and the feathers on the crown have narrower black central stripes . The throat and breast are paler with fewer , smaller markings . The beak is similar to the male 's winter beak . The juvenile are a duller colour than the adults with pale coloured streaks on the feathers that have dark streaks in the adult . The young assume their adult plumage after their first moult in the autumn . - The call is mostly uttered in flight and is a harsh " tsak tsak " . The same sound , but softer , is made more when individuals gather in trees . When angry or alarmed they emit various warning sounds reminiscent of the thrush ( Turdus ) . The male has a rather song that he sings in the breeding season . It is a mixture of a few phrases like those of the common ( Turdus ) interspersed with whistles , guttural and call notes . This is sung on the wing and also from a tree and a subdued version of this song with more notes is sung by a group of birds at communal roosts . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The fieldfare is a migratory species with a distribution . It breeds in northern Norway , northern Sweden , Finland , Belgium , Germany , Switzerland , Austria , the Czech Republic , , Hungary , Poland and Siberia as far east as , the River and the Shan Mountains in North West China . Its winter range extends through West and South Europe to North Africa , though it is uncommon in the Mediterranean region . Eastern populations migrate to Anatolia , Israel , Iran and Northwest India , and occasionally Northeast India . It is a to Iceland , Greenland , Spitsbergen , the Canary Islands , the Islands , Madeira , , Sardinia , Sicily , Malta and Cyprus . - In the summer the fieldfare mixed woodland of birch , alder , pine , spruce and fir , often near marshes , moorland or other open ground . It does not avoid the vicinity of humans and can be seen in cultivated areas , orchards , parks and gardens . It also inhabits open and the slopes of hills above the tree line . In the winter , groups of are chiefly found in open country , agricultural land , orchards and open woodland . They are nomadic , wandering wherever there is an abundance of berries and insects . Later in the year they move on to and cultivated fields . - - = = Behaviour = = - - The flight of the fieldfare is slow and direct . It takes several strong beats then closes its wings briefly before flapping on . It is highly gregarious , quite shy and easily scared in the winter and bold and noisy in the breeding season . When a group is in a tree they all tend to face in the same direction , keeping up a constant . When foraging on the ground , often in association with , the group works its way up wind , each bird every so often to stand erect and gaze around before resuming feeding . When alarmed they fly off down wind and the feeding group reforms elsewhere . In woodland they do not in the as do or song , instead they perch in the open on bushes and high branches . They roost socially , sometimes in overgrown and but usually on the ground . Common sites are in rough grass among bushes or clumps of rushes , in young plantations , on and in the of fields . - Migration southwards from the breeding range starts in October but the bulk of birds arrive in the United Kingdom in November . Some of these are still on passage and carry on into continental Europe but others remain . The passage @-@ migrants return in April and they and the resident migrants depart from the United Kingdom mostly by early May . - The fieldfare is omnivorous . Animal food in the diet includes snails and slugs , earthworms , spiders and insects such as beetles and their larvae , flies and grasshoppers . When berries in the autumn these are taken in great number . , , , yew , , dog rose , , and are all . Later in the winter apples are eaten , attacked in the field and grain and seeds eaten . When these are exhausted , or in particularly harsh weather , the birds may move to marshes or even the foreshore where molluscs are to be found . - - = = Breeding = = - - The breeding season starts in May in Poland but further north in Scandinavia may not start until early July . The female fieldfare builds a cup @-@ shaped nest with no attempt at concealment . The location is often in woodland but may be in a , garden , among rocks , in a pile of logs , in a or on the ground . usually nest in close proximity to others of the same species . The adults will defend the nest aggressively and nesting may offer protection from predators . The nest is built of dried grasses and weeds with a few twigs and a little moss , with a lining of mud and an inner lining of fine grasses . There are usually five to six eggs in a clutch , but occasionally three , four , seven or eight eggs are laid . The eggs vary in size from 28 @.@ 8 by 20 @.@ 9 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 13 in × 0 @.@ 82 in ) to 33 @.@ 5 by 23 @.@ 4 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 32 in × 0 @.@ 92 in ) and are variable in colour . Many are pale blue speckled with fine brown dots and resemble those of the common . Others are bright blue , with or without larger red @-@ brown . Incubation starts before all the eggs are laid and lasts for thirteen to fourteen days . The female does all or most of the incubation . The chicks are and both parents bring food to them . They are usually ready to leave the nest after fourteen to sixteen days and there may be two broods in the season , especially in the southern parts of the breeding range . - - = = Status and conservation = = - - The fieldfare has an extensive range , estimated at 10 million square kilometres ( 3 @.@ 8 million square miles ) , and a large population , including an estimated forty two to seventy two million individuals in Europe . There are thought to be up to twenty thousand individuals in Russia and the global population is estimated to be between forty four and ninety six million individuals . The population size appears to be stable and the bird is not believed to approach the for the population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ( i.e. , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as being of " Least Concern " . - In the United Kingdom , at the extreme edge of the fieldfare 's breeding range , only a handful of pairs breed . It is therefore classified by the RSPB as a Red List species as of January 2013 . - - - = Type 94 Nambu pistol = - - The Type 94 Nambu 8 mm ( Type 94 , Japanese : @-@ ) is a pistol developed by Nambu and his associates for the Imperial Japanese Army . Development of the Type 94 pistol began in 1929 , and after several the final prototype was tested and officially adopted by the Japanese Army in late 1934 ( Japanese calendar , ) . The Type 94 pistol entered production in 1935 . Approximately 71 @,@ 000 pistols were manufactured before production ended in 1945 . - The Type 94 pistol was designed for , and popular among , Japanese tank and aircraft crews who preferred a smaller , lightweight design . Japanese weapons experts have subsequently criticized some design elements of the Type 94 ; in particular the pistol could be fired unintentionally before the breech was fully locked if the sear bar on the side of the receiver was jarred loose and the pistol was improperly handled . Additionally , the process to the pistol is overly complex and awkward . The build quality of the Type 94 pistol declined over its production run ; " last ditch " pistols made in 1945 were manufactured . - - = = History = = - - The Type 94 Nambu pistol was designed by Nambu after he retired from the Japanese Army and founded the Nambu Rifle Manufacturing Company . Design for the Type 94 Nambu pistol commenced in 1929 with the goal of reducing the bulk and price of previous Nambu designs . The Imperial Japanese Army felt a smaller pistol of domestic design that could accommodate the standard 8 × Nambu cartridge was needed to substitute the larger , heavier , and only official military pistol , the Type 14 Nambu . The demand for officer 's had increased as a result of Japan 's invasion of during the Second @-@ Japanese War . A new design was also wanted by the Japanese Army to include a magazine safety , to prevent unintentional during cleaning that were common among Japanese personnel . Naming of the Type 94 pistol reflects the change in Japanese nomenclature with the 94 reckoning back to the mythical foundation of Japan in 660 BC therefore year instead of the traditional emperor reign period used to name the Type 26 revolver or Type 14 Nambu pistol . The final prototype for the Type 94 was officially adopted by the Japanese Army in late 1934 after several . Production began under the supervision of the Nagoya Army Arsenal at the Nambu Rifle Manufacturing Company and later its successor , Company , Ltd . An estimated 71 @,@ 000 pistols were produced for the military but the exact quantity is unknown because of the production of pistols and undated pistols . During World War II the pistol became a preferred weapon for tank crews and paratroopers who required a smaller , more convenient pistol . The Type 94 was never officially adopted by the Imperial Japanese Navy but was available to officers through the Japanese officer 's union . - - = = Design = = - - The Type 94 pistol is operated by a different mechanism than previous Japanese . Unlike previously designed Nambu pistols , the Type 94 operates with a concealed hammer and with a firing pin rather than a hammer . According to authors , Harry L. Derby and James D. Brown , the firing pin is inherently weak and is prone to breakage because of a recess cut provided for the crossbolt and is prone to breaking at this point . The hammer firing mechanism was developed and included in the Type 94 to replace the poor striker on the Type 14 Nambu . The system is a rising @-@ block type which floats independently between the underneath the chamber end of the barrel . The single coil is positioned around the barrel around the barrel instead of to the rear of the barrel as found on other Nambu pistols . The grip is smaller than other Japanese pistols and is finished with smooth wood but according to author Jeff , are more comfortable for use by men with smaller hands . The magazine holds a maximum of six rounds because of the smaller grip and it is considered difficult to the weapon , with pressure from the bolt holding it inside the pistol . The magazine catch far enough to occasionally disengage when the pistol is placed on its left side on a hard surface . The magazine could also disengage if squeezed into or jarred in a holster . The manual safety lever is located on the left rear of the frame and has the for fire and safe stamped onto the frame . The front blade sight on the muzzle of the Type 94 pistol and the rear fixed V were occasionally inaccurately positioned making them useless when the weapon is being aimed . The rear sight was reduced from a U @-@ shape to a simple notch in 1944 with the front blade being left unchanged but less attention to detail being applied as World War II progressed . - - = = = Final production = = = - - The quality of Type 94 Nambu pistols decreased towards the end of World War II as the Japanese faced bombing raids from allied forces and material shortages increased . This drastic change in quality from late March 1945 , onwards with all quality standards appearing to disappear towards the end of June 1945 . The smooth wooden finished grip was replaced by a pattern . Many pistols were not serialized and no pistols have been reported that bear July 1945 manufacture date . Only four and undated pistols are known to exist and include parts with no inspection marks , loops , and . A small number of pistols made during the final production stages include earlier production dates and appear to have been salvaged from previously discarded pistols that had minor or cosmetic defects . - - = = = = - - of the Type 94 Nambu pistol is considered difficult and can lead to damage to the pistol if done carelessly . After clearing the Type 94 , the operator must draw the slide against the magazine follower to hold the bolt to the rear of the pistol . This will allow the crossbolt to be released after the firing pin is depressed . of the crossbolt without depressing the firing pin will damage both the firing pin and the crossbolt . the crossbolt is further complicated as the hands are both holding the pistol and depressing the firing pin . - - = = = = - - for the Type 94 pistol were generally made from either or leather and ranged in color from tan to dark reddish brown . faced the same degradation in quality as the Type 94 pistol . As supplies of leather were exhausted in Japan , holsters manufactured in 1944 became fabricated from olive drab fabric . The Type 94 pistol holster is distinguishable from other Japanese holsters having a pointed closure flap and a vertically positioned magazine . The tow has a narrow extension to accommodate a cleaning rod . The majority of holsters were made in civilian owned with some ink stamped with arsenal and inspection marks . A belt loop and two shoulder strap " D " rings are provided on the rear of the holster and are made from brass , galvanized steel , or nickel plating . - - = = firing = = - - The poor design of the breech allowed the Type 94 Nambu to be fired unintentionally . The sear bar on the Type 94 Nambu converts the forward pull of the trigger into a lateral movement that frees the hammer . Because the sear bar is on the outside of the pistol , it could be jarred loose during engagement if the pistol was and handled carelessly . The forward end of the sear bar would need to be depressed approximately to cause the weapon to fire . The ability to fire the Type 94 without pulling the trigger gave rise to war stories of Japanese soldiers surrendering , only to fire the pistol , earning the pistol such as the " suicide special " and the " surrender pistol " . These stories are widely discredited because of the difficulty to fire the weapon by the sear bar . If the safety is engaged on the Type 94 it is impossible for the weapon to discharge unintentionally . - - - = Jifna = - - Jifna ( Arabic : , ) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al @-@ in the central West Bank , Palestine , located 8 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) north of Ramallah and 23 kilometers ( 14 mi ) north of Jerusalem . A village of about 1 @,@ 400 people , Jifna has retained a Christian majority since the 6th century CE . Its total land area consists of 6 @,@ 015 dunams , of which 420 are designated as built @-@ up areas , most of the remainder being covered with olive , and apricot groves . Jifna is governed by a village council , led ( 2008 ) by chairman Na 'im Kamil . - Jifna was known as ( In Hebrew ) at the time of the First Jewish @-@ Roman War , and after its conquest became a Roman regional capital . Later the town grew less significant politically , but nevertheless prospered under Byzantine and Arab rule due to its location on a trade route . St. George 's Church in Jifna was built in the 6th century CE , but fell into disrepair and was not rebuilt until the arrival of the Crusaders in the late 10th century . However , it again fell into ruin after the Crusaders were driven out by the Ayyubids . In modern times , the ruins of St. George 's Church have become a tourist attraction . During the period of Ottoman control in Palestine the tower of an ancient Roman structure in Jifna became the location of a jail house . - Jifna has local traditions and legends relating to the Holy Family , and to the village water @-@ spring . It is also locally known for its apricot harvest festival ; each year , during the late Spring period , hundreds travel to the village to harvest the fruit during its brief season . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Biblical era and Roman / Byzantine rule = = = - - It was suggested by Edward Robinson that Jifna was of Benjamin , mentioned in the Book of Joshua as one of the " twelve cities . " Nothing thereafter is recorded in its history until the time of the Roman conquest during the 1st century BCE , when it appears in various records as " Gophna " . Gophna was described by as the second city of Judea , after Jerusalem , in his account of the First Jewish @-@ Roman Wars during the 1st century CE . The town is depicted as Gophna in the Map of , situated north of ( al @-@ ) , and is also mentioned in the Talmud as Ben , a " city of priests " . The latter portion of its name derives from the Hebrew root word , meaning " vine " . - Known by the Romans as , Jifna was a regional capital in the Province under the Roman Empire . Around 50 BCE the Roman general sold the population into slavery , for failure to pay taxes . They were freed , however , by Mark Antony shortly after he came to power . Jifna was within the area under 's command in 66 CE , during the First Jewish @-@ Roman War , and was the headquarters of one of the twelve ( minor realms ) of Judea . The Roman emperor occupied the town in 68 CE , established an army garrison there , and concentrated within the city Jewish priests and other local who had surrendered to him . Titus , the future Roman emperor , passed through Gophna during his march to Jerusalem in 70 CE . - The building of a church dedicated to Saint George during the 6th century CE indicates that by this time Jifna , now under Byzantine rule , had become a Christian town . Besides the church , other remains from this era are located in Jifna , including a Jewish tomb , a tower ( Burj Jifna ) once used by the Ottomans as a prison , a Roman villa , an olive oil press and a . - - = = = Middle Ages = = = - - Jifna , along with most of Palestine , was annexed by the Caliphate under Umar ibn al @-@ after the Battle of in . The town became less politically significant under the Arab dynasties of the , and , but remained a major regional center for trade and commerce , due to its location along the Jerusalem – Nazareth road . It was known by the Arabs as . - Sources are vague , but it is likely that St. George 's Church fell into disrepair during the early decades of Islamic rule , and that unfavorable circumstances for the Christian population prevented them from rebuilding it . However , it was partially rebuilt with old materials by the Crusaders , who conquered the area in 1099 . The Crusaders built a large courtyard building in Jifna . It had a monumental gate with a , with a large vaulted hall and thick walls of fine masonry . After their defeat to the Ayyubids under Saladin in 1187 , the church again fell into ruin . A document dated with the signature of one de , might indicate a Christian presence at this time . According to the American biblical scholar Edward Robinson , there are remains of massive walls in the center of the village , now filled by houses . They were relics of a castle built by the Crusaders . However , the masonry has no characteristics of the Crusader period ; rather , the remains display the Arab architectural style of the post @-@ Crusader period , most likely of the 18th century , by the dressing of the stones . - - = = = Ottoman era = = = - - After the Crusaders were succeeded by the Ayyubids and then the , the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in , and Jifna came under their control for the following 400 years . In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of " Jifna an @-@ " , being in the ( ) of Jerusalem of the Jerusalem , with a population of 21 households . The villagers paid a fixed tax @-@ rate of 33 @.@ 3 % on agricultural products , including wheat , barley , olive trees , vineyards , fruit trees , goats and , in addition to occasional revenues ; a total of 6 @,@ 470 . It was under the administration of the , part of the larger Jerusalem District , throughout Ottoman rule , being the only all @-@ Christian village in the district . During this period , the main commodity of Jifna was olive oil . Ottoman activity in the village was minimal , but they used the remains of Jifna 's castle , known as " Burj Jifna " , as a jail house sometime during the 19th century . In the early 1830s , Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt conquered most of the Levant , including Palestine . In 1834 there was a revolt against the Egyptian authorities in the Jifna area ; 26 residents of Jifna were subsequently exiled to Egypt for their alleged participation in the uprising . They were joined , voluntarily , by two prominent local priests . - An Eastern Orthodox Church was built in the village in 1858 , and a larger Latin ( Roman Catholic ) church dedicated to St. Joseph was built in 1859 , adjacent to the ruins of St. George 's Church . In the courtyard of St. George 's Church is a sarcophagus . St. George 's Church has continued to serve as a place of worship into the modern era and has been the site of archaeological excavation since the mid @-@ 19th century . Mass is still held at its altar on certain occasions . In 1882 the Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine described Jifna as an Important Christian village , with a Latin Church and a convent . Also in the 1880s , Jifna was frequently by Ottoman authorities . It also came into consistent armed conflict with another Christian village , Bir Zeit , which in one incident , resulted in the deaths of five men from that village . In retaliation , residents of Bir Zeit uprooted and burned 125 of Jifna 's olive groves . - - = = = Modern times = = = - - In 1917 , during World War I , the Ottomans were defeated by British and Arab forces . After a brief period of military rule , Jifna and its region came under the control of the League of Nations British Mandate , in 1922 . In 1947 the United Nations proposed the of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states , with Jifna being a part of the projected Arab state . However , after the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War the whole West Bank region , including Jifna , was annexed by Transjordan to form the Kingdom of Jordan , and the Arab state was stillborn . In 1967 Israel occupied the West Bank , after their victory in the Six @-@ Day War . - After the 1995 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip between the Palestinian National Authority ( ) and Israel , Jifna was placed in " Area B " . Thus , its administrative and civil affairs were transferred to the , while security matters remained in Israeli control . Throughout the ongoing Second Intifada , which began in 2000 , Jifna has not experienced violence to the same extent as other parts of the West Bank , such as in nearby Ramallah , but its residents face travel restrictions and economic hardship . - On 31 July 2015 a 15 @-@ year @-@ old resident was shot dead by an IDF sniper after allegedly throwing a at an army outpost . - - = = Geography and climate = = - - Jifna is located on the slope of a hill , standing at an elevation of about meters ( 2 @,@ 169 ft ) above sea level . It is situated at the intersection of two ancient trade routes , the mountainous north @-@ south route and the east @-@ west route connecting the Jordan Valley with the Mediterranean . In 1945 its land area consisted of 5 @,@ dunams , 52 dunams of which were classified as built @-@ up area in 1945 . Today Jifna has a total jurisdiction over 6 @,@ 015 dunams , 420 of which are designated as built @-@ up and roughly 2 @,@ 000 planted with olive , apricot and other fruit trees . - The village is located 8 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) northwest of Ramallah and al @-@ and about 23 kilometers ( 14 mi ) north of Jerusalem . The Palestinian refugee camp of was built on Jifna 's southern lands and is connected to the village by road . The villages of Dura al @-@ ' and Ein are located adjacent to Jifna to the east and northeast respectively . Other nearby localities include Abu to the southwest , to the southeast , Ein to the east , ' to the north and Bir Zeit to the northwest . Jifna is connected to the main Ramallah @-@ highway by a road at the eastern side of the village . - Jifna experiences a temperate Mediterranean climate . Based on data for nearby Ramallah , average monthly high temperatures range from 53 ° F ( 12 ° C ) in January to 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in July / August , the corresponding lows being 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) and 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) . Rain is usually restricted to the winter season , from around November until the end of April . The months that receive the most precipitation are January and December and the annual rainfall is 23 @.@ 2 inches ( 590 mm ) . - - = = Demographics = = - - According to Edward Robinson , Jifna 's population in 1838 consisted of about 200 people , of whom only 42 were adult males . In a 1945 land and population survey carried out by Sami , Jifna had 910 inhabitants . The modern inhabitants of Jifna belong mainly to eight families , four of whom are originally from the village , while the other five have , at various times , migrated from other countries such as Syria . - In 1994 , Jifna experienced a wave of emigration , with about half of its population leaving the town to pursue better livelihoods elsewhere . The first census carried by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) shows that Jifna had a population of 961 , of whom 623 ( 64 @.@ 8 % ) were classified as refugees in 1997 . The gender distribution was males ( 48 @.@ 4 % ) and females ( 51 @.@ 6 % ) . The age distribution was : Under 15 , 330 ( 34 % ) ; 15 – 29 , 275 ( 29 % ) ; 30 – 65 , ( 32 % ) ; Over 65 , 50 ( 5 % ) . - The population of Jifna continues to grow . According to the PCBS , Jifna 's mid @-@ year population estimate for 2006 was 1 @,@ 358 . An informal estimate from Autumn 2006 gives the population as 1 @,@ 500 , " 25 % of whom have had to move to Jerusalem or Ramallah to find jobs " . The 2007 census by the PCBS listed Jifna 's population as 1 @,@ 716 , of which 856 were males and 860 females . - - = = = Religion = = = - - The remains of the Byzantine @-@ era church in Jifna to the existence of a Christian community prior to the Muslim conquest . It continued to exist during the Middle Ages and the village is still inhabited mainly by Christians . The names of Christian inhabitants from Jifna appeared in a 10th @-@ century inscription on a stone above the gate of St. George 's Monastery in the Wadi . - Ottoman tax records from the late 16th century reveal that Jifna had a Christian population at the time also . An informal survey in 1927 found 550 inhabitants , of whom 325 were Catholics and the remainder reportedly " Christians of other denominations " . Palestinian Christians make up about 80 % of the residents , while the remaining 20 % are Muslims , mostly refugees . - It is certain that most of the Christian residents of Jifna in the 12th century were local inhabitants . Apart from local Christians there was also a Frankish settlement , as is attested by the ruins of a ( manor ) built in the lower part of the village . In Jifna , like in many other sites in Palestine , the Crusaders built their settlement in the heart of the local Christian settlement . - - = = Economy = = - - Although most of Jifna 's land is covered with olive groves as well as , and apricot trees and grape vines , agriculture is no longer the village 's main source of income . Many of the village 's former farmers are living off other businesses , including restaurants , other small family @-@ owned industries , and simple commerce . - Unlike some other West Bank localities , unemployment is a minor issue in Jifna . However , the average income is low because of the unstable political situation in the Palestinian territories , Israeli checkpoints , the West Bank barrier and the 2006 freezing by Israel of funds to the Palestinian territories — although the latter no longer applies to the West Bank . - According to the PCBS , 98 @.@ 5 % of Jifna 's 201 households are connected to electricity through a public network . The same percentage is connected to a sewage system , mostly through a . Pipe water is provided for 98 % of the households primarily through a public network ( 97 @.@ 5 % ) , but some residents receive water through a private system ( 1 @.@ 5 % ) . The village is home to the Jifna Women 's Charitable Society which offers health services and recreational activities for women and children . - - = = = Small businesses = = = - - There are three restaurants in Jifna : Al @-@ Burj Restaurant , Red Valley Restaurant and Garden , and Tabash Restaurant , as well as a hotel : al @-@ . In 2003 , the family of Jifna opened a leisure complex — called the Dream Day Resort — in the village . The complex , containing a half @-@ Olympic @-@ size swimming pool , a children 's pool and a is frequented by residents in Jifna and the surrounding area . - Al @-@ Burj Restaurant — also known as " Burj Jifna " — specializes in Palestinian cuisine and contains a café and a Palestinian culture hall . Situated in the center of the village , the restaurant is the site of Jifna 's old city . With international funding , the local youth club restored the area , adding bright accents to the stone masonry . The restaurant has become a center of tourism and the complex provides tours for its rooms , olive oil presses and ancient . Tabash Restaurant was founded in 1962 by a Palestinian refugee family from . Initially known as al @-@ Wadi Bar , it received its current name in 1972 . The owners and the employees of the restaurant are from the Tabash family . - - = = Culture = = - - - = = = = = = - - There are a number of local traditions in Jifna . A prominent legend among Jifna 's inhabitants is that the Holy Family rested near an oak tree in the town on their way from Jerusalem . The legend 's origins are due to Jifna 's location along the ancient Jerusalem @-@ Nazareth road . - A nearby mountain was named ad @-@ ( " Mount of the Rooster " ) because of a traditional story . According to the tradition , a Jew that lived in Jifna had visited Jerusalem during the Passion . Seeing Jesus rise from the dead , the man immediately converted and told his wife what he saw . His wife refused to believe him unless the rooster she had just killed would come back to life . , the rooster flew away towards the mountain . The story was recited in some monasteries on Holy Thursday together with other biblical readings . - A legend exists about Jifna 's spring — which the village has used for centuries — concerning how it periodically runs low on water . Popular belief is that this is the work of the ( female spirit ) . According to Palestinian researcher Canaan , " In Jifna the priest has to go on such an occasions to the dry spring to repeat prayers and burn incense , and thus reconcile the or force her to let the water flow " . - Like many Palestinian villages , the women of Jifna have their own traditional dress . in the village , known as ( " Greek White " ) and ( " Greek Black " ) , were dresses of hand @-@ woven linen embroidered with the Jifna 's own motifs . , a sweet pudding @-@ like dish made from whole grain wheat , on the Feast of Saint Barbara has been a tradition in Jifna for several centuries . - - = = = Festivals = = = - - In April – May 2005 Jifna hosted the first annual International Artists ' Workshop in Palestine . The festival , known as the " Jifna Spring " was the first held in a rural village instead of a major city such as Hebron or Ramallah . During the festival , dozens of artists from all over the world collaborated on several projects , including stone sculptures , metalwork , photography , mural paintings and installation pieces . Many of the works were influenced by the " and qualities " of Jifna , while others dealt with the subject of Palestinian identity . - Jifna , locally famous for its apricot harvest , hosts an annual two @-@ day apricot festival in the first week of May . Hundreds of West flock to participate in the harvest . The festival is also used by Palestinian politicians as an opportunity to give speeches praising Palestinian farmers and encouraging boycotts on Israeli products and reliance on domestic agriculture . - - = = Government = = - - Jifna is governed by a village council consisting of ten members including the chairman . The council was founded in 1954 , when a prominent resident , , pressured the authorities to recognize the institution , even though a village was normally required to have a population of at least 1 @,@ 000 inhabitants for permission to establish a village council . The decision was approved by Jordan 's then prime minister . Representatives from Jifna 's largest families formed the original council 's body , appointing as chairman and Salim as vice chairman . Na 'im Kamil was elected as the chairman in 2005 and the ( Alternative ) list — which represents a leftist alliance of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Palestinian People 's Party — won most of the council seats . - - = = Education = = - - Jifna contains one gender @-@ mixed primary school and kindergarten , founded by the Latin of Jerusalem in 1856 and managed by Jifna 's Catholic church . The school 's staff comprises eight teachers and two nuns , as well as four teachers for the kindergarten . Students who have graduated from the school commute to Ramallah or Bir Zeit daily for their secondary and tertiary education . Most university students attend the nearby Bir Zeit University . - - - = Ha ' K 'in Xook = - - Ha ' K 'in Xook ( pronunciation : [ k ’ in ] ) , also known as Ruler 6 , was an of Piedras Negras , an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala . He ruled during the Late Classic Period , from 767 – 780 AD . Ha ' K 'in Xook was a son of Itzam K 'an Ahk II , and he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother , Yo 'nal Ahk III . Ha ' K 'in Xook 's reign seems to have ended either with his death or his abdication in favor of his brother K 'inich Yat Ahk II ; archaeologists and have not come to a clear consensus on this . Ha ' K 'in Xook left behind several monuments , including stelae at Piedras Negras and a stone fragment from El Porvenir . In addition , a stone seat known as Throne 1 which was erected by K 'inich Yat Ahk II , records either the death or abdication of Ha ' K 'in Xook . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Reign of Piedras Negras = = = - - Ha ' K 'in Xook , who has also been referred to as Ruler 6 , was likely the son of Itzam K 'an Ahk II , based on a translation of Stela 23 . According to both Simon Martin and Grube , as well as Johnson , Ha ' K 'in Xook 's name translates to " Water Sun Shark " . Of note , his name does not feature a turtle glyph , a feature found in all the previous rulers of Piedras Negras , as well as his successor . He ascended the throne on February 14 , 767 AD ( 9 @.@ 16 @.@ 16 @.@ 0 @.@ 4 , 7 K 'an 17 Pop in the Long Count ) , following the death of his brother Yo 'nal Ahk III . Ha ' K 'in Xook 's kingship of Piedras Negras had originally been overlooked by , who instead assigned the title Ruler 6 to a — or Maya leader — of La - Not much is known about the rule of Ha ' K 'in Xook ; his reign , along with that of Yo 'nal Ahk III , has been referred to as " " by Flora Clancy , and James L. argues that Ha ' K 'in Xook seems to have been a weaker ruler when compared to the reign of Itzam K 'an Ahk II because Ha ' K 'in Xook erected few monuments , and he did not reinforce his power on a larger scale , choosing only to do so at local polities . The only notable recorded event that has been preserved during the life of Ha ' K 'in Xook is of an incident that took place at El , most likely related to the burial of a contemporary . According to Zachary Nathan Nelson , the reign of Ha ' K 'in Xook seems to have been relatively free from war , as none of his extant stelae show representation of captives , and known records do not indicate any sort of " action " in the region during his reign . - - = = = Death or abdication = = = - - Ha ' K 'in Xook yielded the throne on March 24 , 780 AD ( 9 @.@ 17 @.@ 9 @.@ 5 @.@ 11 10 19 ) . The reason why his reign came to an end has been a topic of debate . Some believe that his reign ended with his abdication . Throne 1 , when translated , notes that he " abandoned / transferred rulership " , which American Stephen D. Houston interprets to mean that he abdicated in favor of his brother , K 'inich Yat Ahk II . David Stuart also noted that the wording on the throne " implies a more active event on the ruler 's part " , but that " ' lose ' might be more neutral as far as an interpretation goes . " - However , the exact phrase on the monument is , which is the same wording that was used when the " burden " of leadership passed from K ' Chan , the k of , to his successor Sky during his burial ten days after his demise in AD . As such , this may suggest that , rather than , Ha ' K 'in Xook died in 780 AD , and his successor , K 'inich Yat Ahk II , took up rule later . The on Throne 1 note that K 'inich Yat Ahk II later " remembered " Ha ' K 'in Xook at the Stone Place in some way , and that the new king may have possibly at the memory of Ha ' K 'in Xook , according to anthropologist . - Regardless , K 'inich Yat Ahk II took up the throne on May 31 , AD ( 9 @.@ 17 @.@ 10 @.@ 9 @.@ 4 1 K 'an 7 'in ) , almost a year following the end of Ha ' K 'in Xook 's reign . Despite this lengthy gap , there appears to be no evidence of anyone ruling Piedras Negras between the two kings . - - = = Monuments = = - - - = = = Stelae = = = - - Several stelae have been found that were erected by Ha ' K 'in Xook , including Stelae 13 , 18 , and 23 . Stela 13 would appear to be the earliest , showing the oldest date assigned to Ha Xook , and it " captures the essence of the period @-@ ending celebration . " This 2 @.@ 39 @-@ metre ( 7 @.@ 8 ft ) tall stela retains stylistic elements of other niche stelae , but also shows a different form . It depicts the king scattering incense , similar to iconography found on Piedras Negras Stelae 2 and 32 . Clancy has argued that the stela contains iconography pertaining to three motifs : divination , " the quest " , and accession . is shown via the act of Ha ' K 'in Xook scattering the incense . This motif had been introduced earlier in the iconography of Piedras Negras by K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II . The stela also features Ha ' K 'in Xook wearing a unique headdress ; it is depicted as being composed of three knots and forehead scrolls , a projecting Water Lily Jaguar , and a flexible rectangular emblem made from a jaguar and a thick net . It has been postulated that this headdress was inspired by the headdress worn by an enthroned figure from the underworld featured on Stela 5 . Clancy argues that this headdress is a representation of " the royal theme of quest " , due to its similarity to other stelae at Piedras Negras . In addition , Stela 13 remains Ha ' K 'in Xook 's only extant image . - Not much remains of Stela 18 , and what is left is badly worn . However , archaeologist Morley claimed that it expressed a Calendar Round date of 6 13 K ( corresponding to a Long Count date of 9 @.@ 17 @.@ 5 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 or 27 , 775 ) , which Martin and Grube note is within Ha ' K 'in Xook 's reign . Stela 23 is the king 's accession monument . Originally carved on all four faces , this stela is in poor condition because it tipped over and shattered . The largest portions remaining include the base , and remnants of a basal panel of that feature the feet of two individuals . Similar to Stela 18 , Martin and Grube argue that Stela 23 dates to the rulership of Ha ' K 'in Xook because the Calendar Round date on the monument is contemporary with the date found on Stela 13 . This stele details a ceremony for Ha ' K 'in Xook 's dead father , Itzam K 'an Ahk II , and , when translated , reads " Ruler 6 [ Ha ' K 'in Xook ] , child of Ruler 4 [ Itzam K 'an Ahk II ] … acceded to the rulership " , seemingly proving that Ha ' K 'in Xook was indeed the offspring of Itzam K 'an Ahk II . - All three of the stelae were discovered by Maler in 1901 near one of the site 's main temple , the O @-@ 13 pyramid . Stela 13 was possibly erected on a terrace reached by the pyramid 's main stairway , and Stela 18 lies in a row on the plaza in front of the aforementioned stairway . Stela 23 , on the other hand , was erected at the very base of the pyramid . This pyramid was most likely the burial place for Itzam K 'an Ahk II , and — seeing as how Ha ' K 'in Xook , Yo 'nal Ahk III , and K 'inich Yat Ahk II all revered the site as a dynastic shrine — it is further evidence to back the argument that Ha ' K 'in Xook was the son of Itzam K 'an Ahk II . - - = = = Other = = = - - As mentioned before , Throne 1 details either the death or abdication of Ha ' K 'in Xook . However , it should be noted that the throne was not constructed by the king himself , but rather by his successor , K 'inich Yat Ahk II . The throne was later deliberately broken apart by Piedras Negras 's enemies , but has since been reconstructed . In addition to on @-@ site remains and relics , a fragment of stone found at El Porvenir and called the " El Porvenir " was also discovered that bore the name of Ha ' K 'in Xook . - - - = Tommy Lawton = - - Thomas " Tommy " Lawton ( 6 October 1919 – 6 November 1996 ) was an English football player and manager . A strong centre @-@ forward with excellent all @-@ round attacking skills , he was able to head with the ball with tremendous power and accuracy . Despite losing much of his best years to World War II , he scored 260 goals in league and cup competitions in 14 full seasons in the Football League . - Born in and raised in Bolton , he played amateur football at United , before he turned professional at Burnley on his 17th birthday . He also played cricket for Burnley Cricket Club , before his potential as a footballer won him a £ 6 @,@ 500 move to Everton in January 1937 . He went on to finish as the First Division 's top @-@ scorer in 1937 – 38 and 1938 – 39 , helping Everton to finish as champions of the Football League in the latter campaign . League football was then suspended for seven full seasons due to the outbreak of war in Europe , during which time he scored 24 goals in 23 appearances for England whilst for Everton and a number of other clubs . In November 1945 , he moved to Chelsea for £ 14 @,@ 000 , and scored a club record 26 goals in 34 league games in the 1946 – 47 season . - In November 1947 , he made a surprise move to Third Division South club Notts County for a British record transfer fee of £ 20 @,@ 000 . He helped the club to win promotion as champions in 1949 – 50 , before he moved on to Brentford in March 1952 for a club record £ 16 @,@ 000 . In January 1953 , Brentford appointed him player @-@ manager , though he would only remain in charge for nine months . He joined Arsenal as a player in November 1953 for £ 10 @,@ 000 , where he saw out the remainder of his playing career . He had a promising start to his managerial career by leading Kettering Town to the Southern League title in 1956 – 57 , but then only had two more seasons as manager , getting relegated with Notts County in 1957 – 58 and then relegated with Kettering Town in 1963 – 64 . During the 1970s he struggled with debt and related legal problems , which were reported in the media as an example of a celebrated person having fallen from grace . - He scored 22 goals in his 23 England appearances over a ten @-@ year international career from 1938 to 1948 , including four against Portugal in May 1947 . He helped England to win two British Home Championship titles outright ( 1946 – 47 and 1947 – 48 ) , and to share the Championship in 1938 – 39 . He fell out of international contention at the age of 28 due to his contempt for manager Walter Winterbottom , his decision to drop out of the First Division , and the emergence of Jackie Milburn and Nat . As well as his England caps , he also represented The Football League XI and played in a special Great Britain game against Europe in 1947 . He married twice , and had two children and one step @-@ child . His ashes are held in the National Football Museum , and he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2003 . - - = = Early life = = - - Thomas Lawton was born on 6 October 1919 to Elizabeth Riley and Thomas Lawton senior in , Lancashire . His father was a rail @-@ road of Irish extraction , and his mother worked as a at Mill . His father left the family 18 months after Lawton was born , and Elizabeth moved back into her parents ' home in Bolton . Elizabeth 's father , James Hugh " Jim " Riley , became Lawton 's surrogate father . Lawton 's natural ability earned him a place on the Bolton Town Schools team in 1930 . He was picked by Lancashire Schools at the age of 13 . Despite scoring a hat @-@ trick in a trial game for England , he never earned a full England cap . At the age of 14 he began playing for Hayes Athletic in the Bolton Senior League , and went on to score 570 goals in three seasons . The FA 's rules meant he was unable to turn professional at a club until he was 17 , and Lawton 's grandfather rejected Bolton Wanderers 's offer for Lawton to work as a delivery driver for two years before turning professional at the club . Lawton instead played as an amateur for United in the Lancashire , scoring a hat @-@ trick on his debut against . He took up temporary work at a tannery , and then joined Burnley as assistant after his mother rejected an offer from Sheffield Wednesday as she objected to him travelling to Sheffield on a daily basis . - - = = Club career = = - - - = = = Burnley = = = - - Lawton played his first game for Burnley Reserves against Manchester City Reserves in September 1935 , and though he struggled in this game he went on to become a regular Reserve team player by the age of 16 . After a poor run of form from Cecil Smith , Lawton was selected ahead of Smith for the Second Division game against Doncaster Rovers at Moor on 28 March 1936 ; aged 16 years and 174 days , this made him the youngest centre @-@ forward ever to play in the Football League . Rovers centre @-@ half Syd , also making his league debut , marked Lawton out of the game , which ended in a 1 – 1 draw . Burnley had played poorly , though Lawton was praised for his " keen and fearless " performance by the Express & News newspaper . He retained his place for the following game , and scored two goals in a 3 – 1 victory over Swansea Town at Field . He picked up a groin strain in his third appearance which caused him to miss two fixtures , before he returned to the first team for the final four games of the 1935 – 36 season ; he claimed three more goals to take his season tally to five goals from seven games . - Lawton continued to train his heading skills intensely in the summer of 1936 , and also played cricket for Burnley Cricket Club as a batsman in the Lancashire League . He scored a six against both Learie Constantine and Singh . He scored runs in 15 completed innings for an average of 24 @.@ 06 . - He turned professional at Burnley at the age of 17 on wages of £ 7 a week . His grandfather attempted to negotiate a £ 500 signing @-@ on fee on his behalf but was rebuffed after the club alerted Charles , Secretary of the Football League , who informed them that any attempt to the league 's maximum wage was illegal . Lawton scored in his first appearance since signing the contract after just 30 seconds , before going on to record a hat @-@ trick in a 3 – 1 win over Tottenham Hotspur , scoring a goal with either foot and one with his head . - - = = = Everton = = = - - In January 1937 , First Division club Everton paid Burnley £ 6 @,@ 500 to secure Lawton 's services , and also gave his grandfather a job as deputy at Goodison Park ; the fee was a record for a player under 21 . The move to Everton made him a teammate of Dixie Dean , his idol , who he was expected to gradually replace as first choice centre @-@ forward . He later recalled that on his way to Goodison Park on his first day as an Everton player he was told by a tram conductor that " You 're that young Lawton , aren 't you ? You 'll never be as good as Dixie . " Dean was finally rested on 13 February , which allowed Lawton to make his first team debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers at ; the match ended in a 6 – 2 defeat , though Lawton scored a penalty . He spent the rest of the season at inside @-@ left , with Dean at centre @-@ forward , and ended the 1936 – 37 campaign with four goals in 11 games . He started the 1937 – 38 season in the Reserves , but was installed as first choice centre @-@ forward in September after Dean was dropped for punching club secretary Kelly . On 2 October , Lawton scored the winning penalty in a 2 – 1 victory over Merseyside derby rivals Liverpool at Anfield . He ended the campaign with 28 goals in 39 appearances to become the division 's top @-@ scorer . - Everton had a young but highly effective team for the 1938 – 39 campaign , and Lawton was praised for the way he led the attack , with the Evening Standard 's Roland Allen describing Lawton as a " clever footballer , bringing his wing men into the game with and widely flung and accurate passes " after Everton recorded a 2 – 1 victory over Arsenal at Highbury . The game against Arsenal was part of a run of six wins in the first six games of the campaign , during which time Lawton scored eight goals . Everton lost their lead at the top of the table to Derby County over Christmas , but returned to form and to first position by Easter . They faced a difficult final run of games , but beat Chelsea and recorded two victories over Sunderland to secure the club 's fifth league title , finishing four points ahead of second @-@ place Wolverhampton Wanderers . Lawton scored 34 goals in 38 league games to finish as the division 's top @-@ scorer for the second successive season . However , in the summer he wrote to Leicester City to request that the club buy him from Everton ; it was reported that he reached out to Leicester as they were managed by Tom , his former Burnley manager . Everton were fifth in the league and Lawton was the division 's top @-@ scorer with four goals when league football was suspended three games into the 1939 – 40 season due to the outbreak of World War II . Lawton later remarked that " I 'm convinced that if it hadn 't been for the War , we 'd have won the Championship again , the average age of those players was about 24 or 25 " . - - = = = World War II = = = - - Lawton continued to play for both Everton and England during the war . However the FA decided to not award full caps for England appearances during the war , and as a result his 24 goals in 23 international games were not counted in statistics for the official England team . As was common for footballers during the war , he also made guest appearances for a number of clubs besides Everton , including Leicester City , Greenock Morton , Chester City , Aldershot , and Tranmere Rovers . He was called up to the British Army in January 1940 , and his status as an England international saw him recruited to the Royal Army Physical Training Corps . He also played for the British Army team and his Area Command team . He was posted in , which allowed him to frequently appear for Everton . On Christmas Day 1940 , he played for Everton against Liverpool at Anfield in the morning and for Tranmere Rovers at Crewe Alexandra in the afternoon . Explaining this later , he said , ' The Tranmere people came into the dressing room and asked if anyone wanted to play as they were two men short . I said , " Go on , I 'll help you out . " And I did . ' In 1942 he scored a hat @-@ trick for England in a 5 – 4 win over Scotland at Hampden Park . Later in the year he scored six goals for Aldershot in a 9 – 0 win over Luton Town . On 16 October 1943 , he scored four goals in an 8 – 0 victory over Scotland at Maine Road . - - = = = Chelsea = = = - - In July 1945 , Lawton handed in a transfer request at Everton as he wanted a move to a Southern club so as to see more of his increasingly estranged wife . In November 1945 , he was sold to Chelsea for a fee of £ 14 @,@ 000 . Chelsea continued to play regional wartime fixtures as national league football had not resumed for the 1945 – 46 season , and Lawton also continued his appearances for the England national team . In the summer of 1946 , following his , he coached for the FA in a summer camp in Switzerland . He scored a club record 26 goals in 34 league games in the 1946 – 47 season . However he struggled to settle at Stamford Bridge and came into conflict with manager Billy after refusing to go on a pre @-@ season tour of Sweden in 1947 , which resulted in him requesting a transfer . He favoured a move to Arsenal , but this was ruled out by the Chelsea hierarchy . Lawton turned down an approach by Sunderland manager Bill Murray as he held out hope that Chelsea would and allow him a move to Arsenal . - - = = = Notts County = = = - - In November 1947 , Lawton was sold to Notts County of the Third Division South for a British record transfer fee of £ 20 @,@ 000 . He made the surprise decision to drop down two divisions so as to be reunited with manager Arthur , his former and friend at Chelsea , and because he was promised a job outside of football upon his retirement by vice @-@ chairman Harold . told the Nottingham Guardian Journal that " we are prepared to spend to the limit to put this old club back where it belongs " . He scored two goals on his home debut , a 4 – 2 win over Bristol Rovers in front of 38 @,@ 000 spectators at Meadow Lane – a massive increase on previous home games of typically 6 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 000 supporters . He ended the 1947 – 48 season with 24 goals in as many games , though was resented by the club 's directors after he insisted on pay rises for his teammates and stopped the practice of director 's friends and family travelling to away games on the team coach . - He formed a productive forward partnership with Jackie Sewell in the 1948 – 49 campaign , and scored 23 goals in 40 league and cup appearances . County finished in mid @-@ table despite scoring 102 goals , 15 more than champions Swansea . was sacked and upon Lawton 's suggestion the club appointed Eric Houghton as manager after Lawton turned down the role as player @-@ manager . Lawton and Sewell 's understanding grew throughout the 1949 – 50 campaign , and Lawton finished as the division 's top @-@ scorer with 31 goals in 37 league games as County won promotion as champions , seven points ahead of second @-@ placed Northampton Town . Promotion was secured with a 2 – 0 win over local rivals Nottingham Forest at Meadow Lane on 22 April . - However he struggled with poor form during the 1950 – 51 season as his first marriage was coming to an end and he came into increasing conflict with his teammates . He was angered when the club sold Jackie Sewell to Sheffield Wednesday in March 1951 – breaking Lawton 's own transfer record in the process – as he felt the move showed a lack of ambition from the club 's directors . He also found that the well paid job he was promised outside of football did not . His tally of nine goals in 31 games in 1950 – 51 and 13 goals in 31 games in 1951 – 52 was disappointing , and he was made available for transfer . - - = = = Brentford = = = - - In March 1952 , Lawton joined Second Division side Brentford for a club record £ 16 @,@ 000 fee . Manager Jackie Gibbons left the club at the start of the 1952 – 53 season and was succeeded by his assistant Jimmy Bain , who proved ill @-@ suited to management , and so in January 1953 Lawton was appointed as player @-@ manager , with Bain as his assistant . However he lost the dressing room due to his excessive demands of the players , and the strains of management were having a negative impact on his form . Brentford also lost their best players having sold both Ron Greenwood and Jimmy Hill . He signed two veterans in former Notts County teammate Frank Broome and Ian McPherson to play on the wings , who , with Lawton , formed an attacking trio with a combined age of 104 . They got off to a poor start to the 1953 – 54 season , and Lawton resigned as manager after the Griffin Park crowd began to mock the forward line by singing Dear Old Pals . - - = = = Arsenal = = = - - In November 1953 , Lawton was traded to First Division champions Arsenal for £ 7 @,@ 500 plus James Robertson ( valued at £ 2 @,@ 500 ) . He was signed by manager Tom Whittaker , who had previously found success in bringing in veterans such as Ronnie and Joe Mercer . However Lawton was limited to ten appearances in the 1953 – 54 campaign after picking up an injury on his debut . He also played in the 1953 Charity Shield , scoring one goal as Arsenal beat Blackpool 3 – 1 . He scored seven goals in 20 appearances throughout the 1954 – 55 season , including winning goals against Chelsea and Cardiff City . He scored a hat @-@ trick past Cardiff City on the opening day of the 1955 – 56 season , before he announced his decision to leave Arsenal to pursue a career in management eight games into the campaign . - " More than 20 years of soccer . What glorious years . Years that all the money in the world couldn 't buy . I have been lucky . I have played with great clubs ; I have escaped serious injury ; I have played for my country ; I have even captained my country ; I have won many of the game 's top honours . Soccer has been good to me and I hope that I have repaid the game in some small way . I have had great experiences . I have met some wonderful people . I have memories that nobody can take away from me . If I could turn the clock back 20 years , I would still go into the game as a full @-@ time professional and I can say to any lad who is contemplating a career in football : Go ahead son ... providing you are willing to work and work hard and providing you are willing to learn the craft thoroughly . You will meet some of the grandest fellows you could ever wish to meet and you will have a pleasant , healthy life and be quite well paid for it . - - = = International career = = - - Lawton was called up to play for The Football League XI against a League of Ireland XI at Windsor Park on 21 September 1938 , and scored four goals in what finished as an 8 – 2 win . A month later he went on to win his first cap for England on 22 October , England 's first game of the 1938 – 39 British Home Championship , a 4 – 2 defeat to Wales at Ninian Park , and converted a penalty kick to mark his first England appearance with a goal . This made him the youngest player to score on his England debut , a record which lasted until Marcus broke it in 2016 . Four days after Lawton 's debut , he scored again for England at Highbury in a 3 – 0 win over ' The Rest of Europe ' , a team of players selected from Italy , Germany , France , Belgium , Hungary and Norway . Later in the year he also scored in victories over Norway and Ireland . He played in all four games of 1939 , scoring against Scotland and Italy ; the goal against Scotland secured a 2 – 1 win in front of 149 @,@ 269 spectators at Hampden Park . - Newly appointed England manager Walter Winterbottom played Lawton in England 's first official match in seven years on 28 September 1946 , a 7 – 2 win over Ireland . He played the remaining three fixtures of 1946 , and scored four goals in a 8 – 2 victory over the Netherlands at Leeds Road on 27 November . On 10 May 1947 , he scored two goals playing for the Great Britain XI in a 6 – 1 victory over a Rest of Europe XI that was billed as the ' Match of the Century ' . Five days later he scored four goals in a 10 – 0 victory over Portugal at Lisbon 's . On 21 September , he scored after just 12 seconds in a 5 – 2 win over Belgium at Stadium . - He retained his place in the England team following his club move to Notts County , and in doing so became the first Third Division footballer to represent England when he scored from the penalty spot in a 4 – 2 win over Sweden on 19 November . However he only won three further caps in 1948 , his final appearance coming in a 0 – 0 draw with Denmark in Copenhagen on 26 September . He had become increasingly disillusioned with the England set @-@ up , and told that " if you think you can teach Stanley Matthews to play on the wing and me how to score goals , you 've got another think coming ! " was also frustrated by Lawton 's smoking habit , and preferred Jackie Milburn ahead of Lawton . of any future comeback were ended by the emergence of powerful centre @-@ forward Nat , who made his England debut in November 1950 . - - = = Style of play = = - - Lawton was widely regarded as the finest centre @-@ forward of his generation . He boasted a strong physique and good ball control skills , as well as a great passing range and a powerful shot . He was naturally right @-@ footed , though worked to improve his left foot to a good enough standard to be considered a two @-@ footed player . His greatest strength though was his ability to head the ball , as he possessed muscular legs to give himself a strong jump and long hang @-@ time , and was also able to time his jumps to perfection . Stanley Matthews surmised that " Quite simply , Tommy was the greatest header of the ball I ever saw . " Lawton was never booked throughout his career . - - = = Coaching career and later life = = - - An Arsenal director helped Lawton to find employment as player @-@ manager at Southern League side Kettering Town on wages of £ 1 @,@ 500 a year . He signed a number of players from Football League clubs , including Jim ( Arsenal ) , Amos Moore ( Aston Villa ) , Jack Wheeler ( Huddersfield Town ) , Jack Goodwin ( Brentford ) , Bob Thomas ( Fulham ) , Norman ( Leicester City ) , Harry McDonald ( Crystal Palace ) and Geoff ( Sunderland ) . Kettering were ten points clear at the top of the table by Christmas . In January 1956 he turned down an approach from Notts County to return as manager . Kettering won the league title in 1956 – 57 , finishing eight points ahead of Bedford Town , with Lawton scoring 15 of Kettering 's 106 league goals . - He was appointed as Notts County manager in May 1957 , controversially replacing caretaker @-@ manager Frank Broome , who had steered the club away from the Second Division relegation zone ; Broome was installed as his assistant . He was unable to make new signings as he was unable to move on any of the club 's 33 playing staff . He did though take on forwards Jeff and Tony as , who would both go on to have long careers in the First Division . Lawton agreed to go without his wages for six months so as to improve the club 's finances . County were relegated at the end of the 1957 – 58 season , finishing one point short of safety , and Lawton was sacked . He received a total of just three months pay for his time at the club , having only a verbal offer of a three @-@ year contract to fall back on , and nothing in writing . - After being sacked as Notts County manager , Lawton ran the Magna public house in from October 1958 . An employee stole £ 2 @,@ 500 from the business and Lawton decided to leave the pub trade after four years . He then took up a job selling insurance . He returned to football management with Kettering Town for the 1963 – 64 season as a caretaker following the resignation of Wally , but the season ended with Kettering being relegated from the Southern League Premier Division . He was offered the job on a permanent basis , but turned it down so as to concentrate on his job as an insurance salesman . He lost his job in insurance in 1967 , and then opened a sporting goods shop that bore his name after going into partnership with a friend , but was forced to close the business after just two months due to poor sales . After a period on unemployment benefits he found work at a betting company in Nottingham . - He returned to Notts County to work as a coach and chief scout from 1968 to 1970 . He was sacked after new manager Jimmy decided to appoint his own staff , and Lawton returned to unemployment . In May 1970 , he wrote to Chelsea chairman Richard Attenborough asking for a loan of £ 250 and for possible employment ; Attenborough lent him £ 100 . He was interviewed by Andrews on ITV 's Today programme on his fall from England star to the unemployment line . After his financial troubles became public knowledge he was offered a lucrative job as director of his own subsidiary furniture company by a large company on Tottenham Court Road , however the company went into the following year . He continued to write in the company 's name , and in June 1972 pleaded to seven charges of obtaining goods and cash by deception . He was sentenced to three years , and ordered to pay £ 240 compensation and £ 100 in costs . - In 1972 a testimonial match was organised by Everton on Lawton 's behalf to help him pay off his debts of around £ 6 @,@ 000 . However his financial situation was still bleak , and on two occasions he narrowly avoided a prison sentence for failing to pay his rates after an Arsenal supporters club and later an anonymous former co @-@ worker stepped in to pay the bill for him . In August 1974 , he was again found of obtaining goods by deception after failing to a £ 10 debt to a , and was sentenced to 200 hours of Community service and ordered to pay £ 40 costs . In 1984 he began writing a column for the Nottingham Evening Post . Brentford also organised a testimonial match for him in May 1985 . - Lawton 's health deteriorated in his old age and he died in November 1996 , aged 77 , as a result of pneumonia . His ashes were donated to the National Football Museum . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2003 . - - = = Personal life = = - - Lawton married Rosaleen May in January 1941 ; the marriage bore one child , Amanda . Rosaleen never watched Lawton play football during their ten @-@ year marriage . Divorce was granted with a decree in March 1951 after Rosaleen was found to have committed adultery with Notts County director Adrian Van Geffen ; Lawton never saw Amanda again and was not required to pay child support . He would not hear from his daughter until she was convicted of stealing from playwright George in 1968 , by which time Rosaleen was on her fourth marriage and living in Jamaica . Lawton married second wife Gladys Rose in September 1952 , who bore him a son , Thomas Junior . Gladys was also divorced , and her ex @-@ husband cited Lawton as a co @-@ in the divorce proceedings as the pair had begun their relationship whilst Gladys was still married ; her family were staunch Catholics , and Gladys was by her family following her divorce . Gladys had a daughter , Carol , from her previous marriage , who Lawton raised as his own . Thomas Junior went on to play rugby union for Leicester Tigers . - He starred alongside and Diana in 1953 film The Great Game , playing himself in a cameo role . Throughout the 1950s he went on to appear on What 's My Line ? amongst other radio and television programmes . He published a total of four books : Tommy Lawton 's all star football book ( 1950 ) , Soccer the Lawton way ( 1954 ) , My Twenty Years of Soccer ( 1955 ) , and When the Stopped ( 1973 ) . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Club playing statistics = = = - - Sourced from Tommy Lawton profile at the English National Football Archive ( subscription required ) - - = = = International playing statistics = = = - - Sourced from Tommy Lawton profile at the England Football Online website - - = = = Managerial statistics = = = - - Sourced from Tommy Lawton profile at the English National Football Archive ( subscription required ) - Notes - Statistics at Kettering Town not recorded . - - = = Honours = = - - England - British Home Championship winner : 1938 – 39 ( shared ) , 1946 – 47 , 1947 – 48 - Everton - Football League First Division champion : 1938 – 39 - Notts County - Football League Third Division South champion : 1949 – 50 - Arsenal - Charity Shield winner : 1953 - Kettering Town - Southern Football League champion : 1956 – 57 - - = = = Specific = = = - - - = = = General = = = - - - = Trials and Tribble @-@ ations = - - " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " is the episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , the sixth episode of the fifth season . It was written as a tribute to the original series of Star Trek , in the 30th anniversary year of the show ; sister series Voyager produced a similar episode , " Flashback " . The idea for the episode was suggested by René Echevarria , and Ronald D. Moore suggested the link to " The Trouble with Tribbles " . The pair were credited for their work on the teleplay , with the story credit going to Ira Steven Behr , Hans and Robert Hewitt Wolfe . - Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine , a space station located near a stable between the Alpha and of the Milky Way Galaxy . In this episode , Captain Benjamin Sisko ( Avery Brooks ) and the crew travel back in time to prevent the assassination of Captain James T. Kirk ( William ) of the USS Enterprise by a Klingon using a booby @-@ trapped tribble . - Moore had originally suggested re @-@ visiting the planet seen in The Original Series episode " A Piece of the Action " but was convinced by Echevarria that the digitally inserted shots previously seen in ( 1994 ) could be done on a small budget . After a test shot was completed , the rest of the production team were also convinced that it could be achieved . The budget was set at $ 3 million , with extensive work completed on matching the film techniques used during The Original Series . - Some original costumes were found for the Klingons while others were made from patterns created by Robert . Greg created new models of the Enterprise as well as Deep Space Station K7 and the Klingon cruiser , while 1 @,@ 400 tribbles were purchased from a company owned by Majel Barrett . Charlie Brill returned to Star Trek to appear once more as Arne Darvin , and L. was cast in part due to her being friends with one of the production crew members . Walter Koenig , who portrayed Ensign Pavel in The Original Series , showed the Deep Space Nine cast how to work the consoles on the Enterprise sets . - " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was warmly received by critics with praise directed at the nostalgia and level of detail seen on screen . It was the most watched episode of the fifth season . " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was nominated in three Primetime Emmy Award categories and for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation but did not win any awards . It was released on VHS initially alongside " The Trouble with Tribbles " , and later as part of the normal release schedule . It was subsequently released as part of the season five DVD set . - - = = Plot = = - - On board Deep Space Nine , Captain Benjamin Sisko ( Avery Brooks ) is being queried by Department of Temporal Investigations agents ( Jack ) and ( James W. ) . The Captain explains that he was on the USS Defiant , returning from space with the of Time . They had picked up a on the way , a human called Barry . Suddenly the ship found itself some 200 light years away from its previous location and a hundred years in the past , near Deep Space Station K7 and found the USS Enterprise in orbit . They discover that the @-@ was Arne Darvin ( Charlie Brill ) , a Klingon agent who had previously been caught by Captain James T. Kirk ( William ) on K7 whilst trying to poison a shipment of grain . - Fearing that Darvin may be attempting to assassinate Kirk , the crew dress in period uniforms and investigate the Enterprise . They attempt to interact with history as little as possible whilst investigating Darvin . The crew does not initially recognize the Klingons of the time period , and when Worf ( Michael Dorn ) is asked about the difference in appearance , he replies that the matter is not discussed with outsiders ( this is further expanded on in the Star Trek : Enterprise episodes " " and " " ) . Doctor Julian Bashir ( Alexander ) and Chief Miles O 'Brien ( Colm ) get involved in a bar brawl between the Enterprise crew and a number of Klingons on shore leave . Captain Kirk disciplines them on the Enterprise alongside Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( James Doohan ) and Ensign Pavel ( Walter Koenig ) . Bashir and O 'Brien notice that the ship is covered with tribbles . Lieutenant Commander Worf ( Michael Dorn ) and ( René ) trail Darvin as he returns to the Defiant . There , Darvin admits that he planted a bomb in a tribble to kill Kirk . - Sisko and Lieutenant Dax ( Terry Farrell ) board the Enterprise but can find no trace of a bomb . They travel to K7 , and indicate that the bomb is in the grain storage compartments . They enter the compartments and discover that the poisoned grain has all been eaten by tribbles , who are now all dead . Suddenly Captain Kirk opens the compartment and is covered in falling tribbles . Dax and Sisko find the bomb before it can kill Kirk and the Defiant transports it into space where it explodes . The crew of the Defiant use the to travel back to the present time , and Sisko finishes explaining the situation to the Temporal Agents . The episode ends with ( ) in his bar on Deep Space Nine 's promenade , with numerous tribbles around him . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = and writing = = = - - As the 30th anniversary of Star Trek was approaching , a number of plans were being put into place . The film Star Trek : First Contact was entering production , a television special was planned to celebrate the franchise and George had been cast to appear in the Star Trek : Voyager episode " Flashback " . Producer Ira Steven Behr later recalled that he thought that Deep Space Nine might end up being missed out as he considered it to be the " middle child " of the franchise . However , Rick Berman contacted Behr and asked him if he would be interested in doing something to celebrate the anniversary . Behr agreed to discuss it with the staff writers . Initially , there was concern that if the proposed episode aired during the actual anniversary week ( around September 8 ) , that it would have to serve as the season opener , pre @-@ the already planned opener . - The writers discussed potential ideas . Ronald D. Moore had previously brought back Montgomery Scott for the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " Relics " and since was appearing in Voyager , they felt that having a member of the main cast from The Original Series return would be repetitive . Some consideration was given by Moore to sending the DS9 crew to the gangster @-@ type planet visited by Kirk in the episode " A Piece of the Action " . It was René Echevarria who suggested a time @-@ travel episode , which was seen as an expensive proposition . Echevarria , however , pressed for the idea . Moore suggested inserting the DS9 crew into " The Trouble with Tribbles " , suggesting it could resolve the question of why a constant stream of tribbles kept hitting Kirk in the head . - When the discussion came to inserting the DS9 crew into the bar @-@ brawl scene , Berman liked the idea but was unsure if it could actually be done . Visual effects supervisor Gary Hutzel created test footage and screened it for Behr and Moore , who thought that it was simply footage from the original episode . Once Hutzel revealed that an additional security officer had been seamlessly added to the sequence , the episode was green @-@ lit . During the process , " The Trouble with Tribbles " was regularly consulted , so the writers could decide where to insert characters . The Temporal Agents , and , were so named as they were of Mulder and Scully from The X @-@ Files . - Original " Tribbles " creator David Gerrold was contacted by The New York Times , who wanted to interview him about the anniversary and the " tribbles " episode . When he questioned Berman about the episode , Berman initially denied it . Gerrold responded that he didn 't want to embarrass anyone , but would like to be able to endorse the project . Berman asked what the endorsement would cost , to which Gerrold requested public acknowledgement of his work and to be cast as an extra in the episode . Berman agreed . Gerrold compared inserting new footage into an existing episode to Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) and later said that he would have gone in a different direction had he written the story . Nonetheless , he felt the final product ended up being better than anything he would have created . - - = = = Directing , cinematography and music = = = - - A number of directors were considered for the episode , with Jonathan West being given the job . West had previously been the cinematographer on staff for both Deep Space Nine and The Next Generation , as well as directing several episodes of the franchise . He had nine days of preparation time before shooting began . He sought to match the same production values as The Original Series but found that lighting style and color to film had changed in the intervening years . Visual effects supervisor Dan Curry directed some of the second @-@ unit sequences , and together with West and cinematographer Kris worked to rectify these issues . This was achieved by switching to a finer grain of film , by utilizing different lenses as well as by shooting from specific angles . With Gerrold on set as an extra , West used him as an unofficial advisor on matching the scenes from " The Trouble with Tribbles " . - The actual digital insertion of actors was conducted in the same manner as seen in the film ( 1994 ) . The original footage was remastered , and was seen as such an improvement that it inspired the subsequent clean @-@ up and re @-@ release of all of " Original Series " episodes . This remaster was conducted by Hutzel and was the first transfer since 1983 , when a version was created for VHS and laser disc release . Hutzel identified 19 scenes from " The Trouble with Tribbles " which were matched in " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " . The scene matching between the new footage and the old took nine weeks to complete with a budget of $ 3 million . It involved both two @-@ dimensional and three @-@ dimensional tracking shots as well as insertion of matte shots and the use of both blue and green screens for the actors . Not all shots seen in the episode were actually taken from " The Trouble with Tribbles " . The scene where Sisko meets Kirk on the bridge towards the end of the episode was instead taken from the episode " Mirror , Mirror " . - Due in part to the special effects , the , the set re @-@ constructions and the residual payments to The Original Series cast , Behr later described " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " as " probably the most expensive hour of episodic TV ever produced " . The only member of The Original Series cast who was spoken to directly by the producers was Leonard , who was enthusiastic about the idea and was surprised that it had taken them so long to come up with the idea . The remaining cast members were each contacted through Paramount 's legal department . Dennis McCarthy wanted to re @-@ work the Jerry Fielding score previously used on " The Trouble with Tribbles " . He said that he intended to use the production equipment and orchestra available to bring the score up to the same scale previously seen on Deep Space Nine . However , the producers wanted a new score and so McCarthy explained that he composed it in a Fielding @-@ inspired mindset . The only piece that was directly re @-@ recorded by McCarthy was the Alexander Courage " Theme from Star Trek " , which involved a 45 piece orchestra . - - = = = Design and makeup = = = - - Art director Randy led the set re @-@ creation for the Enterprise and K7 , describing the excitement over working on the episode as " " . spent a fair amount of time getting the window angles correct on the sets . Mike re @-@ created the graphics seen on the Enterprise sets using a computer , whilst others were re @-@ drawn by artist Doug Drexler . Some sets were not re @-@ created in full , such as the bridge , which required parts of it to be later added digitally . The captain 's chair from the bridge re @-@ creation was later one of the Star Trek items to be auctioned by Christie 's . Set designer Laura watched " The Trouble with Tribbles " carefully looking for small details to replicate on the new sets , such as the legs of in the bar on K7 . However , she said her biggest challenge was tracking down the chairs seen on the space station . She contacted John M. , who had worked on the original episode . He explained to her that the company which created the original chairs had gone out of business . After searching shops selling retro furniture , the production team found a single chair that matched those seen in the original episode . It was purchased and a mold was made to create more chairs . The actors were impressed when they saw the resulting sets , with Terry Farrell " , we 're on the Enterprise ! " - Greg had already been working on a new model of the USS for the " Flashback " episode of Voyager when he saw the test footage for " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " . He promised to make a new model of the Enterprise too , but warned that he didn 't know when he would have time to do it . He actually started work on it immediately , and together with his colleagues he not only built a 5 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) long model of the Enterprise , but created a new model of Deep Space Station K7 and the Klingon cruiser as well . The Enterprise model was the first to be built of the original Star Trek starship in more than 30 years . Other props were also recreated , with around 1 @,@ 400 tribbles created for the various scenes . They were purchased from Lincoln Enterprises , a company set up by Majel Barrett , widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry . The rest of the era @-@ specific props were newly created , and were made by Steve . - Costume designer Robert was concerned over the re @-@ creation of the Klingon uniforms seen in The Original Series as he thought that the metallic material used would be nearly impossible to create accurately . He was subsequently relieved to have found four original costumes and an additional shirt in the costume archives , calling them a " " . His team created patterns from other costumes to remake them . Make @-@ up supervisor Michael had previously worked on a television series during the 1960s and recalled what type of make @-@ up was available at the time . He had the team restrict themselves to techniques of that era to ensure that the DS9 crew blended properly into the scenes . The hairstyles of the crew were also meant to be reminiscent of The Original Series , with Alexander sporting a style previously seen on James Doohan . René said that his new hairstyle reminded him of Jerry Lee Lewis . - - = = = Filming and casting = = = - - The cast and crew were enthusiastic on set , with editor Steve Tucker calling it a " party " . Behr said of the cast and crew in the episode that " They all were having fun . Just sitting on those sets , being on that bridge , it was a , a real . " L. was brought in at the last minute to play Lt. , as she was a friend of one of the production crew and had previously appeared as a pleasure girl in The Next Generation episode " Captain 's Holiday " . She was brought in because none of the actresses the producers had seen during the casting process could say the role 's one line ( " 15 " ) convincingly enough . Her involvement led to the role 's being expanded into a second scene where she was revealed to be Bashir 's great @-@ grandmother . - Charlie Brill returned to film new scenes as Klingon agent Arne Darvin , while original series writer Gerrold was allowed to appear as an extra in two scenes as a crewman from the Enterprise . In one of those scenes he was holding an original tribble from " The Trouble with Tribbles " . Walter Koenig was on hand as well during the filming of the episode to teach the DS9 actors how the consoles were operated on the Enterprise . Koenig later commented that he was paid eight times as much for this and the residual payment as he had been for the original episode . A string of other visitors came to the set during filming , including Majel Barrett and former The Next Generation producer ( and co @-@ producer ) Bob . - - = = Reception = = - - Before the episode was shown , a half @-@ hour special was shown on the Sci Fi Channel about the making of " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " on November 2 , 1996 . Paramount also promoted the episode by arranging the placement of around 250 @,@ 000 tribbles in and buses across the United States . It received Nielsen ratings of 7 @.@ 7 % , placing it in sixth place in the timeslot . This meant that it had been watched by 7 @.@ 7 % of all households . It was the most watched episode of the fifth season during its initial broadcast . The last time the series had received similar ratings was nearly a year earlier with season four 's " Little Green Men " . - Two reviewers watched the episode for Atkinson described " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " as a " perfect episode " , and " one of the best Star Trek episodes ever made , in any series . " She praised the humour and the references , and found Dax in her role as a stand @-@ in for fans of The Original Series . She gave the episode a score of six out of six . Eugene Myers wasn 't disappointed following the hype about the episode , saying that it was " in nostalgia " . He thought that the bomb @-@ in @-@ a @-@ tribble plot was ingenious and allowed the episode to step outside of merely being good due to the success of " The Trouble with Tribbles " . His favourite scene was the constant stream of tribbles hitting Kirk in the head because Sisko and Dax were throwing them out of the grain compartment while looking for the bomb . He also gave the episode a score of six out of six . - Zack in his review for The A.V. Club , called the episode a " delight " and a " " . He thought that having Brill film new scenes showed some continuity between the old and the new , and thought that the special effects worked well enough . He summed it up by saying , " It 's not tightly plotted , and once the initial rush of nostalgia fades , there isn 't a lot of depth or suspense to replace it . But there are laughs , more than enough to justify the experiment , and the nostalgia never fades away entirely . " In the book Deep Space and Sacred Time : Star Trek in the American , Jon Wagner and Jan compared the agents seen in " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " to the police detectives seen in the television series . Wheeler , in her list of the best episodes of Deep Space Nine for website Den of Geek , listed " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " as the sixth best . In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise , " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was placed in 32nd place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9 . - " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was nominated for three Creative Arts Emmy Awards in the Outstanding Art Direction for a Series , Outstanding for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . However , it was not successful in any of those categories . It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , as " The Trouble with Tribbles " had been in 1968 . - - = = Home media release = = - - The tie @-@ in novelization of " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was written by Diane Carey and published by Pocket Books . In 1998 , a " Talking Tribble Gift Set " was released which contained both " The Trouble with Tribbles " and " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " on VHS . " Trials and Tribble @-@ ations " was first released in the normal run of VHS issues as part of a two episode cassette alongside " The " in the United Kingdom on October 1 , 1999 . A single episode release followed in the United States and Canada on July 10 , 2001 . It was released on DVD as part of the season five box set on October 7 , 2003 . - - - = Tintin in the Congo = - - Tintin in the Congo ( French : Tintin au Congo ; French pronunciation : [ ̃ o ̃ go ] ) is the second volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle for its children 's supplement Le Petit Vingtième , it was serialised weekly from May 1930 to June 1931 before being published in a collected volume by Éditions de Petit Vingtième in 1931 . The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy , who are sent to the Belgian Congo to report on events in the country . Amid various encounters with the native Congolese people and wild animals , Tintin a criminal diamond smuggling operation run by the American gangster Al . - Following on from Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and bolstered by publicity stunts , Tintin in the Congo was a commercial success within Belgium and was also serialised in France . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Tintin in America in 1932 , and the series subsequently became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . In 1946 , Hergé re @-@ drew and coloured Tintin in the Congo in his distinctive ligne @-@ claire style for by Casterman , with further alterations made at the request of his Scandinavian publisher for a 1975 edition . In the late 20th century , Tintin in the Congo came under criticism for both its perceived racist colonial attitude toward the Congolese and for its glorification of big @-@ game hunting ; accordingly , attempts were made in Belgium , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United States to either ban the work or restrict its availability to children . Critical reception of the work has been largely negative , with commentators on The Adventures of Tintin describing it as one of Hergé 's weakest works . - - = = Synopsis = = - - Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy travel to the Belgian Congo , where a cheering crowd of native Congolese them . Tintin hires a native boy , Coco , to assist him in his travels , and shortly after , Tintin rescues Snowy from a crocodile . A criminal stowaway attempts to kill Tintin , but monkeys throw at the stowaway that knock him unconscious . A monkey kidnaps Snowy , but Tintin saves him . - The next morning , Tintin , Snowy , and Coco crash their car into a train , which the reporter and to the village of the Babaorum tribe . He meets the king , who accompanies him on a hunt the next day . A lion knocks Tintin unconscious , but Snowy rescues him by biting off its tail . Tintin gains the admiration of the natives , making the Babaorum witch @-@ doctor Muganga jealous . When he a man using quinine , he is hailed as a ( " of rocks " ) . With the help of the criminal stowaway , Muganga accuses Tintin of destroying the tribe 's sacred idol . The enraged villagers imprison Tintin , but then turn against Muganga when Coco shows them footage Tintin had made of the witch @-@ doctor and the stowaway conspiring to destroy the idol . Tintin becomes a hero in the village , and a local woman bows down to him , saying , " White man very great ! Has good spirits ... White is big man ! " - , Muganga starts a war between the Babaorum and their neighbours , the M , whose king leads an attack on the Babaorum village . Tintin them , and the M cease hostilities and come to Tintin . Muganga and the stowaway plot to kill Tintin and make it look like a leopard attack , but Tintin survives and saves Muganga from a ; Muganga pleads mercy and ends his hostilities . The stowaway attempts to capture Tintin again and eventually succeeds disguised as a Catholic missionary . They fight across a waterfall , and the stowaway is eaten by . After reading a letter from the stowaway 's pocket , Tintin finds that someone called " " has ordered his elimination . Tintin captures a criminal who tried to rendezvous with the stowaway and learns that " " is the American gangster Al , who is trying to gain control of African diamond production . Tintin and the colonial police arrest the rest of the diamond smuggling gang and Tintin and Snowy return to Belgium . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Georges — best known under the pen name Hergé — was employed as editor and illustrator of Le Petit Vingtième ( " The Little Twentieth " ) , a children 's supplement to Le Vingtième Siècle ( " The Twentieth Century " ) , a Roman Catholic , conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé 's native Brussels . Run by the Norbert Wallez , the paper described itself as a " Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information " and disseminated a far @-@ right , fascist viewpoint . According to Harry Thompson , such political ideas were common in Belgium at the time , and Hergé 's milieu was permeated with conservative ideas revolving around " patriotism , Catholicism , strict morality , discipline , and " . - In 1929 , Hergé began The Adventures of Tintin comic strip for Le Petit Vingtième , a series about the exploits of a fictional Belgian reporter named Tintin . Following the success of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , serialised weekly in Le Petit Vingtième from January 1929 to May 1930 , Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States . Wallez insisted he write a story set in the Belgian Congo , then a Belgian colony and today the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Belgian children learned about the Congo in school , and Wallez hoped to encourage and missionary zeal in his readership . He believed that the Belgian colonial administration needed promotion at a time when memories " were still fairly fresh " of the 1928 visit to the colony by the Belgian King Albert and Queen Elisabeth . He also hoped that some of his readers would be inspired to work in the Congo . - Hergé characterised Wallez 's instructions in a sarcastic manner , saying Wallez referred to the Congo as " our beautiful colony which has great need of us , , " . He already had some experience in illustrating Congolese scenes ; three years previously , Hergé had provided two illustrations for the newspaper that appeared in an article celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of Henry Morton Stanley 's expedition to the Congo . In one of these , Hergé depicted a native Congolese before a European , a scene that he repeated in Tintin in the Congo . - As in Land of the Soviets , where Hergé had based his information about the Soviet Union almost entirely on a single source , in Tintin in the Congo he used limited source material to learn about the country and its people . He based the story largely on literature written by missionaries , with the only added element being that of the diamond smugglers , possibly adopted from the " Jungle Jim @-@ type serials " . Hergé visited the Colonial Museum of , examining their ethnographic collections of Congolese artefacts , including costumes of the Leopard Men . He adopted hunting scenes from André 's novel The Silence of Colonel , while his animal drawings were inspired by Benjamin 's prints . He also listened to tales of the colony from some of his colleagues who had been there , but disliked their stories , later claiming : " I didn 't like the colonists , who came back about their exploits . But I couldn 't prevent myself from seeing the Blacks as big children , either . " - - = = = Original publication , 1930 – 31 = = = - - Tintin in the Congo was serialised under the French title of Tintin au Congo in Le Petit Vingtième from 5 May 1930 to 11 June 1931 ; it was syndicated to the French Catholic newspaper . Drawn in black and white , it followed the same formula employed in Land of the Soviets , remaining " essentially " according to Michael Farr , and consisting of largely unrelated events that Hergé improvised each week . Hergé later commented on the process of writing these early adventures , stating , " The Petit Vingtième came out on Wednesday evening , and I often didn 't have a clue on Wednesday morning how I was going to get Tintin out of the predicament I had put him in the previous week . " The strip 's visual style was similar to that of Land of the Soviets . In the first instalment of Tintin in the Congo , Hergé featured Quick and , two young boys from Brussels whom he had recently introduced in another Le Petit Vingtième comic strip , in the crowd of people saying goodbye to Tintin . - Like Land of the Soviets , Tintin in the Congo was popular in Belgium . On the afternoon of 9 July 1931 , Wallez repeated the publicity stunt he had used when Soviets ended by having a young actor , Henry de , dress up as Tintin in colonial gear and appear in Brussels and then , accompanied by 10 African bearers and an assortment of exotic animals hired from a zoo . Co @-@ organised with the Bon department store , the event attracted 5 @,@ 000 spectators in Brussels . In 1931 , Brussels @-@ based Éditions de Petit Vingtième collected the story together into a single volume , and Casterman published a second edition in 1937 . By 1944 the book had been reprinted seven times , and had each of the other seven books in the series . The series ' success led Wallez to Hergé 's contract , giving him a higher salary and the right to work from home . - - = = = Second version , 1946 = = = - - In the 1940s , after Hergé 's popularity increased , he many of the original black @-@ and @-@ white Tintin stories in colour using the ligne claire ( " clear line " ) drawing style he had developed , so that they fitted in visually with the newer Adventures of Tintin that he had produced . Hergé first made some changes in this direction in 1940 , when the story was serialised in the Flemish @-@ language Het . - At Casterman 's prompting , Tintin in the Congo was subsequently fully re @-@ drawn , and the new version was published in 1946 . As a part of this modification , Hergé cut the page length from 110 plates to the standard 62 pages , as suggested by the publisher Casterman . He also made several changes to the story , cutting many of the references to Belgium and colonial rule . For example , in the scene where Tintin teaches Congolese school children about geography , he states in the 1930 – 31 version , " My dear friends , today I 'm going to talk to you about your country : Belgium ! " whereas in the 1946 version , he instead gives them a mathematics lesson . Hergé also changed the character of Jimmy , the owner of the leopard that attacks Tintin , from a black manager of the Great American Circus into a white " supplier of the biggest zoos in Europe . " - In the 1946 colour version , Hergé added a cameo appearance from Thomson and Thompson , the two detectives that he had introduced in the fourth Tintin story , Cigars of the Pharaoh ( 1932 – 34 ) , which was set after the Congolese adventure . Adding them to the first page , Hergé featured them in the backdrop , watching a crowd surrounding Tintin as he boards a train and commenting that it " Seems to be a young reporter going to Africa ... " In the same frame , Hergé inserted depictions of himself and his friend Edgar P. ( the book 's colourist ) into the crowd seeing Tintin off . - - = = = Later alterations and releases = = = - - When Tintin in the Congo was first released by the series ' Scandinavian publishers in 1975 , they objected to page 56 , where Tintin drills a hole into a live rhinoceros , fills it with dynamite , and blows it up . They asked Hergé to replace this page with a less violent scene , which they believed would be more suitable for children . Hergé agreed , as he regretted the scenes of big @-@ game hunting in the work soon after producing it . The altered page involved the rhinoceros running away unharmed after accidentally knocking down and triggering Tintin 's gun . - Although publishers worldwide had made it available for many years , English publishers refused to publish Tintin in the Congo because of its racist content . In the late 1980s , Nick , then agent of Studios Hergé in the United Kingdom , told reporters of his intention to finally publish it in English and stated his belief that publishing the original 1931 black and white edition would cause less controversy than releasing the 1946 colour version . After more delay , in 1991 — sixty years after its original 1931 publication — it was the last of The Adventures of Tintin to see publication in English . The 1946 colour version appeared in English in 2005 , published by Egmont . - - = = Critical analysis = = - - Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline believed that Hergé 's drawing became more assured throughout the first version of the story without losing any of its spontaneity . He thought that the story began in " the most inoffensive way " , and that throughout the story Tintin was portrayed as a Boy Scout , something he argued reflected Hergé 's " moral debt " to Wallez . Biographer Benoît Peeters opined that Tintin in the Congo was " nothing spectacular " , with some " incredibly " monologues , but he thought the illustrations " a bit more polished " than those in Land of the Soviets . Believing the plot to be " extremely simple " , he thought that Tintin 's character was like a child manipulating a world populated by toy animals and lead figurines . Michael Farr felt that , unlike the previous Tintin adventure , some sense of a plot emerges at the end of the story with the introduction of the American diamond @-@ smuggling racket . Philippe thought the work to be " more exciting " than Land of the Soviets and argued that Hergé 's depiction of the native Congolese was not mocking but a parody of past European militaries . By contrast , Harry Thompson believed that " Congo is almost a regression from Soviets " , in his opinion having no plot or characterisation ; he described it as " probably the most childish of all the Tintin books . " Simon of the Financial Times criticised both Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo as the " worst " of the Adventures , opining that they were " poorly drawn " and " largely plot @-@ free " . - Farr saw the 1946 colour version as poorer than the black and white original ; he said it had lost its " " and " atmosphere " , and that the new depiction of the Congolese landscape was and more like a European zoo than the " , dusty of reality " . Peeters took a more positive attitude towards the 1946 version , commenting that it contained " aesthetic improvements " and " clarity of composition " because of Hergé 's personal development in , as well as an enhancement in the dialogue , which had become " more lively and fluid . " - In his study of the series , Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès highlighted that in the Congolese adventure , Tintin represented progress and the Belgian state was a model for the natives to imitate . In doing so , he argued , they could become more European and thus from the perspective of Belgian society , but that instead they ended up appearing as parodies . that Tintin was imposing his own view of Africa onto the Congolese , Apostolidès remarked that Tintin appeared as a god @-@ figure , with evangelical overtones in the final scene . Literary critic Tom McCarthy concurred that Tintin represented the Belgian state , but also suggested that he acted as a Christian missionary , even being " a kind of god " akin to the character of in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) . McCarthy compared the scene where Tintin exposes Muganga as a fraud to that in which the character of exposes the magician in William Shakespeare 's The Tempest . - - = = Criticism = = - - - = = = = = = - - In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , several campaigners and writers characterised Tintin in the Congo as racist due to its portrayal of the Congolese as and stupid . According to Tom McCarthy , Hergé depicted the Congolese as " good at heart but backwards and lazy , in need of European mastery . " There had been no such controversy when originally published , because it was only following the Wind of Change and decolonisation , which occurred during the 1950s and 1960s , that Western attitudes towards indigenous Africans shifted . Harry Thompson argued that one must view Tintin in the Congo in the context of European society in the 1930s and 1940s , and that Hergé had not written the book to be " deliberately racist " . He argued that it reflected the average Belgian view of Congolese people at the time , one that was more " " than . Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès supported this idea , as did biographer Benoît Peeters , who asserted , " Hergé was no more racist than the next man . " After meeting Hergé in the 1980s , Farr commented , " You couldn 't have met someone who was more open and less racist . " - Contrastingly , biographer Pierre Assouline stated that in 1930s Belgium , Hergé would have had access to literature by the likes of André and Albert that was critical of the colonial regime . Assouline claimed that Hergé instead chose not to read such reports because they conflicted with the views of his conservative milieu . Laurence Grove — President of the International Society and an academic at the University of Glasgow — concurred , remarking that Hergé adhered to prevailing societal trends in his work , and that " [ w ] hen it was fashionable to be a colonial racist , that 's what he was . " Comic book historian Mark noted that other Franco @-@ Belgian comic artists of the same period had chosen to depict the native Africans in a more favourable light , citing the examples of 's 1939 work et ( and Shoe @-@ Black ) , in which the protagonists are adopted brothers , one white , the other black , and et , which was serialised in from 1939 to 1940 and in which the Congolese aid the Belgians against their American antagonists . - Farr and McCarthy stated that Tintin in the Congo was the most popular Tintin adventure in Africa . According to Thompson , the book remained hugely popular in the Congo even after the country achieved independence in 1960 . Nevertheless , government figures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) have criticised the book . In 2004 , after the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel De described President Joseph 's provisional DRC government as incompetent , Congolese Information Minister Henri accused him of " racism and nostalgia for colonialism " , remarking that it was like " Tintin in the Congo all over again . " De refused to his statement . - In July 2007 , British human rights lawyer David complained to the United Kingdom 's Commission for Racial ( CRE ) that he came across the book in the children 's section of Borders while shopping with his wife and two sons . The CRE called on to remove the comic , stating that it contained " hideous racial prejudice " by depicting Congolese who " look like monkeys and talk like . " Responding that it was committed to letting its " customers make the choice " , Borders moved the book to an area reserved for adult graphic novels . UK 's followed suit . Another British , , said that the book was sold on its website , but with a label that recommended it for readers aged 16 and over . The CRE 's attempt to ban the book was criticised by Conservative Party politician Ann , who remarked that the organisation had more important things to do than regulate the availability of historical children 's books . The media controversy increased interest in the book , and Borders reported that its sales of Tintin in the Congo had been boosted 4 @,@ 000 % , while it also rose to eighth on the Amazon.com bestseller list . Publisher Egmont UK also responded to racism concerns by placing a protective band around the book with a warning about its content and writing an introduction describing its historical context . - Tintin in the Congo also came under criticism in the United States ; in October 2007 , in response to a complaint by a patron , the Brooklyn Public Library in New York City placed the graphic novel in a locked back room , only permitting access by appointment . Tintin in the Congo became part of a drawn @-@ out media debate in Sweden after national newspaper reported the removal of in the Congo from a children 's library in in Stockholm in September 2011 . The incident , nicknamed " Tintin @-@ gate " , led to heated discussions in mainstream and social media concerning accusations of racism and censorship . - In August 2007 , Congolese student Mondondo filed a complaint in Brussels , claiming that the book was an insult to the Congolese people and required banning . Public prosecutors investigated and initiated a criminal case . The matter was eventually transferred to a civil court in April 2010 . Mondondo 's lawyers argued that Tintin in the Congo amounted to " a justification of colonisation and of white supremacy " , and Mondondo called it " racist and " . Alain , lawyer for both , the company which controls Hergé 's estate , and Casterman , the book 's publisher , argued that the cartoonist 's depiction of the Congolese " wasn 't racism but kind " . He said that banning it would set a dangerous precedent for the availability of works by other historical authors , such as Charles Dickens or Jules Verne , which contain similar stereotypes of non @-@ white . The court ruled in February 2012 that the book would not be banned , deciding that it was " clear that neither the story , nor the fact that it has been put on sale , has a goal to ... create an intimidating , hostile , degrading , or humiliating environment " , and that it therefore did not break Belgian law . Belgium 's Centre for Opportunities warned against " over @-@ reaction and hyper political " . Shortly after , Swedish @-@ Belgian Jean @-@ filed a similar complaint , which was supported by , an interest group for Swedes of African descent . The complaint to the Chancellor of Justice was turned down as violations of hate speech restrictions in the Swedish Law on Freedom of must be filed within one year of publication , and the latest Swedish edition of Tintin in the Congo appeared in 2005 . - The South African comics writer Anton has parodied the perceived racist nature of the book to highlight what he sees as the continuing racist undertones of South African society . In his in ( 2010 ) , a satire of Tintin in the Congo , he portrays Tintin as an with racist views of indigenous Africans . - - = = = Hunting and animal cruelty = = = - - Tintin in the Congo shows Tintin taking part in what Michael Farr described as " the wholesale and slaughter " of animals ; over the course of the Adventure , Tintin shoots several antelope , kills an to wear its skin , rams a rifle vertically into a crocodile 's open mouth , an elephant for ivory , stones a buffalo , and ( in earlier editions ) drills a hole into a rhinoceros before planting dynamite in its body , blowing it up from the inside . Such scenes reflect the popularity of big @-@ game hunting among whites and affluent visitors in Sub @-@ Saharan Africa during the 1930s . Hergé later felt guilty about his portrayal of animals in Tintin in the Congo and became an opponent of blood sports ; when he wrote Cigars of the Pharaoh ( 1934 ) , he had Tintin befriend a herd of living in the Indian jungle . - Philippe stated that the scene in which Tintin shoots a herd of antelope was " enough to upset even the least ecological reader " in the 21st century . When India Book House first published the book in India in 2006 , that nation 's branch of the People for the Treatment of Animals issued a public criticism , and chief stated that the book was " replete with instances that send a message to young minds that it is acceptable to be cruel to animals . " - - - = Andrew Johnston ( singer ) = - - Andrew Johnston ( born 23 September 1994 ) is a British singer who rose to fame when he appeared as a boy soprano on the second series of the UK television talent show Britain 's Got Talent in 2008 . Although he did not win the competition , he received a contract to record with Syco Music , a label owned by the Britain 's Got Talent judge Simon Cowell . Johnston 's debut album , One Voice , was released in September of the same year , and reached number four on the UK Albums Chart . Although Johnston originally performed as a treble , his voice has since matured to baritone , and he is now a member of the National Youth Choir . - Johnston was born in , Scotland , and his parents separated when he was an infant . He and his mother moved to Carlisle , where they lived in " poverty " . He became head chorister at Carlisle Cathedral , and was bullied at school because of his love of classical music . While some journalists have argued Britain 's Got Talent producers took advantage of Johnston 's background , others have hailed his story as inspirational . In 2009 , he graduated from Trinity School . Johnston now studies full @-@ time at the Royal Northern College of Music . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early life and Carlisle Cathedral Choir = = = - - Johnston was born on 23 September 1994 in , Scotland , the son of Andrew Johnston and Morag Brannock . He was given the extensive name Andrew Aaron Lewis Patrick Brannock John Michael Robert Oscar Schmidt Johnston . Johnston 's parents separated when he was eight months old , and from that time he lived with his mother and three older siblings in Carlisle , Cumbria , in the north of England , where he attended Trinity School . Johnston tried out for Carlisle Cathedral Choir at the age of six at the recommendation of Kim Harris , a teacher at his primary school . He was auditioned by the Jeremy and accepted into the choir at the age of seven . Johnston 's mother , who had no previous association with the cathedral , described her feelings of being overwhelmed by emotion at having her boy singing in such a " stunning building among those extraordinary voices " . His mother also described Johnston 's busy regimen of practice four times a week and all day Sundays , saying that it took up all of their spare time . However , she said that the cathedral staff became like a family to her son , and that " it was such a lovely , safe , close feeling for him " . Johnston , who attended Trinity School , was subject to abuse and threats from which drove him to contemplate quitting the choir , but he was helped through the ordeal by his and the dean and canons of the cathedral . By the time of his participation in Britain 's Got Talent , Johnston was head chorister . - In September 2008 , after his appearance on Britain 's Got Talent but before the release of his first album , Johnston embarked on a tour of Norway with the choir , performing at Stavanger Cathedral and Abbey , among other places . The tour was conceived because the Diocese of Stavanger is connected with the Diocese of Carlisle through the Partnership for World Mission . This was Johnston 's last tour with the choir . Johnston features as head chorister on one of the choir 's albums , The Choral Music of , released in November 2008 . - - = = = Britain 's Got Talent = = = - - Johnston was entered as a competitor in the second series of Britain 's Got Talent by his mother . He passed the first public audition , singing " Pie " from Andrew Lloyd Webber 's . Amanda Holden , one of the competition 's judges , was brought to tears , and the audience offered Johnston a standing ovation . Johnston was tipped as the favourite to win the competition . Later , Johnston described his initial audition as daunting , saying that " it was scary singing in front of 2 @,@ 500 people . I had never sang on stage before – then there was also Simon , Amanda and Piers " . He won his semi @-@ final heat on 27 May 2008 , receiving the most public votes on the night and thereby qualifying for the final . He sang " Tears in Heaven " by Eric Clapton ; judge Holden told him he had " a gift from God in [ his ] voice " . At the final on 30 May , he again sang " Pie " . He finished in third place , behind the winner , the street dancer George Sampson and runners @-@ up , the dance group Signature . Johnston left the stage in tears , later saying that he " was upset . But when you see the talent that was there , it was an honour just to be in the final " . The day after the final , Cowell 's publicist Max Clifford said that it was " quite possible " that Cowell would be offering record contracts to some of the finalists , including Johnston . Johnston and other contestants then embarked on a national arena tour . - During his initial audition , Johnston claimed that he was bullied and from the age of six because of his singing . When asked how he dealt with the issue , he stated " I carry on singing . " There were claims in the Daily Mail , a UK @-@ based tabloid newspaper , that the programme 's producers had deliberately the extent of Johnston 's bullying as a " story " , suggesting that sympathy rather than his singing got him many of the votes . However , in The Times , Johnston 's success story was described as " the stuff of " , as he was successful despite having been raised in " poverty " . Johnston said he did not talk about being bullied because he was told to do so by producers , but " because I believed it would help people who were going through what I had gone through be stronger " . Johnston has subsequently visited schools and elsewhere to help other victims of bullying . He said " I want to use my experience of to help other kids " . - - = = = One Voice = = = - - On 12 June 2008 , while Johnston was travelling with the Britain 's Got Talent Live Tour , it was announced that Johnston had signed a record deal with Syco Music , a division of Sony BMG , and that his first album would be produced after the tour . The deal was reportedly for £ 1 million . After signing with Syco , Johnston made public appearances , including performing at Andrew Lloyd Webber 's birthday celebrations on 14 September , and at Carlisle United 's Park . - Johnston 's debut album , One Voice , was released on 29 September 2008 . It includes a cover of " Walking in the Air " , performed with Smith . The album was recorded over a six @-@ week period in London , and the track listing was chosen by Cowell . Johnston described the recording process as " brilliant " , and that it was " really good – just to be in a recording studio and meet the different people " . The album debuted in the British charts at number five , and finished the week at number four . The album was later certified gold , having sold 100 @,@ 000 copies , and Johnston was presented a gold disc by daytime television presenter Penny Smith . Critics responded positively to the album , with Kate , writing for the Korea Daily , saying Johnston " has talent than hordes of his musical elders " and that " the vulnerability " of Johnston 's performance on the album " makes for a haunting musical experience " . In Music Week , the album was described as " highly @-@ anticipated " , and Johnston was called " exceptionally @-@ talented " . - After the album 's release , Johnston became involved in the Sing Up campaign , appearing in schools around the country to encourage other young people to join choirs . In December 2008 , Johnston made a guest appearance at 's Christmas fair , and performed at a service in Bradford . Johnston was also invited to turn on the Carlisle Christmas lights and perform at the celebrations . Mike , of Carlisle City Council , described Johnston as " one of our local heroes " . - - = = = Hiatus and 2010s = = = - - In September 2009 , Johnston announced that he would be taking a year off from singing as his voice had broken , changing him to a tenor . He had previously performed as a treble . He said " the tutors at [ the Royal Northern College of Music ] said they 'll be able to train my voice up again . It 's the same as it ever was , just deeper " . Johnston 's voice then changed from a tenor to a baritone . After remaining out of the spotlight for two years , he joined the National Youth Choir , saying " I 'm just another lad in there – no one focuses on Britain 's Got Talent and I 'm happy about that " . In 2011 , he was awarded a Royal School of Church Music Gold medal ; public performances that year included a charitable concert , alongside John Bromley and Tony Green , at St Paul 's Church , in November . - In September 2013 , Johnston began to study for a Bachelor of Music degree at the Royal Northern College of Music , under the tutelage of Jeff Lawton , who had previously him at the Junior College . He immediately joined the college 's Chamber Choir and the Manchester Cathedral choir , but said that he intended to still sing with the Carlisle Cathedral choir where possible . While a student , Johnston 's singing was adversely affected by a broken nose , the result of an attack in a Carlisle nightclub on New Year 's Day , 2014 . - - = = Personal life = = - - Johnston 's family home is in Stanwix , Carlisle . His mother , Morag Brannock , worked for the Office for National Statistics before giving up her job to support her son 's career . Prior to his Britain 's Got Talent appearances , he attended Trinity School , and later received tuition from a personal tutor . Johnston said that he " had a lot of support from local people when ... taking part in Britain 's Got Talent " , and was given a civic award for outstanding achievement by Carlisle City Council in March 2009 . - Johnston 's interests include , in which he has a black belt . The Carlisle newspaper News and Star reported in September 2012 that Johnston had become the youngest person in the world to be granted a licence to teach the sport . - - = = Discography = = - - Studio albums - - - = Illinois ( Sufjan Stevens album ) = - - Illinois ( styled Sufjan Stevens You To : Come On Feel the Illinoise on the cover ; sometimes written as Illinoise ) is a 2005 concept album by American indie folk songwriter Sufjan Stevens . It is his fifth studio album , and features songs referencing places , events , and persons related to the U.S. state of Illinois . Illinois is Stevens ' second based on a U.S. state — part of a planned series of fifty that began with the 2003 album Michigan that Stevens has since acknowledged was a gag . - Stevens recorded and produced the album at multiple venues in New York City using low @-@ fidelity studio equipment and a variety of instruments between late 2004 and early 2005 . The artwork and lyrics explore the history , culture , art , and geography of the state — Stevens developed them after criminal , literary , and historical documents . Following a July 4 , 2005 release date , Stevens promoted Illinois with a world tour . - Critics praised the album for its well @-@ written lyrics and complex orchestrations ; in particular , reviewers noted Stevens ' progress as a songwriter since the release of Michigan . Illinois was named the best @-@ reviewed album of 2005 by review aggregator Metacritic , and was included on several reviewers ' " best of the decade " lists — including those of Paste , NPR , and Rolling Stone . The album amounted to Stevens ' greatest public success to date : it was his first to place on the Billboard 200 , and it topped the Billboard list of " Heatseekers Albums " . The varied instrumentation and experimental songwriting on the album invoked comparisons to work by Steve Reich , Neil Young , and The Cure . Besides numerous references to Illinois history , geography , and attractions , Stevens continued a theme of his songwriting career by including multiple references to his Christian faith . - - = = Background , recording , and tour = = - - Stevens launched his 50 @-@ state project in 2003 with the album Michigan and chose to focus on Illinois with this recording because " it wasn 't a great leap " , and he liked the state because he considered it the " center of gravity " for the American Midwest . Before creating the album , Stevens read literature by Illinois authors Saul and Carl , and studied immigration records and history books for the state — he made the deliberate decision to avoid current events and focused on historical themes . He also took trips through several locations in Illinois and asked friends and members of Internet chat rooms for anecdotes about their experiences in the state . Although he began work in 2004 on Oregon @-@ themed songs and briefly considered releasing a Rhode Island 7 " , Stevens has since not released another album focused on a state , saying in a November 2009 interview with Paste that " the whole premise was such a joke , " and telling Andrew Purcell of The Guardian in October 2009 " I have no qualms about admitting [ the fifty states project ] was a promotional gimmick . " An Arkansas @-@ related song was released through NPR as " The Lord God Bird " and material intended for New Jersey and New York became The . - All of the songs on Illinois were written , recorded , engineered , and produced by Stevens , with most of the material being recorded at The Project studio in Astoria , Queens , and in Stevens ' Brooklyn apartment . As with his previous albums , Stevens recorded in various locations , with additional piano recorded in St. Paul 's Church in Brooklyn ; strings and vocals performed in collaborators ' apartments ; electronic organ recorded in the New Jerusalem Recreational Room in , New Jersey ; and played at Carroll Music Studios in New York City . Stevens mostly created the album without collaboration , focusing on the writing , performance , and technical creation of the album by himself : " I was pretty in the construction of Illinois . I spent a lot of time alone , a few months in isolation working on my own and in the studio . I let things germinate and independently , without thinking about an audience or a live show at all . " - Stevens employed low @-@ fidelity recording equipment , which allowed him to retain creative control and keep costs low on recording Illinois . Typically , his process involved recording to 32 kHz 8 @-@ track tape using inexpensive microphones such as the and . He then employed Pro Tools for mixing and other production tasks . - After consulting with Michael Kaufmann and Lowell of Asthmatic Kitty about the amount of material he had recorded , Stevens decided against a double album , saying that would be " arrogant " . In 2006 , several tracks recorded during these sessions were sent to Seattle @-@ based musician and producer James McAllister for additional instrumentation and production , and were released in 2006 on the follow @-@ up album The Avalanche : and from the Illinois Album . Among these outtakes are three separate recordings of the song " Chicago " — including the " Multiple Personality Version " , which was produced during a subsequent tour . The " Adult Contemporary Easy Listening Version " of the song was supposed to appear on the Illinois album , but was changed at the last minute . - Illinois was released on July 4 , 2005 , through Rough Trade Records in Europe and was distributed domestically by Asthmatic Kitty Records starting July 5 , 2005 . Although he initially had no plans to perform this material live , less than two weeks after the release of Illinois , Stevens embarked on a North American tour to promote the album , performing with a string section of eight to ten members named the . He deliberately chose to avoid television as a promotional tool and focused on the tour performances themselves . He was supported on some dates by opening acts Liz ( who is also signed to Asthmatic Kitty ) and Laura as well as Illinois collaborator Nova 's solo project My Diamond . He toured in support of the album again from September through November 2006 , this time including dates in several European cities . During the 2006 dates , Stevens and his band transitioned from wearing University of Illinois @-@ themed outfits to butterfly suits and bird wings . - - = = Musical style and thematic elements = = - - Reviewers have noted similarities between this album and those of musicians and composers in several musical genres — from pop to contemporary classical , even show tunes and jazz @-@ based time signatures . The lyrics and their rich thematic elements have been noted for their literary quality , earning comparisons to Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David , William Carlos Williams , and Walt Whitman . - - = = = Musical style = = = - - Reviewers of Illinois have compared Stevens ' style to Steve Reich , Vince , the , Neil Young , Nick Drake , and Death for . Stevens ' use of large orchestral arrangements in his music — much of it played by himself through the use of multi @-@ track recording — has been noted by several reviewers . Rolling Stone summarized the musical influences of Illinois , saying " the music draws from high school marching bands , show tunes and ambient electronics ; we can suspect Steve Reich 's Music for 18 Musicians is an oft @-@ played record in the Stevens household , since he loves to echo it in his long instrumental passages . " A review in The A.V. Club referred to some of the vocal work as " " , but found Stevens ' music overall to be " highly developed " . The song " Come On ! Feel the Illinoise ! " uses a saxophone part from " Close to Me " by The Cure . - The creation of Illinois marked a shift in Stevens ' emphasis on songwriting and studio work toward live performance and more abstract concepts of motion and sound — subsequent tours and albums emphasized electronic music and modern dance over the indie folk material on Michigan and Illinois . He has ceased writing songs about individual characters with straightforward narratives or concept albums and briefly considered quitting the music business entirely after creating and promoting this album . He also found that the way in which he listened to music had changed after producing Illinois : - I think now I listen more as a and a researcher . I 'm always hearing music in terms of what I can take out of it , and I think I 've always listened like that . I have a hard time just listening for pleasure . I 'm much less about instinct , and more of a listener . Like , what is the use of this song ? What is the usefulness of this melody for this theme or statement ? What are they doing that 's unusual sounding , and how can I learn from that ? - Stevens is a trained and his knowledge of classical and music influenced many of his arrangements . Stevens himself has noted the influence of composers Igor Stravinsky , , and ; along with contemporary composers Terry Riley , Steve Reich , and Philip Glass . The music on this album was written to be grandiose , to match the history of the territory . Stevens used time signature changes in the composition of Illinois for dynamic effect — for instance , " Come On ! Feel the Illinoise ! " begins with a 5 / 4 time signature and then changes to a standard 4 / 4 later in the song . - - = = = Illinois themes = = = - - Many of the lyrics in Illinois make references to persons , places , and events related to the state of the same name . " Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland , Illinois " is about a UFO sighting by police officers near Highland , Illinois , where several persons reported seeing a large triangular object with three lights flying at night . " Come on ! Feel the Illinoise ! " makes reference to the World 's Columbian Exposition , which took place in Chicago in 1893 . - " John Wayne Gacy , Jr . " documents the story of the 1970s Chicago @-@ based serial killer of the same name . Several lyrics make explicit references to events in his life : " [ w ] hen the hit his head " refers to an event in Gacy 's childhood , when a swing hit his head and caused a blood in his brain ; " He dressed up like a clown for them / with his face paint white and red " alludes to the nickname given to Gacy — the " Killer Clown " ; and " He put a cloth on their lips / hands , quiet kiss on the mouth " references Gacy 's use of to subdue and his victims . The song ends with the narrator turning inward with the lyrics : " And in my best behavior , I am really just like him / Look beneath the for the secrets I have hid . " Stevens stated in a 2009 interview with Paste that " we 're all capable of what [ Gacy ] did . " - " Casimir Pulaski Day " a personal story with the state holiday Casimir Pulaski Day . " The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts " makes references to Superman , whose fictional hometown of Metropolis was partially modeled after Chicago ( the town of Metropolis , Illinois has also capitalized on this association ) . Jessica Hopper of the Chicago Reader noted that Ray Middleton — who was the first actor to play the comic book superhero — was also born in Chicago . " They Are Night Zombies ! ! They Are Neighbors ! ! They Have Come Back from the Dead ! ! Ahhhh ! " makes references to ghost towns of Illinois . Stevens relates experiences from a summer camp he went to as a child in Michigan for " The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us ! " , but moved the to Illinois for the sake of the album . The track " Decatur , or , Round of Applause for Your Stepmother ! " includes references to Decatur , Illinois , but Stevens stated the track also acted as " an exercise in rhyme schemes " . Some references to Decatur included in the song were sightings in the area , the equipment manufacturer , and a flood that exhumed a graveyard of soldiers from the Civil War . - Other allusions to the state 's people , places , and events include the Black Hawk War , author Carl , Stephen A. Douglas , Abraham Lincoln , the River , the Chicago Cubs , the Tower dubbed " Seer 's Tower " ( now called Willis Tower ) , and the localities of Jacksonville , , Metropolis , Caledonia , , Magnolia , , , and the several locations named , Illinois . During the tour following the release of Illinois , Stevens ' band wore cheerleader outfits based on those of the University of Illinois . - - = = = Christianity = = = - - Although Illinois is a concept album about the U.S. state , Stevens also explored themes related to Christianity and the Bible . As a Christian , he has written and recorded music about spiritual themes throughout his career — particularly on the 2004 album Seven Swans — and prefers to talk about religious topics through song rather than directly in interviews or public statements . The song " Decatur , or , Round of Applause for Your Stepmother ! " includes the line " It 's the great I Am " — taken from the response God gave when Moses asked for his name in the Book of Exodus ( Exodus 3 : 14 ) . " Casimir Pulaski Day " describes the death of a girlfriend due to bone cancer , and the narrator questions God in the process . More abstract allusions appear in " The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts " , which utilizes Superman as a Christ figure and " The Seer 's Tower " , which references the Book of Revelation and the Second Coming of Christ . Songs which were not written with an explicit theological focus — such as " John Wayne Gacy , Jr . " — also feature religious themes such as sin and redemption . - - = = = = - - created the album artwork , depicting a variety of Illinois @-@ related themes , including Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln , the Tower , and Black Hawk . The album cover reads , " Sufjan Stevens You To : Come On Feel the Illinoise ! " as a wordplay on the common of the state 's name as " ill @-@ i @-@ " and a reference to the song " On Feel the " made famous in the United States by the metal band Riot . The text on the cover caused some confusion over the actual title of the album — it is officially titled Illinois , as opposed to Come on Feel the Illinoise or Illinoise . Paste listed Illinois as having the seventh best album art of the decade 2000 – 2009 . The album also won the Independent Music Award for Album Art / of the Year in 2006 . - Shortly after the release of the album , reports arose that DC Comics had issued a cease and letter to Asthmatic Kitty because of the depiction of Superman on the cover . However , on October 4 , 2005 , Asthmatic Kitty announced that there had been no cease and letter ; the record company 's own lawyers had warned about the copyright infringement . On June 30 , 2005 , Asthmatic Kitty 's distributor Canadian asked its retailers not to sell the album ; however , it was not recalled . On July 5 , the distributor told its retailers to go ahead and sell their copies , as DC Comics agreed to allow Asthmatic Kitty to sell the copies of the album that were already manufactured , but the image was removed from subsequent pressings . Soon after it was made public that the cover would be changed , copies of the album featuring Superman were sold for as high as $ 75 on . On the vinyl edition released on November 22 , 2005 , Superman 's image is covered by a balloon . The image of the balloon was also used on the cover of the Compact Disc and later of the double vinyl release . Stevens himself was surprised by the development and also had to pay a fee for referencing lyrics from Woody Guthrie 's folk anthem " This Land Is Your Land " in the track " No Man 's Land " , which was later released on The Avalanche . - The 10th anniversary vinyl reissue of Illinois features the Marvel character Blue Marvel , who from Chicago , in place of Superman . Asthmatic Kitty obtained permission from Marvel to use the character 's likeness . - - = = Reception = = - - Illinois was Sufjan Stevens ' greatest commercial and critical success to date . For the first time , his work charted on the Billboard 200 and received several awards from critics . - - = = = Sales figures and chart performance = = = - - In its first week of sales , Illinois sold 9 @,@ 000 copies , 20 % coming from online sales . Overall , the album sold more than 100 @,@ 000 copies by November 2005 and over 300 @,@ 000 by the end of 2009 . It was the first Sufjan Stevens release to place on the Billboard 200 , reaching No. 121 within eight weeks on the chart . It also placed number one on Billboard 's " Heatseekers Albums " list and number four on the " Independent Albums " list , remaining on them for 32 and 39 weeks respectively . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Critical reception of Illinois was overwhelmingly positive . Review aggregator Metacritic compiled 40 critic reviews of Illinois and gave the album a 90 out of 100 , indicating " universal acclaim " , designating it the best @-@ reviewed album of 2005 . Andy of The A.V. Club said that Stevens " has grown into one of the best song @-@ makers in indie rock " with the album . Tim of NME called Illinois " a little " and described Stevens as " prolific , intelligent and — most importantly — with heart @-@ melodies . " Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone responded favorably to the album , praising the " over @-@ the @-@ top arrangements " and Stevens ' " breathy , gentle voice " . Sheffield criticized " John Wayne Gacy , Jr . " , stating that it " nothing about American life except the existence of creative @-@ writing workshops " , but elsewhere praised the personal nature of songs such as " Chicago " and " Casimir Pulaski Day " . Michael of PopMatters described " John Wayne Gacy , Jr . " as " , tragic , and deeply sad without . " Amanda of Pitchfork Media described Illinois as " strange and lush , as excessive and challenging as its giant , song titles . " Dave Simpson of The Guardian echoed this sentiment by saying that the music sounds like " The produced by Brian Eno . " The diversity in instrumentation also received a positive review from Entertainment Weekly 's . - Jesse of Paste praised the nature of Illinois , commenting that it had " sing @-@ song " melodies and " " orchestrations . also noted ironic lyrics , citing a line from " The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades is Out to Get Us ! " : " I can 't explain the state I 'm in ... " after a section of the song that references many Illinois landmarks . Q called Illinois a " sizeable step forward " from Michigan , and said Stevens ' love for the state of Illinois is infectious . Uncut 's Andy Gill dubbed the album " an extraordinary achievement " . Catherine Lewis of The Washington Post responded favorably to the album , stating that it has well @-@ written lyrics , comparing Stevens ' rhyming to that of Merritt . Lewis cited " Casimir Pulaski Day " as one of the most memorable songs of the album . - - = = = Accolades = = = - - Illinois achieved lasting fame with inclusion on numerous reviewers ' " best of the year " and " best of the decade " lists . In particular , the album topped the best of the decade list appearing in the November 2009 issue of Paste and NPR named Illinois on their list of " The Decade 's 50 Most Important Recordings " . Pitchfork Media called Illinois the sixteenth best album of the decade , with Stevens ' previous album — Michigan — placing 70 on that same list . The album also won the 2005 New Award — a type of Music Prize . The album was also included in the book Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Finally , Paste listed Stevens as one of their " 100 Best Living Songwriters " in 2006 , primarily due to the writing on Michigan and Illinois . - - = = Track listing = = - - Note that the titles of the songs vary slightly from the Compact Disc , digital , and vinyl releases . Full titles come directly from the vinyl album and have been adapted to the English standards . - All songs written and composed by Sufjan Stevens and published by New Jerusalem Music , ASCAP . - - = = Personnel = = - - Sufjan Stevens – acoustic guitar ; piano ; ; bass guitar ; drums ; electric guitar ; ; alto saxophone ; flute ; banjo ; ; accordion ; ; alto , , soprano , and tenor recorders ; @-@ 70 ; bells ; ; ; triangle ; electronic organ ; vocals ; arrangement ; engineering ; recording ; production - Julianne – violin - Alan – mastering at West West Side Music , , New Jersey - Jon Galloway – remixing on " Chicago " ( To String Remix ) - Hansen – - The Choir – backing vocals and clapping on " The Black Hawk War , or , How to an Entire Civilization and Still Feel Good About Yourself in the Morning , or , We for the but You 're Going to Have to Leave Now , or , ' I Have the Big and Will to Fight Them Until They Are Off Our Lands ! ' " , " Chicago " , " The Man of Metropolis Steals Our Hearts " , " They Are Night Zombies ! ! They Are Neighbors ! ! They Have Come Back from the Dead ! ! Ahhhh ! " , and " The Tallest Man , the Broadest Shoulders " - Tom Eaton - Jennifer Hoover - Katrina - Lock - Tara - Maria Bella – cello - Katrina – backing vocals on " Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland , Illinois " , " Come On ! Feel the Illinoise ! " , " Jacksonville " , " Prairie Fire That About " , " The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us ! " , " The Seer 's Tower " , " The Tallest Man , the Broadest Shoulders " , and " The Avalanche " - James – drums , drum engineering - Craig – trumpet , backing vocals on " They Are Night Zombies ! ! They Are Neighbors ! ! They Have Come Back from the Dead ! ! Ahhhh ! " - Rob Moose – violin - Matt Morgan – backing vocals on " Decatur , or , Round of Applause for Your Stepmother ! " - Daniel and Smith – backing vocals and clapping on " Decatur , or , Round of Applause for Your Stepmother ! " - – artwork - – backing vocals on " Concerning the UFO Sighting Near Highland , Illinois " , " Come On ! Feel the Illinoise ! " , " John Wayne Gacy , Jr . " , " Casimir Pulaski Day " , " Prairie Fire That About " , " The Predatory Wasp of the Palisades Is Out to Get Us ! " , " The Seer 's Tower " , " The Tallest Man , the Broadest Shoulders " , and " The Avalanche " - - - = Mycena galericulata = - - Mycena galericulata is a mushroom species commonly known as the common bonnet , the , or the @-@ gill fairy helmet . The type species of the genus Mycena was first described scientifically in 1772 , but was not considered a Mycena until 1821 . It is quite variable in color , size , and shape , which makes it somewhat difficult to reliably identify in the field . The mushrooms have caps with distinct radial grooves , particularly at the margin . The cap 's color varies from grayish @-@ brown to dark brown and the shape ranges from bell @-@ like to conical to flattened with an umbo . The stem is hollow , white , tough and thin , without a ring and often roots deeply into the wood on which it grows . The gills are white to grayish or even pinkish when mature and are connected by distinct cross @-@ veins . The caps can reach 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter , and have a odor and taste . The spore print is white and the gills are pink at maturity , which can lead to possible confusion with species of the genus . M. galericulata mushrooms grow mostly in clusters on the well @-@ decayed stumps of deciduous and coniferous trees from spring to autumn . The species can generally be considered inedible . It is common and widespread in the entire temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere , but it has also been reported from Africa . - - = = Taxonomy , classification , and naming = = - - The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus by Italian mycologist Giovanni Antonio in 1772 , and sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema . That same year , Samuel Frederick Gray transferred the species to the genus Mycena . for the species include Agaricus named by William Hudson in 1778 , Agaricus described by August Johann Georg Karl in 1893 , by Franklin Sumner in 1909 , and by William in 1916 . - Mycena galericulata is the type species of the genus Mycena . It is classified in section Mycena of Mycena in the scheme of Rudolph Arnold . In the older ( 1947 ) classification of Alexander H. Smith , he placed it in the subgenus , section — " a most series of blackish , brown , gray , bluish @-@ gray , or brownish @-@ gray species mostly with ascending gills and generally large to moderate stature . " - The specific epithet galericulata is derived from the Latin , and means " with a small hat " . Gray called it the " high @-@ stool " . It is commonly known as the " common bonnet " , the " " , or the " @-@ gill fairy helmet " . - - = = Description = = - - The cap of M. galericulata is roughly conical when young , and eventually becomes broadly bell @-@ shaped or with a broad umbo that can reach diameters of 2 – 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) . The cap margin is initially somewhat curved inward , but soon out or even becomes , and often splits in age . The surface has radial grooves that extend nearly to the center , and feels but not sticky . The color is somewhat buff @-@ brown on the margin , and fades gradually to pale dirty tan to dirty @-@ brown . The flesh is thick in the center of the cap and tapers evenly to the margin , and is watery gray , with a cartilage @-@ like texture . The odor and taste are to strongly farinaceous ( similar to the smell of ground flour ) , to @-@ like . - The gills are narrowly attached ( ) to broadly attached or . The gill spacing ranges from close to somewhat distantly spaced , with 26 – 36 gills reaching the stem ; there are additionally three or four tiers of ( short gills that do not extend completely from the cap margin to the stem ) . The gills are strongly ( possessing cross @-@ veins ) , moderately broad ( 5 – 7 mm ) , white or grayish white , soon flushed with pale pink , with even edges . The stem is 5 – 9 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long , 2 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 08 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) thick , equal in width throughout , and with a texture . It is hollow , not hairy , either smooth or twisted with longitudinal , often with a long ( a subterranean of the stem ) at the base . The stem color is pale grayish @-@ white on the upper portion , and pale grayish @-@ black below ; the base becomes somewhat dirty brown in age , but does not develop reddish stains . - Mycena galericulata produces a white spore print . The spores are ellipsoid , 8 – 10 by 5 @.@ 5 – 7 μm , and amyloid — which means they will turn blue @-@ black to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) have stout sterigmata , and measure 34 – 40 by 7 – 9 μm . They may be either two @-@ spored or four @-@ spored . There are numerous club @-@ shaped to rounded cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) , that measure 32 – 40 by 8 – 12 μm ; their or the entire enlarged portion bear projections that become increasingly elongated and branched in age . There are no ( cystidia on the gill face ) . The gill tissue has a very thin , under which is a narrow , while the remainder of the tissue comprises densely matted of mycelia , and stains deep @-@ brown in iodine . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of the four @-@ spored forms . - - = = = Edibility = = = - - Opinions on the edibility of the mushroom vary . One source considers them to have a " delicate flavor and texture " , and suggests that they are good when " gently in their own juice and then with salt , and butter . " Others list the species as inedible , and notes that they have a " rancid " smell , and with a taste ranging from rancid to farinaceous . Another says " unknown , but not recommended . " At any rate , the species falls into the general category of brownish that are generally as food due to their small size and delicate consistency . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The winter bonnet ( M. ) is a northern European species that is much smaller ( cap diameter up to 2 @.@ 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) across ) and has a brown cap , and has ragged hairs at the base . It generally appears in late autumn to early winter on the stumps of deciduous trees , especially beech . It has @-@ shaped spores that are smaller than M. galericulata , around 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 by 2 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 8 µm . M. develops pink stains on its gills as it matures ; its spores are 7 – 9 by 4 – 5 μm . Another similar species is M. , which can be distinguished by gills bearing reddish spots , which may become entirely red with age . It also has whitish , slender , threadlike on the stalk . M. is thinner , and more fragile . Another Mycena that grows in clusters on decaying is M. , but this species has a @-@ brown cap with a margin , and a stem that reddish @-@ brown juice when injured . M. closely resembles M. galericulata , but can be distinguished microscopically by the presence of both smooth and cystidia ( bearing finger @-@ like projections ) . - - = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = - - Mycena galericulata is saprobic , and grows on decaying hardwood and sticks , chips , logs , and stumps . It can also grow from submerged wood , which may give it a terrestrial appearance . It typically grows in small clusters or sometimes singly . The fungus fruits from late spring to early winter . A study of litter @-@ decomposing fungi in a coniferous forest in Finland showed that M. galericulata produces extracellular enzymes in the and soil , including β @-@ , β @-@ , α @-@ , esterase and . The enzymes form complexes with and organic particles in the soil and break down ( ) such as , , and , which contributes to the cycling of carbon and nutrients . The presence of lead contamination in the soil decreases both the growth and the extracellular enzyme activity of M. galericulata . - Mycena galericulata is a very common and widely distributed species , found throughout the entire temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere . In the United States , it occurs throughout eastern North America and also along the Pacific Coast . It has also been collected in Edo State , Nigeria . Although the mushroom has occasionally been reported from Australia , these collections are probably based on , and " Australian records of Mycena galericulata are best regarded as erroneous " . - - = = = Cited literature = = = - - Smith AH . ( 1947 ) . North American species of Mycena . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press . - - - = Crash Boom Bang ! = - - For the album with a similar name , see Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! - Crash Boom Bang ! ( known in Japan as Crash Bandicoot Festival ) ( ・ , ) is a party game developed by and published by Universal Games in Japan and by Sierra Entertainment internationally for the Nintendo DS . It was released in Japan on July 20 , 2006 , in North America on October 10 , 2006 , in Europe on October 27 , 2006 , and in Australia on November 2 , 2006 . It is the only game in the Crash Bandicoot series to be developed by a Japanese company and the first to be released in Japan before North America . It was also the final game in the series to be released in Japan . - Crash Boom Bang ! is the first game to be released exclusively for the Nintendo DS , and the second party game of the series , after Crash . The game 's story centers on a multi @-@ millionaire who uses the characters of the series to a powerful object dubbed the " Super Big Power Crystal " . The game has received largely negative reception from reviewers , who criticized it for having unoriginal , dull gameplay and poor controls . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Crash Boom Bang ! ' s stages resemble board games , as each play area is split into a number of squares . The game takes place among four players , with the computer assigned to spare players . All players simultaneously roll dice . The number each player rolls is the amount of squares they move forward . Depending on the type of square that the player lands on , Wumpa Fruit ( which is used as points during the race ) can be won or lost , an item can be obtained , a special event might be triggered , or a mini @-@ game might commence . If a player lands on a fork in the road , the player will have to select the desired direction with either the stylus or the control pad . - In the Adventure Mode , the characters compete in a race for the Super Big Power Crystal . This race is made up of six stages , each containing smaller sub @-@ maps . The host of the race , the Viscount , sets a task for each stage . This task must be completed before the player can continue to another map . The player with the most points is the winner of the stage . The overall winner of all the stages is the winner of the Viscount 's race . In the Festival Mode , the gameplay is fundamentally the same as in the Adventure Mode , with the exception of the ability to select stages to play freely . In the My Room mode , the player 's character has his or her own private room in which he or she can either play minigames that have been collected in Adventure Mode , view a collection of items obtained in Adventure Mode , or create a Motion Panel , a unique in @-@ game communication tool can allow customized messages to be sent mid @-@ game to help friends or distract other players ' gameplay . The decorations in My Room is different for each character . - Crash Boom Bang ! features forty mini @-@ games that can be played alone or against friends . , timing , and intelligence are required to win these mini @-@ games . When a player is not taking part in a mini @-@ game , he or she can bet Wumpa Fruit on the winner . The player can help players that have been bet on or obstruct players that have not been bet on by using the Motion Panel . If the player has a special item , the player can access the Shop screen from the Bet screen and buy or sell items . - - = = Plot = = - - - = = = Characters = = = - - A number of characters from past Crash Bandicoot games return in Crash Boom Bang ! , though only eight are playable . The playable characters include Crash Bandicoot , Coco Bandicoot , Crunch Bandicoot , , Doctor Neo Cortex , , , and Fake Crash . All of the characters physically appear as they do in official Japanese Crash Bandicoot artwork and promotions ( which was the only Sierra Entertainment video game to be introduced the official Japanese Crash Bandicoot artwork and promotions ) , though Crash 's model was altered for the non @-@ Japanese releases to closer resemble his Crash model . The host of the party , the Viscount , is an original character designed specifically for the game . His name in the original Japanese version is " Viscount Devil " , a reference to the Tasmanian devil native to Australia . Other past characters make cameos in the game at one point or another , such as the Lab , Doctor N. , Tiny Tiger , Doctor and Polar . serves as the player 's tutor , while makes a cameo appearance as a item in the shop . - - = = = Story = = = - - While developing a resort in Tasmania , the Viscount finds a map of an ancient city containing the fabled Super Big Power Crystal . He attempts to find it himself , but due to the large amount of puzzles , he fails . In the resort , the Viscount decides to gather up the world 's and strongest bunch of characters and con them into finding the Crystal for him . He sends an invitation to Coco Bandicoot , inviting her and Crash to the World Race , where the winner earns $ 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . - The race starts in Port Town , with the winners traveling in a boat to a large desert . Legend has it that four stone tablets are buried somewhere in the desert , and the contestants are sent out to dig for them and bring them to the Viscount . According to the stone tablets , the actual location of the Crystal is hidden somewhere on the ancient map . Before he can investigate the matter further , Doctor Neo Cortex in and the map . As the two struggle for the map , the map is torn to . - Cortex sends his loyal Lab to find the pieces of the map scattered throughout the big City and bring them to him . Now that the contestants know about the map , the Viscount decides to reveal his true intentions : the Super Big Power Crystal can grant a single wish who whoever obtains it , and the Viscount is willing to give a large sum of money to those who help him find it . Finding the Power Crystal is impossible without the Final Key , so the Viscount boards his plane to travel to the North Atlantic Ocean in search for the Final Key . But the plane is full , and only a select number of the contestants are able to board . to the skies by an explosive volcano , the contestants are able to board the Viscount 's plane . - On the Viscount 's ship , the Viscount tells the group the story of an explorer who found the Final Key , but was unable to find the Power Crystal . That explorer was the Viscount 's grandfather . As the explorer sailed back to his homeland to his thoughts , his ship crashed into an and sank , taking the Viscount 's grandfather to a watery grave . " Sounds like a movie " , remarks one of the attendees . The Viscount tells them to dive to the sunken ship and retrieve the Final Key , much to their shock , considering the near @-@ freezing temperatures . Despite this , the group is able to find the Final Key before freezing to death . With all the pieces of the puzzle at hand , the Viscount enters the Tower , where the Super Big Power Crystal awaits its owner . Just as the Viscount is about to make his wish , Crash steps forward and makes his wish of a large pile of Wumpa Fruit , much to the Viscount 's grief . " May peace prevail on Earth " , says Coco . - - = = Development = = - - On developing the mobile phone version of Crash Boom Bang ! , producer described adapting a party game for the mobile phone as a " big challenge " . Not wanting to make " another multiplayer game where the players just pass the phone to each other " and hoping to attract both old and new fans of the series , the development team decided to integrate the mobile phone itself into the minigames , creating such minigame as playing with one hand behind the back , with one eye closed , playing with the chin , etc . The biggest challenge for the team was keeping the minigames inside the phone 's memory , which was cited as slightly inferior to the first PlayStation console . The series was described as an influence in making the game . - Crash Boom Bang ! is the first game in the series to exclusively feature the Japanese voice cast in all regional versions of the game . The voice cast includes Makoto in the dual role of Crash and Fake Crash , Risa Tsubaki as Coco , as Doctor Cortex , as Crunch , Akiko as , Asuka as , and as . - - = = Reception = = - - Crash Boom Bang ! received mostly negative reviews , with the game receiving an average ranking of 42 @.@ 45 % at Game Rankings , and a score of 37 out of 100 based on fourteen reviews at Metacritic . Frank of GameSpot criticized the game for its dull minigames and purely cosmetic Crash license , citing that " apart from the way the characters look and the way the boxes explode , [ ... ] there isn 't a whole lot that 's Crash @-@ like about Crash Boom Bang ! " . Nintendo Power recommended the game only to die @-@ hard Crash fans and advised others to wait for Crash 's next outing . Smith of Eurogamer criticized the game for a number or reasons , including bad stylus recognition , boring gameplay , terrible graphics and rigged , repetitive mini @-@ games . IGN 's review was one of the most scathing , dubbing Crash Boom Bang ! " a terrible , terrible game with poor organization " and " easily one of the worst games on the system " . More middling reviews have come in from Official Nintendo Magazine , who felt the game was hampered by dodgy controls and a testing user interface , and Pocket Gamer 's Jon Jordan , who dismissed the game 's collection of minigames as " distinctly average and oddly " . Despite the negative reception , Crash Boom Bang ! was the seventh best @-@ selling game in Australia on the week of June 4 to June 10 , 2007 . - - - = Grade I listed buildings in Somerset = - - The Grade I listed buildings in Somerset , England , demonstrate the history and diversity of its architecture . The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a non @-@ metropolitan county , administered by Somerset County Council , which is divided into five districts , and two unitary authorities . The districts of Somerset are West Somerset , South Somerset , Taunton Deane , Mendip and Sedgemoor . The two administratively independent unitary authorities , which were established on 1 April 1996 following the breakup of the county of Avon , are North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset . These unitary authorities include areas that were once part of Somerset before the creation of Avon in 1974 . - In the United Kingdom , the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural , historical , or cultural significance ; Grade I structures are those considered to be " buildings of exceptional interest " . was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 . Once listed , strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building 's structure or fittings . In England , the authority for listing under the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 rests with English Heritage , a non @-@ public body sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport ; local authorities have a responsibility to regulate and enforce the planning regulations . - Each of the districts include Norman- or medieval @-@ era churches , many of which are included in the Somerset towers , a collection of distinctive , mostly Gothic architecture church towers . The prolific construction of the towers — some started before — was typically accomplished by a master and a small team of itinerant masons , supplemented by local parish labourers , according to Wright . But other authors reject this model , suggesting instead that leading architects designed the parish church towers based on early examples of design and ornamentation developed for cathedrals — their most important commissions . Contract builders carried out the plans , adding a distinctive mix of innovative details and decorations as new designs emerged over the years . These are included in the List of towers in Somerset . - Apart from the churches , each area has its own characteristics . Most of Bath 's Grade I listed buildings are made from the local golden @-@ coloured Bath Stone , and date from the 18th and 19th centuries . Their dominant architectural style is Georgian . In the Mendip district , the greatest concentrations of these cluster around the cathedral and in Wells and in Glastonbury . North Somerset features bridges and piers along with a selection of Manor houses . The Sedgemoor district has many buildings related to trade and commerce centered on Bridgwater ; while in South Somerset , and predominate . Taunton Deane includes the defensive Taunton Castle , similarly Dunster Castle and related buildings in Dunster feature in West Somerset . - - = = Bath and North East Somerset = = - - Bath and North East Somerset ( commonly referred to as BANES or B & ) is a unitary authority created on 1 April 1996 , following the abolition of the County of Avon . Bath and North East Somerset occupies an area of 220 square miles ( 570 km2 ) , two @-@ thirds of which is green belt . BANES stretches from the outskirts of Bristol , south into the Mendip Hills and east to the southern Cotswold Hills and Wiltshire border . The city of Bath is the principal settlement in the district , but BANES also covers , Norton , and the Chew Valley . BANES has a population of 170 @,@ 000 , about half of whom live in Bath , making it 12 times more densely populated than the rest of the district . - Bath and North East Somerset has Grade I listed buildings , one of the highest concentrations in the country , covered by about 100 English Heritage listings . The oldest sites within Bath are the Roman , for which the foundation piles and an irregular stone chamber lined with lead were built during the Roman occupation of Britain , although the current building is from the 18th century . Bath Abbey was a Norman church built on earlier foundations , although the present building dates from the early 16th century and shows a late style with flying buttresses and pinnacles a and pierced parapet . The medieval era is represented by the remains of the city walls in Upper Borough . - Most of Bath 's Grade I listed buildings are made from the local golden @-@ coloured Bath Stone , and date from the 18th and 19th centuries . Their dominant architectural style is Georgian , which evolved from the revival style that became popular during the early 18th century . This led to the entire city 's designation as a World Heritage Site . - Much of the development , and many of the buildings , were the vision of John Wood , the Elder . The Circus is seen as the pinnacle of Wood 's work . It consists of three long , curved terraces that form a circular space or theatre intended for civic functions and games . The games give a clue to the design , the inspiration for which was the Colosseum in Rome . The best known of Bath 's terraces is the Royal Crescent , built between 1767 and 1774 and designed by Wood 's son , John Wood , the Younger . Around 1770 the neoclassical architect Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge , a three @-@ arched bridge spanning the Avon . He used as his prototype an original , but unused , design by for the Bridge in Venice . The heart of the Georgian city was the Room , which together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms was designed by Thomas Baldwin , a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city , including the terraces in Argyle Street . Great Pulteney Street , where Baldwin eventually lived , is another of his works : this wide boulevard , constructed c . 1789 and over 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 305 m ) long and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , is lined on both sides by Georgian terraces . - Outside the city of Bath most of the Grade I listed buildings are Norman- or medieval @-@ era churches . Manor houses such as Manor , which now houses the American Museum in Britain , and the 18th @-@ century Newton Park , which has a landscape garden designed by Brown , also appear in the list ; Newton Park now forms part of the Bath University . The most recent building is the agricultural Eastwood Manor Farm , completed in 1860 . - - = = Mendip = = - - Mendip is a local government district which covers a largely rural area of 285 square miles ( 738 km2 ) ranging from the Mendip Hills through on to the Somerset Levels . It has a population of approximately 11 @,@ 000 . The administrative centre of the district is . - There are 90 Grade I listed buildings in the Mendip district . There are churches in the various towns and villages , however the greatest concentrations of Grade I listed buildings are in Wells and Glastonbury . In Wells these are clustered around the 10th @-@ century Cathedral Church of St Andrew , better known as Wells Cathedral , and the 13th @-@ century Bishop 's Palace . Glastonbury is the site of the Abbey , where construction started in the 7th century , and its associated buildings . The ruined St Michael 's church , damaged in an earthquake of 1275 , stands on Glastonbury Tor , where the site shows evidence of occupation from Neolithic times and the Dark Ages . The Well has been in use since Pre @-@ Christian times . Glastonbury Abbey had a wider influence outside the town : were built at and West Bradley to hold , and a Fish House was built at along with a summer residence for the Abbot ( now Manor Farmhouse ) . - Medieval structures include Hungerford Castle , fortified around , and The George Inn at Norton St Philip , used as an army headquarters during the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 , and then as a courtroom to try the rebels in the Bloody . Manor houses such as the 15th @-@ century Court Farmhouse at and The Old Manor at . Manor followed in the 16th century and in the 17th century House in was built . Easton Park and House in were both completed in the 18th century . The most recent buildings included in the list are churches : the Church of St Peter at , built in 1872 – 74 by Sir Thomas Graham Jackson to replace a medieval church on the same site , and Abbey at Stratton @-@ on @-@ the @-@ , more formally known as " The Basilica of St Gregory the Great at " , a Roman Catholic Benedictine monastery and the Senior House of the English Benedictine Congregation . The current buildings were started in the 19th century and are still unfinished . - - = = North Somerset = = - - North Somerset is a unitary authority which is administered independently of the non @-@ metropolitan county of Somerset . Its administrative headquarters are located in the town hall of Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , and has a resident population of 193 @,@ 000 living in 85 @,@ 000 households . - There are 37 Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset , including the Clifton Bridge , which joins North Somerset to Bristol and Pier which was built between the 1860s and 1890s . It was removed following damage in 1970 and restored , before being rebuilt and reopened to the public in 1998 . Of the listed buildings , manor houses are well represented . They include Court , built in the 14th century , and from the 15th century , Ashton Court and Court . North Somerset has many religious structures ; the largest number are from the Norman or medieval eras . The oldest is the Church of St. and St. in which dates from the 11th century , and there are 8 others from the 12th century . - The most recent Grade I building in North Somerset is , a Victorian Gothic Revival estate near . It was acquired by the National Trust in June 2002 after a fund raising campaign to prevent it being sold to private interests and ensure it be opened to the public . The appeal by the National Trust collected £ 8 @.@ 2 million from the public in just 100 days and the Trust also received the largest single grant ever by the National Heritage Memorial Fund ( at £ 17 @.@ 4 million ) , which caused some controversy . The house is built of Bath stone , and is highly picturesque , with turrets and possessing an elaborate roof . - - = = Sedgemoor = = - - Sedgemoor district is a low @-@ lying area of land close to sea level between the and Mendip hills , historically largely marsh ( or moor ) . It contains the bulk of the area also known as the Somerset Levels , including Europe 's oldest known engineered roadway , the Sweet Track . - There are 53 Grade I listed buildings in Sedgemoor , 14 of which are in Castle Street , Bridgwater . In 1834 , Castle Street was built on the site of the demolished Bridgwater Castle , as homes for the merchants trading in the town 's port . Outside the town of Bridgwater , the largest concentration of Grade I listed buildings are in the village of Cannington , where the 12th @-@ century Cannington Court and 14th @-@ century Church of St Mary were both associated with a Benedictine . Cannington is also the site of the 13th @-@ century Manor and Farmhouse , which was built around with its own chapel . Although 11th @-@ century churches such as the Church of St Michael at Brent Knoll and the Church of St Mary at near are still standing only blue rubble standing on a conical with a ditch approximately 820 feet ( 250 m ) in are the only remains of Castle which was destroyed in the 15th century , which may have been as a penalty for the local Lord 's involvement in the Second Cornish Uprising of led by . - Many of the more recent structures in the list are manor houses such as Halswell House , where the south range was built in the 16th @-@ century for Sir Nicholas Halswell and the main north range in 1689 for Sir Halswell . The most recently constructed building in the list is the Corn Exchange in Bridgwater , built in 1834 . - - = = South Somerset = = - - The South Somerset district occupies an area of 370 square miles ( km2 ) , stretching from its borders with Devon and Dorset to the edge of the Somerset Levels . The district has a population of about 158 @,@ 000 , and has Yeovil as its administrative centre . - There are 94 Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset . Most are Norman- or medieval @-@ era churches , but there are other religious buildings as well . Abbey consists of the remains and foundations of a medieval Benedictine Abbey and an early Tudor house dating from the 16th century , formerly the lodgings of the resident abbot . Priory was built as a priory church in the 13th century and was converted into a private residence in . The Stoke sub Priory is a 14th @-@ century former priest 's house of the chapel of St Nicholas , which after 1518 become a farm known as Farmhouse . It remained a farm until about 1960 , and has been owned by the National Trust since 1946 . - Since the Reformation the 13th @-@ century Chapel in has been a town hall , , grammar school , museum , and before becoming a hall in 1891 . The house known as The Abbey in Charlton takes its name from the site on which it was built , the Chapel of the Holy Spirit , founded in 1237 . Priory , built around 1400 in East , was never a priory , and similarly the Abbey Farm House and Abbey Barn in Yeovil which date from around , have always been in lay @-@ ownership ; " " was added to their names in the 19th century . The 140 @-@ foot ( 43 m ) Burton Monument was designed in 1757 , by Brown for William Pitt , as a monument to Sir William . King Alfred 's Tower , a 161 feet ( 49 m ) high , triangular edifice , stands near 's stone , where it is believed that Alfred the Great , King of Wessex , rallied the Saxons in May 878 before the Battle of . The towers , Henry Hoare , planned for it to commemorate the end of the Seven Years ' War against France and the accession of King George III . The other Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset are manor houses , built over long periods by local Lords of the Manor . The Tudor Court was the first country house acquired by the National Trust , in 1907 , on the recommendation of the antiquarian Canon Hardwicke . Newton was built between 1608 and 1612 for Robert , a Yeovil merchant , on the site of an earlier building , but was extensively altered and enhanced in the 1870s . Cary and its associated chapel and gardens have parts dating to as early as the 14th century . The architectural historian praised it , saying " Yet all parts blend to perfection with one another and with the gentle sunny landscape that surrounds them . " The 17th @-@ century house at is surrounded by a small 20th @-@ century Arts and garden . House , which stands on an artificially raised terrace , has a rectangular plan of seven bays by five bays , and is built of red brick in Flemish bond , with local dressings ; its north and south fronts are divided by two giant Corinthian pilasters . The small William and Mary style house was completed sometime between and 1700 . It was enlarged between 1725 and 1730 by Burton , who provided a new drawing @-@ room for Sir W. and also an attached to the house . d , built in stages between about 1220 and the 18th century , has been described , by , as " the most beautiful house in England " . - - = = Taunton Deane = = - - Taunton Deane has borough status . The district of Taunton Deane covers a population of approximately 100 @,@ 000 in an area of 462 square kilometres ( 178 sq mi ) . It is centered on the town of Taunton , where around 60 @,@ 000 of the population live and the council are based , and includes surrounding suburbs and villages . - There are 38 Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane . The oldest buildings are churches built before the end of the 12th century , and the Castle Bow , which has been incorporated into the Castle Hotel in Taunton but was originally a gateway into Taunton Castle . The castle was created between 1107 and 1129 , when William , the Chancellor of King Henry I , fortified the bishop 's hall . It was his successor , Henry of , who transformed the manor @-@ house into a castle in 1138 , during the Civil War that raged during the reign of his brother , King Stephen . Taunton is also the site of Gray 's , which dates from , and two buildings in Fore Street from the 16th century . Many of the more recent structures in the list are manor houses such as Manor and Barton which were built in in the 15th century . Park and Manor were both built in the 16th century and Court in 1755 . - The most recent building included in the list is in the Hills . The original 16th century House , was rebuilt in 1909 . In addition to being a listed building the estate is designated Grade I on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England . The house was used as the headquarters of the British 8th Corps in the Second World War , and has been owned by Somerset County Council since 1951 . It is used as an administrative centre and is the current base for the Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service . - - = = West Somerset = = - - The West Somerset local government district covers a largely rural area , including parts of , with a population , according to the 2001 census , of 35 @,@ in an area of 740 square kilometres ( 290 sq mi ) . The largest centres of population are the coastal towns of and . The council 's administrative headquarters are in the village of . - There are 33 Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset . The oldest is either Church , one of the smallest churches in England , and pre @-@ Norman in origin , or Steps , which may originate in the Bronze Age , although other sources date them from around 1400 . Dunster has the greatest concentration of Grade I listed buildings , including Dunster Castle , which was built in 1617 on a site which had supported a castle for the previous 600 years ; the Market , which was built in 1609 ; Bridge , which dates from the 15th century and the Priory Church of St George which is predominately from the 15th century but includes part of the earlier church on the same site . Other sites include manor houses such as the medieval buildings at Court and . - - - = Gertrude Barrows Bennett = - - Gertrude Barrows Bennett ( 1883 – 1948 ) was the first major female writer of fantasy and science fiction in the United States , publishing her stories under the pseudonym Francis Stevens . Bennett wrote a number of highly acclaimed fantasies between 1917 and 1923 and has been called " the woman who invented dark fantasy " . - Her most famous books include Claimed ( which Augustus T. Swift , in a letter to The Argosy called " One of the and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read " ) and the lost world novel The Citadel of Fear . - Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel , The Heads of Cerberus ( 1919 ) . - - = = Life = = - - Gertrude Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1883 . She completed school through the eighth grade , then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator ( a goal she never achieved ) . Instead , she began working as a stenographer , a job she held on and off for the rest of her life . - In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett , a British journalist and explorer , and moved to Philadelphia . A year later her husband died while on an expedition . With a new @-@ born daughter to raise , Bennett continued working as a stenographer . When her father died toward the end of World War I , Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother . - During this time period Bennett began to write a number of short stories and novels , only stopping when her mother died in 1920 . In the mid @-@ 1920s , she moved to California . Because Bennett was estranged from her daughter , for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939 ( the date of her final letter to her daughter ) . However , new research , including her death certificate , shows that she died in 1948 . - - = = Writing career = = - - Bennett wrote her first short story at age 17 , a science fiction story titled " The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar " . She the story to Argosy , then one of the top pulp magazines . The story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue . - Once Bennett began to take care of her mother , she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family . The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella " The Nightmare , " which appeared in All @-@ Story Weekly in 1917 . The story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world , on which evolution has taken a different course . " The Nightmare " resembles Edgar Rice ' The Land That Time , itself published a year later . While Bennett had submitted " The Nightmare " under her own name , she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published . The magazine 's editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested ( Jean ) and instead credited the story to Francis Stevens . When readers responded positively to the story , Bennett chose to continue writing under the name . - Over the next few years , Bennett wrote a number of short stories and . Her short story " Friend Island " ( All @-@ Story Weekly , 1918 ) , for example , is set in a 22nd @-@ century ruled by women . Another story is the novella " Serapion " ( Argosy , 1920 ) , about a man possessed by a supernatural creature . This story has been released in an electronic book entitled Possessed : A Tale of the Demon Serapion , with three other stories by her . Many of her short stories have been collected in The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy ( University of Nebraska Press , 2004 ) . - In 1918 she published her first , and perhaps best , novel The Citadel of Fear ( Argosy , 1918 ) . This lost world story focuses on a forgotten Aztec city , which is " rediscovered " during World War I. It was in the introduction to a 1952 reprint edition of the novel which revealed for the first time that " Francis Stevens " was Bennett 's pen @-@ name . - A year later she published her only science fiction novel , The Heads of Cerberus ( The Thrill Book , 1919 ) . One of the first dystopian novels , the book features a " grey dust from a silver " which transports anyone who it to a totalitarian Philadelphia of AD - One of Bennett 's most famous novels was Claimed ( Argosy , 1920 ; reprinted 1966 and 2004 ) , in which a supernatural artifact summons an ancient and powerful god to 20th century New Jersey . Augustus T. Swift called the novel , " One of the and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read " ) . - - = = Influence = = - - Bennett has been credited as having " the best claim at creating the new genre of dark fantasy " . It has been said that Bennett 's writings influenced both H. P. Lovecraft and A. Merritt , both of whom " Bennett 's earlier style and themes " . Lovecraft was even said to have praised Bennett 's work . However , there is controversy about whether or not this actually happened and the praise appears to have resulted from letters wrongly attributed to Lovecraft . - As for Merritt , for several decades critics and readers believed " Francis Stevens " was a pseudonym of his . This rumor only ended with the 1952 of Citadel of Fear , which featured a biographical introduction of Bennett by Lloyd Arthur . - Critic Sam Moskowitz said she was the " greatest woman writer of science fiction in the period between Mary Shelley and Moore " . - Because Bennett was the first American woman to have her fantasy and science fiction widely published , she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneering female fantasy author . - - = = = Novels = = = - - The Citadel of Fear ( 1918 ; reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries , February 1942 , and in paperback form in 1970 , [ NY : Paperback Library ] and 1984 [ NY : Carroll & ] ) - The Labyrinth ( serialized in All @-@ Story Weekly , July 27 , August 3 , and August 10 , 1918 ; later reprinted as a paperback novel ) - The Heads of Cerberus 1st book edition . 1952 , , also leather backed , Reading , PA . Press ( of Fantasy , Inc . ) ill . Ric . by Lloyd Arthur ( Thrill Book , 15 August 1919 ; reprinted as a paperback novel in 1952 and 1984 ) - Avalon ( serialized in Argosy , August 16 to September 6 , 1919 ; not reprinted ) - Claimed ( 1920 ; reprinted in 1985 , 1996 , and 2004 ) , cloth and paper , of Wonder Press , James A. Rock & Co . , Publishers in trade paperback and hard cover . - - = = = Short stories and = = = - - " The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar " ( Argosy , March , 1904 ; as by G. M. Barrows ) - " The Nightmare , " ( All @-@ Story Weekly , April 14 , 1917 ) - " Friend Island " ( All @-@ Story Weekly , September 7 , 1918 ; reprinted in Under the of Mars , edited by Sam Moskowitz , 1970 ) - " Behind the Curtain " ( All @-@ Story Weekly , September 21 , 1918 , reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries , January 1940 ) - " Unseen @-@ Unfeared " ( People 's Favorite Magazine 10 , 1919 ; reprinted in Unknown , edited by Sam Moskowitz , 1971 ) - " The Elf @-@ Trap " ( Argosy , July 5 , 1919 ) - " Serapion " ( serialized in Argosy Weekly , June 19 , June 26 , and July 3 , 1920 ; reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries , July 1942 ) - " " ( 1923 ; original printed in two parts in Weird Tales , July – August 1923 , and Weird Tales , September 1923 ; also reprinted as trade paperback in 1996 by International ) - - = = = Collections = = = - - Possessed : A Tale of the Demon Serapion ( 2002 ; contains the novella " Serapion " , retitled , and the short stories " Behind the Curtain " , " Elf @-@ Trap " and " Unseen @-@ Unfeared " ) - Nightmare : And Other Tales of Dark Fantasy ( University of Nebraska Press , 2004 ; contains all Stevens ' known short fiction except " The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar " , i.e. " The Nightmare " , " The Labyrinth " , " Friend Island " , " Behind the Curtain " , " " Unseen @-@ Unfeared " , " The Elf @-@ Trap " , " Serapion " and " " ) - - - = Man Down ( song ) = - - " Man Down " is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . Singer Shontelle and production duo Rock City wrote the song with its main producer , Sham . They wrote it during a writing camp , in Los Angeles of March 2010 , held by Rihanna 's record label to gather compositions for possible inclusion on the then @-@ untitled album . Rock City were inspired by Bob Marley 's 1973 song " I Shot the Sheriff " and set out to create a song which embodied the same feel but female perspective . It is a reggae ballad which incorporates elements of and electronic music . Lyrically , Rihanna is a fugitive after she shoots a man , an action she later regrets . Several critics singled out " Man Down " as Loud 's highlight , while others commented on her prominent West Indian accent and vocal agility . - Def Jam released " Man Down " on May 3 , 2011 , as the fifth single from the album . In the United States , the single reached number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song topped the chart in France for five consecutive weeks and reached the top three in Belgium and the Netherlands . Anthony Mandler directed its music video , in which Rihanna 's character shoots a man after he rapes her . The video was criticized by the Parents Television Council , Industry and Mothers Against Violence , who faulted Rihanna for suggesting that murder is an acceptable form of justice for rape victims . However , actress Gabrielle Union , a rape victim , praised the video for being relatable . " Man Down " was on the set list for three of Rihanna 's tours – the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) , the Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) and The Anti World Tour ( 2016 ) . - - = = Background = = - - In March 2010 , record label Def Jam held a writing camp in Los Angeles for songwriters and producers to compose material for possible inclusion on Rihanna 's then @-@ untitled fifth studio album , Loud . Def Jam rented out nearly every recording studio in Los Angeles in order to create as many songs as possible . Ray Daniels , the manager of musical duo Rock City ( brothers and Timothy Thomas ) , was present during the sessions , and stated that a writing camp typically involves the label hiring ten recording studios for two weeks at the cost of $ 25 @,@ 000 per day . Daniels revealed that it is where songwriters have lyrics but no music , and where producers have music but no lyrics . - Joseph , professionally known as Sham , was hired as one of the producers to work on crafting songs at the camp . Sham 's manager had arranged his attendance at the camp through an acquaintance who was an employee of the record label . Sham explained that he found a flight to Los Angeles and began working on music as soon as he arrived , stating that he had " nothing to lose and everything to gain " . He was inspired by a vision of Rihanna performing songs at a concert that were Caribbean themed . Sham felt that Rihanna had not explored Caribbean @-@ themed music since her debut album , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) . - - = = Production and recording = = - - According to Daniels , Rock City knew Sham but they had not heard the West Indian / Caribbean @-@ themed music that he had composed during the camp . Sham played the music to them , to which the brothers responded " Let 's give Rihanna a one @-@ drop ! Like , a response to ' I shot the sheriff ' ! " Together , Sham and Rock City wrote the lyrics to " Man Down " in twelve minutes . In an MTV News interview , Rock City said they intended to write a song that would embody Bob Marley 's " I Shot the Sheriff " ( 1973 ) from a female perspective and to " tap [ Rihanna 's ] island origins in a way that sounded authentic " . Singer Shontelle said that Rihanna called her during the Last Girl on Earth tour and asked her to be involved with the song . She confirmed that Rihanna was present when she was writing her part in the recording studio . Shontelle that following one of Rihanna 's concerts , the singer exited the stage and immediately returned to the tour bus to work in the studio . Daniels said that once the writing camp had concluded , Rihanna listened to all of the songs which had been composed for her and chose her favorites . In September 2010 , several months after Sham attended the writing camp , Rihanna called him and said that she wanted to record " Man Down " for inclusion on Loud . - Rihanna later described the sentiment she wanted to express as " " , and elaborated on how reggae culture has influenced her musical style : " I 'm super inspired by reggae music [ and it ] has been a part of me since I was born , and I grew up listening to it . I was exciting for me to take this on as my own and do a song like this , especially with the lyrics being like that . " The track was composed during Rihanna 's Last Girl on Earth tour . The song 's instrumental was recorded by Cary Clark at The Village in Los Angeles . produced Rihanna 's vocals with Josh and Marcos at Westlake Recording Studios , also in Los Angeles . Bobby Campbell assisted with vocal production and recording . The song was mixed by Manny at Larrabee Sound Studios in Los Angeles , assisted by Erik Madrid and Christian Plata . - Daniels estimated the total cost of the writing camp to be approximately $ 200 @,@ 000 , averaging $ 18 @,@ 000 for each of the eleven songs which were included on Loud ; the camp consisted of forty writers and producers . Daniels confirmed that Rock City received $ 15 @,@ 000 and Sham $ 20 @,@ 000 for their part in the production of " Man Down " . He said that " to get that twelve minutes of inspiration from a top songwriting team is expensive — even before you take into account the fee for the songwriters " . A cost of $ 53 @,@ 000 for " Man Down " was already incurred prior to Rihanna entering the studio with a vocal producer . Although Makeba Riddick did not serve as the song 's vocal producer , Daniels cited her as an example of how the process works and how much she would charge . It is the responsibility of the vocal producer to tell a singer how to sing the song correctly to achieve the desired sound . Daniels said that Riddick 's fee varies from $ 10 @,@ 000 to $ 15 @,@ 000 , and that the final part of the process is for the song to be mixed and mastered , which a similar fee . He estimated the final cost of writing , producing , vocal producing , mixing and mastering " Man Down " to be $ 78 @,@ 000 . When combined with the marketing and promotional costs , the total expense was $ 1 @,@ @,@ 000 . - - = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = - - " Man Down " is a " murder fantasy " reggae song with " Caribbean @-@ rhythms " and elements of and electronic music . The song , in the key of C minor , has a tempo of 77 beats per minute . Rihanna 's voice spans more than one and a half octaves , from to E ♭ 5 . Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani described " Man Down " as one of Rihanna 's " most confident vocal performances " with her strong Barbadian . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that the singer " plays up her West Indian accent " , and August Brown of the Los Angeles Times described the vocals as " her Caribbean " . Entertainment Weekly writer Leah described " Man Down " as a song with " island rhythms " . Lyrically , Rihanna is a fugitive after she shoots a man , but later regrets it . Rihanna slowly relays the chain of events which led up to the murder . She cries to her mother about the act that she has committed – " Mama , I just shot a man down " – expressing guilt and remorse for not meaning to kill her attacker , and that he is somebody 's son . As the track develops , Rihanna 's accent becomes stronger and exaggerated , which during the bridge as she declares " Why deed I pull dee treeguh , pull dee treeguh , pull dee treeguh , ! " writer Bradley Stern thought that the track took on a confessional tone . - On February 8 , 2009 , Rihanna was reported to have been involved in an altercation with her boyfriend , Chris Brown . He allegedly punched Rihanna and threatened to kill her . Brown turned himself in to the police and pleaded guilty to assault during the trial . August Brown called the murder ballad theme an apparent " warning " to Chris Brown and a response to his song " " ( 2010 ) , which an ex @-@ lover . Kitty Empire of The Guardian wrote that Brown 's assault on Rihanna gives the song lyrical context , and sings it with a " menace " tone . When asked by about how he reacted to listeners of the song saying that it violence , Sham dismissed the accusations : - I didn ’ t think it made any sense . I think it was because of who it was saying ' I just shot a man down . ' I think it was very for some of the parents against violence in media , those same parents have probably allowed their kids to watch all types of movies and programs that have depictions , or things that violence . So for them to be mad about , number one , an issue that actually exists ? ... A woman feeling like she wants to shoot somebody who ’ s still alive because of something that they took from her , that ’ s real and that ’ s honest . So the emotion is a very true emotion ... and they relive it on a daily basis . I think it was crazy and blown out of proportion .... But people benefit from controversy , and those same people who probably were trying to bring awareness , now they have a voice and now they ’ re ' specialists , ' and they can speak for a group of people all of a sudden . - - = = Release and reception = = - - On March 1 , 2011 , Rihanna asked fans to help her choose the next single from Loud using Twitter , saying that she would film a music video in the forthcoming weeks . After an influx of suggestions , the singer said she had narrowed the options down to four songs : " Man Down " , " California King Bed " , " Cheers ( to That ) " and " " . On March 12 , she confirmed that " California King Bed " had been selected as the next international single . However , " Man Down " was sent to rhythmic and urban radio stations in the United States on May 3 , before the May 13 release of " California King Bed " , making " Man Down " and " California King Bed " the fifth and sixth singles from Loud . The song was released in France and Switzerland on July 11 and the Netherlands on July 15 . - Kitty Empire called the track " excellent " , and praised it for being an original composition which is reminiscent of a " righteous old reggae murder ballad " . Consequence of Sound writer Ryan said that " Man Down " and another album track called " " both " stand on their own " , and that the former is an homage to her Caribbean heritage with its melody . Describing the track as " " , Bradley Stern thought that no other song on Loud embodied Rihanna 's personality more so than on " Man Down " . Cinquemani chose " Man Down " as the best song on Loud , calling Rihanna 's vocal agility " surprising " and noting that the " fully @-@ fledged reggae " song is co @-@ written by a fellow Barbadian @-@ born singer , Shontelle . - In her review of Loud , Emily of NME called its experimentation more " organic " than that on Rihanna 's previous album Rated R ( 2009 ) , citing " Man Down " ' s theme of " doomed youth " . Similarly , of Contactmusic.com pointed out that " Man Down " , which she described as " a dark track " that is " haunting " yet " intriguing " , was reminiscent of the material on Rated R. In their review of Rihanna 's top 20 songs , Time Out ranked " Man Down " as their tenth best track , writing that it is Rihanna at " her best " . Complex staff compiled a list of their top 26 Rihanna songs , and ranked " Man Down " in thirteenth place ; Claire thought that it was the singers most " cinematic " song of her career , and that she elevated the theme of " accidental " from " " to " adorable " . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - In the United States , " Man Down " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94 on June 1 , 2011 , peaking at number 59 and spending a total of 14 weeks on the chart . On the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , it peaked at number 9 on August 6 , 2011 , remaining there for 2 weeks and spending a total of 19 weeks charting . It was number 47 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs 2011 year @-@ end list . The track peaked at number 56 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart , number 20 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital Songs chart and number 40 on the Radio Songs chart . " Man Down " was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of more than 2 million units . The song reached number 92 on the Canadian Hot 100 . - " Man Down " debuted at number 65 on the French Singles Chart on June 6 , 2011 , a month before its release as a single . It rose to number 1 on July 30 , remaining there for 5 consecutive weeks , and was number 2 the week before and for 3 weeks after its chart @-@ topping run . It stayed on the chart until May 12 , 2012 , but re @-@ entered three weeks later . The song , on and off the French chart for the rest the year , continued to appear on it sporadically in 2013 . After a total of 73 weeks on the chart , the track 's last French chart appearance was at number 172 on August 8 , 2013 . - In the United Kingdom , " Man Down " entered the Singles Chart at number 117 on June 11 , 2015 , reaching number 75 the following week . The song peaked at number 54 in its fourth week , remaining there for 2 weeks and spending a total of 11 weeks on the chart . On the UK R & B Chart , " Man Down " reached number 15 on June 26 , spending 18 weeks in the top 40 . In Belgium , the song peaked at number 3 in Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders and number 2 in French @-@ speaking Wallonia . It was certified gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association ( ) for selling more than 15 @,@ 000 copies . Although the song spent only 1 week on the Italian Singles Chart ( at number 8 ) , it was certified platinum by the ( ) in 2014 for selling more than 30 @,@ 000 copies . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Background and synopsis = = = - - Anthony Mandler directed the music video for " Man Down " in April 2011 on a beach in Portland Parish , on the northeastern Jamaican coast . Rihanna told Rap @-@ Up that the video has a " strong underlying message [ for ] girls like me ! " On May 1 , 2011 , three camera phone teaser photos , of Rihanna on a beach in a white & dress and riding a bicycle in Portland Parish , were released . The music video premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on May 31 , 2011 . In an interview for MTV News , Mandler said that " Man Down " required " a strong narrative and visual " and that fans could expect something " dramatic and shocking and intense and emotions and and enlightening " . - The video opens as the protagonist ( Rihanna ) shoots and kills a man while he walks through a busy train station . She flees before a flashback to the previous day , when she rides her bike , meets friends and is alone in a bedroom at dusk . At a nightclub the protagonist dances and with another club @-@ , who then attacks her when she leaves the club . , the woman cries in the street after an implied sexual assault , and the video ends as she runs home to grab a gun hidden in a . - - = = = Analysis and reception = = = - - Hobson analysed the imagery presented in the video for " Man Down " in her book Body as Evidence : Race , Gender , which " challenges dismissals of identity politics and the delusional belief that the era reflects a ' ' and ' ' world . " In the chapter titled " : Black Women 's Resistance to Sexual Violence " , Hobson explores how black women have " found the courage " to speak out about sexual violence , protest against it and not remain a silent victim . She recalled Rihanna 's interview for 20 / 20 with Diane Sawyer , which aired on November 6 , 2009 . Having remained silent about her altercation with Brown on the evening of the Grammy Party in February that year , whereby Brown assaulted her , Rihanna decided to speak about it for the first time . The author noted how Sawyer decided to approach the interview by presenting the couples relationship and assault case as an " anomaly " and accused Rihanna of " projecting a ' fake ' imagery of strong black woman " , rather than presenting her another domestic violence victim not only in the United States , but in the world . " I am strong , " Rihanna responded . Hobson wrote that from then on , the singer decided to project an image of " hardcore and @-@ type femininity in her music trajectory " . - Subsequently , several of Rihanna 's songs and music videos have controversy for their violent themes , which Hobson attributes to the leaking of a photo showing the singers " battered face " on the evening of the assault by which circulated the internet without the permission of Rihanna . Hobson writes : " Because of this , Rihanna has had to back control of the ' victim ' image on her , and she in turn has challenged us and visually to question and examine the power , danger , and that shape our relationships . " She continued to highlight the music videos for " Russian " , " Hard " , " We Found Love " , " Love the Way You Lie " with Eminem which documents domestic violence , and " S & M " , which contains references to bondage and and is , in part , Rihanna 's response to disparaging critics , as examples . At one point in the video for " S & M " , Rihanna is literally tied up as a victim . - However , Hobson noted that Rihanna " rejects the victim stance " in the video for " Man Down " , and that she played the role of a rape survivor who shot her attacker . She attributed the location of shooting the video in Jamaica as significant , due to how the image of a gun during 1990s Jamaican dance hall 's to " express female rage " . The depicts Rihanna as a " dark @-@ hooded " whereby the narrative explains her motives for murder and the to with her because she danced in a provocative manner with a man in a club , which Hobson suggests is " somehow of rape " . She continued to explain that Rihanna is inviting the audience to consider what justice means by " pointing both a literal and lyrical gun at the issue " . Hobson concluded that Rihanna is protecting her vulnerability and the image of the abused black woman who is looked at in society . - Beck Bain of Idolator described the video as " visually stunning " , while Metro writer Lee Ann labelled it as " shocking " . Co @-@ writer of " Man Down " Thomas felt that the video was very theatrical and that Rihanna played her role " perfectly " . He continued to say that had the video been a lyric @-@ by @-@ lyric representation , the narrative would have been more " graphic " . - - = = = Controversy = = = - - The Parents Television Council ( PTC ) criticized Rihanna for her portrayal of " cold , calculated execution of murder " in the music video , and argued that murdering a rapist as socially @-@ acceptable justice is . The group disagreed with Rihanna 's rationale for the storyline : that the video has " a very strong underlying message [ for ] girls " like Rihanna . According to the PTC and Industry , if Chris Brown murdered a woman in a video that premiered on BET " the world would stop " and Rihanna should not have been allowed to release her clip . The week before the council 's statement about the video it had objected to Rihanna and Britney Spears ' performance of the " S & M " remix at the Billboard Music Awards , having called it a " @-@ laced , S & M sex show on prime @-@ time broadcast television " . - After the PTC 's statement , Julianne Shepherd of wrote that the group seemed to employ a double standard ; it had not condemned Kanye West 's music video for " Monster " , in which dead women hang from ceilings and West holds a head . Shepard added that Eminem and Rihanna 's video for " Love the Way You Lie " had not been criticized , despite " and " domestic violence . A Mothers Against Violence spokesperson criticised Rihanna for failing to present a solution , rather than encouraging the vulnerable youth , for which rape is a reality for many people . Director Anthony Mandler addressed the controversy in an interview for The Hollywood Reporter , saying that the visual evoked the reaction he intended and that it highlighted an issue still taboo in modern society . He recalled growing up in an era in which artists such as Madonna released controversial music videos , and noted that contemporary videos no longer tackle taboo subjects as frequently . - Rihanna responded to the PTC 's criticism on Twitter , and said that parents should not expect her to parent their children and that " subject matters " should not be hidden from children otherwise they will not learn how to adapt in society , and that it even more because children are embarrassed to talk about rape . The singer continued to state that " the industry isn 't ' 's ' R Us ' " and that singers " have the freedom to create art " . In an interview for BET , Rihanna further explain why rape was used as the vehicle to push the story forward in the video despite the lyrics not mentioning rape , saying " Making that into a mini @-@ movie or video , we needed to go back to why it happened . she 's not a cold @-@ killer . It had to be something so offensive . And we decided to hone in on a very serious matter that people are afraid to address , especially if you 've been in this scenario . " Rihanna added that the character is for her actions . - Actress and women 's @-@ health advocate Gabrielle Union , a rape victim , voiced support for the video on Twitter . Union called it " brave " and , although she did not agree with the eye @-@ for @-@ an @-@ eye sentiment , she could relate to the situation . Union said that every rape victim or survivor is a unique situation , and that they all have an idea of how justice should be served . She admitted that she tried to shoot her rapist , but missed , and that she has since realised that committing murder as a form of justice for herself would not have made the situation better . She continued to say that while it is " understandable " to desire to kill a rapist , unless it is in self @-@ defense then it is not . - - = = Live performances and covers = = - - Rihanna has included " Man Down " on the set lists of several concerts and tours , including the 2011 Loud Tour , BBC Radio 1 's Weekend on May 24 , 2012 and the 2013 Diamonds World Tour . For the Loud Tour , Rihanna performed the song on " a levitating , rotating platform , a belt and graffiti @-@ laden car shell . " Although Kitty Empire described " Man Down " as " terrific " , the critic felt let down by the " lack of creativity " from Rihanna 's production team for the stage set up during Rihanna 's performance . She wrote that she did not understand why a truck bonnet was in the middle of the stage . Maza praised the tracks placement on the set @-@ list . " Man Down " was performed as the fourth song on the Loud Tour , following its opener " Only Girl ( In the World ) " , " " and " Up and Drive " . Maza noted that the tempo of " Man Down " should have " slowed down the momentum she 'd accumulated until then but that was instead an ideal marriage of production and performance . " Instead , the red lights on the stage played up the " ominous " tone of the song as it gradually increased its tempo to the point whereby the end of the song was on the verge of sounding like an . - For the Diamonds World Tour , Rihanna performed " Man Down " in a Caribbean @-@ theme section of the show , which also included " You da One " , " No Love " , " What 's My Name ? " and " Rude Boy " . James of The Telegraph highlight the Caribbean @-@ themed section as the show 's highlight . Manchester Evening News writer Katie Fitzpatrick commented that Rihanna transported the audience to the Caribbean with a " grinding groove " . However , Gary of The Oakland Press was disappointed with the lack of variety in the section , writing that it was " by a sonic , even with of Extreme , whose guitar was buried in the bass @-@ heavy mix , playing some intriguing and accents " . - British singer and songwriter Lewis performed a of " Man Down " with her 2008 single " Better in Time " at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge in June 2011 . She also included the on the set list of her 2013 Tour . Her rendition received a mixed response from critics . Katherine @-@ McLean of the Worthing Herald complimented the fusion of " Better in Time " with reggae beats . But The Guardian 's Malcolm Jack thought the performance was and called Lewis a " reasonably priced Rihanna " . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Marauders ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) = - - " Marauders " is the sixth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the 32nd episode overall . It first aired on October 30 , 2002 , on the UPN network within the United States . The story was created by executive producers Rick Berman and with a teleplay by David Wilcox . A similar premise had been included in the original pitch for Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry . - Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , while in search of deuterium , Enterprise discovers a mining colony that is being controlled by Klingons who are bullying the inhabitants and hoarding their supplies . The crew conduct repairs on the colony and train the colonists to fight off the Klingons . - This episode was mostly filmed on location in a quarry in County , California , and the majority of the guest stars were stunt performers . Both Larry Cedar and had previously appeared in different episodes of Deep Space Nine and Voyager . " Marauders " was watched by 5 @.@ 6 million viewers , the second highest audience for an episode of the second season . Reviews were mixed , with some critics responding negatively to the lack of consequences from the fighting sequences while another praised the characters interactions and felt it was a good example of the western genre . - - = = Plot = = - - Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) , Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol ( ) , and Commander Charles " Trip " Tucker III ( Connor ) fly down to a small colony of 76 miners in order to trade for deuterium . They initially try to with Tessic ( Larry Cedar ) , the colony 's leader , but he appears reluctant to part with any of the 80 @,@ 000 liters in inventory , which is being held for ' someone else ' . After negotiations however , a deal is struck − 200 liters of deuterium for four power cells and whatever medical supplies Enterprise can spare , on the that the Enterprise crew can fix two pumps in two days . - Despite deuterium being a valuable commodity , Archer is by the lack of basic medical supplies and the run @-@ down nature of the colony . The reason becomes apparent when seven Klingons show up to collect deuterium according to their ' regular arrangement ' . When Tessic informs ( Robertson Dean ) , the leader of the Klingons , that they do not have all the deuterium because two pumps were not working , hits him and gives them four days to meet the order . Later , when Tucker and Archer attempt to talk them into fighting against the Klingons , Tessic tell them to take their 200 liters and leave . However , leaving does not sit well with Archer and he convinces the leader to resist with their support . - On Enterprise , T 'Pol teaches some of the colonists how to evade edged @-@ weapon attacks ( from Vulcan martial @-@ art ' @-@ ' ) , while Ensign Hoshi Sato ( Linda Park ) and Lieutenant Malcolm Reed ( Dominic ) teach other colonists how to fire their weapons more accurately . Archer and Tucker then suggest the colonists shift the entire colony to the south 50 meters . When the Klingon arrive , the colony appears deserted and silent . Finally the defenders show themselves , and in the ensuing fight the Klingons are lured into an area surrounded by the capped @-@ off deuterium well heads . On cue , the wells are , surrounding the Klingons with flames . Tessic then tells the Klingons to leave and never come back . After they depart , Archer is rewarded with 2 @,@ 000 liters of deuterium by the grateful miners . - - = = Production = = - - The initial pitch for Star Trek : The Original Series by Gene Roddenberry included a similar episode premise called " Kentucky , Kentucky " . This story would have had Captain Robert M. April and the crew of the S.S. Yorktown visit a human colony which had been previously attacked by Viking @-@ like aliens . This resulted in the colonists reverting in appearance to that seen during the American frontier @-@ era . April and his crew band together to help the colonists fight off the aliens . - Executive producers Rick Berman and developed the story , which was turned into a teleplay by David Wilcox . It was directed by Mike , his fourth episode of the series , although he had also developed several more episodes of the other series in the franchise . Filming on " Marauders " began on August 21 , 2002 , utilising the standing ship sets . The shoot on the following day mostly took place on a sound stage , while the third day 's on set filming used the set as well as a newly created ship 's gym set . The remainder of the eight days filming took place on location at a quarry in County , California , located about an hour 's journey north west of Los Angeles . Temperatures were mild for that time of year , but the actors were still told to wear and drink plenty of water . The actors portraying the Klingons joined on the second of the five days on location , with the majority of them played by stunt men . According to Bakula , the set used for the colony was the largest build so far for Enterprise . - Robertson Dean played the sole speaking Klingon , he had previously appeared in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " Face of the Enemy " . Other members of the guest cast included Cedar , portraying the Tessic , who had previously appeared in individual episodes of both Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Likewise , also appeared in those two series . While appearing in " Marauders " , she was also performing in the play at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles . - - = = Reception and home media = = - - " Marauders " was first broadcast on the UPN network within the United States on October 30 , 2002 . It was watched by 5 @.@ 6 million viewers , equating to Nielsen ratings of 3 @.@ 9 / 6 percent . This meant that the episode was watched by 3 @.@ 9 percent of possible viewers , and six percent of those watching television at the time . This was the second most watched episode of the season , behind " A Night in " , which was broadcast a week prior . - III , while writing for the website PopMatters , described " Marauders " as forming the first part of a loose trilogy of episodes within the second season focusing on re @-@ introducing the Klingons to the series . The following episodes in the group were said to be " Judgment " and " Bounty " . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave the episode two out of four , said that there was nothing exciting in " Marauders " and that the action sequences towards the end were unrealistic because despite all the apparent violence , not a single person even gets injured during the scene . He called the general premise " classic trek " , but that it lacked depth and didn 't pose any interesting questions . He summed it up by saying it was " a bloodless , light @-@ as @-@ a @-@ feather action show with handsome production values but absolutely and positively no edge . " - Michelle Erica Green , reviewing the episode for TrekNation , said that the episode seemed to follow the same story as the 1998 animated film A 's Life , but was very much set in the western genre which inspired Roddenberry 's original Star Trek pitch with other comparisons to the 1960 film The Magnificent Seven . She felt that there was several scenes which enabled some character building moments for Hoshi , Travis and Tucker , and described it overall as " a decent genre piece with good character work " . - The first home media release of " Marauders " was part of the season two DVD box set , released in the United States on August 7 , 2005 . A release on Blu @-@ ray Disc for season two occurred on August 20 , 2013 . - - - = Johnny McNichol = - - John " Johnny " McNichol ( 20 August 1925 – 17 March 2007 ) was a Scottish footballer who played more than 500 games in the Football League in England . An inside forward , he played more than 150 games for Brighton & Hove Albion and more than 200 for each of Chelsea and Crystal Palace . - McNichol graduated from junior footballer and apprentice motor mechanic in his native Scotland to a professional contract with English First Division club Newcastle United . After two years , he had found success with the reserve team but was never selected in the first eleven . Brighton & Hove Albion , struggling in the Third Division , broke their transfer record to sign him . McNichol spent four years with the club , acquiring " the reputation as the finest inside @-@ forward in the Third Division " , before moving to the First Division as Chelsea manager Ted Drake 's first signing . He was part of the Chelsea team that won the League championship in the 1954 – 55 season . In 1958 he joined Crystal Palace , whom he captained to promotion from the Fourth Division , and finished his on @-@ field career in the Southern League as player @-@ manager of Wells Rangers . He then spent 25 years working on the commercial side of football with two of his previous clubs . - - = = Early life and career = = - - McNichol was born in , Ayrshire . His father , Danny , died when he was five , so McNichol and seven siblings were raised by their mother , Catherine . He attended St Joseph 's School in , and started work as a messenger boy for a local 's shop when he left school . His shop work stopped him playing football on Saturdays , but he was able to play some football for Junior club Hurlford United . When he was taken on at the local bus garage as an apprentice motor mechanic , he became available on Saturdays as well . Hurlford paid him ten a game , nearly as much as his apprentice 's wages . During the Second World War , McNichol was called up to the Fleet Air Arm as a mechanic , but was able to play friendly matches for Inverness @-@ based club . Because of the number of professional players stationed around the country , such matches were played at a fairly high standard . - - = = Newcastle United = = - - After the war , McNichol returned to Hurlford , but , amid interest from other clubs , he accepted a trial with Newcastle United . After two trial matches , he signed professional forms with the club on his 21st birthday . McNichol spent two years at Newcastle , but never made a first @-@ team appearance . Behind the likes of England international forwards Roy Bentley and Len in the pecking order , he doubled his income working as a motor mechanic for a local funeral director whose " two or three Rolls @-@ [ made ] a nice change from working on bus engines " . In his second season , he was part of the reserve team that won the Central League title , but a disagreement over personal terms on his contract renewal – the Newcastle management felt a lower wage was justified because of the player 's earnings outside the game – prompted McNichol to seek first @-@ team football elsewhere . - - = = Brighton & Hove Albion = = - - Brighton & Hove Albion had finished bottom of the Third Division South the season before and were struggling financially , yet manager Don Welsh persuaded the directors to break the club transfer record by paying £ 5 @,@ 000 for a player yet to make his debut in the Football League , and persuaded McNichol to sign . He made his first appearance in the League on 21 August 1948 , at the age of 23 , as Brighton drew with Town at home . The club finished sixth in the division in McNichol 's first season and eighth , despite having no regular goalscorer – McNichol 's nine goals made him top scorer – in 1949 – 50 . The next year , McNichol played in all of Brighton 's games , the only man so to do , and again finished as top scorer for the season , this time with 14 goals . According to and Harris , he " had a superb season with a brand of play which won him the reputation as the finest inside @-@ forward in the Third Division " . Appointed club captain when Billy Lane took over from Welsh as manager , McNichol flourished under Lane 's attacking policy . He scored 14 goals in the 1951 – 52 season as Brighton narrowly failed to mount a successful challenge to Plymouth Argyle for the title , " was again the star of the side " , and " was thought by many to be the most stylish inside @-@ forward to play for the Albion " . - That season , McNichol scored a hat @-@ trick against eventual runners @-@ up Reading , which caught the eye of manager Ted Drake . Shortly before the next season started , he became Drake 's first signing for his new club , Chelsea , at a fee of £ 12 @,@ 000 plus the player Jimmy , a club record fee received for Albion . He had scored 39 goals in all competitions from 165 appearances . Although scouts from bigger clubs had been watching the player since soon after his arrival at the club – he had apparently already turned down moves to Manchester City , Everton and Huddersfield Town – Brighton 's supporters were disappointed , seeing his sale as a backward step . - - = = Chelsea = = - - On his Chelsea debut away at Manchester United , McNichol found himself playing at right back after ten minutes when Sid sustained an injury . Once restored to the forward line , his goals helped Chelsea avoid relegation to the Second Division at the end of his first season . A " dramatic last @-@ minute goal ... enabled Chelsea to a lucky victory at West Bromwich " with three games left , and he scored the third goal of Chelsea 's 3 – 1 defeat of Manchester City in their last fixture of the season which confirmed their escape from the relegation positions . - Two seasons later , Chelsea won the First Division title for the first time . As they beat Charlton Athletic in March 1955 to " maintain their challenging position in the Championship " , The Times ' reporter described how " McNichol filled the role of general , and was instigator of many dangerous movements " . Two weeks later , McNichol , " the most effective of their forwards " , scored twice as a Chelsea team displaying " a to play the man in preference to the ball " beat Tottenham Hotspur 4 – 2 , and the title was confirmed with one game still to play . McNichol had missed only two games in the 42 @-@ game season , and scored 14 goals , a good return for a player in his position ; an inside forward was normally more a creator than a scorer of goals , but his profile on Chelsea 's website describes him as " clever , astute and most of all a clinical finisher " . - He stayed at the club for three more seasons , but later lost his place in the side to the young Jimmy Greaves : " There was no disgrace in losing my place to him . I couldn 't about that . We used to get on very well , and he would listen to the instructions I gave him . Then he became world famous ! " The respect was mutual : though Greaves described the Chelsea title @-@ winning side as " almost certainly one of the least talented teams ever to win the title " , he made an exception for McNichol , " the ball player of the team " . In all competitions , he made 202 appearances for Chelsea and scored 66 goals . - While at Brighton , McNichol had worked in a local garage , wanting to keep up his skills in case injury put an early end to his football career . When he joined Chelsea , his decision to remain living in the area had upset Drake . In addition , he bought a 's shop in Hove , so not only did he have to travel by train from the south coast – as did teammates Stan and Eric Parsons – he further annoyed the Chelsea management by getting up even earlier each morning to open the shop before coming in to training . His wife Connie , whom he had known since childhood , ran the business in his absence . He claimed to have " earned more working in that shop than playing for Chelsea . Even in that championship season . " - - = = Crystal Palace = = - - Just ahead of the transfer deadline in March 1958 , McNichol signed for Third Division South club Crystal Palace . He was expected to fill a role " similar to the one he has performed so well at Stamford Bridge – helping in the development of promising young forwards " , and was appointed captain . He scored on his debut for the club , and produced seven goals from the twelve games he played in what remained of the 1957 – 58 season . By October 1958 , manager George Smith felt the player was feeling the strain of his dual role , so relieved him of the captaincy . As McNichol grew older , his playing position became more defensive , as he became first a wing half , then a full back . Palace had been placed in the Fourth Division when the Football League structure was reorganised on national lines prior to the 1958 – 59 season , and McNichol , long since restored to the captaincy , led them to promotion to the Third Division in 1961 , their first promotion for 40 years . Soon afterwards , he applied for the managerial post at former club Brighton & Hove Albion , then in the Second Division , but was unsuccessful . A broken arm suffered in August 1961 forced McNichol to miss a Palace match for the first time in a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year club career . He played on for two seasons , but his professional career was brought to a close by facial injuries , a fractured and broken jaw , sustained during the 1962 – 63 season . In all competitions , he scored 15 goals from 205 appearances . - - = = Later life and career = = - - McNichol remained in the South of England , spending four years as player @-@ manager of Wells Rangers in the Southern League . Having sold the , he returned to Crystal Palace to work in the commercial side of the game , where he was responsible for the establishment of weekly pools and competitions as a means of raising funds for the club . He moved back to Brighton & Hove Albion to occupy a similar role from 1979 to 1992 , and after retirement continued to live in the area of Brighton . - Despite the successes of his career , McNichol had regrets . He described Chelsea 's decision not to accept their invitation to participate in the inaugural season of the European Cup as his " one big disappointment " , and " thought it was strange at the time " , despite the national team ' preference for players their trade for Scottish clubs , that he was never chosen to represent his country . - McNichol retained contact with his previous clubs . One of 24 former players and managers nominated as " Albion Legends " as part of Brighton 's centenary events in 2001 , he took an active role in the celebrations . The surviving members of Chelsea 's 1955 title @-@ winning team used to meet for an annual dinner , and were guests of the club at the last match of the 2004 – 05 season as they celebrated their second League title , 50 years after the first . - He died of a stroke on 17 March 2007 at the age of 81 . - - = = Honours = = - - Newcastle United Reserves - The Central League winners : 1947 – 48 - Chelsea - Football League First Division winners : 1954 – 55 - Crystal Palace - Football League Fourth Division runners @-@ up : 1960 – 61 - - - = Otra Nota = - - Otra Nota ( English : Another Note ) is the debut album by American singer Marc Anthony that was released on January 26 , 1993 , by RMM Records . Produced by Sergio George , it was the first album by Anthony to record in salsa after starting his career as a freestyle musician . Recording of the album began after Anthony asked RMM president Ralph Mercado to record Juan Gabriel 's " Hasta Que Te Conocí " in salsa after hearing it on the radio during a taxi ride . Recorded on a low budget , the album peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart and reached No. 30 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart . - The album was well received by critics who complimented George 's production and Anthony 's youthful voice . Anthony received two awards for " Best New Artists " at the Billboard Latin Music Awards and the Lo Awards . The album produced three singles : " Hasta Que Te Conocí " , " Palabras del Alma " , and " Si Tú No Te Fueras " , all of which charted on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . As of 2002 , Otra Nota has sold over 300 @,@ 000 copies . - - = = Background = = - - Marc Anthony began his recording career in 1980s as a freestyle musician during which he was a backup vocalist for boy bands such as and the Latin . Anthony also wrote songs for his school friend @-@ Fire , including " Boy I 've Been " which became a hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Anthony got his start as a lead vocalist when he collaborated with Little Vega on the album When the Night Is Over . The lead single " Ride on the Rhythm " became a number @-@ one hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . - RMM manager Ralph Mercado invited Anthony to record a salsa album , but Anthony declined the offer due to a lack of interest to record in Spanish . The following day , while in a taxi , Anthony was listening to Juan Gabriel 's song " Hasta Que Te Conocí " ( " Until I Met You " ) on the radio and was motivated to record in the song in salsa and told Mercado about his change of decision . Mercado introduced Anthony to Sergio George who would produce the album . According to George , the album was an " total experiment " , citing that it was on low budget , recorded with one musician at a time without a band , and the full production was done on computers while George handled the keyboards . - - = = Music and lyrics = = - - The album includes five compositions and three cover songs . The lead track " Palabras del Alma " ( " Words from the Soul " ) is a cover originally performed and written by Ilan Chester . " Si Tú No Te Fueras " ( " If You Would Not Leave " ) was composed by Nelson Frank and Jaime Gutierrez . " Hasta Que Te Conocí " was first performed and written by Juan Gabriel . " El Último " was composed by Anthony 's father Felipe . " Make It With You " is a cover of American band Bread 's song . " " was written by Luis who composed songs for RMM recording artists including José Alberto and Tito . Sergio George co @-@ wrote " O Amor " ( " Game or Love ? " ) along with Adam . The final track , " Si He de " ( " If I Were to Die " ) was composed by Luis Díaz . - - = = Commercial reception = = - - Otra Nota debuted and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart during the week of April 17 , 1993 , behind Jerry Rivera 's and remained at this position for eight weeks . During the week of June 11 , 1994 , the album debuted and peaked at No. 30 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums , where it spent nineteen weeks on the chart . Otra Nota has sold over 300 @,@ 000 copies as of 2002 . - - = = = Singles = = = - - " Hasta Que Te Conocí " was the first single to be released from the album and peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . The second single " Palabras del Alma " peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . " Si Tú No Te Fueras " was the last single released from the album which peaked at No. 31 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Evan Gutierrez of Allmusic gave the album 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and complemented Anthony 's voice as " developed , unique , and individual " and felt that Anthony 's debut " brought quality and passion to his listeners from the beginning . " Gutierrez also found the songs in salsa enjoyable while calling the ballads . Gutierrez praised Sergio George 's arrangements as " outstanding " though he felt the production was outdated in places . Enrique gave the album 3 out of 4 stars , noting that while Anthony was viewed with skepticism on the salsa market , he felt that Anthony " may be the best of the many newborn . " also praised Anthony 's vocals as " excellent " and described the overall album as " noble effort " though he criticized Anthony 's cover of " Make It With You " as unnecessary . In 1994 , Anthony received a Billboard Latin Music Award for " Tropical / New Artist of the Year " and a Lo award for " Tropical - New Artist of the Year " . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - The following credits are from Allmusic . - - = = = Performance credits = = = - - - = = = Technical credits = = = - - - = = Chart performance = = - - - - = St Peulan 's Church , Llanbeulan = - - St Peulan 's Church , Llanbeulan is a disused medieval church in Llanbeulan , in Anglesey , north Wales . The nave , which is the oldest part of the building , dates from the 12th century , with a chancel and side chapel added in the 14th century . The church has a font of early date , possibly from the first half of the 11th century : one historian has said that it would initially have been used as an altar and that " as an altar of the pre @-@ Norman period it is a unique survivor in Wales and , indeed , in Britain " . - The church is now redundant and has been in the care of the charity , the Friends of Friendless Churches since 2005 . It is a Grade II * listed building , a designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , because it is a medieval church of " typical Anglesey type " that has retained its simple character despite 19th @-@ century alterations . - - = = History and location = = - - The date of foundation of the church in Llanbeulan is not known for certain , although it is said that a church was founded on this site in 630 by St Peulan . He was a disciple of the Anglesey saint . The earliest parts of the building date from the 12th century . It was the parish church of the area , and had a chapel of ease at St Mary 's Church , Tal @-@ y @-@ ( now also closed ) . In November , records of an in show that the priest serving St Peulan 's was one of a number of Anglesey clergymen to have died about that time , which was when the Black Death was affecting Anglesey . During the 19th century , a significant amount of church rebuilding and restoration work took place throughout Anglesey , and St Peulan 's was given a new roof and new internal fittings at this time . It is now a redundant church and has been in the hands of the Friends of Friendless Churches since 2004 ; it is one of four churches on Anglesey for which the charity has responsibility . The charity holds a 999 @-@ year lease with effect from 10 June 2005 . - The church gave its name to the parish of Llanbeulan : the Welsh word originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , and " ‑ " is a modified form of the saint 's name . It is in a thinly populated part of rural Anglesey , about 1 @.@ 75 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 09 mi ) to the south @-@ west of the village of , and about 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) to the south @-@ east of . A track runs from the road to the church . To the east of the church , the churchyard contains a war grave of a Royal Welsh Fusiliers soldier of the First World War . - - = = Architecture and fittings = = - - The church is built from rubble masonry , dressed with . The nave measures 27 feet 6 inches by 15 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 4 by 4 @.@ 7 m ) , the chancel is 15 feet 6 inches by 11 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 7 by 3 @.@ 6 m ) , and the south chapel is 11 feet 3 inches by 16 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) . The building has a slate roof with of stone . At the west end , there is a bellcote with one bell ; crosses made of iron are fixed to the roofs of the chancel and south chapel . The nave of the church , which has two bays , was probably built in the 12th century . An entrance at the west end of the nave has been blocked up and plastered over on the outside . The chancel , which is smaller than the nave , and a chapel ( on the south side of the building attached to the nave ) were added in the 14th century , and the arches dividing the nave from the chapel and the chancel are of this date . The entrance door , from the 19th century , is positioned on the east side of the chapel and has a pointed . Alongside the doorway is a stone inscribed with the year 1637 , and next to that is a round @-@ headed small window dating from the 12th century , reset in the chapel wall of later date . It has been suggested that this window may been reused from the blocked nave entrance . - The east window of the chancel , from the 15th century , has two lights topped with and decorated with carved heads . There is also a blocked 14th @-@ century window in the chancel 's north wall and an early 16th @-@ century window in the south wall . Other windows in the church date from the 17th century ( chapel south window ) and 19th century ( nave ) . The pews date from the 17th century : one stall in the chancel bears an inscribed panel of wood , dated 1664 , recording that it is the seat of William of . There are a number of memorials inside the church from the 17th , 18th and early 19th centuries . The church 's 19th @-@ century fittings , such as the pulpit and altar rail , are plain . - The most notable feature of the church is its font , which dates from the late 12th century , or possibly even the first part of the 11th century . It measures 2 feet 1 inch ( 63 @.@ 5 cm ) by 2 feet 11 inches ( 88 @.@ 9 cm ) ( external measurements ) and is 11 inches ( 27 @.@ 9 cm ) deep . It is rectangular and decorated on three sides . One of the shorter sides has a cross with four arms of equal length imposed on a ring ; at the base are two small , and the design is framed with bands ( some plain , some decorated with chevrons or a twisted rope pattern ) . It has been suggested that the are bee . One of the longer sides has a row of arches forming an arcade above a pattern of . The other shorter side has a pattern . The David Petts has noted that it is one of a number of fonts on Anglesey that has an area with little or no carving , perhaps because it was never anticipated that the plain side of the font would be seen or because the font was carved after being put in its position in the church . Although similar in style to other Anglesey fonts , its rectangular shape is " unique " , according to Petts , and the cross on one side " finds no parallels among fonts of this period . " - One writer , the historian Peter Lord , has suggested that it was initially used as an altar . Accepting the 11th @-@ century dating , Lord stated that " as an altar of the pre @-@ Norman period it is a unique survivor in Wales and , indeed , in Britain " . Petts considers this " unlikely " , suggesting that it may originally have been a reliquary . The Friends of Friendless Churches describes the font as the building 's " chief glory " . It has also been called " the best of Anglesey 's remarkable Romanesque series . " It has similarities of design and style with the fonts of two other churches on Anglesey ( St 's Church , and St 's Church , ) and with one of the stone crosses at St 's Church , . - - = = Assessment = = - - The church is a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest ( of three ) grade of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 5 April 1971 , and has been listed because it is " a rural Medieval church retaining its simple character . " It is described by Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) as a church " of typical Anglesey type " , where the 19th @-@ century restoration work has " retained the simplicity of design and construction " , and also the church 's medieval character . - In the 19th century , the writer Samuel Lewis said that it was " small and of rude workmanship " , but had " several curious features " such as the font that made it " valuable " . The antiquarian , writing in 1833 , described it as " a small cruciform structure , situated in a little barren valley " , with the south transept " bearing evidence of very great antiquity . " She stated that there were some windows " in the later English style , of good design , especially the east window of the chancel , which is a very superior composition . " - - - = The Tramp Dentists = - - The Tramp Dentists is a 1913 American silent short comedy film released by the newly formed Joker productions by the Universal Film Manufacturing Company . Directed by Allen Curtis , the film 's cast includes Max Asher , Lee Morris , Eddie Boland Joseph Singleton and Bobby Vernon . The film is centered on two tramps , Dusty and Weary , who take over a dentist shop and get rich through their untrained dentistry , teeth with pincers and ice tongs . After earning a large amount of money , the tramps return to their old way of life . Released on October 29 , 1913 , this film was the second Joker comedy . The film received some criticism for its vulgar humor . The film had a wide national release in the United States , but the film is presumed lost . - - = = Plot = = - - Two tramps , named Dusty and Weary , from their in a hay stock and are overcome with thirst . The two drink from a horse trough and Dusty complains of . The two go to the dentist office only to be kicked out . When the dentist departs on a cruise the two tramps then pose as dentists and occupy the office and pull teeth with pincers and tongs . When the rightful owners return they drive off again . The tramps continue in their venture and quickly make a large sum of money before they desire their old way of life . The two tramps then surrender the office to its rightful owners . - - = = Cast = = - - Max Asher - Lee Morris - Eddie Boland - Joseph Singleton - Bobby Vernon credited as De - - = = Production = = - - The term " dentist " refers to an individual who practices dentistry . The appearance of the word and its usage was popularized in the 1890s and often applied as a literal definition of a , a traveling long @-@ term homeless person , who engages in dentistry . The term was not exclusive to the United States as noted in Tracey Adams 's A and a Gentleman : Gender and the Rise of in Ontario which refers to local blacksmiths and who would pull teeth and even create of questionable effectiveness and quality . The single reel film was directed by Allen Curtis and released on October 29 , 1913 . The film was the second release of the newly formed Joker line of comedies , following The Cheese Special . The film was not heralded with as much fanfare , but records show that the film was still advertised in theaters in July 1914 . - - = = Reception = = - - The Moving Picture World reviewed the film as being a low comedy that featured " somewhat " humor with the extraction of teeth with pincers and ice tongs . A more direct review in response to the film 's comedic antics came from a letter to the editor of The Motion Picture Story Magazine which appealed the vulgar antics in the film as going to alienate members the audience and risk their continued patronage . The film had a wide national release that was shown in theaters throughout the United States . Locations included Chicago , Illinois , Atlanta , Georgia , Oklahoma , Ohio , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Oregon , Wisconsin , and Kansas . - The Tramp Dentists is presumed lost , but the date of disappearance is unknown . If the film were to have survived in Universal 's vaults it would have been deliberately destroyed along with the remaining copies of Universal 's silent era films in 1948 . - - - = Qedarite = - - The Qedarites ( also / , Cedar / Kedar / Qedar , and Kingdom of Qedar ) were a largely nomadic , ancient Arab tribal confederation . Described as " the most organized of the Northern Arabian tribes " , at the peak of its power in the 6th century BCE it controlled a large region between the Persian Gulf and the Sinai Peninsula . - Biblical tradition holds that the Qedarites are named for Qedar , the second son of Ishmael , mentioned in the Bible 's books of Genesis ( 25 : 13 ) and 1 Chronicles ( 1 : 29 ) , where there are also frequent references to Qedar as a tribe . The earliest inscriptions discovered by archaeologists that mention the Qedarites are from the Neo @-@ Assyrian Empire . the 8th and 7th centuries BCE , they list the names of Qedarite kings who and were defeated in battle , as well as those who paid Assyrian monarchs tribute , including Zabibe , queen of the Arabs ( @-@ rat @-@ ri @-@ bi ) . There are also Aramaic and Old South Arabian inscriptions recalling the Qedarites , who further appear briefly in the writings of Classical Greek , such as Herodotus , and Roman historians , such as Pliny the Elder , and . - It is unclear when the Qedarites ceased to exist as a separately defined confederation or people . Allies with the Nabataeans , it is likely that they were absorbed into the state around the 2nd century CE . In Islam , 'il is considered to be the ancestral of the Arab people , and in traditional Islamic historiography , Muslim historians have assigned great importance in their accounts to his first two sons ( Nebaioth and Qedar ) , with the genealogy of Muhammad , a of God in Islam , alternately assigned to one or the other son , depending on the scholar . - - = = Etymology = = - - It has been suggested that the name of the Qedarites is derived from the name for 's second son Qedar . Though the tribal name is Arabic , it was first transcribed in Assyrian ( 8th century BCE ) and Aramaic ( 6th century BCE ) , as the Arabic alphabet had not yet been developed . In the , the Qedarites are listed as an ethnic group whose name in Aramaic transliteration is . - The Arabic root q @-@ d @-@ r means " to measure , , estimate " ; " to decree , appoint , " ; and " to have power , or ability . " , a derived from the same root , means " cauldron , " , and also gives the verbal derivation , " to cook " . Ernst Axel , a biblical scholar who undertook a historical study of the Ishmaelites and determined that they were known in Assyrian inscriptions as the 'il , that the name of the Qedarites was derived from the verb , with its meaning of " to , to have power " . As this etymology is a deduction based solely on the prominence of the Qedar among the 'il tribes , it is viewed as inconclusive by other scholars . - - = = Geographical scope = = - - The Qedarites were an " Arab tribal confederation , " or " alliance of nomadic Arab tribes . " According to Philip J. King , theologian and historian , they lived in the northwest Arabian desert and were " an influential force from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE . " Geoffrey , historical and translator , transcribes their name as Kedar and states they lived in an area southeast of Damascus and east of the Transjordan . - 8th century BCE Assyrian inscriptions place the Qedarites as living in the area to the east of the western border of Babylon . Moving further east into areas of the Transjordan and southern Syria in the 7th century BCE , by the 5th century BCE they had spread into the Sinai and as far as the Nile Delta . Qedarite domination of northwest Arabia involved between the kings of Qedar and the kings of Dedan ( ) . Historian Israel writes that the " breadth of Qedarite distribution suggests a federation of tribes with various sub @-@ divisions . " - in the largely desert region lived in by the Qedarites - such as Dedan , , and Dumah - played an important role as sites of settlement , trade , and @-@ places . Dumah , a remote desert city to the west , known later as Al @-@ and today as al @-@ , was the most important of these , sitting as it did between the empires of Babylonia and Assyria . Serving as the base for Qedarite religious ceremonies , Dumah 's strategic position on the north @-@ south trade route in the area meant that relations with its inhabitants were sought after by both empires , though Dumah and the Qedarites were closer in both geographical and political terms to Babylonia . Those coming from the south and wishing to access Mesopotamia were obliged to pass through Dumah , which also lay on an alternate route to the northwest , leading to the city of Damascus , and from there , on to Assyria and Anatolia . - During the period of Persian imperial rule in the region ( c . 550 – 330 BCE ) , the Qedarites exercised control over the desert areas bordering Egypt and Israel and the traffic related to Arabian incense trade upon which Gaza depended . Herodotus ( c . – 425 BCE ) writes of their presence in the northern Sinai near the Egyptian border where they may have been engaged by the , the Persian imperial authorities , to keep that border secure as well as their control of the city of Gaza . - - = = Historical references = = - - - = = = = = = - - - = = = = Assyrian inscriptions = = = = - - The first documented mention of Qedar is from a stele ( c . 737 BCE ) of @-@ III , a king of the Neo @-@ Assyrian Empire , that lists leaders from the western part of Mesopotamia that pay him tribute . To the Assyrians , the Qedarites were known as Qidri or @-@ @-@ ri with other inscriptions also using Qadri , , and ( Neo Babylonian ) . Zabibe ( c . 738 BCE ) is listed among those paying tribute under the title " queen of the Qidri and the Aribi " ( Aribi meaning " Arabs " ) . - Also mentioned in Assyrian royal inscriptions is Zabibe 's successor Yatie ( c . 730 BCE ) , who sent forces headed by her brother to aid @-@ in his bid to hold onto power in Babylon . Together with an army from , this alliance faced the forces of Sennacherib , on the Assyrian king 's first campaign in 703 BCE . The events of the battle are recorded in the annals of Sennacherib which describe Yatie as " queen of the Arabs , " and tell of the capture of her brother in battle . Israel writes that this is the first mention in Assyrian documents of Arabs as an ethnic element in Babylonia . - Statements about the Qedarites in the annals of the Assyrian kings of Ashurbanipal and his son Esarhaddon indicate that the term Kedar was almost synonymous with Arabia . Hazael , who ruled c . 690 – 676 BCE , is described as a Qedarite king by Ashurbanipal and " king of the Arabs " by Esarhaddon . After Sennacherib 's invasion of Babylonia in 691 – BCE , Hazael fled to Dumah . Dumah is referred to as Adummatu by the Assyrians , and the city is described by them as the seat of the Qedar confederation and the base of their cult . - Te 'elkhunu and , both referred to as both " queens of Qidri " and " queens of Aribi , " have Adummatu explicitly denoted as their seat and capital city in the inscriptions . While the capital city for the three other queens referred to as " queens of Aribi " ( , Zabibe and Yatie ) is not explicitly mentioned , it is thought to have been Adummatu as well . Numerous inscriptions discovered in Dumah itself are further indications for a strong Qedarite presence , one of which asks of three deities known to the Assyrians as gods of Qedar ( , and ) for " help in the matter of my love . " - The conquest of Adummatu by Sennacherib in 690 BCE and the capture of a Qedarite queen , Te 'elkhunu , who was brought back to Assyria with other , including divine images , is also mentioned in the annals of the Assyrian monarchs . Esarhaddon eventually returned the " renewed " images of the Arab gods to Adummatu with , " who grew up in the palace of Sennacherib , " and was appointed Qedarite queen by Esarhaddon to replace Te 'elkhunu . However , strained relations between the Assyrians and the Qedarites meant that she ruled for only a brief period , with Esarhaddon recognizing Hazael as the king of Qedar after he increased his tribute to the Assyrian monarch by 65 camels . Esarhaddon then appointed Yauta , son of Hazael , as a Qedarite king , following Hazael 's death . That Yauta paid a tribute in the form of 10 of gold , 1 @,@ 000 precious stones , 50 camels , and 1 @,@ 000 leather pouches of is also recorded . - The defeat of and Yauta after they mounted Qedarite forces to march against the kings of the is recorded by Ashurbanipal . Yauta is said to have " the people of Arabia to revolt with him . " His wife , , is the only woman mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions as both a Qedarite queen and the wife of a Qedarite king , and is thought to be the only woman who was not a ruler in her own right . The inscriptions record how was sent by Yauta to accompany and the Qedarite forces , and their subsequent defeat and capture in BCE by the forces of , king of and a loyal vassal of the Assyrian empire . Yauta is said to have " fled to the Nabataeans . " His subsequent capture and sentencing in are recorded by Ashurbanipal who relates that , " I put a dog chain upon him and made him guard a . " was appointed as Yauta 's successor , and soon joined with the Nabataeans to revolt against Assyria again , prompting Ashurbanipal to launch a three @-@ month campaign to end it , beginning in Palmyra , continuing on to Damascus and ending in the southern part of al @-@ . - - = = = = Old South Arabic and Aramaic inscriptions = = = = - - Old South Arabic inscriptions mention ( " " or " " ) as a person or people . found in al @-@ , known as the of at Dedan , mentions Gashmu I , son of I , as King of Qedar . - A " king of Qedar " is also mentioned in a late 5th century BCE Aramaic inscription on a silver vessel found at Tell in the eastern Nile Delta in lower Egypt . The inscription names him as " son of Gashmu , " with the vessel described as an , " offering to ' " . - While it does not specifically mention the Qedar and is therefore a subject of debate , an Aramaic inscription dating to 5th century BCE discovered on an incense altar at and dedicated to , " , son of , the king , " is interpreted by André as a possible reference to kings of Qedar . - - = = = = Classical Antiquity = = = = - - Herodotus has documented that the Qedarites were called upon to assist II of the Persian empire in his invasion of Egypt in 525 BCE . The Qedarites and were known to enjoy close relations , even engaging as wartime allies against the Assyrians . It is possible that the Qedarites were eventually incorporated into the state which emerged as the strongest presence in northwestern Arabia c. the 2nd century CE . In The Cambridge Ancient History , some of the ( Arab ) mentioned by in his retelling of events that took place in 312 BCE are said to be Qedarites . - Pliny the Elder ( 23 – 79 CE ) , who refers to the and ( " " ) in the context of other Arabian tribes , placing their domain to the south of the and adjacent to that of the , is thought to be referring to the Qedar . Jerome ( c . 357 – 420 CE ) , also writing in Latin , transcribes Qedar as Cedar , and refers to it as a region . In one entry , he describes it as , " a region of the Saracens , who are called Ishmaelites in scripture " ; in another , he writes that it was a " once region across Arabia " ; and in a third , he writes that it is a " deserted region of the Ishmaelites , whom they now call Saracens . " According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , ( c . 393 – c . 457 ) mentions that in his time , the Qedar lived near Babylon . - - = = = = 19th century = = = = - - There are brief references to the Qedar in the writings of Western travellers to the Levant in the 19th century . Drawing on biblical , comparisons are made between the Bedouins and the Qedar . For example , Albert Augustus describes the imposing spectacle of a encampment on a plain upon which , " the black tents of Kedar were spread far and wide . " An earlier account by Charles Elliot describes the Arabs as falling into two main groups , and Bedouins , and identifies the latter with Ishmael and the Qedar as follows : - [ ... ] the Bedouins still retain the wandering habits of their father Ishmael ; their ' hand is against every man , and every man 's hand is against ' them ; the wild desert is their home ; the ground their and their canopy the sky ; or , if luxurious their place of is a little tent ' black as the tents of Kedar ' their progenitor [ ... ] - Charles Forster identifies the Arab tribe of the Beni as the modern descendants of the Kedar . He proposes that Beni ( " sons of war " ) is a patronym and de guerre that was adopted by the tribe at least 2 @,@ 000 years ago , replacing Kedar as the national moniker . - - = = = Biblical = = = - - The descendants of Abraham and are called Ishmaelites , after Ishmael , their firstborn , and the Qedarites are named for his second son , Qedar . The Bible refers to both the Qedarites and Qedar frequently . Old Testament references include Genesis ( 25 : 13 ) , Isaiah ( 21 : 16 @-@ 17 , 42 : 11 , 60 : 7 ) , Jeremiah ( 2 : 10 , 49 : 28 @-@ 33 ) , Ezekiel ( 27 : 21 ) , and Chronicles ( 1 : 29 ) . Twice , Qedar is used to refer to the actual son of Ishmael , as in the books of Genesis and Chronicles , while remaining references are to his descendants , referring either to his most prominent North Arabian sons , or to the Arabs and Bedouins as a more general collective . The " tents of Kedar " equated with " the peace @-@ " mentioned in the Book of ( 120 : 5 ) were likely a Qedarite sub @-@ group . - In ( 1 : 5 ) , the tents of the Qedarites are described as black : " Black I am , but beautiful , ye daughters of Jerusalem / As tents of Qedar , as of Salam black . " Their tents are said to be made of black goat hair . A tribe of Salam was located just south of the in , and proposed that the Qedarites mentioned in this text were in fact Nabataeans and played a crucial role in the trade in the 3rd century BCE . - Biblical descriptions indicate there were two major types of Qedarites : nomads ( Arabic : ) living in tents and sedentary people ( Arabic : ) living in villages . Jeremiah describes them as " a nation at ease , that securely " ( 49 : 31 ) and notes that they engage in the pagan practice of their temples . Isaiah recalls their warrior activities and skill with the bow . ( 21 : ) Ezekiel associates , " Arabia and all the princes of Kedar , " and indicates that they engaged in sheep / goat trading with the . The three books list the flocks of the Qedarites as including lambs , rams , goats and camels . - Jeremiah also tells of a campaign by ( 630 – 562 BCE ) against the Qedarites during the Babylonian period . Gashmu , the king of the Qedarites mentioned in the 5th century BCE Aramaic inscription described above , is also referred to as " the Arab " or " the Arabian " by who lists him as one of his adversaries , since Gashmu stands opposed to 's governorship over Judea in BCE . - - = = Culture and society = = - - Biblical and evidence suggests that of the Arabian tribes , the Qedarites were most prominent in their contacts with the world outside of Arabia . Like other nomadic groups , they lived primarily in . and traders in livestock , such as male lambs , rams and goats , they also played a key role in the prosperity of Gaza 's incense trade , controlling traffic in the desert regions between Egypt and Palestine . As a result of their trading activities , there were clans from among the Qedarites that became wealthy . - Though they were vassals under Assyrian rule and were often engaged in rebellion against that empire , the rise to dominance of the Persian empire proved beneficial to the Qedarites . Qedarite control of the trade routes and the access they afforded the Persians translated into what Herodotus described as a friendly relationship . - - = = = Language = = = - - The Qedarites are among a number of North Arabian tribes whose interactions with tribes beginning in the 8th century BCE resulted in cultural exchanges between these two large Semitic groups . Early Arab tribal groups like the Qedarites spoke early Arab dialects , but as the Arabic alphabet had not yet been developed , they used the Aramaic alphabet to write . " The tongue of Kedar " is used in sources as a name for the Arabic language . - , the practice of naming boys after their , was common among the Qedar . Some Qedarites had Aramaic personal names ( e.g. Hazael or @-@ el ) , while others had Arabic personal names ( e.g. Gashmu and Zabibe ) . Aramaic civilization and its peoples were gradually absorbed by the Arabs with Arabic dialects in Lebanon , Palestine , Syria , and Iraq in particular exhibiting the influence of Aramaic . - - = = = Religion = = = - - Religious worship among the Qedar , as was the case for most of the inhabitants of Arabia until the 7th century CE , was centered around a polytheistic system in which women rose to prominence . Divine images of the gods and goddesses worshipped by Qedarite Arabs , as noted in Assyrian inscriptions , included representations of , , , , , and . The female guardian of these idols , usually the reigning queen , served as a ( , in Assyrian texts ) who with the other world . As mentioned above , there is also evidence that the Qedar worshipped Al @-@ , to whom the inscription on a silver bowl from a king of Qedar is dedicated . In the Babylonian Talmud , which was passed down orally for centuries before being transcribed c . 500 CE , in ( ) , it is said that most Qedarites pagan gods . - - = = = Tomb = = = - - There is a mausoleum assigned to him in city Province , Iran - - = = = = - - The biblical view of the late Iron Age political and cultural map describes it as a set of branching . Biblical figures three generations forward from are invariably described as the eponymous founders of different tribes and polities that interacted with the Kingdom of Judah between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE . Such is the case of the Qedarite Arabs , who according to biblical tradition , are the offspring of the Abraham @-@ Ishmael @-@ Kedar genealogical line . - The majority of believe they are one of the modern day descendants of Muhammad , and that they are therefore the descendants of Ishmael and his second son Qedar . Abu al @-@ ( 676 – 743 CE ) wrote that his father Ali ibn informed him that Mohammed had said : " The first whose tongue spoke in clear Arabic was Ishmael , when he was fourteen years old . " Ibn Muhammad al @-@ ( 737 – 819 CE ) established a genealogical link between Ishmael and Mohammed using writings that drew on biblical and sources , and the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs . His book , al @-@ ( " The of " ) , seems to that the people known as " Arabs " are all descendants of Ishmael . Ibn ( – ) writes , " All the Arabs of the are descendants of Nebaioth and Qedar . " Medieval Jewish sources also usually identified Qedar with Arabs and / or Muslims . According to author and scholar , Western scholars viewed this kind of " genealogical " with suspicion , seeing it as , - [ ... ] a late Islamic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the Arabian Peninsula . But of this extravagance , the concept is much more modest in its , and in the sources it applies only to certain groups among the Arabs of pre @-@ Islamic times . Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammed when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not . - in this more limited definition holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and eponymous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia . is given in Arab genealogical accounts to the first two of Ishmael 's twelve sons , Nebaioth ( Arabic : , ) and Qedar ( Arabic : , ) , who are also prominently featured in the Genesis account . It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve tribes . - In accounts tracing the ancestry of Mohammed back to Ma 'ad ( and from there to Adam ) , Arab scholars alternate , with some citing the line as through Nebaioth , others Qedar . - - - = Super Science Stories = - - Super Science Stories was an American pulp science fiction magazine published by Popular Publications from 1940 and 1943 , and again from 1949 to 1951 . Popular launched it under their " Fictioneers " imprint , which they used for magazines paying writers less than one cent per word . Frederik Pohl was hired in late 1939 , at 19 years old , to edit the magazine ; he also edited Astonishing Stories , a companion science fiction publication . Pohl left in mid @-@ 1941 , and Super Science Stories was given to Alden H. Norton to edit ; a few months later Norton Pohl as an assistant . Popular gave Pohl a very low budget , so most manuscripts submitted to Super Science Stories had already been rejected by the higher @-@ paying magazines . This made it difficult to acquire good fiction , but Pohl was able to acquire stories for the early issues from the Futurians , a group of young science fiction fans and aspiring writers . - Super Science Stories was an initial success , and within a year Popular increased Pohl 's budget slightly , allowing him to pay a bonus rate on occasion . Pohl wrote many stories himself , to fill the magazine and to augment his salary . He managed to obtain stories by writers who subsequently became very well known , such as Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein . After Pohl entered the army in early 1943 , wartime paper shortages led Popular to cease publication of Super Science Stories . The final issue of the first run was dated May of that year . In 1949 the title was revived with Ejler Jakobsson as editor ; this version , which included many reprinted stories , lasted almost three years , with the last issue dated August 1951 . A Canadian reprint edition of the first run included material from both Super Science Stories and Astonishing Stories ; it was unusual in that it printed some original fiction rather than just reprints . There were also Canadian and British reprint editions of the second incarnation of the magazine . - The magazine was never regarded as one of the leading titles of the genre , but has received qualified praise from science fiction critics and historians . Science fiction historian Raymond Thompson describes it as " one of the most interesting magazines to appear during the 1940s " , despite the variable quality of the stories . Critics Brian and Peter Nicholls comment that the magazine " had a greater importance to the history of sf than the quality of its stories would suggest ; it was an important training ground " . - - = = Publication history = = - - Although science fiction ( sf ) had been published before the 1920s , it did not begin to into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine published by Hugo . By the end of the 1930s the field was booming , and several new sf magazines were launched in 1939 . Frederik Pohl , a science fiction fan and aspiring writer , visited Robert , the editor of Marvel Science Stories and Dynamic Science Stories , to ask for a job . did not have an opening for him , but told Pohl that Popular Publications , a leading pulp publisher , was starting a new line of low @-@ paying magazines and might be interested in adding a science fiction title . On October 25 , 1939 , Pohl visited Rogers at Popular , and was hired immediately , at the age of nineteen , on a salary of ten dollars per week . Pohl was given two magazines to edit : Super Science Stories and Astonishing Stories . Super Science Stories was intended to carry longer pieces , and Astonishing focused on shorter fiction ; Super Science Stories was retitled Super Science Novels Magazine in March 1941 , reflecting this policy , but after only three issues the title was changed back to Super Science Stories . - Popular was uncertain of the sales potential for the two new titles and decided to publish them under its Fictioneers imprint , which was used for lower @-@ paying magazines . Super Science Stories ' first issue was dated March 1940 ; it was bimonthly , with Astonishing Stories appearing in the alternate months . In Pohl 's memoirs he recalls Harry Steeger , one of the company owners , breaking down the budget for Astonishing for him : " Two hundred seventy @-@ five dollars for stories . A hundred dollars for black and white art . Thirty dollars for a cover . " For Super Science Stories , Steeger gave him an additional $ 50 as it was 16 pages longer , so his total budget was $ per issue . Pohl could only offer half a cent per word for fiction , well below the rates offered by the leading magazines . Super Science Stories sold well , despite Pohl 's limited resources : Popular was a major pulp publisher and had a strong distribution network , which helped circulation . Steeger soon increased Pohl 's budget , to pay bonuses for popular stories . Pohl later commented that he was uncertain whether the additional funds really helped to bring in higher quality submissions , although at the time he assured Steeger it would improve the magazine . Some of the additional money went to Ray Cummings , a long @-@ established sf writer who came to see Pohl in person to submit his work . Cummings refused to sell for less than one cent a word ; Pohl had some extra money available when Cummings first visited him , and though he disliked Cummings ' work was never able to bring himself to reject Cummings submissions , or even to tell him that he could not really afford to pay the rate Cummings was asking . Pohl comments in his memoirs that " for months he [ Cummings ] would turn up regularly as clockwork and sell me a new story ; I hated them all , and bought them all . " - By reducing the space he needed to fill with fiction Pohl managed to stretch his budget . A long letter column took up several pages but required no payment , and neither did running advertisements for Popular 's other magazines . Some authors sent inaccurate word counts with the stories they submitted , and savings were made by paying them on the basis of whichever word count was less — the author 's or one done by Popular 's staff . The result was a saving of forty to fifty dollars per issue . elements of black and white illustrations were also reused to fill space , as multiple uses of the same artwork did not require additional payments to the artist . - Towards the end of 1940 Popular doubled Pohl 's salary to twenty dollars per week . In June 1941 Pohl visited Steeger to ask for a further raise , intending to resign and work as a free @-@ lance writer if he was unsuccessful . Steeger was , and Pohl commented later " I have never been sure whether I quit or got fired " . Instead of replacing Pohl , Popular assigned editor @-@ in @-@ chief Alden H. Norton to add the magazines to his responsibilities . The arrangement lasted for seven months , after which Norton asked Pohl to return as his assistant . Norton offered Pohl thirty @-@ five dollars a week as an associate editor , substantially more than the twenty dollars a week he had received as editor , and Pohl readily accepted . - Pohl was not eligible to be drafted for military service as he was married , but by the end of 1942 his marriage was over and he decided to enlist . As voluntary was suspended he was unable to immediately join the army , but eventually was inducted on April 1 , 1943 . Paper was difficult to obtain because of the war , and Popular decided to close the magazine down ; the final issue , dated April 1943 , was assembled with the assistance of Ejler Jakobsson . - In late 1948 , as a second boom in science fiction publishing was beginning , Popular decided to revive the magazine . Jakobsson later recalled hearing about the revival while on vacation , swimming in a lake , five miles from a phone : " A boy on a bicycle showed on shore and shouted , ' Call your office . ' " When he reached a phone , Norton told him that the magazine was being relaunched and would be given to Jakobsson to edit . Damon Knight , who was working for Popular at the time , also worked on the magazine as assistant editor , although he was not credited . The relaunched magazine survived for almost three years , but the market for was weak , and when Knight left in 1950 to edit Worlds Beyond Jakobsson was unable to sustain support for it within Popular . It ceased publication with the August 1951 issue . - - = = Contents and reception = = - - Because of the low rates of pay , the stories submitted to Super Science Stories in its first year had generally already been rejected elsewhere . However , Pohl was a member of the Futurians , a group of science fiction fans that included Isaac Asimov , , Richard Wilson and Donald ; the Futurians were eager to become professional writers and were eager to submit stories to Pohl . The Futurians were prolific ; in Pohl 's first year as an editor he bought a total of fifteen stories from them for the two magazines . Pohl contributed material himself , usually in collaboration with one or more of the Futurians . Particularly after his marriage to Doris in August 1940 , Pohl realized that his salary covered their apartment rent with almost no money left over , and began to augment his income by selling to himself as well as to other magazines . The first story Pohl ever published that was not a collaboration was " The in the Ice " , which appeared in the January 1941 Super Science Stories . All of the stories Pohl bought from himself were published under , though in fact Pohl used for everything he wrote until the 1950s . - The first issue , dated March 1940 , contained " Emergency " , James Blish 's first published story , two stories by John Russell ( one under the pseudonym " " ) , fiction by Frank Long , Ross , Raymond , Vincent and Dean O 'Brien ; and a poem by , " The Song of the Rocket " , under the pseudonym " Gabriel " . Blish 's most notable contribution to the magazine was " Sunken Universe " , which appeared in the May 1942 issue under the pseudonym " Arthur " . This later formed part of " Surface " , one of Blish 's most popular stories . Other writers whose first story appeared in Super Science Stories include Ray Bradbury , Chad Oliver , and Wilson Tucker . Bradbury 's first sale , " " , was bought by Norton , and appeared in the November 1941 issue ; Tucker 's writing career began with " Way Station " in May 1941 , and Oliver 's " The Land of Lost Content " appeared in the November 1950 Super Science Stories . Asimov appeared four times in Super Science Stories , starting with " Robbie " , his first Robot story , under the title " Strange " . - Although most stories submitted to Super Science Stories were rejects from the better @-@ paying markets such as Astounding Science Fiction , Pohl recalled in his memoirs that John W. Campbell , the editor of Astounding , would occasionally pass on a good story by a prolific author because he felt readers did not want to see the same authors in every issue . As a result , Pohl was able to print L. Sprague de Camp 's , in the March 1941 Super Science Stories , and Robert Heinlein 's " Let There Be Light " and " Lost Legacy " in the May 1940 and November 1941 issues : these were stories which , in Pohl 's opinion , " would have looked good anywhere " . Pohl also suggested that Campbell rejected some of Heinlein 's stories because they contained mild references to sex . A couple of readers did complain , with one disgusted letter writer commenting " If you are going to continue to print such , pre @-@ @-@ school as " Let There Be Light " , you should change the name of the to Naughty Future " . - The second run of Super Science Stories included some fiction that had first appeared in the Canadian reprint edition , which the U.S. original and printed eleven stories that had been acquired but not printed by the time Popular shut Super Science Stories and Astonishing down in early 1943 . These included " The Black Sun " by Henry , " And Then – the Silence " , by Ray Bradbury , and " The Crown " by James Blish . From mid @-@ 1950 a reprint feature was established . This led to some reader complaints , with one correspondent pointing out that it was particularly to discover that Blish 's " Sunken Universe " , reprinted in the November 1950 issue , was a better story than the original material in the magazine . The magazine also reprinted stories from Famous Fantastic Mysteries , which Popular had acquired from Publishing in 1941 . - Some of the original stories were well @-@ received : for example , Ray Bradbury 's " The Impossible " , which appeared in the November 1949 issue , and was later included in Bradbury 's book The Martian Chronicles , is described by sf historian Raymond Thompson as a " haunting ... comment on man 's attempts to realize his conflicting hopes and dreams " . Thompson also comments positively on Anderson 's early story " Terminal Quest " , in Super Science Stories 's final issue , dated August 1951 ; and on Arthur C. Clarke 's " of the " in the March 1950 issue . John D. MacDonald also contributed good material . - The book reviews in Super Science Stories were of a higher standard than elsewhere in the field , and historian Paul Carter regards Astonishing and Super Science Stories as the place where " book reviewing for the first time began to merit the term ' literary criticism ' " , adding that " it was in those magazines that the custom began of paying attention to science fiction on the stage and screen also " . The artwork was initially amateurish , and although it improved over the years , even the better artists such as Virgil and Lawrence Stevens continued to produce depictions of half @-@ dressed women threatened by robots or aliens . H. R. van , later a prolific cover artist for Astounding , made his first science fiction art sale to Super Science Stories for the cover of the September 1950 issue . - historian Mike Ashley regards Super Science Stories as marginally better than its companion magazine , Astonishing , adding " both are a testament to what a good editor can do with a poor budget " . According to sf critics Brian and Peter Nicholls , the magazine " had a greater importance to the history of sf than the quality of its stories would suggest ; it was an important training ground " . - - = = details = = - - The first run of Super Science Stories was edited by Frederik Pohl from March 1940 through August 1941 ( nine issues ) , and then by Alden H. Norton from November 1941 through May 1943 ( seven issues ) . Ejler Jakobsson was the editor throughout the second run , from January 1949 to August 1951 . The publisher was Popular Publications for both versions , although the first was issued under Popular 's Fictioneers imprint . It was pulp @-@ sized throughout both runs . At launch the magazine had 128 pages and was priced at 15 cents ; the price increased to 20 cents when it went to 144 pages in March 1941 , and again to 25 cents for the May 1943 issue , which had 128 pages again . The second run was priced at 25 cents throughout and had 112 pages . The title was Super Science Stories for both runs except for three issues from March to August 1941 , which were titled Super Science Novels Magazine . The volume numbering was completely regular , with seven volumes of four numbers and a final volume of three numbers . It was bimonthly for the first eight issues , from March 1940 to May 1941 , and then went to a regular schedule . - - = = = Canadian and British editions = = = - - In 1940 , as part of the War Exchange Conservation Act , Canada banned the import of pulp magazines . Popular launched a Canadian edition of Astonishing Stories in January 1942 , which lasted for three bimonthly issues and reprinted two issues of Astonishing and one issue of Super Science Stories . With the August 1942 issue the name was changed to Super Science Stories , and the was begun again at volume 1 number 1 ; as a result the magazine is usually listed by as a separate publication from the Canadian Astonishing , but in many respects it was a direct continuation . The price was 15 cents throughout ; it lasted for 21 regular bimonthly issues in a single volume ; the last issue was dated December 1945 . It was published by Popular Publications ' Toronto branch , and the editor was listed as Alden H. Norton . - Each issue of the Canadian edition corresponded to one issue of either Astonishing or Super Science : for example , the first two Canadian issues drew their contents from the February 1942 Super Science Stories and the June 1942 Astonishing , respectively . This pattern continued for ten issues . The next issue , dated April 1944 , contained several reprints from the US editions , but also included two original stories that had not appeared anywhere before — these had been acquired for the US magazine and remained in inventory . A total of eleven of these original stories appeared in the Canadian Super Science Stories . Later issues of the magazine also saw many reprints from Famous Fantastic Mysteries ; in tacit acknowledgement of the new source of material , the title was changed to Super Science and Fantastic Stories from the December 1944 issue . The artwork was mostly taken from Popular 's US magazines but some new art appeared , probably by Canadian artists . There was no other Canadian presence : the letters page , for example , contained letters from the US edition . - In 1949 , when the second run of the US Super Science Stories began , another Canadian edition appeared , but this was identical in content to the US version . Two British reprint editions of the second run also appeared , starting in October 1949 . The first was published by Thorpe & Porter ; the issues , which were not dated or numbered , appeared in October 1949 and February and June 1950 . The contents were drawn from the US issues dated January 1949 , November 1949 , and January 1950 respectively ; each was 96 pages and was priced at 1 / - . The second reprint edition was published by Pemberton 's ; these were 64 pages and again were undated and were priced at 1 / - . - The British issues are abridged versions of US issues from both the first and second series . The titles corresponded to the titles on the US magazine from which the stories were taken , so all were titled Super Science Stories except for the April 1953 issue , which was titled Super Science Novels Magazine . - - - = HMS Hostile ( ) = - - HMS Hostile ( ) was an H @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . She was transferred to Freetown , Sierra Leone , in October 1939 to hunt for German commerce raiders in the South Atlantic with Force K. Hostile participated in the First Battle of Narvik in April 1940 and the Battle of in July 1940 . The ship was damaged by a mine off Cape Bon in the Strait of Sicily while on passage from Malta to Gibraltar on 23 August 1940 . She was then scuttled by HMS Hero . - - = = Description = = - - Hostile displaced 1 @,@ 350 long tons ( 1 @,@ 370 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 883 long tons ( 1 @,@ t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) , and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Hostile carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 240 km ; 6 @,@ 360 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime . - The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft defence Hostile had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . - - = = Service = = - - Hostile was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Company at Greenock , Scotland on 27 February 1935 , launched on 24 January 1936 , and completed on 10 September 1936 . government @-@ furnished equipment like the armament , the ship cost £ 253 @,@ . She was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning . Hostile patrolled Spanish waters in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the edicts of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee . The ship received an overhaul at Gibraltar between 17 November and 15 December 1937 . She resumed patrolling Spanish waters in 1938 and 1939 . After the end of the Spanish Civil War , Hostile was refitted in Dockyard between 31 May and 26 July 1939 . She returned to the Mediterranean and was in Malta when World War II began . - In October the ship was transferred to Freetown to hunt for German commerce raiders in the South Atlantic with Force K. The ship and her half @-@ sisters , Hardy , , and , rendezvoused with the battlecruiser , the aircraft carrier Ark Royal , and the light cruiser Neptune on 17 December . They in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , before proceeding to the estuary of the River Plate in case the damaged German pocket battleship Admiral attempted to escape from , Uruguay , where she had taken refuge after losing the Battle of the River Plate . Hostile was overhauled at Chatham Dockyard between 26 January and 29 March 1940 and then rejoined the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla , now assigned to the Home Fleet . During the First Battle of Narvik on 10 April the ship engaged the German destroyer von and badly damaged her , hitting her at least five times . Hostile was only hit once , but the shell did little damage . She escorted her badly damaged sister ship , Hotspur , to the repair base set up at in the Islands . Hostile briefly escorted the battleship HMS Warspite before she returned to Rosyth for repairs between 27 April and 4 May . The ship briefly returned to Norwegian waters , where she again escorted Warspite , before being transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in mid @-@ May . - On 9 July Hostile participated in the Battle of as an escort for the heavy ships of Force C and unsuccessfully engaged Italian destroyers , suffering no damage . The ship , together with her sister , Hero , and the destroyers Nubian and , were ordered to Gibraltar on 22 August where they were to join Force H. Hostile struck a mine en route on the early morning of 23 August off Cap Bon that broke her back . The explosion killed five men and wounded three others . took off the survivors while Hero fired two torpedoes to her . - - - = Rocky Mountain Horse = - - The Rocky Mountain Horse is a horse breed developed in the state of Kentucky in the United States . Despite its name , it originated not in the Rocky Mountains , but instead in the Appalachian Mountains . A foundation stallion , brought from the western United States to eastern Kentucky around 1890 , began the Rocky Mountain type in the late 19th century . In the mid @-@ 20th century , a stallion named Old Tobe , owned by a prominent breeder , was used to develop the modern type ; today most Rocky Mountain Horses trace back to this stallion . In 1986 , the Rocky Mountain Horse Association was formed and by 2005 has registered over 12 @,@ 000 horses . The breed is known for its preferred " chocolate " coat color and flaxen mane and tail , the result of the relatively rare silver dapple gene acting on a black coat , seen in much of the population . It also exhibits a four @-@ beat ambling gait known as the " single @-@ foot " . Originally developed as a multi @-@ purpose riding , driving and light draft horse , today it is used mainly for trail riding and working cattle . - - = = characteristics = = - - Rocky Mountain Horses stand between 14 @.@ 2 and 16 hands ( 58 and 64 inches , 147 and 163 cm ) high . Any solid color is accepted by the registry , but a dark brown color called " chocolate " with a pale , " flaxen " mane and tail is preferred . This coloration is the result of the relatively rare silver dapple gene acting on a black base coat . Although uncommon , this gene has been found in over a dozen breeds , including the Rocky Mountain Horse . white markings are accepted by the registry , although leg markings may not extend above the knee . The physical characteristics are somewhat variable , due to the disparate breeds that created the Rocky Mountain Horse . The Rocky Mountain Horse is known by enthusiasts for its and ability to withstand winters in the mountains . It is also praised for its good nature and affinity for humans . Rocky Mountain Horses have the highest risk of any breed for the genetic ocular syndrome multiple congenital ocular ( MCOA ) , originally called anterior segment ( ) . MCOA is characterized by the abnormal development of some ocular tissues , which causes compromised vision , although generally of a mild form ; the disease is non @-@ progressive . Genetic studies have shown that the disorder may be tied to the silver dapple gene , as most horses diagnosed with MCOA carry the gene . - The breed exhibits a natural ambling gait , called the single @-@ foot , which replaces the trot seen in a majority of horse breeds . Both gaits are an intermediate speed between a walk and a or gallop ; ambling gaits are four @-@ beat gaits , whereas the trot is a two @-@ beat gait . The extra provide additional to a rider because the horse always has at least one foot on the ground . This movement of the horse 's and removes the bounce of a two @-@ beat gait , caused by a moment of suspension followed by the of two feet hitting the ground as the horse shifts from one pair of legs to the other . The value of an intermediate speed is that the horse energy . More than thirty horse breeds are " gaited , " able to perform a four @-@ beat ambling gait , and some can also trot . Thus , a Rocky Mountain Horse , with rider , can use the single @-@ foot to cover rough ground at around 7 miles per hour ( 11 km / h ) and short stretches of smooth ground at up to 16 miles per hour ( 26 km / h ) . The faster speed is known as the rack . In comparison , the average medium trot speed is 6 to 8 miles per hour ( 9 @.@ 7 to 12 @.@ 9 km / h ) . - - = = History = = - - Eastern Kentucky is known for its gaited breeds , created through a mixture of Spanish horses from the southern United States and English horses from the North . American , Tennessee Walking Horses and Missouri Fox also originated in the same general geographic area , from the same mixing of Spanish and English blood . Rocky Mountain Horses have a similar history to the Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse , and together are sometimes called " Mountain Pleasure Horses " . The Rocky Mountain Horse originated in eastern Kentucky from a foundation stallion brought to the Appalachian Mountains from the Rocky Mountains around 1890 . to the area as a colt , oral histories state that the " Rocky Mountain Horse " , as he was known , possessed the preferred chocolate color and flaxen mane and tail found in the breed today , as well as the single @-@ foot gait . He was used to breed local saddle mares , and due to the small area in which he was bred , a local strain of horse originated . - This foundation stallion produced a , named Old Tobe , who became the more modern father of the Rocky Mountain Horse breed . Old Tobe was owned by a resident of Springs , Kentucky named Sam Tuttle . For most of the 20th century , Tuttle was a prominent breeder of Rocky Mountain Horses , and helped to keep the strain alive during the Great Depression and World War II . After World War II , despite declining horse populations in the US , Tuttle kept his herd , and continued to use Old Tobe as a breeding stallion . Tuttle held the Natural Bridge State Park concession for horseback riding , and used Old Tobe for trail rides in the park and for additional trail horses , the latter until the stallion was 34 years old . Old Tobe died at the age of 37 . The presence of the single @-@ foot gait makes it possible that the breed is in part descended from the Narragansett Pacer , a breed known for passing its gaited ability on to other American breeds . - In 1986 , the Rocky Mountain Horse Association was created to increase population numbers and promote the breed ; there were only 26 horses in the first batch of . Since then , the association has , over the life of the registry , registered over horses as of 2015 , and the breed has spread to 47 states and 11 countries . In order to be accepted by the registry , a foal 's parentage must be verified via DNA testing . Horses must also , after reaching 23 months of age , be inspected to ensure that they meet the physical characteristic and gait requirements of the registry . The Rocky Mountain Horse is listed at " Watch " status by the American Conservancy , meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is fewer than 15 @,@ 000 , with fewer than 800 annually in the US . - The breed was originally developed for general use on the farms of the Appalachian foothills , where it was found pulling and , working cattle and being ridden by both adults and children . Today , it is still used for working cattle , as well as endurance riding and pleasure riding . The breed 's gait and disposition make it sought out by elderly and disabled riders . Each September , the Kentucky Horse Park hosts the International Rocky Mountain Horse Show . - - - = Somerset County Cricket Club in 2009 = - - Somerset County Cricket Club competed in four domestic competitions during the 2009 English cricket season : the first division of the County Championship , the Friends Provident Trophy , the first division of the NatWest Pro40 League and the Twenty20 Cup . Through their performance in the Twenty20 Cup , the team qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 . They enjoyed a successful season , but fell short of winning any competitions , prompting Director of Cricket Brian Rose to say " We 've had enough of being cricket 's nearly men . " - performances in the County Championship helped Somerset remain for the competition until the last few weeks of the season , but the batting @-@ friendly pitch at their home ground , the County Ground , Taunton , meant that the county finished with too many draws to claim their first Championship title . was also key for Somerset 's success in one @-@ day cricket , where they remained unbeaten in the group stage of the Friends Provident Trophy , but were eliminated in the first knock @-@ out round , and finished runners @-@ up by one point in the NatWest Pro40 . In the Twenty20 Cup , Somerset finished as losing finalists . This meant that they qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 , where they progressed into the second group stage of the competition . They failed to win any matches in that phase of the competition , resulting in their elimination . - Somerset were captained for the third successive season by their Australian overseas player , Justin Langer , who announced during the season that it would be his last with Somerset . Marcus Trescothick topped the national batting tables , scoring almost 3 @,@ 000 runs in all competitions in 2009 ; as a result , he was named as both Professional ' Association ( PCA ) Player of the Year and the PCA 's Most Valuable Player of the Year . - - = = Background = = - - After promotion from the second division of the County Championship in 2007 , Somerset were among the first division title contenders in the 2008 . A loss to Lancashire in the final match of the season meant they finished in fourth place . David Foot , writing in Wisden , claimed that too many of the Somerset batsmen had " lost their way " in one @-@ day cricket , as they narrowly avoided relegation in the NatWest Pro40 , and were eliminated in the Friends Provident Trophy . - Somerset promoted four players from their academy for the 2009 season , giving contracts to Jos Buttler , Adam , Chris Jones and James Burke . Of these , only Buttler appeared in the first @-@ team during the season . They also signed David Stiff , a fast bowler capped at Under @-@ 19 level for England , on a two @-@ month contract at the beginning of the season , which was later extended to the end of the season . Ian Blackwell , captain of the side in 2005 and 2006 , left for Durham after coach Andy and captain Justin Langer made it clear that they regarded fitness as a priority . John Francis and Keith Parsons both retired at the end of 2008 , Francis cited lack of first @-@ team opportunities for his departure , while at the age of 35 , Parsons declared that : " There comes a time when your body tells you it 's time to pack in professional sport . " - In his preview of the 2009 season for ESPNcricinfo , Andrew McGlashan identified Somerset 's opening partnerships with bat and ball as their main strengths , but predicted that the middle order would struggle to make an impact in the County Championship , stating that " none [ of the middle order ] jump out as potential match @-@ winners in four @-@ day cricket . " He speculated that the team 's best chance of success would come in the one @-@ day competitions . The Daily Telegraph provided a more positive outlook , claiming that the county had " enough depth in batting and seam bowling to challenge [ for the County Championship ] again . " They identified spin bowling as an area of weakness following the departure of Blackwell . Bob Willis , writing in The Guardian , shared this view , and predicted that Somerset would also be hindered by the difficulty of getting 20 wickets at home , resulting in too many draws . - - = = Squad = = - - The following players made at least one appearance for Somerset in first @-@ class , List A or Twenty20 cricket in 2009 . Age given is at the start of Somerset 's first match of the season ( 15 April 2009 ) . - - = = County Championship = = - - Although Marcus Trescothick had a season which David Foot described as " assured " , Somerset failed to win enough matches to pose a real challenge in the 2009 County Championship . The flat pitch at the County Ground , Taunton did not help their efforts ; the imbalance in favour of the batsmen meant that all but one match at the ground was drawn . Sussex 's total of / 5 declared was the fifteenth highest total in the history of the County Championship , while Murray Goodwin 's innings of 344 not out in that match was the sixth highest score by a batsman in the history of the competition . In total , six of Somerset 's eight home matches contained scores of 500 or over in a single innings . In contrast , 500 was reached in only one of their away matches , by Hampshire at The Rose Bowl . The home conditions helped three of Somerset 's batsmen pass 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class runs in the season , including Craig Kieswetter and , who were both awarded their county caps after passing the landmark . Trescothick 's 1 @,@ runs were the most by any batsman in the 2009 competition , finishing over 200 runs ahead of the next most prolific batsman , and he was named as both PCA Player of the Year and the PCA 's Most Valuable Player of the Year for 2009 . He was also selected as part of the team of the year , along with wicket @-@ keeper Kieswetter . - In contrast to the strong batting line @-@ up , Foot suggested that Somerset " lacked a seam bowler to compensate for Andrew Caddick 's withdrawal " . Caddick — who made his first @-@ class debut for Somerset in 1991 — only played five matches in 2009 , and announced his intention to retire at the end of the season . He took ten wickets in 2009 , and finished his career as Somerset 's sixth highest wicket @-@ taker of all @-@ time . This placed the majority of the wicket @-@ taking burden upon Willoughby , the South African fast @-@ medium pace bowler . He responded well , and took 54 wickets in the County Championship , more than any other bowler in the first division . He was aided by seam bowlers David Stiff , who returned to the first @-@ class game for the first time since 2006 , and Alfonso Thomas . Stiff took 31 wickets , more than his career first @-@ class wicket total , and Thomas took 35 , his highest return in an English domestic season . Somerset lacked an effective spin bowler in 2009 following the departure of Ian Blackwell the previous season , and the spinners combined only claimed 31 wickets , bowling less balls between them than Willoughby alone . - Somerset began their season by playing out a high @-@ scoring draw at home against Warwickshire , in which both teams reached 500 in their first innings . James Hildreth scored a triple @-@ century , reaching the milestone earlier in an English season than any player previously , and became the first English player to pass 300 runs in an innings for Somerset since Harold in 1948 . In contrast , Somerset had to battle back for a draw in their second match . After Durham scored in their first innings , Somerset collapsed to 69 all out in reply ; only Langer passed 20 runs , while six of his batting colleagues made ducks . After being forced to follow @-@ on , Trescothick , Langer and Kieswetter all scored centuries to secure a draw . Somerset 's third match resulted in their only loss of the County Championship season , coming against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge ; and at the end of May , they were second bottom in the first division . Their next match finished in a draw against Lancashire , a result which was always likely after the first day was lost to rain . Somerset next picked up victories against Yorkshire and Sussex before scoring the second @-@ highest ever fourth innings winning total in the County Championship to beat Yorkshire at Taunton . These three wins propelled Somerset to third in the competition at the start of July , and they did not drop below this position for the remainder of the season . - In each of their following two matches , at home against Hampshire and away to Worcestershire , Somerset batted first and then enforced the follow @-@ on after bowling their opponents out . In each their opponents managed to avoid defeat , and both matches resulted in draws . During the Worcestershire match , Langer 's first innings 107 took him past Sir Donald Bradman 's total of 28 @,@ first @-@ class runs to become the highest @-@ scoring Australian batsman . draws against Nottinghamshire , Warwickshire , Sussex and Hampshire meant that Somerset travelled to Durham requiring a victory to maintain any realistic hopes of claiming the County Championship title . No play was possible on the third and fourth days , and the match resulted in another draw , leaving Somerset with only a slim mathematical chance of the title . Another draw , against Lancashire , while Durham beat Nottinghamshire , meant that Durham clinched the title . Somerset drew with Worcestershire ( their ninth draw in a row in the competition ) , and finished third in the first division . - - = = = Season standings = = = - - Key : Pld - = Played , W = - Wins , L - = Losses , D = - Draws , T - = Ties , A = - , Bat - = points , = - points , - = / , Pts = - Points . - : - Hampshire deducted 3 points for a slow over @-@ rate in their match against Worcestershire . - Durham deducted 1 point for a slow over @-@ rate in their match against Sussex . - Somerset deducted 1 point for a slow over @-@ rate in their match against Durham . - Sussex deducted 1 point for a slow over @-@ rate in their match against : - Team marked ( C ) won the County Championship . - Teams marked ( R ) were relegated to Division Two of the County Championship . - - = = = Match log and statistics = = = - - - = = Friends Provident Trophy = = - - In the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy , the first one @-@ day competition in the English domestic calendar , Somerset showed a marked improvement from the previous season . They were described by Steve James , writing in Wisden , as " the most impressive qualifiers " from the group stage , and both Trescothick and Kieswetter were praised for their batting form . They were the only side in the competition to remain unbeaten in the group stages , finishing with seven victories and one no result . In the quarter @-@ final , against Group C runners @-@ up Sussex , Somerset won the toss and opted to bat at Taunton . They struggled initially , losing the early wickets of Trescothick , James Hildreth and Ben Phillips for just 39 runs . A fourth @-@ wicket partnership of 167 , dominated by powerful hitting from Kieswetter in which he scored a " superb century " according to ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew McGlashan , helped Somerset to recover to make 285 / 8 , but Sussex chased the total down in the final over to eliminate the home side . - During the group stages of their campaign , Somerset achieved a number of large victories . They won by eight wickets against Warwickshire and Middlesex , and by more than a hundred runs against Kent and Scotland . Their match against Middlesex at Lord 's was marred by some controversy , after Somerset were allowed too many overs in the rain @-@ affected fixture . Somerset were set a reduced target of 290 off 41 overs , of which 19 were allocated by the umpires as being overs , three more than there should have been . The England and Wales Cricket Board ( ) rejected Middlesex 's request to replay the match , stating that they were upholding " the precedent that umpire errors cannot form the basis to declare a match and void " . - The two matches played against Middlesex were in stark contrast ; in the match played at the Recreation Ground , Bath , Somerset bowled the London side out for 65 , the joint second @-@ lowest total made against Somerset in a List A match , while the 341 / 7 which Middlesex made at Lord 's was the fourth @-@ highest total scored against Somerset in the format . Somerset themselves scored their second @-@ highest List A total , amassing 403 / 3 against Scotland , a game in which Hildreth scored 151 , his highest List A score , and Somerset 's highest score by a batsman at number three in List A cricket . - Zander de Bruyn finished the competition with the highest batting average amongst batsmen who played five or more innings . Four Somerset batsmen scored over 300 runs in the tournament ( Trescothick , ; Kieswetter , 395 ; de Bruyn , ; Hildreth , ) , more than any other county except eventual winners Hampshire . Amongst the bowlers , Alfonso Thomas finished as the tournament 's joint leading wicket @-@ taker , claiming 20 wickets to finish level with Chris Schofield and Dominic Cork . Peter Trego 's 18 wickets were the next most in the competition . - - = = = Season standings = = = - - Key : Pld - = Played , W = - Wins , T - = Ties , L = - Losses , NR - = No result , Pts = - Points , NRR = Net run rate . - Notes : - Teams marked * progressed to the next stage of the competition . - Teams marked † were eliminated from the competition . - - = = = Match logs and statistics = = = - - - = = Twenty20 Cup = = - - Somerset finished as runners @-@ up to Sussex in the 2009 Twenty20 Cup , having reached Finals Day in what captain Justin Langer described as " bizarre " fashion . Somerset qualified for the knock @-@ out stages of the competition as the best third @-@ placed team during the group stage , then beat Lancashire in a bowl @-@ out to qualify for the semi @-@ finals . After overcoming Kent in the semi @-@ final , Somerset were beaten by Sussex in the final . - After the Indian Premier League 's second season demonstrated the importance of spin bowling in Twenty20 cricket , and due to Somerset 's lack of a front @-@ line spin bowler , Somerset picked young leg spinner Max Waller to make his Twenty20 debut in their opening match of the campaign . He claimed three wickets in two overs to help Somerset win by one run , and finished the competition as Somerset 's joint second @-@ highest wicket @-@ taker with 10 wickets . Despite a number of good performances by Somerset 's bowlers , a batsman was named man of the match in each of the team 's victories : James Hildreth , Craig Kieswetter and Marcus Trescothick were all awarded the accolade once , while Zander de Bruyn picked up the award on three occasions . Somerset completed the group stage with six wins , three losses and one no result , placing them third in the Midlands / Wales / West Division . They qualified for the knockout @-@ stage as they were the best third @-@ placed team in the three groups . - Somerset 's quarter @-@ final , against Lancashire , was scheduled for Tuesday 28 July 2009 . Bad weather meant that no play was possible on either the Tuesday or Wednesday , as a result of which the teams requested special dispensation from the for an additional reserve day on the Thursday , which was granted . The wet weather continued , forcing the teams to play a bowl @-@ out . Each team had to select five bowlers , each of whom had two deliveries at a set of stumps . Somerset won the bowl @-@ out 5 – 1 , with Ben Phillips , Peter Trego and Willoughby each hitting the stumps once , and Thomas hitting them twice . - In the second semi @-@ final of 2009 Finals Day , Somerset won the toss and elected to field against Kent . bowling from Thomas and Willoughby , as well as the early wickets of Joe and Martin van , helped to limit Kent to 145 / 5 . On a slow pitch , Trescothick played what ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew McGlashan described as a " brutal innings " , scoring 56 runs off 32 balls . He shared an opening partnership of 73 with captain Langer , and by the time of Trescothick 's dismissal after 8 @.@ 1 overs , Somerset required 62 runs off 71 balls . Hildreth and de Bruyn took 10 overs to add another 57 runs , and after Hildreth was bowled for 36 , Kieswetter added two runs to grant Somerset victory with seven balls remaining . Against Sussex in the final , Somerset once again won the toss and elected to field . A strong batting display by Sussex , highlighted by Dwayne Smith 's 59 runs off 26 balls , set Somerset a target of 173 to win . In the opening overs of Somerset 's reply , Trescothick scored powerfully , making the chase " look simple " according to McGlashan . However , after he was caught on 33 , Somerset lost regular wickets . A partnership of 41 between de Bruyn and Trego Somerset for a time , but when the pair were dismissed in subsequent overs , their team collapsed from 104 / 4 to 109 all out . - At the start of the competition , Somerset played with aggressive batting tactics , opening the innings with Kieswetter and Trescothick for the first six matches . This opening pair only passed 20 runs together on one occasion , against Glamorgan , and for the rest of the tournament , Kieswetter dropped down the batting order and Langer joined Trescothick at the top of the innings , in a move that Kieswetter said " adds a bit of balance to the side by putting a bit more firepower down the end and experience up top " . The more experienced pair passed 40 runs together on four out of five occasions . The county 's bowling relied heavily on medium pace , a fact which cricket writer Berry suggested was exposed in the final . - - = = = Season standings = = = - - Key : Pld - = Played , W = - Wins , L - = Losses , T = - Ties , NR - = No result , Pts = - Points , NRR = Net run rate . - Notes : - Teams marked * progressed to the next stage of the competition . - Teams marked † were eliminated from the competition . - - = = = Match logs and statistics = = = - - - = = NatWest Pro40 = = - - Somerset 's first match of the 2009 NatWest Pro40 , against Nottinghamshire , ended just one over short of the requirement for a match . Chasing to win , Somerset were significantly behind the required rate when rain halted play in the ninth over . The side responded positively to this stroke of luck , winning their next three matches by significant margins , before losing to Essex . Having been put in to bat at Taunton , each of Somerset 's top six batsman reached double figures , but none of them managed to pass 50 and the home side were eventually all out for 205 . Despite taking early wickets during Essex 's innings — at one stage having the visitors 12 / 3 — the batting of John , James Foster and Tim Phillips propelled Essex past Somerset 's total with five balls remaining . Two further victories ensured that Somerset entered their final match of the season with a chance to win the title . - Somerset had performed well but missed out narrowly in both the other one @-@ day competitions in 2009 , and could have clinched the competition with victory in their final match . News filtered through to the County Ground during their final match , against Durham , that leaders Sussex had lost to Worcestershire , meaning that a win against the north @-@ eastern team would guarantee Somerset the title . The result rarely looked likely ; a rapid opening to the chase by Durham Phil and Ian Blackwell provided a platform for their team to claim victory , and deny Somerset the title . Three of Somerset 's bowlers claimed ten or more wickets in the competition ( Ben Phillips , 14 ; Alfonso Thomas , 13 ; Willoughby , 11 ) , more than any other county in Division One . - - = = = Season standings = = = - - Key : Pld - = Played , W = - Wins , T - = Ties , L = - Losses , NR - = No result , Pts = - Points , NRR = Net run rate . - Notes : - Team marked ( C ) won the NatWest Pro40 . - - = = = Match logs and statistics = = = - - - = = Champions League Twenty20 = = - - By finishing as runners @-@ up in the Twenty20 Cup , Somerset qualified to compete in the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 , the first global club cricket tournament . Media attention surrounded Trescothick , who had returned home early from his last overseas tour in 2006 – 07 with a " stress @-@ related illness " . Brian Rose stressed that there was no pressure on Trescothick to take part in the tournament , and that the county would do everything possible to support him . The former England batsman did take part in the tournament , arriving three days after the rest of the squad . He played in both of Somerset 's matches in the group stage of the competition , though he only managed to score 17 runs between his two innings . - Somerset won their first match , in which Alfonso Thomas scored two boundaries off the last three balls of the match to secure victory . Their opponents , Deccan scored 153 off their 20 overs , and with three wickets remaining , Somerset required 55 runs off 37 balls to win . A record eighth @-@ wicket partnership between James Hildreth and Thomas of 50 brought the victory within reach , and Thomas ' highest @-@ score in Twenty20 cricket granted Somerset the win . Somerset lost their second match , being bowled out for their second @-@ lowest Twenty20 total , 106 by Trinidad and . - Somerset progressed to the second round of the competition after Trinidad and beat Deccan in the final group match , but lost Trescothick , who flew home after a recurrence of his illness . Wes , who replaced Trescothick in the side , top @-@ scored for Somerset in their next match , making 57 . Only two other players reached double @-@ figures for the county , and the Diamond Eagles chased down the total with eight balls to spare . Somerset went into their final match , against the New South Wales Blues with a slim mathematical chance of progressing , but a strong bowling display from Brett Lee and Stuart Clark restricted Somerset to 111 , which the Australian side reached with ease . - - = = = Season standings = = = - - Key : Pld - = Played , W = - Wins , L - = Losses , T = - Ties , NR - = No result , Pts = - Points , NRR = Net run rate . - - = = = Match logs and statistics = = = - - - = = Reaction = = - - After the conclusion of the Champions League tournament , Justin Langer retired from professional cricket . Trescothick replaced him as Somerset captain for the 2010 season . Somerset also lost Andrew Caddick , who at the age of 40 said that he opted to retire " while I was still physically and mentally strong " . @-@ keeper Carl also announced his retirement at the end of the season aged 27 , having lost his place in the Somerset side to Craig Kieswetter . Additionally , Somerset released Wes and Banks , both of whom they felt were surplus to requirements . Somerset addressed the weakness of their spin bowling by signing Kartik as their overseas player for 2010 . - Kieswetter 's performances in the 2009 season led to his inclusion in the England Performance Programme squad in November and December of that year , and he was part of the England Lions squad which toured the United Arab Emirates in early 2010 , along with Somerset team @-@ mate Peter Trego . His full England debut came shortly after in Bangladesh . Additionally , two of Somerset 's young players , Jos Buttler and played for England Under @-@ during the English winter . - , Somerset broke even in 2009 , generating a gross turnover of £ 4 @.@ 5 million . The club achieved this despite carrying out significant building work on the County Ground during the period : the " Somerset Stand " , a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ seat grandstand opened in April , while the " Andy Caddick Pavilion " was completed just over a month later , providing new dressing rooms and club offices . Andy Nash , the Somerset chairman , highlighted the catering department and match @-@ day income as being particularly successful in 2009 , with both areas exceeding £ 1 million in revenue during the year . - - - = Texas A & M Singing Cadets = - - The Texas A & M Singing Cadets are a male choral group at Texas A & M University . Nicknamed " The Voice of " , the Singing Cadets have been touring for 109 seasons , with their roots in a glee club founded on the A & M campus in 1893 . The Singing Cadets are one of the oldest collegiate singing organizations in the world . They have toured both in America and abroad and have earned recognition by doing so , including invitations to sing for American presidents . Contrary to their name , the Singing Cadets are not all members of the Corps of Cadets and have not been since 1965 , when the university as a whole ceased Corps membership . Between 1996 and 2006 , the Singing Cadets traveled over 35 @,@ 000 miles and performed more than 450 concerts worldwide . - - = = History = = - - The first record of a singing organization at Texas A & M ( then known as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ) was in 1893 . The nine member glee club was composed of both students and faculty . The group grew to around twenty members through the turn of the century . Their first recorded field trip in 1905 , was to Houston , Texas , where they participated in a four hundred member chorus . Other tours in this period included a trip to Fort Worth in 1907 , where they met noted violinist . One year later , the director of the group , Professor , left the A & M Glee Club . - The next paradigm shift came in 1910 when it was reorganized by , and subsequently performed for a number of audiences throughout Texas . After several restructuring efforts and directors , the organization laid down an official constitution during the 1937 @-@ 1938 school year . The Cadets entered the national spotlight when they performed at the 1939 Sugar Bowl game . After A & M professor J. J. became director in 1940 , the chorus was renamed the " Singing Cadets " following a naming contest . The Singing Cadets first full @-@ time director , Richard Jenkins , raised the organization 's profile though a series of tours throughout the American South . Under his aegis in 1942 , the group provided choral music for the propaganda film We 've Never Been . - The Singing Cadets next long term director , William Turner , held the post for fifteen years . By the early 1950s membership had stabilized at around sixty members . They performed primarily in Texas , and made a trip to Mexico in 1952 . The group garnered prestige and attention by singing in front of the Texas Legislature several times . - In 1960 , the Singing Cadets next director , Robert L. Boone , expanded the group 's national recognition . The group performed its first telecast in 1963 during the nationally televised Miss Teenage America pageant . For the next 8 years , the group served as contestant escorts , performers , and background for the show . They met Sergio Franchi during the December 10 , 1970 pageant . Subsequently , the group appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with Sergio Franchi singing " No Man is An Island " on January 24 , 1971 . However , they did not get to appear on a second solo performance because an earlier show ran over the allotted time . They did , however , release a 45 rpm single " No Man Is An Island " accompanying Franchi in the same year . Later that year , the Singing Cadets were invited to the White House by Senator John Tower to sing for numerous dignitaries , including President Richard Nixon . - The Singing Cadets took their first trip overseas in 1974 to Romania as part of a goodwill tour sponsored by the State Department , performing several shows over a 3 week period . The Cadets accompanied the Band onto Kyle Field during the halftime of football games during special occasions of the university , such as the centennial celebration of Texas A & M University ( 1976 ) , and in 1980 to the expansion of the football stadium . - Under Boone 's direction , the Singing Cadets won several international singing competitions . They won the silver medal in an International Choral Festival in Hawaii in 1979 . In 1983 they received the silver medal in Mexico . In 1993 , they returned to Hawaii , taking the gold medal . Other major tours during the 1980s included several occasions marking the Texas anniversary in 1986 , and European tours in 1987 and 1989 . In 2004 , the Singing Cadets journeyed to Australia , and sang the Australian national anthem ( Advance Australia Fair ) on the first concert of that tour . In May 2006 the Cadets performed at the White House at the invitation of President George W. Bush for an event to honor America 's returning athletes from the 2006 Winter Olympics . Also in 2006 , the cadets performed at the Miss Texas . In its 2006 @-@ 2007 season , the Cadets performed over sixty concerts in the United States , plus a tour to South America during the summer , where they traveled to Argentina , Uruguay and Brazil . The Singing Cadets toured South Africa in 2010 and will be touring China in May 2013 . - - = = Music = = - - The Singing Cadets have sung a wide variety of music in their history . Their repertoire has included Christian hymns and gospel music , as well as Texas A & M school songs such as the War Hymn . Musical selections varied through the decades , although Southern songs and songs from the 1940s , 1950s , and 1960s remain perennial favorites . - Currently , eight recordings produced by the Singing Cadets are available for purchase . In chronological order , the titles are : God the USA , Live from South America , Tradition ; Duty , Honor , Country : A Tribute to President Bush , Remembrance , Centennial , Let Freedom Ring , and Kennedy Center . - - = = Organization = = - - Members of the Corps of Cadets make up a small minority of the Singing Cadets ; the group dropped Corps as a requirement in 1963 . The Singing Cadets holds auditions twice each school year , with membership open to any male Texas A & M student . The choir is one of three within Texas A & M. The others are the all @-@ female Women 's Chorus , and co @-@ ed choir the Century Singers . All three practice in the Memorial Student Center ( ) . - The group is typically backed by a pianist and conducted by a director , and regularly are accompanied by instruments , including electric guitar , drums and bass guitar . The Singing Cadets use costumes and to accompany their music , incorporating a number of forms of entertainment into their concerts . A quartet side group called The performs at some shows , as entertainment between the main musical numbers . - , the Singing Cadets perform primarily in state , along with a of national and international tours . The Cadets perform 70 @-@ 80 concerts a year . - - = = Directors = = - - Professor A. M. - Professor - Professor T. P. - F. D. - D. Ford - K. H. Beach - E. W. Glenn - Professor J. J. - Richard W. Jenkins - Porter - William M. Turner - Robert L. Boone - David - - - = Ontario Highway 36 = - - King 's Highway 36 , commonly referred to as Highway 36 , was a maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The highway connected Highway 7 and Highway 35 in Lindsay with Highway 28 in Burleigh Falls , providing access to recreational cottages along the northern shore of several of the Kawartha lakes as well as to multiple communities , including Bobcaygeon . Today it is known as Kawartha Lakes City Road 36 and Peterborough County Road 36 . - The route was first assumed in 1931 as a depression relief project and extended in 1937 . It remained generally unchanged for the next 60 years before being decommissioned in 1998 . However , a realignment near Lindsay in the late 1950s changed the southern terminus of the route from the centre of the town to southeast of it ; the original route through Lindsay became Highway and is now known as Kawartha Lakes Road 17 . - - = = Route description = = - - The route and surroundings of former Highway 36 have largely remained unaltered since the highway was decommissioned in 1998 . Within the City of Kawartha Lakes , the road is now known as Kawartha Lakes Road 36 , while within the County of Peterborough , it is known as Peterborough County Road 36 . - The route begins east of Lindsay at an intersection with Highway 7 and progresses north , crossing a former railway ( now the Kawartha Rail Trail ) before intersecting Kawartha Lakes Road 17 . The western leg of Road 17 , which travels to downtown Lindsay , was the original route of Highway 36 and later became Highway . Continuing north , Highway 36 north and east , serving cottages and communities lining the southern shore of Sturgeon Lake , but remains inland by over a kilometre ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) itself . At , which is bypassed , the highway intersects Kawartha Lakes Roads 7 and 24 — the former travels south to and the latter provides an alternative route to Bobcaygeon . Former Highway 36 continues , alternating directions between east and north twice before entering the village of Bobcaygeon . - Within Bobcaygeon , Highway 36 crosses the Trent – Severn Waterway and intersects the eastern end of Kawartha Lakes Road 8 . At this point it is following the southernmost section of the Bobcaygeon Colonization Road . At the intersection with Main Street in the northern end of the village , the route turns northeast while former Highway 649 continues north . - Bobcaygeon , the former highway serves cottages along the northern shore of Lake and Little Bald Lake . After passing Creek , the highway descends a hill and encounters the Canadian Shield for the first time . The road runs along the border of the shield and the Ordovician limestone plateau en route to Burleigh Falls . The shield lies to the north and is by the plateau to the south . The highway turns south at Corner , intersecting former Highway . It enters the town of Buckhorn from the north , then drivers must turn to remain on the route , which exits the town to the east . Between Buckhorn and Burleigh Falls , the highway serves the cottages that line the northern shore of Lower Buckhorn Lake . - - = = History = = - - Highway 36 was first assumed by the Department of Highways ( ) on July 1 , 1931 , and was one of several highways completed as part of a depression – relief program . The highway initially connected downtown Lindsay with Bobcaygeon . This section was fully paved by the end of 1937 . On August 11 , 1937 , the extended the highway east to Highway 28 at Burleigh Falls . - Highway 36 remained essentially unchanged between 1937 and 1997 , with the exception of a being rerouted east of Lindsay in 1958 . However , on January 1 , 1998 , the entirety of Highway 36 was downloaded to Victoria County and Peterborough County , both of which redesignated it as County Road 36 . Victoria County became the City of Kawartha Lakes in 2001 , and that section of the route is now known as City Road 36 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 36 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . In addition , it includes some minor junctions . - - - = Arizona State Route 67 = - - State Route 67 ( SR 67 ) is a 43 @.@ 4 mi ( 69 @.@ 8 km ) long , north – south state highway in northern Arizona . Also called the Kaibab Plateau – North Rim Parkway , SR 67 is the sole road that links U.S. Route 89A ( US 89A ) at Jacob Lake to the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park . Along the route , the road heads through the national park as well as Kaibab National Forest and is surrounded by evergreen trees . The section inside the national park is maintained by the National Park Service ( ) , whereas the section north of the entrance , completely within Kaibab National Forest , is owned by the Arizona Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) . The road was built in the late 1920s and improved through the 1930s . In 1941 , the road received its number , and was given its designation as the parkway in the 1980s . The parkway has received designations as a National Forest Scenic Byway as well as a National Scenic Byway . - - = = Route description = = - - for SR 67 begins at Bright Angel Point along the North Rim of the Grand Canyon National Park . ADOT does not officially own this section of road , but it is signed as SR 67 . The road heads north as the Kaibab Plateau – North Rim Parkway through the small town of North Rim , surrounded by evergreen trees . The parkway enters a small clearing before meeting the park entrance , where ownership by ADOT begins . Heading into Kaibab National Forest on a northward path , the roadway is surrounded by a narrow meadow bordered by evergreen trees . As it passes the nearby Deer Lake , SR 67 meets an unpaved National Forest road . The landscape around the route is by these routes as SR 67 makes several turns , turning back toward the north . The highway , with the new name of Grand Canyon Highway in addition to its other designation , makes several turns as it heads north through the woods . It takes a more northwesterly path as it runs through County . Near its terminus , the road turns back northeast toward its terminus at US 89A in Jacob Lake . - The northern segment of the highway is maintained by ADOT , who is responsible for maintaining SR 67 like all other highways around the state . As part of this job , ADOT periodically surveys traffic along its routes . These surveys are most often presented in the form of average annual daily traffic , which is the number of vehicles who use the route on any average day during the year . In 2009 , ADOT calculated that around 1 @,@ 100 vehicles used the route daily at its northern terminus in Jacob Lake . The Federal Highway Administration ( ) lists the highway as a National Scenic Byway , and the National Forest Service has also designated it a National Forest Service Byway . No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System , a system of roads in the United States important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . Due to the closure of park facilities on the north rim of the Grand Canyon during winter , winter maintenance is not undertaken after December 1st , with the result that SR 67 is usually closed to traffic from December 1st until spring . - - = = History = = - - SR 67 existed as a route to reach the north rim of the Grand Canyon National Park as early as 1927 as a dirt road . By 1935 , the road had been improved to a gravel road , and by 1938 it had been paved . In 1941 , the road was designated as a state highway and signed as SR 67 . In 1985 , the highway received the designation of Kaibab Plateau – North Rim Parkway as an Arizona State Scenic Byway . The designation included SR 67 in its entirety as well as extending south into Grand Canyon National Park . Two years later , ADOT obtained the right @-@ of @-@ way for improvement of the highway from its northern terminus approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south . In 1989 , an additional right @-@ of @-@ way was acquired by ADOT from its southern terminus approximately 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north . By June of that year , the parkway received the designation of a National Forest Scenic Byway , and in June 1998 , the Kaibab Plateau – North Rim Parkway received another designation , this time as a National Scenic Byway . Since establishment , the route has not been realigned and retains its original routing . - - = = Junction list = = - - The entire route is in County . - - - = Josce de Dinan = - - Josce de Dinan ( sometimes de Dinan , de Dinan , de ; de Dinan , Joyce de Dinan , or de Dinan ; died 1166 ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman nobleman who lived during and after the civil war between King Stephen of England and his cousin Matilda over the throne of England . He was a in the Welsh Marches when he was married by Stephen to the widow of Pain fitzJohn , a union that gave Josce control of Ludlow Castle . Control of the castle was contested by other noblemen , and the resulting warfare between the nobles forms the background to a late medieval romance known as Fouke le Fitz Waryn , which is mainly concerned with the actions of Josce 's grandson , but also includes some material on Josce 's lifetime . Josce eventually lost control of Ludlow and was granted lands in compensation by Matilda and her son , King Henry II of England , who succeeded Stephen in 1154 . - - = = Background and early life = = - - Following King Henry I 's death in 1135 , the succession was disputed between the king 's nephews — Stephen and his elder brother , Theobald II , Count of Champagne — and Henry 's surviving legitimate child Matilda , usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor , Henry V. King Henry 's only legitimate son , William , had died in 1120 . After Matilda was widowed in 1125 , she returned to her father , who married her to Geoffrey , Count of . All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare to Matilda as Henry 's heir , but after the king 's death in 1135 Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react . The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy , and Theobald himself with his possessions in France . But Matilda was less , and secured the support of her maternal uncle , the Scottish king David I , and in 1138 also that of her half @-@ brother Robert , Earl of Gloucester , an illegitimate son of Henry I. in the Welsh Marches against Stephen in 1136 , but the revolt was not settled until 1138 . In 1139 , Matilda invaded southern England with her half @-@ brother 's support and the period of civil war began . - Josce was the youngest son of Geoffrey de Dinan and , and had two older brothers , Oliver of Dinan and Alan of . Josce 's family was from Brittany , and he was described by the historian Marjorie as an " obscure Breton adventurer " . Josce moved from Devon in southern England to the Welsh Marches , the border between England and Wales , because the lords of Monmouth were also of Breton extraction . While in the Marches he joined King Stephen 's household . - - = = Ludlow Castle = = - - Josce was married to Sybil , the widow of Pain fitzJohn , who died in 1137 . Sybil had held Ludlow Castle against Stephen in 1139 , but surrendered after a siege . Ludlow was an important strategic stronghold for control of the Welsh Borders , and Stephen decided to marry Pain 's widow to someone he felt was trustworthy . Upon his marriage Josce also acquired control of the castle , built in the late 11th century . Josce probably also received many of the de Lacy family 's holdings in southern Shropshire , but he rebelled against Stephen and fortified Ludlow against the king . Josce 's position was so strong that when Stephen granted much of the surrounding lands to Robert de Beaumont , Earl of Leicester , Ludlow was specifically . Stephen told Robert that he would have a royal grant of the castle if he could secure Josce 's submission as a vassal . - of Ludlow was contested not only by Stephen but also by Gilbert de Lacy , whose efforts to the castle from Josce are the background to the medieval romance Fouke le Fitz Waryn ; the extant prose version dates from the 14th century , but it was originally a 13th @-@ century poem , now lost . Gilbert claimed the castle through his familial link with Sybil , fitzJohn 's widow , who was a member of the de Lacy family . Others trying to take Ludlow were Hugh de Mortimer and Gilbert de Lacy . According to the Chronicle of Wigmore Abbey , some time after September Mortimer and Josce became embroiled in a private war , during which Josce seized Mortimer while the latter was travelling . Josce imprisoned his captive in Ludlow and demanded a ransom of 3 @,@ 000 silver marks , as well as , according to the Chronicle , Mortimer 's " plate , his horses , and his birds " . , Mortimer met the ransom , as he is later known to have been a free man . - While Josce was absent from Ludlow , Gilbert de Lacy was able to take the castle . Josce laid siege to the castle but was unsuccessful in his attempt to retake it , and retreated to Lambourn with his military forces . Although the exact date of this event is unknown , it appears to have been some time about 1150 or shortly before . Matilda gave Josce some lands around Lambourn after Ludlow 's fall as compensation . Later he was given land in Berkshire by King Henry II ( became king in 1154 ) , Matilda 's son , as further for the loss of Ludlow . In Josce held lands in Berkshire , Wiltshire , Hampshire , Devonshire and Somerset . These holdings included the manor of Lambourn , worth £ 76 in income per year , as well as the manor of Stanton ( now known as Stanton in Wiltshire ) in addition to the lands scattered in other counties . - Josce 's grandson Fulk fitzWarin , who died in , is ostensibly the hero of a lost romantic poem called Fouke le Fitz Waryn . The work survives as French prose in a loose corpus of medieval literature known as the of England . However , it appears to confuse events of Fulk fitzWarin 's lifetime with those of his grandfather 's . Other errors in the work include some of the Welsh barons of King Henry I of England 's reign into nobles of William the 's time , and an entire generation of . Although scholars believe Fouke le Fitz Waryn draws on genuine tradition , the difficulty in separating the fitzWarin biographies makes it a problematic source . - - = = Family = = - - Josce died in 1166 . He was survived by two daughters : , who married Hugh de and died in 1212 , and who married Fulk , who died in . In his two daughters petitioned the king regarding the ownership of the town and castle of Ludlow but were turned down . - - - = World War I Memorial ( East Providence , Rhode Island ) = - - The World War I Memorial is a bronze sculpture by Pietro Montana and is located at the intersection of Taunton Avenue , Avenue , and John Street in East Providence , Rhode Island , United States . The sculpture is modeled on Charles Atlas and depicts a dynamically posed soldier standing on a granite base . Montana 's original design was modified by the East Providence Memorial Committee for being " too brutal " . Dedicated on July 30 , 1927 , Major General Charles gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and " invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montana 's doughboy . " The World War I Memorial was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . - - = = Design = = - - The World War I Memorial was designed by Pietro Montana , an Italian @-@ born painter and sculptor . Montana studied at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Manhattan , New York City , New York . Montana 's monuments were well @-@ known , particularly in New York , and included an earlier " " sculpture erected in 1920 to honor the war dead of the , Brooklyn and , Queens . The success of this the earlier " Fighting " memorial resulted in the production of three copies by 1921 . By 1932 , he had produced over 40 statues and won a gold medal from the National Academy of Design for " " in 1931 . - For the design of the sculpture , Montana modeled Charles Atlas and " strove to communicate the U.S. doughboy 's character and by way of a muscle @-@ bound physique " . In 1926 , the East Providence Memorial Committee expressed concerns that Montana 's design was " too brutal " and modified the original design provided by Montana . The statue was erected in 1927 , and formally dedicated on July 30 , 1927 . At the dedication , Major General Charles gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and " invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montana 's doughboy . " - The sculpture of a soldier stands 7 @.@ 75 feet ( 2 @.@ 36 m ) tall , 2 @.@ feet ( 0 @.@ 787 m ) wide and 2 @.@ 66 feet ( 0 @.@ 81 m ) deep . Ronald J. , author of the National Register nomination , writes that " the soldier stands with legs apart , his left hand at his belt , the right at his side . The face is and . He wears a infantry uniform , rough shoes , the shirt collar open and , the sleeves rolled back , the knee torn open , his helmet on the ground behind his left foot . ... A holster hangs from the belt on the soldier 's right hip . " Montana signed the sculpture with " Pietro Montana / / 1927 . " - The sculpture rests atop a grey granite base that is 6 @.@ 33 feet ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) tall , 3 @.@ 166 feet ( 0 @.@ 965 m ) wide and 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) deep . The corners of the base have small leaf designed and has 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) by 2 @.@ 66 feet ( 0 @.@ 81 m ) bronze reliefs with arched tops on each side . The front relief states that it was erected in the memory of the citizens of East Providence who served in World War I from 1917 to 1918 , and lists the names of twenty three soldiers . The left relief depicts a marching infantry column of one man on horseback and four on foot , the right relief depicts four or five men loading a cannon and the rear relief depicts a nurse assisting two wounded soldiers . - At the time of its nomination , the sculpture was described as in " moderately good condition " , with the surface being both stained and pitted , but free or breaks or missing pieces . The statue still stands in its original location in front of a school that has since been re @-@ for residential housing . - - = = Importance = = - - The World War I Memorial designed by Montana is " historically significant as the city 's principal effort to honor those who served in the first World War and because it is an unusually successful depiction of the soldier in battle . " The larger @-@ than @-@ life masculine figure depicted in the sculpture stands apart from the stock figures of other war monuments by its dynamic pose , as if the soldier was " [ arising from ] the heat of battle " . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19 , 2001 . - - - = Oldham = - - Oldham / / is a large town in Greater Manchester , England , amid the Pennines between the rivers and , 5 @.@ 3 miles ( 8 @.@ 5 km ) south @-@ southeast of Rochdale and 6 @.@ 9 miles ( 11 @.@ 1 km ) northeast of Manchester . Together with several smaller surrounding towns , it is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham of which it is the administrative centre . - Historically in Lancashire , and with little early history to speak of , Oldham rose to prominence in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture . It was a of the Industrial Revolution , and among the first ever towns , rapidly becoming " one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England " . At its zenith , it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world , producing more cotton than France and Germany combined . Oldham 's textile industry fell into decline in the mid @-@ 20th century ; the town 's last mill closed in 1998 . - The demise of textile processing in Oldham depressed the local economy . Today Oldham is a predominantly residential town , and a centre for further education and the performing arts . It is , however , still distinguished by the surviving cotton mills and other buildings associated with that industry . The town has a population of 103 @,@ 544 and an area of around 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) . - - = = History = = - - - = = = = = = - - The of Oldham seems to imply " old village or place " from ( Saxon ) signifying or antiquity , and Ham ( Saxon ) a house , farm or hamlet . Oldham is however known to be a derivative of , undoubtedly an Old Norse name . It is believed to be derived from the Old English combined with the Old Norse or , meaning " promontory or " , possibly describing the town 's hilltop position . It has alternatively been suggested that it may mean " or of a farmer named " . The name is understood to date from 865 , during the period of the . - - = = = Early history = = = - - The earliest known evidence of a human presence in what is now Oldham is attested by the discovery of Neolithic flint arrow @-@ heads and workings found at Werneth and Hill , implying habitation 7 – 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Evidence of later Roman and Celtic activity is confirmed by an ancient Roman road and Bronze Age archaeological relics found at various sites within the town . of Celtic origin are still to be found in Oldham : Werneth derives from a Celtic personal name identical to the , " alder swamp " , and Glodwick may be related to the modern Welsh , meaning " " or " ditch " . Nearby Chadderton is also pre @-@ Anglo @-@ Saxon in origin , from the Old Welsh , itself deriving from the Latin meaning " chair " . Although Anglo @-@ Saxons occupied territory around the area centuries earlier , Oldham as a permanent , named place of dwelling is believed to date from 865 , when Danish invaders established a settlement called . - From its founding in the 9th century until the Industrial Revolution , Oldham is believed to have been little more than a scattering of small and insignificant settlements spread across the moorland and dirt tracks that linked Manchester to York . Although not mentioned in the Book , Oldham does appear in legal documents from the Middle Ages , invariably recorded as territory under the control of minor ruling families and barons . In the 13th century , Oldham was documented as a manor held from the Crown by a family Oldham , whose seat was at Werneth Hall . - - = = = Industrial Revolution and cotton = = = - - Much of Oldham 's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution ; it has been said that " if ever the Industrial Revolution placed a town firmly and squarely on the map of the world , that town is Oldham . " Oldham 's soils were too thin and poor to sustain crop growing , and so for decades prior to industrialisation the area was used for grazing sheep , which provided the raw material for a local weaving trade . - By 1756 , Oldham had emerged as centre of the industry in England . The rough felt used in the production process is the origin of the term " " a nickname for people from Oldham . It was not until the last quarter of the 18th century that Oldham changed from being a cottage industry township producing garments via domestic manual labour , to a sprawling industrial metropolis of textile factories . The climate , geology , and topography of Oldham were constraints upon the social and economic activities of the human inhabitants . At 700 feet ( 213 m ) above sea level and with no major river or visible natural resources , Oldham had poor geographic attributes compared with other settlements for investors and their engineers . As a result , Oldham played no part in the initial period of the Industrial Revolution , although it did later become seen as obvious territory to because of its convenient position between the labour forces of Manchester and southwest Yorkshire . - Cotton spinning and were introduced to Oldham when its first mill , Lees Hall , was built by William in about 1778 , the beginning of a process of and transformation . Within a year , 11 other mills had been constructed , and by 1818 there were 19 – not a large number in comparison with other local settlements . Oldham 's small local population was greatly increased by the mass migration of workers from outlying villages , resulting in a population increase from just over 12 @,@ 000 in 1801 to 137 @,@ 000 in 1901 . The speed of this urban growth meant that Oldham , with little pre @-@ industrial history to speak of , was effectively born as a factory town . - Oldham became the world 's manufacturing centre for cotton spinning in the second half of the 19th century . In 1851 , over 30 % of Oldham 's population was employed within the textile sector , compared to 5 % across Great Britain . It overtook the major urban centres of Manchester and Bolton as the result of a mill building boom in the 1860s and 1870s , a period during which Oldham became the most productive cotton @-@ spinning town in the world . In 1871 , Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States , and in 1909 , was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined . By 1911 there were 16 @.@ 4 million spindles in Oldham , compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143 @.@ 5 million in the world ; in 1928 , with the construction of the UK 's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith . At its peak , there were more than 360 mills , operating night and day ; - Oldham 's was dominated by distinctive rectangular brick @-@ built mills . Oldham was hit hard by the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861 – 1865 , when supplies of raw cotton from the United States were cut off . reliant upon the textile industry , the cotton famine created chronic unemployment in the town . By 1863 a committee had been formed , and with aid from central government , land was purchased with the intention of employing local cotton workers to construct Alexandra Park , which opened on 28 August 1865 . Said to have over @-@ relied upon the textile sector , as the of cheaper foreign grew during the 20th century , Oldham 's economy declined into a depression , although it was not until 1964 that Oldham ceased to be the largest centre of cotton spinning . In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production , the last cotton spun in the town was in 1998 . - - = = = = Engineering = = = = - - by its flourishing textile industry , Oldham developed extensive structural and mechanical engineering sectors during the 18th and 19th centuries . The manufacture of spinning and weaving machinery in Oldham belongs to the last decade of the 19th century , when it became a leading centre in the field of engineering . The Platt Brothers , originated in nearby village , but moved to Oldham . They were pioneers of cotton @-@ spinning machinery , developing innovative products that enabled the mass @-@ production of cotton . Platt Brothers became the largest textile machine makers in the world , employing over 15 @,@ 000 people in the 1890s , twice the number of their nearest rivals & in Bolton and Lees on Moor . They were keen investors in the local area and at one time , were supporting 42 % of the population . The centre of the company lay at the New Hartford Works in Werneth , a massive complex of buildings and internal railways on a site overlooking Manchester . The railway station which served this site later formed the basis of Oldham Werneth railway station . The main building exists to this day . gained prestigious awards from around the world , and were heavily involved with local politics and civic pride in Oldham . John and James Platt were the largest subscribers for promoting Oldham from a township to a Borough , pledging £ 100 ( more than double the next largest sum ) in advance towards any expenses which may have been incurred by the Royal Charter . In 1854 John Platt was made the ( fourth ) Mayor of Oldham , an office he was to hold twice more in 1855 – 56 and 1861 – 62 . John Platt was elected in 1865 to become Member of Parliament for Oldham , and was re @-@ elected in 1868 ; he remained in office until his death in 1872 . A bronze statue of Platt existed in the town centre for years , though was moved to Alexandra Park . There have been recommendations for it to be returned to the town centre . - Abraham Stott , the son of a , was born in nearby Shaw and Crompton in 1822 . He served a seven @-@ year apprenticeship with Sir Charles Barry , before starting a structural engineering practice in Oldham in 1847 that went on to become the pre @-@ eminent mill architect firm in Lancashire . Philip Sydney Stott , third son of Abraham and later titled as Sir Philip Stott , 1st , was the most prominent and famous of the Stott mill architects . He established his own practice in 1883 and designed over a hundred mills in several countries . His factories , which improved upon his father 's mills , accounted for a 40 % increase in Oldham 's spindles between 1887 and 1914 . - Although textile @-@ related engineering declined with the processing industry , leading to the demise of both and , other engineering firms existed , notably electrical and later electronic engineers Ferranti in 1896 . Ferranti went into receivership in 1993 , but some of its former works continue in other hands . Part of the original Hollinwood site was operated by and divisions . The remainder of the site is occupied by Mirror Colour Print Ltd ; the printing division of the Trinity Mirror group , which prints and distributes thirty @-@ six major newspapers , and employs five hundred staff . - - = = = = Coal mining = = = = - - On the back of the Industrial Revolution , Oldham developed an extensive coal mining sector , correlated to supporting the local cotton industry and the town 's inhabitants , though there is evidence of small scale coal mining in the area as early as the 16th century . The Oldham stretched from Royton in the north to in the south and in addition to Oldham , included the towns of Middleton and Chadderton to the west . The Oldham was the site of over 150 collieries during its recorded history . Although some contemporary sources suggest there was coal mining in Oldham at a commercial scale by 1738 , older sources attribute the commercial expansion of coal mining with the arrival in the town of two Welsh labourers , John Evans and William Jones , around 1770 . the growth in demand for coal as a source of motive and steam power , they acquired rights for Oldham , which by 1771 had 14 . The mines were largely to the southwest of the town around Hollinwood and Werneth and provided enough coal to accelerate Oldham 's rapid development at the centre of the cotton boom . At its height in the mid @-@ 19th century , when it was dominated by the Lees and Jones families , Oldham coal was mainly sourced from many small collieries whose lives varied from a few years to many decades , although two of the four largest collieries survived to . In 1851 , collieries employed more than 2 @,@ 000 men in Oldham , although the amount of coal in the town was somewhat however , and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry . Today , the only visible remnants of the mines are disused shafts and . - - = = = Social history = = = - - Oldham 's social history , like that of other former towns , is marked by civil disturbances , as well as events related to the , and other Labour movements from the working classes . There has been a significant presence of " friendly societies " . It has been put that the people of Oldham became radical in politics in the early part of the 19th century , and movements suspected of found patronage in the town . Oldham was frequently disturbed by bread and labour riots , facilitated by periods of and the disturbance of employment following the introduction of cotton @-@ spinning machinery . - On 20 April 1812 , a " large crowd of individuals " compelled local retailers to sell foods at a loss , whilst on the same day numbering in their thousands , many of whom were from Oldham , attacked a cotton mill in nearby Middleton . On 16 August 1819 , Oldham sent a contingent estimated at well above 10 @,@ 000 to hear speakers in St Peter 's Fields at Manchester discuss political reform ; it was the largest contingent sent to Manchester . John Lees , a cotton operative and ex @-@ soldier who had fought at Waterloo , was one of the fifteen victims of the Massacre which followed . The ' Oldham ' which proceeded the massacre was watched ; the Court of King 's , however , decided that the proceedings were irregular , and the jury were discharged without giving a verdict . - Annie , born in nearby , and who worked in Oldham 's cotton mills , was a notable member of the movement credited with sparking off suffragette when she heckled Winston Churchill , and later ( with ) the first to be imprisoned . Oldham Women 's Suffrage Society was established in 1910 with Lees as president and quickly joined the Manchester and District Federation of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies . The and Co @-@ operative movements had strong support in the town , whilst many protested against the of slaves . The Riot Act was read in 1852 on election day following a mass public brawl over the Reform Act , and irregularities with parliamentary candidate nominations . - For three days in late May 2001 , Oldham became the centre of national and international media attention . Following high profile race @-@ related conflicts , and long @-@ term underlying racial tensions between local White British and Asian communities , major riots broke out in the town . with particular intensity in the Glodwick area of the town , the Oldham riots were the worst racially motivated riots in the United Kingdom for fifteen years prior , briefly eclipsing the sectarian violence in Northern Ireland in the media . At least 20 people were injured in the riots , including 15 police officers , and 37 people were arrested . Similar riots took place in other towns in northern England over the following days and weeks . The 2001 riots prompted governmental and independent inquiries , which collectively agreed on community relations improvements and considerable regeneration schemes for the town . There were further fears of riots after the death of Gavin in 2002 . - - = = = = - - - = = = Civic history = = = - - within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century , Oldham was recorded in 1212 as being one of five parts of the estate of , which was held on behalf of King John by Roger de and William de . The other parts of this estate were Crompton , Glodwick , , and Werneth . Oldham later formed a township within the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich @-@ cum @-@ Oldham , in the hundred of Salford . - In 1826 commissioners for the social and economic improvement of Oldham were established . The town was made part of a parliamentary borough , in 1832 , though it was in 1849 when Oldham was incorporated as a municipal borough , giving it borough status in the United Kingdom , and in 1850 the Borough Council obtained the powers of the improvement commissioners . In 1880 , parts of the Hollinwood and areas of Chadderton and Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne townships were added to the Borough of Oldham . Oldham Above Town and Oldham Below Town were , from 1851 until c . 1881 , statistical units used for the gathering and organising of civil registration information , and output of census data . - The Local Government Act 1888 created elected county councils to administer services throughout England and Wales . Where a municipal borough had a population of more than 50 @,@ 000 at the 1881 Census it was created a county borough , with the powers and duties of both a borough and county council . As Oldham had an 1881 population of 111 @,@ 343 it duly became a county borough on 1 April 1889 . The borough , while independent of Lancashire County Council for local government , remained part of the county for purposes such as the administration of justice and . - In 1951 parts of the Rural District were added to the County Borough of Oldham , and in 1954 further parts of the same district added to it on its abolition . Since 1961 , Oldham has been twinned with in Slovenia . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , the town 's autonomous county borough status was abolished , and Oldham has , since 1 April 1974 , formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , within the Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . - - = = = Parliamentary representation = = = - - The boundaries of two parliamentary constituencies divide Oldham : Oldham East and Saddleworth , and Oldham West and Royton ( which includes the town centre ) , represented by Labour Members of Parliament and Michael respectively . - as a parliamentary borough in 1832 , Oldham 's first parliamentary representatives were the radicals William and John . Winston Churchill began his political career in Oldham . Although unsuccessful at his first attempt in 1899 , Churchill was elected as the member of Parliament for the Oldham parliamentary borough constituency in the 1900 general election . He held the constituency for the Conservative Party until the 1906 general election , when he won the election for Manchester North West as a Liberal MP . After he became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1940 , Churchill was made a Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Oldham , on 2 April 1941 . - - = = Geography = = - - At 53 ° 32 ′ 39 ″ N 2 ° 7 ′ 0 @.@ 8 ″ W ( 53 @.@ ° , − 2 @.@ ° ) , and 164 miles ( 264 km ) north @-@ northwest of London , Oldham stands 700 feet ( 213 m ) above sea level , 6 @.@ 9 miles ( 11 @.@ 1 km ) northeast of Manchester city centre , on elevated ground between the rivers and . Saddleworth and the South Pennines are close to the east , whilst on all other sides , Oldham is bound by smaller towns , including Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Chadderton , , Royton and Shaw and Crompton , with little or no green space between them . Oldham experiences a temperate maritime climate , like much of the British Isles , with relatively cool summers and mild winters . There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year . - Oldham 's topography is characterised by its rugged , elevated terrain . It has an area of 6 @.@ 91 square miles ( 17 @.@ 90 km2 ) . The geology of Oldham is represented by the and Coal Measures series of rocks . The River , flowing northwards , forms the boundary between Oldham on one side and Royton and Shaw and Crompton on the other . - To the east of this river the surface rises to a height of 1 @,@ 225 feet ( 373 m ) at Woodward Hill , on the border with the parish of Saddleworth . The rest of the surface is hilly , the average height decreasing towards the southwest to and the city of Manchester . The ridge called Oldham Edge , 800 feet ( m ) high , comes southward from Royton into the centre of the town . - Oldham 's built environment is characterised by its 19th @-@ century red @-@ brick terraced houses , the infrastructure that was built to support these and the town 's former cotton mills – which mark the town 's skyline . The urban structure of Oldham is irregular when compared to most towns in England , its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain . There are irregularly constructed residential dwellings and streets clustered loosely around a central business district in the town centre , which is the local centre of commerce . In 1849 , Angus Reach of Inverness said : - The visitor to Oldham will find it essentially a mean @-@ looking town , built upon both sides and crowning the ridge of one of the outlying spurs which branch from Manchester , the neighbouring ' backbone of England ' . The whole place has a look . The general appearance of the operatives ' houses is filthy and . - In the 1870s , John Wilson described Oldham as consisting of : - ... numerous streets , and contains numerous fine buildings , both public and private ; but , in a general view , is irregularly constructed , presents the aspect of a crowded seat of manufacture , and is more notable for factories than for any other feature . - Although Oldham had a thriving economy during the 19th century , the local merchants were broadly reluctant to spend on civic institutions , and so the town lacks the grandeur seen in comparable nearby towns like Bolton or Huddersfield ; public expenditure was seen as an overhead that undermined the competitiveness of the town . Subsequently , Oldham 's architecture has been described as " mediocre " . The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating . - There is a mixture of high @-@ density urban areas , suburbs , semi @-@ rural and rural locations in Oldham . There is some permanent grassland but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban . The territory of Oldham is contiguous with other towns on all sides except for a small section along its eastern and southern boundaries , and for purposes of the Office for National Statistics , forms the fourth largest settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's third largest conurbation . The motorway passes through the southwest of Oldham , through Hollinwood , and a heavy rail line enters Oldham from the same direction , travelling northeast to the town centre before heading northwards through Derker towards Shaw and Crompton . - - = = = Divisions and suburbs = = = - - Many of Oldham 's present divisions and suburbs have origins as pre @-@ industrial hamlets , and ancient . Some , such as Moorside , exist as recently constructed residential , whilst places like Hollinwood exist as electoral wards and thoroughly districts . Throughout most of its recorded history , Oldham was surrounded by large of moorland , which is reflected in the placenames of Moorside , moor , , among others . - A large portion of Oldham 's residences are " low value " Victorian era Accrington red @-@ brick terraced houses in a row formation , built for the most part from 1870 to 1920 , to house the town 's cotton mill workers . There is more modern housing in the semi @-@ rural east of the town , in the most sought after area in areas such as the village Moorside , although terraces are found in almost all parts of Oldham . - One of the oldest recorded named places of Oldham is Hathershaw , occurring in a deed for with the spelling . as a manor in the 15th century , Hathershaw Hall was the home of a Royalist family in the 17th century who lost part of their possessions due to the English Civil War . Waterhead , an upland area in the east of Oldham , traces its roots to a water over the border in Lees . - Recorded originally as Watergate and Waterhead Milne , it was for a long time a hamlet in the parish of Oldham that formed a significant part of the Oldham Above Town registration sub @-@ district . Derker was recorded as a place of residence in 1604 with the name . by to the north , Derker is the location of Derker railway station and , said to have terraced " unsuited to modern needs " , is currently being redeveloped as part of the Housing Market Initiative . - , an area along Oldham 's northern boundary with Royton , was once a and the site of considerable industry and commerce , including coal mining , cotton spinning and hat manufacture . It is said to have been the scene of an action in the English Civil War in which the were defeated . - - = = = = - - According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Oldham had a total resident population of 103 @,@ 544 , making it the most populous settlement in England , and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area . This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3 @,@ people per square mile ( 1 @,@ 544 per km ² ) . The local population has been described as broadly " working class " ; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements . - Oldham , considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of Alexandra , , Hollinwood , St. James , St. , St. , Waterhead and Werneth , has an average age of 33 @.@ 5 , and compared against the average of the United Kingdom , has a high level of people of South Asian heritage , particularly those with roots in Pakistan and Bangladesh . Due to the town 's prevalence as an industrial centre and thus a hub for employment , Oldham attracted migrant workers throughout its history , including those from wider @-@ England , Scotland , Ireland and Poland . - During the 1950s and 1960s , in an attempt to fill the shortfall of workers and local industries , citizens of the wider Commonwealth of Nations were encouraged to migrate to Oldham and other British towns . Many came from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent and settled throughout the Oldham borough . - Today , Oldham has large communities with heritage from Bangladesh , India , Pakistan and parts of the Caribbean . At the time of the 2001 census , over one in four of its residents identified themselves as from a South Asian or British Asian ethnic group . Cultural divisions along ethnic backgrounds are strong within the town , with poor cross @-@ community integration and cohesion along Asian and white backgrounds . - With only a small local population during medieval times , as a result of the introduction of industry , mass migration of village workers into Oldham occurred , resulting in a population change from under 2 @,@ 000 in 1714 to 12 @,@ 000 in 1801 to 137 @,@ 000 in 1901 In 1851 its population of 52 @,@ 820 made Oldham the 12th most populous town in England . The following is a table outlining the population change of the town since 1801 , which demonstrates a trend of rapid population growth in the 19th century and , after peaking at 147 @,@ 483 people in 1911 , a trend of general decline in population size during the 20th century . - In 2011 , 77 @.@ 5 % of the Oldham metropolitan borough population were White British , 18 @.@ 1 % Asian and 1 @.@ 2 % Black . While in the town of Oldham , which had a 2011 population of 96 @,@ 555 , 55 @.@ 4 % of the population were White British . - - = = Economy = = - - For years Oldham 's economy was heavily dependent on manufacturing industry , especially textiles and mechanical engineering . Since the of Oldham in the mid @-@ 20th century , these industries have been replaced by home shopping , publishing , healthcare and food processing sectors , though factory @-@ generated employment retains a significant presence . Many of the modern sectors are low @-@ skill and low @-@ wage . - Park Cake , sold in 2007 by Northern Group to Vision Capital , have a large food processing centre in Hathershaw , which employs in excess of 1 @,@ 600 people . Over 90 % of the cakes produced go to Marks & Spencer . Long existing as an industrial district , Hollinwood is home to the Northern Counties Housing Association , - Oldham 's town centre contains the highest concentration of , cultural facilities and employment in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham . It has been extensively redeveloped during the last few decades , and its two shopping centres , Town Square and the , now provide one of the largest covered retail areas in Greater Manchester . The ( named with reference to textile spindles ) is a modern shopping centre with over 40 retailers , banks , building societies and catering outlets . It houses one of Europe 's largest stained glass roofs , created by local artist Brian Clarke in celebration of the music of one of Oldham 's famous sons , composer and conductor Sir William Walton . - Ferranti Technologies is an electronic , and electrical engineering company based in Waterhead . - A number of culinary and medical advances have been developed in Oldham . There are claims that Oldham was the birthplace of the first chip shop . The sometimes disputed claim of trade in deep @-@ fried potatoes is said to have been started around 1858 – 60 from an outlet owned by a John Lees , on what is the present site of Oldham 's Market . In 1900 Oldham had the highest concentration of chip shops in the country , one for every 400 people . Pudding is a dish said to be native to Oldham . Wine Lodge was founded in Oldham by Peter and Simon in 1884 . - The tubular was invented and developed in Oldham in 1961 . That " vital contribution to advancing medical science " resulted from a collaboration between local firm and a cotton manufacturer in the town . - - = = Landmarks = = - - - = = = Town Hall = = = - - Oldham 's Old Town Hall is a Grade II listed Georgian neo @-@ classical town hall built in 1841 , eight years before Oldham received its borough status . One of the last purpose @-@ built town halls in northwest England , it has a portico , copied from the temple of Ceres , on the River , near Athens . Winston Churchill made his inaugural acceptance speech from the steps of the town hall when he was first elected as a Conservative MP in 1900 . A Blue Plaque on the exterior of the building commemorates the event . Long existing as the political centre of the town , complete with , the structure has stood empty since the mid @-@ 1980s and has regularly been earmarked for redevelopment as part of regeneration project proposals , but none have been . - In September 2008 , it was reported that " Oldham Town Hall is only months away from a major roof collapse " . A tour taken by local councillors and media concluded with an account that " of masonry are falling from the ceilings on a daily basis ... the floors are littered with dead pigeons and ... revealed that the building is literally rotting away " . In October 2009 the Victorian Society , a charity responsible for the study and protection of Britain 's Victorian and architecture , declared Oldham Town Hall as the most endangered Victorian structure in England and Wales . Plans to convert the hall into a leisure complex , incorporating a cinema and restaurants , were revealed in May 2012 with the hall itself being used for public consultation . This £ 36 @.@ 72 million project is expected to be completed by early in 2016 . - In the heart of Oldham ’ s retail district , the Old Town Hall is being developed into a modern cinema . - - = = = War memorial = = = - - as a permanent memorial to the men of Oldham who were killed in the First World War , Oldham 's war memorial consists of a granite base surmounted by a bronze sculpture depicting five soldiers making their way along the trenches in order to go into battle . The main standing figure , having climbed out of the trenches , is shown calling on his comrades to advance , and is the same figure used at the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial in London and the 41st Division memorial at in France . The base serves to house books containing the roll of honour of the 1st , 10th and 24th Battalions , Manchester Regiment . The pedestal has two bronze doors at either side . - Commissioned in 1919 by the Oldham War Memorial Committee , the memorial was designed and built by Albert . It was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 28 April 1923 , before a crowd estimated at over 10 @,@ 000 . The monument was intended to symbolise the spirit of 1914 – 1918 . - The inscriptions on the memorial read : - Over doors to the north : " THE / 1914 – 1918 " - Over window to the south : " THE " - - = = = Civic Centre = = = - - The Civic Centre tower is the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham 's centre of local governance . The 15 @-@ storey white @-@ brick building has housed the vast majority of the local government 's offices since its completion in 1977 . Standing at the summit of the town , the tower stands over 200 feet ( 61 m ) high . It was designed by Cecil & Partners , and the topping out ceremony was held on 18 June 1976 . The Civic Centre can be seen as far away as Salford , Trafford , and Winter Hill in Lancashire , and offers panoramic views across the city of Manchester and the Cheshire Plain . - - = = = Parish Church = = = - - The Oldham Parish Church of St. Mary with St. Peter , in its present form , dates from 1830 and was designed in the Gothic Revival Style by Richard Lane , a Manchester @-@ based architect . It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II * listed building . It was linked with the church of St Mary the Virgin , Prestwich and together the sites were principal churches of the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich @-@ cum @-@ Oldham . - A church building had existed on the site since . During this time , a small chapel stood on the site to serve the local townships of Oldham , Chadderton , Royton and Crompton . This was later replaced by an Early English Gothic church in the 15th century . With the coming of the Industrial Revolution , the population of Oldham increased at a rapid rate ( from under 2 @,@ 000 in 1714 , to over 32 @,@ 000 by 1831 ) . The rapid growth of the local population warranted that the building be rebuilt into the current structure . Though the budget was originally agreed at £ 5 @,@ 000 , the final cost of building was £ 30 @,@ 000 , one third of which was spent on the crypt structure . Alternative designs by Sir Charles Barry , the designer of the Palace of Westminster , although now regarded by some as superior , were rejected . The Church , of the Anglican denomination , is in active use for worship , and forms part of the Diocese of Manchester . There are Roman Catholic churches in Oldham . These include Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St Patrick Church . It was built in 1870 , was founded by priests from St Mary 's Church in Oldham , and is a Grade II listed building . - - = = Transport = = - - The geography of Oldham constrained the development of major transport infrastructure , with the former County Borough Council suggesting that " if it had not grown substantially before the railway age it would surely have been overlooked " . Oldham has never been on a main @-@ line railway route , and canals too have only been able to serve it from a distance , meaning that " Oldham has never had a train service worthy of a town of its size " . - A principal destination along the former Oldham Loop Line , Oldham once had six railway stations but this was reduced to three once Street , Oldham Central and Glodwick Road closed in the mid @-@ 20th century . Oldham Werneth , Oldham Mumps and Derker closed on 3 October 2009 . Trains from Manchester Victoria station to Oldham had to climb steeply through much of its 6 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) route , from around 100 feet ( 30 @.@ 5 m ) at Manchester city centre to around 600 feet ( 182 @.@ 9 m ) at Oldham Mumps . The Werneth , with its gradient of 1 in 27 , made the Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth route the regular passenger line in the country . The Werneth route closed in 1963 . It had been replaced as the main route to Manchester by the section of line built between Oldham Werneth Station and Bridge Junction , at Newton Heath in May 1880 . Oldham Mumps , the second oldest station on the line after Werneth , took its name from its location in the Mumps area of Oldham , which itself probably derived from the archaic word " " which was slang for a . The former Oldham Loop Line was converted for use with an expanded light rail network , and renamed as the Oldham and Rochdale Line . The line between Victoria and a temporary Oldham Mumps tram stop opened on 13 June 2012 , and more central stops opened on 27 January 2014 . - Oldham had electric to Manchester in the early 20th century ; the first tram was driven from Manchester into Oldham in 1900 by the Lord Mayor of Manchester . The system came to an end on 3 August 1946 , however . There was also a short @-@ lived Oldham system , in 1925 – 26 . The £ 3 @.@ 3 million Oldham Bus Station has frequent bus services to Manchester , Rochdale , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Middleton with other services to the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , , and across the Pennines to Huddersfield in West Yorkshire . The roof canopy is supported internally on two rows of steel trees . The extensive use of glass and stainless steel visibility , and there is a carefully co @-@ ordinated family of information fittings , posters and seating , using robust natural materials for floors and . The bus station is used by National Express coaches . First Greater Manchester has its headquarters in Oldham . - Despite the Turnpike Act , Oldham had no turnpike road to Manchester for another 56 years and Church Lane , Oldham remained part of the main street through the town . But following a further Act of Parliament a turnpike was constructed . The first regular coach service to Manchester came into operation in October 1790 , with a journey time of over 2 hours and a fare ( about ) , with half fare for travellers on top of the coach . - Oldham is about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south of the major motorway , but is linked to it by the at Hollinwood , and ( M ) via Chadderton . There are major A roads to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Huddersfield , Manchester , and Rochdale . - The Hollinwood Branch of the Ashton Canal was a canal that ran from Fairfield in , through and Daisy Country Park to the Hollinwood area of Oldham , with a branch from Daisy to the Branch Canal . The canal was mainly used for the of coal until it fell into disuse for commercial traffic in the 1930s . It included four and a two @-@ rise lock staircase . - - = = Sports = = - - Oldham Rugby League Club was established in 1876 as Oldham Football Club , and Oldham Athletic Football Club in 1895 as Pine Villa Football Club . Oldham Athletic have achieved both league and cup successes , particularly under Joe in the 1990s . They were Football League runners @-@ up in the last season before the outbreak of the First World War , but were relegated from the Football League First Division in 1923 . They reached the Football League Cup final in 1990 and won the Football League Second Division title in 1991 , ending 68 years outside the top flight . - They secured their top division status a year later to become founder members of the new Premier League , but were relegated after two seasons despite reaching that year 's FA Cup semi @-@ finals . They are currently playing in Football League One , the third tier of the English league . Darren Kelly was appointed as Manager in May 2015 - Oldham Football Club was established in 1964 as Oldham FC , and after many years playing under the name of Oldham Town changed its name to Oldham in 2009 , finally becoming known as Oldham Borough just months before it folded . The team played in the North West Counties Football League before going out of existence in 2015 , just over 50 years after it was founded . - in 1997 to Oldham , Oldham Rugby League Club has received several club honours during its history , winning the Rugby Football League Championship five times and Challenge Cup three times . They played at for years before joining Oldham Athletic at Park until 2010 when they moved to Oldham Borough 's previous ground , Stadium . Oldham has league cricket teams with a number of semi @-@ professional league clubs including Oldham , and Werneth in the Central Lancashire League . - Oldham also has a Fencing Club , Marshall Fencing Club is a Competitive Fencing Club with most of its members competing on the national stage . They train three times a week at the old South Chadderton High School . - - = = Education = = - - Oldham produced someone who is considered to be one of the greatest benefactors of education for the nation , Hugh Oldham , who in was appointed as Bishop of Exeter , and later went on to found what is now Manchester Grammar School . - Almost every part of Oldham is served by a school of some kind , some with religious affiliations . According to the Office for Standards in Education , schools within the town perform at mixed levels . Grammar School and the Blue School are consistently Oldham 's top performing secondary schools and each have sixth form colleges of further education . - University Campus Oldham is a centre for higher education and a sister campus of the University of Huddersfield . It was opened in May 2005 by actor Patrick Stewart , the centre 's Chancellor . The University Campus Oldham presented actress and artist , Brian Clarke ( both born in Oldham ) with an Honorary Doctorate of Letters at the of November 2006 , for their achievements and contributions to Oldham and its community . - - = = Public services = = - - Home Office policing in Oldham is provided by the Greater Manchester Police . The force 's " ( Q ) Division " have their headquarters for policing the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham at central Oldham . Public transport is co @-@ ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive . emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service , which has two stations in Oldham ; at on Road , and at on Lees Road . - The Royal Oldham Hospital , at Oldham 's northern boundary with Royton , is a large NHS hospital by Acute NHS Trust . It was opened under its existing name on 1 December 1989 . known as Oldham District and General , and occupying the site of the town 's former workhouse ( named Oldham Union in 1851 ) , the hospital is notable for being the birthplace of Louise Joy Brown – the world 's first successful In vitro fertilised " test tube baby " , on 25 July 1978 . The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport . See also Healthcare in Greater Manchester . - Waste management is co @-@ ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Authority . produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Valley . Oldham 's Distribution Network for electricity is United Utilities ; there are no power stations in the town . United Utilities also manages Oldham 's drinking and waste water ; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs , including and Chew . There is a water treatment works at Waterhead . - - = = Culture = = - - Oldham , though lacking in leisure and cultural amenities , is historically notable for its theatrical culture . Once having a peak of six " fine " theatres in 1908 , Oldham is home to the Oldham Coliseum Theatre and the Oldham Theatre Workshop , which have facilitated the early careers of notable actors and writers , including Eric , Bernard and Anne , daughter of acclaimed cartoonist Jack who worked for the Oldham Evening Chronicle . Oldham Coliseum Theatre is one of Britain 's last remaining repertory theatres ; Charlie and Stan Laurel performed there in the early 20th century , and contemporary actors such as Ralph and Minnie Driver , among others , have appeared more recently . - During the 19th century the circus was a popular entertainment in Oldham ; Pablo 's circus was a regular visitor , filling a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ seat amphitheatre on in 1869 . for its lack of a cinema , there are plans to develop an " Oldham West End " . Oldham has a thriving bar and night club culture , attracting a significant number of young people into the town centre . Oldham 's " hard binge drinking culture " has been criticised however for conveying a negative regional image of the town . - - = = = Communal facilities = = = - - The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building opened in 1856 at a cost of £ 6 @,@ 500 as a " mutual improvement " centre for the working men of Oldham . The facilities provided to members included a library , a and a series of lectures on geology , geography and education , microscopy and chemistry , female education and . music was introduced and there were soon sixteen and three . Eventually the building was extended to include a school of science and art . Music had always been important in the life of the Lyceum , and in 1892 a school of music was opened , with 39 students enrolled for the " theory and practice of music " . - The Lyceum continued throughout the 20th century as a centre for the arts in Oldham , and in 1986 the local authority was invited by its directors and trustees to accept the building as a gift . The acceptance of the Lyceum building by the Education Committee provided the opportunity to move the music centre and " further enhance the cultural activities of the town " . In 1989 the Oldham Metropolitan Borough Music Centre moved into the Lyceum building , which is now the home of the Oldham Lyceum School of Music . - Oldham ’ s museum and gallery service dates back to 1883 . Since then it has established itself as a cultural focus for Oldham and has developed one of the largest and most varied permanent collections in North West England . The current collection includes over 12 @,@ 000 social and industrial history items , more than 2 @,@ 000 works of art , about 1 @,@ 000 items of decorative art , more than 80 @,@ 000 natural history specimens , over 1 @,@ 000 geological specimens , about 3 @,@ 000 archaeological artefacts , 15 @,@ 000 photographs and a large number of books , pamphlets and documents . - Oldham is now home to a newly built state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art art gallery , Gallery Oldham , which was completed in February 2002 as the first phase of the Oldham Cultural Quarter . Later phases of the development saw the opening of an extended Oldham Library , a lifelong learning centre and there are plans to include a performing arts centre . - - = = = Carnival = = = - - The annual Oldham Carnival started around 1900 , although the tradition of carnivals in the town goes back much further , providing a " welcomed respite from the of everyday life " . The carnival parade was always held in mid @-@ to @-@ late summer , with the primary aim of raising money for charities . It often featured local dignitaries or popular , in addition to brass , military and jazz bands , the Carnival Queen , people in fancy dress , dancers and decorated floats from local churches and businesses . Whenever possible , local people who had attained national celebrity status were invited to join the . The carnival 's route began in the town centre , wound its way along King Street , and ended with a party in Alexandra Park . - The carnival fell out of favour in the late 1990s but was resurrected by community volunteers in 2006 and rebranded the Peoples ' Carnival . The parade was moved into Alexandra Park in 2011 . The event hosts live stages and other activities alongside a parade in the park . In 2016 will be 10 years since the carnival was reinstated by volunteers . The main organiser is Paul Davies who runs the carnival with a number of committee members and loads of volunteers - - = = Britain in Bloom = = - - In 2012 and 2014 Oldham was named as Culture Town in the annual " Britain in Bloom " competition as winners - - = = Notable people = = - - People from Oldham are called , though " " is a nickname from the 18th century when rough felt was used in Oldham to make hats . - Edward Potts was a renowned architect who moved to Oldham from Bury . He was the architect for fourteen mills in the Oldham area . - Other notable persons with Oldham connections include the composer Sir William Walton , former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill , and Louise Brown , the world 's first baby to be conceived by in vitro fertilisation . - Notable media personalities from Oldham include presenter Nick , actors Eric and Bernard , TV host Phillip Schofield , actress , physicist and science Brian Cox , and comedy double act Tommy Cannon and Bobby Ball . - Notable musicians from Oldham include the and Mark Owen of Take That . - - - = 1981 European Cup Final = - - The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the des , Paris , France . It was the final match of the 1980 – 81 season of Europe 's premier cup competition , the European Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their third final , after two appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice . - Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . All but one of Liverpool 's ties were comfortable victories , they beat Bayern Munich on the away goals rule , while they won all their other ties by at least five goals . Real Madrid 's matches ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . In the first round they beat Limerick 7 – 2 on aggregate , but their final two ties were won by at least two goals . - by a crowd of 48 @,@ 360 , the first half was . Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Alan Kennedy scored . They held this lead to win the match 1 – 0 , securing Liverpool 's third European Cup and a fifth consecutive victory by an English team . Liverpool manager Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the competition three times . - - = = Route to the final = = - - - = = = Liverpool = = = - - Liverpool gained entry to the competition by winning the 1979 – 80 Football League , entering as English champions . Their opponents in the first round were Finnish champions . The first leg in Finland at the was drawn 1 – 1 . The second leg at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield resulted in a comprehensive 10 – 0 victory for Liverpool . Two of their players , Graeme Souness and Terry McDermott , scored a hat @-@ trick . Liverpool won the tie 11 – 1 on aggregate . - In the second round Liverpool were drawn against Scottish champions Aberdeen , managed by Alex Ferguson . The first leg was at Aberdeen 's home ground , , a McDermott goal in the fifth minute ensured a 1 – 0 victory for Liverpool . The second leg at Anfield was won 4 – 0 by Liverpool , thus they won the tie 5 – 0 on aggregate . Liverpool 's opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Bulgarian champions . The first leg was held in England , another hat @-@ trick from Souness and goals from McDermott and Sammy Lee gave Liverpool a 5 – 1 victory . They won the second leg at the National Stadium 1 – 0 to progress to the semi @-@ finals courtesy of a 6 – 1 aggregate victory . - They faced German champions Bayern Munich in the semi @-@ finals . The first leg in England ended in a 0 – 0 draw . Liverpool needed to score in the second leg to advance to the final . Their cause was not helped when striker Kenny Dalglish had to be replaced in the early minutes of the match by the inexperienced Howard Gayle . However , Gayle rose to the occasion , unsettling the Bayern defence with his attacking threat . With seven minutes of normal time left , Ray Kennedy scored to give Liverpool a 1 – 0 lead . Bayern responded soon afterwards when Karl @-@ Heinz scored , however they needed to score another goal due to the away goals rule . They were unable to do so and Liverpool progressed to their third final in five seasons . - - = = = Real Madrid = = = - - Real Madrid gained entry to the competition as champions , after they won the 1979 – 80 La Liga . Their opponents in the first round were Irish champions Limerick . Limerick took the lead in the first leg at Lansdowne Road , but Real scored twice to win the first leg 2 – 1 . The second leg at Real 's home ground the Santiago Stadium , ended in a 5 – 1 victory for Real , they won the tie 7 – 2 on aggregate . - Their opponents in the second round were Hungarian champions . A goal from ensured Real won the first leg 1 – 0 in Spain . Two goals from Laurie Cunningham and Francisco García secured a 2 – 0 victory in the second leg at 's home ground the , thus , winning the tie 3 – 0 on aggregate . - In the quarter @-@ finals Real faced Soviet champions Moscow . A 0 – 0 at the Dynamo Lenin Stadium in the Soviet Union left the tie finely balanced heading into the second leg in Spain . Two goals from Isidro in the second half secured a 2 – 0 victory in the match and over aggregate . - Real 's opponents in the semi @-@ finals were Italian champions . Real won the first leg 2 – 0 in Spain after goals from and . needed to score twice to force the tie into extra @-@ time , however they were only able to score once . They won the second leg 1 – 0 , but Real won the tie 2 – 1 on aggregate to progress to their ninth final . - - = = Match = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Liverpool were appearing in their third European Cup Final . They had won their two previous appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had won the competition six times , including a record five successive victories from 1956 to 1960 . Their sixth victory was in 1966 , while their two losses were in 1962 and 1964 . - Liverpool had finished fifth during the 1980 – 81 Football League , thus they needed to win the final to ensure that they would compete in the European Cup the following season . Despite this , Liverpool had won the Football League Cup for the first time earlier in the season , defeating West Ham United 2 – 1 in a replay after the final finished 1 – 1 . Real Madrid had finished second in the 1980 – 81 La Liga , they had qualified for the UEFA Cup as a result , but victory would enable them to compete in the European Cup the following season . - Both sides had injury concerns before the match . Liverpool had doubts over a number of players . Kenny Dalglish had not trained for several weeks , while Alan Kennedy had been sidelined for six weeks with a broken wrist . Real had concerns over striker Laurie Cunningham who had been sidelined since November . - - = = = Summary = = = - - Liverpool controlled the opening passages of the game . Their first goalscoring chance came in the 11th minute when Alan Kennedy 's 30 yard shot was saved by Real goalkeeper Agustín Rodríguez . Further chances were created , but neither Terry McDermott or Dalglish were able to score . Real started to exert more of an influence after this , midfielder started to cause Liverpool problems with his passing . One pass found José Antonio Camacho who beat Liverpool defender Alan Hansen but put his shot wide of the Liverpool goal . Despite their scoring opportunity , one problem Real had was to get the best out of their winger Cunningham . Not fully fit , he was tightly marked and made little impact in the match . - Liverpool had a chance to take the lead before half @-@ time . Phil Neal advanced down the right hand side of the pitch and found Dalglish who passed to Graeme Souness , who ran late through the Real defence . His subsequent shot was not held by Agustín Rodríguez , but Souness was unable to get to the rebounded ball . Real had the first chance of the second half . Liverpool 's defence had stopped as they thought Cunningham was offside , however he was not and Camacho advanced towards Ray in the Liverpool goal . came off his line and ran towards the Real midfielder , Camacho attempted to the ball over the keeper , but his shot went over the goal . - The tactical approach of the two sides were each other out . Real 's slow pace interspersed with high speed bursts , while Liverpool preferred a more deliberate approach , keeping possession and making use of their . Their various forms of marking also negated each other , Real man marked Liverpool 's best players such as Dalglish and Souness , while Liverpool were content for the nearest defender to mark the man on the ball . - Despite the tactical battle Liverpool were able to score in the 81st minute . A throw @-@ in from Ray Kennedy found Alan Kennedy , whose run up the left hand side of the pitch caught Real off @-@ guard . Kennedy went past Real defender Rafael García Cortés into the Real box , his subsequent shot beat the Real goalkeeper to give Liverpool the lead . Soon afterwards Liverpool replaced Dalglish with midfielder Jimmy Case in an attempt to see out the match . Although Liverpool had chances to extend their lead as Real went all out to score , Real keeper Agustín Rodríguez made a number of saves to keep his team in the game . The match remained 1 – 0 and Liverpool won their third European Cup , the first British club to do so . Liverpool 's victory meant that Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the European Cup three times . - - = = = Details = = = - - - - = Carre 's Grammar School = - - Carre 's Grammar School is a selective secondary school for boys in Sleaford , a market town in Lincolnshire , England . Founded on 1 September 1604 by an indenture of Robert Carre , the school was funded by rents from farmland and run by a group of trustees . The indenture restricted the endowment to £ 20 without accounting for inflation , causing the school to decline during the 18th century and effectively close in 1816 . by a decree from the Court of Chancery in 1830 , new buildings were constructed at its present site and the school re @-@ opened in 1835 . Faced with competition from cheaper commercial schools and declining rolls , Carre 's eventually added technical and artistic instruction to its Classical curriculum by with Kesteven County Council in 1895 . Following the Education Act 1944 , school fees were abolished and Carre 's became Voluntary Aided . New buildings were completed in 1966 to house the rising number of students . After plans for comprehensive education in Sleaford came to nothing in the 1970s and 1980s , Carre 's converted to grant @-@ maintained status in 1990 . Foundation status followed and the school became an Academy in 2011 ; a multi @-@ Academy trust with Kesteven and Sleaford High School was formed in 2015 . - Admission to Carre 's is through the eleven @-@ plus examination and entry is limited to boys in the lower school , although the Sixth Form is co @-@ educational . The total number of pupils on roll in 2013 was , of which 240 were in the Sixth Form . Teaching follows the National Curriculum and pupils generally sit examinations for ten or eleven General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) qualifications in Year Eleven ( aged 15 – 16 ) . They have a choice of three or four A @-@ levels in the sixth form , which is part of the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form consortium between Carre 's and St George 's Academy . Of the 2013 cohort , 100 % of pupils achieved at least five GCSEs at grade A * and 96 % achieved that including English and GCSEs , the eighth highest percentage in Lincolnshire . An Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and ( ) inspection in 2013 graded Carre 's " good " overall with " outstanding " features . - - = = History = = - - - = = = The first school = = = - - Carre 's Grammar School was founded on 1 September 1604 by way of an indenture between Robert Carre , a member of the Carr or Carre family , and several local gentlemen . Carre granted 100 acres of agricultural land in Gedney to these men , who held the land in trust as . The lands were estimated to be worth £ 40 per annum and the indenture stipulated that £ 20 of this would be paid to the school master , while the remainder would be for the benefit of the town 's poor . The indenture stated that the school was to provide for " the better education of the Youth and Children born or inhabiting with their parents within New Sleaford , Old Sleaford , , and ... and in , North , South , , La Thorpe and . " It is not known whether there was any other school in the town prior to the foundation of Carre 's , although the indenture appointed Anthony Brown , already a schoolmaster , as the master ; it thus seems likely that Carre already operated a school and his indenture codified pre @-@ existing arrangements . - Throughout the the trustees reported problems receiving rents from the in Gedney . Although the school received a bequest from a local gentleman , Robert , in 1631 , which provided an additional income of £ 4 per annum , no more followed ; the English Civil War also disrupted funding : rents were not collected between 1644 and 1646 . These financial problems were compounded by the nature of the land itself : it was agricultural and not urban , thus it did not increase in value significantly in the 17th century . Carre 's behind other schools and its buildings fell into disrepair as the fixed endowment failed to keep up with inflation ( despite the Gedney lands increasing in value to £ 180 by the early 19th century ) . In 1783 , the ( by then , often called trustees ) spent £ 50 on improvements , but by 1794 , the adjacent Carre 's Hospital agreed that part of its building be pulled down to make way for a new schoolhouse . This did not and pupils were taught in the vestry at St Denys ' Church by the early 19th century . In 1816 , the trustees discontinued the master 's salary because there were " no duties to perform " at the school . - - = = = Revival , stagnation and modernisation = = = - - The trustees met in 1821 and agreed that " much good " could come from reviving the school . In 1828 they petitioned the Court of Chancery for a scheme , which was approved in 1830 , providing the master with a salary of £ 80 per annum . Four years later , the Chancery agreed to fund the rebuilding of the school at a site on Northgate . With the buildings complete , the school reopened on 1 August 1835 . - Carre 's maintained roughly 20 pupils on roll throughout the 1840s , but by 1858 , this had fallen to two free scholars and two . When the charity commissioners inspected the school the following year , they recommended that an be appointed to teach " commercial education " to supplement the Classics . In 1869 the Schools Commission reported a " general dissatisfaction in the town " towards the school , finding " indifferent " discipline along with poor spelling , an inability to decline simple Latin , and a low @-@ level of arithmetic . According to the report , the " general wish in the town is for a commercial school " . Competition soon arose in the form of Mr Boyer 's academy and later E. R. 's commercial school at Mount Pleasant , Sleaford . Although the trustees were reorganised in 1876 , Britain 's agriculture suffered from foreign competition in the 1880s , which contributed to a decline in the rolls ; a subsequent reduction of fees in 1889 proved ineffective and only twelve boys were in attendance the following year . - The Commissioner of suggested that Kesteven County Council could support the teaching of art , modern languages and technical and scientific subjects through the Local Act 1890 . In 1895 the governors agreed to affiliate with the Council , which granted them £ 35 . The headmaster , Samuel Brown , appointed an assistant master and his wife was employed to teach art . The numbers rose so that in 1897 there were 33 pupils on roll , and the Committee granted a further £ 400 to pay for new accommodation and resources . The Governors , however , applied for £ 1 @,@ 500 to build a new school entirely but the Council wanted it to be coeducational , which caused a lengthy stalemate . The demand for a coeducational school disappeared in 1902 when Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls opened as a private venture and so in 1904 a new building opened at Carre 's , financed in part by the sale of the Gedney lands , while boarding accommodation followed in 1906 . Following the Education Act 1902 , Carre 's received an allocation of £ 200 per pupil from the Board of Education , plus local authority assistance made in return for admitting pupils from local elementary schools . From 1919 , elementary school pupils sat the entrance exam each term and those who passed were allocated the places which remained after fee @-@ paying students had enrolled . - - = = = Post @-@ war expansion and the comprehensive debate = = = - - The Education Act 1944 made secondary education available to all children up to the age of 15 and abolished fees for state @-@ schooling ; a ' system ' of secondary schools was established to provide based on aptitude and ability : grammar schools for " academic " pupils , secondary for practical studies , and technical schools for science and engineering . Pupils were allocated to them depending on their score in the eleven @-@ plus examination . Carre 's became a Voluntary Grammar School ; from 1945 all entry was by the County Selection Examination . By 1955 , the school had 330 pupils on roll and the need for new accommodation was met in the 1950s and 1960s by a major building programme at the Northgate site ; completed in 1966 , this added dedicated classroom blocks , a canteen and hall . - The educational opportunities for secondary modern pupils were limited compared to those at grammar schools , prompting criticism of the system . In 1965 , the Labour Government issued 10 / 65 requesting Local Education Authorities implement comprehensive schooling . In 1971 Sleaford parents voted in favour of comprehensive education , but rejected the Council 's proposals . A new plan which envisaged Carre 's becoming a sixth form college was supported by parents in a vote ( 1 @,@ 199 to 628 ) , albeit with a 50 % turnout ; the County Council approved it but allowed governors a veto . Following negotiations with governors at Carre 's , the scheme was revised so that Carre 's would be an 11 – 18 school and Sleaford Secondary Modern 's Church Lane site . Despite support from most staff and all three , Lincolnshire County Council voted to return the scheme for consultation in 1975 . A new system was proposed which retained all three schools , and when the Government ordered the Council to choose a comprehensive scheme in 1977 it submitted that proposal , which had become popular with parents . The next year the government dismissed it on grounds that the Sixth Forms would be too small , but the council voted against the two @-@ school system once more . - - = = = Grant @-@ maintained status and Academy conversion = = = - - The 1979 general election brought a Conservative government to power and allowed the Council to shift its focus towards retaining Grammar Schools where they still existed and improving schools where work had been put on hold during the comprehensive debate ; despite 90 % of English councils adopting comprehensive education , Lincolnshire had retained its grammar schools . Although the County Council began discussing the abolition of them again in 1985 , opposition from parents at a public consultation in 1987 resulted in the plans being dropped . With the question of its future resolved , Carre 's applied for grant @-@ maintained status in 1989 ; the Education Secretary approved the proposals and formally granted the status in September 1990 . When grant @-@ maintained status was abolished in 1999 , Carre 's became a Foundation School . Following a successful bid to the , submitted in October 2002 , the school was granted specialist Sports College status in 2003 . An all @-@ weather pitch was laid out in 2007 , and a new technology building with a fitness suite opened in 2011 . In 2009 , Carre 's became a specialist Science College and a lead school for gifted and talented students . The school converted to Academy status in August 2011 . In 2014 , the governors announced their intention to bid for conversion to a multi @-@ Academy trust and become a coeducational , selective school on a new site ; in February 2015 , Kesteven and Sleaford High School announced its intention to join the proposed trust , a moved welcomed by Carre 's . Carre 's officially became part of the Robert Carre Multi @-@ Academy Trust on 1 September 2015 ; the schools continue to operate on their sites , sharing staff and facilities . - - = = School structure = = - - Carre 's is a state @-@ run selective grammar school . It converted to an Academy and reopened on 1 August 2011 ; it is governed by Carre 's Grammar School Academy Trust and converted without sponsorship . As of 2015 , the student body is made up of 815 pupils aged 11 – 18 . The school admits boys on a selective basis for years 7 – 11 and has a co @-@ educational Sixth Form ; there are 60 girls on roll as of 2015 . The majority of pupils come from White British backgrounds and very few pupils speak English as an additional language . The number of pupils supported through , including those eligible for free school meals ( 2 @.@ 3 % ) , is below average , as is the number of students with learning disabilities . Pupils are allocated into houses based on their forms . The first house system at Carre 's consisted of four sets : scarlet , maroon , green and blue . They became houses in 1933 as Carre , Bristol , and , named respectively after its founder , the Earls of Bristol , an old name for Sleaford , and Richard , who owned the Gedney lands purchased by Carre . - Admission to the school is through the eleven @-@ plus examination , taken in year 6 . Pupils must obtain a minimum score before their application will be considered and places will be awarded based on whether the child is in public care , whether he lives in the catchment area and attends a partnered primary school , and whether they have siblings attending the school or parents working there . In the event of a tie , places will be allocated based on proximity to the school . The school has a maximum annual intake of 116 at the start of year 7 ( aged 11 ) ; pupils are arranged into forms of no more than 30 , where registration takes place . Their form tutors provide access to pastoral support , overseen by their Key Stage Manager . In 2013 the lower school had approximately pupils on roll . The school uniform consists of a black with the school badge embroidered on the breast pocket and a red on each pocket . or black trousers are worn along with a white shirt and school tie . - The vast majority of pupils at Carre 's continue on to the Sixth Form , and there were 240 students on roll in 2013 . Along with St George 's Academy , Carre 's is part of the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form , which was founded in 1983 and included Kesteven and Sleaford High School until it withdrew in 2010 . It provides a common timetable across both sites and allows for pupils to choose from A @-@ Level options offered at both schools . Pupils may apply to be based at either school , where their pastoral and tutorial activities take place . There are entry requirements based on GCSE attainment . Sixth can be selected to be prefects , who have responsibilities around the school under the supervision of staff ; they are headed by a Head Boy and Girl . The students are required to wear business @-@ dress ; for males , this consists of a dark suit , a " non @-@ vivid " shirt and the school 's sixth form tie ; females must dress in " smart business wear " . - - = = Curriculum = = - - The curriculum during the 17th and 18th centuries is not known for certain . In 1714 the trustees agreed that the pupils should attend church services at St Denys ' Church six days a week ; whether this was adhered to is not clear . Religious practice was a in the 1835 decree , which required pupils to pray at the start and end of each day and engage in daily readings of holy scriptures . However , the emphasis was always on classical education , which likely required instruction in Latin from the earliest times ; in 1835 , learning the classics was enshrined as the school 's primary purpose . In the mid @-@ 19th century , Carre 's offered this classical education for free , but arithmetic , geometry and algebra were taught as extras at a rate of two guineas per term . Students were enrolled from the age of eight , and were expected to be able to read , write , recite the Lord 's Prayer , the Apostles ' Creed and the Ten Commandments , and " be qualified to begin Latin grammar " . Students had to supply their own equipment , except pens and ink , which were covered by a 10 shilling payment made each term to the school . The school 's inspection in 1865 mentions geography and history teaching , although the general standard of attainment was low . - In 1876 , the curriculum was widened so that it comprised reading , writing , arithmetic , English , mathematics , history , geography , Latin , a foreign language , music , natural science and drawing , with Greek as an optional extra . The County Council supported technical and commercial subjects in the late 19th century , but after 1904 it was empowered to support secondary education in general , allowing Latin and other classical components of the curriculum to remain intact . After World War I , sixth form courses were developed allowing students to commence advanced studies in the arts and sciences . By the 1950s , a wide range were available : English language and literature , mathematics , French , German , Latin , Greek , art , history , geography , physics , chemistry and woodwork ; biology was taught at Kesteven and Sleaford High School . - - = = = Key 3 and 4 = = = - - As of 2014 , the school follows the National Curriculum in years 7 – 11 and offers a range of GCSEs ( national exams taken by students aged 14 – 16 ) and A @-@ levels ( national exams taken by pupils aged 16 – 18 ) . The school has no affiliation with a particular religious denomination , but religious education is given throughout the school , and boys may opt to take the subject as part of their GCSE course . Although morning assemblies take place and are Christian in nature , they are non @-@ denominational . Students participate in a number of educational visits and excursions throughout their school career and year 11 students are offered the opportunity to participate in a work experience programme . The curriculum comprises English and drama , mathematics , French , history , geography , science , art , music , design and technology , information communications technology ( ) , ethics and philosophy ( religious education ) , physical education ( ) , cookery , and citizenship , sex and relationships education ; in Key Stage 4 ( years 10 and 11 ) , pupils also participate in careers and work @-@ related learning . In mathematics , students are divided by their ability into two bands . Science is divided into Biology , Chemistry and Physics in year 9 . In the second year German or Spanish is added . The use of information technology is central to all teaching and is taught as a subject in Key Stage 3 ; in year 9 , all students study for the European Computer Driving Licence , a level 2 course in and pupils may opt to take Computing as a GCSE . - Boys usually take nine or ten subjects for GCSE : English ( language and literature ) , mathematics , a foreign language , all three separate sciences or Dual Certificate Science , as well as three other subjects from those listed above as well as business studies , with technology being divided into separate courses for , Graphics , and Engineering ; Mandarin is also available as an optional extra subject , but is studied after school . - - = = = Sixth Form = = = - - Carre 's and St. George 's Academy operate the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form , which shares a common timetable between the two sites and allows for students to choose from a wide range of options at A @-@ Level . Students may choose to apply to be based at either school , where their pastoral and tutorial activities will take place . The Sixth Form , including Carre 's , is co @-@ educational . The majority of students take four A @-@ levels subjects in year 12 , with most choosing to focus on three in year 13 . The Joint Sixth Form allows students to choose from a range of 65 optional vocational or academic subjects including : art and photography ( separate A @-@ Level or BTEC options ) , applied Science , biology , , business ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , childcare , carpentry , chemistry , computing or ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , drama or performing arts ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , electronics , engineering , English ( language and / or literature ) , film or media studies , French , German , geography , government and politics , health and social care , history , hospitality and catering , law , mathematics and further mathematics , music ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , philosophy and ethics , psychology , physical education or sport ( A @-@ Level or BTEC ) , physics , product Design , public Services , light vehicle maintenance , Spanish , sociology , travel and tourism , and work skills . In addition , students may participate in General Studies at A @-@ Level , and a range of extra @-@ curricular activities , including the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme . - - = = = = = = - - In 2013 , 100 % of pupils achieved at least five GCSEs at grade A * – C and 96 % achieved that including English and GCSEs , the eighth highest percentage in Lincolnshire . Figures for the 2010 / 11 cohort show that 86 % of Key Stage 4 pupils at the school carried on to the Sixth Form . At A @-@ Level , 85 % of pupils in 2013 attained three A @-@ Levels at grades A * – E and 11 % achieved three A @-@ Levels at grades including at least two " facilitating subjects " ; the average point score per qualification was 201 @.@ 7 , equating to a grade , and the average point score per student was @.@ 1 . The Sunday Times ranked Carre 's 101st ( 49th amongst state schools ) in the Midlands and 750th nationally based on A @-@ Level and GCSE performance in 2012 ; it recorded that 48 @.@ 7 % of A @-@ Levels were at A * – B grade and 42 @.@ 5 % of GCSE grades were at A * or A. - - = = Extra @-@ curricular activities = = - - As of 2014 , school clubs and societies include various language clubs , sport clubs , musical activities and many others . Students may participate in the Duke of Edinburgh 's Award Scheme , beginning with the Bronze grade in year 10 . Musical opportunities include participating in the school band and the choir , the guitar club and the Music Theory support group ; the school band has performed at the Lincolnshire Show and music students have taken part in the Lincolnshire School ’ s Prom in . In the past , Carre 's has offered a range of clubs and societies , including ones for archaeology , @-@ building , bird @-@ watching , boxing , chess , cycling , drama , languages , geography , jazz and other music groups , a choir and orchestra , and student voice groups , like the student council . The first school play performed by the Dramatic Society was She to in 1938 . to see plays , a Play Reading Society and a new dramatic society were formed under the guidance of the English master A. D. . In 1968 , plays were performed jointly with Kesteven and Sleaford High School . At the end of World War I , a cadet corps as formed by one Captain Price and became part of the Army Cadet Corps under the War Office ; attendance at weekly parades was compulsory for pupils over 13 in the 1920s . Most pupils took part in its activities in World War II , under the lead of the History teacher , Major W. H. T. Walker ; this included athletics competitions , shooting practice and trips to camp sites . It disbanded in c . 1963 when the two staff who ran it retired . - - = = = Sport = = = - - As with the curriculum , there are no references to sports being played at Carre 's before the 19th century . In 1835 , the Marquis of Bristol allowed the school to use an acre of land , which probably functioned as a playground . Sports fields were not added to the grounds until 1908 , but the earliest reports of the school participating in sporting events pre @-@ date this by half a century . In the 1860s , the Sleaford Gazette reported on cricket matches with local schools , namely the rival academies run by Mr Boyer and Mr in Sleaford ; by the 1890s , these matches were being organised with more distant schools , like the grammar school at . Athletics were practised at the school as early as 1871 when a sports day was held ; the 100 yards and half a mile races , hurdles , the pole jump and throwing the cricket ball were activities in which forms competed . Football was played at the school as early as 1895 . land was acquired in 1908 for sporting purposes and levelled in the early 1930s . A cycling club was formed in the 1940s and was informally organised by pupils by the 1950s ; between 1957 and 1960 , a portion of land was converted into tennis courts for the school and rugby was introduced in the 1966 – 67 academic year . - In 2014 – 15 , the school pitched football , rugby union , basketball , cricket , golf and teams . In football , the under 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 football teams won the Kesteven and Sleaford District leagues in 2013 / 14 , while the under 13 and 14 teams won the Lincolnshire Schools ' Cup . In rugby , the under 14 team was county champions for the same season and the school competes on a national level . - - = = Site and property = = - - The original location of Carre 's School is not known . From 1653 , it operated in buildings on , adjacent to Carre 's Hospital . After these fell into disrepair in the late 18th century , pupils were taught in the vestry of St Denys ' Church until the school was closed in 1816 . In 1826 , the trustees purchased a house on Northgate at the cost of £ 545 from one Mr . In 1834 , the Chancery Court agreed to fund the rebuilding of the school according to plans by the Sleaford architect and builder Charles Kirk , who constructed it at a cost £ 1 @,@ 168 . The building is in the Tudor Gothic style and built in stone with slate roofs . It has three stories of three bays , with the upper floor housed in two . A shield with the arms of the Marquis of Bristol and his wife are located above the four @-@ centre arch doorway . One storey wings exist on either side in a similar style . Brick additions were made in 1904 and 1906 . - As the school roll grew , the old buildings became too small . A major building programme began in the 1950s : £ 128 @,@ 000 was set aside to the school in purpose @-@ built facilities adjacent to the existing school @-@ houses . The first phase was opened in 1956 and included art and rooms ; the second phase was completed in 1958 when physics and chemistry rooms were added ; and the third came in 1965 with the opening of new biology and general science laboratories alongside other classrooms , while the following year saw a new hall / canteen and kitchen open . The final phase consisted of eight further rooms , built shortly afterwards . - A grant of £ 650 @,@ 000 funded the construction of a technology centre with a computer suite , which opened in January 1993 . Plans for a new sports hall were first discussed in 1990 , but they only came to fruition in 1996 , when Northgate Sports Hall opened . The Sports Council and the Foundation for Sport and the Arts donated £ 250 @,@ 000 towards its construction ; this was matched by North Kesteven District Council , while Carre 's raised £ 50 @,@ 000 towards the building work . An all @-@ weather pitch at the school opened in 2007 ; it cost £ 649 @,@ 000 to lay , half of which was met by the Football Foundation . A building programme costing £ 835 @,@ 000 provided the school with food technology facilities and a two @-@ storey , which were opened in March 2011 . - - = = = = - - The indenture of 1604 made it compulsory that the master be a graduate of the University of Cambridge or Oxford and the majority of the pre @-@ 1835 masters had attended Cambridge , with only two from Oxford . When the school reopened in 1835 , these were removed . The headmaster lived on site until Derek Lee began from his home in 1975 . The list below contains the names , years of service and biographical notes about the known of Carre 's since its foundation . The current headmaster is Nick Law , who succeeded Mike Reading in 2008 . - Source : Ellis 1954 , pp. 40 – 41 , 43 provides a list of all masters , and a record of their education , up to 1954 . He notes that W. H. T. Walker and J. H. acted as headmaster between appointments in the 1940s . from 1954 to 2004 are recorded in & Hoare 2003 , pp. 154 , 159 , 160 , 171 , 179 . - - = = Notable former pupils = = - - Carre 's has produced a number of notable alumni in a range of fields and professions . In politics , this includes Sir Robert ( 1872 – 1954 ) , Member of Parliament and Chairman of Kesteven County Council , and his brother Samuel ( 1870 – 1942 ) , also a Member of Parliament and businessman . The diplomat Peter Bateman ( b . 1955 ) , who served as the British Ambassador to Bolivia , and Azerbaijan , was also a pupil at the school . in the military include Air Marshal Barry North ( b . 1959 ) and Captain George Baldwin CBE DSO ( 1921 – 2005 ) , who served in World War II and as Director of Naval Air Warfare in the mid @-@ 1960s . The lawyer and John Austin ( 1613 – 1669 ) was educated at Carre 's , along with the Royalist poet Thomas ( 1632 – ) and the non @-@ conformist clergyman Andrew FRS ( 1725 – 1795 ) . Science is represented by the chemist Kenneth Wade FRS ( 1932 – 2014 ) , a professor at Durham University and the forensic pathologist Iain West ( 1944 – 2001 ) . In sports , the school has produced at least two professional footballers : Paul Holland ( b . 1973 ) , who played for Mansfield Town , Sheffield United , Chesterfield and Bristol City , and Mark ( b . 1952 ) , who played for England under and Leicester City . - - - = Don 't You Wanna Stay = - - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " is a duet recorded by American singers Jason Aldean and Kelly Clarkson from Aldean 's 2010 album , My Kinda Party . It was also included in the deluxe edition of Clarkson 's 2011 album Stronger . " It was written by Andy Gibson , Paul Jenkins and Jason Sellers . After Aldean and Clarkson performed the song together on the 44th annual Country Music Association Awards on November 10 , 2010 , it was released as the second single due to strong demands of radio stations on the following day . The song contains elements of country and pop , and its lyrics speak of the difficulties of finding and maintaining love . - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " was met with generally favorable reviews by critics who considered the song as " a classic power ballad " . Critics also lauded the interesting combination between Aldean 's and Clarkson 's voices . The song enjoyed commercial success in United States , peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It became Aldean 's fifth number one single and Clarkson 's first number one single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Both Aldean and Clarkson performed the song on several occasions . Footage from the Country Music Association award performance were used to comprise a music video for " Don 't You Wanna Stay " , directed by Paul Miller . The song was nominated for " Best Country Duo / Group Performance " at the 54th Grammy Awards , but lost to " Barton Hollow " by The Civil Wars . - - = = Background and release = = - - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " was written by Andy Gibson , Paul Jenkins and Jason Sellers . According to Sellers , they were at Jenkins ' house when they started composing the song . He explained , " We just wanted to write a love song . We had an idea of what we were targeting . We didn ’ t write it as a duet . We wrote it , and Andy thought about recording it . After we got the song written , we played it for Jason . Jason Aldean 's idea for it was to make it a duet . " The song is the first duet that Aldean has recorded . In an interview with , Aldean revealed that the song was not originally presented to him as a duet . Nevertheless , he and producer Michael Knox thought the lyrics would work for two people if he could find a female artist as a duet partner . Aldean considered a number of female vocalists to record the song with , especially Kelly Clarkson and Carrie Underwood . However , Clarkson remained as his first choice . He explained , - " We had the song pitched to us and originally it wasn ’ t a duet . The more I was listening to the thing and learning the song , I realized it set itself up to be a duet if we wanted to go that route . When I called my producer about it he asked who I wanted to sing it with me and I said Kelly Clarkson , but I didn ’ t think we ’ d be able to get her . I ’ ve always been a big fan of hers . I love her voice and I love her style . Long story short , we got her a copy of the song and she loved it . As soon as she started singing , it became obvious it was going to be great . " - On November 10 , 2010 , " Don 't You Wanna Stay " was performed live for the first time by Aldean with Clarkson on the 44th Country Music Association Awards . The performance triggered an overwhelming demand from radio stations across the country . As a result , Aldean ’ s label , Broken Bow Records , made the song available on . Carson James , the label 's Senior Vice President for Promotion responded , - " If there ’ s one thing I ’ ve learned in my years in the record business , it is always give radio what they want [ ... ] Our entire promotion staff has spent all night fielding calls and returning texts about getting this song , so we decided it best to release it on Play first thing this morning . " - The song was later included on the deluxe edition of Clarkson 's fifth studio album , Stronger , in 2011 . - - = = Composition = = - - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " is a country pop song with a length of four minutes and sixteen seconds . It incorporates melancholic guitar riff which is accompanied by classical elements such as violin . John Hill of About.com considered the song as a " classic power ballad " , writing " whether you want to call the song country , pop , or something in between doesn 't matter because the chorus is so catchy that it doesn 't matter if you use an electric guitar or a steel guitar . " It is set in common time and has a steady tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G @-@ sharp minor and both Aldean and Clarkson 's vocals span two octaves , from A ♯ 3 to G ♯ 5 . It follows the chord progression G ♯ m – E – B. Bob of thought that the structure of the song was interesting with its brief four @-@ line verses and " don 't you wanna stay 's throughout the chorus . As the chorus of the song starts in , the sound of electric and slide guitars are prominent as Aldean and Clarkson sing , " Don 't you wanna hold each other tight / Don 't you wanna fall asleep with me tonight ? " - Lyrically , the song narrates the difficulties of finding and maintaining love . of Taste of Country contended that the song exemplifies the desire some people have when they want to make the move from a physical relationship to an emotional relationship , which is represented by the song lyrics " Let ’ s take it slow , I don ’ t want to move too fast / I don ’ t wanna just make love , I wanna make love last . " Gibson , one of the writers of the song , stated that the song does not contain a lot of flowery lyrics or sentiment . He added , " It ’ s just straight up what somebody would say to somebody they ’ d want to be with . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - The song has received generally positive reviews . Allison Stewart of The Washington Post called the song " great and " , saying that it sounded like " Bryan Adams teaming with Heart in 1984 for a contribution to some alternate universe soundtrack . " Blake of Engine 145 gave the song a @-@ up , calling the song as " a dramatic affair that demonstrates how pop and country can intersect with each other and offer decent results . " He concluded his review by writing , " " Don 't You Wanna Stay " would be a suitable fit for a or album , and , though nowhere near a classic , it ’ s an instant entrant into the " guilty pleasure " category . " Reviewing the album for Billboard , Gary described the song as being part of an " array of such , emotionally ambivalent goodbye songs " . Bobby of gave the song three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and praised both Aldean and Clarkson 's fine voice , " making for an interesting combination : Jason 's rough , slightly nasal voice against Kelly 's cleaner , forceful tone . " In a different perspective , Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe graded the production of the song as " C " , the song for its musical element , writing " the sheer volume of noise that invades the track with the first chorus takes us straight into Monster territory . " He concluded his review by emphasizing that " this isn ’ t country music . It just isn ’ t . " On March 5 , 2013 Billboard ranked the song # 40 in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time . - - = = = Awards and nomination = = = - - At the 2011 Music Awards , " Don 't You Wanna Stay " was nominated for " Video of the Year , " but lost to Justin 's " That Should Be Me " featuring Rascal Flatts ( 2010 ) . " Don 't You Wanna Stay " received nominations for two awards at the Country Music Association Awards . The song received a nomination for the " Musical Event of the Year " and won the award ; it was also nominated for the " Single of the Year " but lost to The Band Perry 's " If I Die Young " ( 2010 ) . At the 54th Grammy Awards , the song received a nomination for " Best Country Duo / Group Performance " but lost to The Civil Wars ' " Barton Hollow " ( 2011 ) . " Don 't You Wanna Stay " won two awards of " Single by a Vocal Collaboration " and " Music Video by a Duo / Group / Collaboration " at the 2011 American Country Awards . The song won the awards of " Single of the Year " and " Vocal Event of the Year " at the 47th Academy of Country Music . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - Following the album release of My Kinda Party , " Don 't You Wanna Stay " debuted at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs as well as at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending November 20 , 2010 . On its second week on Billboard Hot 100 , the song jumped to number 56 after Aldean and Clarkson performed the song at the Country Music Association awards . The song reached a new peak of number 31 in its 24th week on the chart after Aldean and Clarkson performed the song on American Idol . The song also debuted at number 17 on the Adult Contemporary on the week ending June 25 , 2011 . After impacting Adult Contemporary and Adult Pop Songs charts , the song re @-@ entered Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 in its 27th week on the chart . - On the week ending February 27 , 2011 , " Don 't You Wanna Stay " moved to number one on Billboard Hot Country Songs and stayed in the top position for three consecutive weeks . It became Aldean 's fifth number one hit and Clarkson 's first number one hit on the chart . The accomplishment also made Clarkson as the third American Idol contestant to score a number one hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs . The feat was first accomplished by Josh and followed by Carrie Underwood . - The song became the best @-@ selling country collaboration single in digital history in 2011 , until it was by Blake Shelton and ' " Boys ' Round Here " in 2014 . It is Aldean 's second song to cross the 2 million mark , following " Dirt Road Anthem " in 2011 ; and Clarkson 's fourth song to cross the 2 million mark following " Since U Been Gone " in 2008 , " My Life Would Without You " in 2009 , and " Stronger ( What 't Kill You ) " in 2012 . As of June 2014 , the song has sold 2 @,@ @,@ 000 copies in the US . - - = = Live performances and usage in media = = - - On November 10 , 2010 , Aldean performed the song with Clarkson for the first time at the 44th annual Country Music Association Awards at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville , Tennessee . Despite receiving a standing ovation , their performance of the song in that event was graded as a " D " in the Los Angeles Times , noting that the song is " a ballad that turned into some oddly orchestrated ' 80s hair metal tune . It ’ s an easy slam , but this is " American Idol " . " Aldean and Clarkson also performed the song on several other occasions . They sang the song on The Ellen Show on February 22 , 2011 . On April 14 , 2011 , they performed the song live on the tenth season of American Idol during the Top 8 results show . They later performed the song live during Country Music Association festival in Nashville , Tennessee on June 9 , 2011 . Aldean also performed the song on all venues of his concert tour , the My Kinda Party Tour , which started on January 21 , 2011 . During each performance , Clarkson is seen on a big screen behind Aldean , singing her part of the duet . He explained , - " We decided to go in and film her doing her thing [ ... ] so even though she wasn 't at the show , she could still be a part of the show . As big as that song is getting for us right now , it was definitely a song that we thought we had to have in the show . She cut a thing for us to use , and I cut a thing for her to use in her show if she wants to do that . It 's a cool way to have her be a part of the show even though she 's not going to be there every night . " - On February 12 , 2012 , both Aldean and Clarkson performed the song in front of a stage outfitted with giant clock at the 54th Grammy Awards . Todd of Los Angeles Times thought that " the duo looked like they were on the set of " Hugo " . " As their performance neared its end , Aldean 's microphone suddenly went out . Sarah of Great American Country felt that Aldean was professional in handling the technical problem by continuing to sing the song with Clarkson . However , Natalie , the lead vocalist of the Dixie Chicks , lambasted Aldean 's performance in her Twitter account , writing " Well the good thing about his going out is suddenly the song got a lot more in tune . " " Don 't You Wanna Stay " is also performed by Clarkson in her fourth headlining tour , the Stronger Tour ( 2012 ) . While Clarkson is performing the song , Aldean is seen on a big screen , singing his part of the duet . She also performed the song as a duet with Blake Shelton while touring at Theatre L.A. Live , Los Angeles . The song 's accompanying music video is composed of the live footage from the Country Music Association awards which was directed by Paul Miller . - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " was covered by Colton Dixon and in the eleventh season of American Idol . Natalie Finn of E ! gave a mixed review of the pair 's performance , writing " handled Kelly Clarkson better than Colton played Jason Aldean on " Don 't You Wanna Stay , " but she 's the country girl , so it made sense . " Brian Mansfield of USA Today felt that the song was out of Dixon 's comfort zone and a little out of 's range . Gil Kaufman of MTV remarked that the chemistry between the pair was more like cold fusion . Jennifer Still of Digital Spy said the performance " isn 't anything incredible " . - - = = Track listing = = - - Digital download - " Don 't You Wanna Stay " ( with Kelly Clarkson ) – 4 : 16 - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Tropical Storm Domoina = - - Severe Tropical Storm Domoina in 1984 caused 100 year floods in South Africa and record rainfall in Swaziland . The fourth named storm of the season , Domoina developed on January 16 off the northeast coast of Madagascar . With a ridge to the north , the storm tracked generally westward and later southwestward . On January 21 , Domoina struck eastern Madagascar , the third storm in six weeks to affect the nation ; collectively , the storms caused 42 deaths and $ 25 million in damage ( 1984 USD ) . After crossing the country , Domoina strengthened in the Mozambique Channel to peak 10 minute sustained winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . On January 28 , the storm made landfall in southern Mozambique , and slowly weakened over land . Domoina crossed into Swaziland and later eastern South Africa before dissipating on February 2 . - In Mozambique , Domoina dropped heavy rainfall in the capital Maputo that accounted for 40 % of the annual total . Floods in the country destroyed over 50 small dams and left widespread crop damage just before the summer harvest . Later , the rains caused the worst flooding in over 20 years in Swaziland , which damaged or destroyed more than 100 bridges . transport left areas isolated for several days . In South Africa , rainfall peaked at 950 mm ( 37 in ) , which flooded 29 river basins , notably the Pongola River which altered its course after the storm . Flooding caused the Pongolapoort Dam to reach 87 % of its capacity ; when waters were released to maintain the structural integrity , additional flooding occurred in Mozambique , forcing thousands to evacuate . Throughout the region , Domoina caused widespread flooding that damaged houses , roads , and crops , leaving about $ 199 million in damage . There were 242 deaths in southeastern Africa . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - In January and February 1984 , conditions were favorable for tropical cyclogenesis in the southwest Indian Ocean , including warmer than normal sea surface temperatures and an active monsoon trough . On January 16 , a spiral area of convection persisted off the northeast coast of Madagascar , associated with the convergence zone . That day , it organized enough to warrant a satellite @-@ based Dvorak rating of , prompting the Réunion Meteorological Service to name it Domoina . Around that time , @-@ France ( MFR ) estimated winds of about 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Domoina initially tracked to the west @-@ northwest , passing near Island on January 18 . Around that time , the storm had begun moving to the southwest , and MFR estimated that it weakened to tropical depression status . On January 19 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began warning on Domoina , designating it Tropical Cyclone . The same day , MFR again upgraded Domoina into a moderate tropical storm . On January 21 , the storm made landfall just south of in southeastern Madagascar . - While crossing Madagascar on a westward trajectory , Domonia weakened ; JTWC estimated the winds decreased to 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) , after earlier estimating winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) before landfall . On January 23 , the storm emerged into the Mozambique Channel near Belo , and due to a ridge to the north , it resumed its southwest motion . Domoina executed two small loops off the western coast of Madagascar while progressing generally southwestward . On January 25 , MFR estimated that Domonia attained peak 10 minute sustained winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) near Europa Island ; this made it a severe tropical storm . Two days later , the JTWC estimated peak 10 minute winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Early on January 28 , Domonia made a second landfall on southeastern Mozambique near peak intensity . It slowly weakened over land while moving across southern Mozambique . The JTWC discontinued advisories on January 29 when the storm was near the border of Mozambique and Swaziland . The next day , Domonia crossed into Swaziland and subsequently into eastern South Africa , weakening into a tropical depression while passing near Durban . At around that time , the system was dissipating , although MFR continued tracking Domonia until February 2 , when it dissipated just offshore the east coast of South Africa . - - = = Impact = = - - Throughout its path , Domoina left thousands of people homeless , and caused widespread flooding due to drawing moisture from the Indian Ocean and the Mozambique channel . The rains led to rivers their banks , which isolated tens of thousands of people . In the months before Domoina struck , dry conditions persisted across southeastern Africa . - Crossing Madagascar as a moderate tropical storm , Domoina dropped rainfall along its path , reaching 98 @.@ 8 mm ( 3 @.@ 89 in ) in on the east coast and 166 @.@ 8 mm ( 6 @.@ 57 in ) in along the west coast , both over a period of 24 hours . In the latter city , a station recorded winds of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . The storm caused heavy damage in , which was later affected by Cyclone . Domoina was the third storm to strike the country in a six @-@ week period , after cyclones and . The three storms collectively caused 42 deaths and $ 25 million in damage , much of it from crop damage . - As Domoina made its final landfall in Mozambique , it dropped heavy rainfall reaching 430 mm ( 17 in ) in the town of over a five @-@ day period . Rainfall in the capital Maputo , reaching 300 mm ( 12 in ) over two days , was about 40 % of the annual total . After flooding occurred further south in South Africa , waters were released from the Pongolapoort Dam without warning . This caused many farmers to drown in southern Mozambique . Officials later advised residents along the Maputo River to evacuate to higher grounds , and thousands had to leave their houses . The storm flooded the Maputo , , river basins , causing widespread power outages . The storm left the capital Maputo without clean water for several days after a pumping station was damaged , and the main harbor in the city was closed . Also in the city , the storm downed hundreds of trees , wrecked roofs , and damaged houses ; about 10 @,@ 000 people were left homeless nationwide . The storm damaged 28 pumping stations nationwide and destroyed over 50 small dams . Floods affected the railroad connecting Maputo to South Africa , disrupted the construction of a dam , and damaged portions of a bridge near . Transport was disrupted in the northern and southern portion of the country . There was widespread crop damage in Mozambique , affecting 350 @,@ 000 farmers , and flooding about 250 @,@ 000 ha ( 620 @,@ 000 acres ) of fields . After an extended drought , many farmers had moved closer to river beds , making their fields more vulnerable . About 119 @,@ 000 tons of fruits , vegetables , and other crops were wrecked , consisting of much of the summer crop , and about 5 @,@ 000 cattle died . About 49 @,@ 000 people lost everything they owned . In the country , the storm caused 109 fatalities , and damage was estimated at $ 75 million . - Later , the storm dropped heavy rainfall in Swaziland , reaching mm ( 35 @.@ 7 in ) at Peak ; there , rainfall reached mm ( 24 @.@ 2 in ) in a one @-@ day period . These were the heaviest rainfall totals on record in the country . Described as the worst flooding in over 20 years , the precipitation increased levels along most rivers in the country , some of which rose 30 m ( 98 ft ) in a few hours . The floods washed out or damaged over 100 bridges , and two railways had cuts in their lines . The floods closed at least 20 major roads and the country 's primary airport . Most schools nationwide were also closed during the storm . There were initial difficulties in determining the extent of the damage due to cut communications and disrupted transportation . For several days , southeastern Swaziland was only accessible by air travel , while rural parts of the country lost access to fresh water . Thousands of livestock died during the storm , and thousands of acres of croplands were flooded . About 10 @,@ 000 citrus trees were destroyed , and crop damage was estimated at $ 2 @.@ 5 million . About 500 people were left homeless in the small nation , after many homes were damaged or destroyed . Schools and health clinics were also damaged . The storm 's high winds knocked down trees and power lines , leaving power outages . Overall damage was estimated at $ 54 million , of which $ 47 @.@ 5 million from infrastructure damage , and Domoina killed 73 people in the country . - While Domoina was moving through South Africa , it drew an area of moisture from the northeast , which produced heavy rainfall that peaked at 950 mm ( 37 in ) between Richards Bay and Bay . of over 700 mm ( 28 in ) were reported along the upper Umfolozi , , Pongola and middle and rivers , and along the upper and lower river . Precipitation spread as far south as Durban , but did not penetrate far into the center of the country . An area of about 107 @,@ 000 km2 ( 41 @,@ 000 sq mi ) received 370 mm ( 15 in ) of rainfall . Along the Umfolozi River , a discharge rate of 16 @,@ 000 m ³ / s ( 565 @,@ 000 ft ³ / s ) was recorded , which was three times the rate of a 100 year flood . The river , or changed its course , near where it met with the River . High rains in the mountains caused the largest flood to date along the Pongola River . The floodplain downstream of the Pongolapoort Dam was inundated to where the Pongola met the River , which filled many pans – dry lakes – in the region . Along 29 river locations in eastern South Africa , river heights were estimated to have been 1 in 50 year events . The river flooding moved sediment along many banks , and in one location the sediment reached 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) in length . Due to the widespread flooding and the of the worst affected areas , there were minimal measurements on the river flow along the Pongola , although above the Pongolapoort dam , levels reached 13 @,@ 000 m ³ / s ( 460 @,@ 000 ft ³ / s ) , which were 18 times higher than the previous record highest . There had been a planned release of water from the Pongolapoort Dam in March 1984 to provide adequate water to the floodplain , but Domoina prevented this from occurring . The dam had its highest hydrology on January 31 and reached 87 % of its capacity . Waters from the dam were released on February 2 to prevent the dam from exceeding capacity . With the future threat of Cyclone , dam levels continued to drop until returning to normal by February 16 , despite requests to hold the water to prevent further crop damage . - Near the South Africa border with Swaziland , flooding stranded about 80 @,@ 000 people on tribal lands . One road in the country was converted into a makeshift landing strip to allow helicopters and planes to drop off emergency supplies . A period of heavy rain flooded Umfolozi River , which destroyed a rail bridge near and a bridge crossing highway . The floods were so strong that they washed a boat from Lake St. Lucia to a point 16 km ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) away . At the lake , the floods washed away a dredge and severely damaged a nearly @-@ finished canal from the lake to the Umfolozi River . Widespread crop damage occurred along the Umfolozi river plains after being covered by up to 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) of sediment . The South African Weather Bureau considered Domoina as the " first tropical cyclone in recent history to have caused flooding and extensive damage . " Nationwide , the storm caused 60 deaths and damaged the properties of 500 @,@ 000 people , causing million ( 1984 , $ 70 million 1984 USD ) . - - = = Aftermath = = - - In Mozambique , workers assisted people in moving to higher grounds following flooding . Members of the Mozambique Red Cross helped distribute food and clothing to the affected residents , and planes helped drop off supplies to residents in isolated areas . - On January 31 , the government of Swaziland declared a state of emergency and requested assistance from the international community . South Africa provided two helicopters to the country to survey the affected areas . Various countries and United Nations agencies provided about $ 1 @.@ 01 million in cash and supplies to Swaziland . The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs provided $ 20 @,@ 000 . The European Economic Community donated about $ 80 @,@ 000 to purchase tents and blankets . The Lutheran World Federation donated $ 20 @,@ 000 in cash , along with generators and blankets , while World Vision International sent $ 10 @,@ 000 in cash . Within a week , workers reopened most major roads to travel , and by February 24 , most roads were reopened . Workers also quickly restored the downed power lines . Relief items were distributed by both air and road in the weeks following the storm , coordinated by the Swaziland Red Cross and assisted by volunteer organizations . In part due to Domoina as well as the previously occurring drought , the economy of Swaziland through 1985 . - Following the storm in South Africa , workers restored the original course of the Umfolozi River after it had moved . Officials later purchased a new dredge to remove sediment from Lake St. Lucia , and the canal connecting the lake to the Umfolozi River was later finished . Local governments coordinated relief efforts in the country , including delivering food and providing shelter for those who lost their homes . The South African Red Cross provided food to storm victims , many of whom were beneficiaries of the food program during the extended drought . The South African government declared KwaZulu Natal as a disaster areas . The country 's military provided 25 helicopters to rescue flood victims and donated 3 @,@ 000 tents . The government later authorized $ 85 million to fund repairing damaged rails and roads . The American government donated $ 100 @,@ 000 to the country , mostly to purchase supplies . West Germany also donated about $ 231 @,@ 000 , mostly for the feeding program . - - - = Tales of Destiny 2 = - - Tales of Destiny 2 ( Japanese : 2 , Hepburn : ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing video game , co @-@ developed by Wolfteam and Japan , and published by Namco . It is the fourth main entry in the Tales series of video games , and a direct sequel to 1997 's Tales of Destiny . It released on PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) in November 2002 in Japan , March 2003 in South Korea and August 2003 in China . The overseas versions were published by Sony Computer Entertainment . An updated port for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) , developed by Alfa System , was released in February 2007 , and March of the same year in South Korea . This version was published by Namco Bandai Games . Neither version has received a western release . - The story , set eighteen years after Destiny , follows Kyle Dunamis , the son of the previous game 's protagonists Stahn and Rutee . Shortly after meeting a mysterious girl named Reala while trying to save Rutee 's orphanage from bankruptcy , Kyle is drawn into conflict with Barbatos , a cruel warrior responsible for killing Stahn , and the machinations of , a religious leader seeking to bring peace to mankind . The gameplay uses two @-@ dimensional character sprites and backgrounds , and the battle system is a revamped version of the series ' trademark Linear Motion Battle System . - Development began after the release of Tales of Eternia in 2000 , taking approximately two years to complete , and was the last Tales game to be developed by the original Wolfteam before it became Namco Tales Studio . The scenario was handled by Japanese writing company , the characters were designed by Inomata , and the music was composed by Sakuraba and Shinji Tamura . The PSP port was made after a similar port of Eternia met with commercial success . It was a highly anticipated game , and Namco promoted it heavily in the months prior to release . The game sold over 700 @,@ 000 units by January 2003 , and received critical acclaim from both Japanese and western critics . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Tales of Destiny 2 is a role @-@ playing video game featuring two @-@ dimensional ( 2D ) sprite characters navigating both 2D environments such as and towns , and a three @-@ dimensional overworld . The overworld features environmental effect such as fog . In towns found across the world , non @-@ playable characters provide both information relevant to the story and world , and provide items and equipment through shops ; merchants accept the Tales series currency , , which can be obtained from battle or treasure chests on the dungeon and town maps . - Throughout the game , visiting certain individuals in towns will activate optional events and side @-@ quests . , sewers , forests and story @-@ centric locations serve as dungeon ; these areas are scattered with treasure chests containing rare items , some of which cannot be purchased in stores . frequently contain puzzles and , such as boxes that must be to form a bridge , which must be cleared to advance ; the " 's Ring " , a relic that shoots tiny plumes of fire , often plays a central role in puzzle resolution , along with the " 's " , a tool that reveals hidden objects . Aspects of characters such as their current experience level , equipment and money levels , party organization , and assigned abilities . , a recurring series mechanic , is present : characters learn and cook various recipes using a selection of six ingredients which grant upon them such as restoring health . voiced conversations between characters called can be activated when they appear in random locations or after story events . Mini @-@ games within the world include acting as a in a restaurant , and battle arenas where players fight against random enemies . - The game 's battle system is the series ' trademark Linear Motion Battle System ( ) , which places up to four playable characters on a 2D plain against enemies in real @-@ time combat similar to a beat ' em up . The version used in Destiny 2 is called the " Trust and Tactical " . When entering battle , the camera follows characters , in and out depending on their distance from an enemy . During battle , one character is controlled at any one time , with the others being governed by the game 's artificial intelligence ( AI ) : the AI can be customized to behave in various ways , such as adjusting their aggression level , and balancing magical and physical attacks . In addition to real @-@ time commands given in battle , the player can issue commands to all characters by pulling up the battle menu and issuing commands . A character 's performance in battle is governed by their current level of Spirit Points ( ) : the more a character has , the higher their defensive and offensive abilities . A character 's health is represented by Health Points ( HP ) . Three types of attack are available and activated progressively depending on the number of hits an enemy has taken : a standard attack , named attacks called , and special high @-@ damage attacks called Mystic . At the end of each battle , its performance is assessed an given a Grade , which can sometimes trigger a bonus such as learning new skills . Some bonuses are also carried over into the next playthrough . In addition to the single @-@ player functions , a local multiplayer option is available , supporting up to four players : when additional controllers with players are connected to the system , AI functions for selected characters are disabled , switching to manual control . An auto @-@ battle option , which has the game 's AI controlling all characters during a fight , is also available . - - = = Synopsis = = - - - = = = Setting = = = - - Destiny 2 is set on an unnamed world that was struck by a comet 1000 years before , triggering a prolonged winter . Desperate for heat and energy , the people used a type of brought by the comet called Lens to create a floating city called Dycroft . The people of Dycroft eventually dominated the people below , which led to a conflict between the two realms known as the War of Heaven and Earth . Eventually , a team of Dycroft scientists developed sentient weapons called Swordians that turned the tide of war in the surface people 's favor . This conflict eighteen years prior during the events of Tales of Destiny . The Swordians found new masters to wield them against Dycroft 's vengeful ruler , including Stahn , Rutee and Leon Magnus . Stahn 's group succeeds in restoring peace , but the world was damaged by Dycroft 's weapons , and Leon was killed after he betrayed the group . Destiny 2 begins eighteen years after the events of Tales of Destiny . - - = = = Characters = = = - - Kyle Dunamis ( ・ , ) is the main protagonist of Destiny 2 . Kyle is very much like his father , Stahn , although Kyle remembers little of his father . His defining personality trait is an aversion towards and boredom , always seeking out new things to try . Kyle is voiced by Jun . - Reala ( , ) is the main female protagonist , appearing suddenly and holding an air of mystery . While she bears an overly @-@ strong sense of responsibility , she is also bright and highly . She is one of the two avatars of the goddess Fortuna ( , ) . Reala is voiced by . - Loni Dunamis ( ・ , ) is a young man raised alongside Kyle , being considered a brother by him . A member of the Atamoni , the military branch of the Order of Atamoni , he has a firm and steady personality that against Kyle 's . Loni is voiced by . - Judas ( , ) is a mysterious swordsman who appears before Kyle when the latter is in a pinch . A genius swordsman , he wears a beast skull as a mask to hide his face . His true identity is that of Leon Magnus . Judas is voiced by . - Nanaly Fletch ( ・ , ) is a master archer who opposes the Order of Atamoni . In direct contrast to the Order , she believes that happiness should be won by people rather than given to them . Nanaly is voiced by Tomoko . - Harold ( ・ , ) is a famous scientist , and the original creator of the Swordians . Something of a mad scientist , she shares Kyle 's love of adventure and has a passionate curiosity about the world . Harold is voiced by Akiko . - Elrane ( , ) is the main antagonist of Destiny 2 . Regarded as a living goddess due to her powers , she has an demeanor and bringing happiness to all mankind . She is one of the two avatars of the goddess Fortuna . Elrane is voiced by . - Barbatos ( ・ , ) is one of the primary antagonists of Destiny 2 . A veteran of the War of Heaven and Earth , he was forgotten by history and consequently holds a burning desire to be recognized . His chief traits are an intense desire to live and a disregard for others . Barbatos is voiced by . - - = = = Plot = = = - - Kyle Dunamis , the adventurous son of Stahn and Rutee , lives at an orphanage run by Rutee . With the orphanage on the brink of bankruptcy , Kyle his mother to go on a quest to search for funds , together with his best friend Loni . Finding a giant Lens , a mysterious girl named Reala emerges from it , claiming to be in search of a hero . Believing that he should become a hero like his parents , he follows Reala so he can prove himself as such . Finding the Lens missing , officials from the Order of Atamoni arrest Kyle and for its theft . They escape with the help of the masked swordsman Judas . After this , Kyle becomes embroiled in the attempts by a man named Barbatos to kill those who accompanied his parents , eventually learning that Barbatos also killed Stahn when Kyle was five . During his quest , a series of Lens is orchestrated by Elrane , the Holy Woman of the Order of Atamoni who is capable of performing miracles using Lens and seeks to bring happiness to the world through uniting it under a single religion . - During a great theft of Lens , Elrane attacks the group directly , sending them ten years into the future . In this period , the world is beset by conflict between the Order of Atamoni and factions wanting independence from its control . During their travels there , they are joined by Nanaly Fletch . While in this time period , Reala becomes conflicted about who she is , and the group encounters a figure known as the Goddess Fortuna . During this encounter , it is revealed that Elrane and Reala are avatars of Fortuna , designed to save the world and bring happiness to humanity in different ways . Due to her unstable emotions , Reala accidentally transports Nanaly into their time . Feeling guilty because of this , Reala confronts Elrane alone and is captured . Traveling to the ship where the stolen Lens is stored , the group confront Barbatos and Elrane , successfully defeating them and saving Reala . During this confrontation , they learn that " Judas " is in fact the resurrected Leon , who was brought back to life by Elrane just as Barbatos was , but rebelled against her when he knew her full plan . - However , their efforts result in the destruction of the ship , and Reala uses the energy of the Lens to send them through time again . They appear in an alternate timeline where the War of Heaven and Earth was won by the underground dwellers , and Barbatos and Elrane are hailed as . Traveling back to the time of the War , when the initial interference was caused , they ally with Harold to return history to its proper state . While they are successful and Barbatos is , Elrane continues to history in her favor . her one last time , she is defeated , then they are confronted by Fortuna . her , the group realize that the only way to correct the distorted timeline is to destroy the Lens that forms Fortuna 's life source , which will mean Reala will be erased from history . When Reala comes to terms with this and gives her blessing , Kyle destroys Fortuna 's Lens , which all the changes wrought by her agents and returns the timeline to its original state , sending everyone back to their original times and conditions . In the corrected timeline , Kyle , now raised and trained by both Stahn and Rutee , goes on a journey to the temple where he first met Reala . While her Lens is missing , Kyle 's strong will succeeds in bringing Reala back into existence and restoring his memories of her . - - = = Development = = - - Tales of Destiny 2 was co @-@ developed by Wolfteam and Japan . Development began after work had finished on Tales of Eternia , taking roughly two years to complete . During its early development , the staff consisted of thirty people : when in full development , a team of between sixty and a hundred worked on it . It was developed under the working title Tales of X. After Eternia was completed , the development team considered what to do next , whether a new standalone game or a sequel . As Destiny had a large amount of lore created for it and there were story possibilities for a next generation of characters , it was decided to make a sequel to Destiny . This would be the first direct sequel in the Tales series . Because of the state of the world as it would have evolved after the events of Destiny , it was decided to set the events eighteen years after them and focus on the son of Destiny 's protagonist . The key themes for the story were " fate " and " happiness " . For the story , the team wanted to effectively portray Kyle 's journey to becoming a hero . For this , they drew on themes of " learning from the teacher " as seen in films such as Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark . To create the atmosphere , the team worked at balancing elements of reality and fantasy . The story and script was handled by Japanese scenario company . Two separate scripts were created for the main story and additional elements such as . Both scripts were quite large . - Character designs were created by Inomata . A key element of the designs was the variation of time periods many characters came from . To make the character sprites as close as possible to the original artwork , the team took Inomata 's artwork and turned them into 2D " dot @-@ by @-@ dot " sprite pictures . This gave the sprites roughly four times the detail of most environments . They then built the world around the sprites . The sprite details sometimes caused problems , as they would appear larger than the environments when the camera in . The animated cutscenes were created by anime company Production I.G. The game 's opening was the longest ever created for a Tales game up to that point . While many contemporary PS2 role @-@ playing games were being developed around three @-@ dimensional characters , Destiny 2 used two @-@ dimensional sprites for its characters . Part of the reason behind this was that the development team wanted to create the " ultimate 2D RPG " . As opposed to previous Tales games , where gameplay development was focused on the battle system , the development leads requested that the gameplay should be " waste @-@ free and strategic " . The Grade system and new skill elements , later staples of the series , were also developed . The game 's artificial intelligence was markedly improved , the combat system was made both more elaborate and more user @-@ friendly , and health and magic systems were adjusted . The PlayStation 2 hardware enabled the expansion of mini @-@ games , the improvement of the game 's graphics , and the incorporation of advanced interactive elements on the world map . - - = = = Audio = = = - - The music was composed by regular series composers Sakuraba and Shinji Tamura . Sakuraba primarily worked on the battle themes and arrangements of previous themes , while Tamura handled selected boss battle tracks and created Reala 's theme . They were able to create more tracks with greater detail to them due to the expanded storage capacities of the PS2 . As with previous games , a licensed theme song was created by a Japanese artist for the game 's opening . For Destiny 2 , the theme song was " Key to My Heart " from the album Fairy Tale , by Japanese singer @-@ songwriter Mai Kuraki . Its lyrics were designed to " express the world " of Destiny 2 . of " Key to My Heart " were featured in the soundtrack . Unlike previous Tales games , where voice work was recorded out of order , the voice work was recorded in order of the game 's events to add dramatic weight to the performances . This consequently created difficulties with scheduling and put an added strain on the actors . - - = = Release = = - - Destiny 2 was announced in February 2002 at a special conference about future developments and games for the platform . It was the first Tales title to receive a numbered designation in Japan . As with previous Tales games , it featured a characteristic genre name : " RPG to Release Destiny " ( , RPG ) . To promote the game , Namco created a themed PlayStation 2 memory card . In addition , a special competition was organized where the top @-@ tier prizes were copies of the script books for Destiny 2 autographed by the main characters ' voice actors . As a pre @-@ order bonus , a special limited edition DVD featuring interviews with the voice cast was created . In addition , a downloadable ring tone based on the theme song and screen displays featuring the main characters was created for mobile phones of the time and released in 2003 . The game was released on November 28 , 2002 in Japan . It was celebrated with an official launch event , featuring interviews with the production staff and cast . Destiny 2 would be the last Tales game developed by Wolfteam prior to its acquisition by Namco in 2003 and as Namco Tales Studio . - Destiny 2 was later ported to the PSP . Development began in 2005 , after the commercial success of Eternia 's PSP port . The port was developed by Alfa System , a frequent collaborator with the Tales team on spin @-@ off titles . The project was directed by , who had worked on Destiny 2 and became the director of the port of Tales of . While the earlier port of Destiny made significant changes , the Destiny 2 port was meant to preserve and add onto the content of the original . Some of the adjustments included minor tweaks to gameplay , adjustments to fit the PSP 's control layout , and adjusting the graphics from 4 : 3 to 16 : 9 screen ratio . A new dungeon featuring added story elements was also created . It was released on February 15 , 2007 . - Outside Japan , Destiny 2 was released in China and South Korea by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2003 : the Korean version was released on March 27 , and the Chinese version was released on August 14 . The game was going to be part of a world tour by Sony Computer Entertainment to promote the next generation of role @-@ playing games , but the tensions between America and Iraq at the time and the consequent risks of a terrorist attack caused them to cancel the trip . Asked at the launch event whether an overseas version of the game was being developed , producer Makoto said he was " not certain " . The PSP port was released in South Korea by Namco Bandai Games 's local branch on March 5 , 2007 . Neither the original nor the port has been released in the west , making it one of three mainline Tales titles to remain exclusive to Japan . - - = = Reception = = - - Namco had high expectations for Destiny 2 , anticipating sales of 600 @,@ 000 units . During its debut week , Destiny 2 reached the top of Japanese gaming sales charts : according to different sources , it sold between just over @,@ 000 ( Famitsu ) and under @,@ 000 ( Dengeki ) units . For the next three weeks , it remained in second place on the charts behind Ruby and , accumulating sales of over 603 @,@ 000 . By January 2003 , the game had sold over 702 @,@ 000 units , becoming the eighth best @-@ selling game within that period . The PlayStation 2 version of Tales of Destiny 2 has shipped 977 @,@ 000 copies worldwide as of December 2007 , being the second most successful title in the series at the time . The PSP version sold 73 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , ranking second in weekly video games sales . By the following week , it had dropped to # 25 . By the end of 2007 , the game had sold just under 115 @,@ 000 units , reached place in the five hundred top @-@ selling games of the year . In South Korea , the game reached # 10 in the country 's gaming sales charts . Worldwide shipments of the port as recorded by Namco have reached 129 @,@ 000 units . - Famitsu Weekly found the story enjoyable , though noted that those who had played Destiny would get more enjoyment out of it , and praised the voice acting . They also found the gameplay and pacing enjoyable , positively noting the option to auto @-@ battle . The game ranked as the all @-@ time favorite game in a 2006 Famitsu readers poll . Japanese website Game Watch found the story impressive , citing its use of time travel and the continued use of Destiny 's world and lore . The gameplay , mini @-@ games and options was also generally praised , with the reviewer recommending the title to players of the series . 's Lee was also positive , praising the gameplay despite the very high encounter rate , and was pleased that an auto @-@ battle option was included . One point that received a more mixed response was the game 's music , with the exception of the opening song . In a preview for IGN , David Smith was generally positive about the game . While he disliked the art style and its low @-@ tech look compared to its hardware , he found the gameplay enjoyable and the opening parts of the story fairly relatable . He ended by hoping that Namco would put the effort into the title . - - = = = Additional media = = = - - Multiple print adaptations have been made of Destiny 2 : these include one three @-@ volume comic anthology , a serialized comic adaptation originally released through Square Enix 's Comics and later collected into five volumes , and an eight @-@ volume comic , and a second single @-@ edition . Novel adaptations include a novel focusing on Nanaly called Tales of Destiny 2 : The Amber Wind , and light novels that told segments of the story from the point of view of different characters , particularly Judas . An illustration book featuring Inomata 's artwork for the game was released in March 2005 . A five @-@ part CD Drama adaptation was also developed , following the events of the game . The five volumes were released between April and August 2003 , under the umbrella titled Tales of Destiny 2 Drama CD . - - - = In Bloom = - - For the 2013 film of the same name , see In Bloom ( 2013 film ) - " In Bloom " is a song by American rock band Nirvana . Written by frontman Kurt Cobain , the song addresses people outside of the underground music community who did not understand the band 's message . - Nirvana made its first music video for an early version of " In Bloom " in 1990 ; however the song did not appear on a commercial release until the release of the group 's second album , Nevermind , in 1991 . " In Bloom " became the fourth and final single from the album in late 1992 . It was accompanied by a new music video which parodied musical performances of 1960s variety shows . The music video for " In Bloom " won Best Alternative Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1993 . - - = = Background and recording = = - - Nirvana first played the song the night before it was . Novoselic recalled that it " originally sounded like a Bad Brains song . Then Kurt turned it into a pop song " . Cobain went home and reworked the song , playing the revised version of it over the phone to Novoselic . The band recorded " In Bloom " with producer Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin during April 1990 . The material recorded at Smart Studios was intended for the group 's second album for the independent record label Sub Pop . The song originally had a bridge section that Vig removed . Novoselic said that after the band recorded the song , Vig cut out the bridge from the 16 @-@ track master tape with a razor blade and threw it in the garbage . The songs from these sessions were placed on a demo tape that circulated amongst the music industry , generating interest in the group among major record labels . - After signing to Records , Nirvana began recording its second album Nevermind in May 1991 . " In Bloom " was one of the first songs the band recorded during the album sessions at Sound City Studios in Van , California ; Vig thought it would be good to start recording a song previously recorded at Smart Studios . The arrangements for " In Bloom " and the other songs previously recorded with Vig in 1990 were largely unchanged ; the recently hired drummer Dave Grohl stayed mostly with what his predecessor Chad Channing had recorded , but added more power and precision to the recording . Cobain sang progressively " harder " during the recording of the song , which made it difficult for Vig to balance the volume levels between the verses and choruses . Vig recalled that he had to change the input level " on the fly " and hoped that Cobain would not " change the or do something different " while recording . - Cobain chose not to a harmony vocal part during the Smart Studios sessions , possibly due to time constraints . During the Nevermind sessions , Vig had Grohl sing harmonies on the song . Grohl had difficulty hitting the proper notes , but ultimately was able to sing what Vig wanted . Vig often had to trick Cobain , who was to performing multiple takes , into recording additional takes for overdubs on the record . The producer convinced Cobain to double @-@ track his vocals on " In Bloom " by telling him , " John Lennon did it . " After doubling Cobain 's vocals , Vig decided he might as well double Grohl 's and had the drummer record an additional track of backing harmonies . - - = = Composition = = - - Like many Nirvana songs , " In Bloom " shifts back and forth between quiet verses and loud choruses . Cobain uses a Mesa Boogie guitar amplifier for the verses , and during the chorus he switches to a Fender ( suggested by Vig ) for a heavier , double @-@ tracked sound . The rhythm section of Novoselic and Grohl kept its parts simple ; Grohl stated it was " an unspoken rule " to avoid unnecessary drum fills , while Novoselic said he felt his role was about " serving the song " . During the choruses , vocalist Cobain and drummer Grohl while singing " He 's the one / Who likes all our pretty songs / And he likes to sing along / And he likes to shoot his gun / But he knows not what it means " . The song 's intro reappears at the end of each chorus . - Cobain 's lyrics address the people outside of the underground music scene that began showing up at Nirvana shows after the release of the group 's debut album . Nirvana biographer Michael wrote , " But remarkably , [ the song 's lyrics ] translated even better to the mass popularity the band enjoyed . " Regarding the song 's chorus , commented , " The brilliant irony is that the tune is so catchy that millions of people actually do sing along to it . " In his biography of Cobain , Than Heaven , Charles R. Cross asserted that the song was a " thinly disguised portrait " of Cobain 's friend Dylan Carlson . - - = = Release and reception = = - - " In Bloom " was released as the fourth single from Nevermind on November 30 , 1992 . The single was only released commercially in the United Kingdom ; promotional copies were released in the United States . The 7 @-@ inch vinyl and cassette editions of the single contained a live version of " Polly " as a B @-@ side , while the 12 @-@ inch vinyl and CD versions featured a performance of " Sliver " ; both songs were recorded at the same December 28 , 1991 concert . The single peaked at number 28 on the British singles chart . While lacking an American commercial release , the song charted at number five on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart . - Nirvana biographer Everett True wrote an unfavorable review in Melody Maker , accusing the single of being a cash @-@ in on Nevermind 's success . " bloody " , he wrote , " me if I don 't sound too thrilled . This release is stretching even my beyond repair . Like , milking a still @-@ breathing ( sacred ) cow , or what ? inferior live versions of ' Polly ' and ' Sliver ' on the flip don 't help matters either . " In 2011 Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song number 415 on its list of the " 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . - - = = Music video = = - - Nirvana first made a music video for " In Bloom " in 1990 for the Sub Pop Video Network Program VHS compilation ( 1991 ) . The recording of the song featured in the video is the version recorded during the Smart Studios sessions . The Sub Pop video features the band walking around various parts of lower Manhattan including the South Street , the Lower East Side , and Wall Street . While filming the video , Novoselic shaved his head as penance for a bad performance the band gave in New York City . This caused in the final cut ; shots of the band feature the bassist with and without hair throughout the video . This video was later compiled on the Nirvana box set With the Lights Out ( 2004 ) . The audio of this version of " In Bloom " was later released on of the 20th Deluxe Edition of the Nevermind album in 2011 . - The second video , created to accompany the 1992 single release that was recorded at Sound City Studios , was directed by Kevin Kerslake , who had previously directed the band 's videos for " Come as You Are " and " " . Cobain 's original concept for the video told the story of a young girl born into a family who one day realizes how evil they are . His concept was too ambitious , so Cobain instead decided to parody musical performances by bands on early 1960s variety shows , such as The Ed Sullivan Show . The humorous tone of the video was a result of Cobain being " so tired for the last year of people taking us so seriously . . . I wanted to fuck off and show them that we have a humorous side to us " . Kerslake filmed the video on old cameras , and the band improvised its performance . The video begins with an unnamed variety show host ( played by Doug Llewelyn , former host of The People 's Court ) introducing Nirvana to an in @-@ studio crowd of screaming teenagers ; their non @-@ stop screaming is heard throughout the duration of the song . The band members , whom the host refers to as " thoroughly all right and decent " , perform dressed in Beach Boys @-@ style outfits ; Cobain wears glasses that blurred his vision , while Novoselic cut his hair short and liked it so much he kept it that way afterwards . As the video progresses , the band destroys the set and its instruments . - Three different of the Kerslake video were made . Cobain intended to replace the first version of the video after a period with a new take featuring the band wearing dresses instead of suits . MTV 's alternative rock show 120 Minutes insisted on the video , but Cobain felt the program would not properly convey the humor of the " pop idol " version . Instead , a new edit was produced which contained shots of the band in both suits and dresses . The original edit of the video never aired . This video won the award for Best Alternative Video at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards , and topped the music video category in the 1992 Village Voice & critics ' poll . - - = = Track listing = = - - All songs written by Kurt Cobain . - 7 " , cassette - " In Bloom " – 4 : 17 - " Polly " ( live ) – 2 : 47 - 12 " , CD - " In Bloom " – 4 : 17 - " Sliver " ( live - Del - 28 @.@ 12 @.@ 1991 ) – 2 : 06 - " Polly " ( live - Del - 28 @.@ 12 @.@ 1991 ) – 2 : 47 - - = = Chart positions = = - - - = = Covers = = - - Simpson recorded a country cover in 2016 which received air play on alternative stations . - - - = Lady in the Lake trial = - - The Lady in the Lake trial was a 2005 murder case in which Gordon Park ( 25 January 1944 – 25 January 2010 ) a retired teacher from , near Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness , Cumbria , England , was jailed for life for the murder of his first wife , Carol Ann Park , in 1976 . - Carol Park went missing on 17 July 1976 , and was never seen alive again by her family . In 1997 , her body was discovered by divers in Coniston Water and Gordon was arrested on suspicion of murder . The charges were subsequently dropped but in 2004 Gordon was arrested again and found guilty of his wife 's murder . The trial judge sentenced him to life imprisonment and recommended that he should serve a minimum of 15 years before being considered for parole . He was held at Garth prison , , Preston . In December 2007 he lodged an appeal against his conviction which was dismissed in November 2008 . On 25 January 2010 , he was found hanged in his cell , and pronounced dead at the scene . - The details of the murder are sketchy . Carol was killed due to blunt trauma to her face by means of some instrument , alleged in court to have been an ice axe . She was then bound with rope , using complex knots , weighed down with rocks and lead pipes and thrown from a boat on Coniston Water . The body landed on an underwater ledge where it was later found by amateur divers . Had it been dropped a few metres further from the shore , it would have sunk to the much deeper bottom and probably never have been discovered . - There was a great deal of controversy surrounding the case . Gordon received much support from his family and friends and maintained his innocence . There was a large amount of local interest in the trial as shown by the sales of the local paper , the North @-@ West Evening Mail . Some claimed that much of the evidence against him could be discounted and there were and in attempts to free Gordon from prison and clear his name . The case featured prominently in the book No Smoke : The Truth About British Justice which outlined seven cases the author believed to be examples of innocent people being convicted of murder . - - = = Case history = = - - - = = = Carol Park = = = - - Prior to her disappearance , according to her friends , Carol was feeling depressed . She had talked of tracing her biological parents , as she was adopted . On 17 July 1976 , she went missing . Gordon claimed that she had left home for another man , and Carol had left their home in twice before . It was for this reason , Gordon claimed , that he did not report her missing for six weeks . Carol was said to time her periods away from home to coincide with the school holidays . Gordon claimed that it wasn 't until she didn 't return in time to take up her job as a primary school teacher in September ( the start of the school term ) that he realised that there was a problem . At this time he reported her missing via his solicitor , and her family was informed . On the day she vanished , the family had been due to visit Blackpool on a day trip . However , Carol said she felt and wanted to remain behind in bed . She was never seen alive again by her family . Gordon claimed he returned home to find Carol had left the house , leaving behind her wedding ring , and that there was no sign of a struggle . A missing persons enquiry was launched , but nothing came of it . This missing persons report was subsequently lost , and it was implied by some that it was because both Gordon and a senior police commander ( who , by the time the article was published , had died ) involved in the case were . This was refuted by Sandra , who , in No Smoke , claimed that Gordon had never been a . At the time , police told Gordon that , should a body be found , he would be the main suspect . - - = = = Discovery of body and post mortem results = = = - - On 13 August 1997 , amateur divers discovered Carol Park 's body , clad only in a , 75 feet down at the bottom of Coniston Water . She was nicknamed " the Lady in the Lake " by detectives after the 1943 detective novel by Raymond Chandler , The Lady in the Lake . The body had been wrapped in a dress , a canvas and plastic bags , tied with several knots , and weighed down with lead . Her eyes had been covered by . It was later reported that the body had landed on an underwater ledge , and had it been thrown into the water a few metres farther from the land , it would probably never have been found . - Details of Carol 's death were revealed in the post mortem . There were severe injuries to the skull , and it was said that her face had been smashed by multiple blows . It was later found in court that the murder weapon had been an ice axe . The body was found to be in a position , which suggested that the body had been dealt with within a few hours of death , before rigor mortis could settle in . It has since been said that the investigators failed to acknowledge that rigor mortis passes in a 24 ‑ to 48 ‑ hour time period , and that the body could have been once rigor mortis had passed . Many unusual knots were used to tie the body , and the same knots were said to be used in Gordon Park 's house and boat . This was one of the key pieces of evidence used against Gordon in the trial . - - = = = Gordon Park is arrested , but charges are dropped = = = - - At the time of the discovery of the body , Gordon and his third wife , Jenny , were on a cycling holiday in France . They heard news of the discovery of the body , and are said to have seen footage of the police searching their house . On 24 August , they arrived home , and Gordon was arrested on suspicion of murder at the next morning . He was charged with the murder of Carol Park , and in Preston prison . However , after two weeks , his managed to persuade the court to grant him bail . On 6 January 1998 , the charges against Gordon were dropped due to lack of evidence . The Crown Prosecution Service released a statement - After a conference with leading counsel and the police , a decision was taken , in agreement with all parties , that there was insufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction . - Reportedly he told another inmate that " she deserved it " as had discovered his wife being . - After the charges were dropped , Gordon said that he wished to " try to put all this , including the events of 21 years ago , behind me and try to return to my everyday life " . However , the fact that the charges were dropped angered Carol 's brother , Ivor Price , who said that he was disgusted by the way that Carol was portrayed in the proceedings , and talked of how Carol was not " someone who [ was ] cheap or had a string of lovers . " - - = = = Gordon Park 's second arrest and trial = = = - - Gordon was again arrested on 13 January 2004 . Police said at the time that the murder file had never been closed , and that the arrest followed new leads . These new leads were later reported to be a confession by Michael Wainwright , who claimed to have been a of Gordon 's during his short prison stay in 1997 . The police then revisited the site where the body was discovered , and found a piece of green slate , a stone that matched the rocks that made up the wall of the family 's . The case was brought to trial at Manchester Crown Court , and lasted ten weeks . There was no single piece of evidence that pointed to Gordon indisputably , but the prosecution argued that when the evidence was placed together , it could only point at Park , and not a " mysterious stranger or secret lover " . Primarily , the case for the prosecution rested on circumstantial evidence , with the jury being asked to consider knots , rocks used to weight down the body and the ice axe , all linking Gordon Park to the crime . However , the statements of Michael Wainwright , and another of Gordon 's , who had learning difficulties , were also used as evidence by the prosecution . He was sentenced to be jailed for life , and told that he must serve at least 15 years . The judge said that he had taken into account the " terrible concealment " of the body . - Park claimed he and his wife had an open marriage - The court found that Gordon had first put his hands around Carol 's neck to strangle her , but that she had struggled . He then grabbed his ice axe , and brought it down with what was described as " considerable " force on Carol 's face , and smashed the front right @-@ hand side of her face , splitting open her head and her teeth . He then did this again – the attack was described as consisting of " two big heavy , crushing blows " by pathologist Dr. Edwin . After this , Gordon dumped his wife 's body in the lake , and went back to his day @-@ to @-@ day life . During the trial , the prosecution speculated that Gordon had " drugged his wife , possibly on or around the 17 July , tied her up and stored her body in a chest freezer before dumping it in Coniston Water " . - - = = = Gordon Park 's appeal = = = - - On 6 December 2007 , it was reported that Clarion , representing Gordon Park , said that they would launch an appeal . In a public statement , they said : - The appeal is based upon fresh evidence that was not available at the original trial , it is hoped the conviction will be and a ordered ... Upon his conviction , Mr Park 's family and friends launched a campaign to clear his name , claiming there was no single piece of evidence that pointed indisputably to him . - Representing Park in the appeal was solicitor Rob and Simon Bourne @-@ QC . They did not initially reveal what the new evidence was , only that it " was not available at the original trial " and that it was " very strong and significant " . Cumbria Constabulary released a statement saying : - from Cumbria Constabulary carried out a full and thorough investigation and the full facts of the case were presented to the CPS . The case was then tried by a jury , where Gordon Park was found guilty of the murder of Carol Park in 1976 . - In October , campaigners in support of Park said " We have in our possession , a signed , witnessed , statement , made this week , by one of the main prosecution witnesses , stating , ‘ police officers did put words in my mouth regarding Gordon Park ’ and ‘ the police told me what to say in court . ’ " Pastor George Harrison , acting as a spokesperson for the campaigners , also claimed that the appeals process was flawed and " rendered virtually impossible " due to costs . - In November 2008 , the appeal bid was rejected by three judges at the Court of Appeal in London . QC Simon Bourne , representing Park , had wanted to call an expert witness to challenge geological evidence used at the trial . Lord Justice Keene said that the new evidence did not raise " a reasonable doubt as to the safety of this conviction " , saying that the geological evidence was only a small element of the " strong circumstantial case against the " . The new evidence presented by geologist Andrew concerned the rock found with the body , said to have been from the wall outside the Parks ' house . argued that the rock was " indistinguishable " from others in the area , and therefore " meaningless " . - - = = = Gordon Park 's death = = = - - On 25 January 2010 , the morning of Park 's birthday , he was found hanged and unconscious in his prison cell in Garth Prison , and pronounced dead at the scene later in the morning . It is believed that a ligature was involved , and that Park inflicted the injuries upon himself . Park had not been assessed for the risk of suicide . Jeremy Park said that " we are all completely devastated and still believe his innocence 100 % . " Since his death , Carol Park 's family have tried to trace her ashes . - - = = Review = = - - On 26 November 2014 , it was confirmed that the Criminal Cases review Commission were examining the verdict , and new DNA evidence had come to light . Carol Park 's niece has accused Gordon Park 's family of ' clutching at ' and has argued : " Gordon went to the High Court of Appeal and lost , so what makes them think after all this time they could find any information that could the court ’ s decision ? " - - = = Case controversy = = - - - = = = Support for Park = = = - - There was much local interest in the matter , as was shown by the sales of the local paper , the North @-@ West Evening Mail , when it ran special editions on the case . Park maintained his innocence , and received much support from his family and friends . His children , Jeremy and , appointed a new legal team in an attempt to find grounds for appeal . Jeremy also set up a website , , in a bid to raise awareness and support of the case for Gordon . Notable individuals offering support include Tony Benn , who said that there was considerable doubt about Gordon 's conviction , and that he would do all he can to help campaign for his freedom . Benn has been quoted as saying the case is a " grave injustice " . He is one of the over 300 people who have signed the " Gordon Park is Innocent " petition . - A year into Park 's life sentence , around 40 family members and friends held a vigil at Prison , in a bid to raise awareness of " the fact that there is an innocent man in prison " . Another was held a year later , led by Jenny Park , and a third on the third anniversary of Park 's imprisonment . It was due to these , claimed Pastor George Harrison , that he was barred from visiting Park once he was transferred to Garth prison , in Lancashire . Other fronts for the campaign included an offer of £ 5 @,@ 000 for anyone providing evidence that lead to Gordon 's freedom . Included in this were planned adverts in the North @-@ West Evening Mail and leaflets to 20 @,@ 000 homes in the Furness area . However , this was being organised by Harrison , with whom Gordon and his third wife Jennifer stayed during the trial . Jeremy Park wrote to the North @-@ West Evening Mail to confirm that he wanted nothing to do with the reward , and that Harrison had no right to include his name , contact details or email address , or mention the website , in the adverts . Subsequently , Harrison claimed to have delivered 6 @,@ 000 and leaflets in the Furness area . - Not everyone with a link to the family supported Gordon 's attempts to clear his name . Vanessa Fisher , Park 's adoptive daughter , appeared as a witness for the prosecution at the trial , telling of how her father would hit the children with " a stick or cane " and how he would not discuss his wife 's disappearance . She was not in court at the time of Park 's sentencing . Ivor Price , Carol 's brother , has spoken publicly at various times about his feelings about Gordon , and the Price family even sat away from Park 's supporters during the trial itself . In a statement shortly after Park 's guilty verdict , he said he had " no doubt " that justice had been done , and added that " Carol was a lovely , girl who was very clever and intelligent . What has been said about her has been heartbreaking . This was about one thing : justice for Carol . " Around the same time , Price said that although he believed Gordon at the time of Carol 's disappearance , upon the news of a body being found in Coniston Water , he " knew it was her , and knew who had done it " , expressing his conviction of Park 's guilt . More recently , he said that he was " distressed " by the ongoing campaign to free Park . After Park 's unsuccessful appeal , Price 's daughters , Kay and Claire spoke to the North @-@ West Evening Mail , their parents having died before the appeal was rejected . said " It is brilliant , an amazing result . Our mum and dad Ivor and Maureen Price fought hard for this justice and now they can rest in peace because justice has been done . We are so for the result and so glad he will be staying in there . " She added that " It is finally justice for Carol . " The Park family and Cumbria Constabulary did not comment . - - = = = Claims of flawed investigation = = = - - The case was reported to be difficult for the prosecution , with the time between the murder and the trial making it extremely difficult to track potential witnesses . Keith , a police officer involved in the case , said that " the other difficulty was of course the body was taken away from the place where it was killed . " However , on top of the difficulties outlined by the police , the website detailed a number of what Park 's supporters claim are holes in the evidence used to convict him . A story about the problems with the evidence was published in the Daily Mail on October 12 , 2005 , at the request of Jeremy , though it was not written by him . Bob , the author , later wrote an article for Inside Time , in December 2006 , talking about the trial and its controversies . Another similar article , pointing out holes in the evidence , was published in the Sunday Herald , on July 23 , 2006 . - - = = = = Witnesses = = = = - - The first problem with the evidence is the use of inmate informant evidence , such as that from Michael Wainwright , described as " the most [ form of evidence ] of all " , despite the fact that it was one of the key pieces of evidence in the trial . Glen Banks , a man with whom Park had briefly shared a cell and who claimed in court that Park had admitted his guilt to him , was described as " highly " , frequently changed his story , and also claimed that Park had admitted to killing Carol while sailing to Blackpool . Wainwright , the other informant , was said to heavy cannabis smoker and admitted to hearing voices . He claimed that Gordon had said that he went upstairs , found Carol in bed with another man , and killed her in a fit of rage . This seemed unlikely , as the Parks lived in a , and the supposed lover has never come forward . Park also claimed to have never actually met Wainwright . - Joan Young , who was the only first @-@ hand witness , is challenged in both articles . She came forward in 2004 , claiming that she had seen someone push something over the side of a boat on Coniston Water . This testimony is challenged , because so much time has passed and the fact that her husband saw nothing . However , he claims to have been reading his paper at the time . Also , it has been said that Young was too far away to identify the person in the boat , and that it couldn 't have been Carol Park 's body that was being dumped , as the were positioned so that the location Carol 's body was found would have been visibly blocked by an island . The article even points out that Young described a boat that appeared to be a cruiser yacht . Despite the fact that Gordon did own a large yacht in 1997 , in 1976 he owned only a 505 racing , which he sold later that year . - There are three witnesses who provide direct evidence supporting the idea that Park was innocent . The first , a neighbour , claims that they saw Carol at the bottom of her . A second , another neighbour , claims that they saw an unidentified man in a in the Parks ' drive for twenty minutes . The presence of the unidentified car has never been accounted for . Around that night , another witness , a woman who knew Carol , saw her at Richard services . She had mentioned to her husband the fact that Carol had not greeted her , describing her as " " . - - = = = = Other evidence = = = = - - The rock supposedly found in the lake , said to be taken from the Park 's garden wall , has been challenged as evidence in multiple places . Both articles say that the police diver had no memory of recovering it , and he claimed that if he had found it , he would have placed it back . Professor Kenneth , a defense witness , said that there was no evidence that the rock had ever been on the lake bed at all . The article in the Sunday Herald also claims that the policeman said to be responsible for finding the rock fainted when it was produced in court , offering no explanation , but still denying that he ever found it . - Two more issues are addressed in the Sunday Herald article , but not in the Daily Mail article . The first is of the knots used to tie up Carol 's body – the knots on Carol 's body were mostly granny knots , of which there was no evidence that Gordon ever used – indeed during the trial he was specifically asked this , and he responded , " I do not use granny knots " . The granny knot is always a mistake , used by someone who should have used a reef knot ; those learning knot @-@ tying frequently make this mistake . Gordon Park , an experienced knot @-@ , would likely never use a granny knot , and their frequent appearance on the body of Carol is strong evidence that it was not Gordon who tied them . The article also claims that the evidence of knots was irrelevant anyway , as and were so common in the area . The other piece of evidence related to another rock taken from the , which had supposedly come from the Parks ' roof . However , the prosecution eventually admitted that Westmoreland green slate had been worked in the area for hundreds of years , and could have come from anywhere . The Herald also mentions the fact that the police files from the original missing persons inquiry into Carol Park had gone missing themselves , but does not draw any conclusions from this . - Both articles address the issue of who the killer could alternatively have been , and both of them mention Carol 's other lovers , and John , responsible for murdering Carol 's sister . Both of the articles mention that he was in the Barrow area around the time of the murder , but both of them are careful to point out that they are not accusing him of being the murderer . - - = = = No Smoke = = = - - On 1 May 2007 , No Smoke – The Truth About British Justice , by Sandra , was published by Exposure Publishing . This book features the stories of seven high @-@ profile convicted murderers , including Park , Luke Mitchell and Jenkins . The book claims that the expert testimonies in the Lady in the Lake trial were flawed , that certain evidence was withheld , and that the reporting of the press at the time influenced the court by persuading them that Park was the only person who could have killed his wife . - - = = Personal life of Gordon Park = = - - Park worked as a village primary school teacher , but was retired by the time he was for the murder of his first wife , Carol . Park had two children by Carol , Jeremy and . Gordon and Carol also adopted their niece Vanessa when she was 18 months old after her mother , Christie ( who was Carol 's sister ) , was murdered by her boyfriend in 1969 , aged 17 . This was described as a " rare and appalling coincidence " , but has been picked up on by the case for the defence since the trial . - Park remarried twice after Carol was murdered . His second wife was named Catherine , and his third , to whom he remained married until his death , is named Jenny . Park met all of his wives through teaching , Carol was a teacher at Village School when she was killed . When rejecting Park 's request for appeal , Lord Justice Keene , Mr Justice and Mr Justice noted that both Gordon and Carol had had affairs in the year leading up to Carol 's disappearance . - Park 's interests included sailing and climbing , which was relevant to the case due to the knots used to tie his wife 's body . While in prison , Park spent time t chi , taking a degree and keeping fit . - In an exclusive written interview with The Gazette nine months into his sentence , Park talked of how he had struggled with prison , saying : " They [ other inmates ] may smoke incessantly , play loud music , the TV or video games , rifle your , steal , lie etc . There is not a lot you can do about it ... I watched a guy " chasing the dragon " . It frightened me to death . I had never seen that before . " He refused to answer detailed questions about the trial or case , but protested his innocence , saying " If I knew who killed my wife , how , where , why , then I would have said so . I did not know then . I do not know now . " - - - = Dover Athletic F.C. = - - Dover Athletic Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Dover , Kent , England . The club was formed in 1983 after the dissolution of the town 's previous club , Dover F.C. , whose place in the Southern League was taken by the new club . In the 1989 – 90 season Dover Athletic won the Southern League championship , but failed to gain promotion to the Football Conference as the club 's ground did not meet the required standard . Three seasons later the team won the title again and this time gained promotion to the Conference , where they spent nine seasons before being relegated at the end of the 2001 – 02 season . The club was transferred to the Isthmian League Premier Division in 2004 , but another poor season and financial problems that had been mounting led the club to a further relegation . After three seasons were spent in the Isthmian League Division One South , the club won the championship and with it promotion back to the Premier Division , followed immediately the following season by another championship and with it promotion to Conference South . Five seasons were spent in that division with the club coming close to gaining promotion several times , reaching the play @-@ offs three times . In the 2013 – 14 season , Dover reached the play @-@ off final for the second successive season and defeated Ebbsfleet United to return to the Conference Premier after a twelve @-@ year absence . - The team usually wear white shirts and are consequently nicknamed the Whites . They have played at the Crabble Athletic Ground since the club 's formation . The club 's best performance in the FA Cup was an appearance in the third round proper in the 2010 – 11 and 2014 – 15 seasons , while the best performance registered in the FA Trophy , the national competition for higher @-@ level non @-@ league clubs , was a run to the semi @-@ finals in the 1997 – 98 season . - - = = History = = - - Dover Athletic F.C. was formed in 1983 after the town 's previous club , Dover , folded due to its debts . The new club took Dover 's place in the Southern League Southern Division , with former Dover player Alan Jones as manager and a team consisting mainly of reserve players from the old club . Initially Athletic struggled , finishing second from bottom of the table in the 1984 – 85 season . In November 1985 Steve McRae , who had succeeded Jones a year earlier , was sacked and replaced by Chris Kinnear . - Under Kinnear the club 's fortunes turned round , with two top @-@ five finishes followed by the Southern Division championship , and with it promotion , in the 1987 – 88 season . The team started strongly in the Premier Division , finishing in sixth place at the first attempt , and then winning the championship in the 1989 – 90 season . The club was denied promotion to the Football Conference , however , as the Crabble Athletic Ground did not meet the standard required for that league . After finishing fourth and second in the subsequent two seasons , Dover won the title again in the 1992 – 93 season and this time were admitted to the Conference . - Although Dover finished in eighth place in their first season in the Conference , the following season saw the club struggling against relegation , and Kinnear was dismissed due to a combination of the team 's poor performances and his own personal problems . John Ryan was appointed as the club 's new manager , but his reign was a short one and he was dismissed when the club lost seven of its first eight matches in the 1995 – 96 season . The club then appointed former England international Peter Taylor as manager , but he was unable to steer the team away from the foot of the table , and Dover held onto their place in the Conference only because Northern Premier League runners @-@ up Boston United failed to submit their application for promotion before the required deadline . - Bill Williams took over as manager in 1997 and led the club to the FA Trophy semi @-@ finals in the 1997 – 98 season and a best league finish to date of sixth place in the 1999 – 2000 season . Williams left the club to take a senior position with Conference rivals in May 2001 . By now the club was in severe financial difficulties , with a number of directors resigning and debts exceeding £ 100 @,@ 000 . Amid the crisis the entire board of directors resigned , forcing the club 's Supporters ' Trust to take over the running of the club , and manager Gary Bellamy was sacked after just six months in the job . Former Everton goalkeeper Neville took over but was dismissed just three months later , with Clive Walker taking over in March 2002 with the club rooted to the foot of the table . The club finished the season bottom of the Conference and was relegated back to the Southern League Premier Division . The club 's ongoing financial problems led to it entering a Company Voluntary Arrangement ( ) , a process by which companies offset their debts against future profits , due to debts that were now estimated at £ 400 @,@ 000 . - In Dover 's first season back in the Southern League Premier Division the Whites finished in third place , albeit 17 points of , who claimed the one promotion place available that season . A poor start to the following season saw Walker replaced by Richard Langley . Dover finished the season in 19th place , before being switched to the Isthmian League Premier Division in the summer of 2004 following a re @-@ organisation of the English football league system . The new season started with six successive defeats , which saw Langley sacked , and the financial problems continued , with the club coming within two months of being closed down . Dover were relegated to the Isthmian League Division One at the end of the season , but were saved from possible extinction in January 2005 when former director Jim Parmenter returned to head up a consortium that took over the club . Parmenter quickly sacked manager Steve Browne and convinced Clive Walker to return to the club to replace him , and also arranged for the club 's outstanding debts to be cleared , putting the club on a firm financial footing for the first time in many years . - Dover Athletic narrowly missed out on an immediate return to the Premier Division in the 2005 – 06 season , reaching the play @-@ offs for promotion but losing out to Angels . The following season Dover again reached the play @-@ offs but lost in the semi @-@ final to Hastings United , after which Walker did not have his contract renewed and was replaced by former Gillingham manager Andy . In his first season in charge he led the club to the Division One South championship and promotion to the Isthmian League Premier Division . The following season Dover won a second consecutive championship and thus gained promotion to Conference South . In the 2009 – 10 season , Dover reached the play @-@ offs for promotion to the Conference National , but lost at the semi @-@ final stage to . The following season the club reached the third round of the FA Cup for the first time after wins over Kent rivals Gillingham in the first round and another League Two club , Aldershot Town , in the second round . In the 2012 – 13 season the club again reached the play @-@ offs , but this time lost in the final to Salisbury City . The following season the team reached the second round of the FA Cup , losing 1 – 0 to Milton Keynes Dons , The last 16 of the FA Trophy , narrowly losing 3 – 2 to and made the play @-@ offs once more . A 4 – 1 aggregate victory over Sutton United in the semi @-@ final set up a match with fellow Kent team Ebbsfleet United in the final . On 10 May 2014 , Dover beat Ebbsfleet 1 – 0 at Road with a goal from Nathan Elder enough to seal the club 's return to the top flight of non @-@ league football for the first time since 2002 . In the 2014 – 15 season Dover went on another FA Cup run , beating Morecambe 1 – 0 in the first round , then Cheltenham Town 1 – 0 in the second round to reach the third round proper for only the second time ever , but lost 4 – 0 at home to Premier League side Crystal Palace . The following season the team qualified for the play @-@ offs for promotion to League Two . - - = = and crest = = - - Dover Athletic 's traditional colours are white and black , which were also the colours worn by the earlier Dover club . Away colours worn by the club have included red , yellow & green , pink and blue . The club 's crest contains a stylised representation of the town 's two most famous landmarks , Dover Castle and the white cliffs , enclosed in a circle bearing the club 's name . The club 's shirts have been sponsored by companies including , Paul Brown of Dover , Jenkins and Pain , cross @-@ channel ferry operators and SeaFrance , local car dealership Perry 's and are now sponsored by produce suppliers Gomez , the company owned by Dover Athletic chairman Jim Parmenter . - - = = Stadium = = - - Dover Athletic 's home ground since the club 's foundation has been the Crabble Athletic Ground , which was also the home of the former Dover club . The word Crabble , which is also found in the name of a local corn mill , may from the Old English , meaning a hole in which crabs are found . The stadium , commonly known simply as " Crabble " or , , as " The Crabble " , forms part of a larger council @-@ owned complex , and the earlier Dover club originally shared the lower pitch with a rugby club , but moved to the upper pitch in the 1950s , adding a grandstand in 1951 , followed soon after by and . - Dover Athletic continued to make improvements to the ground , although not in time to allow the club to take its place in the Football Conference in 1990 . Subsequently new were installed and two new terraces and a second grandstand added . These improvements meant that the club was able to gain promotion after its second Southern League title in 1993 . The stadium 's modern capacity is 5 @,@ with 1 @,@ 010 seats and 3 @,@ spectators under cover . - In 2007 the club announced that under the new sponsorship deal with SeaFrance the stadium would be known officially as the SeaFrance Crabble Stadium , but a year later it was announced that the deal would not be renewed due to the ferry operator 's financial constraints . On 1 July 2008 local car dealership Perry 's was announced as the club 's new main sponsor and the stadium rebranded as the Perry 's Crabble Stadium , an arrangement which lasted until 2012 . Between 2003 and 2004 it was known as the Stadium under the terms of another such agreement . Margate played their home matches at Crabble for two seasons from 2002 until 2004 , while their own Park ground was being redeveloped . - - = = Supporters = = - - In the club 's early days Athletic struggled to attract crowds of over 150 , but by the time the club reached the Conference , crowds at Crabble were averaging around 1 @,@ 000 . After the club 's relegation to the Isthmian League Division One South , the average attendance fell to just over 800 , but when the club returned to the Premier Division for the 2008 – 09 season , the average attendance at Crabble was 1 @,@ 293 , the highest in the division . The highest home attendance in the club 's history was 5 @,@ 645 for the match against Crystal Palace in the third round of the FA Cup on 4 January 2015 . Although Athletic 's improved monetary position means that the Supporters ' Trust is no longer required to financially support the club , it remains active as a fundraising organisation . - - = = Statistics and records = = - - Dover Athletic 's highest finish in the English football league system was in the 1999 – 2000 season , in which the team finished in sixth place in the Football Conference , the highest level of non @-@ league football and the fifth level overall . The Whites have made 13 appearances in the final qualifying round of the FA Cup , but have only progressed to the first round proper three times . In the 2010 – 11 season , Dover reached the third round for the first time , defeating Football League Two teams Gillingham and Aldershot Town in the first two rounds before losing to Huddersfield Town of Football League One . In the 1997 – 98 season the Whites reached the semi @-@ finals of the FA Trophy but missed out on an appearance at Wembley , losing to Cheltenham Town . The largest number of points the team has is 102 in the 1989 – 90 season , and the highest total number of goals scored in a season is 89 , scored in 40 matches in the 1985 – 86 season . The team 's biggest ever win was an 8 – 0 defeat of East Preston in September 2009 , and the heaviest defeat was a 7 – 1 loss to Poole Town in April 1984 . - The holder of the record for most appearances for Dover Athletic is Jason Bartlett , who played in 539 matches , and the all @-@ time top goalscorer is Lennie Lee , with 160 goals . The club 's record signing is Dave , who joined the club from Town in 1993 for £ 50 @,@ 000 , which at the time was the highest transfer fee ever paid between non @-@ league clubs . The highest confirmed fee received by the club was also £ 50 @,@ 000 , paid by Brentford in 1997 for Ricky . - - = = Players = = - - As of 16th July 2016 - Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . - - = = = Former players = = = - - For a list of former Dover Athletic players with Wikipedia articles , see Category : Dover Athletic F.C. players . - - = = = = - - Dover Athletic have had 17 permanent managers ( excluding caretaker managers ) in the club 's 25 @-@ year history , with Chris Kinnear 's 10 @-@ year stint being the longest . The shortest stay was Ian who was announced as manager on 28 May 2010 and resigned only 18 days later to join Andy at Gillingham . - - = = Honours = = - - Southern League - Premier Division champions 1989 – 90 , 1992 – 93 - Southern Division champions 1987 – 88 - Isthmian League - Premier Division champions 2008 – 09 - Division One South champions 2007 – 08 - Kent Senior Cup - 1990 – 91 - Conference South - Play @-@ off winners 2013 – 14 - - = = = = - - Dover Athletic 's main rivalry is with nearby . A meeting between the two teams in 2004 was watched by a crowd of 2 @,@ , a record attendance for a league match at 's ground . The club also has a rivalry with Margate . In the 2001 – 02 season , when both teams were in the Football Conference , the two games between Margate and Dover were watched by a combined total of more than 6 @,@ 000 spectators . The game played at Margate 's Park stadium drew a crowd of 3 @,@ 676 , and 2 @,@ 325 were in attendance for the game at Dover . - - - = Plum cake = - - Plum cake refers to a wide range of cakes made with either dried fruit ( such as grapes , currants , raisins or prunes ) or with fresh fruit . There is a wide range of popular plum cakes and puddings . Since the meaning of the word " plum " has changed over time , many items referred to as plum cakes and popular in England since at least the eighteenth century have now become known as fruitcake . The English variety of plum cake also exists on the European mainland , but may vary in ingredients and consistency . Settlers in British colonies brought the dried fruit variety of cake with them , so that for example , in India it was served around the time of the Christmas holiday season and in the American colonies , where it became associated with elections , one version came to be called " election cake " . - Plum cakes made with fresh plums came with other migrants from other traditions in which plum cake is prepared using plum as a primary ingredient . In some versions , the plums may become jam @-@ like inside the cake after cooking , or be prepared using plum jam . Plum cake prepared with plums is also a part of Jewish cuisine , and is referred to as or . Other plum @-@ based cakes are found in French , Italian and Polish cooking . - - = = Terms = = - - The term " plum cake " and " fruit cake " have become interchangeable . Since dried fruit is used as a agent and any dried fruit used to be described as " plums " , many plum cakes and plum puddings do not contain the plum fruit now known by that name . ( Plum pudding is a similar , dish prepared with similar ingredients , cooked by steaming the mixture rather than baking it . ) The term " plum " originally referred to prunes , raisins or grapes . Thus the so @-@ called plums from which English plum puddings are made " were always raisins , not the fruits that the name suggests today . " - In Old English , the term was " from medieval Latin , from Latin , " which equated to " " . in modern French means plum , so plum have names such as aux prunes . In English , prunes are dried plums , and when modern cakes use them as a primary ingredient , they may be referred to as a plum cake or type of plum cake . - - = = By region = = - - - = = = Britain = = = - - Plum cake has historically referred to an early type and style of fruitcake in England since around 1700 . and currants were used , which in the English language were referred to as plums since around 1660 . The various types of dried fruit ( grapes , currants and raisins ) were familiar to English kitchens through trade with The Levant and Mediterranean but before they became available through " trouble @-@ free " imports from Australia , South Africa and California , preparing them required " an immense amount of labour ... on account of the rough and ready methods by which the fruit was picked , dried , packed and exported " . - In 1881 Colonel Henry @-@ Herbert said that " a good English plum cake ... is a national institution " . At times , Thomas Carlyle was one among many who ate a light style of plum cake with tea , into which he would dip the cake , which he described as bun @-@ like with currants " dotted here and there " . Elizabeth David wrote that " Christmas and Christmas plum pudding and cake are all such typical examples of the English fondness for fruit mixtures that it seems almost unnecessary to include recipes for them ... " - Plum cakes were raised by air into the cake batter , rather than by the use of yeast . A range of plum cakes and puddings were published in the popular Book of Household Management ( published 1859 @-@ 1861 ) by Isabella Beeton . Mrs Beeton included recipes for " A Common Plum Cake " and " A Nice Plum Cake " as well as " Plum @-@ Pudding " , " An Plum @-@ Pudding " , " A Plain Christmas Pudding for Children " , " Plum @-@ Pudding of Fresh Fruit " , " Plum " , " Christmas Plum @-@ Pudding " , " A Pound Plum Pudding " and " Christmas Cake " . The comment in an Indian Household Management book is indicative both of the reach of Mrs Beeton 's book as well as the range of interpretations of plum cake and plum pudding . The author says , " Mrs Beeton ’ s recipe is by far the best if modified a little : 12 units of raisins ... " - Up to World War I , cakes , including plum cakes , were baked along with loaves of bread . " A smaller cake or might be slipped in or pulled out after the baking had begun , but a raised with well @-@ protected sides , or a large plum cake , would take at least the same time as the loaves , and experienced housewives made them in sizes to do so . " - - = = = Europe = = = - - The English variety of plum cake also exists on the European mainland , although " plum cake " there more usually refers to baked cakes made with fresh , rather than dried fruit . - In French cooking , plums are an ingredients in a significant tradition of cake making : " ... throughout the districts of the Loire , the , the and the , there [ was ] hardly a celebration , a wedding feast or celebration at which the [ did ] not include some sort of plum or tart , made with fresh or dried plums or jam according to the season . " The plum is a specific used to make aux ( plum tart ) . A aux fruits is a type of made with yeast and covered with previously cooked fruit in season , such as plums ( or , apples , ) . The fruit in these open or flans is cut into suitably sized pieces and the cake is glazed : red is recommended for red plum and flans , whereas apricot is recommended in yellow plum and apricot flans . - The German plum cake , known as , can be found all over the country , although its home is . In chef Robert Carrier 's recipe for it , the base is made from yeast pastry rather than often used pastry , because the yeast pastry " up the juice form the plums without becoming " . - In Italy , plum cake is known by the English name , baked in an oven using dried fruit and often . - The Polish version of plum cake , which also uses fresh fruit , is known as . - - = = = India = = = - - In India plum cake has been served around the time of the Christmas holiday season , and may have additional ingredients such as or brandy added . - - = = = United States = = = - - Plum cake in the United States originated with the English settlers and was prepared in the English style in sizes ranging from small , such as for parties in celebration of Twelfth Night and Christmas , to large , such as for weddings . This original fruitcake version of plum cake in the United States has been referred to as a reigning " standard American celebration cake through the time of the civil war " . - During colonial times , one version of plum cake was called " election cake " , and was prepared with currants , raisins , and spices , with the addition of brandy in the recipe occurring later . Election cakes were typically with yeast . In New England , large election cakes weighing around 12 pounds ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) would traditionally be served while people waited for election results . It has been stated that the first published election cake recipe appeared in 1796 in American Cookery . - Plum cake recipes in the fruitcake style appeared in early cookbooks in the Southern United States , and did not actually call for plums . After 1830 plum cake was often referred to as fruit cake or black cake . In 1885 , in a description of plum cake that sounds like plum pudding , it was described as " " - a solid , dark @-@ colored , thick cake with copious amounts of plums , gritty notes from raisins . - - - = Kedok Ketawa = - - Kedok Ketawa ( [ ] ; Indonesian for The Laughing Mask , also known by the Dutch title Het ) is a 1940 action film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . Union Films ' first production , it was directed by Jo An Djan . Starring Basoeki Resobowo , Fatimah , and Oedjang , the film follows a young couple who fight off criminals with the help of a masked man . - as an " Indonesian cocktail of violent actions ... and sweet romance " , Kedok Ketawa received positive reviews , particularly for its cinematography . Following the success of the film , Union produced another six works before being shut down in early 1942 during the Japanese occupation . The film , screened until at least August 1944 , may be lost . - - = = Plot = = - - In , , a young woman named Minarsih ( Fatimah ) is rescued from four thugs by the painter Basuki ( Basoeki Resobowo ) . They fall in love and begin planning their life together . However , a rich man interested in taking Minarsih to be his wife sends a gang to kidnap her . Basuki is unable to repel them , but is soon joined by a masked known only as the " The Laughing Mask " ( Oedjang ) , who has almost supernatural fighting abilities . After two battles with the gang , Basuki and The Laughing Mask are victorious . Basuki and Minarsih can live together in peace . - - = = Production = = - - Kedok Ketawa was the first film produced by Union Films , one of four new production houses established after the success of Albert 's revived the ailing film industry of the Dutch East Indies . Union was headquartered in , Batavia ( now , Jakarta ) and funded by the ethnic Chinese businessman , although Tjoa Ma was in charge of day @-@ to @-@ day operations . The film was shot on @-@ location in , and featured fighting , comedy , and singing . - The film was directed by Jo An Djan and starred Oedjang , Fatimah , and Basoeki Resobowo . Other members of the cast included S and Eddy . Oedjang had been a stage actor before appearing in the film , while Fatimah and Basoeki were nobles with a formal education . The Indonesian film historian Biran writes that this is evidence the film was targeted at intellectual audiences , a manifestation of Union 's stated goal of " [ ing ] the quality of Indonesian art " . - Following the success of ( 1937 ; based on The Jungle Princess ) , the domestic film industry began to model their productions after Hollywood works , as this was expected to ensure financial success . The Indonesian film scholars and Said Salim write that Kedok Ketawa was influenced by 's 1897 novel through its Hollywood adaptations . Neither writer gives comparisons to illustrate this influence . - Kedok Ketawa was not the first contemporary film featuring a masked hero . Tan 's Film had released Item ( The Black Crow ) , with as the masked Black Crow , in 1939 , and later productions , including Java Industrial Film 's Item ( The Black Wolf ; 1941 ) , continued the trend . As was common for contemporary productions , the soundtrack for Kedok Ketawa – performed by – consisted of songs . - - = = Release and reception = = - - Kedok Ketawa was released in Batavia in July 1940 , with a press screening on 20 July . By September it was being shown in . In some newspaper advertisements , such as in , it was referred to as ( Warrior from ) , while in others it was advertised with the Dutch title Het . It was marketed as an " Indonesian cocktail of violent actions ... and sweet romance " and rated for all ages . - The critic and screenwriter , writing for , praised Kedok Ketawa , especially its cinematography and the beauty of its scenery ; he compared the film to imported Hollywood films . An anonymous review in found that the film was a mix of native and European sensibilities and lauded its cinematography . According to the review , the film surpassed expectations , but it was evident that this was a first production . Another review , in , considered the film among the best local productions , emphasising the quality of its cinematography and acting . - - = = Legacy = = - - Soon after the success of Kedok Ketawa , joined Union Films and wrote four films for the company . These were not directed by Jo An Djan , who left Union for the competitor 's Film , but by the newly hired R Hu and . Union Film ultimately produced a total of seven films in 1940 and 1941 before being closed following the Japanese invasion in early 1942 . Of the film 's main cast , only Fatimah and Oedjang are recorded as continuing their acting career , both appearing in several further Union productions . However , in the 1950s Resobowo continued his career behind the screen , serving as art director of such films as dan ( The Long March ; 1950 ) . - Kedok Ketawa was screened as late as August 1944 , but may now be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Film 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . While the American visual anthropologist Karl G. suggests that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost , 's Film Indonesia records several as having survived at Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that some Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . - - = = notes = = - - - - = My Boo ( Usher and Alicia Keys song ) = - - " My Boo " is a duet between American R & B singers Usher and Alicia Keys , written by Usher , Keys , Jermaine Dupri , Shropshire , and Manuel Seal , Jr .. The song was released as the album 's fourth single in 2004 . Set over a hip hop @-@ style track , it was produced by Dupri and No It was included on the re @-@ release of Usher 's fourth studio album , Confessions ( 2004 ) . - The song received positive reviews from critics , and has garnered awards . The single stayed on top of the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks , making it the third most @-@ successful single from the album after " Yeah ! " and " Burn " , respectively . It was also ranked as the 36th biggest song of the 2000 – 2009 decade in the US . - - = = Background = = - - Usher and Alicia Keys had previously collaborated with the remix of Keys ' 2004 single " If I Ain 't Got You " , which was released in the United Kingdom . During the production of Usher 's fourth studio album , Confessions , they thought of various female singers to pair him with on the song . Usher and 's rare demo version can be found floating on the Internet . Although it was and still is widely believed that it was Beyoncé . However , Jermaine Dupri , who co @-@ wrote the song including Usher 's number @-@ one hits " Yeah ! " , " Burn " , and " Confessions Part II " , felt that he had established good relationship with Keys since she had worked with him and Usher . - The song is written from the perspectives of Keys and Usher , who play the role of an ex @-@ couple . For him , Usher and Keys " talk about how they used to be in love and how those feelings are still lingering despite the two not being involved anymore . " For Keys , " The song is talking about the first person you ever really had feelings for . Even though you move on and meet new people , you always remember that first person . " - - = = Release = = - - " My Boo " was among the songs that were not included in the final track listing of Confessions , including " Red Light " and songs recorded Usher recorded with P. and The . " My Boo " and " Red Light " were leaked to the internet , along with other records that were not included during the first release . The song was included in the expanded version of Confessions , alongside " Red Light " and " Sweet Lies " which were only released in the UK version of the album . Dupri thought of releasing " My Boo " as the fourth single from Confessions once " Confessions Part II " would be leaving the charts . Records sent " My Boo " to US contemporary hit radio on August 29 , 2004 and to US urban contemporary radio on August 30 , 2004 . The single was released in the United States as a 12 " single on September 21 , 2004 . It was a double A @-@ side with " Confessions Part II " when it was released in the United Kingdom on December 28 , 2004 . " My Boo " was re @-@ released in the United Kingdom on January 18 , 2005 . - - = = Composition and reception = = - - " My Boo " is a hip hop @-@ R & B song with a mid @-@ tempo melody . It is composed in the key of D minor , in common time . The lyrics are constructed in verse @-@ chorus @-@ chorus form . Usher starts the intro , and Keys followed her rap @-@ intro , with background vocals from Usher . He proceeds to the first verse and chorus , leading to Keys singing another chorus , altering some of the lyrics of the original chorus to create a dialogue . Keys sings the second verse and Usher for the chorus , with background vocals from Keys . Keys repeats her version for the chorus . The song breaks with Usher and Keys singing " My oh , My oh , My oh , My oh , My Boo " , one after the other . Usher repeats the chorus again , and they sing the intro of Keys . - The song received mixed reviews from critics . Ahmad of Media proposed to ban " My Boo " because he felt that the collaboration was a competition among Usher and Alicia Keys " over the hip @-@ pop like beat " . Jon Caramanica of Rolling Stone found the duet sentimental . At the 2005 Grammy Awards , it was nominated for Best R & B Song and Best R & B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ; to which it won the latter and the former was awarded to Alicia Keys ' song , " You Don 't Know My Name " . Usher and Keys won for Best R & B / Soul Single by a Duo or Group during the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards . In 2011 , Billboard ranked the song seventh on a special The 40 Biggest Duets of All Time listing . - - = = Chart performance = = - - " My Boo " was successful in the United States , living up to the chart performances of " Yeah ! " , " Burn " and " Confessions Part II " . The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 twenty @-@ nine , the highest U.S. entry among all singles released from the album . It entered the top ten , two weeks after , and peaked at number one during its eighth @-@ week stay on the chart . The single remained on the top for six weeks , beating its predecessor " Confessions Part II " , which charted at number one for two weeks . However , it failed to match the success of " Yeah ! " and " Burn " for and eight @-@ week run on the top , respectively . It stayed on the top ten for nineteen weeks , leaving the chart after twenty @-@ six weeks . The single was successful on Billboard component charts , topping the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and Hot . In Europe , the single had divided responses . The single reached the top five in United Kingdom , Germany , the Netherlands , Norway and Switzerland . It entered the top twenty in France , Finland and Switzerland , and top thirty in Austria . - - = = Music video = = - - Directed by both Usher and music video director Chris Robinson , " My Boo " clip was filmed in New York City . The storyline of the video is a reflection of the song 's lyrics . The footage starts with Usher in a living room watching a video for " Bad Girl " , a song from Confessions . The " Bad Girl " intro features Usher singing the song in a club setting while a @-@ dressed woman . He turns the set off and down on the before laying on it with his foot up . After a moment of silent , nostalgic reflection , he begins to sing the intro of " My Boo " . The video then shows him and Alicia Keys in their separate quarters , preparing to head out , while singing their part of the song . Usher eventually steps out on streets of New York ; likewise , Keys is out in her car . She leaves the car and walks down the street , and the couple meet up in the middle of Times Square , each other and on the brink of kissing . The music video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live at number nine on September 16 , 2004 . It remained on the countdown for twenty @-@ seven days , becoming the only Confession video to chart . - Usher recorded " My Boo " aside from Keys with various female artists . He collaborated with fellow R & B singer Brandy Norwood and Usher recorded their own version as well , which appeared on her fourth album Afrodisiac . Brandy changed some of the lyrics , singing like having a conversation . However , neither of the two was included in the album . A remix of " My Boo " was also produced , featuring guest vocals from Nelly ; however , Keys ' part was omitted . - - = = Track listing = = - - UK CD 1 - " Confessions Part II " - " My Boo " ( with Alicia Keys ) - UK CD 2 - " Confessions Part II " - " My Boo " ( with Alicia Keys ) - " Confessions Part II " ( Remix ) ( featuring , Kanye West & ) - " Confessions Part II " ( Music Video ) - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics = - - The Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics was a successful bid to host the Games of the and the XV Paralympic Games , respectively . It was submitted on September 7 , 2007 , and recognized as an Applicant city by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) one week after . On June 4 , 2008 , the IOC Executive Board shortlisted Rio de Janeiro with three of the six other Applicant cities — Chicago , Madrid and Tokyo ; over Baku , Doha and Prague — becoming a Candidate city during the 2008 SportAccord Convention in Athens , Greece . - Rio de Janeiro was shortlisted receiving a 6 @.@ 4 score , according to a study of its Application File delivered to the IOC Working Group on January 14 , 2008 . As a Candidate city , Rio de Janeiro submitted its Candidature File to the IOC on February 11 , 2009 . The was analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission , which arrived in the city on April 27 , 2009 , to assess the quality of the bid . Between April 29 and May 2 , the Commission attended technical presentations and made inspections in all the existing venues across the city , giving a favorable assessment in its final report . - The Brazilian Olympic Committee ( COB ) chose Rio de Janeiro as its bidding city to host the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics , during its Annual Assembly on September 1 , 2006 . This was the city 's first bid that proceeded to the Candidature phase , after three failed attempts to host the Games in 1936 , 2004 and 2012 . The lengthy and intensive bidding process was concluded with the election of Rio de Janeiro as the host city during the IOC Session , held in Copenhagen , Denmark , on October 2 , 2009 . It will be the first city in South America to host the Games . - Rio de Janeiro planned to organize the Games at a cost of USD 14 @.@ 4 billion , being able to hold all sport events ( excepting football ) inside the city . There will be 30 competition venues in four Olympic zones — Barra , Copacabana , Deodoro , and Maracanã — apart from venues for golf and rugby union , which were added to the Olympic program after the election . Football matches will be held in the cities of Belo Horizonte , Brasília , Salvador and São Paulo . The proposed dates range from August 5 to 21 for the Olympic Games , and September 7 to 18 for the Paralympic Games . - - = = Bid process = = - - Rio de Janeiro 's bidding process began on July 28 , 2006 , when the Executive Council of the Brazilian Olympic Committee ( COB in the Portuguese acronym ) met to consider the possibility of nominating a Brazilian city to host the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . This meeting was prompted by the fact that several cities in the world demonstrated interest around the election , some having already announced their bidding intention . Then a technical analysis was commissioned by COB to evaluate the conditions of the city , unveiled on August 25 , 2006 . A week later , on September 1 , 2006 , the COB 's Annual Assembly decided by acclamation that Rio de Janeiro would be the Brazilian representative seeking to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016 . The Assembly felt it was the only city in Brazil and South America which would possess Olympic @-@ level facilities ready for an Olympic and Paralympic bid , a legacy of its upcoming hosting of the XV Pan American Games in 2007 , later considered to be the best in history . Another positive aspect was that Rio de Janeiro could host all Olympic sports within the city limits , although the Olympic football tournament is hosted by multiple cities . The Brazilian government immediately expressed its support to the bid . Carlos Arthur Nuzman , president of COB , and César , then Mayor of Rio de Janeiro , approved the decision , thus making the bid official . - The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) officially launched the bid process for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics on May 16 , 2007 . All then 203 National Olympic Committees ( ) were invited to submit the name of a city within their jurisdiction until September 13 , 2007 . On September 14 , the IOC recognized seven cities — Baku , Chicago , Doha , Madrid , Prague , Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo — which had been put forward by their respective to bid . On October 1 , 2007 , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee paid the required fee of USD 150 @,@ 000 to the IOC and signed the Candidature Procedure . Soon after , from October 15 to 19 , Rio officials attended the 2016 Applicant cities ' organized by the IOC at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , where they learnt more about technical areas that would be analyzed throughout the application process . On January 14 , 2008 , the seven Applicant cities returned documents , known as the Application Files , containing the answers and guarantees requested by the 2016 Candidature Procedure , which provided to the IOC an overview of each city 's project . The responses were studied by the IOC Working Group for months and served as the basis to the shortlist of Chicago , Tokyo , Rio de Janeiro and Madrid on June 4 , 2008 , becoming Candidate cities during a meeting of the IOC Executive Board at the 2008 SportAccord Convention in Athens , Greece . - Rio de Janeiro bid to host the 1936 , 2004 and the 2012 Games , but failed on every occasion ; missing the shortlist in the two latest attempts , while the bidding process for 1936 did not follow the current standards . For the first time in the Candidature phase , the official bid flag was raised during a ceremony held at the da ( English : City 's Palace ) on June 23 , 2008 , celebrating the Olympic Day . On July 3 , 2008 , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee paid a fee of USD 500 @,@ 000 to the IOC and signed the Candidature Procedure , its acceptance of the rules . Then , Rio officials participated in the Olympic Games Observers Program from August 8 to 24 , during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China ; and attended the IOC Official of the Beijing Games from November 24 to 27 , in London , United Kingdom . On February 11 , 2009 , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee delivered its Candidature File to the IOC in Lausanne and , eight days later , to the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) in , Germany ; containing the responses to the 2016 Candidature Procedure and , as well as guarantees and undertakings . The Candidature File had three volumes containing 568 pages of detailed answers to 300 technical questions , divided into 17 themes . Finally , on June 17 , 2009 , the IOC organized the 2016 Candidate Cities to 93 of its members at the Olympic Museum , being the first such meeting in its history and the most important before the election . Rio officials came out stronger after a presentation of 45 minutes , considered to be exceptional , followed by a session of 16 questions . - Throughout the campaign , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee introduced its plans to the General of all of National Olympic Committees ( ) , making the bid 's first official presentation on October 11 , 2008 , to the Pan American Sports Organization ( ) , in Acapulco , Mexico . On October 21 , the vision was presented to the Olympic Council of Asia ( ) in , Indonesia , followed by the European Olympic Committees ( ) on November 21 , in Istanbul , Turkey . On March 26 , 2009 , Rio officials made a praised presentation during the 2009 SportAccord Convention in Denver , United States . For the first time , a world map of the past Olympic host cities was displayed , subsequently becoming an icon of Rio 's campaign due to the void in South America . On March 31 , 2009 , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee made its plea to the Oceania National Olympic Committees ( ) in Queenstown , New Zealand ; and on July 7 , to the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa ( ) in , Nigeria . The bid committee also attended many sporting events , such as the Australian and European Youth Olympic Festivals , the Commonwealth Youth Games , the Asian Youth Games and the Mediterranean Games , as well as the , Athletics , and World Championships . The three @-@ year campaign culminated with the beginning of the 13th Olympic Congress in Copenhagen , Denmark , which was officially opened in a ceremony held at the city 's Opera House , and after a lunch offered by II , Queen of Denmark , to the heads of state of the four Candidate cities at the Palace . - - = = = Evaluation = = = - - Rio de Janeiro was primarily evaluated during the Applicant phase , accurately on March 14 , 2008 , when the IOC Working Group released its report after four days of meetings , giving a weighted @-@ average score of 6 @.@ 4 to the bid . It was based on a thorough technical analysis of the projects presented on the Application File , which was developed by the Rio de Janeiro bid committee after having access to the Olympic Games Knowledge Management database as well as the official IOC Technical . The Working Group composed of several experts assessed the city 's potential for staging successful Olympic Games according to eleven criteria presented in the Application File . Rio de Janeiro 's highest score came from Government support , legal issues and public opinion due to the strong government commitment , and its lowest from Safety and security due to the city 's chronic problems of violence . Experience in major events also yielded good scores , while a shortage in the number of required hotel rooms undermined the accommodation theme . The Working Group also gave an 8 @.@ 3 score to Tokyo , 8 @.@ 1 to Madrid , 7 @.@ 0 to Chicago , 6 @.@ 9 to Doha , 5 @.@ 3 to Prague and 4 @.@ 3 to Baku ; being the basis for the selection to the Candidature phase . On September 18 , 2008 , after the shortlist which concluded the Application phase , the IOC announced the composition of its Evaluation Commission . The commission inspected the four Candidate cities under the leadership of El Moutawakel , who also chaired the Evaluation Commission for the bid process of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . - The IOC Evaluation Commission arrived in Rio de Janeiro on April 27 , 2009 , to assess the quality of the bid , stating that the welcoming activities prepared by the city had been the best . Unlike the first evaluation , the committee did not assign scores , but analyzed the probability of execution of the plans . During the first two days of the visit , the Evaluation Commission held internal meetings at Copacabana Palace , the host hotel . Between April 29 and 30 , the Commission attended technical presentations in a large ballroom equipped with lighting and multi @-@ media resources , where it participated in question @-@ and @-@ answer sessions about each of the seventeen themes presented in the Candidature File . May Day was marked by the ' visits to all existing venues across the city . On May 2 , 2009 , the Evaluation Commission made a press conference to highlight the main points of the visit . According to El Moutawakel , the Commission was very impressed with the unity of government support , the quality of the presentations and the level of integration of the Games in the country 's long @-@ term development plan . After seven days of inspections involving 300 professionals , the thirteen members of the IOC Evaluation Commission left Rio de Janeiro on May 3 , 2009 , on the way to Madrid . One month before the election , on September 2 , 2009 , Rio officials welcomed the released of the 2016 Evaluation Commission Report . It gave a very positive assessment to the city and described the documents submitted by Rio de Janeiro as " of a very high quality " . - - = = = Election = = = - - The election of the host city took place at Bella Center on October 2 , 2009 , in Copenhagen , during the IOC Session . Rio de Janeiro was the third city to present plans to the IOC members , entering the Hall A of Bella Center at 12 : 05 ( ) with a delegation of 60 people , among bid leaders , government authorities and athletes . João Havelange made the opening speech and invited everyone to celebrate his centenary in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 . Carlos Arthur Nuzman was the next speaker , talking about experiences of the Olympic movement , and who introduced the iconic map of past Olympic host cities . Governor Cabral then spoke about projects related to security and transportation , followed by Henrique , who explained the economic situation of Brazil . Mayor Eduardo Paes was responsible for presenting the venues plan alongside Carlos Roberto Osório , while they were complemented by Olympic sailor Isabel Swan , who stated that the project had been made thinking on athletes . Swan cited the other athletes present in the : former football player , Paralympic swimmer Daniel and junior athlete . After that , President Luiz da Silva made a plea to bring the Games for the first time to South America , saying that was " time to light the Olympic cauldron in a tropical country " . Nuzman returned and concluded the presentation , which included a short film ( called ) by Academy Award nominated director Fernando , and a music video ( called ) with an English version of " " by Gil . - After the presentation , the session was opened for questions . Nuzman clarified doubts by Arne about doping legislation ; Osório and Cabral answered two questions by Prince Albert of Monaco about accommodation and the project 's legacy , respectively ; and the President of Brazil himself responded to a question by Austin Sealy about organization risks . Following the presentations by the four Candidate cities , El Moutawakel presented the report of the Evaluation Commission to the Session . From a total of 106 eligible IOC members , 95 were available to vote in the first round . Members from the four bidding countries were not allowed to vote until their city was eliminated . Alpha Ibrahim , Lee , and the IOC president were eligible members who did not vote . Chicago fell in the first round with 18 votes , while Tokyo received 22 , Rio 26 , and Madrid 28 . In the second round , Tokyo was eliminated with 20 votes , while Madrid received 29 and Rio 46 . Rio de Janeiro was elected in the final round with 66 votes over 32 for Madrid . The winning city was revealed by Jacques at 6 : 30 ( ) during an announcement ceremony hosted by and Jonathan Edwards . Nearly 100 @,@ 000 people celebrated the victory on Copacabana beach while watching the live broadcast . Following the announcement , Richard , , Nuzman and Paes signed the Host City Contract and Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games . - - = = Bid concept = = - - According to the Rio de Janeiro bid committee , the bid 's concept was based on four principles — technical excellence , experience of a lifetime , transformation , and supporting the Olympic and Paralympic — highlighting the city 's celebration lifestyle , as seen on its promotional video ( called ) . The 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics will the Games in society as a catalyst for social integration , through programs for job generation , education , community outreach , volunteerism , training and up @-@ initiatives . The campaign also focused on youth and the fact that South America never hosted the Olympic Games , considering it to be a " self affirmation " of the Brazilian people . Rio de Janeiro integrated economic , environmental and social elements into its " Green Games for a Blue Planet " vision and planted seedlings to offset 716 tons of carbon emitted over the two years of campaign . Athletes and spectators will enjoy good climatic conditions in Rio de Janeiro , where mild southern hemisphere winter with absence of heavy rainfall provides favorable atmosphere for athletic performance . Average midday temperature of 24 @.@ 2 ° C ( 75 @.@ 6 ° F ) is predicted during the proposed dates for the Games , with temperatures ranging from 18 @.@ 9 ° C ( 66 @.@ 0 ° F ) to 28 @.@ 1 ° C ( 82 @.@ 6 ° F ) and humidity levels of 66 @.@ 4 % . - The visual identity of the candidature consisted of a logo and a slogan , which were applied in marketing moves during the campaign . Designed by and selected among four finalists by a special jury , the logo was unveiled during the 2007 Brazilian Olympic Awards , held at the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro , on December 17 , 2007 . The Mountain was chosen to be the symbol as one of the city 's most famous landmarks . According to the Rio de Janeiro bid committee , the design as a whole conveys a heart shape , representing Brazilian passion and enthusiasm for sports . First with only the inscription " Applicant city " , the logo received the Olympic rings and the label " Candidate city " after being shortlisted . At midnight on January 1 , 2009 , the bid 's slogan " Live your passion " was launched as part of the New Year 's celebrations , which was attended by nearly two million people . According to the Rio de Janeiro bid committee , the slogan reflected the Brazilian 's way of getting involved in whatever they do . It was projected onto the Rio de Janeiro 2016 @-@ themed wheel after the countdown to the beginning of 2009 . The structure erected on Copacabana beach to promote the candidature was 36 m ( 118 ft 1 in ) high , weighed 80 tonnes ( 180 @,@ 000 lb ) and had 24 for 144 people . - Rio de Janeiro previously hosted major sporting , business and cultural events . On the sporting front , these events included World Cups and World Championships in many Olympic sports , as well as regional championships . From July 13 to July 29 , 2007 , the city successfully staged the 15th and largest ever edition of the Pan American Games ( over 5 @,@ 650 athletes competing in 34 sports ) and the accompanying American Games ( over 1 @,@ 150 athletes competing in 10 sports ) . Rio de Janeiro hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup and recently hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup , just two years before the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games , which includes upgrades to security , telecommunications and tourism infrastructure . The 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup will also be organised by Brazil and used as a test event for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . The proposed competition schedule spreads medals across the entire program with two peaks at the weekends , being similar to the 2008 Summer Olympics program . The period proposed by the Rio de Janeiro bid committee to stage the 2016 Summer Olympics is from Friday , August 5 , to Sunday , August 21 , 2016 . It is also proposed that the 2016 Summer Paralympics begin on the Independence Day of Brazil , Wednesday , September 7 , and last until Sunday , September 18 . - - = = = Politics = = = - - The Rio de Janeiro bid committee was an incorporated non @-@ profit entity under the leadership of an Honorary Council and an Executive Board , both chaired by Carlos Arthur Nuzman . At the highest level , the Honorary Council comprised the President of the Republic of Brazil Luiz da Silva , the Governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro Cabral , the Mayor of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro Eduardo Paes , and the two Brazilian IOC members : Nuzman and João Havelange . At the executive level , the Executive Board was divided in four departments — Government Commission , Business Council , Legacy Committee and Athletes ' Commission — being responsible for the main operations of the campaign . The Board also included representations from the three levels of Government with the specific authority to make commitments on behalf of their respective Governments . Technical aspects of the bid were supported by various and Committees composed of a professionals staff , and supplemented by a team of domestic and international experts ; which were coordinated by Carlos Roberto Osório , Secretary General of the bid committee . Mike Lee , former Director of Communications and Public Affairs for the London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics , was the lead advisor to the bid of Rio de Janeiro . His company , Communications , was responsible for planning the bid 's advertising campaign strategy , presentation scripts , visual support development and international media relations , as well as international press conferences . - Rio de Janeiro had full political backing from the three levels of the Government of Brazil — Federal , State and City — providing all guarantees and covenants required by the IOC , as well as some additional undertakings . All levels government , as well as all major political parties in the country , pledged complete support for the bid and endorsed the conduct of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brazil . On June 23 , 2008 , the Brazilian president formed the Government Action Management Committee , under the patronage of the Minister of Sport Orlando Silva , which coordinated Federal government actions during the bid process . Another act created the Olympic Development Authority ( ) on January 17 , 2009 , to coordinate public services and infrastructure delivery for eventual Games in Rio de Janeiro , based in the pioneer model developed by Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . Under legal aspects , the Committee for the Olympic Games ( OCOG ) would be the entity responsible for planning and staging the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games . According to the IOC , the existing legislation was sufficient to enable the organization of the Games and would be amended or modified to suit the Olympic Charter if needed . The Ministry of External Relations and the Ministry of Labor guaranteed the entry , exit and working arrangements for Games personnel . People in possession of a valid passport and an Olympic or Paralympic Identity and Card , in lieu of a , will be able to enter the Brazilian territory . - - = = = Controversies = = = - - The IOC 's decision to Rio de Janeiro over Doha generated criticism , as the Doha bid committee accused the IOC of " closing the door on the Arab world " and of making a political decision rather than on technical grounds . Doha outperformed Rio de Janeiro in the majority of the categories assessed , but according to the IOC , Doha 's desire to stage the Olympics in October because of high temperatures was the reason the bid was rejected . On May 3 , 2009 , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee accused the Madrid bid committee of sending a spy to Rio de Janeiro during the visit of the Evaluation Commission , and considered filing a formal ethics complaint with the IOC . Simon Walsh , who claimed to be a reporter working for , omitted the fact that he was a paid consultant of the Madrid bid committee and was stripped of his media accreditation . Madrid officials denied the accusations . On June 14 , 2009 , the American television network NBC aired the episode " The Glory That Was ... " from the series Law & Order : Criminal Intent , in which a security company , interested in millionaire contracts with the possibility of hosting the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil , bought votes of members of the " Olympic Site Selection Committee " for Rio de Janeiro and murdered a member of the Belgian Olympic Committee . When aired by in Brazil on September 3 , 2009 , the episode received much criticism . Eduardo Paes called the show " ridiculous and pathetic " , while the Rio de Janeiro bid committee condemned the " irresponsible and use " of the city 's image . - Ahead of the election , the Rio de Janeiro bid committee lodged an official complaint against Madrid with the IOC Commission about comments made on September 30 , 2009 , by José Maria Odriozola , vice president of the Spanish Olympic Committee ( ) ; and considered doing it against Chicago due to comments by Richard M. , Mayor of Chicago , on September 21 , 2009 . Odriozola called Rio de Janeiro " the worst of the four candidates " , while Rio officials believe that implied that the city was incapable of hosting the Olympics when he said it was " not the same as hosting the [ 2014 ] FIFA World Cup " . Mercedes apologised for Odriozola 's comments on behalf of the Madrid bid committee . According to the IOC rules , rival cities are not allowed to directly other bidders . After the conclusion of the bid process , , Governor of Tokyo , blamed " invisible dynamics " and political deals for Tokyo 's failure . Rio officials repudiated " the inappropriate statements " and sent a formal to the IOC on October 6 , 2009 . On November 30 , 2009 , the Hollywood actor Robin Williams caused embarrassment due to humorous comments made in an interview with David Letterman . During the Late Show with David Letterman , broadcast by CBS , Williams said that Rio de Janeiro was elected as host city because it sent " 50 and a pound of blow " to compete with Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey , from Chicago . The comments were widely criticized by the Brazilian media and government authorities . - - = = Bid project = = - - Rio de Janeiro proposed to hold all sporting events within the city limits — apart from the football ( soccer ) tournaments which would be held in the cities of Belo Horizonte , Brasília , Salvador and São Paulo — making the Games more compact and technically feasible . The competition venues will be located in four Olympic zones — Barra , Copacabana , Deodoro , and Maracanã — and divided in seven Olympic clusters — Barra , Copacabana , Deodoro , , João Havelange , and Maracanã — with four Olympic precincts — Maracanã , Olympic Park , and X Park . The Olympic and Paralympic Village , the International Broadcast Centre ( IBC ) and the Main Press Centre ( MPC ) will be located at the Barra zone , which is the core of the project and includes the largest number of competition venues . A television tower will be built at the IBC / MPC complex to complement broadcasting operations and provide panoramic studios . There will be a media @-@ exclusive hotel within the complex , accessible directly from the IBC / MPC . The Olympic and Paralympic Village complex will include an Olympic Village Training Center , an Olympic Village Park , an Olympic Beach and direct access to the Olympic Park , in addition to the 8 @,@ 856 rooms to accommodate over 17 @,@ 770 athletes and team officials , including accredited additional officials . - Rio de Janeiro 's competition venues meet the International Federation 's ( ) technical requirements and both IOC and IPC standards , and align with the City Master Plan and legacy strategy . Most venues are already operational , recently developed or renovated . According to the Rio de Janeiro 2016 bid committee , there are ten ( 29 % ) existing venues with no permanent works required and eight ( 24 % ) venues requiring reforms , while nine ( 26 % ) new permanent venues and seven ( 21 % ) temporary venues will be built . In total there will be 34 competition venues alongside 29 training venues , as part of the training venues strategy . The most significant legacy project from the bid is the Olympic Training Center ( ) program and facilities with its headquarters located in Barra zone . Furthermore , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 bid committee recognized the possibility of new sports being added to the Olympic Program and , following detailed analysis for each of the seven potential sports — baseball , golf , karate , roller sports , rugby , and — confirmed its capability to accommodate any of them in respect to venues , transport and other operational or logistical aspects . In addition , Rio de Janeiro and the four proposed cities to hold football ( soccer ) competitions — Brasília , Belo Horizonte , Salvador and São Paulo — were chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup . - Rio de Janeiro will build the Summer Paralympics , upon the experience of hosting the III American Games — considered " the best ever " by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) and the Americas Paralympic Committee ( ) — as well as many other international competitions for athletes with disabilities . For this purpose , the organizing committee will include representatives of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee ( ) and create a specific department responsible for supervising the Games . Another element that will bring the Paralympics up to par with their Olympic counterpart is the reuse of twenty Olympic competition venues for the equivalent Paralympic sports . Promotion of accessibility @-@ friendly measures by the hospitality and tourism industries will also be encouraged and recognized by the government . - - = = = Infrastructure = = = - - Rio de Janeiro 's infrastructure , systems , management structures and staff readiness will be tested during the 2014 FIFA World Cup and during dedicated test events for the transport network in 2015 . There will be 49 @,@ 750 rooms to meet IOC requirements , of which some 1 @,@ 700 are located in apartment hotels in the city and more than 13 @,@ 000 in hotels throughout Rio de Janeiro and the football tournament host cities . Rio de Janeiro proposed the use of cruise ships and condominium apartments to overcome a possible shortage in the number of hotel rooms . Six modern cruise ships will provide more than 8 @,@ 500 cabins . Media would be accommodated in a combination of media villages and hotels . Rio de Janeiro plans to implement 150 km ( 93 mi ) of Olympic lanes connecting the four Olympic zones and the Carlos International Airport . An existing corridor of high @-@ capacity rail and metro systems as well as and major roads links three of the four Olympic zones , and with the development of the western corridor , all four zones will be connected . Bus Rapid Transit ( ) system is going to be the main solution to the city 's topography . Security and disaster @-@ related risks for the event will be by the implementation of a comprehensive security operation . Crime in parts of Rio de Janeiro was considered to be an issue for the safety of people attending the Games . Rio de Janeiro 's experience in mounting security structures around highly and crowd @-@ attracting events is a positive aspect . The Federal Government will be responsible for the security of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . - - = = = Finance = = = - - The three levels of Brazilian government assured the free provision of a range of services to the bid , including security , medical services , customs , transport , immigration , and other governmental services and support . Rio de Janeiro also approved funding of US $ 240 billion from the Program for Growth ( ) of the federal government . Other revenue @-@ generating activities include sponsorship sales , program , licensing and merchandising . These revenues will be supplemented by IOC @-@ secured commercial and broadcast contributions . Capital expenditure on infrastructure by the government or the private sector includes already committed and ongoing investments of US $ 3 @.@ 9 billion on projects such as airport and subway expansions and construction of the metropolitan road arc . The OCOG budget does not assume any capital contributions to the construction of permanent or legacy venues , other than for Games , including the construction of temporary venues . The balance of OCOG will be funded by the public sector , involving a combination of government commitments from Federal , State and Municipal levels . The OCOG budget and operating expenses are projected at US $ 2 @.@ 8 billion , with its Olympic @-@ related budget , including capital investments in transportation , sports venues and incremental costs being US $ 11 @.@ 6 billion . The government submitted guarantees to cover any potential shortfall . The bid expenses for both Applicant and Candidature phases were of R $ 85 @,@ million , as released during the official closing of the campaign on November 11 , 2009 . - - - = New Jersey Route 65 = - - Route 65 is a former state highway in the city of Newark , New Jersey . The route went for 4 @.@ 12 miles ( 6 @.@ 63 km ) along Port Street and Doremus Avenue through the industrial districts of the city . Route 65 began at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 and 9 near Newark Liberty International Airport . The route crossed over the New Jersey Turnpike along Port Street until an intersection with Doremus Avenue , where it turned northward for the rest of the distance , terminating at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 and 9 Truck . - Route 65 was originally planned in 1939 as a spur of Route 25 , Route 25B , in Newark to connect that route with Route ( now U.S. Route 1 / 9 Truck ) . The route lasted for 14 years , until January 1 , 1953 , when the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering occurred . Route 25B was decommissioned on that day , along with its parent route , Route 25 . Route 25B was redesigned as Route 65 , and was removed from the state highway system by 1963 . The two roads are now maintained by the city of Newark . - - = = Route description = = - - Route 65 began at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 and 9 in the area of Newark Liberty International Airport in the city of Newark . The route progressed eastward along Port Street , a divided highway for a short distance . The route crossed the access road to the airport before crossing over the newly constructed New Jersey Turnpike south of Interchange 14 . From there , Route 65 continued as Port Street but as one roadway into the industrial districts in Newark . The route progressed further over a railroad before intersecting with Doremus Avenue , where Route 65 turned northward off of Port Street . Both Port Street and Doremus Avenue dead @-@ end right after this respective intersection , Doremus Avenue to the south and Port Street to the east . - From there , Route 65 headed northward along Doremus Avenue , crossing over the Newark Bay ( Interstate 78 ) just north of the intersection . The route continued through the industrial district , reaching higher in elevation on a bridge over the Central Railroad of New Jersey ( now Operations , ) . From there , the route paralleled the turnpike 's mainline along Doremus Avenue . At the intersection with Raymond Boulevard , Route 65 became a divided highway once again , terminating at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 / 9 Truck in the city of Newark . - - = = History = = - - Route 65 was originally designated in 1939 as State Highway Route 25B , a spur off of State Highway Route 25 ( now U.S. Route 1 and 9 ) at a traffic circle near the Newark Metropolitan Airport ( now Newark Liberty International Airport ) . The route was then to commence along Port Street and Doremus Avenue to an intersection with State Highway Route ( now U.S. Route 1 and 9 Truck ) . Route 25B remained intact along the alignment of Port Street and Doremus Avenue until January 1 , 1953 . On that day , the New Jersey State Highway Department renumbered routes in the state , and eliminated Route 25 entirely . Due to decommissioning of Route 25 , Route 25B was renumbered to Route 65 , eliminating the relation to former Route 25 or U.S. Route 1 and 9 . Route 65 remained on the Port Street and Doremus Avenue alignment for a short time , and was completely eliminated from the state system by 1963 . Port Street and Doremus Avenue are both now maintained by the city of Newark but both are of the National Highway System as of 2009 . In 2001 , the bridge over the line was reconstructed . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route was in Newark , Essex County . - - - = Giacomo Meyerbeer = - - Giacomo Meyerbeer ( born Jacob Liebmann Beer ; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864 ) was a German opera composer of Jewish birth who has been described as perhaps the most successful stage composer of the nineteenth century . With his 1831 opera Robert le diable and its successors , he gave the genre of grand opera ' decisive character ' . Meyerbeer 's grand opera style was achieved by his merging of German orchestra style with Italian vocal tradition . These were employed in the context of sensational and melodramatic libretti created by Eugène Scribe and were enhanced by the up @-@ to @-@ date theatre technology of the Paris Opéra . They set a standard which helped to maintain Paris as the opera capital of the nineteenth century . - Born to a very wealthy Berlin family , Meyerbeer began his musical career as a pianist but soon decided to devote himself to opera , spending several years in Italy studying and composing . His 1824 opera Il crociato in Egitto was the first to bring him Europe @-@ wide reputation , but it was Robert le diable ( 1831 ) which raised his status to great celebrity . His public career , lasting from then until his death , during which he remained a dominating figure in the world of opera , was summarized by his contemporary Hector Berlioz , who claimed that he ' has not only the luck to be talented , but the talent to be lucky . ' He was at his peak with his operas Les Huguenots ( 1836 ) and Le prophète ( 1849 ) ; his last opera ( L 'Africaine ) was performed posthumously . His operas made him the most frequently performed composer at the world 's leading opera houses in the nineteenth century . - At the same time as his successes in Paris , Meyerbeer , as a Prussian Court Kapellmeister ( Director of Music ) from 1832 , and from 1843 as Prussian General Music Director , was also influential in opera in Berlin and throughout Germany . He was an early supporter of Richard Wagner , enabling the first production of the latter 's opera , Rienzi . He was commissioned to write the patriotic opera Ein in to celebrate the reopening of the Berlin Royal Opera House in 1844 and wrote music for certain Prussian state occasions . - Apart from around 50 songs , Meyerbeer wrote little except for the stage . The critical assaults of Wagner and his supporters , especially after his death , led to a decline in the popularity of his works ; his operas were suppressed by the Nazi regime in Germany , and were neglected by opera houses through most of the twentieth century . Meyerbeer 's works are only infrequently performed today . - - = = Early years = = - - Meyerbeer 's was Jacob Liebmann Beer ; he was born in ( now a part of ) , near Berlin , then the capital of Prussia , to a Jewish family . His father was the enormously wealthy financier Judah Beer ( 1769 – 1825 ) and his mother , ( ) ( 1767 – 1854 ) , to whom he was particularly devoted , also came from the elite . Their other children included the astronomer Wilhelm Beer and the poet Michael Beer . He was to adopt the surname Meyerbeer on the death of his grandfather Liebmann Meyer ( 1811 ) and the first name Giacomo during his period of study in Italy , around 1817 . - Judah Beer was a leader of the Berlin Jewish community and maintained a private synagogue in his house which leaned towards views . Jacob Beer wrote an early for performance at this synagogue . Both Judah Beer and his wife were close to the Prussian court ; when was awarded in 1816 the Order of Louise , she was given , by Royal dispensation , not the traditional Cross but a portrait bust of the Queen . The Beer children were provided with a fine education ; their tutors included two of the leaders of the enlightened Jewish intelligentsia , the author Aaron Halle @-@ and Edmund , ( later a reform movement rabbi in Hamburg ) to whom they remained attached into their maturity . The brothers Alexander von Humboldt , the renowned naturalist , geographer and explorer , and the philosopher , linguist and diplomat Wilhelm von Humboldt were close friends of the family circle . - Beer 's first keyboard instructor was Franz , a pupil of Johann Georg and a favoured teacher at the Berlin court . Beer also became one of 's pupils while was in Berlin . The boy made his public debut in 1801 playing Mozart 's D minor Piano Concerto in Berlin . The Zeitung reported : ' The amazing keyboard playing of young ( a Jewish lad of 9 ) , who carried off the difficult passages and other solo parts with , and has fine powers of rendition even more rarely found in one of his age , made the concert even more interesting ' . - Beer , as he still named himself , studied with Antonio and the German master and friend of , Carl Friedrich . Louis organised a concert for Beer at Berlin in 1804 and continued his acquaintance with the lad later in Vienna and Rome . A portrait of Jacob commissioned by the family at this time shows him ' confidently facing the viewer , his hair romantically … his left hand rests on the keyboard , and his right hand a musical manuscript … [ ing ] its subject in the tradition of the young Mozart ' . Beer 's first stage work , the ballet Der Fischer und ( The Fisherman and the ) was produced in March 1810 at the Court Opera in Berlin . His formal training with the Vogler at between 1810 and 1812 was , however , of crucial importance , and at around this time he begins to sign himself ' Meyer Beer ' . Here , with his fellow students ( who included Carl Maria von Weber ) , he learnt not only the craft of composition but also the business of music ( organising concerts and dealing with publishers ) . Forming a close friendship with Weber and other pupils , Meyerbeer established the ( Musical Union ) , whose members undertook to support each other with favourable press criticism and networking . On 12 February 1813 Beer received the first of the string of honours he was to accumulate throughout his life when he was appointed ' Court Composer ' by Grand Duke Ludwig of @-@ . - Throughout his early career , although determined to become a musician , Beer found it difficult to decide between playing and composition . Certainly other professionals in the decade 1810 – 1820 , including Moscheles , considered him amongst the greatest of his period . He wrote during this period numerous piano pieces , including a concerto and set of variations for piano and orchestra , but these have been lost . To this period also belongs a written for the virtuoso Heinrich ( 1784 – 1847 ) who remained a close friend of the composer . - - = = Career = = - - - = = = In Italy = = = - - Despite performances of his und die ( God and Nature ) ( Berlin , 1811 ) and his early operas ( 's ) ( Munich , 1812 ) and Wirth und ( and Guest ) ( , 1813 ) in Germany , Meyerbeer had set his sights by 1814 on basing an operatic career in Paris . In the same year , his opera Die ( The Two ) , a version of Wirth und , was a disastrous failure in Vienna . Realizing that a full understanding of Italian opera was essential for his musical development , he went to study in Italy , enabled by the financial support of his family . He arrived in Italy at the beginning of 1816 , after visits to Paris and London , where he heard Cramer play . In Paris , he wrote to a friend , ' I go from museum to museum , library to library , theatre to theatre , with the restlessness of the Jew ' . - During his years in Italy Meyerbeer became acquainted with , and impressed by , the works of his contemporary Rossini , who by 1816 , at the age of 24 , was already director of both major opera houses in Naples and in the same year premiered his operas The of Seville and . Meyerbeer wrote a series of Italian operas on models , including e ( Padua , 1817 ) , ( Turin , 1819 ) , Emma di ( Venice , 1819 ) , d ( Milan 1820 ) and L di ( Milan 1821 ) . All but the last two of these had libretti by Gaetano Rossi , whom Meyerbeer continued to support until the latter 's death in 1855 , although not commissioning any further libretti from him after Il crociato in Egitto ( 1824 ) . During a visit to Sicily in 1816 , Meyerbeer noted down a number of , and these in fact constitute the earliest collection of folk music of the region . In a birthday from Rossi 's wife in 1817 occurs the earliest use discovered of Meyerbeer 's adopted ' Giacomo ' . - - = = = Recognition = = = - - The name Giacomo Meyerbeer first became known internationally with his opera Il crociato in Egitto — premiered in Venice in 1824 and produced in London and Paris in 1825 ; incidentally , it was the last opera ever written to feature a , and the last to require keyboard accompaniment for . This ' breakthrough ' in Paris was exactly what Meyerbeer had been aiming for over the past ten years ; he had been carefully preparing for it , developing contacts , and fully his reward . - In 1826 , shortly after the death of his father , Meyerbeer married his cousin , ( 1804 – 1886 ) . The marriage which may have been ' dynastic ' in its origins proved to be stable and devoted ; the couple were to have five children , of whom the three youngest ( all daughters ) survived to adulthood . In the same year , following the death of Carl Maria von Weber , Weber 's widow asked Meyerbeer to complete her husband 's unfinished comic opera Die . This was to cause him much trouble over future years , as he found the material insufficient to work on . Eventually in 1852 he settled the matter with Weber 's heirs by handing them Weber 's drafts and a cash compensation . ( The opera was later completed by Gustav Mahler ) . - With his next opera Meyerbeer became virtually a superstar . Robert le diable ( with libretto by Eugène Scribe and Germain ) , produced in Paris in 1831 , was one of the earliest grand operas . The libretto , originally planned in 1827 as a three @-@ act opéra comique for the Opéra @-@ theatre , was after 1829 in a five @-@ act form to meet the requirements of the Paris Opéra . Its revised characterisation as a ' grand opera ' placed it in succession to Auber 's La de ( 1828 ) and Rossini 's Guillaume Tell ( 1829 ) in this new genre . The composer undertook further work on the opera in early 1831 adding ballet episodes , including the " Ballet of Nuns " , which was to prove one of the opera 's great sensations , becoming an early example of the ballet blanc genre . He also rewrote the two major male roles of Bertrand and Robert to suit the talents of Nicolas and Adolphe Nourrit , respectively . At the invitation of Nourrit , Falcon made her debut at the age of 18 at the Opéra in the role of Alice on 20 July 1832 , and she made a vivid impression on the public , which included on that night Auber , Berlioz , Halévy , Maria , , , Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo . On hearing her in the role , Meyerbeer himself declared his opera at last ' complete ' . - The success of the opera led to Meyerbeer himself becoming a celebrity . In January 1832 he was awarded membership of the Légion d 'honneur . This success – coupled with Meyerbeer 's known family wealth – inevitably also precipitated envy amongst his peers . Berlioz – who had commented that ' Meyerbeer not only had the luck to be talented , he had the talent to be lucky ' – wrote ' I can 't forget that Meyerbeer was only able to persuade [ the Opéra ] to put on Robert le diable ... by paying the administration sixty thousand francs of his own money ' ; and Chopin lamented ' Meyerbeer had to work for three years and pay his own expenses for his stay in Paris before Robert le diable could be staged .... Three years , that 's a lot – it 's too much . ' King Frederick William III of Prussia who attended the second performance of Robert le diable , swiftly invited him to compose a German opera , and Meyerbeer was invited to stage Robert in Berlin . Within a few years the opera had been staged with success all over Europe , and also in the USA . - The fusion of dramatic music , melodramatic plot , and staging in Robert le diable proved a sure @-@ fire formula , as did the partnership with Scribe , which Meyerbeer would go on to repeat in Les Huguenots , Le prophète , and L 'Africaine . All of these operas held the international stage throughout the 19th century , as did the more pastoral Dinorah ( 1859 ) , making Meyerbeer the most frequently performed composer at leading opera houses in the nineteenth century . - - = = = Between Paris and Berlin = = = - - - = = = = 1832 – 1839 = = = = - - describes Meyerbeer 's mature life as ' a tale of two cities ... His artistic triumph and legendary status were achieved in Paris ... but he never abandoned Prussia , especially his home city of Berlin ' . His wife was based in Berlin ( she did not enjoy Paris ) as was his beloved mother ; and he had a series of Royal duties from the Prussian court , stemming from his appointment as Court Kapellmeister in 1832 . For these reasons his life from 1830 onwards is characterised by travel between these two centres . - In Paris Meyerbeer had been asked by Louis Véron , the director of the Opéra , for a new work . At first he attempted to persuade Véron to accept the opéra @-@ comique Le to a libretto by Scribe , which he had been contracted to compose in early 1831 ; but Véron insisted on a full five @-@ act piece . Together with Scribe , Meyerbeer reviewed many subjects before deciding , in 1832 , on Les Huguenots . The contract which Meyerbeer signed with Véron contained a penalty clause if the work was not delivered by the end of 1833 . When the time came and the opera was not ready , Véron claimed his 30 @,@ 000 francs under this clause ; Meyerbeer was perhaps unique amongst composers in being able to pay this . In fact Véron the money under a further agreement , when the opera was delivered in late 1834 ; but himself was replaced as director of the Opera by Henri Duponchel before Les Huguenots was premiered on 29 February 1836 . It was an immediate and immense success , its splendid staging and effects exceeding even those of Fromental Halévy 's La , which had premiered the previous year . Berlioz called the score " a musical " , and the singing , especially of Nourrit and Falcon , was universally praised . Les Huguenots was the first opera to be performed at the Opéra more than 1 @,@ 000 times ( the 1,000th performance being on 16 May 1906 ) and continued to be produced up to 1936 , more than a century after its premiere . Its many performances in all other of the world 's major opera houses give it a claim to being the most successful opera of the 19th century . - However , in Berlin Meyerbeer faced many problems , including the enmity of the jealous , who since 1820 had been Court Kapellmeister and director of the Berlin . were made in the Berlin press about the delay of the Berlin premiere of Robert le diable ( which finally took place in June 1832 ) , and Meyerbeer 's music was decried by the critic and poet Ludwig Rellstab . There was no sign of the German opera expected from Meyerbeer . Moreover , reactionary censorship laws prevented production of Les Huguenots in Berlin , ( and indeed in many other cities of Germany ) . Nevertheless , Meyerbeer , who ( as he wrote to a friend ) ' years ago ... to myself never to respond personally to attacks on my work , and never under any circumstances to cause or respond to personal ' , refused to be drawn on any of these matters . - Meanwhile , in Paris Meyerbeer began to seek new libretti , initially considering Le prophète of Scribe , Le by Henri Saint @-@ Georges and eventually settling on Scribe 's Vasco da Gama ( later to become L 'Africaine ) , which he contracted to complete by 1840 . However , Meyerbeer had envisaged that the main role in L 'Africaine would be written for Falcon ; after the catastrophic failure of her voice in 1837 , he turned instead to Le prophète . - On 20 August 1839 Meyerbeer , whilst relaxing at in the company of Moscheles , met for the first time with Richard Wagner , who was en route to Paris . Their ensuing relationship ( see below ) was to have major repercussions for the careers and of both . At this meeting Wagner read to Meyerbeer from the libretto of Rienzi , and Meyerbeer agreed to look through the score , which indeed he subsequently recommended for performance at Dresden . - - = = = = The 1840s = = = = - - By the end of 1841 , Meyerbeer had completed the first draft of Le prophète , but refused to stage it because the then director of the opera , Leon , wished to cast his mistress , , in the part of , the hero 's mother . ( Berlioz characterised as ' la du ' ) . Meyerbeer insisted on Pauline for the role . Meyerbeer lodged the score with a Parisian lawyer , and refused to countenance any production until his wishes were met . It was not until 1849 when the Opéra was willing to agree his conditions . Meyerbeer was unique in his time in having the wealth and influence to impose his will as a composer in this way . - In the meantime , the situation in Prussia was changing . Following the death of Frederick William III , the new regime of Frederick William IV was far more liberal . was dismissed , and the Berlin premiere of Les Huguenots was arranged ( 20 May 1842 ) . On the instigation of Alexander von Humboldt , Meyerbeer was installed later in the year as Prussian and director of music for the Royal Court . Meyerbeer wrote a number of works for court occasions , and also provided music , at the King 's request , for the first staging on Berlin in 1856 of his brother Michael 's play Struensee ( based on the life of Johann Friedrich Struensee ) , which had also been proscribed under the previous regime . - In 1843 , the Berlin Opera house burnt down . The creation of the new building gave a new opportunity to commission a German opera from Meyerbeer . The subject of the opera , Ein in ( A ) , was an episode in the life of Frederick the Great . As this patriotic opera ' needed ' Prussian creators , Meyerbeer arranged that whilst the trusted Scribe would write the libretto , Rellstab would translate it and take the credit ( and the royalties ) . This had the added advantage of winning over the formerly hostile Rellstab . Meyerbeer had hoped to have Jenny ( for whom he had written the part ) sing the lead role of , but the opera premiered on 7 December 1844 without her ( although she did appear in subsequent performances ) . The libretto was revised by Charlotte Birch @-@ Pfeiffer to a Bohemian background as for a production in Vienna ( 1847 ) . ( In a further incarnation , the music was later used by Meyerbeer for a revamped libretto by Scribe featuring Peter the Great , and produced as an opéra comique in Paris ( L du , 1854 ) ) . - With the continuing delays in the production of Le prophète and L 'Africaine , Meyerbeer was now becoming subject to increasing sniping in Paris . In 1846 Meyerbeer began work on a new project with Scribe and Saint @-@ Georges , , but in the following year was sacked from the opera and the direction was resumed by Duponchel . As a consequence , Meyerbeer was at last able to stage Le prophète with a cast to his liking , ( including as ) , and it premiered on 16 April 1849 . Again Meyerbeer 's new opera was an outstanding success – despite the unusual feature of the lead female role being the hero 's mother , rather than his lover . Amongst those at the 47th performance in February 1850 was Richard Wagner , now an impoverished political exile ; the success of a work so fundamentally against his own operatic principles was one of the spurs to his anti @-@ Jewish of Meyerbeer and Mendelssohn , ' Das in der ' ( 1850 ) . - - = = = = Last years = = = = - - Increasing ill @-@ health ( or possibly ) now began to restrict Meyerbeer 's output and activities . The death of his beloved mother in 1854 was also a blow . However the success of L du in 1854 demonstrated that he could still pack the theatres . Following this he began on two new projects , an opera by Scribe based on the biblical story of Judith , and an opéra comique , Le pardon de , ( also known as Dinorah , the title given to the Italian version performed at London ) to a libretto by Jules . The latter premiered on 4 April 1859 at the Opéra at Paris ; the former , like many previous projects , remained only as sketches . The death of Scribe in 1861 was a further to Meyerbeer to proceed with his operatic work in progress . In 1862 , in accordance with his original contract with Scribe , he paid Scribe 's widow compensation for not completing Judith . - Nevertheless , Meyerbeer 's last years saw the composition of a good deal of non @-@ operatic music , including a Coronation March for William I of Prussia , ( 1861 ) , an overture for the 1862 International in London , and incidental music ( now lost ) to Henry Blaze de Bury 's play La de ( 1860 ) . He composed a few settings of material , including one of the ( 1853 ) ; and also choral works for the synagogue at Paris . - Meyerbeer died in Paris on 2 May 1864 . Rossini , who , not having heard the news , came to his apartment the next day intending to meet him , was shocked and fainted . He was moved to write on the spot a choral tribute ( , , sublime ! ) . A special train bore Meyerbeer 's body from the du Nord to Berlin on 6 May , where he was buried in the family vault at the Jewish cemetery in . - L 'Africaine was eventually premiered after Meyerbeer 's death at the Salle Le on 28 April 1865 in a performing edition undertaken by François @-@ Joseph . - - = = Personality and beliefs = = - - Meyerbeer 's immense wealth ( increased by the success of his operas ) and his continuing adherence to his Jewish religion set him apart somewhat from many of his musical contemporaries . They also gave rise to rumours that his success was due to his musical critics . Richard Wagner ( see below ) accused him of being interested only in money , not music . Meyerbeer was , however , a deeply serious musician and a sensitive personality . He philosophically resigned himself to being a victim of his own success : his extensive diaries and correspondence – which survived the turmoil of 20th @-@ century Europe and have now been published in eight volumes – are an source for the history of music and theatre in the composer 's time . - Meyerbeer 's personal attachment to Judaism was a mature personal decision – after the death of his maternal grandfather in 1811 he wrote to his mother ' Please accept from me a promise that I will always live in the religion in which he died ' . In his diaries he noted significant family events including , not by their Gregorian calendar occurrence , but by their Jewish calendar dates . Moreover , he regularly suffered from ( and / or imagined ) anti @-@ Jewish throughout his life , warning his brothers frequently in his letters against ( Yiddish for ' Jew @-@ hatred ' ) . Writing to Heinrich Heine in 1839 , he offered the view : - I believe that is like love in the theatres and novels : no matter how often one encounters it ... it never misses its target if effectively wielded ... [ Nothing ] can grow back the of which we are robbed on the eighth day of life ; those who , on the ninth day , do not bleed from this operation shall continue to bleed an entire lifetime , even after death . - It was probably a similar that led Meyerbeer never to enter public controversy with those who slighted him , either professionally or personally , although he occasionally displayed his in his ; for example , on hearing Robert Schumann conduct in 1850 : ' I saw for the first time the man who , as a critic , has persecuted me for twelve years with a deadly - In his mature operas Meyerbeer selected stories which almost invariably featured as a major element of storyline a hero living within a hostile environment . Robert , Raoul the Huguenot , Jean the prophet , and the Vasco da Gama in L 'Africaine are all ' outsiders ' . It has been suggested that ' Meyerbeer 's choice of these topics is not accidental ; they reflect his own sense of living in a potentially - Meyerbeer 's relationship with Heine displays the and of the social of both parties . Meyerbeer , apart from any of his personal feelings , needed Heine as an influential personality and writer on music . He genuinely admired Heine 's verse , and made a number of settings from it . Heine , living in Paris from 1830 , always about his loyalties between Judaism and Christianity , and always short of money , asked Meyerbeer to intervene with Heine 's own family for financial support and frequently took loans and money from Meyerbeer himself . He was not above threatening Meyerbeer with blackmail by writing satirical pieces about him ( and indeed Meyerbeer paid Heine 's widow to suppress such writings ) . And yet , at Heine 's death in 1856 , Meyerbeer wrote in his diary ' Peace be to his ashes . I forgive him from my heart for his and many against - - = = Music and theatre = = - - - = = = Music = = = - - Meyerbeer did not operate on the basis of any theory or philosophy of music and was not an innovator in harmony or musical form . In the words of John H. Roberts , " He had a rich fund of appealing if somewhat short @-@ melody , commanded an increasingly rich harmonic vocabulary , and was a master of brilliant and novel orchestral effect . But he had very limited skill in thematic development and even less in combination . " - All of his significant music is for the voice ( opera and songs ) and this reflects his detailed in Italian opera . Throughout his career he wrote his operas with specific singers in mind and took great care to temper his writing to their strengths ; but at the same time he seemed little interested in expressing the emotions of his characters , preferring to use his music to underline the larger @-@ scale machinations of the plot . In this way he was close to the ideas of his teacher Vogler , himself renowned for his dramatic depictions of nature and incident in keyboard music , who wrote in 1779 that " writing beautifully is easy ; expression is not too difficult ; but only the genius of a great painter ... can choose for each picture and natural colours that are particular to it . " Indeed , his devotion to the voice often led him to ignore the dramatic cohesion of his operas ; typically , he would write far too much music and the scores of his operas would have to be drastically cut during rehearsals . ( The lengthy overture to Le prophète had to be cut in its entirety , surviving only in a piano arrangement by Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan ) . - The first signs of Meyerbeer breaking with the Italian traditions in which he had trained are in Il crociato in Egitto . Amongst other notable features of the opera were its lavish orchestral forces ( extending to two onstage military bands in the final act ) . The grandiosity of the work reflected the need to make an impact on the sophisticated and technologically advanced stages of London and Paris , for which it was extensively rewritten . Meyerbeer 's contribution was revealed at this stage to be the combination of Italian vocal lines , German orchestration and harmony , and the use of contemporary theatrical techniques , ideas which he carried forward in Robert and his later works . However Meyerbeer 's background in the Italian operatic traditions can be clearly seen as late as 1859 in the ' mad scene ' in Dinorah ( the virtuoso ) . - Typical of Meyerbeer 's innovative orchestration is the use in Robert le diable of dark @-@ toned instruments – , timpani and low brass , including – to the nature of and his associates . At one point the arrival of a character is announced by a combination of three solo timpani and double @-@ . Similar is shown in Les Huguenots where the composer uses a solo bass and solo d to accompany . For Le prophète , Meyerbeer considered using the newly invented saxophone . Becker suggests that Meyerbeer in all his grand operas often ' created a deliberately ' ' sound with unusual orchestration designed to express ... content rather than produce a sensuous sound ' and opines that this explains much of the criticism he received from German writers on music . - - = = = Theatre = = = - - Meyerbeer 's concern to integrate musical power with all the resources of contemporary theatre anticipated in some ways the ideas of Wagner 's . Becker writes : - Wagner 's idea of music drama ... was originally developed by way of grand opera ... his ideas could never have been realised in their particular form without the pioneering development [ s ] ... that Meyerbeer 's operas were the first to demand . - Meyerbeer was always concerned to intensify the theatricality of his operas , even when new ideas emerged at a relatively late stage in the music 's composition . An example of his was the addition of the provocative " Ballet of the Nuns " in the third act of Robert le diable , at the suggestion of Duponchel . The set for the ballet was an innovative and striking design by Duponchel and Pierre @-@ Luc @-@ Charles . Duponchel had also introduced technical innovations for the staging , including ' English traps ' for the sudden appearance and disappearance of the ghosts . ( Meyerbeer was led in fact to complain that the spectacle was too much and was pushing his music into the background ) . In Le prophète the skating ballet , which created a great sensation , was composed after rehearsals had begun , in order to on the new craze for roller . The theatre was also able to use new electrical lighting effects to create a powerful , and to depict the which ends the opera . - Meyerbeer 's large choral ' tableaux ' also made a major contribution to the overall dramatic effect ; the composer particularly sought opportunities to write such large @-@ scale crowd scenes , and preferred libretti which offered such possibilities . writes : ' These massive developed sections are the chief glory of the opera , for they are not only big in volume but big in their structural design ' . - Mention should also be made of Meyerbeer 's intense concern with the business of opera , which indeed had formed part of his studies under Vogler . This gave him the background not only to deal with complex contractual issues and to negotiate with publishers , but extended to wooing the press and ' marketing ' in general . Indeed , he was probably the originator of the ' press conference ' at which journalists were fed and information . This marketing and of opera was reinforced by Meyerbeer 's Paris publisher Maurice Schlesinger who had established his fortune on the back of Robert , and even persuaded de to write a novella ( ) to promote Les Huguenots . Schlesinger 's publication of Franz Liszt 's de Robert le diable sold out on the day of issue and was immediately reprinted . Such manoeuvres did little to Meyerbeer to his fellow artists , and indeed engendered envious comments of the sort already quoted from Berlioz and Chopin . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Musical influence = = = - - Meyerbeer had no pupils and no direct ' school ' . Yet as his works spanned the golden age of grand opera , clear traces of his influence can be found in the grand operas of Fromental Halévy , Gaetano , Giuseppe Verdi and others . After 1850 , notes a continuing tradition of operas at Paris where ' principals appear with chorus at the end of an act and where private intrigue a well @-@ articulated public dimension in the plot ' and cites amongst others Charles Gounod 's La ( 1854 ) , Ambroise Thomas 's Hamlet and operas by Jules , amongst them Le de ( 1877 ) and Le ( 1885 ) . The line of succession was however virtually washed away in the tide of Wagner in Paris after 1890 ( see below ) . The influence of Meyerbeer has also been detected in the operas of and other Czech composers , and in the operas of Russian composers including @-@ and the young , who thought Les Huguenots ' one of the greatest works in the repertoire ' . - Themes from Meyerbeer 's works were used by many contemporary composers , often in the form of keyboard or fantasies . Perhaps the most elaborate and substantial of these is Franz Liszt 's monumental Fantasy and on the " Ad nos , ad " , ( 1852 ) , for organ or pédalier , based on the of the Anabaptist priests in Le prophète and dedicated to Meyerbeer . The work was also published in a version for piano duet ( ) which was much later arranged for solo piano by Busoni . - Liszt also wrote piano works based on Robert le diable , notably the de Robert le diable . He also transcribed two pieces from L 'Africaine , as " de l L 'Africaine " . Frédéric Chopin and Auguste Franchomme jointly composed a Grand duo on themes from the opera , for cello and piano , in 1832 , and the Italian pianist and composer composed an elaborate fantasy on the opera for left hand alone as his Op. 106 . Other pieces based on the opera included works by Adolf von and Jean @-@ . Similar works , of varying musical quality , were out by composers for each of the further operas in attempts to cash in on their success . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Meyerbeer 's operas consistently enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime , and the verdict of ( the then pro @-@ Meyerbeer ) Wagner in 1841 , when the Paris Opéra was awaiting Le prophète and L 'Africaine , was not atypical : - The Paris Opéra lies dying . It looks for its salvation to the German , Meyerbeer ; if he keeps it waiting much longer , its death will begin ... It is for that reason ... that one only sees Robert le and Les Huguenots turning up again when the are forced to withdraw . - However , dissenting voices were heard from critics . Not all of these however were on musical grounds . Berlioz for example raised the issue of the inhibiting effects of Meyerbeer 's success ( which he felt particularly as one who struggled to get his works performed ) : " The pressure [ Meyerbeer ] on managers , artists and critics , and consequently on the Paris public , at least as much by his immense wealth as by his eclectic talent , makes all serious success at the Opéra virtually impossible . This influence may still be felt ten years after his death : Heinrich Heine maintains he has ' paid in advance ' . " - Mendelssohn disapproved of Meyerbeer 's works on moral grounds , believing Robert le diable to be ' ' . - Schumann 's attack on Les Huguenots was clearly a personal against Meyerbeer 's Judaism : ' Time and time again we had to turn away in disgust ... One may search in vain for a sustained pure thought , a truly Christian sentiment ... It is all contrived , all make believe and hypocrisy ! ... The of composers his hands with - Wagner 's disciple Theodor followed Schumann 's line in his 1850 review of Le prophète : ' To a good Christian [ it ] is at best contrived , exaggerated , unnatural and slick , and it is not possible that the practised propaganda of the Hebrew art @-@ taste can succeed using such means . ' 's phrase ' the Hebrew art @-@ taste ' was to be used by Richard Wagner to spark off his attack on Meyerbeer , ' Das in der ( Jewishness in Music ) . ' ( see below ) . - In 1911 , the composer Charles Villiers Stanford cited Meyerbeer 's music as an example of the dangers he believed lay in at the piano without a clear plan , ( although there is in fact no evidence to suggest Meyerbeer worked in this way ) , writing : ' Man of genius though he was , as any man who wrote the fourth act of the Huguenots must have been , Meyerbeer is a sign @-@ post of this danger of trusting to the as a medium of - - = = = Wagner 's campaign against Meyerbeer = = = - - The campaign of Richard Wagner against Meyerbeer was to a great extent responsible for the decline of Meyerbeer 's popularity after his death in 1864 . This campaign was as much a matter of personal spite as of racism – Wagner had learnt a great deal from Meyerbeer and indeed Wagner 's early opera Rienzi ( 1842 ) was called by Hans von Bülow ' Meyerbeer 's best opera ' . Meyerbeer supported the young Wagner , both financially and in helping to obtain the premiere productions of both Rienzi and The Flying Dutchman at Dresden . - Wagner 's early correspondence with Meyerbeer , up to 1846 , is . However , from the early 1840s , as Wagner developed and Lohengrin , his ideas on opera increasingly diverged from standards ; even in 1843 Wagner had written to Schumann condemning Meyerbeer 's work as ' a striving after superficial popularity ' . During 1846 Meyerbeer turned down Wagner 's application for a loan of 1 @,@ 200 , and this may have marked a turning point . - In particular , after 1849 , Wagner resented Meyerbeer 's continuing success at a time when his own vision of German opera had little chance of . After the May Uprising in Dresden of 1849 , Wagner was for some years a political refugee facing a prison sentence or worse should he return to . During his period of living in exile he had few sources of income and little opportunity of getting his own works performed . The success of Le prophète sent Wagner over the edge , and he was also deeply envious of Meyerbeer 's wealth . In reaction he published , under a pseudonym , his 1850 essay ' Jewishness in Music ' . Without specifically naming Meyerbeer , he interpreted the popular success of the latter as the of German music by alleged Jewish and willingness to cater to the lowest tastes , and attributed the supposed poor quality of such ' Jewish music ' to Jewish speech and song patterns , which ' though the cultured son of takes pains to strip them off , nevertheless they an in to him ' . - In his major theoretical statement , ' Opera and Drama ' ( 1852 ) , Wagner objected to the music of Meyerbeer , asserting its and in dramatic terms ; this work contains Wagner 's well @-@ known put @-@ down of Meyerbeer 's operas as ' effects without causes ' . It also contains the sardonic crack that ' [ Rossini ] never could have that it would some day occur to the , for whom he had always made their music , to make it for themselves ' . ' Jewishness in Music ' was reissued in 1869 , ( after Meyerbeer 's death ) in an extended form , with a far more explicit attack on Meyerbeer . This version was under Wagner 's own name – and as Wagner had by now a far greater reputation , his views obtained far wider publicity . These attacks on Meyerbeer ( which also included at Felix Mendelssohn ) are regarded by Paul Lawrence Rose as a significant milestone in the growth of German anti @-@ Semitism . - As Wagner prospered , it became second @-@ nature for him , his wife and the Wagner circle to Meyerbeer and his works , and 's contain numerous instances of this – ( as well as recording a dream of Wagner 's in which he and Meyerbeer were reconciled ) . Wagner 's autobiography ' Mein ' , circulated amongst his friends ( and published openly in 1911 ) , contains constant sniping at Meyerbeer and concludes with Wagner over Meyerbeer 's death . The of Meyerbeer became a commonplace amongst : in 1898 , George Bernard Shaw , in The Perfect , commented that " young people cannot understand how anyone could have taken Meyerbeer 's influence seriously . " - Thus as Wagner 's stock rose , Meyerbeer 's fell . In 1890 , the year before the Paris premiere of Wagner 's Lohengrin , there were no Wagner performances at the Paris Opéra , and 32 performances of Meyerbeer 's four grand operas . In 1909 , there were 60 Wagner performances , and only three of Meyerbeer ( Les Huguenots being the sole work performed ) . - - = = = = = = - - Meyerbeer 's costly operas , requiring grand casts of leading singers , were gradually dropped from the repertoire in the early 20th century . They were banned in Germany from 1933 , and subsequently in subject countries , by the Nazi regime because the composer was Jewish , and this was a major factor in their further disappearance from the repertory . - One of the first serious post @-@ war studies of Meyerbeer and grand opera was 's 1948 book Grand Opera : An Art and a Business which laid out the themes and standards for much subsequent research . A major contribution to revival of interest in Meyerbeer was the work of the scholar Heinz Becker , leading to the complete publication , between 1960 and 2006 , of Meyerbeer 's complete diaries and correspondence in German , which are an important source for musical history of the era . The English scholar Robert has translated the diaries and undertaken a wide range of Meyerbeer studies . Not least , the establishment of a ' Meyerbeer Fan Club ' in America has stimulated interest . - Most importantly the operas themselves are now beginning to be revived and recorded , although despite the efforts of such champions as Dame Joan Sutherland , who took part in performances of , and recorded , Les Huguenots , they have yet to achieve anything like the huge popular following they attracted during their creator 's lifetime . Recordings are now available of all the operas from Il crociato onwards , for many of the earlier Italian operas , and for other pieces including his songs and the incidental music for Struensee . - Amongst reasons often for the of modern productions are the scale of Meyerbeer 's more ambitious works and the cost of mounting them , as well as the alleged lack of virtuoso singers capable of doing justice to Meyerbeer 's demanding music . However , recent successful productions of some of the major operas at relatively small centres such as ( L 'Africaine , 2004 ) and Metz ( Les Huguenots , 2004 ) show that this conventional wisdom can be challenged . A highly successful production of Les Huguenots conducted by Marc with stage direction by Gilbert was presented at Brussels ' de la in 2011 , and a new production of the same work opened at the in 2014 , conducted by Johannes with stage direction by Tobias , a co @-@ production with Opéra de Nice . In December 2012 , the Royal Opera House in London premiered its first performance of Robert le diable in 120 years . In 2013 , Meyerbeer 's original version of L 'Africaine in a new critical edition by Jürgen was performed by Opera House under the original title Vasco de Gama . The production was a success with audiences and critics and won the poll of German critics award presented by magazine annually as " Rediscovery of the year " in 2013 . - On 9 September 2013 a plaque to mark Meyerbeer 's last residence was put up at , Berlin . - - = = On film = = - - Vernon played the role of Giacomo Meyerbeer in the 1983 film Wagner . - - = = Recordings = = - - A Meyerbeer discography ( updated whenever an additional opera by Meyerbeer is issued on CD ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 27 , 2009 ) - Recordings of Meyerbeer 's operas as listed on @-@ opera @-@ / - - - = Washington State Route 221 = - - State Route 221 ( SR 221 ) is a 25 @.@ 95 @-@ mile ( 41 @.@ 76 km ) long state highway located entirely within Benton County , Washington , United States . The highway serves to connect the unincorporated community of Paterson to the county seat Prosser . The highway has existed since at least 1926 and was designated as Primary State Highway 8E from 1937 until the 1964 renumbering of Washington state highways . - - = = Route description = = - - Washington State Route 221 ( SR 221 ) starts at an intersection with SR 14 in the unincorporated community of Paterson . After leaving Paterson the highway travels north through rural farm land as a two @-@ lane highway . A few minor roads are intersected before the roadway turns to the west after about 17 mi ( 27 km ) , before turning back to the north . After the highway resumes its northerly course it climbs into the Horse Heaven Hills , gaining a passing lane through the uphill segments , before finally terminating at SR 22 in south Prosser . - Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 2 @,@ 000 cars traveled through the central part of the highway , and as many as 2 @,@ 500 cars at the interchange with SR 22 . - - = = History = = - - The roadway on its current alignment has existed since at least 1926 , however there are records of a road between Paterson and Prosser since 1906 . The highway was designated Secondary State Highway 8E ( SSH 8E ) in 1937 , but the route number was changed to SR 221 during the 1964 state highway renumbering . - High winds have forced the closure of SR 221 in 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 due to large amounts of dust being blown around , causing visibility to drop to almost zero through the Horse Heaven Hills . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire highway is within unincorporated Benton County . - - - = Superman : Escape from Krypton = - - Superman : Escape from Krypton ( originally known as Superman : The Escape ) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia , California . When it opened in 1997 , it was the tallest roller coaster in the world , and its speed of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) was tied for the fastest with Tower of Terror II , a similar roller coaster which opened two months earlier at Dreamworld in Australia . These two coasters were the first to utilize Linear Motor ( ) technology to propel vehicles to top speed . The park originally intended to open the ride in 1996 , but the opening was delayed because of several issues with the launch system . The ride was closed in late 2010 for refurbishment , and it emerged in 2011 as " Superman : Escape from Krypton " . The refurbished ride featured new trains which face backward , and it was painted with a new color scheme . As of 2013 , Superman : Escape from Krypton has the third @-@ tallest structure , the fifth @-@ fastest speed and the third @-@ longest drop in the world . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Superman : The Escape ( 1997 — 2010 ) = = = - - While in the planning stages , the ride was going to be named Velocetron and themed as The Man of Steel . The ride was announced on January 5 , 1996 as Superman : The Escape , breaking records as the first roller coaster to reach 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , passing and Phantom 's Revenge at 82 miles per hour ( 132 km / h ) . The ride was designed by , a Swiss roller coaster firm . It was originally intended to open on June 1 , 1996 . However , due to a range of problems with the launch system , its opening was delayed . In late 1996 , there was a preview for season pass holders . After 10 months of testing and , the ride opened on March 15 , 1997 . After its opening , the media claimed Superman to be the fastest roller coaster in the world . However , since it was delayed , a similar roller coaster known as Tower of Terror , which also has a 100 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour launch ( 160 km / h ) , had opened about a month earlier at Dreamworld in Australia . Superman therefore lost its claim as being the first roller coaster to reach 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , although it was then tied with Tower of Terror as the fastest roller coaster in the world . However , the ride became the first roller coaster in the world to go over 400 ft , therefore becoming the tallest roller coaster in the world at the time . - In June 2004 , Superman : The Escape 's seat belts were modified because of an incident on the Superman – Ride of Steel roller coaster at Six Flags New England . California State asked the park to make modifications to the rides ' restraint systems to prevent a similar incident in the future . - Just after July 4 weekend of 2010 , Superman : The Escape ceased operations with no reason given . A sign posted in front of the ride indicated that it would not reopen until the 2011 season , with hints that there would be improvements made to the ride experience . After Superman : The Escape 's sister ride , the Tower of Terror II at Dreamworld , underwent a major refurbishment in 2010 which entailed a new vehicle which launches backward , speculation turned to the possibility of a similar modification to the Magic Mountain ride . Six Flags Magic Mountain officials quickly denied rumors that it would receive a , similar to roller coasters at other Six Flags parks . - - = = = Superman : Escape from Krypton ( 2011 — present ) = = = - - On October 20 , 2010 , Six Flags Magic Mountain officially announced the refurbishment and re @-@ of Superman : The Escape , in addition to the construction of two new roller coasters . As part of the refurbishment , the ride was renamed to Superman : Escape from Krypton and featured new backward launching cars and a new color scheme . The upgraded ride reopened to the public on March 19 , 2011 . - Superman : Escape from Krypton closed again on February 5 , 2012 ( almost a year after the refurbishment ) to prepare for the new 2012 attraction Lex Luthor : Drop of Doom . Two drop towers , also built by , were integrated into the existing sides of Superman : Escape from Krypton 's structure . The ride reopened when construction was finished on July 7 , 2012 . - To enable the construction of the park 's 2013 roller coaster , Full , Superman : Escape from Krypton was temporarily closed from December 2012 . It reopened in mid @-@ January with Six Flags Magic Mountain stating the ride may have intermittent closures as the construction of Full continues . - - = = Ride experience = = - - - = = = and station = = = - - At the entrance to the ride , the Superman " S " shield is and now painted onto the ground . The entrance area and queue are modeled after the Fortress of Solitude , Superman 's headquarters . The station is lit green , modeled as Krypton , the planet that is full of rock that can take away Superman 's powers . Inside is a crystalline @-@ looking environment which Superman 's fortress in the Arctic . If the Velocetron name had been chosen , the queue and station would have had ancient ruins and a giant laser . A page on display in the Sky Tower , the park 's observation tower , shows the concept art for Velocetron . - - = = = = = = - - The roller coaster has two parallel tracks , with both tracks being identical . The vehicle is accelerated by Linear Motors in reverse out of the station from 0 to 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) in approximately 7 seconds . experience a g @-@ force of 4 @.@ 5 during the launch . The vehicle then climbs up 415 feet ( 126 m ) at a 90 degree angle . climb this vertical section facing directly downward , before slightly stopping near the top of the tower . During the vertical section of the ride , riders experience for about 6 @.@ 5 seconds . The vehicle drops feet ( 100 m ) and is slowed down before re @-@ entering the station . - - = = = = = = - - The roller coaster originally featured two vehicles , each with three rows of four seats and one row of three seats for a total of 15 riders per vehicle . Both vehicles were built to only run forward . After the ride was refurbished in 2010 , new " streamlined " vehicles with the Superman logo were introduced . The new vehicles were designed with low @-@ profile sides to enhance the open @-@ air feeling . Although they are wider , the row of the three seats in the older vehicle was reduced to two , resulting in a lower total of 14 riders per vehicle . Both of the new trains were configured to run backward , though they were designed to run forward as well . It was reported that the park would eventually run one side forward to give riders a choice , but both trains have remained facing backward . - - = = = Track = = = - - The steel track is approximately 1 @,@ 235 feet ( m ) in length and the height of the tower is approximately 415 feet ( 126 m ) . The tower is in an " L " shape with two parallel tracks . When the ride opened , the entire structure was painted white . After the ride was refurbished , the top third of the structure was painted red , the track was painted yellow and the rest was painted blue . - - = = Records = = - - For the first four years of operation , Superman : Escape from Krypton was tied with Tower of Terror II as the fastest roller coaster in the world . In 2001 , the speed record was taken by in Japan which features a top speed of 106 @.@ 9 miles per hour ( 172 @.@ 0 km / h ) . Superman : Escape from Krypton held the record for the tallest roller coaster in the world until 2003 when the record was taken by the 420 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 130 m ) Top Thrill at Cedar Point . As of 2015 , it has the fifth fastest speed , the third tallest structure and the third @-@ highest drop in the world . - - - = Battle of Hubbardton = - - The Battle of Hubbardton was an engagement in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought in the village of Hubbardton , Vermont . Vermont was then a disputed territory sometimes called the New Hampshire Grants , claimed by New York , New Hampshire , and the newly organized and not yet recognized but de facto independent government of Vermont . On the morning of July 7 , 1777 , British forces , under General Simon Fraser , caught up with the American rear guard of the forces retreating after the withdrawal from Fort Ticonderoga . It was the only battle in Vermont during the revolution . ( The Battle of was fought in what is now , New York . ) - The American retreat from Fort Ticonderoga began late on July 5 after British cannons were seen on top of high ground , Mount ( Mountain and Sugar Hill ) that commanded the fort . The bulk of General Arthur St. Clair 's army retreated through Hubbardton to Castleton , while the rear guard , commanded by Seth Warner , stopped at Hubbardton to rest and pick up stragglers . - General Fraser , alerted to the American withdrawal early on July 6 , immediately set out in pursuit , leaving a message for General John Burgoyne to send reinforcements as quickly as possible . That night Fraser camped a few miles short of Hubbardton , and the German General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , leading reinforcements , camped a few miles further back . Rising early in the morning , Fraser reached Hubbardton , where he surprised some elements of the American rear , while other elements managed to form defensive lines . In spirited battle , the Americans were driven back , but had almost succeeded in turning Fraser 's left flank when Riedesel and his German reinforcements arrived , eventually scattering the American forces . - The battle took a large enough toll on the British forces that they did not further pursue the main American army . The many American prisoners were sent to Ticonderoga while most of the British troops made their way to Skenesboro to rejoin Burgoyne 's army . Most of the scattered American remnants made their way to rejoin St. Clair 's army on its way toward the Hudson River . - - = = Background = = - - General John Burgoyne began his 1777 campaign for control of the Hudson River valley by moving an army of 8 @,@ 000 down Lake Champlain in late June , arriving near Fort Ticonderoga on July 1 . On July 5 , General Arthur St. Clair 's American forces defending Fort Ticonderoga and its supporting defenses discovered that Burgoyne 's men had placed cannons on a position overlooking the fort . They evacuated the fort that night , with the majority of the army marching down a rough road ( now referred to locally as the 1776 Hubbardton Military Road ) toward Hubbardton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants territory . The day was hot and sunny , and the pace was rapid and ; most of the army marched 30 miles ( 48 km ) to Castleton before making camp on the evening of July 6 . - - = = British troops give chase = = - - The British general , a Scotsman named Simon Fraser discovered early on July 6 that the Americans had abandoned Ticonderoga . Leaving a message for General Burgoyne , he set out in pursuit with companies of grenadiers ( 9th , 29th , 34th , and 62nd Foot ) and light infantry ( 24th , 29th , 34th , 53rd , and 62nd ) , as well as two companies of the 24th Regiment and about 100 and Indian scouts . Burgoyne ordered Riedesel to follow ; he set out with a few companies of Brunswick and grenadiers , leaving orders for the rest of his troops to come as rapidly as possible . Fraser 's advance corps was only a few miles behind Colonel Francis ' 11th Massachusetts Regiment , which acted as St. Clair 's rear guard . - American general St. Clair paused at Hubbardton to give the main army 's tired and hungry troops time to rest while he hoped the rear guard would arrive . When it did not arrive in time , he left Colonel Seth Warner and the Green Mountain Boys behind , along with the 2nd New Hampshire Regiment under Colonel Nathan Hale , at Hubbardton to wait for the rear while the main army marched on to Castleton . When Francis ' and Hale 's men arrived , Warner decided , against St. Clair 's orders , that they would spend the night there , rather than marching on to Castleton . Warner , who had experience in rear @-@ guard actions while serving in the invasion of Quebec , arranged the camps in a defensive position on Monument Hill , and set patrols to guard the road to Ticonderoga . - Baron Riedesel caught up with Fraser around 4 pm , and insisted that his men could not go further before making camp . Fraser , who to this as Riedesel was senior to him in the chain of command , pointed out that he was authorized to engage the enemy , and would be leaving his camp at 3 am the next morning . He then advanced until he found a site about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from Hubbardton , where his troops camped for the night . Riedesel waited for the bulk of his men , about 1 @,@ 500 strong , and also made camp . - - = = Attack = = - - Fraser 's men were up at 3 am , but did not make good time due to the darkness . Riedesel left his camp at 3 am with a picked group of men , and was still behind Fraser when the latter arrived at Hubbardton near dawn and very nearly surprised elements of Hale 's regiment , which were scattered in the early fighting . A messenger had arrived from General St. Clair delivering news that the British had reached Skenesboro , where the elements of the retreating army had planned to regroup , and that a more route to the Hudson River was now required . St. Clair 's instructions were to follow him immediately to . Francis ' men had formed a column to march out around 7 : 15 when the British vanguard began the hill behind them . Rapidly reforming into a line behind some cover , the Massachusetts men unleashed a withering volley of fire at the British . General Fraser took stock of the situation , and decided to send a detachment around to flank the American left , at the risk of exposing his own left , which he hoped would hold until Riedesel arrived . Riedesel reached the top of another hill , where he observed that the American line , now including parts of Hale 's regiment , was in fact pressing on Fraser 's left . He therefore sent his grenadiers to support Fraser 's flank and directed the against the American center . - At some point early in the conflict , St. Clair was made aware of the gunfire off in the distance . He immediately dispatched Henry Livingston and Isaac Dunn to send the militia camped closest to Hubbardton down the road in support of the action . When they reached the area of those camps they found those militia companies in full retreat away from the gunfire in the distance , and no amount of persuasion could convince the men to turn around . Livingston and Dunn continued riding toward Hubbardton . - Falling back to a secure position on Monument Hill , the Americans repulsed several vigorous British assaults , although Colonel Francis was hit in the arm by a shot . He on , directing troops to a perceived weakness on Fraser 's left . The tide of the battle turned when , after more than an hour of battle , Riedesel 's grenadiers arrived . These disciplined forces entered the singing hymns to the accompaniment of a military band to make them appear more numerous than they actually were . The American flanks were turned , and they were forced to make a desperate race across an open field to avoid being enveloped . Colonel Francis fell in a volley of musket fire as the troops raced away from the advancing British and scattered into the countryside . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The scattered remnants of the American rear made their way toward in order to rejoin the main army . by Fraser 's scouts and Indians , and without food or shelter , it took some of them five days to reach the army , which was by then nearing Fort Edward . Others , including Colonel Hale and a detachment of 70 men , were captured by the British as they up the scene . Colonel Francis , in a sign of respect from his opponents , was buried with the Brunswick dead . - Baron Riedesel and the departed for Skenesboro the next day , much to General Fraser 's . Their departure left him in " the most disaffected part of America , every person a Spy " , with 600 tired men , a sizable contingent of prisoners and wounded , and no significant supplies . On July 9 he sent the 300 prisoners , under light guard but with threats of retaliation should they try to escape , toward Ticonderoga while he marched his exhausted forces toward Castleton and then Skenesboro . - Livingston and Dunn , the two men sent toward the battle by St. Clair , were met by retreating Americans on the Castleton road after the battle was over . They returned to Castleton with the bad news , and the army marched off , eventually reaching the American camp at Fort Edward on July 12 . - - = = Losses = = - - The official casualty return for the troops gives 38 soldiers and 1 French @-@ Canadian killed and 125 and 2 French @-@ Canadians wounded . A separate return for the German troops has 10 killed and 14 wounded , for a grand total of 49 killed and 141 wounded . Historian Richard M. Ketchum gives different British casualties of 60 killed and 168 wounded . The American casualties were 41 killed , 96 wounded and 230 captured . - - = = Legacy = = - - A local body commissioned the erection of a monument on the battlefield site in 1859 , and the state began acquiring battlefield lands in the 1930s for operation as a state historic site . The battlefield was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 , and is the site of annual Revolutionary War . - - - = Odaenathus = - - Lucius Septimius Udaynath , as Odaenathus ( Aramaic : / ; Arabic : / Udaynath ; 220 – 267 ) , was the founder king ( Mlk ) of the Palmyrene Kingdom centered at the city of Palmyra , Syria . He lifted his city from the position of a regional center subordinate to Rome into the supreme power in the East . Odaenathus was born into an aristocratic Palmyrene family who had received Roman citizenship in the under the dynasty . He was the son of Hairan the descendant of Nasor . The circumstances surrounding his rise are ambiguous ; he became the lord ( Ras ) of the city , a position created for him , as early as the 240s and by 258 , he was styled a , indicating a high status in the Roman Empire . - The defeat and captivity of emperor Valerian at the hands of the Persian Sassanian monarch Shapur I in 260 left the eastern Roman provinces largely at the mercy of the Persians . Odaenathus stayed on the side of Rome ; assuming the title of king , he led the Palmyrene army and fell upon the Persians before they could cross the Euphrates to the eastern bank , and inflicted upon them a considerable defeat . Then , Odaenathus took the side of emperor Gallienus , the son and successor of Valerian , who was facing the of Fulvius Macrianus . The rebel declared his sons emperors , leaving one in Syria and taking the other with him to Europe . Odaenathus attacked the remaining and the rebellion . He was rewarded many exceptional titles by the emperor who formalized his self @-@ established position in the East . In reality , the emperor could have done little but to accept the declared nominal loyalty of Odaenathus . - In a series of rapid and successful campaigns starting in 262 , he crossed the Euphrates and recovered Carrhae and Nisibis . He then took the offensive to the of Persia , and arrived at the walls of its capital Ctesiphon . The city withstood the short siege but Odaenathus reclaimed the entirety of Roman lands occupied by the Persians since the beginning of their invasions in 252 . Odaenathus celebrated his victories and declared himself King of Kings , crowning his son Hairan I as co @-@ king . By 263 , Odaenathus was in effective control of the Levant , Mesopotamia and Anatolia 's eastern region . - Odaenathus observed all due towards the emperor , but in practice ruled as an independent monarch . In 266 , the king launched a second invasion of Persia but had to abandon the campaign and head north to to repel the attacks of riders besieging the city of Heraclea Pontica . He was assassinated in 267 during or immediately after the Anatolian campaign , together with Hairan . The identities of the perpetrator or the instigator are unknown and many stories , accusations and speculations exist in ancient sources . He was succeeded by his son Vaballathus under the regency of his widow Zenobia , who used the power established by Odaenathus to forge the Palmyrene Empire in 270 . - - = = Name , Odaenathus I and origin = = - - " Odaenathus " is the Roman version of the king 's name who was born Lucius Septimius Udaynath c . 220 AD . " Udaynath " is the king 's personal name , an Arabic name that means " little ear " . " Septimius " was the family 's ( surname ) adopted as an expression of loyalty to the Roman dynasty , whose emperor Septimius granted the family Roman citizenship in the late second century . - In the Temple of at Palmyra , a stone block with a sepulchral inscription was found mentioning the building of a tomb and recording the genealogy of the builder : Odaenathus son of Hairan son of son of Nasor . Traditional scholarship believed the builder to be an ancestor of the king and he was given the designation " Odaenathus I " . In an inscription dated to 251 , the name of the " Ras " ( lord ) of Palmyra Hairan son of Odaenathus is written , and he was thought to be the son of Odaenathus I. - Prior to the 1980s , the earliest known inscription king Odaenathus was dated to 257 , leading traditional scholarship to believe that Hairan Ras of Palmyra is the father of the king and that Odaenathus I was his grandfather . However , an inscription published in 1985 by archaeologist Michael and dated to 252 mentions king Odaenathus as a " Ras " and records the same genealogy found in the sepulchral inscription confirming the name of king Odaenathus ' grandfather as . , it is certain that king Odaenathus is the builder of the tomb ruling out the existence of " Odaenathus I " . Ras Hairan mentioned in the 251 inscription is identical with Odaenathus ' elder son and co @-@ ruler prince Hairan I. - The origin of the family is , while the king himself appears to be of mixed and Arab descent ; his name is Arabic , while the names of his ancestors ( father Hairan and great grandfather Nasor ) are Aramaic . Zosimus asserted that Odaenathus descended from " illustrious forebears " , but the position of the family in Palmyra is debated ; it was probably part of the wealthy class . Alternatively , the family could have belonged to the tribal leadership who amassed a fortune as landowners and patrons of the Palmyrene . In Dura @-@ Europos , a relief dated to 159 was commissioned by Hairan son of son of Nasor ; this Hairan might have been the head of the Palmyrene trade colony in Dura @-@ Europos and probably belonged to the same family of Odaenathus . " Nasor " father of mentioned in the Dura @-@ Europos inscription could therefore be Odaenathus ' great @-@ great @-@ great grandfather . - - = = Rise = = - - Palmyra was an autonomous city subordinate to Rome and part of Syria Phoenice province . Odaenathus descended from an aristocratic family , albeit not a royal one as the city was ruled by a council and had no tradition of hereditary monarchy . inscriptions from Palmyra record the title of the Palmyrene ruler as " Ras " in Palmyrene and in Greek , meaning the " Lord of Palmyra " . The title was created for Odaenathus , and was not a usual title in the Roman Empire or a part of the traditional Palmyrene governance institutions ; whether it indicated a military or a priestly position is unknown , but the military role is more likely . - The rise of the aggressive Empire in 224 and the Iranian incursions which affected Palmyrene trade , combined with the weakness of the Roman empire , were probably the reasons behind the Palmyrene council 's decision to elect a lord for the city in order for him to lead a strengthened army . The " Ras " title enabled the bearer to tackle the difficult situation that arose due to the ; the supreme authority of the Ras probably made him the supreme civil and military commander with authority over the entire Palmyrene army , which was previously and led by different generals . - - = = = Ras of Palmyra = = = - - An undated inscription refers to Odaenathus as a Ras and records the gift of a throne to him by a Palmyrene citizen named " son of " , which confirms the supreme character of Odaenathus ' title . The earliest known inscriptions mentioning the title are dated to October 251 and April 252 ; the 251 inscription refer to Odaenathus ' eldest son Hairan I as Ras while the 252 inscription mention Odaenathus with that title . Hairan I was apparently elevated to co @-@ lordship status by his father . Although the written evidence for Odaenathus lordship dates to 251 , it is possible that he acquired the title as early as the 240s ; following the death of Roman emperor Gordian III in during a campaign against Persia , the Palmyrenes might have elected Odaenathus to defend the city . - Odaenathus was described as Roman senator in the undated tomb inscription and Hairan I was mentioned with the same title in the 251 inscription . opinions vary on the exact date of Odaenathus ' elevation to the position ; and Jean maintain that the rank predates the Ras elevation . Hartmann concludes that Odaenathus first became a Ras in the 240s then a senator in 250 . Another possibility is that the rank and lordship occurred simultaneously ; Odaenathus was chosen as a Ras following Gordian 's death , then after Philip the Arab concluded a peace with the Persians , the emperor ratified Odaenathus ' lordship and admitted him to the to guarantee Palmyra 's continuous subordination . - As early as the 240s , Odaenathus inflated the Palmyrene army , recruiting the desert nomads and increasing the numbers of the Palmyrene heavy cavalry units ( ) . In 252 , Persian emperor Shapur I started a full @-@ scale invasion of the Roman provinces in the east . During the second campaign of the invasion , Shapur conquered Antioch and headed south where his advance was checked in 253 by Emesa 's priest king . The events of 253 were mentioned in the works of the sixth century historian John Malalas who also mentioned a leader by the name " " inflicting a defeat upon the retreating Shapur near the Euphrates . " " is probably identical with Odaenathus , and while Malalas ' account indicate that Odaenathus defeated the Persians in 253 , there is no proof that the Palmyrene leader engaged Shapur before 260 and Malalas ' account seems to be confusing Odaenathus ' future actions during 260 with the events of 253 . - Shapur I destroyed the Palmyrene trade colonies all along the Euphrates ( including the colonies at in 253 and at Dura @-@ Europos in 256 ) ; Peter the says that Odaenathus approached Shapur to negotiate Palmyrene interests but was rebuffed and the gifts sent to the Persians were thrown into the river . The date for the attempted negotiations is debated ; Some scholars including John F. Drinkwater set the event in 253 while others such as Watson set it in 256 following the destruction of Dura @-@ Europos . - - = = = Governor of Syria Phoenice = = = - - Several inscriptions dating to the end of 257 or early 258 show Odaenathus bearing the title " " ( ) ; this could be a mere honoring or a sign that he was appointed as the of Phoenice . However , the title ( ) was sometimes used in Syria to denote the provincial governor and William proposed that Odaenathus was indeed the governor of Phoenice . - Five of the inscriptions mentioning Odaenathus as consul are dated to the year ( 258 AD ) during which no governor for Phoenice is attested , which might indicate that this was Odaenathus ' year of governorship . In the city of Tyre , Phoenice 's capital , the lines " To Septimius Odaenathus , the most illustrious . The colony of Tyre " were found inscribed on a marble base ; the inscription is not dated and if it was set after 257 then it indicates that Odaenathus was appointed as the governor of the province . - These speculations cannot be proven without doubt but as a governor , Odaenathus would have been the highest authority in the province and above any commander and provincial officials ; this would make him the commander of the Roman forces in the province . Whatever the case may be , starting from 258 , Odaenathus strengthened his position and extended his political influence in the region . By 260 , Odaenathus held the rank , credibility and power to the Roman east following the Battle of Edessa . - - = = = Edessa = = = - - Faced with Shapur 's third campaign , the Roman emperor Valerian marched against the Persian monarch but was defeated near Edessa in late spring 260 and taken as a prisoner . The Persian emperor then ravaged , Cilicia and claimed to have captured Antioch , the metropolis of Syria . Taking advantage of the situation , Fulvius Macrianus , the commander of the imperial treasury , declared his sons Quietus and Macrianus Minor as joint emperors in August 260 opposing Valerian 's son Gallienus . Fulvius Macrianus took Antioch as his center and organized the resistance against Shapur ; he dispatched Balista , his prefect , to Anatolia . Shapur was defeated in the region of at prompting the Persians to evacuate Cilicia while Balista went back to Antioch . Balista 's victory was only partial , as Shapur withdrew east of Cilicia where the Persian units continued to occupy the area , while a Persian force took advantage of Balista 's return to Syria and headed further west in Anatolia . - - = = Reign = = - - According to the Augustan History , Odaenathus was declared king of Palmyra as soon as the news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached the city . It is not known if Odaenathus contacted Fulvius Macrianus and there is no evidence that he took orders from him . - - = = = Early Persian war and Syria = = = - - Odaenathus assembled the Palmyrene army and Syrian peasants then marched north to meet the Persian emperor , who was back from Cilicia . The Palmyrene monarch fell upon the retreating Shapur at a place between and west of the Euphrates in late summer 260 . Odaenathus defeated the Persians , Shapur from the province of Syria . However , the kept the regions east of the Euphrates . - In the beginning of 261 , Fulvius Macrianus headed to Europe accompanied by Macrianus Minor leaving Quietus and Balista in Emesa . Odaenathus ' whereabouts during this episode are not clear ; he could have distributed the army in garrisons along the frontier or might have brought it back to his capital . The Palmyrene monarch seems to have waited until the situation clear , declaring loyalty neither to Fulvius Macrianus nor to Gallienus . In the spring of 261 , Fulvius Macrianus arrived in the Balkans but was defeated and killed along with Macrianus Minor ; Odaenathus then marched on Emesa where Quietus and Balista were staying . The killed Quietus as Odaenathus approached the city , while Balista was captured and executed by the king in autumn 261 . - - = = = = Ruler of the East = = = = - - The elimination of the usurpers left Odaenathus as the most powerful leader in the Roman east ; he was granted many titles by the emperor but those honors are debated among scholars : - ( commander of the Romans ) : was probably given to Odaenathus to recognize his position as the commander in chief of the forces in the east against the Persians ; it was inherited by Odaenathus ' son and successor Vaballathus . - ( commander of the entire East ) : it is generally accepted by modern scholars that he bore this title . The corrector had an overall command of the Roman armies and authority over the Roman provincial governors in the designated region . There are no known of the title during Odaenathus ' lifetime . for the king bearing the title are two inscriptions in Palmyrene dialect ; one posthumous dedication describing him as MTQNNʿ of the East ( derived from the Aramaic root , meaning to set in order ) , and the other describing his heir Vaballathus with the same title albeit using the word instead of MTQNNʿ . - However , the sort of authority accorded by this position is widely discussed . The problem arise from the word MTQNNʿ ; its exact meaning is debated . The word is translated to Latin as corrector but is another possible translation ; the latter title was an honorary one meant to praise the bearer for driving enemies out of Roman territories . However , the inscription of Vaballathus is clearer as the word is not a Palmyrene word but a direct Palmyrene translation of the Greek term which is usually an equivalent to corrector . - According to David Potter , Vaballathus inherited his father 's exact titles . Hartmann points that there have been cases where a Greek word was translated directly to Palmyrene and a Palmyrene equivalent was also used to mean the same thing . The dedication to Odaenathus would be the using of a Palmyrene equivalent , while the inscription of Vaballathus would be the direct translation . Despite all the arguments , it cannot be certain without doubt that Odaenathus was a corrector . - ( emperor of the entire East ) : only the Augustan History claims that Odaenathus was conferred with this title , and also goes so far as to claim that he was made an Augustus ( co @-@ emperor ) following his defeat of the Persians . Both claims are dismissed by scholars . Odaenathus seems to have been acclaimed as by his troops which is a reserved for the Roman emperor ; this acclamation might explain the erroneous reports of the Augustan History . - Regardless of the titles , Odaenathus controlled the Roman East with the approval of Gallienus who could do little but to Odaenathus self achieved status and settle for his formal loyalty . Palmyra itself , although officially still part of the Roman empire , became a de facto allied state to Rome instead of a provincial city . Outside of Palmyra , Odaenathus ' authority extended from the coast in the north to Palestine in the south . This area included the Roman provinces of Syria , Phoenice , , Arabia , Anatolia 's eastern regions and later ( following the campaign of 262 ) and Mesopotamia . - - = = = = First Persian campaign 262 = = = = - - Perhaps driven by the will to take revenge for the destruction of Palmyrene trade centers and discourage Shapur from initiating future attacks , Odaenathus launched an invasion against the Persians . In the spring of 262 , the king marched north into the occupied Roman province of Mesopotamia , driving out the Persian garrisons and freeing Edessa and Carrhae . The first was aimed at Nisibis , which Odaenathus regained but sacked since the inhabitants were sympathetic toward the Persian occupation . The Palmyrene monarch destroyed the Jewish city of Nehardea , 45 km west of the Persian capital Ctesiphon , as he deemed the Jews of Mesopotamia loyal to Shapur . By late 262 or early 263 , Odaenathus stood at the walls of the Persian capital . - The exact route taken by Odaenathus from Palmyra to Ctesiphon remains uncertain ; it is probably similar to the route emperor Julian took in during his campaign against Persia . Using this route , Odaenathus would have crossed the Euphrates at then moved east to Edessa followed by Carrhae then Nisibis ; here , he would have descended south along the River to the Euphrates valley and marched alongside the river 's left bank to Nehardea . After taking the city , he penetrated the Sassanian province of and marched along the royal canal towards the where the Persian capital stood . - Once at Ctesiphon , Odaenathus immediately began the siege of the well @-@ fortified winter residence of the Persian kings ; severe damage was inflicted upon the surrounding areas due to the battles with Persian troops . The city held its ground and the logistical problems of fighting in enemy 's land probably prompted the Palmyrenes to lift the siege . Odaenathus headed north along the Euphrates carrying with him numerous prisoners and booty . The invasion resulted in the full restoration of the Roman lands ( and Mesopotamia provinces ) occupied by Shapur since the beginning of his invasions in 252 . However , Dura @-@ and other Palmyrene posts south of , such as , were not rebuilt . Odaenathus sent the captives to Rome and by the end of 263 , Gallienus added ( " The great victor in Persia " ) to his titles and held a triumph . - - = = = King of Kings = = = - - In 263 , after his return , Odaenathus assumed the title King of Kings of the East ( Mlk Mlk ) , and headed to Antioch , the traditional capital of Syria , where he crowned his son Hairan I as co @-@ King of Kings . The title was a symbol of legitimacy in the East , starting with the Assyrians then the who used it to symbolize their supremacy over all other rulers and was adopted by the monarchs following their defeat of the to legitimize their conquests . The first Sassanian monarch I adopted the title following his victory over the . Odaenathus ' son was crowned with a and a tiara ; the choice of the location was probably meant to express that the Palmyrene monarchs were now the successors of the and Iranian rulers who controlled Syria and Mesopotamia in the past . - - = = = = with Rome = = = = - - In the Roman empire 's hierarchical system , a vassal king usage of the King of Kings title did not indicate that he is a peer of the emperor or that the ties were cut . The title was probably a challenge not to the Roman emperor but to Shapur I ; Odaenathus was declaring that he , not the Persian monarch , was the legitimate King of Kings in the East . A depicting Hairan I shows him wearing a crown shaped like that of the monarchs , so it must have been Odaenathus ' crown ; this combination of title and imagery indicate that Odaenathus considered himself the rival of the and the protector of the region against them . - Odaenathus ' intents are questioned by some historians such as Drinkwater who attribute the attempted negotiations with Shapur to Odaenathus ' quest for power . However , in contrast to the norm of his period when powerful generals proclaimed themselves emperors , Odaenathus chose not to Gallienus ' throne , and minted no coins bearing his own image . The king had total control over his kingdom of Palmyra and effective control over the Roman East where his military authority was absolute . Odaenathus respected Gallienus ' privilege to appoint provincial governors , but dealt swiftly with opposition ; the Anonymus post Dionem mention the story of ( ) , a Roman official , who showed dissatisfaction with Odaenathus ' authority over the Persian frontier and was immediately executed by the king . - In general , Odaenathus ' actions were connected to his and Palmyra 's interests only ; his support of Gallienus and his Roman titles did not hide the Palmyrene base of his power and the local origin of his armies , as with his decision not to wait for the emperor to help in 260 . Odaenathus ' status seems to have been , as Watson put it , " something between powerful subject , independent vassal king and rival emperor " . - - = = = = Administration = = = = - - Outside his kingdom , Odaenathus had an overall administrative and military authority over the provincial governors of the Roman eastern provinces . Inside Palmyra , no Roman provincial official had any authority ; the king filled the government with Palmyrene staffs . In to the Iranian practice of making the government appear as a family enterprise , Odaenathus bestowed his own ( Septimius ) upon his leading generals and officials such as , and . - The Palmyrene constitutional institutions continued to function normally during Odaenathus ' reign ; he maintained the council and most civic establishments , permitting the election of magistrates until 264 . When Odaenathus was on campaign , the kingdom was administered by a viceroy , Septimius . - - = = = = Second Persian campaign 266 = = = = - - Sources are silent regarding the events following the first Persian campaign but the silence in itself is an indication of the peace that prevailed and that the Persians stopped being a threat to the Roman East . The evidence for the second campaign is ; Zosimus is the only one to mention it specifically . A passage in the is interpreted by Hartmann as an indication of the second invasion . The campaign took place in 266 or 267 and was aimed directly at Ctesiphon ; Odaenathus reached the walls of the Persian capital but had to cancel the siege and march north to face the influx of riders attacking Anatolia . - - = = = = Anatolian campaign = = = = - - The Romans used the designation " " to denote many tribes regardless of ethnic origin and sometimes the term would be interchangeable with ; the tribes attacking Anatolia were probably the who built ships to cross the Black Sea in 267 and ravaged the coasts of @-@ Pontus besieging Heraclea Pontica . According to , Odaenathus arrived at Anatolia with Hairan I and headed to Heraclea but the riders were already gone . They loaded the spoils onto their ships but many perished in a sea battle probably conducted by Odaenathus ; another possibility is that they were shipwrecked . - - = = Assassination = = - - Odaenathus was assassinated along with Hairan I in late 267 ; the date is debated and some scholars propose 266 or 268 , but Vaballathus dated his first year of reign between August 267 and August 268 , making late 267 the most probable date . The assassination took place either in Anatolia , or in Syria while the king was returning to Palmyra ; there is no consensus on the manner , perpetrator or the motive behind the act . - According to , Odaenathus was assassinated near Heraclea Pontica trying to quell a tribal incursion into Pontus ; he gives the name of the assassin as another Odaenathus who may or may not have been a relative of the king . The assassin was killed by the king 's bodyguard . Hartmann support the theory that Odaenathus was killed in Pontus . - Zosimus simply mention that Odaenathus was killed by conspirators near Emesa at a friend 's birthday party without naming the killer . attributes the crime to a nephew of Odaenathus but does not give a name . - The Augustan History claims that a cousin of the king named Maeonius killed him , while the Anonymus post Dionem names the assassin as another Odaenathus . - - = = = = = = - - The stone block found in the Temple of bearing Odaenathus ' sepulchral inscription was brought from the tomb built by him ; this shrine 's location is unknown . At the western end of the Great at Palmyra , a shrine designated the " Funerary Temple no . 86 " ( also known as the House Tomb ) is located . Inside its chamber , steps lead down to a vault crypt which is now lost . This mausoleum might have belonged to the royal family , being the only tomb inside the city 's walls . - - = = = Assassination theories = = = - - Roman conspiracy : John accuse Gallienus of the assassination . An interesting passage in the work of the Anonymus post Dionem speaks of a certain " Rufinus " who orchestrated the assassination on his own initiative then explained his act to the emperor who the crime . This story talks about Rufinus ordering the murder of an older Odaenathus out of fear that he would rebel , and has the younger Odaenathus complaining to the emperor . Since the older Odaenathus ( Odaenathus I ) was proved to be a fictional character , the story was neglected by most scholars . However , according to Theodor , younger Odaenathus is an oblique reference to Vaballathus ; Rufinus should be identified with Rufinus , the Roman governor of Arabia between 261 / 262 . The evidence for a Roman conspiracy is very weak and can not be confirmed . - Family feud : According to , Odaenathus ' nephew during a lion hunt ; he made the first attack and killed the animal to the dismay of the king . Odaenathus warned the nephew who ignored the warning and repeated the act twice causing the king to deprive him of his horse which is a great insult in the East . The nephew threatened Odaenathus and was put in chains as a result ; Hairan I asked his father to forgive his cousin and his request was granted but as the king was drinking , the nephew approached him with a sword and killed him along with Hairan I. The bodyguard immediately executed the nephew . - Zenobia : the wife of Odaenathus was accused by the Augustan History of having formerly conspired with Maeonius , as Hairan I was her stepson and she could not accept that he was the heir to her husband instead of her own children . However , there is no suggestion in the Augustan History that Zenobia was involved in the event that saw her husband 's murder ; the act is attributed to Maeonius ' and jealousy . Those accounts by the Augustan History can be dismissed as fiction . The hints in modern scholarship that Zenobia had a hand in the assassination out of her desire to rule the empire and dismay with her husband 's pro @-@ Roman policy can be dismissed as there was no reversal of that policy during the first years following Odaenathus ' death . - Persian agents or Palmyrene : the possibility of a Persian involvement exists but the outcome of the assassination would not have served Shapur without establishing a pro @-@ Persian monarch on the Palmyrene throne . Another possibility would be Palmyrenes dissatisfied with Odaenathus ' reign and the changes of their city 's governmental system . - - = = Family and succession = = - - Odaenathus was married twice ; nothing is known about his first wife 's name or fate . Zenobia was the king 's second wife whom he married in the late when she was 17 or 18 years old . - The number of children Odaenathus had with his first wife is unknown and only one is attested : - Hairan I : the name appears on a 251 inscription from Palmyra describing him as Ras implying that he was already an adult by then . In the Augustan History , Odaenathus ' eldest son is named ; the inscription at Palmyra dating to 263 celebrating Hairan 's coronation mentions him with the name Herodianus . It is possible that Hairan of the 251 inscription is not the same as Herodianus of the 263 , but this is contested by Hartmann who conclude that the reason for the difference in the spelling is due to the language used in the inscription ( Herodianus being the Greek version ) , meaning that Odaenathus ' eldest son and co @-@ king is Hairan Herodianus . - The children of Odaenathus and Zenobia are : - Vaballathus : he is attested on several coins , inscriptions , and in the ancient literature . - II : his image appear on a seal impression along with his older brother Vaballathus as the sons of Zenobia ; his identity is much debated . Potter suggest that he is the same as Herodianus who was crowned in 263 and that Hairan I mentioned in 251 died before the birth of Hairan II . - and : the two were mentioned in the Augustan History and are not attested in any other source ; might be a of Hairan and Herodianus while is most probably a fabrication , although suggest that he might be Vaballathus . - Possible descendants of Odaenathus living in later centuries are reported ; " Lucia " is known through a dedication dating to the late third or early fourth century inscribed on a tombstone erected by a wet nurse to her " sweetest and most loving mistress " . The tombstone was found in Rome at the San Callisto in . Another possible relative is " Eusebius " who is mentioned by Libanius in as a son of an " Odaenathus " who was in turn a descendant from the king ; the father of Eusebius is mentioned as fighting against the Persians ( most probably in the ranks of emperor Julian ) . In 393 , Libanius mentioned that Eusebius promised him a speech written by for the king . In the fifth century , the philosopher " Syrian Odaenathus " lived in Athens and was a student of of Athens ; he might have been a distant descendant of the king . - The Augustan History claims that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by the soldiers . However , no inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius ' reign and he was probably killed immediately after the king . Odaenathus was succeeded by his son , the ten @-@ year @-@ old Vaballathus under the regency of Zenobia . Hairan II probably died soon after his father , as only Vaballathus succeeded to the throne . - - = = Legacy = = - - Odaenathus was the founder of the Palmyrene royal dynasty ; he left Palmyra the premier power in the East , and his actions laid the foundation of Palmyrene strength which culminated in the establishment of the Palmyrene Empire in 270 . Many writers wrote about of Odaenathus ; of probably accompanied the king on his campaigns and wrote a history of that period starting from Philip the Arab and ending shortly before the king 's death . According to Potter , ' account was meant to glorify Odaenathus and demonstrate his superiority over Roman emperors . - The memory of Odaenathus was highly esteemed in the Roman empire ; the Augustan History , written in the fourth century , places Odaenathus among the Thirty ( probably because he assumed the title of king ) . However , it speaks highly of his role in the Persian war and credit him with saving the empire : " Had not Odaenathus , prince of the Palmyrenes , seized the imperial power after the capture of Valerian when the strength of the Roman state was exhausted , all would have been lost in the East " . - The king was praised by Libanius , and was the subject of a prophecy in the : " Then shall come one who was sent by the sun [ i.e. Odaenathus ] , a mighty and fearful lion , breathing much flame . Then he with much daring will destroy ... the greatest beast — venomous , fearful and emitting a great deal of [ i.e. Shapur ] " . - Odaenathus is viewed negatively in sources ; his of Nehardea the Jews , and he was cursed by the Babylonian Jews and the Jews of Palestine . - - - = Banksia violacea = - - Banksia violacea , commonly known as violet banksia , is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia ( family ) . It generally grows as a small shrub to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) high with fine narrow leaves , and is best known for its unusually coloured dark purple @-@ violet inflorescences . The colour of the inflorescences , short leaves , and flattened follicles which are sticky when young , help identify this species from others in the field . It is found in low in southern regions of Western Australia from Esperance in the east to in the west , growing exclusively in sandy soils . - First described in 1927 by the West Australian botanist Charles Gardner , the species was at one stage considered a variety of B. sphaerocarpa . Although there are no recognised subspecies or varieties , both lignotuberous and forms exist for Banksia violacea . , ants and flies have been recorded visiting flower spikes . Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia . Regarded as of little value to , it is rarely cultivated . - - = = Description = = - - Banksia violacea grows as a shrub up to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) tall , with narrow leaves 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) long and about 0 @.@ 15 cm ( 0 @.@ 06 in ) wide . New growth occurs in summer , and flowering ranges from November to April with a peak in February , but can be irregular in timing . Flowers arise from typical Banksia " flower spikes " , and the inflorescences are made up of hundreds of pairs of flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis . Roughly spherical with a diameter of 2 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) , the flower spikes arise from lateral stems lie partly within the foliage . Unusually for Banksia species , the inflorescences are often violet in colour , ranging anywhere from a dark violet @-@ black through various combinations of violet and greenish @-@ yellow in less blooms . Each flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four fused , and one long style . The styles are hooked rather than straight , and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts , but break free at . The old flowers gradually fade to brown . The fruiting structure or is a stout woody " " , with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old flower parts . These follicles are crowded around the globular spike ( called an at this point ) and are oval to , although the makes some irregularly shaped . They measure 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 in ) long , 0 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) high and 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 9 in ) wide . They are quite flattened and lack a ridge along the valve line . When young , the follicles are greenish in colour and slightly sticky , and covered in fine white hairs , fading to tan or grey with age . They open with fire , releasing a winged wedge @-@ shaped ( ) seed 2 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 in ) long . The mottled dark grey seed body is ( crescent @-@ shaped ) and measures 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 in ) long and 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 25 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) wide , with a flattened dark brown wing 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) wide . The woody has the same dimensions as the seed . - The bright green leaves of the seedlings are oblong to linear in shape and measure 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) long by 0 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) wide . The greenish red is hairy , as are the stems of young plants . The hairy leaves are crowded and arranged . They measure 0 @.@ 7 – 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) in length and have recurved margins . Young plants often begin branching within their first year of life . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The type specimen of Banksia violacea was collected by the West Australian botanist Charles Gardner on 14 December 1926 in the vicinity of Lake Grace . The following year , he published a description of the species in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia . He placed it in section Oncostylis of 's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia , giving it the specific epithet violacea in reference to the violet flowers . Thus the full name of the species , with author citation , is Banksia violacea The species has been considered a variety of B. sphaerocarpa ( Fox Banksia ) ; this view was published by William in his 1954 How to know Western Australian . He considered B. violacea to be a variety of B. sphaerocarpa with violet flowers . This description was an invalid publication , however , and a nomen nudum . In 1981 Alex George declared Banksia sphaerocarpa var. violacea a synonym of B. violacea . - In George 's 1981 arrangement , B. violacea was placed in subgenus Banksia because its is a typical Banksia " flower spike " ; section Oncostylis because of its hooked styles ; and series Abietinae because its is roughly spherical . It was placed in taxonomic sequence between B. incana ( Banksia ) and B. ( 's Banksia ) . - In 1996 , Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published the results of a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia . They retained George 's and many of his series , but discarded his sections . B. ser . Abietinae was found to be very nearly monophyletic and so it was retained . It further resolved into four , so Thiele and Ladiges split it into four subseries . B. violacea appeared in the last of these : - This clade became the basis of B. subseries , which Thiele defined as containing those taxa with very long and slender styles , smoothly convex perianth limbs without a ridge , and thickened margins . In accordance with their cladogram , their arrangement placed B. violacea first in taxonomic sequence , followed by B. laricina ( Rose @-@ Banksia ) . However , Thiele and Ladiges ' arrangement was not accepted by George , who , questioning the emphasis on , rejected most of their changes in his 1999 arrangement , restored B. series Abietinae to his broader 1981 definition , and abandoned all of Thiele and Ladiges ' subseries . George commented that the species has no close relatives , being " loosely allied " to B. sphaerocarpa ( Fox Banksia ) and B. ( Swamp Fox Banksia ) . Despite this , the sequence of the series was altered so that B. violacea fell between B. ( Burma Road Banksia ) and B. incana , and its placement in George 's arrangement may be summarised as follows : - Banksia - B. . Banksia - B. sect . Banksia ( 9 series , 50 species , 9 subspecies , 3 varieties ) - B. sect . ( 1 species ) - B. sect . Oncostylis - B. ser . ( 7 species , 2 subspecies , 4 varieties ) - B. ser . ( 1 species ) - B. ser . ( 1 species ) - B. ser . Abietinae - B. sphaerocarpa ( 3 varieties ) - B. - B. - B. - B. leptophylla ( 2 varieties ) - B. - B. - B. violacea - B. incana - B. laricina - B. - B. ( 2 subspecies ) - B. ( 2 varieties ) - B. . ( 3 species ) - Since 1998 , an American botanist , Austin Mast , has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the . His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different from George 's arrangement , and somewhat different from Thiele and Ladiges ' . With respect to B. violacea , Mast 's results agree with its placement near B. laricina and B. incana , placing it in a clade with these two species and B. sphaerocarpa var. ( treated at species rank as B. ) . However , Thiele 's B. subseries appears to be , as do both definitions of B. ser . Abietinae — that is , none form a natural grouping . - Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele initiated a of Banksia by merging into it , and publishing B. subgenus for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. violacea is placed in B. subgenus . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - B. violacea occurs in southern regions of Western Australia , from to Esperance and as far north as . This distribution includes areas of the Avon , Esperance Plains and regions . It favours white sandy soils , often , clay or . It usually grows among heath and , associated with eucalypts and Banksia sphaerocarpa var. . Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the 1950 Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia . - - = = Ecology = = - - Like most other , Banksia violacea has roots , roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter . These enhance of nutrients , thus allowing their uptake in low @-@ nutrient soils such as the phosphorus @-@ deficient soils of Australia . B. violacea is highly susceptible to . - Banksia violacea is one of a small number of Banksia species that has both lignotuberous and non @-@ lignotuberous populations . In both cases , plants are adapted to release their aerial seed bank following a , ensuring seedlings are established on clear and relatively fertile ground ; however the possession of a lignotuber makes plants much less reliant on fire regime for population maintenance and regeneration , as maternal plants are not killed by , but from below ground level . plants generally occur among the north @-@ eastern populations , in the vicinity of . An investigation into the of these plants failed to find any , climatic or other environmental factors associated with the possession of a lignotuber . - Banksia in general play host to a variety of birds , mammals and insects . However , only wasps , ants and flies were recorded visiting flower spikes during observations for The Banksia Atlas in the mid @-@ 1980s . - - = = = = - - Banksia violacea is rarely cultivated . It is a slow @-@ growing plant that tends to become untidy with age , and generally does not flower until four to five years after sprouting from seed . Flowers are an unusual colour , but occur within the bush where they grow within and are usually obscured by foliage . It light not below the green foliage , except for the variant with a lignotuber , which may be heavily . George recommends a sunny position in light , sandy soil . Professor Margaret Bernard of the Institute suggests the species is of no value to , as the inflorescences are too small and obscured by the foliage , although she does add that the purple colour may be a worthwhile character to select for in plant breeding . do not require any treatment , and take 19 to 50 days to germinate . - - - = Rob Howard = - - Rob Howard ( born 1954 or 1955 ) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the 39th Parliament of British Columbia as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from the riding of Richmond Centre . A member of the BC Liberal Party , he replaced retiring BC Liberal Olga Ilich in that riding , by winning the riding in the 2009 provincial election . While his party formed a majority government , Howard was not included in Gordon Campbell 's cabinet but was appointed to several committees , including the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts in the first two sessions , and Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services in the third and fourth session . Howard introduced one piece of legislation , the Trustee Board of the Church of God , Richmond Municipality , ( Corporate Restoration ) Act , 2009 ( Pr 402 ) , to restore that organization 's corporate status . - As chair of the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services , Howard supported Premier Campbell 's efforts at establishing the Sales Tax . Following Campbell 's resignation , Howard endorsed Kevin Falcon but Christy Clark won the leadership election . Clark eventually made Howard a Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Transportation . In this position he advocated for Open Sky agreements and continued this advocacy in his post @-@ political life by establishing the non @-@ profit organization . Howard did not seek re @-@ election during the 2013 provincial election and was replaced by BC Liberal Teresa Wat . - Prior to his election to the legislature , Howard worked in property management . He served as a City Councillor in the Richmond , British Columbia for seven years . He was first elected to the Richmond , British Columbia City Council in the October 2001 by @-@ election as a member of the Richmond Non @-@ Partisan Association and was re @-@ elected in the November 2002 and 2005 civic elections as a member of the Richmond First Party . He sat on council as an independent starting in 2006 . While on council he advocated in favour of casino expansion , locating the Olympic speed @-@ skating oval in Richmond , and developing a convention centre . - - = = Background = = - - Rob Howard was born and raised in Richmond . He graduated from the University of British Columbia where he studied Urban Land Economics . He went on to work at Richmond Credit Union for almost 20 years , and in 1994 , started his own business , Real Estate Management , which specialized in Property Development and property management . He is married to Trudy and has one son , Justin ( Jay ) . - Howard volunteered with the Richmond Minor Hockey Association for over 12 years , and was active with Tourism Richmond , the Richmond Chamber of Commerce , and the Real Estate Institute of BC . While his mother had served as an on the Richmond City Council , Howard 's political career began with a civic bylaw election in October 2001 . Howard , belonging to the civic political party Richmond Non @-@ Partisan Association , was elected to one of the three available seats on the Richmond City Council . After less than a year on council , Howard left the Richmond Non @-@ Partisan Association to join a new pro @-@ business political party , Richmond First , which he saw as being less controlling and allowing him to make more independent decisions . He was re @-@ elected in the November 2002 civic election , with his Richmond First party taking four of the eight council seats . - On local issues , Howard was an advocate of opening Richmond to gambling facilities , which led to the River Rock Casino Resort . He was supportive of heritage preservation measures but opposed Richmond 's tree preservation bylaw . He was the only one on council who preferred the elevated option for the Canada Line ( then known as the Richmond @-@ Airport @-@ Vancouver Line ) , whereas the other councillors preferred the ground level option or no extension at all . He was an advocate for building a convention centre and the most ardent supporter of removing a 55 @-@ acre piece of land from the Agricultural Land Reserve as a possible location for it , though the removal was refused . When the possibility of the city constructing a speed @-@ skating oval associated with the 2010 Winter Olympics came , Howard was a vocal supporter . He travelled to Lillehammer , Norway , in 2004 as part of a committee to investigate similar facilities built for the 1994 Winter Olympics . He also traveled to , Quebec and Asia as part of the sister city program . He was not supportive of proposals to build a new soccer facility or financially contributing to tall ships tourism attractions . Because previous councils had made funding commitments at the expense of the city 's reserve funds rather than the tax base , Howard 's time on council was marked with consistent property tax increases around 3 to 4 % each year . Howard unsuccessfully lobbied other councillors to hire more police officers . He became the subject of a lawsuit , along with other Richmond First councillors , alleging a conflict @-@ of @-@ interest occurred after they approved a allowing a controversial pub . - In the 2005 civic election , he was again elected , though his Richmond First party only won three of the eight seats . He unsuccessfully lobbied his fellow councillors to appoint him to fill one of Richmond 's two seats at Metro Vancouver . With not even his own party members supporting him for the Metro Vancouver seat and finding himself being alone in a number of issues , such as supporting the line being elevated , opposing the tree preservation bylaw , and wanting to hire more police officers , Howard left the Richmond First party in February 2006 to be an independent . - - = = Provincial politics = = - - Following the announcement by Richmond Centre MLA Olga Ilich that she would not be seeking re @-@ election , Howard announced , in January 2008 , that he would seek to replace Ilich as the BC Liberal Party candidate in the next election . As no one else came forward to challenge Howard , he was acclaimed , in November 2008 , to be the BC Liberal candidate . In the general election , held in May 2009 , he was challenged by a New Democratic Party candidate , public , and a Green Party candidate , teacher Michael Wolfe , and Nation Alliance Party candidate , Kang Chen . The riding was considered to be a safe seat for the BC Liberals to win , which the 54 @-@ year @-@ old Howard did win with over 60 % of the vote , with his BC Liberal Party winning a majority government . - As the 39th Parliament began , BC Premier Gordon Campbell did not include Howard in his cabinet . Howard was appoint to the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts in the first two sessions and then the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services in the third and fourth sessions , in which he chaired the committee and traveled the province gathering public input regarding budget spending priorities . He was also appointed to the Select Standing Committee on Crown Corporations and the Select Standing Committee on Education in the first two sessions , but neither committee held any meetings . He introduced one piece of legislation , a private members bill , the Trustee Board of the Church of God , Richmond Municipality , ( Corporate Restoration ) Act , 2009 ( Pr 402 ) which restored that organization 's corporate status . - Howard toured the province advocating for the federal government to enter into Open skies agreements with Asian nations . He also advocated for the Sales Tax . Howard remained loyal to Premier Campbell , praising his October 2010 announcement of using the remainder of the budget to cut income tax by 15 % , two weeks before the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services was to deliver its report on public consultation for budget priorities . After Campbell resigned , and the tax cut , the 2011 BC Liberal leadership election ensued . Along with Richmond 's other two , John Yap and Linda Reid , Howard endorsed Kevin Falcon to be the new party leader , citing Falcon 's willingness to listen to all arguments and saying " I think he can bring a new dynamic , a youthful energy to the discussion ; he 's a great speaker , a great . " Christy Clark eventually won the leadership and became premier but , like Campbell , did not include Howard in the executive council . In March 2012 , Premier Clark promoted Howard to a parliamentary secretary position under the Ministry of Transportation and directed to focus on air services agreements where he served until September . In early 2013 , Howard was selected by BC Liberal chair , Gordon , to assist with the party 's investigation into the party 's alleged use of government resources and employees in partisan promotional efforts in certain ethnic communities . - Following a summer of deliberations on his future , Howard cited " personal reasons " including a desire to spend more time with his wife , in his September 2012 announcement that he would not be seeking re @-@ election in the up @-@ coming May 2013 provincial general election . This decision was a surprise to his party because his Richmond Centre riding was considered a safe seat for him to be re @-@ elected . With no obvious successor , a competitive BC Liberal Party primary began . By the end of the year , two candidates announced their intention to run : school trustee Grace and officer Gary Law . However , Howard approached Teresa Wat , the CEO of the Chinese language radio station , to be his replacement . Though she did not live in the riding , she was viewed as a better candidate and , in January 2013 , the party announced she would be the candidate . While the other candidate withdrew his nomination to accept a position on a political advisory committee , Law alleged he was harassed to drop out and requested a investigation . Law decided to run as an independent candidate but only received of the vote , with Wat winning the election and subsequently being named Minister of International Trade . Following the election Howard founded the non @-@ profit organization to advocate for Open Sky agreements to allow more airline competition in Canadian international airports . - - = = Electoral history = = - - - - = Oribi = - - Oribi ( pronounced / / ) ( ourebi ) is a small antelope found in eastern , southern and western Africa . The sole member of its genus , the oribi was first described by the German zoologist August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1782 . Eight subspecies are identified . The oribi reaches nearly 50 – 67 centimetres ( 20 – 26 in ) at the shoulder and weighs 12 – 22 kilograms ( 26 – 49 lb ) . This antelope features a slightly raised back , and long neck and limbs . The glossy , yellowish to rufous brown coat contrasts with the white chin , throat , underparts and rump . Only males possess horns ; the thin , straight horns , 8 – 18 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 1 in ) long , are smooth at the tips and ringed at the base . - Typically diurnal , the oribi is active mainly during the day . Small herds of up to four members are common ; males defend their group 's territory , 25 – 100 hectares ( 62 – 247 acres ) large . The oribi is primarily a , and prefers fresh grasses and occasionally . A seasonal breeder , the time when mating occurs varies geographically . Unlike all other small antelopes , oribi can exhibit three types of mating systems , depending on the habitat – , polygyny and . Gestation lasts for six to seven months , following which a single calf is born ; births peak from November to December in southern Africa . takes place at four to five months . - The oribi occurs in a variety of habitats – from , floodplains and tropical grasslands with 10 – 100 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 – 39 @.@ 4 in ) tall grasses to grasslands at low altitudes , up to 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) above the sea level . This antelope is highly sporadic in distribution , ranging from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Eritrea in the east and southward to Angola and the Eastern Cape ( South Africa ) . The oribi has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN ; numbers have declined due to agricultural expansion and competition from livestock . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The scientific name of the oribi is ourebi . The sole member of its genus , the oribi is placed under the family . The species was first described by the German zoologist August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1782 . The oribi was formerly included in the tribe , that comprised a variety of other dwarf antelopes , including ( ) , ( ) , , ( ) and . In 1963 , German Theodor separated the oribi and into a new tribe , ; later on , zoologist Jonathan assigned the oribi to , a tribe of its own . The common name " oribi " ( pronounced / / ) comes from the name for the animal , . - In a revision of the phylogeny of the tribe on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial data in 2013 , Eva ( of the University of Cambridge ) and colleagues showed that the oribi is the sister taxon to all other . The cladogram below is based on the 2013 study . - The following eight subspecies are identified : - Of these , Colin Groves and Peter identify O. o. hastata , O. o. , O. o. ourebi and O. o. as independent species in their 2011 publication Taxonomy . - - = = Description = = - - The oribi is a small , slender antelope ; it reaches nearly 50 – 67 centimetres ( 20 – 26 in ) at the shoulder and weighs 12 – 22 kilograms ( 26 – 49 lb ) . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 92 and 110 centimetres ( 36 and 43 in ) . dimorphic , males are slightly smaller than females ( except for O. o. ourebi , in which females are smaller ) . This antelope features a slightly raised back , and long neck and limbs . The glossy , yellowish to rufous brown coat contrasts with the white chin , throat , underparts and rump . The bushy tail , brown to black on the outside , has white ( except in O. o. hastata , that has a completely black tail ) . The subspecies show some variation in colouration ; O. o. ourebi is a rich rufous , while O. o. hastata is . - Only males possess horns ; the thin , straight horns , 8 – 18 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 1 in ) long , are smooth at the tips and ringed at the base . The maximum horn length , 19 @.@ 1 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) , was recorded in 1998 from Malawi . The oribi has at least six different , well @-@ developed scent glands ( such as the prominent glands near the eyes ) . The body has several modifications , such as the large below the eyes , to accommodate such a large number of glands . Females have four . - - = = Ecology and behaviour = = - - The oribi is diurnal ( active mainly during the day ) , though some activity may also be observed at night . The animal rests in cover during rain events . Unlike all other small antelopes , oribi can exhibit three types of mating systems , depending on the habitat – , polygyny and ; polygyny tends to prevail as the female @-@ to @-@ male ratio increases . A study suggested that polygyny is preferred in areas of high predator risk , as it leads to formation of groups as an anti @-@ predator measure . Small herds of up to four members are also common . - Males defend their group 's territory , 25 – 100 hectares ( 62 – 247 acres ) large ; female members may also show some aggression and drive away intruders . A study showed that the number of females that visit the male 's territory depends on the appearance ( particularly the symmetry ) of the male 's horns . Males mark vegetation and soil in their territories by and ; the intensity of marking increases with the number of male neighbours . males tend to have greater access to females in and around the territory than other males . An important feature of the social behaviour of oribi is the " dung ceremony " , in which all animals form temporary dung . Oribi at least three months old have been observed giving out one to three alarm whistles on sensing danger . These whistles are more common in adults than in juveniles , and males appear to whistle more . Common predators include such as . - - = = = Diet = = = - - Primarily a , the oribi prefers fresh grasses and occasionally . Grasses can constitute up to 90 % of the diet ; preferred varieties include , , , , and species . Mineral are also visited regularly . Oribi have been observed feeding on flowers and Boletus mushrooms . Groups of oribi in the rainy season , when grasses are abundant . - - = = = Reproduction = = = - - Both sexes become sexually mature at 10 to 14 months . A seasonal breeder , the time when mating occurs varies geographically . Mating may peak in the rainy season ( August to September ) . When a female enters ( which lasts for four to six days ) , it seeks the company of males . During courtship , the male will pursue the female , test her urine to check if she is in and her rump and flanks . Gestation lasts for six to seven months , following which a single calf is born ; births peak from November to December in southern Africa . The newborn is kept in concealment for nearly a month ; the mother pays regular visits to her calf to it for nearly half an hour . Males may guard their offspring from predators and keep away other males . takes place at four to five months . The oribi lives for 8 to 12 years in the wild , and for 12 to 14 years in captivity . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The oribi occurs in a variety of habitats – from , floodplains and tropical grasslands with 10 – 100 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 – 39 @.@ 4 in ) tall grasses to grasslands at low altitudes , up to 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) above the sea level . Recently burnt areas often attract groups of oribi . The choice of habitat depends on the availability of cover needed to escape the eyes of predators . Population densities typically vary between 2 and 10 individuals per km2 ; however , densities as high as 45 individuals per km2 have been recorded in tropical grasslands that receive over 110 centimetres ( 43 in ) of annual rainfall and open floodplains . The oribi 's range overlaps with those of larger such as the African buffalo , , , Thomson 's and . These separate species often occur in close proximity to each other , increasing predator . - This antelope is highly sporadic in distribution ; it occurs mainly in eastern , southern and western Africa , ranging from Nigeria and Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Eritrea in the east and southward to Angola and the Eastern Cape ( South Africa ) . It is feared to be extinct in . - - = = and conservation = = - - The oribi has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN . The total population ( as of 2008 ) is estimated at 750 @,@ 000 . However , the subspecies O. o. is listed as Vulnerable because , as of 2008 , the total population is estimated at less than 10 @,@ 000 mature individuals , and is feared to be declining . Hunting is a relatively minor threat , since the oribi shows some tolerance to hunting . Nevertheless , the steep fall of 92 % in oribi populations in National Park ( d ) has been attributed to poaching . Numbers have also declined due to agricultural expansion and competition from livestock . - The oribi occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range , such as : National Park in Nigeria , the and W National Parks ( ) ; Hunting Zone ( Chad ) ; , and National Parks ( Cameroon ) ; @-@ St. National Park ( Central African Republic ) ; , and National Parks ( Congo @-@ ) ; National Park ( Ethiopia ) ; Mara Game Reserve and National Park ( Kenya ) ; Golden Gate Highlands National Park ( South Africa ) ; National Park ( Tanzania ) ; Valley , Lake and Murchison Falls National Parks ( Uganda ) ; and Plain National Parks and Swamp ( Zambia ) . - - - = Rockstar 101 = - - " Rockstar 101 " is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . The song features the British @-@ American guitarist Slash of the rock group Guns N ' Roses . It was released on May 18 , 2010 , as the fifth single from the album . Rihanna wrote the song in collaboration with the producers The @-@ Dream and Christopher " Tricky " Stewart ; vocal production was carried out by Makeba Riddick . The album version is a hip hop song , while the remix EP 's consist of dance , dubstep and electronic music adaptations , some of which were remixed by Dave and Mark . - Critical response to " Rockstar 101 " was mixed ; some critics praised Rihanna 's " " while others criticized the " aggressive " tone . The song charted at number 64 on the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number two on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . To promote the song , Rihanna performed on American Idol in April 2010 . It has been included on the set lists of her Last Girl on Earth Tour ( 2010 – 11 ) and Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) . directed the song 's music video , which portrays Rihanna impersonating Slash . She wears custom made jewelry designed by Fannie in some parts of the video , while Blink @-@ 182 drummer Travis Barker makes a cameo appearance . - - = = Background and release = = - - Rihanna co @-@ wrote " Rockstar 101 " in collaboration with the song 's producers The @-@ Dream and Christopher " Tricky " Stewart . Her vocals and the instrumentation for the song were recorded at Sound Studios in Los Angeles , California , the Boom Boom Room in Burbank , California and Triangle Sound Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . It was mixed by Jaycen Joshua at Larrabee Studios in Universal City , California ; he was assisted in the process by Giancarlo . Rihanna 's vocals were produced by Makeba Riddick . The song was engineered by Marcus , Brian " B @-@ " Thomas , Andrew and Chris " " O . Additional engineering was done by Pat . Guitar was provided by Tim Stewart , while Monte performed additional keys . The song features a guitar performance by Slash , the British @-@ American musician , songwriter and former lead guitarist of the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . - " Rockstar 101 " was the fourth single from the album Rated R to be released in the US and the fifth overall . It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radio stations in the US on May 18 , 2010 , and to Australian radio stations on July 19 , 2010 . The song was released as an extended play ( EP ) in the United States through on June 2 , 2010 , to the iTunes Store on July 13 , and in the United Kingdom through Amazon on June 29 , 2010 . These EP 's consist of remixes by various and music producers , including Dave and Mark . - - = = Composition = = - - " Rockstar 101 " is a hip hop song which lasts for three minutes and fifty @-@ eight seconds . It features an " aggressive " guitar solo from Slash , according to Leah of Entertainment Weekly . Rihanna uses her lower register and " heavy " to perform the most of the song , and she " " the lyric " The only thing I 'm missing is a black guitar " . Rihanna " struts her stuff " as she insists that she is a " big shit " as she that " I 'll never play a victim / I 'd rather be a " . Sean for Spin thought that when Rihanna sings the line " Got my middle finger up , I don 't give a fuck " , it sounded as though she had never sworn before due to how she the word ' fuck ' . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - " Rockstar 101 " received mixed responses from music critics . Brian for IGN praised the song , writing that it " actually works " despite sounding disjointed at first . Emily of PopMatters defined " Rockstar 101 " as a " brilliant bit of " during her review of Rated R , while Malone for NME wrote that Rihanna sings with " " on the track , which was something that she has to thank for . Jon Pareles for The New York Times simply highlighted a line from the song , " I never play the victim " . Neil McCormick for The Daily Telegraph thought that " Rockstar 101 " was one of the few songs on the album to retain the " leftover hints of her warm Caribbean vocal " . Ann Powers for the Los Angeles Times was critical of Slash 's inclusion on the song , and she described it as an " " . Powers wrote " she can definitely get by without that ultimate rock phallic symbol " , a reference to Slash . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan felt that " Rockstar 101 , alike " Russian " and " The Last Song " , were " instantly @-@ dated from a era when a Slash feature was cool " . He further wrote that " Rockstar 101 " and " " were " harder to justify considering their mindless and production " . The song was met with a negative review from The Guardian 's Alex , who wrote " At one extreme , the resemblance of ' ' ' s chorus to that of a stadium rock ballad seems to have encouraged Rihanna to cut out the middle @-@ man and just start making stadium rock : cue the awful @-@ woo guitars of ' Rockstar 101 ' and ' Fire ' " . - - = = = Chart performance = = = - - " Rockstar 101 " made its first chart appearance on the United States ' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , where it peaked at number two ; it stayed on the chart for 14 weeks . The song peaked on the US Hot Digital Songs chart at number 28 , spending seven weeks on the chart . It subsequently peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and spent five weeks on the chart . It also peaked at number 10 on the US R & B / Hip @-@ hop Digital Songs chart . " Rockstar 101 " debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number 50 on August 22 , 2010 ; it peaked at number 24 two weeks later for one week , and remained on the chart for six weeks . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - The director filmed the music video for " Rockstar 101 " in April 2010 ; she had previously directed the videos for Rihanna 's singles " Hard " and " Rude Boy " . This video was edited by from , who previously edit videos for " " and " " . On May 19 , 2010 , Rihanna released a 30 @-@ second sneak @-@ preview of the video on the internet , whilst the full video premiered on May 25 , 2010 through the high @-@ definition music video website . - - = = = Synopsis = = = - - According to Rodriguez of MTV , the video is " a mix of bondage @-@ esque , complete with Rihanna 's moves and a band that features Travis Barker on the drums . " Shortly after the video was released , Slash said that he was " flattered " that Rihanna had him in the video , saying " The video is way better with her being me than with me being me ... all things considered , it brings an element of sexuality to it that I probably wouldn 't have been capable of . I think it 's hot . Everything works out the way it 's supposed to . " - Although Slash is featured on " Rockstar 101 " , he does not appear in the music video . Instead , Rihanna pays homage to him by impersonating him by presenting herself wearing a skull @-@ laden top hat , wig , leather jacket , dark glasses and : Rihanna can be seen strumming a guitar Slash 's style . Rihanna is seen in eight different scenes and settings , one of which showed an almost nude Rihanna covered in black body paint wearing only a spiked crown and jewelry chains , which were created by designer Fannie . In other scenes , Rihanna smashes a black electric guitar and can be seen wearing an outfit made from parts of a guitar . Blink @-@ 182 drummer Travis Barker makes a cameo appearance and is featured as one of the drummers in Rihanna 's rock band . - - = = Live performances = = - - Rihanna first performed " Rockstar 101 " on American Idol on April 7 , 2010 . She wore a black PVC and was accompanied on stage by guitarist ; the set design included flame throwers and a video screen which showed guitars , lightning bolts and skulls . At one point , the singer picked and played up a black Gibson Flying V guitar . Larry Carroll for MTV wrote that the extent of Rihanna 's ability to play the guitar was limited to playing it with one finger on one of the strings . However , he complimented Rihanna 's overall performance , writing that her shoulder pads were " nearly as huge as her presence " . He went on to write that she " half @-@ sung , half @-@ spoke " the song . A reviewer for MTV UK agreed with Carroll , writing that " halfway through the performance [ Rihanna ] a ' black flying v guitar ' although we 're not sure you could say she ' played ' it ! " of Rolling Stone praised Rihanna 's performance , writing " if the introductory rules of rock stardom are ' teach to pick slide , ' ' tight clothes ' and ' ! ' then Rihanna has been paying attention in her ' Rockstar 101 ' classes after all " . - A reporter for the Daily Mail wrote that Rihanna displayed her competitive side during her performance on American Idol , after " Lady Gaga set such high standards " . Writing for About.com , Bill Lamb was critical of Rihanna 's decision to perform " Rockstar 101 " on American Idol . He commented that previous media reports had indicated that the singer would be debuting a different album track , " Te " , which was later released as the sixth and final single from Rated R. Lamb thought that " Rockstar 101 " was one of the " weaker " songs on the album , and predicted that it would be " destined to end the streak of three consecutive top 10 pop hits from the album " . While he wrote that the " intensely , distant feel of the song works " within the context of Rated R , Lamb was unsure of whether or not it would appeal to the masses on radio . The song was included on the set list of the Last Girl on Earth Tour ( 2010 – 11 ) . Clay Cane for BET wrote that Rihanna " deserves a round of applause for doing something different , straying away from being a standard pop tart " . " Rockstar 101 " is also included on Rihanna 's Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Recording - Recorded at Sound Studios , Los Angeles , CA ; The Boom Boom Room , Burbank CA ; Triangle Sound Studios , Atlanta , GA - Mixed at Larrabee Studios , Universal City , CA - Personnel - Credits adapted from the cover of Rated R. - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Radio and release history = = - - - - = St Mary 's Church , Rhodogeidio = - - St Mary 's Church , Rhodogeidio is a small medieval church , dating from the 15th century , near @-@ y @-@ , in Anglesey , north Wales . It served as a chapel of ease to another church in the area , St 's . Some restoration work was carried out in the 19th century , but St Mary 's has since fallen into disuse and is now largely in ruins . - It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is " a late Medieval church of exceptionally simple character " , and is virtually unaltered despite its poor condition . One writer has said that St Mary 's " has the distinction of probably being the most isolated church in Anglesey " . - - = = History and location = = - - St Mary 's Church is in the countryside in Rhodogeidio , in Anglesey , north Wales . It is about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north of @-@ y @-@ , towards the north of Anglesey . It is reached by a from a farm – it is only accessible on foot – and is surrounded by a churchyard . - It was built in the 15th century as a chapel of ease to serve St 's Church , Rhodogeidio , about 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 25 km ) to the east . Restoration work was carried out in the 19th century , but the church later fell into disuse . It has been in ruins since sometime between 1937 , when the survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire recorded its condition as " fair " , and 1970 , when it was given listed building status and its " very poor " condition noted . - - = = Architecture and fittings = = - - St Mary 's is a small church , measuring 30 feet by 12 feet 3 inches ( about 9 @.@ 1 by 3 @.@ 7 m ) . It dates from the late medieval period , and was constructed using rubble masonry and large stones . It had a slate roof , although most of the roof has now gone , and there is a bellcote at the west end , which may be original rather than a later addition . There is no physical division between the nave and the chancel , although one account in the 19th century said that there had originally been a screen separating them , and some traces of it still remained at that time . - Entrance to the church was through a doorway with a square head , in the north wall at the west end ; this dates from the 19th century . An inscribed stone near the doorway has the date 1798 and some initials , and it has been suggested that this marked the date of some renovation work . There are two windows on the south wall , one fully blocked and one partially blocked . The small window at the east end of the church dates from the latter part of the 15th century . - Inside , little remains , but the ruins still have most of the original roof ( one , at the west end of the church , is a replacement ) . There are some slate memorial tablets on the walls , dating from the middle of the 19th century , and a plain 12th @-@ century circular font . The 1937 survey noted a bell dating from 1717 and some portions of 17th @-@ century seating near the pulpit ; these were not recorded when the church was given listed status in 1970 . - - = = Assessment = = - - St Mary 's has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 and has been listed because it is " a late Medieval church of exceptionally simple character " . Cadw ( the Welsh Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes that despite its " very poor condition " , St Mary 's " is a virtually unaltered late Medieval building ( even retaining the original roof ) and in its isolation , is characteristic of many churches on the island . " - Writing in 1859 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Jones called it a " small , plain , single @-@ chapel " , and said that one of the small south windows was " a good specimen of its kind . " A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that the " ruin " of St Mary 's " has the distinction of probably being the most isolated church in Anglesey " . - - - = First Light ( Rebecca Stead novel ) = - - First Light is a young adult science fiction and mystery novel by Rebecca Stead , first published in 2007 . The novel follows Peter , who is in Greenland with his father and mother for research on global warming , and Thea , who lives in Gracehope , an underground colony located below Greenland . First Light explains how global warming is melting Gracehope and Peter and Thea 's attempt to persuade the people to leave . The novel addresses the effects of global warming as a theme . - Stead began writing the novel in 2002 , but her first draft was confusing and unorganized . To help her , she met editor Wendy Lamb who advised her to meet with a small group of people who would help critique the novel . After three years of work , Stead finished the second draft and met with Lamb who once again helped make improvements and later published the novel . Reviewers praised the description of Gracehope and main characters , as well as the performances of Marlo and David Ackroyd who voiced Thea and Peter in a subsequent audiobook publication of First Light . - - = = Inspiration and origins = = - - Stead drew inspiration from many sources in order to create the novel . As a child growing up in a big city , she was interested in the small towns which made her think " that in smaller places , everybody , even the kids , had special identities , where as in a city people are pretty anonymous " . An idea began to form for a hidden society that also served as a small town . - Stead began writing First Light in 2002 , but had no experience prior to that . The first draft turned out confusing and unorganized . To help her , Stead met with Wendy Lamb , an editor Stead had met in a workshop a few years before . Lamb suggested that Stead meet with a " critique group " who would help read and revise the drafts Stead wrote . After Stead created a revised copy of the novel in 2005 , she sent it to Lamb again and a contract was drawn up . More revisions were made in order to make the new world created in the novel easier to understand . Stead found it hard " to maintain a sense of ' the whole ' . Over and over I mapped out the book out for myself using post @-@ its in a , trying to get a sense of where the tension went " . The novel took three years to complete . - After the revisions were completed , much of the plot stayed the same , but several events in the original draft were cut out to strengthen the whole book . Stead combined two characters into one , having a stronger outline and also cut out several scenes for minor characters . In the end , Stead found that the revisions helped to make the book more cohesive . - - = = Plot summary = = - - First Light follows the adventure of two protagonists , Peter , who lives with his mother and father in New York but is in Greenland for his father 's research , and Thea , who lives in an underground colony in Greenland called Gracehope . Gracehope was formed hundreds of years ago by a group called the Settlers who used to live in England . They possessed unusual abilities , such as extremely good vision and hearing , leading them to be called ' eye ' and ' ear ' , respectively . These powers were seen as sorcery , prompting Grace , the leader of the Settlers , to bring the Settlers under the ice in Greenland where they could live in peace . - While walking around her house , Thea finds a map in her room of Gracehope . The map shows a tunnel leading onto the surface . Thea and her cousin find the tunnel and meet Peter who helps them back to Gracehope . Reaching Gracehope , Peter realizes that several of the people are in the shape of mitochondrial DNA , which his mom is studying . After waking up from a headache , Peter finds his mom next to his bed . She explains that she used to live in Gracehope , but was banished with her sister , after her sister ventured above the surface and contracted an illness that could not be cured . She also explains that her research of mitochondrial DNA relates to the ability of mutations to benefit the human body , which could cause their extremely good vision and hearing . In the end , she warns Peter that global warming is causing Gracehope to slowly melt away . The entire colony must learn the dangers they face and escape . One obstacle lies in their way : Rowen , Thea and Peter 's grandmother who banished Peter 's mom and did nothing to help Thea 's mom when she was on her deathbed from an illness when she ventured . Rowen is the head of the Council in Gracehope and is strictly against going . - To convince the rest of the colony , Peter and Thea plan to use a piece of mythology , that a dog with four white paws would be born when it was time to leave . Such a dog had been born several days ago but has yet to open his eyes . Thea decides to proceed without using the dog and tries to convince the colony at a of the 's escape to Greenland with several allies who know of Rowen 's actions . Just as Thea and her allies are about to lose the argument , Peter arrives with the dog , whose eyes are open . That , coupled with the fact that Peter is an eye adept , the first in a hundred years , convinces the colony to listen to Thea instead of Rowen . The novel ends eight months later as the people of Gracehope are slowly educated on global warming and the dangers of staying in their colony . - - = = Genre and themes = = - - First Light is categorized as a science fiction and mystery novel . Katie from the Philadelphia Inquirer also listed the novel as a " slow @-@ to @-@ unfold mystery combining elements of science and history with an appealing note of fantasy " . Kirkus Reviews classified the novel as an " ice @-@ age mystery " as both Peter and Thea " discover one another 's worlds as well as the truth about themselves " . Connie Tyrrell Burns from School Library Journal found the novel to be " an exciting , engaging mix of science fiction , mystery , and adventure " . - Reviewers also noted the environmental theme in the book . Kirkus Reviews found that " With the impending threat of global warning as an ominous backdrop , teens from very different worlds find they have much in common " . In the novel , Peter finds an underground civilization beneath Greenland that is sinking as a result of global warming . Burns felt that First Light is a " great discussion starter of issues ranging from global warming to and building a new society " . recognized the global warming theme and also classified First Light as a coming @-@ of @-@ age tale . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Publisher 's Weekly said , " It is a testament to the storytelling that the existence of this parallel world and the convergence of Peter and Thea 's stories , told in separate chapters , are both credible and absorbing . Young readers will find this a journey worth taking . " Kirkus Reviews found the novel to be a " enjoyable adventure " , praising how the adventure tests the main characters ' courage as they learn the truth of both worlds . Smith from Horn Book Magazine found the two main characters well written and the city of Gracehope well structured . While , Smith found the city 's origin unbelievable , she recognized that few people would care about that and compared the threat in First Light similar to the one in The City of . Hubert from also compared the novel to The City of and to Neal 's . Hubert criticized the slow beginning and flaws in the mythology and structure of the underground world , but still felt that " the icy setting and global @-@ warming theme are well realized " . - - = = Audiobook = = - - First Light has been made in an audiobook containing six disks and a length of seven hours and six minutes . The audiobook was released by the Listening Library and read by David Ackroyd and Marlo for the parts of Peter and Thea , respectively . Miller from School Library Journal praised the two readers for their performance which " engages listeners , and they are both adept at creating a different voice for each character and moving seamlessly between them " . Miller also found the novel useful for starting a discussion on topics such as " political and propaganda to global warming " . A review from Horn Book Review by praised the easy shifts from American to English accents made by both . also found the tone given to Thea appropriate and compared the novel to Stead 's second work , When You Reach Me , feeling that " [ t ] First Light doesn 't reach the excellence of Stead 's second novel , the @-@ winning When You Reach Me , this audio will nevertheless draw listeners in with its ' strong talent " . - - - = Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral = - - The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven ( Spanish : de la de la Santísima María a los ) is the largest cathedral in the Americas , and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico . It is situated atop the former Aztec sacred precinct near the Mayor on the northern side of the Plaza de la in Downtown Mexico City . The cathedral was built in sections from 1573 to 1813 around the original church that was constructed soon after the Spanish conquest of , eventually replacing it entirely . Spanish architect Claudio de planned the construction , drawing inspiration from Gothic cathedrals in Spain . - The cathedral has four façades which contain portals flanked with columns and statues . The two bell towers contain a total of 25 bells . The tabernacle , adjacent to the cathedral , contains the baptistery and serves to register the parishioners . There are two large , ornate altars , a sacristy , and a choir in the cathedral . Fourteen of the cathedral 's sixteen chapels are open to the public . Each chapel is dedicated to a different saint or saints , and each was sponsored by a religious guild . The chapels contain ornate altars , altarpieces , , paintings , furniture and sculptures . The cathedral is home to two of the largest 18th @-@ century organs in the Americas . There is a crypt underneath the cathedral that holds the remains of many former archbishops . - Over the centuries , the cathedral has suffered damage . A fire in 1967 destroyed a significant part of the cathedral 's interior . The restoration work that followed uncovered a number of important documents and artwork that had previously been hidden . Although a solid foundation was built for the cathedral , the soft clay soil it is built on has been a threat to its structural integrity . water tables and accelerated sinking caused the structure to be added to the World Monuments Fund list of the 100 Most Endangered Sites . Reconstruction work beginning in the 1990s stabilized the cathedral and it was removed from the endangered list in 2000 . - After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the conquistadors decided to build their church on the site of the Mayor of the Aztec city of to consolidate Spanish power over the newly conquered domain . Hernán Cortés and the other conquistadors used the stones from the destroyed temple of the Aztec god of war , principal deity of the , to build the church . Cortés ordered the original church 's construction after he returned from exploring what is now Honduras . Martín de was the first director of this project from to 1532 . Juan de Zumárraga , the first Bishop of the first See of the New World , established in the of New Spain , promoted this church 's completion . Zumárraga 's Cathedral was located in the northeast portion of what is now the cathedral . It had three naves separated by three columns . The central roof was with intricate carvings done by Juan and gilded by Francisco de and de la . The main door was probably of Renaissance style . The choir area had 48 seats made of wood crafted by Adrian and Juan . However , this church was soon considered inadequate for the growing importance of the capital of New Spain . - In 1544 , ecclesiastical authorities in ordered the creation of new and more cathedral . In 1552 , an agreement was reached whereby the cost of the new cathedral would be shared by the Spanish crown , and the Indians under the direct authority of the archbishop of New Spain . The cathedral was begun by being built around the existing church in 1573 . When enough of the cathedral was built to house basic functions , the original church was demolished to enable construction to continue . - - = = Construction = = - - The cathedral was constructed over a period of over two centuries , between 1573 and 1813 . Its design is a mixture of three architectural styles that predominated during the colonial period , Renaissance , Baroque and Neo @-@ classic . - Initial plans for the new cathedral were drawn up and work on the foundation began in . The decision to have the cathedral face south instead of east was made in . In the same year , construction commenced , working from the Gothic designs and models created by Claudio de and Juan Miguel de , inspired by cathedrals found in Spanish cities such as and . - Because of the muddy of the site , work on the foundation continued past the work on the walls to . In , work on the first of the cathedral 's chapels began and by 1615 , the cathedral 's walls reached to about half of their final height . Construction of the interior of the current cathedral began in 1623 and what is now the vestry was where Mass was conducted after the first church was finally torn down . - In 1629 , work was interrupted by flooding , over two metres in depth . Parts of the city were damaged , especially around the main plaza or . Because of such damage , this site was almost abandoned and a new cathedral project was begun in the hills of the area to the west . - Despite these problems , the project continued in its current location , and under the direction of Luis Gómez de , the interior was finished and consecrated in 1667 . The cathedral still lacked bell towers , the complete front facade , and many of the other features it has now at the beginning of the 18th century . - In 1787 , José Damian Ortiz de Castro was in charge of finishing work on the cathedral . He did most of the work on the bell towers , putting in most of the and capping them with roofs in the shape of bells . With his death in 1793 , he did not live to see the cathedral completed , and Manuel Tolsá finished the cathedral by adding the , the central front facade , the , and the statues of Faith , Hope and Charity at the top of the front facade . 's work was the last major construction to the cathedral and the appearance it had when he finished is the basic look the cathedral has today . - The cathedral faces south and is approximately 54 @.@ 5 metres ( 179 ft ) wide and 110 metres ( 360 ft ) long . It consists of two bell towers , a central dome , three main portals , five naves , 51 vaults , 74 arches and 40 columns . Inside the cathedral are five large altars , sixteen chapels , a choir area , a corridor , room , and sacristy . The cathedral has approximately 150 windows . - - = = = = - - - = = = and portals = = = - - The main facade of the cathedral faces south . The main portal is centered in the main facade and is the highest of the cathedral 's three portals . of Saint Peter and Paul the stand between the columns of the portal , while Saint Andrew and James the Just are depicted on the secondary doorway . In the center of this doorway is a high relief of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary , to whom the cathedral is dedicated . This image is flanked by images of Saint Matthew and Saint Andrew . The coat of arms of Mexico is above the doorway , with the eagle 's wings . There is a clock tower at the very top of the portal with statues representing Faith , Hope and Charity , which was created by sculptor Manuel Tolsá . - The west facade was constructed in 1688 and rebuilt in 1804 . It has a three @-@ section portal with images of the Four . The west portal has high reliefs depicting Jesus handing the Keys of Heaven to Saint Peter . - The east facade is similar to the west facade . The reliefs on the east portal show a ship carrying the four , with Saint Peter at the helm . The title of this relief is The ship of the Church sailing the seas of Eternity . - The northern facade , built during the 16th century in the Renaissance Herrera style , is oldest part of the cathedral and was named after Juan de Herrera , architect of the El Escorial monastery in Spain . While the eastern and western facades are older than most of the rest of the building , their third level has columns which are associated with the Baroque period . - All the high reliefs of the portals of the cathedral were inspired by the work of Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens . - - = = = Bell towers = = = - - The bell towers are the work of artist José Ortiz de Castro . They are capped with bell @-@ shaped roofs made of tezontle covered in , a white stone . Ortiz de Castro was in charge of the cathedral 's construction in the latter half of the 18th century until he died , unexpectedly . Manuel Tolsá of Valencia , who had built other notable buildings in Mexico City , was hired to finish the cathedral . At this point , the cathedral had already been 240 years in the making . He added the neo @-@ Classic structure housing the clock , the statues of the three theological virtues ( Faith , Hope , and Charity ) , the high surrounding the building , and the dome that rises over the transept . - The cathedral has 25 bells — eighteen hang in the east bell tower and seven in the west tower . The largest bell is named the Santa Maria de Guadalupe and weighs around 13 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 29 @,@ 000 lb ) . Other major bells are named the Doña Maria , which weighs 6 @,@ 900 kilograms ( 15 @,@ 200 lb ) , and La ( " the one " ) , named so because of its harsh tone . Doña Maria and La were placed in 1653 while the largest bell was placed later in 1793 . - The statues in the west tower are the work of José and represent Pope Gregory VII , Saint Augustine , of Seville , St. of , Xavier , and Saint Barbara . The statues in the east tower are by Santiago and depict Emilio , Rose of Lima , Mary ( mother of Jesus ) , , Jerome , Philip of Jesus , of Rome , and Isidore the . - In 1947 , a novice bell died in an accident when he tried to move one of the bells while standing under it . The bell swung back and hit him in the head , killing him instantly . The bell was then " punished " by removing the . In the following years , the bell was known as la ( " the punished one " ) , or la ( " the one " ) . In 2000 , the was reinstalled in the bell . - In October 2007 , a time capsule was found inside the stone ball base of a cross , in the southern bell tower of the cathedral . It was placed in 1742 , supposedly to protect the building from harm . The lead box was filled with religious artifacts , coins and and hidden in a hollow stone ball . The ball was marked with the date of 14 May 1791 , when the building 's topmost stone was laid . A new time capsule will be placed in the stone ball when it is closed again . - - = = = Tabernacle = = = - - Situated to the right of the main cathedral , the Metropolitan Tabernacle ( Spanish : ) was built by Lorenzo Rodríguez during the height of the Baroque period between and , to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop . It also functioned and continues to function as a place to receive Eucharist and register parishioners . - The first church built on the cathedral site also had a tabernacle , but its exact location is unknown . During the construction of the cathedral , the tabernacle was housed in what are now the Chapels of San Isidro and Our Lady of of Granada . However , in the 18th century , it was decided to build a structure that was separate , but still connected , to the main cathedral . It is constructed of tezontle ( a reddish porous volcanic rock ) and white stone in the shape of a Greek cross with its southern facade faces the . It is connected to the main cathedral via the Chapel of San Isidro . - The interiors of each wing have separate uses . In the west wing is the , in the north is the main altar , the main entrance and a area , separated by inside corner walls made of stone and tezontle . , a white stone , covers the walls and floors and the tezontle frames the doors and windows . At the crossing of the structure is an octagonal dome framed by arches that form curved triangles where they meet at the top of the dome . The principal altar is in the ornate Churrigueresque style and crafted by indigenous artist Pedro . It was inaugurated in 1829 . - The exterior of the Baroque styled tabernacle is almost entirely adorned with decorations , such as shaped niche shelves , floating and many . of fruits such as grapes and have been created to in the shape of ritual offerings , symbolizing the Blood of Christ and the Church . Among the floral elements , , , and various types of four @-@ flowers can be found , including the indigenous . - The tabernacle has two main outside entrances ; one to the south , facing the and the other facing east toward Street . The southern façade is more richly decorated than the east façade . It has a theme of the Eucharist with images of the Apostles , Church Fathers , saints who founded religious orders , martyrs as well as scenes from the Bible . reliefs can be found along with the reliefs , including a lion , and the eagle from the coat of arms of Mexico . The east facade is less ambitious , but contains figures from the Old Testament as well as the images of John and de Loyola . Construction dates for the phases of the tabernacle are also inscribed here . - - = = Interior = = - - - = = = = = = - - - = = = = Altar of Forgiveness = = = = - - The Altar of Forgiveness is located at the front of the central nave . It is the first aspect of the interior that is seen upon entering the cathedral . It was the work of Spanish architect Balbás , and represents the first use of the column ( an inverted triangle @-@ shaped ) in the Americas . - There are two stories about how the name of this altar came about . The first states that those condemned by the Spanish Inquisition were brought to the altar to ask for forgiveness in the next world before their execution . The second relates to painter Simon Pereyns , who despite being the author of many of the works of the cathedral , was accused of blasphemy . According to the story , while Pereyns was in jail , he painted such a beautiful image of the Virgin Mary that his crime was . - This altar was damaged by fire in January 1967 but has been completely restored . - - = = = = Altar of the Kings = = = = - - The Altar of the Kings was also the work of Balbás , in Mexican Baroque or Churrigueresque style . It was begun in by Balbás in cedar , and was gilded and finished by Martínez , debuting in 1737 . It is located at the back of the Cathedral , beyond the Altar of Forgiveness and the choir . This altar is 13 @.@ 75 metres ( 45 @.@ 1 ft ) wide , 25 metres ( 82 ft ) tall and 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) deep . Its size and depth gave rise to the nickname la ( " the golden cave " ) . - It takes its name from the statues of royalty which form part of its decoration , and is the oldest work in churrigueresque style in Mexico , taking 19 years to complete . At the bottom , from left to right , are six female royal saints : Saint Margaret of Scotland , Helena of Constantinople , Elisabeth of Hungary , Isabel of Portugal , Empress and Edith of . In the middle of the altar are six kings , four of whom are : a martyr , Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor , Edward the and Casimir of Poland . Above these four are Saints Louis of France and Ferdinand III of Castile . In between these kings an oil painting of the of the by Juan Rodriguez Juarez shows Jesus as the King of kings . The top portion features a painting of the Assumption of Mary as celestial queen flanked by oval bas reliefs , one of Saint Joseph carrying the infant Jesus and the other of Saint Teresa of with a in her hand and the Holy Spirit above her , inspiring her to write . Above this are figures of Jesus and Mary among sculptures of angels crowned with an image of God , the Father . - This altar has been under restoration since 2003 . - - = = = Sacristy = = = - - The Herrera door opens into the sacristy , the oldest part of the cathedral . It is a mixture of Renaissance and Gothic styles . - The walls hold large painted by de , such as The of Saint Michael , The Triumph of the Eucharist , The Church and the Church , and The Virgin of the Apocalypse . The Virgin of the Apocalypse depicts the vision of John of . Two other , Entering Jerusalem and The Assumption of the Virgin , painted by Juan Correa , are also here . An additional painting , attributed to Esteban , hangs in the Sacristy . - On the north wall , there is a niche that holds a statue of the with a Christ image sculpted in ivory . Behind this , is another mural that depicts the Juan Diego 's of Our Lady of Guadalupe . The Sacristy used to house Juan Diego 's , upon which the Virgin 's image purportedly appears , but after massive flooding in 1629 , it was removed from the Sacristy to better protect it . - A cabinet on the west wall of the Sacristy , under the Virgin of the Apocalypse painting , once held golden and cups trimmed with precious stones , as well as other . - In 1957 , The wooden floor and platform around the perimeter of the Sacristy were replaced with stone . - - = = = Chapels = = = - - The cathedral 's sixteen chapels were each assigned to a religious guild , and each is dedicated to a saint . Each of the two side naves contain seven chapels . The other two were created later on the eastern and western sides of the cathedral . These last two are not open to the public . The fourteen chapels in the east and west naves are listed below . The first seven are in the east nave , listed from north to south , and the last seven are in the west nave . - - = = = = Chapel of Our Lady of the Agonies of Granada = = = = - - The Chapel of Our Lady of the Agonies of Granada ( Spanish : Capilla de Nuestra Señora de las de Granada ) was built in the first half of the 17th century , and originally served as the sacristy . It is a medieval @-@ style chapel with a ribbed vault and two relatively simple altarpieces . The narrow altarpiece contains an oval painting of Saint Raphael , Archangel and the young Tobias , a 16th century painting attributed to Flemish painter de . At the top of this altarpiece is a painting of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , and above this is a painting of the Last Supper . At the back of the chapel is a churrigueresque painting of Our Lady of the Agonies of Granada . - - = = = = Chapel of Saint Isidore = = = = - - The Chapel of Saint Isidore ( Spanish : Capilla de San Isidro ) was originally built as an annex between 1624 and 1627 , and was once used as the baptistery . Its vault contains plaster casts representing Faith , Hope , Charity , and Justice , considered to be basic values in the Catholic religion . After the Tabernacle was built , it was converted into a chapel and its door was reworked in a churrigueresque style . - - = = = = Chapel of the Immaculate Conception = = = = - - The Chapel of the Immaculate Conception ( Spanish : Capilla de la ) was built between 1642 and 1648 . It has a churrigueresque altarpiece which , due to the lack of columns , most likely dates from the 18th century . The altar is framed with — instead of columns — and a painting of the Immaculate Conception over it . The altar is surrounded by paintings by José de Ibarra relating to the Passion of Christ and various saints . The chapel also contains a canvas of Saint Christopher painted by Simon Pereyns in , and the by Baltasar de Echave , painted in 1618 . The altarpiece on the right side is also dedicated to the Immaculate Conception and was donated by the College of Saints Peter and Paul . This chapel holds the remains of Franciscan friar Antonio de who was in what is now the north of Mexico . - - = = = = Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe = = = = - - The Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe ( Spanish : Capilla de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ) was built in 1660 . It was the first baptistery of the cathedral and for a long time was the site for the of the Most Holy , which had many powerful benefactors . It is decorated in a 19th century neo @-@ classic style by the architect Antonio Gonzalez , director of the Academy of San Carlos . The main altarpiece is dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe and the sides altars are dedicated to John the Baptist and San Luis respectively . - - = = = = Chapel of Our Lady of Antigua = = = = - - The Chapel of Our Lady of Antigua ( Spanish : Capilla de Nuestra Señora de La Antigua ) was sponsored and built between 1653 and 1660 by a of musicians and , which promoted devotion to this Virgin . Its altarpiece contains a painting of the Virgin , a copy of one found in the Cathedral of Seville . This copy was brought to New Spain by a merchant . Two other paintings show the birth of the Virgin and her presentation . Both were painted by Rodriguez Juárez . - - = = = = = Chapel of Saint Peter = = = = = - - The Chapel of Saint Peter ( Spanish : Capilla de San Pedro ) was built between 1615 and 1620 , and contains three highly decorated Baroque altarpieces from the 17th century . The altar at the back is dedicated to Saint Peter , whose sculpture over the altar . It is surrounded by early 17th century paintings relating to his life , painted by Baltasar de Echave . To the right is an altarpiece dedicated to the Holy Family , with two paintings by Juan de Aguilera of Florence called The Holy Family in the workshop of Saint Joseph and Birth of the . The altarpiece to the left of the main altarpiece is dedicated to Saint of Jesus whose image also appears in the chapel 's window . It includes four paintings on sheets of metal that depict scenes from the birth of Jesus . Five oil paintings illustrate scenes from the life of Saint , and above this is a semi @-@ circular painting of the coronation of Mary . All these works were created in the 17th century by Baltasar de Echave y . - This chapel is home to the Niño ( Captive Child ) a Child Jesus figure that was brought to Mexico from Spain . It was sculpted in the 16th century by Juan Martínez in Spain and purchased by the cathedral . However , on its way to Veracruz , pirates attacked the ship it was on and sacked it . To get the image back , a large ransom was paid . Today , the image is in the Chapel of San Pedro or De las . Traditionally , the image has been petitioned by those seeking release from restrictions or traps , especially financial problems or drug addiction or . The cult to the Niño is considered to be " inactive " by . However , this particular image has made a comeback since 2000 as one to petition when a family member is abducted and held for ransom . - - = = = = Chapel of Christ and of the = = = = - - The Chapel of Christ and of the ( Spanish : Capilla del Santo y de las ) was built in 1615 and designed with ultra @-@ Baroque details which are often difficult to see in the poorly lit interior . It was originally known as the Christ of the . That name came from an image of Christ that was supposedly donated to the cathedral by Emperor Charles V. Over time , so many reliquaries were left on its main altar that its name was eventually changed . Of 17th century ornamentation , the main altarpiece alternates between carvings of rich foliage and small heads on its columns in the main portion and small sculptures of angels on its in the secondary portion . Its niches hold sculptures of saints framing the main body . Its is from the 17th century . The is finished with sculptures of angels , and also contains small 17th paintings of martyred saints by Juan de Herrera . Behind these paintings , hidden compartments contain some of the numerous reliquaries left here . Its main painting was done by Jose de Ibarra and dated 1737 . Surrounding the altar is a series of paintings on canvas , depicting the Passion of Christ by Jose , painted in the 17th century . On the right @-@ hand wall , an altar dedicated to the Virgin of the Confidence is decorated with numerous churrigueresque figurines away in niches , columns and top pieces . - - = = = = Chapel of the Holy Angels and = = = = - - The Chapel of the Holy Angels and ( Spanish : Capilla de los ) was finished in 1665 with Baroque altarpieces decorated with columns . It is dedicated to the Archangel Michael , who is depicted as a medieval knight . It contains a large main altarpiece with two smaller altarpieces both decorated by Juan Correa . The main altarpiece is dedicated to the seven , who are represented by sculptures , in niches surrounding images of Saint Joseph , Mary and Christ . Above this scene are the Holy Spirit and God the Father . The left @-@ hand altarpiece is of similar design and is dedicated to the Guardian Angel , whose sculpture is surrounded with pictures arranged to show the hierarchy . To the left of this , a scene shows Saint Peter being released from prison , and to the right , Saul , later Saint Paul , being knocked from his horse , painted by Juan Correa in 1714 . The right @-@ hand altarpiece is dedicated to the Guardian Angel of Mexico . - - = = = = Chapel of Saints Cosme and Damian = = = = - - The Chapel of Saints Cosme and Damian ( Spanish : Capilla de San Cosme y San ) was built because these two saints were commonly invoked during a time when New Spain suffered from the many diseases brought by the . The main altarpiece is Baroque , probably built in the 17th century . Oil paintings on wood contain scenes from physician saints , and are attributed to painter Sebastian Lopez , during the second half of the 17th century . The chapel contains one small altarpiece which came from the Franciscan church in , to the west of Mexico City , and is dedicated to the birth of Jesus . - - = = = = Chapel of Saint Joseph = = = = - - The Chapel of Saint Joseph ( Spanish : Capilla de San José ) , built between 1653 and 1660 , contains an image of Our Lord of , an image of Christ most likely from the 16th century . Its name was inspired from a time when many indigenous would give their in the form of beans . Churrigueresque in style and containing an statue of Saint Joseph , patron saint of New Spain , the main altarpiece is Baroque and is from the 18th century . This once belonged to the Church of Our Lady of . This altar contains statues and containing of the Apostles , but contains no paintings . - - = = = = Chapel of Our Lady of Solitude = = = = - - The Chapel of Our Lady of Solitude ( Spanish : Capilla de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ) was originally built in honor of the workers who built the cathedral . It contains three Baroque altarpieces . The main altarpiece is supported by and small angels as , to uphold the base of the main body . It is dedicated to the Virgin of Solitude of Oaxaca , whose image appears in the center . The surrounding 16th century paintings are by Pedro Ramírez , and depict scenes from the life of Christ . - - = = = = Chapel of Saint Eligius = = = = - - The Chapel of Saint Eligius ( Spanish : Capilla de San ) , also known as the Chapel of the Lord of Safe ( Spanish : Capilla del del ) , was built by the first guild , who donated the images of the Conception and Saint Eligius to whom the chapel was formerly dedicated . The chapel was in the 19th century , and the image of Our Lord of Good was placed here , named thus , since many reported having their prayers answered quickly . The image is thought to be from the 16th century and sent as a gift from Charles V of Spain . - - = = = = Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows = = = = - - The Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows ( Spanish : Capilla de Nuestra Señora de los ) , formerly known as the Chapel of the Lord 's Supper ( Spanish : Capilla de la Santa ) , was built in 1615 . It was originally dedicated to the Last Supper since a painting of this event was once kept here . It was later remodeled in a Neo @-@ classical style , with three altarpieces added by Antonio Gonzalez . The main altarpiece contains an image of the Virgin of Sorrows sculpted in wood and painted by Francisco , at the request of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico . On the left @-@ hand wall a ladder leads to a series of crypts which hold most of the remains of past archbishops of Mexico . The largest and grandest of these crypts contains the remains of Juan de , the first archbishop of Mexico . - - = = = = Chapel of Saint Philip of Jesus = = = = - - The Chapel of Saint Philip of Jesus ( Spanish : Capilla de San Felipe de ) was completed during one of the earliest stages of the construction of the cathedral . It is dedicated to Philip of Jesus , a friar and the only martyr from New Spain , who was in Japan . The chapel is topped with a Gothic @-@ style dome and has a Baroque altarpiece from the 17th century . A statue of the saint is located in a large niche in the altarpiece . The altar to the left is dedicated to Saint Rose of Lima , considered a protector of Mexico City . To the right is an urn which holds the remains of Agustín de , who briefly ruled Mexico in the 19th century . Next to this chapel is a baptismal font , in which it is believed Philip of Jesus was baptised . - - = = = = = = - - The cathedral has had perhaps a dozen organs over the course of its history . The earliest is mentioned in a report written to the king of Spain in 1530 . Few details survive of the earliest organs . names begin to appear at the end of the sixteenth century . The earliest disposition that survives is for the Diego de organ built in . The first large organ for Mexico City Cathedral was built in Madrid from 1689 to 1690 by Jorge de and installed by Sanz from 1693 to . It now has two , which were made in Mexico by José of Spain , and completed by 1736 , incorporating elements of the 17th century organ . They are the largest 18th century organs in the Americas ; they are situated above the walls of the choir , on the side ( east ) and the gospel side ( west ) . Both organs , damaged by fire in 1967 , were restored in 1978 . Because both organs had fallen into disrepair again , the gospel organ was re @-@ restored from 2008 @-@ 2009 by ; the restoration of the organ , also by , was completed in 2014 , and both organs are now playable . - - = = = Choir = = = - - The choir is where the priest and / or a choral group sings the . It is located in the central nave between the main door and the high altar , and built in a semicircular fashion , much like Spanish cathedrals . It was built by Juan de between and 1697 . Its sides contain 59 reliefs of various saints done in mahogany , , cedar and a native wood called . The that surrounds the choir was made in by in , China and placed in the cathedral in 1730 . - - = = = = = = - - The of the is located below the floor of the cathedral beneath the Altar of the Kings . The entrance to the crypt from the cathedral is guarded by a large wooden door behind which descends a winding yellow staircase . Just past the inner entrance is a @-@ style stone skull . It was incorporated as an offering into the base of a to Juan de Zumárraga , the first archbishop of Mexico . Zumárraga was considered to be a benefactor of the Indians , protecting them against the abuses of their Spanish overlords . There is also a natural @-@ sized sculpture of the archbishop atop the . - On its walls are dozens of bronze plaques that indicate the locations of the remains of most of Mexico City 's former archbishops , including Cardinal y . The floor is covered with small marble slabs covering niches containing the remains of other people . - The cathedral contains other crypts and niches where other religious figures are buried , including in the chapels . - - = = Restoration = = - - The sinking ground and seismic activity of the area have had an effect on the cathedral 's construction and current appearance . Forty @-@ two years were required simply to lay its foundation when it was first built , because even then the Spaniards recognized the danger of constructing such a huge monument in soft soil . However , for political reasons , much , but not all , of the cathedral was built over the remains of pre @-@ Hispanic structures , leading to uneven foundation from the beginning . - - = = = Fire of 1967 = = = - - On 17 January 1967 at 9 pm , a fire caused by an electrical short circuit caused extensive damage to the cathedral . On the Altar of Forgiveness , much of the structure and decoration were damaged including the loss of three paintings ; The Holy Face by Alonso López de Herrera , The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian by Francisco de and The Virgin of Forgiveness by Simon Pereyns . The choir section lost 75 of its 99 seats as well a painting by Juan Correa along with many stored books . The two cathedral organs were severely damaged with the partial melting of their pipes . by Rafael y , Juan Correa and Juan Rodriguez Juarez were damaged in other parts of the cathedral . After the fire , authorities recorded the damage but did nothing to try to restore what was damaged . discussions ensued among historians , architects and investigations centering on the moving of the Altar of Forgiveness , as well as eliminating the choir area and some of the . In 1972 , ecclesiastical authorities initiated demolition of the choir area without authorization from the Federal government , but were stopped . The government what could be saved and named Jaime Ortiz as director of the project to restore the cathedral to its original condition . Restoration work focused not only on repairing the damage ( using archived records and photographs ) , but also included work on a deteriorating foundation ( due to uneven sinking into the ground ) and problems with the towers . - The of Forgiveness and of the Kings were subject to extensive cleaning and restorative work . To replace the lost portions on the Altar of Forgiveness , several paintings were added ; Escape from Egypt by Pereyns , The Divine and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian . The organs were dismantled with the pipes and inner workings sent to the Netherlands for repair , while the cases were restored by Mexican craftsmen with work lasting until 1977 . Reconstruction of the choir area began in 1979 using the same materials as existed before the fire . In addition , any statues in the towers that received more than 50 % damage from city pollution were taken out , with replicas created to replace them . Those with less damage were repaired . - Some interesting discoveries were made as restoration work occurred during the 1970s and early 1980s . 51 paintings were found and rescued from behind the Altar of Forgiveness , including works by Juan and Nicolas Rodriguez Juarez , Miguel Cabrera and José de Ibarra . Inside one of the organs , a copy of the nomination of Hernán Cortés as Governor General of New Spain ( ) was found . Lastly , in the wall of the central arch of the cathedral was found the burial place of Miguel , the first governor of Veracruz . - - = = = Late 20th @-@ century work = = = - - The cathedral , along with the rest of the city , has been sinking into the from the day it was built . However , the fact that the city is a with over 18 million people drawing water from underground sources has caused water tables to drop , and the sinking to accelerate during the latter half of the 20th century . Sections of the complex such as the cathedral and the tabernacle were still sinking at different rates , and the bell towers were tilting dangerously despite work done in the 1970s . For this reason , the cathedral was included in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund . - Major restoration and foundation work began in the 1990s to stabilize the building . Engineers excavated under the cathedral between 1993 and 1998 . They dug shafts under the cathedral and placed shafts of concrete into the soft ground to give the edifice a more solid base to rest on . These efforts have not stopped the sinking of the complex , but they have corrected the tilting towers and ensured that the cathedral will sink uniformly . - - = = Cultural value = = - - The cathedral has been a focus of Mexican cultural identity , and is a testament to its colonial history . Manuel Rivera reported that the cathedral was built on the site sacred precinct of the and with the very stones of their temples so that the Spaniards could lay claim to the land and the people . Hernán Cortés supposedly laid the first stone of the original church personally . - It once was an important religious center , used exclusively by the prominent families of New Spain . In 1864 , during the Second Mexican Empire , Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg and Empress Charlotte of Belgium ( later known as and of Mexico ) were crowned at the cathedral after the magnificent arrival to the head city of their reign . - Located on the it has , over time , been the focus of social and cultural activities , most of which have occurred in the 20th and 21st centuries . The cathedral was closed for four years while President attempted to enforce Mexico 's anti @-@ religious laws . Pope Pius XI closed the church , ordering priests to cease their public religious duties in all Mexican churches . After the Mexican government and the papacy came to terms and major renovations were performed on the cathedral , it reopened in 1930 . - The cathedral has been the scene of several protests both from the church and to the church , including a protest by women over the Church 's for women not to wear mini @-@ skirts and other provocative clothing to avoid rape , and a vigil to protest against in Mexico . The cathedral itself has been used to protest against social issues . Its bells rang to express the 's opposition to the Supreme Court upholding of Mexico City 's of abortion . - Probably the most serious recent event occurred on 18 November 2007 , when sympathizers of the Party of the Democratic Revolution attacked the cathedral . About 150 protesters stormed into Sunday Mass chanting and knocking over pews . This caused church officials to close and lock the cathedral for a number of days . The cathedral reopened with new security measures , such as bag searches , in place . - - = = = Gallery = = = - - - - = USS Illinois ( BB @-@ 7 ) = - - USS Illinois ( BB @-@ 7 ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the United States Navy . She was the lead ship of the Illinois class , and was the second ship of the U.S. Navy to be named for the 21st state . Her keel was laid in February 1897 at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company , and she was launched in October 1898 . She was commissioned in September 1901 . The ship was armed with a main battery of four 13 @-@ inch ( 330 mm ) guns and she had a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . - Illinois served with the European Squadron from 1902 to 1903 , and with the North Atlantic Fleet until 1907 , by which time it had been renamed the Atlantic Fleet . During this time , she accidentally collided with two other battleships . From December 1907 to February 1909 , she the globe with the Great White Fleet . From November 1912 , the ship was used as a training ship . She was lent to the state of New York in 1919 for use as a training vessel for the New York State Militia . The ship was converted into a floating armory in 1924 as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty , and it was under this guise that she served for the next thirty years . In January 1941 she was renamed Prairie State and reclassified as IX @-@ 15 so that the name could be given to Illinois , a projected Iowa @-@ class battleship . Prairie State was ultimately sold for scrap in 1956 . - - = = Description = = - - Illinois was 374 feet ( 114 m ) long overall and had a beam of 72 ft 3 in ( 22 @.@ 02 m ) and a draft of 23 ft 6 in ( 7 @.@ 16 m ) . She displaced 11 @,@ 565 long tons ( 11 @,@ t ) as designed and up to 12 @,@ 250 long tons ( 12 @,@ 450 t ) at full load . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft triple @-@ expansion steam engines rated at 16 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 000 kW ) and eight coal @-@ fired fire @-@ tube boilers , generating a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . As built , she was fitted with heavy military masts , but these were replaced by cage masts in 1909 . She had a crew of officers and enlisted men , which increased to 690 – 713 . - She was armed with a main battery of four 13 in ( 330 mm ) / 35 caliber guns guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline , one forward and aft . The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 6 in ( 152 mm ) / 40 caliber Mark IV guns , which were placed in casemates in the hull . For close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats , she carried sixteen 6 @-@ pounder guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and six 1 @-@ pounder guns . As was standard for capital ships of the period , Illinois carried four 18 in ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes in deck mounted launchers . - Illinois 's main armored belt was 16 @.@ 5 in ( mm ) thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and 4 in ( 102 mm ) elsewhere . The main battery gun turrets had 14 @-@ inch ( mm ) thick faces , and the supporting barbettes had 15 in ( 381 mm ) of armor plating on their exposed sides . Armor that was 6 in thick protected the secondary battery . The conning tower had 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick sides . - - = = Service history = = - - Illinois was laid down on 10 February 1897 by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Newport News , Virginia . She was launched on 4 October 1898 , sponsored by Miss Nancy , daughter of Chicago multi @-@ millionaire Levi and commissioned on 16 September 1901 . The ship 's first commander was Captain George A. . Illinois was the first member of her class to be authorized , but the last to enter service . After commissioning , the ship began a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay , followed by initial training . She left the area on 20 November to test a new floating dry dock in Algiers , Louisiana . The ship was back in Newport News in January 1902 . She served briefly as the flagship of Rear Admiral D. Evans from 15 to 28 February ; during this period , she took part in a reception for Prince Henry of Prussia , the brother of the German Kaiser . - On 30 April , now flying the flag of Rear Admiral , Illinois departed for a tour of Europe . She stopped in Naples , Italy on 18 May ; here , took command of the European Squadron . Illinois took part in training exercises and ceremonial duties in European waters for the next two months , until 14 July , when she ran aground outside Oslo , Norway . She had to steam to Britain for repairs , which were carried out at Chatham . She left the port on 1 September for maneuvers with the rest of the fleet in the Mediterranean and South Atlantic . On 10 January 1903 , Illinois was reassigned to the North Atlantic Fleet , where she remained for the next four years . Her time was occupied with peacetime training exercises , gunnery practice , and various ceremonial activities . During this period , she was involved in two accidents with other battleships of the North Atlantic Fleet . The first took place on 30 March 1903 , when she collided with Missouri . The second collision occurred on 31 July 1906 , and took place with her sister ship Alabama . Also that year , Illinois was the first ship to win the Cup . - The ship 's next significant action was the cruise of the Great White Fleet around the world , which started with a naval review for President Theodore Roosevelt in Hampton Roads . On 17 December , the fleet steamed out of Hampton Roads and cruised south to the Caribbean and then to South America , making stops in Port of Spain , Rio de Janeiro , Punta Arenas , and , among other cities . After arriving in Mexico in March 1908 , the fleet spent three weeks conducting gunnery practice . The fleet then resumed its voyage up the Pacific coast of the Americas , stopping in San Francisco and Seattle before crossing the Pacific to Australia , stopping in Hawaii on the way . in the South Pacific included Melbourne , Sydney , and Auckland . - After leaving Australia , the fleet turned north for the Philippines , stopping in Manila , before continuing on to Japan where a welcoming ceremony was held in Yokohama . Three weeks of exercises followed in Subic Bay in the Philippines in November . The ships passed Singapore on 6 December and entered the Indian Ocean ; they in Colombo before proceeding to the Suez Canal and coaling again at Port Said , Egypt . While there , the American fleet received word of an earthquake in Sicily . Illinois , the battleship Connecticut , and the supply ship were sent to assist the relief effort . The fleet called in several Mediterranean ports before stopping in Gibraltar , where an international fleet of British , Russian , French , and Dutch warships greeted the Americans . The ships then crossed the Atlantic to return to Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 , having traveled 46 @,@ 729 nautical miles ( 86 @,@ km ; 53 @,@ 775 mi ) . There , they conducted a naval review for Theodore Roosevelt . - On 4 August 1909 , Illinois was decommissioned in Boston . The ship then underwent a major modernization , receiving new " cage " masts and more modern equipment . She spent the next three years in active service with the fleet , before being decommissioned once more on 16 April 1912 . She returned to service on 2 November for major training maneuvers with the Atlantic Fleet . Illinois made training cruises to Europe with from the US Naval Academy in mid @-@ 1913 and 1914 . By 1919 , she had been decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . On 23 October 1921 , she was loaned to the New York Naval Militia for training purposes . The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , which mandated significant reductions in naval strength , stipulated that Illinois must be rendered incapable of action . As a result , she was converted into a floating armory at the New York Navy Yard in 1924 and was assigned to the New York Naval Reserve . - On 8 January 1941 , the ship was reclassified from BB @-@ 7 to IX @-@ 15 , and was renamed Prairie State so that her name could be used for the new battleship Illinois , which would be laid down a week later . Throughout World War II , she served with the U.S. Naval Reserve 's School , based in New York . After the end of the war , Prairie State was kept as a barracks ship for a Naval Reserve unit . On 31 December 1955 , the old ship was stricken and subsequently towed to Baltimore , where she was sold for scrap to the Bethlehem Steel Company on 18 May 1956 . - - = = Silver Service = = - - On 17 November 1901 , Illinois was presented with a silver service dining set provided by the state of Illinois and presented by Senator William E. Mason . It consisted of a large and small punch bowl , two , an ornamented fruit dish , a small fruit dish , two dishes , a large centerpiece and a . Each item featured of the crest of Illinois and an ear of corn . In 1943 , the silver service was transferred to the Illinois Executive Mansion . - - - = The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic = - - The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic is an archaeological study of the material evidence for ritual and magical practices in Europe , containing a particular emphasis on London and South East England . It was written by the English archaeologist Ralph Merrifield , the former deputy director of the Museum of London , and first published by in 1987 . - Merrifield opens The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic by discussing how archaeologists have understood magic and ritual practices in past societies , opining that on the whole it had been a neglected area of study . Looking at the archaeological evidence for ritual activity in the pre @-@ Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age of Britain , he discusses animal and human sacrifice , as well as the offering of votive deposits in rivers and other bodies of water . He moves on to explore the rituals surrounding death and burial , suggesting areas where this ritual activity is visible in the burial record of multiple societies . Merrifield goes on to discuss the archaeological evidence for ritual practices in Christian Europe , highlighting areas of ritual from earlier pagan periods , in particular the deposition of metal goods in water . Looking at the evidence for foundation deposits in European buildings that likely had @-@ religious purposes , he then looks at several examples of written charms and spells which have survived in the archaeological record . - Upon publication , The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic received predominantly positive reviews in academic peer @-@ reviewed journals such as Folklore and The Antiquaries Journal . In ensuing years , the book has been widely cited by scholars as an influential and pioneering text in the study of the archaeology of ritual and magic . - - = = Background = = - - Ralph Merrifield ( 1913 – 1995 ) was born and raised in Brighton , and , following an education at Grammar School , he worked at Brighton Museum . a London External in anthropology in 1935 , he developed a lifelong interest in the religious and magical beliefs of England . After serving in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War , he returned to working at Brighton Museum , but in 1950 was appointed Assistant Keeper of the Guildhall Museum in the City of London . Over a six @-@ month period in 1956 and 1957 , he was stationed in , Ghana , where he worked at the National Museum of Ghana , organising the collection in preparation for the country 's independence from the British Empire in March 1957 . Returning to the Guildhall Museum , Merrifield compiled the first detailed study of Roman London for 35 years , which was published as The Roman City of London ( 1965 ) . Following the creation of the Museum of London in 1975 , he became its Deputy Director , a post which he held until his retirement in 1978 . - In the preface of The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic , Merrifield noted that the book 's bias was to the archaeology of London , and that this was particularly evident in its use of illustrations . He dedicated the book to the memory of , the former Curator of Brighton Museum and a one @-@ time assistant to the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers ; in his dedication , Merrifield noted that had been his " first mentor in archaeology and folk studies " . - - = = Synopsis = = - - In his preface , Merrifield noted that while archaeologists studying prehistoric periods have paid increasing attention to the evidence for ritual and magic in the archaeological record , their counterparts working in later historical periods have failed to follow their lead . this book as a , he outlines his intentions and the study 's limitations . - Chapter one , " Ritual and the archaeologist " , begins by describing the ritual deposits from the pre @-@ Roman Iron Age sites of Castle and , in southern Britain . Merrifield laments the fact that the majority of archaeologists , particularly those studying literate , historical periods , have avoided ritual explanations for unusual phenomenon in the archaeological record ; he believes that they exhibit a " ritual phobia " . He contrasts this view with that of those archaeologists studying the Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain , who have widely accepted the ritual uses of chambered tombs and stone circles . He specifies particular definitions for words such as " ritual " , " religion " and " superstition " , arguing that such terms must be used with precision by archaeologists . a case study , he describes how Neolithic stone axes were adopted as or in the later Roman Iron Age onward in Britain , and that as such archaeologists should expect to find them in non @-@ prehistoric contexts . - In the second chapter , " to earth and water in Pre @-@ Roman and Roman Times " , Merrifield explores the various forms of archaeological evidence for ritual deposits in the pre @-@ Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age of Britain . He provides an overview of the evidence for animal and human sacrifice , as well as that in support of ritual offerings in bodies of water such as the River Thames . Merrifield deals with votive deposits on land , in particular looking at the evidence for deposition in ditches , shafts and wells . He rounds off the chapter by examining evidence for Iron Age rituals that took place at the commencement and termination of building constructions . Chapter three , " of Death " , deals with the religious rituals accompanying death and burial , and their visibility in the archaeological record . It explains the three main ways which human communities have dealt with the corpses of the dead : through exposing them to elements and scavengers , through and through cremation . at beliefs surrounding the afterlife , Merrifield discusses ways in which these beliefs might be visible in the archaeological record , such as through the deposition of grave goods . Discussing evidence for rituals of separation through which the deceased is separated from the world of the living , including those that deal with the of the body , Merrifield then looks at the effect of Christianity on burials in Europe , arguing that it brought a new intimacy with the dead through the collection of relics , which was in contrast to the pagan beliefs of the Roman Empire , which portrayed the deceased as . - The fourth chapter , " From Paganism to Christianity " , explores the continuing practice of ritual in Christian Europe . Discussing the early Roman Catholic Church 's of pagan deities , Merrifield states that the Church continued propagating a form of polytheism through the " cult of the blessed dead " , the veneration of saints and martyrs , throughout the Middle Ages . Discussing the ritual use of Christian relics , he also looks at votive offerings that were presented in a Christian context at shrines and churches , paying particular reference to the tradition of offering bent coins to shrines in Late Medieval England . Examining the construction of churches on earlier pagan ritual sites , he deals with evidence for the destruction of pagan statues by the early Christians . - Chapter five , " , revivals and " , continues Merrifield 's exploration of ritual practices in Christian Europe . He examines and Post @-@ Medieval items that have been deposited in rivers , including swords and pilgrimage souvenirs , speculating that their deposition might represent a survival from the pagan tradition of casting votive offerings into water . He speculates that the contemporary practice of throwing a coin into a fountain for good luck is a further survival of the custom . He then discusses the evidence for ritual foundation deposits under buildings , noting the widespread Medieval deposition of an animal 's head or jaw in a construction 's foundations , presumably for protective magical purposes . Proceeding to deal with the and Post @-@ Medieval deposition of pots under foundations , he looks at their place in churches , where it was believed that they aided the acoustics . Continuing with this theme , he discusses the British folk custom of burying a horse 's head under the floor to improve a building 's acoustics , speculating as to whether this was a survival of the pagan foundation deposit custom . off the chapter , Merrifield examines at magical items that have been intentionally placed in the walls , chimneys and roofs of buildings in Britain , in particular the widespread use of dead cats and old shoes . - In the sixth chapter , " Written spells and charms " , Merrifield discusses the use of the written word in magical contexts . Highlighting archaeological examples from the ancient @-@ Roman world , he looks at inscriptions on lead tablets that were buried in and , both places associated with the dead . Moving on to the use of magic squares , Merrifield highlights various examples of the square in archaeological contexts , before also discussing squares that contained numerical data with significance . He rounds off the chapter with an examination of Post @-@ Medieval and charms containing the written word , citing examples that have been found by archaeologists across Britain , hidden inside various parts of buildings . In the seventh chapter , " against witchcraft " , he deals with archaeological evidence for a variety of Early Modern and Modern British spells designed to ward off witchcraft . After briefly discussing the role of holed stone charms , he looks at the evidence for witch bottles , making reference to their relation to beliefs about witches ' . Proceeding to focus on 19th- and 20th @-@ century examples , Merrifield discusses the case of James , an English man , and his involvement with the witch bottle tradition . Merrifield 's final chapter , " The ritual of superstition : recognition and potential for study " , provides an overview of the entire book , highlighting the evidence of ritual continuity from pre @-@ Christian periods to the present day . Pointing out what he sees as areas of further exploration for archaeologists , he calls for " systematic investigation " of the subject . - - = = Reception and recognition = = - - - = = = Academic reviews = = = - - The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic was reviewed by John Hutchings for the Folklore journal , the published arm of The Folklore Society . He highlighted how the work would be of benefit to folklorists , by putting various charms then in museum exhibits – such as dead cats , buried shoes and witch bottles – into the wider context of ritual activity . He opined that it was " a little disappointing " that the examples were almost all from London and the Home Counties , but described the book as " written , carefully argued , and well illustrated . " - In a short review for The Antiquaries Journal , the historian of religion Hilda Ellis Davidson praised the " cautious and balanced arguments " of Merrifield 's work . She opined that it should be read by every archaeologist as a to what she thought was their widespread ignorance of folklore , noting that the wide array of evidence for ritual behaviour in the archaeological record would surprise " many readers " . - - = = = recognition = = = - - Writing Merrifield 's obituary for The Independent newspaper , the Museum of London archaeologist Peter described The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic as " a masterly study of an unusual subject . " The importance of Merrifield 's book was discussed by the Brian , an independent researcher who authored a 2004 academic paper entitled " The archaeology of counter @-@ witchcraft and popular magic " . Being published in the Beyond the Witch Trials anthology , edited by the historians Owen Davies and Willem de , recounted that The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic was the " notable exception " to a trend in which archaeological studies of magic were restricted to small journals , magazines and newspaper articles . - The influential nature of Merrifield 's work was also recognised by the Medieval archaeologist Gilchrist of the University of Reading . In an academic paper published in a 2008 edition of the Medieval Archaeology journal , Gilchrist referenced Merrifield 's study , noting that it offered a " rare contribution " to the archaeology of ritual and magic in Britain . In particular she highlighted his belief that many archaeologists dealing with literate cultures exhibited a " ritual phobia " as accurate . - - - = History of Braathens SAFE ( 1946 – 93 ) = - - Braathens South American & Far East Airtransport A / S or Braathens SAFE was founded by ship @-@ owner Ludvig G. Braathen in 1946 . It started as a charter airline based at Oslo Airport , Gardermoen in Norway , flying to destinations in the Far East and in South America . At first the airline used Douglas DC @-@ 4s , and later also Douglas DC @-@ 3s . In 1948 , the airline moved to Oslo Airport , Fornebu and started regular scheduled flights to the Far East . In 1952 , the airline started cooperation with the Icelandic airline Loftleidir , where until 1960 the two airlines in cooperation flew flights to Reykjavík . Domestic services started in 1951 , using de Havilland Herons on a route from Oslo to Stavanger via Tønsberg . Braathens SAFE also established at Stavanger Airport , Sola . A second route was started two years later to Trondheim . The Heron routes also stopped in Farsund , Kristiansand , to Stavanger and Hamar , Røros to Trondheim . - In 1958 , Braathens SAFE started flying to Ålesund and at the same time started flights along the West Coast . In 1959 , Fokker F @-@ 27s were taken into use , and with the Herons taken out of service , Hamar , Farsund and Tønsberg were terminated . During 1960 , the airline flew a single season to Sandefjord and Aalborg . The company also entered the domestic and international charter market during the 1960s , an industry where the airline would eventually grow to become a large Norwegian and Swedish contestant . Services to Bodø and Tromsø started in 1967 , although only from Western Norway . Braathens ' main domestic competitor was Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) , which operated all the primary domestic routes Braathens SAFE did not , in addition to the international routes . Braathens took Boeing 737 @-@ 200s and Fokker F @-@ 28s into use in 1969 ; Kristiansund was first served in 1970 and Molde in 1972 . From 1984 , the airline also operated two Boeing 767s , although they were retired along with the F @-@ 28s were in 1986 . Services to Longyearbyen started in 1987 . From 1987 , Braathens SAFE was allowed to make international scheduled flights on certain routes . In 1989 , it opened a route to Billund , in 1991 to , Newcastle and London , and in 1993 to . From 1989 to 1994 , the airline replaced its fleet with Boeing 737 @-@ 400 and . From 1989 to 1994 , Braathens Helikopter operated services on contract with oil companies to their oil platforms in the North Sea . - - = = Far East = = - - Braathens South American & Far East Airtransport A / S was founded on 26 March 1946 by Ludvig G. Braathen through his shipping company Braathens Rederi . capital was NOK 4 million , plus loans from the shipping company . Braathens had made good money during World War II with the participation in the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission , and received permission to use US $ 1 million to purchase aircraft . The idea to start an airline had occurred to Braathen in 1936 , when the ship had engine trouble while en route to Japan . The Japanese shipyards could not guarantee that they could repair the ship , and at first it was considered whether the ship should be towed to Europe for repairs . The solution chosen was instead to have the necessary piece made in Amsterdam and flown by KLM . Braathen wanted to have an airline that would be able to fly crew and supplies to his and other ships throughout the world — primarily in the Far East . - Braathen traveled to the United States , where he bought several used Douglas C @-@ 54 ( DC @-@ 4 ) aircraft from the United States Air Force . These were rebuilt by Texas Maintenance Company ( ) in Fort Worth , Texas , giving them a capacity of 44 passengers , or 22 passengers and 4 tonnes ( 3 @.@ 9 long tons ; 4 @.@ 4 short tons ) of cargo . Twenty pilots were recruited and sent to Fort Worth for certification . The first plane , LN @-@ Norse Explorer , landed at Oslo Airport , Gardermoen on 26 December 1946 . The next planes were LN @-@ Norse on 11 February 1947 and LN @-@ Norse on 13 March . - The first route ran from Oslo to Cairo via Copenhagen and Paris on 30 January 1947 . Afterwards , the company was chartered for several trips from Paris and Marseille , France , to , Palestine , and , Tunisia . From , the aircraft were used to evacuate French and British personnel prior to the creation of Israel . The company 's route to Hong Kong was the longest air route in the world . At the time , the only scheduled service to the Far East was operated by British Overseas Airways Corporation using flying boats . This route took a fortnight , while KLM had a land @-@ plane route from Amsterdam to Batavia ( ) . The first Braathens SAFE flight was made on 24 February from Oslo , landing at Amsterdam , Marseille , Cairo , Basra , Karachi , and Bangkok before Hong Kong , where Norske landed on 8 March . Total flight time was 46 hours . Along the route , Braathens SAFE established contracts with agents , or stationed their own employees . - The regular services could be done with a round trip time of nine to ten days , including in Cairo , Karachi and Bangkok , and with technical revision of the plane in Hong Kong . At first there were services , but by the end of 1947 , these had increased to weekly . In June , Braathens SAFE bought a Douglas DC @-@ 3 , LN @-@ PAS Norse Carrier , and in August another DC @-@ 4 , LN @-@ Norse Commander , both from KLM . In 1947 , Braathens SAFE flew twenty @-@ five trips to Hong Kong , five to New York and one to Johannesburg , South Africa , making a profit of NOK 750 @,@ 000 . The following year , Braathens SAFE started the first trial flights to South America . The first flight was made on 23 August from Stavanger via Reykjavík , and Bermuda to , where the plane landed on 26 August . In October , the airline flew to Panama , but neither route gave sufficient contracts to commence regular services . In 1948 , the airline made fifty trips to Hong Kong , eight to Johannesburg , two to the United States , three to Venezuela and two to Panama . - - = = Concession = = - - During World War II , the civil aviation planning was conducted by the Aviation Council . In 1945 , they started a limited number of flights that were operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force . On 2 July 1946 , the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications , several large shipping companies and other private investors reestablished Norske ( DNL ) , with the state owning 20 % and the shipping companies 49 % . This airline was granted a 20 @-@ year monopoly on domestic and international flights . According to the concession , only routes that DNL were not willing to fly themselves , could be granted to other airlines . - By 1948 , Braathens SAFE 's routes were so regular that several countries stated that a bilateral agreement would have to be negotiated for them to continue . However , the concession that had been granted to DNL did not allow Braathens to fly any scheduled flights . Braathens SAFE applied for fifteen @-@ year concession on 5 February 1948 ; Minister of Transport Nils Langhelle from the Labor Party knew that he would be violating DNL 's concession by granting Braathens SAFE a concession , but at the same time he was worried that Braathens SAFE could easily flag out to another country , from which DNL would receive no protection . The exception in DNL 's concession could not be used , since DNL declared that they , through the Scandinavian cooperation Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) , were planning to start a route to the far east . The Directorate for Civil Aviation stated that it was unlikely that DNL / SAS would start such a route within a few years , and recommended Langhelle that Braathens SAFE be granted the route . Concession was granted by the Norwegian Parliament on 3 February 1949 , with a duration of five years . The airline had to follow the route Oslo or Stavanger – Amsterdam – Geneva – Rome – Cairo – Basra – Karachi – Bombay – Calcutta – Bangkok – Hong Kong . The concession was made conditional that Braathens SAFE built a technical base at Stavanger Airport , Sola . - The Hong Kong @-@ route was officially opened on 5 August 1949 . Braathens SAFE had then moved its operative base from Gardermoen to Oslo Airport , Fornebu . The company stationed technical employees in Rome , Karachi , Bangkok and Hong Kong , as well as having an agreement with KLM . The planes would stop each night and crew and passengers would stay at a hotel . Cabin crew had no training , and learned the job as they worked . was the most common lunch meal , and the cabin crew had to purchase this fresh each day , usually observing the slaughter to ensure its freshness . In 1949 , sixty @-@ seven flights were made to Hong Kong , as well as two to Tokyo , to Venezuela and one to Johannesburg . - In 1950 , it became increasingly clear that the SAS @-@ cooperation was weak , and that either a full merger or a of the cooperation would be necessary . Braathen suggested to the government that DNL , Fred . Airtransport and Braathens SAFE should merge to create a new domestic airline , but this proposal was rejected by both DNL and Fred . . In 1949 , the Swedish branch of SAS , ( ) , and the Danish branch , ( ) started a joint route to the Far East . For a merger to be completed , Danish and Swedish authorities required that SAS be granted all international routes from Norway , meaning that Braathens SAFE would lose its concession from 1 March 1954 . The SAS merger was completed on 8 August 1951 . - Braathens SAFE applied for a concession on a route from Norway to New York on 27 March 1950 . This would allow the airline to connect the route to the Hong Kong @-@ flights , giving one continual service . The proposal would involve the purchase of Douglas DC @-@ 6B or Lockheed L @-@ Super aircraft . The proposal was rejected by the government on 19 April . The following year , Braathens SAFE applied to extend the route to Tokyo , but this was also rejected by the government . In 1951 , the company applied to purchase two Super to replace two sold DC @-@ 4s , which was granted , and on 14 January 1953 for an extension of the concession for another ten years . On 13 November 1953 , the government rejected the concession application , stating that Norway was bound to grant the concession to SAS on the basis of the merger agreement . - - = = = Icelandic cooperation = = = - - In 1952 , the Icelandic airline Loftleidir was granted the concession to fly from Airport outside Reykjavík to New York and Chicago in the United States , and to Oslo , Copenhagen and London . The company established a hub at . Braathens SAFE and Loftleidir made an agreement where Braathens SAFE would lease personnel and mechanical services to Loftleidir , and the two would split profits from the joint venture evenly . This allowed the two airlines to have a continual route between Hong Kong and New York as long as Braathens SAFE 's concession lasted . In 1954 , another DC @-@ 4 , LN @-@ , was bought . This aircraft was sold to Loftleidir the following year . In 1956 , another DC @-@ 4 , LN @-@ , was bought , and used for charter and by Loftleidir . In 1959 and 1960 , Loftleidir received two new Douglas DC @-@ 6B aircraft , with a five @-@ year mechanical agreement with Braathens SAFE . In 1960 , the two companies agreed to terminate the cooperation from 1 January 1961 . - - = = Domestic with Herons = = - - From 1950 , Braathens SAFE started flying charter services to Europe with Douglas DC @-@ 6 , mainly to Copenhagen and Paris . DNL protested because Braathens SAFE was charging too low ticket prices , while protested against the flights to Copenhagen . In September 1951 , Braathens SAFE offered Danish authorities to fly all domestic routes without subsidies , but this was rejected because such a permit could only be issued to Danish airlines . After World War II , only Fornebu , Stavanger Airport , Sola and Kristiansand Airport , were in use as land airport . A plan for construction was passed by parliament in 1952 , that based the financing of airports as joint civilian and military airports , with funding from NATO . - In 1951 , Braathens SAFE applied for concession for a route from Oslo to Bodø via Trondheim without subsidies . They also stated that they were willing to fly all domestic routes without subsidies , granted that they were awarded all routes . This was based on the acquisition of de Havilland Heron aircraft , which could use shorter runways and has a capacity of 15 people . SAS was granted the concession to Bodø and Trondheim , but the Ministry of Transport issued a concession to Braathens SAFE on the route from Oslo via Tønsberg Airport , to Stavanger . The plane started in Stavanger in the morning , and operated the opposite direction of SAS ' route from Oslo to Stavanger , which continued onwards to London . The first flight was made on 3 May 1952 , with the Heron LN @-@ Per . From 7 to 14 May , the plane went on a tour of the country , visiting several airports . Regular services started on 18 August and a one @-@ way ticket cost NOK 95 . - On 30 January 1953 , Braathens SAFE applied to start a route from Oslo to Trondheim Airport , . A trial permit was granted , and the first flight was made on 18 August . Because had a grass runway , Trondheim Airport , was used during bad weather . SAS flew a morning flight from Oslo , while Braathens flew the morning route from Trondheim . In 1953 , Braathens SAFE stated that to keep their 210 employees and fleet of one DC @-@ 4 , one DC @-@ 3 and two Herons , they would have to receive future domestic services , to compensate for more than 90 % of their revenue disappearing with the loss of the Far East route . In 1953 , Braathens SAFE applied to fly five routes : Bardufoss – Alta – ; Stavanger – Bergen – Trondheim ( both with Herons ) ; Tromsø – Alta – ; Bodø – Harstad ; and Bodø – Harstad – Tromsø ( all with de Havilland Canada @-@ 3 ) . The five routes would require NOK 725 @,@ 000 in annual subsidies . The concessions were granted to DNL , who allowed their partially owned subsidiary Widerøe to fly the sea routes . - Braathens bought six Herons , in addition to one that was leased during 1954 . They had been given the common Norwegian names Per , , and Lars . Because of replacements , the airline never operated more than four at a time . In June 1955 , Braathens SAFE started landing some of the Oslo – Stavanger planes at Kristiansand Airport , and Farsund Airport , . The route , nicknamed the " Milk Route " , operated Stavanger – Farsund – Kristiansand – Tønsberg – Oslo in the morning , with a return in the evening . The same year , SAS and Braathens SAFE started negotiating splitting up the domestic routes . Nils Langhelle , then regional director in SAS , suggested creating a merged subsidiary that could fly all domestic routes . On 16 May 1956 , Braathens SAFE started landing at Hamar Airport , on the Oslo – Trondheim route , and at Airport , on the Oslo – Stavanger route . Both airports had 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) runways that could only be served by small aircraft such as the Heron . From 1959 , services to both airports were terminated . Røros Airport was opened on 19 July 1957 , and Braathens SAFE landed some of the Oslo – Trondheim services there . After 1958 , services were terminated , but after the runway was extended from 1 @,@ 360 to 1 @,@ 600 metres ( 4 @,@ 460 to 5 @,@ 250 ft ) , it was taken into use again in 1963 . - The route Stavanger – Bergen – Trondheim was awarded to in 1956 , but this company filed for bankruptcy the following year . Ålesund Airport , was scheduled to open in 1958 , and both Braathens SAFE and SAS applied for the concession , along with the route along the West Coast . At first the ministry wanted to issue the concession on the route Stavanger – Bergen – Ålesund – Trondheim to Braathens SAFE and the route Ålesund – Oslo to SAS . But after negotiations , Braathens SAFE stated they were willing to fly the coastal route without subsidies if they were granted the Oslo @-@ route , since that would allow them to cross @-@ subsidize ; this was granted by the ministry . An agreement was then made between the ministry , SAS and Braathens SAFE , where both airlines would fly the routes Oslo – Trondheim , Oslo – Stavanger , Oslo – Kristiansand and Kristiansand – Stavanger – Bergen ; Braathens SAFE had a monopoly on the routes Oslo – Ålesund and Bergen – Ålesund – Trondheim , while SAS was granted a monopoly on the routes Oslo – Bergen and ( Oslo ) – Trondheim – Bodø – Bardufoss . In 1958 , Braathens SAFE had 77 @,@ 591 passengers . - - = = = Hummelfjell Accident = = = - - On 7 November 1956 , the Heron LN @-@ Lars crashed at Hummelfjell after the aircraft had experienced problems . The Hummelfjell Accident killed the pilot and one passenger , but the remaining ten people on board survived . Among them was the famous television actor Rolf , who , despite injury , succeeded at walking to civilization to inform about the accident . - - = = Friendship = = - - During the late 1950s , Braathens SAFE started looking for a replacement for the aging DC @-@ 3s and Herons . An order was placed with Fokker for the delivery of their new Fokker F @-@ 27 Friendship , a two @-@ engine turboprop with cabin . Braathens SAFE was the second airline to receive the plane , after . The first craft , LN @-@ , was delivered in December 1958 , with the second , LN @-@ SUO , delivered the following year . They were put into service on the main routes : once daily Oslo – Trondheim , once daily Oslo – Ålesund , twice daily Oslo – Stavanger , including one stopping at Kristiansand , and one trip daily Bergen – Ålesund – Trondheim . The delivery of the made the Herons unnecessary , and these were sold . The two DC @-@ 3s were kept as a reserve , and were used for the first part of the summer schedules because of late delivery of LN @-@ SUO . They were also used for charter . The airports at Hamar , Farsund and Tønsberg had too short runways for the Friendship , and these destinations were terminated . - The first flight to the winter @-@ only airport at Longyearbyen on Svalbard was made on 2 April 1959 , when Store Norske Spitsbergen chartered a DC @-@ 4 from Bardufoss Airport . Store Norske cleared a 1 @,@ 800 by 40 metres ( 5 @,@ 910 by 130 ft ) runway on snow for the aircraft . More flights were chartered during the 1960s , and Longyearbyen became a regular charter destination for Braathens SAFE . - From 3 June to 30 September 1960 , Braathens SAFE was granted concession on the route from Oslo via Sandefjord Airport , to Aalborg Airport in Denmark . This became possible because SAS had abandoned the route the previous year . It was flown with a DC @-@ 3 , giving an 80 % load factor . On 22 July , the Braathens SAFE applied for a three @-@ year concession , but this was rejected because SAS stated that they would restart the route . In 1961 , SAS started the route Stavanger – Kristiansand – , and in 1963 on the route Oslo – Kristiansand – . The concession allowed SAS to also take passengers on the domestic legs , giving Braathens SAFE competition on the routes to Kristiansand . - traveling from Western to Northern Norway had to transfer from Braathens SAFE to SAS in Trondheim . Both airlines saw this as a strategic opportunity to get routes in each other 's territories . On 31 August 1960 , Braathens SAFE applied for an extension of its Bergen – Ålesund – Trondheim route onwards to Bodø Airport and Bardufoss Airport . The two airports had been served by SAS from Oslo via Trondheim . SAS presented estimates that between 2 @.@ 5 and 6 @.@ 1 passengers transferred at Trondheim each day . Braathens SAFE later proposed that they could fly directly from Bergen and Ålesund to Bodø and Bardufoss , but Braathens SAFE 's application was rejected by the ministry . All concessions ended on 31 March 1961 , and the ministry extended them all one year . Three new airports , Alta Airport , Airport , and Airport , , were about to open and the ministry wanted to award new concessions that included these airports . Braathens SAFE applied to operate to all the airports in Northern Norway , but the contract was awarded to SAS . The latter also applied to operate a route from Northern Norway via Trondheim , Ålesund and Bergen to Stavanger , while Braathens SAFE in 1964 again applied for an extension of the West Coast route to Northern Norway . This was moderated to a direct route from Tromsø Airport to Bergen , which SAS received permission for on 4 March 1965 . - An additional F @-@ 27s was delivered in 1961 , and two more in 1962 . By then , the Oslo – Stavanger route was expanded to four daily round trips , of which two went via Kristiansand . Ålesund had two round trips , while Trondheim had one . The coastal route had two services , and was branded as the " Airbus " . In all , 175 @,@ 202 passengers were transported , up 40 % since the previous year . By 1965 , the Trondheim , Ålesund and coast routes had three round trips , while there were four to Kristiansand and five to Stavanger . That year , the right @-@ winged 's Cabinet was appointed ; Braathens SAFE therefore again applied for an extension of the West Coast route to Tromsø and Bodø . When the government signaled that it would support the application , it caused a major debate , particularly in Denmark and Sweden , and the Danish and Swedish governments threatened to terminate the SAS agreement . On 25 November 1966 , with 82 against 62 votes , the Norwegian Parliament voted to allow Braathens SAFE to fly to Bodø and Tromsø as an extension of the West Coast route from 1 April 1967 . - On 3 March 1967 , parliament decided to build four short take @-@ off and landing airports along the coast between Trondheim and Bodø . Braathens placed an order for a de Havilland Canada @-@ 6 Twin Otter and planned to start the company Braathens . It applied to operate the route without subsidies , but the concession was rejected and granted with subsidies to Widerøe , which had been operating the routes using seaplanes . - - = = Charter = = - - During the 1950s , the main customers for charter flights had been Norwegian shipping companies , who flew their crew home from ports in Central Europe . In 1959 , Saga was created as the first travel agency for Mediterranean charter trips , and the company started a cooperation with Braathens SAFE . The first DC @-@ 4 flew to that year . In 1961 , the company 's first Douglas DC @-@ 6B was bought . It had a capacity of 96 passengers , and cooperation was also started with Metro and in Gothenburg . Other charter destinations were London , Alicante and , both in Spain . That year , Braathens SAFE bought 50 % of Saga in a private placement . Braathens SAFE established an office in Gothenburg in 1965 . After had been bought by SAS and moved to Stockholm three years later , three employees started Atlas Resor in Gothenburg , and started using Braathens SAFE as their airline . By 1966 , Braathens SAFE was operating seven DC @-@ 6s . - The agreements with Spanish authorities allowed only airlines from the country of origin or from Spain to fly charter flights . But because of the SAS @-@ cooperation , an agreement was made where any Scandinavian airline could fly to Spain from any of the three Scandinavian countries . , Braathens SAFE received strong competition from Sterling Airways , but on the other hand this allowed Braathens SAFE to fly charter flights from Sweden . In 1968 , the large Swedish – Danish charter airline went bankrupt , giving Braathens SAFE increased charter traffic . The company also started purchasing a larger share of Resor , until it took over all the whole company in 1978 . In Sweden , Braathens SAFE used its partners to sell charter flights to Norway , and then continue their flights using scheduled flights . Braathens SAFE was hindered by the charter regulations from making flights , as well as flights between the Scandinavian capitals . The rules also forced business travelers to use scheduled flights . - - = = Into the Jet Age = = - - In 1965 , Braathens SAFE placed an order for three Boeing 737 @-@ 200s , costing a total 100 million . They were intended to do the main haul of the charter market . There had been an internal struggle as to whether the company should purchase the Fokker F @-@ 28 Fellowship or the Boeing 737 @-@ 100 , a shorter version of the 737 @-@ 200 . Having a single plane type would give a single pool of pilot and mechanic certifications , and would have saved the company NOK millions in costs . Following the decision to purchase the F @-@ 28 , Bjørn G. Braathen , son of Ludvig G. and later CEO , left the company . - By 1966 , Braathens SAFE had sold all its DC @-@ 4s , and had purchased eight F @-@ 27s . The DC @-@ 6s were used exclusively for charter , with all domestic flights being flown with the F @-@ 27s . The same year , the booking system was centralized and moved to offices in Oslo . The company established sales offices in Bodø and Tromsø on 1 March 1967 . A new cargo department was opened at Oslo Airport on 29 September . Braathens SAFE applied in a joint venture with the Norwegian America Line to start a cargo flight to the United States and the Far East , but this was declined by the ministry . From 1967 , also DC @-@ 6s were used on domestic routes . In August , it was announced that Braathens SAFE would replace the F @-@ 27s with six new Fokker F @-@ 28 , and that the F @-@ 27s would be sold to the manufacturer . Later , the number of orders of 737s was reduced to two , and of F @-@ 28s to five . The cost NOK 40 million each . - The first 737 , LN @-@ , landed in Oslo on 8 January 1969 , followed by LN @-@ on 31 January . Braathens SAFE was the launch customer of the F @-@ 28 , and the first plane landed in Oslo on 3 March . Five F @-@ 28s were delivered in the course of a year , in addition to one aircraft that was leased periodically until 1971 . There were several technical problems due to having the earliest models of the F @-@ 28 , causing some operational difficulties . Two DC @-@ 6s were sold , and all but three of the F @-@ 27s were sold to Fokker between October 1968 and May 1969 . Along with the aircraft came a new simulator , and the simulator division was moved from Sola to Fornebu . On 27 February 1970 , the company took into use an IT @-@ system , based at Sola . - With the delivery of the Boeing 737 @-@ 200s , Braathens SAFE started using these aircraft on the long @-@ haul charter flights . By 1977 , there were nine international charter airlines competing with Braathens SAFE : , Britannia Airways , Dan @-@ Air , Linjeflyg , Air , ( owned by SAS ) , , Sterling and . In 1976 , good exchange rates gave a peak of flights to London , with eleven weekly flights across the North Sea . Braathens SAFE also started flying for . In 1976 , 44 % of the company 's revenue was from charter , but by 1979 it had dropped to 36 % . During this period , about half of the planes ' flying time was related to charter . - - = = More airports = = - - Prior to the opening of Kristiansund Airport , , Braathens SAFE applied for a concession to fly to it along the West Coast , as well as the direct route from Oslo . SAS applied to fly the Oslo @-@ service . The ministry wanted Braathens SAFE to fly the route with a concession granted to SAS , but Braathens SAFE rejected this . Instead , they were granted both the routes on temporary basis . The new airport received three daily flights to Oslo , of which two went via Ålesund , and four services on the West Coast route . At the same time , there was a discussion about who was to operate the new @-@ airports on the West Coast . Braathens SAFE stated that they wanted a local airline to do the flying , and chose not to apply . The concession was granted to Widerøe , and Braathens SAFE subsequently bought part of the airline . - On 5 April 1972 , Molde Airport , opened . Unlike other primary airports , it had been built and financed by the municipality , and did not become state @-@ owned until 1978 . Braathens SAFE started flying both to Oslo and along the West Coast from Molde . The same year , the airline for the first time exceeded one million domestic passengers . It also started with five weekly cargo flights with flowers from , Italy . The following year , the last DC @-@ 6 was sold , after the type had been phased out since 1969 . - The same year , the government appointed a commission , led by , to look into the organization of the domestic air routes . Since the last compromise in splitting routes , the traffic had increased more in Braathens SAFE 's domain that SAS ' . The commission also looked a to whom the two next airports that would be opened , Haugesund Airport , and Harstad / Narvik Airport , , would be given . Neither company wanted to cooperate beyond the existing arrangement of coordinating their routes time @-@ wise , along with those of Widerøe . In addition , Braathens SAFE bought handling services from SAS at Gardermoen , Bergen , Bodø and Tromsø , while SAS bought handling services from Braathens SAFE at Stavanger . The commission granted SAS the rights to fly from Oslo to Haugesund , Harstad / Narvik and the new airport Svalbard Airport , . Braathens SAFE was allowed to fly from Bergen to Northern Norway via Ålesund , Molde and Kristiansund . SAS lost the right to fly directly from Bergen to Northern Norway . When the matter was passed by parliament , they also granted SAS the right to fly from Oslo to Stavanger , even if their planes did not continue abroad . - - = = = Flight 239 = = = - - On 23 December 1972 at 16 : 30 , the company 's most fatal accident occurred . F @-@ 28 LN @-@ on Flight 239 from Ålesund to Oslo crashed at , killing 40 of the 45 people on board , including the crew of three . The cause of the accident was never discovered , although a possibility could have been faults with the instrument landing system . - - = = Times of change = = - - Following the steep increase of oil prices in 1973 , Braathens SAFE increased the ticket prices with about 30 % , giving for the first year a reduction in the number of travelers . The IT @-@ system was introduced on 4 February 1974 , connecting all locations with 53 terminals , 20 man @-@ years . In 1974 , became chair , and the following year , the employees were represented with two board members . The remaining three F @-@ 27s were sold to the Braathens Rederi @-@ owned Busy Bee between 1975 and 1977 . From 1 January 1976 , Braathens SAFE introduced " Green Routes " , where passengers were granted 35 % discount if they traveled on Saturdays or Sunday morning , booked a round trip and were away for at least a full week or over a weekend . From 1972 to 1976 , the company 's revenue doubled , to NOK 500 million , while production increased 18 % . The main contributing factor was the increase of labor costs , that had almost doubled in the four years , although also higher fuel prices and taxes contributed . In 1976 , the airline transported 1 @,@ 154 @,@ 000 scheduled and @,@ 000 chartered passengers . Braathens SAFE had a 37 % scheduled market share and 31 % share of the charter flights . The largest traffic increases were in Stavanger , Bergen and Trondheim . During the late 1970s , Braathens SAFE increased the number of direct flights between these cities , without increasing the number of landings in Ålesund and Kristiansand . From 1 April 1977 , the airline lost its dispensation to operate with reduced cabin crew , and was forced to increase the number on the F @-@ 28 from one to two , and on the 737 from two to three . At the same time , the airline introduced in @-@ flight meals . - Ludvig G. Braathen died on 27 December 1976 while he was still CEO . He was succeeded by his son Bjørn G. Braathen , who had returned to the company a few years earlier . In 1977 , Braathens SAFE made NOK 10 million in profit on the Trondheim route and NOK 4 million on the routes from Oslo to Kristiansand and Stavanger . At the same time , the airline lost NOK 6 million on the routes to from Oslo to Ålesund , Molde and Kristiansund , and NOK 18 million on the coastal routes between Stavanger and Tromsø . From 1 October 1978 , the company also introduced 50 % youth discount for people under 26 years . From 1 May 1978 , there was introduced a NOK 100 tax on international charter flights . The same year , Braathens SAFE bought 15 % of , that owned 51 % of the travel agency Bennett . This was to try to secure influence over the chain , that was also owned 31 % by SAS . A new , neutral system , , was introduced in 1980 for all travel agents in Norway and Sweden . Following this , Braathens SAFE sold its stake in with a profit . - Starting with the delivery of the F @-@ 28s and 737s , all planes were named after Norwegian kings . The last three F @-@ 27s were also given such names . During the 1970s , Braathens SAFE took delivery of eleven 737s , the four F @-@ 28s . The third delivered , LN @-@ , had a cargo door on the side , making it ideal for cargo flights . The three planes delivered in 1979 had extended range tanks making direct flights to the Canary Islands possible . In 1979 , the company started looking into possible replacements for their fleet , considering larger aircraft . - The late 1970s and early 1980s was a time of economic problems for airlines worldwide . Passenger numbers stabilized , and Braathens SAFE introduced a 15 % discount to of 100 tickets at one time . The company hit NOK 1 billion in revenue in 1981 . tickets were not sufficient to cover the increasing costs , particularly related to fuel , and the company introduced the internal campaign @-@ 82 . This involved a more market @-@ oriented management and a focus on service increase , including better and free coffee . During the summer , the reduced demand made the airline introduce discounted " summer tickets " for NOK 280 on any route in Southern Norway . This gave a 75 % load factor , the highest for the whole year . - In 1982 , Braathens SAFE bought 15 % of DNL . It also applied , though the sister company Braathens Helikopter , for concessions for helicopter services from Stavanger to offshore oil platforms . As a reaction , the incumbent , Helikopter Service , applied for Braathens West Coast routes . At this point , SAS bought 15 % of Helikopter Service . In 1984 , Braathens SAFE introduced services to Farsund Airport , using wet leased F @-@ 27s from Busy Bee . The same arrangement was used to connect Haugesund to Bergen and Stavanger . In Haugesund , this was in competition with . Busy Bee @-@ operated planes were also used on routes from Sandefjord in competition with Norsk . The same year , the cabin crew had a 14 @-@ day strike , halting all flights . It was caused by the company paying lower wages than SAS and Busy Bee . In 1985 , a new booking system was introduced , that allowed . This gave increased revenue , but the company had to start rejected passengers with a full and a free seat on the next flight . On 16 December 1985 , the airline 's administration moved into the a new building , the Diamond , located at Fornebu . The frequent flyer program was launched in September 1985 . It was a cooperation with Inter Nor Hotels , and gave special privileges to travelers that made 25 full @-@ price trips per year with Braathens . - - = = New = = - - In 1980 , the management of Braathens SAFE decided that it needed larger aircraft if the company was to stay competitive on charter flights . Larger aircraft could be put into service on the main services from Oslo , Gothenburg and Stockholm , while the 737s could be used to smaller destination and from other cities . On 25 February 1980 , the company announced that it had ordered two Boeing 767 @-@ 200 planes , with an option for two addition craft . The cost of the two firm orders was about NOK 500 million . This would allow the aircraft to be used for both domestic scheduled flights and for charter , and was configured with 242 seats . This was less than charter @-@ only airlines , for instance Britannia had their planes configured with 273 seats . Braathens SAFE 's planes were delivered on 23 March and in November 1984 . The following year showed increasing charter traffic , although it only made up 25 % of the company 's revenue . The company had considered the smaller Boeing , but did not have sufficient range . Also the Airbus was close to being chosen . - The 767s were launched as " First Business Class " to charter travelers , but the business model was not successful . The new consumer groups entering the market had low willingness to pay , and the demand for premium charter services was low . The company was faced with not being able to charter out the plane because of the low seat numbers , but could not put in the extra seats because of the aircraft also being used on the scheduled market . Using so large aircraft on the short @-@ haul flights in Southern Norway gave little economy @-@ of @-@ scale , and the airline seldom needed the increased capacity . Braathens SAFE also had problems , because from order to delivery , the exchange rates had increased from 5 to 9 NOK per USD , almost doubling the price in NOK . In 1986 , the two 767s where sold . Two years later , Resor was sold , and the following year Saga . Braathens SAFE closed its bases in Gothenburg and Stockholm , but remained a charter operator with 737s from Norway . - Following the decision to sell the two 767s , management also decided to sell the four remaining F @-@ 28s . This would allow Braathens to operate a fleet of pure 737 @-@ 200 , giving lower operating costs . One 737 was taken out of service in 1984 , and the four F @-@ 28s sold in 1986 . The same year , seven more 737 @-@ 200s were delivered , along with two more in 1987 and 1988 . By then , Braathens entire fleet consisted of nineteen 737 @-@ 200s . At the same time , Boeing had launched the 737 @-@ 300 , a slightly larger aircraft with new @-@ 56 engines . Braathens SAFE considered the new aircraft , but where concerned that it used a traditional mechanical cockpit . The airline also needed larger aircraft for the charter traffic , and smaller aircraft for the domestic routes . The airline also considered the Douglas MD @-@ 80 and the Airbus A320 , but settled on the 737 following the announcement of the stretched 737 @-@ 400 , with 156 seats , and the shortened 737 @-@ 500 , with 124 seats . These had glass , and Braathens SAFE would be among the first airlines to receive both models . To finance the purchase , the airline sold all but two of the 737 @-@ 200s and leased them back . For some of the aircraft , they received more money than they had paid . - - = = = = = = - - On 21 June 1985 , the 737 @-@ 200 LN @-@ , with 121 passengers en route from Trondheim to Oslo , was by the 24 @-@ year @-@ old Stein . He had threatened a flight attendant with an air gun . He demanded to talk to Prime Minister and Minister of Justice Mona and a press conference to make a political statement . His demands were not met , and he surrendered while the plane was parked in Oslo . This was the first in Norway . - - = = Competition and new planes = = - - The F @-@ 28s had the largest problems , mostly due to the number of landings , which could count up to 16 per day . For instance , LN @-@ SUO flew 36 @,@ 000 hours with 76 @,@ 000 landings . The last flight was made on 16 December 1986 , and the aircraft sold for NOK 45 million each . Although the F @-@ 28 was taken out of service , some of the routes on the West Coast needed to be operated with smaller aircraft than the 737 . The company made an agreement to wet lease Busy Bee F @-@ 27s one some of the routes , while the most ones would be taken over by 737s . - A 1985 government committee , led by State Secretary Per Arne , recommended that more route be flown by both Braathens SAFE and SAS , and that additional airlines be allowed to start other routes . On 5 September 1985 , Braathens SAFE applied for the route Trondheim – Bodø – Harstad / Narvik – Tromsø and Tromsø – Longyearbyen . SAS had stated that it was fine with them if other airlines started flying international routes they did not , and on 17 October Braathens SAFE also applied for the routes Bergen – Stavanger – Paris , Bergen – Stavanger – Manchester , Oslo – Stavanger – Brussels and Trondheim – Bergen – Newcastle . The applications were rejected and it was agreed upon that SAS would retain all rights to fly internationally between Oslo , Bergen , Stavanger , Gothenburg , Stockholm , Copenhagen and . - A new round of concession applications were filed in 1987 : Trondheim to Northern Norway , Tromsø – Longyearbyen , Oslo – Billund and Oslo – Alicante . The right @-@ winged 's Second Cabinet decided to use three principles in issuing new concessions : keeping the array of local routes , granting concessions on the terms that the airlines would continue to cross @-@ subsidize routes , and to introduce competition on the largest routes . Braathens SAFE was given permission to fly Oslo – Bergen and Western Norway – Trondheim – Bodø – Tromsø , plus once daily Oslo – Trondheim – Bodø , as well as Tromsø – Longyearbyen . At the same time , SAS was allowed to fly freely on the routes Oslo – Trondheim and Oslo – Stavanger . In 1988 , Braathens SAFE introduced automatic check @-@ in machines in Oslo , Stavanger , Bergen , Ålesund and Trondheim . - The first 737 @-@ 400 , LN @-@ , was delivered to the airline on 9 July 1989 . The 19 737 @-@ 200s were gradually handed to their owners , while seven 737 @-@ and seventeen 737 @-@ were delivered until 1994 . The investment cost NOK 4 @.@ 5 billion . By the end of 1993 , the company had NOK 3 @.@ 4 billion in debt . On 1 June 1989 , Erik G. Braathen , son of Bjørn G. , took over as CEO at the age of 34 . In 1992 , Busy Bee filed for bankruptcy ; the company 's fleet of three Fokker 50s were transferred to the newly established Norwegian Air Shuttle , which started wet @-@ leased operations along the West Coast for Braathens SAFE . As demand increased through the 1990s , the fleet was extended to six aircraft . - - = = International routes = = - - Braathens SAFE was also given the right to fly its first international scheduled flights for the first time in several decades . On 19 August 1988 , the airline was granted concession to fly to Billund in Denmark . At the same time , Air @-@ X was granted concession to fly the route via Sandefjord and . The route started on 2 May 1989 . Previously the rules stated that if SAS flew to a non @-@ Scandinavian destination from any capital , no other Scandinavian airlines could fly to that city . Braathens SAFE lost many contracts in the charter market in 1990 , following 's purchase of larger Douglas DC @-@ 10 aircraft . On 18 May 1990 , Braathens SAFE was awarded the concession a route from Oslo , Bergen and Stavanger to Newcastle , which opened on 3 April 1991 . The airline was also awarded the route from Tromsø to , Russia , once per week from 28 January 1993 . - On 19 June 1990 , SAS announced that all its services to London Gatwick Airport would be moved to London Heathrow Airport , where most of its services had landed . The same day , the Ministry of Transport announced that any Scandinavian airline could apply for and receive concessions to fly to Gatwick . On 25 June , Braathens SAFE applied to fly to London , but instead wanted to fly to London Airport , to have better landing slots . The concession was granted on 18 January 1991 , but the airline chose to not start the route . The company had been granted a concession to in Sweden , and the route opened on 2 May 1991 with two daily departures . This was later reduced to one . In October 1992 , the two airlines that flew from Oslo to Gatwick , Norway Airlines and Dan @-@ Air , filed for . Braathens SAFE immediately decided to start the route , with a departure at about 10 : 30 that would allow connections to the rest of the domestic network . Six days later , the first schedules were published in the newspaper , slots and British permission was granted three days after that . Another two days after that , the service started . - At the time , Denmark was a member of the European Union ( EU ) , while Sweden and Norway had applied and were awaiting referenda to determine membership . EU was working to the airline market from 1995 , which could cause problems for the Scandinavian agreements . In preparation for this , Braathens SAFE started negotiations with Linjeflyg of Sweden and Air of Denmark to an alliance to compete with SAS . In particular , the three airlines wanted to capture the two million passengers that travelled between the three Scandinavian capitals : Oslo , Copenhagen and Stockholm . Instead , SAS was given permission to purchase Linjeflyg in exchange for the Swedish airline market being from 1 July 1992 . From 23 October 1992 , the Norwegian Armed Forces stopped aircraft and started using scheduled flights to fly 240 @,@ 000 personnel annually . Since most of the transport was between Northern and Southern Norway , this gave reduced revenue for Braathens SAFE . - - = = = = - - On 1 September 1989 , Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi founded Braathens Helikopter . The shipping company had signed an agreement with the oil companies Norsk , Phillips Petroleum and to provide helicopter transport for their crews to their offshore oil installations , , , . This was the first time the incumbent Helikopter Service had received competition on their offshore helicopter services . The initial agreement secured Braathens Helikopter a revenue of NOK 800 million in the course of five years , and gave the company a 20 % market share . Four 19 @-@ Super Puma helicopters were ordered , each costing NOK 60 million . Total investment costs were NOK 300 million . Two helicopters were stationed at Stavanger Airport , Sola and two at Bergen Airport , . The initial contract involved flying 10 @,@ 000 passengers per year . - Twenty @-@ two pilots were hired along with a total staff of 70 , and services started on 1 September 1990 . In June 1991 , Braathens Helikopter signed a three @-@ year agreement with for flights from Stavanger to . The contract had an option for a two @-@ year extension . The revenue was between NOK 100 and 200 million , depending on the length of the contract and the capacity needed . Operations started in February 1992 , and involved the company purchasing another two Super . On 10 September , Braathens Helikopter was awarded the contract with British Petroleum for flights from Stavanger to and . The contract gave a revenue of up to NOK 300 million in the course five years . Operations started on 1 November 1992 , and involved about 2 @,@ 000 hours of flying per year . With this contract , Braathens Helikopter had about a 30 % market share . Braathens purchased one more Super Puma as a consequence of the contract . After operations started , the company had grown to 120 employees and was the second @-@ largest helicopter operator in the country . - Braathens Helikopter and Helikopter Service announced on 1 October 1993 that the two companies would merge from 1 January 1994 . Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi would be paid with NOK 225 million in Helikopter Service shares . The Norwegian Competition Authority stated they would have to look at the merger , since the new company would have an almost @-@ monopoly on offshore flights . However , the ministry stated that the authority could not hinder the merger , because by the time new contracts were awarded in 1995 , helicopter operators from foreign countries would also be allowed to bid . The ownership of Braathens Helikopter was transferred to Helikopter Service on 14 December . Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi received 14 % of the shares in the merged company . They were immediately sold , giving Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi a NOK 170 million profit on the five @-@ year venture . - - - = Gerard ( archbishop of York ) = - - Gerard ( died 21 May 1108 ) was Archbishop of York between 1100 and 1108 and Lord Chancellor of England from until . A Norman , he was a member of the cathedral clergy at Rouen before becoming a royal clerk under King William I of England and subsequently his son King William II Rufus . Gerard was appointed Lord Chancellor by William I , and he continued in that office under Rufus , who rewarded him with the Bishopric of Hereford in 1096 . Gerard may have been with the king 's hunting party when William II was killed , as he is known to have witnessed the first charter issued by the new king , Henry I of England , within days of William 's death . - Soon after Henry 's coronation Gerard was appointed to the recently vacant see of York , and became embroiled in the long @-@ running dispute between York and the see of Canterbury concerning which archbishopric had primacy over England . Gerard managed to secure papal recognition of York 's claim to jurisdiction over the church in Scotland , but he was forced to agree to a compromise with his counterpart at Canterbury , Anselm , over Canterbury 's claims to authority over York , although it was not binding on his successors . In the Investiture Controversy between the king and the papacy over the right to appoint bishops , Gerard worked on the claims of the two parties ; the controversy was finally resolved in 1107 . - Gerard was a patron of learning , to the extent that he urged at least one of his clergy to study Hebrew , a language not commonly studied at that time . He himself was a student of astrology , which led to suggestions that he was a magician and a sorcerer . because of such rumours , and his unpopular attempts to reform his cathedral clergy , Gerard was denied a burial inside York Minster after his sudden death in 1108 . His successor as archbishop subsequently had Gerard 's remains moved into the cathedral church from their initial resting place beside the cathedral porch . - - = = Early life and career = = - - Gerard was the nephew of , Bishop of Winchester , and Simon , Abbot of Ely . His parents were and Anna , and his brother Peter was also a royal clerk . Where he was born and raised is unknown ; he is documented as cantor of Rouen Cathedral , and precentor of the same cathedral , although the date of his appointment to either office is unrecorded . By he had become archdeacon of Rouen . He served in the royal under successive kings of England , William I and William II . - - = = Bishop of Hereford = = - - Gerard was appointed Lord Chancellor of England in , and was present at William I 's deathbed in . He continued as Chancellor to William Rufus until ; what precipitated his loss of office is unclear . He retained the king 's trust , for Rufus employed him in 1095 along with William on a diplomatic mission to Pope Urban II regarding Archbishop Anselm receiving the pallium , the sign of an archbishop 's authority . Rufus offered to recognise Urban as pope rather than the Clement III in return for Anselm 's deposition and the delivery of Anselm 's pallium into Rufus ' custody , to dispose of as he saw fit . The mission departed for Rome in February 1095 and returned by with a papal legate , Walter the Cardinal Bishop of , who had Anselm 's pallium . The legate secured Rufus ' recognition of Urban , but subsequently refused to consider Anselm 's deposition . Rufus resigned himself to Anselm 's position as archbishop , and at the king 's court at Windsor he consented to Anselm being given the pallium . - Although not yet ordained , Gerard was rewarded with the Bishopric of Hereford , and he was consecrated by Archbishop Anselm on 8 June 1096 ; his ordination as a and priest had taken place the previous day . He assisted at the consecration of St Paul 's Cathedral in London on 9 June 1096 . He may have been a member of the hunting party in the New Forest on 2 August 1100 when Rufus was killed , as he witnessed King Henry I 's coronation charter – now known as the Charter of Liberties – three days later at Winchester , close by the New Forest . Gerard was present at Henry 's coronation that same day , along with Maurice , Bishop of London . Henry was probably crowned by Maurice , but the medieval chronicler Walter Map states that Gerard crowned Henry in return for a promise of the first vacant archbishopric . Gerard may have assisted Maurice in the coronation ceremony . - - = = Archbishop = = - - Gerard became Archbishop of York in December 1100 . No source mentions him being invested by the king , but as Anselm urged Pope II to give Gerard his pallium , which he would have been unlikely to do if Gerard had been invested by Henry , that possibility seems remote . At in 1101 King Henry I , with Anselm 's support , deprived Ranulf , Bishop of Durham , of the lands of the see of Durham , because Ranulf had defected to Henry 's elder brother Robert , who also claimed the English throne . Gerard then deposed Ranulf from his bishopric . Soon after his translation to York , Gerard began a long dispute with Anselm , claiming equal primacy with the Archbishop of Canterbury and refusing to make a profession of canonical obedience to Anselm , part of the long Canterbury – York dispute . At the 1102 Council of Westminster , Gerard reportedly kicked over the smaller chair provided for him as Archbishop of York , and refused to be seated until he was provided with one as large as Anselm 's . He travelled to Rome in 1102 to receive his pallium from the pope , to whom he presented the king 's side against Anselm in the controversy surrounding . The pope decided against the king , but Gerard and two other bishops reported that the pope had assured them that the various papal decrees against the lay investiture of bishops would not be enforced . Their claim was denied by Anselm 's representatives and the pope , who excommunicated Gerard until he recanted . - Gerard secured papal recognition of York 's metropolitan see for the Scots . He subsequently consecrated Roger as Bishop of Orkney , but refused to consecrate to the see of St Andrews because would not recognise the primacy of York . Gerard gave to the monasteries of his diocese ; the medieval chronicler Hugh the stated that Thomas II , Gerard 's successor , accused Gerard of having dissipated the diocese 's endowment . King Olaf I of Man and the Isles wrote to " G " , Archbishop of York , asking for the consecration of " our bishop " by York , but it does not appear to have taken place under Gerard or his successor . - During the first four years of Henry 's reign Gerard was one of the king 's chief advisors , along with Robert of , Count of in Normandy and later Earl of Leicester . Gerard was one of Henry 's greatest supporters among the bishops during the Investiture Crisis . In 1101 Gerard witnessed a treaty between Henry and Robert , the Count of Flanders , which sought as far as possible to distance Robert from any future conflict between Henry and his elder brother Robert , or between Henry and King Philip I of France . After Gerard 's return from Rome he restored Ranulf to the see of Durham . In 1102 Anselm refused to consecrate three bishops , two of whom had received investiture from the king ; Gerard offered to consecrate them instead , but all except one refused . From 1105 onwards Gerard slowly began to embrace the papal position on investiture of bishops , which opposed investing bishops with the symbols of episcopal authority . As part of his change of position , Gerard withdrew from court to care for his diocese . Towards the end of 1105 Gerard attempted to join Bohemond of Antioch , who was assembling a force in France , but it appears that King Henry prevented Gerard 's departure . In Gerard wrote to Bohemond that he was still preparing to go on crusade , but he never did . At about the same time , Gerard was working to find a mutually acceptable resolution to the Investiture Crisis , writing a number of letters and other works supporting Anselm 's and the pope 's position . By 1107 King Henry and Anselm had reached an agreement settling the dispute . - Gerard agreed to a compromise on the matter of obedience to Anselm . King Henry proposed that Anselm accept a witnessed oath from Gerard that he would remain bound by the profession he made to Anselm on his consecration as Bishop of Hereford . Gerard made this oath at the Council of Westminster in 1107 . It was a victory for Canterbury , but not a complete one , as Gerard avoided making a written profession , and it was specific to Gerard , not to his office . Gerard continued to oppose Anselm 's attempts to assert Canterbury 's primacy , but the two were reconciled before Gerard 's death . - Gerard also had an uneasy relationship with his cathedral chapter , after attempting to reform his cathedral clergy by forcing them to give up their wives and and become ordained priests . He wrote to Anselm in 1103 complaining of the of his clergy and Anselm 's better relations with Canterbury 's chapter , which was composed of monks instead of the secular canons who made up York Minster 's chapter . In this correspondence , Gerard complained that some of the York canons refused to be ordained as priests , thereby hoping to avoid taking the vow of celibacy . He also accused them of accepting but refusing to live or work at the cathedral , and of focusing on a narrow legal definition of celibacy without actually being . The canons ' argument was that they were only required not to maintain women in their own houses , but they were not forbidden to visit or entertain women in houses belonging to others . It was not only Gerard who complained about the relationship between him and his canons ; the latter accused Gerard of York by making gifts of lands to others . - - = = Death and legacy = = - - Gerard was an associate of the anonymous author of the and the , two 12th @-@ century law books . The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury charged Gerard with , and the practice of magic . Gerard encouraged at least one of his clergy to study Hebrew , a language not normally studied at the time . Some chroniclers considered his ownership of a Hebrew psalter to be disturbing , seeing it as a sign of heresy or secret Judaism . Among the sins that Malmesbury to him was the study of Julius , a late Roman , every morning , which to Malmesbury meant that Gerard was a sorcerer . Malmesbury further claimed that Gerard was " and " . In Gerard 's favour , Anselm regarded him as learned and highly intelligent . Some verses composed by Gerard survive in unpublished form , now in the British Library manuscript collection as part of manuscript Cotton Titus A collection of his letters circulated in the mid @-@ 12th century , part of a bequest made to Abbey in 1164 by Philip de Harcourt , the Bishop of Bayeux , but it is now lost . - Gerard died suddenly on 21 May 1108 , at , on his way to London to attend a council . His body was found in an , next to a book of " curious arts " , his copy of Julius . His canons refused to allow his burial within his cathedral , but their hostility probably owed more to Gerard 's attempts to reform their lifestyle than to his alleged interest in sorcery . Gerard was at first buried beside the porch at York Minster , but his successor , Thomas , moved the remains inside the cathedral church . - - - = Something Borrowed ( Torchwood ) = - - " Something Borrowed " is the ninth episode of the second series of British science fiction television series Torchwood . It was first broadcast by BBC Three on 5 March 2008 and repeated on BBC Two one week later . The episode was written by Phil Ford , directed by Ashley Way and produced by Richard Stokes . The episode featured the five initial series regulars John Barrowman , Eve Myles , Burn , Naoko Mori and Gareth David Lloyd plus recurring actor Kai Owen in a central role . - The episode centers on the marriage of Torchwood employee Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) to her long @-@ term partner Rhys Williams ( Kai Owen ) . The wedding is complicated by Gwen 's sudden by a shape @-@ shifting alien Nostrovite . Although she resolves to see her wedding through , her are interrupted by an attack from the biological mother of the alien fetus ( played successively by Brown , Nerys Hughes and John Barrowman ) . With the help of Rhys and Gwen 's Torchwood colleagues the fetus is neutralised and the attacking alien defeated . Gwen and Rhys marry , and their families have their memories of the wedding day wiped . - The episode was designed to be the most humorous of Torchwood 's second series and incorporated elements of broad comedy and soap opera style storytelling to the monster of the week story . It was filmed largely on location in South Wales — prominent locations included the tourist attractions Margam Country Park and Gardens — and featured an ensemble of previously unseen Welsh characters . The episode was seen by an aggregated total of 4 @.@ 76 million viewers across its three debut showings in the United Kingdom . Critical response was extremely mixed . Some reviewers praised the inclusion of a less serious episode in the series whilst others felt that the comedy in the episode was too overt and detracted from the overall tone of the show . - - = = Plot = = - - On the night before her wedding , Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) is bitten on the arm by a male shape shifting alien . Her boss , Jack ( John Barrowman ) kills the alien , and Gwen attends her hen night though is troubled by her wound . She wakes up the next morning heavily pregnant . Jack arrives along with Torchwood 's Owen Harper ( Burn ) to examine Gwen and tries to persuade her to cancel her wedding . Gwen 's Rhys ( Kai Owen ) also tries to postpone the wedding in Gwen 's interest but Gwen insists that the wedding go ahead as she desires nothing more than to marry him . The sudden pregnancy is explained to Gwen and Rhys ' families as their own child . Gwen 's mother ( Sharon Morgan ) and father ( William Thomas ) are excited at the prospect of a , but Rhys ' parents suspect Gwen of being pregnant by another man . Torchwood agent Toshiko Sato ( Naoko Mori ) is sent to the wedding venue to keep an eye on Gwen and to deliver a new wedding dress to accommodate her alien pregnancy . - At Torchwood 's Cardiff headquarters , Owen determines from an autopsy that the alien that impregnated Gwen is a Nostrovite , a race of carnivorous shape who hunt in pairs and mate for life . He tells Jack that after fertilisation , the female transfers her eggs to the male who plants them in a host body until they are ready to hatch . Later , the female kills the host to release the offspring . At the wedding venue , the female Nostrovite ( Brown ) murders and partly wedding guest Mervyn . Toshiko investigates along with Rhys ' best man " Banana Boat " ( Jonathan Lewis Owen ) and they are subsequently captured by the alien , who intends to feed on them later . As Gwen and Rhys prepare to say their wedding vows , Jack runs up the aisle and demands that the wedding be halted . Owen and ( Gareth David @-@ Lloyd ) free Toshiko but the half @-@ eaten corpse of Mervyn is discovered by his wife , a , who alerts the entire wedding party to the murder . The Nostrovite reveals herself and is chased away by Jack , escaping through a window . - Jack questions Owen about Gwen and Rhys , and he states that Rhys ' mother Brenda ( Nerys Hughes ) is with them . mentions that she saw Brenda with Gwen 's mother Mary in the garden . and Jack rush to the couple 's room , where Jack identifies Brenda as an alien and calls her an " ugly " . After Brenda protests her innocence and Rhys Jack , Gwen states that Rhys ' mother is not the as Brenda wears a distinctive perfume . Torchwood reach the garden to find the Nostrovite , in Brenda 's image , with Mary . The alien holds Mary hostage , demanding that Gwen give her her child . Gwen walks towards them and as the Nostrovite releases Mary , Gwen reveals a hidden gun in her wedding bouquet and fires at the creature . Owen suggests using a piece of alien equipment called the to destroy the alien fetus . He sends Gwen to her room and teaches Rhys how to use the ; Owen cannot use it himself due to injuries sustained in his undead state . Gwen is approached by Jack and reveals to him that she would have married Rhys a long time ago if she had not met him . She leans in as he appears to be ready to kiss her but he reveals himself to be the Nostrovite . Owen enters , shooting the creature whilst Gwen exits with Rhys . The Nostrovite , still in Jack 's form , attempts to attack Owen only to be repelled by the fact he is dead . - Rhys and Gwen find refuge in a barn and Rhys explains Owen 's plan to remove the fetus . As the Nostrovite launches an assault on the door of the barn , Rhys succeeds in destroying the fetus . The Nostrovite enters , again impersonating Rhys ' mother . She attacks Rhys , who attempts to protect himself with a , which . Jack arrives and kills the alien with a more powerful gun . He shares a moment of joy with Gwen before praising Rhys ' own display of heroism and telling him that " the hero always gets the girl " . Rhys and Gwen return to the wedding venue and are married . At the wedding reception , they notice the guests all suddenly falling asleep . Jack reveals that he has drugged them all with mixed with so that they will not remember the events of the day . Jack offers Gwen and Rhys too but Gwen declines as she does not wants any secrets in her marriage to Rhys . As Gwen and Rhys anticipate their honeymoon , Torchwood clear up the mess left behind . Later , Jack enters the alone , and an old tin box from his office . He looks through photographs from his past , , before picking up a picture of himself and an unidentified bride at their wedding . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Conception and writing = = = - - The original working title and given in the series breakdown for " Something Borrowed " was " The Wedding " . Writer Phil Ford felt the episode to be reminiscent of a soap @-@ opera as well as possessing science fiction elements . He describes the episode as " Coronation Street meets Torchwood " . Ford was chosen to write this episode because of his own involvement as a writer on Coronation Street and executive producer Russell T Davies ' view that this would enable him to handle a wedding with comedic elements . As the most humorous episode of the series it was deliberately scheduled alongside a series of darker episodes to provide a contrast . - Describing the tone of the episode Ford describes it as " an all out romp " and an " action , ride " with " a lot of comedy in it as much as thrills and nasty monsters " . Davies stated that " the whole point of the episode is to have a right old laugh " . on the comedic aspects , something Ford considered whilst writing the episode was that " the trick is to have the comedy come out of the characters " rather than the scenario itself . It was Eve Myles ' idea to have Gwen eat after waking up pregnant ; the script had only specified the character drinking a glass of water . The episode also plays on Gwen 's conflicted feelings between Jack and Rhys . Davies felt it would be " irresistible " to have the wedding temporarily halted by " the one man Rhys doesn 't want to see running down the aisle . " Ford stated that whilst Jack is " the series hero " Rhys is " the hero of this episode " . He compares a sequence where Rhys arms himself with a to defend Gwen to the character being in " Evil Dead mode " . Producer Richard Stokes commented that the episode illuminated that " even though [ Gwen ] ' s put [ Rhys ] through some really difficult times , she really does love him and want to be with him . " In an early draft of the script Gwen and Rhys had their memories wiped at the end of the episode in addition to the other guests and were convinced by Jack that the wedding had been problem free . - - = = = Casting = = = - - The episode featured an ensemble of family and friends of Gwen and Rhys previously unseen in the series . William Thomas and Sharon Morgan were cast as Gwen 's parents Geraint and Mary Cooper . Davies re @-@ introduced the characters during the fourth series of the show , considering Thomas and Morgan to be " two fine Welsh actors " . Thomas had previously appeared as two different characters in the 1988 Doctor Who serial Remembrance of the and the 2005 Doctor Who episode " Boom Town " . Upon appearing in " Something Borrowed " he became the first actor to have appeared in all three of the classic series , new series and Torchwood . Nerys Hughes played Rhys ' mother Brenda Williams , in addition to a duplicate form of the alien Nostrovite . Like Thomas she had previously appeared in a Doctor Who serial ( the 1982 story Kinda ) . Hughes enjoyed getting to play a " monster " for the first time in her career which involved having " fangs and claws and red eyes " and being up so " all this black blood can out when I get shot " . Despite the funny aspect of the script Hughes took the role seriously stating that " everyone plays it for real " and that " you can 't camp it up " . She believed that as an actor " you 've got to believe what you 're doing " . - Kai Owen describes Thomas , Morgan and Hughes collectively with Robin Griffith ( Barry Williams ) as a " good old @-@ fashioned Welsh cast who know what it 's all about " . Jonathan Lewis Owen was cast as Rhys ' best man " Banana Boat " a character referred to sporadically since Torchwood 's first series premiere " Everything Changes " ( 2006 ) . In keeping with the character 's name he was given a pair of banana patterned cuff links to compliment his costume . As a joke , Eve Myles ( who Jonathan Owen had previously worked with in other projects ) left a banana skin on his car on his first day of filming . Brown played " Carrie " , the original human form of the mother Nostrovite . To transform her into the alien creature the actress was required to spend approximately an hour having make @-@ up applied . Brown was surprised at the efficiency of the make @-@ up artists as she had expected the transformation process to take longer . Originally , the human versions of the Nostrovite were intended to be more monstrous but Davies felt it was important that the audience would still be able to recognise the actor underneath once the make up had been applied . - - = = = Filming = = = - - The episode was filmed between October and November 2007 in the sixth production block of the series , alongside " Exit " . The sequence of Jack , and Owen leaving for Gwen 's wedding was recorded at Roald Dahl on 25 October 2007 . A number of locations were used for the wedding venue . Producer Richard Stokes notes that " it felt like we were organising a real wedding but one that was being shot in about five different venues " . Director Ashley Way states that in directing the wedding scenes , the production team had to make sure that the colour scheme co @-@ ordinated in regards to aspects like the costumes and the flower patterns . Costume designer Ray experienced difficulty a wedding dress to accommodate the nine @-@ month baby bump worn by Eve Myles . He remarks that in trying to source three such dresses from shops in Cardiff he was regarded " as if I was the biggest sinner in the world " and ended up designing the dress worn by Gwen himself . - The main location shoot for the episode was at Margam Country Park in Margam , Port in and around a converted which provided a location for the wedding and reception . Way states that one of the reasons Margam 's was chosen for the shoot was because of the " fantastic windows " which provided a good visual opportunity in regards to a sequence involving the alien Carrie jumping out of them . However , due to its listed building status the production crew were not able to remove the window glass for filming and had to construct replica windows on separate scaffolding using resin glass . The hotel exteriors and sequences set in the gardens of the wedding venue were filmed at Gardens in St Nicholas , Vale of Glamorgan . The hotel interiors were partly recorded at Court Colman Manor in the village of Pen @-@ y @-@ , and partly in studio . The opening sequence of the episode where Gwen pursues the shape @-@ was recorded on 19 November in a men 's public toilet in The Hayes , a shopping area in central Cardiff . - The episode featured a large amount of incidental music . During Gwen 's hen night , the club she is in plays the tracks " Filthy / " and " " by the Sisters from their eponymous 2004 album and the single " Hole in the Head " from the 2003 album Three . The song heard on Gwen 's radio Alarm when she wakes up heavily pregnant is " Fire in My Heart " from the Welsh rock band Super Animals . At Gwen and Rhys ' wedding reception , the records played include " You Do Something to Me " by Paul and the song " Love " by Soft Cell . One of the black and white photos of Jack seen at the end of the episode is actually a promotional picture of John Barrowman from his role as Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago . - - = = Broadcast and reception = = - - " Something Borrowed " was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 5 March 2008 at 9 : 50 pm , straight after the BBC Two broadcast of the preceding episode " A Day in the Death " at 9 : 00 pm . The episode was first broadcast on BBC Two on 12 March at 9 : 00 pm , with a pre @-@ watershed repeat airing on 13 March at 7 : 00 pm . According to consolidated figures the episode was viewed by 0 @.@ 98 million viewers on BBC Three , 2 @.@ 76 million viewers for its 12 March BBC Two showing and 1 @.@ 02 million viewers for the pre @-@ watershed repeat amounting to an aggregated 4 @.@ 76 million viewers across its three initial showings . The episode was also available to watch on the online catch up service BBC , where it was the 12th most viewed individual broadcast between 1 January and 31 March 2008 . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - The episode received critical response ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative . Ben Rawson @-@ Jones of Digital Spy gave the episode five stars out of five , it as an " energetic romp that with body horror that would make David proud " which also " infused a type of family melodrama commonly seen on " . He praised the " stunningly " plot noting that " every potential dramatic and comedic moment that stemmed from Gwen 's unconventional ' bun in the oven ' scenario was fully " . He felt that in the central role " Eve Myles delivered an outstanding performance as Gwen " and also singled out the guest actors for praise , particularly Nerys Hughes . In an end of series review he listed " Something Borrowed " as his favourite episode of Torchwood 's second series . Writing for The Stage , Mark Wright wrote that " it ’ s good to see Torchwood can get in touch with its lighter side and not lose any momentum " concluding " I think I really might love this show " . Jon of TV felt the episode to be one of the strongest of the second series . Whilst he felt it to be " " in places he summarised the episode as an " exciting with some really good performances from the team " . He felt that Myles and Owen " stole the show " as Gwen and Rhys believing that " there 's a definite spark between these two that sets their moments apart . " - Joan O 'Connell of Slant Magazine felt the episode to be the strongest of the second series . She praised the " uniformly fantastic " guest cast and the " drop dead gorgeous " exterior and interior locations . She singled out writer Phil Ford for considerable praise feeling that he wrote the episode true to the characters " while filling in backstory we had no way of imagining " and delivered " drama , action , and laughs " . Brad of AOL TV felt the more comic episode was a welcome respite from darker episodes . He praised the episode for being " light and fluffy yet it furthered things along with regard to the Torchwood universe and its characters " . Reviewing the episode Cherry of Total Sci @-@ Fi felt that " contrary to expectation – it ’ s hilarious " . She praised the comedy provided from Eve Myles , Gareth David @-@ Lloyd and Nerys Hughes in particular as well as the " terrifying moments that threaten to tip over into gross @-@ out horror @-@ comedy . " She felt overall the " self @-@ parody " made a welcome change from the show 's more serious episodes and rated it eight out of ten . Den of Geek 's Jack @-@ White found the episode to be a " surprise series highlight " . - However , the episode attracted heavy criticism . In a review titled " Too Much Crying , Not Enough " io9 's Charlie Jane Anders criticised the episode 's reliance on " cheesy soap opera moments " . Her major criticisms also encompassed the nonsensical aspects of the plot and the depiction of Torchwood as an incompetent team , particularly in allowing Gwen to progress with her wedding in the circumstance of her being pregnant . She felt that the episode had saving in a sequence which she felt acted as an homage to films Dead Alive and Evil Dead and the fact it made her believe " that Rhys and Gwen care about each other . " Ian of magazine wrote that the episode was one of the weakest of the second series and was hampered by " limp gags and obvious characterisation " . IGN 's Travis Fickett rated the episode five out of ten and criticised it as " flat out bad television " . He felt the comedic style to be at odds with Torchwood 's science fiction and horror storytelling and criticised some of the character moments as " preposterous " and " " . Alpha 's Alan Stanley Blair was more mixed stating that the " episode feels like a lot of ideas have been thrown into a pot and mixed with all the Torchwood " . He felt that the episode held together " by luck more than skill " but still " provided a lot of laughs and some wild fun " . Den of Geek 's Andrew felt that the episode exaggerated and stereotyped the Welsh characters in the overall scenario parodying them collectively as " the people on television " . He also criticised the focus on Gwen and the of her plan to marry Rhys despite her being pregnant . He felt however , that the episode played out " like a fun episode of Buffy " and that Rhys continued to be " Gwen ’ s one redeeming feature " , praising the scenes between him and his mother . - - - = Perfect Dark ( 2010 video game ) = - - Perfect Dark is a remastered release of the first @-@ person shooter video game by the same name . Developed by Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios a decade after the original 's 2000 release , the remaster features several technical improvements , including higher resolution textures and models , a higher frame rate , and a multiplayer mode that supports the Xbox Live online service . It was released for the Xbox 360 video game console in March 2010 , through the Xbox Live Arcade download service . The story of the game follows Joanna Dark , an agent of the Carrington Institute organization , as she attempts to stop a conspiracy by rival corporation dataDyne . - Perfect Dark was under development for nearly a year and its game engine was completely re @-@ written from scratch to support several Xbox 360 features . Therefore , although the game plays exactly the same as the original , the code and renderer is different . The game received generally favorable reviews . Some critics considered the relatively unchanged game to be outdated , but most agreed that the title was a solid revival of a classic . As of the end of 2011 , the game had sold nearly 410 @,@ 000 units . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Perfect Dark is a first @-@ person shooter with elements of games . In the game 's campaign mode , the player controls Joanna Dark through a series of levels collected together into missions . Each level requires the player to complete a certain number of objectives , ranging from oneself to hacking computers , collecting objects , and defeating enemies , among others . Players can carry an unlimited number of weapons and almost all of the weapons have two firing modes . The levels in Perfect Dark have no checkpoints , meaning that if Joanna is killed or fails an objective , the player has to start the level from the beginning . Every level can be played on three difficulty settings and several aspects , such as the enemies aggressiveness and the number of objectives that must be completed , among others , can vary in function of the chosen difficulty . Two players can also play the campaign co @-@ or through a " counter @-@ operative " mode , in which one player controls the protagonist , while the other controls enemies throughout the level , attempting to stop the first player from completing objectives . - The game also features a multiplayer mode , called Combat , where various players can compete against each other in different types of and objective @-@ based games . Aspects of each game can be highly customized . Features such as the weapons available , the winning condition , and team management can be changed to match player preference . Computer controlled , called Simulants , can also be added to the game and each of them can be individually customized , including their appearance , difficulty , and behavior . Players can also issue orders to the Simulants on their respective team ; for example , Guard tells a to stay in its current location and guard that area . The player can explore the Carrington Institute , which serves as the game 's training ground , and take part in different training activities . The most substantial of these activities is the shooting range , which allows the player to test all the weapons of the game against moving targets . - - = = = = = = - - The remaster offers several improvements over the original Perfect Dark that was released for the Nintendo 64 in 2000 . The most remarkable change is that any of the multiplayer modes , including co @-@ operative and counter @-@ operative , can now be played in either or through the Xbox Live online service . Combat matches are still capped at 12 entities , but the game can now comprise eight players online simultaneously , an improvement to the original 's cap of four players and eight Simulants . Players can also play against more than eight Simulants as long as there are enough slots available in a match ; for example , a single player can play against 11 Simulants ; such a feature was not possible in the original game . Unlike the original game , all the multiplayer content is unlocked from the beginning , and weapons from the game 's predecessor , which were originally only available in the missions , are now available to use in multiplayer . The game features an online system and players can earn achievements and in @-@ game crowns by certain tasks . The game also includes two new control set @-@ ups , entitled " " and " Duty " , which are based on the popular first @-@ person shooter franchises Halo and Call of Duty respectively . - - = = Plot = = - - Perfect Dark is set in the year against the backdrop of an interstellar war between two races : the , who resemble the stereotypical grey aliens , and the Skedar , reptile @-@ like extraterrestrials who can disguise themselves as humans , bearing similarities to Nordic aliens . On Earth the dataDyne has developed in secret Dr. Caroll , the world 's first sentient AI computer . Feeling that dataDyne has betrayed ethical and moral standards , Dr. Caroll contacts the Carrington Institute , an espionage agency founded by Daniel Carrington , with the hope of revealing dataDyne 's sinister dealings . He is recovered by Joanna Dark , the Institute 's top agent , but is later recaptured by dataDyne at Carrington 's private villa . Joanna is then sent to Chicago to once again recover Dr. Caroll and uncover dataDyne 's plan . She learns that dataDyne and their conspirators plan to kidnap the President of the United States in order to get access to a deep sea vessel which will allow the conspirators to steal an alien buried on the ocean floor . - Meanwhile , Joanna is ordered to rescue a Maian survivor named Elvis from Area 51 who is key in stopping the conspiracy . She succeeds and the pair work together to rescue the president . She learns the conspirators are actually Skedar aliens disguised as Scandinavian humans who intend to test the weapon on the Earth before using it against the Maian homeworld . Without permission from the president , dataDyne elect to the deep sea vessel and take it to the ancient alien spacecraft . With the help of Elvis , Joanna follows where she finds a Dr. Caroll the . She replaces its current personality with a backup of the original , and the restored Dr. Carroll sets the weapon to self @-@ destruct in order to protect Earth . In retaliation , the Skedar capture Joanna and take her to their homeworld . Elvis rescues her and she then kills the Skedar High Priest , leaving the Skedar in . The game ends with Elvis and Joanna leaving the Skedar planet just prior to an orbital bombardment from the Maian navy . - - = = Development = = - - Perfect Dark was ported by Studios , the same studio that previously developed the Xbox Live Arcade versions of Rare 's platform games @-@ and @-@ . According to Microsoft Game Studios creative director Ken , the development team " took the original code , ported it to the Xbox 360 and included deep [ Xbox Live ] integration . " The game was developed over a course of approximately 11 months after the creation of a working prototype . As the Xbox Live functionality had to be written from scratch , the developers opted to completely rewrite the game engine rather than do a port through emulation . As a result , although the game plays exactly the same , the code and renderer is different . The game also runs at and 60 frames per second . - While the original level geometry was kept , the levels received new textures , characters and weapons were recreated , and were rebuilt . explained that " things are large and because that 's what [ Perfect Dark ] looks like " , meaning that the sharper textures and higher resolution simply make the game look clearer . He also observed that , as character and weapon models were remodeled from their original low hundreds count to in the thousands , he was worried about them looking awkward in the low @-@ geometry level design . According to him , " it 's one of the areas that I give a lot of credit to the developer on . It just looks right . They were smart about the way they up @-@ the models so they still feel like they 're kind of retro , but they 're clean . " - Although music and sound effects were kept from the original recording sessions , original master recordings have been used to update the soundtrack at much higher quality ; the original recording size was 16 , while in the remaster it is over 250 . Developers also decided to retain the free aim mode because they wanted to be faithful to the original game . According to Rare 's Producer Nick Ferguson , " We didn 't change the fundamental behavior of the aiming system simply because that is not how Perfect Dark was played " . He also observed that the idea of updating the controls was actually seen as a flaw in Perfect Dark Zero , which tried to " combine the original Perfect Dark system with aspects of Halo " . The original diagonal running , which allows players to move faster than by running forwards or sideways alone , did not work the first time they implemented the analog stick , so it was manually rewritten as it was considered essential for and achieving some of the target times required to unlock cheats . - - = = Marketing and release = = - - Perfect Dark was first to consumers in April 2009 via a of a Rare employee 's Xbox 360 which showed an icon for the game . It was confirmed to be in development on June 2 , 2009 via Xbox Live Director of Programming Larry 's Twitter account . The game was released on March 17 , 2010 as part of Microsoft 's Xbox Live Block Party promotion . As a cross @-@ promotion with the game 2 , users can unlock that game 's protagonist , known simply as Agent 4 , although a 2 is required on the Xbox 360 hard drive . A title update was released in April 2010 which addressed bugs , added two control schemes , and expanded . Perfect Dark was downloaded over 150 @,@ 000 times during its first week of release and grossed approximately $ 1 @.@ 61 million at the end of the month . The game has sold more than 285 @,@ 000 units as of August 2010 and nearly 325 @,@ 000 units at the end of 2010 . As of year @-@ end 2011 , sales had increased to nearly 410 @,@ 000 units . In 2015 , the game was released as part of the Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One . - - = = Reception = = - - Perfect Dark received generally favorable reviews from critics . Writing for 1UP.com , Scott highlighted the technical improvements , stating that the remaster is " a great way to re @-@ enjoy a game you already love " . Hatfield of IGN noted the game 's outdated dialogue , voice acting , and mission objectives , but nevertheless remarked that the game " wasn 't brought back for the -- this is for the fans , and they will be very , very happy . " He also praised the game 's multiplayer mode over Xbox Live and highlighted the selection of weapons , the satisfying , and , noting that they allow players to compare their performance with their friends . - Despite the praise , some reviewers criticized the game for its confusing level layouts and felt they have not held up very well over the years . Christian Donlan of Eurogamer stated that Perfect Dark is " not afraid to throw dead ends at you seemingly for the hell of it , or repeat textures so much in its huge maps that you can get a little dizzy . " GameSpot 's Tom Shea noted that the campaign was " oddly paced " , and that " locked doors , unused rooms , and dead ends ... can be to around in a circle until you finally happen upon the correct door you just couldn 't locate . " Nevertheless , he admitted that " it 's a lot of fun to replay them to try for high scores and figure out the many unique objectives . " He also remarked that that online play can periodically suffer from a significant amount of , but praised the amount of content and features . - The game 's original Counter @-@ mode was very well received , with Eurogamer remarking that it " still feels ahead of its time even now . " Dan of Game Informer stated similar , saying that " it 's even better this time around thanks to the improvement . " Although the game 's controls have been upgraded to support two analog sticks , Steven Hopper of noted that the game still " feels a little different from what modern day shooter fans are used to " , while Eurogamer remarked that the aim assist can be generous on easy difficulties . At the end of March 2010 , IGN named Perfect Dark Xbox Live Arcade Game of the Month . - - - = First Ostend Raid = - - The First Ostend Raid ( part of Operation ) was the first of two attacks by the Royal Navy on the German @-@ held port of Ostend during the late spring of 1918 during the First World War . Ostend was attacked in conjunction with the neighbouring harbour of Zeebrugge on 23 April in order to block the vital strategic port of Bruges , situated 6 mi ( 5 @.@ 2 nmi ; 9 @.@ 7 km ) inland and ideally sited to conduct raiding operations on the British coastline and shipping lanes . Bruges and its satellite ports were a vital part of the German plans in their war on Allied commerce ( ) because Bruges was close to the troopship lanes across the English Channel and allowed much quicker access to the Western Approaches for the U @-@ boat fleet than their bases in Germany . - The plan of attack was for the British raiding force to sink two obsolete cruisers in the canal mouth at Ostend and three at Zeebrugge , thus preventing raiding ships leaving Bruges . The Ostend canal was the smaller and narrower of the two channels giving access to Bruges and so was considered a secondary target behind the Zeebrugge Raid . Consequently , fewer resources were provided to the force assaulting Ostend . While the attack at Zeebrugge garnered some limited success , the assault on Ostend was a complete failure . The German marines who defended the port had taken careful preparations and drove the British assault ships astray , forcing the abortion of the operation at the final stage . - Three weeks after the failure of the operation , a second attack was launched which proved more successful in sinking a at the entrance to the canal but ultimately did not close off Bruges completely . Further plans to attack Ostend came to nothing during the summer of 1918 , and the threat from Bruges would not be finally stopped until the last days of the war , when the town was liberated by Allied land forces . - - = = Bruges = = - - Bruges had been captured by the advancing German divisions during the Race for the Sea and had been rapidly identified as an important strategic asset by the German Navy . Bruges was situated 6 mi ( 5 @.@ 2 nmi ; 9 @.@ 7 km ) inland at the centre of a network of canals which emptied into the sea at the small coastal towns of Zeebrugge and Ostend . This land barrier protected Bruges from bombardment by land or sea by all but the very largest calibre artillery and also secured it against raiding parties from the Royal Navy . on the natural advantages of the port , the German Navy constructed extensive training and repair facilities at Bruges , equipped to provide support for several flotillas of destroyers , torpedo boats and U @-@ boats . - By 1916 , these raiding forces were causing serious concern in the Admiralty as the proximity of Bruges to the British coast , to the troopship lanes across the English Channel and for the U @-@ boats , to the Western Approaches ; the heaviest shipping lanes in the World at the time . In the late spring of 1915 , Admiral Reginald had attempted without success to destroy the lock gates at Ostend with monitors . This effort failed , and Bruges became increasingly important in the Atlantic Campaign , which reached its height in 1917 . By early 1918 , the Admiralty was seeking ever more radical solutions to the problems raised by unrestricted submarine warfare , including instructing the " Allied Naval and Marine Forces " department to plan attacks on U @-@ boat bases in Belgium . - The " Allied Naval and Marine Forces " was a newly formed department created with the purpose of conducting raids and operations along the coastline of German @-@ held territory . The organisation was able to command extensive resources from both the Royal and French navies and was commanded by Admiral Roger Keyes and his deputy , Commodore Hubert Lynes . Keyes , Lynes and their staff began planning methods of Bruges in late 1917 and by April 1918 were ready to put their plans into operation . - - = = Planning = = - - To block Bruges , Keyes and Lynes decided to conduct two raids on the ports through which Bruges had access to the sea . Zeebrugge was to be attacked by a large force consisting of three blockships and numerous supporting warships . Ostend was faced by a similar but smaller force under immediate command of Lynes . The plan was for two obsolete cruisers — HMS Sirius and Brilliant — to be expended in blocking the canal which emptied at Ostend . These ships would be stripped to essential fittings and their lower holds and ballast filled with rubble and concrete . This would make them ideal barriers to access if sunk in the correct channel at the correct angle . - When the weather was right , the force would cross the English Channel in darkness and attack shortly after midnight to coincide with the Zeebrugge Raid a few miles up the coast . By coordinating their operations , the assault forces would stretch the German defenders and hopefully gain the element of surprise . Covering the Inshore Squadron would be heavy bombardment from an offshore squadron of monitors and destroyers as well as artillery support from Royal Marine artillery near Ypres in Allied @-@ held Flanders . support would be offered by several flotillas of motor launches , small torpedo boats and Coastal Motor Boats which would lay smoke screens to obscure the advancing blockships as well as evacuate the crews of the cruisers after they had blocked the channel . - - = = = British order of battle = = = - - - = = = = Offshore Squadron = = = = - - Lord Clive @-@ class monitors with 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns : - HMS Marshal , Lord Clive , Prince Eugene and General - class monitors with 7 @.@ 5 in ( 190 mm ) guns : - HMS , , - Destroyers : - HMS , and - French Navy , and - Light craft : - 4 torpedo boats , 4 French motor launches - - = = = = Inshore Squadron = = = = - - : - HMS Sirius , Brilliant - Destroyers : - HMS Swift , ( destroyer leader ) , , , , Tempest , - Light craft : - 18 Motor , 8 Coastal Motor Boats - Artillery support was also provided by Royal Marine heavy artillery in Allied @-@ held Flanders . The force was covered in the English Channel by seven light cruisers and 16 destroyers , none of which saw action . - - = = Attack on Ostend = = - - The assaults on Zeebrugge and Ostend were eventually launched on 23 April , after twice being delayed by poor weather . The Ostend force arrived off the port shortly before midnight and made final preparations ; the monitors took up position offshore and the small craft moved forward to begin laying smoke . Covering the approach , the monitors opened fire on German shore defences , including the powerful " Tirpitz " battery , which carried 11 in ( 280 mm ) guns . As a long range artillery duel developed , the cruisers began their advance towards the harbour mouth , searching for the marker buoys which indicated the correct passage through the diverse which made navigation difficult along the Belgian coast . - It was at this stage that the attack began to go seriously wrong . Strong winds blowing off the land swept the smoke screen into the face of the advancing cruisers , their commanders who attempted to navigate by dead reckoning . The same wind disclosed the Inshore Squadron to the German defenders who immediately opened up a withering fire on the blockships . With their volunteer crews suffering heavy casualties , the commanders increased speed despite the poor visibility and continued through the narrow channels inshore , searching for the Bank buoy which directed shipping into the canal . - Commander Alfred Godsal led the assault in HMS Brilliant and it was he who stumbled into the most effective German counter @-@ measure first . As Brilliant through the , the lookout spotted the buoy ahead and Godsal headed directly for it , coming under even heavier fire as he did so . Passing the navigation marker at speed , the cruiser was suddenly brought to a halt with a , throwing men to the decks and sticking fast in deep mud well outside the harbour mouth . Before warnings could be relayed to the Sirius following up close behind , she too passed the buoy and her captain Lieutenant @-@ Commander Henry Hardy was shocked to see Brilliant dead ahead . With no time to , Sirius into the port quarter of Brilliant , the blockships settling into the mud in a tangle of wreckage . - Artillery and long @-@ range machine gun fire continued to riddle the wrecks and the combined crews were ordered to evacuate as the officers set the scuttling charges which would sink the blockships in their current , useless locations . As men down the side of the cruisers into Coastal Motor Boats which would relay them to the Offshore Squadron , destroyers moved closer to Ostend to cover the retreat and the monitors continued their heavy fire . Godsal was the last to leave , picked up by launch commanded by Lieutenant Rowley . With the main assault a complete failure , the blockading forces returned to Dover and to assess the disaster . - When the forces had reassembled and the commanders conferred , the full facts of the failed operation were revealed . The German commander of Ostend had been better prepared than his counterpart at Zeebrugge and had recognised that without the navigation buoy no night attack on Ostend could be successful without a strong familiarity with the port , which none of the British possessed . However , rather than simply remove the buoy , the German commander had ordered it moved 2 @,@ 400 yd ( 2 @,@ 200 m ) east of the canal mouth into the centre of a wide of , acting as a fatal decoy for any assault force . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The assault at Zeebrugge a few miles away from Ostend was more successful and the blocking of the major channel did cause some consternation amongst the German forces in Bruges . The larger raiders could no longer leave the port , but smaller ships , including most submarines , were still able to traverse via Ostend . In addition , within hours a narrow channel had also been carved through Zeebrugge too , although British intelligence did not realise this for several weeks . The defeat at Ostend did not entirely the British media and public reaction to Zeebrugge , but in the Admiralty and particularly in the Allied Naval and Marine Forces the failure to completely Bruges rankled . - A second operation was planned for 10 May using the cruiser HMS and proved more successful , but ultimately it also failed to completely close off Bruges . A third planned operation was never conducted as it rapidly became clear that the new channel carved at Zeebrugge was enough to allow access for U @-@ boats , thus calling for an even larger double assault , which would stretch the resources of the " Allied Naval and Marine Forces " too far . British losses in the three futile attempts to close Bruges cost over 600 casualties and the loss of several ships but Bruges would remain an active raiding base for the German Navy until October 1918 . - - - = Joyful , Joyful = - - " Joyful , Joyful " is a song by contemporary Christian music band Casting Crowns from their fourth studio album Until the Whole World Hears ( 2009 ) . Written by Mark Hall and Bernie and produced by Mark A. Miller , the song is a re @-@ interpretation of the hymn " Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee " and Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . " Joyful , Joyful " , a CCM and alternative CCM song , is driven by a string section that has been compared to Coldplay 's song " Viva la Vida " . It received positive reviews from music critics and received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart . - - = = Background and recording = = - - " Joyful , Joyful " , is a of the hymn " Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee " ( itself a re @-@ arrangement of a theme from Beethoven ) . Hall felt that there are many Christian songs that have been around and sung so long that the meaning behind them is lost ; he commented that " you hear them so many times you don 't really hear what they 're saying anymore " , listing the original version of " Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee " as an example . - Although the song is a re @-@ interpretation of " Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee " , Mark Hall and Bernie are credited with writing the song . It was produced by Mark A. Miller and recorded by Sam Hewitt , Michael Hewitt , and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee ; the string instrument tracks were recorded by John Painter and Leslie Richter at Ocean Way in Nashville , Tennessee . Digital editing was handled by Michael Hewitt , while mixing was handled by Sam Hewitt . The song was mastered by Andrew , Shelly Anderson , and Daniel at Georgetown Masters in Nashville . - - = = Composition = = - - " Joyful , Joyful " is a song with a length of four minutes and twenty @-@ eight seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , " Joyful , Joyful " is a CCM and alternative CCM set in common time in the key of F major with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B ♭ 3 to the high note of . The song has regarded as a re @-@ invention of " Joyful , Joyful We Adore Thee " and Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 , the song alters the format of the former , the song 's overall structure while adding a chorus . " Joyful , Joyful " is led by a " driving " and " " string section that has been compared to Coldplay 's " Viva la Vida " . Mark Hall felt that the band 's arrangement brought out the message of one of the song 's final verses ( " God our Father / Christ our brother / all who live in love are / teach us how to love each other / and fill us to the joy divine " ) ; Hall described the message by saying " God 's our father and Christ 's our brother , we have this connection with God . But if we can 't love each other , the joy isn 't completed . Its not real joy yet until we know how to love the people that are around us " . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - " Joyful , Joyful " received positive reviews from music critics . Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine praised the song as a " fitting ode " to Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . Roger Ham of Christianity Today praised it as one of the best songs off of Until the Whole World Hears . Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms praised the song as having " the same kind of string arrangement which made Coldplay 's ' Viva La Vida ' so enjoyable " . of Gospel Music Channel regarded the song as a highlight of the album . Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak , while describing the song as " interesting " , felt that it wasn 't much of an improvement over the rest of the album . - - = = = Chart performance = = = - - " Joyful , Joyful " received airplay over the 2010 Christmas season , debuting at number forty @-@ two on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of December 11 , 2010 . In its fifth week on the chart , the chart week of January 8 , 2011 , it reached its peak position of number three . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits lifted from the album liner notes for Until the Whole World Hears . - Recording - Recorded Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . - recorded at Ocean Way in Nashville , Tennessee . - - = = Charts = = - - - - = Hurricane Dot ( 1959 ) = - - Hurricane Dot of August 1959 was at its time the costliest tropical cyclone in Hawaiian history . Dot was first identified as a strong tropical storm southeast of Hawaiʻi on August 1 . The storm was potentially a continuation of a previously unnamed tropical cyclone that was monitored west of the Baja California Peninsula from July 24 @-@ 27 , but was never confirmed due to a lack of ship reports . Dot was quick to intensify , reaching hurricane intensity six hours after naming . By August 3 , Dot reached its peak intensity , with maximum sustained winds reaching 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . leveled off afterwards as Dot tracked westward before making a curve towards the northwest on August 5 , after which the hurricane weakened at a faster clip . Dot made landfall the next day on Kauai as a minimal hurricane before dissipating west of the Hawaiian Islands on August 8 . - Dot produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds as it passed south of the Big Island , Lanai , Maui , Molokai , and Oahu , resulting in minor damage . In Oahu , some homes along the coast were unroofed , and damage from wave action was also reported . Damage from these four islands totaled US $ 150 @,@ 000 , and two indirect deaths occurred in Lanai . Extensive damage occurred on Kauai as Dot made landfall , producing wind gusts as high as 103 mph ( 166 km / h ) and toppling trees and power lines . Widespread power outages affected the island , causing telecommunications and water systems to fail . Although infrastructure was damaged to an extent by and strong winds , crops suffered the most losses . Cane sugar crops sustained US $ 2 @.@ 7 million in losses . Overall , damage from Dot across Hawaii totaled US $ 6 million , and a disaster area declaration and state of emergency took effect for the archipelago after the hurricane 's passage . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On July 24 , the SS encountered a storm with maximum sustained winds meeting the threshold of tropical storm status roughly 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) west of the Baja California Peninsula . Despite reports that the location of the system remained vague , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began issuing tropical cyclone advisories and warnings on the unnamed disturbance . Tracking west @-@ northwestward , the tropical storm peaked with winds reported at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) shortly after its discovery ; however , the JTWC discontinued its monitoring of the cyclone on July 27 due to a lack of ship reports confirming the location of the tropical storm . - At 1800 UTC on August 1 , an unidentified ship roughly 950 mi ( 1 @,@ 550 km ) southeast of Hilo , Hawaii reported 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) winds within a storm , prompting the JTWC to initiate advisories on Tropical Storm Dot . Despite an apparent correlation between Dot and the preceding unnamed tropical cyclone , the lack of ship reports between July 27 and August 1 prevented the agency from confirming that the two systems were the same . Nonetheless , development upon designation was rapid as the system tracked westward , with reports from the SS indicating that Dot had intensified to hurricane strength by August 2 . Rapid intensification continued , and at 0000 UTC on August 3 , reconnaissance aircraft found winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 952 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 11 inHg ) , making Dot a Category 4 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Later analysis indicated that these figures constituted the hurricane 's peak intensity . - After peaking , Dot slightly weakened , but maintained its Category 4 status for more than two days ; during that time it boasted an unusually large eye spanning as much as 40 mi ( 65 km ) in diameter . Late on August 4 , a fourth reconnaissance flight into the storm found surface winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , but this reading was discounted on the basis that pressures were unusually high for a storm of that intensity . On August 5 , Dot passed 90 mi ( 145 km ) south of Ka Lae before the storm curved sharply towards the northwest late that day . A more definite weakening phase began after this point , and during the night of August 6 , Dot made landfall on Kauai with winds estimated at 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , making the storm a Category 1 @-@ equivalent at the time of landfall . After traversing the island , Dot was downgraded to tropical storm intensity and curved back to the west before eventually dissipating on August 8 . - - = = Preparations , impact , and aftermath = = - - On August 3 , the United States Weather Bureau issued a hurricane watch for coastal areas of the Big Island in and districts . As Dot swept by the Hawaiian islands , various gale warnings and small craft warnings shifted westward to reflect the hurricane 's predicted path . Due to the storm 's sudden northward shift in movement , hurricane warnings were issued for portions of Oahu and the Kauai channel before being issued for only the island of Kauai . All watches and warnings were discontinued on August 7 after Dot weakened below hurricane intensity . Disaster workers in Oahu and Kauai were warned by civil defense agencies and the American Red Cross to prepare for emergency . Roughly 400 people fled from the beaches of Kauai due to the threat of storm surge , with an additional 500 people being evacuated by authorities as the storm neared the island . After the storm caused flooding in Kauai , nearly 1 @,@ 000 people evacuated out of submerged areas into schools , , and public facilities repurposed as emergency shelters . - Passing well to the south of the Big Island , Lanai , Maui , Molokai , and Oahu , damage from Dot on these islands was minor . Rainfall on the Big Island peaking at 4 in ( 100 mm ) caused localized flooding in some areas , while wave damage occurred at Ka Lae and along the island 's coast . Winds at a station on Ka Lae reached 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Flooding also occurred on Oahu , and along the coast homes were unroofed and cars were damaged by flying projectiles after being subjected to winds estimated at 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Off of Lanai , a tugboat captain was indirectly killed after he slipped between two boats in rough seas while attempting to board another ship , crushing him . Another indirect death occurred on Lanai in a traffic incident resulting from Dot 's rainfall . Damage on the Hawaiian islands outside of Kauai was estimated at $ 150 @,@ 000 . - Rough surf along the coasts of Kauai combined with torrential rainfall to produce widespread coastal flooding . Waves at Port Allen peaked at 35 ft ( 10 @.@ 7 m ) . plantations were inundated , with losses exceeding US $ 200 @,@ 000 . Infrastructure damage as a result of wave action was spotty but nonetheless amounted to US $ 100 @,@ 000 . The August 1959 rainfall total in , largely attributed to Dot , measured 8 @.@ 13 in ( 207 mm ) , 6 in ( 150 mm ) in excess of normal . The heavy rainfall caused rivers and streams to swell and adjacent areas . Despite making landfall as a weak Category 1 hurricane , Dot brought damaging winds inland , with a maximum wind gust of 103 mph ( 166 km / h ) reported at Light . However , gusts as high as 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) were estimated given the snapping of palm trees . Strong winds damaged hundreds of buildings in the areas of , , and , Hawaii . Extensive losses resulted from the damaging and toppling of trees . However , of the crops on Kauai , cane suffered the greatest impact with damage figures reaching US $ 2 @.@ 7 million . The toppling of power lines caused power outages across the island ; fallen lines also blocked roads . Water supply to some communities failed due to the lack of electricity . With the exception of emergency radio , telecommunications on Kauai failed . The damage toll from Dot for the entirety of Hawaiʻi totaled US $ 6 million , making the hurricane the costliest in Hawaiian history before it was surpassed by hurricanes , and Iselle in 1982 , 1992 and 2014 , respectively . for inflation , Dot 's damage figure US $ 50 million . - Due to the damage wrought by Dot on Kauai , the island was declared a major disaster area . in for governor William F. Quinn , Hawaiian secretary Edward E. Johnston declared a state of emergency for Hawaii and allocated funds towards the repairing of roads and public property . The United States Weather Bureau awarded the SS a public service award on October 7 , 1959 for serving as reconnaissance for Hurricane Dot throughout its existence . - - - = Jacob deGrom = - - Jacob Anthony deGrom ( born June 19 , 1988 ) , is an American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Prior to playing professionally , deGrom attended Stetson University and played college baseball for the Stetson Hatters . - DeGrom began playing baseball as a shortstop and was converted into a pitcher during his junior year at Stetson . The Mets selected him in the ninth round of the 2010 MLB Draft , and he made his MLB debut with the Mets on May 15 , 2014 . That year , deGrom was named the National League 's ( NL ) Rookie of the Month twice , and the NL Rookie of the Year . In 2015 , deGrom was selected as an MLB All @-@ Star . - - = = Amateur career = = - - DeGrom attended Christian Academy in Beach , Florida , where he played for the school 's baseball and basketball teams . As a senior , the Florida Sports Writers Association named deGrom to the All @-@ Florida second team . He also played American Legion baseball , where he was noticed by the coaches for the Stetson Hatters , the college baseball team of Stetson University . - DeGrom was not selected in the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft out of high school . He enrolled at Stetson University and joined their baseball team where he played exclusively as a shortstop during his freshman and sophomore seasons . Though he was considered a good with a strong throwing arm , deGrom was a light hitter , with a career batting average . He made his first appearance as a pitcher in May 2009 . In the summer of 2009 , between his sophomore and junior years , deGrom received an invitation to play collegiate summer baseball for the Suns of the Florida Collegiate Summer League , which he declined after discovering that they wanted him to play as a pitcher . - When deGrom returned to Stetson that fall , the team used him as a relief pitcher , filling the role of their closer , in addition to playing shortstop . He quickly became one of Stetson 's best pitchers , so the team moved deGrom into their starting rotation midway through the season . In addition to a fastball , deGrom learned to throw a changeup and a slider . MLB scouts began to take notice of deGrom when he pitched against Chris Sale of Florida Gulf Coast University . In that game , deGrom hit his only home run of the season . He made 12 starts for the Hatters , pitching to a 4 – 5 win – loss record with a 4 @.@ 48 earned run average . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Minor League Baseball = = = - - The New York Mets selected deGrom in the ninth round as a pitcher , with the 272nd overall selection , of the 2010 MLB Draft . He signed with the Mets , receiving a $ 95 @,@ 000 signing bonus . The Mets assigned deGrom to the Mets of the Rookie @-@ level Appalachian League , where he made six starts before he was diagnosed with a partial tear of the ulnar collateral ligament ( UCL ) in his pitching elbow . He attempted to his arm for four months , but underwent Tommy John surgery to repair the UCL in October . He did not pitch in 2011 while he recovered from the surgery . While , deGrom worked on his changeup with Johan Santana . - DeGrom pitched for the Savannah Sand of the Class A South Atlantic League and the St. Lucie Mets of the Class A @-@ Advanced Florida State League in 2012 , finishing the year with a 2 @.@ 43 ERA in 19 games started . In 2013 , he began the season with St. Lucie , but was promoted to the Binghamton Mets of the Class AA Eastern League after two starts due to injuries to Binghamton 's Luis and Cory . He received a promotion to the Las Vegas of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League in June after the Mets promoted Zack Wheeler and Carlos Torres to the major leagues and traded . He had a combined 4 @.@ 51 ERA for the season , due to a broken finger suffered during the offseason , which altered the way he threw the ball . - The Mets added deGrom to their 40 @-@ man roster on November 20 , 2013 , to protect him from being eligible in the Rule 5 draft . During the offseason , deGrom improved his mechanics , and learned to throw a curveball . He began the 2014 season with Las Vegas , and had a 4 – 0 win – loss record and a 2 @.@ 58 ERA in his first seven games started . - - = = = Major League Baseball = = = - - - = = = = 2014 = = = = - - The Mets promoted deGrom to the major leagues on May 12 , 2014 , after Gonzalez was placed on the disabled list . The Mets planned to use deGrom in relief , but an injury to Dillon required the Mets to insert him into their starting rotation . DeGrom made his major league debut on May 15 against cross @-@ town rival New York Yankees in Field . He faced fellow rookie Chase , also making his MLB debut . He pitched seven innings , allowing only one run and striking out six , but the Yankees shut out the Mets and won 1 – 0 . DeGrom also collected his first MLB hit in the game in his first career at bat . It was the first hit by a Mets pitcher in the 2014 season ending an 0 @-@ for @-@ 64 streak , the worst collective mark by a pitching staff to begin a season in MLB history . - DeGrom compiled four quality starts in his first four MLB starts , but did not record a win in any of them . On July 8 , deGrom pitched seven scoreless innings and recorded 11 strikeouts in giving the Mets their franchise victory . Along with Steve of the Miami Marlins , deGrom was named the National League 's ( NL ) Co @-@ Player of the Week for the period of July 21 to July 27 after allowing only one earned run in two starts that week . He was named the NL Rookie of the Month for July . On August 11 , deGrom went on the disabled list with rotator cuff tendinitis . Rafael was called up on August 12 in deGrom 's place . On August 23 , was re @-@ sent back to the to make room for deGrom coming off the disabled list . - On September 15 , 2014 , deGrom faced the Marlins and struck out his first eight batters , tying the MLB record . Near the end of the season , deGrom was shut down for the year , ending his season with a 9 – 6 record , a 2 @.@ 69 ERA and 144 strikeouts . DeGrom won the 2014 Sporting News NL Rookie of the Year Award and was named the NL Rookie of the Year by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , ( the first by a Met since Dwight in 1984 ) receiving first place votes on 26 of the 30 ballots . - - = = = = 2015 = = = = - - DeGrom and Clayton of the Los Angeles Dodgers were selected as NL Co @-@ Players of the Week for the week ending June 7 , 2015 . He began the 2015 season with a 8 – 6 win @-@ loss record and a 2 @.@ 30 ERA through the end of June , and was named to the NL roster in the 2015 MLB All @-@ Star Game . During the All @-@ Star Game , deGrom struck out the three batters he faced on ten pitches , becoming the first person to do so since pitch counts were recorded . DeGrom pitched to a 14 – 8 record with a 2 @.@ 54 ERA and a 0 @.@ 99 walks plus hits per inning pitched ratio during the 2015 season . - Starting Game 1 of the 2015 NLDS , he allowed no runs and five hits over seven innings pitched and tied a Mets franchise postseason record with 13 strikeouts ( set by Tom , Game 1 of the 1973 NLCS ) . DeGrom won the deciding Game 5 with a six @-@ inning , two @-@ run effort . In Game 3 of the 2015 NLCS against the Chicago Cubs , deGrom pitched seven @-@ inning game , allowing just two runs on four hits , one walk and seven strikeouts , putting the Mets ahead 3 – 0 and within one game of their first World Series appearance since the 2000 Series . DeGrom started Game 2 of the 2015 World Series on October 28 ; he allowed four runs on six hits and three walks over five innings and took the loss as the Royals went up , 2 – 0 , in the series . - Following the season , deGrom received a Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award as the best defensive player statistically at his position in Major League Baseball . - - = = = = 2016 = = = = - - Not yet eligible for salary arbitration , the Mets renewed deGrom 's contract for the 2016 season with a $ @,@ 000 salary , a raise from the $ @,@ they paid him for the previous season . DeGrom refused to sign the contract in protest , but stated that he was open to negotiating a contract extension . - - = = Personal life = = - - DeGrom is from Springs , Florida . He was raised by his parents , Tony , an AT & T lineman , and Tammy , a customer service representative for a credit card rewards program . Tony built a batting cage in the backyard for his son to practice . He credits his father for his quiet intensity and . He has two sisters , Sarah and Jessica . - DeGrom met his wife , , shortly after high school . They were married in November 2014 , and live in , Florida . They have a , and welcomed their first son in April 2016 . - DeGrom is known for his long hair , which he began to grow out while at Stetson . His starts with the Mets led to the on Twitter of " # " . - - - = Battle of Merville Gun Battery = - - The Battle of Merville Gun Battery occurred on 6 June 1944 , as part of Operation Tonga , part of the Normandy landings , during the Second World War . Allied intelligence believed the Merville Gun Battery was composed of heavy @-@ calibre guns that could threaten the British landings at Sword Beach , only 8 miles ( 13 km ) away . - The 9th Parachute Battalion , part of the 3rd Parachute Brigade attached to 6th Airborne Division , was given the objective of destroying the battery . However , when the battalion arrived over Normandy , their parachute descent was dispersed over a large area , so instead of over 600 men , only 150 with no heavy weapons or equipment arrived at the battalion assembly point . Regardless , they pressed home their attack and succeeded in capturing the battery , only to discover that the guns were of a lower caliber than expected [ Czech @-@ manufacture ] . However , these still had the range ( over 8000 metres ) to hit targets on Sword Beach and in . Using what explosives they had been able to recover , the surviving 75 men tried to the guns . - When the British paratroopers had withdrawn , two of the guns were put back into action by the Germans . Another attack the next day by British Commandos failed to recapture the battery , which remained under German control until 17 August , when the German Army started to withdraw from the area . - - = = Background = = - - On 6 June 1944 , the British 6th Airborne Division was given the task of securing the left flank of the Allied landings . One of their objectives was the destruction of the Merville Gun Battery . Allied planners had judged from the size of the concrete gun emplacements that the guns must be around 150 mm in calibre . If so , the guns would have a range of about 8 miles ( 13 km ) and could threaten Sword Beach , to the west of , where the 3rd British Infantry Division were due to land later that day . - - = = = British forces = = = - - The unit assigned to destroy the battery was the 9th Parachute Battalion , part of the 3rd Parachute Brigade , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Otway . The battalion 's normal complement of 600 men was supported by a section of sappers from the Royal Engineers , eight glider loads transporting and trailers , and stores including explosives , an anti @-@ tank gun and . Three of the gliders , transporting 50 volunteers , were to carry out a coup de main landing onto the position to coincide with the ground assault . In April 1944 , the force was taken to Hill in Berkshire , where over seven days the Royal Engineers had built a full @-@ scale replica of the battery , including obstacles and barbed wire fences . The following five days were spent holding briefings and getting acquainted with the layout of the battery . They carried out nine practice assaults , four of them at night . Due to the nature of the mission , the battalion was given additional medical support from No. 3 Section ( Parachute ) Field Ambulance . Another unit that would be present during the attack but not directly involved was A Company of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion . This company was tasked to provide covering fire for the 9th Battalion 's approach to and withdrawal from the battery . The assault had to be completed and the battalion clear of the position by 05 : 00 , when the Royal Navy cruiser HMS would open fire on the battery in an attempt to destroy it with naval gunfire . - - = = = Battery = = = - - The Merville Battery was composed of four 6 @-@ foot @-@ thick ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) steel @-@ reinforced concrete gun casemates , built by the Todt Organisation . Each was designed to protect First World War @-@ vintage Czech / 19 100 mm guns . Other buildings on the site included a command bunker , a building to accommodate the men , and ammunition magazines . During a visit on 6 March 1944 , to inspect the defences , Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ordered the builders to work faster , and by May 1944 , the last two casemates were completed . - The battery was defended by a 20 mm anti @-@ aircraft gun and several machine guns in 15 gun positions , all enclosed in an area 700 by 500 yards ( 640 by 460 m ) surrounded by two barbed wire obstacles 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) thick by 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) high , which also acted as the exterior border for a 100 @-@ yard @-@ deep ( 91 m ) minefield . Another obstacle was an anti @-@ tank ditch covering any approach from the nearby coast . The original commander of the battery , , was killed during a Royal Air Force bombing raid on 19 May 1944 . He was replaced by Steiner , who commanded 50 engineers and 80 from the 1st Battery , Artillery Regiment , part of the 716th Static Infantry Division . - The battery had a complement of some one hundred men in all . These were chiefly gunnery crews , of course , such as my team , but also included staff officers and their assistants , medical , cooks , observation teams , maintenance teams and guards with side arms . It was intended that the battery could remain under siege for up to three months , with sufficient rations and generator fuel kept on site for this event ; the water supply came from an and could not be interrupted . It was a remarkable structure , and it featured prominently in propaganda of the time … - - = = Assault = = - - Just after midnight on 6 June , the 9th Parachute Battalion 's advance party landed with the brigade 's , and reached the battalion assembly area without any problems . While some men remained to mark out the company positions , the battalion 's second in command , Major George Smith , and a reconnaissance party left to scout the battery . At the same time , Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers started their bombing run , which completely missed the battery , their bombs landing further to the south . The in the meantime were having problems . Those who had arrived at the correct drop zone found their had been damaged when they landed , and in the smoke and debris left over from the bombing , their marker lights could not be seen by the pilots of the transport aircraft . The main body of the 9th Parachute Battalion and their gliders were to land at drop zone ' V ' , located between the battery and from 01 : 00 . However , the battalion was scattered , with a number of paratroopers landing a considerable distance from the designated drop zone . Lieutenant Colonel Otway landed with the rest of his " stick " 400 yards ( 370 m ) away from the drop zone at a being used as a command post by a German battalion ; after a brief fire @-@ fight , they helped other scattered paratroopers , and reached the drop zone at 01 : 30 . By 02 : 50 , only 150 men had arrived at the battalion 's assembly point with 20 Bangalore torpedoes and a machine gun . The mortars , anti @-@ tank gun , mine detectors , , sappers and field ambulance section were all missing . - Aware of the time constraints , Otway decided he could wait no longer , and the reduced battalion headed for the battery and joined up with Major Smith 's reconnaissance party just outside the village of en . The reconnaissance party had cut a way through the barbed wire , and marked four routes through the minefield . Otway divided his men into four assault groups , and settled down to await the arrival of the three gliders . - In England , one of the gliders never left the ground , as its tow rope had snapped on taxiing . The other two gliders , unable to locate the battery , did not land where expected . On their run in , both gliders were hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire . One landed around 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) away , the other at the edge of the minefield . The troops from this glider became involved in a fire fight with German troops heading to reinforce the battery garrison . - Otway launched the assault as soon as the first glider the battery , ordering the explosives to be detonated to form two paths through the outer perimeter through which the paratroopers attacked . The defenders were alerted by the explosions , and opened fire , inflicting heavy casualties ; only four attackers survived to reach Four , which they disabled by firing into and throwing grenades into air . The other casemates were cleared with fragmentation and white phosphorus grenades , as the crews had neglected to lock the doors leading into the battery . During the bombing raid , the battery 's guns had been moved inside the casemates and the steel doors left open for ventilation . During the battle , 22 Germans were killed and a similar number made prisoners of war . The rest of the garrison escaped undetected by hiding in the underground bunkers . - Steiner was not present during the bombing , but at a command bunker in @-@ . After the raid , he set out for the battery , but was unable to gain entry due to the volume of fire from the British paratroopers . At the same time , a reconnaissance patrol from an army Flak unit with a half @-@ track mounting a large anti @-@ aircraft gun arrived . The crew had intended to seek cover at the position , but instead used the gun to engage the paratroopers . - With the battery in their hands , but no sappers or explosives , the British gathered together what plastic explosives they had been issued for use with their bombs to try to destroy the guns . By this time , Steiner had returned to @-@ , and directed his regiment 's 2nd and 3rd Batteries to fire onto the Merville Battery . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Just before 05 : 00 , the battalion 's survivors , just 75 men of the 150 who had set out , left the battery and headed for their secondary objective , the village of La . The battalion , being too weak , only managed to liberate around half of the village , and had to await the arrival of the 1st Commando Brigade later in the day to complete its capture . - After the British had withdrawn , the Germans the battery position . Steiner was unable to see Sword Beach from his command bunker , so even though he was able to get two of his guns back in action , he was unable to direct accurate fire onto the landings . However , observers with the Infantry Regiment , holding out at La , were able to direct his guns until that position was neutralised . - On 7 June , the battery was assaulted again by two troops of commandos from No. 3 Commando , part of the 1st Special Service Brigade . The attack in daylight was repulsed with heavy losses to the commandos . As they withdrew , they were engaged by the battery 's guns firing over open sights . The British never succeeded in completely destroying the battery , and it remained under German control until 17 August , when the German Army started to withdraw from France . - - - = St Caffo 's Church , Llangaffo = - - St Caffo 's Church , Llangaffo is a 19th @-@ century church , in the south of Anglesey , north Wales , about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from the county town , . It was constructed in 1846 to replace the previous medieval church in the village of Llangaffo . The new building includes a number of monuments from the old church , and has a spire which is a prominent local landmark . The churchyard has part of a stone cross dating from the 9th or 10th century , and some gravestones from the 9th to 11th centuries . It is dedicated to St Caffo , a 6th @-@ century martyr who was killed in the vicinity . - The church is still in use as part of the Church in Wales , one of four churches in a combined parish . It is a Grade II listed building , a designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is regarded as " a mid 19th @-@ century rural church , consistently articulated and detailed in an Early English style " . - - = = History and location = = - - The date of first construction of a church in Llangaffo ( a village in Anglesey about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south of the county town of ) is uncertain . The village takes its name from the church : the Welsh word originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , and " " is a modified form of the saint 's name . St Caffo , a 6th @-@ century Christian , was a companion of St and was martyred by shepherds in the vicinity of what is now Llangaffo , perhaps in revenge for his brother insulting Gwynedd , the local ruler . It is thought that there may have at one point been a monastery in this location , known as " Caffo " : is the Welsh word for " martyr " , and in place names means a building erected near a saint 's grave . - The present building , which is in the north @-@ eastern part of the village on the south @-@ eastern side of the road , was erected in 1846 alongside the churchyard to a design by the Sheffield @-@ based architects and Hadfield . It replaced an older church , which had stood on an adjoining of rock until it was demolished . It was described by the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Jones ( writing in 1846 , as the new church was being constructed ) as a " very small and unimportant edifice " ; he also noted that it was the only medieval building remaining in the parish . - The 19th @-@ century church is still in use and belongs to the Church in Wales . It is one of four churches in the combined benefice of ( St Michael 's Church , ) with ( St 's Church ) with ( St 's Church ) with Llangaffo . It is within the of , the of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the vicar of the four churches is Williams , assisted by a ( E. R. Roberts ) . Williams was appointed in 2007 ; before that , the position had been vacant for 20 years despite many attempts by the Church in Wales to fill it . Services in Welsh are held every Sunday , either Holy or Morning Prayer ; there are no services . - Edward Wynn ( 1618 – 1669 ) was rector here from ; he later became Chancellor of Bangor Cathedral , and is buried at the church . James Williams ( 1790 – 1872 ) was the son of John Williams , rector of St Caffo 's . He succeeded his father when he resigned in 1821 , and later became Chancellor of Bangor Cathedral . - - = = Architecture and fittings = = - - St Caffo 's is built of rubble masonry dressed with limestone , in an early English style ( a style of architecture used between about 1180 and 1275 , typically using narrow pointed windows and arches ) . The roof is made of slate . The tower , at the west end , has buttresses at the corners and is topped with a spire , which is a prominent local landmark . Entrance is through an arched doorway in the north side of the tower . The chancel , at the east end of the church , is smaller than the nave in both height and width ; there is a transept on the north side of the chancel . The nave has lancet windows , and there is a further lancet window on the south side of the chancel . The church 's east window is set in a pointed arch and has three lights ( sections of window separated by ) . - Inside the church , the sanctuary at the east end is raised above the chancel by one step ; the floor of the sanctuary and the behind the altar are made from tiles . include a circular decorated 12th @-@ century font and a 17th @-@ century pulpit with carved decorative panels . A 1937 survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire recorded that the church owned a silver cup and a dated 1736 . The transept has a number of memorials dating from the 17th century ( including one to Edward Wynn ) , and a stone from the early 7th century inscribed with .. VI / / / / / / / / / . The stone , which is set in the wall , originally came from , Anglesey . The church porch houses part of a cross head in the shape of a wheel , dating from the 9th or 10th century ; part of the rest of the cross is in the churchyard , but it has suffered significant weather damage with most of the patterns worn away . - The oldest graves are to the north of the church , which is unusual : ordinarily the southern part of the churchyard would be used first for burials , with the northern part remaining unless and until extra space for graves was required . The path between the road and the church has sunken , which may partly be explained by the medieval custom of burying the dead on top of each other . One author has suggested that the mound alongside the path might indicate that the church is located in the site of a Bronze Age settlement . - The churchyard has seven gravestones that were discovered in the walls of the previous church . Six of them date from between the 9th and 11th centuries , and the seventh is from the 12th or 13th century . The doorway from the old church , dating from the 15th century , has been reused as an entrance to the churchyard . A carved stone human head , from the 12th century , has been inserted into the north wall of the churchyard . A war memorial in the shape of a Celtic cross remembers those who died during the First and Second World Wars . - - = = Assessment = = - - The church is a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 and Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales ) states that it has been listed because it is " a mid 19th @-@ century rural church , consistently articulated and detailed in an Early English style . " - The 19th @-@ century writer Samuel Lewis said that the rebuilt church " forms a very good specimen of the early English style of architecture " , adding that it was " effective from its simplicity and the absence of . " He added that the interior had been " fitted up in a and appropriate manner , and the details throughout appear to have been carefully studied " . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that the " impressive " tower and steeple " form " a landmark visible for many miles . " It also comments that rendering on part of the tower and the south wall makes them less attractive than the north wall . - A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region notes the " exceptional number of inscribed fragments " , showing it to be a place of early Christian worship , but considers that the church is " " . Similarly , a 2005 guide to Wales describes St Caffo 's as " an nineteenth @-@ century church from the outside " but says that it has " a remarkable collection " of memorial stones . - - - = George N. Briggs = - - George Nixon Briggs ( April 12 , 1796 – September 12 , 1861 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . A Whig , Briggs served for twelve years in the United States House of Representatives , and served seven one @-@ year terms as the 19th Governor of Massachusetts , from 1844 to 1851 . - in rural New York , Briggs studied law in western Massachusetts , where his civic involvement and successful legal practice preceded political activity . He was elected to Congress in 1830 , where he supported the conservative Whig agenda , serving on the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads . He was also a regular advocate of temperance , from all alcohol consumption . - He was nominated by the Whigs in 1843 to run against Democratic Governor Marcus Morton as part of a Whig bid for more rural votes , and easily won election until 1849 . Although he sought to avoid the contentious issue of slavery , he protested South Carolina policy allowing the imprisonment of free African Americans . He supported capital punishment , notably refusing to commute the death sentence of John White Webster for the murder of George . Briggs died of an accidental gunshot wound at his home in Pittsfield , Massachusetts . - - = = Early life and education = = - - George Nixon Briggs was born in Adams , Massachusetts on April 12 , 1796 . He was the eleventh of twelve children of Allen Briggs , a blacksmith originally from , Rhode Island , and Nancy ( Brown ) Briggs , of Huguenot descent . His parents moved the family to Manchester , Vermont when he was seven , and , two years later , to White Creek , New York . The household was religious : his father was a Baptist and his mother was a Quaker , and they gave their children religious instruction from the Bible . - At the age of 14 , during the Second Great Awakening , which was especially strong in New York , Briggs experienced a conversion experience and joined the Baptist faith . He spoke at revival meetings of his experience , drawing applause from the crowds , according to Hall , who came to know Briggs at that time and who became a lifelong friend and political associate . His faith informed his personal behavior : he remained committed to religious ideals , for instance to Congressional sessions that stretched into Sunday and from alcohol consumption . - Briggs sporadically attended the public schools in White Creek , and was for three years to a Quaker . With support from his older brothers he embarked on the study of law in Pittsfield and Lanesboro in 1813 , and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1818 . He first opened a practice in Adams , moved it to Lanesboro in 1823 , and Pittsfield in 1842 . His trial work was characterized by a contemporary as clear , brief , and methodical , even though he was fond of telling stories in less formal settings . - In 1817 Briggs helped to establish a Baptist church in Lanesboro ; in this congregation he met Harriet Hall , whom he married in 1818 ; their children were Harriet , George , and Henry . Briggs was also called upon to raise the four orphaned children of his brother Rufus , one of the brothers who supported him in his law studies . Rufus died in 1816 , followed by his wife not long afterward . - Briggs ' involvement in civic life began at the local level . From 1824 to 1831 Briggs was the register of for the Northern district of Berkshire County , Massachusetts . He was elected town clerk in 1824 , was appointed chairman of the board of commissioners of highways in 1826 . His interest in politics was sparked by his acquaintance with Henry Shaw , who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1817 to 1821 . - A criminal case tried in 1826 brought Briggs wider notice . An Indian living in was accused of murder . Briggs was appointed by the court to defend him ; convinced by the evidence that the man was innocent , Briggs made what was described by a contemporary as a plea that was " a model of jury " . The jury , unfortunately , disagreed with Briggs , and convicted the man , who was hanged . In 1830 the true murderer confessed to commission of the crime . - - = = U.S. House of Representatives = = - - Despite his rise in prominence , Briggs was at first ineligible for state offices because he did not own property . In 1830 he decided to run for Congress , for which there was no such requirement . He was elected to the twenty @-@ second through the twenty @-@ fourth as an Anti @-@ , and as a Whig to the twenty @-@ fifth through twenty @-@ seventh , serving from March 4 , 1831 to March 3 , 1843 . He decided not to run for reelection in 1842 . - Briggs was what became known in later years as a " Cotton Whig " . He was in favor of tariffs , and opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories , but did not seek to threaten the unity of the nation with a strong stance against slavery . He served on the Committee on Public and the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads , serving for a time as the chairman of each . The Post Office committee was a regular recipient of complaints from southern states concerning the transmission of abolitionist mailings , which were seen there as incendiary ; the matter was of some controversy because southern legislators sought to have these types of mailings banned . Briggs ' friend Hall , who also sat on the committee , drafted a report in 1836 the used in such legislative proposals , but the committee as a whole , and then the House , refused to accept the report . Although the authorship of the report appears to be entirely Hall 's , Briggs may have contributed to it , and was a signatory to Hall 's publication of the report in the National , a major political journal . The document was influential in driving later Congressional debate on legislative proposals concerning abolitionist mailings , none of which were ever adopted . Briggs and Hall were both instrumental in drafting and gaining passage of the Post Office Act of 1836 , which included substantive accounting reforms in the wake of financial by General William Taylor Barry . - During his time in Congress , Briggs was a vocal advocate for temperance . He formed the Congressional Society in 1833 , sitting on its executive committee ; at an 1836 temperance convention at Saratoga Springs , New York he advocated the taking of total abstinence pledges as a way to bring more people away from the of alcohol , and notably prepared such a pledge for Kentucky Representative Thomas F. Marshall on the floor of the House of Representatives . His moves to organize the temperance movement in Congress died out when he left the body , but it was a cause he would continue to for the rest of his life . In 1860 he was chosen president of the American Union . - - = = Governor of Massachusetts = = - - Briggs was nominated to run for the governorship on the Whig ticket against the incumbent Democrat Marcus Morton in 1843 . Former Governor John Davis had been nominated first , but refused the nomination , possibly because Daniel Webster promised him party support for a future vice presidential bid . Briggs was apparently recommended as a compromise candidate acceptable to different factions within the party ( one controlled by Webster , the other by Abbott Lawrence ) . He was also probably chosen to appeal more directly to the state 's rural voters , a constituency that normally supported Morton . The abolitionist Liberty Party also fielded a candidate , with the result that none of the candidates won the needed majority . The legislature decided the election in those cases ; with a Whig majority there , Briggs ' election was assured . Briggs was reelected annually until 1850 against a succession of Democratic opponents . He won popular until the 1849 election , even though third parties ( including the Liberty Party and its successor , the Free Soil Party ) were often involved . Although Whigs had a reputation for aristocratic bearing , Briggs was much more a man of the people than the preceding Whig governors , John Davis and Edward Everett . - In 1844 Briggs , alarmed at a recently enacted policy by South Carolina authorizing the imprisonment of free blacks arriving there from Massachusetts and other northern states , sent representatives to protest the policy . Samuel and his daughter Elizabeth were unsuccessful in changing South Carolina policy , and after protests against what was perceived as Yankee interference in Southern affairs , were advised to leave the state for their own safety . - Capital punishment was a major issue that was debated in the state during 's tenure , with social reformers calling for its abolition . Briggs personally favored capital punishment , but for political reasons called for in its use , seeking , for example , to limit its application in murder cases to those involving first degree murder . After an in an 1846 murder case where anti @-@ death penalty sentiment was thought to have a role , Briggs , seeking to undercut the anti @-@ death penalty lobby , proposed eliminating the penalty for all crimes except murder , but expressed concern that more such by sympathetic would undermine the connection between crime and punishment . - Briggs ' argument was used in the 1849 trial of Washington Goode , a black accused of killing a rival for the affections of a lady . The case against Goode was essentially circumstantial , but the jury the district attorney 's call for assertive punishment of " crimes of violence " and convicted him . There were calls for Briggs to commute Goode 's capital sentence , but he refused , writing " A pardon here would tend toward the utter subversion of the law . " - Not long after the Goode case came the sensational trial of Professor John White Webster in the murder of George , a crime that took place at the Harvard Medical School in November 1849 . The trial received nationwide coverage , and the prosecution case was based on evidence that was either circumstantial ( complicated by the fact that a complete corpse was not found ) , or founded on new types of evidence ( forensic dentistry was used for the first time in this trial ) . Furthermore , Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice Shaw was widely criticized for bias in the instructions he gave to the jury . Briggs was petitioned to commute Webster 's sentence by death penalty opponents , and even threatened with physical harm if he did not . He refused however , stating that the evidence in the case was clear ( especially after Webster gave a confession ) , and that there was no reason to doubt that the court had acted with due and proper . - During Briggs ' time as governor , abolitionist activists continued to make against both the Whigs and Democrats , primarily making common cause with the Democrats against the dominant Whigs . Briggs ' stance as a Cotton Whig put him in opposition to these forces . He opposed the Mexican @-@ American War , but acceded to federal demands that the states assist in raising troops for the war , earning the wrath of activist Wendell Phillips . He did promote other types of reform , supporting Horace Mann in his activities to improve education in the state . - In 1849 , Briggs failed to secure a majority in the popular vote because of the rise in power of the Free Soil Party , but the Whig legislature returned him to office . In the 1850 election , anger over the of 1850 ( a series of federal acts designed to preserve the unity of the nation which included the Slave Act ) prompted the Democrats and Free to form a coalition to gain control over the Massachusetts legislature , and divided the Whigs along and lines . With the gubernatorial election again sent to the legislature , Democrat George S. was chosen over Briggs . - - = = Later years = = - - Briggs resumed the practice of law in Pittsfield . He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1853 , and sat as a judge of the Court of Common from 1853 to 1858 . In 1859 he was nominated for governor by the fading Know @-@ Nothing movement , but trailed far behind other candidates . - In 1861 Briggs was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to a diplomatic mission to the South American Republic of New Granada ( roughly present @-@ day Colombia and Panama ) . However , he died before he could take up the position . On September 4 , 1861 Briggs was getting an out of his at his home in Pittsfield , when a gun fell . As Briggs was picking it up , the gun discharged and Briggs was shot . Briggs died early in the morning of September 12 , 1861 , and was buried in the Pittsfield Cemetery . - - - = Simon Bradstreet = - - Simon Bradstreet ( baptized March 18 , 1603 / 4 – March 27 , 1697 ) was a colonial magistrate , businessman , diplomat , and the last governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Arriving in Massachusetts on the Winthrop Fleet in 1630 , Bradstreet was almost constantly involved in the politics of the colony but became its governor only in 1679 . He served on diplomatic missions and as agent to the crown in London , and also served as a commissioner to the New England Confederation . He was politically comparatively moderate , arguing minority positions in favor of freedom of speech and for accommodation of the demands of King Charles II following his restoration to the throne . - Bradstreet was married to Anne , the daughter of Massachusetts co @-@ founder Thomas Dudley and New England 's first published poet . He was a businessman , investing in land and shipping interests . Due to his advanced age ( he died at 93 ) Cotton Mather referred to him as the " Nestor of New England " . His descendants include the famous jurists Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and David . - - = = Early life = = - - Simon Bradstreet was baptized on March 18 , 1603 / 4 in , Lincolnshire , the second of three sons of Simon and Margaret Bradstreet . His father was the rector of the parish church , and was descended from minor Irish nobility . With his father a vocal , the young Simon acquired his Puritan religious views early in life . At the age of 16 , Bradstreet entered Emmanuel College , Cambridge . He studied there for two years , before entering the service of the Earl of Lincoln as an assistant to Thomas Dudley in 1622 . There is some uncertainty about whether Bradstreet returned to Emmanuel College in 1623 – 1624 . According to , a Simon Bradstreet attended Emmanuel during this time , receiving an degree , but Robert Anderson is of the opinion that this was not the same individual . During one of Bradstreet 's at Emmanuel he was recommended by John Preston as a tutor or governor to Lord Rich , son of the Earl of Warwick . Rich would have been 12 in 1623 , and Preston was named Emmanuel 's master in 1622 . - Bradstreet took over Dudley 's position when the latter moved temporarily to Boston in 1624 . On Dudley 's return several years later , Bradstreet then briefly served as a steward to the Countess of Warwick . In 1628 he married Dudley 's daughter Anne , when she was 16 . - In 1628 , Dudley and others from the Earl of Lincoln 's circle formed the Massachusetts Bay Company , with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America . Bradstreet became involved with the company in 1629 , and in April 1630 , the joined the Dudleys and colonial Governor John Winthrop on the fleet of ships that carried them to Massachusetts Bay . There they founded Boston , the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . - - = = Massachusetts Bay Colony = = - - After a brief stay in Boston , Bradstreet made his first residence in ( later renamed Cambridge ) , near the Dudleys in what is now Harvard Square . In 1637 , during the Controversy , he was one of the magistrates that sat at the trial of Anne Hutchinson , and voted for her banishment from the colony . In 1639 he was granted land in Salem , near that of John . He lived there for a time , moving in to Ipswich before becoming one of the founding settlers of in 1648 . In 1666 his home was destroyed by fire , supposedly because of " the of the maid " . He had varied business interests , speculating in land , and investing with other colonists in a ship involved in the trade . In 1660 he purchased shares in the Atherton Company , a land development company with interests in the " Narragansett Country " ( present @-@ day southern Rhode Island ) . He became one of its leading figures , serving on the management committee , and publishing advertising its lands . When he died he owned more than 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 610 ha ) of land in five communities spread across the colony . He was known to own two slaves , a woman named Hannah and her daughter . - Bradstreet was heavily involved in colonial politics . When the council met for the first time in Boston , Bradstreet was selected to serve as colonial secretary , a post he would hold until 1644 . He was politically moderate , arguing against legislation and judicial decisions punishing people for speaking out against the governing magistrates . Bradstreet was also outspoken in opposition to the witch that infested his home town of Salem , culminating in numerous trials in 1692 . - He served for many years as a commissioner representing Massachusetts to the New England Confederation , an organization that coordinated matters of common interest ( principally defense ) among most of the New England colonies . He was regularly chosen as an assistant , serving on the council that dominated the public affairs of the colony , but did not reach higher office until , when he was first elected deputy governor under John Leverett . He was against military actions against some of the colony 's foreign neighbors , opposing official intervention in a French dispute in the , and also spoke against attacking the New Netherland during the First Anglo @-@ Dutch War ( 1652 – ) . - Bradstreet was sent on a number of diplomatic missions , dealing with settlers , other English colonies , and the Dutch in New Amsterdam . In 1650 he was sent to Hartford , Connecticut , where the Treaty of Hartford was negotiated to determine the boundary between the English colonies and New Amsterdam . In the following years he negotiated an agreement with settlers in York and to bring them under Massachusetts jurisdiction . - Following the 1660 restoration of Charles II to the throne of England , colonial authorities again became concerned about preserving their charter rights . Bradstreet in 1661 headed a legislative committee to " consider and debate such matters touching their patent rights , and privileges , and duty to his Majesty , as should to them seem proper . " The letter the committee drafted reiterated the colony 's charter rights , and also included declarations of allegiance and loyalty to the crown . Bradstreet and John Norton were chosen as agents to deliver the letter to London . Charles renewed the charter , but sent the agents back to Massachusetts with a letter conditions to his assent . The colony was expected , among other things , to expand religious tolerance to include the Church of England and religious minorities like the Quakers . The agents were harshly criticized by hardline factions of the legislature , but Bradstreet defended the need to accommodate the king 's wishes as the course to take . How to respond to the king 's demands divided the colony ; Bradstreet was part of the moderate " " faction arguing that the colony should obey the king 's wishes . This faction lost the debate to the hardline " commonwealth " faction , who were in favor of aggressively maintaining the colony 's charter rights , led through the 1660s by governors John and Richard . With Charles distracted by war with the Dutch and domestic politics in the late 1660s , the issue lay until the mid @-@ . Relations between colony and crown deteriorated when the king then renewed demands for legislative and religious reforms , which hardline magistrates again resisted . - - = = Governor = = - - In early 1679 Governor John Leverett died , and Bradstreet as deputy succeeded him . Leverett had opposed accommodation of the king 's demands , and the change to an leadership was too late . Bradstreet would turn out to be the last governor under its original charter . His deputy , Thomas was from the commonwealth faction . During his tenure , crown agent Edward Randolph was in the colony , attempting to enforce the Navigation Acts , under which certain types of trade involving the colony were illegal . Randolph 's enforcement attempts were vigorously resisted by both the merchant classes and sympathetic magistrates despite Bradstreet 's attempts to accommodate Randolph . frequently refused to ships accused of violating the acts ; in one instance Bradstreet tried three times to get a jury to change its verdict . Randolph 's attempts to enforce the navigation laws eventually convinced the colony 's general court that it needed to create its own mechanisms for their enforcement . A bill to establish a naval office was vigorously debated in 1681 , with the house of deputies , dominated by the commonwealth party , opposing the idea , and the moderate magistrates supporting it . The bill that finally passed was a victory for the commonwealth party , making enforcement difficult and subject to reprisal lawsuits . Bradstreet refused to actually implement the law , and Randolph published open challenges to it . Bradstreet was in some degree vindicated when he won re @-@ election in 1682 , and he then used his judicial authority to further undermine the law 's effects . - Randolph 's threats to report the colonial legislature 's prompted it to dispatch agents to England to argue the colony 's case ; however , their powers were limited . Shortly after their arrival in late 1682 , the Lords of Trade issued an ultimatum to the colony : either grant its agents wider powers , including the ability to negotiate modifications to the charter , or risk having the charter . The general court responded by issuing the agents instructions to take a hard line . Following legal processes begun in 1683 , the charter was formally on October 23 , 1684 . - - = = Dominion , and temporary return as governor = = - - King Charles II in 1684 established the Dominion of New England . Bradstreet 's brother @-@ in @-@ law Joseph Dudley , who had served as one of the colonial agents , was commissioned by James as President of the Council for New England in 1685 by King James II , and took control of the colony in May 1686 . Bradstreet was offered a position on Dudley 's council , but refused . Dudley was replaced in December 1686 by Sir Edmund Andros , who came to be greatly in Massachusetts for existing land titles , and seizing Congregational church properties for Church of England religious services . Andros ' high @-@ handed rule was also unpopular in the other colonies of the dominion . - The idea of revolt against Andros arose as early as January 1689 , before news of the December 1688 Glorious Revolution reached Boston . After William and Mary took the throne , Increase Mather and Sir William Phips , Massachusetts agents in London , petitioned them and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the Massachusetts charter . Mather furthermore convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution . He had already dispatched to Bradstreet a letter containing news that a report ( prepared before the revolution ) stating that the charter had been illegally , and that the magistrates should " prepare the minds of the people for a change . " News of the revolution apparently reached some individuals as early as late March , and Bradstreet is one of several possible organizers of the mob that formed in Boston in April 18 , 1689 . He , along with other pre @-@ Dominion magistrates and some members of Andros ' council , addressed an open letter to Andros on that day calling for his surrender in order to quiet the mob . Andros , who had fled to the safety of Castle Island , surrendered , and was eventually returned to England after several months in confinement . - In the wake of Andros ' arrest , a council of safety was formed , with Bradstreet as its president . The council drafted a letter to William and Mary , the colony 's acts in language similar to that used by William in his when he invaded England . The council fairly quickly decided to revert to the government as it had been under the old charter . In this form Bradstreet resumed the governorship , and was annually re @-@ elected governor until 1692 . He had to defend the colony against those who were opposed to the reintroduction of the old rule , who he characterized in reports to London as and strangers stirring up trouble . The colony 's northern frontier was also in King William 's War , where there was frequent Indian raiding . Bradstreet approved the expeditions of Sir William Phips in 1690 against and Quebec . - In 1691 William and Mary issued a charter establishing the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and appointed Phips its first governor . Bradstreet was offered a position on Phips ' council when the new governor arrived in 1692 , but declined . Bradstreet died at his home in Salem on 27 March 1697 at the age of 93 ; due to his advanced age he was called the " Nestor of New England " by Cotton Mather . - - = = Family and legacy = = - - Bradstreet was buried in the Charter Street Ground in Salem . Poetry by his first wife Anne was published in England in 1650 , including verses containing expressions of enduring love for her husband . Anne Bradstreet died in 1672 ; the couple had eight children , of whom seven survived infancy . In 1676 Bradstreet married Ann Gardner , the widow of Captain Joseph Gardner , son of Thomas Gardner of Salem . His many descendants include jurists Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and David , U.S. President Herbert Hoover , and actor Humphrey Bogart . - - - = Etymology of Wicca = - - In Modern English , the term Wicca ( / / ) refers to Wicca , the religion of contemporary Pagan Witchcraft . It is used within the Pagan community under competing definitions . One refers to the entirety of the Pagan Witchcraft movement , while the other refers explicitly to traditions included in what is now called British Traditional Wicca . - Although pronounced differently , Wicca is related to the Old English word wicca , which referred to in Anglo @-@ Saxon England . In the early 1950s , English Wiccan Gerald Gardner , founder of the Gardnerian tradition , referred to the Pagan Witchcraft community as the Wica . He claimed to have learned the term during his initiation into the New Forest coven in 1939 . By the late 1950s , Gardner 's rival Charles Cardell , founder of his own tradition , had begun referring to the religion 's followers as Wiccens , and possibly used Wicca in reference to the religion itself . - The inclusive use of the term Wicca — referring to the entirety of Pagan Witchcraft religion — has been traced to Britain in the early 1960s , when it was used by various groups and publicised through use in adverts , magazines , and other literary sources . It was later adopted by figures like Alex Sanders and Gavin and Yvonne Frost , who took it to the United States . There , practitioners of British Traditional Wicca adopted it exclusively for themselves as a means to differentiate their practices from those of other Pagan Witches . This exclusive meaning was countered by its popularisation as a generic term by prolific authors such as Raymond Buckland , Scott Cunningham and Silver RavenWolf . As it entered popular culture , it gained an increasingly eclectic character in its usage . During the 1990s , some attempted to distance themselves from it by utilising the term Traditional Witchcraft . - - = = Definitions = = - - There are two separate definitions of the term Wicca that have been used in Paganism and Pagan studies since circa 1980 . The first developed in England during the 1960s . Broad and inclusive , it covers most , if not all , forms of modern Pagan Witchcraft , especially if they share sufficient theological beliefs and ritual practices to be considered denominations within a common religious movement . In contrast , the second developed in the United States during the late 1970s . It refers specifically to the Gardnerian tradition of Witchcraft and those descended from it with little variation , namely Alexandrian and Witchcraft , which are together known as British Traditional Wicca . - - = = = Usage within Pagan studies = = = - - The development and use of the term Wicca within contemporary Paganism has been a recurring topic of discussion in the field of Pagan studies . The majority of academics and independent scholars use the first , more inclusive definition . Given its historical status and prevalent usage within Paganism , Pagan studies scholar Doyle White thought it the logical and easier choice for academia , although there is still some disagreement and confusion among researchers as to what defines Wicca . Among those who have used the former definition are American sociologist Margot , literary scholar Chas S. Clifton , and religious studies scholar Aidan A. Kelly , while others such as the Britons Graham Harvey and Ronald Hutton failed to make their usage clear . To deal with this problem in future , Doyle White urged scholars to specify which definition they used in their work . - - = = Origins = = - - - = = = Old English wicca and = = = - - In the Early Medieval language of Old English , the term wicca ( / / ) was a masculine for sorcerer ; was its feminine counterpart . They are ancestral to Modern English witch . The Modern English term Wicca took the Old English wicca as its basis , although the two are fundamentally two distinct words with differing meanings , pronunciation , and usage , with nearly a millennium between their respective . - In 1932 Lewis Spence writes in The Weekly Scotsman , in response to the popularisation of Margaret Murray 's witch @-@ cult hypothesis in Scotland , that " the Saxon word ' wicca ' , a witch " was " of immemorial usage " in the Scottish . - Doyle White suggests that the early adopted the term wicca as the basis for the name of their burgeoning faith because theirs was a new religious movement that took " iconography and inspiration " from the polytheistic cults of pre @-@ Christian Britain . - - = = = Gerald Gardner 's Wica : 1939 – 1966 = = = - - Gerald Gardner ( 1884 – 1964 ) , the man largely responsible for propagating the Wiccan religion in Britain during the 1950s and 1960s and the founder of the Gardnerian tradition , never used the term Wicca in either sense that it is used today . He referred to the religion as the " cult of witchcraft " or " the witch @-@ cult " , the latter likely being a term borrowed from Margaret Murray , who wrote a book entitled The Witch @-@ in Western Europe ( 1921 ) . Gardner did use the term Wica , which he always spelled with only one c in his writings , but this did not refer to the religion itself , instead referring to the religion 's practitioners in a plural sense . - What are [ the witches ] then ? They are the people who call themselves the Wica , the " wise people " , who the age ‑ old rites and who have , along with much superstition and knowledge , preserved an occult teaching and working processes which they themselves think to be magic or witchcraft . - In contrast with this plural use of the word , in a 1954 article written by Arnold Field , a reporter for the Daily , Gardner had apparently explained to him that " there are man and woman witches . Each is called a . " This quote offers the only piece of evidence that Gardner also referred to Pagan Witches individually as a . It is possible that Field misunderstood what Gardner was saying by not Wica , and that therefore Gardner might have never used Wica in a singular sense . - In his book The Meaning of Witchcraft ( 1959 ) Gardner states that he first heard the term Wica while being initiated into the New Forest coven in September 1939 , stating that " I realised I had stumbled on something interesting ; but I was half @-@ initiated before the word Wica which they used hit me like a , and I knew where I was , and that the Old Religion still existed . " This account was repeated in his biography , Gerald Gardner : Witch ( 1960 ) , written by Shah but attributed to Jack L. , in which he is quoted as saying that " it was halfway through when the word Wica was first mentioned ; and I knew that that which I had thought burnt out hundreds of years ago still survived . " If Gardner 's account was accurate and the New Forest coven had really existed , then the fact that Gardner spelled the word as Wica would not necessarily indicate that the coven members had spelled it the same way . As he relates , from Gardner 's account , " it seems that he had heard rather than read the word in the midst of his rite " and that , " suffering from a poor grasp of spelling , punctuation , and grammar , something caused by the fact that he was self @-@ educated and possibly also influenced by " , he would have therefore spelled the word as Wica . - In The Meaning of Witchcraft , Gardner also notes the term Wica 's resemblance to the Old English word wicca , stating that " It is a curious fact that when the witches became English @-@ speaking they adopted their Saxon name ' Wica ' . " In his published writings , Gardner the idea that his Pagan Witchcraft religion dated back at least to the Anglo @-@ Saxon period , when Old English was the dominant language . - Wica soon became an accepted term among the early , as Gardner 's followers and initiates became known . Patricia and Arnold , a Gardnerian High and High Priest who operated a coven in Sheffield , use the term in their book The Witches ( 1959 ) , writing that " [ T ] he Red Queen told Alice that she made words mean what [ she ] wanted them to mean . She might very well have been talking about witchcraft , for today it is used to describe anything that one wishes to use it for . From the simple meaning ' the craft of the Wica ' , it is used in connection with Black Magic , , Black ... " - - = = = Charles Cardell 's Wiccen : 1958 – 1960 = = = - - Charles Cardell ( 1892 – 1977 ) was the founder of a Pagan Witchcraft tradition that that of Gerald Gardner 's in southern England during the 1950s . A psychologist and stage , Cardell ran a company named Productions from his home in , Surrey , from where he also controlled a local coven that was on by the press , leading to a well @-@ publicised court case . Having been involved with as well as Pagan Witchcraft , Cardell initially befriended Gardner , but in 1958 they had an argument , and in 1964 Cardell tried to discredit him by publishing much of the then @-@ secret Gardnerian Book of Shadows . - Cardell used the term Wiccen to refer not just to members of his own tradition , but to all followers of the Pagan Witchcraft religion , placing an advert in Light magazine , the journal of the College of Science , entitled " The Craft of the Wiccens " in 1958 . The advert asked fellow Wiccens to get in contact with him . This advert shows that Cardell was responsible for the and possibly invention of the term Wiccen . - It is possible Cardell had also used the term Wicca , evidenced by the fact that Margaret Bruce , the owner of a mail @-@ order business selling occult titles , wrote a letter to her friend Gerald Gardner on 23 February 1960 , in which she him on the attacks made against him by Cardell and included a poem in which she referred to " the ' Wicca ' " . In ' opinion , this use of Wicca was explicitly in reference to the Craft , and therefore meant " that this spelling , along with ' Wiccan ' , was used by Cardell . " However , it is also possible that Bruce was referring to " the Wicca " as " a community of Pagan Witches " , in which case it would be a of Gardner 's " the Wica " . - - = = = The emergence of Wicca : 1962 – 1970 = = = - - The term Wicca appears to have developed within the Pagan Witchcraft community during the early 1960s , as increasing numbers of Pagan Witches learned of the Old English term wicca , the etymological origin of the Modern term witch . This etymological fact had been referred to five times in Gerald Gardner 's book The Meaning of Witchcraft ( 1959 ) , as well as in other early texts propagating Pagan Witchcraft , such as 's Where Witchcraft Lives ( 1962 ) and Glass ' Witchcraft , The Sixth – and Us ( 1965 ) . None of these specifically referred to the Pagan Witchcraft religion as Wicca . - The earliest known published reference for the word Wicca is within an advertisement published in a 1962 issue of Fate magazine ; in this , a Cardiff @-@ based group of Pagan Witches advertised a tradition as " Wicca – and " . The advert may have been linked to Charles and Mary Cardell because Mary was allegedly born in Wales and Witchcraft had apparently venerated a goddess under the name of Diana . However , many Pagan Witchcraft groups would have adopted the deity name Diana and , these being the goddesses featured in the American Charles 's supposed account of a witch tradition , , or the Gospel of the Witches ( 1899 ) . Another early use could be found from December 1965 , in the penultimate issue of Pentagram , the of the Witchcraft Research Association . Here , a small column on Halloween made reference to " the Craft of the Wiccan " , apparently referring to the entire Pagan Witchcraft community . The author 's name was not printed , although it had probably been produced by one of the figures involved in editing Pentagram , such as Gerard Noel or . In July 1968 , a group of British began publishing a magazine titled The Wiccan , while Gavin Frost founded the Church of Wicca in the United States that same year . - In the 1960s , the Gardnerian initiate Alex Sanders founded his own tradition , which became known as Alexandrian Wicca ; he used the terms Wicca and the Wicca in reference to the entire Pagan Witchcraft religion . One of Sanders ' initiates , Stewart Farrar , describes Wicca as " the witches ' name for their Craft " in his book What Witches Do ( 1971 ) . The widespread adoption of Wicca in reference to Pagan Witchcraft would have brought benefits to its practitioners , who were widely maligned and faced persecution for their practice of witchcraft ; an emotive term often associated with that had negative connotations in the Western imagination . Doyle White argued that the practitioners ' presentation of themselves as rather than witches removed some of the social stigma that they faced . - - = = = = - - - = = = in North America : 1970 – 1990 = = = - - From 1970 onward , increasing numbers of books teaching readers how to become Pagan Witches were published ; the earliest was Paul 's Witchcraft ( 1970 ) , which made no reference to Wicca . This was followed by Raymond Buckland 's The Tree : The Complete Book of Saxon Witchcraft , in which he his newly developed tradition of @-@ Wica ; utilising Wica as the name of the tradition , he also referenced the Wicca as the name of the religion as a whole . Contrastingly , during the 1970s the term Wicca was rejected by feminist Pagan Witchcraft groups in the United States , in particular the tradition ; the term does not appear in the early works of Budapest and , although the latter would adopt it by the 21st century . - This was part of a phenomenon that took place during the 1970s and 1980s , as the term Wicca became increasingly associated purely with and ( together known as British Traditional Wicca in North America ) , rather than with other variants of Pagan Witchcraft . This was encouraged by elements within the Gardnerian and Alexandrian communities who wished to emphasise what they perceived as their special position within the Pagan community . The word Wicca first appeared in a book title in 1981 as Wicca : The Ancient Way ; written by @-@ , @-@ and Mer @-@ Amun and published in Canada . It discussed a Gardnerian @-@ based tradition . - - = = = Increasing popularisation and reaction : 1990 – 2010 = = = - - In ensuing years , many other authors would publish books containing Wicca in their titles which advocated solitary practice of Pagan Witchcraft ; best known were Scott Cunningham 's Wicca : A Guide for the ( 1988 ) and Silver RavenWolf 's Teen Witch : Wicca for a New Generation ( 1998 ) , but other examples included 's The Wicca Garden ( 1996 ) , D. J. Conway 's Wicca : The Complete Craft ( 2001 ) , Raymond Buckland 's Wicca for Life ( 2004 ) and Wicca for One ( 2004 ) , Murphy @-@ 's Wicca for Life ( 2005 ) and Ann @-@ Marie Gallagher 's The Wicca Bible ( 2005 ) . It was also adopted by American novelist as the title of her series of young adult novels . - The term Wicca was employed in an increasingly eclectic manner by authors like RavenWolf , who considered it to be a synonym for witchcraft . In turn it began to be adopted on a wider scale , being popularised in India by Roy and being adopted by a French group , Le Wicca Française . Becoming widely known in western popular culture , it was utilised by the script writers of two popular American television shows , Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Charmed ; the first episode of the latter was titled " Something Wicca This Way Comes " while the tenth was titled " Wicca " . - against the increasingly inclusive use of the term were Pagan Witches who instead characterised their practices as forms of Traditional Witchcraft . Many Pagan Witches who considered themselves to be Traditional Witches exhibited an us @-@ and @-@ them mentality against and allied traditions , for whom they reserved the term Wicca . Doyle White suggests that they had done so in order to distance themselves from the increasing influence of the New Age movement over the Wiccan mainstream with its " emphasis on white light " , instead embracing the traditional European view that associated witchcraft with darkness . Historian Ronald Hutton states that he knew of three Wiccan founded in the 1980s who began to describe themselves as Traditional Witches in the 1990s . - - = = = = = = - - - - = Bob Dylan = - - Bob Dylan ( / / ; born Robert Allen Zimmerman , May 24 , 1941 ) is an American singer @-@ songwriter , artist and writer . He has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades . Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when his songs chronicled social unrest , although Dylan repudiated suggestions from journalists that he was a spokesman for his generation . Nevertheless , early songs such as " Blowin ' in the Wind " and " The Times They Are a @-@ ' " became anthems for the American civil rights and anti @-@ war movements . After he left his initial base in the American folk music revival , his six @-@ minute single " Like a Rolling Stone " altered the range of popular music in 1965 . His mid @-@ 1960s recordings , backed by rock musicians , reached the top end of the United States music charts while also attracting and criticism from others in the folk movement . - Dylan 's lyrics have incorporated various political , social , philosophical , and literary influences . They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture . Initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie , Robert Johnson , and Hank Williams , Dylan has amplified and musical genres . His recording career , spanning more than 50 years , has explored the traditions in American song — from folk , blues , and country to gospel , rock and roll , and rockabilly to English , Scottish , and Irish folk music , embracing even jazz and the Great American Songbook . Dylan performs with guitar , keyboards , and harmonica . Backed by a changing lineup of musicians , he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour . His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career , but songwriting is considered his greatest contribution . - Since 1994 , Dylan has published six books of drawings and paintings , and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries . As a musician , Dylan has sold more than 100 million records , making him one of the best @-@ selling artists of all time . He has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , and an Academy Award . Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Minnesota Music Hall of Fame , Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame , and Songwriters Hall of Fame . The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a special citation for " his profound impact on popular music and American culture , marked by lyrical compositions of extraordinary poetic power . " In May 2012 , Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama . - - = = Life and career = = - - - = = = Origins and musical beginnings = = = - - Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman ( Hebrew name [ Shabtai ben ] ) in St Mary 's Hospital on May 24 , 1941 , in Duluth , Minnesota , and raised in Hibbing , Minnesota , on the Range west of Lake Superior . He has a younger brother , David . Dylan 's paternal grandparents , and Anna Zimmerman , emigrated from Odessa , in the Russian Empire ( now Ukraine ) , to the United States following the anti @-@ Semitic of 1905 . His maternal grandparents , Ben and Florence Stone , were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902 . In his autobiography , Chronicles : Volume One , Dylan wrote that his paternal grandmother 's maiden name was and her family originated from district of Province in northeastern Turkey . - Dylan 's parents , Zimmerman and " Beatty " Stone , were part of a small but close @-@ knit Jewish community . They lived in Duluth until Robert was six , when his father had and the family returned to his mother 's hometown , Hibbing , where they lived for the rest of Robert 's childhood . In his early years he listened to the radio — first to blues and country stations from Shreveport , Louisiana and later , when he was a teenager , to rock and roll . He formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School . In the Golden , he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and Elvis Presley . Their performance of Danny & the Juniors ' " Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay " at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone . In 1959 , his high school carried the caption " Robert Zimmerman : to join ' Little Richard ' . " The same year , as [ sic ] , he performed two dates with Bobby , playing piano and clapping . - Zimmerman moved to Minneapolis in September 1959 and enrolled at the University of Minnesota . His focus on rock and roll gave way to American folk music . In 1985 , he said : - The thing about rock 'n'roll is that for me anyway it wasn 't enough ... There were great catch @-@ phrases and driving pulse rhythms ... but the songs weren 't serious or didn 't reflect life in a realistic way . I knew that when I got into folk music , it was more of a serious type of thing . The songs are filled with more despair , more sadness , more triumph , more faith in the supernatural , much deeper feelings . - He began to perform at the Ten O Scholar , a coffeehouse a few blocks from campus , and became involved in the folk music circuit . - During his days , Zimmerman began introducing himself as " Bob Dylan " . In his memoir , Dylan acknowledged that he had been influenced by the poetry of Dylan Thomas . Explaining his change of name in a 2004 interview , Dylan remarked , " You 're born , you know , the wrong names , wrong parents . I mean , that happens . You call yourself what you want to call yourself . This is the land of the free . " - - = = = 1960s = = = - - - = = = = to New York and record deal = = = = - - In May 1960 , Dylan dropped out of college at the end of his first year . In January 1961 , he traveled to New York City , to perform there and visit his musical idol Woody Guthrie , who was seriously ill with Huntington 's disease in Park Hospital . Guthrie had been a revelation to Dylan and influenced his early performances . Describing Guthrie 's impact , he wrote : " The songs themselves had the infinite sweep of humanity in them ... [ He ] was the true voice of the American spirit . I said to myself I was going to be Guthrie 's greatest disciple . " As well as visiting Guthrie in hospital , Dylan befriended Guthrie 's Ramblin ' Jack Elliott . Much of Guthrie 's repertoire was channeled through Elliott , and Dylan paid tribute to Elliott in Chronicles : Volume One . - From February 1961 , Dylan played at clubs around Greenwich Village . He befriended and picked up material from folk singers there , including Dave Van Ronk , Fred Neil , , the New Lost City , and Irish musicians the Clancy Brothers and Tommy . In September , Dylan gained public recognition when Robert Shelton wrote a review in The New York Times of a show at 's Folk City . The same month Dylan played harmonica on folk singer Carolyn 's third album , which brought his talents to the attention of the album 's producer , John Hammond . Hammond signed Dylan to Columbia Records in October . The performances on his first Columbia album — Bob Dylan — in March 1962 , consisted of familiar folk , blues and gospel with two original compositions . The album sold only 5 @,@ 000 in its first year , just enough to break even . Within Columbia Records , some referred to the singer as " Hammond 's " and suggested dropping his contract , but Hammond defended Dylan and was supported by Johnny Cash . In March 1962 , Dylan contributed harmonica and back @-@ up vocals to the album Three Kings and the Queen , accompanying Victoria Spivey and Big Joe Williams on a recording for Spivey Records . While working for Columbia , Dylan recorded under the pseudonym Blind Boy , for , a folk magazine and record label . Dylan used the pseudonym Bob to record as a piano player on The Blues Project , a 1964 anthology album by Records . As , Dylan played harmonica on Ramblin ' Jack Elliott 's 1964 album , Jack Elliott . - Dylan made two important career moves in August 1962 : he legally changed his name to Robert Dylan , and he signed a management contract with Albert Grossman . ( In June 1961 , Dylan had signed an agreement with Roy Silver . In 1962 , Grossman paid Silver $ 10 @,@ 000 to become sole manager . ) Grossman remained Dylan 's manager until 1970 , and was notable for his sometimes personality and for protective loyalty . Dylan said , " He was kind of like a Colonel Tom Parker figure ... you could smell him coming . " Tensions between Grossman and John Hammond led to Hammond 's being replaced as producer of Dylan 's second album by the young African @-@ American jazz producer , Tom Wilson . - Dylan made his first trip to the United Kingdom from December 1962 to January 1963 . He had been invited by TV director Philip Saville to appear in a drama , on Castle Street , which Saville was directing for BBC Television . At the end of the play , Dylan performed " Blowin ' in the Wind " , one of its first public performances . The film recording of on Castle Street was destroyed by the BBC in 1968 . While in London , Dylan performed at London folk clubs , including the , Les , and . He also learned material from UK performers , including Martin . - By the time of Dylan 's second album , The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan , in May 1963 , he had begun to make his name as a singer and a songwriter . Many songs on this album were labeled protest songs , inspired partly by Guthrie and influenced by Pete Seeger 's passion for topical songs . " Oxford Town " , for example , was an account of James Meredith 's ordeal as the first black student to risk enrollment at the University of Mississippi . - The first song on the Freewheelin ' album , " Blowin ' in the Wind " , partly derived its melody from the traditional slave song , " No More Auction Block " , while its lyrics questioned the social and political status . The song was widely recorded by other artists and became a hit for Peter , Paul and Mary . Another Freewheelin ' song , " A Hard Rain 's a @-@ Gonna Fall " was based on the folk ballad " Lord Randall " . With veiled references to an impending , the song gained more resonance when the Cuban Missile Crisis developed a few weeks after Dylan began performing it . Like " Blowin ' in the Wind " , " A Hard Rain 's a @-@ Gonna Fall " marked a new direction in songwriting , blending a stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness , lyrical attack with traditional folk form . - Dylan 's topical songs enhanced his early reputation , and he came to be seen as more than just a songwriter . Janet Maslin wrote of Freewheelin ' : " These were the songs that established [ Dylan ] as the voice of his generation — someone who implicitly understood how concerned young Americans felt about nuclear and the growing movement for civil rights : his mixture of moral authority and was perhaps the most timely of his attributes . " Freewheelin ' also included love songs and surreal talking blues . was an important part of Dylan 's persona , and the range of material on the album impressed listeners , including The Beatles . George Harrison said of the album , " We just played it , just wore it out . The content of the song lyrics and just the attitude — it was incredibly original and wonderful . " - The rough edge of Dylan 's singing was unsettling to some but an attraction to others . Joyce Carol Oates wrote : " When we first heard this raw , very young , and seemingly untrained voice , nasal , as if could sing , the effect was dramatic and . " Many early songs reached the public through more palatable versions by other performers , such as Joan Baez , who became Dylan 's advocate as well as his lover . Baez was influential in bringing Dylan to prominence by recording several of his early songs and inviting him on stage during her concerts . - Others who had hits with Dylan 's songs in the early 1960s included the Byrds , Sonny & , the , Peter , Paul and Mary , the Association , Manfred Mann and the Turtles . Most attempted a pop feel and rhythm , while Dylan and Baez performed them mostly as sparse folk songs . The covers became so ubiquitous that CBS promoted him with the slogan " Nobody Sings Dylan Like Dylan . " - " Mixed @-@ Up Confusion " , recorded during the Freewheelin ' sessions with a backing band , was released as a single and then quickly withdrawn . In contrast to the mostly solo acoustic performances on the album , the single showed a willingness to experiment with a rockabilly sound . Cameron Crowe described it as " a fascinating look at a folk artist with his mind wandering towards Elvis Presley and Sun Records . " - - = = = = and Another Side = = = = - - In May 1963 , Dylan 's political profile rose when he walked out of The Ed Sullivan Show . During rehearsals , Dylan had been told by CBS television 's head of program practices that " ' John Birch Blues " was potentially to the John Birch Society . Rather than comply with censorship , Dylan refused to appear . - By this time , Dylan and Baez were prominent in the civil rights movement , singing together at the March on Washington on August 28 , 1963 . Dylan 's third album , The Times They Are a @-@ ' , reflected a more and cynical Dylan . The songs often took as their subject matter contemporary stories , with " Only A In Their Game " addressing the murder of civil rights worker Evers ; and the " The Death of Carroll " the death of black hotel Carroll , at the hands of young white William . On a more general theme , " Ballad of Hollis Brown " and " North Country Blues " addressed despair engendered by the breakdown of farming and mining communities . This political material was accompanied by two personal love songs , " Boots of Spanish " and " One Too Many " . - By the end of 1963 , Dylan felt both manipulated and constrained by the folk and protest movements . Accepting the " Tom Award " from the National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee shortly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , an intoxicated Dylan questioned the role of the committee , characterized the members as old and , and claimed to see something of himself and of every man in Kennedy 's assassin , Lee Harvey Oswald . - Another Side of Bob Dylan , recorded on a single evening in June 1964 , had a lighter mood . The humorous Dylan on " I Be Free No. 10 " and " Nightmare " . " Spanish Harlem Incident " and " To " are passionate love songs , while " Black Crow Blues " and " I Don 't Believe You ( She Acts Like We Never Have Met ) " suggest the rock and roll soon to dominate Dylan 's music . " It Ain 't Me Babe " , on the surface a song about love , has been described as a rejection of the role of political spokesman thrust upon him . His newest direction was signaled by two lengthy songs : the " of Freedom " , which sets social commentary against a metaphorical landscape in a style characterized by Allen Ginsberg as " chains of flashing images , " and " My Back " , which attacks the simplistic and arch seriousness of his own earlier topical songs and seems to predict the backlash he was about to encounter from his former champions as he took a new direction . - In the latter half of 1964 and 1965 , Dylan moved from folk songwriter to folk @-@ rock pop @-@ music star . His and work shirts were replaced by a Street wardrobe , day or night , and pointed " boots " . A London reporter wrote : " Hair that would set the teeth of a comb on edge . A loud shirt that would dim the neon lights of Leicester Square . He looks like an . " Dylan began to spar with . Appearing on the Les Crane television show and asked about a movie he planned , he told Crane it would be a horror movie . Asked if he played the , Dylan replied , " No , I play my mother . " - - = = = = Going electric = = = = - - Dylan 's late March 1965 album Bringing It All Back Home was another leap , featuring his first recordings with electric instruments . The first single , " Blues " , owed much to Chuck Berry 's " Too Much Monkey Business " ; its free association lyrics described as back to the energy of beat poetry and as a forerunner of rap and hip @-@ hop . The song was provided with an early video , which opened D. A. Pennebaker 's presentation of Dylan 's 1965 tour of Great Britain , Dont Look Back . Instead of , Dylan illustrated the lyrics by throwing cue cards containing key words from the song on the ground . Pennebaker said the sequence was Dylan 's idea , and it has been imitated in music videos and advertisements . - The second side of Bringing It All Back Home contained four long songs on which Dylan accompanied himself on acoustic guitar and harmonica . " Mr. Man " became one of his best known songs when The Byrds recorded an electric version that reached number one in the US and UK . " It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue " and " It 's Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " were two of Dylan 's most important compositions . - In 1965 , heading the Newport Folk Festival , Dylan performed his first electric set since high school with a group mostly from the Paul Blues Band , featuring Mike ( guitar ) , Sam Lay ( drums ) and Jerome Arnold ( bass ) , plus Al Kooper ( organ ) and Barry Goldberg ( piano ) . Dylan had appeared at Newport in 1963 and 1964 , but in 1965 met with cheering and and left the stage after three songs . One version has it that the boos were from folk fans whom Dylan had alienated by appearing , unexpectedly , with an electric guitar . Murray Lerner , who filmed the performance , said : " I absolutely think that they were Dylan going electric . " An alternative account claims audience members were upset by poor sound and a short set . This account is supported by Kooper and one of the directors of the festival , who reports his recording proves the only boos were in reaction to the MC 's announcement that there was only enough time for a short set . - Nevertheless , Dylan 's performance provoked a hostile response from the folk music establishment . In the September issue of Sing Out ! , Ewan wrote : " Our traditional songs and ballads are the creations of extraordinarily talented artists working inside disciplines formulated over time ... ' But what of Bobby Dylan ? ' scream the outraged teenagers ... Only a completely non @-@ critical audience , nourished on the watery of pop music , could have fallen for such tenth @-@ rate . " On July 29 , four days after Newport , Dylan was back in the studio in New York , recording " 4th Street " . The lyrics contained images of vengeance and paranoia , and it has been interpreted as Dylan 's put @-@ down of former friends from the folk community — friends he had known in clubs along West 4th Street . - - = = = = Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde = = = = - - In July 1965 , the single " Like a Rolling Stone " peaked at two in the U.S. and at four in the UK charts . At over six minutes , the song altered what a pop single could convey . Bruce Springsteen , in his speech for Dylan 's inauguration into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , said that on first hearing the single , " that shot sounded like somebody 'd kicked open the door to your mind " . In 2004 and in 2011 , Rolling Stone listed it as number one of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . The song opened Dylan 's next album , Highway 61 Revisited , named after the road that led from Dylan 's Minnesota to the musical of New Orleans . The songs were in the same vein as the hit single , flavored by Mike 's blues guitar and Al Kooper 's organ riffs . " Row " , backed by acoustic guitar and understated bass , offers the sole exception , with Dylan alluding to figures in Western culture in a song described by Andy Gill as " an 11 @-@ minute epic of entropy , which takes the form of a @-@ esque parade of and featuring a huge cast of celebrated characters , some historical ( Einstein , ) , some biblical ( , Cain and ) , some fictional ( Ophelia , Romeo , Cinderella ) , some literary ( T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound ) , and some who fit into none of the above categories , notably Dr. and his dubious nurse . " - In support of the album , Dylan was booked for two U.S. concerts with Al Kooper and Harvey Brooks from his studio crew and Robbie Robertson and Levon Helm , former members of Ronnie Hawkins 's backing band the Hawks . On August 28 at Forest Hills Tennis Stadium , the group was heckled by an audience still annoyed by Dylan 's electric sound . The band 's reception on September 3 at the Hollywood Bowl was more favorable . - From September 24 , 1965 , in Austin , Texas , Dylan toured the U.S. and Canada for six months , backed by the five musicians from the Hawks who became known as the Band . While Dylan and the Hawks met increasingly receptive audiences , their studio efforts . Producer Bob Johnston persuaded Dylan to record in Nashville in February 1966 , and surrounded him with top @-@ notch session men . At Dylan 's insistence , Robertson and Kooper came from New York City to play on the sessions . The Nashville sessions produced the double album Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) , featuring what Dylan called " that thin wild mercury sound " . Kooper described it as " taking two cultures and them together with a huge explosion " : the musical world of Nashville and the world of the " quintessential New York " Bob Dylan . - On November 22 , 1965 , Dylan secretly married 25 @-@ year @-@ old former model Sara Lownds . Some of Dylan 's friends , including Ramblin ' Jack Elliott , say that , immediately after the event , Dylan denied he was married . Journalist made the news public in the New York Post in February 1966 with the headline " ! Bob Dylan is wed . " - Dylan toured Australia and Europe in April and May 1966 . Each show was split in two . Dylan performed solo during the first half , accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and harmonica . In the second , backed by the Hawks , he played electrically amplified music . This contrast provoked many fans , who and slow . The tour culminated in a confrontation between Dylan and his audience at the Manchester Free Trade Hall in England on May 17 , 1966 . A recording of this concert was released in 1998 : The Bootleg Series Vol . 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 . At the climax of the evening , a member of the audience , angered by Dylan 's electric backing , shouted : " Judas ! " to which Dylan responded , " I don 't believe you ... You 're a ! " Dylan turned to his band and said , " Play it fucking loud ! " as they launched into the final song of the night — " Like a Rolling Stone " . - During his 1966 tour , Dylan was described as exhausted and acting " as if on a death trip " . D. A. Pennebaker , the film maker accompanying the tour , described Dylan as " taking a lot of and who @-@ knows @-@ what @-@ else . " In a 1969 interview with , Dylan said , " I was on the road for almost five years . It wore me down . I was on drugs , a lot of things ... just to keep going , you know ? " In 2011 , BBC Radio 4 reported that , in an interview that Robert Shelton taped in 1966 , Dylan said he had kicked heroin in New York City : " I got very , very strung out for a while ... I had about a $ 25 @-@ a @-@ day habit and I kicked it . " Some journalists questioned the validity of this confession , pointing out that Dylan had " been telling journalists wild lies about his past since the earliest days of his career . " - - = = = = accident and = = = = - - After his tour , Dylan returned to New York , but the pressures increased . ABC Television had paid an advance for a TV show . His publisher , Macmillan , was demanding a manuscript of the poem / novel . Manager Albert Grossman had scheduled a concert tour for the latter part of the year . - On July 29 , 1966 , Dylan crashed his Triumph Tiger 100 motorcycle near his home in Woodstock , New York and was thrown to the ground . Though the extent of his injuries was never disclosed , Dylan said that he broke several vertebrae in his neck . still surrounds the circumstances of the accident since no ambulance was called to the scene and Dylan was not hospitalized . Dylan 's biographers have written that the crash offered Dylan the chance to escape the pressures around him . Dylan confirmed this interpretation in his autobiography : " I had been in a motorcycle accident and I 'd been hurt , but I recovered . Truth was that I wanted to get out of the rat race . " Dylan withdrew from public and , apart from a few appearances , did not tour again for almost eight years . - Once Dylan was well enough to resume creative work , he began to edit D. A. Pennebaker 's film of his 1966 tour . A rough cut was shown to ABC Television and rejected as incomprehensible to a mainstream audience . The film was subsequently titled Eat the on bootleg copies , and it has been screened at a handful of film festivals . In 1967 he began recording with the Hawks at his home and in the basement of the Hawks ' nearby house , " Big Pink " . These songs , initially demos for other artists to record , provided hits for Julie and the Brian Trinity ( " This Wheel 's on Fire " ) , The Byrds ( " You Ain 't ' Nowhere " , " Nothing Was " ) , and Manfred Mann ( " Mighty Quinn " ) . Columbia released selections in 1975 as The Basement Tapes . Over the years , more songs recorded by Dylan and his band in 1967 appeared on bootleg recordings , culminating in a five @-@ CD set titled The Genuine Basement Tapes , containing 107 songs and alternative takes . In the coming months , the Hawks recorded the album Music from Big Pink using songs they worked on in their basement in Woodstock , and renamed themselves the Band , beginning a long recording and performing career of their own . - In October and November 1967 , Dylan returned to Nashville . Back in the studio after 19 months , he was accompanied by Charlie McCoy on bass , Kenny on drums , and Pete Drake on steel guitar . The result was John Wesley Harding , a contemplative record of shorter songs , set in a landscape that drew on the American West and the Bible . The sparse structure and instrumentation , with lyrics that took the @-@ Christian tradition seriously , departed from Dylan 's own work and from the psychedelic fervor of the 1960s . It included " All Along the " , with lyrics derived from the Book of Isaiah ( 21 : 5 – 9 ) . The song was later recorded by Jimi Hendrix , whose version Dylan acknowledged as definitive . Woody Guthrie died on October 3 , 1967 , and Dylan made his first live appearance in twenty months at a Guthrie memorial concert held at Carnegie Hall on January 20 , 1968 , where he was backed by the Band . - Dylan 's next release , Nashville ( 1969 ) , was mainstream country featuring Nashville musicians , a mellow @-@ voiced Dylan , a duet with Johnny Cash , and the hit single " Lay Lady Lay " . Variety wrote , " Dylan is definitely doing something that can be called singing . Somehow he has managed to add an octave to his range . " Dylan and Cash also recorded a series of duets , but only their recording of Dylan 's " Girl from the North Country " was used on the album . - In May 1969 , Dylan appeared on the first episode of Johnny Cash 's television show , with Cash on " Girl from the North Country " , " I It All Away " , and " Living the Blues " . Dylan next traveled to England to top the bill at the Isle of Wight festival on August 31 , 1969 , after rejecting overtures to appear at the Woodstock Festival closer to his home . - - = = = 1970s = = = - - In the early 1970s , critics charged that Dylan 's output was varied and unpredictable . Rolling Stone writer Greil Marcus asked " What is this shit ? " on first listening to Self Portrait , released in June 1970 . Self Portrait , a double LP including few original songs , was poorly received . In October 1970 , Dylan released New Morning , considered a return to form . This album included " Day of the " , a song in which Dylan gave an account of receiving an honorary degree from Princeton University on June 9 , 1970 . In November 1968 , Dylan had co @-@ written " I 'd Have You " with George Harrison ; Harrison recorded " I 'd Have You " and Dylan 's " If Not for You " for his 1970 solo triple album All Things Must Pass . Dylan 's surprise appearance at Harrison 's 1971 Concert for Bangladesh attracted media coverage , reflecting that Dylan 's live appearances had become rare . - Between March 16 and 19 , 1971 , Dylan reserved three days at Blue Rock , a small studio in Greenwich Village to record with Leon Russell . These sessions resulted in " the River Flow " and a new recording of " When I My " . On November 4 , 1971 , Dylan recorded " George Jackson " , which he released a week later . For many , the single was a surprising return to protest material , mourning the killing of Black Panther George Jackson in San Quentin State Prison that year . Dylan contributed piano and harmony to Steve Goodman 's album , Somebody Else 's Troubles , under the pseudonym Robert Thomas in September 1972 . - In 1972 , Dylan signed to Sam Peckinpah 's film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , providing songs and backing music for the movie , and playing " " , a member of Billy 's gang with some historical basis . Despite the film 's failure at the box office , the song " ' on Heaven 's " became one of Dylan 's most covered songs . - - = = = = Return to touring = = = = - - Dylan began 1973 by signing with a new label , David Geffen 's Asylum Records , when his contract with Columbia Records expired . On his next album , Planet Waves , he used the Band as backing group , while rehearsing for a tour . The album included two versions of " Forever Young " , which became one of his most popular songs . As one critic described it , the song projected " something and heartfelt that spoke of the father in Dylan " , and Dylan himself commented : " I wrote it thinking about one of my boys and not wanting to be too sentimental . " - Columbia Records simultaneously released Dylan , a collection of studio outtakes ( almost exclusively covers ) , widely interpreted as a response to Dylan 's signing with a rival record label . In January 1974 , Dylan returned to touring after seven years ; backed by the Band , he embarked on a North American tour of 40 concerts . A live double album , Before the Flood , was on Asylum Records . Soon , according to Clive Davis , Columbia Records sent word they " will spare nothing to bring Dylan back into the fold " . Dylan had second thoughts about Asylum , that while there had been millions of ticket requests for the 1974 tour , Geffen had sold only 700 @,@ 000 copies of Planet Waves . Dylan returned to Columbia Records , which reissued his two Asylum albums . - After the tour , Dylan and his wife became estranged . He filled a small red notebook with songs about relationships and , and recorded an album entitled Blood on the Tracks in September 1974 . Dylan delayed the release and re @-@ recorded half the songs at Sound 80 Studios in Minneapolis with production assistance from his brother , David Zimmerman . - Released in early 1975 , Blood on the Tracks received mixed reviews . In the NME , Nick Kent described " the [ as ] often so they sound like mere practice takes . " In Rolling Stone , Jon wrote that " the record has been made with typical . " Over the years critics came to see it as one of Dylan 's greatest achievements . In , Bill Wyman wrote : " Blood on the Tracks is his only flawless album and his best produced ; the songs , each of them , are constructed in disciplined fashion . It is his album and most dismayed , and seems in to have achieved a sublime balance between the @-@ plagued excesses of his mid @-@ 1960s output and the self @-@ consciously simple compositions of his post @-@ accident years . " Rick Moody called it " the , most honest account of a love affair from tip to stern ever put down on magnetic tape . " - In the middle of that year , Dylan wrote a ballad boxer Rubin " Hurricane " Carter , imprisoned for a triple murder in Paterson , New Jersey , in 1966 . After visiting Carter in jail , Dylan wrote " Hurricane " , presenting the case for Carter 's innocence . Despite its length — over eight minutes — the song was released as a single , peaking at 33 on the U.S. Billboard chart , and performed at every 1975 date of Dylan 's next tour , the Rolling Thunder Revue . The tour featured about one hundred performers and supporters from the Greenwich Village folk scene , including T @-@ Bone , Ramblin ' Jack Elliott , Joni Mitchell , David Mansfield , Roger , Mick , Joan Baez , and Scarlet Rivera , whom Dylan discovered walking down the street , her violin case on her back . Allen Ginsberg accompanied the troupe , staging scenes for the film Dylan was shooting . Sam Shepard was hired to write the screenplay , but ended up accompanying the tour as informal chronicler . - Running through late 1975 and again through early 1976 , the tour encompassed the release of the album Desire , with many of Dylan 's new songs featuring a @-@ like narrative style , showing the influence of his new collaborator , playwright Jacques Levy . The 1976 half of the tour was documented by a TV concert special , Hard Rain , and the LP Hard Rain ; no concert album from the better @-@ received and better @-@ known opening half of the tour was released until 2002 's Live 1975 . - The 1975 tour with the Revue provided the backdrop to Dylan 's nearly four @-@ hour film and , a sprawling narrative mixed with concert footage and . Released in 1978 , the movie received poor , sometimes scathing , reviews . Later in that year , a two @-@ hour edit , dominated by the concert performances , was more widely released . - In November 1976 , Dylan appeared at the Band 's " farewell " concert , with Eric Clapton , Joni Mitchell , Waters , Van Morrison and Neil Young . Martin Scorsese 's cinematic chronicle , The Last , in 1978 included about half of Dylan 's set . In 1976 , Dylan wrote and on " Sign Language " for Eric Clapton 's No Reason To . - In 1978 , Dylan embarked on a year @-@ long world tour , performing 114 shows in Japan , the Far East , Europe and the US , to a total audience of two million . Dylan assembled an eight piece band and three backing singers . Concerts in Tokyo in February and March were released as the live double album , Bob Dylan At Budokan . Reviews were mixed . Robert Christgau awarded the album a C + rating , giving the album a review , while Janet Maslin defended it in Rolling Stone , writing : " These latest live versions of his old songs have the effect of liberating Bob Dylan from the originals . " When Dylan brought the tour to the U.S. in September 1978 , the press described the look and sound as a ' Las Vegas Tour ' . The 1978 tour grossed more than $ 20 million , and Dylan told the Los Angeles Times that he had debts because " I had a couple of bad years . I put a lot of money into the movie , built a big house ... and it costs a lot to get divorced in California . " - In April and May 1978 , Dylan took the same band and vocalists into Studios in Santa Monica , California , to record an album of new material : Street @-@ Legal . It was described by Michael Gray as , " after Blood On The Tracks , arguably Dylan 's best record of the 1970s : a crucial album documenting a crucial period in Dylan 's own life " . However , it had poor sound and mixing ( attributed to Dylan 's studio practices ) , the instrumental detail until a remastered CD release in 1999 restored some of the songs ' strengths . - - = = = = Christian period = = = = - - In the late 1970s , Dylan became a born again Christian and released two albums of contemporary gospel music . Slow Train Coming ( 1979 ) featured the guitar accompaniment of Mark ( of Dire Straits ) and was produced by veteran R & B producer Jerry . said that Dylan had tried to him during the recording . He replied : " Bob , you 're dealing with a 62 @-@ year @-@ old Jewish . Let 's just make an album . " Dylan won the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for the song " Gotta Serve Somebody " . His second Christian @-@ themed album , Saved ( 1980 ) , received mixed reviews , described by Michael Gray as " the nearest thing to a follow @-@ up album Dylan has ever made , Slow Train Coming II and inferior " When touring in late 1979 and early 1980 , Dylan would not play his older , secular works , and he delivered declarations of his faith from the stage , such as : - Years ago they ... said I was a prophet . I used to say , " No I 'm not a prophet " they say " Yes you are , you 're a prophet . " I said , " No it 's not me . " They used to say " You sure are a prophet . " They used to convince me I was a prophet . Now I come out and say Jesus Christ is the answer . They say , " Bob Dylan 's no prophet . " They just can 't handle it . - Dylan 's Christianity was unpopular with some fans and musicians . Shortly before his murder , John Lennon recorded " Serve Yourself " in response to Dylan 's " Gotta Serve Somebody " . By 1981 , Stephen Holden wrote in the New York Times that " neither age ( he 's now 40 ) nor his much @-@ publicized conversion to born @-@ again Christianity has altered his essentially temperament . " - - = = = 1980s = = = - - In late 1980 , Dylan briefly played concerts billed as " A Musical " , restoring popular 1960s songs to the repertoire . Shot of Love , recorded early the next year , featured his first secular compositions in more than two years , mixed with Christian songs . " Every Grain of Sand " reminded some of William Blake 's verses . - In the 1980s , reception of Dylan 's recordings varied , from the well @-@ regarded in 1983 to the panned Down in the Groove in 1988 . Michael Gray condemned Dylan 's 1980s albums for in the studio and for failing to release his best songs . As an example of the latter , the recording sessions , which again employed on lead guitar and also as the album 's producer , resulted in several notable songs that Dylan left off the album . Best regarded of these were " Blind Willie " , a tribute to the dead blues musician and an evocation of African American history , " Foot of Pride " and " Lord My Child " . These three songs were released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 ( Rare & ) 1961 – 1991 . - Between July 1984 and March 1985 , Dylan recorded Empire . Arthur Baker , who had remixed hits for Bruce Springsteen and , was asked to engineer and mix the album . Baker said he felt he was hired to make Dylan 's album sound " a little bit more contemporary " . - Dylan sang on USA for Africa 's famine relief single " We Are the World " . On July 13 , 1985 , he appeared at the climax at the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium , Philadelphia . Backed by Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood , he performed a ragged version of " Hollis Brown " , his ballad of rural poverty , and then said to the worldwide audience exceeding one billion people : " I hope that some of the money ... maybe they can just take a little bit of it , maybe ... one or two million , maybe ... and use it to pay the on some of the farms and , the farmers here , owe to the banks . " His remarks were widely criticized as inappropriate , but they did inspire Willie Nelson to organize a series of events , Farm Aid , to benefit debt @-@ ridden American farmers . - In April 1986 , Dylan made a foray into rap music when he added vocals to the opening verse of " Street Rock " , featured on Blow 's album Kingdom Blow . Dylan 's next studio album , Out , in July 1986 contained three covers ( by Little Junior Parker , Kris and the gospel hymn " Memories " ) , plus three collaborations with ( Tom Petty , Sam Shepard and Bayer ) , and two solo compositions by Dylan . One reviewer commented that " the record follows too many detours to be consistently compelling , and some of those detours wind down roads that are indisputably dead ends . By 1986 , such uneven records weren 't entirely unexpected by Dylan , but that didn 't make them any less frustrating . " It was the first Dylan album since Freewheelin ' ( 1963 ) to fail to make the Top 50 . Since then , some critics have called the 11 @-@ minute epic that Dylan co @-@ wrote with Sam Shepard , " Girl " , a work of genius . - In 1986 and 1987 , Dylan toured with Tom Petty and the , sharing vocals with Petty on several songs each night . Dylan also toured with the Dead in 1987 , resulting in a live album Dylan & The Dead . This received negative reviews : Allmusic said , " Quite possibly the worst album by either Bob Dylan or the Dead . " Dylan then initiated what came to be called the Never Ending Tour on June 7 , 1988 , performing with a back @-@ up band featuring guitarist G. E. Smith . Dylan continued to tour with a small , evolving band for the next 20 years . - In 1987 , Dylan starred in Richard 's movie Hearts of Fire , in which he played Billy Parker , a washed @-@ up rock star turned chicken farmer whose teenage lover , ( Fiona ) , leaves him for a English synth @-@ pop sensation played by Rupert Everett . Dylan also contributed two original songs to the soundtrack — " Night After Night " , and " I Had a Dream About You , Baby " , as well as a cover of John 's " The " . The film was a critical and commercial flop . Dylan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1988 , with Bruce Springsteen 's introduction declaring , " Bob freed your mind the way Elvis freed your body . He showed us that just because music was physical did not mean that it was anti @-@ intellectual . - The album Down in the Groove in May 1988 sold even more unsuccessfully than his previous studio album . Michael Gray wrote : " The very title any idea that inspired work may lie within . Here was a further of the notion of a new Bob Dylan album as something significant . " The critical and commercial disappointment of that album was swiftly followed by the success of the Traveling Wilburys . Dylan co @-@ founded the band with George Harrison , Jeff , Roy , and Tom Petty , and in late 1988 their multi @-@ platinum Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1 reached three on the US album chart , featuring songs that were described as Dylan 's most accessible compositions in years . Despite 's death in December 1988 , the remaining four recorded a second album in May 1990 with the title Traveling Wilburys Vol . 3 . - Dylan finished the decade on a critical high note with Oh Mercy produced by Daniel Lanois . Michael Gray wrote that the album was : " written , vocally distinctive , musically warm , and professional , this cohesive whole is the nearest thing to a great Bob Dylan album in the 1980s . " The track " Most of the Time " , a lost love composition , was later prominently featured in the film High , while " What Was It You Wanted ? " has been interpreted both as a catechism and a comment on the expectations of critics and fans . The religious imagery of " Ring Them Bells " struck some critics as a re @-@ affirmation of faith . - - = = = 1990s = = = - - Dylan 's 1990s began with Under the Red Sky ( 1990 ) , an about @-@ face from the serious Oh Mercy . The album contained several apparently simple songs , including " Under the Red Sky " and " " . The album was dedicated to " Goo Goo " , a nickname for the daughter of Dylan and Carolyn Dennis , Desiree Gabrielle Dennis @-@ Dylan , who was four . on the album included George Harrison , Slash from Guns N ' Roses , David Crosby , Bruce , Stevie Ray Vaughan , and Elton John . Despite the line @-@ up , the record received bad reviews and sold poorly . - In 1991 , Dylan received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from American actor Jack Nicholson . The event coincided with the start of the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein , and Dylan performed " Masters of War " . Dylan then made a short speech , saying " My daddy once said to me , he said , ' Son , it is possible for you to become so in this world that your own mother and father will abandon you . If that happens , God will believe in your ability to your own ways . ' " This sentiment was subsequently revealed to be a quote from 19th @-@ century German Jewish intellectual , Rabbi Raphael . - The next few years saw Dylan returning to his roots with two albums covering folk and blues numbers : Good as I Been to You ( 1992 ) and World Gone Wrong ( 1993 ) , featuring interpretations and acoustic guitar work . Many critics and fans commented on the quiet beauty of the song " Lone Pilgrim " , written by a 19th @-@ century teacher . In November 1994 Dylan recorded two live shows for MTV Unplugged . He said his wish to perform traditional songs was overruled by Sony executives who insisted on hits . The album from it , MTV Unplugged , included " John Brown " , an unreleased 1962 song of how enthusiasm for war ends in mutilation and disillusionment . - Dylan 's longtime road manager Victor has claimed that the singer quit drinking alcohol in 1994 . felt that Dylan sobering up made him " more and a little less social . " - With a collection of songs reportedly written while @-@ in on his Minnesota , Dylan booked recording time with Daniel Lanois at Miami 's Studios in January 1997 . The subsequent recording sessions were , by some accounts , fraught with musical tension . Before the album 's release Dylan was hospitalized with a life @-@ threatening heart infection , , brought on by . His scheduled European tour was cancelled , but Dylan made a recovery and left the hospital saying , " I really thought I 'd be seeing Elvis soon . " He was back on the road by mid @-@ year , and performed before Pope John Paul II at the World Conference in Bologna , Italy . The Pope treated the audience of 200 @,@ 000 people to a based on Dylan 's lyric " Blowin ' in the Wind " . - September saw the release of the new Lanois @-@ produced album , Time Out of Mind . With its bitter assessment of love and , Dylan 's first collection of original songs in seven years was highly acclaimed . One critic wrote : " the songs themselves are uniformly powerful , adding up to Dylan 's best overall collection in years . " This collection of complex songs won him his first solo " Album of the Year " Grammy Award . - In December 1997 , U.S. President Bill Clinton presented Dylan with a Kennedy Center Honor in the East Room of the White House , paying this tribute : " He probably had more impact on people of my generation than any other creative artist . His voice and lyrics haven 't always been easy on the ear , but throughout his career Bob Dylan has never aimed to please . He 's disturbed the peace and the powerful . " - In 1999 , Dylan embarked on a North American tour with Paul Simon , where each alternated as headline act with a " middle " section where they performed together , starting on the first of June and ending September 18 . The collaboration was generally well @-@ received , with just one critic , Seth , from the Berkshire Eagle , questioning the collaboration . - - = = = 2000s = = = - - Dylan commenced the new millennium by winning the Polar Music Prize in May 2000 and his first Oscar ; his song " Things Have Changed " , written for the film Wonder Boys , won an Academy Award in March 2001 . The Oscar , by some reports a facsimile , tours with him , presiding over shows perched atop an amplifier . - " Love and Theft " was released on September 11 , 2001 . Recorded with his touring band , Dylan produced the album himself under the pseudonym Jack Frost . The album was critically well received and earned nominations for several Grammy awards . Critics noted that Dylan was widening his musical palette to include rockabilly , Western swing , jazz , and even lounge ballads . " Love and Theft " generated controversy when The Wall Street Journal pointed out similarities between the album 's lyrics and Japanese author Saga 's book Confessions of a . - In 2003 , Dylan revisited the evangelical songs from his " born again " period and participated in the CD project Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan . That year also saw the release of the film & Anonymous , which Dylan co @-@ wrote with director Larry Charles under the . Dylan played the central character in the film , Jack Fate , alongside a cast that included Jeff Bridges , Cruz and John Goodman . The film critics : many dismissed it as an " incoherent mess " ; a few treated it as a serious work of art . - In October 2004 , Dylan published the first part of his autobiography , Chronicles : Volume One . expectations , Dylan devoted three chapters to his first year in New York City in 1961 – 1962 , virtually ignoring the mid @-@ 1960s when his fame was at its height . He also devoted chapters to the albums New Morning ( 1970 ) and Oh Mercy ( 1989 ) . The book reached number two on The New York Times ' Hardcover Non @-@ Fiction best seller list in December 2004 and was nominated for a National Book Award . - No Direction Home , Martin Scorsese 's acclaimed film biography of Dylan , was first broadcast on September 26 – 27 , 2005 , on BBC Two in the UK and PBS in the US . The documentary focuses on the period from Dylan 's arrival in New York in 1961 to his motorcycle crash in 1966 , featuring interviews with , Liam Clancy , Joan Baez , Allen Ginsberg , Pete Seeger , Mavis Staples , and Dylan himself . The film received a Peabody Award in April 2006 and a Columbia @-@ Award in January 2007 . The accompanying soundtrack featured unreleased songs from Dylan 's early career . - Dylan earned yet another distinction in a 2007 study of US legal opinions and that found his lyrics were quoted by judges and lawyers more than those of any other songwriter , 186 times versus 74 by the Beatles , who were second . Among those quoting Dylan were US Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Antonin , both . The most widely cited lines included " you don 't need a to know which way the wind blows " from " Blues " and " when you ain 't got nothing , you got nothing to lose " from " Like a Rolling Stone " . - - = = = = Modern Times = = = = - - May 3 , 2006 , was the premiere of Dylan 's radio presenting career , hosting a weekly radio program , Theme Time Radio Hour , for Radio , with song selections revolving around a chosen theme . Dylan played classic and obscure records from the 1930s to the present day , including contemporary artists as diverse as , Prince , Cool J and the Streets . The show was praised by fans and critics as " great radio , " as Dylan told stories and made eclectic references with his sardonic humor , while achieving a thematic beauty with his musical choices . In April 2009 , Dylan broadcast the 100th show in his radio series ; the theme was " " and the final record played was Woody Guthrie 's " So Long , It 's Been Good to Know " . This has led to speculation that Dylan 's radio series may have ended . - On August 29 , 2006 , Dylan released his Modern Times album . Despite some of Dylan 's voice ( a critic for The Guardian characterised his singing on the album as " a death " ) most reviewers praised the album , and many described it as the final installment of a successful trilogy , embracing Time Out of Mind and " Love and Theft " . Modern Times entered the U.S. charts at number one , making it Dylan 's first album to reach that position since 1976 's Desire . The New York Times published an article exploring similarities between some of Dylan 's lyrics in Modern Times and the work of the Civil War poet Henry . - for three Grammy Awards , Modern Times won Best Contemporary Folk / Album and Bob Dylan also won Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for " Baby " . Modern Times was named Album of the Year , 2006 , by Rolling Stone magazine , and by Uncut in the UK . On the same day that Modern Times was released the iTunes Music Store released Bob Dylan : The Collection , a digital box set containing all of his albums ( tracks in total ) , along with 42 rare and unreleased tracks . - In August 2007 , the award @-@ winning film biography of Dylan I 'm Not There , written and directed by Todd Haynes , was released — bearing the tagline " inspired by the music and many lives of Bob Dylan " . The movie used six different actors to represent different aspects of Dylan 's life : Christian , , Marcus Carl Franklin , Richard , Heath Ledger and Ben . Dylan 's previously unreleased 1967 recording from which the film takes its name was released for the first time on the film 's original soundtrack ; all other tracks are covers of Dylan songs , specially recorded for the movie by a diverse range of artists , including Sonic Youth , Eddie , Mason Jennings , Stephen , Jeff , Karen O , Willie Nelson , Cat Power , Richie , and Tom . - On October 1 , 2007 , Columbia Records released the triple CD retrospective album Dylan , his entire career under the Dylan 07 logo . As part of this campaign , Mark produced a re @-@ mix of Dylan 's 1966 tune " Most You Go Your Way and I 'll Go Mine " , which was released as a @-@ single . This was the first time Dylan had sanctioned a re @-@ mix of one of his classic recordings . - The of the Dylan 07 marketing campaign was a reminder that Dylan 's commercial profile had risen considerably since the 1990s . This first became evident in 2004 , when Dylan appeared in a TV advertisement for Victoria 's Secret lingerie . Three years later , in October 2007 , he participated in a multi @-@ media campaign for the 2008 . Then , in 2009 , he gave the highest profile endorsement of his career , appearing with rapper in a Pepsi ad that debuted during the telecast of Super Bowl . The ad , broadcast to a record audience of 98 million viewers , opened with Dylan singing the first verse of " Forever Young " followed by doing a hip hop version of the song 's third and final verse . - In October 2008 , Columbia released The Bootleg Series Vol . 8 – Tell Tale Signs as both a two @-@ CD set and a three @-@ CD version with a 150 @-@ page hardcover book . The set contains live performances and outtakes from selected studio albums from Oh Mercy to Modern Times , as well as soundtrack contributions and collaborations with David and Ralph Stanley . The of the album — the two @-@ CD set went on sale for $ 18 @.@ 99 and the three @-@ CD version for $ 129 @.@ 99 — led to complaints about " rip @-@ off packaging " from some fans and commentators . The release was widely acclaimed by critics . The abundance of alternative takes and unreleased material suggested to one reviewer that this volume of old outtakes " feels like a new Bob Dylan record , not only for the astonishing freshness of the material , but also for the incredible sound quality and organic feeling of everything here . " - - = = = = Together Through Life and Christmas in the Heart = = = = - - Bob Dylan released his album Together Through Life on April 28 , 2009 . In a conversation with music journalist Bill Flanagan , published on Dylan 's website , Dylan explained that the genesis of the record was when French film director Olivier asked him to supply a song for his new road movie , My Own Love Song ; initially only intending to record a single track , " Life Is Hard , " " the record sort of took its own direction " . Nine of the ten songs on the album are credited as co @-@ written by Bob Dylan and Robert Hunter . - The album received largely favorable reviews , although several critics described it as a minor addition to Dylan 's canon of work . Andy Gill wrote in The Independent that the record " features Dylan in fairly relaxed , spontaneous mood , content to grab such grooves and sentiments as momentarily across his radar . So while it may not contain too many landmark tracks , it 's one of the most naturally enjoyable albums you 'll hear all year . " - In its first week of release , the album reached number one in the Billboard 200 chart in the U.S. , making Bob Dylan ( 67 years of age ) the oldest artist to ever debut at number one on that chart . It also reached number one on the UK album chart , 39 years after Dylan 's previous UK album chart New Morning . This meant that Dylan currently holds the record for the longest gap between solo number one albums in the UK chart . - On October 13 , 2009 , Dylan released a Christmas album , Christmas in the Heart , comprising such Christmas standards as " Little Drummer Boy " , " Winter Wonderland " and " Here Comes Santa Claus " . Dylan 's royalties from the sale of this album will benefit the charities Feeding America in the USA , Crisis in the UK , and the World Food Programme . - The album received generally favorable reviews . The New Yorker commented that Dylan had a pre @-@ rock musical sound to " some of his vocals in a while " , and speculated that Dylan 's intentions might be ironic : " Dylan has a long and highly publicized history with Christianity ; to claim there 's not a in the childish optimism of ' Here Comes Santa Claus ' or ' Winter Wonderland ' is to ignore a half @-@ century of biting satire . " In USA Today , Edna Gundersen pointed out that Dylan was " revisiting styles popularized by Nat King Cole , , and the Ray Singers . " Gundersen concluded that Dylan " couldn 't sound more sentimental or sincere " . - In an interview published in The Big Issue , journalist Bill Flanagan asked Dylan why he had performed the songs in a straightforward style , and Dylan responded : " There wasn 't any other way to play it . These songs are part of my life , just like folk songs . You have to play them straight too . " - - = = = 2010s = = = - - - = = = = Tempest = = = = - - On October 18 , 2010 , Dylan released Volume 9 of his Bootleg Series , The . This comprised 47 demo recordings of songs taped between 1962 and 1964 for Dylan 's earliest music publishers : Leeds Music in 1962 , and Music from 1962 to 1964 . One reviewer described the set as " a glimpse of young Bob Dylan changing the music business , and the world , one note at a time . " The critical aggregator website Metacritic awarded the album a of 86 , indicating " universal acclaim " . In the same week , Sony Legacy released Bob Dylan : The Original Recordings , a box set that for the first time presented Dylan 's eight earliest albums , from Bob Dylan ( 1962 ) to John Wesley Harding ( 1967 ) , in their original mix in the CD format . The CDs were housed in miniature of the original album covers , replete with original liner notes . The set was accompanied by a booklet featuring an essay by music critic Greil Marcus . - On April 12 , 2011 , Legacy Recordings released Bob Dylan in Concert – University 1963 , taped at University on May 10 , 1963 , two weeks prior to the release of The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan . The tape was discovered in the archive of music writer Ralph J. Gleason , and the recording carries liner notes by Michael Gray , who writes the recording captures Dylan " from way back when Kennedy was President and the Beatles hadn 't yet reached America . It reveals him not at any Big Moment but giving a performance like his folk club sets of the period ... This is the last live performance we have of Bob Dylan before he becomes a star . " - The extent to which his work was studied at an academic level was demonstrated on Dylan 's 70th birthday on May 24 , 2011 , when three universities organized on his work . The University of , the University of Vienna , and the University of Bristol invited literary critics and cultural historians to give papers on aspects of Dylan 's work . Other events , including tribute bands , discussions and simple , took place around the world , as reported in The Guardian : " From Moscow to Madrid , Norway to Northampton and Malaysia to his home state of Minnesota , self @-@ confessed ' Bobcats ' will gather today to celebrate the 70th birthday of a giant of popular music . " - On October 4 , 2011 , Dylan 's label , Egyptian Records , released an album of previously unheard Hank Williams songs , The Lost of Hank Williams . Dylan had helped to this project , in which songs unfinished when Williams died in 1953 were completed and recorded by a variety of artists , including Dylan himself , his son Jakob Dylan , Levon Helm , Jones , Jack White , and others . - On May 29 , 2012 , U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Dylan a Presidential Medal of Freedom in the White House . At the ceremony , Obama praised Dylan 's voice for its " unique power that not just what music sounded like but the message it carried and how it made people feel " . - On September 11 , 2012 , Dylan released his 35th studio album , Tempest . The album features a tribute to John Lennon , " Roll On John " , and the title track is a 14 minute song about the sinking of the Titanic . Reviewing Tempest for Rolling Stone , Will Hermes gave the album five out of five stars , writing : " Lyrically , Dylan is at the top of his game , joking around , dropping wordplay and that evade pat readings and quoting other ' words like a freestyle rapper on fire . " Hermes called Tempest " one of [ Dylan 's ] albums ever " , and opined , " It may also be the single record in Dylan 's catalog . " The critical aggregator website Metacritic awarded the album a score of 83 out of 100 , indicating " universal acclaim " . - On August 27 , 2013 , Columbia Records released Volume 10 of Dylan 's Bootleg Series , Another Self Portrait ( 1969 – 1971 ) . The album contained 35 previously unreleased tracks , including alternate takes and demos from Dylan 's 1969 – 1971 recording sessions during the making of the Self Portrait and New Morning albums . The box set also included a live recording of Dylan 's performance with the Band at the Isle of Wight Festival in 1969 . Another Self Portrait received favorable reviews , earning a score of 81 on the critical aggregator , Metacritic , indicating " universal acclaim " . AllMusic critic Thom Jurek wrote , " For fans , this is more than a curiosity , it 's an indispensable addition to the catalog . " - On November 4 , 2013 , Columbia Records released Bob Dylan : Complete Album Collection : Vol . One , a set containing all 35 of Dylan 's studio albums , six albums of live recordings , and a collection , entitled , of singles , songs from films and non @-@ album material . The box includes new album @-@ by @-@ album liner notes written by Clinton Heylin with an introduction by Bill Flanagan . On the same date , Columbia released a compilation , The Very Best of Bob Dylan , which is available in both single CD and double CD formats . To publicize the 35 album box set , an innovative video of the song " Like a Rolling Stone " was released on Dylan 's website . The interactive video , created by director , allowed viewers to switch between 16 simulated TV channels , all featuring characters who are lip @-@ the lyrics of the 48 @-@ year @-@ old song . - On February 2 , 2014 , Dylan appeared in a commercial for the Chrysler 200 car which was screened during the 2014 Super Bowl American football game . At the end of the commercial , Dylan says : " So let Germany your beer , let Switzerland make your watch , let Asia assemble your phone . We will build your car . " Dylan 's Super Bowl commercial generated controversy and op @-@ ed pieces discussing the implications of his words , and whether the singer had " sold out " to corporate interests . - In 2013 and 2014 , auction house sales demonstrated the high cultural value attached to Dylan 's mid @-@ 1960s work , and the record prices that collectors were willing to pay for artefacts from this period . In December 2013 , the Fender which Dylan had played at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival $ 965 @,@ 000 , the second highest price paid for a guitar . In June 2014 , Dylan 's hand @-@ written lyrics of " Like a Rolling Stone " , his 1965 hit single , $ 2 million dollars at auction , a record for a popular music manuscript . - On October 28 , 2014 , Simon & Schuster published a massive 960 page , thirteen and a half pound edition of Dylan 's lyrics , Lyrics : Since 1962 . The book was edited by literary critic Christopher Ricks , Julie and Lisa , to offer variant versions of Dylan 's songs , sourced from out @-@ takes and live performances . A limited edition of 50 books , signed by Dylan , was priced at $ 5 @,@ 000 . " It ’ s the biggest , most expensive book we ’ ve ever published , as far as I know , " said Jonathan , Simon & Schuster ’ s president and publisher . - On November 4 , 2014 , Columbia Records / Legacy Recordings released The Basement Tapes Complete by Bob Dylan and The Band . These 138 tracks in a six @-@ CD box form Volume 11 of Dylan 's Bootleg Series . The 1975 album , The Basement Tapes , contained some of the songs which Dylan and the Band recorded in their homes in Woodstock , New York , in 1967 . Subsequently , over 100 recordings and alternate takes have circulated on bootleg records . The sleeve notes for the new box set are by Sid Griffin , American musician and author of Million Dollar : Bob Dylan , The Band , and The Basement Tapes . - - = = = = Shadows in the Night and Fallen Angels = = = = - - On February 3 , 2015 , Dylan released Shadows in the Night , featuring ten songs written between 1923 and 1963 , which have been described as part of the Great American Songbook . All the songs on the album were recorded by Frank Sinatra but both critics and Dylan himself cautioned against seeing the record as a collection of " Sinatra covers " . Dylan explained , " I don 't see myself as covering these songs in any way . They 've been covered enough . Buried , as a matter a fact . What me and my band are basically doing is uncovering them . them out of the grave and bringing them into the light of day . " In an interview , Dylan said he had been thinking about making this record since hearing Willie Nelson 's 1978 album . - Shadows In the Night received favorable reviews , scoring 82 on the critical aggregator Metacritic , which indicates " universal acclaim " . Critics praised the restrained instrumental and Dylan 's singing , saying that the material had elicited his best vocal performances in recent years . Bill Prince in commented : " A performer who 's had to hear his influence in virtually every white pop recording made since he debuted his own self @-@ titled album back in 1962 imagines himself into the songs of his pre @-@ rock 'n'roll early youth . " In The Independent , Andy Gill wrote that the recordings " have a lingering , languid charm , which ... help to liberate the material from the of big @-@ band and cabaret mannerisms . " The album debuted at number one in the UK albums chart in its first week of release . - On October 5 , 2015 , IBM launched a marketing campaign for its Watson computer system which featured Dylan . Dylan is seen conversing with the computer which says it has read all his lyrics and reports : " My analysis shows that your major themes are that time passes and love fades . " Dylan replies : " That sounds about right . " - On November 6 , 2015 , Sony Music released The Bootleg Series Vol . 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 – 1966 . This work consists of previously unreleased material from the three albums Dylan recorded Between January 1965 and March 1966 : Bringing It All Back Home , Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde . The records have been released in three formats : a 2 @-@ CD " Best Of " version , a 6 @-@ CD " Deluxe edition " , and an 18 @-@ CD " Collector 's Edition " in a limited edition of 5 @,@ 000 units . On Dylan 's website the " Collector 's Edition " was described as containing " every single note recorded by Bob Dylan in the studio in 1965 / 1966 " . The critical aggregator website Metacritic awarded Cutting Edge a score of 99 , indicating universal acclaim . The Best of the Cutting Edge entered the Billboard Top Rock Albums chart at number one on November 18 , based on its first @-@ week sales . - On March 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Dylan had sold an extensive archive of about 6 @,@ 000 items to the George Kaiser Family Foundation and the University of . It was reported that the sale price was " an estimated $ 15 million to $ 20 million " , and the archive comprises , drafts of Dylan lyrics , recordings , and correspondence . Filmed material in the collection includes 30 hours of outtakes from the 1965 tour documentary Dont Look Back , 30 hours of footage shot on Dylan 's legendary 1966 electric tour , and 50 hours shot on the 1975 Rolling Thunder Revue . The archive will be housed at Center for American Research , a facility at the Museum . - On May 20 , 2016 , Dylan released his 37th studio album , Fallen Angels , which was described as " a direct continuation of the work of ' uncovering ' the Great Songbook that he began on last year ’ s Shadows In the Night . " The album contained twelve songs by classic songwriters such as Harold , Sammy and Johnny Mercer , eleven of which had been recorded by Sinatra . Jim Farber wrote in Entertainment Weekly : " , [ Dylan ] delivers these songs of love lost and cherished not with a burning passion but with the of experience . They ’ re memory songs now , with a present sense of commitment . Released just four days ahead of his 75th birthday , they couldn ’ t be more age @-@ appropriate . " The album received a score of 79 on critical aggregator website Metacritic , denoting " generally favorable reviews " . - - = = Never Ending Tour = = - - The Never Ending Tour commenced on June 7 , 1988 , and Dylan has played roughly 100 dates a year for the entirety of the 1990s and 2000s — a heavier schedule than most performers who started out in the 1960s . By May 2013 , Dylan and his band had played more than 2 @,@ 500 shows , anchored by long @-@ time bassist Tony Garnier , drummer George , multi @-@ instrumentalist Donnie , and guitarist Charlie Sexton . To the dismay of some of his audience , Dylan 's performances remain unpredictable as he alters his arrangements and changes his vocal approach night after night . Critical opinion about Dylan 's shows remains divided . Critics such as Richard Williams and Andy Gill have argued that Dylan has found a successful way to present his rich legacy of material . Others have criticized his live performances for and spitting out " the greatest lyrics ever written so that they are effectively " , and giving so little to the audience that " it is difficult to understand what he is doing on stage at all . " - Dylan 's performances in China in April 2011 generated controversy . Some criticised him for not making any explicit comment on the political situation in China , and for , allegedly , allowing the Chinese authorities to censor his set list . Others defended Dylan 's performances , arguing that such criticism represented a misunderstanding of Dylan 's art , and that no evidence for the censorship of Dylan 's set list existed . In response to these allegations , Dylan posted a statement on his website : " As far as censorship goes , the Chinese government had asked for the names of the songs that I would be playing . There 's no logical answer to that , so we sent them the set lists from the previous 3 months . If there were any songs , verses or lines censored , nobody ever told me about it and we played all the songs that we intended to play . " - Dylan commenced a tour of Japan in Tokyo on April 4 , 2016 , which concluded in Yokohama on April 28 . Dylan announced a tour of the US starting in WA on June 4 , 2016 , and finishing in on July 17 . Dylan has also announced his participation in a so @-@ called " Mega @-@ " titled Desert Trip , in California on October 7 , when he will perform at the same event as the Rolling Stones , Neil Young , Paul McCartney , the Who and Roger Waters . - - = = Visual artist = = - - The cover of Dylan 's album Self Portrait ( 1970 ) is a reproduction of a painting of a face by Dylan . Another of his paintings is reproduced on the cover of the 1974 album Planet Waves . In 1994 Random House published Drawn Blank , a book of Dylan 's drawings . In 2007 , the first public exhibition of Dylan 's paintings , The Drawn Blank Series , opened at the in , Germany ; it showcased more than 200 watercolors and made from the original drawings . The exhibition coincided with the publication of Bob Dylan : The Drawn Blank Series , which includes 170 reproductions from the series . From September 2010 until April 2011 , the National Gallery of Denmark exhibited 40 large @-@ scale paintings by Dylan , The Brazil Series . - In July 2011 , a leading contemporary art gallery , Gagosian Gallery , announced their representation of Dylan 's paintings . An exhibition of Dylan 's art , The Asia Series , opened at the Gagosian Madison Avenue Gallery on September 20 , displaying Dylan 's paintings of scenes in China and the Far East . The New York Times reported that " some fans and have raised questions about whether some of these paintings are based on the singer 's own experiences and observations , or on photographs that are widely available and were not taken by Mr. Dylan . " The Times pointed to close between Dylan 's paintings and historic photos of Japan and China , and photos taken by and Henri @-@ . The Magnum photo agency confirmed that Dylan had licensed the reproduction rights of these photographs . - Dylan 's second show at the Gagosian Gallery , Art , opened in November 2012 . The show consisted of thirty paintings , transforming and popular magazines , including Playboy and . In February 2013 , Dylan exhibited the New Orleans Series of paintings at the in Milan . In August 2013 , Britain 's National Portrait Gallery in London hosted Dylan 's first major UK exhibition , Face , featuring twelve portraits . - In November 2013 , the Gallery , in London , exhibited seven wrought iron gates created by Dylan ( the exhibition was entitled ) . In a statement released by the gallery , Dylan said , " I 've been around iron all my life ever since I was a kid . I was born and raised in iron ore country , where you could it and smell it every day . Gates appeal to me because of the negative space they allow . They can be closed but at the same time they allow the seasons and breezes to enter and flow . They can shut you out or shut you in . And in some ways there is no difference . " - Since 1994 , Dylan has published six books of paintings and drawings . - - = = Discography = = - - - = = Accolades = = - - Dylan has won many awards throughout his career including eleven Grammy Awards , one Academy Award and one Golden Globe Award . He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame , and Songwriters Hall of Fame . In May 2000 , Dylan was awarded the Polar Music Prize . He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in May 2012 . In February 2015 , Dylan accepted the Person of the Year award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , in recognition of his philanthropic and artistic contributions to society . - - = = Personal life = = - - - = = = Family = = = - - Dylan married Sara Lownds on November 22 , 1965 . Their first child , Jesse Byron Dylan , was born on January 6 , 1966 , and they had three more children : Anna Lea ( born July 11 , 1967 ) , Samuel Isaac ( born July 30 , 1968 ) , and Jakob Luke ( born December 9 , 1969 ) . Dylan also adopted Sara 's daughter from a prior marriage , Maria Lownds ( later Dylan , born October 21 , 1961 ) . Bob and Sara Dylan were divorced on June 29 , 1977 . Maria married musician Peter in 1988 . In the 1990s , Dylan 's son Jakob became well known as the lead singer of the band The . Jesse Dylan is a film director and a successful businessman . - Desiree Gabrielle Dennis @-@ Dylan , Dylan 's daughter with his backup singer Carolyn Dennis ( often professionally known as Carol Dennis ) , was born on January 31 , 1986 , and Dylan married Carolyn Dennis on June 4 , 1986 . The couple divorced in October 1992 . Their marriage and child remained a closely guarded secret until the publication of Howard ' Dylan biography , Down the Highway : The Life Of Bob Dylan in 2001 . - When not touring , Dylan is believed to live primarily in Point , a promontory on the coast of Malibu , California , though he also owns property around the world . - - = = = Religious beliefs = = = - - Growing up in Hibbing , Minnesota , Dylan and his family were part of the area 's small but close @-@ knit Jewish community , and in May 1954 Dylan had his Bar . Around the time of his 30th birthday , in 1971 , Dylan visited Israel , and also met Rabbi Kahane , founder of the New York @-@ based Jewish Defense League . Time magazine quoted him saying about Kahane , " He 's a really sincere guy . He 's really put it all together . " Subsequently , Dylan the extent of his contact with Kahane . - During the late 1970s and early 1980s , Dylan converted to Christianity . From January to April 1979 , he participated in Bible study classes at the School of in , California . Pastor has recalled : " Larry Myers and Paul went over to Bob 's house and to him . He responded by saying , ' Yes he did in fact want Christ in his life . ' And he prayed that day and received the Lord . " - By 1984 , Dylan was himself from the " born again " label . He told Kurt of Rolling Stone magazine : " I 've never said I 'm born again . That 's just a media term . I don 't think I 've been an agnostic . I 've always thought there 's a superior power , that this is not the real world and that there 's a world to come . " In response to 's asking whether he belonged to any church or synagogue , Dylan replied , " Not really . Uh , the Church of the Poison Mind . " In 1997 he told David Gates of Newsweek : - Here 's the thing with me and the religious thing . This is the flat @-@ out truth : I find the and philosophy in the music . I don 't find it anywhere else . Songs like " Let Me Rest on a Mountain " or " I Saw the Light " — that 's my religion . I don 't to , preachers , , all of that . I 've learned more from the songs than I 've learned from any of this kind of entity . The songs are my lexicon . I believe the songs . - In an interview published in The New York Times on September 28 , 1997 , journalist Jon Pareles reported that " Dylan says he now to no organized religion . " - Dylan has been a supporter of the Chabad movement in the last 20 years , and has privately participated in Jewish religious events , including the Bar of his sons and attending Hadar , a Chabad . In September 1989 and September 1991 , he appeared on the Chabad . Dylan reportedly visits Chabad ; on in 2007 he attended Congregation Beth , in Atlanta , Georgia , where he was called to the Torah for the sixth . - Dylan has continued to perform songs from his gospel albums in concert , occasionally covering traditional religious songs . He has also made passing references to his religious faith — such as in a 2004 interview with 60 Minutes , when he told Ed Bradley that " the only person you have to think twice about lying to is either yourself or to God . " He also explained his constant touring schedule as part of a he made a long time ago with the " chief commander — in this earth and in the world we can 't see . " - In a 2009 interview with Bill Flanagan promoting Dylan 's Christmas LP , Christmas in the Heart , Flanagan commented on the " heroic performance " Dylan gave of " O Little Town of Bethlehem " and that he " delivered the song like a true believer " . Dylan replied : " Well , I am a true believer . " - - = = Legacy = = - - Dylan has been described as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century , musically and culturally . He was included in the Time 100 : The Most Important People of the Century where he was called " master poet , social critic and intrepid , guiding spirit of the counterculture generation " . In 2008 , The Pulitzer Prize jury awarded him a special citation for " his profound impact on popular music and American culture , marked by lyrical compositions of extraordinary poetic power . " President Barack Obama said of Dylan in 2012 , " There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music . " In their 2008 assessment of the " 100 Greatest Singers " , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number seven . Rolling Stone then ranked Dylan at number two in its 2011 list of " 100 Greatest Artists " of all time , while " Like A Rolling Stone " was listed as the " Greatest Song of all Time . " In 2008 , it was estimated that Dylan had sold about 120 million albums worldwide . - Initially modeling his writing style on the songs of Woody Guthrie , the blues of Robert Johnson , and what he termed the " architectural forms " of Hank Williams songs , Dylan added increasingly sophisticated lyrical techniques to the folk music of the early 1960s , it " with the of classic literature and poetry " . Paul Simon suggested that Dylan 's early compositions virtually took over the folk genre : " [ Dylan 's ] early songs were very rich ... with strong melodies . ' Blowin ' in the Wind ' has a really strong melody . He so enlarged himself through the folk background that he incorporated it for a while . He defined the genre for a while . " - When Dylan made his move from acoustic folk and blues music to a rock backing , the mix became more complex . For many critics , his greatest achievement was the cultural synthesis exemplified by his mid @-@ 1960s trilogy of albums — Bringing It All Back Home , Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde . In Mike 's words : - Between late 1964 and the middle of 1966 , Dylan created a body of work that remains unique . Drawing on folk , blues , country , R & B , rock 'n'roll , gospel , British beat , , modernist and Beat poetry , surrealism and , advertising and social commentary , and Mad magazine , he forged a coherent and original artistic voice and vision . The beauty of these albums retains the power to shock and console . " - Dylan 's lyrics began to receive detailed scrutiny from academics and poets . Literary critic Christopher Ricks published a 500 @-@ page analysis of Dylan 's work , placing him in the context of Eliot , Keats and Tennyson , claiming that Dylan was a poet worthy of the same close analysis . Former British poet laureate Sir Andrew Motion argued that his lyrics should be studied in schools . Since 1996 , academics have lobbied the Swedish Academy to award Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature . - Dylan 's voice also received critical attention . New York Times critic Robert Shelton described his early vocal style as " a rusty voice suggesting Guthrie 's old performances , etched in gravel like Dave Van Ronk 's . " David Bowie , in his tribute , " Song for Bob Dylan " , described Dylan 's singing as " a voice like sand and glue " . His voice continued to develop as he began to work with rock 'n'roll backing bands ; critic Michael Gray described the sound of Dylan 's vocal work on " Like a Rolling Stone " as " at once young and cynical " . As Dylan 's voice aged during the 1980s , for some critics , it became more expressive . Christophe writes in the journal Oral Tradition , " Dylan 's more recent broken voice enables him to present a world view at the sonic surface of the songs — this voice carries us across the landscape of a broken , fallen world . The anatomy of a broken world in " Everything is Broken " ( on the album Oh Mercy ) is but an example of how the thematic concern with all things broken is grounded in a concrete sonic reality . " - Dylan is considered a seminal influence on several musical genres , especially folk rock , country rock and Christian rock . As Edna Gundersen stated in USA Today : " Dylan 's musical DNA has informed nearly every simple twist of pop since 1962 . " Punk musician Joe praised Dylan for having " laid down the template for lyric , tune , seriousness , spirituality , depth of rock music . " Other major musicians who acknowledged Dylan 's importance include Johnny Cash , Jerry Garcia , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , Pete , Neil Young , Bruce Springsteen , David Bowie , Bryan Ferry , Nick Cave , Patti Smith , Syd Barrett Joni Mitchell , and Tom . Dylan significantly contributed to the initial success of both the Byrds and the Band : the Byrds achieved chart success with their version of " Mr. Man " and the subsequent album , while the Band were Dylan 's backing band on his 1966 tour , recorded The Basement Tapes with him in 1967 , and featured three previously unreleased Dylan songs on their debut album . - Some critics have from the view of Dylan as a visionary figure in popular music . In his book , objected : " I can 't take the vision of Dylan as seer , as teenage , as everything else he 's been worshipped as . The way I see him , he 's a minor talent with a major gift for self @-@ hype . " Australian critic Jack credited Dylan with changing the persona of the rock star : " What cannot be disputed is that Dylan invented the arrogant , faux @-@ posturing that has been the dominant style in rock since , with everyone from Mick Jagger to Eminem themselves from the Dylan . " - Fellow musicians also presented dissenting views . Joni Mitchell described Dylan as a " " and his voice as " fake " in a 2010 interview in the Los Angeles Times , in response to a suggestion that she and Dylan were similar since they had both created personas . Mitchell 's comment led to discussions of Dylan 's use of other people 's material , both supporting and criticizing him . In 2013 Mitchell told the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( ) in an interview that her remarks in the Los Angeles Times had been taken " completely out of context " , and that the interviewer was a " " . Mitchell added : " I like a lot of Bob 's songs . Musically he 's not very gifted . He 's borrowed his voice from old . He 's got a lot of borrowed things . He 's not a great guitar player . He 's invented a character to deliver his songs . " - Talking to Gilmore in Rolling Stone in 2012 , Dylan responded to the allegation of plagiarism , including his use of Henry 's verse in his album Modern Times , by saying that it was " part of the tradition " . - If Dylan 's work in the 1960s was seen as bringing intellectual ambition to popular music , critics in the 21st century described him as a figure who had greatly expanded the folk culture from which he initially emerged . Following the release of Todd Haynes ' Dylan I 'm Not There , J. wrote in his 2007 Village Voice review : - Elvis might never have been born , but someone else would surely have brought the world rock ' n ' roll . No such logic accounts for Bob Dylan . No iron law of history demanded that a would @-@ be Elvis from Hibbing , Minnesota , would through the Greenwich Village folk revival to become the world 's first and greatest rock ' n ' roll bard and then — having achieved fame and adoration beyond reckoning — vanish into a folk tradition of his own making . - Prior to the June 2014 sale of the original lyrics of " Like a Rolling Stone " , written on four sheets of hotel by Dylan in 1965 , Richard Austin , of 's , New York , said : " Before the release of Like a Rolling Stone , music charts were overrun with short and sweet love songs , many in at three minutes or less . By convention with six and a half minutes of dark , brooding poetry , Dylan rewrote the rules for pop music . " - - - = Stephanolepis cirrhifer = - - Stephanolepis cirrhifer , commonly known as the thread @-@ sail filefish , is a species of marine fish in the family . It is found in the western Pacific , in an area that ranges from northern Japan to the East China Sea , to Korea . Other common names for the fish include " " ( Japanese ) and " @-@ chi " ( Korean ) . The fish grows to a maximum length of about 12 inches ( 30 centimetres ) , and consumes both plant material and small marine organisms like skeleton shrimp . S. cirrhifer is host of the parasite . Some minor genetic differentiation between S. cirrhifer born in the wild and those bred in a for consumer use has been shown . The fish is edible and sold commercially for culinary purposes in many Asian countries . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The fish was first described in 1850 by Jacob and Hermann , when it was observed along with other fauna off the coasts of Japan . They initially placed it in the genus , as cirrhifer ; however , it was transferred to the genus Stephanolepis by David Starr Jordan and Henry Fowler in 1903 . The species name derives from the Latin word cirrhifer , which means " bearing fringes of hair " . - Other common names : - Japanese - - Korean - @-@ chi - English - File fish , fish , - Russian - Small striped ( ) - - = = Description and habitat = = - - Thread @-@ sail filefish grow to a maximum adult length of about 30 centimetres ( 12 inches ) . The first dorsal fin is a strong retractable ( folding backwards ) spine . The second dorsal fin and anal fin are soft . They have comparatively small pectoral fins and truncated , fan @-@ shaped tail fins . The dorsal and anal fins are colorless . Their second dorsal , anal and caudal fins rounded . In males , 1 @-@ 3 soft dorsal fin rays extended as filaments ; the first ray has a particularly long thread . The fish have a small abdominal spike . The fish are colored from light brown , to to light greenish @-@ beige , and are slightly patterned with irregular , broken stripes that range from medium brown to blackish . - Juveniles of the species usually seek shelter and safety from predators within clusters of drifting seaweed . The adult thread @-@ sail filefish usually reside near the , where the depth is around 10 metres ( 33 feet ) . The fish migrate wholly in ocean waters ( " " ) between their feeding and spawning grounds , which can cover a range of over 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) . The spawning season lasts from May to August . Juveniles under 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 inches ) inhabit shallow water and feed on small crustaceans , and algae . Adult fish are mostly solitary and live among the coral and . - - = = Ecology = = - - The thread @-@ sail filefish is an , and can feed on plant or animal matter . Its diet includes kelp , but consists mainly of such as and skeleton shrimp , as well as the seagrass species marina . The fish also feeds upon smaller organisms , including and some species of tube worms . - Thread @-@ sail filefish feed on fish , , , , , , such as those of the genus ; and gelatinous , such as the moon sp. and the giant . - S. cirrhifer is host of the parasite , which mostly the fins of the female fish . - - = = Uses = = - - The thread @-@ sail filefish is cultured and sold commercially as food in Asian countries , including Korea and Japan . The demand for the fish in Korea is very high , and fisheries often employ the services of fish for breeding more of the fish to supplement and enhance the supply of stock . This has been done to such a degree that some . As many as 95 have been found to be unique to one of the populations , resulting from minor variations in certain genes that occur exclusively within either population ; genetic differentiation between S. cirrhifer born in the wild and those bred in a has apparently occurred . - - - = Mogadishu = - - Mogadishu ( / / ; Somali : ; Arabic : ) , known locally as Hamar , is the capital and most populous city of Somalia . Located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean , the city has served as an important port for millennia . As of 2015 , it had a population of 2 @,@ 120 @,@ 000 residents . - Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia , including the Mogadishu area , was historically inhabited by hunter @-@ gatherers . These were later joined by Cushitic @-@ , who would go on to establish local . During its medieval Golden Age , Mogadishu was ruled by the Muzaffar dynasty , a vassal of the Ajuran Sultanate . It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local and polities , most notably the Geledi Sultanate . The city later became the capital of Italian Somaliland ( 1889 @-@ 1936 ) in the colonial period . After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960 , Mogadishu became known and promoted as the White Pearl of the Indian Ocean . After the ousting of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 and the ensuing civil war , various militias fought for control of the city , later to be replaced by the Islamic Courts Union in the mid @-@ 2000s . The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups , notably Al @-@ Shabaab , which fought the Transitional Federal Government ( 2004 @-@ 2012 ) and its AMISOM allies . With a change in administration in late 2010 , government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al @-@ Shabaab by August 2011 . Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction . - As Somalia 's capital city , many important national institutions are based in Mogadishu . It is the seat of the Federal Government of Somalia established in August 2012 , with the Somalia Federal Parliament serving as the government 's legislative branch . Yusuf Hussein has been the Mayor of Mogadishu since October 2015 . Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia , Hassan Sheikh Mohamud . In May 2012 , the First Somali Bank was established in the capital , which organized Mogadishu 's first ever Technology , Entertainment , Design ( TEDx ) conference . The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city 's real @-@ estate sector . Arba 'a Rukun Mosque is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital , built circa 667 ( 1268 / 9 AD ) . The Mosque of Islamic in Mogadishu is the largest masjid in the Horn region . Mogadishu Cathedral was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland in a Norman Gothic style , and served as the traditional seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio . The National Museum of Somalia is based in Mogadishu and holds many culturally important artefacts . The National Library of Somalia is undergoing a $ 1 million Somali federal government funded renovation , including a new library complex . - Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic and media institutions . As part of the municipality 's urban renewal program , 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened . The Somali National University ( SNU ) was established in the 1950s , and professors from the university later founded the non @-@ governmental Mogadishu University ( MU ) . Benadir University ( BU ) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors . Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu , including the Somali Football Federation and the Somali Olympic Committee . Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Siad Barre administration , with the assistance of Chinese engineers . It hosts football matches with teams from the Somalia League and the Somalia Cup . Additionally , the Port of Mogadishu serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia . Mogadishu International Airport , the capital 's main airport , is the hub of the relaunched national carrier Somali Airlines . - - = = Etymology = = - - The origins of the name Mogadishu ( ) has many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the Persian words Maq 'ad @-@ i @-@ Shah For a long time , it was thought to be derived from the Persian Maq 'ad @-@ i @-@ Shah ( ) , which means " the seat of the Shah " ( a reflection of the city 's early Persian influence ) . It is known locally as Xamar ( English : Hamar ) . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early history = = = - - Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia , including the Mogadishu area , was inhabited very early by hunter @-@ gatherers of descent . Although most of these early inhabitants are believed to have been either overwhelmed , driven away or , in some cases , assimilated by later migrants to the area , physical traces of their occupation survive in certain ethnic minority groups inhabiting modern @-@ day and other parts of the south . The latter descendants include populations such as the , , the @-@ , and especially the @-@ . By the time of the arrival of peoples from the Cushitic ( and ) clan confederacy , who would go on to establish a local aristocracy , other Cushitic groups affiliated with the ( ) and ( Ma ) had already formed settlements of their own in the sub @-@ region . - The ancient city of is believed to have been the predecessor state of Mogadishu . It is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a Greek travel document dating from the first century AD , as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali . According to the Periplus , maritime trade already connected peoples in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean coast . - The Sultanate of Mogadishu later developed with the immigration of Arabs , a community whose earliest presence dates back to the 9th or 10th century . This evolved into the Muzaffar dynasty , a joint Somali @-@ Arab federation of rulers , and Mogadishu became closely linked with the powerful Somali Ajuran Sultanate . Following his visit to the city , the 12th century Syrian historian al @-@ wrote that it was inhabited by dark @-@ skinned , the ancestors of the modern . - For many years , Mogadishu stood as the pre @-@ eminent city in the @-@ ul @-@ ( ) , meaning " Land of the , " which was the medieval Arabic term for the Somali coast . By the time of the Moroccan traveller Ibn 's appearance on the Somali coast in 1331 , the city was at the zenith of its prosperity . He described Mogadishu as " an exceedingly large city " with many rich merchants , which was famous for the high quality fabric that it exported to destinations including Egypt . added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan , Abu ibn ' Umar , who was originally from Barbara in northern Somalia and spoke both Somali ( referred to by as , the Benadir dialect of Somali ) and Arabic with equal fluency . The Sultan also had a retinue of ( ministers ) , legal experts , commanders , royal , and other officials at his service . - Additionally , there appears to have been a strong Persian presence in both Mogadishu and for a time . A Shi 'a influence can still be seen in some areas , as in the southern Somalia veneration of Fatimah , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter . This fact is also reflected in the etymology of the city 's name , which derives from the Persian Maq 'ad @-@ i @-@ Shah ( ) and means " the seat of the Shah . " - The Portuguese would subsequently attempt to occupy the city , but never managed to take it . In his journal of an expedition to the region in @-@ , the explorer João de , who accompanied Vasco da Gama on the voyage , wrote that ( Mogadishu ) was controlled by Moors . A big town surrounded by four towers , it had houses several high and large palaces in its center . De and his men bombarded the city before continuing southwards along the seaboard . The Somali , however , were later successful in defeating the Ajuran State and bringing about the end of Muzaffar rule . - - = = = ( 1800s – 1900s ) = = = - - By 1892 , Mogadishu was under the joint control of the Somali Sultanate of the Geledi and the Sultanate of Zanzibar . The Geledi Sultans were at the height of their power . They dominated the southern ivory trade , and also held sway over the Jubba and Shebelle valleys in the hinterland . The Sultans ' authority in Mogadishu , however , was largely nominal . When bin of Oman sought to build a fort in the city , he was thus to request permission from Sultan Ahmed Yusuf of Geledi . This Fort of was eventually constructed in 1870 . The Sultan of Zanzibar later leased and then sold the infrastructure that he had built to the Italians , but not the land itself , which was Somali owned . - - = = = Italian Somaliland ( late 1800s @-@ 1960 ) = = = - - In 1905 , Italy made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established Italian Somaliland . The Italians subsequently referred to the city as Mogadiscio . After World War I , the surrounding territory came under Italian control with some resistance . - Thousands of Italians settled in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies . They also developed some agricultural areas in the south near the capital , such as and the ( present @-@ day Jowhar ) . In the 1930s , new buildings and avenues were built . A 114 km ( 71 mi ) narrow @-@ gauge railway was laid from Mogadishu to Jowhar . An road , the , was also constructed and intended to link Mogadishu to . - In 1940 , the Italo @-@ Somali population numbered 22 @,@ 000 , accounting for over 44 % of the city 's population of 50 @,@ 000 residents . Mogadishu remained the capital of Italian Somaliland throughout the latter polity 's existence . In World War II it was captured by British forces in February 1941 . - After World War II Mogadishu was made the capital of the Trust Territory of Somaliland , an Italian administered political entity under the mandate , for ten years ( 1950 – 1960 ) . - - = = = Somali Republic ( 1960 – 1990 ) = = = - - British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland , and the Trust Territory of Somalia ( the former Italian Somaliland ) followed suit five days later . On 1 July 1960 , the two territories united to form the Somali Republic , with Mogadishu serving as the nation 's capital . A government was formed by Abdullahi and other members of the and protectorate governments , with Bashir Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly , Aden as President of the Somali Republic , and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister ( later to become President from 1967 to 1969 ) . On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum , the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution , which was first drafted in 1960 . In 1967 , Muhammad Ibrahim became Prime Minister , a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke . - On 15 October 1969 , while paying a visit to the northern town of Las , Somalia 's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated by one of his own . His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d 'état on 21 October 1969 ( the day after his funeral ) , in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover . The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre , who at the time commanded the army . - Alongside Barre , the Supreme Revolutionary Council ( SRC ) that assumed power after President 's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad and Chief of Police . officially held the title of " Father of the Revolution , " and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC . The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic , arrested members of the former civilian government , banned political parties , dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court , and suspended the constitution . - The revolutionary army established various large @-@ scale public works programmes , including the Mogadishu Stadium . In addition to a programme of industry and land , the Mogadishu @-@ based new regime 's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia 's traditional and religious links with the Arab world , eventually joining the Arab League in 1974 . - After fallout from the unsuccessful campaign of the late 1970s , the Barre administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the abortive 1978 coup d 'état . Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed . However , several officials managed to escape abroad and started to form the first of various groups dedicated to ousting Barre 's regime by force . - - = = = Civil war = = = - - By the late 1980s , Barre 's regime had become increasingly unpopular . The authorities became ever more totalitarian , and resistance movements , encouraged by Ethiopia 's communist administration , up across the country . This eventually led in 1991 to the outbreak of the civil war , the toppling of Barre 's government , and the disbandment of the Somali National Army . Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the of Barre 's regime . Armed factions led by United Somali Congress commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed , in particular , clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital . - UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of UNOSOM I , the first stabilization mission in Somalia after the dissolution of the central government . United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on 3 December 1992 , which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States . Forming the Unified Task Force ( ) , the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts were transferred to the UN . Landing in 1993 , the UN peacekeeping coalition started the two @-@ year United Nations Operation in Somalia II ( UNOSOM II ) primarily in the south . - Some of the militias that were then competing for power interpreted the UN troops ' presence as a threat to their . Consequently , several gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local and peacekeepers . Among these was the Battle of Mogadishu of 1993 , a successful attempt by US troops to apprehend two high @-@ ranking lieutenants of faction leader Aidid . The UN soldiers eventually withdrew altogether from the country on 3 March 1995 , having incurred more significant casualties . - In 2006 , the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) , an Islamist organization , assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and promptly imposed 'a law . The new Transitional Federal Government ( TFG ) , established two years earlier , sought to re @-@ establish its authority . With the assistance of Ethiopian troops , AMISOM peacekeepers and air support by the United States , it managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule . On 8 January 2007 , as the Battle of Ras raged , TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , a former colonel in the Somali Army , entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office . The government then relocated to Villa Somalia in Mogadishu from its interim location in , marking the first time since the fall of the Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country . - Following this defeat , the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions . Some of the more radical elements , including Al @-@ Shabaab , regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military 's presence in Somalia . Throughout 2007 and 2008 , Al @-@ Shabaab scored military victories , seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia . At the end of 2008 , the group had captured but not Mogadishu . By January 2009 , Al @-@ Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat , leaving behind an under @-@ equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government 's troops . - Between 31 May and 9 June 2008 , representatives of Somalia 's federal government and the moderate Alliance for the Re @-@ liberation of Somalia ( ARS ) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the UN . The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation . Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members , which then elected a new president . With the help of a small team of African Union troops , the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to retake control of the southern half of the country . To solidify its control of southern Somalia , the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union , other members of the Alliance for the Re @-@ liberation of Somalia , and 'a , a moderate Sufi militia . - In November 2010 , a new government was elected to office , which enacted numerous reforms , especially in the security sector . By August 2011 , the new administration and its AMISOM allies had managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al @-@ Shabaab militants . Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction spearheaded by the Somali diaspora , the municipal authorities , and Turkey , a historic ally of Somalia . - - = = = Reconstruction = = = - - In August 2011 , militant group al Shabaab made a strategic withdrawal from Mogadishu to return to hit @-@ and @-@ run tactics . Mayor Mohamed Nur recognized the opportunity as critical to stabilizing and rebuilding the city by any means necessary . Working closely with the UN , USAID , and DRC , Nur 's administration also started large @-@ scale rehabilitation of roads and general infrastructure , with residents closely with the civil and police authorities to up on security . Nur recognized the opportunity to transform Mogadishu although resources were limited . Working closely with urban strategist Mitchell , the Benadir government sought to design and deploy a data @-@ driven approach to post @-@ war reconstruction . - With the passing of a new Constitution in 2012 and the subsequent election of an inaugural President in the new Federal Government , the continued to oversee Mogadishu 's ongoing post @-@ conflict reconstruction . Building off the initial pilot , the Benadir administration launched a city @-@ wide street naming , house numbering and postal codes project . Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System , it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives . According to Nur , the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes . As of 2016 , there are postal codes for 176 localities and sub @-@ localities , including the Mogadishu metropolitan area . - - = = Geography = = - - Mogadishu is situated on the Indian Ocean coast of the Horn of Africa , in the Banaadir administrative region ( ) in southeastern Somalia . The region itself is with the city and is much smaller than the historical province of Benadir . The city is administratively divided into the districts of , , , , Hamar @-@ , Hamar @-@ , , , @-@ , Karan , , , , , and . Features of the city include the old town , the Market , and Beach . The sandy beaches of Mogadishu have vibrant coral reefs , and are prime real estate for the first tourist resorts in many years . - The Shebelle River ( Shabelle ) rises in central Ethiopia and comes within 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) of the Indian Ocean near Mogadishu before turning southwestward . Usually dry during February and March , the river provides water essential for the cultivation of sugarcane , cotton , and . - - = = = Climate = = = - - For a city situated so near the equator , Mogadishu has a relatively dry climate . It is classified as hot and semi @-@ arid ( Köppen climate classification ) , as with much of southeastern Somalia . By contrast , towns in northern Somalia generally have a hot arid climate ( Köppen ) . - Mogadishu is located in or near the tropical woodland of the global scheme . The mean temperature in the city year round is 27 ° C , with an average maximum of 30 ° C and an average minimum of 24 ° C. Mean temperature readings per month vary by 3 ° C ( 5 @.@ 4 ° F ) , corresponding with a and subtype truly type . Precipitation per year averages @.@ 2 millimetres ( 16 @.@ 9 in ) . There are 47 wet days annually , which are associated with a 12 % daily probability of rainfall . The city has an average of 3 @,@ hours of sunshine per year , with 8 @.@ 4 hours of sunlight per day . Mean daylight hours and minutes per day are 24 ' . The annual percentage of sunny versus cloudy daylight hours is 70 and 30 , respectively . Average sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day of the month is 75 . - - = = Government = = - - - = = = Federal = = = - - The Transitional Federal Government ( TFG ) was the internationally recognized central government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012 . Based in Mogadishu , it constituted the executive branch of government . - The Federal Government of Somalia was established on 20 August 2012 , concurrent with the end of the TFG 's interim mandate . It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war . The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government 's legislative branch . - - = = = Municipal = = = - - Mogadishu 's municipal government is currently led by Yusuf Hussein , who succeeded Mayor Hassan Mohamed Hussein , a former military court chairman . Among the administration 's development initiatives are a US $ 100 million urban renewal project , the creation of garbage disposal and plants , the launch of a city @-@ wide project , the creation of asphalt and cement plants , rehabilitation of the Town Hall and parliament buildings , reconstruction of the former Defence Ministry offices , reconstruction of facilities , rehabilitation and construction of health facilities , establishment of a Police Training Center and a permanent base in for the new Somali Armed Forces , rebuilding of the Somali Postal Service headquarters , and rehabilitation of public playgrounds in several districts . In January 2014 , the Benadir administration launched the House Numbering and Post Code System . It also began distributing national identity cards in March of the same year . In addition , the municipal authorities started renovating important local government centers in September 2014 , including the capital 's former compound . In January 2015 , the Benadir administration also opened a new Health & Safety Office to supervise health and safety practices in the city , and launched a municipal campaign ahead of various international conferences that are slated to be held there . - In March 2015 , the Benadir administration completed the project in conjunction with the EU and . The 3 @.@ 5 million initiative lasted three and a half years , and saw the establishment in Mogadishu of a new sustainable waste collection system , a Technical Training Centre , water quality testing laboratories , access to clean drinking water , improved employment and livelihood opportunities in the low @-@ cost fuel production sector , strengthened skills training and regulation in the construction sector , and laboratories for the testing of construction material quality . - - = = = missions = = = - - A number of countries maintain foreign embassies and in Mogadishu . As of January 2014 , these diplomatic missions include the embassies of Djibouti , Ethiopia , Sudan , Libya , , Saudi Arabia , Turkey , Iran , Uganda , Nigeria , the United Kingdom , Japan , China , and . that are scheduled to reopen in the city include those of Egypt , the United Arab Emirates , Italy and South Korea . - In May 2015 , in recognition of the progress made in Somalia and its return to effective governance , US Secretary of State John Kerry announced a preliminary plan to reestablish the US embassy in Mogadishu . He indicated that although there was no set timetable for the premises ' relaunch , the US government had immediately begun upgrading its diplomatic representation in the country . President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali also presented to Kerry the real estate deed for land reserved for the new US embassy compound . Mohamud concurrently signed an Establishment Agreement with the EU Head of Delegation in Somalia Michele d ’ , which facilitates the opening of more embassies in Mogadishu by European Union member states . The EU also announced that it had opened a new EU Delegation office in the city . - In February 2014 , Somalia 's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation announced that the federal government was slated to reopen the former Institute of in Mogadishu . The center historically served as one of the most important national institutions for diplomacy and international relations . also pledged to reestablish the institute 's diplomacy department , its information and broadcasting department , as well as its library . - - = = Economy = = - - Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre . Before the of mass @-@ produced cloth from Europe and America , the city 's textiles were far and wide throughout the interior of the continent , as well as to the Arabian peninsula and as far as the Persian coast . - Mogadishu 's economy has grown rapidly since the city 's pacification in mid 2011 . The processing factory was reopened , as was the local Coca Cola factory , which was also refurbished . In May 2012 , the First Somali Bank was established in the capital , representing the first commercial bank to open in southern Somalia since 1991 . The Somali civil engineer and entrepreneur also opened the city 's first dollar store . Additionally , the Historic Central Bank was , with the Business Center likewise under construction . - The of Mogadishu 's real estate sector was in part facilitated by the establishment of a local construction yard in November 2012 by the Municipality of Istanbul and the Turkish Red Crescent . With 50 construction trucks and machines imported from Turkey , the yard produces concrete , asphalt and paving stones for building projects . The Istanbul Municipality was also scheduled to bring in 100 specialists to accelerate the construction initiative , which ultimately aims to modernize the capital 's infrastructure and serve it over the long @-@ term . - In mid @-@ 2012 , Mogadishu concurrently held its first ever Technology , Entertainment , Design ( TEDx ) conference . The event was organized by the First Somali Bank to showcase improvements in business , development and security to potential Somali and international investors . A second consecutive TEDx conference was held the following year in the capital , highlighting new enterprises and commercial opportunities , including the establishment of the city 's first dry cleaning business in several years . - A number of large firms also have their headquarters in Mogadishu . Among these is the Trans @-@ National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company , an energy conglomerate founded in 2010 that five major Somali companies from the trade , finance , security and telecommunications sectors . Other firms based in the city include Telecom , the largest telecommunications company in southern and central Somalia . is another telecommunications service provider that is centered in the capital . The local Somali Energy Company specializes in the generation , transmission and distribution of electric power to residents and businesses within its service area in Banaadir . Villa and Mansion Architects , an international architectural firm founded by the Somali @-@ British architect Alexander Yusuf , likewise has its regional offices in Mogadishu . Additionally , the International Bank of Somalia , which opened downtown in 2014 , offers Islamic finance and international banking services via a swift code system . The Islamic Insurance Company ( First and Re @-@ Insurance Company ) was concurrently established , and is the city 's first full service insurance firm in many years . The Central Bank of Somalia , the national monetary authority , also has its headquarters in Mogadishu . - In June 2013 , former Prime Minister Abdi Farah signed a new foreign investment law . The draft bill was prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in conjunction with government attorneys . by the Cabinet , it establishes a secure legal framework for foreign investment in Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country . - In October 2014 , the firm Tawakal Money Express ( Tawakal ) also began construction of the seven @-@ storey Tawakal Plaza Mogadishu . The new high rise is slated to be completed by the end of 2015 , and will feature a Tawakal Global Bank customer and financial services center , a large , 338 square meter supermarket , a 46 @-@ room luxury hotel , restaurant and coffee shop facilities , and conference and event halls . In addition , the provides major retail service to local . Open daily until 10 pm , the convenience chain imports most of its products from the United Arab Emirates and China . The Al firm also launched a major real estate project in January 2015 , @-@ Salam City . by the Salaam Somali Bank , the new urban complex includes town houses , apartment flats , a mosque , recreational areas , playgrounds , a supermarket and roads . It is slated to be erected just outside the northern part of the capital , within a 7 kilometer radius of the Industrial Road . - - = = Demographics = = - - Mogadishu is a multi @-@ ethnic city . Its original core population consisted of , and later Cushitic , Arab and Persian migrants . The mixture of these various groups produced the or Xamar ( “ People of Mogadishu ” ) , a composite population unique to the larger Benadir region . In the colonial period , European expatriates , primarily Italians , would also contribute to the city 's cosmopolitan populace . - The main area of of ethnic minorities in Somalia has historically been in village enclaves in the south , particularly between the Jubba and Shebelle river valleys as well as the and Bay regions . Beginning in the 1970s , more began moving to urban centres such as Mogadishu and . The displacement caused by the onset of the civil war in the 1990s further increased the number of rural minorities migrating to urban areas . As a consequence of these movements , Mogadishu 's traditional demographic makeup changed significantly over the years . - Following a greatly improved security situation in the city in 2012 , many Somali expatriates began returning to Mogadishu for investment opportunities and to take part in the ongoing post @-@ conflict reconstruction process . Through both private efforts and public initiatives like the Somali Corps , they have participated in the renovation of schools , hospitals , banks and other infrastructure , and have played a leading role in the capital 's recovery . They have also helped to propel the local real estate market . - According to , Mogadishu has a population of around 2 @,@ 120 @,@ 000 residents as of 2015 . It is the largest city in the world by population size . The urban area occupies 91 square kilometres ( 35 sq mi ) , with a population density of around 23 @,@ 400 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 61 @,@ 000 / sq mi ) . As of September 2014 , the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation is scheduled to launch the first population census for Somalia in over two decades . The assisted the Ministry in the project , which is slated to be finalized ahead of the planned and local and national elections in 2016 . - - = = Landmarks = = - - - = = = Places of worship = = = - - Arba 'a Rukun Mosque is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital . It was built circa 667 ( 1268 / 9 AD ) , concurrently with the ad @-@ Din Mosque . Arba 'a Rukun 's contains an inscription dated from the same year , which commemorates the masjid 's late founder , ibn al @-@ ( ibn Muhammed ) . - The Mosque of Islamic was constructed in 1987 with financial support from the Saudi bin Abdul Aziz Al Foundation . It is the main mosque in the city , and an iconic building in Somali society . With a capacity of up to 10 @,@ 000 worshippers , it is the single largest masjid in the Horn region . In 2015 , the federal authorities completed formal on the mosque 's infrastructure . The upgrades are part of a larger governmental renovation campaign aimed at all of the in Mogadishu . To this end , the municipal authority is the historic Central Mosque , situated downtown . - The Mogadishu Cathedral was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland . Known as the " di Mogadiscio " , it was constructed in a Norman Gothic style , based on the Cathedral in , Sicily . The church served as the traditional seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio . It later incurred significant damage during the civil war . In April 2013 , after a visit to the site to inspect its condition , the Diocese of Mogadiscio announced plans to the building . - - = = = Palaces = = = - - Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia , Hassan Sheikh Mohamud . It sits on high ground that the city on the Indian Ocean , with access to both the harbour and airport . The Governor 's Palace of Mogadishu was the seat of the governor of Italian Somaliland , and then the administrator of the Trust Territory of Somalia . - - = = = Museums , libraries and theatres = = = - - The National Museum of Somalia was established after independence in 1960 , when the old Museum was turned into a National Museum . The National Museum was later moved in 1985 , renamed to the Museum , and converted to a regional museum . After shutting down , the National Museum later reopened . As of January 2014 , it holds many culturally important artefacts , including old coins , tools , traditional artwork , ancient weaponry and pottery items . - The National Library of Somalia was established in 1975 , and came under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education , Culture and Higher Education . In 1983 , it held approximately 7 @,@ 000 books , little in the way of historical and cultural archival material , and was open to the general public . The National Library later closed down in the 1990s . In June 2013 , the Heritage Institute for Policy Studies organized a shipment of 22 @,@ 000 books from the United States to Somalia as part of an initiative to the library . In December of the year , the Somali authorities officially launched a major project to rebuild the National Library . With Hassan serving as Director , the $ 1 million federal government funded initiative will see a new library complex built in the capital within six months . In preparation for the relaunch , 60 @,@ 000 additional books from other Arab League states are expected to arrive . - The National Theatre of Somalia opened in 1967 as an important cultural landmark in the national capital . It closed down after the start of the civil war in the early 1990s , but reopened in March 2012 after reconstruction . In September 2013 , the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five @-@ year national recovery plan in Somalia . The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct the National Theatre of Somalia in addition to several other major infrastructural landmarks . - - = = = = = = - - Market was created in late 1972 by the Barre administration . It served as an open market for the sale of goods and services , including produce and clothing . After the start of the civil war , the market was controlled by various militant groups , who used it as a base for their operations . Following Mogadishu 's pacification in 2011 , renovations resumed at the market . were rehabilitated , selling everything from fruit and garments to building materials . As in the rest of the city , Market 's real estate values have also risen considerably . As of 2013 , the local firm was renting out a newly constructed warehouse at the market for $ 2 @,@ 000 per month . - In February 2014 , the Benadir administration began renovations at the Market in the Hamar district . It was one of the largest markets in the city before closing down operations in the early 1990s . In September 2014 , the municipal authorities officially reopened the to the public , with officials supervising all parts of the market . According to the Benadir Political Affairs Vice Chairman Mohamed " " , the facility is now open for business and will compete with other regional markets . - - = = = Institutes = = = - - The Regional Somali Language Academy is an regulating body for the Somali language in the Horn region . In January 2015 , President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced that the institute was slated to be finalized in conjunction with the governments of Djibouti and Ethiopia . Among the scheduled projects was the construction of a new headquarters for the Academy in Mogadishu , in recognition of Somalia 's traditional position as the center for the development and promotion of the Somali language . In February 2015 , the foundation stone for the new Regional Somali Language Academy was officially laid at an inauguration ceremony in the city . - - = = = Hotels = = = - - Mogadishu has a number of hotels , most of which were recently constructed . The city 's many returning expatriates , investors and international community workers are among these establishments ' main customers . To meet the growing demand , hotel representatives have also begun participating in international industry conferences , such as the Africa Hotel Investment . - Among the new hotels is the six floor Palace Hotel . It was built in 2010 and officially opened in 2012 . Situated within a radius of the Aden Adde International Airport , it has a 70 @-@ room capacity with a 70 % occupancy rate . The hotel expects to host over 1 @,@ 000 visitors by 2015 , for which it plans to construct a larger overall building and conference facilities . A new landslide hotel within the airport itself is also slated to be completed by the end of the year . - Other hotels in the city include the Palace Hotel , Castle Hotel , Hotel , Hotel @-@ , Oriental Hotel , Hotel , Hotel , Peace Hotel , Guest House , Hotel , Hotel , Hotel , Benadir Hotel , Ambassador Hotel , Kuwait Plaza Hotel , Hotel , Hotel , and Ali Hotel . - - = = Education = = - - Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic institutions . As part of the government 's urban renewal program , 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened . - The Somali National University ( SNU ) was established in the 1950s , during the period . In 1973 , its programmes and facilities were expanded . The SNU developed over the next 20 years into an expansive institution of higher learning , with 13 departments , 700 staff and over 15 @,@ 000 students . On 14 November 2013 , the Cabinet unanimously approved a federal government plan to reopen the Somali National University , which had been closed down in the early 1990s . The initiative cost US $ 3 @.@ 6 million , and was completed in August 2014 . - Mogadishu University ( MU ) is a non @-@ governmental university that is governed by a Board of Trustees and a University Council . It is the of a number of professors from the Somali National University as well as other Somali intellectuals . by the Islamic Development Bank in , Saudi Arabia , as well as other donor institutions , the university counts hundreds of graduates from its seven faculties , some of whom continue on to pursue Master 's degrees abroad thanks to a scholarship programme . Mogadishu University has established partnerships with several other academic institutions , including the University of Aalborg in Denmark , three universities in Egypt , seven universities in Sudan , the University of Djibouti , and two universities in . As of 2012 , MU also has accreditation with the Board of the Organization . - In 1999 , the Somali Institute of Management and Administration ( ) was co @-@ established in Mogadishu by incumbent President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud . The institution subsequently grew into the University , with Mohamud acting as dean until 2010 . It offers a range of undergraduate courses in various fields , including economics , statistics , business , , technology , computer science , health sciences , education , law and public administration . - Benadir University ( BU ) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors . It has since expanded into other fields . Another tertiary institution in the city is the University of Science and Technology . The Turkish School was also established , with the Mogadishu Polytechnic Institute and Shabelle University campus likewise undergoing renovations . Additionally , a New Islamic University campus is being built . In April 2014 , Prime Minister Sheikh Ahmed also laid the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the former meteorological school in Mogadishu . A new national Aviation Training Academy is likewise being built at the Aden Adde International Airport . - Other tertiary institutions in the capital include City University . It was established in 2012 with the aim of providing quality instruction and research . The college is staffed by an accredited and experienced master 's @-@ level faculty , and governed by a Board of Trustees consisting of academics and prominent entrepreneurs . City University 's features an advanced curriculum and foundation programs in English . Its campus includes physical and digital libraries , as well as IT and scientific laboratories . The university is a member of the Somali Research and Educational Network , and is authorized as a degree granting institution by the national Ministry of Education Directorate of Higher Education and Culture . - - = = Sport = = - - Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Barre administration , with the assistance of Chinese engineers . The facility was mainly used for hosting sporting activities , such as the Somalia Cup and for football matches with teams from the Somalia League . Presidential addresses and political rallies , among other events , were also held there . In September 2013 , the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five @-@ year national recovery plan in Somalia . The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks , including the Mogadishu Stadium . - The Banadir Stadium and Stadium are two other major sporting facilities in the capital . In 2013 , the Somali Football Federation launched a renovation project at the facility , during which artificial football turf contributed by FIFA was installed at the stadium . The @-@ basketball stadium in the District also underwent a $ 10 @,@ 000 rehabilitation , with funding provided by the local Telecom firm . Additionally , the municipal authority oversaw the reconstruction of the Banadir Stadium . - Various national sporting bodies also have their headquarters in Mogadishu . Among these are the Somali Football Federation , Somali Olympic Committee and Somali Basketball Federation . The Somali and Federation is likewise centered in the city , and manages the national team . - - = = Transportation = = - - - = = = Road = = = - - Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries . The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network , with streets supporting the flow of both and pedestrian traffic . In October 2013 , major construction began on the 23 kilometer road leading to the airport . by Somali and Turkish engineers , the upgrade was completed in November and included lane demarcation . The road construction initiative was part of a larger agreement signed by the Somali and Turkish governments to establish Mogadishu and Istanbul as sister cities , and in the process bring all of Mogadishu 's roads up to modern standards . Following the treaty , the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency ( ) launched a cleaning project in conjunction with the municipal cleaning department . The initiative saw around 100 rubbish collection vehicles and other equipment operated by clean the city 's roads , with the Benadir municipality taking over operation of the cleaning project in March 2015 . - In 2012 – 2013 , Mogadishu 's municipal authority in conjunction with the British and Norwegian governments began a project to install solar @-@ powered street lights on all of the capital 's major roads . With equipment imported from Norway , the initiative cost around $ 140 @,@ 000 and lasted several months . The solar panels have helped to improve night @-@ time visibility and enhance the city 's overall aesthetic appeal . - are the most common type of public transportation in Mogadishu . The next most frequently used public vehicles in the city are auto rickshaws ( ) . They number around 3 @,@ 000 units and come in various designs . The auto rickshaws represent a lower cost alternative to taxis and , typically charging half the price for the same distance , with flexible rates . Due to their , capacity to negotiate narrow lanes and low fuel consumption , the three @-@ wheeled vehicles are often appealing investment opportunities for small @-@ scale entrepreneurs . They are generally preferred for shorter . In June 2013 , two new taxi companies also started offering road transportation to residents . Part of a fleet of over 100 vehicles , Mogadishu Taxi 's trademark yellow offer rides throughout the city at flat rates of $ 5 . City Taxi , the firm 's nearest competitor , charges the same flat rate , with plans to add new to its fleet . - In January 2014 , the Benadir administration launched a city @-@ wide street naming , house numbering and postal codes project . Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System , it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives . The project is part of the ongoing modernization and development of the capital . According to former Mayor Mohamed Ahmed Nur , the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes . In March 2015 , the Benadir administration likewise launched a renovation project on the @-@ major road in Mogadishu . The government @-@ public partnership aims to facilitate vehicle access in the area . According to district commissioner Ahmed Hassan , the reconstruction initiative will also make the road all @-@ weather resistant and is slated to be completed shortly . - - = = = Air = = = - - During the post @-@ independence period , Mogadishu International Airport offered flights to numerous global destinations . In the mid @-@ 1960s , the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers , with the state @-@ owned Somali Airlines providing regular trips to all major cities . By 1969 , the airport 's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B @-@ type aircraft . - The facility grew considerably in size in the post @-@ independence period after successive renovation projects . With the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s , Mogadishu International Airport 's flight services experienced routine disruptions and its grounds and equipment were largely destroyed . In the late 2000s , the Airport , situated 50 kilometers to the south , served as the capital 's main airport while Mogadishu International Airport , now renamed Aden Adde International Airport , briefly shut down . However , in late 2010 , the security situation in Mogadishu had significantly improved , with the federal government eventually managing to assume full control of the city by August 2011 . - In May 2011 , the Ministry of Transport announced that SKA @-@ Somalia had been contracted to manage operations at the re @-@ opened Aden Adde International Airport over a period of ten years . Among its first initiatives , worth an estimated $ 6 million , SKA invested in new airport equipment and expanded support services by hiring , training and 200 local workers to meet international airport standards . The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations , restored a dependable supply of electricity , revamped the baggage handling facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges , put into place electronic check @-@ in systems , and up on security and work @-@ flow . Additionally , SKA connected the grounds ' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency ( ) and immigration , customs , commercial airlines and Somali Police Force officials to the internet . By January 2013 , the firm had introduced buses to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal . - In December 2011 , the Turkish government unveiled plans to further modernize the airport as part of Turkey 's broader engagement in the local post @-@ conflict reconstruction process . Among the scheduled renovations were new systems and infrastructure , including a modern control tower to monitor the airspace . In September 2013 , the Turkish company LLC began operations at the airport . The firm announced plans to renovate the aviation building and construct a new one , as well as upgrade other modern service structures . A $ 10 million project , it will increase the airport 's existing 15 aircraft capacity to 60 . In January 2015 , a new , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art terminal was opened at the airport . Featuring modern passenger facilities and a glass façade , it will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60 , with a of around 1 @,@ 000 passengers per hour . - As of January 2015 , the largest airline services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali @-@ owned private carriers Jubba Airways , Airlines , and African Express Airways , in addition to UN charter planes , Turkish Airlines , and Felix Airways ( Al Airlines ) . The airport also offers flights to other cities in Somalia , such as , and , as well as to international destinations like Djibouti , , and Istanbul . - In July 2012 , Mohammed Ali ( @-@ ) , the General Director of the Ministry of Aviation and Transport , also announced that the Somali government had begun preparations to revive the Mogadishu @-@ based national carrier , Somali Airlines . The first new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in December 2013 . - - = = = Sea = = = - - The Port of Mogadishu , also known as the Mogadishu International Port , is the official seaport of Mogadishu . as a major class port , it is the largest harbour in the country . - After some damage during the civil war , the federal government launched the Mogadishu Port Project , an initiative to rebuild , develop and modernize the port . The renovations included the installation of Alpha technology . A joint international delegation consisting of the Director of the Port of Djibouti and Chinese officials specializing in infrastructure reconstruction concurrently visited the facility in June 2013 . According to Mogadishu Port manager Abdullahi Ali Nur , the delegates along with local Somali officials received reports on the port 's functions as part of the rebuilding project 's planning stages . - In 2013 , the Port of Mogadishu 's management reportedly reached an agreement with representatives of the Iranian company Shipping LLC to handle vital operations at the seaport . Under the name Mogadishu Port Terminal , the firm is slated to handle all of the port 's technical and operational functions . - In October 2013 , the federal Cabinet endorsed an agreement with the Turkish firm Al @-@ Bayrak to manage the Port of Mogadishu for a 20 @-@ year period . The deal was secured by the Ministry of Ports and Public Works , and also assigns Al @-@ Bayrak responsibility for rebuilding and the seaport . In September 2014 , the federal government officially delegated management of the Mogadishu Port to Al @-@ Bayrak . The firm 's modernization project will cost $ 80 million . - - = = = Railway = = = - - There were projects during the 1980s to the 114 km ( 71 mi ) railway between Mogadishu and Jowhar , built by the Italians in 1926 but dismantled in World War II by British troops . It was originally intended that this railway would reach . Only a few remaining tracks inside Mogadishu 's harbour area are still used . - - = = Media = = - - Mogadishu has historically served as a media hub . In 1975 , the Somali Film Agency ( ) , the nation 's film regulatory body , was established in Mogadishu . The also organized the annual Mogadishu Pan @-@ African and Arab Film Symposium ( ) , which brought together an array of prominent filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe , including other parts of Northeast Africa and the Arab world , as well as Asia and Europe . - In addition , there are a number of radio news agencies based in Mogadishu . Radio Mogadishu is the federal government @-@ run public broadcaster . Established in 1951 in Italian Somaliland , it initially aired news items in both Somali and Italian . The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960 , and began offering home service in Somali , and . After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war , the broadcaster was officially re @-@ opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government . Other radio stations headquartered in the city include Radio , Radio Shabelle , Radio Bar @-@ , Radio , Radio , Radio , Radio Banadir , Radio , FM , Radio , and Radio Xamar , also known as Voice of Democracy . - The Mogadishu @-@ based Somali National Television ( ) is the central government @-@ owned broadcaster . On 4 April 2011 , the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government officially re @-@ launched the station as part of an initiative to develop the national telecommunications sector . broadcasts 24 hours a day , and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms . - Somali popular music enjoys a large audience in Mogadishu , and was widely sold prior to the civil war . With the government managing to secure the city in mid @-@ 2011 , radios once again play music . On 19 March 2012 , an open concert was held in the city , which was broadcast live on local television . In April 2013 , the ensemble also organized the Music Festival , the first international music festival to be held in Mogadishu in two decades . - - = = Notable = = - - - = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = - - Mogadishu is twinned with : - - - = The Moth ( Lost ) = - - " The Moth " is the seventh episode of the first season of Lost . The episode was directed by Jack and written by Jennifer Johnson and Paul . It first aired on November 3 , 2004 , on ABC . The character of Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) is featured in the episode 's flashbacks . - Charlie begins experiencing the effects of heroin withdrawal , while Jack becomes trapped in a cave . Meanwhile , Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) , Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Boone Carlyle ( Ian ) attempt to triangulate the signal of the French woman 's broadcast . Charlie 's involvement in his band Drive Shaft is featured in the episode 's flashbacks . - " The Moth " was watched by 18 @.@ 73 million people live , almost two million more than the previous episode . This episode marks the first time " You All Everybody " by Drive Shaft was sung in its entirety , as it had not been written yet in previous episodes . The episode received mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reviews , with some reviewers commenting that the episode was not of the same caliber as previous episodes . - - = = Plot = = - - - = = = = = = - - Charlie ( Dominic Monaghan ) tells a priest that he is going to quit his band because it has a bad influence on him . Soon after , his brother , Liam Pace ( Neil Hopkins ) , tells Charlie that Drive Shaft has gotten a recording contract . Charlie doesn 't want to sign the contract because he has qualms about the sex and drugs the band engages in . Liam talks him into signing , promising that Charlie can quit any time he 's had enough . One evening at a show , Liam , to Charlie 's frustration , starts singing the chorus to " You All Everybody " , which is supposed to be sung by Charlie . Liam assures Charlie it won 't happen again . - Later , Charlie finds Liam high on heroin with . Charlie kicks the out , and tells Liam that he 's done with the band . Liam says to Charlie that he , Liam , is Drive Shaft , and that nobody knows who the bass player ( Charlie ) is . He goes on to tell Charlie that without the band , Charlie is nothing , which spurs Charlie to use heroin for the first time . Years later , Charlie visits Liam 's house in Australia and wants Liam to rejoin Drive Shaft for a comeback tour . Liam declines , but the band can 't do the tour without him . He criticizes Charlie for still using drugs , and Charlie blames Liam for getting him started with drugs . Liam asks Charlie to stay with him for a few weeks , saying that Sydney has some good rehab programs and that he can get Charlie help . Charlie angrily leaves , saying he has a plane to catch . - - = = = On the Island = = = - - It is Day 8 , September 29 , 2004 , and Charlie is suffering from heroin withdrawal since he voluntarily gave his heroin to John Locke ( Terry O ) in the previous episode . After finding him , Charlie asks Locke for the heroin back , and Locke says that he 'll give Charlie the drugs the third time he asks , because he wants Charlie to have the choice to quit . - Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) , Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Boone Carlyle ( Ian ) attempt to find where the French transmission is coming from , so they make a plan to turn on at different points on the island in an attempt to triangulate the signal . At the caves , Charlie searches through Jack 's ( Matthew Fox ) medicine supply for something to ease his heroin withdrawal . When Jack catches him , Charlie says he has a headache and wants . - When Jack upsets Charlie by telling him to move his guitar , Charlie angrily shouts at him , causing the entrance of the cave they are in to collapse . Charlie manages to escape , but Jack is trapped inside . Using his construction experience , Michael Dawson ( Harold ) leads the rescue attempt with Steve Jenkins ( Christian Bowman ) and Scott Jackson ( Dustin ) . In the jungle , James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) goes to tell Kate ( who is traveling to set up her antenna for the triangulation attempt ) about Jack 's predicament , but decides against it because he doesn 't like Kate 's hostile attitude . Charlie tells Locke about Jack 's situation , but reveals the real reason for his going to Locke is to ask for his drugs a second time . Locke shows Charlie a moth cocoon , and explains that he could help the moth by slitting the cocoon and letting the moth free , but it would not survive because it would be too weak . Instead , the moth needs to struggle to break free . Nature and struggle make people stronger , Locke says , indicating to Charlie that he needs to fight through his suffering . - Kate and Sawyer stay at the second triangulation point , while Sayid goes to the third . After learning of Jack 's situation from Sawyer , Kate goes to help , leaving the job of turning on the signal to Sawyer . Charlie through an opening at the cave and finds Jack , but while doing so , the opening collapses and traps Charlie and Jack inside . Charlie Jack 's shoulder back into place at Jack 's request . Jack correctly that Charlie is suffering from withdrawal , and Charlie assures Jack he 's okay . Kate desperately tries to dig them out along with the other , while the two worry about losing oxygen . Charlie sees a moth which leads him to an opening and the pair dig out of the cave . - Sayid sets off his bottle rocket to signal the antenna power up process . Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) sets off Boone 's rocket from the beach , as Boone had gone to help rescue Jack , as does Sawyer from his location . Sayid turns on the , but before he is able to triangulate the signal , an unseen person knocks Sayid unconscious with a stick . - Later Hurley brings Jack and Charlie water , he notes Charlie doesn 't look well but Jack covers for him saying that he has the flu . Hurley tells him to get better and Charlie looks to Jack . He sees Locke and asks him for his heroin and Locke gives it back . Charlie looks at it for a moment before it into the fire , smiling . Locke tells Charlie he 's proud of him and that he always knew he could do it . Charlie and Locke see a moth flying away . - - = = Production = = - - " The Moth " aired on November 3 , 2004 . The episode was directed by Jack and written by Jennifer Johnson and Paul . The church scene with Charlie and Liam at the church in Manchester was actually filmed on Honolulu , where the scenes on the Island are filmed . Monaghan says that he feels Charlie 's black is a sort of " security blanket " that he hides underneath and uses it when he feels " lost . " The " heroin " that Charlie is supposedly is actually brown sugar . Monaghan revealed this in an interview with magazine in October 2005 , saying , " [ The heroin is ] brown sugar . You get some really sweet . You have to be careful not to too much of it , but it 's happened a few times . You just find up your nose couple of hours later . " - According to Monaghan , Drive Shaft is similar to Oasis , in that " [ Charlie 's ] first album was kind of like Oasis 's first album : critically acclaimed , didn 't sell big numbers , but in the industry , people gave it respect . " Abrams and Damon told Monaghan that if he wanted to write the song that would be Charlie 's " one hit wonder " , they would consider using it in the show . Monaghan wrote a song called " and Plans " with a friend ; Abrams and Lindelof liked the song , but it did not make it into Lost . The lyrics were inspired by an incident on The Phil Show , where Matt , who was close friends with producers Bryan and Damon Lindelof , saw a female audience member out , " You all everybody , acting like it 's the stupid people wearing expensive clothes . " The producers had an inside joke where they would say this quotation to each other . According to , " At one point , in a delirious , we realized we had said it so many times that that had to be the song . " - In the Pilot , Monaghan 's voice when he sang " You All Everybody " was based on " when Prince puts on his female voice " , since the song had not been composed yet . For " The Moth " the producers contacted Los Angeles @-@ based singer Jude to write a full version . The song is sung by Chris , former lead singer of Gods Child and Joe 90 . - - = = Reception = = - - " The Moth " first aired in the United States on November 3 , 2004 . 18 @.@ 73 million people in America watched the episode live . - The episode received generally mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reviews . Ryan McGee of wrote that " this episode wasn 't a by any measure , but after the run of early episodes , this is the first that really didn 't hold its own when compared to the others " , adding that " The moth imagery / metaphor just beats you down by episode 's end , making you long for the more subtle writing the show has produced up until this point . " The TV Critic gave the episode a 68 / 100 , writing that it falls between being " obvious and cheesy " and " beautifully paced and structured " . Myles of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B , and shared his opinion that it is " one of the more intensely metaphorical — and thus — episodes of the series . The eponymous metaphor — delivered by Locke — is one of the series ’ most blatant , and the moth ’ s consistent reappearance in the episode calls a lot of attention to the construction of the narrative . " - IGN staff rated " The Moth " as the 36th best episode in all of Lost , explaining , " The moth of the episode 's title appears both as a metaphorical and physical symbol of the struggle to find strength within yourself , as Locke explains to Charlie , and to take charge of your own life without relying on anyone else to do it for you . " In a review focusing solely on " The Moth " , Chris Carabott of IGN gave the episode a 9 / 10 , writing that the episode " does a great job of utilizing screen time for most the major characters on the show " , and that " Locke 's analogy of ' The Moth ' in comparison to Charlie 's situation perfectly encapsulates what many of the characters are going through on the island . " In a ranking of all of Lost 's episodes , Todd VanDerWerff of the Los Angeles Times placed " The Moth " at number 102 , complimenting Monaghan and O 's acting , but criticizing the storyline for containing " nonsensical drug abuse storytelling . " " The Moth " , along with " Pilot " and " House of the Rising Sun " , won a Award for Charlie 's drug storyline . - - - = Charmbracelet = - - Charmbracelet is the ninth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released on December 3 , 2002 through MonarC Entertainment and Island Records . The album was her first release since her breakdown following the release of her film Glitter ( 2001 ) and its accompanying soundtrack album , both of which were critical and commercial failures from the previous year . Critics described Charmbracelet as one of her most personal records , following 1997 's Butterfly , Throughout the project , Carey collaborated with several songwriters and producers , including Jermaine Dupri , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , 7 Aurelius and Dre & Vidal . - According to Carey , love is the album 's main theme , and the songs combine introspective and personal themes with celebration and fun . The album contains a mixture of pop ballads and R & B beats , and the songs incorporate elements of other genres , such as gospel and soul . Compared to Glitter , which featured a variety of sampled melodies from the 1980s , Charmbracelet has a softer hip hop and R & B sound to it . Cam 'ron , Jay @-@ Z and Freeway also appear on the album . - Charmbracelet debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart , and sold 241 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The album peaked within the top 40 in seven countries , and attained top ten positions in Japan and Switzerland . - Three singles were released to promote the album . The lead single , " Through the Rain " reached the top ten in Canada , Switzerland , Sweden and Italy and the United Kingdom . In the US , it topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart , but stalled at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Carey embarked on the Charmbracelet World Tour , and performed 69 shows in over eight months . She also performed on televised shows and promotional tours like the 30th annual American Music Awards , Today and The Oprah Winfrey Show . - - = = Background = = - - Before the release of Charmbracelet , Carey experienced a year of critical , commercial , personal and professional struggles , following the poor reception of her debut film Glitter ( 2001 ) , and her subsequent hospitalization . After her husband , Tommy Mottola , Carey released Butterfly ( 1997 ) . With her next release , Rainbow ( 1999 ) , Carey incorporated elements of R & B and hip @-@ hop into her music , particularly on the lead single " " . According to The Bee , she attempted to sound more " " . She stopped working with longtime pop producers such as Babyface and Walter Afanasieff , in order to pursue a new sound and audience , and worked with writers Sean Combs and Jermaine Dupri . Following the worldwide success of Rainbow , Carey left Columbia Records . , Mottola and executive Benny in 1999 used several songs Carey had written and co @-@ written for Jennifer Lopez . Carey 's 2001 film debut Glitter was panned by movie critics , and earned less than eight million dollars at the box office . - Carey 's $ 100 million recording contract was bought out by Virgin Records , who paid her $ 28 million to leave the label . Carey checked into a hospital in Connecticut , following a controversial appearance on Total Request Live , in which she gave ice cream to fans , left messages on her website and demonstrated what was considered by the media as " erratic behavior " . Carey said she had had an " emotional and physical breakdown . " After a fortnight 's hospitalization , Carey flew to Capri , Italy , where she stayed for five months and began writing and producing material for a new studio album about her recent troubles . She was signed by Island Records , and started her own imprint , MonarC Entertainment , for her intended " comeback " release , Charmbracelet . - - = = Development and recording = = - - Carey started writing songs for the album in early 2002 , before she signed the record deal . She decided to rest , traveled to Capri and moved into a recording studio where she could focus on writing and recording without distractions . Most of the album was recorded in Capri , although she traveled to Atlanta , New York and Philadelphia to record some tracks . That year , Carey claimed Charmbracelet to be the " most personal album " she had ever made . She worked with longtime collaborators Jermaine Dupri , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Randy Jackson and other songwriters and producers 7 Aurelius , Just Blaze , and Dre & Vidal . The opening track and the first track to be written for the album , " Through the Rain " , was written by Carey and Lionel Cole , was inspired Carey 's recent experiences , and was co @-@ produced by Jam and Lewis . It was released as the lead single from the album . - Jam , Lewis and Carey also worked " Yours " , which Jam said contains " probably one of the best hooks [ ever ] " , and likened it to one of trio 's previous collaborations , " Thank God I Found You " ( 2000 ) . Initially , the song was recorded as duet with pop singer Justin Timberlake . However , due to contractual complications , it was never released and the a solo version was featured on the album . Jam and Lewis produced two more songs , " Wedding Song " and " " — the latter featuring background vocals from Michael Jackson — which were not released on the album . - Carey decided to work with Just Blaze after she heard the song " Oh Boy " , which he produced for Cam 'ron . Just Blaze and Carey produced " Boy ( I Need You ) " , a remake of " Oh Boy " , and " You Got Me " . Carey said " Boy ( I Need You ) " was one of her favorites on the album . " You Got Me " features rap verses from Jay @-@ Z and Freeway , was noted by Carey as a " signature Just Blaze track " . Jay @-@ Z was in Capri on vacation , and went to the studio to hear the song and said that he wanted to contribute to it and added rap verses of his own . Dupri produced " The One " and " You Had Your Chance " . He said that they wanted to stick to the " same familiar sound " from his previous collaborations with Carey . Carey said " The One " was a personal song , which was about being hurt in past relationships and the uncertainty about forming new ones . Carey decided to experiment with a live band for the album . In April 2002 , she met 7 Aurelius and asked him to produce songs for the album . They flew to Nassau , Bahamas and recorded a mixture of mid @-@ tempo and up @-@ tempo tracks and ballads with a live band . 7 Aurelius said that Carey was " an amazing writer " and described the process of recording : - We did three or four songs in three or four days . The way we was doing it , I had [ a horn section ] down there along with me . We had the whole room set up with , some nice wine — [ it was ] a very good vibe . It was completely stripped down , like ' Mariah Carey Unplugged ' . She stripped herself down to her talent . She was really trusting of me and my vision , and I was trusting of who she was . - Randy Jackson contributed to four tracks on the album , and said it was " the most real and honest record she 's made . She didn 't care what anyone thought of the lyrics . They were only important to her . " Carey included a cover of Def Leppard 's song " Bringin ' On the Heartbreak " . During the photo shoot for Charmbracelet at Capri , Carey happened to listen to Def Leppard 's album Vault ( 1995 ) , which contains the song , and decided to cover it . In an interview with Billboard , Carey said that the song is " an example of her musical diversity " . Jackson also worked on " My Saving Grace " , which Carey said describes her thoughts about the writing , recording and mastering process . While working in Capri , Carey 's father became ill with cancer and she returned to New York to spend some time with him ; he died soon after . In his memory , Carey wrote and produced the song " Sunflowers for Alfred Roy " . Carey said that the song represents " his side of the family and is kind of hard to talk about . " The song proved to be " very emotional " for Carey , and she sang it only once in the studio . DJ also produced songs for the album , but none of them were included . - - = = Music and lyrics = = - - Carey attempted to make a musical comeback with Charmbracelet , which focused on bringing Carey back to her R & B and soul roots in an attempt to recapture her audience . Critics both praised and criticized the condition of Carey 's voice on the album ; many called the songs average , and felt that most lacked sufficient hooks . The album 's lead single , and Carey 's attempt at the ballads from the early years of her career , was " Through the Rain " , which was produced by Carey , and was described by one critic as " the sort of self @-@ help ballad Ms. Carey was singing a decade ago " . The songs on the album are a mixture of several genres . - Carey 's cover of " Bringin ' On the Heartbreak " , was recorded using live instrumentation , and was the album 's third single . It begins as a " piano @-@ driven slow jam " , which is followed by a " dramatic chord progression " after the second chorus , and Carey 's " precise and voice reaches incredible heights " as it " turns the power ballad into something more delicate . " Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times called " Yours " " a combination of breathy vocals and rhythms . " Barry Walters from Rolling Stone wrote that on " Yours " , " Carey 's lead vocals blend into choruses of Mariah 's overlapping phrases . these are choirs of more singing harmonies and . Topping it off are generous of the singer 's patented , , and . " - Critics considered " " to be one of the album 's strongest songs because of its " well executed " jazz influence . The song begins with the sounds of people dining , then introduces the strong bassline and drums . Towards the end of the song , Carey belts out the climax . Sarah Rodman from The Boston Herald described it as fascinating and wrote , " it sounds as though Carey is singing in falsetto while still in her chest voice . " " Clown " drew strong media attention , and its lyrical content led critics to speculate that Carey aimed it at rapper Eminem , who had publicly announced that he had had a relationship with Carey . Rodman said " Clown " was " sinister " , with lyrics such as , " I should 've left it at ' I like your music too ' ... You should never have we were lovers / when you know very well we never even touched each other . " Critics compared " I Only Wanted " with " My All " ' s instrumentation and structure of verse , chorus and guitar solo . According to Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine , Carey makes vague allusions to her ex @-@ husband Tommy Mottola with the line , " Wish I 'd stayed beneath my veil " . The song uses Latin @-@ inspired guitar instrumentation and wind sounds as an additional backbone to the melody , and dripping water as its percussion . - " Sunflowers for Alfred Roy " , one of the album 's most personal songs , is named after Carey 's father ; she makes direct reference to him and a moment they shared at his death bed . The song is backed with a simple piano accompaniment , and Carey recounts a visit with her father in his hospital room : " Strange to feel that proud , strong man / Grip tightly to my hand . " - - = = Singles = = - - Three singles were released from the album . The lead single , " Through the Rain " was released on September 24 , 2002 . It received mixed reviews from critics , some of whom said it was too similar to her earlier ballads , such as " Hero " and " Outside " , while others praised Carey 's vocals in the song . It was one of Carey 's poorest @-@ selling US singles , reaching number 81 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . However , it topped the Hot Dance Club Play charts and reached the top twenty of the Adult Contemporary chart . Outside the US , the single performed moderately , peaking within the top ten in Canada , Switzerland , Sweden , Italy and the UK , and within the top 20 in Ireland , Australia , Norway and Denmark . The music video of " Through the Rain " , directed by Meyers , is based on the courtship and of Carey 's parents . Scenes of Carey singing in a street when rain starts to fall are juxtaposed with the story of a mixed @-@ race couple who run away from their families , who oppose their relationship . - " Boy ( I Need You ) " , which was released as the second single on November 26 , 2002 , received mixed reviews from critics . The single failed to make much impact on charts worldwide ; it reached number 68 on the US Billboard Hip @-@ Hop / R & B Songs chart and number 57 on the US Hot Singles Sales chart . Elsewhere , the song reached number 17 in the UK , and peaked within the top 40 in Australia , the Netherlands , Ireland and New Zealand . The music video for " Boy ( I Need You ) " was directed by Joseph Kahn and was filmed at and Los Angeles . Initially , " The One " was scheduled to be released as the second single and the music video was shot for that song . However , halfway through the filming , the single was changed to " Boy ( I Need You ) " . Described as " Speed Racer meets Kitty meets me and Cam 'ron " by Carey , the video incorporates elements of Japanese culture and features Carey 's alter @-@ ego . - The third single from the album was Carey 's cover version of " Bringin ' On the Heartbreak " , released on November 25 , 2003 . Though it gained mostly positive reviews , it failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but reached number five on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . Outside the US , the song saw its highest peak in Switzerland , reaching number 28 and staying on the charts for eight weeks . It also charted in Austria and the Wallonia region of Belgium . The music video for the song was directed by . Another cut from the album , " Irresistible ( Connection ) " charted at number 81 on the US Billboard Hip @-@ Hop / R & B Songs . - - = = Critical reception = = - - website Metacritic , which averages professional reviews into a numerical score , gave Charmbracelet a score of 43 / 100 , indicating " generally mixed or average reviews . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic rated the album two out of five stars , and criticized its production and the condition of Carey 's voice . He wrote , " Whenever she sings , there 's a whistle behind her thin voice and she strains to make notes throughout the record ... Her voice is damaged , and there 's not a moment where it sounds strong or inviting . " Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly said she was " in fine voice " , He wrote that " Through the Rain " sinks in its own , as do by @-@ the @-@ numbers efforts like ' Yours ' and ' I Only Wanted ' " , and added that " ' Clown ' is a moody number graced with acoustic guitar and a gorgeously vocal , while ' Sunflowers for Alfred Roy ' is a short , sweet song sung to a lovely piano accompaniment " . He finished by saying that " too much of Charmbracelet is in middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road muck . " - Billboard editor Michael praised Carey 's return to her core audience . He said that although Carey might have alienated her hip @-@ hop followers from her previous three albums , her older fans from the 1990s would be more receptive to the material and her new image . Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times wrote that the album " is generally pleasant , although it 's not always exciting , and a few of the collaborations go awry " . He called Carey 's voice " invariably astonishing " , and said that " she can hit high notes that barely sound human " , praised her versatility , and wrote that she " also knows how to make a hip @-@ hop hit by holding back and letting the beat shine . " Browne of New York slated the album 's whimsical and keyboards , and wrote , " Was Charmbracelet recorded in a shop ? This instrument needs to be stopped . " - Charmbracelet two out of five stars , Barry Walters from Rolling Stone wrote that none of the songs were bold , that the lack of hooks made the album weak , and said , " Carey needs bold songs that help her use the power and range for which she is famous . Charmbracelet is like a stream of watercolors that bleed into a puddle of brown . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine complimented Carey 's mixture of pop and hip @-@ hop melodies , and wrote , " Though there 's nothing as immediate as ' Fantasy ' or ' My All ' here , Charmbracelet is significantly less contrived than 1999 's Rainbow and almost as creatively liberating as Butterfly . British columnist Angus , writing for Yahoo ! Music UK called the songs on Charmbracelet forgettable , and wrote , " She used to take risks , but ' Charmbracelet ' is conservative , and ; and , while it 's understandable that simply to make another record marks a triumph of sorts , it 's impossible to admire Mariah to the degree that her talent ought to merit . " John from NME criticized its content , writing , " , ' Charmbracelet ' is R & B , much like Tony Blair is nominally a socialist ... , all told , have been worse " - At the 17th Japan Gold Disc Award in 2003 , the album was nominated in the category of Rock and Pop Album of the Year ( International ) . - - = = Commercial performance = = - - Charmbracelet was initially slated for release in the US on December 10 , 2002 . However , the date was revised to December 3 , 2002 . It was released through Island Records and Carey 's label MonarC Entertainment . A highly anticipated release , it debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 241 @,@ 000 , more than the first @-@ week sales of the critically panned Glitter soundtrack , but fewer than 1999 's Rainbow , which sold 323 @,@ 000 units in its first week . It stayed on the chart for 22 weeks , Charmbracelet was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of one million units in the US . As of April 2013 , the estimated sales of the album in the US ( compiled by Nielsen Soundscan ) were 1 @,@ 166 @,@ 000 copies . - In Canada , the album debuted on the Canadian Albums Chart at number thirty , in contrast to Glitter , which debuted at number four on the chart . It was certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipments of 50 @,@ 000 copies . On the week dated December 15 , 2002 , entered the Australian Albums Chart at its peak position of number 42 . It exited the chart the next week , becoming one of Carey 's lowest charting albums in the country . In Japan , Charmbracelet debuted at number four on the Oricon Albums Chart , its second @-@ highest peak worldwide , and sold 63 @,@ 365 units in its first week . The album spent another week at number four , and sold 71 @,@ 206 units . It stayed on the charts for a total of 15 weeks and according to Oricon , has sold 240 @,@ 440 copies . The Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) certified Charmbracelet platinum for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . - In Austria , the album peaked at number 34 and stayed on the charts for seven weeks . In the Flemish region of Belgium it charted and peaked at number 48 and reached number 28 in the region of that country . Charmbracelet entered the French Albums Chart at number 20 in the week dated December 7 , 2002 , spent 30 weeks on the chart and was certified Gold by the National de l ( ) , denoting shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units . Charmbracelet charted and peaked at number 32 in Germany It reached number 50 in Sweden . In Switzerland , the album peaked at number nine on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for ten weeks ; it was certified Gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . In the United Kingdom , the album peaked at number 52 , selling 19 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It has sold a total of 122 @,@ 010 copies as of April 2008 . In February 2003 , it was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies in the UK . In the Netherlands , the album debuted at number 48 , the issue dated December 14 , 2002 . The following week , it peaked at number 30 . It stayed on the charts for 19 weeks , and made two re @-@ entries , one in June 2003 and other in August 2003 . - Charmbracelet was certified Gold in both Brazil and Hong Kong by dos de ( ) and IFPI Hong Kong respectively . - - = = Promotion = = - - Following the release of " Through the Rain " , Carey embarked on several US and international promotional tours in support of Charmbracelet and its accompanying singles . Promotion for " Through the Rain " began at the 2002 Awards , where Carey performed wearing a long black skirt and denim . Three days before the album 's US release , a one @-@ hour program titled Mariah Carey : Shining Through the Rain , in which Carey was interviewed and sang several songs from Charmbracelet and her back catalog , aired on MTV . Carey addressed rumors of her breakdown and its cause , and spoke about the album and its inspiration , and conducted a question and answer session with fans . During the first month after the album 's release , Carey appeared on several television talk shows . She launched her promotional tour on Today , where she performed four songs at Mall of America for a crowd of over 10 @,@ 000 . On December 2 , Carey traveled to Brazil for South American promotion of Charmbracelet , appearing on the popular television program . She sang " My All " , and performed " Through the Rain " and " I Only Wanted " wearing a long pink gown . On December 3 , 2002 , Carey appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show , where she performed " Through the Rain " and " My Saving Grace " , and gave a highly publicized interview about her hospitalization . Before her breakdown , Carey had been booked for a private interview with ABC 's Barbara Walters , executive producer of The View , following Glitter 's release . Instead of giving Walters the full @-@ coverage interview following Carey 's return to the public eye , Island decided Oprah was more appropriate , and changed the appearance . Carey 's interview with Matt on Dateline NBC aired the same evening . - On December 17 , Carey performed " I Only Wanted " on The View after guest co @-@ hosting the program . One month later , Carey was one of the headlining performers at the 30th annual American Music Awards , held on January 13 , 2003 . She performed " Through the Rain " alongside a live gospel choir , and wore a long black evening gown . During the performance , images of newspaper headlines reporting Carey 's breakdown were projected on a large curtain behind her , with one reading , " When you fall down , you get back up . " Carey received a standing ovation . In mid @-@ February , Carey was the headline performer at the NBA all @-@ star game , which was Michael Jordan 's last game . She wore a long , purple , skin @-@ tight Washington 's dress , and performed " Boy ( I Need You ) " , " My Saving Grace " and " Hero " , which received a standing ovation and brought Jordan to tears . On March 1 , 2003 , Carey performed at the Soul Train Music Awards , sporting a retro @-@ curled hairstyle and wearing a evening gown . She performed " My Saving Grace " , and as at the American Music Awards , images of newspaper headlines and inspirational photographs were projected onto a large screen . Following the performance , Carey was awarded a lifetime achievement award for her contribution to music . Towards the end of March , Charmbracelet was released in Europe and Carey appeared on several television programs to promotion the album . She performed the album 's leading two singles on the British music chart show , Top of the Pops , and a similar set on The Graham Norton Show and Fame Academy . On the latter program , Carey was joined on stage by the show 's finalists , who sang the climax on " Through the Rain " alongside her . - - = = = Tour = = = - - To promote the album , Carey announced a world tour in April 2003 . As of 2003 , " Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey " was her most extensive tour , lasting over eight months and performing sixty @-@ nine shows in venues worldwide . Before tickets went on sale in the US , venues were switched from large arenas to smaller , more intimate theater shows . According to Carey , the change was made in order to give fans a more intimate show , and something more Broadway @-@ influenced . She said , " It 's much more intimate so you 'll feel like you had an experience . You experience a night with me . " However , while smaller productions were booked for the US leg of the tour , Carey performed at stadia and arenas in Asia and Europe , and performed for a crowd of over 35 @,@ 000 in Manila , 50 @,@ 000 in Malaysia , and to over 70 @,@ 000 people in China . In the UK , it was Carey 's first tour to feature shows outside London ; she performed in Glasgow , Birmingham and Manchester . - " Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey " garnered generally positive reviews from music critics and audiences , many of whom complimented the quality of Carey 's live vocals and the production of the shows . Fans were given the opportunity to request songs from Carey 's catalog , which added to its positive reception . At her concert in Manila , P. from Philippine Daily Inquirer wrote , " I didn 't expect her voice to be that crystal clear ! " He added , " After 15 songs , we couldn 't seem to get enough of Mariah — and we became a believer ! " . - - = = Re @-@ release = = - - While preparing for the Asian leg of the Charmbracelet World Tour , Carey announced that would be re @-@ released with four additional tracks on July 26 , 2003 , the first day of the North American leg of the tour . Carey included her duet with Rhymes , " I Know What You Want " , which was released as a single from his album , It Ain 't Safe No More ( 2002 ) , and became Carey 's highest charting song internationally since 2001 , reaching top five peaks in Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , Ireland , Italy , Switzerland , the US and the UK . In an interview with Carson Daly , Carey said , " The Rhymes duet ... has become so successful and we always said I would put it on my album as well . " The re @-@ release also included " There Goes My Heart " , " Got a Thing 4 You " featuring Da Brat and Elephant Man , and " The One ( So So Def Remix ) " featuring Bone Crusher . The re @-@ released version of the album charted for three weeks on the Oricon album chart in Japan , where it peaked at number 96 on the issue dated July 14 , 2003 . - - = = Track listing = = - - " Boy ( I Need You ) " contains samples of " Oh Boy " by Cam 'ron & " Call Me " by . - " You Had Your Chance " contains a sample of " I Want 'a Do Something To You " by Leon . - " Irresistible ( Connection ) " contains a sample of " You Know How We Do It " by Ice - " Bringin ' on the Heartbreak " is a cover of " Bringin ' on the Heartbreak " by Def Leppard . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits for Charmbracelet taken from the album 's liner notes . - - = = = Recording locations = = = - - Recording locations are adapted from Charmbracelet liner notes . - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Thomas Quiney = - - Thomas Quiney ( baptised 26 February - c . 1662 or 1663 ) was the husband of William Shakespeare 's daughter Judith Shakespeare , and a vintner and in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon . Quiney held several municipal offices in the corporation of Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon , the highest being in 1621 and 1622 , but was also fined for various minor offences . - In 1616 , Quiney married Judith Shakespeare . The marriage took place during a season when a special licence was required by the church , and the couple had failed to obtain one , leading to Quiney 's brief excommunication . Quiney was also summoned before the Court fewer than two months after the wedding to answer charges of “ copulation ” with a Margaret Wheeler , who died in childbirth . Scholars believe that as a result of these events William Shakespeare altered his will to favour his other daughter , Susanna Hall , and excluded Quiney from his inheritance . - Judith and Thomas had three children : Shakespeare , Richard , and Thomas . Shakespeare Quiney died at six months of age , and neither Richard nor Thomas lived past 21 . The death of Judith 's last child led to legal wrangling over William Shakespeare 's will that lasted until 1652 . Scholars speculate that Thomas Quiney may have died in 1662 or 1663 when the burial records are incomplete . - - = = Birth and early life = = - - Thomas Quiney was born in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon and baptised on 26 February in Holy Trinity Church . He was the son of Richard and Elizabeth Quiney . He had 10 siblings , among them a Richard Quiney who was a in London , Mary Quiney who later married Richard Watts , the vicar of , and Elizabeth Quiney who married William Chandler . There is no record of Thomas Quiney 's attendance at the local school , but he had sufficient education to write short passages in French , run a business , and hold several municipal offices in his life . - - = = Business and municipal offices = = - - Quiney was a vintner and dealt in tobacco . He held the lease to a house known as “ Atwood 's ” for the purpose of running a tavern , and later traded houses with his brother @-@ in @-@ law , William Chandler , for the larger house known as “ The Cage ” where he set up his vintner 's shop in the upper half . He is recorded as selling wine to the corporation of Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon as late as 1650 . - He was a man of some education , with knowledge of French and calligraphy . In signing his accounts for 1621 and 1622 as he decorated them with a couplet in French from a romance by de Saint @-@ . Quiney writes “ est qui pour sage , pour le mal d fait son ” but the original is “ qui pour sage , Du mal d fait son ” . The original translates into English as “ Happy is he who to become wise , serves his apprenticeship from other men 's troubles ” but Quiney 's version “ … is and without sense ” . - He was a well @-@ respected man in the borough , and was elected a and constable in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon in 1617 . In 1621 and 1662 he was acting Chamberlain . In signing his accounts for 1622 – 3 , he did so " with ” , but the records show that the council voted them “ ” . Quiney did not attend this meeting , but he did attend the later meeting where the accounts were passed , so they appear to have needed further explanation . - Quiney 's reputation was slightly spotted ; he was fined for and for “ suffering to in his house ” , and was at one point in danger of prosecution for “ and wine ” . - - = = Marriage = = - - On 10 February 1616 , Thomas Quiney married Judith Shakespeare , William Shakespeare 's daughter , in Holy Trinity Church . The assistant vicar , Richard Watts , who later married Quiney 's sister Mary , probably . The wedding took place during the season , which was prohibited . In 1616 started on 23 January , Sunday , and ended on 7 April , the Sunday after Easter . The marriage therefore required a special licence , issued by the Bishop of Worcester , which the couple had failed to obtain . A Walter Wright of Stratford was cited for marrying without either or licence , so since Quiney was only cited for marrying without the required licence it is presumed that they had posted in church . The infraction was a minor one , apparently caused by the minister , as three other couples were also wed that February . Quiney was nevertheless summoned by Walter Nixon to appear before the Consistory court in Worcester . ( This same Walter Nixon was later involved in a Star Chamber case and was found guilty of forging signatures and taking ) . Quiney failed to appear by the required date . The register recorded the judgement , which was excommunication , on or about 12 March 1616 . It is unknown if Judith was also excommunicated , but in any case the punishment did not last long . In November of the same year they were back in church for the baptism of their firstborn child . - The marriage did not begin well : Quiney had recently impregnated another woman , Margaret Wheeler , who was to die in childbirth along with the child and was buried on 15 March 1616 . On 26 March 1616 , Quiney appeared before the Court , which dealt , among other things , with " and " . in open court to " copulation " with Margaret Wheeler , he submitted himself for correction . He was sentenced to open penance " in a white sheet ( according to custom ) " before the congregation on three Sundays . He also had to admit to his crime , this time wearing ordinary clothes , before the Minister of in Warwickshire . The first part of the sentence was , essentially letting him off with a five @-@ shilling fine to be given to the parish 's poor . Since only had a chapel , he was spared any public humiliation . - - = = Chapel Lane , Atwood 's and The Cage = = - - Where the lived after being married is unknown . Judith owned her father 's cottage on Chapel Lane , Stratford , while Thomas had held , since 1611 , the lease on a tavern called " Atwood 's " on High Street . The cottage later passed from Judith to her sister as part of the settlement in their father 's will . In July 1616 Thomas houses with his brother @-@ in @-@ law , William Chandler , moving his vintner 's shop to the upper half of a house at the corner of High Street and Bridge Street . Known as " The Cage " , it is the house traditionally associated with Judith Quiney . In the 20th century The Cage was for a time a restaurant before being turned into the Stratford Information Office . - The Cage provides further insight into why Shakespeare would not have trusted Judith 's husband . Around 1630 Quiney tried to sell the lease on the house but was prevented by his . In 1633 , to protect the interests of Judith and the children , the lease was signed over to the trust of : John Hall , Susanna 's husband ; Thomas Nash , the husband of Judith 's niece ; and Richard Watts , vicar of nearby , who was Quiney 's brother @-@ in @-@ law and who had at Thomas and Judith 's wedding . Eventually , in November 1652 , the lease to The Cage ended up in the hands of Thomas ' eldest brother , Richard Quiney , a in London . - - = = William Shakespeare 's last will and testament = = - - The beginnings of Judith 's marriage , in spite of her husband and his family being otherwise , has led to speculation that this was the cause for William Shakespeare 's hastily altered last will and testament . He first summoned his lawyer , Francis Collins , in January 1616 . On 25 March he made further alterations , probably because he was dying and because of his concerns about Quiney . In the first bequest of the will there had been a provision " my sonne in L [ ] " ; but " sonne in L [ ] " was then struck out , with Judith 's name inserted in its stead . To this daughter he bequeathed £ 100 " in discharge of her marriage " ; another £ 50 if she were to relinquish the Chapel Lane cottage ; and , if she or any of her children were still alive at the end of three years following the date of the will , a further £ 150 , of which she was to receive the interest but not the principal . This money was explicitly denied to Thomas Quiney unless he were to bestow on Judith lands of equal value . In a separate bequest , Judith was given " my broad silver gilt " . - Finally , for the bulk of his estate , which included his main house , " New Place " , his two houses on Street and various lands in and around Stratford , Shakespeare had set up an entail . His estate was bequeathed , in descending order of choice , to the following : 1 ) his daughter , Susanna Hall ; 2 ) upon Susanna 's death , " to the first sonne of her & to the Males of the of the first " ; 3 ) to Susanna 's second son and his male heirs ; 4 ) to Susanna 's third son and his male heirs ; 5 ) to Susanna 's " ... & " and their male heirs ; 6 ) to Elizabeth , Susanna and John Hall 's firstborn , and her male heirs ; 7 ) to Judith and her male heirs ; or 8 ) to whatever heirs the law would normally recognise . This elaborate entail is usually taken to indicate that Thomas Quiney was not to be entrusted with Shakespeare 's inheritance , although some have speculated that it may simply indicate that Susanna was the favoured child . - - = = Children = = - - Judith and Thomas Quiney had three children : Shakespeare ( baptised 23 November 1616 — buried 8 May 1617 ) ; Richard ( baptised 9 February 1618 — buried 6 February 1639 ) ; and Thomas ( baptised 23 January 1620 — buried 28 January 1639 ) . Shakespeare was named for his mother 's father . Richard 's name was common among the : his other grandfather and an uncle were both named Richard . - Shakespeare Quiney died at six months of age . Richard and Thomas Quiney were buried within a month of each other ; they were 19 and 21 years old , respectively . The deaths of all of Judith 's children brought on new legal consequences . The entail on her father 's inheritance led Susanna , along with her daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law , to make a settlement , by use of a rather elaborate legal device , for the inheritance of her own branch of the family . Legal wrangling continued for another thirteen years , until 1652 . - - = = Death = = - - Of Thomas Quiney 's fate the records show little . It is speculated that he may have died in 1662 or 1663 when the parish burial records are incomplete . He certainly had a nephew in London , who by this time held the lease to The Cage . - - - = Transit of Venus = - - A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet , becoming visible against ( and hence obscuring a small portion of ) the solar disk . During a transit , Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun . The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours ( the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes ) . A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon . While the diameter of Venus is more than 3 times that of the Moon , Venus appears smaller , and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun , because it is much farther away from Earth . - Transits of Venus are among the of predictable astronomical phenomena . They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years , with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121 @.@ 5 years and 105 @.@ 5 years . The is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8 : 13 and 243 : 395 . - The last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012 , and was the last Venus transit of the 21st century ; the prior transit took place on 8 June 2004 . The previous pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882 . The next transits of Venus will be on 10 – 11 December 2117 , and 8 December . - Venus transits are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System . Observations of the 1639 transit , combined with the principle of parallax , provided an estimate of the distance between the Sun and the Earth that was more accurate than any other up to that time . The 2012 transit provided scientists with a number of other research opportunities , particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for exoplanets . - - = = = = - - Venus , with an orbit inclined by 3 @.@ 4 ° relative to the Earth 's , usually appears to pass under ( or over ) the Sun at inferior conjunction . A transit occurs when Venus reaches conjunction with the Sun at or near one of its nodes — the longitude where Venus passes through the Earth 's orbital plane ( the ecliptic ) — and appears to pass directly across the Sun . Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3 @.@ 4 ° , Venus can be as far as 9 @.@ 6 ° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction . Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree , Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction . - of transits usually repeat every 243 years . After this period of time Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in their respective orbits . During the Earth 's 243 orbital periods , which total @.@ 3 days , Venus completes 395 orbital periods of 224 @.@ 701 days each , equal to @.@ 9 Earth days . This period of time corresponds to 152 periods of Venus . - The pattern of 105 @.@ 5 , 8 , 121 @.@ 5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243 @-@ year cycle , because of the slight between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction . Prior to 1518 , the pattern of transits was 8 , 113 @.@ 5 and 121 @.@ 5 years , and the eight inter @-@ transit gaps before the AD transit were 121 @.@ 5 years apart . The current pattern will continue until , when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105 @.@ 5 , 129 @.@ 5 and 8 years . Thus , the 243 @-@ year cycle is relatively stable , but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time . Since the 243 : 395 Earth : Venus is only approximate , there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart , each extending for several thousand years , which are eventually replaced by other sequences . For instance , there is a series which ended in BC , and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631 . - - = = History of observation = = - - - = = = Ancient history = = = - - Ancient Indian , Greek , Egyptian , Babylonian and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet 's motions . The early Greek astronomers called Venus by two names — the evening star and the morning star . is credited with realizing they were the same planet . There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits . Venus was important to ancient American civilizations , in particular for the Maya , who called it , " the Great Star " or , " the Wasp Star " ; they embodied Venus in the form of the god ( also known as or related to and in other parts of Mexico ) . In the Dresden , the Maya charted Venus ' full cycle , but despite their precise knowledge of its course , there is no mention of a transit . However , it has been proposed that frescoes found at may contain a pictorial representation of the 12th or 13th century transits . - - = = = 1639 – first scientific observation = = = - - In 1627 , Johannes Kepler became the first person to predict a transit of Venus , by predicting the 1631 event . His methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe , and as a consequence , nobody was able to use his prediction to observe the phenomenon . - The first recorded observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home at Carr House in Much , near Preston in England , on 4 December 1639 ( 24 November under the Julian calendar then in use in England ) . His friend , William , also observed this transit from , near Manchester . Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639 . Horrocks corrected Kepler 's calculation for the orbit of Venus , realized that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart , and so predicted the transit of 1639 . Although he was uncertain of the exact time , he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 15 : 00 . Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of paper , where the image could be safely observed . After observing for most of the day , he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15 : 15 , just half an hour before sunset . Horrocks ' observations allowed him to make a well @-@ informed guess as to the size of Venus , as well as to make an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun — the astronomical unit . He estimated that distance to be 59 @.@ 4 million miles ( 95 @.@ 6 , 0 @.@ 639 AU ) – about two thirds of the actual distance of 93 million miles ( 149 @.@ 6 million km ) , but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time . The observations were not published until 1661 , well after Horrocks 's death . - - = = = 1761 and 1769 = = = - - In 1663 Scottish mathematician James Gregory had suggested in his that observations of a transit of the planet Mercury , at widely spaced points on the surface of the Earth , could be used to calculate the solar parallax and hence the astronomical unit using triangulation . Aware of this , a young Edmond Halley made observations of such a transit on 28 October 1677 from Saint Helena but was disappointed to find that only Richard in Burnley , Lancashire had made another accurate observation of the event whilst , at Avignon , simply recorded that it had occurred . Halley was not satisfied that the resulting calculation of the solar parallax at 45 " was accurate . - In a paper published in 1691 , and a more refined one in , he proposed that more accurate calculations could be made using measurements of a transit of Venus , although the next such event was not due until 1761 . Halley died in 1742 , but in 1761 numerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world so that precise observations of the transit could be made in order to make the calculations as described by Halley — an early example of international scientific collaboration . This collaboration was , however , by competition , the British , for example , being spurred to action only after they heard of French plans from Joseph @-@ Nicolas . In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair , astronomers from Britain , Austria and France traveled to destinations around the world , including Siberia , Norway , Newfoundland and Madagascar . Most managed to observe at least part of the transit , but successful observations were made in particular by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason at the Cape of Good Hope . Less successful , at Saint Helena , were and Robert , although they put the voyage to good use by the lunar @-@ distance method of finding longitude . - The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg . He used a two @-@ lens and a weak solar filter ( smoked glass ) and reported seeing a bump or of light ( " Lomonosov 's arc " ) off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun . Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere ; he also reported the appearance of a around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun 's disk during the initial phase of transit . In 2012 , and reported , based on knowing what Venus 's atmosphere would look like because of and Schneider 's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus , that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus 's atmosphere . To make a decisive test , a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov 's discovery of atmosphere with antique during the transit of Venus on 5 – 6 June 2012 . They observed the " Lomonosov 's arc " and other effects due to Venus 's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov 's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun 's disc during or if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed . - For the 1769 transit , scientists traveled to Tahiti , Norway , and locations in North America including Canada , New England , and San José del Cabo ( Baja California , then under Spanish control ) ; . The Czech astronomer Christian Mayer was invited by Catherine the Great to observe the transit in Saint Petersburg with Anders Johan , while other members of Russian Academy of Sciences went to eight other locations in the Russian Empire , under the general coordination of . The Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell and his assistant traveled to , Norway , delegated by Christian VII of Denmark . William Wales and Joseph made their observation in Hudson Bay , Canada , for the Royal Society . Observations were made by a number of groups in the British colonies in America . In Philadelphia , the American Philosophical Society erected three temporary observatories and appointed a committee , of which David was the head . Observations were made by a group led by Dr. Benjamin West in Providence , Rhode and published in 1769 . The results of the various observations in the American colonies were printed in the first volume of the American Philosophical Society 's Transactions , published in 1771 . Comparing the North American observations , William Smith published in 1771 a best value of the solar parallax of 8 @.@ 48 to 8 @.@ 49 arc @-@ seconds , which corresponds to an Earth @-@ sun distance of times the Earth 's radius , about 3 % different from the correct value . - Observations were also made from Tahiti by James Cook and Charles Green at a location still known as " Point Venus " . This occurred on the first voyage of James Cook , after which Cook explored New Zealand and Australia . This was one of five expeditions organised by the Royal Society and the Royal . - Jean @-@ Baptiste d went to San José del Cabo in what was then New Spain to observe the transit with two Spanish astronomers ( Vicente de and Salvador de ) . For his trouble he died in an epidemic of yellow fever there shortly after completing his observations . Only 9 of 28 in the entire party returned home alive . - The unfortunate Guillaume Le Gentil spent eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits . His unsuccessful journey led to him losing his wife and possessions and being declared dead ( his efforts became the basis of the play Transit of Venus by Maureen Hunter ) . Under the influence of the Royal Society travelled to Istanbul , but arrived too late . - Unfortunately , it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit because of the phenomenon known as the " black drop effect " . This effect was long thought to be due to Venus ' thick atmosphere , and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere . However , recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth 's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus . - In 1771 , using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data , the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 million kilometers ( ± 1 million km ) . The precision was less than had been hoped for because of the black drop effect , but still a considerable improvement on Horrocks ' calculations . - Maximilian Hell published the results of his expedition in 1770 , in Copenhagen . Based on the results of his own expedition , and of Wales and Cook , in 1772 he presented another calculation of the astronomical unit : 151 @.@ 7 million kilometers . Lalande queried the accuracy and authenticity of the Hell expedition , but later he retreated in an article of Journal des , in 1778 . - - = = = 1874 and 1882 = = = - - Transit observations in 1874 and 1882 allowed this value to be refined further . Three expeditions — from Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States — were sent to the Kerguelen Archipelago for the 1874 observations . The American astronomer Simon combined the data from the last four transits , and he arrived at a value of about 149 @.@ 59 million kilometers ( ± 0 @.@ 31 million kilometers ) . Modern techniques , such as the use of radio from space probes , and of radar measurements of the distances to planets and asteroids in the Solar System , have allowed a reasonably accurate value for the astronomical unit ( AU ) to be calculated to a precision of about ± 30 meters . As a result , the need for parallax calculations has been superseded . - - = = = 2004 and 2012 = = = - - A number of scientific organizations headed by the European Southern Observatory ( ) organized a network of amateur astronomers and students to measure Earth 's distance from the Sun during the transit . The participants ' observations allowed a calculation of the astronomical unit ( AU ) of 149 608 708 km ± 11 835 km which had only a 0 @.@ % difference to the accepted value . - There was a good deal of interest in the 2004 transit as scientists attempted to measure the pattern of light dimming as Venus blocked out some of the Sun 's light , in order to refine techniques that they hope to use in searching for extrasolar planets . Current methods of looking for planets orbiting other stars only work for a few cases : planets that are very large ( Jupiter @-@ like , not Earth @-@ like ) , whose gravity is strong enough to wobble the star sufficiently for us to detect changes in proper motion or shift changes in radial velocity ; Jupiter or Neptune sized planets very close to their parent star whose transit causes changes in the luminosity of the star ; or planets which pass in front of background stars with the planet @-@ parent star separation comparable to the Einstein ring and cause gravitational . Measuring light intensity during the course of a transit , as the planet blocks out some of the light , is potentially much more sensitive , and might be used to find smaller planets . However , extremely precise measurement is needed : for example , the transit of Venus causes the Sun 's light to drop by a mere 0 @.@ 001 magnitude , and the dimming produced by small extrasolar planets will be similarly tiny . - The 2012 transit provided scientists numerous research opportunities as well , in particular in regard to the study of exoplanets . Research of the 2012 Venus transit includes : - Measuring dips in a star 's brightness caused by a known planet transiting the Sun will help astronomers find exoplanets . Unlike the 2004 Venus transit , the 2012 transit occurred during an active phase of the 11 @-@ year activity cycle of the Sun , and it is likely to give astronomers practice in picking up a planet 's signal around a " spotty " variable star . - Measurements made of the apparent diameter of Venus during the transit , and comparison with its known diameter , will give scientists an idea of how to estimate sizes . - Observation made of the atmosphere of Venus simultaneously from Earth @-@ based telescopes and from the Venus Express gives scientists a better opportunity to understand the intermediate level of Venus ' atmosphere than is possible from either viewpoint alone . This will provide new information about the climate of the planet . - data taken of the well @-@ known atmosphere of Venus will be compared to studies of exoplanets whose atmospheres are thus far unknown . - The Hubble Space Telescope , which cannot be pointed directly at the Sun , used the Moon as a mirror to study the light that had passed through the atmosphere of Venus in order to determine its composition . This will help to show whether a similar technique could be used to study exoplanets . - - = = Past and future transits = = - - NASA maintains a catalog of Venus Transits covering the period 2000 BCE to 4000 CE . Currently , transits occur only in June or December ( see table ) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts , becoming later in the year by about two days every 243 @-@ year cycle . Transits usually occur in pairs , on nearly the same date eight years apart . This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus , so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions . This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits , but it is not precise enough to produce a , since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time . The last transit not to be part of a pair was in . The next will be in ; in 2854 ( the second of the / 2854 pair ) , although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth 's equator , a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere . - Thus after 243 years the transits of Venus returns . The 1874 transit is a member of the 243 @-@ years cycle # 1 . The 1882 transit is a member of # 2 . The 2004 transit is a member of # 3 and the 2012 transit is a member of # 4 . The 2117 transit is a member of # 1 and so on . However , the ascending node ( December transits ) of the orbit of Venus moves backwards after each 243 years so the transit of 2854 is the last member of series # 3 instead of series # 1 . The descending node ( June transits ) moves forwards , so the transit of is the last member of # 2 . From till + 125 @,@ 000 only about ten series at both nodes each are needed for all the transits of Venus in this very long , because both nodes of the orbit of Venus moves back and forward in time . - Over longer periods of time , new series of transits will start and old series will end . Unlike the series for lunar , it is possible for a transit series to restart after a hiatus . The transit series also vary much more in length than the series . - - = = and simultaneous transits = = - - Sometimes Venus only the Sun during a transit . In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit ( no second or third contact ) . The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631 , and the next such transit will occur on 13 December . It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit , while in others Venus misses the Sun . Such a transit last occurred on 19 November BC , and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854 . These effects occur due to parallax , since the size of the Earth different points of view with slightly different lines of sight to Venus and the Sun . It can be demonstrated by closing an eye and holding a finger in front of a smaller more distant object ; when you open the other eye and close the first , the finger will no longer be in front of the object . - The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus does occur , but extremely infrequently . Such an event last occurred on 22 September 373 @,@ 173 BC and will next occur on 26 July 69 @,@ 163 , and again on 29 March 224 @,@ 508 . The simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is currently possible , but very rare . The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April 15 @,@ 232 . The last time a solar eclipse occurred during a transit of Venus was on 1 November 15 @,@ BC . It could be noticed that the day after the transit of 3 June 1769 there was a total solar eclipse , which was visible in Northern America , Europe and Northern Asia . - - - = Ímar mac Arailt = - - Ímar mac Arailt ( died 1054 ) was an eleventh @-@ century ruler of the Kingdom of Dublin and perhaps the Kingdom of the Isles . He was the son of a man named Aralt , and appears to have been a grandson of Amlaíb Cuarán , King of Northumbria and Dublin . Such a relationship would have meant that Ímar was a member of the Uí , and that he was a nephew of Amlaíb Cuarán 's son , Sitriuc mac Amlaíb , King of Dublin , a man driven from Dublin by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill in 1036 . - Ímar 's reign in Dublin spanned at least eight years , from 1038 to . Although he began by seizing the kingship from Echmarcach in 1038 , he eventually lost it to him in . As king , Ímar is recorded to have overseen military operations throughout Ireland , and seems to have actively assisted the family of Iago ab ap , King of Gwynedd overseas in Wales . After Echmarcach 's final expulsion from Dublin 1052 , Ímar may well have been reinstalled as King of Dublin by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , King of Leinster . Whatever the case , Ímar died in 1054 . He may have been an ancestor or close kinsman of Gofraid , King of Dublin and the Isles , the progenitor of a family that ruled in the Isles until the mid thirteenth century . - - = = background = = - - Ímar was probably the son of Aralt mac Amlaíb ( died 999 ) , a man whose death at the Battle of Glenn is recorded by the Annals of Clonmacnoise , the Annals of the Four Masters , the Annals of Ulster , and . If this identification is correct , Ímar 's paternal grandfather would have been Amlaíb Cuarán , King of Northumbria and Dublin ( died 980 / ) , and a paternal uncle of Ímar would have been Sitriuc mac Amlaíb , King of Dublin ( died ) . - - = = for Dublin = = - - Ímar 's probable uncle , Sitriuc , ruled Dublin for almost fifty years between and 1036 . There is reason to suspect that the latter 's realm included Mann by the second or third decade of the eleventh century . His reign in Dublin was finally put to an end by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill ( died 1064 / 1065 ) , who drove Sitriuc from the coastal town and claimed the kingship for himself . Previously , Sitriuc seems to have been closely aligned with Knútr ( died 1035 ) , ruler of the kingdoms of England , Denmark , and Norway . Knútr 's apparent authority in the Irish Sea region , coupled with Sitriuc 's seemingly close connections with him , could account for the remarkable security enjoyed by Sitriuc during Knútr 's reign . It is possible that Echmarcach had been bound from taking action against Sitriuc whilst Knútr held power , and that the confusion caused by the latter 's death in 1035 enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation and seize control of the Irish Sea region . Although there is no direct evidence that Echmarcach controlled Mann by this date , Sitriuc does not appear to have taken refuge on the island after his expulsion from Dublin . This seems to suggest that the island was outside Sitriuc 's possession , and may indicate that Mann had fallen into the hands of Echmarcach sometime before . In fact , it is possible that Echmarcach used the island to launch his takeover of Dublin . - Echmarcach 's hold on Dublin was short @-@ lived as the Annals of Tigernach records that Ímar replaced him as King of Dublin in 1038 . This annal @-@ entry has been interpreted to indicate that Ímar drove Echmarcach from the kingship . There is reason to suspect that Þórfinnr , Earl of Orkney ( died c . 1065 ) extended his presence into the Isles and the Irish Sea region at about this period . The evidence of Þórfinnr 's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship . In fact , Þórfinnr 's predatory operations in the Irish Sea region may have contributed to Echmarcach 's loss of Dublin in 1038 . - It is that Ímar received some form of support from Knútr 's son and successor in Britain , Haraldr , King of England ( died ) . The latter was certainly in power when Ímar replaced Echmarcach , and an association between Ímar and Haraldr could explain why the Annals of Ulster reports the latter 's death two years later . Ímar 's reign lasted about eight years , and one of his first royal acts appears to have been the invasion of Rathlin Island within the year . The fact that he proceeded to campaign in the North Channel could indicate that Echmarcach had held power in this region before his acquisition of Mann and Dublin . - In 1044 , the Annals of Tigernach records that Ímar penetrated into the domain of the Uí and killed their chief . The annal @-@ entry also indicates that Ímar stormed the church of Armagh , and burned ( the " Shrine of Patrick " ) in the attack . The following year , he again invaded Rathlin Island , and his subsequent slaughter of three hundred noblemen of the Ulaid , including a certain heir apparent named Ua , is documented by the Annals of Clonmacnoise , the Annals of Inisfallen , the Annals of Tigernach , and the Annals of the Four Masters . This remarkable action may indicate that the Dubliners and Ulaid were battling for control of Rathlin Island . If so , it could be evidence that Ímar enjoyed the possession of Mann by this date . The domain of the Ulaid is certainly the closest Irish territory to Mann , and the control of the fleet could account for the 's ability to challenge the Ulaid . Whatever the case , within the year Niall mac , King of Ulaid ( died 1063 ) is recorded to have attacked Fine Gall — Dublin 's @-@ rich northern hinterland — in what may have been a retaliatory raid . - The following year , the Annals of Tigernach states that Echmarcach succeeded Ímar . The Annals of the Four Masters specifies that Ímar was driven from the kingship by Echmarcach , who was then elected king by the Dubliners . After this point in Ímar 's life , all that is known for certain is that he died in 1054 , as recorded by the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Loch . Nevertheless , since these sources style Ímar in Gaelic Gall ( " king of the foreigners " ) , there may be evidence to suggest that , when Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , King of Leinster ( died 1072 ) drove Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052 , Diarmait reinstalled Ímar as king . - After Ímar 's death , Diarmait appears to have appointed his own son , Murchad ( died 1070 ) , control of Dublin later that decade , as the Annals of the Four Masters him the title Gall , meaning " lord of the foreigners " in 1059 . In , Murchad invaded Mann and seems to have overthrown Echmarcach . Both father and son were dead by 1072 , and the Annals of Tigernach describes Diarmait on his death that year as King of the Isles ( Gall , literally " king of the of the foreigners " ) , a declaration which seems to indicate that , by the eleventh century at least , the kingship of the Isles was contingent upon control of Mann . - - = = Involvement in Wales = = - - The principal Welsh monarch during Ímar 's reign was Gruffudd ap ( died 1063 / 1064 ) . One of the latter 's main rivals was Iago ab ap , King of Gwynedd ( died ) , a man who had killed Gruffudd 's father in 1023 , and ruled Gwynedd until his own demise in . Gruffudd himself may have been responsible for Iago 's slaying , and certainly succeeded to the kingship of Gwynedd after his death . It was likely in the context of Iago 's fall and this resulting regime change that the latter 's son , Cynan ( fl . 1064 ) , fled overseas and sought refuge in Dublin . - According to Historia , the mother of Cynan 's son was Amlaíb , a paternal granddaughter of Sitriuc . Further revealed by this source is the fact that this woman 's father , Amlaíb mac Sitriuc , built and commanded a Welsh fortress called Castell Avloed . Although it is unknown how long the Dubliners possessed the fortress , in 1036 another son of Sitriuc was slain in Wales by an apparent kinsman , an event which could be evidence of a struggle for control of the site . Echmarcach 's aforesaid expulsion of Sitriuc from Dublin in the same year could in turn indicate that this exiled monarch sought refuge in Wales . - Despite the uncertainty of its specific location , Castell Avloed appears to have been situated in territory formerly controlled by Iago , and there is reason to suspect that — after Iago 's fall and Cynan 's flight — Ímar oversaw military actions against Gruffudd . Three years later , for example , y and the " B " and " C " versions of report that this Welsh king was captured by forces from Dublin . The episode is further elaborated upon by a sixteenth @-@ century text compiled by David Powell ( died ) and a seventeenth @-@ century text by compiled by James Ware . According to these late versions of events , Gruffudd was captured by the Dubliners in the context of them supporting the cause of Cynan . The accounts further state that Gruffudd managed to escape his captors when the Dubliners were by Welsh forces before they could return to Ireland . The evidence of Cynan with the Dubliners against Gruffudd suggests that , not only was Ímar personally involved as king , but that the Welsh fortress of Castell Avloed was still controlled by the Dubliners . - Another conflict that could have involved Ímar and the military forces of Dublin was Gruffudd 's final defeat of Hywel ab Edwin , King of ( died 1044 ) . According to y and the " B " version of this last stand of Hywel took place at the mouth of the River — perhaps in the vicinity of — and included Vikings from Ireland who supported Hywel 's cause . It is apparent that Gruffudd 's adversaries generally utilised foreign military support from Ireland 's Viking enclaves . Certainly , the Book of Llandaff declares that Gruffudd struggled against English , Irish , and Vikings during his career . - - = = figure = = - - Ímar may have been the father , uncle , or possibly even the brother of Gofraid , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1095 ) . In , the Annals of Tigernach reveals that Gofraid possessed the kingship of Dublin in an annal @-@ entry recording his patronym as " ... mac Arailt " . The Chronicle of Mann , on the , gives Gofraid 's patronym as " ... de Ysland " . Whilst the former source identifies Gofraid as the son of a man named Aralt ( Old Norse Haraldr ) , the latter identifies Gofraid as the paternal grandson of a man so named . - In the aforesaid record of the military actions conducted in 1044 , Ímar is merely named as the son of Aralt , a fact which could indicate that this was how he was known to his contemporaries . If correct , the patronym preserved by the Chronicle of Mann could merely be a form of this style . - The patronym given by the Chronicle of Mann states that Gofraid 's father was from " Ysland " , a place which could refer to either Iceland , Islay , or Ireland . Other than this passage , there is no evidence hinting of a connection between Gofraid and Iceland . The chronicle elsewhere states that Gofraid died on Islay , although the island 's name is rendered " Ile " in this case . If " Ysland " instead refers to Ireland , the spelling could be the result of influence from a source originating in England , or a source written in French . - - - = Tessa Noël = - - Tessa Noël is a fictional character in the television series Highlander : The Series , portrayed by Alexandra Vandernoot . A mortal artist and sculptor , Tessa is the French lover of the protagonist Immortal , Duncan MacLeod , played by Adrian Paul . Tessa is introduced in the pilot episode " The Gathering " , first shown in 1992 , and appears in all subsequent episodes until " The Darkness " ( 1993 ) , the fourth episode of season two , in which she is killed . Vandernoot returned to the program for a number of guest appearances in the season two finale , " Counterfeit " , broadcast in 1994 , and the two @-@ part series conclusion " To Be " / " Not To Be " ( 1998 ) . - Tessa is MacLeod 's mortal companion and bears the consequences of his immortality . These include her aging while he does not , the impossibility of having children together and the dangers of MacLeod 's involvement in the Game , an ongoing battle in which all Immortals must behead each other until a single victor remains . Fully aware of this situation , Tessa stays with MacLeod , demonstrating her courage , understanding , generosity and compassion . - The first series of Highlander was a multi @-@ national co @-@ production including the French entertainment conglomerate , which resulted in a French @-@ speaking actor playing Tessa . Vandernoot had to adapt to the North American , fast @-@ paced method of series production and worked with a dialect coach . Her performance was generally praised by reviewers , who especially praised the strong on @-@ screen relationship that Vandernoot and Paul created between their characters . When Vandernoot decided to leave the show , her character was killed , leading to fierce protests among the show 's audience and subsequently prompted the producers to have Vandernoot play an evil of Tessa in the episode " Counterfeit " . Despite her return , Tessa 's death influenced the rest of the series , making it more pessimistic , and creating a significant precedent ; Tessa was the first main character of the series to die . - - = = Story arc = = - - Tessa Noël is a central character , who appeared in every episode of the first season of Highlander : The Series , and in the first four episodes of the second . After the character 's death , she later returned for cameo appearances in the episodes " Counterfeit Part Two " in the second season , and " To Be " and " Not To Be " , the sixth season 's final two episodes . - - = = = Background = = = - - Tessa was born on August 28 , 1958 in , France . When she was seven years old , she fell in love for the first time with then @-@ nineteen @-@ year @-@ old Alan ( Anthony Head ) . Tessa recalls in " Nowhere To Run " that she was " heartbroken " when he completed his studies and left the country . She remembered that at her first Christmas party in the ballroom of Alan 's house , she " couldn 't believe anything could be so beautiful . " Tessa mentions in " See No Evil " that she was educated at the in Paris , France . - Tessa 's first encounter with MacLeod is shown in a flashback sequence in " For Evil 's Sake " . She had recently left the and was working as an artist and conducting tours of the River Seine in Paris . In May 1980 , to escape Immortal Christoph ( Peter ) who was trying to behead him , MacLeod jumped on a on which Tessa was working , and charmed her so that he could stay on board . Another flashback scene in the episode " Counterfeit Part Two " shows how MacLeod revealed his immortality to Tessa . On April 1 , 1983 , MacLeod made Tessa shoot him in the chest with a pistol . After he revived , MacLeod revealed himself to be an Immortal who could not age or father children , but did not mention the Game . MacLeod expected Tessa to show disgust or fear , but instead Tessa expressed compassion and sadness for his loneliness . As Tessa remains unaware of the Game , MacLeod occasionally fights other Immortals without her knowledge . - - = = = Season one = = = - - When the series begins , Tessa and MacLeod have been in a relationship for twelve years and are the proprietors of an store , " MacLeod and Noel 's " , in the fictional city of Seacouver , Washington , United States . Immortals Quince ( Richard ) and Connor MacLeod ( Christopher Lambert ) break into their store , making Tessa aware of the Game . When she learns of this ultimate battle of good and evil , in which Duncan MacLeod must behead or be beheaded , she remarks ; " And you didn 't think it was important enough to mention . " When Quince threatens Tessa to distract MacLeod , she first wants to flee with MacLeod , who prepared for her departure and Quince . Aware that other Immortals will challenge MacLeod , Tessa decides to stay with him . They also allow Richie Ryan ( Stan Kirsch ) , a quick @-@ talking petty thief and street punk , to live with them because he was aware of MacLeod 's immortality . - In " Eyewitness " ( 1993 ) , Tessa witnesses the brutal murder of former artist Anne Wheeler ( Diana ) , and reacts angrily when she realizes that the police will do nothing about it , saying : " I 'm not hysterical , I don 't see things , and I 'm not looking for attention . I just want something to be done . " She decides to find the murderer on her own . When MacLeod tells Tessa that she is stronger than Anne , and that if something happened to him she would be fine , Tessa retorts , " You only think so because it suits you . " The murderer is Chief Police Officer Andrew ( Tom Butler ) who is beheaded by MacLeod after failed to kill Tessa . - In " Band of Brothers " ( 1993 ) , Tessa is chosen as the curator of a traveling exhibition entitled " An historical retrospective on sculpture and form " , which is based in Paris , France . Meanwhile , Immortal Grayson ( James ) is seeking Victor , a of MacLeod 's friend Darius ( Werner ) . Tessa decides to leave to Paris before MacLeod fights Grayson and her parting words are : " Remember . Paris is our city . I 'll be waiting for you " . After MacLeod Grayson , he , Tessa and Richie , live in a barge on the Seine near Notre Dame de Paris . - In " Angel " ( 1993 ) , MacLeod and Tessa search for information about newborn Immortal Alfred Cahill ( Martin ) . Becoming Immortal has made Cahill insane ; he believes he is an angel sent by God to free the world from sin . Cahill starts with the last prostitute he met , Tessa 's old friend , Elaine Trent ( Sandra Nelson ) . Tessa is angry to learn the fate of her intelligent , beautiful friend , but later realizes that she " [ sounds ] like her judge and jury . " MacLeod believes that the only way to stop Cahill is to behead him , despite Tessa 's opinion that " societies don 't kill their insane . They treat them . " When Cahill comes to the barge looking for MacLeod and finds Tessa alone , Tessa him by welcoming Cahill as a messenger of God . Later , she tells MacLeod with disgust , " I had to inside his head ... I had to think like him ... I had to become like him . " - - = = = Season two = = = - - The first episode of the second season , " The " ( 1993 ) , shows Tessa , MacLeod and Richie settling back to their store in Seacouver and meeting the , a secret society that observes Immortals without interfering . In " The Darkness " ( 1993 ) , Tessa meets a fortune teller named ( Lords ) who urges her to flee the city . This reminds MacLeod of another fortune teller , who , back in 1848 , predicted that he would bury many women , but marries none . MacLeod impulsively asks Tessa to marry him , to which she agrees . The next day , Tessa is abducted by Wolf ( Andrew Jackson ) , a renegade who wants to behead MacLeod . In the meantime , MacLeod tells Richie that he is getting married because of the thought of losing Tessa . Tessa holds her ground in front of Wolf and tries to escape , but Wolf brings her back to her cell . MacLeod finally finds them and kills Wolf , then sends Tessa home with Richie . On their way to the car , Tessa and Richie are shot dead by Marc ( Travis MacDonald ) , a drug addict wanting their money . Richie 's previously unknown immortality is revealed when he returns to life on the spot , but Tessa dies . MacLeod , devastated , leaves their home and sells the antique store . - " Eye For An Eye " ( 1993 ) shows the aftermath of Tessa 's death . MacLeod tells Richie , " She was part of our lives , Richie . Never pretend she wasn 't . " MacLeod also advises Richie to get used to her loss , because it " won 't be the last time it happens to you . " Later , while MacLeod trains Richie roughly so that he can face Immortal Annie Devlin ( Easton ) , Richie angrily tells MacLeod , " You can 't get past it , Mac . I know . You 've seen a lot of people die . But you had to be the hero , you sent us out to the car that night , you could have been there ... You look me in the eyes and you tell me you don 't blame yourself for her death . " Some time later , MacLeod tells Devlin , " Nothing you do brings anyone back . Once they 're dead ... nothing . " - In the two @-@ part finale to series two , " Counterfeit " ( 1994 ) , James Horton ( Peter Hudson ) , a renegade who believes all Immortals must be eliminated , uses killer Lisa Halle ( Meilani Paul ) to try and kill MacLeod . Lisa undergoes plastic surgery to resemble Tessa and therefore is played by Vandernoot from that point on . MacLeod meets Lisa just after he admitted to himself how much he missed Tessa , and he is stunned by her resemblance with Tessa . Despite knowing that Tessa is dead and cannot return , he eagerly pursues a relationship with Lisa . He eventually admits the truth when he discovers a scar on Lisa 's jaw . Horton kills Lisa on Tessa 's grave before being himself killed by MacLeod . - " To Be " and " Not To Be " ( 1998 ) , the series finale , respectively depict MacLeod dreaming of a world in which he was never born . Vandernoot reprises her role as Tessa , this time never having met MacLeod . Tessa leads an unsatisfactory life in which she has a husband and children , but is forced to sacrifice her art and sculpture . In this storyline she has an affair with MacLeod but feels she has betrayed her husband . - - = = Characteristics = = - - - = = = Relationship with MacLeod = = = - - Tessa , and Kirsch 's character Richie , were designed as MacLeod 's mortal companions and contacts . Tessa and MacLeod are lovers and share deep feelings for each other . Adrian Paul commented that MacLeod spent twelve years with Tessa without wanting another relationship and that " ... she was a very important part of his life " . Vandernoot thought that " ... the relationship between Tessa and MacLeod was very deep because very soon , he told her about himself ( ... ) because he trusted her , and I think trust is a very good definition of their relationship . She trusted him entirely and he trusted her . " Tessa is thus MacLeod 's only mortal lover who knows of his immortality . - However , executive producer Bill Panzer was intrigued by the idea that a mortal would want to spend their life with an Immortal , this choice having several drawbacks . MacLeod does not age , while Tessa is mortal and will age . Despite their mutual wish , they know growing old together is impossible and this uneasy thought " ... haunts them both , sometimes more than others . " As an Immortal , MacLeod is also sterile and Tessa herself to having no children . " The Sea Witch " deals with Tessa 's choice and its impact upon her life . In this episode , Tessa becomes very fond of a four @-@ year @-@ old girl and muses ; " For a while there , just for a few hours ... I felt like she was mine . I liked how it felt . But , she 's not ... I have my own life and it 's more than enough . " Panzer commented that " The Sea Witch " " ... brings forth in a very powerful way what exactly [ Tessa ] ' s giving up to be with MacLeod . " - Tessa occasionally meets MacLeod 's previous Immortal lovers . In " The Lady and the Tiger " , she immediately dislikes Amanda ( played by Elizabeth ) and the script notes that " ... sparks fly between the two women " . Although she quickly earns Amanda 's respect , Tessa feels like she has to compete with Amanda , while Amanda comments that Tessa is " ... quite refreshing in a sort of way . " played Amanda 's interaction with Tessa and a little . Tessa is usually jealous of MacLeod 's past lovers , but acknowledges in " Saving Grace " that " ... it would take me several lifetimes to find out everything in Duncan 's past . I know there 've been others , but I never thought I would meet one of them . " - In addition , Tessa shares with MacLeod the consequences of his involvement in the Game . She dislikes the Game and would like to escape from it with him , since she fears for his life . According to Vandernoot , Tessa " ... always thought that she [ would ] die before [ MacLeod ] " , but when he told her about the Game during " The Gathering " , " she [ realised ] that he [ could ] be killed " , thus she avoided thinking about it . Another consequence of the Game is that Tessa is sometimes exposed to danger from Immortals who want to use her to pressure MacLeod . Despite being captured by Quince in " The Gathering " , by the time of " Band of Brothers " , she is able to face Grayson : " If you think [ MacLeod ] will stand by , ... you have him terribly . So you 'd better kill me , now , and be done with it . " Grayson releases her and calls her " ... a remarkable woman , well worth keeping alive . " Consequently , Tessa is fully aware of the risks of their relationship , but stays with MacLeod , explaining in " Eyewitness " that " I know the risks I choose to take ... I stay with you because I want to . I won 't run . I 'm not the little woman and I 'll never be barefoot and pregnant . We all have things to face . This is mine . " However , she finds difficult to deal with her fears when MacLeod leaves to fight another Immortal . - - = = = Character traits = = = - - Vandernoot found Tessa 's personality " ... very nice , " " very understanding , generous , supportive . " MacLeod that Tessa always has a way of reminding him of his humanity . In " For Evil 's Sake " , she tells a guilt @-@ ridden MacLeod that " You may be Immortal , but you 're not omnipotent ... The world is not your responsibility . " Tessa often jokes about MacLeod 's immortality , for example telling him in " For Tomorrow We Die " that the last time MacLeod " ... wore a was on the deck of the Titanic . " - Tessa is able to with others , feel as they do , think as they do and so become like them . When MacLeod revealed his immortality to Tessa in " Counterfeit Part Two " , she can show compassion instead of the fear or disgust he expects : " I was just thinking how lonely you must be . Your parents , your friends ... having them all die . " Tessa is a very and understanding character , for example , in " Saving Grace " , she is jealous of MacLeod 's former lover Grace ; however , when MacLeod assures her that he no longer loves Grace , her response is simply that " ... that 's all that need to be said . She 's your friend and she 's been hurt . You 'll help her . I 'd expect you to do no less . " - Furthermore , Tessa demonstrates great courage , for example in " Mountain Men " , where she is abducted by three mountain men led by Immortal Caleb Cole , who wants to marry her . Tessa refuses to submit and spreads doubt among them , resulting in Cole finally killing one of his own men before MacLeod rescues her . Reviewer Rob Lineberger of commented that " ... this episode shows the tough stuff Tessa is made of . " Tessa is a very character , although it has , occasionally , been known to put her into rather sticky situations , for example , in the episode " See No Evil " , Tessa 's friend , Natalie , is attacked by serial killer Michael and Tessa uses herself as bait : " Nobody 's watching over his next victim , Duncan ... and she 's going to die if you and I don 't stop him . " Lineberger commented that " [ in " See No Evil " ] , Tessa gets a taste for how Duncan 's life must feel when she faces the killer . " She hits with her car , telling MacLeod " I thought the world of evil would feel better than this . " Panzer comments that having Tessa stop the killer " ... was kind of an unusual idea [ in television in 1992 ] , and this was the subject of a lot of meetings with [ then @-@ supervising producer ] David Abramowitz , myself and the people from the various networks , domestic and foreign , who were involved . " Tessa has a reputation for speaking and for refusing to tolerate any nonsense . In " Innocent Man " , when MacLeod refuses to take her where an evil Immortal is , she says , " I know why you don 't want me there . You 're afraid that what happened to Lucas [ MacLeod 's friend who has just been beheaded ] could happen to you . " Tessa has no self @-@ pity and " ... doesn 't like " . For example , in " For Tomorrow We Die " , MacLeod calls her " contrary by nature " Tessa parks her car without regard to , can drive a , is a poor chess player and dislikes war . - - = = = and career = = = - - Tessa is a prominent professional artist . She exhibitions of her works and sells a metallic sculpture to the City of Seacouver to adorn a park . Tessa is often seen making art works and welding large pieces of metal together , drawing or using modelling clay . She is also seen people with whom she has problems . Tessa believes that " ... an artist should never grow complacent . Change is good , " and fears the Paris art critics because " ... they are the worst " . - - = = Character concept and development = = - - In the script of " The Gathering " , Tessa is described as " ... a beautiful , casual woman , artist , free spirit , and proprietor of the most unusual antique shop in the city . " The script of the episode " Saving Grace " says that she has grace and style . Tessa is portrayed as a tall , thin woman with blonde hair and blue eyes . Because Highlander : The Series was an international co @-@ production , the producers cast a French @-@ speaking actor to play Tessa . Producer Gary Goodman explained that they wanted someone " ... that would be appealing on a television screen ... in the sense that you were comfortable with her accent and her character " . They chose Belgian actress Alexandra Vandernoot because she " ... was able to be exotic , pretty and not so unfamiliar to an American audience that she was accepted . " - Vandernoot recalled , " I think I was quite close to Tessa , she was very well written , very easy to play and I wish I was like that . I 'm not sure I 'd like that but ... it 's very nice , you know , to play a character with nice feelings and nice emotions . " Vandernoot had to adapt to the North American way of filming series and learn to work fast . She said that filming the series was " ... exhausting but formative " , and that filming in English was " challenging " . Vandernoot , who is a native French speaker , had a dialect coach . - Vandernoot and Paul created a strong on @-@ screen relationship between their characters . David Abramowitz , creative consultant from the second season onwards , said , " When I saw her and Adrian together , I thought that if I died , and there was a Mount Olympus , that the two of them would be standing together with around them . They were god @-@ like . They were so beautiful and had such presence . " Paul said that he was " detached " from the fictional relationship between Tessa and MacLeod , but that " ... it was a good relationship " . Later , he said he " ... was sad to see it go . " - Producer Barry Rosen said , " We were very lucky that [ Vandernoot and Kirsch ] were so human @-@ grounded , so we could really play off of them and the way they looked at things that [ Paul ] went through . They were also able to get into real @-@ life situations , romances , getting in trouble , and so on . " Although Vandernoot and Kirsch are three years apart in age ( Vandernoot being the older of the two ) , on set Vandernoot treated Kirsch like a young boy , while Kirsch seemed to her like a younger brother because of his youthful appearance . - - = = Death = = - - In 1993 , Vandernoot wanted to leave the show because shooting Highlander was too demanding and required her to spend several months each year in Canada . Vandernoot also wanted to spend more time with her family . According to Abramowitz , a further , artistic , reason was that " ... a small part of [ Vandernoot ] being a really strong actress wanted to play a more aggressive part in the show and sadly , the nature of the beast was that it couldn 't happen and she made a decision . " Panzer said that creating interesting female characters in the Highlander franchise was often a challenge because the producers found it difficult to " ... have the women be something other than a victim , a hostage , other things when [ one is ] dealing with an immortal hero . " Consequently , the creative staff needed to write Tessa out of the show but were restricted because of the character 's strong relationship with MacLeod . Associate Creative Gillian Horvath said that , " There was no way ... to have a scene where she said , ' Okay , I 'm going to go to Paris without you . Nice knowing you , MacLeod . ' " The writers decided that the only solution was for Tessa to die , despite Abramowitz 's feeling that her death was " ... sad " and " ... heartbreaking " . - Tessa 's death occurs in the fourth episode of the second season ; " The Darkness " . The creative staff decided Tessa would die in a random incident . Tessa 's death played no role in the episode 's main storyline . It was not formulaic ; the writers wanted to shock the audience . Abramowitz said that " ... it would have been easier to kill her off in the episode , " but the writers " ... wanted it to be a surprise and show how shocking [ Tessa 's death ] was to [ them ] . " Horvath said that " ... losing a loved one to a random act of violence isn 't something that only happens to television action heroes or Immortals or people in another type of life , it happens in the real world totally unexpectedly , at a moment that makes no sense dramatically . " Tessa 's death scene shows MacLeod kneeling next to Tessa and her , then Richie reviving and speaking with MacLeod . - During the filming of the episode , however , no dialog was recorded . The final version of the episode shown in North America did not show Richie revive . The European version showed Richie reviving , but no dialog was present . This scene was later re @-@ recorded in Paris in 1994 during the filming of the season finale " Counterfeit Part Two " , this time including the dialog . However , this footage was not seen in the final version ; the footage was eventually used in the season four episode " Leader of the Pack " . - - = = = ' reception = = = - - " The Darkness " had the desired effect ; Lineberger wrote that " I was taken aback by the dark tone and emotional range generated by this episode . Highlander is a fantasy series , yet I cared about the characters as though I know them ... Vandernoot gave Tessa such vitality and charm that her death left me . " Abramowitz said that Tessa 's death strongly angered many viewers , and that " ... people hated me for killing her . " - The audience became still when in the following episode , " Eye For An Eye " , MacLeod made love to Immortal Annie Devlin . Abramowitz explained the creative decision of his staff by saying that " ... someone once told me that death was an . It 's a thing that pushes you to life and the greatest thing in life , that 's ' seize life ' , is sex . " Lineberger wrote in his review of " Eye For An Eye " , " This one caused an uproar — one I feel is justified . [ Abramowitz ] gave a defense ( in my opinion a weak one ) ( ... ) I have a high tolerance for insensitive guy stuff , but this got to me . When Duncan rolled into Annie 's arms , part of me in appreciation of Duncan 's magnetic charm . But the rest of me found his actions cruel to the viewers . " Abramowitz confirmed that " ... the fans hated it . And the women wanted to string me up . I was a ' ' and a ' card ' ... " Paul also reported an angry reaction from the audience after the seventh episode , " The Return of Amanda " , in which MacLeod sleeps with Amanda . - Tessa 's death was a turning point in Highlander : The Series . It marked the first time that a regular character died in the show ; it would be followed by the deaths of Charlie and Richie Ryan . Horvath recalled that " ... it changed the tone of the show . It made Highlander the show where you couldn 't be positive that the characters were safe because they were in the credits . " Tessa 's death also gave the show a pessimistic tone that influenced the remaining characters . Rosen explained that " ... in the years that followed without her and with [ Kirsch 's character ] becoming Immortal , ( ... ) you had to play the show differently . " Lineberger said that " Richie and Duncan relate to each other differently from now on , and Duncan is bereft of much of his joy [ and ] as well . Tessa is no longer around to lighten him . " - - = = = " Counterfeit " = = = - - Tessa remained extremely popular with the audience after her death , prompting the producers to develop the season two finale episode " Counterfeit " to bring her back . According to Kirsch , Vandernoot did not realize her , or her character 's , popularity before attending conventions . Paul said that Vandernoot was surprised that her character had so much influence on the show and that her return was " ... fun for her to do , especially to play a different character which was similar to Tessa but also had an evil intent to her . " - The " Counterfeit " story features the character Lisa undergoing plastic surgery to become Tessa 's double . Lisa was played by Meilani Paul before the surgery and by Vandernoot after it . The producers wondered whether the story needed to explain the change in Lisa 's voice , as she would be played by a different actor . They considered suggesting that her voice changed because of the surgery , then decided that Lisa would have voice training . After her operation , Lisa speaks with Vandernoot 's voice when posing as Tessa , and with Meilani Paul 's voice when the character was not acting . This was achieved using automated dialogue replacement during post @-@ production . - Adrian Paul said that Vandernoot portrayed Lisa as a smoker to mark her out as a different character from Tessa . Paul also said that his scene with Vandernoot had to reflect the different relationship between MacLeod and Lisa from that between MacLeod and Tessa . According to Paul , Lisa was more like a to MacLeod than was Tessa . According to Panzer , the original script featured Horton sending Lisa to kill MacLeod on the latter 's barge . After reading the draft script , Adrian Paul thought the idea of Lisa trying to kill MacLeod on Tessa 's grave would have a more dramatic effect . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Bill Panzer said that Tessa became popular with the program 's audience . Rob Lineberger called Tessa " ... beautiful and spirited , " and said that " ... she is the perfect mortal foil for MacLeod 's heavy concerns . She and strengthens him . " Reviewer Bernstein of the Audio Video Revolution website wrote that Tessa was " ... depicted not as a , in @-@ the @-@ dark Lois Lane but rather as a woman who handles her lover ’ s supernatural aspects with remarkable . " added that Tessa was " " and " ... an unusually love interest ( not to mention a refreshing sexually active heroine , as opposed to the coy ' sexual tension ' females who usually the genre ) . " Other reviewers had a more negative opinion . Reviewer Lacey of " ... found it odd that everyone liked Tessa because [ he ] found her rather annoying . " Reviewer Doug Anderson of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that Tessa was " ... too and sympathetic to serve any purpose other than an emotional spur for the hero 's vengeance . " - Reviewer David M. Gutierrez , also of , noted the " ... strong on @-@ screen chemistry between Tessa and MacLeod . " So did Lineberger : " One gets the feeling they have been together for years , though the series is fresh out of the box , " and he added , " Together , they are a model couple . They have healthy banter , intense arguments , plenty of romance , and an easy comfort with each other . " Bernstein wrote ; " Paul and Vandernoot are charming separately and together " . of The Denver Post wrote that " Paul and Vandernoot don 't look like typical American TV @-@ style and , and for good reason . They were cast to appeal internationally . " - Discussing Vandernoot 's performance , Lineberger called her a " ... gifted actor " , saying that " ... she has the poise , restraint , and grace to be both sensual and frustrated , accomplished yet vulnerable , mortal but aware of greater concerns . " John of Variety noted that Vandernoot was " attractive " and Anderson called her a " ... Michelle Pfeiffer look @-@ alike . " - Reviewing the episode " Counterfeit " , Gutierrez wrote that " ... despite the fact that the having an exact twin of Tessa 's pop up is flatly ludicrous , it plays out due to MacLeod 's desire to have Tessa back his sense of reason . ( ... ) Vandernoot likes the Tessa character quite a bit and gave me the impression she was sad to see her go , " and that she " ... looks like she enjoys playing the good / bad Lisa . Her triple performance as Tessa shows Vandernoot 's range . " of felt that " ... a visit from Tessa in " Counterfeit " , even an evil Tessa look @-@ alike , is a welcome to a significant character from the first season , and it gave our boy Duncan a moment or two to reflect on his recent lost love . " - - - = M @-@ 5 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 5 , commonly referred to as Grand River Avenue and the northern section as the Haggerty Connector , is a 20 @.@ @-@ mile @-@ long ( 33 @.@ 486 km ) state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan . The highway runs through suburbs in Oakland and Wayne counties in addition to part of Detroit itself . It starts in Commerce Township as a north – south divided highway and freeway called the Haggerty Connector and connects with Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) in Novi . The freeway then turns southeasterly to bypass the suburb of Farmington as an east – west highway . The freeway ends on the southeast side of Farmington , and M @-@ 5 follows Grand River Avenue as boulevard into Detroit . The eastern terminus is at an interchange with I @-@ 96 in Detroit . The trunkline passes between suburban residential subdivisions and along urban commercial areas while serving 17 @,@ 200 – 68 @,@ 800 vehicles on average each day . - Grand River Avenue started as the path of an early wagon trail in the Michigan Territory , carrying settlers from Detroit inland along a route previously used by Native Americans . It was later a plank road that helped to connect Detroit with the state capital of Lansing and Grand Rapids . When the state highway system was signed in 1919 , the was numbered as part of M @-@ 16 . Later it became US Highway 16 ( US 16 ) . Grand River Avenue was supposed to be the path for I @-@ 96 from Novi into downtown Detroit , and a section of freeway now used by M @-@ 5 was constructed as part of I @-@ 96 before the Interstate was rerouted to a different location . In the 1990s another section of freeway , which was originally proposed for a northern extension of I @-@ 275 , was opened . This freeway called the Haggerty Connector was added to M @-@ 5 . Additional projects have extended the highway farther north and added a roundabout to the northern terminus . A different highway was previously designated M @-@ 5 in another area of the state in the 1930s . - - = = Route description = = - - M @-@ 5 starts at a roundabout intersection with Pontiac Trail in Commerce Township . It runs south @-@ southwesterly from here in Oakland County as a divided highway between suburban residential subdivisions in the township . South of Maple Road , the highway is bordered by commercial developments to the east and Long Park to the west as it angles southeasterly . Between 14 and 13 Mile roads , the highway is once again bounded by subdivisions . Along this part of the trunkline , access to the road is limited to major intersections only , making the highway an expressway . Immediately south of the 13 Mile Road intersection , M @-@ 5 's median out as the highway transitions to a full freeway called the Haggerty Connector . Traffic can only access the highway at grade @-@ separated interchanges instead of at @-@ grade intersections . A collector @-@ distributor lane setup parallels the main freeway lanes proving access to the ramps at the 12 Mile Road interchange as well as ramps from the massive interchange with I @-@ 96 , I @-@ 275 and I @-@ 696 . Through this interchange complex that the Novi – Farmington Hills city line , M @-@ 5 turns to the southeast , and signage changes direction . The Haggerty Connector is signed north – south , while the rest of M @-@ 5 is signed east – west . M @-@ 5 has direct connections with ramps to I @-@ 696 and I @-@ 96 east / I @-@ 275 south as it crosses over into Farmington Hills . - The next interchange for the M @-@ 5 freeway connects to Grand River Avenue and 10 Mile Road . This section of the freeway bypasses residential areas of Farmington Hills . Further east , M @-@ 5 crosses into Farmington where it bypasses the downtown area of the suburb . Past 9 Mile Road , the freeway ends at the intersection with Grand River Avenue , and M @-@ 5 follows Grand River southeasterly as a boulevard , a type of divided street . Traffic that wishes to make left turns must use a Michigan left maneuver along this section of the highway . Additionally , traffic that needs to change sides of the street must use in the median to perform a U @-@ turn . Once again running through suburban Farmington Hills , the trunkline passes Hospital before intersecting 8 Mile Road . This intersection marks the place where M @-@ 5 crosses into Wayne County , and the western terminus of the M @-@ 102 designation on 8 Mile Road . Grand River Avenue runs through the northern section of Township in Wayne County and crosses into Detroit at the intersection with 7 Mile Road and 5 Points Street . - The northwest corner of Detroit is mostly residential as M @-@ 5 intersects US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) . Past Telegraph , Grand River Avenue forms the northern boundary of the Grand Lawn Cemetery and later the southern boundary of the New Golf Course . The properties bordering M @-@ 5 transition to commercial use past these two green spaces , and the highway continues southeasterly through the city as an undivided street . Grand River Avenue intersects Outer Drive near several businesses . M @-@ 5 crosses over M @-@ 39 ( Freeway ) near the intersection with Street , which would be 5 Mile Road in the Detroit grid system . The residential areas off the adjacent side streets increase in density east of the Freeway . M @-@ 5 ends at the interchange with I @-@ 96 between Schoolcraft and Plymouth roads in the middle of another larger commercial zone ; Grand River Avenue continues from this location as an unsigned highway numbered internally as BS I @-@ 96 all the way into downtown . - M @-@ 5 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 5 were the 68 @,@ vehicles daily between 12 and 13 Mile roads ; the lowest counts were the 17 @,@ 176 vehicles per day southeast of Schoolcraft Road to I @-@ 96 . All of M @-@ 5 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . The trunkline is or eight @-@ lanes wide along the freeway section to the north and west of the Grand River Avenue interchange ; south and east of there it is a four @-@ lane freeway or six @-@ lane highway all the way to I @-@ 96 . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Previous designation = = = - - Starting in 1933 , M @-@ 5 was used as the designation along a section of highway that was previously part of US 2 in Mackinac and counties in the Upper Peninsula . This designation was in use until 1939 when it was replaced by M @-@ 129 . - - = = = Current designation = = = - - - = = = = Grand River Avenue = = = = - - The chief transportation routes in 1701 were the Indian trails that crossed the future state of Michigan ; the Grand River Trail was one of these thirteen trails at the time . Detroit created 120 @-@ foot ( 37 m ) rights @-@ of @-@ way for the principal streets of the city , Grand River Avenue included , in 1805 . This street plan was devised by Augustus Woodward and others following a devastating fire in Detroit . A ten @-@ year project to construct a plank road between Detroit and Howell was authorized in 1820 along the Grand River Trail . Grand River Avenue was included as one of Five Great Military Roads in 1825 , along with the River Road , Michigan Avenue , Woodward Avenue and Avenue . The Grand River Road , precursor to the modern Grand River Avenue was named by Benjamin Williams , of ; it was named for La Grande , the French name for the river . - The opening of the Erie Canal in New York in 1826 brought new settlers to the Great Lakes region , and to the future state of Michigan . Many of these settlers began their inland journeys in Detroit . At first the Grand River Road was a " deep , ditch bordered road " . The Grand River Road was a major route for settlers headed inland to Grand Rapids in 1836 , as the shortest route for travelers coming from Detroit . - In 1850 , the Michigan State Legislature established the Lansing and Howell Plank Road Company , which set about converting various Indian trails into the Lansing – Howell Plank Road , a task the company completed by 1853 . At Howell the road connected with the Detroit – Howell Plank Road , establishing the first improved connection direct from the state capital to Michigan 's largest metropolis . The Lansing – Detroit Plank Road was a toll road until the 1880s . It eventually evolved into the eastern part of the modern Grand River Avenue . - By 1900 , only a short stretch of the Detroit – Howell Plank Road was still make of ; most of the other plank roads had been converted to gravel by this time . When the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) had numbered and signed highways in the state in 1919 , it applied the M @-@ 16 number to Grand River Avenue across the state between Grand Haven and Detroit . - The M @-@ 16 designation lasted for seven years . As the states were meeting with the American Association of State Highway Officials ( , now ) to plan the United States Highway System , the route of M @-@ 16 was originally planned to be included in US 18 . When the system was announced on November 11 , 1926 , Grand River Avenue and M @-@ 16 became part of US 16 . The first change to the US 16 routing in the Detroit area was made in 1933 when the highway was moved to bypass Farmington , with the old routing retained as a state highway . - - = = = = Metro Detroit freeways = = = = - - MSHD had plans to upgrade the US 16 corridor to freeway standards in the middle of the 20th century . The first planning map in 1947 for what later became the Interstate Highway System showed a highway in the corridor . The General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas in September 1955 , or Yellow Book after the cover color , showed plans for the locations of Interstate Highways as designated in 1955 . This also included a highway in the US 16 corridor . The 1957 approval for the Interstate Highway System replaced much of US 16 with a portion of Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) . MSHD submitted a recommended numbering plan for the in 1958 that showed I @-@ 96 following the US 16 corridor . - The segments of the road between Brighton and Farmington were upgraded in 1956 . The MSHD initially signed the various freeways as in 1959 , and US 16 through the Farmington area gained the additional I @-@ 96 numbering . Two years later , the business route through Farmington was redesignated as a business loop of I @-@ 96 instead of US 16 . The final connection for I @-@ 96 between Lansing and Brighton was completed in late 1962 , and the US 16 designation was decommissioned in the state . The sections of highway through the Detroit metro area were given Business Loop ( BL ) or Business Spur ( BS ) I @-@ 96 designations . - When I @-@ 96 was completed in 1977 , several highway designations were shifted in the Metro Detroit area . The BS I @-@ 96 designation was removed from Grand River Avenue . Rather than revert to its original number , M @-@ 16 , MDOT selected M @-@ 5 as the new highway designation . Grand River was signed as M @-@ 5 between 8 Mile Road and its present eastern terminus at I @-@ 96 while leaving Grand River Avenue southeast of I @-@ 96 an unsigned state trunkline , BS I @-@ 96 . Both the portion of BS I @-@ 96 north of 8 Mile Road and the of I @-@ 96 that continued out to I @-@ 275 became part of M @-@ 102 . - - = = = = Haggerty Connector = = = = - - A freeway running north of Novi to the area was included in the original Interstate Highway plans for Michigan . Originally included in the corridor for I @-@ 275 , the Michigan Highway Commission canceled the northern section of the highway on January 26 , 1977 , after it spent $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( equivalent to $ 6 @.@ 65 million in 2016 ) the year before purchasing land for the roadway . This northern section was not planned as an Interstate Highway at that time , bearing the designation M @-@ 275 instead . Opposition to construction came from various citizen 's groups and different levels of local government . Additionally , both The Detroit News and Detroit Free Press opposed the project . The Detroit City Council , led by then @-@ Chairman Carl Levin opposed the plan . Levin said at the time , " At last I think people are waking up to the dangers of more and more . At some point we 've got to say enough . And I think we 've reached it . " The US Department of the Interior reviewed the state 's environmental impact study of the project and stated the project , " will cause damages on recreation lands , wetlands , surface waters and wildlife habitat . " The total project to link Farmington Hills with with the 24 @-@ mile ( 39 km ) freeway would have cost $ 69 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 271 million in 2016 ) and saved drivers an estimated eight minutes off travel time around the city of Detroit . - After many years of inactivity , further work began along this same route , but the resulting highway was designated as a northern extension to M @-@ 5 rather than I @-@ 275 or M @-@ 275 . The first section of this freeway extension was opened in October 1994 . This extended the route from M @-@ 5 's previous terminus at M @-@ 102 ( 8 Mile Road ) over the latter highway 's alignment west and north to 12 Mile Road . A plan enacted by then Governor John Engler in 1995 angered road officials when funding was diverted from county road commissions to help complete state highway projects like the M @-@ 5 Haggerty Connector project . In 1999 , a second extension of M @-@ 5 was completed to 14 Mile Road , but only as an expressway . The final two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) between 14 Mile Road and Pontiac Trail opened to traffic on November 1 , 2002 . In 2011 , a roundabout was placed at the northern terminus of M @-@ 5 . This last project also included a northern extension of roadway into the Golf Course in Commerce Township to better serve the community . This extension does not carry the M @-@ 5 designation . - - = = Exit list = = - - All exits are unnumbered . - - - = McAllister Tower Apartments = - - McAllister Tower Apartments is a 28 @-@ story , 94 m ( 308 ft ) residential apartment skyscraper at 100 McAllister Street in San Francisco , California . The property is owned and operated by the University of California , Hastings College of the Law . The tower includes mixed @-@ use offices on various floors , and the Art Deco @-@ styled " Sky Room " with a panoramic view on the 24th floor . - as an unusual combination of a large church surmounted by a hotel , construction of the building brought architectural dispute . Initially designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the style of Gothic Revival , the investors fired his firm and hired Lewis P. Hobart , who changed little of Pflueger 's design . In a resulting lawsuit , Pflueger won nearly half the damages he asked for . The building opened in 1930 as the William Taylor Hotel and Temple Methodist Episcopal Church . However , extra construction expenses had put the congregation at greater financial risk , and the church @-@ hotel concept did not prove popular . No profit was made in six years , and the church left , losing their investment . In the late 1930s the building housed the Empire Hotel , known for its Sky Room lounge , then from World War II to the 1970s , 100 McAllister served as U.S. government offices . - as university housing and offices in 1981 , McAllister Tower is home to some 300 law students and their families . " The Tower " is sited one block from the administrative and scholastic center of Hastings College of the Law , and is the most prominent building in the district . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Church and hotel = = = - - The skyscraper at 100 McAllister began in 1920 with a plan formulated by Reverend Walter John Sherman to merge four of the largest Methodist Episcopal congregations in San Francisco , sell their various churches and properties and combine their assets to build a " " with a hotel on top of it . From their initial $ 800 @,@ 000 they bought property at McAllister and streets and hired the architectural firm of Miller and Pflueger to design the edifice . Timothy L. Pflueger was chosen as the designer . The new hotel , intended to be " dry " ( serving no alcoholic ) in the " sinful " city , was to be named after William Taylor , a Methodist Episcopal street preacher and missionary who formed the first Methodist church in San Francisco . The large church was named Temple Methodist Episcopal Church , or simply " Temple Methodist " . - Beginning in 1925 , Pflueger designed a 308 ft ( 94 m ) , 28 @-@ story , step @-@ back skyscraper made of brick framed with steel , along the lines of his just @-@ completed Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building . Its main decorative theme was neo @-@ Gothic , expressed strongly in the three Gothic arches which formed the main street @-@ level entrance for the church . The Great Hall , the large worship area located within the second , third and fourth floors was to seat 1 @,@ 500 and a smaller chapel was designed for 125 more . A grand pipe organ from Skinner Organ Company was installed with four manuals controlling 3 @,@ 881 pipes . A stained glass window was placed 80 feet above the sanctuary , representing Faith , Love and Hope in three tall , narrow panels . Two assembly halls could be combined to hold 1 @,@ 100 attendees for theatrical or athletic events . Some 500 guest rooms and 32 tower apartments were intended to bring a steady flow of visitors and a source of profit to the church . Though never the tallest building in San Francisco , it was to be the tallest hotel on the Pacific Coast for many decades . - In a dispute , the architectural firm of Miller and Pflueger was fired from the project , and was replaced by Lewis P. Hobart . Miller and Pflueger sued for $ 81 @,@ 600 , alleging that Hobart 's design was little changed from Pflueger 's original . Three months after the hotel and church opened in January 1930 , Miller and Pflueger won $ 38 @,@ 000 in a favorable court decision . - Dedication of the church 's pipe organ took place August 31 , 1930 . The combined congregation was very satisfied with their new place of worship . - Eventually costing US $ 2 @.@ 8 million ( $ 40 million in current value ) , the building 's completion required several rounds of new financing from its investors in order to overcome expenses . Unfortunately for the congregation , the idea of a hotel above a church didn 't attract the number of guests and the venture failed to turn a profit . - From 1990 through 2001 , the church housed the theater of George Performance Works – an experimental multi @-@ media theater troupe that utilized the 60 foot high vaulted ceiling for projections . - - = = = Empire Hotel = = = - - By November 1936 , enough debt had accumulated that a 's protective committee on the property , buying it back for $ 750 @,@ 000 . The Temple Methodist congregation lost its investment and was asked to leave . The Skinner Opus pipe organ was removed to be sold to College in Los Angeles and rebuilt in their Thorne Hall . The three @-@ piece stained glass window was removed and exhibited , eventually making its way to Stockton , California where it was installed in the Morris Chapel at the University of the Pacific . The 100 McAllister building itself was refurbished : the church 's floor area was given over to parking , a coffee shop was built in part of the first floor lobby and the new enterprise opened again as the Empire Hotel , noted for completing , in 1938 , the first view lounge in the area , the Sky Room on the 24th floor . With plush , a large Art Deco @-@ style oval bar , and plate glass windows on all sides , the Sky Room provided a panoramic view of the city . & Engineer wrote of the luxurious bar in April , 1938 , that it " has no prototype west of New York " , referring to Manhattan 's Rainbow Room which opened three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years earlier . - - = = = Federal offices = = = - - At the beginning of direct American involvement in World War II , the U.S. government bought the building and converted it to federal offices , officer , spaces used by the Army 's Ordnance department , a passport agency and an induction center run by the local draft board . The high vaulted ceiling of the Great Hall worship center was hidden by a dropped ceiling . After the war , the Internal Revenue Service moved offices into the building . - Many federal groups at 100 McAllister moved their offices in 1959 – 1960 to the newly built federal building at 450 Golden Gate Avenue , later named the Phillip Burton Federal Building . at 100 McAllister was low , though the United States Army Corps of Engineers moved their San Francisco District offices there in the 1960s , and local draftees were still required to appear there through the late 1960s . The San Francisco Selective Service System offices were located in the lower floors of the building during the Vietnam War . - - = = = Hastings = = = - - In 1978 , the University of California , Hastings College of the Law bought the building , the most prominent in the district , and began two years of refurbishment and redesign . Calling it " McAllister Tower " , units were modernized for residential use by law students , and the building opened in 1981 with a combination of compact studio units as well as larger and two @-@ bedroom apartments taking up a total of 17 floors . The building , home to about 300 law students and their families , is referred to as " the Tower " by Hastings residents and faculty , who have but a one @-@ block commute to the law school 's main building at 200 McAllister . - The old Sky Room with its spectacular 360 @-@ degree view reopened in 1999 as the James Edgar , in honor of James Edgar , Class of 1950 , a prominent San Diego trial lawyer . It is used as a space for student study by day ( no alcohol allowed ) and is available for special events in the evenings . Other floors of the building hold offices , apartments and residential . The level contains a compact fitness center , the third and fourth floors contain classrooms and offices for political action groups and legal assistance organizations , and the 22nd and 23rd floors hold publishing headquarters for a number of scholarly journals . - The Great Hall remains un @-@ refurbished and has been judged by Hastings to be in need of substantial repair and improvement , including major architectural engineering work . The college has plans to create a 400 @-@ seat performing arts venue within the Great Hall . - - - = Karamokho Alfa = - - Karamokho Alfa ( born Ibrahima Sambeghu and sometimes called Alfa Ibrahim ) ( died c . 1751 ) was a religious leader who led a jihad that created the of Futa Jallon in what is now Guinea . This was one of the first of the Fulbe that established Muslim states in West Africa . - Alfa Ba , Karamoko Alfa 's father , formed a coalition of Muslim Fulbe and called for the jihad in 1725 , but died before the struggle began . The jihad was launched around 1726 @-@ 1727 . After a crucial , concluding victory at , the state was established at a meeting of nine Fulbe ulama who each represented one of the Futa Jallon provinces . Ibrahima Sambeghu , who became known as Karamokho Alfa , was the hereditary ruler of Timbo and one of the nine ulama . He was elected leader of the jihad . Under his leadership , Futa Jallon became the first Muslim state to be founded by the Fulbe . Despite this , Karamokho Alfa was constrained by the other eight ulama . Some of the other had more secular power than Karamokho Alfa , who directly ruled only the diwal of Timbo ; for this reason the new state was always a tenuous confederation . Karamoko Alfa ruled the state until 1748 , when his excessive caused him to become mentally unstable and Sori was selected as de facto leader . Karamokho Alfa died around 1751 and was formally succeeded by Ibrahim Sori , his cousin . - - = = Background = = - - The Futa Jallon is the region where the Senegal and Gambia rivers rise . In the fifteenth century the valleys were occupied by Mandé peoples - Susu and Yalunka farmers . Around that time , Fulbe herders began moving into the region , grazing their livestock on the . At first they peacefully accepted a subordinate position to the Susu and Yalunka . The Fulbe and Mandé peoples to some extent , and the more sedentary of the Fulbe came to look down on their pastoral cousins . - Europeans began to establish trading posts on the upper Guinea coast in the seventeenth century , a growing trade in hides and slaves . The pastoral Fulbe expanded their herds to meet the demand for hides . They began to compete for land with the , and became interested in the profitable slave trade . They were increasingly influenced by their Muslim trading partners . - In the last quarter of the seventeenth century the reformer al @-@ Din launched a jihad to restore purity of religious observance in the Futa Toro region to the north . He gained support from the Torodbe clerical clan against the warriors , but by 1677 the movement had been defeated . Some of the Torodbe migrated south to Bundu and some continued on to the Futa Jallon . The Torodbe , the of the Fulbe of the Futa Jallon , influenced them in embracing a more militant form of Islam . - - = = = = - - Alfa Ba , Karamoko Alfa 's father , formed a coalition of Muslim Fulbe and called for the jihad in 1725 , but died before the struggle began . The jihad was launched around 1726 or 1727 . The movement was primarily religious , and its leaders included both Mandé and Fulbe . The jihad also attracted some formerly non @-@ Muslim Fulbe , who associated it not just with Islam but with freedom of the Fulbe from subordination to the Mandé peoples . It was opposed by other non @-@ Muslim Fulbe and by non @-@ Muslim Yalunka leaders . - According to tradition , Ibrahim Sori symbolically launched the war in 1727 by destroying the great ceremonial drum of the Yalunka people with his sword . The then won a major victory at . A force of 99 Muslims defeated a non @-@ Muslim force ten times greater , killing many of their opponents . After this victory the state was established at a meeting of nine Fulbe ulama who each represented one of the Futa Jallon provinces . Ibrahima Sambeghu , who became known as Karamokho Alfa , was the hereditary ruler of Timbo and one of the nine ulama . He was elected leader of the jihad . He took the title almami , or " the " . Under his leadership Futa Jallon became the first Muslim state to be founded by the Fulbe . - Karamoko Alfa managed to enlist disadvantaged groups such as gangs of young men , outlaws and slaves . Karamokho Alfa 's maternal cousin was , the ruler of Bundu , and both men studied in under the famous scholar . However , there are no records of Bundu participation in the Futa Jallon jihad , perhaps because of the internal troubles in Bundu at that time , or perhaps because was not greatly interested in the cause . Although he was an inspired religious leader , Karamoko Alfa was not qualified as a military leader . Ibrahim Sori took this role . Some of the population resisted conversion for many years , particularly the nomadic Fulbe herders . They rightly feared that the would abuse their authority . - - = = Ruler = = - - Karamokho Alfa was constrained by the other eight ulama , each of whom ruled their own province , or diwal . The structure of the new Fulbe state had an almami at its head , Karamokho Alfa being the first , with his political capital at Timbo . However , some of the other had more secular power than Karamokho Alfa , who directly ruled only the diwal of Timbo . The religious capital was at , where the council of the sat . The council operated as a strong curb on the power of the almami , and the ulama retained much autonomy , so the new state was always a loose federation . - Karamokho Alfa was known for his Islamic scholarship and piety . He respected the rights of the old " masters of the soil " , saying " it was Allah who had established them . " Despite this ruling , the reserved the right to land , since they held it in trust for the people . In effect the existing property owners were not displaced , but now had to pay as a form of rent . Karamoko Alfa ruled the state until 1748 , when his excessive caused him to become mentally unstable and Sori was selected as de facto leader . - - = = Legacy = = - - Karamokho Alfa died around 1751 and was formally succeeded by Ibrahim Sori , his cousin . Ibrahim Sori was chosen because Alfa , son of Karamoko Alfa , was too young . Ibrahim Sori was an aggressive military commander who initiated a series of wars . After many years of conflict , Ibrahim Sori achieved a decisive victory in 1776 that consolidated the power of the Fulbe state . The jihad had achieved its goals and Ibrahim Sori assumed the title of almami . - Under Ibrahima Sori slaves were sold to obtain munitions needed for the wars . This was considered acceptable as long as the slaves were not Muslim . The jihad created a valuable supply of slaves from the defeated peoples that may have provided a motive for further conquests . The Fulbe ruling class became wealthy slave owners and slave traders . Slave villages were founded , whose inhabitants provided food for their masters to consume or sell . At one time more than half the population were slaves . As of 2013 the Fulbe were the largest ethnic group in Guinea at 40 % of the population , after the ( 30 % ) and Susu ( 20 % ) . - The jihad in Futa Jallon was followed by a jihad in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by Baal . The largest of the was led by the scholar dan and established the Caliphate in 1808 , stretching across what is now the north of Nigeria . The Fulbe Muslim state of was established to the south of in 1818 . - Karamokho Alfa came to be thought of as a saint . A story is told of a miracle that occurred more than a hundred years after his death . The chief of the , , opened Karamokho Alfa 's tomb and cut off the left hand of the body . Blood poured from the severed wrist , causing to flee in terror . - - - = Murder of Tom ap Rhys Pryce = - - Thomas Mervyn " Tom " ap Rhys Pryce ( 13 October 1974 – 12 January 2006 ) was a 31 @-@ year @-@ old British lawyer who was robbed and murdered by two black teenagers as he made his way home in Kensal Green , northwest London , on 12 January 2006 . The two , Donnel Carty and Delano Brown , showed little or no remorse and were sentenced to life imprisonment . - The crime gained national notoriety for the particularly brutal way in which Pryce was murdered , only metres from his own home , and had only his Oyster card and mobile phone taken from him , but no money ( the case being widely reported as an example of steaming ) . The murderers were later tracked down when the police examined CCTV footage of where the Oyster card was used after the murder . The crime caused a political uproar and condemnation of railway station security . The Tom ap Rhys Pryce Memorial Trust was set up after the murder , and a school was built in his honour . - - = = Life of Tom ap Rhys Pryce = = - - Tom ap Rhys Pryce was a 31 @-@ year @-@ old lawyer who worked for , a leading London corporate law firm . Pryce was born in , Hertfordshire , England . At the age of three , the Pryce family moved to Somalia after Pryce 's father , John , a civil engineer , was sent to work there as part of a project to build a sugar factory , there he " enjoyed an idyllic early childhood " . After 18 months they returned home to Hertfordshire before moving in 1980 to the family home in where Tom grew up . His ancestry was one well known within the military and among his ancestors was his great @-@ grandfather , General Sir Henry Edward ap Rhys Pryce ( 1874 – 1950 ) . At 13 , Tom won an academic and music exhibition which was later upgraded to a full scholarship at 16 to attend Marlborough College , Wiltshire , England . - There he achieved passes at A @-@ levels in Greek , Latin and English Literature , with three grade As . From there Pryce went on to gain a First @-@ Class honours at Trinity College , Cambridge in June 1996 , where he read Classics staying on to study for a masters . Pryce was also known to be a talented musician and lived on Bathurst Gardens , Kensal Green in a flat which he shared with his fiancée , 31 , a solicitor specialising in employment law with & Co , the Queen 's . - - = = Events of 12 January 2006 = = - - Childhood friends , Donnel Carty , 18 , and Delano Brown , 17 , had earlier that evening robbed chef Ali , a middle @-@ aged man in Kensal Green station , 20 minutes before Pryce arrived at the station on his way home from work . Pryce was walking from Kensal Green station at about 2300 to , when he was attacked . According to witness reports , Pryce was running along Bathurst Gardens from two black youths . According to testimony from Delano Brown , Donnel Carty stabbed Pryce after they had chased him from Kensal Green station where police found a trail of blood and belongings , including a pair of gloves and papers regarding Pryce 's wedding arrangements . As the youths chased Pryce , Carty " fly @-@ kicked " him in the back and he dropped to the floor . As Pryce attempted to stand up , Carty kicked him in the face . to get away , Pryce began to fight Carty , as Carty stopped him . Some time during this Pryce was stabbed twice in the chest and once in the hip , the wounds penetrating vital organs including his heart . He also suffered cuts to his head , hands and torso . As Pryce 's belongings lay scattered around him , Carty and Brown took Pryce 's mobile phone and Oyster card , the only possessions of value Pryce was carrying . Carty then shouted ' What else have you got ? ' to which Pryce responded ' Nothing . You have got everything ' . Carty and Brown then ran off towards Clifford Gardens , heading to Carty 's home leaving Pryce dying on the ground . Pryce was later taken to Central Middlesex Hospital , where he was confirmed dead shortly after midnight . - The scene of the crime which took place along Bathurst Gardens showed the course of events of the violent confrontation . Pryce 's book and gloves were lying outside No 56 , a silver car was with blood outside No 82 and a list of wedding venues outside 84 . Pryce was found collapsed in the between parked cars outside No 90 . - - = = Donnel Carty and Delano Brown = = - - Carty and Brown were , according to Brown , childhood friends who thought of each other as cousins . Carty lived with his grandparents in Burrows Road , Kensal Green , and Brown lived with his mother in Avenue , , northwest London . Carty had one conviction for assaulting a police officer when he was 16 years old , and a caution for possessing cannabis . Brown had no previous convictions . The pair were members of a violent gang calling itself the KG Tribe , taking part in the unlawful wounding of two in December 2005 as well as other . At the time of the murder of Pryce , Carty and Brown were 18 and 17 respectively . - When both men were arrested on 18 January , Carty said he was innocent of the allegations and claimed he had been in a pub in Kilburn with relatives and friends , and stayed the night at a relative 's house . When police searched his home , they found a pair of trainers that forensic tests showed had a drop of ap Rhys Pryce 's blood on one toe . DNA from several people , including Brown , were found on the trainers . Officers also found a top with traces of Brown 's DNA , and fibres found on Pryce 's were microscopically indistinguishable from the material of that top . Brown also said he had been in Kilburn the night of the murder and initially claimed that he had nothing to do with either the robbery of the other man or the robbery and murder of Pryce . When the mobile phone of the other victim ( Ali ) was discovered at his home , he claimed he had bought it from two men . also found that Brown had press of Pryce . - - = = Trial of Carty and Brown = = - - Police caught Carty through CCTV footage which showed him using Pryce 's Oyster Card ( which he claimed to have found ) at Kensal Green station , forensic evidence found at the homes of Carty and Brown , and Pryce 's mobile phone . Carty and Brown both denied murder but admitted that they had robbed Pryce and another man just before . Brown was 17 at the time of the offence so initially could not be named for legal reasons . - The trial of the two defendants opened on 30 October 2006 at the Central Criminal Court before Mr Justice Aikens and a jury . Throughout the trial Brown declared that it was Carty who had stabbed Pryce and that it had simply been a ' robbery gone bad ' . This led to an alleged attack on Brown by three youths at Young Institution during the trial , in which his attackers reportedly said : " You are on your co @-@ d ( co @-@ defendant ) . " Carty denied any involvement in the incident , claiming it had been the result of an argument Brown had with the youths earlier . On 27 November 2006 , Carty and Brown were convicted of murder . Carty and Brown reacted calmly to the guilty , turning to each other , shaking hands and embracing . - On 28 November 2006 , both men were sentenced to life imprisonment . The minimum termed for Carty was fixed at 21 years , and that for 18 @-@ year @-@ old Brown at 17 years . The trial judge said he could not tell who wielded the knife but considered both defendants equally guilty . Both sentences were referred to the Court of Appeal ( Criminal Division ) as " lenient " by Her Majesty 's Attorney General , Lord Goldsmith QC . That court , constituted by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , Lord Phillips of Worth , Mr Justice and Mr Justice , increased Brown 's minimum term to 20 years , although it did not interfere with the sentence imposed upon Carty . - - = = Reaction = = - - The then Prime Minister Tony Blair 's immediate response to the murder was to pledge the investigation of public safety at the station close to where Pryce was murdered , Kensal Green Station , and this was later improved . - David Cameron criticised the Labour Government 's criminal justice system and the absence of father @-@ figures in ethnic minority cultures , which he claimed as causes in the murder of Pryce . Cameron stated that lack of strong deterrent sentences for knife crimes and the failure of police to stop prolific criminals had played a role in the killing of Pryce . He insisted that parental background had a key role in preventing crime and called for zero tolerance of knife crime , claiming that not enough criminals were being sent to jail . - In January 2006 the Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair created considerable controversy when he described the media as racist . This accusation had also been levelled at the police for the allegedly coverage of black @-@ on @-@ white crimes , such as this murder , as compared to that given to crimes against ethnic minorities . The example Blair cited was that of Mathura , an Asian man murdered on the same day as Pryce . Mathura was run over and dragged almost 44 yards ( 40 m ) by a car driven by thieves he had disturbed as they broke into a van parked outside his workplace . Newspapers argued that the number of stories printed regarding the two victims were similar , though a survey of national newspapers after the two murders showed that longer and more in @-@ depth articles were written about the murder of Pryce than that of Mathura . - - = = Legacy = = - - Following the murder of Pryce , his friends and family set up The Tom ap Rhys Pryce Memorial Trust to enable individuals who could not otherwise afford it to achieve their potential by gaining access to appropriate educational facilities . It aims to raise at least £ to help educate society 's poorest children . - This incident sparked a major public discussion on station safety and security , mainly because the station was when the suspects Ali on the platform . The only security present was CCTV cameras , and the ticket barriers were left open allowing the suspects to enter the station freely . Many high @-@ profile politicians spoke on the issue of station safety and called on rail companies to provide security or staff the station until the last train had left the station . The Mayor of London , Ken assailed , the train company who managed the station , for not providing all @-@ night staffing or security . The new provider of every franchise across the rail network will have to provide staff at all times the station is open . - A school was built in Vietnam in memory of Pryce . His colleagues raised enough money to have the school built to leave a lasting legacy in his honour . The primary school opened in 2007 . Its cost was met by the Hong Kong office of Pryce 's employer , . - - - = Lágrimas Cálidas = - - Lágrimas Cálidas ( English : Warm Tears ) is the debut studio album by Colombian recording artist Fanny Lu , released on January 1 , 2005 . The record contains ten tracks , most of which were composed by Jose Gaviria , and produced with Andres . Musically , the album experiments with , which is composed of the genres of vallenato , merengue , and pop music . Recording for the album took place in 2004 in three cities : Miami , and . An international version of the album , containing two remixes , was released exclusively in United States , Spain and Colombia . - The album was certified gold in Colombia , Venezuela and Ecuador and ranked number thirteen on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart in the United States . The album earned Lu many accolades , including a Latin Grammy nomination , five Billboard Latin Music Awards nominations , and three Shock nominations , winning two . Three singles were released from the record , two of which , " No Te Pido Flores " and " Y Si Te Digo " , reached number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart . - - = = Background = = - - While studying for a degree in engineering at the University of Los Andes in 1994 , Fanny Lu began her career in the entertainment industry as a host for shows such as , , and Radio Hits y . As a host on , she was given the opportunity to work with musicians such as Luis Manuel Díaz , Gil , and Franco . She met Colombian producer , Jose Gaviria , during her career in television , and they began working on a musical project , but the production was halted , because Fanny was busy in her television career . Eight years later , she reunited with Gaviria to finish this recording . Her experience as a television host led to her signing a music deal with Universal Music Latino . Her first album under that agreement was Lágrimas Cálidas , which was released in Colombia on January 1 , 2005 . - - = = Composition = = - - Lágrimas Cálidas was produced by Jose Gaviria and Andres . It was recorded at Crescent Moon Studios and Big Dog Studios in Miami , New World Studios in and in . The genre of the album is defined as , because it mixes tropical genres such as vallenato and merengue with pop and Caribbean influences . The album opens with " No Te Pido Flores " ( " I 'm Not Flowers " ) , where the predominant instruments are the accordion , guitar and . Lyrically , the song begins with the absence of her man , but then , in the chorus , transitions into a warning not to fall in love with material things . The second track , " Lágrimas Cálidas " ( " Warm Tears " ) , is a vallenato @-@ stylized pop ballad , expressing her suffering due to being abandoned by her lover . " Te " ( " You 'll " ) , is about a woman who surrendered completely to a man who did not appreciate her . - " Solo " ( " Only Want " ) begins with an accordion solo , and is a song explaining to her lover that she only wants to be with him forever , because with him all the things in life are more beautiful . The fifth track , " " ( " " ) , describes her need for the affection of the person she loves , and her desire to remedy the void left in her heart . " Sin " ( " Without Reasons " ) , express the reasons why she should not have to prove her love , while " Y Si Te Digo " ( " And If I Tell You " ) , tells of her desire to confess her love to the person who doesn 't know she loves him . " Ti " ( " It Is For You " ) is a poem describing the strength of an all @-@ encompassing love . The penultimate track , " Que Si Tu No " ( " For That If You 't " ) , asks her boyfriend whether or not she should suffer for him . The eleventh and final track of the album , " Me de Ti " ( " I Will Remember You " ) , expresses that everything she feels , sees , and perceives , reminds her of her beloved . - - = = Reception = = - - The album was certified gold in Colombia , Venezuela and Ecuador . In the United States , the album debuted at number 18 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart , peaking three weeks later at number 13 . Lágrimas Cálidas was generally well received . At the Colombian Shock , it won the category of Radio Album , as well as winning best Radio Song for " No Te Pido Flores " . At the 15th Latin Billboard Music Awards , the album was nominated for two awards : Tropical Album of the Year for a Female Artist and Best New Artist . At the 2007 Latin Grammy Awards , " No Te Pido Flores " received a nomination for Best Tropical Song , but lost to " La De Mi " , by Juan Luis . - - = = Singles = = - - " No Te Pido Flores " was the first single from the album , released in 2005 . The song was a success in Latin America , reaching number one in Colombia , Ecuador , and Venezuela . In the United States , it also reached number one on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart . It was nominated for two Billboard Latin Music Awards and a Latin Grammy for Best Tropical Song . " No Te Pido Flores " has two music videos , one recorded in Lake , , Colombia , and the international version , which was recorded in the Plaza in La Plata , Argentina . - Unlike " No Te Pido Flores " , the album 's second single , " Te " , was released after the release of Lágrimas Cálidas in Latin America . The third and final single , " Y Si Te Digo " , was released on May 27 , 2007 . In Latin America , the song did not have the same success as the first single , but in the United States , the song hit number one on Billboard 's Hot Latin Songs chart and Billboard 's Tropical Airplay chart . The song won a Billboard Latin Music Award for Best Tropical Airplay for a new artist . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - The following credits are from Allmusic : - Performance credits - Technical credits - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Roger Federer = - - Roger Federer ( German : [ ] born 8 August 1981 ) is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 3 by the Association of Tennis ( ATP ) . His accomplishments in professional tennis have led to him being regarded by many as the greatest tennis player of all time . Federer turned professional in 1998 and has been continuously ranked in the top 10 since October 2002 . - Federer holds several records of the Open Era : holding the world No. 1 position for 302 weeks ( including 237 consecutive weeks ) ; winning 17 Grand Slam singles titles ; reaching each Grand Slam final at least five times ( an all @-@ time record ) ; and reaching the Wimbledon final ten times . He is among the eight men ( and among the five in Open Era ) to capture a career Grand Slam . Federer shares an Open Era record for most titles at Wimbledon with Pete Sampras ( seven ) and at the US Open with Jimmy Connors and Sampras ( five ) . He is the only male player to win five consecutive US Open titles . - Federer has reached 27 men 's singles Grand Slam finals , including 10 in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open , both statistics being records . He also appeared in 18 of 19 finals from the 2005 Wimbledon through to the 2010 Australian Open . He reached the semifinals at 23 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments , from the 2004 Wimbledon Championships through the 2010 Australian Open . At the 2016 Wimbledon Championships , he reached a record 48th Grand Slam quarterfinal and a record 40th Grand Slam semifinal . Earlier at the 2016 Australian Open , he played in a record 65th consecutive Grand Slam tournament . Earlier at the 2015 US Open , he reached a record 27th Grand Slam final . Also earlier at the 2013 French Open , Federer reached a record 36th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal . Federer has won the most matches in Grand Slam events ( ) and is the first to record 65 + wins at each Grand Slam tournament . - Federer 's ATP tournament records include winning a record six ATP World Tour Finals , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( a record shared with Djokovic and Nadal ) . He also won the Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and the Olympic silver medal in singles at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . Representing Switzerland , he was a part of the 2014 winning Davis Cup team . He finished eight consecutive years ( 2003 – 2010 ) in one of the top two positions in the year @-@ end men 's rankings and ten ( 2003 – 2012 ) in the top three . He was named the World of the Year for a record four consecutive years ( 2005 – 2008 ) . - - = = Personal life = = - - - = = = Childhood and early life = = = - - Federer was born at the Basel Hospital in Basel , Switzerland . His father , Robert Federer , is Swiss , from , near the borders between Switzerland , Austria and Germany ; and his mother , Lynette Federer ( born Durand ) , from Park , , is a South African whose ancestors were Dutch and French Huguenots . Federer has one sibling , his older sister Diana , who is the mother of a set of twins . He holds both Swiss and South African citizenship . He grew up in nearby , , and then , close to the French and German borders and speaks Swiss German , Standard German , English and French , Swiss German being his native language . - Federer was raised as a Roman Catholic and met Pope Benedict XVI while playing the 2006 d 'Italia tournament in Rome . Like all male Swiss citizens , Federer was subject to compulsory military service in the Swiss Armed Forces . However , in 2003 he was ruled " unsuitable " and was subsequently not required to fulfill his military obligation . Instead , he served in the civil protection force and was required to pay 3 % of his income as an alternative . He grew up supporting F.C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team . Federer also credits the range of sports he played as a child — he also played and basketball — for his hand @-@ eye coordination . - - = = = Family = = = - - Federer is married to former Women 's Tennis Association player . He met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics . retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury . They were married at Villa in near Basel on 11 April 2009 , surrounded by a small group of close friends and family . In July 2009 , gave birth to identical twin girls , Rose and . The had another set of twins in 2014 , this time boys whom they named Leo and , called Lenny . - - = = = and outreach = = = - - In 2003 , he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports . Since May 2004 , citing his close ties with South Africa including because that is where his mother was raised , he started supporting the South Africa @-@ Swiss charity which helps children better connect to sports and social and health awareness and , in 2005 , Federer visited South Africa to meet the children that had benefited from his support . In 2005 , he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina . At the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells , Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and tour called Rally for Relief . The proceeds went to the victims of the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . In December 2006 he visited Tamil Nadu , one of the areas in India most affected by the tsunami . He was appointed a Ambassador by UNICEF in April 2006 and has appeared in UNICEF public messages to raise public awareness of AIDS . - In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Federer arranged a collaboration with fellow top tennis players for a special charity event during the 2010 Australian Open called ' Hit for Haiti ' , in which proceeds went to Haiti earthquake victims . He participated in a follow @-@ up charity exhibition during the 2010 Indian Wells Masters which raised $ 1 million . The Nadal vs Federer " Match for Africa " in 2010 in Zurich and Madrid raised more than $ 4 million for the Roger Federer Foundation and Rafa Nadal . In January 2011 , Federer took part in an exhibition , Rally for Relief , to raise money for the victims of the Queensland floods . In 2014 , the " Match for Africa 2 " between Federer and Stan Wawrinka , again in Zurich , raised £ 850 @,@ 000 for education projects in southern Africa . - - = = Tennis career = = - - - = = = Pre – 1998 : Junior years = = = - - Federer 's main accomplishments as a junior player came at Wimbledon in 1998 , where he won both the boys ' singles final over Irakli , and in doubles teamed with Olivier , defeating the team of and Andy Ram . In addition , Federer lost the US Open Junior final in 1998 to David Nalbandian . He won four junior singles tournaments in his career , including the prestigious Orange Bowl , where he defeated Guillermo in the final . He ended 1998 with the No. 1 junior world ranking , and he entered his first tournament as a professional during 1998 in , where he lost to Lucas Arnold in the first round . - - = = = 1998 – 2002 : Early career and breakthrough in the ATP = = = - - Federer entered the top 100 ranking for the first time on 20 September 1999 . His first final came at the Marseille Open in 2000 , where he lost to fellow Swiss Marc . Federer won the 2001 Cup representing Switzerland , along with . The duo defeated the American pair of Monica and Jan @-@ Michael in the finals . Federer 's first singles win was at the 2001 Milan Indoor tournament , where he defeated Julien in the final . Although he won his first title already in 1999 on the tour , winning the doubles event in , Spain with Dutchman , the final was played on Federer 's 18th birthday . In 2001 , Federer made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open , and at Wimbledon that same year defeated four @-@ time defending champion Pete Sampras to reach the quarterfinals . The most prestigious event final he reached during this period was the 2002 Miami Masters event , where he lost to Andre Agassi on hard court . - Federer won his first Master Series event at the 2002 Hamburg Masters on clay , over Marat Safin ; the victory put him in top 10 for the first time . Federer made 10 singles finals between 1998 and 2002 , of which he won four and lost six . He also made six finals in doubles . Of note are Federer and partner Max 's defeat in the final of the Indian Wells Masters in 2002 , and their victory in the same year in the final of the Rotterdam 500 series event . Federer had won the latter a year earlier with partner Jonas . He finished 2001 with an ATP ranking of No. 13 , and 2002 was the first year he was ranked within the top 10 , finishing at No. 6 . - - = = = 2003 : Wimbledon breakthrough = = = - - In 2003 , Federer won his first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , beating Mark in the final . Federer won his first and only doubles Masters Series 1000 event in Miami with Max and made it to one singles Masters Series 1000 event in Rome on clay , which he lost . Federer made it to nine finals on the ATP Tour and won seven of them , including the 500 series events at Dubai and Vienna . Lastly , Federer won the year @-@ end championships over Andre Agassi , finishing the year as world No. 2 , narrowly behind Andy Roddick . - - = = = 2004 : dominance = = = - - During 2004 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so since in 1988 . His first major hard @-@ court title came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin , thereby becoming the world No. 1 for the first time . He then won his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick . Federer defeated the 2001 US Open champion , Hewitt , at the US Open for his first title there . - Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events , one was on clay in Hamburg , and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada . Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year @-@ end championships for the second time . He also won his first tournament on home soil by capturing the Swiss Open in . His 11 singles titles were the most of any player in two decades , and his record of 74 – 6 was the best since Ivan Lendl in 1986 . He improved his year @-@ end ranking to world No. 1 for the first time . - - = = = 2005 : dominance = = = - - In 2005 , Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments , losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin after holding match points , and the French Open semifinal to eventual champion Rafael Nadal . However , Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass , winning the Wimbledon Championships over Andy Roddick . At the US Open , Federer defeated Andre Agassi in the latter 's last major final . - Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins : Indian Wells , Miami , and Cincinnati on hard court , and Hamburg on clay . The win in Miami was particularly noteworthy as it was the first final contested between Federer and Rafael Nadal in what would become one of the greatest rivalries in tennis history . Federer received from down two sets and a break to take the final in five sets . Furthermore , Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai . Federer lost the year @-@ end championships to David Nalbandian in five sets while playing through a foot injury that sidelined him for almost the entire season after September . He maintained his position as world No. 1 for the entirety of the season . - The season was statistically one of the most dominant in the Open Era . He won 11 singles titles , which tied his 2004 season as the most in over two decades , his 81 match victories were the most since Pete Sampras in 1993 , and his record of 81 – 4 ( 95 @.@ 2 % ) remains the second @-@ best winning percentage in the Open Era behind only John McEnroe in 1984 . - - = = = 2006 : Career best season = = = - - The 2006 season was statistically the best season of Federer 's career , as well as one of the greatest seasons of any player in tennis history . In December 2011 , Stephen , chief editorial writer for , ranked Federer 's 2006 season as the second @-@ greatest season of all time during the Open Era , behind only Rod Laver 's Grand Slam year of 1969 . Federer won 12 singles titles ( the most of any player since John McEnroe in 1984 ) and had a match record of 92 – 5 ( the most wins since Ivan Lendl in 1982 ) . Federer reached the finals in an 16 of the 17 tournaments he entered during the season . - In 2006 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other , with the only loss coming against Nadal in the French Open . This was Federer and Nadal 's first meeting in a Grand Slam final . He was the first man to reach all four finals in a calendar year since Rod Laver in 1969 . Federer defeated Nadal in the Wimbledon Championships final . In the Australian Open , Federer defeated Marcos , and at the US Open , Federer defeated Roddick ( 2003 champion ) . In addition , Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals , winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal . Federer , however , consistently pushed Nadal to the limit on clay throughout the season taking him to fourth @-@ set in Monte @-@ Carlo and Paris , and a thrilling match in Rome that went to a deciding fifth @-@ set tiebreaker . - Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year @-@ end championships for the third time in his career , again finishing the year as world No. 1 . Federer only lost to two players during 2006 , to Nadal four times in finals , and to 19 @-@ year @-@ old Andy Murray in the second round of the 2006 Cincinnati Masters , in what would be Federer 's only defeat before the final that year . Federer finished the season on a 29 @-@ match winning streak , as well as winning 48 of his last 49 matches after the French Open . - A personal highlight for Federer came near the end of the season when he finally won his hometown tournament the Swiss Indoors in Basel , Switzerland . - - = = = 2007 : Holding off young rivals = = = - - In 2007 , Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals , winning three of them again . He won the Australian Open over Fernando González and did so without dropping a set . This made him the first man in the 21st century to accomplish the feat , as Björn Borg at the 1980 French Open was the last to win a Grand Slam tournament without the loss of a set . Federer had entered the year on a huge winning streak and after capturing his fourth Dubai crown Federer 's winning streak stood at 41 matches , the longest of his career and only five shy of the record . Federer entered Indian Wells as the three @-@ time defending champion , but his streak would end in controversy . He was defeated by an Argentine , Guillermo , who had failed a drug test for illegal doping . This surprising first @-@ round defeat marked the first time since August 2006 he suffered defeat , a period spanning over seven months . - During the clay season , Federer 's victory in the Hamburg Masters final was particularly impressive , as it snapped Rafael Nadal 's 81 @-@ match winning streak on clay , an Open @-@ Era record . Federer turned the match around from a set down to sweep 12 of the final 14 games , including a final set . At the French Open , some anticipated that Federer could become the first man in almost 40 years to hold all four majors simultaneously , having just defeated young rival Nadal on clay entering the tournament . However , in a repeat of the previous year Federer played a tough four @-@ set final against Nadal , but was by going 1 / 18 on break @-@ point chances . - At Wimbledon , Federer entered the tournament not only as the four @-@ time defending champion , but also riding a 48 @-@ match winning streak on grass . Once again , he defeated Rafael Nadal for a second consecutive year in the final , this time in a thrilling five @-@ set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980 . Victory at Wimbledon him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club . - Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic . Djokovic proved his potential by stunning the world No. 1 in a final @-@ set tiebreaker upset . Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year . Federer entered the US Open as the three @-@ time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final . This time , Federer prevailed in a close straight @-@ set match . Victory in New York moved him ahead of Laver and Borg for third on the all @-@ time list of major championship victories . Throughout the tournament , the American press labeled him Federer for his all @-@ black attire ( which included @-@ striped shorts ) and the tournament played The Imperial March from Star Wars when he was announced onto the court for each of his matches . He would close out the year with victories in Basel and the Year End Championships in Shanghai . - He finished as the year @-@ end world No. 1 for the fourth year in a row , demonstrating his dominance , and during these four years he won 11 Grand Slam singles titles . After his phenomenal triple Grand Slam season yet again , Federer became the only player in history to win three Majors in a year for three years ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) . It was the third consecutive season that Federer would hold the world No. 1 ranking for all 52 weeks of the year . - - = = = 2008 : Illness , fifth US Open title and Olympic Gold = = = - - Federer 's success in 2008 was severely hampered by a lingering bout of , which he suffered from during the first half of the year . At the end of the year , he would suffer a back injury that would prove to be recurring throughout his career . - In 2008 , Federer won one Grand Slam singles title at the US Open over Andy Murray . Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals , at the French Open , and at Wimbledon , when he was going for six straight wins to break Björn Borg 's record . At the Australian Open , Federer lost in the semifinals to eventual winner Djokovic , which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals . Later in the year , it was found Federer had been suffering from at the start of the year , particularly during the Australian Open . He lost twice in Masters Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal , at Monte Carlo and Hamburg . However , Federer captured three titles in 250 @-@ level events at , Halle , and Basel . - At the Olympic Games , Federer and Stan Wawrinka won the gold medal in doubles , after beating the Bryan brothers American team in the semifinals and the Swedish duo of Simon and Thomas in the final However , Federer could only reach the quarterfinals in the singles draw , knocked out by then world No. 8 James Blake . He ended the year as world No. 2 . - - = = = 2009 : Career Grand Slam , sixth Wimbledon , breaking Grand Slam record = = = - - In 2009 , Federer won two Grand Slam singles titles , the French Open over Robin , and Wimbledon over Andy Roddick . Federer reached two other Grand Slam finals , losing to Nadal at the Australian Open , and to Juan Martín del Potro at the US Open , both in tight five @-@ set matches . - The 2009 season was perhaps the most historically relevant of Federer 's career as he completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men 's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title by defeating Andy Roddick at Wimbledon in five sets , surpassing Pete Sampras 's mark of fourteen . The 2009 Wimbledon final was also historic for being the longest Grand Slam final in terms of games played with Federer prevailing 16 – 14 in a thrilling fifth set . Upon breaking the Grand Slam tournament record , Federer was hailed by most analysts and many tennis greats as the greatest player in tennis history . - Federer won two more events , the first at the Madrid Masters over Nadal on clay . The second was in Cincinnati over Novak Djokovic . - - = = = 2010 : Fourth Australian Open = = = - - The year started with a win at the Australian Open , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and extended the Grand Slam singles record to sixteen titles , matching Andre Agassi 's record of four Australian Open titles . Since Wimbledon 2005 Federer had made the finals of 18 out of 19 Grand Slam tournaments , an extraordinary period of sustained excellence unparalleled in the Open Era . This tournament , however , would mark the end of his utter dominance at the majors . - At the French Open , Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay . However , he failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the 2004 French Open , losing to in the quarterfinals and his No. 1 ranking , having been just one week away from Pete Sampras 's record of 286 weeks as world No. 1 . In a huge upset at Wimbledon , Federer lost in the quarterfinals to Tomáš Berdych and fell to No. 3 in the rankings for the first time in 6 years and 8 months . - Towards the middle of July , Federer hired Pete Sampras ' old coach Paul on a trial basis to put his tennis game and career back on the right path . At the 2010 US Open , Federer reached the semifinals , where he lost a heart @-@ breaking five @-@ set match to Novak Djokovic after holding two match points . Federer made it to four Masters 1000 finals , prevailing at the Cincinnati Masters against Fish . - Federer finished the year in strong form , winning indoor titles at the Stockholm Open , Swiss Indoors , and the ATP World Tour Finals in London , which brought his tally to 66 career titles . Federer won the year @-@ end championships in London by beating rival Rafael Nadal for his fifth title at the event . He showed much of his old form , beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets . It remains the only tournament in his career where Federer defeated all fellow members of the Big Four . Since Wimbledon 2010 , Federer had a win @-@ loss record of 34 – 4 . Federer finished in the top two for the eighth consecutive season . - - = = = 2011 : Sixth World Tour Finals title = = = - - The 2011 season , although great by most players ' standards , was a lean year for Federer . He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open by eventual champion Novak Djokovic , marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four major titles . In the French Open semifinals , Federer ended Djokovic 's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a stunning four @-@ set victory . However , Federer then lost in the final to Rafael Nadal . At Wimbledon , Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal , but lost to Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga . It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam tournament match after winning the first two sets . - At the US Open , Federer lost a much @-@ anticipated semifinal match with Novak Djokovic , after squandering two match points in the fifth set , which repeated his previous year 's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam tournament play to his record . The loss at Meadows meant that Federer did not win any of the four majors in 2011 , the first time this has happened since 2002 . Later that month , in September 2011 , in a South African poll , Federer was voted the second most trusted and respected person in the world , next to Nelson . - Federer finished the season on a high note by yet again dominating the indoor season , winning his last three tournaments of the year at the Swiss Indoors , Paris Masters , and ATP World Tour Finals . He ended a 10 @-@ month title drought by winning the Swiss Indoors for the fifth time , defeating rising star . Federer followed this up with his first Paris Masters title , where he became the first player to reach all nine Masters 1000 finals . In the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals , Federer defeated Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and , in doing so , claimed a record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title , finishing the year as world No. 3 . - - = = = 2012 : Seventh Wimbledon , second Olympic Medal and return to No. 1 = = = - - The 2012 season was a return to excellence for Federer . He had his most match wins since 2006 and his highest winning percentage and number of titles won since 2007 . - Federer reached the semifinal of the 2012 Australian Open , setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal , a match he lost in four tight sets . - He then won the Rotterdam Open for the first time since 2005 , defeating Juan Martin del Potro . Federer played in the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and won the championship title for the fifth time in his career . Federer then moved on to the Indian Wells Masters , where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinals , and John in the final . Federer won the title for a record fourth time , and , in doing so , equalled Rafael Nadal 's record of 19 ATP Masters 1000 titles . - Federer went on to compete at the Madrid Masters on the new blue clay surface , where he beat Tomáš Berdych in the final , thus regaining the world No. 2 ranking from Rafael Nadal . In the French Open , Federer made the semifinals before losing to Djokovic . - At Wimbledon , Federer survived an epic five @-@ set thriller in the third round against Julien on his way to the semifinals . In his semifinal match @-@ up against world No. 1 Novak Djokovic , Federer earned a record eighth Wimbledon final appearance after dispatching Djokovic in four sets . Federer defeated Andy Murray in four sets in the 2012 Wimbledon final , regaining the world No. 1 ranking in the process . " It 's amazing . It equals me with Pete Sampras , who 's my hero . It just feels amazing " , Federer said of winning his seventh Wimbledon championship , tying Sampras ' Open Era record . By defeating top @-@ ranked Djokovic in the semifinals and winning in the finals , Federer returned to the top spot in the world rankings and , in doing so , broke Sampras ' record of 286 weeks atop the list . - Four weeks after the Wimbledon final , Federer again faced Murray on the Wimbledon centre court , this time for the final of the 2012 Summer Olympics . This came after an epic 4 @-@ hour 26 @-@ minute semifinal against Juan Martin del Potro of Argentina that Federer won 19 – 17 in the third and final set . He lost to Murray in straight sets in the final , winning a silver medal for his country . - Federer won in Cincinnati , beating Novak Djokovic soundly in the final . In the US Open , five @-@ time Federer was defeated by Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals . In the Shanghai Masters , defeating Stan Wawrinka in the third round , Federer confirmed his 300th week at No. 1 . Federer made it to the finals of the ATP World Tour Finals , where he lost to Novak Djokovic in two tight sets . - - = = = 2013 : struggles = = = - - Federer struggled with back injuries sustained in March and again in July and saw his ranking drop from No. 2 to No. 6 . The 2013 season was the first since 1999 in which Federer failed to reach a final in the first four months of the year . - Federer 's first and only title of 2013 came at the Gerry Weber Open ( . Mikhail ) , where he also played doubles with good friend Tommy Haas . With the victory in Halle , he tied John McEnroe for the third @-@ most number of ATP titles won by a male player in the Open Era . Federer , however , was unable to maintain his form into Wimbledon , suffering his worst Grand Slam tournament defeat since 2003 in the second round against . Not only did the loss end Federer 's record streak of 36 consecutive quarterfinals at Grand Slam tournaments , it meant he would drop out of the top 4 for first time since July 2003 , exactly 10 years after he won his first Wimbledon title . - During the summer , he experimented with various different racquets and played the German Open with a @-@ out 98 @-@ inch Wilson racquet , instead of his regular Pro Staff 6 @.@ 1 90 racquet with the smaller 90 @-@ inch hitting area . He returned to his regular racquet for the second half of the season . After Wimbledon , Federer continued to be upset early in tournaments because of a serious back injury through October , when he announced that he was parting ways with Paul , his coach for the last three years . Federer made the final in Basel , succumbing to Juan Martín del Potro . - On 27 December 2013 , Federer announced that Stefan Edberg was joining his team as co @-@ coach with . - - = = = 2014 : Wimbledon runner @-@ up , and Davis Cup glory = = = - - Federer began the season by changing for the first time in his career , from his longtime frame of 90 square inches to one measured at 97 square inches . He had long been at a comparative disadvantage in equipment as almost the entire tour , including his top rivals Nadal and Djokovic , used more powerful frames of between 95 and 100 square inches . - Federer played well at the Australian Open , defeating Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga and Andy Murray to reach his 11th consecutive semifinal in Melbourne , before losing to Rafael Nadal in straight sets . - At the Dubai Tennis Championships , he defeated Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , and then defeated Tomáš Berdych in the final to win his sixth Dubai crown and his first title since Halle in 2013 . Federer made the final at the Indian Wells Masters , but lost to Novak Djokovic in a final @-@ set tiebreaker . At the Davis Cup quarterfinals , Federer won both of his singles rubbers against Kazakhstan , the second of which was the first live deciding rubber of his Davis Cup career . Federer then took a wild card into the Monte @-@ Carlo Masters defeating Novak Djokovic on his way to the finals , but lost to compatriot Stan Wawrinka in a tight final . - In June , Federer announced that after the end of his third term , he would resign as President of the ATP Players Council , a position he had held since 2008 . At the Halle Open , Federer reached both the singles and the doubles finals and won his seventh Halle singles title , beating Alejandro in the final . At Wimbledon , Federer reached a record ninth final , but he defeated by Djokovic in an epic five @-@ set match . - Federer made the final of the Canadian Open , but was defeated by Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga . Federer defeated Spain 's David in three sets to capture his sixth Cincinnati crown and his 22nd ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title , his first since Cincinnati 2012 . He then reached the semifinals at the US Open , but lost in straight sets to eventual champion . At the Davis Cup semifinals , Federer won both of his singles matches against Italy in straight sets and hence led Switzerland to the final for the first time since 1992 . - Federer then played in the Shanghai Masters . He beat Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , ending the Serb 's 28 @-@ match unbeaten run on Chinese soil . He battled Frenchman Simon in his second Shanghai final , defeating him in two tiebreak sets and collected the 23rd Masters 1000 title of his career . The victory saw Federer return to world No. 2 for the first time since May 2013 . Federer then played the Swiss Indoors in October , where he won a record sixth title and his 82nd ATP men 's singles title overall . Federer also reached the finals of the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals to face Djokovic again , but withdrew from the final because of another back injury from his semifinal match against Stan Wawrinka . Despite his injury , Federer finished the season on a high by defeating Richard to clinch the Davis Cup for Switzerland for the first time in its history . - - = = = 2015 : 1,000th career win , Wimbledon and US Open runners @-@ up = = = - - Federer started his season at the Brisbane International . He defeated Raonic in the final , thereby becoming only the third man in the Open Era to have 1000 or more wins , joining Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl , as well as the first man in the Open Era to win at least one title in each of 15 consecutive years . In Dubai , Federer successfully defended his title with a straight @-@ set victory over Novak Djokovic in the final , marking his seventh title at the tournament and , after Wimbledon and Halle , was the third time he had won seven or more titles in a tournament . In addition , Federer became the fourth person since 1991 to surpass 9 @,@ 000 career . In March , he reached the final of the Indian Wells , but lost in three sets to defending champion Djokovic . - Federer won his third title of the season at the inaugural Istanbul Open clay @-@ court tournament , ending a title drought on red clay since the 2009 French Open . Federer made it to the finals of the Italian Open in but was unable to win his first title there , losing to Djokovic in the final . - As the new expanded grass season began , Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times . Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed . He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic . Federer lost the match in four sets . - He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in straight sets to win the Masters for the seventh time . This marked the first time that Federer had beaten the top 2 players in the world at the same tournament . At the US Open , he advanced to his first final there since 2009 without dropping a set , including a win over Stan Wawrinka in the semifinals . In the final , he was once again defeated by top seed Djokovic in four sets . At the Swiss Indoors tournament in Basel , Federer won his sixth singles title of the year , and his 88th ATP title , defeating his old rival Rafael Nadal in the final . It was the seventh time he had captured his hometown tournament . - In December , Federer announced that he headed into the 2016 ATP World Tour season with a new @-@ look coaching team , after announcing that Stefan Edberg would not be traveling with him next year . While remained Federer ’ s head coach , joining the team in 2016 was Croatian former world No. 3 player Ivan . The Swiss tennis player revealed that Edberg originally signed on to the coaching team for one season only in 2014 , but agreed to stay on in 2015 . - - = = = 2016 : surgery and back problems , long injury break = = = - - Federer started his season by participating in the Brisbane International as the defending champion , despite having a flu when the tournament started . However , in a rematch of the previous year final , he lost in the final to Raonic in straight sets . Federer then participated at the 2016 Australian Open and rebounded from his third round defeat by Andreas in 2015 by reaching the semifinals but lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets . The day after his loss to Djokovic , Federer sustained a knee injury and in early February , he underwent surgery to repair a torn in his knee and missed the tournaments in Rotterdam and Dubai in February and in Indian Wells in March . He was scheduled to return to action in Miami . Due to a stomach flu he had to withdraw from Miami thus prolonging his time on the sidelines . He did however , make his comeback at the Monte @-@ Carlo Masters with straight set wins over Guillermo García @-@ López and Roberto before losing in the quarterfinals to Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga in three sets . Federer then announced that he would be entering the Madrid Open . However , he suffered a back injury during practice and withdrew shortly after arriving . Although the season had been plagued with injuries , Federer regained the # 2 ranking in the world for a brief moment following Madrid . He then participated in the d 'Italia where he defeated Alexander in straight sets , but lost in the third round to Dominic . He subsequently missed the Madrid Open , before withdrawing from the French Open , breaking a run of 65 consecutive in the main @-@ draw of Grand Slam tournaments , stretching back to the 2000 Australian Open . On 6 July , he came back from two sets down to defeat in five sets in the 2016 Wimbledon quarterfinals , equalling Jimmy Connors ' all @-@ time records of eleven Wimbledon semifinals and 84 match wins . He suffered his first ever defeat in a Wimbledon semifinal two days later , in five set loss to Raonic . - On 26 July , Federer announced that he would miss the 2016 Summer Olympics and the remainder of the 2016 season to fully recover from his knee injury . - - = = = = - - - = = = Federer vs. Nadal = = = - - Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004 , and their rivalry is a significant part of both men 's careers . - They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 17 August 2009 , when Nadal fell to world No. 3 ( Andy Murray became the new No. 2 ) . They are the only pair of men to have ever finished six consecutive calendar years at the top . Federer was ranked No. 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004 . Nadal , who is five years younger , ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks , before surpassing Federer in August 2008 . - Nadal leads their head @-@ to @-@ head 23 – 11 . Of their 34 matches , 15 have been on clay , which is by far Nadal 's best surface . Federer has a winning record on grass ( 2 – 1 ) and indoor hard courts ( 5 – 1 ) , while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts ( 8 – 2 ) and clay ( 13 – 2 ) . Because tournament are based on rankings , 21 of their matches have been in tournament finals which have included an all @-@ time record eight Grand Slam finals . From 2006 to 2008 , they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final . They then met in the 2009 Australian Open final and the 2011 French Open final . Nadal won six of the eight , losing the first two Wimbledon finals . Three of these finals were five set @-@ matches ( 2007 and 2008 Wimbledon , 2009 Australian Open ) , with the 2008 Wimbledon final being lauded as the greatest match ever by many long @-@ time tennis analysts . Of their 34 meetings , 12 have reached a deciding set . They have also played in 10 Masters Series finals , including their lone five @-@ hour match at the 2006 Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth @-@ set tie @-@ break , having saved two match points . - - = = = Federer vs. Djokovic = = = - - Federer and Djokovic have met 45 times with Djokovic leading 23 – 22 wins . They are tied 17 – 17 on hard @-@ courts and 4 – 4 on clay while Djokovic leads 2 – 1 on grass . The Federer – Djokovic rivalry is the largest rivalry in men 's Grand Slam tournament history with a record 15 matches played against each other with Djokovic leading 9 – 6 . Djokovic is the only player besides Nadal to defeat Federer in consecutive Grand Slam tournaments ( 2010 US Open and 2011 Australian Open , also 2015 Wimbledon , US Open and 2016 Australian Open ) , and the only player besides Nadal and Murray who has double @-@ figure career wins over Federer . Djokovic is one of two players ( the other again being Nadal ) currently on tour to have defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam event ( 2008 Australian Open , 2011 Australian Open , 2012 French Open ) and the only player to do so three times . Of their 45 meetings , 15 have reached a deciding set . - Federer and Djokovic first played in a Grand Slam final at the 2007 US Open where the three @-@ time reigning champion and world No. 1 Federer emerged victorious in straight sets . Federer ended Djokovic 's perfect 41 – 0 start to the 2011 season in the semifinals of the French Open , but Djokovic was able to avenge this loss at the 2011 US Open in five sets after saving two match points against Federer for the second straight year . In the semifinals of Wimbledon 2012 , Federer beat defending champion and world No. 1 Djokovic in four sets . The two met again during the finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic emerging victorious after 5 sets . Federer also ended Djokovic 's 28 straight wins in China at 2014 Shanghai Open . Federer and Djokovic in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic once again claiming victory in four sets . The pair met once more for the final major of the season , the 2015 US Open and once more Djokovic prevailed in 4 sets . Many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best rivalries in the Open Era . - - = = = Federer vs. Murray = = = - - Federer and Andy Murray have met 25 times with Federer leading 14 – 11 . Federer leads 12 – 10 on hard courts , and 2 – 1 on grass . They have never met on clay . The two have met six times at the Grand Slam tournament level , the first three times in the finals , Federer winning all three of these matches ; at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open , both of which he won in straight sets , and at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships in which Murray took the opening set , but went on to lose in four sets . However , Murray won their encounter in the semifinals of the 2013 Australian Open , defeating the Swiss for the first time at a Grand slam tournament in five sets . At the 2014 Australian Open , Federer reversed that result , defeating Murray in four sets in the quarterfinals . The most recent meeting between the two in a Major was in the semifinals of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , where a dominant Federer triumphed in straight sets . - They met in the final of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games , in which Murray defeated Federer in straight sets , denying the Swiss a career Golden Slam . Murray also leads 6 – 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments , 2 – 0 in finals . They have also met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008 , and Federer in London in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 . Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer ( the other two being Nadal and Novak Djokovic ) . - - = = = Federer vs. Roddick = = = - - One of Federer 's longstanding rivalries was with American Andy Roddick . Roddick lost his world No. 1 ranking to Federer after Federer won his first Australian Open in 2004 . Federer and Roddick met on 24 occasions , including four Grand Slam event finals ( three at Wimbledon and one at the US Open – all won by Federer ) . Federer 's record is overall 21 – 3 . Roddick himself said it was not much of a rivalry , being so one @-@ sided . - In the 2009 Wimbledon final , Roddick lost to Federer in five sets . The match included a fifth set of 30 games ( a Grand Slam final record ) and was over four hours long . In the final game of the deciding set , Roddick 's serve was broken for the first time in the match . With that victory , Federer broke Pete Sampras ' record of 14 Grand Slam tournament titles , and Roddick apologized to Sampras ( who was there ) for not being able to hold Federer . - - = = = Federer vs. Hewitt = = = - - Hewitt and Roger Federer played each other on 27 occasions . Early in their careers , Hewitt dominated Federer , winning seven of their first nine meetings , including a victory from two sets down in the 2003 Davis Cup semifinal which allowed Australia to defeat Switzerland . However , from 2004 onward , Federer dominated the rivalry , winning 16 of the last 18 meetings to finish with an 18 – 9 overall head @-@ to @-@ head record . This is Hewitt 's longest rivalry as these two first played each other as juniors in 1996 . They met in one Grand Slam tournament final , the 2004 US Open final , where Federer won his first US Open title in a lopsided encounter in which Federer scored a either side of a second @-@ set tiebreak . Federer met Hewitt at six of the Grand Slam tournaments in which he lifted the trophy , including all five of his between 2004 and 2005 . Their last meeting was at the 2014 Brisbane International , where Hewitt triumphed over Federer in three sets for his first title since 2010 , when he also beat Federer to the Halle title . - Hewitt and Federer teamed up in the men 's doubles at Wimbledon in 1999 . They got to the third round before losing to Jonas and Pat . - - = = = Federer vs. Agassi = = = - - Federer and Agassi played each other 11 times between 1998 and 2005 before Agassi 's retirement in 2006 . Federer led the rivalry 8 – 3 . This was Federer 's most significant rivalry with an all @-@ time great player of the previous generation . They first met in only the third tournament of Federer 's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer 's hometown , with Agassi prevailing over the 17 @-@ year @-@ old . Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Masters in 2002 . Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003 , when he defeated Agassi in both the round robin and the final . They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over 2 days with Federer eventually prevailing in 5 sets . At the 2005 Dubai Championships , Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a almost 700 feet above sea level at the world famous seven @-@ star luxury hotel the Burj al @-@ Arab . Their final match was at one of the most prestigious platforms in the sport , when they played in the finals of the 2005 US Open . Federer was victorious in four sets , claiming the 6th Grand Slam tournament of his career and denying Agassi his 9th . - - = = = Federer vs. del Potro = = = - - Juan Martin del Potro and Roger Federer have played 20 times with Federer leading 15 – 5 . They have met six times in Grand Slam tournaments with Federer leading 5 – 1 . Their two most famous Grand Slam tournament meetings both came in 2009 . The first was in the French Open semifinals , when Federer survived an epic five @-@ set clash when he was chasing the only French title of his career . The second was in the final of the US Open , where del Potro stunned Federer in five sets , ending his 20 @-@ match winning streak at majors . Another high @-@ profile match was in the semifinals of the 2012 London Olympics , where Federer prevailed 19 – 17 in a final set to secure the Olympic silver medal . Most recently , they met in the finals of the Swiss Indoors in 2012 and 2013 , with del Potro prevailing on both occasions in tight three @-@ set matches . - - = = = Federer vs. Safin = = = - - Marat Safin and Federer played each other 12 times , with Federer leading 10 – 2 . Federer and Safin turned pro within one year of each other , with Safin turning pro in 1997 and Federer in 1998 . Federer leads 4 – 1 on hard courts , 3 – 0 on grass , and 3 – 0 on clay courts , while Safin leads 1 – 0 on carpet . Notable meetings include Federer 's defeating Safin at the 2002 Hamburg Masters to win the first Masters 1000 title of his career , as well as Federer 's emerging victorious in the semifinals of the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , after winning a tiebreak 20 – 18 on his eighth match point . Federer also defeated Safin in the finals of the 2004 Australian Open to capture his first Australian Open and second Grand Slam tournament title . However , Safin defeated Federer in the 2005 Australian Open semifinals , having saved one match point in the fourth @-@ set tiebreak , to end a 26 @-@ match winning streak by Federer . They met each other five times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 – 1 . - - = = = Federer vs. Nalbandian = = = - - David Nalbandian was Federer 's biggest rival in his early career . The two played each other 19 times , with Federer leading 11 – 8 . Nalbandian dominated early on , taking all of their first five matches from 2002 – 03 . Federer reversed this trend at the 2003 Masters Cup , where he recorded his first victory , and would go on to win 11 of their last 14 meetings . Federer led 6 – 5 on hard courts , 1 – 0 on grass , and 3 – 1 on clay courts , while Nalbandian led 2 – 1 on carpet . Notable meetings include Nalbandian 's win in a fifth @-@ set tiebreaker to win the 2005 Masters Cup , and Federer 's win in the 2006 French Open semifinals . They met each other six times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 – 2 . - - = = = Federer vs. Berdych = = = - - Tomáš Berdych and Federer have played each other 22 times with Federer leading 16 – 6 . Federer leads 9 – 5 on hard courts , 2 – 1 on grass courts , 4 – 0 on clay courts , and 1 – 0 on carpet . Berdych won their first professional match , notably upsetting then world No. 1 Federer at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Federer then went on to win their next eight meetings , before Berdych ended the losing streak in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2013 , Berdych won 5 of 8 meetings . Federer then switched to a larger racquet in 2014 to prevent being by players like Berdych and leads 5 – 0 since . They have met seven times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 5 – 2 , and Berdych is one of five players , along with , , David Nalbandian , and Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga , to defeat Federer multiple times in majors before the semifinal stage . Their most notable Grand Slam matches took place in the 2009 Australian Open , when Federer prevailed in five sets after dropping the first two sets , the 2010 Wimbledon Championships , the 2012 US Open , both of which Berdych won in four and the 2016 Australian Open , which Federer won in straight sets . - - = = Legacy = = - - Federer has been regarded by many , coaches , and past and present players as the greatest tennis player of all time . He dominated the game at his peak and has more Grand Slam tournament titles ( 17 ) than any other men 's singles player . He is also the first men 's singles player to have reached 10 consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals and a total of 27 Grand Slam finals . He spent the most amount of time in the Open Era at the top of the ATP Rankings ( 302 weeks ) . He also holds the record for the most titles ( 6 ) at the year @-@ end tournament , where only the year @-@ end 8 highest @-@ ranked players participate . Federer has been ranked among the top 8 players in the world continuously since 14 October 2002 - Federer has won the Fans ' Favourite Award a record 13 times consecutively ( 2003 – 2015 ) and the Stefan Edberg Award ( voted for by the players ) a record 11 times ( 2004 – 2009 , 2011 – 2015 ) , both being awards indicative of respect and popularity . He also won the Arthur Humanitarian of the Year Award twice in 2006 and 2013 . He was named the World of the Year for a record four consecutive years ( 2005 – 2008 ) . Federer is at times referred to as the Federer Express , shortened to Express or , and the Swiss , or just . - - = = Playing style = = - - Federer 's versatility has been summarised by Jimmy Connors : " In an era of specialists , you 're either a clay court specialist , a grass court specialist , or a hard court specialist ... or you 're Roger Federer . " - An elite athlete , Federer is an all @-@ court , all @-@ around player known for his speed , fluid style of play , and exceptional shot making . Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net , being one of the best in the game today . He has a powerful , accurate smash and very effectively performs rare elements in today 's tennis , such as backhand smash and , half @-@ volley and jump smash ( slam dunk ) . David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer 's forehand motion with that of " a great liquid whip " , while John McEnroe has referred to Federer 's forehand as " the greatest shot in our sport . " Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent , which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside @-@ out or inside @-@ in forehand , one of his best shots . - Federer plays with a single @-@ handed backhand , which gives him great variety . He employs the slice , occasionally using it to lure his opponent to the net and deliver a passing shot . Federer can also fire winners and possesses a ' flick ' backhand with which he can generate pace with his wrist ; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net . His serve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss , regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it , and turns his back to his opponents during his motion . He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match . His first serve is typically around 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) ; however , he is capable of serving at 220 km / h ( 137 mph ) . Federer is also accomplished at serve and , and employed this tactic frequently in his early career . - Later in his career , Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal and can perform a well @-@ disguised one off both wings . He sometimes uses a between @-@ the @-@ legs shot , which is colloquially referred to as a " " or " " . His most notable use of the was in the semifinals of the 2009 US Open against Novak Djokovic , bringing him triple match point . Federer is one of the top players who employs successfully the " shot " , when he gets pushed deep and wide on his forehand wing . Since Stefan Edberg joined his coaching team at the start of the 2014 season , Federer has played a more offensive game , attacking the net more often , and improved his volley shots . In the lead @-@ up to the 2015 US Open , Federer successfully added a new unique shot to his arsenal called ( Attack by Roger ) , in which he charges his opponent while receiving the serve and hits a return on the run . - - = = Equipment and apparel = = - - - = = = Equipment = = = - - Federer currently plays with the Wilson , a 97 square inch tennis racquet with 21 @.@ 5 mm beam , 360 g weight , swing weight and string pattern ( all strung with ) . Since the 1998 Wimbledon Junior Championships Federer played with a Pro Staff 6 @.@ 1 90 tennis racquet , which is characterised by its smaller hitting area of 90 square inches , heavy strung weight of 364 grams , and thin beam of 17 @.@ 5 millimeters . His grip size was 4 3 / 8 inches ( sometimes referred to as ) . Federer strung his racquets at 21 @.@ 5 kg / 20 kg crosses pre @-@ stretched 20 percent , using Wilson Natural 16 gauge for his main strings and Big Power Rough gauge ( ) for his cross strings . When asked about string tensions , Federer stated " this depends on how warm the days are and with what kind of balls I play and against who I play . So you can see – it depends on several factors and not just the surface ; the feeling I have is most important . " - - = = = = = = - - Federer has a contract with Nike footwear and apparel . For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon , Nike designed a jacket with a crest of three tennis racquets , symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won , and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006 . In Wimbledon 2008 and again in 2009 , Nike continued this trend by making him a which also has his own logo , an R and F joined together . - - = = = = - - Federer is one of the highest @-@ earning athletes in the world . He is listed at number five on Forbes World 's Highest Athletes list . As of 2013 , he remains the top in tennis with ten endorsement deals . He makes 40 to 50 million euros a year from prize money and endorsements from Nike and the Swiss companies , Credit , , , and . In 2010 , his endorsement by Mercedes @-@ Benz China was extended into a global partnership deal . His other sponsors include , Wilson , and & . Previously , he was an ambassador for , AG , and Maurice . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Grand Slam tournament performance timeline = = = - - Note : Federer received fourth @-@ round at the US Open ( 2004 and 2012 ) and the Wimbledon Championships ( 2007 ) , and a second @-@ round at the Australian Open ( 2012 ) ; these are not counted as wins - - = = = = Finals : 27 ( 17 titles , 10 runners @-@ up ) = = = = - - - = = = Year @-@ End Championship performance timeline = = = - - - = = = = Year – End Championship finals : 10 ( 6 titles , 4 runners @-@ up ) = = = = - - ( i ) = Indoor - - = = = Records = = = - - - = = = = All @-@ time tournament records = = = = - - - = = = = Open Era records = = = = - - These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis . - Records in bold indicate achievements . - Records in italics are currently active streaks . - - = = = Video = = = - - Wimbledon Classic Match : Federer vs Sampras . Standing Room Only , DVD release date : 31 October 2006 , run time : 233 minutes , ASIN . - Wimbledon 2007 Final : Federer vs. Nadal ( 2007 ) . White Star , DVD release date : 30 October 2007 , run time : 180 minutes , ASIN . - Wimbledon — The 2008 Finals : Nadal vs. Federer . Standing Room Only , DVD release date : 19 August 2008 , run time : 300 minutes , ASIN . - - = = = = = = - - Roger Federer at the Association of Tennis - Roger Federer at the International Tennis Federation - Roger Federer at the Davis Cup - Roger Federer at the Internet Movie Database - - = Jane 's Attack Squadron = - - Jane 's Attack Squadron is a 2002 combat flight simulator developed by Looking Glass Studios and Mad Doc Software and published by Interactive . Based on World War II , the game allows players to pilot fifteen reproductions of that era 's military aircraft and to carry out missions for the Axis or Allies . Although it contains dogfights , the game focuses largely on air @-@ to @-@ ground combat . - Jane 's Attack Squadron was first conceived by Looking Glass employee Seamus Blackley as Flight Combat , a combat @-@ based sequel to Flight Unlimited . The company continued designing the game after Blackley was fired in 1995 , and it entered production under Electronic Arts in 1998 . The team experienced problems with deadlines and funding during development , with the game eventually being heavily redesigned and renamed Jane 's Attack Squadron at the request of the publisher . These issues contributed to Looking Glass 's bankruptcy and closure in 2000 . In 2001 and 2002 , the game was acquired and finished by Mad Doc Software , a company in part composed of former Looking Glass employees . - The game received mixed to poor reviews . Critics found its physics modelling unrealistic , and many believed that the game 's graphics and gameplay were outdated , particularly in light of contemporary simulators like @-@ 2 Sturmovik . The limited number of missions and large number of glitches were widely panned . Certain critics enjoyed Jane 's Attack Squadron 's air @-@ to @-@ ground combat and several hoped that fans would improve the game with the included physics and mission editors . - - = = Gameplay = = - - As a combat flight simulator , Jane 's Attack Squadron allows players to pilot military aircraft in a three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) graphical environment . The game is set in Western Europe during World War II ; and players may control fifteen German and Allied planes from the era , including the @-@ 190 , Spitfire , Junkers Ju 88 , Avro Lancaster and Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator . Although dogfights are possible , the game places a heavy focus on air @-@ to @-@ ground combat . range from bombing and torpedo runs to defense and escort missions . The player may engage in tutorials , " quick missions " , " single missions " and a campaign . Quick missions allow the player to select variables such as the objective and the number of friendly and enemy aircraft , while single missions , of which there are five , are scripted , " pre @-@ made " levels . Two campaigns are available : one each for the Allies and Germans . Both campaigns feature ten missions that branch depending on the outcome achieved by the player . An online multiplayer component allows players to engage in dogfights . - Each plane in Jane 's Attack Squadron is composed of forty @-@ five parts that may be removed or otherwise damaged in combat . Damage to these parts affects performance ; for example , a broken fuel line will leak , quickly decreasing the fuel gauge . Various adjustments may be made to the game 's realism , including an " arcade physics " option that drastically reduces flight difficulty . The game is packaged with the mission and physics editors that were used to develop it . - - = = Development = = - - - = = = At Looking Glass = = = - - In September 1994 , Looking Glass Technologies employee Seamus Blackley told Computer Gaming World that he wanted to create a combat @-@ based sequel to Flight Unlimited , whose development he was directing at the time . The magazine 's Johnny L. Wilson wrote , " If Flight Unlimited can pass the civilian tests , the military version should be right behind it . " In March of the next year , Blackley told PC Gamer US that the sequel " should feel so real that pilots will be afraid . They 'll feel the gun hits . " He dismissed the flight dynamics in other flight simulators , such as Falcon 3 @.@ 0 , in favor of the real @-@ time computational fluid dynamics ( ) model he created for Flight Unlimited . When PC Gamer 's Bernie asked why the team had waited to make a combat flight simulator , Blackley responded that they wanted to " " players first . In September , Computer Gaming World reported that Blackley was designing a combat @-@ based sequel to Flight Unlimited under the working title Flight Combat . Blackley told them that it would " make you into a fighter pilot " , and the magazine commented that it would teach the same material as the Air Force . The team planned to allow players to practice an element and then execute it on a mission , and Blackley said that the game would feature competitive online play . However , a new manager at Looking Glass Technologies , instated by venture capital investors , demanded that Blackley work on Flight Unlimited II instead of Flight Combat . Blackley refused and was fired , leaving the company in late 1995 . - In March 1996 , PC Gamer US reported that Flight Combat was " still taxiing across the design board " , and that the team planned to focus " on how the aerial manoeuvres are performed as you fight " . Looking Glass designer Constantine Hantzopoulos told the magazine that a modified version of the Flight Unlimited engine was being used to develop Flight Combat and Flight Unlimited II . Hantzopoulos commented that Flight Combat was " the project everybody at Looking Glass wants to work on " . The team expected to be finished with the game in roughly one year . By June 1997 , GameSpot reported that Flight Unlimited II was running on the new engine , coded from scratch by programmer James Fleming . In addition , the real @-@ time model from Flight Unlimited had been discarded , as its programming was " all black box code from Seamus " . GameSpot 's T. Liam MacDonald noted that the Flight Unlimited II team expected soon to use the same engine for a combat flight simulator set in World War II . Computer Gaming World similarly reported that the company was " definitely hot " to develop Flight Combat , and that it might be created after Flight Unlimited II . Following that game 's completion , the team could not decide between developing Flight Unlimited III or Flight Combat . As a result , they decided to develop them simultaneously , and Flight Combat began production in early 1998 . Unlike all of the studio 's other games , development of Flight Combat was funded through an insured bond , in an attempt to guarantee that the game would be finished . The company 's Tim later said that this setup was " a real pain for [ the team ] in some ways " . - Looking Glass signed a multi @-@ game publishing deal with Electronic Arts in May 1998 , and that company became the publisher of Flight Combat . The team " " the game to Electronic Arts , and James of the Through the Looking Glass believed that the team " that it could get the game out the door faster than the budget actually called for " . In March 1999 , the game was announced as the World War II @-@ themed Flight Combat : Thunder Over Europe , directed by Hantzopoulos and scheduled for release in fall of that year . That May , the game was shown at the Electronic Arts booth at E3 . Computer Games Magazine 's Steve Udell wrote that the game would feature a new iteration of the Flight Unlimited terrain renderer , and IGN reported that one million square miles of terrain based on European landscapes would be available . Weather conditions such as snow and rain were planned . Udell wrote that Flight Combat 's flight physics were an updated version of those from recent Flight Unlimited games , with new material taken from operations manuals and flight tests . models and textures were based on photographs , and many of the moving parts and flight control surfaces were modeled individually . Players were given the option to planes . Udell described a physics @-@ based damage system that , according to the company , made it impossible to " see the exact same kind of damage twice " . Two campaigns — the Battle of Britain and the Defence of the Reich — were announced , with missions based on dogfights , air @-@ to @-@ ground combat and bombing runs . Looking Glass claimed that the game would feature " moving tanks and ships [ ing ] it out on a dynamic battlefield " as the player carried out missions . , IGN 's Tal noted that the game had " a very distinct 40s charm " , which was present " from the briefings to the options screens " . - - = = = and cancellation = = = - - Electronic Arts rebranded Flight Combat as Jane 's Attack Squadron , to fit with the Jane 's Information Group license that the publisher had used for its Jane 's Combat line . According to , the publisher demanded that the game be heavily redesigned " through " development , which exacerbated the team 's existing problems with meeting deadlines . believed that the game 's schedule and funding did not receive the necessary adjustments to allow for this redesign . Together with Flight Unlimited III 's commercial failure , the expenses of Jane 's Attack Squadron 's long development used up revenue from Thief : The Dark Project , which had helped the company recover from the failure of Terra Nova : Strike Force and British Open Championship Golf . these problems , business deals with Microsoft , Games and Interactive were unsuccessful . As a result , Looking Glass Studios went bankrupt in May 2000 . At the time , Jane 's Attack Squadron was roughly three months from completion . Thief II Gold and Thief III were cancelled as a result of the company 's closure , but Jane 's Attack Squadron , because it was near completion and funded through an insured bond , had a chance of being finished . - According to Gordon Berg of Computer Gaming World , the legal and logistical problems of keeping " a portion of Looking Glass [ ... ] intact " to finish the game had been " " . Further , because of the game 's type of funding , the continued development of Jane 's Attack Squadron would have been at little cost to Electronic Arts . Fans petitioned the publisher to let development continue , and Looking Glass employee Rich Carlson said that Hantzopoulos and others from the Flight series , roughly twenty in all , were prepared to work on the game again . The petition reached 2 @,@ 000 signatures by May 30 and 5 @,@ 000 by June 1 . However , Electronic Arts dropped the game . The publisher 's Jeff Brown said that the decision " was based on our deep uncertainty that the project could meet any schedule given the changes in senior management and a history of missing deadlines . " Brown told the website that Electronic Arts had " worked " with Looking Glass for more than two years , and that , although the game had missed its planned October 1999 release , they had been willing to delay the project into 2000 . He blamed the developer 's closure for the decision to cancel the game . circulated that the decision was part of the publisher 's larger plan to abandon the flight simulator genre , and Computer Gaming World 's Denny Atkin later summarized that the company " ran screaming from the simulation market " after Looking Glass 's bankruptcy . Electronic Arts soon dropped the Jane 's Information Group license . - - = = = At Mad Doc = = = - - After the closure of Looking Glass , certain employees of that company moved to developer Mad Doc Software , and they hoped to complete Jane 's Attack Squadron . The game 's original lead designer and lead programmer were among those hired by Mad Doc . Line Entertainment , Mad Doc 's agent company , secured the rights to the game 's code for the team in 2001 . Development commenced shortly afterward . In August of that year , it was reported that the Jane 's Information Group license had been obtained by Interactive , and that the company planned to publish Mad Doc 's revival of Jane 's Attack Squadron . The full details of the agreement were announced at that year 's European Computer Trade Show , where it was revealed that Jane 's Attack Squadron would focus heavily on air @-@ to @-@ ground combat . According to Mad Doc 's Tim Farrar , " Our goal wasn 't to create a completely new game , it was to complete the game that was started at . " Farrar noted that , although the company " trimmed some of the more ambitious features " , Jane 's Attack Squadron was effectively " the same game " created by Looking Glass . As with Flight Combat , the game features one million square miles of terrain , planes with individually modelled moving parts and a physics @-@ based damage system . - In October 2001 , the game was officially announced in a press release by Mad Doc . Steve , the lead designer of the game at both development studios , said that he looked forward to Jane 's Attack Squadron and " [ ing ] it a new life " . He believed that the team was " very excited " to finish the game , a sentiment later echoed by the game 's producer , David . According to , the presence of members of the Looking Glass team ensured that it would " closely reflect our original vision of the game : an action @-@ packed World War II air combat simulation accessible to users of all skill levels " . Farrar announced that the team 's mission and physics editors would be released alongside the game , which he hoped would generate interest among players . Farrar later commented that , because of the game 's physics @-@ based damage system and individually modelled components , wings could be shot off and fuel tanks detonated . He also explained that coolant tanks could be hit , giving the pilot a limited amount of time before the plane engine . He wrote that losing a wing tip meant " a ride " , but the loss of the tail caused the plane to " spin into the ground " . Jane 's Attack Squadron went gold in March 2002 , and was released that month . - - = = Reception = = - - Denny Atkin of Computer Gaming World wrote that Jane 's Attack Squadron " had the potential to be of the year in 2000 " , but that it had been rendered largely irrelevant by delays and " design goals . " He believed that its graphics would have been " state of the art in 2000 " , but he found them middling in 2002 ; and he noted the presence of numerous glitches . He considered the game 's most serious flaw to be its low number of missions . Although Atkin found the air @-@ to @-@ air combat " generally fun " , citing " good pilot AI " and " decent " flight physics , he believed that the game 's bombing runs were its most outstanding element . He hoped that fans would use the mission and physics editors to improve the game , and he concluded , " It 's buggy , but when it works it 's worth flying . " Andy of PC Gamer US wrote that Jane 's Attack Squadron is " an entertaining and unique WWII prop " , but he believed that it was clearly inferior to games such as @-@ 2 Sturmovik . He found the game 's graphics to be outdated and its design to be " simplistic " , and he wrote that its " somewhat basic flight model " prevents advanced maneuvers . He praised the game 's sound effects and music , as well as its " intricate damage modeling " , as its best features . He finished by saying that , because the genre was " for fresh titles " , Jane 's Attack Squadron could be recommended despite its flaws . - IGN 's Tom Chick found it " unrealistic , erratic , and limited " , writing that it " looks bad , plays poorly , and is unstable . " He disliked its " canned and scripted missions " , although he found its bombing runs " interesting " and its air @-@ to @-@ air combat features acceptable . However , he believed that ease of shooting down aircraft made the damage system 's " powerful amount of flexibility " worthless . Chick believed that the multiplayer component was one of the game 's worst features , and he derided the game 's " suspiciously canned physics " , which offered " a grab bag of fidelity mixed in with of . " He summarized Jane 's Attack Squadron as " awful . " Josh Horowitz of The Adrenaline Vault noted the complex damage system , and he believed that the game " looks as good as most of today 's flight simulators " , although he experienced performance issues . He noted that the gameplay was hurt by " corner cutting or general " , such as the limited in @-@ game tutorials . Horowitz found the game " repetitive " because of its lack of missions and " low sense of involvement " , and , like Chick , he disliked its multiplayer and " linear " missions . Although he offered significant praise for its sound , Horowitz concluded that the game was " a buggy , incomplete offering " , and that those " looking for the next great Jane 's title will likely be disappointed . " - GameSpy 's Bernard wrote that the game failed to live up to the Jane 's Combat pedigree , and he believed that those who enjoyed " the realism of Il @-@ 2 Sturmovik will be disappointed . " He disliked its " relaxed flight models " and lack of features , and he cited a large number of glitches . However , found its damage system " robust " and he believed that the game was " not a total loss . " Like Atkin , he hoped that fans would improve the game with its detailed editors , although he believed that this was somewhat unlikely . - - - = 1955 Atlantic hurricane season = - - The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season was , at the time , the costliest season ever recorded . The hurricane season officially began on June 15 , 1955 , and ended on November 15 , 1955 . It was slightly above average , with 13 recorded tropical cyclones . The first storm , Alice , had persisted since December 30 , 1954 . Alice caused relatively minor impact as it tracked through the Lesser Antilles and eastern Caribbean Sea in early January . Tropical Storm Brenda caused two deaths and minor damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States in early August . The quick succession of Hurricanes Connie and Diane caused significant flooding in the Northeastern United States , with nearly $ 1 billion ( 1955 USD ) in losses and at least 232 fatalities . The next three storms – Hurricanes Edith and Flora and Tropical Storm Five – caused very minor or no impact . In early August , Hurricane Gladys caused severe localized flooding in Mexico , primarily in Mexico City . Additionally , an of Gladys inflicted minor impact in Texas . - Hurricane Hilda struck the Greater Antilles and then Mexico . It was attributed to at least deaths and $ 120 million in losses . In mid @-@ September , Hurricane Ione struck eastern North Carolina and contributed the flooding from Connie and Diane , resulting in seven fatalities and $ 88 million in damage . Later that month , Hurricane Janet , which peaked as a Category 5 hurricane , several countries adjacent to the Caribbean Sea , as well as Mexico and British Honduras . Janet resulted in $ 53 @.@ 8 million in damage and at least 716 deaths . An unnamed tropical storm in the month of October did not impact land . Hurricane Katie , the final storm , caused minor damage in a sparsely populated area of Hispaniola , totaling to at least $ 200 @,@ 000 ; 7 fatalities were also reported . , the storms caused 1518 deaths and $ 1 @.@ 2 billion in losses , making it the costliest season at the time . A record number of names – four – were retired following the season , which was tied by 1995 and 2004 , and then surpassed in 2005 ( when five names were retired ) . - - = = Season summary = = - - On April 11 , 1955 , which was prior to the start of the season , Gordon Dunn was promoted to the chief meteorologist of the Miami Hurricane Warning Office . Dunn was replacing Grady Norton , who died from a stroke while forecasting Hurricane Hazel of the previous season . In early June , the Hurricane Hunters received new reconnaissance aircraft , which contained the latest radar and electronic equipment , at the time . Later that month , shortly before the start of the 1955 season , a bill was proposed in the United States Senate to provide funding for 55 new radar stations along the East Coast of the United States . After the United States House of Representatives passed a bill $ 5 million , the Senate disputed about possibly increasing the funding two @-@ fold to $ 10 million . Eventually , the were installed , starting in July 1955 . After the devastating storms of the season , particularly Connie and Diane , a United States Government organization with the propose of monitoring tropical cyclones was established in 1956 with $ 500 @,@ 000 in funding ; it later became the modern @-@ day National Hurricane Center . - The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15 , 1955 . It was an above average season in which 13 tropical cyclones formed . In a typical season , about nine tropical storms develop , of which five strengthen to hurricane strength . All thirteen depressions attained tropical storm status , and eleven of these attained hurricane status . Six hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes . The season was above average most likely because of an strong , ongoing La . Hurricane Alice developed in late December 1954 , but persisted into January 1955 , and was operationally analysed to have developed in the latter . Within the official hurricane season bounds , tropical cyclogenesis did not occur until July 31 , with the development of Tropical Storm Brenda . However , during the month of August , four tropical cyclones formed – including Connie , Diane , Edith , and an unnamed tropical storm . Five additional tropical cyclones – Flora , Gladys , Hilda , Ione , and Janet – all developed in September . Tropical cyclogenesis briefly halted until an unnamed tropical storm formed on October 10 . The final storm of the season , Katie , dissipated on October 19 , almost a month before the official end of hurricane season on November 15 . Eight hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 1 @,@ 603 deaths and $ 1 @.@ 1 billion in damage . - The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 199 , which was above the 1950 @-@ 2000 average of 96 @.@ 1 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical cyclones with winds exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . - - = = Storms = = - - - = = = Hurricane Alice ( 1954 ) = = = - - On January 1 , there was already a tropical cyclone located in the central Atlantic Ocean , having developed on December 30 of the previous year . Operationally it was first observed as a hurricane on January 1 , which resulted in it being named Alice . The hurricane passed through the Leeward Islands on January 2 . Alice reached peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) before encountering cold air and turning to the southeast . It dissipated on January 6 over the southeastern Caribbean Sea . Alice produced heavy rainfall and moderately strong winds across several islands along its path . and Anguilla were affected the most , with total damage amounting to $ 623 @,@ 500 . Operationally , lack of definitive data prevented the U.S. Weather Bureau from declaring the system a hurricane until January 2 . It received the name Alice in early 1955 , though re @-@ analysis of the data supported extending its track to the previous year , resulting in two tropical cyclones of the same name in one season . It was one of only two storms to span two calendar years , along with Tropical Storm in 2005 and 2006 . - - = = = Tropical Storm Brenda = = = - - Tropical Storm Brenda developed in the north @-@ central Gulf of Mexico at 0600 UTC on July 31 . During the next 24 hours , the storm strengthened rapidly and attained its maximum sustain wind speed of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) early on August 1 ( although it is possible it briefly reached hurricane intensity ) . Later that day , Brenda made landfall east of New Orleans , Louisiana at the same intensity . The storm steadily weakened inland and by August 2 , it was downgraded to a tropical depression . Early on August 3 , Brenda dissipated while located over eastern Texas . - Between Pensacola , Florida and Lake Charles , Louisiana , rainfall totals were generally about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) ; flooding , if any , was insignificant . Tropical storm force winds were reported , peaking at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) at Shell Beach , Louisiana on the south shore of Lake . At the same location , tides between 5 and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 and 1 @.@ 8 m ) above normal were measured . Four people were rescued by the United States Coast Guard after their tugboat sank in Lake , while three others swam to shore . Additionally , two fatalities occurred in the vicinity of Mobile , Alabama . - - = = = Hurricane Connie = = = - - A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression east of Cape Verde on August 3 . After six hours , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Connie . By August 4 , Connie began to rapidly strengthen , becoming the first major hurricane of the season later that day . Initially , it posed a threat to the Lesser Antilles , although it passed about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north . The outer rainbands produced hurricane force wind gusts and intense precipitation , reaching 8 @.@ 65 inches ( 220 mm ) in Puerto Rico . In the United States Virgin Islands , three people died due to the hurricane , and a few homes were destroyed . In Puerto Rico , Connie destroyed 60 homes and caused crop damage . After affecting Puerto Rico , Connie turned to the northwest , reaching peak winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) . The hurricane weakened while slowing and turning to the north , and struck North Carolina on August 12 as a Category 2 hurricane . - Connie produced strong winds , high tides , and heavy rainfall as it moved ashore , causing heavy crop damage and 27 deaths in the state of North Carolina . Connie made a second landfall in Virginia , and it progressed inland until dissipating on August 15 near . Marie , Michigan . Four people were killed in Washington , D.C. due to a traffic accident . In the Chesapeake Bay , Connie capsized a boat , killing 14 people and prompting a change in Coast Guard regulation . There were six deaths each in Pennsylvania and New Jersey , and eleven deaths in New York , where record rainfall flooded homes and . At least 225 @,@ 000 people lost power during the storm . Damage in the United States totaled around $ 86 million , although the rains from Connie was a prelude to flooding by Hurricane Diane . The remnants of Connie destroyed a few houses and boats in Ontario and killed three people in Ontario . - - = = = Hurricane Diane = = = - - A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde on August 7 . It slowly strengthened and became Tropical Storm Diane on August 9 . After a interaction with Hurricane Connie , Diane curved northward or north @-@ northeastward and quickly deepened . By early on August 8 , the storm was upgraded to a hurricane . Only several hours later , Diane peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . The storm resumed its west @-@ northwestward motion on August 13 . air in the region caused Diane to weaken while approaching the East Coast of the United States . A recently installed radar in North Carolina noted an eye feature , albeit poorly defined . Early on August 17 , Diane made landfall near Wilmington , North Carolina as a strong tropical storm . The storm then moved in a motion across North Carolina and the Mid @-@ Atlantic before re @-@ emerging into the Atlantic Ocean on August 19 . Diane headed east @-@ northeastward until becoming extratropical on August 20 . - Despite landfall in North Carolina , impact in the state was minor , limited to moderate rainfall , abnormally high tides , and relatively strong winds . Further north , catastrophic flooding occurred in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York , and New England . Of the stream gauges in the region , 129 reported record levels after the flooding from Tropical Storm Diane . Many streams reported discharge rates that were more than twice of the previous record . Most of the flooding occurred along small river basins that rapidly rose within hours to flood stage , largely occurring in populated areas ; the region in which the floods occurred had about 30 million people , and houses overall were destroyed . The floods severely damaged homes , highways , power lines , and railroads , and affected several summer camps . Overall utility damage was estimated at $ 79 million . Flooding in mountainous areas caused landslides and destroyed crop fields ; agriculture losses was estimated at $ 7 million . Hundreds of miles of roads and bridges were also destroyed , accounting for $ 82 million in damage . Overall , Diane caused $ 754 @.@ 7 million in damage , of which $ 600 million was in New England . Overall , there were at least 184 deaths . - - = = = Hurricane Edith = = = - - An easterly tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on August 21 in the tropical Atlantic . Moving towards the west @-@ northwest , the disturbance slowly intensified , reaching tropical storm strength at 1200 UTC on August 23 and as such was named Edith by the Weather Bureau . Afterwards , Edith began to curve towards the northwest as it gradually intensified , attaining hurricane strength on August 25 . The hurricane continued to intensify as it recurved and accelerated to the northeast , reaching its peak intensity on August 28 as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . At the same time , a reconnaissance aircraft reported a minimum barometric pressure of 991 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 27 inHg ) in the storm 's eye as Edith made its closest pass to Bermuda . The hurricane began to gradually weaken after it passed east of the island , before becoming extratropical on August 31 . The cyclone would later make a clockwise loop before dissipating completely late on September 3 . Although Edith remained at sea , it was suspected that the hurricane may have caused the loss of the pleasure yacht IV , after it separated from its . - - = = = Tropical Storm Five = = = - - A weak disturbance was first observed near Grand Cayman on August 23 , gaining tropical storm strength by 0600 UTC that day . Moving towards the north @-@ northwest , the storm passed over western Cuba on August 24 , without much change in intensity . Once in the Gulf of Mexico , the tropical storm marginally intensified , reaching peak intensity with maximum sustained wind speeds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) by 1200 UTC on August 26 . the Gulf Coast of the United States , the system curved towards the west . The storm maintained its intensity up until landfall in Louisiana near New Orleans on August 27 . Moving inland , it slowly weakened while crossing the Central United States , degenerating to tropical depression strength by August 29 and later dissipating over Missouri the following day . - Strong waves generated by the storm caused tides 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above average , slightly damaging coastal resorts . Weather offices advised small craft offshore to remain in port due to the strong waves . Rough seas battered the schooner Princess Friday , but the ship was able to ride out the storm . The storm produced squalls further inland , causing heavy rains . A weather station reported a minimum pressure of 1000 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) , the lowest in association with the tropical storm . Despite the strong waves and heavy rains , only minor damage was reported . - - = = = Hurricane Flora = = = - - A tropical wave moved along the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) and passed through Cape Verde between August 30 and August 31 . Although the do headquarters in , Brazil reported a closed circulation on August 30 , Tropical Storm Flora did not develop until 0600 UTC on September 2 , while located about 400 miles ( 640 km ) of Cape Verde . The storm strengthened at a steady pace for the following 48 hours and reached hurricane status late on September 3 . Flora headed on a track , initially moving west @-@ northwestward and then northwesterly by September 4 . It continued to intensify and by September 6 , the storm curved northward . Around time , a minimum barometric pressure of mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) was reported . However , it may have been lower , as the storm did not attain its maximum sustained wind speed of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) until September 7 . Flora maintained this intensity while curving to the northeast , but became extratropical at 0000 UTC on September 9 , while located about midway between Flores Island in the Azores and Island , Nova Scotia . - - = = = Hurricane Gladys = = = - - A tropical depression developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico at 1200 UTC on September 4 . Six hours later , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Gladys . The storm quickly intensified and reached hurricane status on September 5 , roughly 24 hours after developing . Around that time , Gladys peaked as a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Later on September 5 , an of Gladys with cyclonic turning formed in the northern Gulf of Mexico and struck Texas on September 6 ; it may have been a separate tropical cyclone . Initially , Gladys headed north @-@ northwestward , but then re @-@ curved south @-@ southwestward while approaching the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Early on September 6 , it made landfall near Tampico , Tamaulipas as a weakening tropical storm . The system rapidly dissipated inland . - Gladys dropped up to 25 inches ( 640 mm ) in Tampico , Tamaulipas . The worst of the flooding from Gladys occurred in Mexico City . Roughly 5 @,@ 000 residents were isolated and required rescue . Police estimated that 2 @,@ 300 homes were inundated with 5 to 7 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 1 m ) of water . About 30 @,@ 000 families were impacted by the storm . Two children drowned and five additional people were listed as missing . In Texas , the highest sustained wind speed was 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) in the Corpus Christi – Port O 'Connor area , with gusts between 55 and 65 mph ( 89 and 105 km / h ) offshore . Precipitation peaked at 17 @.@ 02 inches ( 432 mm ) in Bluff , a neighborhood of Corpus Christi . Flooding in the area forced " scores " of people to evacuate their homes . Damage estimates reached $ 500 @,@ 000 . - - = = = Hurricane Ione = = = - - A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression early on September 10 , while located about midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles . After six hours , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ione . Eventually , it turned to the northwest . At 0000 UTC on September 15 , Ione reached hurricane intensity , while situated north of the Leeward Islands . Ione continued to deep while moving northwest . The storm reached Category 4 intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 938 mbar ( 27 @.@ 7 inHg ) early on September 18 . Around midday on the following day , it made landfall near Wilmington , North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane . Shortly after moving inland over eastern North Carolina , Ione weakened to a tropical storm . Late on September 19 , Ione re @-@ emerged into the Atlantic near Norfolk , Virginia . The storm quickly re @-@ strengthened early on September 20 , but transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 21 . - Strong winds , heavy rainfall , and abnormally high tides some areas along the East Coast of the United States , especially North Carolina . In Cherry Point , sustained winds reached 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) , with gusts up to 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) . Overall , damage was slightly more than $ 88 million , mostly to crops and agriculture . Rainfall in the state peaked at 16 @.@ 63 inches ( 422 mm ) in . Storm surge in North Carolina peaked at 5 @.@ 3 feet ( 1 @.@ 6 m ) in Beach . As a result , several coastal roadways were flooded , including a portion of Highway 94 and Route 264 . Seven deaths were reported in North Carolina . The remnants of Ione brought gusty winds to Atlantic Canada , which broken poles , uprooted trees , interrupted telephone service , damaged chimneys and caused power outages , especially in St. John 's , Newfoundland and . - - = = = Hurricane Hilda = = = - - A tropical wave located near the Lesser Antilles spawned a tropical depression on September 12 . It is estimated that the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Hilda early on the following day . Hilda quickly intensified while moving westward into a small hurricane by September 12 . Although the storm passed just north of Hispaniola on September 13 , damage is unknown , if any . Later that day , Hilda made landfall near the southeastern tip of Cuba on September 13 . There , it dropped heavy rainfall and produced gusty winds that destroyed 80 % of the coffee crop in Oriente Province . In the eastern Cuban city of , Hilda severely damaged the oldest church in the country . Damage totaled $ 2 million in Cuba , and there were four deaths . - Later , the hurricane moved across the Caribbean Sea , causing light damage in the sparsely @-@ populated region of the eastern Yucatán Peninsula . After reaching the Gulf of Mexico , Hilda strengthened to reach peak winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) late on September 18 . Before the hurricane moved ashore , there was residual flooding in Tampico from earlier Hurricane Gladys . Hilda struck the city early on September 19 , with gusts estimated at 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . The storm dropped heavy rainfall that flooded 90 % of Tampico , while its strong winds damaged half of the homes , leaving 15 @,@ 000 homeless . Throughout Mexico , 11 @,@ 432 people were directly affected by Hilda . Overall , the storm killed 300 people and caused over $ 120 million . Additionally , the of Hilda caused minor flooding in southern Texas , particularly in . - - = = = Hurricane Janet = = = - - Hurricane Janet was the most powerful tropical cyclone of the season and one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes on record . The hurricane formed from a tropical wave east of the Lesser Antilles on September 21 . Moving toward the west across the Caribbean Sea , Janet fluctuated in intensity , but generally strengthened before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale with winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . The intense hurricane made landfall at that intensity near , Mexico on September 28 . Janet 's landfall as a Category 5 hurricane on the Yucatán Peninsula marked the first recorded instance that a storm of such intensity in the Atlantic basin made on a continental mainland , with all previous storms making landfall as Category 5 hurricanes on islands . After weakening over the Yucatán Peninsula , it moved into the Bay of Campeche , where it slightly strengthened before making its final landfall near Veracruz on September 29 . Janet quickly weakened over Mexico 's mountainous terrain before dissipating on September 30 . - In its developmental stages near the Lesser Antilles , Janet caused significant damage to the island chain , resulting in 189 deaths and $ 7 @.@ 8 million in damages in the and Barbados . While Janet was in the central Caribbean Sea , a reconnaissance aircraft flew into the storm and was lost , with all eleven crew members believed perished . This was the only such loss which has occurred in association with an Atlantic hurricane . A Category 5 upon landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , Janet caused severe devastation in areas on Roo and British Honduras . Only five buildings in , Mexico remained intact after the storm . An estimated 500 deaths occurred in the Mexican state of Roo . At Janet 's second landfall near Veracruz , significant river flooding ensued , worsening effects caused by Hurricanes Gladys and Hilda earlier in the month . The floods left thousands of people stranded and killed at least 326 people in the Tampico area . The flood damage would lead to the largest Mexican relief operation ever executed by the United States . At least 1 @,@ deaths were attributed to Hurricane Janet , as well as $ 65 @.@ 8 million in damages . - - = = = Tropical Storm Eleven = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 18 and continued west @-@ northwestward . It is possible that the system developed into a tropical depression the next day , although lack of data prevented such classification until September 23 , when a nearby ship reported winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . An approaching cold front turned the system to the north on September 24 . The structure gradually became better organized , and after turning to the northeast on September 26 , the depression intensified into a tropical storm . This was based on a ship report of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) winds , which was also estimated as the system 's peak intensity . On September 27 , the system became extratropical and accelerated its forward motion , dissipating within a larger extratropical storm south of Iceland on the next day . - - = = = Tropical Storm Twelve = = = - - A tropical wave was reported to have passed through Cape Verde on October 4 . The system slowly developed a vertex as it curved in a generally northward direction . By early on October 10 , two ships reported that a tropical depression formed almost halfway between the Azores and the Leeward Islands . After six hours , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm . While re @-@ curving to the northeast , the storm attained its maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) ; the lowest atmospheric pressure recorded in relation to the storm was 1 @,@ 000 mbar ( 30 inHg ) , but the time of measurement is unknown . Although no significant weakening occurred , it eventually merged with an extratropical cyclone on October 14 , while still well southwest of the Azores . During its extratropical stage , a ship in the area reported an atmospheric pressure as low as 979 mbar ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) . - - = = = Hurricane Katie = = = - - A disturbance in the ITCZ developed into a tropical depression north of Panama on October 14 . Early on the following day , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Katie . The system moved generally northeast due to the presence of a strong low pressure area along the East Coast of the United States . Later that day , Hurricane Hunters observed a rapidly intensifying hurricane , encountering winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a pressure of mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) several hours before the peak intensity . Early on October 17 , Katie made landfall in extreme eastern @-@ Department , Haiti as a strong Category 2 hurricane ( although it may have been stronger ) . About half of homes in the town of @-@ à @-@ were destroyed . Across the border in , Dominican Republic , 68 houses were damaged . Overall losses were at least $ 200 @,@ 000 and 7 fatalities were reported . - While crossing the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola , Katie became very disorganized and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm early on October 17 , within a few hours after moving inland . Later that day , the storm emerged into the Atlantic Ocean just east of Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic . Katie began accelerating to the northeast on October 18 . During that time , the storm re @-@ intensified and briefly approached hurricane intensity , although it failed to strengthen further due to interaction with a cold front . After passing just east of Bermuda on October 19 , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of Katie were last observed the following day . - - = = Storm names = = - - The following names were used for tropical cyclones that reached at least tropical storm intensity in the North Atlantic in 1955 . However , two of such storms went unnamed . Connie , Diane , Ione , and Janet would later be retired . The 1955 season was tied with the 1995 and 2004 for the most storm names retired after a single season , until five names were retired in 2005 . Storms were named Brenda , Connie , Diane , Edith , Flora , Gladys , Hilda , Ione , Janet and Katie for the first time . Names not assigned are marked in gray . - - - = = - - noitulovE ( " Evolution " backwards ) is a British television and cinema advertisement launched by Diageo in 2005 to promote Guinness stout . The 60 @-@ second piece formed the cornerstone of a £ 15 million advertising campaign targeting men in their late twenties and early thirties . The commercial shows , in reverse , the adventures of three characters who evolve from mudskippers to present day humans before tasting Guinness in a London pub . The commercial was handled by the advertising agency Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO , with a budget of £ It was directed by Daniel Kleinman . Production was contracted to Kleinman Productions , with post @-@ production by . It premiered on British television on 3 October 2005 . - noitulovE is the fifth television / cinema piece in the Good things come to those who wait series , and its premiere marked the end of a four @-@ year hiatus . The advert and its associated campaign were a critical and financial success . It received over 30 awards from professional organisations in the advertising and television industries , and was the most @-@ awarded commercial worldwide in 2006 . The impact of the campaign was such that during a period in which the UK beer market experienced a substantial decline in revenue , Guinness reported that its year @-@ on @-@ year earnings within the region had noticeably increased . At the same time , Guinness achieved its highest @-@ ever volume and value shares and became the market leader within the region . This was attributed in no small part to the positive reception of noitulovE . - - = = = = - - The piece begins with three patrons taking their first sip of Guinness in a London pub . To the accompaniment of Sammy Davis , Jr . ' s rendition of " The Rhythm of Life " from the 1969 film version of the 1966 Broadway musical Sweet Charity , a reverse @-@ motion sequence begins . The three men retreat from the bar and into the street , other patrons disappearing as they pass . As they move down the street , a reverse time @-@ lapse @-@ style sequence transforms their clothes to match a rapidly changing urban scene , which progresses through modern @-@ day London to the period . Electric lights transform into gas lamps and buildings begin to disappear frame by frame . A short cutaway sequence shows the city into the past , shrinking to a small Saxon settlement before disappearing entirely . Returning to the main sequence , the three men 's clothes and hairstyles are adjusted into Bronze Age equivalents as they pass through woodland . A close @-@ up of one of the characters shows his features quickly transformed into those of a . The trio are then frozen in an ice age glacier . - The three re @-@ emerge from the glacier as primitive , their clothes ripped away to reveal . They continue to walk backwards with a more gait , and soon turn into . From there , they are transformed into a number of different species in quick succession , including flying squirrels , mammals , aquatic mammals , fish , flightless birds , small dinosaurs , and burrowing lizard @-@ like creatures . The environment around them changes rapidly as they travel , with showing millions of years of geological changes occurring in less than a few seconds . Finally , the three become mudskippers around a green @-@ brown puddle . The action briefly moves forward again to show the middle character registering his disgust at the taste of the water with a " ! " sound . The commercial ends with a transition to a product shot of three of Guinness accompanied by the strapline " Good things come to those who wait " . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO won the account for Guinness in 1996 with a campaign built on their new strapline " Good things come to those who wait " . They produced several commercials using variations on the theme , including , Bet on Black , and the critically acclaimed Surfer , voted the " Best of All Time " by the British public in 2002 . After the 2001 advertisements , Diageo , the corporate owners of Guinness , decided to pursue a more pan @-@ European marketing strategy . The strapline proved difficult to translate , and was abandoned . Several new were tried out over the next three years , including " Believe " ( Free and Tom ) and " A story of darkness and light " ( Moth and Mustang ) . - The new marketing strategy did not prove particularly successful , and in 2004 Diageo returned to regional advertising . BBDO were presented with the choice of coming up with either a new theme to appeal to the 18 – 35 British male demographic or a new angle on the tried and tested Good things ... concept . A number of ideas were put forward , including " The " . From this concept , noitulovE was quickly plotted out : the advert would show three individuals waiting 500 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 years before finally taking their first sip of Guinness , the timeline compressed into a 50 @-@ second clip . The decision to run the " Evolution sequence " in reverse was taken fairly early , as it was felt that it would better hold viewers ' interest during a 60 @-@ second television spot . - - = = = Pre @-@ production = = = - - The project had not yet been when the agency approached Daniel Kleinman , known for his work on James Bond title sequences , with the intention of taking him on as a director . After looking over the concept pitch and a rough draft of the script , Kleinman 's immediate impressions were that the idea was " fresh " , " an opportunity to try out some new techniques " , and that it would " put Guinness back on track , doing a big ' ' idea " . - Kleinman contacted a pair of Canadian graphic novel artists to begin the process . the commercial meant that the agency could determine how much of the £ budget to to each section , and provided them with visuals to use as part of the presentation to Diageo when pitching the various concepts for a decision on which to pursue . The effort paid off and approval was given to move ahead with production . - - = = = Production = = = - - Production of the commercial took place over two months , with principal photography shot in Iceland . Time @-@ lapse photographs were taken of the country 's , volcanic terrain and frozen lakes using 35 mm film cameras . The shooting was done in the early summer for the nearly continuous daylight that the season afforded them . The next pieces of the commercial to be assembled were the live @-@ action segments , shot in a studio in London . Filming was done in three stages , with the three actors changing into different sets of prosthetic makeup at each stage . For the final section the actors spent a week the choreography behind walking backwards with an appropriately gait . were attached to the back of each actor , allowing them to lean forwards to give the impression that they were being " sucked back in time " when the final cut was put together . While filming the actor sequences , VFX supervisor William Bartlett filmed the aerial view of London from Tower 42 's Vertigo bar . - With computer @-@ generated imagery looking to make up so much of the commercial , Kleinman attempted to use film of real elements wherever possible . To this end , 200 mudskippers were brought to the studio from South Africa for the final scene , arriving via Singapore . An entire afternoon was set aside for filming the sequence . The footage obtained formed the major part of the final cut of the scene , with only one or two post @-@ production changes : the addition of tail fins and animation of the expression of disgust that closes the piece . Stop motion footage of other real elements was taken , including a stage @-@ by @-@ stage of plants , used to show flora coming back to life in the reverse sequence , and shots of baking bread , used to model the geological changes to background rock formations . Additional real elements were to have been incorporated into the commercial , mostly from stock footage of several animal species , but only short segments of and lizards appeared in the final cut . - - = = = Post @-@ production = = = - - Post @-@ production work was handled mostly by , who had worked on previous Guinness campaigns Surfer and , and had worked with Daniel Kleinman on a number of outside projects , including several commercials and James Bond title sequences . The project was overseen by William Bartlett , known for his visual effects work on the BBC television documentary Walking with Dinosaurs . The original schedule allowed for three and a half months in post @-@ production , with airing of the commercial to follow almost immediately . - The 24 @-@ man animation team was split into two groups . Half were assigned to the creation of the 15 new CGI creatures noitulovE ( in Maya ) , while the other half created the backgrounds ( in ) . work – combining the shots with stock footage and CGI elements – was performed in Flame and Inferno . As the final commercial was to be shown on cinema screens , the animators worked at a resolution higher than that afforded by the definition used by British @-@ encoded television sets , to improve the appearance of the advert when projected . - Near the end of post @-@ production , the creative team decided that the music chosen to accompany the advert , an electronic track by Groove , was not working particularly well . Peter Raeburn , who had chosen the track used in Surfer ( 's " Planet " ) , was brought on as music director . Raeburn suggested three pieces , with " Rhythm of Life " ultimately presented to Guinness as an alternative and approved as a replacement . - - = = Release and reception = = - - - = = = Schedule = = = - - noitulovE was originally to have begun its run in September 2005 , but the was pushed back several weeks as post @-@ production took longer than anticipated . As had been the case with several earlier campaigns , the commercial was to air in several bursts , throughout 2005 and 2006 . were purchased in the commercial breaks of sports broadcasts , high @-@ budget television dramas and shows whose primary audience overlapped with the campaign 's target demographic of British males in the 24 – 35 age range . The first burst was commissioned to run from 3 October to 13 November 2005 , during programming such as the UEFA Champions League , Lost , Vincent , and Dec 's Saturday Night and terrestrial television screenings of Austin Powers : . - The second burst lasted through December . The focus moved to television , with appearances in live televised football matches , films , and popular programming such as I 'm a Celebrity , Get Me Out of Here ! . Two further bursts were commissioned for 2006 , to run from 15 May to 9 June and 22 August to 8 October . Programmes selected for the May – June burst included Celebrity X Factor , Big Brother and live football and cricket matches . The final series of spots ran during programming totalling 56 ratings points per week ( 56 % of British television viewers ) , with much of the budget assigned to television . - - = = = Awards = = = - - noitulovE was well received by critics within the advertising and television industries , and was predicted to win the 2006 Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix , one of the advertising industry 's highest awards . Advertising Age said of the piece : " A flawless production to an irresistible piece of music a brilliant , witty new iteration of a longstanding , unique positioning . This isn 't just great advertising ; it is perfect advertising . " , Executive Creative Director for Del & remarked on the campaign in the run @-@ up to the festival , saying " noitulovE is , in my opinion , the best . [ ... ] This execution is absolutely incredible , as is the production . " The main competition for the prize was thought to be the Australian Big Ad for Carlton draught beer , and the British , for Sony 's line of high definition television sets . After the three received Gold Lions in the Film category , they were shortlisted by the judges as contenders for the Grand Prix . Ultimately , the honour went to noitulovE . After the decision , David , president of the jury which determined the outcome , said " It 's a very very strong ad . A lot of the jurors felt that it was not only a stand @-@ alone , remarkable ad , but also a triumphant return for a fabulous campaign . " The victory placed director Daniel Kleinman at Number 29 in The Independent 's list of the Top 50 of 2006 . - The 2006 edition of the Report , an authoritative annual publication determining the advertising industry 's most critically successful campaigns , revealed that noitulovE had received more awards that year than any other campaign worldwide . Among the awards were three , two Golden , and the Special Jury Prize at the Awards . - The ad was also a hit with the public . It has been credited by Guinness as being responsible for the substantial boost in sales experienced by the brand during the period in which it was broadcast . While revenues within the UK beer market declined by an average of − 0 @.@ 4 % ( − £ ) , the year @-@ on @-@ year figures for Guinness showed an increase of 3 @.@ 6 % ( + £ ) . Between October 2005 and October 2006 , Guinness achieved its highest ever volume ( 6 @.@ 8 % ) and value ( 7 @.@ 4 % ) shares , taking the position of market leader from Stella . Diageo attributed the growth in no small part to the positive reception garnered by noitulovE . - - = = = Legacy = = = - - As one of the most recognisable British television advertisements of 2006 , noitulovE was one of two commercials ( the other being Sony 's ) to feature in a £ campaign launched by Digital UK to raise awareness of the imminent within the UK from to digital television . New versions of the two adverts were produced , showing the first few seconds of the original spot before being interrupted by " Al " , an animated spokesman for the campaign . - In 2004 , Guinness launched a retrospective television advertising campaign promoting Guinness Extra Cold stout , featuring new ten @-@ second versions of commercials broadcast between 1984 and 2004 . These included Mars ( with reprising his role as the " Pure Genius " ) , , Fish Bicycle , Surfer , and Bet on noitulovE joined the campaign in 2006 , and was the only piece to receive more than one new version . In the first of these , the patrons are only seconds after taking their first sip of Guinness in a glacier identical to the one which appeared half @-@ way through the original spot . In the second , the sea through which the three fish bound backwards in the original spot is frozen while the trio are in mid @-@ leap , leaving the characters across the surface . In the final version , the pool at the end of the original spot freezes while the mudskippers are taking their drink , and the protagonists ' are left stuck in the ice . - When noitulovE was first proposed , it was the only pitch revisiting the Good things come to those who wait campaign , as , according to Ian , both BBDO and Diageo " didn 't think [ they ] could do something good enough to warrant following on from Surfer and the like . " However , following the success of noitulovE , three additional commercials have been aired within the Good Things ... campaign : , Hands , and Point ( Guinness ' most expensive advertising campaign to date ) . - - - = Stuart McCall = - - Andrew Stuart Murray McCall ( born 10 June 1964 ) , usually known as Stuart McCall , is a football manager and former player who is the current manager of Bradford City . He made a total of 763 league games and in 40 full international matches for Scotland during his playing career . - McCall started his professional career with Bradford City , where he made his senior debut in 1982 . He played six seasons at Valley Parade , during which time he won the Division Three championship , a title which was overshadowed by the Bradford City stadium fire when 56 people died and in which his father Andy was injured . After missing out on promotion in 1987 – 88 , McCall moved to Everton , for whom he scored twice but finished on the losing side in the 1989 FA Cup Final . In 1991 , he moved to Rangers , with whom he spent seven seasons and won six league titles , three Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups . McCall returned to Bradford City as captain to take them into the top division of English football for the first time in 77 years . After four seasons he moved to Sheffield United , where he retired as a player in 2005 . - Born and raised in England , McCall qualified to play for Scotland through his Scottish father . He won 40 international caps and scored one goal in the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy . He also played in two European Championships but his international career ended after he was left out of the 1998 World Cup squad . - McCall was part of the coaching staff during his second spell at Bradford City , briefly serving as caretaker @-@ player manager in 2000 . He continued his coaching at Sheffield United and was assistant manager to Neil Warnock until May 2007 , when he returned to Bradford City for a third time , this time as manager . He spent two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons in charge of Bradford City , leaving in February 2010 . Just before the end of 2010 , he was appointed Motherwell manager . He stayed at Fir Park for four years , helping the club finish second in the league twice . After a poor start to the 2014 – 15 season , he resigned in November 2014 . McCall was appointed manager of Rangers in March 2015 , but left the club at the end of a short @-@ term contract . - - = = Early and personal life = = - - Stuart McCall was born on 10 June 1964 in Leeds , England , to Scottish parents Andy , a former professional footballer , and Jean McCall . He was the couple 's third child after Leslie and , who were 20 and 15 respectively when Stuart was born . The family home was just round the corner from Leeds United 's Road ground where McCall would spend many Saturday watching United , dreaming of following his father and playing for Leeds , even after the family moved to . - McCall played football for Upper Primary School and Middle School , even scoring a winning goal for the latter in a cup final when he came on as a substitute with his arm in a sling . McCall also played table tennis as a schoolboy but excelled at football , the Leeds under @-@ 11 boys team and playing for other Leeds representative sides . McCall 's parents split and he made up for his size when he moved to one of Leeds ' toughest estates and played for pub sides by the age of 14 . He moved schools to Harrington High and also played for local young sides Juniors , and later Farsley Celtic . McCall thought he had missed his chance of playing professionally after a string of other players were signed by professional clubs , until Farsley played Bradford City 's junior side in a friendly and he impressed coach Bryan Edwards enough to be asked for a trial . - - = = Playing career = = - - - = = = Club career = = = - - - = = = = Bradford City = = = = - - McCall came through City 's youth system after he was signed by George Mulhall in 1980 from Farsley Celtic at the age of 16 , before becoming an apprentice in June 1981 . Mulhall 's successor , Roy McFarland gave McCall his debut at Reading on 28 August 1982 – the opening day of the 1982 – 83 season – when he for at right back . He had played just six league games by 29 January 1983 when he made the first of 134 consecutive league appearances , all in midfield under new manager Trevor Cherry . City finished 12th in Division Three that season . The following season City struggled to make up for the absence of Bobby Campbell , who had left to join Derby County , and won just one of their first fifteen games , until Cherry bought Campbell back from Derby , and City won a record ten consecutive games on their way to a seventh place finish . - During the summer of 1984 , Cherry made the two key signings of central defender Dave Evans and right winger John Hendrie to build on the previous season 's high finish . McCall was an integral part of the team as City won the Division Three championship in 1984 – 85 , during which he scored eight goals as one of two ever @-@ present players . The title was assured in the penultimate game when McCall scored the second goal in a 2 – 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers . The league title was before the final game of the season on 11 May 1985 at home to Lincoln City . However , the club 's title was overshadowed when 56 people died in the Bradford City stadium fire when the Valley Parade ground 's main stand caught fire after 40 minutes of play , during which McCall 's father , who was with other family members , was badly injured . After the fire , McCall , still in his kit , spent several hours driving from the ground to his sister 's house , then to Bradford Royal and Hospital trying to find his father . His father had suffered severe burns and needed skin on his hands and head and was in hospital for several weeks . - For the following 19 months , the club played games away from Valley Parade . Cherry and the players became a close @-@ knit team , attending of the victims and other engagements in the months that followed , and the club 's 13th place finish in Division Two in 1985 – 86 was hailed a major achievement . During Bradford 's time away from Valley Parade , McCall also turned his back on Leeds United , the team he had supported as a child , after their fans set fire to a chip van at Stadium . McCall became club captain in November 1986 , aged just 21 , after Peter Jackson moved to Newcastle United . Under Cherry 's replacement , Terry Dolan , the club held off any relegation threats to finish tenth in 1986 – 87 . Like Jackson , McCall and Hendrie were both keen to move to a Division One club , but they agreed in 1987 to stay for one final season . - Dolan brought in Paul , Brian Mitchell and Lee in a bid to help McCall and Hendrie realise their dreams with City . They mounted a promotion challenge in 1987 – 88 and were top for much of the season until they in the New Year . When promotion was missed initially by one point on the last day of the season after a 3 – 2 defeat against Ipswich Town and then through play @-@ off defeat to Middlesbrough , McCall left the club , signing for Everton for £ 850 @,@ 000 in June 1988 . He had played 238 league games for the club , scoring 37 goals , and in total played 285 games , scoring 46 goals . McCall was later outspoken in his autobiography , The Real McCall , about City 's failure to strengthen the side to secure promotion . - His departure was when he was forced to go to the Football League with a Professional ' Association representative to win £ 8 @,@ @.@ 15 of an unpaid signing @-@ on fee . - - = = = = Everton = = = = - - McCall joined Everton at a time when its former triumphant side of the mid @-@ 1980s had broken up , following the ban on English sides competing in Europe , which marked the start of a period of at Goodison Park . His Everton debut came in a 4 – 0 victory over Newcastle United on 27 August 1988 against his former teammate Hendrie , who was making his debut for Newcastle . McCall also returned to Valley Parade for a League Cup tie , but his Everton side were knocked out by Bradford 3 – 1 on 14 December 1988 . He started 29 league games in 1988 – 89 as well as another four substitute appearances , but failed to score in the league . He was also a substitute in the 1989 FA Cup Final when he scored Everton 's equaliser in the Merseyside derby against Liverpool to take the game into extra @-@ time . He scored another equaliser during extra @-@ time , but Liverpool 's own substitute Ian Rush also scored two to secure a 3 – 2 victory for Liverpool . - McCall made a second appearance in an Everton shirt at Valley Parade , when he was invited by former teammate Mark Ellis to bring a side for his testimonial . In three seasons at Everton , McCall played 103 league games as well as earned his first caps with Scotland but he failed to lift any trophies as the club finished eighth , sixth and ninth in the league . Apart from the FA Cup final defeat in 1989 , the closest he came to winning a trophy at Everton was in the 1989 – 90 season , when Everton topped the league in late autumn and remained in contention for the title for the most the rest of the season until disappointing form in the run @-@ in saw them finish sixth . - - = = = = Rangers = = = = - - In the summer of 1991 , McCall signed for Scottish club Rangers for £ 1 @.@ 2 million . Rangers had just won their third successive Scottish Premier Division title . Under newly appointed manager Walter Smith , McCall ended up playing in the final six of the club 's nine successive Scottish league titles . In his first season at , Rangers won the league and cup double , before they achieved greater success in 1992 – 93 , winning both cups 2 – 1 against Aberdeen and coming nine points ahead of Aberdeen in the league . McCall also enjoyed European success that season when the Glasgow club narrowly missed out on an appearance in the UEFA Champions League 1992 – 93 final , coming second in the semi @-@ final group stage to eventual winners de Marseille . Citing the reason for their success as the spirit which Smith instilled in the team , McCall later said : " It was an incredible season . We won the domestic Treble , we went 44 games unbeaten and we did not lose a single game in Europe . And , though we said we would do it again next year , we all knew it was . " In 1993 – 94 , Rangers added another Scottish League Cup title along with the league championship , but lost 1 – 0 in the final of the Scottish Cup to Dundee United , surprisingly being denied a second successive treble . The following season saw Rangers win the league by their greatest margin as they finished 15 points ahead of Motherwell , but they failed to reach the final of either of the domestic cups . Although their winning margin was reduced to four points , from city rivals Celtic , in 1995 – 96 , Rangers ' points tally of 87 was a record @-@ high total . McCall played in his fourth Scottish Cup final as Rangers defeated Hearts 5 – 1 . His Rangers side again pushed Celtic into second place in 1996 – 97 and defeated Hearts 4 – 3 in the Scottish League Cup . But with the club chasing an unprecedented 10th straight title in 1997 – 98 they had to settle for the runners @-@ up position , with Celtic winning the league by two points on the final day of the season . McCall was substituted in the Scottish Cup final defeat to Hearts as Rangers went the season without picking up a single title for the first season in McCall 's time at the club . In February 2008 , McCall became the into the Rangers hall of fame . McCall 's former teammate and Rangers assistant manager presented him with the award . - - = = = = Back to Bradford City = = = = - - McCall still had one year left on his Rangers contract in 1998 , but much of the team that Walter Smith had built had left and McCall was allowed to leave on a free transfer by new manager Dick , as long as he joined an English club . Barnsley and Huddersfield Town were both interested in signing McCall , but he rejoined Bradford City as club captain . Rookie manager Paul Jewell put together a squad which emerged as surprise promotion contenders after two seasons spent battling relegation , adding other new signings , including central midfield partner Gareth and striker Lee Mills , who went on to be club 's top goal @-@ scorer . The season started off slowly with just one win from the first seven games , but by the latter half of the season , City were vying with Ipswich Town and Birmingham City for the second promotion spot behind runaway leaders Sunderland . Loan signing Lee Sharpe and Dean Windass were added to the ranks and City had the chance to seal promotion in their penultimate game against relegation @-@ threatened Oxford United . The game finished as a 0 – 0 draw , with McCall heading over the goal in the final minutes , taking the promotion bid to the final game of the season . Days later he was named the club 's player of the year . A 3 – 2 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers at on 9 May 1999 ensured promotion to the Premier League and denied Ipswich Town – the team that had thwarted McCall and Bradford 11 years before . - Bradford were expected to struggle in their first season in the top flight for 77 years . Jewell signed David Wetherall , Dean Saunders and Neil , all experienced top flight performers , but City were in the bottom four teams for most of the season . It was Bradford 's home form – they earned 26 of their 36 points at Valley Parade – that was key to City avoiding relegation , which was narrowly averted by two points after a shock 1 – 0 final day victory over Liverpool in 1999 – 2000 , sending Wimbledon down instead . When Jewell left only days after the season ended , McCall was appointed assistant manager to Chris Hutchings , and subsequently served as caretaker manager for two games when Hutchings was sacked after just 12 games of the 2000 – 01 league season . City were relegated with just 26 points . During a 6 – 1 defeat to West Yorkshire rivals Leeds United in the penultimate game , McCall and team @-@ mate Andy Myers fought on the pitch . - McCall stayed on for one more season before he was released by manager Nicky Law in May 2002 , shortly before the club went into administration for the first time after finishing 15th in Division One . His playing career at Bradford City had looked uncertain in December 2001 before Law arrived , when previous manager Jim Jefferies had left McCall out of the side in a 3 – 1 defeat at Manchester City following a training ground dispute . However , it was Jefferies who lost out in the dispute when he resigned his post a week later after summit talks with chairman Geoffrey Richmond . In April 2002 , McCall 's testimonial match against Rangers attracted a crowd of more than 21 @,@ 000 to Valley Parade . McCall gave part of the proceeds from his testimonial to the Bradford burns research unit , which was set up following the 1985 fire . Two years after his benefit match , McCall played one more time in City colours in a Save Our City appeal match organised by Bradford 's evening newspaper , the Telegraph & , to raise funds for the club , who were now in administration for a second time . - - = = = = Sheffield United = = = = - - On 2 July 2002 McCall joined Sheffield United , where he played an integral part in their first @-@ team side , despite being 38 , and also coached the reserves to the league title . He played 71 league games over the next two seasons , and scored twice , including a winner against former side Bradford . He was in the side that reached the Division One play @-@ off final in 2003 as well as the semi @-@ finals of both cup competitions that year . However he and Dean Windass , who was also now at Sheffield United , were both left out of the play @-@ off final , as United lost 3 – 0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers . McCall played just two League Cup games in the 2004 – 05 season , and retired just a few weeks before his 41st birthday . His career total of 763 league games placed him in 13th position on the all @-@ time appearance list of British footballers . - - = = = International career = = = - - McCall was picked for England and Scotland under @-@ 21 sides on the same day in 1984 , and chose to play for England in a game against Turkey . However , he was only picked as a substitute and the referee blew the final whistle with McCall waiting to come on . He later told Scottish newspaper Glasgow Herald , " I felt it was a mistake almost from the start . I was put on the bench and they tried to bring me on with a minute to go . But I took my time re @-@ tying my boots and generally warming up and didn 't get on , otherwise that would have been that . " As a result , McCall was still eligible for both England and Scotland , and he eventually switched to the latter , for whom he qualified through his father . He made his Scotland debut at under @-@ 21 level in March 1988 , ironically against England . McCall made one more appearance for Scotland under , against France in 1990 . - Later the same year , McCall was called up to the Scottish senior team . He won his first cap on 28 March 1990 in a 1 – 0 friendly victory over Argentina . He played in five friendlies in 1990 which earned him a call up to the 90 World Cup squad . He played in all three of Scotland 's World Cup games . They lost their first game 1 – 0 to Costa Rica , before McCall scored what would be his only international goal against Sweden in a 2 – 1 victory . However , Scotland failed to qualify for the knock @-@ out stage when they were defeated 1 – 0 by Brazil . - McCall represented Scotland at the European Championships in 1992 , when they again failed to go beyond the group stage after defeats to Netherlands and Germany , and in 1996 when they were edged out in the first round by Netherlands . Scotland failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1994 . McCall played just two qualifying games for the 1998 World Cup and his last cap came in a friendly against Denmark on 25 March 1998 , as he was overlooked for the final squad for the finals in France along with team @-@ mate . He was capped a total of 40 times for Scotland , scoring one goal . McCall 's caps included 11 while at Everton and 29 during his career with Rangers . - - = = Coaching and management career = = - - - = = = Early coaching career = = = - - In July 2000 , McCall accepted his first coaching role , when he was appointed assistant manager to Chris Hutchings at Bradford City , after Hutchings was promoted from the role to replace Paul Jewell as City manager . Just four months later , Hutchings was sacked , and McCall was appointed as caretaker – player manager . His first game in the role was against his former team Everton , who were led by his former manager Walter Smith , but ended with a 1 – 0 defeat . He was in charge for one more game , which also ended in defeat , until Jim Jefferies was appointed the new manager . Jefferies brought with him his own assistant Billy Brown , and McCall was appointed first @-@ team coach . - After leaving Bradford City , he joined Sheffield United , where he also took up a coaching role . When he retired in 2004 , he remained at Sheffield United as assistant to Neil Warnock . Working alongside Warnock and learning the managerial ropes from him , he helped mastermind Sheffield 's promotion to the Premier League in 2006 . United were relegated to the Championship on the final day of the 2006 – 07 season and Warnock resigned three days later . McCall had already decided that the 2006 – 07 season would be his last as assistant manager , and when he was overlooked as a successor to the United manager 's position , in favour of Bryan Robson , he decided to leave after five years with the club . - - = = = Bradford City = = = - - McCall admitted in his autobiography , The Real McCall , he wanted to manage Bradford . - He had been linked with the manager 's position at Bradford City on numerous previous occasions , and after Colin Todd was sacked on 12 February 2007 , City chairman Julian Rhodes made McCall his number one target to take over in the summer . Club captain David Wetherall temporarily took over and was later announced as caretaker manager for the rest of the 2006 – 07 season . On 18 May 2007 it was announced McCall would become full @-@ time manager of the club where he started his career , and on 1 June 2007 he assumed the position . In less than seven years since McCall 's first two @-@ game reign , serious financial problems had driven the club to the verge of closure , and although they survived the threat of oblivion , they were unable to avoid a terrible on @-@ the @-@ pitch decline , which continued after the financial nightmare had been relieved . On McCall 's return to Valley Parade , the had just been relegated to League Two — meaning that they would be playing in the bottom division for the first time in 25 years . McCall set himself a target of earning promotion back to League One in his first season . - Bradford had just 13 players when McCall took over , and he made a number of summer signings including defender Darren Williams , midfielders Kyle Nix , Alex Rhodes and Scott , and strikers Barry , @-@ and Peter Thorne . McCall recorded his first win as a manager against on 25 August 2007 after substitute Luke Medley scored a late winner , but despite his pre @-@ season target his team spent much of the first half of the season in the bottom half of the table . After going unbeaten in January , the club were still 15th in League Two , and McCall told the Telegraph & he did not regret his pre @-@ season target but was carried away with the euphoria at the time . City 's form continued to improve during the second half of the season , and McCall led his side to 10th place in League Two . - Despite City finishing outside the play @-@ off places , they were again installed as favourites for promotion by for the 2008 – 09 season . McCall released 13 players from his squad and replaced them with a number of signings with experience in a higher division , as well as Michael , who was one of League Two 's top during the 2007 – 08 campaign . McCall 's side made a good start to the season , and after winning five of their opening six league games , went top of the league – the first time City had led the table in seven years . - As a result of maintaining a place in the promotion places during the first half of the season and his " influence " on the club , Julian Rhodes and Mark Lawn offered McCall a new contract in January 2009 . Later in the month , Lawn gave further backing to McCall , who was coming under pressure from the club 's fans following a run of one win in nine games ; during the run McCall was also charged by The Football Association for the first time of his managerial career after he had contested a decision during a game with Luton Town . McCall signed a new contract in February , which extended his deal by another two years and would have kept him at the club until 2011 . He set himself the goal of earning two promotions to put City in the Championship . However , less than a month later , McCall offered to resign if they did not reach the play @-@ offs after his side lost 4 – 1 to Bournemouth – their fifth consecutive away defeat . " Nobody is hurting more than me but it 's as simple as that , if we miss out I don 't deserve to be here , " he said . City eventually missed out on promotion , but McCall decided to stay on as manager and took a voluntary pay cut in the process because of the club 's budget being reduced . - As a result of the cuts , McCall made a number of changes to his squad during the summer of 2009 . His team started the 2009 – 10 season by going four games without scoring , until they recorded a 5 – 4 victory against Cheltenham Town . After the game , McCall said : " That was the youngest , and certainly , team Bradford have put out for a long time and I ’ m really proud of them . " City continued by going ten games unbeaten and reached the area semi @-@ finals of the Football League Trophy where they lost to Carlisle United , managed by McCall 's friend Greg Abbott , but at the start of 2010 found themselves 16th in League Two and eight points off the play @-@ offs after a run of five defeats in seven games . McCall laid down a challenge to his team to win three of their next four games , saying : " The bottom line is that the players and me personally will get judged on results . And the results aren 't good enough . " Despite the club 's slide down the table , he denied he would resign , but it was reported that two late goals from summer signing Gareth Evans to give City a late 2 – 1 away at Torquay United saved McCall from being sacked . However , defeat to Bury in the club 's following fixture was McCall 's last game as manager , with McCall saying after the game : " It 's time for somebody else to come in and take up the and hopefully do well . " He won a little more than one @-@ third of his 133 games in charge of City . McCall left by mutual consent . - - = = = Motherwell = = = - - After leaving Bradford , McCall spent some time out of the game before being recruited to work as a scout for Norwich City by Rangers former chief scout Ewan Chester . At the end of 2010 , he was among a number of men interviewed for the managerial vacancy at Scottish Premier League side Motherwell to succeed Craig Brown , before being given the job on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract . His first game in charge was a 0 – 0 draw away to Hamilton on New Year 's Day 2011 , with McCall stating : " It was a fair result . You take , a clean sheet , but we can be better and we will be better . " He followed it up with a 4 – 0 victory in the Scottish Cup against Dundee before his maiden league victory – and the club 's first since November – against by the end of January . McCall was partly selected as new manager because of his knowledge of the lower leagues of English football ; he was active in the transfer market in his early days , bringing in Steve Jones – a player he had at Bradford – and Mike from Leeds United , although the latter move was cancelled because of a FIFA ruling limiting the number of clubs a player can sign for in one season . Having operated without an assistant for his first few weeks in charge , McCall chose former United manager Kenny Black as his number two . McCall led Motherwell to the semi @-@ finals of both Scottish Cup competitions – they were defeated 2 – 1 by his former side Rangers in the League Cup but reached the final of the Scottish Cup by defeating St Johnstone 3 – 0 . - At the start of the following season , Motherwell lost only one match in their first six making them joint leaders of the Scottish Premier League , which led to McCall being named the Bank Premier League manager of the month for July and August . Well continued their good form , with McCall winning the award again in October , alongside player of the month Keith , in a month when the side went unbeaten . Motherwell 's final position in the Premier League was in 3rd , allowing them into the Champions League for the first time in the club 's history . - At the start of the 2012 @-@ 13 season , McCall was unable to make signings after losing ten players . In the summer transfer window , he made two signings Simon and Fraser Kerr . McCall attempted to sign the returning James McFadden and Ryan Stevenson , but both were unsuccessful . McCall then managed the club 's first Champions League match in the second round against , but they proved to be too strong and Motherwell failed to win either leg losing 2 @-@ 0 and 3 @-@ 0 respectively , which McCall described as " cruel " . After the match , Motherwell entered the Europa League play @-@ offs to face ; McCall wanted to play with an " up @-@ and @-@ at @-@ them approach " against the Spaniards . Once again , their opposition proved to be too strong and they lost each leg 2 – 0 and 1 – 0 respectively , ending the club 's European competitions ; the second game at the de had Motherwell playing with a youthful and inexperienced squad due to injuries . - On 24 January 2013 , it was announced McCall would join the staff of new Scotland national football team manager Gordon Strachan . During the 2012 / 13 season , the club managed to stay in the top @-@ six . On 28 March 2013 , McCall signed a new two @-@ year contract with Motherwell . In April 2013 , McCall was awarded March 's manager of month for helping the club win three and draw one of their games during the month . At the end of the season , Motherwell finished second for the first time , their highest league position since 1994 @-@ 95 season , which he described as " incredible " . As a result , McCall won Bank Manager of the Year . On 22 May 2013 , it was reported that he was set to open talks with Sheffield United about their managerial vacancy in the next 24 hours and that he had cut short a family holiday to intend the interview . Eventually , McCall rejected a move to Sheffield United , following talks between the two and was happy to continue as manager of Motherwell , claiming it was the wrong time to join United . - At the start of the 2013 @-@ 14 season , key players Darren Randolph , Nicky Law , Chris Humphrey , Michael and Henrik all left the club . McCall replaced them by signing Paul Lawson , Iain , John Sutton , Fraser Kerr , Nielsen and Stephen . He also managed to persuade James McFadden to stay at the club . Motherwell enjoyed another successful season , finishing second in the 2013 – 14 Scottish Premiership . The position was achieved by winning on the final day against nearest rivals Aberdeen . After a bad start to the 2014 – 15 season left Motherwell second from bottom , McCall resigned as manager on 2 November . - - = = = Rangers = = = - - McCall was appointed manager of Rangers on 12 March 2015 , agreeing a contract with the club to the end of the 2014 – 15 season . In his first match in charge Rangers were held to a 1 – 1 draw at home by bottom @-@ placed Livingston on 14 March 2015 . Rangers finished third in the 2014 – 15 Scottish Championship and in the Premiership play @-@ off final they were beaten 6 – 1 on aggregate by McCall 's former team Motherwell . he had " done a decent job " he wanted to extend his contract for the following season . Rangers instead opted to appoint Mark Warburton as manager for the new season . - - = = = Return to Bradford City = = = - - On 20 June 2016 , he returned as manager of Bradford City , replacing Phil Parkinson . McCall gave up his coaching role with the Scottish national team . - - = = Style of play = = - - McCall was a box @-@ to @-@ box midfielder characterised by his running , tackling and also weighing in with an average of one goal every 11 games . Despite his position in the middle of the park he was rarely suspended and was sent off just once in his career – in the final minute of a 2 – 0 defeat to Charlton Athletic on 4 November 2000 . He also had a never @-@ say @-@ die attitude proven by a number of key late goals including his equaliser which sent the 1989 FA Cup Final into extra @-@ time , and a 93rd @-@ minute equaliser against Tottenham Hotspur during Bradford 's difficult start to their Premier League campaign in the 1999 – 2000 season . He was a passionate player whose strong desire to win even ran to reserve games . Even in his final years of his career he was described as a player with " plenty of drive and ambition " by manager Neil Warnock . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Playing = = = - - - = = = = Club = = = = - - - = = = = International = = = = - - - = = = = = International goals = = = = = - - Scores and results list Scotland 's goal tally first . - - = = = Managerial = = = - - As of 31 May 2015 - - = = Honours = = - - - = = = Player = = = - - Bradford City - English Third Division ( 1 ) : 1984 – 85 - English First Division promotion ( 1 ) : 1998 – 99 - Rangers - Scottish Premier Division ( 6 ) : 1991 – 92 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1994 – 95 , 1995 – 96 , 1996 – 97 - Scottish Cup ( 3 ) : 1992 , 1993 , 1996 - Scottish League Cup ( 2 ) : 1993 , 1994 - - = = = Manager = = = - - Motherwell - Cup ( 3 ) : 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 , 2013 – 14 - - = = = Individual = = = - - PFA Team of the Year ( 2 ) : - Second Division : 1987 , 1988 - Third Division : 1985 - Manager of the Month : July / August 2011 , October 2011 , March 2013 - Manager of the Season : 2012 – 13 - - - = Black @-@ tailed jackrabbit = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) , also known as the American desert hare , is a common hare of the western United States and Mexico , where it is found at elevations from sea level up to 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . Reaching a length around 2 ft ( 61 cm ) , and a weight from 3 to 6 lb ( 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 7 kg ) , the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is the third @-@ largest North American hare . Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits occupy mixed shrub @-@ grassland . Their breeding depends on the location ; it typically peaks in spring , but may continue all year round in warm climates . Young are born fully with eyes open ; they are well camouflaged and are mobile within minutes of birth , thus females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing . The average litter size is around four , but may be as low as two and as high as seven in warm regions . - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit does not migrate or during winter and uses the same habitat of 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2 ( 1 – 3 km2 ) year @-@ round . Its diet is composed of various shrubs , small trees , grasses , and forbs . Shrubs generally comprise the bulk of fall and winter diets , while grasses and forbs are used in spring and early summer , but the pattern and plant species vary with climate . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for raptors and carnivorous mammals , such as eagles , hawks , owls , coyotes , foxes , and wild cats . The rabbits host many including fleas , ticks , lice , and mites ; for this reason , hunters often avoid collecting them . - - = = Description = = - - Like other jackrabbits , the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit has distinctive long ears , and the long , powerful rear legs characteristic of hares . Reaching a length about 2 ft ( 61 cm ) , and a weight from 3 to 6 lb ( 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 7 kg ) , the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is the third @-@ largest North American hare , after the antelope jackrabbit and the white @-@ tailed jackrabbit . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit 's dorsal fur is ( dark buff with black ) , and its and the of its legs are creamy white . The ears are black @-@ tipped on the outer surfaces , and inside . The ventral surface of the tail is grey to white , and the black dorsal surface of the tail continues up the spine for a few inches to form a short , black stripe . The females are larger than males , with no other significant differences . - - = = Taxonomy and distribution = = - - Although 17 subspecies are recognized , this number may be excessive . Using a cluster analysis of anatomical characters , Dixon and others found that black @-@ tailed jackrabbit subspecies separated into two distinct groups that are geographically separated west and east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the Colorado River . They suggested only two are warranted : the western subspecies L. c. californicus and the eastern subspecies L. c. . - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is the most widely distributed jackrabbit ( Lepus species ) in North America . Native black @-@ tailed jackrabbit populations occur from central Washington east to Missouri and south to Baja California Sur and . Black @-@ tailed jackrabbit distribution is currently expanding eastward in the Great Plains at the expense of white @-@ tailed jackrabbit . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit has been successfully introduced in southern Florida and along the coastline in Maryland , New Jersey , and Virginia . - Distribution of subspecies occurring entirely or partially in the United States is : - Lepus californicus ( Nelson ) - L. c. ( G. S. Miller ) - L. c. ( Gray ) – coastal southern California to Baja California - L. c. californicus ( Gray ) – coastal Oregon to coastal and Central Valley California - L. c. ( E. R. Hall ) - L. c. ( Mearns ) – southern Idaho to Sonora - L. c. ( J. A. Allen ) – central Arizona to Sonora - L. c. ( Nelson ) - L. c. ( Nelson ) - L. c. ( J. M. ) - L. c. ( Mearns ) – South Dakota to Iowa , Missouri , and central Texas - L. c. ( Mearns ) – south @-@ central and southeastern Texas to Tamaulipas - L. c. ( ) – central California - L. c. ( W. H. Burt ) - L. c. ( ) – southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado to - L. c. ( ) – eastern Washington to northeastern California and northwestern Nevada - L. c. ( Thomas ) - - = = Plant communities = = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit occupies plant communities with a mixture of shrubs , grasses , and forbs . @-@ herb mosaics are preferred over pure stands of shrubs or herbs . Black @-@ tailed jackrabbit populations are common in sagebrush ( spp . ) , ( tridentata ) , and other desert ; , , and mixed @-@ grass ; desert grassland ; open @-@ canopy chaparral ; oak ( Quercus spp . ) , and @-@ ( Pinus @-@ spp . ) woodlands ; and early seral ( succeeding each other ) , to mid @-@ elevation coniferous forests . It is also common in and near croplands , especially ( ) fields . - - = = Major life events = = - - Male black @-@ tailed jackrabbits reach sexual maturity around 7 months of age . Females usually breed in the spring of their second year , although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their first year . is induced by copulation . The breeding season is variable depending upon latitude and environmental factors . In the northern part of their range in Idaho , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits breed from February through May . In Utah , they breed from January through July , with over 75 % of females pregnant by April . The Kansas breeding season extends from January to August . Breeding in warm climates continues nearly year @-@ round . Two peak breeding seasons corresponding to rainfall patterns and growth of young vegetation occur in California , Arizona , and New Mexico . In Arizona , for example , breeding peaks during winter ( January – March ) rains and again during June . - The gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days . More litters are born in warm climates : the number of litters born each year ranges from two per year in Idaho to seven in Arizona . Litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of black @-@ tailed jackrabbit 's range and decrease toward the south . Average litter size has been reported at 4 @.@ 9 in Idaho , 3 @.@ 8 in Utah , and 2 @.@ 2 in Arizona . - Female black @-@ tailed jackrabbits do not prepare an elaborate nest . They give birth in shallow excavations called forms that are no more than a few centimeters deep . Females may line forms with hair prior to giving birth , but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground with no further preparation . Young are born fully with eyes open , and are mobile within minutes of birth . Females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing . Ages of and dispersal are unclear since the young are well camouflaged and rarely observed in the field . Captive black @-@ tailed jackrabbits are fully by 8 weeks . The young stay together for at least a week after leaving the form . - - = = habitat = = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit can occupy a wide range of habitats as long as diversity in plant species exists . It requires mixed grasses , forbs , and shrubs for food , and shrubs or small trees for cover . It prefers moderately open areas without dense understory growth and is seldom found in closed @-@ canopy habitats . For example , in California , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits are plentiful in open ( ) and chaparral interspersed with grasses , but does not occupy closed @-@ canopy chaparral . Similarly , the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit occupies and early seral coniferous forest , but not closed @-@ canopy coniferous forest . - Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits do not migrate or during winter ; the same habitat is used year @-@ round . movement of 2 to 10 miles ( 3 – 16 km ) occurs from shrub cover in day to open foraging areas at night . Home range area varies with habitat and habitat quality . Home ranges of 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2 ( 1 – 3 km2 ) have been reported in big sagebrush ( tridentata ) and black greasewood ( ) communities of northern Utah . - Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits require shrubs or small conifers for hiding , nesting , and thermal cover , and grassy areas for night feeding . A shrub @-@ grassland mosaic or widely spaced shrubs interspersed with herbs provides hiding cover while providing feeding opportunities . Small shrubs do not provide adequate cover . In the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area in southwestern Idaho , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits were more frequent on sites dominated by big sagebrush or black greasewood than on sites dominated by the smaller shrubs ( ) or ( ) . Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits do not habitually use a burrow , although they have occasionally been observed using abandoned burrows for escape and thermal cover . - - = = Food habits = = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit diet is composed of shrubs , small trees , grasses , and forbs . Throughout the course of a year , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits feed on most if not all of the important plant species in a community . Growth stage and moisture content of plants may influence selection more than species . Shrubs generally comprise the bulk of fall and winter diets , while grasses and forbs are used in spring and early summer . This pattern varies with climate : plants are grazed during periods while the plants are in to early reproductive stages , and shrubs are used more in dry seasons . Shrubs are throughout the year , however . Most of a jackrabbit 's body water is replaced by foraging water @-@ rich vegetation . Jackrabbits require a plant 's water weight to be at least five times its dry weight to meet daily water intake requirements . Therefore , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits switch to ( deep @-@ rooted ) shrubs when vegetation is recovering from their foraging . - Plant species used by black @-@ tailed jackrabbits are well documented for desert regions . use in other regions is less well known . However , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits Douglas fir ( ) , ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) , lodgepole pine ( P. ) , and western hemlock ( ) seedlings , and oak ( Quercus spp . ) seedlings and . - - = = = Great Basin = = = - - In Great Basin , big sagebrush is a primary forage species and is used throughout the year ; in southern Idaho it forms 16 – 21 % of the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit summer diet . ( spp . ) , spiny ( gray ) , and black greasewood are also . Four @-@ wing ( ) is heavily used in western Nevada . In County , Idaho , comprises 41 % of black @-@ tailed jackrabbits ' annual diet . Grasses comprise 14 % of the diet , with most grass consumption in March and April . Russian ( ) is an important diet item . @-@ and @-@ thread grass ( ) and Indian ( ) are preferred grasses . Other preferred native grasses include ( ) and bluebunch wheatgrass ( ) . Where available , crested wheatgrass ( and ) and barley ( ) are highly preferred . ( ) use is variable : it comprises 45 % of the April diet on two southern Idaho sites , but black @-@ tailed jackrabbit on an eastern Washington site do not use it . - - = = = Warm desert = = = - - In warm desert , ( spp . ) and ( tridentata ) are principal species . Broom ( ) and are also used . In honey ( var. ) communities in New Mexico , the overall black @-@ tailed jackrabbit diet was 47 % shrubs , 22 % grasses , and 31 % forbs . Black ( spp . ) , ( spp . ) , ( ) , and ( spp . ) are the most commonly grazed grasses . ( Croton ) , ( ) , desert ( ) , ( ) , and ( spp . ) are important forbs , although many species are grazed . spp . , ( ) , and other are used throughout the year , but are especially important in dry seasons as a source of moisture . - - = = Predators = = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for many raptors and carnivorous mammals . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit and Townsend 's ground ( ) are the two most important prey species on the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area . Hawks preying on black @-@ tailed jackrabbits include the hawk ( Buteo regalis ) , white @-@ tailed hawk ( Buteo ) , 's hawk ( B. ) , and red @-@ tailed hawk ( B. ) . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is the primary prey of 's , red @-@ tailed , and hawks on Idaho and Utah sites . Other raptors consuming black @-@ tailed jackrabbits include the great horned owl ( ) , burrowing owl ( Athene ) , golden eagle ( Aquila ) , and bald eagle ( ) . A significant correlation exists between golden eagle and black @-@ tailed jackrabbit reproduction patterns . In Colorado and southeastern Wyoming , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits constitute 9 % of nesting bald eagles ' diet . Jackrabbits and ( spp . ) combined form 9 % of the diet of bald eagles wintering on national forests in Arizona and New Mexico . - predators include coyote ( Canis ) , bobcat ( Lynx ) , ( Lynx ) , domestic dog ( Canis lupus ) , domestic cat ( Felis ) , red fox ( ) , common gray fox ( ) , American ( ) , wolf ( Canis lupus ) , and mountain lion ( Felis concolor ) . In many areas , black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is the primary item in coyote diets . It is locally and regionally important to other mammalian predators . One study found that jackrabbits made up 45 % of the bobcat diet in Utah and Nevada . Another Utah – Nevada study found that jackrabbits were the fourth @-@ most commonly consumed prey of mountain lions . - ( spp . ) and snakes ( ) prey on black @-@ tailed jackrabbit young . ( Procyon ) and striped ( ) may also capture young . - - = = and disease = = - - The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit plays host to many including fleas , ticks , lice , and mites , and many including , , , and ( ) larvae . affecting the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit in the West are tularemia , , , Q fever , and Rocky Mountain spotted fever . are vectors for tularemia , and infected ticks have been found on jackrabbits in the West . Jackrabbits infected with tularemia die very quickly . - The high prevalence of disease and parasites in wild jackrabbits affects human predation . Many hunters will not collect the jackrabbits they shoot , and those who do are well advised to wear gloves while handling carcasses and to cook the meat thoroughly to avoid contracting tularemia . Most hunting of jackrabbits is done for pest control or sport . - - - = Battle of Romani = - - The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War . The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town of Romani and the site of ancient Pelusium on the Sinai Peninsula , 23 miles ( 37 km ) east of the Suez Canal . This victory by the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division and the Anzac Mounted Division of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) over a joint Ottoman and German force , which had marched across the Sinai , marked the end of the Defence of the Suez Canal campaign , also known as the Offensive zur des and the , which had begun on 26 January 1915 . - This British Empire victory , the first against the Ottoman Empire in the war , ensured the safety of the Suez Canal from ground attacks , and ended the Central Powers ' ambitions of disrupting traffic through the canal by gaining control of the strategically important northern approaches to the Suez Canal . The pursuit by the Anzac Mounted Division which ended at Bir el Abd on 12 August began the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . Thereafter , the Anzac Mounted Division supported by the Imperial Camel Brigade were on the offensive , pursuing the German and Ottoman army many miles across the Sinai Peninsula , reversing in a most manner the defeat suffered at Katia three months earlier . - From late April 1916 , after a German @-@ led Ottoman force attacked British yeomanry at Katia , British Empire forces in the region at first doubled from one brigade to two and then grew as rapidly as the developing infrastructure could support them . The construction of the railway and a water pipeline soon enabled an infantry division to join the light horse and mounted rifle brigades at Romani . During the heat of summer , regular mounted patrols and reconnaissance were carried out from their base at Romani , while the infantry constructed an extensive series of defensive redoubts . On 19 July , the advance of a large German , Austrian and Ottoman force across the northern Sinai was reported . From 20 July until the battle began , the Australian 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades took turns pushing out to clash with the advancing hostile column . - During the night of 3 / 4 August 1916 , the advancing force including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division launched an attack from Katia on Romani . Forward troops quickly became engaged with the screen established by the 1st Light Horse Brigade ( Anzac Mounted Division ) . During fierce fighting before dawn on 4 August , the Australian light horsemen were forced to slowly retire . At daylight , their line was reinforced by the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , and about mid morning , the 5th Mounted Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade joined the battle . Together these four brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division , managed to contain and direct the determined attackers into deep sand . Here the attackers came within range of the strongly entrenched 52nd ( Lowland ) Division defending Romani and the railway . resistance by all these EEF formations , the deep sand , the heat and thirst prevailed , and the German , Austrian and Ottoman advance was checked . Although the attacking force fought strongly to maintain its positions the next morning , by nightfall they had been pushed back to their starting point at Katia . The retiring force was pursued by the Anzac Mounted Division between 6 and 9 August , during which the Ottomans and Germans forces fought a number of strong rearguard actions against the advancing Australian light horse , British yeomanry and New Zealand mounted rifle brigades . The pursuit ended on 12 August , when the German and Ottoman force abandoned their base at Bir el Abd and retreated back to El Arish . - - = = Background = = - - At the beginning of the First World War , the Egyptian police controlling the Sinai Peninsula had withdrawn , leaving the area largely unprotected . In February 1915 , a German and Ottoman force unsuccessfully attacked the Suez Canal . Minor Ottoman and forces operating across the Sinai continued to threaten the canal from March through the Gallipoli Campaign until June , when they practically ceased until the autumn . Meanwhile , the German and Ottoman supported an uprising by the ( a political @-@ religious group ) on the western frontier of Egypt which began in November 1915 . - By February 1916 , however , there was no apparent sign of any unusual military activity in the Sinai itself , when the British began construction on the first 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) stretch of 4 @-@ foot @-@ 8 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 42 m ) standard gauge railway and water pipeline from Kantara to Romani and Katia . Reconnaissance aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps and seaplanes of the Royal Naval Air Service found only small , scattered Ottoman forces in the Sinai region and no sign of any major concentration of troops in southern Palestine . - By the end of March or early in April 1916 , the British presence in the Sinai was growing ; 16 miles ( 26 km ) of track , including , had been laid . Between 21 March and 11 April , the water sources at , and along the central Sinai route from southern Palestine were destroyed . In 1915 , they had been used by the central group of about 6 @,@ 000 or 7 @,@ 000 Ottoman soldiers who moved across the Sinai Desert to attack the Suez Canal at Ismailia . Without these wells and cisterns , the central route could no longer be used by large forces . - German General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 's raiding force retaliated to this growing British presence , by attacking the widely dispersed 5th Mounted Brigade on 23 April , Easter Sunday and also St George 's Day , when Yeomanry were surprised and overwhelmed at Katia and Oghratina east of Romani . The mounted Yeomanry brigade had been sent to guard the water pipeline and railway as they were being extended beyond the protection of the Suez Canal defences into the desert towards Romani . - In response to this attack , the British Empire presence in the region doubled . The next day , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the 2nd Light Horse Brigade which had served dismounted during the Gallipoli Campaign , of the Australian Major General Harry Chauvel 's Anzac Mounted Division the Katia area unopposed . - - = = Prelude = = - - On 24 April , the day after the Katia and Oghratina , Chauvel , commander of the Anzac Mounted Division , was placed in command of all the advanced troops : the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades at Romani and an infantry division ; the 52nd ( Lowland ) at Dueidar . The infantry moved forward to Romani between 11 May and 4 June 1916 . - The building of the railway and pipeline had not been greatly affected by the fighting on 23 April and by 29 April , four trains a day were running regularly to the railhead , manned by No. 276 Railway Company , and the main line to Romani was opened on 19 May . A second standard gauge railway line from Romani to Mahamdiyah on the Mediterranean coast was completed by 9 June . But conditions on the ground were extreme ; after the middle of May and in particular from mid June to the end of July , the heat in the Sinai Desert ranged from extreme to fierce when temperatures could be expected to be in the region of 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) in the shade . The terrible heat was not as bad as the dust storms which blow once every 50 days for between a few hours and several days ; the air is turned into a haze of floating sand particles flung about by a strong , hot wind . - No major ground operations were carried out during these midsummer months , the Ottoman garrisons in the Sinai being scattered and out of reach of the British forces . But constant patrolling and reconnaissance were carried out from Romani to , to Bir el Abd and on 16 May to Bir Bayud , 19 miles ( 31 km ) south @-@ east of Romani , on 31 May to Bir Salmana 22 miles ( 35 km ) east north @-@ east of Romani by the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade , when they covered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) in 36 hours . These patrols concentrated on an area of great strategic importance to large military formations wishing to move across the Sinai along the northern route . Here water was freely available in a large area of which extends from Dueidar , 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Kantara on the Suez Canal , along the es ( the old caravan route ) , to Salmana 52 miles ( 84 km ) away . - Between 10 and 14 June , the last water source on the central route across the Sinai Peninsula was destroyed by the column . This column , consisting of engineers and units of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , the Camel Corps , and the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps drained 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 19 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 l ; 4 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 imp gal ) of water from pools and cisterns in the Wadi and sealed the cisterns . This action effectively narrowed the area in which Ottoman offensives might be expected to the coastal or northern route across the Sinai Peninsula . - Ottoman aircraft attacked the Suez Canal twice during May , dropping bombs on Port Said . British aircraft bombed the town and aerodrome at El Arish on 18 May and 18 June , and bombed all the Ottoman camps on a front of 45 miles ( 72 km ) parallel to the canal on 22 May . By the middle of June , the No. 1 Australian Squadron , Australian Flying Corps , had begun active service , with " B " Flight at Suez performing reconnaissance . On 9 July , " A " Flight was stationed at in Upper Egypt , with " C " Flight based at Kantara . - - = = = German and Ottoman force = = = - - At the beginning of July , it was estimated there were at least 28 @,@ 000 Ottoman troops in the Gaza – Beersheba area of southern Palestine , and that just before the battle began at Romani , there were 3 @,@ 000 troops at Oghratina , not far from Katia , another 6 @,@ 000 at the forward base of Bir el Abd , east of Oghratina , 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 at Bir Bayud to the south @-@ east , and another 2 @,@ 000 at Bir el Mazar , some 42 miles ( 68 km ) to the east , not far from El Arish . - Kress von Kressenstein 's Fourth Army was made up of the 3rd ( Anatolian ) Infantry Division 's three regiments , the 31st , 32nd and 39th Infantry Regiments , totalling 16 @,@ 000 men , of whom 11 @,@ 000 to 11 @,@ were combatants , Arab ancillary forces ; and one regiment of the Camel Corps . Estimates of their arms range from 3 @,@ 293 to 12 @,@ 000 rifles , 38 to 56 machine guns , and two to five anti @-@ aircraft gun sections ; they also fielded four heavy artillery and mountain gun batteries ( 30 artillery pieces ) and the Pasha I formation . Nearly 5 @,@ 000 camels and 1 @,@ 750 horses accompanied the advance . - The Pasha I formation with a strength of about 16 @,@ 000 , consisted of personnel and materiel for a machine gun battalion of eight companies with four guns each with Ottoman drivers , five anti @-@ aircraft groups , the 60th Battalion Heavy Artillery consisting of one battery of two guns , one battery of four 150 mm howitzers and two batteries of 210 mm howitzers ( two guns in each battery ) . The officers , NCOs and " leading numbers " of this artillery battalion were German ; the remainder were Ottoman Army personnel . In addition Pasha I also included two trench mortar companies , the 300th Flight Detachment , detachment , three railway companies and two field hospitals . Austria provided two mountain howitzer batteries of six guns each . With the exception of the two 210 mm howitzers , the trench mortars and the railway personnel the remainder of Pasha I took part in the advance to Romani . - The 300th Flight Detachment provided a squadron for aerial reconnaissance , and increased the numbers of aircraft available to support the advance across Sinai . These Pasha I aircraft were faster and more effective than the " " British aircraft and were able to maintain air superiority over the . - It is also possible that the 81st Regiment of the 27th Division advanced to Bir el Abd and took part in the defence of that place . - The objectives of the German , Austrian and Ottoman advance were to capture Romani and to then establish a strongly entrenched position opposite Kantara , from which place their heavy artillery would be within range of the Suez Canal . The attacking force assembled in the southern Ottoman Empire at , north @-@ west of Beersheba , and departed for the Sinai on 9 July 1916 ; they reached Bir el Abd and ten days later . - - = = = British forces = = = - - General Sir Archibald Murray , the commander of the British Empire forces in Egypt , formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) in March 1916 by merging the Force in Egypt , which had protected Egypt since the beginning of the war , with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force which had fought at Gallipoli . The role of this new force was to both defend the British of Egypt and provide reinforcements for the Western Front . Murray had his headquarters in Cairo to better deal with his multiple responsibilities , although he was at Ismailia during the battle for Romani . - With the occupation of Romani , the area became part the Northern or No. 3 Sector of the Suez Canal defences , which originally stretched along the canal from Ferdan to Port Said . Two further sectors grouped the defence forces along the central and southern sections of the Canal ; No. 2 , the Central Sector , stretched south from Ferdan to headquarters at Ismailia and on to , where the No. 1 or Southern Sector extended from to Suez . - Murray considered it very unlikely that an attack would occur anywhere other than in the northern sector and therefore was prepared to reduce the troops in Nos 1 and 2 to a minimum . He decided not to reinforce his four infantry brigades , but to increase the available fire @-@ power at Romani by moving up the and Machine Gun Companies of the 53rd ( Welsh ) and the 54th ( East Anglian ) Divisions . He also ordered the concentration of a small mobile column made up of the 11th Light Horse , the City of London Yeomanry ( less one squadron each ) with the 4th , 6th and 9th Companies of the Imperial Camel Brigade in No. 2 Sector . He calculated that the whole of the defensive force , including the camel transport necessary to enable infantry in the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division to advance into the desert , would be fully equipped and the camels assembled by 3 August . Approximately 10 @,@ 000 Egyptian Camel Transport Corps camels concentrated at Romani prior to the battle . British monitors in the Mediterranean Sea off Mahamdiyah got into position to shell the assembling Ottoman force , while an armoured train at Kantara was ready to assist the defence of the right flank , and all available aircraft were on standby at Ismailia , Kantara , Port Said and Romani . - Major General H. A. Lawrence commanded No. 3 Section Canal , and as part of those defences , the Romani position was commanded by Lawrence , who had his headquarters at Kantara . at Kantara were infantry in the 42nd Division , an infantry brigade of the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division with 36 guns and the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , detached from the Anzac Mounted Division . Lawrence moved two infantry battalions of the 42nd Division from No. 2 Section Canal defences to Kantara , and sent infantry in the ( North Wales ) Brigade of the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division to Romani on 20 July . - The deployments on 3 August on and near the battlefield were as follows : - at Hill 70 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Romani , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade ( less the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment , but with the 2nd Light Horse Brigade 's 5th Light Horse Regiment , temporarily attached ) , commanded by Edward Chaytor , and the 5th Mounted Brigade , under the direct command of Lawrence , were joined on the railway by infantry in the ( East Lancashire ) Brigade ( 42nd Division ) . Together with the 5th Light Horse Regiment , attached to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade at Dueidar , to the east of Hill 70 , this force was to stop or delay von Kressenstein 's attack should he attempt to bypass Romani and advance directly towards the Suez Canal , - at Hill 40 , infantry from the 125th ( Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade and the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade ( 42nd Division ) were also on the railway line at Station , - the Mobile Column was based in the Sinai at the end of the El Ferdan railway , while the 3rd Light Horse Brigade was at , also in the Sinai at the end of the railway . - The force at Romani , responsible for its defence when the battle began , consisted of infantry from the British 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , commanded by Major General W. E. B. Smith , and the Anzac Mounted Division commanded by Chauvel ( less the 3rd Light Horse Brigade ) . The 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades , ( less the 5th Light Horse Regiment , but with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 's Wellington Mounted Rifle Regiment attached ) were commanded by Lieutenant Colonels J. B. H Meredith and J. R. Royston respectively . - - = = = Development of defensive positions = = = - - Infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division joined the two mounted brigades at Romani between 11 May and 4 June , when the development of the railway made it possible to transport and supply such a large number of soldiers . The infantry occupied a defensive position known as Wellington Ridge , facing a tangle of sand dunes . The area favoured defence ; sand dunes , stretching about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) inland , covered an area of 30 square miles ( 78 km2 ) , including , to the south of Romani , the northern route from El Arish . On the southern and south eastern edges , a series of dunes of shifting sand with narrow sloping lanes led to a of deep soft sand . - The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division developed a strong defensive position at Romani which had its left flank on the Mediterranean Sea , here a series of redoubts were built running southwards from Mahamdiyah along the line of high sand hills about 7 miles ( 11 km ) to a dune known as Katib Gannit 100 feet ( 30 m ) high . This line of sand hills , which were high enough to see Katia oasis from , marked the eastern edge of an area of very soft and shifting sand beyond which were lower dunes and harder sand where movement by both infantry and mounted forces was considerably easier . Between the shore at the western end of the Bardawil and Katib Gannit ( the principal tactical point on the eastern slopes of the Romani heights ) , the infantry constructed a line of 12 redoubts about 750 yards ( 690 m ) apart , with a second series of redoubts covering the Romani railway station and the right of the defensive position which curved like a hook westward , then northward . A total of 18 redoubts were constructed , which when fully garrisoned held from 40 to 170 rifles each , with Lewis guns and an average of two Vickers machine guns allotted to each position ; they were well on the right side of each of the positions , although there was no wire between the redoubts . This defensive line was supported by artillery . - The threat of an Ottoman attack towards the Suez Canal had been considered by Lawrence in consultation with his divisional commanders , and a second defensive area was developed to address their concerns . Their plans took into account the possibility of an Ottoman army at Katia moving to attack Romani or following the old caravan route to assault Hill 70 and Dueidar on their way to the Suez Canal . Any attempt to bypass Romani on the right flank would be open to attack from the garrison , which could send out infantry and mounted troops on the hard ground in the plain to the south @-@ west . The New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade was stationed at Hill 70 at the end of June and the 5th Light Horse Regiment at Dueidar to prevent such an Ottoman force from reaching the Suez Canal . - - = = = Light Horse patrols before the battle = = = - - Active patrolling by mounted troops continued throughout the period leading up to the battle , but by early July , there were no indications of any imminent resumption of hostilities . The nearest Ottoman garrison of 2 @,@ 000 men was at Bir el Mazar 42 miles ( 68 km ) east of Romani , and on 9 July , a patrol found Bir Salmana unoccupied . However , greatly increased aerial activity over the Romani area began about 17 July , when faster and better @-@ climbing German aircraft quickly established superiority over British aircraft . But they could not stop British aircraft from continuing to reconnoitre the country to the east , and on 19 July , a British aircraft , with Brigadier General E. W. C. Chaytor ( commander of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade ) acting as observer , discovered an Ottoman force of about 2 @,@ 500 at Bir Bayud . A slightly smaller force was detected at and another similar sized force was found at Bir el Abd with about 6 @,@ 000 camels seen at the camps or moving between Bir el Abd and Bir Salmana . The next morning , 3 @,@ 000 men were found to be entrenched at Mageibra , with an advance depot for supplies and stores at Bir el Abd . A small force was spotted as far forward as the oasis of Oghratina , which by the next day , 21 July , had grown to 2 @,@ 000 men . - On 20 July , the 2nd Light Horse Brigade with two guns mounted on @-@ rails of the Ayrshire Battery demonstrated against Oghratina , capturing several prisoners , and beginning a series of patrols which , together with the 1st Light Horse Brigade , they continued until the eve of battle . Every day until 3 August , these two brigades alternated riding out from their base at Romani towards Katia at about 02 : 00 and until dawn , at which time they advanced on a wide front until German or Ottoman fire was provoked . If the enemy position was weak , the light horse pushed forward , and if a counterattack began , the brigade retired slowly , thereafter to return to camp at Romani at nightfall . The following day , the other brigade carried out similar manoeuvres in the direction of Katia and the advancing Ottoman columns , picking up the officers patrols which had been left out during the night to monitor enemy movements . During this period , one of many clashes occurred on 28 July at Hod , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from the British line . Two squadrons of the Wellington Mounted Rifle Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel W. , made a bayonet assault , supported by several machine guns and two 18 @-@ pounder guns . They drove the Ottomans from the Hod , leaving 16 dead and taking eight prisoners from the Ottoman 31st Infantry Regiment . - The tactic of continuous forward patrolling was so successful that the advancing force 's every move was known to the defenders , but the light horsemen were substantially outnumbered and could not stop the advance . By daylight on 3 August , the German , Austrian and Ottoman force had occupied Katia and were within striking distance of Romani , Dueidar , Hill 70 and the Suez Canal . Their line ran north @-@ east and south @-@ west from the Bardawil to east of Katia , with their left flank thrown well forward . - - = = = Plans = = = - - The German and Ottoman objective was not to cross the canal , but to capture Romani and establish a strongly entrenched heavy artillery position opposite Kantara , from which to bombard shipping on the canal . Kress von Kressenstein 's plan for the attack on Romani was to bombard the line of defensive redoubts with heavy artillery and employ only weak infantry against them , while his main force launched attacks against the right and rear of the Romani position . - The defenders expected the German and Ottoman attack to be one of containment against their prepared line of defence , and an all @-@ out attack on the right south of Katib Gannit . They also appreciated that such an attack would expose the German and Ottoman left flank . Murray 's plan was to firstly delay the attackers and make it very difficult for them to gain ground south of Katib Gannit , and , only when the German and Ottoman force was totally committed , to then their flank attack with an attack by Section Troops at Hill 70 and Dueidar , with the 3rd Light Horse Brigade and the Mobile Column operating more widely against the flank and rear . - Chauvel had selected a position for the defence of Romani , which stretched for 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) between Katib Gannit and Hod el Enna , with a second fall @-@ back position covering a series of parallel running south @-@ east and north @-@ west giving access to the area of soft sand to the rear of the Romani defences . No visible works were constructed , but together with Chauvel , the commanders of the two light horse brigades , whose task it would be to hold the attackers on this ground until the flank attack could begin , studied the area closely . - - = = Battle on 4 August = = - - Just before midnight on 3 / 4 August , three columns of the German Pasha I and the 4th Ottoman Army , consisting of about 8 @,@ 000 men , began their attack on an outpost line held by the 1st Light Horse Brigade three and a half hours after the return of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade from their regular daytime patrol . In addition to the usual officers patrols left out overnight to monitor the enemy 's positions , Chauvel decided to leave out for the night the whole of the 1st Light Horse Brigade to hold an outpost line of about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) , covering all entrances to the plateau which formed the Romani position and which were not protected by infantry posts . A shot or two fired out in the desert to the south @-@ east of their position put the long line of the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Regiment ( 1st Light Horse Brigade ) on alert about midnight , when the 3rd Light Horse Regiment ( 1st Light Horse Brigade ) was called up to the front line . The Austrian , German and Ottoman advance paused after finding the held by the light horsemen , but at about 01 : 00 , a sudden heavy burst of fire along the whole front began the attack of the considerably superior Ottoman and German forces , and by 02 : 00 they had in many places advanced to within 50 yards ( 46 m ) of the Australian line . - The Ottoman centre and left columns were led round the open flank of the infantry 's and on towards the camp and railway . After the moon had set at around 02 : 30 , the Germans and Ottomans made a bayonet charge on Mount Meredith . Although vastly outnumbered , the light horsemen fought an effective delaying action at close quarters , but were forced to relinquish ground slowly and to ultimately evacuate the position by 03 : 00 . Without the benefit of moon light , the light horsemen had fired at the flashes of the enemy 's rifles until they were close enough to use bayonets . The 1st Light Horse Brigade was eventually forced back ; withdrawing slowly , troop covering troop with steady accurate fire , off a general attack with the bayonet to their fall @-@ back position ; a large east / west sand dune called Wellington Ridge at the southern edge of the Romani encampment . During the retirement to Wellington Ridge , the covering squadrons on the left near Katib Gannit were also attacked , as was the squadron on the right , which was taken in the flank and suffered considerable loss , but managed to hold its ground until the position in its rear was occupied . By 03 : 30 , all light horsemen south of Mount Meredith had been forced back to their led horses and had succeeded in and falling back to their second position . Soon after , an Ottoman machine gun was shooting down on the light horse from Mount Meredith . - Chauvel had relied on the of the 1st Light Horse Brigade , which he had commanded during the Gallipoli campaign , to hold the line against greatly superior numbers for four hours until dawn , when the general situation could be assessed . revealed the weakness of the light horse defenders in their second position on Wellington Ridge and that their right was outflanked by strong German and Ottoman forces . At 04 : 30 , the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , commanded by Colonel J. R. Royston , was ordered up by Chauvel from Etmaler and went into action in front of Mount Royston to support and prolong the 1st Light Horse Brigade 's right flank by moving up the 6th and 7th Light Horse Regiments into the front line . German , Austrian or Ottoman artillery now opened fire on the infantry defences and camps in the rear ; shrapnel inflicted some losses , but the high explosive shells were smothered by the soft sand . The attackers succeeded in forcing the light horse off Wellington Ridge , which placed them within 700 metres ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) of the Romani camp . However , they were unable to press further , as they now became exposed to machine gun and rifle fire from the entrenched infantry of the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , and shelling from the horse artillery supporting the light horsemen 's determined defence . - Having been held south of Romani , the German and Ottoman force attempted a further outflanking manoeuvre to the west , concentrating 2 @,@ 000 troops around Mount Royston another sand dune , south @-@ west of Romani . At 05 : 15 , the Ottoman 31st Infantry Regiment pushed forward ; then the 32nd and the 39th Infantry Regiments swung around the left and into the British rear . This outflanking movement was steadily progressing along the slopes of Mount Royston and turning the right of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , whose third regiment , the Wellington Mounted Rifles , was now also committed to the front line . - The two brigades of light horse continued to gradually withdraw , on the extreme right of the infantry position , which covered the left flank and rear of Romani . They were pushed back between Wellington Ridge and Mount Royston , about 2 @.@ 25 miles ( 3 @.@ 62 km ) west of the former ; the attackers continually forcing back their right flank . Between 05 : 00 and 06 : 00 , they were compelled to also retire slowly from this ridge , although the 6th and 7th Light Horse Regiment ( 2nd Light Horse Brigade ) still held the western edge . At 06 : 15 , Meredith was ordered to withdraw the 1st Light Horse Brigade behind the line occupied by the 7th Light Horse Regiment north of Etmaler camp . At 07 : 00 , the 6th and 7th Light Horse Regiments retired , squadron by squadron , from the remainder of Wellington Ridge . By about 08 : 00 , German , Austrian and Ottoman fire from the ridge top was directed into the camp only a few hundred yards away , but the Ayrshire and Leicester Batteries quickly stopped this artillery attack . - It became apparent that the German and Ottoman right column , ( 31st Infantry Regiment ) was attempting a frontal attack on redoubts held by infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . The defenders were able to hold on , but were subjected to severe artillery shelling during the day . attacks began with heavy German or Austrian fire by their artillery which attempted to breach the infantry defensive line . About 08 : 00 , attacks were being made on Numbers 4 and 5 redoubts which began with heavy artillery fire , but the attacks broke completely when the 31st Ottoman Infantry Regiment were within 150 yards ( 140 m ) of No. 4 ; subsequent attempts were less successful . At about 10 : 00 , Chauvel contacted Brigadier General E. S. Girdwood , commanding 156th Infantry Brigade , requesting his brigade temporarily relieve the light horse brigades until they had watered their horses in preparation for a mounted counterattack . Girdwood refused because his brigade was being held in reserve to support an intended attack eastward by infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . - The light horse had gradually withdrawn back until , at about 11 : 00 , the main German and Ottoman attack was stopped by well directed fire from the Royal Horse Artillery batteries of the Anzac Mounted Division and by light horse rifle and machine gun fire , to which the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division contributed considerable firepower . The attackers appeared to have exhausted themselves , but they held their ground while Austrian and Ottoman artillery of various , including 5 @.@ 9 " and 10 @.@ 5 cm guns , fired on the defenders and their camps , and German and Ottoman aircraft severely bombed the defenders . The three columns of the German , Austrian and Ottoman attacking force were brought to a standstill by the coordinated , and determined defence of the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . - The Ottoman advance was at a standstill everywhere . After a long night 's march , the German and Ottoman troops faced a difficult day under the desert sun without being able to replenish their water and exposed to artillery fire from Romani . At this time , the attacking forces held a line running from the Bardawil ( on the Mediterranean coast ) southward along the front of the 52nd Infantry Division 's and then westward through and including the very large sand dunes of Mount Meredith and Mount Royston . But from their position on Mount Royston , the German , Austrian and Ottoman force dominated the camp area of Romani and threatened the railway line . - - = = = Reinforcements = = = - - Chaytor , commander of the New Zealander Mounted Rifles Brigade , had been advised of the Austrian , German and Ottoman advance against Romani at 02 : 00 . By 05 : 35 , Lawrence at his headquarters of the Northern No. 3 Canal Sector at Kantara , had been informed of the developing attack . He recognised that the main blow was falling on Romani and ordered the 5th Mounted Yeomanry Brigade at Hill 70 to move towards Mount Royston . They were led by a Composite Regiment , which moved off at once , the remainder of the brigade preparing to follow . At 07 : 25 , Lawrence ordered the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade consisting of brigade headquarters and the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Regiment ( less the Auckland Mounted Rifles and the attached 5th Light Horse Regiments , 2nd Light Horse Brigade ) , to move towards Mount Royston via Dueidar and there , pick up the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment . The Yeomanry and New Zealand brigades had both been stationed at Hill 70 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Romani , when their orders to move were received . The New Zealanders were to " operate vigorously so as to cut off the enemy , who appears to have got round the right of the Anzac Mounted Division . " - Meanwhile , the 3rd Light Horse Brigade at was directed to move forward to Hill 70 and send one regiment to Dueidar , while the Mobile Column was ordered by GHQ to march towards Mageibra . - - = = = Mount Royston counterattack = = = - - The German , Austrian and Ottoman attack on Mount Royston was checked to the north by the 3rd and 6th Light Horse Regiments ( 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades ) , and under constant bombardment from the horse artillery and the infantry 's heavy artillery of the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . At 10 : 00 , the front held by the two light horse brigades faced south from a point 700 yards ( 640 m ) northwest of No. 22 Redoubt north of Wellington Ridge to the sand hills north of Mount Royston . As the line had fallen back , the 2nd and 3rd Light Horse Regiments ( 1st Light Horse Brigade ) had come in between the 6th and 7th Light Horse Regiments ( 2nd Light Horse Brigade ) ; from right to left , the line was now held by the 6th , 3rd , 2nd and 7th Light Horse and the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiments , while 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north north @-@ west of Mount Royston , " D " Squadron of the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars ( a regiment in the 5th Mounted Brigade ) held its ground . - The plan called for the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades , the 5th Mounted and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades to swing round the attackers ' left flank and them . The first reinforcements to arrive were the Composite Regiment of the 5th Mounted Brigade ; they came up on the flank of their mounted regiment ; the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars ' " D " Squadron 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) west of Mount Royston , which was being attacked by a strong body of Ottoman soldiers . The regiment attacked the Ottomans in enfilade and forced them back . - When the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 's headquarters and the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Regiments were within 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Dueidar on the old caravan road , they were ordered to move directly to Canterbury Hill , the last defensible position in front of the railway , east of Pelusium Station , as the strong German and Ottoman attack was threatening to take the railway and Romani . The Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment arrived with its brigade between 11 : 00 and 11 : 30 to find the Composite Yeomanry Regiment ( 5th Mounted Yeomanry Brigade ) in contact with the German and Ottoman forces on the south @-@ west side of Mount Royston . - The 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades first made contact with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade by , after which Royston , commanding the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , across to explain the situation . Chaytor then moved the Auckland and Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiments , supported by the Somerset Battery , onto high ground between the right of the light horse and the Yeomanry , which was shortly afterwards joined by the remainder of the 5th Mounted Brigade under the command of Brigadier General . At the most critical period of the day 's fighting , when the German and Ottoman force of 2 @,@ 000 dominated the Romani area from Mount Royston , the five mounted brigades ( still less the 5th Light Horse Regiment ) began their counterattack at 14 : 00 from the west towards Mount Royston . - The New Zealand riflemen soon gained a footing on Mount Royston , aided by accurate and rapid shooting from the Somerset Royal Horse Artillery Battery . By 16 : 00 , the attack had proceeded to a point where Chaytor arranged with the 5th Mounted Brigade for a squadron of Royal Gloucestershire Hussars and two troops of the Worcestershire Yeomanry to gallop against the southern spur of Mount Royston . They easily took the spur , the defenders not waiting for the of the mounted charge . From the crest of the spur , the Gloucestershire squadron shot down the horse teams of an Austrian , German or Ottoman battery of pack guns concentrated in the hollow behind the spur , and the attacking force began to surrender . The New Zealand Mounted Rifle and 5th Mounted Brigades were supported by leading infantry battalions of the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade ( which had just arrived ) when Ottoman and German soldiers began to surrender en . At about 18 : 00 , 500 prisoners , two machine guns and the pack battery were captured , and the outer flank of the attacking force was completely routed . - Meanwhile , the inner flank of the German and Ottoman force on Wellington Ridge made a last effort to advance across the ridge , but was driven back by artillery fire . Fresh frontal attacks launched against the main British infantry system of redoubts broke down completely . At 17 : 05 , Major General Smith ordered infantry in the 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade to attack the enemy force on Wellington Ridge on the left of the light horse and in coordination with the counterattack on Mount Royston . An artillery bombardment of Wellington Ridge began at 18 : 45 . Just before 19 : 00 , infantry in the 7th and 8th ( Scottish Rifles ) moved south from behind No. 23 Redoubt ; the 8th Scottish Rifles advancing to within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of the crest of Wellington Ridge , before being stopped by heavy rifle fire . - When darkness put an end to the fighting , the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades established an outpost line and spent the night on the battlefield , while the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and 5th Mounted Brigades withdrew for water and rations at Pelusium Station , where the newly arrived infantry brigades of the 42nd Division were assembling . The 3rd Light Horse Brigade halted at Hill 70 , while the Mobile Force had reached the Hod el , 14 miles ( 23 km ) south of Romani station . At 19 : 30 , when the New Zealand Mounted Rifle and 5th Mounted Brigades moved from the positions they had won to water and rest at Pelusium , the area was consolidated by infantry in the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade , 42nd Division . Brigadier General Girdwood ordered infantry in the 7th and 8th Scottish Rifles Battalions to hold their ground on Wellington Ridge until daylight , but to keep close contact with the enemy during the night in the hope of capturing large numbers of tired and disorganised soldiers in the morning . Approximately 1 @,@ 200 unwounded prisoners were captured during the day and sent to the Pelusium railway station . - - = = Battle on 5 August = = - - Within 24 hours , British commanders were able to concentrate a force of 50 @,@ 000 men in the Romani area , a three to one advantage . This force included the two infantry divisions – the 52nd and the newly arrived 42nd – four mounted brigades , two of which had been on active duty since 20 July , and two heavily engaged on the front line the day before , and may have included the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , although it was still at Hill 70 , and the Mobile Column at Hod el . At this time , command of the 5th Mounted Brigade passed from the Anzac Mounted Division to the infantry division ; the 42nd Division , it being suggested that orders required the Anzac Mounted Division to remain in position , and that the 3rd Light Horse Brigade alone was to make a flank attack . - However , Lawrence 's orders for a general advance on 5 August beginning at 04 : 00 included an advance by the Anzac Mounted Division . His orders read : - Anzac Mounted Division to press forward with its right on the Hod el Enna and its left in close touch with the infantry from the 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade , 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , advancing on the line Katib Gannit to Mount Meredith . - 3rd Light Horse Brigade to move towards Bir el Nuss and attack Hod el Enna from the south keeping in close touch with the Anzac Mounted Division . - 5th Mounted Brigade , under orders of 42nd Infantry Division to assist the 3rd Light Horse Brigade 's link with the Anzac Mounted Division 's right . - 42nd Division to move on the line Canterbury Hill – Mount Royston – Hod el Enna and drive back any opposition to the advance of the mounted troops in close support of Anzac Mounted Division 's right flank . - 52nd ( Lowland ) Division to move in close support of Anzac Mounted Division 's left flank towards Mount Meredith and to prepare for a general advance towards Abu Hamra which was not to be undertaken until further orders from Lawrence at No. 3 Section Headquarters . - Meanwhile , the German , Austrian and Ottoman force was now spread from Hill 110 almost to Bir en Nuss , but with their left flank unprotected . They could not have been in good shape after fighting all the previous day in intense midsummer heat and having to remain in position overnight , far from water and harassed by British infantry . Their situation was now precarious , as their main attacking force was well past the right of the main British infantry positions ; infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division was closer to the nearest enemy @-@ controlled water source at Katia than most of the attacking force . Had the British infantry left their trenches promptly and attacked in a south easterly direction , von Kressenstein 's force would have had great difficulty escaping . - - = = = British capture Wellington Ridge = = = - - At , infantry in the 8th Scottish Rifles , 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade , 52nd ( Lowland ) Division ) advanced with the 7th Light Horse and the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiments ( 2nd Light Horse Brigade ) , covered by infantry in the 7th Scottish Rifles , 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade , 52nd ( Lowland ) Division on the left , who had brought 16 machine guns and Lewis guns into a position from which they could sweep the crest and reverse slopes of Wellington Ridge . The Wellington Mounted Rifle Regiment , with the 7th Light Horse Regiment and supported on the left by Scottish Rifles ' infantry posts , fixed bayonets and stormed Wellington Ridge . They encountered heavy rifle and machine gun fire , but rushed up the sandy slope and quickly broke through the German and Ottoman front line . After clearing Wellington Ridge , the mounted riflemen , light horsemen and pressed forward from ridge to ridge without pause . These troops swept down on a body of about 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 Ottoman soldiers , who became demoralised . As a result of this attack , a white flag was and by 05 : 00 the German and Ottoman soldiers who had stubbornly defended their positions on Wellington Ridge , dominating the camps at Romani , were captured . A total of 1 @,@ 500 became prisoners in the neighbourhood of Wellington Ridge ; 864 soldiers surrendered to infantry in the 8th Scottish Rifles alone , while others were captured by the light horse and mounted rifles regiments . By 05 : 30 , the main German and Ottoman force was in a disorganised retreat towards Katia , with the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades and the Ayrshire and batteries not far behind . At 06 : 00 , a further 119 men surrendered to the infantry in No. 3 Redoubt ; while these prisoners were being dealt with , it became apparent that they were part of a rearguard and that a full retreat was under way . At 06 : 30 , Lawrence ordered Chauvel to take command of all troops and to initiate a vigorous general advance eastwards . - - = = = British advance on Ottoman rearguard at Katia = = = - - Infantry from the 42nd Division had arrived during the battle the day before by train from Hill 70 , Hill 40 and Station , and along with infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , was ordered to move out in support of the mounted Australian , New Zealand and British Yeomanry brigades . The 42nd Division was ordered to advance to Hod el Enna ; their 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade marched out at 07 : 30 and reached Hod el Enna between 09 : 30 and 10 : 00 , while their 125th ( Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade arrived at 11 : 15 . They were supported by the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps , which worked with the Army Service Corps to supply them with drinking water . In much distress in the midsummer sands , infantry in the 42nd Division marched very slowly and far in the rear . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division also experienced difficulties ; although Lawrence ordered the division to move at 06 : 37 , the men did not leave their trenches until nearly midday , reaching their objective of Abu Hamra late in the evening . As a result , Kress von Kressenstein was able to most of his troops and heavy guns from the immediate battle area during the day . Although it has been stated that " British reserves " the Germans and Ottomans to a halt on 5 August , it appears one of the infantry divisions was reluctant to leave their defences ; neither infantry division were trained in desert warfare and found the sand dunes extremely difficult to negotiate . They could not match the pace and endurance of the well @-@ trained German and Ottoman force and were hampered by water supply problems . - At 06 : 30 , when Lawrence ordered Chauvel to take command of all mounted troops ( excluding the Mobile Column ) , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles , the 5th Mounted and the 3rd Light Horse Brigades were somewhat scattered . By 08 : 30 , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade had reached Bir en Nuss ; there they found the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , which had been ordered to move first on Hamisah and then left towards Katia to cooperate in a general attack . The advance guard moved to fulfill these orders at 09 : 00 . At 10 : 30 , the general mounted advance began and by midday , was on a line from west of Bir to south of Katib Gannit ; in the centre the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade were approaching the south @-@ west edge of the Katia oasis ; on their left the 1st , the 2nd Light Horse , the 5th Mounted Brigades and infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division were attacking Abu Hamra , to the north of the old caravan road , while the 3rd Light Horse Brigade was away to the New Zealander 's right , south of the old caravan road , attacking German and Ottoman units at Bir el Hamisah . - Between 12 : 00 and 13 : 00 , the commanders of the New Zealand Mounted Rifle , 1st and 2nd Light Horse and 5th Mounted Brigades the German , Austrian and Ottoman rearguard position 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Katia . It was decided that the three light horse brigades would advance mounted with the Yeomanry to attack the German and Ottoman right flank . The rearguard force made a very determined stand on a well @-@ prepared line , stretching from Bir El Hamisah to Katia and on to Abu Hamra . Their artillery and machine guns were well placed in the the eastern side of a great flat marsh , which stretched right across the front of their position , giving them an excellent field of fire . - A general mounted attack commenced at 14 : 30 . By 15 : 30 , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades were advancing at the gallop on Katia . When they had reached the edge of the white , the light horse and mounted rifle brigades formed a line , fixed bayonets , and charged over the exposed country . They in a long line of charging horses , through shell fire and bullets , holding fixed bayonets . On the far left , the intensity of fire from the rearguard , made it necessary for the 5th Mounted Brigade of sword carrying Yeomanry , to send back their horses and advance dismounted . While all the brigades which charged , were eventually forced to attack dismounted also , when the ground became too swampy . They were met by well @-@ directed , heavy German , Austrian and Ottoman artillery fire , which completely the supporting Ayrshire and Somerset Batteries ; by sunset , the advance of the British Empire mounted brigades had been stopped . The 9th Light Horse Regiment ( 3rd Light Horse Brigade ) on the extreme right was held up by a determined German and Ottoman rearguard and was unable to work round the right flank of that position . But after to within a few hundred yards of the rearguard 's line , they made a dismounted bayonet attack under cover of machine gun fire and the Inverness Battery . As a result , the German and Ottoman force abandoned their position , leaving 425 men and seven machine guns to be captured . But , instead of holding their ground , they drew off , and this withdrawal led to a strong German and Ottoman counterattack falling on the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Regiment . - Darkness finally put an end to the battle . During the night , the Germans , Austrians and Ottomans withdrew back to , while the Anzac Mounted Division watered at Romani , leaving a troop of the Auckland Mounted Rifle Regiment as a listening post on the battlefield . - The two @-@ day battle for Romani and the Suez Canal had been won by the British infantry and Australian , British and New Zealand mounted troops . They captured approximately 4 @,@ 000 German and Ottoman combatants and killed more than 1 @,@ 200 , but the main enemy force was able to escape with all their artillery , except for one captured battery , and retreat back to Oghratina after fighting a successful rearguard action at Katia . - Having borne the burden of the long days of patrolling , reconnaissance and minor engagements with the advancing Austrian , German and Ottoman columns prior to the battle , the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades had alone withstood the attack from midnight on 3 / 4 August until dawn on 4 August , as well as continuing to fight during the long days of battle . By the end of 5 August , they were completely exhausted ; their depleted ranks stumbled back to their bivouac lines at Romani and Etmaler where they were ordered one day 's rest . - - = = begins = = - - Von Kressenstein had prepared successive lines of defence during his advance towards Romani , and despite losing one artillery battery and more than one third of his soldiers , fought a series of effective rearguard actions which slowed the pursuit by British Empire mounted troops and enabled his force to retreat back to El Arish . - During the night of 5 / 6 August , infantry in the ( South Scottish ) Brigade and 157th ( Highland Light Infantry ) Brigade were at Abu Hamra , the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade ( 42nd Division ) at Hod el Enna , the 125th ( Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade ( 42nd Division ) on its left in touch with the 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade , ( 52nd Division ) which had its left on Redoubt No. 21 . The next morning , infantry in the 42nd Division was ordered to advance eastwards at 04 : 00 and occupy a line from Bir el Mamluk to Bir Katia , while the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division was to advance from Abu Hamra and prolong the infantry line of the 42nd Division to the north @-@ east . Although they carried out their orders during their two @-@ day march from Pelusium Station to Katia , infantry in the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade lost 800 men , victims to thirst and the sun ; other infantry brigades suffered similarly . It became clear that the infantry could not go on , and they ceased to be employed in the advance . Indeed , it was necessary for the Camel Corps and Yeomanry , as well as the medical services , to search the desert for those who had been left behind . - The Mobile Column in the south , consisting of the Imperial Camel Brigade , the 11th Light Horse , and the mounted City of London Yeomanry Regiments ( less two squadrons ) , advanced from Ferdan and the railhead to attack the German and Ottoman left flank , working through Bir El Mageibra , Bir El and Hod El Bayud . They found Mageibra evacuated on 5 August . After camping there for the night , they fought strong hostile forces between Bayud and Mageibra the following day , but could make no impression . Some days later , on 8 August , the Mobile Column did succeed in getting round the Ottoman flank , but was too weak to have any effect and retired to Bir Bayud . - - = = = Advance towards Oghratina – 6 August = = = - - During the previous night , the German and Ottoman force evacuated Katia and was moving towards Oghratina when Chauvel ordered the Anzac Mounted Division to continue the attack . The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades and the 5th Mounted Brigade were ordered to capture Oghratina . Despite attempts by these two brigades to turn the enemy flank , they were forced to make a frontal attack on strongly entrenched in positions which favoured the defenders and which were supported by carefully positioned artillery . Meanwhile , the two infantry divisions moved to garrison Katia and Abu Hamra and Lawrence moved his headquarters forward from Kantara to Romani . The 3rd Light Horse Brigade on the right advanced towards , but could only make small progress , against positions securely held by German and Ottoman forces . - The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade had moved out at dawn , followed by the 5th Mounted Brigade without ambulance support , as the New Zealand Field Ambulance had not returned from Romani and the 5th Mounted Field Ambulance had not yet arrived . Fortunately , casualties were light , and both ambulances arrived in the evening . The 3rd Light Horse Field Ambulance , had formed a dressing station at Bir to the south of Romani , treating wounded from 3rd Light Horse Brigade 's engagement at Bir el Hamisah , a convoy brought in wounded Ottomans from a to the south of Romani , and 150 cases of heat exhaustion from infantry in the 42nd Division were treated during the day . - We are still pursuing but it has been slow as the horses are done and the enemy , when advancing , entrenched himself at various points … which has enabled him to fight a most masterly rearguard action … As I am moving on , I must close - - = = = Oghratina entered on 7 August = = = - - The same three brigades – one mounted rifle , one light horse and one Yeomanry , with the 10th Light Horse Regiment ( 3rd Light Horse Brigade ) supporting the Yeomanry – moved to attack the German and Ottoman position at Oghratina , but the rearguard position was again found to be too strong . Lacking the support of infantry or heavy artillery , the mounted force was too small to capture this strong rearguard position , but the threat from the mounted advance was enough to force the hostile force to evacuate the position . During the night , the German and Ottoman forces retreated back to Bir el Abd , where they had been three weeks before , on 20 July , when they established a base with a depot for supplies and stores . - On 7 August the Greater ( a feast day celebrating the end of the Islamic year ) coincided with the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps at Romani being ordered to move out with supplies for the advancing troops , but 150 men , most of whom were past the end of their contracts and entitled to be discharged , refused orders to fill their water bottles , draw their rations and saddle up . One man was hit about the head with the butt of a pistol and the dissenters were dispersed into small groups and reassigned to various units in the infantry division ; the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . - - = = = occupied on 8 August = = = - - The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade reached on 8 August . As the 3rd Light Horse Brigade came up , they passed many dead Ottomans and Yeomanry ; one dead Ottoman sniper had a of hundreds of rounds of empty cartridge shells beside him . Meanwhile , the Camel Corps and a squadron of aircraft continued searching the desert sands for missing men . - - = = Action of Bir el Abd – 9 to 12 August = = - - Chauvel planned , with Lawrence 's approval , to capture the Ottoman rearguard at their forward base of Bir El Abd , 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the east of Romani . The position was strongly held by greatly superior numbers of Germans , Austrians and Ottomans , supported by well @-@ placed artillery , but the garrison was seen burning stores and evacuating camps . - Chauvel deployed the Anzac Mounted Division for the advance , with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in the centre following the telegraph line . On their right , with a gap of 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , was the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , which was in touch with a small flying column ; the Mobile Column of the City of London Yeomanry , 11th Light Horse Regiments and the Imperial Camel Brigade , which was to again attempt to get round the German and Ottoman left flank and cut off their retreat . The advance of the 3rd Light Horse and the New Zealand Mounted Brigades from Oghratina to Bir el Abd was to begin at daylight on 9 August , with the 5th Mounted Brigade forming the reserve . On the left of the New Zealanders , Royston 's Column ; a composite of the depleted 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades , had gone to Katia to water and had then march through the night to the Hod 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north @-@ west of Bir el Abd , where they arrived at 03 : 00 on 9 August . They were to for one and a half hours before advancing to a point 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north @-@ east of Bir el Abd , to cooperate with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 's attack on the rearguard position at 06 : 30 . Since the attack , supported by only four horse artillery batteries , was on a prepared position held in superior strength , strong in machine guns , and covered by double the number of guns , including heavy howitzers , it was something of a . The attacking force 's only advantage was its mobility . - - = = = Attack on 9 August = = = - - The 3rd Light Horse Brigade set out to find and turn the German and Ottoman left , while at 04 : 00 the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade headed directly towards Bir el Abd along the old caravan route . By 05 : 00 , they had driven in enemy outposts and reached high ground overlooking Bir el Abd . Royston 's Column moved off at 05 : 00 with the intention of the Ottoman right , while the New Zealanders attacked in the centre ; the four brigades covering a front of 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) . - The forward troops of the German and Ottoman rearguard , which held a front of about 10 miles ( 16 km ) , were driven back to Bir el Abd by the New Zealanders . At this time , the attackers appeared likely to succeed , as they had firmly established themselves across the telegraph line and the old caravan road , supported by the Somerset and Leicester batteries . But the German , Austrian and Ottoman rearguard quickly realised how thin the attacking line was , and at 09 : 00 advanced out of their trenches to counterattack . This aggressive move was only checked by artillery fire from the Somerset Battery effectively combined with fire from machine guns . The subsequent fire fight made it extremely difficult for the mounted riflemen to maintain their position , and on the flanks the light horse were also held up . The German and Ottoman infantry renewed their attack towards a gap between the New Zealanders and the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , but the 5th Light Horse Regiment covered the gap , and the German and Ottoman advance was halted . - Chauvel ordered the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , which had been unable to turn the German and Ottoman flank , to move towards the New Zealanders who renewed their efforts , but they only succeeded in exposing their flanks , as the Australians were unable to conform to their forward movement . By 10 : 30 , all progress had stopped . The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade continued to hold on in the centre , while both flanks were bent back by pressure from the strong German and Ottoman force . The result was that the New Zealanders ended up holding a very exposed salient line on the forward slopes of the hills overlooking the Hod . Fresh German or Ottoman reinforcements from El Arish , then launched a fierce counterattack on a front of about 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) , on the centre . This fell on the Canterbury and Auckland Regiments and a squadron of Warwickshire Yeomanry of the 5th Mounted Brigade under Chaytor 's command . The New Zealanders were supported by machine guns ; one section , attached to the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment , fired all their guns directly on the advancing soldiers , stopping them when they were within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of the New Zealand position . - By midday , the advance had been completely held up by determined counterattacks supported by fresh German or Ottoman troops from El Arish . Even more than at Katia on 5 August , these soldiers were more numerous , ready , full of fight and more strongly supported by well @-@ placed Austrian and Ottoman guns delivering both heavy and accurate fire . At this time , the rearguard launched another heavy counterattack with two columns of 5 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 German and Ottoman soldiers against the Canterbury and Auckland Regiments and the squadron of the Warwickshire Yeomanry . By 14 : 00 , the attack had extended to the mounted force 's left flank where the Ayrshire Battery with Royston 's Column was badly cut up by this fire , losing 39 horses killed and making it extremely difficulty to move the guns . They were forced to retire nearly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) and the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , after advancing well up on the right flank , was also forced to give ground by the accuracy of enemy . - A further withdrawal by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade made the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 's position critical and at 17 : 30 , Chauvel gave orders for a general retirement . proved to be a challenge ; it was only the tenacity of the New Zealanders and nightfall which saved them from certain capture . At the last , the Machine Gun Squadron had all its guns in line , some of them firing at a range of 100 yards ( 91 m ) ; they were supported by squadrons of the 5th Mounted Brigade , which together , successfully covered the New Zealanders ' withdrawal . - After this day of fierce fighting , which has been described as the hardest @-@ fought action of the whole Sinai campaign , the Anzac Mounted Division 's advance was effectively stopped . Chauvel ordered the division to return to water at Oghratina , despite Lawrence 's wish for them to bivouac close to Bir el Abd but Chauvel concluded that his force was in no condition to remain within reach of this strong and aggressive enemy force . Further , the Anzac Mounted Division had lost a significant proportion of their strength ; over 300 casualties , including eight officers and 65 other ranks killed . - - = = = Planned attack for 12 August = = = - - At daylight on 10 August , strong patrols went forward and remained in touch with the force at Bir el Abd throughout the day , but without fresh troops , an attack in force could not be made . - No serious fighting took place on 11 August , but von Kressenstein 's force at Bir el Abd was watched and harassed , and plans were made for an attack on 12 August . The advance of the Anzac Mounted Division began at daylight , but soon afterwards , forward patrols reported that the garrison at Bir el Abd was retiring . The mounted force followed the Austrians , Germans and Ottomans as far as Salmana , where another rearguard action delayed the mounted force , as the enemy withdrawal continued back to El Arish . - The Anzac Mounted Division 's lines of communication were now fully extended , and the difficulties of supplying the mounted troops from Romani made it impossible for the British Empire mounted force to consider any further advance at that time . were made to hold and garrison the country decisively won by this series of engagements , from Katia eastwards to Bir El Abd . - Von Kressenstein succeeded in withdrawing his battered force from a potentially fatal situation ; both his advance to Romani and the withdrawal were remarkable achievements of planning , leadership , staff work and endurance . - - = = = Casualties = = = - - According to the Australian official medical history , the total British Empire casualties were : - Other sources put the total killed at 202 , with all casualties at 1 @,@ 130 , of whom 900 were from the Anzac Mounted Division . - Ottoman Army casualties have been estimated to have been 9 @,@ 000 ; 1 @,@ 250 were buried after the battle and 4 @,@ 000 were taken prisoner . - Casualties were cared for by medical officers , stretcher bearers , camel drivers and sand @-@ cart drivers who worked , often in the firing line , covering enormous distances in difficult conditions and doing all they could to relieve the suffering of the wounded . The casualties were transported on on camels or in sand @-@ carts back to the field ambulances , as the heavy sand made it impossible to use or horse @-@ drawn ambulances . Between 4 and 9 August , the Anzac Mounted Division 's five field ambulances brought in 1 @,@ 314 patients , including 180 enemy wounded . - The evacuation by train from Romani was carried out in a manner which caused much suffering and shock to the wounded . It was not effected till the night of August 6 – the transport of prisoners of war being given precedence over that of the wounded – and only open trucks without straw were available . The military necessitated and much delay , so that five hours were occupied on the journey of twenty @-@ five miles . It seemed a cruel shame to a train full of wounded in open trucks , but it had to be done . Every bump in our train was extremely painful . - In the absence of orders coordinating evacuation from the field ambulances , the Assistant Director of Medical Services ( ) made their own arrangements . The , Anzac Mounted Division arranged with his counterparts in the two infantry divisions to set up a clearing station at the railhead 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) beyond Romani . This station was formed from medical units of the Anzac Mounted , the 42nd and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Divisions . With no orders from No. 3 Section Headquarters as to the method of evacuation of casualties of the three divisions , prisoners of war were transported back to Kantara by train before the wounded , generating amongst all ranks a feeling of resentment and distrust towards the higher command which lasted for a long time . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The Battle of Romani was the first large @-@ scale mounted and infantry victory by the British Empire in the First World War . It occurred at a time when the Allied nations had experienced nothing but defeat , in France , at and at the capitulation of in Mesopotamia . The battle has been widely acknowledged as a strategic victory and a turning point in the campaign to restore Egypt 's territorial integrity and security , and marked the end of the land campaign against the Suez Canal . - Romani was the first decisive victory attained by British Land Forces and changed the whole face of the campaign in that theatre , as it did from the enemy , the initiative which he never again obtained . It also made the clearing of his troops from Egyptian territory a feasible proposition . - This series of successful British infantry and mounted operations resulted in the complete defeat of the 16 @,@ 000 to 18 @,@ 000 strong German , Austrian and Ottoman force , about half of whom were killed or wounded , and nearly 4 @,@ 000 taken prisoner . Also captured were a mountain gun battery of four heavy guns , nine machine guns , a complete camel @-@ pack machine gun company , 2 @,@ 300 rifles and a million rounds of ammunition , two complete field hospitals with all instruments , fittings and drugs , while a great quantity of stores in the supply depot at Bir el Abd was destroyed . All the captured arms and equipment were made in Germany , and the camel @-@ pack machine gun company 's equipment had been especially designed for desert warfare . Many of the rifles were of the latest pattern and made of steel . Murray estimated the total German and Ottoman casualties at about 9 @,@ 000 , while a German estimate put the loss at one third of the force ( 5 @,@ 500 to 6 @,@ 000 ) , which seems low considering the number of prisoners . - The tactics employed by the Anzac Mounted Division were to prove effective throughout the coming campaigns in the Sinai and in the Levant ( also known at the time as Palestine ) . The key to the mounted rifles and light horse 's approach was to quickly move onto tactical ground and then to effectively operate as infantry once dismounted . In defence , the artillery and machine guns wrought on enemy attacks , and during the mounted advance , they covered and supported the British Empire mounted force . - This battle was fought under extreme conditions in the Sinai desert in midsummer heat over many days , causing much suffering to man and beast and demanding tenacity and endurance on the part of all who took part . - The battle of Romani marked the end of the German and Ottoman campaign against the Suez Canal ; the offensive had passed decisively into the hands of the British Empire force led by the Anzac Mounted Division . After the battle , von Kressenstein 's force was pushed back across the Sinai Peninsula , to be beaten at the Battle of Magdhaba in December 1916 and back to the border of Ottoman Empire @-@ controlled Palestine to be defeated at the Battle of Rafa in January 1917 , which effectively secured the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula . This successful , seven @-@ month @-@ long British Empire campaign , begun at Romani in August , ended at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 . - - = = = Some criticisms = = = - - The Battle of Romani has , however , been surrounded with controversy and criticism . It has been suggested that , like the attack on the Suez Canal in 1915 , it was merely a raid to disrupt maritime traffic rather than a determined attempt to gain control of the canal . That the Ottoman Empire 's intention was to strongly occupy Romani and Kantara is supported by preparations in the southern territory of Palestine adjacent to , and extending into , the Sinai . These included extending the Palestine railway system to Wadi El Arish , with a good motor road beside the railway . and other works were constructed along this route to store water and at Wadi El Arish , enormous rock cut reservoirs were under construction in December 1916 when the Anzac Mounted Division reached that place just before the Battle of Magdhaba . - Murray , Lawrence and Chauvel have all been criticised for letting von Kressenstein 's force escape . Further , it has been asserted that the tactics of the mounted troops actually helped the enemy withdrawal by concentrating on direct assaults rather than flank attacks . The official British historian acknowledges the disappointment caused by the successful retirement of the German , Austrian and Ottoman force but he also notes the quality of the successive rearguard positions constructed during the advance , and the strength , determination and endurance of the enemy . The strength of the was clearly demonstrated at Bir el Abd on 9 August , when the mounted force attempted to outflank the large entrenched force . They failed because they were greatly outnumbered . Indeed , if the Anzac Mounted Division had succeeded in getting round the flank without infantry support , they would have been faced with vastly superior forces and could have been annihilated . - It has been suggested that an opportunity was lost on 5 August to encircle and capture the invading Austrian , German and Ottoman force when it was allowed to withdraw to Katia . The infantry 's difficulties regarding the supply of water and camel transport combined with their lack of desert training , together with Lawrence 's confusing orders for infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division to move south and east , stopped them from promptly advancing to cut off the retreating force in the early hours of the second day 's battle . General Lawrence was criticised for taking a grave and unnecessary risk by relying on just one entrenched infantry division and two light horse brigades to defend Romani . That the strong enemy attack on the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades during the first night 's battle pushed them so far back that the planned flanking attack by the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade became almost a frontal attack . Lawrence was also faulted for remaining at his headquarters at Kantara , which was considered to be too far from the battlefield , and that this contributed to his loss of control of the battle during the first day , when the telephone line was cut and he was out of contact with Romani . Lawrence was also criticised for not going forward to supervise the execution of his orders on 5 August , when there was a failure to coordinate the movements of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade and the Mobile Column . - Chauvel responded by pointing out that the criticisms of the battle were in danger of obscuring the significance of the victory . - - = = = Awards = = = - - Murray lavished praise on the Anzac Mounted Division in cables to the Governors General of Australia and New Zealand and in his official and in letters to Robertson , writing : - Every day they show what an indispensable part of my forces they are ... I cannot speak too highly of the gallantry , steadfastness and energy shown by this fine division throughout the operations ... These Anzac troops are the keystone of the defence of Egypt . - But he failed to ensure the fighting qualities of these soldiers earned them a proportionate share of recognition and honours . Further , despite claims that Chauvel alone had a clear view of the battle , that his coolness and skill were crucial in gaining the victory , his name was omitted from the long list of honours published on New Year 's Day 1917 . Murray did offer Chauvel a lesser award ( a Distinguished Service Order ) for Romani which he declined . - On reading Murray 's description in his official covering the battle , and reprinted in a Paris edition of the ' Daily Mail ' , Chauvel wrote to his wife on 3 December 1916 @,@ - I am afraid my men will be very angry when they see it . I cannot understand why the old man cannot do justice to those to whom he owed so much and the whole thing is so absolutely inconsistent with what he had already cabled . - It was not until after the victory at the Battle of Rafa that Chauvel was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George , but this particular order is awarded for important non @-@ military service in a foreign country . It was not just his military service at Romani which had not been recognised , but also the service of all those who fought in the Anzac Mounted Division at Romani , at El Arish , at Magdhaba and at Rafa . In September 1917 , not long after General Edmund became Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , Chauvel wrote to GHQ to point out the injustice done to his front @-@ line troops , acknowledging that it was " difficult to do anything now to right this , but consider the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief should know that there is a great deal of bitterness over it . " - - - = The Litigators = - - The Litigators is a 2011 legal thriller novel by John Grisham , his 25th fiction novel overall . The Litigators is about a two @-@ partner Chicago law firm attempting to strike it rich in a class action lawsuit over a reduction drug by a major drug company . The protagonist is a Harvard Law School big law firm who stumbles upon the and joins it only to find himself against his old law firm in this case . The book is regarded as more humorous than most of Grisham 's prior novels . - The theme of a young lawyer being fed up with a giant law firm and away to less lucrative but more satisfying career is shared with " The Associate " . The theme of a lawsuit against a giant corporation appeared in " The Runaway Jury " - but in the present book , the corporation is vindicated and proven to have been unjustly maligned ( at least on the specific drug which is the subject of the lawsuit ) and the mass tort lawyers are seen as greedy and , ultimately and leaving the protagonist 's tiny Chicago firm in the . - Critical reviews were mixed for the book , with several opinions noting a lack of suspense . Nonetheless , the book has achieved both hardcover and # 1 best seller status on various lists , including both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal . However , since some services do not separate fiction and non @-@ fiction books , it did not debut as a # 1 bestseller on certain lists , such as the USA Today . Some reviewers noted that this story would lend itself to an adapted screenplay . - - = = Background = = - - Having sold 250 million copies of his previous 24 novels in 29 languages , Grisham had produced an international bestseller with each prior book . Including the release of The Litigators , Grisham has produced 23 adult fiction novels and 2 children 's fiction novels as well as a short story collection . In addition , he has produced one non @-@ fiction book . Thus , various sources claim this to be his 23rd , 25th , or 26th book . - In the first of a two @-@ part interview with The Wall Street Journal , Grisham claimed that although he usually attempts to include humor in his submitted drafts , it is usually removed during the editorial process . However , in this case much of the humor survived editing . In the second part of the interview the following week , Grisham noted that his inspirations for the book included television advertisements and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . - - = = Publication = = - - Leading book retailers such as Amazon.com , Barnes & Noble , and released the book in hardcover format in the United States as a publication on October 25 , 2011 . In the United Kingdom , the book was published with different cover art by & on the same date . Random House published the paperback version on June 26 , 2012 . - The book is also available as an audiobook , narrated by Scott Brick , and in format . Other formats available on October 25 , included large @-@ print , compact disc and abridged compact disc . A limited edition will be available on November 22 , 2011 . An excerpt from the book was included in some editions including the iTunes Store edition of The Confession , which was his prior adult novel . - - = = Plot = = - - Oscar Finley and Wally Figg are the partners of a small law firm in the South Side of Chicago . Oscar 's character holds the firm together despite the childish and behavior of Wally , his junior partner . Their is often mediated by Rochelle , the highly competent African American secretary , who had learned a lot of law in he eight years in the office . Meanwhile David Zinc , a graduate of the Harvard Law School , is completely fed up with the grinding and - though well @-@ paid - life of an Associate in the giant law firm of Rogan , where in five years of work he had never seen the inside of a courtroom . He suddenly breaks away , goes on a drinking binge and by chance finds himself at the Finley & Figg office . Feeling an elevating sense of freedom and never to go back , willingly himself to working for the two street lawyers and ambulance chasers . - While Wally goes to a funeral home to attend the wake of a former estate client , the client 's son claims that his father was killed by Krayoxx , a @-@ lowering drug developed by the fictional company Varrick Labs . at the possible monetary returns on the case , the firm finds several former clients who appear to have valid claims about Krayoxx . Oscar and Wally generate publicity in the Chicago Tribune with a picture of their filing ; this an avalanche of communications and leads them to several additional claimants . - Wally notices a class action lawsuit against Varrick Labs in Florida , and realizes that if he can find some patients to sign as clients , he can earn a big on another firm 's . However , some complications make the story interesting . Although none of the three Finley & Figg lawyers had previously argued in United States federal court , that is where they find themselves pitted against Zinc 's old firm with this case . In fact , David 's expertise was in long @-@ term bonds . - Once the firm 's claims become prominent , mass tort operators approach them about being part of a mass settlement . Wally flies to Las Vegas to meet the other mass tort interests , most notably Jerry Alisandros . Varrick 's CEO flies to Chicago to meet Nadine Karros , a leading defense attorney , who works for Rogan . Believing that they can get federal judge Harry Seawright to claim jurisdiction , Karros is chosen for her firms ' ties to him and her expertise . The case is soon expedited on Seawright 's with Finley & Figg 's claim singled out of the tort claimants and Karros takes action to have Finley & Figg 's eight death cases heard separately . Eventually , Alisandros learns that tests of Krayoxx yield benign results . Oscar and his wife , Paula , are often at odds , and as a large settlement looms , he attempts to divorce her and cash out . After settlement talks break down with Varrick , Alisandros withdraws as co @-@ counsel and Finley & Figg motions to withdraw their claims . - Once at Finley & Figg , Zinc stumbles upon a lead poisoning brain damage case involving immigrants . He his own time and resources on their case . He also succeeds in representing immigrants in a labor law case . During the labor case , the employer attempted to have Finley & Figg 's offices burned down and the would @-@ be stumbled upon Oscar at the office . Oscar shot him and added an unnecessary debilitating shot that shattered his leg . He was sued for using excessive force . - With Varrick having spent 18 million dollars defending itself and the mass tort bar having discredited Krayoxx in the mass media , Karros for frivolous lawsuit sanctions pending a withdrawn motion . Additionally , actions were initiated for legal regarding Wally 's letters that promised 2 million dollar settlement followed by motions to dismiss without notifying his clients . After realizing that they could be sued for defense costs and for withdrawing the case , Finley & Figg withdraw their motions and agree to a jury trial that they believe to be futile . The trial opens as originally scheduled . During opening statements , Oscar suffered a . Wally attempted to make light of the situation by proclaiming it an example of Krayoxx effects . Karros moved for and the motion was granted , leading to the need to pick a new jury . Wally stood in for Oscar as lead attorney while a new jury was seated and for the first day of testimony . The next day , the recovering alcoholic Figg was nowhere to be found although an empty pint bottle of was . After Wally was for a second day , David was pressed into service . Rueben Massey , Varrick 's CEO , instructed Karros not to move for likely @-@ successful summary judgment . Zinc declined to cross @-@ examine the first handful of expert witnesses that Varrick called , Eventually , Zinc discredited Varrick 's clinical trials during cross @-@ examination of the final expert witness . Nonetheless , the jury rendered a very quick not guilty verdict . - Zinc continued to pursue the lead poisoning product liability case . He settled the case for $ 6 @.@ 5 million ( including $ 1 @.@ 5 million in legal fees ) . David returns to the office and tells Oscar and Wally of his settlement . He tells them of his plan to split his earnings evenly with them . In return the three of them are to sign a 12 @-@ month contract to enter an equal partnership and will no longer be an ambulance @-@ chasing firm . Oscar and Wally agree to the new contract . Later that year the partnership fell apart . Finley began spending less time in the office and eventually retired a happy man , Figg packed up and moved to Alaska , and Zinc opened his own product liability practice , David E. Zinc , Attorney @-@ at @-@ Law and hired Rochelle as his new secretary . - - = = = List of characters = = = - - Oscar Finley , Finley & Figg Senior Partner - A lazy , married , nearing retirement " @-@ , slip @-@ and @-@ falls and divorces veteran " and former police officer , who took the bar exam three times . - Wally Figg , Finley & Figg Junior Partner - A former and four @-@ time who funeral and for clients . A University of Chicago Law School who took the bar exam three times . - David Zinc , Finley & Figg Associate attorney - Grisham young hot shot Harvard graduate lawyer whose life is turned upside down . - Rochelle Gibson , Finley & Figg secretary - Former claimant against Finley & Figg who holds the firm together . - Nadine Karros , 's leading recruited by Varrick . - Harry Seawright , federal judge . - , repeat Finley & Figg divorce customer and eventual love interest of Wally 's - Jerry Alisandros , mass tort operator who brings F & F into his firm 's fold . - Paula Finley , Oscar 's wife - Rueben Massey , CEO Varrick . - Helen , David 's wife - Anderson Zinc , David 's father ( Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota ) ( per Ch . 15 ) - Caroline Zinc , David 's mother ( art and photography teacher ) ( per Ch . 15 ) - Lana , David 's secretary - - = = Critical review = = - - The Litigators is said to be " an amusing and appalling look into the machinations of a nationwide class @-@ action suit , " according to Harshaw of Bloomberg The Wall Street Journal 's Christopher John Farley noted that the book is lighter than Grisham 's other works . Publishers Weekly called it a " farcical look at lawyers at the bottom of the food chain " . CNN described the book as an original perspective of " the best and worst the American system of justice has to offer " . Louis of The Washington Post , who described himself as someone who abandoned Grisham after his first three novels , noted that this book might be a good starting point for those who have tired of Grisham . Andrea Simakis of The Plain describes the book as a " meal " than Grisham 's usual " potato @-@ chip fiction " . Publishers Weekly also notes that the fairy tale ending is not really in keeping with the introduction 's dark humor . Rick Arthur of The United Arab Emirates publication The National describes the book unfavorably as a cross between prior Grisham works The Street and The King of and similarly describes the protagonist unfavorably to those of The Firm and The . Geoffrey of the Daily Mail presented one of the more favorable reviews describing the book as " a spectacular return to form , displaying the clarity and passion that were there in his first but seemed to away . " notes that Grisham returned to one of his seminal themes of the idealistic young lawyer fighting with the realization that corporations only care about profits . - The book has been derided for its lack of suspense . Carol of USA Today says that Grisham 's latest attempt to capture the spirit of the legal David and story is missing " the @-@ up of suspense " that he has employed successfully in recent adult and youth novels . Harshaw claims that the book is lacking in the suspense that made The Firm so successful . Arthur finds elements of the plot and the story as well as . Although the book is somewhat predictable , notes that " Grisham clear of the usual melodramatic devices . Corporations aren ’ t intrinsically ; aren ’ t with . And best of all , no one is murdered for Too Close to the Truth . " - Some sources noted that the book has potential to become an adapted screenplay . Irish Independent describes Grisham 's new book as " following his usual route to the bestsellers list " and projects it as a candidate to be his next Hollywood film . Although it is standard Grisham fare , Independent noted that it provides the usual thrills in Grisham 's comfortable legal world and should be a gripping read for his usual fans . The Sunday Express noted that the book could be readily converted to a screenplay , but its critic , Robin Smith , viewed the " ambulance chasing " ethos as a foreign thing that might have to worry about in the near future . - Simakis praised the book for having more depth of character than Grisham 's novels do . She compares the protagonist to Mitch from The Firm and from The . says that most of the claimants that they find are , but a few are from somewhat sympathetic immigrant families . Simakis notes that Wally trades sex for legal services with one claimant . Harshaw says that the book is a bit sentimental and comparatively lacking in terms of secondary character development for Grisham . Larry of Canada 's Globe and Mail notes that on the dramatic scale this book has instances of laugh out loud humor that make it more like Boston Legal than The Practice , which Boston Legal was spun off from . - - = = Commercial success = = - - According to The Huffington Post , this book is the ninth best @-@ selling fiction book of the year in 2011 , while according to the USA Today this was the 16th best selling book overall in 2011 . According to Amazon.com the book was the number eight overall best seller . - - = = = Hardcover = = = - - It immediately was listed as the Publishers Weekly # 1 best @-@ seller among fiction hardcover books according to Reuters . It was also listed as the # 1 best @-@ seller by The New York Times in the November 13 , 2011 book review section for the week ending October 29 , 2011 for Hardcover Fiction , E @-@ Book Fiction , Combined Hardcover & Paperback Fiction , and the Combined Print and E @-@ Book Fiction . It dropped from the # 1 position in its second week on the list . It remained on the Combined Hardcover & Paperback Fiction list until the February 19 , 2012 list ( 15 weeks ) for the week ending February 4 . It remained on both the Hardcover Fiction list and the Combined Print and E @-@ Book Fiction list until the February 26 list ( 16 weeks ) for the week ending February 11 . It remained on the E @-@ Book Fiction list until the March 11 list ( 18 weeks ) for the week ending February 25 . - The Wall Street Journal announced that on Saturday October 29 , it would begin incorporating digital book sales in its best seller lists . When the book debuted in The Wall Street Journal list on November 5 for the week ending October 30 , it was listed first in Hardcover Fiction , Fiction E @-@ Books and Fiction Combined . It retained the hardcover lead the following week , but lost the other leads . After two weeks it was surpassed on the hardcover list as well . It remained on The Wall Street Journal Hardcover Fiction , Fiction E @-@ Books and Fiction Combined best seller lists until the January 7 listing for the week ended on January 1 , 2012 . - The book was released the day after Walter 's biography of Steve Jobs , entitled Steve Jobs , was released by Simon & Schuster . Jobs had died on October 5 and the release date was moved forward . The Jobs book 's release had been moved forward twice ; It had been moved from spring 2012 to November 21 after Jobs stepped down and then to the October 24 date after his death . When The Litigators debuted on November 3 on the USA Today best @-@ seller list , which does not separate fiction and non @-@ fiction , it debuted at number 2 behind the Jobs book . - - = = = Paperback = = = - - It debuted at # 1 on the New York Times Paperback Mass @-@ Market Fiction Best Sellers list on July 15 , 2012 ( reflecting sales for the week ending June 30 , 2012 ) . The book remained at # 1 until the August 12 list ( reflecting sales of the week ending July 28 , 2012 ) , making a five @-@ week run . It continued to appear on the list until the January 13 , 2013 list ( reflecting sales for the week ending December 29 , 2012 ) . On the USA Today list , which include fiction and non @-@ fiction as well as hardcover and paperback , it debuted at # 10 in the week of July 5 , following its paperback release . - - - = Stanley Green = - - Stanley Owen Green ( 22 February 1915 – 4 December 1993 ) , known as the Protein Man , was a human billboard who became a well @-@ known figure in central London in the latter half of the 20th century . - Green patrolled Oxford Street in the West End for 25 years , from 1968 until 1993 , with a placard recommending " protein wisdom " , a low @-@ protein diet that he said would the and make people . His 14 @-@ page pamphlet , Eight Passion Proteins with Care , sold 87 @,@ 000 copies over 20 years . - Green 's campaign to suppress desire , as one commentator called it , was not always popular , but he became one of London 's much @-@ loved . The Sunday Times interviewed him in 1985 , and his " less passion from less protein " slogan was used by the fashion house Red or Dead . - When he died at the age of 78 , the Daily Telegraph , Guardian and Times published his obituary , and the Museum of London added his pamphlets and placards to their collection . In 2006 his biography was included in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . - - = = Early life = = - - Green was born in , north London , the youngest of four sons of Richard Green , a clerk for a bottle manufacturer , and his wife , May . He attended Wood Green School before joining the Royal Navy in 1938 . - Philip Carter writes in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography that Green 's time with the Navy affected him deeply . He was shocked by the obsession with sex . " I was astonished when things were said quite openly – what a husband would say to his wife when home on leave " , he told the Sunday Times " A Life in the Day " column in 1985 . " I 've always been a moral sort of person . " - After leaving the Navy in September 1945 , Green worked for the Fine Art Society . In March 1946 , Carter writes , he failed the entrance exam for the University of London , then worked for and the civil service , and as a for Borough Council . He said that he had lost jobs twice because he had refused to be dishonest . In 1962 he held a job with the post office , then worked as a self @-@ employed until 1968 when he began his anti @-@ protein campaign . He lived with his parents until they died , his father in 1966 and his mother the following year , after which he was given a council flat in Green , , north London . - - = = His mission = = - - - = = = On the streets = = = - - Green began his mission in June 1968 , at the age of 53 , initially in on Saturdays , becoming a full @-@ time human billboard six months later on Oxford Street . He there from with a sandwich board attached to the bicycle , a journey of 12 miles ( 19 km ) that could take up to two hours , until he was given a bus pass when he turned 65 . - He rose early , and after for breakfast made bread that would rise while he was on patrol , ready for his evening meal . Otherwise his diet consisted of steamed vegetables and pulses , and a pound of apples a day . Lunch was prepared on a and eaten at 2 : 30 in a " warm and secret place " near Oxford Street . - From Monday to Saturday he walked up and down the street until 6 : 30 pm , reduced to four days a week from 1985 . Saturday evenings were spent with the cinema crowds in Leicester Square . He would to go to bed at 12 : 30 am after saying a prayer . " Quite a good prayer , too " , he told the Sunday Times . " It is a sort of acknowledgment of God , just in case there happens to be one . " - Peter Ackroyd wrote in London : The Biography that Green was for the most part ignored , becoming " a poignant symbol of the city 's and " . He was arrested for public obstruction twice , in 1980 and 1985 . " The injustice of it upsets me " , he said , " because I 'm doing such a good job " . He took to wearing to protect himself from , several times finding it on his hat at the end of the day . - - = = = Writing = = = - - Sundays were spent at home producing Eight Passion Proteins on his printing press . Waldemar described it as worthy of Heath Robinson , who was known for his cartoons of ancient contraptions . The racket caused trouble between Green and his neighbours . - Noted for its eccentric typography , Eight Passion Proteins went through 52 editions between 1973 and 1993 . Green sold 20 copies on and up to 50 on Saturdays ( for 10 in 1980 and 12 13 years later ) , a total of 87 @,@ 000 copies by February 1993 , according to Carter . He sent copies to those in the public eye , including five British prime ministers , the Prince of Wales , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and Pope Paul VI . - The booklet argued that " those who do not have to work hard with their limbs , and those who are inclined to sit about " will " store up their protein for passion " , making retirement , for example , a period of increased passion and marital . He left several unpublished manuscripts , including a novel , Behind the : More than Just a Tale ; a 67 @-@ page text called Passion and Protein ; and a @-@ page version of Eight Passion Proteins , which , Carter writes , was rejected by Oxford University Press in 1971 . - - = = recognition = = - - Green enjoyed his local fame . The Sunday Times interviewed him in 1985 for its " A Life in the Day " feature , and some of his , including " less passion from less protein " were used on dresses and t @-@ shirts by the London fashion house Red or Dead . - When he died in 1993 at the age of 78 , the Daily Telegraph , Guardian and Times all published . His letters , diaries , pamphlets and placards were given to the Museum of London ; other artefacts went to the Park Museum . His printing press was featured in Cornelia Parker 's exhibition " The Maybe " ( 1995 ) at the Gallery , along with Robert Maxwell 's , one of Winston Churchill 's cigars and in a glass box . In 2006 he was given an entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . - Two decades after his death Green was still remembered by writers and bloggers , fondly for the most part , although not invariably so . Artist Alun ' documentary fiction , 3 ( 2007 ) , portrayed him as trawling the streets of London , " campaigning for the suppression of desire " . Musician Martin Gordon included a track about Green on his 2013 album , Me Out . - - - = Sclerodermatineae = - - Sclerodermatineae is a suborder of the fungal order Boletales . in 2002 by Manfred Binder and Andreas , it contains nine genera and about 80 species . The suborder contains a diverse assemblage fruit body morphologies , including , gasteroid forms , earthstars ( genus Astraeus ) , and . Most species are ectomycorrhizal , although the ecological role of some species is not known with certainty . The suborder is thought to have originated in the late Cretaceous ( 145 – 66 Ma ) in Asia and North America , and the major genera diversified around the mid Cenozoic ( 66 – 0 Ma ) . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The Sclerodermatineae was first legitimately used by Manfred Binder and Andreas in 2002 based on molecular analyses of nuclear ribosomal large ( ) rRNA sequences from 60 species of Boletales . This research was an extension of Binder 's 1999 graduate work , in which he argued for the need to recognize the molecular differences of the fungi . Sclerodermatineae is one of six lineages of the Boletales recognized as a suborder ; the others are the , , , , and . Of the nine genera assigned to the Sclerodermatineae , three are ( Boletinellus , Gyroporus , and Phlebopus ) , and six are gasteroid ( Astraeus , Calostoma , Diplocystis , Pisolithus , and Scleroderma ) . Since the suborder 's original description , there have been several phylogenetic studies investigating the Sclerodermatineae . Some studies have revealed the existence of numerous cryptic species and have contributed to taxonomic expansion of the group . The " core " Sclerodermatineae include the genera Astraeus , Calostoma , Scleroderma , Pisolithus , Diplocystis , Tremellogaster ( all gasteroid ) , and the genus Gyroporus ; Phlebopus and Boletinellus resolved as sister to this core group . - As of 2012 , there are an estimated 78 species in the Sclerodermatineae . The type of the suborder is the family ; other families in the suborder are the , Diplocystaceae , and the . - - Boletinellus ( 2 species ) - Phlebopus ( 12 species ) - Diplocystaceae - Astraeus ( 5 species ) - Diplocystis ( 1 species ) - ( 1 species ) - Tremellogaster ( 1 species ) - - Gyroporus ( 10 species ) - - Calostoma ( 15 species ) - ( 1 species ) - ( 1 species ) - ( 1 species ) - Pisolithus ( 5 species ) - Scleroderma ( about 30 species ) - Based on ancestral reconstruction studies , the earliest ( basal ) members of the Sclerodermatineae originated in the late Cretaceous ( 145 – 66 Ma ) . The major genera diversified near the mid Cenozoic ( 66 – 0 Ma ) . Asia and North America are the most probable ancestral areas for all Sclerodermatineae , and and angiosperms ( primarily ) are the most probable ancestral hosts . - - = = Description = = - - Members of the Sclerodermatineae have fruit body shapes ranging from ( with a cap , stipe , and tubes on the underside of the cap ) to gasteroid . fruit bodies sometimes have hollow with a surface that is smooth to somewhat ( covered with particles ) , and lack the ( a net @-@ like pattern of lines ) characteristic of some members of the . The pores are ( wrinkled with low , uneven ridges ) , , and either fine or coarse . The flesh is usually whitish to yellowish , and some species exhibit a blue staining reaction upon injury . In mass , spores are yellow ; microscopically , the spores are ellipsoid in shape and have a smooth surface . - fruit body types are either roughly spherical or , occasionally with , and usually have a peridium that is either simple or multi @-@ layered . gasteroid fruit bodies generally open irregularly at maturity to expose a powdery gleba with a color ranging from white to yellow or black @-@ brown to black . are generally absent from the gleba . are spherical or nearly so , and have a surface texture that ranges from smooth to @-@ like and spiny , or sometimes with . have clamp connections . - - = = diversity = = - - A distinguishing feature of the Sclerodermatineae is the diversity of morphologies within the group . The genera Boletinellus , Gyroporus , and Phlebopus are typical with a cap and stipe . However , each of the gasteroid Sclerodermatineae has a distinct morphology . Species of Astraeus have an " earthstar " morphology where the outer peridium back in sections . The gleba of Pisolithus is partitioned into hundreds of chambers . Scleroderma is a simple puffball with a thin outer skin and a powdery gleba at maturity . Diplocystis and Tremellogaster are each distinct in their morphologies : the former comprises compound fruit bodies each with 3 – 60 spore sacs crowded together , while the latter forms a roughly spherical with a thick multi @-@ layered peridium . Calostoma ( Greek for " pretty mouth " ) is distinct from other gasteroid members , having a fruit body that forms a , spore @-@ bearing head composed of a three @-@ layered peridium . About two @-@ thirds of Sclerodermatineae species have a gasteroid morphology , although this may be an due to the existence of cryptic species that have yet to be formally described . For example , studies of the gasteroid genera Astraeus and Pisolithus indicate the existence of numerous cryptic taxa . - - = = Ecology = = - - The mycorrhizal associations of several Sclerodermatineae genera have been established . Studies have demonstrated that Astraeus , Pisolithus , and Scleroderma form ectomycorrhizal associations with both angiosperms and . Previously thought to be , the were determined to be ectomycorrhizal with and using isotopic and molecular analyses . Species from the genera Pisolithus and Scleroderma have been used in forestry as mycorrhizal to help promote the growth and of young seedlings . - As a group , the Sclerodermatineae have a broad distribution , and some genera ( Pisolithus and Scleroderma ) have been found on all continents except Antarctica . - - = = = Cited literature = = = - - Kirk , Cannon , , ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of the Fungi ( 10th ed . ) . , UK : International . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 826 @-@ 8 . - - = SM U @-@ 3 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) = - - SM U @-@ 3 or U @-@ III was the lead boat of the U @-@ 3 class of submarines or U @-@ boats built for and operated by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : und Kriegsmarine or Kriegsmarine ) before and during the First World War . The submarine was built as part of a plan to evaluate foreign submarine designs , and was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel , Germany . - U @-@ 3 was authorized in 1906 , begun in March 1907 , launched in August 1908 , and towed from Kiel to Pola in January 1909 . The double @-@ submarine was just under 139 feet ( 42 m ) long and displaced between 240 and 300 tonnes ( 260 and 330 short tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . The design of the submarine had poor diving qualities and several modifications to U @-@ 3 's diving planes and fins occurred in her first years in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Her armament , as built , consisted of two bow torpedo tubes with a supply of three torpedoes , but was supplemented with a deck gun in 1915 . - The boat was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in September 1909 , and served as a training boat — sometimes making as many as ten cruises a month — through the beginning of the First World War in 1914 . At the start of that conflict , she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy U @-@ boat fleet . Over the first year of the war , U @-@ 3 conducted reconnaissance cruises out of Cattaro . On 12 August 1915 , U @-@ 3 was damaged after an unsuccessful torpedo attack on an Italian armed merchant cruiser and , after she surfaced the next day , was sunk by a French destroyer . U @-@ 3 's commanding officer and 6 men died in the attack ; the 14 survivors were captured . - - = = Design and construction = = - - U @-@ 3 was built as part of a plan by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to competitively evaluate foreign submarine designs from Simon Lake , Germaniawerft , and John Philip Holland . The Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy authorized the construction of U @-@ 3 ( and sister ship , U @-@ 4 ) in 1906 by Germaniawerft of Kiel , Germany . U @-@ 3 was laid down on 12 March 1907 and launched on 20 August 1908 . After completion , she was towed via Gibraltar to Pola , where she arrived on 24 January 1909 . - U @-@ 3 's design was an improved version of Germaniawerft 's design for the Imperial German Navy 's first U @-@ boat , U @-@ 1 , and featured a double hull with internal saddle tanks . The Germaniawerft engineers refined the design 's hull shape through extensive model trials . - U @-@ 3 was 138 feet 9 inches ( 42 m ) long by 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) abeam and had a draft of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 81 m ) . She displaced 240 tonnes ( 260 short tons ) surfaced and 300 tonnes ( 330 short tons ) submerged . She was armed with two bow 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , and was designed to carry up to three torpedoes . - - = = Service career = = - - After U @-@ 3 's arrival at Pola in January 1909 , she was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 12 September 1909 as SM U @-@ 3 . During the evaluation of the U @-@ 3 class conducted by the Navy , the class ' poor diving and handling characteristics were noted . To alleviate the diving problems , U @-@ 3 's fins were changed in size and shape several times , and eventually , the front diving planes were removed and a stationary stern flap was affixed to the hull . U @-@ 3 served as a training boat between 1910 and 1914 and made as many as ten cruises per month in that capacity . - At the beginning of World War I , she was one of only four operational submarines in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . On 22 August 1914 , U @-@ 3 began operating reconnaissance cruises out of the naval base at , but moved a month later to Cattaro . In April 1915 , a 3 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) quick firing ( QF ) deck gun was added . - On 10 August , U @-@ 3 departed from Cattaro for what would be her final time for a patrol north of Brindisi . Two days later , while returning to Cattaro from the Straits of Otranto , U @-@ 3 launched a torpedo attack on the Italian armed merchant cruiser di . The torpedoes missed their mark and , in the ensuing action , U @-@ 3 was rammed by di , which destroyed the U @-@ boat 's . When she attempted to surface , she was shelled by the escorting destroyers . She submerged to escape the artillery but was further damaged by a depth charge attack from the French destroyer while resting on the . When U @-@ 3 surfaced the following day , she was shelled and sunk by . Fourteen of her crew were saved and captured , but seven died in the attack , including her commander , Karl . U @-@ 3 had no successes during the war . - - - = The Son Also Draws = - - " The Son Also Draws " is the sixth episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy , originally aired on Fox on May 9 , 1999 . The episode follows Chris as he is ejected from the Youth Scouts , and Peter drives the family to Scout headquarters to get him readmitted . During a rest stop at a Native American casino , Lois away the family car . Peter pretends to be a member of the tribe in an attempt to get it back , and is sent on a vision quest to prove his heritage , giving him and Chris an opportunity to bond . - " The Son Also Draws " was written by Ricky Blitt and directed by Neil Affleck , both working on their first Family Guy episode . The episode guest starred actors Suzie Plakson , Kevin Michael Richardson , Fred Tatasciore and Wally . Recurring guest voice actors included writer and animator Butch Hartman and actor Patrick . Much of the episode 's humor is structured around cutaway sequences that parody popular culture , including references to Speed Racer , Happy Days , Nova , One Day at a Time , and The More You Know . - Critical reception for the episode was mixed ; certain critics believed the episode was not an " instant classic " in contrast to the other episodes of the season but called it " memorable " and " brilliant " nevertheless , while others regarded it as the black sheep of the season . The episode caused controversy in Canada for the episode 's final gag , in which Peter states that " Canada sucks . " - - = = Plot = = - - Chris hates being in the Youth Scouts and wants to quit , but is afraid to tell his father Peter . Chris is finally kicked out when he runs over the troop leader during a Soap Box Derby . Peter insists on driving Chris and the rest of the family ( Peter 's wife Lois , their daughter Meg and their infant Stewie ) to the Youth Scout headquarters , in Manhattan , to get Chris readmitted . While they are gone , their talking dog Brian is watching Nova just as the show is interrupted to show several episodes of the sitcom One Day at a Time . He tries to change the channel , but is unable to do so ( nor he can turn the TV off ) , losing his intelligence shortly after watching a few episodes . - The family stops at a Native American casino as Peter needs to use the bathroom , Lois quickly becomes addicted to gambling and loses the family car . After hearing that Lois has the car away , Peter tries to get it back by claiming to be Native American . The doubtful Indian elders demand that he go on a vision quest to prove his heritage . Chris accompanies Peter into the wilderness , hoping to tell him that he only wants to draw instead of being in the Scouts . from hunger , Peter begins talking to anthropomorphic trees and sees a vision of his spiritual guide , Fonzie . After hearing Fonzie 's advice Peter finally listens to Chris 's complaints and realizes his son is a talented artist . - Peter and Chris return to the casino and reclaim the car . The episode ends with Lois , Stewie , and Meg stereotypes about Native Americans , , and Swedes , respectively , before Peter comments that " Canada sucks . " - - = = Production = = - - " The Son Also Draws " was written by Ricky Blitt , his first episode in the Family Guy series , and directed by former Simpsons director Neil Affleck , also in his first Family Guy episode . Peter Shin and Roy Allen Smith , who have since supervised other episodes of Family Guy , both acted as supervising directors on this episode . Alex , the voice of Lois , helped write this episode , making her the first female member in the Family Guy writing staff ; show creator Seth MacFarlane mentioned that her input on the character of Lois was particularly helpful . Andrew and voice actor Mike Henry acted as staff writers for this episode , while Ricky Blitt , Neil Goldman and Chris Sheridan worked as the story editors . The subplot of " The Son Also Draws " that involved Lois losing the car was based on the 1985 comedy film Lost in America . The part where Peter pretends to be an Indian to get the family car back was inspired by real @-@ life instances of people who were " 1 / 64th " Native American receiving money from wealthy casino tribes . - In addition to the regular cast , " The Son Also Draws " featured the voices of actors Suzie Plakson , Kevin Michael Richardson , Fred Tatasciore and Wally . Recurring guest voice actors included writer and animator Butch Hartman and actor Patrick . - - = = Cultural references = = - - The television show the family is watching near the beginning of the show is an episode from the 1974 ABC sitcom Happy Days . - When the rest of the family is gone on the trip to Manhattan , Brian watches an episode of Nova , which is interrupted by a PBS announcement that they will be showing various episodes of One Day at a Time . - Speed and Pops from Speed Racer make an appearance at the Soap Box Derby starting line and again when the prepare to leave for Manhattan . - When Peter has to search for his spiritual guide , it turns out to be Fonzie from Happy Days . - The end of the episode features a parody of the The More You Know series of public service announcements . - - = = Reception = = - - Reviews for " The Son Also Draws " were mixed to favorable . In his 2008 review , of IGN rated the episode an 8 / 10 , stating that while the episode is not an " instant classic " , it is " still quite strong " and has " more than a few clever moments " . He also notes that the are " kept to a minimum " , and much of the humor comes from the storyline . He commented that the episode did not have as much laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments as other episodes , but stated that it had bolder humor than the show would later be known for . In his review of the first volume DVD collection of Family Guy , Aaron of DVD Talk listed " The Son Also Draws " as one of the series ' " most brilliant moments " , praising the spiritual vision sequence and naming the conversation between Peter and Brian among the best moments of the series , calling the conversation " rolling @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor funny . " - Robin Pierson of The TV Critic , however , was far more hostile towards the episode , giving it the lowest rating of the season , a 44 out of 100 . Pierson believed the episode was " very poor " and called the storyline " lame " and " [ sic ] , " with " a bunch of jokes to match . " The gag at the end of the episode , in which Peter states that " Canada sucks " , inspired anger from Canadian viewers of the show , which led them to send letters to the show 's producers . Ricky Blitt , the writer of the episode and the person responsible for the controversial gag , is Canadian . - - = = Home media = = - - " The Son Also Draws " and the complete first and second seasons of the series were released under the title Family Guy Volume One ; this standard four @-@ disc DVD box set debuted in Region 1 on April 15 , 2003 , three months before the premiere of the third season . by 20th Century Fox Television , it included several DVD extras such as episode commentaries , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage , and online spots . The same episodes , without the special features , were released in Region 2 on November 12 , 2001 and in Region 4 on October 20 , 2003 . - - - = Protomycena = - - Protomycena is an extinct monotypic genus of fungus in the family , of order Agaricales . At present it contains the single species Protomycena electra , known from a single specimen collected in an amber mine in the Septentrional area of the Dominican Republic . The fruit body of the fungus has a convex cap that is 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) in diameter , with distantly spaced gills on the underside . The curved stipe is smooth and cylindrical , measuring 0 @.@ 75 mm ( 0 @.@ 030 in ) thick by 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) long , and lacks a ring . It resembles extant ( currently living ) species of the genus Mycena . Protomycena is one of only five known agaric fungus species known in the fossil record and the second to be described from Dominican amber . - - = = Discovery and classification = = - - The genus is known only from the holotype specimen , a single fruit body ( mushroom ) currently residing in the private collection owned by of Turin , Italy . The specimen was collected in one of the amber mines in the Septentrional area of the island of Hispaniola , in the Dominican Republic . The amber is believed to date from the Miocene stage , about 20 to 16 million years before the present . It was first studied by a group of researchers consisting of David Hibbett and Michael Donoghue from Harvard University , with David of the American Museum of Natural History . Hibbett and colleagues published their 1997 type description in the American Journal of . The generic name Protomycena is derived from a combination of the Latin proto meaning " first " , and " Mycena " , a modern genus that it resembles . The specific epithet electra was coined by the authors from the Latin for " amber " , in reference to the mode of preservation . - When it was reported , Protomycena electra was the third species of fossil agaric fungus to be described . The two species and are also known from the amber mines of the Dominican Republic , while the fourth species is from the older , Cretaceous age New Jersey Amber . With the 2007 publication of a fifth extinct agaric species , , the minimum age for the Agaricales order was pushed back to the ( approximately 100 Ma ) . - - = = Description = = - - The holotype of Protomycena is a single fruit body without any associated structures , preserved in a piece of clear light yellow polished amber approximately 4 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 77 – 0 @.@ 98 in ) wide . The pileus is 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) in diameter and has a convex shape , sporting a raised central region ( an umbo ) . The pale flesh appears yellowish in the amber , and is smooth and glossy , changing to and slightly translucent towards the margin . The pileus margin is and slightly flared . The gills on the underside of the pileus are broadly attached ( ) to the top of the stipe , and distantly spaced — between six and eight gills extend completely from the pileus margin to the stipe . These full @-@ length gills are with ( short gills which do not reach the edge of the stipe from the pileus margin ) of varying lengths . The pileus is centered on the curved stipe , which is smooth and cylindrical , measuring 0 @.@ 75 mm ( 0 @.@ 030 in ) thick by 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) long . The stipe lacks a ring and . The mushroom is preserved with a small liquid and gas @-@ filled bubble , possibly originating from the mushroom itself , which indicates the amber to be very solid and well @-@ sealed . - In Hibbett and colleagues ' 1997 publication , Protomycena was placed in the subfamily , which at the time was considered part of the family ; Mycena is currently classified in the family . The placement was based solely on the visible structures , or of the fruit body . Many of the features which are typically used to classify species into fungal families and subfamilies are based on microscopic features not visible or preserved in the amber specimen . Consequently , the assignment to Mycena is provisional ( the authors also note certain similarities with extant members of ) , and the describing authors leave open the option of treating the genus placement as sedis ( uncertain placement ) within the Agaricales . Protomycena is distinct from other amber @-@ preserved mushroom taxa such as , in the grooved surface of its pileus and its gills . - - - = Art in Medieval Scotland = - - Art in Medieval Scotland includes all forms of artistic production within the modern borders of Scotland , between the fifth century and the adoption of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century . In the early Middle Ages , there were distinct material cultures evident in the different federations and kingdoms within what is now Scotland . Pictish art was the only uniquely Scottish Medieval style ; it can be seen in the extensive survival of carved stones , particularly in the north and east of the country , which hold a variety of recurring images and patterns . It can also be seen in elaborate metal work that largely survives in buried . Irish @-@ Scots art from the kingdom of Dál Riata suggests that it was one of the places , as a crossroads between cultures , where the Insular style developed . - Insular art is the name given to the common style that developed in Britain and Ireland from the eighth century and which became highly influential in continental Europe and contributed to the development of Romanesque and Gothic styles . It can be seen in elaborate jewellery , often making extensive use of semi @-@ precious stones , in the heavily carved high crosses found particularly in the Highlands and Islands , but distributed across the country and particularly in the highly decorated illustrated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells , which may have been begun , or wholly created at the monastic centre of Iona . - Scotland adopted the Romanesque style relatively late and retained and revived elements of its style after the Gothic style had become dominant from the thirteenth century . Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork , and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation . However , examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture , including evidence of elaborate church interiors . From the thirteenth century there are relatively large numbers of monumental effigies . Native craftsmanship can be seen in a variety of items . Visual illustration can be seen in the illumination of charters and occasional survivals of church paintings . Surviving copies of individual portraits are relatively crude , but more impressive are the works or artists commissioned from the continent , particularly the Netherlands . - - = = Early Middle Ages = = - - - = = = Pictish stones = = = - - About 250 Pictish stones survive and have been assigned by scholars to three classes . Class I stones are those thought to date to the period up to the seventh century and are the most numerous group . The stones are largely and include symbols of animals such as fish and the Pictish beast , everyday objects such as mirrors , and tuning forks and abstract symbols defined by names including V @-@ rod , double disc and Z @-@ rod . They are found between from the Firth of Forth to Shetland . The greatest concentrations are in Sutherland , around modern Inverness and Aberdeen . Good examples include the ( Sutherland ) and stones ( Angus ) . - Class II stones are carefully shaped slabs dating after the arrival of Christianity in the eighth and ninth centuries , with a cross on one face and a wide range of symbols on the reverse . In smaller numbers than Class I stones , they predominate in southern , in Perth , Angus and Fife . Good examples include 2 , which contains a finely executed Celtic cross on the main face with two opposing male figures , a , cauldron , deer head and a triple disc symbol and , Angus , which shows a high @-@ Pictish boat with oarsmen and a figure facing forward in the prow . Class III stones are thought to overlap with Class II stones . Most are elaborately shaped and cross @-@ slabs , some with scenes , but lacking Pictish symbols . They are widely distributed but predominate in the southern Pictish areas . - - = = = Pictish metalwork = = = - - of metalwork have been found throughout . The earlier appear to have had a considerable amount of silver available , probably from raiding further south , or the payment of subsidies to keep them from doing so . The very large hoard of late Roman found at Law may have originated in either way . The largest hoard of early Pictish metalwork was found in 1819 at 's Law in Fife , but unfortunately much was dispersed and melted down . Over ten heavy silver chains , some over 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) long , have been found from this period ; the double @-@ linked Chain is one of only two that have a penannular ring , with symbol decoration including enamel , which shows how these were probably used as " " . The St Ninian 's Isle Treasure of 28 silver and silver @-@ gilt objects , contains perhaps the best collection of late Pictish forms , from the Christian period , when Pictish metalwork style , as with stone @-@ carving , gradually merged with Insular , Anglo @-@ Saxon and Viking styles . - - = = = Irish @-@ Scots art = = = - - Thomas Charles @-@ Edwards has suggested that the kingdom of Dál Riata was a cross @-@ roads between the artistic styles of the and those of Ireland , with which the Scots settlers in what is now kept close contacts . This can be seen in representations found in excavations of the fortress of , which combine Pictish and Irish elements . This included extensive evidence for the production of high status jewellery and moulds from the seventh century that indicate the production of pieces similar to the brooch , found in Ayrshire , which may have been made in Dál Riata , but with elements that suggest Irish origins . These and other finds , including a trumpet spiral decorated hanging bowl disc and a stamped animal decoration ( or ) , perhaps from a bucket or drinking horn , indicate the ways in which Dál Riata was one of the locations where the Insular style was developed . In the eighth and ninth centuries the Pictish elite adopted true penannular brooches with lobed terminals from Ireland . Some older Irish pseudo @-@ penannular brooches were adapted to the Pictish style , for example the ( British Museum ) . The eighth century has elements of Pictish and Irish style . - - = = = Early Anglo @-@ Saxon art = = = - - Early examples of Anglo @-@ Saxon art are largely metalwork , particularly bracelets , and jewellery , that has survived in pagan burials and in exceptional items such as the carved whalebone Franks , thought to have been produced in Northumbria in the early eighth century , which combines pagan , classical and Christian motifs . There is only one known pagan burial in Scotland , at Dalmeny Midlothian , which contains a necklace of beads similar to those found in mid @-@ seventh @-@ century southern England . Other isolated finds include a gold object from Dalmeny , shaped like a truncated pyramid , with and , similar to sword mounts found at Sutton . There is also a bun @-@ shaped from , and a ring with an Anglian inscription . From eastern Scotland there is a seventh @-@ century sword from Sands , Moray and the drinking horn mount . After Christianisation in the seventh century artistic styles in Northumbria , which then reached to the Firth of Forth , interacted with those in Ireland and what is now Scotland to become part of the common style historians have identified as Insular or Hiberno @-@ Saxon . - - = = = Insular art = = = - - Insular art , or Hiberno @-@ Saxon art , is the name given to the common style produced in Scotland , Britain and Anglo @-@ Saxon England from the seventh century , with the combining of Celtic and Anglo @-@ Saxon forms . Surviving examples of Insular art are found in metalwork , carving , but mainly in illuminated manuscripts . In manuscripts surfaces are highly decorated with intricate , with no attempt to give an impression of depth , volume or recession . The best examples include the Book of Kells , which may have been wholly or partly created in Iona , and the Book of , which may be from Ireland or Northumbria . pages are a characteristic feature of Insular manuscripts , although initials ( an Insular invention ) , canon tables and miniatures , especially Evangelist portraits , are also common . The finest era of the style was brought to an end by the disruption to monastic centres and aristocratic life of the Viking raids in the late eighth century . - Christianity discouraged the burial of grave goods so the majority of examples of insular metalwork that survive from the Christian period have been found in archaeological contexts that suggest they were rapidly hidden , lost or abandoned . There are a few exceptions , notably portable shrines ( " " ) for books or relics , several of which have been continuously owned , mostly by churches on the Continent — though the has always been in Scotland . The highest quality survivals are either secular jewellery , the largest and most elaborate pieces probably for male , or . The finest church pieces were probably made by secular workshops , often attached to a royal household , though other pieces were made by monastic workshops . There are a number of large brooches , each of their designs is wholly individual in detail , and the workmanship is varied . Many elements of the designs can be directly related to elements used in manuscripts . Surviving stones used in decoration are semi @-@ precious ones , with amber and rock crystal among the , and some . glass , enamel and glass , probably imported , are also used . None of the major insular manuscripts , like the Book of Kells , have preserved their elaborate jewelled metal covers , but documentary evidence indicates that these were as spectacular as the few remaining continental examples . - The most significant survivals in sculpture are in High crosses , large free @-@ standing stone crosses , usually carved in relief with patterns , biblical iconography and occasionally inscriptions . The tradition may have begun in Ireland or Anglo @-@ Saxon England and then spread to Scotland . They are found throughout the British Isles and often feature a stone ring around the intersection , forming a Celtic cross , apparently an innovation of Celtic Christianity , that may have begun at Iona . Distribution in Scotland is heaviest in the Highlands and Islands and they can be dated to the period c . 750 to 1150 . All the surviving crosses are of stone , but there are indications that large numbers of wooden crosses may also have existed . In Scotland biblical iconography is less common than in Ireland , but the subject of King David is relatively frequently depicted . In the east the influence of Pictish sculpture can be seen , in areas of Viking occupation and settlement , crosses for the tenth to the twelfth centuries have distinctive Scandinavian patterns , often mixed with native styles . Important examples dated to the eighth century include St Martin 's Cross on Iona , the Cross from the Hebrides and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Cross . Through the Hiberno @-@ Scottish mission to the continent , insular art was highly influential on subsequent European Medieval art , especially the decorative elements of Romanesque and Gothic styles . - - = = = Viking age art = = = - - Viking art avoided naturalism , favouring stylised animal motifs to create its ornamental patterns . @-@ interlace was important and plant motifs became fashionable in the tenth and eleventh centuries . Most Scottish artefacts come from 130 " pagan " burials in the north and west from the mid @-@ ninth to the mid @-@ tenth centuries . These include jewellery , weapons and occasional elaborate high status items . Amongst the most impressive of these is the Scar boat burial , on Orkney , which contained an elaborate sword , with arrows , a brooch , bone comb , gaming pieces and the Scar Dragon Plaque , made from whalebone , most of which were probably made in Scandinavia . From the west , another boat burial at Bay in revealed a sword , shield , iron cauldron and scales , which may be Celtic in origin . A combination of Viking and Celtic styles can be see in a penannular brooch from in Orkney , which has a Pictish @-@ style looped pin . It is about two inches in diameter , with traces of , and probably housed a piece of amber surrounded by ribbons . After the conversion to Christianity , from the tenth to the twelfth centuries , stone crosses and cross @-@ slabs in Viking occupied areas of the Highlands and Islands were carved with successive styles of Viking ornament . They were frequently mixed with native interlace and animal patterns . Examples include the eleventh @-@ century cross @-@ slab from on the island of Islay , where the plant motifs on either side of the cross @-@ shaft are based upon the style of Viking art . The most famous artistic find from modern Scotland , the Lewis , from Uig , were probably made in Trondheim in Norway , but contain some decoration that may have been influenced by Celtic patterns . - - = = Late Middle Ages = = - - - = = = Architecture and sculpture = = = - - Architectural evidence suggests that , while the Romanesque style peaked in much of Europe in the later eleventh and early twelfth century , it was still reaching Scotland in the second half of the twelfth century and was revived in the late fifteenth century , perhaps as a reaction to the English perpendicular style that had come to dominate . Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation . However , examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture , a small number of significant crafted items have also survived and , for the end of the period , there is evidence of painting , particularly the extensive commissioning of works in the Low Countries and France . - The interiors of churches were often more elaborate before the Reformation , with highly decorated sacrament houses , like the ones surviving at and . The carvings at Chapel , created in the mid @-@ fifteenth century , elaborately depicting the progression of the seven deadly sins , are considered some of the finest in the Gothic style . effigies began to appear in churches from the thirteenth century and they were usually fully coloured and gilded . Many were founders and patrons of churches and chapels , including members of the clergy , knights and often their wives . In contrast to England , where the fashion for stone @-@ carved monuments gave way to brass , they continued to be produced until the end of the Medieval period , with the largest group dating from the fifteenth century , including the very elaborate Douglas tombs in the town of Douglas . Sometimes the best continental artists were employed , as for Robert I 's elaborate tomb in Abbey , which was made in his lifetime by the Parisian sculptor Thomas of , but of which only fragments now survive . The greatest group of surviving sculpture from this period are from the West Highlands , beginning in the fourteenth century on Iona under the patronage of the Lordship of the Isles and continuing until the Reformation . Common motifs were ships , swords , and Romanesque vine leaf tracery with Celtic elements . - - = = = arts = = = - - from late Medieval church fittings and objects in Scotland are exceptionally rare even compared to those from comparable areas like England or Norway , probably because of the of their destruction in the Scottish Reformation . The Scottish elite and church now participated in a culture stretching across Europe , and many objects that do survive are imported , such as . It is often difficult to decide the country of creation of others , as work in international styles was produced in Scotland , along with pieces retaining more distinctive local styles . - Two secular small chests with carved whalebone panels and metal fittings illustrate some aspects of the Scottish arts . The and Fife are very similar and were probably made by the same workshop around 1500 , as boxes for such as jewellery or documents . The overall form of the follows French examples , and the locks and metal bands are decorated in Gothic style with " simple decorations of and egg and dart " while the whalebone panels are carved in relief with a late form of Insular interwoven characteristic of late Medieval West Scotland . - Key examples of native craftsmanship on items include the , the earliest surviving drinking cup of its type , made of maple @-@ wood and with elaborate silver @-@ gilt ornamentation , dated to around . The Horn was probably made for the earl of Moray in the fourteenth century and looted by the English in the mid @-@ sixteenth century . A few significant reliquaries survive from West Scotland , examples of the habit of the Celtic church of treating the possessions rather than the bones of saints as relics . As in Irish examples these were partly reworked and elaborated at intervals over a long period . These are St 's and its " " or reliquary , between them with elements from each century from the eleventh to the fifteenth , the Guthrie Bell Shrine , Iona , twelfth to fifteenth century , and the Bell Shrine , , mid @-@ twelfth century . The Skye Chess piece is a single elaborate piece in carved ivory , with two warriors carrying shields in a framework of vegetation . It is thought to be Scottish , of the mid @-@ thirteenth century , with aspects similar to both English and Norwegian pieces . - One of the largest groups of surviving works of art are the seal matrices that appear to have entered Scottish usage with in the reign of David I , beginning at the royal court and among his Anglo @-@ Norman vassals and then by about 1250 they began to spread to the areas of the country . They would be made compulsory for barons of the king in a statute of and seal matrices show very high standards of skill and . Examples of items that were probably the work of continental artists include the delicate hanging lamp in St. John 's Kirk in Perth , the vestments and in and the Medieval of the Universities of St Andrews and Glasgow . - - = = = and painting = = = - - illumination continued into the late Middle Ages , moving from elaborate to charters , like that confirming the rights of Abbey from . Very little painting from Scottish churches survives . There is only one surviving Doom painting in Scotland , at Guthrie near , which may have been painted by the same artist as the elaborate and other paintings at Easter , eighteen miles away . As in England , the monarchy may have had model portraits of royalty used for copies and reproductions , but the versions of native royal portraits that survive are generally crude by continental standards . Much more impressive are the works or artists imported from the continent , particularly the Netherlands , generally considered the centre of painting in the Northern Renaissance . The products of these connections included a fine portrait of William , Bishop of Aberdeen ( – 1514 ) ; the images of St Catherine and St John brought to ; Hugo van Der Goes 's altarpiece for the Trinity College Church in Edinburgh , commissioned by James III , and the work after which the Flemish Master of James IV of Scotland is named . There are also a relatively large number of elaborate devotional books from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries , usually produced in the Low Countries and France for Scottish patrons , including the prayer book commissioned by Robert , Bishop of Glasgow , between and and the Flemish illustrated book of hours , known as the of James IV of Scotland , given by James IV to Margaret Tudor and described as " perhaps the finest medieval manuscript to have been commissioned for Scottish use " . - - - = Humpty Dumpty = - - Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme , probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English @-@ speaking world . He is typically portrayed as an anthropomorphic egg , though he is not explicitly described so . The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth @-@ century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott 's National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs . Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings . - The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularised in the United States by actor George L. Fox ( 1825 – 77 ) . As a character and literary allusion , he has appeared or been referred to in a large number of works of literature and popular culture , particularly Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking @-@ Glass ( 1872 ) . The rhyme is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No. . - - = = Lyrics and melody = = - - The rhyme is one of the best known and most popular in the English language . The most common modern text is : - It is a single quatrain with external rhymes that follow the pattern of and with a metre , which is common in nursery rhymes . The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( London , 1870 ) . The Roud Folk Song Index catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , and classifies this song as . - - = = Origins = = - - The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold 's Amusements in 1797 with the lyrics : - A manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose 's Melody published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line : " Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again " . It was published in 1810 in a version of 's Garland as : - In 1842 , James Halliwell published a collected version as : - According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term " " referred to a drink of brandy boiled with in the seventeenth century . The riddle probably exploited , for , the fact that " " was also eighteenth @-@ century slang for a short and clumsy person . The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be damaged , whereas an egg would be . The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle , since the answer is now so well known . Similar have been recorded by folklorists in other languages , such as " " in French , " " in Swedish and Norwegian , and " @-@ " or " @-@ " in different parts of Germany — although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English . - - = = Meaning = = - - The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg , possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle . There are also various theories of an original " Humpty Dumpty " . One , advanced by Katherine Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley , posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England , depicted as in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare 's play , and who was defeated , despite his armies , at Bosworth Field in . - Professor David suggested in The Oxford Magazine of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a " tortoise " siege engine , an armoured frame , used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War . This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack , but without evidence that the rhyme was connected . The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia , but it was derided by others as " ingenuity for ingenuity 's sake " and declared to be a spoof . The link was nevertheless popularised by a children 's opera All the King 's Men by Richard Rodney Bennett , first performed in 1969 . - From 1996 , the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary @-@ at @-@ the @-@ Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648 . In 1648 , Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall . The story given was that a large cannon , which the website claimed was colloquially called Humpty Dumpty , was strategically placed on the wall . A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground . The ( or Cavaliers , " all the King 's men " ) attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall , but the cannon was so heavy that " All the King 's horses and all the King 's men couldn 't put Humpty together again " . Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book Pop Goes the : The Secret of Nursery Rhymes that there were two other verses supporting this claim . Elsewhere , he claimed to have found them in an " old dusty library , [ in ] an even older book " , but did not state what the book was or where it was found . It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme , and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme , which do not mention horses and men . - - = = In Through the Looking @-@ Glass = = - - Humpty appears in Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking @-@ Glass ( 1872 ) , where he discusses and with Alice . - " I don 't know what you mean by ' glory , ' " Alice said . - Humpty Dumpty . " Of course you don 't — till I tell you . I meant ' there 's a nice knock @-@ down argument for you ! ' " - " But ' glory ' doesn 't mean ' a nice knock @-@ down argument ' , " Alice objected . - " When I use a word , " Humpty Dumpty said , in rather a tone , " it means just what I choose it to mean — neither more nor less . " - " The question is , " said Alice , " whether you can make words mean so many different things . " - " The question is , " said Humpty Dumpty , " which is to be master — that 's all . " - Alice was too much puzzled to say anything , so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again . " They 've a temper , some of them — particularly , they 're the proudest — adjectives you can do anything with , but not — however , I can manage the whole lot ! ! That 's what I say ! " - This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case v. Anderson ( 1942 ) , where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the majority of the House of Lords . It also became a popular citation in United States legal opinions , appearing in 250 judicial decisions in the database as of 19 April 2008 , including two Supreme Court cases ( v. Hill and v. Miller ) . - It has been suggested by A. J. that Carroll 's Humpty Dumpty had on the basis of his description of his finding faces hard to recognise . - " The face is what one goes by , generally , " Alice remarked in a thoughtful tone . - " That 's just what I complain of , " said Humpty Dumpty . " Your face is the same as everybody has — the two eyes , — " ( marking their places in the air with his thumb ) " nose in the middle , mouth under . It 's always the same . Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose , for instance — or the mouth at the top — that would be some help . " - - = = In popular culture = = - - Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character . American actor George L. Fox ( 1825 – 77 ) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth @-@ century stage productions of versions , music , and rhyme . The character is also a common literary allusion , particularly to refer to a person in an position , something that would be difficult to reconstruct once broken , or a short and fat person . Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in Through the Looking @-@ Glass , including L. Frank Baum 's Mother Goose in ( 1901 ) , where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king , having witnessed Humpty 's " death " and her father 's soldiers ' efforts to save him . In Neil Gaiman 's early short story The Case of the Four and Twenty , the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir @-@ style crime story , involving also Robin , the Queen of Hearts , Little Bo , Old Mother Hubbard , and other characters from popular nursery rhymes . Robert Rankin used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy @-@ tale character murderer in The Hollow of the Apocalypse ( 2002 ) . Jasper included Humpty Dumpty in his novels The Well of Lost ( 2003 ) and The Big Over Easy ( 2005 ) , which use him respectively as a of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder . - The rhyme has also been used as a reference in more serious literary works , including as a recurring motif of the Fall of Man in James Joyce 's 1939 novel Wake . Robert Penn Warren 's 1946 American novel All the King 's Men is the story of populist politician Willie Stark 's rise to the position of governor and eventual fall , based on the career of the corrupt Louisiana Senator Huey Long . It won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize and was twice made into a film All the King 's Men in 1949 and 2006 , the former winning the Academy Award for best motion picture . This was echoed in Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward 's book All the President 's Men , about the Watergate scandal , referring to the failure of the President 's staff to repair the damage once the scandal had leaked out . It was filmed as All the President 's Men in 1976 , starring Robert and Dustin Hoffman . Similarly , Humpty Dumpty is referred to in Paul 's 1985 novel City of Glass , when two characters discuss him as " the embodiment of the human condition " and quote extensively from Through the Looking Glass . - It has also been used as a common motif in popular music , including Hank Thompson 's " Humpty Dumpty Heart " ( 1948 ) , The Monkees ' " All the King 's Horses " ( 1966 ) , Aretha Franklin 's " All the King 's Horses " ( 1972 ) , Amos 's " Humpty Dumpty " ( 1992 ) , and Travis 's " The Humpty Dumpty Love Song " ( 2001 ) . In jazz , Ornette Coleman and Chick wrote different compositions , both titled Humpty Dumpty . ( In 's case , however , it is a part of a concept album inspired by Lewis Carroll called " The Mad " , 1978 ) . - In the song Starting Over Again , it 's all the king 's horses and all the king 's men who can 't put the divorced couple back together again . In an extra verse in one version of 's On and On and On , Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall . - - = = In science = = - - Humpty Dumpty has been used to demonstrate the second law of . The law describes a process known as entropy , a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged , often taken to be a measure of " disorder " . The higher the entropy , the higher the disorder . After his fall and subsequent shattering , the inability to put him together again is representative of this principle , as it would be highly unlikely ( though not impossible ) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy , as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases . - A variation on the poem using near @-@ sounding French nonsense words is often used to illustrate the difficulty of speech recognition in different languages . A common version is as follows : - To a listener expecting a nursery rhyme , it will generally be heard as the English version , while someone expecting French will instead tend to hear nonsense words . - - - = Welsh National Opera = - - Welsh National Opera ( WNO ) ( Welsh : Opera Cymru ) is an opera company based in Cardiff , Wales ; it gave its first performances in 1946 . It began as a mainly amateur body and transformed into an all @-@ professional ensemble by 1973 . In its early days the company gave a single week 's annual season in Cardiff , gradually extending its schedule to become an all @-@ year @-@ round operation , with its own salaried chorus and orchestra . It has been described by The New York Times as " one of the finest operatic ensembles in Europe " . - For most of its existence the company lacked a permanent base in Cardiff , but in 2004 it moved into the new Wales Millennium Centre , Cardiff Bay . The company tours nationally and internationally , giving more than 120 performances annually , with a repertoire of eight operas each year , to a combined audience of more than 150 @,@ 000 people . Its most frequent venues other than Cardiff are in Wales and Bristol , Birmingham , Liverpool , Milton Keynes , Oxford , Plymouth , and Southampton in England . - Singers who have been associated with the company include Geraint Evans , Thomas Allen , Anne Evans , and Terfel . Guest artists from other countries have included Joan Hammond , Tito and Elisabeth . Among the have been Sir Charles Mackerras , Reginald Goodall , James Levine and Pierre Boulez . The company has been led since 2011 by David Pountney as chief executive and artistic director . - - = = Background = = - - Choral singing became increasingly popular in 19th @-@ century Wales , principally owing to the rise of the as a symbol of its culture . The first Welsh National Opera Company was formed in 1890 . A local newspaper commented that it was remarkable that " a race of people to whom vocal music is a ruling passion should not generations ago have established a permanent national opera " . The company gave performances of operas by the Welsh composer Joseph Parry in Cardiff and on tour in Wales . The company , predominantly amateur with some professional guest singers from the London stage , gave numerous performances of Parry 's and , composed in 1878 and 1890 respectively . An American tour was planned , but the company folded , and Parry 's final opera , The Maid of , was given at Cardiff by the Moody @-@ Manners Opera Company in 1902 . - A Cardiff Grand Opera Society ran from 1924 to 1934 . It presented week @-@ long annual seasons of popular operas including Faust , Carmen and Il , and like its predecessor was mainly an amateur body , with professional guest principals . Apart from the productions of these two enterprises , opera in Wales in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was generally presented by visiting companies from England . - In the 1930s Owen , a singing teacher and conductor , ran an amateur choir , the Singers , based in Cardiff . In November 1941 , together with John Morgan – a former Carl Rosa baritone – and Morgan 's fiancée Helena Hughes Brown , Owen agreed to found the Grand Opera Company , with Brown as secretary and Owen as conductor and general manager . They publicised their plan and held a general meeting of potential supporters in December 1943 ; at that meeting the name of the proposed organisation was changed to " Welsh National Opera Company " . By January 1944 plans were far enough advanced for the company 's first rehearsals to be held . Owen recruited a local businessman , W. H. ( Bill ) Smith ( 1894 – 1968 ) , who agreed to serve as business manager . At first doubtful of the company 's prospects , Smith became its dominant influence , leading fund @-@ , and chairman for twenty years from 1948 . - - = = Early years = = - - The new company made its debut at the Prince of Wales Theatre , Cardiff on 15 April 1946 with a double bill of Rusticana and Pagliacci . The orchestra was professional , mostly drawn from members of the BBC Welsh Orchestra ; all the singers were amateurs , except for Tudor Davies , a tenor well known at Covent Garden and 's Wells , who sang in Pagliacci . During the week @-@ long season the new company also staged Faust , with Davies in the title role . Although nearing the end of his career he was a considerable box @-@ office draw , and the company played to full houses . Nevertheless , the expense of a professional orchestra and the hire of costumes and scenery outweighed the box @-@ office receipts , and the season made a small loss . Finance remained a recurring problem over the succeeding decades . - Although Owen was the conductor for the performances of Rusticana , and remained as musical director of the company until 1952 , his health was fragile and he conducted none of the company 's other productions . His colleague , the chorus master , Ivor John , was in charge of the first season 's Pagliacci and Faust . - In 1948 the organisation was registered as a limited company , and the Cardiff season was extended from one week to two . The following year the company gave its first performances in Swansea . The chorus featured 120 performers by this time . - The company 's first few seasons attracted little attention from the British musical establishment , but by the early 1950s London papers began to take notice . Picture Post hailed the WNO 's chorus as the finest in Britain . The Times also praised the chorus : " It has body , , rhythmic precision , and , most welcome of all , and spontaneous freshness . " By this time the company had expanded its repertoire to take in Carmen , La traviata , Madame Butterfly , The Tales of Hoffmann , The Bride and Die . The Times commented that Smith , Owen and their colleagues were " making history for Wales . The of , which had kept this country from an art @-@ form perfectly suited to its national talents and ( for and dressing @-@ up are as natural to the Welsh as singing ) had been broken for ever " . - - = = : 1950s and 60s = = - - In 1952 the company moved its Cardiff venue to the Sophia Gardens Pavilion ( built for the Festival of Britain ) , with the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra as the company 's orchestra , replacing the previous ad hoc ensemble . The Pavilion was mediocre and lacked an orchestra pit ; two years later the company moved again , to the New Theatre where it played Cardiff seasons across the next fifty years . The 1952 season attracted particular interest because it included what was then a rarity : Verdi 's Nabucco . The company built a reputation for staging seldom @-@ seen Verdi works , including The Sicilian staged in the same year , I Lombardi in 1956 , and The Battle of , under the shortened title The Battle , in 1960 . The 1952 Nabucco was the WNO 's first production for which costumes and scenery were specially designed ( by Patrick Robertson ) rather than hired . - In 1953 the company staged its first work by a Welsh composer : by Hughes . The composer conducted , and the leads were sung by two professional guest stars , Richard Lewis and . The same year marked WNO 's first appearances outside Wales , playing a week at Bournemouth in April , and a week at Manchester in October , when The Manchester Guardian found the soloists first @-@ rate but the chorus disappointing , in both Nabucco and Il . A reviewer in The Musical Times commented on potential difficulties in assembling the wholly amateur chorus for performances beyond daily travelling range of their day jobs . By the time of the company 's first London season – a week at 's Wells in 1955 – the chorus was judged to be " lively and exciting " ( The Musical Times ) , " vibrant " and " moving " ( The Times ) and " " ( The Manchester Guardian ) . - By the mid @-@ 1950s professional singers were cast in leading roles in most productions ; they included Walter in and La ( 1955 ) , in ( 1957 ) , Heather Harper in La traviata ( 1957 ) , and Joan Hammond in Madame Butterfly ( 1958 ) . A possibility of strengthening the professional element of the company was in 1958 , when a merger was proposed with the Carl Rosa Company , which was in financial difficulties . The proposal was not followed through and WNO continued independently while the Carl Rosa folded . - During the 1960s the company continued to widen its range . Its first Wagner production , Lohengrin , and its first Mozart , The Marriage of Figaro , were both performed in 1962 , conducted by Charles Groves . Another Welsh opera , Hughes 's Doctor ( " Love , the Doctor " ) was staged in 1960 . The popular Italian repertoire remained the core of the annual seasons , mostly directed by the head of production , John Moody . Leading roles were taken by rising stars such as John Shirley @-@ , Jones , Thomas Allen , and Margaret Price , the last of whom made her operatic debut with the company in 1962 . Established singers with the company included Geraint Evans who played the title role in Don in 1966 , and Ian Wallace in the same part the following year . Evans was also seen as in Don Giovanni in 1966 and as Falstaff in 1969 . - The gradual switch from amateur to professional continued in 1968 , when for the first time the chorus was supplemented by a smaller , professional group of singers ; the mix of amateur and professional continued over the next five years . At the end of the 1960s the main WNO company , now a year @-@ round operation , consisted of 8 salaried principal singers , 57 guest soloists and a chorus of 90 amateurs and 32 professionals . As well as the Bournemouth players , the company engaged the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic , City of Birmingham Symphony and Ulster orchestras for different venues . In the last season of the decade 32 performances were given in Cardiff and 61 elsewhere in the UK . In addition to the main company , WNO maintained two smaller groups : one , with orchestra , toured Welsh towns , the other , consisting of 12 singers with piano , toured 79 , mostly small , towns in Wales and England . WNO instituted its own training scheme for young singers during the decade . - - = = Fully professional : 1970s = = - - In 1970 WNO stopped using the Bournemouth and other orchestras and established its own , known at first as the Welsh . Three years later the last amateur element of the company was removed when the chorus became fully professional . A further broadening of the repertoire took place in the 1970s : in 1971 WNO staged the first performances in Britain of Berg 's Lulu , directed by Michael Geliot , who had succeeded Moody in 1969 . In the view of Malcolm Boyd in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera , Geliot , " unpredictable and often controversial " , largely shaped the company 's style in the 1970s . In collaboration with the company 's musical director James Lockhart , Geliot is credited by The Times with introducing new young singers and " directing a host of groundbreaking productions " before leaving in 1978 . The critic Rodney wrote in 1975 about WNO 's productions : - I have never seen , well , hardly ever , a pretentious , silly or seriously production , and neither have I seen a dull one . … The company 's greatest virtue is that its work is dedicated above all to the service of composers and audiences , and not to some abstract notion of " prestige " nor to the vanity or ambition of individuals , and in this it is almost unique . - In 1973 Geliot 's WNO staging of 's Billy with Allen in the title role was presented on a Swiss tour , and two years later it was given in Barcelona . The company returned to London with its participation in the Festival of Opera at the Dominion Theatre in 1979 , presenting The Makropoulos Case , The Magic , , Madame Butterfly , and Tristan and Isolde to capacity audiences . - The company 's traditional preference for the Italian repertoire was partly during the decade : productions include WNO 's first staging of a Richard opera , , in 1978 . A new Welsh work , Alun 's The Beach of , was presented in 1974 . In 1975 , in co @-@ production with Scottish Opera , WNO began a cycle of operas , directed by David Pountney . Beginning with , the cycle continued with The Makropoulos Case ( 1978 ) , The Little ( 1980 ) , ( 1982 ) and From the House of the Dead ( 1982 ) . - Among the guest artists who appeared with the company in the 1970s were the baritone Tito , as Falstaff ( 1972 ) , the Elisabeth as in The Makropoulos Case ( 1978 ) and Anne Evans as in The Flying Dutchman ( 1972 ) , and the James Levine ( , 1970 ) and Reginald Goodall ( Tristan and Isolde , 1979 ) . - In the late 1970s WNO combined with the Cardiff @-@ based Welsh Drama Company , becoming the Welsh National Opera and Drama Company . The work of the drama company came under continued criticism , the Welsh Arts Council cut its grant , and the partnership ended in 1979 with the formal closure of the Welsh Drama Company . - - = = 1980s = = - - During the 1980s WNO continued to expand in scope . Handel ( , 1981 ) and ( The Greek Passion , 1981 ) were added to the company 's repertoire , and in 1983 Das was staged in the WNO 's first Ring cycle , followed by the other three operas of the cycle over the next two years . Das , Siegfried and were conducted by the company 's musical director , Richard Armstrong ; Die ( 1984 ) was conducted by Goodall ; it was seen as a coup for the company to secure his services – he was described by The Guardian as the greatest living conductor – but the casting of the whole cycle was criticised for some serious weaknesses among the principal singers , and reviewers were generally unimpressed by 's production . - The chief executive , Brian McMaster , did not appoint a replacement to Geliot as principal director during the 1980s , preferring to engage guest producers . Boyd mentions 's Eugene ( 1980 ) among the successes and 's Carmen ( 1983 ) and Ruth 's Don Giovanni ( 1984 ) as productions that received more mixed responses . Sir Charles Mackerras , the conductor for Don Giovanni , was open in his contempt for 's production . Harry 's ( 1981 ) was condemned by The Daily Telegraph as " a piece of Marxist " making " political sport " of Beethoven 's work . McMaster was thought by some too inclined to favour radical eastern European directors : Jonathan Miller , a leading English director , commented that he did not intend to take Bulgarian nationality , although it was " a must before Brian pays any attention " . - Armstrong stepped down in 1986 after thirteen years as musical director ; he was succeeded by Mackerras , whose association with the company dated back more than thirty years . Among the features of his six @-@ year tenure was an increasing use of for performances not given in English . In the company 's early days , all operas had been sung in English , but as more international stars began to appear as guest principals the language policy had to be : few of the leading names in world opera were interested in their roles in English . WNO steered a middle course between the practices of the two main London companies ; after the 1960s The Royal Opera had generally given operas in the original language , and English National Opera was committed to opera in English . WNO 's practice varied , after its early years . Examples from the 1980s include Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde sung in German , and the Ring in English ; and Verdi 's The Force of Destiny given in English and in Italian . Mackerras was a strong advocate of performance in the original language , with : " I can 't imagine a greater advance for opera . … What a gift ! It 's like Siegfried understanding the . " - - = = 1990s = = - - McMaster resigned in 1991 , having led the company to international status , with performances at La , Milan ; the Metropolitan Opera , New York ; and in Tokyo . One of the last legacies of his tenure was the 1992 production of Debussy 's et , directed by Peter Stein and conducted by Pierre Boulez . The New York Times called WNO " one of the finest operatic ensembles in Europe " and noted that the first night of the Debussy work , in Cardiff , " attracted 80 critics from all over the United Kingdom and the Continent ... the most prestigious , intensely awaited event of the British operatic season . " The production was given at the du , Paris , a few weeks afterwards . - McMaster was followed as chief executive by Matthew Epstein , whose three years in charge ( 1991 – 94 ) were described in a 2006 study by Paul Atkinson as " a less happy and less successful period " . Epstein was replaced by Anthony Freud , under whom , according to Atkinson , productions became " consistently strong , musically well prepared , staged and well cast . " Mackerras was succeeded in 1992 by Carlo Rizzi , who was music director at the time of WNO 's golden jubilee in 1996 . When the occasion was marked with a new production of the " and " double bill that had launched the company in 1946 , the BBC commented that WNO was " one of the most respected opera companies in the world " . In The Observer , Michael called the company " the most popular , populist and consistently successful arts organisation ever to come out of Wales ... with the loyalty and affection of audiences in Cardiff and across England … ' The people 's opera ' is not a myth . It happened here . " The jubilee celebrations were overshadowed by the collapse of a plan for a purpose @-@ built home for the company , the Cardiff Bay Opera House . - During the 1990s WNO made its debut , with a complete performance of Mozart 's , conducted by Mackerras in 1991 . The company played three short seasons at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden in the mid @-@ 1990s , featuring Tristan und Isolde and La in 1993 , The of the Guard in 1995 , and The 's Progress and the jubilee double bill of Rusticana and Pagliacci in 1996 . - - = = 21st century = = - - The company entered the new millennium in a state of some turmoil . A financial crisis had led to in the orchestra and the of the touring schedule ; the conservative works chosen for 2001 – 02 were condemned by the press as " the programme in recent memory " ; and Rizzi was about to be replaced by a young and successor , . Rizzi had gained great respect and affection during his nine @-@ year term as musical director ; his successor 's reign was brief and unhappy . Having taken up post in 2003 , resigned the following year . Rizzi agreed to his schedule , and , to public and critical acclaim , returned to the musical directorship in time to prepare the company for its long @-@ awaited move into a permanent base in Cardiff . - After the collapse of the Cardiff Bay Opera House scheme , a new project , the Wales Millennium Centre , met with more success . The necessary and funding were obtained , and work began in 2002 on a new multipurpose arts centre on the Cardiff Bay site . The centre included a 1 @,@ 900 @-@ seat theatre , which , among other uses , became WNO 's home base from 2004 , with its own rehearsal space and offices in the complex . - In the first decade of the 21st century WNO gave more than 120 performances a year , with a repertoire , generally , of eight full @-@ scale operas . Its regular audience figures totalled over 150 @,@ 000 annually , in ten principal venues , three of them in Wales and seven in England . During this period the company was criticised for being Welsh . A local politician , Adam Price , said that WNO ought to have a Welsh musical director ; Alun said in 2004 , " WNO has put on perhaps four or five Welsh operas over 20 years . ... They just seem to have an anti @-@ Welsh music bias . I am sad that they do not do something for Welsh composers , especially young ones . " A more positive view of WNO came from Scotland , where the two main newspapers , The Scotsman and The Herald , greeted a visit from the company in 2005 with enthusiastic praise , contrasting the flourishing of opera in Wales with its neglect by politicians in Scotland and the consequent decline of Scottish Opera . In 2010 WNO commissioned ( " Word on " ) , by ap and , with words in Welsh , described as " a contemporary story about Wales today ... inspired by the translation of the Bible " . - From 2006 to 2011 the chief executive ( titled " artistic director " ) was John Fisher . His term overlapped with that of who was musical director from 2009 to 2016 . A highlight of this period was the 2010 production of Die , produced by Richard Jones , starring Terfel as Hans Sachs . The production won from reviewers . - In 2011 David Pountney was appointed to succeed Fisher as chief executive . He had worked with the company since the 1970s , most recently on a 2006 The Flying Dutchman with Terfel which was set in space . In 2013 he programmed a trilogy of operas set in Tudor England : 's Anna , Maria and Roberto , with another trilogy the following year , on the theme of fallen women – 's , 's Boulevard Solitude and Verdi 's La traviata . For 2016 Pountney scheduled another trilogy , this time on the theme of Figaro , consisting of Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro and Rossini 's The of Seville and a new work , Figaro a Divorce with music by Langer and libretto by Pountney . - In September 2015 WNO announced the appointment of Tomáš as its next music director , taking office for the 2016 – 17 season . At the same time Carlo Rizzi was named the company 's conductor laureate , with immediate effect . - - = = Recordings = = - - Although the chorus and orchestra of Welsh National Opera have appeared on many commercial recordings , often featuring regular WNO soloists , there have been few sets , either audio or video , of the company 's own productions . Among those are Tristan und Isolde conducted by Goodall ( 1981 ) , et conducted by Boulez ( 1992 ) , The of the Guard , conducted by Mackerras ( 1995 ) , The Doctor of conducted by Armstrong ( 1998 ) , and conducted by Ivor Bolton , directed by David Alden ( 1999 ) . The BBC made a studio video recording of a WNO cast in , conducted by Armstrong in 1982 . - The WNO chorus and orchestra have been engaged for studio opera recordings unconnected with the company 's productions , including Hamlet ( 1983 ) , ( 1984 ) , Anna ( 1987 ) , ( 1987 ) and ( 1988 ) conducted by Richard , Faust ( 1993 ) and ( 1994 ) conducted by Rizzi ; and ( 1993 ) , Eugene ( 1994 ) and ( 2004 ) conducted by Mackerras . For the WNO jubilee in 1996 , drew on some of its studio recordings for a celebratory CD set with contributions from many soloists who had appeared onstage with the company and some who had not , the latter including Joan Sutherland , Luciano Pavarotti , Montserrat and Thomas Hampson . The orchestra of WNO has made studio recordings of non @-@ operatic music by , , Coleridge @-@ Taylor and George Lloyd , and several sets of traditional Welsh songs and crossover music . - - = = Music directors = = - - - - = England national rugby union team = - - The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union . They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France , Ireland , Scotland , Italy , and Wales . They have won this championship on a total of 27 occasions , 13 times winning the Grand Slam , making them the most successful team in the tournament 's history . They are ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 20 June 2016 . England are the first , and to date the only , team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup , when they won the tournament back in 2003 . They were also runners @-@ up in 1991 and 2007 . - The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match , losing to Scotland by one goal . England dominated the early Home Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) which started in 1883 . Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 , England did not win the Championship again until 1910 . England first played against New Zealand in 1905 , South Africa in 1906 , and Australia in 1909 . England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991 , losing 12 – 6 to Australia . Following their 2003 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam , they went on to win it again in 2016 . England also won the World Cup – beating Australia 20 – 17 in extra time . They also contested the final in 2007 , losing 15 – 6 to South Africa . - England players traditionally wear a white shirt with a Rose embroidered on the chest , white shorts , and navy blue socks with a white trim . - Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910 . The team is administered by the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame ; one of these is also a member of the IRB Hall of Fame . Seven other former players are members of the IRB Hall — four solely for their accomplishments as players , two solely for their achievements in other roles in the sport , and one for achievements both as a player and administrator . - - = = History = = - - The expansion of rugby in the first half of the 19th century was driven by ex @-@ pupils from many of England 's Public Schools , especially Rugby , who , upon finishing school , took the game with them to universities , to London , and to the counties . England 's first international match was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871 . Not only was this match England 's first , but it also proved to be the first ever rugby union international . Scotland won the match by a goal and a try to a try , in front of a crowd of 4 @,@ 000 people at Raeburn Place , Edinburgh . A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872 which saw England defeat Scotland by a goal , a drop goal and two tries to one drop goal . In those early days there was no points system , it was only after 1890 that a format allowing the introduction of a points system was provided . Up until 1875 international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored ( and dropped goals ) , but from 1876 the number of tries scored could be used to decide a match if teams were level on goals . - In 1875 , England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval , winning by one goal , one drop goal and one try to nil ; the match was Ireland 's first ever Test . England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup . Their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardson 's Field in . England recorded their largest victory , defeating the Welsh by seven goals , six tries , and one drop goal to nil and scoring 13 tries in the process . The subsequent meeting the following year at St Helens in Swansea was a closer contest ; with England winning by two goals and four tries to nil Two years later , the first Home Nations championship was held and England emerged as the inaugural winners . In 1889 , England played their first match against a non @-@ home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand by one goal and four tries to nil at Field in . In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland . - England first played New Zealand ( the All Blacks ) in 1905 . The All Blacks scored five tries , worth three points at this time , to win 15 – 0 . The following year , they played France for the first time , and later that year they first faced South Africa ( known as the Springboks ) ; James Peters was withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player . The match was drawn 3 – 3 . England first played France in 1905 , and Australia ( known as the Wallabies ) in 1909 when they were defeated 9 – 3 . - The year 1909 saw the opening of Twickenham as the RFU 's new home , which heralded a golden era for English rugby union . England 's first international at Twickenham brought them victory over Wales , and England went on to win the International Championship ( then known as the Five Nations ) for the first time since the great schism of 1895 . Although England did not retain the title in 1911 , they did share it in 1912 . A Five Nations Grand Slam was then achieved in 1913 and 1914 as well as in 1921 following the First World War . England subsequently won the Grand Slam in 1924 and as well as in 1925 . This was despite having started 1925 with a loss to the All Black in front of 60 @,@ 000 fans at Twickenham . - After winning another Grand Slam in 1928 , England played the Springboks in front of 70 @,@ 000 spectators at Twickenham in 1931 . Following the of France due to professionalism in 1930 , which thus reverted The Five Nations back to the Home Nations tournament , England went on to win the 1934 and 1937 Home Nations with a Triple Crown , and in 1935 achieved their first victory over the All Blacks . - When the Five Nations resumed with the re @-@ admission of France in 1947 after the Second World War , England shared the championship with Wales . The early Five Nations competitions of the 1950s were unsuccessful for England , winning one match in the 1950 and 1951 championships . England won the 1953 Five Nations , and followed this up with a Grand Slam in 1957 , and win in 1958 . England broke France 's four @-@ championship streak by winning the 1963 Championship . After this victory , England played three Tests in the Southern Hemisphere and lost all three : 21 – 11 and 9 – 6 against the All Blacks , and 18 – 9 against Australia . England did not win a single match in 1966 , and managed only a draw with Ireland . They did not win another Championship that decade ; a fact that prompted amateur historian F. W. P. to declare this period ' the in English Rugby Union History ' . - Don White was appointed as England 's first @-@ ever coach in 1969 . According to former Northampton player Bob Taylor , " Don was chosen because he was the most forward @-@ thinking coach in England " . His first match in charge was an 11 – 8 victory over South Africa at Twickenham in 1969 . Of the eleven games England played with White in charge they won three , and drew one and lost seven . He resigned as England coach in 1971 . - England had wins against Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1970s ; with victories over South Africa in 1972 , New Zealand in 1973 and Australia in 1973 and 1976 . The 1972 Five Nations Championship was not completed due to the Troubles in Northern Ireland when Scotland and Wales refused to play their Five Nations away fixtures in Ireland . England played in Dublin in 1973 and were given a standing ovation lasting five minutes . After losing 18 – 9 at Lansdowne Road , the England captain , John famously stated , " We might not be very good but at least we turned up . " - England started the following decade with a Grand Slam victory in the 1980 Five Nations – their first for 23 years . However in the 1983 Five Nations Championship , England failed to win a game and picked up the wooden spoon . In the first Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia , England were grouped in pool A alongside Australia , Japan and the United States . England lost their first game 19 – 6 against Australia . They went on to defeat Japan and the United States , and met Wales in their quarter @-@ final , losing the match 16 – 3 . - In 1989 , England won matches against Romania and Fiji , followed by victories in their first three Five Nations games of 1990 . They lost to Scotland in their last game however , giving Scotland a Grand Slam . England recovered in the following year by winning their first Grand Slam since 1980 . England hosted the 1991 World Cup and were in pool A , along with the All Blacks , Italy and the United States . Although they lost to the All Blacks in pool play , they qualified for a quarter @-@ final going on to defeat France 19 – 10 . England then defeated Scotland 9 – 6 to secure a place in the final against Australia which they lost 12 – 6 . - The next year , England completed another Grand Slam and did not lose that year , including a victory over the Springboks . In the lead up to the 1995 World Cup in South Africa , England completed another Grand Slam – their third in five years . In the World Cup , England defeated Argentina , Italy and Samoa in pool play and then defeated Australia 25 – 22 in their quarter @-@ final . England 's semi @-@ final was dominated by the All Blacks and featured four tries , now worth five points each , by ; England lost 45 – 29 . They then lost the third / fourth place play @-@ off match against France . - In 1997 , Clive Woodward became England 's coach . That year , England drew with New Zealand at Twickenham after being heavily defeated in Manchester the week before . England toured Australia , New Zealand and South Africa in 1998 . Many of the England team made themselves unavailable for the tour nicknamed the " tour from hell " where England were beaten 76 – 0 by the Wallabies . In 1999 during the last ever Five Nations match , Scott Gibbs sliced through six English tackles to score in the last minute , and the last ever Five Nations title went to Scotland . - England commenced the new decade by winning the inaugural Six Nations title . In 2001 , Ireland defeated England 20 – 14 in a postponed match at Lansdowne Road to deny them a Grand Slam . Although the 2002 Six Nations Championship title was won by France , England had the of winning the Triple Crown . In 2002 , England defeated Argentina in Buenos Aires , and then a second string All Blacks , Australia , and South Africa at Twickenham . In 2003 , England won the Grand Slam for the first time since 1995 , followed by wins over Australia and the All Blacks on their Summer tour in June . - Going into the 2003 World Cup , England were one of the tournament favourites . They reached the final on 22 November 2003 against host Australia and became world champions after a match @-@ winning drop goal by star Jonny Wilkinson deep into extra time that made the final score 20 – 17 . Not only was it their first Rugby World Cup victory , but it was the country 's first World Cup since winning the 1966 FIFA ( football ) World Cup as hosts . On 8 December , the English team greeted 750 @,@ 000 supporters on their victory parade through London before meeting Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace . - In the 2004 Six Nations Championship , England lost to both France and Ireland and finished third . Sir Clive Woodward resigned on 2 September and Andy Robinson was appointed England head coach . Robinson 's first Six Nations campaign in 2005 resulted in fourth place for England , and although they then defeated Australia 26 – 16 , the year was completed with a 23 – 19 loss to the All Blacks . - Following their loss to South Africa in the 2006 end of year Tests , England had lost eight of their last nine Tests – their worst ever losing streak . Coach Andy Robinson resigned after this run , and attack coach Brian Ashton was appointed head coach in December 2006 . England started the 2007 Six Nations Championship with a Calcutta Cup victory over Scotland . The championship also included a historic match at Park against Ireland which England lost 43 – 13 , their heaviest ever defeat to Ireland . - In the 2007 World Cup England played in Pool A with Samoa , Tonga , South Africa and the United States . They qualified for the quarter finals after losing to South Africa 36 – 0 where they defeated Australia 12 – 10 , and then faced hosts France in their semi final . England won 14 – 9 to qualify for the final against South Africa , which they lost 15 – 6 . England followed up the World Cup with two consecutive 2nd place finishes in the Six Nations , behind Wales and Ireland respectively . The 2009 Six Nations also saw former England Captain Martin Johnson take up the job of head coach . However , Johnson could not replicate his on @-@ field success to management , and resigned in November 2011 following a 2011 Rugby World Cup which ended in quarter @-@ final defeat by France and featured a series of on and off @-@ field controversies . - On 29 March 2012 , Stuart Lancaster , the former Rugby Director at Leeds Carnegie was appointed England head coach by the Rugby Football Union . Previously Lancaster was appointed as the head coach on a short term basis assisted by existing forwards coach Graham and Andy Farrell . - Lancaster was considered a success in his first campaign as England coach - during the 2012 Six Nations Championship , defending Champions England finished in second place after losing 19 – 12 to Wales at Twickenham Stadium , but successfully defended the Calcutta Cup beating Scotland 13 – 6 at . England finished the year on a high , after World Cup holders New Zealand in November , in which England dominated to win 38 – 21 . The All Blacks had been unbeaten in 20 matches but were completely by England . - During the 2013 Six Nations Championship again England finished in second place behind Wales after losing the opportunity of being Grand Slam winners for the first time since 2003 , by losing to Wales in Cardiff 30 – 3 . It was also the first time every team managed to win at least 3 competition points ( the equivalent of a win and a draw or three draws ) since 1974 . However , England did again defeat Scotland for the Calcutta Cup 38 – 18 at Twickenham . - During the 2013 summer tour to South America in which Lancaster took an experimental side , England beat a South American select XV before a 2 – 0 series victory over Argentina , a first away series win against The for 32 years . England hosted the 2015 Rugby World Cup but were eliminated in the Pool stage , earning the unenviable reputation of being the first side in Rugby World Cup history to have hosted the tournament and yet to have failed to qualify for the knockout stages . - - = = Twickenham = = - - Up until 1910 , the English rugby team used various stadia in a number of venues around England before settling at Twickenham Stadium . It is the largest rugby @-@ dedicated stadium in the world . After sell @-@ out matches at Crystal Palace in 1905 and 1906 against New Zealand and South Africa respectively , the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) decided to invest in their own ground . In 1906 , the RFU arranged for William Williams to find a home ground for English Rugby . The land for the ground was purchased the following year for £ 5 @,@ and , and construction began the following year . - The first England match was held on 9 October 1910 between England and Wales . England ran out winners , 11 – 6 , beating Wales for the first time since 1898 . The stadium was expanded in 1927 and again in 1932 . Further upgrades did not happen until the 1990s when new North , East and West stands were built . A new South stand was built in 2005 and 2006 to make the stadium into a complete bowl . The first match to be played at the redeveloped Twickenham was on Sunday 5 November 2006 against the All Blacks . England lost the match 41 @-@ 20 in front of a record crowd of 82 @,@ . - Although England have played home matches almost exclusively at Twickenham since 1910 , they have played at Huddersfield 's Stadium twice in 1998 , at Old Trafford against New Zealand in 1997 and at Wembley Stadium against Canada in 1992 . They also played the first of a two @-@ test series against Argentina at Old Trafford in June 2009 , a match originally scheduled to be held in Argentina but moved by the country 's national federation for financial reasons . - The pitch at Twickenham was replaced by a hybrid ' ' type , in June 2012 , which uses artificial fibres with real grass . This makes it a lot harder wearing in wet conditions . - - = = = Swing Low , Sweet Chariot = = = - - " Swing Low , Sweet Chariot " is very commonly sung at England fixtures – especially at Twickenham . The song arrived in the rugby canon through the Welsh male voice choirs who sang many spirituals . It was a popular rugby song at clubs during the 1950s and 1960s and was sung every year at Twickenham during the end @-@ of @-@ season all @-@ day Middlesex tournament accompanied by hand gestures that played on the double of some of the words . During the 1970s the Twickenham crowd also sang it during England matches then coming into the last match of the 1988 season , against the Irish , England had lost 15 of their previous 23 matches in the Five Nations Championship . The Twickenham crowd had only seen one solitary England try in the previous two years and at half time against Ireland they were 3 – 0 down . During the second half a remarkable transformation took place and England started playing an expansive game many had doubted they were capable of producing . A 3 – 0 deficit was turned into a 35 – 3 win , with England scoring six tries . - In the 35 – 3 win , three of England 's tries were scored by Chris , a player who had made a reputation for himself that season as a on the left wing . A group of boys from the Benedictine school following a tradition at their school games sang the song on his final try , and other spectators around the ground joined in . Since then " Swing Low , Sweet Chariot " became a song to sing at England home games , in the same way that " The Fields of " is sung in Dublin and " " is sung at Cardiff . It has since become the anthem of the team as in 1991 the result of a plan of the then RFU marketing director Mike for the team to launch a song leading up to that year 's Rugby World Cup . He had wanted to use Jerusalem but it was used in the Rugby League cup final that year so the song was changed at short notice to " Swing Low " . There were a number of versions recorded including a ' rap ' version with Jerry doing a solo . to say that was never released but the version released did reach the top 40 in the UK singles chart during the competition and was then adopted as the England rugby song . - - = = Strip = = - - England have typically worn all @-@ white shirts , white shorts with navy and white socks . The emblem on the shirts is a red rose , rather than the Plantagenet Three Lions displayed on the shirts of the England football and cricket teams . The strip is manufactured by Canterbury and O2 is the shirt sponsor . Red was the change strip , although prior to the introduction of the red strip , navy blue was used . Purple was used as the change strip as of the 2009 autumn internationals , reflecting the traditional colour of the original England track @-@ suits from the 1960s , 70s and 80s . For the 2011 Rugby World Cup the change kit was black . - The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) had created the national side 's emblem prior to an English team being sent to Edinburgh to play a Scottish side . A red rose was chosen to be the side 's emblem . The white kit worn by the national team was taken from the kit used at Rugby School . Alfred Wright , an employee of the Rugby Football Union , is credited with the and new design of the rose , which up until 1920 had undergone many variations in its depiction . The Wright design is thought to have been used without minor alteration until the late 1990s . It was not until 1997 that the rose was modernised when Nike became the official strip supplier . - In 2003 England first used a skin @-@ tight strip . This was intended to make it more difficult for the opposition to grasp the shirt when tackling . The home and away strips for 2007 were unveiled on 15 May that year . The materials used are superior , offering improved performance to the 2003 kit . However , a sweeping red mark on the base @-@ white front which forms St George 's Cross on the top left , and a changed away @-@ strip ( dark blue to red ) , have received criticism because it is felt that emphasis has been placed on St George 's Cross at the expense of the traditional red rose . The new strip was introduced in England 's home game against Wales on 4 August , while the alternative strip was first used against France on 18 August . - The former England home strip was white with a strip of red around the neck , and the away strip was black ( causing much controversy due to the famous All @-@ Black kit of New Zealand ) , both kits had a ground breaking new technology in the form of a print . A special strip was worn during the match versus Wales in the 2010 Six Nations Championship which replicated that worn in 1910 to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Twickenham . The current , 2013 @-@ 14 , England strip is made by Canterbury . It features plain white shorts and a plain white shirt , but with an added black stripe on each sleeve . The current away kit has a red and white striped shirt , with blue shorts . In 2014 / 15 , the home shirt was white , with a " V @-@ Neck " around the collar . The kit also had little St George 's crosses on the main chest . It also had the O2 sponsorship marking on the chest . The shorts were plain white with the sponsorship marking on them . The socks were dark blue and had a white stripe at the top . The alternate shirt was exactly the same but was red instead of white . The shorts were navy blue and the socks were red with a white stripe on top . The 2015 / 16 strip was similar but didn 't have the small crosses on the shirt . The Canterbury logo was straight and not diagonal it had white lines going horizontally across the chest . For the 2015 Rugby World Cup , the kit remained the same just with the Rugby World Cup logo on the right and no O2 logo in the centre . For the home strip , the shorts and socks remained the same . The away 2015 / 16 strip and World Cup strip was red , with dark red and maroon sleeves . The shorts were maroon and the socks were red with a maroon stripe on top . - - = = Record = = - - - = = = Six Nations = = = - - England competes annually in the Six Nations Championship , which is played against five other European nations : France , Ireland , Italy , Scotland , and Wales . The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883 which England won with a Triple Crown . England have won the title outright 27 times ( a record for the tournament ) and shared victory ten times . Their longest wait between championships was 18 years ( 1892 – 1910 ) . During the Six Nations , England also contests the Calcutta Cup with Scotland ( which England first won in 1880 ) and the Millennium Trophy with Ireland ( which England first won in 1988 ) . The matches between England and France are traditionally known as " Le Crunch " . - - = = = World Cup = = = - - England have contested every Rugby World Cup since it began in 1987 , reaching the final three times and winning in 2003 . - In the inaugural tournament they finished second in their pool before losing to Wales in the quarter @-@ finals . They again finished pool runners @-@ up in 1991 but recovered to beat France in their quarter @-@ final , and then Scotland in their semi @-@ final , en route to a 12 – 6 final defeat to Australia . - In 1995 , England topped their pool and defeated Australia 25 – 22 at the quarter @-@ final stage before being beaten by the All Blacks in the semi @-@ final . Their third @-@ fourth place play @-@ off match against France was lost 19 – 9 . - The 1999 competition saw England again finish second in the pool stage . Though they proceeded to win a play @-@ off game against Fiji , they went out of the tournament in the quarter @-@ finals , losing 44 – 21 to South Africa . - In the 2003 tournament , England came top of their pool . They progressed to the final beating Wales and France in the quarter and semi finals . England won the final with a drop goal in the last minute of extra time . - The 2007 defence of the cup in France got off to a very poor start , with a below par victory over the United States and a heavy 36 – 0 defeat to South Africa leaving the holders on the brink of elimination at the group stage . performances against Samoa and Tonga saw England again reach the knockout stages as pool runners @-@ up , before a surprise 12 – 10 defeat of Australia in Marseille and a narrow 14 – 9 victory over the host nation France carried England to a second successive final appearance . The final was played in Paris on 20 October against South Africa , who won by 15 points to 6 . - In 2011 , England reached the quarter final stage , losing 19 @-@ 12 to France . - In 2015 , England became the first sole host nation to fail to qualify for the knockout stage , exiting the pool stage after losses to Wales and Australia . - England 's Jonny Wilkinson is the highest points scorer in the rugby world cup , having scored 277 points between 1999 and 2011 . England have the fourth most points and fourth most tries scored in the World Cup . - - = = = Overall = = = - - When the World Rankings were introduced in October 2003 , England was ranked 1st . They briefly fell to 2nd in September that year before regaining 1st place . They fell to 2nd , and then to 3rd in June 2004 . After the 2005 Six Nations they fell to 6th where they remained until they moved into 5th in December that year . In 2006 , their ranking again fell and they finished the year ranked 7th . 2007 saw them bounce back to 3rd after their good run in that year 's World Cup , where they finished Runners Up . In 2008 , their rankings slipped so that during the 2009 Six Nations Championship they dropped to their lowest ranking of 8th . They again were 8th during the autumn internationals of the same year . After a resurgence which saw them rise to a ranking of 4th in the world , the team again slipped , following a poor showing at the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and was ranked 6th in February 2012 . England entered the 2015 Rugby World Cup ranked 4th . However , after failing to exit the pool stage , England were ranked 8th in the world as of 1 November 2015 . - England has won 381 of their 701 Test matches , a winning record of 54 @.@ 35 % . Below is a summary table of capped England matches up until 25 June 2016 . Only fixtures recognised as test matches by the RFU are included . - - = = Players = = - - - = = = Current squad = = = - - On 22 May , head coach Eddie Jones named a 32 @-@ man squad for England 's tour of Australia . An additional 5 players ( denoted through * ) were also named ahead of the test match against Wales on 29 May , with the Premiership final taking place in the 28 May between Saracens and Exeter Chiefs . Ben Te has been named in the squad by virtue of his English mother . Despite playing for Irish province Leinster , Te will moving to Worcester Warriors in the 2016 / 17 season making him eligible for selection . - On 30 May , Luther Burrell replaced in the touring squad , after withdrew from the squad due to injury . - Note : The number of caps was updated 25 June 2016 . - - = = = Notable players = = = - - Four former England representatives have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame : Bill Beaumont , Martin Johnson , Jason Leonard and Wavell Wakefield . - Seven former England internationals are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame . Four of them — Johnson , Alan Rotherham , Harry and Robert Seddon — were inducted for their accomplishments as players . Two other former England players , John Kendall @-@ Carpenter and Clive Woodward , were inducted into the IRB Hall for non @-@ playing accomplishments in the sport . Another former England player , Alfred St. George Hamersley , was inducted for achievements as both a player and a rugby administrator . - Wavell Wakefield represented England in 31 Tests between 1920 and 1927 , including 13 Tests as captain . He was involved in three Five Nations Grand Slams in 1921 , 1923 and 1924 . Playing as , Wakefield introduced new elements to back row tactics which beforehand concentrated on the set piece . He became a Member of Parliament in 1935 , and was knighted in 1944 . He became the RFU President in 1950 and following his retirement from politics was awarded the title the first Baron Wakefield of . - Between 1975 and 1982 , Bill Beaumont represented England in 34 Tests . Playing at lock , he was captain between 1978 and 1982 in 21 Tests including the 1980 Grand Slam – England 's first since 1957 . Later that year , he captained the British Lions to South Africa – the first time an had captained the Lions since 1930 . Furthermore , Beaumont represented the FC on fifteen occasions . - The youngest ever England captain at 22 , Will represented England in 72 Tests , and as captain 59 times between 1988 and 1996 . He was best known as a leader , motivating England to a remarkable three Grand Slams in five years , including back to back in 1991 and 1992 . He also led England to the final of the 1991 World Cup , and captained the FC . His playing talents were not as flamboyant as some of his colleagues , but his effectiveness cemented him as a first choice at centre . It is possible he would already be in the Hall of Fame were it not for outspoken tendencies with respect to the English RFU committee ( " Old " ) , who may as a result be reluctant to acknowledge his achievements . He was made an OBE in 1991 . - Described as arguably " the greatest forward " to play for England , Martin Johnson played 84 Tests for England , and 8 Tests for the British and Irish Lions . He first represented England in 1993 , and later that year the Lions . He captained the Lions to South Africa in 1997 , and in 1999 was appointed captain of England . He became England 's most successful ever captain . He became the first player to captain two Lions tours when he captained them in Australia in 2001 . He retired from Test rugby after he led England to a Six Nations Grand Slam and World Cup victory in 2003 and has since become the team Manager . At the 2011 IRB Awards ceremony in Auckland on 24 October 2011 , the night after the World Cup Final , Johnson was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame alongside all other World Cup @-@ winning captains from 1987 through 2007 ( minus the previously inducted Australian John ) . - Jason Leonard , also known as " The Fun Bus " , appeared 114 times for England at prop , which was the world record for international appearances for a national team until 2005 , when it was surpassed by Australia 's @-@ half George . He was on the England team that finished runners up to Australia in the 1991 Rugby World Cup final , but avenged this twelve years later , coming on as a substitute for Phil in England 's victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup final appearance . He also went on three British and Irish Lions tours where he was capped five times . - Alan Rotherham and Harry , both 19th @-@ century greats for Oxford and England , were inducted into the IRB Hall in April 2011 . The IRB recognised them for " their unique contribution to the way that Rugby was played " , specifically stating that they " are credited with pioneering the passing game and the three @-@ man , which became widespread during the 1880s . " - Two other England internationals , John Kendall @-@ Carpenter and Clive Woodward , were inducted into the IRB Hall alongside Johnson at the 2011 IRB Awards . Although both had notable careers for England , they were recognised for accomplishments in other roles in the sport . Kendall @-@ Carpenter was cited as one of four key figures in the creation of the Rugby World Cup , whilst Woodward was inducted as coach of the 2003 World Cup winners , alongside all other World Cup @-@ winning coaches from 1987 to 2007 . - England 's most recent into the IRB Hall are 19th @-@ century internationals Alfred St. George Hamersley and Robert Seddon , both inducted in 2013 . Hamersley played for England in the first @-@ ever rugby union international against Scotland in 1871 , and captained England in the last of his four appearances in 1874 . He went on to play significant roles in the early development of the sport in both New Zealand and Canada . Seddon , capped three times for England in 1887 , was most notable as the captain of the unofficial British side that toured Australia and New Zealand in 1888 ; he died in a boating accident during the tour . This venture proved to be the genesis of the modern British and Irish Lions . The touring team was also inducted alongside Seddon . - - = = = Individual records = = = - - Jonny Wilkinson holds the record for most points for England : 1 @,@ 151 . The record for tries is held by Rory Underwood with 49 tries . The most capped England player is former prop Jason Leonard who made 114 appearances over his 14 @-@ year career . England 's youngest ever Test player was Colin Laird who was 18 years and 134 days old when he played against Wales in 1927 . - - = = Training = = - - Park Hotel in , Surrey , is the chosen training base for the team in the 2015 Rugby World Cup . Loughborough University , Abbey and the University of Bath grounds served as training bases prior to this agreement . Martin Johnson noted the hotel 's facilities and its proximity to Twickenham and Heathrow as deciding factors in this decision . The team had their own gym and fitness rooms constructed on the hotel premises at the start of the long @-@ term arrangement . Since its completion in 2010 the team also regularly use Surrey Sports Park at the University of Surrey in nearby Guildford for much of their training . - - = = = Club versus country = = = - - Although the England team is governed by the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) , players have been contracted to their clubs since the advent of professionalism in late 1995 . Since then , players have often been caught in a " power struggle " between their clubs and the RFU ; this is commonly referred to as a " club versus country " conflict . The first major dispute between England 's top clubs ( who play in the English Premiership ) and the RFU occurred in 1998 , when some of the clubs refused to release players to tour Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The tour became known as the " Tour from hell " after an England squad of second @-@ string players were defeated in all four Tests , including a 76 – 0 defeat by Australia . The clubs also withdrew from the 1998 / 99 European Cup . - In 2001 , the top clubs and the RFU formed " England Rugby " to help govern the club and international game . The parties agreed to restrict the number of matches at club and international level that elite players ( a group of 50 or 60 players selected by the RFU ) could play in order to reduce player and injuries . In return for releasing players from club commitments , the clubs were to receive compensation from the RFU . This agreement was considered central to the England victory in the 2003 World Cup . Clive Woodward , England coach from November 1997 , resigned in 2004 because he was unable to get the access to the players that he wanted ; " I wanted more from the union – more training days with the players , more influence over the way they were treated – and ended up with less . " Andy Robinson , Woodward 's successor , blamed the lack of control over players for his team 's unsuccessful record . Brian Ashton , who took over from Robinson , intentionally named his playing squad for Six Nations matches in 2007 early in the hope that their clubs would not play them in the weekend prior to a Test . The RFU and the Premiership clubs are negotiating a similar deal to the one in 2001 that will enable international players to be released into the England squad prior to international matches . - - = = = Coaches = = = - - The following is a list of all England coaches . The first appointed coach was Don White in 1969 . The most recent coach is Eddie Jones . He took over from Stuart Lancaster a week after Lancaster 's resignation . Jones became the first foreigner to coach the English side . - Updated 25 June 2016 - - = = Media coverage = = - - England 's mid @-@ year tests and end of year tests are televised live by Sky Sports while end of year matches are highlighted by BBC Three on that game day and repeated on BBC Two the next day . England 's 2014 end of year international against Samoa was not highlighted on BBC Three . All Six Nations games are shown for free on the BBC and ITV from 2016 . - - = = Titles = = - - - = Jeremi Wiśniowiecki = - - Jeremi Wiśniowiecki ( Ukrainian : - ; August 17 , 1612 – August 20 , 1651 ) nicknamed on the Cossacks or Iron Hand , was a notable member of the aristocracy of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , Prince of , and in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the father of the future King of Poland , Michael I. - A notable magnate and military commander with Ruthenian and Romanian origin , Wiśniowiecki was heir of one of the biggest fortunes of the state and rose to several notable , including the position of voivode of the Ruthenian in 1646 . His conversion from Eastern to Roman Catholicism caused much dissent in Ruthenia and Ukraine ( parts of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ) . Wiśniowiecki was a successful military leader as well as one of the wealthiest magnates of Poland , ruling over lands inhabited by 230 @,@ 000 people . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Youth = = = - - Jeremi Michał Wiśniowiecki was born in 1612 ; neither the exact date nor the place of his birth are known . His father , Michał Wiśniowiecki , of the Lithuanian @-@ Ruthenian Wiśniowiecki family , died soon after Jeremi 's birth , in 1616 . His mother , Regina ( ) was a @-@ born noble woman of the family , daughter of the Prince , Jeremy 's namesake ; she died in 1619 . Both of his parents were of the Eastern Orthodox Church rite ; Jeremy 's uncle was the influential Orthodox theologian Peter Mogila , and his great @-@ uncle was George Mogila , the Metropolitan of Moldavia . - at the age of seven , Wiśniowiecki was raised by his uncle , Konstanty Wiśniowiecki , whose branch of the family were Roman Catholics . Jeremi attended a Jesuit college in Lwów and later , in 1629 , he traveled to Italy , where he briefly attended the University of Bologna . He also acquired some military experience in the Netherlands . The upbringing by his uncle and the trips abroad him , and turned him from a provincial Ruthenian into one of the youngest magnates of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth . - In 1631 Wiśniowiecki returned to the Commonwealth and took over from his uncle the management of his father 's huge estate , which included a large part of what is now Ukraine . In 1632 he converted from Eastern to Catholicism , an action that caused much concern in Ukraine . His decision has been analyzed by historians , and often criticized , particularly in Ukrainian historiography . The Orthodox Church feared to lose a powerful protector , and Isaiah , metropolitan bishop of Kiev and a friend of his mother , unsuccessfully plead with him to change his mind . Jeremi would not although he remained on decent terms with the Church , avoiding provocative actions , and supported his uncle and Orthodox bishop Peter Mogila and his Orthodox Church . - - = = = Later life = = = - - Wiśniowiecki 's and first biographer , Michał , counted that Jeremi participated in nine wars in his lifetime . The first of those was the Campaign of 1633 – 34 against the of Russia . In that war he accompanied Aleksander 's southern army and took part in several battles , among them the unsuccessful siege of ; later that year they took and before retreating . The following year he worked with Adam and , commanding his own private army of 4 @,@ 000 . As his troops formed 2 / 3 of their army ( not counting supporting Cossack elements ) , Jeremi , despite being the most junior of commanders , had much influence over their campaign . Lacking in artillery , they failed to take any major towns , but ravaged the countryside near and . The war ended soon afterward , and in May he returned to Lubny . For his service , he received a commendation from the King of Poland , Władysław IV Vasa , and the of Kiev . - After the war Wiśniowiecki engaged in a number of conflicts with neighbouring magnates and nobles . Jeremi was able to afford a sizable private army of several thousands , and through the threat of it he was often able to force his neighbours to a favourable settlement of disputes . Soon after his return from the Russian front , he participated on the side of the family in the quarrel over the estate of against another magnate , Samuel Łaszcz , located on his lands ; soon after the victorious battle against Łaszcz he bought the lands from the and incorporated them into his estates . - Around the Sejm ( Polish parliament ) opposed the marriage of King Władysław IV to Wiśniowiecki 's sister , Anna . Following this , Jeremi distanced himself from the royal court , although he periodically returned to Warsaw , usually as one of the deputies to the Sejm from the Ruthenian . Soon afterward , Jeremi himself married Gryzelda , daughter of Chancellor , on 27 February 1639 , on Gryzelda 's 16th birthday . - At that time Wiśniowiecki also engaged in a political conflict over nobility titles , in particular , the title of prince ( ) . The nobility in the Commonwealth was officially equal , and used different and non @-@ hereditary titles then those found in rest of the world ( see officials of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth ) ; the of the conflict , which took much of the Sejm 's time around 1638 – 41 , revolved around whether old prince titles ( awarded to families before their lands were incorporated into the Commonwealth in the 1569 Union of ) , and the new titles , awarded more recently by some foreign courts , should be recognized . Wiśniowiecki was one of the chief participants in this debate , successfully defending the old titles , including that of his own family , and succeeding in abolishing the new titles , which gained him the enmity of another powerful magnate , Jerzy . Other than this conflict , in his years as a deputy ( – 46 ) , Jeremi wasn 't involved in any major political issues , and only twice ( in 1640 and 1642 ) he served in the minor function of a for investigating the eastern and southern border disputes . - In 1637 Wiśniowiecki might have fought under Hetman Mikołaj Potocki against the Cossack rebellion of Pavel ( the Uprising ) ; Jan Widacki notes that historians are not certain whether he did and in either case , no detailed accounts of his possible participation survive . A year later , returning from the Sejm and from the engagement ceremony with Gryzelda , he gathered a 4 @,@ 000 strong division that participated in putting down of the Uprising and arrived at the region affected by the unrest in June that year . Together with Hetman Potocki he defeated the insurgents at the Battle of , which turned into a rather difficult siege of the Cossack camp that lasted from 13 June till the Cossack relief forces were defeated on 4 August , and the Cossacks on 7 August . - - = = = Final years = = = - - In 1641 , after the death of his uncle Konstanty Wiśniowiecki , Jeremi became the last adult male of the Wiśniowiecki family and inherited all the remaining estates of the clan , despite a brief conflict with Aleksander who also claimed the inherited land . The conflict stemmed from the fact that Konstanty asked Jeremi to take care of his grandchildren , but their mother , Eugenia , married Aleksander , who declared he is able and willing to take care of her children - and their estates . A year later , Eugenia decided to divorce Aleksander , and the matter was settled in favor of Jeremi . - Wiśniowiecki also fought against the in 1640 – 46 , whose raids on the south @-@ east frontier of the Commonwealth endangered his holdings . In 1644 together with Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski he took part in the victorious Battle of , in which they crushed forces of Crimean led by ( ) . - In 1644 , after the false news of the death of Adam , Wiśniowiecki took over his disputed estate of by . For this he was at first sentenced to exile , but due to his influence , even the King could not realistically expect to enforce this ruling without a civil war . Eventually after more discussions at local and then in the Sejm , he won the case and was granted the right for . In 1646 , after the death of Koniecpolski , he became the voivode of Ruthenia . He invaded and took over the town of which was also being claimed by a son of Koniecpolski , Aleksander Koniecpolski , but a year later , in 1647 , he lost that case and was forced to return the town . - On 4 April 1646 Wiśniowiecki received the office of the voivode of Ruthenia , which granted him a seat in the Senate of Poland . He was the third member of the Wiśniowiecki family to gain that privilege . Soon afterward , however , he refused to support King Władysław 's plan for a war against the Ottoman Empire , even though the King offered him the rank of a Field Crown Hetman . - Then the autumn of 1646 , Wiśniowiecki invaded and took over the vacated recently by banished Samuel Łaszcz . He did so without any legal , which caused a court ruling against him ; a ruling that was however never enforced . Later that year , he raised a large private army of about 25 @,@ 000 for a purpose unknown , as noted by Widacki , who writes that the army , which Jeremi raised with an immense cost for a short time , did not participate in any engagement , nor did it have any clear purpose . He notes that such an army might have been useful in provoking the Ottomans , but as Jeremi was opposed to the war with them up to the point of refusing the hetman office , his actions are even for the modern historians . - - = = = Khmelnytsky Uprising = = = - - Wiśniowiecki fought against the Cossacks again during Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 – 51 . He received information about a growing unrest , and began his troops , and in early May learned about the Cossack victory at the Battle of . no orders from Mikołaj Potocki and , he began moving on his own , soon learning about the second Cossack victory at Battle of , which meant that his troops ( about 6 @,@ 000 strong ) were the only Polish forces in at that moment . After taking in the situation , he began retreating towards ; his army soon became a focal point for various refugees . Passing , he continued through to . He continued to , , and , stopping briefly in for the local . After some near , and ( Battle of ) against the Cossack forces . By July he would arrive near Zbarazh . - Wiśniowiecki 's fighting retreat had a major impact on the course of the war . In the words of the historian Władysław , " he was not defeated , not victorious , and thus he made the peace more difficult . " in safe Warsaw tried to negotiate with the Cossacks , who in turn used 's actions as an excuse to delay any serious negotiations . - Around late August or early September , Wiśniowiecki met with the army Władysław @-@ , Mikołaj and Aleksander Koniecpolski . He was not on overly friendly terms with them , as he resented being passed in military nominations , but after short negotiations he agreed to follow their orders , and thus reduced to a junior commander status which had little impact over the next phase of the campaign . On 23 September , their forces were , however , defeated at the Battle of ; near the end of the battle some accounts suggest Wiśniowiecki was offered the hetman 's position , but refused . On 28 September in Lviv , Wiśniowiecki , with popular support , was given a field regimentarz nomination ; about a week later this nomination was confirmed by the Sejm . To the anger of Lviv 's , he decided to focus on retreating towards the key fortress in instead of Lviv ; he would leave garrisons on both towns , and keep his army in the field . In the end , the cities were not captured by the Cossacks , who in the light of the coming winter decided to retreat , after being paid a ransom by both town councils ; no other large field battle place that year . - Meanwhile , the of 1648 had elected a new king , Jan Kazimierz II Vasa . Wiśniowiecki supported other candidates , such as George I and Karol Vasa ( Jan Kazimierz 's brother ) . Due to the opposition from Jeremi 's detractors , he was not granted a hetman position , although after a full two days of debate on the subject he was granted a document that stated he had a " power equal to that of a hetman . " Wiśniowiecki faction , arguing for increase in army size , was once again by the faction that hoped for a peaceful resolution . In the end , the King and most of the were into a false sense of security , and the military was not reinforced significantly . To add an insult to an injury , the coronation of January – February 1649 , held in Kraków , revoked 's regimentarz rank . - In the first half of 1649 , the negotiations with the Cossacks fell through , and the Polish @-@ Lithuanian military begun gathering near the borders with the rebellious Ukraine , a major camp was in Zbarazh , where Wiśniowiecki would arrive as well in late June , after gathering a new army of 3 @,@ 000 in , which was all he was able to afford at that time , as due to most of his estates being overrun by the Cossacks . Wiśniowiecki 's arrival raised the morale of the royal army , and despite having no official rank , both the common soldiers and the new regimentarz promised to take his advice , and even offered him the official command ( which he refused ) . During the Siege of Zbarazh Wiśniowiecki was thus not the official commander ( role was taken by regimentarz Andrzej ) but most historians agree he was the real , if unofficial , commander of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian army . The siege would last until the ceasefire of the Treaty of . Wiśniowiecki 's command during the siege was seen as phenomenal , and his popularity among the troops and nobility rose again , however the King , still not fond of him , gave him a relatively small reward ( the land grant of , much less when compared to several others he distributed around that time ) . Wiśniowiecki 's support in December that year , the King granted him once again a temporary hetman nomination , and several more land grants . In April 1650 , Wiśniowiecki had to return his temporary hetman office to Mikołaj Potocki , recently released from Cossack 's captivity . During December that year , in light of the growing tensions with 's , Wiśniowiecki 's military faction succeeded in convincing the Sejm to pass a resolution increasing the size of the army to 51 @,@ 000 , the largest army since the Cossack unrest begun two years ago . - The truce of did not last long , and in the spring of 1651 Khmelnytsky 's Cossacks begun advancing west again . On June 1 , 1651 Wiśniowiecki brought his private army to face the Cossacks in . He commanded the left wing of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian army in the victorious Battle of on 28 – 30 June . The Polish @-@ Lithuanian army advanced after the retreating Cossacks , but on July 17 the King " left the whole army to Potocki ... and having given the order that the army march into Ukraine , the King himself parted ... to Warsaw to celebrate his victories over the Cossacks . " Later that year , on 14 August , Wiśniowiecki suddenly fell ill while in a camp near the village of , and died on August 20 , 1651 , at the age of only 39 . His cause of death was never known , while some ( even contemporaries ) speculated he was poisoned , but no conclusive evidence to support such a claim have ever been found . Based on sparse descriptions of his illness and subsequent investigations , some medical historians suggest the cause of death might have been a disease related to cholera . However , one account states , " following a cheerful conversation with other officers who had congregated for a military council in his tent on Sunday , 13 August he had eaten some with and washed them down with , and from that contracted . After lying ill for a week , he died there , at " . He was given a " ceremonial funeral with the entire army present . On August 22 , Wiśniowiecki 's body was seen off with the on its journey to his residence " . - Wiśniowiecki 's indebted family was not able to provide him with a funeral his rank and fame deserved . In the end , he never received the large funeral and the temporary location of his body , the monastery of the Holy Cross at , became his final resting place . His body was lost in the fire at the end of the 18th century , which also prevents a modern of the cause of his death . - - = = = = - - The majority of the Wiśniowiecki family estates were found on the eastern side of the River ( , Ruthenian and Kiev ) , and most of them were acquired by Jeremi 's grandfather , Aleksander Wiśniowiecki , in the 16th century . The capital of his estate was located at a fortified manor at Lubny , where his father rebuilt an old castle ; the population of the town itself could be estimated at about 1 @,@ 000 . Wiśniowiecki inherited lands inhabited , according to an estimate from 1628 , by about 4 @,@ 500 people , of which Lubny was the largest town . Smaller towns in his lands included , and . By 1646 his lands were inhabited by 230 @,@ 000 people . The number of towns on his lands rose from several to about thirty , and their population increased as well . The prosperity of those lands reflected Wiśniowiecki 's skills in economic management , and the income from his territories ( estimated at about 600 @,@ 000 yearly ) made him one of the wealthiest magnates in the Commonwealth . Because of its size and relatively consistent borders , Wiśniowiecki 's estate was often named ( " " ) . - Despite his wealth , he was not known for a lavish life . His court of about a hundred people was not know for being overly extravagant , he built no luxurious residences , and did not even have a single portrait of himself made during his life . It is uncertain how Wiśniowiecki looked , although a number of portraits and other works depicting him exist . Jan Widacki notes that much of the historiography concerning Wiśniowiecki focuses on the military and political aspects of his life , and few of his critics discuss his successes in the economic development of his estates . - - = = Remembrance and popular culture = = - - Wiśniowiecki was widely popular among the noble class , who saw in him a defender of tradition , a and an able military commander . He was praised by many of his contemporaries , including a poet , Samuel , as well as numerous diary writers and early historians . For his protection of civilian population , including Jews , during the Uprising , Wiśniowiecki has been commended by early Jewish historians . Until the 19th century , he has been idolized as the legendary , perfect " knight of the " , his sculpture is among the twenty sculpture of famous historical personas in the 18th century " Knight Room " of the royal Warsaw Castle . - In the 19th century this image begun to , as a new wave in historiography begun to his life , and as the era of in Poland put more value on builders , and less on warriors . Further , at that time the Polish historians begun to question the traditional view of the " Ukrainian problem " , and the way that the Polish noble class had dealt with the Cossacks . Slowly , Wiśniowiecki 's image as a hero began to , with various aspects of his life and personality being questioned and criticized in the work of historians such as Karol and . - While Wiśniowiecki 's portrayal ( as a major secondary character ) in the first part of Henryk 's trilogy , With Fire and Sword which describes the history of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Uprising , was rather positive , criticism of his persona intensified , in particular from detractors such as and . The 1930s saw a first modern historical work about Wiśniowiecki , by Władysław . In the era of the People 's Republic of Poland , the Communist Party 's ideology dictated that all historians present him as an " enemy of the people " , although this began to be relaxed after 1965 . Widacki , the work of other historians notes that Władysław was rather sympathetic to Wiśniowiecki , while was critical of him . - Wiśniowiecki has made appearances in more recent media . He was the main subject of one of 's 1993 songs ( The of ) . Andrzej played Jeremi Wiśniowiecki in the 1999 film With Fire and Sword . - - - = Bassline ( Chris Brown song ) = - - " Bassline " is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown , taken from his fifth studio album Fortune ( 2012 ) . It was written by Andrea Simms , Andrew " Pop " Wansel , Brown , David Johnson , Robert Calloway , Ronald " " Colson and Warren " Oak " . The song was produced by Pop Wansel and . Musically , " Bassline " is a dubstep , electropop and song , which incorporates elements of reggae . Instrumentation is provided by a wobble bass and synthesizers . The song contains lyrics about Brown telling a woman to leave the nightclub with him . " Bassline " garnered mixed reviews from music critics ; some reviewers noted it as one of the standout tracks on the album , while others criticized the song 's production and lyrics . It also received comparisons to the songs by and . Upon the release of Fortune , " Bassline " debuted at numbers 28 and 122 on the UK R & B Chart and UK Singles Chart , respectively . - - = = Development and composition = = - - " Bassline " was written by Andrea Simms , Andrew " Pop " Wansel , Chris Brown , David Johnson , Robert Calloway , Ronald " " Colson and Warren " Oak " . The song was produced by Pop Wansel and . " Bassline " was recorded by Brian with assistance from Iain . The recordings were later mixed by Jaycen Joshua with assistance by Harris . Musically , " Bassline " is a dubstep , electropop and song , that incorporates elements of reggae . The song lasts for three minutes and 58 seconds . Instrumentation consists of a wobble bass and synthesizers . Melinda Newman of HitFix compared " Bassline " to the songs by and . Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush noted that the lyrics are about Brown trying to " convince a hot girl he spots in the club to come back to his crib " , in which he sings " Hey girl tell me what you talk / Pretty as a picture on the wall / Hey girl you can get it all / Cause I know you like the way the beat go " . Brown also declares , " You heard about my image / But I could give a flying who 's offended " . Hayley of Contactmusic.com noted that a robot voice joins Brown in the hook " Girls like my bassline " . Hazel Robinson of California Literary Review magazine noted that the word " bassline " is a metaphor for penis . - - = = Reception = = - - " Bassline " garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Sam Wilbur of AOL Radio viewed it as " the best example " of dubstep tracks on Fortune , while Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly noted it as one of the album 's best tracks . Scott Kara of The New Zealand Herald called the song " irritating " and noted it as " blatant stuff " . Digital Spy 's Lewis Corner felt that " Bassline " was " a lazy attempt " from Brown . Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times stated that the worst part of the song is the hook . Hazel Robinson of California Literary Review magazine was critical of the production and lyrics , labeling it as " bad " and " dodgy " . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman noted that Brown " clearly feels more than ever " on " Bassline " . Upon the release of Fortune , due to digital sales , " Bassline " debuted on the UK R & B Chart at number 28 in the issue dated July 14 , 2012 . It also debuted at number 122 on the UK Singles Chart . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes for Fortune - - = = Charts = = - - - - = HMS Black Prince ( 1904 ) = - - HMS Black Prince was a Duke of Edinburgh @-@ class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the mid @-@ 1900s . She was stationed in the Mediterranean when the First World War began and participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau . After the German ships reached Ottoman waters , the ship was sent to the Red Sea in mid @-@ August to protect troop convoys arriving from India and to search for German merchant ships . After capturing two ships , Black Prince was transferred to the Grand Fleet in December 1914 and was sunk during the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 , with all hands killed . - - = = Design and description = = - - Two armoured cruisers of a new design , Duke of Edinburgh and Black Prince , the latter named for Edward , the Black Prince , were ordered for the Royal Navy as part of the 1902 – 03 Naval Estimates . They were the first ships to be designed for the Royal Navy under the supervision of the new Director of Naval Construction , Sir Philip Watts . The new design was significantly larger than the previous Monmouth and Devonshire @-@ class cruisers , mounting a heavier main armament of six 9 @.@ 2 in ( 234 mm ) guns in single turrets . - Black Prince displaced 12 @,@ 590 long tons ( 12 @,@ 790 t ) as built and 13 @,@ 965 long tons ( 14 @,@ 189 t ) fully loaded . The ship had an overall length of 505 feet 6 inches ( 154 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 73 feet 6 inches ( 22 @.@ 4 m ) and a draught of 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She was powered by four @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , driving two shafts , which produced a total of 23 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 17 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) . The engines were powered by 20 Babcock & Wilcox water @-@ tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers . The ship carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 150 long tons ( 2 @,@ 180 t ) of coal and an additional 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of fuel oil that was on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 8 @,@ 130 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 060 km ; 9 @,@ 360 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 789 officers and enlisted men . - Her main armament consisted of six BL 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch Mk X guns in single turrets , two on the and two on each beam , giving a broadside of four 9 @.@ 2 in guns . Her secondary armament of four BL 6 @-@ inch Mark XI guns was arranged in single casemates . They were mounted amidships on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather . Twenty Vickers QF 3 @-@ pounders were fitted , six on turret roofs and fourteen in the superstructure . The ship also mounted three submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . - - = = Operational history = = - - Black Prince was laid down on 3 June 1903 at the Thames and Shipbuilding Company 's shipyard at , London . She was launched on 8 November 1904 and completed on 17 March 1906 . When completed , Black Prince served with the 2nd Squadron until 1907 , the 1st Cruiser Squadron from 1907 – 1908 , the 5th Cruiser Squadron ( as part of the Atlantic Fleet ) from 1908 – 1912 and the Third from 1912 – 1913 . - At the beginning of the First World War , Black Prince was one of the four armoured cruisers serving in the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet , commanded by Rear @-@ Admiral Ernest Charles Thomas . She participated in the pursuit of Goeben and Breslau . Following the escape of the two German ships to neutral Turkey , Black Prince and Duke of Edinburgh were sent into the Red Sea to search for German merchant ships , with Black Prince capturing the German ocean liners and . On 6 November , she was ordered to Gibraltar to join a squadron of French and British ships to search for German warships still at sea off the African coast . This was cancelled on 19 November after the location of the German East Asia Squadron was revealed by survivors of the Battle of Coronel . Black Prince joined the Grand Fleet in December 1914 and was assigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Robert Keith . - Black Prince was modified in March 1916 as a result of lessons learned at the Battle of Coronel , with the 6 @-@ inch guns removed from their casemates and replaced by six 6 @-@ inch guns mounted individually behind shields between the beam 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch turrets . - - = = = Loss = = = - - The ship participated in the Battle of Jutland , where she was sunk with heavy loss of life . The circumstances under which she sank were mysterious for some years after . As the British had lost contact and did not see the ship destroyed , they were unsure as to whether a submarine or surface ship was responsible for sinking Black Prince . During the battle , the 1st Cruiser Squadron was deployed as part of a screening force several miles ahead of the main force of the Grand Fleet , but Black Prince lost contact with the rest of the Squadron as it came into contact with German forces , at about 17 : 42 . Soon after , two other members of the 1st Cruiser Squadron , Defence and Warrior were heavily engaged by German battleships and battlecruisers , with Defence blowing up and Warrior receiving heavy damage , which later caused her to sink . - There were no positive sightings of Black Prince by the British fleet after that , although a wireless signal from her was received at 20 : 45 , reporting a submarine sighting . During the night of 31 May – 1 June , the British destroyer Spitfire , badly damaged after colliding with the German battleship Nassau , sighted what appeared to be a German battlecruiser , with two widely spaced funnels , described as being " ... a mass of fire from foremast to , on deck and between decks . Flames were issuing out of her from every corner . " The mystery ship exploded at about midnight . It was later thought that the burning ship may have been Black Prince , with the two funnels having collapsed or been shot away . - Recent historians , however , hold to the German account of the ship 's sinking . Black Prince briefly engaged the German battleship at about 23 : 35 , scoring two hits with 6 @-@ inch shells . from the rest of the British fleet , Black Prince approached the German lines at approximately midnight . She turned away from the German battleships , but it was too late . The German battleship fixed Black Prince in her searchlights and opened fire . Up to five other German ships , including the battleships Nassau , , and Friedrich der , joined in the bombardment , with return fire from Black Prince being ineffective . Most of the German ships were between 750 and 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 690 and 1 @,@ 370 m ) of Black Prince — effectively point @-@ blank range for contemporary naval gunnery . The ship was hit by at least twelve heavy shells and several smaller ones , sinking within 15 minutes . There were no survivors from her crew , all being killed . - The is designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 . - - = = Popular culture = = - - In the first episode of Series 4 of the @-@ TV ( Australia ) series Who Do You You Are ? , Australian writer @-@ actor @-@ comedian Shaun discovered that his great @-@ grandfather Giovanni ( John ) , a steward on Black Prince , was among those killed . - - - = On the Pulse of Morning = - - " On the Pulse of Morning " is a poem by African @-@ American writer and poet Maya Angelou that she read at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton on January 20 , 1993 . With her public recitation , Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration , and the first African American and woman . ( Robert Frost was the first inaugural poet , at the 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy . ) Angelou 's audio recording of the poem won the 1994 Grammy Award in the " Best Word " category , resulting in more fame and recognition for her previous works , and broadening her appeal . - The poem 's themes are change , inclusion , responsibility , and role of both the President and the in establishing economic security . Its symbols , references to contemporary issues , and personification of nature has inspired critics to compare " On the Pulse of Morning " with Frost 's inaugural poem and with Clinton 's inaugural address . It has been called Angelou 's " autobiographical poem " , and has received mixed reviews . The popular press praised Clinton 's choice of Angelou as inaugural poet , and her " " of the American people and its President . Critic Mary Jane Lupton said that " Angelou 's ultimate greatness will be attributed " to the poem , and that Angelou 's " theatrical " performance of it , using skills she learned as an actor and speaker , marked a return to the African @-@ American oral tradition of speakers such as Frederick Douglass , Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X. Poetry critics , despite praising Angelou 's recitation and performance , gave mostly negative reviews of the poem . - - = = Background = = - - When Angelou wrote and recited " On the Pulse of Morning " , she was already well known as a writer and poet . She had written five of the seven of her series of autobiographies , including the first and most highly acclaimed , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) . Although she was best known for her autobiographies , she was primarily known as a poet rather than an . Early in her writing career she began alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . Her first volume of poetry Just Give Me a Cool of Water ' Fore I , published in 1971 shortly after Caged Bird , became a best @-@ seller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . As scholar Marcia Ann Gillespie writes , Angelou had " fallen in love with poetry " during her early childhood in , Arkansas . After her rape at the age of eight , which she depicted in Caged Bird , Angelou and studied great works of literature , including poetry . According to Caged Bird , her friend Mrs. Flowers encouraged her to recite them , which helped bring her out her self @-@ imposed period of caused by her trauma . - Angelou was the first poet to read an inaugural poem since Robert Frost read his poem " The Gift " at President John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961 , and the first Black and woman . When it was announced that Angelou would read one of her poems at Clinton 's inauguration , many in the popular press compared her role as inaugural poet with that of Frost 's , especially what critic Zofia Burr called their " " , or their ability to speak for and to the American people . The press also pointed to the nation 's social progress that a Black woman would " stand in the place of a white man " at his inauguration , and praised Angelou 's involvement as the Clinton administration 's " gesture of inclusion " . - Angelou told her friend Oprah Winfrey that the call requesting her to write and recite the poem came from television producer Harry , who organized the inauguration , shortly after Clinton 's election . Even though she suspected that Clinton made the request because " he understood that I am the kind of person who really does bring people together " , Angelou admitted feeling overwhelmed , and even requested that the audiences attending her speaking engagements pray for her . - She followed her same " writing ritual " that she had followed for years and used in writing all of her books and poetry : she rented a hotel room , herself there from the early morning to the afternoon , and wrote on legal pads . After deciding upon the theme " America " , she wrote down everything she could think of about the country , which she then " pushed and squeezed into a poetic form " . Angelou recited the poem on January 20 , 1993 . - - = = Themes = = - - " On the Pulse of Morning " shared many of the themes in President Clinton 's inaugural address , which he gave immediately before Angelou read her poem , including change , responsibility , and the President 's and the 's role in establishing economic security . The symbols in Angelou 's poem ( the tree , the river , and the morning , for example ) paralleled many of the same symbols Clinton used in his speech , and helped to enhance and expand Clinton 's images . Clinton 's address and the poem , according to , both emphasized unity despite the diversity of American culture . " On the Pulse of Morning " attempted to convey many of the goals of Clinton 's new administration . - Burr compared Angelou 's poem with Frost 's , something she claimed the poetry critics who gave " On the Pulse of Morning " negative reviews did not do . Angelou " rewrote " Frost 's poem , from the perspective of personified nature that appeared in both poems . Frost praised American colonization , but Angelou attacked it . The cost of the creation of America was abstract and ambiguous in Frost 's poem , but the personified Tree in Angelou 's poem signified the cultures in America that paid a significant cost to create it . Both Frost and Angelou called for a " break with the past " , but Frost wanted to relive it and Angelou wanted to confront its mistakes . Burr also compared Angelou 's poem with 's poem " For Each of You " , which has similar themes of looking towards the future , as well as with Walt Whitman 's " Song of Myself " and Langston Hughes ' " The of Rivers " . According to , the poem contains a recurring theme in many of Angelou 's other poems and autobiographies , that " we are more alike than " . - " On the Pulse of Morning " was full of contemporary references , including toxic waste and pollution . Angelou 's poem was influenced by the African @-@ American oral tradition of spirituals , by poets such as James Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes , and by modern African poets and folk artists such as Brew and Sutherland , which also influenced her autobiographies . - - = = Critical response and impact = = - - According to Lupton , " On the Pulse of Morning " is Angelou 's most famous poem . Lupton has argued that " Angelou 's ultimate greatness will be attributed " to the poem , and that Angelou 's " theatrical " performance of it , using skills she learned as an actor and speaker , marked a return to the African @-@ American oral tradition of speakers such as Frederick Douglass , Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X. British reporter Kate compared Angelou 's appearance as she read the poem at Clinton 's inauguration with the eight @-@ year @-@ old child in Caged Bird , noting that the coats she wore in both occasions were similar : " She looked magnificent , theatrical with an bow mouth . She wore a coat with brass buttons , a strange reminder of the eight @-@ year @-@ old Maya Angelou who stood in a courtroom , at the sight of the man who had raped her " . Gillespie stated regarding 's observations : " But standing tall on the steps of the Capitol , she was light @-@ years removed from that terrible time , and America was no longer an ' place . ' Her poem ' On the Pulse of Morning ' was a soaring call for peace , justice , and harmony . the hope embodied in the human spirit , it was a solemn and joyful reminder that all things are possible . She wished us ' Good morning ' in her poem , and one felt as if a new day was truly . " - Angelou recognized that although " On the Pulse of Morning " was a better " public poem " than a great poem , her goal of conveying the message of unity was accomplished . Poet David agreed , stating that although it fulfilled its theatrical and political objectives , the poem was " not very memorable " . Poet Sterling D. found Angelou 's performance " brilliant " , but was " not as enthusiastic about it as a text " . Burr stated that the negative reviews of Angelou 's poem , like the majority of the reviews about her other poetry , was due to their and narrow views of poetry , which were limited to written forms rather than spoken ones like " On the Pulse of Morning " , which was written to recite aloud and perform . Burr compared the response of literary critics to Angelou 's poem with critics of Frost 's poem : " Frost 's powerful reading served to supplement the poem in the sense of enhancing it , while Angelou 's powerful reading of her poem supplemented it in the sense of making evident its and lack . " - Angelou 's recitation of " On the Pulse of Morning " resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works , and her appeal " across racial , economic , and educational boundaries " . The week after Angelou 's recitation , sales of the paperback version of her books and poetry rose by 300 – 600 percent . Bantam Books had to reprint 400 @,@ 000 copies of all her books to keep up with the demand . Random House , which published Angelou 's hardcover books and published the poem later that year , reported that they sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992 , accounting for a 1200 percent increase . The sixteen @-@ page publication of the poem became a best @-@ seller , and the recording of the poem was awarded a Grammy Award . - - - = God 's Choice = - - God 's Choice : The Total World of a Fundamentalist Christian School is a 1986 book written by Alan Peshkin and published by the University of Chicago Press . It is the product of his late 1970s 18 @-@ month ethnographic study of a 350 @-@ person Christian fundamentalist Baptist school in Illinois . He describes the K – 12 day school 's function as a total institution that about a singular truth ( God 's will ) and subordination before God . The final chapter is a comparative analysis of the school and other schools , institutions , and social movements , wherein Peshkin concludes that the school is divisive in American society for promoting intolerance towards religious plurality , the very condition that permits the school 's existence . - Reviewers wrote that Peshkin 's account was fair , and praised his decision to let the participants speak for themselves through quotations . They also noted that the book filled a literary in scholarly understanding of the rapidly expanding and fundamentalist Christian school . - - = = Summary = = - - God 's Choice : The Total World of a Fundamentalist Christian School is a 1986 book written by Alan Peshkin . It is a profile of an Illinois Christian fundamentalist school — its policies , practices , and participants . Peshkin , then Professor of Education at the University of Illinois at – , intended his account to be both impartial and " " . He presents the fundamentalists as disciplined , dedicated , and determined with " formulas for success " opposite " fragmented and defensive " detractors . They believe in " one Truth " — God 's plan — and reject philosophies of multiple truths . A teacher told Peshkin that their job is to prepare students for this " one pattern " of thought . In turn , the community 's constituents do not wish to leave , but appreciate conformity as an end in itself . Peshkin describes the school as a " total institution " : a place where many similar people live by their own formal rules apart from outside society , as based on Erving Goffman 's 1961 essay . Peshkin asserts that this was a natural conclusion from a school " based on absolute truth " . God 's Choice was the third book in his series of studies on school – community relationships . It was published by the University of Chicago Press . - In 1978 , Peshkin moved to an Illinois community of 50 @,@ 000 people that he called , where he stayed and observed for 18 months . He lived in an apartment within the home of a family associated with what he called the Bethany Baptist church . Peshkin studied their 350 @-@ student K – 12 Christian day school , Bethany Baptist Academy ( also a pseudonym ) . The school opened six years prior with 88 students and was one of over one thousand members of the American Association of Christian Schools . The study focuses on the 125 students in the junior – senior high school . After a semester , Peshkin began to interview the community members , and used their quotes to let them " speak for themselves " . The book includes eight portraits of students — four from faith and four " " who " consciously deviate " — as well as student and teacher survey data , displayed in 16 tables . An includes course offerings and a bibliography . - Peshkin 's findings show a " total world " where the lessons of religion and education are intertwined into an " interrelated , " philosophy . The academy 's intent is to make Christian professionals as what Peshkin describes as " a vocational school directed to work in the Lord 's service " . When compared to the work of public schools , the private school 's instructors said both kinds of institutions impose a lifestyle and set of values as a kind of " brainwashing " . Peshkin notes that while students " largely identify with " and uphold the fundamentalist teachings , they permit themselves the option of having " individual interpretations " and minor beliefs . Some students either dissent against the academy 's rules or are regarded as too , but most students are moderate . - Students take classes to be effective Christian leaders , including " Bible study and ' soul @-@ winning ' , English , speech , drama , and music " , which are seen as important to " read and proclaim the Word " . Academy teachers establish their authority through discipline and teach " the truth " as established by " facts " from the Bible . Bible passages are associated with the subject matter in a process called " integration " . The academy uses science books from Bob Jones University as an alternative to books that promote secular , which is described as " the ' official religion ' of the public school system " . The Bob Jones science books associate the Bible with science , and often comment the relationship between God 's intelligence and the of nature . Classes like science , social studies , and math are viewed as less important for the goal of making Christian professionals apart from their training to do " everything a sinner can do , better " . Some classes are " and recitation " , reflecting an view of knowledge , which the academy believes to be fixed as based in biblical . Their biggest external influence on curriculum is new books , which may affect how classes are taught , though the content ( " the truth " ) remains the same . - In a chapter on teacher selection and training , the task of students with obedience and discipline takes precedence over the task of teaching content . Students are under constant supervision to uphold a pledge to avoid outside activities such as theater , fashion , dances , and certain television shows . They also avoid some activities altogether , such as contact , drugs , alcohol , and smoking . This pledge is to be upheld at home as well , and students are encouraged to report . Teachers too pledge to " the pursuit of " over all things in a " born again " activity where they " confess their sins and accept Jesus Christ as their personal " . The school is in its insistence on " telling the kids what is right " and its according preference for lecture over discussion . Teachers are also afforded the option of corporal punishment , though it is rarely used . - The last two chapters feature Peshkin 's commentary on the school in society , its and comparison with other total institutions and larger social movements , like the New Religious Right . He also compares the academy to public and parochial schools , wherein he finds public school students more politically tolerant and of religious pluralism . Peshkin 's final are written as a " cost @-@ benefit analysis " of these Christian schools in the larger American society . In the last chapter , Peshkin contemplates how his Jewish identity is within a and secular society , and how he is fearful of absolutist " , logic " and " zeal for conversion and " . He recounted that while the school spoke of non @-@ fundamentalists and non @-@ Christians , no one spoke of the American religious plurality that permitted this . In response to the encroaching state , fundamentalists feel that their political conviction should mirror that of their religion . Peshkin views the school as in a larger society for promoting intolerance towards fellow Americans . He also praised traits of the schools including its community , dedicated teachers , and attractive image . At the time of print , Christian schools like Bethany were the growth of other schools . In 1989 , Christian schools comprised about 20 % of private school enrollment — around 700 @,@ 000 students . - - = = Reception = = - - Reviewers wrote that Peshkin 's account was fair in its presentation , and that his choice to let individuals " speak for themselves " through abundant quotations was a strength . They also noted how the book filled a gap in the field and that his final chapter was too . - R. Scott Appleby ( American Journal of Education ) wrote that Peshkin succeeded at his attempt to be impartial , and that his presentation of fundamentalist culture is made both " understandable " and , in part , " admirable " . He reflected that this Christian was closer to indoctrination than education in that it did not develop " critical skills and ... human capacities " in " open @-@ ended " learning but professed a fixed chain of knowledge " from on high " where humans are errant and need authoritarian guidance . Appleby added that blames public schools and its associated state apparatus as both a manufacturer enemy needed to feed its " sense of crisis " and for creating " unsafe " areas unregulated by " Christian truth " . Susan Rose " the base " of God 's Choice in her 1988 Keeping Them Out of the Hands of Satan , and Appleby writes that the two books compliment each other 's . While God 's Choice has an " engaging , sometimes narrative " with vivid characters but little outside information apart from statistics , Keeping Them Out of the Hands of Satan includes extra detail on how fundamentalist groups interact and share a larger societal milieu . For example , Rose explains the difference in " born @-@ again experiences " of and fundamentalists , which Peshkin over . - In her own review of Peshkin 's book , Rose ( Contemporary Sociology ) praised its " clear and detailed " contribution to the field but wished for more overview material on the Christian School Movement 's rise , proponents , philosophical consistency , and " context " . She wrote that few had studied Christian schools , the " fastest growing sector of private education in the United States " . In commending Peshkin 's even @-@ handedness , she wrote that his about declaring his own biases and effort to present participant voices through direct quotation were strong elements , though he described more than he analyzed . Rose felt that the " interesting " final chapters of analysis and comparison with public schools " grounded " the overall ethnography , though she wished for more comparison of the adolescent student experience between the academy and other kinds of American schools . She considers Peshkin 's " discussion of the politics of pluralism " , that Christian schools both add to American religious pluralism while advocating against it , possibly his best contribution . - Jean ( The Times Higher Education Supplement ) too noted the fast growth of conservative Christian schools but added that the book was also relevant in Britain , which was experiencing similar growth . She found the first few chapters somewhat repetitive as it expressed the of the school 's practices . Richard V. ( Christian Century ) felt that Peshkin wrote with " deeply respect " for the school and its community , but , himself an evangelical , was " disturbed " by the community 's " " values — " biblical " that are " part of a conservative program that has been read into Scripture " . Paul F. Parsons ( Christianity Today ) noted that Peshkin found the school successful by traditional terms , with standardized tests , orderly climate , and " fun @-@ loving " students , but lacking free exchange of ideas , as education is seen more as a transfer than a quest , and students do not learn " choice , doubt , suspended judgment , [ or ] dissent " . Parsons affirmed Peshkin 's findings as " remarkably representative " based on his own visits to " Christian schools in 60 cities " , though others are less absolutist . And while Julian McAllister Groves ( Journal of Contemporary ) described the text as " beautifully written " and " poetic " , he doubted whether the school 's students were as converted as they said , and felt that Peshkin might have seen more " role distance " and examples of playing along simply for community acceptance had he stayed for lunch and other informal observations . - - - = Baltimore mayoral election , 1999 = - - On November 2 , 1999 , the city of Baltimore , Maryland , elected a new mayor , the 47th in the city 's history . Primary elections were held to determine the nominees for the Democratic Party and Republican Party on September 14 . mayor Kurt Schmoke , a Democrat , opted not to run for reelection . Martin O 'Malley , a member of the Baltimore City Council , won the election to succeed Schmoke . - Because Baltimore 's electorate is overwhelmingly Democratic , whoever won the Democratic primary election was seen as the favorite over the Republican nominee in the general election . Baltimore 's large African American population initially made it seem likely that the next mayor would also be African American . Mfume was the preferred candidate of local politicians , but he opted not to run . Though Carl Stokes and Lawrence Bell , members of the City Council , declared for the race , local leaders were with the quality of declared candidates . - In 1999 , Baltimore experienced high rates of murder and unemployment , and had a failing city school system . O 'Malley declared his candidacy , focusing his campaign on a " zero tolerance " approach to crime . He received endorsements from many of the city 's African American leaders . After a close race , O 'Malley overtook both Stokes and Bell to win the Democratic nomination , which all but assured him of victory in the general election . He defeated Republican candidate David F. Tufaro in the general election by an overwhelming majority . - - = = Background = = - - Kurt Schmoke , the incumbent Mayor of Baltimore , was serving his third term . He announced in December 1998 that he would not run for reelection the following year , the first time an incumbent Baltimore mayor did not run for reelection since 1971 . Schmoke was the first African American mayor in Baltimore 's history . - Racial politics had long played a role in Baltimore . As the state of Maryland did not attempt to prevent African Americans from voting through Jim Crow laws , political coalitions often involved African American community leaders . Theodore , who served as mayor from 1943 through 1947 and from 1963 through 1967 , was one of the first political leaders to work with African American community leaders . By 1999 , 63 % of Baltimore 's registered voters were African American , and 90 % were registered to the Democratic Party . Baltimore had not elected a Republican mayor since 1963 . - As of 1999 , Baltimore experienced 300 murders a year , which was the fourth most in the nation . was 9 % , twice the national average . Between 1990 and 1998 , Baltimore saw its population decrease by 12 @.@ 3 % , the second @-@ biggest decrease during that time period in the United States . This decrease led to its work force decreasing by one @-@ sixth . The city saw decreases in heavy @-@ manufacturing by 40 percent , distribution jobs by 35 percent , retail positions by 34 percent , and banking jobs by 28 percent . Also , the state of Maryland had taken over the city 's failing school system in 1996 , which upset African American politicians . State Senator Clarence M. Mitchell , IV called the takeover racist . Baltimore City Council members , including President Lawrence Bell and Martin O 'Malley , had opposed the handling of Baltimore 's high crime rate by Schmoke and Baltimore Police Department ( ) Commissioner Thomas C. . - - = = Candidates = = - - - = = = Democrats = = = - - Bell was considered in February 1999 to be the front @-@ runner in the mayoral race . Other potential candidates included State 's Attorney Patricia , former City Carl Stokes , City Comptroller Joan Pratt , and Joan Carter Conway , a member of the Maryland State Senate . - City leaders , including Howard P. Rawlings , a member of the Maryland House of , and William Donald Schaefer , the Comptroller of Maryland and Schmoke 's predecessor as mayor , feared that none of the potential candidates had the vision to continue the urban renewal that took place under Schmoke and Schaefer . They hoped that Baltimore @-@ native Mfume , the president of the National Association for the Advancement of People ( NAACP ) , would run . Mfume had previously served on the Baltimore City Council and in the United States House of Representatives . Schmoke called the race " his to lose " . However , Mfume lived in nearby , Maryland , and did not move into Baltimore until March , which would leave him short of the one year requirement . - The state legislature passed a law the requirement from one year to six months , which was signed into law by Democratic Governor in April . Bell attempted to have the legislation overturned . The City Council , with Schmoke 's support considered raising the salary of the mayor in April , to make the position more to Mfume . Also , 200 Baltimore citizens , including three former mayors , attempted to draft Mfume into the race . However , Mfume had signed a five @-@ year contract with the NAACP in 1996 . Mfume considered leaving the NAACP to run , but in May , decided to remain with the organization . - Stokes announced his candidacy in December 1998 . Bell announced his candidacy two days after Mfume passed on running , in May 1999 , promising to tackle crime and improve public safety . Community leaders who attempted to draft Mfume into the race began to back Stokes . Other declared candidates included Mary , the City Register of Wills , activists A. Robert Kaufman , Robert , and Phillip Brown . stated that without Mfume in the race , she would consider running , but she opted against getting into the race . - A June 1999 poll conducted by Gonzales / Communications Inc . , a polling firm based in Annapolis , Maryland , showed Schaefer ahead of Bell . Schaefer stated that he had no interest in running , and threw his support behind Bishop Robinson , the former Commissioner . Robinson chose not to run . - O 'Malley initially supported Bell 's candidacy . Bell urged O 'Malley to endorse him , and offered him the job of city solicitor in exchange for his support . However , O 'Malley began to distance himself from Bell , not appearing at Bell 's campaign announcement , due to disagreements on several bills debated at the City Council . Bell 's supporters attempted to convince O 'Malley to run for City Council President , but O 'Malley announced his decision to run for mayor in June , becoming the first major candidate in the race who was Caucasian . He began the campaign largely unknown outside of Northeast Baltimore . - - = = = Republicans = = = - - On July 1 , David F. Tufaro , a real estate developer and lawyer from Roland Park , Maryland , announced his intention to run for the Republican Party nomination , joining three neighborhood activists who had already declared their intentions to run . Carl Adair , a public school teacher who had run unsuccessfully for the City Council and the Maryland House of on numerous occasions , was also a candidate for the Republican nomination . - Republican Party officials quickly began to back Tufaro , who criticized the Democratic Party by pointing out that Democrats have led Baltimore in its decline . - - = = Campaign = = - - Fifteen candidates ended up running in the Democratic primary . The front @-@ runners were considered to be O 'Malley , Bell , and Stokes . Schmoke made no endorsement in the race . - O 'Malley and Bell called for " zero tolerance " to all crime , though Stokes felt this policy was biased against minorities . Stokes ran on the issue of education , as he was a former member of the Baltimore school board , in addition to the city council . Stokes vowed to reduce class sizes and reverse the trend of citizens of Baltimore leaving the city to live in nearby suburbs . - O 'Malley faced initial difficulties based on race , as a community leader stated that his entrance into the race " created some tension , " and that O 'Malley 's potential victory " would be the worst thing that could happen in this city " and could " tear this city apart . " Some saw his entrance in the race as an attempt to split the African American vote . However , O 'Malley received endorsements from prominent African American politicians in August , including Rawlings , fellow state Kenneth , and Conway . Rawlings credited O 'Malley 's " track record of black Americans . " He also received an endorsement from Schaefer . Some African Americans charged Rawlings with " stabbing us in the back " over the endorsement . - Bell attempted to portray himself as the heir apparent to Schmoke . However , from a lawsuit revealed Bell 's financial troubles , which included having his car . Bell lost support after he stated that voters should choose him because " I look like you . " Stokes began to lose support after he was charged with lying about having a college degree , when it was discovered that he did not graduate from Loyola University Maryland , as his campaign literature stated . It was also revealed that Stokes settled an income tax . Bell 's supporters rallied outside the offices of The Baltimore Sun , challenging that they were writing negative stories about African American candidates , and giving better treatment to O 'Malley during the campaign . Stokes was able to recover support when he received endorsements from The Baltimore Sun , the Baltimore Afro @-@ American , and the alliance . - Bell led Stokes in a poll conducted early in the race , 33 % to 17 % , before O 'Malley declared his candidacy . By late August , Bell slipped in the polls to third place , with O 'Malley and Stokes tied . Bell and O 'Malley began airing television commercials supporting their campaigns in early August , while Stokes did not begin to air commercials until September . O 'Malley also advertised on the radio . - Seven candidates , including Democrats Bell , Stokes , O 'Malley , and , and Republicans Adair , Tufaro , and Arthur Jr . , met for a debate on September 8 . The debate focused on crime , with Bell , Stokes , and O 'Malley making their cases regarding " zero tolerance " , while Adair and Tufaro declared their support for . - - = = Results = = - - - = = = Democratic primary = = = - - The Democratic primary was held on September 14 . was high ; though the mayoral candidates expected about 100 @,@ 000 voters , about half of Baltimore 's @,@ 000 registered voters voted in the primary elections . - O 'Malley won the primary election with more than 50 % of the vote , though he received only 30 % of the African American vote . Bell and Stokes split a significant portion of the city 's black majority , but their combined total was less than O 'Malley . At his victory rally , O 'Malley called the election " a victory for diversity and a victory for " . - - = = = Republican primary = = = - - In the September 14 Republican primary , Tufaro received over half of the votes cast . Adair finished in second place . - - = = = General election = = = - - Despite the odds he faced in the general election , Tufaro promised to campaign against O 'Malley , not taking defeat as an . He pointed to Bret , the mayor of Jersey City , New Jersey , as evidence that a Republican could be elected in a heavily Democratic city . came to Baltimore to campaign for Tufaro . - Regarding public housing , Tufaro called for renovations rather than demolishing vacant buildings , which drew criticism , as Housing Commissioner Daniel P. Henson III pointed out that renovating was more expensive than demolishing . O 'Malley promised to enforce provisions of the Community Act of 1977 , which require banks to invest in poor neighborhoods . Tufaro further proposed a plan for school and to drug test students , which drew opposition from the Baltimore Teachers Union and from O 'Malley , who favored expanding pre @-@ kindergarten and after @-@ school programs , while making summer school mandatory . When discussing the problem of HIV / AIDS in Baltimore , which disproportionately affects African Americans , both O 'Malley and Tufaro promised to continue the city 's needle exchange program . - Tufaro criticized O 'Malley 's zero tolerance policy , suggesting it would lead to increased police brutality towards minorities . He instead proposed continuing Mayor Schmoke 's community policing strategy . Opponents of the zero tolerance policy tried to tie O 'Malley to the Baltimore Police shooting of an African American car theft suspect . - @-@ TV conducted the only poll of the general election with , which showed O 'Malley leading with 87 % of the vote . On Election Day , O 'Malley easily defeated Tufaro in the general election , receiving over 90 % of the vote . - - = = Aftermath = = - - - = = = O 'Malley 's political career = = = - - Following his election , O 'Malley 's first personnel decision was to retain the director of the city 's economic development agency . O 'Malley had his transition team , and had them compile policy drafts by mid @-@ December , so they would be ready to compete for state funds when the Maryland State Legislature on January 12 , 2000 . He participated in the Newly Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government in mid @-@ November . By the beginning of December , he named five deputy mayors and filled most of his cabinet . He finalized his cabinet on December 7 , during his last session as a city councillor . He was sworn in as mayor later that day at the War Memorial Plaza , near Baltimore City Hall . - In his first year in office , O 'Malley adopted a statistics @-@ based crime tracking system called CitiStat , modeled after . The system logged every call for service into a database for analysis . The Washington Post wrote in 2006 that Baltimore 's " rate remains stubbornly high and its public school test scores low . But CitiStat has saved an estimated $ 350 million and helped generate the city 's first budget surplus in years . " In 2004 , CitiStat accountability tool won Harvard University 's " in American Government " award . The system garnered interest from Washington , D.C. Mayor Adrian , as well as crime officials from the United Kingdom . - O 'Malley considered a run for Governor of Maryland in the 2002 election , but decided not to run . He was reelected as Mayor of Baltimore in 2003 , and announced his candidacy for Governor in the 2006 election . The Baltimore Sun endorsed O 'Malley , saying : " When he was first elected mayor in 1999 , the former two @-@ term city inherited a city of rising crime , failing schools , and shrinking economic prospects . He was able to reverse course in all of these areas . " The Washington Post criticized O 'Malley for " not [ ing ] the problems of rampant crime and rough schools in Baltimore " , but further said that " he put a dent in them . " . O 'Malley defeated incumbent Governor Bob Ehrlich 53 % % in the November 7 , 2006 , general election . O 'Malley defeated Ehrlich in the 2010 election 56 % % , receiving just over one million votes . - O 'Malley was ineligible to run in the 2014 gubernatorial election due to term limits . O 'Malley publicly expressed interest in a presidential run in 2016 on multiple occasions . At a press conference at a National Governors Association meeting , O 'Malley stated he was laying " the framework " for a presidential run . - - = = = on The Wire = = = - - A fictionalized version of the events of this election were presented in third and fourth seasons of The Wire , a drama about crime and politics in Baltimore , which aired in 2004 and 2006 , respectively . Many saw the connection between O 'Malley and the character of Tommy Carcetti , a Caucasian Baltimore City Councillor who is elected mayor in an election against two African American opponents . Carlos Watson of once introduced O 'Malley as " one of the real @-@ life inspirations for the mayor of the hit TV show The Wire " , to which O 'Malley responded that he was instead the show 's " antidote " . - Show creator David Simon denied that the character of Tommy Carcetti was supposed to be O 'Malley , though he did acknowledge that O 'Malley was " one of several inspirations " for Carcetti . He further stated that while Carcetti was " reflective " of O 'Malley , Carcetti was a composite drawing aspects from other local politicians that he had covered when he worked as a reporter for The Baltimore Sun . - - - = Arikamedu = - - Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India , , , . It is 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the capital , Pondicherry of the Indian territory of . - Sir Mortimer Wheeler 1945 , and Jean @-@ Marie conducted excavations there in 1947 – 1950 . The site was identified as the port of , known as an " " in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy . have found , ware , Roman lamps , , glass and stone beads , and gems at the site . Based on these excavations , Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek ( ) trading post that traded with Rome , starting during the reign of Augustus Caesar , and lasted about two hundred years — from the late first century BCE to the first and second centuries CE . Subsequent investigation by Begley from 1989 to 1992 modified this assessment , and now place the period of occupation from the 2nd century BCE to the 8th century CE . - Significant findings at Arikamedu numerous Indo @-@ Pacific beads , which facilitated fixing the period of its origin . Red and black ceramics — known as megalithic stones or in Tamil meaning " old stones " and used to mark graves — have existed at the site even prior to and during Roman occupation of the site , and also in later periods . - - = = Location = = - - Arikamedu is a coastal fishing village , under the , on the southeastern coast of India , 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from Pondicherry , on the Pondicherry @-@ road ; it was originally a French colonial town . It is located on the bank of the River ( for most part of the year the river is considered a ) , also known as Virampattinam River , which forms the northern outlet of the River as it joins the Bay of Bengal . As the site is located at the bend of the river it provides protection to sea @-@ going vessels that dock there . The site has been subject to extensive archaeological excavations . The archaeological site is spread over an area of 34 @.@ 57 acres ( 13 @.@ 99 ha ) and has been under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India since 1982 . - - = = Etymology = = - - The name Arikamedu , an archaeological usage for the excavated site , originates in a Tamil word that means of , based on the figurine of an avatar ( incarnation ) of the Jain found at the site . It is also linked with or Virampattinam , meaning Port of , a village next to Arikamedu . , according to literature , was well known as a port and also for its salt pans during the dynasty . Arikamedu @-@ together find mention as Poduke , a major port in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea in the first century CE and as Poduke in Ptolemy 's of mid first century CE . Poduke is a Roman name and is also said to be a corrupted version of the Tamil name , meaning a " meeting place " , also known for the local clan . - - = = History = = - - The first mention about Arikamedu was in , in a communication from the Consul of the Indo @-@ French colony of Pondicherry . It informed the French East India Company that villagers were old bricks from the Virampattinam . The earliest mention of the Arikamedu archaeological site was by Le Gentil of France , who the King of France had assigned to observe notable astronomical occurrences in the world . Gentil , after visiting Arikamedu , confirmed the earlier report of the Consul of the Indo @-@ French colony . - In 1765 , when he visited the ruins at the site , he found the people of the village collecting large ancient bricks exposed at the river bank . The villagers told him that they had retrieved the bricks from an old fort of the king the Vira @-@ . In 1937 , Dubreuil , an , also from France , purchased stone antiquities from local children , and also gathered some exposed on the site 's surface . In particular , he found an intaglio carved with the picture of a man . As a , he identified the intaglio as Augustus Caesar . He also found fine beads and gems . He concluded that these antiquities belonged to the Roman Empire . Dubreuil informed the local Governor of Pondicherry about his find , and called Arikamedu " a true Roman city . " He published a short note about his findings . - In the early 1940s , Service des carried out random excavations . Father and , who were not qualified archaeologists , carried out the excavations at Arikamedu and sent a few antiquities to Indian museums , and also to the École française d @-@ in Hanoi . - Sir , the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India , in the 1940s saw a few of Arikamedu site displayed in the Madras Museum , which he identified as ware , an expensive ceramic made until 50 CE in , Italy . Thereafter , when he visited the Pondicherry Museum and saw more of the findings from the Arikamedu site , he was impressed and thought that he had found the links between the Classical Mediterranean and Ancient India . Soon thereafter in 1945 , the penultimate year of World War II , he mounted excavations in a scientific manner . He was looking for an archaeological site in India that could establish its cultural link , a of the Indian antiquities to the Greco @-@ Roman period , and this quest led him to the Arikamedu site . These excavations also involved Indian archaeologists , who were trained on the site . - Wheeler published his findings in 1946 . He noted that , for the local fishermen of the village , the antiquities were strange — as they consisted of lamps , glass items , , and , wine containers , etc . He also observed that traders traveled from west coast and from Ceylon , ( ) and the Ganges area to trade goods such as gems , and spices , and silk . He carried out excavations carefully , so that none of the antiquities were damaged . This was followed by investigations after the war , from 1947 – 1950 by Jean @-@ Marie . His report of excavations was not as fully published as Wheeler 's . His report was not well @-@ known in India , as it was not written in English . However , his important conclusion was that the site belonged to an early megalithic period , as he had located megalithic burials marked by stones , locally known in Tamil as close to the site . - The excavations led to antiquities of Roman origin such as beads and gems , amphorae ( wine making ) with remnants of wine , a Roman stamp , big bricks recovered from an old wall , ware and so forth . From these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the site was related to a period of trading with Rome , and that it was first established by emperor Augustus . He also noted that this Indo @-@ Roman trade lasted for a period of about 200 years , till 200 CE . Wheeler also found the Chinese , identified to belong to the Song @-@ dynasty , and Chola coins from about the eleventh century , but these were rejected as items or remnants left by brick @-@ robbers . Chinese blue @-@ and @-@ white ware were also recovered from the site . - Wheeler noted that " Ware " found at the site ( designated as " Arikamedu Type 1 " in the scientific study under the " Arikamedu Type 10 Project : Early Historic Networks in South Asia and Beyond " ) was not of an Indian origin , but was from the Mediterranean region . A ceramic , ( " Arikamedu Type 10 ) has also been investigated for its style and spatial distribution . - After a gap of several decades , in the early 1980s , Begley studied the ceramics find of the site and proposed a preliminary version of the chronology of the occupation of the site . At the same time she started researching on the beads , organized a proper display of the artifacts of the site at the Pondicherry Museum , and brought out an information . - Begley obtained to carry out excavations at the site in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Madras ; she and were the directors of operation from 1989 to 1992 . Steven of the University of Delaware , who had back ground knowledge of Roman Egypt , was in charge of the at the site . Further excavations were done during six working seasons from 1989 to 1992 , which led to a contradictory view that the brick structures and the wells investigated by Wheeler were of poor quality as they were founded on poor sandy foundations . The wood work was also noted to be of poor quality and the houses had no waterproofing . The excavations also lead to a view that Arikamedu 's Roman trading link was more of an inference . The excavations have now established that the trading with Rome extended to a period beyond that assessed by Wheeler ; that trading continued from the second century BCE to the seventh or eighth century CE . - The extensive findings of glass and stone beads at the site provided Begley the link to Arikamedu 's history . She identified the beads as Indo @-@ Pacific beads crafted at Arikamedu . Based on the antiquities and structural features from the excavations , Begley and established a revised sequence of six major periods of occupation of the site . Finds of new variety of Roman ware also facilitated revision of the dates of occupancy . They have also inferred that the site has been in continuous occupation since at least 2nd or 3rd century BCE to much more recent times . - - = = Excavations = = - - The excavated area of the mound was into two zones on the basis of occupation and elevation . Northern sector of the mound is nearer to the sea coast while the southern sector is farther away from the coast . The ceramic find of and cooking vessels found in the northern sector were indicative of mass feeding of sailors and traders who camped there . Wine stored in amphorae was the principal item imported from the western countries during the later part of the 2nd century BCE . - According to Wheeler the finds from the northern and southern part of the mound belong to the period from later part of 1st century BCE to 1st and 2nd centuries CE . structures include : - A brick and lime mortar plaster structure of oblong shape 45 metres ( 148 ft ) in length , with a divide wall , used as a in the southern part - Two walled enclosures with and drainage systems in the northern part of the mound that could indicate of operations that used to dye muslin for export - , both local and Mediterranean , such as amphorae and ware that belonged to the Terra ( stamped pottery ) of 1st century BCE , which went out of use by 50 CE - Pink amphorae used to store wine or oil with two handles and a yellow slip , found in all layers of excavations - Smaller objects include a wheel @-@ turned ceramic , a few figurines , shell beads , gems , gold , , iron nails , copper percussion , red fragment of a Roman lamp shade , an engraved emblem of emperor Augustus , an ivory handle , and a wooden toy boat . Based on these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek ( ) trading station . However , recent excavations by Begley have altered this assessment . - The buildings in the northern part of the mound indicative , with people of different ethnic groups — Indian and non @-@ Indian — but it has not been possible to date them in view of the limited depth of excavations . - - = = Conservation = = - - An international conference that the Government of Pondicherry and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs held in October 2004 decided to investigate the Arikamedu site jointly for conservation , as its ancient commercial link with the Romans has been established . During this conference , the Government of Pondicherry also decided to propose the site for status as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO . The Archaeological Survey of India also proposed the site for UNESCO Cultural Heritage Site status , under the title Silk Road Sites in India . - - - = Hurricane Ingrid = - - Hurricane Ingrid was one of two tropical cyclones , along with Hurricane Manuel , to strike Mexico within a 24 ‑ hour period , the first such occurrence since 1958 . Ingrid was the ninth named storm and second hurricane of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on September 12 in the Gulf of Mexico from a broad disturbance that also spawned Manuel in the eastern Pacific . After initially moving westward toward Veracruz , Ingrid turned northeastward away from the coast . conditions allowed it to attain hurricane status on September 14 , and the next day Ingrid attained peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . Subsequently , increased wind shear weakened the convection as the storm turned more to the northwest and west . On September 16 , Ingrid made landfall just south of La Pesca , Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico as a strong tropical storm , and dissipated the next day . - The combined impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel affected two @-@ thirds of Mexico , killing 192 people and causing $ 75 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 5 @.@ 7 billion USD ) in damage . Most of the effects were due to Manuel , though Ingrid was directly responsible for at least 32 deaths and $ 20 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 1 @.@ 5 billion USD ) in damage . The two storms produced 162 billion m3 ( 5 @.@ 7 trillion cu ft ) of water , the equivalent of filling every dam in Mexico . Rainfall from the storm peaked at 511 mm ( 20 @.@ 1 in ) in Tuxpan , Veracruz . The rains caused widespread flooding , damaging at least 14 @,@ 000 houses and hundreds of roads and bridges . In Tamaulipas , where the storm made landfall , the rainfall damaged crops and flooded rivers . The effects of the storm spread into southern Texas , causing high tides and some flooding . After the storm , the Mexican government declared several municipalities as states of emergency . Relief agencies distributed food and aid to the hardest hit areas , although in Tamaulipas , residents had to rely on assistance from the local Gulf . The names Ingrid and Manuel were both later retired due to their impacts . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On August 28 , a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa , which moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean without development . On September 2 , an area of convection , or thunderstorms , developed along the northern portion of the wave , but was eventually absorbed into Tropical Storm Gabrielle north of Puerto Rico . The wave continued westward through the Caribbean Sea into a large area of cyclonic flow at the surface , which extended across Central America into the eastern Pacific . Around September 9 , the broad system developed two areas of disturbed weather – one in the eastern Pacific would become Hurricane Manuel , and the other developing over the northwestern Caribbean . The latter system slowly organized , developing a low pressure area on September 11 . Subsequently , the system moved over the Yucatán Peninsula . Although land interaction prevented immediate development , conditions favored further development in the Bay of Campeche . Early on September 12 , the low emerged into the bay , and at 1800 UTC the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) assessed that Tropical Depression Ten developed about 280 km ( 170 mi ) east @-@ northeast of Veracruz . This was confirmed by a Hurricane Hunters flight indicating the presence of a closed low @-@ level circulation . - On September 13 , convection and organization increased and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ingrid , while weak steering currents resulted in little movement of the cyclone . due to the presence of nearby Hurricane Manuel in the eastern Pacific basin on the other side of Mexico , significant wind shear existed in the vicinity of Ingrid . Nonetheless , strong convection and intermittent development of an eye allowed for strengthening of the storm on September 14 . Ingrid strengthened into a hurricane – the second of the season – that afternoon . Around that time , the hurricane turned sharply northeastward due to a trough over eastern Mexico and a ridge over the southeastern United States . Additional strengthening took place thereafter , and Ingrid reached a peak intensity of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) early on September 15 while starting to move northward and begin a northwest turn towards the Mexican coastline . - Afterward Ingrid reached peak winds , shear increased and began to weaken the hurricane as it approached the Mexican coast . The center became displaced to the edge of the convection , and NHC forecaster Daniel Brown noted that Ingrid " [ did ] not resemble a classic hurricane in satellite pictures . " At around 1115 UTC on September 16 , Ingrid made landfall just south of La Pesca , Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico , after having weakened into a strong tropical storm with 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) winds . Near landfall , the Hurricane Hunters reported flight @-@ level winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) which , after adjusting to surface winds , confirmed the weakening . The storm moved ashore less than 24 hours after Tropical Storm Manuel struck the Pacific coast of Mexico on Michoacán , making it the first time since 1958 that tropical cyclones struck both coasts of the country within one day . Ingrid rapidly weakened into a tropical depression over land , and although convection temporarily reorganized , the circulation dissipated on September 17 . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - Several tropical cyclone warnings and watches were posted in anticipation of the storm . Upon the development of Ingrid into a tropical cyclone at 2100 UTC on September 12 , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from to Nautla , Veracruz . At 1500 UTC on September 13 , the tropical storm warning was extended northward to Cabo Rojo , Veracruz , with a tropical storm watch northward to La Pesca , Tamaulipas . Later , a hurricane warning was issued between Cabo Rojo to La Pesca , with a tropical storm watch to , Tamaulipas . , the oil company operated by the Mexican government , evacuated workers from three platforms in the Gulf of Mexico due to the storm . In Tamaulipas , classes were canceled in 27 municipalities , and all classes were temporarily canceled throughout Veracruz . The threat of the storm caused events for Mexican Independence Day to be canceled . After a restriction on the news in 2010 due to the local drug war , members of a citizen alert system in Tamaulipas used Twitter to notify about flooding , missing people , and the need for assistance . - Early in its duration , Ingrid produced tropical storm force winds along the coast of Veracruz . While making landfall , it also brought tropical storm force winds along the northeastern Mexican coast . Sustained winds at La Pesca peaked at 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , with gusts to 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) . The NHC remarked that Ingrid " likely caused above normal tides " in northeastern Mexico , but there was no data to back up the statement . with Hurricane Manual on the Pacific coast and the broad cyclonic flow , Ingrid dropped heavy rainfall across eastern Mexico , primarily in , Veracruz , and Tamaulipas states . In Tuxpan , Veracruz , rainfall totaled 511 mm ( 20 @.@ 1 in ) over 10 days , while at the Vicente Guerrero dam in Tamaulipas , precipitation reached 502 mm ( 19 @.@ 8 in ) . Surface runoff from the storm spread to the Pacific coast of Mexico , producing flooding in Guerrero in combination with Manuel . The impacts from both storms produced 162 billion m3 ( 5 @.@ 7 trillion cu ft ) of water , the equivalent of filling every dam in the country . - The combined effects of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel affected about two @-@ thirds of Mexico . The rains from Ingrid caused flooding and landslides across Mexico , causing many rivers to rise , and isolating towns . In Veracruz alone , the rains flooded 68 rivers , which damaged 121 roads and 31 bridges , including two destroyed bridges . About 14 @,@ 000 houses were damaged to some degree . Heavy rainfall forced 23 @,@ 000 people to evacuate their homes , 9 @,@ 000 of whom went to emergency shelters , some forced to leave by the Mexican army in high risk areas . who did not reside in shelters generally went to the houses of friends and family . Also in Veracruz , flooding killed about 20 @,@ 000 livestock . Along the coast of Tamaulipas , damage occurred from la Marina to La Pesca . The River in Tamaulipas rose above its banks , flooding two poor towns along its path and damaging adjacent roads . Also in the state , the storm damaged local fields . Two people in the state required rescue after their truck was swept away by a river . - Throughout Mexico , Ingrid killed 32 people , mostly due to flooding and mudslides . The two storms collectively killed at least 192 people and caused $ 75 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 5 @.@ 7 billion USD ) . Manuel was responsible for majority of the overall effects , although Ingrid still left an estimated $ 20 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 1 @.@ 5 billion USD ) in estimated economic losses , according to ; insured damages totaled $ 3 billion pesos ( MXN , $ 230 million USD ) . A total of six fatalities occurred in the states of Hidalgo and Puebla . Three of which were caused after a vehicle was swept off a road , while three other people died after their home was buried by a ; another death occurred in Hidalgo after a house collapsed on a woman in the town of de Guerrero . Twelve people died after a landslide smashed a bus in , Veracruz , and three people died in Tamaulipas . - The fringes of the storm extended into southern Texas , where winds gusted to tropical storm force , and rainfall was around 25 – 75 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 2 @.@ 95 in ) . and high tides affected the coastline , with tides reaching 0 @.@ 76 m ( 2 @.@ 5 ft ) above normal , causing beaches to close due to flooding . - - = = Aftermath and retirement = = - - The twin impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel prompted officials in Mexico to declare a state of emergency in 155 municipalities in Veracruz , Tamaulipas , Chiapas , Oaxaca , Guerrero , and Chihuahua . The nation 's Health Ministry sent medical crews across the country to affected areas in an effort to prevent the spread of disease ; the agency also suggested residents their water . Officials opened shelters in Tamaulipas for residents whose houses were damaged , housing about 2 @,@ 000 people in the weeks following the storm . The Mexican food bank sent about 800 tons of food to the hardest @-@ hit parts of the country in Guerrero , Veracruz , and . In addition , the Mexican Red Cross delivered 186 tons of food to Veracruz alone . Volunteers delivered about 600 blankets and various cleaning supplies to the town of . Following the storms , the National Civil Protection received the authority to prevent housing construction in areas at risk for mudslides and flooding ; the law had passed in 2012 , but initially lacked the authority to enforce it . Some residents in Tamaulipas complained at the slow pace of receiving aid . In response , the Gulf brought relief items to , with one columnist for El Universal suggesting that this was to gain favor with local residents . - Because of the severe damage caused by the storm in Mexico , the name Ingrid was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization , and will never again be used for a North Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced with for the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season . The name Manuel was also retired from the Pacific naming list and was replaced with Mario . - - - = Typhoon Imbudo = - - Typhoon Imbudo , known in the Philippines as Typhoon , was a powerful typhoon that struck the Philippines and southern China in July 2003 . The seventh named storm and fourth typhoon of the season , Imbudo formed on July 15 to the east of the Philippines . The storm moved generally west @-@ northward for much of its duration due to a ridge to the north . conditions allowed Imbudo to intensify , gradually at first before undergoing rapid deepening on July 19 . After reaching typhoon status , Imbudo strengthened further to peak 10 – minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) on July 20 . The typhoon made landfall on northern Luzon near peak intensity on July 22 , but quickly weakened over land . Once in the South China Sea , Imbudo re @-@ intensified slightly before making its final landfall in southern China near Yangjiang on July 24 , dissipating the next day . - In the Philippines , Imbudo was the strongest typhoon in five years , causing widespread flooding and power outages in the Cagayan Valley for weeks . Damage was heaviest in Isabela province near where the storm struck . Most of the banana crop was destroyed , and other crops sustained similar but lesser damage . Imbudo disrupted transportation across much of Luzon . Nationwide , the storm damaged or destroyed 62 @,@ 314 houses , causing billion ( PHP , $ 86 million USD ) in damage , mostly in the Cagayan Valley . There were also 64 deaths in the country . In Hong Kong , strong winds killed a man after knocking him off a platform . In China , damage was heaviest in Guangdong where the storm struck . Thousands of trees fell , and 595 @,@ 000 houses were wrecked . Hundreds of canceled flights stranded travelers across the region . In Guangxi , high rainfall increased water levels in 45 reservoirs to warning levels . In Guangxi and Guangdong , collectively 20 people were killed , and damage reached about ¥ 4 @.@ 45 billion ( CNY , $ million USD ) . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of Imbudo were from a disorganized area of convection near in the open western Pacific in mid @-@ July . With weak wind shear , the system slowly became better organized . On July 15 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) estimated that a tropical depression formed . The next day , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert ( ) , noting that outflow had increased due to an upper @-@ level low to the northeast . At 1800 UTC on July 16 , the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression about km ( 415 mi ) east of Yap . A subtropical ridge near Okinawa steered the nascent depression to the west @-@ northwest for much of its duration . With warm waters and favorable upper @-@ level conditions , the depression quickly organized , and the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Imbudo on July 17 . - After becoming a tropical storm , Imbudo passed about 35 km ( 20 mi ) north of Yap . The JMA upgraded Imbudo to a severe tropical storm late on July 18 , around the same time that the JTWC upgraded it to a typhoon . An increase in outflow to the south and to the north from a tropical upper tropospheric trough ( ) caused a 36 ‑ hour period of rapid development beginning on July 19 . During that time , the JMA upgraded Imbudo to typhoon status , the Philippine , and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) began issuing advisories as the storm approached the Philippines , and a 30 km ( 20 mi ) wide eye formed . At 1200 UTC on July 20 , the JMA estimated peak 10 minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , making it a super typhoon . By late on July 20 , the typhoon had developed concentric , and the was moving away , thus diminishing outflow . Imbudo maintained peak winds for about 12 hours , before the innermost eye contracted to a diameter of 11 km ( 7 mi ) in the midst of an eyewall replacement cycle . At 0300 UTC on July 22 , Imbudo struck northern Luzon , with 1 minute winds estimated at 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) by the JTWC . - Rapidly weakening over land , Imbudo emerged into the South China Sea about six hours after landfall . The JTWC estimated winds had decreased to 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , although the agency estimated Imbudo quickly re @-@ intensified to a secondary peak of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) in 1 minute winds . Dry air prevented convection from significantly , and the eye had become large over open waters . At 0300 UTC on July 24 , Imbudo made its final landfall west of , near Yangjiang , Guangdong . It was the strongest to hit the province since Typhoon in 1996 , striking China with 10 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , as estimated by the JMA . The storm rapidly weakened over land while moving over southern China . Late on July 25 , Imbudo dissipated near the border of China and Vietnam . - - = = Preparations = = - - Before Imbudo struck , officials evacuated over 14 @,@ 000 people to at least 60 shelters . Government offices were closed along the typhoon 's path , and schools were closed in the capital , Manila . PAGASA issued a number 4 warning signal , the highest level , for three northern provinces , indicating the imminent threat of a powerful storm . Despite the warning , a post @-@ storm survey in Isabela province indicated that 34 % were unaware of the storm 's arrival , while others believed the typhoon would not be as strong . In Manila , four flights were canceled at International Airport , and the Manila Light Rail Transit System was shut down for two hours . Travel by ship and bus were halted in some areas . On July 22 before the storm struck , the Philippine military was put on red alert , increasing security at the presidential palace . The military stated it was due to the typhoon , although newspapers suggested it was to prevent a coup attempt ; a failed coup ultimately did occur on July 27 in what would become known as the Oakwood mutiny . - The Hong Kong Observatory issued a number 8 warning signal , indicating the potential for gale force winds within the territory . At Hong Kong International Airport , at least 100 flights were canceled or delayed . Most ferry and some bus lines were temporarily suspended . The threat of the storm caused 16 flights to be canceled and another 54 delayed at International Airport . On island , 32 canceled flights stranded about 1 @,@ 500 travelers . The threat of the storm forced British Prime Minister Tony Blair to shorten a trip to the territory . The Hong Kong Stock Exchange opened 30 minutes late as a result of the typhoon . On the mainland at Yangjiang , more than 30 @,@ 000 people evacuated ahead of the storm . - - = = Impact = = - - - = = = Philippines = = = - - Typhoon Imbudo was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Typhoon five years prior , and was the fifth storm in eight weeks to affect the country . The typhoon left widespread areas flooded for several days . Cagayan Valley was largely isolated after a bridge was damaged in . Damage was heavy in the region , totaling billion ( PHP , $ 40 million USD ) , and over 80 @,@ 000 people were displaced by the storm . Damage was heaviest in Isabela , where damage was estimated at billion ( PHP , $ 35 million USD ) , mostly to crops and killed livestock . There , winds and rain knocked down trees and caused a province @-@ wide power . Most trees less than three years old fell during the high winds . In Isabela province , the banana crop was almost entirely destroyed , and most of the corn and rice crops were heavily damaged . The high damage caused the gross regional product , or overall economy of the Cagayan Valley , to decrease by 0 @.@ 3 % than what would have happened without the typhoon . - Power outages affected Metro Manila , and several billboards were damaged in the city , although there was minimal flooding in the capital . conditions caused the Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 to close for two hours , stranding hundreds . High winds knocked over a 12 m ( 40 ft ) tree that killed five on Island . The rains brought the Dam on Luzon to capacity . blocked a national highway in with debris and fallen trees , which were quickly cleared within a few days . On , flash flooding from the outer periphery of the storm affected 18 towns , killing 11 people . In in the southern Philippines , flooding washed away 50 houses , forcing over 2 @,@ 000 people to evacuate . Damage extended as far south as the Western . Across the Philippines , Imbudo damaged 62 @,@ 314 houses , of which about 20 % were destroyed . Housing damage was estimated at billion ( PHP , $ 22 million USD ) , most of which in the Cagayan Valley . Overall damage in the country was estimated at about billion ( PHP , $ 86 million USD ) . Of the total , about billion ( PHP , $ 35 million USD ) was in agriculture damage . Imbudo killed 64 people in the Philippines , mostly in Cagayan Valley , and injured another 154 . - - = = = Elsewhere = = = - - Early in its developmental stages , Imbudo affected portions of , particularly . There , a weather station measured a peak wind gust of 85 km / h ( 53 mph ) ; winds of similar intensity were reported in Yap . Rainfall from Imbudo in peaked at 226 mm ( 8 @.@ 89 in ) over a six @-@ hour period on Yap . The rainfall from the passing tropical cyclone caused $ 75 @,@ 000 in property damage and $ 25 @,@ 000 in agricultural and crop @-@ related damage . - Before Imbudo struck mainland China , it passed south of Taiwan , dropping heavy rainfall reaching 137 mm ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) in County . The outer rainbands reached as far as Okinawa , where 2 mm ( 0 @.@ in ) was reported . - Peak rainfall in Hong Kong was 53 @.@ 5 mm ( 2 @.@ 11 in ) at Chung , only a day after Tropical Storm dropped rainfall in the territory , and the highest storm surge was 1 @.@ 13 m ( 3 @.@ 7 ft ) at . As the storm passed to the south , Imbudo produced winds of 101 km / h ( 63 mph ) on , the highest in the Hong Kong territory , although a gust of 164 km / h ( 102 mph ) was observed at Tai Mo Shan . High winds killed a man after knocking him off a platform . The winds knocked down 83 trees , injuring 11 people . Rough waves injured 34 people traveling by boat near Island . In the territory , ten boats were damaged or sank , and one fishing pier was damaged . - At its final landfall in Guangdong , Imbudo produced strong winds , with a peak gust of 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) measured at Island . At Yangjiang , gusts reached 159 km / h ( 99 mph ) , causing eleven boats to sink . There , over 10 @,@ 000 trees fell due to the strong winds , more than half in the city , and 7 @,@ 649 homes were damaged or destroyed . In , the storm damaged power lines and water pumps , leaving residents without access to water . Imbudo spawned tornadoes in and , damaging dozens of houses and killing 6 @,@ 000 chickens . Throughout Guangdong , Imbudo destroyed 595 @,@ 000 houses and caused ¥ 1 @.@ 9 billion ( CNY , $ 230 million USD ) . There were at least eight deaths in the province . - In island to the south of the storm track , rainfall reached 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) in 'an County . Imbudo caused flooding in the capital , and several houses were wrecked . The typhoon affected most of the population , causing an estimated ¥ 55 @.@ 35 million ( CNY , $ 6 @.@ 7 million USD ) in damage . Heavy rainfall spread across southern China , peaking at 343 mm ( 13 @.@ 5 in ) at County in Guangxi province , which increased water levels in 45 reservoirs to warning levels . The River in County rose to 50 @.@ 21 m ( 164 @.@ 7 ft ) , or 0 @.@ 71 m ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) above flood stage . In Guangxi , 12 people died from storm damage or drowning , and at least 130 livestock were killed . Imbudo destroyed 4 @,@ 950 houses , 3 @,@ 170 of which in the city of , causing ¥ 499 @.@ 6 million ( CNY , $ 60 @.@ 3 million USD ) in damage in the province . Across southern China , the typhoon damaged over 10 million hectares ( 25 million acres ) of crop fields . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Immediately after the storm , the Philippine Air Force were mobilized to help deliver supplies and aid in search and rescue missions . On July 24 , President Gloria @-@ declared that the National Disaster Council would provide assistance to citizens affected by the typhoon . The president requested million ( PHP , $ 2 @.@ 5 million USD ) for farmers to buy new seeds , and million ( PHP , $ 650 @,@ 000 USD ) to rebuild the hard @-@ hit Cagayan Valley , where visited days after the storm struck . The government ultimately spent about million ( PHP , $ 435 @,@ 000 USD ) in emergency aid for relocating storm victims , search and rescue operations , and assistance . In , officials prepared 800 bags of rice and various other food supplies due to the storm . Power and water outages persisted across Luzon for up to three weeks , causing many factories otherwise undamaged to close . In Isabela province , 25 Tzu Chi volunteers provided supplies to 2 @,@ houses . The Philippine government provided rice , , and coffee to many affected houses . houses were supposed to receive 1 @,@ 000 pesos , although few received the monetary aid . In the town of San Mariano in Isabela province , most farmers incurred more debt and continued their same general farming practice , despite sustaining heavy losses from the storm . - In 2004 , the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Imbudo and replaced it with . The PAGASA name was replaced with Hanna for the 2007 season . - - - = Hurricane Felicia ( 2009 ) = - - Hurricane Felicia was the third strongest tropical cyclone of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season , as well as the strongest storm to exist in the eastern Pacific at the time since Hurricane Daniel in 2006 . Forming as a tropical depression on August 3 , the storm supported strong thunderstorm activity and quickly organized . It became a tropical storm over the following day , and subsequently underwent rapid deepening to attain hurricane status . Later that afternoon , Felicia featured a well @-@ defined eye as its winds sharply rose to major hurricane @-@ force on the Saffir – Simpson scale . Further strengthening ensued , and Felicia peaked in intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 61 inHg ) . After reaching this strength , unfavorable conditions , such as wind shear , began to impact the storm while it took on a northwestward path . , Felicia slowly weakened for several days ; by August 8 it had been downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane , once again becoming a tropical storm the next day . It westward towards Hawaii on August 10 , all the while decreasing in organization . On August 11 , Felicia weakened to tropical depression status , and soon degenerated into remnant low just prior to passing over the islands . - After weakening into a remnant low , Felicia continued to approach the Hawaiian Islands and on August 12 , the system produced copious amounts of rainfall across several islands . The highest total was recorded on Oahu at 14 @.@ 63 in ( 372 mm ) , causing isolated mudslides and flooding . In Maui , the heavy rains helped to alleviate drought conditions and water shortages , significantly increasing the total water across the island 's reservoirs . In addition , river flooding resulted in the closure of one school and large swells produced by the storm resulted in several lifeguard rescues at island beaches . In all , only minor impacts were caused by the remnants of Felicia . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - Hurricane Felicia originated from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean on July 23 , 2009 . A weak system , the wave was barely identifiable as it tracked westward . By July 26 , the wave entered the Caribbean Sea before crossing Central America and entering the eastern Pacific basin on July 29 . The system remained ill @-@ defined until August 1 , at which time convection began to increase and the wave showed signs of organization . The storm gradually became better organized as it tracked generally towards the west . By August 3 , the system became increasingly organized and around 11 : 00 am PDT ( 1800 UTC ) , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) designated the system as Tropical Depression Eight @-@ E. banding features and outflow were being enhanced by the nearby Tropical Storm Enrique . The main steering component of the depression was an upper @-@ level low located to the north , causing the depression to track generally west before turning northwest after the low weakened . - By the early morning hours of August 4 , the NHC upgraded Tropical Depression Eight @-@ E to Tropical Storm Felicia , the seventh named storm of the season . Located within an area of low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures , averaging between 28 and 29 ° C ( 82 and 84 ° F ) , the storm quickly developed , with deep convection around the center of circulation . These conditions were anticipated to persist for at least three days ; however , there was an increased amount of uncertainty due to possible interaction with Tropical Storm Enrique . Several hours later , the storm began to undergo rapid intensification , following the formation of an eye . Around 2 : 00 pm PDT ( 2100 UTC ) , Felicia intensified into a hurricane . - Late on August 4 , the intensity of Felicia led to it taking a more northward turn in response to a to upper @-@ level trough off the coast of the Western United States . Early the next morning , the storm continued to intensify and attained Category 3 status with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . a well @-@ defined eye , Felicia neared Category 4 status and hours later , the storm attained winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) and a pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 67 inHg ) during the evening hours , making it the strongest Pacific storm east of the International Date Line since Hurricane in 2006 and the strongest in the eastern Pacific basin since Hurricane Daniel of 2006 . Around 5 : 00 pm PDT ( 0000 UTC August 6 ) Felicia reached its peak intensity with winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 61 inHg ) . - After slightly weakening throughout the day on August 6 , Felicia leveled out with winds of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) and a 23 mi ( 37 km ) wide eye as the storm developed characteristics of an annular hurricane , which would allow Felicia to maintain a high intensity over marginally warm waters . Early the next day , the structure of the hurricane quickly deteriorated as convection became asymmetric and cloud tops warmed significantly . This marked a quick drop in intensity of the storm to a minimal Category 3 hurricane . Several hours later , the mid @-@ level circulation began to separate from the low @-@ level circulation and the overall size of the storm decreased . By this time , the storm began to take a long @-@ anticipated westward turn towards Hawaii . After briefly re @-@ intensifying on August 7 , Felicia weakened to a Category 1 hurricane early on August 8 . Around 11 : 00 am HST ( 2100 UTC ) , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) took over responsibility of issuing advisories as Felicia crossed longitude 140 ° W. - By August 9 , increasing wind shear further weakened the storm , with Felicia being downgraded to a tropical storm early that day . The storm rapidly weakened throughout the day as convection gradually dissipated around the center due to the shear . By the late morning hours , little convective activity remained around the low pressure center of Felicia . A weak cyclone , the storm continued to track towards Hawaii with the only deep convection associated with it being displaced to the northeast of the center . The system slowly weakened before being downgraded to a tropical depression on August 11 as no areas of tropical storm @-@ force winds were found by Hurricane Hunters . Several hours after being downgraded , the CPHC issued its final advisory on Felicia as it degenerated into a remnant low near the Hawaiian Islands . The system dissipated shortly thereafter . - - = = Preparations = = - - By August 5 , forecasters were discussing the possibility of the storm impacting Hawaii . Residents were advised to ensure that their disaster kits were fully stocked and ready . Governor Linda made a speech to the state of Hawaii the same day . She emphasized that the storm was not an imminent threat but that residents should be ready and should know where the nearest emergency shelter is . Since forecasters expected the storm to weaken before it reached the islands , only minor effects — mainly rainfall — were expected . Hawaii County mayor Billy was also briefed on the approaching storm and he advised the county to be prepared . Stores reported an influx of and posted anniversary sales . Blue tarps for roofs were being sold at $ 1 apiece . The American Red Cross also reported that sales of the " water " , a water container that can be attached to a bathtub and hold roughly 100 gallons of water , increased significantly . On August 6 , the Red Cross stated that it was deploying a disaster recovery team , led by the director of the agency , to the islands of Hawaii . - On August 7 , five Hurricane Hunter planes were dispatched to Air Force Base to fly missions into the storm . Later that day , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center issued tropical storm watches for the island of Hawaii , Maui , , Lanai , and Molokai . On August 9 , the watch was expanded to include Oahu . The watches for the Big Island were later cancelled as the forecast track appeared to drift further north toward Maui County and Oahu . The Red Cross opened shelters throughout the islands on August 10 . Twelve were on the Big Island , seven were on Maui , two on Molokai and one on Lanai . The Honolulu International Airport ensured that eight generators were ready for use in case Felicia caused a power at the airport . All tropical storm watches were cancelled at 11 a.m. August 11 as Felicia dissipated to a remnant low . - - = = Impact = = - - - = = = Oahu = = = - - In Oahu , areas on the windward side of the island received more than 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rain on August 12 from the remnants of Felicia , causing many roads to become slick . A portion of Kamehameha Highway was shut down around 11 : 00 pm HST when the Stream overflowed its banks . Flooding near a bridge reached a depth of 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) , stranding some residents in their homes . The highway remained closed until around 4 : 00 am HST on August 14 . The rain was also considered helpful in that it helped alleviate drought conditions that had been present for nearly two months . The heaviest rainfall was recorded on Oahu at 14 @.@ 63 in ( 372 mm ) in the Forest National Wildlife Refuge . During a 12 @-@ hour span , a total of 6 @.@ 34 in ( 161 mm ) fell in . Some areas recorded rainfall rates up to 1 in / h ( 25 mm / h ) , triggering isolated mudslides . At Sandy Beach , there were two lifeguard rescues and three others were on as waves up to 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) affected the islands . There were also five assists at and one at Beach . issued a total of 1 @,@ 410 verbal warnings about the rough seas to swimmers and during the event . However , winds on the island reached only 15 mph ( 25 km / h ) and gusts peaked at 20 mph ( 30 km / h ) . - - = = = Other islands = = = - - On Kauai , the River rose above its normal level , leading to the closure of the School . Several tree limbs and small trees were blown down across the island . Rainfall on Kauai peaked at 5 @.@ 33 in ( 135 mm ) at Mount and on Maui , up to 4 @.@ 05 in ( 103 mm ) fell in Gap . On the side of the mountains , rainfall peaked at 1 @.@ 3 in ( 33 mm ) in , an area that rarely records rainfall in August . Throughout the island , the total amount of water in reservoirs increased to 104 @.@ 5 million gallons ( 395 @.@ 5 million liters ) from 77 @.@ 8 million gallons ( @.@ 5 million liters ) prior to Felicia . Rainfall in some areas was heavy enough at times to reduce visibility to several feet . Streets in these areas were covered with muddy water . heavy rainfall fell on the Big Island , peaking at 2 @.@ 76 in ( 70 mm ) in . In Beach , there was one lifeguard rescue that resulted in the swimmer being sent to a local hospital . Three other people were swept away at the mouth of the River , all of whom were quickly rescued . In Honolulu , runoff from the storm resulted in large amounts of trash and debris along the local beaches . Private contractors were dispatched to the affected to trap and remove the trash . Officials were forced to close the beaches along Bay after swells from Felicia pushed an estimated 2 @,@ 000 Portuguese Man o ' War into the region . The beaches were later re @-@ opened on August 14 . - - - = Santa @-@ Fe ( Bob Dylan song ) = - - " Santa @-@ Fe " ( sometimes spelled " Santa Fe " or " Santa " ) is a song that was recorded by Bob Dylan and the Band in the summer or fall of 1967 in the Woodstock area of New York State . It was recorded during the sessions that would in 1975 be released on The Basement Tapes but was not included on that album . These sessions took place in three phases throughout the year , at a trio of houses , and " Santa @-@ Fe " was likely put on tape in the second of these , at a home of some of the Band members , known as Big Pink . The composition , which has been characterized as a " nonsense " song , was copyrighted in 1973 with lyrics that differ noticeably from those on the recording itself . - In the decades following this collaboration , the over 100 tracks recorded at these sessions were at different stages obtained by collectors and released on bootlegs . The first batch of these leaked to the public beginning in the late 1960s ; the second in 1986 ; the third , which included " Santa @-@ Fe " , in the early 1990s ; and a fourth batch of Basement Tape tracks became public in 2014 . The song was released officially on the Columbia album The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 ( Rare & ) 1961 – 1991 . It has been subject to mixed opinions by critics and biographers , with some praising it for its expressiveness , and others regarding it , while criticizing its inclusion on The Bootleg Series at the expense of more worthy candidates . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Recording near Woodstock = = = - - In 1965 and 1966 , Dylan was touring with the Hawks — Rick Danko , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , Robbie Robertson and Levon Helm , although Helm quit the group in late November or early December 1965 . In July 1966 , Dylan suffered a motorcycle accident and spent several months at his house in , near Woodstock , New York . By spring 1967 , all of the members of the Hawks , except Helm , had joined Dylan in the Woodstock area , with Danko , Manuel and Hudson living in nearby West in a house nicknamed Big Pink . Dylan and the four Hawks began recording informal music sessions , first at Dylan 's house in what was known as " the Red Room " , followed by the basement of Big Pink . Earlier on they recorded mostly covers and traditional music , but later moved onto original material written largely by Dylan . In total , over 100 songs and alternate takes were put on tape . Helm returned to the group in October 1967 and performed on some final Woodstock @-@ area collaborations between Dylan and the Hawks , these ones at a different house that some group members had moved to . In the fall of that year , the Hawks , who soon renamed themselves the Band , continued writing and rehearsing songs for their debut album , Music From Big Pink . - Dylan biographer Sid Griffin has noted that , because no written records were kept of these 1967 recording sessions , " the world will have to live with the fact that it will never know exactly which Basement Tapes tune was recorded when and where " . Nonetheless , using clues such as the sound quality of different batches of songs , and where they appear on the original reels of tapes , attempts have been made to place the songs into a rough chronology and guess the locations at which they were likely recorded . Biographer Clinton Heylin places " Santa @-@ Fe " in the summer of 1967 at Big Pink . The liner notes of The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 date it in the fall of that year . Griffin lists it among the probable Big Pink recordings , and in a group of songs from around July , but it is also " unlikely [ but ] possible " it came from the Red Room . - - = = = of Basement Tape songs = = = - - In late 1967 , an acetate of fourteen of Dylan 's compositions was made , from which demos circulated among music groups who might be interested in recording some of the songs . Artists including Peter , Paul and Mary , Manfred Mann and the Byrds eventually did . Dylan 's demo tapes were soon heard by music journalists , including Rolling Stone 's , who wrote a front @-@ page story in that magazine entitled " Dylan 's Basement Tape Should Be Released " . This made the general public hungry to hear the music , and in July 1969 a bootleg called Great White Wonder , which included some of the Big Pink songs , came out . Other Basement Tape bootlegs followed . - In 1975 , the Columbia album The Basement Tapes was compiled , mainly by Robertson and engineer Rob . Robertson and put thirty @-@ five of the songs onto composite reels of tape , and Heylin believes these represented a short list of candidates for the album . " Santa @-@ Fe " was included on these composite reels , but was not ultimately chosen for the album . The Basement Tapes included sixteen Dylan songs recorded at Big Pink in 1967 , as well as eight Band demos from various times and locations between 1967 and 1975 . One Dylan song on the album , " ' to Acapulco " , had not appeared on his 1967 fourteen @-@ song acetate or on bootlegs , and this alerted the world to the possibility that there might be more Basement Tape songs in existence . In 1986 , at least twenty @-@ five previously unknown 1967 songs by Dylan and the Band passed into collectors ' hands by way of a former of the Band 's . In the early 1990s , a third batch of songs , these ones from Garth Hudson 's archives , came to light around the time Columbia was preparing The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 ; " Santa @-@ Fe " comes from this group . In his liner notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 , John commented on these second and third stages in which groups of Big Pink songs had come to light : " Despite the ... emergence [ in 1986 ] in collectors ' circles of a further couple of hours of Basement Tapes , it seems as though there 's a good deal left unheard . ' Santa @-@ Fe ' is just one example of a batch of previously Basement tracks " . By 1992 , the " Santa @-@ Fe " batch of songs had been obtained by , and almost all known Dylan Basement Tape songs were assembled onto the 5 @-@ CD bootleg The Genuine Basement Tapes . " @-@ Fe " was also included on the 2014 compilations The Basement Tapes Raw and The Bootleg Series Vol . 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete ; the latter album officially released a fourth batch of previously Basement Tape songs . - - = = Personnel = = - - The liner notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 list the song 's personnel as Dylan , guitar and vocals ; Robertson , guitar ; Hudson , organ ; Manuel , piano ; Danko , bass ; and Helm , drums . However , Griffin argues that Helm did not arrive in Woodstock until after the song is believed to have been recorded . Furthermore , the drumming sounds to Griffin more like Manuel 's style . Heylin and biographer Greil Marcus similarly do not include " Santa @-@ Fe " among the songs they believe were recorded after Helm 's arrival . Griffin also argues that no organ is audible on the track and proposes the following musician line @-@ up as being more likely : Dylan , acoustic guitar and vocals ; Robertson , electric guitar ; Hudson , piano ; Danko , bass ; Manuel , drums . - - = = and lyrics = = - - Different Basement Tape songs were copyrighted in stages between 1967 and 1975 , with " Santa @-@ Fe " being registered in September 1973 ; still other songs from the sessions were not copyrighted until the 1980s . Tim Dunn indicates that in the original 1973 copyright the song was registered as " Santa @-@ Fe " with a hyphen , but that some later documents relating to the renewal of the copyright the hyphen . The liner notes of The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 print the title as " Santa @-@ Fe " , while Dylan 's official website , , spells it without the hyphen but with an accent on the e : " Santa " . - Heylin has noted that , as is the case with a number of other of Basement Tape tracks , Dylan 's copyrighted , published " Santa @-@ Fe " lyrics differ from what can be heard on the song . Heylin speculates that the " dramatic reworking " in the later version arose from Dylan 's " 1973 in Malibu " , where Dylan had moved to , and that new lines like " build a dome and sail away " and " My shrimp boat 's in the bay " sound like the work of " someone sitting on the dock of the bay , not up on Mountain [ in Woodstock ] " . Heylin also notes that the website maintained by , Words My Head , contains a transcription of the song as Dylan performed it . The 1973 copyrighted lyrics are printed on - In his notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 , describes the song as " a typical combination of nonsense and fun , just for the hell of it , really ... " ; author Oliver likewise describes it as a " nonsense " song . Heylin writes that the lyrics " revolve around ' dear , dear , dear , dear , Santa Fe ' — intended to be both a woman 's name and the town in New Mexico . After five verses of rolling said words around , he moves on . " - - = = = = - - Opinions about the song have been mixed . AllMusic critic Thomas Ward calls it " one of the great good @-@ time songs in Dylan 's canon " . Ward comments that " Dylan sings it as if he is having the time of his life " , adding that " rarely has he sung with such expressiveness " . Anthony , author of The Bob Dylan Albums , similarly praises the song 's " breadth of feeling " and " unparalleled expressiveness " , noting that " it appears Dylan simply improvised the song on the spot , and the passion within him allows the song to flow forth naturally " . Biographer John has described the song as " delightful " , while a New York Times review rates it one of the highlights of Volume 2 of The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 , commenting that it is one of only a couple of mid @-@ 60s songs on the compilation that " live up to their vintage " . Griffin describes it as " catchy but slight " and " a slight if charming little ditty " , but criticizes the decision to include it on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 rather than the " masterpiece " composition " Sign on the Cross " . Heylin , characterizing " Santa @-@ Fe " in 1995 as a " pleasant enough " but suggesting that " Sign on the Cross " or another 1967 composition , " I 'm Not There " , would have been much better choices ( " I 'm Not There " was eventually released in 2007 on the I 'm Not There soundtrack , and both it and " Sign on the Cross " were included on The Basement Tapes Raw and The Basement Tapes Complete in 2014 ) . By 2009 , Heylin 's opinion had changed little and he writes that " of all the ' missing ' basement @-@ tape originals that appear on that three @-@ CD set , ' Santa Fe ' hardly represented an A @-@ list candidate . Just another discarded ditty , it relies on the usual wordplay and diction to obscure any to a deeper meaning " . Marcus dismisses it as no more than " a riff " , while a review in magazine calls it " the most lightweight tune on all three CDs , with lyrics " . Author Peter James , referring to Dylan and the Band 's Woodstock output , writes that " many great songs were written and recorded in [ Big Pink 's ] basement in 1967 , unfortunately ' @-@ Fe ' is not one of them . " He goes on to describe the song 's inclusion on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 as " little more than a joke " . - - = = Cover versions = = - - The song has been covered by Howard on his album Bob Dylan & The Band 's The Basement Tapes Live at Joe 's . played more than sixty songs from Dylan and the Band 's Basement Tape sessions over three nights , of which selected tracks were included on the CD and an accompanying DVD . " Santa @-@ Fe " has also been covered by Steve Gibbons . On November 7 , 2007 at the Theatre in New York City , J and the Million Dollar performed the song at a special concert featuring numerous music artists celebrating the release of Todd Haynes 's film I 'm Not There . Thomas Ward notes that Dylan himself has never played the song live . - - - = The Secret ( The Office ) = - - " The Secret " is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's nineteenth episode overall . It was written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky and directed by Gordon . The episode first aired on January 19 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Tom W. Chick as Gil . - The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) is forced into spending time with Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) so that Michael will not reveal Jim 's feelings for Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) . Meanwhile , Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) takes a sick day and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) investigates whether he is actually sick . - " The Secret " was written in roughly 26 hours and was the fastest episode written for the series at the time . The title for the episode is purposely vague and refers to Jim 's hidden feelings for Pam , Dwight and Angela 's relationship , and Oscar 's homosexuality . The shots at the Hooters restaurant were filmed relatively early in the day , and a majority of the scenes were improvised by Carell . " The Secret " received largely positive reviews from television critics and was watched by 8 @.@ 7 million viewers , ranking as the forty @-@ fourth most @-@ watched television episode of the week . - - = = Plot = = - - Out of fear that Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) will tell the others he has feelings for Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) allows Michael to believe that they are best friends , which leads to an awkward lunch at Hooters paid for with a corporate credit card . Michael ultimately reveals Jim 's secret to everyone , forcing Jim to confess his crush to Pam himself , although he tells her that he got over it three years ago . However , Michael later tells her that he learned of the crush during the " cruise " which occurred recently , leading her to suspect that Jim is still infatuated . - Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) " investigates " Oscar Martinez 's ( Oscar Nunez ) claimed sick day from work , learning that the co @-@ worker is actually taking time off to ice @-@ skate . Dwight blackmails Oscar , threatening to reveal his unauthorized leave @-@ taking . He then cuts a deal for Oscar to owe him a favor , and watches a movie with Oscar and Oscar 's " roommate " Gil ( Tom W. Chick ) while completely failing to recognize evidence of Oscar 's homosexuality . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Writing = = = - - " The Secret " was written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky . The episode was written in roughly 26 hours and was the fastest episode written for the series , at the time . The idea to make the entry the " spring cleaning episode " was " throw [ n ] in at the last minute " because the writers were " desperate " . The subplot was inspired by a friend of Eisenberg 's , who suggested the story after he was forced to undergo spring cleaning at his office . - The title for the episode is purposely vague . During the commentary , the cast revealed that there are actually three " secrets " in the episode : Jim 's hidden feelings for Pam , Dwight and Angela 's relationship , and Oscar 's homosexuality . later joked that there are " actually nine secrets in the episode " . The cold opening – wherein Michael tries to tell a joke where the punch line is " What 's up dog ? " – was inspired by the same prank being pulled on Stupnitsky . The original cold opening for the episode featured Michael playing golf in his office , but it was cut . - Jenna Fischer felt that Krasinski 's performance in the episode was " really great " and called " The Secret " her " favorite John Krasinski episode " . Krasinski said that Creed 's line , " Which one is Pam ? " was his favorite moment " in the entire show , ever " . Fischer , in turn , said that her favorite moment was when Jim confesses that he does not have a crush on her , due to the emotion involved . Fischer later admitted that , after the shot was filmed , she cried because it " broke [ her ] heart " . - - = = = Filming = = = - - " The Secret " was directed by Gordon , who would go on to direct the season two episode " Boys and Girls " . Tom W. Chick portrayed Gil . The cast were particularly impressed with his acting ; Fischer called him a " great casting " choice . Lindsey , who plays one of the Hooters , was an acquaintance of Martin 's . - The shots at the Hooters restaurant were filmed relatively early in the day , and a majority of the scenes were improvised by Carell . In fact , Carell decided to play the penis game – in which two or more people shout the word " penis " at varying levels in an attempt to out do each other – which Krasinski called " the thing I have experienced . " The scene where Pam and Kelly discuss wedding plans was particularly difficult to shoot all in one scene , due to the amount of activity going on . John Krasinski later noted that he was impressed that the director and were able to successfully get the shot . The sequence featuring Michael and Jim talking in the break room was made of two composition shots , because Krasinski was laughing " the entire " time . Michael buying Stanley a peach ice tea and telling him that he will " hate it " was entirely improvised . - - = = = scenes = = = - - The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include the cut cold opening of Michael playing with his new putting toy , Dwight on his thoughts on dust , Michael surveying his " worker bees " , Ryan Howard ( Novak ) finding an unfinished People Magazine puzzle from 1999 in Michael 's office , Michael describing his college experience , and Michael buying Jim a Hooters T @-@ shirt . - - = = Cultural references = = - - Michael attributes the 1981 song " Our Are " to The , when it was really sung by The Go @-@ Go 's . Michael and Jim go to Hooters , a company whose waiting staff are primarily young , attractive usually referred to simply as " Girls " whose revealing outfits and sex appeal is played up and is a primary component of the company 's image . At the restaurant , Michael makes several breast jokes . Near the end of the episode , Michael makes reference to a movie called More of a Call Girl . - - = = Reception = = - - " The Secret " originally aired on NBC on the January 19 , 2006 . The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 7 million viewers . This marked a slight decrease in viewers from a lead @-@ in episode of " My Name is Earl " , but more than a follow @-@ up episode of " ER " . " The Secret " ranked as the forty @-@ fourth most @-@ watched episode for the week ending January 22 . - M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an " A " . Brendan of DVD Verdict gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded the entry a " B " . He wrote that while it was " " a solid episode " it " lacks any of the belly laughs the show frequently . " Michael of called the installment " a terrific episode " and wrote that the " Michael Scott [ … ] was at his best [ … ] in this episode " . Furthermore , he highly praised the story , noting that " the Jim / Pam scenario has definitely taken a more interesting turn . " During the filming of " The Secret " , the cast of the show discovered that Carell had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Fischer later noted that it was " fun that [ ' The Secret ' is ] the episode that after his win . " - - - = Maggie Simpson = - - Margaret " Maggie " Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons . She first appeared on television in the Tracey Ullman Show short " Good Night " on April 19 , 1987 . Maggie was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening while he was waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks ' office . She received her first name from Groening 's youngest sister . After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years , the Simpson family was given their own series on the Fox Broadcasting Company which debuted December 17 , 1989 . - Maggie is the youngest child of Marge and Homer , and sister to Bart and Lisa . She is often seen sucking on her red pacifier and , when she walks , she trips over her clothing and falls on her face ( this running gag is used much more in earlier seasons ) . Being an infant , she cannot talk . She is a counterpart to Lisa Simpson . However , she did appear to talk in the first Tracy Ullman short . Therefore , she is the least seen and heard member of the Simpson family . - Maggie 's and occasional speaking parts are currently provided by Nancy Cartwright , but she has also been voiced by guest stars James Earl Jones , Elizabeth Taylor and Foster , and by series regulars Smith and Harry Shearer . Maggie has appeared in various media relating to The Simpsons – including video games , The Simpsons Movie , The Simpsons Ride , commercials and comic books – and has inspired an entire line of merchandise . - - = = Role in The Simpsons = = - - The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not physically age , and as such the show is assumed to be set in the current year . In several episodes , events have been linked to specific times , though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes . Maggie is the youngest child of Marge and Homer , and sister to Bart and Lisa . When Marge became pregnant with Bart , she and Homer got married at a chapel in Las Vegas . To support his impending family , Homer all but demanded a job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , impressing its owner , Mr Burns , with his aggressive . When Marge became pregnant with Lisa , two years later , she and Homer bought their first house . Another six years later , Homer felt financially secure enough to finally quit his job at the Power Plant and take his dream job at Barney 's . However , Marge became pregnant with Maggie , so Homer , once again unable to support his family , was forced to for his old job . By the time Maggie was born , Homer had shown great signs of distress , but he managed to find motivation in the form of his newborn baby girl . - During the earlier seasons of the show , Maggie 's equivalent of a hallmark was to trip over her clothing and fall on her face while trying to walk , causing a loud on the floor , but this was toned down in the later seasons . She has for her pacifier , on which she is always seen sucking . - Maggie has performed a number of feats that suggest she is a baby genius . She has spelled out E = MC ² with her baby blocks , driven Homer 's car , escaped from the Springfield center , and written her name on an A . Maggie is aware of her surroundings , and can usually be seen imitating the flow of action around her . She shows a high degree of dexterity , and she once hit Homer on the head with a and shot a dart at a photograph of him in imitation of Itchy and Scratchy . Despite her age , Maggie is a formidable marksman , as seen in " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " where she shoots Mr. Burns with a that falls into her hands , and in a more intentional manner during " 's Got a Brand New Badge " where she is able to non @-@ fatally shoot a group of in rapid succession with a rifle that she apparently hides in her crib . - Maggie is usually frightened and by Homer 's attempts to bond with her , but has on several occasions stepped in to save Homer 's life : once from drowning , once from being shot by , once from being kidnapped by a tow truck driver , and once from being shot by Russ , head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency . - - = = Character = = - - - = = = Creation = = = - - Matt Groening first conceived Maggie and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of James L. Brooks 's office . Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show , and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip . When he realized that Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights for his life 's work , Groening decided to go in another direction , and out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family . The baby of the family was named Maggie after Groening 's youngest sister . Maggie then made her debut with the rest of the Simpsons family on April 19 , 1987 in the short " Good Night " . In 1989 , the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons , a half @-@ hour series that would air on the Fox Broadcasting Company . Maggie and the rest of the family remained the main characters on this new show . - The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in . The family was drawn , because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators , assuming they would clean them up ; instead , they just traced over his drawings . Maggie 's physical features are generally not used in other characters ; for example , in the later seasons , no character other than Lisa shares her hairline . While designing Maggie and Lisa , Groening " couldn 't be bothered to even think about girls ' hair styles " . At the time , Groening was primarily drawing in black and white and when designing Lisa and Maggie , he " just gave them this kind of spiky hair style , not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color " . - Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up , but was scripted to show any emotions that the scene required . Maggie 's comedic include her tendency to and land on her face while attempting to walk , and a for sucking on her pacifier , the sound of which has become the equivalent of her catchphrase and was originally created by Groening during the Tracey Ullman period . In the early seasons of the show , Maggie would her pacifier over other characters ' dialogue , but this was discontinued because the producers found it too distracting . - - = = = Voice = = = - - With few exceptions , Maggie never speaks but in the events around her , with subtle gestures and facial expressions . Maggie 's first lines were spoken in " Good Night " , the first short to air on The Tracey Ullman Show , after the family falls asleep . On this occasion , Liz Georges provided the voice of Maggie . - Although she had previously spoken in fantasies and dream sequences , Maggie 's first word spoken in the normal continuity of the series occurred in " Lisa 's First Word " , when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor . Although it was only one word ( " Daddy " ) , Taylor had to record the part numerous times before the producers were satisfied . James Earl Jones voiced Maggie in " Treehouse of Horror V " . Maggie would later have brief dialogue in " Treehouse of Horror IX " , voiced by Harry Shearer , who used his Kang voice . In earlier episodes , Smith did many of Maggie 's , cries , laughs and occasional speaking parts , although in the later seasons her parts are done by Nancy Cartwright ( including a single word spoken during the end credits of The Simpsons Movie ) . Foster voiced a Howard @-@ inspired Maggie in the season 20 episode " Four Great Women and a " . - In the occasional " Simpsons in the future " episodes ( " Lisa 's Wedding " , " Bart to the Future " , " Future @-@ Drama " , " of Future " , " Days of Future Future " ) , although an older Maggie is depicted , as a running gag within these episodes she is never shown speaking , so no voice actors have been utilized on these occasions . - - = = Reception = = - - Nancy at About.com said her favorite Maggie scenes on The Simpsons are the ones that show her acting more like an adult than a one @-@ year @-@ old . Some of her favorite Maggie scenes include scenes from " Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Song " and " Lady 's Lover " where Maggie meets her , Baby Gerald , and the one scene from " Itchy & Scratchy : The Movie " in which Bart is supposed to Maggie , but she escapes and takes Homer 's car for a ride . also added that " whether watching ' The Happy ' or falling down , Maggie is the baby in the Simpson family " . Ricky Gervais named " And Maggie Makes Three " his second favorite episode of the show and said that the scene in the end where Homer puts up pictures of Maggie over his desk gave him " a in the throat thinking about it " . Todd Everett at Variety called the scene in " Lisa 's First Word " where Maggie speaks her first word " quite a heart @-@ " . - In 2006 , Elizabeth Taylor was named thirteenth on IGN 's " Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances " list for her performance as Maggie in " Lisa 's First Word " . James Earl Jones , voice of Maggie in " Treehouse of Horror V " , was named the seventh greatest guest star on the show in the same list . In 2000 , Maggie and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at Hollywood Boulevard . - - = = Merchandising = = - - Four children 's books , written by Maggie Groening ( after whom Maggie was named ) and illustrated by Matt Groening , entitled Maggie Simpson 's Book of Animals , Maggie Simpson 's Book , Maggie Simpson 's Book of and and Maggie Simpson 's Alphabet Book were released on September 12 , 1991 . Other merchandise includes dolls , posters , figurines , puzzles , and T @-@ shirts . Maggie was made into an action figure as part of the World of Springfield toy line , and was released in the wave one " Living Room " , featuring her and Marge in the living room of the Simpsons house . Maggie has appeared in commercials for Burger King , , Lemon , 's , Inn and . - Maggie has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons . She is a character in every one of The Simpsons video games , including the most recent , The Simpsons Game . Alongside the television series , Maggie regularly appears in issues of the Simpsons comics , which were first published on November 29 , 1993 and are still issued monthly . Maggie also plays a role in The Simpsons Ride , launched in 2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood . Maggie starred in the 3D short @-@ film The , which was shown in theaters before Ice Age : Continental in 2012 . - On April 9 , 2009 , the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Maggie and the four other members of the Simpson family . They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production . The stamps , designed by Matt Groening , were made available for purchase on May 7 , 2009 . In a poll , Maggie 's stamp was voted the most popular of the five . - - - = Chasing Vermeer = - - Chasing Vermeer is a 2004 children 's art mystery novel written by Blue Balliett and illustrated by Brett . Set in Hyde Park , Chicago near the University of Chicago , the novel follows two children , Calder Pillay and Petra Andalee . After a famous Johannes Vermeer painting is stolen on route to the Art Institute of Chicago , Calder and Petra work together to try to recover it . The thief publishes many advertisements in the newspaper , explaining that he will give the painting back if the community can discover which paintings under Vermeer 's name were really painted by him . This causes Petra , Calder , and the rest of Hyde Park to examine art more closely . Themes of art , chance , coincidence , deception , and problem @-@ solving are apparent . - The novel was written for Balliett classroom intended to deal with real @-@ world issues . Balliett values children 's ideas and wrote the book specifically to highlight that . Chasing Vermeer has won several awards , including the Edgar and the . In 2006 , the sequel entitled The Wright 3 was published , followed by The Calder Game in 2008 , . - - = = Inspiration and origins = = - - Chasing Vermeer is Blue Balliett 's first published book . Its original purpose was a book to read to her class for fun . She realized that a mystery about " real " art issues had not been written since 's From the Mixed @-@ Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. and desired to write what she wished to read . Chasing Vermeer took about five years to complete , as Balliett was also a teacher and parent . She compared writing the book to weaving , as she first wrote mainly about art , but then incorporated the pentominoes and classroom scenes , creating many different levels to read on . She admits that it ended up more complex than she had thought it would be . - Balliett used art and blank plates as inspiration for the characters ' names . Calder Pillay is derived from the artist Alexander Calder and Petra Andalee was inspired by the architecture in Petra , Jordan . The names were meant to be different , which Balliett considered " fun for a child . " Balliett felt that she could capture the attention of reluctant readers if they related to characters who enjoyed writing and math . Calder and Petra 's teacher , Ms. Hussey , was inspired by an old name on Nantucket Island and the old @-@ fashioned word . Balliett compares herself to Ms. Hussey , stating that " [ we ] think a lot alike . " Some of Ms. Hussey 's assignments and dialogue even came from Balliett 's classroom . She chose the setting of Hyde Park , Chicago , where she currently lives , because she considered it full of secrets that children could discover . - - = = Plot summary = = - - The book begins with a mysterious letter that is delivered to three unknown recipients , two women and one man . The letter tells them they are of great need to the , but begs them not to tell the police . - Sixth @-@ Calder Pillay , who enjoys puzzles and pentominoes , and Petra Andalee , who to be a writer , are classmates at the Middle School in Hyde Park , Chicago . Their young teacher , Ms. Hussey , is very interested in art and teaches them in a creative way . Through her pressing questions , they discover the artist Johannes Vermeer and his paintings , especially A Lady Writing and The . Petra also finds a used book called Lo ! , written by Charles Fort , at the local Powell 's Books , owned by a man named Mr. Watch . They also meet an elderly neighbor , Mrs. Sharpe , who is also a fan of Vermeer and Fort . Calder receives letters from his best friend Tommy , who is currently living in New York City with a new stepfather . - The children learn that A Lady Writing was traveling from The National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. to Hyde Park . The next day there is a story in the paper of how the painting mysteriously disappeared . A letter from the thief appears in the newspaper , telling the public that he will not give back A Lady Writing until they prove which Vermeer paintings were truly painted by him . This sparks worldwide uproar . Calder and Petra investigate as their friendship grows . Mrs. Sharpe requests police protection and it is revealed that she and Ms. Hussey were two of the three recipients of the thief 's letter . Calder and Petra eventually conclude that the painting is hidden in the local Delia Dell Hall , and they sneak out and find it . They barely escape from the thief , who is later found dead from a massive heart attack on the train by the police . They learn that the man is Xavier , also as Glitter Man , who was posing as Tommy 's stepfather under the name Fred . A known art thief , he was asked to steal the painting and sell it for sixty million dollars . The other recipient of the letter is revealed to be Mr. Watch . - - = = = Code = = = - - As stated in the preface , there is a code hidden in the paintings throughout the book . This was an idea of Brett and Balliett 's editor , Tracy Mack . The code involves images of pentominoes and frogs , which is a recurring theme in the book . To the code , one must count the number of frogs in every other illustration , as well as find the hidden . Once these facts are collected , you are to use the same code presented in the story that Calder and Tommy use in their letters in the book . For example , the first code in the book is V : 2 @.@ this means T when with Calder and Tommy 's . When the message is , it spells out " The Lady Lives " . - - = = Genre = = - - Chasing Vermeer is classified in the mystery genre , although it was described by Liz of Scholastic as " a puzzle , wrapped in a mystery , disguised as an adventure , and delivered as a work of art . " Scholastic 's teaching website additionally added suspense due to the surprise ending . - - = = Themes = = - - Some of Balliett 's " real @-@ world ideas " in Chasing Vermeer were " Do coincidences mean anything ? " and " What is art and what makes it valuable ? " Balliett says her " central message " is " kids are powerful thinkers , and their ideas are valuable , and that adults don 't have all the answers . " - A book by Rita entitled Reading : A Book Club Guide for , Kids , and Families analyzed Chasing Vermeer 's themes as follows : - Deception and problem solving are central themes in this novel as both the thief and the central adult players use a variety of ways to hide the truth while the children employ a series of mathematical and problem @-@ solving concepts to piece together the clues to the puzzle . In addition , Calder and Petra develop a special friendship and certain respect for the value of art . - As the thief gains publicity by challenging the community to figure out which paintings claimed to be Vermeer 's were indeed painted by him , everyone starts to look at the depth in art . , who writes a book review blog , noted that the reader was left with the impression to study Vermeer 's paintings and art more closely . In the book , Ms. Hussey challenges her class to the question , " What is art ? " - Other themes include chance and coincidence . During Chasing Vermeer , Charles Fort 's book , Lo ! , inspires the children to list and pay attention to coincidences as they realize that they are more than what they seem and explore the concept that they make up one unexplained pattern . Balliett stated that she wanted to convey how coincidences were noticeable and felt meaningful , and how they could matter even if they were . - - = = Audiobook = = - - The audiobook for Chasing Vermeer , read by Ellen Reilly , was released on November 27 , 2007 from Listening Library . It runs about 4 hours and 47 minutes . magazine praised Reilly 's voices and pace , but noted that , " Once the mystery is solved , however , the ending seems on , falling flat . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - Chasing Vermeer received generally positive reviews . The New York Times praised the description and mystery . It was also listed as one of their " Notable Books of 2004 " . Kirkus Reviews awarded it a starred review with the consensus that " Art , intrigue , and plenty of twists and turns make this art mystery a great read . " Children 's Literature reviewer Mills gave generally positive comments , calling the novel " and engaging " . The website compared the book to classic mysteries such as The Game and said , " Chasing Vermeer deserves a spot alongside many well @-@ loved children 's books . It 's that good . " A reviewer of The Trades website called it " an entertaining read that manages to serve several purposes in one novel " and found the characters " unusual yet likable " , but felt that " the disappointing bit of this novel is that the solutions always arrive through a series of events that just lead the kids to think in certain ways . " Enterprises , a game puzzle company , reviewed the book , praising the writing style and puzzles . - - = = = Awards = = = - - - = = Film = = - - Warner Brothers bought the rights to a film of Chasing Vermeer in June 2004 and Brad Pitt 's production company Plan B Entertainment planned to produce it . P.J. Hogan was slated as director and the novel was adapted by Matt Nix . However , when asked about the film in August 2010 , Balliett answered , - " It ’ s been fascinating , watching this whole process , because Plan B did a wonderful job . They went through two screenwriters , and they ’ ve gone through two directors . It ’ s sort of like a house of cards . I have rights again . If they get it all together again , they ’ ll jump on it . But they don ’ t have exclusive rights anymore . " - - - = Caught Up ( Usher song ) = - - " Caught Up " is a song by American R & B singer Usher . It was written by Ryan Toby , Andre Harris , Vidal Davis and Jason Boyd , and produced by Dre & Vidal for Usher 's 2004 album Confessions . The song was released as the fifth and final single from the album on November 30 , 2004 . The single peaked at number eight in the United States , the only single released from Confessions without topping the Billboard Hot 100 , and generally below top ten on most charts worldwide . It received positive reviews from contemporary critics . - - = = Background and release = = - - Although Usher " didn 't look too far " when starting working on his fourth studio album Confessions and decided to " continue building " with previous producers , he branched out with several musical collaborators . Usher enlisted Philadelphia producers Andre " Dre " Harris and Vidal Davis of Dre & Vidal , along with other musical collaborators . During the sessions , Usher asked them to create a " real up @-@ tempo beat " . When they worked on the track , they the whole time which Dre considered a " partly record " . He recalled , " We had some women , some drinks , some music . " After Dre created the beat , they decided to " make sure the mood was inspiring during recording . " They went to club to take a break , and played the song in Usher 's truck while on the way . Usher felt the collaboration was pleasing , seeing other people responded positively to the song . - " Caught Up " was the fifth and final single from Confessions . It was released in the United States on November 30 , 2004 as a 12 " single . It was also released in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom on February 21 , 2005 and on March 8 in Germany . The Germany release contains the album version of the song , three of its remixes and the single 's music video . The song impacted US contemporary hit radio on January 11 , 2005 , alongside a remix featuring rapper , . - - = = Reception = = - - " Caught Up " received positive reviews from contemporary critics . Andrew McGregor of BBC called the song " " and " hip @-@ grinding " . Jon Caramanica of Blender magazine referred to the song like a " Southern marching band performing ' 80s R & B " . He characterized Usher 's voice playing like a rhythm instruments . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine complimented Dre and Vidal for producing an old @-@ sounding music without sampling records , calling it " super @-@ tight " alongside " Follow Me " , another song from the album . Andy Kellman of Allmusic complimented the song as one of Usher 's best moments in the album , together with " Burn " . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times called it a " song " from the album , adding that it gave Usher " a chance to do two of the things he does best : strut and " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - " Caught Up " did not live up to the chart @-@ topping performances of Confessions ' previous four releases . In the United States , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number seventy @-@ six . It peaked at number eight for two non @-@ consecutive weeks , fifteen weeks after its release . " Caught Up " was the only single to not top the Hot 100 compared to the album 's four previous releases . The single stayed on the Hot 100 for twenty @-@ seven weeks . - Outside the United States , responses from music markets were relatively similar . " Caught Up " debuted and peaked at number nine on the United Kingdom , remaining on the chart for also nine weeks . It reached number ten in the Netherlands , and under top ten on the rest of European countries ; much lesser in Finland where it only stayed for one week compared to other charts , remaining for several weeks . In Australia and New Zealand , the single reached number fifteen and twelve respectively . - - = = Music video = = - - The music video for " Caught Up " was directed by Mr. X , who was behind the laser light treatment of Usher 's 2004 video " Yeah ! " . The video shows Usher and friends riding a car while heading to his live performance . On the way , they fist fight after Usher saves a woman from an antagonist . Usher realizes he is supposed to perform , and finally goes to the venue . The video ends with Usher performing the song in front of a large crowd . The music video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live on January 10 , 2005 at number ten . The video remained on the countdown for thirty @-@ four days . - - = = Track listing = = - - Germany CD single - " Caught Up " ( Album version ) – 3 : 48 - " Caught Up " ( Official Remix ) ( featuring ) – 4 : 39 - " Caught Up " ( Jones Remix ) – 3 : 33 - " Caught Up " ( " Crew " Re @-@ ) – 7 : 55 - " Caught Up " ( Music Video ) – 3 : 49 - - = = Charts = = - - - = = = Weekly charts = = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = If I Never See Your Face Again = - - " If I Never See Your Face Again " is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from the June 2008 re @-@ release of the group 's second studio album , It Won 't Be Soon Before Long ( 2007 ) . It was also included on the June 2008 re @-@ release of Rihanna 's album Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) . The song was originally included on the standard version of the album without the inclusion of Rihanna . It was written by band members Adam Levine and James Valentine , with production of the song helmed by Christopher " Tricky " Stewart , Mike , Mark , Mark " Spike " Stent and Maroon 5 . It was released as an Play ( EP ) in Australia on May 22 , 2007 , and as an official single on May 2 , 2008 , in the United States . - " If I Never See Your Face Again " was originally intended to be a duet with Janet Jackson and appear on her album , although label problems . The collaboration with Rihanna later came to fruition when Levine asked her to add her vocal to the remix version , which she accepted . " If I Never See Your Face Again " is a pop and R & B song featuring instrumentation provided by synthesizers and a guitar . The song received a mixed response from music critics , who praised the song 's composition but criticized Levine and Rihanna 's vocal performance . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and shot on an indoor soundstage in , California . The concept for the video was " high @-@ end " . - - = = Background = = - - " If I Never See Your Face Again " was written by Adam Levine and James Valentine , two of the five band members from Maroon 5 . Production of the song was helmed by Mike , Mike , Mike " Spike " Stent , Christopher " Tricky " Stewart and Maroon 5 . It was recorded by " Spike " Stent at Conway Studios , Hollywood , CA ; Glenwood Place Studios , Burbank , CA and Phantom Studios , Westlake Village , CA . The song was originally intended to be a duet with Janet Jackson and appear on her album , but due to label problems Rihanna later appeared on the song . - The song was included on the standard version of It Won 't Be Soon Before Long without the inclusion of Rihanna , however , Levine stated in an interview with James Montgomery for MTV News whilst on set of the accompanying music video that he wanted to try something different for the album 's re @-@ release . The singer continued , saying that he asked Rihanna to do some " bits and pieces " in the recording studio and that it came together very quickly . Levine stated that if there is " magic " between two artists , then " you don 't even have to think about it . " During the interview , Rihanna confirmed that the song would be the only one to feature a collaboration on her re @-@ release of Good Girl Gone Bad , revealing that she had always wanted to work with the group and was honored when they contacted her . " If I Never See Your Face Again " was released as a single in the United States on May 2 , 2008 . - - = = Composition = = - - " If I Never See Your Face Again " is a pop and R & B song , which lasts for 3 : 18 ( 3 minutes , 18 seconds ) . The song was composed using common time in the key of A minor , with a moderate groove of 106 beats per minute . Instrumentation is provided by synths , and a guitar . A reviewer for IGN noted that " If I Never See Your Face Again " is complete with " synth , " whilst Jerome for BBC wrote that it is a " guitar drenched " and " synth @-@ " song . Alex Fletcher for Digital Spy commented that the song incorporated a " jagged " use of synthesizers . For the most part of the song , Levine sings in his falsetto register , whilst Rihanna adopts " tone " . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Upon the release of It Won 't Be Soon Before Long , music critics commented on the original version of the song , which does not include guest vocals by Rihanna . Jerome for BBC wrote that " If I Never See Your Face Again " , along with another It Won 't Be Soon Before Long track " Makes Me Wonder " , were " monster weapons of mass @-@ marketing aimed at the feet and riding on of string @-@ drenched , synth @-@ disco . " A reviewer for IGN was complimentary of ' If I Never See Your Face Again ' , writing that it is hard to resist listening to the song . The reviewer also noted that Levine appeared to adopt a vocal style reminiscent of techniques employed by Justin Timberlake , writing " Like Justin Timberlake it 's all about the high pitched tenor falsetto and some grooves . " - Bill Lamb for About.com noted that " If I Never See Your Face Again " and " Makes Me Wonder " appeared to be inspired by British jazz funk and acid jazz band , writing " Any fan may call foul if they listen to ' If I Never See Your Face Again ' or ' Makes Me Wonder ' . " Sal Cinquemani was critical of the song , labeling it as " nasty . " Alex Fletcher for Digital Spy disapproved of the collaboration between the band and Rihanna , with specific thoughts on Levine and Rihanna 's pairing . Fletcher was critical of their vocal performance , writing that their voices clashed with one another and that " the sexual chemistry radar for the pairing registers at zero . " Fletcher commented about the song further , writing that it should never have left the recording studio . - - = = = Accolades = = = - - - = = Chart performance = = - - " If I Never See Your Face Again " achieved moderate chart success on singles charts around the world . It debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number 28 June 1 , 2008 , and peaked at number 11 in its sixth week . The song debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 37 on June 9 , 2008 , and peaked at number 21 the following week . In Europe , the song debuted and peaked at number 15 on the Italian Singles Chart on July 17 , 2008 . The song remained on the chart for one week . It debuted on the Dutch Singles Chart at number 35 on June 14 , 2008 , and peaked at number 20 the following week . The song fluctuated between positions in the twenties and for 13 weeks . It debuted on the Danish Singles Chart at number 36 on July 27 , 2008 , and peaked at number 31 in its sixth week . - " If I Never See Your Face Again " debuted on the Swiss Singles Chart at number 61 on June 29 , 2008 , and peaked at number 52 the following week , where it remained in its third week . It debuted on the Austrian Singles Chart at number 67 on September 5 , 2008 , and peaked at number 54 the following week . " If I Never See Your Face Again " debuted and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 28 on June 14 , 2008 . Over the following two weeks , the song descend down the top @-@ forty , before falling out in its third week . The song made a re @-@ entry on the chart at number 36 on July 7 , 2008 . In the United States , the song peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on July 26 , 2008 . It peaked at number 10 on the Adult Pop Songs chart ; number 30 on the Pop Songs chart and 21 on the Hot Digital Songs chart . - - = = Music video = = - - The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler , and shot on an indoor soundstage in , California on April 23 , 2008 . The concept for the video was " high @-@ end " . In an interview with James Montgomery for MTV News whilst on set of the music video , Levine provided a summary of what the video would entail , saying : " It 's this kind of ultra @-@ glamorous , photography @-@ based , ' 70s / ' 80s situation . It 's really stylish and really beautiful ... It 's the most choreographed thing I 've ever done , because usually I just get up there and screw around . But with Rihanna , it 's completely different and so cool . " In response , Rihanna continued to say that " I don 't do a lot of videos where I have so much chemistry with the other artist , and this is only my second duet in a video ... It 's really intense , because you have to work with each other so much . It 's new for me , but I 'm enjoying it . " - - = = = Synopsis = = = - - The video begins with the sound of a ticking clock and Levine and Rihanna sitting opposite each other at a table , tapping their hands and staring at one and other . As the songs audio begins to play , band members of Maroon 5 start to play their instruments as Rihanna sits and watches them . The table and band scenes are intercut with each other for the first verse and chorus . For the second verse , Levine and Rihanna appear to argue and try to ignore the other 's advances . Rihanna lays on a bed while Levine sits on a chair with his head turned in the opposite direction for the bridge . For the final chorus , the pair appear to reconcile , ending with Levine finally giving in to his and walk to the end of the table where Rihanna sits and he her neck causing Rihanna to lean towards him and the two nearly kiss as the video ends . The video was made available to download digitally via iTunes on May 12 , 2008 . - - = = Formats and track listings = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Recording - Recorded at Conway Studios , Hollywood , CA ; Glenwood Place Studios , Burbank , CA ; Phantom Studios , Westlake Village , CA ; House of Blues Studios , , CA and Henson Studios , Hollywood , CA . - Mixed at Scream Studios , Miami , . - Personnel - Credits adapted from the liner notes of Good Girl Gone Bad : , Def Jam Recordings . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Yoko Shimomura = - - Yoko Shimomura ( , Shimomura , born October 19 , 1967 ) is a Japanese video game composer and pianist . Shimomura has worked in the video game industry ever since graduating from the Osaka College of Music in 1988 . From then until 1993 , she worked for Capcom , where she composed wholly or in part the scores for 16 games , including Final Fight and Street Fighter II : The World Warrior . - From 1993 until 2002 , Shimomura worked for Square , where she composed for a further eight games . While working for Square , she was best known for her work on the soundtrack for Kingdom Hearts , which was her last game for the company before leaving . Starting with Mario & Luigi : Saga in 2003 , she began working as an active . - Her works have gained a great deal of popularity , and have been performed in multiple video game music concerts , including one , Sinfonia Drammatica , that was focused half on her " greatest hits " album , Drammatica : The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura , and half on the music of a previous concert . Music from several of her games have been published as arranged albums , or as piano scores . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early life = = = - - Shimomura was born on October 19 , 1967 , in Prefecture , Japan . She developed an interest for music at a young age , and started taking piano lessons " at the age of four or five " . She began composing her own music by playing the piano randomly and pretending to compose , eventually coming up with her own pieces , the first of which she claims to still remember how to play . Shimomura attended Osaka College of Music , and graduated as a piano major in 1988 . - Upon graduation , Shimomura intended to become a piano instructor and was extended a job offer to become a piano teacher at a music store , but as she had been an for many years she decided to send some samples of her work to various video game companies that were recruiting at the university . Capcom invited her in for an audition and interview , and she was offered a job there . Her family and instructors were dismayed with her change in focus , as video game music was not well respected , and " they had paid [ her ] tuition for an expensive music school and couldn 't understand why [ she ] would accept such a job " , but Shimomura accepted the job at Capcom anyway . - - = = = Career = = = - - While working for Capcom , Shimomura contributed to the soundtracks of over 16 games , including the successful Street Fighter II : The World Warrior , which she composed all but three pieces for . The first soundtrack she worked on at the company was for Sword in 1988 . Final Fight , in 1989 , was her first work to receive a separate soundtrack album release , on an album of music from several Capcom games . The first soundtrack album to exclusively feature her work came a year later for the soundtrack to Street Fighter II . While she began her tenure at Capcom working on games for video game consoles , by 1990 she had moved to the arcade game division . She was a member of the company 's in @-@ house band Alph Lyla , which played various Capcom game music , including pieces written by Shimomura . She performed live with the group on a few occasions , including playing piano during Alph Lyla 's appearance at the 1992 Game Music Festival . - In 1993 , Shimomura left Capcom to join another game company , Square ( now Square Enix ) . She stated that the move was done because she was interested in writing " classical @-@ style " music for fantasy role @-@ playing games . While working for Capcom , she was in the arcade department and was unable to transfer to the console department to work on their role @-@ playing video game series of Fire , although she did contribute one track to the first game in the series . Her first project at the company was the score for the role @-@ playing video game Live A Live in 1994 . While she was working on the score to Super Mario RPG the following year , she was asked to join on the music to the futuristic strategy RPG Front Mission . Although she was doing both scores and it was not the genre that she was interested in , she found herself unable to refuse after her first attempt to do so unexpectedly happened in the presence of the president of Square , . These games were followed by No. 1 , the last score she worked on with another composer for a decade . - Over the next few years , she composed the soundtrack to several games , including Parasite Eve and Legend of Mana . Of all her compositions , Shimomura considers the soundtrack to Legend of Mana the one that best expresses herself and the soundtrack remains Shimomura 's personal favourite . Parasite Eve on the PlayStation had the first soundtrack by Shimomura that included a vocal song , as it was the first game she had written for running on a console system that had the sound capability for one . In 2002 she wrote the score for Kingdom Hearts , which she has said is the most " special " soundtrack to her , as well as a turning point in her career ; she named the soundtracks to Street Fighter II and Super Mario RPG as the other two significant points in her life as a composer . - Kingdom Hearts was wildly successful , shipping more than four million copies worldwide ; Shimomura 's music was frequently cited as one of the highlights of the game , and the title track has been ranked as the fourth @-@ best role @-@ playing game title track of all time . The soundtrack has led to two albums of piano arrangements . Kingdom Hearts was the last soundtrack that she worked on at Square . After the release of Kingdom Hearts in 2002 , Shimomura left Square for leave , and began work as a in 2003 . She has built on the work she did while at Square ; since leaving she has composed or is composing music for eleven Kingdom Hearts games and Nintendo 's Mario & Luigi series . She has also worked on many other projects , such as Heroes of Mana and various Premium Arrange albums . On February 10 and 11 , 2014 , Shimomura played piano at a retrospective 25th anniversary concert at Tokyo FM Hall . She performed songs from games such as Kingdom Hearts , Live a Live , and Street Fighter II . During the the Forest 's Mushrooms performance from Super Mario RPG , Shimomura was joined onstage by fellow game composer Yasunori Mitsuda , who played the Irish . She is currently working on the scores for Final Fantasy XV and Kingdom Hearts III . - - = = Legacy = = - - After composing soundtracks to over 45 different games , Shimomura has become one of the biggest names in video game music composition , and has been described as " the most famous female video game music composer in the world " . In March 2008 , Shimomura 's best works compilation album Drammatica : The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura was released containing her compositions from Kingdom Hearts and other games in a full orchestrated score . It includes music from Final Fantasy XV , Live A Live , Kingdom Hearts , Front Mission , Legend of Mana , and Heroes of Mana ; Shimomura has stated that she chose music that was popular among fans and well @-@ suited for orchestration , but had never been performed by an orchestra . In a 2008 interview with regarding the project , Shimomura commented that with the sheet music generated for the project , she would be interested in pursuing a live performance of Drammatica for fans if the opportunity arose . On March 19 , 2009 that wish was realized when it was announced that Arnie Roth would conduct the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra at the concert Sinfonia Drammatica in the Stockholm Concert Hall , which would combine music from the album with performances of Chris 's Symphonic Shades concert . The concert took place on August 4 , 2009 . On March 27 , 2007 , Shimomura released her first non @-@ video game album , , an album of vocal songs sung by . - Shimomura 's music for Kingdom Hearts made up one fourth of the music of the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in September 2009 , which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series and conducted by Arnie Roth . Legend of Mana 's title theme was also performed by the Australian Symphony Orchestra for its classical gaming music concert A Night in Fantasia 2007 . - Music from the original soundtrack of Legend of Mana was arranged for the piano and published by Music Publishing . Two compilation books of music from the series have also been published as Best Collection Piano Solo Music first and second editions , with the second including Shimomura 's tracks from Legend of Mana . All songs in each book have been rewritten by as beginning to intermediate level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . Additionally , piano sheet music from Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II has been published as music books by Yamaha Music Media . - Shimomura 's first dedicated concert performance outside Japan was held at the Salle in Paris on November 7 , 2015 . Later that month , on November 28 , she performed at the El Plaza in Mexico City . - - = = Musical style and influences = = - - Shimomura lists Ludwig van Beethoven , Frédéric Chopin , and Maurice Ravel as some of her influences on her personal website . She has also stated that she has enjoyed " lounge @-@ style jazz " for a long time . Despite these influences and her classical training , the diverse musical styles that she has used throughout her career and sometimes in the same soundtrack include " rock , electronica , oriental , ambient , industrial , pop , symphonic , operatic , , and more " . She draws inspiration for her songs from things in her life that move her emotionally , which she describes as " a beautiful picture , scenery , tasting something delicious , that bring back memories , happy and sad things ... Anything that moves my emotion gives me inspiration " . Shimomura has also stated that she comes up with most of her songs when she is doing something that is " not part of [ her ] daily routine , like traveling . " Although her influences are mostly classical , she has said that in her opinion her " style has changed dramatically over the years , though the passion for music stays the same . " Shimomura has said that she believes that an important part of " the creative process behind music " is to " convey a subtle message , something that comes from your imagination and sticks with the listener , without being overly specific about what it means " , rather than only writing simple themes with obvious messages . Her favorite track that she has ever composed is " Beloved " from Kingdom Hearts . - - = = Works = = - - - = = = Video games = = = - - Composition - Arrangement - F @-@ 1 Dream ( PC Engine ) ( 1989 ) – original music by - Bros. ( PC Engine ) ( 1991 ) – original music by - Super Smash Bros. ( 2008 ) – arranged " Tetris : Type A " , " Desert " , and " King 's Theme " - Little King 's Story ( 2009 ) – arranged Maurice Ravel 's . - Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U ( 2014 ) – arranged " / Eight " , " Try , Try Again " , " Route 10 " , and " Stage " - - = = = Other = = = - - 1500 series ~ Sweet Home ( 1989 ) – arranged two tracks - Captain Commando Capcom ( 1992 ) – with Alph Lyla - Game Music Festival ~ Super Live ' 92 ~ ( 1992 ) – with Alph Lyla - Street Fighter II Collector 's Box ( 1993 ) – with Alph Lyla - Parasite Eve ( 1998 ) – with many others - Star Online Episode I & II Premium Arrange ( 2004 ) – with many others - Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange ( 2004 ) – with many others - Dan ! ! ( 2004 ) - Best Student Council ( 2005 ) - Rogue Galaxy Premium Arrange ( 2006 ) – with many others - ( 2007 ) – original album with lyrics and vocals by - Drammatica : The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura ( 2008 ) - Double Arrange Album ( 2009 ) - Rare Tracks Ver . 2 @.@ 0 ( 2010 ) – with many others - Super Rare : The of ( 2011 ) – with many others - ! ! ! ! ( 2012 ) - X Collections II ( 2013 ) – with many others - ! ~ The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura ( 2014 ) - Game Music Prayer II ( 2014 ) – with many others - - - = Lisa the Simpson = - - " Lisa the Simpson " is the seventeenth episode of The Simpsons 's ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 8 , 1998 . In the episode , Lisa fears that she may be genetically to lose her intelligence after tells her of a family gene that can permanently take away intelligence . - " Lisa the Simpson " was written by Ned Goldreyer and directed by Susie . This episode was the final episode with Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein as show runners . It received generally positive reviews from critics , and is considered one of the best episodes of the ninth season . - - = = Plot = = - - At Springfield Elementary , Lisa is presented with a brain teaser , which she is unable to solve . Following this incident , Lisa finds herself unable to perform simple tasks . Later , Lisa tells about her recent cognitive problems . He seems to recognize this , and tells Lisa about the " Simpson Gene " , which apparently causes all members of the Simpson family to gradually lose their intelligence as they get older . - Meanwhile , Jasper visits the @-@ E @-@ Mart and attempts to empty the freezer containing ice cream in order to freeze himself , with the intention of being sometime in the distant future . Apu decides to take advantage of this unusual situation for financial gain . The convenience store becomes more profitable as a tourist trap , until the freezer 's cooling system fails , causing Jasper to and walk away . - Lisa appears on the TV news program to tell the citizens of Springfield to treasure their . As she does this , Homer decides to prove her wrong , and contacts the entire extended Simpson family to visit . However , when they arrive , Homer realizes they 're also unsuccessful , people , which only Lisa further and causes Homer to send them home . - However , before they leave , Marge urges Homer to talk to the Simpson women . , he talks to them at her request and he discovers that the women are all successful . Lisa is relieved that she is fine and she will not suffer the " Simpson Gene " , because of her gender . - The episode ends with Lisa finally being able to solve the brain teaser she was unable to finish earlier in the episode . - - = = Production = = - - This episode was the final episode that was run by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , as it was a carry @-@ over episode from season eight . The episode was written by Ned Goldreyer , and is one of the two episodes he has written on The Simpsons . Susie , one of the directors of the show , also left the show after this episode , but returned for one episode in season 18 , " " . - As it was the final episode they ran , Oakley and Weinstein wanted to end on a good note , with Weinstein stating that the episode " was meant to embody the humor , depth , and emotions of The Simpsons " . They also wished to have an episode they ran that was based on the background of every character they could do , and believed that this episode came out well . The name of the episode was the center of an argument that Oakley and Goldreyer had , as Oakley had originally wanted to have the episode named " Lisa the Simpson " , although Goldreyer wanted to name it " Suddenly Stupid " , a pun on a show that had been airing at the time called Suddenly Susan . - The Simpsons ' family members that showed up took some time to be made , but the staff enjoyed the results . All of the male Simpson family members that showed up were voiced by Dan , the voice of Homer . He had asked for the recording tape to be run for about 20 minutes , so he could do many different voice variations that would fit the different men , but still be close to Homer 's voice . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original broadcast , " Lisa the Simpson " finished 19th in ratings for the week of March 2 – 8 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 4 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files . - IGN 's Todd Gilchrist named the episode as one of his favorites of the ninth season in his review of the DVD . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought well of the episode , saying , " A terrific episode , with a good mix of pathos ( Lisa 's farewell to the and her favourite jazz club are inspired ) and fun ( her ' woo @-@ ' ) which comes together to make a refreshing and exciting look at Lisa 's life . " - Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein greatly enjoyed the episode and thought of it as a great final episode that they ran . On the DVD audio commentary , writer Ned Goldreyer stated , " I think this might have been the best episode ever produced . " - - - = Stay @-@ at @-@ home dad = - - A stay @-@ at @-@ home dad ( alternatively , stay at home father , house dad , , , or house @-@ spouse ) is a father who is the main caregiver of the children and is the homemaker of the household . As families have evolved , the practice of being a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad has become more common , and socially more acceptable . - Pre @-@ industrialisation , the family worked together as a unit and was self @-@ sufficient . Beginning with the Industrial Revolution , large @-@ scale production replaced home manufacturing ; this shift , coupled with prevailing norms governing sex or gender roles , dictated that the father become the and the mother the caregiver . When affection @-@ based marriages emerged in the 1830s , parents began more attention to children and family relationships became more open . Beginning during World War II , many women entered the workforce out of necessity ; women resumed the caregiver position after the war , but their new @-@ found sense of independence changed the traditional family structure together with cultural shifts leading to the feminist movement and advances in birth control . Some women opted to return to the care role . Others chose to pursue careers . When women chose to work outside of the home , alternative childcare became a necessity . If childcare options were too costly , unavailable , or undesirable , the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad became a viable option . - The number of stay @-@ at @-@ home dads began gradually increasing in the late 20th century , especially in developed Western nations . The recent statistic that Research released , showed a report in June 2014 that found 2 million men to be stay @-@ at @-@ home dads . However , in 2010 , the number of stay @-@ at @-@ home dads had reached its highest point of 2 @.@ 2 million . - Though the role is subject to many stereotypes , and men may have difficulties accessing parenting benefits , communities , and services targeted at mothers , it became more socially acceptable by the 2000s . The stay @-@ at @-@ home dad was more regularly portrayed in the media by the 2000s , especially in the United States . However , due to traditional family structures and expectations , the stay at home father figure is culturally unacceptable in countries such as East Asia and India . - - = = Evolution of family roles = = - - - = = = Pre @-@ industrialisation = = = - - In the colonial United States the nuclear family was the most common family form . Typical families consisted of five or more children initially ; because of high infant mortality rates , only a few children survived adolescence . Colonial families existed to serve six main functions : self @-@ sufficient business , school , vocational institute , church , house of correction , and welfare institution . - The first African @-@ Americans to reach America were initially brought over as indentured servants , but instead became slaves . By the 19th century , slave trading was a thriving business . Typical slave families consisted of one or two children . Women were primarily the head of the families , either because the fathers had died or had been separated from the family . African @-@ American women experienced what came to be known as the " double day , " a full day of domestic plus a full day of work outside the home . - - = = = ( 1800 – 1900 ) = = = - - The Industrial Revolution led to extensive mechanization , resulting in a shift from home manufacturing to large @-@ scale factory production . As this rapid transition took place , families lost many of their production functions . Instead , family members had to work outside the home to support their families . As a result , husbands and wives began operating in separate spheres of activity . The husband became the " " by going out and working , while the wife stayed home and took care of the family . - - = = = Transition to modern family ( 1900 – present ) = = = - - The modern family is commonly thought to have originated in the 1830s : courtship became more open , marriages were often based on affection , and parents devoted more attention to children . At the beginning of the 20th century , married couples began to emphasize the importance of sexual attraction and compatibility in their relationships . This led to more intimate and open relationships along with more adolescent freedom . The transition of the family was influenced by the Great Depression , which forced many women into the workplace in order to compensate for lack of financial stability . In 1932 , a federal executive order stated that only one spouse could work for the federal government . This resulted in many women being forced to resign allowing their husbands to continue working . - World War II had a significant impact on changing family roles . Because of the draft , workers were scarce in many industries and employers began to fill jobs with women , mainly in positions . This increase in working women became one of the few times in history where women were praised for work outside the home . Divorce rates also reached a new high during this period . Not only had many women found a new sense of independence , but cultural shifts were underway , including the rise of and the development of reliable methods of birth control . Such changes caused some women to decide to end their unhappy marriages . - The 1950s saw a " baby boom " in America . This period was also called the " Golden ' 50s " . This was credited to families trying to make up lost time after the war . As a result , many families moved to the suburbs instead of residing in the city , the number of two @-@ income families began to increase , and grown children began to remain at home longer because of financial difficulties . Gradually , women began re @-@ entering the workforce . This progression away from the traditional view of the woman as the homemaker led to the creation of the role of the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad . - - = = Increase in popularity in the 21st century = = - - Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads have been seen in increasing numbers in Western culture , especially in Canada , the UK and the United States since the late 20th century . In developed East Asian nations such as Japan and South Korea , this practice is less common . - There are several reasons why some families feel that it would be more beneficial for the father to be the primary caregiver while the mother works outside of the home . The decision to use a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad arrangement is most commonly due to economic reasons . At the same time , women are progressing into higher @-@ paying jobs . There are now financial ramifications in deciding whether the mother or father should become the stay @-@ at @-@ home parent . In cases where the woman is the higher @-@ paid parent , it makes more economic sense for her to continue to work while the man takes on the caregiver role . It also makes sense at times the mother 's job offers health benefits for the family whereas the father 's does not . It has also been shown that if the " pregnancy was jointly planned , " the father is more likely to be involved . - With the growth of , many men are also able to work from home . In this regard , he is contributing financially to the family while also acting as the primary caregiver of the family 's children . in parent 's schedules can also account for some of the stay @-@ at @-@ home dads . Sometimes the father works odd work shifts while the mother has a typical nine @-@ to @-@ five work schedule . - Fixed gender roles began to become less prominent in the Western world starting in the late 20th century , allowing men to make their own choice of career without regard to traditional gender @-@ based roles . Some men who choose this role may do so because they enjoy being an active part of their children 's lives , while in other families , the mother wants to pursue her career . For example , of the 187 participants at Fortune Magazine 's Most Powerful Women in the Business Summit , one third of the women 's husbands were stay @-@ at @-@ home dads . Families vary widely in terms of how household are divided . Some retired males who marry a younger woman decide to become stay @-@ at @-@ home dads while their wives work because they want a " second chance " to watch a child grow up in a second or third marriage . Additionally , more career and lifestyle options are accepted and prevalent in Western society . There are also fewer restrictions on what constitutes a family . - - = = = = - - Depending on the country or region , a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad might find more or less social support for his decision . In regions where traditional roles prevail , a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad might be by stay @-@ at @-@ home mom 's peer group . In order to find support for their choice , these men have created and joined many support networks . - Still , many men struggle to find acceptance within the role of stay @-@ at @-@ home dad despite the many gains that have been made . Many worry about losing business skills and their " professional place in line " . There is a common that stay @-@ at @-@ home dads cannot get a job and therefore must rewrite the typical family roles , forcing the wife into the workforce . the financial burden and dealing with children 's attachment to the dad can be difficult on a working mother . - One 2002 study by the American Heart Association suggested stay @-@ at @-@ home dads may face a higher risk of heart disease . The reasons for the health risk are not specified . - The role of stay @-@ at @-@ home dad may be difficult for men who feel as though they had no option . It is hard for these men to adapt from being a financial provider in the family to being a homemaker . Men who willingly choose to become a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad are much more satisfied with their role in the family . - - = = = For the Father = = = - - - No longer the “ Money Maker ” in the family , may become an issue due to not being the main support and rock for the family . - - from the workplace to stay at home role can be challenging . - - cut due to some male jobs paying higher than a female job . - - = = = For the Mother = = = - - - Missing their children . - - to the workforce role from the stay at home mother role . - - Becoming the main source of income for the family and working long hours away from home and family . - - Will lose less time with their children and will devote 70 % of their day to work force and 30 % to their children . - - = = = = - - - = = = For the child = = = - - There have been many studies done which suggest the importance of the paternal role in a child 's life and benefits of the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad . Children respond differently to males and females at birth . - A study conducted by Dr. Kyle D. Pruett found that infants between 7 and 30 months respond more favorably to being picked up by their fathers . Pruett also found that a father 's parenting style is beneficial for a child 's physical , cognitive , emotional and behavioral development . Mothers when they become frustrated while fathers encourage them to manage their frustration . This helps the children learn to deal with stress and frustration . A long @-@ term study Pruett conducted proved that a father 's active involvement with his children , from birth to adolescence , promotes greater emotional balance , stronger curiosity and a stronger sense of self @-@ assurance in the child . - Additional studies show that during the first five years of a child 's life , the father 's role is more influential than the mother 's in how the child learns to manage his or her body , navigate social circumstances , and play . Furthermore , a 1996 study by McGill University found that the " single most important childhood factor in developing empathy is paternal involvement in childcare " . Children that have a strong paternal influence have more abilities . It has been researched in The Role of the Father in Child Development , that in general , children with stay @-@ at @-@ home dads develop at infancy . The study further concluded that fathers who spent time alone bonding with their children more than twice per week brought up the most adults . - Robert Frank , a professor of child development at Community College in Illinois , conducted a study comparing households with a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad and households with a stay @-@ at @-@ home mom . His study concluded that women were still able to form a strong bond with their children despite working full @-@ time outside of the home . Also , women working full @-@ time were often more engaged with their children on a day @-@ to @-@ day basis than their male counterparts . His study concluded that in a family with a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad arrangement , the maternal and paternal influences are equally strong . This contrasts with the more traditional family structure where the father works outside of the home and the mother stays home with the children . In this type of arrangement , the mother 's influence is extremely strong , whereas the father 's is relatively insignificant . The study found that both parents play an equal role in a child 's development , but the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad arrangement is the most beneficial for the child . - - = = = For the mother = = = - - The stay @-@ at @-@ home dad arrangement allows the mother to work without having to use a or a . This arrangement prevents the mother from having to deal with the stress of finding acceptable childcare , checking backgrounds , and paying for care . This arrangement also can help ensure that the family 's values are being upheld and instilled in the children . Free from the stress of childcare , the working mother is able to actively pursue their career . This allows for a more relaxed working environment for the mother and allows her to focus on her career . If the mother has a higher paying job , this extra income will allow for savings to be made for the children , these savings could help the mother later on pay for university for the child and / or children . Thus , she can advance her career and provide more money for the family . It puts a sound mind for the mother knowing that the child / children are at a safe place with the father having the same safety and values as the mother . - - = = = For the father = = = - - A survey conducted by Minnesota 's Department for Families and Children 's Services shows that men consider child care to be far more important than a . Of 600 dads surveyed , a majority said their most important role was to " show love and affection " to kids . " Safety and protection " came next , followed by " moral guidance , " " taking time to play , " and " teaching and encouraging . " " Financial care " finished last . Many men are now becoming more involved in their children 's lives , and because of that many men now have a better understanding of what life is like for their child growing up in modern society . Because fathers are immersed in their children 's lives , many of the " " attitudes and activities historically prescribed for children may be due to a more gender @-@ neutral parenting approach that focuses on promoting independence and emotional well being . This allows children , especially male children , to grow up with a greater capacity for empathy and less in attitudes pertaining to gender roles than would perhaps be the case in more traditionally @-@ structured households . - - = = = = - - - = = = Australia = = = - - Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads make up a very small portion of the Australian population although this appears to be rapidly changing . In 2003 , 91 % of fathers with children aged under 15 years were employed with 85 % employed full @-@ time . Because of this , there are few role models or resources that can help Australian fathers with the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad role . The Australian Bureau of Statistics show that approximately 7 % of two parents families with children under the age of 14 have a father who is unemployed and a mother who works full time . Stay at home dads in Australia have almost doubled over the past decade from 57 @,@ 900 to 106 @,@ 000 , and expected to increase in the future . Recent sociological studies have shown that men are dedicating more time and support to their children in comparison to the 19th century . The idea of a stay at home dad were far from mainstream , however the rising demand for female work has influenced this statistic to rise . - - = = = Canada = = = - - Over a 20 @-@ year period during the late 20th century , there was an increase in the number of women in the workforce in Canada . This shift increased father participation in family tasks that used to primarily be the responsibility of the mother . Beginning in the late 20th century , parental roles began to become less traditional , and the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad arrangement began to become more common . The number of stay @-@ at @-@ home dads increased by three percent points between 1976 and 1998 , and the average age of a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad in Canada is forty @-@ two . A bill was passed in by the Canadian government in October 1990 which granted paid leave for fathers for the purpose of primary . - - = = = East Asia = = = - - Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads are not prevalent in East Asian countries , which generally have strict traditional gender roles . However , a survey conducted in 2008 in Japan suggested that nearly one third of married men would accept the role . The Japanese government passed a law in April 1992 allowing time off following the birth of a child for both male and female employees . In 1996 , 0 @.@ 16 % of Japanese fathers took time off of work to raise children . In South Korea , about 5 @,@ 000 men were stay @-@ at @-@ home dads in 2007 . Even so , stay @-@ at @-@ home dads face discrimination from stay @-@ at @-@ home mothers , and are often ostracized . - - = = = = China = = = = - - Beginning in the 2000s , the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad began to emerge as a role in China , though some remain uncomfortable with the way the role changes traditional family dynamics . Customs in China suggest that men must be the heads of their households . is an issue for stay @-@ at @-@ home dads , who sometimes prefer not to tell others about their family arrangement . Traditional ideas promote criticism of " woman @-@ like " men , and many feel that they would face humiliation and criticism for being stay @-@ at @-@ home dads . Others suppose they would be looked at as having a wife that is " too strong " . - - = = = = North Korea = = = = - - Until around 1990 , the North Korean state required every able @-@ bodied male to be employed by some state enterprise . However , some 30 % of married women of working age were allowed to stay at home as full @-@ time housewives ( less than some countries in the same region like South Korean \ Japan and Taiwan , more than Soviet Union \ China or Nordic countries like Sweden , about the same as Today 's USA ) . ) In the early 1990s , an estimated 600 @,@ 000 @-@ 900 @,@ 000 people perished in the famine , which was largely a product of the North Korean government 's unwillingness to reform the economy , and the old system began to fall apart . In some cases women began by selling household items they could do without or food . Today at least three @-@ quarters of North Korean market are women . A joke making the rounds in goes : ' What do a husband and a pet dog have in common ? ' : ' Neither works nor earns money , but both are cute , stay at home and can scare away - - = = = India = = = - - The role of the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad is not traditional in India , but it is socially accepted in urban areas . According to one sociologist 's study in 2006 , as much as three percent of all urban working fathers in India are stay @-@ at @-@ home dads , and twelve percent of unmarried Indian men would consider being a stay @-@ at @-@ home dad according to a survey conducted by Business Today . One sociologist called this a shift in Indian society , saying that a decade ago , " it was an unheard concept and not to mention socially unacceptable for men to give up their jobs and remain at home . " However , only 22 @.@ 7 percent of Indian women are part of the labor force , compared to 51 @.@ 6 percent of men ; thus , women are more likely to be because most do not work outside the home . - - = = = United Kingdom = = = - - According to an article by the Daily Mail , the number of stay @-@ at @-@ home dads in 2007 had increased by 83 percent since 1993 . According to the same paper , in 2007 , recent figures from the Office for National Statistics showed more than 200 @,@ 000 fathers chose to stay at home and be the primary caregiver for their children . - In an interview published in the Radio Times in May 2013 Brady made it plain she " could never be a " . While she maintains a business career in London her husband Paul has the role of house @-@ husband though Brady in tasks at home to a certain extent . - - = = = United States = = = - - In 2008 , an estimated 140 @,@ 000 married fathers worked in the home as their children 's primary while their wives worked outside of the home to provide for the family . This number is less than the previous two years according to the US Census Bureau . In 2007 , stay @-@ at @-@ home dads made up approximately 2 @.@ 7 % of the nation 's stay @-@ at @-@ home parents . This is triple the percentage from 1997 , and has been consistently higher each year since 2005 . In 2006 , stay @-@ at @-@ home dads were caring for approximately 245 @,@ 000 children ; 63 % of stay @-@ at @-@ home dads had two or more children . These statistics only account for married stay @-@ at @-@ home dads ; there are other children being cared for by single fathers or gay couples . Also , it is difficult to how many of these stay @-@ at @-@ home dads have accepted the role voluntarily , and how many have been forced into it by the economic crisis of the late 2000s and early 2010s during which a great number of mostly @-@ male blue @-@ collar industries suffered significant losses and many previously employed men entered periods of prolonged unemployment . - - = = Notable current and former stay @-@ at @-@ home dads = = - - Jim , American singer @-@ songwriter - Billy Ashley , American baseball player - Eric , 2014 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry - Michael Stephen Clark , American columnist - , American politician - Mike Duncan , American - Dan , American actor , comedian and - John Lennon , British musician - Rick , Actor and comedian - Alex Vincent , American drummer - Mo , American writer , animator , and creator of children 's books - - - = Tristan ( horse ) = - - Tristan ( 1878 – 1897 ) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire . In a career that lasted from the April 1880 to October 1884 , he ran 51 times and won 27 races . A useful performer at two and three years old , he matured into an outstanding horse in his last three seasons , winning important races at distances ranging from six furlongs ( the July Cup ) to two and a half miles ( Ascot Gold Cup ) and defeating three winners of the Epsom Derby . Unusually for a 19th @-@ century racehorse , he was regularly campaigned internationally , winning three consecutive of the Grand Prix de Deauville . Tristan 's success was achieved despite a dangerous and unpredictable temperament : at the height of his success , he was described as " a very @-@ tempered animal " . - - = = Background = = - - Tristan was a dark chestnut horse standing just under 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) high , bred by Robert St Clair @-@ , 4th Earl of at the Easton near Great in Essex . As a , Tristan was bought by the French owner C. J. Lefevre , who sent the colt to be trained by Tom Jennings at the Phantom House stable at Newmarket , Suffolk . Jennings would later say that Tristan had been as a before his arrival at Newmarket and this explained his well @-@ known temperament problems . Tristan was ridden in most of his races by George Fordham and came to show a strong and sometimes violent dislike for other . - Tristan ’ s sire Hermit won the Epsom Derby in 1867 and became an outstandingly successful stallion , being Champion Sire for seven successive years . In addition to Tristan , he sired the Derby winners and St. , as well as St. ( 1000 Guineas ) , ( Oaks ) , and ( 1000 Guineas & Oaks ) . Tristan 's dam was an influential broodmare whose direct descendants included the Australian champion , the Kentucky Derby winner George Smith and the Epsom Derby winner Reference Point . - - = = Racing career = = - - - = = = 1880 : two @-@ year @-@ old season = = = - - Tristan ran nine times in the first half of 1880 , winning four races worth about £ 1 @,@ 900 @.@ beginning his career with a second place in the Lincoln Cup at Lincoln Racecourse . At Epsom in April he won the Westminster Stakes and then finished second of fifteen runners to the filly in the Hyde Park Plate . On 11 May he won the Breeders ' Plate over five furlongs at York reversing the Epsom form by beating " cleverly " . At the end of the month Tristan returned to Epsom for the Derby meeting and won the Stanley Stakes , in which his three opponents included the future Grand National winner . At Royal Ascot he finished third to Sir Charles in the New Stakes , the race now known as the Norfolk Stakes . After running on unusually hard ground at Newmarket in July , when he finished behind Iroquois in the Chesterfield Stakes , he developed leg problems and missed the rest of the season . - - = = = 1881 : three @-@ year @-@ old season = = = - - At the start of May Tristan finished behind in the 2000 Guineas and two weeks later he ran third in the Payne Stakes . In the Derby he ran prominently for much of the way and turned into the straight in second place before weakening in the closing stages and finishing seventh behind Iroquois . - On 12 June he was again tested in the highest class when he was sent to run in the Grand Prix de Paris at where he was ridden by Fred Archer . Tristan was beaten a head after a " superb race " with the American colt , ridden by George Fordham . The French crowd treated the defeat of Tristan as a home victory and joined the sizable American contingent in the celebrations which were described as “ the ever seen at ” . It was only after the intervention of the local police force that Fordham and Archer were able to return to the weighing room . He won a race called the Prix de Deauville ( not to be confused with the Grand Prix de Deauville ) before returning to England . In July he won the six Stakes at Newmarket " in a " at odds of 2 / 5 and the Singleton Stakes at Goodwood . In August he traveled back to France for his first attempt at the Grand Prix de Deauville and finished third to . On his return to Britain he finished last of three runners in the Great Yorkshire Stakes over one and three quarter miles at York . - In September he was sent to Doncaster where he won a Queen 's Plate before finishing second to in the Doncaster Cup . At Newmarket in October , Tristan ran third to the two @-@ year @-@ old filly Nellie in the Great Challenge Stakes and was beaten twice more by when finishing second to the American colt in the Select Stakes and third in the . In the latter event , Tristan was beaten a head and a neck after being badly hampered in the closing stages . - - = = = 1882 : four @-@ year @-@ old season = = = - - As a four @-@ year @-@ old in 1882 , Tristan showed much improved form and established himself as one of the leading in Europe by winning ten times in fourteen starts . He began the year by winning a Queen 's Plate at Newmarket in April and followed up by winning His Majesty 's Plate at Chester in May . At Epsom Downs Racecourse he ran twice at the Derby meeting . In the Epsom Stakes , a handicap race over one and a half miles , Tristan carried top weight of 124 pounds and won by a length and a half from He then added the Epsom Gold Cup , the race which was the forerunner of the Coronation Cup , in which he successfully conceded twenty @-@ seven pounds to a filly named Isabel . - At Royal Ascot in June he ran three times and was unbeaten , showing versatility by winning over three different distances . He took the two mile Gold , beating the previous year 's winner by six lengths , the one mile New Stakes and the one and a half mile Hardwicke Stakes . His performances established him as " one of the best horses in training " . In July he moved down to sprint distances for the July Cup over six furlongs at Newmarket . at least twelve pounds to his opponents , Tristan won his eighth successive race by taking the lead at half way and winning easily from the two @-@ year @-@ old Royal with Nellie third . In the Goodwood Cup on 27 July Tristan started at odds of 1 / 4 against two moderate opponents , but his winning streak came to an end after his jockey , George Fordham , the race tactics and allowed a horse named Friday to build up a huge lead which he was unable to make up in the straight . In August he was sent to France again and won the Grand Prix de Deauville from ten opponents . - On 12 October he contested the Champion Stakes over ten furlongs at Newmarket . He ran a dead heat with the filly , winner of the 1881 1000 Guineas and Oaks , with the St winner Dutch Oven in third . Later in the meeting he finished second to the two @-@ year @-@ old Energy in the Great Challenge Stakes . At the end of October , Tristan ran twice at the Newmarket Houghton meeting without his best form . In the he carried top weight of 130 pounds and finished seventh of the thirty @-@ one runners behind . On his final start of the year he ran in the Club Stakes over two and a quarter miles . In a closely contested four way finish he dead @-@ heated for second place with City Arab , a short head behind and a neck in front of the mare Roy . - - = = = 1883 : five @-@ year @-@ old season = = = - - In April 1883 Tristan won a Queen 's Plate at Epsom and then collected a second Epsom Gold Cup at the Derby meeting on 25 May , winning by three lengths from a field which included the Derby winner . Between these races he was beaten when attempting to three pounds to the unbeaten Irish horse in the Westminster Cup at . On this occasion he reportedly showed " a good deal of temper " before the race and ran " " . - On 7 June at Royal Ascot he contested the Ascot Gold Cup , the year 's most important staying race . Fordham sent him into the lead a mile from the finish and he won easily by three lengths from Dutch Oven and . On the last day of the Royal meeting he took the lead on the turn into the straight and won by a length and a half from Iroquois and eight others under top weight of 138 pounds to take his second Hardwicke Stakes . His winning time of 2 : 37 was considered exceptionally fast for the date . By this time he was being described as " about the best horse of the day in England " , and " the present champion of the English turf " , although he was also called " a bad horse to ride " . An example of Tristan 's problematic behaviour came on Newmarket Heath that summer when he attacked a horse named , who was acting as his training companion . was left lame whilst his rider , whom Tristan also attempted to savage , escaped with a black eye . Another of Tristan 's " victims " was a stable boy , whom he reportedly " shook like a rat " . His poor behaviour was blamed for contributing to his two defeats at Newmarket in July . - He returned to Deauville in August to win the Grand Prix again , this time carrying 151 pounds . At Newmarket on 11 October he recorded a repeat victory in the Champion Stakes again , this time taking the race outright from the St winners and Dutch Oven . For the third successive year he was beaten by a two @-@ year @-@ old in the Great Challenge Stakes , finishing third to the future 1000 Guineas winner . - Tristan 's winning prize money for the year totaled £ 7 @,@ 628 , a record for a five @-@ year @-@ old which enabled Lefevre win the owner 's championship . Tristan 's career earnings had reached £ 19 @,@ 614 by the end of 1883 . - - = = = 1884 : six @-@ year @-@ old season = = = - - Tristan remained in training in 1884 by which time his achievements had made his name a " household word " . At Newmarket in spring he ran a public trial against St. Simon a three @-@ year @-@ old colt who was prevented from running in the classics because the death of his owner had his entries . Tristan attempted to give the younger horse twenty @-@ three pounds and was easily beaten . The two horses met again at Royal Ascot on 10 June when Tristan attempted to defend his status as the country 's best in the Ascot Gold Cup . His temperament came to the fore as he proved difficult to get to the start and when the race began he again proved no match for St. Simon who won by twenty lengths . In his other races at the meeting , Tristan took on St. and Harvester the who had dead @-@ heated in the Epsom Derby . In the two mile Gold he finished third to St and Roy , but in the Hardwicke Stakes on the last day of the meeting he won easily from Waterford , with the favourite Harvester a distant third . - On 17 August Tristan carried 151 pounds to a third successive victory in the Grand Prix de Deauville . Once again he showed a good deal of temperament before the start but won the race by a short head from . In autumn he returned to England to end his racing career at Newmarket . Running in the Champion Stakes for the third time on 9 October he delayed the start for a quarter of an hour by his " display of temper " before dead @-@ heating with the four @-@ year @-@ old . He was then retired to " covered with honours " and regarded as " one of the most wonderful horses of the time " . - - = = career = = - - Lefevre retired Tristan to stand as a stallion in France at his near . In 1891 he was purchased by Caroline , Duchess of Montrose , who returned him to England as a replacement for the recently deceased . Three years later he was sold again and exported to Austria @-@ Hungary . In 1897 he died as a result of injuries sustained after his head against the wall of his stable in a fit of temper . Tristan was not a great success as a stallion , but he did sire Canterbury Pilgrim , who won the Epsom Oaks in 1896 and became a highly successful and influential broodmare . Other good winners included Le Nord ( Stakes ) and Le ( Champion Stakes ) . - - = = = = - - - - = Plunketts Creek ( Loyalsock Creek ) = - - Plunketts Creek is an approximately 6 @.@ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) tributary of Loyalsock Creek in Lycoming and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . Two unincorporated villages and a hamlet are on the creek , and its watershed drains 23 @.@ 6 square miles ( 61 km2 ) in parts of five townships . The creek is a part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin via Loyalsock Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna and Susquehanna Rivers . - Plunketts Creek 's unique name comes from the first owner of the land including the creek 's mouth , and the creek has given its name to two townships ( although one has since changed its name ) . The creek flows southwest and then south through the dissected Allegheny Plateau , through rock from the sub @-@ period and Devonian period . Much of the Plunketts Creek valley is composed of various glacial deposits , chiefly alluvium . - Although the Plunketts Creek watershed was clear @-@ cut and home to a tannery , sawmills , and a coal mine in the nineteenth century , today it is heavily wooded and known for its high water quality , fishing , and other recreational opportunities . The watershed now includes parts of the Loyalsock State Forest , Pennsylvania State Game Lands , and a State Game Farm for raising pheasant . Tourism , hunting , and fishing have long been important in the region , and its year @-@ round population is increasing much faster than that of either Lycoming or Sullivan County . - - = = Name = = - - Plunketts Creek is named for Colonel William Plunkett , a physician , who was the first president judge of Northumberland County after it was formed in 1772 . During conflicts with Native Americans , he treated wounded settlers and fought the natives . Plunkett led a Pennsylvania expedition in the @-@ Yankee War to forcibly remove settlers from Connecticut , who had claimed and settled on lands also claimed by Pennsylvania . For his services , Plunkett was granted six tracts of land totaling 1 @,@ 978 acres ( 8 @.@ 00 km2 ) on November 14 , 1776 , although the land was not actually surveyed until September 1783 . Plunkett 's land included the creek 's mouth , so Plunketts Creek was given his name . - During the American Revolution , Plunkett did not actively support the revolution and thus was suspected of being sympathetic to the British Empire . He died in 1791 , aged about 100 , and was buried in Northumberland , without a grave marker or monument ( except for the creek that bears his name ) . Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County in 1795 . When Plunketts Creek Township was formed in Lycoming County in 1838 , the original name proposed was " Plunkett Township " but the lingering suspicions of his British sympathies led to that name being rejected . Naming the township for the creek was an acceptable compromise . - Plunketts Creek Township was originally much larger than it is now , and two other townships were formed from parts of it . When Sullivan County was formed from Lycoming County on March 15 , 1847 , Plunketts Creek Township was divided between the counties , with each having a township of the same name . This led to some confusion and in 1856 the citizens of Sullivan County petitioned the state legislature to change the name of their Plunketts Creek Township to Hillsgrove Township , for Hillsgrove , the main village and post office in the township . In 1866 , Cascade Township was formed from parts of Hepburn and Plunketts Creek Townships in Lycoming County . - According to Meginness ( 1892 ) , Colonel Plunkett actually spelled his last name " " , but the current spelling was established " by custom and the courts " . As of 2007 , it is the only stream officially named " Plunketts Creek " on USGS maps of the United States and in the USGS Geographic Names Information System . ( There is a " Plunkett Creek " in Tennessee which has " Plunketts Creek " as an official variant name ) . The possessive apostrophe is not part of the official name of the creek , although records from the 19th century often spell it as " Plunkett 's Creek " . The Native American name for Plunketts Creek is unknown . Two streams in the watershed have given their names to roads in Plunketts Creek Township : Engle Run Drive and Mock Run Road . - - = = Course = = - - The source of Plunketts Creek is 1440 ft ( 439 m ) above sea level , northwest of the unincorporated village of Hillsgrove and just south of the Loyalsock State Forest in Hillsgrove Township , Sullivan County . The source is a pond just north of Pennsylvania Route ( the road between the villages of Proctor and Hillsgrove ) and Plunketts Creek crosses the road twice , then receives two unnamed tributaries on the right bank as it flows generally southwest about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to the Lycoming County line . - The creek continues southwest as it enters Plunketts Creek Township and receives Run on the left bank , 4 @.@ 70 miles ( 7 @.@ 56 km2 ) upstream from the mouth . It next receives Mock Creek at the hamlet of ( 4 @.@ 24 miles ( 6 @.@ 82 km ) from the mouth ) , then Wolf Run ( 2 @.@ 72 miles ( 4 @.@ 38 km ) from the mouth ) , both on the right bank . At the village of Proctor , Plunketts Creek receives King Run ( 1 @.@ 66 miles ( 2 @.@ 67 km ) ) on the right bank , then turns south towards Loyalsock Creek . It flows through the Pennsylvania Game Commission 's Northcentral Game Farm , then receives the unnamed tributary in Coal Mine Hollow on the right bank and Dry Run on the left bank ( 0 @.@ 82 miles ( 1 @.@ 32 km ) and 0 @.@ 17 miles ( 0 @.@ 27 km ) , respectively ) . It finally enters the village of Barbours , where its mouth is on the right bank of Loyalsock Creek at 725 feet ( 221 m ) . - Lycoming County is about 130 miles ( km ) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles ( 266 km ) east @-@ northeast of Pittsburgh . Although Plunketts Creek is 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) long , the direct distance between the source and the mouth is only 4 @.@ 1 miles ( 6 @.@ 6 km ) . From the mouth of Plunketts Creek it is 19 @.@ 50 miles ( 31 @.@ 38 km2 ) along Loyalsock Creek to its confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River at Montoursville . The elevation at the source is 1440 feet ( 439 m ) , while the mouth is at an elevation of 725 feet ( 221 m ) . The difference in elevation , 715 feet ( 218 m ) , divided by the length of the creek of 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 115 @.@ 3 feet / mile ( 21 @.@ 8 m / km ) . For comparison , the relief ratio of Wallis Run ( the next watershed to the southwest ) is 110 @.@ 9 feet / mile ( 21 @.@ 0 m / km ) , while Loyalsock Creek 's is only 28 @.@ 0 feet / mile ( 5 @.@ 33 m / km ) . - - = = = Floods = = = - - Plunketts Creek can vary greatly in depth , depending on the season and recent precipitation . Its water level is typically highest ( perhaps 3 feet ( 1 m ) deep ) in spring or for a few days after a heavy rain , and lowest in late summer , when it can to a . While there is no stream gauge on Plunketts Creek , a rough estimate of the creek 's water level may be found from the stream gauge on the Loyalsock Creek bridge in Barbours , just downstream of the mouth . Lycoming County operates this gauge as part of the county @-@ wide flood warning system . It only measures the water height ( not discharge ) , and measured a record gauge height of 34 @.@ 0 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m ) on September 7 , 2011 . - The September 2011 flood was caused by remnants of Tropical Storm Lee , which dumped 11 @.@ 36 inches ( mm ) of rainfall in the nearby village of in Fox Township in Sullivan County ( just north of the creek 's source ) . The 2011 flooding caused widespread damage in Proctor and Barbours and destroyed a small stone bridge on Wallis Run Road in Proctor over King Run , a tributary of Plunketts Creek . The Barbours Fire Hall became an " emergency relief center offering food , shelter and supplies to victims of the flood " . Further downstream on the Loyalsock , the flooding badly damaged the historic Hillsgrove Bridge , washed out sections of Pennsylvania Route 87 along the creek , and destroyed the Pennsylvania Route 973 and Lycoming Valley Railroad bridges over the creek near and in Montoursville . - The previous record flood reached 24 @.@ 9 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) on the Loyalsock flood gauge at Barbours on January 19 – 20 , 1996 . This major flood resulted from heavy rain , snow melt , and ice dams , which caused millions of dollars of damage throughout Lycoming County , and six deaths on Lycoming Creek in and near Williamsport . On Plunketts Creek , the flood heavily damaged and later caused the demolition of Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 , a mid @-@ 19th century stone arch bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The flood waters were 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) deep in Barbours and it was called the village 's " worst flood in history " at the time . - - = = Geology = = - - Plunketts Creek is in the southern edge of the dissected Allegheny Plateau , near the Allegheny Front . The underlying bedrock is sandstone and shale , mostly from the sub @-@ period , with rock from the Devonian period in the north of the watershed . The northern edge of the Plunketts Creek drainage basin is formed by Ridge and Ridge . Plunketts Creek flows along the north side of Camp Mountain and , on turning south at Proctor , forms a water gap between it and Cove Mountain ( to the west ) . - The watershed has no oil or conventional natural gas fields . However , a potentially large source of natural gas is the shale , which lies 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 0 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 2 km ) below the surface here and stretches from New York through Pennsylvania to Ohio and West Virginia . Estimates of the total natural gas in the black shale from the Devonian period range from 168 to 516 trillion cubic feet ( 4 @.@ 76 to 14 @.@ 6 trillion m3 ) , with at least 10 percent considered . - The Pennsylvania Bureau of and Survey 's " Distribution of Pennsylvania " map shows no major deposits of coal in the Plunketts Creek watershed , and only one deposit nearby in the Loyalsock Creek watershed ( in southern Plunketts Creek Township ) . However , Meginness ( 1892 ) refers to coal mines in Plunketts Creek Township , and there is an unnamed tributary of Plunketts Creek in " Coal Mine Hollow " on the right bank between Dry Run and King Run , so it seems a small coal mine operated there in the past . - Much of the Plunketts Creek valley ( and those of its tributaries ) is composed of various glacial deposits . to the mouth , there are large deposits of alluvium , as well as alluvial fan and alluvial terraces . Many of the glacial deposits are associated with the Wisconsin , with drift and till , as well as present . The alluvium is " 10 feet ( 3 m ) or more thick in the lower reaches of the Plunketts Creek valley " , but only " 6 feet ( 2 m ) thick in tributary valleys " . The is described as " sand and gravel that form terrace remnants along the flanks of Loyalsock Creek and Plunketts Creek valleys " . - - = = Watershed = = - - The Plunketts Creek watershed drains parts of Cascade , , and Plunketts Creek townships in Lycoming County , and Fox and Hillsgrove Townships in Sullivan County ( with most of the watershed in Plunketts Creek Township ) . The drainage basin area is 23 @.@ 6 square miles ( 61 km2 ) , accounting for 4 @.@ 78 % of the square miles ( 1 @,@ 280 km2 ) Loyalsock Creek watershed . Bear Creek , whose mouth is also within the village of Barbours but on the opposite ( left ) bank , is the nearest major creek at 0 @.@ 52 miles ( 0 @.@ 84 km ) downstream , as measured along Loyalsock Creek . ( It is also known as " Big Bear Creek " as it is the watershed upstream of " Little Bear Creek " . ) The neighboring major watersheds on the same bank are Wallis Run ( 9 @.@ 56 miles ( 15 @.@ 39 km ) downstream ) and Mill Creek ( at the village of Hillsgrove , 9 @.@ 16 miles ( 14 @.@ 74 km ) upstream ) . Pleasant Stream , a tributary of Lycoming Creek , is the watershed to the north . - The named tributaries together account for 70 @.@ 6 % of the Plunketts Creek watershed . The largest tributary is Wolf Run , with an area of 7 @.@ 39 square miles ( 19 @.@ 1 km2 ) , accounting for 31 @.@ 3 % of the total . The Wolf Run drainage basin includes both the Noon Branch ( 4 @.@ 26 square miles ( 11 @.@ 03 km2 ) ) and the Brian Branch ( 1 @.@ 60 square miles ( 4 @.@ 14 km2 ) ) . The next largest tributary of Plunketts Creek is King Run with 5 @.@ 56 square miles ( 14 @.@ 4 km2 ) or 23 @.@ 6 % of the watershed . The King Run watershed includes Engle Run , with 2 @.@ 90 square miles ( 7 @.@ 5 km2 ) . The third largest tributary is Dry Run with 1 @.@ 79 square miles ( 4 @.@ 6 km2 ) or 7 @.@ 6 % , followed by the unnamed tributary in Coal Mine Hollow with 1 @.@ 08 square miles ( 2 @.@ 8 km2 ) or 4 @.@ 6 % . All other named tributaries are less than 1 @.@ 00 square mile ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) and account for less than 5 % of the drainage basin individually . Plunketts Creek does not have its own watershed association , but is part of the larger Loyalsock Creek Watershed Association . - - = = = Water quality = = = - - The clear @-@ cutting of forests in the 19th century adversely affected the ecology of the Plunketts Creek watershed and its water quality . industries on the creek and its tributaries then included a coal mine and tannery ( which are long since departed ) . In the autumn of 1897 , three men working with hides at the Proctor tannery were stricken with anthrax , two fatally . Another four deaths originally blamed on pneumonia were suspected of being due to pulmonary anthrax , and some cattle drinking from Plunketts Creek downstream from the tannery were also infected . As late as 1959 , the sludge pile from the tannery was still visible in Proctor , but was not disturbed for fear of anthrax spores . No acid mine drainage is reported in the watershed . - As of 1984 , the mean annual precipitation for the Loyalsock Creek watershed ( which Plunketts Creek is part of ) was 42 to 48 inches ( to 1219 mm ) . Pennsylvania receives the greatest amount of acid rain of any state in the United States . Because Plunketts Creek is in a sandstone and shale mountain region , it has a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid . This makes it especially vulnerable to increased from acid rain , which poses a threat to the long term health of the plants and animals in the creek . The total ( TA ) is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acid , with a larger TA corresponding to a greater capacity . In 2007 , the TA of two was known : Engle Run , a 4 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 9 km ) tributary of King Run , had a TA of 5 , and the Noon Branch , a 1 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 1 km ) tributary of Wolf Run , had a TA of 9 . - The 2002 Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( ) report on " State Forest Waters with Special Protection " rated Plunketts Creek ( from its source to mouth ) and two of it tributaries , Wolf Run and Mock Creek ( from the county line to the mouth ) , as " High Quality @-@ Cold Water Fisheries " . Two were rated as " " streams for fishing : Engle Run and the Noon Branch of Wolf Run . - - = = = Recreation = = = - - Meginness ( 1892 ) wrote that " Plunkett 's Creek township , on account of its mountain streams of pure water , has always been a favorite place for trout fishing . " In 2007 , the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission classified both Engle Run and the Noon Branch of Wolf Run as Class A Wild Waters , defined as " streams which support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a long @-@ term and rewarding sport fishery . " Barbours has been popular from early on with " anglers seeking trout in the ' and its tributaries " , as well as with hunters after black bear , white @-@ tailed deer , and wild turkey in the surrounding forests . - Besides fishing , the Plunketts Creek watershed contains much of the 6 @,@ acres ( 27 @.@ 20 km2 ) of Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134 , in both Lycoming and Sullivan counties . Habitat is found there for deer , grouse , and wild turkey . Hunting , trapping , and fishing are possible with proper licenses on both the state forest and State Game Lands . , hiking , mountain bike and horseback riding , , cross @-@ country skiing , and bird watching are all possible on state forest lands . The southern end of the 27 @.@ 1 mile ( 43 @.@ 6 km ) long Old Path , a loop hiking trail , runs through the watershed just north of Engle and Wolf . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early inhabitants = = = - - The first recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the speaking . Their name meant " people of the muddy river " in . by diseases and warfare , they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes by the early 18th century . The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee of the ( or Delaware ) , and were under the nominal control of the Five ( later Six ) Nations of the Iroquois . - On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired the " New Purchase " from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , opening what are now Lycoming and Sullivan counties to settlement . Initial settlements were on or near the West Branch Susquehanna River , and , as noted , Plunkett did not receive the land including the creek until 1776 , nor was it surveyed until 1783 . It is not clear if Plunkett ever lived on his land : he resided in Northumberland at the time of his death . A named was the first recorded inhabitant of what became Plunketts Creek Township , living there " some time between 1770 and 1776 " . He was reputed to be a from the British Army and left only when he was captured by British soldiers . - - = = = Lumber and tannery = = = - - Like all streams in Lycoming and Sullivan Counties , Plunketts Creek served as an area for settlers to establish , mills , and to a lesser extent , farms . Barbours , the first village on the creek , was founded in 1832 , when John S. , a Scottish immigrant , built a sawmill opposite the mouth of Plunketts Creek on Loyalsock Creek . Originally known as " 's Mills " , the village is in a rare area of flat land in the narrow Loyalsock valley and contains the mouths of both Plunketts and Bear Creeks . Barbours became a lumber center which owed " its existence to those forested mountains and the creeks that flow out of them " . John arrived in 1856 and became a prosperous and farmer . His family became prominent in Barbours , and in 1997 , his 86 @-@ year @-@ old granddaughter , , recalled that in her childhood " every family that had 15 cents to their name had a sawmill for cutting lumber . " By 1878 the village had several blacksmiths , a temperance hotel , its own post office , many sawmills , a school , and a wagon maker . Barbours flourished throughout the rest of the nineteenth century . - In 1868 , Proctor was built as a company town in the midst of the timber required for the tannery ( Barbours had initially been considered for the site ) . The second village on Plunketts Creek was originally named " " for Thomas E. Proctor of Boston , who produced leather for the of shoes there . Proctor was brought to the area by William Stone of Standing Stone Township in Bradford County , who knew the area was " one vast tract of hemlock timber " . The Proctor tannery employed " several hundred " at wages between 50 cents and $ 1 @.@ 75 a day , the employees living in one hundred twenty company houses , each renting for $ 2 a month . Hemlock bark , used in the tanning process , was hauled to the tannery from up to 8 miles ( 13 km ) away in both summer and winter , using wagons and . The hides which were to make leather came from the United States , and as far away as Mexico , Argentina , and China . In 1892 , Proctor had a barber shop , two blacksmiths , stand , hall , leather shop , news stand , a post office ( established in 1885 ) , a two @-@ room school , two stores , and a wagon shop . sole leather was hauled by horse @-@ drawn wagon south about 8 miles ( 13 km ) to Little Bear Creek , where it was exchanged for " green " hides and other supplies brought north from Montoursville . - Plunketts Creek was a source of power in the nineteenth century and " water @-@ powered sawmills , mills , and ( grain ) mills lined the ' and Plunketts and Big Bear Creeks " . Although hemlock logs were originally left to rot after their bark was for tanning , with time their lumber was used , among other places in a sawmill on Engle Run north of Proctor . By 1892 there were two steam powered sawmills on Plunketts Creek : one 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) above the mouth , and the other 4 @.@ 0 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) up the creek , near . An extension of the Susquehanna and Eagles Mere Railroad crossed an unnamed tributary of Plunketts Creek near its source in Sullivan County in 1906 , running from the village of Hillsgrove northwest to the lumber of in Cascade and Townships in Lycoming County . A logging railroad was built by the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company ( ) in the far northern part of the watershed in the 1920s . It crossed Engle Run twice and ran parallel to Wolf Run , near both their sources . No other railroads crossed or ran along Plunketts Creek . - - = = = Decline and renewal = = = - - The lumber boom on Plunketts Creek ended when the virgin timber ran out . By 1898 , the old growth hemlock was exhausted and the Proctor tannery , then owned by the Elk Company , was closed and dismantled . continued in the watershed , but the last logs were floated down Plunketts Creek to the Loyalsock in 1905 . The Susquehanna and Eagles Mere Railroad was abandoned in sections between 1922 and 1930 , as the lumber it was built to transport was depleted . The logging railroad and their sawmills were abandoned in 1930 . Without timber , the populations of Proctor and Barbours declined . The Barbours post office closed in the 1930s and the Proctor post office closed on July 1 , 1953 . Both villages also lost their schools and almost all of their businesses . Proctor celebrated its centennial in 1968 , and a 1970 newspaper article on its thirty @-@ ninth annual " Proctor Homecoming " reunion called it a " near @-@ deserted old tannery town " . In the 1980s , the last store in Barbours closed , and the former hotel ( which had become a hunting club ) was torn down to make way for a new bridge across Loyalsock Creek . - Second growth forests have since covered most of the clear @-@ cut land . The beginnings of today 's protected areas were established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries : Pennsylvania 's state legislature authorized the acquisition of abandoned clear @-@ cut land in 1897 , creating the state forest system . The Game Commission began acquiring property for State Game Lands in 1920 , and established the Northcentral State Game Farm on Plunketts Creek in 1945 to raise wild turkey . It was converted to pheasant production in 1981 , and , as of 2007 , it is one of four Pennsylvania state game farms producing about 200 @,@ 000 each year for release on land open to public hunting . The Northcentral State Game Farm is in the Plunketts Creek valley just south of Proctor , and a part of it is on the right bank of Loyalsock Creek downstream of the confluence . The Loyalsock State Game Farm is 13 miles ( 21 km ) downstream on Loyalsock Creek , at the village of . When a May 2007 fire destroyed a house there just days before 18 @,@ 000 pheasant chicks were due to hatch , the eggs were transferred to the nearby Northcentral State Game Farm without reduction in the production goal . - As of 2007 , Proctor has two separate businesses : a general store ( which also sells gasoline ) and a bed and breakfast . The church which used to host the annual " Proctor Homecoming " still stands , but is closed . Barbours has no store or gas station , but does have one church . Barbours is home to the Plunketts Creek Township Volunteer Fire Company and township municipal building ( which houses a small branch library ) . Since 1967 , Barbours has been home to @-@ , which makes tranquilizer and guns for livestock and wildlife capture and control . In 1997 , @-@ had eight employees . Today much of Plunketts Creek 's watershed is wooded and protected as part of Loyalsock State Forest or Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134 . Pennsylvania 's state forests and game lands are managed , and small @-@ scale lumbering operations continue in the watershed today . Barbours has one sawmill , in 1997 it had thirty contract loggers and fifteen employees , with $ 1 @.@ 2 million in annual gross sales . - Plunketts Creek has been a place for lumber and tourism since its villages were founded . Before the advent of automobiles , the area was quite isolated and the 16 mile ( 26 km ) trip to Montoursville took at least three hours ( today it takes less than half an hour ) . Residents who used to work locally now commute to Williamsport . " Cabin people " have seasonally increased the population for years , but increasing numbers now live there year round . From 1950 to 2000 , the population of Plunketts Creek Township increased 80 @.@ 6 percent from to ( for comparison , in the same period Lycoming County 's population increased by only 18 @.@ 6 percent , while Sullivan County 's declined by 2 @.@ 9 percent ) . still come too : the opening weekend of the trout season brings more people into the village at the mouth of Plunketts Creek than any other time of the year . - - - = Richard Cresswell = - - Richard Paul Wesley Cresswell ( born 20 September 1977 ) is an English semi @-@ professional footballer who plays for Northern Counties East League Premier Division club Albion . He primarily plays as a striker but can also play as a winger . - Cresswell started his career with York City in their youth system , making his first team debut in a Second Division match in 1996 . Having scored 19 goals for York in the 1998 – 99 season he signed for Premier League team Sheffield Wednesday in 1999 . After their relegation the following year he joined Leicester City of the Premier League , but was loaned to First Division side Preston North End in 2001 and played for them in the 2001 First Division play @-@ off Final . He signed for Preston permanently in the summer . He had four full seasons with Preston , scoring a career best 21 goals in the 2004 – 05 season , which culminated in defeat in the 2005 Championship play @-@ off Final . - He signed for Championship rivals Leeds United in 2005 . He had a number of knee injuries while with Leeds and following their relegation to League One in 2007 was signed by Stoke City . With Stoke he won promotion to the Premier League as Championship runners @-@ up , with Cresswell scoring 12 goals in the 2007 – 08 season . He spent one full season in the Premier League with Stoke before signing for Championship side Sheffield United on loan in 2009 , before signing permanently in 2010 . United were relegated to League One in 2011 , and Cresswell played in their defeat in the 2012 League One play @-@ off Final . He was made player @-@ coach at the club in 2012 before rejoining his first club York City in 2013 , initially on loan . - - = = Club career = = - - - = = = York City = = = - - Cresswell was born in Bridlington , East Riding of Yorkshire to George and Denise ( née ) . He started playing for Bridlington Rangers at the age of eight before joining the York City youth system aged 14 in 1991 . Having been top scorer for the Northern Intermediate League team for three consecutive seasons , he signed a professional contract on 15 November 1995 . Cresswell made his first team debut away to Brentford in a 2 – 0 defeat in the Second Division on 20 January 1996 . He first scored for York with the second goal of a 2 – 2 draw away at Bradford City on 2 March 1996 . This proved to be his only goal in the 1995 – 96 season , in which he made 17 appearances . - Having failed to score in 22 appearances for York in the 1996 – 97 season , Cresswell joined Third Division side Mansfield Town on loan on 27 March 1997 , making his debut in a 0 – 0 draw away to Exeter City on 29 March . He scored his first and only goal for Mansfield in a 1 – 0 win away to Rochdale on 5 April 1997 , before finishing the loan with five appearances . He scored four goals in 30 games for York in 1997 – 98 , and during this season he was barracked by a small section of the York support . - Cresswell admitted he had not made the impact he had hoped to in the York first team , but ahead of the 1998 – 99 season said " I 've had some stick from a small number of fans , but hopefully I can prove them wrong . I will prove them wrong . This a big season for me . I want to do it for York City . I want to do it for myself . " After a positive start to the season , Cresswell attracted attention from other clubs , with a number of scouts attending matches to watch him play . Manager Alan Little claimed some clubs were making illegal approaches for the player , and that this was having a detrimental effect on his performances . Preston North End manager David claimed his club had a bid of more than £ 500 @,@ 000 for Cresswell rejected , while York chairman Douglas Craig rejected this , saying a formal offer had not been received from any club . He was York 's top scorer in the 1998 – 99 season with 19 goals from 42 appearances . - - = = = Sheffield Wednesday = = = - - He made a move to Premier League side Sheffield Wednesday on a four @-@ year contract on 25 March 1999 , with the £ 950 @,@ 000 fee being the highest received for a York player . On his transfer , Cresswell said : " This move is no disrespect to York , it 's just that I have always wanted to play at a much bigger club and as high as possible " . Manager Danny Wilson described Cresswell as " one for the future " after admitting the player " is not the striker people may perceive as the big one we were chasing " . His debut came in Wednesday 's 2 – 1 home defeat to Coventry City on 3 April 1999 , before scoring his first goal with an 87th @-@ minute winner at home to Liverpool in a 1 – 0 win on 8 May . He finished the 1998 – 99 season with one goal in seven games for Wednesday . Cresswell completed the 1999 – 2000 season with two goals in 25 appearances , having been given few opportunities in the team , as Wednesday were relegated to the First Division . - - = = = Leicester City = = = - - Cresswell struggled to establish himself at Wednesday under manager Paul Jewell early in the 2000 – 01 season , before he resumed playing in the Premier League after signing for Leicester City on 1 September 2000 for a fee of £ 750 @,@ 000 . Leicester were managed by Peter Taylor , who previously worked with Cresswell previously in the England under @-@ 21 team . He made his debut in their 1 – 1 draw at home to Red Star in the UEFA Cup on 14 September 2000 . He scored once in 13 appearances for Leicester , his goal coming against former club York in a 3 – 0 home win in the FA Cup third round on 6 January 2001 , having failed to establish himself in the team . - - = = = Preston North End = = = - - Cresswell joined First Division club Preston North End on loan for the remainder of the 2000 – 01 season on 10 March 2001 and scored five minutes into his debut , a 2 – 0 win at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 14 March . He came on as an 82nd minute substitute in their 3 – 0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers in the 2001 First Division play @-@ off Final at the Millennium Stadium on 28 May 2001 . After scoring two goals in 14 appearances he signed for Preston permanently on a four @-@ year contract for a fee of £ 500 @,@ 000 on 14 July 2001 . - Cresswell was Preston 's top scorer in his first two permanent seasons with Preston , scoring 15 goals in 44 appearances in 2001 – 02 and scoring 16 in 46 games in 2002 – 03 . He was also named Preston 's Player of the Year for the 2001 – 02 season . He received the first red card of his career in Preston 's 4 – 1 defeat away at Coventry City on 17 March 2004 after he was judged to have kicked out at opponent player Davenport , although both managers later admitted David was the . He scored three goals in 47 appearances in the 2003 – 04 season . - Cresswell drew praise from manager Billy Davies during the 2004 – 05 season , " Richard is very capable of that and it is important that we keep creating chances for as we know that he will put the ball in the back of the net " , although he admitted the team were over reliant on Cresswell 's goals . He enjoyed his best goal return in the 2004 – 05 season , top scoring for Preston with 21 goals in 52 games . This helped Preston reach the 2005 Championship play @-@ off Final , where they were beaten 1 – 0 by West Ham United at the Millennium Stadium . Cresswell played poorly in the first half , but had a number of chances on goal during the second half . - - = = = Leeds United = = = - - Cresswell was bought by Championship rivals Leeds United on a four @-@ year contract on 24 August 2005 for a fee of £ 1 @.@ 15 million , after rivals Sheffield United had a £ 1 million bid accepted . After the signing was completed , manager Kevin Blackwell said " To get a player of Cresswell 's quality is amazing " , while Cresswell cited his desire to win automatic promotion with Leeds . He first found the net with two goals in Leeds ' League Cup 2 – 0 away victory against Rotherham United on 20 September 2005 . However , Cresswell suffered knee ligament damage in a match against Derby County eight days later . This injury kept Cresswell out of action for seven weeks , making his return in Leeds ' 1 – 0 defeat away to Wolves on 17 December 2005 , and scoring in his second match back against Coventry City in a 3 – 1 home win on 26 December . Another knee injury picked up during a training session in February 2006 kept him out of the team until he entered Leeds ' 1 – 1 draw with former club Preston in the Championship play @-@ off semi @-@ final first leg as a 78th @-@ minute substitute on 5 May 2006 . However , he was sent off in the 2 – 0 win in the second leg , meaning he was suspended for the 2006 Championship play @-@ off Final , which Leeds lost 3 – 0 to at the Millennium Stadium . He finished the 2005 – 06 season with 21 appearances and seven goals . - Having damaged his knee ligaments during the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , Cresswell missed the start of the 2006 – 07 season , making his first appearance in Leeds ' 4 – 0 home defeat to Stoke City on 14 October 2006 . However , he sustained a knee injury in November 2006 , after scoring his first goal of the campaign in Leeds ' 3 – 0 home win over Colchester United on 11 November . His return from injury came as a 68th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 1 victory at home to Crystal Palace on 10 February 2007 . Cresswell scored in successive games against Sheffield Wednesday and Luton Town in March 2007 , but Leeds were eventually relegated to League One . He finished the season with four goals in 23 games . - - = = = Stoke City = = = - - Leeds were resigned to losing their senior players after going into administration , with Championship side Stoke City signing Cresswell on a three @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee on 2 August 2007 , after Hull City had pulled out of a deal after expressing concerns following his medical . He made his debut in a 1 – 0 win at Cardiff City on 11 August 2007 , before scoring in his second appearance with an equaliser during stoppage time of extra time in a 2 – 2 draw away to Rochdale in the League Cup first round on 14 August , although Stoke lost 4 – 2 in a penalty shoot @-@ out . He scored the last ever goal at Colchester United 's Road ground in a 1 – 0 win . Cresswell made 46 appearances for Stoke in the 2007 – 08 season , scoring 12 goals , as the club won promotion the Premier League as Championship runners @-@ up . He was regularly used on the left wing by Stoke manager Tony , even though his natural position is as a striker . He was quoted as saying he enjoyed playing as a winger , saying " I do my best , and I am quite a fit lad so I get through quite a bit of " . During the 2008 – 09 season Cresswell played on the wing and as a striker , featuring in 34 games and scoring one goal . - - = = = Sheffield United = = = - - Having struggled for appearances with Stoke since their promotion to the Premier League , Cresswell joined Championship outfit Sheffield United on a three @-@ month loan on 29 September 2009 and made his debut the same day as a 76th @-@ minute substitute against Ipswich Town in a 3 – 3 home draw . Starting the following game he scored a 65th @-@ minute equaliser against Doncaster Rovers in a 1 – 1 draw at home on 3 October 2009 . He joined United permanently on a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee on 5 January 2010 , going on to finish the 2009 – 10 season as top scorer with 14 goals . He was rewarded with a new three @-@ year contract with the club in June 2010 . He scored five goals in 36 games in the 2010 – 11 season as United were relegated to League One . - With United now in League One , Cresswell formed a striking partnership with Evans , making 51 appearances and scoring 10 goals in 2011 – 12 . The club failed to achieve promotion however , being beaten 8 – 7 in a penalty shoot @-@ out by Huddersfield Town in the 2012 League One play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 May 2012 , in which Cresswell was substituted for Chris Porter in the 85th minute . As a result of financial circumstances Cresswell and Nick Montgomery were made available for transfer during August 2012 , with manager Danny Wilson explaining that " They were both fit , they were left out for financial reasons " . Towards the end of the transfer window however United agreed a revised deal to change his role to that of player @-@ coach and as such he would be remaining at Bramall Lane for the foreseeable future . On his return to the side , Cresswell came on as a substitute and scored a header in United 's 5 – 3 victory over Bournemouth on 1 September 2012 . - - = = = Return to York City = = = - - Cresswell rejoined his first club York City , playing in League Two , on a one @-@ month loan on 19 March 2013 . He marked his second York debut by scoring a 73rd minute penalty kick on 23 March 2013 away at Torquay United in a 2 – 1 defeat . He played an important role as York fought against relegation , scoring twice in five appearances , before being recalled by new United caretaker manager Chris Morgan on 15 April 2013 . In July 2013 new United manager David Weir stated that Cresswell would be leaving the club , before he signed for York permanently on a one @-@ year contract on 16 July 2013 . His first appearance after signing permanently came in the first game of the 2013 – 14 season , a 1 – 0 home win over Northampton Town on 3 August 2013 . Cresswell retired from playing on 5 December 2013 , as a result of an eye complaint and a knee injury . He made eight appearances for York in the 2013 – 14 season . - - = = International career = = - - Cresswell was called up to the England national under @-@ 21 team while with York , making his debut in a 2 – 1 home victory over France in a friendly on 9 February 1999 . He continued to play for the under @-@ after joining Wednesday , and scored his first goal for them in a 3 – 0 home win over Sweden in a 2000 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Championship qualification match on 4 June 1999 . Cresswell finished his under @-@ 21 career with four caps and one goal . - - = = Coaching career = = - - Cresswell returned to York as a commercial , academy and community development consultant in April 2014 , having previously intended to pursue a career in coaching . He took on the position of Head of Football Operations , before being appointed as first team coach to manager Russ Wilcox in March 2015 . In May 2015 , Cresswell resumed his role as Head of Football Operations , while continuing to coach the first team . He took over as caretaker manager on 26 October 2015 after Wilcox 's sacking , and would be assisted by youth team coach Jonathan and coach Andy . He was in charge for the 1 – 0 away defeat to Crawley Town on 31 October 2015 , before his caretaker duties upon the appointment of Jackie McNamara as manager on 4 November . Cresswell left York by mutual consent on 16 December 2015 . He resumed his playing career aged 38 when signing for Northern Counties East League Premier Division club Albion on 7 April 2016 . - - = = Personal life = = - - Cresswell married Zoe Chapman at Christ Church , Bridlington on 7 June 2003 , with former York City teammate Jonathan being his joint best man . He took part in a 170 mile bike ride during 2012 to raise money for a charity which helps children with 's syndrome , after his twin were diagnosed with the disorder . - - = = Career statistics = = - - As of match played 14 April 2016 . - - = = Managerial statistics = = - - As of 4 November 2015 . - - = = Honours = = - - Stoke City - Football League Championship runner @-@ up : 2007 – 08 - Individual - Preston North End Player of the Year : 2001 – 02 - - - = Berhtwald = - - Berhtwald ( also , , , , , or ; died 731 ) was the ninth Archbishop of Canterbury in England . Documentary evidence names Berhtwald as abbot at before his election as archbishop . Berhtwald begins the first continuous series of native @-@ born of Canterbury , although there had been previous Anglo @-@ Saxon archbishops , they had not succeeded each other until Berhtwald 's reign . - Berhtwald 's period as archbishop coincided with the end of Wilfrid 's long struggle to regain the Bishopric of York , and the two @-@ year delay between Theodore 's death and Berhtwald 's election may have been due to efforts to select Wilfrid for Canterbury . After his election , Berhtwald went to Gaul for consecration and then presided over two councils that attempted to settle the Wilfrid issue , finally succeeding at the second council in 705 . Berhtwald also was the recipient of the first surviving letter close in Western Europe . - - = = Early life = = - - Little is known of Berhtwald 's ancestry or his early life , but he was born around the middle of the seventh century . By 679 , he was made abbot of the monastery at in Kent , and a charter dated May 679 names Berhtwald as abbot . This charter , from , King of Kent , is the earliest surviving original Anglo @-@ Saxon charter . - - = = Election as archbishop = = - - The see of Canterbury was vacant for two years after the death of Theodore before Berhtwald was elected to the office on 1 July 692 . The long vacancy resulted from the disturbed conditions in the kingdom of Kent at the time , as various kings fought for control . The succession to the kingdom was disputed between rival claimants and Wihtred , and various outside kings , including and raided and plundered Kent . Eventually , Wihtred secured the throne , around 691 or early 692 , as Bede names Wihtred as King of Kent , along with , at the time of Berhtwald 's election . , however , is not named as king of Kent after this date . - The vacancy may also have occurred because Wilfrid , who was at that point having problems in Northumbria , desired to become Archbishop of Canterbury . A contemporary biographer of Wilfrid , Stephen of , says that Theodore had wished for Wilfrid to succeed Theodore at Canterbury . Æthelred of may have supported Wilfrid 's translation to Canterbury also , but despite these desires , the translation did not happen . Berhtwald was consecrated on 29 June , having travelled to France for his consecration as archbishop of Canterbury by , Archbishop of Lyon . Berhtwald went to the continent for consecration probably because he feared that his election was not supported by all of the kings and bishops . After his consecration , Berhtwald travelled to Rome to obtain the support of Pope Sergius I , who wrote to a number of Anglo @-@ Saxon kings and bishops in support of the archbishop . Two of these letters survive , and their authenticity has been doubted , mainly because they are only preserved as part of the post @-@ Norman Conquest Canterbury @-@ York dispute . Historians have since come to regard the two letters as genuine . Sergius also gave Berhtwald a pallium , the symbol of an archbishop 's authority . - - = = Archbishop = = - - Berhtwald appears to have been involved in the governance of the church , establishing the bishopric of Sherborne in Wessex and it was during his tenure that Sussex , the last pagan kingdom in England , was converted to Christianity . He also consecrated the first Bishop of . During his time in office , King Wihtred of Kent in the Law of Wihtred the church from taxation . Berhtwald was a proponent of his predecessor 's view of the archbishops of Canterbury as of the entire island of Britain . Berhtwald co @-@ operated closely with Wihtred in the kingdom , and secured the exemption of the church from taxation under Wihtred 's laws issued in . The law code also dealt with other ecclesiastical matters , including marriage , Sunday observance , and pagan worship . This law code resulted from a royal council that was held at . Further privileges for the church were issued in 699 , and may have been composed by Berhtwald before being promulgated . Another privilege , usually referred to as the " of Wihtred " , is claimed to be a grant from Wihtred to the monasteries of Kent of exemption from non @-@ clerical control . However , this is actually a ninth @-@ century forgery . - Much of Berhtwald 's time in office coincided with the efforts of Wilfrid to regain the see of York , and to reverse the division of York into smaller dioceses . Berhtwald was opposed to Wilfrid 's desire to restore some separated to the bishopric of York as well as regaining his old see . Wilfrid 's problems had begun during the archbishopric of Berhtwald 's predecessor , Theodore of , when Wilfrid had with the King of Northumbria , , and was expelled from the north . Theodore had taken the opportunity to divide the large see of York into a number of smaller dioceses , and Wilfrid had appealed to the papacy in Rome . Berhtwald inherited the dispute and presided at the Council of in 702 , at which Wilfrid 's biographer relates the story that King of Northumbria , Berhtwald , and the other enemies of Wilfrid conspired to deprive Wilfrid of all his offices and possessions . A more likely story is that Berhtwald managed to secure concessions from the , and tried to a compromise . The offer in the end was that Wilfrid would retire to and cease acting as a bishop . Wilfrid rejected this compromise and once more appealed to the pope . Three years later , at a further Council , it was arranged that Wilfrid should receive the Bishopric of in place of that of York . This was the Council of , usually dated to , and it was held in Northumbria . Bede also mentions that Berhtwald consecrated a number of bishops , including Tobias as Bishop of Rochester . - One of Berhtwald 's letters has been preserved , sent to , Bishop of Sherborne , and asking to intercede with , the Abbot of Glastonbury , to ransom a slave . Another letter , this one addressed to Berhtwald , from , Bishop of London , also survives . The main interest in the second letter is that it is the oldest surviving letter close surviving in Western Europe . This second letter also relates that and Berhtwald had attended a which can be dated to sometime between 703 and 705 , where the kingdom of Wessex was threatened with excommunication . A charter witnessed by Berhtwald which mentions a supposed council , numbered 54 by Sawyer , is now known to be a fake , although the witness list may be based on a legitimate 8th century charter that no longer survives . Likewise , a charter with Berhtwald as a witness and relating to the 716 Council of is also known to be a 9th @-@ century forgery , although again it may have been based on actual documents from the council . - - = = Death and legacy = = - - Berhtwald died on 13 January 731 . An to him in verse survives , and may have been placed over his tomb , which was at Canterbury . Subsequently he was with a feast day of 9 January . Little evidence of extensive cult activity exists , however , and the main evidence for his is a late medieval entry in a St Augustine 's calendar . Berhtwald is the first of the continuous series of native @-@ born archbishops in England , although there had been two previous Anglo @-@ Saxon archbishops at Canterbury — and . - - - = Xenon = - - Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54 . It is a colorless , dense , noble gas , that occurs in the Earth 's atmosphere in trace amounts . Although generally , xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate , the first noble gas compound to be synthesized . - Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps , and as a general anesthetic . The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule ( ) as its medium , and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps . Xenon is also being used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles and as the propellant for ion in spacecraft . - Naturally occurring xenon consists of eight stable isotopes . There are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay . The isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System . xenon @-@ 135 is produced by beta decay from iodine @-@ 135 ( which is a product of nuclear fission ) , and it acts as the most significant neutron in nuclear reactors . - - = = History = = - - Xenon was discovered in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in September 1898 , shortly after their discovery of the elements krypton and neon . They found xenon in the residue left over from components of liquid air . Ramsay suggested the name xenon for this gas from the Greek word [ xenon ] , singular form of [ ] , meaning ' foreign ( er ) ' , ' strange ( r ) ' , or ' guest ' . In 1902 , Ramsay estimated the proportion of xenon in the Earth 's atmosphere as one part in 20 million . - During the 1930s , American engineer Harold began exploring light technology for high speed photography . This led him to the invention of the xenon flash lamp , in which light is generated by sending a brief electric current through a tube filled with xenon gas . In 1934 , was able to generate flashes as brief as one with this method . - In 1939 , American physician Albert R. Jr. began exploring the causes of " " in deep @-@ sea divers . He tested the effects of varying the breathing mixtures on his subjects , and discovered that this caused the divers to perceive a change in depth . From his results , he deduced that xenon gas could serve as an anesthetic . Although Russian V. apparently studied xenon anesthesia in 1941 , the first published report confirming xenon anesthesia was in 1946 by American medical researcher John H. Lawrence , who experimented on mice . Xenon was first used as a surgical anesthetic in 1951 by American Stuart C. Cullen , who successfully operated on two patients . - Xenon and the other noble gases were for a long time considered to be completely chemically inert and not able to form compounds . However , while teaching at the University of British Columbia , Neil Bartlett discovered that the gas platinum hexafluoride ( PtF6 ) was a powerful oxidizing agent that could oxygen gas ( O2 ) to form hexafluoroplatinate ( O2 + [ PtF6 ] − ) . Since O2 and xenon have almost the same first ionization potential , Bartlett realized that platinum hexafluoride might also be able to xenon . On March 23 , 1962 , he mixed the two gases and produced the first known compound of a noble gas , xenon hexafluoroplatinate . Bartlett thought its composition to be Xe + [ PtF6 ] − , although later work has revealed that it was probably a mixture of various xenon @-@ containing salts . Since then , many other xenon compounds have been discovered , along with some compounds of the noble gases argon , krypton , and , including argon ( ) , krypton difluoride ( ) , and fluoride . By 1971 , more than 80 xenon compounds were known . - In November 1999 IBM scientists demonstrated a technology capable of manipulating individual atoms . The program , called IBM in atoms , used a scanning microscope to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym . It was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface . - - = = Characteristics = = - - Xenon has atomic number 54 ; that is , its nucleus contains 54 protons . At standard temperature and pressure , pure xenon gas has a density of 5 @.@ 761 kg / m3 , about 4 @.@ 5 times the surface density of the Earth 's atmosphere , 1 @.@ 217 kg / m3 . As a liquid , xenon has a density of up to 3 @.@ 100 g / , with the density maximum occurring at the triple point . Notably , liquid xenon has a high due to its large atomic volume , and thus is an excellent solvent . It can dissolve , biological molecules , and even water . Under the same conditions , the density of solid xenon , 3 @.@ 640 g / cm3 , is higher than the average density of granite , 2 @.@ 75 g / cm3 . Using of pressure , xenon has been forced into a metallic phase . - Solid xenon changes from face @-@ centered cubic ( ) to close packed ( ) crystal phase under pressure and begins to turn metallic at about 140 GPa , with no noticeable volume change in the phase . It is completely metallic at 155 GPa . When , xenon looks sky blue because it absorbs red light and other visible frequencies . Such behavior is unusual for a metal and is explained by the relatively small widths of the electron bands in metallic xenon . - Liquid or solid xenon can be formed at room temperature by Xe + ions into a solid matrix . Many solids have lattice smaller than solid Xe . This results in compression of the implanted Xe to pressures that may be sufficient for its or . - Xenon is a member of the zero @-@ valence elements that are called noble or inert gases . It is inert to most common chemical reactions ( such as combustion , for example ) because the outer valence shell contains eight electrons . This produces a stable , minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are tightly bound . - In a gas @-@ filled tube , xenon emits a blue or glow when the gas is excited by electrical discharge . Xenon emits a band of emission lines that span the visual spectrum , but the most intense lines occur in the region of blue light , which produces the coloration . - - = = Occurrence and production = = - - Xenon is a trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere , occurring at 87 ± 1 parts per billion ( / L ) , or approximately 1 part per 11 @.@ 5 million , and is also found as a component in gases emitted from some mineral springs . - Xenon is obtained commercially as a by @-@ product of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen . After this separation , generally performed by distillation in a double @-@ column plant , the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon . By additional distillation steps , the liquid oxygen may be enriched to contain 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 % of a krypton / xenon mixture , which is extracted either via absorption onto gel or by distillation . Finally , the krypton / xenon mixture may be separated into krypton and xenon via distillation . Worldwide production of xenon in 1998 was estimated at 5 @,@ 000 – 7 @,@ 000 m3 . Because of its low abundance , xenon is much more expensive than the lighter noble gases — approximate prices for the purchase of small quantities in Europe in 1999 were 10 € / L for xenon , 1 € / L for krypton , and 0 @.@ 20 € / L for neon ; the much more plentiful argon costs less than a cent per . - Within the Solar System , the fraction of xenon is 1 @.@ 56 × 10 − 8 , for an abundance of approximately one part in 630 thousand of the total mass . Xenon is relatively rare in the Sun 's atmosphere , on Earth , and in asteroids and comets . The planet Jupiter has an unusually high abundance of xenon in its atmosphere ; about 2 @.@ 6 times as much as the Sun . This high abundance remains unexplained and may have been caused by an early and rapid buildup of — small , bodies — before the disk began to heat up . ( Otherwise , xenon would not have been trapped in the . ) The problem of the low terrestrial xenon may potentially be explained by bonding of xenon to oxygen within , hence reducing the outgassing of xenon into the atmosphere . - Unlike the lower mass noble gases , the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon . Elements more massive than iron @-@ 56 have a net energy cost to produce through fusion , so there is no energy gain for a star when creating xenon . Instead , xenon is formed during supernova explosions , by the slow neutron capture process ( s @-@ process ) of red giant stars that have exhausted the hydrogen at their cores and entered the asymptotic giant branch , in classical nova explosions and from the radioactive decay of elements such as iodine , uranium and plutonium . - - = = Isotopes and isotopic studies = = - - Naturally occurring xenon is made of eight stable isotopes , the most of any element with the exception of tin , which has ten . Xenon and tin are the only elements to have more than seven stable isotopes . The isotopes and are predicted to undergo double beta decay , but this has never been observed so they are considered to be stable . Besides these stable forms , there are over 40 unstable isotopes that have been studied . The longest lived of these isotopes is , which has been observed to undergo double beta decay with a half @-@ life of 2 @.@ 11 × . 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I , which has a half @-@ life of 16 million years , while , 133Xe , , and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both and , and therefore used as indicators of nuclear explosions . - of two of the stable isotopes of xenon , 129Xe and , have non @-@ zero intrinsic angular ( nuclear spins , suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance ) . The nuclear spins can be aligned beyond ordinary polarization levels by means of polarized light and vapor . The resulting spin polarization of xenon nuclei can surpass 50 % of its maximum possible value , greatly exceeding the thermal equilibrium value dictated by statistics ( typically 0 @.@ 001 % of the maximum value at room temperature , even in the strongest magnets ) . Such non @-@ equilibrium alignment of spins is a temporary condition , and is called . The process of the xenon is called optical pumping ( although the process is different from pumping a laser ) . - Because a 129Xe nucleus has a spin of 1 / 2 , and therefore a zero electric moment , the 129Xe nucleus does not experience any interactions during collisions with other atoms , and thus its can be maintained for long periods of time even after the laser beam has been turned off and the alkali vapor removed by condensation on a room @-@ temperature surface . Spin polarization of 129Xe can persist from several seconds for xenon atoms dissolved in blood to several hours in the gas phase and several days in deeply frozen solid xenon . In contrast , has a nuclear spin value of 3 ⁄ 2 and a moment , and has t1 relaxation times in the and second ranges . - Some radioactive isotopes of xenon , for example , 133Xe and 135Xe , are produced by neutron irradiation of material within nuclear reactors . 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors . 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons , 2 @.@ 6 × 106 , so it acts as a neutron or " poison " that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation . This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production . Fortunately the designers had made provisions in the design to increase the reactor 's reactivity ( the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel ) . 135Xe reactor poisoning played a major role in the disaster . A or decrease of power of a reactor can result in buildup of 135Xe and getting the reactor into the iodine pit . - Under adverse conditions , relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes may be found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of fission products from cracked fuel rods , or of uranium in cooling water . - Because xenon is a for two parent isotopes , xenon isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system . The iodine @-@ xenon method of dating gives the time between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula . In 1960 , physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of xenon @-@ 129 . He inferred that this was a decay product of radioactive iodine @-@ 129 . This isotope is produced slowly by cosmic ray and nuclear fission , but is produced in quantity only in supernova explosions . As the half @-@ life of 129I is comparatively short on a time scale , only 16 million years , this demonstrated that only a short time had passed between the supernova and the time the meteorites had solidified and trapped the 129I . These two events ( supernova and of gas cloud ) were inferred to have happened during the early history of the Solar System , as the 129I isotope was likely generated before the Solar System was formed , but not long before , and the solar gas cloud with isotopes from a second source . This supernova source may also have caused collapse of the solar gas cloud . - In a similar way , xenon isotopic ratios such as 129Xe / and / are also a powerful tool for understanding planetary differentiation and early outgassing . For example , The atmosphere of Mars shows a xenon abundance similar to that of Earth : 0 @.@ 08 parts per million , however Mars shows a higher proportion of 129Xe than the Earth or the Sun . As this isotope is generated by radioactive decay , the result may indicate that Mars lost most of its primordial atmosphere , possibly within the first 100 million years after the planet was formed . In another example , excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle @-@ derived gases soon after Earth 's formation . - - = = Compounds = = - - After Neil Bartlett 's discovery in 1962 that xenon can form chemical compounds , a large number of xenon compounds have been discovered and described . Almost all known xenon compounds contain the electronegative atoms fluorine or oxygen . - - = = = Halides = = = - - Three fluorides are known : XeF - 2 , XeF - 4 , and XeF - 6 . XeF is theorized to be unstable . The fluorides are the starting point for the synthesis of almost all xenon compounds . - The solid , crystalline difluoride XeF - 2 is formed when a mixture of fluorine and xenon gases is exposed to ultraviolet light . Ordinary daylight is sufficient . Long @-@ term heating of XeF - 2 at high temperatures under an - 2 catalyst yields XeF - 6 . of XeF - 6 in the presence of yields high @-@ purity XeF - 4 . - The xenon fluorides behave as both fluoride and fluoride donors , forming salts that contain such as XeF + and Xe - 2F + - 3 , and anions such as XeF − - 5 , XeF − - 7 , and − - 8 . The green , Xe + - 2 is formed by the reduction of XeF - 2 by xenon gas . - XeF - 2 is also able to form coordination complexes with transition metal ions . Over 30 such complexes have been synthesized and characterized . - Whereas the xenon fluorides are well @-@ characterized , the other halides are not known , the only exception being the , . Xenon is reported to be an , colorless , crystalline compound that into the elements at 80 ° C , formed by the high @-@ frequency irradiation of a mixture of xenon , fluorine , and silicon or carbon . However , doubt has been raised as to whether - 2 is a real compound and not merely a van der molecule consisting of weakly bound Xe atoms and Cl - 2 molecules . Theoretical calculations indicate that the linear molecule - 2 is less stable than the van der complex . - - = = = and = = = - - Three oxides of xenon are known : xenon trioxide ( XeO - 3 ) and xenon tetroxide ( XeO - 4 ) , both of which are dangerously explosive and powerful oxidizing agents , and xenon dioxide ( ) , which was reported in 2011 with a coordination number of four . forms when xenon is poured over ice . Its crystal structure may allow it to replace silicon in minerals . The + cation has been identified by infrared spectroscopy in solid argon . - Xenon does not react with oxygen directly ; the trioxide is formed by the hydrolysis of XeF - 6 : - XeF - 6 + 3 H - 2O → XeO - 3 + 6 HF - XeO - 3 is weakly acidic , dissolving in alkali to form unstable salts containing the − - 4 anion . These unstable salts easily into xenon gas and perxenate salts , containing the − - 6 anion . - perxenate , when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid , yields xenon tetroxide : - Ba - - 6 + 2 H - - 4 → 2 - 4 + 2 H - 2O + XeO - 4 - To prevent decomposition , the xenon tetroxide thus formed is quickly cooled to form a pale @-@ yellow solid . It explodes above − 35 @.@ 9 ° C into xenon and oxygen gas . - A number of xenon are known , including XeOF - 2 , XeOF - 4 , XeO - 2F - 2 , and XeO - - 2 . XeOF - 2 is formed by the reaction of - 2 with xenon gas at low temperatures . It may also be obtained by the partial hydrolysis of XeF - 4 . It at − 20 ° C into XeF - 2 and XeO - 2F - 2 . XeOF - 4 is formed by the partial hydrolysis of XeF - 6 , or the reaction of XeF - 6 with sodium perxenate , Na - - 6 . The latter reaction also produces a small amount of XeO - - 2 . XeOF - 4 reacts with to form the XeOF − - 5 anion , while reacts with the alkali metal fluorides , and to form the XeOF − - 4 anion . - - = = = Other compounds = = = - - Recently , there has been an interest in xenon compounds where xenon is directly bonded to a less electronegative element than fluorine or oxygen , particularly carbon . @-@ withdrawing groups , such as groups with fluorine substitution , are necessary to stabilize these compounds . Numerous such compounds have been characterized , including : - C - 6F - 5 – Xe + – N C – CH - 3 , where is the group . - [ C - 6F - 5 ] - - C - 6F - 5 – Xe – X , where X is , F , or Cl . - R – C C – Xe + , where R is C - 2F − - 5 or @-@ butyl . - C - 6F - 5 – XeF + - 2 - ( C - 6F - ) - + - Other compounds containing xenon bonded to a less electronegative element include F – Xe – N ( - 2F ) - 2 and F – Xe – - 2 . The latter is synthesized from , O - - 4 , at − 100 ° C. - An unusual ion containing xenon is the ( II ) cation , + - 4 , which contains Xe – bonds . This ion occurs in the compound - 4 ( Sb - 2F - 11 ) - 2 , and is remarkable in having direct chemical bonds between two notoriously atoms , xenon and gold , with xenon acting as a transition metal ligand . - The compound Xe - - 2F - 11 contains a Xe – Xe bond , the longest element @-@ element bond known ( 308 @.@ 71 pm = 3 @.@ ) . - In 1995 , M. and co @-@ workers , scientists at the University of Helsinki in Finland , announced the preparation of xenon ( ) , and later xenon hydride @-@ hydroxide ( ) , ( ) , and other Xe @-@ containing molecules . In 2008 , et al. reported the preparation of by the of water within a xenon matrix . molecules , and , have also been produced . - - = = = and = = = - - In addition to compounds where xenon forms a chemical bond , xenon can form — substances where xenon atoms or pairs are trapped by the crystalline lattice of another compound . One example is xenon hydrate ( Xe 5 @.@ 75 H2O ) , where xenon atoms occupy vacancies in a lattice of water molecules . This has a melting point of 24 ° C. The version of this hydrate has also been produced . Another example is Xe hydride ( Xe ( H2 ) 8 ) , in which xenon pairs ( ) are trapped inside solid hydrogen . Such can occur naturally under conditions of high pressure , such as in Lake underneath the Antarctic ice sheet . formation can be used to xenon , argon and krypton . - Xenon can also form fullerene compounds , where a xenon atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule . The xenon atom trapped in the fullerene can be monitored via 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy . Using this technique , chemical reactions on the fullerene molecule can be analyzed , due to the sensitivity of the chemical shift of the xenon atom to its environment . However , the xenon atom also has an electronic influence on the reactivity of the fullerene . - When xenon atoms are at their ground energy state , they repel each other and will not form a bond . When xenon atoms becomes , however , they can form an excimer ( excited dimer ) until the electrons return to the ground state . This entity is formed because the xenon atom tends to fill its outermost electronic shell , and can briefly do this by adding an electron from a neighboring xenon atom . The typical lifetime of a xenon excimer is 1 – 5 , and the decay releases photons with of about 150 and 173 nm . Xenon can also form with other elements , such as the , chlorine and fluorine . - - = = Applications = = - - Although xenon is rare and relatively expensive to extract from the Earth 's atmosphere , it has a number of applications . - - = = = and optics = = = - - - = = = = Gas @-@ discharge lamps = = = = - - Xenon is used in light @-@ emitting devices called xenon flash lamps , which are used in photographic flashes and lamps ; to excite the active medium in lasers which then generate coherent light ; and , occasionally , in lamps . The first solid @-@ state laser , invented in 1960 , was pumped by a xenon flash lamp , and lasers used to power confinement fusion are also pumped by xenon flash lamps . - , short @-@ arc , high pressure xenon arc lamps have a color temperature closely noon sunlight and are used in solar simulators . That is , the of these lamps closely a heated black body that has a temperature close to that observed from the Sun . After they were first introduced during the 1940s , these lamps began replacing the shorter @-@ lived carbon arc lamps in movie . They are employed in typical 35mm , and the new digital film projection systems , automotive , high @-@ end " tactical " and other specialized uses . These arc lamps are an excellent source of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation and they have intense emissions in the near infrared , which is used in some night vision systems . - The individual cells in a plasma display use a mixture of xenon and neon that is converted into a plasma using electrodes . The interaction of this plasma with the electrodes generates ultraviolet photons , which then excite the phosphor coating on the front of the display . - Xenon is used as a " starter gas " in high pressure sodium lamps . It has the lowest thermal and lowest ionization potential of all the non @-@ radioactive noble gases . As a noble gas , it does not interfere with the chemical reactions occurring in the operating lamp . The low thermal thermal losses in the lamp while in the operating state , and the low ionization potential causes the breakdown voltage of the gas to be relatively low in the cold state , which allows the lamp to be more easily started . - - = = = = = = = = - - In 1962 , a group of researchers at Bell Laboratories discovered laser action in xenon , and later found that the laser gain was improved by adding helium to the medium . The first excimer laser used a xenon dimer ( ) by a beam of electrons to produce stimulated emission at an ultraviolet wavelength of 176 nm . Xenon chloride and xenon fluoride have also been used in excimer ( or , more accurately , ) lasers . The xenon chloride excimer laser has been employed , for example , in certain uses . - - = = = Medical = = = - - - = = = = = = = = - - Xenon has been used as a general anesthetic . Although it is expensive , anesthesia machines that can deliver xenon are about to appear on the European market , because advances in recovery and recycling of xenon have made it economically viable . - Xenon interacts with many different receptors and ion channels and like many theoretically multi @-@ modal inhalation these interactions are likely complementary . Xenon is a high @-@ affinity @-@ site NMDA receptor antagonist . However , xenon distinguishes itself from other clinically used NMDA receptor antagonists in its lack of and its ability to inhibit the of and nitrous oxide . Unlike and nitrous oxide , xenon does not stimulate a in the nucleus . Like nitrous oxide and , xenon activates the two @-@ pore domain potassium channel @-@ 1 . A related channel @-@ 3 also implicated in anesthetic actions is insensitive to xenon . Xenon inhibits acetylcholine receptors which contribute to mediated . Xenon is an effective inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca2 + . Xenon inhibits Ca2 + by binding to a hydrophobic pore within the enzyme and preventing the enzyme from assuming active conformations . - Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of the 5 @-@ receptor . While neither anesthetic nor this activity reduces anesthesia @-@ nausea and vomiting . - Xenon has a minimum concentration ( ) of 72 % at age 40 , making it 44 % more potent than as an anesthetic . Thus it can be used in concentrations with oxygen that have a lower risk of hypoxia . Unlike nitrous oxide ( ) , xenon is not a gas and so it is also viewed as environmentally friendly . Xenon vented into the atmosphere is being returned to its original source , so no environmental impact is likely . - - = = = = = = = = - - Xenon robust and through a variety of mechanisms of action . Through its influence on Ca2 + , K + , \ and NMDA xenon is when administered before , during and after ischemic insults . Xenon is a high affinity antagonist at the NMDA receptor site . Xenon is in @-@ conditions by inducing non @-@ ischemic . Xenon is by activating @-@ & downstream @-@ . Xenon ischemic by activating ATP sensitive potassium channels . Xenon reduces ATP mediated channel activation independently of the , increasing open @-@ channel time and frequency . Xenon hypoxia factor 1 alpha ( ) . - Xenon gas was added as an ingredient of the ventilation mix for a newborn baby at St. Michael 's Hospital , Bristol , England , whose life chances were otherwise very compromised , and was successful , leading to the of clinical trials for similar cases . The treatment is done simultaneously with cooling the body temperature to 33 @.@ 5 ° C. - - = = = = Doping = = = = - - a xenon / oxygen mixture activates production of the transcription factor @-@ 1 @-@ alpha , which leads to increased production of . The latter hormone is known to increase red blood cell production and athletes ' performance . Xenon inhalation has been used for this purpose in Russia since at least 2004 . On August 31 2014 the World Anti Doping Agency ( ) added Xenon ( and ) to the list of prohibited substances and methods , although at this time there is no reliable drug test . - - = = = = Imaging = = = = - - emission from the 133Xe of xenon can be used to image the heart , lungs , and brain , for example , by means of single emission computed . 133Xe has also been used to measure blood flow . - Xenon , particularly 129Xe , is a useful contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging ( ) . In the gas phase , it can be used to image empty space such as cavities in a porous sample or in lungs . renders 129Xe much more detectable via magnetic resonance imaging and has been used for studies of the lungs and other tissues . It can be used , for example , to trace the flow of gases within the lungs . Because xenon is soluble in water and also in hydrophobic , it can be used to image various soft living tissues . - - = = = NMR spectroscopy = = = - - Because of the xenon atom 's large , flexible outer electron shell , the NMR spectrum changes in response to surrounding conditions , and can therefore be used as a probe to measure the chemical circumstances around it . For instance xenon dissolved in water , xenon dissolved in hydrophobic solvent , and xenon associated with certain proteins can be distinguished by NMR . - xenon can be used by surface . Normally , it is difficult to characterize surfaces using NMR , because signals from the surface of a sample will be overwhelmed by signals from the far @-@ more @-@ numerous atomic nuclei in the bulk . However , nuclear spins on solid surfaces can be selectively polarized , by transferring spin polarization to them from xenon gas . This makes the surface signals strong enough to measure , and distinguishes them from bulk signals . - - = = = Other = = = - - In nuclear energy applications , xenon is used in bubble chambers , probes , and in other areas where a high molecular weight and inert nature is desirable . A by @-@ product of nuclear weapon testing is the release of radioactive xenon @-@ 133 and xenon @-@ 135 . The detection of these isotopes is used to monitor compliance with nuclear test ban treaties , as well as to confirm nuclear test explosions by states such as North Korea . - Liquid xenon is being used in for measurements of gamma rays as well as a medium for detecting hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles , or . When a with a xenon nucleus , it is predicted to enough energy to cause ionization and . Liquid xenon is useful for this type of experiment due to its high density which makes dark matter interaction more likely and permits a quiet detector due to self @-@ shielding . - Xenon is the preferred propellant for ion propulsion of spacecraft because of its low ionization potential per atomic weight , and its ability to be stored as a liquid at near room temperature ( under high pressure ) yet be easily converted back into a gas to feed the engine . The inert nature of xenon makes it environmentally friendly and less corrosive to an ion engine than other fuels such as mercury or caesium . Xenon was first used for satellite ion engines during the 1970s . It was later employed as a propellant for 's Deep Space 1 probe , Europe 's @-@ 1 spacecraft and for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA 's Dawn . - , the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry . Xenon difluoride is used as an for silicon , particularly in the production of systems ( ) . The drug 5 @-@ can be produced by reacting xenon difluoride with . Xenon is also used in protein crystallography . Applied at pressures from 0 @.@ 5 to 5 MPa ( 5 to 50 ) to a protein crystal , xenon atoms bind in predominantly hydrophobic cavities , often creating a high @-@ quality , , heavy @-@ atom derivative , which can be used for solving the phase problem . - - = = Precautions = = - - Many oxygen @-@ containing xenon compounds are toxic due to their strong properties , and explosive due to their tendency to break down into elemental xenon plus oxygen ( O2 ) , which contains much stronger chemical bonds than the xenon compounds . - Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers at standard temperature and pressure . However , it readily dissolves in most and rubber , and will gradually escape from a container sealed with such materials . Xenon is non @-@ toxic , although it does dissolve in blood and belongs to a select group of substances that penetrate the blood – brain barrier , causing mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen . - At 169 m / s , the speed of sound in xenon gas is lower than that in air due to the lower average speed of the heavy xenon atoms compared to nitrogen and oxygen molecules . Hence , xenon lowers the rate of vibration in the vocal tract when exhaled . This produces a characteristic lowered voice , an effect opposite to the high @-@ voice caused by inhalation of helium . Like helium , xenon does not satisfy the body 's need for oxygen . Xenon is both a simple and an anesthetic more powerful than nitrous oxide ; consequently , many universities no longer allow the voice stunt as a general chemistry demonstration . As xenon is expensive , the gas sulfur hexafluoride , which is similar to xenon in molecular weight ( 146 versus 131 ) , is generally used in this stunt , and is an without being anesthetic . - It is possible to safely dense gases such as xenon or sulfur hexafluoride when they are in a mixture of at least 20 % oxygen . Xenon at 80 % concentration along with 20 % oxygen rapidly produces the unconsciousness of general anesthesia ( and has been used for this , as discussed above ) . mixes gases of different densities very effectively and rapidly so that heavier gases are purged along with the oxygen , and do not accumulate at the bottom of the lungs . There is , however , a danger associated with any heavy gas in large quantities : it may sit in a container , and if a person enters a container filled with an , colorless gas , they may find themselves breathing it unknowingly . Xenon is rarely used in large enough quantities for this to be a concern , though the potential for danger exists any time a tank or container of xenon is kept in an space . - - - = Eva Perón = - - María Eva Duarte de Perón ( 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952 ) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón ( 1895 – 1974 ) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952 . She is usually referred to as Eva Perón ( Spanish : [ ] ) , or by the affectionate Spanish language Evita . - She was born in the rural village of Los , in the Pampas , as the youngest of five children . At 15 in 1934 , she moved to the nation 's capital of Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage , radio , and film actress . She met Colonel Juan Perón there on 22 January 1944 during a charity event at the Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan , Argentina . The two were married the following year . Juan Perón was elected President of Argentina in 1946 ; during the next 6 years , Eva Perón became powerful within the pro @-@ Peronist trade unions , primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights . She also ran the of Labor and Health , founded and ran the charitable Eva Perón Foundation , championed women 's suffrage in Argentina , and founded and ran the nation 's first large @-@ scale female political party , the Female Peronist Party . - In 1951 , Eva Perón announced her candidacy for the Peronist nomination for the office of Vice President of Argentina , receiving great support from the Peronist political base , low @-@ income and working @-@ class Argentines who were referred to as descamisados or " shirtless ones " . However , opposition from the nation 's military and , coupled with her declining health , ultimately forced her to withdraw her candidacy . In 1952 , shortly before her death from cancer at 33 , Eva Perón was given the title of " Spiritual Leader of the Nation " by the Argentine Congress . Eva Perón was given a state funeral upon her death , a prerogative generally reserved for heads of state . - Eva Perón has become a part of international popular culture , most famously as the subject of the musical Evita ( 1976 ) . Cristina Rodríguez , Evita 's great @-@ niece , claims that Evita has never left the collective consciousness of Argentines . Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , the first elected female President of Argentina , claims that women of her generation owe a debt to Eva for " her example of passion and combativeness " . - - = = Early life = = - - - = = = Early childhood = = = - - Eva 's autobiography , La de mi Vida , contains no dates or references to childhood occurrences , and does not list the location of her birth or her name at birth . According to Junín 's civil registry , a birth certificate shows that one María Eva Duarte was born on 7 May 1922 . Her baptismal certificate , however , lists the date of birth as 7 May 1919 under the name Eva María Ibarguren . It is thought that in 1945 the adult Eva Perón created a forgery of her birth certificate for her marriage . - Eva Perón spent her childhood in Junín , Buenos Aires province . Her father , Juan Duarte , was descended from French immigrants , meanwhile her mother Juana Ibarguren , was descended from Spanish immigrants . Juan Duarte , a wealthy from nearby , already had a wife and family there . At that time in rural Argentina , it was not uncommon for a wealthy man to have multiple families . - When Eva was a year old , Duarte returned permanently to his legal family , leaving Juana Ibarguren and her children in . Ibarguren and her children were forced to move to the poorest area of Junín . Los was a village in the dusty region of Las Pampas , with a reputation as a desolate place of poverty . To support herself and her children , Ibarguren clothes for neighbors . The family was by the abandonment of the father and by the illegitimate status of the children under Argentine law , and was consequently somewhat isolated . A desire to this part of her life might have been a motivation for Eva to arrange the destruction of her original birth certificate in 1945 . - When Duarte suddenly died and his mistress and their children sought to attend his funeral , there was an unpleasant scene at the church gates . Although Juana and the children were permitted to enter and pay their respects to Duarte , they were promptly directed out of the church . Mrs. Juan Duarte did not want her husband 's mistress and children at the funeral and , as those of the legitimate wife , her orders were respected . - - = = = Junín = = = - - Prior to abandoning Juana Ibarguren , Juan Duarte had been her sole means of support . Biographer , John Barnes , writes that after this abandonment , all Duarte left to the family was a document declaring that the children were his , thus enabling them to use the Duarte surname . Soon after , Juana moved her children to a one @-@ room apartment in Junín . To pay the rent on their single @-@ home , mother and daughters took up jobs as cooks in the houses of the local . - Eventually , owing to Eva 's older brother 's financial help , the family moved into a bigger house , which they later transformed into a boarding house . During this time , young Eva often participated in school plays and concerts . One of her favorite was the cinema . Though Eva 's mother apparently had a few plans for Eva , wanting to marry her off to one of the local , Eva herself dreamed of becoming a famous actress . Eva 's love of acting was reinforced when , in October 1933 , she played a small role in a school play called ( Students ) , which Barnes describes as " an emotional , patriotic , flag @-@ waving melodrama . " After the play , Eva was determined to become an actress . - - = = = to Buenos Aires = = = - - In her autobiography , she explained that all the people from her own town who had been to the big cities described them as " marvelous places , where nothing was given but wealth " . In 1934 , at the age of 15 , Eva escaped her poverty @-@ stricken village when , according to popular myth , she ran off with a young musician to the nation 's capital of Buenos Aires . The young couple 's relationship would end almost as quickly as it began , but Eva remained in Buenos Aires . She began to pursue jobs on the stage and the radio , and eventually became a film actress . Eva had a series of relationships , and via some of these men she did acquire a number of her modeling appointments . She her natural black hair to blond , a look she would maintain for the duration of her life . - It is often reported that Eva traveled to Buenos Aires by train with singer Agustín . However , biographers Marysa Navarro and Nicholas Fraser maintain that this is unlikely , as there is no record of the married performing in Junín in 1934 ( and , even if he had , he usually traveled with his wife ) . Eva 's sisters maintain that Eva traveled to Buenos Aires with their mother . The sisters also claim that Doña Juana accompanied her daughter to an audition at a radio station and arranged for Eva to live with the family , who were friends of the Duarte family . While the method of Eva 's escape from her bleak provincial surroundings is debated , she did begin a new life in Buenos Aires . - Buenos Aires in the 1930s was known as the " Paris of South America " . The center of the city had many , restaurants , theaters , movie houses , shops and crowds . In direct contrast , the 1930s were also years of great unemployment , poverty and hunger in the capital , and many new from the interior were forced to live in , and in outlying that became known as . - Upon arrival in Buenos Aires , Eva Duarte was faced with the difficulties of surviving without formal education or connections . The city was especially overcrowded during this period because of the migrations caused by the Great Depression . On 28 March 1935 , she had her professional debut in the play Mrs. ( la Señora de Pérez ) , at the Theater . - In 1936 , Eva toured nationally with a theater company , worked as a model , and was cast in a few B @-@ grade movie . In 1942 , Eva experienced some economic stability when a company called ( sponsored by a soap manufacturer ) hired her for a daily role in one of their radio dramas called , which aired on Radio El Mundo ( World Radio ) , the most important radio station in the country at that time . Later that year , she signed a five @-@ year contract with Radio , which assured her a role in a popular historical @-@ drama program called Great Women of History , in which she played Elizabeth I of England , Sarah , and the last of Russia . Eventually , Eva Duarte came to co @-@ own the radio company . By 1943 , Eva Duarte was earning five or six thousand pesos a month , making her one of the highest @-@ paid radio actresses in the nation . Pablo , who jointly ran Radio El Mundo with Eva Duarte , is said to have not liked her , but to have noted that she was " thoroughly dependable " . Eva also had a short @-@ lived film career , but none of the films in which she appeared were hugely successful . In one of her last films , La del ( The Circus Cavalcade ) , Eva played a young country girl who rivaled an older woman , the movie 's star , . - As a result of her success with radio dramas and the films , Eva achieved some financial stability . In 1942 , she was able to move into her own apartment in the exclusive neighborhood of , on 1567 Calle . The next year Eva began her career in politics , as one of the founders of the Argentine Radio Syndicate ( ) . - - = = Early relationship with Juan Perón = = - - On 15 January 1944 , an earthquake occurred in the town of San Juan , Argentina , killing some 10 @,@ 000 people . In response , Perón , who was then the Secretary of Labour , established a fund to raise money to aid the victims . He devised a plan to have an " artistic festival " as a fundraiser , and invited radio and film actors to participate . After a week of fundraising , all participants met at a gala held at Park Stadium in Buenos Aires to benefit earthquake victims . It was at this gala , on 22 January 1944 , that Eva Duarte first met Colonel Juan Perón . Eva promptly became the colonel 's mistress . Eva referred to the day she met her future husband as her " marvelous day " . Fraser and Navarro write that Juan Perón and Eva left the gala together at around two in the morning . - Fraser and Navarro claim that Eva Duarte had no knowledge of or interest in politics prior to meeting Perón . Therefore , she never argued with Perón or any of his inner circle , but merely absorbed what she heard . Juan Perón later claimed in his memoir that he purposefully selected Eva as his pupil , and set out to create in her a " second I. " Fraser and Navarro , however , suggest that Juan Perón allowed Eva Duarte such intimate exposure and knowledge of his inner circle because of his age : he was 48 and she was 24 when they met . He had come to politics late in life , and was therefore free of ideas of how his political career should be conducted , and he was willing to accept whatever aid she offered him . - In May 1944 , it was announced that broadcast performers must organize themselves into a union , and that this union would be the only one permitted to operate in Argentina . Shortly after the union formed , Eva Duarte was elected its president . Fraser and Navarro speculate that Juan Perón made the suggestion that performers create a union , and the other performers likely felt it was good politics to elect his mistress . Shortly after her election as president of the union , Eva Duarte began a daily program called Toward a Better Future , which in soap opera form the accomplishments of Juan Perón . Often , Perón 's own speeches were played during the program . When she spoke , Eva Duarte spoke in ordinary language as a regular woman who wanted listeners to believe what she herself believed about Juan Perón . - - = = Rise to power = = - - - = = = Juan Perón 's arrest = = = - - By early 1945 , a group of Army officers called the for " de " ( United Officers Group ) , nicknamed " The Colonels " , had gained considerable influence within the Argentine government . President Pedro Pablo Ramírez became wary of Juan Perón 's growing power within the government , but was unable to curb that power . On 24 February 1944 , Ramírez signed his own resignation paper , which Fraser and Navarro claim was drafted by Juan Perón himself . Farrell , a friend of Juan Perón , became President . Juan Perón returned to his job as Labor Minister . Fraser and Navarro claim that , by this point , Perón was the most powerful man in the Argentine government . On 9 October 1945 Juan Perón was arrested by his opponents within the government who feared that due to the strong support of the descamisados , the workers and the poor of the nation , Perón 's popularity might eclipse that of the sitting president . - Six days later , between 250 @,@ 000 and 350 @,@ 000 people gathered in front of the Casa Rosada , Argentina 's government house , to demand Juan Perón 's release , and their wish was granted . At 11 pm , Juan Perón stepped on to the balcony of the Casa Rosada and addressed the crowd . Biographer Robert D. Crassweller claims that this moment was very powerful because it was very dramatic and recalled many important aspects of Argentine history . Crassweller writes that Juan Perón enacted the role of a addressing his people in the tradition of Argentine leaders and . Crassweller also claims that the evening contained " mystic overtones " of a " quasi @-@ religious " nature . Eva Perón has often been credited with organizing the rally of thousands that freed Juan Perón from prison on 17 October 1945 . This version of events was popularized in the movie version of the Lloyd Webber musical . Most historians , however , agree that this version of events is unlikely . At the time of Perón 's imprisonment , Eva was still merely an actress . She had no political with the various labor unions , and it is claimed that she was not well @-@ liked within Perón 's inner circle , nor was she liked by many within the film and radio business at this point . When Juan Perón was imprisoned , Eva Duarte was suddenly disenfranchised . In reality , the massive rally that freed Perón from prison was organized by the various unions , such as General Labor Confederation , or CGT as they came to be known . To this day , the date of 17 October is something of a holiday for the Party in Argentina ( celebrated as Día de la , or " Day " ) . What would follow was shocking and nearly unheard of . The well connected and politically rising star , Juan Peron , married Eva . Despite Eva 's childhood , and having an uncertain reputation , Peron was in love with Eva , and her loyal devotion to him even while he had been under arrest touched him deeply , and so he married her , providing a respectability she had never known . Eva and Juan were married discreetly in a civil ceremony in Junín on 18 October 1945 and in a church wedding on 9 December 1945 . - - = = = 1946 Presidential election victory = = = - - After his release from prison , Juan Perón decided to campaign for the presidency of the nation , which he won in a landslide . Eva campaigned heavily for her husband during his 1946 presidential bid . Using her weekly radio show , she delivered powerful speeches with heavy populist rhetoric urging the poor to align themselves with Perón 's movement . Though she had become wealthy from her radio and modeling success , she highlighted her own humble upbringing as a way of showing solidarity with the impoverished classes . - Along with her husband , Eva visited every corner of the country , becoming the first woman in Argentina 's history to appear in public on the campaign trail with her husband . Eva 's appearance alongside her husband often offended the establishment of the wealthy , the military , and those in political life . However , she was very popular with the general public who knew her from her radio and motion picture appearances . It was during this phase of her life that she first encouraged the Argentine population to refer to her not as " Eva Perón " but simply as " Evita " , which is a Spanish or affectionate nickname roughly equivalent to " Little Eva " or " . " - - = = European tour = = - - In 1947 , Eva embarked on a much @-@ publicized " Rainbow Tour " of Europe , meeting with numerous dignitaries and heads of state , such as Francisco Franco and Pope Pius XII . Biographers Fraser and Navarro write that the tour had its genesis in an invitation the Spanish leader had extended to Juan Perón . For political reasons it was decided that Eva , rather than Juan Perón , should make the visit . Fraser and Navarro write that Argentina had only recently emerged from its " wartime quarantine " , thus taking its place in the United Nations and improving relations with the United States . Therefore , a visit to Franco , with António of Portugal the last remaining west European authoritarian leaders in power , would be upon internationally . Fraser and Navarro write that Eva decided that , if Juan Perón would not accept Franco 's invitation for a state visit to Spain , then she would . then decided that Eva should visit many European countries in addition to Spain . This would make it seem that Eva 's sympathies were not specifically with Franco 's fascist Spain but with all of Europe . The tour was billed not as a political tour but as a non @-@ political " goodwill " tour . - Eva was well received in Spain , where she visited the tombs of Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in the Capilla Real de Granada . Spain had not recovered from the Spanish Civil War ( the economy and the UN embargo meant that the country could not feed its people ) . During her visit to Spain , Eva handed out 100 @-@ notes to many poor children she met on her journey . She also received from Franco the highest award given by the Spanish government , the Order of Isabella the Catholic . - Eva then visited Rome , where the reception was not as warm as it had been in Spain . Though Pope Pius XII did not give her a Papal decoration , she was allowed the time usually allotted queens and was given a rosary . - Her next stop was France , where she was generally well received . She visited the Palace of Versailles , among other sites . She also met with Charles de . She promised France two shipments of wheat . - While in France , Eva received word that George VI would not receive her when she planned to visit Britain , regardless of what his Foreign Office might advise , and that her visit would not be viewed as a state visit . Fraser and Navarro wrote that Eva regarded the royal family 's refusal to meet her as a , and canceled the trip to the United Kingdom . Eva , however , gave " exhaustion " as the official reason for not going on to Britain . - Eva also visited Switzerland during her European tour , a visit that has been viewed as the worst part of the trip . According to the book Evita : A Biography by John Barnes , while she traveled down a street with many people her car , someone threw two stones and smashed the . She threw her hands up in shock , but was not injured . Later , while sitting with the Foreign Minister , protesters threw tomatoes at her . The tomatoes hit the Foreign Minister and on Eva 's dress . After these two events , Eva had had enough , and after two months returned to Argentina . - Members of the Peronist opposition speculated that the true purpose of the European tour was to deposit funds in a Swiss bank account . " The opposition in Buenos Aires " , write Fraser and Navarro , " assumed that the genuine purpose of the whole European visit was for Eva and her husband to deposit money in Swiss bank accounts , and that the rest had been devised to conceal this . Many wealthy Argentines did this , but there are many more convenient and less conspicuous ways of depositing money in Swiss accounts than meeting the Swiss Foreign Minister and being shown around a watch factory . " Fraser and Navarro conclude , " Was there a Swiss bank account ? It seems unlikely . " - During her tour to Europe , Eva Perón was featured in a cover story for Time magazine . The cover 's caption – " Eva Perón : Between two worlds , an Argentine rainbow " – was a reference to the name given to Eva 's European tour , The Rainbow Tour . This was the only time in the periodical 's history that a South American first lady appeared alone on its cover . ( In 1951 , Eva appeared again with Juan Perón . ) However , the 1947 cover story was also the first publication to mention that Eva had been born out of . In retaliation , the periodical was banned from Argentina for several months . - After returning to Argentina from Europe , Evita never again appeared in public with the complicated of her movie star days . The brilliant gold color became more subdued in tone , and even the style changed , her hair being pulled back severely into a heavy . Additionally , her extravagant clothing became more refined after the tour . No longer did she wear the elaborate hats and form @-@ fitting dresses of Argentine designers . Soon she adopted simpler and more fashionable Paris couture and became particularly attached to the of Christian Dior and the jewels of . In an attempt to a more serious political persona , Eva began to appear in public wearing conservative though stylish ( a business @-@ like combination of skirts and jackets ) , which also were made by Dior and other Paris couture houses . - - = = Charitable and feminist activities = = - - - = = = Eva Foundation = = = - - The Sociedad de ( Society of ) , a charity group made up of 87 society ladies , was responsible for most charity works in Buenos Aires prior to the election of Juan Perón . Fraser and Navarro write that at one point the Sociedad had been an enlightened institution , caring for orphans and homeless women , but that those days had long since passed by the time of the first term of Juan Perón . In the 1800s , the Sociedad had been supported by private contributions , largely those of the husbands of the society ladies . But by the 1940s , the Sociedad was supported by the government . - It had been the tradition of the Sociedad to elect the First Lady of Argentina as president of the charity . But the ladies of the Sociedad did not approve of Eva Perón 's impoverished background , lack of formal education , and former career as an actress . Fraser and Navarro write that the ladies of the Sociedad were afraid that Evita would set a bad example for the orphans , therefore the society ladies did not extend to Evita the position of president of their organization . It has often been said that Evita had the government funding for the Sociedad cut off in retaliation . Fraser and Navarro suggest that this version of events is in dispute , but that the government funding that had previously supported the Sociedad now went to support Evita 's own foundation . The María Eva Duarte de Perón was created on 8 July 1948 . It was later renamed to , simply , the Eva Perón Foundation . Its funding began with 10 @,@ 000 pesos provided by Evita herself . - In The Woman with the Whip , the first English language biography of Eva Perón , author Mary Main writes that no account records were kept for the foundation because it was merely a means of government money into private Swiss bank accounts controlled by the Peróns . Fraser and Navarro , however , counter these claims , writing that Ramón , Minister of Finance , kept records , and that the foundation " began as the simplest response to the poverty ( Evita ) encountered each day in her office " and " the appalling of social services — or charity , as it was still called — in Argentina . " Crassweller writes that the foundation was supported by donations of cash and goods from the Peronist unions and private businesses , and that the General del donated three man @-@ days ( later reduced to two ) of salary for every worker per year . Tax on lottery and movie tickets also helped to support the foundation , as did a levy on casino and revenue from horse races . Crassweller also notes that there were some cases of businesses being pressured to donate to the foundation , with negative repercussions resulting if requests for donations were not met . - Within a few years , the foundation had assets in cash and goods in excess of three billion pesos , or over $ 200 million at the exchange rate of the late 1940s . It employed 14 @,@ 000 workers , of whom 6 @,@ 000 were construction workers , and 26 priests . It purchased and distributed annually 400 @,@ 000 pairs of shoes , 500 @,@ 000 machines , 200 @,@ 000 cooking pots . The foundation also gave , built homes , hospitals , and other charitable institutions . Every aspect of the foundation was under Evita 's supervision . The foundation also built entire communities , such as Evita City , which still exists today . Fraser and Navarro claim that due to the works and health services of the foundation , for the first time in history there was no inequality in Argentine health care . - Fraser and Navarro write that it was Evita 's work with the foundation that played a large role in her , even leading some to consider her a saint . Though it was unnecessary from a practical standpoint , Evita set aside many hours per day to meet with the poor who requested help from her foundation . During these meetings with the poor , Evita often kissed the poor and allowed them to kiss her . Evita was even witnessed placing her hands in the wounds of the sick and poor , touching the , and kissing the . Fraser and Navarro write that though Argentina is secular in many respects , it is essentially a Catholic country . Therefore , when Evita kissed the and touched the she " ... ceased to be the President 's wife and acquired some of the characteristics of saints depicted in Catholicism . " Poet José María de , a man from a wealthy background , reflected on the times he witnessed Evita meeting with the poor : " I had had a sort of literary perception of the people and the poor and she had given me a Christian one , thus allowing me to become a Christian in the sense .... " - Fraser and Navarro write that toward the end of her life , Evita was working as many as 20 to 22 hours per day in her foundation , often ignoring her husband 's request that she cut back on her workload and take the weekends off . The more she worked with the poor in her foundation , the more she adopted an outraged attitude toward the existence of poverty , saying , " Sometimes I have wished my insults were or lashes . I 've wanted to hit people in the face to make them see , if only for a day , what I see each day I help the people . " Crassweller writes that Evita became about her work in the foundation and felt on a crusade against the very concept and existence of poverty and social . " It is not surprising " , writes Crassweller , " that as her public and her private took on a narrowing intensity after 1946 , they simultaneously toward the . " Crassweller compares Evita to Loyola , saying she came to be akin to a one @-@ woman Jesuit Order . - - = = = Female Peronist Party and women 's suffrage = = = - - Biographers Fraser and Navarro wrote that Eva Perón has often been credited with gaining the right to vote for Argentine women . While Eva did make radio addresses in support of women 's suffrage and also published articles in her newspaper asking male to support women 's right to vote , ultimately the ability to grant to women the right to vote was beyond Eva 's powers . Fraser and Navarro claim that Eva 's actions were limited to supporting a bill introduced by one of her supporters , Eduardo , a bill that was eventually dropped . - A new women 's suffrage bill was introduced , which the Senate of Argentina sanctioned on 21 August 1946 . It was necessary to wait more than a year before the House of Representatives sanctioned it on 9 September 1947 . Law 13 @,@ 010 established the equality of political rights between men and women and universal suffrage in Argentina . Finally , Law 13 @,@ 010 was approved unanimously . In a public celebration and ceremony , however , Juan Perón signed the law granting women the right to vote , and then he handed the bill to Eva , symbolically making it hers . - Eva Perón then created the Female Peronist Party , the first large female political party in the nation . Navarro and Fraser write that by 1951 , the party had 500 @,@ 000 members and 3 @,@ 600 headquarters across the country . Navarro and Fraser write that while Eva Perón did not consider herself a feminist , her impact on the political life of women was decisive . Thousands of previously women entered politics because of Eva Perón . They were the first women active in Argentine politics . The combination of female suffrage and the organization of the Female Peronist Party granted Juan Perón a large majority ( sixty @-@ three percent ) of the vote in the 1951 presidential elections . - - = = 1951 Presidential election = = - - - = = = Vice Presidential nomination = = = - - In 1951 , Evita set her sights on earning a place on the ballot as candidate for vice @-@ president . This move angered many military leaders who despised Evita and her increasing powers within the government . According to the Argentine Constitution , the Vice President automatically succeeds the President in the event of the President 's death . The possibility of Evita becoming president in the event of Juan Perón 's death was not something the military could accept . - She did , however , receive great support from the working class , the unions , and the Peronist Women 's Party . The intensity of the support she drew from these groups is said to have surprised even Juan Perón himself . Fraser and Navarro write that the wide support Evita 's proposed candidacy generated indicated to him that Evita had become as important to members of the Peronist party as Juan Perón himself was . - On 22 August 1951 , the unions held a mass rally of two million people called " Cabildo Abierto . " ( The name " Cabildo Abierto " was a reference and tribute to the first local Argentine government of the May Revolution , in 1810 . ) The Peróns addressed the crowd from the balcony of a huge scaffolding set up on the 9 de Julio , several blocks away from the Casa Rosada , the official government house of Argentina . were two large portraits of Eva and Juan Perón . It has been claimed that " Cabildo Abierto " was the largest public display of support in history for a female political figure . - At the mass rally , the crowd demanded that Evita publicly announce her candidacy as vice president . She pleaded for more time to make her decision . The exchange between Evita and the crowd of two million became , for a time , a genuine and spontaneous dialogue , with the crowd chanting , " ¡ Evita , Vice @-@ ! " When Evita asked for more time so she could make up her mind , the crowd demanded , " ¡ , Evita , ! " ( " Now , Evita , now ! " ) . Eventually , they came to a compromise . Evita told the audience that she would announce her decision over the radio a few days later . - - = = = health = = = - - Eventually , she declined the invitation to run for vice @-@ president , saying that her only ambition was that — in the large chapter of history that would be written about her husband — the would mention a woman who brought the " ... hopes and dreams of the people to the president " , a woman who eventually turned those hopes and dreams into " glorious reality . " In Peronist rhetoric , this event has come to be referred to as " The " , portraying Evita as having been a woman in line with the Hispanic myth of . Most biographers , however , that Evita did not so much renounce her ambition , as bow to pressure from her husband , the military , and the Argentine upper class , who preferred that she not enter the race . - On 9 January 1950 , Evita fainted in public and underwent surgery three days later . Although it was reported that she had undergone an , she was diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer . continued through 1951 ( including the evening after " Cabildo " ) , with extreme weakness and severe vaginal bleeding . By 1951 , it had become evident that her health was rapidly deteriorating . Although her diagnosis was withheld from her by Juan , she knew she was not well , and a bid for the vice @-@ presidency was not practical . Only a few months after " the " , Evita underwent a secret radical in an attempt to eradicate her advanced cervical cancer . In 2011 , a Yale studied Evita 's skull x @-@ rays and photographic evidence and said that Perón may have been given a prefrontal in the last months of her life , " ... to relieve the pain , agitation and anxiety she suffered in the final months of her illness . " - - = = = Re @-@ election and Spiritual Leader of the Nation = = = - - On 4 June 1952 , Evita with Juan Perón in a parade through Buenos Aires in celebration of his re @-@ election as President of Argentina . Evita was by this point so ill that she was unable to stand without support . Underneath her oversized fur coat was a frame made of plaster and wire that allowed her to stand . She took a triple dose of pain medication before the parade , and took another two doses when she returned home . - In a ceremony a few days after Juan Perón 's second inauguration , Evita was given the official title of " Spiritual Leader of the Nation . " - - = = Death and aftermath = = - - - = = = Death = = = - - Although Perón had undergone a performed by the American surgeon George T. Pack , the cancer had and returned rapidly . She was the first Argentine to undergo chemotherapy ( a novel treatment at that time ) . Despite all available treatment , she became , weighing only 36 kg ( 79 lb ) by June 1952 . Evita died at the age of 33 , at 20 : 25 on Saturday , 26 July 1952 . Radio broadcasts throughout the country were interrupted with the announcement that " The Press Secretary 's Office of the of the Nation its very sad duty to inform the people of the Republic that at 20 : 25 hours Mrs. Eva Perón , Spiritual Leader of the Nation , died . " Ordinary activities ceased ; movies stopped playing ; restaurants were closed and patrons were shown to the door . - - = = = = = = - - Immediately after Perón 's death , the government suspended all official activities for two days and ordered all flags flown at half @-@ staff for ten days . It soon became apparent , however , that these measures fell short of reflecting popular grief . The crowd outside of the presidential residence , where Evita died , grew dense , the streets for ten blocks in each direction . - The morning after her death , while Evita 's body was being moved to the Ministry of Labour Building , eight people were crushed to death in the . In the following 24 hours , over 2000 people were treated in city hospitals for injuries sustained in the rush to be near Evita as her body was being transported , and thousands more would be treated on the spot . For the following two weeks , lines would stretch for many city blocks with mourners waiting hours to see Evita 's body lie at the Ministry of Labour . - The streets of Buenos Aires overflowed with huge piles of flowers . Within a day of Perón 's death , all flower shops in Buenos Aires had run out of stock . Flowers would be flown in from all over the country , and as far away as Chile . Despite the fact that Eva Perón never held a political office , she was eventually given a state funeral usually reserved for a head of state , along with a full Roman Catholic mass . A memorial was held for the Argentine team during the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki due to Eva Perón 's death during those games . - On 9 August , Saturday , the body was transferred to the Congress Building for an additional day of public viewing , and a memorial service attended by the entire Argentine legislative body . The next day , after a final Mass , the coffin was laid on a gun carriage pulled by CGT officials . It was followed by Peron , his cabinet , Eva 's family and friends , the delegates and representatives of the — then workers , nurses and students of the Eva Peron Foundation . Flowers were thrown from balconies and windows . - There were different interpretations of the popular mourning of Eva Perón 's death . Some reporters viewed the mourning as authentic , others saw a public succumbing to another of the " passion plays " of the Peronist regime . Time magazine reported that the Peronist government enforced the observance of a daily period of five minutes of mourning following a daily radio announcement . - During Perón 's time , children born to unmarried parents did not have the same legal rights as those born to married parents . Biographer Julie M. Taylor , professor of anthropology at Rice University , has said that Evita was well aware of the pain of being born " illegitimate . " Taylor speculates that Evita 's awareness of this may have influenced her decision to have the law changed so that " illegitimate " children would be referred to as " natural " children . Upon her death , the Argentine public was told that Evita was only 30 . The discrepancy was meant to with Evita 's earlier with her birth certificate . After becoming the first lady in 1946 , Evita had her birth records altered to read that she had been born to married parents , and placed her birth date three years forward , making herself younger . - - = = = Memorial plans = = = - - Shortly after Evita 's death , Dr. Pedro Ara was approached to the body . Fraser and Navarro write that it is doubtful that Evita ever expressed a wish to be embalmed , and suggest that it was most likely Juan Perón 's decision . Ara was a professor of anatomy who had studied in Vienna and maintained an academic career in Madrid . His work was occasionally referred to as " the art of death . " His highly advanced technique consisted of replacing the corpse 's blood with , which preserved all organs including the brain and created a appearance , giving the body the appearance of " artistically rendered sleep . " Ara was known in Buenos Aires society for his work . Among the people he had embalmed was Spanish composer Manuel de . Ara claims that his of Evita 's corpse began on the night of her death and that by the next morning , " the body of Eva Perón was completely and infinitely " and suitable for display to the public . - In the book Peron and the of Argentina , biographer Robert D. Crassweller claims that the English @-@ speaking nations of North America and Europe largely misunderstood Argentina 's response to the death of Perón as well as the ornate funeral she was granted . Crassweller attributes this misunderstanding to the unique cultural makeup of the Peróns and Argentina , saying that the Peróns were of the Hispanic tradition and that their opposition was largely of British ancestry . - - = = = and return of corpse = = = - - Shortly after Evita 's death , plans were made to construct a memorial in her honour . The monument , which was to be a statue of a man representing the descamisados , was projected to be larger than the Statue of Liberty . Evita 's body was to be stored in the base of the monument and , in the tradition of Lenin 's corpse , to be displayed for the public . While the monument was being constructed , Evita 's embalmed body was displayed in her former office at the CGT building for almost two years . Before the monument to Evita was completed , Juan Perón was overthrown in a military coup , the , in 1955 . Perón hastily fled the country and was unable to make arrangements to secure Evita 's body . - Following his flight , a military dictatorship took power . The new authorities removed Evita 's body from display , and its whereabouts were a mystery for 16 years . From 1955 until 1971 , the military dictatorship of Argentina issued a ban on Peronism . It became illegal not only to possess pictures of Juan and Eva Perón in one 's home , but to speak their names . In 1971 , the military revealed that Evita 's body was buried in a crypt in Milan , Italy , under the name " María . " It appeared that her body had been damaged during its transport and storage , such as to her face and of one of her feet due to the body having been left in an upright position . - In 1995 , Tomás Eloy Martínez published Santa Evita , a fictionalized work many new stories about the of the corpse . that her body was the object of inappropriate are derived from his description of an ' emotional necrophilia ' by , Coronel Koenig and his assistant . Many primary and secondary references to his novel have inaccurately stated that her body had been in some way resulting in the widespread belief in this myth . Also included are allegations that many wax copies had been made , that the corpse had been damaged with a hammer , and that one of the wax copies was the object of an officer 's sexual . - - = = = Final resting place = = = - - In 1971 , Perón 's body was exhumed and flown to Spain , where Juan Perón maintained the corpse in his home . Juan and his third wife , Isabel , decided to keep the corpse in their dining room on a platform near the table . In 1973 , Juan Perón came out of exile and returned to Argentina , where he became president for the third time . Perón died in office in 1974 . His third wife , Isabel Perón , whom he had married on 15 November 1961 , and who had been elected vice @-@ president , succeeded him . She became the first female president in the Western Hemisphere . Isabel had Eva Perón 's body returned to Argentina and ( briefly ) displayed beside her husband 's . Perón 's body was later buried in the Duarte family tomb in La Cemetery , Buenos Aires . The previous removal of Evita 's body was avenged by the Montoneros when they in 1970 stole Pedro Aramburu 's corpse , whom they had previously killed . Montoneros then used the captive body of Aramburu to pressure for the repatriation of Evita 's body . Once Evita 's body arrived in Argentina the Montoneros gave up Aramburu 's corpse and abandoned it in a street in Buenos Aires . - The Argentine government took elaborate measures to make Perón 's tomb secure . The tomb 's marble floor has a that leads to a compartment containing two coffins . Under that compartment is a second and a second compartment . That is where Perón 's coffin rests . Biographers Marysa Navarro and Nicholas Fraser write that the claim is often made that her tomb is so secure that it could withstand a nuclear attack . " It reflects a fear " , they write , " a fear that the body will disappear from the tomb and that the woman , or rather the myth of the woman , will reappear . " - - = = Legacy and criticism = = - - - = = = Argentina and Latin America = = = - - In all of Latin America , only one other woman has aroused an emotion , devotion and faith comparable to those by the Virgin of Guadalupe . In many homes , the image of Evita is on the wall next to the Virgin . - In his essay titled " Latin America " published in The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity , John claims that the appeal and success of Eva Perón are related to Latin American mythology and concepts of divinity . claims that Eva Perón consciously incorporated aspects of the theology of the Virgin and of Mary Magdalene into her public persona . Historian Hubert has described Eva Perón as " Perhaps the woman yet to appear in public life in Latin America . " - In a 1996 interview , Tomás Eloy Martínez referred to Eva Perón as " the Cinderella of the and the Sleeping Beauty of Latin America . " Martínez suggested she has remained an important cultural icon for the same reasons as fellow Argentine Che : - Latin American myths are more resistant than they seem to be . Not even the mass exodus of the Cuban raft people or the rapid decomposition and isolation of Castro 's regime have eroded the myth of Che , which remains alive in the dreams of thousands of young people in Latin America , Africa and Europe . Che as well as Evita symbolize certain naive , but effective , beliefs : the hope for a better world ; a life sacrificed on the altar of the , the humiliated , the poor of the earth . They are myths which somehow reproduce the image of Christ . - Although not a government holiday , the anniversary of Eva Perón 's death is marked by many Argentines each year . Additionally , Eva Perón has been featured on Argentine coins , and a form of Argentine currency called " " was named in her honor . Ciudad Evita ( Evita City ) , which was established by the Eva Perón Foundation in 1947 , is located just outside Buenos Aires . - Cristina Kirchner , the first elected female president in Argentine history , is a Peronist who has occasionally been referred to as " The New Evita . " Kirchner says she does not want to compare herself to Evita , claiming she was a unique phenomenon in Argentine history . Kirchner also says that women of her generation , who came of age in the 1970s during the military dictatorships in Argentina , owe a debt to Evita for offering an example of passion and combativeness . On 26 July 2002 , the 50th anniversary of Eva Perón 's death , a museum opened in her honor called Evita . The museum , created by her great @-@ niece Cristina Alvarez , houses many of Eva Perón 's clothes , portraits , and artistic renderings of her life , and has become a popular tourist attraction . The museum was opened in a building that was once used by the Eva Perón Foundation . - In the book Eva Perón : The Myths of a Woman , cultural anthropologist Julie M. Taylor claims that Evita has remained important in Argentina due to the combination of three unique factors : - In the images examined , the three elements consistently linked — femininity , mystical or spirituality power , and revolutionary leadership — display an underlying common theme . with any one of these elements puts a person or a group at the margins of established society and at the limits of institutional authority . Anyone who can identify with all three images lays an overwhelming and echoing claim to dominance through forces that recognize no control in society or its rules . Only a woman can embody all three elements of this power . - Taylor argues that the fourth factor in Evita 's continued importance in Argentina relates to her status as a dead woman and the power that death holds over the public imagination . Taylor suggests that Evita 's embalmed corpse is analogous to the of various Catholic saints , such as , and has powerful symbolism within the largely Catholic cultures of Latin America : - To some extent her continuing importance and popularity may be attributed not only to her power as a woman but also to the power of the dead . However , a society 's vision of the afterlife may be structured , death by its nature remains a mystery , and , until society formally the it causes , a source of disturbance and disorder . Women and the dead — death and womanhood — stand in similar relation to structured social forms : outside public institutions , unlimited by official rules , and beyond formal categories . As a female corpse reiterating the symbolic themes of both woman and martyr , Eva Perón perhaps lays double claim to spiritual leadership . - John was the British ambassador in Argentina during the Perón regime , and describes Evita 's popularity : - She was by any standard a very extraordinary woman ; when you think of Argentina and indeed Latin America as a men dominated part of the world , there was this woman who was playing a very great role . And of course she aroused very different feelings in the people with whom she lived . The , as she called the well @-@ to @-@ do and privileged people , hated her . They looked upon her as a ruthless woman . The masses of the people on the other hand worshipped her . They looked upon her as a lady who was from heaven . - In 2011 , two giant murals of Evita were unveiled on the building facades of the current Ministry of Social Development , located on 9 de Julio Avenue . The works were painted by Argentine artist Alejandro . On 26 July 2012 , to commemorate the anniversary of Evita 's death , notes were issued in a value of 100 pesos . The controversial effigy of Julio was replaced by that of Eva Duarte , making her the first actual woman to be featured on the currency of Argentina . The image in the notes is based on a 1952 design , whose sketch was found in the Mint , made by the engraver Sergio with artist Roger . The printing totals 20 million notes ; it is not clear whether the government will replace the notes that feature and the Desert Campaign . - - = = = of fascism = = = - - Biographers Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro write that Juan Perón 's opponents had from the start accused Perón of being a fascist . , a diplomat from the United States who was greatly supported by Juan Perón 's opponents , campaigned against Juan Perón 's first candidacy on the platform that Juan Perón was a fascist and a Nazi . Fraser and Navarro also that the perception of the Peróns as fascists was enhanced during Evita 's 1947 European tour during which she was a guest of honor of Francisco Franco . By 1947 , Franco had become politically isolated as one of the few remaining fascists to retain power . Franco , therefore , was in desperate need of a political ally . With nearly a third of Argentina 's population of Spanish descent , it seemed natural for Argentina to have diplomatic relations with Spain . Commenting on the international perception of Evita during her 1947 European tour , Fraser and Navarro write , " It was inevitable that Evita be viewed in a fascist context . Therefore , both Evita and Perón were seen to represent an ideology which had run its course in Europe , only to re @-@ emerge in an exotic , theatrical , even farcical form in a country . " - Laurence Levine , the former president of the Chamber of Commerce , writes that in contrast to Nazi ideology , the Peróns were not anti @-@ Semitic . In the book Inside Argentina from Perón to : 1950 – 2000 from an American Point of View , Levine writes : - The American government demonstrated no knowledge of Perón 's deep admiration for Italy ( and his for Germany , whose culture he found too rigid ) . Nor did they appreciate that although anti @-@ Semitism existed in Argentina , Perón 's own views and his political associations were not anti @-@ Semitic . They paid no attention to the fact that Perón sought out the Jewish community in Argentina to assist in developing his policies and that one of his most important allies in organizing the industrial sector was José , a Jewish immigrant from Poland . - Biographer Robert D. Crassweller writes , " Peronism was not fascism " , and " Peronism was not Nazism . " Crassweller also refers to the comments of U.S. Ambassador George S. . While visiting Argentina in 1947 , made the following statement : " There is not as much social discrimination against Jews here as there is right in New York or in most places at home . " - Time Magazine published an article by Tomás Eloy Martínez — Argentine writer , journalist , and former director of the Latin American program at Rutgers University — titled " The Woman Behind the Fantasy : , , — Eva Peron Was Much , " . In this article , Martínez writes that the accusations that Eva Perón was a fascist , a Nazi , and a thief had been made against her for decades . He wrote that the allegations were : - She was not a fascist — ignorant , perhaps , of what that ideology meant . And she was not greedy . Though she liked jewelry , furs and Dior dresses , she could own as many as she desired without the need to others .... In 1964 Jorge Luis stated that ' the mother of that woman [ Evita ] ' was ' the of a in Junín . ' He repeated the so often that some still believe it or , more commonly , think Evita herself , whose lack of sex appeal is mentioned by all who knew her , in that imaginary . Around 1955 the Santander employed the same strategy to letters in which Evita figures as an accomplice of the Nazis . It is true that ( Juan ) Perón facilitated the entrance of Nazi criminals to Argentina in 1947 and 1948 , thereby hoping to acquire advanced technology developed by the Germans during the war . But Evita played no part . - In his 2002 doctoral dissertation at Ohio State University , Lawrence D. Bell writes that the governments that preceded Juan Perón had been anti @-@ Semitic but that his government was not . Juan Perón " eagerly and enthusiastically " attempted to recruit the Jewish community into his government and set up a branch of the Peronist party for Jewish members , known as the Argentina ( ) . Perón 's government was the first to court the Argentine Jewish community and the first to appoint Jewish citizens to public office . Kevin writes that the Peronist regime , more than any other in Latin America , has been accused of being fascist . But he says that the Peronist regime was not fascist , and what passed for fascism under Perón never took hold in Latin America . Additionally , because the Peronist regime allowed rival political parties to exist , it cannot be described as totalitarian . - - = = = International popular culture = = = - - By the late 20th century , Eva Perón had become the subject of numerous articles , books , stage plays , and musicals , ranging from the biography The Woman with the Whip to a 1981 TV movie called Evita Perón with Faye in the title role . The most successful rendering of Eva Perón 's life has been the musical production Evita . The musical began as a concept album co @-@ produced by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1976 , with Julie Covington in the title role . Elaine Paige was later cast in the title role when the concept album was adapted into a musical stage production in London 's West End and won the 1978 Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Musical . In 1980 , Patti won the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her performance as the title character in the Broadway production . Nicholas Fraser claims that to date " the musical stage production has been performed on every continent except Antarctica and has generated over $ 2 billion in revenue . " - As early as 1978 , the musical was considered as the basis for a movie . After a nearly 20 @-@ year production delay , Madonna was cast in the title role for the 1996 film version and won the Golden Globe Award for " Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy . " In response to the American film , and in an alleged attempt to offer a more politically accurate depiction of Evita 's life , an Argentine film company released Eva Perón : The True Story . The Argentine production starred actress Esther in the title role . This movie was the 1996 Argentine submission for the Oscar in the category of " Best Foreign Language Film . " - Nicholas Fraser writes that Evita is the perfect popular culture icon for our times because her career foreshadowed what , by the late 20th century , had become common . During Evita 's time it was considered for a former to take part in public political life . Her detractors in Argentina had often accused Evita of turning public political life into show business . But by the late 20th century , Fraser claims , the public had become in the cult of celebrity and public political life had become insignificant . In this regard , Evita was perhaps ahead of her time . Fraser also writes that Evita 's story is appealing to our celebrity @-@ obsessed age because her story confirms one of Hollywood 's oldest , the to riches story . Reflecting on Eva Perón 's popularity more than half a century after her death , Alma writes that , " Evita 's life has evidently just begun . " - - - = Halo : Uprising = - - Halo : Uprising is a four @-@ issue American comic book limited series set in the Halo universe . The series was written by Brian Michael Bendis , illustrated by Alex Maleev , and published by Marvel Comics . Uprising tells a story set between the ending of the 2004 video game Halo 2 and the beginning of its sequel , Halo 3 , as Earth is under attack by a collective of alien races known as the Covenant . The series was intended to be released and concluded before Halo 3 shipped on September 25 , 2007 , but the final issue did not appear until April 2009 . - The series was brought together by Ruwan Jayatilleke , Marvel 's Vice President of Development . He attained the license to publish Halo comics , including the single @-@ volume The Halo Graphic Novel , in 2005 . The graphic novel 's critical and commercial success prompted Marvel to announce a new Halo limited series in 2006 with Jayatilleke serving as the series ' editor . Bendis , a long @-@ time Halo fan , was excited about adding to the franchise story . - Reception to the series was lukewarm . The series ' artistic style was generally praised . However , the lack of Master Chief @-@ focused action and character development — as well as the delays in publishing — led to average reviews . The series was commercially successful and appeared in the top slot of The New York Times Graphic Books bestsellers list . - - = = Publication history = = - - Marvel Vice President of Development Ruwan Jayatilleke contacted game developer Bungie about extending the Halo franchise to comics . Jayatilleke noted that Bungie 's dedication to creating a world compelling to both hardcore and casual fans made the series " an attractive fit " for Marvel . In 2005 , Marvel learned that Bungie had already created an original graphic novel , entitled The Halo Graphic Novel , but needed a publisher and distributor . , Brian Michael Bendis and Jayatilleke visited Bungie to take up the offer of publishing the Halo Graphic Novel as well as to discuss the possibility of a tie @-@ in comic book series . - The Halo Graphic Novel proved to be a critical and commercial success ; the comic debuted at the number two position on the Diamond Comic ' sales charts and more than 100 @,@ 000 copies were published . Marvel Comics and Bungie announced the first Halo limited comic series , Halo : Uprising , at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con 2006 . - Brian Michael Bendis , writer for the series , said in an interview he was " honored " to add to the Halo lore . He noted that the graphic novel brought " humanity and perspective " to the franchise , something not easily imparted through the games . Bendis described himself as a longtime player of Halo and had " done [ his ] Halo " , reading and playing everything Halo . Bendis stated that Bungie was open to the Marvel team exploring lesser @-@ known elements of the Halo universe or even bringing up new ideas , as opposed to sticking to a script or set of ideas from Bungie or Microsoft . The Philadelphia Daily News suggested that a Halo comic book would attract readers who had never picked up a comic book before . Bendis said that drawing casual gamers to the comics was a major goal for the series . While using established characters meant that Bendis had to cooperate with Bungie and Microsoft , he said he did not feel it was a restriction . " You can get pretty and with total autonomy all the time . " The Bungie team allowed Bendis to explore lesser known areas of the Halo story , which he enjoyed . Writing the dialogue for the Master Chief , who is faceless and normally silent during gameplay , was a challenge ; Bendis scrapped much of the drafted dialogue to allow Maleev 's work to define the character . - Originally , Halo : Uprising 's entire four @-@ issue series was to be published before the September 25 , 2007 , release of Halo 3 . Bendis suggested that the series might be delayed unexpectedly due to the close cooperation between Marvel and Bungie . For unspecified reasons , the release of all issues of Halo : Uprising were pushed back . Issue # 1 's original date of August 15 , 2007 , was pushed back a week to August 22 . Issue # 2 's original date of August 29 was pushed back and released on November 21 . Issue # 3 was originally slated for a September 2007 release but was pushed to a final release date of nearly a year late in August 2008 . The constant revisions of the date became a running forum joke at the fan site Issue # 4 also saw multiple delays , pushed from a scheduled October 31 , 2007 release to March 4 and then March 18 , 2009 . Claude of noted that , given the series ' track record and the fact that the issue 's release had been moved more than a dozen times by that time , its appearance in March would be unlikely . In announcing two new Halo comic series from Marvel in February 2009 , Jayatilleke informed IGN that the final issue was in the process of being colored . The final release date for the issue was April 15 . The series was collected into a single volume released in May 2009 ( ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 9 ) . The collected hardcover features a variety of bonus art and " making of " materials . - - = = Plot = = - - Uprising 's story begins after the events of Halo 2 , in which the alien collective known as the Covenant discovers the location of Earth and begins a full @-@ scale invasion of their enemy 's homeworld . The Master Chief is away aboard an ancient Forerunner ship . On a course set for Earth , he is overwhelmed by a Covenant strike force and rendered unconscious . In the next scene , Colonel James Ackerson is being tortured by Covenant forces on Mars , to whom he betrays the existence of something called " The Key of . " Ackerson admits the Key is located in Cleveland , Ohio . In Cleveland , the narrative follows the point of view of a hotel concierge named Ruwan as the city falls under attack by Covenant forces . In the he meets a woman named Tyla . Tyla remains calm even as Ruwan edges towards all @-@ out panic . The pair are captured and with other residents into a sports stadium . The Covenant declare that the humans must give up the location of the Key to save their lives ; Tyla is confused , but Ruwan states he knows exactly what it is . - On board the Forerunner ship , the Master Chief is captured and interrogated by Covenant forces , but manages to escape using a concealed weapon . On Earth , Ruwan and Tyla escape detection by the Covenant and appropriate a vehicle in an effort to escape . Ruwan reveals that the Key is in fact a fictional object that he and his brother James Ackerson made up as children ; James told the Covenant about the Key in order to prevent the outright destruction of Cleveland . After fighting Covenant forces , Ruwan and Tyla are rescued by marines and leave the city . The Master Chief attempts to kill the Covenant 's leader , Prophet of Truth , but is discovered as he takes aim ; Truth escapes as the Chief is left to kill the Prophet 's guards and find a way off the ship . Learning that there is no way to change the Forerunner ship 's destination , the Chief jumps to Earth using a piece of the vessel as a heat shield . - After informing the about the true nature of the Key , Ruwan volunteers to " give " the Key to the Covenant . He is captured and brought aboard a Covenant ship . While the Covenant believe he is to be rescued due to a embedded in him , Ruwan reveals he is actually a target . A takes aim at his position and destroys the ship . Upon learning that the Key is a fake , the on Mars behead Ackerson . In a relief camp , Tyla writes a song about Ruwan . - - = = Reception = = - - Halo : Uprising was a commercial success . The first issue sold out within 24 hours , leading Marvel to reissue the installment . The collected hardcover edition was the best @-@ selling hardcover graphic book for the week ending June 13 , according to The New York Times . - Reception to the miniseries varied . Reviewer Kevin Powers for Comics Bulletin and Richard George of IGN praised the action sequences and Maleev 's visuals . The balance between action and story was also positively noted ; Powers said that the first two sequences of the opening issue " capture the spirit of the game " . On the other hand , IGN 's Jesse Schedeen , reviewing the second issue , stated the series ' appeal was mostly superficial : " try as they might to replicate [ Halo 's ] visceral moments , Bendis and Maleev just can 't replicate the same feeling on the printed page . " - Reviewers criticized the lack of Master Chief as a main character , similar to the response to The Halo Graphic Novel ; Schedeen said that " Master Chief is barely a guest star in his own book " , and that he was reduced to blasting aliens for much of the series . Schedeen felt that there was a lack of connections between the Ruwan plot and the Master Chief 's adventures , which was never satisfactorily resolved . The comic 's focus on Ruwan and 's subplot was also seen as a major fault : Comics Bulletin 's Geoff Collins , in a review of the second issue , said that " as a comic book fan I ’ m interested [ in Ruwan and ] , but the Halo fans I know could [ sic ] care less about them . And the story in this issue centers around them . " Schedeen was surprised to find that he only began to care about them in the final issue . The many delays in publishing were a frequent point of frustration as well . Schedeen summed up his reviews by saying that he was hopeful the production teams behind the upcoming Halo books " will learn from the mistakes made here and craft stories that can consistently capture what makes Halo fun . At the very least , let 's hope we don 't have to wait a year between issues anymore " . - - - = Species ( film ) = - - Species is a 1995 American science fiction horror thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson and written by Dennis Feldman . It stars Natasha Henstridge , Ben Kingsley , Michael Madsen , Alfred Molina , Forest Whitaker and Marg Helgenberger . In the film , a crew of scientists and government agents tries to track down an alien seductress played by Natasha Henstridge before she successfully mates with a human male . Due to her , the alien character was cited as an example of negative treatment of female sexuality and aliens by the Hollywood film industry . The design of Sil was also linked to a chupacabra sighting . - The film was conceived by Feldman in 1987 , and was originally pitched as a film treatment in the style of a police procedural , entitled The Message . When The Message failed to attract the studios , Feldman re @-@ wrote it as a script , which ultimately led to the making of the film . The extraterrestrial in Species , an alien woman named Sil , was designed by H. R. Giger , also responsible for the beings from the Alien franchise . The effects combined practical models done by Giger collaborator Steve Johnson and XFX , with computer @-@ generated imagery done by Richard 's Boss Film Studios . Giger felt the film and the character were too similar to Alien , so he pushed for script changes . - Most of the principal photography was done in Los Angeles , California , where the film is set . Several scenes were filmed in Utah and at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico . The film was poorly received by critics , but nevertheless turned out to be a box office success , grossing US $ 113 million ( $ 176 million in 2016 dollars ) . It spawned one theatrical sequel ( Species II ) , as well as two direct @-@ to @-@ video sequels ( Species III and Species : The Awakening ) . Species was adapted into a novel by Yvonne Navarro and two comic book series by Dark Horse Comics , one of which was written by Feldman . - - = = Plot summary = = - - During the program , Earth 's scientists send out transmissions ( shown to be the Arecibo message ) with information about Earth and its inhabitants , DNA structure , etc . , in hopes of finding life beyond Earth . They then receive transmissions from an alien source on how to create endless fuel . Therefore , the scientists assume that this is a friendly alien species . From a second alien transmission , the scientists receive information about an alien DNA along with instructions on how to it with human DNA . A government team led by Xavier Fitch ( Ben Kingsley ) goes forward with the genetic experiment attempting to induce a female , under the ( later proved to be mistaken ) assumption that a female would have " more docile and " traits . One of the hundred experimental produces a girl named Sil , who looks like a normal human but develops into a 12 @-@ year @-@ old in 3 months . - Sil 's violent outbursts during sleep make the scientists consider her a threat . They try to kill her using gas but she breaks out of her containment cell and escapes . The government a team composed of anthropologist Dr. Stephen Arden ( Alfred Molina ) , molecular biologist Dr. Laura Baker ( Marg Helgenberger ) , " " Dan ( Forest Whitaker ) and mercenary Preston " Press " Lennox ( Michael Madsen ) to track and destroy Sil . Sil matures rapidly into an adult ( Natasha Henstridge ) in her early twenties and makes her way to Los Angeles . Her body strength , ability and intelligence make tracking her extremely difficult . The scientists fear she may mate with human males and produce offspring that could eliminate the human race . Sil is intent on producing offspring as soon as possible , and kills several people to prevent them from notifying the authorities or simply to use their clothing . - Sil first tries to mate with a man she meets at a nightclub ( Anthony ) , but after sensing that he is , she rejects him . , he tries to rape her , prompting her to kill him by his skull with her tongue . She then tries to mate with John Carey ( Whip ) , a man she meets after a car accident . They swim in Carey 's pool where Sil forces him to open his swimming trunks in order to mate , but he refuses . This act is interrupted by Preston and Laura . She kills Carey , into her alien form , a bipedal mutant with on her shoulders and back , and flees naked into a forest without being seen by the team . She pretends to be a rape victim to kidnap a woman ( K. Schneider ) in order to assume her identity . in the car near Carey 's home , she Fitch over distance to order the team to search for her in the nightclub . There , she is seen by Dan , prompting a car chase . She fakes her death by crashing the car , which she has previously filled with gasoline containers into a high @-@ voltage , using the kidnapped woman as a stand @-@ in for her own body . - After cutting and her hair , Sil takes an attraction to Preston , having of him the previous night . After the team celebrates their apparent victory , she stalks them in their hotel , and they do not recognize her . Arden , who is upset at being single , walks into his room to find Sil waiting there . She has intercourse with Arden , then kills him when he realizes who she is . Dan senses that Sil is in the hotel and he alerts Preston , Laura , and the rest of the team . She morphs again and escapes and they follow her into the sewers where Fitch is subsequently killed . Sil gives birth and Dan finds her offspring in a cavern behind the sewers . The child attacks him and he kills it . Sil , angered , attacks the trio and tries to kill Preston and Dan . Preston uses a grenade launcher on her , blowing her head off and killing her . The trio leaves the area . The last scene shows a rat chewing on one of Sil 's severed ; it starts to into a vicious beast and attacks another rat . - - = = Cast = = - - Natasha Henstridge as Sil - Michelle Williams as Young Sil - Ben Kingsley as Xavier Fitch - Michael Madsen as Preston " Press " Lennox - Alfred Molina as Dr. Stephen Arden - Forest Whitaker as Dan - Marg Helgenberger as Dr. Laura Baker - Whip as John Carey - Anthony as Robbie - - = = Influence and themes = = - - Given Sil grows rapidly and kills humans with ease , at a certain point film character Dr. Laura Baker even speculates if she was a biological weapon sent by a species who thought humans were like an weed . Feldman declared that he wanted to explore this theme further in the script , as it discussed mankind 's place in the universe and how other civilizations would perceive and relate to humanity , considering that " maybe [ humans are ] not a potential threat , maybe a competitor , maybe a resource . " He also declared that more could be said about Sil 's doubts , as she does not know her origin or purpose , and only follows her instinct to mate and the species . - Writing for the Journal of Popular Film & Television , Susan George authored a paper that dealt with the portrayal of procreation in Species , and . George compares the character of Fitch to " an updated Dr. , " and explores the development of Sil 's maternal aspirations , which convert the character into an " archaic mother " figure similar to the creature in the Alien series , both of which are , she claims , portrayed negatively . George further states that a recurring theme in science fiction films is a response to " this kind of powerful female sexuality and ' alien @-@ ness ' " in that " the feminine monster must die as Sil does at the end of Species . " Feldman himself considered that an underlying theme regarded " a female arriving and seeking to find a superior mate . " - A five @-@ year investigation into accounts of the chupacabra , a well known , revealed that the original sighting report of the creature in Puerto Rico by Madeline may have been inspired by the character Sil . This was detailed in paranormal investigator and Benjamin Radford 's book Tracking the . According to Virginia of Memorial University of Newfoundland writing for the Journal of Folklore Research , Radford found a link between the original report and the design of Sil in her alien form , and hypothesized that " [ Species ] , which [ ] did see before her sighting , influenced what she believes she saw of the chupacabra . " - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Writing and development = = = - - Dennis Feldman had the idea for Species in 1987 , as he worked on another film about an alien invasion , Real Men . Having read an article by Arthur C. Clarke about the odds against an extraterrestrial craft ever locating and visiting Earth , given that stellar distances are great , and faster @-@ than @-@ light travel is unlikely , Feldman started to think that it was " for any alien culture to come here in what [ he ] ' d describe as a big tin can . " Thus in turn he considered that the possibility of extraterrestrial contact was through information . Then he detailed that a message would contain instructions from across the void to build something that would talk to men . Instead of a mechanical device , Feldman imagined . The visitor would adapt to Earth 's environment through DNA belonging to Earth 's organisms . has sent to space transmissions " giving out directions " such as the Arecibo message , which Feldman considered , as they relay information to potential predators from outer space . He pointed out that " in nature , one species would not want a predator to know where it hides . " - emerged a film treatment called The Message . The original script had more of a police procedural approach , with the alien being created by a " bathtub " who had just had his project by the government , and a biologist who had worked on the project getting along with a police officer to search for the creature . Eventually Feldman came to believe this concept had some credibility issues , and instead changed the protagonists to a government team . After coining the name " Sil , " Feldman initially thought of forming an acronym , but in the end chose only the three @-@ letter name after learning about the codons of the genetic code , which can be represented in groups of three letters . Sil would originally emerge from a DNA sequence manipulating human DNA , and constantly as she used the human junk DNA to access " all the defenses of the entire animal kingdom that [ humans ] evolved through – including ones that had never developed , plus ones [ Earth 's scientists ] don 't know about that have become extinct . " Among the research Feldman did for the script included going to sessions of UCLA 's Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life ( ) , talking to scientists , and visiting the Institute for Biological Studies to talk with researchers working on the Human Project . The Message was offered to several studios , but was passed up . - In 1993 , Feldman reworked his ideas into a script . This was sent to producer Frank Mancuso , Jr . , who had hired Feldman to adapt Sidney Kirkpatrick 's A Cast of . The producer got attracted to the creative as the film offered " the challenge of walking that fine line between and pushing something as far as it can go . " Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer got interested on the project , and while Feldman had some initial disagreements on the budget , after considering other studios he signed with MGM . In turn , the now retitled Species attracted director Roger Donaldson , who was attracted to its blend of science fiction and thriller . The script underwent eight different drafts , written over an eight @-@ month period , before Donaldson was content that flaws in the story 's logic had been corrected . At one point another writer , Larry Gross , tried his hand with the script , but ultimately all the work was done by Feldman . Feldman would remain as a co @-@ producer . While the initial Species script suggested a love triangle between Sil and two government team members , the dissatisfaction of the crew eventually led to changes to the ending , which ended up featuring Sil having a baby that would immediately prove dangerous . - - = = = Design = = = - - Sil was designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , who also created the creatures in the Alien films . Donaldson thought Giger was the best man for the film after reading his compendium , and eventually he and Mancuso flew to Switzerland to meet the artist . What attracted Giger was the opportunity to design " a monster in another way — an aesthetic warrior , also sensual and deadly , like the women look in [ his ] paintings . " While Giger opted to stay in Switzerland to take care of his dying mother instead of flying to Los Angeles to accompany production , he built some puppets in his own studio , and later sketches and paintings as production went through . The practical models were made by Steve Johnson and his company XFX , which had already worked with Giger 's designs in II . Giger had envisioned more stages of Sil 's transformation , but the film only employed the last one , where she is " transparent outside and black inside — like a glass body but with carbon inside , " with XFX doing the translucent skin based on what they had done for the aliens of The Abyss . Sil 's alien form had both full @-@ body with arms , heads and torsos , and a body suit . Richard 's Boss Film Studios was hired for over 50 shots of computer @-@ generated imagery , which included one of the earliest forms of motion capture effects . Using a two @-@ foot @-@ high ( 60 cm ) electric puppet that had sensors translating its movements to a digital Sil , Boss Films managed to achieve in one day what would have once taken as much as three weeks with practical effects . - Giger was unhappy with some elements he found to bear similarity with other movies , particularly the Alien franchise . At one point he sent a to Mancuso finding five similarities : a " " ( as Sil giving birth echoed the infant Alien breaking out of its host 's chest ) , the creature having a punching tongue ( Giger at first wanted Sil 's tongue to be composed of barbed hooks ) , a cocoon , the use of flame throwers , and having Giger as the creature designer . A great point of contention was the ending , which Giger considered derivative from the from both Alien 3 and Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . The designer felt that horror films frequently held some final confrontation with fire , which he considered old @-@ fashioned and linked to medieval witch trials . He sent some ideas for the climax to the producers , with them accepting to have Sil 's ultimate death occurring by . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Filming happened mostly in Los Angeles , including location shooting at Sunset Strip , Silver Lake , Pacific Palisades , the Hollywood Hills and the Hotel . Club , the nightclub featured in the film , was built within Hollywood 's Theater , while the hills above Stadium near Park were used for the car chase and crash where Sil fakes her death . For the opening scenes in Utah , the Army Depot dubbed as the outside of the research facility — the interiors were shot at the International Corporation laboratory in California — and a Victorian @-@ era train station in City was part of Sil 's escape . Other locations included the Santa Monica Pier and the Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico . The most complex sets involved the sewer complex and a tar @-@ filled granite cavern where the ending occurs . Donaldson wanted a maze quality for the sewers , which had traces of realism ( such as tree roots breaking through from the ceiling ) and artistic licenses . Production designer John intentionally designed the sewers wider and taller than real ones , as well as with , but nevertheless aiming for a and realistic atmosphere . The underground tunnels were built out of structural steel , metal rod , plaster and concrete to endure the fire effects , and had its design based on the La Tar , with describing them as " just the sort of place in which a creature from another planet might feel at home . " - - = = Release and reception = = - - Species received a wide theatrical release on July 7 , 1995 . Its opening weekend was $ 17 @.@ 1 million , MGM 's biggest opening that far and second in the box office ranking behind Apollo 13 . at $ 35 million , the film earned a total of $ 113 million worldwide ( $ 176 million adjusted for inflation ) , including $ 60 million in the United States . The film was released on DVD on March 26 , 1997 , and on VHS on August 3 , 1999 . The original DVD featured a booklet with , production notes and a making @-@ of . On July 25 , 2006 , the film was released on Blu @-@ ray . - The film received lukewarm reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , Species holds an approval of 34 % based on 35 reviews . Roger gave it 2 out of 4 stars , criticizing the film 's plot and overall lack of intelligence . James from magazine gave the film 2 out of 5 stars , describing it as " ' Alien ' meets ' V ' meets ' Splash ' meets ' Playboy 's Fantasies : Forbidden , ' diluted into a diffuse , bore . " James gave the film 2 ½ out of 4 stars , stating that " as long as you don 't stop to think about what 's going on , Species is capable of offering its share of cheap thrills , with a laugh or two thrown in as well . " Owen of Entertainment Weekly found the film lacking in imagination and special effects , also commenting that Alfred Molina " sport [ s ] a haircut that 's than the creature . " Variety 's review of the film described it as a " gripping if not overly original account of an extraterrestrial species attempting to overwhelm our own " and that Ben Kingsley and other lead actors " have only two @-@ dimensional roles to engage them " . The review mentions the similarity between Giger 's design of Sil and his work on Alien . - Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk praised the acting , Feldman 's screenplay and Donaldson 's direction . He concluded by saying that Species makes for " a very good time for the genre fans . " Mick , writing for San Francisco Chronicle , was less enthusiastic , that if " Species were a little bit worse , it would have a shot at becoming a camp classic . " Los Angeles Times critic Peter described Species as " a pretty good Boo ! movie " , finding it an entertaining thriller while unoriginal and with ineffective tonal shifts . - - = = Related works = = - - - = = = Adaptations = = = - - Yvonne Navarro co @-@ wrote a novelization based on the original screenplay with Dennis Feldman . The book gives several in @-@ depth details about the characters not seen in the film , such as Sil 's ability to visualize and determine harmful substances from edible items by the color . Gas appears black , food appears pink , and an unhealthy potential mate appears to give off green fumes . Other character details include Preston 's background in tracking down soldiers as well as the process of the alien signal . Although no clues are given as to its origin , it is mentioned that the message was somehow routed through several black holes to mask its point of origin . - Dark Horse Comics published a four @-@ issue comic book adapting the film , written by Feldman and penciled by Jon Foster . Dark Horse would also publish a mini @-@ series with an all @-@ new storyline , Species : Human Race , released in 1997 . West End Games released a World of Species for its role @-@ playing game system . - - = = = = = = - - The first sequel to Species , Species II was released theatrically in April 1998 . The film depicts astronauts on a mission to Mars being attacked by the aliens from Species , and the events that ensue upon their return to Earth . There , Dr. Baker has been working on Eve , a more docile clone of Sil . Madsen and Helgenberger reprised their roles , while Henstridge played Eve . Species II was received by critics worse than the first film , a 9 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , and Madsen denounced it as a terrible film . The film 's director , Peter , attributed the failure of the film to not picking up the infected rat ending of the original film . Navarro later authored the novelization for Species II which followed the film 's original screenplay with added scenes . - The second sequel , Species III followed in 2004 . It premiered on Sci @-@ Fi Channel on November 27 , 2004 with a DVD release on December 7 . The film 's plot starts where Species II ends , revolving around 's character Sara , the daughter of Eve , reared by a doctor played by Robert . Sara , an alien @-@ human hybrid , seeks other hybrids to mate with . Henstridge cameos at the beginning of the film . Two out of six critics mentioned on Rotten Tomatoes gave it a positive rating , with DVD Talk 's reviewer noting that it is " a more cohesive and sensible flick than [ Species II ] is , but ultimately , it 's just a lot of the same old , " while Film Freak Central called it " amateurish " and " . " A fourth film , Species : The Awakening was filmed in 2007 , following the schedule of Species III of Sci @-@ Fi Channel premiere and subsequent DVD release . None of the actors from the original film returned in this sequel , which instead starred Helena as the alien @-@ hybrid seductress . - - - = John of Brienne = - - John of Brienne ( c . 1170 – 27 March 1237 ) , also known as John I , was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237 . He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne , a wealthy nobleman in Champagne . John , originally destined for an ecclesiastical career , became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200 . After the death of his brother , Walter III , he ruled the County of Brienne on behalf of his minor nephew Walter IV ( who lived in southern Italy ) . - The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem proposed that John marry Maria , Queen of Jerusalem . With the consent of Philip II of France and Pope Innocent III , he left France for the Holy Land and married the queen ; the royal couple were crowned in 1210 . After Maria 's death in 1212 John administered the kingdom as regent for their infant daughter , Isabella II ; an influential lord , John of Ibelin , attempted to him . John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade . Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimously acknowledged , his right to rule Damietta ( in Egypt ) was confirmed shortly after the town fell to the crusaders in 1219 . He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia on behalf of his second wife , Stephanie of Armenia , in 1220 . After Stephanie and their infant son died that year , John returned to Egypt . The Fifth Crusade ended in failure ( including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians ) in 1221 . - John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe ( Italy , France , England , León , Castile and Germany ) to seek assistance for the Holy Land . He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225 , and Frederick ended John 's rule of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Although the tried to persuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John , the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as their lawful ruler . John administered papal domains in , became the of Perugia and was a commander of Pope Gregory IX 's army during Gregory 's war against Frederick in 1228 and 1229 . - He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co @-@ ruler ( with Baldwin II ) of the Latin Empire , and was crowned in Constantinople in 1231 . John III Vatatzes , Emperor of Nicaea , and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria occupied the last Latin territories in and Asia Minor , besieging Constantinople in early 1235 . John directed the defence of his capital during the months @-@ long siege , with the besiegers withdrawing only after Geoffrey II of Achaea and united fleets from Italian towns defeated their fleet in . The following year , John died as a Franciscan friar . - - = = Early life = = - - John was the youngest of the four sons of Erard II , Count of Brienne , and Agnes of . He seemed " exceedingly old ... about 80 " to the 14 @-@ year @-@ old George Akropolites in 1231 ; if Akropolites ' estimate was correct , John was born around 1150 . However , no other 13th @-@ century authors described John as an old man . His father referred to John 's brothers as " children " in and mentioned the tutor of John 's oldest brother , Walter III , in ; this suggests that John 's brothers were born in the late . Modern historians agree that John was born after , probably during the . - Although his father destined John for a clerical career , according to the late 13th @-@ century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he " was unwilling " . Instead , the continued , John fled to his maternal uncle at the Abbey . Encouraged by his fellows , he became a knight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights . Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims are apparently invented ( for instance , John did not have a maternal uncle in ) , historian Guy Perry wrote that it may have preserved details of John 's life . A church career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th @-@ century noblemen in France ; however , if his father sent John to a monastery he left before reaching the age of taking monastic vows . John " clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well " in his youth , because the 13th @-@ century sources Akropolites and di Adam emphasize his physical strength . - Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191 . His oldest son , Walter III , succeeded him in Brienne . John was first mentioned in an ( or 1194 ) charter issued by his brother , indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter 's court . According to a version of Ernoul 's chronicle , John participated in a war against Peter II of . Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed that he was called " John " , according to contemporary charters John held , , and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200 . In , Theobald III granted him additional estates in , and elsewhere . After Theobald 's death his widow Blanche of persuaded John to sell his estate at , saying that it was her dowry . - Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting in southern Italy . His widow Elvira of Sicily gave birth to a posthumous son , Walter IV , who grew up in Italy . John assumed the title of count of Brienne , and began the county on his nephew 's behalf in 1205 or 1206 . As a leading vassal of the count of Champagne , John frequented the court of Blanche of ( who ruled Champagne during her son 's minority ) . According to a version of Ernoul 's chronicle , she loved John " more than any man in the world " ; this annoyed Philip II of France . - The two versions of Ernoul 's chronicle tell different stories about John 's ascent to the throne of Jerusalem . According to one version , the leading lords of Jerusalem sent envoys to France in 1208 asking Philip II to select a French nobleman as a husband for their queen Maria . Taking advantage of the opportunity to rid himself of John , Philip II suggested him . In the other version an unnamed knight encouraged the Jerusalemite lords to select John , who accepted their offer with Philip 's consent . John visited Pope Innocent III in Rome . The pope donated 40 @,@ 000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land , that John could spend the money only with the consent of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and the grand masters of the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller . - - = = King of Jerusalem = = - - - = = = Co @-@ ruler = = = - - John landed at Acre on 13 September 1210 ; the following day , Patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of married him to Queen Maria . John and Maria were crowned in Tyre on 3 October . The truce concluded by II , King of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid sultan Al @-@ Adil I had ended by John 's arrival . Although Al @-@ Adil was willing to renew it , Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a new treaty without John 's consent . During John and Maria 's coronation , Al @-@ Adil 's son Al @-@ Mu 'azzam Isa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city . After returning to Acre , John raided nearby Muslim settlements in retaliation . - Although about 300 French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land , no influential noblemen joined him ; they preferred participating in the French Crusade or did not see him as sufficiently eminent . John 's cousin , Walter of Montbéliard , joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus . Montbéliard led a naval expedition to Egypt to the Nile Delta . After most of the French crusaders left the Holy Land , John forged a new truce with Al @-@ Adil by the middle of and sent envoys to Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade . - - = = = Conflicts = = = - - Maria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter , Isabella , in late 1212 . Her death triggered a legal dispute , with John of Ibelin ( who administered Jerusalem before John 's coronation ) questioning the widowed king 's right to rule . The king sent Raoul of , Bishop of Sidon , to Rome for assistance from the Holy See . Pope Innocent confirmed John as lawful ruler of the Holy Land in early 1213 , urging the to support him with ecclesiastical sanctions if needed . Most of the Jerusalemite lords remained loyal to the king , acknowledging his right to administer the kingdom on behalf of his infant daughter ; John of Ibelin left the Holy Land and settled in Cyprus . - The relationship between John of Brienne and Hugh I of Cyprus was tense . Hugh ordered the imprisonment of John 's supporters in Cyprus , releasing them only at Pope Innocent 's command . During the War of the John sided with Bohemond IV of Antioch and the Templars against Raymond @-@ Roupen of Antioch and Leo I , King of Armenia , who were supported by Hugh and the Hospitallers . However , John sent only 50 knights to fight the in in 1213 . Leo I concluded a peace treaty with the Knights Templar late that year , and he and John reconciled . John married Leo 's oldest daughter , Stephanie ( also known as Rita ) , in 1214 and Stephanie received a dowry of 30 @,@ 000 . among John , Leo I , Hugh I and Bohemond IV are documented by Pope Innocent 's letters urging them to reconcile their differences before the Fifth Crusade reached the Holy Land . - - = = = Fifth Crusade = = = - - Pope Innocent proclaimed the Fifth Crusade in 1213 , with the " liberation of the Holy Land " ( the of Jerusalem ) its principal object . The first crusader troops , commanded by Leopold VI of Austria , landed at Acre in early September 1217 . Andrew II of Hungary and his army followed that month , and Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch soon joined the crusaders . However , hundreds of crusaders soon returned to Europe because of a famine following the previous year 's poor harvest . A war council was held in the tent of Andrew II , who considered himself the supreme commander of the crusader army . Other leaders , particularly John , did not acknowledge Andrew 's leadership . The crusaders raided nearby territory ruled by Al @-@ Adil I for food and , forcing the sultan to retreat in November 1217 . In December John besieged the Ayyubid fortress on Mount , joined only by Bohemond IV of Antioch . He was unable to capture it , which " encouraged the " , according to the contemporary Jacques de . - Andrew II decided to return home , leaving the crusaders ' camp with Hugh I and Bohemond IV in early 1218 . Although military action was suspended after their departure , the crusaders restored fortifications at Caesarea and Atlit . After new troops arrived from the Holy Roman Empire in April , they decided to invade Egypt . They elected John supreme commander , giving him the right to rule the land they would conquer . His leadership was primarily nominal , since he could rarely impose his authority on an army of troops from many countries . - The crusaders laid siege to Damietta , on the Nile , in May 1217 . Although they seized a strategically @-@ important tower on a nearby island on 24 August , Al @-@ Kamil ( who had succeeded Al @-@ Adil I in Egypt ) controlled traffic on the Nile . In September , reinforcements commanded by Pope Honorius III 's legate Cardinal Pelagius ( who considered himself the crusade 's supreme commander ) arrived from Italy . - Egyptian forces attempted a surprise attack on the crusaders ' camp on 9 October , but John discovered their movements . He and his retinue attacked and annihilated the Egyptian advance guard , hindering the main force . The crusaders built a floating fortress on the Nile near Damietta , but a storm blew it near the Egyptian camp . The Egyptians seized the fortress , killing nearly all of its defenders . Only two soldiers survived the attack ; they were accused of cowardice , and John ordered their execution . Taking advantage of the new Italian troops , Cardinal Pelagius began to intervene in strategic decisions . His debates with John angered their troops . The soldiers broke into the Egyptian camp on 29 August 1219 without an order , but they were soon defeated and nearly annihilated . During the ensuing panic , only the cooperation of John , the Templars , the Hospitallers and the noble crusaders prevented the Egyptians from destroying their camp . - In late October , Al @-@ Kamil sent messengers to the crusaders offering to restore Jerusalem , Bethlehem and Nazareth to them if they withdrew from Egypt . Although John and the secular lords were willing to accept the sultan 's offer , Pelagius and the heads of the military orders resisted ; they said that the could easily recapture the three towns . The crusaders ultimately refused the offer . Al @-@ Kamil tried to send provisions to Damietta across their camp , but his men were captured on 3 November . Two days later , the crusaders stormed into Damietta and seized the town . Pelagius claimed it for the church , but he was forced to acknowledge John 's right to administer it ( at least temporarily ) when John threatened to leave the crusaders ' camp . According to John of Joinville , John seized one @-@ third of Damietta 's spoils ; coins minted there during the following months bore his name . Al @-@ Mu 'azzam Isa , Sultan of Damascus , invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and pillaged Caesarea before the end of 1219 . - John 's father @-@ in @-@ law , Leo I of Armenia , died several months before the crusaders seized Damietta . He bequeathed his kingdom to his infant daughter , Isabella . John and Raymond @-@ Roupen of Antioch ( Leo 's nephew ) questioned the will 's legality , each demanding the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia for themselves . In a February 1220 letter , Pope Honorius declared John Leo 's rightful heir . that he wanted to assert his claim to Cilicia , John left Damietta for the Kingdom of Jerusalem around Easter 1220 . Although Al @-@ Mu 'azzam Isa 's successful campaign the previous year also pressed John to leave Egypt , Jacques de and other Fifth Crusade chroniclers wrote that he deserted the crusader army . - Stephanie died shortly after John 's arrival . Contemporary sources accused John of causing her sudden death , claiming that he severely beat her when he heard that she tried to poison his daughter Isabella . Their only son died a few weeks later , ending John 's claim to Cilicia . Soon after Pope Honorius learned about the deaths of Stephanie and her son , he declared Raymond @-@ Roupen the lawful ruler of Cilicia and threatened John with excommunication if he fought for his late wife 's inheritance . - John did not return to the crusaders in Egypt for several months . According to a letter from the in the Holy Land to Philip II of France , lack of funds kept John from leaving his kingdom . Since his nephew Walter IV was approaching the age of majority , John surrendered the County of Brienne in 1221 . During John 's absence from Egypt , Al @-@ Kamil again offered to restore the Holy Land to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in June 1221 ; Pelagius refused him . John returned to Egypt and rejoined the crusade on 6 July 1221 at the command of Pope Honorius . - The commanders of the crusader army decided to continue the invasion of Egypt , despite ( according to Philip d ) John 's strong opposition . The crusaders approached , but the Egyptians imposed a blockade on their camp . , Pelagius agreed to an eight @-@ year truce with Al @-@ Kamil in exchange for Damietta on 28 August . John was among the crusade leaders held hostage by Al @-@ Kamil until the crusader army withdrew from Damietta on 8 September . - - = = = Negotiations = = = - - After the Fifth Crusade ended " in colossal and failure " , John returned to his kingdom . from Genoa and soon attacked each other in Acre , a significant portion of the town . According to a chronicle , John supported the and the left Acre for Beirut . - John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe , and had decided to seek aid from the Christian powers before he returned from Egypt . He also wanted to find a suitable husband for his daughter , to ensure the survival of Christian rule in the Holy Land . John appointed of Montbéliard as a to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem in his absence . - He left for Italy in October to attend a conference about a new crusade . At John 's request , Pope Honorius declared that all lands conquered during the crusade should be united with the Kingdom of Jerusalem . To plan the military campaign , the pope and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II met at in March ; John attended the meeting . He agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Frederick II after the emperor promised that he would allow John to rule the Kingdom of Jerusalem for the rest of his life . - John then went to France , although Philip II was annoyed at being excluded from the decision of Isabella 's marriage . Matilda I , Countess of , Erard II of , Albert , Abbot of and other local asked John to intervene in their conflicts , indicating that he was esteemed in his homeland . John attended the funeral of Philip II at the Basilica of St Denis in July ; Philip bequeathed more than 150 @,@ 000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land . John then visited England , attempting to mediate a peace treaty between England and France after his return to France . - He made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in March 1224 . According to the Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile , John went to the Kingdom of León to marry one of the elder daughters of Alfonso IX of León ( Sancha or Dulce ) because Alfonso had promised him the kingdom " along with her " . The marriage could jeopardize the claim of Sancha 's and Dulce 's half @-@ brother , Ferdinand III of Castile , to León . To protect her son 's interests , Ferdinand 's mother Berengaria of Castile decided to give her daughter ( Berengaria of León ) to John in marriage . Although modern historians do not unanimously accept the chronicle 's account of John 's plan to marry Sancha or Dulce , they agree that the queen of France ( Blanche of Castile , Berengaria of Castile 's sister ) played an important role in convincing John to marry her niece . The marriage of John and Berengaria of León was celebrated in in May 1224 . - About three months later , he met Emperor Frederick 's son Henry in Metz and visited Henry 's guardian , , Archbishop of . From Germany John went to southern Italy , where he persuaded Pope Honorius to allow Emperor Frederick to postpone his crusade for two years . Frederick married John 's daughter , Isabella ( who had been crowned queen of Jerusalem ) , on 9 November 1225 . John and Frederick 's relationship became tense . According to a version of Ernoul 's chronicle , John got into a disagreement with his new son @-@ in @-@ law because Frederick a niece of Isabella who was her lady @-@ in @-@ waiting . In the other version of the chronicle John often " and " his son @-@ in @-@ law , who concluded that John wanted to seize the Kingdom of Sicily for his nephew Walter IV of Brienne and tried to murder John ( who fled to Rome ) . Frederick declared that John had lost his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem when Isabella married him ; he styled himself king of Jerusalem for the first time in December 1225 . of Sidon , Simon of , Archbishop of Tyre , and the other Jerusalemite lords who had escorted Isabella to Italy acknowledged Frederick as their lawful king . - - = = Papal service = = - - Pope Honorius did not accept Frederick 's unilateral act , and continued to regard John as the rightful king of Jerusalem . In an attempt to take advantage of the revived League ( an alliance of northern Italian towns ) against Frederick II , John went to Bologna . According to a version of Ernoul 's chronicle , he declined an offer by the League representatives to elect him their king . Even though this account was fabricated , John remained in Bologna for over six months . The dying Pope Honorius appointed John rector of a of Saint Peter in ( part of the Papal States ) on 27 January , and urged Frederick II to restore him to the throne of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Honorius ' successor , Gregory IX , confirmed John 's position in the Papal States on 5 April and ordered the citizens of Perugia to elect him their . - Gregory excommunicated Frederick II on 29 September , accusing him of breaking his oath to lead a crusade to the Holy Land ; the emperor had dispatched two fleets to Syria , but a plague forced them to return . His wife Isabella died after giving birth to a son , Conrad , in May 1228 . Frederick continued to consider himself king of Jerusalem , in accordance with the precedent set by John during Isabella 's minority . - The imperial army invaded the Papal States under the command of of in October 1228 . Although John defeated the invaders in a series of battles , it took a counter @-@ invasion by another papal army in southern Italy to drive back to Sulmona . John laid a siege before returning to Perugia in early 1229 to conclude negotiations with envoys of the Latin Empire of Constantinople , who were offering him the imperial crown . - - = = Emperor of Constantinople = = - - - = = = Election = = = - - The Latin Emperor of Constantinople , Robert I , died in January 1228 . His brother Baldwin II succeeded him , but a regent was needed to rule the Latin Empire since Baldwin was ten years old . Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria was willing to accept the regency , but the barons of the Latin Empire suspected that he wanted to unite the Latin Empire with Bulgaria . They offered the imperial crown instead to John , an ally of the Holy See . - After months of negotiation , John and the envoys from the Latin Empire signed a treaty in Perugia which was confirmed by Pope Gregory on 9 April 1229 . John was elected emperor of the Latin Empire for life as senior co @-@ ruler with Baldwin II , who would marry John 's daughter Marie . The treaty also prescribed that although Baldwin would rule the Latin lands in Asia Minor when he was 20 years old , he would become sole emperor only after John 's death . John also stipulated that his sons would inherit and Macedonia , but the two regions still belonged to Emperor of Theodore . - After signing the treaty , John returned to Sulmona . According to the contemporary Matthew Paris , he allowed his soldiers to nearby monasteries to obtain money . John lifted the siege of Sulmona in early 1229 to join Cardinal Pelagius , who launched a campaign against . Frederick II ( who had crowned himself king of Jerusalem in the Church of the Holy ) returned to Italy , forcing the papal troops to withdraw . - John went to France to recruit warriors to accompany him to Constantinople . Pope Gregory did not proclaim John 's expedition to the Latin Empire a crusade , but promised papal privileges granted to crusaders to those who joined him . During his stay in France , John was again an between local and signed a peace treaty between Louis IX of France and Hugh X of . He returned to Italy in late 1230 . John 's envoys signed a treaty with , of Venice , who agreed to transport him and his retinue of 500 knights and 5 @,@ 000 commoners to Constantinople in return for John 's confirmation of Venetian possessions and privileges in the Latin Empire . Shortly after John left for Constantinople in August , Pope Gregory acknowledged Frederick II 's claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem . - - = = = Rule = = = - - John was crowned emperor in Sophia in autumn 1231 ; by then , his territory was limited to Constantinople and its vicinity . The urged him to wage war against John III Vatatzes , Emperor of Nicaea , who supported a rebellion against their rule in Crete . According to Philippe ' Chronicle , John could make " neither war nor peace " ; because he did not invade the Empire of Nicaea , most French knights who accompanied him to Constantinople returned home after his coronation . To strengthen the Latin Empire 's financial position , Geoffrey II of Achaea ( John 's most powerful vassal ) gave him an annual subsidy of 30 @,@ 000 after his coronation . - Taking advantage of John III Vatatzes ' invasion of Rhodes , John launched a military expedition across the against the Empire of Nicaea in 1233 . His three @-@ to @-@ four @-@ month campaign " achieved little , or nothing " ; the only seized , now in Turkey . With John 's approval , two Franciscan and two Dominican wanted to mediate a truce between the Latin Empire and Nicaea in 1234 but it was never signed . In a letter describing their negotiations , the described John as a " " abandoned by his mercenaries . - John III Vatatzes and Ivan Asen II concluded a treaty dividing the Latin Empire in early 1235 . Vatatzes soon seized the last outposts of the empire in Asia Minor and Gallipoli , and Asen occupied the Latin territories in . Constantinople was besieged in an effort to persuade the defenders to gather in one place , enabling an invasion elsewhere . Although the besiegers outnumbered the defenders , John repelled all attacks on the town 's walls . compared him to Hector , Roland , the and Judas in his Chronicle , emphasizing his bravery . - A Venetian fleet forced Vatatzes ' naval forces to withdraw , but after the departed for home the Greeks and besieged Constantinople again in November 1235 . John sent letters to European monarchs and the pope , pleading for assistance . Since the survival of the Latin Empire was in jeopardy , Pope Gregory urged the crusaders to defend Constantinople instead of the Holy Land . A combined naval force from Venice , Genoa , and Geoffrey II of Achaea broke through the blockade . Asen soon abandoned his alliance with Vatatzes , who was forced to lift the siege in . - - = = = Death = = = - - According to three 13th @-@ century authors ( Matthew Paris , di Adam and Bernard of ) , John became a Franciscan friar before his death . They agree that John 's declining health contributed to his conversion , but Bernard also described a recurring vision of an old man urging the emperor to join the Franciscans . Most 13th @-@ century sources suggest that John died between 19 and 23 March 1237 , the only Latin emperor to die in Constantinople . - According to the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims , he was buried in Sophia . Perry wrote that John , who died as a Franciscan friar , may have been buried in the Franciscan church dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi which was built in during his reign . In a third theory , proposed by Giuseppe , a tomb decorated with the Latin Empire coat of arms in Assisi 's Lower Basilica may have been built for John by Walter VI , Count of Brienne . - - = = Family = = - - John 's first wife ( Maria the , born 1191 ) was the only child of Isabella I of Jerusalem and her second husband , Conrad of . Maria inherited Jerusalem from her mother in 1205 . John and Maria 's only child , Isabella ( also known as ) , was born in late 1212 . - Stephanie of Armenia became John 's second wife in 1214 . She was the only daughter of Leo II of Armenia and his first wife , ( niece of , the third wife of Bohemond III of Antioch ) . Stephanie gave birth to a son in 1220 , but she and her son died that year . - John married his third wife , Berengaria of León , in 1224 ; she was born around 1204 to Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile . John and Berengaria 's first child , Marie , was born in 1224 . Their first son , Alphonse , was born during the late . Berengaria 's cousin , Louis IX of France , made him Grand Chamberlain of France and he acquired the County of Eu in France with his marriage . John 's second son , Louis , was born around 1230 . His youngest son , John , who was born in the early 1230s , was Grand Butler of France . - - - = Boise National Forest = - - Boise National Forest is a protected area covering 2 @,@ 203 @,@ 703 acres ( 8 @,@ 918 @.@ 07 km2 ) of the U.S. state of Idaho as part of the national forest system . on July 1 , 1908 from part of Sawtooth National Forest , it is managed by the U.S. Forest Service as four units : the Cascade , Emmett , Lowman , and Mountain Home ranger districts . - The Idaho Batholith most of Boise National Forest , forming the forest 's Boise , Salmon River , and West mountain ranges ; the forest reaches a maximum elevation of 9 @,@ 730 feet ( 2 @,@ 970 m ) on Steel Mountain . Common land cover includes sagebrush steppe and spruce @-@ fir forests ; there are 9 @,@ 600 miles ( 15 @,@ 400 km ) of streams and rivers and 15 @,@ 400 acres ( 62 km2 ) of lakes and reservoirs . Boise National Forest contains 75 percent of the known populations of 's , a flowering plant endemic to Idaho . - The Shoshone people occupied the forest before European settlers arrived in the early 1800s . Many of the early settlers were trappers and prospectors before gold was discovered in 1862 . After the 1860s Boise Basin gold rush ended , mining of tungsten , silver , antimony , and gold continued in the forest until the mid @-@ twentieth century . Recreation opportunities and facilities include over 70 campgrounds , whitewater and boating , cabin rentals , and 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) of trails for hiking , , horseback riding , and off @-@ road vehicle use . The Forest Service has an objective to maintain timber , range , water , recreation , and wildlife for multiple use and sustained yield of its resources . - - = = History = = - - Archaeological evidence indicates that human habitation in Idaho began towards the end of the last ice age : bone fragments about 10 @,@ 000 years old have been found in Wilson Cave , an cave on the Snake River Plain believed to have been occupied by indigenous people until as recently as the 17th century . A change of climate around 7000 years ago dried up much of the Great Basin , forcing the Shoshone people northward into the mountainous areas of central Idaho . Most of what is now Boise National Forest was sparsely inhabited by Native Americans , and several archaeological sites , including , rock shelters , burial grounds , and have been found along rivers in the area . and fur traders of European descent first arrived in the area in the early 1800s , starting with John Jacob Astor 's Pacific Fur Company in October 1811 . Donald Mackenzie and Payette trapped in the area of Boise National Forest in 1819 . By 1840 the fur trade was coming to an end , but the westward migration on the Oregon Trail , which passed south of the forest , was beginning . The first settlers moved into the mountains in the 1860s after gold was discovered in Idaho , which forced many of the Shoshone out and led to conflicts throughout the state , including the War in southern Idaho . - George Grimes and Moses were the first to discover gold in the forest at the eponymous Grimes Creek on August 2 , 1862 . Subsequent gold discoveries at Rocky Bar in 1863 and Atlanta in 1864 increased the rush of people to Idaho , and in 1863 Idaho City , with a population of 6 @,@ 267 , surpassed Portland , Oregon as the largest city in the Pacific Northwest . The Idaho gold rush was largely over by 1870 , and the population of the Boise Basin fell from 16 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 500 . In 1898 the forest 's first gold dredge was built in and followed by several others . By 1951 when the last dredges shut down , at least 2 @.@ 3 million ounces ( 65 @.@ 2 million grams ) of gold had been produced from the Boise Basin area . Silver was mined along the Crooked River from 1882 until 1921 , but a silver mine at Silver Mountain proved unsuccessful . Following a shortage of mercury during World War II , mines in the area became the country 's largest producer of tungsten and second largest source of mercury . The most important known deposit of niobium and tantalum in the United States is located in Bear Valley . From 1953 until 1959 dredges there produced $ 12 @.@ 5 million ( $ 101 million today ) in niobium , tantalum , and uranium . Other minerals mined in the forest include antimony and . - - = = = U.S. Forest Service = = = - - Boise National Forest was created on July 1 , 1908 from part of Sawtooth National Forest , and originally covered 1 @,@ 147 @,@ 360 acres ( 4 @,@ @.@ 2 km2 ) . The U.S. President was given the authority to establish forest reserves administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior by the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 . With the passage of the Transfer Act of 1905 , forest reserves were transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in the newly created U.S. Forest Service . Present @-@ day Boise National Forest was first protected as part of two forest reserves by issued by President Theodore Roosevelt : Sawtooth Forest Reserve ( created on May 29 , 1905 and expanded on November 6 , 1906 ) and Payette Forest Reserve ( created on June 3 , 1905 ) . After forest reserves were renamed national forests in 1908 , Boise National Forest was split from Sawtooth National Forest into an independent national forest . On April 1 , 1944 the entirety of what was then Payette National Forest was transferred to Boise National Forest , and simultaneously and Idaho national forests were combined to reestablish the present @-@ day Payette National Forest , which is to the north of Boise National Forest . In 1933 the Boise Basin Experimental Forest was created on 8 @,@ 740 acres ( 35 @.@ 4 km2 ) of the forest near Idaho City to study the management of ponderosa pine . The Lucky Peak Nursery was established in 1959 to produce trees for planting on burned or logged lands on the national forests of the region . - After the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( ) in 1933 , nine camps and eight were set up in Boise National Forest , but the number of camps was reduced from 1934 until the program was closed in 1942 . Work conducted by the included fire suppression , fish habitat improvement , and construction of guard houses , fire lookouts , campgrounds , roads , and trails , among other facilities . - - = = Management = = - - Boise National Forest is managed by the U.S. Forest Service , an agency within the Department of Agriculture , as five units called ranger districts . The ranger districts are Cascade ( 400 @,@ 000 acres or 1 @,@ 600 square kilometers ) , Emmett ( 350 @,@ 000 acres or 1 @,@ 400 square kilometers ) , Idaho City ( 400 @,@ 000 acres ) , Lowman ( 400 @,@ 000 acres ) , and Mountain Home ( 650 @,@ 000 acres or 2 @,@ 600 square kilometers ) ; each has an office in their respective cities and is managed by a district ranger , while forest headquarters are located in the city of Boise . Congress proclaimed 2 @,@ 648 @,@ 273 acres ( 10 @,@ @.@ 18 km2 ) of Idaho part of Boise National Forest , but the forest manages only 2 @,@ 203 @,@ 703 acres ( 8 @,@ 918 @.@ 07 km2 ) . The proclaimed boundary is set and can only be changed by Congress whereas the administered boundary can be shifted among adjacent national forests without congressional approval . For management ( and from the visitor 's perspective ) the forest 's boundaries are its administered area . - - = = Geography and geology = = - - in the forest range from 2 @,@ 800 feet ( 850 m ) in the North Fork Payette River Canyon to 9 @,@ 730 feet ( 2 @,@ 970 m ) at the top of Steel Mountain , a gain of 6 @,@ 930 feet ( 2 @,@ 110 m ) . The forest contains several of the Rocky Mountains , including the Boise , Salmon River , and West mountain ranges . Much of the forest is by the Idaho Batholith , and the forest is dominated by rock , but of basalt can be found to the west and other volcanic rocks to the south . - North of the South Fork Payette River and east of the North Fork Payette River , the forest is part of the Salmon River Mountains , which extend north and east outside the forest 's boundaries . The South Fork Salmon River Range and the North Fork Range are of the Salmon River Mountains within Boise National Forest . The Boise Mountains cover much of the southern portion of the forest and contain the forest 's highest point , Steel Mountain , but the range 's highest point , Two Point Mountain , lies outside of the forest 's boundary . The Trinity Mountains are a in southeastern part of the Boise Mountains that reach their peak at 9 @,@ 451 feet ( 2 @,@ 881 m ) on Trinity Mountain . The westernmost portion of the forest south and west of Lake Cascade are part of the West Mountains , which reach their highest point at 8 @,@ 320 feet ( 2 @,@ 540 m ) on Mountain . The Mountains are a smaller range on the forest 's southern border that run northwest to southeast . - - = = = Waterways = = = - - There are an estimated 9 @,@ 600 miles ( 15 @,@ 400 km ) of perennial and intermittent streams and 15 @,@ 400 acres ( 62 km2 ) of lakes and reservoirs in the forest . The Forest Service provides access to and recreation opportunities at the seven reservoirs it borders , although it does not own or manage them . There are numerous natural lakes in the forest , most of which are created by alpine glaciers during the Pleistocene . The largest , Warm Lake , is 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of Cascade in Valley County ; many of the smaller lakes are in the Trinity and West mountains . Annual water yield on the forest is estimated at 4 @.@ 1 million acre @-@ feet ( 5 @.@ 1 × 109 m3 ) . The southern portion of the forest is drained by the Boise River , the central and western portions by the Payette River , northeastern portion by the Salmon River , and far western portions of the Emmett Ranger District by the River . All four rivers are tributaries of the Snake River , which itself is a tributary of the Columbia River in the Pacific basin . - - = = Climate = = - - Daily high temperatures range from 9 to 29 ° F ( − 13 to − 2 ° C ) in winter to 80 to 90 ° F ( 27 to 32 ° C ) in summer , while lower elevations can experience conditions over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Idaho 's mountain ranges can block Arctic air in the winter , but when cold air masses do enter the area , they sometimes in the Snake and Salmon river valleys , causing very cold temperatures to persist . Summer and fall are generally dry , while intense short @-@ duration thunderstorms can occur in late spring and early summer as atmospheric moisture interacts with warm temperatures and steep topography via lifting . During winter , warm , moist air from the Pacific Ocean often brings rain at lower elevations in addition to snowfall throughout the forest . The influence of these Pacific maritime air masses increases as latitude increases in the forest . Average annual snowfall ranges from 55 inches ( 140 cm ) in drier areas and at lower elevations to 70 inches ( 180 cm ) in wetter locations and higher elevations . The growing season within the forest ranges from over 150 days in lower elevations to less than 30 days in alpine areas . - - = = Natural resources = = - - Boise National Forest is within the Idaho Batholith ecoregion , which is a level III ecoregion in the larger level I Northwestern Forested Mountains . In addition to species listed or proposed for listing as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act , the Forest Service maintains an independent listing of sensitive species for which it is directed to " develop and implement management practices to ensure that species do not become threatened or endangered because of Forest Service actions . " As of February 2013 there were 27 species in Boise National Forest listed as sensitive species : 6 mammals , 1 amphibian , 1 fish , 13 birds , and 6 plants . - - = = = Flora = = = - - An estimated 76 percent of Boise National Forest is forest , which according to the Forest Service is considered land capable of supporting trees on at least 50 percent of its area . The forests are primarily coniferous , dominated by Douglas fir and ponderosa and lodgepole pines at lower elevations and Engelmann spruce , subalpine fir , and pine at higher elevations . Grand fir and western ( a coniferous deciduous tree ) grow in the northern part of the forest where there are moister conditions . , a broadleaf deciduous tree , grows both in stands among conifers and in monotypic stands throughout the forest at elevations above 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . Non @-@ forested areas occupy 23 percent of the forest , primarily on south @-@ facing slopes , lower elevations in the forest 's southern latitudes , or high @-@ elevation areas and are dominated by grasses , forbs , or shrubs . - 's is a plant species endemic to central Idaho , including parts of Boise National Forest , being found nowhere else in the world . Only about two dozen populations of the plant are known to exist , and three @-@ quarters of these are in Boise National Forest . It is usually found at elevations ranging from 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) to 9 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 900 m ) above sea level and produces white flowers shortly after snowmelt . - Boise National Forest is directed by the U.S. Forest Service to " control the establishment , spread , or invasion of non @-@ indigenous plant species in otherwise healthy native ecosystems . " The forest 's plan addresses the need to control invasive plants , and management efforts include chemical , mechanical , and biological control methods . Invasive plants that are of particular concern in Boise National Forest include spotted , yellow star @-@ , rush , and leafy , among others . - - = = = communities = = = - - The , forested areas occur on south @-@ facing slopes from 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) to 6 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) . Due to the occurrence of frequent non @-@ lethal fires , ponderosa pine dominates these forests alongside Douglas fir . The understory consists of bluebunch wheatgrass , Idaho , mountain snowberry , and in drier areas and elk , , white , , and common snowberry at higher elevations . - In cool , moist areas ranging from 4 @,@ 800 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) to 6 @,@ 800 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) , Douglas fir is predominant . pine and may be found alongside Douglas fir in cooler areas , both moist and dry , but particularly where pockets form . in this forest type are dominated by mountain maple , mountain ash , and blue in moister areas and white , common snowberry , elk , and in drier areas . Between 3 @,@ 400 feet ( 1 @,@ 000 m ) and 6 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) in the moist northern parts of the forest , grand fir is predominant and western is one of the first trees to become established during ecological succession following disturbances , whereas consist of mountain maple , mountain ash , blue , and . fir dominates from 4 @,@ 800 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) to 7 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 300 m ) along with mountain maple , , 's , alder , , Utah , and mountain ash . - pine dominates in cold , dry areas from 5 @,@ 200 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) to 9 @,@ 200 feet ( 2 @,@ 800 m ) . The understory in lodgepole pine forests can be sparse but includes grasses , forbs , , and grouse , although fires in these forests are typically lethal to trees and alike . At the highest elevations , forests consist of subalpine fir alongside pine and Engelmann spruce . Grasses and forbs tolerant to freezing throughout the growing season occupy the understory . - typically dominates drier , non @-@ forested areas at lower elevations . Species that commonly occur with sagebrush include , wild onion , milk , bluebunch wheatgrass , , gray , green , and others . In riparian areas below 5 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 700 m ) , trees such as black cottonwood , cottonwood , alder , water birch , and mountain maple grow with shrubs including and willows . areas in largely habitats such as sagebrush steppe primarily consist of willows along with alder , , mountain maple , shrubby , , , and grasses . - - = = = Fauna = = = - - in Boise National Forest support nearly 300 terrestrial species and 28 fish species . The most common large animals are mule deer and elk , but other mammals present include moose , black bears , , mountain lions , coyote , bobcat , yellow @-@ bellied , beaver , and gray wolves . - Gray wolves are top predators that were reintroduced amidst controversy to central Idaho in the mid @-@ 1990s to restore ecosystem stability . The wolves have since expanded their range and established packs in most of Boise National Forest . Wolves and mountain lions are the forest 's top large mammal predators and have no predators of their own except humans . Most of the forest 's native mammal species are present in the forest , with the exception of grizzly bears , which have become locally extinct , and plans for their reintroduction to central Idaho have been proposed since the 1990s but have not progressed . - Of the 28 fish species present in the forest , 11 are not native and have been introduced by humans . Rainbow trout , salmon , trout , bull trout , and mountain are all native to some of the forest 's waterways , while brook trout are a common invasive species that compete with the forest 's . The forest 's management indicator species is bull trout because they are sensitive to habitat changes and depend on specific habitat conditions . salmon are native to the Salmon River watershed in the northern part of the forest , but dam construction on the Columbia and Snake rivers has hampered the migration of this fish and caused its population to collapse . Warm Lake supports the forest 's only native population of Kokanee salmon , the resident ( non @-@ migratory ) form of sockeye salmon . However , due to introductions by humans , Anderson Ranch , , Lucky Peak , and Deadwood reservoirs now support populations of Kokanee salmon . To provide additional recreational fishing opportunities , the Idaho Department of Fish and Game stocks several of the forest 's waterways with rainbow trout , while reservoirs are also stocked with Kokanee or salmon and Lake Cascade is stocked with salmon and , the form of rainbow trout . - Over 270 bird species have been observed in central Idaho , including 36 accidental species – those that are not normally found in the region but have been observed on at least one occasion . Golden eagles and greater sage @-@ grouse can be found over sagebrush steppe , whereas bald eagles can be seen along rivers . The Forest Service has listed northern , owls , and white @-@ headed woodpeckers as a sensitive species in the forest . - The few amphibians present in the forest include the Rocky Mountain tailed frog , long @-@ toed , and Columbia spotted frog , which has been listed as a sensitive species . Common snakes include , snakes , and rubber . - - = = = Fire ecology = = = - - Boise National Forest 's 2010 forest plan recognizes that fire and other disturbances play important roles in maintaining the character and function of ecosystems . However , previous management strategies ( as recently as the 1990 forest plan ) treated fire as an undesirable process , and the Act of 1897 explicitly stated that forests were to be protected from destruction by fire . In historic conditions fires naturally occurred on the landscape ; the suppression of fires allowed dead trees to accumulate in excess of historic levels and land cover types to change , such as a shift to higher shrub and tree densities . An estimated 14 percent of the land in Boise National Forest has been affected by fires since the early 1990s , and about 10 percent of the land capable of timber production was burned so severely that land cover shifted from forest to grass and ( as of 2010 ) . - Between 2004 and 2013 an average of 74 @,@ 325 acres ( 300 @.@ 78 km2 ) were burned by fires per year with a maximum of 346 @,@ 500 acres ( 1 @,@ 402 km2 ) in 2007 and a minimum of 152 acres ( 0 @.@ 62 km2 ) in 2008 . For example , in 2012 there were 26 fires started by people and 109 started by lightning , which together burned a total of 152 @,@ 000 acres ( 620 km2 ) . The Trinity Ridge Fire alone burned 146 @,@ 800 acres ( km2 ) over two months , although it was not confined to Boise National Forest lands . - The revised 2010 forest plan recognized the need to develop plans to manage at the – urban interface , use prescribed fire as a tool to manage ecosystem health , and meet air quality requirements set by the Clean Air Act . The forest operates a fire management plan under federal fire policy that gives fire personnel direction for responding to . Occasionally , area closures and restrictions on use , such as prohibition of , are implemented to aid in prevention . Following severe fires , area closures may be put in place to protect the public from risks such as falling trees and landslides . fire management strategies include prescribed burns and mechanical reduction of fuel levels . For instance , in 2014 Boise National Forest planned to conduct 7 @,@ acres ( 32 @.@ 05 km2 ) of prescribed burns and 155 acres ( 0 @.@ 63 km2 ) of mechanical treatment . The forest seasonally maintains staff at seven fire lookout towers , while six others remain . - - = = Recreation = = - - There are over 70 campgrounds in Boise National Forest and groups of more developed recreation facilities at the Trinity Mountains , Warm Lake , and Deadwood and Sage Hen reservoirs . As in most national forests , the majority of the land in Boise National Forest is open to dispersed camping ( outside of developed campgrounds ) . One of the forest 's fire lookouts , Deadwood , is now available as a cabin for the public to rent , among other sites . are allowed on forest roads and on more than 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) of multiple @-@ use trails , whereas over 1 @,@ 200 miles ( 1 @,@ 900 km ) of trails are open to recreation . The Mountains Off @-@ Highway Vehicle Trail System contains 150 miles ( 240 km ) of motorcycle and ATV trails on 60 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 @,@ 000 ha ) of land that is generally open from April through November . The forest 's Trinity Mountain Recreation Area includes the highest ( 4 @-@ wheel drive recommended ) road in Idaho , which to the Trinity Mountain at an elevation of over 9 @,@ 400 feet ( 2 @,@ 900 m ) . In 2013 revenues from recreation and special use fees amounted to $ 454 @,@ 635 , while expenses totaled US $ 352 @,@ 550 ; the difference is allocated to the following season 's startup costs . - - = = = Waterways = = = - - Rivers in Boise National Forest offer the opportunity for rafting and through rapids up to class four , with the most difficult sections on the South Fork and main stems of the Payette River . Numerous developed boat launch sites provide access to rivers for whitewater enthusiasts , and Falls is the primary launching site for visitors to the Middle Fork of the Salmon River and Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness . boating is permitted on Anderson Ranch Reservoir , Deadwood Reservoir , and Warm Lake . - - = = = Winter activities = = = - - During winter , visitors to the forest can participate in activities including , , and and cross @-@ country skiing . The Basin area is located within the forest north of Boise and has 7 and 53 runs on 2 @,@ 600 acres ( 11 km2 ) of terrain . There are 137 miles ( 220 km ) of trails in the Garden Valley system in the Emmett Ranger District and several Mongolian @-@ style available for rental in winter . - - = = = Scenic roads = = = - - Boise National Forest is home to three of Idaho 's scenic , all of which are paved highways accessible to vehicles . The Payette River Scenic Byway is an 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) route between Eagle and McCall on Idaho State Highway 55 . The route follows the Payette River between McCall and Horseshoe Bend , but the majority of the highway does not pass through Boise National Forest ; only a small portion north of Horseshoe Bend is in the Emmett Ranger District . Over half of the 35 @-@ mile ( 56 km ) Wildlife Canyon Scenic Byway , which travels between highway 55 and Lowman , passes through the forest , parallels the South Fork of the Payette River , and is signed as the Banks @-@ Lowman Road . The Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway is a 130 @-@ mile ( 210 km ) road between Stanley and Boise following Idaho State Highway 21 . This route passes over Reservoir and through Idaho City and Lowman , where it connects with the Wildlife Canyon Byway . North and east of Lowman the partially follows the South Fork of the Payette River before ascending to the 7 @,@ @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 145 m ) Banner Creek Summit at the forest 's boundary with Salmon @-@ National Forest . - - - = Pokiri = - - Pokiri ( English : Rogue ) is a 2006 Indian Telugu @-@ language action film , written and directed by Puri Jagannadh . The film was produced by Jagannadh and by their respective production companies Academy and Indira Productions . The film stars Mahesh Babu and D 'Cruz ; Prakash Raj , and Shinde appear in prominent roles . The plot revolves around the life of an undercover police officer , Krishna Manohar , who infiltrates a mafia gang headed by a Dubai @-@ based don Ali Bhai , under the pseudonym Pandu . - Made on a budget of around ₹ 100 — 120 million , the film 's principal photography commenced in November 2005 and lasted until April 2006 . Most of the film was shot in and around Hyderabad and Chennai , except for a song which was shot at the province of in Thailand and the city of Bangkok . Shyam K. Naidu was the film 's cinematographer , and it was edited by K. . The soundtrack and background score were composed by Mani Sharma . - Pokiri was released on 28 April 2006 , to positive critical feedback , and collected a distributor 's share of ₹ 420 million . The film grossed ₹ 660 million worldwide and remained the highest @-@ grossing Telugu film for three years , until it was surpassed by Magadheera in 2009 . The film was also one of the fourteen southern Indian films to be screened at the International Indian Film Academy Awards ( IIFA ) Film festival in 2006 . The film won four Nandi Awards and two Filmfare Awards . The film 's success catapulted D 'Cruz into stardom and brought recognition to Jagannadh as a writer and director . - The film was remade into Tamil as in 2007 by Prabhu Deva with Vijay and Asin portraying the lead roles . Deva remade the film into Hindi as Wanted in 2009 with Salman Khan and Ayesha Takia portraying the lead roles . In 2010 , the film was again remade in Kannada as by M. V. Sridhar with and Subhash portraying the lead roles . - - = = Plot = = - - In Hyderabad , two rival mafia gangs headed by Dubai @-@ based don Ali Bhai , and Narayana resort to criminal activities such as , murder , and for various reasons . The new commissioner of police , Pasha Qadri , focuses on making the city a better place by working at arresting all of them . Pandu , a gangster living in Hyderabad along with his friends , is hired by Narayana and attacks Ali Bhai 's henchmen . He later joins Ali Bhai 's gang for monetary reasons . He falls in love with Shruti , an aerobics teacher , who rejects his advances . - Shruti lives with her widowed mother and brother and her neighbour , a software engineer , who her to marry him . A corrupt police officer named Pasupathy , who works for Ali Bhai , is attracted to Shruti . He is determined to make her his mistress , by Shruti 's multiple . After Pandu kills a of Narayana , he is confronted by Pasupathy and is able to prevent Shruti from being . She meets him the next day to thank him , and Pandu introduces himself as a self @-@ employed person who any activity for money . They develop unspoken romantic feelings for each other Pasupathy . - Shruti 's employer , Suryanarayana , suggests that she marry the man she loves . To repel Pasupathy 's advances , she meets Pandu and proposes to him . After an attack by Narayana 's henchmen , who are murdered by Pandu , he reveals that he is a gangster and suggests that she might want to rethink her proposal . After Shruti distances herself from Pandu , Pasupathy frames her with a mock sexual assault by a few gangsters to her family and the other villagers . He intends this act to ruin her life and subsequently force her to be his mistress . Learning this , Pandu confronts Pasupathy and warns him that he will face dire consequences if he is found guilty of being involved . - Ali Bhai visits Hyderabad and Narayana . He meets Pandu to discuss the murder of a minister by blowing up a balloon . Pandu rejects this as it would involve killing . At the same time as they are arguing , Qadri arrests Ali Bhai and him . Ali Bhai 's henchmen retaliate by filming Qadri 's daughter as she is into sexual activity by the minister 's son , and release it to the media . They also kidnap her , forcing the police to release Ali Bhai . At the same time , Pandu manages to catch the gangsters who pretended to rape Shruti and she with him . - Qadri 's daughter is and reveals that an undercover police officer , whose father 's name is Suryanarayana , had infiltrated the gang for some time . Ali Bhai kills Suryanarayana 's son , assuming he is the informant . However , Suryanarayana reveals that was his adopted son , and that Pandu is actually Krishna Manohar I. P. S. , his biological son , who had infiltrated his gang at Qadri 's direction . Suryanarayana is killed and Manohar forces Pasupathy to kill Ali Bhai before he initiates his plan to set off bombs across Hyderabad . - Manohar kills Ali Bhai 's henchmen one by one at Mills . Ali Bhai offers Pasupathy a sum to kill Manohar but his attempt fails . In a final confrontation , Manohar kills Ali Bhai by slitting his throat . Qadri 's daughter is saved and when Pasupathy tries to Manohar , he is shot dead by the latter who then says , " commit , " ( English : Once I commit myself , I 'll never back off ) . - - = = Cast = = - - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Origin = = = - - In 2004 , after ' s commercial failure , its director Puri Jagannadh planned a film titled Sri from Company starring Chiranjeevi in the lead role . He later decided that explaining the story to Chiranjeevi , talking him into accepting the role , and filming the movie , would be a long , tiring process . He chose instead to revive the script of Uttam Singh S / O Suryanarayana which he had written during the production of ( 2000 ) . He approached to play the lead role , but he declined it . Later , he approached Ravi Teja who agreed to play the lead ; Babu was to produce the film . However , Teja was approached by , an award winning director , to remake the 2004 Tamil film in Telugu . Teja was eager to be involved in the remake as he liked the original very much . As a result , the production Uttam Singh S / O Suryanarayana was temporarily . Jagannadh meanwhile directed and produced 143 ( 2004 ) . Teja had backed out of participating in it citing scheduling conflicts with other existing commitments . Jagannadh wanted to experiment by casting in the lead role but this too failed to . - On 3 November 2004 , Jagannadh met Mahesh Babu at the Taj Hotel in to outline the film 's plot . It told the story of Uttam Singh , an undercover police officer , infiltrating a mafia gang as a criminal , with the intention of killing its kingpin . Mahesh liked the script but suggested Jagannadh the script 's backdrop to suit the Telugu @-@ speaking peoples ' sensibilities . Jagannadh agreed and also replaced the existing title with Pokiri . Mahesh wanted the film 's production to begin in 2005 allowing him to complete his current commitments . While he waited for Mahesh , Jagannadh directed in Super ( 2005 ) . While reworking the script , Jagannadh took inspiration from ( 1988 ) and State ( 1989 ) . Pokiri was produced jointly by Jagannadh and 's production companies , Academy and Indira Productions respectively , on a budget of ₹ 100 — 120 million . - - = = = Cast and crew = = = - - For Pokiri , Mahesh sported a longer hair style than in his previous films and shed five kilograms of weight . He used a new wardrobe and the same pair of shoes throughout the film . Jagannadh wanted to cast Ayesha Takia as the female lead . Due to a last minute change , the makers opted to replace Takia and considered several actresses including Padukone . Jagannadh approached Parvati to play the female lead . She declined the offer because , at that time , her parents were against her decision to become an actress . He also approached who could not accept the role because of scheduling conflicts with the filming of her scenes in ( 2006 ) . After seeing of D 'Cruz in her Telugu debut ( 2006 ) , Jagannadh signed her as the female lead since he needed a girl who looked like a teenager to play the role of the aerobics teacher . - Prakash Raj and were cast as the film 's primary antagonists . Raj played a mafia kingpin and played a corrupt police officer , a villain 's role he finds more fun to play than that of a hero . Shinde and played the two other principal characters in the film . played the role of the mafia kingpin 's , marking her debut in Telugu cinema . and portrayed negative roles as well , with the former also making his debut in Telugu cinema . Ali played the role of a and shared screen @-@ space with Brahmanandam and . Jagannadh added this trio to the film to provide humour . Master played the role of D 'Cruz 's brother . Mumaith Khan performed an item number in the film . - Jagannadh wrote the film 's story , screenplay and dialogue with Ramesh assisting him as script associate . Though having worked with many times in the past , at Mahesh 's suggestion , Jagannadh instead chose Mani Sharma to compose the film 's music . Shyam K. Naidu was the film 's cinematographer and K. its editor . and Krishna were the film 's art director and executive producer respectively . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Pokiri was shot predominantly in and around Hyderabad , especially in the Annapurna Studios , the aluminium factory near , Hills and the Fort in 100 working days , from November 2005 to April 2006 . Most of the scenes were shot in a single take though it took time for Mahesh to adjust to Jagannadh 's style of filmmaking . Chennai @-@ based stylist Rao designed the costume styling for Mahesh and D 'Cruz . By late February 2006 , eighty percent of the film shoot had been completed with the film 's climax and two songs remaining . This made it Mahesh 's fastest shot Telugu film with him in the lead role . - The song " Gala Gala " was shot in the province of in Thailand , and the city of Bangkok . Prior to the filming of the song " " , Shyam K. Naidu was busy on the set of ( 2007 ) and was unable to shoot it so cinematographer K. V. , who had worked on Mahesh 's ( 2005 ) , was recruited instead . The film 's climax sequences were shot in March 2006 at the defunct Mills located in Chennai under the supervision of . He suggested that Jagannadh include a scene where Prakash Raj fails to hear anything for a while after he is hit by Mahesh during the climax sequence . - Mahesh stated in an interview that he had to shoot the film 's climax and two songs continuously for thirty @-@ eight days , adding that he had to visit a hospital to be treated for shoulder pain . During the shooting of an underwater sequence , a few electrical lights were used . The changed the lines , creating a short circuit which resulted in the death of one of the unit members . Mahesh had gotten out of the pool two seconds before the accident happened which he termed a " miracle " . - - = = Music = = - - The official soundtrack of Pokiri was composed by Mani Sharma , with lyrics written by , and . Jagannadh wanted Sharma to compose six songs , with two duets between the lead pair , three solo numbers by the male lead , and an item number . During the shoot of ( 2003 ) , Jagannadh listened to the song " Listen to the Falling Rain " which sounded like the song " Gala Gala " from the Telugu film ( 1974 ) . He later came to learn that the latter song was inspired by the former , and he decided to reuse the same tune with modernised instruments and different lyrics . Sharma was accused of copying the tune of the song " " composed by Ricky Martin for the song " " sung by Naveen . - The film 's soundtrack , marketed by Music , was released on 4 April 2006 , at Hotel Viceroy in Hyderabad with Mahesh 's father Krishna attending the event as the guest of honour . Sify called the soundtrack a one and chose " Gala Gala " as the pick of the album . IndiaGlitz called it a " run of the mill " album that lacks freshness . The reviewer chose " " , " Gala Gala " and " " as the picks of the album , rating each 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 . rated the soundtrack 3 out of 5 stars and stated : " The first time you hear Pokiri , the sound of it is good ; it doesn 't start to grow on you after a while , but a few of the numbers are and ring in your ears " , calling it a " mixed bag for Mani Sharma " . The reviewer chose " Dole Dole " and " Gala Gala " as the picks of the album , rating each 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 . - - = = Release and reception = = - - Pokiri was scheduled for a worldwide release on 21 April 2006 . Due to delays in post @-@ production activities , the film 's release was postponed to 28 April 2006 , with the release of and . The film received an ' A ' ( Adults only ) certificate from the Central Board of Film for containing obscene sequences and excessive violence . 's Sri Venkateswara Creations , films and Great India films acquired the theatrical distribution rights of Nizam , and overseas regions respectively . Pokiri was one of the fourteen southern Indian films that were screened at the IIFA film festival 2006 held at the Dubai International Convention Centre in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Reviewing the film , The Hindu wrote : " An out and out action flick , one can see the director 's thirst to cash in on the audience craze for such films . Nevertheless it 's Mahesh Babu 's show all the way . " Regarding Mahesh 's performance in the film , of The Hindu wrote : " Mahesh 's understated performance in Pokiri allows him to reclaim the title of a star , more questionable recent career choices " . Sify stated that Pokiri was designed as a : " mass masala which the viewers " . The reviewer added that Mahesh 's screen presence works to the advantage of the film . - stated : " Sporting a new , rugged look , ' Prince ' Mahesh Babu has stolen the show . He carries the film on his shoulders , consolidating his winning streak after last year 's . Another highlight of the film is its well @-@ choreographed action sequences ( if you can digest the violence ) , which give it a slick look . " IndiaGlitz gave a positive review stating : " In Pokiri , the hero is introduced to us a ruthless , part of the huge of mafia . By the time we come to the , there is much twist and turn . If you like some action , fun , glamour and love , then Pokiri would be your kind of film . " - - = = = Box office = = = - - According to Sify , Pokiri took an " extraordinary " opening across the globe and was able to cash in on the four @-@ day weekend holiday . Pokiri was released in a single screen , the theatre in Chennai , where 98 @.@ 5 % of seats were sold putting it in second place in the city 's box office chart , which Sify called an " awesome " feat . The film completed a fifty @-@ day run on 17 June 2006 , in nearly 300 centres and had earned US $ 350 @,@ 000 to become the highest grossing Telugu film in the United States . By July 2006 , the film had earned approximately ₹ 350 — 400 million and become the highest grossing Telugu film of all time . The film earned ₹ 120 million in the Nizam region alone , breaking the previous record set in the region by Indra ( 2002 ) and earned approximately ₹ 25 million at the United States box office . - The film completed a 100 @-@ day run in 200 centres and a 175 @-@ day run in 63 centres . The film completed a 200 @-@ day run in 15 centres , and a 365 @-@ day run at a theatre in Kurnool , becoming the first Telugu film to do so in the last two and a half decades . The film was screened in theatre , Kurnool for 500 days at the rate of four shows per day and collected a share of ₹ 6 million . In its lifetime , Pokiri grossed ₹ 660 million and collected a distributor share of ₹ 420 million at the global box office . It held that position until 2009 when Magadheera pushed it to second place after its nine @-@ day run . - - = = = Awards = = = - - - = = = = - - The film has been remade in various languages across India . The film was remade into Tamil as by Prabhu Deva featuring Vijay and Asin in the lead roles , and marked Deva 's debut as a director of Tamil cinema . Deva remade the film into Hindi as Wanted in 2009 featuring Salman Khan and Ayesha Takia . Wanted became the second highest grossing Hindi film of all time at that point . Pokiri was remade into Kannada as in 2010 by M. D. Sridhar featuring and Subhash in the lead roles . - - = = Legacy = = - - Pokiri 's success elevated Mahesh to super @-@ stardom and brought recognition to Jagannadh as a writer and director . The sequences featuring Brahmanandam as a software engineer , the comedy track of Ali and Brahmanandam , Mahesh asking D 'Cruz to give him at the railway station were acclaimed . The fashion trend of wearing doctor sleeves increased in Andhra Pradesh after Mahesh sported them and they continue to influence fashion even today . After the film 's release , many films were released subsequently that had titles bordering on words including Jagannadh 's next film ( 2006 ) . Mahesh revealed that he became confused after the film 's success : - It was such a huge hit , that if someone came to me with a script , I would approach the result of the film before approaching the character . I only wanted to act in movies that were like Pokiri , I think that was a mistake . It all got to me and I felt that I needed a break from films itself . Initially , I wanted just a seven @-@ month break . I signed after nine months , but it just kept getting delayed and the break ended up becoming a two @-@ year @-@ long holiday . But I didn 't freak out ... I relaxed for the first time in life . - Pokiri was D 'Cruz 's breakthrough film in Telugu . In June 2006 , Trade analyst Sridhar said that the Andhra Pradesh trade felt that her glamour , screen presence , and on @-@ screen chemistry with Mahesh worked to the film 's advantage . called her the " new pin @-@ up girl of Telugu cinema " . Talking about being typecast after her success in ( 2010 ) as its female lead , Samantha Ruth Prabhu cited the example of D 'Cruz being typecast in similar roles after the success of Pokiri saying that it had become mandatory for her to wear a bikini in every film since . - Pokiri was parodied by several films . In , the character Shankar , a saint played by Ali , is seen imitating Mahesh 's from the song " Dole Dole " . Brahmanandam 's introduction scene in the film ( 2008 ) is a spoof of Mahesh 's introduction as a police in Pokiri . The same sequence was in the films ( 2012 ) where the protagonist is named Shiva Manohar I. P. S. , and also in Race ( 2014 ) . In ( 2011 ) , Mahesh is briefly seen as a film director who makes and M. S. Narayana recite the dialogue " mind block , " from Pokiri . The protagonist in ( 2012 ) , a fly , Mahesh 's mannerisms from the song " " after injuring the antagonist played by . - - - = 2008 Bahrain Grand Prix = - - The 2008 Bahrain Grand Prix ( formally the V Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 6 April 2008 at the Bahrain International Circuit , in Sakhir , Bahrain . It was the third race of the 2008 Formula One season . The 57 @-@ lap race was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team . Kimi Räikkönen was second in the other Ferrari , and BMW Sauber driver Robert Kubica was third . - The race began with Kubica in pole position alongside Massa ; Lewis Hamilton , the eventual Drivers ' Champion , started from third , alongside Räikkönen . Kubica was passed by Massa into the first corner , and then by Räikkönen on the third lap . The Ferraris dominated at the front of the race , leading to their one @-@ two finish . Hamilton had a slow start after almost stalling on the grid , and dropped back to ninth . The McLaren driver ran into the back of Fernando Alonso 's Renault a lap later , breaking off the McLaren 's front wing and dropping Hamilton to the back of the field . - Kubica 's strong finish promoted BMW Sauber to the lead in the Constructors ' Championship , after BMW driver Nick Heidfeld finished fourth . Ferrari and McLaren trailed , one and two points behind , respectively . Räikkönen took the lead in the Drivers ' Championship , with 19 points , three points ahead of Heidfeld and five ahead of Hamilton , Kubica and Kovalainen , with 15 races remaining in the season . - - = = Report = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - The Grand Prix was contested by 22 drivers , in 11 teams of two . The teams , also known as " constructors " , were Ferrari , McLaren @-@ Mercedes , Renault , Honda , Force India , BMW Sauber , Toyota , Red Bull Racing , Williams , Toro Rosso and Super . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race ; the softer of the two marked by a single white stripe down one of the grooves . - Prior to the race , McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton led the Drivers ' Championship with 14 points , and Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen was second with 11 points . Behind Hamilton and Räikkönen in the Drivers ' Championship , Nick Heidfeld was third , also with 11 points , in a BMW Sauber , and Hamilton 's McLaren teammate Kovalainen was fourth with 10 points . Heidfeld 's teammate Robert Kubica was fifth with eight points . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren – Mercedes were leading with 24 points , five points ahead of BMW Sauber . Ferrari were third with 11 points . - Ferrari dominated the previous round in Malaysia , where Felipe Massa had claimed pole position , and led his teammate Räikkönen in second place through the opening stages of the race , before spinning off and retiring midway through . Räikkönen went on to win the race , and expressed his optimism about Bahrain : " I have finished third in three successive Prix in Bahrain . Time and again something has gone wrong . Sakhir is one of those circuits where I really want to win . Finally . " - In the opening two races , Massa came under fire from the press for two errors that left him without points : a collision with Red Bull driver David Coulthard in Australia and his spin at Malaysia . Massa promised that the first two races would not be indicative of the rest of the season : " It was not the start to the season that I wanted , but there are still 16 races to go and 160 points up for . In the next few races I plan to get back all the points I have lost in the opening two rounds . " - Hamilton won the opening race in Australia , but managed to finish only fifth after a qualifying penalty and a pit stop in Malaysia . The season began well for Kubica , as he qualified second in Australia and finished second in Malaysia . Kubica predicted his team could maintain their momentum into the third race : " I 'm confident that we can be very competitive here as well . " - A week before the start of the Grand Prix weekend , the News of the World alleged that Max Mosley , the president of Formula One 's governing body , the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) , had engaged in sexual acts with five prostitutes . While Mosley denied the allegations , he cancelled his scheduled appearance at the Bahrain Grand Prix . Several teams condemned Mosley 's alleged actions and asked for his resignation , and while for a time the controversy threatened to overshadow the race , Mosley eventually retained his position and successfully sued the News of the World for the report . - - = = = Practice and qualifying = = = - - Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — two on Friday , and a third on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted 90 minutes . The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour . The Ferraris the other teams in the first session on a dusty track surrounded by the sand dune desert of Sakhir . Massa 's time of 1 : 32 @.@ 233 was quicker than Räikkönen 's , who was slowed down by an early across the sand , requiring a pit stop . Nico Rosberg of Williams , Hamilton , McLaren driver Kovalainen , Williams driver Nakajima and Kubica rounded out the top seven . In the second session , Hamilton lost control of his car and sideways into a wall . Hamilton emerged unharmed from the collision , but his McLaren suffered significant damage . Except for the crash , the second session ended like the first : once again , Massa led Räikkönen to Ferrari one @-@ two , ahead of Kovalainen , Hamilton and Kubica . The third session was again held on a dusty track , where Rosberg was quickest with a time of 1 : 32 @.@ 521 . Massa took second , ahead of Red Bull driver Mark Webber , Toyota driver Trulli , David Coulthard of Red Bull , Nakajima and Kubica . Räikkönen was ninth quickest , and Hamilton 18th . - The qualifying session on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts . The first part ran for 20 minutes , and cars that finished the session 17th position or lower were eliminated from qualifying . The second part of the qualifying session lasted 15 minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions 11 to 16 . The final part of the qualifying session determined the positions from first to tenth , and decided pole position . Cars which failed to make the final session could refuel before the race , so ran lighter in those sessions . Cars which competed in the final session of qualifying were not allowed to refuel before the race , and as such carried more fuel than in the previous sessions . - Kubica clinched the first pole position of his career with a time of 1 : 33 @.@ . Massa qualified less than 0 @.@ 03 seconds behind the BMW and joined Kubica on the front row of the grid . Hamilton took third place , using his team 's spare chassis ; Räikkönen was next quickest , and despite being critical of his car 's set @-@ up was confident in its racing ability . Kovalainen would line up fifth on the grid alongside Heidfeld , who had trouble performance from his tyres . Trulli took seventh place , ahead of Rosberg and Honda driver Jenson Button . Renault driver Fernando Alonso was the last driver to make the third session ; Webber missed out on the top ten by 0 @.@ seconds and would start the race in 11th position . Button 's teammate Rubens took 12th place after a problem interrupted his second session laps , ahead of Glock of Toyota , Nelson Piquet of Renault and Toro Rosso driver Bourdais . Nakajima was the slowest of the second session drivers , and took 16th . Coulthard qualified 17th , ahead of Giancarlo Fisichella of Force India . Toro Rosso driver Sebastian Vettel took 19th , and blamed his set @-@ up : " I felt it was more a case of the car driving me than me driving the car . " Fisichella 's teammate Adrian Sutil qualified 20th , ahead of Anthony Davidson of Super . Davidson 's teammate Sato spun out and crashed into the barriers . Sato 's accident damaged his rear wing and suspension and left him unable to continue in the session . - - = = = Race = = = - - The weather and conditions on the grid were before dry for the race . The air temperature was 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) with signs of a breeze which could blow sand onto the track and impede the cars ' grip . Massa got the best start of the frontrunners off the line , as he passed Kubica into the first corner to take the lead . Hamilton 's poor start caused his anti @-@ stall system to kick in , and he was passed by six drivers to fall back to ninth . Räikkönen benefited from Hamilton 's start by moving up to third , ahead of Kovalainen , Trulli and Heidfeld . As Massa extended his lead at the front of the race , Hamilton , who trailed Alonso , collided with the back of the Renault , knocking the McLaren 's front wing off the car . Suffering handling difficulties , Hamilton returned to the pit @-@ lane for a new nose section , and rejoined in 18th place . Räikkönen took second place when he passed Kubica on lap three ; Heidfeld took fourth when he passed Trulli and Kovalainen in separate manoeuvres . Further down the field , Vettel retired from the race on the first lap after twice colliding with other cars ; Button , Sutil and Coulthard pitted to repair early damage . - By lap 10 , Massa had opened his lead over Räikkönen to 4 @.@ 4 seconds , ahead of Kubica , Heidfeld , Kovalainen and Trulli . Kubica was the first of the frontrunners to pit , on lap 17 . Räikkönen and Trulli followed on lap 20 ; Massa pitted from the lead one lap later . Following the first round of pit stops , the gap between the Ferraris was 5 @.@ 4 seconds , however by lap 31 Räikkönen had closed to within four seconds of his teammate . Massa held a 3 @.@ 6 second lead over Räikkönen when the two Ferraris pitted for the final time on laps 39 and 38 , respectively , and Massa retained his lead into the final stint . Kubica pitted on lap 41 , Heidfeld on lap 45 , and Kovalainen on lap 47 . - Coulthard and Button collided on lap 18 when Button attempted to pass the Red Bull on the inside at turn eight ; the Honda lost its front wing and retired a lap later after two pit stops . Hamilton continued his climb back through the field ; he moved from 18th , passing Piquet , Davidson , Sutil and Bourdais in separate manoeuvres , to sit in 14th by the time he pitted on lap 31 . Piquet retired on lap 42 with transmission failure , requiring a change before the next race . - Massa took his first win of the season when he crossed the line at the end of the 57th lap , 3 @.@ 3 seconds ahead of the second @-@ placed Räikkönen . Kubica took third , ahead of his teammate Heidfeld , and Kovalainen , who set the fastest lap of the race on lap 49 , with a time of 1 : 33 @.@ 193 , despite being slower than the frontrunners for much of the race . Trulli , Webber , Glock and Alonso rounded out the top ten , after Glock 's Toyota held off a quick Alonso late in the race . and Fisichella finished strongly , ahead of Hamilton , who managed only 13th . Nakajima , Bourdais , Davidson and Sato took the next four places ; Coulthard and Sutil finished last on track after their respective crashes demoted them to the back of the field . Vettel , Button and Piquet were the three from the race . - - = = = Post @-@ race = = = - - The top three appeared on the podium and in the subsequent press conference , where Massa appeared relieved : " For sure the race was pretty difficult because I didn 't want to make any mistakes . I didn 't push as much either , just tried to bring the car home and just controlling the pace as well . " Massa said that he struggled with grip early , owing to oil in the middle sector of the course . Räikkönen 's second place promoted him to the lead in the Drivers ' Championship , and he expressed his optimism about future races : - The whole weekend has been pretty difficult , one of those things when we cannot really get the car right ... We are leading the Championship which is the main thing and we know that we have the speed once we get everything right . The race was quite difficult but I am happy with second . - Kubica said that his poor start was due to off the line , and the presence of oil on the track impeded the performance of his car , leading to Räikkönen 's pass : " But anyway I think it was a good result : third and fourth for the team and leading the Constructors ' Championship , so it was good weekend . " - Hamilton accepted responsibility for his near stall on the grid : " I hadn 't hit the switch early enough and therefore we were not in the launch map and went straight into anti @-@ stall , and when everyone else was in their launch mode , I wasn 't . " Renault dismissed suggestions that Alonso had brake tested Hamilton in the incident that led to the McLaren 's wing breaking off . Pat , Renault 's head of engineering , said his team 's indicated Alonso was on full down the straight , and had not touched the brakes : " I think all I can say from our side is that there is no blame attributable to Fernando , which is what some of the speculation might be . " McLaren F1 CEO Martin said that Hamilton 's front wing had broken seconds before the impact , and that the resulting reduction had sucked Hamilton into Alonso 's faster than expected . However , photos indicate that the front wing on the McLaren could have broken even earlier when Hamilton a car ( believed to be Alonso ) on the opening lap . The later incident left Alonso with damage to the back of the car , his attempts to pass Glock late in the race . - Räikkönen 's second @-@ placed finish gave him a three @-@ point lead over Heidfeld in the Drivers ' Championship , with 19 points , ahead of Hamilton , Kubica and Kovalainen , each with 14 points . BMW Sauber 's strong performance gave them the lead in the Constructors ' Championship , with 30 points , ahead of Ferrari with 29 points and McLaren with 28 points . - - = = Classification = = - - - = = = Qualifying = = = - - - = = = Race = = = - - - = = Championship standings after the race = = - - Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . - - - = Kalyanasundara = - - Kalyanasundara ( ् ् , literally " beautiful marriage " ) , also spelt as and , and known as Kalyanasundara @-@ murti ( " icon of the beautiful marriage " ) , @-@ murti ( @-@ ् , " icon " ) and @-@ murti ( ् @-@ ् ) ( " icon related to panigrahana ritual " ) , is the depiction of the wedding of the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati . The couple are often depicted performing the panigrahana ( " accepting the hand " ) ritual of a Hindu wedding , where the groom accepts the bride by taking her right hand in his . - The couple , depicted in the centre , are accompanied by a host of divinities and other celestial beings . The god Vishnu and his wife Lakshmi are often pictured as giving away the bride to Shiva . The god Brahma is shown as the officiating priest . - The Kalyanasundara icon is not the object of popular worship and is usually used only in the celebrations of the divine marriage in annual temple festivals . However , Kalyanasundara scenes are found across India in caves , sculptures and on temple walls . - - = = Legend = = - - Various Hindu scriptures narrate the story of the union of Shiva and Parvati , with some variation . After the death of his first wife Sati , Shiva withdrew from society and himself in deep . Taking advantage of the situation , the ( demon ) king Tarakasura secured from the god Brahma the that he could be killed only by the son of Shiva . Believing himself effectively immortal , Tarakasura the beings of the universe and defeated the gods . Meanwhile , Parvati , the reincarnation of Sati , was born to , the god of the Himalayas and his wife the Mena . She underwent severe to Shiva to marry her . The gods , desperate to hasten the birth of Shiva 's son , sent , the god of love , to Shiva 's meditation . Though Shiva was , was burnt up by Shiva 's . by the other gods to marry , Shiva agreed , but decided to test Parvati 's devotion first . The ( the seven sages ) approached Parvati and mocked Shiva to dissuade her ; however Parvati remained resolute . Then Shiva himself , disguised as an old ascetic , visited Parvati and vilified himself in her presence . As an angry Parvati was about to leave , Shiva revealed his true form to her and promised to marry her , pleased with her love and devotion . The couple married and produced a son , Kartikeya , who subsequently Tarakasura . - - = = Iconography = = - - - = = = descriptions = = = - - The texts like the , the @-@ and the @-@ prescribe the iconography of the icon . - A young four @-@ armed Shiva and a beautiful two @-@ armed Parvati should be the central figures , performing the panigrahana ( " accepting the hand " ) ritual of a Hindu wedding , where the groom accepts the bride by taking her right hand in his . Shiva stands in posture , with one of his legs straight and firmly on the ground and the other one slightly bent . Shiva wears a @-@ ( a headdress formed of , matted hair ) on his head , adorned with a crescent moon . He wears serpents as , as a waist band and as a necklace . Various gold ornaments adorn his body . His back hands carry a ( axe ) and a ( deer ) . His front left hand makes the ( " blessing @-@ giving gesture " ) and his front right hand is stretched ahead to receive the hand of the bride . A dark @-@ Parvati , adorned in silk and gold finery , stands to the left of Shiva , with her head bent slightly as she extends her right arm to hold Shiva 's right hand . She holds a ( blue lotus ) in her left arm . - The god Vishnu and his consorts Lakshmi and should be represented as taking the place of Parvati 's parents in the ceremony . The four @-@ armed Vishnu should be shown in the background in between Shiva and Parvati ; in one of his front hands is a golden pot from which he water over the hands of the couple , symbolizing giving away the bride to the groom . He holds his usual attributes , the ( discus ) and a ( ) , in his back arms . Vishnu 's wives , dressed in royal finery , stand behind Parvati and hold her waist , symbolizing the handing over . - The four @-@ headed god Brahma should be shown seated on the ground in the foreground officiating as the wedding priest and making offerings to the ( sacred fire ) in the ( fire @-@ altar ) . The four @-@ armed god holds a and ( sacrificial and spoon ) in his front arms and a ( water @-@ pot ) and ( rosary ) in his back arms . The presence of the fire also indicates another important ritual of the Hindu wedding , ( " seven steps " ) where the bride and groom go around the fire seven times . - The figure of Shiva should be tallest , followed by that of Vishnu , Parvati and Vishnu 's wives . Various deities like the eight guardians of the directions , the eight , the seven goddesses , celestial beings such as and , sages and may be depicted standing with folded arms in the background . - - = = = Depictions = = = - - The complete scene of the wedding is not always depicted . Sometimes , only the principal participants are shown . Chola bronzes featuring only Shiva and Parvati as described in the wedding scene are found . South Indian sculptures , like those from , feature only the couple and Vishnu . In this configuration , Parvati is depicted in the centre with Vishnu on the left giving away her hand to Shiva on the right . Sometimes as in the Elephanta Caves , Parvati 's biological father , instead of Vishnu , is depicted giving away his daughter to Shiva . - Other deviations from the texts may appear in the attributes held by the divine couple . Parvati may hold a mirror , instead of the lotus . Shiva may be shown holding the ( trident ) and ( drum ) in his back hands . Regional variations in iconography may also occur . In Bengal , Shiva holds a ( knife ) , the ceremonial weapon that a Hindu groom from Bengal is expected to carry in a wedding . - Various wedding guests are depicted in the scene . Shiva 's attendant enjoy the festivities ; playing drums or dancing . The ( vehicles ) of the couple , Shiva 's bull Nandi and Parvati 's lion , are sometimes pictured in the scene . In vertical panel depictions , the celestial guests are often shown flying over Shiva and Parvati . While the gods are pictured flying on their respective ( e.g. Indra on his elephant , Agni on a ram ) and with their consorts ; semi @-@ divine beings like fly without vehicles . An anachronism found in a few Kalyanasundara scenes is the presence of the yet @-@ children of Shiva and Parvati , Ganesha and . Examples of this anachronism are found at the Cave of , and in a 9th @-@ century sculpture from Uttar Pradesh now housed in Los Angeles County Museum of Art . - - = = Worship = = - - Though Kalyanasundara icons are found across India in caves , sculptures and temple walls , no sect is centred on their worship . The icon is a popular feature on temple ( temple towers ) . - In South Indian Shiva temples like those in and , the bronze Kalyanasundara images of Shiva and Parvati are used in annual temple festivals to commemorate the divine union . Special halls are reserved for the annual ceremonial wedding of the deities . The Kalyanasundara bronzes are used only in this festival and kept unused the rest of the year . - At the Temple , women worship the Kalyanasundara sculpture to find husbands . - Kalyanasundara is worshipped in as god of . The idols of Lord in the form of Kalyanasundara and is worshipped by the unmarried men and women for early marriage . There are also people who have completed the marriages come here to complete rituals . - - - = SS El Sol = - - SS El Sol was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the Morgan Line , a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company . During World War I , she was known as El Sol in service with the United States Army and as USS El Sol ( @-@ ) in service with the United States Navy . At the end of war , she reverted to her original name of SS El Sol . - SS El Sol was one of four sister ships that carried cargo and a limited number of passengers for the Morgan Line . She was acquired by the U.S. Army after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , and converted to carry horses and mules to France . In August 1918 , the ship was transferred to the U.S. Navy and continued transporting animals through the end of the war . - El Sol returned to the Morgan Line in 1919 and sailed with them until March 1927 , when she sank in New York Harbor after colliding with Sac City of the American Diamond Line . A portion of the ship 's cargo was salvaged but the ship was scrapped later in the year . - - = = Early career = = - - SS El Sol was a cargo and passenger steamship launched on 11 May 1910 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. of Newport News , Virginia ( yard no . 130 ) , and delivered to the Atlantic division of the Morgan Line on 20 August 1910 . She was the first of four sister ships ; the other three being El Mundo , El Oriente , and El . El Sol was 6 @,@ 008 gross register tons ( ) , was 430 feet 1 inch ( 131 @.@ 09 m ) long by 53 feet 1 inch ( 16 @.@ 18 m ) abeam , and made 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) . The vessel sailed for the Morgan Line , the brand name of the Southern Pacific Company ( a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad ) , which employed her to carry cargo and a limited number of passengers between New York ; New Orleans , the eastern terminus of the Southern Pacific line ; and Galveston , Texas . - - = = World War I = = - - After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 , El Sol was by the United States Shipping Board ( ) on behalf of the United States Army , who designated her as an animal transport ship . Although there is no information about the specific conversion of El Sol , for other ships this typically meant that any second- or third @-@ class passenger accommodations had to be ripped out and replaced with ramps and for the horses and mules carried . - Sources do not reveal all of El Sol 's movements , but it is known that she departed on her second trip to France from Newport News on 10 February 1918 . 650 animals , El Sol headed to New York to join in a convoy with fellow Army transport , and U.S. Navy troop transports Covington , , , George Washington , President Grant , and Susquehanna . The convoy was escorted by Huntington when it departed from New York on 18 February , and arrived at Saint @-@ Nazaire on 4 March . Ten animals on board El Sol died or were destroyed during the crossing . - The next recorded activity of El Sol was on 3 August , when she was transferred from the Army to the U.S. Navy and commissioned the same day with Lieutenant Commander G. Anderson , , in command . El Sol was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) and continued to carry animals and supplies for the U.S. Army . - By August , each animal transport ship had a transport veterinarian and a permanent detachment to care for the animals while on board the ship . El Sol had also been joined by two of her sister ships , El Oriente and El in animal transport duty . She next departed Newport News on 23 August 1918 with 520 horses and mules on board . Upon arrival at Saint @-@ Nazaire on 19 September , El Sol delivered her complete load of animals ; none had died during the passage . After returning to the U.S. , El Sol departed again on 30 October with another 620 animals on board . in on 13 November — two days after the Armistice — she again delivered her full load of animals . - El Sol made two more for the NOTS over the next five months . While returning to the United States from her last NOTS sailing in late March 1919 , El Sol responded to distress calls from Scranton , a Navy troop transport which had a damaged rudder and was disabled . El Sol came to the aid of the stricken ship , which was 900 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 700 km ) east of New York , to attempt to take her under tow . During the day on 28 March , Scranton attempted to run a to El Sol by sending a launch in the rolling seas , but it capsized , killing three men . Ultimately , El Sol stood by Scranton for over 40 hours until minesweeper Penguin arrived and took Scranton under tow . - At the conclusion of her last NOTS voyage on 3 April , El Sol was converted to a troop transport and assigned to the Navy 's Cruiser and Transport Force on 15 April . El Sol returned 2 @,@ healthy and wounded American servicemen from France in two . on 18 September , El Sol was returned to the Morgan Line soon after . - - = = Postwar civilian service = = - - El Sol resumed cargo service with the Morgan Line , where she had 8 years of uneventful operation . On 11 March 1927 , however , El Sol was inbound to New York with a $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cargo of pig iron , copper , and of cotton . When a heavy fog settled over New York Harbor , Captain Charles H. Knowles ordered his ship to anchor until the fog cleared . As El Sol was being into position at about 07 : 45 , the American Diamond Line ship Sac City hit a glancing blow to El Sol , bounced off and then struck El Sol a second time , through El Sol 's plating . Sac City 's bow had some slight damage , but El Sol sank quickly in about 60 feet ( 18 m ) of water about a half @-@ mile ( 800 m ) south of the Statue of Liberty . Out of El Sol 's crew of 45 men , 44 were rescued ; the ship 's carpenter , who could not swim , was last seen clutching the ship 's rail as it went below the surface . - El Sol settled on the bottom at a 45 ° angle with only the tops of her masts protruding above the surface ; the Morgan Line house flag — a blue house flag with a red M inside a white star — still in the breeze . Even though the sunken vessel was not considered a hazard to navigation , in another fog two days later a Island nearly hit El Sol 's wreck . - In a hearings before the United States Service , Captain Knowles of El Sol and the captain of Sac City were both cleared of wrongdoing in the collision , and the blame was laid on the heavy fog . On 31 July , The New York Times reported on the cargo salvage operations still underway on the wreck of El Sol . In three months of continuous operations , the salvage company reported that about 35 % of the sunken ship 's cargo had been recovered . The of El Sol was scrapped later in 1927 . - - - = Hoover Dam = - - Hoover Dam , once known as Boulder Dam , is a concrete arch @-@ gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona . It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30 , 1935 , by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers , and cost over one hundred lives . The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover . - Since about 1900 , the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods , provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power . In 1928 , Congress authorized the project . The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies , Inc . , which began construction on the dam in early 1931 . Such a large concrete structure had never been built before , and some of the techniques were unproven . The summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties . Nevertheless , Six Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on March 1 , 1936 , more than two years ahead of schedule . - Hoover Dam Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the United States by volume . The dam is located near Boulder City , Nevada , a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , Nevada . The dam 's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada , Arizona , and California . Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction ; nearly a million people tour the dam each year . The heavily travelled U.S. 93 ran along the dam 's crest until October 2010 , when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Search for resources = = = - - As the United States developed the Southwest , the Colorado River was seen as a potential source of irrigation water . An initial attempt at diverting the river for irrigation purposes occurred in the late 1890s , when land speculator William Beatty built the Canal just north of the Mexican border ; the canal dipped into Mexico before running to a desolate area Beatty named the Imperial Valley . Though water from the Imperial Canal allowed for the widespread settlement of the valley , the canal proved expensive to maintain . After a catastrophic breach that caused the Colorado River to fill the Sea , the Southern Pacific Railroad spent $ 3 million in 1906 – 07 to stabilize the waterway , an amount it hoped would be by the Federal Government . Even after the waterway was stabilized , it proved unsatisfactory because of constant disputes with landowners on the Mexican side of the border . - As the technology of electric power transmission improved , the Lower Colorado was considered for its hydroelectric @-@ power potential . In 1902 , the Edison Electric Company of Los Angeles surveyed the river in the hope of building a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) rock dam which could generate 10 @,@ 000 horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . However , at the time , the limit of transmission of electric power was 80 miles ( 130 km ) , and there were few customers ( mostly mines ) within that limit . Edison allowed land options it held on the river to lapse — including an option for what became the site of Hoover Dam . - In the following years , the Bureau of Reclamation ( BOR ) , known as the Reclamation Service at the time , also considered the Lower Colorado as the site for a dam . Service chief Arthur Powell Davis proposed using dynamite to collapse the walls of Boulder Canyon , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of the eventual dam site , into the river . The river would carry off the smaller pieces of debris , and a dam would be built incorporating the remaining rubble . In 1922 , after considering it for several years , the Reclamation Service finally rejected the proposal , citing doubts about the unproven technique and questions as to whether it would in fact save money . - - = = = Planning and agreements = = = - - In 1922 , the Reclamation Service presented a report calling for the development of a dam on the Colorado River for flood control and electric power generation . The report was principally authored by Davis , and was called the Fall @-@ Davis report after Interior Secretary Albert Fall . The Fall @-@ Davis report cited use of the Colorado River as a federal concern , because the river 's basin covered several states , and the river eventually entered Mexico . Though the Fall @-@ Davis report called for a dam " at or near Boulder Canyon " , the Reclamation Service ( which was renamed the Bureau of Reclamation the following year ) found that canyon unsuitable . One potential site at Boulder Canyon was by a geologic fault ; two others were so narrow there was no space for a construction camp at the bottom of the canyon or for a spillway . The Service investigated Black Canyon and found it ideal ; a railway could be laid from the railhead in Las Vegas to the top of the dam site . Despite the site change , the dam project was referred to as the " Boulder Canyon Project " . - With little guidance on water allocation from the Supreme Court , proponents of the dam feared endless litigation . A Colorado attorney proposed that the seven states which fell within the river 's basin ( California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , New Mexico , Colorado and Wyoming ) form an compact , with the approval of Congress . Such were authorized by Article I of the United States Constitution but had never been concluded among more than two states . In 1922 , representatives of seven states met with then @-@ Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . Initial talks produced no result , but when the Supreme Court handed down the Wyoming v. Colorado decision the claims of the upstream states , they became anxious to reach an agreement . The resulting Colorado River Compact was signed on November 24 , 1922 . - Legislation to authorize the dam was introduced repeatedly by Representative Phil Swing ( R @-@ . ) and Senator Johnson ( R @-@ . ) , but representatives from other parts of the country considered the project as hugely expensive and one that would mostly benefit California . The 1927 Mississippi flood made Midwestern and Southern and more sympathetic toward the dam project . On March 12 , 1928 , the failure of the St. Francis Dam , constructed by the city of Los Angeles , caused a disastrous flood that killed up to 600 people . As that dam was a curved @-@ gravity type , similar in design to the arch @-@ gravity as was proposed for the Black Canyon dam , opponents claimed that the Black Canyon dam 's safety could not be guaranteed . Congress authorized a board of engineers to review plans for the proposed dam . The Colorado River Board found the project feasible , but warned that should the dam fail , every downstream Colorado River community would be destroyed , and that the river might change course and empty into the Sea . The Board cautioned : " To avoid such possibilities , the proposed dam should be constructed on conservative if not ultra @-@ conservative lines . " - On December 21 , 1928 President signed the bill authorizing the dam . The Boulder Canyon Project Act appropriated $ 165 million for the Hoover Dam along with the downstream Imperial Dam and All @-@ American Canal , a replacement for Beatty 's canal entirely on the U.S. side of the border . It also permitted the compact to go into effect when at least six of the seven states approved it . This occurred on March 6 , 1929 with Utah 's ratification ; Arizona did not approve it until 1944 . - - = = = Design , preparation and contracting = = = - - Even before Congress approved the Boulder Canyon Project , the Bureau of Reclamation was considering what kind of dam should be used . Officials eventually decided on a massive concrete arch @-@ gravity dam , the design of which was overseen by the Bureau 's chief design engineer John L. Savage . The dam would be thick at the bottom and thin near the top , and would present a convex face towards the water above the dam . The curving arch of the dam would transmit the water 's force into the abutments , in this case the rock walls of the canyon . The wedge @-@ shaped dam would be 660 ft ( 200 m ) thick at the bottom , narrowing to 45 ft ( 14 m ) at the top , leaving room for a highway connecting Nevada and Arizona . - On January 10 , 1931 , the Bureau made the bid documents available to interested parties , at five dollars a copy . The government was to provide the materials ; but the contractor was to prepare the site and build the dam . The dam was described in minute detail , covering 100 pages of text and 76 drawings . A $ 2 million bid bond was to accompany each bid ; the winner would have to post a $ 5 million performance bond . The contractor had seven years to build the dam , or penalties would ensue . - The Brothers , heads of the Utah Construction Company , were interested in bidding on the project , but lacked the money for the performance bond . They lacked sufficient resources even in combination with their longtime partners , Morrison @-@ , which employed the nation 's leading dam builder , Frank Crowe . They formed a joint venture to bid for the project with Pacific Bridge Company of Portland , Oregon ; Henry J. Kaiser & W. A. Company of San Francisco ; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd. of Los Angeles ; and the Shea Company of Portland , Oregon . The joint venture was called Six Companies , Inc. as and Kaiser were considered one company for purposes of 6 in the name . The name was descriptive and was an inside joke among the San Franciscans in the bid , where " Six Companies " was also a Chinese benevolent association in the city . There were three valid bids , and Six Companies ' bid of $ 48 @,@ 890 @,@ was the lowest , within $ 24 @,@ 000 of the government estimate of what the dam would cost to build , and five million dollars less than the next @-@ lowest bid . - The city of Las Vegas had lobbied hard to be the headquarters for the dam construction , closing its many when the decision maker , Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur came to town . Instead , Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site . This town became known as Boulder City , Nevada . Construction of a rail line joining Las Vegas and the dam site began in September 1930 . - - = = Construction = = - - - = = = Labor force = = = - - Soon after the dam was authorized , increasing numbers of unemployed people on southern Nevada . Las Vegas , then a small city of some 5 @,@ 000 , saw between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 unemployed descend on it . A government camp was established for and other personnel near the dam site ; this soon became surrounded by a squatters ' camp . Known as , the camp was home to men hoping for work on the project , together with their families . Another camp , on the flats along the Colorado River , was officially called , but was known to its inhabitants as " " . When construction began , Six Companies hired large numbers of workers , with more than 3 @,@ 000 on the by 1932 and with employment peaking at 5 @,@ 251 in July 1934 . " Mongolian " ( Chinese ) labor was prevented by the construction contract , while the number of blacks employed by Six Companies never exceeded thirty , mostly lowest @-@ pay @-@ scale laborers in a segregated crew , who were issued separate water buckets . - As part of the contract , Six Companies , Inc. was to build Boulder City to house the workers . The original timetable called for Boulder City to be built before the dam project began , but President Hoover ordered work on the dam to begin in March 1931 rather than in October . The company built , attached to the canyon wall , to house 480 single men at what became known as River Camp . Workers with families were left to provide their own accommodations until Boulder City could be completed , and many lived in . The site of Hoover Dam extremely hot weather , and the summer of 1931 was especially , with the daytime high averaging 119 @.@ 9 ° F ( 48 @.@ 8 ° C ) . Sixteen workers and other residents died of heat between June 25 and July 26 , 1931 . - The Industrial Workers of the World ( or " " ) , though much @-@ reduced from their as militant labor organizers in the early years of the century , hoped to the Six Companies workers by on their discontent . They sent eleven organizers , several of whom were arrested by Las Vegas police . On August 7 , 1931 , the company cut wages for all tunnel workers . Although the workers sent away the organizers , not wanting to be associated with the " " , they formed a committee to represent them with the company . The committee drew up a list of demands that evening and presented them to Crowe the following morning . He was . The workers hoped that Crowe , the general superintendent of the job , would be sympathetic ; instead he gave a scathing interview to a newspaper , describing the workers as " " . - On the morning of the 9th , Crowe met with the committee and told them that management refused their demands , was stopping all work , and was laying off the entire work force , except for a few office workers and carpenters . The workers were given until 5 p.m. to the premises . Concerned that a violent confrontation was imminent , most workers took their and left for Las Vegas to await developments . Two days later , the remainder were talked into leaving by law enforcement . On August 13 , the company began hiring workers again , and two days later , the strike was called off . While the workers received none of their demands , the company guaranteed there would be no further reductions in wages . Living conditions began to improve as the first residents moved into Boulder City in late 1931 . - A second labor action took place in July 1935 , as construction on the dam wound down . When a Six Companies manager altered working times to force workers to take lunch on their own time , workers responded with a strike . by Crowe 's reversal of the lunch decree , workers raised their demands to include a $ 1 @-@ per @-@ day raise . The company agreed to ask the Federal government to supplement the pay , but no money was forthcoming from Washington . The strike ended . - - = = = River diversion = = = - - Before the dam could be built , the Colorado River needed to be diverted away from the construction site . To accomplish this , four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls , two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side . These tunnels were 56 ft ( 17 m ) in diameter . Their combined length was nearly 16 @,@ 000 ft , or more than 3 miles ( 5 km ) . The contract required these tunnels to be completed by October 1 , 1933 , with a $ 3 @,@ 000 @-@ per @-@ day fine to be assessed for any delay . To meet the deadline , Six Companies had to complete work by early 1933 , since only in late fall and winter was the water level in the river low enough to safely divert . - began at the lower portals of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931 . Shortly afterward , work began on two similar tunnels in the Arizona canyon wall . In March 1932 , work began on lining the tunnels with concrete . First the base , or , was poured . cranes , running on rails through the entire length of each tunnel were used to place the concrete . The were poured next . sections of steel forms were used for the . Finally , using guns , the were filled in . The concrete lining is 3 feet ( 1 m ) thick , reducing the finished tunnel diameter to 50 ft ( 15 m ) . The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13 , 1932 ; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water . This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked . - Following the completion of the dam , the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete . The downstream halves of the tunnels following the inner are now the main bodies of the spillway tunnels . The inner diversion tunnels were at approximately one @-@ third of their length , beyond which they now carry steel pipes connecting the intake towers to the power plant and outlet works . The inner tunnels ' outlets are equipped with gates that can be closed to drain the tunnels for maintenance . - - = = = , rock clearance and grout curtain = = = - - To protect the construction site from the Colorado River and to facilitate the river 's diversion , two cofferdams were constructed . Work on the upper cofferdam began in September 1932 , even though the river had not yet been diverted . The cofferdams were designed to protect against the possibility of the river flooding a site at which two thousand men might be at work , and their specifications were covered in the bid documents in nearly as much detail as the dam itself . The upper cofferdam was 96 ft ( 29 m ) high , and 750 feet ( 230 m ) thick at its base , as thicker than the dam itself . It contained 650 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 500 @,@ 000 m3 ) of material . - When the cofferdams were in place and the construction site was drained of water , excavation for the dam foundation began . For the dam to rest on solid rock , it was necessary to remove accumulated erosion soils and other loose materials in the riverbed until sound bedrock was reached . Work on the foundation excavations was completed in June 1933 . During this excavation , approximately 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 m3 ) of material was removed . Since the dam was an arch @-@ gravity type , the side @-@ walls of the canyon would bear the force of the lake . Therefore , the side @-@ walls were excavated too , to reach virgin rock as weathered rock might provide pathways for water seepage . - The men who removed this rock were called " high scalers " . While suspended from the top of the canyon with ropes , the high @-@ scalers climbed down the canyon walls and removed the loose rock with and dynamite . Falling objects were the most common cause of death on the dam site ; the high scalers ' work thus helped ensure worker safety . One high was able to save life in a more direct manner : when a government lost his grip on a safety line and began tumbling down a slope towards almost certain death , a high was able to intercept him and pull him into the air . The construction site had , even then , become a magnet for tourists ; the high scalers were prime attractions and showed off for the . The high scalers received considerable media attention , with one worker dubbed the " Human " for swinging co @-@ workers ( and , at other times , cases of dynamite ) across the canyon . To protect themselves against falling objects , some high scalers took cloth hats and dipped them in tar , allowing them to harden . When workers wearing such headgear were struck hard enough to inflict broken jaws , they sustained no skull damage , Six Companies ordered thousands of what initially were called " hard boiled hats " ( later " hard hats " ) and strongly encouraged their use . - The cleared , underlying rock foundation of the dam site was reinforced with grout , called a grout curtain . were driven into the walls and base of the canyon , as deep as 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the rock , and any cavities encountered were to be filled with grout . This was done to stabilize the rock , to prevent water from seeping past the dam through the canyon rock , and to limit " " — upward pressure from water seeping under the dam . The workers were under severe time constraints due to the beginning of the concrete pour , and when they encountered hot springs or cavities too large to readily fill , they moved on without resolving the problem . A total of 58 of the 393 holes were incompletely filled . After the dam was completed and the lake began to fill , large numbers of significant leaks into the dam caused the Bureau of Reclamation to look into the situation . It found that the work had been incompletely done , and was based on less than a full understanding of the canyon 's geology . New holes were drilled from inspection galleries inside the dam into the surrounding bedrock . It took nine years ( 1938 – 47 ) under relative secrecy to complete the supplemental grout curtain . - - = = = Concrete = = = - - The first concrete was poured into the dam on June 6 , 1933 , 18 months ahead of schedule . Since concrete and contracts as it , the potential for uneven cooling and contraction of the concrete posed a serious problem . Bureau of Reclamation engineers calculated that if the dam was built in a single continuous pour , the concrete would take 125 years to cool and the resulting stresses would cause the dam to crack and crumble . Instead , the ground where the dam was to rise was marked with , and concrete blocks in columns were poured , some as large as 50 ft square ( 15 m ) and 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) high . Each five @-@ foot form contained a series of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) steel pipes through which first cool river water , then later ice @-@ cold water from a plant was run . When an individual block had cured and had stopped contracting , the pipes were filled with grout . was also used to fill the hairline spaces between columns , which were grooved to increase the strength of the joins . - The concrete was delivered in huge steel buckets 7 feet high ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) and almost 7 feet in diameter ; Crowe was awarded two patents for their design . These buckets , which weighed 20 short tons ( 18 t ) when full , were filled at two massive concrete plants on the Nevada side , and were delivered to the site in special . The buckets were then suspended from aerial , which were used to deliver the bucket to a specific column . As the required grade of aggregate in the concrete differed depending on placement in the dam ( from pea @-@ sized gravel to 9 @-@ inch or 23 cm stones ) , it was vital that the bucket be to the proper column . When the bottom of the bucket opened up , 8 cu yd ( 6 @.@ 1 m3 ) of concrete , a team of men worked it throughout the form . Although there are myths that men were caught in the pour and are in the dam to this day , each bucket only deepened the concrete in a form by an inch , and Six Companies engineers would not have permitted a flaw caused by the presence of a human body . - A total of 3 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 2 @,@ 480 @,@ 000 m3 ) of concrete was used in the dam before concrete pouring ceased on May 29 , 1935 . In addition , 1 @,@ 110 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 850 @,@ 000 m3 ) were used in the power plant and other works . More than miles ( km ) of cooling pipes were placed within the concrete . Overall , there is enough concrete in the dam to pave a two @-@ lane highway from San Francisco to New York . Concrete cores were removed from the dam for testing in 1995 ; they showed that " Hoover Dam 's concrete has continued to slowly gain strength " and the dam is composed of a " durable concrete having a strength exceeding the range typically found in normal mass concrete " . Hoover Dam concrete is not subject to alkali – reaction ( ) as the Hoover Dam builders happened to use aggregate , unlike that at downstream Parker Dam , where has caused measurable deterioration . - - = = = Dedication and completion = = = - - With most work finished on the dam itself ( the powerhouse remained uncompleted ) , a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30 , 1935 , to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The morning of the dedication , it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m. ; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time . Despite the change in the ceremony time , and temperatures of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , 10 @,@ 000 people were present for the President 's speech in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover , who was not invited to the ceremony . To mark the occasion , a three @-@ cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department — bearing the name " Boulder Dam " , the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947 . After the ceremony , Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas . - Most work had been completed by the dedication , and Six Companies negotiated with the government through late 1935 and early 1936 to settle all claims and arrange for the formal transfer of the dam to the Federal Government . The parties came to an agreement and on March 1 , 1936 , Secretary Ickes formally accepted the dam on behalf of the government . Six Companies was not required to complete work on one item , a concrete for one of the bypass tunnels , as the tunnel had to be used to take in irrigation water until the powerhouse went into operation . - - = = = Construction deaths = = = - - There were 112 deaths associated with the construction of the dam . The first was J. G. , a surveyor who drowned on December 20 , 1922 , while looking for an ideal spot for the dam . @-@ six of the deaths occurred during construction at the site . Of the 112 fatalities , 91 were Six Companies employees , three were BOR employees , and one was a visitor to the site , with the remainder employees of various contractors not part of Six Companies . - Not included in the official fatalities number were deaths that were recorded as pneumonia . Workers alleged that this diagnosis was a cover for death from carbon monoxide poisoning , brought on by the use of gasoline @-@ fueled vehicles in the diversion tunnels , and a classification used by Six Companies to avoid paying compensation claims . The site 's diversion tunnels frequently reached 140 ° F ( 60 ° C ) , enveloped in thick plumes of vehicle exhaust gases . A total of 42 workers were recorded as having died from pneumonia ; none were listed as having died from carbon monoxide poisoning . No deaths of non @-@ workers from pneumonia were recorded in Boulder City during the construction period . - - = = = Architectural style = = = - - The initial plans for the facade of the dam , the power plant , the outlet tunnels and ornaments clashed with the modern look of an arch dam . The Bureau of Reclamation , more concerned with the dam 's functionality , adorned it with a Gothic @-@ inspired and eagle statues . This initial design was criticized by many as being too plain and unremarkable for a project of such immense scale , so Los Angeles @-@ based architect Gordon B. Kaufmann , then the supervising architect to the Bureau of Reclamation , was brought in to redesign the exteriors . Kaufmann greatly streamlined the design , and applied an elegant Art Deco style to the entire project . He designed turrets rising seamlessly from the dam face and clock faces on the intake towers set for the time in Nevada and Arizona — the two states are in different time zones , but as Arizona does not observe Saving Time , the clocks display the same time for more than half the year . - At Kaufmann 's request , Denver artist Allen True was hired to handle the design and decoration of the walls and floors of the new dam . True 's design scheme incorporated motifs of the and tribes of the region . Although some initially were opposed to these designs , True was given the go @-@ ahead and was officially appointed consulting artist . With the assistance of the National Laboratory of Anthropology , True researched authentic decorative motifs from Indian sand paintings , textiles , and ceramics . The images and colors are based on Native American visions of rain , lightning , water , clouds , and local animals — lizards , serpents , birds — and on the Southwestern landscape of stepped . In these works , which are integrated into the and interior halls of the dam , True also reflected on the machinery of the operation , making the symbolic patterns appear both ancient and modern . - With the agreement of Kaufmann and the engineers , True also devised an innovative color @-@ coding for the pipes and machinery , which was implemented throughout all BOR projects . True 's consulting artist job lasted through 1942 ; it was extended so he could complete design work for the Parker , and Grand dams and power plants . True 's work on the Hoover Dam was referred to in a poem published in The New Yorker , part of which read , " lose the spark , and justify the dream ; but also worthy of remark will be the color scheme " . - Kaufmann and True 's work , the Norwegian @-@ born , naturalized American sculptor Hansen designed many of the sculptures on and around the dam . His works include the monument of dedication plaza , a plaque to the workers killed and the bas @-@ reliefs on the elevator towers . In his words , Hansen wanted his work to express " the immutable calm of intellectual resolution , and the enormous power of trained physical strength , equally enthroned in placid triumph of scientific accomplishment " , because " [ t ] he building of Hoover Dam belongs to the of the daring . " Hansen 's dedication plaza , on the Nevada , contains a sculpture of two winged figures flanking a flagpole . - Surrounding the base of the monument is a floor embedded with a " star map " . The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt 's dedication of the dam . This is intended to help future astronomers , if necessary , calculate the exact date of dedication . The 30 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) bronze figures , dubbed " Figures of the Republic " , were each formed in a continuous pour . To put such large bronzes into place without the highly polished bronze surface , they were placed on ice and guided into position as the ice melted . Hansen 's bas @-@ relief on the Nevada elevator tower depicts the benefits of the dam : flood control , navigation , irrigation , water storage , and power . The bas @-@ relief on the Arizona elevator depicts , in his words , " the of those Indian tribes who have inhabited mountains and plains from ages distant . " - - = = Operation = = - - - = = = Power plant and water demands = = = - - Excavation for the powerhouse was carried out simultaneously with the excavation for the dam foundation and abutments . A U @-@ shaped structure located at the downstream toe of the dam , its excavation was completed in late 1933 with the first concrete placed in November 1933 . of Lake Mead began February 1 , 1935 , even before the last of the concrete was poured that May . The powerhouse was one of the projects uncompleted at the time of the formal dedication on September 30 , 1935 — a crew of 500 men remained to finish it and other structures . To make the powerhouse roof , it was constructed of layers of concrete , rock , and steel with a total thickness of about 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) , topped with layers of sand and tar . - In the latter half of 1936 , water levels in Lake Mead were high enough to permit power generation , and the first three built Francis turbine @-@ generators , all on the Nevada side , began operating . In March 1937 , one more Nevada generator went online and the first Arizona generator by August . By September 1939 , four more generators were operating , and the dam 's power plant became the largest facility in the world . The final generator was not placed in service until 1961 , bringing the maximum generating capacity to 1 @,@ 345 megawatts at the time . Original plans called for 16 large generators , eight on each side of the river , but two smaller generators were installed instead of one large one on the Arizona side for a total of 17 . The smaller generators were used to serve smaller communities at a time when the output of each generator was dedicated to a single municipality , before the dam 's total power output was placed on the grid and made . The present contracts for the sale of electricity in 2017 . - Before water from Lake Mead reaches the turbines , it enters the intake towers and then four gradually narrowing which funnel the water down towards the powerhouse . The provide a maximum hydraulic head ( water pressure ) of 590 ft ( 180 m ) as the water reaches a speed of about 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . The entire flow of the Colorado River passes through the turbines . The spillways and outlet works ( jet @-@ flow gates ) are rarely used . The jet @-@ flow gates , located in concrete structures 180 feet ( 55 m ) above the river , and also at the outlets of the inner diversion tunnels at river level , may be used to divert water around the dam in emergency or flood conditions , but have never done so , and in practice are only used to drain water from the for maintenance . Following an project from 1986 to 1993 , the total gross power rating for the plant , including two 2 @.@ 4 turbine @-@ generators that power Hoover Dam 's own operations is a maximum capacity of megawatts . The annual generation of Hoover Dam varies . The maximum net generation was 10 @.@ 348 TWh in 1984 , and the minimum since 1940 was 2 @.@ 648 TWh in 1956 . The average power generated was 4 @.@ 2 TWh / year for 1947 @-@ 2008 . In 2015 , the dam generated 3 @.@ 6 TWh . To lower the minimum power pool elevation from 1 @,@ 050 to 950 feet ( 320 to 290 m ) , five wide @-@ head turbines , designed to work efficiently with less flow , will be online by 2017 . Due to lack of water , the dam mostly provides power only during periods of peak demand . - Control of water was the primary concern in the building of the dam . Power generation has allowed the dam project to be self @-@ sustaining : proceeds from the sale of power repaid the 50 @-@ year construction loan , and those revenues also finance the @-@ dollar yearly maintenance budget . Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands . - Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam also provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses . Water released from the Hoover Dam eventually reaches several canals . The Colorado River and Central Arizona Project branch off Lake while the All @-@ American Canal is supplied by the Imperial Dam . In total , water from the Lake Mead serves 18 million people in Arizona , Nevada and California and supplies the irrigation of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 ha ) of land . - - = = = = Power distribution = = = = - - Electricity from the dam 's powerhouse was originally sold pursuant to a fifty @-@ year contract , authorized by Congress in 1934 , which ran from 1937 to 1987 . In 1984 , Congress passed a new statute which set power from the dam from 1987 to 2017 . The powerhouse was run under the original authorization by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison ; in 1987 , the Bureau of Reclamation assumed control . In 2011 , Congress enacted legislation extending the current contracts until , after setting aside 5 % of Hoover Dam 's power for sale to Native American tribes , electric , and other entities . The new arrangement will begin in 2017 . The Bureau of Reclamation reports that the energy generated is allocated as follows : - - = = = = = = - - The dam is protected against over @-@ topping by two spillways . The spillway entrances are located behind each dam , running roughly parallel to the canyon walls . The spillway entrance arrangement forms a classic side @-@ flow weir with each spillway containing four 100 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 30 m ) and 16 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) steel @-@ drum gates . Each gate weighs 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pounds ( 2 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 kg ) and can be operated manually or automatically . Gates are raised and lowered depending on water levels in the reservoir and flood conditions . The gates are unable to entirely prevent water from entering the spillways but are able to maintain an extra 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) of lake level . Water flowing over the spillways drops dramatically into 600 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 180 m ) , 50 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 15 m ) spillway tunnels before connecting to the outer diversion tunnels , and the main river channel below the dam . This complex spillway entrance arrangement combined with the approximate 700 @-@ foot ( 210 m ) elevation drop from the top of the reservoir to the river below was a difficult engineering problem and posed numerous design challenges . Each spillway 's capacity of 200 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ( 5 @,@ 700 m3 / s ) was verified in post @-@ construction tests in 1941 . - The large spillway tunnels have been used only twice , for testing in 1941 and because of flooding in 1983 . During both times , when inspecting the tunnels after the spillways were used , engineers found major damage to the concrete and underlying rock . The 1941 damage was attributed to a slight of the tunnel ( or base ) , which caused , a phenomenon in fast @-@ flowing liquids in which vapor bubbles collapse with explosive force . In response to this finding , the tunnels were patched with special heavy @-@ duty concrete and the surface of the concrete was polished mirror @-@ smooth . The spillways were modified in 1947 by adding flip buckets , which both slow the water and decrease the spillway 's effective capacity , in an attempt to eliminate conditions thought to have contributed to the 1941 damage . The 1983 damage , also due to , led to the installation of in the spillways . Tests at Grand Dam showed that the technique worked , in principle . - - = = = and tourism = = = - - There are two lanes for automobile traffic across the top of the dam , which formerly served as the Colorado River crossing for U.S. Route 93 . In the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , authorities expressed security concerns and the Hoover Dam Bypass project was expedited . the completion of the bypass , restricted traffic was permitted over Hoover Dam . Some types of vehicles were inspected prior to crossing the dam while semi @-@ trailer trucks , buses carrying luggage , and enclosed @-@ box trucks over 40 ft ( 12 m ) long were not allowed on the dam at all , and were diverted to U.S. Route 95 or Nevada State Routes 163 / 68 . The four @-@ lane Hoover Dam Bypass opened on October 19 , 2010 . It includes a composite steel and concrete arch bridge , the Mike O – Pat Memorial Bridge , 1 @,@ 500 ft ( 460 m ) downstream from the dam . With the opening of the bypass , through traffic is no longer allowed across Hoover Dam , dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side . - Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion , but following Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II , during which only authorized traffic , in convoys , was permitted . After the war , it reopened September 2 , 1945 , and by 1953 , annual attendance had risen to 448 @,@ 081 . The dam closed on November 25 , 1963 and March 31 , 1969 , days of mourning in of Presidents Kennedy and Eisenhower . In 1995 , a new visitors ' center was built , and the following year , visits exceeded one million for the first time . The dam closed again to the public on September 11 , 2001 ; modified tours were resumed in December and a new " Discovery Tour " was added the following year . Today , nearly a million people per year take the tours of the dam offered by the Bureau of Reclamation . Increased security concerns by the government have led to most of the interior structure being inaccessible to tourists . As a result , few of True 's decorations can now be seen by visitors . - - = = Environmental impact = = - - The changes in water flow and use caused by Hoover Dam 's construction and operation have had a large impact on the Colorado River Delta . The construction of the dam has been credited as causing the decline of this estuarine ecosystem . For six years after the construction of the dam , while Lake Mead filled , virtually no water reached the mouth of the river . The delta 's estuary , which once had a freshwater @-@ mixing zone stretching 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of the river 's mouth , was turned into an estuary where the level of salinity was higher close to the river 's mouth . - The Colorado River had experienced natural flooding before the construction of the Hoover Dam . The dam eliminated the natural flooding , which threatened many species adapted to the flooding , including both plants and animals . The construction of the dam devastated the populations of native fish in the river downstream from the dam . Four species of fish native to the Colorado River , the , Colorado , , and Razorback , are listed as endangered . - - = = Naming controversy = = - - During the years of lobbying leading up to the passage of legislation authorizing the dam in 1928 , the press generally referred to the dam as " Boulder Dam " or as " Boulder Canyon Dam " , even though the proposed site had shifted to Black Canyon . The Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928 ( ) never mentioned a proposed name or title for the dam . The merely allows the government to " construct , operate , and maintain a dam and incidental works in the main stream of the Colorado River at Black Canyon or Boulder Canyon " . - When Secretary Wilbur spoke at the ceremony starting the building of the railway between Las Vegas and the dam site on September 17 , 1930 , he named the dam " Hoover Dam " , citing a tradition of naming dams after Presidents , though none had been so honored during their terms of office . Wilbur justified his choice on the ground that Hoover was " the great engineer whose vision and persistence ... has done so much to make [ the dam ] possible " . One writer complained in response that " the Great Engineer had quickly drained , , and the country . " - After Hoover 's election defeat in 1932 and the accession of the Roosevelt administration , Secretary Ickes ordered on May 13 , 1933 that the dam be referred to as " Boulder Dam " . Ickes stated that Wilbur had been in naming the dam after a sitting president , that Congress had never ratified his choice , and that it had long been referred to as Boulder Dam . Unknown to the general public , Attorney General Homer Cummings informed Ickes that Congress had indeed used the name " Hoover Dam " in five different bills appropriating money for construction of the dam . The official status this conferred to the name " Hoover Dam " had been noted on the floor of the House of Representatives by Congressman Edward T. Taylor of Colorado on December 12 , 1930 , but was likewise ignored by Ickes . - When Ickes spoke at the dedication ceremony on September 30 , 1935 , he was determined , as he recorded in his diary , " to try to nail down for good and all the name Boulder Dam . " At one point in the speech , he spoke the words " Boulder Dam " five times within thirty seconds . Further , he suggested that if the dam were to be named after any one person , it should be for California Senator Johnson , a lead sponsor of the authorizing legislation . Roosevelt also referred to the dam as Boulder Dam , and the Republican @-@ leaning Los Angeles Times , which at the time of Ickes ' name change had run an editorial cartoon showing Ickes away at an enormous sign " , " it showing Roosevelt reinforcing Ickes , but having no greater success . - In the following years , the name " Boulder Dam " failed to fully take hold , with many Americans using both names and divided as to which name should be printed . Memories of the Great Depression faded , and Hoover to some extent rehabilitated himself through good works during and after World War II . In 1947 , a bill passed both Houses of Congress unanimously restoring the name " Hoover Dam . " Ickes , who was by then a private citizen , opposed the change , stating , " I didn 't know Hoover was that small a man to take credit for something he had nothing to do with . " - - - = Tropical Storm Abby ( 1964 ) = - - Tropical Storm Abby was an exceptionally small tropical cyclone that had minor effects across Southeast Texas in early August 1964 . Forming as a tropical depression out of a trough south of Louisiana on August 5 , the system moved generally westward . It was not until August 7 that the system began to organize . That day , an eye rapidly formed within the system and it became a tropical storm just 60 mi ( 95 km ) southeast of Galveston , Texas . Soon thereafter , a weather reconnaissance plane reported a barometric pressure of 1000 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) at the storm 's center . Around 18 : 00 UTC ( 1 : 00 p.m. CDT ) , the newly named Abby attained peak winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . It subsequently made landfall near Matagorda , Texas four hours later . Once onshore gradual weakening ensued , though a brief period of re @-@ organization delayed its . Abby degenerated into an area of showers on August 8 southwest of San Antonio , Texas . - Prior to Abby 's landfall in Texas , gale warnings were issued for the coast and residents on Matagorda Island were evacuated . Overall , the storm 's impacts were limited due to its small size . Only two structures sustained damage in Matagorda , one being destroyed by a possible tornado , and the remaining effects resulted from flooding in Jackson and Victoria Counties . Total damage from the storm was estimated at $ 750 @,@ 000 with the majority stemming from crops . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On August 5 , 1964 , a weak trough emerged from Florida over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . According to the Atlantic hurricane database ( referred to as HURDAT ) , the system developed into a tropical depression by 18 : 00 UTC ( 1 : 00 p.m. CDT ) that day , with its center located roughly 160 mi ( 260 km ) south @-@ southeast of the Mississippi River Delta . Moving generally west , the system exhibited no signs of further development as it neared the Texas coastline . However , on August 7 , radar images from , Galveston , Lake Charles , and Victoria showed an abrupt increase in organization . During the afternoon hours , banding features consolidated around a developing eye and weather reconnaissance planes were dispatched to the system . initially mistook the eye as a hook echo @-@ type feature at the end of a line . It is estimated that the depression became a tropical storm by 12 : 00 UTC ( 7 : 00 a.m. CDT ) , roughly 60 mi ( 95 km ) southeast of Galveston , Texas . Operationally , the system was not even monitored as a depression this time , with the classification and naming of Tropical Storm Abby occurring at 16 : 00 UTC ( 11 : 00 a.m. CDT ) on August 7 . - Abby was an unusually small storm , with its entire circulation being far less than 100 mi ( 160 km ) in diameter . Around 16 : 00 UTC ( 11 : 00 a.m. CDT ) on August 7 , reconnaissance measured a central barometric pressure of 1000 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 53 inHg ) within Abby , the lowest in relation to the system . They also reported peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) in squalls , which would rank as a Category 1 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . These winds were seen to be an by forecasters and discarded , however . The system attained its maximum winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) by 18 : 00 UTC ( 1 : 00 p.m. CDT ) and subsequently made landfall just northeast of Matagorda , Texas at 22 : 00 UTC ( 5 : 00 p.m. CDT ) . , a forecaster at the Weather Bureau ( now known as the National Weather Service ) in Galveston , described the storm as a " perfectly miniature hurricane . " Despite moving onshore , Abby 's core continued to organize and it developed a closed eyewall roughly three hours later . Thereafter the storm began to gradually weaken , passing over Edna around 02 : 00 UTC on August 8 ( 9 : 00 p.m. CDT on August 7 ) . to a depression hours later , Abby ultimately degenerated into an area of showers and dissipated southwest of San Antonio by 12 : 00 UTC ( 7 : 00 a.m. CDT ) . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - Owing to the abrupt nature of Abby 's development on August 7 , residents had little time to prepare for the storm . According to , " in the absence of aircraft reconnaissance and radar information , two reasonably new tools in storm detection , Abby could well have formed and approached the shore before knowledge of a tropical storm was gained . " Gale warnings were raised from Galveston to San Antonio immediately following the storm 's formation and were kept in place through the morning of August 8 . orders were issued for Matagorda Island and most complied , with some deciding to remain at their homes . Personnel at Matagorda Island Air Force Base were evacuated to Victoria . Red Cross facilities were and public shelters were opened in the area . At the mouth of the Colorado River , vessels were tied down with extra rope . Within the Weather Bureau , members of the Galveston office were the first to notice the system and relayed to the other offices in the area to their to follow the system . - Abby 's small size resulted in its effects being limited to areas within the immediate track . Sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) with gusts to 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) were measured by the Army Corps of Engineers in Matagorda . Near the town , a possible tornado unroofed a barn and tossed the structure 225 ft ( 69 m ) ; this building previously had withstood the effects of Hurricane Carla in 1961 . Winds estimated at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) tore part of the roof off a fishing warehouse in Matagorda itself . Along the coast , tides ranged from 2 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) above normal from Matagorda to Freeport . Four men and five dogs required rescue after their vessel became stranded on the Colorado River . - Heavy rains accompanied the system across Texas . Most areas along the immediate track received at least 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of rain , with a peak value of 6 @.@ 14 in ( 156 mm ) recorded at the Victoria International Airport . The hardest hit areas were in Jackson and Victoria counties where the heaviest rains fell . In these areas , flooding and strong winds damaged the cotton and rice crops ; however , effects of the rice crop were more limited due to losses from earlier storms as well as ongoing harvesting . Some flooding also took place across the River watershed , but no damage resulted . Overall , property damage was estimated at $ 150 @,@ 000 while agricultural losses reached $ 600 @,@ 000 . - - - = 7 Independent Company ( Rhodesia ) = - - 7 Independent Company ( 7 ; French : ) was a short @-@ lived company of francophone volunteers in the Rhodesian Army during the Rhodesian Bush War . Numbering about 200 men at its peak , it was unique in the history of the Rhodesian Army as an exclusively expatriate unit . It existed between November 1977 and May 1978 as a company in the 1st Battalion , the Rhodesia Regiment , and served two counter @-@ insurgency tours on Operation Hurricane in north @-@ eastern Rhodesia ( today Zimbabwe ) . - During the Bush War , the Rhodesian Army augmented its ranks with foreign volunteers , who were accepted into regular regiments with the same pay and conditions of service as locals . Most foreign recruits enlisted in the Rhodesian Light Infantry ( RLI ) , which launched an overseas recruitment programme in 1974 , but required successful applicants to speak good English . The Army attempted to alleviate the strain on its troops during late 1977 by recruiting French @-@ speakers as well , and formed a designated company in the Rhodesia Regiment for them . The regiment already had six independent companies , so the francophone unit became 7 Independent Company . - The company 's men , a mixture of former French paratroopers , ex @-@ Foreign Legionnaires and young adventurers , had trouble from the start integrating with the Rhodesian forces , and became by the respective ranks they were given in the Rhodesian Army . In an attempt to raise their morale and create a strong de corps , the Army issued them backed with the French tricolour and allowed them to raise the flag of France alongside that of Rhodesia each morning . Apparently under the impression that they had signed up as highly paid mercenaries , many of the French returned home after their first bush trip , unhappy to have received no more money than a regular Rhodesian soldier . - On operations their performance was generally below par , but the Frenchmen were involved in some successful actions during February and early March 1978 . Their oppressive treatment of the black villagers they encountered made them very unpopular in the operational area . The quickly deemed the experiment a failure and following a series of disasters for the company during the latter part of its second tour , including two friendly fire incidents and several fatalities , it was disbanded in May 1978 . Forces led by one of its members , Bob Denard , later that month executed a coup d 'état in the Comoros with French , Rhodesian and South African governmental support . - - = = Background = = - - Following a dispute with the British government regarding terms for the granting of full independence , the predominantly white minority government of the self @-@ governing colony of Rhodesia ( or Southern Rhodesia ) , led by Ian Smith , declared independence on 11 November 1965 . Britain and the United Nations refused to recognise this and each imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia . Meanwhile , the country 's two most prominent communist @-@ backed black nationalist groups , the Zimbabwe African National Union and the Zimbabwe African People 's Union , mobilised their respective guerrilla armies , the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) and the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ) , for what they called the " Second " , with the goal of the government and introducing black majority rule . - The Rhodesian Bush War was the result , beginning in earnest on 21 December 1972 when ZANLA attacked and near Centenary in the country 's north @-@ east . The Rhodesian Security Forces launched Operation Hurricane in response and fought back strongly , reducing the number of guerrillas active within the country to under 300 by December 1974 . In the period October – November 1974 , they killed more nationalist fighters than in the previous two years combined . However , a South African @-@ brokered ceasefire , which the security forces respected and the insurgents ignored , helped the nationalists to win back ground . By 1977 there were 2 @,@ 500 guerrillas operating in Rhodesia , with several times that number in training abroad . - The Rhodesian Army , though mostly made up of local men , also included some foreign volunteers , who were integrated into regular units under the same salary and conditions of service . Almost all of the foreigners served in the Rhodesian Light Infantry ( RLI ) , a commando battalion with a glamorous international reputation . The RLI initiated a major overseas recruitment drive in 1974 , targeting potential volunteers from Europe , Oceania and the Americas , and requiring successful applicants to speak good English . This campaign was bearing considerable fruit by May 1976 , when the RLI 's largest ever intake included more foreign volunteers than any before , and the enlisting of men from overseas into the RLI would increase yet further . By 1977 – 78 there were around 1 @,@ 500 foreigners in the Rhodesian forces . However , the Rhodesian Army remained stretched and low on manpower . - - = = Formation and training = = - - The idea for a francophone unit came from a French national , François Cramer , who had business interests and connections in Rhodesia . He proposed it to Major @-@ General Sandy MacLean , then the Rhodesian Army 's second @-@ in @-@ command , while they were visiting France together . MacLean relayed the idea to the General Staff in Salisbury , which decided in late 1977 to form a " French battalion " to alleviate the strain on its regular units . A Rhodesian officer of French extraction , Cyril Bernard , warned his superiors strongly against the scheme , but was ultimately himself sent to France to start the project . On the way he stopped in Zurich , Switzerland , where MacLean gave him final approval for the operation and a budget of US $ 30 @,@ 000 . They resolved to recruit mainly in Paris and Lyon . Bernard then entered France and renewed old connections from the French military academy at Saint @-@ . - was carried out by a former French paratrooper , Roger , operating from an apartment on Rue in central Paris . Advertisements , placed in newspapers such as France Soir , offered " a job with a future abroad ... minimum age 22 , former non @-@ commissioned officers preferred " . The body of men eventually assembled varied widely in terms of age , background and experience , but was based largely around ex @-@ paratroopers and former Foreign Legionnaires . The average age was about 25 . French @-@ speaking veterans of an assortment of African and Middle Eastern conflicts spanning the previous two decades successfully applied , but past service did not prove a necessity ; some of the men accepted had no military experience . Most of them spoke English only at a basic level if at all . - Once signed up , each man was instructed to travel to Switzerland , where appropriate were swiftly procured from the South African Embassy . In early November 1977 , the French recruits flew from Zurich to Johannesburg on a South African Airways liner , then to Salisbury by Air Rhodesia . Already in Rhodesia waiting for the men were their leaders : Major Roland de l , an ex @-@ officer of the French Army 's crack 11th Shock Parachute Regiment , and a former officer of the President Omar 's guard ; and Major Mario La Viola , once a non @-@ commissioned officer in the Foreign Legion 's 2nd Parachute Regiment . them were the Captain , who became the first black officer in the regular Rhodesian Army as the unit 's second @-@ in @-@ command , and " Colonel " Bob Denard , an infamous French soldier of fortune nicknamed le de guerre — " the dog of war " . - According to an anonymous veteran of the unit , it mostly comprised recently discharged servicemen from the French forces who were having trouble adapting to civilian life . " They didn 't know how to do anything else , only how to jump with a parachute and obey orders , " he explained , " and they liked that kind of thing . " Others , he said , were members of the political far right who had joined up " to kill and blacks " , and some were criminals hoping to escape the attention of the French police . Each signed on for two years . The French @-@ speaking unit was placed in the Rhodesia Regiment ( ) as an " independent company " . The already had six of these ( made up of ) , so the Frenchmen became 7 Independent Company . - The Rhodesian Army sought to forge a strong de corps among the new recruits , and to this end extended them several sentimental : for example , morale amongst the Frenchmen rose when they were informed that the Rhodesian insignia on their would be backed with the French tricolour . In a similar vein , their request for permission to raise the flag of France alongside that of Rhodesia outside their headquarters each morning was approved . French @-@ speaking men already in the army were attached to the unit to act as and assist with coordination and tactical instruction . Some of these were , who by virtue of their upbringing spoke both English and French at a native @-@ like level . The company itself , which numbered about 200 men , was assigned headquarters near Salisbury at Barracks , the home of the Rhodesian Light Infantry . It was organised in the same manner as a standard Rhodesian independent company , the only exception being its exclusively francophone personnel . - Spirits were high during the unit 's brief training period as the men enjoyed playing sports , observing the country scenery and experiencing the night @-@ life of the nearby capital . They were not adequately trained , receiving only a basic medical examination , a few days ' fitness training and a explanation of proper conduct in the bush . They expressed surprise when instructed to paint stripes of camouflage green on their weapons and combat boots in the Rhodesian fashion , having never before heard of such a practice . - The first dent to morale came after about a week when the volunteers were first issued ranks in the Rhodesian Army . In the eyes of some of the French @-@ speaking soldiers , the ranks assigned appeared to have been chosen almost at random by their superiors , and did not reflect their actual respective levels of training , ability and experience . Some men who considered themselves to have been overlooked began to have problems with discipline . The brazen attitude of most of the company 's soldiers jarred strongly with that of their Rhodesian commanders , who had high standards regarding presentation and dress which many of the Frenchmen had little inclination to meet . - - = = Service = = - - - = = = First bush trip = = = - - The francophone company was first deployed out of its barracks in late November 1977 , when it was sent to , about 88 kilometres ( 55 mi ) north @-@ east from Salisbury , for a few days in the bush on Operation Hurricane , the Army 's operational area which covered Rhodesia 's north @-@ east against guerrilla activity . After this passed without major incident , the Frenchmen were despatched to Rusambo , a camp in the Trust Lands , near , about 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) north @-@ east from the capital and less than 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the border with Mozambique . Most insurgents in this area belonged to ZANLA . - A company of men from the Territorial Force was already stationed at Rusambo , advised by a team of intelligence officers . " Sticks " of four men ( three riflemen and an gunner ) would be sent out into the bush from Rusambo for periods of up to two weeks , equipped with a radio to communicate with the base . Their task while in action was to seek out guerrillas by means of patrolling , and operating observation and listening posts . Once a group of insurgents was spotted , the stick leader would report their positions ; Rusambo would then alert the Army and request a Fireforce . If Fireforce were available , it would arrive and engage the cadres ; if not , the stick in the field would have to handle the situation itself . - At first , men from 7 Independent Company were sent out in sticks mixed with the , but problems soon arose regarding proper regimen and the language barrier . When the Frenchmen were then sent out alone , their Land Rovers prominently flying the French flag , the issue of language was resolved , but that of remained . Though discretion was paramount if they were to observe enemy movements covertly and effectively , the men of 7 Independent Company were found to have difficulty maintaining this and sometimes made careless mistakes which risked revealing their presence . Moreover , when investigations were made of local , marked tension soon arose between the Frenchmen and the local black population ; the soldiers ' ignorance of English or made it very difficult for discussions to take place and , according to other Rhodesian units who came into contact with them , the French soldiers took out their frustration on the villagers , often using excessive force in their attempted . Police Station received a report of a 7 Independent Company man a young in a dense thicket , but did not act on it . According to one history of the Rhodesia Regiment , " it was indicated that the Frenchmen had received instruction that all black people were to be regarded as terrorists " . - The Rhodesian Army quickly deemed the French experiment a failure . It reassigned 7 Independent Company in late November to Marymount Mission , a small settlement to the east of Rusambo where there was a minor police station . The number of patrols they would embark on was reduced . Two of the company 's vehicles were ambushed by cadres between Marymount and Rusambo on 6 January 1978 , resulting in two men being injured , one fatally so . A week later another truck was surprised on the same bush road , resulting in one death and three serious casualties . The company was brought back from the bush four days later for rest and ( R & R ) in Salisbury . - - = = = Strike = = = - - During their 15 @-@ day rest periods the company 's men congregated around the Belgian @-@ owned Elizabeth Hotel , in the centre of the city at the corner of Causeway and Road . Many of them became seriously disaffected when they first received their salary from the Rhodesian Army . Having apparently been about wages of up to R $ 1 @,@ 000 per month ( 7 @,@ 000 ) by the French , they were surprised to find that their basic monthly pay was actually R $ 245 ( 1 @,@ 800 ) , the same as a regular Rhodesian soldier . Moreover , some were upset that they had been paid in Rhodesian dollars , which because of the country 's international isolation could not easily be exchanged for foreign currencies . Although it was not as much as they had been expecting , one disenchanted veteran of the unit afterwards admitted that the tax @-@ exempt R $ 245 wage , which came with a $ 10 special @-@ unit supplement , was still more than enough money for them to live comfortably in Salisbury during their time off . - The pay dispute split the unit . About two thirds went on strike , saying they would not return to action unless the Army their wages and paid them in foreign currency . Meanwhile , some of the more Frenchmen made steps to remain permanently , buying cars and having their wives join them in Salisbury . The Army detained the strike 's for insubordination . With neither side willing to — the Army refused to give the strikers extra pay or special treatment , saying this would Rhodesia 's policy not to engage mercenaries — the disaffected men were repatriated to France at their own request . The Rhodesian Army considered disbanding the unit altogether , but when Major de l convinced his superiors that his remaining men were still loyal and eager to continue serving . - - = = = Second bush trip ; dissolution = = = - - Starting on 11 February 1978 , 7 Independent Company spent half a week at Mount Darwin , where there was a major Army base . The company acquitted themselves well during this time , but one of their number was badly injured in a motor accident . They returned to Rusambo , where the camp was now manned by the British South Africa Police ( ) , Criminal Investigation Department and Special Branch , guarded by a group of and Indian @-@ Rhodesian soldiers . On 26 February , the Frenchmen spotted a group of seven cadres at a local , and called up Fireforce . The RLI men who arrived killed four of the seven , including one carrying detailed documents . The next day 7 Independent Company observed 11 guerrillas entering another , but this time the Fireforce took too long to arrive . The French company took part in a large contact on 1 March , fighting alongside an RLI Fireforce against 28 cadres ; 18 insurgents were killed in this contact without loss for the Rhodesian Army . - Soon after this , two sticks from 7 Independent Company were despatched to Marymount , led by a deputy intelligence officer who began sending them out on more regular night patrols . The following months were a disaster for the locally based Rhodesian forces ; first one stick fired on another , causing an injury , then a Land Rover hit a mine , killing two members of the French company . A further Frenchman died in an ambush by insurgents before another friendly fire incident on 19 April 1978 resulted in a fatality . On several occasions during this bush trip the area was " frozen " ; regular army units were confined to their camps while the Scouts operated against the guerrillas . With morale amongst the Frenchmen , bringing their unit close to collapse , its officers at Rusambo frantically worked to keep it together . The company did not last much longer once back in Salisbury for R & R. Soon after three of its were placed in detention at Barracks , the unit was formally dissolved in May 1978 . The only personnel retained by the Army were the , who were returned to their former units . - - = = Legacy = = - - by the French , Rhodesian and South African governments and with Rhodesian logistical assistance , forces led by Denard took part in a coup d 'état in the Comoros later in May , toppling Ali ( who Denard had himself put into power three years earlier ) . The Comoros subsequently became a key location for Rhodesian " @-@ " operations , providing a convenient end @-@ user certificate for clandestine shipments of weapons and equipment bound for Rhodesia in spite of the UN embargo . South Africa , also under a UN arms boycott because of apartheid , received war materiel through the Comoros in a similar fashion . - Some 7 Independent Company men became civilians in Rhodesia , which was reconstituted as Zimbabwe in 1980 . Two of them , Gervais Henri Alfred and Simon Marc ( both former Foreign Legionnaires ) , were executed in April 1983 , despite a late plea from French authorities for , having been found guilty of robbing and murdering Richard , a café owner . Witness , the Minister of Foreign Affairs , issued a statement clarifying that the execution was for the murder and unrelated to their earlier " service as mercenaries during the time of the Smith regime . " - - - = Jenova Chen = - - Chen ( simplified Chinese : ; traditional Chinese : ; pinyin : ; born October 8 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Jenova Chen , is a Chinese video game designer . He is the designer of the award @-@ winning games Cloud , Flow , Flower , and Journey , and is co @-@ founder of Thatgamecompany . Chen is from Shanghai , where he earned a bachelor 's degree in computer science with a minor in digital art and design . He then moved to the United States , where he earned a master 's degree from the University of Southern California 's Interactive Media Division . While there he created Cloud and Flow , and met fellow student Kellee Santiago . After a brief period at Maxis working on , he founded Thatgamecompany with Santiago and became the company 's creative director . The company signed a three @-@ game deal with Sony Computer Entertainment , and has sold Flow , Flower , and Journey through the PlayStation Network . - As Chen was born in a culture other than the culture he now lives in , he tries to make games that appeal universally to all people . His goal with his games is to help video games mature as a medium by making games that inspire emotional responses in the player that other games are lacking . Although he and Thatgamecompany can and have made more traditional games , he does not plan on commercially developing any of them , as he does not think that it fits with their goals as an independent video game developer . - - = = Biography = = - - Chen was born in Shanghai on October 8 , 1981 , and lived there until 2003 . His parents were " a middle @-@ class family " , and his father worked in the software development industry , having previously worked on " one of the earliest giant computers in China " . Although Chen was interested in art and drawing as a young child , his father influenced him towards computers , entering him in programming contests from when he was 10 years old . He found himself interested in video games that he saw there , but was not as enthusiastic about programming . While a teenager , he had deep emotional experiences with games that he played , including The Legend of Sword and Fairy , which he to the fact that he was not as exposed to books , films , or life events that other people would have had those experiences with . These experiences drove him to try to create those types of feelings in games as an adult , when more emotional maturity had caused his " standards to rise " in what would move him in a game . It was during high school that he chose the English name Jenova after a character in Final Fantasy VII , wanting a name that would be unique anywhere he used it as there were " thousands of Jason " . - He earned a degree in Computer Science & Engineering in Shanghai Tong University , which due to his background in computers he found " quite easy " , but describes himself as spending much of his time there teaching himself digital art and animation , and later did a minor in digital art and design at University . Still interested in video games , he was involved in making three video games as part of a student group while in school . Upon graduating , he had trouble finding a job in the Chinese video game industry that combined his interests of " engineering , art , and design " , and additionally felt that " very few games [ had ] actually achieved those qualities that would be interesting to an adult " . He also considered working in digital animation for films . - He then went to the United States to earn a master 's degree in the School of Arts at the University of Southern California . Chen studied in the Interactive Media Program , a new division of the School of Arts . His intention at the time was to use the degree to get the kind of job he wanted back in China . At USC , he became inspired when he went to the Game Developers Conference , where he positively compared the games he had made in college with the student work present at the Independent Games Festival portion of the conference . While at USC he met Kellee Santiago , another student in the same program , and the two decided to work together on games that would be outside of the mainstream . Their first game , which won a grant of twenty thousand dollars from USC to produce , was Cloud , released in 2005 , which " focuses on a young hospital patient who in his mind despite being trapped indoors " . The idea was partially based on himself , as when he was a child he was often hospitalized for asthma . It was designed as an attempt to " expand the spectrum of emotions video games evoke " . At a student showcase at the Game Developers Conference , Chen and Santiago showed the game to a representative from Sony , John , saying that it was the first game in the " " genre . was interested , though no deal was forthcoming . The game won the Best Student Philosophy award at the Games Competition and a Student award at the Independent Games Festival , and was showcased on Spike TV , G4TV , and CBS Sunday . - Chen felt that the reason that Cloud had been so warmly received was because the emotions it sparked in players were different than any other game available at the time , and believed that it was his " calling " to make more games that changed what people saw video games as . Chen went on to do his master 's thesis the following year in the concept of dynamic difficulty adjustment , where the game how it reacts to the player based on the past and present actions of that player . Chen illustrated his ideas with Flow , a Flash game made with Nicholas Clark . The game involves the player guiding an aquatic through various depths of the ocean , consuming other organisms and evolving in the process . It was released in March 2006 ; it received 100 @,@ 000 downloads in its first two weeks and by July had been downloaded over 650 @,@ 000 times . A PlayStation 3 version was announced in May 2006 as a downloadable game via the PlayStation Store , and was released in February 2007 . A version for the PlayStation Portable , developed by Studios , was released in March 2008 . Flow became the most downloaded game on the PlayStation Network in 2007 , and won Best Downloadable Game at the Game Developers Choice Awards . - After graduating , Chen and Santiago formed their own game company , Thatgamecompany , in Los Angeles where he still lives and signed a deal with Sony for three PlayStation Store games . The PS3 version of Flow was the first , and while it was in development Chen worked for Maxis on the game . Upon Flow 's release , Chen returned to Thatgamecompany and began working on their second game . - - = = = Thatgamecompany = = = - - The next game , Flower , was Chen and Thatgamecompany 's " first game outside the safety net of academia " . Chen was the creative director in charge of the game , while Santiago was the producer and Clark was the lead designer . The company ranged in size from six to nine people at varying stages of the game 's development . Flower was intended by Chen to primarily to provoke positive emotions in the player , and to act as " an emotional shelter " . Chen described the game as " an interactive poem exploring the tension between urban and nature " . He decided on a " nature " theme early in the development process , saying that he " had this concept that every PlayStation is like a portal in your living room , it leads you to somewhere else . I thought ; wouldn 't it be nice if it was a portal that would allow you to be embraced by nature . " Chen designed the game around the idea that the primary purpose of entertainment products like video games was the feelings that they evoked in the audience , and that the emotional range of most games was very limited . To make Flower have the " emotional spectrum " that he wanted , Chen looked at the development process as creating a work of art , rather than a " fun " game , which would not provoke the desired emotions . In 2008 , during Flower 's development , Chen was named to the MIT Technology Review as one of the top 35 in the world under the age of 35 . - After Flower was released to critical praise and awards , Chen and Thatgamecompany moved on to their next game , Journey . Journey was intended by Chen to focus on the element of communication and social interaction in video games . Since in most games the communication between players is focused on specific goals , in Journey Chen intended for the player to be able to either play alone or to come across other players , but not be able to communicate with them directly . Instead , players have to build relationships with each other through their actions , helping each other or leaving as they choose . Journey was released on the PlayStation Network on March 13 , 2012 , and has received critical acclaim . - - = = Influences and philosophy = = - - Chen plays a wide variety of video games , but he names his greatest influences as , Ico and Shadow of the . He also names Final Fantasy VII as an influence , and the game that he took his adopted name from . He personally plays games " competitively " , including titles such as Street Fighter IV and StarCraft . He feels he has a competitive nature , which he has turned towards " winning " at being a game designer by creating games that are unlike what is in the market rather than towards creating competitive games . As he was raised in China and works in America , Chen feels that he cannot fully relate to either culture as a game designer . As such , instead of trying to make games that fit perfectly with one culture he tries to make games that tap into feelings that are universal and independent of culture . - When Chen quit Maxis to re @-@ join Thatgamecompany , he did so knowing that it would mean taking less pay and having a less stable career . He felt , though , that it was important to the industry and medium as a whole to create games that provoked different emotional responses in the player than just excitement or fear . While Chen is not opposed to making action games , and his company has made internal " exciting " games that were well received at Sony , he feels that there is no point to Thatgamecompany commercially producing games like that instead of working for existing game developers , as they would not be making anything new that justified the cost of remaining an independent studio . Similarly , Chen does not intend for Thatgamecompany to make " big budget blockbuster games " , as the pressure on profits that that would the innovation that he wants Thatgamecompany to focus on . Chen believes that for video games to become a mature medium like film , the industry as a whole needs to create a wide range of emotional responses to their games , similar to how film has thriller , romance , and comedy genres based on the emotions they provoke . He feels that there are only three ways for video games to impact adults in the same way they do children : " , whereby the work reveals a new perspective about the world that you have not seen before , " by " emotionally touching someone , " and " by creating a social environment where the intellectual or emotional stimulation could happen from other people . " - - - = E. W. Hornung = - - Ernest William Hornung ( 7 June 1866 – 22 March 1921 ) was an English author and poet known for writing the A. J. Raffles series of stories about a gentleman thief in late 19th @-@ century London . Hornung was educated at Uppingham School ; as a result of poor health he left the school in December 1883 to travel to Sydney , where he stayed for two years . He drew on his Australian experiences as a background when he began writing , initially short stories and later novels . - In 1898 he wrote " In the Chains of Crime " , which introduced Raffles and his sidekick , Bunny Manders ; the characters were based partly on his friends Oscar Wilde and his lover , Lord Alfred Douglas , and also on Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson . The series of Raffles short stories were collected for sale in book form in 1899 , and two further books of Raffles short stories followed , as well as a poorly received novel . Aside from his Raffles stories , Hornung was a prodigious writer of fiction , publishing numerous books from 1890 , with A Bride from the Bush to his 1914 novel The Crime Doctor . - The First World War brought an end to Hornung 's fictional output . His son , Oscar , was killed at the Second Battle of Ypres in July 1915 . Hornung joined the YMCA , initially in England , then in France , where he helped run a canteen and library . He published two collections of poetry during the war , and then , afterwards , one further volume of verse and an account of his time spent in France , Notes of a Camp @-@ on the Western Front . Hornung 's fragile constitution was further weakened by the stress of his war work . To aid his , he and his wife visited the south of France in 1921 . He fell ill from influenza on the journey , and died on 22 March 1921 , aged 54 . - Although much of Hornung 's work has fallen into obscurity , his Raffles stories continued to be popular , and have formed numerous film and television adaptations . Hornung 's stories dealt with a wider range of themes than crime : he examined scientific and medical developments , guilt , class and the role played by women in society . Two threads that run through a sizeable proportion of his books are Australia and cricket ; the latter was also a lifelong passion . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early life : 1866 – 86 = = = - - Hornung was born Ernest William Hornung on 7 June 1866 at Cleveland , , Middlesbrough ; he was nicknamed Willie from an early age . He was the third son , and youngest of eight children , of John Peter Hornung ( 1821 – 86 ) and his wife Harriet née Armstrong ( 1824 – 96 ) . John was christened Johan Petrus Hornung in the Transylvania region of Hungary and , after working in Hamburg for a shipping firm , had moved to Britain in the 1840s as a coal and iron merchant . John married Harriet in March 1848 , by which time he had his name . At the age of 13 Hornung joined St Ninian 's Preparatory School in Moffat , before at Uppingham School in 1880 . Hornung was well liked at school , and developed a lifelong love of cricket despite limited skills at the game , which were further worsened by bad eyesight , asthma and , according to his biographer Peter Rowland , a permanent state of generally poor health . - When Hornung was 17 his health worsened ; he left Uppingham and travelled to Australia , where it was hoped by his family that the climate would be beneficial . On his arrival he was employed as a tutor to the Parsons family in in the , south @-@ western New South Wales . In addition to teaching , he spent time working in remote sheep stations in the outback and contributing material to the weekly magazine The Bulletin ; he also began writing what was to become his first novel . Although he spent only two years in Australia , the experience was " the making of him and ... the making of his career as a writer " , according to Rowland . Another biographer , Mark Valentine , wrote that Hornung " seems to have regarded this period as one of the most satisfying of his life " . - - = = = Return to England : 1886 – 98 = = = - - Hornung returned to England in February 1886 , before the death of his father in November . From a position of relative prosperity , John 's coal and iron business had encountered difficulties and he was in financially circumstances by the time of his death . Hornung found work in London as a journalist and story writer , often publishing his work under a pseudonym , although in 1887 he published his first story under his own name , " of Five " , which appeared in magazine . His work as a journalist was during the period of Jack the and the series of five murders , which were undertaken against a background of rising urban crime in London ; it was around this time that Hornung developed an interest in criminal behaviour . - Hornung had worked on the novel manuscript he brought back from Australia and , between July and November 1890 , the story , " A Bride from the Bush " , was published in five parts in the Cornhill Magazine . It was also released that year as a book — his first . The story — described by Rowland as an " assured , graceful comedy of manners " — used Hornung 's knowledge of Australia as a backdrop , and the device of an Australian bride to examine British social behaviour ; the novel was well received by critics . In 1891 Hornung became a member of two cricket clubs : the , whose members included Arthur Conan Doyle , Robert and Jerome K. Jerome , and the Strand club . - Hornung knew Doyle 's sister , Constance ( " Connie " ) Monica Doyle ( 1868 – 1924 ) , whom he had met when he visited Portugal . Connie was described by Doyle 's biographer , Andrew , as being attractive , " with pre @-@ looks ... the most sought @-@ after of the Doyle daughters " . By December 1892 , when Hornung , Doyle and Jerome visited the Black Museum at Scotland Yard , Hornung and Connie were engaged , and in 1893 Hornung dedicated his second novel , Tiny , " to " They were married on 27 September 1893 , although Doyle was not at the wedding and relations between the two writers were sometimes strained . The had a son , Arthur Oscar , in 1895 ; while his first name was from Doyle , who was also Arthur 's , the boy 's middle name was probably after Doyle and Hornung 's mutual friend Oscar Wilde and it was by his second name that he was known . In 1894 Doyle and Hornung began work on a play for Henry Irving , on the subject of boxing during the Regency ; Doyle was initially eager and paid Hornung £ 50 as a down payment before he withdrew after the first act had been written : the work was never completed . - Like Hornung 's first novel , Tiny had Australia as a backdrop and also used the plot device of an Australian woman in a culturally alien environment . The Australian theme was present in his next four novels : The Boss of ( 1894 ) , The Guest ( 1894 ) , Irralie 's Bushranger ( 1896 ) and The Rogue 's March ( 1896 ) . In the last of these Hornung wrote of the Australian convict transport system , and showed evidence of a " growing fascination with the motivation behind criminal behaviour and a deliberate sympathy for the criminal hero as a victim of events " , while Irralie 's Bushranger introduced the character Stingaree , an Oxford @-@ educated , Australian gentleman thief , in a novel that " casts doubt on conventional responses " to a positive criminal character , according to Hornung 's biographer , Stephen Knight . - - = = = Raffles : 1898 – 1914 = = = - - In 1898 Hornung 's mother died , aged 72 and he dedicated his next book , a series of short stories titled Some Persons Unknown , to her memory . Later that year Hornung and his wife visited Italy for six months , staying in ; his account of the location appeared in an article of the May 1899 edition of Cornhill Magazine . The returned to London in early 1899 , to a house in Pitt Street , West Kensington , where they lived for the next six years . - The fictional character Stingaree proved to be a prototype of a character Hornung used in a series of six short stories published in 1898 in 's Magazine , A. J. Raffles . The character was modelled on George Cecil , a Cambridge @-@ educated and talented who , like Raffles , was a resident of the Albany , a gentlemen 's only residence in Mayfair . The first tale of the series " In the Chains of Crime " was published in June that year , titled " The Ides of March " . The stories were collected into one volume — with two additional tales — under the name The Amateur Cracksman , which was published the following year . Hornung used a narrative form similar to Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories , with Raffles and his partner @-@ in @-@ crime ( and former school ) Bunny Manders being the criminal counterparts to Holmes and Dr. Watson — although Rowland writes that Raffles and Manders " were also fictionalized versions of Wilde and " ( Wilde 's lover , Lord Alfred Douglas ) . — and he dedicated the stories to his brother @-@ in @-@ law : " To This form of " . Doyle had warned against writing the stories , and reflected in his memoirs that " there are few finer examples of short @-@ story writing in our language than these , though I confess I think they are rather dangerous in their suggestion . I told him so before he put pen to paper , and the result has , I fear , borne me out . You must not make the criminal the hero " . The book was a popular and financial success , although some critics also echoed Doyle 's fears . The reviewer in The Spectator wrote that " stern " would consider the book 's premise " as a new , ingenious , artistic , but most application of the crude principles involved in the old @-@ fashioned hero @-@ worship of Jack and Dick " . The book ends with Manders imprisoned and Raffles apparently dead , something that left The Spectator reviewer " expressing [ their ] satisfaction that this entertaining volume is not issued in a cheap form . It is emphatically a feat of virtuosity rather than a tribute to virtue . " - After publishing two novels , Dead Men Don 't Tell Tales in 1899 and Peccavi in 1900 , Hornung published a second collection of Raffles stories , The Black Mask , in 1901 . The nearly broke Manders is told to apply for the post of a nurse to an elderly invalid , who then reveals himself to be Raffles , who , as Manders describes , had " aged twenty years ; he looked fifty at the very least . His hair was white ; there was no trick about that ; and his face was another white . The lines about the corners of the eyes and mouth were both many and deep " . In the final story of the collection , " The of the Gods " , Raffles and Manders enlist in the army to fight in the Second Boer War ; the story closes with Manders wounded and Raffles killed . The critics again complained about the criminal aspect ; The Spectator declared " this sort of book presents crime in a form too entertaining and attractive to be moral " , while the reviewer for The Illustrated London News thought that Hornung 's " invention has obviously flagged ... It is , in a sense which the author never intended , to hear these about the honour of Old England . It is a pity that the man who wrote Peccavi should to this " . - In 1903 Hornung collaborated with Eugène to write a four @-@ act play , Raffles , The Amateur Cracksman , which was based on two previously published short stories , " Gentlemen and Players " and " The Return Match " . The play was first performed at the Princess Theatre , New York , on 27 October 1903 with as Raffles , and ran for 168 performances . - In 1905 , after publishing four other books in the interim , Hornung brought back the character Stingaree , previously seen in Irralie 's Bushranger . Later that year he responded to public demand and produced a third series of short Raffles stories in A Thief in the Night , in which Manders relates some of his and Raffles 's earlier adventures . The reviewer for the Boston Herald thought that " the sentimental side of the story has never before been shown so dramatically and romantically " , and described the book as " thrilling and exciting " . Hornung 's next book was published in 1909 and was the final Raffles story , the full @-@ length novel Mr. Justice Raffles ; the book was poorly received , with the reviewer for The Observer asking if " Hornung is perhaps a little tired of Raffles " , and stating that " it has not the magic or the ' go ' of the first Raffles , and there is no good in pretending that it has " . During the course of the year he collaborated with Charles to write a play A From Raffles , which was performed in November that year at the Brixton Empress Theatre , London . - Hornung turned away from Raffles thereafter , and in February 1911 published The Camera , a thriller whose narrator is an cricket enthusiast with an father , much as Hornung was himself . The story concerned the attempts of a scientist to photograph the soul as it left the body . Hornung followed this up with Fathers of Men ( 1912 ) and The Thousandth Woman ( 1913 ) before Hill ( 1913 ) , a collection of eight short stories in which he introduced the characters and the narrator , whom Rowland considers to be " of Raffles and Bunny " . Hornung 's next work , The Crime Doctor ( 1914 ) marked the end of his fictional output . - - = = = First World War and aftermath = = = - - Oscar Hornung left Eton College in 1914 , intending to enter King 's College , Cambridge later that year . When Britain entered the war against Germany , he volunteered , and was commissioned into the Essex Regiment . He was killed at the Second Battle of Ypres on 6 July 1915 , aged 20 . Although heartbroken by the loss , Hornung was adamant that some good would come of it and he edited a privately issued collection of Oscar 's letters home under the title and Well Beloved , released in 1916 . Around this time he joined an anti @-@ aircraft unit . In either 1916 or 1917 he joined the YMCA and did volunteer work in England for soldiers on leave ; in March 1917 he visited France , writing a poem about his experience afterwards — something he had been doing more frequently since Oscar 's death — and a collection of his war poetry , Ballad of Ensign Joy , was published later that year . - In July 1917 Hornung 's poem , " Wooden Crosses " , was published in The Times , and in September , " Bond and Free " appeared . Towards the end of the year , he was accepted as a volunteer in a YMCA canteen and library " a short distance behind the Front Line " . During his service in , in February 1918 he borrowed a staff car from a friend and visited his son 's grave near Ypres , before returning to the library in . Hornung was concerned about support for among troops , and wrote to his wife about it . When she spoke to Doyle about the matter , rather than discussing it with Hornung he informed the military authorities . Hornung was angered by Doyle 's action , and " told him there was no need for him to ' butt in ' except for his own ' satisfaction ' . " Relations between the two men were strained as a result . Hornung continued to work at the library until the German Spring Offensive in March overran the British positions and he was forced to retreat , firstly to Amiens and then , in April , back to England . He stayed in England until November 1918 , when he again took up his YMCA duties , establishing a rest and library in . In 1919 Hornung 's account of his time spent in France , Notes of a Camp @-@ on the Western Front , was published . Doyle later wrote of the book that " there are parts of it which are brilliant in their vivid portrayal " , while Hornung 's biographer , Alison Cox , described the book as " one of the best records of the war as experienced on the front lines " . That year Hornung also published his third and final volume of poetry , The Young Guard . - - = = = Death and legacy = = = - - Hornung finished his work with the YMCA and returned to England probably in early 1919 , according to Rowland . He worked on a new novel but was hampered by poor health . His wife 's health was of even greater concern , so in February 1921 they took a holiday in the south of France to . He fell ill on the train with a that turned into influenza and pneumonia from which he died on 22 March 1921 , aged 54 . He was buried in Saint @-@ Jean @-@ de @-@ Luz , in the south of France , in a grave adjacent to that of . Doyle , returning from a lecture tour of Australia , received the news in Paris and travelled south in time for the funeral . - When Hornung had still been courting Doyle 's sister , Doyle wrote that " I like young Willie Hornung very much ... he is one of the sweetest @-@ natured and most delicate @-@ minded men I ever knew " . him after his death , Doyle wrote that he " was a Dr. [ Samuel ] Johnson without the learning but with a finer wit . No one could say a thing , and his writings , good as they are , never adequately represented the powers of the man , nor the of his brain " . His in The Times described him as " a man of large and generous nature , a delightful companion and " . - Much of Hornung 's work fell out of favour as time passed ; Rowland observed that " all of Hornung 's other works have been forgotten , with the possible exception of Stingaree , but the cricketing Cracksman continues to " . The idea of a criminal as a positive character was one of Hornung 's legacies , and Twentieth @-@ Century Literary Criticism states that " critics have also interpreted Raffles as a prototype of the in modern crime fiction " . The academic Frank Chandler , describing Raffles 's death , writes that " all his creator 's attempts to portray him as a hero , rather than an anti @-@ hero , fail . " Valentine highlights one aspect of the stories was the mix of " and daring " demonstrated by Raffles ; in this respect he was a literary " forerunner of The Saint , James Bond and other types " . The writer Colin Watson agrees , and called Hornung " a precursor of [ Ian ] Fleming " . - The character continued in book form : the writer Philip , under the pseudonym Barry , obtained permission from the Hornung estate to continue the Raffles stories , and seven more novels followed between 1933 and 1940 , with Raffles transformed from a gentleman thief to a tough adventurer . continued the series in 1950 , and 14 of his stories were published in the 1974 volume Raffles Revisited . Hornung 's original stories have undergone a number of reprints , and when all the short stories were published in a single volume , Graham Greene considered it " a splendid idea " . In 1975 Greene had written a play based on the Raffles stories , The Return of Raffles , which premiered at the Royal Shakespeare Company , with Elliott as Raffles . - There were several Raffles films made during Hornung 's lifetime , Further films followed in the years after his death , including Raffles , the Amateur Cracksman ( 1925 ) , with House Peters , Sr. ; Raffles ( 1930 ) , featuring Ronald Colman ; The Return of Raffles ( 1933 ) , with George ; and Raffles ( 1939 ) , starring David Niven ; the last of these was a Samuel Goldwyn Productions remake of their own 1930 film , which the academic Victor E. called the " most memorable portrayal " of the character . - The BBC has some of Hornung 's Raffles stories for radio , first in the 1940s and again in the 1990s , when Nigel Havers played Raffles . In 1977 Anthony Valentine played the thief , and Christopher his partner , in a Yorkshire Television series . A 2001 TV version , The Gentleman Thief , adapted the stories for a contemporary audience , with Havers playing the lead . - - = = Writing = = - - - = = = Style and technique = = = - - Hornung 's prose is widely admired for its @-@ yet @-@ simple style . Oliver Edwards , writing in The Times , considered that " not the least attractive part of the Raffles books is the simple , plain , unaffected language in which each one of them is written " . The in the same newspaper agrees , and thinks Hornung had " a power of good and clear description and a talent for mystery and surprise " . Colin Watson also considers the point , and observes that in Hornung 's writing , " superfluous description has been avoided and account of action is to the point " , while Doyle admired his " sudden use of the right adjective and the right phrase " , something the writer and journalist Jeremy Lewis sees as a " flamboyant , taste for the vivid " . - Critics have observed that Hornung 's stories and novels are well @-@ structured . George Orwell wrote that Hornung was " a very conscientious and on his level a very able writer . Anyone who cares for sheer efficiency must admire his work " . Watson states that Hornung 's " writing has pace . The stories , however ridiculous , carry the readers along " . According to Cox , " Hornung 's work showed steady maturation " during his career , a point that Doyle also agreed with , although Edwards , and thinks The Crime Doctor to be one of Hornung 's weaker books . - Hornung 's approach to characters differed from other contemporary authors . Cox notes that Hornung " frequently chose to write from the perspective of the criminal " , and while many of Hornung 's novels contained criminal activity as a major element of the plot , the critic for Contemporary Authors states that the works do not " belong to the crime @-@ fiction genre " . Hornung 's works included elements from more general fiction , " such as false identities , disguises , and " . - - = = = Major themes = = = - - The academic Nick Rance identifies three categories of Raffles stories : " the rise of the New Woman " , in which Raffles either escapes from romantic , or uses the of a woman in order to achieve his aims ; " the rise of the " , in which Raffles steals from the as much as the upper classes ; and those stories that seek " to or re @-@ establish a sense of middle @-@ class identity " . The last category is based on Raffles not being a member of " Society " , only being accepted because of his cricketing ability and associated fame . From this point , Raffles 's stealing from the rich is a " rearguard action on behalf of the puritan values " which was perceived as making up middle @-@ class values , although Rance also states that those values are obscured because of the changing boundaries between the classes . makes the same point , and considers that " Raffles 's daring exploits and fantastic adventures symbolized the growing rebellion against Victorian sensibility at the turn of the century " . - Hornung kept abreast of scientific and medical developments , and was keen to incorporate them into his stories which , the critic for Contemporary Authors states , shows Hornung had " a streak of modernity and decided interest in new ideas " . The Camera uses the modern technology of the camera as an instrument central to the plot , while the protagonist of The Crime Doctor uses psychology to identify criminals . - Throughout the Raffles stories patriotism runs as an intermittent theme — to such an extent that the writer William Butler describes him as a " super @-@ " . In the course of the short story " A Jubilee Present " Raffles , celebrating Queen Victoria 's diamond jubilee , steals a gold cup from the British Museum and sends it to the queen , telling Manders that " we have been ruled over for sixty years by infinitely the finest monarch in the world " . In " The of the Gods " , Raffles volunteers for service in the Second Boer War , changing his name and hair colour — he jokes to Manders that he is prepared to " dye for his country " — and he later confesses his true identity to his superiors in order to a spy . - Some of Hornung 's novels , including The Shadow of the , No Hero and The Thousandth Woman , are notable for " portraying women in a rather modern , favorable light " , according to the critic for Contemporary Authors , showing concern for their position in society . Cox identifies a theme of guilt running through a number of works . Among these is Peccavi , in which a clergyman lives his life trying to atone for an earlier crime ; Shadow of the , in which a woman is accused of her husband 's murder ; and The Thousandth Woman , in which a woman stands by her lover after he is accused of murder . - Although Hornung 's Australian experience was brief , it influenced most of his literary work from A Bride from the Bush published in 1899 , to Old and a Few Old Scores , which was published after his death . According to Chandler , " nearly two @-@ thirds of [ Hornung 's ] books refer in varying degrees to Australian incidents and experiences " , with " even Raffles " starting his criminal career in Australia . Some of 's works — such as A Bride from the Bush — were praised for their accuracy of detail in depicting the Australian environment , although the detail could overwhelm the storyline , as in The Rogue 's March . - Cricket was one of Hornung 's lifelong , and he was delighted to become a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1907 . The sport also permeated his stories , with Raffles playing for the Gentlemen of England . Rance observes that Raffles compares law @-@ breaking and cricket : " crime is as another and better sport " . - Raffles does on occasion his game , commenting to Manders in " Gentlemen and Players " , " where 's the satisfaction of taking a man 's wicket when you want his ? " Valentine also considers the point , and sees Raffles 's cricket as a front for his criminal activities , citing Raffles 's praise for cricket for " the glorious protection it a person of my " . - Watson examines Raffles 's actions within the broader context of , with Raffles acting within his own moral code " of what is ' done ' and ' not done ' . " Orwell , in his essay " Raffles and Miss " , observes that when Raffles feels remorse , it " is almost purely social ; he has disgraced ' the old school ' , he has lost his right to enter ' decent society ' , he has forfeited his amateur status and become a " . - - - = Nina Simone = - - Nina Simone ( / / ; born Eunice Kathleen Waymon ; February 21 , 1933 – April 21 , 2003 ) was an American singer , songwriter , pianist , , and civil rights activist who worked in a broad range of musical styles including classical , jazz , blues , folk , R & B , gospel , and pop . - Born in North Carolina , the sixth child of a preacher , Simone aspired to be a concert pianist . With the help of the few supporters in her hometown of Tryon , North Carolina , she enrolled in the School of Music in New York . - Waymon then applied for a scholarship to study at the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia , where she was denied despite a well @-@ received audition . Simone became fully convinced this rejection had been entirely due to her race , a statement that has been a matter of controversy . Years later , two days before her death , the Curtis Institute of Music bestowed an honorary degree on Simone . - To make a living , Eunice Waymon changed her name to " Nina Simone " . The change related to her need to disguise herself from family members , having chosen to play " the devil 's music " or " cocktail piano " at a nightclub in Atlantic City . She was told in the nightclub that she would have to sing to her own accompaniment , and this effectively launched her career as a jazz vocalist . - Simone recorded more than forty albums , mostly between 1958 , when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue , and 1974 , and had a hit in the United States in 1958 with " I Loves You , Porgy " . - Simone 's musical style fused gospel and pop with classical music , in particular Johann Sebastian Bach , and accompanied expressive , jazz @-@ like singing in her voice . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Youth ( 1933 – 54 ) = = = - - Simone was born Eunice Kathleen Waymon in South Carolina but raised in Tryon , North Carolina . The sixth of eight children in a poor family , she began playing piano at age three ; the first song she learned was " God Be With You , We Meet Again " . a talent with the instrument , she performed at her local church . But her concert debut , a classical , was given when she was 12 . Simone later said that during this performance , her parents , who had taken seats in the front row , were forced to move to the back of the hall to make way for white people . She said that she refused to play until her parents were moved back to the front , and that the incident contributed to her later involvement in the civil rights movement . - Simone 's mother , Mary Kate Waymon ( 1902 - April 30 , 2001 ) , was a Methodist minister and a . Simone 's father , John Divine Waymon ( 1898 - October 24 , 1972 ) , was a who at one time owned a dry cleaning business , but also suffered bouts of ill health . Simone 's music teacher helped establish a special fund to pay for her education . Subsequently , a local fund was set up to assist her continued education . With the help of this scholarship money she was able to attend Allen High School for Girls in , North Carolina . - After her graduation , Simone spent the summer of 1950 at the School , preparing for an audition at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia . Her application , however , was denied . As her family had relocated to Philadelphia in the expectation of her entry to Curtis , the blow to her aspirations was particularly heavy , and she suspected that her application had been denied because of racial prejudice . , she took private piano lessons with Vladimir , a professor at Curtis , but never re @-@ applied to the institution . For several years , she worked a number of jobs and taught piano in Philadelphia . - - = = = Early success ( 1954 – 59 ) = = = - - To fund her private lessons , Simone performed at the Bar & on Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City , whose owner insisted that she sing as well as play the piano , which increased her weekly income to $ 90 a week . In 1954 , she adopted the stage name " Nina Simone " . " Nina " ( from , meaning " little girl " in Spanish ) , and " Simone " was taken from the French actress Simone , whom she had seen in the movie d 'Or . Knowing her mother would not approve of playing the " Devil 's Music " , she used her new stage name to remain undetected . Simone 's mixture of jazz , blues , and classical music in her performances at the bar earned her a small but loyal fan base . - In 1958 , she befriended and married Don Ross , a who worked as a , but quickly regretted their marriage . Playing in small clubs in the same year , she recorded George 's " I Loves You , Porgy " ( from Porgy and ) , which she learned from a Billie Holiday album and performed as a favor to a friend . It became her only Billboard top 20 success in the United States , and her debut album Little Girl Blue soon followed on Bethlehem Records . Simone lost more than $ 1 million in royalties ( notably for the 1980s re @-@ release of My Baby Just Cares for Me ) and never benefited financially from the album 's sales because she had sold her rights outright for $ 3 @,@ 000 . - - = = = Becoming popular ( 1959 – 64 ) = = = - - After the success of Little Girl Blue , Simone signed a contract with Colpix Records and recorded a multitude of studio and live albums . Colpix relinquished all creative control to her , including the choice of material that would be recorded , in exchange for her signing the contract with them . After the release of her live album Nina Simone at Town Hall , Simone became a favorite performer in Greenwich Village . By this time , Simone performed pop music only to make money to continue her classical music studies and was indifferent about having a recording contract . She kept this attitude toward the record industry for most of her career . - Simone married a New York police detective , Andrew Stroud , in 1961 . He later became her manager and the father of her daughter Lisa , but he abused Simone and physically . - - = = = Civil rights era ( 1964 – 74 ) = = = - - In 1964 , Simone changed record distributors from the American Colpix to the Dutch Philips , which also meant a change in the contents of her recordings . She had always included songs in her repertoire that drew upon her African @-@ American origins ( such as " Brown Baby " by Oscar Brown and " " by Michael in her album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 ) . On her debut album for Philips , Nina Simone in Concert ( live recording , 1964 ) , for the first time she openly addressed the racial inequality that was prevalent in the United States with the song " Mississippi " , her response to the June 12 , 1963 , murder of Evers and the September 15 , 1963 , bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that killed four young black girls and partially blinded a fifth girl who survived . She remarked that the title and the song itself was , " like throwing 10 bullets back at them " , becoming one of many other protest songs written by Simone . The song was released as a single , and it was boycotted in certain southern states . Specifically , promotional copies were smashed by a Carolina radio station and returned to Simone 's record label . " Old Jim Crow " , on the same album , addressed the Jim Crow laws . - From then on , a civil rights message was standard in Simone 's recording repertoire , becoming a part of her live performances . During the rise of her political activism , the release of her musical work grew more . Simone performed and spoke at many civil rights meetings , such as at the Selma to Montgomery marches . Simone advocated violent revolution during the civil rights period , rather than Martin Luther King 's non @-@ violent approach , and she hoped that African Americans could , by armed combat , form a separate state . Her message to the public signified the transition from the non @-@ violent approach to social change that was advocated by Martin Luther King into the more militant state that was implemented by Malcolm X and the associates of the Black Nationalist Movement . Nevertheless , she wrote in her autobiography that she and her family regarded all races as equal . - Simone moved from Philips to RCA Victor during 1967 . She sang " Blues " , written by her friend Langston Hughes on her first RCA album , Nina Simone Sings the Blues ( 1967 ) . On Silk & Soul ( 1967 ) , she recorded Billy Taylor 's " I Wish I How It Would Feel to Be Free " and " Turning Point " . The album ' Said ! ( 1968 ) contains live recordings from the Music Fair , April 7 , 1968 , three days after the murder of Martin Luther King , Jr . She dedicated the whole performance to him and sang " Why ? ( The King Of Love Is Dead ) " , a song written by her bass player , Gene Taylor , directly after the news of King 's death had reached them . In the summer of 1969 , she performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival in Harlem 's Mount Morris Park . - Together with Weldon Irvine , Simone turned the late Lorraine 's unfinished play To Be Young , and Black into a civil rights song . had been a personal friend whom Simone credited with her social and political consciousness . She performed the song live on the album Black Gold ( ) . A studio recording was released as a single , and renditions of the song have been recorded by Aretha Franklin ( on her 1972 album Young , and Black ) and by Donny . - - = = = Later life ( 1974 – 1993 ) = = = - - that she was not producing the mega @-@ hits that she had hoped for , Simone left the US in September 1970 , flying to Barbados and expecting Stroud to communicate with her when she had to perform again . However , Stroud interpreted Simone 's sudden disappearance , and the fact that she had left behind her wedding ring , as an indication of a desire for a divorce . As her manager , Stroud was in charge of Simone 's income . - Simone recorded her last album for RCA , It Is , in 1974 , and did not make another record until 1978 , when she was persuaded to go into the recording studio by Records owner Creed Taylor . The result was the album Baltimore , which , while not a commercial success , was fairly well received critically and marked a quiet artistic renaissance in Simone 's recording output . Her choice of material retained its , ranging from spiritual songs to Hall & Oates ' " Rich Girl . " Four years later Simone recorded on My Wings on a French label . - During the 1980s , Simone performed regularly at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club in London , where she recorded the album Live at Ronnie Scott 's in 1984 . Although her early on @-@ stage style could be somewhat and aloof , in later years , Simone particularly seemed to enjoy engaging her audiences sometimes by recounting humorous anecdotes related to her career and music and by soliciting requests . In 1987 , the original 1958 recording of " My Baby Just Cares for Me " was used in a commercial for No. 5 perfume in Britain . This led to a re @-@ release of the recording , which stormed to number 4 on the UK 's NME singles chart , giving her a brief surge in popularity in the UK . - When Simone returned to the United States , she learned that a warrant had been issued for her arrest for unpaid taxes ( as a protest against her country 's involvement with the Vietnam War ) , and returned to Barbados to evade the authorities and prosecution . Simone stayed in Barbados for quite some time and she had a lengthy affair with the Prime Minister , Errol Barrow . A close friend , singer Miriam Makeba , then persuaded her to go to . Later , she lived in Switzerland and the Netherlands , before settling in France in 1993 . During a 1998 performance in Newark , she announced , " If you 're going to come see me again , you 've got to come to France , because I ain 't coming back . " - Simone published her autobiography , I Put a Spell on You , in 1992 . She recorded her last album , A Single Woman in 1993 , where she depicted herself as such " single woman . " This album reflected her solitude and pain . She continued to tour through the 1990s but rarely traveled without an entourage . During the last decade of her life , Simone had sold more than one million records making her a global catalog best @-@ seller . This was accompanied by the CD revolution , global exposure through media television and the novelty of the Internet . - - = = = Illness and death = = = - - Simone had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in the late 1980s . In 1993 , Simone settled near @-@ en @-@ Provence in Southern France . She had suffered from breast cancer for several years before she died in her sleep at her home in Carry @-@ le @-@ , @-@ du @-@ Rhône on April 21 , 2003 . Her funeral service was attended by singers Miriam Makeba and Patti , poet Sonia , actor Davis , actress Ruby Dee , and hundreds of others . Simone 's ashes were scattered in several African countries . She is survived by her daughter , Lisa Celeste Stroud , an actress and singer , who took the stage name Simone , and has appeared on Broadway in . - - = = = = = = - - Simone was known for her temper and frequent outbursts . In 1985 , she fired a gun at a record company executive , whom she accused of stealing royalties . Simone said she " tried to kill him " but " missed " . In 1995 , she shot and wounded her neighbor 's son with an air gun after the boy 's laughter disturbed her concentration . According to a biographer , Simone took medication for a condition from the mid @-@ 1960s on . All this was only known to a small group of , and kept out of public view for many years , until the biography Break Down and Let It All Out written by Sylvia Hampton and David Nathan revealed this in 2004 , after her death . Singer @-@ songwriter Ian , a one @-@ time friend of Simone 's , related in her own autobiography , Society 's Child : My , two incidents to illustrate Simone 's : One incident in which she forced a shoe store , at , to take back a pair of sandals she 'd already worn ; and another in which Simone demanded a royalty payment from Ian herself as an exchange for having recorded one of Ian 's songs , and then ripped a pay telephone out of its wall when she was refused . - - = = Musical style = = - - - = = = Simone standards = = = - - Throughout her career , Simone assembled a collection of songs that would later become standards in her repertoire . Some were songs that she wrote herself , while others were new arrangements of other standards , and others had been written especially for the singer . Her first hit song in America was her rendition of George 's " I Loves You , Porgy " ( 1958 ) . It peaked at number 18 in the pop singles chart and number 2 on the black singles chart . During that same period Simone recorded " My Baby Just Cares for Me " , which would become her biggest success years later , in 1987 , after it was featured in a 1986 No. 5 perfume commercial . A music video was also created by Studios . Well known songs from her Philips albums include " Don 't Let Me Be Misunderstood " on Broadway @-@ Blues @-@ ( 1964 ) , " I Put a Spell on You " , " Ne me " ( a rendition of a Jacques song ) and " Feeling Good " on I Put a Spell On You ( 1965 ) , " Wine " and " Wild Is the Wind " on Wild is the Wind ( 1966 ) . - " Don 't Let Me Be Misunderstood " , " Feeling Good " , and " Sinner Man " ( Blues , 1965 ) have remained popular in terms of cover versions ( most notably a version of the former song by The Animals ) , sample usage , and its use on soundtracks for various movies , TV @-@ series , and video games . " Sinner Man " has been featured in the TV series , Person of Interest , The , Sherlock , and , as well as in movies such as The Thomas Crown Affair , Miami Vice , and Inland Empire , and sampled by artists such as and Timbaland . The song " Don 't Let Me Be Misunderstood " was sampled by Springsteen on " Misunderstood " from Common 's 2007 album Finding Forever , and by little @-@ known producers and for the song " Don 't Get It " on Lil Wayne 's 2008 album Carter III . " See @-@ Line Woman " was sampled by Kanye West for " Bad News " on his album & Heartbreak . The 1965 rendition of " Strange Fruit " originally by Billie Holiday was sampled by Kanye West for " Blood on the " on his album . - Simone 's years at RCA @-@ Victor spawned a number of singles and album tracks that were popular , particularly in Europe . In 1968 , it was " Ain 't Got No , I Got Life " , a medley from the musical Hair from the album ' Said ! ( 1968 ) that became a surprise hit for Simone , reaching number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and introducing her to a younger audience . In 2006 , it returned to the UK Top 30 in a remixed version by . - The following single , a rendition of the Bee 's " To Love Somebody " , also reached the UK Top 10 in 1969 . " The House of the Rising Sun " was featured on Nina Simone Sings the Blues in 1967 , but Simone had recorded the song in 1961 and it was featured on Nina at the Village Gate ( 1962 ) , the versions by Dave Van Ronk and Bob Dylan . It was later covered by The Animals , for whom it became a signature hit . - - = = = Performing style = = = - - Simone 's bearing and stage presence earned her the title " High of Soul " . She was a piano player , singer and performer , " separately , and simultaneously . " As a composer and , Simone moved from gospel to blues , jazz , and folk , and to numbers with European classical styling . Besides using Bach @-@ style counterpoint , she called upon the particular virtuosity of the 19th @-@ century Romantic piano repertoire — Chopin , Liszt , , and others . , she incorporated monologues and dialogues with the audience into the program , and often used silence as a musical element . She compared it to " mass hypnosis . I use it all the time . " Throughout most of her life and recording career she was accompanied by Fleming and guitarist and musical director Al . She 's known to have lived 10 years with Emmanuel from France - - = = Legacy and influence = = - - - = = = Music = = = - - Musicians who have cited Simone as important for their own musical upbringing include Elton John ( who named one of his pianos after her ) , Aretha Franklin , , David Bowie , Emeli Sandé , Antony and the , , , Beyoncé , , Nick Cave , Van Morrison , Christina Aguilera , Brooks , , Def , Kanye West , Lena , Bono , John Legend , Elizabeth Fraser , Cat Stevens , Anna , Li , Peter Gabriel , Maynard James , Cedric @-@ , Mary J. , Fantasia , Michael , Angela , Hill , , Alicia Keys , Lana Del Rey , , Matt Bellamy , Ian , Kerry Brothers , Jr . , , Amanda Palmer , Steve and Jeff Buckley . John Lennon cited Simone 's version of " I Put a Spell on You " as a source of inspiration for the Beatles ' song " Michelle " . - Simone 's music has been featured in soundtracks of various motion pictures and video games , including but not limited to , La Nikita ( 1990 ) , Point of No Return ( 1993 ) , The Big ( 1998 ) , Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) , The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) , Acts ( 2000 ) , Six Feet Under ( 2001 ) , The ( 2002 ) , Before Sunset ( 2004 ) , Cellular ( 2004 ) , Inland Empire ( 2006 ) , Miami Vice ( 2006 ) , Sex and the City ( 2008 ) , The World Unseen ( 2008 ) , Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , Home ( 2008 ) , ( 2009 ) , The ( 2009 ) , Men ( 2010 ) , and Beyond the Lights ( 2014 ) . her music is used in remixes , commercials , and TV series including " Feeling Good " , which featured prominently in the Season Four of Six Feet Under ( 2004 ) . Simone 's " Take Care of Business " is the closing theme of " The Man From " ( 2015 ) - - = = = Film = = = - - The documentary Nina Simone : La ( The Legend ) was made in the 1990s by French filmmakers , based on her autobiography I Put a Spell on You . It features live footage from different periods of her career , interviews with family , various interviews with Simone then living in the Netherlands , and while on a trip to her birthplace . A portion of footage from The Legend was taken from an earlier 26 @-@ minute biographical documentary by Peter , released in 1969 and entitled simply , Nina . Her filmed 1976 performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival is available on video courtesy of Eagle Rock Entertainment and is screened annually in New York City at an event called " The Rise and Fall of Nina Simone : Montreux , 1976 " which is by Tom . - Footage of Simone singing " Mississippi " for 40 @,@ 000 at the end of the Selma to Montgomery marches can be seen in the 1970 documentary King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis and the 2015 Liz documentary , What , Miss Simone ? - Plans for a Simone biographical film were released at the end of 2005 , to be based on Simone 's autobiography I Put a Spell on You ( 1992 ) and to focus on her relationship in later life with her assistant , Clifton Henderson , who died in 2006 ; Simone 's daughter , Simone Kelly , has since refuted the existence of a romantic relationship between Simone and Henderson on account of his homosexuality . Cynthia Mort , screenwriter of Will & Grace and , has written the screenplay and directed the film , Nina , which stars Zoe in the title role . In May 2014 , the film was shown to potential distributors at the Cannes Film Festival , but has , as of August 2014 , not been seen by reviewers . - In 2015 , two documentary features about Simone 's life and music were released . The first , directed by Liz , What , Miss Simone ? was produced in cooperation with Simone 's estate and her daughter , who also served as the film 's executive producer . The film was produced as a counterpoint to the unauthorized Cynthia Mort film , and featured previously unreleased archival footage . It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2015 and was distributed by Netflix on June 26 , 2015 . It was nominated on January 14 , 2016 for a 2016 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . The Amazing Nina Simone is an independent film directed by Jeff L. Lieberman and is also scheduled for release in 2015 . The director initially consulted with Simone 's daughter before going the independent route and instead worked closely with her siblings , predominantly Sam Waymon . - - = = = Honors = = = - - Simone was the recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2000 for her interpretation of " I Loves You , Porgy . " She has also received fifteen Grammy Award nominations . On Human Day 1974 in Washington , D.C. , more than 10 @,@ 000 people paid tribute to Simone . Simone received two honorary degrees in music and humanities , from the University of Massachusetts and Malcolm X College . She preferred to be called " Dr. Nina Simone " after these honors were bestowed upon her . - Two days before her death , Simone was awarded an honorary degree by the Curtis Institute of Music , the music school that had refused to admit her as a student at the beginning of her career . - In 2002 , the city of Nijmegen , Netherlands , named a street after her , the Nina Simone ; she had lived in Nijmegen between 1988 and 1990 . On August 29 , 2005 , the city of Nijmegen , concert hall De , and more than fifty artists ( amongst whom were Frank , , and Fay ) honoured Simone with the tribute concert From Nijmegen . - Simone was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009 . - In 2010 , a statue in her honor was erected in Trade Street in her native Tryon , North Carolina . - - = = Discography = = - - - = = = Albums = = = - - - = = = Chart singles = = = - - - - = Vistara = - - Tata SIA Airlines Limited , operating as Vistara , is an Indian domestic airline based in with its hub at Delhi @-@ Indira Gandhi International Airport . The carrier , a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines , commenced operations on 9 January 2015 with its inaugural flight between Delhi and Mumbai . The airline had carried more than two million passengers by June 2016 and as of April 2016 , has a 2 @.@ 3 % share of the domestic carrier market . The airline operates to seventeen destinations with a fleet of Airbus A320 @-@ 200 aircraft . Vistara was the first airline to introduce premium economy seats on domestic routes in India . - - = = History = = - - The airline was founded in 2013 as a joint venture ( JV ) between India 's conglomerate Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines ( SIA ) . The two companies had made a bid in the mid @-@ 1990s to launch a full service carrier in India that was unsuccessful , being denied regulatory approval by the Indian government . With India opening up its airline sector for 49 percent foreign direct investment ( ) in 2012 , Tata and SIA once again decided to float a JV airline company in India . The JV , Tata SIA Airlines Limited ( ) , was envisaged as a premium full @-@ service carrier to cater to the demands of high @-@ end business travellers in India 's civil aviation market dominated by low @-@ cost carriers . India 's Foreign Investment Promotion Board approved the JV in October 2013 , allowing SIA to take a 49 percent stake in the airline . The two parent companies initially pledged to invest a combined US $ as start @-@ up capital , with Tata Sons owning 51 percent and Singapore Airlines owning the remaining 49 percent . This was part of Tata 's second major foray into the aviation sector along with a minority stake in India . The company 's first venture , Tata Airlines , was established in the 1930s and later became the flag carrier Air India after . - The company unveiled its brand identity " Vistara " on 11 August 2014 . The name was taken from the Sanskrit word , meaning " " . Vistara received its air operator 's certificate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation on 15 December 2014 and started operations on 9 January 2015 . Vistara became the first carrier to operate domestic services out of the new Terminal 2 at Mumbai 's International Airport . On 24 August 2015 , Vistara inaugurated the Aviation Security Training Institute , an in @-@ house institute for training its cockpit and cabin crew , security staff and others related to aviation industry . The institute has secured the necessary from the body Bureau of Civil Aviation Security . From the first month of operation , Vistara consistently achieved very high on @-@ time performance ( ) records of over 90 percent , the highest among India 's domestic carriers . On 20 August 2015 , Vistara declared it had carried half a million passengers in just over seven months of operations . As of February 2016 , Vistara has a share of 2 % in the domestic carrier market . - - = = Corporate affairs = = - - In March 2015 , Vistara shifted to its new office at the One Horizon Center tower in Sector 43 , , a satellite city of Delhi . Vistara chose Yeoh as the chief executive officer ( CEO ) and Ming as the chief commercial officer ( ) , both with Singapore Airlines background . Initially it started out with a three @-@ member board comprising ( SIA group ) , and Prasad ( Tata group ) , with the latter as chairman . In August 2015 , the airline expanded the board by introducing two new members , and , along with an infusion of ₹ 2 billion ( US $ 30 million ) , part of ₹ 5 billion ( US $ 74 million ) initially planned by Tata and SIA together . In January 2016 , , former Managing Director of Titan , joined as the new chairman following Prasad 's retirement . In March 2016 , Vistara appointed Kapoor as its chief strategy and commercial officer as the successor to Ming who was scheduled to leave in mid April 2016 following completion of his at Vistara . - - = = Destinations = = - - As of May 2016 , Vistara flies to the following destinations within India : - - = = = agreements = = = - - Vistara has agreements with the following airlines : - Air France - British Airways - Jet Airways - - Air India - Singapore Airlines - - = = Fleet = = - - As of 31 May 2016 , Vistara operates the following aircraft : - Vistara took delivery of its first aircraft at New Delhi on 25 September 2014 . The airline plans to take delivery of all thirteen of its original Airbus A320 aircraft by 2016 and seven Airbus aircraft of its initial order by 2018 . In March 2015 , Yeoh announced that the airline is planning to procure an unspecified number of both narrow @-@ body and wide @-@ body aircraft to enhance the domestic network and launch international flights within two years . - - = = Services = = - - - = = = Cabin = = = - - - = = = = Business class = = = = - - Being a full @-@ service carrier , Vistara offers 16 business class seats , four rows in 2 @-@ 2 configuration , in its 148 @-@ seater Airbus A320 @-@ 200 fleet . The business class seats are 20 @.@ 12 inches ( 511 mm ) wide with 42 inches ( 1 @,@ 100 mm ) seat pitch . - - = = = = Premium Economy = = = = - - Vistara was the first airline in India to introduce Premium Economy class in the domestic market . At present it offers 36 premium economy seats , six rows in 3 @-@ 3 configuration , out of total 148 seats in the single aisle Airbus A320 @-@ 200 aircraft in its fleet . Each being 18 inches ( 460 mm ) wide and having a pitch of 33 – 36 inches ( 840 – 910 mm ) . - - = = = In @-@ flight entertainment = = = - - As of April 2016 , Vistara 's Airbus A320 @-@ 200s do not have in @-@ flight entertainment screens installed and it provides pre @-@ loaded tablets for its business @-@ class . In March 2016 , Vistara started content directly to passengers ' personal electronic devices through one @-@ way @-@ Fi connection through Systems in @-@ flight entertainment system . - - = = = = = = - - The in @-@ flight food is by Air , another joint venture between Tata and a Singaporean company , headed by , formerly the executive chef of the Taj Hotels group . Vistara offers four different meals for each cabin for different time of the day — breakfast , , lunch and dinner with options of one vegetarian and one non @-@ vegetarian dish in economy class ; two vegetarian dishes and one non @-@ vegetarian dish in premium economy ; and two vegetarian and two non @-@ vegetarian dishes for business @-@ class cabin . The menu is typically changed every seventh day and there are different menus for lunch and dinner . It also provides special meals upon request 24 hours before departure . - - = = = Lounge = = = - - On 29 March 2016 , Vistara inaugurated premium lounge service for its Business @-@ class passengers and Club Vistara Gold card holders at the departure level of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi . The lounge is spread across 250 square metres on the air @-@ side and can seat 75 passengers at a time . - - = = Frequent @-@ flyer program = = - - Vistara uses Club Vistara as its frequent @-@ flyer program ; it operates as a value based program and awards points on the basis of money spent on tickets rather that miles travelled by passengers . On 29 January 2015 , Vistara announced a partnership agreement with Singapore Airlines ( SIA ) which would allow Club Vistara members to earn and redeem miles with the program on SIA and Silk Air flights and vice versa . - - - = Portrait of Monsieur Bertin = - - Portrait of Monsieur Bertin is an 1832 oil @-@ on @-@ canvas painting by Jean @-@ Auguste @-@ Dominique Ingres . It depicts Louis @-@ François Bertin ( 1766 – 1841 ) , the French writer , art collector and director of the pro @-@ Journal des débats . Ingres completed the portrait during his first period of success ; having achieved acclaim as a history painter , he accepted portrait commissions with reluctance , regarding them as a distraction from more important work . Bertin was a friend and a politically active member of the French upper @-@ middle class . Ingres presents him as a personification of the commercially minded leaders of the liberal reign of Louis Philippe I. He is physically imposing and self @-@ assured , but his real @-@ life personality shines through – warm , and engaging to those who had earned his trust . - The painting had a prolonged genesis . Ingres over the pose and made several preparatory sketches . The final work faithfully captures the sitter 's character , conveying both a restless energy and imposing bulk . It is an realistic depiction of ageing and emphasises the skin and thinning hair of an overweight man who yet maintains his resolve and determination . He sits in three @-@ quarter profile against a brown ground lit from the right , his fingers are pronounced and highly detailed , while the of his chair reflects light from an unseen window . - Ingres ' portrait of Bertin was a critical and popular success , but the sitter was a private person . Although his family worried about caricature and disapproved , it became widely known and sealed the artist 's reputation . It was praised at the Paris Salon of 1833 , and has been influential to both academic painters such as Léon and later including Pablo Picasso and Félix . Today art critics regard it as Ingres ' finest male portrait . It has been on permanent display at the Musée du Louvre since 1897 . - - = = Background = = - - Louis @-@ François Bertin was 66 in 1832 , the year of the portrait . He befriended Ingres either through his son Bertin , a student of the painter , or via Étienne @-@ Jean , Ingres ' friend and the Journal 's art critic . In either case the genesis of the commission is unknown . Bertin was a leader of the French upper class and a supporter of Louis Philippe and the Bourbon Restoration . He was a director of the Le Moniteur until 1823 , when the Journal des débats became the recognised voice of the liberal @-@ constitutional opposition after he had come to criticize absolutism . He eventually gave his support to the July Monarchy . The Journal supported contemporary art , and Bertin was a patron , collector and of writers , painters and other artists . Ingres was sufficiently intrigued by Bertin 's personality to accept the commission . - It was completed within a month , during Ingres ' frequent visits to Bertin 's estate of retreat , Le des Roches , in , . Ingres made daily visits , as Bertin entertained guests such as Victor Hugo , his mistress , Hector Berlioz , and later Franz Liszt and Charles Gounod . Ingres later made drawings of the Bertin family , including a depiction of his host 's wife and sketches of their son Armand and daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Cécile . The portrait of Armand his physical resemblance to his father . - Ingres ' early career coincided with the Romantic movement , which reacted against the prevailing neoclassical style . in French art had developed as artists saw themselves as part of the cultural center of Europe , and France as the successor to Rome . Romantic painting was and more expressive , preoccupied more with colour than with line or form , and more focused on style than on subject matter . based on classical themes fell out of fashion , replaced by contemporary rather than historical subject matter , especially in portraiture . Ingres resisted this trend , and wrote , " The history painter shows the species in general ; while the portrait painter represents only the specific individual — a model often ordinary and full of shortcomings . " From his early career , Ingres ' main source of income was commissioned portraits , a genre he dismissed as lacking in grandeur . The success of his The of Louis XIII at the 1824 Salon marked an abrupt change in his fortunes : he received a series of commissions for large history paintings , and for the next decade he painted few portraits . His financial difficulties behind him , Ingres could afford to concentrate on historical subjects , although he was highly sought @-@ after as a . He wrote in 1847 , " portraits , they are so difficult to do that they prevent me getting on with greater things that I could do more quickly . " - Ingres was more successful with female than male portraits . His 1814 Portrait of Madame de was described as " to the feminine what the Louvre 's Bertin is to the masculine " . The sitter for his 1848 Portrait of de Rothschild looks out at the viewer with the same as Bertin , but is softened by her attractive dress and relaxed pose ; she is engaging and sympathetic rather than tough and imposing . - - = = The portrait = = - - - = = = Preparation and execution = = = - - Ingres was self @-@ critical and consumed by self @-@ doubt . He often took months to complete a portrait , leaving large periods of inactivity between . With Bertin , he in finding a pose to best convey both the man 's restless energy and his age . At least seven studies survive , three are signed and dated . Ingres was a master draftsman and the sketches , if not fully realised , are highly regarded in their own right . The sketches are exemplary in their handling of line and form , and similar in size . - The earliest study has Bertin standing and leaning on a table in an almost Napoleonic pose . His hard , level stare is already established , but the focus seems to be on his groin rather than his face . It is obvious that Ingres struggled with the sketch ; the head is on a square of attached paper which must have replaced an earlier cut @-@ out version , and other areas have been rubbed over and heavily reworked . The next extant drawing shows Bertin seated , but the chair is missing . The last extant sketch is the closest to the eventual painting , with a chair , though his bulk has not yet been filled out . - Frustrated by his inability to capture his subject , Ingres broke down in tears in his studio , in company . Bertin recalled " him : ' my dear Ingres , don 't about me ; and above all don 't yourself like that . You want to start my portrait over again ? Take your own time for it . You will never tire me , and just as long as you want me to come , I am at your orders . ' " After agreeing to a breathing spell Ingres finally settled on a design . Early biographers provide differing anecdotes regarding the inspiration for the distinctive seated pose . Henri Delaborde said Ingres observed Bertin in this posture while arguing politics after dinner with his sons . According to Eugène Emmanuel ( he said was related to him by Bertin ) , Ingres noticed a pose Bertin took while seated outside with Ingres and a third man at a café . - Bertin said that Ingres , confident that he had finally established the pose for the portrait , " came close and speaking almost in my ear said : ' Come sit tomorrow , your portrait is [ as good as ] done . ' " Bertin 's final pose reverses the usual relationship between the two men . The artist becomes the cool , detached observer ; Bertin , usually calm and reasoned , is now restless and impatient , mirroring Ingres ' irritation at spending time on portraiture . - - = = = Description = = = - - Bertin is presented as strong , energetic and warm @-@ hearted . His hair is grey on white , his fingers spread across his knees . Bertin 's fingers were described in 1959 by artist Henry de as " crab @-@ like claws ... emerging from the that are the sleeves of his coat . " The bulk of his body is in a tight black jacket , black trousers and brown satin , with a white shirt and revealing his open neck . He wears a gold watch and a pair of glasses in his right pocket . In the view of art historian Robert Rosenblum , his " nearly ferocious presence " is by the tightly constrained space . The chair and clothes appear too small to contain him . His coiled , fingers rest on his thighs , barely protruding from the sleeves of his jacket , while his neck cannot be seen above his narrow white collar . - The painting is composed in monochrome , muted colours ; predominately blacks , greys and . The exceptions are the whites of his collar and sleeves , the reds in the cushion and the light reflecting on the leather of the arm @-@ chair . In 19th @-@ century art , vivid colour was associated with femininity and emotion ; male portraiture tended towards muted shades and monochrome . Bertin leans slightly forward , boldly staring at the viewer in a manner that is both imposing and paternal . He seems engaged , and poised to speak , his body fully towards the viewer and his expression etched with certainty . by Nicolas 's 1650 Self @-@ Portrait with of Painting , Ingres details the veins and of his face . Bertin is in three @-@ quarter profile , against a gold – brown background lit from the right . He rests on a curved @-@ back mahogany chair , the arms of which reflect light falling from the upper left of the pictorial space . - Ingres seems to have adapted elements of the approach and technique of Hans 's Portrait of William , now in the Louvre . Neither artist placed much emphasis on colour , preferring dark or cool tones . The portrait seems to have informed the indicators of Bertin 's aging and the emphasis on his fingers . Jacques @-@ Louis David also explored hyper @-@ realism in his depictions of Cooper ( 1802 ) and Emmanuel Joseph ( 1817 ) . In the later painting , David shows tiny of light reflecting on the sitter 's chair and details " every of [ ' ] closely cropped hair . " - The Greek pattern at the foot of the wall is unusually close to the picture plane , the sitter . The wall is painted in gold , adding to the sense of a monumental portrait of a modern icon . The details of Bertin 's face are highly symmetrical . His eyes are heavily , by positioned twists of his white collar , the winds of his hair , eyebrows and eyelids . His mouth turns downwards at the left and upwards to the right . This dual expression is intended to show his and complex personality : he is a hard @-@ businessman , and a patron of the arts . The reflection of a window can be seen in the rim of Bertin 's chair . It is barely discernible , but adds spatial depth . The Portrait of Pope Leo X ( c . ) by Raphael , a source for the Bertin portrait , also features a window reflection of the on the pope 's chair . - The painting is signed 1832 in capitals at the top left , and Bertin , also in capitals , at the upper right . The frame is the original , and thought to have been designed by Ingres himself . It shows animals around a and richly carved . Art historians Paul Mitchell and Lynn Roberts note that the design follows an old French tradition of placing austere male portraits within " carved " frames . The frame closely resembles that of Raphael 's c . 1514 – 15 Portrait of , a painting that influenced Ingres , especially in colour and tone . - - = = Reception = = - - Monsieur Bertin was exhibited at the 1833 Salon alongside his 1807 Portrait of . It met with near universal praise to become his most successful artwork to that point . It sealed his reputation as a , reaching far enough into public consciousness to become a standard for newspaper political satires . Today it is considered his greatest portrait . Ingres viewed all this as a mixed blessing , remarking that " since my portraits of Bertin and , everybody wants portraits . There are six that I 've turned down , or am avoiding , because I can 't stand them . " Before the official exhibition , Ingres displayed the painting in his studio for friends and pupils . Most were lavish in their praise , although Louis to a friend that he feared people might " find the colouring a bit dreary " . He proved correct ; at the Salon , critics praised the , but some felt the portrait exemplified Ingres ' weakness as a colourist . It was routinely faulted for its " purplish tone " — which the ageing of the oil medium has transformed over time to warm greys and . Bertin 's wife Louis @-@ Marie reportedly did not like the painting ; his daughter , Louise , thought it transformed her father from a " great lord " to a " fat farmer " . - Given the standings of the two men , the painting was received in both social and political terms . A number of writers mentioned Bertin 's eventful career , in tones that were , according to art historian Andrew Carrington Shelton , either " sarcastic [ or ] " . There were many satirical reproductions and pointed in the following years . Aware of Bertin 's support of the July Monarchy , writers at the La Gazette de France viewed the portrait as the of the " and cynicism " of the new regime . Their anonymous critic wondered " what bitter irony it expresses , what hardened skepticism , sarcasm and ... pronounced cynicism " . - Several critics mentioned Bertin 's hands . Twentieth @-@ century art historian Albert described them as " powerful , ... grasping his thighs in a gesture ... projecting ... enormous strength controlled " . Some contemporary critics were not so kind . The photographer and critic Félix was harshly critical , and disparaged what he saw as a " bundle of flesh ... under which , instead of bones and muscles , there can only be intestines – this hand , the of which I can hear ! " Bertin 's hands made a different impression on the critic F. de , who remarked : " A mediocre artist would have modified them , he would have replaced those swollen joints with the cylindrical fingers of the first model ; but by this single alteration he would have changed the expression of the whole personality ... the energetic and mighty nature " . - The work 's realism attracted a large amount of commentary when it was first exhibited . Some saw it as an to Romanticism , others said that its small details not only showed an acute likeness , but built a psychological profile of the sitter . Art historian sees Bertin as " at once intense , suspicious , and aggressive " . She notes that there is a certain amount of projection of the artist 's personality and recalls 's description of Ingres ; " There he was squarely seated in an armchair , motionless as an Egyptian god carved of granite , his hands stretched wide over parallel knees , his torso stiff , his head " . Some compared it to Denner , a German realist painter influenced by Jan van Eyck . Denner , in the words of Ingres scholar Robert Rosenblum , " specialised in recording every last line on the faces of aged men and women , and even of windows in their eyes . " The comparison was made by Ingres ' admirers and detractors alike . In 1833 , Louis de Maynard of the @-@ , writing in the influential L , dismissed Denner as a weak painter concerned with " " , and said that both he and Ingres fell short of the " sublime productions of Ingres ' self @-@ proclaimed hero , Raphael . " - The following year Ingres sought to on the success of his Bertin portrait . He showed his ambitious history painting The Martyrdom of Saint at the 1834 Salon , but it was harshly criticised ; even Ingres ' admirers offered only faint praise . and frustrated , Ingres declared he would the Salon , abandon his residence in Paris for Rome , and relinquish all current positions , ending his role in public life . This was not to last . - Bertin bequeathed the portrait to his daughter Louise ( 1805 – 77 ) on his death . She passed it to her niece Marie @-@ Louise @-@ Sophie Bertin ( 1836 – 93 ) wife of Jules , a later director of the Journal des débats . They bequeathed it to their niece Cécile , its last private owner . In 1897 Cécile sold it to the Musée du Louvre for 80 @,@ 000 francs . - - = = Legacy = = - - The Bertin portrait has been hugely influential . At first it served as a model for depictions of energetic and intellectual 19th @-@ century men , and later as a more universal type . Several 1890s works closely echo its form and motifs . Jean @-@ Joseph Benjamin @-@ Constant 's monochrome and severe 1896 Portrait of Alfred is heavily indebted , while Léon 's stern 1892 portrait of the aging Ernest has been described as a " direct citation " of Ingres ' portrait . - Its influence can be seen in the dismissive stare and overwhelming physical presence of the sitter in Pablo Picasso 's 1906 Portrait of Gertrude Stein . Picasso admired Ingres and referred to him throughout his career . His invoking of Bertin can be read as a humorous reference to , according to Robert Rosenblum , " Stein 's bulk and sexual preference " . Stein does not possess Bertin 's ironic stare , but is similarly dressed in black , and leans forward in an imposing manner , the painting emphasising her " massive , monumental presence " . In 1907 the Swiss artist Félix depicted Stein , in response to Picasso , making an even more direct reference to Ingres ' portrait , prompting to exclaim , " That 's Madame Bertin ! " - The influence continued through the 20th century . Gerald Kelly recalled Bertin when painting his restless and confined series of portraits of Ralph Vaughan Williams in 1952 – 61 . In 1975 produced a series of nine black and white photographs on board based on Ingres ' portraits of Bertin and Caroline Rivière . - - - = Harajuku Lovers Tour = - - The Harajuku Lovers Tour was the first solo concert tour of American recording artist Gwen Stefani . The tour began through October to November 2005 , to support of her debut studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Although Stefani embarked on multiple tours with her band No Doubt , she initially opted not to participate in a tour to promote her album , an attitude that the singer eventually abandoned due to the commercial success of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . - The Harajuku Lovers Tour consisted of only one leg , which encompassed a three @-@ month @-@ long series of performances that visited cities throughout the United States and Canada . Stefani recruited hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas , rapper M.I.A. , and singer Ciara to accompany her as opening acts for her . The tour produced varying responses from contemporary critics , who despite praising Stefani 's vocals , were critical of other aspects of the show such as its musical material . According to Billboard , the tour grossed $ 22 million from 37 concerts , from which 20 sold @-@ out . A video album , titled Harajuku Lovers Live , was released in DVD format in conjunction with her 2006 album The Sweet Escape and features the singer performing at the Honda Center in , California , Stefani 's birthplace . - - = = Background = = - - Stefani announced a tour to support her first solo studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) on June 27 , 2005 , giving details of sixteen dates from October 16 to November 10 . The announcement on June 27 also included the fact that hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas , who are also signed to Interscope Records , would be the opening act for all the announced dates except November 3 . The group , who were backing their album Monkey Business , ended up touring with Stefani until November 14 . On August 8 , it was announced that singer @-@ songwriter and rapper M.I.A. would take over as the opening act from November 16 to November 25 , although it wasn 't until August 17 that the extra dates from November 11 to November 25 were officially added to the tour . M.I.A. toured with Stefani , backing her album , until December 1 . On September 29 , the final set of dates , November 26 to December 21 , were added to the tour and it was announced that the third and final opening act for Stefani 's tour would be singer Ciara , backing her album , from December 3 to December 21 . - Stefani initially did not intend to tour to support the album , responding " What tour ? " to a question from MTV News in December 2004 regarding a possible tour . She later mentioned several times that she had not originally intended to tour in support of the album , referring to her " illegal tour " and for her breaking her promise not to tour on stage at the Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota on November 14 and admitting " I just wanted to make a record . I didn 't want to tour , I was too tired , then you guys kept buying the record , and I had to come out and see you guys " on stage at Winnipeg on November 16 . In a September interview with MTV News , Stefani said of the tour : " I 'm looking forward to it , it 's going to be unbelievable . [ ... ] I would love to try to roll a little bit of ' Orange County Girl ' in there . We 'll see . Anything can happen in rehearsals . I don 't even know how long the show can be right now . " - - = = Concert synopsis = = - - Stefani opened the show with the song " Harajuku Girls " , an ode to Harajuku , the fashion district of Tokyo , Japan . She appeared on stage wearing a tiara and baby doll outfit , sitting in the red velvet and gold throne from the cover of Love . Angel . Music . Baby. and surrounded by her backing dancers , also called the Harajuku Girls , while video images of Harajuku itself played on screens behind her . Her second song was the first single from the album , " What You Waiting For ? " , which she began as a ballad before bringing it up to its usual pace . Stefani and the Harajuku Girls then left the stage to change into one @-@ piece bathing suits while her band continued to play , before returning to perform " The Real Thing " . A group of four came on stage to perform while Stefani left the stage again to change into a black @-@ and @-@ white leather . For the next song , the album 's sixth single " Crash " , the audience were then divided into male and female halves and , as images of a car hood bouncing to the beat were broadcast , each half took turns to sing the lyric " back it up , back it up " . Stefani then performed the fourth single from the album , " " . - Stefani changed outfits again into a pair of black hot pants to perform " Rich Girl " , the album 's second single , while walking along a catwalk into the crowd and giving fans high @-@ . She then sang " Danger Zone " and " Long Way to Go " , both intimate songs , before performing two new songs back @-@ to @-@ back : " Wind It Up " , which would become the first single from her second album The Sweet Escape , and " Orange County Girl " . " Wind It Up " was performed with a carnival vibe and " Orange County Girl " was accompanied by a video montage of childhood photos of Stefani and images of items mentioned in the song . She changed into a silver cocktail dress for the fourth single from her first album , " Cool " . - In early performances of the show , Stefani 's next song was " Hollaback Girl " , the album 's third and best @-@ selling single , performed in a drumming costume and singing with the audience . This was followed by an encore of " Serious " and " Pop Electric " , for which Stefani was brought out in a stretcher by the Harajuku Girls . However , in later performances , " Hollaback Girl " was saved for the encore and preceded by the two other songs . - - = = Critical response = = - - Critics were divided with the Harajuku Lovers Tour . Patrick MacDonald of the Seattle Times , while Stefani 's song @-@ writing efforts and the show 's " fun " antics , reprimanded the singer 's dancing and limited material , given that she performed only twelve songs from Love . Angel . Music . Baby. and two from The Sweet Escape but none from previous work with her band No Doubt . In regards to the musical selection , MacDonald concluded that half the songs are " eminently forgettable " , a view echoed by Winnipeg Sun columnist Rob Williams , who described some of the album tracks as " " . Despite these objections , Williams issued her Center performance a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars . " But sometimes the music didn 't matter when there was as much eye candy as Stefani provided " , opined the Winnipeg Sun writer . " She is an extremely striking figure and the choreography , light show , backup dancers and frequent costume changes all added to the spectacle , which ended up being more style than substance . " - Mike Ross of the Edmonton Sun was impressed with Stefani 's ability to engage the audience , a quality that earned her the description of the " effervescent hostess " from the journalist . In his four star review for the concert , he commended the " swell " music and " amazing " choreography ; " It also had merit as a tour @-@ de @-@ force — thanks in large part to a quartet each of talented dancing girls and B @-@ boys " , remarked Ross . Stefani 's different outfits and set pieces also won praise . " So you could have enjoyed last night 's concert as a fashion show . Or a music video , sure " , Ross concluded . Although she called Stefani the " new princess of pop " and praised the singer 's charismatic presence during the show , Jane Stevenson of the Toronto Sun felt that the concert was " definitely of the lightweight variety in the music department " and noted that , although Stefani models herself after Madonna , she is " no real threat " . She gave the concert three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . - MTV 's Corey Moss compared Stefani 's performance to Madonna with regard to " the eight costume changes to the dancers to the to , hell , even the music itself " and that she sounded completely different from how she did with No Doubt . Moss asserted that the No Doubt lead vocalist was the " most captivating thing onstage " with her " confident strut and dead @-@ on vocals " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times admired the " glamour and groove " antics of the show and how Stefani " [ ed ] the of stardom " . He praised her music , describing the album as " a smart [ record ] , with rhythm tracks that from funk to pop , electronics to rock " , although calling most tracks " superficial " , being about " style " , " success " , " shopping " and " sex " . - Jim Harrison of affirmed that the Harajuku Lovers Tour lacked a strong musical setlist , and also felt that Stefani 's stage presence was absent . He stated that she " doesn 't have many songs that translate well in a live setting " from her album Love . Angel . Music . Baby. and suggested that she should have included songs by No Doubt for " much @-@ needed shots of " for the audience , who were , according to Harrison , " sitting on their hands and literally four songs into the set " . Harrison felt that Stefani seemed truly " lost on stage without a band " , ultimately describing her performance as " [ lacking in ] energy " , " lukewarm " and seemingly " on " . Furthermore , the writer thought that her performance was akin to that of fellow American recording artist Britney Spears , which was " utterly unsuitable for both the song selection and her style " . However , he did praise the rendition of " Hollaback Girl " , calling it " great " and " Gwen being all Gwen can be " , and called the " pretty cool " . - - = = Broadcast and recordings = = - - Stefani 's performance in late November 2005 in her home town of , California was recorded and released on DVD as a video album Harajuku Lovers Live . It was released on December 5 , 2006 , the same release date as Stefani 's second album , The Sweet Escape . The DVD was directed by Sophie . The concert features performances of all twelve songs from Love . Angel . Music . Baby. and two new songs from her second studio album , The Sweet Escape , as well as interviews with the musicians and dancers and a documentary of tour preparation . The DVD received similar mixed reviews to the concerts themselves . Reviewers praised Stefani 's musical performances and stage presence , but criticizing the lack of material and the long costume changes . The DVD was certified gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association and platinum in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association . - - = = Opening acts = = - - The Black Eyed Peas ( October 16 – November 14 ) - M.I.A. ( November 16 – December 1 ) - Ciara ( December 3 – December 21 ) - - = = Set list = = - - - = = Tour dates = = - - - - = Laborintus II ( 2012 recording ) = - - Laborintus II is a 2012 album by Belgian orchestra Ictus Ensemble , vocal group Nederlands Kamerkoor and American vocalist Mike Patton . It is a recording of the 1965 work of the same name by Italian composer Luciano Berio , which featured lyrics taken from fellow Italian Edoardo Sanguineti 's 1956 poem Laborintus . The performance was recorded live at the 2010 Holland Festival . - Berio 's composition employs elements of jazz and electronic music , and Sanguineti 's libretto ideas from the works of Dante , T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound as well as using his own original work . Berio named " memory , death and usury " as the work 's main concerns , believing these themes to be present in Dante 's work . - Released on July 10 , 2012 , the album debuted at number 23 on the American Billboard Classic Albums chart . It has received mixed reviews from critics , most of whom highlighted its challenging and free @-@ form composition . - - = = Production = = - - Laborintus II is a recording of the 1965 composition of the same name by Luciano Berio , who wrote it for the 700th anniversary of Dante 's birth . The libretto was provided by Edoardo Sanguineti , who included elements of his 1956 poem Laborintus in it . AllMusic 's Thom Jurek described the original poem as speaking of " the of love and mourning , while acting as a critique of the of all things " . In addition to Sanguineti 's own poetry — itself based on themes found in Dante 's , and La Vita — the work uses from the Bible and the writings of poets T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound . Musically , Laborintus II incorporates elements of jazz and electronic music while sometimes the style of Italian composer Claudio . - Berio described the main structure of Laborintus II as a " catalogue , in its medieval meaning " ( exemplified by the of of Seville ) , using Dante 's themes of " memory , death and usury " . Members of the Dutch choir Nederlands Kamerkoor , which performed in the recording , have also cited usury as a key theme in the work , describing the composition as " an against the practice " . Of the form , Berio wrote : " Individual words and sentences are sometimes to be regarded as autonomous entities , and sometimes to be perceived as part of the sound structure as a whole . " The instrumentation of Laborintus II was written as an " extension " of the vocal material ; its electronic section is likewise an extension of the instrumental music . Berio used car tyres and a blow @-@ up doll on stage in a performance of the work at the Holland Festival in 1973 . - The album was recorded live at the Holland Festival on June 18 , 2010 , in the ' t . The work was performed by Mike Patton and the Belgian Ictus Ensemble conducted by Georges @-@ Elie . were performed by Ictus Ensemble Dirk , , Michel , double bass player , and Michael and . Nederlands Kamerkoor provided the choral . The album marks only the third recording of the composition to have been released since it was first broadcast on French radio by Office de Française . Patton has said of the work , " I can listen to Berio and as easily as I can to but like all modern music of Italy , it is unfortunately ... Maybe because of the language barrier , maybe because it ’ s not easily understood . Berio , who was teaching in California when he wrote this piece , was listening to jazz , pop and folk music and incorporated all of it in his works without prejudice . " - - = = Composition = = - - Laborintus II combines orchestral , choral and spoken elements throughout its three parts . Patton 's spoken narration is delivered in Italian , although taped samples feature Sanguineti speaking in English . From a to a shout , the words carry a variety of emotional tones as the work progresses . The choral parts respond to the narration both with unified chanting and with disjointed arguing , the latter serving to increase the tension . They are accompanied by three female vocalists whose voices range from soprano singing to " " and " " . - The music incorporates elements of jazz and 20th @-@ century avant @-@ garde . The instruments in the orchestra frequently both each other and the female voices , and some sections of the composition seem as though they are improvised . Laborintus II makes use of both traditional percussion instruments and electronic sounds , and their interplay serves to " erect musical and , then them quickly " . Max Feldman has compared the style to that of Raymond Scott . - The first part of the composition features the three female voices creating a " " tone while the orchestra plays recurring musical passages . The second part is a discordant crescendo , as Patton 's narration becomes increasingly shouted and the orchestral accompaniment more " " . The third and final part returns to a tone , on drums and jazz instruments . - - = = Track listing = = - - All lyrics written by Edoardo Sanguineti , all music composed by Luciano Berio . - - = = Personnel = = - - - = = Release and reception = = - - Laborintus II was released on July 10 , 2012 , through Patton 's record label Recordings . In the United States , the album debuted on the Billboard Classic Albums chart at number 23 ; it spent one week on the chart . - The album received mixed reviews from critics . Review website Metacritic awarded it an average score of 58 out of 100 , based on eight reviews . Writing for The A.V. Club , Chris rated the album B − , calling it " challenging , uncompromising , and bordering on inaccessible " . felt that the album was abstract and difficult but contained " hidden " to reward repeated hearings . He called Patton 's arrangements " haunting " and " " . 's Thom Jurek rated the album 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , describing the recording as " a very nearly dazzling endeavor that rewards patience " . Jurek felt that , as an album , Laborintus II was difficult to grasp at first , by virtue of being a recording of theatrical music , but he praised the performance of Ictus Ensemble , writing of their " freshness and mischievous glee " . of rated it 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 , finding it " fascinating if not unwieldy " . He felt that Laborintus II was perhaps Patton 's most ambitious album to date , but noted that the musician has previously produced similarly avant @-@ garde records in the past . described the composition as " somber , beautiful , and ominous , but always affecting " . - Max Feldman of PopMatters awarded Laborintus II a rating of seven out of ten , finding Berio 's composition " challenging " and " exhausting " . He noted the work 's free jazz elements , comparing it to the 1970 Miles Davis album Brew . Feldman felt that the music " constantly emphasises its own unpredictability " . Consequence of Sound 's Carson O rated the album three stars out of five , calling it " unlike anything else you ’ ve ever heard " . O felt that the music might need more than one hearing to appreciate it , adding that it " runs the gauntlet from quiet , to brazen , unsettling noise " . A review for Q magazine described Laborintus II as " tedious " , finding the album . Spin 's Christopher R. rated it 7 out of 10 , calling it an " orchestra / tape collision " . - - - = Residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations = - - The residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the official residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . As of 2016 it was located in a suite of rooms on the 42nd floor of the Waldorf @-@ Astoria Hotel in New York City leased by the U.S. Department of State . Described in press reports as " palatial " , the establishment of the current residence in 1947 marked the first time in history that an ambassadorial residence had been located in a hotel . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Beginning in 1947 , shortly after the of the United Nations secretariat in New York , the U.S. State Department took a long @-@ term lease for occupancy of a suite of rooms by the U.S. ambassador at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria , a luxury hotel constructed in 1931 . The establishment of the ambassador 's residence at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria made it the first hotel in history to house an ambassadorial residence . In 1960 , a at Sutton Place , originally constructed by J.P. Morgan in 1921 , was donated to the U.S. government by then owner Arthur Houghton with the intention it be used as a new ambassadorial residence . However , ambassador Stevenson II determined the home was not to his liking and the residence continued at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria . ( The Sutton Place was subsequently re @-@ gifted by the United States to the United Nations and currently serves as the official residence of the Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations . ) - In 1978 , reported that Andrew Young and his family explored the possibility of moving out of the suite at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria and into a house instead . Young , who was the first ambassador to live in the suite with " young children " , stated that " [ t ] he Waldorf is very nice , and its convenient , but I just have problems trying to bring up a small child in a hotel . " However , the search ultimately " became a media issue " and Young elected to stay in the suite . Nevertheless , he opined that " [ p ] tried to make it seem like I was saying that the Waldorf wasn 't good enough for us " . - As of 1999 , the State Department was paying $ 360 @,@ 000 per year to lease the suite on a rolling basis ; the lease is renewed every ten years with an optional one or two year short @-@ term extension . In 2015 , it was announced the State Department would no longer permit staff to be housed at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria , due to security concerns arising from the recent purchase of the property by Chinese business interests . Whether the decision would impact the status of the residence was not made clear , however , as of March 2016 the hotel was still being occupied by the U.S. ambassador . - - = = = Notable residents = = = - - , George H. W. Bush , John Bolton , Stevenson II , Samantha Power , and Bill Richardson are among notable former residents of the suite . During his tenure as ambassador , Richard Holbrooke elected not to occupy the 42nd floor apartment , choosing instead to live in his private Manhattan home . In his place , the residence was temporarily occupied by Holbrooke 's assistant , then 27 @-@ year old Randolph Eddy . According to reports , Holbrooke and his wife , journalist , would throw " parties " in the suite " where and foreign ministers mixed with the likes of Robert De and Sarah Jessica Parker . " As of July 2014 , Power lived in the suite with her husband , Harvard Law School professor Cass , and their two young children . - - = = Design = = - - The suite is located on " the very top floor " of the Waldorf @-@ Astoria Hotel . Described in press accounts as " palatial , " the residence is decorated with , among other items , a Jim painting , an Alexander Calder mobile , and a grand piano , and features " city views " of the New York skyline . The front door to the suite is framed by a golden eagle . It is located on the opposite side of the corridor from the " royal suite " , so @-@ called as it was long used by the Duke of Windsor as his unofficial New York City residence . - As of 1971 , the interior of the suite was into nine rooms , including five and a living room with a 48 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) tall ceiling , which was used to " host large official receptions . " Dorothy Bush Koch noted that the apartment was designed with " high ceilings , handsome old woodwork , working , and big windows with beautiful views of New York City . " - - - = K @-@ 22 ( Kansas highway ) = - - K @-@ 22 is a 3 @.@ @-@ mile @-@ long ( 4 @.@ 968 km ) highway in the U.S. state of Kansas . Located entirely within Washington County , the route runs from U.S. Route 36 ( US @-@ 36 ) north to the city limit of Haddam . A previous designation of the route existed in the 1930s from Wichita to , but was . The current alignment was designated in the 1940s . - - = = Route description = = - - K @-@ 22 begins at an intersection with US @-@ 36 , known as 17th Road . The route continues south as Deer Road toward . From this intersection , K @-@ 22 heads north along Deer Road through a grassland area to an intersection with 18th Road . The route then crosses the Mulberry Creek and runs near it until it reaches Haddam . The roadway then crosses Mill Creek before meeting its northern terminus at the south city limit of Haddam near an intersection with Main Street . Deer Road continues north toward the Nebraska state line , but does not cross it . - The route is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) , who is responsible for constructing and maintaining highways in the state . As part of this role , KDOT regularly surveys traffic on their highways . These surveys are most often presented in the form of annual average daily traffic , which is the number of vehicles that use a highway during an average day of the year . In 2010 , KDOT calculated that a total of 205 vehicles used the road daily , including 45 trucks . No part of the highway has been listed as part of the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the nation 's defence , mobility , and economy . - - = = History = = - - The first designation for K @-@ 22 was established by 1927 and ran from US @-@ 54 near Liberal to US @-@ 36 near . During this time , most of the route was a dirt road , except for a portion near Garden City , which was paved . This routing was relinquished by 1932 . By 1933 , a new routing was created , and the road instead began in Wichita , headed east along US @-@ 54 to and north to . From , the route turned northeast toward Scranton and north into . This designation was decommissioned between January and July 1938 . The current designation of K @-@ 22 was established in 1941 . No alignment changes have taken place since then . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in Washington County . - - - = Tropical Storm Jose ( 2005 ) = - - Tropical Storm Jose was a short @-@ lived tropical storm which made landfall in central Mexico during August 2005 . Jose was the tenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and the fourth of six tropical cyclones ( three hurricanes and three tropical storms ) to make landfall in Mexico in that year . - Tropical Storm Jose formed in the Bay of Campeche on August 22 and made landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz the next day . It retained tropical characteristics for less than one day before dissipating , but still brought heavy levels of rainfall to the region . caused by the rainfall killed eight people , six of those directly , and caused $ 45 million ( 2005 USD ) in damage . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - Tropical Storm Jose was first identified as a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 8 , 2005 . On August 13 , the system spawned Tropical Depression Ten over the central Atlantic ; the wave itself continued westward , entering the Caribbean on August 17 . development took place as the system moved over the Yucatán Peninsula ; however , by the time it entered the Bay of Campeche on August 21 , little convection was associated with the system . The following morning , convection exploded under highly favorable divergence from an upper @-@ level flow . According to readings from the satellite , a well @-@ defined low pressure center developed by 1200 UTC , prompting the National Hurricane Center to classify the system as Tropical Depression Eleven . At this time , the depression was situated roughly 110 mi ( 175 km ) east of Veracruz , Mexico . - Situated over very warm waters and within an area of low wind shear , the depression was able to quickly organize ; however , due to its proximity to land , the NHC noted , " the system does not have very long ... to take advantage of these favorable conditions . " Located to the south of a mid @-@ level ridge , the depression tracked just north of due west and kept this motion through the remainder of its existence . The depression rapidly intensified as it moved to the west , becoming Tropical Storm Jose just six hours later . The global model guidance initially failed to resolve the storm 's track well , with some models indicating that it would stall offshore . Jose continued to strengthen as it moved towards the coast and made landfall in the state of Veracruz early on August 23 with winds reaching a peak of 60 mph ( 90 km / h ) . As Jose made its landfall an eye was beginning to form , although the storm was still well short of hurricane intensity . Tropical Storm Jose quickly weakened after landfall and dissipated that afternoon in the mountains of central Mexico only 24 hours after forming . - - = = Preparations and Impact = = - - As Tropical Storm Jose formed so close to shore there was a lead time of less than 9 hours on the tropical storm warning for the Veracruz coastline . The area covered by the warning issued on August 22 was extended southwards as Jose intensified , before being canceled soon after landfall on August 23 . The advisories issued by the National Hurricane Center emphasized that rainfall from Jose was the primary threat . - Tropical Storm Jose was responsible for damaging crops , highways and homes ; flooding districts in several cities in the state of Veracruz , and the evacuation of 80 @,@ 000 people to shelters . The government of that state estimated the damages caused by the storm to be approximately $ 45 million ( 2005 USD ) . Approximately 120 municipalities were affected by the torrential rain , but the majority of the damage was concentrated to eight of them : Martínez de la Torre , , Nautla , San Rafael , Vega de la Torre , , and . Damage to the highway infrastructure was estimated at $ 33 million ( 2005 USD ) . - It was also reported that the storm damaged at least 16 @,@ 000 homes and about 250 square kilometers ( 60 thousand acres ) of land used for cattle . In addition over 420 square kilometers ( 103 thousand acres ) of various crops , including sugarcane , corn and , were flooded . Many boats were also lost as a result of Jose . 90 active medical brigades were sent to the region to reduce the risk of infections amongst the affected population . - Jose was responsible for six direct casualties . One of these deaths was the result of a mud slide that killed a man was in , Veracruz . The other five deaths were also due to mudslides in Oaxaca . - - - = Norsk Spisevognselskap = - - Norsk Spisevognselskap A / S , often abbreviated NSS or shortened to Spisevognselskapet , was a Norwegian state enterprise which operated restaurant carriages on Norwegian trains and restaurants at railway stations and railway hotels . The company was established in December 1918 , and started a catering service in 1919 . Originally owned by the Norwegian Trunk Railway , it was acquired by the state in 1926 . served in the restaurant carriages were relatively expensive , although they were available to all passengers . In the 1950s , the company began using serving trolleys on trains . - In January 1975 , NSS merged with the convenience @-@ store chain Narvesen into a new company called Narvesen – Spisevognselskapet . This enterprise was partly owned by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and Fritt Ord , before it merged with the Reitan Group and was from the Oslo Stock Exchange . - - = = Background = = - - From the 1854 establishment of railways in Norway to 1909 , no dining service was offered aboard trains ; passengers were allowed to bring food with them . Train stations also lacked dining facilities . The first dining service was started by Carl Christiansen . He established the restaurant at Station , and in 1907 was asked by NSB to establish a dining service aboard the express trains on the Bergen Line , which would open in 1909 . After investigating similar operations in England and Germany , he ordered two carriages from . These were to be paid for by the state , but the Parliament of Norway delayed the grants after a long debate regarding the suitability of restaurant carriages on trains . The plans were opposed by the faction of Parliament , but there was a majority in favor of dining service . To get the carriages in time , Christiansen personally guaranteed the production cost in case a state grant was not allocated . After the parliamentary decision , the cost of the carriages was by NSB . In 1910 , when President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt visited Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize , several restaurant carriages were ordered solely for the occasion . Two years later , restaurant carriages were put in regular service on the Line . - - = = Early days = = - - In 1916 , the executive board of the state railways wanted to the operation of restaurant carriages and the most important station restaurants in Norway under one management . The board stated that they wanted to minimise the conflict of interest between the railway company and the dining @-@ car operator . They also saw operations as a way to a larger share of the revenue to the railway company , and to ensure a high quality of service on new lines . At that time the Line and Dovre Line were in the planning stages , and the NSB intended to introduce dining services on these when they opened . Oslo East Station and its restaurant were operated by the private Norwegian Trunk Railway . In an agreement signed on 18 September 1918 both railway companies agreed that a new restaurant operator would be controlled by the Norwegian Trunk Railway , but this company had to abide by the NSB 's decision of how many restaurant carriages to operate on any line . - This model was inspired by Sweden , where a separate dining company had been established ; this company paid the railway company part of its revenue and a fixed fee per restaurant carriage . The Swedish model involved including the operation of station restaurants at locations where the restaurant carriages would have depots . On 21 December 1918 , Norsk Spisevognselskap was established with a share capital of 200 @,@ 000 Norwegian ( NOK ) . It had 20 shares ; 17 were owned by the Trunk Railway , and one by each of three directors : Waldemar Platou , and Christian Emil Platou — the former representing the Trunk Railway and the latter being director @-@ general of the NSB . In January 1919 , Waldemar Platou was appointed chair and Christiansen managing director . The company took over Christiansen 's four restaurant carriages and the restaurant at Oslo Ø on 1 April 1919 . - On 2 February 1926 , Parliament voted to the Trunk Railway . During the debate , the organisation of Spisevognselskapet was criticised ; with the , the state became the sole owner of Spisevognselskapet . On 31 March 1927 , the Ministry of Labour recommended that the company remain a state @-@ owned limited company ; the minority in parliament wanted a state enterprise . During the 1930s , was managing director of Norsk Spisevognselskap . In 1948 , was appointed managing director of the company . He was succeeded by Knut in 1960 . The company had 75 employees in 1919 , and 591 in 1949 . - - = = Restaurant carriages = = - - The restaurant carriages of the NSS were open to everyone , but dining was so expensive that only passengers travelling in first class used the service . Usually , three or four dishes were offered in the restaurant carriages . A four @-@ course dinner cost five Norwegian in the 1920s , which was expensive at the time . Warm dishes , such as and , were usually prepared at a small stove in the restaurant carriage 's kitchen . On busy days , prepared were delivered from rail depots . The kitchens were staffed by two maids and one attendant . of ice were often used instead of . - With the opening of the Dovre Line , Spisevognselskapet established dining @-@ car service on 25 June 1921 . In 1921 a train ride from to Trondheim lasted approximately 15 hours , and the average waiting time at each station was between 10 and 15 minutes . On 1 July 1925 dining service was introduced on the Line , from 1 July 1926 on the Line , from May 1934 on the Line and from 15 May 1936 on the Røros Line . In 1948 210 @,@ 000 meals were served on board , in addition to sandwiches and drinks . The company also offered a light breakfast on night trains on the , and Dovre lines . During the Second World War , dining @-@ car service was discontinued . - After the war trains faced competition from aviation and automobiles , and serving trolleys were installed on Norwegian trains . In 1965 cart service on trains was centralised and standardised ; food service was faster , and prices were lowered . During the 1970s cars were used , where passengers could serve themselves . - - = = Restaurants = = - - NSS derived most of its revenue from the operation of restaurants at railway stations ; in 1939 , this amounted to 80 % . Initially , the company operated the restaurant at Oslo Ø ; from 1921 , it also took over operation of the restaurants at Oslo West Station , Hamar , , and . The following year , four more restaurants were added : , , and Hell . NSS also established its first kiosk , at Bergen Station . In 1923 , the company was allowed to take over all restaurants in the railway districts of Oslo and Hamar ; by 1925 , it had taken over operation of the restaurants at Lillehammer , , , , , , , , , , , Trondheim , , , , and . - After this NSS decided not to obtain many additional restaurants , as it did not see value in such a strategy . From 1930 through 1934 the company took over restaurants at , , and Tønsberg , along with dining service on the steamship , which ran on . During the first half of the 1940s it again acquired new restaurants , including the one at Kristiansand Station . In 1940 and 1941 the company made a solid profit , but lack of food from 1942 onwards transformed the profit to a loss . During the late 1940s NSS also took over the restaurants at and , as well as the one at Oslo Airport , Fornebu . - - = = Hotels = = - - In 1919 the Norwegian Trunk Railway operated one hotel , which was built as part of Station . Operation of the 20 @-@ room hotel was taken over by Spisevognselskapet on 14 October 1924 . NSB was at the time building the Dovre Line between Oslo and Trondheim , and was considering establishing hotels where the line passed through . Both and were considered , but these areas were served by other operators . Instead , Spisevognselskapet established the Tourist Hotel adjacent to Station and it opened on 28 June 1924 . The 60 @-@ bed hotel had a floor area of 605 square metres ( 6 @,@ sq ft ) and was marketed as a tourist destination , with and curling during the winter and tennis and in summer . The hotel was closed for part of 1929 , because the municipality would not allow it to serve alcoholic . - In Oslo , the company had its offices and workings spread around town . The main depot was at the East Station ; the head office was at Fred . gate 21 from 1919 to 1921 , at gate 29 until 1932 , and at 24 until 1938 . Management wanted to both a new depot and administrative offices at a single location close to the railway station , co @-@ located with a hotel . In 1936 work began on a hotel at , but the project was cancelled . The proposed hotel would have had 100 rooms across the street from Oslo Ø . However , the plans were blocked by Parliament ( which was opposed to the state railway operating hotels ) . Instead , the administration moved into 10 , in a new building built on a lot owned by NSB . - In Bergen the company established Hotel Bergen along with other investors , but the hotel failed to make money . In the late 1940s the company bought Grand Bellevue in Ålesund , and later operated Tourist Hotel for a short period . In 1952 , Oslo Municipality 's Viking Hotel was completed , and Spisevognselskapet was selected as the operator . It remained the hotel 's operator until 1976 when the government sold it to , which outbid Spisevognselskapet by several million . - - = = = = - - Narvesen had an exclusive agreement with NSB to operate 's shops at all railway stations , except in stations with restaurants , which were operated by Spisevognselskapet . Narvesen had a near @-@ monopoly on in Norway , and rented facilities in many public places . The owners of Narvesen intended to create a foundation to obtain the company ; when plans for this started in 1972 , they had difficulties finding a way to transfer shares to the foundation without having to pay tax on the transaction . However , the tax laws permitted a tax @-@ free transaction if it was part of a restructuring . A merger with Spisevognselskapet would be considered a restructuring , and in 1974 Fritt Ord was established to take over Narvesen 's owners ' share of the company . The agreement between Narvesen and NSB was made in July 1974 ; in December it was passed by Parliament , although the Conservative Party and Progress Party voted against the merger . Narvesen – Spisevognselskapet was established on 1 January 1975 . Fritt Ord owned 50 % of the new company and NSB 41 % . It assumed the Narvesen name in 1979 . - By the late 1980s , the company had sold all its hotel operations . The merged company retained the obligation to operate dining services on the trains , which throughout the 1980s necessitated considerable subsidies from NSB . In 1988 , NSB decided to organize the operation of the dining services through contracts ; the first contract ( from 1990 through 1995 ) was won by , a Narvesen subsidiary . The owners had an agreement that neither could sell without the approval of the other . In 1995 NSB sold its shares with Fritt Ord 's approval , and the company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange . - In 1999 , Fritt Ord reduced its stock share in Narvesen from 51 % to 34 % . In the fall of 2000 , Fritt Ord accepted a proposal to merge Narvesen with the Reitan Group . The merged company was named ; Fritt Ord held 16 @.@ 2 % of its shares . In November 2001 Fritt Ord sold its shares of , which was renamed Reitan Handel and from the Oslo Stock Exchange . - - - = The Actor 's Children = - - The Actor 's Children is a 1910 American silent short drama written by Lloyd Lonergan and produced by the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle , New York . The film features Orilla Smith , Yale Boss , Frank Hall Crane and Nicholas Jordan . The production was not the first film subject by the company , but it was the first to be released . Both Barry O 'Neil and Lloyd B. Carleton have been credited as the director of the production . Edwin Thanhouser stated that 19 copies of the film were produced and distributed to dealers . - The film begins with two unemployed parents obtaining employment in an upcoming theater production . Shortly after returning home , the landlady shows up and demands the rent , but can not collect . She gives them one week , but the theater production does not manifest and the parents again search for work . While they are out , the landlady finds a tenant and puts the children out on the street . They end up dancing for an organ grinder and are saved by a theater manager who puts them on his vaudeville bill . The parents come into a fortune and are reunited by their children at the theater . The film was met with positive reviews and some criticism for its acting and scenario , but the industry had reasons to encourage the success of Edwin Thanhouser 's company . A print of the film exists , but it was the subject of nitrate deterioration . - - = = Plot = = - - The plot of the film was best convened through a published synopsis in trade which introduced the names of the cast and the backstory . Freeman and Paul Temple , marry and have two children , a boy and a girl . The parents have been unemployed , but the film starts with the parents finding work in an upcoming production at a theater . As they return home , they are interrupted by the landlady , Mrs. O 'Brien , who demands the rent . The landlady does not car about the family 's misfortune and is upset when she cannot collect . She provides one week for the Temple family to pay up . - The production is postponed and the parents are out looking for work when a prospective tenant appears . Mrs. O 'Brien shows him the room and he is interested , but does not know what to do with the children . Mrs. O 'Brien puts the children out onto the street where they dance to the music played by an organ grinder . The organ grinder earns more money from their dancing and he the children to return to his and teaches them to dance . The organ grinder instructs them to dance for money . The children are rescued by a theater manager and finds them a place in the theater program . - In the meantime , the parents have searched for their children and suddenly come into a fortune when a relative a large sum of money to them . The parents search for their children in large gatherings and find their children dancing on the vaudeville bill from their theater box . The family is reunited and the film concludes . - - = = Cast = = - - Frank H. Crane as the actor ( adult male lead ) - Orilla Smith as the actor 's daughter ( little girl ) - Yale Boss as the actor 's son ( little boy ) - Nicholas Jordan as a comedian - - = = Production = = - - The script for the production was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan , who employed the ex dramatic technique in the conclusion of the plot . In film , this is the sudden inheritance and parents finding their children in the theater . The two children , Orilla Smith and Yale Boss , were child actors with prior film experience and did not have any further known connection to the Thanhouser Company after the production . The cameraman , Blair Smith , used a camera rented by the Columbia Company and had its inventor , Joseph , assist in the camera 's operation and use . The director of has both been credited to Barry O 'Neil and Lloyd B. Carleton in numerous trade sources . Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser Company , but this film was not the Thanhouser Company 's first subject . Instead , it was The Mad Hermit produced in autumn 1909 and until August 9 , 1910 . The exact order of the productions is not known , but a work titled Nancy was filmed in December 1909 and never released . Certain parts of The Actor 's Children were produced in the last week of February 1910 . - The director of the film is not known , but two exist . Barry O 'Neil was the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy , who would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two @-@ , Romeo and Juliet . Lloyd B. Carleton was the stage name of Carleton B. Little , a director who would stay with the Thanhouser Company until moving to the Company by the summer of 1910 . The confusion between the directing credits stems from the industry practice of not the film directors , even in studio news releases . Q. David Bowers says that the attribution of these early directors often comes from a collection of contemporary publications or interviews . - - = = Release = = - - The single reel drama , approximately 1000 ft , was released on March 15 , 1910 by the Thanhouser Company . In later years , Edwin Thanhouser recalled that 19 copies of the film were produced and sent out to dealers throughout the United States . Of these 19 copies produced , ten were returned , some with letters of interest in future Thanhouser productions . The film was viewed across the United States with advertisements for showings in Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , Kansas , and Washington - - = = Reception and impact = = - - The Actor 's Children was released with enthusiasm and positive reviews in trade publications . The Moving Picture World reviews would be favorable and without much criticism , even calling the acting convincing . A more honest review in The New York Dramatic Mirror was written by a reviewer who was pleased with the production , but offered criticism about the production 's weaker aspects . The reviewer found there to be too much emphasis on the unimportant parts and a lack of emotion from the actors , and the child actors performance was faulted by repeatedly looking at the camera . Critical reception of the film may not have been entirely neutral for a number of reasons . Edwin Thanhouser was a well @-@ liked gentleman who had many friends in the Patents Company that likely wanted him to succeed . Furthermore , writers in the magazines hoped that would succeed and challenge the Patents Company 's on the industry . Also , film critics and reviewers of the era would balance the of even the worst films with some favorable aspects . Even without any motives , the film may have been worthy of a favorable review . - The release managed to survive against considerable odds , but the surviving print is not without severe faults . The surviving print has considerable nitrate deterioration and very poor picture quality in certain parts . This film survives in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences film archives . - - - = The Stolen Eagle = - - " The Stolen Eagle " is the series premiere of the British @-@ American historical drama television series Rome . Written by series creator Bruno Heller and directed by Michael Apted , the episode first aired in the United States on Home Box Office ( HBO ) on August 28 , 2005 , and on the BBC in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 2 . Rome was given a budget of $ 100 million , making it the largest amount both networks had ever spent on a series . Heller centered the series ' narrative on the perspectives of two common soldiers , similar to and Guildenstern from Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Apted shot the episode at , the Roman studio where the epic films Ben @-@ and Cleopatra were filmed . On the set , realism and authenticity were emphasized more than grandiosity , with depictions of a cosmopolitan city of all social classes . - As the wars in Gaul come to an end , Julius Caesar ( Hinds ) is faced with both triumph and . On the heels of his victory comes news of his daughter 's death . with the of the people , he also the enmity of politicians in Rome , including Pompey the Great ( Kenneth ) . In Rome , Pompey must balance honor and politics as he is urged to his former friend . Meanwhile , Caesar 's niece Atia of the ( Polly Walker ) tries to steer her family on the dangerous path between the growing divisions of power . In the Gallic countryside , two unlikely allies ( Kevin McKidd and Ray Stevenson ) journey to reclaim the stolen standard of the Roman legion . - HBO described its marketing strategy as " its largest , most aggressive for a new series , " and media outlets estimated its cost at $ 10 million . On its first broadcast , an estimated 3 @.@ 8 million US viewers watched the episode . On its first airing in the UK and Ireland , it secured an estimated audience of 6 @.@ 6 million people . Critical reception was largely mixed , with several reviewers writing that the episode suffered from slow storytelling . " The Stolen Eagle " garnered four major awards , including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series . - - = = Plot = = - - During the Siege of in 52 BC , Centurion Lucius Vorenus of the 13th Legion commands his men as Gallic warriors fall on his line . In contrast to the Gauls ' chaotic charge , the Roman files fight with precision , until one drunk , Titus Pullo , breaks ranks and charges into the crowd of Gauls . Vorenus angrily orders him back into formation , but Pullo hits him . Later , the assembled soldiers watch as Pullo is and condemned to death for his conduct . The day after , , " King of the Gauls " , is brought before Julius Caesar and made to surrender , ending the eight @-@ year @-@ long Gallic Wars . Caesar 's niece , Atia of the , orders her son Octavian to deliver a horse she has purchased straight to Caesar in Gaul to ensure that he remembers them above all other well @-@ . Caesar himself receives news that his daughter , married to his friend Magnus with whom he shares power in Rome , has died in childbirth along with her stillborn daughter . A blood tie broken between them , Caesar orders a new wife be found for Pompey . - In the Roman Senate , the Younger moves that Caesar be stripped of his command and recalled to Rome to answer charges of his office and illegal . Pompey , as sole Consul present , the motion , insisting in trusting Caesar . At the theater that night , introduces his daughter Cornelia to Pompey as a prospective wife , while warns him that he must ally against Caesar before it is too late . Pompey again asserts that Caesar means no harm , although privately , he is troubled by Caesar 's rising prestige and power and gives orders to one of his slaves who is leaving on a trip to Gaul . At night in the encampment of the 13th Legion , the Aquila ( Eagle Standard ) is stolen by . To avoid a potentially disastrous drop in morale , Mark Antony orders Vorenus to retrieve it . As Vorenus feels the mission is doomed to failure , he has the condemned Pullo released from the stockade to assist him . - In camp , Caesar Marcus Brutus , his unofficial stepson whose mother is Caesar 's lover , Servilia of the . Later , at a party hosted by Servilia , Brutus to Pompey that the loss of the eagle has made Caesar unusually vulnerable as his men are on the brink of mutiny . On the road to Caesar 's camp in Gaul , Octavian is taken captive by . For Caesar 's request , Atia instructs her daughter Octavia to marry Pompey by first her husband , despite Octavia 's protests that they are deeply in love . Atia then presents Octavia to Pompey at a party and offers her for premarital relations , which Pompey takes advantage of . - Vorenus and Pullo set off in search of the eagle , encountering and rescuing Octavian from his captors . Octavian thanks them and promises that they will be rewarded . Vorenus and Pullo discover Pompey 's slave with the eagle hiding in the bandit cart and kill him , realizing the bandits were hired by Pompey . A politically astute Octavian explains that their mission is only a gesture , since the theft of the eagle is actually a blessing in disguise to Caesar . Civil war between Caesar and Pompey is inevitable , but Caesar needs Pompey to make the first move so as not to appear the aggressor ; Pompey is likely to do that if he believes Caesar 's soldiers are on the verge of . The trio returns in triumph to camp , where a surprised yet grateful Caesar takes the eagle back and more than adequate proof of Pompey 's hostility . He sends Pompey the head of his slave and informs him of his next move , to winter the 13th Legion at on the Italian border , in preparation for pressing his rights to the . Pompey breaks all ties with Caesar and takes Cornelia as his wife . Octavia , humiliated at being used by Pompey and heartbroken over her pointless divorce , says she wants him dead . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Conception and writing = = = - - " The Stolen Eagle " was written by executive producer and co @-@ creator Bruno Heller and directed by Michael Apted , who also directed the following two episodes . Heller said the era of the Roman Empire was " pivotal in Western history . If things hadn 't turned out the way they did at that particular point , the world that we live in now would be very different . " He decided to tell the story of the series from the perspectives of two common soldiers , Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo . According to Heller , " They are the only two ordinary soldiers mentioned by Caesar in his book , so the idea was to do a sort of and Guildenstern take . I essentially took the seed of that idea to try to tell a big historical epic , but from the street level , the 's point of view . " - The episode title is a reference to the standard of the Roman legion , a symbol that represents the legion 's unity . While the storyline detailing its theft was based on fiction , Heller believed that it showed how Caesar could turn " misfortune into opportunity . He was always one step ahead of his enemies . " Certain characters were changed from their traditional images ; for instance , while Brutus has been portrayed as the Roman , Heller and historical consultant Jonathan Stamp thought it would be interesting to have him forced into his later role through his ancestry . to the fact that Brutus ' great great great grandfather " drove the last king out of Rome " , Stamp said that " his family history was pushing him in one direction , his emotions in another . " - - = = = Casting = = = - - The producers cast relatively unknown British actors for the series . Scottish actress Lindsay Duncan , who was cast as Servilia , believed that she and other UK actors " can do old , can do classic , and you believe it . " She also said that because of long distances , American actors or those of other were avoided : " actors from [ Los Angeles ] to Rome on a regular basis does not look good for the budget . We 're quite cheap . " Stamp described Servilia as " the great love of [ Julius ] Caesar 's life , his mistress and by all counts the only woman he truly loved . " Irish actor Hinds was cast as Caesar . Hinds first thought it was " silly " to be offered the part , but then " you think it 's quite an honour to be chosen to play it . And then you think , ' Oh shit I 've got to do it ' , and then , well , ' I suppose someone has to do it ! ' " Heller had believed that Hinds would make " a great Caesar " for a long time , and considered the series " extremely lucky " for being able to cast him . - Scottish actor Kevin McKidd , who had never appeared in a television series that necessitated over twelve months of filming , was cast as Lucius Vorenus , one of the lead characters . McKidd said , " What was different about this show is you get 14 months to really get into every and of the character , in a way you don 't get a chance to explore when you do a movie or a theater play . Initially , it was a terrifying prospect . But once you got over that , you realize what a great opportunity it was . " Heller described his character as " very much a Roman of the Old School , a stoic man devoted to duty and religion and the legion . " Ray Stevenson played Titus Pullo , a soldier who befriends Vorenus . McKidd said that " they 're kind of thrown together by fate , by chance , but somewhere along the line they start to stick ... [ They ] keep finding themselves accidentally at the epicenter of tumultuous events and immense change , so they 're kind of to each other . " - Caesar 's niece , Atia , was portrayed by actress Polly Walker . According to Heller , while most auditioning actresses assumed that the character was the series ' , Walker made " [ Atia ] bigger than life but completely real ... She could read the phone book with that kind of and joy . " Rather than a villain , Heller wrote her to be " a real life force . Everything she 's doing is for the good of her family , her children . No matter how evil it gets , it 's always for good reason . " Walker was pleased with her " very complex character . I found it exciting to play such massive emotions and deal with such interesting , to say the least , situations . I saw it as a huge challenge , and I have huge admiration for this character . A lot of people might consider her to be sort of evil or bad , but I think she 's wonderful . She 's just a survivor , doing what she 's got to do . " - - = = = Filming = = = - - The series was given a budget of $ 100 million ( £ 58 million ) , the largest both HBO and the BBC had ever devoted to a series . The season was filmed between March 2004 and July 2005 , at locations in or around Rome , and on a set considered " to be the biggest and most expensive ever built for television . " It was built at , where the epic films Ben @-@ ( 1959 ) and Cleopatra ( 1963 ) had been filmed . Production designer Joseph Bennett built a set that emphasized authenticity and realism rather than grandiosity . He said , - People think of Rome as white and cold and beautiful , powerful but distant . But based on the research , I don 't think it was like that at all . If you go to Pompeii , you 're struck by how it is , even now . The temples and sculptures were all brightly painted . Rome was like Pompeii , but much bigger . And Rome was so noisy it was impossible to sleep . It was like hell . of it as a combination of New York and Calcutta , with insane wealth and insane poverty . It was pretty extreme . - The series begins with opening credits that depict traditional Roman myths , such as and , the city 's foundation . For inspiration , visual effects and design company explored museums , read the script and researched Roman history . They created the opening sequence entirely in @-@ house . VFX artist Kirk said of production , " On many projects , you start off with and everyone has a good idea of what it 's going to look like when it 's completed . This project was very experimental right to the very end . The tone of it is pretty much unlike anything we 've done and most of what any of us here have seen . There 's a lot there that creatively sets the stage for the series . " - Heller was responsible for writing the episode 's voice @-@ over , despite his dislike of the task . He said that despite it being his " version , " he was " still not happy with it . " He believed that an early scene in which cart distributes spoils in front of Pompey represented the first real sense of how the series would depict city life . He said , " I think this is the first time that we get sense of the version of Rome that the show is pushing , " which was a very different version than viewers may have been used to . To him , Rome was " colorful and painted " and cosmopolitan . A later scene featuring the Younger in the Senate proved difficult to film because of the large number of Italian extras who did not speak English . In the DVD audio commentary , he said that " this is one of those scenes where you need really great assistant directors , because all of these Italian extras who have no idea whatsoever what [ 's ] saying , so to keep them interested and focused and concentrated on what 's going on is a real trick . " - were used to ensure the safety of the actors , though the crew attempted to conceal or camouflage them for historical authenticity , as they were not then used by the Roman cavalry . playing soldiers attended a boot camp under the guidance of a former Royal Marine . Those actors portraying learned to fight by , not their weapons . reportedly four thousand costumes using authentic period materials such as cotton , linen , wool and silk , all of which were hand @-@ on set . Pullo was originally written to be a poor horse rider , a reflection that " Romans were notoriously bad horsemen , " according to Heller . However , Stevenson turned out to be " probably the best on the show , " so they rewrote this characteristic because bad horsemanship is difficult to fake . - James Madigan , the visual effects supervisor , approached the series as a feature film , observing that " every aspect of the production took meticulous care with every detail , the costumes , the set dressing , the acting , and the attention to historical fact . As you worked on it , you really got the feeling that Rome was going to look like something we had never seen on TV before , so our approach very much wanted to respect that . " Madigan attempted to seamlessly the visual effects with the physical sets and depend less on CGI . A friend told Madigan that after seeing the pilot , " he didn ’ t see any shots , even though there are dozens of shots throughout episode 1 . That means we did our job well . " - - = = Marketing = = - - HBO said its marketing plan for the series was , " its largest , most aggressive push for a new series " . The channel broadcast the first three episodes seven days a week at various times during the day . Non @-@ subscribers could preview the first two episodes during the first week of September 2005 . HBO implemented an outdoor marketing campaign in major cities and produced movie @-@ style trailers which preceded a number of films in cinemas . Entertainment Weekly , Vanity Fair , Time , and published full @-@ size articles about the series . The History Channel broadcast five nights of documentaries featuring the Roman Empire , which were hosted by Stevenson , McKidd , and Varma , a collaboration which was the first of its kind between the two networks . - David Baldwin , the executive vice president of program planning , said , " This is a huge series for us . We wanted to give it every opportunity to be seen by as many people as possible . " Media outlets estimated that the entire marketing campaign cost HBO $ 10 million , the most the network had spent on marketing a series to that point . - Commentators viewed the success of Rome as crucial for the network , especially after the past mixed reception of and K @-@ Street . In July 2005 , James of Television Week wrote that Rome was viewed " as the network 's best shot for adding another literate , must @-@ see drama to its schedule " . Writing for the same publication , Tom said that HBO " has made such a fuss over Rome , and the network itself has put such painful pressure on the show ( and its producers ) to make a impact , that it 'll be like a if it fails to make a truly gigantic splash . " - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " The Stolen Eagle " was first broadcast on August 28 , 2005 in the United States on HBO and in Canada on The Movie Network and Movie Central . An estimated 3 @.@ 8 million viewers watched the episode , less than the series premieres of and Deadwood but consistent with the series finale of Six Feet Under . In the UK and Ireland , the premiere was broadcast on BBC 2 on November 2 , 2005 . According to The Independent , more than 6 @.@ 6 million viewers watched the episode . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - " The Stolen Eagle " received generally mixed reviews from television critics , many of whom criticized its slow pace . Mark A. of The Boston Herald wrote , " Less than I , Claudius , more entertaining than American Broadcasting Company 's ( ABC ) Empire , " Rome " gets off to an uneven start . " Terry Morrow of the Dayton Daily News criticized the premiere , writing that " the opener , like most pilots , is so bogged down with introducing faces and setting up the story that it turns into a long and tedious journey . " Morrow also said the episode suffered from lacking one " standout , signature character " , though he believed that the " flaws in Rome should clear up in time , given HBO 's for winning dramas . It 's an epic story , and one worth if you can through the demands of slow storytelling in the beginning . " - The Scotsman 's Robert thought that the premiere was " shocking , but also rather slow , as characters are established . Maybe it 'll get better . In the meantime , to Roger , I came , I saw , I concurred with those who say : Rome wasn 't built in an hour . " Similarly opinionated was The Cincinnati Post 's Rick Bird , who said that like other HBO series , Rome " takes a while to get going . After the first episode you will mostly be confused with a dizzying array of characters , intrigue and subplots . Hang in there . By the second episode things take shape and one should be hooked by episode three with this romp through antiquity and its intrigue . " Bird found some positive elements ; the episode , he said , was " enhanced by marvelous filmmaking including elaborate sets and costumes . Small @-@ screen film art has rarely painted such a realistic picture of ancient Rome . " - Paul English of The Daily Record wrote that " Rome is visually dazzling , full of and seductive , " adding that " McKidd 's growling turn as 's [ sic ] Lucius Vorenus will undoubtedly propel him into the US major league . " Writing for the Los Angeles Daily News , David failed to find the series very remarkable , writing that " some lurid sex and gruesome violence , [ it is ] as conventional as anything the network has ever done . Sword @-@ and @-@ sandals epics have become familiar Hollywood staples ... and those expecting something that takes up where the BBC / PBS series I , Claudius left off may be in for something of a disappointment . " Television Without Pity graded the episode with a B. - Some viewers criticized the graphic nudity seen in the pilot , especially in the US . Heller commented , " Romans didn 't have our body shame and fear of sexuality . I think that is part of the modern fascination with that world . There was a lack of shame about those things , that we had to portray with a lack of shame in order to make it work . " - - = = = Accolades = = = - - - - = Roxas ( Kingdom Hearts ) = - - Roxas ( Japanese : , Hepburn : ) is a fictional character from Square Enix 's video game franchise Kingdom Hearts . First revealed during the final scenes of the 2004 title Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Roxas is a " Nobody " , a being created when the series ' main character Sora briefly loses his heart during the first game of the series . Kingdom Hearts II reveals that Roxas is a member of Organization XIII , a group of Nobodies who needed Roxas as he could wield the Keyblade , a weapon that allows him to capture hearts . As a member of the organization , Roxas bears the title " Key of Destiny " ( , , lit . " Key " ) . He is also the protagonist of the video game Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , which revolves around his origins . In the Japanese games , Roxas is voiced by Uchiyama , while Jesse McCartney takes the role in the English versions . - Since his first cameo in the series , director Tetsuya Nomura has stated that Roxas is an important character to the series , and that in order to explain his back story in more detail than done in Kingdom Hearts II , Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days was created . Since his introduction in Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas has received positive critical response from video game publications with most of them focusing on his development in 358 / 2 Days . Various types of merchandising have been released based on his character . - - = = Characteristics = = - - Roxas is depicted as a spiky blond @-@ haired teenager with blue eyes . As a civilian he wears a white jacket along with a black jacket and white trousers . As a member of Organization XIII , Roxas wears a black coat that covers most of his body including his hood along with the other members . His weapon is the Keyblade known as Kingdom Key ( , , Kingdom Chain ) , resembling a classic skeleton key , with a long silver extending from the , and a Mickey Mouse token on the end of the , but the player is able to modify it during Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days using different . Roxas also becomes able to dual @-@ wield after leaving the Organization , and exclusively uses the ( , no , lit . " Oath 's " ) , whose shaft displays two hearts , and its handle bears two angel wings , and the ( , , lit . " Passing Memories " ) . - Roxas ' personality significantly changes across the series due to the fact that when first introduced , he appears with fake memories that make him believe he is a common teenager and spends most of his time with his friends . When learning that he is Sora 's Nobody and remembering his past , Roxas gives up his existence so that Sora could continue existing , but still expresses happiness for his fate . During his time in the Organization , Roxas develops a personality based on the experiences he has as a result of having no memories of a previous life unlike other Nobodies . - - = = Appearances = = - - Roxas ' first appearances were cameos in " Another Side , Another Story " , a bonus trailer found in Kingdom Hearts , and in the ending of Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories . In Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas is introduced as a boy living in a digital replica of a city called Twilight Town . of the virtual nature of the city , Roxas begins to dream about the adventures of Sora , the series ' protagonist . He later encounters Axel , a member of Organization XIII who was given orders to rescue him , and Naminé , a Nobody who tells him he is Sora 's other half . Shortly after meeting , Ansem the , the creator of the virtual world , Roxas learns the nature of Twilight Town as well as that Ansem erased his memory , and implanted false ones to make Roxas unaware of his past and then make him merge with Sora . Ansem leads Roxas to an old mansion where once reaching an asleep Sora , Roxas rejoins with him , allowing Sora to wake up . Sora later learns that Roxas is his Nobody , created during the events of the first game after Sora briefly turned into a Heartless . Xemnas brought Roxas to Organization XIII as he could wield the Keyblade , a weapon which would help them to capture hearts . Roxas later betrayed the Organization and encountered one of Sora 's friends , , who captured him to help Sora wake up . Roxas makes two appearances near the end of the game . The first is in a mental battle with Sora depicted as a cut @-@ scene , and the second is with Naminé , who has merged with her other self , . In the re @-@ released version of the title , Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , Roxas ' fight against Sora was expanded , making him a boss character . The battle was meant to be interactive in Kingdom Hearts II , but time constraints imposed from creating fights for the other Organization XIII members prevented inclusion . With the opportunity to include the fight , Nomura 's team worked hard to make it entertaining for players . Additional scenes regarding Roxas ' past were added to the game to add to the mystery around him . - Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , a prequel to Kingdom Hearts II , reveals Roxas ' life with Organization XIII . Unlike the other Organization members , Roxas lacks memories of his previous life . During Roxas ' time in the Organization , he is placed under Axel 's watch , and the two become friends . After Axel is sent to Castle , Roxas is entrusted with Xion , another Keyblade , whom he befriends . Roxas reacts to Sora 's memory restoration and starts questioning why he uses the Keyblade and doubt the Organization 's motives . When he discovers that Xion is a replica of Sora created by Xemnas , Roxas is compelled to from Organization XIII to find answers and meet Sora . After doing so , he encounters Xion , who tries to attack and absorb him so that she would become the " real " Sora ; however , the fight ends with Xion 's defeat who Roxas to free the hearts the Organization captured . The death of his friend , coupled with full knowledge of how Xemnas truly is , inspires Roxas to defeat Xemnas and release the hearts he and Xion captured for the Organization . On his way , Roxas is confronted by who knocks him unconscious in order to help Ansem and Naminé wake up Sora . - A virtual representation of Roxas appears as a boss character in the mobile phone game Kingdom Hearts coded , in which he confronts a virtual representation of Sora , he later appears in the ending as one of the people connected to Sora 's heart who may have a chance at returning one day . He makes a cameo appearance at the end of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , where he is shown with Xion and Axel eating sea @-@ salt ice cream in Twilight Town , as well as in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop where Roxas contacts both Axel and Sora through dreams . He also appears in Amano 's manga and Tomoko 's novels , which reprise his role in the video games . The book Kingdom Hearts : Another Report includes a novel called Roxas – Somewhere in Time that retells Roxas ' days in the Organization with the exception of his befriending Xion . - - = = Creation and development = = - - After Roxas first made a cameo at the end of Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , the director of the series , Tetsuya Nomura , was questioned about the character . However , he from revealing too much detail about him and stated that he would become an important , playable character for the franchise . The developers wrote Roxas ' story in Kingdom Hearts II to add mixed feelings to the game in a short time frame . After receiving a positive fan response regarding Roxas ' sad scenario , Nomura concluded that it was well executed . He also stated that Roxas ' merging with Sora in the game was one of his most memorable scenes from the series . Nomura later commented that Roxas was one of the first characters created for Organization XIII , and was always intended to be the 13th member . The meaning of Roxas ' name was meant to be revealed in a scene in Kingdom Hearts II that shows the letters in the word " Sora " with the " X " added to expand the connection between the characters . This scene , however , was omitted as Nomura found it difficult to implement time @-@ wise . Since his debut in Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas has been voiced by Uchiyama in Japanese and by Jesse McCartney in the English versions . - After Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix was released , Nomura wanted to expand Roxas ' role in the series to explain the events between his birth and his disappearance from Organization XIII . For Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , the staff thought that Roxas ' role as a member of the group would be a suitable theme for the plot . Roxas was chosen as the game 's protagonist as the staff thought that having a main character besides Sora would help to introduce gamers to the series ' first Nintendo DS title . Co @-@ director explained that Roxas ' height was originally lower and as the game continued development , the staff decided to increase it . Nomura desired to portray Roxas ' activities different from Sora 's . In Sora 's games , he is on a journey around the worlds , while Roxas always returns to Organization XIII after each mission . The staff constructed Roxas ' interactions with the Disney characters to be different from Sora 's as the Organization was meant to be secret in the game 's story . Nomura told the writers that he wanted Roxas to learn something from each of his missions or just to have something to think about . Nomura later clarified that Roxas ' personality was different from the one portrayed in Kingdom Hearts II as he does not actively attempt to come into contact with other characters . With Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Nomura wanted to reveal why Roxas left Organization XIII . Although Nomura found it to be a sad story it , he considered Zack Fair 's ending in Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII more tragic . His last words in the game were also Nomura 's most significant ones from the title as he wanted it to connect to Kingdom Hearts II 's first scene , which is actually the same scene . Uchiyama expressed sadness when the game ended development as he would not play the character for a long time . - Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix 's secret ending features a character named Ventus that bears a striking resemblance to Roxas . Nomura commented that , despite how similar they are , Roxas and Ventus are not the same character . Additionally , he stated that by playing Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , players will be able to distinguish Roxas from Ventus . In another interview , Nomura implied both characters are related , specifically to Sora , but he wanted fans to imagine reasons for such connection . The Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep clarified the connection , stating that Roxas and Ventus look alike because Ventus ' heart entered Sora 's body and Roxas ' birth allowed Ventus ' heart to reside in Roxas . This also confirms the mystery about Roxas having a heart in contrast to other Nobodies which allows him to express emotions despite his lack of memories from a past , something that Nobodies use to show emotions . - - = = Reception = = - - Roxas has been featured in various types of merchandising published by Square Enix . An action figure was released as part of the Play Arts action figures series . Other items sold include plush , and replicas of his necklace . - Roxas ' character has received a positive critical response by both fans and video game publications . During February 2010 , Roxas was twenty @-@ eighth in a Famitsu poll featuring the most popular video game characters from Japan . In another poll , Roxas was voted as the second most popular Kingdom Hearts character with his fight against Sora ranked as the best scene from the series . His fighting sequences from the first game 's secret ending were labelled by GameSpy as one of the best video game cinematic moments . While reviewing Kingdom Hearts II Jeff Haynes of IGN said that Roxas was a " likable kid " . Ron of Eurogamer took a similar stance , calling him a " likeable enough young chap who just happens to be troubled by memories and visions of people he doesn 't even know " . His playable position in the game was regarded as a transitional arc , being used to introduce the gameplay to players that are new to the franchise . Smith from also called Roxas a likable character and stated that the revelation regarding his existence in Kingdom Hearts II is " a of a revelation for any RPG ! " The New York Times liked the fact that the player controls Roxas in Kingdom Hearts II 's introduction instead of the protagonist Sora , avoiding the continuation of Sora 's search for his friends . Additionally , he found the switch from Roxas ' story to Sora 's after a few hours " a little " . Andrew from Game Informer emphasizes his role as a " troubled boy " , calling his story arc " an amazing chain of events " , particularly noting that the revelation of his nature as a Nobody creates a " yet remarkable plot twist " which may impact the player in a way that he " may not want Sora back " . On the other hand , UGO Networks commented that due to the game 's initial focus on Roxas , gamers would have to wait until playing as Sora to experience the most exciting parts of the title . - Before Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days was released , 1UP.com featured Roxas at the top of their " Why You Should Care About Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days " feature , calling him " The darling of and writers everywhere " , and commenting on what he does during his only year within Organization XIII . Roxas ' role as protagonist was labelled by G4TV as an attempt to " the " due to the explanation from his background . While reviewing 358 / 2 Days , 's Adam praised Roxas ' development during the title , expressing that even gamers who did not like his character in Kingdom Hearts II would care about him as " he evolves from a self @-@ described ' zombie ' to a strong @-@ willed and interesting character " . especially noted his relation with Xion and Axel , which he found charming despite the fact that they repeatedly meet at the top of a clock tower in a large number scenes . A similar response was made by Game Informer , who commented that although such scenes were " dull " , Roxas ' relation with Xion and Axel was appealing and the game 's ending would make up for such moments . GamesRadar also commented that Roxas " starts off like a zombie , but rapidly develops a personality " during the title and joked about the numerous times he eats ice cream . His growth in the game was also labelled as one of the most enjoyable elements from the title . IGN agreed , calling Roxas ' friendship " heart @-@ " . On the other hand , 1UP.com mentioned that although Roxas ' relationship with Xion and Axel is appealing , some of his first missions feel like " lonely , sad affairs " . His maneuvers in the game were praised by GameSpot for being easy to learn despite how complex they look , while IGN liked the variation between all of them . - Due to his resemblance with Ventus , video game publications initially thought that Roxas would be one of the protagonists from Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . However , when it was revealed that the two were different , publications still discussed how similar they were and if there was a connection between them . - - - = Back to Tennessee ( song ) = - - " Back to Tennessee " is a country rock song by American singer @-@ songwriter and actor Billy Ray Cyrus . It released as the second single from Cyrus ' eleventh studio album of the same name on February 2 , 2009 by Lyric Street Records . Cyrus drafted the song after learning that Hannah Montana : The Movie , a film he would star in , would be set in Tennessee . The song , developed with the aid of co @-@ songwriters Tamara Dunn and Matthew Wilder , includes country rock elements while describing Cyrus ' longing to return to the South , where he grew up , after spending several years in Los Angeles . " Back to Tennessee " was featured in both Hannah Montana : The Movie and its soundtrack . - " Back to Tennessee " was well received by critics , though some felt it took the album 's message too literally . It was a moderate commercial achievement for Cyrus and charted within the top fifty of the Billboard magazine chart Hot Country Songs . The song 's music video was directed by Declan and features scenes of Cyrus at a beach inter cut with clips of Hannah Montana : The Movie . The song was performed in several venues . - - = = Development = = - - Cyrus moved to Los Angeles to star on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana in 2006 . Cyrus 's character , Robby Ray Stewart , is a former country singer and the father of Miley Stewart , a played by Miley Cyrus , Cyrus ' real life daughter . The television series became a worldwide hit and the basis for Hannah Montana : The Movie , a feature film released in 2009 . - Cyrus first read the script for Hannah Montana : The Movie while in Malibu in early 2008 . The film 's plot features the leaving Hollywood for a summer and returning to Tennessee , their home state , to with their southern roots . Having grown up in Kentucky , Cyrus was excited to learn the film would be set in the country and fought for it to be filmed on location . " They were gonna film it in a different state [ but ] I just knew that Tennessee had all the facilities , the man power , and the ability to make this film great , " said Cyrus . In addition , Cyrus believed that " in real life , Miley and [ he ] needed to come back home " , saying , " It was important for us to come back to where we are from and remember who we are . " Once filming in Tennessee was settled , Cyrus was " overcome with a very positive emotion of coming back home " and wrote " Back to Tennessee " with the aid of songwriters Tamara Dunn and Matthew Wilder . - Cyrus recorded " Back to Tennessee " for the film Hannah Montana : The Movie , in which his character performs the song at a fundraiser to save the meadows near his hometown from development . Cyrus says the song is " part of the cornerstone " of the film because it reflects the film 's theme of escaping the fast @-@ paced , glitzy world of Hollywood in search of a simpler country lifestyle . Cyrus commented , - " It 's about remembering , you know , where you come from . It 's always important to be aware of where you 're at and always be looking to where you wanna go , but most importantly don 't forget where you come from . That 's ' Back to Tennessee ' is all about [ ... ] With me , I always try to keep it real with the music , you know . Line by line you listen to the song and you know that I 'm walking the walk and talking the talk . It 's what this song 's all about . It definitely comes from the heart . " - - = = Composition = = - - " Back to Tennessee " is one of the more rock music influenced tracks on Back to Tennessee . It is set in common time with a country rock tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of C major . The song has the following chord progression , C — — C. - Cyrus said of the lyrics , " If you download " Back to Tennessee " and listen to the whole song , you 'll hear exactly how I felt after four years of Hannah Montana , and living in Los Angeles and giving up my previous life and existence and who I am and where I come from . You 'll hear a guy who 's immersed in music , and my love and desire and need to go back home . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times interpreted the song as an apology " both to [ Cyrus 's ] teenage self and , by extension , to the daughter under his wing . " Both Caramanica and Alison Stewart of The Washington Post took interest in the lines , " Great big town / So full of users " . Caramanica said the line recognized that " fame is " and " talk [ ed ] about some of his daughter ’ s famous friends " , while Stewart interpreted the line as a description of Hollywood life in general . - - = = Critical reception = = - - The song received generally positive reviews from critics . Shelly of About.com said , " There 's a special quality to this single that might be able to help people get past ' that one song ' from Billy Ray Cyrus 's past and realize there 's so much more to the man than something from two decades ago . " While reviewing the Hannah Montana : The Movie soundtrack , Heather of Allmusic said the song " fits in smoothly with an acoustic version of Rascal Flatts ' witty ' ' " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said , " His hard @-@ won insight is the next best thing to a good . " Allison Stewart of The Washington Post described " Back to Tennessee " as a " of strident rock track " . She added that the song was " eager " and that it explained " Country as Country Can Be " . Yahoo ! Music thought the song was followed Back to Tennessee 's message " too literally " . The song was included on the short list for Best Original Song at the 82nd Academy Awards , but failed to achieve a nomination . - - = = Chart performance = = - - In the United States , " Back to Tennessee " failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , the country 's main singles chart , but charted on the country @-@ genre chart . In the week ending March 7 , 2009 , " Back to Tennessee " debuted at number fifty @-@ nine on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs . " The " , by Cyrus ' daughter , Miley Cyrus , debuted at number forty @-@ eight the same week , the first time a father and daughter had separate charting songs on the chart since Johnny Cash and Cash charted in 1990 with " Silver " and " One over the Line " , respectively . On the week ending April 25 , 2009 , the song reached its peak at number forty @-@ seven on the chart . - - = = Music video = = - - The music video for " Back to Tennessee " was directed by Declan and premiered on March 12 , 2009 on . It was partially shot in Malibu , California , where Cyrus wrote the song . Like the song , the video represents Cyrus ' desire to return home . Cyrus explained , - " When I see the video for ' Back to Tennessee , ' there 's a lot of emotion there . It 's a combination between the Hannah Montana movie and going back to the actual spot where I wrote the song . I wrote the song in Malibu , and we went back to Malibu to film the video . I had never done a video exactly where I wrote the song . Then we take my little blue truck from the movie and travel back across the country . Again , it becomes a very articulate picture of what that song 's about . It 's everything a video is supposed to be . " - Cyrus 's " little blue truck " is the blue 1990 Ford Ranger that he drove in the film , which was transported to California to be used in the video . The video prominently features clips of Hannah Montana : The Movie , particularly the scene in which Cyrus performs " Back to Tennessee " . Cyrus 's backup band in that performance includes part of Taylor Swift 's band , Covington , and . About the video as a whole , Cyrus said , " I hope when people , you know , watch the video . I hope that they can feel what this song is about . I hope they can relate to that in their life and their world . " - The video with the Hannah Montana : The Movie performance , in which Cyrus and his backup band perform atop a stage in a crowded barn . The video then switches to its principal setting , which features Cyrus on a beach at sunset . Cyrus is seen in a black T @-@ shirt rocks at the ocean and looking at a picture of a blond woman . The woman is portrayed by , who plays , Robby Ray 's love interest in Hannah Montana : The Movie . As the video progresses , Cyrus is also seen with the blue Ford Ranger , either driving it or leaning against it while playing an acoustic guitar . The video also includes clips of , Robby Ray , Miley Stewart , and Miley Stewart 's love interest , Travis Body . The video ends with Cyrus , looking down , walking next to the . - - = = Live performances = = - - Cyrus performed " Back to Tennessee " as part of the AOL Sessions on April 13 , 2009 . He also performed the song and several others in a London Apple Store on April 24 , 2009 . The set , along with some songs by Miley , were recorded and sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as an extended play titled iTunes Live from London . On August 1 , 2009 , Cyrus performed the song at the 2009 Freedom Concert , a concert supporting the Freedom Alliance Scholarship Fund . - - - = M @-@ 108 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 108 was a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The highway followed Street , although some maps also labeled it as the Mackinaw Highway . The road was on the boundary between Emmet and Cheboygan counties . - The original M @-@ 108 designation dated back to 1928 . This version was transferred to local control in 1957 , but revived later under a different routing in 1960 . On April 29 , 2010 , the News @-@ Review reported that the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) will rebuild the roadway in preparation to transfer it back to local control once again . MDOT and local officials signed memoranda of understanding , completing the transfer of the roadway on December 9 , 2010 . - - = = Route description = = - - The 1 @.@ @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 720 km ) long route connected two interchanges off Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) on the south side of Mackinaw City with a tourist welcome center . The southern terminus was at a partial interchange with I @-@ 75 ( exit 337 ) just south of Mackinaw City on the boundary between Emmet and Cheboygan counties . This interchange is about two miles ( 3 km ) north of the northern terminus of US Highway 31 ( US 31 ) . M @-@ 108 followed Street north from I @-@ 75 into the Village of Mackinaw City past the Thunder Falls Water Park and some local to an intersection with US 23 . North of the US 23 intersection is the Michigan Welcome Center and other tourist amenities on the west side of the street . State maintenance ends at the intersection with the off @-@ ramp from northbound I @-@ 75 exit 338 . - - = = History = = - - In 1928 , the first M @-@ 108 designation was commissioned along a rare three @-@ legged route connecting the State Highway Ferry Docks with the Fort State Historic Park and US 31 . At one point while traveling westbound on M @-@ 108 , motorists could turn right onto northbound M @-@ 108 or left onto southbound M @-@ 108 . In preparation for the opening of the Mackinac Bridge , the Michigan State Highway Department transferred all of M @-@ 108 to local control in late 1957 , decommissioning the designation at the same time . In 1960 , the current M @-@ 108 was commissioned along the current routing . - On April 29 , 2010 , MDOT announced plans to transfer M @-@ 108 in its entirety to the Village of Mackinaw City and Emmet County . In preparation for this transfer , MDOT , widened and reconstructed the roadway . While rebuilding the section of the highway between US 23 and the northern terminus , the Welcome Center was closed . Plans had this section to be completed , and the center to bed reopened , for Memorial Day weekend , with the remainder of construction to be completed in August . Following the transfer to local control , M @-@ 108 ceased to be a state highway and the designation was decommissioned . Previous news reports stated that the roadway was too small to merit highway status under federal guidelines . The transfer was completed on December 9 , 2010 when MDOT and local officials signed memoranda of understanding to affect the transfer . The section within the Village of Mackinaw City was transferred to the village , and the remainder to Emmet County . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire highway was on the Emmet – Cheboygan county line . - - - = Blackwyche = - - Blackwyche is an action @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game for the Commodore 64 in 1985 . The game is the third instalment of the Pendragon series and is a sequel to . In the game , adventurer Sir Arthur Pendragon is trapped on board a haunted galleon and must free the soul of its captain . The game is presented in a 3D isometric format . - The Pendragon series was created and designed by brothers Dave and Bob Thomas , with Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper otherwise being in development . The game 's setting and graphics were heavily inspired by HMS Victory and the surrounding city of Portsmouth . The game was met with mixed reviews upon release . Critics were divided over the game 's graphics and re @-@ usage of sprites , but criticised the game for its vast similarities to its predecessors . It was followed by a final instalment to the series , Dragon , which was released later in 1985 . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The game is presented in a isometric format and is set on board a haunted galleon named the Blackwyche . Sir Arthur Pendragon 's main objective is to free the soul of its former captain , Richard . Pendragon can various weapons such as knives , and a magic sword to defend himself from enemy skeletons . The player begins the game with full energy and it will slightly every time the player is hit by an enemy . If Pendragon completely runs out of energy , a large skeletal hand will drag the player off @-@ screen , thus killing him . - Various segments of maps are scattered around the galleon , which will form a complete view of the game 's overworld once all the segments are picked up . Other scattered items in the game include keys for locked doors , gunpowder to fire cannons and pieces of jewellery , the latter having no additional use other than adding to the player 's score . - - = = Development = = - - and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in @-@ de @-@ la @-@ in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play The Game , they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company was known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in " separate teams " ; one team would work on graphics while the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or programming . - The Pendragon series was created by brothers Dave and Robert ( Bob ) Thomas , rather than Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper . Dave Thomas began his career in 1983 when he started producing multiple games for the 400 , including moderate @-@ such as , which later won him GB £ 5 @,@ 000 in a competition from Calisto Software . Although he began working for the company in producing video games , he later quit due to the strain of his daily , 68 mi ( 109 km ) commute . Shortly after quitting Calisto Software , Dave Thomas started work on The Staff of , the first instalment of what would become the Pendragon series . Bob Thomas was a trained technical illustrator for the Ministry of Defence and had experience with designing interiors for the Royal Navy . According to Dave Thomas , the setting of Blackwyche was heavily inspired by the HMS Victory and the surrounding naval city of Portsmouth . The name of " Sir Arthur Pendragon " was copied from the character of the Black Prince Pendragon from Jack the Giant Killer . - The graphics of the game were designed by Bob Thomas , whereas the code was written by Dave Thomas . The Thomas brothers decided to show their progress of the game to Tim and Chris Stamper for evaluation , despite feeling embarrassed due to their being inside their parents ' attic . Impressed by the game , the Stamper brothers commissioned an entire series to be released for the Commodore 64 . Dave Thomas recalled that every game they produced was met with little interference from Ultimate ; once a game was complete , it would be sent to quality assessment and subsequently published for release . - - = = Reception = = - - The game received mixed reviews upon release . A reviewer of thought the graphics were identical to its predecessor , , and criticised the low detail of the player @-@ character , Sir Arthur Pendragon . Eugene Lacey of Commodore User praised the graphics , stating that they were and slightly more detailed , despite acknowledging that they appeared similar to its predecessor . Stuart Cooke of Your Commodore thought the graphics were too " repetitive " and stated that he had trouble determining which section of the game he was on due to the similarities of all the colours . Reviewers of Zzap ! 64 criticised the graphics , stating the sprites to be " awful " , and animation as " " with little or no range of colouring . The sprite of Sir Arthur Pendragon was frequently criticised by reviewers of Zzap ! 64 , with one reviewer expressing frustration on why Ultimate continued to re @-@ use the same sprites in their games . Another reviewer condemned the 3D animation , stating that it appeared out of proportion and " frustrating " . Tony Hetherington of Computer Gamer similarly criticised the graphics , owing to the " landscapes " and identical usage of colours , concluding that it was a disappointing game . - Lacey heralded the gameplay to be " purely " and considered Blackwyche to the best of the series . Harding opinionated the game to be " miles better " than its predecessor , whereas Cooke thought the gameplay was repetitive , owing to its number of locations . Reviewers of Zzap ! 64 criticised the overall gameplay , stating that the puzzles were poor , and often gave them the sense of " @-@ " with its similarities to its predecessors . One reviewer of the same magazine considered the game to be a poor attempt at an arcade @-@ adventure game , stating that the ideas were poorly implemented . Hetherington concluded that Blackwyche was a disappointment for an Ultimate game , considering their previous hit titles such as and Knight . - - - = Hoyt Wilhelm = - - James Hoyt Wilhelm ( July 26 , 1922 – August 23 , 2002 ) , nicknamed " Old " , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher with the New York Giants , St. Louis Cardinals , Cleveland Indians , Baltimore Orioles , Chicago White Sox , California Angels , Atlanta Braves , Chicago Cubs , and Los Angeles Dodgers between 1952 and 1972 . He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame . - After growing up in North Carolina and fighting in World War II , Wilhelm spent several years in the minor leagues before starting his MLB career . He was best known for his knuckleball , which enabled him to have great longevity . He appeared occasionally as a starting pitcher , but he pitched mainly as a specialist relief man , a role in which he won 124 games , still the record for relief pitchers . He was the first pitcher to reach 200 saves and the first to appear in 1 @,@ 000 games . - Wilhelm , who did not enter the major leagues until his late twenties , pitched until he was nearly 50 years old . Wilhelm retired with one of the lowest career earned run averages in baseball history . After retiring as a player in the early 1970s , he held coaching roles with the New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves for many years . He was a longtime resident of Sarasota , Florida , where he died in a nursing home of heart failure in 2002 . - - = = Early life = = - - Wilhelm was one of eleven children born to poor tenant farmers John and ( née Stanley ) Wilhelm in , North Carolina . He played baseball at Cornelius High School in Cornelius , North Carolina . There , he began experimenting with a knuckleball after reading about pitcher Dutch Leonard . He felt that , because he could not throw fast , a knuckleball offered him his best shot at success . He used a tennis ball to practice . - Wilhelm made his professional debut with the Mooresville Moors of the Class @-@ D North Carolina State League in 1942 . He served in the United States Army in the European Theater during World War II . Wilhelm participated in the Battle of the , where he was wounded , earning the Purple Heart for his actions . He played his entire career with a piece of shrapnel lodged in his back as a result of this injury . He rose to the rank of staff sergeant . was nicknamed " Old " because of his service in the military . - He returned to the Moors in 1946 , following his military service . Over the 1946 and 1947 seasons , Wilhelm earned 41 wins with Mooresville . He later recalled being dropped from a Class D minor league team and having the manager tell him to forget about the knuckleball , but he persisted with it . The Boston Braves purchased Wilhelm from Mooresville in 1947 . On November 20 , 1947 , Wilhelm was drafted by the New York Giants from the Braves in the 1947 minor league draft . - Wilhelm 's first assignment in the Giants organization was in Class B with the 1948 , for whom he registered 13 wins and 9 losses . He spent a few games that season with the Class A Jacksonville of the South Atlantic League . Wilhelm returned to Jacksonville in 1949 , earning a 17 – 12 win @-@ loss record and a 2 @.@ 66 earned run average ( ERA ) . With the Class AAA Minneapolis in 1950 , Wilhelm was the starting pitcher in 25 of his 35 games pitched , registering a 15 – 11 record with a 4 @.@ 95 ERA . His ERA came down to 3 @.@ 94 in 1951 with Minneapolis , but his record finished at 11 – 14 . Wilhelm had been used in a similar role that season , mostly starting games but also making eleven relief appearances . - - = = Major league career = = - - - = = = Early years = = = - - Though Wilhelm was primarily a starting pitcher in the minor leagues , he had been called up to a Giants team whose strong starting pitchers had led them to a National League ( NL ) pennant the year before . Giants manager Leo did not think that Wilhelm 's knuckleball approach would be effective for more than a few innings at a time . He assigned Wilhelm to the team 's bullpen . - Wilhelm made his MLB debut with the Giants on April 18 , 1952 at age 29 , giving up a hit and two walks while only recording one out . On April 23 , 1952 , in his second game with the New York Giants , Wilhelm batted for the first time in the majors . Facing rookie Dick Hoover of the Boston Braves , Wilhelm hit a home run over the short right @-@ field fence at the Polo Grounds . Although he went to bat a total of 432 times in his career , he never hit another home run . - Pitching exclusively in relief , Wilhelm led the NL with a 2 @.@ 43 ERA in his rookie year . He won 15 games and lost three . Wilhelm finished in the top ten in Most Valuable Player Award voting that season , becoming the first relief pitcher to finish that high . He finished second in the Rookie of the Year Award voting . Wilhelm made 69 relief appearances in 1953 , his win @-@ loss record decreased to 7 – 8 and he issued 77 walks against 71 strikeouts . Wilhelm was named to the NL All @-@ Star team that year , but he did not play in the game because team manager Charlie did not think that any of the catchers could handle his knuckleball . The Giants renewed Wilhelm 's contract in February 1954 . - In 1954 , Wilhelm was a key piece of the pitching staff that led the 1954 Giants to a world championship . He pitched 111 innings , finishing with a 12 – 4 record and a 2 @.@ 10 ERA . During one of Wilhelm 's appearances that season , catcher Ray committed four passed balls in one inning to set the major league record ; the record has subsequently been tied twice . When Stan set a record by hitting five home runs in a that year , Wilhelm was pitching in the second game and gave up two of the home runs . The 1954 World Series represented Wilhelm 's only career postseason play . He pitched 2 1 ⁄ 3 innings over two games , earning a save in the third game . The team won the World Series in a four @-@ game sweep . - Wilhelm 's ERA increased to 3 @.@ 93 over 59 games and 103 innings pitched in 1955 , but he managed a 4 – 1 record . He finished the 1956 season with a 4 – 9 record and a 3 @.@ 83 ERA in 89 1 ⁄ 3 innings . Bob later attributed Wilhelm 's difficulties in the mid @-@ 1950s to the decline in the career of Giants catcher Wes , writing that baseball was " a game of inches , and for Hoyt , Wes had been that inch in the right direction . " - - = = = Middle career = = = - - On February 26 , 1957 , Wilhelm was traded by the Giants to the St. Louis Cardinals for . At the time of the trade , St. Louis manager Fred Hutchinson described Wilhelm as the type of pitcher who " makes us a definite pennant threat ... He 'll help us where we need help the most . " In 40 games with the Cardinals that season , he earned 11 saves but finished with a 1 – 4 record and his highest ERA to that point in his career ( 4 @.@ 25 ) . The Cardinals placed him on waivers in September and he was claimed by the Cleveland Indians , who used him in two games that year . - In 1958 , Cleveland manager Bobby used Wilhelm occasionally as a starter . Although he had a 2 @.@ 49 ERA , none of the Indians ' catchers could handle Wilhelm 's knuckleball . General manager Frank Lane , alarmed at the large number of passed balls , allowed the Baltimore Orioles to select Wilhelm off waivers on August 23 , 1958 . In Baltimore , Wilhelm lived near the home of third baseman Brooks Robinson and their families became close friends . On September 20 of that year , Wilhelm no @-@ hit the eventual World Champion New York Yankees 1 @-@ 0 at Memorial Stadium , in only his ninth career start . He allowed two baserunners on walks and struck out eight . The no @-@ hitter had been threatened at one point in the ninth inning when Hank Bauer along the baseline , but Robinson allowed the ball to roll and it foul . The no @-@ hitter was the first in the franchise 's Baltimore history ; the Orioles had moved from St. Louis after the 1953 season . - Orioles catchers had difficulty catching the Wilhelm knuckleball again in 1959 and they set an MLB record with 49 passed balls . During one April game , catcher Gus Triandos had four passed balls while catching for Wilhelm and he described the game as " the day I ever put in during my life . " Author Bill James has written that Wilhelm and Triandos " established the principle that a knuckleball pitcher and a big , slow catcher make an awful combination . " Triandos once said , " Heaven is a place where no one throws a knuckleball . " - Despite the passed balls , Wilhelm won the American League ERA title with a 2 @.@ 19 ERA . During the 1960 season , Orioles manager Paul Richards devised a larger so his catchers could handle the knuckleball . Richards was well equipped with starting pitchers during that year . By the middle of the season , he said that eight of his pitchers could serve as starters . Wilhelm started 11 of the 41 games in which he appeared . He earned an 11 – 8 record , a 3 @.@ 31 ERA and seven saves . He only started one game the following year , but he was an All @-@ Star , registered 18 saves and had a 2 @.@ 30 ERA . - In 1962 , Wilhelm had his fourth All @-@ Star season , finishing with a 7 – 10 record , a 1 @.@ 94 ERA and 15 saves . On January 14 , 1963 , Wilhelm was traded by the Orioles with Ron Hansen , Dave Nicholson and Pete Ward to the Chicago White Sox for Luis and Al Smith . Early in that season , White Sox manager Al López said that Wilhelm had improved his pitching staff by 40 percent . He said that Wilhelm was " worth more than a 20 @-@ game winner , and he works with so little effort that he probably can last as long as Paige . " He registered 21 saves and a 2 @.@ 64 ERA . - In 1964 , Wilhelm finished with career highs in both saves ( 27 ) and games pitched ( 73 ) . His ERA decreased to 1 @.@ 99 that season ; it remained less than 2 @.@ 00 through the 1968 season . In 1965 , Wilhelm contributed to another passed balls record when Chicago catcher J. C. Martin allowed 33 of them in one season . That total set a modern single @-@ season baseball record for the category . Wilhelm 's career @-@ low ERA ( 1 @.@ 31 ) came in 1967 , when he earned an 8 – 3 record for the White Sox with 12 saves . - In the 1968 season , Wilhelm was getting close to breaking the all @-@ time games pitched record belonging to Cy Young ( games ) . Chicago manager Eddie began to think about using Wilhelm as a starting pitcher for game number 907 . However , the White Sox fired before the record came up . Wilhelm later broke the record as a relief pitcher . He also set MLB records for consecutive games by a pitcher , career victories in relief , games finished and innings pitched in relief . Despite Wilhelm 's success , the White Sox , who had won at least 83 games per season in the 1960s , performed poorly . They finished 1968 with a 67 – 95 record . - Wilhelm was noted during this period for his of relief pitcher Wilbur Wood , who came to the 1967 White Sox in a trade . Wood sometimes threw a knuckleball upon his arrival in Chicago , but Wilhelm encouraged him to throw it full @-@ time . By 1968 , Wood won 13 games , saved 16 games and earned a 1 @.@ 87 ERA . He credited Wilhelm with helping him to master the knuckleball , as the White Sox coaches did not know much about how to throw it . Between 1968 and 1970 , Wood pitched in more games ( 241 ) than any other pitcher and more innings ( 400 1 ⁄ 3 ) than any other relief pitcher . - After the 1968 season , MLB expanded and an expansion draft was conducted in which the new teams could select certain players from the established teams . The White Sox left Wilhelm unprotected , possibly because they did not believe that teams would have interest in a much older pitcher . On October 15 , 1968 , Wilhelm was chosen in the expansion draft by the Kansas City Royals as the 49th pick . That offseason , he was traded by the Royals to the California Angels for Ed Kirkpatrick and Dennis . - - = = = Later career = = = - - In 44 games pitched for the 1969 California Angels , Wilhelm had a 2 @.@ 47 ERA , ten saves and a 5 – 7 record . On September 8 , 1969 , Wilhelm was traded by the Angels with Bob to the Atlanta Braves for Clint Compton and Mickey Rivers . He finished the 1969 season by pitching eight games for the Braves , earning four saves and recording a 0 @.@ 73 ERA over 12 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . Wilhelm spent most of the 1970 season with the Braves , pitching in 50 games for the team and earning ten saves . - On September 21 , 1970 , Wilhelm was selected off waivers by the Chicago Cubs , for whom he appeared in three games . He was traded back by the Cubs to the Braves for Hal after the season . As the Cubs acquired Wilhelm late in the season to bolster their playoff contention , which was a source of controversy , Commissioner Bowie investigated the transaction . In December , ruled that he did not find evidence of associated with the transactions that sent Wilhelm to the Cubs and quickly back to the Braves . - Wilhelm was released by the Braves on June 29 , 1971 , having pitched in three games for that year 's Braves . He signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 10 , 1971 . He appeared in nine MLB games for the Dodgers , giving up two earned runs in 17 2 ⁄ 3 innings . He also pitched in eight games that season for the team 's Class AAA minor league affiliate , the Spokane Indians . He started six of those games and registered a 3 @.@ 89 ERA . He pitched in 16 games for the Dodgers in 1972 , registering a 4 @.@ 62 ERA over 25 innings . The Dodgers released him on July 21 , 1972 . He never appeared in another game . - At the time of his retirement , Wilhelm had pitched in a then @-@ MLB record 1 @,@ 070 games . He is recognized as the first pitcher to have saved 200 games in his career , and the first pitcher to appear in 1 @,@ 000 games . He is also one of the oldest players to have pitched in the major leagues ; his final appearance was 16 days short of his 50th birthday . Wilhelm retired with the lowest career earned run average of any major league after 1927 ( Walter Johnson ) who pitched more than 2 @,@ 000 innings . - - = = Later life = = - - After his retirement as a player , Wilhelm managed two minor league teams in the Atlanta Braves system for single seasons . He led the 1973 Greenwood Braves of the Western Carolinas League to a 61 – 66 record , then had a 33 – 33 record with the 1975 Braves of the Appalachian League . He also worked as a minor league pitching coach for the New York Yankees for 22 years . As a coach , Wilhelm said that he did not teach pitchers the knuckleball , believing that people had to be born with a for throwing it . He sometimes worked individually with major league players who wanted to improve their , including Joe . The Yankees gave Wilhelm permission to work with Mickey in 1979 even though pitched for the San Diego Padres . - Wilhelm was on the ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame for eight years before he was elected . After Wilhelm failed to garner enough votes for induction in 1983 , sportswriter Jim Murray criticized the voters , saying that while Wilhelm never had the look of a baseball player , he was " the best player in history at what he does . " He fell short by 13 votes in 1984 . Wilhelm was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985 . At his induction ceremony , he said that he had achieved all three of his initial major league goals : appearing in a World Series , being named to an All @-@ Star team , and throwing a no @-@ hitter . - He and his wife Peggy lived in Sarasota , Florida . They raised three children together : Patti , Pam , and Jim . Wilhelm died of heart failure in a Sarasota nursing home in 2002 . - - = = Legacy = = - - Wilhelm was known as a " relief ace " and his teams used him in a new way that became a trend . Rather than bringing in a relief pitcher only when the starting pitcher had begun to struggle , teams increasingly called upon their relief pitchers toward the end of any close game . Wilhelm was the first relief pitcher elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame . - He is also remembered as one of the most successful and " probably the most famous ' old ' player in history . " Although , due largely to his military service , he did not debut in the major leagues until he was already 29 years old , Wilhelm nonetheless managed to appear in 21 major league seasons . He earned the nickname " Old " while he still had more than a decade left in his playing career . He was the oldest player in Major League Baseball for each of his final seven seasons . - Former teammate Moose commented on Wilhelm 's key pitch , saying , " Hoyt was a good guy , and he threw the best knuckleball I ever saw . You never knew what Hoyt 's pitch would do . I don 't think he did either . " Baseball executive Roland agreed , saying , " Wilhelm 's knuckleball did more than anyone else 's ... There was so much action on it . " Before Wilhelm , the knuckleball was primarily mixed in to older pitchers ' at the end of their careers to offset their slowing and reduce stress on their arms , thereby extending their careers . Wilhelm broke with tradition when he began throwing the pitch as a teenager and on nearly every pitch . The New York Times linked his knuckleball with that of modern pitcher Dickey , as Wilhelm taught pitcher Charlie Hough the knuckleball in 1971 and Hough taught it to Dickey while coaching with the Texas Rangers . - - - = Politics of Croatia = - - The politics of Croatia are defined by a parliamentary , representative democratic republic framework , where the Prime Minister of Croatia is the head of government in a multi @-@ party system . Executive power is exercised by the Government and the President of Croatia . Legislative power is vested in the Croatian Parliament ( Croatian : Sabor ) . The is independent of the executive and the legislature . The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Croatia on 22 December 1990 and decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia . The declaration of independence came into effect on 8 October 1991 . The constitution has since been amended several times . The first modern parties in the country developed in the middle of the 19th century , and their agenda and appeal changed , reflecting major social changes , such as the breakup of Austria @-@ Hungary , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , dictatorship and social upheavals in the kingdom , World War II , the establishment of Communist rule and the breakup of the Yugoslavia . - The President of the Republic ( Croatian : / ) is the head of state and the commander in chief of the Croatian armed forces and is directly elected to serve a five @-@ year term . The government ( Croatian : ) , the main executive power of Croatia , is headed by the prime minister , who has four deputy prime ministers , three of whom also serve as government ministers . Seventeen ministers are in charge of particular activities . The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget , executing the laws , and guiding the foreign and internal policies . The parliament is a unicameral legislative body . The number of Sabor representatives ranges from 100 to 160 ; they are elected by popular vote to serve four @-@ year terms . The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws ; adoption of the government budget , declarations of war and peace , defining national boundaries , calling referenda and elections , appointments and relief of officers , supervising the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor , and granting of . The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular presidential and parliamentary elections , and the election of county prefects and assemblies , and city and municipal mayors and councils . - Croatia has a three @-@ tiered , independent judicial system governed by the Constitution of Croatia and national legislation enacted by the Sabor . The Supreme Court ( Croatian : sud ) is the highest court of appeal in Croatia . There are other specialised courts in Croatia — commercial courts and the Superior Commercial Court , courts , the Superior ( criminal ) Court , the Administrative Court and the Croatian Constitutional Court ( Croatian : sud ) . The State Attorney 's Office represents the state in legal proceedings . - - = = Legal framework = = - - Croatia is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic . Following the collapse of the ruling Communist League , Croatia adopted a new constitution in 1990 – which replaced the 1974 constitution adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia – and organised its first multi @-@ party elections . While the 1990 constitution remains in force , it has been amended four times since its adoption — in 1997 , 2000 , 2001 and 2010 . Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991 , which led to the breakup of Yugoslavia . Croatia 's status as a country was internationally recognised by the United Nations in 1992 . Under its 1990 constitution , Croatia operated a semi @-@ presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system . Government powers in Croatia are divided into legislative , executive and judiciary powers . The legal system of Croatia is civil law and , along with the institutional framework , is strongly influenced by the legal heritage of Austria @-@ Hungary . By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010 , Croatian legislation was fully with the Community . - - = = Executive = = - - The President of the Republic ( Croatian : / ) is the head of state ; he or she is directly elected and serves a five @-@ year term . The president is the commander in chief of the armed forces , has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the consent of the Sabor ( Parliament ) through a simple majority vote , and has some influence on foreign policy . The most recent presidential election was held on 10 January 2010 and was won by Ivo Josipović . He took the oath of office on 18 February 2010 . The constitution limits holders of the presidential office to a maximum of two terms and prevents the president from being a member of any political party . Consequently , the president @-@ elect withdraws from party membership before inauguration . President Josipović did so on 15 February 2010 . - The government ( Croatian : ) , the main executive power of Croatia , is headed by the prime minister who has four deputies , three of whom also serve as government there are seventeen other ministers who are appointed by the prime minister with the consent of the Sabor ; these are in charge of particular sectors of activity . As of 23 December 2011 , the Deputy Prime Ministers are , , Branko , and . Government ministers are from the Social Democratic Party of Croatia ( SDP ) , and the Croatian People 's Party - Liberal Democrats ( HNS ) and Democratic Assembly ( ) . The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget , executing the laws , and guiding the country 's foreign and domestic policies . The government 's official residence is at . As of 23 December 2011 , the prime minister is . - - = = Legislature = = - - The Parliament of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor ) is a unicameral legislative body . A second chamber , the Chamber of Counties ( Croatian : ) , was set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution . The Chamber of Counties was originally composed of three deputies from each of the twenty counties and the city of Zagreb . However , as it had no practical power over the Chamber of Representatives , it was abolished in 2001 and its powers were transferred to the county governments . The number of Sabor representatives can vary from 100 to 160 ; they are all elected by popular vote and serve four @-@ year terms . 140 members are elected in multi @-@ seat constituencies , up to six members are chosen by proportional representation to represent living abroad and five members represent ethnic and national communities or minorities . The two largest political parties in Croatia are the SDP and the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) . The last parliamentary election was held on 4 December 2011 in Croatia and on 3 and 4 December 2011 abroad . - The Sabor meets in public sessions in two periods ; the first from 15 January to 30 June , and the second from 15 September to 15 December . Extra sessions can be called by the President of the Republic , by the president of the parliament or by the government . The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution , enactment of laws , adoption of the state budget , declarations of war and peace , alteration of the country 's boundaries , calling and conducting referenda and elections , appointments and relief of office , supervising the work of the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor , and granting amnesty . are made based on a majority vote if more than half of the Chamber is present , except in cases of constitutional issues . - - = = = = - - The Croatian constitution and legislation provides for regular elections for the office of the President of the Republic , parliamentary , county prefects , county assemblies , city and municipal mayors and city and municipal councils . The President of the Republic is elected to a five @-@ year term by a direct vote of all citizens of Croatia . A majority vote is required to win . A runoff election round is held in cases where no candidate the majority in the first round of voting . The presidential elections are regulated by the constitution and dedicated legislation ; the latter defines technical details , appeals and similar issues . - 140 members of parliament are elected to a four @-@ year term in ten multi @-@ seat constituencies , which are defined on the basis of the existing county borders , with amendments to achieve a uniform number of eligible voters in each constituency to within 5 % . Citizens of Croatia living abroad are counted in an eleventh constituency ; however , its number of seats was not fixed for the last parliamentary election . It was instead calculated based on numbers of votes cast in the ten constituencies in Croatia and the votes cast in the eleventh constituency . In the 2007 parliamentary election the eleventh constituency elected five MPs . Constitutional changes first applied in the 2011 parliamentary election have abolished this scheme and permanently assigned three MPs to the eleventh constituency . Additionally , eight members of parliament are elected by voters belonging to twenty @-@ two recognised minorities in Croatia : the Serb minority elects three MPs , Hungarians and Italians elect one MP each , Czech and minorities elect one MP jointly , while all other minorities elect two more MPs to the parliament . The Standard D formula is applied to the vote , with a 5 % election threshold . The last parliamentary election , held in 2011 , elected 151 MPs . - The county prefects and city and municipal mayors are elected to four @-@ year terms by majority of votes cast within applicable local government units . A runoff election is held if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of voting . Members of county , city , and municipal councils are elected to four @-@ year terms through proportional representation ; the entire local government unit forms a single constituency . The number of council members is defined by the councils themselves based on applicable legislation . Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national minorities are represented in the council as required by the constitution . If the minorities are not represented , further members , who belong to the minorities and who have not been elected through the proportional representation system , are selected from electoral candidate lists and added to the council . - - = = = Latest presidential election = = = - - - = = = Latest parliamentary election = = = - - - = = = = - - Croatia has a three @-@ tiered , independent judicial system governed by the constitution and national legislation enacted by the Sabor . The Supreme Court ( Croatian : sud ) is the highest court of appeal in Croatia ; its hearings are open and are made publicly , except in cases where the privacy of the accused is to be protected . are appointed by the National Judicial Council and judicial office is permanent until seventy years of age . The president of the Supreme Court is elected for a four @-@ year term by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic . As of 2011 , the president of the Supreme Court is Branko . The Supreme Court has civil and criminal departments . The lower two levels of the three @-@ tiered judiciary consist of county courts and municipal courts . There are fifteen county courts and sixty @-@ seven municipal courts in the country . - There are other specialised courts in Croatia ; commercial courts and the Superior Commercial Court , courts that try trivial offences such as traffic violations , the Superior Court , the Administrative Court and the Croatian Constitutional Court ( Croatian : sud ) . The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding compliance of legislation with the constitution , unconstitutional legislation , reports any breaches of provisions of the constitution to the government and the parliament , declares the speaker of the parliament acting president upon petition from the government in the event the country 's president becomes incapacitated , issues consent for commencement of criminal procedures against or arrest of the president , and hears appeals against decisions of the National Judicial Council . The court consists of thirteen judges elected by members of the parliament for an eight @-@ year term . The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court judges for a four @-@ year term . As of June 2012 , the president of the Constitutional Court is . The National Judicial Council ( Croatian : ) consists of eleven members , specifically seven judges , two university professors of law and two parliament members , nominated and elected by the Parliament for four @-@ year terms , and may serve no more than two terms . It appoints all judges and court presidents , except in case of the Supreme Court . As of January 2015 , the president of the National Judicial Council is Marijan , who is also a Supreme Court judge . - The State Attorney 's Office represents the state in legal procedures . As of August 2012 , is the General State Attorney , and there are twenty @-@ three deputies in the central office and lower @-@ ranking State at fifteen county and thirty @-@ three municipal State Attorney 's . The General State Attorney is appointed by the parliament . A special State Attorney 's Office dedicated to corruption and organised crime , , was set up in late 2001 . - - = = Local government = = - - Croatia was first subdivided into counties ( Croatian : ) in the Middle Ages . The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and the subsequent recapture of the same territory , and changes to the political status of Dalmatia , Dubrovnik and . The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s , when the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced and respectively . After 1945 under Communist rule , Croatia , as a constituent part of Yugoslavia , abolished these earlier divisions and introduced municipalities , Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities . Counties , significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre @-@ 1920s subdivisions , were reintroduced in 1992 legislation . In 1918 , the part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in , , , , Vukovar , , and Zagreb ; the 1992 legislation established fifteen counties in the same territory . Since the counties were re @-@ established in 1992 , Croatia is divided into twenty counties and the capital city of Zagreb , the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time . In some instances , the boundaries of the counties have been changed , with the latest revision taking place in 2006 . The counties into 127 cities and municipalities . - The county prefects , city and municipal mayors are elected to four @-@ year terms by a majority of votes cast within applicable local government units . If no candidate achieves a majority in the first round , a runoff election is held . Members of county , city and municipal councils are elected to four @-@ year terms , through proportional representation with the entire local government unit as a single constituency . - The number of members of the councils is defined by the councils themselves , based on applicable legislation . Electoral committees are then tasked with determining whether the national ethnic minorities are represented on the council as required by the constitution . Further members who belong to the minorities may be added to the council in no candidate of that minority has been elected through the proportional representation system . Election silence , as in all other types of elections in Croatia , when campaigning is forbidden , is enforced the day before the election and continues until 19 : 00 hours on the election day when the polling stations close and exit polls may be announced . Six nationwide local elections have been held in Croatia since 1990 , the most recent being the 2009 local elections to elect county prefects and councils , and city and municipal councils and mayors . In 2009 , the HDZ @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in fifteen county councils and thirteen county prefect elections . SDP @-@ led coalitions won a majority or plurality in five county councils , including the city of Zagreb council , and the remaining county council election was won by @-@ SDP coalition . The SDP won four county prefect elections and the city of Zagreb mayoral election , the HSS won three county prefect elections , and the HNS and the won a single county prefect election each . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Within Austria @-@ Hungary = = = - - Events of 1848 in Europe and the Austrian Empire brought dramatic changes to Croatian society and politics , provoking the Croatian national revival that strongly influenced and significantly shaped political and social events in Croatia . At the time , the Sabor and Ban Josip advocated the of ties with the Kingdom of Hungary , emphasising links to other South Slavic lands within the empire . Several prominent Croatian political figures emerged , such as Ante , Kvaternik , Franjo and Josip . A period of neo @-@ absolutism was followed by the Austro @-@ Hungarian of 1867 and the Croatian – Hungarian Settlement , which granted limited independence to Croatia . This was compounded by Croatian claims of uninterrupted statehood since the early Middle Ages as a basis for a modern state . Two political parties that evolved in the 1860s and contributed significantly to the sentiment were the Party of Rights , led by and Kvaternik , and the People 's Party , led by , Ivan , Josip and Ivan . They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party , which was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and the 1918 , and advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary . - Other significant parties formed in the era were the Serb People 's Independent Party , which later formed the Croat @-@ Serb Coalition with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties . The Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918 . The leaders of the Coalition were and . The Croatian Party ( HSS ) , established in 1904 and led by Stjepan , advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918 . In Dalmatia , the two major parties were the People 's Party – a branch of the People 's Party active in Croatia @-@ Slavonia – and the Party , advocating maintaining autonomy of Dalmatia , opposite to the People 's Party demands for unification of Croatia @-@ Slavonia and Dalmatia . The Party , most notably led by Antonio , was also linked to Italian . By 1900 , the Party of Rights had made considerable gains in Dalmatia . The won the first three elections , but all elections since 1870 were won by the People 's Party . In the period 1861 – 1918 there were seventeen elections in the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia and ten in the Kingdom of Dalmatia . - - = = = First and Second Yugoslavia = = = - - After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , the HSS established itself as the most popular Croatian political party and was very popular despite efforts to ban it . The 1921 constitution defined the kingdom as a unitary state and abolished the historical administrative divisions , which effectively ended Croatian autonomy ; the constitution was opposed by HSS . The political situation deteriorated further as Stjepan of the HSS was assassinated in the Yugoslav Parliament in 1928 , leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929 . The HSS , now led by , continued to advocate the of Yugoslavia , resulting in the – Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous of Croatia . The Yugoslav government retained control of defence , internal security , foreign affairs , trade , and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown @-@ appointed Ban . This arrangement was soon made obsolete with the beginning of World War II , when the Independent State of Croatia , which banned all political opposition , was established . Since then , the HSS continues to operate abroad . - In the 1945 election , the Communists were unopposed because the other parties . Once in power , the Communists introduced a single @-@ party political system , in which the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was the ruling party and the Communist Party of Croatia was its branch . In 1971 , the Croatian national movement , which sought greater civil rights and the of the Yugoslav economy , culminated in the Croatian Spring , which was suppressed by the Yugoslav leadership . In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines ; the Croatian faction demanded a looser federation . - - = = = Modern Croatia = = = - - In 1989 , the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to tolerate political parties in response to growing demands to allow political activities outside the Communist party . The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party ( ) , established on 20 May 1989 , followed by the Croatian Democratic Union on 17 June 1989 . In December 1989 , became the head of the reformed Communist party . At the same time , the party cancelled political trials , released political prisoners and endorsed a multi @-@ party political system . The Civil Act was formally amended to allow political parties on 11 January 1990 , the parties that were already founded . - By the time of the first round of the first multi @-@ party elections , held on 22 April 1990 , there were 33 registered parties . The most relevant parties and coalitions were the League of Communists of Croatia – Party of Democratic Changes ( the renamed Communist party ) , the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , and the Coalition of People 's ( KNS ) , which included the led by , and the HSS , which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989 . The runoff election was held on 6 May 1990 . The HDZ , led by Franjo Tuđman , won ahead of the reformed Communists and the KNS . The KNS , led by @-@ and – who had led the Croatian Spring – soon splintered into individual parties . The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary election , when it was defeated by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia ( SDP ) , led by . Franjo , of the HDZ , was appointed prime minister to head a national unity government in July 1991 as the Croatian War of Independence escalated in intensity . His appointment lasted until August 1992 . During his term , Croatia 's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia took effect on 8 October 1991 . The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election , while the SDP remained the largest opposition party . - Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 and 1997 . During his terms , the Constitution of Croatia , adopted in 1990 , provided for a semi @-@ presidential system . After Tuđman 's death in 1999 , the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government . Stjepan won two consecutive terms in 2000 and 2005 on a Croatian People 's Party ( HNS ) ticket . Ivo Josipović , an SDP candidate , won the presidential elections in December 2009 and January 2010 . @-@ defeated Josipović in the January 2015 election run @-@ off , becoming the first female president of Croatia . - - - = Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal = - - Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal ( born Wesley Cook April 24 , 1954 ) is a convicted murderer who was sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner . His sentence was later to life imprisonment without parole . - Abu @-@ Jamal became involved in black nationalism in his youth and was a member of the Black Panther Party until October 1970 , after which he became a radio journalist , eventually becoming president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists . On December 9 , 1981 , Faulkner was fatally shot while conducting a routine traffic stop of Abu @-@ Jamal 's brother , William Cook . Abu @-@ Jamal was found at the scene with a bullet wound from Faulkner 's gun and his own discharged revolver beside him . He was arrested and charged with Faulkner 's murder . - Prosecution witnesses identified Abu @-@ Jamal as the shooter and two testified that he had confessed to shooting Faulkner . A jury convicted Abu @-@ Jamal on all counts and sentenced him to death . He spent the next 30 years on death row . After a succession of all possible appeals by Abu @-@ Jamal were exhausted , his conviction was upheld but his death sentence vacated . He was to life in prison without parole . District Attorney Seth Williams later stated that no further appeals would be filed in pursuit of the death penalty . - , celebrities , and liberal groups have criticized the fairness of Abu @-@ Jamal 's trial , professed his innocence , and opposed his death sentence . The Faulkner family , public authorities , police organizations , and conservative groups have maintained that Abu @-@ Jamal 's trial was fair , his guilt undeniable , and his death sentence appropriate . Once described as " perhaps the world 's best known death @-@ row inmate " by The New York Times , during his imprisonment Abu @-@ Jamal has published books and commentaries on social and political issues , including Live from Death Row ( 1995 ) . - - = = Early life and activism = = - - Abu @-@ Jamal was given the name Mumia in 1968 by his high school teacher , a Kenyan instructing a class on African cultures in which students took African classroom names . According to Abu @-@ Jamal , ' Mumia ' means " Prince " and was the name of Kenyan anti @-@ colonial African nationalists who fought against the British before Kenyan independence . He adopted the surname Abu @-@ Jamal ( " father of Jamal " in Arabic ) after the birth of his son Jamal on July 18 , 1971 . His first marriage at age 19 , to Jamal 's mother , , was short @-@ lived . Their daughter , , was born shortly after the wedding . Abu @-@ Jamal married his second wife , Marilyn ( known as " " ) , in 1977 . Their son , , was born in early 1978 . By 1981 , Abu @-@ Jamal was living with his third and current wife , . - - = = = Involvement with the Black Panthers = = = - - In his own writings , Abu @-@ Jamal describes his adolescent experience of being " kicked ... into the Black Panther Party " after suffering a beating from " white " and a policeman for his efforts to disrupt a George Wallace for President rally in 1968 . From the age of 14 , he helped form the Philadelphia branch of the Black Panther Party with Defense Captain , and other Panthers , taking appointment , in his own words , as the chapter 's " Lieutenant of Information " , exercising a responsibility for writing information and news communications . In one of the interviews he gave at the time he quoted , saying that " political power grows out of the barrel of a gun " . That same year , he dropped out of Benjamin Franklin High School and took up residence in the branch 's headquarters . He spent late 1969 in New York City and early 1970 in Oakland , living and working with colleagues in those cities . He was a party member from May 1969 until October 1970 and was subject to Federal Bureau of Investigation surveillance , with which the Philadelphia police cooperated , from then until about 1974 . - - = = = Education and journalism career = = = - - After returning to his old high school after his departure from the Panthers , Abu @-@ Jamal was suspended for distributing literature calling for " black revolutionary student power " . He also led unsuccessful protests to change the school name to Malcolm X High . After attaining his , he studied briefly at Goddard College in rural Vermont . - By 1975 he was pursuing a in radio , first at Temple University 's and then at commercial enterprises . In 1975 , he was employed at radio station and he became host of a weekly feature program of @-@ FM in 1978 . He was also employed for brief periods at radio station , and became active in the local chapter of the Association of America . From 1979 he worked at National Public Radio @-@ affiliate ( NPR ) until 1981 when he was asked to submit his resignation after a dispute about the requirements of objective focus in his presentation of news . As a radio journalist he earned the moniker " the voice of the " and was renowned for identifying with and giving exposure to the @-@ commune in Philadelphia 's Village neighborhood , including of the 1979 – 80 trial of certain of its members ( the " Nine " ) convicted of the murder of police officer James . During his broadcasting career , his high @-@ profile interviews included Julius Erving , Bob Marley and Alex , and he was elected president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists . - At the time of Daniel Faulkner 's murder , Abu @-@ Jamal was working as a driver in Philadelphia two nights a week to supplement his income . He had been working part @-@ time as a reporter for , then an African @-@ American @-@ oriented and minority @-@ owned radio station . - - = = for murder and trial = = - - At 3 : 55 am on December 9 , 1981 , in Philadelphia , close to the intersection at 13th and Streets , Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle belonging to William Cook , Abu @-@ Jamal 's younger brother . During the traffic stop , Abu @-@ Jamal 's taxi was parked across the street . He ran across the street towards Cook 's car , where Faulkner was shot from behind and then in the face . Abu @-@ Jamal was shot by Faulkner in the stomach . Faulkner died at the scene from the gunshot to his head . Police arrived and arrested Abu @-@ Jamal , who was found wearing a shoulder holster . His revolver , which had five spent cartridges , was beside him . Abu @-@ Jamal was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital , where he received treatment for his wound . - Abu @-@ Jamal was charged with the first @-@ degree murder of Officer Faulkner . The case went to trial in June 1982 in Philadelphia . Judge Albert F. Sabo initially agreed to Abu @-@ Jamal 's request to represent himself , with criminal defense attorney Anthony Jackson acting as his legal advisor . During the first day of the trial , Sabo warned Abu @-@ Jamal that he would forfeit his legal right to self @-@ representation if he kept being intentionally disruptive in a fashion that was under the law . Due to Abu @-@ Jamal 's continued disruptive behavior , Sabo ruled that Abu @-@ Jamal forfeited his right to self @-@ representation . - - = = = Prosecution case at trial = = = - - The prosecution presented four witnesses to the court . Robert Chobert , a cab driver who testified he was parked behind Faulkner , identified Abu @-@ Jamal as the shooter . Cynthia White , a prostitute , testified that Abu @-@ Jamal emerged from a nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner . Michael Scanlan , a , testified that from two car lengths away , he saw a man , matching Abu @-@ Jamal 's description , run across the street from a parking lot and shoot Faulkner . Albert , a pedestrian who did not see the actual murder , testified to witnessing Faulkner pull over Cook 's car . At the point of seeing Abu @-@ Jamal start to cross the street toward them from the parking lot , turned away and lost sight of what happened next . - The prosecution also presented two witnesses who were at the hospital after the shootings . Hospital security guard Durham and police officer Garry Bell testified that Abu @-@ Jamal confessed in the hospital by saying , " I shot the , and I hope the dies . " - A caliber Charter Arms revolver , belonging to Abu @-@ Jamal , with five spent cartridges was retrieved beside him at the scene . He was wearing a shoulder holster , and Anthony Paul , the Supervisor of the Philadelphia Police Department 's firearms identification unit , testified at trial that the cartridge cases and characteristics of the weapon were consistent with bullet fragments taken from Faulkner 's body . Tests to confirm that Abu @-@ Jamal had handled and fired the weapon were not performed , as contact with arresting police and other surfaces at the scene could have compromised the forensic value of such tests . - - = = = Defense case at trial = = = - - The defense maintained that Abu @-@ Jamal was innocent and that the prosecution witnesses were unreliable . The defense presented nine character witnesses , including poet Sonia , who testified that Abu @-@ Jamal was " viewed by the black community as a creative , articulate , peaceful , man " . Another defense witness , Hightower , testified that he saw a man running along the street shortly after the shooting although he did not see the actual shooting itself . His testimony contributed to the development of a " running man theory " , based on the possibility that a " running man " may have been the actual shooter . Veronica Jones also testified for the defense , but she did not see anyone running . Other potential defense witnesses refused to appear in court . Abu @-@ Jamal did not testify in his own defense . Nor did his brother , William Cook , who told investigators at the crime scene : " I ain 't got nothing to do with this . " - - = = = Verdict and sentence = = = - - The jury delivered a unanimous guilty verdict after three hours of deliberations . - In the sentencing phase of the trial , Abu @-@ Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement . He was then cross @-@ examined about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill , the attorney . - In his statement Abu @-@ Jamal criticized his attorney as a " legal trained lawyer " who was imposed on him against his will and who " knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black @-@ robed , Albert Sabo , even if it meant ignoring my directions " . He claimed that his rights had been " stolen " from him by Sabo , particularly focusing on the denial of his request to receive defense assistance from non @-@ attorney John Africa and being prevented from proceeding pro . He quoted remarks of John Africa , and said : - Does it matter whether a white man is charged with killing a black man or a black man is charged with killing a white man ? As for justice when the prosecutor represents the Commonwealth the Judge represents the Commonwealth and the court @-@ appointed lawyer is paid and supported by the Commonwealth , who follows the wishes of the defendant , the man charged with the crime ? If the court @-@ appointed lawyer ignores , or goes against the wishes of the man he is charged with representing , whose wishes does he follow ? Who does he truly represent or work for ? ... I am innocent of these charges that I have been charged of and convicted of and despite the of Sabo , McGill and Jackson to deny me my so @-@ called rights to represent myself , to assistance of my choice , to personally select a jury who is totally of my peers , to cross @-@ examine witnesses , and to make both opening and closing arguments , I am still innocent of these charges . - Abu @-@ Jamal was subsequently sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of the jury . - - = = Appeals and review = = - - - = = = State appeals = = = - - Direct appeal of his conviction was considered and denied by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6 , 1989 , subsequently denying . The Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari on October 1 , 1990 , and denied his petition for twice up to June 10 , 1991 . - On June 1 , 1995 , his death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge . Its execution was suspended while Abu @-@ Jamal pursued state post @-@ conviction review . At the post @-@ conviction review hearings , new witnesses were called . William " " testified that he saw the shooting and that the was the passenger in Cook 's car . 's account contained discrepancies which rendered it " not credible " in the opinion of the court . William Harmon , a convicted , testified that Faulkner 's murderer fled in a car which pulled up at the crime scene , and could not have been Abu @-@ Jamal . However , Robert testified that he had witnessed a man stand over Faulkner as the latter lay wounded on the ground , who shot him point @-@ blank in the face and then " walked and sat down on the curb " . - The six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled unanimously that all issues raised by Abu @-@ Jamal , including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel , were without merit . The Supreme Court of the United States denied a petition for certiorari against that decision on October 4 , 1999 , enabling Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13 , 1999 . Its execution in turn was stayed as Abu @-@ Jamal commenced his pursuit of federal corpus review . - In 1999 , Arnold Beverly claimed that he and an unnamed assailant , not Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal , shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a contract killing because Faulkner was interfering with and payoff to corrupt police . The Beverly became an item of division for Mumia 's defense team , as some thought it usable and others rejected Beverly 's story as " not credible " . - Private investigator George Newman claimed in 2001 that Chobert had recanted his testimony . Commentators also noted that police and news photographs of the crime scene did not show Chobert 's taxi , and that Cynthia White , the only witness at the trial to testify to seeing the taxi , had previously provided crime scene descriptions that omitted it . Cynthia White was declared to be dead by the state of New Jersey in 1992 although Pamela Jenkins claimed that she saw White alive as late as 1997 . Mumia supporters often claim that White was a police informant and that she falsified her testimony against Abu @-@ Jamal . Durham 's step @-@ brother , Kenneth , who was imprisoned with Abu @-@ Jamal on other charges , has since claimed that Durham admitted to not hearing the hospital confession . The hospital doctors stated that Abu @-@ Jamal was " on the verge of " when brought in and they did not a confession . In 2008 , the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected a further request from Abu @-@ Jamal for a hearing into claims that the trial witnesses themselves on the grounds that he had waited too long before filing the appeal . - On March 26 , 2012 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected his most recent appeal for asserted on the basis that a 2009 report by the National Academy of Science demonstrated that forensic evidence put by the prosecution and accepted into evidence in the original trial was unreliable . It was reported to be the former death row inmate 's last legal appeal . - - = = = Federal ruling directing = = = - - Abu @-@ Jamal did not make any public statements about Faulkner 's murder until May 2001 . In his version of events , he claimed that he was sitting in his cab across the street when he heard shouting , then saw a police vehicle , then heard the sound of . Upon seeing his brother appearing across the street , Abu @-@ Jamal ran to him from the parking lot and was shot by a police officer . The driver originally stopped by police officer Faulkner , Abu @-@ Jamal 's brother William Cook , did not testify or make any statement until April 29 , 2001 , when he claimed that he had not seen who had shot Faulkner . - Judge William H. Yohn Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upheld the conviction but vacated the sentence of death on December 18 , 2001 , citing irregularities in the original process of sentencing . Particularly , - ... the jury instructions and verdict sheet in this case involved an application of federal law . The charge and verdict form created a reasonable likelihood that the jury believed it was precluded from considering any circumstance that had not been found unanimously to exist . - He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to commence new sentencing proceedings within 180 days and ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury 's finding of circumstances against determining a sentence of death be unanimous . Eliot Grossman and Marlene , attorneys for Abu @-@ Jamal , criticized the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de at which they could introduce evidence that their client had been framed . also criticized the ruling ; Officer Faulkner 's widow Maureen described Abu @-@ Jamal as a " , hate @-@ filled killer " who would " be permitted to enjoy the pleasures that come from simply being alive " on the basis of the judgment . Both parties appealed . - - = = = Federal appeal = = = - - On December 6 , 2005 , the Third Circuit Court admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the District Court : - in relation to sentencing , whether the jury verdict form had been flawed and the judge 's instructions to the jury had been confusing ; - in relation to conviction and sentencing , whether racial bias in jury selection existed to an extent tending to produce an inherently biased jury and therefore an unfair trial ( the Batson claim ) ; - in relation to conviction , whether the prosecutor improperly attempted to reduce jurors ' sense of responsibility by telling them that a guilty verdict would be subsequently and subject to appeal ; and - in relation to post @-@ conviction review hearings in 1995 – 6 , whether the presiding judge , who had also presided at the trial , demonstrated unacceptable bias in his conduct . - The Third Circuit Court heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17 , 2007 , at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia . The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge Anthony Joseph , Judge Thomas , and Judge Robert . The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sought to reinstate the sentence of death , on the basis that Yohn 's ruling was flawed , as he should have deferred to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court which had already ruled on the issue of sentencing , and the Batson claim was invalid because Abu @-@ Jamal made no complaints during the original jury selection . Although Abu @-@ Jamal 's jury was racially mixed with 2 blacks and 10 whites at the time of his unanimous conviction , his counsel told the Third Circuit Court that Abu @-@ Jamal did not get a fair trial because the jury was racially biased , , the judge was a racist , and noted that the prosecution used eleven out of fourteen challenges to eliminate prospective black jurors . Terri @-@ Carter , a former Philadelphia court stenographer claimed in a 2001 nearly 20 years after the trial that she Judge Sabo say " Yeah , and I 'm going to help them the " in the course of a conversation with three people present regarding Abu @-@ Jamal 's case . Sabo denied having made any such comment . - On March 27 , 2008 , the three @-@ judge panel issued a majority 2 – 1 opinion upholding Yohn 's 2001 opinion but rejecting the bias and Batson claims , with Judge dissenting on the Batson issue . On July 22 , 2008 , Abu @-@ Jamal 's formal petition seeking of the decision by the full Third Circuit panel of 12 judges was denied . On April 6 , 2009 , the United States Supreme Court also refused to hear Abu @-@ Jamal 's appeal , allowing his conviction to stand . On January 19 , 2010 , the Supreme Court ordered the appeals court to reconsider its decision to rescind the death penalty , with the same three @-@ judge panel in Philadelphia on November 9 , 2010 , to hear oral argument . On April 26 , 2011 , the Third Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirmed its prior decision to the death sentence on the grounds that the jury instructions and verdict form were ambiguous and confusing . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case in October . - - = = = Death penalty dropped = = = - - On December 7 , 2011 , District Attorney of Philadelphia R. Seth Williams announced that prosecutors , with the support of the victim 's family , would no longer seek the death penalty for Abu @-@ Jamal . Faulkner had indicated she did not wish to relive the trauma of another trial , and that it would be extremely difficult to present the case against Abu @-@ Jamal again , after the passage of 30 years and the deaths of several key witnesses . Williams , the prosecutor , said that Abu @-@ Jamal will spend the rest of his life in prison without the possibility of parole , a sentence that was reaffirmed by the Superior Court of Pennsylvania on July 9 , 2013 . After the press conference , Maureen Faulkner made an emotional statement harshly condemning Abu @-@ Jamal : - I would like to say that I believe the lowest dimension of hell has been reserved for child and unrepentant murderers , like Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal . After thirty years of waiting , the time remaining before Abu @-@ Jamal stands before his ultimate judge . It doesn 't seem so far off as it once did when I was younger . I look forward to that day so I can finally close the chapter of my life and live with the and assurance that Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal will finally receive the punishment he deserves , for all . - - = = Life as a prisoner = = - - In 1991 Abu @-@ Jamal published an essay in the Yale Law Journal , on the death penalty and his death row experience . In May 1994 , Abu @-@ Jamal was engaged by National Public Radio 's All Things Considered program to deliver a series of monthly three @-@ minute commentaries on crime and punishment . The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were canceled following condemnations from , among others , the Fraternal Order of Police and US Senator Bob Dole ( Kansas Republican Party ) . Abu @-@ Jamal sued NPR for not airing his work , but a federal judge dismissed the suit . The commentaries later appeared in print in May 1995 as part of Live from Death Row . - In 1999 , he was invited to record a address for the graduating class at The State College . The event was protested by some . In 2000 , he recorded a commencement address for Antioch College . The now defunct New College of California School of Law presented him with an honorary degree " for his struggle to resist the death penalty " . On October 5 , 2014 , he gave the commencement speech at Goddard College , via playback of a recording . As before , the choice of Abu @-@ Jamal was controversial . - With occasional interruptions due to prison disciplinary actions , Abu @-@ Jamal has for many years been a regular commentator on an online broadcast , sponsored by Prison Radio , as well as a regular columnist for , a Marxist newspaper in Germany . In 1995 , he was punished with solitary confinement for engaging in contrary to prison regulations . Subsequent to the airing of the 1996 HBO documentary Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal : A Case For Doubt ? , which included footage from visitation interviews conducted with him , the Pennsylvania Department of acted to ban outsiders from using any recording equipment in state prisons . In litigation before the US Court of Appeals in 1998 he successfully established his right to write for financial gain in prison . The same litigation also established that the Pennsylvania Department of had illegally opened his mail in an attempt to establish whether he was writing for financial gain . When , for a brief time in August 1999 , he began delivering his radio commentaries live on the Pacifica Network 's Democracy Now ! radio , prison staff severed the connecting wires of his telephone from their mounting in mid @-@ performance . He was later allowed to resume his broadcasts , and hundreds of his broadcasts have been aired on Pacifica Radio . - His publications include Death : Reflections from a of Conscience , in which he explores religious themes , All Things , a political critique examining issues of crime and punishment , Live From Death Row , a diary of life on Pennsylvania 's death row , and We Want Freedom : A Life in the Black Panther Party , which is a history of the Black Panthers drawing on autobiographical material . - At the end of January 2012 he was released into general prison population at State Institution – . He went into shock on March 30 , 2015 and has been diagnosed with active C. In August 2015 his attorneys filed suit in the US District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania upon the allegation that he has not received appropriate medical care for his health conditions . - - = = Popular support and opposition = = - - Labor unions , politicians , advocates , educators , the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , and human rights advocacy organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have expressed concern about the impartiality of the trial of Abu @-@ Jamal , though Amnesty International neither takes a position on the guilt or innocence of Abu @-@ Jamal nor classifies him as a political prisoner . They are opposed by the family of Daniel Faulkner , the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , the City of Philadelphia , Republican politicians , and the Fraternal Order of Police . In August 1999 , the Fraternal Order of Police called for an economic boycott against all individuals and organizations that support Abu @-@ Jamal . - Abu @-@ Jamal has been made an honorary citizen of about 25 cities around the world , including Montreal , Palermo , and Paris . - In 2001 , he received the sixth biennial Erich Prize , named after an @-@ communist , which recognizes activism in line with that of its namesake . In October 2002 , he was made an honorary member of the German political organization Society of People by the Nazi – Federation of Anti @-@ Fascists ( @-@ ) which Germany 's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution has considered to be influenced by left @-@ wing . - On April 29 , 2006 , a newly paved road in the Parisian suburb of Saint @-@ Denis was named Rue Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal in his honor . In protest of the street @-@ naming , US Congressman Michael Fitzpatrick and Senator Rick , both members of the Republican Party of Pennsylvania , introduced resolutions in both Houses of Congress condemning the decision . The House of Representatives voted 368 – 31 in favor of Fitzpatrick 's resolution . In December 2006 , the 25th anniversary of the murder , the executive committee of the Republican Party for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia — covering approximately , Philadelphia — filed two criminal complaints in the French legal system against the city of Paris and the city of Saint @-@ Denis , accusing the municipalities of " " Abu @-@ Jamal and alleging the offense " apology or denial of crime " in respect of their actions . - In 2007 , the widow of Officer Faulkner a book with Philadelphia radio journalist Michael entitled by Mumia : A Life Sentence of Pain , Loss , and . The book was part memoir of Faulkner 's widow , part discussion in which they chronicled Abu @-@ Jamal 's trial and discussed evidence for his conviction , and part discussion on supporting the death penalty . J. Patrick O 'Connor , editor and publisher of , argues in his book The of Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal that the of evidence establishes that it was not Abu @-@ Jamal but a passenger in Abu @-@ Jamal 's brother 's car , Kenneth Freeman , who killed Faulkner , and that the Philadelphia Police Department and District Attorney 's Office framed Abu @-@ Jamal . His book was criticized in the American as " replete with selective use of testimony , distortions , charges , and a theory that has failed Abu @-@ Jamal in the past . " - In 2009 , Radio host Rush professed no doubt about Abu @-@ Jamal 's guilt , calling him a " notorious Philadelphia murderer " . - In early 2014 , President Barack Obama nominated P. , a former lawyer for the NAACP who worked on Abu @-@ Jamal 's case , to head the civil rights division of the Justice Department , but the nomination was rejected by the U.S. Senate on a basis because of 's prior public support of Abu @-@ Jamal . - In April 10 , 2015 Marylin Zuniga , a teacher at Forest Street Elementary School in Orange , New Jersey , was suspended without pay after asking her students to write letters to Abu @-@ Jamal , who fell ill in prison due to complications from diabetes , without approval from the school or parents . Some parents and police leaders denounced her actions . On the other hand , community members , parents , teachers , and professors expressed their support and condemned Zuniga 's suspension . Scholars and educators nationwide including Noam Chomsky , Chris and West among others signed a letter calling for her immediate . On May 13 , 2015 The Orange Preparatory Academy board voted to dismiss Marylin Zuniga after hearing from her and several of her supporters . - - = = Written works = = - - Writing on the Wall : Selected Prison of Mumia Abu @-@ Jamal City Lights Publishers ( 2015 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - The and the Cell : Conversations on Black Life in America Third World Press ( 2011 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - : Prisoners Prisoners V. The City Lights Publishers ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - We Want Freedom : A Life In The Black Panther Party South End Press ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - Faith Of Our Fathers : An Examination Of The Spiritual Life Of African And African @-@ American People Africa World Pr ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - All Things Seven Stories Press ( 2000 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - Death : Reflections From A Of Conscience Publishing House ( 1997 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - Live from Death Row Harper ( 1996 ) ISBN 978 @-@ - - - = Brandon Minor = - - Brandon Ricardo Minor ( born July 24 , 1988 ) is a former American football running back . He was signed by the Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2010 , but after being released during the final cuts , he has been on the New Orleans Saints and Indianapolis Colts practice squads in 2010 . He played college football at Michigan . - At Michigan , he finished second on the team in rushing as a freshman and a sophomore and led the team in rushing as a junior and a senior . As a junior , he was an honorable mention All @-@ Big Ten Conference selection by the coaches . He had previously been ranked as the number one high school football fullback in the nation , according to - He spent his first two years at Michigan serving as one of the primary to Mike Hart . In his third year , he emerged from a field of five runners who were vying to replace Hart , including two true freshmen , as the leading rusher and scorer . He has shared starting responsibilities in his junior and senior seasons . He entered his senior season on the watch lists for the Doak Walker Award and the Maxwell Award . ESPN.com ranked him as the 22nd best player and third best running back in the Big Ten Conference before the season started . - Following two seasons spent on various inactive NFL , he became a defendant in a drug possession case . He is scheduled to face his charges in court in January 2012 . - - = = Youth career = = - - Minor grew up as a Michigan Wolverines fan . His mother , Julie , has pictures of him at age six wearing a Michigan uniform . At age nine , Minor wrote the university to about becoming a Michigan football player . Every year he and his mother watched the Michigan - Ohio State game and rooted for Michigan . - - = = = High school = = = - - Minor inherited the Varina High School starting varsity team role as a sophomore in 2003 , and he gained rushing yards in his first start . That season , he helped his team reach the Virginia Central Region , Division 6 championship ( the qualifying game for the Virginia High School League state semifinals ) . He concluded the regular season as an All @-@ District first @-@ team selection and after the playoffs was selected as a second @-@ team all @-@ region choice . During the season he rushed for 1 @,@ 750 yards and 22 touchdowns for the 10 – 2 ( 7 – 0 ) Varina Blue Devils . Minor also played varsity basketball as a sophomore . During the season , he once made seven three @-@ point field goals in a game . - As a junior , when Varina 's former Capital District offensive player of the year Army . Clarence Adams III died serving the Engineer Battalion , 1st Cavalry Division in Baghdad , Iraq , Minor gave up his number 3 to wear Adams ' # 33 as a tribute . In the District championship game , he rushed for 239 yards on 27 carries , including four touchdown runs . In the subsequent Central Region , Division 6 semifinals , he set a Central Region playoff record by rushing for 296 yards , but his undefeated top @-@ ranked team was upset . He concluded the season as both a first @-@ team all @-@ district and all @-@ Metro Region selection after compiling 2 @,@ yards rushing and scoring 32 rushing touchdowns ( plus 2 receiving touchdowns ) . He was also selected to the Group AAA Virginia High School Football Coaches Association all @-@ state second @-@ team by the coaches . - Entering his senior season , he was ranked as the sixth best senior football player in Virginia by The Times described him as " one of the top five recruits in the state " at the time of his August 2005 visit to see the first day of Virginia Tech Hokies football practice . At the time , he was considering Miami , Michigan , Florida , Virginia Tech , Tennessee , LSU and Ohio State . However , he started the season on crutches , due to a torn hip . He returned to the lineup for the team 's final regular season game and rushed for 174 yards on 28 carries . Morgan , his cousin , who now plays strong safety for Virginia Tech , was the team 's quarterback . Despite missing most of the season , he was still honored as an all @-@ district and all @-@ region selection . His three @-@ year career totals were 4 @,@ 259 yards and 64 touchdowns . As a graduating senior he was the number one ranked high school football fullback in the nation , according to Following his senior season , he scored the only touchdown in the East @-@ West Virginia High School Coaches Association All @-@ star game . - - = = College career = = - - - = = = Lloyd Carr era = = = - - In January 2006 , Minor selected the University of Michigan . Although he did not enroll in the 2006 Summer semester , he reported to Michigan on June 16 for strength and conditioning training . Minor and fellow freshman Carlos Brown were behind three returning running backs ( Mike Hart , Kevin Grady and senior Jerome Jackson ) on the depth chart entering the season . Minor was considered the less heralded than Brown , who was regarded as the fastest player on the team . On opening day , only Hart and Grady had more carries than Minor , in part because Jackson , who entered his senior season with 505 career rushing yards , did not dress . In his first carry as a , he rushed for 24 yards against the Vanderbilt during the September 2 season opening game . Nonetheless , the depth chart was not very clear behind Hart . By late September , Minor was clearly third on the depth chart and it seemed that Brown might be . When Hart left the game due to injury against Michigan State on October 7 , Minor scored his first touchdown on a 40 @-@ yard run . He had his first 100 @-@ yard game on November 4 , when he rushed for 108 yards on 12 carries , including a 40 @-@ yard touchdown run in a 34 – 26 win against Ball State . As true freshman member of the 2006 Michigan Wolverines football team , Minor rushed for a total of 238 yards on 42 carries , which was second on the team to Hart . - During April 2007 , Grady tore his anterior ligament and was lost for the season . In August , Brown broke his hand . It appeared Minor was seriously injured on October 13 when he was off the field and left the stadium wearing a protective boot on crutches . However , he recovered and for the next two weeks he and Brown combined to replace the injured Hart . He had his second 100 @-@ yard game and first 150 @-@ yard game on October 27 of that season during the 34 – 10 Little Brown game victory against the Minnesota Golden when he rushed for 157 yards on 21 carries , including a 46 @-@ yard run and one touchdown . Although Hart returned to play in the Paul Trophy game against Michigan State on November 3 , he left the game early and Minor started the second half . Hart missed the next game on November 10 , but Brown and Minor had poor performances . In all three of Hart 's full game absences , Brown was the starter . As a sophomore on the 2007 Michigan Wolverines football team , Minor improved his rushing totals to 385 yards on 90 carries , which was again second on the team to Hart . - - = = = Rich Rodriguez era = = = - - In 2008 Rich Rodriguez replaced Lloyd Carr as head coach . In the spring , Brown broke his finger and Grady was still trying to get healthy . In early August , it appeared that juniors Brown and Minor would vie for the starting job because fourth @-@ year junior Grady was under suspension related to driving while intoxicated charges . However , in camp it became apparent very quickly that true freshmen Sam McGuffie and Michael Shaw , would have a significant role in the newly installed spread option offense . With both Brown and Minor nursing injuries , McGuffie was tentatively penciled into the starting position on the depth chart . - As a junior member of the 2008 Michigan Wolverines football team , Minor became the team leader in rushing . However , he only started four games , while McGuffie started 6 , Brown started 1 and Shaw started 1 . McGuffie was the starter until he lost the job to Minor . Minor gave way to Shaw ( November 8 ) and Brown ( November 15 ) as the starter due to his injuries . Minor totalled 533 yards on 103 carries . He had nine rushing touchdowns and added two as a receiver . Of these eleven touchdowns , seven came in a three @-@ week span that included a 117 @-@ yard two @-@ touchdown rushing effort against Penn State on October 18 and a 155 @-@ yard three @-@ touchdown rushing effort against on November 1 . between these efforts , Minor scored on a 19 @-@ yard reception to compliment his 55 yards and a rushing touchdown in the Paul Trophy game against Michigan State on October 25 . The Penn State game was Minor 's first career start . During Minor 's junior year , he played with a wrist injury that impaired his ability to hold the football with his right arm and his ability to opponents . He was impaired by a variety of injuries throughout the season . At the conclusion of the 2008 Big Ten Conference football season , Minor was chosen as an honorable mention all @-@ conference selection by the coaches . - McGuffie transferred to the Rice Owls after the season . As a senior member of the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team , Minor was named to a pair of watch lists : ( Doak Walker Award and Maxwell Award ) . He was also selected by ESPN as the 22nd best player and 3rd best running back ( behind Evan and John Clay ) in the Big Ten Conference before the season started . Minor missed the first game of the season due to a high ankle sprain . In the second game , which was the 2009 Michigan – Notre Dame rivalry game , he rushed for 106 yards and a touchdown on 16 carries during the 38 – 34 victory over Notre Dame . The ankle sprain hampered him much of the season and caused him to miss the October 17 game against Delaware State . He had a season @-@ high 154 @-@ yard , 3 @-@ touchdown effort against on November 7 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the last game of the season against Ohio State . Over the course of his collegiate career , he accumulated 20 rushing touchdowns and 1 @,@ yards . The torn rotator cuff also kept him from participating in the January 23 , 2010 East – West Shrine Game . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = 2010 = = = - - Minor signed as an undrafted free agent with the Chicago Bears on April 24 , 2010 , after going undrafted in the 2010 NFL Draft . He was released on September 1 . He then signed with the New Orleans Saints to their practice squad . However , Minor was back with the Bears before being released at the beginning of October and signed by the Indianapolis Colts . Minor was released by the Colts in October . In November , Minor tried out for the Green Bay before ending the season as a member of the Denver Broncos ' practice squad . - - = = = 2011 = = = - - On September 4 , 2011 , the Broncos placed Minor on injured reserve . They waived him on October 10 . In November 2011 , he was " charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute " by the Virginia Commonwealth University police department following a traffic stop . He is scheduled for a traffic court appearance on January 18 . - - - = Boy @-@ Scoutz ' n the Hood = - - " Boy @-@ Scoutz ' n the Hood " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 18 , 1993 . In the episode , Bart , intoxicated from an all @-@ syrup , mistakenly joins the Junior Campers , a Boy Scout @-@ style organization that 's not affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America . After finding advantages to being a member , Bart gets taken in by the group and eventually goes rafting on a father @-@ son outing with Homer . - The episode was written by Dan McGrath and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . Ernest Borgnine guest starred in the episode as himself . He recorded his lines at the Village in West Los Angeles . The episode makes cultural references to the films My with Andre , The Terminator , On the Town , Crocodile Dundee , , Friday the 13th , and Boyz n the Hood ( in the title ) as well as the song " Sugar , Sugar " by The . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 0 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . - - = = Plot = = - - After being forced to leave the amusement arcade for being out of money , Bart and Milhouse find $ 20 that Homer lost and order a Super made entirely out of syrup from Apu at the @-@ E @-@ Mart . With their senses from the high sugar content of the drink , they spend the rest of the money on a night out in town . The next morning , Bart wakes up with a and realizes that in the of the night before he joined the Junior Campers , a Boy Scout @-@ style organization that is not affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America . - Although Bart initially intends to drop out of the group as soon as possible , he decides to attend a meeting to avoid a pop quiz at school . Bart dislikes the first meeting , but when he finds out that he gets to have a pocket knife , he decides to keep attending . After a while , Bart starts to enjoy being a member of the Junior Campers , which Homer mocks him relentlessly for . Next , a father @-@ son rafting trip is to be held , so Bart has to bring Homer . Homer does not enjoy the experience , especially when he learns that he and Bart have to share a raft with Ned Flanders and his son , Rod . Due to Homer losing the map after making it into a makeshift hat , they accidentally take the wrong turn and find themselves lost at sea . They stay stranded with no food or water for several days , as no rescue is forthcoming ; the Springfield Police Department refuses to search for them because the Coast Guard boat they were using is out of . After several other failed attempts at being rescued or finding food , the raft springs a leak after Homer accidentally drops a pocket knife he was intending to gift to All seems lost , but then Homer his way to a Burger on an off @-@ shore oil rig . They are saved , and Bart is proud of his father . - Meanwhile , the other Junior Campers , led by Ernest Borgnine , take the correct route , ironically they end up in an even worse position : after finding themselves trapped in a dark , tangled swamp ( while being hunted by mountain men ) , they are attacked by a bear that Borgnine tries but fails to fight off ( due to Homer stealing his Swiss Army Knife ) , and they finally flee to an abandoned summer camp . At the camp , they start singing songs , but are soon attacked by an unseen figure in the woods , and their fates are left unknown . - - = = Production = = - - " Boy @-@ Scoutz ' n the Hood " was written by Dan McGrath and directed by Jeffrey Lynch . The episode was recorded at the Village in West Los Angeles . Ernest Borgnine guest starred in the episode as himself . The staff liked his work on the films Marty and From Here to Eternity , so they asked him to do a guest appearance on the show . Borgnine felt he could not say no to the offer because his grandchildren were fans of the show . In the final scene of the episode , Borgnine plays a guitar and sings songs with the children . Borgnine was a guitar player in real life , so he brought his own guitar with him to the recording studio . Borgnine apologized because he felt that he was not being able to sing very well , but Nancy Cartwright , who provides the voice of Bart , thought his voice " added to the authenticity of his character " . The Simpsons 's creator Matt Groening thought the recording sessions with Borgnine were " so much fun " . Hank Azaria , who provides the voice of Apu , commented that Borgnine " had no idea what the hell he was doing . He 's a good actor , and he read his lines just fine , but he had no idea what the show was , no idea what we were doing . " - In her book My Life as a 10 @-@ Year @-@ Old Boy , Cartwright comments that she was a fan of Borgnine 's performance in Marty . She writes that the film had " changed [ her ] forever " , and that it made her " realize that actors have the power through their work to inspire and others . " She recalls that when Borgnine arrived for the recording session , she " lost all coolness " and ran up to him and exclaimed " , Marty ! " - - = = Cultural references = = - - When Bart and Milhouse visit the local video arcade at the beginning of the episode , Martin Prince is seen playing an arcade game based on the 1981 film My with Andre . Other games at the arcade include a game based on the 1984 film The Terminator . The " Springfield , Springfield " number performed by Bart and Milhouse on their night out in town is a reference to the musical number " New York , New York " from the film On the Town , starring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra . During a scene in which Hans Moleman and Moe fight with knives , Hans tells Moe , " You call that a knife ? This is a knife ! " , a reference to a line from the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee . Ernest Borgnine introduces himself a la Troy to the Junior Campers by recalling his role in From Here to Eternity , a film which modern children are unlikely to have seen . During a , Homer imagines himself singing the song " Sugar , Sugar " by The while dancing with and ice cream . While on the raft , Homer lines from Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The of the Ancient when he says " Water , water everywhere / Let 's all have a drink . The scene in which Borgnine and the other drift through a dark forest watched by mountain men is a reference to a scene in the 1972 film , and the scene features the music from the film 's " " scene . The unseen person or creature that attacks Borgnine at the end of the episode is implied to be Jason from the Friday the 13th film series . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American broadcast , " Boy @-@ Scoutz ' n the Hood " finished 35th in the ratings for the week of November 15 to November 21 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 0 , translating to 12 @.@ 3 million households . The episode was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . - Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " A terrific episode , with Homer so stupid it isn 't true , yet still saving the day . Seeing Ned Flanders get it wrong is great , but the show @-@ is a toss @-@ up between Borgnine 's great self @-@ deprecating role , the ironic , and the . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson called it a " brilliant episode from start to finish " . He commented that " We see what an amazing amount of goods and services one can purchase in Springfield with only $ 20 , and we get a fun spoof of . to that terrific rivalry moments between Bart and Homer and the show excels . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict called the plot of the episode " typically inspired " , and gave it a grade of A. Bill of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 5 out of 5 . TV DVD Reviews 's Kay Daly wrote : " And just when you think the Simpsons ' creators have taken parody as far as it can go , they air an episode like this . The writers the 22 @-@ minute episode with allusions to movie genres including disaster movies , Broadway musicals , adventure @-@ suspense and classic teen horror . " Adam of named it one of his ten favorite episodes of the show . He called the musical sequence a " classic " . Rick Porter of 2 It wrote in that he was not a " fan " of the episode 's second half : " Despite the presence of Borgnine , Homer is a little too aggressively stupid for my taste " . He thought the first part was " absolutely brilliant " , though . - Kurt M. analyzed a scene from the episode in his piece " Culture and Its " , published in the compilation work Leaving Springfield : The Simpsons and the of Culture edited by John . He commented that The Simpsons ' literary and cultural awareness extends to the " conventions of its own medium " in this episode . Bart criticizes an Itchy & Scratchy episode because Itchy stakes down Scratchy 's and props his belly to form a tent with faulty knots . With Homer looking on from the , Lisa reminds Bart that cartoons do not simply reproduce reality , a point on as a second Homer meanders past the living @-@ room window . said that " this moment and many others like it reveal a strong sense of self @-@ awareness within the show , an awareness especially characteristic of high . " - In the United Kingdom , when the 300th episode was shown , Sky 1 held a Golden D evening , in which viewers voted for their favourite episodes to win in each category . This episode won the category of : Best School Jinx . - - - = Last Exit on Brooklyn = - - The Last Exit on Brooklyn was a Seattle University District coffeehouse established in 1967 by Irv Cisski . It is known for its part in the history of Seattle 's counterculture , for its pioneering role in establishing Seattle 's coffee culture , and as a former chess venue frequented by several master players . - - = = History = = - - The Last Exit on Brooklyn opened on June 30 , 1967 at Brooklyn Avenue near the University of Washington campus in a small light @-@ industrial building leased from the University . It was one of the pioneer espresso bars in Seattle , adding an espresso machine shortly after Allegro opened the first in 1975 . The Last Exit was known for its original espresso named the – " a poured over chocolate syrup and orange with cream on top " . Described in 1985 as " America 's second oldest , continuously running coffeehouse " , it was also known for its inexpensive food and as a venue for folk music and conversation . - The Last Exit was also notable as a popular destination for Seattle 's amateur and professional Go and chess players including Peter , , and , who wrote of the venue , " Those first chess lessons soon led me to the legendary Last Exit on Brooklyn coffee house , a chess haven where an unlikely bunch of unusual people to do battle . " by Sports Illustrated in 1981 , described the Last Exit as " players , players , chess and game ... This became my home . This was to become my family . " - When interviewed by Mary of Chess Life in 1985 , owner Irv Cisski said , " So what if games @-@ people turn away business . They add flavor . Chess and Go are assets to a coffeehouse . " The Last Exit was the subject of a 1987 retrospective in The Seattle Times in which Cisski described his intent to " create a haven where students and the benign " were welcome and where " everyone felt equal and there were no sacred " . It was later described by Seattle writer and journalist Berger as - one of Seattle 's great ' 60s landmarks , a gathering place for students , radicals , poets , nut jobs , chess masters , teens , intellectuals , workers , musicians , artists , , and ... I remember the , the open @-@ music , cigarette smoke , impromptu poetry readings , the arguments of , , , and . You could hear the rhythm and of the counterculture as it lived and . - Cisski died on August 25 , 1992 . In 1993 the University the building occupied by the coffeehouse , and the Last Exit 's new owners moved it to upper University Way . The Last Exit on Brooklyn closed in 2000 . The space the original Last Exit once occupied now houses staff members from the University of Washington 's Human Resources Department . - - = = In popular culture = = - - The Last Exit was included in Clark Humphrey 's 2006 book of historical photographs , Seattle . - of the interior and atmosphere of the Last Exit appear in Kristin Hannah 's 2008 novel , Firefly Lane , in David 's 2008 novel , The Other , and in Marjorie Kowalski Cole 's 2012 The City the Snow : Stories . - - - = Laurence Olivier = - - Laurence Kerr Olivier , Baron Olivier , ( / / ; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989 ) was an English actor who , along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud , dominated the British stage of the mid @-@ 20th century . He also worked in films throughout his career , playing more than fifty cinema roles . Late in his career , he had considerable success in television roles . - His family had no theatrical connections , but Olivier 's father , a clergyman , decided that his son should become an actor . After attending a drama school in London , Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s . In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Coward 's Private Lives , and he appeared in his first film . In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft , and by the end of the decade he was an established star . In the 1940s , together with Richardson and John Burrell , Olivier was the co @-@ director of the Old Vic , building it into a highly respected company . There his most celebrated roles included Shakespeare 's Richard III and 's . In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor @-@ manager , but his stage career was in the until he joined the avant garde English Stage Company in 1957 to play the title role in The Entertainer , a part he later played on film . From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain 's National Theatre , running a resident company that fostered many future stars . His own parts there included the title role in Othello ( 1964 ) and Shylock in The of Venice ( 1970 ) . - Among Olivier 's films are Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) , Rebecca ( 1940 ) , and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor @-@ director : Henry V ( 1944 ) , Hamlet ( 1948 ) , and Richard III ( 1955 ) . His later films included ( 1972 ) , Man ( 1976 ) , and The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) . His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and ( 1960 ) , Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1973 ) , Love Among the ( 1975 ) , Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1976 ) , Revisited ( 1981 ) and King Lear ( 1983 ) . - Olivier 's honours included a knighthood ( 1947 ) , a life peerage ( 1970 ) and the Order of Merit ( 1981 ) . For his on @-@ screen work he received four Academy Awards , two British Academy Film Awards , five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards . The National Theatre 's largest auditorium is named in his honour , and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards , given annually by the Society of London Theatre . He was married three times , to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940 , Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960 , and Joan Plowright from 1961 until his death . - - = = Life and career = = - - - = = = Family background and early life ( 1907 – 24 ) = = = - - Olivier was born in , Surrey , the youngest of the three children of the Gerard Kerr Olivier ( 1869 – 1939 ) and his wife Agnes Louise , née ( 1871 – 1920 ) . Their elder children were ( 1901 – 89 ) and Gerard " " ( 1904 – 58 ) . His great @-@ great @-@ grandfather was of French Huguenot descent , and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen . Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster , but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England . He practised extremely high church , Christianity and liked to be addressed as " Father Olivier " . This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations , and the only church posts he was offered were temporary , usually for regular in their absence . This meant a nomadic existence , and for Laurence 's first few years , he never lived in one place long enough to make friends . - In 1912 , when Olivier was five , his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant priest at St 's , . He held the post for six years , and a stable family life was at last possible . Olivier was devoted to his mother , but not to his father , whom he found a cold and remote parent . Nevertheless , he learned a great deal of the art of performing from him . As a young man Gerard Olivier had considered a stage career and was a dramatic and effective preacher . Olivier wrote that his father knew " when to drop the voice , when to about the of , when to slip in a gag , when suddenly to wax sentimental ... The quick changes of mood and manner absorbed me , and I have never forgotten them . " - In 1916 , after attending a series of preparatory schools , Olivier passed the singing examination for admission to the choir school of All Saints , Margaret Street , in central London . His elder brother was already a pupil , and Olivier gradually settled in , though he felt himself to be something of an . The church 's style of worship was ( and remains ) Anglo @-@ Catholic , with emphasis on ritual , vestments and incense . The theatricality of the services appealed to Olivier , and the vicar encouraged the students to develop a taste for secular as well as religious drama . In a school production of Julius Caesar in 1917 , the ten @-@ year @-@ old Olivier 's performance as Brutus impressed an audience that included Lady Tree , the young Sybil Thorndike , and Ellen Terry , who wrote in her diary , " The small boy who played Brutus is already a great actor . " He later won praise in other schoolboy productions , as Maria in Twelfth Night ( 1918 ) and Katherine in The of the ( 1922 ) . - From All Saints , Olivier went on to St Edward 's School , Oxford , from 1920 to 1924 . He made little mark until his final year , when he played Puck in the school 's production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream ; his performance was a tour de force that won him popularity among his fellow pupils . In January 1924 , his brother left England to work in India as a rubber . Olivier missed him greatly and asked his father how soon he could follow . He recalled in his memoirs that his father replied , " Don 't be such a fool , you 're not going to India , you 're going on the stage . " - - = = = Early acting career ( 1924 – 29 ) = = = - - In 1924 Gerard Olivier , a habitually man , told his son that not only must he gain admission to the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art , but he must also gain a scholarship with a to cover his tuition fees and living expenses . Olivier 's sister had been a student there and was a favourite of Fogerty , the founder and principal of the school . Olivier later speculated that it was on the strength of this that Fogerty agreed to award him the . - One of Olivier 's contemporaries at the school was Peggy Ashcroft , who observed he was " rather in that his sleeves were too short and his hair stood on end but he was intensely lively and great fun " . By his own admission , he was not a very conscientious student , but Fogerty liked him and later said that he and Ashcroft stood out among her many pupils . On leaving the school after a year , Olivier gained work with small touring companies before being taken on in 1925 by Sybil Thorndike and her husband , Lewis , as a bit @-@ part player , and assistant stage manager for their London company . He modelled his performing style on that of Gerald du , of whom he said , " He seemed to on stage but had such perfect technique . When I started I was so busy doing a du that no one ever heard a word I said . The Shakespearean actors one saw were terrible like Frank Benson . " His concern to speak naturally and avoid what he called " singing " Shakespeare 's verse was the cause of much frustration in his early career , with critics regularly decrying his delivery . - In 1926 , on Thorndike 's recommendation , Olivier joined the Birmingham Repertory Company . His biographer Michael Billington describes the Birmingham company as " Olivier 's university " , where in his second year he was given the chance to play a wide range of important roles , including Tony in She to , the title role in Uncle Vanya , and in All 's Well That Well . Billington adds that the engagement led to " a lifelong friendship with his fellow actor Ralph Richardson that was to have a decisive effect on the British theatre . " - While playing the juvenile lead in Bird in Hand at the Theatre in June 1928 , Olivier began a relationship with Jill Esmond , the daughter of the actors Henry V. Esmond and Eva Moore . Olivier later recounted that he thought " she would most certainly do excellent well for a wife ... I wasn 't likely to do any better at my age and with my undistinguished track @-@ record , so I promptly fell in love with her . " - In 1928 Olivier created the role of in R. C. 's Journey 's End , in which he scored a great success at its single Sunday night premiere . He was offered the part in the West End production the following year , but turned it down in favour of the more glamorous role of Beau Geste in a stage adaptation of P. C. Wren 's 1929 novel of the same name . Journey 's End became a long @-@ running success ; Beau Geste failed . The Manchester Guardian commented , " Mr. Laurence Olivier did his best as Beau , but he deserves and will get better parts . Mr. Olivier is going to make a big name for himself " . For the rest of 1929 Olivier appeared in seven plays , all of which were short @-@ lived . Billington this failure rate to poor choices by Olivier rather than mere bad luck . - - = = = Rising star ( 1930 – 35 ) = = = - - In 1930 , with his impending marriage in mind , Olivier earned some extra money with small roles in two films . In April he travelled to Berlin to film the English @-@ language version of The Widow , a crime comedy with Lilian Harvey , and in May he spent four nights working on another comedy , Too Many . During work on the latter film , for which he was paid £ 60 , he met Laurence Evans , who became his personal manager . Olivier did not enjoy working in film , which he dismissed as " this little medium which could not stand great acting " , but financially it was much more rewarding than his theatre work . - Olivier and Esmond married on 25 July 1930 at All Saints , Margaret Street , although within weeks both realised they had . Olivier later recorded that the marriage was " a pretty crass mistake . I insisted on getting married from a pathetic mixture of religious and animal . ... She had admitted to me that she was in love elsewhere and could never love me as completely as I would wish " . Olivier later recounted that following the wedding he did not keep a diary for ten years and never followed religious practices again , although he considered those facts to be " mere coincidence " , unconnected to the . - In 1930 Noël Coward cast Olivier as Victor in his new play Private Lives , which opened at the new Phoenix Theatre in London in September . Coward and Gertrude Lawrence played the lead roles , Chase and Amanda . Victor is a secondary character , along with Sybil Chase ; the author called them " extra puppets , lightly wooden , only to be repeatedly knocked down and stood up again " . To make them credible spouses for Amanda and , Coward was determined that two outstandingly attractive performers should play the parts . Olivier played Victor in the West End and then on Broadway ; Adrianne Allen was Sybil in London , but could not go to New York , where the part was taken by Esmond . In addition to giving the 23 @-@ year @-@ old Olivier his first successful West End role , Coward became something of a mentor . In the late 1960s Olivier told Sheridan Morley : - He gave me a sense of balance , of right and wrong . He would make me read ; I never used to read anything at all . I remember he said , " Right , my boy , Wuthering Heights , Of Human and The Old Wives ' Tale by Arnold Bennett . That 'll do , those are three of the best . Read them " . I did . ... Noël also did a thing , he taught me not to on the stage . Once already I 'd been fired for doing it , and I was very nearly sacked from the Birmingham for the same reason . Noël cured me ; by trying to make me laugh outrageously , he taught me how not to give in to it . My great triumph came in New York when one night I managed to break Noël up on the stage without myself . " - In 1931 RKO Pictures offered Olivier a two @-@ film contract at $ 1 @,@ 000 a week ; he discussed the possibility with Coward , who , , told Olivier " You 've no artistic integrity , that 's your trouble ; this is how you yourself . " He accepted and moved to Hollywood , despite some . His first film was the drama Friends and Lovers , in a supporting role , before RKO loaned him to Fox Studios for his first film lead , a British journalist in a Russia under martial law in The Yellow , alongside and Lionel Barrymore . The cultural historian Jeffrey Richards describes Olivier 's look as an attempt by Fox Studios to produce a likeness of Ronald Colman , and Colman 's moustache , voice and manner are " perfectly reproduced " . Olivier returned to RKO to complete his contract with the 1932 drama Passage , which was a commercial failure . Olivier 's initial foray into American films had not provided the breakthrough he hoped for ; disillusioned with Hollywood , he returned to London , where he appeared in two British films , Perfect Understanding with Gloria Swanson and No Funny Business — in which Esmond also appeared . He was back to Hollywood in 1933 to appear opposite in Queen Christina , but was replaced after two weeks of filming because of a lack of chemistry between the two . - Olivier 's stage roles in 1934 included in Gordon 's Queen of Scots , which was only a moderate success for him and for the play , but led to an important engagement for the same management ( Bronson ) shortly afterwards . In the interim he had a great success playing a thinly disguised version of the American actor John Barrymore in Edna 's Theatre Royal . His success was by his breaking an ankle two months into the run , in one of the athletic , stunts with which he liked to his performances . - In 1935 , under 's management , John Gielgud staged Romeo and Juliet at the New Theatre , co @-@ starring with Peggy Ashcroft , Edith Evans and Olivier . Gielgud had seen Olivier in Queen of Scots , spotted his potential , and now gave him a major step up in his career . For the first weeks of the run Gielgud played and Olivier played Romeo , after which they exchanged roles . The production broke all box @-@ office records for the play , running for 189 performances . Olivier was enraged at the notices after the first night , which praised the of his performance but fiercely criticised his speaking of Shakespeare 's verse , contrasting it with his co @-@ star 's mastery of the poetry . The friendship between the two men was prickly , on Olivier 's side , for the rest of his life . - - = = = Old Vic and Vivien Leigh ( 1936 – 38 ) = = = - - In May 1936 Olivier and Richardson jointly directed and starred in a new piece by J. B. Priestley , Bees on the . Both actors won excellent notices , but the play , an allegory of Britain 's decay , did not attract the public and closed after four weeks . Later in the same year Olivier accepted an invitation to join the Old Vic company . The theatre , in an location south of the Thames , had offered inexpensive tickets for opera and drama under its proprietor Lilian since 1912 . Her drama company specialised in the plays of Shakespeare , and many leading actors had taken very large cuts in their pay to develop their Shakespearean techniques there . Gielgud had been in the company from 1929 to 1931 , and Richardson from 1930 to 1932 . Among the actors whom Olivier joined in late 1936 were Edith Evans , Ruth Gordon , Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave . In January 1937 he took the title role in an uncut version of Hamlet , in which once again his delivery of the verse was compared with that of Gielgud , who had played the role on the same stage seven years previously to enormous acclaim . The Observer 's Ivor Brown praised Olivier 's " magnetism and " but missed " the kind of pathos so richly established by Mr Gielgud " . The reviewer in The Times found the performance " full of vitality " , but at times " too light ... the character slips from Mr Olivier 's grasp " . - After Hamlet , the company presented Twelfth Night in what the director , Tyrone Guthrie , summed up as " a , immature production of mine , with Olivier outrageously amusing as Sir Toby and a very young Alec Guinness and more amusing as Sir Andrew " . Henry V was the next play , presented in May to mark the Coronation of George VI . A pacifist , as he then was , Olivier was as reluctant to play the warrior king as Guthrie was to direct the piece , but the production was a success , and had to extend the run from four to eight weeks . - Following Olivier 's success in Shakespearean stage productions , he made his first foray into Shakespeare on film in 1936 , as Orlando in As You Like It , directed by Paul , " a charming if lightweight production " , according to Michael Brooke of the British Film Institute 's ( BFI 's ) . The following year Olivier appeared alongside Vivien Leigh in the historical drama Fire Over England . He had first met Leigh briefly at the Savoy and then again when she visited him during the run of Romeo and Juliet , probably early in 1936 , and the two had begun an affair sometime that year . Of the relationship , Olivier later said that " I couldn 't help myself with Vivien . No man could . I hated myself for cheating on Jill , but then I had cheated before , but this was something different . This wasn 't just out of lust . This was love that I really didn 't ask for but was drawn into . " While his relationship with Leigh continued he conducted an affair with the actress Ann Todd , and possibly had a homosexual with the actor Henry , according to the biographer Michael . - In June 1937 the Old Vic company took up an invitation to perform Hamlet in the courtyard of the castle at Elsinore , where Shakespeare located the play . Olivier secured the casting of Leigh to replace Cherry as Ophelia . Because of torrential rain the performance had to be moved from the castle courtyard to the ballroom of a local hotel , but the tradition of playing Hamlet at Elsinore was established , and Olivier was followed by , among others , Gielgud ( 1939 ) , Redgrave ( 1950 ) , Richard Burton ( 1954 ) , Derek Jacobi ( 1979 ) , Kenneth Branagh ( 1988 ) and Jude Law ( 2009 ) . Back in London , the company staged Macbeth , with Olivier in the title role . The stylised production by Michel Saint @-@ Denis was not well liked , but Olivier had some good notices among the bad . On returning from Denmark , Olivier and Leigh told their respective spouses about the affair and that their marriages were over ; Esmond moved out of the marital house and in with her mother . After Olivier and Leigh made a tour of Europe in mid 1937 they returned to separate film projects — A at Oxford for her and The Divorce of Lady X for him — and moved into a property together in , Buckinghamshire . - Olivier returned to the Old Vic for a second season in 1938 . For Othello he played Iago , with Richardson in the title role . Guthrie wanted to experiment with the theory that Iago 's is driven by suppressed homosexual love for Othello . Olivier was willing to co @-@ operate , but Richardson was not ; audiences and most critics failed to spot the supposed motivation of Olivier 's Iago , and Richardson 's Othello seemed . After that comparative failure , the company had a success with Coriolanus starring Olivier in the title role . The notices were laudatory , mentioning him alongside great predecessors such as Edmund Kean , William and Henry Irving . The actor Robert described it as " Olivier 's first great performance " . This was Olivier 's last appearance on a London stage for six years . - - = = = Hollywood and the Second World War ( 1939 – 43 ) = = = - - In 1938 Olivier joined Richardson to film the spy thriller Q , released the following year . Frank , the critic for The New York Times , thought Olivier was " not quite so good " as Richardson , but was " quite acceptable " . In late 1938 , lured by a salary of $ 50 @,@ 000 , the actor travelled to Hollywood to take the part of in the 1939 film Wuthering Heights , alongside Oberon and David Niven . In less than a month Leigh had joined him , explaining that her trip was " partially because Larry 's there and partially because I intend to get the part of Scarlett O " — the role in Gone with the Wind in which she was eventually cast . Olivier did not enjoy making Wuthering Heights , and his approach to film acting , combined with a dislike for Oberon , led to tensions on set . The director , William , was a hard , and Olivier learned to remove what Billington described as " the carapace of theatricality " to which he was prone , replacing it with " a reality " . The resulting film was a commercial and critical success that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor , and created his screen reputation . Caroline Lejeune , writing for The Observer , considered that " Olivier 's dark , moody face , abrupt style , and a certain fine arrogance towards the world in his playing are just right " in the role , while the reviewer for The Times wrote that Olivier " is a good embodiment of ... impressive enough on a more human plane , speaking his lines with real distinction , and always both romantic and alive . " - After returning to London briefly in mid @-@ 1939 , the couple returned to America , Leigh to film the final takes for Gone with the Wind , and Olivier to prepare for filming of Alfred Hitchcock 's Rebecca — although the couple had hoped to appear in it together . Instead , Joan was selected for the role of Mrs de Winter , as the producer David O. thought that not only was she more suitable for the role , but that it was best to keep Olivier and Leigh apart until their divorces came through . Olivier followed Rebecca with Pride and , in the role of Mr. . To his disappointment Elizabeth was played by Greer rather than Leigh . He received good reviews for both films and showed a more confident screen presence than he had in his early work . In January 1940 Olivier and Esmond were granted their divorce . In February , following another request from Leigh , her husband also applied for their marriage to be terminated . - On stage , Olivier and Leigh starred in Romeo and Juliet on Broadway . It was an extravagant production , but a commercial failure . In The New York Times Brooks Atkinson praised the scenery but not the acting : " Although Miss Leigh and Mr Olivier are handsome young people they hardly act their parts at all . " The couple had invested almost all their savings in the project , and its failure was a grave financial blow . They were married in August 1940 , at the San Ranch in Santa Barbara . - The war in Europe had been under way for a year and was going badly for Britain . After his wedding Olivier wanted to help the war effort . He telephoned Duff Cooper , the Minister of Information under Winston Churchill , hoping to get a position in Cooper 's department . Cooper advised him to remain where he was and speak to the film director Alexander Korda , who was based in the US at Churchill 's behest , with connections to British Intelligence . Korda — with Churchill 's support and involvement — directed That Hamilton Woman , with Olivier as Nelson and Leigh in the title role . Korda saw that the relationship between the couple was strained . Olivier was tiring of Leigh 's , and she was drinking to excess . The film , in which the threat of Napoleon paralleled that of Hitler , was seen by critics as " bad history but good British propaganda " , according to the BFI . - Olivier 's life was under threat from the Nazis and pro @-@ German . The studio owners were concerned enough that Samuel Goldwyn and Cecil B. both provided support and security to ensure his safety . On the completion of filming , Olivier and Leigh returned to Britain . He had spent the previous year learning to fly and had completed nearly 250 hours by the time he left America . He intended to join the Royal Air Force but instead made another propaganda film , 49th , narrated short pieces for the Ministry of Information , and joined the Fleet Air Arm because Richardson was already in the service . Richardson had gained a reputation for crashing aircraft , which Olivier rapidly eclipsed . Olivier and Leigh settled in a cottage just outside RAF Down , where he was stationed with a training squadron ; Noël Coward visited the couple and thought Olivier looked unhappy . Olivier spent much of his time taking part in broadcasts and making speeches to build morale , and in 1942 he was invited to make another propaganda film , The @-@ Paradise , in which he played a Soviet engineer who helps improve British @-@ Russian relationships . - In 1943 , at the behest of the Ministry of Information , Olivier began working on Henry V. Originally he had no intention of taking the directorial duties , but ended up directing and producing , in addition to taking the title role . He was assisted by an Italian , Filippo Del , who had been released to produce propaganda for the Allied cause . The decision was made to film the battle scenes in neutral , where it was easier to find the 650 extras . John Betjeman , the press at the British embassy in Dublin , played a key liaison role with the Irish government in making suitable arrangements . The film was released in November 1944 . Brooke , writing for the BFI , considers that it " came too late in the Second World War to be a call to arms as such , but formed a powerful reminder of what Britain was defending . " The music for the film was written by William Walton , " a score that ranks with the best in film music " , according to the music critic Michael Kennedy . Walton also provided the music for Olivier 's next two Shakespearean adaptations , Hamlet ( 1948 ) and Richard III ( 1955 ) . Henry V was warmly received by critics . The reviewer for The Manchester Guardian wrote that the film combined " new art hand @-@ in @-@ hand with old genius , and both superbly of one mind " , in a film that worked " " . The critic for The Times considered that Olivier " plays Henry on a high , heroic note and never is there danger of a crack " , in a film described as " a triumph of film craft " . There were Oscar nominations for the film , including Best Picture and Best Actor , but it won none and Olivier was instead presented with a " Special Award " . He was unimpressed , and later commented that " this was my first absolute @-@ off , and I regarded it as such . " - - = = = Co @-@ directing the Old Vic ( 1944 – 47 ) = = = - - Throughout the war Tyrone Guthrie had to keep the Old Vic company going , even after German bombing in 1942 left the theatre a near @-@ ruin . A small troupe toured the provinces , with Sybil Thorndike at its head . By 1944 , with the tide of the war turning , Guthrie felt it time to re @-@ establish the company in a London base and invited Richardson to head it . Richardson made it a condition of accepting that he should share the acting and management in a triumvirate . Initially he proposed Gielgud and Olivier as his colleagues , but the former declined , saying , " It would be a disaster , you would have to spend your whole time as referee between Larry and me . " It was finally agreed that the third member would be the stage director John Burrell . The Old Vic governors approached the Royal Navy to secure the release of Richardson and Olivier ; the Sea Lords consented , with , as Olivier put it , " a and lack of reluctance which was positively . " - The triumvirate secured the New Theatre for their first season and recruited a company . Thorndike was joined by , among others , Harcourt Williams , Joyce and Margaret . It was agreed to open with a repertory of four plays : , Arms and the Man , Richard III and Uncle Vanya . Olivier 's roles were the Button , Sergius , Richard and Astrov ; Richardson played , , Richmond and Vanya . The first three productions met with acclaim from reviewers and audiences ; Uncle Vanya had a mixed reception , although The Times thought Olivier 's Astrov " a most distinguished portrait " and Richardson 's Vanya " the perfect compound of and pathos " . In Richard III , according to Billington , Olivier 's triumph was absolute : " so much so that it became his most frequently imitated performance and one whose supremacy went until Antony Sher played the role forty years later " . In 1945 the company toured Germany , where they were seen by many thousands of Allied servicemen ; they also appeared at the @-@ Française theatre in Paris , the first foreign company to be given that honour . The critic Harold Hobson wrote that Richardson and Olivier quickly " made the Old Vic the most famous theatre in the Anglo @-@ Saxon world . " - The second season , in 1945 , featured two double bills . The first consisted of Henry IV , Parts 1 and 2 . Olivier played the warrior Hotspur in the first and the Justice in the second . He received good notices , but by general consent the production belonged to Richardson as Falstaff . In the second double bill it was Olivier who dominated , in the title roles of Rex and The Critic . In the two one @-@ act plays his switch from searing tragedy and horror in the first half to farcical comedy in the second impressed most critics and audience members , though a minority felt that the transformation from 's blinded hero to Sheridan 's vain and ludicrous Mr " of a quick @-@ change turn in a music hall " . After the London season the company played both the double bills and Uncle Vanya in a six @-@ week run on Broadway . - The third , and final , London season under the triumvirate was in 1946 – 47 . Olivier played King Lear , and Richardson took the title role in de . Olivier would have preferred the roles to be reversed , but Richardson did not wish to attempt Lear . Olivier 's Lear received good but not outstanding reviews . In his scenes of decline and madness towards the end of the play some critics found him less moving than his finest predecessors in the role . The influential critic James Agate suggested that Olivier used his dazzling stage technique to disguise a lack of feeling , a charge that the actor strongly rejected , but which was often made throughout his later career . During the run of , Richardson was knighted , to Olivier 's envy . The younger man received the accolade six months later , by which time the days of the triumvirate were numbered . The high profile of the two star actors did not them to the new chairman of the Old Vic governors , Lord Esher . He had ambitions to be the first head of the National Theatre and had no intention of letting actors run it . He was encouraged by Guthrie , who , having instigated the appointment of Richardson and Olivier , had come to resent their and international fame . - In January 1947 Olivier began working on his second film as a director , Hamlet ( 1948 ) , in which he also took the lead role . The original play was heavily cut to focus on the relationships , rather than the political intrigue . The film became a critical and commercial success in Britain and abroad , although Lejeune , in The Observer , considered it " less effective than [ Olivier 's ] stage work . ... He speaks the lines , and with the of one who loves them , but he his own thesis by never , for a moment , leaving the impression of a man who cannot make up his own mind ; here , you feel rather , is an actor @-@ producer @-@ director who , in every circumstance , knows exactly what he wants , and gets it " . Campbell Dixon , the critic for The Daily Telegraph thought the film " brilliant ... one of the masterpieces of the stage has been made into one of the greatest of films . " Hamlet became the first non @-@ American film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture , while Olivier won the Award for Best Actor . - In 1948 Olivier led the Old Vic company on a six @-@ month tour of Australia and New Zealand . He played Richard III , Sir Peter in Sheridan 's The School for Scandal and in Wilder 's The Skin of Our , appearing alongside Leigh in the latter two plays . While Olivier was on the Australian tour and Richardson was in Hollywood , Esher terminated the contracts of the three directors , who were said to have " resigned " . Bragg in a 1984 study of Olivier , and John Miller in the authorised biography of Richardson , both comment that Esher 's action put back the establishment of a National Theatre for at least a decade . Looking back in 1971 , Bernard Levin wrote that the Old Vic company of 1944 to 1948 " was probably the most illustrious that has ever been assembled in this country " . The Times said that the triumvirate 's years were the greatest in the Old Vic 's history ; as The Guardian put it , " the governors summarily sacked them in the interests of a more mediocre company spirit " . - - = = = Post @-@ war ( 1948 – 51 ) = = = - - By the end of Australian tour , both Leigh and Olivier were exhausted and ill , and he told a journalist , " You may not know it , but you are talking to a couple of walking corpses . " Later he would comment that he " lost Vivien " in Australia , a reference to Leigh 's affair with the Australian actor Peter Finch , whom the couple met during the tour . Shortly afterwards Finch moved to London , where Olivier auditioned him and put him under a long @-@ term contract with Laurence Olivier Productions . Finch and Leigh 's affair continued on and off for several years . - Although it was common knowledge that the Old Vic triumvirate had been dismissed , they refused to be drawn on the matter in public , and Olivier even arranged to play a final London season with the company in 1949 , as Richard III , Sir Peter , and Chorus in his own production of Anouilh 's with Leigh in the title role . After that , he was free to embark on a new career as an actor @-@ manager . In partnership with Beaumont he staged the English premiere of Tennessee Williams 's A Streetcar Named Desire , with Leigh in the central role of Blanche . The play was condemned by most critics , but the production was a considerable commercial success , and led to Leigh 's casting as Blanche in the 1951 film version . Gielgud , who was a devoted friend of Leigh 's , doubted whether Olivier was wise to let her play the demanding role of the mentally unstable heroine : " [ Blanche ] was so very like her , in a way . It must have been a most strain to do it night after night . She would be shaking and white and quite distraught at the end of it . " - The production company set up by Olivier took a lease on the St James 's Theatre . In January 1950 he produced , directed and starred in Christopher Fry 's verse play Venus . The production was popular , despite poor reviews , but the expensive production did little to help the finances of Laurence Olivier Productions . After a series of box @-@ office failures , the company balanced its books in 1951 with productions of Shaw 's Caesar and Cleopatra and Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra which the Oliviers played in London and then took to Broadway . Olivier was thought by some critics to be under par in both his roles , and some suspected him of playing deliberately below his usual strength so that Leigh might appear his equal . Olivier dismissed the suggestion , regarding it as an insult to his integrity as an actor . In the view of the critic and biographer W. A. Darlington , he was simply both as Caesar and Antony , finding the former boring and the latter weak . Darlington comments , " Olivier , in his middle when he should have been displaying his powers at their very peak , seemed to have lost interest in his own acting " . Over the next four years Olivier spent much of his time working as a producer , presenting plays rather than directing or acting in them . His presentations at the St James 's included seasons by 's company giving two plays in Italian , followed by a visit from the @-@ Française playing works by , , and in French . Darlington considers a 1951 production of Othello starring Orson Welles as the pick of Olivier 's productions at the theatre . - - = = = Independent actor @-@ manager ( 1952 – 54 ) = = = - - While Leigh made Streetcar in 1951 , Olivier joined her in Hollywood to film Carrie , based on the controversial novel Sister Carrie ; although the film was plagued by troubles , Olivier received warm reviews and a BAFTA nomination . Olivier began to notice a change in Leigh 's behaviour , and he later recounted that " I would find Vivien sitting on the corner of the bed , her hands and sobbing , in a state of grave distress ; I would naturally try desperately to give her some comfort , but for some time she would be . " After a holiday with Coward in Jamaica , she seemed to have recovered , but Olivier later recorded , " I am sure that ... [ the doctors ] must have taken some pains to tell me what was wrong with my wife ; that her disease was called manic depression and what that meant — a possibly permanent cyclical to @-@ and @-@ between the depths of depression and wild , uncontrollable . He also recounted the years of problems he had experienced because of Leigh 's illness , writing , " throughout her possession by that evil monster , manic depression , with its deadly ever @-@ , she retained her own individual — an ability to disguise her true mental condition from almost all except me , for whom she could hardly be expected to take the trouble . " - In January 1953 Leigh travelled to Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) to film Elephant Walk with Peter Finch . Shortly after filming started she suffered a breakdown , and returned to Britain where , between periods of , she told Olivier that she was in love with Finch , and had been having an affair with him ; she gradually recovered over a period of several months . As a result of the breakdown , many of the Oliviers ' friends learned of her problems . Niven said she had been " quite , quite mad " , and in his diary , Coward expressed the view that " things had been bad and getting worse since 1948 or . " - For the Coronation season of 1953 , Olivier and Leigh starred in the West End in 's comedy , The Sleeping Prince . It ran for eight months but was widely regarded as a minor contribution to the season , in which other productions included Gielgud in Venice 'd , Coward in The Apple and Ashcroft and Redgrave in Antony and Cleopatra . - Olivier directed his third Shakespeare film in September 1954 , Richard III ( 1955 ) , which he co @-@ produced with Korda . The presence of four theatrical knights in the one film — Olivier was joined by Cedric Hardwicke , Gielgud and Richardson — led an American reviewer to dub it " An @-@ All @-@ Sir @-@ Cast " . The critic for The Manchester Guardian described the film as a " bold and successful achievement " , but it was not a box @-@ office success , which accounted for Olivier 's subsequent failure to raise the funds for a planned film of Macbeth . He won a BAFTA award for the role and was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award , which won . - - = = = Last years with Leigh ( 1955 – 56 ) = = = - - In 1955 Olivier and Leigh were invited to play leading roles in three plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre , Stratford . They began with Twelfth Night , directed by Gielgud , with Olivier as Malvolio and Leigh as Viola . were difficult , with Olivier determined to play his conception of the role despite the director 's view that it was vulgar . Gielgud later commented : - Somehow the production did not work . Olivier was set on playing Malvolio in his own particular rather extravagant way . He was extremely moving at the end , but he played the earlier scenes like a Jewish , with a and an extraordinary accent , and he insisted on falling backwards off a bench in the garden scene , though I him not to do it . ... But then Malvolio is a very difficult part . - The next production was Macbeth . Reviewers were lukewarm about the direction by Glen Shaw and the designs by Roger , but Olivier 's performance in the title role attracted . To J. C. , Olivier 's was " the finest Macbeth of our day " ; to Darlington it was " the best Macbeth of our time " . Leigh 's Lady Macbeth received mixed but generally polite notices , although to the end of his life Olivier believed it to have been the best Lady Macbeth he ever saw . - In their third production of the 1955 Stratford season , Olivier played the title role in Titus , with Leigh as . Her notices in the part were , but the production by Peter Brook and Olivier 's performance as Titus received the greatest ovation in Stratford history from the first @-@ night audience , and the critics hailed the production as a landmark in post @-@ war British theatre . Olivier and Brook revived the production for a continental tour in June 1957 ; its final performance , which closed the old Theatre in London , was the last time Leigh and Olivier acted together . - Leigh became pregnant in 1956 and withdrew from the production of Coward 's comedy South Sea . The day after her final performance in the play she and entered a period of depression that lasted for months . The same year Olivier decided to direct and produce a film version of The Sleeping Prince , retitled The Prince and the . Instead of appearing with Leigh , he cast Marilyn Monroe as the . Although the filming was challenging because of Monroe 's behaviour , the film was appreciated by the critics . - - = = = Royal Court and Chichester ( 1957 – 63 ) = = = - - During the production of The Prince and the , Olivier , Monroe and her husband , the American playwright Arthur Miller , went to see the English Stage Company 's production of John Osborne 's Look Back in Anger at the Royal Court . Olivier had seen the play earlier in the run and disliked it , but Miller was convinced that Osborne had talent , and Olivier . He was ready for a change of direction ; in 1981 he wrote : - I had reached a stage in my life that I was getting profoundly sick of — not just tired — sick . Consequently the public were , likely enough , beginning to agree with me . My rhythm of work had become a bit deadly : a classical or semi @-@ classical film ; a play or two at Stratford , or a nine @-@ month run in the West End , etc etc . I was going mad , desperately searching for something suddenly fresh and exciting . What I felt to be my image was boring me to death . - Osborne was already at work on a new play , The Entertainer , an allegory of Britain 's post @-@ colonial decline , centred on a variety comedian , Archie Rice . Having read the first act — all that was completed by then — Olivier asked to be cast in the part . He had for years maintained that he might easily have been a third @-@ rate comedian called " Larry Oliver " , and would sometimes play the character at parties . Behind Archie 's brazen façade there is a deep , and Olivier caught both aspects , switching , in the words of the biographer Anthony Holden , " from a comic routine to moments of the most pathos " . Tony Richardson 's production for the English Stage Company transferred from the Royal Court to the Palace Theatre in September 1957 ; after that it toured and returned to the Palace . The role of Archie 's daughter Jean was taken by three actresses during the various runs . The second of them was Joan Plowright , with whom Olivier began a relationship that endured for the rest of his life . Olivier said that playing Archie " made me feel like a modern actor again " . In finding an avant @-@ garde play that suited him , he was , as Osborne remarked , far ahead of Gielgud and Ralph Richardson , who did not successfully follow his lead for more than a decade . Their first substantial successes in works by any of Osborne 's generation were Alan Bennett 's Forty Years On ( Gielgud in 1968 ) and David 's Home ( Richardson and Gielgud in 1970 ) . - Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in 1959 's The Devil 's . The same year , after a gap of two decades , Olivier returned to the role of Coriolanus , in a Stratford production directed by the 28 @-@ year @-@ old Peter Hall . Olivier 's performance received strong praise from the critics for its fierce combined with an emotional vulnerability . In 1960 he made his second appearance for the Royal Court company in 's play . The production was chiefly remarkable for the star 's quarrels with the director , Orson Welles , who according to the biographer Francis suffered the " appalling treatment " that Olivier had inflicted on Gielgud at Stratford five years earlier . Olivier again ignored his director and undermined his authority . In 1960 and 1961 Olivier appeared in Anouilh 's on Broadway , first in the title role , with Anthony Quinn as the king , and later exchanging roles with his co @-@ star . - Two films featuring Olivier were released in 1960 . The first — filmed in 1959 — was , in which he portrayed the Roman general , Marcus . His second was The Entertainer , shot while he was appearing in Coriolanus ; the film was well received by the critics , but not as warmly as the stage show had been . The reviewer for The Guardian thought the performances were good , and wrote that Olivier " on the screen as on the stage , achieves the tour de force of bringing Archie Rice ... to life " . For his performance , Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . He also made an adaptation of The Moon and in 1960 , winning an Emmy Award . - The Oliviers ' marriage was disintegrating during the late 1950s . While directing Charlton Heston in the 1960 play The , Olivier that " Vivien is several thousand miles away , trembling on the edge of a cliff , even when she 's sitting quietly in her own drawing room " , at a time when she was threatening suicide . In May 1960 divorce proceedings started ; Leigh reported the fact to the press and informed reporters of Olivier 's relationship with Plowright . The decree was issued in December 1960 , which enabled him to marry Plowright in March 1961 . A son , Richard , was born in December 1961 ; two daughters followed , Agnes Margaret — born in January 1963 — and Julie @-@ Kate , born in July 1966 . - In 1961 Olivier accepted the directorship of a new theatrical venture , the Chichester Festival . For the opening season in 1962 he directed two neglected 17th @-@ century English plays , John Fletcher 's 1638 comedy The and John Ford 's 1633 tragedy The Broken Heart , followed by Uncle Vanya . The company he recruited was forty strong and included Thorndike , , Redgrave , Athene , John Neville and Plowright . The first two plays were received ; the production attracted notices . The Times commented , " It is doubtful if the Moscow Arts Theatre itself could improve on this production . " The second Chichester season the following year consisted of a revival of Uncle Vanya and two new productions — Shaw 's Saint Joan and John Arden 's The . In 1963 Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his leading role as a accused of sexually a student in the film of Trial . - - = = = National Theatre = = = - - - = = = = 1963 – 68 = = = = - - At around the time the Chichester Festival opened , plans for the creation of the National Theatre were coming to fruition . The British government agreed to release funds for a new building on the South Bank of the Thames . Lord Chandos was appointed chairman of the National Theatre Board in 1962 , and in August Olivier accepted its invitation to be the company 's first director . As his assistants , he recruited the directors John Dexter and William , with Kenneth Tynan as literary adviser or " " . the construction of the new theatre , the company was based at the Old Vic . With the agreement of both organisations , Olivier remained in overall charge of the Chichester Festival during the first three seasons of the National ; he used the festivals of 1964 and 1965 to give preliminary runs to plays he hoped to stage at the Old Vic . - The opening production of the National Theatre was Hamlet in October 1963 , starring Peter O 'Toole and directed by Olivier . O 'Toole was a guest star , one of occasional exceptions to Olivier 's policy of casting productions from a regular company . Among those who made a mark during Olivier 's directorship were Michael , Maggie Smith , Alan , Derek Jacobi and Anthony Hopkins . It was widely remarked that Olivier seemed reluctant to recruit his peers to perform with his company . Evans , Gielgud and Paul Scofield only briefly , and Ashcroft and Richardson never appeared at the National during Olivier 's time . Robert Stephens , a member of the company , observed , " Olivier 's one great fault was a paranoid jealousy of anyone who he thought was a rival " . - In his decade in charge of the National , Olivier acted in thirteen plays and directed eight . Several of the roles he played were minor characters , including a butler in 's A in Her and a solicitor in Maugham 's Home and Beauty ; the vulgar soldier Captain in 's 1706 comedy The Officer was a larger role but not the leading one . Apart from his Astrov in the Uncle Vanya , familiar from Chichester , his first leading role for the National was Othello , directed by Dexter in 1964 . The production was a box @-@ office success and was revived regularly over the next five seasons . His performance divided opinion . Most of the reviewers and theatrical colleagues praised it highly ; Franco called it " an anthology of everything that has been discovered about acting in the past three centuries . " voices included The Sunday Telegraph , which called it " the kind of bad acting of which only a great actor is capable ... near the of self @-@ parody " ; the director Jonathan Miller thought it " a condescending view of an Afro Caribbean person " . The burden of playing this demanding part at the same time as managing the new company and planning for the move to the new theatre took its toll on Olivier . To add to his load , he felt obliged to take over as in The Master when the ailing Redgrave withdrew from the role in November 1964 . For the first time Olivier began to suffer from stage , which plagued him for several years . The National Theatre production of Othello was released as a film in 1965 , which earned four Academy Award nominations , including another for Best Actor for Olivier . - During the following year Olivier concentrated on management , directing one production ( The ) , taking the comic role of the in 's Love for Love , and making one film , Bunny Lake is Missing , in which he and Coward were on the same bill for the first time since Private Lives . In 1966 , his one play as director was Juno and the . The Times commented that the production " one 's faith in the work as a masterpiece " . In the same year Olivier portrayed the Mahdi , opposite Heston as General Gordon , in the film . - In 1967 Olivier was caught in the middle of a confrontation between Chandos and Tynan over the latter 's proposal to stage Rolf 's Soldiers . As the play depicted Churchill as in the assassination of the Polish prime minister Władysław , Chandos regarded it as . At his urging the board unanimously vetoed the production . Tynan considered resigning over this interference with the management 's artistic freedom , but Olivier himself stayed firmly in place , and Tynan also remained . At about this time Olivier began a long struggle against a succession of illnesses . He was treated for prostate cancer and , during rehearsals for his production of 's Three Sisters he was hospitalised with pneumonia . He recovered enough to take the heavy role of Edgar in 's The Dance of Death , the finest of all his performances other than in Shakespeare , in Gielgud 's view . - - = = = = 1968 – 74 = = = = - - Olivier had intended to step down from the directorship of the National Theatre at the end of his first five @-@ year contract , having , he hoped , led the company into its new building . By 1968 because of bureaucratic delays construction work had not even begun , and he agreed to serve for a second five @-@ year term . His next major role , and his last appearance in a Shakespeare play , was as Shylock in The of Venice , his first appearance in the work . He had intended Guinness or Scofield to play Shylock , but stepped in when neither was available . The production by Jonathan Miller , and Olivier 's performance , attracted a wide range of responses . Two different critics reviewed it for The Guardian : one wrote " this is not a role which stretches him , or for which he will be particularly remembered " ; the other commented that the performance " ranks as one of his greatest achievements , involving his whole range " . - In 1969 Olivier appeared in two war films , portraying military leaders . He played Field Marshal French in the First World War film Oh ! What a War , for which he won another BAFTA award , followed by Air Chief Marshal Hugh in Battle of Britain . In June 1970 he became the first actor to be created a peer for services to the theatre . Although he initially declined the honour , Harold Wilson , the incumbent prime minister , wrote to him , then invited him and Plowright to dinner , and persuaded him to accept . - After this Olivier played three more stage roles : James Tyrone in Eugene O 'Neill 's Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1971 – 72 ) , Antonio in Eduardo de Filippo 's Saturday , Sunday , Monday and John in Trevor 's The Party ( both 1973 – 74 ) . Among the roles he hoped to play , but could not because of ill @-@ health , was Nathan Detroit in the musical and Dolls . In 1972 he took leave of absence from the National to star opposite Michael in Joseph L. 's film of Anthony Shaffer 's , which The Illustrated London News considered to be " Olivier at his , eye @-@ rolling best " ; both he and were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , losing to Marlon Brando in The . - The last two stage plays Olivier directed were Jean 's ( 1971 ) and Priestley 's Eden End ( 1974 ) . By the time of Eden End , he was no longer director of the National Theatre ; Peter Hall took over on 1 November 1973 . The succession was handled by the board , and Olivier felt that he had been eased out — although he had declared his intention to go — and that he had not been properly consulted about the choice of successor . The largest of the three theatres within the National 's new building was named in his honour , but his only appearance on the stage of the Olivier Theatre was at its official opening by the Queen in October 1976 , when he made a speech of welcome , which Hall privately described as the most successful part of the evening . - - = = = Later years ( 1975 – 89 ) = = = - - Olivier spent the last fifteen years of his life in securing his finances and dealing with worsening health , which included and , a muscle disorder . , and to secure financial security , he made a series of advertisements for cameras in 1972 , although he stipulated that they must never be shown in Britain ; he also took a number of cameo film roles , which were in " often undistinguished films " , according to Billington . Olivier 's move from leading parts to supporting and cameo roles came about because his poor health meant he could not get the necessary long insurance for larger parts , with only short engagements in films available . - Olivier 's meant he spent the last three months of 1974 in hospital , and he spent early 1975 slowly recovering and regaining his strength . When strong enough , he was contacted by the director John Schlesinger , who offered him the role of a Nazi in the 1976 film Man . Olivier shaved his and wore oversized glasses to the look of his eyes , in a role that the critic David Robinson , writing for The Times , thought was " strongly played " , adding that Olivier was " always at his best in roles that call for him to be or nasty or both " . Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , and won the Golden Globe of the same category . - In the mid @-@ 1970s Olivier became increasingly involved in television work , a medium of which he was initially dismissive . In 1973 he provided the narration for a 26 @-@ episode documentary , The World at War , which chronicled the events of the Second World War , and won a second Emmy Award for Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1973 ) . In 1975 he won another Emmy for Love Among the . The following year he appeared in adaptations of Tennessee Williams 's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Harold 's The Collection . In 1978 he appeared in the film The Boys from Brazil , playing the role of Ezra Lieberman , an ageing Nazi hunter ; he received his eleventh Academy Award nomination . Although he did not win the Oscar , he was presented with an Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement . - Olivier continued working in film into the 1980s , with roles in The Jazz Singer ( 1980 ) , ( 1981 ) , The Bounty ( 1984 ) and Wild II ( 1985 ) . He continued to work in television ; in 1981 he appeared as Lord in Revisited , winning another Emmy , and the following year he received his tenth and last BAFTA nomination in the television adaptation of John Mortimer 's stage play A Voyage Round My Father . In 1983 he played his last Shakespearean role as Lear in King Lear , for Granada Television , earning his fifth Emmy . He thought the role of Lear much less demanding than other tragic Shakespearean heroes : " No , Lear is easy . He 's like all of us , really : he 's just a stupid old . " When the production was first shown on American television , the critic Steve wrote : - Olivier seems to have thrown away technique this time — his is a pure Lear . In his final speech , over Cordelia 's lifeless body , he brings us so close to Lear 's that we can hardly bear to watch , because we have seen the last Shakespearean hero Laurence Olivier will ever play . But what a finale ! In this most sublime of plays , our greatest actor has given an performance . Perhaps it would be most appropriate to express simple gratitude . - The same year he also appeared in a cameo alongside Gielgud and Richardson in Wagner , with Burton in the title role ; his final screen appearance was as an old , wheelchair @-@ bound soldier in Derek 's 1989 film War . - After being ill for the last twenty @-@ two years of his life , Olivier died of renal failure on 11 July 1989 at his home near , West Sussex . His cremation was held three days later , before a funeral in Poets ' Corner of Westminster Abbey in October that year . - - = = Awards , honours and memorials = = - - In 1947 Olivier was appointed a Knight Bachelor , and in 1970 he was given a life peerage ; the Order of Merit was conferred on him in 1981 . He also received honours from foreign governments . In 1949 he was made Commander of the Order of the by the Danish government ; the French appointed him , Legion of Honour , in 1953 ; the Italian government created him Grande , Order of Merit of the Italian Republic , in 1953 ; and in 1971 he was granted the Order of Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath . - From academic and other institutions , Olivier received honorary from the university of , Massachusetts ( 1946 ) , Oxford ( 1957 ) and Edinburgh ( 1964 ) . He was also awarded the Danish Prize in 1966 , the Gold of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters , History and Antiquities in 1968 ; and the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1976 . - For his work in films , Olivier received four Academy Awards : an honorary award for Henry V ( 1947 ) , a Best Actor award and one as producer for Hamlet ( 1948 ) , and a second honorary award in 1979 to recognise his lifetime of contribution to the art of film . He was nominated for nine other acting and one each for production and direction . He also won two British Academy Film Awards out of ten nominations , five Emmy Awards out of nine nominations , and three Golden Globe Awards out of six nominations . He was nominated once for a Tony Award ( for best actor , as Archie Rice ) but did not win . - In February 1960 , for his contribution to the film industry , Olivier was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame , with a star at Hollywood Boulevard ; he is included in the American Theater Hall of Fame . In 1977 Olivier was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship . - In addition to the naming of the National Theatre 's largest auditorium in Olivier 's honour , he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards , bestowed annually since 1984 by the Society of West End Theatre . In 1991 Gielgud unveiled a memorial stone commemorating Olivier in Poets ' Corner at Westminster Abbey . In 2007 , the centenary of Olivier 's birth , a life @-@ sized statue of him was unveiled on the South Bank , outside the National Theatre ; the same year the BFI held a retrospective season of his film work . - - = = and reputation = = - - Olivier 's acting technique was crafted , and he was known for changing his appearance considerably from role to role . By his own admission , he was addicted to extravagant make @-@ up , and unlike Richardson and Gielgud , he excelled at different voices and accents . His own description of his technique was " working from the outside in " ; he said , " I can never act as myself , I have to have a pillow up my , a false nose or a moustache or wig ... I cannot come on looking like me and be someone else . " described how at rehearsals Olivier " built his performance slowly and with immense application from a mass of tiny details " . This attention to detail had its critics : Agate remarked , " When I look at a watch it is to see the time and not to admire the mechanism . I want an actor to tell me Lear 's time of day and Olivier doesn 't . He bids me watch the wheels go round . " - Tynan remarked to Olivier , " you aren 't really a contemplative or philosophical actor " ; Olivier was known for the strenuous of his performances in some roles . He told Tynan this was because he was influenced as a young man by Douglas , Ramon Navarro and John Barrymore in films , and Barrymore on stage as Hamlet : " athletic . I admired that greatly , all of us did . ... One thought of oneself , , as I was , as a sort of . " According to Morley , Gielgud was widely considered " the best actor in the world from the neck up and Olivier from the neck down . " Olivier described the contrast thus : " I 've always thought that we were the reverses of the same coin ... the top half John , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity . " - Together with Richardson and Gielgud , Olivier was internationally recognised as one of the " great of theatrical knights " who dominated the British stage during the middle and later decades of the 20th century . In an obituary tribute in The Times , Bernard Levin wrote , " What we have lost with Laurence Olivier is glory . He reflected it in his greatest roles ; indeed he walked clad in it — you could practically see it glowing around him like a . ... no one will ever play the roles he played as he played them ; no one will replace the that he gave his native land with his genius . " Billington commented : - [ Olivier ] elevated the art of acting in the twentieth century ... principally by the overwhelming force of his example . Like , Kean , and Irving before him , he lent glamour and excitement to acting so that , in any theatre in the world , an Olivier night raised the level of expectation and sent spectators out into the darkness a little more aware of themselves and having experienced a transcendent touch of ecstasy . That , in the end , was the true measure of his greatness . - After Olivier 's death , Gielgud reflected , " He followed in the theatrical tradition of Kean and Irving . He respected tradition in the theatre , but he also took great delight in breaking tradition , which is what made him so unique . He was gifted , brilliant , and one of the great controversial figures of our time in theatre , which is a virtue and not a vice at all . " - Olivier said in 1963 that he believed he was born to be an actor , but his colleague Peter disagreed ; he commented that although Olivier 's great contemporaries were clearly for the stage , " Larry could have been a notable ambassador , a considerable minister , a . At his worst , he would have acted the parts more than they are usually lived . " The director David agreed that acting did not come instinctively to Olivier as it did to his great rivals . He observed , " Ralph was a natural actor , he couldn 't stop being a perfect actor ; Olivier did it through sheer hard work and determination . " The American actor William had a similar view : - Ironically enough , Laurence Olivier is less gifted than Marlon Brando . He is even less gifted than Richard Burton , Paul Scofield , Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud . But he is still the definitive actor of the twentieth century . Why ? Because he wanted to be . His achievements are due to dedication , scholarship , practice , determination and courage . He is the actor of our time . - In comparing Olivier and the other leading actors of his generation , wrote , " It is of course vain to talk of who is and who is not the greatest actor . There is simply no such thing as a greatest actor , or painter or composer " . Nonetheless , some colleagues , particularly film actors such as Spencer Tracy , Humphrey Bogart and Lauren , came to regard Olivier as the finest of his peers . Peter Hall , though acknowledging Olivier as the head of the theatrical profession , thought Richardson the greater actor . Others , such as the critic Michael , awarded the palm to Gielgud . Olivier 's claim to theatrical greatness lay not only in his acting , but as , in Hall 's words , " the supreme man of the theatre of our time " , pioneering Britain 's National Theatre . As Bragg identified , " no one doubts that the National is perhaps his most enduring monument " . - - = = Stage roles and filmography = = - - - - = Freakum Dress = - - " Freakum Dress " is a song by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her second solo studio album B 'Day ( 2006 ) . It was written by Beyoncé , Rich Harrison , and Makeba Riddick . " Freakum Dress " is similar to songs that Destiny 's Child used to record in the 1990s . The song is complete with whistles , cymbal dominated scatter rhythms and a beat , which is augmented by hi @-@ hats and keyboard pulses . In the song , Beyoncé advises women who have partners with straying eyes to put on dresses and grind on other guys in dance clubs , to regain their affections . - " Freakum Dress " was generally well received by music critics who complimented Beyoncé 's vocals as well as the assertiveness with which she delivers the lyrics . Many of them also noted that the beat of song very well with the vocal arrangement and the instruments used . The music video for the song was directed by Ray Kay , with co @-@ direction from Beyoncé , for the B 'Day Anthology Video Album ( 2007 ) . It features Beyoncé dancing with women of different ages , races , and sizes . Thirty metallic dresses were designed by Tina Knowles and were used in the production . Beyoncé explained that the main reason behind shooting a video for the song was to show what a " freakum dress " looks like . The song was part of the set lists during Beyoncé 's worldwide tours The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) and I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . Later , in 2012 , the song was performed during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live . - - = = Recording and conception = = - - " Freakum Dress " was conceived at Sony Music Studios , in New York City , when Beyoncé enlisted Harris to co @-@ produce for her album B 'Day ( 2006 ) . She and Harrison had previously collaborated on her 2003 single " Crazy in Love " . She arranged for Harrison , Sean Garrett and Rodney Jerkins to be given individual rooms at the studio . In this way , Beyoncé fostered " healthy competition " between the producers by going into each of their rooms and commenting on the " great beats " the others were creating . Roger Friedman of Fox News Channel noted that " Freakum Dress " and " Mama " ( 2006 ) , Harrison 's other contribution to B 'Day " fall short of originality but mimic the Chi Lites [ sic ] percussion section [ of " Crazy in Love " ] yet again " , adding , " Harrison is like the Indiana Jones of soul , constantly pulling out forgotten gems of the past for sampling [ ... ] You can 't help but think : Thank God someone wrote music in the past that can be repurposed now . " Harrison wrote " Freakum dress to demonstrate how a sassy item that can help recharge to a relationship " , with Beyoncé and Makeba Riddick also contributing In an interview with USA Today , Beyoncé talked about the content " Freakum Dress " , stating that an outfit which reminds of the best moments in a couple 's life , is a necessity for every woman 's wardrobe . - In June 2006 , Beyoncé invited Tamara of Billboard to a New York recording studio . There she premiered several songs from the album including " Ring the Alarm " ( 2006 ) and " Freakum Dress " , both were cited as possible second singles although in the end it was actually " Ring the Alarm " that became B 'Day 's second single . Beyoncé told that " Freakum Dress " was one of her favorite songs ever . - - = = Music and theme = = - - According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , " Freakum Dress " is a moderate R & B song pacing in common time , written in the key of F major . The verses alternate from the chords of F ♯ and C. The track also draws from the hip hop , funk , and dance @-@ pop genres . Mike Joseph of PopMatters observed that the song shows influences by 1970s funk music , and contains limited elements of 1980s go @-@ go . According to Phil Harrison of , " Freakum Dress " consists of a steady " long crescendo , welding beats and a two @-@ note riff " , accompanied by several genres of music , which he qualified as " multi @-@ tracked " . Spence D. of IGN Music noted that the song consists of frequent whistles as well as crashing cymbal dominated scatter rhythms and a beat which fits the " powerful , loud , confident lines " in which Beyoncé asks for the attention of her man , and urges women to have a beautiful dress to up their sexual life . " Freakum Dress " opens with a spoken introduction . Throughout the song , Beyoncé sings her lines in an assertive manner on shattering hi @-@ hats " and keyboard pulses . - According to Joseph , " Freakum Dress " is thematically similar to " Bills , Bills , Bills " ( 1999 ) and " Say My Name " ( 2000 ) , from the Destiny 's Child era . Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times noted that " Freakum Dress " celebrates showing off . Jon Pareles of The New York Times viewed the concept of the song as not merely having a nice wardrobe to entice men , but it also serves as " a means of self @-@ assertion . " In the song , the female protagonist pulls out her best dress to remind her potentially wandering mate of what he is leaving at home . Rosen of Entertainment Weekly added that Beyoncé also seemingly gives professional advice to women on how to hold a man 's attention in a long @-@ term relationship . She sings : " I think I 'm ready / Been locked up in the house way too long / It 's time to get it , [ be ] cause once again he 's out doing wrong [ ... ] Wear very skimpy clothes ... " . Joseph commented that in the song , Beyoncé is capable of wearing anything to keep her man by her side rather than dumping him . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe added that after having her best dress , Beyoncé eyes other guys in dance clubs to make her own man jealous , in the hope of regaining his attention but she also makes sure that he really pays when he does her wrong . Beyoncé later refers to her " freakum dress " in " Jealous " , a track from her fifth studio album Beyoncé ( 2013 ) . - - = = Reception = = - - The song received mostly positive reviews . Phil Harrison of called " Freakum Dress " a magnificent production thanks to its vocal arrangements and commented that its beat can " drive the boys crazy . " Brian of Rolling Stone magazine wrote that even though " Freakum Dress " is less and produced than " Crazy In Love " ( 2003 ) and songs from the Destiny 's Child era , it remains a good track due to its highly energetic beat . Jaime Gill of Yahoo ! Music called the track " discordant " and " menacing " while Jon Pareles of The New York Times called it " " . On a separate review , Jon Pareles said that the song will remain as one of Beyoncé most memorable tracks thanks to its streak of rage which is " perfectly but " . Bill Lamb of About.com chose " Freakum Dress " as one of the three best songs on the entire record , and called it a powerful , emotionally intensive and energetic track . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian called the song a " " that reminds girls of the significance of having a nice dress in their wardrobe . - Mike Joseph of PopMatters complimented the overall concept of the song but noted that the lyrics do not " radiate " enough warmth . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that Beyoncé has added the term " Freakum Dress " " to the pop lexicon . " Gardner of USA Today said that " self @-@ assurance is evident on a tune on B 'Day called ' Freakum Dress ' " while another review by the staff members of the same magazine complimented the songs sexual imagery stating : " When Ms. Bootylicious [ Beyoncé ] sings of that into a ' Freakum Dress ' , the imagination runs than any video would . Darryl , writing for the Canadian website Jam ! , complimented the song 's " bashing beat and irresistible chorus " . Andy Kellman of Allmusic described " Freakum dress " as a " and marching " track . Calling " Freakum Dress " one of the best dance track that Beyoncé has ever sung , Norman of Magazine chose it as one of the standout songs of the album . While reviewing B 'Day , Chuck Arnold of People magazine wrote , " ' ladies ' anthem ' Freakum Dress ' finds Beyoncé working all her powers over some funk " . " Freakum Dress " reached number twenty @-@ five on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart issue dated September 9 , 2007 . The same day , it also charted on the US Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles at number sixteen . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Concept and filming = = = - - The music video was co @-@ directed by Ray Kay and Beyoncé for the B 'Day Anthology Video Album , which was released the same month : it was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the album . The choreography was done by Danielle and ' , who used a 1980 ’ s retro set . Beyoncé explained the concept of the video at MTV : " It 's probably the most flamboyant video , and the metallic dresses are so beautiful , they added so much color . I had to do a video for this song . Everyone wanted to know what a ' freakum dress ' was , and you can 't really explain it , you have to see it . Everyone has their own version , so we had so many women — of different races , sizes , shapes , ages — because we all have those dresses we pull out when we need to shut it down . " - After two weeks of shooting , Beyoncé decided to call her mother Tina . The latter designed thirty dresses for the video , with eight of them for her daughter . Due to limited time , certain dress were on the spot in approximately ten minutes each by taking fabric from one dress , making a slit in it , it and putting a belt on it . The glasses that Beyoncé wears in the video were borrowed from her make @-@ up artist , . The video was finished in about eighteen hours of filming and it features from America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 1 . Throughout the video , Beyoncé can be seen fixing her hair in a neon mirror and is surrounded by neon @-@ constructed doors , and . It premiered on BET 's 106 & Park and on American Music Channel , among others , before the release of the video anthology . - - = = = Synopsis and reception = = = - - The video begins with Beyoncé dancing in front of a target before moving to her putting on and lipstick next to two other men in a room full of neon framed mirrors . The men then pull a dress onto her and as the chorus begins , she walks by several women dancing on neon boxes before beginning to do a dance routine with them . As the chorus ends , she is shown surrounded by several men in a dark room and dancing in front of @-@ like walls . The video then moves to her walking down a neon catwalk . As the bridge starts , she begins doing a fierce dance routine , while constantly switching dresses . A scene is then shown with her dancers pretending to be swarming her with microphones , before ending with Beyoncé her hair in front of the target . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave a negative review for the video , describing it as " edited " . He further commented that it " plays out like a cheap fashion show for House of instead of the couture @-@ as @-@ weapons anthem it should be " . - - = = Live performances = = - - Although Beyoncé did not perform " Freakum Dress " in any televised appearances , the song was part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience . On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan , where she directly started the song with the line : " Stop , I ain ’ t ready yet — wait , let me fix my hair ... " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the performance , stating : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in . But she was in constant motion , in costumes [ ... ] " . Turner of The Courier @-@ Mail reported that tracks like " Freakum Dress " , " moved fans to screams of " . David Schmeichel of Jam ! wrote that Beyoncé performed a " " version of the song . Anthony of New Jersey On @-@ Line wrote that Beyoncé " boiled over " during the performance of the song . It was included as the third track on Beyoncé 's live album The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) . - It was also part of the set list on the I Am ... World Tour . When Beyoncé performed the song in Sunrise , Florida on June 29 , 2009 , she was wearing a gold . As she sang , animated graphics of , and other club equipment were projected behind Beyoncé , her dancers and musicians . Beyoncé was accompanied by her two drummers , two , a , a horn section , three imposing backup vocalists called the and a lead guitarist , McGill . During the performance , she bent backwards at her guitarist 's feet . of The Sunday Telegraph praised Beyoncé 's dancing during the performance of the song on the I Am ... World Tour . " Freakum Dress " was included as the fourth track on the deluxe edition of I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) . According to Andy Kellman of Allmusic , the performance has a " hard rock overhaul " . - In May , 2012 , Beyoncé performed " Freakum Dress " during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . While singing the song , Beyoncé was wearing a black dress and performed a " strut @-@ heavy " . Dan from The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that " her rock moves on songs like ' Freakum Dress , ' which find her facing off with a leather @-@ lead guitarist , tend to be of the screaming @-@ solo @-@ played @-@ on @-@ a @-@ Flying variety . " Ben of The New York Times mentioned " Freakum Dress " in the " almost continuous high point " of the concert . Jim Farber of Daily News wrote that " The first , and last parts of the show stressed the Beyoncé , told in bold songs " like " Freakum Dress " . Brad , writing for Complex noted that Beyoncé was " her at the audience " while performing the song . The performance of " Freakum Dress " was included on the live album Live in Atlantic City ( 2013 ) which was filmed during the revue . In 2013 the song was a part of the set list during The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . - - = = Usage in media = = - - On June 24 , 2009 , American actress Cameron danced to " Freakum Dress " during the show It 's On with Chung . - lip along to " Freakum Dress " in the fifth episode of the first season of 's Race . - Sullivan references the song in her song " " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits are taken from B 'Day liner notes . - Vocals : Beyoncé Knowles - Writing : Beyoncé Knowles , Rich Harrison , Makeba , Angela - : Rich Harrison , Beyoncé Knowles - Recording : Jim - by : Rob and Jamie - Mixing : Jason Goldstein & Rich Harrison - by : Steve - - - = Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruiser = - - The Derfflinger class was a class of three battlecruisers ( German : ) of the Imperial German Navy . The ships were ordered for the 1912 – 13 Naval Building Program of the German Imperial Navy as a reply to the Royal Navy 's three new Lion @-@ class battlecruisers that had been launched a few years earlier . The preceding Moltke class and the improved Seydlitz represented the end of the evolution of Germany 's first generation of battlecruisers . The Derfflinger class had considerable improvements , including a larger primary armament , all of which was mounted on the centerline , eliminating the restricted arc of the amidships turret . The ships were also larger than the preceding classes . The Derfflinger class used a similar propulsion system , and as a result of the increased displacement were slightly slower . - The class comprised three ships : Derfflinger , Lützow , and Hindenburg . All three of the ships saw active service with the High Seas Fleet during World War I. Derfflinger was commissioned shortly after the outbreak of war , and was present at most of the naval actions in the North Sea , including the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland . Lützow was commissioned in August 1915 , and only participated in the raid on Yarmouth before being sunk at Jutland . Hindenburg was commissioned into the fleet in May 1917 , and saw no major action . Derfflinger and Hindenburg were interned at Scapa Flow following the armistice in November 1918 . Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , who was in command of the interned High Seas Fleet , ordered the ships to be scuttled in an attempt to prevent their possible seizure by the Royal Navy . - - = = Design = = - - The Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruisers were a result of the fourth and final Naval Law , which was passed in 1912 . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz used public over the British involvement in the Crisis of 1911 to pressure the into appropriating additional funds to the Navy . The Fourth Naval Law secured funding for three new dreadnoughts , two light cruisers , and an extra 15 @,@ 000 officers and men in the Navy for 1912 . The three dreadnoughts secured in the bill became Derfflinger , Lützow , and Hindenburg . Design work on the first two ships began in October 1910 and continued until June 1911 ; Hindenburg was built to a slightly modified design , which was created between May and October 1912 . - When design work began , the navy department was asked to submit new requirements to fix deficiencies found in the preceding battlecruiser classes , which primarily covered propulsion systems and the main armament . Previous battlecruisers used a four shaft arrangement for their engines ; reducing the number to three would allow the new ships to equip a diesel engine on the central shaft . This would substantially increase the cruising range , and would ease the transfer of fuel and reduce the number of crew needed to operate the ships ' machinery . The navy department also argued for an increase in the main battery guns , from 28 @-@ centimeter ( 11 in ) guns to 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) weapons . This was because the latest British battleships had thicker main belt armor , up to 300 millimeters ( 12 in ) . Since the German battlecruisers were intended to fight in the line of battle , their armament needed to be sufficiently powerful to penetrate the armor of their British opponents . increases were managed by reducing the number of guns , from 10 to 8 — the increase in gun caliber added only 36 tons to the ships ' displacement . Tirpitz argued against the increase in gun caliber , for he thought the 28 cm gun was powerful enough . - A new construction technique was employed to save weight . Previous battlecruisers were built with a combination of transverse and longitudinal steel frames ; the Derfflinger @-@ class ships with the transverse frames and used only the longitudinal ones . This enabled the ship to retain structural strength and a lower weight . As with all preceding capital ships , the outer hull spaces between the hull wall and the torpedo bulkhead were used for coal storage . - On 1 September 1910 , the design board chose the 30 @.@ 5 cm , to be mounted in four twin turrets on the centerline of the ship . The armor layout was kept the same as in Seydlitz . In the meantime , pressure from the British public and media had forced the British Parliament to step up ship building . Kaiser Wilhelm II requested that the build time for the new battlecruisers be reduced to two years each , as opposed to three years . This proved , because neither the armor or armament firms could supply the necessary materials according to an expedited schedule . - - = = = General characteristics = = = - - Derfflinger and Lützow were 210 m ( ft 0 in ) long at the waterline and 210 @.@ 40 m ( 690 ft 3 in ) long overall . Hindenburg was slightly longer , at 212 @.@ 50 m ( 697 ft 2 in ) at the waterline and 212 @.@ 80 m ( ft 2 in ) overall . All three ships had a beam of 29 m ( 95 ft 2 in ) , and a draft of between 9 @.@ 20 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) forward and 9 @.@ 57 m ( 31 ft 5 in ) aft . The first two ships were designed to displace 26 @,@ 600 tonnes ( 26 @,@ 200 long tons ) with a standard load , and up to 31 @,@ 200 tonnes ( 30 @,@ 700 long tons ) at combat weight . Hindenburg displaced slightly more , at 26 @,@ tonnes ( 26 @,@ 521 long tons ) standard and 31 @,@ 500 tonnes ( 31 @,@ 000 long tons ) fully laden . The ships ' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames , over which the outer hull plates were riveted . Derfflinger 's hull contained 16 compartments , though Lützow and Hindenburg had an additional seventeenth compartment . All three ships had a double bottom that ran for 65 % of the length of the hull . This was a decrease from preceding German battlecruisers , which had a double bottom for at least 75 % of the hull . - The ships were regarded as excellent sea boats by the German navy . The Derfflinger @-@ class ships were described as having had gentle motion , though they were " wet " at the casemate deck . The ships lost up to 65 % speed with the twin rudders hard over , and up to 11 degrees . This was greater than any of the preceding battlecruiser designs , and as a result , anti @-@ roll tanks were fitted to Derfflinger . The three ships had a height of 2 @.@ 60 m ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The standard crew for one of the vessels was 44 officers and 1 @,@ men ; when serving as the flagship for the I Scouting Group , the ships carried an additional 14 officers and 62 men . The carried smaller craft , including one picket boat , three barges , two launches , two , and two . - - = = = Machinery = = = - - By the time construction work on Derfflinger began , it was determined that the diesel engine was not ready for use . Instead , the plan to use a three @-@ shaft system was abandoned and the ships reverted to the standard four @-@ shaft arrangement . Each of the three ships were equipped with two sets of marine @-@ type turbines ; each set drove a pair of 3 @-@ screws that were 3 @.@ 90 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) in diameter on Derfflinger and Lützow and 4 m ( 13 ft 1 in ) in diameter on Hindenburg . Each set consisted of a and low @-@ pressure turbine — the high @-@ pressure machines drove the outer shafts while the low @-@ pressure turbines turned the inner pair . Steam was supplied to the turbines from 14 coal @-@ fired marine @-@ type double boilers and eight oil @-@ fired marine @-@ type double @-@ ended boilers . Each ship was equipped with a pair of @-@ electric generators and a pair of diesel @-@ electric generators that provided a total of 1 @,@ 660 at 220 volts . Each ship was equipped with two rudders . - The engines for first two ships were designed to provide 62 @,@ 138 shaft horsepower ( 46 @,@ kW ) , at 280 per minute . This would have given the two ships a top speed of 26 @.@ 5 knots ( 49 @.@ 1 km / h ; 30 @.@ 5 mph ) . During trials , Derfflinger 's engines achieved 75 @,@ shp ( 56 @,@ 364 kW ) , but a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . Lützow 's engines reached 79 @,@ 880 shp ( 59 @,@ 570 kW ) and a top speed of 26 @.@ 4 knots ( 48 @.@ 9 km / h ; 30 @.@ 4 mph ) . Hindenburg 's power plant was rated at 71 @,@ 015 shp ( 52 @,@ kW ) at 290 rpm , for a top speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) . On trials she reached 94 @,@ 467 shp ( 70 @,@ kW ) and 26 @.@ 6 knots ( 49 @.@ 3 km / h ; 30 @.@ 6 mph ) . Derfflinger could carry 3 @,@ 500 t ( 3 @,@ 400 long tons ) of coal and 1 @,@ 000 t ( 980 long tons ) of oil ; at a cruising speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , she had a range of 5 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 400 km ; 6 @,@ 400 mi ) . Lützow carried 3 @,@ 700 t ( 3 @,@ 600 long tons ) of coal and 1 @,@ 000 tons of oil , though she had no advantage in range over her sister Derfflinger . Hindenburg also stored 3 @,@ 700 tons of coal , as well as 1 @,@ 200 t ( 1 @,@ 200 long tons ) of oil ; her range at 14 knots was rated at 6 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 300 km ; 7 @,@ 000 mi ) . - - = = = Armament = = = - - The Derfflinger @-@ class ships were armed with eight 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) SK L / 50 guns in four twin gun turrets , two forward of the main superstructure in a superfiring pair and two to the rear of the ship , in a similar arrangement . The guns were housed in C / 1912 mounts on the first two ships , and in C / 1913 mounts on Hindenburg . The turrets were trained with electric , while the guns were elevated , up to 13 @.@ 5 degrees . The guns fired 405 @.@ 5 @-@ kilogram ( lb ) armor @-@ piercing shells at a muzzle velocity of meters per second ( 2 @,@ 805 ft / s ) . At 13 @.@ 5 degrees , the shells could hit targets out to 18 @,@ 000 m ( 20 @,@ 000 yd ) . The turrets were modified in 1916 to increase the elevation maximum to 16 degrees . This increased the range to 20 @,@ 400 m ( 22 @,@ 300 yd ) . The ships carried 720 shells , or 90 per gun ; each gun was supplied with 65 armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells and 25 semi @-@ AP shells for use against targets with less armor protection . The 30 @.@ 5 cm gun had a rate of fire of between 2 – 3 shells per minute , and was expected to fire 200 shells before replacement was necessary . The guns were also capable of firing 405 @.@ 9 kg ( @.@ 8 lb ) high explosive shells . The shells were loaded with two C / 12 propellant charges : a main charge in a brass cartridge that weighed 91 kg ( 201 lb ) and a fore charge in a silk bag that weighed 34 @.@ 5 kg ( 76 lb ) . The propellant magazines were located underneath the shell rooms for the two forward turrets as well as the rear superfiring turret ; the arrangement was reversed for the rearmost turret . - The ships were designed to carry fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 45 guns , mounted in casemates along the superstructure . Because Derfflinger had to be fitted with anti @-@ roll tanks , two of the casemated guns had to be removed , to allow enough room in the hull . Lützow and Hindenburg were equipped with the designed number of guns . Each gun was supplied with 160 rounds , and had a maximum range of 13 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 yd ) , though this was later extended to 16 @,@ 800 m ( 18 @,@ 400 yd ) . The guns had a sustained rate of fire of five to seven rounds per minute . The shells were 45 @.@ 3 kg ( 99 @.@ 8 lb ) , and were loaded with a 13 @.@ 7 kg ( 31 @.@ 2 lb ) / 12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge . The guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 740 ft / s ) . The guns were expected to fire around 1 @,@ 400 shells before they needed to be replaced . - The three ships carried a variety of 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 45 guns in several . The Derfflinger @-@ class ships were initially equipped with eight of these weapons , all in single mounts ; four were placed in the forward superstructure and four in the aft superstructure . The ships also carried four 8 @.@ 8 cm Flak L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns , which were around the forward funnel , with the exception of Lützow , which carried the Flak guns around the rear funnel . After 1916 , the four 8 @.@ 8 cm guns in the forward superstructure were removed . The Flak guns were in C / 13 mountings , which allowed depression to − 10 degrees and elevation to 70 degrees . These guns fired 9 kg ( 19 @.@ 8 lb ) shells , and had an effective ceiling of 9 @,@ 150 m ( 30 @,@ ft 8 in ) at 70 degrees . - The ships were also armed with submerged torpedo tubes in their hulls . Derfflinger was equipped with four 50 cm tubes ; the later ships were armed with more powerful 60 cm weapons . The tubes were arranged with one in the bow , one in the stern , and two on the broadside . Derfflinger 's 50 cm torpedoes were the type , 7 @.@ 02 m ( 276 in ) long and armed with a 195 kg ( 430 lb ) warhead . The torpedo had a range of 4 @,@ 000 m ( 4 @,@ 370 yd ) when set at a speed of 37 knots , and up to 9 @,@ 300 m ( 10 @,@ 170 yd ) at 27 knots . The 60 cm torpedoes were the type , which were 8 m long and carried a 210 kg ( 463 lb ) warhead . The torpedoes had a range of 6 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 550 yd ) when set at a speed of 36 knots ; at a reduced speed of 30 knots , the range increased significantly to 14 @,@ 000 m ( 15 @,@ 310 yd ) . - - = = = Armor = = = - - The Derfflinger @-@ class ships were protected with cemented steel armor , as was the standard for German warships of the period . They had an armor belt that was 300 mm ( 12 in ) thick in the central citadel of the ship , where the most important parts of the ship were . This included the ammunition magazines and the machinery spaces . The belt was reduced in less critical areas , to 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) forward and 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) aft . The belt tapered down to 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) at the bow , though the stern was not protected by armor at all . A 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) thick torpedo bulkhead ran the length of the hull , several meters behind the main belt . The main armored deck ranged in thickness from 30 mm thick in less important areas , to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in the sections that covered the more critical areas of the ship . - The forward conning tower was protected with heavy armor : the sides were 300 mm thick and the roof was 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The rear conning tower was less well armored ; its sides were only 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) thick and the roof was covered with 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor plate . The main battery gun turrets were also heavily armored : the turret sides were 270 mm ( 11 in ) thick and the roofs were 110 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) thick . On Hindenburg , the thickness of the turret roofs was increased to 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) . The 15 cm guns had 150 mm @-@ worth of armor plating in the casemates ; the guns themselves had 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick shields to protect their crews from shell splinters . - - = = Construction = = - - Of the three ships in its class , only Derfflinger was ordered as an addition to the fleet , under the provisional name " K " . The other two ships were to intended to replace obsolete vessels ; Lützow was ordered as Ersatz Augusta for the elderly protected cruiser Augusta and the contract for Hindenburg was issued under the provisional name Ersatz , to replace the protected cruiser . - Derfflinger was constructed at & in Hamburg under construction number 213 . She was the least expensive of the three ships , at a cost of 56 million gold marks . The ship was ready to be launched on 14 June 1913 , but during the ceremony , one of the wooden upon which the hull rested became jammed . It took until 12 July for her to enter the water . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 1 September 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of World War I. Lützow was built at the dockyard in Danzig under construction number , at the cost of 58 million gold marks . The ship was launched on 29 November 1913 , and after lengthy trials , commissioned on 8 August 1915 . Hindenburg , the final member of the class , was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , under construction number 34 . The ship was built at a cost of 59 million gold marks , the most expensive of the three vessels . She was launched on 1 August 1915 and commissioned on 10 May 1917 . - - = = Units = = - - - = = = SMS Derfflinger = = = - - Named after Georg von Derfflinger , a German field marshal during the Thirty Years ' War , Derfflinger was commissioned on 1 September 1914 . A dockyard crew transferred the ship from Hamburg to Kiel , via the . The ship was assigned to the I Scouting Group at the end of October . Damage to the ship 's turbines sustained during trials prevented the ship from seeing active service until 16 November . On 15 December , the ship took part in the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . She was also present during the battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915 . The ship was hit once by a 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch shell from one of the British battlecruisers ; in response , she heavily damaged HMS Lion . Repair work was completed by 16 February , but Derfflinger 's starboard turbine was accidentally damaged on 28 June , and the ship was again in the dockyard until August . On 24 April 1916 , Derfflinger took part in the bombardment of Yarmouth . - On 31 May , Derfflinger was heavily engaged during the Battle of Jutland , as the second ship in the German battlecruiser line . She sustained 21 major hits during the battle , but dealt considerable damage to the British battlecruiser force as well . At 16 : 26 , HMS Queen Mary sank after a magazine explosion that tore the ship apart ; she had been targeted with a hail of heavy @-@ caliber gunfire from Derfflinger and Seydlitz . Two hours later , at 18 : 30 , HMS Invincible suffered a similar fate , though Derfflinger was assisted by her sister Lützow . During the engagement , Derfflinger had both of her rear turrets knocked out by British gunfire . Her crew suffered 157 men killed and 26 wounded , which was the highest casualty figure for any German ship not sunk . The of the vessel earned her the nickname " Iron Dog " from her British adversaries . Repair work lasted until 15 October , during which the ship had her pole mast removed and replaced with a tripod mast . The ship conducted training operations until November , at which point she returned to active duty with the fleet . - Following the German capitulation in November 1918 , Derfflinger was interned with a significant portion of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow . On 21 June 1919 , with the guard ships of the Royal Navy out on maneuvers , Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered that the fleet be scuttled . The resulting scuttling of the German fleet saw some 66 vessels of various types sunk . Among those was Derfflinger , which sank at 14 : 45 . The ship was raised in 1939 to be broken up for scrap metal , but the outbreak of World War II intervened . The ship , which remained capsized , was anchored off the island of Risa until 1946 , at which point she was sent to Port , where she was broken up . The ship 's bell was delivered to the German Federal Navy on 30 August 1965 . - - = = = SMS Lützow = = = - - Lützow was named after Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow , a Prussian lieutenant @-@ general who fought during the Napoleonic Wars . The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1915 , and then underwent trials . On 25 October , while still running sea trials , Lützow 's port low pressure turbine were severely damaged . She was sent to Kiel for repairs , which lasted until late January 1916 . The ship went on additional trials that lasted until 19 February . Lützow was by then fully operational , and assigned to the I Scouting Group on 20 March 1916 . She took part in two fleet advances , on 25 March and 21 – 22 April , without any major incidents . The following day , on 23 April , Lützow , along with her sister Derfflinger and the battlecruisers Seydlitz , Moltke , and Von der , bombarded Yarmouth . While en route to the target , Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper 's flagship Seydlitz was heavily damaged by mines . As a result , Lützow was transferred to the role of squadron flagship . During the operation , the German battlecruisers encountered British light forces , and a running battle ensued . Lützow engaged the light cruiser HMS Conquest and hit her several times . - At the Battle of Jutland , she was the first ship in the German line , and Hipper 's flagship , and drew fire from the British battlecruisers which included hits below her waterline . Shortly after the start of the battlecruiser action , Lützow hit her opponent Lion several times ; one hit knocked out Lion 's " Q " turret , and the resulting magazine fire nearly destroyed the ship . Shortly after 19 : 00 , the armored cruisers Defence and Warrior inadvertently ran into the German line ; Lützow opened fire immediately , followed by several German dreadnoughts . In a hail of shells , Defence 's ammunition magazines detonated and the ship was sunk . At around the same time , the fresh battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron engaged their German opposites . Between 19 : 26 and 19 : 34 , Lützow sustained four 12 @-@ inch shell hits in her bow from the British battlecruisers ; these eventually proved to be fatal . Despite this , at 19 : 30 , the combined fire of Lützow and her sister Derfflinger destroyed the battlecruiser Invincible . By 20 : 15 , Lützow had been hit five more times , including hits on her two forward turrets . - By 22 : 15 , Lützow had shipped nearly 2 @,@ 400 tons of water , and the ship was dangerously down by the bows . After midnight , attempts were made to steer the ship in reverse . This failed when the bow became submerged enough to bring the stern out of the water ; by 02 : 20 , the screws and both rudders were coming out of the water and the ship was no longer able to steer . The order to abandon ship was given , and at 02 : 47 , Lützow was sunk by the torpedo boat . The ship was lost because the flooding in the bow could not be controlled ; the forward pump system failed and the central system could not keep up with the rising water . The crew was picked up by four torpedo boats that had been escorting the crippled battlecruiser ; during the battle the ship suffered 116 men killed . - - = = = SMS Hindenburg = = = - - Hindenburg was the last battlecruiser completed for the Imperial German Navy , and as such had a very short career . She was commissioned 10 May 1917 , and was fully operational by 20 October 1917 , too late to see any major action in World War I. On 17 November Hindenburg and Moltke , along with the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group , were acting as distant support for German minesweepers off the German coast when they were attacked by British battlecruisers . The raid was brief ; by the time Hindenburg and Moltke arrived on the scene , the British ships had broken off the attack and withdrawn . Six days later , Hindenburg replaced Seydlitz as flagship of the I Scouting Group . On 23 April 1918 , the ship took part in an abortive fleet advance into the North Sea that attempted to intercept an Allied convoy . Moltke sustained mechanical damage while en route , and as a result , Vice Admiral Hipper decided to cancel the operation . On 11 August , Hipper was promoted to Admiral and given command of the entire High Seas Fleet . Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter replaced Hipper as the commander of the I Scouting Group ; he raised his flag on Hindenburg the following day . - Hindenburg was interned at Scapa Flow , along with her sister Derfflinger and the rest of the German battlecruisers . She was scuttled on 21 June 1919 , and sank at 17 : 00 . Several unsuccessful attempts to raise her were made ; on 23 July 1930 the ship was finally raised . From 1930 to 1932 she was scrapped at Rosyth . Her bell was presented to the German Federal Navy on 28 May 1959 . - - - = O 'Brien @-@ class destroyer = - - The O 'Brien class of destroyers was a class of six ships designed by and built for the United States Navy shortly before the United States entered World War I. The O 'Brien class was the third of five classes of destroyers that were known as the " thousand tonners " , because they were the first U.S. destroyers over 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ t ) displacement . - The design of what became the O 'Brien class was the result of discussions between the General Board of the United States Navy and the U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Ordnance . What resulted was a design that was an incremental development of the Aylwin class , which itself was similar to the first of the thousand tonners , the Cassin class ( which displaced about a third more than the preceding class ) . The key difference in the O 'Brien class was the increase in torpedo size , going up to 21 inches ( 533 mm ) from the preceding classes ' 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedoes . - The ships had a median displacement of 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) , were just over 305 feet ( 93 m ) in length , and had a beam of about 31 feet ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) . All of the ships had two direct @-@ drive steam turbines and a combination of other engines for cruising at speeds less than 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . All of the ships were designed for a maximum speed of 29 knots ( 54 km / h ) . As built , they were armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns and had four twin 21 @-@ inch torpedo tubes with a load of eight torpedoes , but all were later equipped with depth charges . The ships were built by four private American shipyards — Bath Iron Works , Fore River Shipbuilding Company , New York Shipbuilding Corporation , and William Cramp and Sons — and were laid down between September and November 1913 ; launched between April 1914 and February 1915 ; and commissioned into the U.S. Navy between June 1914 and August 1915 . - All six ships operated in the Atlantic or Caribbean until the U.S. entrance into World War I in April 1917 , when all six were sent overseas to Queenstown , Ireland , for convoy escort duties . Several of the ships rescued passengers and crew from ships sunk by U @-@ boats , and several had encounters with U @-@ boats themselves ; Nicholson helped sink U @-@ 58 in November 1917 , the first U @-@ boat sunk by the U.S. Navy . All six members of the class had returned to the United States in January 1919 and were decommissioned by June 1922 . In 1924 , two of the six — Ericsson and McDougal — were commissioned into the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . They were returned to U.S. Navy custody in 1932 and 1933 , respectively . All six ships had been sold for scrapping by June 1936 . - - = = Background = = - - For the 1913 fiscal year , the General Board of the United States Navy determined that six destroyers would be authorized . The design for Destroyers No. 51 through No. 56 — what became the O 'Brien class , was to closely follow the design of the Cassin and Aylwin classes from fiscal year 1912 . The chief of the U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Ordnance ( ) suggested that the new destroyers be equipped with ten torpedo tubes and urged that the new 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo be adopted . The General Board agreed in principle , adopting the 21 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , but eliminated 's proposed centerline torpedo tubes and keeping the number of tubes at eight , the same as the Cassin and Aylwin classes . The additional weight of the larger torpedoes , 5 long tons ( 5 @.@ 1 t ) of top weight , was offset by reducing the planned two aft @-@ facing guns to a single one . This gave the class four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns , which , again , matched the battery of the Cassin and Aylwin classes . The design for the O 'Brien class was approved on 20 August 1912 , and authorized by Congress on 4 March 1913 . - - = = Design = = - - As built , the O 'Brien @-@ class ships were 305 feet 5 inches ( 93 @.@ 09 m ) in length ( overall ) , were 31 feet 2 inches ( 9 @.@ 50 m ) abeam , and had a standard draft of 9 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 90 m ) . The hull shape featured the distinctive high forecastle typical of U.S. destroyer classes since the 1908 – 09 Smith class , the first destroyers designed to be truly ocean @-@ going vessels . The ships displaced between 1 @,@ 020 and 1 @,@ 090 long tons ( 1 @,@ and 1 @,@ 110 t ) with a median of 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) . - The ships were equipped with two propeller shafts and two direct @-@ drive , steam turbines fed by four White @-@ Forster boilers . The power plant of the ships generated 17 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) which drive the ships to the design speed of 29 knots ( 54 km / h ) . Because of inherent of turbines at low speeds , all of the ships were equipped with supplemental cruising engines for travel at speeds under 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . All except Cushing were equipped with supplemental triple @-@ expansion reciprocating engines : O 'Brien , Nicholson , and Winslow each had a pair of reciprocating engines for cruising ; McDougal and Ericsson were outfitted with only one . Instead of reciprocating engines , Cushing was equipped with a pair of geared steam turbines for cruising . - The main battery of the O 'Brien class consisted of four 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) / 50 Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 pounds ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 @-@ pound ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 feet per second ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yards ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) . - The O 'Brien ships were also equipped with four twin 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , for a total load of eight Mark 8 torpedoes . Although the General Board had called for two anti @-@ aircraft guns for the O 'Brien class , they were not originally outfitted with the weapons ; the later Sampson class was the first American destroyer class so armed . Likewise , there is no record of any of the O 'Brien ships being outfitted with mine @-@ laying apparatus . During World War I , most American destroyers were used in anti @-@ submarine warfare roles , and were equipped with depth charges and delivery systems , such as Y @-@ guns and depth charge . O 'Brien @-@ class ships were equipped with depth charges during the war , but no specific mentions of the types of depth charges used or delivery system are recorded in secondary sources . - - = = = Comparisons with other " thousand tonners " = = = - - The " thousand tonners " were the 26 United States Navy destroyers of five classes — Cassin , Aylwin , O 'Brien , Tucker , and Sampson — so named because they were the first U.S. Navy destroyers to have displacements greater than 1 @,@ 000 long tons . The Cassin class , the first of the thousand tonners , displaced about a third more than the preceding class . The introduction of the thousand tonners led to the and other older , smaller displacement destroyers of previous classes to be called " " , a nickname also commonly applied to the Ford Model T. - The O 'Brien class was the third of the five classes of " thousand tonners " . The earlier ( DD @-@ 43 to DD @-@ 46 ) and Aylwin @-@ class ( DD @-@ 47 to DD @-@ 50 ) ships were about the same length as the O 'Brien ships and all had median displacements in the range of 1 @,@ 020 – 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ – 1 @,@ 070 t ) ; the later ( DD @-@ 57 to DD @-@ 62 ) and Sampson @-@ class ( DD @-@ 63 to DD @-@ 68 ) ships were about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) longer and had median displacements of 1 @,@ 090 – 1 @,@ 100 long tons ( 1 @,@ 110 – 1 @,@ 120 t ) . All five classes were armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) guns , but the torpedo size and complement varied . All were equipped with four twin torpedo tubes loaded with eight torpedoes except for the ( which had four triple tubes carrying twelve torpedoes ) , but the Cassin and Aylwin classes were armed with 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedoes . The O 'Brien ships were the first armed with the @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) Mark 8 torpedoes ; the Tucker and Sampson ships also used the 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . The were the only group originally equipped with anti @-@ aircraft guns , a pair of 1 @-@ pounder ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) guns with a caliber of 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) . - - = = Construction = = - - The construction of the six O 'Brien @-@ class ships was allocated to four U.S. . William Cramp constructed a trio of O 'Brien destroyers , while the Fore River Shipbuilding Company , Bath Iron Works , and New York Shipbuilding Corporation built one ship each . The for all six ships were laid down between July and November 1913 , with McDougal being the first and Ericsson the last . All were launched between April 1915 and January 1915 , with McDougal again being the first and Winslow being the last . McDougal was commissioned in June 1914 , two months after her launch ; the rest were commissioned between April and August 1915 , with Cushing the final ship to enter service . The cost of each ship for hull and machinery was $ 790 @,@ 000 . - - = = Ships in class = = - - All six members of the class served in the Atlantic or Caribbean throughout their U.S. Navy careers . In October 1916 , with the United States still neutral in World War I , five of the six class members ( all except Nicholson ) were among the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five ships torpedoed by German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket . - After the United States entered the war in April 1917 , all six class members were sent overseas to Queenstown , Ireland , for convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine duties . McDougal was in the first group of six American destroyers that arrived at Queenstown on 4 May ; Ericsson and Winslow followed in the second group , which arrived thirteen days later , and Cushing , Nicholson , and O 'Brien in the third group , a week after that . Several of the ships had encounters with U @-@ boats during the war : Nicholson , working with Fanning in November 1917 , helped to sink U @-@ 58 , which was the first U @-@ boat sunk by the U.S. Navy ; earlier , in June , O 'Brien had depth @-@ charged U @-@ 16 and was thought by the British Admiralty to have seriously damaged the U @-@ boat , but post @-@ war analysis of records showed that U @-@ 16 survived the attack and returned safely to port . - All six ships returned to the United States in January 1919 and served in various roles over the next two years . Cushing was decommissioned in August 1920 , followed by Nicholson and McDougal in May 1922 , and the remaining three in the following month . In June 1924 , two of the six ships — Ericsson and McDougal — were reactivated for service with the United States Coast Guard 's " Rum Patrol " . Ericsson was returned to the U.S. Navy in May 1932 , and McDougal in June 1933 ; both were sold for scrapping in 1934 . O 'Brien was sold for scrapping in 1935 , and the remaining three in June 1936 . - - = = = USS O 'Brien ( DD @-@ 51 ) = = = - - USS O 'Brien ( Destroyer No. 51 / DD @-@ 51 ) was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in September 1913 and launched in July 1914 . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jeremiah O 'Brien and his five brothers , Gideon , John , William , Dennis , and Joseph who , together on the sloop Unity , captured a British warship during the American Revolutionary War . - After O 'Brien 's May 1915 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , O 'Brien was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . - After returning to the United States in January 1919 , O 'Brien returned to European waters in May to serve as one of the picket ships for the NC @-@ type seaplanes in the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic . O 'Brien was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in March 1935 sold for scrapping in April . - - = = = USS Nicholson ( DD @-@ 52 ) = = = - - USS Nicholson ( Destroyer No. 52 / DD @-@ 52 ) was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in September 1913 and launched in August 1914 . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of five members of the Nicholson family who gave distinguished service in the American Revolutionary War , the War of 1812 , and the American Civil War : brothers James , Samuel , and John Nicholson ; William Nicholson , son of John ; and James W. Nicholson , grandson of Samuel . - After Nicholson 's April 1915 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Nicholson was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . In October 1917 , Nicholson steamed to the rescue of SS J. L. , driving off German submarine U @-@ 62 , which had shelled the American cargo ship for over three hours . In November , Nicholson and another U.S. destroyer , Fanning , were responsible for sinking German submarine U @-@ 58 , the first submarine taken by U.S. forces during the war . In September 1918 , Nicholson helped drive off U @-@ 82 after that U @-@ boat had torpedoed the American troopship Mount Vernon off the coast of France . - Upon returning to the United States after the war , Nicholson was placed in reduced commission in November 1919 . She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in May 1922 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 sold for scrapping in June . - - = = = USS Winslow ( DD @-@ 53 ) = = = - - USS Winslow ( Destroyer No. 53 / DD @-@ 53 ) was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in October 1913 and launched in February 1915 . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of John Winslow , a U.S. Navy officer notable for sinking the Confederate commerce CSS Alabama during the American Civil War . - After Winslow 's August 1915 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Winslow was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . Winslow made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats , and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft . - Upon returning to the United States after the war , Winslow was placed in reduced commission in December 1919 . She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922 . In November she dropped her name to free it for a new destroyer of the same name , becoming known only as DD @-@ 53 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 sold for scrapping in June . - - = = = USS McDougal ( DD @-@ 54 ) = = = - - USS McDougal ( Destroyer No. 54 / DD @-@ 54 ) was laid down by Bath Iron Works of Bath , Maine , in July 1913 and launched in April 1914 . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of David Stockton McDougal , a U.S. Navy officer notable for his leadership during an 1863 battle off Japan while in command of Wyoming . - After McDougal 's June 1914 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 , and carried 6 crewmen from a sunken Dutch cargo ship to Newport , Rhode Island . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , McDougal was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , McDougal made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats , and rescued survivors of ships sunk by the German craft . After a collision with a British cargo ship in February 1918 , McDougal was under repair until mid @-@ July , and afterwards , operated out of Brest , France . - Upon returning to the United States after the war , McDougal conducted operations with the destroyers of the Atlantic Fleet until August 1919 , when she was placed in reserve , still in commission . After a brief stint of operations in mid 1921 , she was placed in reserve until she was decommissioned at Philadelphia in May 1922 . In June 1924 , Ericsson was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name McDougal ( CG @-@ 6 ) until May 1933 , when she was returned to the Navy . In November she dropped her name to free it for a new destroyer of the same name , becoming known only as DD @-@ 54 . She was struck for the Naval Vessel Register in July 1934 sold for scrapping in August . - - = = = USS Cushing ( DD @-@ 55 ) = = = - - USS Cushing ( Destroyer No. 55 / DD @-@ 55 ) was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of , Massachusetts , in September 1913 and launched in January 1915 . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of William B. Cushing , a U.S. Navy officer best known for sinking the Confederate ironclad warship CSS during the American Civil War . - After Cushing 's August 1915 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Cushing was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . Cushing made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats , and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft . - Upon returning to the United States after the war , Cushing was placed in reserve in reduced commission . She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in August 1920 . She was struck for the Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 and was sold for scrapping in June . - - = = = USS Ericsson ( DD @-@ 56 ) = = = - - USS Ericsson ( Destroyer No. 56 / DD @-@ 56 ) was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , in November 1913 and launched in August of the following year . The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of John Ericsson , the Swedish @-@ born builder of the ironclad warship USS during the American Civil War . - After Ericsson 's May 1916 commissioning , she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 , and carried 81 passengers from a sunken British ocean liner to Newport , Rhode Island . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Ericsson was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Ericsson made several unsuccessful attacks on U @-@ boats , and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft . - Upon returning to the United State after the war , Ericsson conducted operations with the destroyers of the Atlantic Fleet until August 1919 , when she was placed in reserve , still in commission . After a brief stint of operations in mid 1921 , she was placed in reserve until she was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922 . In June 1924 , Ericsson was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the " Rum Patrol " . She operated under the name Ericsson ( CG @-@ 5 ) until May 1932 , when she was returned to the Navy . She was sold for scrap in August 1934 . - - - = Who Am I ( Casting Crowns song ) = - - " Who Am I " is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman , it was released on February 22 , 2004 , as the second single from the band 's 2003 self @-@ titled debut album . A pop rock and adult contemporary ballad , the song is based around the piano and utilizes orchestral sounds . Lyrically , the song is centered on worshiping God . The song received positive reviews from music critics upon its release , with several regarding it as one of the best songs on their debut album . - " Who Am I " received the awards for Song of the Year and Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 36th GMA Dove Awards , and it was also nominated for Worship Song of the Year . It achieved success on Christian radio , topping the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts as well as simultaneously peaking atop the Radio & Records Christian AC , Christian CHR , and charts . It has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying sales of over 500 @,@ 000 digital downloads . Casting Crowns has performed the song in concert as well as at special events , and re @-@ recorded the song in 2013 for their acoustic album The Acoustic Sessions : Volume One . - - = = Background and composition = = - - According to Casting Crowns ' lead singer Mark Hall , the idea for " Who Am I " came while he was driving home with his wife and children one night . Hall , who was having personal worship time during the drive , recounts that he wondered " Who am I to think I can just call up to God whenever I want , from the middle of nowhere , and expect Him to hear me ? " Hall says " immediately I started thinking I 'm a new creation , I 'm more than a ... I 'm [ also ] grass , that is rises up and is gone in a day " . In an interview , he commented that " me being a is true , but at the same time I need to understand that my life is a vapor , and me being able to even pray to [ God ] is because of what he 's done for me " . " Who Am I " was produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman . It was recorded at In The Dark Studio in Decatur , Georgia and Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee , and it was engineered by Matt Goldman and Sam Hewitt . - " Who Am I " is a song with a length of five minutes and thirty @-@ five seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , it is in set common time in the key of B major and has a tempo of 66 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of G ♯ 3 to the high note of F ♯ 3 . " Who Am I " has been described as a pop rock and adult contemporary ballad . Based around the piano and featuring orchestral sounds , it begins slowly before building up into a musical crescendo . Lyrically , the song is centered in praising God , relating a theme of without Christ . - - = = Reception = = - - " Who Am I " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Andy of CCM Magazine described the song as a " standout " from the album . Tom Lennie of Cross Rhythms noted it as one of the best songs from their debut album . In 2007 , of Christianity Today described it as one of the many Casting Crowns songs that have become " beloved anthems of the Christian faith " . In 2013 , Roger Gelwicks described it as an " AC radio favorite " but felt it was " dated " . At the 36th GMA Dove Awards , " Who Am I " won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ; It was also nominated for Worship Song of the Year . - " Who Am I " was released to Christian adult contemporary , Christian CHR , and Soft AC / radio on January 22 , 2004 as the second single from the band 's debut album . It spent six weeks atop the Billboard Christian Songs songs chart and two weeks atop the Hot Christian AC chart . It also simultaneously topped the Radio & Records Christian AC , Christian CHR , and charts . In July 26 , 2011 , it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying sales of over 500 @,@ 000 digital downloads . - - = = Live performances and other uses = = - - On October 5 , 2003 at the band 's church in Atlanta , Casting Crowns performed " Who Am I " . This performance was included on their 2004 live album Live from Atlanta . The band performed the song on May 6 , 2004 at the Broadcast Concert of Prayer event , held at International in front of nearly 10 @,@ 000 people ; the band 's performance , along with the rest of those participating in the three @-@ hour event , was nationally on television , radio , and the internet . The band performed the song on October 27 , 2004 at the Pontiac in Detroit , Michigan as part of a Bush @-@ ' 04 campaign rally . The event was attended by around 20 @,@ 000 people . - At a concert at the Giant Center in , Pennsylvania held on April 1 , 2005 , Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list . On July 10 , 2005 at a concert at High School in , Michigan , Casting Crowns performed it as their third song in their set list . At a concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey , Casting Crowns performed an acoustic version of the song . At a concert on November 12 , 2005 in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 's Arena , Casting Crowns performed the song as the thirteenth song in their set . The band performed the song at a February 5 , 2010 concert at the Center in Kansas City , Missouri . In 2009 , the band was invited to perform in North Korea at the 2009 Spring Friendship Art Festival ; the band 's set list at the festival included a Korean @-@ language version of " Who Am I " . - " Who Am I " was included on the 2004 compilation album WOW Hits 2005 , the 2006 compilation album WOW Worship : Aqua , and the 2008 compilation album WOW , as well as the band 's 2004 live album Live from Atlanta . The band re @-@ recorded the song for their 2013 acoustic album The Acoustic Sessions : Volume One ; unlike the original , which featured Mark Hall on lead vocals , the acoustic version features Megan Garrett on lead vocals . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits taken from Allmusic . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = = Certifications = = = - - - = = Release and radio history = = - - - - = We 'll Always Have Paris ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) = - - " We 'll Always Have Paris " is the 24th episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , first aired on May 2 , 1988 , in broadcast syndication . The story and script were both created by Deborah Dean Davis and Hannah Louise Shearer , and the episode was directed by Robert Becker . - Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , the crew respond to a distress call from Dr. Paul Manheim ( Rod Loomis ) . While the crew must deal with the results of Manheim 's experiments with time , Captain Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) must deal with his former love Jenice ( Michelle Phillips ) , who is also Manheim 's wife . - The story of the episode was influenced by the film Casablanca , and was affected by the timing of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . Because of the strike , the script was written in five days and it was only when it was filmed that it was discovered to be incomplete . Shearer was not happy with the result and felt that the on @-@ screen chemistry of Stewart and Phillips was lacking . Reviews of the episode have been mixed , with one reviewer it up by saying " there ’ s nothing I can point to at this episode and say is wrong , but it ’ s one of the more forgettable episodes . " - - = = Plot = = - - The Enterprise , along with other ships in the sector , experience a localized time @-@ distortion , and soon after receive a distress @-@ call from Dr. Paul Manheim in a nearby system . Commander Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) recalls that Manheim was ejected from the Federation Science Institute for conducting unauthorized experiments . They find the distress signal coming from a facility on a surrounded by a force @-@ field . When they make contact with the facility , a woman requests help to save her husband , Dr. Manheim , and lowers the shields . - The two are brought aboard and while Dr. Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) tends to Dr. Manheim , who is having , Picard discovers his wife is Jenice , Picard 's former love from before he decided to join Starfleet . Jenice warns that her husband was working privately in his laboratory , but that she didn 't know what he was working on . She also alerts the crew to numerous security protocols that he has installed at the facilities . As the crew prepares to send an away @-@ team to investigate the laboratory , they experience more time distortions , described by Data ( Brent ) as " Manheim effects " . In one instance Picard , Riker and Data enter a only to see their past conversing outside of the lift . The crew find that they cannot complete a transporter beam to the facility due to the . - Dr. Manheim recovers long enough to explain that he was doing experiments involving time , gravity , and funnels to other , and suspects his last experiment is running out @-@ of @-@ hand . Manheim explains that he is trapped between two dimensions and Data determines that the experiment must be shut down during a time or else it will simply grow larger . Manheim provides the crew with the correct coordinates to beam down to avoid the security fields . Picard admits to Jenice that he worried about losing her again after he left her in Paris , and vows to correct Dr. Manheim 's experiment . - As he is affected less by the distortions , Data is sent down alone and the remaining security measures before entering Manheim 's laboratory . He finds a column of energy emanating from a dimensional matrix , the source of the time distortions . Data , though briefly affected by the time distortions , is able to add anti @-@ matter to the matrix , causing the matrix to stabilize and halt the time distortions . Dr. Manheim fully recovers , and he and Jenice thank Picard and the crew for their help . Picard and Jenice use the holodeck to recreate one more encounter at a Paris café , before she returns with her husband to the planet . - - = = Production = = - - " We 'll Always Have Paris " is named in reference to the Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid film Casablanca . As well as the title of the episode and the love triangle in the story , the Blue Parrot from the film is directly mentioned by Captain Picard . Casablanca was also the basis for the earlier Star Trek : The Original Series novel The , and would be so again in the Deep Space Nine episode " and Loss " . - The story was originally pitched by Hannah Louise Shearer and Deborah Dean Davis , who were also given the job of developing the script . The writing of the episode suffered from the timing of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike , with Shearer and Dean Davis completing the script in five days . The premise of the story was a combination of their idea of a story " about a professor whose work wasn 't appreciated and had to go off on his own " and that of Maurice Hurley who wanted a story with a time anomaly . The final draft was dated 22 February and featured numerous differences from the filmed version , including Jenice being called Laura , a number of different interactions for the crew , and Riker , Worf and Data all being involved in shutting down Manheim 's equipment . The script was finalised a week before the episode was filmed , but the writers strike caused further issues when it was discovered during filming that the scene where Data was to fix the time distortions hadn 't been completed . - Robert Legato and Rick Berman spent forty minutes on the telephone with Shearer during the strike . While she refused to write the lines during the strike , Berman suggested dialogue and Shearer would give opinions with Legato taking down handwritten notes . Legato decided on the directing notes himself , and used a whip pan shot instead of an effects shot to film the three as director Robert Becker had never used effects shots previously . Shearer wasn 't happy with the final result , saying " we were writing the most romantic episode in the world " but that " it was toned down 75 % " . - Shearer later complained of a lack of chemistry between Michelle Phillips and Patrick Stewart , which Phillips blamed on the conflicted nature of the character in that she was committed to her husband but also wanted to see Picard once more . Phillips , a Star Trek fan , is better known for being a member of the 1960s group The & the . Rod Loomis ' previous science fiction outing was in Bill and Ted 's Adventure as Sigmund Freud , and Lance would later return in " The Icarus Factor " where his transporter chief gained the name Ensign Herbert . The image of 24th century Paris was a matte painting which was re @-@ used in Star Trek VI : The Country where it was hung outside the office of the Federation president . - - = = Reception = = - - " We 'll Always Have Paris " aired in broadcast syndication during the week commencing May 5 , 1988 . It received Nielsen ratings of 9 @.@ 7 , reflecting the percentage of all households watching the episode during its timeslot . This was the same ratings received as the previous episode , " Skin of Evil " . - Several reviewers re @-@ watched the episode after the end of the series . Michelle Erica Green reviewed the episode on behalf of TrekNation in September 2007 , comparing certain elements of the episode to Casablanca and the series finale " All Good Things ... " . These included the ending where time distortions caused Data to be replicated three time in " We 'll Always Have Paris " compared to the similar situation with three in " All Good Things ... " . Overall she thought that the episode was better than she recalled previously . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " described the episode as too simple , especially the ending which he said was " they give Data a , which he sticks into a hall of mirrors ; problem solved " . - Zack , reviewing the episode for The A.V. Club in May 2010 , said that he enjoyed the " time " in the episode , but that he wasn 't a fan of the romance between Jenice and Picard . He also felt that there wasn 't much follow up on Manheim 's experiments and that he seemed to be left to cause a more serious accident in the future . Keith DeCandido watched the episode for in July 2011 . He thought that Michele Phillips was " incredibly " , and said , " there ’ s nothing I can point to at this episode and say is wrong , but it ’ s one of the more forgettable episodes " , giving it a score of four out of ten . - - = = Home media release = = - - The first home media release of " We 'll Always Have Paris " was on VHS cassette was on July 1 , 1992 in the United States and Canada . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one DVD box set , released in March 2002 , and was released as part of the season one Blu @-@ ray set on July 24 , 2012 . - - - = Burn = - - A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues , caused by heat , cold , electricity , chemicals , friction , or radiation . Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids , solids , or fire . Among women in many areas of the world the risk is related to the use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook . and smoking are other risk factors . Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people . - Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first @-@ degree burns . They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days . When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer , it is a partial @-@ thickness or second @-@ degree burn . are frequently present and they are often very painful . Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur . In a full @-@ thickness or third @-@ degree burn , the injury extends to all layers of the skin . Often there is no pain and the burn area is stiff . Healing typically does not occur on its own . A fourth @-@ degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues , such as muscle , tendons , or bone . The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part . - Burns are generally . Treatment depends on the severity of the burn . burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication , while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers . with tap water may help pain and decrease damage ; however , prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature . Partial @-@ thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water , followed by dressings . It is not clear how to manage blisters , but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large . Full @-@ thickness burns usually require surgical treatments , such as skin . Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid , due to fluid leakage and tissue swelling . The most common complications of burns involve infection . should be given if not up to date . - In 2013 , fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries . This resulted in about 2 @.@ 9 million and 238 @,@ 000 dying . Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world , particularly in Southeast Asia . While large burns can be fatal , treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes , especially in children and young adults . In the United States , approximately 96 % of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries . Burns occur at similar frequencies in men and women . The long @-@ term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected . - - = = Signs and symptoms = = - - The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth . burns cause pain lasting two or three days , followed by of the skin over the next few days . Individuals suffering from more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain . Full @-@ thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture . While superficial burns are typically red in color , severe burns may be pink , white or black . Burns around the mouth or hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the have occurred , but these findings are not definitive . More worrisome signs include : shortness of breath , , and or . is common during the healing process , occurring in up to 90 % of adults and nearly all children . or may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury . Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress . - - = = Cause = = - - Burns are caused by a variety of external sources classified as thermal ( heat @-@ related ) , chemical , electrical , and radiation . In the United States , the most common causes of burns are : fire or flame ( 44 % ) , scalds ( 33 % ) , hot objects ( 9 % ) , electricity ( 4 % ) , and chemicals ( 3 % ) . Most ( 69 % ) burn injuries occur at home or at work ( 9 % ) , and most are accidental , with 2 % due to assault by another , and 1 @-@ 2 % resulting from a suicide attempt . These sources can cause inhalation injury to the and / or lungs , occurring in about 6 % . - Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor . Smoking is a risk factor , although alcohol use is not . Fire @-@ related burns are generally more common in colder climates . Specific risk factors in the developing world include cooking with open fires or on the floor as well as developmental disabilities in children and chronic diseases in adults . - - = = = = = = - - In the United States , fire and hot liquids are the most common causes of burns . Of house fires that result in death , smoking causes 25 % and heating devices cause 22 % . Almost half of injuries are due to efforts to fight a fire . is caused by hot liquids or gases and most commonly occurs from exposure to hot drinks , high temperature tap water in or showers , hot cooking oil , or steam . injuries are most common in children under the age of five and , in the United States and Australia , this population makes up about two @-@ thirds of all burns . Contact with hot objects is the cause of about 20 @-@ 30 % of burns in children . Generally , scalds are first- or second @-@ degree burns , but third @-@ degree burns may also result , especially with prolonged contact . are a common cause of burns during holiday seasons in many countries . This is a particular risk for adolescent males . - - = = = Chemical = = = - - Chemicals cause from 2 to 11 % of all burns and contribute to as many as 30 % of burn @-@ related deaths . Chemical burns can be caused by over 25 @,@ 000 substances , most of which are either a strong base ( 55 % ) or a strong acid ( 26 % ) . Most chemical burn deaths are secondary to ingestion . Common agents include : sulfuric acid as found in toilet , sodium as found in , and halogenated as found in paint , among others . acid can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure . acid may cause the breakdown of significant numbers of red blood cells . - - = = = Electrical = = = - - Electrical burns or injuries are classified as high voltage ( greater than or equal to 1000 volts ) , low voltage ( less than 1000 volts ) , or as flash burns secondary to an electric arc . The most common causes of electrical burns in children are electrical ( 60 % ) followed by electrical outlets ( 14 % ) . Lightning may also result in electrical burns . Risk factors for being struck include involvement in outdoor activities such as mountain climbing , golf and field sports , and working outside . from a lightning strike is about 10 % . - While electrical injuries primarily result in burns , they may also cause fractures or secondary to blunt force trauma or muscle . In high voltage injuries , most damage may occur internally and thus the extent of the injury cannot be judged by examination of the skin alone . Contact with either low voltage or high voltage may produce cardiac or cardiac arrest . - - = = = Radiation = = = - - Radiation burns may be caused by protracted exposure to ultraviolet light ( such as from the sun , tanning or arc welding ) or from ionizing radiation ( such as from radiation therapy , X @-@ rays or radioactive fallout ) . Sun exposure is the most common cause of radiation burns and the most common cause of superficial burns overall . There is significant variation in how easily people based on their skin type . Skin effects from ionizing radiation depend on the amount of exposure to the area , with hair loss seen after 3 Gy , seen after 10 Gy , wet skin after 20 Gy , and after 30 Gy . , if it occurs , may not appear until some time after exposure . Radiation burns are treated the same as other burns . burns occur via thermal heating caused by the . While exposures as short as two seconds may cause injury , overall this is an uncommon occurrence . - - = = = Non accidental = = = - - In those hospitalized from scalds or fire burns , 3 – 10 % are from assault . Reasons include : child abuse , personal disputes , spousal abuse , elder abuse , and business disputes . An immersion injury or immersion may indicate child abuse . It is created when an or the lower body ( or ) is held under the surface of hot water . It typically produces a sharp upper border and is often symmetrical . Other high @-@ risk signs of potential abuse include : burns , the absence of splash marks , a burn of uniform depth , and association with other signs of neglect or abuse . - Bride burning , a form of domestic violence , occurs in some cultures , such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate dowry . In Pakistan , acid burns represent 13 % of intentional burns , and are frequently related to domestic violence . Self @-@ ( setting oneself on fire ) is also used as a form of protest in various parts of the world . - - = = = = - - At temperatures greater than 44 ° C ( 111 ° F ) , proteins begin losing their three @-@ dimensional shape and start breaking down . This results in cell and tissue damage . Many of the direct health effects of a burn are secondary to disruption in the normal functioning of the skin . They include disruption of the skin 's sensation , ability to prevent water loss through evaporation , and ability to control body temperature . of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium . - In large burns ( over 30 % of the total body surface area ) , there is a significant inflammatory response . This results in increased leakage of fluid from the , and subsequent tissue . This causes overall blood volume loss , with the remaining blood suffering significant plasma loss , making the blood more concentrated . blood flow to organs such as the and gastrointestinal tract may result in renal failure and stomach . - Increased levels of and can cause a hypermetabolic state that can last for years . This is associated with increased cardiac output , metabolism , a fast heart rate , and poor immune function . - - = = Diagnosis = = - - Burns can be classified by depth , mechanism of injury , extent , and associated injuries . The most commonly used classification is based on the depth of injury . The depth of a burn is usually determined via examination , although a may also be used . It may be difficult to accurately determine the depth of a burn on a single examination and repeated examinations over a few days may be necessary . In those who have a headache or are dizzy and have a fire @-@ related burn , carbon monoxide poisoning should be considered . Cyanide poisoning should also be considered . - - = = = Size = = = - - The size of a burn is measured as a percentage of total body surface area ( TBSA ) affected by partial thickness or full thickness burns . First @-@ degree burns that are only red in color and are not blistering are not included in this . Most burns ( 70 % ) involve less than 10 % of the TBSA . - There are a number of methods to determine the TBSA , including the Wallace rule of , Lund and chart , and based on a person 's palm size . The rule of is easy to remember but only accurate in people over 16 years of age . More accurate estimates can be made using Lund and charts , which take into account the different proportions of body parts in adults and children . The size of a person 's ( including the palm and fingers ) is approximately 1 % of their TBSA . - - = = = = = = - - To determine the need for referral to a specialized burn unit , the American Burn Association devised a classification system . Under this system , burns can be classified as major , moderate and minor . This is assessed based on a number of factors , including total body surface area affected , the involvement of specific anatomical zones , the age of the person , and associated injuries . Minor burns can typically be managed at home , moderate burns are often managed in hospital , and major burns are managed by a burn center . - - = = Prevention = = - - Historically , about half of all burns were deemed . Burn prevention programs have significantly decreased rates of serious burns . measures include : limiting hot water temperatures , smoke alarms , systems , proper construction of buildings , and fire @-@ resistant clothing . Experts recommend setting water below 48 @.@ 8 ° C ( 119 @.@ 8 ° F ) . Other measures to prevent scalds include using a to measure bath water temperatures , and splash guards on . While the effect of the regulation of fireworks is unclear , there is tentative evidence of benefit with recommendations including the limitation of the sale of fireworks to children . - - = = Management = = - - begins with the assessment and stabilization of the person 's , breathing and circulation . If inhalation injury is suspected , early may be required . This is followed by care of the burn wound itself . People with extensive burns may be wrapped in clean sheets until they arrive at a hospital . As burn wounds are prone to infection , a shot should be given if an individual has not been within the last five years . In the United States , 95 % of burns that present to the emergency department are treated and discharged ; 5 % require hospital admission . With major burns , early feeding is important . may be useful in addition to traditional treatments . - - = = = Intravenous fluids = = = - - In those with poor tissue , of solution should be given . In children with more than 10 @-@ 20 % TBSA burns , and adults with more than 15 % TBSA burns , formal fluid resuscitation and monitoring should follow . This should be begun pre @-@ hospital if possible in those with burns greater than 25 % TBSA . The formula can help determine the volume of intravenous fluids required over the first 24 hours . The formula is based on the affected individual 's TBSA and weight . Half of the fluid is administered over the first 8 hours , and the remainder over the following 16 hours . The time is calculated from when the burn occurred , and not from the time that fluid resuscitation began . Children require additional maintenance fluid that includes glucose . Additionally , those with inhalation injuries require more fluid . While inadequate fluid resuscitation may cause problems , over @-@ resuscitation can also be detrimental . The formulas are only a guide , with ideally tailored to a urinary output of > 30 / h in adults or > / kg in children and mean arterial pressure greater than 60 . - While 's solution is often used , there is no evidence that it is superior to normal . fluids appear just as good as fluids , and as are more expensive they are not recommended . Blood transfusions are rarely required . They are typically only recommended when the level falls below 60 @-@ 80 g / L ( 6 @-@ 8 g / ) due to the associated risk of complications . Intravenous may be placed through burned skin if needed or may be used . - - = = = care = = = - - Early cooling ( within 30 minutes of the burn ) reduces burn depth and pain , but care must be taken as over @-@ cooling can result in . It should be performed with cool water 10 – 25 ° C ( 50 @.@ 0 – 77 @.@ 0 ° F ) and not ice water as the latter can cause further injury . Chemical burns may require extensive irrigation . with soap and water , removal of dead tissue , and application of dressings are important aspects of wound care . If intact blisters are present , it is not clear what should be done with them . Some tentative evidence supports leaving them intact . Second @-@ degree burns should be re @-@ evaluated after two days . - In the management of first and second @-@ degree burns , little quality evidence exists to determine which dressing type to use . It is reasonable to manage first @-@ degree burns without dressings . While topical antibiotics are often recommended , there is little evidence to support their use . Silver ( a type of antibiotic ) is not recommended as it potentially healing time . There is insufficient evidence to support the use of dressings containing silver or negative @-@ pressure wound therapy . - - = = = = = = - - Burns can be very painful and a number of different options may be used for pain management . These include simple ( such as and ) and such as morphine . may be used in addition to to help with anxiety . During the healing process , , , or stimulation may be used to aid with . , however , are only effective for this purpose in 20 % of people . There is tentative evidence supporting the use of and its use may be reasonable in those who do not improve with . Intravenous requires more study before it can be recommended for pain . - Intravenous antibiotics are recommended before surgery for those with extensive burns ( > 60 % TBSA ) . As of 2008 , guidelines do not recommend their general use due to concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and the increased risk of fungal infections . evidence , however , shows that they may improve survival rates in those with large and severe burns . has not been found effective to prevent or treat anemia in burn cases . In burns caused by acid , calcium is a specific antidote and may be used and / or . human growth hormone ( ) in those with burns that involve more than 40 % of their body appears to speed healing without affecting the risk of death . - - = = = = = = - - requiring surgical closure with skin or flaps ( typically anything more than a small full thickness burn ) should be dealt with as early as possible . burns of the limbs or chest may need urgent surgical release of the skin , known as an . This is done to treat or prevent problems with distal circulation , or ventilation . It is uncertain if it is useful for neck or digit burns . may be required for electrical burns . - - = = = Alternative medicine = = = - - has been used since ancient times to aid wound healing and may be beneficial in first- and second @-@ degree burns . There is tentative evidence that honey helps heal partial thickness burns . The evidence for is of poor quality . While it might be beneficial in reducing pain , and a review from 2007 found tentative evidence of improved healing times a subsequent review from 2012 did not find improved healing over silver . There were only three randomized controlled trials for the use of plants for burns , two for and one for . - There is little evidence that E helps with or scarring . is not recommended . In low income countries , burns are treated up to one @-@ third of the time with traditional medicine , which may include applications of eggs , mud , leaves or cow dung . management is limited in some cases due to insufficient financial resources and availability . There are a number of other methods that may be used in addition to to reduce procedural pain and anxiety including : virtual reality therapy , hypnosis , and behavioral approaches such as distraction techniques . - - = = = = - - The prognosis is worse in those with larger burns , those who are older , and those who are females . The presence of a smoke inhalation injury , other significant injuries such as long bone fractures , and serious co @-@ ( e.g. heart disease , diabetes , psychiatric illness , and intent ) also influence prognosis . On average , of those admitted to United States burn centers , 4 % die , with the outcome for individuals dependent on the extent of the burn injury . For example , with burn areas less than 10 % TBSA had a mortality rate of less than 1 % , while with over 90 % TBSA had a mortality rate of 85 % . In Afghanistan , people with more than 60 % TBSA burns rarely survive . The score has historically been used to determine prognosis of major burns . However , with improved care , it is no longer very accurate . The score is determined by adding the size of the burn ( % TBSA ) to the age of the person , and taking that to be more or less equal to the risk of death . Burns in 2013 resulted in 1 @.@ 2 million years lived with disability and 12 @.@ 3 million disability adjusted life years . - - = = = = = = - - A number of complications may occur , with infections being the most common . In order of frequency , potential complications include : pneumonia , , urinary tract infections and respiratory failure . Risk factors for infection include : burns of more than 30 % TBSA , full @-@ thickness burns , extremes of age ( young or old ) , or burns involving the legs or . occurs particularly commonly in those with inhalation injuries . - secondary to full thickness burns of greater than 10 % TBSA is common . Electrical burns may lead to compartment syndrome or due to muscle breakdown . Blood in the veins of the legs is estimated to occur in 6 to 25 % of people . The hypermetabolic state that may persist for years after a major burn can result in a decrease in bone density and a loss of muscle mass . may form subsequent to a burn , particularly in those who are young and dark skinned . Following a burn , children may have significant psychological trauma and experience post @-@ traumatic stress disorder . may also result in a disturbance in body image . In the developing world , significant burns may result in social isolation , extreme poverty and child abandonment . - - = = Epidemiology = = - - In 2013 fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries . This resulted in about 2 @.@ 9 million and 238 @,@ 000 dying . This is down from 300 @,@ 000 deaths in 1990 . This makes it the 4th leading cause of injuries after motor vehicle collisions , falls , and violence . About 90 % of burns occur in the developing world . This has been attributed partly to overcrowding and an unsafe cooking situation . Overall , nearly 60 % of fatal burns occur in Southeast Asia with a rate of 11 @.@ 6 per 100 @,@ 000 . The number of fatal burns has increased from 280 @,@ 000 in 1990 to 338 @,@ 000 in 2010 . - In the developed world , adult males have twice the mortality as females from burns . This is most probably due to their higher risk occupations and greater risk @-@ taking activities . In many countries in the developing world , however , females have twice the risk of males . This is often related to accidents in the kitchen or domestic violence . In children , deaths from burns occur at more than ten times the rate in the developing than the developed world . Overall , in children it is one of the top fifteen leading causes of death . From the 1980s to 2004 , many countries have seen both a decrease in the rates of fatal burns and in burns generally . - - = = = Developed countries = = = - - An estimated 500 @,@ 000 burn injuries receive medical treatment yearly in the United States . They resulted in about 3 @,@ 300 deaths in 2008 . Most burns ( 70 % ) and deaths from burns occur in males . The highest incidence of fire burns occurs in those 18 – 35 years old , while the highest incidence of scalds occurs in children less than five years old and adults over 65 . Electrical burns result in about 1 @,@ 000 deaths per year . Lightning results in the death of about 60 people a year . In Europe , intentional burns occur most commonly in middle aged men . - - = = = countries = = = - - In India , about 700 @,@ 000 to 800 @,@ 000 people per year sustain significant burns , though very few are looked after in specialist burn units . The highest rates occur in women 16 – 35 years of age . Part of this high rate is related to unsafe kitchens and loose @-@ fitting clothing typical to India . It is estimated that one @-@ third of all burns in India are due to clothing catching fire from open flames . burns are also a common cause and occur at high rates in young women , secondary to domestic violence and self @-@ harm . - - = = History = = - - Cave paintings from more than 3 @,@ 500 years ago document burns and their management . The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys , and the 1500 BCE Edwin Smith describes treatments using honey and the of resin . Many other treatments have been used over the ages , including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE , pig fat and vinegar by documented to 400 BCE , and wine and by documented to 100 CE . French barber @-@ surgeon Ambroise was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the . Guillaume expanded these degrees into six different in 1832 . - The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London , England and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s . During World War I , Henry D. and Alexis developed standards for the cleaning and of burns and wounds using sodium solutions , which significantly reduced mortality . In the 1940s , the importance of early excision and skin was acknowledged , and around the same time , fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed . In the 1970s , researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns . - - - = Tropical Storm Brenda ( 1960 ) = - - Tropical Storm Brenda was the second named storm of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season . It developed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on July 28 , and after moving ashore over the Florida Peninsula , it attained tropical storm status . Brenda accelerated northeast along the U.S. East Coast , ultimately peaking as a moderate storm with winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) before crossing the Mid @-@ Atlantic states and New England ; it dissipated on July 31 over southern Canada . The storm inflicted moderate damage in Florida , the worst since Hurricane Easy of 1950 , and dropped heavy rainfall as far north as New York City . Total damage is estimated at US $ 5 million , and only indirect deaths are blamed on the cyclone . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - A weak low @-@ pressure area that organized in the northeast Gulf of Mexico began to intensify on July 28 , while located west of the Tampa Bay . Early in its life , the system had a broad circulation with primarily light winds , similar to that of a subtropical storm . The storm is estimated to have become a tropical depression earlier the previous day as it moved toward the northeast . It made landfall along the Florida coast near Cross City and continued inland , gradually accelerating . It likely attained tropical storm status at around 1200 UTC on July 28 while its center was situated west of Tampa . The cyclone was named Brenda after reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that it had reached tropical storm strength . - Brenda tracked northward , hugging the Georgia and South Carolina coasts before moving inland over North Carolina . It attained its peak winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in the late evening of July 29 , while situated south of Wilmington . Several hours later , the storm emerged over the Chesapeake Bay moving northeast at about 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) . Brenda crossed the Peninsula and rapidly tracked into southern New Jersey . The storm crossed the state and eventually made another landfall on Long Island before making yet another landfall in coastal Connecticut . - At around 0000 UTC on July 31 , Brenda moved into Massachusetts . Shortly thereafter , it lost its tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . It dissipated by August 1 over southern Canada . Because Brenda was in the vicinity of land for most of its course , it was not able to intensify beyond tropical storm status . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - In advance of the storm , tropical storm advisories and wind warnings were issued from Florida to Maine . - Rainfall from Tropical Storm Brenda affected at least 16 states . The heaviest precipitation fell in western Florida near Tampa , east of the storm 's center ; the Tampa International Airport recorded 14 @.@ 57 in ( 370 mm ) of rainfall . Extensive flooding occurred in the west @-@ central Florida Peninsula . Wind gusts exceeded 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , and the storm produced 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) high waves along the coast , leading to considerable erosion . However , storm tides were not severe . Around the Naples area , Brenda 's effects were primarily light , although small boat and dock facilities and roads sustained some damage . A private seawall at Clearwater was breached in two places by the cyclone . - Brenda was considered the worst storm to strike the area since Hurricane Easy in 1950 . While no casualties are directly blamed on the storm , at least one traffic @-@ related death took place . According to an American Red Cross Disaster Service report encompassing eight Florida counties , 11 houses sustained significant damage , while suffered more minor damage . Around 590 families were affected overall . Total monetary damage is placed at near $ 5 million . - Tides along the Outer Banks of North Carolina were generally reported at 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) above @-@ normal . In and around Wilmington , the storm caused minor damage to roofs and windows of some beachfront structures . Power was temporarily interrupted due to fallen tree limbs . Heavy rainfall caused flooding on streams and rivers , and in some areas the precipitation helped to end a serious drought . Some boats were swamped , and the winds ripped the roof off a cottage at Long Beach . The heavy rain and high tides flooded tobacco fields . - Moderate rains extended northward into the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , with lighter totals reported farther north in New York . At New York City , 4 @.@ 79 in ( 122 mm ) of precipitation fell , beating the one @-@ day July record of 3 @.@ 80 in ( 97 mm ) set in 1872 . The heavy rains flooded parts of Airport . Elsewhere , reports of 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) were common throughout New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland and Virginia . High winds also affected portions of the northeastern United States , gusting to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) across southern New England . Tides often ran 3 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) above @-@ normal throughout the region . The storm caused travel delays and ran several ships aground , but otherwise inflicted little serious damage . The storm forced the cancellation of two American League baseball games and the of several other sporting events . - - - = Stanley Price Weir = - - Brigadier General Stanley Price Weir , DSO , , JP ( 23 April 1866 – 14 November 1944 ) was a public servant and Australian Army officer . During World War I , he commanded the 10th Battalion of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) during the landing at Anzac Cove and the subsequent Gallipoli Campaign , and during the Battles of Pozières and Mouquet Farm in France . - Weir returned to Australia at his own request in late 1916 at the age of 50 , and in 1917 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and was mentioned in dispatches for his performance at Pozières and Mouquet Farm . He went on to become the first South Australian Public Service Commissioner . He was given an honorary promotion to brigadier general on his retirement from the Australian Military Forces in 1921 . Weir was retired as public service commissioner in 1931 . In retirement he contributed to various benevolent and charitable organisations , and died in 1944 . - - = = Early life = = - - Weir was born in Norwood , South Australia , on 23 April 1866 , a son of Alfred Weir and Mary ( née Price ) . His father was a carpenter , who had emigrated to South Australia from Aberdeen , Scotland , in 1839 , two years after the colony was founded . Weir attended Moore 's School , the Norwood Public School , and Pulteney Street Grammar School . In 1879 , at the age of 13 , he joined the General 's Department as an office assistant . He assisted the surveyor who out the land at the rear of Government House , Adelaide , for the Torrens Parade Ground , and was later promoted to clerk . On 14 May 1890 , he married Rosa at the Christian Chapel , Norwood . He rose through the department to be appointed Survey , of Plans and of Government Motor Cars , on 1 July 1911 . He was appointed a justice of the peace on 10 September 1914 . - - = = Early military service = = - - Weir enlisted in the part @-@ time South Australian Volunteer Military Force in March 1885 , joining the 1st Battalion , Adelaide Rifles , as a private . By 1890 , he had been promoted to colour sergeant . He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion , Adelaide Rifles , on 19 March 1890 , and was promoted to captain on 25 May 1893 . When the South African War broke out he volunteered for service with the South Australian 's Corps , but mounted officers were preferred , and he was not selected . - On 1 July 1903 , the Adelaide Rifles became the 10th Infantry Regiment of the Commonwealth Military Forces , and Weir was appointed adjutant . He was promoted to major on 1 January 1904 , and appointed as regimental second @-@ in @-@ command . He was awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1905 , and the Volunteer Officers ' Decoration in 1908 . On 22 June 1908 , Weir was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed the commanding officer of the 10th Infantry Regiment . On 1 January 1912 , he was transferred to the list but this only lasted until 1 July , when the universal training scheme was introduced . He was soon appointed to command the 19th Infantry Brigade , and on 9 September 1913 he was promoted to colonel . - - = = World War I = = - - On 12 August 1914 , Weir received a telegram from Colonel Sinclair @-@ Maclagan , the designated commander of the 3rd Brigade , offering him the command of the 10th Battalion . Weir promptly accepted , and on 17 August was appointed as a lieutenant colonel in the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) , making him the first South Australian to be commissioned in the AIF . He retained his rank of colonel in the part @-@ time forces in an honorary capacity . - - = = = Gallipoli = = = - - Weir assembled and trained his battalion at the Racecourse , then embarked with them on the transport on 20 October 1914 as the first convoy of Australian troops departed for overseas service . On arrival in Fremantle , six companies of the 11th Battalion were embarked on the transport , and Weir was appointed Officer Commanding Troops for the voyage . The troops began disembarking at Alexandria on 6 December 1914 , and were entrained for Cairo , where they began to set up camp at Mena . The Australian Official War Historian , Charles Bean , described Weir as being " somewhat above average in years " for a battalion commander . Following the Allied decision to land a force on the Gallipoli Peninsula , the 3rd Brigade was selected as the covering force for the landing at Anzac Cove . The 10th Battalion embarked for the Greek island of Lemnos in the northern Aegean Sea on 1 March 1915 , and after further training on Lemnos , the battalion was one of the first two battalions ashore on the morning of 25 April 1915 . - During the landing , when the boats carrying the lead elements of the battalion were around 40 yards ( 37 m ) from shore , according to Bean , Weir observed to another officer in his boat that everything was silent , but soon after Ottoman troops began firing at the landing force . Weir landed with the scout platoon , and urged both his men and those of the 9th Battalion to immediately begin climbing the cliffs that overlooked the beach . Weir , along with " B " and " C " Companies of the battalion , reached what later became known as " Plugge 's Plateau " . Heavy fighting followed the initial landing and , within five days , half of Weir 's battalion had been killed or wounded . The Australian and New Zealand advance inland from Anzac Cove was subsequently checked by the defending Ottoman forces and was eventually contained in a small beachhead inside a series of ridges that ranged around the . Weir was the only commanding officer from the 3rd Brigade to go forward of the first ridge , and a ridge running off the 400 Plateau subsequently became known as " Weir Ridge " . - As stalemate set in , Weir continued to command his battalion throughout the early stages of the campaign until 25 August , when he was appointed acting brigadier general and placed in command of the 3rd Brigade . On 11 September , he became ill and was evacuated to Malta , where he was admitted to hospital . He was subsequently evacuated to the United Kingdom , where he until January 1916 , when he was appointed commandant of the Australian reinforcement camp at , Dorset . - - = = = Western Front = = = - - Weir 's health had not completely recovered by the time he embarked for Egypt , and he rejoined his battalion on 4 March 1916 . After his departure , the 10th had fought through the remainder of the campaign before being withdrawn along with the rest of the Allied force in December 1915 . The battalion was subsequently moved back to Egypt . In mid @-@ 1916 , the bulk of the AIF was transferred to the Western Front , and Weir led the 10th Battalion through July and August 1916 during the Battles of Pozières and Mouquet Farm . At Pozières , the battalion suffered 350 casualties in four days . By the time of the battle , Weir was the only original battalion commander remaining in the 1st Australian Division , and had turned 50 years of age . On 23 August , immediately after Mouquet Farm , Weir was again appointed acting commander of the 3rd Brigade . , on 7 September 1916 he asked to be relieved , and his request was granted . He returned to Australia on 23 September 1916 , and his AIF appointment was terminated on 14 December . In the Australian official history of the war , Bean observed that despite his age , Weir " took his battalion into the front line , commanded it there throughout its first battle , and remained longer in the field than almost any of the senior militia officers who had left with the original force " . - - = = Post @-@ war military service = = - - After his AIF appointment was terminated , Weir resumed his service in the Citizen Military Forces ( ) . In 1917 , he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Russian Empire Order of St. Anne , 2nd Class , with Swords , and was mentioned in dispatches for his performance at Pozières and Mouquet Farm . From 1917 to 1920 , he was aide @-@ de @-@ camp to the Governor @-@ General of Australia , Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson . Weir retired from the as an honorary brigadier general in March 1921 , his last appointment being as commander of the 20th Infantry Brigade . He was only the second South Australia @-@ born officer to reach the rank of brigadier general . On 31 March 1921 , Weir was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 10th Battalion , a position he held for many years . - - = = Later life = = - - Weir had two significant advantages in his return to a civilian career . Firstly , he was repatriated well before most servicemen and , , South Australia had implemented a policy of of returned servicemen for government employment . These circumstances helped him gain appointment as the first South Australian Public Service Commissioner in 1916 . Weir was not suited to this role , being unable to navigate the competing personal and political of senior public servants and politicians , and was soon sidelined . In 1925 , legislative changes made it possible for the government to replace Weir , and this took place in 1930 . In the last year @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half before his retirement in 1931 , Weir was the chairman of both the Central Board of Health and the Public Relief Board , at the latter . - On 8 June 1923 , after many years of poor health , Weir 's wife Rosa died . He married Lydia Maria in 1926 . Weir led an active retirement , contributing to several religious , charitable and welfare organisations and activities . These included the Norwood and Churches of Christ , and Stranger 's Friend Society , the Our Boys Institute ( ) , the Lodge , Up Society , and YMCA . At various times he served as President of the Commonwealth Club , the Churches of Christ Union , the St. Peters Sub @-@ Branch of the and Services League , and the Up Society . - Weir wrote the for the history of the 10th Battalion , titled The Fighting 10th : A South Australian Centenary of the 10th Battalion , AIF 1914 – 1919 , which was written by a former member of the battalion , Cecil Lock , and published in 1936 . In 1943 , Weir was badly injured in a car accident while returning from an camp at Victor Harbor . It was believed that his injuries in the accident contributed to his death on 14 November 1944 . Weir was survived by his wife Lydia , and his son Lionel and daughter from his first marriage . His brother , Harrison Weir , was the State Government . Weir was buried in West Cemetery . - - = = Awards = = - - Weir received the following honours and awards : - Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1905 - Volunteer Officers ' Decoration on 11 April 1908 - Distinguished Service Order on 1 January 1917 - in despatches on 4 January 1917 - Order of St. Anne , 2nd Class , with Swords ( Russian Empire ) on 15 February 1917 - King George V Silver Jubilee Medal on 6 May 1935 - - = = = = - - Weir 's military career commenced in March 1885 , when he enlisted as a private . He quickly rose to the rank of colour sergeant before being commissioned in 1890 . He rose from private to brigadier general over a career spanning 36 years . His officer promotion dates were : - Lieutenant on 19 March 1890 - Captain on 25 May 1893 - Major on 1 January 1904 - Lieutenant colonel on 22 June 1908 - Colonel on 9 September 1913 - Lieutenant colonel ( AIF ) on 17 August 1914 - Brigadier general ( honorary ) on 17 March 1921 - - - = Chapter 1 ( House of Cards ) = - - " Chapter 1 " ( sometimes " Episode 101 " ) is the pilot episode of the American political thriller drama television series House of Cards and is the first episode of the first season . It premiered on February 1 , 2013 , when it was released along with the rest of the first season on the American streaming service Netflix . This episode became the first web television webisode to earn Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations . " Chapter 1 " was written by series developer Beau and directed by executive producer David Fincher . The episode also earned 3 other Emmy nominations as well as : Drama and DGA – Drama Series nominations . - Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) is an ambitious Democratic congressman and the House Majority Whip . Underwood helped ensure the election of President Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) , who promised to appoint Underwood as Secretary of State . However , before Walker is sworn in , Chief of Staff Linda ( ) announces that the president will not honor the agreement and will instead nominate Senator Michael Kern . Furious at Walker 's betrayal , Underwood and his wife Claire ( Robin Wright ) , an environmental activist , make a pact to destroy Kern . When Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) makes her resources available , she becomes one of their pawns . - The episode was well received by most television critics . They praised the production values of the series as well as the performances of the lead actors . - - = = Plot = = - - South Carolina Congressman Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) , the Democratic Majority Whip , leaves his house in Washington , D.C. after hearing his neighbors ’ dog get hit by a car . As he comforts the mortally @-@ wounded dog , he looks into the camera and says “ like this require someone who will act , who will do the unpleasant thing , the necessary thing , ” before calmly proceeding to strangle it . This introduces both his habit of breaking the fourth wall to narrate , and his cold and vicious nature . Frank and his wife , Claire ( Robin Wright ) , go on to attend a New Year ’ s Eve party in honor of the new President @-@ elect , Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) , a fellow Democrat and winner of the 2012 election . Frank confesses to the viewer that he does not like Walker , but saw his political potential early on and himself to him , putting himself in line to be nominated as Walker ’ s Secretary of State after 22 years in Congress . - Frank meets with Walker 's Chief of Staff , Linda ( ) , whom Frank recommended for the job . She reveals that she and Walker have decided to rescind their promise to nominate him as Secretary of State because they want him to remain in Congress and use his political expertise to get the President @-@ elect ’ s education reform agenda passed . Frank is initially incensed , but when Linda asks if he will continue to be an ally to the future President he says that he will . Linda reveals that Senator Michael Kern ( Kevin ) has been chosen for the position instead . Despite his statement to the contrary , Frank feels personally betrayed and , with Claire ’ s encouragement , begins to a plot for revenge , which he shares with his Chief of Staff , Doug Stamper ( Michael Kelly ) . Mrs. Underwood , meanwhile , is forced to the non @-@ profit organization she manages , the Clean Water Initiative , which had been promised a large donation upon her husband ’ s confirmation as Secretary , without which the organization is forced to substantially its budget . - On a whim , Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , a young reporter for the Washington Herald who is stuck covering trivial “ human interest ” stories , pays a late @-@ night visit to Frank at his home . She offers to be Frank ’ s undercover in the press in exchange for the elevated profile that she would gain from breaking substantive stories . Meanwhile , Peter Russo ( Corey ) , a young , inexperienced congressman from Philadelphia , is arrested for drunk driving . Stamper finds out about the arrest and immediately contacts the D.C. police commissioner , offering Underwood ’ s support for his mayoral campaign in exchange for releasing Russo and completely covering up the incident . Russo is picked up from jail by his secretary and romantic partner , Christina Gallagher ( Kristen ) . He lies to her , telling her that he was alone when he was arrested when , in fact , there was a prostitute in the car ( Rachel ) . - Frank meets with Congressman Donald Blythe ( Reed ) , a committed progressive liberal who has long pushed for education reform , with whom the Walker administration wants to work on a bill . Frank dismisses his proposal as too ambitious and asks him to rewrite it . Frank secretly passes a copy of Blythe ’ s proposal to Zoe . He then meets with Senator Catherine ( Atkinson ) and suggests that she ought to consider seeking the nomination for Secretary of State . He also privately confronts Congressman Russo about his arrest and history of substance abuse and soliciting prostitutes , and demands Russo ’ s loyalty in exchange for making the incident disappear . - Zoe takes the draft of the education bill to the Herald ’ s political editor , Lucas Goodwin ( Sebastian ) , and its chief editor , Tom ( Boris ) , who gives her the lead on the story over the more experienced chief political correspondent ( Constance ) . The episode ends the morning after Walker ’ s inauguration , with Frank visiting his favorite restaurant , ’ s Joint , for breakfast . On the front page of the Washington Herald is Zoe ’ s story about Blythe ’ s “ far left ” education plan . - - = = Production = = - - The episode was directed by David Fincher and was written by Beau , who has served as an aide to Charles , Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton . Independent studio Media Rights Capital purchased the rights to House of Cards , with the intent on creating a series . Netflix agreed to contribute an undisclosed fixed fee to production costs in March 2011 . As he was completing his work on The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , Fincher was introduced to the original miniseries by his agent and sought to develop a series with Eric Roth . House of Cards was pitched to several cable networks , including HBO , AMC and . Netflix , interested in launching their own original programming , outbid the networks , picking the series up for 26 episodes , totaling two seasons . Netflix was the only bidder that was interested in purchasing the rights without seeing a completed pilot . Thus , the show was not forced into manipulating story arcs introduced in the pilot to create artificial . - - = = = Casting = = = - - Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice . In the first read through , he said " I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice — each actor here represents our first choice for these characters . So do not fuck this up . " Spacey , whose last regular television role was in the series , responded positively to the script . He then played Richard III , which Fincher said was " great training " . Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once , believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows . He said , " When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend , they say , ' Oh , I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad ' or it 's two seasons of Game of " . He was officially cast on March 18 , 2011 . Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon . She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011 . Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012 . Mara 's sister , Mara , worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon , and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe , she " fell in love with the character " and asked her sister to " put in a word for me with Fincher " . The next month , she got a call for an audition . - - = = = Cast = = = - - In order billed in the episode opening credits : - - = = = Filming = = = - - While Netflix had ventured into original programming by foreign shows that were new to United States audiences with shows such as , House of Cards represented the first show made for Netflix . Filming for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County , Maryland . - " Chapter 1 " sets the tone for the environs of the series . According to David Carr the political environs have such " " that it the clandestine nature of political activities , including those of Underwood who says he is there to " clear the pipes and keep the sludge moving " . The fictional newspaper , The Washington Herald , is set with " brutal " lighting and drab furniture , in part because it was filmed at the real life Baltimore Sun offices . Carr uses several adjectives to describe Barnes ' apartment including sad , , dirty , dreary and humble but note that this implies that the digital revolution is dominated by people " on who have no furniture " . Similarly , Underwood and his associates are clad , Barnes shows a lack of fashion recognition . - - = = = Release = = = - - The episode was broadcast online by Netflix on February 1 , 2013 as part of the simultaneous release of all 13 episodes of season 1 of the series . The debut date was a weekend when there was little competition on television other than Super Bowl XLVII and a new episode of Abbey on PBS . Netflix broadcast " Chapter 1 " and " Chapter 2 " to critics several days in advance of the release . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Reviews = = = - - The episode received positive reviews from critics . Elements of the opening scene were lauded . Matt Roush of TV Guide praised Spacey 's self introduction as a Machiavellian politician in which he says " I have no patience for useless things . " Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert noted that " the first two episodes were expertly directed by David Fincher " and Spacey 's such as those used in the first scene of this episode " makes even his character ’ s mercy killing of an injured dog — which he does by hand — seem a little less brutal . " Not only is Underwood described as Machiavellian , one critic from The New York Times notes that his belief in the of dirt expressed as " Nobody ’ s a Boy Scout , not even a Boy Scout " back to Willie Stark in All the King 's Men who said " There 's always something " . - Time television critic James , notes that by the end of the first episode Frank establishes that his metaphor of choice is meat because both literally and it is his preference . He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs , because " I ’ m ’ hungry today ! " , but also he describes life with meat metaphors : he describes the White House Chief of Staff with admiration : " She ’ s as tough as a two @-@ dollar . " ; he plans to destroy an enemy the way " you a whale . One bite at a time . " ; and he a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders , he tells us , by " [ imagining ] their lightly salted faces in a . " notes that all of this comes from a character whose name , Underwood is a reference to the hallmark of the William Underwood Company . - Roush also notes that the first two weeks show how Claire " runs a charity with a brutally iron fist " . While Frank is Machiavellian , Claire presents a woman urging on her husband 's assertion of power in the image of Lady Macbeth . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice @-@ queen wife . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness saying " My husband doesn ’ t apologize ... even to me . " Nancy Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes what she sees of their relationship in the first two episodes as pivotal to the show 's success : " though they may seem — and their harmless air is what makes the so effective as political — this is a power couple with the same malignant chemistry as pairs of serial , where each needs the other in order to become lethal " . - Gilbert also notes that Mara 's surprising is a welcome respite against a backdrop of a " terminally " cast . As the show begins , aspiring journalist Zoe Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the " Fairfax County Council " beat to covering " ' what 's behind the veil ' of power in the Capitol . " Stanley of The New York Times notes that by the end of the first episode , Mara 's Barnes is among the cadre of Frank 's . After she pleads for a relationship with him by promising to earn his trust and not " ask any questions " , Frank uses her . However , Ashley Parker of The New York Times considers her aggressive and too overt , and sexual . Parker points out that Barnes ' statement " I protect your identity , I print what you tell me , and I 'll never ask any questions " almost itself . - The Washington Post 's Stuever has many complaints about the show including the fact that it is about Washington , DC , but filmed in Baltimore . He also complains about its entrance into the television landscape littered with " more fictitious administrations than anyone can keep track of " . He says that perspective will affect your perception of the show . Those not already inundated with " Type A personalities inside the " in their daily lives may be drawn to the show . However , it is not likely a show that will serve well those who spend a lot of time with the issues that the show deals with . After viewing the first two episodes , Stuever also finds fault with the use of breaking the fourth wall , describing it as " the show 's narrative " . The Wall Street Journal 's Smith defends the fourth wall as an " that generally works well here to our bearings " . - Ryan McGee of The A.V. Club notes Russo seems to employ vices without restraint , which is a respite from the other exacting characters in the episode and a makes him a sort of metaphor for the show . McGee also notes that the episode includes " establishing shots within Zoe ’ s apartment that offer up almost everything you need to know about her current position in life " . - - = = = Accolades = = = - - On July 18 , 2013 , House of Cards ( along with Netflix 's other web series ' Arrested Development and Hemlock Grove ) earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 . Among House of Cards ' nine nominations , " Chapter 1 " received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode ( online @-@ only episode ) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher . This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding for a Single @-@ Camera Series , Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series , and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic ) . Although the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode , Spacey submitted " Chapter 1 " for consideration due to his nomination . - On September 15 , at the Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation , " Chapter 1 " and earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding for a Single @-@ Camera Series , making " Chapter 1 " the first ever Emmy @-@ awarded webisode . Then on September 22 , David Fincher won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode " Chapter 1 " , bringing the series to a total of three wins and marking the first ever win for a webisode at the Primetime Emmy award ceremony . None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories , however . - - - = Alice in Chains = - - Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle , Washington , in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley . The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr , who was replaced in 1993 by Mike Inez . - Although widely associated with grunge music , the band 's sound incorporates heavy metal elements . Since its formation , Alice in Chains has released five studio albums , three EPs , two live albums , four compilations , and two DVDs . The band is known for its distinctive vocal style , which often included the vocals of Staley and Cantrell ( and later William DuVall ) . - Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s , along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana , Pearl Jam , and Soundgarden . The band was one of the most successful music acts of the 1990s , selling over 20 million albums worldwide , and over 14 million in the US alone . In 1992 the band 's second album , Dirt , was released to critical acclaim and was certified quadruple platinum . Their third album , Alice in Chains , was released in 1995 and has been certified double platinum . It achieved No. 1 position on the Billboard 200 chart . The band has had 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and nine Grammy Award nominations . - Although never officially disbanding , Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity from 1996 onwards due to Staley 's substance abuse , which resulted in his death in 2002 . The band reunited in 2005 for a live benefit show , performing with a number of guest vocalists . They toured in 2006 , with William DuVall taking over as lead vocalist full @-@ time . The new line @-@ up released the band 's fourth studio album , Black Gives Way to Blue , in 2009 . The album received gold certification by the RIAA . In 2013 , the band released The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here , its fifth studio album . The band has toured extensively and released several videos in support of these albums . Alice in Chains is currently working on their sixth studio album . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Formation and early years ( 1984 – 89 ) = = = - - Before the formation of Alice in Chains , then @-@ drummer Layne Staley landed his first gig as a vocalist when he auditioned to sing for a local metal band known as after receiving some encouragement from his Ken . Other members of this group at that time were guitarists Johnny Bacolas and , drummer James , and bassist Byron Hansen . This band went through several lineup changes culminating with Nick as their sole guitarist and Bacolas switching to bass before discussions arose about changing their name to Alice in Chains . This was prompted by a conversation that Bacolas had with a singer from another band about backstage passes . Due to concerns over the reference to female bondage , the group ultimately chose to spell it differently as Alice N ' Chains to any parental concerns , though Staley 's mother Nancy has said she was still not happy with this name at first . - Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working with Alice N ' Chains at Music Bank rehearsal studios . The two struggling musicians became roommates , living in a rehearsal space they shared . Alice N ' Chains soon disbanded , and Staley joined a funk band that also required a guitarist at the time . Staley asked Cantrell to join as a . Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrell 's band , which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr . Eventually the funk project broke up , and in 1987 Staley joined Cantrell 's band on a full @-@ time basis , playing in clubs around the Pacific Northwest , often stretching 15 minutes of material into a 45 @-@ minute set . The band played a couple of gigs , calling themselves different , including Diamond Lie , the name of Cantrell 's previous band , before eventually adopting the name that Staley 's previous band had initially with , Alice in Chains . - Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert and offered to pay for demo recordings . However , one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington , police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state . The final demo , completed in 1988 , was named The Treehouse Tapes and found its way to the music managers Kelly Curtis and Susan Silver , who also managed the Seattle @-@ based band Soundgarden . Curtis and Silver passed the demo on to Columbia Records ' A & R representative Nick , who set up an appointment with label president Don . Based on The Treehouse Tapes , signed Alice in Chains to Columbia in 1989 . The band also recorded another untitled demo over a three @-@ month period in 1989 . This recording can be found on the bootleg release Sweet Alice . - - = = = Facelift and Sap ( 1990 – 92 ) = = = - - Alice in Chains soon became a top priority of the label , which released the band 's first official recording in July 1990 , a promotional EP called We Die Young . The EP 's lead single , " We Die Young " , became a hit on metal radio . After its success , the label rushed Alice in Chains ' debut album into production with producer Dave . Cantrell stated the album was intended to have a " moody " that was a " direct result of the brooding atmosphere and feel of Seattle " . - The resulting album , Facelift , was released on August 21 , 1990 , peaking at number 42 in the summer of 1991 on the Billboard 200 chart . Facelift was not an instant success , selling under 40 @,@ 000 copies in the first six months of release , until MTV added " Man in the Box " to regular daytime rotation . The single hit number 18 on the Mainstream rock charts , with the album 's follow up single , " Sea of " , reaching number 27 , and in six weeks Facelift sold 400 @,@ 000 copies in the US . The album was a critical success , with Steve Huey of AllMusic citing Facelift as " one of the most important records in establishing an audience for grunge and alternative rock among hard rock and heavy metal listeners . " - Facelift was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) by the end of 1990 , while the band continued to hone its audience , opening for such artists as Pop , Van Halen , Poison , and Extreme . In early 1991 , Alice in Chains landed the opening slot for the Clash of the Titans tour with , , and Slayer , exposing the band to a wide metal audience but receiving mainly poor reception . Alice in Chains was nominated for a Best Hard Rock Performance Grammy Award in 1992 for " Man in the Box " but lost to Van Halen for their 1991 album For Knowledge . - Following the tour , Alice in Chains entered the studio to record demos for its next album , but ended up recording five acoustic songs instead . While in the studio , drummer Sean Kinney had a dream about " making an EP called Sap " . The band decided " not to mess with fate " , and on March 21 , 1992 , Alice in Chains released their second EP , Sap . The EP was released while Nirvana 's Nevermind was at the top of the Billboard 200 charts , resulting in a rising popularity of Seattle @-@ based bands , and of the term " grunge music " . Sap was certified gold within two weeks . The EP features guest vocals by Ann Wilson from the band Heart , who joined Staley and Cantrell for the choruses of " Brother " , " Am I Inside " , and " Love Song " . The EP also features Mark Arm of and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden , who appeared together on the song " Right " , credited to " Alice " in the liner notes . In 1992 , Alice in Chains appeared in the Cameron Crowe film Singles , performing as a " bar band " . The band also contributed the song " Would ? " to the film 's soundtrack , whose video received an award for Best Video from a Film at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards . - - = = = Dirt ( 1992 – 93 ) = = = - - In March 1992 , the band returned to the studio . With new songs written primarily on the road , the material has an overall darker feel than Facelift , with six of the album 's thirteen songs dealing with the subject of addiction . " We did a lot of soul searching on this album . There 's a lot of intense feelings . " Cantrell said , " We deal with our daily demons through music . All of the poison that builds up during the day we when we play " . - On September 29 , 1992 , Alice in Chains released its second album , Dirt . The album peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 and since its release has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA , making Dirt the band 's highest selling album to date . The album was a critical success , with Steve Huey of Allmusic praising the album as a " major artistic statement , and the closest they ever came to recording a flat @-@ out masterpiece " . Chris Gill of Guitar World called Dirt " huge and foreboding , yet eerie and intimate " , and " dark and brutally honest " . Dirt spawned five top 30 singles , " Would ? " , " Rooster " , " Them " , " Angry " , and " Down in a Hole " , and remained on the charts for nearly two years . Alice in Chains was added as to Ozzy Osbourne 's No More Tears tour . Days before the tour began , Layne Staley broke his foot in an ATV accident , forcing him to use crutches on stage . Starr left the band shortly after the Rock in Rio concert in January of 1993 and was replaced by former Ozzy Osbourne bassist Mike Inez . In 1993 , the band recorded two songs with Inez , " What the Hell Have I " and " A Little " , for the Last Action Hero soundtrack . During the summer of 1993 , Alice in Chains toured with the alternative music festival , their last major tour with Staley . - - = = = Jar of Flies ( 1993 – 94 ) = = = - - Following Alice in Chains ' extensive 1993 world tour , Staley said the band " just wanted to go into the studio for a few days with our acoustic guitars and see what happened " . " We never really planned on the music we made at that time to be released . But the record label heard it and they really liked it . For us , it was just the experience of four guys getting together in the studio and making some music . " - Columbia Records released Alice in Chains ' second acoustic @-@ based EP , Jar of Flies , on January 25 , 1994 . Written and recorded in one week , Jar of Flies debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming the first ever EP — and first Alice in Chains release — to top the charts . Paul Evans of Rolling Stone called the EP " gorgeous " , and Steve Huey stated " Jar of Flies is a low @-@ key , gorgeous and all at once " . Jar of Flies features Alice in Chains ' first number @-@ one single on the Mainstream Rock charts , " No " . The second single , " I Stay Away " , reached number ten on the Mainstream rock charts , while the final single " Don 't Follow " , reached number 25 . After the release of Jar of Flies , Staley entered rehab for heroin addiction . The band was scheduled to tour during the summer of 1994 with Metallica , , Danzig , and Fight , as well as a slot during Woodstock 94 , but while in rehearsal for the tour , Staley began using heroin again . Staley 's condition prompted the other band members to cancel all scheduled dates one day before the start of the tour , putting the band on hiatus . Alice in Chains was replaced by on the tour . - - = = = Alice in Chains ( 1995 – 96 ) = = = - - While Alice in Chains was inactive during 1995 , Staley joined the " grunge " Mad Season , which also featured Pearl Jam guitarist Mike , bassist John Baker Saunders from The , and Trees drummer Barrett Martin . Mad Season released one album , Above , for which Staley provided lead vocals and the album artwork . The album spawned a number @-@ two single , " River of " , as well as a home video release of Live at the Moore . In April 1995 , Alice in Chains entered Bad Animals Studio in Seattle with producer Toby Wright , who had previously worked with of and Slayer . While in the studio , an inferior version of the song " " was leaked to radio , and received major airplay . On October 6 , 1995 , the band released the studio version of the song to radio via satellite . On November 7 , 1995 , Columbia Records released the eponymous album , Alice in Chains , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and has since been certified double platinum . Of the album 's four singles , " " , " Again " , " Over Now " , and " Heaven Beside You " , three feature Cantrell on lead vocals . Jon of Rolling Stone called the album " liberating and enlightening , the songs achieve a startling , and impact . " The song " Got Me Wrong " unexpectedly charted three years after its release on the Sap EP . The song was re @-@ released as a single on the soundtrack for the independent film Clerks in 1995 , reaching number seven on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . The band opted not to tour in support of Alice in Chains , adding to the rumors of drug abuse . - Alice in Chains resurfaced on April 10 , 1996 , to perform their first concert in two and a half years for MTV Unplugged , a program featuring all @-@ acoustic set lists . The performance featured some of the band 's highest charting singles , including " Down in a Hole " , " Heaven Beside You " , " No " and " Would ? " , and introduced a new song , " Killer Is Me " . The show marked Alice in Chains ' only appearance as a five @-@ piece band , adding second guitarist Scott . A live album of the performance was released in July 1996 , debuting at number three on the Billboard 200 , and was accompanied by a home video release , both of which received platinum certification by the RIAA . Alice in Chains performed four shows supporting the reunited original Kiss lineup on their 1996 / 97 Alive / Worldwide Tour , including the final live appearance of Layne Staley on July 3 , 1996 , in Kansas City , Missouri . Shortly after the show , Staley was found after he on heroin and was taken to the hospital . Although he recovered , the band was forced to go on hiatus . - - = = = Hiatus and the death of Layne Staley ( 1996 – 2002 ) = = = - - Although Alice in Chains never officially disbanded , Staley became a , rarely leaving his Seattle condominium following the death of his ex @-@ fiancée Parrott due to infective . " worked for me for years " , Staley told Rolling Stone in 1996 , " and now they 're turning against me ... now I 'm walking through hell " . Unable to continue with new Alice in Chains material , Cantrell released his first solo album , Depot , in 1998 , also featuring Sean Kinney and Mike Inez . In 1998 , Staley reunited with Alice in Chains to record two new songs , " Get Born Again " and " Died " . Originally intended for Cantrell 's second solo album , the songs were reworked by Alice in Chains and were released in the fall of 1999 on the box set , Music Bank . The set contains 48 songs , including , demos , and previously released album tracks and singles . The band also released a 15 @-@ track compilation titled Nothing Safe : Best of the Box , serving as a sampler for Music Bank , as well as the band 's first compilation album ; a live album , simply titled Live , released on December 5 , 2000 ; and a second compilation , titled Greatest Hits in 2001 . - By 2002 , Cantrell had finished work on his second solo album , Trip . Written in 1998 , the album 's lyrical content focused heavily on what Cantrell regarded as the demise of Alice in Chains , which still remained evident as the album approached its June 2002 release . However , in March that year , Cantrell commented , " We 're all still around , so it 's possible [ Alice in Chains ] could all do something someday , and I fully hope someday we will . " - After a decade of battling drug addiction , Layne Staley was found dead in his condominium on April 19 , 2002 , two weeks after his actual death . His mother and stepfather became alarmed when accountants noticed that money was no longer being withdrawn from his accounts . With assistance from the police , they broke into his and made the discovery . An autopsy revealed Staley had died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine . His friends speculate that in addition to drugs , he may have contracted an illness that his body could not fight off , due to a compromised immune system . In his last interview , given months before his death , Staley admitted , " I know I 'm near death , I did crack and heroin for years . I never wanted to end my life this way . " Cantrell dedicated his 2002 solo album , released two months after Staley 's death , to his memory . - - = = = shows ( 2005 – 08 ) = = = - - In 2005 , Jerry Cantrell , Mike Inez , and Sean Kinney reunited to perform a benefit concert in Seattle for victims of the tsunami disaster that struck South Asia in 2004 . The band featured vocalist Pat , as well as other special guests including Maynard James of and Ann Wilson of Heart . On March 10 , 2006 , the surviving members performed at VH1 's Rock Live concert , honoring fellow Seattle musicians Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart . They played " Would ? " with vocalist Phil of and Down and bass player Duff of Guns N ' Roses and Velvet Revolver , then they played " Rooster " with Comes with the Fall vocalist William DuVall and Ann Wilson . The band followed the concert with a short United States club tour , several festival dates in Europe , and a brief tour in Japan . To coincide with the band 's reunion , Sony Music released the long @-@ delayed third Alice in Chains compilation , The Essential Alice in Chains , a double album that includes 28 songs . - DuVall joined Alice in Chains as lead singer during the band 's reunion concerts . Duff again joined the band for the reunion tour , playing rhythm guitar on selected songs . Before the tour , Kinney mentioned in an interview that he would be interested in writing new material , but not as Alice in Chains . However , reported that the band had begun writing new material , with DuVall on lead vocals . - - = = = Black Gives Way to Blue ( 2008 – 10 ) = = = - - Blabbermouth.net reported in September 2008 that Alice in Chains would enter the studio that October to begin recording a new album for a summer 2009 release . In October 2008 , Alice in Chains began recording its fourth studio album at the Foo Fighters ' Studio in Los Angeles with producer Nick . At the Revolver Golden God Awards , Jerry Cantrell said that the group had finished recording in March 2009 and were mixing the album for a September release . In April 2009 , it was reported that the new Alice in Chains album would be released by Virgin / EMI , making it the band 's first label change in its 20 @-@ plus year career . On June 11 , 2009 , Blabbermouth.net reported that the new album would be titled Black Gives Way to Blue and was officially set to be released on September 29 , 2009 . On June 30 , 2009 , the song " A Looking in View " was released as the first single from the album . It was made available for a limited time as a free download through the official Alice in Chains website in early July . The music video for the song debuted via the official website on July 7 , 2009 . The second single , " Check My Brain " , was released to radio stations on August 14 , 2009 and was made available for purchase on August 17 , 2009 . In addition , it was announced that Elton John appears on the album 's title track . - In September 2008 , it was announced that Alice in Chains would headline Australia 's Festival in 2009 , alongside Nine and Lamb of God . In February 2009 , it was also announced that Alice in Chains would play at the third annual Rock on the Range festival . On August 1 , 2009 , Alice in Chains performed , along with , , and , at Park , Dublin as direct support to Metallica . The band made an appearance on Later Live ... With Holland on November 10 , 2009 , performing " Lesson Learned " , " Black Gives Way To Blue " , and " Check My Brain " as the final performance of the episode . - To coincide with the band 's European tour , Alice in Chains released its next single , " Your Decision " , on November 16 in the UK and on December 1 in the US . The fourth single from the album was " Lesson Learned " and was released to rock radio in mid @-@ June . On May 18 , 2010 , Black Gives Way to Blue was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . - Along with and , Alice in Chains toured the United States and Canada in late 2010 on the tour , an of the three bands ' latest album titles ( Black Gives Way to Blue , Diamond Eyes , and the Skye ) . - - = = = Future plans and the death of Mike Starr ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = - - In April 2010 , Cantrell revealed to MTV News that Alice in Chains was contemplating making a fifth studio album in the foreseeable future . He explained , " There are thoughts . We 'll see how far we get . in the moment is a good way to live and we certainly hope that it happens . I don 't see any reason why it wouldn 't [ happen ] . " DuVall also commented on the next album and Alice in Chains ' future , " we 've got a lot of water to sail before we do that . There 's a lot of shows . But yeah , generally speaking , yeah , we 're excited about the future . I don 't anticipate some long . " - DuVall revealed in September 2010 that Alice in Chains had not begun writing their next album yet , but " there 's plenty of riffs flying around . " He added , " That was the case when we first started back up . We would just these fragments , and then some time later we would through the mountain of stuff , and that 's what became Black Gives Way to Blue . The same thing has been happening since we 've been touring Black Gives Way to Blue , so it would be only natural to at some point say , ' Hey , we 've got a lot of stuff . Let 's through and see what we 've got this time . ' " DuVall also mentioned that it was possible that the new album would feature songs that were written for Black Gives Way to Blue . - On March 8 , 2011 , former Alice in Chains bassist Mike Starr was found dead at his home in Salt Lake City . Police told Reuters they were called to Starr 's home at 1 : 42 pm and found his body ; Starr was 44 . Reports later surfaced that Starr 's roommate had seen him mixing and anxiety medication hours before he was found dead . Later reports indicated Starr 's death may have been linked to two different types of prescribed to him by his doctor . A public memorial was held for Starr at the Seattle Center 's International Fountain on March 20 , 2011 . A private memorial was also held , which Jerry Cantrell and Sean Kinney attended according to Mike Inez . - - = = = The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here and next album ( 2011 – present ) = = = - - On March 21 , 2011 , Alice in Chains announced that they were working on a fifth studio album , and both Cantrell and Inez later made statements that they had begun the recording process . The album was expected to be finished by summer of 2012 and released by the end of 2012 or beginning of 2013 . While Alice in Chains were writing for the album in 2011 , Cantrell required surgery , which delayed recording the new material . In an interview published in May 2012 , Cantrell explained , " The thing that set me back is I had some bone spurs [ and ] cartilage issues in my shoulders . I had the same issue in the other shoulder about six years ago so I 've had them both done now . It 's a repetitive motion injury from playing . " - In December 2012 , Cantrell confirmed that the new album had been completed , and the first single , " Hollow " , debuted online on December 18 , available for digital download in January 2013 , along with an official music video . On February 13 , 2013 , Alice in Chains posted on Facebook that their new album title would be an anagram of the letters H V L E N T P S U S D A H I E E O E D T I U R R. The next day they announced that the album would be called The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here , which was released on May 28 , 2013 , debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 . The band released videos for the songs " Stone , " " Voices , " and the title track later in 2013 . - Alice in Chains toured the U.S. in the spring of 2013 , with further international dates in the summer . In the spring and summer of 2014 they embarked on a more extensive tour of Canada , Europe , and the U.S. Asked in September 2013 if Alice in Chains would make another album , Cantrell replied , " It 'll be a while . It 's [ been ] four years since we put the last one out , but at least it 's not the gap that was between the last one , so that 's about right - about three to four years . " In May 2014 Cantrell stated that Alice in Chains would up their tour in the fall , take a break , then begin work on their next studio album . - In January 2015 , Alice in Chains performed in the halftime show of the Championship game between the Seattle Seahawks and the Green Bay at Field in Seattle . Cantrell is a lifelong Seahawks fan and often attends their games . - In March 2015 , Alice in Chains announced dates for a U.S. summer tour , set to begin on July 17 in , CA and end in Bethlehem , PA on August 16 . A second leg of the tour was announced in June 2016 , including select shows opening for Guns N ' Roses as part of the Not in This Lifetime ... Tour . - As of May 2015 , according to Blabbermouth.net , Alice in Chains has been working on their follow @-@ up to The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here , which was expected to be released later in the year . Mike Inez said that the band has been " throwing around riffs for a new record " and " taking it nice and slow . " Asked in a June 2016 interview if Alice in Chains has begun recording their new album , frontman William DuVall replied , " I don 't know . I know we 'll be probably talking about that kind of thing over the next few months . It 's still early yet . We 've gotta get through this tour first . " - - = = Musical style = = - - Although Alice in Chains has been labeled grunge by the mainstream media , Jerry Cantrell identifies the band as primarily heavy metal . He told Guitar World in 1996 , " We 're a lot of different things ... I don 't quite know what the mixture is , but there 's definitely metal , blues , rock and roll , maybe a touch of punk . The metal part will never leave , and I never want it to " . The Edmonton Journal has stated , " Living and playing in Seattle might have got them the grunge tag , but they 've always pretty much been a classic metal band to the core . " Over the course of their career , the band 's sound has also been described as alternative metal , sludge metal , metal , drone rock , hard rock , and alternative rock . Regarding the band 's constant categorization by the media , Cantrell stated " When we first came out we were metal . Then we started being called alternative metal . Then grunge came out and then we were hard rock . And now , since we 've started doing this again I 've seen us listed as : hard rock , alternative , alternative metal and just straight metal . I walked into an HMV the other day to check out the placement and see what 's on and they 've got us relegated back into the metal section . Right back where we started ! " . According to Mike Inez , they were always the metal of the Seattle scene . - Jerry Cantrell 's guitar style combines " riffs and expansive guitar textures " to create " slow , brooding minor @-@ key " . He is also recognized for his natural ability to blend acoustic and electric guitars . While down @-@ tuned , distorted guitars mixed with Staley 's distinctive " @-@ to @-@ a @-@ scream " vocals appealed to heavy metal fans , the band also had " a sense of melody that was undeniable " , which introduced Alice in Chains to a much wider audience outside of the heavy metal underground . - According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic , Alice in Chains ' sound has a " Black Sabbath @-@ style and an unconventional vocal style " . The band has been described by Erlewine as " hard enough for metal fans , yet their dark subject matter and attack placed them among the front ranks of the Seattle @-@ based grunge bands " . Three of the band 's releases feature acoustic music , and while the band initially kept these releases separate , Alice in Chains ' self @-@ titled album combined the styles to form " a bleak , sound that balanced grinding hard rock with subtly textured acoustic numbers " . - Alice in Chains is also noted for the unique vocal harmonies of Staley ( or DuVall ) and Cantrell , which included overlapping passages , dual lead vocals , and trademark harmonies typically separated by a major third . Alyssa Burrows said the band 's distinctive sound " came from Staley 's vocal style and his lyrics dealing with personal struggles and addiction " . Staley 's songs were often considered " dark " , with themes such as drug abuse , depression , and suicide , while Cantrell 's lyrics often dealt with personal relationships . - - = = Legacy = = - - Alice in Chains has sold more than 14 million albums in the United States , around 35 million worldwide , released two number @-@ one albums , had 21 top 40 singles , and has received nine Grammy nominations . The band was ranked number 34 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . Alice in Chains was named 15th greatest live band by Hit , with vocalist Layne Staley placing as 27th greatest heavy metal vocalist of all time . The band 's second album , Dirt , was named 5th best album in the last two decades by Close @-@ Up magazine . In August 2009 , Alice in Chains won the ! Award . - Alice in Chains has had a large impact on many bands , such as Godsmack , who are named after the song off their sophomore album Dirt . According to Jon of MTV , Godsmack has " followed Alice in Chains ' lead while adding their own distinctive edge " . Godsmack singer and founder Sully has also cited Layne Staley as his primary influence . has covered Alice in Chains ' song " " live , which appears on the compilation The Singles : 1996 @-@ 2006 , and also wrote a song entitled " Layne " , dedicated to Staley , on the album 14 Shades of Grey . Three Days Grace also performs a cover of " Rooster " , which can be seen on the DVD Live at the Palace . Other bands that have been inspired by Alice in Chains include Creed , Nickelback , , Stone , of , Queens of the Stone Age , A Horse Named Death , Godsmack , Smile Empty Soul , , Cold , Hurt , , , , 10 Years , Breaking Benjamin , Days of the New , and . Metallica said they have always wanted to tour with the band , citing Alice in Chains as a major inspiration for their 2008 release , Death Magnetic . Metallica also recorded " Rebel Of Babylon " as a tribute to Layne Staley , but the song was left off Death Magnetic due to manufacturing restrictions and then later released on a four @-@ song EP , Beyond Magnetic . - Alice in Chains has also had a significant influence on modern heavy metal . Their songs were covered by various metal bands such as , Dream Theater , of the Moon , Suicide Silence , and Grave . and guitarist had expressed his admiration for Jerry Cantrell 's guitar work in an interview for Guitar International saying that " the and the honest feel that Jerry Cantrell gets on [ Alice in Chains ' Dirt ] record is worth a lot more than someone who plays five million notes " . Anders of Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames cited Layne Staley as an inspiration for his vocals on the band 's later albums . In addition to fellow musicians , the band has also received praise from critics , with Steve Huey of AllMusic calling them " one of the best metal bands of the ' 90s " upon reviewing the 1999 compilation Nothing Safe . - - = = Band members = = - - - = = = Timeline = = = - - - = = Discography = = - - Facelift ( 1990 ) - Dirt ( 1992 ) - Alice in Chains ( 1995 ) - Black Gives Way to Blue ( 2009 ) - The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here ( 2013 ) - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - Alice in Chains has received nine Grammy nominations . Their first nomination was for the song " Man in the Box " , nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1992 . The album Dirt was nominated in the same category in 1993 . Six more songs were nominated between 1995 and 2011 , and the album The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here was nominated for Best Album , Non Classical in 2014 . - The music video for the song " Would ? " , Alice in Chains ' contribution to the 1992 film , Singles , won the award for Best Video from a Film at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards . In 2009 they won the ! award , and in 2010 they won the Revolver Golden Gods award for Black Gives Way to Blue . - American Music Awards - The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973 . - Grammy Awards - The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . - MTV Video Music Awards - The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV . - - - = 2007 Hawaii Bowl = - - The 2007 Hawaii Bowl was a post @-@ season college football bowl game between the Boise State University Broncos from the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) and the East Carolina University Pirates from Conference USA ( C @-@ USA ) at the Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaiʻi on December 23 , 2007 . The game was the final competition of the 2007 football season for each team and resulted in a 41 – 38 East Carolina victory , even though favored Boise State to win by 10 ½ points . Many experts believed East Carolina to be big to Boise State , which had defeated the Oklahoma in the 2007 Bowl . The 2007 Hawaiʻi Bowl paid $ 750 @,@ 000 to each team 's conference in exchange for their participation . - The game , which was the sixth edition of the bowl , was expected to be an offensive shootout . Boise State averaged 42 @.@ 4 points during the 2007 season , while East Carolina averaged 31 . That expectation turned out to be justified as East Carolina took a 31 – 14 lead in the first half . The Broncos fought back in the second half , however , tying the score at 38 late in the fourth quarter after East Carolina 's Chris Johnson fumbled the ball , allowing defender Marty Tadman to recover the ball and return it 47 yards for a touchdown . The game remained tied until the final moments as East Carolina 's Ben Hartman made a 34 – yard game @-@ winning field goal as time expired . The attendance of 30 @,@ 467 was the largest crowd to attend a Hawaiʻi Bowl game that did not feature the host school . Boise State 's loss dropped them to a final 2007 record of 10 – 3 , while East Carolina 's final @-@ game win earned them a record of 8 – 5 . - - = = Selection process = = - - The Hawaiʻi football team normally receives an automatic bid to the game unless the team is selected to participate in a BCS game or is not bowl eligible . If either of those events happen , the WAC selects its next @-@ highest ranked team to compete in the game . In 2007 , Hawaiʻi was selected to play on January 1 , 2008 in the Sugar Bowl against Georgia , marking just the second time since the creation of the Hawaiʻi Bowl that Hawaiʻi would not participate . The only previous time that Hawaiʻi failed to make an appearance was in 2005 , when the Warriors finished their season with a 5 – 7 record and were not eligible for a bowl game . - Conference USA fields the other team in the Hawaiʻi Bowl . The Liberty Bowl has the first selection of C @-@ USA teams , and Bowl picks second . After those two are picked , the conference provides a team for the Hawaiʻi Bowl and three other bowls . In 2007 , the University of Central Florida accepted the bid to compete in the Liberty Bowl , accepted the bid to compete in the Bowl , leaving East Carolina to be selected by the Hawaiʻi Bowl on December 1 , 2007 . - Boise State was undefeated in conference play going into the final game of the regular season , and suffered just one out @-@ of @-@ conference loss . In that final game , BSU lost 39 – 27 to undefeated Hawaiʻi . Following the game , the Broncos decided to travel to Hawaiʻi , rather than play at home in the Humanitarian Bowl , which is located at Boise 's home stadium in Boise , Idaho and features a matchup between a WAC team and one from the Atlantic Coast Conference . Boise ended its regular season 10 – 2 overall and 7 – 1 in conference play . - East Carolina , meanwhile , had been in first place in the C @-@ USA 's East Division with just two games remaining . A loss to Marshall University in that second @-@ to @-@ last game , however , put ECU into second place in its division , and thus out of competition for the Conference USA Championship . After winning against conference Tulane in the final game of the season , the Pirates decided to travel to the Hawaiʻi Bowl . East Carolina ended the regular season 7 – 5 overall , and 6 – 2 in conference play . - - = = Pre @-@ game buildup = = - - On December 1 , 2007 , Hawaiʻi Bowl representatives announced East Carolina and Boise State as the competitors in the 2007 edition of the game . It would be the first time in history that the two teams had ever met . Two weeks after the announcement , Boise State 's top wide receiver Jeremy Childs , cornerback Keith , and linebacker Ben Chandler were declared out for the game after violating team rules . In an online contest held by ESPN.com in the weeks leading up to the game , 98 % of the participants voted that Boise State would beat East Carolina . Participants also gave 32 out of 32 " confidence points " on average , indicating the highest possible confidence in the predicted outcome . - - = = = Boise State offense versus East Carolina defense = = = - - Boise State came into the game averaging 42 @.@ 75 points and @.@ 67 yards per game , the fourth and twelfth highest totals in college football . Senior quarterback Taylor Tharp led the offense by more than 3 @,@ 000 yards and 28 touchdowns , headed into the 2007 Bowl . On the ground , the Broncos were led by junior running back Ian Johnson , who had 17 touchdowns and 1 @,@ 030 yards in the regular season . Wide receiver Jeremy Childs also was a potent threat on offense , averaging 87 @.@ 08 receiving yards per game , and backup running back D.J. Harper rushed for 41 @.@ 44 yards per game on average . Johnson and Childs both earned First Team All @-@ WAC honors , and Tharp was named to Second Team All @-@ WAC . Offensive tackle Ryan was the team 's only All @-@ American , and promised to do a good job protecting Taylor Tharp on the offensive line . - East Carolina had been on defense . ECU ranked in total defense and in passing defense , giving up an average of @.@ 42 yards per game . Despite that fact , the Pirates did well in the turnover battle , gaining 27 turnovers while losing just 13 – a margin of + 14 – good enough for ninth in the country . In addition , the ECU defense ranked eleventh nationally in tackles for loss . Defensive Zack Slate and C.J. Wilson and defensive back Van took C – USA All – Conference second team honors . - - = = = East Carolina offense versus Boise State defense = = = - - Boise State faced the nation 's top all @-@ purpose yards leader , All @-@ American Chris Johnson . Johnson up an average of 212 @.@ 67 all @-@ purpose yards per game during the 2007 season , making him a potent threat on offense . Taking snaps for the offense were Patrick Pinkney and Rob Kass . Pinkney had a passer rating of 131 @.@ 58 , while Kass had a comparable rating of 122 @.@ 94 . The top receiver for the Pirates was Bryant , who averaged 3 @.@ 5 catches for 52 @.@ 17 yards per game . In addition to Chris Johnson , who was named to the C – USA All – Conference second team , offensive lineman Josh received C – USA All @-@ Conference second team honors . - The Broncos ' defense , meanwhile , was ranked number one in the WAC in total defense , scoring defense , rushing defense , and pass defense . The team 's defense ranked number two in the conference in pass efficiency defense , turnover margin , and sacks . Defensive lineman Nick and defensive back Marty Tadman both received All – WAC first team honors and promised to pose difficulties for the Pirates ' offensive front . - - = = Game summary = = - - The 2007 Hawaiʻi Bowl kicked off on December 23 , 2007 at 8 : 00 EST in front of an estimated crowd of 30 @,@ 467 , which was the largest crowd in Hawaiʻi Bowl history for a game not featuring the 'i football team . The game was nationally televised on ESPN , and was watched by an estimated average of 1 @.@ 6 million people , good enough for a television rating of 1 @.@ 47 . East Carolina had to travel 4 @,@ miles ( 7 @,@ km ) one way , making it the longest bowl trip of the season for any team during the 2007 bowl season . Boise State , meanwhile , traveled 2 @,@ 835 miles ( 4 @,@ 562 km ) to Hawaiʻi . Due to the distance involved , East Carolina fans wishing to support their school , but unable to travel to the game , bought 2 @,@ tickets for troops stationed in Hawaiʻi as a show of support . The weather at kickoff was mostly cloudy with winds from the northeast at 13 miles ( 21 km ) . The temperature was 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) . For the officiating crew , the referee was Terry , umpire was Kevin Matthews , and the linesman was Bob . The line judge was Bart , the back judge was Joe Johnston and the field judge was Ed . The side judge was Craig . - - = = = First quarter = = = - - East Carolina won the pre @-@ game coin toss and deferred the ball until the second half , allowing Boise State to receive the ball to begin the game . The Broncos received the opening kickoff at their 4 – yard line and went three @-@ and @-@ out . Following the Broncos ' punt , East Carolina began its first possession of the game on its 43 – yard line . The offense marched to the 19 – yard line of Boise State , but was stopped on third down . ECU kicker Ben Hartman was sent into the game and made a field goal from 36 yards away . - East Carolina kicked the ball to Boise State 's Austin Smith and he returned the kickoff 89 yards for a touchdown . The touchdown and extra point made the score 7 – 3 and gave Boise State its only lead of the game . - The next two drives for each team ended in . On East Carolina 's third drive , Chris Johnson rushed on the first play 68 yards for a touchdown . With the point after , East Carolina lead 10 – 7 . The next Boise State drive ended in a three and out , and the Broncos kicked the ball away . The Pirates marched down the field 55 yards , but the quarter ended before ECU had a chance to score . - At the end of the first quarter , East Carolina led Boise State 10 – 7 . - - = = = Second quarter = = = - - ECU began the second quarter on Boise 's 30 – yard line , and quarterback Patrick Pinkney continued the Pirates ' drive with a 14 – yard rush . After three more successful plays , Dominique Lindsay rushed 3 yards for a touchdown . Ben Hartman converted the point after , which made the score 17 – 7 ECU . - The Broncos ' first drive of the second quarter was halted after a holding penalty and an incomplete pass denied BSU a chance for a first down . Boise was forced to kick the ball away once more . The Pirates ' second drive of the quarter began at their 26 – yard line . ECU needed just four plays to march 74 yards down the field for a touchdown . On the drive , Chris Johnson rushed for 46 yards and threw an 18 – yard pass for a touchdown . After the touchdown and the extra point kick , ECU led 24 – 7 . - Boise State 's first play after the post @-@ touchdown kickoff was intercepted by Pirates ' defender Travis Williams . Despite the turnover , East Carolina was unable to attain a first down , and went three @-@ and @-@ out before punting . On Boise 's second play of the new drive following the punt , the team earned its first first down of the game . The Broncos continued the drive by going 69 yards in eight plays , culminating in a touchdown . The series included five complete passes and two rushes . With the score , The Broncos had closed the gap to ten points : 24 – 14 East Carolina . - East Carolina started their series on their 41 – yard line . A substitution infraction on ECU and an incomplete pass forced ECU to punt the ball away . On the Broncos ' fourth drive of the second quarter , the team began with three complete passes for 18 yards . On the fourth play , however , BSU 's Titus Young fumbled the ball away . Pirates ' defender Jay Ross recovered the fumble , and ECU had another chance on offense before the end of the first half . East Carolina ran five plays for 38 yards . With the clock running down , ECU elected to kick a field goal . The kick was good , and made the score 31 – 14 ECU . Boise State had one final chance on offense , and Boise Quarterback Taylor Tharp went two @-@ for @-@ four , but ran out of time before coming into field goal range . - At halftime , East Carolina led Boise State 31 – 14 . - - = = = Third quarter = = = - - Because Boise State had received the opening kickoff , East Carolina received the ball to open the second half . ECU completed seven rushes and four passes for 74 yards in five minutes and 53 seconds . On the last play of the drive , Brandon Simmons rushed three yards for a touchdown , and ECU increased its lead to 38 – 14 . - To begin its first series of the second half , Boise State returned the post @-@ touchdown kickoff 55 yards . Two quick plays later , Boise quarterback Taylor Tharp completed a pass to Jeremy Avery for a touchdown , cutting East Carolina 's lead to 17 points , 38 – 21 . - After the punt , the Pirates were unable to obtain a first down . Three plays netted only two yards , and ECU was forced to punt the ball away . On the ensuing drive , Boise State completed three first downs on the series . BSU kicker Kyle Brotzman , converted a 31 yard field goal and the Broncos shrank the ECU lead further . The series went 40 yards in nine plays . It took the team two minutes and 37 seconds to score . - East Carolina took the kickoff on the 39 – yard line , after a Boise player illegally touched the ball on the 39 . Pinkney threw an incomplete pass to start the drive , and after two more plays failed to convert the first down , ECU was forced to punt the ball away . After a touchback , Boise State began at its 20 – yard line . The Broncos completed three plays for 11 yards before the third quarter ended . - At the end of the third quarter , East Carolina led Boise State 38 – 24 . - - = = = Fourth quarter = = = - - BSU started the fourth quarter by throwing two incomplete passes . Tharp then completed two passes for a combined 39 yards before Pirates ' defender Milbrook intercepted Tharp 's fifth pass of the quarter . Milbrook returned the interception 27 yards . The Pirates completed one first down but failed to convert the interception into points . Matt Dodge came into the game , ostensibly to punt the ball away . In a trick play , he rushed the ball instead , picking up the first down . Despite the trick play 's success , the Pirates were not able to gain another first down . On fourth down , Dodge came out again , and this time punted the ball 47 yards for a touchback . The Broncos began the second drive of the fourth quarter by going 80 yards in nine plays for a touchdown . It took just three minutes and 59 seconds and BSU only three first downs . Boise had now cut the Pirates ' lead to 38 – 31 . - On the next drive , ECU brought in a new quarterback , Rob Kass . Kass was initially successful , and gained a few first downs . The Boise State defense stiffened , however , and ECU was forced to punt the ball away . After a touchback , Boise State began on its 20 – yard line . Running back Jeremy Avery rushed for four yards on the first play . On the third play , Tharp completed a pass for nine yards for a first down . Tharp then passed three straight times for 32 yards and two first downs . On subsequent plays , Tharp rushed for six yards and passed for another six to convert BSU 's third first down of the drive . Three plays later , however , the Broncos ' Titus Young fumbled the ball for the second time in the game , and as before , ECU recovered , seemingly sealing the victory . - After a Boise State unsportsmanlike conduct penalty , ECU began its their 39 – yard line , needing only to rush the ball to keep the clock moving in order to secure the win . On the second rush by Chris Johnson , however , he fumbled the ball . The fumble was recovered by Broncos ' defender Marty Tadman at the ECU 47 – yard line and returned all the way for a touchdown . After the , Boise State tied East Carolina 38 – 38 . The fumble and touchdown turned what had been an inevitable ECU victory into a tie game . - Boise kicked the ball deep , hoping to stop the Pirates ' offense and force overtime . Following the kick , ECU began at its own nine – yard line . The Pirates began the drive with one minute and 16 seconds left in the game . Dominique Lindsay rushed for two yards before Rob Kass completed a pass to Bryant for 39 yards , enough for a first down near midfield . The Pirates ' continued to move forward , passing for short yardage and rushing for short gains that kept the clock moving , but advanced the ball closer to field goal range . On the third to the last play , Kass rushed for seven yards , and ECU took a timeout with 15 seconds left . Rob Kass lost one yard while moving the ball towards the center of the field in order to set up a game @-@ ending kick . ECU took its last timeout , again stopping the clock . With four seconds remaining on the clock , ECU kicker Ben Hartman converted a 34 – yard field goal to take the lead and the win , 41 – 38 , as time ran out . - - = = Final statistics = = - - East Carolina running back Chris Johnson finished the game with 223 rushing yards , 32 receiving yards , and 153 return yards for a total of all @-@ purpose yards . That mark broke the NCAA bowl record for all @-@ purpose yards previously set by Alabama 's Sherman Williams against Ohio State in the 1995 Bowl . On the basis of his record @-@ setting performance , Johnson was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . On the opposite side of the ball , Boise State Jeremy Avery had a solid , if , outing . He produced 69 rushing yards , 43 receiving yards , 41 kick – return yards , and caught a 25 – yard touchdown pass . Both Johnson and Avery received the Most Valuable Player award for their respective teams . - Boise State committed four turnovers , compared with East Carolina 's one . The Broncos fumbled the ball away twice and threw two interceptions . Despite the in turnover margin , the teams were strikingly similar in several statistical categories , indicating the closeness of the game : Each team earned seven points off the turnovers . Both teams committed 50 yards in penalties ; the Pirates had seven penalties to the Broncos ' four . In addition , both teams earned 22 first downs . - - = = = Boise State statistical = = = - - Boise State University had 368 total offensive yards during the game . About 73 % of BSU 's total offense came through the air , as quarterback Taylor Tharp passed for 270 yards . The remaining 98 yards came on the ground from five different rushers . Running back Jeremy Avery ran for a team @-@ high 69 yards on 10 carries , while running back D.J. Harper had the only Boise State rushing touchdown of the game . - Tharp 's 30 completions were caught by eight different receivers . Austin led the team with nine catches for 89 yards , and his total accounted for one – third of the team 's receiving yards . Two receivers , Jeremy Avery and Ryan Putnam , accounted for all of the team 's receiving touchdowns . Avery had four catches for 43 yards , while Putnam had one catch for three yards . - Taylor Tharp 's two interceptions were the second @-@ most he had thrown in a game during 2007 , and brought his season interception total to 11 . He completed 30 of 44 pass attempts , a completion percentage of 68 @.@ 2 % . His 270 yards were 13 yards more than his season average of 257 yards . With only two passing touchdowns , Tharp tied for his third @-@ worst passing game in 2007 , worse only in the win against Weber State , loss to Washington , win against Fresno State , and loss to Hawaiʻi . Tharp was sacked once by Pirates ' defensive lineman C.J. Wilson for a seven yard loss . - Boise State 's defense had a hard time stopping the East Carolina offense , especially in the first half . The Pirates ' 31 points were the most scored all year by East Carolina in the first half . Leading the Broncos ' defense was safety Marty Tadman . Tadman had seven solo tackles , three assisted tackles , and recorded a defensive touchdown after recovering Chris Johnson 's fumble late in the fourth quarter . Kyle also starred on defense , recording seven solo tackles , one assisted tackle , and one tackle for a one @-@ yard loss . A total of 23 players recorded at least one tackle . - Kyle Brotzman handled all the kicking duties for Boise State , punting the ball four times for 169 yards . His longest punt was 52 yards , and one kick was downed inside the Pirates ' 20 yard line . His only field goal was a 31 – yard kick that came with three minutes and 11 seconds left in the third quarter . Brotzman kicked off seven times for 384 yards , averaging 54 @.@ 9 yards per kick with no . Marty Tadman had BSU 's only punt return for yard . The Broncos ' special teams had more luck on kickoff returns . Three players had kickoff returns . Austin Smith returned four kickoffs for 173 yards . His 89 – yard return for a touchdown in the first quarter was the team 's longest of the game and gave Boise State its only lead of the game . Jeremy Avery returned two kicks for 41 yards , and Titus Young returned one kick for 52 yards . - Boise State controlled the time of possession only during the fourth quarter , when the Broncos scored 14 points to tie the game . Overall , however , Boise State only controlled the ball for 26 minutes and 16 seconds , in comparison to East Carolina 's 33 minutes and 44 seconds . - - = = = East Carolina statistical = = = - - Almost 70 % of the Pirates ' rushing offense came from running back Chris Johnson , and the rushing offense itself consisted of two – thirds of East Carolina 's total offensive effort . Six additional rushers contributed 99 yards on the ground . The longest rush of the game – 68 yards – came from Johnson . Quarterback Patrick Pinkney played much of the game , completing 12 passes in 19 attempts . Pinkney threw for 118 yards and one touchdown , but the longest pass came from the Pirates ' second quarterback , Rob Kass . Kass threw a 36 – yard pass in the fourth quarter to keep the Pirates ' game @-@ winning drive alive . The pass was Kass 's only completion out of three attempts . Almost one – third of East Carolina 's total offense came from the air . - Ben Hartman and Matt Dodge both contributed to East Carolina 's kicking game . Dodge punted the ball seven times for 302 yards . His longest was a 61 – yard kick , and he had four . Hartman and Dodge shared kickoff duty . Dodge had four kickoffs , compared with Hartman 's three . Dodge averaged 60 @.@ 5 yards per kick , while Hartman averaged 57 yards . In addition , Hartman added six points to the from field goal attempts . He was two for two , with the second field goal attempt being the game @-@ winner in the fourth quarter . Dwayne Harris handled all punt returns . He fielded two , returning them for a total of five yards . @-@ return duty was handled by Chris Johnson . He returned six kickoffs for 153 yards , with his longest return consisting of 39 yards . - East Carolina 's defense managed a strong performance statistically and in real terms . The most obvious examples of this were the two interceptions and two forced fumbles . On the first play of the second drive of the second quarter , Boise State quarterback Taylor Tharp threw an interception to defensive back Travis Williams . Williams also recorded eight solo tackles — the second @-@ highest total for the Pirates – and a forced fumble . The other interception came from defensive back Milbrook , who also boasted three solo tackles , tying him for fifth – best on the team . Jeremy forced the final Broncos turnover , gaining the ball and four yards on the play . In addition to his forced fumble , recorded four solo tackles . The Pirates ' defense as a whole only gave up three yards in the first quarter and did not allow a first down until halfway through the second quarter . - That strong defensive effort limited the Broncos ' third – down conversion rate to 50 % . Until the fourth quarter , BSU was just two for seven on third – down attempts . On offense , the Pirates fared slightly better , going six for fifteen on third downs . - - = = After @-@ effects = = - - The win by East Carolina knocked # 24 Boise State out of the final AP Poll of the year . This was the first time BSU was not ranked in the AP Poll top 25 since October 28 , 2007 . Because of his impressive performance , Chris Johnson was invited to the 2008 Senior Bowl . After the game , East Carolina finished the season 8 @-@ 5 , the highest win total since 2000 . This also marked Coach Holtz 's first Bowl win . Boise State finished the season 10 @-@ 3 . This marked Coach Chris first post @-@ season loss . - - - = The Boat Race 1999 = - - The Boat Race took place on 3 April 1999 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Featuring the tallest rower in Boat Race history , Cambridge won the race in the second @-@ fastest time ever . It was their seventh consecutive victory in the event . - In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie defeated Oxford 's Isis in the fastest time ever , while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . - - = = Background = = - - The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1998 race by three lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 75 victories to Oxford 's 68 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . - The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the , prior to the main Boat Race . - Andrew Lindsay was confident that the Oxford crew would be more motivated than their opponents : " our advantage over Cambridge is that we are hungry for the victory . Everyone in the Oxford boat is driven to go and win this damn thing " . He was making his third and final appearance in the race having lost in both the 1997 and 1998 race . His grandfather represented Cambridge in the 1930s , and his uncle , Alexander Lindsay , rowed for the losing Oxford crew in the 1959 race before the following year . Cambridge boat club president and Canadian international rower Brad Crombie was also making his third Boat Race appearance , attempting to complete a hat @-@ trick of victories . Sean Bowden was the head coach of Oxford . His Cambridge counterpart , Robin Williams , suggested " it still feels like all or nothing to us . The fear of defeat , the aim of trying to push the limits is motivation itself " . Just as he had done in the 1993 race , umpire Mark Evans introduced modifications to the starting procedure , suggesting that he would be content to hold the crews for up to ten seconds between issuing the " set " and " go " commands . Cambridge 's Williams remarked : " I 'm happy as long as both crews abide by it " , Bowden was " Go is when you start races . I 'm happy . " - The race was sponsored for the first time by Aberdeen Management , and both crews were competing for the Aberdeen Trophy . It was the fiftieth anniversary of the BBC 's coverage of the event and over the preceding five years had secured an average audience in excess of six million . - - = = Crews = = - - The Oxford crew weighed @-@ in at an average of 14 10 lb ( 93 @.@ 2 kg ) , 0 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 23 kg ) more per rower than Cambridge . Josh West , rowing at number four for Cambridge , became the tallest rower in Boat Race history at 6 ft 9 in ( 2 @.@ 06 m ) . The Oxford crew comprised three Britons , three Americans , a , a Canadian and a German , while Cambridge were represented by five Britons , two Americans , a German and a Canadian . Three former Blues returned for Cambridge in Wallace , Crombie and Smith , while Oxford saw and Lindsay return . Sharif , the Cambridge , became the tenth female to steer a Boat Race crew , and was the lightest competitor at the event since the 1986 race . - - = = Race = = - - could not initially separate the crews , offering odds on for either boat to win . However , as the start of the race approached , Williams had suggested that he was worried by his crew 's " inconsistency " and Oxford were declared favourites . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Despite being warned by umpire Davis , Cambridge were soon half @-@ a @-@ length ahead , and a second clear by the Mile Post . The lead was extended to a length by Bridge and Sharif had steered her boat into a better angle of attack . on , Cambridge were seven seconds up by Steps and nine seconds at Barnes Railway Bridge . They passed the finishing post three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths ahead , with an eleven @-@ second advantage over the Dark Blues . The Light Blues finished in 16 minutes 41 seconds , a time only bettered once before , in 1998 . It was the first time since 1936 that Cambridge had secured seven consecutive victories . - In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , their ninth victory in ten years , and in a record time of 16 minutes 58 seconds which beat the fastest time recorded in 1996 and repeated in 1998 . Cambridge won the 51st Women 's Boat Race by one length in a time of 6 minutes 1 second , their eighth consecutive victory . - - = = Reaction = = - - Oxford 's Bowden was : " I 'm really . I just haven 't got any answers until I talk to the crew . " His number four , Toby admitted : " my impression is that they were quicker than us and that is a very hard thing to have to say . " Cambridge 's Williams noted : " I thought it would be a bit more competitive than that . " Cambridge boat club president Crombie exclaimed " that 's the most fun I 've ever had rowing for Cambridge . " - - - = Hoysala literature = - - Hoysala literature is the large body of literature in the Kannada and Sanskrit languages produced by the Hoysala Empire ( – ) in what is now southern India . The empire was established by Kama II , came into political prominence during the rule of King Vishnuvardhana ( 1108 – ) , and declined gradually after its defeat by the dynasty invaders in . - Kannada literature during this period consisted of writings relating to the socio @-@ religious developments of the Jain and Veerashaiva faiths , and to a lesser extent that of the Vaishnava faith . The earliest well @-@ known brahmin writers in Kannada were from the Hoysala court . While most of the courtly textual production was in Kannada , an important corpus of monastic Vaishnava literature relating to Dvaita ( ) philosophy was written by the renowned philosopher Madhvacharya in Sanskrit . - Writing Kannada literature in native metres was first popularised by the court poets . These metres were the sangatya , compositions sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument ; shatpadi , six @-@ line verses ; ragale , lyrical compositions in blank verse ; and tripadi , three @-@ line verses . However , Jain writers continued to use the traditional champu , composed of prose and verse . Important literary contributions in Kannada were made not only by court poets but also by noblemen , commanders , ministers , ascetics and saints associated with monasteries . - - = = Kannada writings = = - - - = = = Overview = = = - - Beginning with the 12th century , important socio @-@ political changes took place in the Deccan , south of the Krishna river . During this period , the Hoysalas , native from the region ( hill country in modern Karnataka ) were on the as a political power . They are known to have existed as chieftains from the mid @-@ 10th century when they distinguished themselves as subordinates of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani . In , Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana defeated the of and annexed ( parts of modern southern Karnataka ) , thus bringing the region back under native rule . In the following decades , with the of the power , the Hoysalas proclaimed independence and grew into one of the most powerful ruling families of southern India . Consequently , literature in Kannada , the local language , flourished in the Hoysala empire . This literature can be broadly subdivided as follows : works dominated by the themes of Jain writings , contrasting works by Veerashaiva writers not belonging to the vachana poetic tradition , to Shaiva writings from Jain writers , early works ( Vaishnava ) , works from the birth of the Bhakti ( devotional ) movement in the Kannada @-@ speaking region , writings on secular topics , and the first writings in native metres ( ragale , sangatya and shatpadi ) . - As in earlier centuries , Jain authors wrote about ( saints ) , princes and other personages important to the Jain religion . Jain versions of the Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Bhagavata ( tales of Hindu god Krishna ) were also written . According to R. , a noted scholar on Kannada literature , more Jain writers wrote in Kannada than in any other language during the " Augustan age " of Kannada literature , from the earliest known works to the 12th century . The Veerashaiva writers , devotees of the Hindu god Shiva , wrote about his 25 forms in their of . Vaishnava authors wrote treatments of the Hindu epics , the Ramayana , the Mahabharata and the Bhagavata . Breaking away from the old Jain tradition of using the champu form for writing Kannada literature , Harihara penned poems in the ragale metre in @-@ @-@ ( 1160 ) . His nephew Raghavanka established the shatpadi tradition by writing a unique version of the story of King Harishchandra in Harishchandra Kavya ( 1200 ) . Sisumayana introduced the sangatya metre in his and ( 1235 ) . However , some scholars continued to employ Sanskritic genres such as champu ( Ramachandra ) , ( 100 verse compositions , Pampa sataka ) and ashtaka ( eight line verse compositions , ashtaka ) . - The exact beginnings of the haridasa movement in the Kannada @-@ speaking region have been disputed . , a noted scholar , claimed in his book Karnataka that the movement was inspired by saint Dasa of ( in the modern district ) in the 9th century . However , neither the language used in Dasa 's compositions nor the discovery of a composition with the pen name " " , which mentions the 13th @-@ century philosopher Madhvacharya , lends support to the 9th @-@ century theory . Naraharitirtha ( 1281 ) , one of earliest disciples of Madhvacharya , is therefore considered the earliest haridasa to write Vaishnava compositions in Kannada . topics were popular and included on poetry ( ) and writings on natural sciences ( ) , mathematics ( ) , fiction ( Lilavati ) , grammar ( Shabdamanidarpana ) , rhetoric ( ) and others . - Important contributions were made by some prominent literary families . One Jain family produced several authors , including Mallikarjuna , the noted ( ) ; his brother @-@ in @-@ law Janna ( 1209 ) , the court poet of King Veera Ballala II ; Mallikarjuna 's son Keshiraja ( 1260 ) , considered by D. R. , a scholar on literary cultures in history , to be the greatest theorist of Kannada grammar ; and , who was in the court of King Narasimha I and was the maternal grandfather of Keshiraja . Harihara ( 1160 ) and his nephew Raghavanka ( 1200 ) , poets who set the trend for using native metres , came from a Shaiva family ( devotees of the god Shiva ) . - The support of the Hoysala rulers for the Kannada language was strong , and this is seen even in their , often written in polished and poetic language , rather than prose , with illustrations of floral designs in the margins . In addition to the Hoysala patronage , royal support was enjoyed by Kannada poets and writers during this period in the courts of neighbouring kingdoms of the western Deccan . The Western Chalukyas , the southern Kalachuris , the of and the of are some of the ruling families who enthusiastically used Kannada in inscriptions and promoted its literature . - Writers bilingual in Kannada and Telugu gained popularity which caused interaction between the two languages , a trend that continued into modern times . The canon of the Kannada language was translated or adapted into Telugu from this time period . Palkuriki Somanatha ( ) , a devotee of social reformer Basavanna , is the most well @-@ known of these bilingual poets . The Chola chieftain ( c . 1150 ) used many Kannada words in his Telugu writings . After the decline of the Hoysala empire , the Vijayanagara empire kings further supported writers in both languages . In , inspired by Palkuriki Somanatha , Kavi translated the Telugu to Kannada , and King Deva II ( c . 1425 ) had 's landmark writing translated into Telugu and Tamil . Many Veerashaiva writers in the court of the 17th century Kingdom of Mysore were in Kannada , Telugu and Sanskrit while the ( a sect of Vaishnavism ) Kannada writers of the court were in competition with the Telugu and Sanskrit writers . - Information from contemporary records regarding several writers from this period whose works are considered lost include : ( probable author of Rama and guru of of 1235 ) , ( guru of , and author of and possibly a @-@ , 1170 ) , Sambha Varma ( mentioned by of 1145 ) , Vira Nandi ( , 1175 ) , Pandita ( and ) , Nandi ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , , a Veerashaiva ( , 1300 ) , and Kavi ( author of Purana in 1330 ) . - - = = = Jain epics = = = - - During the early 12th @-@ century ascendancy of the Hoysalas , the kings of the dynasty entertained imperial ambitions . King Vishnuvardhana wanted to perform Vedic sacrifices an emperor , and surpass his overlords , the Western Chalukyas , in military and architectural achievements . This led to his conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism . Around the same time , the well @-@ known philosopher Ramanujacharya sought refuge from the in Hoysala territory and popularised the Sri Vaishnava faith , a sect of Hindu Vaishnavism . Although Jains continued to dominate culturally in what is now the southern Karnataka region for a while , these social changes would later contribute to the decline of Jain literary output . The growing political of the Hoysalas attracted many bards and scholars to their court , who in turn wrote on their patrons . - Nagachandra , a scholar and the builder of the ( a Jain temple in honor of the 19th Jain tirthankar , , in , Karnataka ) , wrote ( 1105 ) , an account of the evolution of the soul of the Jain saint . According to some historians , King Veera Ballala I was his patron . Later , he wrote his magnum opus , a Jain version of the Hindu epic Ramayana called Ramachandra ( or Pampa Ramayana ) . Written in the traditional champu metre and in the tradition of , it is the earliest extant version of the epic in the Kannada language . The work contains 16 sections and significantly from the original epic by . Nagachandra represents King Ravana , the villain of the Hindu epic , as a tragic hero , who in a moment of weakness commits the sin of ( wife of the Hindu god Rama ) but is eventually purified by her devotion to Rama . In a further , Rama 's loyal brother ( instead of Rama ) kills Ravana in the final battle . Eventually , Rama takes @-@ ( converts to monk ) , becomes an ascetic and ( enlightenment ) . Considered a complementary work to the Pampa of Pampa ( , a Jain version of the epic Mahabharata ) , the work earned Nagachandra the honorific " Pampa " ( " new Pampa " ) . Only in the Kannada language do Jain versions exist of the Hindu epics , the Mahabharata and Ramayana , in addition to their version . - ( 1108 ) , known for her wit and humour , was one of the earliest female poets of the Kannada language and a contemporary of Nagachandra , with whom she indulged in debates and . , a native of either or ( the modern district ) , was in the Hoysala court during the days of King Veera Ballala I and King Vishnuvardhana . He wrote in easy verse on arithmetic and other mathematical topics and is credited with three of the earliest writings on mathematics in the Kannada language : , and Lilavati . , a Chola prince , authored a piece on rhetoric called ( 1150 ) . It was based on 's Sanskrit . - - = = = Age of Harihara = = = - - Harihara ( or , 1160 ) , who came from a family of ( accountants ) in Hampi , was one of the earliest Veerashaiva writers who was not part of the Vachana poetic tradition . He is considered one of the most influential Kannada poets of the Hoysala era . A non @-@ , he has been called " poet of poets " and a " poet for the masses " . Kannada poetry changed course because of his efforts , and he was an inspiration for generations of poets to follow . Impressed by his early writings , Kereya Padmarasa , the court poet of King Narasimha I , introduced him to the king , who became Harihara 's patron . A master of many metres , he authored the ( " Marriage of the mountain born goddess – Parvati " ) in the tradition , employing the champu style to tell a 10 @-@ part story leading to the marriage of the god Shiva and Parvati . According to an , Harihara was so against earthly mortals that he struck his protégé Raghavanka for writing about King Harishchandra in the landmark work Harishchandra Kavya ( c . 1200 ) . Harihara is credited with developing the native ragale metre . The earliest poetic biographer in the Kannada language , he wrote a biography of Basavanna called ragale , which gives interesting details about the protagonist while not always conforming to popular beliefs of the time . to him is a group of 100 poems called the ragale ( also called ragale or – " The holy lake of the lives of the devotees " ) after the saint . In the sataka metre he wrote the Pampa sataka , and in the ashtaka metre , the ashtaka in about 1200 . - Famous among Vaishnava writers and the first brahmin writer ( of the sect ) of repute , wrote Vijaya ( 1180 ) in a style considered a transition between ancient and medieval Kannada . , a minister in the court of King Veera Ballala II , was his patron . The writing , in champu metre , is about the life of the god Krishna . Leading to the god 's fight with , it is based on an earlier writing , . - , court poet of King Veera Ballala II and the King of , wrote Lilavati ( 1170 ) , the earliest available true fiction ( and hence a novel ) in Kannada , with an erotic bent . Written in the champu metre , with the ancient town as the background , it narrates the love story of a prince and a princess who eventually marry after facing many obstacles . The story is based on a c . 610 Sanskrit original called by . His other work , , unfinished on account of his death ( and hence called or " incomplete " ) , details the life of the 22nd Jain tirthankar while treating the life of the god Krishna from a Jain angle . - Palkuriki Somanatha , a native of modern Karnataka or Andhra Pradesh , is considered one of the foremost multi @-@ lingual Shaiva ( or Shiva @-@ following ) poets of the 12th and 13th centuries . Historians are divided about the time and place of his birth and death and his original faith . He was adept in the Sanskrit , Telugu and Kannada languages . He was a devotee of Basavanna ( the founder of the Veerashaiva movement ) , and all his writings propagate that faith . It is generally accepted that he was born a brahmin and later adopted the Shaiva faith , although according to the scholar he was born a ( follower of the Shaiva faith ) . His time of birth has been identified as either the 12th century or late 13th century . In Kannada , his most important writings are , and . His well @-@ known poems , written in the ragale metre , are ragale , ragale and ragale . He is known to have many Vaishnava poets in debates . - Other well @-@ known personalities from the 12th century included several Jain writers . These include , who authored ( 1189 ) , an account of the life of the eighth Jain tirthankar ; , who wrote a on of ; and , who authored and ( 1160 ) . The latter was 's version of the Sanskrit original of the same name written by c . . In this champu writing , the author narrates the story of two princess who went to Benares and exposed the vices of the gods after discussions with the there . The author questions the credibility of Hanuman ( the Hindu monkey god ) and the ( monkey @-@ like in the Hindu epic Ramayana ) . Although controversial , the work sheds useful information on contemporary religious beliefs . Kereya Padmarasa , a Veerashaiva poet patronised by King Narasimha I , wrote in the ragale metre in 1165 . He would later become the protagonist of a biographical work called written by his descendant in c . 1400 . The brahmin poet Deva Kavi authored a romance piece called ( 1200 ) , and brahmin poet Kavi Kama ( 12th century ) authored a treatise called @-@ on the ( flavor ) of poetical sentiment . ( 1170 ) was a poet @-@ grammarian and the ( " military teacher " ) under King Narasimha I. He was also a priest in , the capital . - - = = = Jain – Veerashaiva conflict = = = - - Harihara 's nephew and protégé , the dramatic poet Raghavanka of Hampi , whose style is compared to that of 10th @-@ century poet , was the first to establish the shatpadi metre in Kannada literature in the epic Harishchandra Kavya ( 1200 ) . According to L. S. Rao , it is believed that in no other language has the story of King Harishchandra been interpreted in this way . The writing is an original in tradition and inspiration that fully develops the potential of the shatpadi metre . The narration has many noteworthy elegiac verses such as the mourning of over the death of her young son from snake bite . The very writing that made Raghavanka famous was rejected by his guru , Harihara . His other well @-@ known writings , adhering to strict Shaiva principles and written to appease his guru , are the Siddharama charitra ( or Siddharama Purana ) , a larger than life stylistic of the 12th @-@ century Veerashaiva saint , Siddharama of ; the Somanatha charitra , a propagandist work that describes the life of saint ( or ) of ( modern ) , his humiliation by a Jain girl and his revenge ; the , a dramatic story of the blind wrath of a Shaiva warrior , ; the , an account of the life of of Hampi ; and charitra . The last two classics are considered lost . - In 1209 , the Jain scholar , minister , builder of temples and army commander Janna wrote , among other classics , , a unique set of stories in 310 verses dealing with , of the soul , passion gone awry and morals for human conduct . The writing , although inspired by 's Sanskrit classic of the same name , is noted for its original interpretation , imagery and style . In one story , the poet tells of the infatuation of a man for his friend 's wife . Having killed his friend , the man abducts the wife , who dies of grief . by repentance , he burns himself on the funeral of the woman . The stories of infatuation reach a peak when Janna writes about the attraction of , the queen , to the ugly , who the queen with kicks and whip lashes . This story has the interest of modern researchers . In honour of this work , Janna received the title ( " Emperor among poets " ) from his patron , King Veera Ballala II . His other classic , Purana ( 1230 ) , is an account of the life of the 14th tirthankar . - , taking a non @-@ conformist path that was never repeated in Kannada literature , wrote Vijaya ( " Triumph of " , 1217 – 1235 ) using only pure Kannada words ( ) and naturalized Sanskrit words ( ) and totally avoiding assimilated Sanskrit words ( ) . This is seen by some as a rebuttal meant to prove that writing Kannada literature without borrowed Sanskrit words was possible . The poem narrates the story of the moon being imprisoned by the god Shiva in his abode in the Himalayas . In his anger , Kama ( , the god of love , also called ) assailed Shiva with his arrows only to be cursed by Shiva and separated from his beloved . Kama then contrived to rid himself of Shiva 's curse . The work also goes by other names such as ( " Harvest of Beauty " ) , ( " 's Conquest " ) and @-@ ( " Poets defender " ) . Kama has an important place in Jain writings even before . The possibility that this writing was yet another subtle weapon in the intensifying conflict between the dominant Jains and the , whose popularity was on the rise , is not lost on historians . - Mallikarjuna , a Jain ascetic , compiled an anthology of poems called ( " Gems from the poets " ) in in the court of King Vira . Some interesting observations have been made by scholars about this important undertaking . While the anthology itself provides insight into poetic tastes of that period ( and hence qualifies as a " history of Kannada literature " ) , it also performs the function of a " guide for poets " , an assertive method of bridging the gap between courtly literary intelligentsia and folk poetry . Being a guide for " professional intellectuals " , the work , true to its nature , often includes poems kings and royalty but completely ignoring poems of the 12th @-@ century vachana canon ( Veerashaiva folk literature ) . However , the selection of poems includes contributions from Harihara , the non @-@ conformist Veerashaiva writer . This suggests a compromise by which the author attempts to include the " rebels " . - Other notable writers of the early 13th century were , author of and ( 1200 ) , the latter bearing on morals and , and written addressing the soul ; Kavi , the author of the fort inscription who claimed to be " master of four languages " ; , the author of an extinct commentary on the Jain theological work @-@ ( 1209 ) for which there are references , and the available commentary called giving a complete explanation of Sanskrit and authoritative citations ; , who wrote ; , author of , and Sisumayana , who introduced a new form of composition called sangatya in . He wrote an allegorical poem called ( " Burning of the triple fortress " ) and . The latter work was inspired by 's Sanskrit charitra . , a Veerashaiva scholar , wrote a of , the ruler of , and called it ( or , ) . Other Jain writers were Pandita , author of , and II , the author of the story of the ninth Jain tirthankar called ( both were patronised by the kings of ) . , a commander , minister , and the builder of the temple in , wrote in 1224 . He was patronised by King Veera Ballala II and his successor , King Vira Narasimha II . Somanatha authored a book on morals called . - - = = = of grammar = = = - - Keshiraja was a notable writer and grammarian of the 13th century . He came from a family of famous poet @-@ writers . Although five of Keshiraja 's writings are not , his most enduring work on Kannada grammar , Shabdamanidarpana ( " Mirror of Word Jewels " , 1260 ) , is available and to his scholarly and literary taste . True to his wish that his writing on grammar should " last as long as the sun , the moon , the oceans and the mountain lasted " , Shabdamanidarpana is popular even today and is considered a standard authority on old Kannada grammar . It is prescribed as a textbook for students of graduate and post @-@ graduate studies in the Kannada language . Although Keshiraja followed the model of Sanskrit grammar ( of the school ) and that of earlier writings on Kannada grammar ( by King I of the 9th century and grammarian II of 1145 ) , his work has originality . Keshiraja 's lost writings are , Sri , , and ( or ) . - A major development of this period that would have a profound impact on Kannada literature even into the modern age was the birth of the ( " servants of or Vishnu " ) movement . This devotional movement , although reminiscent in some ways of the Veerashaiva movement of the 12th century ( which produced Vachana poetry and taught devotion to the god Shiva ) , was in contrast intimately devoted to the Hindu god Vishnu as the supreme God . The inspiration behind this movement was the philosophy of Madhvacharya of Udupi . Naraharitirtha ( 1281 ) is considered the first well @-@ known haridasa and composer of Vaishnava devotional songs in Kannada . Before his induction into the order , he had served as a minister in the court of . The Vaishnava poetry however disappeared for about two centuries after Naraharitirtha 's death before resurfacing as a popular form of folk literature during the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire . Only three of Naraharitirtha 's compositions are available today . - Other writers worthy of mention are Kavi , the author of ( ) , an account of the 22nd Jain tirthankar , and , author of a Jain version of the epic Ramayana in shatpadi metre called Ramayana in 1275 . The effort was influenced by Pampa Ramayana of Nagachandra . Padmarasa , son of Kereya Padmarasa , wrote the in shatpadi metre . Kavi , a Jain noble , wrote a quasi @-@ scientific piece called ( or ) in 1300 . The writing bears on natural phenomena such rain , earthquakes , lightning , planets and . A commentary on the , considered useful to students of the language , called was written by the Jain writer ( 1300 ) . Towards the end of the Hoysala rule , wrote in 1331 in champu style , a work that narrates the stories of heroes in 52 tales and is said to be a translation from Sanskrit . - - = = Sanskrit writings = = - - The Vaishnava movement in the Kannada @-@ speaking regions found momentum after the arrival of the philosopher Ramanujacharya ( – 1137 ) . possible persecution from the Chola King ( who was a Shaiva ) , Ramanujacharya sought refuge initially in and later moved to . But this event had no impact on Vaishnava literature in Hoysala lands at that time . However , the teachings of Madhvacharya ( – ) , of the Dvaita philosophy , did have a direct impact on Vaishnava literature , in both the Sanskrit and Kannada languages . This body of writings is known as haridasa ( haridasa literature ) . - Born as in village near Udupi in , he learnt the and under his guru . He was initiated into ( asceticism ) after which he earned the name Madhvacharya ( or ) . Later , he disagreed with the views of his guru and began to travel India . He successfully debated with many scholars and philosophers during this time and won over Naraharitirtha , a minister in , who would later become Madhvacharya 's first notable disciple . Unlike Adi ( – 820 ) who philosophy ( monism ) and Ramanujacharya who philosophy ( qualified monism ) , Madhvacharya taught the Dvaita philosophy ( dualism ) . - Madhvacharya taught complete devotion to the Hindu god Vishnu , emphasising or the " path of knowledge " , and insisted that the path of devotion " can help a soul to attain elevation " ( ) . He was however willing to accept devotion to other Hindu deities as well . He wrote 37 works in Sanskrit including Sutra ( in which his devotion to the god Vishnu found full expression ) , , Tatparya Nirnaya , Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya , Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya , and Vishnu Nirnaya . To propagate his teachings he established eight monasteries near Udupi , the monastery , and the monastery in ( in modern Andhra Pradesh ) and ( near modern Mysore ) . - The writings of Madhvacharya and ( author of ) may have been absorbed by , brother of , the patron saint of the founders of the Vijayanagara empire in the 14th century . ( who was patronised by Hoysala King ) wrote a commentary on , wrote commentary on and , and wrote . A family of hereditary poets whose names have not been identified held the title " " ( poet laureate ) in the Hoysala court . One of them wrote , a description of the war between Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II and the , in the early 13th century . His grandson with the same title , in the court of king Veera Ballala III , composed a poem called in 16 ( chapters ) and wrote commentaries ( on ) on the and . Kalyani Devi , a sister of Madhvacharya , and , his disciple , wrote commentaries on the Dvaita philosophy . To is ascribed a poem the story of and called . Narayana Pandita composed , and a poem called . The Jain writer Ramachandra authored . - - = = Literature after the Hoysalas = = - - Literary developments during the Hoysala period had a marked influence on Kannada literature in the centuries to follow . These developments popularised folk metres which shifted the emphasis towards ( native or folk ) forms of literature . With the of Jain literary output , competition between the Veerashaiva and Vaishnava writers came to the fore . The Veerashaiva writer ( author of , 1425 ) and his Vaishnava competitor ( Bharata , ) popularised the shatpadi metric tradition initiated by Hoysala poet Raghavanka , in the court of Vijayanagara King Deva II . , the 16th – 17th century writer of epic poems , continued the tradition in the Bharata , a work that has remained popular even in the modern period . The tripadi metre , one of the oldest in the Kannada language ( inscription of 700 ) , which was used by Akka ( , 1160 ) , was popularised in the 16th century by the poet . Even Jain writers , who had dominated courtly literature throughout the classical period with their Sanskritic champu style , began to use native metres . Among them , is famous for successfully integrating an element of worldly pleasure into asceticism and for treating the topic of with discretion in a religious epic written in the native sangatya metre ( a metre initiated by Hoysala poet Sisumayana ) , his magnum opus , the ( c . ) . - Though the Vaishnava courtly writings in Kannada began with the Hoysala poet and the devotional song genre was initiated by Naraharitirtha , the Vaishnava movement began to exert a strong influence on Kannada literature only from the 15th century on . The Vaishnava writers consisted of two groups who seemed to have no interaction with each other : the Brahmin commentators who typically wrote under the patronage of royalty , and the Bhakti ( devotion ) writers ( also known as ) who played no role in courtly matters . The Bhakti writers took the message of God to the people in the form of songs composed using folk genres such as the ( a musical composition with refrain , based on tune and rhythm ) , the ( a composition based on rhythm ) and the ( a composition based on melody ) . and Kavi were well @-@ known among the Brahmin commentators , while Dasa and Dasa were the most notable of the Bhakti writers . The philosophy of Madhvacharya , which originated in the Kannada @-@ speaking region in the 13th century , spread beyond its borders over the next two centuries . The itinerant , best described as mystic saint @-@ poets , spread the philosophy of Madhvacharya in simple Kannada , winning mass appeal by preaching devotion to God and the virtues of ( enlightenment ) , ( devotion ) and ( detachment ) . - Vachana poetry , developed in reaction to the rigid caste @-@ based Hindu society , attained its peak in popularity among the under @-@ privileged during the 12th century . Though these poems did not employ any regular metre or rhyme scheme , they are known to have originated from the earlier tripadi form . The , who wrote this poetry , had risen to influential positions by the Vijayanagara period ( 14th century ) . Court ministers and nobility belonging to the faith , such as and , not only wrote literature but also patronised talented writers and poets . Veerashaiva of the 15th and 16th centuries began to collect Shaiva writings and vachana poems , originally written on palm leaf manuscripts . Because of the cryptic nature of the poems , the added commentaries to them , thereby providing their hidden meaning and esoteric significance . An interesting aspect of this work was the translation of the Shaiva canon into Sanskrit , bringing it into the sphere of the Sanskritic ( or mainstream as opposed to or folk ) cultural order . - - - = 1939 Pacific hurricane season = - - The 1939 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1939 . Before the satellite age started in the 1960s , data on east Pacific hurricanes are extremely unreliable . Most east Pacific storms are of no threat to land . However , 1939 saw a large number of storms threaten California . - - = = Storms = = - - - = = = Hurricane One = = = - - On June 12 , a hurricane was detected . The lowest pressure reported by a ship was 985 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) . The hurricane was last seen June 13 . - - = = = Possible Tropical Cyclone Two = = = - - A possible tropical cyclone was located off the coast of Mexico on June 27 . A ship reported a gale and a pressure of 1 @,@ 006 mbar ( 29 @.@ 7 inHg ) . The system was last seen on June 28 . - - = = = Tropical Cyclone Three = = = - - On July 19 , a tropical cyclone was detected . A ship reported a pressure of 1 @,@ 000 @.@ 7 millibars ( 29 @.@ 55 inHg ) . - - = = = Tropical Cyclone Four = = = - - On July 29 , a tropical cyclone was located midway between Manzanillo and Acapulco . It moved up the coast , and a ship reported a pressure of 1 @,@ 000 mbar ( 30 inHg ) on July 29 as the cyclone made landfall in the vicinity of Manzanillo . - - = = = Tropical Cyclone Five = = = - - A small tropical cyclone was detected on August 31 . A ship reported and a pressure of 1 @,@ @.@ 3 millibars ( 29 @.@ 63 inHg ) . - - = = = Hurricane Six = = = - - From September 4 to 7 , the remnants of a hurricane brought heavy rain to Southern California . The storm delivered over a year 's worth of rainfall to Blythe , while Imperial received more than two year 's worth . The flooding caused major damage in Mecca , California , and 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) of water swamped . - - = = = Hurricane Seven = = = - - A tropical cyclone was first detected south of Acapulco on September 5 . It intensified into a hurricane and moved northwestward . A ship sailing through the eye reported a pressure reading of mbar ( 28 @.@ 0 inHg ) . The tropical cyclone made landfall somewhere along the Baja California Peninsula . It dissipated inland over the northern part of the peninsula on September 12 . Remnants of this tropical storm , in association with a trough , caused rain of up to 4 inches ( 100 mm ) in southern California on September 11 and 12 . - - = = = Tropical Cyclone Eight = = = - - On September 5 , a tropical cyclone formed off the coast of Costa Rica . It also headed northwest and dissipated over the southern part of Baja California on September 15 . The lowest reported pressure was 1 @,@ mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . From September 19 to 21 , remnants of this tropical cyclone caused rain measuring up to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) in Southern California . - - = = = Hurricane Nine = = = - - On September 14 , a tropical cyclone formed off the coast of Central America . This tropical storm tracked northwestward and intensified into a hurricane . The sea @-@ level pressure dropped to mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) or lower . The hurricane recurved gradually to the northeast and weakened over cool seas . On September 25 , this tropical storm made landfall near Long Beach , California , and dissipated inland . - The tropical storm caught Southern unprepared . It brought heavy rain and flooding to the area , which killed 45 people . At sea , 48 were killed . The storm caused heavy property damage amounting to $ 2 million ( 1939 USD ) in total , mostly to crops and coastal infrastructure . - - = = = Hurricane Ten = = = - - On October 23 , a tropical cyclone formed south of Cabo Corrientes . It intensified and headed roughly due north . A steamer , the , caught in the eye of this extremely intense hurricane , recording a corrected central pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 46 inHg ) . Even with modern tropical cyclone observation techniques available , this reading still qualifies this cyclone as one of the most intense on record . The steep pressure gradient between the and the external hurricane conditions off of Manzanillo , Colima caused several to burst . Other shipping was disrupted off the Mexican coast by the intense tropical cyclone . - The hurricane made landfall near Cabo Corrientes on October 25 and dissipated shortly thereafter . , the storm caused an extensive of damage . were destroyed in the towns of Santiago and in the Mexican state of , hundreds of people . In Puerto Vallarta , a strong storm surge flooded a section of the town , destroying several homes . Tobacco , corn , and rice crops in the region suffered considerable damage . The strong winds downed power lines , resulting in the delayed of damage reports . Although no exact casualty total was documented , reports indicated that the tropical cyclone caused a " few casualties " . After the storm , US $ 6 @,@ 000 was donated to help aid the displaced in the states of and , while doctors and nurses were sent to those areas . - - - = G.I. Joe : Retaliation = - - G.I. Joe : Retaliation is a 2013 American military science fiction action film directed by Jon M. Chu , based on Hasbro 's G.I. Joe toy , comic and media franchises . Written by Rhett Reese and Paul , the film is a sequel to 2009 's G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra while also serving as a soft reboot of the franchise . - Retaliation features an ensemble cast , with Byung @-@ hun Lee , Ray Park , Jonathan Pryce , Arnold Vosloo , and Channing Tatum reprising their roles from the first film . Luke Bracey takes over the role of Cobra Commander , replacing Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt . Dwayne Johnson , D. J. Cotrona , Adrianne Palicki , Ray Stevenson , and Bruce Willis round out the principal cast . - In the film , with Cobra operative Zartan still impersonating the President of the United States , the terrorist organization is able to frame the Joes as , and have them nearly decimated in an . Cobra Commander places the world leaders under Cobra 's control , and gains access to their advanced warheads . and , the surviving Joes form a plan with the original G.I. Joe , General Joseph Colton , to overthrow the Cobra Commander and his allies . - Originally slated for release in June 2012 , the film was delayed in order to convert to 3D and boost interest in international markets . It was released in North America on March 28 , 2013 , and received generally negative reviews , but was a box office success , grossing over $ 375 million worldwide . - - = = Plot = = - - Duke ( Channing Tatum ) has become the leader of the G.I. Joe unit , which is framed for stealing nuclear warheads from Pakistan by Zartan ( Arnold Vosloo ) , who is impersonating the President of the United States ( Jonathan Pryce ) . The unit is subsequently decimated in a military air strike with Duke among the casualties . The only survivors are Roadblock ( Dwayne Johnson ) , Flint ( D.J. Cotrona ) , and Lady Jaye ( Adrianne Palicki ) . - Meanwhile , Storm Shadow ( Byung @-@ hun Lee ) and Firefly ( Ray Stevenson ) rescue Cobra Commander ( Luke Bracey ) from an underground maximum @-@ security prison in Germany , leaving behind . Storm Shadow is injured during the escape and retreats to a temple in the Himalayas to recover . Upon learning that he is alive , the Blind Master ( RZA ) , leader of the Arashikage Clan , sends Snake Eyes ( Ray Park ) and his apprentice Jinx ( Élodie Yung ) , Storm Shadow 's cousin , to capture Storm Shadow so he can answer for the murder of his uncle , the Hard Master . - Roadblock , Flint , and Lady Jaye return to the United States where they set up a base of operations in a gym . After Zartan announces that Cobra will replace the Joes as America 's elite special forces unit , Lady Jaye that someone is impersonating the President , and Roadblock leads them to General Joseph Colton ( Bruce Willis ) , who provides them with weapons , and helps them infiltrate a fundraising event that the President will be attending . Lady Jaye steals a sample of the President 's DNA and confirms that he is Zartan . They escape after a confrontation with Firefly and ( Matt Gerald ) , the head of the U.S. Secret Service 's Presidential and a member of Cobra . - Snake Eyes and Jinx locate and capture Storm Shadow after a battle with ninjas and take him to Japan , where Storm Shadow reveals that Zartan murdered the Hard Master , and that he joined Cobra to avenge his uncle . Storm Shadow then accompanies Snake Eyes and Jinx as they join the Joes ' efforts to stop Cobra . - Zartan invites the world leaders to a summit at historic Fort , where he blackmails them into their nuclear , and reveals that he has created Project Zeus : seven orbital bombardment weapons of mass destruction at his command . He destroys central London to prove his superiority , and threatens to destroy other capitals if the countries don 't submit to Cobra . Storm Shadow betrays Cobra Commander and kills Zartan , revealing Cobra 's deception to the world leaders . While Snake Eyes , Jinx , and Flint fight Cobra 's soldiers , Cobra Commander activates the remaining six weapons and instructs Firefly to protect the launch device . Firefly is killed in combat by Roadblock , who and destroys the orbital weapons . Meanwhile , Colton and Lady Jaye rescue the President . - Cobra Commander escapes during the battle and Storm Shadow disappears after his uncle . The real President addresses the nation at a White House ceremony where Roadblock , Lady Jaye , Flint , Jinx , and Snake Eyes are commemorated as heroes . Colton presents Roadblock with an pistol that belonged to General George S. Patton , to use when he finally finds Cobra Commander and to avenge Duke . Roadblock proudly raises the weapon and fires a single shot in honor of his fallen comrades . - - = = Cast = = - - - = = = G.I. Joe = = = - - Dwayne Johnson as Marvin F. / Roadblock - Ray Park as Snake Eyes - Adrianne Palicki as Jaye / Lady Jaye - D.J. Cotrona as R. / Flint - Élodie Yung as Kim Arashikage / Jinx - Bruce Willis as General Joseph Colton - Channing Tatum as Conrad S. Hauser / Duke - Joseph as Mouse - Ryan Hansen as - Jim Palmer as - - = = = Cobra = = = - - Luke Bracey as Lewis / Cobra Commander - Robert Baker as the voice of Cobra Commander - Byung @-@ hun Lee as Thomas " Tommy " Arashikage / Storm Shadow - Ray Stevenson as Firefly - Arnold Vosloo as Zartan - Matt Gerald as / - - = = = Other characters = = = - - Jonathan Pryce as the President of the United States - Walton as Nigel James - RZA as Blind Master - Davis as - Joe as the Chief of Staff - James as himself - Jackson as Roadblock 's - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - After the financially successful release of The Rise of Cobra , Rob Moore , the studio vice chairman of Paramount Pictures , stated in 2009 that a sequel would be developed . In January 2011 , Rhett Reese and Paul , the writers of , were hired to write the script for the sequel . The movie was originally thought to be titled G.I. Joe : Cobra , which was later denied by Reese . Stephen was originally going to return as director of the sequel , but Paramount Pictures announced in February 2011 that Jon Chu would direct the sequel . In July 2011 , the sequel 's name was revealed to be G.I. Joe : Retaliation . Chu would later declare that Paramount wanted a reboot that also served as a sequel to The Rise of Cobra since " a lot of people saw the first movie so we don 't want to alienate that and the whole thing . " - - = = = Casting = = = - - In January 2011 , it was confirmed that Byung @-@ hun Lee would reprise his role as Storm Shadow in the sequel . Channing Tatum and Ray Park also returned , as Duke and Snake Eyes , respectively . Rachel Nichols , the actress who played Scarlett in the first film , stated that most cast members would not be returning , except for the three aforementioned actors . In March 2011 , Miller stated that she would not be returning for a sequel . Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt also confirmed that he would not be returning as Cobra Commander in the sequel . - In June 2011 , Dwayne Johnson was cast as Roadblock , D.J. Cotrona and RZA were cast as Flint and Blind Master respectively , while Élodie Yung was in talks for the role of Jinx . In July 2011 , Adrianne Palicki was confirmed for the lead female role of Lady Jaye , and Ray Stevenson was confirmed to portray the villain Firefly . Arnold Vosloo also confirmed that he would reprise his role of Zartan , although in the final film Vosloo appears only in a couple of non @-@ dialogue scenes , with Jonathan Pryce playing Zartan in most scenes . Joseph was confirmed to play Mouse . In August 2011 , Walton was added as Nigel James , and it was confirmed that Bruce Willis was cast to star in the film as the original G.I. Joe . The character of Joe Colton was a replacement for fan @-@ favorite Joe character Sgt. Slaughter . Sgt. Slaughter stated that he " was originally supposed to be the part of Bruce Willis ' [ as ] Sgt. Slaughter but because we had a conflict in toy companies , Hasbro and Mattel , I wasn 't able to do it . It 's one of those things , Rock ( Dwayne Johnson ) doesn 't have a contract so he can do what he wants to do and he 's been very successful " . - In September , a casting call sheet leaked to the Internet revealed that Cobra Commander would appear in the sequel , though it was unknown who would play the character . Chu said that fans would get a glimpse of in the film , but Christopher Eccleston would not reprise his role in the sequel . On May 1 , 2012 , it was confirmed by Jon Chu that G.I. Joe : Retaliation 's Cobra Commander is Rex Lewis , the same character that Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt played in The Rise of Cobra . Actor Robert Baker confirmed that he is the voice of Cobra Commander in the sequel . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Principal photography began in August 2011 in Louisiana . On November 22 , 2011 , a crew member died in an accident at a New Orleans warehouse that was serving as a soundstage for the production . The incident happened while crew members were changing out a set . The battle on the Himalayas was shot in a New Orleans warehouse previously used to build NASA rockets , that had been fitted with a green screen wall at a very steep angle with a lot of rigging above to swing the stunt people through . - Fort Pike in Louisiana stands in for Fort in South Carolina as the site of the climactic summit meeting of the leaders of nuclear @-@ armed countries . - - = = = Visual effects = = = - - Retaliation had 700 visual effects shots , which were mostly handled by three effects companies . Visual effects supervisor Zachary declared that while the visuals aimed for the " big and bold " typical of the franchise , Retaliation would be the first to attempt " a bit more of that gritty realism . " The major part of the effects was given to Digital , which for 227 effects created digital vehicles and aircraft that had to " look fantastic but which are also plausible " , given they had to match practical models , the Zeus satellite and a sequence where Zartan shows his @-@ related disguise to the president - done with the same head replacement software developed for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and : Legacy . Industrial Light & Magic made the London destruction , a digital White House , and the mountain sword fight , which had computer @-@ generated backgrounds and digital of the stunt people 's performance . Method Studios was responsible for the desert attack , Firefly 's explosive bugs , and the on the underground prison . Saints handled minor effects such as and news graphics . - - = = = Music = = = - - The film 's score was composed by Henry Jackman . - - = = Release = = - - Previously slated for release on June 29 , 2012 , Paramount announced in May 2012 that they were delaying the film 's release until March 29 , 2013 ( but was later moved to March 28 , 2013 ) , in order to convert the movie to 3D and boost interest in international markets . - The delay " " the film industry , according to , because Paramount had already implemented a substantial advertising campaign beginning with a Super Bowl commercial , because " warehouses full of " toys were waiting for the film 's launch , and because it was one of only three Paramount @-@ produced films scheduled for Summer 2012 ( along with The Dictator and Katy Perry : Part of Me ) . The studio also wanted to avoid competing with Tatum 's Magic Mike , also scheduled for June 29 , reported . - - = = = Ban in Pakistan = = = - - The film was banned by the Central Board of Film of Pakistan due to initial scenes at the beginning of the movie which depict the country negatively , according to film censor board officials . A Karachi @-@ based cinema posted on its Facebook page that the film would not be screened due to restrictions by the censor board . The censorship was due to the film 's depiction of Pakistan as an unstable state and the fictional portrayal of a " foreign invasion of Pakistan ’ s nuclear installations " , which caught the ire of film censor authorities . Consequently , restrictions were imposed on screening the movie . According to an official at the censor board , the film portrayed Pakistan negatively not only on the issue of the War on Terror but also on the international standing of the country : " There is a scene which shows the assassination of the Pakistani president and the imposition of martial law , which is not a fair representation of the country . " Another cinema official explained " There were obviously several things which would never have passed the censors , but these things are also relevant to the content of the film . " - - = = = Promotion = = = - - On December 12 , 2011 , the premiere trailer for the film was released on YouTube exclusively from The trailer itself features a remix of the White ' song " Seven Nation Army " by The . Following the release of the trailer , Interview magazine featured G.I. Joe : Retaliation in " Thursday video Face @-@ Off " against the indie film on January 12 , 2012 . A shorter teaser trailer for the film aired during Super Bowl , containing music by Jay @-@ Z. A Japanese trailer focusing on actor Byung @-@ hun Lee was released in April 2012 . The second full trailer made its debut on April 24 , 2012 , containing a viral marketing initiative inviting viewers to interact with a website and Facebook application for the film . On December 13 , 2012 , a third trailer was released featuring more footage of London 's destruction . In January 2013 , a four @-@ minute clip of the film featuring a ninja battle between Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow was attached with screenings of and : Witch Hunters . A soundtrack of the score by composer Henry Jackman was released in April 2013 . - A toyline for the film was confirmed by Hasbro in February 2012 . Despite the movie 's release being moved from June 2012 to March 2013 , the initial of figures , vehicles , and role @-@ play items were shipped to retailers , and appeared on store shelves in May 2012 . A Variety article was published stating that the already released figures had been pulled from the shelves and recalled by Hasbro , although the company 's official statement indicated that existing product would be sold through . New product shipments were halted by Hasbro , but existing Retaliation figures were available in Target , Wal @-@ Mart , and Toys R Us as late as December 2012 . The toyline was re @-@ released in the United States in February 2013 . - - = = = Home media = = = - - G.I. Joe : Retaliation was released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray and Blu @-@ ray 3D on July 30 , 2013 . A Blu @-@ ray " Action Cut " added 12 minutes of footage and violence was also available , with the United States version being a Best Buy exclusive . - The film topped No. 1 on both the Blu @-@ ray and DVD sales charts with at least 54 % of both Blu @-@ ray and DVD units sold . The film also topped weekend rentals as well . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 28 % approval rating with an average rating of 4 @.@ 5 / 10 based on 161 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " Though arguably superior to its predecessor , G.I. Joe : Retaliation is overwhelmed by its action and too nonsensical and to leave a lasting impression . " At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 41 % , indicating " mixed or average reviews " , based on 31 critics , which was higher than the first film 's 32 % average score . - Alan of The Village Voice wrote in a positive review that " this [ movie ] pushes right past competent into mostly legitimately enjoyable " but added that " the movie is still dumb as . It 's an honest and accomplished , however , where the stuff seems to be there because the movie would be less fun without it . " The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy was critical about the film 's use of 3D and accurate reflection of the franchise 's comic book and cartoon origins , but predicted it would still earn better than its predecessor , G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Owen of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a grade of " B- " , calling it " well @-@ executed action " and commented : " In its and trivial way , it 's a triumph of razor @-@ sharp , hyper @-@ violent style over formulaic substance ... Hollywood has now evolved to the point that it can deliver these kinds of thrills with maximum brute force and keep the impact so light that the result can still be regarded as a ' harmless ' diversion for 14 @-@ year @-@ olds . " Glen Heath Jr. of Slant Magazine gave it two out of four stars , criticizing the film 's " cut @-@ happy style " and plot , but lauding the action sequences and Chu 's direction as " poetry in high @-@ speed motion . " Writing for 's The , Todd Gilchrist gave the film a " B- " and wrote : " As one might expect , there are more than a handful of loose ends once justice has been served , but there ’ s something to be said for a film which aims to please in a sincere and straightforward way , without attempting to be the biggest ever . ' Retaliation ' is no masterpiece , but it ’ s a movie whose fun doesn ’ t feel like a four @-@ letter word " - In a negative review , of the Los Angeles Times panned the " overwhelmingly complicated , globe @-@ hopping , enemies within , enemies without story line " and 3D but noted that " the humor , when it works , offers ' Retaliation ' some redemption . " She ended with : " It 's . no one should have to think that hard to keep up with the Joes . " Another negative review came from Variety Magazine 's Justin Chang , who ridiculed the movie 's large @-@ scale destruction of foreign cities , writing : " who thrilled to the sight of Paris under biochemical attack in Cobra will be pleased to watch London endure an even more horrific fate here , although the sequence is tossed off in quick , almost @-@ hum fashion , with no time to dwell on anything so exquisitely crass as the spectacle of the Tower collapsing . " He summarized the movie as " a more straight @-@ faced brand of than its dumb 2009 predecessor . " - PopMatters journalist III wrote " For fans who bought the toys , watched the cartoon and read the comics during the ‘ 80s and now have like @-@ aged children of their own ( all of which I did and do ) , might I suggest proceeding to watch this fun film with your kids , but compromise so that you can leave the commentary track on . The film will remain a treat for the eyes , but you can more easily over those parts that will make you apologize to your brain . " - Writing for Empire magazine , Richards gave the movie 2 stars out of 5 and compared it unfavorably with its predecessor , writing : " The first film you could at least laugh at . This takes all its silly ingredients and them down flat . ' Retaliation ' over @-@ promises and under @-@ delivers . " Richard of Chicago Sun Times gave the movie 1 @.@ 5 stars out of a possible four , branding it a " ridiculous and overblown " that contained " nothing but well @-@ packaged garbage " and further adding : " To say ' G.I. Joe : Retaliation ' is a video game for the big screen is to insult a number of video games that are far more creative , challenging and better @-@ looking . " - Despite the negative critical response , audiences responded favorably . polls found that audiences gave the film an average grade of A @-@ minus . - - = = = Box office = = = - - G.I. Joe : Retaliation grossed $ 122 @,@ 523 @,@ 060 in North America and $ 253 @,@ 217 @,@ 645 internationally for a worldwide total of $ 375 @,@ 740 @,@ 705 . Overall , according to Box Office it is the 25th highest @-@ grossing film of 2013 in North America , the 18th highest @-@ grossing film worldwide that year , the highest @-@ grossing film in the G.I. Joe film series , and the fifth highest @-@ grossing Hasbro film . - In North America , the film grossed $ 10 @.@ 5 million on its opening day at the top of the box office . The film retained the No. 1 spot over the three @-@ day weekend and grossed $ 40 @.@ 5 million , which is the third @-@ highest Easter debut ever behind Furious 7 and Clash of the Titans . However , this was lower than its predecessor 's opening weekend of $ 54 @.@ 7 million . The international response was even more positive , with $ 80 @.@ 3 million across the weekend . - - = = = = - - On April 1 , 2013 , reports surfaced that there will be a third G.I. Joe film , and it will likely be in 3D . The studio announced that Chu will return to direct the third film . While at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con , Chu talked about bringing Scarlett back in the next film . The writers of the second film are also thinking about bringing back the Baroness in the sequel . Johnson is interested in returning as Roadblock for the sequel , and Park has talked about a possible return as Snake Eyes and also including his pet wolf . Producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura has stated he is open to doing a G.I. Joe / crossover , which Chu stated that he would be interested in directing . Bonaventura told Beijing News that he hoped that Johnson and Willis would return , the script is still in the writing stage , and that they are considering adding a third important role . On September 10 , 2013 , Chu was confirmed to direct the film , along with writer Evan ( Snow White and the , , Teenage Turtles ) to pen the film 's script . On December 5 , 2013 , talked about writing the film 's script and his feelings about Duke being killed , but Chu told MTV that Tatum may return as Duke in the sequel . On April 2 , 2014 , in an interview with , Johnson believes that Chu may not return to direct , due to working on the live action film , but they may find another director for the film . It was revealed that the third film will have a 2016 release date . On June 23 , 2014 , di Bonaventura told in an interview that they 're meeting with new directors and filming may start in early 2015 . On July 1 , 2014 , Variety reported that Jonathan will write the script for the film and will focus on Roadblock with Johnson returning . On February 5 , 2015 , Film reported that the twins and and Matt from the TV series will be appearing . On April 2 , 2015 , the studio hired Aaron Berg to write the film , and D. J. to direct the film . On November 23 , 2015 , reported that will lead a writers room for the next G.I. Joe film . - - - = Burns ' Heir = - - " Burns ' Heir " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 14 , 1994 . In the episode , Mr. Burns has a near @-@ death experience which prompts him to find an heir to inherit his wealth after he dies . Although Bart is initially rejected , Burns soon decides to choose him after seeing him as " a creature of pure malevolence " . Marge convinces Bart to go spend some time with Burns , and soon becomes more disruptive than normal to his own family and decides to go live with Mr. Burns . - " Burns ' Heir " was written by Richdale , his only writing credit . David Silverman was originally going to direct the episode , but he was so swamped with his work as supervising director that it was reassigned to Mark Kirkland . While the Simpsons are at a movie , there is a parody of the THX sound Deep Note . The THX executives liked the parody so much that the scene was made into an actual THX movie trailer , with the scene being redone for the widescreen aspect ratio . A deleted scene from the episode sees Mr. Burns release a " Robotic Richard Simmons " as a way of getting rid of Homer . The scene was cut , but later included in the season seven clip show " The Simpsons Episode " . - - = = Plot = = - - Mr. Burns almost drowns while taking a bath after Smithers puts a on his head that weighs him down . Later , after realizing that no one will carry on his legacy when he dies , Burns decides to try to find an heir that will inherit his vast fortune . He holds an audition and many of the boys in Springfield try out , including Nelson , Martin Prince , and Milhouse Van . Bart and Lisa also try out and fail ; Lisa because she is a girl , and Bart because he read Homer 's badly @-@ proposal . Angry and humiliated after the audition ends , only made worse by Burns kicking him in the butt with a mechanical boot , Bart pays him back by his mansion . Mr. Burns of Bart 's malevolence and decides to accept him as his heir . - Homer and Marge sign a legal document which officially names Bart as Mr. Burns ' heir . Marge suggests that Bart should spend some time with Mr. Burns . While initially repelled by Mr. Burns ' , Bart begins to take a liking to him after Burns promises to give Bart whatever he wants out of his life . Bart decides to abandon his family because Mr. Burns allows him to do anything he likes . Bart 's family becomes angry and wants him back , so they decide to sue Mr. Burns , but due to hiring Lionel as their lawyer , the court ends up deciding that Mr Burns is Bart 's biological father . The Simpsons get a Private to kidnap Bart , but the wrongly takes Hans Moleman instead and him into thinking he 's a part of the Simpson family . - Meanwhile , Bart becomes lonely and wants to go back to his family . Mr. Burns does not want him to leave and tricks him into thinking that his family hates him , using a falsified video with actors playing the Simpson family . Bart decides that Burns is his true father and the two celebrate by firing employees at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant by them through a trap door . However , one of the employees is Homer and Mr. Burns then tries to break Bart 's ties with his family by forcing him to fire Homer . Bart instead " fires " Burns and drops him through a trap door . Bart decides that he loves his family , and moves back in with them . - - = = Production = = - - " Burns ' Heir " was the first episode in which Richdale received a writers ' credit , although he was a part of the show 's staff for several seasons . When he was starting out as a writer on the show , Richdale was told to come up with some story ideas and he came up with the basic plot off the top of his head . David Silverman was originally going to direct the episode , but he was so swamped with his work as supervising director that it was reassigned to Mark Kirkland . While the Simpsons are at a movie , there is a parody of the THX sound Deep Note . During that scene , a man 's head explodes in a reference to the film . The THX executives liked the parody so much that the scene was made into an actual THX movie trailer , with the scene being redone for the widescreen aspect ratio . - A deleted scene from the episode sees Mr. Burns release a " Robotic Richard Simmons " as a way of getting rid of Homer , which dances to a recording of and the Sunshine Band 's " Your " . Simmons was originally asked to guest star , according to David Mirkin , he was " dying to do the show " , but declined when he found out he would voice a robot . It was fully animated , but was cut from " Burns ' Heir " because it often did not get a good reaction during table reads . According to Bill Oakley , there was a " significant division of opinion amongst the staff as to whether Richard Simmons was a target The Simpsons should make fun of " because it was " well @-@ territory " . They also felt it distracted viewers from the story . To the production staff 's surprise , the scene would make the audience " erupt with laughter " when screened at animation conventions and college presentations , so they decided to insert it in the season seven clip show " The Simpsons Episode " . - - = = Cultural references = = - - The episode parodies THX 's infamous ' Deep Note ' . - The trailer advertising Mr. Burns ' search for an heir is a loose parody of the trailer for Toys , a 1992 comedy starring Robin Williams . - Mr. Burns also sings " Let 's All Go to the " . - Marge 's fantasy about Bart graduating from Harvard University with Mr. Burns ' money is interrupted by a fantasy of her being lifted into the sky by Lee Majors , accompanied by a sound effect from The Six Million Dollar Man , in which Majors played the title character . - Mr. Burns states that he got the idea for installing cameras all through town from Sliver , which he calls a " delightful romp " . - Moe using a home @-@ made action holster with a pistol while looking in a mirror is a reference to Travis from Taxi Driver . - The scene in which Homer is secretly eating flowers is a reference to a scene in The Last Emperor where the eats flowers . - The young boy saying , " Today , sir ? Why , it 's Christmas Day ! " makes a reference to Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . - The room in which " Bart " ( who is really Hans Moleman ) is in is room number 101 , which is in reference to the novel Nineteen @-@ Four . - In the deleted scene , the Richard Simmons robot healing itself after Smithers shoots it with a is a reference to the T @-@ 1000 from Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original broadcast , " Burns ' Heir " finished 53rd in ratings for the week of April 11 – 17 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 4 , and was viewed in 8 @.@ 85 million households . The show dropped four places in the rankings after finishing 49th the previous week . It was the third highest rated show on Fox that week following Living Single and Married ... with Children . - The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote that , " the episode lacks the emotional punch of others in which members of the family are separated . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote that the episode was " such a great concept that it ’ s a surprise no [ one ] went for it earlier . " He felt that it " occasionally veers on the edge of , but it avoids becoming too sentimental . It 's a blast to see Burns ’ world from Bart ’ s point of view . DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 5 out of 5 while DVD Verdict gave the episode a Grade B score . Paul of Rocky Mountain News described the Robotic Richard Simmons scene as " a level of surreal comedy that approaches a kind of genius " . - Homer 's quote , " Kids , you tried your best and you failed . The lesson is never try " , was added to The Oxford Dictionary of in August 2007 . - - - = Cougar = - - The cougar ( Puma concolor ) , also commonly known as the mountain lion , puma , panther , or , is a large of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas . Its range , from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America , is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere . An adaptable , species , the cougar is found in most American habitat types . It is the second @-@ heaviest cat in the New World , after the jaguar . and largely solitary by nature , the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and , although there are daytime sightings . The cougar is more closely related to smaller , including the domestic cat ( subfamily Felinae ) , than to any species of subfamily , of which only the jaguar is native to the Americas . - The cougar is an ambush predator and pursues a wide variety of prey . Primary food sources are ungulates , particularly deer , but also livestock . It also hunts species as small as insects and rodents . This cat prefers habitats with dense and rocky areas for stalking , but can also live in open areas . The cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities . Individual territory sizes depend on terrain , vegetation , and abundance of prey . While large , it is not always the apex predator in its range , yielding to the jaguar , gray wolf , American black bear , and grizzly bear . It is reclusive and mostly avoids people . attacks on humans are rare , but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories . - hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range . In particular , the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century , except for an isolated Florida panther . Breeding populations have moved east into the far western parts of the Dakotas , Nebraska , and Oklahoma . males have been verified in Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin , Iowa , the Upper Peninsula of Michigan , and Illinois , where a cougar was shot in the city limits of Chicago and , in at least one instance , observed as far east as coastal Connecticut . Reports of eastern cougars ( P. c. cougar ) still surface , although it was declared extirpated in 2011 . - - = = Naming and etymology = = - - With its vast range across the length of the Americas , P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture . Currently , it is referred to as " puma " by most scientists and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where " puma " is the common name in Spanish or Portuguese . The cat has many local or regional names in the United States and Canada , of which cougar , puma , mountain lion , and panther are popular . " Mountain lion " was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado . Other names include ( probably a contraction from " cat of the mountain " ) , mountain , and painter . regard painter as a primarily upper @-@ Southern US regional variant on panther . The word panther is commonly used to specifically designate the black panther , a jaguar or leopard , and the Florida panther , a subspecies of cougar ( P. c. coryi ) . - P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names , with over 40 in English alone . - " Cougar " may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese ; the term was originally derived from the language , meaning " similar to deer ( in hair color ) " . A current form in Brazil is . It may also be borrowed from the language term ara or ara . Less common Portuguese terms are onça @-@ ( brown onça , in distinction of the black @-@ spotted [ yellow ] one , onça @-@ , the jaguar ) or @-@ ( lit. chestnut lion ) , or unusually non @-@ native puma or @-@ da @-@ , more common names for the animal when native to a region other than South America ( especially for those who do not know that are found elsewhere but with a different name ) . People in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply ( she @-@ cat ) , and outside of the Amazon , both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people ( that is also a name for the leopard in Angola ) . - In the 17th century , German naturalist Georg named the cat the ara . 's rendering was reproduced by his associate , Dutch naturalist Willem , in 1648 . ara was then adopted by English naturalist John Ray in 1693 . The French naturalist Georges @-@ Louis , Comte de in 1774 ( probably influenced by the word " jaguar " ) converted the ara to , which was later modified to " cougar " in English . - The first English record of " puma " was in 1777 , where it had come from the Spanish , who in turn borrowed it from the Peruvian language in the 16th century , where it means " powerful " . - - = = Taxonomy and evolution = = - - Cougars are the largest of the small cats . They are placed in the subfamily Felinae , although their bulk characteristics are similar to those of the big cats in the subfamily . The family is believed to have originated in Asia about 11 million years ago . research on felids remains partial , and much of what is known about their evolutionary history is based on mitochondrial DNA analysis , as cats are poorly represented in the fossil record , and significant confidence intervals exist with suggested dates . In the latest study of the , the common ancestor of today 's , Lynx , Puma , , and Felis lineages migrated across the Bering land bridge into the Americas 8 @.@ 0 to 8 @.@ 5 million years ago ( ) . The lineages subsequently diverged in that order . North American felids then invaded South America 3 as part of the Great American Interchange , following formation of the Isthmus of Panama . The cougar was originally thought to belong in Felis ( Felis concolor ) , the genus which includes the domestic cat . As of 1993 , it is now placed in Puma along with the , a cat just a little more than a tenth its weight . - The cougar and are most closely related to the modern cheetah of Africa and western Asia , but the relationship is unresolved . The cheetah lineage is suggested by some studies to have diverged from the Puma lineage in the Americas ( see American cheetah ) and migrated back to Asia and Africa , while other research suggests the cheetah diverged in the Old World itself . The outline of small feline migration to the Americas is thus unclear . - A high level of genetic similarity has been found among North American cougar populations , suggesting they are all fairly recent descendants of a small ancestral group . Culver et al. propose the original North American population of P. concolor was extirpated during the Pleistocene some 10 @,@ 000 years ago , when other large mammals , such as , also disappeared . North America was then by a group of South American cougars . - - = = = Subspecies = = = - - Until the late 1980s , as many as 32 subspecies were recorded ; genetic study of mitochondrial DNA found many of these are too similar to be recognized as distinct at a molecular level . Following the research , the canonical Species of the World ( 3rd ed . ) recognizes six subspecies , five of which are solely found in Latin America : - Argentine cougar ( Puma concolor ) , 1940 : - includes the previous subspecies and synonyms and puma - Costa cougar ( P. c. ) , 1901 - Eastern South American cougar ( P. c. ) Nelson and Goldman , 1931 : - includes the previous subspecies and synonyms , , , concolor , , and - North American cougar ( P. c. couguar ) Kerr , 1792 : - includes the previous subspecies and synonyms , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and - Northern South American cougar ( P. c. concolor ) Linnaeus , 1771 : - includes the previous subspecies and synonyms , , , , , , , and - Southern South American cougar ( P. c. puma ) Molina , 1782 : - includes the previous subspecies and synonyms , concolor , , , and puma - sedis - Florida panther ( P. c. coryi ) - The status of the Florida panther remains uncertain . It is still regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in research works , including those directly concerned with its conservation . Culver et al. noted low variation in the Florida panther , possibly due to ; responding to the research , one conservation team suggests , " the degree to which the scientific community has accepted the use of genetics in puma taxonomy is not resolved at this time . " - - = = Biology and behavior = = - - - = = = Physical characteristics = = = - - Cougars are slender and agile members of the cat family . They are the fourth @-@ largest cat ; adults stand about 60 to 90 cm ( 24 to 35 in ) tall at the shoulders . Adult males are around 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long nose @-@ to @-@ tail and females average 2 @.@ 05 m ( 6 @.@ 7 ft ) , with overall ranges between 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 75 m ( 4 @.@ 9 to 9 @.@ 0 ft ) nose to tail suggested for the species in general . Of this length , 63 to 95 cm ( 25 to 37 in ) is comprised by the tail . Males typically weigh 53 to 100 kg ( 115 to 220 lb ) , averaging 62 kg ( 137 lb ) . Females typically weigh between 29 and 64 kg ( 64 and 141 lb ) , averaging 42 kg ( 93 lb ) . Cougar size is smallest close to the equator , and larger towards the poles . The largest recorded cougar , shot in 1901 , weighed 105 @.@ 2 kg ( 232 lb ) ; claims of 125 @.@ 2 kg ( 276 lb ) and 118 kg ( 260 lb ) have been reported , though they were most likely exaggerated . On average , adult male cougars in British Columbia weigh 56 @.@ 7 kg ( 125 lb ) and adult females 45 @.@ 4 kg ( 100 lb ) , though several male cougars in British Columbia weighed between 86 @.@ 4 and 95 @.@ 5 kg ( 190 to 210 lb ) . - The head of the cat is round and the ears are erect . Its powerful , neck , and jaw serve to grasp and hold large prey . It has five retractable claws on its ( one a ) and four on its hind paws . The larger front feet and claws are adaptations to clutching prey . - Cougars can be almost as large as , but are less muscular and not as powerfully built ; where their ranges overlap , the cougar tends to be smaller on average . Besides the jaguar , the cougar is on average larger than all felids apart from lions and tigers . Despite its size , it is not typically classified among the " big cats " , as it cannot , lacking the specialized and apparatus of . Compared to " big cats " , cougars are often silent with minimal communication through vocalizations outside of the mother @-@ offspring relationship . Cougars sometimes voice low @-@ pitched , , and , as well as chirps and whistles , many of which are comparable to those of domestic cats . They are well known for their screams , as referenced in some of their common names , although these screams are often to be the calls of other animals . - Cougar coloring is plain ( hence the Latin concolor ) but can vary greatly between individuals and even between siblings . The coat is typically tawny , but ranges to silvery @-@ grey or reddish , with lighter patches on the , including the jaws , chin , and throat . are spotted and born with blue eyes and rings on their tails ; juveniles are pale , and dark spots remain on their flanks . Despite anecdotes to the contrary , all @-@ black coloring ( ) has never been documented in cougars . The term " black panther " is used colloquially to refer to individuals of other species , particularly and . - Cougars have large paws and proportionally the largest hind legs in the cat family . This physique allows it great leaping and short @-@ sprint ability . The cougar is able to leap as high as 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) in one bound , and as far as 40 to 45 ft ( 12 to 13 @.@ 5 m ) horizontally . The cougar 's top running speed ranges between 64 and 80 km / h ( 40 and 50 mph ) , but is best adapted for short , powerful sprints rather than long chases . It is adept at climbing , which allows it to evade competitors . Although it is not strongly associated with water , it can swim . - - = = = Hunting and diet = = = - - A successful predator , the cougar will eat any animal it can catch , from insects to large ungulates ( over 500 kg ) . Like all cats , it is an , meaning it needs to feed exclusively on meat to survive . The mean weight of prey ( ) that pumas attack increases with the puma 's body weight ; in general , is lower in areas closer to the equator . Its most important prey species are various deer species , particularly in North America ; mule deer , white @-@ tailed deer , elk and even bull moose are taken . Other species such as the and 's sheep , horse , fallow deer , , mountain goat , coyote , , and domestic livestock such as cattle and sheep are also primary food bases in many areas . A survey of North America research found 68 % of prey items were ungulates , especially deer . Only the Florida panther showed variation , often preferring feral and . - Investigation in Yellowstone National Park showed that elk , followed by mule deer , were the cougar 's primary targets ; the prey base is shared with the park 's gray wolves , with which the cougar competes for resources . Another study on winter kills ( November – April ) in Alberta showed that ungulates accounted for greater than 99 % of the cougar diet . Learned , individual prey recognition was observed , as some cougars rarely killed sheep , while others relied heavily on the species . - In Pacific Rim National Park Reserve , samples showed raccoons to make up 28 % of the cougar 's diet , harbor seals and deer 24 % each , North American river otters 10 % , California sea lion 7 % , and American mink 4 % ; the remaining 3 % were unidentified . - In the Central and South American cougar range , the ratio of deer in the diet declines . Small to mid @-@ sized mammals are preferred , including large rodents such as the . accounted for only 35 % of prey items in one survey , about half that of North America . Competition with the larger jaguar has been suggested for the decline in the size of prey items . Other listed prey species of the cougar include mice , , , raccoons , hares , , , , , and wild turkey . Birds and small reptiles are sometimes preyed upon in the south , but this is rarely recorded in North America . Not all of their prey is listed here due to their large range . - Though capable of sprinting , the cougar is typically an ambush predator . It stalks through brush and trees , across ledges , or other covered spots , before delivering a powerful leap onto the back of its prey and a neck bite . The cougar is capable of breaking the neck of some of its smaller prey with a strong bite and momentum bearing the animal to the ground . - are generally estimated around one large every two weeks . The period shrinks for females raising young , and may be as short as one kill every three days when cubs are nearly mature around 15 months . The cat a kill to a preferred spot , covers it with brush , and returns to feed over a period of days . The cougar is generally reported to not be a , and rarely consumes prey it has not killed , but deer carcasses left exposed for study were by cougars in California , suggesting more opportunistic behavior . - - = = = Reproduction and life cycle = = = - - Females reach sexual maturity between one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half to three years of age . They typically average one litter every two to three years throughout their reproductive lives , though the period can be as short as one year . Females are in for about 8 days of a 23 @-@ day cycle ; the gestation period is approximately 91 days . Females are sometimes reported as monogamous , but this is uncertain and polygyny may be more common . Copulation is brief but frequent . Chronic stress can result in low reproductive rates when in captivity as well as in the field . - Only females are involved in parenting . Female cougars are fiercely protective of their cubs , and have been seen to successfully fight off animals as large as bears in their defense . Litter size is between one and six cubs ; typically two . Caves and other that offer protection are used as litter . Born blind , cubs are completely dependent on their mother at first , and begin to be at around three months of age . As they grow , they begin to go out on with their mother , first visiting kill sites , and after six months beginning to hunt small prey on their own . survival rates are just over one per litter . When cougars are born , they have spots , but they lose them as they grow , and by the age of 2 1 / 2 years , they will completely be gone - Young adults leave their mother to attempt to establish their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier ; males tend to leave sooner . One study has shown high mortality amongst cougars that travel farthest from the maternal range , often due to conflicts with other cougars ( competition ) . Research in New Mexico has shown that " males dispersed significantly farther than females , were more likely to traverse large of non @-@ cougar habitat , and were probably most responsible for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches . " - Life expectancy in the wild is reported at eight to 13 years , and probably averages eight to 10 ; a female of at least 18 years was reported killed by hunters on Vancouver Island . Cougars may live as long as 20 years in captivity . One male North American cougar ( P. c. couguar ) , named , was two months short of his 30th birthday when he died in 2007 . Causes of death in the wild include disability and disease , competition with other cougars , starvation , accidents , and , where allowed , human hunting . virus , an endemic HIV @-@ like virus in cats , is well @-@ adapted to the cougar . - - = = = Social structure and home range = = = - - Like almost all cats , the cougar is a solitary animal . Only mothers and kittens live in groups , with adults meeting only to mate . It is secretive and , being most active around dawn and dusk . - Estimates of territory sizes vary greatly . Canadian Geographic reports large male territories of 150 to 1000 km2 ( 58 to 386 sq mi ) with female ranges half the size . Other research suggests a much smaller lower limit of 25 km2 ( 10 sq mi ) , but an even greater upper limit of 1300 km2 ( 500 sq mi ) for males . In the United States , very large ranges have been reported in Texas and the Black Hills of the northern Great Plains , in excess of 775 km2 ( 300 sq mi ) . Male ranges may include or overlap with those of females but , at least where studied , not with those of other males , which serves to reduce conflict between cougars . Ranges of females may overlap slightly with each other . marks , urine , and feces are used to mark territory and attract mates . Males may scrape together a small pile of leaves and grasses and then on it as a way of marking territory . - Home range sizes and overall cougar abundance depend on terrain , vegetation , and prey abundance . One female adjacent to the San Andres Mountains , for instance , was found with a large range of 215 km2 ( 83 sq mi ) , necessitated by poor prey abundance . Research has shown cougar from 0 @.@ 5 animals to as much as 7 ( in one study in South America ) per 100 km2 ( 38 sq mi ) . - Because males disperse farther than females and compete more directly for mates and territory , they are most likely to be involved in conflict . Where a fails to leave his maternal range , for example , he may be killed by his father . When males encounter each other , they hiss , , and may engage in violent conflict if neither backs down . Hunting or relocation of the cougar may increase aggressive encounters by disrupting territories and bringing young , transient animals into conflict with established individuals . - - = = Ecology = = - - - = = = Distribution and habitat = = = - - The cougar has the largest range of any wild land animal in the Americas . Its range spans 110 degrees of latitude , from northern Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes . Its wide distribution stems from its to virtually every habitat type : it is found in all forest types , as well as in lowland and mountainous . The cougar prefers regions with dense , but can live with little vegetation in open areas . Its preferred habitats include canyons , , rim rocks , and dense brush . - The cougar was extirpated across much of its eastern North American range ( with the exception of Florida ) in the two centuries after European colonization , and faced grave threats in the remainder of its territory . Currently , it ranges across most western American states , the Canadian provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan and British Columbia , and the Canadian territory of Yukon . There have been widely debated reports of possible of eastern North America . DNA evidence has suggested its presence in eastern North America , while a consolidated map of cougar sightings shows numerous reports , from the mid @-@ western Great Plains through to eastern Canada . The Quebec wildlife services ( known locally as ) also considers cougar to be present in the province as a threatened species after multiple DNA tests confirmed cougar hair in mating sites . The only unequivocally known eastern population is the Florida panther , which is critically endangered . There have been unconfirmed sightings in , Maine ( north of ) ; and in New Hampshire , there have been unconfirmed sightings as early as 1997 . In 2009 , the Michigan Department of Natural Resources confirmed a cougar sighting in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Typically , extreme @-@ range sightings of cougars involve young males , which can travel great distances to establish ranges away from established males ; all four confirmed cougar kills in Iowa since 2000 involved males . - On April 14 , 2008 , police shot and killed a cougar on the north side of Chicago , Illinois . DNA tests were consistent with cougars from the Black Hills of South Dakota . Less than a year later , on March 5 , 2009 , a cougar was photographed and unsuccessfully by state wildlife biologists in a tree near , Wisconsin , in the northwestern part of the state . - Other eastern sightings since 2010 have occurred in locations such as Greene County , Indiana , Greenwich and Milford , Connecticut , Morgan County Pike County , and County , Illinois , and Bourbon County , Kentucky . - South of the Rio Grande , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) lists the cat in every Central and South American country . While specific state and provincial statistics are often available in North America , much less is known about the cat in its southern range . - The cougar 's total breeding population is estimated at less than 50 @,@ 000 by the IUCN , with a declining trend . US state @-@ level statistics are often more optimistic , suggesting cougar populations have rebounded . In Oregon , a healthy population of 5 @,@ 000 was reported in 2006 , exceeding a target of 3 @,@ 000 . California has actively sought to protect the cat and a similar number of cougars has been suggested , between 4 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 . - In 2012 research in Los National Reserve , Chile , based in 18 motion @-@ sensitive cameras counted a population of two males and two females , one of them with at least two cubs , in an area of 600 km2 , that is 0 @.@ 63 cougars every 100 km2 . - - = = = Habitat fragmentation = = = - - With the increase of human development and infrastructure growth in California , the North American Cougar populations are becoming more isolated from one another . - - = = = Ecological role = = = - - Aside from humans , no species upon mature cougars in the wild , although conflicts with other predators or scavengers occur . The Yellowstone National Park ecosystem provides a fruitful to study inter @-@ predator interaction in North America . Of the three large predators , the massive grizzly bear appears dominant , often although not always able to drive both the gray wolf pack and the cougar off their kills . One study found that American black bears visited 24 % of cougar kills in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks , 10 % of carcasses . Bears gained up to 113 % , and cougars lost up to 26 % , of their respective daily energy requirements from these encounters . Accounts of cougars and black bears killing each other in fights to the death have been documented from the 19th century . In spite of the size and power of the cougar , there have also been accounts of both brown and black bears killing cougars , either in disputes or in self @-@ defense . - The gray wolf and the cougar compete more directly for prey , especially in winter . Wolves can steal kills and occasionally kill the cat . One report describes a large pack of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female cougar and her kittens . Conversely , lone female or young wolves are vulnerable to predation , and have been reported ambushed and killed by cougars . Various accounts of cougars killing lone wolves , including a six @-@ year @-@ old female , have also been documented . Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities , and disrupting the feline 's behavior . Preliminary research in Yellowstone , for instance , has shown displacement of the cougar by wolves . In nearby Sun Valley , Idaho , a cougar / wolf encounter that resulted in the death of the cougar was documented . One researcher in Oregon noted : " When there is a pack around , cougars are not comfortable around their kills or raising kittens ... A lot of times a big cougar will kill a wolf , but the pack phenomenon changes the table . " - Both species , meanwhile , are capable of killing mid @-@ sized predators , such as and coyotes , and tend to suppress their numbers . Although cougars can kill coyotes , the latter have been documented attempting to prey on cougar cubs . - In the southern portion of its range , the cougar and jaguar share overlapping territory . The jaguar tends to take larger prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap , reducing the cougar 's size and also further reducing the likelihood of direct competition . Of the two , the cougar appears best able to exploit a broader prey niche and smaller prey . - As with any predator at or near the top of its food chain , the cougar impacts the population of prey species . by cougars has been linked to changes in the species mix of deer in a region . For example , a study in British Columbia observed that the population of mule deer , a favored cougar prey , was declining while the population of the less frequently preyed @-@ upon white @-@ tailed deer was increasing . The Vancouver Island , an endangered species endemic to one region of dense cougar population , has seen decreased numbers due to cougar and gray wolf predation . Nevertheless , there is a measurable effect on the quality of deer populations by puma predation . - In the southern part of South America , the puma is a top level predator that has controlled the population of and other species since prehistoric times . - - = = = = - - A is a hybrid animal resulting from a union between a cougar and a leopard . Three sets of these hybrids were bred in the late 1890s and early 1900s by Carl at his animal park in Hamburg , Germany . Most did not reach adulthood . One of these was purchased in 1898 by Berlin Zoo . A similar hybrid in Berlin Zoo purchased from was a cross between a male leopard and a female puma . Hamburg Zoo 's specimen was the reverse pairing , the one in the black @-@ and @-@ white photo , by a puma bred to an Indian . - Whether born to a female puma mated to a male leopard , or to a male puma mated to a female leopard , inherit a form of . Those reported grew to only half the size of the parents . They have a puma @-@ like long body ( proportional to the limbs , but nevertheless shorter than either parent ) , but short legs . The coat is variously described as sandy , tawny or greyish with brown , chestnut or " faded " . - - = = Conservation status = = - - The World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) currently lists the cougar as a " least concern " species . The cougar is regulated under I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( ) , rendering illegal international trade in specimens or parts . - In the United States east of the Mississippi River , the only unequivocally known cougar population is the Florida panther . Until 2011 , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( ) recognized both an Eastern cougar ( claimed to be a subspecies by some , denied by others ) and the Florida panther , protection under the Endangered Species Act . Certain taxonomic authorities have collapsed both designations into the North American cougar , with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized , while a subspecies designation remains recognized by some conservation scientists . In 2003 the documented count for the Florida sub @-@ population was 87 individuals . In March 2011 , the declared the Eastern cougar extinct . With the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as well as the possibility of eastward migration of cougars from the western range , the subject remains open . - This uncertainty has been recognized by Canadian authorities . The Canadian federal agency called Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada rates its current data as " insufficient " to draw conclusions regarding the eastern cougar 's survival , and says on its Web site " Despite many sightings in the past two decades from eastern Canada , there are insufficient data to evaluate the taxonomy or assign a status to this cougar . " Notwithstanding numerous reported sightings in Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia , it has been said that the evidence is inconclusive : " . . . there may not be a distinct ' eastern ' subspecies , and some sightings may be of escaped pets . " - The cougar is also protected across much of the rest of its range . As of 1996 , cougar hunting was prohibited in Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , French , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , , Venezuela , and Uruguay . The cat had no reported legal protection in Ecuador , El Salvador , and . cougar hunting is still common in the United States and Canada , although they are protected from all hunting in the Yukon ; it is permitted in every U.S. state from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean , with the exception of California . Texas is the only state in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not protect that population in some way . In Texas , cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a cougar regardless of the season , number killed , sex or age of the animal . animals are not required to be reported to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department . Conservation work in Texas is the effort of a non @-@ profit organization , Ecology Inc ( ) , as part of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project . Cougars are generally hunted with packs of dogs , until the animal is ' treed ' . When the hunter arrives on the scene , he shoots the cat from the tree at close range . The cougar cannot be legally killed without a permit in California except under very specific circumstances , such as when a cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals , or is declared a threat to public safety . are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets . For example , multiple dogs have been attacked and killed , sometimes while with the owner . Many attribute this to the protection cougars have from being hunted and are now becoming to humans ; most are removed from the population after the attacks have already occurred . Statistics from the Department of Fish and Game indicate that cougar killings in California have been on the rise since the 1970s with an average of over 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s . They also state on their website that there is a healthy number of cougars in California . The Bay Area Puma Project aims to obtain information on cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals ' interactions with habitat , prey , humans , and residential communities . - Conservation threats to the species include persecution as a pest animal , environmental degradation and habitat fragmentation , and depletion of their prey base . Wildlife corridors and sufficient range areas are critical to the of cougar populations . Research have shown that the animal faces a low extinction risk in areas of km2 ( 850 sq mi ) or more . As few as one to four new animals entering a population per decade markedly increases persistence , the importance of habitat corridors . - On March 2 , 2011 , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service declared the Eastern cougar ( Puma concolor couguar ) officially extinct . - - = = Relationships with humans = = - - - = = = In mythology = = = - - The grace and power of the cougar have been widely admired in the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas . The Inca city of is reported to have been designed in the shape of a cougar , and the animal also gave its name to both Inca regions and people . The people represented the puma often in their ceramics . The sky and thunder god of the Inca , , has been associated with the animal . - In North America , mythological descriptions of the cougar have appeared in the stories of the language ( " Ho @-@ " or " Winnebago " ) of Wisconsin and Illinois and the Cheyenne , amongst others . To the and of Arizona , the of the cougar was a of death . The and Ojibwe believe that the cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked , whereas it was a sacred animal among the . - - = = = predation = = = - - During the early years of , cougars were considered on par with wolves in . According to figures in Texas in 1990 , 86 calves ( 0 @.@ % of a total of 13 @.@ 4 million cattle & calves in Texas ) , 253 goats , 302 kids , sheep ( 0 @.@ 02 % of a total of 2 @.@ 0 million sheep & lambs in Texas ) and 562 lambs ( 0 @.@ 04 % of 1 @.@ 2 million lambs in Texas ) were confirmed to have been killed by cougars that year . In Nevada in 1992 , cougars were confirmed to have killed 9 calves , 1 horse , 4 foals , 5 goats , sheep and 400 lambs . In both cases , sheep were the most frequently attacked . Some instances of surplus killing have resulted in the deaths of 20 sheep in one attack . A cougar 's killing bite is applied to the back of the neck , head , or throat and they inflict puncture marks with their claws usually seen on the sides and underside of the prey , sometimes also the prey as they hold on . Coyotes also typically bite the throat region but do not inflict the claw marks and farmers will normally see the signature @-@ pattern that coyotes create as they feed on the prey whereas cougars typically drag in a straight line . The work of a cougar is generally clean , differing greatly from the indiscriminate mutilation by coyotes and feral dogs . The size of the tooth puncture marks also helps distinguish kills made by cougars from those made by smaller predators . - Remedial hunting appears to have the paradoxical effect of increased livestock predation and complaints of human @-@ puma conflicts . In a 2013 study the most important of puma problems were remedial hunting of puma the previous year . Each additional puma on the landscape increased predation and human @-@ puma complaints by 5 % but each additional animal killed on the landscape the previous year increased complaints by 50 % , an order of magnitude higher . The effect had a dose @-@ response relationship with very heavy ( 100 % removal of adult puma ) remedial hunting leading to a 150 % – 340 % increase in livestock and human conflicts . This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger male pumas are most likely to approach human developments , whereas remedial hunting removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their established territories . Remedial hunting enables younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals . - - = = = Attacks on humans = = = - - - = = = = North American subspecies = = = = - - The North American subspecies is P. concolor couguar . - Due to the expanding human population , cougar ranges increasingly overlap with areas inhabited by humans . Attacks on humans are very rare , as cougar prey recognition is a learned behavior and they do not generally recognize humans as prey . Attacks on people , livestock , and pets may occur when a puma to humans or is in a condition of severe starvation . Attacks are most frequent during late spring and summer , when juvenile cougars leave their mothers and search for new territory . - Between 1890 and 1990 , in North America there were 53 reported , confirmed attacks on humans , resulting in 48 injuries and 10 deaths of humans ( the total is greater than 53 because some attacks had more than one victim ) . By 2004 , the count had climbed to 88 attacks and 20 deaths . - Within North America , the distribution of attacks is not uniform . The heavily populated state of California has seen a dozen attacks since 1986 ( after just three from 1890 to 1985 ) , including three fatalities . populated New Mexico reported an attack in 2008 , the first there since 1974 . - As with many predators , a cougar may attack if cornered , if a fleeing human stimulates their instinct to chase , or if a person " plays dead " . Standing still may cause the cougar to consider a person easy prey . the threat to the animal through intense eye contact , loud shouting , and any other action to appear larger and more menacing , may make the animal retreat . Fighting back with sticks and rocks , or even bare hands , is often effective in persuading an attacking cougar to disengage . - When cougars do attack , they usually employ their characteristic neck bite , attempting to position their teeth between the vertebrae and into the spinal . Neck , head , and spinal injuries are common and sometimes fatal . Children are at greatest risk of attack , and least likely to survive an encounter . Detailed research into attacks prior to 1991 showed that 64 % of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children . The same study showed the highest proportion of attacks to have occurred in British Columbia , particularly on Vancouver Island where cougar populations are especially dense . attacks on humans , cougars display aberrant behavior , such as activity during daylight hours , a lack of fear of humans , and stalking humans . There have sometimes been incidents of pet cougars people . - Research on new wildlife may be able to reduce human @-@ animal conflicts by predicting when and where predatory animals hunt . This can not only save human lives and the lives of their pets and livestock but also save these large predatory mammals that are important to the balance of ecosystems . - - = = = = Other subspecies = = = = - - The puma of the plains of South America ( P. concolor , called the Argentine cougar by North Americans ) is noted for its extreme unwillingness to attack humans . According to the Anglo @-@ Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson " It does not attack man , and is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never , or threatens to hurt , man or child , even when it finds them sleeping . This , however , is not a full statement of the facts ; the puma will not even defend itself against man " . And : " All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma — and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point — agree that it itself in this , pathetic manner to death at the hands of man . Claudio Gay , in his Natural History of , says , " When attacked by man its energy and daring at once it , and it becomes a weak , inoffensive animal , and trembling , and , and shedding abundant tears , it seems to compassion from a generous enemy " . Hudson adds that , except in relation to man , the puma is a ferocious animal , attacking even the much stronger jaguar . - - - = New York State Route 164 = - - New York State Route 164 ( NY 164 ) is a short state highway located entirely in the town of Patterson in northeastern Putnam County , New York , in the United States . It is a short , two @-@ lane back road that does not pass through any major populated areas and serves primarily as a connector between NY 311 and NY 22 . NY 164 also allows for faster passage from Interstate 84 ( I @-@ 84 ) to the Putnam Lake area via NY 311 . The route was originally designated as NY 312 during the 1930s and later became part of NY 216 . NY 164 was established on January 1 , 1970 , following the truncation of NY 216 to its current eastern terminus . - - = = Route description = = - - In the west , NY 164 splits off from NY 311 a short distance east of I @-@ 84 . It crosses under the Metro North tracks three times , including two one @-@ lane with limited sight to the other side . It passes along the northern base of a small mountain and turns slightly southward . The highway turns due eastward and intersects with County Route 64 in the hamlet of . Just to the north is Mandel Pond , and the route makes a series of erratic turns around small mountains , passing south of Cornwall Hill as it does so . NY 164 turns south @-@ southeast and ends at NY 22 in Patterson , east of the East Branch Croton River . - - = = History = = - - The entirety of modern @-@ day NY 164 was originally designated as NY 312 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . When the NY 312 designation was shifted south to its current location in the town of Southeast c . 1937 , its former routing in Patterson became part of an extended NY 216 , which connected with its current routing by way of modern NY 311 , NY and NY 55 . NY 216 was truncated to its current length on January 1 , 1970 . The portion of its former alignment between NY 311 and NY 22 was then redesignated as NY 164 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in Patterson , Putnam County . - - - = Sorraia = - - The Sorraia is a rare breed of horse indigenous to the portion of the Iberian peninsula , in the Sorraia River basin , in Portugal . The Sorraia is known for its primitive features , including a convex profile and dun coloring with primitive markings . Concerning its origins , a theory has been advanced by some authors that the Sorraia is a descendant of primitive horses belonging to the naturally occurring wild fauna of Southern Iberia . Studies are currently ongoing to discover the relationship between the Sorraia and various wild horse types , as well as its relationship with other breeds from the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa . - Members of the breed are small , but and well @-@ adapted to harsh conditions . They were occasionally captured and used by native farmers for centuries , and a remnant population of these nearly extinct horses was discovered by a Portuguese zoologist in the early 20th century . Today , the Sorraia has become the focus of preservation efforts , with European scientists leading the way and enthusiasts from several countries forming projects and establishing herds to assist in the re @-@ establishment of this breed from its current endangered status . - - = = Characteristics = = - - The Sorraia breed stands between 14 @.@ 1 and 14 @.@ 3 hands ( 57 and 59 inches , 145 and 150 cm ) high , although some individuals are as small as 12 @.@ 3 hands ( 51 inches , 130 cm ) The head tends to be large , the profile convex , and the ears long . The neck is slender and long , the high , and the slightly sloping . The legs are strong , with long and well @-@ hooves . These horses have good endurance and are easy keepers , thriving on relatively little . They have a reputation for being independent of temperament , but . - On adult horses , the lay of the hair can create the appearance of stripes or " barring " on the neck and chest . Also due to the lay of the hair , newborn foals can appear to have stripes all over , reminiscent of zebra stripes . The breed standard refers to this as " hair stroke " . - - = = = Color = = = - - Sorraia are generally dun or a dun variation called . Dun coloring includes primitive markings such as a black dorsal stripe , black tipped ears , horizontal on the legs and a dark muzzle area . The dark muzzle area is in contrast to some other dun @-@ colored horse breeds , who have light @-@ colored muzzle areas and , possibly due to the presence of genetics . Sorraia horses have bi @-@ colored and tails with lighter colored hairs that fringe the outside of the longer growing black hair . This is a characteristic shared with other predominantly dun @-@ colored breeds , such as the horse . Sorraia occasionally have white markings , although they are rare and by the breed 's studbook . - - = = = = - - The relationship between the Sorraia and other breeds remains largely undetermined , as is its relationship to the wild horse subspecies , the Tarpan and the Przewalski 's Horse . The Sorraia originally developed in the southern part of the Iberian d 'Andrade hypothesized that the Sorraia would be the ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds . , scientists place the Sorraia as closely related to the and the , but genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia forms a cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds . Some evidence links this cluster with and domestic Mongolian horses . At the same time , one of the maternal lineages is shared with the . Genetic evidence has not supported an hypothesis that the Sorraia is related to the horse , an African breed introduced to Iberia by the Moors . - Multiple authors have suggested that the Sorraia might be a descendant of the Tarpan based on shared morphological features , principally the typical color of its coat . Other authors simply state that the Sorraia has " evident primitive characteristics " , although they do not refer to a specific ancestor . However , there have been no genetic studies comparing the Sorraia with the Tarpan , and similarity of external morphology is an unreliable measure of . - Genetic studies to date have been inconclusive about the closest relative of the Sorraia . On one hand , studies using mitochondrial DNA showed a relationship with the Przewalski 's Horse , in that Przewalski 's Horse has a unique ( ) not found in domestic horses , which differs by just one single nucleotide from one of the major Sorraia ( , later ) . In comparison , genetic distances within the domestic horse are as large as 11 nucleotide differences . However , this relationship with the Przewalski 's Horse was contradicted in another study using data that showed that the genetic distance between the 's Horse and the Sorraia was the largest . Such conflicting results can arise when a population passes through a genetic bottleneck , and evidence suggests that the Sorraia , among other rare breeds , has recently passed through a bottleneck , effectively obscuring the position of this breed in the family tree of the domestic horse . Thus , the morphological , physiological , and cultural characteristics of the Sorraia are the subject of continued study to better understand the relationship between various Iberian horse breeds and wild horse subspecies . - - = = History = = - - Although it is known that the Sorraia developed in the southern part of the Iberian peninsula , the breed was isolated and unknown to science until the 20th century . Despite the lack of documentation , attempts have been made to reconstruct its history . parietal art images in the region depict with a distinct likeness to the Sorraia , with similar zebra @-@ like markings . Analysis of mtDNA has been performed on Mustangs in the western United States that show similar mtDNA patterns between some Mustangs and the Sorraia breed . Spanish conquistadors took Iberian horses , some of whom closely resembled the modern @-@ day Sorraia , to the Americas in their conquests , probably as pack animals . between the Sorraia and several North and South American breeds are shown in the dun and coloring and various physical characteristics . This evidence suggests that the Sorraia , their ancestors , or other horses with similar features , may have had a long history in the Iberian region and a role in the creation of American breeds . - Otherwise , the Sorraia breed was lost to history until 1920 , when Portuguese zoologist and paleontologist Dr. Ruy d 'Andrade first encountered the Sorraia horse during a hunting trip in the Portuguese lowlands . This remnant herd of primitive horses had continued to live a wild existence in these lowlands , which were rather inaccessible and had been used as a hunting preserve by Portuguese royalty until the early 1900s . At the time of d 'Andrade 's initial meeting the breed , the horses were ill @-@ regarded by native farmers , although they were considered native fauna that lived off of the lands and salt marshes in the local river valleys . For centuries , peasant farmers of the area would occasionally capture the horses and use them for agricultural work , including grain and herding bulls . - In the 1920s and 1930s , as mechanization became more prevalent , both wild and domesticated breeding stock diminished to almost nothing , and d 'Andrade , along with his son Fernando , encouraged the conservation of the breed . In 1937 , d 'Andrade began a small herd of his own with five stallions and seven mares from horses obtained near , Portugal . All currently in captivity descend from these original horses obtained by d 'Andrade , and it is believed that the remnant wild herds of the breed died out soon after . These horses were kept in a habitat similar to their native one . In 1975 , two other farms took up the Sorraia 's cause and acquired small herds to help with conservation . In 1976 , three stallions and three mares were imported to Germany from Portugal to begin a sub @-@ population there . In March 2004 , a small breeding herd of Sorraia horses was released on the estate of a private land owner who dedicated a portion of his property so that these horses could live completely wild , as did their ancestors . The refuge created for them is in the Vale de region of south western Portugal , one of places so named because this is where the Sorraia 's predecessors dwelt . - Two Sorraia stallions were imported to the United States in the early 21st century . In 2006 , another Sorraia stallion was imported to Canada where a Sorraia Mustang Preserve has been established on Island in Ontario . to existing preservation efforts which work in conjunction with the Sorraia Mustang , another project by a consortium of in the United States is attempting to establish a separate network and studbook . These have gathered Spanish Mustangs that through mtDNA testing show a genetic relationship with the Sorraia and are breeding them according to both and phenotype in an attempt to help preserve what they are calling the " American Sorraia " . - Today , the breed is nearly extinct , with fewer than 200 horses existing as of 2007 , including around 80 breeding mares . The Food and Agriculture Organization considers it to be maintaining critical risk status . The first studbook was published in 2004 , dedicated to maintaining a written record of the of the Sorraia . are present mainly in Portugal , with a small population in Germany . While not bred for a specific use , the Sorraia horses are versatile and have been used in herding bulls , riding and light . - - = = = Naming = = = - - Dr. Ruy d 'Andrade gave the breed their name of " Sorraia " . D 'Andrade took the name from the Sorraia River in Portugal . The breed had previously been known by the local Portuguese as " " or " zebra " , due to their markings . In the time of Christopher Columbus , the Sorraia was also known as the Marismeño , but the Sorraia and the Marismeño have evolved into two different breeds over time . Today , the name Marismeño refers to a population of horses living in Natural Park in Spain . - - - = Haifa = - - Haifa ( Hebrew : Hefa , Hebrew pronunciation : [ ] , Hebrew pronunciation : [ ] ; Arabic : ) , the third @-@ largest city in the State of Israel , has a population of over 277 @,@ . Another 300 @,@ 000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including al @-@ , the Krayot , Nesher , Tirat Carmel , and some . Together these areas form a contiguous urban area , home to nearly 600 @,@ 000 residents , which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area , the second- or third @-@ most populous metropolitan area in Israel . It is also home to the Bahá 'í World Centre , a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for 'i pilgrims . - Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel , the settlement has a history spanning more than 3 @,@ 000 years . The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu , a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age ( 14th century BCE ) . In the 3rd century CE , Haifa was known as a dye @-@ making center . Over the centuries , the city has changed hands : being conquered and ruled by the , Persians , , Romans , , Arabs , Crusaders , Ottomans , British , and the . Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 , the Haifa Municipality has governed the city . - As of 2016 the city is a major seaport located on Israel 's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63 @.@ 7 square kilometres ( 24 @.@ 6 sq mi ) . It lies about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel . Two respected academic institutions , the University of Haifa and the Technion , are located in Haifa , in addition to the largest k @-@ 12 school in Israel , the Hebrew School . The city plays an important role in Israel 's economy . It is home to Matam , one of the oldest and largest high @-@ tech parks in the country . Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry , petroleum refining and chemical processing . Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan . - - = = Etymology = = - - The earliest named settlement within the domain of modern @-@ day Haifa was a city known as . Tel Shikmona Hebrew meaning " mound of the " ( Arabic Tell el @-@ or Tell es @-@ Samak , meaning " mound of the fish " ) preserved and transformed this ancient name and is mentioned once in the ( composed c . 200 CE ) for the wild fruits that grow around it . , with locals using it to refer to a coastal tell at the foot of the Carmel Mountains that contains its remains . - The name first appears during Roman rule , some time after the end of the 1st century , when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tell es @-@ Samak . Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud , a book central to Judaism . - Hefa or in Eusebius of Caesarea 's 4th @-@ century work , ( . 108 , 31 ) , is said to be another name for . This of the names is explained by Moshe Sharon who writes that the twin ancient settlements , which he calls Haifa @-@ Sycaminon , gradually expanded into one another , becoming a twin city known by the Greek names Sycaminon or . to this city end with the Byzantine period . - Around the 6th century , or is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre , and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa , it was a settlement situated south of Haifa @-@ Sycaminon . - Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century , Haifa was used to refer to a site established on Tell es @-@ Samak upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon ( ) . Haifa ( or ) is mentioned by the mid @-@ 11th @-@ century Persian chronicler , and the and 13th @-@ century Arab chroniclers , Muhammad al @-@ and al @-@ . - The Crusaders , who captured Haifa briefly in the 12th century , call it , and believe its name related to , the Aramaic name of Simon Peter . Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa as Caiaphas , and Benjamin of , the 12th @-@ century Jewish traveller and chronicler , is said to have attributed the city 's founding to Caiaphas , the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus . - Other in English have included , , , and . - Haifa ' ( Arabic : " Ancient Haifa " ) is another name used by locals to refer to Tell es @-@ Samak , as it was the site of Haifa when it was a hamlet of 250 residents , before it was moved in 1764 @-@ 5 to a new fortified site founded by Zahir al @-@ Umar 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 kilometres ) to the east . The new village , the nucleus of modern Haifa , was originally named al @-@ al @-@ ( Arabic : " the new construction " ) , but locals called it Haifa al @-@ ( Arabic : " New Haifa " ) at first , and then simply Haifa . In the early 20th century , Haifa al ' was as a predominantly Arab Christian neighborhood of Haifa as it expanded outward from its new location . - The ultimate origin of the name Haifa remains unclear . One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest Caiaphas . Some Christians believe it was named for Saint Peter , whose Aramaic name was . Another theory holds it could be derived from the Hebrew verb root ( ) , meaning to cover or shield , i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa ; others point to a possible origin in the Hebrew word ( ) , meaning shore , or ( ) , meaning beautiful shore . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early history = = = - - A small port city known today as Tell Abu was established Late Bronze Age ( 14th century BCE ) . During the 6th century BCE , Greek geographer told of a city " between the bay and the of Zeus " ( i.e. , the Carmel ) which may be a reference to Shikmona , a locality in the Haifa area , during the Persian period . By Hellenistic times , the city had moved to a new site south of what is now Bat Galim because the port 's harbour had become blocked with sand . About the 3rd century CE , the city was first mentioned in literature , as a Jewish fishing village and the home of Rabbi and other Jewish scholars . A Greek @-@ speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce . - Haifa was located near the town of Shikmona , a center for making the traditional dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple . The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim . Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are also mentioned in the Bible . A on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the " Cave of Elijah " , traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice , . In Arabic , the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the , or " place of burning , " back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early times - Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present @-@ day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Street . The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture . - Under Byzantine rule , Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance . Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the @-@ 40s , Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of the port city of ' Akka . Under the Caliphate , Haifa began to develop . In the 9th century under the and , Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards . The inhabitants , Arabs and Jews , engaged in trade and maritime commerce . Glass production and dye @-@ making from marine snails were the city 's most lucrative industries . - - = = = Crusader , Ayyubid and Mamluk rule = = = - - ended in 1100 or 1101 , when Haifa was besieged and blockaded by the Crusaders and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and garrison . Under the Crusaders , Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold . It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Following their victory at the Battle of , Saladin 's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid @-@ July 1187 and the city 's Crusader fortress was destroyed . The Crusaders under Richard the retook Haifa in 1191 . - In the 12th century religious started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel , and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order , the . Under Muslim rule , the church which they had built on Mount Carmel was turned into a mosque , later becoming a hospital . In the 19th century , it was restored as a monastery , the Stella Maris Monastery . The altar of the church as we see it today , stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah . - In 1265 , the army of Baibars the Mamluk captured Haifa , destroying its fortifications , which had been rebuilt by King Louis IX of France , as well as the majority of the city 's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning . For much of their rule , the city was desolate in the Mamluk period between the 13th and 16th centuries . Information from this period is scarce . During Mamluk rule in the 14th century , al @-@ wrote that Haifa served as the port for Tiberias and featured a " fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels . - - = = = Ottoman era = = = - - In 1596 , Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the of Atlit of the of . It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat , barley , , olives , and goats or . - Haifa was a hamlet of 250 inhabitants in 1764 @-@ 5 . It was located at Tell el @-@ , the site of ancient . In 1765 Zahir al @-@ Umar , the Arab ruler of Acre and the Galilee , moved the population to a new fortified site 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 kilometres ) to the east and laid waste to the old site . According to historian Moshe Sharon , the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769 . This event marked the beginning of the town 's life at its modern location . After al @-@ Umar 's death in 1775 , the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918 , with the exception of two brief periods . - In , Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria , but soon had to withdraw ; in the campaign 's final proclamation , Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of " " ( as the name was spelled at the time ) along with those of Gaza , and Acre . - Between 1831 and 1840 , the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali governed Haifa , after his son Ibrahim Pasha had its control from the Ottomans . When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined , the importance of Haifa rose . - The arrival of the German Templers in 1868 , who settled in what is now known as the German Colony of Haifa , was a turning point in Haifa 's development . The Templers built and operated a steam @-@ based power station , opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre , Nazareth and Tiberias , playing a key role in the city . - The first major Jewish Immigration took place at the middle 19th century from Morocco , with small immigration from Turkey few years later . A wave of European Jews arrived at the end of the 19th century from Romania . The Central Jewish Society in Romania purchased over 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ) near Haifa . As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers , they hired the former to instruct them in agriculture . - In 1909 , Haifa became important to the Bahá 'í Faith when the remains of the , founder of the Faith and forerunner of Bahá 'u'lláh in the Bahá 'í Faith , were moved from Acre to Haifa and interred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel . Bahá consider the shrine to be their second place on Earth after the Shrine of Bahá 'u'lláh in Acre . Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Bahá 'u'lláh himself to his eldest son , `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá , in 1891 . `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá planned the structure , which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson , . In a separate room , the remains of `Abdu 'l @-@ Bahá were buried in November 1921 . - A branch of the railway , known as the Valley railway , was built between 1903 and 1905 . This event accelerated the growth of Haifa , which became a township ( ) centre in Akka in the of before the end of Ottoman rule . The Technion Institute of Technology was established around this time , that is , in 1912 . - - = = = British Mandate = = = - - Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army after overrunning Ottoman positions armed with and swords . On 22 September , British troops were heading to Nazareth when a reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa . The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in the Balad al @-@ Sheikh district ( today Nesher ) . After the British regrouped , an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel . - Under the British Mandate , Haifa became an industrial port city . The Bahá 'í Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in the environs of Haifa . Over the next few decades the number of Jews increased steadily , due to immigration , especially from Europe . The Arab immigration on the other hand swelled by influx of Arabs , coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as Syrian . The Arab immigration mainly came as a result of prices and salary drop . Between the censuses of 1922 and 1931 , the Muslim , Jewish , and Christian populations rose by 217 % , 256 % , and 156 % , respectively . - Haifa 's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle @-@ East crude oil . The British Government of Palestine developed the port and built refineries , thereby facilitating the rapid development of the city as a center for the country 's heavy industries . Haifa was also among the first towns to be fully electrified . The Palestine Electric Company inaugurated the Haifa Electrical Power Station already in 1925 , opening the door to considerable . The State @-@ run Palestine Railways also built its main workshops in Haifa . - By 1945 the population had shifted to 33 percent Muslim , 20 percent Christian and 47 percent Jewish . In 1947 , about 70 @,@ 910 Arabs ( 41 @,@ 000 Muslims , 29 @,@ 910 Christians ) and 74 @,@ 230 Jews were living there . The Christian community were mostly Greek @-@ Catholics . - The 1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of the proposed Jewish state . Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December . On 30 December 1947 , members of the , a Jewish underground militia , threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of the Consolidated in Haifa , killing six and injuring 42 . In response Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as the Haifa Oil massacre . The Jewish militia retaliated with a raid on the Arab village of Balad al @-@ , where many of the Arab refinery workers lived , in what became known as the Balad al @-@ massacre . Control of Haifa was critical in the ensuing civil war , since it was the major industrial and oil refinery port in British Palestine . - British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948 , withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities . Two days later the downtown , controlled by a combination of local and foreign ( ) Arab was assaulted by Jewish forces in Operation Bi , by the Brigade of the , commanded by Moshe Carmel . The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa 's Arab population . According to The Economist at the time , only 5 @,@ 000 – 6 @,@ 000 of the city 's 62 @,@ 000 Arabs remained there by 2 October 1948 . - Contemporaneous sources emphasized the Jewish leadership 's attempt to stop the Arab exodus from the city and the Arab leadership as a motivating factor in the refugees ' flight . According to the British district superintendent of police , " Every effort is being made by the Jews to persuade the Arab populace to stay and carry on with their normal lives , to get their shops and business open and to be assured that their lives and interests will be safe . " Time Magazine wrote on 3 May 1948 : - The mass evacuation , prompted partly by fear , partly by orders of Arab leaders , left the Arab quarter of Haifa a ghost city ... By withdrawing Arab workers their leaders hoped to Haifa . - Benny Morris said Haifa 's Arabs left due to of a combination of Zionist threats and encouragement to do so by Arab leaders . Ilan writes that the shelling culminated in an attack on a Palestinian crowd in the old marketplace using three @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) mortars on 22 April 1948 . Shabtai Levy , the Mayor of the city , and some other Jewish leaders urged Arabs not to leave . According to Ilan , Jewish could be heard in the city ordering Arab residents to leave " before it 's too late . " Morris quotes British sources as stating that during the battles between 22 and 23 April 100 Arabs were killed and 100 wounded , but he adds that the total may have been higher . - - = = = State of Israel = = = - - After the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948 Haifa became the gateway for Jewish immigration into Israel . During the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , the neighborhoods of Haifa were sometimes contested . After the war , Jewish immigrants were settled in new neighborhoods , among them Kiryat , Ramot , Ramat , Kiryat , and Kiryat Eliezer . Hospital ( formerly Rothschild Hospital ) and the Central Synagogue in Hadar date from this period . In 1953 , a master plan was created for transportation and the future architectural layout . - In 1959 , a group of and Jews , mostly Moroccan Jews , in Wadi Salib , claiming the state was against them . Their demand for “ bread and work ” was directed at the state institutions and what they viewed as an elite in the Labor Party and the . - Tel Aviv gained in status , while Haifa suffered a decline in the role as regional capital . The opening of Ashdod as a port exacerbated this . Tourism shrank when the Israeli Ministry of Tourism placed emphasis on developing Tiberias as a tourist centre . - Nevertheless , Haifa 's population had reached 200 @,@ 000 by the early 1970s , and mass immigration from the former Soviet Union boosted the population by a further 35 @,@ 000 . - Many of Wadi Salib 's historic Ottoman buildings have now been demolished , and in the 1990s a major section of the Old City was razed to make way for a new municipal center . - From 1999 to 2003 , several Palestinian suicide attacks took place in Haifa ( in Maxim and restaurants , bus 37 , and others ) , killing 68 civilians . - In 2006 , Haifa was hit by 93 Hezbollah rockets during the Second Lebanon War , killing 11 civilians and leading to half of the city 's population fleeing at the end of the first week of the war . Among the places hit by rockets were a train depot and the oil refinery complex . - - = = Demographics = = - - Haifa is Israel 's third @-@ largest city , consisting of 103 @,@ 000 households , or a population of 266 @,@ 300 . from the former Soviet Union constitute 25 % of Haifa 's population . According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics , Israeli Arabs constitute 10 % of Haifa 's population , the majority living in Wadi Nisnas , and neighborhoods . - Haifa is commonly portrayed as a model of co @-@ existence between Arabs and Jews , although tensions and hostility do still exist . - Between 1994 and 2009 , the city had a declining and aging population compared to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem , as young people moved to the center of the country for education and jobs , while young families migrated to bedroom communities in the suburbs . However , as a result of new projects and improving infrastructure , the city managed to reverse its population decline , reducing emigration while attracting more internal migration into the city . In 2009 , positive net immigration into the city was shown for the first time in 15 years . - - = = = Religious and ethnic communities = = = - - The population is heterogeneous . Jews comprise some 82 % of the population , almost 14 % are Christians ( the majority of whom are Arab Christians ) and , some 4 % are Muslims ( of which many are ) . Haifa also includes and Bahá 'í communities . In 2006 , 27 % of the Arab population was aged 14 and under , compared to 17 % of the Jewish and other population groups . The trend continues in the age 15 @-@ 29 group , in which 27 % of the Arab population is found , and the age 30 @-@ 44 group ( 23 % ) . The population of Jews and others in these age groups are 22 % and 18 % respectively . Nineteen percent of the city 's Jewish and other population is between 45 and 59 , compared to 14 % of the Arab population . This continues with 14 % of Jews and others aged 60 – 74 and 10 % over age 75 , in comparison to 7 % and just 2 % respectively in the Arab population . - In 2006 , 2 @.@ 9 % of the Jews in the city were , compared to 7 @.@ 5 % on a national scale . However , the community in Haifa is growing fast due to a high fertility rate . 66 @.@ 6 % were secular , compared to a national average of 43 @.@ 7 % . A significant portion of the immigrants from the former Soviet Union either lack official religious @-@ ethnic classification or are Non @-@ Jews as they are from mixed @-@ marriage families of some Jewish origin . There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church , established by Norwegian Among the Nations pastor Per Faye @-@ Hansen . - Haifa is the center of liberal Palestinian culture , as it was under British colonial rule . The Palestinian neighborhoods , which are mixed Muslim and Christian , are in the lowlands near the sea while Jewish neighborhoods are at higher elevation . An active Palestinian cultural life has developed in the 21st century . - - = = Geography = = - - Haifa is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain , the historic land bridge between Europe , Africa , and Asia , and the mouth of the Kishon River . Located on the northern slopes of Mount Carmel and around Haifa Bay , the city is split over three tiers . The lowest is the center of commerce and industry including the Port of Haifa . The middle level is on the slopes of Mount Carmel and consists of older residential neighborhoods , while the upper level consists of modern neighborhoods looking over the lower tiers . From here views can be had across the Western Galilee region of Israel towards and the Lebanese border . Haifa is about 90 kilometers ( 55 @.@ 9 mi ) north of the city of Tel Aviv , and has a large number of beaches on the Mediterranean . - - = = Flora and fauna = = - - The Carmel Mountain has three main : , and Si ’ . For the most part these valleys are undeveloped natural corridors that run up through the city from the coast to the top of the mountain . hiking paths traverse these areas and they provide habitat for wildlife such as wild , golden , , Egyptian , owls and . - - = = Climate = = - - Haifa has a hot @-@ summer Mediterranean climate with hot , dry summers and cool , rainy winters ( Köppen climate classification ) . Spring arrives in March when temperatures begin to increase . By late May , the temperature has warmed up considerably to herald warm summer days . The average temperature in summer is 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) and in winter , 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) . Snow is rare in Haifa , but temperatures around 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) can sometimes occur , usually in the early morning . tends to be high all year round , and rain usually occurs between September and May . Annual precipitation is approximately millimeters ( 25 in ) . - - = = = = - - Haifa has developed in tiers , from the lower to the upper city on the Carmel . The oldest neighborhood in the modern Haifa is Wadi Salib , the Old City center near the port , which has been by a major road and razed in part to make way for government buildings . Wadi Salib stretches across to Wadi Nisnas , the center of Arab life in Haifa today . In the 19th century , under Ottoman rule , the German Colony was built , providing the first model of urban planning in Haifa . Some of the buildings have been restored and the colony has turned into a center of Haifa nightlife . - The first buildings in Hadar were constructed at the start of the 20th century . Hadar was Haifa 's cultural center and marketplace throughout the 1920s and into the 1980s , above and around the Haifa 's Arab neighborhoods . Today Hadar stretches from the port area near the bay , approximately halfway up Mount Carmel , around the German Colony , Wadi Nisnas and Wadi Salib . Hadar houses two commercial centers ( one in the port area , and one midway up the mountain ) surrounded by some of the city 's older neighborhoods . - Neve Sha 'anan , a neighborhood located on the second tier of Mount Carmel , was founded in the 1920s . West of the port are the neighborhoods of Bat Galim , Shikmona Beach , and Kiryat Eliezer . To the west and east of Hadar are the Arab neighborhoods of and , built in the 1960s and 70s . To the south of Mount Carmel 's headland , along the road to Tel Aviv , are the neighborhoods of Ein , , Kiryat and Neve David . - Above Hadar are affluent neighborhoods such as the Carmel ( French Carmel ) , Merkaz Ha 'Carmel , , Ha 'Carmel ( ) , , , Ramat , Ramat and Hod Ha 'Carmel ( ) . While there are general divisions between Arab and Jewish neighborhoods , there is an increasing trend for wealthy Arabs to move into affluent Jewish neighborhoods . Another of the Carmel neighborhoods is , home to the National Headquarters of Israel 's Muslim Community ; located near Merkaz HaCarmel and overlooking the coast . - - = = Urban development = = - - Recently , residential construction has been concentrated around Kiryat and Kiryat , with 75 @,@ 000 m2 ( @,@ 293 sq ft ) of new residential construction between 2002 – 2004 , the Carmel , with 70 @,@ 000 m2 ( @,@ sq ft ) , and Ramot Neve Sha 'anan with approximately 70 @,@ 000 m2 ( @,@ sq ft ) Non @-@ residential construction was highest in the Lower Town , ( 90 @,@ 000 sq m ) , Haifa Bay ( 72 @,@ 000 sq m ) and Ramot Neve Sha 'anan ( 54 @,@ 000 sq m ) . In 2004 , 80 % of construction in the city was private . - Currently , the city has a modest number of and high @-@ rise buildings , and many additional high @-@ rise buildings are planned , have been approved , or are under construction . Though buildings rising up to 20 stories were built on Mount Carmel in the past , the Haifa municipality banned the construction of any new buildings taller than nine stories on Mount Carmel in July 2012 . - The neighborhood of Wadi Salib , located in the heart of downtown Haifa , is being redeveloped . Most of its Jewish and Arab residents are considered squatters and have been gradually evicted over the years . The Haifa Economic Corporation Ltd is developing two 1 @,@ 000 square meter lots for office and commercial use . Some historic buildings have been renovated and redeveloped , especially into nightclubs and theaters , such as the Palace of the Pasha , a Turkish , and a Middle Eastern music and dance club , which has been converted into theaters and offices . - In 2012 , a new , massive development plan was announced for Haifa 's waterfront . According to the plan , the western section of the city 's port will be torn down , and all port activity will be moved to the east . The west side of the port will be transformed into a tourism and nightlife center and a point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel through the construction of public spaces , a beach promenade , and the renovation of commercial buildings . The train tracks that currently the city and separate the city 's beach from the rest of Haifa will also be buried . A park will be developed on the border of the Kishon River , the refineries ' cooling towers will be turned into a visitors ' center , and bridges will lead from the port to the rest of the city . Massive renovations are also currently underway in Haifa 's lower town , in the Turkish market and Paris Square , which will become the city 's business center . In addition , the ammonia tank in the Haifa bay industrial zone will be dismantled , and a new one built in an alternative location . - Another plan seeks to turn the western section of Haifa Port into a major tourism and nightlife center , as well as a functioning point of embarkation and arrival for sea travel . All port activity will be moved to the western side , and the area will be redeveloped . Public spaces and a beach promenade will be developed , and commercial buildings will be renovated . - As part of the development plans , the Israeli Navy , which has a large presence in Haifa , will withdraw from the shoreline between Bat Galim and Hof . A 5 @-@ kilometer ( 3 @.@ 1 @-@ mile ) long esplanade which will encircle the shoreline will be constructed . It will include a bicycle path , and possibly also a small bridge under which navy vessels will pass on their way to the sea . - In addition , a 50 @,@ 000 square @-@ meter entertainment complex that will contain a Disney theme park , cinemas , shops , and a 25 @-@ screen theater will be built at the Check Post exit from the Carmel . - In 2014 , a new major plan for the city was proposed , under which extensive development of residential , business , and leisure areas will take place with the target of increasing the city 's population by 60 @,@ 000 by . Under the plan , five new neighborhoods will be built , along with new high @-@ tech parks . In addition , existing employment centers will be renovated , and new leisure areas and a large park will be built . - - = = Economy = = - - The common Israeli saying , " Haifa works , Jerusalem prays , and Tel Aviv plays " attests to Haifa 's reputation as a city of workers and industry . The industrial region of Haifa is in the eastern part of the city , around the Kishon River . It is home to the Haifa oil refinery , one of the two oil refineries in Israel ( the other refinery being located in Ashdod ) . The Haifa refinery processes 9 million tons ( 66 million barrels ) of crude oil a year . Its unused twin 80 @-@ meter high cooling towers , built in the 1930s , were the tallest buildings built in the British Mandate period . - Matam ( short for Merkaz Ta - Scientific Industries Center ) , the largest and oldest business park in Israel , is at the southern entrance to the city , hosting manufacturing and R & D facilities for a large number of Israeli and international hi @-@ tech companies , such as Intel , IBM , Microsoft , , Google , Yahoo ! , , , Philips , and . The campus of the University of Haifa is also home to IBM Haifa Labs . - The Port of Haifa is the leader in passenger traffic among Israeli ports , and is also a major cargo harbor , although has seen its dominance challenged by the Port of Ashdod . - Haifa malls and shopping centers include , Center Mall , Center , Center , Colony Center ( Lev ) , 'im Tower Mall , Haifa , Lev Mall and Grand . - In 2010 , magazine identified Haifa as the city with the most promising business potential , with the greatest investment opportunities in the world . The magazine noted that " a massive head @-@ to @-@ toe regeneration is starting to have an impact ; from scaffolding and cranes around town , to renovated façades and new smart places to eat " . The Haifa municipality had spent more than $ 350 million on roads and infrastructure , and the number of building permits had risen 83 % in the previous two years . - In 2014 , it was announced that a technology @-@ focused stock exchange would be established to compete with the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange . - Currently , some 40 hotels , mostly hotels , are planned , have been approved , or are under construction . The Haifa Municipality is seeking to turn the city into Northern Israel 's tourist center , from where travelers can embark on day trips into Acre , Nazareth , Tiberias , and the Galilee . - A new life sciences industrial park containing five buildings with 85 @,@ 000 square meters of space on a 31 @-@ ( 7 @.@ 75 acre ) site is being built adjacent to the Matam industrial park . - - = = = Tourism = = = - - In 2005 , Haifa has 13 hotels with a total of 1 @,@ 462 rooms . The city has a 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) shoreline , of which 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) are beaches . Haifa 's main tourist attraction is the Bahá 'í World Centre , with the golden @-@ domed Shrine of the and the surrounding gardens . Between 2005 and 2006 , 86 @,@ visited the shrine . In 2008 , the Bahá 'í gardens were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The restored German Colony , founded by the Templers , Stella Maris and Elijah 's Cave also draw many tourists . - Located in the Haifa district are the Ein Hod artists ' colony , where over 90 artists and craftsmen have studios and exhibitions , and the Mount Carmel national park , with caves where and early remains were found . - A 2007 report commissioned by the Haifa Municipality calls for the construction of more hotels , a ferry line between Haifa , Acre and Caesarea , development of the western anchorage of the port as a recreation and entertainment area , and an expansion of the local airport and port to accommodate international travel and cruise ships . - - = = Arts and culture = = - - Despite its image as a port and industrial city , Haifa is the cultural hub of northern Israel . During the 1950s , mayor Abba made a special effort to encourage authors and poets to move to the city , and founded the Haifa Theatre , a repertory theater , the first municipal theater founded in the country . The principal Arabic theater the northern Arab population is the al @-@ Theater . Other theaters in the city include the Centre for the Performing Arts and the Art and Culture Center . The Congress Center hosts exhibitions , concerts and special events . - The New Haifa Symphony Orchestra , established in 1950 , has more than 5 @,@ 000 subscribers . In 2004 , 49 @,@ 000 people attended its concerts . The Haifa , founded in 1975 , hosts the annual Haifa International Film Festival during the intermediate days of the holiday . Haifa has 29 movie theaters . The city publishes a local newspaper , Haifa , and has its own radio station , Radio Haifa . - During the 1990s , Haifa hosted the Haifa Rock & Blues Festival featuring Bob Dylan , Nick Cave , and Harvey . The last festival was held in 1995 with Crow , and Faith No More as . - - = = = Museums = = = - - Haifa has over a dozen museums . The most popular museum is the Israel National Museum of Science , Technology , and Space , which recorded almost 150 @,@ 000 visitors in 2004 . The museum is located in the historic Technion building in the Hadar neighborhood . The Haifa Museum of Art houses a collection of modern and classical art , as well as displays on the history of Haifa . The Museum of Japanese Art is the only museum in the Middle East dedicated solely to Japanese art . Other museums in Haifa include the Museum of , the National Maritime Museum and Haifa City Museum , the Hecht Museum , the Archaeological Museum of Grain , the Railway Museum , the Immigration and Navy Museum , the Israeli Oil Industry Museum , and Artists ' House . As part of his campaign to bring culture to Haifa , Mayor Abba provided the artist @-@ Katz with a building on Mount Carmel to house his collection of , which is now a museum . The Haifa Educational Zoo at park houses a small animal collection including Syrian brown bears , now extinct from Israel . the zoo is the House biology institute . In the close vicinity of Haifa , on the Carmel , the Northern " Hai @-@ Bar " ( " wild life " ) operated by Israel 's Parks and Reserves Authority for the purpose of breeding and reintroduction of species now extinct from Israel , such as Persian Deer . - - = = Government = = - - As an industrial port city , Haifa has traditionally been a Labor party stronghold . The strong presence of dock workers and trade unions earned it the nickname ' Red Haifa . ' In addition , many prominent Arabs in the Israeli Communist Party , among them , Emile , , Farah and Emile , were from Haifa . - In recent years , there has been a drift toward the center . This was best signified by , in the 2006 legislative elections , the party receiving about 28 @.@ 9 % of the votes in Haifa , and Labor behind with 16 @.@ 9 % . - Before 1948 , Haifa 's Municipality was fairly unusual as it developed cooperation between the mixed Arab and Jewish community in the city , with representatives of both groups involved in the city 's management . Under mayor al @-@ , between 1920 and 1927 , the city council had six Arab and two Jewish representatives , with the city run as a mixed municipality with overall Arab control . Greater cooperation was introduced under , who adopted a positive and attitude toward the city 's Jews and gave them senior posts in the municipality . In 1940 , the first Jewish mayor , Shabtai Levy , was elected . Levy 's two deputies were Arab ( one Muslim , the other Christian ) , with the remainder of the council made up of four Jews and six Arabs . - Today , Haifa is governed by its 12th city council , headed by the mayor . The results of municipal elections decide on the makeup of the council , similarly to the elections . The city council is the legislative council in the city , and has the authority to pass auxiliary laws . The 12th council , which was elected in 2003 , has 31 members , with the liberal @-@ Greens ticket holding the most seats ( 6 ) , and coming second with 5 . Many of the decisions passed by the city council are results of recommendation made by the various municipal committees , which are committees where non @-@ municipal organs meet with representatives from the city council . Some committees are spontaneous , but some are mandatory , such as the security committee , tender committee and financial committee . - - = = = = = = - - - = = Medical facilities = = - - Haifa medical facilities have a total of 4 @,@ 000 hospital beds . The largest hospital is the government @-@ operated Rambam Hospital with 900 beds and 78 @,@ 000 admissions in 2004 . Hospital and Carmel Hospital each have 400 beds . Other hospitals in the city include the Italian Hospital , Hospital ( 100 beds ) , Medical Center ( 36 beds ) and Ramat ( 18 beds ) . Haifa has 20 family health centers . In 2004 , there were a total of 177 @,@ 478 hospital admissions . - Rambam Medical Center was in the direct line of fire during the Second Lebanon War in 2006 and was forced to take special precautions to protect its patients . Whole wings of the hospital were moved to large underground shelters . - - = = Education = = - - Haifa is home to two internationally acclaimed universities and several colleges The University of Haifa , founded in 1963 , is at the top of Mt . Carmel . The campus was designed by the architect of Brasília and United Nations Headquarters in New York , Oscar . The top floor of the 30 @-@ story Tower provides a panoramic view of northern Israel . The Hecht Museum , with important and art collections , is on the campus of Haifa University . - The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , described as Israel 's MIT , was founded in 1912 . It has 18 faculties and 42 research institutes . The original building now houses Haifa 's science museum . The Hebrew School was founded in 1913 . It is the largest k @-@ 12 school in Israel , with 4 @,@ 000 students in 7 branches , all over the city . The first technological high school in Israel , , was established in Haifa in 1933 . - Other academic institutions in Haifa are the Gordon College of Education and Sha 'anan Religious Teachers ' College , the Haifa Academy of Design and Education , and College of Design . The College of Management and the Open University of Israel have branches in Haifa . The city also has a nursing college and the Engineering School . - As of 2006 – 07 , Haifa had 70 elementary schools , 23 middle schools , 28 academic high schools and 8 vocational high schools . There were 5 @,@ 133 pupils in municipal , 20 @,@ 081 in elementary schools , 7 @,@ 911 in middle schools , 8 @,@ in academic high schools , 2 @,@ in vocational high schools , and 2 @,@ in comprehensive district high schools . 86 % of the students attended Hebrew @-@ speaking schools and 14 % attended Arab schools . 5 % were in special education . In 2004 , Haifa had 16 municipal libraries 367 @,@ 323 books . - Two prestigious Arab schools in Haifa are the Orthodox School , run by the Greek Orthodox church , and the Nazareth Nuns ' School , a Catholic institution . - - = = Transportation = = - - Haifa is served by six railway stations and the Carmelit , currently Israel 's only subway system ( another is under construction in Tel Aviv ) . The – Tel Aviv Coastal Railway main line of Israel Railways runs along the coast of the Gulf of Haifa and has six stations within the city . From south @-@ west to north @-@ east , these stations are : Haifa Hof HaCarmel , Haifa Bat Galim , Haifa Merkaz , Lev HaMifratz , HaMifratz and Kiryat . Together with the Kiryat Motzkin Railway Station in the northern suburb Kiryat Motzkin , they form the Haifa - Krayot suburban line ( " " ) . There are direct trains from Haifa to Tel Aviv , Ben Gurion International Airport , , , Kiryat Motzkin , , , , Beit , Jerusalem and other locations , but all trains to Beersheba all Haifa stations - Haifa 's intercity bus connections are operated almost exclusively by the Egged bus company , which operates two terminals : - HaMifratz Central Bus Station , adjacent to the Lev HaMifratz Railway Station - Haifa Hof HaCarmel Central Bus Station , adjacent to the Hof HaCarmel Railway Station - Lines to the North of the country use HaMifratz Central Bus Station and their coverage includes most towns in the North of Israel . Lines heading south use Haifa Hof HaCarmel Central Bus Station . - Destinations directly reachable from Hof HaCarmel CBS include Tel Aviv , Jerusalem , , , , , Ya , Atlit , Tirat Carmel , Ben Gurion International Airport and intermediate communities . There are also three Egged lines that have their terminus in the Ramat neighborhood and run to Jerusalem , and Ashdod . These used to be " " ( i.e. gender segregated ) lines . - All urban lines are run by Egged . There are also share taxis that run along some bus routes but do not have an official schedule . In 2006 , Haifa implemented a trial network of neighborhood mini @-@ buses – named " " and run by Egged . In December 2012 , , an and taxi service which allows users to hail a cab using their without the taxi station by identifying and summoning the closest taxi . In the current initial phase , 50 taxis from the service are operating in Haifa . - Haifa and the Krayot suburbs also have a new concept bus rapid transit system called the . These buses , operating with hybrid engines , follow optical strips embedded in designated lanes of roads , providing tram @-@ like public transportation services . The consists of 100 18 @-@ meter buses , each with the capacity for 150 passengers , operating along 40 km ( 25 mi ) of designated roadways . The new system officially opened on 16 August 2013 serving three lines . - Haifa is one of the few cities in Israel where buses operate on . Bus lines operate throughout the city on a reduced schedule from late Saturday morning onwards , and also connect Haifa with Nesher , Tirat , , Nazareth , Nazareth and intermediate communities . Since the summer of 2008 , night buses are operated by Egged in Haifa ( line 200 ) and the Krayot suburbs ( line 210 ) . During the summer of 2008 these lines operated 7 nights a week . During the winter their schedule is limited to Thursday , Friday and Saturday nights , making them the only buses in Israel to operate on Friday night . Haifa is also the only city in Israel to operate a Saturday bus service to the beaches during summer time . Egged lines run during Saturday mornings from many neighborhoods to the and Bat Galim beaches , and back in the afternoon . - The Haifa underground railway system is called Carmelit . It is a subterranean on rails , running from downtown Paris Square to ( Mother 's Park ) on Mount Carmel . With a single track , six stations and two trains , it is listed in Guinness World Records as the world 's shortest metro line . The Carmelit accommodates . - Haifa also has a cable car . The Haifa Cable Car lift consists of six cabins and connects Bat Galim on the coast to the Stella Maris observation deck and monastery atop Mount Carmel . It serves mainly tourists . There are currently plans to add a 4 @.@ 4 kilometre commuter cable car service to Haifa 's public transport system , running from HaMifratz Central Bus Station at the foot of Mount Carmel to the Technion , and then to the University of Haifa . - - = = = Air and sea transport = = = - - Haifa Airport serves domestic flights to Tel Aviv and as well as international charters to Cyprus , Greece and Jordan . The that operates flights from Haifa are and . There are currently plans to expand services from Haifa . Cruise ships operate from Haifa port primarily to destinations in the Eastern Mediterranean , Southern Europe and Black Sea . - - = = = Roads = = = - - Travel between Haifa and the center of the country is possible by road with Highway 2 , the main highway along the coastal plain , beginning at Tel Aviv and ending at Haifa . Furthermore , Highway 4 runs along the coast to the north of Haifa , as well as south , inland from Highway 2 . In the past , traffic along Highway 2 to the north of Haifa had to pass through the downtown area of the city ; the Carmel , opened for traffic 1 December 2010 , now route this traffic under Mount Carmel , reducing congestion in the downtown area . - - = = Sports = = - - The main stadiums in Haifa are the 14 @,@ 002 @-@ seat Kiryat Eliezer Stadium and Thomas D Stadium . Neve Sha 'anan Athletic Stadium seats 1 @,@ 000 . Construction of the Sammy Stadium , a UEFA @-@ approved 30 @,@ 820 seat stadium was completed in 2014 . - The city 's two main football clubs are Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Haifa who both currently play in the Israeli Premier League and share the Sammy Stadium as their home pitch . Maccabi has won twelve Israeli titles , while Hapoel has won one . - The city also has an American football club , the Haifa , that are a part of the Israeli Football League and play in Stadium . The team lost in the championship game of the league 's inaugural season , but won one title as part of American Football Israel , which merged with the Israeli Football League in 2005 . - The city has several clubs in the regional leagues , including Haifa in Liga Bet ( the fourth tier ) and Hapoel Haifa , F.C. Haifa Ruby and Maccabi Neve Sha 'anan in Liga ( the fifth tier ) . - Haifa has a professional basketball club , Maccabi Haifa . Maccabi Haifa was recently promoted to Israeli Basketball Super League , the top division . The team plays at Arena , which seats 5 @,@ 000 . - The Haifa Hawks are an ice hockey team based out of the city of Haifa . They participate in the Israeli League , the top level of Israeli ice hockey . - In 1996 , the city hosted the World Championship . The Haifa Tennis Club , near the southwest entrance to the city , is one of the largest in Israel . John , Olympic horse breeder and owner of triple cup champion was born here . - - = = Twin towns - sister cities = = - - Haifa is twinned with the following cities : - - - = New York State Route 185 = - - New York State Route 185 ( NY 185 ) is an east – west state highway in Essex County , New York , in the United States . It serves as a connector between NY 9N and NY 22 in Crown Point and the Lake Champlain Bridge , by which the highway enters Vermont and becomes Vermont Route 17 ( VT 17 ) . NY 185 , named Bridge Road , passes through Crown Point State Historic Site and runs the entire length of Crown Point , a peninsula protruding into Lake Champlain . - NY 185 was assigned on April 4 , 2008 , as a signed replacement for New York State Route 910L , an unsigned reference route . It is the third signed designation that Bridge Road has carried , preceded by New York State Route 347 ( during the early 1930s ) and NY 8 ( 1930s to the 1960s ) . NY 185 originally connected to the Champlain Bridge on its east end ; however , that structure was closed and demolished in late 2009 . Its replacement opened to traffic in November 2011 . - - = = Route description = = - - NY 185 begins at an intersection with NY 9N and NY 22 in Crown Point . The route progresses eastward as a two @-@ lane highway named Bridge Road . Heading away from the western terminus , there is a fork in the road : to the left is NY 185 , and to the right is a road to a housing development . Most of NY 185 runs along the lowlands around Lake Champlain , making curves at intersections , and heading on relatively flat elevations . As the highway approaches the lake , it makes a curve to the north . There , it intersects with County Route 48 ( Lake Road ) and begins to follow the lake shore . - The highway passes to the east of the Crown Point State Historic Site and its before ascending up the approach to the Lake Champlain Bridge . After making a final curve to the northeast , NY 185 begins to cross Lake Champlain by way of the bridge . The route ends at the Vermont state line at the bridge 's midpoint , and the roadway continues into Vermont as VT 17 . - - = = History = = - - The Champlain Bridge was built in 1929 , connecting Crown Point in New York to Point in Vermont . A short connector highway between the bridge — which connected to VT 17 in Vermont — and NY 22 in Crown Point , named Bridge Road , was originally designated as NY 347 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 347 became part of an extended NY 8 c . 1934 . - NY 8 was truncated south to Hague c . 1968 , eliminating a lengthy overlap with NY 22 and NY 9N . Its former routing along Bridge Road became NY 903 , an unsigned reference route . The NY 903 designation was later replaced with NY 910L when a new numbering system for reference routes was adopted by the New York State Department of Transportation , and NY 910L itself was redesignated and signed as NY 185 on April 4 , 2008 . - On October 16 , 2009 , the Champlain Bridge was closed to traffic due to structural concerns . The bridge was demolished on December 28 , 2009 , as a result of those concerns , temporarily reducing NY 185 in purpose to a spur route linking NY 9N and NY 22 to Crown Point . Its replacement , the Lake Champlain Bridge , opened to traffic on November 7 , 2011 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in Crown Point , Essex County . - - - = Fernando Torres = - - Fernando José Torres Sanz ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ] ; born 20 March 1984 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Atlético Madrid . - Torres started his career with Atlético Madrid , progressing through their youth system to the first team squad . He made his first team debut in 2001 and finished his time at the club having scored 75 goals in 174 La Liga appearances . Prior to his La Liga debut , Torres played two seasons in the Segunda División for Atlético Madrid , making 40 appearances and scoring seven goals . - Torres joined Premier League club Liverpool in 2007 , after signing for a club record transfer fee . He marked his first season at Anfield by being Liverpool 's first player since Robbie Fowler in the 1995 – 96 season to score more than 20 league goals in a season . The most prolific goalscoring spell of his career , he became the fastest player in Liverpool history to score 50 league goals . He was named in the FIFA World XI in 2008 and 2009 . Torres left the club in January 2011 to join Chelsea for a British record transfer fee of £ 50 million , which made him the most expensive Spanish player in history . In his first full season at Chelsea , Torres won the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League , despite receiving criticism for a comparatively low goal @-@ scoring record . The following season he scored in the final of the 2012 – 13 UEFA Europa League , helping Chelsea to win the competition for the first time . - Torres is a Spanish international and made his debut against Portugal in 2003 . He has been capped over 100 times and is his country 's third @-@ highest goalscorer of all time . With Spain he has participated in six major tournaments ; UEFA Euro 2004 , the 2006 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 2008 , the 2010 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Spain won the three tournaments from 2008 to 2012 , with Torres scoring in the finals of both Euro 2008 and Euro 2012 . - - = = Early career = = - - Born in , Community of Madrid , Torres became interested in football as a child and joined his first team , 84 , at the age of five . His father José Torres worked during Torres ' childhood , and his mother Sanz travelled daily with him to training sessions . His grandfather was not a passionate football fan , but took pride in being an Atlético Madrid supporter , and Torres inherited his love for the club . - Torres started playing football as a goalkeeper , the position his brother played in . When he was seven years old , however , he started playing regularly as a striker in an indoor league for the neighbourhood club , Mario 's Holland , using the characters from the anime Captain as inspiration . Three years later , aged 10 , he progressed to an 11 @-@ side team , 13 . He scored 55 goals in a season and was one of three 13 players to earn a trial with Atlético . He impressed the scouts and joined the club 's youth system at the age of 11 in 1995 . - - = = Club career = = - - - = = = Atlético Madrid = = = - - After progressing through the ranks , Torres won his first important youth title in 1998 . Atlético sent an under @-@ 15 team to compete in the Nike Cup , in Spain and Europe , to play against youth teams from other clubs ; Atlético won the tournament . He was later voted the best player in Europe for the age group . In 1999 , at the age of 15 , Torres signed his first professional contract with Atlético . He spent his first year playing in the youth team and participated in the Honor Division when he was 16 . The 2000 – 01 season had started badly , as Torres suffered from a cracked which kept him out until December . Torres trained with the first team to get prepared for pre @-@ season , but eventually made his debut for the team on 27 May 2001 , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , against CD . A week later , he scored his first goal for the club against and the season finished with Atlético narrowly missing out on promotion to La Liga . - Atlético were promoted to La Liga at the end of the 2001 – 02 season , although Torres did not perform well in the season , as he netted only 6 times in 36 appearances in the Segunda División . Torres ' first season in La Liga , 2002 – 03 , was better , however , as he scored 13 goals in 29 appearances , with Atlético finishing in 11th place . In July 2003 , soon after his takeover of the club , Chelsea owner Roman had a £ 28 million bid for Torres rejected by Atlético 's board . In the 2003 – 04 season , his second in La Liga , Torres made further , scoring 19 league goals in 35 appearances , meaning he finished as joint third highest scorer in the league . At the age of 19 , Torres was named Atlético 's captain . Atlético narrowly missed out on qualification for the UEFA Cup , but by finishing in seventh place in the 2003 – 04 season , they qualified for the 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup , giving Torres a first taste of a competition at the European level . He scored two goals in the two fourth round matches against , with one coming in each leg . Atlético reached the Final , but lost 3 – 1 on a penalty shoot @-@ out to following a 2 – 2 draw on aggregate . FA Premier League champions Chelsea were believed to be interested in signing Torres during the summer of 2005 , but Atlético president Enrique Cerezo said that they had " no chance " of signing him . Cerezo later said in January 2006 that the club was willing to listen to offers for Torres , and Torres claimed Newcastle United of the FA Premier League had made a bid to sign him in March . - He stated after the 2006 FIFA World Cup that he had turned down an offer to join Chelsea at the end of the 2005 – 06 season . Torres scored 14 league goals in the 2006 – 07 season . The English media reported that he was the main transfer target of Premier League Liverpool , but Cerezo stated " We 've received no offer from Liverpool or any other club or player " . However , a few days later , new reports suggested Atlético had agreed a deal with Liverpool for Torres ; the fee was rumoured to be £ 25 million with Luis García moving to Atlético in a separate transfer deal . On 30 June , Atlético announced a deal to sign Diego from , in what was seen as a move to replace Torres before his departure became official . On 2 July , it was reported that Torres had cut short a vacation to fly back to Madrid to the move to Liverpool . The following day , Torres passed a medical at Liverpool 's training ground . He held a press conference in Madrid on 4 July to bid farewell to the Atlético fans , before completing his move to Liverpool on a six @-@ year contract . The transfer fee was the highest in Liverpool 's history . In March 2008 , manager Rafael Benítez stated in an interview with The Times that Torres was acquired for around £ 20 million , although this figure takes into account García 's move to Atlético . - - = = = Liverpool = = = - - - = = = = 2007 – 08 season = = = = - - Torres made his competitive debut for Liverpool against Aston Villa in a 2 – 1 win on 11 August 2007 . He made his first appearance in the UEFA Champions League four days past his first performance in a 1 – 0 victory over Toulouse , after coming on as a 79th minute substitute . His first Premier League goal came on his Anfield debut on 19 August 2007 , in the 16th minute in a 1 – 1 draw against Chelsea . His first hat @-@ trick came in a 4 – 2 victory over Reading in the League Cup on 25 September 2007 , with all of his goals coming in the second half . His first goals in the Champions League came on his third appearance in the competition as Liverpool beat Porto 4 – 1 on 28 November 2007 , as he scored twice . - Torres was named the Premier League Player of the Month for February 2008 , during which he scored four goals in four appearances , including a hat @-@ trick against Middlesbrough on 23 February 2008 . This hat @-@ trick and another in a 4 – 0 victory over West Ham United on 5 March 2008 meant he became the first Liverpool player since Jack in November 1946 to score a hat @-@ trick in successive home matches . Later in March , after he scored a 47th @-@ minute header against Reading at Anfield , becoming the first Liverpool player since Robbie Fowler in the 1995 – 96 season to score 20 league goals in a season . In April , he scored another Champions League goal , this time against Arsenal in the quarter @-@ final second leg , as Liverpool advanced to the semi @-@ final . This goal took him onto 29 goals for the 2007 – 08 season in all competitions , eclipsing Michael Owen 's personal record for goals in a season . On 11 April 2008 , it was announced Torres had made a six @-@ man shortlist for the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award , which was eventually won by Ronaldo of Manchester United . The Spanish international was also nominated for the PFA Young Player of the Year Award , which was won by of Arsenal and was named in the PFA Team of the Year . In May , he finished second to Ronaldo for the of the Year award . - On 4 May 2008 , Torres scored a 57th @-@ minute winner against Manchester City , which equalled the consecutive Anfield league goal record of eight games set by Roger Hunt . After scoring his 24th league goal in the final game of the season , a 2 – 0 win against Tottenham Hotspur , he set a new record for the most prolific foreign goal scorer in a debut season in England , eclipsing van 's 23 goals . He ended the season in joint second place with Emmanuel in the race for the Premier League golden boot . Torres was subject to media speculation that Chelsea were willing to pay £ 50 million to sign him but Torres responded by saying it would be " many years " before he left Liverpool . Liverpool co @-@ owner Tom also negated the idea of a transfer , saying he would not allow Torres to leave the club at any price . - - = = = = 2008 – 09 season = = = = - - Torres made a scoring start to the 2008 – 09 Premier League season with a 25 yard shot into the bottom right @-@ hand corner away at Sunderland , which was the only goal in a 1 – 0 win on 16 August 2008 . He suffered a hamstring tear in a 0 – 0 draw against Aston Villa , which would keep him out for two to three weeks . Torres made his return in a 2 – 1 victory against Marseille in the Champions League and went on to score two goals in the Merseyside derby against Everton on 27 September 2008 to give Liverpool a 2 – 0 win . He followed this up with another two goals the following weekend against Manchester City in a 3 – 2 win away at the City of Manchester Stadium as Liverpool came back from a two @-@ goal deficit . The first of these was the Liverpool goal to be scored in the Premier League . Torres picked up a hamstring injury during a 2010 FIFA World Cup , meaning he was likely to miss three games for Liverpool . On 22 October 2008 , Liverpool played Torres ' former club Atlético in the Champions League at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , but his injury meant he missed out on the game . The Atlético president , Enrique Cerezo , had given him a invitation to watch the game , but he declined this to continue his rehabilitation from injury in Merseyside . He was named in the FIFPro World XI team for the 2007 – 08 season on 27 October 2008 . - Torres made his return for Liverpool on 8 November 2008 after coming on as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 0 victory against West Bromwich Albion ( West Brom ) . He said he would be interested in returning to former club Atlético eventually , saying " I don 't know if I will retire there , but I would like to go back and finish some things that are left to do . " He was ruled out of action for two to three weeks following Liverpool 's 1 – 0 victory over Marseille in the Champions League in November , where he picked up a hamstring strain , which was later extended to at least four weeks by specialists . He was named on the shortlist for the FIFA World Player of the Year award in December , and eventually came in third place behind Ronaldo and Lionel . Torres returned to action on 3 January 2009 as a substitute with a goal in the 2 – 0 win over Preston North End ; his first in the FA Cup . He scored two late goals for Liverpool to secure a 2 – 0 victory over Chelsea on 1 February 2009 . Despite having spent a year and a half at the club , Torres was chosen as number 50 in The Times 's list of " The 50 greatest Liverpool players " , reinforcing the impact he had made at Liverpool in such a short period of time . - Torres faced his old rivals Real Madrid on 10 March 2009 in the Champions League last 16 and due to an ankle injury , he had a injection before the game to enable him to play . He scored the first goal of the game , which ended as a 4 – 0 victory , meaning Liverpool progressed to the quarter @-@ finals 5 – 0 on aggregate . Four days later he lined up against Manchester United at Old Trafford and he scored the equaliser in a game that finished as a 4 – 1 victory . He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the second season running in April 2009 . Torres scored his 50th goal for Liverpool on 24 May 2009 against Tottenham on the final day of the 2008 – 09 season , which was his 84th appearance . - - = = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = = - - Following the end of the season , he agreed a new contract with Liverpool , which he signed on 14 August . By signing this contract , Torres had the option of a one @-@ year extension after the contract 's expiration in 2013 . Torres scored two goals in a 3 – 2 win over West Ham United on 19 September 2009 , a result that took Liverpool to third in the Premier League . A week later he scored his first hat @-@ trick of the 2009 – 10 Premier League season in a 6 – 1 victory over Hull City at Anfield . He was named Premier League Player of the Month for September , after scoring five goals during the month and becoming the Premier League 's top goalscorer . On 25 October 2009 , he scored the first goal in a 2 – 0 victory for Liverpool over Manchester United , after which Benítez praised Torres ' performance , saying " We were waiting for that final pass . When it came we knew he would score . " Torres was named in the FIFPro World XI for the second successive season in December 2009 . His stoppage @-@ time winning goal against Aston Villa on 29 December 2009 made him the fastest Liverpool player ever to score 50 league goals . He was substituted on 65 minutes in a 1 – 1 draw with Birmingham City on 4 April 2010 , which Benítez justified by saying Torres was " exhausted " . Torres made his last appearance of the season scoring twice in a 4 – 1 victory over in the Europa League on 8 April 2010 , and it was announced on 18 April that he would miss the rest of the season to undergo knee surgery . This meant that Torres finished the season with 22 goals in 32 games in all competitions , finishing as Liverpool 's top scorer for the second time . - - = = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = = - - Following Roy Hodgson 's appointment as Liverpool manager he stated that Torres would not be sold by the club , saying " He is not for sale and we don 't welcome any offers for him . We want to keep him . " Hodgson dismissed reports Torres was set to leave Liverpool by saying " He has told us that he is looking forward to Monday , to getting back to work and looking forward to playing for Liverpool next season . That is what I know so other reports , I would suggest , are erroneous . " Torres stated his commitment to Liverpool on 3 August , saying " My commitment and loyalty to the club and to the fans is the same as it was on my first day when I signed . " - He made his first appearance of the 2010 – 11 season in the opening game , a 1 – 1 draw with Arsenal on 14 August 2010 , entering the game as a substitute in the minute . He scored his first goal of the season with the winner in a 1 – 0 victory over West Brom on 29 August 2010 , which was his 50th goal at Anfield in all competitions . Torres scored the winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory at home to Blackburn Rovers on 24 October 2010 , which was his first goal since August . He scored his final goals for Liverpool in a 3 – 0 win away at Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 January 2011 . - - = = = Chelsea = = = - - On 27 January 2011 , Torres was the subject of a £ 40 million bid from Chelsea , which was rejected by Liverpool . He subsequently handed in an official transfer request to Liverpool the next day , which was rejected . Torres completed his move to Chelsea on a five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract on 31 January 2011 for an undisclosed fee reported to be £ 50 million , which set a new record for a British transfer and made him the sixth most expensive footballer in history . He made his Chelsea debut on 6 February 2011 in a 1 – 0 home defeat to former club Liverpool . On 23 April 2011 , Torres scored his first goal for Chelsea against West Ham United in a 3 – 0 victory , which ended a run of 903 minutes of football without a goal . This was his only goal for Chelsea in the 2010 – 11 season , having made 18 appearances for his new club . - - = = = = 2011 – 12 season = = = = - - Torres got the 2011 – 12 season underway in Chelsea 's 0 – 0 draw away against Stoke City on 14 August 2011 , in which his " link @-@ up play was sharp , plus he was willing to make intelligent runs into space to receive the ball " . He scored his second goal at Chelsea , and his first of the season , on 18 September 2011 , during an away game against Manchester United , which was the side 's only goal in a 3 – 1 defeat . He scored his second goal of the season at home to Swansea City in a 4 – 1 victory . However , 10 minutes after his goal , a two @-@ footed challenge on Mark resulted in his first red card in English football and a three @-@ match domestic suspension . On 19 October 2011 , Torres scored two goals in a 5 – 0 victory against in the Champions League , his first in Europe since the quarter @-@ final of the 2008 – 09 Champions League with his old club Liverpool , against Chelsea . His next Chelsea goals came after scoring twice and also assisting two others against Championship side Leicester City in an FA Cup quarter @-@ final on 18 March 2012 , ending a goal drought that stretched 24 games . On 31 March 2012 , Torres scored his first Premier League goal since 24 September 2011 , against Aston Villa in a 4 – 2 away win . - Torres came on as a substitute for on 24 April 2012 to score a last @-@ minute goal against FC Barcelona in the Champions League semi @-@ final , which gave Chelsea a 2 – 2 draw , and also eliminated Barcelona from the tournament , as Chelsea won 3 – 2 on aggregate . He scored the first hat @-@ trick of his Chelsea career in a 6 – 1 win against Queens Park Rangers at Stamford Bridge on 29 April 2012 . Torres came on in the second half of the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final on 19 May 2012 , directly after Bayern Munich 's opening goal , and following a 1 – 1 draw after extra time Chelsea won the penalty shoot @-@ out 4 – 3 . His first full season at Chelsea finished with 11 goals in 49 games . - - = = = = 2012 – 13 season = = = = - - Torres started the 2012 – 13 season in the 2012 FA Community Shield against Manchester City at Villa Park , where he scored the opening goal , as Chelsea lost 3 – 2 . On 19 August 2012 , he appeared in Chelsea 's first league match in a 2 – 0 away win against Athletic . Torres scored his first goal of the season in Chelsea 's next match on 22 August 2012 , a 4 – 2 home win against Reading , scoring the third goal to give his side the lead . He also scored against Newcastle United , Arsenal and Norwich City as Chelsea topped the table in the early weeks of the season . - Torres was sent off for receiving two yellow cards against Manchester United on 28 October 2012 , the second for diving , leaving Chelsea with nine men after teammate was also sent off ; the team went on to lose 3 – 2 . Torres scored his first goal in the Champions League for the season after goalkeeper 's clearance into goal , as Chelsea needed a 94th @-@ minute winner from Victor Moses to secure a 3 – 2 victory on 7 November 2012 . On 21 November 2012 , Roberto Di was replaced as Chelsea manager by Rafael Benítez , who had previously coached Torres at Liverpool . It was reported that one reason for Benítez 's appointment was to help Torres return to his best form . - Torres ended a goal drought that stretched over 11 hours of game time with two goals in Chelsea 's 6 – 1 defeat of in the Champions League on 5 December 2012 . Three days later he scored another two goals , ending a run of eight Premier League games without a goal , as Chelsea defeated Sunderland 3 – 1 . He then scored in Chelsea 's 2012 FIFA Club World Cup semi @-@ final 3 – 1 win against of the Mexican Liga on 13 December 2012 , before playing in the 1 – 0 defeat to Brazilian A side in the final three days later . - On 14 March 2013 , Torres scored the third goal as Chelsea defeated 3 – 1 to advance 3 – 2 on aggregate to the quarter @-@ final of the Europa League . With this goal , Torres became the first player to score in seven different competitions in one season . In April 2013 , Torres acknowledged his struggles at Chelsea , saying : " I want to do the things I used to do . I did them at Atlético , I did them at Liverpool , but I am not doing them at Chelsea " , but he vowed to " try his heart out " to regain his best form . He scored twice against Rubin in the 3 – 1 win in the first leg of the Europa League quarter @-@ final on 4 April 2013 , before scoring again in the second leg 3 – 2 defeat , with Chelsea progressing to the semi @-@ final 5 – 4 on aggregate . Torres scored the opening goal in Chelsea 's 2 – 1 triumph over in the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final on 15 May 2013 . During the final game of the season , a 2 – 1 home win over Everton , he scored his first league goal of 2013 , and finished the season with 22 goals in 64 games . - - = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = - - Torres was selected to start by Chelsea 's new manager José against Hull City on the opening day of the 2013 – 14 season , where he won a fifth minute penalty kick . He scored his first goal of the season in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup against Bayern Munich . On 28 September 2013 , he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in Chelsea 's 1 – 1 Premier League draw with Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . - Torres made his 100th start for Chelsea against 04 in a Champions League match on 22 October 2013 and marked the occasion by scoring two goals in a 3 – 0 win . His first Premier League goal of the season came on 27 October as he scored the winning goal in the 90th minute over title Manchester City , while also providing the assist for André 's opener . - - = = = Milan = = = - - Torres joined A club Milan on a two @-@ year loan on 31 August 2014 . On his arrival he expressed a desire to emulate some of the club 's greatest strikers , stating he wanted , " My shirt to rank alongside [ Marco ] van , [ George ] and [ Filippo ] . " He debuted on 20 September 2014 , replacing Andrea for the last 14 minutes of a 1 – 0 home defeat against and scored his first Milan goal with a header in their 2 – 2 draw with two days later . - - = = = Return to Atlético Madrid = = = - - On 27 December 2014 , it was announced that Torres ' move to Milan would be made permanent on 5 January 2015 , but two days later he agreed to rejoin La Liga club Atlético Madrid on loan until the end of the 2015 – 16 season . The loan was agreed after went the opposite way from Atlético to Milan on the same day ( 5 January 2015 ) . Torres ' unveiling at the Vicente Calderón Stadium on 4 January 2015 drew a crowd of 45 @,@ 000 . He played the first match of his second spell on 7 January 2015 , starting in the first leg of a del Rey last 16 tie against Real Madrid . He had no shots on target and was replaced by after 59 minutes , but Atlético won 2 – 0 . Eight days later in the second leg , he scored two goals — in the first minute of each half — as Atlético advanced , his first goals in an away Madrid derby . Torres scored in the first minute again in the quarter @-@ finals , albeit in a 2 – 3 home defeat against Barcelona . - On 17 March , Torres scored the winning kick in Atlético 's 3 – 2 penalty shoot @-@ out defeat of Bayer in the second leg of the teams ' Champions League round of 16 tie . On 21 March , he scored his first La Liga goal since his return in the third minute of a 2 – 0 win against . - After the departure of Mario , Torres changed his shirt number from 19 back to his usual 9 and is wearing it in the 2015 – 16 season . - On 6 February 2016 , Torres scored his 100th goal with Atlético Madrid in a 3 – 1 home league victory against on his appearance for the club . The following month he marked the occasion of his 300th appearance for Atlético Madrid by scoring the winning goal in a 3 – 1 victory over Valencia . - On 5 April 2016 , Torres scored the opening goal of Atlético 's UEFA Champions League quarter @-@ final with FC Barcelona at Camp , before being sent off ten minutes later in an eventual 2 – 1 loss . - On 5 July 2016 , Torres extended his contract to a permanent contract for one year with Atlético Madrid . - - = = International career = = - - In February 2001 , Torres won the Tournament with the Spain national under @-@ 16 team . The under @-@ took part in the 2001 UEFA European Under @-@ 16 Championship in May , which they also won , with Torres scoring the only goal in the Final , as well as finishing as the tournament 's leading scorer , and was also named the player of the tournament . In September 2001 , Torres represented the under @-@ 17 team at the 2001 FIFA U @-@ 17 World Championship , but the team failed to progress through the group stage . In July 2002 , he won the 2002 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Championship with the under @-@ 19 team and was again the only goalscorer in the Final . Also , he finished as top scorer and was named player of the tournament . - Torres made his debut for the senior team on 6 September 2003 in a friendly against Portugal . His first goal for Spain came against Italy on 28 April 2004 . He was selected for the Spanish squad for UEFA Euro 2004 . After appearing as a late substitute in Spain 's first two group games , he started for the deciding game against Portugal . Spain were losing 1 – 0 and , towards the end of the game , he hit the post . - He scored seven goals in 11 appearances in qualifying for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , making him Spain 's top scorer for qualification , including a vital two goals against Belgium and his first international hat @-@ trick against San Marino . At his first ever appearance in a FIFA World Cup finals at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany , Torres scored the final goal in a 4 – 0 victory over Ukraine with a volley . In the second group match , Torres scored twice against Tunisia , first in the 76th minute to take Spain 2 – 1 into the lead , and then again from a penalty kick in the 90th . With three goals , he finished the tournament as Spain 's top scorer along with fellow striker David Villa . - He was called up for Spain 's UEFA Euro 2008 squad , where he set up Villa to score Spain 's first goal of the tournament in the first game in the group stage against Russia . Torres came under criticism for apparently refusing to shake the hand of Spanish manager , Luis , after being substituted . He subsequently denied being angry with the coaching , saying that he was actually " with himself " . He scored his first goal of the tournament in Spain 's next game , a 2 – 1 win over Sweden . Torres scored the winner and was named the man of the match in the final against Germany in a 1 – 0 victory . He said " It 's just a dream come true . This is my first title and I hope it 's the first of many . Victory in a Euro , it is almost as big as a World Cup . We are used to watching finals on television , but today we were here and we won . My job is to score goals . I want to win more titles and be the most important player in Europe and the world . " He was later named as a striker along with his striking partner Villa in the Team of the Tournament . - Torres made his 60th appearance for Spain in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification victory over Turkey on 28 March 2009 , becoming the youngest player to reach this milestone . - He was named in Spain 's team for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in June . He scored his second hat @-@ trick for Spain after 17 minutes into a Confederations Cup game against New Zealand on 14 June , thus recording the fastest hat @-@ trick by a player for Spain . He played for Spain as they were defeated 2 – 0 by the United States in the semi @-@ final , as well as the third @-@ place play @-@ off , which Spain won 3 – 2 against South Africa after extra time . - Having undergone knee surgery on 18 April 2010 , and missed the end of the Premier League season , Torres ' rehabilitation and fitness was closely monitored by Spain manager Vicente del Bosque . Although still out injured , Torres was selected for Spain 's 2010 FIFA World Cup squad in May . On 8 June , Torres made his first appearance on the field in exactly two months , coming on as a substitute on 66 minutes against Poland in a pre @-@ World Cup friendly . - He came on as a substitute on 61 minutes in Spain 's opening World Cup game on 16 June , a 1 – 0 defeat to Switzerland . He started the next two games against Honduras and Chile and although his performances in the group stage were described as below @-@ par , he received backing from manager Vicente del Bosque . Torres came on as a substitute on 105 minutes in the final as Spain won the FIFA World Cup for the first time following a 1 – 0 victory over the Netherlands on 11 July 2010 . - Torres was selected in Del Bosque 's UEFA Euro 2012 squad . In his first start of the tournament he netted two goals as Spain defeated the Republic of Ireland 4 – 0 to knock them out of the tournament . In the UEFA Euro 2012 Final , Torres came on as a substitute against Italy , scoring one goal and assisting another , as Spain won a second consecutive European Championship with a 4 – 0 victory . This secured him the Golden Boot for the tournament with three goals and one assist , having played fewer minutes than Mario Gómez , who also had three goals and one assist . - Torres won his 100th cap against Saudi Arabia on 7 September 2012 , making him the sixth highest capped player for Spain , and started the game as captain in ' absence . He became the first person in history to score four goals in one game in a FIFA Confederations Cup match during a 10 – 0 win over Tahiti on 20 June 2013 in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Torres also became the first player to score two hat @-@ tricks in the FIFA Confederations Cup , and with five goals and one assist won the tournament 's Golden Shoe , ahead of Fred having played fewer minutes . - In his first international for 11 months , Torres scored a penalty in a World Cup warm @-@ up match against Bolivia on 30 May 2014 . The day after , he was named in Spain 's final squad for the tournament , ahead of Álvaro and Fernando . After substitute appearances in the team 's opening two matches , Torres was named in the starting line @-@ up for the third group match with the team 's elimination already confirmed . He scored Spain 's second goal in a 3 – 0 defeat of Australia in . - - = = Style of play = = - - Torres has been described as having " an eye for the spectacular and is capable of world @-@ class skill " and being a " technically proficient , highly successful striker " . He has the ability to find himself in goalscoring positions , using his pace and vision to get in behind defenders . - - = = Personal life = = - - Torres ' parents are José Torres and Sanz . He has two older siblings , Israel ( born 1977 ) and María ( born 1976 ) . He married on 27 May 2009 in a private ceremony with just two witnesses at the local town hall in El Escorial , Madrid . They had been a couple since 2001 and are thought to have met in the seaside town of , , where Torres would go on family holidays each year to escape the Spanish capital . The couple have two children , a daughter , , born on 8 July 2009 at the Hospital La , in Santiago de Compostela , , and a son , Leo , born on 6 December 2010 at Liverpool Women 's Hospital , with Torres missing the fixture against Aston Villa at Anfield . - In 2009 , it was reported that Torres had amassed a personal fortune of £ 14 million . He features in the video for " Ya a ser " by Spanish pop rock group El del , whose singer , Martín , shares a strong friendship with the footballer . He makes a cameo appearance in the 2005 comedy film 3 : El protector . In 2009 , he released an autobiography entitled Torres : El Niño : My Story . Torres is a keen admirer of the works of J. R. R. and has a tattoo reading " Fernando " in on his left . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = = Club = = = - - As of match played 28 May 2016 . - - = = = International = = = - - As of match played 23 June 2014 . - - = = Honours = = - - - = = = Club = = = - - Atlético Madrid - Segunda División : 2001 – 02 - Chelsea - FA Cup : 2011 – 12 - UEFA Champions League : 2011 – 12 - UEFA Europa League : 2012 – 13 - - = = = International = = = - - Spain - UEFA European Under @-@ 16 Championship : 2001 - Spain - UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Championship : 2002 - Spain - UEFA European Championship : 2008 , 2012 - FIFA World Cup : 2010 - FIFA Confederations Cup : Third place 2009 , @-@ up 2013 - - = = = Individual = = = - - UEFA European Under @-@ 16 Championship Player of the Tournament : 2001 - UEFA European Under @-@ 16 Championship top scorer : 2001 - UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Championship Player of the Tournament : 2002 - UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Championship top scorer : 2002 - Premier League PFA Team of the Year : 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09 - Premier League Player of the Month : February 2008 , September 2009 - Premier League of the Month : April 2009 @,@ - UEFA Euro 2008 Final : Man of the Match - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2008 - FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2008 , 2009 - Team of the Year : 2007 – 08 - FIFA World Player of the Year third place : 2008 - d 'Or third place : 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Shoe : 2009 - award : 2012 - UEFA Euro Golden Boot : 2012 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe : 2013 - - Prince of Award for Sports : 2010 - Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sports Merit : 2011 - - - = Mark Stockwell = - - Mark William Stockwell ( born 5 July 1963 ) is an Australian former competition swimmer and three @-@ time Olympic medallist . Stockwell is a Queensland native who specialised in freestyle sprint events , and had a successful international swimming career during the mid @-@ 1980s , including the Olympics , Pan Pacific Championships , and Commonwealth Games . Following his retirement from competitive swimming , he has become a successful business executive and has been active in the administration of national sports organisations in Australia . - - = = Early years and education = = - - Stockwell was born and raised in Brisbane , Queensland , the son of Bill and Stockwell . He is a 1980 graduate of St Laurence 's College , a Roman Catholic boys ' high school in Brisbane . Stockwell was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder from 1982 to 1984 , and again in 1987 . He undertook commerce and engineering studies at the University of Queensland , and economics at the Australian National University . He also attended the University of Florida in the United States . - - = = career = = - - Stockwell won three medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . In the men 's 100 @-@ metre freestyle , Stockwell finished in 50 @.@ 24 seconds and claimed a silver medal behind American swimmer Gaines ' Olympic record time of 49 @.@ 80 seconds . The outcome was controversial , however , because of a premature starter gun and a quick start by Gaines . Gaines ' coach , Richard Quick , knew of starter Frank 's tendency to fire the starter gun almost immediately when the competitors mounted the blocks . Gaines gained about a metre 's head start on the competition ; he held Stockwell off to claim the gold medal . Video of the event confirmed that Stockwell had not been set when the starter pulled the trigger . Stockwell and the Australian Olympic Federation lodged an official protest , but it was denied . - Stockwell , along with teammates Greg , Neil Brooks and Michael Delany , won another silver medal in the men 's 4 × 100 @-@ metre freestyle relay , finishing in 3 : 19 @.@ 68 – just 0 @.@ 63 of a second behind the Americans ' new world record of 3 : 19 @.@ 05 . He also teamed up with Mark Kerry ( ) , Peter Evans ( ) , and Glenn Buchanan ( butterfly ) , swimming the freestyle anchor leg to win the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 @-@ metre medley relay ( 3 : 43 @.@ 25 ) behind the Americans ( 3 : 39 @.@ 30 ) and Canadians ( 3 : 43 @.@ 25 ) . He and his freestyle relay teammates were dubbed the " Mean Machine " by the Australian media . Stockwell was the only Australian athlete to win three Olympic medals in 1984 . - After the Olympics , Stockwell attended the University of Florida in , Florida , United States , where he swam for coach Randy Reese 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) competition during the 1984 – 85 school year . He won three SEC titles ( and 100 @-@ yard freestyle , 400 @-@ yard freestyle relay ) , and received All @-@ American honours in the same three events . While attending the university , he dated his future wife , Tracy Caulkins , who was also a Florida Gators swimmer . He and Caulkins had met in the warm @-@ up pool at the 1984 Olympics . - He followed his Olympic performance with a bronze medal for his third @-@ place finish in the 50 @-@ metre freestyle ( 23 @.@ 44 ) , and a fourth in the 100 @-@ metre freestyle ( 51 @.@ 64 ) at the 1985 Pan Pacific Championships in Tokyo . By the time the 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh , Stockwell had fallen back from his Olympic times in Los Angeles . He claimed a gold medal with his Australian teammates , Matthew and Neil Brooks in the 4 × 100 @-@ metre relay ( 3 : 21 @.@ 58 ) , and finished seventh in the 100 @-@ metre freestyle ( 51 @.@ 61 ) . He retired from competitive swimming in 1986 . In December 1989 , The Age newspaper recognized Stockwell as one of the three best Australian swimmers of the 1980s . - - = = Life after swimming = = - - Stockwell married American competition swimmer Tracy Caulkins , a three @-@ time Olympic gold medallist , in her hometown of Nashville , Tennessee in 1991 . He lives in Brisbane , with his wife and their five children . He received an Australian Sports Medal for his swimming achievements in 2000 . Stockwell was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame in 2009 . - He is the managing director of the family @-@ owned property development , investment and management firm , W. A. Stockwell Ltd , based in Queensland . He and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Mike are co @-@ owners of the company that was established as a construction firm by his parents more than sixty years ago . The firm has had successful development ventures in residential , leisure , retail , commercial and industrial property , and has undertaken a phased AU $ 350 million residential development in Brisbane 's West End . He and his family members were included among the 14 new entries on the 2014 " Rich List , " with a combined estimated net worth of AU $ 101 million . - He serves on the board of directors of the Australian Sports Commission , and is the deputy chairman of the board . He is also the chairman of the Australian Sports Foundation , a non @-@ profit company that raises money for Australian sport projects . He previously served as the chairman of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Committee , having led the committee through its successful application process , but was sacked by Campbell Newman . He is the chairman of Trade and Investment Queensland , the Queensland state government 's foreign investment and export program , and a past president of the Queensland division of the Property Council of Australia , and previously served on its national board . - Stockwell is the past chairman and a trustee of the St Laurence 's Old Boys ' Foundation , which funds need @-@ based for boys whose families cannot otherwise afford the tuition and fees at his high school , St Laurence 's College . He is a Trustee of the Stockwell Foundation , a charitable organisation established by him and his wife to benefit at @-@ risk children . - - - = Dota 2 = - - Dota 2 is a free @-@ to @-@ play multiplayer online battle arena ( MOBA ) video game developed and published by Valve Corporation . The game is the stand @-@ alone sequel to Defense of the Ancients ( DotA ) , a mod for the 2002 video game Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos and its expansion pack , The Frozen Throne . Dota 2 was released for Microsoft Windows , OS X , and Linux in July 2013 , following a Windows @-@ only public beta testing phase that began in 2011 . Dota 2 is one of the most actively played games on Steam , with peaks of over a million concurrent players , and was praised by critics for its gameplay , production quality , and to its predecessor , despite being criticized for its steep learning curve . - Dota 2 is played in matches between two five @-@ player teams , each of which occupies a base in a corner of the playing field . Each player controls one of 111 playable characters , called " heroes " , that feature unique abilities and styles of play . During a match , the player collects gold , items , and experience points for their hero , while fighting heroes of the opposite team . A team wins by being the first to destroy the other side 's " Ancient " building , located within the opposing base . - Development of Dota 2 began in 2009 when IceFrog , lead designer of the original Defense of the Ancients mod , was hired by Valve for the same role . Dota 2 initially used the original Source game engine until it was ported over to Source 2 in September 2015 , making it the first game to use it . The game also allows for the community to create custom game modes , maps , and cosmetics for the heroes , which are then uploaded to the Steam Workshop . The popularity of Dota 2 has led to official merchandise being produced for it , including apparel , accessories , toys , and promotional tie @-@ ins to other games and media . - Dota 2 has a widespread and active eSports scene , with teams from across the world playing in various leagues and tournaments . Premium Dota 2 tournaments often have prize pools totaling millions of dollars , the highest of any eSport . The largest of them is known as The International , which is hosted by Valve and takes place annually at the in Seattle . Starting in 2015 , Valve also began sponsoring smaller , but seasonally held tournaments known as the Majors , the first of which was held in Frankfurt , Germany . Dedicated media coverage of professional tournaments are broadcast live on the internet , and sometimes on television networks , with peak viewership numbers in the millions . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena ( MOBA ) video game set in a three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) graphical environment , presented from a high @-@ angle perspective . Two five @-@ player teams , referred to as the Radiant and Dire , compete in matches on a single asymmetrical playing field . Each player commands one of the 111 characters , called " heroes " , which each feature unique abilities , design , and styles of play . At the start of a match , each hero has an experience level of one . During the game , they level up and become more powerful by accumulating experience points through combat . Whenever a hero gains a level , the player is able to unlock a new ability for them , improve one already learned , or increase their base attributes . Each hero 's method of combat is influenced by its primary attribute : strength , intelligence , agility , which also affects the hero 's health points ( HP ) , points ( MP ) , and attack speed , respectively . If a hero runs out of health points and dies , a begins to count down until they are able to respawn and get back into the game . A hero also loses a portion of their gold each time they die . - The Radiant and Dire occupy bases in opposite corners of the playing field , divided by a river . Within each base is a critical building called the " Ancient " , along with a fountain that and that side 's heroes . A match ends when one side breaches the enemy team 's base and destroys the Ancient within . The two bases are connected by three paths , referred to as " lanes " , which are guarded by defensive towers and computer @-@ controlled creatures called " creeps " . These creatures periodically spawn in groups and travel along the lanes to attack any enemy heroes , creeps , and buildings in sight . spawn from two buildings , called the " barracks " , that exist in each lane and are located in the base . Destroying all six of the enemy team 's barracks allows for stronger creeps for the attacking side to spawn with significantly enhanced health and damage , known as " mega creeps " . Also present are " neutral creeps " that are hostile to both Radiant and Dire side , and reside in marked locations on the map known as " camps " . Camps are located in the area between the lanes known as the " jungle " , which both sides of the map have . creeps do not attack unless provoked , and will respawn if killed . The most powerful neutral is named " " , who is a unique boss that may be killed by either side to obtain an item that allows a one @-@ time resurrection by the hero that holds it . will respawn between 8 – 11 minutes after being killed , and becomes progressively harder to kill as the match continues over time . - Gold is primarily obtained by killing enemy heroes , destroying enemy structures , and killing creeps , the latter act being called " farming " . Only the hero that lands the killing blow on a obtains gold from it , an act called " last hitting " , but all nearby allies receive gold when an enemy hero dies . Players are also able to " deny " allied units and structures by destroying them , which then prevents their opponents from getting full experience . Gold is then spent on items that provide unique active and passive abilities , in addition to attribute to their wearer , depending on the item . The player also receives a small , continuous stream of gold over the course of a match . - Dota 2 often features seasonal events that present players with themed game modes , which do not follow the game 's standard rules , including the Halloween @-@ themed event , the Christmas @-@ themed event , and the New Bloom Festival , which celebrated the coming of spring . In October 2015 , a Halloween @-@ themed " capture point " game mode was released , titled " Colosseum " . The move to the Source 2 engine in 2015 also saw the addition of community @-@ created custom game modes , with the more popular ones having dedicated server hosting by Valve . In March 2016 , Valve introduced the " Custom Game Pass " option to custom game modes , which allows content creators to add exclusive features , content , and other changes to their game mode , for a fee . - - = = Development = = - - The Dota series began in 2003 with Defense of the Ancients ( DotA ) — a mod for Blizzard Entertainment 's Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos — created by the designer " " . An expansion pack for Warcraft III , entitled The Frozen Throne , was released later that year ; and a series of Defense of the Ancients clone for the new game competed for popularity . DotA : Allstars by Steve Feak was the most successful , and Feak , with his friend Steve Mescon , created the official Defense of the Ancients community website and the holding company DotA @-@ Allstars , LLC . When Feak retired from DotA : Allstars in 2005 , a friend , under the pseudonym " IceFrog " , became its lead designer . The popularity of Defense of the Ancients increased significantly : it became one of the most popular in the world , and , by 2008 , a prominent eSports title . IceFrog and Mescon later had a falling out in May 2009 , which prompted the former to establish a new community website at - Valve 's interest in the Defense of the Ancients property began when several veteran employees , including Team Fortress designer Robin Walker , became fans of the mod and attempted to play it competitively . The company corresponded with IceFrog by email about his long @-@ term plans for the project , which culminated with his being hired to direct a sequel . IceFrog first announced his new position through his blog in October 2009 , and Dota 2 was unveiled by Game Informer on October 13 , 2010 . The resultant surge of traffic crashed Game Informer 's servers . - Valve adopted the word " Dota " , derived from the original mod 's acronym , as the name for its newly acquired franchise . Producer Erik Johnson argued that the word referred to a concept , and was not an acronym . Shortly after the announcement of Dota 2 , Valve filed a trademark claim to the Dota name . At Gamescom 2011 , company head Newell explained that the trademark was needed to develop a sequel with the already @-@ identifiable brand . Holding the Dota name to be a community asset , Feak and Mescon filed an opposing trademark for " " on behalf of DotA @-@ Allstars , LLC ( then a subsidiary of Riot Games ) in August 2010 . Rob , the executive vice president of Blizzard Entertainment , similarly stated that the DotA name belonged to the mod 's community . Blizzard acquired DotA @-@ Allstars , LLC from Riot Games and filed an opposition against Valve in November 2011 , citing Blizzard 's ownership of both the Warcraft III World Editor and DotA @-@ Allstars , LLC as proper claims to the franchise . The dispute was settled in May 2012 : Valve retained commercial rights to the " Dota " brand , but non @-@ commercial use of the name by third @-@ parties was allowed . - An early goal of the Dota 2 team was the adaptation of DotA 's aesthetic style for the Source engine . The Radiant and Dire factions replaced the Sentinel and from the mod , respectively . The appearances of each side 's heroes were adjusted to be more , with less traits specific to either faction . Character names , abilities , items and map design from Defense of the Ancients were largely retained , with some changes due to copyright issues . In the first Q & A session regarding Dota 2 , IceFrog explained that the game would build upon the mod without making significant changes to its core . Valve contracted major contributors from the Defense of the Ancients community , including and artist Kendrick Lim , to assist with the sequel . Additional contributions from sources outside of Valve were also sought regularly for Dota 2 , as to continue Defense of the Ancients 's tradition of community @-@ sourced development . One of the composers of Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos , Jason Hayes , was hired to collaborate with Tim in the creation of the soundtrack . Valve had Half @-@ Life series writer Marc , science fiction author Ted , and Steam support employee Kris Katz write new dialog and background lore for the heroes . In addition to that , Valve also had all of the heroes ' voice acting completely redone . Notable voice actors for the English version include Nolan North , Dave , Jon St. John , Ellen , Fred Tatasciore , , Taylor , and John Patrick , among various others . - The Source engine itself was updated with new features to accommodate Dota 2 , such as high @-@ end cloth modeling and improved global lighting . The game features Steam integration , which provides its social component and Cloud storage for personal settings . In November 2013 , Valve introduced a coaching system , which allows experienced players to tutor newer players with special in @-@ game tools . As with previous Valve multiplayer titles , players are able to live matches of Dota 2 played by others , and local area network ( ) multiplayer support allows for local competitions . Some of these events may be via the purchase of tickets from the " Dota Store " , which give players in @-@ game access to both live and completed matches . Ticket fees are in part to tournament organizers . In an upcoming update , Dota 2 will support a game in virtual reality ( ) , powered by . - Dota 2 includes a system , which is measured by a numerical value known as " rating " ( MMR ) . MMR is updated based on if a player 's team won or lost , which will then increase or decrease , respectively . The game 's servers , known as the " Game " , attempts to balance both teams based on each player 's MMR , with each team having roughly a 50 % chance to win in any given game . Ranked game modes with a separately tracked MMR also exist , which differ from unranked games by making MMR publicly visible , encouraging players who want to play in a more competitive environment , among other changes . The game also includes a report system , which allows for players to discourage and punish player behavior that intentionally provides a negative experience . Other features include an improved replay system from Defense of the Ancients , in which a completed game can be downloaded in @-@ client and viewed at a later time , and the " hero builds " feature , which provide integrated guides created by the community that highlight to the player on what items should be bought on their hero , and which abilities to level up . - As part of a plan to develop Dota 2 into a social network , Newell announced in April 2012 that the game would be free @-@ to @-@ play , and that community contributions would be a cornerstone feature . That June , the Dota 2 team confirmed that the full roster of heroes and items would remain available without charge . Instead , revenue is generated through the Dota Store , which offers for @-@ purchase exclusively cosmetic virtual goods , including custom clothing and weapons for their heroes , along with music packs by notable artists such as electronic music artist , Taiwanese songwriter Lin , and video game composers Chance Thomas , Jeremy , and Lennie Moore . Until the game 's official release in 2013 , players were able to purchase an early access bundle , which included a digital copy of Dota 2 and several cosmetic items . Included as optional downloadable content ( DLC ) , the Dota 2 Workshop Tools are a set of Source 2 software development kit ( ) tools that allow content creators to create new cosmetics for the heroes themselves , as well as custom game modes and maps . rated cosmetics , through the Steam Workshop , are available in the in @-@ game store if they are accepted by Valve . This model was fashioned after that of Valve 's Team Fortress 2 , which had earned Workshop designers of cosmetic items of that game over $ 3 @.@ 5 million by June 2011 . In January 2014 , Newell revealed that the average Steam Workshop contributor for Dota 2 and Team 2 made approximately $ 15 @,@ 000 from their creations the previous year . In 2015 , sales of Dota 2 cosmetics had earned Valve over $ 238 million in revenue , according to the digital game market research group . - Valve documented the lives and stories of three professional players at the first International , Singaporean Benedict " " Lim , Ukrainian " " , and American Clinton " Fear " Loomis . In August 2012 , GameTrailers announced that Valve was developing this material into a documentary film . Throughout June 2013 , Valve conducted private screenings of the film with small groups outside the company . When an invitation was leaked by Kotaku , Valve 's vice president of marketing , Doug Lombardi , confirmed that the documentary was in development and revealed its name as Free to Play . The documentary was released on March 19 , 2014 , and was distributed for free through outlets including Steam , iTunes , and YouTube . - - = = Release = = - - After being tested extensively by Valve , Dota 2 was first unveiled to the public at the inaugural International event , the game 's premier eSport tournament , at Gamescom in 2011 . To coincide with the event , Valve began sending out closed beta invitations ; the first few invites were sent out shortly after Gamescom . During the event , Newell speculated that Dota 2 would likely ship in 2012 , despite original plans for a full release in late 2011 . In September 2011 , Valve scrapped its previous development and release plans , which would have kept the game in its closed beta phase for over a year . The new plans , which IceFrog revealed via an online announcement , were to begin beta testing as soon as possible and to implement the remaining heroes afterward . Simultaneously , Valve announced that the non @-@ agreement for the beta was being lifted , allowing to discuss the game and their experiences publicly . After nearly two years of beta testing , Dota 2 was officially released on Steam for Microsoft Windows on July 9 , 2013 , and later for OS X and Linux on July 18 , 2013 . Two months following the game 's release , Newell claimed that updates to Dota 2 generated up to three percent of global internet traffic . In December 2013 , the final restrictions against unlimited global access to Dota 2 were lifted after the game 's infrastructure and servers were substantially bolstered . In March 2016 , a large update fixed many long @-@ standing bugs and issues with the game , while also adding many community requested features . - In order to abide by the standards set by the economic legislation of specific countries , Valve opted to contract with nationally @-@ based developers for publishing . In October 2012 , the leading Beijing @-@ based video game publisher , Perfect World , announced the acquisition of the exclusive rights of Dota 2 in China . The Chinese version also has a region @-@ specific " Low Violence " mode , which censors and changes most depictions of blood , , and skulls in order for the game to follow censorship policies of the country . In November 2012 , a similar publishing deal was made with the Tokyo @-@ based company Nexon to distribute and market the game in South Korea and Japan . In November 2015 , Nexon announced they would no longer be operating servers for Dota 2 , allowing Valve to take over direct distribution and marketing of the game those regions . - @-@ ins to other video games and media have also been added to Dota 2 since release , including custom Half @-@ Life 2 , , , , The Stanley Parable , Rick and , and 4 announcer packs , which replace the game 's default announcer with themed ones based on those series . To coincide with the Windows release of Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD in August 2015 , a bundle containing a custom loading screen , a ward , and a was added the same month . In April 2016 , Valve announced a cross @-@ promotional workshop contest for Sega 's Total War : . - - = = = Transition to Source 2 = = = - - In June 2015 , Valve announced that the entirety of Dota 2 would be ported over to the Source 2 game engine in an update called Dota 2 Reborn . The beta was released to the public in June 2015 . On September 9 , 2015 , Reborn was officially released out of beta , which included a new user interface framework design , ability for custom game modes created by the community , and the full replacement of the original Source engine with Source 2 , making Dota 2 the first game to use it . Largely attributed to technical difficulties players experienced with the update , the global player base experienced a sharp drop of approximately sixteen percent the month following the release of Reborn . However , after various updates and patches , over a million concurrent players were playing again in January 2016 , with that being the largest amount of users since March 2015 . The move to Source 2 also allowed the use of the graphics , which was released as an opt @-@ in feature in May 2016 , becoming one of the first games to offer it . - - = = Professional competition = = - - To ensure that enough Defense of the Ancients players would take up Dota 2 and to showcase the game 's capabilities , Valve sponsored sixteen accomplished Defense of the Ancients teams to compete at The International , a Dota 2 specific eSports tournament , for a $ 1 million prize in 2011 . The International became an annual championship tournament in 2012 , with the venue changing to Seattle , Washington . In its third year , The International allowed to add to its prize pool through an interactive , in @-@ game item called a " compendium " . , which are optional and must be purchased separately , allow players who buy them to directly raise prize money for The International by spending money on unique compendium cosmetics and other in @-@ game items , with 25 % of all the revenue made going directly to the prize pool . Sales from the 2013 compendium helped raise over $ 2 @.@ 8 million , making The International 2013 reclaim its previous title as having the largest prize pool in eSports history from the League of Legends Season 2 World Championship . Since then , each annual tournament of The International has broken the previous one 's prize pool record , with the fourth iteration of the tournament raising over $ 10 @.@ 9 million , exceeding the prizes pools of the Super Bowl , Masters Tournament , and Tour de France . At The International 2015 , the prize pool exceeded $ 18 @.@ 4 million , earning the champion team , Evil , over $ 6 million . - Following the inaugural event of The International , several other eSport events began to transition from Defense of the Ancients to Dota 2 , including the Electronic Sports World Cup . would also support Dota 2 in 2011 , following a year without support for the original , on account of the other multiplayer online battle arena titles , Heroes of and League of Legends . By the end of its first year in its beta phase , Dota 2 was one of the highest @-@ paying eSport titles of 2011 , second only to StarCraft II . In 2012 , Dota 2 began as an official title for the World Games annual event at World Games 2012 . The Electronic Sports League ( ) began a seasonal tournament for Dota 2 called the One in 2013 , which was the largest independent tournament for Dota 2 by the beginning of 2013 . Beginning in September 2013 , the Association for Chinese eSports began a league , called the ACE Dota 2 League , which had the largest third @-@ party prize pool in Dota 2 eSports history at the time . At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 , Nexon announced the investment of two billion South Korean won , ( approximately $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) , into amateur and professional leagues in South Korea for 2013 , to coincide with the launch of their distribution agreement in the fall of that year . after the interactive compendium for The International , Valve introduced a compendium third @-@ party tournament organizers could sell , beginning with the in February 2014 . In February 2015 , the Valve @-@ sponsored Dota 2 Asia Championships was held in Shanghai with a prize pool of over $ 3 million , raised through compendium sales . - In total , professional Dota 2 tournaments had earned teams and players nearly $ 65 million dollars in prize money by June 2016 , which was more than twice the amount of League of Legends tournaments , making it the highest earning eSport game at the time . - - = = = Majors = = = - - Starting in 2015 , Valve began sponsoring smaller , but seasonally held tournaments with a fixed $ 3 million prize pool , known as the Dota Major Championships . The format for the tournaments are based on the series of the same name that Valve also sponsors for their first @-@ person shooter game , Counter @-@ Strike : Global Offensive . The first of which , hosted and produced by , was the Frankfurt Major held from November 13 – 21 , 2015 , at the Frankfurt in Frankfurt , Germany , and was won by OG . The next Major was hosted and produced by Perfect World , and was held at the Mercedes @-@ Benz Arena in Shanghai from March 2 – 6 , 2016 , and was won by Team Secret . The third and final Major of the 2015 – 2016 season was hosted and produced by , and was held at the Mall of Asia Arena in Manila from June 7 – 12 , 2016 . The tournament was won by OG , becoming the first team to repeat as champions of a Dota 2 Major . - After the introduction of the Majors , The International championship was then considered to be the cumulative " Summer Major " , with the 2016 iteration being the first one under the new format . The International 2016 also broke the record for the highest prize pool in eSports history , surpassing the record that The International 2015 had set the previous year . - - = = = Media coverage = = = - - The primary medium for professional Dota 2 coverage is through the video game live streaming platform , For most major events , tournament coverage is done by a selection of eSports organizations and personnel who provide on @-@ site commentary , analysis , and player interviews surrounding the event in progress , similar to traditional sports . Live Dota 2 games and coverage have also been broadcast on television networks around the world , such as ESPN in the United States , in Germany , TV 2 in Denmark , in China , Astro in Malaysia , and in the Philippines . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - Dota 2 received universal acclaim , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . PC Gamer the game in September 2012 , stating the game was " an deep and complex game that offers the sequel to the original Defense of the . like few others , but tough " , giving it a rating of 85 / 100 . Adam , the editor who authored the announcement article for Dota 2 for Game Informer in 2010 , praised Valve for maintaining the same mechanics and game balance that made Defense of the Ancients successful nearly a decade prior and Smith of Eurogamer described Dota 2 as the " supreme form of the MOBA which everyone else working in the genre is trying to capture like lightning in a bottle " . The most frequently praised aspects of the game were its depth , delivery , and overall balance . Chris of PC Gamer described the gameplay as being " deep and rewarding " . Martin of GameSpot complimented Valve for the delivery and artistic design of Dota 2 , citing the execution of the user interface design , voice acting and characterization as exceeding those of the game 's competitors . Cameron of IGN praised Dota 2 for its freely @-@ available game balance that was not affected by cosmetic items . - While the majority of reviewers gave Dota 2 highly positive reviews , a common criticism was that the game maintains a steep learning curve that requires exceptional commitment to overcome . While providing a moderately positive review that praised Valve 's product stability , Fredrik from the Swedish division of described his first match of Dota 2 as one of the most humiliating and inhospitable experiences of his gaming career , citing the learning curve and players ' attitudes as . Benjamin of alluded to the learning curve as a " learning cliff " , calling the newcomer 's experience to be painful , with the tutorial feature new to the Dota franchise only being partially successful . In a review for the Metro newspaper , Dota 2 was criticized for not for the flaws with the learning curve from Defense of the Ancients , as well as the sometimes hostile community , as is often the case for multiplayer online battle arena games . - Peter Bright of Ars Technica directed criticism at the ability for third @-@ party websites to allow gambling and betting on match results and in @-@ game items , similar to controversies that also exist with Valve 's Counter @-@ Strike : Global Offensive . Using Dota 2 as an example , Bright also stated that he thought Valve built gambling elements directly into their games , and had issues with the unregulated practice , which was often used by players and regions where gambling is illegal . In response to the controversy , Valve and Dota 2 producer , Erik Johnson , stated that they would be taking action against the third @-@ party sites , saying the practice was " not allowed by our nor our user agreements " . - In May 2013 , Dota 2 reached almost 330 @,@ 000 concurrent players and held the record for the game with the most concurrent users in Steam history , breaking its own record set in March the same year . with this , it was determined that the concurrent number of Dota 2 players in May 2013 outweighed the number of players for the rest of Steam 's top ten most @-@ played games combined . In February 2015 , Dota 2 became the first game in Steam 's history to have over one million concurrent players . Also in 2015 , Dota 2 was the third most watched game on , after League of Legends and Counter @-@ Strike : Global Offensive . viewership numbers of professional Dota 2 matches have reached upwards of two million . - - = = = Awards and accolades = = = - - Following its first public showing in 2011 , Dota 2 won IGN 's People 's Choice Award . In December 2012 , PC Gamer listed Dota 2 as a nominee for the 2012 Game of the Year award , as well as the best electronic sports title of the year . The game won 2013 eSport of the year awards from PC Gamer and . GameTrailers awarded the game the award for Best PC Game of 2013 . For IGN 's Best of 2013 award series , Dota 2 won the awards for Best PC Strategy & Tactics Game , as well as Best PC Multiplayer Game . The game 's awards for IGN 's Best of 2013 won their People 's Choice Award counterparts , as well . Similarly , Game Informer recognized Dota 2 for the categories of Best PC , Best Competitive Multiplayer and Best Strategy of 2013 . In the 2013 edition of Game Revolution 's countdown of the top twenty @-@ five PC video games of all time , Dota 2 was listed in the number four position . Dota 2 was nominated for a number of Game of the Year awards by , including the award for the best competitive game . While the staff selected StarCraft II : Heart of the , Dota 2 received the majority of the votes distributed between the nine nominees . In 2014 , Dota 2 was nominated for best multiplayer game at the 10th British Academy Games Awards , but lost to Grand Theft Auto V. In 2015 , Dota 2 was nominated for eSports Game of the Year at The Game Awards 2015 , and won the award for best MOBA at the 2015 Global Game Awards . - - = = = Merchandise = = = - - The popularity of Dota 2 led Valve to produce apparel , accessories , posters , and a number of other products featuring the heroes and other elements from the game . In addition , Valve secured licensing contracts with third @-@ party producers ; the first of these deals concerned a Dota 2 + , which was announced at Gamescom 2011 . In September 2012 , Workshop , the prop studio that creates the " Aegis of Champions " trophy for winners of The International , announced a product line that would include statues , weapons , and armor based on Dota 2 characters and items . In February 2013 , the National Entertainment Association announced a new toy line featuring hero @-@ themed action figures at the American International Toy Fair . After the conclusion of The International 2015 finals , Valve awarded the Collector 's Aegis of Champions , which was a 1 / 5th scale brass replica of the Aegis of Champions trophy , to those with of 1 @,@ 000 levels or more . For The International 2016 , Valve began selling a limited edition Dota 2 themed virtual reality . Valve have also created related to the game , featuring some of the heroes and detailing their background lore . - - - = Don 't Take It , Babe , It Just Ain 't Your Story = - - don 't take it personally , , it just ain 't your story is a 2011 indie video game by Christine Love . as a spiritual sequel to Love 's Digital : A Love Story , the game was developed over the course of a month and was released as a free download on April 4 , 2011 . Don 't take it personally is a visual novel , with the majority of the plot taking place outside of the player 's control except for key decisions . It follows a new high school literature teacher in over the course of a semester , with the ability to see private messages between students at any time without their knowledge . It deals with themes of privacy and relationships in the future . The game was received positively , with critics praising the interplay between the elements of the story and those of the game itself , with special acknowledgment reserved for the writing . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Don 't take it personally is a visual novel , or interactive fiction game where the majority of the story is told through still images of the speaking characters in front of anime @-@ style backgrounds with text overlaid . The player 's viewpoint follows one character , the teacher in a school , with the player seeing his thoughts as well as his and the other characters ' statements . The player advances the conversations the teacher is in or witnesses at will , but cannot go backwards and has little control over what any of the characters , including the teacher , are saying except at a few key moments . At these points , the player is presented with two or three choices for what the teacher says ; which option is chosen can change what path the plot takes , in either a minor or major way . - In a departure from most visual novels the player can also see , at any time , the equivalent of texts and Facebook between the students on a school social network called ( often shortened to " Amie " ) , as well as conversation threads on a 4chan @-@ like that serve as foreshadowing for future plot points . These extra conversations take place in parallel to in @-@ person conversations between characters , occasionally at the same time ; the player is notified a new text message or post is made . A single playthrough of the game takes " over an hour " . - - = = = = - - - = = = Setting = = = - - The game is set in a private high school in Ontario , in . The player follows a new 11th @-@ grade literature teacher at the school , John Rook , who has recently had his second divorce and is undergoing , in his words , a " bizarre crisis " that has led him to quit his career in computers and become a teacher . The students in his class are Arianna Belle @-@ , Kendall Flowers , Taylor Gibson , Charlotte , Isabella Hart , Nolan , and Akira Yamazaki . Rook and all of the students have school @-@ issued computers , which the students use to communicate between each other in private and public messages . Rook , and therefore the player , can see all of the messages that the students send , even the private ones ; the school administration has told Rook that it is for monitoring online bullying , and that he is not to let anyone know that he can see students ' private messages . - - = = = Plot = = = - - Soon after the game opens , the player learns that Kendall and Charlotte have just broken up out of a lesbian relationship , while a few weeks prior Taylor and Nolan had broken up out of a heterosexual relationship . Arianna develops a crush on the teacher , which in the player 's first decision point Rook can or not . Akira soon comes out as gay , finding to his dismay that everyone else already knew . He then attempts to enter into a relationship with Nolan , who is unsure how to respond ; Rook can encourage him to try it out or let him decide on his own , but he enters a relationship with Akira regardless . - The next day , Isabella misses a meeting she set up with Rook , and does not return to the class . Through Amie texts and wall posts , the other students that she committed suicide , while the school is unable to provide Rook with any contact information for her . Class continues without her , and a little while later Arianna , if the player rejected her earlier in the game , makes another attempt to have a relationship with Rook . The player may choose to accept or reject her again . Through Amie , Rook learns that both Charlotte and Kendall wish to resume their relationship , and can influence Charlotte to try again or not , which changes whether or not they get back together . Taylor and unsuccessfully tries to drive a wedge between Nolan and Akira . - As the end of term approaches , Rook begins getting strange about Isabella 's death , and begins seeing figures . Upset by these occurrences , when Akira 's mother asks to speak to him concerning of Amie , he assumes that she has found out that he is on the students ' conversations . When he meets her , he finds that Isabella is alive and had simply moved away ; the students made it look like she was dead via Amie as a prank that got out of control . Furthermore , they already knew that he could see their messages ; Akira 's mother explains that the students have no idea of online privacy , having always had technology like Amie , and assumed that anything they put online might be read by anyone . The game ends with Rook having a casual lunch with the students , a date with Arianna , or neither , depending on the choices made during the game by the player . - - = = Development = = - - Don 't take it personally was developed over the course of a month , and was released as a free download on April 4 , 2011 . It was written and developed by Christine Love , with artwork made for the game by @-@ Cyanide , artwork licensed from and After , and with music licensed from and . It was created using the engine . It was Love 's longest game to date , and her first attempt at a game with a branching storyline . It was intended as " a spiritual sequel of sorts " to Digital : A Love Story , a 2010 game by Love . The game was made for ( National Game Writing Month ) , a month @-@ long contest in the vein of National Novel Writing Month ( ) where developers attempt to create a visual novel in one month . Love 's favorite character to write was Kendall . - - = = Reception = = - - Don 't take it personally was chosen as a " game pick " by 's Michael Rose , who said that it was worth playing through multiple times in order to see the different paths the story takes depending on the player 's choices . Pete Davidson of GamePro noted the game as an example of the " creativity " missing in many large @-@ budget titles , and praised the story , calling Love " a writer first and a game developer second . " Alec of Rock , Paper , described the game as " a game about love , sex and the internet " that was " capable of being profoundly moving " and was about " what it is to feel like someone ’ s kicked me straight in the heart . " He praised Love 's ability to use dialogue to effect an emotional response , though he noted that the game seemed to lose some of its impact in the final chapters and felt that the use of the " " threads as a Greek chorus was " perhaps a meta @-@ layer too far " . - Aaron of PopMatters called the game " a meditation on privacy in the modern age " and " one of the more thoughtful games to come out in a long time . " He criticized the art direction of the game , saying that the limitation of creating the game in a month led to poor artwork and an presentation that lets down the possibilities of the story . He did note that the story and writing of the game made the of the game " almost entirely a moot point " , and that it is a very strong game . Pete Davidson of PC World , in an article about the treatment of sexuality in video games , called out the game as an example of a game that used sexual themes to explore love and relationships . Emily Short of , in a discussion about the game , said that it was definitely worth playing and full of " charming characters , colorful dialogue , and important questions " , but criticized the uneven exploration of issues regarding privacy versus personal boundaries . She said that the game 's lack of focus on Rook 's issues with personal and professional boundaries was a weakness in the story , given that the distinction between boundaries and privacy was crucial to the plot . Love common criticisms and reviews of the game on her blog , that while it was less praised than Digital : A Love Story , most players seemed to like the way she wrote the relationships and overall story , though her portrayal of Rook was weak and that many players seemed to miss that he was intended to be " an absolutely awful teacher " and that the potential relationship with Arianna was intended to be creepy and make the player feel bad . She also noted that her use of licensed artwork was from the game 's potential in comparison to the reaction to the custom works . - The Daily Telegraph gave the visual novel the award for " Best " in its video game awards of 2011 , stating that " Love 's layered narrative of a high school teacher embroiled in his student ’ s worries goes places most mainstream video games wouldn 't . " - - - = The Dreamscape = - - " The Dreamscape " is the ninth episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . It centers on a Fringe investigation of a Massive Dynamic employee who , after believing himself to be under attack by a swarm of sharp @-@ winged butterflies , jumps out of a window . Meanwhile , Olivia ( Anna Torv ) continues her visions of the deceased John Scott ( Mark Valley ) , and discovers how he related to a deadly psychoactive drug synthesized by Massive Dynamic . - " The Dreamscape " was written by series staff writers Julia Cho and Zack Whedon , and was directed by Fred Toye . To create the opening scene , they " relied entirely on actor performance , " with guest actor Ptolemy Slocum being cut , freezing for the crew to apply prosthetic make @-@ up , and then to continue shooting the scene . VFX coordinator Christopher Stollard wished the computer generated butterflies to look as realistic as possible , and modeled them after mounted butterfly specimens his team studied . - The episode first aired in the United States on November 25 , 2008 on the Fox network . It was watched by an estimated 8 @.@ 73 million viewers and earned a 3 @.@ 9 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 . Reviews of the episode were mixed , with one reviewer believing it " certainly moves [ the series ] in the right direction " . - - = = Plot = = - - Massive Dynamic executive Mark Young ( Ptolemy Slocum ) delivers a presentation at the company ’ s Manhattan office . When he is done and the other attendees have left , he sees an unusual butterfly . Upon picking it up , he experiences a cut on his hand and is then attacked by a swarm . Mark jumps out of a window , to his death . Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) , despite preparing to go out to dinner with her sister , instead agrees to Phillip ' ( Lance ) demand that she join the Fringe team 's investigation at the scene . While examining the body , Dr. Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) sees on Young ’ s skin and notes a lack of corresponding tears on his shirt . At the scene , Olivia has a brief vision of her deceased lover John Scott ( Mark Valley ) watching them , which troubles her . - Later , in the lab at Harvard Walter 's autopsy reveals a synthetic compound in Mark 's blood , though any link to the cuts is not yet known to them . Olivia receives an email from someone who claims to be John Scott , listing an address for her to visit . Upon arriving she finds boxes , one of which contains a group of toads . At the lab , Walter finds that the toads contain a " psychoactive compound " , a that affects the fear center of the brain . They conclude that Mark ’ s brain was so convinced of something happening to his body that actual physical marks appeared . Mark was infected with a large , leading them to attribute his death to murder . - Olivia admits to Walter how she found the address and learns that her brain still contains some of John 's memories . to discover what else John knew and prevent any further visions from occurring , Olivia insists on returning to Walter ’ s sensory tank . Inside the tank , Olivia sees a memory of John in a restaurant . Despite Walter 's protest that it is impossible , Olivia is convinced that John Scott saw her . Afterwards , she sees John meeting with Mark and two other unidentified men . After Mark and another man leave , John kills the other man . Olivia believes the group were looking to sell the compound as a street drug , and is able to track down the other man , George ( ) . Once , he denies killing Mark and demands immunity and protection from Massive Dynamic , who he believes was responsible for Mark 's death as well as other recent fringe events . Olivia confronts Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) about her suspicions , but George is murdered before he can be of further help to them . Later that night , Olivia gets another email from John Scott simply saying , " I . IN THE . " - Meanwhile , Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) is contacted by ( Susan ) , a woman from his past who warns him to leave Boston . When he meets her , Peter that she is being abused by her boyfriend Michael ( David ) . He ambushes Michael and warns him not to touch again . Michael then informs local crime boss Worth ( Tom Farrell ) that Peter is back in town . - - = = Production = = - - " The Dreamscape " , the season 's ninth episode , was co @-@ written by staff writer Zack Whedon and playwright Julia Cho . It was Whedon 's first contribution to the series , and Cho 's second . In an interview fifteen days before the broadcast of " The Dreamscape " , showrunner and executive producer Jeff Pinkner stated that it and several surrounding episodes would be " stand @-@ alone in quality , but at the same time we [ will ] start to back another layer of the onion " to transition the second half of the season into a " new chapter . " Anna Torv later commented that she wished for Olivia to " lighten up " during the first season , " but every time she did , something would happen . " The writers small scenes to shine more light on her character , which included Olivia dressing up for a night out but then " the phone rings . It ’ s , and she the lipstick off , puts on a coat , and goes out . That ’ s it . You ’ re on call . She breaks my heart . " - Fred Toye served as the episode director , his second after directing " The Ghost Network " six installments earlier . To create the opening scene of character Mark Young being " attacked " by butterflies , Toye shot it in multiple phases . Series co @-@ creator Roberto Orci preferred the opening scene to involve a " more subtle " death , so Young was made to die from falling out a window , which was " a real thing , something that 's not imagined or whimsical " . VFX coordinator Christopher Stollard stated that his crew " relied entirely on actor performance , " with guest actor Ptolemy Slocum communicating often with the crew during filming . He shot his scenes in short bursts . Slocum summarized that he " would experience the [ butterfly ] cut and then we would freeze , apply make @-@ up [ to create the cut on his skin ] , and then and move on " filming . On his first day , Slocum stated that he wore more than 75 individual over his entire chest and arms . - Stollard wished the butterflies to be as realistic as possible , and modeled them after mounted butterfly specimens his team studied . The butterflies were computer generated animations and added later in post @-@ production . To create the illusion of Young falling through the window , the visual effects crew placed small explosive charges on the tempered glass window ; Slocum 's Burke then jumped through while they triggered the glass to explode . Two cameras , one high and one profile , were positioned to shoot the fall , and were together later into a matte painting of the World Trade Building . The fall was filmed multiple times with a green screen , with the falling on a cushion . While on @-@ set , Toye explained of the shoot , " with all the pieces put together with the visual effects and with the performance we got with our actor Ptolemy , it 's going to be fabulous . " A crewman believed that the addition of music to Young 's fall made the scene " far more elegant and more of a statement . " In a December 2012 interview , actress Nicole stated that she developed a fear of butterflies as a result of this episode . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings and marketing = = = - - " The Dreamscape " first aired on November 25 , 2008 in the United States on the Fox network . With its timeslot dominated by the Dancing With the Stars season finale , Fringe attracted an estimated 8 @.@ 73 million viewers , down from the previous week 's audience of 9 @.@ 36 million . This placed it in third place in its timeslot , behind The . The episode also came in third place among viewers aged 18 – 49 , as it earned a 3 @.@ 9 / 10 ratings share ; this means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of broadcast . - Fringe 's marketing team designed and launched near the beginning of the first season . Parts of the website can be seen in " The Dreamscape " , including on Olivia 's computer as she the company . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - Noel Murray of The A. V. Club was generally favorable to the episode , giving it a B + . He wrote , " Much like Fringe fan favorite ' The ' ( not a favorite of mine , sorry to say ) , ' The Dreamscape ' is an episode more involved with and mythology @-@ building than with telling a complete @-@ in @-@ one story . But perhaps because I 've come to trust Fringe more over its recent run of entertaining episodes , I enjoyed it fairly well , and found myself trying to figure out what kind of thematic connections I could make using the notion of the body reacting to mere thoughts . " Travis Fickett of IGN rated the episode 7 @.@ 8 / 10 , explaining that it " certainly moves in the right direction " . Fickett found the " moment " to be when Olivia witnesses John Scott 's memory , and he also appreciated Peter 's backstory ( " It 's more than Peter usually gets , but what we know isn 't much and isn 't very exciting . " ) . Fickett criticized Olivia however for leaving the man at the hospital protected . - reviewer Sarah enjoyed Peter 's and hoped to learn more of his past , but thought the " cute in @-@ jokes " were meant to distract the audience from a " thin " plot " full of holes " . She added that " the shallow , @-@ cutter plotting " was starting to annoy her , and noted that while the series had the potential to become " a breakout show like The X @-@ Files or Lost ... its major weakness is the continual reliance on the worn @-@ out cliché of the Big Bad Corporation , " which had become " stale and dry . " - Jane of AOL 's TV Squad wrote , " Another great episode tonight , and some of the little symbols we see leading into commercials were actually in tonight 's episode , " referring specifically to the butterflies and the frogs / toads found in the basement . Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times took notice here of the pattern of Easter eggs the next episode of the series . This feature of the show had earlier been touched on in an interview with showrunner Jeff Pinkner . As an example , the previous episode " The " had contained a shot of a butterfly on a , foreshadowing the butterfly attack in this episode . - In a 2016 retrospective of the series , A.V. Club writer Joshua considered " The Dreamscape " as a strong example of Fringe 's " monster of the week " episodes that predominated the first season , showing " how much effort and imagination went into the self @-@ contained stories " . - - - = True Blue ( Madonna song ) = - - " True Blue " is a song by American singer Madonna . It is the title track from her third studio album True Blue ( 1986 ) , and was released as the album 's third single on September 29 , 1986 by Sire Records . Written and produced by Madonna and Steve Bray , the song deals with the feelings of Madonna for her then @-@ husband Sean Penn . A dance @-@ pop song , it features instrumentation from a rhythm guitar , a synthesizer , keyboards , and drums . The main chorus is backed by an alternate one , incorporating a chord progression generally found in doo @-@ wop music . - by the critics as a light @-@ hearted and cute retro song , " True Blue " topped the charts in UK , Ireland and Canada and became another consecutive top ten song in U.S. for Madonna by reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The original music video portrayed her again with a new look , and sporting platinum blond bushy hair . An alternate video was made through the " Make My Video " contest on MTV . The final selected videos had a similar theme of a 1950s @-@ inspired setting and the storyline following the lyrics of the song . " True Blue " has been performed on the Who 's That Girl World Tour ( 1987 ) and the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . - - = = Writing and composition = = - - Madonna wrote and produced the song with Steve Bray . According to her , " True Blue " takes its title from a favourite expression of her then husband Sean Penn and to his very pure vision of love and was a direct tribute to him as well as the album , which was as a whole inspired by her " " for Penn . In an interview , Bray said , " She [ Madonna ] was very much in love . It was obvious if she 's in love she 'll write love songs . If she 's not in love she definitely won 't be writing love songs . " In 2015 , Madonna said that " True Blue " is " a song about true love . I didn 't know what I was talking about when I wrote it . " - " True Blue " is a dance @-@ pop song inspired by the Motown 's girl groups from the 1960s which are considered the direct of Madonna 's musical sound . The song is composed in the key of B major . It is set in compound quadruple meter , commonly used in doo @-@ wop , and has a moderate tempo of 118 beats per minute . " True Blue " features instrumentation from a rhythm guitar , a synthesizer , keyboards , and drums for the bassline , with a basic sequence of I – vi – IV – V ( B – G ♯ m – E – F ♯ ) as its main chord progression . - Madonna 's vocal range spans a bit less than one and a half octaves , from F ♯ 3 to . The chorus is backed by sounds of bells ringing , an alternate verse — " This time I know it 's true " — which is sung by three back @-@ up singers during the interlude , and a bass counter melody which introduces her vocals during the second chorus . The lyrics are constructed in a verse @-@ chorus form , with the theme being Madonna 's feelings for Sean Penn ; it even uses the archaic love word " dear " in the line " Just think back and remember , dear " . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical response = = = - - from Rolling Stone magazine in a review of the album True Blue said that the song " a classic beat and an immensely promising title " , 's Bill said that " True Blue " is " Madonna 's wonderful tribute to the late ' 50s / early ' 60s " girl groups " . In his book Madonna : An Intimate Biography , journalist J. Randy described the song as " the light @-@ hearted , fun track of the whole True Blue album project having a retro 1950 's feel to it " . In the book Rock ' n ' Roll Gold Rush which contains information about various artists and their singles , author Dean said that the song as a " of simplicity interwoven with secret complexity " adding that " on one hand , it 's just a basic ditty , with four basic chords . In another context , it 's a counterpoint harmonic blanket , with star @-@ spangled and dynamic drive . " , in his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , said that " True Blue " is " a song that is merely cute and not really up to being the title track of an album " . - The Wichita Eagle did not like the song , believing that it was " and " as compared to the other songs on the record . However , Daniel Brogan of The Chicago Tribune believed the song was good , calling it " impressive " like the rest of the album , and Jan of the same paper believed it was " charming " . Steve of The Boston Globe , when describing the song , said that it was a " bid to be an ' 80s Helen of Troy " . - - = = = Chart performance = = = - - " True Blue " was released in the United States in October 1986 . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 40 , six weeks later it reached its peak of number three , remaining at the position for three consecutive weeks , and spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart . The song performed equally well on the other Billboard charts , peaking at number five on Adult Contemporary , and number six on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . In October 1998 , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the song debuted at number 84 the RPM singles chart on September 27 , 1986 , reached the top for one week in November 1986 , and stayed on the chart for 23 weeks . It ended at the 37th position of the year @-@ end chart . - In the United Kingdom , " True Blue " was released on September 29 , 1986 . It debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart , before climbing to number one the next week , becoming Madonna 's third number @-@ one single there . It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in October 1986 . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 545 @,@ 000 copies there . The song peaked at number one for two weeks in October 1986 in Ireland , making it her fourth number @-@ one single on the Irish Singles Chart . Both in Australia and New Zealand , the song reached the top five , and was certified platinum in the former region by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 70 @,@ 000 copies of the single . In Europe " True Blue " also topped the Hot 100 for one week in October 1986 . It peaked in the top five in Belgium , Italy , and the Netherlands , and in the top ten in Austria , France , Germany , and Switzerland . - - = = Music videos = = - - - = = = Official version = = = - - " True Blue " had two music videos to accompany it . Shot in early September 1986 in New York , Madonna 's own video for the song was directed by James , who worked with Madonna in her videos for " Live to Tell " and " Papa Don 't " , produced by Robert and David with photography by Michael . The version features Madonna with three dancers and a 1950s car in an all @-@ blue . Madonna changes her hairstyle from short @-@ cropped in " Papa Don 't " to a bushy platinum blonde and sings the song in choreographed moves backed by her dancers . It displays a flashing back to fifties rock 'n'roll youth culture . - The blue background changes to a sunny one as she sings " The sun is right out of the sky " to go @-@ along with the lyrical meaning of the song . Two of Madonna 's close friends , Belle and Mazar appear in the video . The video was released at a time when she was going through a failed marriage with then husband actor Sean Penn . During this period , Madonna focused on more traditional fashion and attitudes and tried to appear more respectful of traditional gender roles . After shedding her sex @-@ and boy @-@ toy image with the " Live to Tell " music video , Madonna again adopted a new look for this video . Madonna attended aerobics classes at Hollywood health centre The Sports Connection , which was responsible for her toned down look in the video . - - = = = " Make My Video " contest = = = - - Sire Records decided to opt for a promotional device in the United States that would involve MTV viewers to make their own videos for " True Blue " . In the fall of 1986 , MTV asked its viewers to submit their own videos . The contest was known as " Madonna 's ' Make My Video ' Contest " . The winner was awarded a trip to MTV 's New York studio where Madonna presented a $ 25 @,@ 000 check live on MTV . Thousands of viewers submitted their recorded tapes which were mainly made using home @-@ made video equipment and featured themselves or relatives as the actors . MTV publicist Peter said that many of the submissions featured teenagers imitating Madonna . All the entries were shown in a continuous run on MTV as promised . The same song was played over and over for the whole day , but each time with a different video made by the finalists . Author Lisa A. Lewis said that this event emphasized the effect Madonna had on different kind of audiences due to the popularity and response to the contest . MTV selected ten finalists based mainly on a standard of popularity rather than of production or concept creativity . - The concepts used in the videos were wide ranging and included a number of different ideas to interpret the lyrical meaning of the song . The final three entries selected , portrayed a fifties @-@ style production referring to the thematic content of the song . The song 's narration about " True Love " formed the basis of the rest of the semi @-@ videos but was used in very different ways . The videos were choreographed featuring heterosexual romance , though no particular male or female protagonist was singled out . Some even adopted a kind of literal montage technique rather than the video around a narrative line . - The winning entry was by Angel and Cliff Guest and it showed the female protagonist ( played by the director 's sister Garcia ) being supported and guided by her girlfriends who introduce her with the male protagonist . The girl even goes to the boy 's door to gift him flowers , thereby reversing the usual gender @-@ directed pattern of gift @-@ giving . The male protagonist is portrayed as a " perfect boy " ( played by William ) having the sensibilities like , , like a friend ( after the lyrics " You 're my best friend " ) and not sexual overtones . The video in @-@ turn contrasts him with a self @-@ centered boy who puts on , throws his leather jacket over his shoulder and walks away from the girl . Other videos portrayed a girl pining for her sailor , relations and an arguing couple with the girl in a scene inspired by the music video of Tina Turner 's 1984 single " What 's Love Got to Do with It " . - - = = Live performances = = - - Madonna first performed the song on her 1987 " Who 's That Girl World Tour " . She came up on the stage wearing a blue dress to sing the song after finishing a performance of " Lucky Star " . In a similar setting to the original music video of the song , Madonna is backed up by her singers who play her girlfriends . At the end of the song Madonna is asked to dance again by the dancer playing her man in the performance . Her dance in the performance ( and also some other performances in the tour ) was choreographed by Jeffrey from . Two different performances of the song on the tour were included on two live video releases : Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , filmed in Tokyo , Japan , on June 22 , 1987 , and : Live from Italy , filmed in Turin , Italy , on September 4 , 1987 . - Madonna did not perform the song again until 2015 , as part of her Rebel Heart Tour . She performed an acoustic , @-@ driven version of the song sitting on top of a tire stack while asking the crowd to sing along with her . Writing for the Daily News , Jim Farber felt that during the performance " [ Madonna ] emphasized a rare " while Jordan from the Montreal Gazette opined that " it was both endearingly quaint and , by an from more than 16 @,@ 000 voices , a moment that felt more grandiose in its way than the surrounding it " . Newsday 's Glenn Gamboa gave a similar feedback , saying that the " lovely acoustic version of " True Blue " was a rare bow to romance , the sweetest of Madonna sentiments " . - - = = Formats and track listing = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Madonna – lyrics , producer , vocals - Steve Bray – drums , keyboards , lyrics , producer - Bruce – rhythm guitar - Fred – additional keyboards - Steve Peck – engineer - – remixing - Herb – photography - – design / artwork - Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = Invisible rail = - - The invisible rail , Wallace 's rail , or drummer rail ( Habroptila ) is a large flightless rail that is endemic to the island of Halmahera in North , Indonesia , where it inhabits impenetrable sago swamps adjacent to forests . Its plumage is predominantly dark slate @-@ grey , and the bare skin around its eyes , the long , thick bill , and the legs are all bright red . Its call is a low drumming sound which is accompanied by wing @-@ beating . The difficulty of seeing this shy bird in its dense habitat means that information on its behaviour is limited . - Recorded dietary items include sago shoots and insects , and it also swallows small stones to help break up its food . It is apparently monogamous , but little else is known of its courtship behaviour . The only known nest was a shallow bowl in the top of a rotting tree stump that was lined with wood chips and dry leaves . The two young chicks were entirely covered in black down typical of precocial newly hatched rails . The estimated population of 3 @,@ 500 – 15 @,@ 000 birds and the restricted range mean that the invisible rail is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . Habitat loss has occurred through the harvesting of sago and conversion of the wetlands to rice cultivation , and the rail is eaten by local people . The described nest was in an area frequented by local villagers , so the rail may be more adaptable to habitat changes than had been thought . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The rails are a large and very widespread family , with nearly 150 species . They are small to medium @-@ sized , terrestrial or wetland birds , and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation . Island species readily become flightless ; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands , 32 have lost the ability to fly . - The invisible rail , first classified by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1860 , is the only member of the monotypic genus Habroptila . The genus name Habroptila derives from the Greek , " delicate , pretty , splendid " and , " feather , wing " ; commemorates British zoologist Alfred Wallace . Local names include " " , " " and " " . - This rail is related to the New Guinea flightless rail , Megacrex , and the chestnut rail , , all three genera probably being derived from ancestors . argued that the genus Megacrex was so similar to Habroptila that Megacrex should be considered a junior synonym of Habroptila , resulting in two species in the genus . This was further in Sidney Dillon Ripley 's 1977 of the ; he included Habroptila within the large genus . This suggestion was , however , not accepted by , who pointed out distinct differences in the shape and structure of the bill . A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity found that Habroptila is part of evolutionary radiation within the broad genus that took place around 400 @,@ 000 years ago in the region . - - = = Description = = - - The invisible rail is a large , 33 to 40 cm ( 13 – 16 in ) long , flightless bird . The adult has a mainly dark slate @-@ grey body , dark brown plumage on the lower back , rump and wings , and a black . Its underparts are slightly paler slate @-@ grey than the back , and the bare skin around the eye , the long , thick bill and the strong legs are bright red . It has a small spine at the bend of the wings . The sexes are identical in appearance ; the plumage of fledged immature birds has not been described . - The invisible rail is superficially similar to the purple swamphen , , which has recently been found in Halmahera , but that species is larger , with a short , thick red bill and a red forehead shield ; it also has purple underparts and a white undertail . The invisible rail is different from the rail , , in that it is larger and lacks the barred plumage of that species ; there is no overlap between the ranges of the two species . - The call is a low drumming , accompanied by a tuk , tuk , tuk made with the wings . The nature of the led to a local legend that the sound is made by the bird beating on a hollow tree or branch with its feet . Gerd Heinrich noted the local name " " , meaning drum , and described the call as being a subdued drumming purre – purre – purre – purre – purre which sometimes ends in a loud scream . The bird also produced a dull hum similar to the voice of the banded pig ( ) and reminiscent of the call of the rail ( ) . Calling is most frequent in the early morning or late evening , and a human tapping a sago stem with a machete may elicit a response from the bird . A quieter version of the call is given at the nest . Other sounds attributed to this rail , such as loud screams , may be incorrect , since they are like those produced by the pale @-@ vented bush @-@ hen ( ) . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The invisible rail inhabits the dense , spiky sago swamps of Halmahera , particularly where forest the areas . Claims that the rail occurs in @-@ grass are thought to have arisen from confusion with the pale @-@ vented bush @-@ hen . German ornithologist Gerd Heinrich , who prepared for his Halmahera trip by rolling in , wrote of the sago swamp habitat in the 1930s : - I am confident no European has ever seen this rail alive , for that requires such a degree of and such demands on oneself as I cannot so easily attribute to others . Habroptila is shielded by the awful thorns of the sago swamps ... In this wilderness , I walked barefoot and half @-@ naked for weeks . - of the rail from 1950 to 2003 were from a restricted area of West Halmahera Regency , at the base of the western peninsula of the island , but it was recorded prior to 1950 as far as the southern point of Halmahera . More recent records showed that it is still present in a significantly larger area , including the northeast of the island , and locals claim that it also occurs in the swamps near , in the northwest . - - = = Behaviour = = - - The difficult habitat and retiring nature of the invisible rail mean that information on its lifestyle is sparse , and there are few confirmed sightings . Recorded food items include sago shoots and insects . It also feeds at cut sago plants , although it is unclear whether it is eating the decaying plant or searching for other edible items . It swallows small stones , as do all rails , to help break up its food in the . - The invisible rail is thought to be monogamous , but little else is known of its courtship behaviour prior to nesting . A report of 4 – 5 striped chicks was long thought to be incorrect , since such a plumage is not normal for rails . In this family , chicks are typically precocial , and black , with any ornamentation confined to the head , bare flesh , or specially modified plume feathers . - The issue was resolved in November 2010 when a nest was found in the top of a rotting tree stump , 1 m ( 39 in ) above ground level and 46 m ( 151 ft ) in from the edge of a dry swamp forest in @-@ National Park . The nest depression was 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) in depth , with a lower layer of small wood chips at its base and a lining of dead leaves . The egg shells were brownish @-@ white with dark brown and black markings of different sizes . The two very young chicks were entirely covered in black down , contrasting with a white ( the equivalent of the on a human hand ) and pink index nail . The bill was black with a white tip , and the legs were black @-@ streaked brown . The eyes had grey irises and blue pupils . Rail chicks leave the nest soon after hatching , so the chicks were assumed to be only a day or two old . - - = = Status = = - - Bird species with a restricted range are especially vulnerable to human activities , and eight of the 26 bird species occurring only in the Northern Bird Area are threatened , including the invisible rail . Almost a quarter of all rail species have conservation concerns , and flightless island species are particularly at risk , at least 15 species having become extinct since 1600 . The estimated population of the invisible rail is 3 @,@ 500 – 15 @,@ 000 birds , and its restricted range and small population mean that the species is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , although this rail is so poorly known that it may be more common than the estimates suggest . - Habitat loss has occurred through commercial harvesting of the sago , or conversion to rice cultivation and . The rail is a prized food for local people who catch it with traps made from strings of bark and hunt it with dogs . The only described nest was in an area well @-@ used by local villagers , and the rail may be more adaptable to habitat changes than had been thought . There were also several sightings in northeast Halmahera in 2008 and 2011 , extending the area in which this bird has been seen in recent years . - - - = Project Chanology = - - Project Chanology ( also called Operation Chanology ) was a protest movement against the practices of the Church of Scientology by members of Anonymous , a Internet @-@ based group that defines itself as ubiquitous . The project was started in response to the Church of Scientology 's attempts to remove material from a highly publicized interview with Scientologist Tom Cruise from the Internet in January 2008 . - The project was publicly launched in the form of a video posted to YouTube , " Message to Scientology " , on January 21 , 2008 . The video states that Anonymous views Scientology 's actions as Internet censorship , and asserts the group 's intent to " expel the church from the Internet " . This was followed by distributed denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks ( DDoS ) , and soon after , black , prank calls , and other measures intended to disrupt the Church of Scientology 's operations . In February 2008 , the focus of the protest shifted to legal methods , including nonviolent protests and an attempt to get the Internal Revenue Service to investigate the Church of Scientology 's tax exempt status in the United States . - Reactions from the Church of Scientology regarding the protesters ' actions have varied . Initially , one spokesperson stated that members of the group " have got some wrong information " about Scientology . Another referred to the group as a group of " computer " . Later , the Church of Scientology started referring to Anonymous as " " " religious hate crimes " against the church . - of Scientology have also criticized the actions of Project Chanology , asserting that they merely provide the Church of Scientology with the opportunity to " play the religious persecution card " . Other critics such as Mark Bunker and Tory Christman initially questioned the legality of Project Chanology 's methods , but have since spoken out in support of the project as it shifted towards nonviolent protests and other legal methods . - - = = Background = = - - The Church of Scientology has a history of conflict with groups on the Internet . In 1995 , attorneys for the Church of Scientology attempted to get the ( ) removed from . This attempt and generated a significant amount of press for The conflict with led the hacker group of the Dead to declare war on the Church of Scientology . The Church of Scientology mounted a 10 @-@ year legal campaign against Dutch writer Karin and several Internet service providers after and others posted documents alleged to be secret teachings of the organization . The Church of Scientology 's efforts ended in a legal defeat in a Dutch court in 2005 . This series of events is often referred to as " Scientology versus the Internet " . - - = = = Tom Cruise video = = = - - On January 14 , 2008 , a video produced by the Church of Scientology featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was posted on YouTube . In the video , music from Cruise 's Mission : Impossible films plays in the background , and Cruise makes various statements , including saying that Scientologists are the only people who can help after a car accident , and that Scientologists are the authority on getting off drugs . According to The Times , Cruise can be seen in the video " the virtues of Scientology " . The Daily Telegraph ( Australia ) characterized Cruise as " manic @-@ looking " during the interview , " [ ing ] about his love for Scientology " . - The Church of Scientology asserted that the video material that had been leaked to YouTube and other websites was " and edited " and taken from a three @-@ hour video produced for members of Scientology . YouTube removed the Cruise video from their site under threat of litigation . The web site Gawker.com did not take down their copy of the Tom Cruise video , and other sites have posted the entire video . for the Church of Scientology sent a letter to Gawker.com requesting the removal of the video , but Nick Denton of Gawker.com stated : " It 's and we will not be removing it . " - - = = = Formation = = = - - Project Chanology was formulated by users of the English @-@ speaking and 4chan , the associated wiki , and several Internet Relay Chat channels , all part of a group collectively known as Anonymous , on January 16 , 2008 after the Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube for hosting material from the Cruise video . The effort against Scientology has also been referred to by group members as " Operation Chanology " . A called " Project Chanology " , part of a larger wiki , is maintained by Anonymous and chronicles planned , ongoing and completed actions by project participants . The website includes a list of suggested guerrilla tactics to use against the Church of Scientology . Members use other websites as well to coordinate action , including Encyclopedia and the social networking site Facebook , where two groups associated with the movement had 3 @,@ 500 members as of February 4 , 2008 . A member of Anonymous told the Los Angeles Times that , as of February 4 , 2008 , the group consisted of " a loose confederation of about 9 @,@ 000 people " who post anonymously on the Internet . A security analyst told The Age that the number of people participating anonymously in Project Chanology could number in the thousands : " You can 't pin it on a person or a group of people . You 've thousands of people engaged to do anything they can against Scientology . " - Members of Project Chanology say their main goal is " to the Church of Scientology ( CoS ) by any means necessary . " Their website states : " This will be a game of mental warfare . It will require our , not our hackers . It will require our dedicated across the world to do their part . " Project Chanology 's stated goals include the complete removal of the Church of Scientology 's presence from the Internet and to " save people from Scientology by reversing the brainwashing " . Project Chanology participants plan to join the Church of Scientology posing as interested members in order to infiltrate the organization . - Andrea Seabrook of National Public Radio 's All Things Considered reported Anonymous was previously known for " technologically sophisticated " such as chat rooms online and " ordering dozens of for people they don 't like " . Ryan of Wired appeared on the program on January 27 , 2008 , and told Seabrook that members of Anonymous were motivated by " the tactics the Church of Scientology uses to control information about itself " rather than the " controversial nature of Scientology itself " . - - = = Activities = = - - - = = = Internet activities = = = - - Project Chanology began its campaign by organizing and delivering a series of denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks against Scientology websites and flooding Scientology centers with prank calls and black . The group was successful in taking down local and global Scientology websites intermittently from January 18 , 2008 until at least January 25 , 2008 . Anonymous had early success rendering major Scientology websites inaccessible and leaking documents allegedly stolen from Scientology computers . This resulted in a large amount of coverage on social websites . - The denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks on Scientology.org flooded the site with 220 of traffic , a mid @-@ range attack . Speaking with , a security strategist for Top Networks , Ken said that he thought that were involved in the Anonymous operation : " There are circles out there where you could take ownership of the machines that are already owned and launch a simultaneous attack against [ something ] like the church from 50 @,@ 000 , all at the same time " . - In response to the attacks , on January 21 , 2008 the Scientology.org site was moved to Prolexic Technologies , a company specializing in web sites from denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks . Attacks against the site increased , and CNET News reported that " a major assault " took place at 6 p.m. EST on January 24 , 2008 . Anonymous escalated the attack on Scientology on January 25 , 2008 and on January 25 , 2008 , the Church of Scientology 's official website remained inaccessible . - On January 21 , 2008 , Anonymous announced its goals and intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled " Message to Scientology " , and a press release declaring " War on Scientology " , against both the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center . In the press release , the group stated that the attacks against the Church of Scientology would continue in order to protect freedom of speech and to end what they characterized as the financial exploitation of church members . - The Tom Cruise video is referred to specifically at the start of the Anonymous YouTube video posting , and is characterized as a " propaganda video " . The video utilizes a synthesized voice and shows floating cloud images using a time lapse method as the speaker addresses the leaders of Scientology directly : " We shall proceed to expel you from the Internet and systematically the Church of Scientology in its present form ... " The video goes on to state : " We recognize you as serious opponents , and do not expect our campaign to be completed in a short time frame . However , you will not prevail forever against the angry masses of the body . Your choice of methods , your hypocrisy , and the general of your organization have sounded its death . You have nowhere to hide because we are everywhere ... We are Anonymous . We are Legion . We do not forgive . We do not forget . us . " By January 25 , 2008 , only four days after its release , the video had been viewed 800 @,@ 000 times , and by February 8 , 2008 had been viewed over 2 million times . Author Warren Ellis called the video " creepy in and of itself " and a " manifesto , declaration of war , sharp political film " . - In a different video posted to YouTube , Anonymous addresses news organizations covering the conflict and criticizes media reporting of the incident . In the video , Anonymous criticizes the media specifically for not mentioning objections by the group to certain controversial aspects of the history of the Church of Scientology , and cited past incidents including the death of Lisa McPherson : " We find it interesting that you did not mention the other objections in your news reporting . The and punishment of dissent within the totalitarian organization of Scientology . The numerous , alleged human rights violations . Such as the treatment and events that led to the deaths of victims of the cult such as Lisa McPherson . " Lisa McPherson was a Scientologist who died in 1995 under controversial circumstances . Initially , the Church of Scientology was held responsible and faced charges in her death . The charges were later dropped and a civil suit brought by McPherson 's family was settled in 2004 . This second video was removed on January 25 , 2008 , YouTube citing a " terms of use violation " . of the February 10 , 2008 , Project Chanology protests against the Church of Scientology told the St. Petersburg Times the event was timed to coincide with the birthday of Lisa McPherson . - In addition to DDoS attacks against Church of Scientology websites , Anonymous also organized a campaign on one of their websites to " begin Digg " , referring to an attempt to drive up Scientology @-@ related links on the website On January 25 , 2008 , eight of the top ten stories on were about either Scientology @-@ related controversies or Anonymous and attempts to expose Scientology . Digg CEO Jay Adelson told PC World that Anonymous had not manipulated the site 's algorithm system to prevent artificial poll results , stating : " They must have done a very good job of bringing in a diverse set of interests ... It just happened to hit a that the Digg community was interested in . " Adelson said two other instances which similarly have dominated the Digg main page in the past were the Virginia Tech Massacre in the aftermath of the incident and the " 7 / 7 " London bombings in 2005 . Adelson commented on the popularity of Scientology theme within the Digg community : " In the history of Digg , there 's no question that the topic of Scientology has been of great interest to the community ... I can 't explain why . " - On January 29 , 2008 , Jason Lee Miller of reported that a Google bomb technique had been used to make the Scientology.org main website the first result in a Google search for " dangerous cult " . Miller wrote that Anonymous was behind the Google bomb , and that they had also tried to bump Scientology up as the first result in Google searches for " brainwashing cult " , and to make the website first result in searches for " " . Rob Garner of Publications wrote : " The Church of Scientology continues to be the target of a group called Anonymous , which is using Google bombs and YouTube as its tools of choice . " - In a February 4 , 2008 , article , Scientology spokeswoman Karin Pouw told the Los Angeles Times that Church of Scientology 's websites " have been and are online . " Danny McPherson , chief research officer at Arbor Networks , claimed 500 denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks had been observed on the Scientology site in the week prior to February 4 , some of which were strong enough to bring the website down . Calling Anonymous a " crew of internet " , Wired blogger Ryan said that , while attempting to bypass the Prolexic servers protecting the Church of Scientology website , users of a DDoS tool inadvertently and briefly had targeted the Etty Lyceum , a Dutch secondary school in . Another hacking group associated with the project , calling themselves the " " , mistakenly targeted a 59 @-@ year @-@ old man from Stockton , California . They posted his home telephone number , address and his wife 's Social Security number online for other people to target . They believed that he was behind counter @-@ attacks against Project Chanology @-@ related websites by the , a counter @-@ hack group who crashed one of the Project Chanology planning websites . The group allegedly attempted to gain personal information on people involved in Project Chanology to turn that information over to the Church of Scientology . After discovering they had wrongly targeted the couple , one of the members of the group called and apologized . - - = = = planned = = = - - A new video entitled " Call to Action " appeared on YouTube on January 28 , 2008 , calling for protests outside Church of Scientology centers on February 10 , 2008 . As with the previous videos , the two @-@ minute video used a synthesized computer voice and featured stock footage of clouds and sky . The video was accompanied by a text transcript with British English spelling . The video denied that the group was composed of " super hackers " , stating : " Contrary to the assumptions of the media , Anonymous is not ' a group of super hackers . ' ... Anonymous is everyone and everywhere . We have no leaders , no single entity directing us . " The video said that Project Chanology participants include " individuals from all walks of life ... united by an awareness that someone must do the right thing . " Specific controversies involving the CoS were cited in the video as the explanation for actions by Anonymous . - In an email to CNET News , Anonymous stated that coordinated activities were planned for February 10 , 2008 , in many major cities around the world . Anonymous hoped to use " real world " protests to rally public opinion to their cause . According to the Associated Press , the protests were meant to draw attention to what the group refers to as a " vast money @-@ making scheme under the guise of ' religion ' " . By January 30 , 2008 , 170 protests had been planned outside Church of Scientology centers worldwide . A video posted to YouTube called " Code of Conduct " outlined twenty @-@ two rules to follow when protesting , and urged protestors to remain peaceful . - - = = = February 2008 = = = - - - = = = = February 2 = = = = - - On February 2 , 2008 , 150 people gathered outside a Church of Scientology center in Orlando , Florida to protest the organization 's practices . Small protests were also held in Santa Barbara , California ( during the Santa Barbara International Film Festival ) , and Manchester , England . Protesters in Orlando carried signs with messages " Knowledge is Free " and " if you hate Scientology " . According to @-@ TV , the protesters called the Church of Scientology a " dangerous cult " and said the organization is responsible for crimes and deaths . The Orlando Sentinel reported that the protest was " part of a worldwide campaign by a group that calls itself Anonymous " , and an unnamed organizer who spoke to the paper stated that the group was protesting " a gross violation of the right to see free church material " , referring to the Tom Cruise video that was pulled from YouTube . - Protesters at the demonstration wore masks , and said they were attempting to inform the public about what they believed to be " restrictions of free speech and through pyramid schemes " by the Church of Scientology . They asserted they were not protesting the doctrine of Scientology , but rather alleged actions of individual Scientologists . One protester stated that he had created a Facebook group to organize the protest , explaining " It started online with a group called Anonymous ... They got upset with Scientology because the church hides important documents that are supposed to be released to the public . " - - = = = = February 10 = = = = - - On February 10 , 2008 , about 7 @,@ 000 people protested in at least 100 cities worldwide . Within 24 hours of the first protest , a search for " Scientology " and " protest " on Google Search returned more than 4 @,@ 000 results and more than 2 @,@ 000 pictures on the image @-@ sharing site . Cities with of one hundred or more protesters included Adelaide , Melbourne , and Sydney , Australia ; Toronto , Canada ; London , England ; Dublin , Ireland ; and Austin , Dallas , Boston , Clearwater , and New York City , United States . - 150 people protested at the Church of Scientology building in Sydney , Australia , carrying signs and wearing costumes . Participants were masked to maintain their and avoid possible retaliation from the Church of Scientology . Protesters " Church on the left , cult on the right " ( in reference to the Church that was beside the Church of Scientology building ) , " Religion is free " and " We want " . Scientology staff locked down the building and set up a camera to record the event . After the protest in Sydney , a surge in online Internet traffic due to individuals attempting to view pictures from the protest crashed hundreds of websites when a server was . The Sydney protest was one of the first worldwide , and after the first images of the protest went online a surge in traffic drove the hosting company 's usage up by 900 percent . The hosting company temporarily prevented access to hundreds of its clients ' sites , and customer support representative Denis said the surge was unexpected : " We had no advance notice that there was going to be a sudden surge of traffic or that there would be more than 100 times the average traffic that this customer 's website normally consumes . " - protesters in Seattle , Washington , United States congregated in front of the Church of Scientology of Washington . Protesters were quoted as saying , " We believe in total freedom of belief . We have nothing against the people of Scientology , however the Church of Scientology has committed crimes . They 're vehemently anti @-@ opposition . Anyone who opposes them , must go down . " A protester in Santa Barbara emphasized that their opposition was against the organization , not the belief system , and that they supported the Scientology split @-@ off group known as the Free Zone . Protesters turned out in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania despite unusually cold weather . The masked crowd consisted mainly of college students , including some who had travelled from as far as Penn State University . - Protesters in Boston , Los Angeles , Pittsburgh , Toronto , Edinburgh , London , and other cities worldwide , wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta . ( Guy Fawkes was an English Catholic executed for a 1605 attempt to destroy the House of Lords . In V for Vendetta , a rebel against a near @-@ future fascist regime uses the mask in his public appearances and distributes many of its copies to the population to enable mass protests . The Boston Globe characterized usage of the Guy Fawkes masks as " an allusion to the British insurgent and a film depicting an movement " . Aaron of College Times wrote that the Guy Fawkes masks provided a " dramatic effect " to the protests , and Nick of The Weekly wrote : " During the February 10 protests , Anonymous was , Anonymous was peaceful , and Anonymous was effective . After seeing all of the pictures from the 10th with everyone in disguise , many sporting Guy Fawkes masks , I wanted to be a part of that . " Scott Stewart of University of Nebraska at Omaha 's The Gateway wrote : " Many participants sported Guy Fawkes masks to draw attention both to their identity as Anonymous and the Church of Scientology 's abuse of litigation and to suppress anti @-@ Scientology viewpoints . " - The Internet , where a link is given to a seemingly relevant website only to be directed to a music video of singer Rick 's pop single " Never Gonna Give You Up " , has been used as a theme in the protests against Scientology . At February 10 protests in New York , Washington , D.C. , London and Seattle , protesters played the song through and shouted the phrase " Never gonna let you down ! " , in what The Guardian called " a live @-@ rolling of the Church of Scientology " . In response to a website created by Scientologists showing an anti @-@ Anonymous video , Project Chanology participants created a website with a similar domain name with a video displaying the music video to " Never Gonna Give You Up " . In a March 2008 interview , said that he found the of Scientology to be " hilarious " ; he also said that he will not try to capitalize on the phenomenon with a new recording or remix of his own , but that he 'd be happy to have other artists remix it . - Following the protests , there were reports that YouTube was freezing the view counts on videos criticizing Scientology , including clips from the protests themselves , potentially preventing them from being displayed on YouTube 's front page . Similarly , the original " Message to Scientology " video had received nearly 2 @.@ 5 million views and yet failed to be featured as a " most @-@ watched " . The net neutrality activist group strongly criticized YouTube for a " display of the decay of internet freedom " . YouTube 's official response stated : " There was an issue with video view counts not increasing that has now been resolved . The correct number of views should be displayed in the next 24 hours . for your patience . " - Jonathan Holmes , the presenter of the Australian program Media Watch , reported on two cases of media censorship of the protests . News.com.au a poster carried by a protester which was revealed , through a Today Tonight segment , to have displayed the word " " . The Advertiser erased Tom Cruise 's name from a protest placard , rendering the placard 's message meaningless , without informing its readers . The Advertiser 's editor , Melvin , stated that the alteration had " slipped by " and that he was opposed to the publication of photographs . - - = = = March – December 2008 = = = - - - = = = = March 2008 = = = = - - According to , a woman from Anonymous contacted them and stated that protests were planned against Scientology each month through May 2008 ; and that a large protest was planned for two days after Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard 's birthday , March 15 . Carlos of The Tampa Tribune reported that an " open letter to the press from Anonymous " was sent out via e @-@ mail , and states that a protest is planned for March 15 , 2008 . The e @-@ mail refers to the Ides of March : " We , too , wish to celebrate this event , albeit in our own special way ... the Ides of March , Church of Scientology ! " The March protests were titled " Operation Party Hard " . - began in Australia on March 15 , 2008 , and were followed by protests in major cities worldwide including Brussels , London , Seattle , Phoenix , Manchester , and Los Angeles . Approximately 7 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 people protested in about 100 cities worldwide . The protests took place in locations in Australia , Europe , Canada , and the United States . - Approximately 200 masked protesters gathered outside the Church of Scientology 's headquarters in Adelaide , Australia . An anonymous spokesman told News.com.au that Scientology should lose its tax @-@ exempt status . About 150 protesters came to the Street headquarters of Scientology in Toronto , Canada ; sang " Happy " and " we want cake " . During the Los Angeles protests , a plane flew overhead trailing a large sign that read " if you think Scientology is a cult . " 150 protesters demonstrated in Clearwater , Florida , and a local organizer for Anonymous told The Tampa Tribune , " We feel that we have an obligation to educate the public about the things that have gone on and hopefully make the Church of Scientology understand that they have to change . " - Two people were arrested by County , Georgia police for using while stepping onto the surrounding street opposite of the church during a protest . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution reported that five protesters were cited for " causing ' hazardous ' or ' offensive ' conditions " , and that eight motorists were pulled over by police and for excessive use of horns , after they while driving past the protest . The American Civil Liberties Union and Amnesty International are investigating the reaction of the police at the Atlanta protest . In contrast , a Los Angeles Police Department officer at the Los Angeles protest was widely praised after a video was uploaded to YouTube showing him acknowledging the demonstrators ' right to protest and encouraging them to stay on the for their own safety . - - = = = = April 2008 = = = = - - Anonymous held its third international protest against Scientology on April 12 , 2008 . Named " Operation " , the protest focused on increasing awareness of the Church of Scientology 's policy . Protesters around the world gathered in over 50 cities , including Toronto , London , Sydney , and Berlin . A subsequent international protest was planned for May 10 , 2008 , according to The University Register it was titled " Operation Earth " , and an additional protest was planned for June 2008 . According to John of The Village Voice , the May 10 , 2008 protests were referred to as " Operation : Fair Game : Stop " , and National Nine News has reported that the full title of the May 10 protests is " Earth : Operation Stop " . The May 10 date was chosen as May 9 is the anniversary of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard 's book : The Modern Science of Mental Health . Over 400 people were present at the May 10 , 2008 protests in cities in Australia . , a member of Anonymous , commented to about the Church of Scientology 's denial of its " Fair Game " policy : " Even if the name ' fair game ' is not in use , the Church of Scientology is an organisation that continues to practice a vicious policy of against perceived enemies , and it teaches its members that extreme measures are morally justified if they aid the Church . " - - = = = = May 2008 = = = = - - On May 10 , a teenager who went to the protests in front of the Queen Victoria Street Church of Scientology in London was issued a court summons after being asked to take down a sign that read " Scientology is not a religion , it is a dangerous cult " . anonymously on a forum , the teenager stated " Within five minutes of arriving ... I was told by a member of the police that I was not allowed to use ' that word ' " . He said that the police told him he had 15 minutes to take down the sign . The teenager did not , citing a 1984 high court ruling by Justice which he described the Church of Scientology as a " cult " that was " corrupt , sinister and dangerous " . The sign was then confiscated . Chakrabarti , the director of Liberty , a human rights group , said that , " They will be banning words like ' war ' and ' tax ' from placards and demonstrations next . This is just " . On May 23 , 2008 , the legal action against the boy was dropped . A Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) spokesman said : " In consultation with the City of London Police , we were asked whether the sign was abusive or insulting . Our advice is that it is not abusive or insulting and there is no ( as opposed to criticism ) , neither in the idea expressed nor in the mode of expression . " Anonymous also held a protest in Budapest , Hungary , in the same time and location as a program of the local Scientology church . - - = = = = June – October 2008 = = = = - - A protest was held June 14 , 2008 titled " Sea " ( a satirical reference to the Church of Scientology 's Sea Org ) . Protesters dressed up as pirates . According to Macquarie National News , members of Anonymous highlighted the controversial practices of the Sea Org , including what the protesters believe to be forced contracts where Scientologists work below a wage , that female Sea Org members who become pregnant are pressured to have , and that children of families in the organization are made to perform difficult physical labor . An international protest held on July 12 , 2008 titled : " Spy vs. Sci " highlighted the Church of Scientology 's Office of Special Affairs . A press release by the group posed the question : " Why does something that describes itself as a religion need an intelligence agency that aggressively critics ? " The group posted a video in early August 2008 calling for renewed activity in their protest efforts , and planned a subsequent international protest for August 16 , 2008 . About 35 protesters gathered twice in September 2008 during the first preview and premiere of Arthur Miller 's play All My Sons . They encouraged Scientologist Katie Holmes , wife of Tom Cruise , to leave the Church . The most recent international organized protest was held October 18 , 2008 . Members of Anonymous dressed as zombies , and highlighted what they described as questionable deaths and suicides of Scientologists . - - = = = = December 2008 = = = = - - The film , starring and produced by Tom Cruise , premiered in New York City on December 17 . Entertainment reporter Roger Friedman noted that it was held " in the private screening room at the Time Warner Center . Not the [ sic ] or Lincoln Square , where most premieres are held in public . " The venue was chosen in part to minimize the exposure to Scientology protestors gathered at the Time Warner Center . For the same reason , Cruise arrived at the December 18 Los Angeles screening through an underground tunnel . There were also Scientology protests at the European premiere in Berlin , where one protester got his V for Vendetta mask autographed by Tom Cruise . Chanology participants shared the with a person in a suit protesting against the hero worship of Claus von . - - = = = 2009 = = = - - - = = = = January – February 2009 = = = = - - On January 8 , 2009 , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old male member of Anonymous ran into the New York Scientology building shirtless and covered with , hair , and . He then proceeded to toss books around and smear the mixture on objects in the building . The man , identified by police as , was charged with , criminal mischief , and aggravated harassment as hate crimes . Two weeks later , 21 @-@ year @-@ old film student and Anonymous member Jacob was charged with aggravated harassment and criminal mischief as hate crimes after he filmed carrying out his prank . According to his mother and the video , was filming the event from behind the . Scientology critics Mark Bunker and Jason disagreed with the individual 's actions . - Anonymous organized a 12th global protest against Scientology for January 10 , 2009 , to coincide with the Chanology movement 's first anniversary . On February 10 , 2009 , Anonymous released a statement : " Scientology operatives still continue to paint Anonymous in a negative light as a means of distracting attention from Scientology operations and attempting to discredit those who bring truth to the issues at hand . It just isn ’ t working . " The group claimed credit for leaks of internal Scientology documents that appeared on the website , and announced further global protests for subsequent weekends in February 2009 . Members of Anonymous continued to celebrate the one @-@ year anniversary of the Chanology movement during February 2009 , with protests held in locations including , California . - - = = = = March – May 2009 = = = = - - On March 3 , 2009 , the Board of Supervisors in Riverside County , California , voted to approve an ordinance which residential there to 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) or further from an individual 's residence . The ordinance was originally introduced by Supervisor Jeff Stone , board chairman , in November 2008 , and went through multiple changes . Critics of the ordinance stated that Stone proposed the measure due to favor for Scientology , which has its compound located in Riverside County . " The whole ordinance is . The reasons behind it are , " said county resident Bishop . Stone stated the measure was intended for all residents of the county , though he cited protests at Scientology 's Gold Base facility which houses residences and Scientology 's Golden Era Productions as an example of why the ordinance is needed . Protesters at Gold Base have included members of Anonymous , and Scientology officials claimed they were " threatened with violence " . Protesters told the Board of Supervisors that due to the lack of near Gold Base , the anti @-@ ordinance would severely hamper the ability to protest outside the Scientology compound . - After stating on October 17 , 2008 , that he would plead guilty to involvement in the January 2008 DDoS attacks against Church of Scientology websites , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old self @-@ described member of Anonymous entered a guilty plea related to hacking charges in May 2009 . A release from the US Justice Department said that the individual , a resident of New Jersey , " participated in the attack because he considered himself a member of an underground group called ' Anonymous ' " . Thom , a spokesman for the Justice Department , said that the Church of Scientology had cooperated in the investigation . The individual faces a sentencing scheduled for August 2009 . - In May 2009 , members of Anonymous told WSMV @-@ TV that they were bullied by off @-@ duty security guards while protesting at a Scientology event in April in Nashville , Tennessee . According to WSMV @-@ TV , a protester stated he was assaulted by three Scientology security guards while on public property , 400 yd ( 370 m ) away from the Scientology building . The Church of Scientology had previously informed the security guards that the protesters were " dangerous people " . A protester was issued three citations by the Scientology security guards , but these were all dismissed by the district attorney . On May 8 , 2009 , WSMV @-@ TV reported that " laws appear to have been broken " in the manner in which the Scientology security guards handled the protesters . The Scientology security guards were not clearly identified as off @-@ duty police officers , and permits for the Scientology event attended by the Anonymous protesters were for the wrong day . " The armed people from the other county are not identified police officers . You 're looking for a problem " , said John M. L. Brown , a Fraternal Order of Police attorney . - - = = = = November 2009 = = = = - - In November 2009 , the New York Post interviewed former Scientologist Mandy Mullen , who had joined the Manhattan organization in 2008 after seeing information on 4chan about Chanology protests . Over the next year , she recalled cases of members being coerced into more and more money . When she told her " leader " that she had looked at websites run by anti @-@ Scientology protesters ( and disagreed with them ) , he reportedly replied " That 's like saying I don 't burn , I just like to party with the ! " In Fall 2008 Mullen left the church , joining a group of Chanology protesters across the street . Church of Scientology Manhattan President John Carmichael issued a response the following week , stating " Mandy Mullen 's story about Scientology ... is all lies in the service of Anonymous , a hate group that targets our Church , or even anyone who just falls onto their radar . " On November 13 , 2009 , Independent Australian Senator Nick used parliamentary privilege to accuse the Church of Scientology of being a criminal organisation . - - = = = Campaign against Scientology 's tax @-@ exempt status = = = - - A woman who stated she was a member of Anonymous told that the group has shifted strategy to activities which fight Scientology but are not deemed illegal by the United States government , including an attempt to get the Internal Revenue Service to investigate the Church of Scientology 's ( c ) ( 3 ) tax @-@ exempt status . Another woman from Anonymous told Newsweek that the group plans to accomplish this through a lobbying campaign . United States tax authorities removed the Church of Scientology 's tax @-@ exemption status in 1967 , stating that the organization 's techniques served as a for @-@ profit operation for L. Ron Hubbard . In 1984 , the United States Tax Court ruled that the Church of Scientology was guilty of " manufacturing and records to present to the , offices and stealing government documents , and government processes for unlawful purposes . " The Church of Scientology 's tax @-@ exempt status in the United States was reinstated in 1993 . - A member of Anonymous calling herself " " told Today Tonight that the group has longer term plans against the Church of Scientology : " We are incredibly determined ... There are those of us who have been talking about plans for the next 12 to 18 months . " A member of Anonymous calling herself " Sarah " spoke with Radar magazine about a letter @-@ writing campaign : " We 're sending letters to and requesting that their tax @-@ exempt status be looked at . " - - = = Church of Scientology response = = - - In a January 25 , 2008 statement made to News.com.au , a spokesman for the Church of Scientology said , " These types of people have got some wrong information about us . " A Toronto , Canada spokesperson for the Church of Scientology said she didn 't " give a damn " if the group Anonymous was responsible for disrupting access to the Scientology site . Church spokeswoman Shank told Sun Media that she thought the Anonymous members were a " pathetic " group of " computer " . On January 26 , 2008 , CNET News reported that Karin Pouw , public affairs director for the Church of Scientology , did not address their specific request for a comment about the denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks but instead only responded to the appearance of the Tom Cruise video on YouTube . Pouw stated that the video consisted of " and edited " of Cruise from a 2004 Scientology event , and that after the video appeared , there was increased traffic to Scientology sites as shown by top lists compiled by search engines . Pouw went on to state " Those wishing to find out the Church of Scientology 's views and to gain context of the video have the right to search official Church Web sites if they so desire . " - On January 28 , 2008 , Radar Online reported that the Church of Scientology asked the U.S. Attorney General 's office in Los Angeles , the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and the Los Angeles Police Department to start a criminal investigation of possible criminal activity related to the DDoS attacks . An unnamed source told Radar that the Church of Scientology argued to law enforcement that the Internet attacks are a form of " illegal interference with business . " Radar also reported that in statements to law enforcement the Church of Scientology emphasized its status as a religious organization in the United States in order to assert that the DDoS attacks can be classed as hate crimes . The day after the Church of Scientology complained to law enforcement about the DDoS attacks , one of the main Project Chanology sites was down , and a message on the site said that their site crashed due to attacks from Scientologists . In a statement issued to , a Church of Scientology employee confirmed that actions of Anonymous had been reported to law enforcement : " Activities of Anonymous have been reported to the Authorities and actions are being taken . Their activities are illegal and we do not approve of them . At the same time , our main work is to improve the environment , make people more able and spiritually aware . ... yes , we are taking action . " - The Church of Scientology issued a statement explaining the website move to Prolexic Technologies : " The attacks have defaced and rendered inoperable a number of CoS web sites . But as a very wealthy institution , the Church has fought back with technological answers . On January 21 , the Church of Scientology moved its domain to Prolexic Technologies , a group that specializes in protecting Web sites from [ denial of service ] attacks by creating a safe tunnel by filtering all incoming mail and then allowing only clean messages through . " - Lee Sheldon of the Church of Scientology of Orlando and Lee of the Church of Scientology of Santa Barbara issued similar statements regarding the February 2 , 2008 protests in Florida and California , respectively . Sheldon stated " we recognize the right to legal protest " , and said " People have the right to express themselves ... The Church of Scientology has always defended the right of freedom of expression . " Both representatives also expressed concerns regarding the spread of " hate speech " . - The Church of Scientology released a statement regarding the February 10 , 2008 worldwide protests , which was published February 7 , 2008 in the St. Petersburg Times . In the statement , the Church of Scientology called the organizers of the protests " " , and stated : " We take this seriously because of the nature of the threats this group has made publicly . We will take every step necessary to protect our parishioners and staff as well as members of the community , in coordination with the local authorities . " The statement also referred to the actions of members of Project Chanology as " hate crimes " and " religious " , and in a media release said that the group is guided by Communist and Mein ; one of the organizers of the protest responded to the latter allegation by stating : " I don 't know where they got that from , but I don 't think that 's true considering that I am a capitalist and a Jew " . Pat Harney , spokeswoman for the Church of Scientology in Clearwater , Florida told the St. Petersburg Times : " We are dealing with a worldwide threat ... This is not a light matter . " In preparation for the February 10 , 2008 protests outside Scientology 's spiritual headquarters in Clearwater , the Church of Scientology spent $ 4 @,@ 500 to hire ten off @-@ duty police officers for security . Clearwater Police Department spokeswoman Elizabeth Daly @-@ Watts stated that the off @-@ duty police officers will make sure that protesters do not on Scientology property or violate the law , but will report to police supervisors and not representatives of the Church of Scientology . - The Church of Scientology posted a YouTube video claiming that Anonymous are " terrorists " and alleging that Anonymous is " hate crimes " against the church . The video does not provide any evidence supporting their claims , and the FBI has not named any suspects for several of the threats mentioned . Anonymous has denied involvement in the more severe accusations . The church also released a DVD containing the YouTube video . The DVD called Anonymous a " dangerous " group and accused them of making threats against Scientology . Men claiming to be from the law firm Latham and Watkins delivered the DVD to family members of at least one person who protested . - YouTube user " " , which Radar Online described as an associate of Scientology , displayed the names and personal information of several supposed Anonymous members and accused the group of violent threats and terrorism . YouTube quickly took the video down and suspended the " " account . - The Church of Scientology sought an injunction and a order to prevent Anonymous from protesting on March 15 , 2008 , citing threats allegedly made by Anonymous . Both the injunction and the order were denied . On March 31 , 2008 , Radar Online reported that representatives of law firms delivered legal letters to suspected , often at their homes . The Church filed complaints of and criminal harassment against Boston organizer Gregg , who was charged with disturbing an assembly of worship , disturbing the peace , and harassment . The District Attorney 's office dropped the harassment charge , and Judge Thomas Horgan issued a without finding for the remaining charges . - In a May 8 , 2008 appearance on CNN , Church of Scientology spokesman Thomas W. Davis said that Scientology was " dealing with ninety @-@ six death threats , bomb threats , acts of violence , vandalism " from the group Anonymous . CNN 's John Roberts responded , stating that the Federal Bureau of Investigation found nothing connecting Anonymous to the Church of Scientology 's accusations of violence : " You are these accusations at this group , the , which is looking into it , says it has found nothing to connect this group Anonymous with what you 're talking about , or death threats against members of the church , the at this point says - it has no reason to believe that charges would be leveled against this group . " - - = = Reaction = = - - Andreas @-@ Lund , founder of the Scientology @-@ critical website and non @-@ profit organization Operation , released a statement criticizing the digital assault against Scientology . @-@ Lund commented , " People should be able to have easy access to both sides and make up their own opinions . Freedom of speech means we need to allow all to speak - including those we strongly disagree with . I am of the opinion that the Church of Scientology is a criminal organisation and a cult which is designed by its delusional founder to abuse people . I am still committed to fight for their right to speak their opinion . " He also stated that " Scientology like that will just make them play the religious persecution card ... They will use it to defend their own counter actions when they try to criticism and crush critics without mercy . " - Mark Bunker , an Emmy Award @-@ winning journalist and Scientology critic who runs the website , posted a video to YouTube and asked Anonymous to tone down their campaign against the Church of Scientology . According to NPR 's Morning Edition , Bunker has " become a revered voice to many members of Anonymous " , and they refer to him as " Man " . Bunker told Newsweek that he was pleased to see a large group of young individuals acting against Scientology , but stated he was also concerned for their safety : " I know the way Scientology works : they 're going to get these people in trouble ... I 'm very concerned about their safety , and I 'm concerned about the Scientologists ' safety , too . " Bunker stated that he has received 6 @,@ 000 from individuals who say they are part of Anonymous . Bunker attended the February 10 , 2008 protest against Scientology in Los Angeles . - Tory Christman , a critic of Scientology and former Scientologist from 1969 to 2000 , stated she disapproved of illegal tactics but felt encouraged by the new influx of critics of Scientology . Christman told Morning Edition : " It feels like we 've been out in this desert , fighting this group one @-@ on @-@ one by ourselves , and all of a sudden this huge army came up with not only tons of people , thousands of people , but better tools ... " Scientology critic Lerma told the St. Petersburg Times he was impressed by a video of a protest against Scientology which took place in Orlando , Florida : " I 've never seen anything like that before . This is incredible . I wouldn 't have believed it if I didn 't see it on a Web . " - In a February 4 , 2008 appearance on the television program Attack of the Show ! , Mark , journalist and author of the book Hollywood , , and Nick Douglas of Gawker.com commented on Project Chanology . stated that " their site is not really the best way to go about taking them ( the Church of Scientology ) down . Most critics you talk to want the Scientology site to be up there so that people who are interested can see the they have on the web and at the same time they can go - they are a few from getting a thousand other opinions . " Nick Douglas explained that the group decided to shift their strategy away from the attacks to Scientology websites : " Anonymous even decided that they were going to stop that attack , that it was a bad idea . It 's the usual thing they used to do when they really hadn 't had a thought out plan , and here they 're realizing they actually have to figure out some real plan against a real enemy . " - University of Alberta professor Stephen A. Kent weighed in on the issue , and said " I think these disruptions probably are illegal . At the very least , they ’ re forms of harassment ... We now have three parties involved . Anonymous , Scientology and law enforcement . " Kent stated that " The hacker community has been angry at Scientology for ( their ) attempts to block free speech on the Internet . " Reaction to the denial of service attack on the Church of Scientology websites was mixed in message board forums for PC World . Some readers praised the actions of Anonymous , while others commented that the DDoS attacks bring more attention to Scientology . The Economist likened the DDoS attacks used by Project Chanology to " techniques normally associated with , and terrorists " , and referred to Anonymous as " internet activists " . - Dan Schultz of PBS 's Lab commented that the movement " ... is a really fascinating case study of how current technologies and information via digital media can into something that actually results in real world action " . In a follow @-@ up piece , Schultz discussed the tools used by digital media to achieve community impact , including lower barriers to entry and greater through the use of information systems . Schultz wrote " For members of Anonymous I 'm betting most of these things are already unspoken " , and pointed to their use of and cited the forums of the website as an example of the group 's ability to collaborate effectively to accomplish goals . - In a May 8 , 2008 report on the recent actions of Anonymous against Scientology , CNN reporter Kareen Wynter commented : " Legal experts say the church may be facing its biggest challenge yet – trying to protect its image , in a loosely medium seen by millions of people . In a July 2008 interview with Entertainment Weekly , Alan Moore had this to say about the use of the Guy Fawkes motif , adopted from his comic V for Vendetta : " I was also quite the other day when watching the news to see that there were demonstrations outside the Scientology headquarters over here , and that they suddenly to a clip showing all these demonstrators wearing V for Vendetta [ Guy Fawkes ] masks . That pleased me . That gave me a warm little glow . " - - = = = Audio / video = = = - - Staff ( January 24 , 2008 ) . " Group To Scientology , Video : ' We Do Not ' - An anonymous group of hackers , known as " Anonymous " , has declared war on the Church of Scientology " . ( NBC Universal , Inc . ) . ( Video broadcast . ) - " Know Your : Project Chanology " , Know Your Season 2008 , Episode 13 , " " , YouTube , December 31 , 2008 . ( Video podcast ) - Seymour , Brian ( February 7 , 2008 ) . " The Anonymous war on Scientology : The Church of Scientology is already banned in several countries but now it is facing one of its biggest threats from a group called Anonymous . " . Today Tonight ( Yahoo ! News ) . ( Video broadcast ) - Wynter , Kareen ( May 8 , 2008 ) . " Scientology : The Church of Scientology faces a new breed of Internet attacks . Kareen Wynter reports . " . CNN . ( Video broadcast ) - Seabrook , Andrea ( January 27 , 2008 ) . " Target Scientology Web Sites " . All Things Considered ( NPR ) . ( Radio broadcast ) - Masters , Kim ; Montagne ( February 7 , 2008 ) . " ' Anonymous Attack on Scientologists : The fight started when the Scientologists tried to get a video of Tom Cruise off the Internet . " . Morning Edition : Digital Culture ( National Public Radio ) . ( Radio broadcast ) - , Brian ( February 11 , 2008 ) . " ' Anonymous ' Takes on Scientology : Online activists take their protest against the Church of Scientology to the streets . " . The Bryant Park Project ( National Public Radio ) . ( Radio broadcast ) - Miller , Nancy ; Baker , Chris ( September 30 , 2009 ) . " : The Offensive " . Wired News . ( Audio podcast ) - - = Transportation in Omaha = - - Transportation in Omaha , Nebraska , includes most major modes , such as pedestrian , bicycle , automobile , bus , train and airplane . While early transportation consisted of ferries , stagecoaches , steamboats , street railroads , and railroads , the city 's transportation systems have evolved to include the Interstate Highway System , boulevards and a variety of bicycle and pedestrian trails . The historic head of several important trails and the First Transcontinental Railroad , its center as a national transportation hub earned Omaha the nickname " Gate City of the West " as early as the 1860s . - During a tumultuous pioneer period characterized by its in proximity to the Western United States , transportation in Omaha demanded the construction of massive warehouses where frontier settlers could stock up and communities west of Omaha got food and supplies to build themselves with . and stagecoaches jammed the riverside city with a variety of newcomers , prospectors and characters . Early Omaha also landed the Union Pacific Railroad headquarters , leading to its important place in national railroad lore . - After quickly growing into a city , Omaha failed to pave its streets accordingly . A chaotic transportation system was highlighted by several miles of successful horsecar tracks ; however , the city only ever had four miles ( 6 km ) of cable car service . Several early suburbs were built on reliance of service from these lines , including Dundee , Benson and Kountze Place . In the early 1880s an extensive boulevard system was built to create a park @-@ like atmosphere for drivers throughout the city . The Trans @-@ Mississippi Exposition in 1889 led to the construction of many new transportation features , particularly the magnificent Station . - In the 1930s the city 's transportation system was marred by violent protests . Transit workers wanted to , and with the main company 's management against any effort to change Omaha 's reputation as a non @-@ city . After the introduction of buses in the early 1950s , streetcars were closed down , and in the last years of the decade the city began construction on its components in the Interstate Highway System . - Today Omaha 's transportation system is growing with the city , and trails for and pedestrians , as well as public transportation , highways and , and other innovations are being developed . The city has a section of the Lincoln Highway listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and there are more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of Interstate and freeway lanes , more than any other area in the state of Nebraska . - - = = Pioneer period = = - - Omaha was not projected to become a great city or bigger than its neighbor across the Missouri River , Council Bluffs , Iowa . In 1856 a land speculator reported to his East Coast concerns that , - " C. Bluffs is steadily growing down towards the river and someday it will be one great city on both sides the river with Rail Road & foot & Carriage Bridges connecting the two – and this is now the hope and talk of the . " - J. Barker , 1856 . - In August 1859 Abraham Lincoln visited land he had invested in Council Bluffs , and while there did not consider it worth the time to cross the river to the village of Omaha . - - = = = Water traffic = = = - - In 1804 , fifty years before the city of Omaha was founded , the Lewis and Clark Expedition first arrived via the Missouri River . The 1806 Fort Lisa and 1820 's Trading Post were important fur trading outposts located in proximity to the river , along with earlier 's Post in Bellevue . The Engineer was built by Captain Stephen Watts 's Yellowstone Expedition in 1819 . The Expedition 's craft , the Western Engineer , was the first steamboat to successfully venture up the Missouri River to the Omaha @-@ Council Bluffs area . - The Missouri was the reason Omaha was founded , and continued to be important to the city 's growth for many years . In 1853 William D. Brown had the first vision for the city , leading him to found the Lone Tree Ferry crossing the Missouri River from Council Bluffs , Iowa . Later the Council Bluffs and Nebraska Ferry Company hired Alfred D. Jones to Omaha City , which was among the first settlements in the Nebraska Territory . Along with the Lone Tree Ferry Landing in Downtown Omaha , other ferries were established in the Omaha area at Florence , Saratoga and Bellevue . Large steamboats would carry provisions up the Missouri from St. Louis , the warehouses in Canyon and loading the trains of the Union Pacific and at the Omaha Depot , which in turn supplied the U.S. Army 's Department of the Platte . - The Banner State was the first steamboat to land materials for building the city in early 1854 , before the city was formally founded . Until 1879 Captain Joseph La was the principal figure among the Missouri steamboat captains in the early years of the city . According to J. Sterling Morton , the golden era for on the Missouri was from 1855 to 1860 , just before the advent of the railroads . In 1857 , 174 steamboats carrying 13 @,@ 000 tons of freight tied up at Omaha wharves . When Omaha became the outfitting center for Colorado gold headed for Peak in 1859 , 268 steamboats arrived at Omaha between March and November . - With railroads becoming the dominant form of long @-@ range shipping and passenger travel in the early 1870s , like those in Omaha became obsolete . However , as late at 1949 the steamship Avalon was letting passengers in Omaha , before becoming one of the famous St. Louis steamboats in the 1960s . - - = = = = = = - - In 1863 , ground was broke near Miller 's Landing on the Missouri River for the First Transcontinental Railroad . Along with local financier Edward Creighton , George Francis Train was the promoter who was mostly responsible for the city landing the railroad . He was made rich from its convenient placement near land that he owned ( near Deer Park . The Union Pacific Railroad has been headquartered in Omaha since its inception in 1867 . In 1872 , Union Pacific opened the first [ railroad ] bridge across the Missouri to Omaha . - - = = = Trails = = = - - In the 1860s and 1870s , the city became a major outfitting center for the major trails that went across Nebraska , including the Oregon , California and Mormon Trails . Canyon was built in Downtown Omaha for the purpose of outfitting these migrants . lines had arrived by 1858 , including the Local Stage Coach Company in 1857 , and the Western Stage Company which began its easterly and routes in Omaha . The Pony Express and Wells lines maintained offices in the city . - - = = = Streets = = = - - Omaha had terrible streets through the late 1880s , which caused many residents to believe the city was not progressing appropriately . This lack of by the city government was caused by property owners throughout the city who did not want to pay for improvements . On rainy days stagecoaches would sink up to their , and residents wore knee @-@ high boots to through the mud , and at times rivers ran through the streets . - - = = = Public transportation = = = - - In 1867 Ezra , Andrew J. , and Augustus Kountze formed the Omaha Horse Railway Company to provide horsecar service in the city . By the late 1870s the line had five miles ( 8 km ) of track , 10 cars , 70 horses , 20 employees and 495 @,@ 000 passengers annually . The Omaha Cable Company was the city 's only cable car , and started in 1884 and ended in 1895 after consolidating with the Horse Railway as the Omaha Street Railway Company . In 1896 the new company disbanded as competitors moved in . An electric car was built by Benson between Omaha and Benson specifically to promote that suburbs development during this time . - - = = 1880s - 1950 = = - - - = = = Streets = = = - - In 1880 only a quarter mile of Omaha 's estimated 118 miles ( 190 km ) of streets were paved . In 1883 Andrew , brother of newspaper owner Edward , became city engineer and began an ambitious project to modernize city streets . By 1886 the city had 44 miles ( 71 km ) of paved streets , including , Colorado sandstone , Sioux Falls granite and wooden blocks . - In 1889 Horace Cleveland proposed that the city of Omaha develop a series of " broad ornamental avenues , known as boulevards or " designed " with a arrangement of trees and shrubbery at the sides and in the center " , similar to the comprehensive plans of European cities in the mid @-@ 19th century . His plan was accepted by the city 's Parks Commission , resulting in the construction of Omaha 's Mile Boulevard in 1892 , and dozens of other boulevards in the through to the present . Today , and Lincoln boulevards are among the many remnants of the early plan ; Parkway is a modern version of the historical plan . Saddle Creek Boulevard , currently known as Saddle Creek Road , which was originally the westernmost boulevard in the system . - - = = = Bridges = = = - - While the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was the first railroad bridge across the river , the 1 @,@ 400 @-@ foot ( 430 m ) Douglas Street Bridge opened in 1888 as the first road bridge . The East Omaha Bridge was originally opened in 1893 , and rebuilt a decade later in 1903 . The Mormon Bridge was first attempted to be built across the river in 1932 , and failed ; it was finally successfully constructed in 1952 . The South Omaha Bridge opened in 1936 . The Knights of @-@ @-@ Ben operated the Douglas Street Bridge as a toll bridge from 1938 to 1947 . The bridge was removed in 1968 . Traffic was carried by a new girder bridge built in 1966 for I @-@ 480 . The Saddle Creek , over which is the Dodge Street , was completed in 1934 by the Works Progress Administration . Over 1 @,@ 175 cubic yards ( m3 ) of dirt were excavated to lower Saddle Creek Road sufficiently to pass under the overpass , which is still in use today . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 , it is part of the Bridges in Nebraska Multiple Property as well . - - = = = Highways = = = - - In 1889 Otto built Omaha 's first auto , an electric car . The " " was the first of nearly a dozen car manufacturers eventually started in Omaha . The weighed 265 pounds , had two cylinders , and could achieve a speed of 15 miles per hour . An " Auto Row " developed along Farnam Street and featured dealers , , and parts stores . - The original Lincoln Highway in Omaha was designated through Omaha in 1913 . Crossing the Missouri River into Omaha on the old Douglas Street Bridge , it traveled west on Dodge Street , then meandered across the state following section lines . Some of these sections were built exclusively to accommodate the highway . Important buildings on the Lincoln Highway in Omaha included the Building , the Nash Building at @-@ Farnam and @-@ 911 Douglas streets , and the Blackstone Hotel at Farnum Street and 36th Street . Additionally , the Rose Performance Arts Center at 20th and Farnum Street and the Farnum Street Automobile Row , from 30th to 40th Streets were both important landmarks . - In 1930 49 @,@ 128 were registered in Omaha ; ten years later 65 @,@ were registered to drive on local streets . - After trucks became popular in the , the Omaha Stockyards grew . , and sheep were shipped cheaper by truck than by trains . In 1919 27 % of livestock at the Stockyards was shipped by truck ; by 1940 's it rose to over 75 % . In 1955 the Stockyards became the biggest livestock distribution center in the United States , and almost all of the cattle was shipped by truck . - - = = = Airport = = = - - The aforementioned provided Omaha with another invention by successfully flying an airship in the city in 1889 . In 1929 a bond was passed that would construct the Omaha Municipal Airport in East Omaha . This was thought to embody the city 's hope for the future ; however , air travel did not become popular in Omaha until the 1960s . The land was swampy and had to be filled in with silt taken from the bottom of Carter Lake . Northwest Airlines started service between Minneapolis and Omaha in 1930 . - In the late 1940s Eppley Airfield was completed . In 1959 the airport was named for Eugene C. Eppley , the Omaha Eppley Hotel magnate . Eppley 's estate donated $ 1 million to be used to convert the Omaha Municipal Airport into a jet port . - - = = = Public transportation = = = - - The Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company was founded in 1886 in order to span the Missouri River . In the late 1880s the city had five franchise companies providing transit services within city limits . They included the Omaha and Southwestern Street Railway Company , which provided services to Kountze Place , Dundee , Park and the Gold Coast neighborhoods . Short lines ran with limited purposes : one went only to a baseball field at the end of its line , while another ran to and from a park . - By 1901 local businessman W. Wattles consolidated several of the older horsecar and cable car companies to create the Omaha and Council Bluffs Streetcar Company , which later became the Omaha Traction Company . After receiving a 30 @-@ year franchise from the city of Omaha , the company established a mass transit system that covered the entire city , including commuter trains and . - - = = = = Traction Company strike = = = = - - Wattles was vehemently opposed to , and in 1909 fought strikes in favor of with hired policemen and rampant violence . By 1934 the Association of Street and Electric Railway was organized in Omaha . - However , by April 1935 the fragile truce between pro @-@ open shop management and pro @-@ union forces broke . A long , violent strike ensued . were hired , and within four days the company rolled out heavily fortified streetcars , complete with windows covered by heavy wire and armed guards on board . While few cars attracted passengers , the cars encountered little resistance . The company resisted calls for arbitration from the Omaha City Council , and continued employing . In early May violence broke out , with rifle attacks , violent and bombings across the city . In June riots broke out throughout the city with burning streetcars , looting and two deaths . The city government lost control of the violence and called in the National Guard , which sent 1 @,@ 800 troops while Governor Robert declared martial law and ordered the streetcars to stop running . After the governor intervened and Wattles allowed arbitration , a number of agreements were made . However , no changes occurred , and stayed on the job . The violence ended , court cases ensued , and the situation slowly faded away . The Omaha Traction Company never . - - = = = Omaha Belt Line = = = - - The Omaha Belt Line was formed in 1883 by the Union Pacific ; some dealings by Jay Gould brought the Belt Line into the control of the Missouri Pacific Railroad by 1885 , when it was constructed with Union Pacific materials under the control of the . Stations along with Line included the Florence Depot , Webster Street Station and the Station . by that company until the early 1960s , today the Line is largely abandoned , with a section redeveloped into the recreational Trail . - - = = 1950 @-@ present = = - - - = = = Streets = = = - - Starting in 1950 the city has continuously developed and redeveloped its major streets , particularly relying on them for east @-@ west traffic . Major east @-@ west in Omaha include Fort , Ames , Maple , , Dodge , Pacific , Center , L , Q and Harrison streets . Major north @-@ south in Omaha include North and South 24th streets , 30th street , Saddle Creek Road , and 72nd , 84th , 90th , and 120th streets . South 10th Street is important in South Omaha . - - = = = Highways = = = - - The first long segment of Interstate 80 in Nebraska to be opened was a fifty @-@ mile section between Dodge Street in Omaha and the West Lincoln interchange in 1961 . - Construction of the freeway in North Omaha in the 1970s faced many hurdles . Built immediately after the construction of I @-@ 480 , this 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) section was originally supposed to be designated as Interstate 580 . However , the city refused to invest the additional money the federal government required in order to gain the designation . Coupled with social unrest in the 1970s , the highway is blamed for causing a 30 percent housing loss and major increase in crime . The freeway became the route of U.S. Highway 75 and is known locally as the North Freeway . - Today , Omaha is well connected to the Interstate Highway System . The city has eleven highway exits along Interstate 80 . From that Interstate drivers can connect to Nebraska Highway 50 , US 275 / 92 , I @-@ 680 and I @-@ 480 / US 75 . Continuing north , I @-@ 680 connects with I @-@ 29 near Crescent , Iowa and with I @-@ 80 near , Iowa ; I @-@ 480 cuts through Downtown Omaha to connect with I @-@ 29 in Council Bluffs , Iowa . The North Freeway also veers from I @-@ 480 , and in 2005 , the Nebraska Department of Roads began a project to bring the I @-@ 480 / US 75 interchange up to Interstate standards . Construction is expected to be complete in 2009 , and it is unknown if the North Freeway will receive an Interstate designation upon completion of the project . - There are a number of important arterial roads throughout Omaha . U.S. Route 75 comes south through Omaha from Fort along North 30 Street , North Freeway , I @-@ 480 and Kennedy Freeway , exiting through Bellevue . U.S. Route 6 crosses into the city from Council Bluffs on I @-@ 480 , also called the Gerald R. Ford Freeway in honor of the Omaha native son . It then follows Dodge Street , until it intersects South Street , when it runs south towards . Nebraska Highway 64 assumes the route of the former Military Road northwest out of Omaha , following Maple Road and West Maple Road to converge with US 275 at Waterloo . US 275 becomes Nebraska Highway 92 after crossing the South Omaha Veterans Memorial Bridge , following Missouri Avenue , which then becomes " L " Street . At South Street , at which point it veers northeast to follow the old Mormon Trail along Industrial Road when it joins West Center Road , crossing the Platte River and continuing westward . - In 2005 a portion of the Lincoln Highway in Omaha was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . - - = = = = Traffic monitoring = = = = - - Beginning in fall 2007 there will be more than 30 traffic cameras operating on Omaha area freeways , including one at I @-@ 80 near and another on West Dodge near 120th Street . by the Nebraska Department of Roads , the sensors and cameras are not used to catch or for other traffic enforcement . The state also operates an extensive traffic operations center that utilizes the cameras to monitor Omaha traffic patterns . Similar to traffic monitoring centers in Lincoln and North Platte , the one in Omaha is the biggest and has the greatest capability to provide traffic information . - - = = = Public transportation = = = - - The Omaha Traction Company , which operated as the Street Railway Company , changed its name to the Omaha Transit Company when service ended in the city in 1952 . After World War II preferred their automobiles and new highways . When the Urban Mass Transit Act of 1964 was passed , Omaha 's private transit companies were not able to apply for federal subsidies available to public transit operators . The Omaha Transit Company ceased operations on June 30 , 1972 , when the City of Omaha assumed authority for public transportation in the city . City Transit Lines , another private company in Omaha , went out of business on that day as well . The Metro Area Transit Authority was created by the Nebraska Legislature , consisting of a five @-@ member board appointed by the mayor and confirmed by Omaha 's City Council and the Douglas County Commissioners . It acquired the assets of the Omaha Transit Company and selected assets of the City Transit Lines of Council Bluffs , along with more than $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in federal funding . The Authority operates today as Metro Area Transit , or MAT . - Today the Authority the level of service , miles and hours of operation within Omaha , and maintains individual service contracts with local authorities outside Omaha . Currently , MAT has three contracts , including the cities of Council Bluffs , Bellevue and the Tri @-@ Communities of , and . - MAT recently completed three new transit centers , which function much like airport . Located at Benson Park , Mall , and Metro Community College in South Omaha , they are designed to bolster the city 's public needs . These join existing centers in and North Omaha . - - = = = = Light rail = = = = - - In recent years the city of Omaha has grown , and with a renewed focus on public transit , there have been plans for new streetcars and light rail in the city , including a movement initiated by former mayor Hal , which in a 2003 City Council action , failed to reach approval by only one vote . The currently proposed streetcars would cost $ 55 million and run in a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) loop through Downtown Omaha and . It would cost about $ 2 million per year to operate and would serve almost 7 @,@ 000 passengers in its first year . One route would run the cars from Creighton University near 20th and Webster streets , proceeding east to 10th Street , passing by the Center and moving south to Jackson Street in the Old Market . After that it would then move west to 16th Street and then north to Farnam before returning to 10th Street . - - = = = Air = = = - - Today Eppley Airfield sits on 2 @,@ 650 acres ( 10 @.@ 7 km2 ) and handles approximately 400 flights a week . There are two that hold 20 gates . The airport handled more than 4 @.@ 4 million passengers in 2007 , and as of September 2008 , Southwest Airlines is the largest carrier handling approximately 24 percent of passengers . United is the second @-@ largest carrier , handling approximately 19 percent of passengers . Currently all regularly scheduled flights from Eppley Airfield terminate within the United States . - Airlines serving Omaha include American , Delta , Frontier , Southwest , United and US Airways . - - = = = Trails = = = - - Omaha was completely devoid of trails leading up to early 1989 . That year the city began developing trails , and since then the city of Omaha has developed approximately 67 miles ( 108 km ) of paved recreational trails , and another 35 miles ( 56 km ) of trails are scheduled for completion within the next eight years . - and unpaved trails and paths are used for recreational and commuter purposes throughout the city . Popular among , runners , and recreational , these trails are included in comprehensive plans for the city of Omaha , the Omaha metro area , Douglas County , and long @-@ distance coordinated plans between the municipalities of southeast Nebraska . - The Missouri River Bridge will connect Miller 's Landing to Council Bluffs in 2009 . A trail will run the length of the river from the South Omaha Bridge to Dodge Park . - - = = = Water traffic = = = - - An anomaly in the city 's transportation is the River City Star , a passenger that sails between Omaha and Council Bluffs . The boat is docked at Miller 's Landing near the Center , near mile marker on the Missouri River . - for public usage are operated by the Omaha Parks and Recreation Department . Dodge Park , located in North Omaha , has 326 slips , while the new Marina in Downtown Omaha has 31 . Levi Carter Park , which has a long history as a water haven , offers non @-@ restricted boating for jet , recreational boating and water skiing . No wake boating allowed available at Lake Cunningham , Standing Bear Lake or Lake ; however , these lakes offer opportunities for sailing , fishing and pleasure boating . Cunningham Lake offers a small marina where rental boats are available . - The Port of Omaha was located downtown where Miller 's Landing is now . In addition to handling barge shipments of grain , it also handled inbound shipments of steel and asphalt . - The Omaha District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates from the city . - - = = Image gallery = = - - - - = Clocks ( song ) = - - " Clocks " is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay . It was written and composed , as a collaboration between all the members of the band , for their second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head . Built around a piano riff , the song features cryptic lyrics of contrast and urgency themes . Several remixes of the track exist and its riff has been widely sampled . - " Clocks " debuted to critical and commercial success , with critics mainly commenting on the song 's piano melody . It was released in the United Kingdom as the third single from A Rush of Blood to the Head , where it reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart . It was released in the United States as the album 's second single , it reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart . It won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year . - - = = Background and writing = = - - " Clocks " was written and composed during the late stages of production of Coldplay 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head . A riff into Chris Martin 's mind late one night in Liverpool when he came in to the studio , where he then developed it on piano . According to Martin , " Clocks " was inspired by the English rock band . Martin presented the riff to the band 's guitarist , Jonny Buckland , who then added a layer of guitar chords to the basic track : " He picked up his guitar [ a sure sign that he likes a song ] and played these brilliant chords ... It was like a chemical reaction process . " ( The syncopated piano that gives the song its signature sound also bears a similarity to a syncopated that is repeated several times in Alex De 's 1981 instrumental " . " ) - Before writing and composing " Clocks , " the band had already written 10 songs for the album . But as they thought it was too late for the song 's inclusion in the album , since A Rush Of Blood To The Head was nearing completion , they recorded a demo and saved it with other unfinished tracks , labeling it " Songs for # 3 ; " the band projected these tracks for what would be their third album . - By June 2002 , Coldplay were ready to present the album to their record label . However , Martin felt it was " rubbish ; " they were so far from being completely satisfied with the album that both the band and delayed the release . After a headlining tour , Coldplay went on working " Songs for # 3 . " Phil Harvey , a friend of Martin and the band 's manager , heard it and him on to rework " Clocks " immediately . With lyrics that speak of urgency , Harvey pointed out that its meaning would contradict Martin 's idea of the track . Thus persuaded by Harvey , Martin then further developed " Clocks , " while other band members supplemented their ideas based on the main piano track , adding bass and drums . Coldplay recorded the song very quickly , since they were running after the postponed schedule of A Rush of Blood to the Head , which was released two months later . - - = = Composition = = - - " Clocks " has a repeating piano melody , and features a of drums and bass guitar . Martin applied an , with emphasis that a three against two , as well as a descending scale on the piano chord progression , which switches from major to minor chords . The music of " Clocks " is also provided using synthesizers and a sparse string arrangement . - The themes of the lyrics include contrast , contradictions and urgency . According to Jon of MTV News , " Martin seems to address the of being in a dysfunctional relationship he doesn 't necessarily want to escape . " The lyrics are cryptic ; the ending lines of the second verse emphasize emotion : " Come out upon my seas / missed opportunities / Am I a part of the cure / Or am I part of the disease ? " The song 's title also " alludes " to its lyrics , " pushing one to wonder about the world 's obsession with time while connecting it to the theory : make the best of it when we ’ re here , present and alive . " - The song is in the key of E flat , with a main chord progression of E ♭ - B ♭ m - . - - = = Personnel = = - - Chris Martin – lead vocals , piano , synthesizer - Jonny Buckland – electric guitar - Guy – bass guitar - Will Champion – drums , backing vocals - - = = Release and music video = = - - Coldplay released " Clocks " in Europe on 24 March 2003 as the album 's third single . The single was issued with two B @-@ sides : " Animals , " which was one of the band 's favourite songs performed on tour but was not included in the album , and " of Waves . " The single 's cover , created by as with the album 's and its other singles , is a portrayal of Chris Martin . Across the United States , while preparing " The " as the album 's second release , Coldplay 's US label felt the song failed to " provide enough of a blood rush for American listeners ; " instead , they released " Clocks " as the second single in the US . - A music video was filmed in support of the song . It was directed by British film maker Dominic , and shot at ' Building in London . It features the band performing the song , with a laser show , in front of a staged audience , mostly local college students . Stage effects and blue @-@ red light transitions give the video a surreal feel , while a stoic crowd make up the audience . - - = = Reception = = - - The song received acclaim from music critics . Rob Sheffield , in his review of the album for Rolling Stone magazine , said : that " [ guitarist ] Buckland shines in excellent psychedelic rockers such as ... ' Clocks . ' " David of The Daily Telegraph said that " Clocks " features a " hypnotic piano riff , a pounding , almost rhythm , and a tune , all building to a gorgeously serene climax with Martin 's voice singing . " Scott , music critic for magazine , described the song as " a stunningly pretty piano rocker , absolutely perfect and is simply one of the finest songs of the decade . " - " Clocks " won the Record of the Year at the 2004 Grammy Awards . It was nominated for Best Single at the 2003 Q Awards . " Clocks " was ranked at number 68 on Pitchfork 's Top 100 Singles of 2000 @-@ 04 . It was ranked at number 155 on Pitchfork Media 's 500 Greatest Songs of the 2000s list . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 148 on its list " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " . In February 2013 the song was voted by listeners of BBC Radio 6 Music as the greatest song released during the 10 years the station had been broadcasting . - The single was successful in radio throughout 2003 and appeared on several singles charts worldwide . In the United Kingdom , the song peaked at number nine and in the United States rose to number 29 . It also reached number seven in Canada and number 28 in Australia . - - = = = The piano riff and its parallels = = = - - " Clocks " has been regarded as one of the finest achievements of Coldplay ; the song 's piano progression remains the band 's signature creation . According to The New York Times , the opening piano arpeggios of " Clocks " have been widely sampled . Also , many of the songs in X & Y feature influences from " Clocks . " Brian Cohen of Billboard magazine noted that " Clocks " served as a " launching pad " for songs featured in X & Y , " several of which echo that track either in structure or feel . " " Speed of Sound , " the first single from Coldplay 's third album , X & Y , is similar to " Clocks , " in that the two songs have the same descending chord progression . According to The New York Times , American singer Sparks 's 2008 single " No Air " " life into the piano line " from " Clocks . " The song " Should I Go " by American singer Brandy Norwood , from her album Afrodisiac , samples the piano riff of " Clocks , " as does Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández 's 2007 single " Te A . " In 2009 , French DJ David , featuring Kelly Rowland , released the song " When Love Takes Over , " which has a piano introduction like " Clocks . " A riff similar to " Clocks " was also used for the 2009 song " Shining Down " by hip hop artist and featuring Matthew Santos . An analogous riff can also be heard in the DJ Cahill Remix of the Agnes song I Need You Now . Rolling Stone ranked it # 490 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010 . - - = = Usage in media = = - - Throughout 2003 , " Clocks " was featured in various commercials , movies and television programs : from the BBC using a sample to advertise TV , WWE promos featuring the return of American professional wrestler Kurt Angle , HBO , the 2002 Irish drama film In America , and an episode of the American medical drama television series ER . The song was played in its entirety during the ending credits for the 2003 film Confidence and was also featured on the TV shows The , Third Watch , , and Family Guy . In late 2003 , the song was used in a trailer for the movie Peter Pan . This song was also used in the 2006 Disney film , The Wild and the 2014 Blue Skies film , Rio 2 . - - = = version and remixes = = - - A number of versions and remixes of " Clocks " exist . - Norwegian duo made a remixed version of the song , pressed on 1000 , limited @-@ edition 12 " vinyl records , 100 of which were made available through the band 's official website . The version placed fifth in the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2003 ( the original version of the song placed 69th the previous year ) . - In 2004 , R & B singer Brandy , together with producer Timbaland , sampled " Clocks " for her song " Should I Go " on her fourth studio album Afrodisiac . - A remixed cover of the song is included on the soundtrack of the 2007 video game Dance Dance Revolution : Hottest Party for the Wii console . - The song , albeit with altered lyrics , appears in the Two and a Half Men episode " Your Magic . " - Live versions appeared on Coldplay 's live albums Live 2003 , ( 2009 ) , and Live 2012 . - A version of the song in the style of Buena Vista Social Club appears on the 2006 Rhythms del Mundo album . - A further version based on the 2006 Rhythms Del Mundo version was released as part of the 2010 album Revival . It features " " of Los Van Van . - - = = Track listings = = - - Official remixes - " Clocks " ( Heart Mix ) - " Clocks " ( le Grand Remix ) - " Clocks " ( Deep Mix ) - " Clocks " ( Gabriel & Dresden ' I Gotta Thank You ' Mix ) - " Clocks " ( Tom Middleton 's Cosmos Mix ) - " Clocks " ( Judge Jules Remix ) - " Clocks " ( David X Mix ) - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Khoo @-@ = - - Khoo @-@ ( Chinese : ; pinyin : ; h @-@ @-@ : @-@ ; born 2 March 1956 ) is a Malaysian author and speaker on contemporary application of the 500 BC Chinese military treatise , The Art of War , by renowned military strategist Sun Tzu . In the 1990s , Khoo was the first Sun Tzu student in South @-@ east Asia to link and teach the general 's principles in relation to business and management . To date , Khoo has written over 26 business and management books , most of which are based on Sun Tzu 's Art of War as he made it his life 's mission to " " as many people as possible . In 1997 , although a Malaysian citizen , he was appointed as honorary Assistant Superintendent of Police by the Singapore Police Force in recognition for his contribution as consultant @-@ trainer to the police force of Singapore . His first novel , Taikor , was nominated by the National Library of Malaysia for the 2006 International Dublin Literary Award . Since 1999 , Khoo has gone into retirement and occasionally travels in Malaysia and Singapore to share the wisdom of Sun Tzu 's strategies for success and happiness upon requests from his readers and supporters . - - = = Life = = - - - = = = Early years = = = - - Khoo was born in 1956 in the state of Malaysia . He received his formal education at St. Xavier 's Institution before leaving for Singapore in 1974 , to continue his pre @-@ university education at St. Joseph 's Institution . After completing his studies in 1978 , he worked as a journalist with The Star in Kuala until 1980 when he joined Malaysia 's largest sugar refinery , Malayan Sugar Manufacturing Company , as a personnel manager . - To help him in tackle the numerous challenging tasks he faced in Malayan Sugar then , his future wife , Judy , gave him some notes of her translation of Sun Tzu 's Art of War from Chinese to English , as he is not in Chinese . Khoo immediately took keen interest in the military treatise and began to learn and apply Sun Tzu 's teachings into his work . Throughout his professional career , Sun Tzu 's Art of War was his indispensable guide . Khoo married Judy , a former Taiwanese singer in early 1982 . In 1983 , he moved to Kuala as sales and marketing manager . When Asian sugar Robert was invited to turn around the ailing Multi @-@ Purpose group of companies in 1987 , Khoo joined them as administration manager at Magnum Corporation . In 1989 , he left Magnum to head the personnel and administration department of Holdings , where he later became the general manager within just four months , managing The Mall shopping complex . Khoo initiated a series of management and sales policies that enabled The Mall to secure the ' Best Mall ' award for two years in a row . In the same year , he began writing his first best @-@ seller hit ; War at Work – Applying Sun Tzu 's Art of War in Today 's Business World , which was a collection of memoranda based on Sun Tzu 's Art of War he wrote to his managers at The Mall . - From the early 1980s , Khoo tried to pursue a Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree from various universities , but all of them rejected his application as he did not possess a first degree for admission . Khoo only had two professional – a in Administrative Management and a in and Finance from . He finally received an unconditional offer from the University of after he impressed the visiting Director of the MBA programme showing how he managed the award @-@ winning shopping mall . In 1989 , accompanied by his wife , he left Malaysia to pursue his MBA studies in Scotland and graduated with in 1991 . Instead of returning to Malaysia , he went to Singapore again to seek better opportunities there and was offered the job as Director of Operations for Kentucky ( ) . - - = = = = = = - - In early 1994 , Khoo was from as a result of an ownership change , despite contributing to increased sales and profitability . He said : - Months before leaving my office , I had already looked around for another job , but unfortunately , top jobs are hard to come by . I felt like a then . It occurred to me then that if no wanted to employ me , then I would be my own little warlord and employ myself . - From his home near Park , Khoo set up Training & Management Ltd , a training and consultancy firm , which assisted clients in planning and implementing strategies , and motivating their executives through his proprietary " Management : The Sun Tzu Way " programmes . He runs the company with his wife , who handles all the accounting and administration . Half of his time is spent elsewhere , conducting management for businessmen and employees of multinational corporations . Khoo also part @-@ time on Strategic Management for Singapore Institute of Management 's external degree programmes . In early 1999 , he co @-@ authored with Nigel Munro @-@ Smith , a lecturer at University in Australia , to produce a book titled Reader Friendly Strategic Management that brings out the of strategic management for . - - = = = Early retirement = = = - - In 1999 , at the age of 43 , Khoo decided to ' hang up his sword ' ( as described in his own words ) to live a quiet and leisurely life in Cameron Highlands of Malaysia , with his wife and their " four @-@ legged son , " , a Yorkshire to this very day . When asked on his decision to live in the mountains , Khoo said : - Life is more than work , work , work or just making money . I don 't want to be like the preacher in the Book of who lamented that he looked on all that he had to do , and he only vanity and a striving after wind . We may not be very wealthy but we have made enough to live by since we do not to a lavish lifestyle . So why not have time to do the things we like to do for a change ? - The seclusion of his mountain sanctuary offers him a good opportunity to pursue and enjoy his lifelong passion in writing his books at a leisurely pace . Upon requests from his readers and supporters , Khoo still travels once a month for a few days to " " – a term he coined for sharing the wisdom of Sun Tzu 's strategies for success and happiness for his and conference audiences . Khoo has " " thousands of " pupils " of his clients , among whom were well @-@ known corporations like , Systems , Citibank , @-@ , Intel , Johnson & Johnson , Port of Singapore Authority , among many others , and also government bodies such as the Prime Minister 's Office of Singapore , and Malaysia . To keep in touch with his readers , Khoo writes monthly touching on contemporary issues using Sun Tzu 's perspective . While not travelling in the region to teach , he enjoys writing fiction and has had three fiction books published to date – Taikor , and Nanyang . - - = = = Commendation = = = - - As a consultant @-@ trainer to the Singapore Police Force since 1995 , Khoo has taught many police officers in Singapore how to use Sun Tzu 's principles of " " to be effective leaders and team builders . In 1997 , he was sent for intensive training and thereafter appointed as honorary Assistant Superintendent of Police ( ) in recognition for his contribution to the police force of Singapore . On 1 July 2009 , Khoo was promoted to the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police for his long years of service to the police force . Khoo was listed as one of the top 50 great minds and thinkers by Great , an American think @-@ tank , for being " one of the outstanding figures in their own fields of , who have taught and enlightened the minds of other fellow human beings all over the world . " - - = = His works = = - - - = = = Sun Tzu series = = = - - Sun Tzu ( pinyin : Sun ; c . 544 BC — BC ) was a native of the Qi state ( now county in Shandong ) during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history , that was characterised by factions and a fragmented state . He came to the attention of King He Lu of Wu , who was impressed by his 13 @-@ chapter military treatise , The Art of War . In 512 BC , He Lu made Sun Tzu his Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Wu army . For almost 20 years , the armies of Wu were victorious over their hereditary enemies , the kingdoms of Chu and Yue . In BC , after He Lu died from his wounds in battle , his son , Fu Chai succeeded him . After numerous victories in battles , Fu Chai became arrogant and began to indulge in . In time , the king started to disregard Sun Tzu 's counsel and began to distance himself from Sun Tzu . this , Sun Tzu gave up his position and left Wu for Qi in retirement . Fu Chai and his generals did not follow Sun Tzu 's precepts and his kingdom was subsequently conquered by Chu in 473 BC . Out of shame , Fu Chai committed suicide after he had fled with the remnants of his defeated army . - As a contemporary teacher of Sun Tzu 's Art of War , Khoo has written over 26 books on business and management based on its principles such as : - Crime Prevention : The Sun Tzu Way ( 2006 ) - Without Fighting ( 2006 ) - Applying Sun Tzu 's Art of War ( 2002 ) – A six collection - Sun Tzu : The Keeper of CEO 's Conscience ( 1997 ) - Applying Sun Tzu 's Art of War in Corporate Politics ( 1995 ) - Sun Tzu and Management ( 1992 ) - War at Work : Applying Sun Tzu 's Art of War in Today Business World ( 1990 ) - Due to his ability to translate what is a complicated treatise into an easily readable and understandable prose for a , Khoo 's Sun Tzu series were well received and continue to grow in scope and depth in later years . He additionally manages to add realism by real @-@ life situations culled from his 15 years in management , that provoke much thought and encourage readers to assess their own performance , and take positive measures to become more effective in their workplace and relationships . - - = = = Novels = = = - - His first novel , Taikor , was released in late 2004 . It is a historical saga of Malaya which traces the years 1922 to 1982 , telling the story of Ya , from his family 's migration from South Thailand to after his father 's death . It was among the 132 entries nominated for the 2006 International Dublin Literary Award . - His second novel , , is about life of those people working in the glitzy world of and their customers who nightclubs . Along with the main tale , Khoo spins other tales covering love , juvenile , deceit versus honesty , murder , corruption and power abuse of police officers . It was released in April 2007 . - His third novel , Nanyang , is a historical saga about the multi @-@ racial people who inhabit the lands of the ' Southern Ocean ' , as early Chinese migrants called Malaya and Singapore . It was seen through the lives of four generations as they and struggled for wealth and power , for their beliefs and freedom , and felt their hopes and dreams for their future and those of their , as Nanyang eventually became two separate fledging nations . It hit the book stores in October 2007 . - - - = The Wave ( Miike Snow song ) = - - " The Wave " is a song performed by Swedish indie pop band Miike Snow . It was released as the second single from the band 's second studio album Happy to You ( 2012 ) on 14 May 2012 , through Columbia Records . The song was written and produced by the band . Musically , " The Wave " is an electropop song with marching band influences and autoharp , military drum and piano instrumentation . It features Swedish musician Gustav on autoharp and the Swedish Army drum corps on military drums . - The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who commended its and musical direction . However , some critics were divided regarding lead singer Andrew Wyatt 's falsetto vocals . The single failed to match the commercial performance of Happy to You 's lead single " Paddling Out " ; it only charted on the Flemish Ultratip chart at number 43 . Andreas Nilsson directed the single 's accompanying music video , the second part in a continuous story that began in the " Paddling Out " video . - - = = Background and release = = - - " The Wave " was written and produced by Miike Snow 's three members : Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg and Andrew Wyatt . The song was recorded alongside the rest of their second studio album Happy to You ( 2012 ) during the second half of 2011 . The band had more " creative freedom " while making the album , compared to their 2009 self @-@ titled debut album . They felt they could " plan the process more " , which included inviting the Swedish Army drum corps to play military drums on several tracks , such as " The Wave " . Karlsson told Billboard that his favorite part of the song occurs during the second verse , in which all band members are hitting the drums simultaneously . " We hit anything we could hit at the same time ... and it sounded kind of cool " , he said . Nils is credited for playing the drums , while David , Jonathan and played the military drums . Swedish musician Gustav of band played the autoharp , and the band provided additional instruments , arrangement and programming . mixed the track at , Miike Snow 's own studio in Stockholm , Sweden . - The song was selected as the second single from Happy to You . Initially , Records released Thomas Gold 's remix exclusively on the online music store on 14 May 2012 . A mere week later , a digital extended play ( EP ) was released in Europe through Columbia Records . The release features the radio edit of the original song and remixes by Gold , and Style of Eye . The EP was released in the United States on 12 June 2012 , through Universal Republic and Downtown Records . - Prior to the release of both their second album and single , the band announced on February 2012 that they were going to play two UK shows in May : Manchester 's HMV on May 30 and London 's O2 Academy Brixton on May 31 . For their show at the O2 Academy Brixton , the band launched an interactive video of their performance of " The Wave " in which viewers could choose from where in the venue they could experience the show . On September 15 , 2012 , Karlsson and Winnberg were guests on BBC Radio 1 's Essential Mix in which they premiered exclusive new remixes of their songs . - - = = Composition = = - - " The Wave " is a piano @-@ based electropop piece with a " marching band vibe " . Chris Schulz of The New Zealand Herald described it as an " electro @-@ anthem " with a " dubstep " . Instrumentation is provided by an autoharp , drums , , military drums , percussion and a piano . In an interview for Complex , Wyatt said that the song is built in " tsunami form " , stating that " the real pay @-@ off " does not come until the final refrain . According to critic Josh of Spin , the song " dips its toes in the kind of @-@ rock by but mixes in some organic , tribal fun à la " . Wyatt sings with falsetto vocals , which Chris of The A.V. Club thought recalled a " sad @-@ faced " Peter Gabriel . In the chorus , Wyatt sings , " My love won 't be saved / We 'll all be staring at the wave " . Winnberg told Billboard that " The Wave " " kind of sums up a lot what Miike Snow is about " . - - = = Reception = = - - Critical reception of " The Wave " was generally positive . Adam of Entertainment Weekly named it one of the best tracks on Happy to You , while Will Salmon of Clash and Amber of The Huffington Post called it a standout . Exclaim ! ' s Ashley Hampson deemed it " incredibly catchy " , writing that it " capitalize [ s ] on the falsetto of vocalist Andrew Wyatt " . Andy of musicOMH described the track as " much more like the Miike Snow that many came to know and love " . The writer praised the piano and marching drums for " giving the song a sense of direction that the opener lacked " . Caroline Sullivan , writing for The Guardian , commented that " a martial beat , languid vocals and a give ' The Wave ' a kick " , and Slant Magazine 's Kevin wrote that the beat " succeeds " . - Chris Schulz of The New Zealand Herald said that the song , alongside the album tracks " Paddling Out " and " Bavarian # 1 ( Say You Will ) " , " will around in your head for days and demand repeat plays " . Spin 's Josh named it a highlight of the album ; he wrote that if the album as a whole sounded like " The Wave " , " it could fill arenas " . Chris of The A.V. Club wrote , " Though Wyatt 's vocals recall a sad @-@ faced Peter Gabriel , the song is in the kind of effervescent magic that makes Li and Peter and John stars in their own right . " Evan of PopMatters was critical of Wyatt 's vocal performance ; he wrote that " we really get a sense of how Wyatt 's voice the group " . He said that the singer the lyrics " somewhat , but with absolutely no sense of gravity to be found in his voice at all " . - " The Wave " only charted on the Flemish Ultratip chart in Belgium ; it debuted at number 84 in the issue dated 30 June 2012 . The following week , the single rose 12 positions to number 72 , and to number 54 the next . In the issue dated 28 July 2012 , its fifth and final week on the chart , it obtained its peak position of number 43 . - - = = Music video = = - - Andreas Nilsson directed the music video for " The Wave " , a continuation of the video for Happy to You 's lead single " Paddling Out " . up where the first part left of , the video follows Jean Noel , a human man who has received plastic surgery from aliens to be transformed into the " perfect specimen " . In an interview for The Project , Nilsson explained how the videos were : " The concept of this was born after long evenings of me and the band talking about gene technology in contemporary science . We share a mutual excitement in what 's happening on the medical scene right now . " " The Wave " was filmed before " Paddling Out " , although the latter was released first . Wyatt explained to Billboard , " We really liked [ director ] Andreas 's images and I think they go together in a way that feels with what we do ... and you can read into it in different ways . " - The video for " The Wave " begins with the aliens ' spaceship crashing to Earth . The camera then hovers over a playground where dozens of children appear to be dead . Several policemen arrive at the scene and begin to remove the bodies by putting them in . Meanwhile , Jean Noel is seen running on a desert road . The policemen then begin to dig graves for the corpses . Jean Noel then spots another specimen who looks just like him and the two begin to run . They are soon joined by more specimens before arriving at the playground . By chanting at the policemen , the specimens appear to mind control them into dance . Jean Noel continues to run and stops when he sees the crashed spaceship . The video ends with the band 's logo . - The video was made available for download through the iTunes Store on 13 March 2012 , in conjunction with the digital release of Happy to You . It later premiered on YouTube on 14 March 2012 . It received generally positive reviews . Amber of The Huffington Post stated that it lacked a plotline , but praised its production . Tom of called it " " and wrote , " I don 't think it 's supposed to be depressing , but it totally is . " - - = = Track listings = = - - remix download - " The Wave " ( Thomas Gold remix ) – 6 : 35 - Digital EP - " The Wave " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 36 - " The Wave " ( Thomas Gold mix ) – 6 : 35 - " The Wave " ( remix ) – 5 : 00 - " The Wave " ( Style of Eye remix ) – 5 : 01 - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits are adapted from the Happy to You liner notes . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Washington State Route 516 = - - State Route 516 ( SR 516 ) is a 16 @.@ 49 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 26 @.@ 54 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , serving communities in southern King County . The highway travels east as the Kent @-@ Des Moines Road and the Kent @-@ Kangley Road from a concurrency with SR 509 in Des Moines through Kent and Covington to an intersection with SR 169 in Maple Valley . SR 516 , designated as part of the National Highway System within Kent , intersects three major freeways in the area : Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) in western Kent , SR 167 in downtown Kent , and SR 18 in Covington . The roadway , built in the 1890s , was codified in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 1K ( SSH 1K ) from Des Moines to Kent and SSH 5A from Kent to Maple Valley . The two highways were combined during the 1964 highway renumbering to form SR 516 on its current route . - - = = Route description = = - - SR 516 begins in Des Moines at Marine View Drive as SR 509 turns north towards near the East Passage of Puget Sound . The two concurrent highways travel east on the Kent @-@ Des Moines Road past Community College and Mount High School to an intersection with SR 99 in western Kent , where SR 509 turns south towards . Shortly thereafter , SR 516 intersects I @-@ 5 at a partial cloverleaf interchange and continues east onto a four @-@ lane divided highway over the Green River and its pedestrian and bicycle trail into downtown Kent . The highway serves as the southern terminus of SR 181 before intersecting SR 167 in a diamond interchange at the western edge of downtown Kent . SR 516 shifts south onto Willis Street and crosses the Trail and a rail line before turning north onto Central Avenue and east onto Smith Street near Kent Station . The highway travels southeast along Mill Creek onto the Kent @-@ Kangley Road and serves as the southern terminus of SR 515 at Kent @-@ Meridian High School before leaving Kent for Covington . SR 516 passes Lake Meridian as 272nd Street and intersects SR 18 at a diamond interchange located in Covington . The highway continues east past Pipe Lake and into Maple Valley before crossing the Cedar to Green River Trail and ending at an intersection with SR 169 . - Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of the highway was between SR 181 and the SR 167 interchange , serving 38 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section was its western terminus at SR 509 , serving 8 @,@ 900 vehicles . SR 516 between I @-@ 5 and SR 167 within western Kent is designated as part of the National Highway System , which includes roadways important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . - - = = History = = - - The Kent @-@ Kangley Road was built as a wagon road by King County by the late 1890s and was upgraded to a paved highway after being codified as two highways during the creation of the primary and secondary state highways system in 1937 : SSH 1K and SSH 5A . SSH 1K traveled 12 @.@ 76 miles ( 20 @.@ 54 km ) south from U.S. Route 99 and Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) through and east through Des Moines to US 99 and PSH 1 in Midway . SSH 5A traveled 14 @.@ 50 miles ( 23 @.@ 34 km ) east from US 99 and PSH 1 in Midway across the Green River into Kent , intersecting SSH , PSH 5 , and SSH , before ending at the – branch of PSH 5 in Maple Valley . The two highways were combined during the 1964 highway renumbering to form SR 516 and codified into law in 1970 . The highway traveled east from SR 509 in Des Moines through I @-@ 5 at Midway , SR 167 in Kent , and SR 18 in Covington to SR 169 in Maple Valley . SR 509 was re @-@ aligned in 1991 onto SR 516 and SR 99 , forming new , until the completion of a new north – south freeway . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire highway is in King County . - - - = Stefan Wever = - - Stefan Matthew Wever ( born 22 April 1958 ) is a former professional baseball pitcher . He made his Major League Baseball debut , incidentally his only game , with the New York Yankees in 1982 , and had a 0 – 1 record a 27 @.@ 00 earned run average ( ERA ) , and two strikeouts in that game . - Born in West Germany , Wever moved to the United States as a child , where he took up baseball . He played baseball in high school and the University of California , Santa Barbara , which led to him being drafted by the New York Yankees . After four seasons in the minor leagues , Wever made his major league debut on 17 September 1982 . In his debut , he suffered a shoulder injury , which he tried to pitch through for two years before having surgery in 1984 . He tried to come back from the injury in 1985 , but retired . After retiring , he opened a bar in San Francisco , which he continues to run . - - = = Early life = = - - Wever was born in , West Germany in 1958 . He immigrated to the United States with his mother and twin sister at six and lived in Boston until he was 12 , when he moved to San Francisco . He attended Lowell High School , where he played on the school 's baseball team . During his senior year , Wever helped lead the Lowell Cardinals to the city championship game , and he graduated in 1976 . - After graduating from high school , Wever was not looked at by college due to a lack of competition he faced . As a result , he attended the University of California , Santa Barbara on an academic scholarship , and walked on to the school 's baseball team . In three seasons with the Santa Barbara , he had 18 wins , 17 losses , 199 strikeouts , and 15 complete games ; the losses and complete games were at that time school records . After his junior year , Wever was drafted by the New York Yankees in the sixth round of the 1979 Major League Baseball draft . He was given a signing bonus of $ 16 @,@ 000 , and officially signed with the team shortly after the draft concluded . - - = = Baseball career = = - - Wever began his professional career in 1979 with the Yankees of the New York – Penn League ( ) . He pitched in ten games for the team , finishing the season with a 6 – 3 record , a 1 @.@ 77 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 70 strikeouts . In the Yankees ' championship series against the Geneva Cubs , he pitched a shutout and threw nine strikeouts to win the first game and help the Yankees win the Championship . The following year , Wever was promoted to the Fort Lauderdale Yankees of the Florida State League . That year , he had a 7 – 3 record , a 3 @.@ 64 ERA and 94 innings pitched in 15 games . - In 1981 , Wever began the season remaining with Fort Lauderdale . He had a 7 – 3 record and a 2 @.@ 00 ERA in 12 games before being promoted to the Nashville Sounds of the Southern League , the Yankees ' AA affiliate . With Nashville , he had a 5 – 2 record and 2 @.@ 05 ERA in nine appearances . Wever 's pitching coach in Nashville was Hall of Famer Hoyt Wilhelm . Wilhelm felt he had the ability but not the confidence to pitch in the majors , and spent his time in Nashville working on that aspect of Wever 's game . The following season , Weber was almost unanimously named to the Southern League All @-@ Star team , thanks to 11 wins and 116 strikeouts through the end of June . He improved to a 16 @-@ 6 record , a 2 @.@ 78 ERA , and 191 strikeouts , won the Southern League Pitcher of the Year award , and accomplished the pitcher 's Triple Crown , leading the league in wins , ERA , and strikeouts . He led Nashville to the Southern League championship , and right after doing so , the Yankees called Weber up to the major leagues . - His first and only major league appearance came against the Milwaukee Brewers on 17 September 1982 . The first two batters he faced were Paul and Robin , both future Hall of , one of only a few players in history to do so . Partway through the first inning , he felt a in his shoulder ; not wanting to leave his first game early , he pitched through it , and allowed five runs in the first . Partway through the third , after three more runs allowed , Wever was taken out of the game . He pitched for 2 ⅔ innings and had eight earned runs , two strikeouts , and three wild pitches . Entering the 1983 season , Wever was projected to be the fifth starter in the Yankees ' starting rotation . Because of continued pain in his shoulder , he instead spent the season with the AAA Columbus , where he went 1 – 4 with a 9 @.@ 78 ERA in seven appearances . - Wever spent 1984 with Fort Lauderdale , where he went 1 – 3 in seven games . After the seven games , he visited Dr. James Andrews , who diagnosed the he suffered two years earlier as a torn rotator cuff and torn ; it explained why he had been throwing 85 mph since the injury , compared to 95 mph beforehand . He had surgery shortly afterward , and spent the rest of the year the injury . He attempted a comeback in 1985 with the Albany @-@ Yankees , and had a 4 @.@ 91 ERA in five games with the team . In June , having continued to pitch through shoulder pain , Wever retired from baseball and ended his professional career . - - = = Post @-@ playing career = = - - After retiring from baseball , Wever returned to school , and earned a bachelor 's degree in English literature from the University of California , Berkeley . He married Melinda in 1988 , and three years later opened up the Horseshoe Tavern , a bar in San Francisco 's Marina District , which he continues to run . - While working at his bar , Wever made a return to baseball in a coaching role . He was named varsity baseball coach at High School in , California in 2008 , after having volunteered for the freshman team the year before . He was forced to resign in 2010 due to a diagnosis of large @-@ cell lymphoma . He went on to continue coaching youth baseball camps and leagues , and was bench coach for the San Rafael in 2013 . He now spends three days a week feeding the homeless at SF 's St. Anthony 's Room . - - - = Djedkare Isesi = - - Djedkare Isesi ( known in Greek as Tancherês ) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh , the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty in the late 25th century to mid 24th century BCE , during the Old Kingdom period . Djedkare succeeded Menkauhor Kaiu and was in turn succeeded by Unas . His relations to both of these pharaohs remain uncertain , although it is often conjectured that Unas was Djedkare 's son owing to the smooth transition between the two . - Djedkare likely enjoyed a long reign of over 40 years , which heralded a new period in the history of the Old Kingdom . Breaking with a tradition followed by his predecessors since the time of Userkaf , Djedkare did not build a temple to the sun god Ra , possibly reflecting the rise of Osiris in the Egyptian pantheon . More significantly , Djedkare effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian state administration , the first undertaken since the inception of the system of ranking titles . He also reorganised the funerary cults of his forebears buried in the necropolis of Abusir and reformed the corresponding priesthood . Djedkare commissioned expeditions to Sinai to procure copper and turquoise , to Nubia for its gold and and to the fabled Land of Punt for its incense . One such expedition had the earliest recorded instance of divination undertaken to ensure an expedition 's success . The word " " , meaning gold , to designate Nubia is first recorded during Djedkare 's reign . Under his rule , Egypt also entertained continuing trade relations with the coast and made punitive raids in Canaan . In particular , one of the earliest depictions of a battle or siege scene was found in the tomb of one of Djedkare 's subjects . - Djedkare was buried in a pyramid in Saqqara named Nefer Djedkare ( " Djedkare is perfect " ) , which is now ruined owing to theft of stone from its outer casing during antiquity . The burial chamber still held Djedkare 's mummy when it was excavated in the 1940s . of the mummy revealed that he died in his fifties . Following his death , Djedkare was the object of a cult that lasted at least until the end of the Old Kingdom . He seemed to have been held in particularly high esteem during the mid @-@ Sixth Dynasty , whose pharaohs lavished rich offerings on his cult . Archaeological evidence suggests the continuing existence of this funerary cult throughout the much later New Kingdom period ( c . 1550 – BCE ) . Djedkare was also remembered by the Ancient Egyptians as the king of vizier Ptahhotep , the purported author of The of Ptahhotep , one of the earliest pieces of wisdom literature . - The reforms implemented by Djedkare are generally assessed negatively in modern as his policy of decentralization created a virtual feudal system that transferred much power to the high and provincial administrations . Some Egyptologists such as argue that this contributed heavily to the collapse of the Egyptian state during the First Intermediate Period , c . 200 years later . These conclusions are rejected by Nigel Strudwick , who says that in spite of Djedkare 's reforms , Ancient Egyptian officials never amassed enough power to rival that of the king . - - = = = = - - - = = = Contemporaneous sources = = = - - Djedkare is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign . The tombs of many of his courtiers and family members have been discovered in , Saqqara and Abusir . They give insights into the administrative reforms that Djedkare conducted during his reign and , in a few cases , even record letters that the king sent to his officials . These letters , inscribed on the walls of tombs , typically present royal praises for the tomb owner . - Another important source of information about Egypt during the reign of Djedkare Isesi is the Abusir papyri . These are administrative documents , covering a period of 24 years during Djedkare 's reign ; they were discovered in the mortuary temples of pharaohs , and queen II . In addition to these texts , the earliest letters on papyrus preserved to the present day also date to Djedkare 's reign , dealing with administrative or private matters . - - = = = Historical sources = = = - - Djedkare is attested in four ancient Egyptian king lists , all dating to the New Kingdom . The earliest of these is the king list , dating to the reign of Thutmose III ( – 1425 BCE ) , where Djedkare is mentioned on the fifth entry . Djedkare 's occupies the 32nd entry of the Abydos King List , which was written during the reign of I ( – 1279 BCE ) . Djedkare is also present on the Saqqara ( 31st entry ) where he is listed under the name " " , probably because of a scribal error . Djedkare 's is given as " " on the Turin canon ( third column , 24th row ) , probably because of a affecting the original document from which the canon was copied during the reign of II ( 1279 – 1213 BCE ) . The Turin canon credits Djedkare with 28 years of reign . - In addition to these sources , Djedkare is mentioned on the dating to the 12th Dynasty ( c . 1990 – 1800 BCE ) . The papyrus records The of Ptahhotep and gives Djedkare 's nomen " Isesi " to name the pharaoh whom the purported authors of the , vizier Ptahhotep , served . Djedkare was also probably mentioned in the , a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ptolemy II ( 283 – BCE ) by the Egyptian priest . No copies of the have survived to this day and it is known to us only through later writings by Julius and Eusebius . relates that a pharaoh " Tancherês " ( Ancient Greek ) reigned for 44 years as the eighth and penultimate king of the Fifth Dynasty . Given its position within the dynasty , Tancherês is believed to be the Hellenized name of Djedkare Isesi . - - = = Family = = - - - = = = Parents = = = - - Djedkare 's parentage is unknown ; in particular his relation with his predecessors Menkauhor Kaiu and Nyuserre Ini cannot be . Djedkare is generally thought to have been the son of Menkauhor Kaiu , but the two might instead have been brothers and sons of Nyuserre Ini . Another hypothesis suggests that Djedkare and Menkauhor could have been cousins , being sons of Nyuserre and respectively . The identity of Djedkare 's mother is similarly unknown . - - = = = Queens = = = - - The name of Djedkare Isesi 's principal wife is not known . An important queen consort whose name is lost was very likely the owner of a large pyramid complex located to the northeast of Djedkare 's pyramid in Saqqara . This could indicate that she was the mother of Djedkare 's successor , Unas , or that Djedkare owed the throne to her . The very high status of this queen is suggested by some features of her funerary complex that are otherwise reserved to kings : her pyramid has its own satellite pyramid , has a causeway leading from a valley temple up to a mortuary temple devoted to the cult of the queen and had an entrance hall @-@ , an open courtyard and a square . Furthermore , some reliefs showing the queen had been reworked with royal insignia and added above her head . Since the construction of the queen 's pyramid was apparently undertaken after the planning of Djedkare 's pyramid and her relief had been reworked , the Egyptologist Klaus Baer suggests that this queen may have ruled after the death of Djedkare , playing an important role in his succession . This is rejected by other Egyptologists , such as Michel , owing to the lack of evidence for a regency or between Djedkare and Unas . - The Egyptologist Wilfried has proposed that this pyramid was initially intended for queen Meresankh IV , whom he and see as a wife of Djedkare . contends that Meresankh was finally buried in a smaller mastaba in Saqqara North after she fell into disgrace . Alternatively , Aidan Dodson and Hilton have proposed that she was a wife of the preceding king , Menkauhor Kaiu . - - = = = Sons = = = - - Only one son of Djedkare Isesi has been identified for certain , Neserkauhor , who bore the title of " eldest beloved king 's son of his body " . Neserkauhor also bore the title of @-@ pat , showing that he was an important member of the royal court , as well as a priestly title " Greatest of the Five in the temple of " , suggesting that he may have been a vizier or had similar occupations . - As well as Neserkauhor , there is indirect evidence that princes Raemka and Kaemtjenent are sons of Djedkare based on the dating and general location of their tombs in Saqqara . For example , the tomb of Kaemtjenent mentions vizier , who served during the reign of Djedkare . Raemka also bore the title of " king 's son of his body " , almost exclusively reserved to true princes of royal blood . The locations of Raemka 's and Kaemtjenent 's tombs have led some Egyptologists to believe that both princes are sons of queen Meresankh IV buried nearby , who would thus be one of Djedkare 's wives . These conclusions are debated , in particular in the case of Kaemtjenent , whose title of " king 's son " may have been purely honorific . - A high official named Isesi @-@ ankh could have been yet another son of Djedkare Isesi , as suggested by his name meaning " Isesi lives " . Yet , similarities in the titles and locations of the tombs of Isesi @-@ ankh and Kaemtjenent have led Egyptologists to propose that they could instead be brothers and sons of Meresankh IV , or that the former is a son of the latter . Even though Isesi @-@ ankh bore the title of " king 's son " , the Egyptologists Michel and argue that this filiation was fictitious , being only an honorary title . - Finally , the successor of Djedkare , Unas , is thought to have been his son in spite of the complete lack of evidence bearing on the question . The main argument in favor of this filiation is that the succession from Djedkare Isesi to Unas seems to have been smooth , as suggested indirectly , for example , by the Abusir papyri . evidence also comes from the reliefs of Unas ' causeway , which show many officials bearing names incorporating " Isesi " , suggesting at the very least that Unas did not perceive Djedkare as an antagonist . - - = = = = = = - - Several daughters of Djedkare Isesi have been identified by the title of " king 's daughter of his body " and the general date of their tomb . These include , whose filiation is clearly indicated by her other title of " Beloved of Isesi " , @-@ Isesi , , and . Less certain is the filiation of III , wife of vizier Senedjemib , who bore the title of " king 's daughter of his body " . It is debated whether this title indicates a true filiation or if it is only honorary . - - = = = = - - The relative chronological position of Djedkare Isesi as the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty , succeeding Menkauhor Kaiu and preceding Unas on the throne , is well established by historical sources and confirmed by archaeological evidence . - The duration of Djedkare 's reign is much less certain . Djedkare 's time on the throne is well documented by the Abusir papyri , numerous royal seals and contemporary inscriptions ; taken together , they indicate a fairly long rule for this king . While the Turin canon credits him with 28 years of reign , there is direct evidence for an even longer reign . Several artefacts and inscriptions have been uncovered relating to Djedkare 's or " sed " festival , normally celebrated only after 30 years of reign . For example , the tomb of one of Djedkare 's viziers , Senedjemib Inti , relates construction works undertaken during the year of the 16th cattle count in preparation for the festival ceremonies . An alabaster vase now on display at the Louvre museum bears an inscription celebrating Djedkare 's first sed festival , indicating in all likelihood that he reigned beyond his 30th year on the throne . - One of the Abusir papyri was found to be dated to the " Year of the 22nd Count , IV day 12 " , constituting Djedkare 's latest known date . This date might correspond to any time from the 32nd year of Djedkare 's reign up to his 44th year on the throne , depending on whether the cattle count was once every two years or once every year and a half . The higher estimate is close to 's 44 @-@ year figure credited to Tancherês , the Hellenized name of Djedkare , although this may just be . Modern estimates thus put Djedkare 's reign length as certainly more than 33 years and , if the cattle count was regularly biennial , at least 42 to 44 years . This makes Djedkare the longest reigning king of the Fifth Dynasty . - - = = Reign = = - - The reign of Djedkare Isesi heralded a new period in the history of the Old Kingdom . First , Djedkare Isesi did not build a sun temple , as his predecessors had done since the time of Userkaf , some 80 years earlier . This may be a result of the increased prominence of Osiris compared with the sun god Ra during the late Fifth Dynasty . The importance of this cult becomes manifest when the Pyramid Texts of the pyramid of Unas are inscribed a few decades later . In this context , it is perhaps noteworthy that the only known statue of Djedkare Isesi was discovered in the ruins of the temple of Osiris , in Abydos . Another manifestation of the winds of change during Djedkare 's time on throne is the confirmation of the relocation of the royal necropolis from Abusir , where it had been since the reign of , to Saqqara , where Menkauhor Kaiu , Djedkare and his successor , Unas , built their pyramids . Abusir may have become overcrowded by the time of Menkauhor 's accession and the capital may have been shifted south to Saqqara along with the royal necropolis around the same time . The abandonment of Abusir as a royal necropolis and the termination of sun temple building are possibly related given the close association between the two since the reign of Userkaf . - - = = = Domestic reforms = = = - - During his reign Djedkare effected significant reforms of the state administration and priesthood , in particular that pertaining to the funerary cults in the necropolis of Abusir . These are witnessed by changes in priestly titles and more broadly , in the system of ranking titles of high officials , which was modified for the first time in its existence . For example , the priesthood of the royal pyramids was reorganized , with Djedkare changing the titles and functions of the priests from " priest of king " to " priest of the pyramid " . of royal blood could once more hold administrative titles , a prerogative they had lost during the early Fifth Dynasty . At the same time , viziers could now hold the prestigious titles of @-@ pat and @-@ a and , as " overseer of the royal scribes " , became the head of the scribal administration . At least one vizier , III , even bore the title of " king 's son of his body " , one of the most distinguished titles at the time and normally reserved to princes of royal blood . Yet neither III 's father nor his mother seems to have belonged to the royal family . For the period spanning the reign of Djedkare until that of , viziers were furthermore responsible for the weaponry of the state , both for military and other purposes . Following the reforms undertaken by Djedkare , three viziers would be in office at the same time : two in the region and a Southern one , the " governor of Upper Egypt " , with a seat at Abydos . In total six viziers were appointed during Djedkare 's reign . - Lower ranking officials lost power during the late Fifth Dynasty and were frequently limited to holding only one high title , a departure from the preceding period . Such functions as " overseer of the " and " overseer of the treasury " disappear from the record some time between Djedkare 's reign and that of , while men of lower status became head of the legal administration . Consequently , the viziers concentrated more power than before while lower echelons of the state administration were reduced . At the same time , the size of the provincial administration was increased , and it also became more autonomous from the central government . In particular , the were responsible in their provinces for performing works hitherto conducted by officials . - - = = = Building activities = = = - - The main building activity undertaken during the reign of Djedkare Isesi was the construction of his pyramid complex in Saqqara . Djedkare also either completed or undertook restoration works in the funerary complex of Nyuserre Ini in Abusir , as indicated by a now damaged inscription , which must have detailed Djedkare 's activities on the site . Further building works took place in Abusir during the second half of Djedkare 's reign following the curious decision by members of the royal family to be buried there rather than next to Djedkare 's pyramid in Saqqara . A group of was thus constructed for princess and her daughter , princess , the courtiers and , who was buried with his wife , and prince Neserkauhor . - Djedkare Isesi also undertook building activities in relation with his " sed " festival as indicated by a decree that he sent to his vizier Senedjemib Inti on the year of the 16th cattle count , praising him for his work . The decree mentions the construction of a broad rectangular court or artificial lake for the jubilee of the king , some 1000 long and 400 wide , amounting to c . 525 m × 231 m ( 1 @,@ ft × ft ) . The court was located within the precincts of a palace built for the ceremonies of the " sed " festival , which was probably located in the vicinity of his pyramid . Another decree addressed to Senedjemib Inti and later inscribed on the walls of his mastaba records the decoration of a chapel of Hathor in the palace of the king . This chapel was most likely built during his reign . - Djedkare may have left some of his monuments unfinished at his death , as suggested by several relief @-@ bearing blocks inscribed with his name and which were found reused in the pyramid of king Unas . Their original setting remains unknown . - - = = = Activities outside Egypt = = = - - - = = = = to mines and quarries = = = = - - Three or four rock inscriptions dating to Djedkare 's reign have been found in the Wadi in Sinai , where mines of copper and semi @-@ precious stones were exploited throughout the Old Kingdom , from the Fourth until the Sixth Dynasty . These inscriptions record three expeditions sent to look for turquoise : the earliest one , dated to the third or fourth cattle count – possibly corresponding to the sixth or eighth year of 's reign – explicitly recalls the arrival of the mining party to the " hills of the turquoise " after being given " divine authority for the finding of semi @-@ precious stones in the writing of the god himself , [ as was enacted ] in the broad court of the temple " . This sentence could indicate the earliest known record of an divination undertaken in order to ensure the success of the expedition prior to its departure , being the sun temple of Userkaf . Another inscription dating to the year of the ninth cattle count – possibly Djedkare 's 18th year on the throne – shows the king " all foreign lands . the chief of the foreign land " . The expedition that left this inscription comprised over 1400 men and administration officials . Some Egyptologists have proposed that these men were also sent to mine copper . - These expeditions departed Egypt from the port of Ain , on the western shore of the Gulf of Suez , as revealed by papyri and seals bearing Djedkare Isesi 's name found on the site . The port comprised large galleries carved into the sandstone serving as living quarters and storage places . The wall of one such gallery was inscribed with a text mentioning yet another expedition to the hills of turquoise in the year of the seventh cattle count – possibly Djedkare 's 14th year on the throne . - South of Egypt , Djedkare dispatched at least one expedition to the quarries located 65 km ( 40 mi ) north @-@ west of Abu . Djedkare was not the first king to do so , as these quarries were already exploited during the Fourth Dynasty and continued to be so during the Sixth Dynasty and later , in the Middle Kingdom period ( c . 2055 BCE – c . 1650 BCE ) . - Djedkare probably also exploited gold mines in the Eastern Desert and in Nubia : indeed , the earliest mention of the " land of gold " – an Ancient Egyptian term for Nubia – is found in an inscription from the mortuary temple of Djedkare Isesi . - - = = = = Trade relations = = = = - - Egypt entertained continuing trade relations with the Levant during Djedkare 's reign , possibly as far north as Anatolia . A gold cylinder seal bearing the of Djedkare Isesi together with the of Menkauhor Kaiu is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . The seal , whose gold may originate from the river valley in western Anatolia , could to wide ranging trade @-@ contacts during the later Fifth Dynasty , but its remains . - Trade contacts with Byblos , on the coast of modern @-@ day Lebanon , are suggested by a fragmentary stone vessel unearthed in the city and bearing the inscription " King of Upper and Lower Egypt , Djedkare [ living ] forever " . A biographical inscription discovered in the tomb of Iny , a Sixth Dynasty official , provides further evidence for an Egyptian expedition to Byblos during Djedkare 's reign . Iny 's inscription relates his travels to procure and lead or tin for pharaoh Merenre , but starts by recounting what must have been similar events taking place under Djedkare . - To the south of Egypt , Djedkare also sent an expedition to the fabled land of Punt to procure the used as incense in the Egyptian temples . The expedition to Punt is referred to in the letter from Pepi II to Harkuf some 100 years later . Harkuf had reported that he would bring back a " dwarf of the god 's dancers from the land of the horizon dwellers " . Pepi mentions that the god 's had returned from Punt with a dwarf during the reign of Djedkare Isesi and had been richly rewarded . The decree mentions that " My Majesty will do for you something greater than what was done for the god 's in the reign of Isesi , reflecting my 's to see this dwarf " . - Djedkare 's expedition to Punt is also mentioned in a contemporaneous found in , a locality of Lower Nubia some 150 km ( 93 mi ) south of , where Isesi 's was discovered . - - = = = = Warfare = = = = - - Not all relations between Egypt and its neighbors were peaceful during Djedkare 's reign . In particular , one of the earliest known depictions of a battle or city being besieged is found in the tomb of Inti , an official from the 21st of Upper Egypt , who lived during the late Fifth Dynasty . The scene shows Egyptian soldiers scaling the walls of a near eastern fortress on . More generally , ancient Egyptians seem to have regularly organised punitive raids in Canaan during the later Old Kingdom period but did not attempt to establish a permanent dominion there . - - = = Pyramid = = - - Djedkare built his pyramid in South Saqqara . It was called Nefer Isesi or Nefer Djedkare in Ancient Egyptian , variously translated as " Isesi / Djedkare is beautiful " or " Isesi / Djedkare is perfect " . It is known today as " el @-@ El @-@ " , meaning " the Southern Sentinel pyramid " , because it stands on the edge of the Nile valley . - The pyramid originally comprised six or seven steps made of irregular and roughly hewn limestone blocks and mortar , of which only three survive . This core was overlaid by casing stones of white limestone , which have been stolen in antiquity . At the time of its construction the pyramid stood 52 m ( 171 ft ) high with a base length of 78 @.@ 75 m ( 258 @.@ 4 ft ) and an inclination angle of 52 ° . - In the interior of the pyramid a descending passage led , behind three granite , to an , three magazine rooms and the burial chamber . In it , pieces of alabaster and a bead on a gold thread were discovered as well as many fragments of what was originally a large sarcophagus of dark grey basalt . The sarcophagus was sunk into the floor of the burial chamber together with a niche for the chest of the king to its north @-@ east . An almost complete mummy was discovered in the remnants of the sarcophagus . An examination by Ahmed of these skeletal remains , excavated in the mid @-@ 1940s under the direction of Salam Hussein , suggests that Djedkare died at the age of 50 to 60 years old . - To the east of the pyramid , Djedkare 's mortuary temple was laid out . The east facade of the mortuary temple was flanked by two massive stone structures , which resemble the later . The mortuary temple is connected via a yet causeway to a valley temple . - - = = Legacy = = - - - = = = Impact of the reforms = = = - - For Nigel Strudwick , the reforms of Djedkare Isesi were undertaken as a reaction to the rapid growth of the central administration in the first part of the Fifth Dynasty which , Baer adds , had amassed too much political or economic power in the eyes of the king . Joyce sees the reign of Djedkare Isesi as the very beginning of a decline in the importance of the king , in conjunction with the gradual rise of the power wielded by the high and provincial administration . with this trend is a process of decentralization , with local loyalties slowly allegiance to the central state . Since offices and in particular , the , could be inherited the reforms of Djedkare Isesi created a " virtual feudal system " as Nicolas writes , with much power in the hands of a few officials . This is best witnessed by the large , magnificent mastaba tombs that Djedkare 's viziers built . In this context , Djedkare 's reforms of the ranking system might have been an attempt at maintaining a sprawling administration under control , yet ultimately failed . For some Egyptologists , such as , this failure contributed in no small part to the fall of the Old Kingdom , but others , including Strudwick , believe the reasons of the collapse must be sought elsewhere as the power of an administration official never approached that of the king . - The reforms of Djedkare Isesi played an important role in flourishing of the arts during the later Old Kingdom , as artisans and craftsmen could now find many wealthy patrons beyond the king . This created a surge in the number of commissions leading to a general improvement of the artistic works . This also provided the artisans with a new wealth , which they used to build their own large funerary complexes . - - = = = Funerary cult = = = - - - = = = = Old Kingdom = = = = - - Djedkare Isesi was the object of a funerary cult established at his death and which lasted until the end of the Old Kingdom nearly 200 years later . Provisions for this cult were produced in several agricultural estates set up during Djedkare 's reign . The names of some of these estates have been found inscribed on the walls of the tombs of his courtiers : " Ra desires that Isesi lives " , " desires that Izezi live " , " Perfect of emulation is Isesi " , " The @-@ vessel of Djedkare " , " Perfect of favors is Isesi " , " makes Isesi live " , " The Ka of Isesi is foremost " , " Dominion belongs to Izezi " , " Work of the command of Izezi " , " wishes that Izezi lives " , " Horus Izezi " , " The offerings of Izezi " , and " Izezi is one who loves life " . - Djedkare seems to have been held in high esteem during the Sixth Dynasty . For example , Merenre I chose to place his pyramid complex close to that of Djedkare . In addition , the South Saqqara Stone , a royal annal dating to the reign of Merenre or of his successor Pepi II , records rich offerings being made to Djedkare on behalf of the king . An estimated 92 % of the text inscribed on the stone was lost when it was roughly polished to be reused as a sarcophagus , possibly in the late First Intermediate ( c . – 2055 BC ) to early Middle Kingdom period ( c . 2055 – 1650 BC ) . - More generally , an historical or literary tradition concerning events in the time of Djedkare seems to have flourished toward the end of Old Kingdom as can be inferred from the tombs of Harkuf and Iny . These two officials were in charge of expeditions to foreign lands – Punt and Byblos – under Merenre I and Pepi II and both relate similar expeditions that took place during the time of Djedkare Isesi . - - = = = = New Kingdom = = = = - - The funerary cult of Djedkare Isesi enjoyed a revival during the New Kingdom ( c . 1550 – BCE ) . For the early part of this period , this is best attested by the king list , a list of kings commissioned by pharaoh Thutmose III . The list was not meant to be , rather it gave the names of Thutmose 's whom he wanted to honor by dedicating offerings . - For the later New Kingdom , a relief from the Saqqara tomb of the priest , dating to the 19th or 20th Dynasty shows three gods faced by several deceased pharaohs . These are and , of the Third Dynasty and Userkaf , founder of the Fifth Dynasty . He is followed by a fourth king whose name is damaged but which is often read " Djedkare " or , much less likely , " " . The relief is an expression of personal piety on 's behalf , who prayed to the ancient kings for them to recommend him to the gods . - - - = Route 261 ( Delaware – Pennsylvania ) = - - Delaware Route 261 ( DE 261 ) and Pennsylvania Route 261 ( PA 261 ) , also known as Foulk Road , is a 6 @.@ 88 @-@ mile ( 11 @.@ 07 km ) state highway running through Delaware and Pennsylvania . DE 261 runs 4 @.@ 62 miles ( 7 @.@ 44 km ) through New Castle County , Delaware from an interchange with U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) and DE 141 north of Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) near Fairfax , Delaware , a community north of Wilmington , northeast to the Pennsylvania state line . The road runs through suburban areas of Brandywine Hundred as a four @-@ lane road south of DE 92 and a two @-@ lane road north of DE 92 . At the Pennsylvania state line , Foulk Road becomes PA 261 and continues 2 @.@ 26 miles ( 3 @.@ 64 km ) through Bethel Township in Delaware County , intersecting PA 491 in Corner before ending at an interchange with US 322 . - DE 261 was originally designated along Foulk Road in the 1930s . In the 1960s , most of the route was widened into a four @-@ lane road . The southern terminus at US 202 was reconstructed into an interchange in the 2000s . PA 261 was first designated in 1928 along Foulk Road between the Delaware border and PA 61 and PA 161 in Chelsea . The route was extended north along Valley Brook Road to US 1 in Chester Heights by 1940 . The northern terminus of PA 261 was moved to its current location by 1980 . - - = = Route description = = - - - = = = Delaware = = = - - DE 261 begins at an interchange with US 202 and the northern terminus of DE 141 north of Run State Park near Fairfax , heading northeast on four @-@ lane divided Foulk Road . The road heads near business parks , becoming an undivided road . The route continues through the suburban Brandywine Hundred area , passing residences along with a few businesses . DE 261 remains a four @-@ lane undivided road through this area , occasionally widening into a divided highway at intersections . The route intersects several roads including Murphy Road , Road , and Silverside Road . Between and Silverside roads , the road passes to the west of Brandywine High School . Farther northeast , DE 261 comes to the intersection with DE 92 , at which point it turns north and becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road that passes more homes . The route ends at the Pennsylvania state line . - DE 261 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 22 @,@ 555 vehicles at the Silverside Road intersection to a low of 10 @,@ 414 vehicles at the Pennsylvania border . None of DE 261 is part of the National Highway System . - - = = = Pennsylvania = = = - - PA 261 begins at the Pennsylvania state line and continues northeast on two @-@ lane undivided Foulk Road through Bethel Township in Delaware County , passing through residential areas as it crosses Road . In the community of Corner , PA 261 crosses PA 491 , at which point the road passes a few businesses . North of this intersection , the road runs between a tank farm to the west and Bethel Springs Elementary School to the east prior to crossing Bethel Road and entering wooded residential neighborhoods . PA 261 ends at an interchange with US 322 , with Foulk Road continuing north to an intersection with Concord Road , Chelsea Road , and Valley Brook Road . - PA 261 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 9 @,@ 400 vehicles between the Delaware border and PA 491 to a low of 7 @,@ 200 vehicles between the Bethel Road intersection and US 322 . None of PA 261 is part of the National Highway System . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Delaware = = = - - By 1920 , what is now DE 261 existed as a county road . When Delaware first assigned state highway numbers by 1936 , what is now DE 261 had been upgraded to a state highway , but did not receive a number at that time . By 1938 , DE 261 was designated onto its current alignment between US 202 and the Pennsylvania border , continuing the PA 261 designation . DE 261 was widened into a four @-@ lane road between US 202 and Silverside Road by 1966 . The four @-@ lane portion was extended north to Road a year later . In summer 2007 , construction on converting the intersection with US 202 into interchange was completed as part of the Blue Ball Properties project , a project undertaken to improve roads in this area as part of locating their North American headquarters to the area . DE 141 was also realigned to intersect US 202 and DE 261 at this interchange . The total cost of the project was $ 123 million . - - = = = Pennsylvania = = = - - When Pennsylvania first legislated its highways in 1911 , what would become PA 261 was legislated as part of Legislative Route 180 between the Delaware border and Chelsea . PA 261 was first designated in 1928 to run from the Delaware border to PA 61 ( Concord Road ) and PA 161 ( Chelsea Road ) in Chelsea , following Foulk Road . By 1940 , PA 261 was extended north along Valley Brook Road from US 322 ( which replaced PA 61 ) to US 1 in Chester Heights . By 1980 , the northern terminus of PA 261 was truncated to its current location at the interchange with US 322 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Comair Flight 5191 = - - Comair Flight 5191 , marketed as Delta Connection Flight 5191 , was a scheduled United States ( US ) domestic passenger flight from Lexington , Kentucky , to Atlanta , Georgia , operated on behalf of Delta Connection by Comair . On the morning of August 27 , 2006 , at around 06 : 07 , the Canadair Regional Jet that was being used for the flight crashed while attempting to take off from Blue Grass Airport in Fayette County , Kentucky , four miles ( 6 kilometers ) west of the central business district of the City of Lexington . - The aircraft was assigned the airport 's runway 22 for the takeoff , but used runway 26 instead . Runway 26 was too short for a safe takeoff , causing the aircraft to overrun the end of the runway before it could become airborne . It crashed just past the end of the runway , killing all 47 passengers and two of the three crew . The flight 's first officer was the only survivor . - Although not the pilot in command , according to the cockpit voice recorder transcript , the first officer was the pilot flying at the time of the accident . In the National Transportation Safety Board report on the crash , investigators concluded that the likely cause of the crash was pilot error . - - = = Flight details = = - - The flight was sold under the Delta Air Lines brand as Delta Connection Flight 5191 ( ) and was operated by Comair as Comair Flight 5191 ( ) . It is usually identified as Comair Flight 5191 . - The flight had been scheduled to land at @-@ Jackson Atlanta International Airport at 7 : 18 a.m. - The aircraft involved was a 50 @-@ seat Canadair Regional Jet @-@ , serial number . Manufactured in Canada in January 2001 , it was delivered to the airline on January 30 , 2001 . - - = = Crash = = - - The aircraft was assigned the airport 's Runway 22 for the takeoff , but used Runway 26 instead . Analysis of the cockpit voice recorder ( ) indicated the aircraft was cleared to take off from Runway 22 , a 7 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 135 m ) strip used by most airline traffic at Lexington . Instead , after confirming " Runway two @-@ two " , Captain Jeffrey Clay onto Runway 26 , an secondary runway only 3 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) long , and turned the controls over to First Officer James Polehinke for takeoff . The air traffic controller was not required to maintain visual contact with the aircraft ; after clearing the aircraft for takeoff , he turned to perform administrative duties and did not see the aircraft taxi to the runway . - NTSB investigators concluded that the likely cause of the crash was pilot error . The board concluded that Clay and Polehinke ignored clues that they were on the wrong runway , failed to confirm their position on the runway and talked too much , in violation of " sterile cockpit " procedures . Comair later accepted responsibility for the crash , but also placed blame on the airport , for what it called poor runway signs and markings , and the Federal Aviation Administration , which had only one air traffic controller on duty , contrary to a it had previously issued to have two workers on overnight shifts . A judge ruled that , since it was owned by county governments , the airport had sovereign immunity and could not be sued by Comair . - Based upon an estimated takeoff weight of 49 @,@ pounds ( 22 @,@ 265 kg ) , the manufacturer calculated a speed of 138 knots ( 159 miles per hour or 256 kilometers per hour ) and a distance of 3 @,@ feet ( 1 @,@ 141 m ) would have been needed for rotation ( increasing nose @-@ up pitch ) , with more runway needed to achieve lift @-@ off . At a speed approaching 100 knots ( 120 mph ) , Polehinke remarked , " That is weird with no lights " referring to the lack of lighting on Runway 26 – it was about an hour before . " Yeah " , confirmed Clay , but the flight data recorder gave no indication either pilot tried to the takeoff as the aircraft accelerated to 137 knots ( 158 mph ) . - Clay called for rotation but the aircraft off the end of the runway before it could lift off . It then struck a low earthen wall adjacent to a ditch , becoming momentarily airborne , the airport perimeter fence with its landing gear , and smashed into trees , separating the fuselage and flight deck from the tail . The aircraft struck the ground about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) from the end of the runway . Forty @-@ nine of the 50 people on board perished in the accident ; most of them died instantly in the initial impact . The resulting fire destroyed the aircraft . - - = = Victims = = - - All 47 passengers and two of the three crew members on board the flight died . Comair released the passenger manifest on August 29 , 2006 . - Most of the passengers were US citizens from the Lexington area , ranging in age from 16 to 72 . They included a young couple who had been married the previous day and were traveling to California on their honeymoon . - A memorial service for the victims was held on August 31 , 2006 , at the Lexington Opera House . A second public memorial service was held on September 10 , 2006 , at Arena in Lexington . The Lexington Herald @-@ Leader published a list of the victims with short biographies . - The Flight 5191 Memorial Commission was established shortly after the crash to create an appropriate memorial for the victims , first , and community that supported them . The Commission chose the University of Kentucky as its memorial site . - - = = Survivor = = - - James Polehinke , the first officer , suffered serious injuries , including multiple broken bones , a collapsed lung , and severe bleeding . Lexington @-@ Fayette and airport police officers pulled Polehinke out of the wreckage . Polehinke underwent surgery for his injuries , including an of his left leg . Doctors later determined that Polehinke had suffered brain damage and has no memory of the crash or the events leading up to it . As of August 2007 , Polehinke was a wheelchair user . During the same month , Polehinke filed a lawsuit against the airport and the company that designed the runway and taxi lights . A January 2014 episode of Piers Morgan Live reported that Polehinke was . - The estates or families of 21 of the 47 passengers filed lawsuits against Polehinke . In response , Polehinke 's attorney , William E. Johnson , raised the possibility of negligence on the part of the passengers . When asked by the ' attorney , David , what that meant , Johnson replied that " ... ( they ) ... should have been aware of the dangerous conditions that existed in that there had been considerable media coverage about the necessity of improving runway conditions at the airport . " At the time Johnson submitted the negligence defense , he had not yet been able to speak to Polehinke himself . By the time newspapers reported on the court documents , Johnson said he had already told , who criticized the statements , that he would withdraw the argument . Prior to his employment by Comair , Polehinke worked for International as a captain . - - = = Aftermath = = - - During the course of its investigation , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) discovered that tower staffing levels at Blue Grass Airport violated an internal policy as reflected in a November 16 , 2005 , memorandum requiring two controllers during the overnight shift : one in the tower working clearance , ground , and tower frequencies , and another , either in the tower or at Indianapolis Center , working ( radar ) . At the time of the accident , the single controller in the tower was performing both tower and radar duties . On August 30 , 2006 , the FAA announced that Lexington , as well as other airports with similar traffic levels , would be staffed with two controllers in the tower around the clock effective immediately . - Comair discovered after the accident that all of its pilots had been using an airport map that did not accurately reflect changes made to the airport layout during ongoing construction work . The NTSB later determined that this did not contribute to the accident . Construction work was halted after the accident on the orders of Fayette Circuit Judge Pamela in order to preserve evidence in the crash pending the inspection by safety experts and attorneys for the families of the victims . - In April 2007 , acting on a recommendation made by the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) during its investigation of Comair 5191 , the FAA issued a safety notice that reiterated advice to pilots to positively confirm their position before crossing the hold @-@ short line onto the take @-@ off runway , and again when initiating takeoff . And in May , acting on another NTSB recommendation , the FAA advised that pilot training should include specific guidance on runway lighting requirements for take @-@ off at night . - The NTSB released several reports on January 17 , 2007 , including transcripts and recordings of the and an engineering report . - In April 2007 , the NTSB made four further recommendations , three measures to avoid fatigue affecting the performance of air traffic controllers , and one to prevent controllers from carrying out non @-@ essential administrative tasks while aircraft are taxiing under their control . Although these recommendations were published during the course of the NTSB 's investigation into the accident to Comair Flight 5191 , they were in part prompted by four earlier accidents , and the Board was unable to determine whether fatigue contributed to the Comair accident . - In July 2007 , a flying instructor for Comair testified that he would have failed both pilots for violating Rules . Later the same month , the NTSB released its final report into the accident , citing this " non @-@ conversation " as a contributing factor in the accident . - In July 2008 , United States District Judge Karl Forester ruled Delta will not be held liable for the crash , because while Comair is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Atlanta @-@ based airline , Comair maintains its own management and policies , and employs its own pilots . In December of the following year , Forester granted a passenger family 's motion for " partial summary judgment " determining , as a matter of law , that Comair 's flight crew was , and that this negligence was a substantial factor causing the crash of Flight 5191 . - Runway 8 / 26 on Blue Grass Airport was closed on March 2009 , and the new 4000 foot runway , runway 9 / 27 , opened on August 4 , 2010 . This runway has been built on a separate location not connected to the runway 22 . - Families of 45 of the 47 passengers sued Comair for negligence . ( Families of the other two victims settled with the airline before filing litigation . ) Three sample cases were due to be heard on August 4 , 2008 ; but the trial was indefinitely postponed after Comair reached a settlement with the majority of the families . Cases brought by Comair against the airport authority and the FAA , arguing each should share in the compensation payments , are now resolved . The case against the airport authority was dismissed on sovereign immunity grounds , and this ruling was upheld by the Kentucky Supreme Court on October 1 , 2009 . In Comair 's case against the United States , a settlement was reached with the United States agreeing to pay 22 % of the liability for the crash , while Comair agreed to pay the remaining 78 % . - All but one of the passengers ' families settled their cases . After a four @-@ day jury trial in Lexington , Kentucky , that ended on December 7 , 2009 , the estate and daughters of 39 ‑ year ‑ old Bryan Woodward were awarded damages in the amount of $ 7 @.@ 1 million . While Comair challenged this verdict as excessive , on April 2 , 2010 , Judge Forester overruled Comair 's objections and upheld the verdict . - The Woodward case , formally known as v. Comair , was set for a punitive damages jury trial July 19 , 2010 . In that trial a different jury was to decide whether Comair was guilty of gross negligence that was a substantial factor causing the crash and , if so , the amount of any punitive damages the jury deemed appropriate . The decision to allow a jury trial was reversed in a later hearing , with the judge ruling that the company couldn 't be punished for the " conduct " of its pilot . - - = = cause = = - - During a public meeting on July 26 , 2007 , the NTSB announced the probable cause of the accident , as follows : - The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flight crew members ' failure to use available and aids to identify the airplane 's location on the airport surface during taxi and their failure to cross @-@ check and verify that the airplane was on the correct runway before takeoff . to the accident were the flight crew 's conversations during taxi , which resulted in a loss of positional awareness and the Federal Aviation Administration 's failure to require that all runway be authorized only by specific air traffic control clearances . - Captain Clay 's wife strongly disputes laying primary blame on the pilots , stating that other factors contributed , " including an under @-@ staffed control tower and an inaccurate runway map " . - - = = Similar accidents and incidents = = - - In 1993 , a commercial jet at Blue Grass Airport was cleared for takeoff on Runway 22 but mistakenly took Runway 26 instead . Tower personnel noticed the mistake and canceled the aircraft 's takeoff clearance just as the crew realized their error . The aircraft subsequently made a safe departure from Runway 22 . - In January 2007 , a was cleared to take off at Blue Grass Airport on runway 22 , but mistakenly turned onto runway 26 . clearance was canceled by the local controller prior to the start of the takeoff roll . - On October 31 , 2000 , the crew of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 mistakenly used a closed runway for departure from Kai @-@ International Airport , . The Boeing @-@ 400 collided with construction equipment during the takeoff roll , resulting in the deaths of 83 of the 179 passengers and crew on board . - - - = Berg ( station ) = - - Berg is a station on the Sognsvann Line ( line 6 ) of the Oslo Metro in Norway . Located between Ullevål stadion and Tåsen stations , it is the first station after the Ring Line leaves the Sognsvann Line . The station is located 6 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 8 mi ) from station . Berg is amongst the original stations on the line , and was opened on 10 October 1934 . It was upgraded and rebuilt in the 1990s , when the Sognsvann Line was upgraded from light rail to rapid transit standard . Three accidents have taken place at Berg station , the latest in 2008 . The area around the station is mainly residential . Berg Upper Secondary School is located approximately 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from the station . - - = = History = = - - Berg station was opened on 10 October 1934 , when the owned company had completed the Sognsvann Line from to Sognsvann . Residential areas at , Tåsen and Berg were starting to grow , in pace with a larger suburban development plan . bought new property along the line , upon which new houses were to be designed by the Norwegian architect ( 1886 – 1977 ) . - The line was originally double @-@ tracked from to Korsvoll ( now ) station and single @-@ tracked from Korsvoll to Sognsvann . On 21 February 1939 , the section from Korsvoll to Sognsvann was upgraded to double tracks , and Korsvoll station had its name changed to . - In the 1980s , the stations on the Sognsvann Line were rebuilt . The platforms were lengthened from fitting two @-@ car to fitting four @-@ car trains and the platform height was increased . The third rail made it impossible to cross the line at @-@ grade ; an was therefore constructed at Berg station . The station was also redesigned in concrete with steel columns and wooden sheds designed by architect Arne . - In 1991 , Oslo presented plans involving a rapid transit circle line in Oslo , connecting the newly built hospital Rikshospitalet with the rest of the city . A detailed suggestion was presented by Oslo in August 1996 . In the local newspaper there was a debate on whether there should be a ring line from Berg along the National Road 150 towards over Rikshospitalet , or whether the Ullevål Hageby Line should be extended from John Colletts to Rikshospitalet , thereby creating a correspondence with the Sognsvann Line at the new station . In the first plans , Berg was meant to be a station on the new ring line . This plan was discarded since local residents feared noise pollution and destroyed . Even though Berg was not made a station on the Ring Line , noise shields were put up along the Sognsvann Line . - Berg station has seen many accidents and almost @-@ accidents . In 1965 , a deadly accident occurred between Ullevål and Berg stations , when a train ran over a 33 @-@ year @-@ old man walking in the tracks . In 2002 , a 24 @-@ year @-@ old man was run over by a metro train approaching the station . The man survived the accident with minor wounds . In 2008 , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old drunk man was found around on the tracks between the platforms . The police removed him from the station and sent him home in a taxi . - - = = Service = = - - Berg is served by line 6 on the Sognsvann Line , operated by Oslo T @-@ on contract with . The rapid transit serves the station every 15 minutes , except in the late evening and on weekend mornings , when there is a 30 @-@ minute . Travel time along the 6 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometre ( 3 @.@ 8 mi ) portion to in the city center is 11 minutes . - The station provides correspondence to the bus lines 23 and 24 at a nearby bus stop in Kaj . - - = = Facilities = = - - Berg has two platforms , each with a wooden shed and ticket machines . The sheds are designed by Arne in a and standardised style with constructions of wood and steel . - - = = = Location = = = - - Berg is located in the borough of , northeast of the residential area Ullevål Hageby , northwest of , west of Tåsen , south of and east of . The area Berg is named after an old farm from 1264 with the same name . The street John Colletts , starting from John Colletts in Ullevål Hageby , ends at Berg station . Kaj , as part of the Norwegian National Road 150 , runs parallel with the line from Ullevål stadion via Berg to Tåsen , and continues thereafter towards . There are many Swiss chalet and style houses in the residential area around the station . Berg Upper Secondary School is located 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from the station . - - - = Adams River ( British Columbia ) = - - The Adams River is a tributary to the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia , Canada . Beginning in the Mountains to the north , the Upper Adams River flows mainly southward and eventually reaches Adams Lake . The Lower Adams River begins at the southern end of the lake and flows into the extreme western end of Shuswap Lake . The river is one of the most important sockeye salmon breeding areas in North America . The run occurs in mid @-@ October and can bring millions of fish to a concentrated area near the river mouth . Excavations of Secwepemc villages on the river have shown a long tradition of habitation and salmon fishing in the area . The river also served as an important transportation route for early logging operations in the watershed . - - = = Course = = - - The headwaters of the Adams are several unnamed glaciers at roughly 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) elevation in the north @-@ east region of the Range of the Columbia Mountains . The upper portion of the river flows roughly south and southwest through wetlands and passes through two small lakes , Tumtum and . It has sections of rapids and whitewater , and flows over below Tumtum Lake . Its flow drops by 5 metres ( 16 ft ) per kilometre in certain sections . After travelling for 94 kilometres ( 58 mi ) and entering the Shuswap Highland , it enters the northern end of Adams Lake . - Adams Lake is roughly 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) along its north @-@ south axis , and reaches a maximum depth of 457 metres ( 1 @,@ 499 ft ) , making it the 24th deepest lake in the world . The Lower Adams issues from the extreme southern end of the lake and travels 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) through a narrow valley . It empties into Shuswap Lake near the community of . From Adams Lake to the Shuswap , the Lower Adams drops 60 metres ( 200 ft ) in elevation . - - = = = = = = - - of the Upper Adams include : - Oliver Creek - Creek - Sunset Creek - Fisher Creek - Adams Lake and the Lower Adams are fed by : - Creek - Creek - River - ( Bear ) Creek - ( Gold ) Creek - - = = History = = - - - = = = Secwepemc = = = - - The Secwepemc people have lived in the Adams River valley for millennia . A 1977 study by the provincial government along the lower river found sixty @-@ six sites with evidence of habitation dating to 2000 BCE . The abundance of the salmon run made the river an important food source and trade commodity for First Nations people in the region . - James records that the people of the Adams River area formed a sub @-@ group of the Secwepemc called the " Sxste 'lln " , now known as the Adams Lake Indian Band . The Sxste 'lln moved between summer and winter camps at the outlet of the lower river and the Little River area near Chase . The river 's namesake , Chief @-@ @-@ ( baptized as Adam by missionaries ) was a Sxste 'lln leader in the 1860s . Like more than 200 of his people , he died in the 1862 smallpox epidemic . - - = = = Adams River Lumber Company = = = - - Although prospectors , , and trappers had travelled the region in the 1800s , the first large scale activity in the river valley by Europeans was logging . J.P. , an experienced from Spokane , established the Adams River Lumber Company in 1909 . He licensed large tracts of timber along both the Upper and Lower rivers , as well as the surrounding plateau . 's company is described as the first major industrial operation in the British Columbia Interior . - A camp was built on the upper river and logging operations began at Tumtum Lake . The cut logs were run down the river , then towed in booms by the company owned Helen down Adams Lake . The logs then were run down the Lower river to the mill at Chase . In 1908 , Adams River constructed a " splash dam " at the outlet of the Lower Adams . This dam allowed operators to raise the water level of Adams Lake . When sufficient logs had been collected above the dam , the gates were opened and the resulting flood carried the logs to Shuswap Lake . This proved to be destructive to the salmon run as it damaged the gravel beds the fish use to spawn . - In order to move logs from the plateau above the Lower river , Adams River Lumber constructed several . The were elevated wooden troughs filled with water that floated logs down to the valley bottom . The largest of these was at Bear Creek . It incorporated up to 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and was capable of moving 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 ft ) of logs per month . It was the largest in North America at its peak . The structures were dismantled after the areas became logged out . - Although logging continues in the region , the Adams is no longer used for log transport . - - = = Ecology = = - - - = = = Flora = = = - - Much of the ecology of the watershed has been affected by and forestry , and is considered to be in a seral phase . The river travels through several different vegetation zones . In its upper reaches , the Adams flows through the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone . These forests are similar to the coastal forests of British Columbia and contain old @-@ growth trees up to 1000 years in age . Old @-@ growth stands along the river also contain rare species of , likely isolated by the last Ice Age . The floodplain of the Upper Adams contains wetland species of deciduous trees such as black cottonwood as well as a dense layer of shrubs including black , red @-@ , and . The lower river is dominated by the drier Interior Douglas Fir vegetation zone . Other conifer species present are Ponderosa pine , Engelmann spruce , and alpine fir . The area around the river mouth has been altered by human activities such as farming and livestock grazing . - - = = = Fauna = = = - - - = = = = salmon = = = = - - Adams River sockeye travel from their spawning grounds to the South Thompson River , then into the Fraser River , and enter the Pacific . From the Strait of Georgia , they spend three years in the open ocean following Arctic currents to Alaska and the islands . They then their route to the Adams , completing a round trip of over 4 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 500 mi ) . They complete the trip upstream , including navigating the swift waters and rapids of the Fraser Canyon , in just seventeen days . They do not eat during this period ; instead they rely on fat reserves stored up from heavy feeding in the Strait of Georgia in the late summer . It is at this point that the salmon take on their distinctive red hue , with the male fish also developing large backs and aggressive hooked mouths . How they are able navigate back to their river is not fully understood , but a highly developed olfactory system is believed to play a part . - The alluvial gravel deposits that form the Adams river bottom are ideal for the development of salmon and . The temperature and neutral of the water is also well @-@ suited to the sockeye . Shuswap Lake , below the river , is called a " nursery lake " by biologists due to its high concentration of , a food source for young salmon . - - = = = = runs = = = = - - The Adams River run occurs every year , but every fourth year ( called a " dominant " year ) , the numbers are much higher . 2014 was the most recent dominant run . According to Canada 's Department of Fisheries and , the Fraser River sockeye run of 2010 was the largest since 1913 , numbering an estimated 34 million fish . At least 3 @,@ @,@ 000 of these fish returned to the Adams River to spawn . There is no clear consensus as to why the Adams stock has rebounded so remarkably ( 1991 saw an estimated return of fish ) . In the Globe and Mail , Simon Fraser University biologist John Reynolds said “ [ predicting salmon numbers ] is massively complex , even for a scientist . ” - - = = = = Other fauna = = = = - - The Adams River valley supports large populations of mule deer , with smaller herds of white @-@ tail deer . Black bears are common in the watershed . The bear population grows substantially during the fall as they gather from adjacent valleys to feed on the spawning salmon . In the upper river valley , moose are common , and the headwaters of the river contain grizzly bear habitat . Several species of aquatic mammals are found on the river , including beaver , mink , and river otter . - The river 's mouth has populations of Canada and . Other include , green @-@ winged , and . The river supports Bald eagle and populations , whose can be seen high up in black cottonwood and dead conifers . , especially grouse , are numerous throughout the valley . - - = = Protected areas = = - - The Adams passes through the 5 @,@ 733 hectare Upper Adams River Provincial Park and the 1 @,@ hectare Haig @-@ Brown Provincial Park , which provides trails and platforms for salmon viewing . Human visitors to Haig @-@ Brown Provincial Park were estimated at 160 @,@ 000 in 2010 . Haig @-@ Brown was a Canadian , writer and a member of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission . - - - = Independence Day ( India ) = - - Independence Day , observed annually on 15 August is a national holiday in India commemorating the nation 's independence from the British Empire on 15 August 1947 . India attained independence following an Independence Movement noted for largely nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress ( ) . Independence coincided with the partition of India , in which the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into the of India and Pakistan ; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties , and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to sectarian violence . On 15 August 1947 , Jawaharlal Nehru , who had become the first Prime Minister of India that day , raised the Indian national flag above the Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi . On each subsequent Independence Day , the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech . - The holiday is observed throughout India with flag @-@ hoisting ceremonies , parades and cultural events . Indians celebrate the day by displaying the national flag on their attire , accessories and homes ; by listening to patriotic songs , watching patriotic movies ; and bonding with family and friends . Books and films feature the independence and partition in their narrative . There have been threats of terrorist attack on and around 15 August by separatist and militant organisations . - - = = History = = - - European traders had established outposts on the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century . Through overwhelming military strength , the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century . Following the Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India . In the decades following , civic society gradually emerged across India , most notably the Indian National Congress Party , formed in 1885 . The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montagu – , but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Act and calls for self @-@ rule by Indian activists . The discontent of this period into nationwide non @-@ violent movements of non @-@ cooperation and civil disobedience , led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . - During the 1930s , reform was gradually legislated by the British ; Congress won victories in the resulting elections . The next decade was beset with political turmoil : Indian participation in World War II , the Congress ' final push for non @-@ cooperation , and an of Muslim nationalism led by the All @-@ India Muslim League . The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947 . The was tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan . - - = = = Independence Day before Independence = = = - - At the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress , the declaration , or " Declaration of the Independence of India " was promulgated , and 26 January was declared as Independence Day . The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and " to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time " until India attained complete independence . Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens , and to force the British government to consider granting independence . - The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1946 . The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the " pledge of independence " . Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful , solemn , and " without any speeches or " . Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings , the day would be spent " ... in doing some constructive work , whether it is spinning , or service of ' , ' or reunion of Hindus and , or prohibition work , or even all these together " . Following actual independence in 1947 , the Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950 ; since then 26 January is celebrated as Republic Day . - - = = = background = = = - - In 1946 , the Labour government in Britain , its exhausted by the recently concluded World War II , realised that it had neither the mandate at home , the international support , nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India . In February 1947 , Prime Minister Clement announced that the British government would grant full self @-@ governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest . - The new viceroy , Lord , advanced the date for the transfer of power , believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League might lead to a collapse of the interim government . He chose the second anniversary of Japan 's surrender in World War II , 15 August , as the date of power transfer . The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of British India into two states ; the successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth . The Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 6 c . 30 ) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan ( including what is now Bangladesh ) with effect from 15 August 1947 , and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries . The Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947 . - - = = = Partition and independence = = = - - Millions of Muslim , Sikh and Hindu refugees across the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence . In Punjab , where the borders divided the Sikh regions in halves , massive followed ; in Bengal and , where Mahatma Gandhi 's presence communal , the violence was . In all , between 250 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence . While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day , Gandhi stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage . On 14 August 1947 , the Independence Day of Pakistan , the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being ; Muhammad Ali was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi . - The Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi . The session was chaired by the president Prasad . In this session , Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the with Destiny speech proclaiming India 's independence . - The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the country . A group of women , representing the women of India , formally presented the national flag to the assembly . - The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi . Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister , and the viceroy , Lord , continued as its first governor general . Gandhi 's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion ; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events . Instead , he marked the day with a 24 @-@ hour fast , during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta , encouraging peace between Hindu and Muslim . - - = = Celebration = = - - Independence Day , one of the three national holidays in India ( the other two being the Republic Day on 26 January and Mahatma Gandhi 's birthday on 2 October ) , is observed in all Indian states and union territories . On the eve of Independence Day , the President of India delivers the " Address to the Nation " . On 15 August , the prime minister hoists the Indian flag on the of the historical site Red Fort in Delhi . Twenty @-@ one gun shots are fired in honour of the solemn occasion . In his speech , the prime minister highlights the past year 's achievements , raises important issues and calls for further development . He pays tribute to the leaders of the Indian independence movement . The Indian national anthem , " Jana Mana " is sung . The speech is followed by march past of divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary forces . and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India 's diverse cultural traditions . Similar events take place in state capitals where the Chief Ministers of individual states the national flag , followed by parades and pageants . - Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and non @-@ governmental institutions throughout the country . Schools and colleges conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural events . Major government buildings are often adorned with strings of lights . In Delhi and some other cities , flying adds to the occasion . National flags of different sizes are used to symbolise allegiance to the country . Citizens adorn their clothing , , cars , household accessories with replicas of the tri @-@ colour . Over a period of time , the celebration has changed emphasis from nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India . - The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants , particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants . In some locations , such as New York and other US cities , 15 August has become " India Day " among the diaspora and the local populace . celebrate " India Day " either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day . - - = = Security threats = = - - As early as three years after independence , the National Council called for a boycott of Independence Day in northeast India . protests in this region intensified in the 1980s ; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by insurgent organisations such as the United Liberation Front of and the National Democratic Front of , marred celebrations . With increasing insurgency in and from the late 1980s , separatist protesters boycotted Independence Day there with ( strikes ) , use of black flags and by flag burning . Terrorist outfits such as @-@ e @-@ , the and the @-@ e @-@ Mohammed have issued threats , and have carried out attacks around Independence Day . of the celebration has also been advocated by insurgent rebel organisations . - In the anticipation of terrorist attacks , particularly from militants , security measures are intensified , especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and in troubled states such as and . The airspace around the Red Fort is declared a no @-@ fly zone to prevent aerial attacks and additional police forces are deployed in other cities . - - = = In popular culture = = - - On Independence Day and Republic Day , patriotic songs in Hindi and regional languages are broadcast on television and radio channels . They are also played alongside flag hoisting ceremonies . Patriotic films are broadcast . Over the decades , according to The Times of India , the number of such films broadcast has decreased as channels report that audiences are with patriotic films . The population cohort that belong to the Generation Next often combine nationalism with popular culture during the celebrations . This mixture is exemplified by outfits and with the tricolour and designer garments that represent India 's various cultural traditions . Retail stores offer Independence Day sales promotions . Some news reports have decried the commercialism . Indian Postal Service publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders , nationalistic themes and defence @-@ related themes on 15 August . - Independence and partition inspired literary and other artistic creations . Such creations mostly describe the human cost of partition , limiting the holiday to a small part of their narrative . Salman 's novel Midnight 's Children ( 1980 ) , which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of , its narrative around children born at midnight of 14 – 15 August 1947 with magical abilities . Freedom at Midnight ( 1975 ) is a non @-@ fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947 . Few films center on the moment of independence , instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath . On the Internet , Google has commemorated Independence Day since 2003 with a special on its Indian . - - - = The One I Love ( manga ) = - - The One I Love ( Japanese : , Hepburn : no ) is a romantic , slice @-@ of @-@ life ( targeted towards girls ) manga by Clamp , an all @-@ female , manga artist team consisting of , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Ohkawa . Appearing as a monthly serial in the Japanese manga magazine Monthly Young Rose from December 1993 to June 1995 , the twelve stories were collected into a bound volume by Kadokawa Shoten and published in July 1995 . The One I Love contains twelve independent manga stories , each focusing on an aspect of love and accompanied by an essay . Ohkawa wrote the essays while Nekoi illustrated the manga ; it was the first time she primarily illustrated a manga by Clamp . Some of the stories draw on the life experiences of the women while others take inspiration from conversations they had with friends . - In 2003 , Tokyopop licensed The One I Love for an English @-@ language translation in North America , and published it in October 2004 . Media republished the manga in February 2015 . The manga has also been translated into other languages . Reviewers have identified a few themes in the collection . They had a range of reactions to The One I Love : some considered it heartfelt entertainment , while others reviewed it less positively , as a badly done take on romance . - - = = Plot = = - - Each story of The One I Love consists of seven pages of manga and an accompanying essay . - " Different " ( , ) : A girl asks to meet her boyfriend in the park after they have had a fight . She wants to apologize , but she does not know what to say . She wears a instead . When she meets her boyfriend , she finds that he is dressed up too ; he had the same idea as she did . - " " ( , ) : A girl reflects on the word " cute " with her boyfriend . She cannot visualize " cute , " so she does not understand why it makes her happy when he says that she is cute . - " I Miss You " ( , ) : A girl has doubts about staying with her boyfriend , who has a very demanding work schedule . In the end , he work to visit her , and she decides that their romantic relationship will work out . - " A Younger Man " ( , ) : A young woman working at a bakery reflects on a past unsuccessful relationship with a younger man . In the end , a younger bakery worker asks her on a date , and she is hopeful that their romantic relationship will work out . - " Suddenly " ( , ) : A girl working in a design company thinks about her past relationships , and one of her , whom she does not get along with . When a design job goes wrong and that offers his ideas , she realizes that she is in love with him . - " Together " ( , ) : A girl reflects on her childhood , who introduced her to playing the harmonica . - " Pretty " ( , ) : A girl as she decides what to wear to meet her boyfriend . When she is late to meet him , she realizes that her boyfriend always thinks she is pretty no matter what she wears . - " " ( , ) : A girl has a dream about her boyfriend ending their relationship , and she is worried that it is a premonition . - " Courage " ( , ) : A girl confesses her love on Valentine 's Day . - " Normal " ( , ) : A young woman has doubts about getting married to her boyfriend . In the end , she realizes that even if they marry , nothing will change between them . - " Apart " ( , ) : A young woman wonders if her long @-@ distance boyfriend is being faithful . In the end , she finds out that he is very dedicated to her . - " Marriage " ( , ) : A young woman about to be married is nervous about her future . She is worried that she might change , but her husband her that they will change together . - - = = Development = = - - The One I Love was developed by Clamp — the all @-@ female , manga artist team consisting of , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Ohkawa . The group decided on the theme of romance after considering the target audience of the manga magazine Monthly Young Rose , whose editors had asked them for a manga . For The One I Love , Ohkawa wrote the essays , and Nekoi illustrated the manga , the first time she primarily illustrated a series for the group . For costumes , Ohkawa used " non @-@ no Olive " as a reference . Additionally , the preview panels of each story featured different visual motifs , primarily girls and animals . In retrospective , Nekoi self @-@ thought that her illustrations of the female protagonists , including working women , made them resemble junior high students . - Some of the stories in The One I Love contain autobiographical elements . " Different " and " " draw on Ohkawa 's personal experiences , while " Together " draws on Mokona 's . Additionally , " Suddenly " is based on her admiration of manga artist 's dedication to his fans . " Normal " , " Apart " , and " " were inspired by Ohkawa 's conversations with friends , and " I Miss You " has its origins in a conversation with manga artist Takeshi , who rarely saw his girlfriend because of his work . " A Younger Man " stems from Ohkawa 's conversation with actor and his thoughts on men and age in a relationship . In contrast , " Courage " appeared as a Valentine 's Day story in the February issue of Young Rose ; Clamp rarely had opportunities to create seasonal stories , as the magazine that typically serialized their work did not run seasonal stories . - - = = Release = = - - Written and illustrated by Clamp , the stories of The One I Love appeared as a monthly serial in Monthly Young Rose from December 1993 to June 1995 . Kadokawa Shoten collected the stories into a bound volume , and published it on July 16 , 1995 . - In 2003 , Tokyopop announced that it had licensed The One I Love for an English @-@ language translation , along with four other manga by Clamp ; it published The One I Love on October 12 , 2004 . However , on May 31 , 2011 , Tokyopop shut down its publishing branch in North America , with all of its Japanese manga licenses returned . Media digitally republished the manga on February 10 , 2015 . The One I Love has also been translated into other languages , including French by , and German by Egmont Manga & Anime . - - = = Reception = = - - A reviewer for Anime News Network , Mikhail wrote that readers would have various reactions to The One I Love : he felt that some would regard it as " charming " and others would find it upsetting that the female protagonists were primarily defined by their worry over their relationships . While considering it one of Clamp 's minor works , he stated that it was " unusual " for including some colored pages when the majority of manga is printed in black and white ; being a slice @-@ of @-@ life manga ; and featuring Tsubaki Nekoi 's art , as prior to the time of his review , most of their works translated into English had been drawn by another member of Clamp . wrote that " insecurity and self @-@ doubt " served as the theme of the anthology . Johanna Draper Carlson , a reviewer for Publishers Weekly , wrote that some of the stories were worrisome , particularly one that she felt " having an interest in whatever your boyfriend likes , " and contained stereotypes as a result of limited space . She also stated that the essays included about women and " quickly become redundant . " In Manga : The Complete Guide , Mason Templar suggested a possible theme of being one 's self in relationships , but felt that it appeared " almost anti @-@ feminist in execution , " as only the female characters underwent a change in behavior . Templar rated the series one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars , and criticized it as a take on romance ; Templar suggested , , or Man of Many Faces as better examples of Clamp 's romantic manga . A reviewer of the French edition wrote that repetitive nature of the stories detracted from the manga 's appeal , and made for a " laborious " reading experience , although the reviewer felt that a " romantic " reader would not mind this . Conversely , another reviewer for Anime News Network , Cooper , wrote that the stories were " incredibly sweet and touching " and were best read a few stories at a time . According to Cooper , The One I Love would appeal to fans of Clamp or , manga targeted towards girls . - - - = Hurricane Abby ( 1960 ) = - - Hurricane Abby was the only tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea during the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season . The second tropical cyclone and first named storm season , Abby developed on July 10 from a tropical wave in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles . Abby rapidly intensified into a hurricane after being a tropical storm for less than six hours . It briefly peaked as a category 2 hurricane before weakening back . Abby rapidly weakened to a minimal tropical storm a few days thereafter . The storm re @-@ strengthened into a hurricane as it began to parallel the coast of Honduras . Hurricane Abby made landfall in British Honduras ( present @-@ day Belize ) on July 15 . Abby dissipated over Mexico later the next day . The remnants of Abby ultimately became Hurricane Celeste in the Pacific Ocean . Despite passing through or near several countries , Hurricane Abby had a relatively light impact on land , resulting in just $ 640 @,@ 500 ( 1960 USD , $ 5 @.@ 16 million 2016 USD ) in damage and six fatalities . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of Hurricane Abby were possibly from a tropical wave that moved in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles in early July 1960 . Ships and a few weather stations on July 9 reported the existence of a tropical cyclone . On July 9 , it had operationally been classified as a tropical storm upon formation , though a later analysis revealed that it was only a tropical depression . The depression passed near Barbados early on July 10 before rapidly intensifying into a hurricane . Hurricane Abby accelerated toward the west and made landfall in St. Lucia as a minimal category 1 hurricane . Abby emerged into the Caribbean Sea a few hours later . As it headed generally westward , it also gradually strengthened . By July 11 , Hurricane Abby had attained peak intensity as a 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) category 2 hurricane . - The intensity of Abby began to gradually level off , though it re @-@ intensified slightly in the Caribbean , before eventually weakening further . Abby was downgraded to a tropical storm on the morning of July 13 ; it was center roughly 222 mi ( 357 km ) south of Kingston , Jamaica at the time . Just six hours thereafter , Abby had maximum sustained winds of only 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . Abby re @-@ intensified at a relatively quick pace , as it was near hurricane status again when it passed just to the north of Honduras on July 14 . - Late on July 14 , Abby had re @-@ intensified into a hurricane . A few hours later , Abby passed over the island of at about midnight ( ) on July 15 . It made a third and final landfall on July 15 when it moved inland over British Honduras ( presently known as Belize ) as a minimal hurricane . Abby quickly weakened and was downgraded to a tropical storm only a few hours later over land . While Abby approached the border of Guatemala and Mexico , it had weakened further to a tropical depression . Abby dissipated while situated over the Mexican state of on July 16 . The remnants crossed over Mexico into the Pacific Ocean and into Hurricane Celeste on July 20 . Hurricane Celeste lasted for two days in the Pacific before it dissipated on July 22 . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - - = = = Lesser Antilles = = = - - There were many watches and warning issued during the passage of Hurricane Abby throughout the Caribbean . Some gale warnings were issued from the to starting on July 10 . Around 1600 UTC later that day , a hurricane watch was issued for the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico . Several hours later , the watch was extended to include Dominican Republic and Haiti . All warnings were discontinued later , after the storm passed by . - Hurricane Abby bypassed Barbados a tropical depression , which resulted in minimal effects . Maximum sustained winds on Barbados were reported at 23 mph ( 57 km / h ) , while gusts were recorded up to 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) . There are no other effects known on Barbados . St. Lucia had borne the brunt of the storm when Hurricane Abby made landfall as a category 1 hurricane . Rainfall on the island totaled at 6 @.@ 80 in ( 172 @.@ 7 mm ) . Tropical storm force winds were recorded on the island for the passage of Hurricane Abby on July 10 , though there were no hurricane force winds reported . In addition , a roof collapsed in on a house , killing six of the residents living there . The passage of Hurricane Abby also resulted in $ 435 @,@ 000 ( 1960 USD , $ 3 @.@ 48 million 2016 USD ) of damage on St. Lucia . Martinique was near the path of Hurricane Abby , which resulted in some effects . The Martinique Aimé International Airport in Fort @-@ de @-@ France recorded rainfall at nearly three inches ( 76 @.@ 2 mm ) , while rain in another village was measured at nearly four inches ( 101 @.@ 2 mm ) . Winds on Martinique were also at least tropical storm force during the passage of Hurricane Abby . However , wind gusts on Martinique were around 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , greater than that which was observed on St. Lucia . There were also damaged roads and bridges , mainly due to landslides . The island nation of Dominica was also affected by Hurricane Abby . Hurricane Abby produced nearly six in ( 152 @.@ 4 mm ) of rain on the island . Winds were also similar to those that were measured on Barbados . Hurricane Abby left about $ 65 @,@ 000 ( 1960 USD , $ 520 thousand 2016 USD ) in damage to Dominica . - - = = = Greater Antilles and Central America = = = - - It was initially believed that Abby would affect Jamaica with gale force winds and heavy rainfall , and the U.S. Weather Bureau noted that " interests " on the island should monitor the progress of the storm . However , Abby remained far south of the island , and the impact it had on the island , if any , is unknown . Citizens of the Cayman Islands , Central America , and the Peninsula were also to remain on alert during the passage of Abby . The U.S. Weather Bureau later warned citizens in British Honduras and Honduras to " take all precautions for the protection of life and property against dangerous winds and abnormally high seas " . - Hurricane Abby also produced 1 @.@ 62 in ( 41 @.@ 14 mm ) of rain on Swan Island . On the islands north of Honduras , reports were received until winds reached 52 mph ( 83 @.@ 7 km / h ) , and then communications were lost . In Belize City , which was 75 mi ( 120 @.@ 7 km ) north of where Abby made landfall , wind gusts were reported to 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Minor property damage was reported in British Honduras , totaling to $ 6 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 3 @,@ 000 1960 USD ; $ 24 thousand 2016 USD ) . In addition , agricultural losses reached $ 75 @,@ 000 ( about $ 37 @,@ 500 1960 USD ; $ 300 thousand 2016 USD ) . Although Abby nearly made landfall in Honduras and eventually entered Mexico , no effects were reported , but the U.S. Weather Bureau believed that flooding and there were seas of at least 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) above normal . - Throughout its path , Abby caused only about $ 600 @,@ 000 ( 1960 USD , $ 4 @.@ 8 million 2016 USD ) in damage and six fatalities . - - - = 2010 Alabama Crimson Tide football team = - - The 2010 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously " Alabama " , " " , " " or " The Tide " ) represented the University of Alabama in the 2010 NCAA Division I football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 116th overall season , 77th as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and its 19th within the SEC Western Division . The team was led by head coach Nick Saban , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Bryant – Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of ten wins and three losses ( 10 – 3 , 5 – 3 in the SEC ) and defeated Michigan State 49 – 7 in the Capital One Bowl . - Alabama entered the season as defending national champions , and began the 2010 season as the preseason number one team in both the AP and Coaches ' Polls . to win a second consecutive SEC championship and be in contention for the national championship , the Crimson Tide opened the season with five consecutive victories over San Jose State , Penn State , Duke , Arkansas and Florida . However , Alabama completed the regular season with only nine victories and losses to South Carolina , LSU and Auburn and finished fourth in the Western Division . After the regular season , the Crimson Tide accepted an invitation to compete in the Capital One Bowl in Orlando . Against Big Ten co @-@ champions Michigan State , Alabama won by a final score of 49 – 7 and captured both a third straight ten win season and top ten finish . - - = = Before the season = = - - During the 2009 campaign , the Crimson Tide finished the season undefeated , 14 – 0 , with wins over several ranked opponents that included No. 7 Virginia Tech , No. 20 Ole Miss , No. 22 South Carolina , No. 9 LSU , No. 1 Florida in the SEC Championship , and No. 2 Texas in the BCS National Championship Game . They finished the season as the consensus National Champions , being voted No. 1 in the AP and Coaches ' Polls in securing Alabama 's first national title since 1992 . In addition to the national title , sophomore running back Mark Ingram became the first Alabama player to win the Trophy . - In February 2010 , eighteen players each signed an individual National of Intent to play college football at Alabama . The 2010 recruiting class was ranked nationally in the top five by several recruiting services including , Scout , and CBS College Sports . Spring practice began on March 12 and concluded with the annual A @-@ Day game on April 17 . live by ESPN , the Crimson team of offensive starters defeated the White team of defensive starters by a final score of 23 – 17 before 91 @,@ 312 fans in Bryant – Denny Stadium . The game was decided after the end of regulation when Brandon Gibson caught a 39 @-@ yard touchdown pass from AJ McCarron in sudden death . For their performances , Marcell Dareus earned the Dwight Lineman of the A @-@ Day Game Award and Mark Ingram earned the Dixie Howell Memorial Most Valuable Player of the A @-@ Day Game Award . - By August , Alabama had a combined 21 players on 12 different preseason award watch lists . These included both Mark Barron , Marcell Dareus and Dont ’ a Hightower for the Chuck Award ; Julio Jones for the Fred Award ; Hightower and Nico Johnson for the Award ; Ingram for the Walter Camp Award ; James Carpenter , Dareus and Hightower for the Lombardi Award ; Ingram and Greg McElroy for the Maxwell Award ; Barron , Dareus and Hightower for the Trophy ; McElroy for the O 'Brien Award ; Carpenter and Barrett Jones for the Trophy ; William Vlachos for the Trophy ; Barron for the Jim Thorpe Award ; and Ingram for the Doak Walker Award . - - = = = Returning starters = = = - - Alabama had 10 returning starters from the previous season , including eight on offense and two on defense . The most notable departures from the previous year were linebackers Anders , and Cory ; Javier Arenas , Kareem Jackson and Marquis Johnson ; defensive ends Brandon and Lorenzo Washington ; nose tackle Terrence ; safety Justin ; offensive Drew Davis and Mike Johnson ; and tight end Colin . Additionally , all of special teams players were replaced following the departures of punter P.J. Fitzgerald , Leigh , long Brian and Arenas as the return specialist . - - = = = class = = = - - Alabama 's recruiting class was highlighted by eight players from the " ESPN 150 " : No. 16 ( CB ) ; No. 32 Phillip ( ) ; No. 36 John Fulton ( CB ) ; No. 54 Adrian Hubbard ( DE ) ; No. 74 Chad Lindsay ( OG ) ; No. 89 Malone ( ) ; No. 99 C.J. Mosley ( ) ; and No. 132 Brian Vogler ( ) . Alabama signed the No. 5 recruiting class according to and the No. 4 recruiting class according to Scout . The football program received 18 letters of intent on National Signing Day , February 3 , 2010 . - - = = Schedule = = - - The 2010 schedule was officially released on September 2 , 2009 . In accordance with conference rules , Alabama faced all five Western Division opponents : Arkansas , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State , and Ole Miss . They also faced three Eastern Division opponents : official SEC rival Tennessee , Florida , and South Carolina . Alabama did not play SEC opponents Georgia , Kentucky and Vanderbilt . The contest against Ole Miss served as the 2010 homecoming game . - Alabama also played four non @-@ conference games . The game against Penn State was originally scheduled as part of the 2004 season , however the series was moved back at the request of Alabama due to fallout from NCAA sanctions being on the program . The non @-@ conference schedule also included games against San Jose State of the Western Athletic Conference , Duke of the Atlantic Coast Conference and Georgia State of the Football Championship ( ) . On December 5 , it was announced Alabama would face Big Ten co @-@ champion Michigan State in the Capital One Bowl . In what was the first meeting between the programs , the Tide defeated the Spartans 49 – 7 and secured their third consecutive ten @-@ win season . - Alabama played six of its SEC opponents the week following the opponents ' bye week . These SEC teams who scheduled a bye week before facing the Crimson Tide included South Carolina , Ole Miss , Tennessee , LSU , Mississippi State and Auburn . Georgia State also had a bye week prior to playing Alabama , for a total of seven consecutive opponents playing Alabama the week following their bye . On July 1 , 2010 , the game against Georgia State was moved from Saturday , November 20 to Thursday , November 18 to give Alabama additional time to prepare for its game against Auburn . The computer ratings calculated Alabama 's 2010 strength of schedule to be the fifth most difficult out of the 245 Division I teams . The Computer Rankings calculated it as the 12th most difficult out of the 120 Division I teams in its rankings . - Source : All @-@ time Football Results : 2010 Season - - = = Coaching staff = = - - The only change to the coaching staff from the 2009 season was the departure of James Willis , an associate head and outside linebackers coach , to become the defensive coordinator at Texas Tech . Willis was replaced on the staff with Jeremy on January 15 . Other assistants that declined positions at other programs included Jim declining an offer to become San Jose State 's head coach and Smart declining an offer to become Georgia 's defensive coordinator . - - = = Game notes = = - - - = = = San Jose State = = = - - The Crimson Tide began their defense of their 2010 BCS championship at home against the San Jose State Spartans , and before a record crowd in a newly expanded Bryant – Denny Stadium , Alabama was victorious 48 – 3 . Alabama scored a touchdown on their first possession on a one @-@ yard Trent Richardson run to complete an eight @-@ play , 71 @-@ yard drive . The Spartans responded on the next drive with their only points of the game on a 31 @-@ yard Harrison field goal to make the score 7 – 3 . On the ensuing drive the Alabama extended their lead to 14 – 3 with a 48 @-@ yard Greg McElroy touchdown pass to Marquis Maze . Alabama again reached the early in the second quarter on a 39 @-@ yard Richardson run and a 29 @-@ yard AJ McCarron pass to Julio Jones to make the score 28 – 3 . Cade Foster scored the final points of the half as time expired on a 31 @-@ yard field goal to bring the halftime score to 31 – 3 . - Alabama opened the second half by scoring on their first two possessions . Eddie Lacy scored on a 37 @-@ yard run and Foster hit a 24 @-@ yard field goal to extend the Crimson Tide lead to 41 – 3 . Lacy scored the final points of the game with a 10 @-@ yard run to make the final score 48 – 3 . Both McElroy and McCarron combined to pass for yards on 22 completions and a pair of touchdowns . For the game , the Alabama San Jose in total offense by a margin of 591 – 175 . The 101 @,@ in attendance marked the first crowd of over 100 @,@ 000 to attend a football game in the state of Alabama . - - = = = Penn State = = = - - With ESPN 's College in town , Alabama defeated the Penn State Nittany Lions 24 – 3 in a renewal of their historic rivalry . Alabama scored first on a 36 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Greg McElroy to Kevin Norwood in the first quarter . The Crimson Tide added to their lead in the second quarter with a 14 @-@ yard McElroy touchdown pass to Preston Dial and a 31 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal to take a 17 – 0 lead at the half . After a scoreless third , Trent Richardson scored on a one @-@ yard run and Penn State 's Wagner hit a 36 @-@ yard field goal to make the final score to 24 – 3 . - Richardson led the team in rushing with 144 yards on 22 carries , and was also the first back to gain over 100 yards on the ground against Penn State since their 2008 game against Iowa . The defense also stood out with Mark Barron , Robert Lester and Will each making an interception and Alabama only allowing 283 yards of total offense . After compiling 207 all @-@ purpose yards and scoring a touchdown , Richardson was named Co @-@ SEC Offensive Player of the Week with South Carolina 's Marcus Lattimore . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Nittany Lions to 9 – 5 . - - = = = Duke = = = - - In Alabama 's first @-@ ever trip to Duke , the Crimson Tide defeated the Blue Devils by a final score of 62 – 13 in front of the largest crowd at Wallace Wade Stadium since the 1994 season . Playing in his first game of the 2010 season following knee surgery , Mark Ingram ran for a team high 152 yards on nine carries with two touchdowns . - Greg McElroy completed 14 of 20 passes for 258 yards , with three touchdowns and one interception . In the second quarter Trent Richardson scored Alabama 's first special teams touchdown of the season with a 96 @-@ yard kickoff return . Other offensive highlights included Richardson gaining 66 yards on seven carries and Eddie Lacy gaining 53 yards on seven carries with each scoring a touchdown on the ground . Through the air , Julio Jones led the team with 106 receiving yards on six catches with he , Darius Hanks and Preston Dial each making a touchdown reception . - The game also marked the return of Marcell Dareus following a two @-@ game suspension from the NCAA for receiving improper benefits . After allowing 13 points in the first half , the Alabama defense shut out the Duke offense in the second half . The 62 points scored by the Tide were the most since a 62 – 0 victory over Tulane during the 1991 season , and the 45 points scored in the first half were the most scored in one half since scoring 45 in the second half of the 1973 victory over California . The yards of total offense were the most amassed by an Alabama team since gaining against LSU in 1989 . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Blue Devils to 3 – 1 . - - = = = Arkansas = = = - - In the first game played between two teams ranked in the top ten at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium since the 1979 season , Alabama was victorious with a 24 – 20 come @-@ from @-@ behind victory . After Ryan Mallett connected on an early touchdown to take a 7 – 0 lead , Alabama responded with a 54 @-@ yard Mark Ingram touchdown run to tie the game at 7 – 7 . Arkansas retook the lead with a field goal and a one @-@ yard Mallett run to take a 17 – 7 lead at the half . Midway through the third , Arkansas extended their lead to 20 – 7 . - Alabama brought the score to 20 – 14 late in the third after a 20 @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown reception from Greg McElroy . The Arkansas lead was then cut to three after a 36 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal with just over 6 : 00 remaining in the fourth . After Robert Lester intercepted a Mallett pass and returned it to the 12 @-@ yard line , Ingram took the next three snaps that culminated in a one @-@ yard touchdown run to take a 24 – 20 lead . After a late Dre Kirkpatrick interception , McElroy gained a first down on a fourth and inches quarterback sneak to seal the victory for the Crimson Tide . Ingram led the team with 157 yards rushing on 24 carries and Richardson finished with 85 yards on eight carries . Kirkpatrick led the defense with nine tackles and an interception . For his five @-@ tackle , two @-@ interception performance , Robert Lester was recognized as both the / National Defensive Player of the Week and the SEC Defensive Player of the Week . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the to 11 – 8 ( 14 – 7 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . - - = = = Florida = = = - - In a rematch of the previous two SEC Championship Games , Alabama defeated the Florida Gators 31 – 6 . Alabama opened the scoring with a 28 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal in the first , and then scored a trio of second @-@ quarter touchdowns . Mark Ingram scored on runs of six and one — yard with the third coming on a 19 @-@ yard Marquis Maze touchdown pass to Michael Williams on a wide receiver pass . Florida got on the board late in the second with a 39 @-@ yard Chas Henry field goal to bring the halftime score to 24 – 3 . After a second Henry field goal , C. J. Mosley returned an interception 35 @-@ yards for a touchdown to make the final score 31 – 6 . - Although Florida the Crimson Tide in total offense 281 to 273 yards , their three turnovers resulted in 21 Alabama points . In addition to Mosley , Nico Johnson intercepted Trey Burton in the end zone and Dre Kirkpatrick intercepted a John pass . The game marked the first time Florida had been held without a touchdown since their previous visit to Tuscaloosa in 2005 , and resulted in Alabama leading the nation in scoring defense by allowing only 45 points through five games . Courtney was named the SEC Defensive Player of the Week after making seven total tackles , with four for losses , a fumble recovery and two pass . Chance was recognized as the SEC 's Offensive Lineman of the Week for his performance . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Gators to 21 – 14 ( 22 – 14 without the NCAA vacation of the 2005 victory ) . - - = = = South Carolina = = = - - With ESPN 's College in town and in front of a sold out Williams – , Alabama was upset by the South Carolina Gamecocks 35 – 21 . After Alabama scored on its opening drive with a 32 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal , South Carolina responded with three consecutive touchdowns . Stephen Garcia threw three touchdown passes , with the first to Marcus Lattimore for nine @-@ yards followed by strikes of 26 and 15 @-@ yards to , to give South Carolina a 21 – 3 lead in the second quarter . Alabama reached the end zone late in the second on a nine @-@ yard Greg McElroy pass to Julio Jones to make the halftime score 21 – 9 after the extra point failed . - On the first play from scrimmage in the third quarter , Garcia threw the ball out of the end zone for a safety following a bad snap . After the free kick , Alabama scored on a 39 @-@ yard Shelley field goal , to make the score 21 – 14 . After a one @-@ yard Lattimore touchdown run , Alabama answered with a 51 @-@ yard Darius Hanks touchdown reception from McElroy , to make the score 28 – 21 . However , Lattimore scored on a two @-@ yard touchdown run late in the fourth to give the Gamecocks a 35 – 21 victory . The win marked South Carolina 's first all @-@ time victory over a team ranked number one in the AP poll . - For the game , McElroy set a career high in passing for 315 yards on 27 of 34 passes , and Jones had a team high 118 yards on eight catches . Marcell Dareus was recognized as an honorable mention SEC Defensive Player of the Week for his eight tackle performance . The 34 points allowed by the Crimson Tide defense were the most allowed since giving up 41 to LSU in 2007 . The loss also marked the end of a 29 @-@ game regular season win streak , an overall 19 @-@ game win streak , and an 18 @-@ game regular season conference winning streak . It was Alabama 's first overall loss since being defeated by Utah in the 2009 Sugar Bowl and their first regular season and regular season conference loss since losing to Auburn in 2007 . The loss brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Gamecocks to 10 – 4 ( 12 – 3 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . - - = = = Ole Miss = = = - - A week after their first regular season loss since the 2007 season , Alabama defeated their long @-@ time rival , the Ole Miss on homecoming in Tuscaloosa 23 – 10 . The Crimson Tide took a 10 – 0 lead in the first quarter on a seven @-@ yard Greg McElroy touchdown pass to Preston Dial and a 49 @-@ yard Cade Foster field goal . continued in the second quarter with Alabama 's Jeremy Shelley and Foster connecting on field goals of 19 and 44 @-@ yards . Mississippi 's Rose connected on a 22 @-@ yard field goal to make the halftime score 16 – 3 . In the third quarter , McElroy connected with Trent Richardson for an 85 @-@ yard touchdown reception . The catch was the fourth longest touchdown reception in school history . Later in the quarter , Jeremiah connected with Melvin Harris on a 15 @-@ yard touchdown reception to make the final score 23 – 10 . - On special teams , Marquis Maze totaled 125 yards on six punt returns and was named SEC Co @-@ Special Teams Player of the Week for his performance . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the to 44 – 9 – 2 ( 48 – 8 – 2 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . - - = = = Tennessee = = = - - In the 93rd edition of the Third Saturday in October , the Crimson Tide defeated the Tennessee Volunteers 41 – 10 . Tennessee scored first , on a 59 @-@ yard Poole touchdown run to take an early 7 – 0 lead . Alabama responded by scoring on its next two drives : a 36 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal , and a one @-@ yard Greg McElroy touchdown run to take a 10 – 7 lead . The second quarter closed with a 42 @-@ yard Shelley field goal and a 33 @-@ yard field goal by Michael of Tennessee to make the halftime score 13 – 10 . - Alabama opened the second half by driving 70 yards in four plays , with Julio Jones having receptions of 38 and 19 yards and Mark Ingram punching in the touchdown from one @-@ yard out to extend their lead to 20 – 10 . After missed a 52 @-@ yard field goal , Trent Richardson ran the ball 65 yards for a touchdown on the second play of the ensuing drive for a 27 – 10 Alabama lead . Later , Robert Lester intercepted a Matt Simms pass , and Alabama extended its lead to 34 – 10 , after an 80 @-@ yard drive with Ingram scoring from one @-@ yard out . Alabama scored the final points of the evening in the fourth quarter when AJ McCarron hit Richardson for a five @-@ yard touchdown reception to make the final score 41 – 10 . It was Alabama 's most lopsided victory over Tennessee since defeating the Volunteers 35 – 0 in 1963 . - For the game , Julio Jones set a school record with 221 receiving yards , eclipsing the previous mark of 217 yards set by David Palmer against Vanderbilt in 1993 . Ingram and Richardson finished with 88 and 119 yards on the ground respectively . For his performance , left tackle James Carpenter was selected as the SEC Offensive Lineman of the Week . With his 117 yards on 14 carries , Poole ended Alabama 's 41 @-@ game streak of not allowing a 100 @-@ yard rusher dating back to Green @-@ Ellis 's 131 yard performance for Ole Miss in 2007 . The game also marked the first between Nick Saban and Derek Dooley who previously worked for Saban as an assistant coach at LSU and with the Miami Dolphins . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Volunteers to 47 – 38 – 7 ( 48 – 37 – 8 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . - - = = = LSU = = = - - Coming off their bye week and in what was dubbed by some as " Saban Bowl IV , " Alabama was upset by their long @-@ time rival , the LSU Tigers 24 – 21 . LSU scored first on a 45 @-@ yard Josh Jasper field goal to take a 3 – 0 lead . Alabama scored their first points early in the second quarter on a one @-@ yard Greg McElroy touchdown pass to Trent Richardson to take a 7 – 3 lead at the half . - Both teams traded touchdowns in the third . The Tigers scored first on a 75 @-@ yard Rueben reception from Jordan Jefferson , and the Crimson Tide responded with a five @-@ yard Mark Ingram touchdown run . LSU scored 14 fourth quarter points to secure the victory with a pair of Jasper field goals and a one @-@ yard Ridley touchdown run and a successful two @-@ point conversion . Alabama responded with a nine @-@ yard Julio Jones touchdown reception , but was unable to get a defensive stop late in the game preserving the 24 – 21 LSU victory . proved costly for Alabama with LSU scoring field goals on drives after a McElroy interception in the first and fumble in the fourth . The loss brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 45 – 24 – 5 . - - = = = Mississippi State = = = - - A week after being upset by LSU , Alabama returned to Bryant – Denny and began a three @-@ game to end the season by defeating long @-@ time rival Mississippi State 30 – 10 . The Crimson Tide took a 6 – 3 lead in the first quarter by trading field goals with the Bulldogs on a 36 @-@ yarder from Jeremy Shelley , a 24 @-@ yarder from Derek and a 45 @-@ yarder from Cade Foster . In the second , Alabama reached the end zone for the first time on the evening after Greg McElroy hit Marquis Maze for a 45 @-@ yard touchdown reception and a 13 – 3 lead . After a punt on the next series , an 80 @-@ yard Maze touchdown return was called back as a result of an illegal block on the play by Alex Watkins . On the next play , Mark Ingram took a short bubble screen pass from McElroy 78 @-@ yards for a 20 – 3 lead at the half . - On their first offensive possession of the second half , and on the third consecutive offensive play , Alabama scored on a long touchdown play . This time Julio Jones ran the ball 56 @-@ yards for a touchdown to extend the Alabama lead to 27 – 3 . Shelley scored Alabama 's final points in the fourth on a 28 @-@ yard field goal with State scoring their lone touchdown late on a 27 @-@ yard Chad touchdown reception from Tyler Russell . The Alabama defense allowed only 149 rushing yards , registered five sacks and two interceptions . - In this game , the Crimson Tide wore Nike Pro Combat uniforms for the first time . These uniforms featured jerseys with grey and white houndstooth numbers , a houndstooth stripe on the helmet , houndstooth gloves and an American flag into one of the sleeves in honor of Veterans Day . The houndstooth design was chosen as a tribute to former Alabama coach Bear Bryant who was known for wearing a houndstooth during games . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Bulldogs to 73 – 18 – 3 ( 75 – 17 – 3 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . - - = = = Georgia State = = = - - Originally scheduled to be played on November 20 , in July 2010 this game was moved to Thursday , November 18 to give the Crimson Tide extra time to prepare for its game against Auburn . In the first ever meeting against the Georgia State Panthers , the Crimson Tide was victorious 63 – 7 . Alabama scored first on an eight @-@ yard Greg McElroy pass to Julio Jones . After a Mark Barron interception ended the first Georgia State drive , Alabama responded with a 71 @-@ yard drive capped by a one @-@ yard Mark Ingram touchdown run to take a 14 – 0 lead . - In the second quarter , Alabama scored on a defensive play when C. J. Mosley returned a Drew Little interception 41 @-@ yards for a touchdown . Alabama then extended their lead to 28 – 0 on a ten @-@ yard Jones touchdown reception from McElroy . At the end of the Panthers next possession , Williams blocked a Bo punt that was returned 22 @-@ yards for a touchdown by Brandon Gibson . On the following kickoff , an Albert Wilson fumble was recovered by Gibson to give the Tide possession deep in Panther territory . Four plays later , Alabama extended their lead to 42 – 0 on a three @-@ yard Eddie Lacy touchdown run . On the ensuing kickoff , the Panthers scored their only points on the evening when Wilson returned the kickoff 97 @-@ yards for a touchdown and a halftime score of 42 – 7 . - With the game in hand midway through the second quarter , Alabama played many of its reserve players in the second half . The Tide scored in the third quarter first on a seven @-@ yard AJ McCarron touchdown pass to Chris Underwood and again on an one @-@ yard Goode touchdown run after a Chris Jordan interception to take a 56 – 7 lead into the final period . In the fourth , Fowler scored on a 36 @-@ yard touchdown run to make the final score 63 – 7 . - After he completed 12 of 13 passes , McElroy set a new single @-@ game Alabama record for completion percentage of 92 @.@ 3 percent to break the previous record he set against North Texas in 2009 . The game also marked the first time Alabama played on a Thursday night since defeating Southern Miss in 2001 , and the return of both former Alabama head coach Bill Curry as the Panthers ' head coach and quarterback Star Jackson who transferred to Georgia State prior to the 2010 season . The 63 points were the most scored by an Alabama team since defeating Vanderbilt 63 – 3 in 1979 . - - = = = Auburn = = = - - In the 75th edition of the Iron Bowl , the Auburn Tigers a 24 @-@ point deficit to defeat the Crimson Tide 28 – 27 . Alabama opened a 21 – 0 lead after the first quarter with touchdown scores on their first three offensive possessions . were scored on a nine @-@ yard Mark Ingram run , a 68 @-@ yard Julio Jones reception from Greg McElroy and on a 12 @-@ yard Darius Hanks reception from McElroy . The lead was pushed to 24 – 0 in the second quarter after a 20 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal before the Tigers began their comeback . - Auburn scored their first points late in the second on a 36 @-@ yard Cam Newton pass to Blake to bring the score to 24 – 7 at the half . With the only Alabama points in the third scored on a 32 @-@ yard Shelley field goal , Auburn brought the margin to 27 – 21 entering the fourth on a 70 @-@ yard Cam Newton touchdown pass to and a one @-@ yard Newton run . The Tigers took a 28 – 27 lead in the fourth on a seven @-@ yard Philip reception from Newton that held to the end of regulation . - With his 10 catch , 199 yard performance , Julio Jones set Alabama single @-@ season records for both receptions and receiving yards in eclipsing the previous marks of 67 receptions by D. J. Hall in 2007 and 1 @,@ 056 yards by Hall in 2006 . The loss ended a 20 @-@ game home winning streak for the Tide dating back to the 2007 loss to Louisiana – Monroe , and brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 40 – 34 – 1 . The CBS telecast of this game earned a 7 @.@ 5 rating , the highest for any game of the 2010 college football season through week 13 . - - = = = Michigan State = = = - - On December 5 , Capital One Bowl officials announced Alabama would face the Big Ten co @-@ champion Michigan State Spartans in the 2011 Capital One Bowl . In a strong defensive performance where the Spartans were held to a total of minus @-@ 48 yards rushing , Alabama was victorious 49 – 7 . Alabama scored touchdowns on their first four offensive possessions . Mark Ingram scored first on an one @-@ yard touchdown run to complete a 13 @-@ play , 79 @-@ yard drive on Alabama 's first possession . After a Robert Lester interception of a Kirk pass on the Spartans ' opening drive , the Tide scored on an eight @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown run . Alabama extended their lead to 28 – 0 at the half following touchdown runs of six and 35 @-@ yards by Ingram and Julio Jones . - After holding Michigan State to a three @-@ and @-@ out to open the third quarter , Alabama scored its fifth touchdown in six offensive possessions when Marquis Maze scored on a 37 @-@ yard Greg McElroy pass . Up by 35 points late in the third , the Crimson Tide pulled many of their starters that resulted in many players seeing action from deep in the depth chart . Eddie Lacy extended the lead to 49 – 0 with touchdown runs of twelve @-@ yards in the third and 62 @-@ yards in the fourth quarter . Michigan State scored their only points late in the fourth on a 49 @-@ yard Fowler touchdown reception from Keith to make the final score 49 – 7 . The 42 @-@ point margin of victory was Alabama 's largest in a bowl game since defeating Syracuse 61 – 6 in the 1953 Orange Bowl . - The minus @-@ 48 yards rushing allowed by the Alabama defense was the fewest ever allowed in a bowl game and the second fewest allowed all @-@ time only eclipsed by a minus @-@ 49 yard performance against Houston in 1962 . With his pair of touchdowns , Mark Ingram established a new Alabama record for career rushing touchdowns with 42 to eclipse the previous mark of 41 set by Shaun Alexander . The contest also marked both Nick Saban 's and Bobby Williams ' first game against the Spartans since their respective terms as Michigan State 's head coach between 1995 – 1999 and 2000 – 2002 . - - = = chart = = - - and . - - = = Rankings = = - - Entering the 2010 season , the Crimson Tide was ranked No. 1 in the AP and Coaches ' Polls . The No. 1 preseason ranking was the first for Alabama since the 1978 season . In week six , Alabama dropped to the No. 8 ranking in both the AP and Coaches ' Poll following their loss to South Carolina . The Tide rebounded in the rankings though week nine , rising to No. 5 before dropping to No. 11 in the AP and No. 12 in the Coaches ' Poll following their loss at LSU . After their loss to Auburn , Alabama dropped to No. 15 in the AP , No. 18 in the Coaches ' Poll and No. 16 in the final BCS standings . Following the victory over Michigan State in the Capital One Bowl , Alabama finished No. 10 in the final AP , No. 11 in the final Coaches ' Polls . - - = = After the season = = - - As part of the A @-@ Day celebrations on April 16 , the 2010 team captains Greg McElroy , Dont 'a Hightower and Mark Barron were honored at the Walk of Fame ceremony at the base of Denny . Later that day , as recognition for becoming the fifth Alabama head coach to win a national championship with the 2009 squad , the University unveiled a statue of coach Saban along the Walk of Champions outside Bryant – Denny Stadium . - - = = = Final statistics = = = - - After their victory over Michigan State in the Capitol One Bowl , Alabama 's final team statistics were released . On the defensive side of the ball , they ranked third in scoring defense ( 13 @.@ 54 points per game ) , fifth in total defense ( 286 @.@ 38 yards per game ) , tenth in rushing defense ( 110 @.@ 15 yards per game ) and thirteenth in passing defense ( 176 @.@ 23 yards per game ) . They were also the conference leaders in both scoring and total defense . On offense , nationally the Crimson Tide ranked 18th in scoring offense ( 35 @.@ 69 points per game ) , 22nd in total offense ( @.@ 08 yards per game ) , 27th in passing offense ( 261 @.@ 15 yards per game ) and 29th in rushing offense ( 182 @.@ 92 yards per game ) . , Robert Lester led the SEC with an average of 0 @.@ 62 interceptions per game . - - = = = Awards = = = - - In the weeks following the SEC Championship Game , multiple Alabama players were recognized for their on @-@ field performances with a variety of awards and . At the team awards banquet on December 6 , Mark Barron , Dont 'a Hightower , and Greg McElroy were each named the permanent captains of the 2010 squad . At that time Julio Jones was named the 2010 most valuable players with Dont 'a Hightower and Mark Barron named defensive players of the year and Greg McElroy and Mark Ingram named the offensive players of the year . - The SEC recognized several players for their individual performances with various awards . Defensive back Mark Barron , wide receiver Julio Jones and offensive guard Barrett Jones were all named to the AP All @-@ SEC First Team . Offensive lineman James Carpenter , defensive lineman Marcell Dareus , running back Mark Ingram , linebacker Dont 'a Hightower and defensive back Robert Lester were all named to the AP All @-@ SEC Second Team . Quarterback Greg McElroy and center William Vlachos were each named AP All @-@ SEC Mention . Four players were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC First Team including Barron , James Carpenter , Marcell Dareus and Julio Jones . Barrett Jones , William Vlachos , Mark Ingram , Dont 'a Hightower , return specialist Trent Richardson and defensive backs Robert Lester and Dre Kirkpatrick were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC Second Team . Four players were named to the Freshman All @-@ SEC Coaches ' Team including offensive lineman D.J. , linebacker C.J. Mosley , defensive back Dee and punter . - In addition to the conference awards , several players were also named to various national All @-@ American Teams . Julio Jones and Mark Barron were named to the AP All @-@ American Second Team and Marcell Dareus and Barrett Jones were named to the AP All @-@ American Third Team . Barron was also named to the All @-@ America team by the Football Writers Association of America ( ) . Quarterback Greg McElroy , tight end Preston Dial and offensive lineman James Carpenter were all selected to play in the Under Armour Senior Bowl . - - = = = Coaching changes = = = - - In the week following the Capitol One Bowl victory , several changes were made to the Alabama coaching staff . Defensive line coach Bo Davis resigned his position to serve as the defensive tackles coach for Texas . The following day , Chris was hired by Coach Saban from Clemson to replace Davis as defensive line coach . On January 12 , assistant head coach and offensive line coach Joe announced his retirement . The following day , former Miami interim head coach Jeff was hired to replace as offensive line coach . On January 21 , wide receivers coach and recruiting coordinator Curt resigned his position to accept the head coaching job at Indiana University of Pennsylvania . On February 7 , Mike was hired a 's replacement as wide receivers coach and recruiting coordinator . - - = = = NFL Draft = = = - - Of all the draft @-@ eligible juniors , Mark Ingram , Julio Jones and Marcell Dareus declared their eligibility for the 2011 NFL Draft on January 7 . At the time of their announcement , each was projected as a first round pick . Five Alabama players , two seniors and three juniors , were invited to the NFL Scouting . The invited players were offensive lineman James Carpenter , quarterback Greg McElroy , defensive end Marcell Dareus , running back Mark Ingram , and wide receiver Julio Jones . In the draft , Alabama set a school record with four players selected in the first round . The first round selections were Dareus ( 3rd Buffalo Bills ) , Jones ( 6th Atlanta Falcons ) , Carpenter ( 25th Seattle Seahawks ) and Ingram ( 28th New Orleans Saints ) . McElroy was selected in the seventh round ( New York ) . Preston Dial signed as an undrafted free agent with the Detroit Lions in July 2011 after the NFL labor dispute was resolved . - - - = James Robert Baker = - - James Robert Baker ( October 18 , 1946 – November 5 , 1997 ) was an American author of sharply satirical , predominantly gay @-@ themed fiction . A native Californian , his work is set almost entirely in Southern California . After graduating from UCLA , he began his career as a screenwriter , but became disillusioned and started writing novels instead . Though he garnered fame for his books Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams and Boy Wonder , after the controversy surrounding publication of his novel , Tim and Pete , he faced increasing difficulty having his work published . According to his life partner , this was a contributing factor in his suicide . - Baker 's work has achieved cult status in the years since his death , and two additional novels have been posthumously published . First @-@ edition copies of his earlier works have become collector 's items . His novel Testosterone was adapted to a film of the same name , though it was not a financial success . Two other books have been optioned for films , but they have not been produced . - - = = Early life = = - - Baker was born in Long Beach , California and raised in what he considered a " , Republican Southern Californian household " . against his parents , he became attracted to the fringe elements of society , including ( anyone living as a , acting , or appearing to advocate a revolution in manners ) , artists and gays . In high school during the 1960s he explored his sexuality at underground gay teen nightclubs , while living in fear that his abusive father would find out . At one point , his father hired a private detective to follow him , when he suspected Baker was having an affair with a male neighbor . This family dynamic would be used in many of his novels , most extensively in Boy Wonder . - Baker began taking drugs , and became , in his own words , " an out of control , teenage speed freak " . He also began drinking heavily , attributing it to the fact that he was . However , even after coming out , his substance abuse remained excessive and " still had a life of its own " . After sobering up , he attended UCLA film school , where he was one of the winners of the Samuel Goldwyn Writing Awards , and directed two films : Mouse and Blonde Death . Mouse , a film about a Mickey Mouse Club who becomes a gay bondage , was a controversial entry in the 1976 San Francisco 's Film Festival , as some thought Baker was actually advocating Nazism . It is also credited with having caused Michael to abandon his dream of film making and instead become a film critic . - - = = Writer = = - - Baker 's lifelong ambition was to write . Upon graduating from UCLA , he spent approximately five years writing Hollywood screenplays in the early 1980s , a process he hated . While financially successful , he was frustrated that his work was not being produced . " I felt like a door @-@ to @-@ door salesman going to all these [ story ] pitch meetings ... [ filled with ] , hideous " . He became discouraged and disillusioned , and turned his attention to novels . - His first book , Adrenaline , was published under the pseudonym James . A story of two gay fugitive lovers on the run , it the satire and drug fueled violence so prominent in his later books . Here Baker began developing the themes that dominated his following works : anarchy ; angry and somewhat paranoid gay men ; the dark underside of Los Angeles , juxtaposed with its sunny outward image ; the hypocrisy of organized religion ; anonymous sex and its implications in the age of AIDS ; and homophobia and the oppression of gays in a Republican dominated America . Its plot device of underdog characters forced into flight due to circumstances beyond their control was one Baker explored in all of his subsequent work . The modest success of this novel encouraged him to devote himself to what have become his best known works , Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams ( a novel revolving around a character loosely based on record producer Phil Spector ) and the 1986 release Boy Wonder . After the novel was published , he stopped screenwriting in order to solely concentrate on books . He spent the bulk of each day writing and researching , and acted out characters and scenes of his novels on videotape to perfect the dialogue . - His primary focus was gay @-@ themed writing , though he also wrote about the entertainment industry . satirical , his writing was filled with increasingly clear anger and disdain for the Republican neo @-@ con agenda , especially after the AIDS pandemic began to take a large toll on the gay community . A very strong voice in gay literature , Baker had admirers and detractors for his gay radical stance , both in the mainstream literary community as well as the gay community itself . - A self @-@ described , Baker has been categorized as a writer of fiction , in that his novels are frequently populated by , characters who engage in taboo behaviors such as heavy drug use , , necrophilia and other practices ; and often commit acts of extreme , violence . A man of eclectic tastes , Baker cited as literary influences writers and film directors ranging from to Jim Thompson and Sam Peckinpah . He also admired the punk writer Dennis Cooper . - His work is filled with pop cultural references to both film and music , as well as politics . Orson Welles ' Touch of Evil and John Ford 's The are mentioned prominently in more than one of his books , and Roxy Music is referenced in virtually every novel he wrote . The imagery in his novels is largely cinematic , with expressions such as " fade in / fade out " , " quick cut " and " " ; and sentences such as " a montage traces the next fifteen years " and " If the last reel of 's life had been a movie ... " . With driven narratives , his books have the feel of a movie set down on paper . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Baker 's work received mixed reviews . His only two books not specifically gay themed ( though containing gay characters and a somewhat gay sensibility ) , Boy Wonder and Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams , were better received by critics , and more popular with readers , though he was never a bestselling novelist . Baker himself estimated that his books sold approximately 25 @,@ 000 copies each . His following book , however , Tim and Pete , met with hostile reviews , primarily for its advocacy of political assassination and terror tactics in combating AIDS discrimination . Baker himself was ambivalent on the subject . " I think assassination does change things ... But I 'm not really calling for violence , " he said . " It 's a novel , not a position paper . " - In a 1993 interview , however , Baker stated : - I think a strong case can be made that political assassination actually does change things . If you look at the in this country in the 1960s you can certainly see how it affected history in a very profound way . So if you killed right wing figures , you 'd also be altering the course of history , and eliminating people who might very well be president in 1996 and those who are making bashing gays their number one issue right now . On the one hand , I 'm not advocating 's turn themselves into human bombs , but on the other hand I have to admit that if I on CNN and heard somebody had blown Patrick Buchanan 's head clean off , I 'd be , and to say otherwise would be a lie . - There were also charges of racism , due to his portrayals of blacks and . Baker denied those charges , and pointed out that the protagonist later realized that the blacks were also gay and the " was just a sweet old woman putting up with a lot of ( stuff ) that I couldn 't even imagine . " He went on to say , " I just wanted to explore the conflicts between gays and and gays and blacks ... the real feelings [ and the ] of each other . I realized it wouldn 't all be nice and politically correct . If blacks ( and ) want my respect , they have to deal with their own homophobia . I 'm not playing guilty liberal anymore " . - The book caused a great deal of controversy among critics , with some calling it " irresponsible " , and saying it was " determined to give offense " and " appears to endorse violence " . One critic of the book wrote , " The work rapidly becomes an apology for political terrorism and effectively advocates the assassination of the entire American New Right . While the reasons for such a vengeance motif are perhaps evident , can it really be ? Are we still justified in referring to this as art ? And even if we are , is there a point at which such ( and such suggestions ) become simply counterproductive ? " Another critic , however , called it " a creation " and wrote : " In coming years Baker will be seen as having understood the implications of this period in our history while the rest of us were simply living it " . It polarized the reading public as well , with letters to the editor of major newspapers both supporting and opposing Baker 's ideology . Baker himself was aware that the book would be controversial , and deliberately provoked much of the reaction he received . He said : " Tim and Pete tries to convey in print what people really think rather than what they should think or what 's My fantasy was to leave readers so infuriated they 'd throw down the book and march right out to a gun store because they wanted to see the finale so bad they realize the only way it 'd happen is if they make it happen in real life ! " - - = = Death = = - - After the reception of Tim and Pete , with several critics calling him " The Last Angry Gay Man " , Baker faced increasing difficulty finding a publisher for his work and his financial position became precarious . He was only able to publish one novella , Right Wing , and that was self @-@ published on the Internet . - Baker 's life partner , Ron Robertson , believes that this difficulty led Baker on a quick , downwards emotional spiral . Baker killed himself at his home on November 5 , 1997 , by in his garage . His death was noted in literary circles and mainstream press ; the Gay Times in the United Kingdom wrote , " Baker 's suicide is particularly tragic because it American gay writing of a refreshingly distinctive voice quite unlike the po @-@ faced prose of so many of his contemporaries . " - - = = Legacy = = - - Since his death , Baker 's reputation has steadily increased among critics and the reading public ; and his works now have cult status in the literary community . By 2006 , first editions of Adrenaline , Boy Wonder , Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams and Tim and Pete had become collector 's items and commanded high prices at rare book stores . - Robertson , now Baker 's literary , was successful in having two additional novels published after Baker 's death . One of those , Testosterone , was filmed in 2003 . Directed by David and starring Antonio Jr . , the plot was significantly altered and the film was a critical and financial failure . Both Boy Wonder and Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams have been optioned for the movies several times , most recently in 2004 , though they were never produced . Baker 's work has also been published in Germany , Sweden , Italy , Great Britain , Australia , Japan and Russia . - Though Tim and Pete was his most controversial work , Boy Wonder is generally considered his magnum opus , and remains his most popular book . A black satire of the film industry , it is also a parody of the " oral biographies " popularized by George with his books about Edie and , in that the protagonist 's life is revealed in the form of interviews between the writer and the characters . Though it has been praised as " one of the few novels from the last couple of decades that could be called a classic " , reviewers have also pointed out that it is probably due to its bitter cynicism regarding the movie industry . - Baker 's last published work , Right Wing , as well as his posthumous novels Testosterone and Anarchy , represent a stylistic departure in that he himself into the plot as either a secondary character or the protagonist . The latter two were edited , and in the case of Anarchy , partially rewritten by his editor , Scott . Testosterone needed only minor changes , while Anarchy underwent an entire rewrite , with restructuring the plot and over 500 pages of prose and notes into a fast @-@ paced , 250 page novel . For the reader , however , it is only Baker 's voice as writer that is heard . - Three of Baker 's books have thus far not been published : White Devils , Proto Punk , and Todd . Additionally , he wrote two screenplays which have not as yet been filmed : Inez and Desert Women . - - = = Published works = = - - Adrenaline ( 1985 ) Signet Books / New American Library ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 451 @-@ @-@ 6 - Fuel @-@ Injected Dreams ( 1986 ) E. P. ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 525 @-@ @-@ 2 - Boy Wonder ( 1988 ) New American Library ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 453 @-@ @-@ 5 - Tim and Pete ( 1993 ) Simon & Schuster ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 1 - Right Wing ( 1996 , only published on the Internet ) - Testosterone ( published posthumously 2000 ) Publications ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ @-@ 5 - Anarchy ( published posthumously 2002 ) Publications ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 743 @-@ 3 - - - = Ernie Cooksey = - - Ernest George Cooksey ( 11 June 1980 – 3 July 2008 ) was an English footballer , who was described as a utility player . He could play as a left @-@ sided defender and midfielder as well as in a central @-@ midfield role . He started as a trainee with Colchester United , before joining non @-@ League clubs , Bishop 's Stortford , Chesham United and Bromley . In 2002 , he joined Southern Football League Premier Division side Crawley Town before turning professional with Football League side Oldham Athletic in 2003 . - He then moved to Rochdale in 2004 and Boston United in 2007 , totalling 140 appearances in the Football League over a four @-@ year period . He dropped down back into non @-@ League football , joining Conference National club Grays Athletic , making 19 league appearances . - Cooksey had a form of skin cancer removed from his back in 2006 , but was diagnosed with a recurrence of a malignant in February 2008 . He died in the early hours of 3 July 2008 , aged 28 . - - = = Football career = = - - - = = = Early career = = = - - Cooksey had started his career as a trainee with Colchester United , prior to moving onto a number of non @-@ League clubs . His first move was to before joining Bishop 's Stortford in 1998 . He then moved onto Chesham United in 2000 , leaving in 2002 to have a brief spell at Bromley . - He joined Southern Football League Premier Division club , Crawley Town in July 2002 , ready for the 2002 – 03 season . Cooksey made his debut for Crawley on 26 August , against United coming on as a substitute , after he returned from coaching schoolchildren in Las Vegas , United States for six @-@ months . He made 34 appearances , scoring once during his spell with Crawley , helping them to finish seventh in the Southern Football League Premier Division . - - = = = Turning professional = = = - - Cooksey joined Oldham Athletic on trial in July 2003 . At the age of 23 , he stepped up three leagues into professional football permanently when Iain Dowie signed him on for financially troubled Oldham in August , who were in the Second Division . Bob Dowie , who was Cooksey 's former manager at Chesham United , recommended the player to his brother , Iain . He followed in the footsteps of Fitz Hall and Wayne Andrews who also joined the club from Chesham as recommendations from Bob Dowie . Cooksey scored twice in Oldham 's 3 – 0 home victory over Carlisle United in their FA Cup first round match on 8 November 2003 . When the new season , 2003 – 04 , started Cooksey was unable to make his debut due to suspension . He made 37 Second Division appearances for Oldham in the 2003 – 04 season , scoring four goals . - Cooksey started the 2004 – 05 season with Oldham Athletic , playing one match , away against Luton Town on 7 August . He was released by Oldham on 15 September , after he was left out of manager Brian 's plans . He dropped down into the Third Division , newly renamed as League Two and signed for Rochdale a day later on 16 September , despite discussing terms with Carlisle United . He made his debut , away against Mansfield Town in the 1 – 0 away defeat on 18 September . During his first season with Rochdale , Cooksey picked up six yellow cards and two red cards on the field . However , his first red card of the season against Notts County was later overturned and downgraded to a yellow after a successful appeal to The FA . - At the start of the 2006 – 07 season , he signed a 12 @-@ month extension to his contract . He spent more than two years with League Two side Rochdale , before joining Boston United in the January transfer window of 2007 . Boston United were reduced to just 12 professionals on their books in the closing stages of the 2006 – 07 season , as the club could not afford to pay players wages . Cooksey had not been paid since February , and was spending £ 30 a day in fuel travelling from his Manchester home . He spent six months at Boston United and played 16 League Two games , but was unable to prevent them from being relegated from The Football League on the final day of the season . - - = = = Return to non @-@ League = = = - - Following his release from Boston United , Cooksey stated that he 'd like to reunite with former Boston manager Steve Evans , who was now manager of Cooksey 's previous club , Crawley Town . He had an unsuccessful trial at , before joining Conference National side Grays Athletic in July 2007 . He made his debut in Grays ' first game of the season away to Torquay United in the 0 – 0 draw , on 12 August . Cooksey was sent @-@ off in Grays ' 1 – 0 home defeat on 8 September , for a tackle on Michael Brough , as his trailing leg caught the opposition player . His last ever game before his death was for Grays Athletic at home in a Conference National match , against Exeter City on 16 February 2008 . Cooksey played the full 90 minutes in the 2 – 0 defeat . During the 2007 – 08 season , he made 19 appearances in the Conference for Grays . - - = = Playing style = = - - Cooksey was a utility player , due to his versatility on the left @-@ flank and in the centre of midfield as a box @-@ to @-@ box midfielder . He was predominately a midfielder , throughout his career playing in the centre or on the left @-@ wing . During his spell with Grays Athletic , he was used as a defender , playing as a left full @-@ back . - - = = Personal life and illness = = - - Before joining Oldham Athletic in August 2003 , Cooksey worked as a builder fitting false ceilings , leaving the better @-@ paid job to fulfil a lifelong ambition to become a professional footballer . - In early 2008 , he was diagnosed with malignant , a severe form of skin cancer . He had fought the disease before , when he had a form of skin cancer removed from his back in 2006 . Cooksey suspected his cancer originated from a six @-@ month spell coaching schoolchildren in the searing heat of Las Vegas in the United States . In April 2008 , Grays Athletic staged a benefit match for Cooksey . The match consisted of former professional players , as well as current professionals such as , Nicky , Aaron McLean , Ray , Justin Edinburgh , Iain Dowie , Bob Dowie , Clive Allen , Scott Fitzgerald and Paul . He returned to his former club Oldham Athletic in May 2008 , where another benefit match was staged for his appeal at Park , attended by 1 @,@ 500 fans to see such former players as John Barnes , Luther and Chris as well as television actors from Coronation Street . - Cooksey was born in Bishop 's Stortford . He died in the early hours of 3 July 2008 , at the age of 28 , five weeks before partner Louise was due to give birth to their first child . gave birth to their daughter , Isabella @-@ Georgia Cooksey , on 27 July 2008 . - - = = = = - - Before the League Cup match between Oldham Athletic and Rochdale on 12 August 2008 , both sets of players and management emerged from the tunnel wearing special Ernie Cooksey t @-@ shirts bearing the number 4 , the shirt number he wore at both clubs . The t @-@ shirts bore both clubs ' crests on the front along with the slogan " – A " , and the reverse read " 4 " . A bucket collection also took place with all the proceeds going to a fund set up in Cooksey 's name . Additionally , his family , including partner Louise , were present at the game . - Oldham Athletic fans had a St George 's Cross flag made in his honour , which was due to be displayed at Oldham 's matches , as well as being taken abroad for England international fixtures . The tribute flag was stolen in February 2009 , when Spanish attacked English fans in Seville before an international friendly on 20 February , stealing England flags from fans as trophies . The flag was replaced after a number of donations helped to cover the costs . - - - = Simon de Montfort 's Parliament = - - Simon de Montfort 's Parliament was an English parliament held from 20 January 1265 until mid @-@ March the same year , instigated by Simon de Montfort , a rebel leader . - Simon de Montfort had seized power in England following his victory over Henry III at the Battle of Lewes during the Second Barons ' War , but his grip on the country was under threat . In an attempt to gather more support he summoned representatives from not only the barons and the knights of the , as had occurred in previous parliaments , but also burgesses from the major towns . The resulting parliament in London discussed radical reforms and temporarily Montfort 's political situation . Montfort was killed at the Battle of Evesham later that year , but the idea of inviting both knights and burgesses to parliaments became more popular under the reign of Henry 's son Edward I. By the 14th century this had become the norm , with the gathering becoming known as the House of Commons . This parliament is sometimes referred to as the first English parliament and Montfort himself is often termed the founder of the Commons . - - = = Background = = - - In , King Henry III of England faced a revolt among the English barons . Anger had grown about the way the King 's officials were raising funds , the influence of his relatives at court and his unpopular Sicilian policy ; even the English Church had grievances over its treatment by the King . Within Henry 's court there was a strong feeling that the King would be unable to lead the country through these problems . On 30 April , Hugh marched into Westminster in the middle of the King 's parliament , backed by his co @-@ conspirators , including Simon de Montfort , the Earl of Leicester , and carried out a coup d 'état . Henry , fearful that he was about to be arrested and imprisoned , agreed to abandon his policy of personal rule and instead govern through a council of 24 barons and churchmen , half chosen by the King and half by the barons . - The pressure for reform continued to grow unabated and a parliament met in June . The term " parliament " had first appeared in the 1230s and to describe large gatherings of the royal court , and parliamentary gatherings were held periodically throughout Henry 's reign . They were used to agree upon the raising of taxes which , in the 13th century , were single , one @-@ off , typically on movable property , intended to support the King 's normal revenues for particular projects . During Henry 's reign , the counties had begun to send regular to these parliaments , and came to represent a broader cross @-@ section of the community than simply the major barons . - The new parliament passed a set of measures known as the Provisions of Oxford , which Henry to uphold . These provisions created a smaller council of 15 members , elected solely by the barons , which then had the power to appoint England 's , chancellor and treasurer , and which would be monitored through parliaments . from the lesser barons and the present at Oxford also helped to push through wider reform , intended to limit the abuse of power by both the King 's officials and the major barons . More radical measures were passed by the new council the next year , in the form of the Provisions of Westminster . - The disagreements between the leading barons involved in the revolt soon became evident . Montfort championed radical reforms that would place further limitations on the authority and power of the major barons as well as the Crown ; others promoted only moderate change , while the conservative barons expressed concerns about the existing limitations on the King 's powers . Over the next four years , neither Henry nor the barons were able to restore stability in England , and power swung back and forth between the different factions . By early , what remained of Henry 's authority had and the country slipped back towards open civil war . Montfort convened a council of rebel barons in Oxford to pursue his radical agenda and by October , England faced a likely civil war . Montfort marched east with an army and London rose up in revolt . Montfort took Henry and Queen Eleanor prisoner , and although he maintained a fiction of ruling in Henry 's name , the rebels completely replaced the royal government and household with their own , trusted men . - Montfort 's coalition began to quickly fragment , Henry regained his freedom of movement and renewed chaos spread across England . Henry appealed to his brother @-@ in @-@ law Louis of France for arbitration in the dispute ; Montfort was initially hostile to this idea , but , as war became more likely again , he decided to agree to French arbitration as well . Initially Montfort 's legal arguments held sway , but in January 1264 , Louis announced the of Amiens , condemning the rebels , upholding the King 's rights and the Provisions of Oxford . The Second Barons ' War finally broke out in April , when Henry led an army into Montfort 's territories . Becoming desperate , Montfort marched in pursuit of Henry and the two armies met at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May . Despite their numerical superiority , Henry 's forces were overwhelmed . , Henry was forced to pardon the rebel barons and reinstate the Provisions of Oxford , leaving him , as historian Adrian describes , " little more than a " . - - = = Parliament = = - - Simon de Montfort claimed to be ruling in the King 's name through a council of officials . However , he had effective political control over the government even though he was not himself the monarch , the first time this had happened in English history . Montfort successfully held a parliament in London in June 1264 to confirm new constitutional arrangements for England ; four knights were summoned from each county , chosen by the county court , and were allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this had occurred . Montfort was unable to consolidate his victory at Lewes , however , and widespread disorder persisted across the country . In France , Eleanor made plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis . - In response , and hoping to win wider support for his government , Montfort summoned a new parliament for 20 January 1265 which continued until mid March that year . It was held at short notice , with the summons being issued on 14 December , leaving little time for attendees to respond . He summoned not only the barons , senior churchmen and two knights from each county , but also two burgesses from each of the major towns such as York , Lincoln , Sandwich , and the Ports , the first time this had been done . Due to the lack of support for Montfort among the barons , only 23 of them were summoned to parliament , in comparison to the summons issued to 120 churchmen , who largely supported the new government ; it is unknown how many burgesses were called . The event was overseen by King Henry , and held in the Palace of Westminster , London , which was the largest city in England , and whose continuing loyalty was essential to Montfort 's cause . - This parliament was a populist , tactical move by Montfort in an attempt to gather support from the regions , and the historian Jeffrey Hamilton it as " a very partisan assembly , not some sort of proto @-@ democratic representative body " . Once again the representatives were allowed to comment on wider political matters than just the usual issues of taxation . The business of the parliament focused on enforcing the Provisions of Westminster , in particular its restrictions on the major nobles , and promising judicial help to those who felt they were suffering from unfair feudal lordship . - The parliament bought temporary calm but opposition grew once more , particularly as Montfort and his immediate family began to a huge personal fortune . Prince Edward escaped his captors in May and formed a new army , resulting in a fresh outbreak of civil war . Edward pursued 's forces through the Welsh Marches , before striking east to attack his fortress at and then turning once more on the rebel leader himself . Montfort , accompanied by the captive Henry , was unable to retreat and the Battle of Evesham ensued . Edward was triumphant and Montfort 's corpse was by the victors . In places the now rebellion dragged on , with some rebels gathering at , which Henry and Edward took after a long siege in . The remaining pockets of resistance were up , and the final rebels , holed up on the Isle of Ely , surrendered in July , marking the end of the war . - - = = Legacy = = - - Henry III ruled England until his death in , continuing to summon parliaments , sometimes including the county knights and on one occasion including burgesses from the towns . After under Edward I 's reign , this became the norm , and by the early 14th century it was normal to include the knights and burgesses , a grouping that would become known as the " Commons " of England and , ultimately , form the " House of Commons " . - Simon de Montfort 's parliament of 1265 is sometimes referred to as the first English parliament , because of its inclusion of both the knights and the burgesses , and Montfort himself is often regarded as the founder of the House of Commons . The 19th century historian William popularised the " Model Parliament " of Edward I as the first genuine parliament ; however , modern scholarship questions this analysis . The historian David Carpenter describes Montfort 's 1265 parliament as " a landmark " in the development of parliament as an institution during the medieval period . - - = = = Modern recognition = = = - - The Parliament of the United Kingdom presented a loyal address to Queen Elizabeth II in 1965 to mark the 700th anniversary of Montfort 's Parliament , and the Queen addressed both Houses of Parliament . The House of Lords Record Office , now known as the Parliamentary Archives , organised an exhibition in the Houses of Parliament of several important Acts of Parliament . Some of these documents were displayed again in a 2015 exhibition . - In 2015 , Parliament planned a year @-@ long programme of events called " Parliament in the Making " , coordinated with Parliament Week , including events to mark the 750th anniversary of Montfort 's Parliament . The BBC broadcast a " Democracy Day " on 20 January to coincide with the 750th anniversary consisting of live discussions and debate about parliament and democracy . It was presented in partnership with the Speaker ’ s Office of the House of Commons , including broadcasts from inside the Palace of Westminster . Westminster Abbey held a special on 22 January commemorating the anniversary of the Montfort parliament and the development of rights and representation . - - - = USS O 'Brien ( DD @-@ 51 ) = - - USS O 'Brien ( Destroyer No. 51 / DD @-@ 51 ) was the lead ship of O 'Brien @-@ class destroyers built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the second US Navy vessel named in honor of Jeremiah O 'Brien and his five brothers Gideon , John , William , Dennis , and Joseph who , together on the sloop Unity , captured a British warship during the American Revolutionary War . - O 'Brien was laid down by William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia in September 1913 and launched in July 1914 . - After her May 1915 commissioning , O 'Brien sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean . She was one of seventeen destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine U @-@ 53 off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916 . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , O 'Brien was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland . - After returning to the United States in January 1919 , O 'Brien revisited European waters in May to serve as one of the picket ships for the NC @-@ type seaplanes in the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic . O 'Brien was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922 . She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in March 1935 and sold for scrapping in April . - - = = Design and construction = = - - O 'Brien was authorized in March 1913 as the lead ship of the O 'Brien class , which was an improved version of the Cassin @-@ class destroyers authorized in 1911 . Construction of the vessel was awarded to William Cramp and Sons of Philadelphia which laid down her keel on 8 September 1913 . On 20 July 1914 , O 'Brien was launched by sponsor Miss Marcia Bradbury Campbell , great @-@ great @-@ granddaughter of Gideon O 'Brien , one of the ship 's . Gideon and his four brothers — John , William , Dennis , and Joseph — were crewmen aboard sloop Unity , under the command of their brother Jeremiah O 'Brien , when that vessel captured HMS on 12 June 1775 during the American Revolutionary War ; the destroyer O 'Brien was named after all six brothers , and was the second US Navy vessel named in their honor . As built , the destroyer was 305 ft 3 in ( 93 @.@ 04 m ) in length , 31 ft 1 in ( 9 @.@ 47 m ) abeam , and drew 9 ft 6 in ( 2 @.@ 90 m ) . The ship had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) and displaced 1 @,@ 171 long tons ( 1 @,@ 190 t ) when fully loaded . - O 'Brien had two steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers , and an additional pair triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each connected to one of the propeller shafts , for cruising purposes . Four oil @-@ burning White @-@ Forster boilers powered the engines , which could generate 17 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) , moving the ship at up to 29 knots ( 54 km / h ) . - O 'Brien 's main battery consisted of four 4 in ( 100 mm ) / 50 caliber Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 lb ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 lb ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 ft / s ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yd ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) . - O 'Brien was also equipped with four twin 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti @-@ aircraft guns for the O 'Brien @-@ class ships , as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines . From sources , it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for O 'Brien or any of the other ships of the class . - - = = Pre @-@ World War I = = - - O 'Brien was commissioned into the United States Navy on 22 May 1915 under the command of Lieutenant Commander C. E. Courtney , after which she conducted her shakedown cruise between Newport , Rhode Island , and Hampton Roads , Virginia . In fleet exercises off New York in November , O 'Brien collided with the destroyer , in a minor incident that carried away part of 's and wireless gear . In December , she was assigned to the 5th Division , Torpedo Flotilla , Atlantic Fleet . From early 1916 @-@ spring of 1917 , she operated with the Fleet along the East Coast and in Cuban waters . - At 05 : 30 on 8 October 1916 , wireless reports came in of a German submarine stopping ships near the Lightship Nantucket , off the eastern end of Long Island . After an SOS from the British steamer SS West Point was received at about 12 : 30 , Rear Admiral Albert ordered O 'Brien and other destroyers at Newport to attend to survivors . - The American destroyers arrived on the scene at about 17 : 00 when the U @-@ boat , U @-@ 53 under the command of Hans Rose , was in the process of stopping the Holland @-@ America Line cargo ship . Shortly after , U @-@ 53 stopped the British passenger ship . As Rose had done with three other ships U @-@ 53 had sunk earlier in the day , he gave passengers and crew aboard and adequate time to abandon the ships before sinking the pair . In total , 226 survivors from U @-@ 53 's five victims were rescued by the destroyer flotilla . - In February 1917 , one of O 'Brien 's gun crews hit a target at 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) eight times in eight attempts with one of the destroyer 's 4 in ( 100 mm ) guns , a feat which earned the crew and O 'Brien recognition in The Independent , a weekly published in Boston . - - = = World War I = = - - Returning from winter maneuvers off Cuba in March 1917 , the ship was in the York River when the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April , entering World War I. After fitting out at Brooklyn Navy Yard , she got underway from New York on 15 May with Cummings , Nicholson , Cushing , and Sampson , and joined convoy at Halifax , Nova Scotia , en route to Ireland . Upon arrival at Queenstown on 24 May , O 'Brien was assigned to the 6th Destroyer Division which cooperated with the British forces . She patrolled off the Irish coast in company with other destroyers answering distress calls and meeting eastbound convoys to escort them through the war zone . - While escorting SS 12 nmi ( 14 mi ; 22 km ) off Queenstown on 16 June , lookouts on O 'Brien sighted a . Heading toward the submarine for an attack , a lookout in the saw the submerged boat pass close along the starboard side . A depth charge was dropped but no immediate evidence of damage was found . Nearly three hours later , the British vessel HMS reported a large patch of oil in approximately the same position . The next morning , Cushing also reported and confirmed 's report . The British Admiralty believed the submarine was probably seriously damaged . However , later investigation reveals that German submarine U @-@ 16 , the submarine in question , continued to operate and completed her cruise . - In the summer of 1918 , O 'Brien was transferred to the French coast where she continued her patrols through the end of the war . - - = = Inter @-@ war period = = - - After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November , which ended all fighting , O 'Brien transported mail and passengers between Brest , France , and Plymouth , England . She returned to New York on 8 January 1919 , but returned to European waters in May when she served as one of the rescue stationed along the route across the Atlantic flown by three Navy NC @-@ type seaplanes in the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic . - In 1919 , she assisted in the unsuccessful first attempt to lay the Channel pilot cable . In July 1920 , she was assigned the hull code of DD @-@ 51 under the US Navy 's classification system . O 'Brien was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 5 June 1922 . The ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 8 March 1935 , and broken up at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , and her materials sold for scrap on 23 April . The ship 's bell remains in the Plattsburgh Memorial Chapel on the former Plattsburgh Air Force Base . - - - = Christine Hakim = - - Christine Hakim ( born 25 December 1956 ) , also known by the popular name Christine Hakim , is an Indonesian actress , film producer , and activist . Born to a devout Muslim family of a mixed @-@ race background in , she grew up in Yogyakarta , aspiring to be an architect or psychologist . This changed after she was discovered by Karya for his 1973 movie Cinta Pertama , a role which garnered her a Citra Award for Best Actress and convinced her to follow a career in acting . Since then , she has starred in numerous films , including 1977 's Badai Pasti Berlalu and 1988 's Tjoet Nja ' Dhien ; she also had a minor role in the 2010 Hollywood movie Eat Pray Love . As of 2011 , she has won six Citra Awards , received a lifetime achievement award from the International Film Festival , and served as a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival - Hakim began branching out from acting in 1998 , beginning with roles as producer of Daun di Atas Bantal and Pasir Berbisik and eventually spreading to documentary film @-@ making and an activist for education and autism . Beginning in 2008 , she has served as Indonesia 's goodwill ambassador to UNESCO , focusing on educational issues . - - = = Biography = = - - Hakim was born in Kuala , on 25 December 1956 , but grew up in Yogyakarta . She is of mixed descent , with her relatives coming from , , , , , and the Middle East ; this caused her to question her identity as a child and teenager . Despite being devout Muslims , her parents named her Christine and because she was born on Christmas Day . - Originally , Hakim did not intend to be an actress , but an architect or psychologist . However , she was cast in Karya 's 1973 film Cinta Pertama after he saw pictures of her modelling in a magazine ; despite only modelling to help her friend and not wanting to act , she was unable to decline Karya 's request for fear of being to such a " warm and friendly " person . She later described Karya as having " [ her ] in , slowly , slowly , like a , " and considered leaving acting after wrapping up filming . Her work in Cinta Pertama garnered her a Citra Award for Best Actress , which convinced her to continue acting . Karya later told her that he had fought with his producer over her casting ; the producer expressed concern that Hakim was " too thin and had no chest , " to which Karya replied " are we selling a film or are we selling breasts ? " - The following year , Hakim starred in another Karya @-@ directed film , ( ) . The experience gave her a greater understanding of acting , causing her to " see life from a different perspective in studying [ her ] character . " It was followed by a role in 1976 's Sesuatu yang Indah ( Something Beautiful ) , directed by . Sesuatu yang Indah was the first film in which Hakim used her own voice ; her voice had been dubbed by in previous movies ; Hakim 's own voice had been considered " too heavy . " The next year , she starred in Badai Pasti Berlalu , appearing on the poster and the cover of the soundtrack album . - Hakim presented 14 Indonesian films at the Three Festival in November 1983 ; she had acted in half of them . Two years later she became an observer at the Cannes Film Festival , striking up a working relationship with Pierre , who later assisted her in bringing her films to Cannes . - One of these was 's 1988 film Tjoet Nja ' Dhien , in which Hakim was cast as leader Cut Dhien . It won the 1989 Cannes Film Festival award for Best International Film , being screened in Le de Critique . Hakim later described the role as a " huge honour " and " very challenging " ; she has credited the role for answering her questions on her identity . The film later became Indonesia 's submission to the 62nd Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . - Hakim screened her first work as a producer , Daun di Atas Bantal ( Leaf on a ) during Un Certain Regard at Cannes ten years later . When producing the film , she chose young director , whom she perceived to be highly talented ; she also took the leading role . During production , she made a mistake that required the of all footage . In an attempt to cut expenses , she had saved all cans of exposed film to send to the developing lab at once ; the lab then notified her that a technical fault with the camera had rendered all of it unusable and that the problem could have been detected earlier had she sent each can as it was filmed . - Another production , 2001 's Pasir Berbisik ( Sands ) , went more smoothly . The film , which Hakim co @-@ produced and played the leading role , was screened at the Deauville Asian Film Festival . The following year she was appointed to the jury of the Cannes Film Festival , along with Michelle Yeoh . In 2005 she received a special tribute during the opening ceremony of the 7th Deauville Asian Film Festival . - In 2003 , Hakim began work with and Metro TV on the TV show Guru ( For You , ) . Five years later , Hakim was selected Indonesia ’ s voluntary goodwill ambassador for UNESCO ; she has used the position to promote education , push for education reforms in Indonesia , and promote disaster relief programs in South @-@ East Asia . - Hakim 's first Hollywood experience came in 2010 , Hakim played , a seller , alongside Julia Roberts in Eat Pray Love . Arriving in three days before shooting , she found herself rushed to read the script , be fitted , and rid herself of her green hair . She met with the person her character was based on to prepare for her role . That same year , Hakim accepted a Award for her " outstanding achievements " ; she compared the award to , saying that it " make [ s ] [ her ] stronger to satisfy [ audiences ] " . - Hakim is also a documentary filmmaker . She has made a documentary on the Indonesian UNESCO World Heritage Sites , and in 2011 produced a documentary on autism to " educate the public " that was released to coincide with World Awareness Day . As of May 2011 , she is producing a documentary on the people of . She is considering making a fiction film based on their culture . - - = = = = - - Beginning in the early 2000s , Hakim became an activist , with a focus on education . After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , she went on numerous humanitarian trips to . She later founded the Christine Hakim feature , a foundation to promote public education about autism . She has urged the government to eliminate regarding autism , calling the refusal to accept students in public schools " a violation of human rights " . - - = = Personal life = = - - In 2000 , Hakim married Dutchman , a film producer , writer and actor . They currently live in East Jakarta with Hakim 's mother and adopted daughter ; Bruce of The Jakarta Post describes her home as being " like a lush secret garden amid the " . - Hakim generally avoids discussing her personal life with the press and is unwilling to discuss topics that are not of public interest . In 1992 she said that " 90 percent of the journalists here aren 't interested in [ her ] films , they just want to know about [ her ] private life . " - - = = Legacy = = - - Hakim has been described as the " of Indonesian cinema " as well as " Indonesia ’ s foremost actress " . She has also received a lifetime achievement award at the International Film Festival . - Hakim has received several awards for her films : - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for Cinta Pertama ( 1973 ) - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for Sesuatu Yang Indah ( 1976 ) - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for dan ( 1978 ) - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for Di ( 1982 ) - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for Kerikil @-@ Kerikil ( 1984 ) - Citra Award for Best Leading Actress , for Tjoet Nja ' Dhien ( 1988 ) - Best Actress at Asia Pacific International Film Festival - Hakim has refused a position on the Asia Pacific Screen Awards numerous times , due to being unable to reconcile her schedule with the awards . - - = = Filmography = = - - Cinta Pertama ( First Love ; 1973 ) ( awarded Citra FFI 1974 , ) - ( ; 1974 ) - ( Wedding Bed ; 1974 ) - ( ; 1975 ) - Si Modern ( the Modern Child ; 1976 ) - Sesuatu yang Indah ( Something Beautiful ; 1977 ) ( awarded Citra FFI 1977 , Jakarta ) - Badai Pasti Berlalu ( The Storm Will Pass ; 1977 ) - @-@ ( Wanderers ; 1977 ) - dan ( The and the Driver ; 1978 ) ( awarded Citra FFI 1979 , ) - Dr. Siti ( 1980 ) - , ( As White as the Heart , as Red as the ; 1982 ) - Di ( Behind the Screen ; 1982 ) ( awarded Citra FFI 1983 , ) - ( is ; 1984 ) - Kerikil @-@ Kerikil ( Sharp ; 1984 ) ( awarded Citra FFI 1985 , Bandung ) - Tjoet Nja ' Dhien ( 1988 ) ( awarded Citra FFI ) - - Japan ( 1994 ) ( The Sleeping Man ; 1994 ) - De van - Netherlands ( 1997 ) ( The of Emerald ; 1997 ) - Daun di Atas Bantal ( Leaf on a ; 1998 ) - Pasir Berbisik ( Sands ; 2001 ) - ( Find ; 2009 ) - dan Sang ( and the President ; 2009 ) - Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) - Sang ( 2013 ) ( The ; 2013 ) - ( 2014 ) ( The Golden Cane Warrior ; 2014 ) - De - Netherlands ( Short ) ( 2014 ) ( The Journey ; 2014 ) - Guru ( 2014 ) ( : of the People ; 2014 ) - - - = A Month in the Country ( film ) = - - A Month in the Country is a 1987 British film directed by Pat O 'Connor . The film is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by J. L. Carr , and stars Colin Firth , Kenneth Branagh , Natasha Richardson and Patrick Malahide . The screenplay was by Simon Gray . - Set in rural Yorkshire during the summer of 1920 , the film follows a destitute World War I veteran employed to carry out restoration work on a Medieval mural discovered in a rural church while coming to terms with the after @-@ effects of the war . - Shot during the summer of 1986 and featuring an original score by Howard Blake , the film has been neglected since its 1987 cinema release and it was only in 2004 that an original 35 mm film print was discovered due to the intervention of a fan . - - = = Plot = = - - Set in 1920 , the film follows the experiences of Tom Birkin ( Colin Firth ) , who has been employed under a bequest to carry out restoration work on a Medieval mural discovered in a church in the small rural community of , Yorkshire . The escape to the idyllic countryside is for Birkin , haunted by his experiences in World War I. Birkin soon fits into the slow @-@ paced life of the remote village , and over the course of the summer uncovering the painting begins to lose his trauma @-@ induced and . - In particular , he forms a close friendship with archaeologist James Moon ( Kenneth Branagh ) , another veteran , who like Birkin has been emotionally by the war . Moon is employed in the village under the same bequest , working to uncover a mysterious lost grave , but is more interested in discovering the remains of an earlier Saxon church building in the field next to the churchyard . - Birkin becomes accepted into the family of Mr Ellerbeck the station master ( Jim Carter ) , with whom he on Sundays ; the hospitality of the chapel congregation is contrasted against the established church , who have the Birkin to sleep in the church . Ellerbeck 's children eventually persuade Birkin to preach a sermon at a nearby Methodist chapel . Birkin also forms an emotional , albeit unspoken , attachment to Alice Keach ( Natasha Richardson ) , the young wife of the vicar . The vicar himself ( Patrick Malahide ) is portrayed as an obstruction to the work in the church , viewing the medieval painting as symptomatic of the superstition prevalent in the community . - - = = Cast = = - - A Month in the Country featured film or early roles of several notable British actors . Although it was the third cinema feature film to cast Colin Firth , it was his first lead role . Similarly , it was Kenneth Branagh 's first cinema film , and Natasha Richardson 's second . Conversely , it was the last role of David Garth who died in May 1988 . - Colin Firth as Tom Birkin - Kenneth Branagh as James Moon - Natasha Richardson as Alice Keach - Patrick Malahide as the Reverend Keach - Jim Carter as Ellerbeck - Vicki as Ellerbeck - Martin O 'Neil as Edgar Ellerbeck - Richard Vernon as Colonel Hebron - Tim Barker as - David Garth as Old Birkin - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - Initially intended to be a made @-@ for @-@ TV film , the film 's producer upgraded his original plan to a cinema feature . The original working title for the film was " Falling Man " . Simon Gray was commissioned to write the screenplay , and Pat O ’ Connor chosen to direct . In contrast to the book , which is narrated as a recollection by Birkin as an old man , the film is set entirely in the 1920s , except for a brief moment towards the end . In initial drafts of the screenplay , Gray had included a narrator , but O 'Connor felt this was not the correct way to present the story : - I felt that if I couldn ’ t do it in the present , suggesting internal pain by performance , then I wouldn ’ t really want to do it at all . - Funding for the film was scarce , and it eventually fell to Films ( a subsidiary of Thames Television ) and Channel Four Films , who had had some success with low budget features such as My Beautiful . - - = = = Filming = = = - - To compensate for the lack of budget , a very tight shooting schedule was planned over 28 days , during which Kenneth Branagh was only available for two weeks and was performing on @-@ stage nightly in London . - Despite being set in Yorkshire , the majority of location filming was moved to Buckinghamshire , although railway station and the surrounding area in North Yorkshire were utilised . The location shooting of the film began on August 18 , 1986 at St. Mary 's church in . Filming was periodically hindered by weather — the perfect summer in which the book was set was not forthcoming , and scenes were filmed during breaks in heavy rain . were shot at Bray Studios in Berkshire . - The church , which is a main location for the film , was substantially set @-@ dressed . Despite having several original medieval wall paintings , the largest addition was the creation of the medieval mural by artist Margot . To create the impression of an austere country church , Victorian stone flags were replaced with brick pavers for the duration of filming and the original wall paintings covered up . and other modern additions were covered up or removed . The churchyard had several gravestones added , including the large box tomb which is a focus of several scenes . - Several members of the local community were used as extras in the film , and local children were recruited by the director to collect butterflies to be released out @-@ of @-@ shot to create a " summer feeling " . However there was some opposition to the disruption caused by the filming , and also problems involving unwelcome damage to a section of the interior , which had to be restored after filming had concluded . - - = = = Music = = = - - The soundtrack of the film was written by Howard Blake , and is scored entirely for string orchestra in the style of early 20th Century British music . Blake notes that the style chosen was intended to complement and contrast recordings of classical music during particular scenes : Verdi 's was used during the uncovering of the mediaeval mural and a flashback montage of the First World War which opened the film utilised an excerpt from Schubert 's Deutsche ( D. ) " : , ist der Herr " . - Howard Blake recalls : " I went to a viewing and saw that the film was very profound , with a serious anti @-@ war theme , but a certain amount of ' found ' choral music had already been laid in by the editors ... I explained that I loved the film and I thought the choral / orchestral music worked brilliantly but it was very big and rich and I felt a score would have to emerge from it and be very pure and expressive and quite small — and that I could only hear this in my head as done by strings only . " Blake decided to compose his score to match the key of the Schubert Mass , in order for the music to continue seamlessly . However , during the recording session with his orchestra , the Sinfonia of London , he found that the Schubert piece was running slow and therefore flat , and he had to ask the players to tune flat to match his intended key . - Due to the small budget of the film , Blake agreed " in lieu of a reasonable fee " to retain the copyright to his music . The score was subsequently arranged into a suite for string orchestra , and is available on CD in a recording by the English Northern conducted by Paul Daniel . - - = = Reception and awards = = - - Upon its release in 1987 , the film was generally well received by critics . Rita , writing in The Washington Post suggested " It 's all rather , with its hero on his spiritual quest , the atmosphere , to dance with once and future truths . " Tom Hutchinson in the Mail on Sunday praised " a script whose delight is in the rounded reality of its characters " . Janet Maslin , writing in The New York Times praised O 'Connor 's direction , suggesting it lent the film " a strong sense of , as well as a spiritual quality more apparent in the look of the film than in its dialogue . " Desmond Ryan of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote " Rarely has the impossibility of love been more presented than in the scenes of hope between Firth and Richardson . - However , Nigel Andrews of the Financial Times found it " like a pastoral parable that has been left outside in the too long , causing its batteries to go flat " and following a 2008 screening , Sam of The Guardian suggested " even though this film is ( unusually ) faithful to the book ... it is really little better than inoffensive . Somehow the magic that makes Carr 's book so precious is missing . " - The film was the recipient of two awards : Pat O 'Connor won the Silver Rosa at the Film Meeting in 1987 and Howard Blake was awarded the Anthony Asquith Award for Musical Excellence by the British Film Institute in 1988 . In addition , Colin Firth was nominated for an Evening Standard Award . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival . - - = = DVD and Blu @-@ ray release = = - - Following its cinema release , the film was transferred to VHS in 1991 in a pan and scan edition . However , when Glyn Watkins , a poet who had been encouraged by Carr early in his career , wanted to screen the film at the launch of a poetry book in 2003 at the National Media Museum in Bradford , the museum found that all original 35mm film prints had disappeared . - , Watkins contacted the agents of the cast and director , and eventually the online fan clubs " Friends of Firth " and " Ken Friends " . He discovered that the film had appeared as part of the National Film Theatre 's Branagh season in May 1999 , and that the film 's American distributors , Warner Bros. , had a print in a bonded warehouse . However , it was unclear who possessed the rights to the film . Only after several months it was found that Channel 4 still owned the rights , and the film was eventually released on a limited @-@ edition Region 2 DVD in late 2004 . However , the DVD is now no longer widely available in the United Kingdom . In 2008 , a complete 96 minute print was located in the Academy Film Archive in Los Angeles and a campaign began to have it restored and released on DVD . A limited edition Region A Blu @-@ ray release of the full 96 minute version of the film is planned on 14 July 2015 . - - - = Hydnellum peckii = - - Hydnellum peckii is an inedible ( though not toxic ) fungus , and a member of the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae . It is a hydnoid species , producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth @-@ like projections that hang from the of the fruit bodies . It is found in North America , Europe , and was recently discovered in Iran ( 2008 ) and Korea ( 2010 ) . Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species , and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees , growing on the ground singly , scattered , or in fused masses . - The fruit bodies typically have a funnel @-@ shaped cap with a white edge , although the shape can be highly variable . Young , moist fruit bodies can " bleed " a bright red fluid that contains a pigment known to have anticoagulant properties similar to . The unusual appearance of the young fruit bodies has earned the species several descriptive common names , including and cream , the bleeding Hydnellum , the bleeding tooth fungus , the red @-@ juice tooth , and the Devil 's tooth . Although Hydnellum peckii fruit bodies are readily identifiable when young , they become brown and when they age . - - = = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = = - - The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Howard James Banker in 1913 . Italian Pier Andrea placed the species in the genus Hydnum in 1925 , while Walter Henry Snell and Esther Dick placed it in in 1956 ; Hydnum peckii ( Banker ) and peckii Snell & Dick are synonyms of Hydnellum peckii . - The fungus is classified in the ( species thought to be descendants of a common ancestor ) of the genus Hydnellum , a grouping of similar species with the following shared characteristics : flesh that is marked with concentric lines that form alternating pale and darker zones ( ) ; an extremely taste ; a odor ; spores that are ellipsoid , and not amyloid ( that is , not absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , ( not staining with the reagent Cotton Blue ) , and covered with ; the presence of clamp connections in the hyphae . Molecular analysis based on the sequences of the internal transcribed DNA of several Hydnellum species placed H. peckii as most closely related to H. and H. . - The specific epithet honors mycologist Charles Horton Peck . The fungus is known in the vernacular by several names , including " and cream " , the " bleeding Hydnellum " , the " red @-@ juice tooth " , " Peck 's " , the " bleeding tooth fungus " , and the " devil 's tooth " . - - = = Description = = - - As in all mushroom @-@ producing fungi , the fruit bodies ( ) are the reproductive structures that are produced from fungal mycelium when the appropriate environmental conditions of temperature , humidity and nutrient availability are met . Hydnellum peckii is a hydnoid fungus , meaning that it has a cap atop a stipe ( stem ) , and a form resembling a Hydnum — characterized by a teeth @-@ like hymenium , rather than gills or pores on the underside of the cap . Fruit bodies growing closely together often appear to fuse together ( this is called " confluence " ) . They can reach a height of up to 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) . Fresh fruit bodies a striking , thick red fluid when they are moist . - The cap 's surface is convex to flattened , more or less uneven and sometimes slightly depressed in the center . It is usually densely covered with " hairs " that give it a texture similar to felt or velvet ; these hairs are off in age , leaving the caps of mature specimens smooth . Its shape varies from somewhat round to irregular , 4 to 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) , or even as much as 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) wide as a result of confluence . The cap is initially whitish , but later turns slightly brownish , with irregular dark @-@ brown to nearly black blotches where it is . In maturity , the surface is fibrous and tough , scaly and jagged , grayish @-@ brown in the upper part of the cap , and somewhat woody . The flesh is a pale pinkish @-@ brown . - The teeth are slender , cylindrical and ( ) , less than 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) long , and become shorter closer to the cap edge . They are crowded together , with typically between three and five teeth per square millimeter . @-@ white initially , they age to a grayish @-@ brown . The stem is thick , very short , and often deformed . It becomes bulbous where it the ground , and may root into the soil for several centimeters . Although it may reach up to 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) in total length , and is 1 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2 in ) wide , only about 0 @.@ 1 to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 0 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) appear above ground . The upper part is covered with the same teeth found on the underside of the cap , whereas the lower part is hairy and often debris from the forest floor . The odor of the fruit body has been described as " mild to disagreeable " , or , as Banker suggested in his original description , similar to nuts . - - = = = Microscopic features = = = - - In deposit , the spores appear brown . them with a light microscope reveals finer details of their structure : they are roughly spherical but end abruptly in a small point , their surfaces are covered with small , @-@ like , and their size is between 5 @.@ 0 – 5 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 7 µm . The spores are in amyloid , meaning they do not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . - Hydnellum peckii 's cells ( the hyphae ) also present various characters useful for its characterization . The hyphae that form the cap are hyaline ( translucent ) , smooth , thin @-@ walled , and 3 – 4 µm thick . They collapse when dry , but may be readily revived with a weak ( 2 % ) solution of potassium hydroxide . Those in the cap form an intricate tangle with a tendency to run . They are divided into cellular compartments ( ) and have clamp connections — short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells in the hymenium , are club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored , and measure 35 – 40 by 4 @.@ 7 – 6 µm . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - Hydnellum diabolus ( the species epithet is given the in some publications ) has a very similar appearance , so much so that some consider it and H. peckii to be synonymous ; H. diabolus is said to have a pungent odor that is lacking in H. peckii . The differences between the two species are amplified in mature specimens : H. diabolus has an irregularly thickened stem , while the stem of H. peckii is thickened by a " definite layer " . Additionally , old specimens of H. peckii have a smooth cap , while H. diabolus is . The related species H. also pink droplets of liquid when young and moist . Commonly found growing under conifers in northeastern North America , H. tastes " unpleasant " , but not acrid . Fruit bodies tend to grow singly , rather than in fused clusters , and , unlike H. peckii , they do not have bulbous stems . - - = = Ecology = = - - Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal fungus , and as such establishes a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain trees ( referred to as " hosts " ) , in which the fungus exchanges minerals and amino acids extracted from the soil for fixed carbon from the host . The subterranean hyphae of the fungus grow a sheath of tissue around the rootlets of a broad range of tree species , in an intimate association that is especially beneficial to the host ( termed ectomycorrhizal ) , as the fungus produces enzymes that organic compounds and facilitate the transfer of nutrients to the tree . - The ectomycorrhizal structures of H. peckii are among a few in the Bankeraceae that have been studied in detail . They are characterized by a mantle — a layer of tissue made of hyphae tightly arranged in a parallel orientation , or palisade , and which rarely branch or overlap each other . These hyphae , along with adhering mineral soil particles , are embedded in a gelatinous matrix . The hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae can become , an adaptation that helps the fungus tolerate unfavorable conditions . of H. peckii have a peculiar structure — markedly distinct from those of other Bankeraceae — with thick , smooth inner walls and an outer wall that is split into warts . The most striking characteristic of the ectomycorrhizae as a whole is the way the black outer layers of older sections are shed , giving a " appearance " . The majority of the underground of the fungus is concentrated near the surface , most likely as " mycelial mats " — dense clusters of ectomycorrhizae and mycelium . The mycelium is also known to extend far beyond the site of the fruit bodies , as far as 337 centimeters ( 11 @.@ 1 ft ) away . - Molecular techniques have been developed to help with conservation efforts of hydnoid fungi , including H. peckii . While the distribution of the fungus has traditionally been determined by counting the fruit bodies , this method has a major drawback in that fruit bodies are not produced consistently every year , and the absence of fruit bodies is not an indication of the absence of its mycelium in the soil . More modern techniques using the polymerase chain reaction to assess the presence of the fungal DNA in the soil have helped alleviate the issues in monitoring the presence and distribution of fungi mycelia . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - The fruit bodies of Hydnellum peckii are found growing solitary , scattered , or clustered together on the ground under conifers , often among mosses and pine needle litter . H. peckii is a " late @-@ stage " fungus that , in boreal forests dominated by jack pine , typically begins associating with more mature hosts once the canopy has closed . A preference for mountainous or subalpine ecosystems has been noted . - The fungus has a wide distribution in North America , and is particularly common in the Pacific Northwest ; its range extends north to Alaska and east to North Carolina . In the Puget Sound area of the U.S. state of Washington , it is found in association with Douglas @-@ fir , fir , and hemlock . Along the Oregon Coast it has been collected under lodgepole pine . In addition to North America , the mushroom is widespread in Europe , and its presence has been documented in Italy , Germany , and Scotland . The species is common in the latter location , but becoming increasingly rare in several European countries , such as Norway , The Netherlands , and the Czech Republic . Increased pollution in central Europe has been suggested as one possible factor in the mushroom 's decline there . Reports from Iran in 2008 and Korea in 2010 were the first outside Europe and North America . - - = = Uses = = - - Although the fruit bodies of H. peckii have been described as resembling " Danish pastry topped with jam " , and Hydnellum species in general are not known to be poisonous , they are inedible due to their extremely bitter taste . This persists even in dried specimens . - The fruit bodies of this and other Hydnellum species are prized by mushroom . The colors may range from beige when no is used , to various shades of blue or green depending on the added . - - = = Chemistry = = - - of an extract of Hydnellum peckii revealed the presence of an effective anticoagulant , named ( 2 @,@ 5 @-@ @-@ 3 @,@ 6 @-@ ( 4 @-@ ) @-@ ) , and similar in biological activity to the well @-@ known anticoagulant . also possesses activity , inhibiting the enzyme @-@ carrier protein ( essential for the of fatty acids ) in the bacteria . - Hydnellum peckii can the heavy metal caesium . In one Swedish field study , as much as 9 % of the total caesium of the topmost 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) of soil was found in the fungal mycelium . In general , ectomycorrhizal fungi , which grow most in the upper organic of the soil or at the interface between the organic and mineral layers , are involved in the retention and cycling of caesium @-@ 137 in organic @-@ rich forest soils . - - - = Gregory Helms = - - Gregory Shane Helms ( born July 12 , 1974 ) is an American professional wrestler who is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) under his birth name . In TNA , he is the manager for former TNA X Division Champion Trevor Lee . He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he wrestled as The Hurricane , Gregory Helms , and Hurricane Helms and also for his time with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he wrestled as " Sugar " Shane Helms . - Helms first began wrestling in 1991 at the age of 16 , and wrestled in numerous independent promotions , including the Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts , winning numerous light heavyweight and tag team championships . In 1999 , he signed with WCW , and gained fame as " Sugar " Shane Helms , a member of 3 Count . During his time there he won both the WCW Hardcore Championship and the WCW Cruiserweight Championship . When WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , Helms ' contract was kept by WWF . Helms renamed himself " The Hurricane " and won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . He later picked up a sidekick , Rosey , and they won the World Tag Team Championship together . - He dropped the superhero gimmick in 2005 , and began wrestling under his real name . He once again won the Cruiserweight Championship in early 2006 , and held it for over a year , becoming the longest reigning Cruiserweight Champion and the longest reigning champion of any kind in SmackDown history . After being out of action for over a year after neck fusion surgery Helms returned to SmackDown in September 2008 , referring to himself as Hurricane Helms , before moving to the ECW brand where he reverted to his Gregory Helms name , and became the backstage interviewer . In mid @-@ 2009 , he brought back The Hurricane character , and appeared as both Gregory Helms and The Hurricane on ECW . After ECW was cancelled , Helms was released by WWE on February 26 , 2010 , and returned to the independent circuit . - - = = Professional wrestling career = = - - - = = = Early career ( 1991 – 1999 ) = = = - - Helms began wrestling at the age of 16 in 1991 . He won his first championship shortly afterwards , by defeating " Playboy " Cruise to become the Southern Wrestling Alliance ( ) Light Heavyweight Champion . Helms spent the majority of his early career in his home state of North Carolina , winning numerous light heavyweight championships . - Helms began calling himself " The Show " Shane Helms , and teamed with " Big Daddy " Mike Maverick , initially using the team name Assault and Battery . They later dubbed themselves The Serial Thrillaz , and won several independent tag championships . The pair also began wrestling in the Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts ( OMEGA ) , which was founded by The Hardy Boyz ( Matt and Jeff ) . The Serial Thrillaz won the OMEGA Tag Team Championship twice between 1997 and 1998 , before they began competing for Southern Championship Wrestling ( SCW ) . They won the SCW Tag Team Championship , and Helms also won the SCW Heavyweight Championship . SCW would mark the end of the Serial Thrillaz , as Helms vacated both titles before moving on to NWA Worldwide . Once there , Helms joined the Bad Street Boys with Shannon Moore , Christian York , and Joey Matthews . - - = = = World Championship Wrestling ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = - - Helms and his friend Shannon Moore signed with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in May 1999 . In WCW , Helms , along with Moore and Evan Karagias , formed the heel ( villainous ) stable ( faction ) 3 Count , and the trio debuted on the December 23 episode of WCW Thunder . The trio was a parody of the boy bands ' N and the Boys , and their gimmick involved making music videos and performing songs before their matches . - 3 Count collectively won the WCW Hardcore Championship on WCW Monday in February 2000 . This win made 3 Count the first trio to win the Hardcore Championship . At , Brian Knobbs defeated all members of 3 Count to win the Hardcore Championship . During a match , Helms suffered a broken nose , and was sidelined while he recovered . Upon his return , Tank Abbott had been added to the group , as a fan , and was utilized in an role . 3 Count had a long @-@ running feud ( scripted rivalry ) with The Jung Dragons , with the Dragons attempting to steal 3 Count 's fictional recording contract . This led to a ladder match between the two teams at New Blood Rising , which 3 Count won due to Abbott 's interference . As a result , Abbott claimed that he should be the lead singer of 3 Count , and was kicked out by the other three members , leading to a feud . - 3 Count later disbanded as Moore and Helms kicked Karagias out of the group for attempting to steal the spotlight . At the same time , the Jung Dragons turned on Jamie Noble , who formed a team with Karagias . The three teams met in a Triangle match at , which 3 Count won . They also wrestled each other in a number one ladder match at , to earn a WCW Cruiserweight Championship match , in which both Moore and Helms grabbed the contract at the same time . As a result , they later wrestled for the opportunity to wrestle for the championship , which Helms won , although he lost the subsequent championship match to Guerrero at the Sin pay @-@ per @-@ view . - Moore and Helms would leave WCW briefly in 2001 to wrestle in NWA Wildside , where they held the Wildside Tag Team Championship for one day . Helms became the number one contender for the Cruiserweight Championship after winning a match at Revenge , but was attacked by Karagias and Moore afterwards . Despite the attack , Helms would go on to defeat Guerrero for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship at and was the reigning Cruiserweight Champion immediately before WCW was bought out by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . Helms ' contract with WCW was one of twenty @-@ five that were included in WWF 's purchase of WCW . - - = = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment = = = - - - = = = = Early appearances ( 2001 – 2002 ) = = = = - - Helms made his WWF debut on the July 5 , 2001 episode of SmackDown ! , using the name " Hollywood " Gregory Helms . He was part of the Invasion storyline as a member of The Alliance losing his Cruiserweight Championship in a one @-@ on @-@ one match to another Alliance member , Billy Kidman . - Helms began wrestling as " The Hurricane " on August 27 , and also began wearing a superhero costume . That night , he won the WWF European Championship from Matt Hardy with help from Ivory , but lost it to on October 22 , 2001 . In September 2001 , Helms formed a tag team with Lance Storm who was now managed by Ivory and Helms later picked up a sidekick , in Molly Holly who began to call herself " Mighty Molly " , and the two came to the arena in a custom " Hurri @-@ Cycle " ( with Molly in the ) . The team of Helms and Storm began with teams like The Hardy Boyz and Big Show and Spike Dudley . Helms and Storm got a shot at the WCW Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz at No Mercy in a losing effort . - During 2002 , The Hurricane won the WWF Hardcore Championship at WrestleMania , but Molly betrayed him , hitting him in the back of the head with a pan , and defeating him for the championship . Helms was later drafted to the SmackDown ! brand following the brand extension , and he won the Cruiserweight Championship from and Billy Kidman in a triple threat match . He lost it to Jamie Noble at King of the Ring . Later in 2002 , he was traded to Raw , won the World Tag Team Championship with Kane , and held them for around a month in an alliance known as Hurri @-@ Kane . - - = = = = with Rosey ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = = - - In 2003 , Hurricane feuded with The Rock . In backstage segments , The Rock referred to The Hurricane as " The " ( in part because his mask was similar to the 's ) . The feud culminated in a match on Raw , in which The Rock dominated . Hurricane , however , was able to roll up The Rock from behind after The Rock was distracted by Stone Cold Steve Austin 's appearance on the ramp . - In late 2003 , Hurricane " discovered " Rosey 's potential as a superhero and christened him " Rosey , the Super Hero in Training " ( the " " ) . On May 1 , at , Rosey and The Hurricane defeated La in the finals of a Tag Team match to win the World Tag Team Championship . Not long after winning the championship , Stacy joined Rosey and The Hurricane as their sidekick , " Super Stacy " . In August 2005 , Rosey and The Hurricane lost as their sidekick when she and Christy were traded to the SmackDown ! brand . On September 5 , 2005 Hurricane and Rosey were defeated by Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch during Cade and Murdoch 's debut match on Raw . As a result , Cade and Murdoch earned a title match at the pay @-@ per @-@ view . During the title match , Murdoch delivered an elevated DDT on The Hurricane to the outside . The DDT caused Hurricane to suffer a storyline " " and allowed Cade and Murdoch to beat the injured Hurricane later in the match to win the World Tag Team Titles . - During the next few weeks , the pair began a losing streak , mainly caused by Hurricane 's on @-@ screen injuries . During the October 17 episode of Raw , The Hurricane was assaulted by Kurt Angle at the request of Vince McMahon . After the beating , footage was shown of The Hurricane off his mask and striking Rosey because he did not help him fend off Angle . The next week , The Hurricane no @-@ showed a World Tag Team Title match , leaving Rosey to face the champions alone . During the match , The Hurricane ( out of costume ) appeared at the top of the entrance ramp , reverting to his real name , Gregory Helms , and watched as Rosey was double teamed and defeated . After the match , Helms announced that he was fed up with being funny for the crowd , and that he was sick of carrying Rosey as a tag team partner . This turned him into a heel in the process . On the November 7 episode of Raw , Helms and Rosey faced off in a singles match , which Helms won . Subsequently , Helms wrestled mostly on Raw 's sister show , Heat . On the January 2 , 2006 episode of Raw Helms confronted Jerry Lawler over jokes that Lawler had been making at Helms ' expense , and Lawler said that when Helms was The Hurricane , he was entertaining and called Helms a joke . Helms responded by slapping Lawler , who hit Helms back . This confrontation led to Lawler defeating Helms in a match at New Year 's Revolution . - - = = = = Cruiserweight Champion and injury ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = = - - At the 2006 Royal Rumble , Helms participated in an Open match for the Cruiserweight Championship and won , even though he was a Raw superstar and the championship was defended solely on SmackDown ! . As a result , he returned to the SmackDown ! brand in February 2006 to start a feud with , Kid Kash and the other cruiserweights . During this time , Helms defeated in a one @-@ on @-@ one match . The next week , he was supposed to defend against Kid Kash , but Kash was away on a family emergency , so 2 took his place . Helms defeated him and declared that he was better than all the other cruiserweights . As a result , all the cruiserweights at the show invaded the ring and attacked Helms . It was later announced by SmackDown ! General Manager Theodore Long that at the No Way Out pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Helms would face all the cruiserweights in a match for the title . Helms was able to retain the championship . Later , Long mandated that Helms had to defend his title against a each week on SmackDown ! to prove that he truly was better than all the cruiserweights . Helm 's first defense under this new rule was against of The ; Helms retained by cheating . - In early March 2006 , Helms suffered a broken nose . After complaining to Long about having to wrestle on the March 10 episode of SmackDown ! , Long told Helms that he did not have to defend his title , but put Helms in a champion versus champion match against the United States Champion , Chris . During the match , Helms attempted to leave , but was blocked by other cruiserweights who threw Helms back into the ring , resulting in Helms losing the match . Helms underwent successful surgery on his nose and was expected to miss five to six weeks . During this time SmackDown ! stated that Helms had a no @-@ compete clause in his contract allowing him to waive the thirty @-@ day title defense rule due to any injury . Helms returned to the ring on the April 28 episode of SmackDown ! , teaming with to face Super Crazy , London and Kendrick in a six @-@ man tag team match . Helms continued to defend his belt during pay @-@ per @-@ views , but he made more regular appearances on SmackDown ! ' s sister show , . - Helms continued defending his title against other cruiserweights , while on occasion facing off against SmackDown ! ' s other title holders in champion versus champion matches . Helms faced World Heavyweight Champion Rey on June 16 and United States Champion Bobby on July 7 but lost both matches . Eventually , Helms became the longest champion in WWE history , as well as the longest reigning champion of any kind in SmackDown ! history . For much of late 2006 , he feuded with Matt Hardy , with whom Helms exchanged several victories in matches on SmackDown ! . In Helms ' hometown of , North Carolina , at the 2006 No Mercy pay @-@ per @-@ view , Hardy beat Helms . The two rivals also joined opposing teams at Survivor Series , where Helms was in Team Rated @-@ RKO , and Hardy was a member of Team ; Team Rated @-@ RKO lost the match . - Helms went on to feud with Jimmy Wang Yang over the Cruiserweight Title , after a tag team match in which Matt Hardy and Yang defeated Helms and . The feud ended after Helms defeated him to retain the title at Armageddon in December 2006 . In 2007 , Helms once again feuded with the entire Cruiserweight division on SmackDown ! . During this feud , Helms ' reign as Cruiserweight Champion came to an end at No Way Out , when he was unable to win a Cruiserweight open , which saw Guerrero win the championship . Shortly after losing the championship , Helms formed a tag team with Guerrero , but they did not win any matches as a team . - On May 18 , 2007 , WWE reported that Helms had broken two vertebrae in his neck , one of which was pressing on his spinal . He underwent surgery with Dr. Lloyd to repair them approximately a week later . Following the surgery , Helms was announced to be out for a year and a half due to the injury . - - = = = = and The Hurricane 's return ( 2008 – 2010 ) = = = = - - Helms returned on the September 19 , 2008 , episode of SmackDown in a non @-@ wrestling role . Throughout the show , he appeared in short video promos , called " " , referring to himself as " Hurricane Helms " , a modified version of his old ring name " The Hurricane " , and mocked heel including Shelton Benjamin and Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder . In the following weeks , he mocked several other in the " " , ending each with the phrase , " I 'm just ' ! " On the November 28 episode of SmackDown , a " " appeared in which Helms announced that he would make his return to the ring on the next episode of SmackDown . On the December 5 episode of SmackDown , Helms defeated Porter in his ring return . Helms was quickly scripted into a feud with the United States Champion Shelton Benjamin , defeating him in two non @-@ title matches on SmackDown , although he failed to win a championship match on December 26 . - On April 15 , 2009 , Helms was drafted to the ECW brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft . Helms made his ECW debut as a backstage interviewer on April 28 , 2009 , reverting to his Gregory Helms ring name , interviewing Evan Bourne . He started a storyline where , while he was interviewing someone , a scripted accident would occur , leading to Helms leaving the interview seconds before the person in distress was saved by The Hurricane . On the August 11 , 2009 episode of ECW , Helms was attacked by Paul Burchill after Helms denied being The Hurricane . The Hurricane later attacked Burchill in the ring dressed in his Hurricane attire , to save . The next week on ECW , he made his in @-@ ring debut for the brand as The Hurricane , and defeated Burchill . He continued to feud with Burchill , who attempted to expose The Hurricane 's true identity , until the November 17 episode of ECW when The Hurricane defeated Burchill in a mask versus career match . - On February 26 , 2010 , Helms was released from his WWE contract . - - = = = Independent circuit ( 2010 – present ) = = = - - Following his WWE release , Helms began wrestling on the independent circuit , including for the Canadian Wrestling 's as Hurricane Helms . On October 23 , 2010 , Helms made his debut for Jersey All Pro Wrestling , where he , under his Hurricane gimmick , defeated . On January 10 , 2011 , Helms signed a contract with Lucha USA . In the promotion , Helms allied himself with Marco , and in his debut for the promotion at the January 22 , he defeated 's rival and Lucha USA Champion Jr. via . - On January 29 , 2011 Helms made his debut for Pro Wrestling ( ) , during the 5 weekend , in a match , where he was defeated by Joey Ryan . He also took part in 20 @-@ Man Legends Battle , making his second appearance of the night . He eliminated Connection , but later was thrown out by Shane Douglas and Terry . - In April 2011 , Helms wrestled at Carolina Wrestling Federation ( Mid @-@ Atlantic ) where he defeated Ric and won the vacant PWI International Heavyweight Championship . In 2013 , Helms returned to the revived OMEGA , now called OMEGA Championship Wrestling , and on October 12 , he defeated Shane Williams to advance in a tournament for the OMEGA Championship . On November 16 , 2013 , Helms was defeated by Chris Hero at a Pro Wrestling Syndicate event . - - = = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( 2015 – present ) = = = - - In March 2015 , Helms received a for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) as an agent and began working for the company within that capacity that same month . At for Glory , Helms made his on @-@ screen debut under his full birth name to the TNA X Division Champion Uno . On the February 2 episode of Impact Wrestling , Helms assisted Trevor Lee in defeating Uno for the X Division Championship , turning heel in the process . - - = = Personal life = = - - Helms is a comic book fan , and one of his favorite characters is the Green Lantern . He has a tattoo on his which is the Lantern 's logo and his original WWE character , The Hurricane , was inspired by the Green Lantern . In 2008 , he got a tattoo of his last name on his upper back . Helms owns a motorcycle called " The Hurri @-@ Cycle " , which he got when he was using The Hurricane gimmick . Helms is good friends with Jeff Hardy , Matt Hardy and Shannon appears on The Hardy Show , The ' internet show . He also performed as the stunt double of actor David in the movie Ready to Rumble . - On March 19 , 2007 , Sports Illustrated posted on its website an article in its continuing series investigating a steroid and HGH ring used by a number of professional athletes in several sports . That article mentioned several current and former WWE wrestlers , including Helms who was alleged to have obtained HGH . WWE has since made a statement on this situation , mentioning that the allegations preceded the Talent Wellness program WWE launched in April 2006 . On August 30 , 2007 , an article by Sports Illustrated named Helms and nine other wrestlers to be given growth hormone not in compliance with the WWE Talent Wellness program . He was said to have received , HGH and between November 2003 and February 2007 . - On May 6 , 2008 , Helms was assaulted in a club in Johnston County , North Carolina , by an acquaintance , Dustin Narron . An argument between the two of them led to Narron hitting Helms in the face . Narron was later charged with assault and battery . On January 27 , 2010 , Helms and fellow WWE wrestler Chris Jericho were arrested in Fort Mitchell , Kentucky after leaving a bar . A police report stated that Helms had punched Jericho and the other passengers in the cab they were sharing . Helms and Jericho were given tickets for public intoxication and released after each posted a $ 120 bail bond . On March 13 , 2011 , Helms was cited for affray following an altercation at a bar in , North Carolina . - On May 5 , 2011 , Helms and his girlfriend were involved in a accident in North Carolina , for which Helms was charged with driving under the influence . Helms suffered a broken leg , ankle , jaw , and nose during the accident , as well as sustaining other fractures and receiving over 200 , while his girlfriend sustained a broken neck . As a result of the accident , Helms ' foot had to be reconstructed with four plates and 22 screws . - Helms was previously in a relationship with fellow professional wrestler Jamie , from 2004 @-@ 2009 who is better known by her ring name Velvet Sky . In June 2012 , Helms ' girlfriend gave birth to his first child , a boy named Sebastian . - - = = In wrestling = = - - moves - Eye of the Hurricane ( WWF / E ) / Nightmare on Helms Street ( WCW / WWE ) ( elbow drop ) - ( ) – 2002 – 2003 ; used rarely thereafter - Avalanche – 2005 @-@ 2007 ; used rarely thereafter - Double knee - Shining wizard – 2003 – present - – 2000 – 2003 - Signature moves - splash - smash - European on the as a counter to an oncoming opponent - Frog splash into a diving - - - Hurri @-@ clothesline ( clothesline ) - Jumping neckbreaker - Jumping tornado DDT - ( neckbreaker ) - - jacket rear mat slam - ( WCW ) / Hurri @-@ Kick ( WWF ) ( ) - - con - ( 's carry spun out into a knee smash ) ( often followed by a shining wizard ) - X @-@ - - Mike Maverick - Ivory - Mighty Molly - Super Stacy - Tank Abbott - managed - Trevor Lee - Andrew Everett - - " Hollywood " - " The Show " - " Sugar " - " Supernatural " - Entrance themes - World Championship Wrestling - " Can 't Get You Out of My Heart " by 3 Count - " Do the Three Count " by 3 Count - " " by Jimmy Hart and Howard Helm - World Wrestling Entertainment - " Eye of the Hurricane " by Jim Johnston ( WWF / E ; August 2001 – October 2005 ; August 2009 – February 2010 ) - " Fire Storm A " by Wolfgang & Hermann ( WWE ; November 2005 – February 2007 ) - " It 's Time " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; February 2007 – January 2009 ) - - = = Championships and accomplishments = = - - Carolina Championship Wrestling Alliance - Light Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) - Empire State Wrestling - Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Johnny Adams - New Dimension Wrestling - Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Mike Maverick - NWA Wildside - NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Shannon Moore - Other titles - Light Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts - OMEGA Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Mike Maverick - Pro Wrestling Illustrated - PWI ranked him 21 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003 - Pro Wrestling International - PWI International Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - Southern Championship Wrestling - SCW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - SCW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Mike Maverick - Southern Wrestling Alliance - Light Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - Texas Championship Wrestling - Texas Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Lenny Lane - World Championship Wrestling - WCW Hardcore Championship ( 1 time ) - WCW Cruiserweight Championship ( 1 time ) - World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment - WWF European Championship ( 1 time ) - WWF Hardcore Championship ( 1 time ) - WWE Cruiserweight Championship ( 3 times ) - World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Kane ( 1 ) and Rosey ( 1 ) - World Wrestling Organization - Light Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) - Wrestling Observer - Best ( 2001 ) - - = = = Lucha de record = = = - - - - = New York State Route 38 = - - New York State Route 38 ( NY 38 ) is a north – south state highway in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the United States . Its southern terminus is at an intersection with NY 96 in the town of Owego in Tioga County . The northern terminus is at a junction with NY 104A in the town of Sterling in Cayuga County . NY 38 is a two @-@ lane local road for most of its length . The route is the main access road to parts of Auburn , Dryden , Newark Valley and Port Byron . It passes through mountainous terrain in Tioga and Cortland counties , but the terrain levels out as it heads through the Finger Lakes area and Cayuga County . - The route intersects several long @-@ distance highways , including NY 13 in Dryden , U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) and NY 5 in Auburn , and NY 31 in Port Byron . It passes over the New York State ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) north of Port Byron ; however , there is no connection between the two . NY 38 has two routes . The first , NY 38A is an alternate route of NY 38 between Moravia and Auburn , while the other , NY 38B , is a simple east – west connector in the Southern . While NY 38 runs along the western shore of Owasco Lake , NY 38A travels to Auburn along a routing east of the lake . - NY 38 passes along or near for much of its length . From its southern end in Owego to the town of Harford , the route parallels Owego Creek or a branch of said creek . Between Groton and , it runs along the aforementioned Owasco Lake and its inlet ( south of the lake ) and outlet ( north of the lake ) . It also comes within 4 miles ( 6 km ) of Lake Ontario at its northern end . - In the 1920s , the portion of NY 38 between Owego and Freeville was designated as New York State Route 42 while the segment from Freeville to Moravia was the southern part of New York State Route 26 , a highway that continued north from Moravia to Syracuse . NY 38 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , utilizing all of pre @-@ 1930 NY 42 , the Freeville – Moravia portion of NY 26 , and a previously unnumbered highway north to Sterling . Originally , NY 38 extended south into the village of Owego by way of an overlap with NY 96 . It was truncated to its current southern terminus by 1994 . - - = = Route description = = - - All of NY 38 — save for two sections within the city of Auburn — is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( ) . In Auburn , the route is city @-@ maintained to the north and south of where the route meets US 20 and NY 5 in downtown Auburn . The portion of NY 38 that runs between and overlaps with those two routes is state @-@ maintained . - - = = = Tioga and Cortland counties = = = - - NY 38 begins at an intersection with NY 96 about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) north of the Owego village limits in the town of Owego . The road heads northeastward as a two @-@ lane highway , Owego Creek as it proceeds along the base of a valley surrounding the waterway . The Tioga County portion of NY 38 passes through mostly rural , forested areas with only small , scattered pockets of development . The route continues toward the hamlet of , where the Owego Creek splits into western and eastern branches . NY 38 does not enter the community ; instead , it bypasses it to the southeast and follows the eastern branch of Owego Creek into the town of Newark Valley . - The amount of homes along the route begins to increase as NY 38 approaches the village of Newark Valley . Just south of the village limits , NY 38 intersects NY 38B , a spur leading to NY 26 in Maine . The route continues into the small village as South Main Street and passes by several blocks of homes and commercial buildings . At Water Street , NY 38 becomes North Main Street ; however , from this point north , most of the village is situated on the opposite bank of Owego Creek . As a result , NY 38 continues through the village limits but passes very few buildings before seamlessly exiting the community and entering another rural area . - The route continues on , crossing over Owego Creek and passing the Newark Valley Country Club about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Newark Valley village before entering the town of Berkshire . In Berkshire , NY 38 serves the hamlet of Berkshire , a small community situated directly on the highway . The route continues on through the narrowing creek valley into the town of and the hamlet of the same name , where it meets NY 79 in the community 's center . After , the valley continues to narrow for just under 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) before reversing course as the route heads into Cortland County and the town of Harford . - NY 38 clips the extreme southwestern corner of Cortland County ; as a result , only 3 @.@ 38 miles ( 5 @.@ 44 km ) of the route is located within the county . Just north of the county line , the route meets NY 200 in the hamlet of Harford Mills . NY 200 is little more than an alternate route to NY 221 , which NY 38 meets in the hamlet of Harford 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to the northeast . In between Harford Mills and Harford , the east branch of Owego Creek separates from NY 38 and heads north to follow NY 221 instead . NY 38 continues northwest out of Harford hamlet and into Tompkins County . - - = = = Tompkins County = = = - - Upon entering the border town of Dryden , NY 38 emerges from the valley and becomes Dryden – Harford Road as it heads northwestward through a more low @-@ lying but still undeveloped area . The highway gradually curves to the north toward the village of Dryden , where the route changes names to South Street upon entering the village limits . It continues north across Virgil Creek and past three blocks of homes to the commercial village center , where it intersects both NY 13 and NY . The latter begins here and heads off to the east while the former joins NY 38 along North Street . - The overlap between NY 13 and NY 38 ends at the northern village line . At this point , NY 13 continues north while NY 38 forks to the west , running along the village limits on Freeville Road for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) through an area with only a handful of homes . While doing so , the route passes to the south of the Dryden Middle and High School complex . NY 38 heads onward through an open , undeveloped area , curving to the northwest and eventually to the north as it approaches the village of Freeville , where it serves the William George Agency for Children 's Services at the southern village line . It remains on Freeville Road until Railroad Street , where it turns west and proceeds into the densely populated village center . Here , it intersects the eastern terminus of NY 366 at a junction situated adjacent to Fall Creek . - NY 38 proceeds out of Freeville , passing over Fall Creek and heading north along Groton Road through a lightly populated area of the town of Dryden . The route passes by a mixture of open fields , forests , and isolated homes on its way to the Dryden – Groton town line , where it meets the southern terminus of NY southeast of the hamlet of . NY 38 parallels the Owasco Inlet into Groton and the village of the same name , becoming Peru Road at the southern village line . It continues north , following South and Main Streets through the densely populated village to an intersection with NY 222 's western terminus at Cortland Street . At this point , NY 38 becomes Cayuga Street and winds its way northward along the Owasco Inlet and out of the village . Now known as Locke Road , NY 38 heads the northwest through another rural , largely undeveloped area into Cayuga County . - - = = = Cayuga County = = = - - Cayuga County , located in the Finger Lakes region of New York , has a highly unorthodox shape . Most of the county is only about 15 miles ( 24 km ) wide from its western border to its eastern edge . From north to south , however , it extends from Locke north to the Lake Ontario shoreline — a distance of about 55 miles ( 89 km ) . NY 38 passes through much of the county , ending about 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of the shoreline in Sterling . As a result , over half of NY 38 's routing is located in the county , with the midpoint located near the city of Auburn . - - = = = = County line to Auburn = = = = - - The route heads northwest from the county line , following the Owasco Inlet through open fields and past small patches of trees to the large hamlet of Locke . NY 38 heads north – south through the residential community as Main Street and intersects NY 90 at the center of the hamlet . North of the community , the highway crosses over the Owasco Inlet and enters another rural area dominated by fields situated amongst forests . Upon crossing into the town of Moravia , the amount of development along the highway increases as it passes Glen State Park and approaches the village of Moravia . - In Moravia , a highly developed village comprising several blocks of homes and businesses , NY 38 is known as Main Street as it heads north into the village center . At Cayuga Street , NY 38 intersects NY 38A , the second of its two routes . NY 38A heads eastward from this point while NY 38 turns to follow West Cayuga Street across Owasco Inlet and out of the village . Past the inlet , NY 38 curves to the north and runs along the western edge of the Owasco , a wide , flat @-@ bottomed , undeveloped valley at the foot of Owasco Lake . The flats give way to the lake in Cascade , a hamlet in the town of Venice , at which point NY 38 begins to climb up the western edge of the lake valley . It reaches the lip of the valley 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) later in the town of . - For the next 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) , the route passes by open fields as it the lake to the east . The route gradually descends back into the valley as it heads further northward into the town of Fleming . Once in Fleming , NY 38 runs along the and serves a long line of lakeside homes as it passes by a series of fields to the west . The amount of development along the route begins to increase at the northern end of the lake in the hamlet of Park , where NY 38 meets NY by way of a traffic circle . At this point , NY becomes the primary lakeside highway while NY 38 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway and heads northwest as Lake Avenue toward the city of Auburn . - As NY 38 enters Auburn , it passes by Auburn High School before heading north through densely populated blocks filled with homes . The divided highway ends abruptly at Swift Street , where NY 38 turns west to follow the two @-@ lane undivided Swift Street west for seven blocks to NY 34 ( South Street ) . Here , NY 38 leaves Swift Street and joins NY 34 on South Street . The two routes follow South Street past the William H. Seward House into downtown Auburn , where the homes are replaced with businesses at Lincoln Street . Three blocks later , South Street intersects with the East Arterial ( eastbound US 20 and NY 5 ) . The overlap between NY 34 and NY 38 ends one block later at the West Arterial ( westbound US 20 and NY 5 ) , where NY 38 turns to follow the Arterial for a block to the west . - At State Street , NY 38 leaves US 20 and NY 5 and heads north through the city 's north side , crossing the Owasco Outlet and serving the Auburn . The route passes through several blocks of commercial and residential development up to Grant Street , where it begins to off . It ceases almost entirely near the northern city line at York Street , where the homes along the highway become more sporadic and spaced apart . - - = = = = North of Auburn = = = = - - Now in the town of Throop , NY 38 follows the Owasco Outlet through open , mostly flat areas dotted with houses amongst fields and trees . Within Throop , it serves the small hamlet of Corners , where NY 38 meets Turnpike Road ( County Route or CR ) . North of this junction , the houses give way to dense forests as the route continues along the waterway into the town of and the village of Port Byron a short distance north of the town line . It follows Main Street through a mostly commercial and industrial portion of the village to the village center , where it intersects NY 31 at Rochester and Streets . NY 38 turns west , overlapping NY 31 along Rochester Street . - The two routes cross the Owasco Outlet and enter a more residential area of the community , where NY 38 splits from NY 31 and continues north along Canal Street . The route crosses over the New York State ( I @-@ 90 ) as it leaves the village limits and heads north into a largely undeveloped area of forests and fields . At North Port Byron , a sparsely populated hamlet 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) north of Port Byron , NY 38 passes over the Transportation @-@ owned Rochester railroad line . The highway continues on , becoming Conquest Road and crossing the Seneca River ( Erie Canal ) at Mosquito Point , near where Owasco Outlet flows into the river . NY 38 enters the town of Conquest upon traversing the waterway . - NY 38 continues north as an unnamed highway to the hamlet of Conquest , a small community built up around the intersection of NY 38 and Fuller and Roads . It continues on into the town of Victory , where the undeveloped fields give way to cultivated fields used as farmland . The route heads through mostly desolate surroundings to the hamlet of Victory , a slightly larger community centered on NY 38 . The route proceeds through the hamlet , passing by several homes on its way to a junction with NY 370 just north of the community . Past this point , the homes cease again as NY 38 presses on through more fields and forests to the town of Sterling . - Just north of the town line in the small hamlet of North Victory , NY 38 intersects NY 104 . Past this point , the route heads through mostly undeveloped , forested areas on its way to the hamlet of Corners . North of here , the forests cede slightly as the amount of fields along the highway increases . The highway continues on to the hamlet of Sterling , where it ends at an intersection with NY 104A ( the Trail ) just south of the hamlet 's center and 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of the Lake Ontario shoreline . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Old roads = = = - - Several portions of modern NY 38 were originally part of turnpikes and plank roads during the 1800s . On April 13 , 1819 , the New York State Legislature passed a law incorporating the Cortland and Owego Turnpike Company . The company was tasked with building a highway — the Cortland and Owego Turnpike — from Owego north to the then @-@ village of Cortland . It roughly followed what is now NY 38 north from Owego to the vicinity of Harford , where it turned north to access Virgil . It continued to Cortland by way of modern NY 215 . - On April 13 , 1825 , the legislature chartered the Auburn and Port Byron Turnpike Company . The Auburn and Port Byron Turnpike began at the Auburn State Prison in Auburn and proceeded northward along the routing of NY 38 to meet the north branch of the Seneca Turnpike in the town of Brutus ( now Throop ) . From there , the turnpike continued on NY 38 through Port Byron to the Seneca River , where it ended at a bridge crossing the river at Mosquito Point . In 1851 , the Auburn and Moravia Plank Road Company was incorporated . They were tasked with connecting Moravia to Auburn by way of a plank road along the western side of Owasco Lake ( now NY 38 ) . - - = = = = = = - - When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , the portion of what is now NY 38 from Freeville to Moravia became part of NY 26 , a north – south highway extending from Freeville to Syracuse via . By 1926 , the segment of current NY 38 between Freeville and Owego was designated as NY 42 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the entirety of NY 42 and the portion of NY 26 south of Moravia was incorporated into the new NY 38 , which extended north from Moravia to NY 3 ( modern NY 104A ) in Sterling . The section of the route adjacent to Owasco Lake was still being constructed at the time of NY 38 's assignment ; it was completed c . 1932 . - NY 38 originally overlapped with NY 96 ( designated as NY 15 in 1930 ) through Owego to a terminus at the modern junction of NY 96 and NY south of the village . The overlap was extended slightly along Drive to NY 17 exit 64 in the 1960s following the construction of the Southern Expressway through the area . It was removed altogether when NY 38 was truncated to the northern end of the overlap by 1994 . - - = = routes = = - - NY 38A ( 21 @.@ 91 miles or 35 @.@ 26 kilometres ) runs from Moravia to NY , near and NY in southwestern Onondaga County , and then towards Auburn . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . - NY 38B ( 7 @.@ 69 miles or 12 @.@ 38 kilometres ) is a short spur in Broome and Tioga counties connecting NY 38 in Newark Valley in the west to NY 26 in Maine in the east . It was assigned in the early 1950s . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Westminster Assembly = - - The Westminster Assembly of was a council of theologians ( or " divines " ) and members of the English Parliament appointed to the Church of England which met from 1643 to 1653 . Several Scots also attended , and the Assembly 's work was adopted by the Church of Scotland . As many as 121 ministers were called to the Assembly , with nineteen others added later to replace those who did not attend or could no longer attend . It produced a new Form of Church Government , a Confession of Faith or statement of belief , two catechisms or manuals for religious instruction ( Shorter and Larger ) , and a manual , the Directory for Public Worship , for the Churches of England and Scotland . The Confession and catechisms were adopted as doctrinal standards in the Church of Scotland and other Presbyterian churches , where they remain . versions of the Confession were also adopted in Congregational and Baptist churches in England and New England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . The Confession became influential throughout the English @-@ speaking world , but especially in American Protestant theology . - The Assembly was called by the Long Parliament before and during the beginning of the First English Civil War . The Long Parliament was influenced by , a religious movement which sought to further reform the church . They were opposed to the religious policies of King Charles I and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . As part of a military alliance with Scotland , Parliament agreed that the outcome of the Assembly would bring the English Church into closer conformity with the Church of Scotland . The Scottish Church was governed by a system of elected assemblies of elders called presbyterianism , rather than rule by bishops , called , which was used in the English church . Scottish commissioners attended and advised the Assembly as part of the agreement . over church government caused open division in the Assembly , despite attempts to maintain unity . The party of divines who favoured presbyterianism was in the majority , but political and military led to greater influence for the congregationalist party . Congregationalists favoured autonomy for individual congregations rather than the of congregations to regional and national assemblies entailed in presbyterianism . Parliament eventually adopted a presbyterian form of government , but it lacked the power the presbyterian divines desired . During the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , all of the documents of the Assembly were repudiated and episcopal church government was reinstated in England . - The Assembly worked in the Reformed Protestant theological tradition , also known as . It took the Bible as the authoritative word of God , from which all theological reflection must be based . The divines were committed to the Reformed doctrine of — that God chooses certain men to be saved and enjoy eternal life rather than eternal punishment . There was some disagreement at the Assembly over the doctrine of particular redemption — that Christ died only for those chosen for salvation . The Assembly also held to Reformed covenant theology , a framework for interpreting the Bible . The Assembly 's Confession is the first of the Reformed to teach a doctrine called the covenant of works , which teaches that before the fall of man , God promised eternal life to Adam on condition that he perfectly God . - - = = Background = = - - Parliament called the Westminster Assembly during a time of increasing hostility between Charles I , monarch of England and Scotland , and the Puritans . Puritans could be distinguished by their insistence that worship practices be supported implicitly or explicitly by the Bible , while their opponents gave greater authority to traditional customs . They believed the Church of England , which had separated itself from the Catholic Church during the English Reformation , was still too heavily influenced by Catholicism . They sought to rid the church and nation of any of these remaining influences . This included the Church 's episcopal polity , or rule by a hierarchy of bishops . Puritans , unlike separatists , did not leave the established church . Under Charles , the Puritans ' opponents were placed in high positions of authority , most notably William Laud who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 , even though these " high churchmen " were in the minority . Puritans were forced to keep their views private or face fines and imprisonment . Laud promoted advocates of , a theological perspective opposed to the Reformed theology of the Puritans . Worship practices such as kneeling at communion , at the name of Christ , and the placement of communion tables at the East end of churches were also reinstated . To the Puritans , these seemed to be a step in the direction of Catholicism . - There were also conflicts between the king and the Scots , whose church was ruled by a system of elected assemblies called presbyterianism . James , Charles 's predecessor as King of Scotland , made it clear that he intended to impose elements of episcopal church government and the Book of Common Prayer on the Scots beginning in 1604 . The Scots considered this a to Roman Catholicism . Charles furthered English on the Church of Scotland in and 1637 . This led to the First Bishops ' War between Charles and the Scots in 1639 . Charles called what came to be known as the Short Parliament to raise funds for the war , but he soon dissolved it when it began voicing opposition to his policies . Following the Second Bishops ' War with the Scots in 1640 , Charles was forced to call another parliament to raise additional funds . - What came to be known as the Long Parliament also began to voice vague grievances against Charles , many of which were religious in nature . Parliament had many Puritans and Puritan @-@ members , who generally opposed the existing episcopal system , but there was little agreement over what shape the church should take . Later in 1640 , the Root and Branch petition was presented to the House of Commons , the lower house of Parliament . It was signed by about 15 @,@ 000 and called for total elimination of the episcopal system . Committees were organized in the House of Commons to enact religious reforms , leading to the imprisonment of Archbishop Laud and his supporters in the Tower of London as retaliation for their repression of Puritans . The Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber , courts which had inflicted severe punishments on Puritan dissenters , were also abolished . - - = = Calling the assembly = = - - The idea of a national assembly of theologians to advise Parliament on further church reforms was first presented to the House of Commons in 1641 . Such a proposal was also included in the Grand , a list of grievances which Parliament presented to Charles on 1 December that year . Charles responded on 23 December that the church required no reforms . , Parliament passed three bills in 1642 appointing an assembly and that its members would be chosen by Parliament . Charles , whose royal assent was required for the bills to become law , was only willing to consider such an assembly if the members were chosen by the clergy . This was the practice for selection of members of , the assembly of clergy of the Church of England . - the king , between 12 February and 20 April 1642 , each county delegation of England in Commons chose two divines , in addition to two for each county of Wales , four for London , and two for each University ( Oxford and Cambridge ) . County often chose divines from their own county , but not always . Commons chose the members in this way to ensure that their local constituencies were represented in the decision . The House of Lords , Parliament 's upper house , added another fourteen names on 14 May , to which Commons agreed . Meanwhile , relations continued to deteriorate between the king and Parliament . Charles raised the royal standard at Nottingham on 22 August , marking the beginning of the First English Civil War . The start of the war lent support to the cause of the Assembly in Parliament , because holding it would convince the Scots that Parliament was serious about reforming the church and induce the Scots to come to their aid . On the other hand , the war added strain to the already busy Parliament . - Parliament finally passed an ordinance to hold the assembly on its own authority without Charles 's assent on 12 June 1643 . It named as many as 121 ministers and thirty non @-@ voting parliamentary observers : twenty from Commons , and ten from the House of Lords . The Assembly was almost entirely English ; Parliament appointed Englishmen for the counties of Wales , but the French stranger churches ( churches of Protestant refugees from Catholic France ) sent two ministers in place of any from the Channel Islands . Many of the divines were internationally recognized scholars of the Bible , ancient languages , , and scholastic theology . Many were also famous preachers . Most of these theologians had retained their positions in the Church during the tenure of William Laud . Some had been ejected from their churches or cited by ecclesiastical courts for their views . Some had fled to the Continent , and one to the American colonies . Nonetheless , they all considered themselves members of the Church of England and had received episcopal ordination . Most were conformists , meaning they agreed to follow the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Book of Common Prayer . - The Assembly was strictly under the control of Parliament , and was only to debate topics which Parliament directed . Assembly members were not permitted to state their disagreements with majority opinions or share any information about the proceedings , except in writing to Parliament . Parliament chose William Twisse , an internationally respected theologian , to be the Assembly 's or chairman . Due to Twisse 's ill health , Cornelius , whom Parliament appointed as one of several , served as pro for most of the Assembly . Twenty @-@ two appointed members of the Assembly died before 1649 , and they along with those who did not attend for other reasons were replaced by another nineteen members . Three non @-@ voting scribes were also added in 1643 . - - = = the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles = = - - The Assembly 's first meeting began with a sermon by William Twisse in the nave of Westminster Abbey on 1 July 1643 . The nave was so full that the House of Commons had to send members ahead to secure seats . Following the sermon , the divines processed to the Henry VII Chapel , which would be their place of meeting until 2 October when they moved to the warmer and more private Jerusalem Chamber . After their initial meeting they for about a week , as Parliament had not yet given specific instructions . - On 6 July , they received a set of rules from Parliament and were ordered to examine the first ten of the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles , the current doctrinal standard of the Church of England , and " to free and the Doctrine of them from all of false " . After a day of , the Assembly took a vow , as directed by Parliament , to " not maintain any thing in Matters of Doctrine , but what I think , in my conscience , to be truth " . The divines organized themselves into three standing committees , though each committee was open to any member of the Assembly . The committees would be assigned topics and prepare propositions for debate in the full Assembly following each morning of committee meetings . In addition , over 200 ad hoc committees were appointed for tasks such as examination of candidate preachers , college fellows , and suspected heretics . - The Assembly resolved , after some debate , that all the doctrines of the Thirty @-@ Nine articles would need to be proven from the Bible . Assembly members were prone to long speeches and they made slow progress , frustrating the leadership . The eighth of the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles recommended the Apostles ' Creed , Creed , and Creed , considered to be basic statements of , to be received and believed . The Assembly was unable to resolve conflicts between those who would not be bound by creeds and those who wished to retain the existing language that the creeds be " thoroughly received and believed " . The " " , who took the former position , argued that the articles only require the " matter " of the creeds be believed . On 25 August the article was put off until the rest of the articles could be dealt with . This early disagreement on fundamental issues revealed deep rifts between different factions of the assembly . - - = = church government = = - - From the beginning of the First Civil War , the Long Parliament recognized that they would need assistance from the Scots . In return for a military alliance , the Scottish Parliament required the English to sign the League and Covenant in 1643 , which stipulated that the English would bring their church into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland . The Scottish Parliament sent commissioners to London to represent Scotland 's interests to the English Parliament . Eleven of these , four theologians and seven members of Parliament , were also invited to the Assembly . The commissioners were given the opportunity to become full voting members of the Assembly but declined , preferring to maintain their independence as commissioners of their own nation and church . Samuel Rutherford , George Gillespie , and Alexander Henderson were the most outspoken of the commissioners . - On 12 October 1643 , Parliament ordered the Assembly to cease work on the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles and to begin to frame a common form of church government for the two nations . The Assembly would spend a quarter of its full sessions on the subject of church government . The majority of the Assembly members supported presbyterian polity , or church government by elected assemblies of lay and clerical representatives , though many were not committed to it . Several members of this group , numbering about twenty and including William Twisse , favoured a " primitive " , which would include elements of presbyterianism and a reduced role for bishops . - There were also several congregationalists , who favoured autonomy for individual local churches . Their most influential divines were Thomas Goodwin , Philip , Simpson , Jeremiah , and William Bridge . They were often called the " dissenting brethren " in the Assembly . They have sometimes been labelled " " , but they rejected this term . The Assembly members for the most part reserved the label " Independent " for separatists who left the established church . The congregationalist divines cannot be equated with separatists and , as they had accepted episcopal ordination and remained in the Church of England . Their influence was assisted by the success of Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army in the ongoing civil war . Cromwell and many others in the army supported . - A third group of divines were known as , a term for those who believed that the state should have significant power over the church . The entire Assembly was Erastian in the sense that the body had been called by Parliament and was completely under state control . Those labelled " Erastian " at the Assembly believed the civil authority , rather than church officers , should hold the power of church discipline . This included the power to communion from unrepentant . They did not see any particular form of church government as divinely mandated , and because of this the dissenting brethren allied with them when it became clear that a presbyterian establishment would be much less tolerant of than Parliament . There were only two divines at the Assembly who held the Erastian view , John and Thomas Coleman , but the presence of members of Parliament , especially John , as well as the fact of parliamentary oversight of the Assembly , gave Erastian views influence . - Several , supporters of the existing system of bishops , were also included in the summoning ordinance , but Parliament may have nominated them to lend greater legitimacy to the Assembly and not have expected them to attend because Charles had not approved of the Assembly . Only one , Daniel , participated , and he only until his arrest for treason in October 1643 . - Debate on church officers began on 19 October . The Assembly began with the issue of ordination , as many of the divines were concerned about the rise of various sectarian movements and the lack of any mechanism for ordination of ministers of the established church . While some members did not seem to think ordination necessary for preachers ( though they should not administer the sacraments without it ) , a majority of the divines thought any regular preaching without ordination unacceptable and wished to erect a provisional presbytery for purposes of ordination . There was also debate at this early stage over the nature of the visible church . The congregationalists considered a church to be a single local congregation , while the majority considered the national church to be a unity and were alarmed at the prospect of a English church . Despite these debates , up until the end of 1643 there was hope that a common church government could be framed that would be satisfactory to all parties involved . - On 3 or 4 January 1644 , the five leading dissenting brethren signalled a break with the rest of the Assembly when they published An , a polemical pamphlet appealing to Parliament . It argued that the system was more amenable to state control of religious matters than that of the presbyterians because they did not desire the church to retain any real power except to withdraw from aberrant congregations . By 17 January , the majority of the Assembly had become convinced that the best way forward was a presbyterian system similar to that of the Scots , but the dissenting brethren were allowed to continue to state their case in hope that they could eventually be reconciled . It was hoped that by avoiding asserting that presbyterianism was established by divine right , the congregationalists could be accommodated . - Despite these efforts , on 21 February it became clear just how fundamentally opposed the groups were . Philip , one of the dissenting brethren , asserted in a speech that a presbytery set over local congregations would become as powerful as the state and was dangerous to the commonwealth , provoking vigorous opposition from presbyterians . The next day , the Assembly finally began to establish a for presbyterian government . Owing to a strong belief in the unity of the church , the Assembly continued to try to find ways to reconcile the dissenting brethren with the majority throughout 1644 , including the establishment of a special committee for that purpose in March . However , on 15 November , the dissenting brethren presented their reasons for disagreement with the rest of the Assembly to Parliament , and on 11 December the majority submitted a draft of a presbyterian form of government . - - = = Conflicts with Parliament = = - - Relations between the Assembly and Parliament were already deteriorating in 1644 , when Parliament ignored the Assembly 's request that " grossly ignorant and notoriously " individuals be barred from communion . While members of Parliament agreed that the sacrament should be kept pure , many of them disagreed with the presbyterian majority in the Assembly over who had the final power of excommunication , taking the Erastian view that it was the state . Also , by 1646 , Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army had won the war on behalf of Parliament . Cromwell , along with a majority of the army , was strongly in favour of religious toleration for all sorts of Christians even if the national church was to be presbyterian . His rise to power as a result of his military victories made the idea of a strictly presbyterian settlement without freedom of worship for others very unlikely . Parliament at least wanted to know which sins in particular were grave enough to trigger excommunication by the church ; the Assembly was to provide such information , as the majority considered the power of the church in this area to be absolute . - In May 1645 , Parliament passed an ordinance allowing to appeal the church 's sentences to Parliament . Another ordinance on 20 October contained a list of sins to which the church would be limited in its power to . To the majority of the divines ' dismay , an even more Erastian ordinance was proposed in March 1646 . The Assembly published a protest , provoking the Commons to charge it with breach of privilege and to submit nine questions to the divines on the matter . were to be included with the answers , an attempt to force the divines associated with the protest petition to reveal themselves . - The Nine , as they came to be called , focused on the divine right ( ) of church government . While the presbyterian divines were capable of defending their vision for church government as established by divine right in the Bible , they were unwilling to answer the queries because doing so would further expose the of the Assembly and weaken their case in Parliament . In July 1647 , the New Model Army invaded London and conservative members of Parliament were forced out . Parliament passed an ordinance establishing religious tolerance and ensuring that the Assembly 's vision of a national , compulsory presbyterian church would never come to fruition . In London , where support for presbyterianism was greatest , were established in only sixty @-@ four of 108 city parishes , and regional presbyterian classes were only formed in fourteen of England 's forty counties . A planned national general assembly never met . Many presbyterians did , however , establish voluntary in what was a de facto free church situation until the Restoration in 1660 , when a compulsory episcopal system was reinstated . - The new Form of Government was much more acceptable to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . They passed it on 10 February 1645 , contingent on some of presbyterian government which were expected to be worked out in a forthcoming Directory for Church Government . At the same time they announced their desire to formally unite the two churches . Following the rise of Cromwell and the secret of some Scots with Charles this hope was abandoned , and the documents were never formally adopted . The General Assembly ceased to function under Cromwell and the kings who succeeded him from 1649 to 1690 . - - = = Confession , catechisms , and the Directory for Public Worship = = - - During and after the debates over church government , the Assembly framed other documents which did not cause open rifts . The Directory for Public Worship , which was to replace the Book of Common Prayer , was swiftly written in 1644 and passed by Parliament on 3 January 1645 . The Directory , accepted by the Scots as well , took a middle course between the presbyterians and congregationalists . The presbyterians for the most part preferred a fixed while congregationalists favoured prayer . The Directory consisted of an order for services with sample prayers . The Assembly also recommended a psalter , translated by Francis for use in worship . - A Confession of Faith to replace the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles was begun in August 1646 . While there is little record of the actions of the Assembly during the writing of the Confession , it is clear that there were significant debates in the Assembly over almost every doctrine found in it . The Confession was printed and sent to Parliament in December . The House of Commons requested scripture citations be added to the Confession , which were provided in April 1648 . Parliament approved the Confession with revisions to the chapters on church , and councils , and marriage on 20 June 1648 . The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had already adopted the Confession without revision in 1647 . The restoration of Charles II in 1660 effectively made this legislation a . - The Assembly had already done significant work on a catechism between December 1643 and January 1647 containing fifty @-@ five questions , before it decided to create two catechisms rather than one . The Larger Catechism , intended to assist ministers in teaching the Reformed faith to their congregations . The Shorter Catechism was based on the Larger Catechism but intended for use in teaching the faith to children . Parliament demanded scripture proofs for the catechisms as well . The Scots General Assembly approved both catechisms in 1648 . - The Assembly understood its mandate under the League and Covenant to have been fulfilled on 14 April 1648 when it delivered the scripture citations to Parliament , and the Scottish Commissioners had already left by the end of 1647 . The Assembly continued to meet primarily for the purpose of examination of ministers for ordination . Most of the divines were unhappy with the republican Commonwealth that emerged after Colonel Pride 's of the Long Parliament in 1648 . As a result , a majority stopped attending rather than agree to the oath of to the Commonwealth that was imposed in 1649 . Newspapers continued to report on the meetings of the Assembly as late as March 1653 . The Assembly must have stopped meeting sometime between then and Cromwell 's dissolution of the Parliament on 20 April 1653 . - - = = = = - - The Assembly was a product of the British Reformed tradition , taking as a major source the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles as well as the theology of James and his Irish Articles of 1615 . The divines also considered themselves to be within the broader European Reformed tradition . They were in frequent correspondence with continental Reformed theologians , and sought their approval . They also drew upon the pre @-@ Reformation British theological tradition , which emphasized biblical knowledge and was influenced by the theological tradition exemplified by Anselm , Thomas , and John . The recorded debates of the Assembly are full of citations of church fathers and medieval scholastic theologians . - The Confession starts with the doctrine of revelation , or how people can know about God . The divines believed knowledge of God was available to people through nature as well as the Bible , but they also believed that the Bible , or Scripture , is the only way in which people attain saving knowledge of God . The doctrine of Scripture was also a particularly important area of debate at the time . Scholars had begun to argue that the Hebrew vowel points , marks added to the text to aid in pronunciation , of the Old Testament were probably not part of the original . This caused significant debate between Reformed and Roman Catholics . Catholics argued that such a discovery demonstrated the need for an authoritative to interpret the Bible as opposed to the Protestant doctrine of , that the essential teachings of the Bible could be interpreted by anyone . English Reformed writers in particular took up the work of defending the Reformed doctrine . The divines had a strong view of the inspiration of the Bible , and believed that God revealed himself in the propositions found in Scripture . While the issue of biblical , the belief that there are no errors in the Bible , did not arise until the eighteenth century , the divines clearly did not believe the Bible to contain any errors . Many of the divines held a rather mechanical view of biblical inspiration , believing that not only the words and ideas but also the letters and vowel points of the Hebrew text were inspired by God . On the other hand , they acknowledged that the text was written by humans in their own styles . They did not make any distinction between essential and incidental matters with respect to biblical inspiration . - Puritans believed that God is sovereign over all of history and nature and that none of what were called his decrees would be frustrated . There was significant debate in the Assembly over the relationship of God 's decree of , or choice to save some people , to the redemption purchased by Christ 's death . Many of the Reformed during this period taught that Christ died with the purpose only to save those who were chosen to be saved , a doctrine called particular redemption . A vocal minority of the divines of the Assembly argued for a position known as hypothetical . Edmund held such a view , and he argued that Christ 's death , as well as saving those who had been chosen , offered salvation to all people on condition that they believe . The Assembly 's Confession did not teach such a view , and its language is much more amenable to a particular redemption interpretation , but there is a general agreement among scholars that the Confession 's language allows an hypothetical interpretation . - Covenant theology is an interpretive framework used by Reformed theologians which was significantly developed during the seventeenth century . Under this scheme , as articulated by the Assembly , God 's dealings with men are described in terms of two covenants : the covenant of works and covenant of grace . The Westminster Confession was the first major Reformed symbol to explicitly mention the covenant of works ( sometimes called the covenant of life ) , in which God offered Adam eternal life on condition of perfect obedience . In the fall of man , Adam broke the covenant of works by eating of the tree of knowledge of good and evil . To remedy this , God offered salvation apart from human initiative in what was called the covenant of grace . This covenant allowed man to enjoy eternal life despite his inability to obey God 's law perfectly . The idea of the covenant of grace was a much more common feature of orthodox Reformed theology . The Westminster divines set these two covenants against each other as the two major ways in which God deals with people . - The divines were even more strongly opposed to Catholicism than to William Laud and his followers , the . They associated both Catholicism and with and persecution . Before the civil war , the divines saw these two groups as the greatest threat to the church . With the rise of radical sectarian movements during the war , the divines became much more concerned with these groups than against Catholicism . The divines were particularly concerned with those they labeled . This was a loose term for those who saw the moral law as in some way no longer relevant for Christians . The divines saw these groups as more immediately threatening than Catholicism . - - = = Legacy = = - - The work of the Westminster Assembly was repudiated by the Church of England during the Restoration in 1660 . The Act of Uniformity 1662 , a law requiring even greater adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and support for than had previously been required , forced Puritan ministers to leave the Church . Though some presbyterians continued to desire to be readmitted to the established church , restrictions on worship for non @-@ conformists led to presbyterians putting aside differences with congregationalists and adopting church orders . - The Civil War brought with it the end of the consensus among English Protestants that there should be a single church imposed by the state , though there was still not complete freedom of religion . The ideals of the dissenting brethren of the Assembly were significant in the rise of , the doctrine that the church is found in several institutions rather than a single one in a given location . Though Protestants already commonly recognized the validity of churches in different territories , the outcome of the Assembly 's debates marks the wider acceptance of the idea that several true churches may be found in the same territory . - The Confession produced by the Assembly was adopted with amendments by Congregationalists in England in the form of the Savoy Declaration , as well as by Baptists in the form of the 1689 Baptist Confession . When the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland was reestablished in 1690 following the Glorious Revolution , it ratified the Westminster Confession , but not any other document produced at Westminster . The Confession remains , according to the 1929 Articles , the Church of Scotland 's " principal subordinate standard " , subordinate to the Bible . of the Shorter Catechism has been made a requirement for children in many Presbyterian churches . - The migrations and missionary efforts of each of these groups lead to the widespread significance of the Westminster Assembly throughout the English @-@ speaking world . The Assembly 's Confession was particularly influential in American Protestant theology . It was included with congregationalist changes as part of the 1648 Cambridge Platform , a statement produced by ministers of colonial Massachusetts and the surrounding region , and again in colonial Connecticut as part of the 1708 Platform . The Confession was modified for American Baptists in the Philadelphia Confession . The Act of required American Presbyterians to agree to the theology of the Assembly 's Confession , and the Confession remains a part of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) ' s Book of Confessions . The Confession has been called " by far the most influential doctrinal symbol in American Protestant history " by the historian of religion Sydney E. . - - - = The Goat Puzzle = - - The Goat Puzzle , also known as The Goat Puzzle , The Goat , The Goat , The Goat of Lochmarne , or simply The Goat , is a puzzle featured in Revolution Software 's 1996 classic point and click adventure game Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars . In the puzzle , protagonist George must gain access to an underground dig located in a castle in Lochmarne , Ireland , by avoiding getting by a fierce goat . It is often explained to be difficult due to challenging the player in a way different from previous puzzles in the game . It is also noted by many gamers and various publications as one of the hardest video game puzzles of all time . The puzzle was simplified in The Shadow of the Templars ' 2009 director 's cut . - - = = Puzzle and solution = = - - Revolution Software 's point and click adventure game Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars was first released in 1996 . While investigating a murder , protagonist and player character George finds himself uncovering a dark mystery regarding the Knights Templar . A medieval manuscript which he obtained during the investigation leads him to a castle located in Lochmarne , Ireland . As he cannot enter the castle through the main entrance door , he climbs a , which stops short of the top of the wall . He puts a sewer key which he obtained at the beginning of the game in a crack in the wall , which forms a step , allowing him to climb over the wall . Inside the castle , an entrance to an underground dig is located . A tied @-@ up goat is sitting near the entrance ; however , the chain to which it is tied is long enough to allow it to prevent George from reaching the entrance by him . An old piece of farming machinery is located at the left side of the screen , but George is unable to interact with it , as the goat continues to butt him . George must allow the goat to butt him when trying to reach the entrance , but while the goat is returning to its original position , the player must click on the farming machinery , which causes George to quickly jump up and run to the machinery and slightly it . When returned to its original position , the goat again charges and George , but while doing so , gets its chain entangled with the machinery , due to its . This allows George to move freely and enter the dig . - - = = Legacy = = - - The puzzle is considered by many gamers and publications to be one of the most challenging video game puzzles of all time . Broken Sword creator and Revolution CEO Charles Cecil and Broken Sword designer Steve Ince , as well as publications which have covered it , explain that the puzzle was challenging because the player was not met with any " time critical " puzzle prior to this point in the game , which would mean they " would not necessarily make the connection that clicking on the machinery at a key moment would make this happen . " - Chris of Official Nintendo Magazine said that " if you 've played [ Broken Sword ] , the words ' the goat puzzle ' will probably make you break out in a cold . " Geoff Thew of Hardcore Gamer wrote that Broken Sword was known for " intricate , challenging puzzles ( some so ) . " The puzzle appeared on Computer and Video Games ' 2011 feature , " Gaming 's hardest puzzles " . In 2012 , it was listed on 's " 5 Crazy and Video Game " . During a classic for The Shadow of the Templars at the European Game Developers Conference in August 2014 , when Cecil brought up the topic of difficult puzzles , a member of the audience shouted " That fucking goat ! " ; laughter ensued , and Cecil added : " It was very unfair , and it was absolutely . " He also continued , claiming he knew he had " made it " when a taxi driver once questioned him about his occupation : upon finding out he had written Broken Sword the driver exclaimed , " , so you 're the one responsible for the goat puzzle ! " - The puzzle was simplified in The Shadow of the Templars ' 2009 director 's cut by , according to Cecil , adding a more logical solution . This version of the game includes a diary , in which the character takes notes ; After completing the goat puzzle , George 's diary reads : " So the ' ghost of Lochmarne ' is no more than a fierce Billy goat . For a moment I thought it was going to be incredibly awkward to get past , but in the end it was surprisingly simple . Who would have known ? " , as a reference to the original puzzle 's reputation . An egg involving a talking goat was included in The Shadow of the Templars ' sequel , Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror ( 1997 ) . A goat puzzle was featured in Broken Sword 5 : The 's Curse , in the beginning and ending of 2014 second and final episode of the title , as part of the achieved $ 800 @,@ 000 Kickstarter " stretch goal " . - - - = Sinclair Sovereign = - - The Sinclair Sovereign was a high @-@ end calculator introduced by Clive Sinclair 's company Sinclair in 1976 . It was an attempt to escape from the unprofitable low end of the market , and one of the last calculators Sinclair produced . Made with a case of pressed steel that a variety of finishes , it cost between GB £ 30 and GB £ 60 at a time when other calculators could be purchased for under GB £ 5 . A number of factors meant that the Sovereign was not a commercial success , including the cost , high import on components , competition from cheaper calculators manufactured abroad , and the development of more power @-@ efficient designs using liquid @-@ crystal displays . Though it came with a five @-@ year guarantee , issues such as short battery life limited its usefulness . The company moved on to producing computers soon afterwards . - The design by John Pemberton won a Design Council award , and there are examples of the Sovereign in the Museum of Modern Art in New York . It had a main integrated circuit and a small memory register , a LED display , and could perform a variety of a number of basic mathematical operations besides four @-@ function arithmetic . - - = = History = = - - The Sovereign was one of the last calculators produced during Sinclair 's foray into the calculator market that had started with the Sinclair Executive in September 1972 . The Executive had for GB £ 80 when introduced , but in little over a year it was possible to purchase a Sinclair calculator for GB £ 20 and by November of 1976 a model was available for GB £ 4 @.@ 95 . Cheaper calculators with liquid @-@ crystal displays instead of light @-@ emitting diodes were becoming more popular , and had much longer battery lives of months or years . Such calculators were available for well under GB £ 10 , with all the functionality of the more expensive models . The impossibility of selling " simple " calculators led Sinclair to introduce models such as the Cambridge Scientific , introduced in August 1975 at a price of GB £ 29 @.@ 95 . - The Sovereign , released in 1976 , represented an attempt to move in an increasingly saturated market . In December 1976 , the chrome plated version of the Sovereign cost GB £ 30 and the gold @-@ plated version GB £ 60 , including , but profit margins on the Sovereign were so small that Sinclair ended up selling the Sovereign at a loss , and it was not a commercial success . The Sovereign was made in England , like every other Sinclair calculator except the President . - Sinclair would shortly stop producing calculators and instead focus on computers , starting with the in 1977 . The loss of the calculator market was due in part to technological development leading to smaller and cheaper components , which put heavy pressure on profit margins . An import levy of up to 17 @.@ 5 % was placed on components , but the duty for calculators imported from Japan or Hong Kong could be as little as 5 % , making it unprofitable to produce calculators in the UK . Sinclair also had some problems with the reliability of earlier calculators that had adversely affected its reputation , but the Sovereign was sold with a " full and unconditional " five year guarantee . - - = = Design = = - - The Sovereign came in satin chrome and gold @-@ plated models , with leather pouches and fitted wooden cases . It had an 8 @-@ digit seven @-@ segment display that used red light @-@ emitting diodes , with a point to the right of each digit that could be illuminated as necessary . Power was provided by two 1 @.@ 35 mercury button cells . The Sovereign measured 36 by 141 by 12 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 42 in × 5 @.@ 55 in × 0 @.@ 47 in ) , which made it small and compared to other calculators of the time . - The Sovereign was unusual because the casing was made from pressed steel , which gave it a much higher quality feel compared to injection moulded plastic . This allowed a variety of paint and plating options , including black painted , chrome @-@ plated , silver @-@ plated , and gold @-@ plated , and a limited edition silver @-@ plated version , inscribed to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977 , were also produced . of London was rumoured to have produced two in solid gold , costing GB £ 2 @,@ 750 each . - The design , by John Pemberton , won the Design Council Award in 1977 , as the Executive had in 1973 , and there are examples in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York . are highly , and used models command high prices . - - = = = = = = - - As well as addition , , and division , it had and square @-@ root functions , and the ability to by a fixed constant . With an eight @-@ digit display , the calculator could display positive numbers between 0 @.@ and 99 @,@ 999 @,@ 999 , and negative numbers between and . of the time tended to have displays of between 3 and 12 digits , as reducing the number of digits was an effective way of reducing the cost of the calculator . A number outside that range leads to an overflow , and the screen flashes and all keys except the clear key are rendered inoperable to inform the user of the error . A independent memory register could read information from the screen , and information could only be taken from the memory onto the screen . Five keys were used for memory operations . - The Sovereign used a main integrated circuit , the same as the Sinclair and some variants of the Sinclair Cambridge . Clive Sinclair had assumed that people would prefer attractive illuminated LED displays to displays , which incidentally also required more expensive chips . However , his calculators were designed with the assumption they would be turned off between calculations , which did not prove to be the case . Advertisements suggested that the batteries would last " about a year " under normal use , but in reality the small button cell batteries and comparatively high power consumption meant a short battery life compared to the competition . - - - = Survivor Series ( 1992 ) = - - Survivor Series ( 1992 ) was the sixth annual Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ view professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on November 25 , 1992 , at the Coliseum in Township , Ohio . The buildup to the pay @-@ per @-@ view consisted of scripted by the WWF 's writers , and the matches that took place at the event had pre @-@ determined outcomes that had been decided by the company . - In the main event , Bret Hart retained his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels . The card also included a highly @-@ promoted match in which the team of Randy Savage and Mr. Perfect defeated the team of Ric Flair and Razor Ramon by ; The Ultimate Warrior was advertised for the show but left the company and was replaced by Perfect . Also featured were two matches : The Undertaker won a coffin match against Kamala , and The Big Boss Man defeated Nailz in a nightstick on a pole match . - Some of the matches were changed after they were first announced , as several wrestlers left the WWF shortly before the event . Critics have praised the main event and the tag team match that was won by Savage and Perfect . Although the remaining bouts have received low ratings , critics have felt that those two matches made the event worth watching . - - = = Background = = - - In the storyline behind the match between The Big Boss Man and Nailz , Nailz claimed that while he was serving time in prison , the Big Boss Man , who was a guard at the prison , Nailz . In early 1992 , Nailz appeared in introductory vignettes to talk about his hatred of the Big Boss Man . Upon his debut in the WWF , Nailz attacked and stole his nightstick , which he used to attack his opponents over the following months . - Shortly after Tatanka 's debut in the WWF , he became involved in a feud with Rick Martel . They faced each other at WrestleMania VIII , and Tatanka defeated Martel . The following month , Martel gained revenge by attacking Tatanka with an of and stealing the eagle feathers that Tatanka carried to symbolize his heritage . - Ric Flair and his " executive consultant " Mr. Perfect had been allies in the WWF for much of 1992 . After Flair lost the WWF World Heavyweight Championship to Man Randy Savage at WrestleMania VIII , Flair and Perfect initiated a feud with Savage . They in Savage 's match at SummerSlam and caused him to lose by . The rivalry continued , and Flair received assistance from Perfect and Razor Ramon to win the title back from Savage on September 1 , which aired on the September 14 edition of WWF Prime Time Wrestling . The WWF planned for Savage to team with the Ultimate Warrior in a match against Flair and Ramon at Survivor Series . The Ultimate Warrior left the WWF , however , before the match could take place . Two possible reasons have been given for his departure . The first states that he was fired due to allegations of steroid abuse , while the other states that he was upset with the WWF 's future plans for his character . The WWF was forced to change the plan and decided to turn Perfect into a ( fan favorite ) from a heel . Perfect and Flair began having conflicts while teaming together , and Perfect accepted Savage 's offer on the November 16 episode of WWF Prime Time Wrestling to team with him at Survivor Series . - Money Inc . ( " Million Dollar Man " Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster ) had been feuding with The Natural Disasters ( Earthquake and Typhoon ) since February 1992 when manager Jimmy Hart turned on Earthquake and Typhoon in favor of helping Money , Inc . With Hart 's assistance , Money , Inc. defeated the Legion of Doom for the WWF Tag Team Championship on February 7 , 1992 . Five months later , Earthquake and Typhoon defeated Money Inc. to win the championship . The Natural Disasters were also feuding with The Beverly Brothers ( Beau and Blake ) and defeated them in a title match at SummerSlam 1992 . A match was then announced for Survivor Series in which The Natural Disasters would team with The ( Luke and Butch ) to face Money , Inc. and the Beverly Brothers . However , when The Nasty Boys ( Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags ) , also managed by Hart , were scheduled to face The Natural Disasters for the title on October 13 , Hart replaced The Nasty Boys at the last minute with Money , Inc . , who went on to regain the championship with help from The Headshrinkers . This led to a break @-@ up between Hart and the Nasty Boys , who received the ' spot in the Survivor Series match to get revenge against Jimmy Hart and Money , Inc . - At SummerSlam 1992 in August , The Undertaker defeated Kamala . Harvey Wippleman , Kamala 's manager wanted revenge , so a rematch was scheduled for Survivor Series . The match was promoted as the WWF 's first coffin match , in which the winner would place the loser in a coffin after the match . - The WWF also planned a match featuring The British defending the WWF Intercontinental Championship against The at Survivor Series . The WWF released Smith due to steroid allegations , however , and he was made to drop the title belt to Shawn Michaels on the November 14 episode of Saturday Night 's Main Event . Jake Roberts was set to challenge Bret Hart , who had won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship on October 12 , for his title , but the promotion could not come to terms with Roberts . Ultimately , the WWF neglected to include an Intercontinental Championship match on the card , instead Michaels against Hart . In this match , Hart 's title was defended while Michaels ' title was not . - - = = Event = = - - Prior to the pay @-@ per @-@ view broadcast , Crush defeated the Man via submission . In the first televised match , High Energy ( Owen Hart and B. Ware ) faced The Headshrinkers ( Samu and Fatu ) . Samu used his strength advantage to control the opening of the match against Hart . Ware entered the match and gained the advantage over both opponents until he attempted to knock The Headshrinkers ' heads against each other . According to WWF storylines , like The Headshrinkers have thick skulls and cannot be hurt in the head ; as a result , The Headshrinkers no @-@ sold the attack . , The Headshrinkers ' manager , attacked Ware while the referee was distracted . Samu and Fatu took turns attacking Ware , and Fatu performed a thrust kick on Ware . The Headshrinkers used tactics to control the match until Hart was able to enter the match . He performed dropkicks from the top rope against both Headshrinkers . As he tried to attack Samu from the top rope again , Samu caught him and him before Fatu executed a diving splash to get the pinfall victory . - The next match , between The Big Boss Man and Nailz , was a nightstick on a pole match . A nightstick was suspended above the ring and could be used as a weapon once it was retrieved . Nailz began the match by attempting to get the nightstick , but Boss Man stopped him . Nailz choked Boss Man before making another unsuccessful attempt to climb the pole and obtain the nightstick . Boss Man punched Nailz and then tried to climb the pole . Nailz stopped him , performed a back body drop , and choked Boss Man again . Boss Man regained control but missed a splash , which gave Nailz another chance to retrieve the nightstick . Both men each other , but Boss Man recovered first and got the nightstick . He hit Nailz with it , but Nailz took it and used it against Boss Man . Boss Man performed the Boss Man slam , his finishing move , before Nailz to win the match . - Tatanka controlled the opening of the next match against " The Model " Rick Martel with several throws and dropkicks . Martel responded by wearing Tatanka down with a front facelock . Tatanka escaped , but Martel used another front facelock almost immediately . He performed a neckbreaker on Tatanka before going back to the same hold as before . Tatanka gained the advantage by performing a clothesline on Martel . Martel ran at Tatanka , but Tatanka moved out of the way and Martel hit his shoulder against the ring post . Tatanka focused on attacking Martel 's injured shoulder but eventually was thrown out of the ring by Martel . Martel 's advantage was short @-@ lived , as Tatanka performed a series of backhand chops and a chop from the top rope before The Model with a drop . Tatanka got the pinfall victory and retrieved his feathers from Martel after the match . While the match was in progress , the Clown , who had not yet been named or debuted as a wrestler in the WWF , stood in the aisle and made balloon animals before popping them to upset the children in the audience . - In the next contest , Ric Flair and Razor Ramon wrestled against Mr. Perfect and Randy Savage . Ramon and Perfect began the match , but Flair entered after Perfect insulted him . Perfect threw Flair into the corner , and Flair 's momentum carried him over the top rope to the ring apron . Savage attacked Flair and then took Perfect 's place in the ring to maintain the advantage over Flair . From outside the ring , Ramon hit Savage with his knee and Flair and Ramon took turns attacking Savage 's knee . While Ramon performed a half Boston crab on Savage , Perfect considered leaving the match and abandoning Savage . Savage recovered briefly by trying to pin Flair , but Ramon performed a on Savage . Ric Flair attempted to attack Savage from the top rope , but Savage threw him to the ring floor instead . Perfect executed a neckbreaker and an atomic drop on Ramon . Outside of the ring , Flair attacked Savage with a chair . The referee was knocked unconscious , and Perfect tried to pin Ramon by performing a . Because no referee was available to count the pinfall , a substitute referee came to the ring . The first referee recovered as Perfect attempted to pin Flair with a . Flair escaped the pin attempt , and he and Ramon attacked Perfect until the were unable to keep the match under control . As a result , Ramon and Flair were disqualified , and the victory was awarded to Perfect and Savage . - In the next match , Virgil faced Yokozuna , who was billed at 505 pounds . Virgil was unable to knock Yokozuna down with several dropkicks . Yokozuna performed a kick on Virgil before throwing him to the ring floor twice . He executed a on Virgil , but Virgil regained the advantage when Yokozuna accidentally ran into the ring pole while trying to attack Virgil . Yokozuna won the match after a splash in the corner and a Drop . - The following match was a tag team elimination match , in which The Natural Disasters ( Earthquake and Typhoon ) teamed with the Nasty Boys ( Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs ) to face Money Inc . ( Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster ) and the Beverly Brothers ( Beau and Blake ) . The rules stated that when any man was eliminated , his tag team partner would also be eliminated . Blake Beverly and Typhoon began the match , but Beau and Earthquake soon entered the ring as well . The Natural Disasters gained control of the match by attacking Blake Beverly , and the Nasty Boys entered the ring to assist the Disasters . Blake attacked Sags and out of the match . Beau entered but was by Sags ; Sags got distracted , however , which allowed Beau to suplex him and bring DiBiase into the match . Money Inc. took turns attacking Sags until Earthquake entered the ring . Earthquake performed an Earthquake splash by sitting on Beau Beverly to pin him and eliminate both Beverly Brothers . Earthquake fought DiBiase , but both men eventually left the ring and were replaced by their partners . Typhoon performed a splash on Schyster but was by DiBiase . Schyster pinned Typhoon to eliminate The Natural Disasters . While Schyster was celebrating , Sags quickly pinned him to win the match for the Nasty Boys . - The coffin match , in which The Undertaker faced Kamala , came next . Kamala began the match by running in fear from The Undertaker . He gained the early advantage , however , by suddenly turning around and attacking The Undertaker . Kamala The Undertaker three times and performed three splashes . In an attempt to revive The Undertaker , Paul , his manager , held up an urn that was said to be the source of The Undertaker 's power . Kim , one of Kamala 's 's attacked . The Undertaker picked up the urn , which had rolled into the ring , and hit Kamala with it . The Undertaker pinned Kamala to win the match , placed him in a coffin , and the shut . - In the main event of the card , Bret Hart defended his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels . Hart controlled the beginning of the match by repeatedly executing and but Michaels gained the advantage when " The " missed a charge into the corner and collided shoulder @-@ first with the ring post . Michaels then threw Hart into another ring post and wore him down by executing a front facelock . Hart was able to avoid Michaels ' first attempt at his finisher , the modified back suplex , and rallied with his trademark moves including an elbow from the second rope , running and a . Michaels recovered and performed a on Hart and was able this time to apply his suplex , but Hart kicked out . After Hart missed a and himself on the ropes , Shawn attempted a from the middle rope but Hart grabbed Michaels ' legs and applied the , his finishing move . He retained his championship by forcing Michaels to submit . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Ric Flair and Mr. Perfect continued their feud , although Flair legitimately requested to be released from his WWF contract in order to return to World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . His request was granted on the condition that he help build up Perfect as a credible . The two men attacked each other during the battle royal at Royal Rumble 1993 , and Perfect eliminated Flair from the match . The following night , Perfect defeated Flair in a loser leaves town match . Flair did not return to the WWF until McMahon purchased WCW in 2001 . - The Undertaker 's feud with Harvey Wippleman continued for several months after Survivor Series . At Royal Rumble 1993 , Wippleman introduced a new wrestler named Giant Gonzalez . Despite not being scheduled in the match , Gonzalez attacked The Undertaker and eliminated him from the Royal Rumble match . The two men faced each other at WrestleMania IX , where Gonzalez was disqualified for attacking The Undertaker with a soaked in . Wippleman led Gonzalez and Mr. Hughes in another attack on The Undertaker , in which Hughes stole The Undertaker 's urn . The feud was resolved at SummerSlam 1993 , when The Undertaker defeated Gonzalez in a Rest in Peace match . - Yokozuna 's push continued , and he won the battle royal main event at Royal Rumble 1993 to earn a WWF Championship match against Bret Hart at WrestleMania IX . At WrestleMania , he defeated Hart to win the title belt . He immediately challenged Hogan to a match however , and WrestleMania ended with Yokozuna losing the WWF Championship to Hogan in 21 seconds . - Kevin , who had portrayed Nailz , left the WWF shortly after Survivor Series . Upset about his pay from SummerSlam 1992 , he confronted WWF owner Vince McMahon and reportedly attacked him physically . He later testified against McMahon during a trial in which McMahon was accused of distributing steroids to wrestlers . ' statements have been reported as having a harmful effect on the prosecution 's case because his anger at McMahon overshadowed his testimony . - Shawn Michaels became involved in a feud with his former tag team partner , Marty Jannetty . The team had split up earlier in the year when Michaels attacked Jannetty . Michaels defeated Jannetty at Royal Rumble 1993 , but the two traded the Intercontinental Championship back and forth in subsequent . - - = = = Reception = = = - - Survivor Series 1992 was attended by 17 @,@ 500 fans , the same number as the previous year . It drew more fans than any of the following three Survivor Series event would draw . The pay @-@ per @-@ view buyrate was 1 @.@ 4 , which means that 1 @.@ 4 percent of households to which the event was available purchased the pay @-@ per @-@ view . This was , to that point , the lowest buyrate in Survivor Series history and down more than one @-@ third from the previous year 's 2 @.@ 2 buyrate . The buyrate was higher than that of any of the following twelve Survivor Series events , however . - Writing for The History of WWE , Matt stated that the event was " pretty decent " considering that The , Boy Smith , and the Ultimate Warrior left the company shortly before the event . On a five @-@ star scale , he rated only the Flair / Ramon vs. Savage / Perfect match and the Hart vs. Michaels match higher than one star . He stated that the event is " recommended , but not required " , although the WWF Championship match was a " must @-@ see " . - Adam , reviewing the event for Online , gave a rating of one @-@ quarter star for the on a Pole match and one @-@ half star each for the High Energy vs. The Headshrinkers match and the Yokozuna vs. Virgil match . He enjoyed the WWF Championship match , although he was disappointed by its lack of buildup prior to the event . He also felt that the Flair / Ramon vs. Savage / Perfect match was a good one until the ending got out of control . Pro Wrestling columnist agreed , stating that the WWF Championship match was the best and that the Flair / Ramon vs. Savage / Perfect bout was also enjoyable , but he recommended fast @-@ through the rest of the show . - The event was released in North America on VHS by Coliseum Video on February 11 , 1993 . The VHS version was released in the United Kingdom on March 8 , 1993 . A DVD version is also available in the United Kingdom ; it was packaged together with Survivor Series 1991 as part of the WWE Classics line and released on November 7 , 2005 . - - = = Results = = - - - = = = Survivor Series elimination match = = = - - ^ 1 - - - = Ouw Peh Tjoa = - - Ouw Peh Tjoa ( Chinese : ; for Black and White ) , also known by the Malay @-@ language title Siloeman Oeler Poeti en Item ( meaning Two , One White and One Black ) , is a 1934 film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . It was directed and produced by The Teng Chun . Adapted from Legend of the White Snake , a Chinese folktale , it follows a magical snake who passes as a human but ultimately dies . The film , now possibly lost , was followed by one sequel , Siloeman Oeler Poeti , in 1936 . - - = = Plot = = - - After for several hundred years , a magical white snake transforms into a beautiful woman . Her competitor , a black snake , does likewise . The two compete for the love of a man named Khouw Han . Ultimately Khouw agrees to marry the ( former ) white snake , but when her true identity is revealed he attempts to cancel their wedding . The snake @-@ woman , crying , tells Khouw 's boss that they are to be married , and ultimately Khouw is into marrying her . - As time passes , Khouw sees his wife occasionally transform into a snake . She is always , however , able to convince him otherwise . He falls further in love with her , and their marriage is a happy one . After several months he is by a priest , , who then leads an attempt to kill the snake @-@ woman . She escapes , pursued by the priests . - The priests catch the snake and prepare to kill her , but are stopped by the goddess , who tells the stunned pursuers that the snake is pregnant and thus must not be killed . A month after the snake gives birth , the priests return . The snake @-@ woman gives her child to Khouw and then herself to her fate . She is captured in a magical jar and brought away . - - = = Production = = - - Ouw Peh Tjoa was directed and produced by The Teng Chun for his company , Motion Pictures . Since releasing Sam Tay in 1931 , based on the legend of the Butterfly Lovers , The Teng Chun had released a series of films based on Chinese legends and folktales , including Pat To ( Eight Beautiful Women ; 1932 ) and Pat ( Eight ; 1933 ) . These stories were selected because the Chinese in the Indies were unable to understand Mandarin and Cantonese imports from China , but wanted to see films based on Chinese mythology . Overall , The Teng Chun 's films emphasised the martial art and were generally profitable , allowing him to dominate the industry . - The cast of this black @-@ and @-@ white film is unrecorded . The dialogue , captured by the film 's director @-@ cum @-@ producer , was in Malay . The snakes used in the production of this film came from The Teng Chun 's personal zoo . - - = = Release and reception = = - - According to The , in a 1970s interview , Ouw Peh Tjoa was released in 1934 . Newspaper advertisements show the film being screened by February 1935 . The film mostly targeted ethnic Chinese audiences . Advertising material , however , emphasised the use of spoken Malay and described the film as " full of and all forms of magic fights " ; through these action sequences , Ouw Peh Tjoa proved popular among native audiences . The film was exported to Singapore , part of the Straits , where there was a large ethnic Chinese population . - The success of Ouw Peh Tjoa allowed The Teng Chun to import new equipment for his studio ( renamed Java Industrial Film ) , which he used in his future productions . The film was followed in 1936 by a sequel , Siloeman Oeler Poeti ( Child of the White Snake ) . The Teng Chun continued releasing films based on Chinese legends until 1937 , a year after Albert 's changed domestic perceptions of profitable film storylines . The 's later films adapted stories closer to the native populace of the Indies and on events that could happen in day @-@ to @-@ day life . Through 1940 and 1941 Java Industrial Films was the most productive studio in the Indies , until it was shut down during the Japanese occupation which began in March 1942 . - of Ouw Peh Tjoa continued until at least 1953 . The film is now likely lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Film 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . As such , the American visual anthropologist Karl G. writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , 's Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film ) records several as having survived at Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . - - = = notes = = - - - - = HMS Comet ( ) = - - HMS Comet was a C @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . She saw service in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets and the ship spent six months during the Spanish Civil War in late 1936 in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . Comet transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy ( ) in 1938 and renamed HMCS Restigouche . During World War II , she served as a convoy escort in the battle of the Atlantic , on anti @-@ submarine patrols during the invasion of Normandy , and was employed as a troop transport after Day for returning Canadian servicemen , before being decommissioned in late 1945 . Restigouche was sold for scrap in 1946 . - - = = Design and construction = = - - Comet displaced 1 @,@ 375 long tons ( 1 @,@ t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 865 long tons ( 1 @,@ 895 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Comet carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . - The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Comet had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck . The 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2 @-@ pounders were relocated to between the funnels . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . Three depth @-@ charge chutes were fitted , each with a capacity of two depth charges . After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges , delivered by one or two rails and two throwers . - The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from Portsmouth Dockyard under the 1929 Programme . Comet was laid down on 12 September 1930 , launched on 30 September 1931 , as the 14th ship to carry the name , and completed on 2 June 1932 . - - = = Service history = = - - After sea trials in May 1932 , Comet was commissioned for service in the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla , Home Fleet , in early June . On 21 July , she was damaged in a collision with her sister Crescent at Chatham and repaired at Chatham Dockyard between 28 July and 20 August . The ship was refitted at Chatham from 20 July to 3 September 1934 . Following the Italian invasion of , Comet was sent in August 1935 to the Red Sea with the other ships of the 2nd Flotilla to monitor Italian warship movements until March 1936 . - Comet returned to the UK in April 1936 and refitted at between 23 April and 29 June before resuming duty with the Home Fleet . In July she was deployed for patrol duties off the Spanish coast in the Bay of Biscay to intercept shipping carrying goods to Spain and to protect British flagged shipping during the first stages of the Spanish Civil War . On 9 August she assisted the crew of the crippled British yacht Blue Shadow off , after the small vessel was shelled by mistake by the Nationalist cruiser . The ship was briefly placed in reserve in late 1936 while discussions were held about transferring her to the Royal Canadian Navy . Two of her sisters were chosen instead and Comet was recommissioned for service with the Mediterranean Fleet as plane guard for the aircraft carrier Glorious on 29 December . - In April 1937 she returned to Portsmouth with Glorious , and on 20 May the ship participated in the Coronation Review of the fleet at Spithead by King George VI . Four days later , Comet began a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until 18 June . The ship resumed plane guard duties for Glorious in the Mediterranean . She began a major refit at Chatham on 26 May 1938 to bring her up to Canadian specifications that included the installation of Type 124 . - - = = = Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy = = = - - On 11 June she was commissioned by the and renamed Restigouche , although her refit was not completed until 20 August . Restigouche was assigned to the Canadian Pacific Coast and arrived at on 7 November 1938 . She remained there until she was ordered to Halifax , Nova Scotia on 15 November 1939 where she escorted local convoys , including the convoy carrying half of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to the UK on 10 December . Restigouche was ordered to Plymouth on 24 May 1940 and arrived there on 31 May . Upon arrival , the ship 's rear torpedo tube mount was removed and replaced by a 12 @-@ pounder AA gun and the 2 @-@ pounders were exchanged for quadruple Mark I mounts for the QF 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . - On 9 June , Restigouche was ordered to Le , France to evacuate British troops , but none were to be found and the ship investigated the small port of Saint @-@ @-@ en @-@ some 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Le on 11 June . They found some elements of the 51st Infantry Division , but had not received any orders to evacuate and refused to do so . Whilst recovering her landing party , the ship was taken under fire by a German artillery battery , but she was not hit and returned fire . After returning to England , Restigouche escorted several troop convoys on the last legs of their journeys from Canada , Australia and New Zealand in mid @-@ June . On 23 June , the ship escorted the ocean liner SS Star to St. Jean de Luz to evacuate Polish troops and British refugees trapped by the German Army in south @-@ western France ( Operation ) . On 25 June 1940 , Restigouche , her sister HMCS Fraser , and the light cruiser HMS Calcutta were returning from St. Jean de Luz when Fraser was rammed by Calcutta in the estuary at night . forward of the bridge by the cruiser 's bow , Fraser was cut in half , although the rear part of the ship did not immediately sink . All but 47 of the ship 's crew and were rescued by Restigouche and other nearby ships . The rear portion had to be sunk by Restigouche . - The ship was transferred to the Western Approaches Command afterwards for convoy escort duties . She sailed for Halifax at the end of August for a refit that lasted until October . Upon its completion , Restigouche remained at Halifax for local escort duties until January 1941 when she sailed for the UK where she was reassigned to the Western Approaches Command . The ship was ordered to St. John 's , Newfoundland on 30 May to reinforce escort forces in the Western Atlantic . Whilst guarding the battleship Prince of Wales at Bay on 8 August , Restigouche damaged her propellers when she struck bottom and required repairs that lasted until October . She was not out of dockyard hands for very long before she was badly damaged by a storm while en route to join Convoy @-@ 44 on 12 December . at Greenock lasted until 9 March 1942 and her director @-@ control tower and rangefinder above the bridge had been removed by this time in exchange for a Type 271 target indication radar . - Other changes made during the war ( exactly when these occurred is unknown ) included the replacement of ' A ' gun by a Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine mortar , exchanging her two quadruple .50 @-@ calibre Vickers machine guns mounted between her funnels for two Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns , the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her platform , and the removal of her 12 @-@ pounder AA gun . Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar was also added . Two QF 6 pounder guns were fitted on the wings of her bridge to deal with U @-@ boats at short ranges . ' Y ' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased to at least 60 depth charges . - Restigouche was assigned to the Mid @-@ Ocean Escort Force when her refit was finished and served with a variety of escort groups . The ship was permanently assigned to Escort Group in April 1943 and received a refit between August and December . She rejoined the escort group upon completion of the refit until she was transferred to 12th Escort Group in early 1944 for anti @-@ submarine operations in the Western Approaches . In June – July 1944 , Restigouche patrolled in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay hunting for German submarines trying to sink Allied shipping . On the night of 5 – 6 July , the ship and the rest of the 12th Escort Group sank three small German patrol boats off Brest . The following month , the 12th Support Group , including Restigouche , engaged three minesweepers on 12 August , without sinking any . The ship was sent to Canada for a lengthy refit later in the month . After working up in Bermuda , she arrived at Halifax on 14 February 1945 and began escorting local convoys . This lasted until the end of the war in May , after which the ship was used to transfer returning troops from Newfoundland to mainland Canada until she was paid off on 5 October . Restigouche was sold for scrap in 1946 . - - = = Ship 's bell = = - - The Bells Project at Canadian Forces Base Naval and Military Museum includes information about the baptism of babies in the ship 's bell . The bell is currently held by the Royal Canadian Legion , , British Columbia . - - = = Trans @-@ Atlantic convoys escorted = = - - - - = History of artificial intelligence = - - The history of artificial intelligence ( AI ) began in antiquity , with myths , stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen ; as Pamela McCorduck writes , AI began with " an ancient wish to forge the gods . " - The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols . This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s , a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning . This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain . - The Turing test was proposed by British mathematician Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence , which opens with the words : " I propose to consider the question , ' Can machines think ? ' " The term ' Artificial Intelligence ' was created at a conference held at Dartmouth College in 1956 . Allen Newell , J. C. Shaw , and Herbert A. Simon pioneered the newly created artificial intelligence field with the Logic Theory Machine ( 1956 ) , and the General in 1957 . In 1958 , John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky started the MIT Artificial Intelligence lab with $ 50 @,@ 000 . John McCarthy also created in the summer of 1958 , a programming language still important in artificial intelligence research . - In 1973 , in response to the criticism of James and ongoing pressure from , the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence . Seven years later , a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with billions of dollars , but by the late 80s the investors became disillusioned and withdrew funding again . - - = = = = - - McCorduck ( 2004 ) writes " artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has Western intellectual history , a dream in urgent need of being realized , " expressed in humanity 's myths , legends , stories , speculation and clockwork automatons . - - = = = AI in myth , fiction and speculation = = = - - Mechanical men and artificial beings appear in Greek myths , such as the golden robots of and 's . In the Middle Ages , there were rumors of secret mystical or means of placing mind into matter , such as ibn 's , ' and Rabbi Judah 's . By the 19th century , ideas about artificial men and thinking machines were developed in fiction , as in Mary Shelley 's or Karel 's ( 's Universal ) , and speculation , such as Samuel Butler 's " Darwin among the Machines . " AI has continued to be an important element of science fiction into the present . - - = = = = = = - - automatons were built by craftsman from every civilization , including Yan Shi , Hero of Alexandria , Al @-@ and Wolfgang von . The oldest known automatons were the sacred statues of ancient Egypt and Greece . The faithful believed that craftsman had these figures with very real minds , capable of wisdom and emotion — Hermes Trismegistus wrote that " by discovering the true nature of the gods , man has been able to reproduce it . " - - = = = Formal reasoning = = = - - Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the process of human thought can be mechanized . The study of mechanical — or " formal " — reasoning has a long history . Chinese , Indian and Greek philosophers all developed structured methods of formal deduction in the first millennium BCE . Their ideas were developed over the centuries by philosophers such as ( who gave a formal analysis of the ) , Euclid ( whose Elements was a model of formal reasoning ) , Muslim mathematician al @-@ ( who developed algebra and gave his name to " algorithm " ) and European scholastic philosophers such as William of and Duns Scotus . - philosopher Ramon Llull ( – ) developed several logical machines devoted to the production of knowledge by logical means ; Llull described his machines as mechanical entities that could combine basic and undeniable truths by simple logical operations , produced by the machine by mechanical meanings , in such ways as to produce all the possible knowledge . Llull 's work had a great influence on Gottfried Leibniz , who redeveloped his ideas . - In the 17th century , Leibniz , Thomas and René explored the possibility that all rational thought could be made as systematic as algebra or geometry . famously wrote in Leviathan : " reason is nothing but reckoning " . Leibniz envisioned a universal language of reasoning ( his ) which would reduce to calculation , so that " there would be no more need of between two philosophers than between two accountants . For it would to take their pencils in hand , down to their slates , and to say each other ( with a friend as witness , if they liked ) : Let us calculate . " These philosophers had begun to articulate the physical symbol system hypothesis that would become the guiding faith of AI research . - In the 20th century , the study of mathematical logic provided the essential breakthrough that made artificial intelligence seem plausible . The foundations had been set by such works as 's The Laws of Thought and 's . Building on 's system , Russell and Whitehead presented a formal treatment of the foundations of mathematics in their masterpiece , the in 1913 . Inspired by Russell 's success , David challenged mathematicians of the 1920s and 30s to answer this fundamental question : " can all of mathematical reasoning be formalized ? " His question was answered by 's incompleteness proof , Turing 's machine and Church 's . Their answer was surprising in two ways . - First , they proved that there were , in fact , limits to what mathematical logic could accomplish . But second ( and more important for AI ) their work suggested that , within these limits , any form of mathematical reasoning could be mechanized . The Church @-@ Turing thesis implied that a mechanical device , symbols as simple as 0 and 1 , could imitate any process of mathematical deduction . The key insight was the Turing machine — a simple theoretical construct that captured the essence of abstract symbol manipulation . This invention would inspire a handful of scientists to begin discussing the possibility of thinking machines . - - = = = Computer science = = = - - machines were built in antiquity and improved throughout history by many mathematicians , including ( once again ) philosopher Gottfried Leibniz . In the early 19th century , Charles designed a programmable computer ( the Analytical Engine ) , although it was never built . speculated that the machine " might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent " . ( She is often credited as the first programmer because of a set of notes she wrote that completely detail a method for numbers with the Engine . ) - The first modern computers were the massive code breaking machines of the Second World War ( such as , and ) . The latter two of these machines were based on the theoretical foundation laid by Alan Turing and developed by John von Neumann . - - = = The birth of artificial intelligence 1952 – 1956 = = - - In the 1940s and 50s , a handful of scientists from a variety of fields ( mathematics , psychology , engineering , economics and political science ) began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain . The field of artificial intelligence research was founded as an academic discipline in 1956 . - - = = = and early neural networks = = = - - The earliest research into thinking machines was inspired by a confluence of ideas that became prevalent in the late 30s , 40s and early 50s . Recent research in had shown that the brain was an electrical network of neurons that fired in all @-@ or @-@ nothing pulses . Norbert 's described control and stability in electrical networks . Claude Shannon 's information theory described digital signals ( i.e. , all @-@ or @-@ nothing signals ) . Alan Turing 's theory of computation showed that any form of computation could be described digitally . The close relationship between these ideas suggested that it might be possible to construct an electronic brain . - Examples of work in this vein includes robots such as W. Grey Walter 's and the Johns Hopkins Beast . These machines did not use computers , digital electronics or symbolic reasoning ; they were controlled entirely by analog . - Walter and Warren analyzed networks of artificial neurons and showed how they might perform simple logical functions . They were the first to describe what later researchers would call a neural network . One of the students inspired by and was a young Marvin Minsky , then a 24 @-@ year @-@ old graduate student . In 1951 ( with Dean Edmonds ) he built the first neural net machine , the . Minsky was to become one of the most important leaders and in AI for the next 50 years . - - = = = Turing 's test = = = - - In 1950 Alan Turing published a landmark paper in which he speculated about the possibility of creating machines that think . He noted that " thinking " is difficult to define and devised his famous Turing Test . If a machine could carry on a conversation ( over a ) that was indistinguishable from a conversation with a human being , then it was reasonable to say that the machine was " thinking " . This simplified version of the problem allowed Turing to argue convincingly that a " thinking machine " was at least plausible and the paper answered all the most common objections to the proposition . The Turing Test was the first serious proposal in the philosophy of artificial intelligence . - - = = = Game AI = = = - - In 1951 , using the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester , Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and wrote one for chess . Arthur Samuel 's checkers program , developed in the middle 50s and early 60s , eventually achieved sufficient skill to challenge a respectable amateur . Game AI would continue to be used as a measure of progress in AI throughout its history . - - = = = reasoning and the Logic Theorist = = = - - When access to digital computers became possible in the middle fifties , a few scientists instinctively recognized that a machine that could manipulate numbers could also manipulate symbols and that the manipulation of symbols could well be the essence of human thought . This was a new approach to creating thinking machines . - In 1955 , Allen Newell and ( future Nobel Laureate ) Herbert A. Simon created the " Logic Theorist " ( with help from J. C. Shaw ) . The program would eventually prove 38 of the first 52 theorems in Russell and Whitehead 's , and find new and more elegant proofs for some . Simon said that they had " solved the venerable mind / body problem , explaining how a system composed of matter can have the properties of mind . " ( This was an early statement of the philosophical position John Searle would later call " Strong AI " : that machines can contain minds just as human bodies do . ) - - = = = Dartmouth Conference 1956 : the birth of AI = = = - - The Dartmouth Conference of 1956 was organized by Marvin Minsky , John McCarthy and two senior scientists : Claude Shannon and Nathan Rochester of IBM . The proposal for the conference included this assertion : " every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it " . The participants included Ray , Oliver , Trenchard More , Arthur Samuel , Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon , all of whom would create important programs during the first decades of AI research . At the conference Newell and Simon debuted the " Logic Theorist " and McCarthy persuaded the attendees to accept " Artificial Intelligence " as the name of the field . The 1956 Dartmouth conference was the moment that AI gained its name , its mission , its first success and its major players , and is widely considered the birth of AI . - - = = The golden years 1956 – 1974 = = - - The years after the Dartmouth conference were an era of discovery , of sprinting across new ground . The programs that were developed during this time were , to most people , simply " astonishing " : computers were solving algebra word problems , proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak English . Few at the time would have believed that such " intelligent " behavior by machines was possible at all . Researchers expressed an intense optimism in private and in print , predicting that a fully intelligent machine would be built in less than 20 years . Government agencies like poured money into the new field . - - = = = The work = = = - - There were many successful programs and new directions in the late 50s and 1960s . Among the most influential were these : - - = = = = as search = = = = - - Many early AI programs used the same basic algorithm . To achieve some goal ( like winning a game or proving a theorem ) , they proceeded step by step towards it ( by making a move or a deduction ) as if searching through a maze , whenever they reached a dead end . This paradigm was called " reasoning as search " . - The principal difficulty was that , for many problems , the number of possible paths through the " maze " was simply astronomical ( a situation known as a " combinatorial explosion " ) . Researchers would reduce the search space by using or " rules of thumb " that would eliminate those paths that were unlikely to lead to a solution . - Newell and Simon tried to capture a general version of this algorithm in a program called the " General " . Other " searching " programs were able to accomplish impressive tasks like solving problems in geometry and algebra , such as Herbert 's ( 1958 ) and , written by Minsky 's student James ( 1961 ) . Other programs searched through goals and to plan actions , like the system developed at Stanford to control the behavior of their robot Shakey . - - = = = = Natural language = = = = - - An important goal of AI research is to allow computers to communicate in natural languages like English . An early success was Daniel 's program , which could solve high school algebra word problems . - A semantic net represents concepts ( e.g. " house " , " door " ) as nodes and relations among concepts ( e.g. " has @-@ a " ) as links between the nodes . The first AI program to use a semantic net was written by Ross and the most successful ( and controversial ) version was Roger Schank 's dependency theory . - Joseph Weizenbaum 's ELIZA could carry out conversations that were so realistic that users occasionally were into thinking they were communicating with a human being and not a program . But in fact , ELIZA had no idea what she was talking about . She simply gave a canned response or repeated back what was said to her , her response with a few grammar rules . ELIZA was the first . - - = = = = @-@ worlds = = = = - - In the late 60s , Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert of the MIT AI Laboratory proposed that AI research should focus on artificially simple situations known as micro @-@ worlds . They pointed out that in successful sciences like physics , basic principles were often best understood using simplified models like planes or perfectly rigid bodies . Much of the research focused on a " blocks world , " which consists of colored blocks of various shapes and sizes on a flat surface . - This paradigm led to innovative work in machine vision by Gerald Sussman ( who led the team ) , , David ( who invented " " ) , and especially Patrick Winston . At the same time , Minsky and Papert built a robot arm that could stack blocks , bringing the blocks world to life . The crowning achievement of the micro @-@ world program was Terry 's . It could communicate in ordinary English sentences , plan operations and execute them . - - = = = The optimism = = = - - The first generation of AI researchers made these predictions about their work : - 1958 , H. A. Simon and Allen Newell : " within ten years a digital computer will be the world 's chess champion " and " within ten years a digital computer will discover and prove an important new mathematical theorem . " - 1965 , H. A. Simon : " machines will be capable , within twenty years , of doing any work a man can do . " - 1967 , Marvin Minsky : " Within a generation ... the problem of creating ' artificial intelligence ' will substantially be solved . " - 1970 , Marvin Minsky ( in Life Magazine ) : " In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being . " - - = = = The money = = = - - In June 1963 , MIT received a $ 2 @.@ 2 million grant from the newly created Advanced Research Agency ( later known as DARPA ) . The money was used to fund project which subsumed the " AI Group " founded by Minsky and McCarthy five years earlier . DARPA continued to provide three million dollars a year until the 70s . DARPA made similar grants to Newell and Simon 's program at CMU and to the Stanford AI Project ( founded by John McCarthy in 1963 ) . Another important AI laboratory was established at Edinburgh University by Donald in 1965 . These four institutions would continue to be the main centers of AI research ( and funding ) in academia for many years . - The money was with few strings attached : J. C. R. , then the director of , believed that his organization should " fund people , not projects ! " and allowed researchers to pursue whatever directions might interest them . This created a atmosphere at MIT that gave birth to the hacker culture , but this " hands off " approach would not last . - - = = The first AI winter 1974 – 1980 = = - - In the 70s , AI was subject to critiques and financial setbacks . AI researchers had failed to appreciate the difficulty of the problems they faced . Their tremendous optimism had raised expectations high , and when the promised results failed to materialize , funding for AI disappeared . At the same time , the field of connectionism ( or neural nets ) was shut down almost completely for 10 years by Marvin Minsky 's devastating criticism of . Despite the difficulties with public perception of AI in the late 70s , new ideas were explored in logic programming , commonsense reasoning and many other areas . - - = = = The problems = = = - - In the early , the capabilities of AI programs were limited . Even the most impressive could only handle trivial versions of the problems they were supposed to solve ; all the programs were , in some sense , " toys " . AI researchers had begun to run into several fundamental limits that could not be overcome in the 1970s . Although some of these limits would be conquered in later decades , others still the field to this day . - Limited computer power : There was not enough memory or processing speed to accomplish anything truly useful . For example , Ross 's successful work on natural language was demonstrated with a vocabulary of only twenty words , because that was all that would fit in memory . Hans Moravec argued in 1976 that computers were still millions of times too weak to exhibit intelligence . He suggested an analogy : artificial intelligence requires computer power in the same way that aircraft require horsepower . Below a certain threshold , it 's impossible , but , as power increases , eventually it could become easy . With regard to computer vision , Moravec estimated that simply matching the edge and motion detection capabilities of human in real time would require a general @-@ purpose computer capable of 109 operations / second ( 1000 MIPS ) . As of 2011 , practical computer vision applications require 10 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 MIPS . By comparison , the fastest supercomputer in 1976 , @-@ 1 ( at $ 5 million to $ 8 million ) , was only capable of around 80 to 130 MIPS , and a typical desktop computer at the time achieved less than 1 MIPS . - and the combinatorial explosion . In 1972 Richard ( building on Stephen Cook 's 1971 theorem ) showed there are many problems that can probably only be solved in exponential time ( in the size of the inputs ) . Finding optimal solutions to these problems requires amounts of computer time except when the problems are trivial . This almost certainly meant that many of the " toy " solutions used by AI would probably never scale up into useful systems . - knowledge and reasoning . Many important artificial intelligence applications like vision or natural language require simply enormous amounts of information about the world : the program needs to have some idea of what it might be looking at or what it is talking about . This requires that the program know most of the same things about the world that a child does . Researchers soon discovered that this was a truly vast amount of information . No one in 1970 could build a database so large and no one knew how a program might learn so much information . - Moravec 's paradox : theorems and solving geometry problems is comparatively easy for computers , but a supposedly simple task like recognizing a face or crossing a room without into anything is extremely difficult . This helps explain why research into vision and robotics had made so little progress by the middle 1970s . - The frame and qualification problems . AI researchers ( like John McCarthy ) who used logic discovered that they could not represent ordinary that involved planning or default reasoning without making changes to the structure of logic itself . They developed new logics ( like non @-@ logics and modal logics ) to try to solve the problems . - - = = = The end of funding = = = - - The agencies which funded AI research ( such as the British government , DARPA and NRC ) became frustrated with the lack of progress and eventually cut off almost all funding for undirected research into AI . The pattern began as early as 1966 when the report appeared criticizing machine translation efforts . After spending 20 million dollars , the NRC ended all support . In 1973 , the report on the state of AI research in England criticized the utter failure of AI to achieve its " grandiose objectives " and led to the of AI research in that country . ( The report specifically mentioned the combinatorial explosion problem as a reason for AI 's failings . ) DARPA was deeply disappointed with researchers working on the Speech Understanding Research program at CMU and canceled an annual grant of three million dollars . By 1974 , funding for AI projects was hard to find . - Hans Moravec blamed the crisis on the unrealistic predictions of his colleagues . " Many researchers were caught up in a web of increasing exaggeration . " However , there was another issue : since the passage of the Mansfield Amendment in 1969 , DARPA had been under increasing pressure to fund " mission @-@ oriented direct research , rather than basic undirected research " . Funding for the creative , exploration that had gone on in the 60s would not come from DARPA . Instead , the money was directed at specific projects with clear objectives , such as autonomous tanks and battle management systems . - - = = = from across campus = = = - - Several philosophers had strong objections to the claims being made by AI researchers . One of the earliest was John Lucas , who argued that 's incompleteness theorem showed that a formal system ( such as a computer program ) could never see the truth of certain statements , while a human being could . Hubert Dreyfus ridiculed the broken promises of the 60s and critiqued the assumptions of AI , arguing that human reasoning actually involved very little " symbol processing " and a great deal of embodied , , unconscious " know how " . John Searle 's Chinese Room argument , presented in 1980 , attempted to show that a program could not be said to " understand " the symbols that it uses ( a quality called " " ) . If the symbols have no meaning for the machine , Searle argued , then the machine can not be described as " thinking " . - These critiques were not taken seriously by AI researchers , often because they seemed so far off the point . Problems like and commonsense knowledge seemed much more immediate and serious . It was unclear what difference " know how " or " " made to an actual computer program . Minsky said of Dreyfus and Searle " they , and should be ignored . " Dreyfus , who taught at MIT , was given a cold shoulder : he later said that AI researchers " not be seen having lunch with me . " Joseph Weizenbaum , the author of ELIZA , felt his colleagues ' treatment of Dreyfus was and childish . Although he was an outspoken critic of Dreyfus ' positions , he " deliberately made it plain that theirs was not the way to treat a human being . " - Weizenbaum began to have serious ethical doubts about AI when Kenneth Colby wrote , a therapist . Weizenbaum was disturbed that Colby saw his mindless program as a serious therapeutic tool . A feud began , and the situation was not helped when Colby did not credit Weizenbaum for his contribution to the program . In 1976 , Weizenbaum published Computer Power and Human Reason which argued that the misuse of artificial intelligence has the potential to human life . - - = = = and the dark age of connectionism = = = - - A was a form of neural network introduced in 1958 by Frank Rosenblatt , who had been a of Marvin Minsky at the Bronx High School of Science . Like most AI researchers , he was optimistic about their power , predicting that " may eventually be able to learn , make decisions , and translate languages . " An active research program into the paradigm was carried out throughout the 60s but came to a sudden halt with the publication of Minsky and Papert 's 1969 book . It suggested that there were severe limitations to what could do and that Frank Rosenblatt 's predictions had been grossly exaggerated . The effect of the book was devastating : virtually no research at all was done in connectionism for 10 years . Eventually , a new generation of researchers would revive the field and thereafter it would become a vital and useful part of artificial intelligence . Rosenblatt would not live to see this , as he died in a boating accident shortly after the book was published . - - = = = The neats : logic and symbolic reasoning = = = - - Logic was introduced into AI research as early as 1958 , by John McCarthy in his proposal . In 1963 , J. Alan Robinson had discovered a simple method to implement deduction on computers , the resolution and unification algorithm . However , straightforward , like those attempted by McCarthy and his students in the late 60s , were especially : the programs required astronomical numbers of steps to prove simple theorems . A more fruitful approach to logic was developed in the 1970s by Robert Kowalski at the University of Edinburgh , and soon this led to the collaboration with French researchers Alain and Philippe who created the successful logic programming language Prolog . Prolog uses a subset of logic ( Horn clauses , closely related to " rules " and " production rules " ) that permit computation . Rules would continue to be influential , providing a foundation for Edward Feigenbaum 's expert systems and the continuing work by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that would lead to and their unified theories of cognition . - Critics of the logical approach noted , as Dreyfus had , that human beings rarely used logic when they solved problems . Experiments by like Peter , Eleanor , Amos , Daniel and others provided proof . McCarthy responded that what people do is irrelevant . He argued that what is really needed are machines that can solve problems — not machines that think as people do . - - = = = The : frames and scripts = = = - - Among the critics of McCarthy 's approach were his colleagues across the country at MIT . Marvin Minsky , Seymour Papert and Roger Schank were trying to solve problems like " story understanding " and " object recognition " that required a machine to think like a person . In order to use ordinary concepts like " chair " or " restaurant " they had to make all the same assumptions that people normally made . Unfortunately , concepts like these are hard to represent in logic . Gerald Sussman observed that " using precise language to describe essentially concepts doesn 't make them any more precise . " Schank described their " anti @-@ logic " approaches as " " , as opposed to the " " used by McCarthy , Kowalski , Feigenbaum , Newell and Simon . - In 1975 , in a seminal paper , Minsky noted that many of his fellow " " researchers were using the same kind of tool : a framework that captures all our common sense assumptions about something . For example , if we use the concept of a bird , there is a constellation of facts that immediately come to mind : we might assume that it flies , eats worms and so on . We know these facts are not always true and that using these facts will not be " logical " , but these structured sets of assumptions are part of the context of everything we say and think . He called these structures " frames " . Schank used a version of frames he called " scripts " to successfully answer questions about short stories in English . Many years later object @-@ oriented programming would adopt the essential idea of " inheritance " from AI research on frames . - - = = Boom 1980 – 1987 = = - - In the 1980s a form of AI program called " expert systems " was adopted by corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI research . In those same years , the Japanese government aggressively funded AI with its fifth generation computer project . Another encouraging event in the early 1980s was the revival of connectionism in the work of John Hopfield and David Rumelhart . Once again , AI had achieved success . - - = = = The rise of expert systems = = = - - An expert system is a program that answers questions or solves problems about a specific domain of knowledge , using logical rules that are derived from the knowledge of experts . The earliest examples were developed by Edward Feigenbaum and his students . , begun in 1965 , identified compounds from readings . , developed in 1972 , diagnosed infectious blood diseases . They demonstrated the feasibility of the approach . - Expert systems restricted themselves to a small domain of specific knowledge ( thus avoiding the commonsense knowledge problem ) and their simple design made it relatively easy for programs to be built and then modified once they were in place . All in all , the programs proved to be useful : something that AI had not been able to achieve up to this point . - In 1980 , an expert system called was completed at CMU for the Digital Equipment Corporation . It was an enormous success : it was saving the company 40 million dollars annually by 1986 . Corporations around the world began to develop and deploy expert systems and by 1985 they were spending over a billion dollars on AI , most of it to in @-@ house AI departments . An industry grew up to support them , including hardware companies like and Machines and software companies such as and . - - = = = The knowledge revolution = = = - - The power of expert systems came from the expert knowledge they contained . They were part of a new direction in AI research that had been gaining ground throughout the 70s . " AI researchers were beginning to suspect — , for it violated the scientific canon of — that intelligence might very well be based on the ability to use large amounts of diverse knowledge in different ways , " writes Pamela McCorduck . " [ T ] he great lesson from the 1970s was that intelligent behavior depended very much on dealing with knowledge , sometimes quite detailed knowledge , of a domain where a given task lay " . Knowledge based systems and knowledge engineering became a major focus of AI research in the 1980s . - The 1980s also saw the birth of , the first attempt to attack the commonsense knowledge problem directly , by creating a massive database that would contain all the mundane facts that the average person knows . Douglas , who started and led the project , argued that there is no the only way for machines to know the meaning of human concepts is to teach them , one concept at a time , by hand . The project was not expected to be completed for many decades . - Chess playing programs and Deep Thought defeated chess masters in 1989 . Both were developed by Carnegie University ; Deep Thought development paved the way for the Deep Blue . - - = = = The money returns : the fifth generation project = = = - - In 1981 , the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set aside $ 850 million for the Fifth generation computer project . Their objectives were to write programs and build machines that could carry on conversations , translate languages , interpret pictures , and reason like human beings . Much to the of , they chose Prolog as the primary computer language for the project . - Other countries responded with new programs of their own . The UK began the ₤ 350 million project . A consortium of American companies formed the and Computer Technology Corporation ( or " MCC " ) to fund large scale projects in AI and information technology . DARPA responded as well , founding the Strategic Computing Initiative and its investment in AI between 1984 and 1988 . - - = = = The revival of connectionism = = = - - In 1982 , physicist John Hopfield was able to prove that a form of neural network ( now called a " Hopfield net " ) could learn and process information in a completely new way . Around the same time , David Rumelhart popularized a new method for training neural networks called " " ( discovered years earlier by Paul ) . These two discoveries revived the field of connectionism which had been largely abandoned since 1970 . - The new field was unified and inspired by the appearance of in 1986 — a two volume collection of papers edited by Rumelhart and psychologist James . networks would become commercially successful in the 1990s , when they began to be used as the engines driving programs like optical character recognition and speech recognition . - - = = : the second AI winter 1987 – 1993 = = - - The business community 's fascination with AI rose and fell in the 80s in the classic pattern of an economic bubble . The collapse was in the perception of AI by government agencies and investors – the field continued to make advances despite the criticism . Rodney Brooks and Hans Moravec , researchers from the related field of robotics , argued for an entirely new approach to artificial intelligence . - - = = = AI winter = = = - - The term " AI winter " was coined by researchers who had survived the funding cuts of 1974 when they became concerned that enthusiasm for expert systems had out of control and that disappointment would certainly follow . Their fears were well founded : in the late 80s and early 90s , AI suffered a series of financial setbacks . - The first indication of a change in weather was the sudden collapse of the market for specialized AI hardware in 1987 . Desktop computers from Apple and IBM had been steadily gaining speed and power and in 1987 they became more powerful than the more expensive machines made by and others . There was no longer a good reason to buy them . An entire industry worth half a billion dollars was demolished overnight . - Eventually the earliest successful expert systems , such as , proved too expensive to maintain . They were difficult to update , they could not learn , they were " brittle " ( i.e. , they could make grotesque mistakes when given unusual inputs ) , and they fell prey to problems ( such as the qualification problem ) that had been identified years earlier . Expert systems proved useful , but only in a few special contexts . - In the late 80s , the Strategic Computing Initiative cut funding to AI " deeply and brutally . " New leadership at DARPA had decided that AI was not " the next wave " and directed funds towards projects that seemed more likely to produce immediate results . - By 1991 , the impressive list of goals penned in 1981 for Japan 's Fifth Generation Project had not been met . Indeed , some of them , like " carry on a casual conversation " had not been met by 2010 . As with other AI projects , expectations had run much higher than what was actually possible . - - = = = The importance of having a body : AI and embodied reason = = = - - In the late 80s , several researchers advocated a completely new approach to artificial intelligence , based on robotics . They believed that , to show real intelligence , a machine needs to have a body — it needs to perceive , move , survive and deal with the world . They argued that these skills are essential to higher level skills like commonsense reasoning and that abstract reasoning was actually the least interesting or important human skill ( see Moravec 's paradox ) . They advocated building intelligence " from the bottom up . " - The approach revived ideas from and control theory that had been unpopular since the sixties . Another precursor was David , who had come to MIT in the late 70s from a successful background in theoretical to lead the group studying vision . He rejected all symbolic approaches ( both McCarthy 's logic and Minsky 's frames ) , arguing that AI needed to understand the physical machinery of vision from the bottom up before any symbolic processing took place . ( 's work would be cut short by leukemia in 1980 . ) - In a 1990 paper , " Don 't Play Chess , " robotics researcher Rodney Brooks took direct aim at the physical symbol system hypothesis , arguing that symbols are not always necessary since " the world is its own best model . It is always exactly up to date . It always has every detail there is to be known . The trick is to sense it appropriately and often enough . " In the 80s and 90s , many cognitive scientists also rejected the symbol processing model of the mind and argued that the body was essential for reasoning , a theory called the embodied mind thesis . - - = = AI 1993 – present = = - - The field of AI , now more than a half a century old , finally achieved some of its oldest goals . It began to be used successfully throughout the technology industry , although somewhat behind the scenes . Some of the success was due to increasing computer power and some was achieved by focusing on specific isolated problems and pursuing them with the highest standards of scientific accountability . Still , the reputation of AI , in the business world at least , was less than pristine . Inside the field there was little agreement on the reasons for AI 's failure to fulfill the dream of human level intelligence that had captured the imagination of the world in the 1960s . Together , all these factors helped to fragment AI into competing focused on particular problems or approaches , sometimes even under new names that disguised the pedigree of " artificial intelligence " . AI was both more cautious and more successful than it had ever been . - - = = = and Moore 's Law = = = - - On 11 May 1997 , Deep Blue became the first computer chess @-@ playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion , Garry Kasparov . The super computer was a specialized version of a framework produced by IBM , and was capable of processing twice as many moves per second as it had during the first match ( which Deep Blue had lost ) , reportedly 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 moves per second . The event was broadcast live over the internet and received over 74 million hits . - In 2005 , a Stanford robot won the DARPA Grand Challenge by driving autonomously for 131 miles along an desert trail . Two years later , a team from CMU won the DARPA Urban Challenge by autonomously navigating 55 miles in an Urban environment while adhering to traffic and all traffic laws . In February 2011 , in a ! quiz show exhibition match , IBM 's question answering system , Watson , defeated the two greatest ! champions , Brad and Ken Jennings , by a significant margin . - These successes were not due to some revolutionary new paradigm , but mostly on the tedious application of engineering skill and on the tremendous power of computers today . In fact , Deep Blue 's computer was 10 million times faster than the Ferranti Mark 1 that Christopher Strachey taught to play chess in 1951 . This dramatic increase is measured by Moore 's law , which predicts that the speed and memory capacity of computers doubles every two years . The fundamental problem of " raw computer power " was slowly being overcome . - - = = = agents = = = - - A new paradigm called " intelligent agents " became widely accepted during the 90s . Although earlier researchers had proposed modular " divide and conquer " approaches to AI , the intelligent agent did not reach its modern form until Judea Pearl , Allen Newell and others brought concepts from decision theory and economics into the study of AI . When the economist 's definition of a rational agent was married to computer science 's definition of an object or , the intelligent agent paradigm was complete . - An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which its chances of success . By this definition , simple programs that solve specific problems are " intelligent agents " , as are human beings and organizations of human beings , such as firms . The intelligent agent paradigm defines AI research as " the study of intelligent agents " . This is a of some earlier definitions of AI : it goes beyond studying human intelligence ; it studies all kinds of intelligence . - The paradigm gave researchers license to study isolated problems and find solutions that were both and useful . It provided a common language to describe problems and share their solutions with each other , and with other fields that also used concepts of abstract agents , like economics and control theory . It was hoped that a complete agent architecture ( like Newell 's ) would one day allow researchers to build more versatile and intelligent systems out of interacting intelligent agents . - - = = = " Victory of the neats " = = = - - AI researchers began to develop and use sophisticated mathematical tools more than they ever had in the past . There was a widespread realization that many of the problems that AI needed to solve were already being worked on by researchers in fields like mathematics , economics or operations research . The shared mathematical language allowed both a higher level of collaboration with more established and successful fields and the achievement of results which were measurable and ; AI had become a more " scientific " discipline . Russell & ( 2003 ) describe this as nothing less than a " revolution " and " the victory of the neats " . - Judea Pearl 's highly influential 1988 book brought probability and decision theory into AI . Among the many new tools in use were Bayesian networks , hidden models , information theory , modeling and classical . mathematical descriptions were also developed for " computational intelligence " like neural networks and evolutionary algorithms . - - = = = AI behind the scenes = = = - - originally developed by AI researchers began to appear as parts of larger systems . AI had solved a lot of very difficult problems and their solutions proved to be useful throughout the technology industry , such as data mining , industrial robotics , logistics , speech recognition , banking software , medical diagnosis and Google 's search engine . - The field of AI receives little or no credit for these successes . Many of AI 's greatest innovations have been reduced to the status of just another item in the tool chest of computer science . Nick explains " A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications , often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it 's not labeled AI anymore . " - Many researchers in AI in 1990s deliberately called their work by other names , such as , knowledge @-@ based systems , cognitive systems or computational intelligence . In part , this may be because they considered their field to be fundamentally different from AI , but also the new names help to procure funding . In the commercial world at least , the failed promises of the AI Winter continue to haunt AI research , as the New York Times reported in 2005 : " Computer scientists and software engineers avoided the term artificial intelligence for fear of being viewed as wild @-@ eyed . " - - = = = Where is HAL 9000 ? = = = - - In 1968 , Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had imagined that by the year 2001 , a machine would exist with an intelligence that matched or exceeded the capability of human beings . The character they created , HAL 9000 , was based on a belief shared by many leading AI researchers that such a machine would exist by the year 2001 . - Marvin Minsky asks " So the question is why didn 't we get HAL in 2001 ? " Minsky believes that the answer is that the central problems , like commonsense reasoning , were being neglected , while most researchers pursued things like commercial applications of neural nets or genetic algorithms . John McCarthy , on the other hand , still blames the qualification problem . For Ray , the issue is computer power and , using Moore 's Law , he predicts that machines with human @-@ level intelligence will appear by . Jeff Hawkins argues that neural net research ignores the essential properties of the human cortex , preferring simple models that have been successful at solving simple problems . There are many other explanations and for each there is a corresponding research program underway . - - - = Cyclone Graham = - - Cyclone Graham of the 2002 – 03 Australian region cyclone season was a weak tropical storm that affected Australia during late February and early March 2003 . Graham originated from an area of convection that emerged onto water after sitting over Australia on 23 February . The interaction with a monsoon trough formed an area of low pressure that developed into Tropical Cyclone Graham on 27 February . The storm moved slowly to the east @-@ southeast , and after turning to the south it peaked as a tropical storm and made landfall on Western Australia the next day . The cyclone weakened as it moved inland , and dissipated on 1 March . The storm dropped heavy rainfall and caused high winds , which produced flooding and downed trees . One fatality occurred , though no significant damages were reported . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On 23 February 2003 , an area of convection that was situated over land for roughly a week emerged over open waters along the northern coast of Australia . The strengthening of a deep , persistent monsoon trough contributed to cyclogenesis , and a low pressure area formed . By 25 February , the low developed a banding feature in which the highest winds were located . Though the storm was located in an area of unfavorable wind shear , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) began to issue gale warnings on the system at UTC the next day , while the low was located several hundred miles north @-@ northeast of Port . The disturbance was initially nearly stationary as it showed signs of organization due to relaxed shear , and at UTC on 27 February , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone Graham , as it had attained 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) 10 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds . The first warning was issued on Graham later that day . - Initially exhibiting characteristics of a low , a mid @-@ level ridge to the south of Graham caused strong winds that moved the storm slowly east @-@ southeastward . However , a deep trough eroded the ridge , allowing the cyclone to move more towards the south . According to the JTWC , the storm had intensified late on 28 February , though at the same time the BoM noted the slight weakening of the storm . Graham reached its peak intensity that day while nearing the coast . - The storm made landfall at Western Australia 's Mile Beach at 1400 UTC on 28 February , and began to weaken . The storm had dissipated on 1 March ; the BoM issued their last advisory on the cyclone at UTC that day , while similarly , the JTWC issued their last advisory just two hours later . The storm 's remnants died out in the country 's desert . - - = = Impact = = - - In advance of the cyclone , the communities of , , and were put on alert . A warning was issued for , and Cotton Creek . The storm 's landfall in Western Australia brought heavy rainfall and high winds . The storm dropped 163 mm ( 6 @.@ 4 in ) of rain at in one night , over half the town 's annual average ; total rainfall reached 175 mm ( 6 @.@ 9 in ) there . The heavy rain caused flooding and road closures , and swelled a river passing through Crossing , though the river only topped its banks slightly . Near that town , at Blue Bush Creek , while a group of people attempted to cross , two men were swept away . Both men were rescued , though one died before emergency services arrived . In addition to the flooding , a number of trees were downed . No significant damages were reported . - Following the storm , the name Graham was retired from the Australian region basin . - - - = Languedoc @-@ Roussillon wine = - - Languedoc @-@ Roussillon wine , including the de pays labeled Vin de Pays d 'Oc , is produced in southern France . While " Languedoc " can refer to a specific historic region of France and Northern , usage since the 20th century ( especially in the context of wine ) has primarily referred to the northern part of the Languedoc @-@ Roussillon of France , an area which spans the Mediterranean coastline from the French border with Spain to the region of Provence . The area has around 700 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 800 km2 ) under vines and is the single biggest wine @-@ producing region in the world , being responsible for more than a third of France 's total wine production . In 2001 , the region produced more wine than the United States . - - = = History = = - - The history of Languedoc wines can be traced to the first vineyards planted along the coast near by the early Greeks in the fifth century BC . Along with parts of Provence , these are the oldest planted vineyards in France . The region of Languedoc has belonged to France since the thirteenth century and the Roussillon was acquired from Spain in the mid @-@ seventeenth century . The two regions were joined as one administrative region in the late 1980s . - From the 4th century through the 18th and early 19th centuries , the Languedoc had a reputation for producing high quality wine . In Paris during the 14th century , wines from the St. Chinian area were prescribed in hospitals for their " healing powers " . During the advent of the Industrial Age in the late 19th century , production shifted towards mass @-@ produced le — cheap red wine that could satisfy the growing work force . The use of highly prolific grape varieties produced high yields and thin wines , which were normally blended with red wine from Algeria to give them more body . - The epidemic in the 19th century severely affected the Languedoc wine industry , killing off many of the higher quality that were susceptible to the . American that was naturally resistant to did not take well to the limestone soil on the hillside . In place of these vines , acres of the lower quality , Alicante and Carignan were planted . - During both World Wars the Languedoc was responsible for providing the daily wine rations given to French soldiers . In 1962 , Algeria gained its independence from France , bringing about an end to the blending of the stronger red wine to mask the thin le . This event , coupled with French consumers moving away from cheap red wines in the 1970s , has contributed to several decades of surplus wine production in France , with Languedoc as the largest contributor to the European " wine lake " and recurring European Union subsidies aimed at reducing production . These developments prompted many Languedoc producers to start on higher quality , but has also led to many local and regional protests , including violent ones from the infamous d ( ) . - Despite the general reputation as a mass producer and a consensus that the region is in the midst of an economic crisis , parts of the Languedoc wine industry are experiencing commercial success due to outside investment and an increased focus on quality . Sales have been improved by many vineyards that concentrate on creating a good brand name rather than relying on the sometimes infamous regional designations . Some vineyards have adopted the youngest batch of AOC classifications developed in the late 1990s , while other vineyards designated blends entirely and are instead shifting toward single wines , a practice increasingly demanded by consumers in the large New World wine market . - - = = Climate and geography = = - - The Languedoc @-@ Roussillon region shares many terrain and climate characteristics with the neighboring regions of Southern and Provence . The region stretches 150 miles ( 240 km ) from the Banyuls AOC at the Spanish border and Pyrenees in the west , along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea to the River and Provence in the east . The northern boundaries of the region sit on the Central with the mountain ranges and valleys dominating the area . Many vineyards are located along the River . - in the Languedoc are generally planted along the coastal plains of the Mediterranean while those in the Roussillon are to be found in the narrow valleys around the Pyrenees . The peak growing season ( between May and August ) is very dry and the majority of annual rainfall occurs during the winter . In the Languedoc , the plains area is the most arid and region of France . The region 's Mediterranean climate is very conducive to growing a large amount of a wide variety of grapes , with vintners in the area in mass production . The average annual temperature is 57 ° F ( 14 ° C ) . The inland wind from the northwest often the dry climate ; drought is the most common threat to vine production , with French AOC and European Union regulation prohibiting the use of irrigation . In December 2006 , the French government responded to global warming concerns and relaxed some of the irrigation regulations . - In 1999 severe weather had damaging effects on the wine producing industry , including in May that affected Roussillon and a rain surge in mid November that saw a year 's worth of rain fall in 36 hours in the areas of Corbières and Minervois in the western Languedoc . - The composition of soil in the Languedoc varies from the chalk , limestone and gravel based soils inland to more alluvial soils near the coast . Some of the more highly rated vineyards are laid on top of ancient riverbed stones similar to those of @-@ du @-@ . - - = = = = - - The five best known appellations in the Languedoc include Languedoc AOC ( formerly known as the du Languedoc ) , Corbières AOC , , Minervois AOC , and Saint @-@ Chinian . The vast majority of Languedoc wines are produced by wine which number more than 500 . However , the appellation system in the region is undergoing considerable changes with both new appellations being created and existing ones changing . One recent change is that the du Languedoc has changed name to Languedoc and been extended to include also the Roussillon . - Within the larger Languedoc AOC appellations are several sub @-@ districts , or 's , with distinct wine styles of their own . Some of these sub @-@ districts have pending AOC applications to become appellations in their own right and some have been granted sub @-@ appellations to the umbrella appellation Languedoc AOC . These include the , La , , St. , Picpoul de , du , and - The boundary of the eastern Languedoc with the Southern Rhône Valley wine region was moved slightly in 2004 , with the result that de Nîmes AOC is now a Rhône appellation rather than a Languedoc one . In that year , moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation 's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley . Local producers of du Rhône @-@ styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders , and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône wines in the marketplace . Such changes of borders between wine regions are very rare , so out of habit , de Nîmes remains listed as a Languedoc wine in many publications . - - = = = = - - The Languedoc @-@ Roussillon area is home to numerous grape varieties , including many international varieties like , Sauvignon , Sauvignon blanc , and Chardonnay . The traditional Rhône grapes of , Grenache , Syrah , and are also prominent . - Chardonnay is a major white grape , used in the Vin de Pays d 'Oc and the sparkling de Limoux . Others include blanc and Mauzac , which is also the principal grape in the sparkling de Limoux . The sweet fortified wines of the Muscat de and Muscat de St @-@ Jean Minervois regions are made with the Muscat Blanc à Petits grapes . In the Muscat de AOC , fortified wines are made from Muscat of Alexandria grapes . - Among the reds , Grenache , Syrah , Carignan , , and are major grapes of the Corbières , , , and Minervois . is also commonly used in production along with , Picpoul noir , noir , and Grenache . Grenache is also the main grape used in the fortified wines of the Banyuls and region . Some of the oldest vines in France are Carignan grapes . often use carbonic to the . - Other varieties that can be found include , , , , , Grenache blanc , Grenache , Picpoul , , and . - - = = and taxonomy = = - - from the Languedoc can carry an enormous number of names , ranging from broad regional designations like Vin de Pays d 'Oc to very specific geographical classifications with restrictions on grape variety , like Corbières and Minervois . Since the 1990s , the has been creating smaller AOC classifications which take into account the intricate and soil variations in the Languedoc @-@ Roussillon . Younger appellations like the and like Minervois la , Corbières @-@ and St @-@ Chinian @-@ are much smaller in scope . While these new appellations have been praised for consistently improving their product , others have criticized the additions for further complicating an already esoteric system of classification . - The majority of wine produced in the Languedoc are labeled . There is also sizable production of Vins Doux Naturels . - - = = = Vins de Pays = = = - - The introduction of the de pays , a classification produced under less stringent regulations than those of an AOC , opened up the Languedoc wine industry to the labeling of wines and the blending of international varieties such as Sauvignon , , Syrah and Chardonnay . Examples include Vin de pays d 'Oc , Vin de pays d , Vin de pays de l , and Vin de Pays du . such as Guy Anderson , and E. & J. capitalized on this new horizon , producing wines like and Red . - - = = = Vins Doux Naturels = = = - - Vins Doux Naturels are " naturally sweet " wines that have been fortified with brandy to stop fermentation , leaving residual sugar to add to the wine . The majority of Languedoc sweet white wines are made with a variety of Muscat grapes . The red fortified wines of the Banyuls are made from Grenache grapes , normally have an alcohol level between 16 and 17 % and carry residual in the 8 to 12 % range . - In Banyuls , use various methods to " " their wines to encourage deep colors . Some utilize a system of transporting the wine among different size barrels of various ages that are left out in the sun to warm . Others will put the wine in large glass to expose it to direct sunlight . In addition to the dark color , the resulting wines often have a , rancid taste called . In the Banyuls Grand AOC the wine is required to be aged in wood barrels for two and a half years . - - = = = de Limoux = = = - - The produced in the Languedoc is made according to the - formerly known as , the same method used to produce the Champagne , including a second fermentation in the bottle to the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast - in the small villages around the town of Limoux . The wines are normally composed of 70 % Mauzac and a 30 % combination of Chardonnay and blanc . AOC regulations require a year of aging on the . The de Limoux , when labelled , is composed entirely of Mauzac , undergoes only one fermentation and is aged approximately three months less on the before the , the actual date being determined by the moon 's cycle . - - - = Silver Bullet ( roller coaster ) = - - Silver Bullet is a western @-@ themed steel inverted roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard located at Knott 's Berry Farm , an amusement park in Buena Park , California . The $ 16 million roller coaster was announced on December 1 , 2003 and opened on December 7 , 2004 . A first rider auction was also held where people would bid on seats to be the first riders . The track is approximately 3 @,@ 125 feet ( 952 m ) long and the lift hill is about 146 feet ( 45 m ) tall . The ride lasts two minutes and thirty seconds and features six including a vertical loop , cobra roll , zero @-@ g roll , and two . - - = = History = = - - On May 28 , 2003 , a trademark for the name " Silver Bullet " was filed by Cedar Fair , the owners of the park . Construction for the new roller coaster began in September 2003 with the relocation of The Church of Reflections . As part of a $ 85 million investment in all Cedar Fair parks , Silver Bullet was announced to the public on December 1 , 2003 . The final piece of track was placed on September 30 , 2004 . On November 5 , 2004 , Knott 's Berry Farm launched a " First Auction " in which people from anywhere in the world would bid against each other in order to be one of the first public riders on Silver Bullet on December 7 , 2004 . Although sixty seats were made available , only 13 of these received bids . Out of those bids , the highest bid was $ 200 ( US ) , and a total of $ 1643 was raised with all the money going to the Speech & Language Development Center of Buena Park . After construction and testing was completed , the roller coaster opened first to the media , then to the public on December 7 , 2004 though the initial scheduled opening was on Christmas Eve of 2004 . Silver Bullet was also one of four attractions that opened at Knott 's Berry Farm in the same year and carries a western theme . - - = = Ride experience = = - - Silver Bullet 's layout passes through three of the park 's themed areas : Ghost Town , Village , and Indian Trails . - After the train departs from the station , it makes a 90 degree right turn before beginning to climb the 146 @-@ foot ( 45 m ) lift hill . Once at the top , the train goes through a pre @-@ drop before entering the 109 @-@ foot ( 33 m ) downward right drop . Once at the bottom , the train enters a 105 @-@ foot ( 32 m ) loop . After exiting the loop , the train makes a banked right turn leading into the cobra roll . Almost immediately after , the train goes through a zero @-@ gravity roll followed by a downward left helix . Then , the train enters the first of two which are separated by a banked left turn . Next , the train enters an upward left helix ( the beginning of the helix is close to water ) before entering the brake run . The train then makes a right turn into a second , shorter , brake run which leads straight back to the station . One cycle lasts approximately two minutes and thirty seconds . - - = = = Track = = = - - The steel track of Silver Bullet is approximately 3 @,@ 125 feet ( 952 m ) long , and the height of the lift is approximately 146 feet ( 45 m ) high . Silver Bullet , along with all of Bolliger & Mabillard 's other roller coasters , was manufactured by Steel located in Batavia , Ohio and erected by Construction Company . The track is filled with sand to reduce the noise made by the trains . Silver Bullet was also the first Bolliger & Mabillard inverted roller coaster to use magnetic brakes in the brake run . The track and supports of the lift hill are red , with the remaining track being yellow with red rails and the remaining supports colored white . - - = = = Trains = = = - - Silver Bullet operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars that can seat four riders in a single row , for a total of 32 riders per train . The seats are coloured light blue , with orange over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints and tri @-@ color wheel ( red , orange , and yellow ) . - - = = Reception = = - - Joel Taylor from Business praised the ride saying , " In all , it 's an 2 1 / 2 minutes from start to finish . " He was also impressed with the ride 's and overall excitement , stating that the ride is , " smooth and comfortable while delivering , stomach @-@ churning excitement . " - - = = = Awards = = = - - Since Silver Bullet 's debut in 2004 , it has consistently been ranked in the top 140 positions in Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Poll . It peaked at position 99 in 2010 . The roller coaster has never placed on the Golden Ticket Awards . - ^ No Steel Poll was held in 2011 . - - - = Blackburn Firecrest = - - The Blackburn B @-@ 48 Firecrest , given the designation , was a single @-@ engine naval strike fighter built by Blackburn Aircraft for service with the British Fleet Air Arm during World War II . It was a development of the troubled Firebrand , designed to Air Ministry Specification S.28 / 43 , for an improved aircraft more suited to carrier operations . Three prototypes were ordered with the company designation of B @-@ 48 and the informal name of " Firecrest " , but only two of them actually flew . The development of the aircraft was prolonged by significant design changes and slow deliveries of components , but the determination by the Ministry of Supply in 1946 that the airframe did not meet the requirements for a strike fighter doomed the aircraft . Construction of two of the prototypes was continued to gain flight @-@ test data and the third was allocated to strength testing . The two flying aircraft were sold back to Blackburn in 1950 for disposal and the other aircraft survived until 1952 . - - = = Design = = - - The Firebrand required significant effort by Blackburn to produce a useful aircraft and the first discussions on a redesign of the aircraft with a @-@ flow wing took place in September 1943 . The new wing was estimated to reduce the weight of the wing by 700 lb ( kg ) and increase the aircraft speed by 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) . The extent of redesign increased and this led to a new fuselage and other improvements . In October 1943 , Blackburn 's design staff , led by G.E. Petty , started work on this development of the Firebrand which led to Specification S.28 / 43 being issued by the Air Ministry on 26 February 1944 covering the new aircraft . The specification was designed around a Bristol Centaurus 77 radial engine with @-@ rotating propellers that allowed the size of the rudder to be reduced . - The new design , given the company designation B @-@ 48 , was known unofficially by Blackburn as the " Firecrest " but was always known by its specification number by the Air Ministry and Navy . It was a low @-@ winged , single @-@ seat , all @-@ metal . of the cockpit the fuselage was an oval @-@ shaped stressed @-@ skin semi @-@ , but forward it had a circular @-@ section , tubular @-@ steel frame . The cockpit of the Firecrest was moved forward and raised the pilot 's position so that he now looked over the wing leading edge , and down the nose . The canopy was adapted from the Hawker Tempest fighter . In the rear fuselage was a single 52 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 240 l ; 62 US gal ) fuel tank with two 92 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 420 l ; 110 US gal ) fuel tanks in the centre wing section . The aircraft had a redesigned , thinner , inverted gull wing of flow section . The wing consisted of a two @-@ spar centre section with just over 6 @.@ 5 degrees of and outer panels with 9 degrees of dihedral . It could be folded in two places to allow more compact storage in the hangar decks of aircraft carriers . Four Fowler flaps were fitted to give good low @-@ speed handling for landing and the wing had retractable dive brakes on both surfaces . In the course of the redesign the structure was simplified which reduced weight by 1 @,@ 400 lb ( 635 kg ) and even after the fuel capacity was increased by 70 imperial gallons ( 320 l ; 84 US gal ) the gross weight was still 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) less than that of the Firebrand . - Work on two prototypes was authorised in November 1943 , but proposals for alternative engines delayed progress . In 1945 , it was decided that as well as adding another Centaurus @-@ engined prototype , there should be three prototypes with the Napier E.122 ( a development of the Sabre ) as Specification S.10 / 45 . The Ministry believed that this would enable Blackburn to develop their knowledge of and structural design and support the engine development at Napier . However , it was found that the S.10 / 45 aircraft could only be balanced if the E.122 was placed behind the pilot . The necessary redesign and 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 454 kg ) weight increase , coupled with the limited funds available to the Royal Navy , meant that it could no longer be justified and the S.10 / 45 was cancelled on 8 October . While in final design , the Centaurus 77 engine with @-@ rotating propellers was cancelled in January 1946 and a conventional 2 @,@ @-@ horsepower ( 2 @,@ 107 kW ) Centaurus 57 was substituted . This engine was found to require flexible mounts and was modified into the Centaurus 59 . The vertical and rudder had to be enlarged from 33 to 41 square feet ( 3 @.@ 1 to 3 @.@ 8 m2 ) to counteract the new engine 's . In September 1946 a strength analysis conducted by the Ministry of Supply revealed that the aircraft would require strengthening to serve as a strike fighter and that a costly redesign would be required to bring it up to requirements . This would have made it comparable in weight and performance to the Westland which had already flown so no contract was placed for production aircraft . - by the late delivery of its propeller , the first prototype was rolled out at Brough in February 1947 and then taken by road to RAF where it made its maiden flight on 1 April that year . All three prototypes were completed by the end of September and the third prototype had been modified to reduce the outer @-@ wing dihedral to 3 degrees . Both the second and third prototypes remained when the Ministry of Supply ordered that flying be ceased and work on the aircraft be stopped . Later in the month , however , the third prototype was allocated to tests of powered controls , as testing of the first prototype had shown that while adequate at cruise speed , the ailerons were heavy both at low and high speed . The second prototype was allocated to structural testing . - The third prototype made its maiden flight in early 1948 , but the pace of the flight testing was leisurely with only 7 hours and 40 minutes completed by 30 November , over half of which were connected with air show performances . Testing concluded in March 1949 when the officer in charge concluded that there was no further purpose to the tests . While the Firecrest was faster than the Firebrand , and gave its pilot a much better view from the cockpit , it was otherwise disappointing , with test pilot and naval Captain Eric Brown claiming that the Firecrest was even less than the sluggish Firebrand , while the powered ailerons gave controls , leading to instability in turbulent air . - - = = Operational history = = - - Operational experience had found Blackburn 's Firebrand strike fighter to be far from suited to carrier operations . In particular , the pilot sat near the wing 's trailing edge , looking over a very long and wide nose which gave a particularly poor view for landing . The Firecrest had also been rendered obsolete by the arrival of gas turbine engines , and while Blackburn did draw up proposals for turboprop @-@ powered derivatives of the Firecrest , ( as the B @-@ 62 ( ) with the Armstrong engine ) , these went , with orders instead going to Westland for the . The two flying prototypes remained in use until 1949 , being sold back to Blackburn in 1950 , and were later scrapped . - - = = Aircraft = = - - - One of two prototypes ordered on 1 January 1944 to Specification S.28 / 43 . The airframe was sold by the of ( Air ) to Blackburn on 17 April 1950 . - - The second of two prototypes ordered on 1 January 1944 , it was used for structural testing before being disposed of in 1952 . - - A third aircraft was ordered on 18 April 1945 and it was used for research into power @-@ boosted ailerons during February 1948 . The airframe was sold to Blackburn on 17 October 1949 . - Three further prototypes were ordered on 14 March 1945 against Specification S.10 / 45 and powered by Napier E.122 engine , but the order was cancelled and the aircraft were not built . - - = = = = - - United Kingdom - Fleet Air Arm ( never entered service ) - - = = Specifications = = - - Data from Blackburn Aircraft since 1909 - General characteristics - Crew : one pilot - Length : 39 ft 3 ½ in ( 11 @.@ 98 m ) - : 44 ft 11 ½ in ( 13 @.@ 71 m ) - : 14 ft 6 in ( 4 @.@ 42 m ) - Wing area : 361 @.@ 5 ft ² ( 33 @.@ 60 m ² ) - Empty weight : 10 @,@ lb ( 4 @,@ kg ) - weight : 15 @,@ 280 lb ( 6 @,@ 645 kg ) - : 1 × Bristol Centaurus 59 18 @-@ cylinder radial engine , 2 @,@ hp ( 1 @,@ kW ) - Performance - Maximum speed : 380 mph ( 330 knots , 612 km / h ) at 19 @,@ 000 ft ( 5 @,@ 790 m ) - Cruise speed : 213 mph ( 185 knots , 343 km / h ) at 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) - Range : 900 mi ( nmi , 1 @,@ 450 km ) - Service ceiling : 31 @,@ 600 ft ( 9 @,@ 630 m ) - of climb : 2 @,@ 500 ft / ( 12 @.@ 7 m / s ) - Armament - Guns : for 2 × .50 in ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns under or in wing ( not fitted to prototypes ) - Rockets : 8 × @-@ 3 rocket projectiles on rails - : 1 × 2 @,@ lb ( 951 kg ) torpedo , or - 2 × 250 lb ( 110 kg ) bombs , one under each wing , in lieu of torpedo - - - = Magadheera = - - Magadheera ( English : Great Warrior ) is a 2009 Indian Telugu @-@ language romantic @-@ action film , written by K. V. Prasad and directed by S. S. Rajamouli . Based on the theme of reincarnation , the film was produced by Allu Aravind of Geetha Arts . The film stars Ram Charan and Kajal Aggarwal , while Dev Gill and Srihari appear in prominent roles . The plot revolves around four people : a valiant warrior in charge of the princess ' safety ; the princess who loves him ; her cousin who lusts after her ; and an emperor who wants to conquer their kingdom . They all die before their wishes are fulfilled and are reborn after 400 years , at which point the warrior kills the cousin with the support of the reformed emperor and wins over the princess . - Made on a budget of ₹ 350 million , the production was launched on 2 March 2008 while principal photography commenced on 19 March 2008 . The cinematography was done by K. K. Senthil Kumar , and was edited by Rao . Production design was done by R. Ravinder , while the action sequences were choreographed by Peter and the duo of Ram — . The visual effects were designed by R. C. Kamalakannan , with assistance from Adel Adili and Pete Draper . It is the first Telugu film to list a " visual effects producer " in its credits . The soundtrack was composed by M. M. Keeravani , who collaborated with Kalyani to score the background music . - Magadheera was released on 31 July 2009 across 1250 screens worldwide , to critical acclaim , and collected a distributor 's share of ₹ 731 million . The film grossed ₹ 1 @.@ 5 billion worldwide and remained the highest @-@ grossing Telugu film of all time for five years , until it was surpassed by in 2013 . Its 1000 @-@ day theatrical run surpassed ( 2005 ) as the longest running South Indian film . It is also the first Telugu film to have a home media release in Blu @-@ ray . The film won the National Award for Best Choreography and Best Special Effects at the 57th National Film Awards as well as winning six Filmfare Awards , nine Nandi Awards and ten Awards . The film 's success catapulted the lead actors into stardom . - The film was dubbed into Tamil as Maaveeran and Malayalam as Dheera : The Warrior , and was released simultaneously on 27 May 2011 in more than 100 and 50 screens respectively , with both versions being commercially successful . In 2014 , the film was further remade in Bengali as : The Warrior by Raj Chakraborty with Dev and Mimi Chakraborty portraying the lead roles . - - = = Plot = = - - Harsha , a dirt @-@ bike , is taking an auto to the airport in the rain . He spots the outline of a woman trying to flag the auto down , and gestures to her that it is already occupied . As he does , their fingers accidentally touch , and Harsha feels an electric current passing through him , which a few fleeting images . Later , feeling that this was the girl he was destined to be with , he about her to a woman named Indira ( called " Indu " ) , without realising that she is the same girl . Indu , thinking that he is stalking her , him . She and her friends take advantage of Harsha , him out of his finances . Meanwhile , Indu 's distant cousin Raghuveer , lusts after her . He manipulates Indu and her father into trusting him . However , whenever he attempts to touch a sleeping Indu , he sees visions of a warrior slitting his throat . Raghuveer a tantrik , Ghora , who reveals to him that in a prior life , he was a prince who after Indu , and was killed by her lover , a warrior . Raghuveer is determined to find the reincarnation of the warrior and kill him . Meanwhile , Harsha discovers how Indu and her friends have been him , and she falls in love with him . - Raghuveer discovers that Harsha is the reincarnation of the warrior . He murders Indu 's father and frames Harsha , causing Indu to hate Harsha . As Raghuveer and Indu leave in a helicopter , Harsha tries to catch them but fails ; falling into a lake , he faces a near @-@ death experience and learns about his past life in 1609 . In that year , Emperor Sher Khan is preparing to invade the kingdom of when he hears of the brave warrior Kala Bhairava ( Harsha ) , commander of the Udayghad army . King Vikram Singh 's daughter , Devi ( Indu ) , loves Bhairava , but he holds himself back . Her cousin , Ranadev Billa ( Raghuveer ) , lusts after Mithra and plans a competition between himself and Bhairava ; the winner will marry her and the loser will be banished from Udayghad . Bhairava 's victory leads to Ranadev 's banishment . Vikram Singh , however , secretly requests that Bhairava not marry his daughter , because Bhairava has a high chance of dying in battle , and he does not wish to see Mithra widowed . Though shocked , to the king 's request and publicly declines to marry Mithra , leaving her distraught . - Bhairava then takes Mithra , his soldiers , and his to the Bhairavakona temple atop a cliff to seek blessings from God . Mithra demands Bhairava admit his love for her . When he does not respond , she upsets the sacred items they have brought for the puja and , using her own blood , paints an image on a nearby rock of Bhairava leaving his true love to do his duty . An injured soldier arrives to tell Bhairava that Ranadev and Sher Khan 's army have killed Vikram Singh and are now rushing toward them . They arrive shortly , and Sher Khan challenges Bhairava to battle his soldiers . Bhairava boldly accepts the challenge and kills a hundred soldiers , but is severely injured in the process . Sher Khan , impressed by Bhairava 'a bravery , has a change of heart . However , Ranadev continues attacking , eventually wounding Mithra fatally , but he is in turn killed by Bhairava . A dying Mithra asks Bhairava to confess his love , but before he can respond , she dies and falls off the cliff . , he follows her and falls to his own death . - After learning about his past life , Harsha is rescued from the lake by a fisherman named Solomon ( who is the reincarnation of Sher Khan ) and , with 's help , visits Udayghad . He gains access to Raghuveer 's palace and Ghora telling Raghuveer that if Indu 's memories of the past are not revived within the day they can never be revived , and she will be with Raghuveer forever . Harsha kidnaps Indu and takes her to Bhairavakona and in the process , Ghora is accidentally killed by Raghuveer . Raghuveer arrives by helicopter and asks Indu to come with him ; however Indu sees Mithra 's painting , and her past @-@ life memories are revived ; she reunites with Harsha . Harsha fights Raghuveer , and with the help of Solomon , manages to kill him . - - = = Cast = = - - Ram Charan as Kala Bhairava and Harsha . Kala Bhairava is the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Udayghad army who dies in battle in 1609 . His reincarnation , Harsha , is a dirt @-@ bike in 2009 , who falls in love with Indu . When Harsha discovers his past life , he saves Indu from her cousin Raghuveer , who killed her father and framed Harsha as the murderer . - Kajal Aggarwal as Mithravinda Devi and Indu . Mithravinda Devi is the crown princess of Udayghad who is in love with Bhairava and also dies in 1609 . In 2009 , her reincarnation is Indira ( Indu ) , a student . She falls in love with Harsha but believes him to be her father 's murderer because of Raghuveer 's deception . She reunites with Harsha in the end after remembering her past life . - Dev Gill as Ranadev Billa and Raghuveer . Ranadev Billa is Mithravinda 's cousin who lusts after her and is jealous of Bhairava . He , after killing Mithravinda , is killed by Bhairava . His reincarnation , Raghuveer , is Indu 's cousin who lusts after her . He is the first to remember his past life , and murders Indu 's father in both eras . He is finally killed by Harsha . - Srihari as Sher Khan and Solomon . Sher Khan is a Muslim emperor who invades Udayghad . He realises Bhairava 's potential just before his death but fails to save him . His reincarnation , Solomon , is a fisherman who is a native to . He helps Harsha to reunite with Indu , and plays a vital role in Raghuveer 's death . - Rao Ramesh as Ghora , a old tantrik who advises Raghuveer . He helps Raghuveer in remembering his past . His conversation with Raghuveer helps Harsha to remind Indu of her past . Ghora is accidentally killed by Raghuveer . - Babu as Vikram Singh , the king of Udayghad and father of Mithravinda . He respects Bhairava for his but believes that he will die in battle and consequently requests that Bhairava hold back his love for Mithra . Vikram is murdered by Ranadev when Sher Khan invades the kingdom . - Surya as Varma , Indu 's father . Raghuveer manipulates him for access to Indu and kills him just before he accepts Harsha 's proposal to marry Indu . - as Harsha 's friend . He accompanies him most of the time and constantly warns him about Indu him financially . - as Singh , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of Sher Khan 's army who informs Sher Khan about Bhairava 's strengths . - Cameo appearances - Chiranjeevi in a cameo appearance in the item song " Bangaru Kodipetta " . - Mumaith Khan as , the dirt bike race organiser . She also appears in " Bangaru Kodipetta " . - Kim Sharma as , a dancer who appears in the item song " " . - Brahmanandam as Indu 's neighbour . - Hema as . - as Solomon 's girlfriend . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - K. V. Prasad was watching a Marathi film where two warriors Sivaji and are attacked by Mughal Army . Once the duo can reach fort , they can kill the army together effectively . While Sivaji escapes to the fort for support , fights with the army and dies in the process leaving Sivaji in grief . Prasad took this as an inspiration and wrote a story on the theme of reincarnation of a bodyguard who serves a queen . He fights 100 warriors and dies in his attempt to re @-@ his queen after she is overthrown by her conspirators . He is reborn after 400 years and his ambition of placing her on the throne by making her a Chief Minister or a popular social worker like . It was subsequently rejected and after fifteen years , his son director S. S. Rajamouli selected this script , but made several changes to it . Rajamouli re @-@ characterised the queen as a princess to create a vital love story for the film , as he felt that the relationship between a queen and a bodyguard would be only about loyalty and honesty . - Production for the film was officially launched on 2 March 2008 at in Hyderabad . B. V. S. N. Prasad co @-@ produced the film with Allu Aravind under his production banner , Geetha Arts . M. was announced as the dialogue writer while Rajamouli 's usual associates K. K. Senthil Kumar , Venkateswara Rao and M. M. Keeravani worked on the film 's cinematography , editing and music respectively . - After many potential titles , Magadheera was considered and finalised in early February 2009 . Tamil and Malayalam dubbed versions were planned in mid February 2009 . The film 's Tamil dubbed version was titled as Maaveeran , named after the 1986 Tamil film . Geetha Arts collaborated with Stalin for the Tamil version and distributed it under his production banner , Red Giant Movies . K. wrote the dialogues for Maaveeran . The Malayalam version was titled Dheera — The Warrior and was distributed by films . - - = = = Casting = = = - - After considering several actresses ( including ) for the princess role , Kajal Aggarwal was selected by Rajamouli as the female lead opposite Ram Charan after conducting a in his office . Rajamouli said that he wanted to cast her as the female lead in ( 2007 ) after her Telugu debut Lakshmi ( 2007 ) , but she was unavailable . He added that he wanted somebody " good looking , who would look like a princess and who had dates available " and finalised her because she met all of these . After conducting her , Rajamouli explained the story and Mithra 's characterisation to her in 45 minutes . He said she needed to treat the hero , but do so out of love for the hero . Kajal kept this in mind and acted accordingly while playing the dual roles of a princess from 400 years ago and a modern @-@ day college student . Kajal called both her roles " unique and challenging " . - Dev Gill was selected to portray the film 's antagonist . Rajamouli was criticised for selecting him considering Gill 's previous film , ( 2008 ) , but remained adamant about casting him . He said that he had to cast a good looking man as the film 's villain because the heroine needed to find him trustworthy . For this film , Gill had to practice horse riding in Ramoji Film City ; Ram Charan was already an experienced . Srihari was cast in his role in the film in early April 2008 . Kim Sharma was selected to perform one of the two item numbers in the film in early June 2008 . made a cameo appearance in the film and shot for three days . She was subsequently signed for Rajamouli 's next project , Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) , before Magadheera was even released . - Rao Ramesh was cast as a tantrik who helps Gill 's character in the present era . Mumaith Khan was selected for another item number , a remix version of the hit song " Bangaru Kodipetta " from Gharana Mogudu ( 1992 ) ; Gharana Mogudu 's music was also composed by M. M. Keeravani . Chiranjeevi made a special appearance after the song , making Magadheera the first film he appeared in after his entry into politics . When Rajamouli suggested the idea of a cameo appearance , Chiranjeevi was initially hesitant till the director narrated the complete sequence and the importance of the song . - - = = = Costume designs = = = - - Regarding his looks in the film , Ram Charan said , " Personality wise there isn ’ t really much difference to Kalabhairava but I have to tell you minor changes like the shape of my , a slight voice , the background scale , the atmosphere and even the ‘ ’ worked wonders on screen and gave a totally different look and feel and I felt like it was an altogether different side of me . When I was told of the characterization of ‘ Kalabhairava ’ , I had an impression of a young , passionate soldier and naturally it had to have a great body and an authoritative voice . So , we also worked on it . We actually went to Rajasthan and observed the local culture and their way of dressing , we researched a lot about their costumes , history and great personalities 400 years ago and planned it accordingly . " Ram Charan sported a long for both of his characters in the film . - To design the armour used by Charan in his role as Kalabhairava , art director R. Ravinder wanted the precise measurements of Charan 's body ; they used plaster of Paris to make a mould of Charan 's body shape from which they created a statue . They designed costumes for the statue and had Charan try them on once they were satisfied with the designs . In an interview with of Rediff.com , the film 's stylist , Rama Rajamouli , said that it took one month to develop the right look for the period before she began working on the materials and costumes for the film . She added that all of the film 's costumes were designed by her and in Hyderabad , and that Kajal 's costumes were heavily detailed as she needed to look rich , elegant and bright . Rajamouli had some disagreements with cinematographer K. K. Senthil Kumar over the colours of the costumes . Her decision of having Kajal wear a dress of baby pink and green during the war sequence at Bhairavakona was initially opposed by Rajamouli , but later agreed to after the director saw the final edit . She also used minimal jewellery for the princess 's outfits . - - = = = Filming = = = - - The film 's principal photography was expected to begin on 26 February 2008 , and then on 15 March 2008 , but finally began on 19 March 2008 in Rajasthan . Initial shooting occurred for 10 days in of , Gujarat . Art director Ravinder went to Chennai and gave details of their requirements to a prominent chariot @-@ making specialist . After rejecting the maker 's first iron skeletons , Ravinder opted to design them himself , and prepared three models of with different heights to be used , depending on the camera ’ s location and other technical requirements . He used fibre material for the iron skeleton 's exteriors . For a scene in which neither the hero nor the villain was present on the chariot , Ravinder measured a short person and designed a hidden chamber in which he could sit and secretly control the horses . While the chariot race sequence was shot in , the sequence in which the chariot sinks in was shot at a set comprising three acres in Ramoji Film City . - K. K. Senthil Kumar scouted for locations in Gujarat , looking for dry , open lands to shoot the chariot race sequence . They found salt lands with white sands in . To shoot the sequence there , they wanted a light weight vehicle to follow the horses ; they bought a van , removed the vehicle 's top and mounted the camera along with a atop it . A part of the song Dheera Dheera was also shot there , requiring filmmakers to plant a dry tree and a couple of oxen for use in the song 's backdrop . An item number featuring Kim Sharma and Ram Charan was shot in late June 2008 in a specially erected fisherman colony . It was set up on the first floor of Annapurna Studios and cost less than ₹ 3 million . Ravinder explained , " The set should look like an outdoor location , but need to be constructed in an indoor floor . I constructed exteriors of around 28 houses in that floor with detailed interior plan for the house of Srihari . I also constructed a small boat and a big wheeled fish with . When director wanted smoke @-@ effect for a shot I held the heavy smoke machine on my shoulders in a low angle for the required effect . " - After filming key parts of the film in Rajasthan , suburbs of Hyderabad , and at in Karnataka , filming continued in Ramoji Film City in a specially erected set named Bhairavakona in late October 2008 . Two more schedules , one from 3 – 10 December and one in January , were also shot at the Bhairavakona set . The sequence of Charan killing 100 warriors , also at Bhairavakona , included a bridge . As the set did not permit for shooting with low angles , a separate half @-@ bridge was erected at in Road No. 22 of Hills . The bridge , which had a height of 60 feet ( 18 m ) and a length of 100 feet ( 30 m ) , was constructed on top of a rocky hill using steel beams as the skeleton and wooden material as support . It was built in around 20 days by over 60 men amid heavy rains . 20 trucks of black soil were transported from Ramoji Film City for the bridge set , as that type of soil was only available in the former location . - After the completion of shooting at the arena set in Ramoji Film City , the arena set was demolished and a set for heroine 's house was constructed in its place . This was the last set constructed for this film . By late September 2008 , 70 % of the film 's shoot was complete . The remix version of " Bangaru Kodipetta " was shot by Ram Charan and Mumaith Khan under the supervision of at Chennai Port , although Port was first considered . Filming continued in and around Hyderabad very discreetly in November 2008 . sequences by Ram Charan and some were shot in mid @-@ December 2008 at Hyderabad . By mid February 2009 , the film 's scripted part had been wrapped up , with only some songs left to shoot . The song " " was shot in Switzerland while " " was shot at Fort in Hyderabad . Both songs were duets shot by Ram Charan and Kajal . K. K. Senthil Kumar said in an interview that Magadheera could not have been made in eight months because of its long pre @-@ production and post @-@ production phases . Over two worth of props , including swords , , knives , bows and arrows , pouches , armour , footwear and other accessories , were used in the film . They were designed by 160 workers , including , , carpenters , painters , , artists , and leather men , who worked for two months in the Geetha Arts Studio . Five people were appointed exclusively to look after these props . However , during the film 's shoot both Peter and Ram Charan suffered major injuries . The former fell down from a height of 80 — 90 feet during the composition of a stunt and was advised a bed rest for four months . Charan faced severe leg fractures , while Rajamouli said that Peter " met with an accident on the sets , had two broken ribs , fractured hands and jaw and lost all his teeth . Within a month , he was back on the sets with his face and body covered in bandages and plaster . He could barely lift his hands to shoot . " - - = = = Visual effects = = = - - R. C. Kamalakannan was the VFX producer of this film . Magadheera was the first Telugu film in which the position of " Visual Effects Producer " was used in the credits . He was assisted by a team of five experts from abroad and a 62 dedicated group members apart from 130 people from the company in Chennai and Hyderabad . Special effects and CG was used for about 1 hour and 40 minutes out of the total 2 hours and 35 minutes in the film . 15 % of the frames in the film 's scenes of Udayghad city were actually shot with a camera ; the rest were CG extension . For the scenes in the stadium , CG extension was slightly above 50 % . For the stadium , Italian concept artist Marco began with a drawing and made his first 3D concept in 5 days . It took five months for Marco to reach the design shown in the film and as imagined by Rajamouli . Simultaneously , Iranian 3D technical director Adel Adili , who worked with Kamalakannan for ( 2004 ) , and ( 2009 ) , was working on the 3D Udayghad city . He started with a city @-@ plan and added streets , buildings , mountains , temples , palaces , water bodies , a huge waterfall , rivers , gates , a and trees , all of which were planned and received Rajamouli 's approval before being executed to full scale . Adili redesigned Marco 's 3D stadium to suit Indian aesthetics and made it fit perfectly within the city . - Pete Draper , who worked with in ( 2008 ) , was selected as the pipeline technical director of the film . At that time , Kamalakannan was in Iran the CG stadium and City with Adili . The majority of the film was shot in format , but a Super 35 camera gate and lens were used for the stadium episode to minimise distortion . Post @-@ production of the stadium scenes were given to Prasad , and the film set up their own render farm in Chennai . The post process was done in several stages after the scan . The live stadium had only 7 steps , in which live people were positioned in 6 steps while the remaining 12 steps were CG extension . Adili created 3D CG people to fill the CG steps and their actions in a library of 3000 frames . - Draper designed the birds in two flows : one flow kept flying around the stadium , while the other flow took off from a position dome and landed on a target dome . Rajamouli used those birds in several shots . Upon finishing the stages of the stadium composite , Kamalakannan flew to Iran again to work with Adel for the 3D city shots which were created entirely in CG . Adili designed 3D horses for the hero and villain and Draper designed the 3D people behind the horses . About Adili 's work , Kamalakannan said , " When we started the city @-@ shot renders , it has taken several hours to render one frame . But Adili re @-@ corrected the geometry and applied several path breaking ideas , so even on 24 July , just a week before the film release , we were able to do corrections , render and submit . " ₹ 40 million ( US $ 590 @,@ 000 ) was spent solely on VFX for Magadheera . - - = = = = = = - - During the film 's shoot at Ramoji Film City in late November 2008 , a 500 square feet ( 46 m2 ) film can , containing two or three scenes , was discovered missing from Rainbow lab . The filmmakers filed a case at police station . Security personnel and film unit members searched , but failed to recover the reels . Rajamouli 's unit said it was not important if the scenes from the can were aired online since they were not crucial scenes , were all on a blue matte and lacked finishing . Later , raw footage from the film was seen on the internet but no details about the culprits were found . After the photographs and small video clips were leaked on the Internet , some of the film unit members felt that the loss might have been a ploy on the part of the producers to create hype . - - = = Themes and influences = = - - The film is based on the concept of reincarnation and eternal love . According to , the rewritten script 's basic storyline is that " Love remains eternal and it will follow generations and generations . There is always a big victory for Love . " The film 's flashback sequences were used as a flip switch between the film 's and present day eras . Initially the film featured a scene in which the present day heroine accidentally receives a dupatta preserved in a museum that is used in the flashbacks as the dupatta Bhairava and race for . However , separate were used in the film as Rajamouli felt that getting the dupatta from the flashback would the narrative . - In her book Roy 's : Untold Stories from Behind the Scenes , writer compared the reincarnation theme of Magadheera with that of ( 1958 ) , ( 1980 ) , Karan Arjun ( 1995 ) and ( 2007 ) . Touching the heroine locked memories within the hero that transport him to Rajasthan in 1609 from contemporary Hyderabad . also compared Magadheera to another Telugu film , ( 1964 ) . Rajamouli told Subhash K. Jha that he was inspired by Karan Arjun to make films based on reincarnation . - - = = Music = = - - M. M. Keeravani composed the film 's soundtrack . It features six songs including the remixed version of his own composition " Bangaru Kodipetta " from the film Gharana Mogudu . The soundtrack of the Tamil dubbed version , Maaveeran , had three additional tracks . The Telugu soundtrack was launched at in Hyderabad on 28 June 2009 . The Tamil version was launched on 25 April 2011 in Chennai . - - = = Release = = - - Geetha Arts released the film on 31 July 2009 , with 625 digital UFO prints in 1250 theatres across the globe , making Magadheera the biggest release for a Telugu film in history . Its release included more than 1000 screens in Andhra Pradesh alone . The film opened up with 25 prints overseas in almost 40 locations . Magadheera was the first Telugu film to be released on 21 screens in North America . Huge vinyl posters featuring Ram Charan and his father , cameo performer Chiranjeevi , were put up at all of the theatres in Krishna District . also featured the head of Chiranjeevi 's political party , former MLA , which added political importance to the release . The Tamil dubbed version Maaveeran and Malayalam dubbed version Dheera — The Warrior were released in more than 100 screens and 50 screens respectively on 27 May 2011 . - - = = = Distribution = = = - - , the owner of Supreme Music , ventured into overseas distribution with Magadheera . He distributed the film in the USA via Blue Sky Inc . The distribution rights of non @-@ US countries , including the UK , Ireland , Middle East , Australia , New Zealand and Singapore , were acquired by Krishna Productions . The theatrical rights of Australia and New Zealand were sold to . The film 's Singaporean rights were sold to films . Gulf and Kuwait theatrical rights were sold to K. A. and respectively . Red Giant Movies distributed Maaveeran while films distributed Dheera — The Warrior . The film 's Karnataka distributor , , was disciplined for breaking the rules of the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce by simultaneously releasing a non @-@ Kannada film in more than 21 screens in the state . The proceeds of 21 screens were given to him while the rest was confiscated by the Chamber of Commerce . The also suspended , who was 's secretary for distribution , from its executive committee . - Joint collector Gaurav convened a meeting of film and distributors , warning them against black @-@ marketing tickets to Magadheera . This was after local leaders , attempting to acquire a maximum number of tickets , blocked and booked tickets to the film in advance , to their supporters during the local civic polls in . Special teams of revenue , police and commercial tax officers were appointed to keep watch at ticket and ensure that each person was issued only one ticket . was ordered to be given for the sanitation , safety and comfort of the viewers . Authorities in ensured the strict checking and prevention of black @-@ marketing of tickets . However , Ram Charan 's fans resorted to and an impromptu protest demonstration in the office of Revenue Divisional Officer K. in . They demanded the screening of a benefit show and the advance sale of tickets after being rejected by the management of the twin theatres , and Krishna , where the film was screened . Their plea was rejected by the officer , who said that the tickets would be issued only to those who came in queue and that no special concessions would be made for fans . - - = = = = = = - - On 9 August 2009 , two persons , identified as student M. Kumar and , were killed and 15 others sustained severe injuries after being while jostling for tickets for Magadheera at the theatre in , . The screening of Magadheera at theatres in was prohibited by the then minister until safety measures were complied with . 's announcement followed the death of five people in Village due to an electrical accident at the Lakshmi theatre screening Magadheera . - - = = = of plagiarism = = = - - Folk Rao alleged that his 40 @-@ year @-@ old folk song " Em " , which was featured in T. Krishna 's ( 1986 ) , was used by film director Rajamouli and Allu Aravind in the Magadheera song " " without Rao 's consent . of , and staged a protest demonstration in front of the 70 MM theatre in , where the film was screened , to demand the removal of the song . The protesters said that the song was written by Rao during the famous armed struggle four decades prior and had been misused to portray an obscene duet in the film . They added that the song was used without the permission of the writer and that the depiction defeated the very purpose of the song , which was written in a revolutionary spirit . They demanded a public apology by the makers to Rao . A few reports stated that Rao demanded Aravind pay him compensation of ₹ 5 million . - After the completion of the film 's 175 day run , novelist S. P. accused the film of being based on a novel that he had written and published as a serial under the title in a monthly magazine in 1998 . He demanded that filmmakers compensate him for using his idea without consent , and threatened to take legal action if the producers did not heed his demands , or remade the film in another language . He added that he deserved to be credited for the story and alleged that Allu Arjun and Allu were trying to postpone his acknowledgment by discussing the issue with him . - - = = = Home media = = = - - Magadheera was the first Telugu film in India to have a home media release in Blu @-@ ray format . During the release announcement , Allu said that although they initially were reluctant to go for it , given the fact that there were approximately only 2500 Blu @-@ ray devices in Andhra Pradesh , the overwhelming demand for it made him rethink the decision . He added , " this vision with us was Sri Videos , the largest home @-@ video label in Andhra Pradesh . Together , we 're bringing out Magadheera on Blu @-@ ray . Though Videos released 's King ( 2008 ) on Blu @-@ ray , it was only for the overseas market . This makes Magadheera the first Blu @-@ ray film to be released in India and with a bonus disc with additional footage . We 're also a holding a press event on this regard to officially announce the launch of the movie on DVD and Blu @-@ ray . " - A press note announced that the DVDs would be available beginning the third week of March 2010 while the Blu @-@ ray would be available 2 weeks later . The launch ceremony took place in a Marriott Hotel on 27 February 2010 . The first DVD was released by M. M. Keeravani and was presented by journalist . The DVD was released in video format and Digital 5 @.@ 1 surround audio format on 5 March 2010 . The Blu @-@ ray disc released on 13 April 2010 . Magadheera held the top position in sales for its Blu @-@ ray edition with 5 @.@ 1 digital sound format as of July 2014 . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - of The Hindu summarised , " Magadheera is not for the weak @-@ hearted , those who do not like the sight of blood and neither is it for those who like movies with storylines that are much @-@ closer @-@ to @-@ reality . But Rajamouli excels in story @-@ telling . The way he has used the flashback as a flip switch , going back and forth and taking the viewer through a 400 @-@ year journey in a is interesting . The rest is about how well technology , creativity , imagination and innovation are to present what is an eye @-@ pleasing experience for viewers . " B. V. S. Prakash of The Times of India wrote , " Despite a few narrative , the much @-@ semi @-@ periodic epic lives up to expectations . Unlike his previous action @-@ centric films , director Rajamouli dishes a heart @-@ touching love story in a lavish canvas convincingly . Also for the way he has and presented the film . " He added , " After not @-@ so @-@ impressive , Ram Charan returns as a valiant soldier and life into the larger @-@ than @-@ life role with ease . Similarly , Kajal known for simple lover girl roles transforms into a determined princess and truly . Dev Gil is adequate as the ruthless villain " , and rated the film 3 out of 5 . - Entertainment stated , " S. S. Rajamouli has chosen a fantastic love story for his movie Magadheera and linked it to a love story that dated back to some 400 years . He has filled complete energy in the film and no doubt , the graphic works and modern technology are perfectly used for the movie . As a whole , the film reminds the audiences of watching a Hollywood movie with perfect local flavor " , and called the film 's screenplay by Rajamouli a highlight . stated " Magadheera is not an epic , not a legend , not even a cult movie , but it is certainly an artistic and a sensory treat . Like we said before , a must watch ! A mast watch ! " . - of Rediff.com called the film " technically brilliant " and wrote " A reincarnation story is not often seen in Telugu cinema and SS Rajamouli uses this theme for Ram Charan Teja 's second film Magadheera . It 's a magnum opus production with great technical work . The graphics are excellent for a Telugu movie . Overall , the movie is a mainstream one with good packaging . " She rated the film 3 out of 5 . Sify called the film a " brilliant " and wrote , " Set against the backdrop of an eerie theme — reincarnation — Magadheera on the screen with multiple shades of entertainment . When the movie was launched last year , director Rajamouli to reveal the central theme of the story . He has succeeded in his attempt , as he was able to keep the screenplay and narration gripping from start to finish . The second half has the soul in it . " Sify summarised , " In short , the movie encompasses some of the best commercial elements that Telugu audience have seen in the recent past . " - IndiaGlitz called the film " royal and " and opined , " The film deserves a special credit for many reasons , notable among them is the grandeur of the movie and the amazing technical aspects . This is surely a path breaker in terms of Telugu film making and with the likes of ' ' , sure is proud to have this one in its league . It is a valiant attempt to bring such genre to the modern day audience and present it with so that it fits the historical angle and the today 's angle . " However , Rajamouli was accused of lifting scenes from films like ( 2000 ) , Troy ( 2004 ) , The Myth ( 2005 ) and 300 ( 2007 ) . - - = = = Box office = = = - - The film collected a share of approximately ₹ 200 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 0 million ) in its first week in Andhra Pradesh alone , of which a share of ₹ 71 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) was collected in Nizam region . Sixteen centres collected ₹ 10 million ( US $ 150 @,@ 000 ) , each of which was an all @-@ time state record . It collected a share of ₹ 381 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 7 million ) in 21 days in Andhra Pradesh . By the end of its four @-@ week run , the film was declared a blockbuster and collected a share of ₹ 435 @.@ 6 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 5 million ) in 28 days and ₹ 470 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 0 million ) in 35 days . The film completed a 50 @-@ day run in 302 centres on 18 September 2009 . By then , the film had collected ₹ 650 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 7 million ) and stood strong . - The film completed its 100 @-@ day run in 223 centres and grossed over ₹ 1 @.@ 25 billion ( US $ 19 million ) without satellite and audio rights . By then it had surpassed 's Sivaji ( 2007 ) , which grossed ₹ 650 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 7 million ) in Tamil Nadu , and stood second to ( 2008 ) , which reached ₹ 2 billion ( US $ 30 million ) . The film completed a 175 @-@ day run in 3 centres and , by then , collected a share of ₹ 580 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 6 million ) . The film completed a 365 @-@ day run in theatre in Kurnool on 31 July 2010 and a 1000 @-@ day run in the same theatre on 26 April 2012 . The film collected a share of ₹ 731 million ( US $ 11 million ) at the worldwide box office in its lifetime with a gross of ₹ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( US $ 22 million ) . It was declared the highest in the history of Telugu cinema and stood in the first place in the list of Telugu films with highest worldwide shares . It held that position until 2013 when pushed it to the second spot . - More than 50 % of the film 's lifetime collections were from the Nizam region . The film also did well in the overseas box office . It was released in New Jersey with three prints on three screens and collected a record share of more than 150 @,@ 000 dollars , turning the highest amount raised overseas by a Telugu film ; the previous record holder was ' ( 2008 ) , which collected more than 100 @,@ 000 dollars . It grossed 102 @,@ 000 dollars in its first two days in New Jersey and a share of 95 @,@ 000 dollars in Virginia with two prints as of mid August 2009 . It collected a share of 78 @,@ 000 dollars in the San Francisco Bay Area with a single print . It managed to sell 2300 tickets in Minneapolis ; the previous record for tickets sold there for a Telugu film was 1200 . The film 's overseas records were beaten two years later by ( 2011 ) , although disputes have arisen over which film holds the all @-@ time sales record . - - = = Legacy = = - - Magadheera 's success turned Kajal into one of the most sought @-@ after actresses in Telugu cinema and catapulted her into the foray of leading Telugu actresses . The film was also considered a fate in the career of Ram Charan . The role of Sher Khan played by Srihari was considered as one of the best roles in his career and also catapulted S. S. Rajamouli to stardom . Dev Gill attained stardom with this film and went on to work in several South Indian films as an antagonist . After the release of Magadheera , people began him as . According to writer , Magadheera started a trend of experimentation with period , socio @-@ fantasy and spiritual themes that was continued in films like ( 2010 ) , ( 2010 ) , O ( 2011 ) , ( 2011 ) , Sri Rama ( 2011 ) and ? ? ( 2012 ) . - The props used in this film , including weapons like swords and shields , were auctioned by Movie Artist Association . Actors , , and the general public were invited to bid and the proceeds were used to aid poor artists in the Telugu film industry . Actor Sivaji Raja started the bidding by offering ₹ 50 @,@ 000 for the sword that Ram Charan used and comedian started the bidding for the shield with ₹ 25 @,@ 000 . B. V. S. N. Prasad bid for both the sword and knife for ₹ 100 @,@ 000 . The bidding started on 7 May 2010 online in the association 's official website and ended on 16 May . The winners were declared on 20 May 2010 . After Magadheera , S. S. Rajamouli worked on a small budget film Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) which , according to Crazy Mohan , was similar to the act of S. S. directing the small budget film Mr. ( 1952 ) after ( 1948 ) . Rajamouli explained his decision by saying , " I decided that my next project would be Maryada Ramanna during the Magadheera shooting itself because it is a 1 and half year project that demands lot of physical labor and mental strain . I didn 't want to commit another physically exhausting film immediately after Magadheera . Maryada Ramanna gave us time to recharge our batteries so that we could come up with another huge project . " He revealed Maryada Ramanna 's plot before its launch to minimise the expectations of his audience after Magadheera 's success . - said " Ever since and Magadheera did well at the box office , the rest of the industry started following their footsteps . Also , since there is an irrational craze to make high budget films right now , producers are turning towards mythological films . It is the only genre where you can of spending for creating the sets and the look of the film . But what they don 't realize is that if these films flop , the blow to the producer will be severe . " Films like O ( 2011 ) and ( 2011 ) were commercial failures and Badrinath ( 2012 ) was an average ; all being fantasy films in which the protagonist is a warrior . The promos of Badrinath looked similar to Magadheera and the former 's director V. V. along with its male lead Allu Arjun kept insisting that Badrinath is to Magadheera . Producer Kumar said " If a hero delivers a hit , producers run after him for five years and burn their fingers only after six or eight . It 's the same story with movies . Since Magadheera became a hit , every other hero and director wants to do period film where there is scope to spend . They don 't work on the script , story or relevance . It is a pure display of graphics , heroes ' and grandeur . The plot is lost . Magadheera worked because it was a novel genre then , but why will people want to see the same things again ? " . - cited the character of Mithravinda played by Kajal in the film as one of her dream roles . Ram Gopal Varma refused to call Magadheera a film and instead termed it as an event that comes " once in a blue moon " . While commenting on Mahesh Babu 's Aagadu ( 2014 ) , he said that Magadheera looked like a 750 film when compared to Aagadu if the latter was a 75 film and added , " My comparison between " Aagadu " and " Magadheera " is mainly because they both are the most expensive films for their own individual times . " Reviewing the Tamil film ( 2014 ) , few critics opined that the film had traces of Magadheera mainly due to the theme of reincarnation . The Tamil dubbed version of the Telugu film ( 2014 ) , which featured Charan in one of the lead roles and Kajal in a crucial cameo , was titled Magadheera . - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - The film won the National Award for Best Choreography and Best Special Effects at the 57th National Film Awards . The film also won six Filmfare Awards , nine Nandi Awards , and ten Awards . - - = = = = - - Ram Charan decided not to debut in Bollywood with Magadheera 's Hindi remake , as he believed the film might not be recreated well . In an interview with The Times of India , Charan said , " When I met Kapoor some time back , he told me I will ask Kapoor to remake Magadheera with you in Hindi . But I said I don 't know if I would want to do the remake . Magadheera is a lovely film which can 't be recreated . " The film was remade in Bengali as : The Warrior in 2014 ; it was directed by Raj Chakraborty with Dev and Mimi Chakraborty playing the lead roles . The 2014 Kannada film Brahma , according to its director R. , was inspired by Magadheera but was not a remake . In August 2014 , Kapoor expressed his desire to reprise Ram Charan 's role in a Hindi remake saying , " I have been wanting to do Magadheera for the longest . I have seen the film and loved it I think it ’ s a killer subject . " In late November 2014 , Sajid Nadiadwala confirmed that he would direct the film 's Hindi remake with Kapoor as the lead . When asked by Subhash K. Jha the reason for not directing the Hindi remake , Rajamouli said " I 've already spent two years of my life on it . I ’ d rather make something else . Magadheera was my toughest film to make . Very tiring . " - - - = Hurricane Flossy ( 1956 ) = - - Hurricane Flossy originated from a tropical disturbance in the eastern Pacific Ocean and moved across Central America into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression on September 21 , 1956 , which became a tropical storm on September 22 and a hurricane on September 23 . The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) before it struck the central Gulf coast of the United States as a Category 1 hurricane on September 24 , and evolved into an extratropical cyclone on September 25 . It was the first hurricane to affect oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico . The tropical cyclone led to flooding in New Orleans , and broke a drought across the eastern United States . The death toll was 15 , and total damages reached $ 24 @.@ 8 million ( 1956 USD ) . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - A tropical disturbance moved northward , crossing Guatemala from the eastern Pacific ocean into the northwest Caribbean Sea between September 20 and September 21 . It became a tropical cyclone soon after emerging into the Caribbean , and moved across the Yucatán Peninsula as a tropical depression before becoming a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on September 22 and a hurricane on September 23 . It turned sharply east @-@ northeast across the Mouth of the Mississippi river on September 24 as a minor hurricane . The storm continued east @-@ northeast and made landfall in Florida east of Pensacola . The system evolved into an extratropical cyclone soon after passing out of the Sunshine State and continued moving east to northeast hugging the Atlantic to near the Virginia before moving slowly through the shipping lanes between Canada and Bermuda , blocked by a high pressure system in southeast Canada . - - = = Preparations = = - - By the morning of September 22 , hurricane watches were posted for the upper Texas and Louisiana coasts . By the morning of September 24 , hurricane warnings were in effect from Grand Isle , Louisiana to Fort Walton Beach , Florida while storm warnings were in effect from Morgan City , Louisiana to St. Marks , Florida . The approach of the hurricane led to the evacuation of 15 aircraft from Florida to Air Force Base , in Oklahoma . - - = = Impact = = - - - = = = Gulf of Mexico = = = - - This was the first hurricane to cause significant disruption to oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico . Several hundred active wells went out of service , and drilling came to a halt for a few days during and after the cyclone 's passage . One of Humble company 's saw three @-@ quarters of its chains compromised , which swung it around into an adjacent oil platform , causing $ 200 @,@ 000 in damage ( 1956 USD ) . The cost to in production was greater than the damage Flossy created to the oil rigs . There was no loss of life . Due to the impact of Flossy on oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico , the American Petroleum Institute formed a committee called Research on Weather . Their goal was to use mathematical models and historic data to better predict hurricane formation and path . Studies went on into 1962 , but no reliable forecast mechanism was found . - - = = = United States = = = - - In Louisiana , wind @-@ blown sand from the beach spread over area highways due to the hurricane . A total of 16 @.@ 70 inches ( mm ) of rainfall fell at Golden Meadow , Louisiana . , Louisiana 's pressure fell to 29 @.@ 03 inHg ( 983 @.@ 1 hPa or mb ) . Hundreds lost their homes in the storm . The storm surge was significant enough to Grand Isle , Louisiana . At Lock , the storm tide reached 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) . Extensive coastal erosion was caused by the cyclone across the Mississippi Delta . In New Orleans , Louisiana , about 2 @.@ 5 square miles ( 6 @.@ 5 km2 ) were flooded as portions of the seawall were . drowned across the region , and crops such as citrus , sugar cane , and were heavily damaged . - Winds as high as 66 mph ( 106 km / h ) struck coastal Mississippi . A total of 16 @.@ 30 inches ( 414 mm ) of rain fell at Gulf . In Montgomery , Alabama , the tent used to house the Eastern Hills Baptist Church was destroyed . Across northern Florida , southern Alabama , and Georgia , Flossy was considered drought @-@ breaking . In southwest Georgia , high winds from Flossy damaged the corn and cotton crops . The lowest pressure reported was 28 @.@ 93 inches / 979 @.@ 8 hPa or mb at Pensacola Naval Air Station . The storm tide at Beach , Florida , reached 7 @.@ 4 feet ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) above mean sea level . As tides damaged some piers and small craft , and resulted in severe beach erosion . At least three tornadoes touched down throughout northern Florida in association with Flossy . One damaged or destroyed numerous structures in Gulf County ; two others in Jefferson and counties caused little or no damage . - Further northeast , rains brought by Flossy helped relieve drought conditions across the Carolinas , and were considered beneficial . Winds as high as 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) were recorded in Washington , .. The gas screw vessel Mary Anne was lost at the Hampton Roads Naval Base . High tides caused by the then @-@ extratropical cyclone led to water 2 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) deep in sections of Norfolk . The Back River Light collapsed during the storm , 127 years after it was built . Severe flooding occurred along the state 's coastline , including interior bays . This occurred despite efforts to curb the storm surge with 500 tons ( 454 tonnes ) of broken rock . - Total damages to Louisiana , Florida , Alabama , the Carolinas , and Virginia was $ 24 @.@ 8 million ( 1956 USD ) . - - - = Battle of Binh = - - The Battle of Binh ( Vietnamese : Bình Giã ) , which was part of a larger communist campaign , was conducted by the Viet Cong from December 28 , 1964 , to January 1 , 1965 , during the Vietnam War in Bình Giã . The battle took place in Phước Tuy Province ( now part of Bà Rịa – Province ) , South Vietnam . - The year of 1964 marked a decisive turning point in the Vietnam War . Following the ousting of President Ngô Đình Diệm in 1963 , South Vietnam 's top army generals continued to vie with each other for control of the country ’ s military @-@ dominated government instead of combating the emerging forces of the National Liberation Front , also known as the Viet Cong . The of the South Vietnamese government was reflected on the battlefield , where its military experienced great setbacks against the Viet Cong . Taking advantage of Saigon 's political instability , Communist leaders in Hanoi began preparing for war . Even though key members of North Vietnam 's Politburo disagreed on the best strategy to reunite their country , they ultimately went ahead to prepare for armed struggle against South Vietnam and their American supporters . - Towards the end of 1964 , the National Liberation Front commenced a series of large @-@ scale military operations against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , as ordered by the North Vietnamese government . As part of their Winter @-@ Spring Offensive , the Viet Cong unleashed its newly created 9th Division against the South Vietnamese forces at Bình Giã , fighting a large set @-@ piece battle for the first time . Over a period of four days , the Viet Cong 9th Division held its ground and the best units the South Vietnamese army could send against them , only breaking after intense attack by U.S. bombers . - - = = Background = = - - In 1964 , the political establishment in South Vietnam was still in turmoil . Following the coup that ousted Ngô Đình Diệm , the military situation quickly worsened as the National Liberation Front ( NLF , also known as Viet Cong ) gained significant ground in the countryside because the Military Revolutionary Council which governed South Vietnam , lacked direction both in terms of policy and planning . Furthermore , General Dương Văn Minh , as the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council , and his civilian Prime Minister Nguyễn favoured a political resolution instead of using military force , which brought them into conflict with the United States over the best strategy to end the Communist threat in South Vietnam . As a result , both men became increasingly unpopular among the military generals who held real political power in Saigon . On January 30 , 1964 , General Nguyễn Khánh successfully ousted Dương Văn Minh from the Military Revolutionary Council without firing a single shot . For much of the year , Khánh spent most of his efforts on consolidating political power , instead of fighting the Viet Cong . - In contrast to the political unrest in Saigon , the Communist leadership in North Vietnam were far more concerned about the best strategy to fight the South Vietnamese government and their American supporters . While all leaders in Hanoi shared the same goal of eventual of their homeland , different factions within the Communist Party disagreed on the best method to achieve their desired goal . Members of North Vietnam 's Politburo were divided by the issues surrounding the Soviet strategy of peaceful co @-@ existence versus the Chinese strategy of supporting national liberation movements in emerging countries . Despite their differences of opinion , the Communist Party leadership ultimately made preparations for armed struggle in South Vietnam . From Hanoi 's perspective , the military regime in Saigon was able to hold out because the Communist main forces were still not ready to fight a conventional war , so North Vietnam must focus on the development of its military force in the shortest period of time . In the meantime , however , the war must be kept at its current level in order to prevent the full involvement of the United States military . - On October 11 , 1964 , the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam was ordered to carry out a series of military operations as part of the Communist winter @-@ spring offensive . The NLF Bo ( Mekong Delta ) Regional Command established a sub @-@ command under the leadership of Trần Đình Xu , with Nguyễn as the deputy commander , and Lê Tấn as the political . Their mission was to inflict damage on the regular units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) and destroy the strategic hamlets constructed by the former Ngô Đình Diệm regime . The National Liberation Front in South Vietnam identified the regions of Bình Long @-@ Phước Long and Bà Rịa @-@ Long Khánh , along Route 14 , as the main targets for their offensive . Meanwhile , the Central Military Commission in Hanoi appointed General Nguyen Chi Thanh as the commander of North Vietnamese military operations in southern Vietnam . Other high @-@ ranking officers such as Major Generals Lê Tấn and Trần , and Colonel were sent to South Vietnam to supervise the military build @-@ up which would commence in November 1964 . - - = = Prelude = = - - In July 1964 , the 271st and 272nd Regiments of the People 's Liberation Armed Forces ( PLAF ) , began moving into the provinces of Bình Dương , Bình Long and Phước Long to carry out their mission . During the first phase of their campaign , the Viet Cong regiments overran several strategic hamlets at Sang , Cam Xe , , and Thai . Between August and September 1964 , Viet Cong regiments executed deep into Bình Dương and to apply additional pressure on South Vietnamese outposts situated on Route 14 . During the second phase of their campaign , the Viet Cong ambushed two South Vietnamese infantry companies and destroyed five armoured vehicles , which consisted of light tanks and M @-@ 113 . The PLAF defeated regular South Vietnamese units at the strategic hamlets of Bình and Bình Co . - Following the completion of the initial stages in their campaign , the Viet Cong forces were ordered to regroup and prepare for the next offensive in the Long Khánh region . Viet Cong soldiers from the two regiments were assembled in War Zone D , where they were trained to attack well @-@ fortified enemy strongholds . On November 20 , 1964 , the Viet Cong reached the Long Khánh battlefield , having completed a 200 kilometres march from War Zone D. On the battlefield the Viet Cong 186th Battalion ( from Military Region 5 ) , the and Battalions ( from Military Region 7 ) , and the 445th Company also joined the offensive . To kick @-@ start their offensive in the @-@ Long Khánh region , the Viet Cong selected Bình Giã as their next target . Bình Giã was a small village located in Phước Tuy Province , about 67 kilometres away from South Vietnam 's capital of Saigon . - During the war about 6 @,@ 000 people lived in Bình Giã , and most of whom were anti @-@ communist . The inhabitants of Bình Giã were Roman Catholic refugees who had fled from North Vietnam in 1954 during Operation Passage to Freedom because of fears of Communist persecution . To prepare for their main battle , the Viet Cong 272nd Regiment was ordered to block Inter @-@ provincial Road No. 2 and 15 , and destroy any South Vietnamese units attempting to reach Bình Giã from the south @-@ western flank of the battlefield . In the days leading up to the battle , the Viet Cong often came out to harass the local militia forces . On December 9 , 1964 , the 272nd Regiment destroyed an entire South Vietnamese mechanised rifle company along Inter @-@ provincial Road No. 2 , destroying 16 M @-@ 113 . On December 17 , the 272nd Regiment destroyed another six armoured vehicles on Inter @-@ provincial Road No. 15 . - - = = Battle = = - - During the early hours of December 28 , 1964 , elements of the Viet Cong 271st Regiment and the 445th Company , signaled their main attack on Bình Giã by penetrating the village 's eastern perimeter . There , they clashed with members of the South Vietnamese Popular Force , which numbered about 65 personnel . The South Vietnamese militia fighters proved no match for the Viet Cong and their overwhelming firepower , so they quickly retreated into underground bunkers , and called for help . Once the village was captured , Colonel Ta Minh , the Viet Cong regimental commander , established his command post in the main village church and waited for fresh reinforcements , which came in the form of heavy mortars , machine guns and @-@ less rifles . To counter South Vietnamese helicopter assaults , Colonel 's troops set up a network of defensive fortifications around the village , with trenches and bunkers protected by land mines and barbed wire . The local Catholic priest , who was also the village chief , sent a bicycle messenger out to the Bà Rịa district headquarters to ask for a relief force . In response , the Bà Rịa district chief sent out elements of two Vietnamese Rangers battalions to retake Bình Giã . On December 29 , two companies of the ARVN 33rd Ranger Battalion and a company from the 30th Ranger Battalion were into area located west of Bình Giã , by helicopters from the U.S. 118th Aviation Company to face an enemy force of unknown size . - However , as soon as the soldiers from the 30th and 33rd Ranger Battalions arrived at the landing zone , they were quickly overwhelmed by the Viet Cong in a deadly ambush . The entire 30th Ranger Battalion was then committed to join the attack , but they too did not initially succeed in penetrating the strong Viet Cong defensive lines . Several more companies of the Rangers then arrived for an attack from multiple directions . Two companies of the 33rd Ranger Battalion advanced from the northeast . One of them came to the outskirts of the village but was unable to break through the enemy defenses . The other one , trying to outflank the enemy , had been lured into a kill zone in open terrain at the coffee plantation and were quickly obliterated in an ambush by the three VC battalions using heavy weapons . The two companies suffered a 70 percent casualty rate , and survivors were forced to retreat to the nearby Catholic church . The 30th Rangers had more success by assaulting from the western direction and succeeded in fighting their way into the village , aided by local residents . It however also suffered heavy losses , with the battalion commander and his American adviser severely wounded . The local civilians in Bình Giã retrieved weapons and ammunition from the dead Rangers , and hid the wounded government soldiers from the Viet Cong . The 38th Ranger Battalion , on the other hand , landed on the battlefield unopposed by the Viet Cong , and they immediately advanced on Bình Giã from the south . Soldiers from the 38th Rangers spent the whole day fighting but they could not break through their enemies ' defences to link up with the survivors hiding in the church , and fell back after calling in mortar fire to Viet Cong fighters moving to encircle them . - The morning of December 30 , the 4th South Vietnamese Marine Battalion moved out to Air Base , waiting to be into the battlefield . The 1 / 4th Marine Battalion was the first unit to arrive on the outskirts of Bình Giã , but the 1st Company commander decided to secure the landing zone , to wait for the rest of the battalion to arrive instead of moving on to their objective . After the rest of the 4th Marine Battalion had arrived , they marched towards the Catholic church to relieve the besieged Rangers . About one and a half hours later , the 4th Marine Battalion linked up with the 30th , 33rd and 38th Ranger Battalions , as the Viet Cong began withdrawing to the northeast . That afternoon the 4th Marine Battalion recaptured the village , but the Viet Cong was nowhere to be seen , as all their units had withdrawn from the village during the previous night , linking with other Viet Cong elements in the forest to attack the government relief forces . On the evening of December 30 , the Viet Cong returned Bình Giã and attacked from the south @-@ eastern perimeter of the village . The local villagers , who discovered the approaching Viet Cong , immediately sounded the alarm to alert the ARVN soldiers defending the village . The South Vietnamese were able to repel the Viet Cong , with support from U.S. Army helicopter flown out from airbase . - While pursuing the Viet Cong , a helicopter from the U.S. 68th Assault Company was shot down and crashed in the Quảng Giao rubber plantation , about four kilometres away from Bình Giã , killing four of its crewmen . On December 31 , the U.S. Marines Advisory Group sent a team of four personnel , led by Captain Donald G. Cook , to Bình Giã to observe conditions on the battlefield . At the same time , the 4th Marine Battalion was ordered to locate the crashed helicopter and recover the bodies of the dead American crewmen . Acting against the advice of his American advisor , Major Nguyễn Văn , commander of the 4th Marine Battalion , sent his 2 / 4th Marine Battalion company out to the Quảng Giao rubber plantation . Unknown to the 4th Marine Battalion , the Viet Cong 271st Regiment had assembled in the plantation . About one hour after they had departed from the village of Bình Giã , the commander of the 2 / 4th Marine Battalion reported via radio that his troops had found the helicopter wreckage , and the bodies of four American crewmen . Shortly afterwards , the Viet Cong opened fire and the 2 / 4th Marine Battalion was forced to pull back . In an attempt to save the 2nd Company , the entire 4th Marine Battalion was sent out to confront the Viet Cong . As the lead element of the 4th Marine Battalion closed in on the Quảng Giao plantation , they were hit by accurate Viet Cong artillery fire , which was soon followed by repeated human wave attacks . Having absorbed heavy casualties from the Viet Cong 's ambush , the 2 / 4th Marine Battalion had to fight their way out of the plantation with their bayonets fixed . During the entire ordeal , the company did not receive artillery support because the plantation was beyond the range of artillery guns based in Phước Tuy and Bà Rịa . They however escaped with the crucial support of the U.S. aircraft and helicopters whose rocket attacks forced the enemy to pull back and halted their attempt at pursuit . - In the morning of December 31 , the 4th Marines Battalion returned to the crash site with the entire force and the American graves were located and their corpses were dug up . At about 3 pm , a single U.S. helicopter arrived on the battlefield to evacuate the casualties , but they only picked up the bodies of the four American crewmen , while South Vietnamese casualties were forced to wait for another helicopter to arrive . At 4 pm , Major Nguyễn Văn ordered the 4th Marine Battalion to carry their casualties back to the village , instead of continuing to wait for the helicopters . As the 4th Marine Battalion began their return march , three Viet Cong battalions , with artillery support , suddenly attacked them from three directions . The battalion 's commanding and executive officers were immediately killed and air support was not available . Two ARVN Marine companies managed to fight their way out of the ambush and back to Bình Giã , but the third was overrun and almost completely wiped out . The fourth company desperately held out at a hilltop against Viet Cong artillery and large infantry charges , before slipping out through the enemy positions at dawn . The 4th Marines Battalion of 426 men lost a total of 117 soldiers killed , 71 wounded and 13 missing . Among the casualties were 35 officers of the 4th Marine Battalion killed in action , and the four American advisers attached to the unit were also wounded . Backed by U.S. Air Force bombers , on January 1 three battalions of ARVN Airborne reinforcements arrived , they were too late as most of the Viet Cong had already withdrawn from the battlefield . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The battle of Bình Giã reflected the Viet Cong 's growing military strength and influence , especially in the Mekong Delta region . It was the first time the National Liberation Front launched a large @-@ scale operation , holding its ground and fighting for four days against government troops equipped with armor , artillery and helicopters , and aided by U.S. air support and military advisers . The Viet Cong demonstrated that , when well @-@ supplied with military supplies from North Vietnam , they had the ability to fight and inflict damage even on the best ARVN units . For the first time in their history , the NLF was able to control a government stronghold for several days , and inflict heavy casualties on regular units of the South Vietnamese army in a large set @-@ piece battle . - The Viet Cong suffered light casualties with only 32 soldiers officially confirmed killed , and they did not leave a single casualty on the battlefield . In recognition of the 271st Regiment 's performance during the Bình Giã campaign , the NLF High Command bestowed the title ' Bình Giã Regiment ' on the unit to honour their achievement . Following the Bình Giã campaign , the NLF went on to occupy District and the strategic hamlets of , Long and along Inter @-@ provincial Road No. 2 and 15 . They also expanded the base area , which was located in Bà Rịa and Bình provinces , to protect the important sea transportation routes used by the Vietnam People 's Navy to supply Viet Cong units around the regions of the Mekong River . - Unlike their adversaries , the South Vietnamese military suffered heavily in their attempts to recapture the village of Bình Giã and secure the surrounding areas . The South Vietnamese and their American allies lost the total of about 201 personnel killed in action , 192 wounded and 68 missing . In just four days of fighting , two of South Vietnam 's elite Ranger companies were destroyed and several others suffered heavy losses , while the 4th Marine Battalion was rendered ineffective as a fighting force . At that stage of the war , Bình Giã was the worst defeat experienced by any South Vietnamese army . Despite the humiliating defeat inflicted on them , the South Vietnamese army stubbornly considered the battle as their victory and erected a monument at the site of the battle to acknowledge the sacrifices of the soldiers who had fallen to retake Bình Giã . - - = = Order of battle ( ground forces ) = = - - - = = = Viet Cong = = = - - 271st Regiment ( renamed the 1st PLAF Regiment and became part of the 9th Division on 2 1965 ) - 272nd Regiment ( renamed the 2nd PLAF Regiment and became part of the 9th Division on 2 1965 ) - 186th Battalion - Battalion - Battalion - Battalion - 445th Company - 80th Artillery Detachment - - = = = Army of the Republic of Vietnam = = = - - 1st Airborne Battalion - 3rd Airborne Battalion - 7th Airborne Battalion - 4th Marine Battalion - 29th Ranger Battalion - 30th Ranger Battalion - 33rd Ranger Battalion - 35th Ranger Battalion - 38th Ranger Battalion - Two artillery platoons and one section of M @-@ 24 tanks in support . - - - = June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina = - - In June 1941 , Serbs in eastern Herzegovina rebelled against the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : , NDH ) , an Axis puppet state established during World War II on the territory of the defeated Kingdom of Yugoslavia . As the NDH imposed its authority , members of the fascist Ustaše ruling party began a campaign of persecution against Serbs throughout the country . In eastern Herzegovina , the Ustaše a series of massacres and attacks against the majority Serb population commencing in the first week of June . Between 3 and 22 June 1941 , spontaneous clashes occurred between NDH authorities and groups of Serbs in the region . - The German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June . Over the next two days , the sporadic by Serbs against the NDH in eastern Herzegovina erupted into mass rebellion , triggered by Ustaše persecution , Serb solidarity with the Russian people , hatred and fear of the NDH authorities , and other factors . Serb rebels , under the leadership of both local Serbs and Montenegrins , attacked police , gendarmerie , Ustaše and Croatian Home Guard forces in the region . In the first few days , the rebels captured gendarmerie posts in several villages , set up roadblocks on the major roads and ambushed several military vehicles . On the night of 26 June , the rebels mounted a sustained attack on the town of Nevesinje in an attempt to capture it , but the garrison held out until the morning of 28 June when NDH troops broke through the rebel roadblocks . - On 28 June , the rebels ambushed a of Italian soldiers , prompting the Italian Army commander in the NDH to warn the NDH government that he would take unilateral action to secure communication routes . A further gendarmerie post was destroyed by the rebels , and in the evening the rebels captured the village of Avtovac , looting and burning it , and killing dozens of non @-@ Serb civilians . The following day an Italian column cleared the rebels from Avtovac and relieved the hard @-@ pressed NDH garrison in the town of Gacko . From 3 July , an NDH force of over 2 @,@ 000 fanned out from Nevesinje , clearing towns , villages and routes of rebels . The rebel forces did not put up any significant opposition to the clearing operation , and either retreated into nearby Montenegro , or hid their weapons in the mountains and went home . By 7 July , NDH forces had regained full control of all towns and major transport routes in eastern Herzegovina . - - = = Background = = - - The Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) was founded on 10 April 1941 , during the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers . The NDH consisted of most of modern @-@ day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , together with some parts of modern @-@ day Serbia . It was essentially an Italo – German quasi @-@ protectorate , as it owed its existence to the Axis powers , who maintained occupation forces within the puppet state throughout its existence . In the immediate aftermath of the Yugoslav surrender on 17 April , former Royal Yugoslav Army troops returned to their homes in eastern Herzegovina with their weapons . This was a significant security concern for the fledgling NDH government due to the proximity of the border with Montenegro , the close relationship between the people of eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro , and widespread in the region . On the day after the surrender , the commander of the NDH armed forces , ( Marshal ) Kvaternik issued a proclamation demanding the surrender of all weapons to NDH authorities by 24 April . - On 24 April , the NDH created five military command areas , including Bosnia Command and Adriatic Command , both of which were initially headquartered in Sarajevo . Each of the five military commands included several district commands . Adriatic Command included the districts of and in the hinterland , and Mostar and Trebinje in eastern Herzegovina . The NDH began to soldiers for the Home Guard , with six battalions identified to join Adriatic Command . The battalions were mobilised from areas outside of eastern Herzegovina , and were to be ready by 20 May . The aggressive actions of the Ustaše fifth column during the Axis invasion made Serb civilian leaders in eastern Herzegovina about the NDH , and they attempted to obtain Italian protection , and urged the Italians to annex eastern Herzegovina to the neighboring Italian @-@ occupied territory of Montenegro . A " Interim Advisory Committee " of Montenegrin separatists was advocating the establishment of an " independent " Montenegrin state , and a similar committee of separatist Serbs was formed in eastern Herzegovina . A delegation from that committee arrived in in Montenegro on 6 May to ask for Italian protection . Similarly , a delegation of Muslims from eastern Herzegovina travelled to Sarajevo , the historic Bosnian capital , to urge the NDH authorities to link eastern Herzegovina to that city . - Due to the poor response to the demand for the surrender of weapons , the deadline was extended several times until a date of 8 July was fixed . On 17 May , courts @-@ martial were established to try those that were arrested in possession of weapons , and those found guilty were immediately executed by firing squad . The precedent for this brutal repressive measure against Serbs had already been established by the Germans . It was clear from the outset that the NDH weapons laws were not being enforced as strictly against Croats as they were against Serbs . the border between eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro was considered a high priority due to concerns that the Montenegrin Party had revived Montenegrin claims to parts of the NDH that had been promised to the Kingdom of Montenegro in the 1915 Treaty of London . - The Italians handed over the administration of eastern Herzegovina to the NDH government on 20 May 1941 , following the signing of the of Rome , which ceded formerly Yugoslav territory along the Adriatic coast to Italy . The Italians did not immediately withdraw all their troops from the region . The NDH moved quickly to establish its authority in the towns and districts of eastern Herzegovina , which included appointing mayors and prefects , the creation of local units of the Ustaše Militia , and deploying hundreds of gendarmes , Croatian Home Guards and Ustaše Militia units from outside eastern Herzegovina . These forces were brought in to maintain order . The academic Professor was appointed the Ustaše commissioner for eastern Herzegovina . - On 20 May , the recently formed Home Guard battalions began to deploy into the Adriatic Command area . On 27 May , 6 officers and 300 gendarmes of the Sarajevo @-@ based 4th Regiment were deployed into parts of eastern Herzegovina . They established platoon strength posts in Nevesinje , Trebinje , Gacko and Bileća , with their headquarters also in Bileća . The Dubrovnik @-@ based 2nd Regiment established posts in Stolac and Berkovići . The headquarters of Adriatic Command was transferred to Mostar in late May , and General Ivan Prpić was appointed as its commander . - By 29 May , the battalions of Adriatic Command were in their garrison locations : the 6th Battalion at Mostar , the 7th Battalion at Trebinje , and the 10th Battalion in the Dubrovnik area . The other two Adriatic Command battalions were deployed to and far to the west . The 18th Battalion was allocated as a reserve and was garrisoned in Mostar . Main Ustaše Headquarters was tasked to recruit one battalion for duties within the Adriatic Command area . Home Guard battalions had a standard structure , consisting of a headquarters company , three infantry companies , a machine gun platoon and a communications section , while battalions of the Ustaše Militia consisted of a headquarters , three companies and a motorised section . Even after the establishment of NDH authorities in eastern Herzegovina , Italian forces maintained their presence in the region . The Regiment of the 32nd Infantry Division Marche remained garrisoned in Trebinje , with the 56th Regiment based in Mostar . The 49th Legion ( ) were also stationed in Bileća . The Italians maintained a troop presence in Nevesinje until 17 June , and conducted almost daily motorised patrols throughout eastern Herzegovina . - The NDH authorities established new administrative sub @-@ divisions , organising the state into counties ( Croatian : ) and then districts ( Croatian : ) . Eastern Herzegovina was covered by the counties of Hum and Dubrava . Hum County included the districts of Mostar and Nevesinje , and Dubrava County included the districts of Bileća , Gacko , Stolac , Ravno and Trebinje . The ( county prefect ) of Hum was Josip with his seat in Mostar , and the of Dubrava was Ante , based in Dubrovnik . - According to the Yugoslav census of 1931 , the population of eastern Herzegovina comprised 4 per cent Croats , 28 per cent Muslims , and 68 per cent Serbs . According to Professor Tomasevich , the estimated population of the districts of Bileća , Gacko and Nevesinje was only around 1 @.@ 1 per cent Croat , so in those areas nearly all the NDH government appointments and local Ustaše units were staffed by Muslims , an ethnic group that made up about 23 @.@ 7 per cent of the local population . The poor Muslim peasants of eastern Herzegovina largely sided with the Ustaše . The NDH government immediately tried to strengthen their position by the Serbs , who , according to Tomasevich , comprised around 75 per cent of the population . - - = = Prelude = = - - The Ustaše began to impose the new laws on the Serb population of the NDH . On 28 May , a group of ten young Ustaše students from the University of Zagreb arrived in Trebinje and began removing signs written in the Cyrillic script used by Serbs . On 1 June , in several towns and villages in eastern Herzegovina , Serbs were shot and businesses belonging to Serb merchants and others were seized . On that day , the Ustaše students in Trebinje shot nine Serbs and arrested another fifteen , apparently due to their links to the inter @-@ war Association . began to appear between the brutal treatment of Serbs by the Ustaše and the more careful approach of the other NDH authorities such as the Home Guard , who were aware of the potential danger created by Ustaše methods . In early June , the NDH authorities began operations to confiscate weapons from the population , meeting with immediate resistance . On 1 June , the residents of the village of , near Nevesinje , refused to co @-@ operate with weapons collectors . In response , the Ustaše killed a number of Serbs and burned their homes . - On 3 June , there were several incidents in which armed villagers spontaneously retaliated against the local authorities . That afternoon , 20 Ustaše were entering to confiscate firearms when they were attacked by a group of armed villagers . The villagers withdrew after a short firefight , with one of their number being captured . Reinforcements from the Home Guard and gendarmerie soon arrived , along with more Ustaše who burned another 20 houses and shot a woman . On the night of 4 / 5 June , a group under the control of the Ustaše commissioner for the Gacko district , Herman , killed 140 Serbs in the village of Korita , near Bileća , and threw their bodies into a nearby . Another 27 Serbs from the village were killed between this massacre and 9 June , and over 5 @,@ 000 head of livestock were stolen and distributed to Muslim villages in the Gacko area for the exclusive use of the Ustaše . The estimated number of Serbs killed at Korita vary from 133 to 180 . - In the immediate aftermath , Serbs and Montenegrins from the local area attacked villages , and Adriatic Command sent the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion from Bileća to reinforce the Ustaše . After a brief clash near Korita , during which the Ustaše and gendarmerie lost one killed and several wounded , the rebels withdrew across the nearby border into Montenegro . The 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion spent the night in the village of Stepen before establishing itself as the Avtovac garrison the following day . Due to its exposure to fire from rebels overlooking their location , the gendarmes were unable to re @-@ occupy their post in Stepen , which meant that the Stepen – Korita road was no longer secure . On 8 June , the district office in Gacko reported to Adriatic Command that they had taken 200 Serbs as hostages and issued a proclamation to the population to cease fighting and surrender their weapons . As this proclamation met with no response , on 10 June the Ustaše Commissioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina , Francetić , had 19 hostages shot ( one escaped ) . On 12 June , the gendarmerie in Ravno shot four people on the orders of the Ustaše commissioner for Ljubinje . Such actions led to Serb peasants leaving their villages to seek safety in more remote areas , and Muslim villagers became increasingly nervous about their Serb neighbours . - In mid @-@ June , the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Bileća wrote to Adriatic Command complaining about the activities of the Ustaše , referring to them as " armed and animals " who were " honest Croats " . When the Italians heard that the Ustaše had burned two villages across the border in Montenegro , they sent an intelligence officer to Gacko to investigate the unrest . He did not accept the explanation of the gendarmerie commander in Gacko , who claimed that the violence was caused by " personal hatred and revenge " , and met with rebels . The rebels did not attack him or his security escort , and told him that the reason behind the rebellion was that " Croats and Turks are beating us and throwing us into a pit " . He concluded that the cause of the unrest was the attempt to the Serb community . - On 17 and 18 June , and Lieutenant Colonel , gendarmerie commander for eastern Herzegovina , made an attempt to calm the situation by visiting villages east of the Gacko – Avtovac road to re @-@ establish peace in the area . They received a written message from four villages that they did not acknowledge the NDH authorities , and wanted the message to be passed on to the Italians . The residents of the villages of and were willing to talk and return to work , but they asked that the gendarmerie not visit their villages , as this would the Montenegrins to attack . assessed that while this was probably true , their request was . The gendarmerie commander in Bileća believed that the reason for the rebellion was that the local Serbs were to the idea of Greater Serbia , and did not accept that their villages were part of the NDH . This approach essentially meant that local Serbs wanted the NDH authorities to leave them alone and not impose on their lives . According to the historian Marijan , this was a poor choice that gave the Ustaše an excuse to take radical action . - The response of the NDH authorities to resistance had been to burn down the villages where this had occurred , and there were mass shootings of Serbs , which escalated the level of violence even further . In late May and June , 173 Serbs had been rounded up , tortured and killed in Nevesinje , and in early June , another 140 Serbs had been killed at Ljubinje . In response , Serbs attacked Ustaše officials and facilities , and conducted raids themselves , killing Muslim villagers . - - = = Uprising = = - - The NDH authorities only had weak forces in eastern Herzegovina at the time the mass uprising occurred , roughly equal to two Croatian Home Guard battalions , as well as gendarmerie posts in some towns . This was barely adequate to guard important locations , and was insufficient for offensive action . forces consisted of one company of the 10th Battalion in Trebinje , the headquarters and a reinforced company of the 7th Battalion in Bileća ( the balance of the battalion being divided between Gacko and Avtovac ) , and a company of the 6th Battalion in Nevesinje . The remainder of the 10th Battalion was deploying to Trebinje at the time the rebellion broke out . - - = = = 23 – 24 June = = = - - The first indication that the situation had changed significantly was on 23 June , when a group of 200 Ustaše clashed with a group of rebels they estimated to number between 600 and 1 @,@ 000 . After an extended firefight near the village of Stepen , 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) north of Korita , during which they suffered several casualties , the Ustaše also burned down four villages . They then entered two Muslim @-@ majority villages in the area and arrested 13 Serbs who had not been involved in the earlier fighting . The arrested Serbs were transported north to Avtovac and shot . That night , all adult Serbs above the age of 16 in Gacko , 4 @.@ 5 km ( 2 @.@ 8 mi ) northwest of Avtovac , were arrested , and 26 were immediately shot . The rest were transported 50 km ( 31 mi ) west to a camp in Nevesinje . Over the period 23 – 25 June , 150 Serbs from the village of Ravno , 30 km ( 19 mi ) southwest of Ljubinje , were arrested and killed at the gendarmerie post , and the remainder of the population fled to the hills . - On 23 and 24 June , spontaneous mass gatherings occurred at several villages in the Gacko and Nevesinje districts . These rallies were prompted by the news of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , and those attending them voted to fight against the Ustaše . Professor Hoare states that the full @-@ scale uprising resulted from the Ustaše retaliation against attempts of the Serbs of eastern Herzegovina to defend themselves , combined with the launching of the German invasion on 22 June . At dawn on 24 June , the area of Nevesinje descended into full @-@ scale revolt , with around 400 armed rebels engaging the Home Guard garrison . By 24 June , the uprising had reached a massive scale across eastern Herzegovina , with between 1 @,@ 500 and 3 @,@ 000 armed rebels in total , including some Montenegrins . - - = = = 25 June = = = - - On the morning of 25 June , the company of the 6th Battalion at Nevesinje reported that rebels were gathering to attack the town ; Nevesinje 's Ustaše commissioner claimed that the rebel force numbered 5 @,@ 000 , and were led by a former Yugoslav Army colonel . About 10 : 00 , the town was attacked from the south and southwest . In response , the Home Guard despatched two more companies of the 6th Battalion from Mostar to Nevesinje . That morning , reports also arrived from Bileća and Stolac that rebels were approaching the village of Berkovići from the north , and had captured the gendarmerie post at . About 11 : 30 , the Ustaše commissioner for Stolac reported that 3 @,@ 000 Montenegrins had gathered between Nevesinje and Stolac , and he requested the immediate supply of 150 rifles for his men . A rebel attack on the gendarmerie post in the village of near Bileća was repulsed around midday . A platoon of Home Guard reinforcements and weapons for the Ustaše arrived at Stolac in the afternoon , and Bileća was held throughout the day . - Reports of the uprising reached Kvaternik during 25 June , but he dismissed them and the reports of 5 @,@ 000 rebels , Adriatic Command 's redeployment of the 21st Battalion from as well as a request to the Italians for air reconnaissance support . He stated that the suppression of the uprising could be handled by local forces . Loss of communication with Nevesinje resulted in rumours that the town had fallen to the rebels . The gendarmerie post at ( near Gacko ) was captured on the afternoon of 25 June , with the survivors escaping to Gacko . Newspapers reported rumours that Gacko and Avtovac had fallen to the rebels . Having already despatched a reinforced company towards Nevesinje from Sarajevo earlier in the day , Adriatic Command ordered the rest of the battalion to follow . The initial company group had already reached some 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) from Nevesinje , and the rest of the battalion was expected to spend the night of 25 / 26 June there before arriving in Nevesinje around noon on 26 June . Kvaternik received an updated report on the situation in eastern Herzegovina during the night , and Prpić travelled from Sarajevo to Mostar to take control of operations , to find that information about the situation in eastern Herzegovina was unclear , but suggested that NDH forces could be facing serious difficulties . - - = = = 26 June = = = - - On the morning of 26 June , the company of the 6th Battalion that had been sent from Mostar continued towards Nevesinje , but almost immediately came under fire from a rebel group . With the assistance of Ustaše , the Home Guard were able to hold their ground , but they were unable to break through to Nevesinje . That afternoon , two aircraft of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : , ZNDH ) from Sarajevo conducted an armed reconnaissance over eastern Herzegovina , and discovered that NDH forces still held Nevesinje . They observed barricades across the Mostar – Nevesinje road , and a group of 50 rebels north of Nevesinje near the village of Kifino Selo . Prpić bolstered the force on the Mostar – Nevesinje road with the 17th Battalion , recently arrived from Sarajevo , and sent his deputy , Colonel Prohaska to command it . The 17th Battalion joined that force at 20 : 00 . About 17 : 00 , the company of the 11th Battalion reached Nevesinje from , and a further company of the battalion was despatched from Sarajevo , along with the battalion commander . - In the southern part of the area of operations around Stolac , the situation was significantly than around Nevesinje , although a group of 200 Ustaše at Berkovići were falsely claiming that they were being surrounded by rebels at night . Despite this claim , they had suffered no casualties . Regardless , Prpić sent them ammunition and a platoon of the 18th Battalion . At 19 : 00 on 26 June , Francetić arrived at Prpić 's headquarters in Mostar to be briefed on the situation . He resolved that he would travel to Berkovići the following day and take personal command of the Ustaše unit there . - Around Gacko and Avtovac in the north , the day had been quiet . When the commander of the 2nd Company of the 7th Battalion at Gacko reported rebels gathering near the town , Prpić sent a truck @-@ mounted platoon with an ammunition resupply . The platoon was ambushed en route , with 14 Home Guardsmen being captured . Gacko was reinforced later in the day from troops in Avtovac . On the night of 26 June , the Nevesinje garrison was subjected to a sustained attack by the rebels , but held out . - The NDH authorities in Trebinje heard rumours that the Serbs could start an uprising there on 28 June , the feast day of Saint , and warned NDH forces in the region to be prepared for a revolt . As a result of these reports , the ( leader ) of the NDH , Ante Pavelić , issued orders threatening that anyone who spread these rumours would be court @-@ . On the eve of the feast day , both the gendarmerie and Ustaše took several hostages in case the rumours were true . Later , the gendarmerie released their hostages , but the 19 hostages held by the Ustaše were killed . In contrast to the actions of the Ustaše , the Home Guard units in the area tried to calm the situation down . - - = = = 27 – 28 June = = = - - On the morning of 27 June , Prpić launched a three @-@ assault to clear the routes to Nevesinje . Prohaska commanded the push east along the Mostar – Nevesinje road by a force close to two battalions , Francetić led his unit of Ustaše north from Berkovići through the mountains via Odžak to approach Nevesinje from the south , and two companies of the 11th Battalion thrust southwest along the road from Plužine . Once this task was complete , the NDH forces were to vigorously pursue the rebels and destroy them . - The Prohaska group deployed with one company on the road , and elements of the 17th Battalion and 70 Ustaše on the left flank . Their attack commenced about 10 : 00 , and although they faced strong resistance from the rebels , aided by and bombing by ZNDH aircraft , they reached villages on the outskirts of Nevesinje after fighting that lasted until dawn on 28 June . One Home Guard battalion halted and took up a defensive stance , and the commander was threatened with dismissal by Prpić before he resumed the attack . Francetić 's Ustaše unit also faced heavy fighting , and had to call for ammunition resupply on two occasions . One of the resupply vehicles was ambushed by rebels between Stolac and Berkovići , and some ammunition was finally delivered by passenger car during the night . Elsewhere , rebels attacked Gacko and Avtovac , and one ZNDH aircraft was shot down by rebel machine gun fire near Avtovac . That night , Prpić telephoned Kvaternik and advised him that the imposition of martial law was necessary to restore order to Herzegovina . Army Chief of Staff General Vladimir Laxa was immediately appointed by Pavelić to control both Hum and Dubrava counties , which incorporated much of eastern Herzegovina . - On 28 June , Laxa became the overall commander of all NDH authorities in Hum and Dubrava counties , which included Ustaše , Home Guard , civil administration , gendarmerie and police . Military courts were established to deal with those resisting the NDH authorities . Armed guards were posted at the entrance to towns and villages , and any armed civilians were to be disarmed and brought to military authorities . Laxa issued an order that gave the rebels until 2 July to submit to the authorities . On that day , after the Prohaska group broke through to Nevesinje from Mostar , Prohaska sent a company of the 6th Battalion to Kifino Selo to meet the two companies of the 11th Battalion advancing from Plužine . Despite ZNDH air support , the company of the 6th Battalion was attacked by rebels near the entrance to Kifino Selo and the majority broke and ran . Prohaska had to send reserves to block the road between Nevesinje and Kifino Selo , and the companies from the 11th Battalion began to reconnoitre the rebel positions towards Odžak . - Also on that morning , the 200 Home Guard troops and about 50 armed locals in Avtovac were attacked from three directions by rebels . They recovered from their initial surprise and held the town during the day , but in the evening a renewed assault caused them to withdraw from Avtovac and retreat to the villages of and . Upon capturing Avtovac , the rebels looted the village , burned down a large number of Muslim homes and killed 32 Muslim civilians , mostly women , children and the elderly . Gacko was also attacked by the rebels , with eight soldiers killed , and one officer and 12 soldiers wounded . Also on 28 June , two Italian Army trucks driving from Bileća to Avtovac were ambushed by rebels , who killed three soldiers and wounded 17 . Around 18 : 00 , the Italian command advised Kvaternik that they would be clearing the route from Bileća via Gacko to Nevesinje on an unspecified future date . During the fighting around Gacko , several ZNDH aircraft were forced to land due to pilot casualties and engine trouble . ZNDH air support operations were suspended due to lack of fuel and for the aircraft . - There was no improvement in the situation around Stolac , and an Ustaše unit made up of armed civilians proved to be of such low combat value that Laxa spoke to Francetić and criticised its performance . South of Bileća , rebels destroyed the gendarmerie post in a village , killing seven gendarmes . Dozens of gendarmes were sent from Trebinje to assist them , but they were stopped by rebels and withdrew into a village schoolhouse . In the afternoon a platoon of the 10th Home Guard Battalion was sent north from Trebinje to support the gendarmes , but they were attacked near the village of , and withdrew into a defensive position . They were reinforced by a second platoon during the night , and were given orders to clear the road from Trebinje to Bileća on the following morning ahead of the Italians . - - = = = 29 – 30 June = = = - - At dawn on 29 June , the rebels attacked the Ustaše in a village on the Mostar – Nevesinje road . Prohaska demanded help from Mostar , and planned to send a force from Nevesinje to assist . From Mostar , a company of the 21st Battalion was despatched to relieve the Ustaše , who had managed to hold off the rebels . The Home Guard company then took over the post from the Ustaše . The same day , two new battalions arrived in Mostar , the 23rd Battalion from and the 15th Battalion from . These reinforcements arrived just as Prpić received confirmation that Avtovac had been captured by the rebels . The remaining small garrison in Gacko , consisting of only 20 gendarmes and 30 Ustaše , were holding out but expecting more attacks by the rebels . In the morning , the attack by elements of the 10th Battalion stalled until the battalion commander , Lieutenant Colonel , personally took command of the operation , clearing the way for the Italians . The promised Italian intervention commenced about midday , and about 100 trucks of Italian soldiers arrived in Gacko about 17 : 00 . As they had passed through Avtovac , the rebels had left the town and withdrawn to villages to the east . About 18 : 00 , the 10th Battalion relieved the besieged gendarmes in the village schoolhouse . ZNDH aircraft from Mostar airfield flew reconnaissance sorties over the area and dropped leaflets over Stolac , Stepen , Avtovac , Gacko and Plužine . - After the garrison of Nevesinje had been relieved , Laxa directed his main effort towards the Gacko and Avtovac districts . to the fact that the Italians had not respected the territorial borders of the NDH when they sent their column to Gacko , he considered it very important that Croatian military and political prestige be restored , otherwise the Italians might decide to remain in the area rather than withdraw to their garrison near the Adriatic coast . He planned to follow this consolidation by clearing the border areas with Montenegro then clearing the hinterland of any remaining rebels . For this last task he intended to deploy a yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ formed special unit to be led by Lieutenant Colonel Josip . The task of re @-@ asserting NDH authority in the Gacko and Avtovac districts was allocated to Prohaska 's group , consisting of the 6th Battalion , one company of the 18th Battalion , two companies of the 17th Battalion , and the recently arrived 15th and 21st Battalions , which were to be sent to Nevesinje from Mostar . Prohaska was to act in concert with the 11th Battalion who were already in the vicinity of Plužine , just to the north of the Nevesinje – Gacko road . In preparation , the 15th Battalion was to Nevesinje , and a company of the 17th Battalion conducted a coordinated attack with the 11th Battalion on rebel positions near Kifino Selo . This attack was defeated by the rebels , and a battalion commander was killed . - During the remainder of the day , the Italians collected the bodies of their dead from the rebel ambush on 28 June , and rescued some Home Guard troops that had escaped Avtovac , but then returned to , just north of Bileća . The value of further operations in the Gacko and Avtovac areas was brought into question when the Italians reported that both towns had been burned to the ground , and all the inhabitants had been massacred . The Italians blamed Montenegrins attached to the rebels for the destruction and killings in the two towns . The Italian estimate of rebel strength was around 3 @,@ 000 armed with machine guns , artillery and anti @-@ aircraft guns . A German intelligence officer from Sarajevo arrived at Prpić 's headquarters in Mostar to receive a briefing on the situation . The small garrison of Gacko was anticipating an attack by rebels during the night , but in the afternoon 180 Home Guardsmen that had withdrawn from Avtovac arrived to bolster their position , and the night passed without incident . - - = = = 1 – 7 July = = = - - On 1 July , an Italian armoured unit arrived in Gacko to reinforce the garrison . An Ustaše operation to clear the insurgents from the Stolac district began on 3 July , meeting with success and opening of the road from north to Odžak . The Ustaše did not go closer to Nevesinje as they were not in uniform , and were concerned that the Home Guards would mistake them for rebels . During this operation , three Ustaše were killed , including their commander , and the Ustaše fighters killed ten rebels and captured two . In the belongings of one of the captured rebels , the Ustaše located a report by the " National Movement for the Liberation of Nevesinje " ( @-@ Croatian : ) , which was apparently how the rebels referred to themselves . The report made it clear that the rebels were using military tactics and organisation , and hinted at co @-@ operation with the Italians . According to information gathered by the police , the local rebel leadership included former Mostar merchant , the brothers from Avtovac , the Orthodox priest Father from , and a Captain from Avtovac . Montenegrins involved in the leadership of the uprising included Colonel , Major , and from . - Following the Italian intervention , Prpić was able to proceed with the task of clearing the wider area of Nevesinje from 3 July , ensuring NDH control of population centres and roads . On 5 July , he replaced his deputy Prohaska with Colonel Franjo , and assigned him a force consisting of the 6th , 11th , 15th and 17th Battalions , a company of the 18th Battalion and a troop of artillery . The force numbered 62 officers and 2 @,@ men , with heavy weapons including four 100 mm 14 mountain howitzers , six heavy machine guns and twenty @-@ seven light machine guns . seized the crossroads near Kifino Selo and Plužine , securing it with one company of the 11th Battalion , then sent the 15th Battalion to Gacko and the 17th Battalion to Berkovići . A half company of the 21st Battalion secured the Mostar – Nevesinje road . Once this was completed , the major roads in eastern Herzegovina were secured . These operations proceeded without significant fighting , as some of the rebels retreated over the border with Montenegro , and others hid their weapons in the mountains and returned to their homes . By 7 July , NDH forces had regained full control over all the towns and transport routes in eastern Herzegovina . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Tomasevich states that the uprising was a " spontaneous , outburst " that was doomed to failure , and involved neither the of nor the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( @-@ Croatian : , KPJ ) . He contends that the uprising was the result of several factors , including the Ustaše , fear and hatred of the NDH authorities , a local tradition of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire , the poor economic conditions in eastern Herzegovina , and news of the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union . Hoare with Tomasevich that the uprising was in the tradition of the rebellions against the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century , such as the uprisings in 1875 – 77 . Edmund @-@ , the German General in the NDH , believed that the Italians might have deliberately avoided interfering in the uprising . General , the commander of the Italian 6th Army Corps , blamed the Ustaše and Muslims for the revolt . - In eastern Herzegovina , the KPJ had little impact until mid @-@ August 1941 , well after the initial revolt had been suppressed . During the lead @-@ up to the mass uprising , the KPJ organisation in Herzegovina would not commit itself , as it was waiting for orders from the provincial organisation in Sarajevo , which was expecting direction from the KPJ Central Committee to launch a general uprising across Yugoslavia . Once they became aware of the German attack on the Soviet Union , the KPJ in Herzegovina voted to join the mass uprising , but this only occurred on 24 June , when the uprising was already in full swing . According to , the rebels remained a threat throughout eastern Herzegovina well into July , although the uprising in Herzegovina did not advance until the Bosnia @-@ wide revolt occurred at the end of July , by which time the KPJ was ready for active involvement in the fighting . - - - = Crush ( video game ) = - - Crush is a platformer @-@ puzzle video game developed by Entertainment 's Zoë Mode studio and published by Sega in 2007 for the PlayStation Portable . Its protagonist is Danny , a young man suffering from insomnia , who uses an experimental device to explore his mind and discover the cause of his . Each level of the game , representing events from Danny 's life and inspired by artists such as Tim Burton and , requires the player to control Danny as he collects his " lost marbles " and other thoughts . - Crush 's primary gameplay feature involves manipulating each game level between 3D and 2D views , allowing the player to reach platforms and locations inaccessible from within a different view . This element was noted by critics to be similar to one in Super Paper Mario , also released in 2007 , though the Zoë Mode team had envisioned the concept five years prior . Crush received positive reviews upon release , with critics praising its incorporation of this dimension @-@ shifting component alongside other aspects of the game presentation . Though Crush won several gaming awards , including PSP game of the month , it failed to meet the developer 's sales expectations . A port of the game for the Nintendo 3DS called Crush 3D was announced on January 19 , 2011 and was made available on January 13 , 2012 in Europe and on March 6 , 2012 in North America . - - = = Plot = = - - While Crush and its Nintendo 3DS port Crush 3D retain the same gameplay mechanics and premise , the two versions feature different plots . - - = = = PSP version = = = - - ( Note : The voice actors for the story are unknown at the moment as Zoë Mode never credited them ) - The protagonist of the game , a young man named Danny , suffers from chronic insomnia caused by worry , stress , and memories . He is admitted to a mental institution for it , where he a mad scientist , Dr. Reubens , who treats Danny with his ( C.R.U.S.H. ) device , which has a sentient female persona . The device 's helmet places Danny under hypnosis , during which he can regain control of his by collecting his lost marbles , and facing his fears in the form of monsters ( i.e. cockroaches , slugs ) . Danny starts the beans to Reubens about his city life ; moving into his first apartment and his suffering job as a chef ( because " the ladies love a man who can cook " ) . He heavily depends on Reubens for some serious help if he wants to get rid of his insomnia . Later , when C.R.U.S.H. projects the image of a bucket and shovel at the beach onto the helmet , he recalls his love life some few years ago with a girl named Tina Ash ( who Reubens mistakenly thought was Danny 's mother ) . Returning the next summer , Danny is for a more handsome man . , Danny ends up sitting on the pier crying , inadvertently falling into the ocean below , but eventually rescued . Reubens claims Danny 's rejection made him " shy away from the sex " , and tells him to get some rest . The next day , Dr. Reubens tunes up his machine to " match [ Danny 's ] abnormally low cognitive frequency . " Danny recommends he give them some time alone , but the word " alone " has Reubens allude to the time Danny was heavily abused as a young boy at a local funfair by three thugs , however , Danny that he his parents to go to the funfair alone , but they find and rescue him . He then promised his parents that he 'd " stay with them forever . " Dr. Reubens uses this evidence to come to a conclusion that is the cause of his insomnia , recommending that Danny moves back into his parents ' house , but his conclusion is proved wrong when Danny returns one more time . Dr. Reubens lashes out at Danny for wearing out his machine , demanding that Danny up to where he " buried [ his ] pain " and if he is merely " " with them . the limit , Reubens subjects Danny to all the way to his childhood , when he was only six years old , against Danny 's own will . Danny cries at the breaking point , that Reubens stop " unlocking doors that should stay , " but in the end , Danny the words , " Come back , " implying that his parents went out on a date and left him at his house alone , with disturbing shadows of the night leaving Danny in psychological trauma . Danny discovers that his childhood fears at that time , principally being afraid of the dark , are the real cause his insomnia , sending him " back into [ his ] six @-@ year @-@ old self . " Reubens is full of disgust that his treatment was a complete waste and that Danny ruined his machine due to his , but tells Danny he 's cured . Right when Reubens begins to snap Danny out of hypnosis , C.R.U.S.H. , following suit in Reubens thoughts , goes over the edge and seems to attack Danny 's mind , with Reubens and Danny 's life on the line while the screen fades to black at the start of the attempt . - - = = = 3DS version = = = - - Doctor ' Doc ' ( instead of Reubens in the PSP version ) , is infuriated that all of his inventions failed , but today he ' shall surpass them all ' with his latest invention , C.R.U.S.H. He uses a tape recorder for his scientific narrative on the experiment . With the help of his best friend and protégé , Danny ( a running gag consists of him Doc throughout the game ) , he enters his mind as his subject to C.R.U.S.H. , but after a few tests , Danny is trapped inside C.R.U.S.H. , where he can collect his lost marbles ( which will unlock new dressing gowns / robe designs ) and facing his fears in the form of monsters ( i.e. cockroaches , slugs ) . At one point , Doc tells Danny that C.R.U.S.H. will not let Danny out due to " unresolved feelings . " The two question that reasoning as they progress . Towards the end , C.R.U.S.H. interrupts contact between Danny and Doc , overly infatuated with Danny . Danny slowly admits to C.R.U.S.H. that she is simply a machine and compares it to " flirting with a parking meter . " C.R.U.S.H. , infuriated , sends Danny back to his childhood as a result . When Doc comes back into contact with Danny , Danny lashes out at Doc for building a machine " with the heart of a teenage girl " who " " at him . Doc , calming Danny down , explains how this " " is not really his , but old data , and suddenly Danny becomes shocked when he realizes he took the place of someone who underwent treatment with C.R.U.S.H. ( being the PSP Danny ) , but " she knows [ he 's ] not the same . " C.R.U.S.H. really wanted Danny to clear her head . In the ending , Danny finally escapes and is free out of 's mind . He and Doc discuss 's future , while Doc says that he 'll fix her . In a sudden plot twist , it turns out that they were not in the real world at all , but all the levels throughout the game are outside Doc 's lab . C.R.U.S.H. and laughs into the camera , she and the screen cuts to black . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Crush contains ten levels in each of the four locations , all based on an event in Danny 's past . The levels represent Danny 's mind : a dark city landscape with many tall buildings and the occasional street lamp , a hotel resting aside a seaside location , a dark and mysterious funfair , and a haunted childhood bedroom . Levels are mostly composed of platforms formed by blocks . The player 's goal in each level is to collect marbles , which give the player points based on their color . The exit from the level is opened once a predetermined number of points have been collected . Danny can into narrow areas and jump a small height . - The main gameplay feature of Crush is the ability to the layout of a level between 2D and 3D representations to reach seemingly inaccessible areas and solve the game 's puzzles . The player can switch the third @-@ person camera between four directional side views and a top @-@ down view at any time while in 3D . When in these views , the player can have Danny " crush " the level , collapsing all 3D elements into 2D ; crushing from side views results in a 2D platformer @-@ like view , while crushing from the top @-@ down view provides a 2D top @-@ down perspective . can connect and merge platforms on the same visual plane in the 3D view but separated by a large distance , creating pathways across the level in the 2D view . The player can also " " the level at any time . Certain blocks , when crushed , become either obstacles through which Danny cannot pass , or ledges the player can use to reach other parts of the level . Attempts to crush a level in any manner that would harm Danny are thwarted . However , can leave Danny in a helpless state , such as hanging in mid @-@ air . - Enemy monsters inhabit the levels , but the player can crush them by flattening impassable blocks against them . The player may also encounter in the form of alarm clocks that will begin to when crushed for the first time and can only be stopped when Danny jumps on them . Danny wakes from his mental if he falls off the level or too high of a surface , is touched by a monster , or fails to stop a , but the C.R.U.S.H. device him at the start of the level or the last Danny passed . - Throughout the levels are scattered large spheres and cylinders , which the player can roll when crushed appropriately . These can then be used as platforms or to depress switches . pieces can be collected to reveal concept art and extras in the game 's menus . Some of Danny 's " thoughts " , represented by glowing neon icons on the walls of the level , are only activated when the level is crushed in a manner that does not obscure them . Some thoughts allow Danny to jump higher or stop time . Once the player completes each level , they are graded by the duration of Danny 's stay on the level , how many times Danny " up " , and a bonus for collecting all marbles , the piece , and a hidden thought trophy . The thought trophy , once completed by crushing , unlocks a level 's special challenge mode for later play which requires time @-@ limited completion of the level with an allotted number of . - - = = Development = = - - In an interview , Zoë Mode executive producer Paul Mottram claimed that the game concept was envisioned in 2002 , but work did not actually begin until 2006 . The initial concept was built on the crushing mechanism between 2D and 3D , and they only had to create appropriate obstacles to prevent players from simply " crushing " across the level . Mottram noted that during the development of Crush , the gameplay of Super Paper Mario had not yet been revealed , and thus the team was surprised to learn that it shared a similar feature . - Mottram stated that the crushing mechanism had been developed and refined for six months before developing the story and characters ; the development team wanted to have " a normal person in an impossible situation " . The art and level design were inspired by Tim Burton , Mike , and . The plot was originally more than in the final product , with Danny dying and the rest of the game told as flashbacks . - The game levels were developed on a level editor on the PlayStation Portable , but Zoë Mode were not able to refine the editor in time for shipping . Mottram said " It would be great to see user generated content and this is something we have been seriously thinking about for the future " and that downloadable content " would work perfectly with the Crush level structure and I am sure that fans of the game would be eager to see more levels . " Mottram has stated they would like to market a sequel based on the highly positive feedback they had received ; however , with other Zoë Mode projects such as and Play taking precedence , he does not know when this could be . - - = = Reception = = - - Crush received generally positive reviews , with aggregate scores of 83 out of 100 from Metacritic and 82 % from Game Rankings . The game was highly praised for its innovative approach to gameplay . Ryan Davis of GameSpot appreciated Crush for owing " very little of its novel concept to games that preceded it " . Nick of called the game a " rewarding , expertly designed puzzle experience that truly plays like nothing else " . Reviews were mixed on the game 's learning curve . IGN 's Jeremy Dunham praised the ordering of the puzzle elements , that new gaming elements are introduced at " an ideal pace " , and that most puzzles have solutions where the player must " think ' outside the box ' " . Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead commented that the game introduces these elements too quickly and " doesn 't give you much time to put the into practice " . Some critics found that elements of the game detracted from the game 's uniqueness . X @-@ Play 's Greg Orlando , while stating that this was " one of the most novel games ever made " , noted that it was " simply not very fun " , as it lacked many player beyond manipulating the world and collecting objects on each level . Reviewers noted that some puzzles were awkward due to the selection of the PlayStation Portable 's controls . Reviewers found the game 's story poor , but this was overcome by the gameplay elements ; Charles Harold of the New York Times said " the minimal story is as forgettable as its puzzles are ingenious " . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason stated that the ability to switch from 2D to 3D was " one of the most unique ( at the time ) features we ’ ve ever seen . " - IGN awarded Crush PSP Game of the Month for May 2007 . GameSpy called Crush the third best PlayStation Portable game and the " PSP Puzzle Game of the Year " for its Game of the Year 2007 awards . Similarly , IGN awarded Crush the " Best PSP Puzzle Game " , " Most PSP Game " , and " Best PSP Game No One Played " awards in their Game of the Year 2007 selections . Crush won the 2007 Conference Industry Award for " Best New IP " . According to Paul Mottram , positive reception of the game did not translate into high sales , but the game " will hopefully stick around for a while and continue to shift units " . - - - = Odyssey Number Five = - - Odyssey Number Five is the fourth studio album by the Australian rock band Powderfinger , produced by Nick and released on 4 September 2000 by Universal Music . It won the 2001 ARIA Music Award for Highest Selling Album , Best Group and Best Rock Album . The album was the band 's shortest yet , focusing on social , political , and emotional issues that had appeared in prior works , especially Internationalist . - The album produced four singles . The most successful , " My Happiness " , reached # 4 on the ARIA Singles Chart , won the 2001 ARIA Music Award for " Single of the Year " , and topped Triple J 's Hottest 100 in 2000 . The album also featured " These Days " , which topped Triple J 's Hottest 100 in 1999 . The album was also ranked at number 1 in Triple J 's Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time poll in 2011 . - Many critics lauded the album as Powderfinger 's best work ; one stated that the album was " the Finger 's Glory " , however , others were critical of the " imitation " contained in the album . Overall , the album won five ARIA Music Awards in 2001 and was certified platinum seven times , and earned an eighth in 2004 . Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger 's first album to chart in the United States , and the band toured extensively around North America to promote its release . - - = = Background , recording , and production = = - - In a 1997 interview , Powderfinger bassist John Collins hinted that the group 's next album would be similar to their previous album , Internationalist , while frontman Bernard Fanning said in September 2000 that the lyrics on the album , like those on " Waiting for the Sun " , were his " most personal and direct yet " . Fanning said his lyrics were based on the " obstacles in the way of being in a relationship , especially in our work situation " . - Powderfinger worked with producer Nick on Odyssey Number Five , as they had done on Internationalist , finishing the album in August 2000 after six weeks of recording . The band spent this time ensuring higher quality songs than on Internationalist , which had featured out @-@ of @-@ tune guitars on " Passenger " . - Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger 's shortest album when recorded , running for approximately 45 minutes . The focus of the album was on restraint , with more simplistic lyrics than previously , and with a plain and simple message intended . Fanning said of his songwriting ethic : " You try and make it something that ’ s got some substance , but also , you can never do that at the cost of it having relevance to what you ’ re singing . " Powderfinger manager Paul commented that " their ethos is to be pushing the limits of their songwriting ability " . - Like Powderfinger 's previous album Internationalist , Odyssey Number Five commented on social and political issues heavily , with the primary point of focus being Aboriginal affairs . The lyrics of " Like a Dog " attacked former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard 's Liberal government for its treatment of Indigenous Australians , and for breaking the " relaxed and comfortable " promise he made in the Australian federal election , 1996 . Lead singer Bernard Fanning related this to the band 's other ethical — refusing to appear on Hey Hey it 's Saturday , for its anti @-@ gay commentary , or not allowing Powderfinger songs to be used in , amongst others — stating , " We 're not here to set an example . We just want to be happy with ourselves and not end up with a guilty conscience . " Fanning said that despite " Like a Dog " being about a political issue , it was not a political song , rather just Powderfinger " voicing our opinions " . The band worked with boxer Anthony on the song 's music video , whom Fanning praised as " the perfect lead , in terms of what the song is about and the fact that he ’ s prepared to speak up for what he believes in . " - As well as providing social commentary , Odyssey Number Five also discussed love , a recurring motif in Fanning 's songwriting . Fanning noted that one of the causes of this was his passion for soul and gospel music , stating that he " listen [ s ] to a lot of soul music that 's about love and how good it makes you feel " . Lead guitarist Ian agreed , and also noted that the band as a whole were fully committed to Fanning 's lyrics , stating " It 's really important for us to agree with what Bernard is singing . " - Odyssey Number Five marked Powderfinger 's first successful attempt to enter the United States market . Fanning told Billboard in a 2001 interview that the band were not taking anything for granted , however , stating , " In America , we haven 't really done any work yet to deserve any major popularity " , with the " " on previous albums failing to reach the American mainstream . Powderfinger toured extensively around the country , performing in 22 cities . As a result of these efforts , " My Happiness " was briefly placed on rotation on @-@ FM and several other radio stations . The song ultimately peaked at # 23 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . This success was assisted by the band appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman , and by supporting Coldplay on tour . Guitarist Darren Middleton summarised their work in the United States by stating " This year has been a bit of a blur . " - - = = Album and single releases = = - - Odyssey Number Five was released on 4 September 2000 , on the / Universal record labels . The album was released in the United Kingdom on , with 15 minutes of video and an additional track Nature Boy , at a later date . A sampler version was released in the United States in 2001 , containing five tracks . - Four singles were released from the album . " My Kind of Scene " was the first ; released as a promotional single in June 2000 . The track was written for the 2000 film Mission : Impossible II , and appeared on its soundtrack . Collins and Middleton recalled that the song was written and produced with photos of Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman on the wall of the band 's studio " as inspiration " . They noted that the band made three songs in response to the Mission : Impossible II request , and that " My Kind of Scene " was chosen over " Up & Down & Back Again " and " Whatever Makes You Happy " . - The second single from the album was " My Happiness " , released on 14 August 2000 in Australia . " My Happiness " entered the ARIA Singles Chart at # 4 , and spent 24 weeks on the chart , making it Powderfinger 's highest charting single in Australia . It peaked at # 7 on the New Zealand singles chart , and spent 23 weeks in the top 50 . Furthermore , " My Happiness " was Powderfinger 's first single to chart in the USA , reaching # 23 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . - " Like a Dog " was released as the third single on 15 January 2001 . The song was heavy in political sentiment , akin to " The Day You Come " on Internationalist . The riff for the song was written by Ian , and the song 's music video featured Australian Aboriginal boxer Anthony , and was based on the 1980 Martin Scorsese film Bull . Drummer Jon said the song revolved around the question of " why the hell won ’ t John Howard say sorry to the Aboriginal people ! " " Like a Dog " spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart , at # 40 . - Two songs from the album , " The Metre " and " Waiting for the Sun " , were released as a double A @-@ side to form the final single . The single was released on 21 August 2001 , and included a cover of Iron 's " Number of the Beast " . " Waiting for the Sun " was written by Fanning as a devotional , gospel style song . He said of the song ; " It ’ s about being in a relationship and being really heavily happy with it . " " The Metre " spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart , at # 31 . - - = = Reception = = - - Odyssey Number Five mostly gained positive reviews , and was more successful than its predecessor , Internationalist . Entertainment Weekly reviewer Marc gave the album a B + . He stated that album entered new " terrain " in guitar rock , complimenting the " scratching and guitars " , drawing comparisons to Travis ( " " ) and Oasis ( " mock @-@ grandiose " ) . - Allmusic reviewer Dean Carlson disliked the album , giving it a rating of one and a half stars . He described it as " little more than a slightly off @-@ base perspective into the world of mid @-@ 90s American grunge " , and described it as highly similar to Neil Young . Carlson 's only praise was for songs " Odyssey # 5 " and " My Happiness " , stating that " [ t ] oo often , Powderfinger is too earnest , a bit too careful in their career " . Carlson noted that despite his critique , the album achieved some success in the American market . - Devon Powers of PopMatters complimented Fanning 's vocals , and said the focus of the album was " , rolling ballads " . Powers said that many of the songs on the album were " the kind of songs you put on repeat for hours , or days " . The main critique was for the " faster numbers " , stating that " Like a Dog " " sounds mostly a little bored " . The review concluded by noting that the best songs on Odyssey were those not available as " fleeting radio singles and background music " . - Odyssey Number Five won the 2001 ARIA Awards for " Album of the Year " , " Highest Selling Album " , " Best Rock Album " , " Best Cover Art " , and " Best Group " . " My Happiness " won the award for " Single of the Year " , while " Like a Dog " was nominated for " Highest Selling Single " and " Best Video " . At the 2002 ARIA Awards , " The Metre " was nominated for " Best Group " . The album was named " Album of the Year " by Rolling Stone Australia readers , with " My Happiness " taking out " Song of the Year " and Powderfinger receiving " Band of the Year " . - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - - = = = ARIA Awards = = = - - - = = = Other accolades = = = - - - = = Track listing = = - - All songs written by Powderfinger : - " Waiting for the Sun " – 3 : 54 - " My Happiness " – 4 : 36 - " The Metre " – 4 : 33 - " Like a Dog " – 4 : 20 - " Odyssey # 5 " – 1 : 44 - " Up & Down & Back Again " – 4 : 24 - " My Kind of Scene " – 4 : 37 - " These Days " – 4 : 58 - " We Should Be Together Now " – 3 : 42 - " " – 6 : 10 - " Whatever Makes You Happy " – 2 : 28 - " Nature Boy " ( UK release ) – 3 : 37 - - = = Personnel = = - - - - = Amanita muscaria = - - Amanita muscaria , commonly known as the fly agaric or fly , is a mushroom and psychoactive fungus , one of many in the genus Amanita . Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere , Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere , generally as a symbiont with pine and birch plantations , and is now a true cosmopolitan species . It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees . - This iconic toadstool is a large white @-@ , white @-@ spotted , usually red mushroom , and is one of the most recognisable and widely encountered in popular culture . Several subspecies with differing cap colour have been recognised , including the brown regalis ( often considered a separate species ) , the yellow @-@ orange flavivolvata , , , and the pinkish . Genetic studies published in 2006 and 2008 show several sharply delineated clades that may represent separate species . - Although classified as poisonous , reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare . After — which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom 's psychoactive substances — it is eaten in parts of Europe , Asia , and North America . Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties , with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol . The mushroom was used as an and by the peoples of Siberia , and has a religious significance in these cultures . There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an in other places such as the Middle East , Eurasia , North America , and Scandinavia . - - = = Taxonomy and naming = = - - The name of the mushroom in many European languages is thought to be derived from its use as an when in milk . This practice has been recorded from and Slavic @-@ speaking parts of Europe , as well as the region and pockets elsewhere in France , and Romania . Magnus was the first to record it in his work De some time before , commenting fungus , in , " it is called the fly mushroom because it is powdered in milk to kill flies . " - The 16th @-@ century Flemish botanist traced the practice of it into milk to Frankfurt in Germany , while Carl Linnaeus , the " father of taxonomy " , reported it from in southern Sweden , where he had lived as a child . He described it in volume two of his Species in 1753 , giving it the name Agaricus , the specific epithet deriving from Latin meaning " fly " . It gained its current name in 1783 , when placed in the genus Amanita by Jean @-@ Baptiste , a name sanctioned in 1821 by the " father of " , Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries . The starting date for all the had been set by general agreement as January 1 , 1821 , the date of Fries 's work , and so the full name was then Amanita muscaria ( L. : . ) Hook . The 1987 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi , and names can now be considered valid as far back as May 1 , 1753 , the date of publication of Linnaeus 's work . Hence , Linnaeus and are now taken as the of Amanita muscaria ( L. ) .. - The English mycologist John reported that Amanita muscaria was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden , and bug agaric was an old alternate name for the species . French mycologist Pierre reported having tried without success to replicate its fly @-@ killing properties in his work des et de la France ( 1784 ) , and proposed a new binomial name Agaricus pseudo @-@ because of this . One compound isolated from the fungus is 1 @,@ 3 @-@ ( 1 @,@ 3 @-@ Di ( @-@ 9 @-@ ) ) , which attracts insects . It has been that the flies intentionally seek out the fly agaric for its properties . An alternative derivation proposes that the term refers not to insects as such but rather the resulting from consumption of the fungus . This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person 's head and cause mental illness . Several regional names appear to be linked with this , meaning the " mad " or " fool 's " version of the highly regarded edible mushroom Amanita caesarea . Hence there is " mad " in Catalan , from Toulouse , from the department in Southern France , from in Italy . A local dialect name in in Switzerland is de , which translates as " Devil 's hat " . - - = = = Classification = = = - - Amanita muscaria is the type species of the genus . By extension , it is also the type species of Amanita subgenus Amanita , as well as section Amanita within this subgenus . Amanita subgenus Amanita includes all Amanita with spores . Amanita section Amanita includes the species which have very universal veil remnants , including a volva that is reduced to a series of concentric rings and the veil remnants on the cap to a series of patches or warts . Most species in this group also have a bulbous base . Amanita section Amanita consists of A. muscaria and its close relatives , including A. ( the panther cap ) , A. , A. , and A. . Modern fungal have classified Amanita muscaria and its allies this way based on gross morphology and spore . Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed this classification as natural . - Amanita muscaria varies considerably in its morphology , and many authorities recognise several subspecies or varieties within the species . In The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , German mycologist Rolf Singer listed three subspecies , though without description : A. muscaria ssp. muscaria , A. muscaria ssp. , and A. muscaria ssp. flavivolvata . - Contemporary authorities recognise up to seven varieties : - A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of different regional populations of A. muscaria by mycologist and colleagues found three distinct clades within this species representing , roughly , Eurasian , Eurasian " subalpine " , and North American populations . Specimens belonging to all three clades have been found in Alaska ; this has led to the hypothesis that this was the centre of for this species . The study also looked at four named varieties of the species : var. , var. flavivolvata , var. ( including var. ) , and var. regalis from both areas . All four varieties were found within both the Eurasian and North American clades , evidence that these morphological forms are rather than distinct subspecies or varieties . Further molecular study by and colleagues published in 2008 show that these three genetic groups , plus a fourth associated with oak – – pine forest in the southeastern United States and two more on Santa Cruz Island in California , are delineated from each other enough genetically to be considered separate species ; thus A. muscaria as it stands currently is evidently a species complex . The complex also includes at least three other closely related taxa that are currently regarded as species : A. is a buff @-@ capped mushroom associated with conifers from the Pacific Northwest , and the brown @-@ capped A. and A. from the Mediterranean Basin and from Sardinia respectively . Both of these last two are found with Eucalyptus and trees , and it is unclear whether they are native or introduced from Australia . - - = = Description = = - - A large , conspicuous mushroom , Amanita muscaria is generally common and numerous where it grows , and is often found in groups with in all stages of development . Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like white eggs . After emerging from the ground , the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow pyramid @-@ shaped warts . These are remnants of the universal veil , a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young . the mushroom at this stage will reveal a characteristic yellowish layer of skin under the veil ; this is helpful in identification . As the fungus grows , the red colour appears through the broken veil and the warts become less prominent ; they do not change in size , but are reduced relative to the expanding skin area . The cap changes from to , and finally to plate @-@ like and flat in mature specimens . Fully grown , the bright red cap is usually around 8 – 20 cm ( 3 – 8 in ) in diameter , although larger specimens have been found . The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms . - The free gills are white , as is the spore print . The oval spores measure 9 – 13 by 6 @.@ 5 – 9 μm ; they do not turn blue with the application of iodine . The stipe is white , 5 – 20 cm high ( 2 – 8 in ) by 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide , and has the slightly brittle , fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms . At the base is a bulb that bears universal veil remnants in the form of two to four distinct rings or . Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the partial veil ( which covers the gills during development ) in the form of a white ring . It can be quite wide and flaccid with age . There is generally no associated smell other than a mild . - Although very distinctive in appearance , the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red mushroom species in the Americas , such as and the edible Amanita — a Mexican species similar to A. caesarea of Europe . Poison control centres in the U.S. and Canada have become aware that ( Spanish for ' yellow ' ) is a common name for the A. caesarea @-@ like species in Mexico . Amanita caesarea can be distinguished by its entirely orange to red cap which lacks the numerous white spots of the fly agaric . Furthermore , the stem , gills and ring of A. caesarea are bright yellow , not white . The volva is a distinct white bag , not broken into scales . In Australia , the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native ( Amanita ) , which grows in association with eucalypts . The latter species generally lacks the white warts of A. muscaria and bears no ring . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - Amanita muscaria is a cosmopolitan mushroom , native to conifer and deciduous woodlands throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere , including higher elevations of warmer latitudes in regions such as Hindu , the Mediterranean and also Central America . A recent molecular study proposes that it had an ancestral origin in the Siberian – region in the Tertiary period , before radiating outwards across Asia , Europe and North America . The season for fruiting varies in different climates : fruiting occurs in summer and autumn across most of North America , but later in autumn and early winter on the Pacific coast . This species is often found in similar locations to Boletus , and may appear in fairy rings . with pine seedlings , it has been widely transported into the southern hemisphere , including Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and South America , where it can be found in the southern Brazilian states of and Rio Grande do . - , Amanita muscaria forms symbiotic relationships with many trees , including pine , spruce , fir , birch , and cedar . Commonly seen under introduced trees , A. muscaria is the fungal equivalent of a weed in New Zealand , Tasmania and Victoria , forming new associations with southern beech ( ) . The species is also invading a in Australia , where it may be the native species . It appears to be spreading northwards , with recent reports placing it near Port Macquarie on the New South Wales north coast . It was recorded under silver birch ( ) in , Western Australia in 2010 . Although it has apparently not spread to eucalypts in Australia , it has been recorded associating with them in Portugal . - - = = = = - - Amanita muscaria poisoning has occurred in young children and in people who ingested the mushrooms for a hallucinogenic experience . Occasionally it has been ingested in error , because immature button forms resemble . The white spots sometimes wash away during heavy rain and the mushrooms then may appear to be the edible A. caesarea . - Amanita muscaria contains several biologically active agents , at least one of which , muscimol , is known to be psychoactive . Ibotenic acid , a , serves as a to muscimol , with approximately 10 – 20 % converting to muscimol after ingestion . An active dose in adults is approximately 6 mg muscimol or 30 to 60 mg ibotenic acid ; this is typically about the amount found in one cap of Amanita muscaria . The amount and ratio of chemical compounds per mushroom varies widely from region to region and season to season , which can further confuse the issue . Spring and summer mushrooms have been reported to contain up to 10 times more ibotenic acid and muscimol than autumn . - A fatal dose has been calculated as 15 caps . from this fungus A. muscaria have been reported in historical journal articles and newspaper reports , but with modern medical treatment , fatal poisoning from this mushroom is extremely rare . Many older books list Amanita muscaria as " deadly " , but this is an error that implies the mushroom is more toxic than it is . The North American Mycological Association has stated there were no reliably documented fatalities from eating this mushroom during the 20th century . The vast majority ( 90 % or more ) of mushroom poisoning deaths are from eating the greenish to yellowish " death cap " , ( A. ) or perhaps even one of the several white Amanita species which are known as destroying angels . - The active constituents of this species are water @-@ soluble , and boiling and then discarding the cooking water at least partly A. muscaria . may increase , as the process facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acid to the more potent muscimol . According to some sources , once detoxified , the mushroom becomes edible . - - = = = = = = - - , discovered in 1869 , was long thought to be the active hallucinogenic agent in A. muscaria . binds with acetylcholine receptors leading to the of neurons bearing these receptors . The levels of muscarine in Amanita muscaria are minute when compared with other poisonous fungi such as Inocybe , the small white species C. and C. . The level of muscarine in A. muscaria is too low to play a role in the symptoms of poisoning . - The major toxins involved in A. muscaria poisoning are muscimol ( 3 @-@ @-@ 5 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ , an cyclic acid ) and the related amino acid ibotenic acid . Muscimol is the product of the ( usually by drying ) of ibotenic acid . Muscimol and ibotenic acid were discovered in the mid @-@ 20th century . Researchers in England , Japan , and Switzerland showed that the effects produced were due mainly to ibotenic acid and muscimol , not muscarine . These toxins are not distributed uniformly in the mushroom . Most are detected in the cap of the fruit , a moderate amount in the base , with the smallest amount in the stalk . Quite rapidly , between 20 and 90 minutes after ingestion , a substantial fraction of ibotenic acid is excreted in the urine of the consumer . Almost no muscimol is excreted when pure ibotenic acid is eaten , but muscimol is detectable in the urine after eating A. muscaria , which contains both ibotenic acid and muscimol . - Ibotenic acid and muscimol are structurally related to each other and to two major of the central nervous system : acid and respectively . Ibotenic acid and muscimol act like these , muscimol being a potent agonist , while ibotenic acid is an agonist of NMDA receptors and certain receptors which are involved in the control of activity . It is these interactions which are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication . Muscimol is the agent responsible for the majority of the . - is another compound that has more recently been isolated from European specimens of the fly agaric . It is a product of the breakdown of ibotenic acid by ultra @-@ violet radiation . is of minor activity compared with the other agents . Amanita muscaria and related species are known as effective of ; some species concentrate to levels of up to 400 times those typically found in plants . is present in fruit @-@ bodies as an compound called . The biological importance of the process is unknown . - - = = = Symptoms = = = - - Fly agarics are known for the unpredictability of their effects . Depending on habitat and the amount ingested per body weight , effects can range from nausea and twitching to , crisis @-@ like effects ( low blood pressure , sweating and ) , auditory and visual distortions , mood changes , euphoria , relaxation , , and loss of equilibrium . - In cases of serious poisoning the mushroom causes , somewhat similar in effect to poisoning ( such as that caused by ) , characterised by bouts of marked agitation with confusion , hallucinations , and followed by periods of central nervous system depression . and coma may also occur in severe . Symptoms typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours , but certain effects can last for several days . In the majority of cases recovery is complete within 12 to 24 hours . The effect is highly variable between individuals , with similar doses potentially causing quite different reactions . Some people suffering intoxication have exhibited up to ten hours afterwards . and can result following recovery . - - = = = Treatment = = = - - Medical attention should be sought in cases of suspected poisoning . If the delay between ingestion and treatment is less than four hours , activated charcoal is given . can be considered if the patient presents within one hour of ingestion . vomiting with syrup of is no longer recommended in any poisoning situations . - There is no antidote , and supportive care is the mainstay of further treatment for intoxication . Though sometimes referred to as a and while muscarine was first isolated from A. muscaria and as such is its namesake , muscimol does not have action , either as an agonist or antagonist , at the acetylcholine receptor site , and therefore or as an antidote is not recommended . If a patient is delirious or agitated , this can usually be treated by and , if necessary , physical restraints . A such as or can be used to control combativeness , agitation , muscular , and . Only small doses should be used , as they may the respiratory effects of muscimol . vomiting is rare , but if present may lead to fluid and electrolyte ; intravenous or electrolyte replacement may be required . Serious cases may develop loss of consciousness or coma , and may need and artificial ventilation . can remove the toxins , although this intervention is generally considered unnecessary . With modern medical treatment the prognosis is typically good following supportive treatment . - - = = = use = = = - - The wide range of psychedelic effects can be variously described as , @-@ hypnotic , , and ; paradoxical effects may occur . phenomena such as and may occur , which may have been the inspiration for the effect of mushroom @-@ consumption in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , although " no evidence has ever been found that linked Carroll to recreational drug use " . Additionally , A. muscaria cannot be commercially cultivated , due to its mycorrhizal relationship with the roots of pine trees . However , following the of mushrooms in the United Kingdom in 2006 , the sale of the still legal A. muscaria began increasing . - Professor , a renowned Lithuanian historian , reported to R. Gordon Wasson on the use of this mushroom in Lithuania . In remote areas of Lithuania Amanita muscaria has been consumed at wedding , in which mushrooms were mixed with . The professor also reported that the Lithuanians used to export A. muscaria to the in the Far North for use in rituals . The Lithuanian festivities are the only report that Wasson received of ingestion of fly agaric for religious use in Eastern Europe . - - = = = Siberia = = = - - Amanita muscaria was widely used as an by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia . Its use was known among almost all of the @-@ speaking peoples of western Siberia and the @-@ speaking peoples of the Russian Far East . There are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the and peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that on the whole use of A. muscaria was not practised by these peoples . In western Siberia , the use of A. muscaria was restricted to shamans , who used it as an alternative method of achieving a trance state . ( Normally , Siberian shamans achieve trance by prolonged drumming and dancing . ) In eastern Siberia , A. muscaria was used by both shamans and alike , and was used as well as religiously . In eastern Siberia , the would take the mushrooms , and others would drink his urine . This urine , still containing psychoactive elements , may be more potent than the A. muscaria mushrooms with fewer negative effects such as sweating and twitching , suggesting that the initial user may act as a screening filter for other components in the mushroom . - The of eastern Siberia have a story about the fly agaric ( wapaq ) which enabled Big Raven to carry a whale to its home . In the story , the deity ( " " ) onto earth , and his became the wapaq , and his becomes the warts . After experiencing the power of the wapaq , Raven was so that he told it to grow forever on earth so his children , the people , could learn from it . Among the , one report said that the poor would consume the urine of the wealthy , who could afford to buy the mushrooms . - - = = = Other reports of use = = = - - The Finnish historian T. I. mentions that A. muscaria was once used among the Sami people : in Inari would consume fly agarics with seven spots . In 1979 , Said and published an article in which they claim to have discovered a tradition of and recreational use of this mushroom among a @-@ speaking group in Afghanistan . There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of A. muscaria among two Native American tribes . reported its use among her people , where it was known as the . This information was enthusiastically received by Wasson , although evidence from other sources was lacking . There is also one account of a Euro @-@ American who claims to have been initiated into traditional use of Amanita muscaria . - - = = = Vikings = = = - - The notion that Vikings used A. muscaria to produce their was first suggested by the Swedish professor Samuel in 1784 . based his theories on reports about the use of fly agaric among Siberian shamans . The notion has become widespread since the 19th century , but no contemporary sources mention this use or anything similar in their description of . Muscimol is generally a mild , but it can create a range of different reactions within a group of people . It is possible that it could make a person angry , or cause them to be " very or sad , jump about , dance , sing or give way to great " . - - = = Fly trap = = - - Amanita muscaria is traditionally used for catching flies possibly due to its content of ibotenic acid and muscimol . Recently , an analysis of nine different methods for preparing A. muscaria for catching flies in Slovenia have shown that the release of ibotenic acid and muscimol did not depend on the solvent ( milk or water ) and that thermal and mechanical processing led to faster extraction of ibotenic acid and muscimol . - - = = In Religion = = - - - = = = Soma = = = - - In 1968 , R. Gordon Wasson proposed that A. muscaria was the Soma talked about in the of India , a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time . He noted that descriptions of Soma omitted any description of roots , stems or seeds , which suggested a mushroom , and used the adjective " dazzling " or " " which the author interprets as meaning red . One line described men Soma ; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia . Soma is mentioned as coming " from the mountains " , which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having been brought in with the invaders from the north . Indian scholars Kumar and pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed , using as a source the . In 1971 , Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson 's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma . In his 1976 survey , and Culture , anthropologist Peter T. evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma , concluding cautiously in its favour . - - = = = Christianity = = = - - , , and Dead Sea scholar John Marco Allegro postulated that early Christian theology was derived from a fertility cult revolving around the consumption of A. muscaria in his 1970 book The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross , but his theory has found little support by scholars outside the field of . The book was discredited by academics and theologians , including Sir Godfrey Driver , Professor of Semitic at Oxford University , and Henry , the Dean of Christ Church , Oxford . Christian author John C. King wrote a detailed rebuttal of Allegro 's theory in the 1970 book A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth ; he notes that neither fly agarics nor their host trees are found in the Middle East , even though cedars and pines are found there , and highlights the tenuous nature of the links between biblical and names coined by Allegro . He concludes that if the theory was true , the use of the mushroom must have been " the best kept secret in the world " as it was so well concealed for two thousand years . - - = = Culinary use = = - - The toxins in A. muscaria are water @-@ soluble . When sliced thinly , or finely and boiled in plentiful water until thoroughly cooked , it seems to be detoxified . Although its consumption as a food has never been widespread , the consumption of detoxified A. muscaria has been practiced in some parts of Europe ( notably by Russian settlers in Siberia ) since at least the 19th century , and likely earlier . The German physician and naturalist Georg Heinrich von wrote the earliest published account on how to this mushroom in 1823 . In the late 19th century , the French physician Félix was a and advocate of A. muscaria consumption , comparing it to , an important food source in tropical South America that must be detoxified before consumption . - Use of this mushroom as a food source also seems to have existed in North America . A classic description of this use of A. muscaria by an African @-@ American mushroom seller in Washington , D.C. , in the late 19th century is described by American botanist Frederick Vernon . In this case , the mushroom , after , and in vinegar , is made into a mushroom sauce for . It is also consumed as a food in parts of Japan . The most well @-@ known current use as an edible mushroom is in Prefecture , Japan . There , it is primarily salted and . - A 2008 paper by food historian William and mycologist David Arora gives a history of consumption of A. muscaria as a food and describes methods . They advocate that Amanita muscaria be described in field guides as an edible mushroom , though accompanied by a description on how to it . The authors state that the widespread descriptions in field guides of this mushroom as poisonous is a reflection of cultural bias , as several other popular edible species , notably morels , are toxic unless properly cooked . - - = = Legal Status = = - - - = = = Australia = = = - - Muscimol found within Amanita muscaria is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Standard ( October 2015 ) . A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused , the manufacture , possession , sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research , or for analytical , teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and / or State or Territory Health Authorities . - - = = = The Netherlands = = = - - Amanita muscaria and Amanita are illegal to buy , sell , or possess since December 2008 . Possession of amounts larger than dried or fresh lead to a criminal charge . - - = = = United Kingdom = = = - - It is illegal to produce , supply , or import this drug under the Act , which came into effect on May 26th , 2016 . - - = = Cultural depictions = = - - The red @-@ and @-@ white spotted toadstool is a common image in many aspects of popular culture . Garden ornaments and children 's picture books depicting and fairies , such as the , often show fly agarics used as seats , or homes . Fly agarics have been featured in paintings since the Renaissance , albeit in a subtle manner . In the Victorian era they became more visible , becoming the main topic of some fairy paintings . Two of the most famous uses of the mushroom are in the video game series Super Mario Bros. ( specifically two of the power @-@ up items and the platforms in several stages ) , and the dancing mushroom sequence in the 1940 Disney film Fantasia . - - = = = Literature = = = - - An account of the journeys of Philip von to Siberia and his descriptions of the use of the there was published in English in 1736 . The drinking of urine of those who had consumed the mushroom was commented on by Anglo @-@ Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith in his widely read novel , Citizen of the World . The mushroom had been identified as the fly agaric by this time . Other authors recorded the distortions of the size of perceived objects while intoxicated by the fungus , including naturalist Cooke in his books The Seven Sisters of Sleep and A Plain and Easy of British Fungi . This observation is thought to have formed the basis of the effects of eating the mushroom in the 1865 popular story Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . A hallucinogenic " scarlet toadstool " from is featured as a plot element in Charles Kingsley 's 1866 novel the Wake based on the medieval figure of the same name . Thomas Pynchon 's 1973 novel Gravity 's Rainbow describes the fungus as a " relative of the poisonous Destroying Angel " and presents a detailed description of a character preparing a mixture from harvested Amanita muscaria . Fly agaric is also explored in the 2003 novel by Alan Garner . - - - = Burning of women in England = - - In England , burning was a legal punishment inflicted on women found guilty of high treason , petty treason and heresy . Over a period of several centuries , female convicts were publicly burnt at the stake , sometimes alive , for a range of activities including coining and . - While men guilty of heresy were also burned at the stake , those who committed high treason were instead hanged , drawn and quartered . The English William Blackstone supposed that the difference in sentencing , although " full as terrible to the sensation as the other " , could be explained by the desire not to publicly expose a woman 's body . Public executions were well @-@ attended affairs , and contemporary reports detail the cries of women on the as they were burned alive . It later became commonplace for the executioner to strangle the convict , and for the body to be burned post @-@ mortem . - In the latter half of the eighteenth century , changing attitudes to such public displays prompted Sir Benjamin Hammett MP to denounce the practice in Parliament . His bill , by no means the first such attempt to end the public burning of women , led to the Treason Act 1790 , which abolished the sentence . - - = = punishable by burning = = - - - = = = Treason = = = - - By the end of the thirteenth century , several offences against either one 's lord , or one 's king , were treasonable . High treason , defined as against the sovereign , was first codified during King Edward III 's reign by the Treason Act 1351 . It clarified exactly what crimes constituted treason , following earlier , somewhat " over " interpretations of England 's legal codes . For instance , high treason could be committed by anyone found to be the king 's death or counterfeiting his coin . High treason remained distinct though , from what became known as petty treason : the killing of a lawful superior , such as a husband by his wife . Though twelfth century contemporary authors made few attempts to differentiate between high treason and petty treason , enhanced punishments may indicate that the latter was treated more seriously than an ordinary . - As the most offence an individual could commit , viewed as seriously as though the accused had personally attacked the monarch , high treason demanded the ultimate punishment . But whereas men guilty of this crime were hanged , drawn and quartered , women were drawn and burned . In his on the Laws of England the 18th @-@ century English William Blackstone noted that the sentence , " to be drawn to the , and there to be burned alive " , was " full as terrible to the sensation as the other " . Blackstone wrote that women were burned rather than quartered as " the decency due to the sex forbids the exposing and publicly their bodies " . However , an observation by historian Jules , that " the first flame to rise consumed the clothes , revealing poor trembling nakedness " , may , in the opinion of historian Vic Gatrell , suggest that this solution is " " . In The Tree , Gatrell concludes that the occasional live burial of women in Europe gave tacit acknowledgement to the possibility that a struggling , kicking female hanging from a could " elicit obscene fantasies " from watching males . - - = = = = = = - - Another law by public burning was De heretico comburendo , introduced in during the reign of Henry IV . It allowed for the execution of persons of both sexes found guilty of heresy , thought to be " and dangerous to souls , but also and treasonable . " Bishops were empowered to arrest and imprison anyone suspected of offences related to heresy and , once convicted , send them to be burned " in the presence of the people in a place " . Although the act was repealed in / 34 , it was revived over 20 years later at the request of Queen Mary I who , during the Marian , made frequent use of the punishment it allowed . - De heretico comburendo was repealed by the Act of 1558 , although that act allowed ecclesiastical commissions to deal with occasional instances of heresy . Persons declared guilty , such as and Edward , could still be burned under a writ of de heretico comburendo issued by the Court of Chancery . The burning of heretics was finally ended by the Act 1677 which , although it allowed ecclesiastical courts to charge people with " , blasphemy , heresy , schism , or other doctrine or opinion " , limited their power to excommunication . - - = = of the sentence = = - - Public executions were normally attended by large crowds . For the killing in 1546 of Anne Askew , charged with heresy and tortured at the Tower of London , a " Stage " was built to seat the various officials who presided over her burning . A witness to proceedings reported that Askew was so badly injured by her torture that she was unable to stand . Instead , " the was up , there in a " . - A pamphlet detailing the burning in April 1652 of Joan Peterson , the so @-@ called Witch of , also describes the execution of Lee , found guilty of . Lee was apparently brought on foot , between two sheriff 's officers and dressed in a red , to the place of execution in . There she confessed to having " been a very liver , and much given to cursing and , for which the Lord being offended with her , had suffered her to be brought to that untimely end " . She admitted to being jealous of and arguing with her husband , and stabbing him with a knife . The executioner put her in a pitch barrel , tied her to the stake , placed the fuel and faggots around her and set them . Lee was reported to have " desired all that were present to pray for her " and , feeling the flames , " [ d ] out terribly some five or six several times . " Burning alive for murder was abolished in 1656 , although burning for adultery remained . Thereafter , out of mercy , the condemned were often before the flames took hold . Notable exceptions to this practice were the in 1685 and 1726 of Elizabeth Gaunt , found guilty of high treason for her part in the Rye House Plot , and Catherine Hayes , for petty treason . Hayes apparently " rent the air with her cries and " when the fire was lit too early , preventing the executioner from her in time . She became the last woman in England to be burned alive . - The law also allowed for the hanging of children aged seven years or more . Mary , " but sixteen years of age " , was burned at Winchester in 1738 for poisoning her mistress . An unidentified 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl imprisoned at Newgate was more fortunate . Found guilty in 1777 of being an accomplice to treason , for concealing whitewashed on her person ( at her master 's request ) , she had been sentenced to burn . She was saved by the intervention of Thomas , 1st Marquess of Bath , who happened to be passing . - - = = Changing attitudes = = - - In 1786 , Phoebe Harris and her were " indicted , for that they , on the 11th of February last , one piece of false , , and counterfeit money and coin , to the likeness and of the good , legal , and silver coin of this realm , called a shilling , falsely , , , and did counterfeit and coin " . by a reported 20 @,@ 000 people , she was led to the stake and stood on a stool , where a , attached to an iron bolt driven into the top of the stake , was placed around her neck . As prayers were read , the stool was taken away and over the course of several minutes , her feet kicking as her body , Harris choked to death . About 30 minutes later , faggots were placed around the stake , her body was into position , and subsequently burned for over two hours . - like this had once passed with little to no comment in the press . Historically , while fewer women than men were subjected to capital punishment , more were acquitted , found guilty of lesser charges , or if condemned . In centuries past , these women were judged by publications such as The Newgate Calendar to have succumbed to their own , or to have been led astray . But while 18th and 19th @-@ century women guilty of treasonable crimes were still seen as villains , increasingly , the cause of their descent was ascribed to villainous men . Those people concerned about the brutality inflicted on condemned women were , in Gatrell 's opinion , " activated by the sense that even at their worst women were creatures to be and protected from themselves , and perhaps revered , like all women from whom men were born . " Commenting on Harris 's execution , The Daily Universal Register claimed that the act reflected " a scandal upon the law " , " a disgrace to the police " and " was not only , but and shocking " . The newspaper asked " why should the law in this species of offence inflict a punishment upon a woman , than upon a man " ? - Harris 's fate prompted William Wilberforce to sponsor a bill which , if passed , would have abolished the practice . But as one of its proposals would have allowed the anatomical of criminals other than murderers , the House of Lords rejected it . Though sympathetic to reform of England 's Bloody Code , Lord Chief Justice Loughborough saw no need to change the law : " Although the punishment , as a spectacle , was rather attended with circumstances of horror , likely to make a more strong impression on the than mere hanging , the effect was much the same , as in fact , no greater degree of personal pain was sustained , the criminal being always before the flames were suffered to approach the body " . - When on 25 June 1788 Margaret Sullivan was hanged and burned for coining , the same newspaper ( by then called The Times ) wrote : - There is something so in burning a woman , for what only subjects a man to hanging , that human nature at the idea . Must not mankind laugh as our long speeches against African slavery — and our fine sentiments on Indian , when just in the very eye of the Sovereign we a female fellow creature alive , for putting a of on a half @-@ worth of brass . The savage of the punishment — and the of the offence in the eye of God are contrasts that should meet the consideration of Government . - The Gentleman 's Magazine addressed the Prime Minister , William Pitt the Younger : - the woman was brought out attended by a priest of the persuasion , and as soon as she came to the stake she was placed upon a stool , which was instantly removed from under her , and she left suspended , when the faggots were placed around her , and being set on fire she was soon consumed to ashes . — Mr. Pitt , himself a lawyer , ' tis hoped , will not suffer this cruel remain of savage legislation to escape his notice , and continue a disgrace to the enlightened sense of this country . - Although in his objections to Wilberforce 's 1786 bill Loughborough had noted that these women were dead long before they suffered the flames , many newspapers of the day made no such distinction . The Times incorrectly stated that Sullivan was burned alive , rhetoric which , in Dr Simon 's opinion , could be " rooted in the growing for domesticated womanhood " that might have been expected at the time . As many objections may also have been raised by the perceived of drawing and burning women for coining , whereas until 1783 , when the halting of executions at removed ritualistic dragging from public view , men were simply drawn and hanged . A widening gulf between the numbers of men and women in London ( during the , 393 men versus 47 women ) , which mirrors a similar decline in the sending of women to the , may also indicate an imposition of commonly @-@ held gender ideals on English penal practices . - - = = Abolition = = - - The burning in 1789 of Christian Murphy , for coining , received practically no attention from the newspapers ( perhaps owing to practical limitations on how much news they could publish across only four pages ) , but it may have been enacted by Sir Benjamin Hammett , a former sheriff of London . Hammett was also an MP , and in 1790 he introduced to Parliament a Bill for the Sentence of Burning Women . He denounced the punishment as " the savage remains of Norman policy " which " disgraced our statutes " , as " the practice did the common law " . He also highlighted how a sheriff who refused to carry out the sentence was liable to prosecution . William Wilberforce and Hammett were not the first men to attempt to end the burning of women . Almost 140 years earlier , during the , a group of lawyers and known as the Hale Commission ( after its chairman Matthew Hale ) , was tasked by the House of Commons to take " into consideration what there are in the law " . Among the proposed reforms was the replacement of burning at the stake with hanging , but , mainly through the objections of various interested parties , none of the commission 's proposals made it into law during the Parliament . Hammett was confident though . He believed that public opinion was on his side and that " the House would go with him in the cause of humanity " . The change in execution venues , from to Newgate , also attracted criticism . Following Phoebe Harris 's burning in 1786 , as well as questioning the inequality of English law The Times complained about the location of the punishment and its effect on locals : - When remission of burning was refused , the scene of should have been changed ; the consequences have been serious ; several persons in the neighbourhood of Newgate lying ill , have been severely affected by the smoke which issued from the body of the unhappy female victim . - Another factor was the fate of Sophia , found guilty of coining . Hammett 's bill was introduced only four days before 's fate was to be decided , but a petition for her respite from burning , supported by another sheriff of London ( either Thomas Baker or William Newman ) and brought to King George III 's notice by William Grenville , proved successful . suggests that her impending fate lent weight to the eventual outcome of Hammett 's bill , which was to abolish the burning of women for treason through the Treason Act 1790 . Christian Murphy , who at her execution in 1789 was " in a clean striped gown , a white ribbon , and a black ribbon round her cap " , was the last woman in England to be burned . - - - = Strand , London = - - Strand ( or the Strand ) is a major thoroughfare in the City of Westminster , Central London . It runs just over 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) from Trafalgar Square eastwards to Temple Bar , where the road becomes Fleet Street inside the City of London , and is part of the , a main road running west from inner London . - The road 's name comes from the Old English , meaning the edge of a river , as it historically ran alongside the north bank of the River Thames . The street was popular with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries , with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river . These included Essex House , Arundel House , Somerset House , Savoy Palace , Durham House and Cecil House . The aristocracy moved to the West End over the 17th century , following which the Strand became well known for coffee shops , restaurants and . The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century , and several venues remain on the Strand . At the east end of the street are two historic churches ; St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes . - Several authors , poets and philosophers have lived on or near the Strand , including Charles Dickens , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Virginia Woolf . The street has been commemorated in the song , " Let 's All Go Down the Strand " , now recognised as a typical piece of Cockney music hall . - - = = Geography = = - - The street is the main link between the two cities of Westminster and London . It runs eastward from Trafalgar Square , parallel to the River Thames , to Temple Bar which is the boundary between the two city districts ; the road ahead being Fleet Street . Traffic travelling eastbound follows a short crescent around Aldwych , connected at both ends to the Strand . The road marks the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district and forms part of the business improvement district . - The name was first recorded in 1002 as , then in as and in 1220 as la . It is formed from the Old English word ' ' , meaning the edge of a river . Initially it referred to the shallow bank of the once much wider Thames , before the construction of the Victoria . The name was later applied to the road itself . In the 13th century it was known as ' ' or ' street of the Danes ' , referring to the community of Danes in the area . - Two London Underground stations were once named Strand : a Piccadilly line station ( which was renamed Aldwych station ) that operated between 1907 and 1994 and a former Northern line station which today forms part of Charing Cross station . ' Strand Bridge ' was the name given to Waterloo Bridge during its construction ; it was renamed for its official opening on the second anniversary of the coalition victory in the Battle of Waterloo . London Bus routes 6 , 23 , 139 and 176 all run along the Strand , as do numerous night bus services . - - = = History = = - - During Roman Britain , what is now the Strand was part of the route to , known as " VIII " on the , and which later became known by the name Street . It was briefly part of a trading town called that developed around 600 AD , and stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych . Alfred the Great gradually moved the settlement into the old Roman town of from around AD onwards , leaving no mark of the old town , and the area returned to fields . - In the Middle Ages , the Strand became the principal route between the separate settlements of the City of London ( the civil and commercial centre ) and the royal Palace of Westminster ( the national political centre ) . In the archaeological record , there is considerable evidence of occupation to the north of Aldwych , but much along the former foreshore has been covered by rubble from the demolition of the Tudor Somerset Place , a former royal residence , to create a large platform for the building of the first Somerset House , in the 17th century . The landmark Eleanor 's Cross was built in the 13th century at the western end of the Strand at Charing Cross by Edward I commemorating his wife Eleanor of Castile . It was demolished in 1647 by the request of Parliament during the First English Civil War , but reconstructed in 1865 . - The west part of the Strand was in the parish of St Martin in the Fields and in the east it extended into the parishes of St Clement Danes and St Mary le Strand . Most of its length was in the Liberty of Westminster , although part of the eastern section in St Clement Danes was in the hundred of Middlesex . The precinct of the Savoy , located approximately where the approach to Waterloo Bridge is now , had the Strand as its northern boundary . All of these parishes and places became part of the Strand District in 1855 , except St Martin in the Fields which was governed separately . The Strand District Board of Works was based at No. 22 , Street . Strand District was abolished in October 1900 and became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster . - - = = = Palaces = = = - - From the 12th century onwards , large mansions lined the Strand including several palaces and inhabited by bishops and royal courtiers , mainly located on the south side , with their own river gates and landings directly on the Thames . The road was poorly maintained , with many pits and , and a paving order was issued in 1532 to improve traffic . - What later became Essex House on the Strand was originally an Outer Temple of the Knights Templar in the 11th century . In , ownership passed to the Knights of St John . Henry VIII gave the house to William , Baron Paget in the early 16th century . Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester , rebuilt the house in 1563 , originally calling it Leicester House . It was renamed Essex House after being inherited by Robert , 2nd Earl of Essex , in . It was demolished around 1674 and Essex Street , leading up to the Strand , was built on the location by property speculator Nicholas . - Arundel House was originally the town house of the Bishops of Bath and Wells . It was owned by William , 1st Earl of Southampton between and his death in 1542 , with ownership passing to Thomas Seymour in 1545 . After Seymour was executed in 1549 , the property was sold to Henry , Earl of Arundel , and was owned by the for much of the 16th and 17th century . In 1666 , it became the meeting place of the Royal Society following the destruction of the previous venue due to the Great Fire of London . The house was demolished in and Arundel Street , adjoining the Strand , was built on the site . - Somerset House was built by Edward Seymour , Duke of Somerset , regent of England from to 1549 , demolishing three and the church of the of Our Lady and the in the process . After Somerset was executed in 1552 , it became an occasional residence for Princess Elizabeth . On her ascension to the throne in 1558 , she returned part of the house to Seymour 's family ( with ownership passing to his son , Edward Seymour , 1st Earl of ) with the remainder being an occasional meeting place for the Royal Society . After Elizabeth 's death in 1603 , it was owned by Anne of Denmark , wife of James VI and I. The building was renamed Denmark House in commemoration of Anne 's brother , Christian IV of Denmark . Following James ' death in 1625 , his body lay there for a month . It was taken over by Parliament in 1645 following the Civil War , renaming it back to Somerset House . It had an irregular series of owners and residents for much of the 18th century until its demolition in 1775 . The house was rebuilt as a series of government buildings . The Stamp Office , later to become the Inland Revenue was established in Somerset House in 1789 . In the late 20th century , a number of art galleries were set up on vacant parts , including the Institute of Art and the King 's College London School of Law . - Savoy Palace was the London residence of John of Gaunt , King Richard II 's uncle and the nation 's power . In the 14th century the Savoy was the most magnificent nobleman 's mansion in England . During the ' of , rebels , led by Wat Tyler , by opposition to the poll tax promoted by John of Gaunt , systematically demolished the Savoy and everything in it . In it was rebuilt as the Savoy Hospital for the poor . It gradually fell into and was divided into multiple . It was demolished in 1816 – 20 to build the approach road to Waterloo eventually being demolished in the 19th century . The Savoy Hotel now occupies this site . - Durham House , the historic London residence of the Bishop of Durham , was built circa 1345 and demolished in the mid @-@ 17th century . Having once been the home of Anne , it had become by the mid @-@ 17th century and was demolished in 1660 . Durham Street and the Adelphi Buildings were built on its site . York House was built as the London residence for the Bishop of Norwich not later than 1237 . At the time of the Reformation it was acquired by King Henry VIII and came to be known as York House when he granted it to the Archbishop of York in . In the it was acquired by the royal favourite George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham , and after an interlude during the Civil War it was returned to George Villiers , 2nd Duke of Buckingham , who sold it to developers in 1672 . It was then demolished and new streets and buildings built on the site , including George Street , Villiers Street , Duke Street , Of , and Buckingham Street . - Cecil House , also called Exeter House or House , built in the 16th century by Lord as an expansion of an existing Tudor house . Exeter House was demolished in 1676 and Exeter Exchange built on the site . A menagerie was built on the upper floors in 1773 , which was later run by Edward Cross , who housed lions , tigers , monkeys and . In 1826 , an elephant , , nearly broke free from its cage and had to be destroyed ; the skeleton was later put on display . The exchange was demolished in 1829 , with the menagerie moving to the Surrey Zoological Gardens , and replaced by Exeter Hall , noted for its meetings . This was demolished in 1907 , and the site is now occupied by the Strand Palace Hotel . - Other significant palaces along the Strand include Worcester House , formerly the Inn , or residence , of the Bishop of Carlisle . , Salisbury House , used for royal lodgings in the 15th and 16th centuries , Hungerford House , which was demolished and replaced , in turn , by Hungerford Market and Charing Cross station , and Northumberland House , a large mansion , the historic London residence of the Dukes of Northumberland ; built in 1605 and demolished in 1874 . Northumberland Avenue now occupies the site . The official residence of the Secretary of State , next door at No. 1 the Strand , became the first numbered address in London . Apart from the rebuilt Somerset House , all of these buildings have been demolished and replaced from the 17th century onwards . A New Exchange was built on part of the gardens of Durham House , in 1608 @-@ 9 , facing the Strand . This high @-@ class shopping centre enjoyed considerable popularity but was eventually destroyed in 1737 . - - = = = Modern era = = = - - During the 17th century , many of the grand mansions on the Strand were demolished as the aristocracy moved to the West End . The Duck and Drake tavern on Strand was famed as a venue for the conspirators involved in the Gunpowder Plot . In the time of the Civil War , the Nag 's Head tavern was the venue of a meeting between Henry and some of the which resulted in the production of of the Army , demanding the abolition of the monarchy and the trial of King Charles I. - In the 18th century , coffee and chop houses were established on the street ; was established at No. 206 in 1706 by Thomas , supplier of tea to Queen Anne . The company claims to be the oldest in Westminster . The Grecian Coffee House ran from around to 1803 , while Tom 's ran from 1706 to around 1775 . Though these premises were well @-@ known , the alleyways around the Strand were regular haunts for and prostitutes during this time . The Rose Tavern , at the eastern end of the street , was frequented by lawyers during the 18th century . It was later demolished and became Place . The Crown and Anchor was the main meeting place for the Catholic Association and helped established the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . It was later used for Catholic politicians such as Daniel O 'Connell to address constituents . The original premises burned down in 1854 , but was rebuilt . Simpson 's @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Strand originally started at No. 100 in 1828 as a smoking and dining club . It later became a restaurant . The Strand was also notable in the 18th century as a centre for the British book trade , with numerous printers and publishers along the street . The prominent Andrew is an example of one of the most successful publishers who owned a shop there . - King 's College London was founded in 1828 . The Strand Campus , based next to the church of St Mary @-@ le @-@ Strand , was designed by Robert and constructed in 1829 – 31 . King 's College Hospital opened as a branch of the college in 1840 , and became a constituent part of the University of London in 1908 . The current campus building was constructed in 1966 . In 2015 , the college acquired Strand House , Bush House and other buildings in the Aldwych Quarter . The Royal Courts of Justice , at the eastern end of the Strand , was designed in the mid @-@ 1860s by G.E. Street as a replacement for the older courts at Westminster Hall , though construction was so delayed that he died shortly before Queen Victoria opened the courts in 1882 . The West Green extension to the courts opened in 1911 , while the Queen 's Building opened in 1968 . - The architect John Nash redeveloped the western end of the Strand in the 1830s , including the construction of Charing Cross Hospital . In the 19th century , much of the Strand was rebuilt and the houses to the south no longer backed onto the Thames , separated from the river by the Victoria constructed in 1865 – 70 and 37 acres ( 15 ha ) of land . The street became well known for theatres , and at one point contained more than any other ; including the Music Hall at No. 65 , the Adelphi , Gaiety , Savoy , Terry 's and Vaudeville . In the 21st century , only the Adelphi , Vaudeville and Savoy remain . The Piccadilly branch line from to Aldwych was built partly to serve theatre traffic . The Coal Hole tavern was founded at No. 91 in the early 19th century , and frequented by coal @-@ working on the Thames . The Nicholson held song @-@ and @-@ supper evenings at the inn , featuring tableaux . The actor Edmund Kean established the Wolf Club at the venue , which is now commemorated by the Wolf Room . - Charing Cross railway station was built on the Strand in 1864 , providing a boat train service to Europe , which stimulated the growth of hotels in the area to cater for travellers . These included the Charing Cross Hotel , attached to the station itself . Today , there are several luggage outlets and tourist agents on the Strand , as well as old stamp dealers . The Stanley Gibbons opened a shop at No. 435 in 1891 . It moved to No. in 1893 , and is now currently based at No. . - The Strand Palace Hotel was designed by and constructed in 1925 – 30 . The entrance was rebuilt in 1968 , with the original being moved to the Victoria and Albert Museum . The Strand underwent extensive redevelopment in the mid @-@ 20th century . The length of road from St Mary 's eastwards up to St Clement 's was widened in 1900 , the former Street which forked from the Strand and ran parallel with it to the north , leaving the two churches of St Mary Le Strand and Danes as islands in the centre of the road . Gaiety Theatre was demolished , to be replaced by Citibank House , while Villiers House and New South Wales House were both built in 1957 – 59 . New South Wales House was subsequently demolished in 1996 and replaced by an office block . In 1998 , a statue of Oscar Wilde was built at the junction of Adelaide Street and Street , adjoining the western end of the Strand . - - = = Churches = = - - The church of St Clement Danes is believed to date from the 9th century . The name may have come from Harold , a Danish king who ruled England around 1035 – 40 and is buried in the church , or from a place of refuge for Danes after the conquest of Alfred the Great . It was transferred to the Order of the Knights Templar by Henry II in 1189 . It survived the Great Fire in 1666 , but was declared unsafe and rebuilt by Christopher Wren in 1679 . The building was damaged during the Blitz in 1941 , much of the interior , and was rebuilt in 1958 by Sam Lloyd , since when it has served as the central church of the Royal Air Force . The church is one of two possible origins for the " St Clement 's " in the nursery rhyme " and " , though more contemporary accounts suggest St Clement 's , in the City of London to be more likely . - St Mary le Strand was designed by James Gibbs and completed in 1717 , to replace a previous church demolished to make way for Somerset House . It was the first building to be designed by Gibbs , who was influenced by Wren and . The column on top of the church was originally designed to support a statue of Queen Anne , but was replaced with a spire following Anne 's death in 1714 . It survived the Blitz but was in poor shape until John Betjeman led a campaign to restore it in the 1970s . Essex Street Chapel , the birthplace of British , onto the Strand . The original chapel was built in 1774 , but damaged in the Blitz . It was restored after the war , and now serves as the denominational headquarters . - - = = Notable residents = = - - The print seller Rudolph lived and worked at No. 101 The Strand between 1797 and 1827 . His shop was one of the first to have gas lighting fitted . - In the 19th century , The Strand became a newly fashionable address and many avant @-@ garde writers and thinkers gathered here , among them Thomas Carlyle , Charles Dickens , John Stuart Mill , Ralph Waldo Emerson and the scientist Thomas Henry . No. 142 was the home of radical publisher and physician John Chapman , who published contemporary authors from this house during the 1850s and edited the journal Westminster Review from 1851 . George Eliot lived at No. 142 between 1851 and 1855 . Virginia Woolf regularly travelled along the Strand , and a King 's College building named after her is in nearby . - - = = Cultural references = = - - The Strand is the subject of a famous music hall song " Let 's All Go Down the Strand " , composed by Harry and C. W. Murphy . The song opens with a group of tourists , staying the night at Trafalgar Square about to embark for Rhineland . The chorus of " Let 's all go down the Strand – have a banana " is now recognised as a stereotypical part of Cockney music hall and parodied by English comedian Bill Bailey . English composer Percy used the name for his 1911 piano trio Handel in the Strand . - Virginia Woolf has written about the Strand in several of her essays , including " Street : A London Adventure , " and the novel Mrs. . T. S. Eliot alludes to the Strand in his 1905 poem " At " and in his 1922 poem " The Waste Land " ( part III , The Fire , v. 258 : " and along the Strand , up Queen Victoria Street " ) . John also refers to a " jostling in the Strand " in his poem " On Growing Old " . The street name also figures in the 1958 poem " on the Strand " by Richard Percival , which in 2013 was featured as part of ’ s " Poems on the Underground " scheme , appearing in tube carriages all over London . - John Betjeman used the title of the song for a television documentary made for Associated @-@ in 1967 . The same year , Margaret Williams used it for a stage comedy . The Strand Magazine , which began publishing in 1891 , was named after the street . A BBC World Service arts and culture radio series was called The Strand . Bush House , situated on the Strand , was home to the World Service between 1941 and 2012 . - The standard British board has the Strand in a group with two roads it connects to ; Fleet Street and Trafalgar Square . - - - = President Evil = - - " President Evil " is the fifth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the forty @-@ ninth episode overall . Written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck , the episode premiered on The CW on October 31 , 2006 . - The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica investigates when two masked men a Halloween party and steal Veronica 's necklace from Lilly Kane ( Amanda ) . Meanwhile , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) helps Dean O 'Dell ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) find the biological father of his stepson , the only person who can give the stepson a life @-@ saving bone marrow transplant . - Dianna Agron , Richard Grieco , Ryan , and Robert guest star or make their first appearances as recurring characters in the episode . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics , with general praise towards Veronica and Weevil 's relationship and criticism for the case of the week and the episode 's ending . - - = = Synopsis = = - - Veronica shows one of the rape victims ( ) the photo of a suspect , but she doesn ’ t recognize him . In criminology class , Veronica does a case study of Weevil ( Francis ) , and the class enjoys it . After the study , Veronica tells Weevil that she ’ s dating Logan ( Jason ) , and he reacts negatively . Veronica then walks into Mars Investigations and finds Cyrus O ’ Dell and his wife ( Jaime Ray Newman ) talking with Keith , while Veronica herself does some detective work . Keith informs Veronica that Dean O ’ Dell ’ s stepson is dying and that he wants Keith to find the boy ’ s biological father . At Mercer 's ( Ryan Devlin ) party , two masked men enter and steal everyone ’ s , including the necklace that Lilly gave Veronica . Wallace ( Percy III ) is failing his mechanical engineering class , a subject in which he wanted to major . Meanwhile , Keith tracks down the husband , and Veronica accuses Weevil of robbing the party . - At the meeting , Dean O ’ Dell ’ s wife asks the ex @-@ husband to give their son a bone marrow transplant . Meanwhile , Sheriff Lamb ( Michael ) arrests Weevil for the robbery . Veronica visits Weevil in prison before she decides to look into a delivered to Weevil ’ s house . Sheriff Lamb tells Keith that the ex @-@ husband has disappeared before accusing Keith in the ex @-@ husband ’ s disappearance . Keith thinks that Dean O ’ Dell was involved in the disappearance , but when he visits Dean , it turns out that Dean 's wife and stepson have disappeared to a hospital in Mexico , presumably taking the ex @-@ husband with them . Wallace visits a “ tutor ” , who gives him a mysterious “ study guide ” before going back to for the “ answers . ” Veronica notices the masks being used in a short film , but they were stolen . When they are in Mexico , Dean O ’ Dell reveals that he to Keith about their whereabouts . - Veronica tracks the casino down to a volunteer police officer . She has evidence , and the police comes to arrest him . However , they don ’ t find the necklace . At the hospital , Keith hesitates when O ’ Dell asks him what he would do if Veronica were in danger . Veronica gets her necklace back from the perpetrator ’ s daughter . Because he gave bone marrow , the ex @-@ husband now has a much more favorable divorce settlement . Veronica tracks down the suspect in the photo , Wang , but his roommate tells Veronica that he is Claire ’ s boyfriend . - - = = Production = = - - " President Evil " was written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck , marking Moskin 's first writing credit , Mulei 's first writing credit for the show , and Marck 's eighth directing credit for Veronica Mars . Dianna Agron , famous for her role as Quinn on Glee , makes her first appearance on the series in this episode as Jenny , Veronica 's classmate . She would eventually appear on several episodes of the third season . - Richard Grieco , known for his role as Dennis Booker on the original 21 Jump Street TV series , appears for the first time as Steve , Mindy O 'Dell 's ex @-@ husband . In 2012 , the New York Daily News called Grieco 's role on Veronica Mars " his last mainstream role " . Ryan guest stars as Danny , a shop employee . He would go on to make a guest appearance on series creator Rob Thomas 's later show Party Down . Robert appears as Mason , Wallace 's friend . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - In its original broadcast , " President Evil " was viewed by 2 @.@ 70 million viewers , ranking 99th of 101 in the weekly rankings . This figure was a decrease in 630 @,@ 000 viewers from the previous episode , Charlie Don 't Surf . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . Eric Goldman , writing for IGN , gave a mostly positive review , giving it a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , indicating that it was a " good " episode . He stated , " Things are still a bit on Veronica Mars this season , though this episode had some elements that hopefully herald a turn in the right direction . " While criticizing the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week , he was more laudatory to the subplots , calling Sheriff Lamb arresting Weevil " the most entertaining scene of the episode " and that " the episode definitely picked up in the last act . " Rowan Kaiser , writing for The A.V. Club , gave a very mixed review , commenting positively on Veronica and Weevil 's relationship while criticizing other aspects of the episode . " While ' President Evil ' was not a favorite , and has a few annoying moments , it was generally a perfectly adequate episode of Veronica Mars . That is , until the ending . [ … ] The implication here is one that I 've been for a few episodes : that the radical feminist Lilith House has staged Claire 's rape , and possibly others . " Television Without Pity gave the episode a " B- " . - Reviewer Alan Sepinwall also had mixed comments , comparing the episode to House and stating , " And yet as much as Veronica was annoying me , as much as I wanted to at her for automatically jumping to conclusions with Weevil ( more on that in a minute ) , this was maybe my favorite episode of the season . [ … ] Hell , they even had a ending to the mystery arc for the first time in forever . I dug it . " Price Peterson of TV.com gave a mostly negative review , writing , " This episode was not the best ! Not terrible by any means , but it felt lacking in certain ways , particularly when it came to the total lack of Piz and Dick . Where were they ? Also this episode made it clear that Logan didn 't have all that much to do on the show anymore . " - - - = Dave Sisler = - - David Michael Sisler ( October 16 , 1931 – January 9 , 2011 ) was a professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1956 through 1962 . Early in his career , Sisler was a starter , then later was used as a middle reliever and occasionally as a closer . He reached the majors in 1956 with the Boston Red Sox after he completed a two @-@ year obligation in the active military . After three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with the Red Sox , he was traded to the Detroit Tigers in 1959 and served the team through the 1960 season . Before the 1961 season , he was selected by the Washington Senators in the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft , for whom he played the 1961 season . He was then traded to the Cincinnati Reds in 1962 , playing one season at the major league level , and one in their minor league system . - His most productive years came with Boston , where he won 24 games from 1956 to 1958 , averaging 138 innings each season . After that , he appeared strictly as a reliever and saved a career @-@ high 11 games for the Senators . In a seven @-@ season career , Sisler posted a 38 – 44 record with a 4 @.@ 33 ERA in 247 appearances , including 29 saves , 12 complete games , one shutout and 656 ⅓ innings . Sisler retired from baseball after the 1963 season to become an investment firm executive , a career that lasted for over 30 years , retiring as a vice @-@ chairman for A. G. Edwards . - His father , Hall of Famer George Sisler ; and one of his brothers , Dick Sisler , also played baseball at the major league level ; while another brother , George Sisler , Jr . , was a general manager for several minor league baseball teams , and later became president of the International League from 1966 to 1976 . - - = = Early life = = - - Sisler was born on October 16 , 1931 , in St. Louis , Missouri , to George Sisler , a Baseball Hall of Fame player , and Kathleen . He played baseball in high school and when he was 16 he went to work for his father who was a coach in the Brooklyn Dodgers organization . Dave kept statistics and was occasionally allowed to pitch . The Dodgers did not a future with him and did not pursue a contract due to his commitment to Princeton and future military obligation . Sisler was signed by the Boston Red Sox of the American League ( AL ) after his time with Princeton , and began his professional baseball career at the age of 21 in 1953 for the Albany Senators in the class @-@ A Eastern League . He pitched in 21 games that season , 20 as their starting pitcher ; he had a 12 – 7 win – loss record , an ERA of 2 @.@ 60 in 135 innings pitched . He did not play professional baseball in either 1954 or 1955 due to his active military service . - - = = Major League career = = - - - = = = Boston Red Sox = = = - - After his military commitment , he re @-@ joined the organization , and began the season with the Red Sox . He made his major league debut on April 26 , 1956 , a one @-@ inning relief appearance against the New York Yankees . His first MLB victory came seven days later , a three @-@ inning relief appearance against the Yankees in Boston . On August 5 , in his sixth start , he pitched a seven @-@ inning complete game 2 @-@ 1 victory over the Cleveland Indians and their pitching star , future Hall of Famer Bob Lemon . In total , he appeared in 39 games his first season , 14 as their starting pitcher , had a 9 – 8 win – loss record with three saves , 98 strikeouts , and a 4 @.@ 66 ERA in 142 ⅓ inning pitched . He tied for the AL league with a 1 @.@ 000 fielding percentage by not committing a single error , although he had the sixth highest total of hit batsmen with seven . Following the season , Sisler was praised for his performance ; he was selected by Boston area sportswriters as the " Harry Award " winner , given annually to whom they voted as the top Boston Red Sox rookie , and was named to the 1956 " Rookie All @-@ Star Team " . - On January 17 , 1957 , Sisler was re @-@ signed by the Red Sox . The Red Sox expected Sisler to be a candidate for a pitching rotation slot . He impressed his coaching staff during early spring practices , manager Mike " " Higgins commented that Sisler " looks good ; he 's more mature and shows more confidence " . When the regular season began , he was initially effective , winning three games against one defeat in his first four starts , including two complete game victories against the Yankees . At this point , he was 4 – 0 against the Yankees , earning him the moniker " Yankee Killer " from sportswriter Chester L. Smith of the Pittsburgh Press . Although his ERA of 4 @.@ 88 was considered high , it was due in large part to his loss against the Kansas City Athletics who scored six earned runs in just two innings . On July 4 , he defeated the Yankees once again , making him 5 – 0 against them in his career , and 7 – 4 overall for the 1957 season , and had lowered his ERA to 4 @.@ 02 . That was his last victory of the season , however , which he followed with two consecutive losses , pitching a total of four innings ; he did not appear in another game until September 2 . He recorded a save against the Baltimore Orioles on September 7 , but closed the season with two consecutive losses against the Yankees , though he pitched well in the second game , giving up just three hits and two earned runs in eight innings . His season totals include a 7 – 8 record , and a 4 @.@ 72 ERA in 122 ⅓ inning pitched . - Sisler began the 1958 spring training in spectacular form , pitching a total of nine innings and allowed just one in 28 batters faced ; the last 27 in order . However , he finished the spring with two consecutive losses , including one to the Pittsburgh Pirates , with whom his father was a special assistant to their manager . He opened the regular season with a complete game victory against the Yankees on April 16 . On May 2 , he pitched his only career complete game shutout , a 6 – 0 victory against the Detroit Tigers and future Hall of Famer Jim , improving his record to 3 – 1 for the season . Over the next two months , his average innings pitched declined during his starts , and on several occasions he entered the game in relief . He went from June 12 to August 9 , when he defeated the Yankees . He recorded just one more victory in 1958 , and completed the season with an 8 – 9 record , a 4 @.@ 94 ERA , and 71 strikeouts in a career @-@ high 149 ⅓ innings pitched . - On February 8 , 1959 , the Red Sox announced that they had Sisler signed for the 1959 season . After what was considered a " disappointing " season , he did not impress with his first outing in spring training , giving up two hits and five bases on balls in just two innings of work . of pitching depth was a noted weakness for the Red Sox entering the season , with unpredictable youth and with hopes that Sisler could regain his previous level of success . Sisler opened the season slated as a relief pitcher with the idea that he would start in certain cases . In three relief appearances through April , he had a 6 @.@ 75 ERA in 6 ⅔ inning pitched . Management decided that his performance along with a pitching staff that they considered inexperienced , Sisler and Ted were traded to the Detroit Tigers on May 2 for starting pitcher Billy . - - = = = Detroit Tigers = = = - - , who won 20 games for the Tigers in 1956 , had continually under @-@ performed since , and was noted for being in the manager 's " " ; however , sportswriter commented , " I can 't see where they ( Tigers ) gained a thing in this transaction . " The Tigers had lost 15 of their first 17 games of the season before the trade and decided that changes were needed . In addition to the Sisler trade they fired manager Bill Norman and replaced him with Jimmy Dykes . These moves initially proved effective , sparking a winning game streak , which began by defeating the Yankees in both games of a on May 3 . Continuing their rebound , the Tigers faced the Red Sox next , winning two of three , and Sisler pitched a scoreless one @-@ inning relief appearance against his former team on May 6 . Used exclusively in relief , Sisler pitched in 32 games for the Tigers , winning one game against three losses and collected seven saves , which was seventh most in the AL , and he did not record an error . - Sisler returned to the Tigers for the 1960 season , and manager Dykes noted that he was not confident that his bullpen could help when needed , pointing to the previous season as a reference . The Tigers bullpen had won just nine games in 1959 , but began 1960 with three straight victories , with Sisler pitching a scoreless two @-@ inning appearance on April 22 . His performance was considered a surprise , due to having a poor spring training . Although he pitched well in his first game of the season , he quickly lost his form , and by May 18 , his ERA had risen to 5 @.@ 06 and had a 1 – 2 record . It was at this point in the season that he began to turn his fortunes around and regained his effectiveness , and by August 12 he had lowered his ERA to 1 @.@ 90 . His season totals included a 2 @.@ 47 ERA and a 7 @-@ 5 win @-@ loss record , both career , and added six saves in 80 innings pitched . - - = = = Washington Senators = = = - - After the 1960 season , it was announced that the AL were going to create two new teams , one in Los Angeles and one in Washington , D. C. Although he was thought of as the Tigers ' best reliever during the season , Sisler was listed by the Tigers as eligible for the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft . The draft occurred on December 14 , 1960 and Sisler was selected by the Washington Senators with the fourth overall pick . The Senators received communication from several teams that were interested in Sisler , namely the Milwaukee Braves of the National League ( NL ) and the Athletics , but decided to trade their first pick in the expansion draft , Bobby , instead . New manager Mickey Vernon defined Sisler 's role with the team before the season began , designating him as their top relief pitcher . Sisler felt slighted by the Tigers , having been left unprotected by the team , and had considered retiring from baseball , but ultimately decided to sign with the Senators . - Sisler was solid for much of the first half of the season , not allowing an earned run until May 19 , and by June 5 he had an ERA of 0 @.@ 74 , a 1 – 0 record with seven saves . It was at the point that his effectiveness declined rapidly , allowing runs to score in four of his next five appearances . In a game against the Red Sox on June 18 , he relieved starter Carl , and immediately gave up bases on balls to the first two batters he faced , which forced in two runs , then gave up a grand slam to Jim . He followed with another base on balls , and was relieved without having recording an out . Over the course of the next couple months , with his ERA steadily rising , his playing time was , making just six appearances in the month of July , and five in August . He made his last major league start on August 31 against the Tigers , giving up seven hits and six earned runs for the loss . In 45 total appearances in 1961 , he had a 2 – 8 win @-@ loss record and finished sixth in AL with 11 saves . On September 16 , the Senators agreed to send $ 75 @,@ 000 ( $ 593 @,@ 900 current dollar adjustment ) and a player to be named later to the Cincinnati Reds of the NL for pitcher Claude . To complete the transaction , Washington sent Sisler to the Reds as that player named on November 28 . - - = = = Cincinnati Reds = = = - - The Reds were the NL champions in 1961 , and with the addition of Sisler , Dave , and Moe to ensure stability to their pitching staff in 1962 , the team 's management had high hopes of a return to the World Series . Sisler , who was expected to be used as a relief pitcher , joined a Reds team that already had his brother Dick , who was their first base coach . His father , still with Pittsburgh , mentioned that he was relieved that his son did not play in a recent series between the Pirates and Reds , recalling how the mixed emotions he felt when his elder son , Dick , helped defeat the Dodgers in an important game in 1950 by hitting a home run . The younger Sisler 's season did not begin well ; in his ten appearances by June 5 , he allowed a run in all but three , and had a 4 @.@ 97 ERA . On June 19 , Sisler pitched a scoreless inning in victory against the Pirates , the time first time George watched his son pitch as an opponent . Although Sisler 's season was a disappointment , he completed the season well , allowing just one earned run over the course of his final eight games , as well as earning the victory on September 23 , his final major league appearance . His totals for the season included a 4 – 3 record , a 3 @.@ 92 ERA , and one save in 43 ⅔ innings pitched . - For the coming 1963 season , manager Fred Hutchinson envisioned the same the role for Sisler , coming out of the bullpen with the idea that he would occasionally start . The Reds announced on February 9 that Sisler had signed for the 1963 season , although he did not make the Reds ' NL club and was optioned to their class @-@ AAA team , the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League ( ) . In 35 games pitched for the Padres , he started six , had a 6 – 9 record and a 3 @.@ 40 ERA in 90 innings . On March 18 , 1964 , it was announced that Sisler retired from baseball to join an Investment company . - - = = Later life = = - - After his baseball career , Sisler became an executive with the investment firm A. G. Edwards for more than 30 years , reaching the level of vice @-@ chairman . A. G. Edwards was a sponsor of a semi @-@ professional baseball team located in St. Petersburg , Florida ; when the " " were invited to play in season @-@ ending tournament to decide a champion , Sisler , a senior executive for the firm , denied the funding for the team , forcing them to decline if no other were raised . It was an unexpected decision considering that Sisler was former baseball player , but he did not feel that A. G. Edwards was , with the costs of running the team becoming more than originally agreed to by contract . - In 2004 , the possibility arose of his father 's record of 257 hits in a season being surpassed by Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners . Living in Dallas , Texas at the time , Sisler and his son Dave followed Ichiro 's progress throughout the season . Both had mixed feelings about the record chase ; they were happy that George Sisler 's name was being talked about and that people were re @-@ discovering him as a player , but both were hoping that , if the record was not broken in 154 games , there would be an noting that it took Ichiro more games to achieve it . Ichiro finished the season with 262 hits , and the Mariners extended an invitation for the entire Sisler family to attend the celebration at Field . The younger Sisler was prevented by an emergency heart procedure from travelling to Seattle . Both remarked that the Mariners were a organization for extending the invitation . - Sisler died on January 9 , 2011 of prostate cancer at the age of 79 in St. Louis , Missouri . He was survived by his wife Janet , son and three grandchildren . - - - = Cole Hamels = - - Michael " Cole " Hamels ( born December 27 , 1983 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played in MLB for the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2015 . - Originally from San Diego , California , Hamels excelled in Rancho Bernardo High School both and . The Phillies drafted him out of high school in the first round of the 2002 MLB Draft ( 17th ) , and he began his career in the Phillies minor league system . Numerous issues , including an injury sustained in a bar fight as well as other injuries , occurred during his first few minor league seasons . Having reached the Triple @-@ A level , he was the top pitcher in the Phillies ' minor league system in 2006 . - In May 2006 , Hamels made his major league debut for the Phillies . After securing a long @-@ term spot as a member of the Phillies starting rotation in his rookie season , he made large in the 2007 Major League Baseball season and won the Phillies ' top major league pitcher award . He was the top pitcher on the team entering the 2008 season , and during the Phillies ' postseason run , during which they ultimately won the 2008 World Series , he won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award . Since then , he has been a top starter in the Phillies ' rotation . After the 2008 season , Hamels signed a three @-@ year contract with the Phillies . His statistics declined over the next two seasons , struggling through a tumultuous 2009 campaign and somewhat bouncing back in 2010 , however still not approaching his 2008 numbers . Over the next few seasons , Hamels was joined by fellow all @-@ star pitchers including Roy Halladay , Cliff Lee , and Roy Oswalt , and flourished with them , putting up some of his top career seasons before suffering from poor run support in 2013 . With the decline of his aging teammates as the team missed the postseason for the next few years , Hamels remained one of the Phillies ' consistent stars . Hamels was traded to the Texas Rangers in 2015 where he sparked their run to the AL West title . - - = = Early life = = - - Cole Hamels attended Middle School and Rancho Bernardo High School in San Diego . He was a " gifted student " , and scored a ( out of 1600 ) on the SAT . Scouts were interested in Hamels while he was in high school primarily because his fastball was as high as 94 miles per hour ( 151 km / h ) , and his secondary offerings were considered advanced . However , some teams lost interest when Hamels broke his left humerus during his sophomore year . Nonetheless , Hamels was drafted in the first round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft by the Philadelphia Phillies , who held the 17th overall selection . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Minor league career = = = - - Hamels began his professional baseball career in 2003 , pitching for the Class A of the South Atlantic League . Later that season , he was promoted to the Clearwater of the Class A @-@ Advanced Florida State League . He finished the year by receiving the Paul Award , given to the best pitcher in the Phillies ' minor league system . - During the next two seasons , however , Hamels suffered through several injuries , and pitched only . He missed most of the 2004 season with elbow tendinitis , making only four starts . In 2005 , he broke his pitching hand in a bar fight before the season began ; after rehabilitation , he was assigned to Clearwater . In July , the Phillies promoted him to the Class AA Reading Phillies of the Eastern League , where he surrendered the first home run of his professional career in his first start . Subsequently , he was shut down for the remainder of the season with back . - In 2006 , a healthy Hamels started again at Clearwater , and after a brief stint in Reading , he was promoted to the Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre Red Barons of the Class AAA International League . In three games at Scranton , he struck out 36 batters while giving up only one walk and one run . His minor league statistics included a record of 14 – 4 with a 1 @.@ 43 ERA and 273 strikeouts in 35 games pitched . For his performance , the Phillies promoted him to the major league club . - - = = = Philadelphia Phillies = = = - - - = = = = 2006 = = = = - - Hamels was called up to the Philadelphia Phillies in May 2006 . In his Major League Baseball debut on May 12 , he pitched five scoreless innings , allowing one hit , striking out seven batters , walked five , while earning a no @-@ decision against the Cincinnati Reds . In his second career start , Hamels was dominant until the seventh inning , during which he was pulled after he allowed several baserunners , but again received a no @-@ decision . A shoulder injury Hamels from the lineup of what would have originally been his third major league start . He was put on the 15 @-@ day disabled list and returned on June 6 to defeat the Arizona 10 – 1 for his first Major League victory . On August 14 , 2006 , Hamels had his best start of his rookie season , shutting out the New York Mets over eight innings and striking out nine in the Phillies ' 13 – 0 victory . He finished his rookie season with a 9 – 8 record , a 4 @.@ 08 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 145 strikeouts ( third among NL ) in 132 1 ⁄ 3 innings ( sixth among NL ) . - - = = = = 2007 = = = = - - Hamels entered the 2007 season having done significant work in the weight room in the offseason and at spring training . His tenacity came to fruition when , on April 21 , 2007 , Hamels pitched his first major league complete game , allowing one run on five hits and two walks while setting a career high with 15 strikeouts . Just three days before , the Phillies moved their opening day starter Brett Myers to the bullpen to be the closer , making Hamels the team 's number one starter . On May 16 , he carried a perfect game into the seventh inning , but then walked hitter Weeks and surrendered a home run to the next batter , J. J. Hardy . - For his strong performance during the first half of the season , Hamels was , for the first time in his career , selected a member of the NL All Star Team . As Hamels had been the Phillies only consistent starter to that point , even to the point that one columnist said the Phillies are a joke " as long as we are forced to look forward to someone other than Cole Hamels on the mound " , the Phillies acquired Kyle to supplement the rotation soon before the trading deadline . Several weeks later , Hamels was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list ( ) with a mild left elbow strain . After the Phillies activated him from the , on September 28 , he helped the Phillies take over first place in the National League East by striking out 13 Washington over 8 innings in a 6 – 0 win . Two days later , the team clinched a spot in the playoffs for the first time in 14 years . In the first game of the National League Division Series , he started for the Phillies , but surrendered three runs , three hits , and an " " four walks , while striking out seven in 62 ⁄ 3 innings ; he was assessed the loss . Ultimately , the Phillies lost the series . Hamels finished with a regular @-@ season record of 15 – 5 , a 3 @.@ 39 ERA , and 177 strikeouts in 183 1 ⁄ 3 innings . The Philadelphia chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America presented him the " Steve Carlton Most Valuable Pitcher " award . - - = = = = 2008 = = = = - - Before the season began in March , Hamels made a complaint about the Phillies him , saying it was a " low blow " and he was " caught off @-@ guard " with the gap between what he and his agent John felt was a fair reward for his performance in the previous season and what he was paid ( the Phillies paid him US $ 500 @,@ 000 , barely above the minimum salary for MLB players despite Hamels ' strong performance ) . - Though Hamels was the " clear @-@ cut ace " , Charlie Manuel penciled in Brett Myers as the Phillies ' opening day starter because Myers accepted his role as closer the preceding season , putting the team ahead of his personal wishes to start . - By the end of April , Hamels led the Phillies in most pitching categories , including wins ( 3 ) , ERA ( 2 @.@ 70 ) , and innings pitched ( 43 ⅓ ) . Continuing his dominance into May , Hamels recorded his first career complete game shutout against the Atlanta Braves on the 15th of that month . By June , Myers had been demoted to the minor leagues due to his , leaving Hamels alone atop the rotation . Hamels was from a selection to the All @-@ Star Game despite strong numbers . For the season , Hamels was 14 – 10 with a 3 @.@ 09 ERA and 196 strikeouts in 227 1 ⁄ 3 innings ; he had the lowest on @-@ base percentage @-@ against ( ) in the majors at . also rated his changeup as the most effective in the majors . - Hamels pitched in Game 1 of the National League Division Series against the Brewers , pitching " eight spectacular two @-@ hit shutout innings " during which he struck out nine hitters , his first career playoff win , and the Phillies ' first playoff win since 1993 . He commented , " I knew the importance of the game . And it 's something where , because of last year , I learned what it really takes in trying to ... kind of mellow out , not to have that sort of excitement where you can 't really control everything . " He was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the National League Championship Series , going 2 – 0 in the NLCS with a 1 @.@ 93 ERA and winning the series on October 15 in Los Angeles . - Hamels was selected the Phillies starter for Game 1 of the World Series ; the Phillies won 3 – 2 , and Hamels earned his fourth win of the postseason . Hamels also started Game 5 , which was suspended due to rain after the top of the sixth inning tied at 2 @-@ 2 , and receiving a no @-@ decision ; when game five resumed the Phillies won 4 @-@ 3 to clinch the World Series . Overall , Hamels made five postseason starts in 2008 , going 4 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 80 ERA . Hamels threw a total of 35 innings during the postseason , and held opponents scoreless in 28 of them ; he never allowed more than one run in any of the seven innings in which he did not hold opponents scoreless . Hamels was named the 2008 World Series MVP . - Subsequently , Stark wrote , - The names on the list are the names who have carved their legends in the month of October ... We know their names because October was their kind of month , and they belong on that list because they once did something very few pitchers have ever done . They all won four starts in the same postseason . And now they have company ... a 24 @-@ year @-@ old left @-@ named Cole Hamels . And with every time the Phillies handed him the baseball in October 2009 , it became more apparent that he is one of the sports ' most special talents . - The Philadelphia chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America presented him the " Steve Carlton Most Valuable Pitcher " award for the second consecutive year . - - = = = = 2009 = = = = - - Hamels started his 2009 season by signing a three @-@ year , $ 20 @.@ 5 million contract with the Phillies . On February 14 , the first day of spring training for pitchers and catchers , when asked who the Opening Day starter would be , manager Charlie Manuel responded , " Yeah , you might as well go ahead and pencil him in . I don 't think there 's any sense in me playing games . Go ahead , pencil him in . " - However , Hamels left spring training on March 16 after feeling tightness between innings , and flew to Philadelphia to have his left elbow examined by Dr. Michael . " This will obviously set me back a couple of days , and I don 't think that should be a big deal " , said Hamels . found no structural damage in his arm , yet Hamels still did not pitch on Opening Day as expected ; Myers did for the third consecutive season . For the first time in his career , he went in his first four starts , and left back @-@ to @-@ back starts early due to injury in late April , sustaining a left @-@ shoulder and an ankle sprain respectively . From June on , however , he returned to his previous form , recording two complete @-@ game ( tied for the NL @-@ lead ) , striking out at least 10 batters in two separate games , and amassing a 21 @-@ inning scoreless streak from August 21 to September 6 , while allowing just two home runs in his final eight starts . In July , the Phillies augmented their starting rotation by acquiring two former Cy Young Award winners in Cliff Lee and Pedro Martínez from a trade and a free agent signing respectively . Due to his early season injury struggles , Hamels posted a 10 – 11 record and a 4 @.@ 32 ERA in the regular season , his first major league season in which he posted a record , and the worst ERA of his career to that point . - Hamels started Game 2 of the 2009 National League Division Series against the Colorado Rockies , allowing four earned runs through five innings to take the loss . Nevertheless , the Phillies won the series , three games to one . He earned the win in Game 1 of the National League Championship Series as the Phillies beat the Dodgers , 8 – 6 . Hamels started Game 3 of the World Series against the New York Yankees , pitching 4 1 ⁄ 3 innings , allowing 5 earned runs and taking the loss as the Yankees won that game 8 @-@ 5 . Afterward , he told reporters , " I can 't wait for it ( the season ) to end . It 's been mentally draining . It 's one of those things where , a year in , you just can ’ t wait for a fresh start . " Later in the series , after the Phillies won game five , a Brett Myers asked Hamels : " What are you doing here ? I thought you quit . " The Phillies lost the World Series to the New York Yankees in six games . - Rob a and columnist for ESPN.com , contradicted anyone who asserted Hamels ' skills had deteriorated , instead commenting , - " Last October , everybody was ready to Hamels some sort of superhero . This was largely because he went 4 – 0 during the Phillies ' championship run , but also because he went 14 – 10 with a 3 @.@ 09 ERA during the regular season . Last season , Hamels ' strikeout @-@ to @-@ walk ratio was 3 @.@ 7 ; this year it 's 3 @.@ 8 . Last year , Hamels gave up 1 @.@ 1 home runs per nine innings ; this year he 's given up 1 @.@ 3 per nine . The only real difference between the 2008 Hamels and the 2009 Hamels is luck . " - Phillies ' pitching coach Rich and Hamels himself blamed Hamels ' demeanor for some of his decline , noting , " He is such a … his approach wasn ’ t very good last year . His success won ’ t come back until his demeanor changes " and " The more angry you get , it 's that much to execute your next pitch . I think I let [ expectations ] get to me " respectively . - - = = = = 2010 = = = = - - Entering the 2010 season , the Phillies traded away Cliff Lee , but in doing so , acquired Roy Halladay in a " mega @-@ trade " . They did not re @-@ sign Myers , and Halladay was named the Phillies ' opening day starter . Among Hamels ' season highlights were a start on June 7 against the San Diego Padres during which he threw 61 ⁄ 3 innings of no @-@ hit baseball , winning five consecutive starts including three consecutive scoreless starts from late @-@ August to mid @-@ September , and striking out 13 batters , tied for his second @-@ highest career total , on September 13 against the Florida Marlins . - The Phillies finished with the best record in MLB . Hamels started Game 3 of the National League Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds and , for the first time in his postseason career , pitched a complete game shutout . The Phillies advanced to the National League Championship Series facing the San Francisco Giants , where Hamels took the loss in Game 3 giving up three runs as the Giants ' Matt Cain shutout the Phillies , en route to the Phillies ' ultimate elimination in six games . - , Hamels rebounded from his previous season by posting a 12 – 11 record with a 3 @.@ 06 ERA , the latter of which was , at the time , a career @-@ best . He also struck out a career high batters . Throughout the season , he was plagued by a lack of run support ; in 1 ⁄ 3 of his starts , the Phillies did not score a single run while he was in the game . Moreover , he received the fifth @-@ lowest run support in the NL . Nevertheless , he allowed three or fewer earned runs in 26 of his 33 starts . Jeff Nelson " " evaluated Hamels ' season as follows : - " . . Soft . . He wouldn ’ t pitch on three @-@ days rest if asked . He 's not a big game pitcher . He sounds like a 7 @-@ year old – these were some of the descriptions I heard and read from many Phillies fans following Cole Hamels ’ disappointing 2009 season . , some people even wanted him traded after what he said during the ’ 09 World Series . To the naked eye , Cole just wasn ’ t right two years ago . Fast forward a year later and Hamels all the sudden ‘ found his game . ’ He ‘ a switch ’ or ‘ put his game face on . ’ He was more prepared heading in to 2010 or he was cured from the effect . " - - = = = = 2011 = = = = - - On December 15 , 2010 , Cliff Lee returned to the Phillies as he signed a free @-@ agent contract with Philadelphia for five years and $ 120 million with a option for a sixth year . After this signing , the Phillies ' starting rotation consisted of Roy Halladay , Roy Oswalt , Cliff Lee , Cole Hamels , and Joe . This rotation was considered one of the best in pitching history by many . Halladay , Oswalt , Lee , and Hamels were dubbed the ' ' by fans and the media . - Hamels entered the 2011 season with a large amount of excitement and hype from fans and the media . By the All @-@ Star game , Hamels was 4 – 3 . On July 3 , when the for the 2011 MLB All @-@ Star Game in Phoenix , Arizona were broadcast on , it was announced that Hamels was voted onto the National League team along with fellow pitchers and teammates Roy Halladay , Cliff Lee , , and Shane . He was not eligible to play , however , because he had pitched the Sunday prior to the All @-@ Star Game . Hamels shared his dismay with this rule , saying , " It 's one of those things where people who don 't play the game make the rules . " - The Phillies finished with the best record in MLB for the second year in a row . In the 2011 National League Division Series against the St. Louis Cardinals , Hamels started Game 3 which resulted in a 3 @-@ 2 win to give the Phillies a 2 @-@ 1 series lead , however the Phillies would lose Games 4 and 5 to be eliminated . - Hamels finished the 2011 season with a record of 14 – 9 , 194 strikeouts , an ERA of 2 @.@ 79 , and a 0 @.@ 986 . He finished fifth in the Cy Young Award voting behind Clayton , Roy Halladay , Cliff Lee , and Ian Kennedy , respectively . - - = = = = 2012 = = = = - - During the 2011 off @-@ season , Hamels underwent elbow and . Hamels had missed scheduled starts in August due to a stiff shoulder , and loose bodies were removed from his elbow to fix his problems . Hamels was ready to pitch by the start of Spring training 2012 . - On January 17 , Hamels and the Philadelphia Phillies agreed to a one @-@ year , $ 15 million contract to avoid arbitration . This was the highest salary ever paid to a pitcher eligible for arbitration before free agency . - On May 6 , Hamels was suspended for five games after hitting Harper in his lower back with a pitch , after admitting that it was intentional . On July 21 , 2012 , Hamels hit his first career home run off San Francisco Giants pitcher Matt Cain , who had off of him in the top half of the same inning , the first time in MLB that two pitchers had hit home runs off of each other in the same inning . - Hamels would stay a when he agreed to a contract extension on July 24 . The six @-@ year , $ 144 million contract was the second @-@ largest contract ever signed by a pitcher . The deal included a option for 2019 worth $ 24 million . If the option didn 't vest , it would have turned into a club option for $ 20 million that included a $ 6 million buyout . - Hamels finished the season with career highs in wins ( 17 ) and strikeouts ( 216 ) , and finished eighth in the NL Cy Young Award voting . His 3 @.@ 05 ERA ranked second @-@ best in his career ( behind only his 2 @.@ 79 ERA in 2011 ) . The Philadelphia chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America presented him the " Steve Carlton Most Valuable Pitcher " award . - - = = = = 2013 = = = = - - Before the 2013 season in spring training , manager Charlie Manuel named Hamels the 2013 opening day starter , which Matt of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote was a " long time coming " . In his first career opening day start on April 1 against the Atlanta Braves , Hamels surrendered five earned runs in five innings and took the loss . - Particularly early in the season , Hamels was plagued by a lack of run support ; as of May 27 , he had the fifth @-@ lowest in the major leagues . He lost his eighth start on May 27 , declining to a record of 1 – 8 , which one Sports Illustrated column attributed more to the Phillies poor offense than Hamels . Nevertheless , it was " easily ... Hamels ’ worst performance of his eight @-@ year career " . Aside from offensive struggles while Hamels was pitching , the Phillies defense struggled , though Hamels kept a positive attitude , once commenting that his luck should improve , as " I 've been doing pretty well on the plane in poker . " Towards the end of the season , however , Hamels " put it together " ; in his final 11 he surrendered more than three runs only once . In total , he amassed an 8 – 14 record with a 3 @.@ 60 ERA in 220 innings and 202 strikeouts ( sixth in NL ) . Despite struggles from his teammates , Bill Baer noted that Hamels , - " ... was worse at generating swings and misses . His strikeout rate declined by 2 @.@ 6 percent and his overall swinging strike rate declined by 2 @.@ 1 percent . That doesn ’ t seem like a whole lot , but consider that opposing hitters swung at 1 @,@ pitches during the 2013 season . A 2 @.@ 1 percent decrease means 37 fewer swings and misses . That 's a combination of 37 more balls in play or foul balls prolonging an at @-@ bat . " - Despite Hamels ' poor record and ERA , 25 of his 33 starts were quality starts , and thus he gave his team a chance to win 25 times , yet only got eight wins . - - = = = = 2014 = = = = - - Before the 2014 season , Hamels announced that he would not be ready to pitch on Opening Day because of in his . On April 6 Hamels pitched in a Minor League Class A @-@ Advanced game , striking out four while allowing two earned runs on three hits in four innings . He made his first start of the season on April 23 . - Despite lack of run support contributing to a poor win @-@ loss record , Hamels was among the best pitchers in the National League , and was even mentioned as a Cy Young candidate . On September 1 , Hamels pitched six innings of a Phillies combined no @-@ hitter against the Atlanta Braves . Hamels was pulled for a pinch hitter in the top of the seventh due to having five walks , a hit @-@ batter , and 108 pitches through six innings . Overall , Hamels was the only consistent star on the Phillies , finished sixth in Cy Young voting , and was frequently mentioned as a candidate to be traded in the offseason to bolster the Phillies ' lackluster farm system , after he avoided being dealt at the July trading deadline . - - = = = = 2015 = = = = - - At the start of the 2015 season , there was much focus and speculation regarding trade possibilities surrounding Hamels . The Boston Red Sox , Los Angeles Dodgers , Texas Rangers , Chicago Cubs , New York Yankees , and San Francisco Giants expressed interest in trading for him during the 2015 season . - On July 25 , 2015 , in what would be his final start for the Phillies before being traded , Hamels no @-@ hit the Chicago Cubs 5 – 0 at Wrigley Field , striking out 13 and only giving up two walks , both to Dexter Fowler and the Cubs ' Jake — himself a no @-@ hit pitcher a month later , on August 30 of that season . It was the first no @-@ hitter against the Cubs since Sandy 's perfect game in 1965 , and first at Wrigley since the Cubs ' in 1972 . Hamels also joined Vida Blue , Mike , Kent and Kevin as no @-@ hit pitchers who also pitched in a combined no @-@ hitter . - - = = = Texas Rangers = = = - - On July 31 , 2015 , Hamels was traded to the Texas Rangers along with Jake in exchange for Matt Harrison , Nick Williams , Jorge , Jake Thompson , Alec Asher , and . Hamels became the first pitcher to be traded during a regular season after pitching a no @-@ hitter in his final start with the team that traded him . Bert had been the last pitcher to pitch a no @-@ hitter in his final start with the team that traded him ; after pitching a no @-@ hitter for the Rangers in his final start of the 1977 season , he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates that offseason . - With the Rangers , Hamels went 7 @-@ 1 in 12 starts with a 3 @.@ 66 ERA . The Rangers were under as late as August 3 but posted a winning record for the remainder of the 2015 season and eventually overtook the Houston in September for the American League West division lead . The Rangers clinched the AL West title on the final day of the season , as Hamels threw a complete @-@ game three @-@ hitter in a 9 @-@ 2 win over the Los Angeles Angels , the team 's 6th division title and 7th postseason appearance in franchise history . Hamels ' positive effect on the Rangers was compared to that of the Toronto Blue Jays ' David Price , another ace starting pitcher who helped spearhead a run to the postseason after blending in seamlessly with a struggling team who acquired him at the trade deadline . - The Rangers lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the Division Series after squandering a 2 @-@ 0 series lead . Hamels received a no @-@ decision in Game 2 as he left the game tied , but the Rangers won in 14 innings . Hamels started Game 5 , and was pulled in the bottom of the 7th inning while the Rangers were leading 3 @-@ 2 ; the Jays subsequently scored 4 runs to win 6 @-@ 3 , and Hamels was charged with the loss as he was responsible for the runners on base . - Starting in 2016 , the Texas Rangers have a special cheering section known as Hamels Heroes , whenever Hamels starts at Globe Life Park . It was inspired by the success of the Seattle Mariners ' " King 's Court " for Felix . - Hamels was named the Opening Day starter for the Rangers in 2016 . On Opening Day , after allowing two home runs in two innings , Hamels down to pitch 7 strong innings , while only allowing two runs on 4 hits and 8 strikeouts for a 2016 Opening Day win against the Seattle Mariners . On June 12 , in a start against Seattle , Hamels recorded his career strikeout , becoming the 77th player , and 7th active player , to reach the milestone . - - = = Scouting report = = - - Hamels is known throughout baseball for possessing one of the better in the game . In 2012 , ranked Hamels as having the fourth best changeup in the game trailing only Jason Vargas , Tommy , and Félix . The Times called his changeup a " killer " pitch to right @-@ handed hitters , noting that while it is also effective against left @-@ handed hitters , when they put it in play , they generally have success . Rangers pitching coach Mike said of Hamels , - " It 's a difficult task to try to get young guys to throw , because their whole amateur career is spent staring at the scout with the gun . For a young guy to have a good changeup , that 's an aptitude right there . It 's . " - The development of Hamels ' changeup is attributed by his high school pitching coach , Mark , to the fact that in high school he broke his arm . He could no longer work on his curveball for several months , and was forced to focus on the changeup . Jones , who was a star @-@ third baseman for the rival Atlanta Braves commented that Hamels is the " best in the National League ... you have to respect his fastball , and his change @-@ up is devastating . If you 're fastball and you get change @-@ up , you 're way out in front of it . His change @-@ up is a soft that just falls down . " Aside from the changeup , he throws a four @-@ seam fastball in the low 90s ( can reach 94 to 96 miles per hour ( 151 to 154 km / h ) ) , a cutter 87 to 89 miles per hour ( 140 to 143 km / h ) , and an " inconsistent " curveball that sometimes loops and other times is sharp , and hovers in the mid @-@ 70s ( around 73 to 77 miles per hour ( 117 to 124 km / h ) ) . Prior to the conception and advent of his cutter , he briefly threw a two @-@ seam fastball around 2008 and 2009 , before debuting his cutter in 2010 . Once he attained a " feel " for how to effectively utilize his cutter , it helped him increase his rate ( percentage of balls in play that were ) , including to over 50 @-@ percent in 2011 . - - = = Personal life = = - - - = = = Family = = = - - Hamels , who is of Dutch descent , is the oldest of three children . He grew up in San Diego , where his parents still live . He now resides in Square , Pennsylvania with his wife , Strobel , whom he married on December 31 , 2006 , but they are making plans to move to the Dallas , Texas area full @-@ time during the 2015 offseason . Strobel was a contestant on the sixth season of the reality show Survivor : The Amazon . They had their first child , son Caleb Michael , on October 9 , 2009 , and their second son , , on November 2 , 2011 . On December 24 , 2012 , they adopted a baby girl from Ethiopia named Reeve . - - = = = The Hamels Foundation = = = - - Hamels created and currently runs an organization known as The Hamels Foundation with his wife , Strobel . The foundation was created in 2008 . The Hamels Foundation funds childhood programs in Philadelphia and Africa . - - - = Kyra ( Charmed ) = - - Kyra , also known by her title the Seer , is a fictional character from the American television supernatural drama Charmed , which aired on the WB Television Network ( the WB ) from 1998 to 2006 . Charmed follows the supernatural adventures of the Charmed Ones , a trio of sisters known as the most powerful witches of all time . The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern and was portrayed by actress Charisma Carpenter . Carpenter was invited on the show after acting with Charmed cast member Holly Marie Combs on the ABC Family television film See Jane Date ( 2003 ) . The actress ' original contract was a guest star role that included three episodes in season seven , with media outlets reporting the possibility of Carpenter becoming a series regular . - A demon characterized by her powers of divination and precognition , she eventually forms a friendship with Leo Wyatt ( Brian ) and the Charmed Ones , specifically Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) , after expressing her desire to become human . Despite being killed by the demon Zankou ( ) on the show , the character makes further canonical appearances in the comic book series Charmed : Season 10 . Her storylines focus on her involvement with witch Prue Halliwell 's new destiny , and her romantic relationship with the newly revived Benjamin Turner ( the father of Cole Turner ) . - The Kyra character has received mixed feedback from critics , and has been defined by her sex appeal and called " overtly sexual , coy and " , and " " . Critics have positively and negatively compared the role to Carpenter 's previous performance as Cordelia Chase on the supernatural dramas Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 ) and Angel ( 1999 ) ; of Television Without Pity criticized the character as a copy of Chase because of her lack of a unique identity . - - = = Development = = - - - = = = Casting and creation = = = - - Charisma Carpenter was invited to appear on Charmed because of her friendship with Holly Marie Combs after they had worked together on the ABC Family television film See Jane Date . Kyra was created as a separate character from the Seer ( Morgan ) , who was featured as the primary antagonist in the second half of season four . Carpenter joked that she was surprised to be considered for such a minor part on the show as a guest star . In an interview with her official , Charmed cast member Rose stated that she looked forward to new characters like Kyra and Kyle Brody joining the show , saying " [ w ] e are all delighted to have them on board " . - According to Kristin of TV Guide , representatives from the WB Television Network ( the WB ) released a statement indicating the possibility of Kyra being promoted to star billing . In August 2004 , Carpenter was set to star in a UPN mid @-@ season replacement comedy called Like and , but she expressed interest in doing more episodes of Charmed if the pilot was not picked up by the network . She stated while she enjoyed working in the supernatural genre , and viewed it as " familiar " territory , she was hesitant about committing to the show 's demanding shooting schedule as it would take time away from raising her son . - Kyra was one of three characters with precognition that Carpenter has played in her career , including Cordelia Chase from supernatural dramas Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel , and Heather from the Syfy horror film Moon ( 2006 ) . In an interview with film journal Static Mass , Carpenter did not personally identify as a " vision girl " , but described feeling a love for roles involving . - - = = = = = = - - In an interview with Charmed Magazine , Carpenter described Kyra as having the same as Cordelia Chase , added that Kyra was " totally evil and a lot " than Chase . She felt that the emphasis on sexuality was the main aspect of the character 's personality , calling her " overtly sexual , coy , and " . While she viewed Chase as a " " , Carpenter defined Kyra as a " " and a " " and opined that her banter with Leo Wyatt was meant to be a part of her own agenda . She stated that the way she portrayed Kyra was influenced by her revealing outfit , feeling that every woman on Charmed had to look and act " hot " and " notoriously sexy " . - Pat Shand , the writer of Charmed : Season 10 , said he incorporated Kyra in the comic book series as he enjoyed her dialogue and Carpenter 's performance of the character ; he wrote : " To write dialogue for a character played by Charisma is to hear Charisma in your head . Who would turn that down ? " . Shand commended Carpenter 's ability to voice characters in " a very unique rhythm " and called the process of that energy in the form of comics as " a blast " and " super easy " in comparison with the show 's other characters . - When discussing the development of the season , Shand said that the pairing of Kyra and Prue Halliwell 's storylines was a " natural fit " , especially since both characters were his favorites from the series . He clarified that Kyra 's return , specifically her relationship with Benjamin , was central to the season and called it " straight up plot " and " " from Prue 's storylines in response to fans ' concerns about the character being limited to being part of a subplot . While the two women never interacted on the show , he explained that Prue through " all of the in all of the history to see who best tell her what 's the deal " with her new powers and destiny . Shand said Kyra was a vital part of Prue 's plans to perform the Advent , a ritual that would resurrect a powerful race of evil demons known as the Old Ones . - - = = Appearances = = - - - = = = Television = = = - - The Kyra character first appears in the season seven episode " Cheaper by the " , when she helps Leo Wyatt ( Brian ) uncover the identity of a masked demon attacking his son Wyatt Halliwell . She is shown as possessing the powers of precognition and divination through the use of a magical pool . She later works with the half @-@ demon on his plans to track down and kill his mortal relatives in order to seal his transformation as a full demon . As a demon , Kyra cannot feel emotions , but she is shown to be curious about the world of mortals . to experience the emotions she sees in her visions , she contacts the ( a council of which governs the forces of good ) to make a deal where she would trade her information on the then unknown threat , the Avatars , if she is made human . The Avatars are later revealed to a group of magical beings capable of reality who devote themselves to creating a world without good or evil . As word of Kyra 's betrayal spreads across the , Leo is sent to save her and bring her to the Halliwell Manor during the negotiations . - While at the manor , Kyra bonds with Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) over their shared powers of premonition . She guides Phoebe and Lieutenant Darryl Morris ( Dorian Gregory ) to Inspector Sheridan ( ) , a member of the San Francisco police department who was placed in a coma by FBI agent Kyle Brody ( Kerr Smith ) ; Brody had Sheridan after she discovered the truth about the Halliwell sisters being witches . Kyra shares her premonition of the Avatars with Phoebe . While the prior episodes established the Avatar as a threat , Kyra 's vision shows Phoebe and her future daughter living in a where demons no longer exist . After witnessing the vision , Phoebe has a premonition of the demon Zankou ( ) vanquishing Kyra . In order to prevent Kyra 's death , Phoebe convinces the to provide a spell to turn Kyra human . During this time , Kyra forces Leo to reveal his true identity as an Avatar to the sisters . While Piper Halliwell ( Holly Marie Combs ) helps her to prepare for her new life as a mortal , Kyra reveals her real name and abandons her title as " the Seer " . Before the sisters can transform Kyra into a mortal , Zankou kills her because of her betrayal of the demonic world , and his fear of what she might tell the sisters . Her death is a turning point in the season as it pushes the sisters to agree to meet and to help the Avatars build their new world . - - = = = Literature = = = - - In Charmed : Season 10 ( the canonical comic book continuation of the TV series ) , Prue Halliwell summons Kyra from the past in order to better understand her new identity as the guardian of the of the All ( a spiritual energy that forms the basis of all magic ) . After completing a ritual that allowed Prue to enter her own mind , she turns Kyra human . Despite being at her transformation , Kyra is uncertain about her plans for the future . She decides to with the other Halliwell sisters and devote her life to doing good . She begins by helping the newly resurrected Benjamin Turner , who is the father of Cole Turner ( Julian McMahon ) , to his new life . As they spend more time together , Kyra falls in love with Benjamin and they start a romantic relationship . At the end of issue # 18 ( " Tribunal and Tribulations " ) , Prue kidnaps Kyra , along with and the ( a magical being capable of opening portals through reality ) Tyler Michaels , and takes them to a space deep within the Earth . - - = = Reception = = - - Throughout her run on Charmed , Kyra received mixed critical feedback . Television critic McFarland of the Seattle Post @-@ deemed the character a " demon seer " and entertainment news website 's Karen praised her as being the most memorable incarnation of the Seer and a fitting role for Carpenter after her previous performance as Chase . 's Gavin Hetherington called Kyra a " great highlight of the season " . Charmed Magazine 's Tara viewed Carpenter as the perfect actress to play Kyra as she " spent the better part of her career facing down the supernatural with a and a smile " . In an article from Today , reader Patrick Kelly cited Carpenter 's appearance on Charmed as an indicator of her popularity among the to 39 @-@ year @-@ old male demographic . - of 's Reviews opined that Carpenter should have been offered a permanent part on the show Pat Shand criticized the show 's decision to kill the character , saying that she would have filled the role of the " fourth main character " or " non @-@ Charmed One getting all that screen time " in season eight rather than novice witch Billie Jenkins ( ) . He added that he wished that the character had a spin @-@ off with Cole Turner and Darryl Morris . - of Television Without Pity praised the show 's decision to hire an actor from one of Joss Whedon 's shows , but was critical of Kyra 's introduction in the episode " Cheaper by the " , saying that was misused and " given so little to do " . He referred to the character negatively as " Cordelia Lite " . the character 's lack of a concrete identity , he referenced Kyra as " Charisma " and " Cordelia " in his of the later episodes . - - - = Réunion ibis = - - The Réunion ibis or Réunion sacred ibis ( solitarius ) is an extinct species of ibis that was endemic to the volcanic island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean . The first subfossil remains were found in 1974 , and the ibis was first scientifically described in 1987 . Its closest relatives are the sacred ibis , the African sacred ibis , and the straw @-@ necked ibis . - ' accounts from the 17th and 18th centuries described a white bird that flew with difficulty , and it was subsequently referred to as the Réunion solitaire . In the mid 19th century , the old travellers ' accounts were incorrectly assumed to refer to white relatives of the dodo , due to one account specifically mentioning dodos on the island , and because 17th @-@ century paintings of white dodos had recently surfaced . However , no fossils to dodo @-@ like birds were ever found on Réunion , and it was later questioned whether the paintings had anything to do with the island . Other identities were suggested as well , based only on speculation . In the late 20th century , the discovery of a subfossil ibis led to the idea that the old accounts actually referred to an ibis species instead . The idea that the solitaire and the subfossil ibis are identical has only met with limited dissent , and is now widely accepted . - Combined , the old descriptions and subfossils show that the Réunion ibis was mainly white , with this colour merging into yellow and grey . The wing tips and plumes of ostrich @-@ like feathers on its rear were black . The neck and legs were long , the beak was relatively straight and short for an ibis . It was more robust in build than its extant relatives , but was otherwise quite similar to them . wing @-@ bones indicate it had reduced flight capabilities , a feature perhaps linked to seasonal . The diet of the Réunion ibis was worms and other items from soil . It preferred solitude ( hence the name " solitaire " ) . In the 17th century , it lived in mountainous areas , but it may have been confined to these remote heights by heavy hunting by humans and predation by introduced animals in the more accessible areas of the island . to Réunion praised its flavour , and therefore sought after its flesh . These factors are believed to have driven the Réunion ibis to extinction by the early 18th century . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - The taxonomic history of the Réunion ibis is and complex , due to the ambiguous and evidence that was available to scientists until recently . The supposed " white dodo " of Réunion is now believed to have been an erroneous based on the few contemporary reports which described the Réunion ibis , combined with paintings of white dodos from Mauritius by the Dutch painters Pieter Withoos and Pieter Holsteyn II ( and derivatives ) from the 17th century that surfaced in the 19th century . - The English Chief Officer John was the first to mention a specifically white bird on Réunion , in 1625 . The French occupied the island from 1646 and onwards , and referred to this bird as the " solitaire " . M. of the French East Indies Company described the solitaire in , explaining the reason for its name : - I saw a kind of bird in this place which I have not found elsewhere ; it is that which the inhabitants call the for to be sure , it loves solitude and only the most secluded places ; one never sees two or more together ; it is always alone . It is not unlike a turkey , if it did not have longer legs . The beauty of its plumage is a delight to see . It is of changeable colour which upon yellow . The flesh is exquisite ; it forms one of the best dishes in this country , and might form a at our tables . We wished to keep two of these birds to send to France and present them to His Majesty , but as soon as they were on board ship , they died of melancholy , having refused to eat or drink . - A French Huguenot , François Leguat , used the name " solitaire " for the bird he encountered on the nearby island of Rodrigues in the , but it is thought he borrowed the name from a 1689 tract by Marquis Henri which mentioned the Réunion species . himself had probably based his own description on an earlier one . No specimens of the solitaire were ever preserved . The two individuals attempted to send to the royal menagerie in France did not survive in captivity . claimed that Bertrand @-@ François Mahé de La sent a " solitaire " to France from Réunion around 1740 . Since the Réunion ibis is believed to have gone extinct by this date , the bird may actually have been a Rodrigues solitaire . - The only contemporary writer who referred specifically to " dodos " inhabiting Réunion was the Dutch sailor Willem Bontekoe , though he did not mention their colouration : - There were also @-@ [ old Dutch for dodos ] , which have small wings , and so far from being able to fly , they were so fat that they could scarcely walk , and when they tried to run , they dragged their under side along the ground . - When his journal was published in 1646 , it was accompanied by an engraving which is now known to have been copied after one of the dodos in the Flemish painter Savery 's " Art Gallery sketch " . Since Bontekoe was shipwrecked and lost all his belongings after visiting Réunion in 1619 , he may not have written his account until he returned to Holland , seven years later , which would put its reliability in question . He may have concluded in that it was a dodo , finding what he saw similar to accounts of that bird . - - = = = Early interpretation = = = - - In the 1770s , the French naturalist Comte de stated that the dodo inhabited both Mauritius and Réunion . It is unclear why he included Réunion , but he also combined accounts about the Rodrigues solitaire and a third bird ( " de Nazareth " , now thought to be a dodo ) under the same section . English naturalist Hugh Edwin Strickland discussed the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire in his 1848 book The and Its , and concluded it was distinct from the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire . Baron Edmond de coined the scientific name solitarius for the Réunion solitaire in 1848 , apparently making it the type species of the genus , in which he also included two other Mascarene birds only known from contemporary accounts , the red rail and the Réunion swamphen . As the name had already been used for a different bird by Richard Owen , and the other former names were likewise invalid , Bonaparte coined the new binomial in 1854 ( Bourbon was the original French name for Réunion ) . In 1854 , Hermann placed the solitaire in the same genus as the dodo , and named it . He restored it strictly according to contemporary accounts , which resulted in an ibis or stork @-@ like bird instead of a dodo . As it was considered with the dodo , the Réunion solitaire was long believed to also be a member of the family of pigeons . - In 1856 , William announced the discovery of a 17th @-@ century " Persian " painting of a white dodo among , which he had been shown in England . The artist was later identified as Pieter Withoos , and many prominent 19th @-@ century naturalists subsequently assumed the image depicted the white solitaire of Réunion , a possibility originally proposed by ornithologist John Gould . Simultaneously , several similar paintings of white dodos by Pieter Holsteyn II were discovered in the Netherlands . In 1869 , the English ornithologist Alfred Newton argued that the Withoos ' painting and engraving in Bontekoe 's memoir depicted a living Réunion dodo that had been brought to Holland , while explaining its blunt beak as a result of beak to prevent it from injuring humans . He also brushed aside the inconsistencies between the illustrations and descriptions , especially the long , thin beak implied by one contemporary account . - Newton 's words particularly cemented the validity of this connection among contemporary peers , and several of them expanded on his views . Dutch zoologist suggested that the discrepancies between the paintings and the old descriptions were due to the paintings showing a female , and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic . Walter Rothschild claimed the yellow wings might have been due to albinism in this particular specimen , since the old descriptions described these as black . By the early 20th century , many other paintings and even physical remains were claimed to be white dodos , amid much speculation . Some believed the solitaire of the old descriptions was rather a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire . Rothschild commissioned British artist Frederick William to restore the Réunion solitaire as both a white dodo , based on the Withoos painting , and as a distinct bird based on Dubois ' description , for his 1907 book Extinct Birds . In 1953 , the Japanese writer went as far as referring to the white dodos of the paintings as , and the solitaire of the accounts as solitarius . - - = = = Recent interpretation = = = - - Until the late 1980s , belief in the existence of a white dodo on Réunion was the orthodox view , and only a few researchers doubted the connection between the solitaire accounts and the dodo paintings . They cautioned that no conclusions could be made without solid evidence such as fossils , and that nothing indicated that the white dodos in the paintings had anything to do with Réunion . In 1970 , Robert W. predicted that if any such remains were found , they would not belong to Raphinae , or even . - The first subfossil bird remains on Réunion were found in 1974 , and assigned to a stork , sp . The remains were found in a cave , which indicated it had been brought there and eaten by early settlers . It was speculated that the remains could have belonged to a large , mysterious bird described by Leguat , and called " Leguat 's giant " by some ornithologists . " Leguat 's giant " is now thought to be based on a locally extinct population of . In 1987 , subfossils of a recently extinct species of ibis from Réunion were described as , and thought related to the bald of the genus . In 1994 , the " stork " remains were shown to belong to this ibis as well . The 1987 discovery led biologist Anthony S. Cheke to suggest to one of the , , that the subfossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire . This suggestion was published by the of in 1995 , and they also reassigned it to the genus , now combined with the specific epithet solitarius from de @-@ ' 1848 binomial for the solitaire . The authors pointed out that the contemporary descriptions matched the appearance and behaviour of an ibis more than a member of the Raphinae , especially since a fragment of a comparatively short and straight ibis mandible was discovered in 1994 , and because ibis remains were abundant in some localities ; it would be strange if contemporary writers never mentioned such a relatively common bird , whereas they mentioned most other species subsequently known from fossils . - The possible origin of the 17th @-@ century white dodo paintings has also recently been examined by biologist de in 2003 , and independently by experts of Mascarene fauna Anthony Cheke and Julian Hume in 2004 . The Withoos and Holsteyn paintings are clearly derived from each other , and Withoos likely copied his dodo from one of Holsteyn 's works , since these were probably produced at an earlier date . All later white dodo pictures are thought to be based on these paintings . According to the aforementioned writers , it appears these pictures were themselves derived from a whitish dodo in a previously painting containing , called with and the Animals , produced by Savery c . 1611 . The dodo was apparently based on a specimen then in Prague ; a ( old Dutch for dodo ) described as having a " dirty off @-@ white colouring " was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II to whom Savery was contracted at the time ( – 1611 ) . Savery 's several later dodo images all show greyish birds , possibly because he had by then seen a normal specimen . Cheke and Hume concluded the painted specimen was white due to albinism , and that this peculiar feature was the reason it was collected from Mauritius and brought to Europe . de instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait , a result of of old specimens , or simply due to artistic license . - No fossil remains of dodo @-@ like birds have ever been found on Réunion . A few later sources take issue with the proposed ibis @-@ identity of the solitaire , and have even regarded the " white dodo " as a valid species . British writer Errol Fuller agrees that the 17th @-@ century paintings do not depict Réunion birds , but has questioned whether the ibis subfossils are necessarily connected to the solitaire accounts . He notes that no evidence indicates the extinct ibis survived until the time Europeans reached Réunion . Cheke and Hume have dismissed such sentiments as being mere " belief " and " hope " in the existence of a dodo on the island . - - = = = Evolution = = = - - The volcanic island of Réunion is only three million years old , whereas Mauritius and Rodrigues , with each their flightless species , are eight to ten million years old , and it is unlikely that either bird would have been capable of flying after five or more million years of adapting to the islands . Therefore , it is unlikely that Réunion could have been colonised by flightless birds from these islands , and only flighted species on the island have relatives there . Three million years is enough time for flightless and weak flying abilities to have evolved in bird species on Réunion itself . But such species would have been wiped out by the eruption of the volcano des between 300 @,@ 000 and 180 @,@ 000 years ago . Most recent species would therefore likely be descendants of animals which had the island from Africa or Madagascar after this event , which is not enough time for a bird to become flightless . - In 1995 , morphological study suggested the closest extant relatives of the Réunion ibis are the African sacred ibis ( T. ) of Africa and the straw @-@ necked ibis ( T. ) of Australia . It has also been suggested that it was closest to the sacred ibis ( T. ) , and therefore of ultimately African origin . - - = = Description = = - - Contemporary accounts described the species as having white and grey plumage merging into yellow , black wing tips and tail feathers , a long neck and legs , and limited flight capabilities . Sieur Dubois ' 1674 account is the most detailed contemporary description of the bird , here as translated by Hugh Strickland in 1848 : - . These birds are so called because they always go alone . They are the size of a large Goose , and are white , with the tips of the wings and tail black . The tail feathers resemble those of an ; the neck is long , and the beak is like that of a , but larger ; the legs and feet like those of . This bird has recourse to running , as it flies but very little . - The plumage colouration mentioned is similar to that of the related African sacred ibis and straw @-@ necked ibis , which are also mainly white and glossy black . In the reproductive season , the ornamental feathers on the back and wing tips of the African sacred ibis look similar to the feathers of an ostrich , which echoes Dubois ' description . Likewise , a subfossil lower jaw found in 1994 showed that the bill of the Réunion ibis was relatively short and straight for an ibis , which corresponds with Dubois ' comparison . Cheke and Hume have suggested that the French word ( ) from Dubois ' original description , usually translated to " " , could also mean , another bird with a long , straight , but slightly more robust , bill . They have also pointed out that the last sentence is , and actually means the bird could be caught by running after it . The bright colouration of the plumage mentioned by some authors may refer to , as seen in the straw @-@ necked ibis . - of the Réunion ibis show that it was more robust , likely much heavier , and had a larger head than the African sacred and straw @-@ necked . It was nonetheless similar to them in most features . Rough on the wing bones of the Réunion ibis are similar to those of birds that use their wings in combat . It was perhaps flightless , but this has not left significant traces ; no complete skeletons have been collected , but of the known pectoral elements , only one feature indicates reduction in flight capability . The coracoid is elongated and the radius and are robust , as in flighted birds , but a particular between a and the is otherwise only known from flightless birds , such as some , , and several extinct species . As contemporary accounts are inconsistent on whether the solitaire was flightless or had some flight capability , @-@ suggested that this was dependent on seasonal fat @-@ cycles , meaning that individuals themselves during cool seasons , but were slim during hot seasons ; perhaps it could not fly when it was fat , but could when it was not . However , Dubois specifically stated the solitaires did not have fat @-@ cycles , unlike most other Réunion birds . - - = = Behaviour and ecology = = - - The species was termed a land @-@ bird by Dubois , so it did not live in typical ibis habitats such as wetlands . It has been proposed that this is because the ancestors of the bird colonised Réunion before swamps had developed , and had therefore become adapted to the available habitats . They were perhaps prevented from Mauritius as well due to the presence of red rails there , which may have occupied a similar niche . It appears to have lived in high altitudes , and perhaps had a limited distribution . The only mention of its diet and exact habitat is Jean Feuilley 's account from 1708 , which is also the last record of a living individual : - The solitaires are the size of an average turkey cock , grey and white in colour . They inhabit the tops of mountains . Their food is only worms and , taken on or in the soil . - The diet and mode of foraging described by Feuilley matches that of an ibis , whereas members of the Raphinae are known to have been fruit . Accounts by early visitors indicate the species was found near their landing sites , but they were found only in remote places by 1667 . The bird may have survived in eastern lowlands until the . Though many late 17th century accounts state the bird was good food , Feuilley stated it bad . This may be because it changed its diet when it moved to more rugged , higher terrain , to escape pigs that destroyed its nests ; since it had limited flight capabilities , it probably on the ground . - Many other endemic species of Réunion became extinct after the arrival of man and the resulting disruption of the island 's ecosystem . The Réunion ibis lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the starling , the Mascarene parrot , the Réunion , the Réunion swamphen , the Réunion owl , the Réunion night , and the Réunion pink . Extinct reptiles include the Réunion giant tortoise and an undescribed . The small flying fox and the lived on Réunion and Mauritius , but vanished from both islands . - - = = Extinction = = - - As Réunion was populated by settlers , the Réunion ibis appears to have become confined to the tops of mountains . Introduced predators such as cats and rats took a toll . also contributed and several contemporary accounts state the bird was widely hunted for food . In 1625 , John described the of the bird and how easy it was to hunt , as well as the large quantity consumed : - There is store of land fowle both small and great , plenty of , great , and such like ; and a great fowle of the of a , very fat , and so short winged , that they cannot fly , being white , and in a manner tame : and so be all other , as having not been troubled nor feared with shot . Our men did beat them down with sticks and stones . Ten men may take fowle enough to serve men a day . - In , mentioned the culinary quality of this species , and described the slaughter of several types of birds on the island : - ( A ) sort of bird called solitaires which are very good ( to eat ) and the beauty of their plumage is most fascinating for the diversity of bright colours that shine on their wing and around their necks ... There are birds in such great confusion and so tame that it is not necessary to go hunting with firearms , they can so easily be killed with a little stick or rod . During the five or six days that we were allowed to go into the woods , so many were killed that our General [ de La ] was constrained to forbid anyone going beyond a hundred paces from the camp for fear the whole quarter would be destroyed , for one needed only to catch one bird alive and make it cry out , to have in a moment whole flocks coming to perch on people , so that often without moving from one spot one could kill hundreds . But , seeing that it would have been impossible to out such a huge quantity , permission was again given to kill , which gave great joy to everyone , because very good fare was had at no expense . - The last definite account of the " solitaire " of Réunion was Feuilley 's from 1708 , indicating that the species probably became extinct sometime early in the century . In the 1820s , Louis Henri de asked an old slave about ( old Dutch word for dodo ) , and was told the bird existed around Saint @-@ Joseph when his father was an infant . This would perhaps be a century earlier , but the account may be unreliable . Cheke and Hume suspect that feral cats initially hunted wildlife in the lowlands and later turned to higher inland areas , which were probably the last stronghold of the Réunion ibis , as they were by pigs . The species is thought to have been driven to extinction around 1710 – . - - - = December 1964 South Vietnamese coup = - - The December 1964 South Vietnamese coup took place before dawn on December 19 , 1964 , when the ruling military junta of South Vietnam led by General Nguyễn Khánh dissolved the High National Council ( HNC ) and arrested some of its members . The HNC was an legislative @-@ style civilian advisory body they had created at the request of the United States — South Vietnam 's main sponsor — to give a veneer of civilian rule . The dissolution dismayed the Americans , particularly the ambassador , Maxwell D. Taylor , who engaged in an angry war of words with various generals including Khánh and threatened aid cuts . They were unable to do anything about the fait that had been handed to them , because they strongly desired to win the Vietnam War and needed to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . Instead , Taylor 's searing verbal attacks were counterproductive as they galvanized the Vietnamese officers around the embattled Khánh . At the time , Khánh 's leadership was under threat from his fellow generals , as well as Taylor , who had fallen out with him and was seeking his removal . - The genesis of the removal of the HNC was a power struggle within the ruling junta . Khánh , who had been saved from an earlier coup attempt in September 1964 by the intervention of some younger generals dubbed the Young Turks , was indebted to them and needed to satisfy their wishes to stay in power . The Young Turks disliked a group of older officers who had been in high leadership positions but were now in powerless posts , and wanted to them completely . As a result , they decided to hide their political motives by introducing a policy to retire all general officers with more than 25 years of service . The chief of state Phan Khắc Sửu , an elderly figure appointed by the military to give a semblance of civilian rule , did not want to sign the decree without the agreement of the HNC , which mostly consisted of old men . The HNC recommended against the new policy , and the younger officers , led by I Corps commander General Nguyễn Thi and Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , disbanded the body and arrested some of its members along with other politicians . - As a result of this event , Taylor summoned Khánh to his office . Khánh sent Thi , Kỳ , the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Navy Admiral Chung Tấn Cang and IV Corps commander General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , and after beginning with " Do all of you understand English ? " , Taylor harshly them and threatened cuts in aid . While angered by Taylor 's manner , the officers defended themselves in a restrained way . The next day Khánh met Taylor and the Vietnamese leader made oblique accusations that the U.S. wanted a puppet ally ; he also criticized Taylor for his manner the previous day . When Taylor told Khánh he had lost confidence in his leadership , Taylor was threatened with expulsion , to which he responded with threats of total aid cuts . Later however , Khánh said he would leave Vietnam along with some other generals he named , and during a phone conversation , asked Taylor to help with travel arrangements . He then asked Taylor to repeat the names of the would @-@ be exiles for confirmation , and Taylor complied , not knowing that Khánh was taping the dialogue . Khánh then showed the tape to his colleagues out of context , misleading them into thinking that Taylor wanted them expelled from their own country to raise the prestige of his embattled leadership . - Over the next few days , Khánh embarked on a media offensive , repeatedly criticizing U.S. policy and decrying what he saw as an undue influence and infringement on Vietnamese sovereignty , explicitly condemning Taylor and declaring the nation 's independence from " foreign manipulation " . Khánh and the Young Turks began preparations to expel Taylor before changing their minds ; however , Khánh 's misleading tactics had rallied the Young Turks around his fragile leadership for at least the short @-@ term future . The Americans were forced to back down on their insistence that the HNC be restored and did not carry through on Taylor 's threats to cut off aid , despite Saigon 's defiance . - - = = Background = = - - On September 26 , 1964 , Nguyễn Khánh and the senior officers in his military junta created a semblance of civilian rule by forming the High National Council ( HNC ) , an appointed advisory body akin to a legislature . This came after lobbying by American officials — led by Ambassador Maxwell Taylor — in Vietnam , as they placed great value in the appearance of civilian legitimacy , which they saw as vital to building a popular base for any government . Khánh put his rival General Dương Văn Minh — who he had deposed in a January 1964 coup — in charge of picking the 17 members of the HNC , and Minh filled it with figures sympathetic to him . The HNC then made a resolution to recommend a political model with a powerful head of state , which would likely be Minh , given their sympathy towards him . Khánh did not want his rival taking power , so he and the Americans convinced the HNC to the powers of the position to make it to Minh , who was then sent on an overseas diplomatic goodwill tour to remove him from the political scene . However , Minh was back in South Vietnam after a few months and the power balance in the junta was still fragile . - The HNC , which had representatives from a wide range of social groups , selected the aging civilian politician Phan Khắc Sửu as chief of state , and Suu chose Trần Văn Hương as prime minister , a position that had greater power . However , Khánh and the senior generals retained the real power . At the same time , a group of Catholic officers were trying to replace Khánh with their co @-@ , General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , and the incumbent was under pressure . During 1964 , South Vietnam had suffered a succession of setbacks on the battlefield , in part due to in the military and a focus on coup plotting . In the meantime , both Saigon and Washington were planning a large @-@ scale bombing campaign against North Vietnam in an attempt to deter communist aggression , but were waiting for stability in the south before starting the air strikes . - - = = retirement policy = = - - Khánh and a group of younger officers called the Young Turks — led by chief of the Vietnam Air Force , Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , commander of I Corps General Nguyễn Thi and IV Corps commander Thiệu — wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service , as they thought them to be and ineffective , but most importantly , rivals for power . Most of the older officers had more experience under the Vietnamese National Army during the French colonial era , and some of the younger men saw them as too detached from the modern situation . The Young Turks had quite a lot of influence over Khánh , as Thi and Kỳ had intervened militarily to save him from a coup attempt in September by Generals Văn and Dương Văn . - One of the specific and unspoken aims of this proposed policy was to remove Generals Minh , Trần Văn , Lê Văn Kim and Mai from the military . This quartet , along with , had been the leading members of a junta that President Ngô Đình Diệm in November 1963 . The generals who deposed Diệm did not trust Khánh because of his habit of changing sides , and Khánh was angered by their . Khánh put Don , Kim , Xuan and under arrest in Da Lat after his January coup , claiming they were about to make a deal with the communists , a to cover up his motive of revenge . These four thus became known as the " Da Lat Generals " . Khánh later released them and placed them into meaningless desk jobs with no work to do , although they were still being paid . Khánh did this as he thought the Young Turks had become too powerful and he hoped to use the Da Lat Generals as a . All this time , Minh had been allowed to continue as a chief of state due to his popularity , but Khánh was intent on him too . The Young Turks were fully aware of Khánh 's motives for the Da Lat Generals , and wanted to them . In public , Khánh and the Young Turks claimed the Da Lat Generals and Minh , who had returned from his overseas tour , had been making plots with the Buddhist activists to regain power . - Suu 's signature was required to pass the ruling , but he referred the matter to the HNC to get their opinion . The HNC turned down the request . There was speculation the HNC did this as many of them were old , and therefore did not appreciate the generals ' towards seniors — some South Vietnamese called the HNC the High National Museum . On December 19 , a Saturday , the generals moved to dissolve the HNC by arresting some of its members . The HNC had already ceased to function in any meaningful way , as only 9 of the 17 members were still occasionally attending its meetings , and few on a regular basis . - - = = of the High National Council = = - - Before dawn on December 19 , there were troop movements in the capital as the junta deposed the civilians . The operation was commanded by Thi — who had travelled into Saigon from I Corps in the far north — and Kỳ . The national police , which was under the control of the army , moved through the streets , arresting five HNC members , other politicians and student leaders they deemed to be an obstacle to their aims . Minh and the other aging generals were arrested and flown to , a Central Highlands town in a area , while other officers were simply imprisoned in Saigon . The junta 's forces also arrested around 100 members of the National Council ( NSC ) of Le ; the NSC was a new party active in central Vietnam in the I Corps region and opposed to the expansion of the war . It was aligned with Thi and the Buddhist activist monk , but as Thi was active in the purge , it was believed he had fallen out with . - At this point , Khánh had not spoken up and allowed the impression that the moves had been made without his consultation or against his will , and an attempt on the part of other officers to take power themselves . Hương had actually privately endorsed the dissolution of the HNC , as both he and the Young Turks thought it would allow them to gain more power and influence over Khánh . - The infighting Taylor , the US Ambassador to South Vietnam and former Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff , who felt the disputes between the junta 's senior officers were the war effort . Only a few days earlier , General William Westmoreland — the commander of US forces in Vietnam — had invited him and the Vietnamese generals home to a dinner . There Taylor asked for an end to the persistent changes in leadership , and Khánh and his men assured him of stability . Westmoreland warned that persistent instability would turn the American political class and public against Saigon , as they would deem it useless to support such a regime . Taylor initially cabled the State Department back in the US to state a " naked military fist " had " [ the ] carefully woven fabric of civilian government " , and that the arrest of the civilians would be " immediately and understandably interpreted by all the world as another military coup , setting back all that had been accomplished " since the formation of the HNC and the creation of a veneer of civilian rule . He went on to say that an " conclusion that if a group of military officers could issue decisions abolishing one of the three fundamental organs of the governmental structure ... and carry out military arrests of civilians , that group of military officers has clearly set themselves above and beyond the structure of government in Vietnam . " Taylor the fact that the generals had shown no second thoughts about ignoring US policy recommendations , particularly in his explicit advice to maintain stable civilian rule , at least at a nominal level . Taylor issued a thinly disguised threat to cut aid , releasing a public statement saying Washington might reconsider its military funding if " the fabric of legal government " was not reinstated . - - = = Angry confrontations with Maxwell Taylor = = - - Taylor summoned Khánh to his office , but the Vietnamese leader sent Thi , Kỳ , Thiệu and Admiral Chung Tấn Cang , the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Navy , instead . Taylor asked the four to sit down and then said " Do all of you understand English ? " The ambassador then angrily denounced the officers . According to Stanley Karnow , Taylor " launched into a , scolding them as if he were still superintendent of West Point and they a group of cadets caught cheating " . He said " I told you all clearly at General Westmoreland 's dinner we Americans were tired of coups . Apparently I wasted my words . " He decried the removal of the HNC as " totally illegal " , and said it had " destroyed the government @-@ making process " , and that " I made it clear that all the military plans I know you would like to carry out are dependent on government stability " , something he felt had been lost with the dismissal of the HNC . He said " ... you have made a real mess . We cannot carry you forever if you do things like this . " Taylor believed the HNC to be an essential part of the government , because as an American , he believed civilian legitimacy was a must . For him , the HNC was a necessary step in a progression towards an elected civilian legislature , which he regarded as critical for national and military morale . The historian Mark regarded Taylor 's intervention as unnecessary , and noted that there had been many instances of fierce fighting in Vietnamese history despite the complete absence of democracy throughout the nation 's history . Taylor also reminded them of an earlier meeting where he had discussed an American plan to expand the war , increase funding for the South Vietnamese military , and to go on the offensive against the communists at the request of Khánh . Taylor said the Americans would not be able to help Saigon pursue their desired military strategy if the political machinations did not stop . Taylor said that if the military did not transfer some powers or advisory capacity back to the HNC or another civilian institution , aid would be withheld , and some planned military operations against the Ho Chi Minh trail — which was being used to infiltrate communists into the south — would be suspended . - The four officers were taken aback by Taylor 's searing words and felt they had been humiliated . A decade after the incident , Kỳ described Taylor as " the sort of man who addressed people rather than talked to them " , referencing the confrontation . Karnow said " For the sake of their own pride , they [ the Vietnamese officers ] resented being treated in ways that reminded them of their almost total dependence on an alien power . How could they preserve a sense of sovereignty when Taylor , striving to push them into ' getting things done ' , like a viceroy ? " However , Thi also took a pleasure in Taylor . He was seen by a CIA officer soon after , . When asked why he was happy , Thi said " Because this is one of the days of my life ... Today I told the American ambassador that he could not to us . " Nevertheless , Taylor 's conduct had rankled the officers , stirring their latent sense of nationalism and anti @-@ Americanism ; Khánh would exploit this to strengthen his fragile position in the junta . - Khánh 's quartet of delegates responded to Taylor in a way . They remained calm and did not resort to direct confrontation . Kỳ said the change was necessary , as " the political situation is worse than it ever was under Diệm " . Kỳ explained that the situation mandated the dissolution of the council , saying " We know you want stability , but you cannot have stability until you have Unity . " He claimed some HNC members were coup rumors and creating doubt among the population , and that " both military and civilian leaders regard the presence of these people in the High National Council as divisive of the Armed Forces due to their influence " . Kỳ further accused some of the HNC members of being communist sympathizers and who wanted to stop the military from strengthening . He promised to explain the decision at a media conference and vowed that he and his colleagues would return to purely military roles in the near future . Thiệu added " I do not see how our action has hurt the Hương government ... Hương now has the full support of the Army and has no worries from the High National Council , which we have eliminated . " Cang said " It seems ... we are being treated as though we were guilty . What we did was only for the good of the country . " - When Taylor said the moves detracted from Hương and Suu 's powers , the officers disagreed and said they supported the pair in full and that Hương had approved of the HNC 's dissolution . Taylor was unimpressed by the , concluding with " I don 't know whether we will continue to support you after this ... You people have broken a lot of dishes and now we have to see how we can out this mess . " Taylor 's deputy , U. Alexis Johnson felt the discussion had become counterproductive and was increasing the problem . He suggested that should the generals feel unwilling to alter their position immediately , they should refrain from actions that would preclude a later change of heart . He proposed they merely announce the removal of certain members of the HNC rather than the dissolution of the entire body , hoping the HNC could be reconstituted with figures they deemed to be more satisfactory . The four officers did not give a clear answer to Johnson 's idea , indicating they had not made a concrete decision by saying " the door is not closed " . - - = = = Taylor meets Hương = = = - - When Taylor met Hương afterwards , he urged the prime minister to reject the dissolution of the HNC . Hương said he and Suu had not been notified of the moves , but agreed to step in and take over the body 's work . Taylor nevertheless asked Hương to publicly the coup and call on the army to release those arrested . Hương also said he would be willing to reorganize his administration to meet the wishes of the military , and that retaining their support was essential in keeping a civilian government functional . Taylor said the US did not agree with military rule as a principle , and might reduce aid , but Hương was and said the Vietnamese people " take a more sentimental than approach " and that the existence of civilian procedure and the HNC was much less pressing than the " moral prestige of the leaders " . American military advisers and intelligence officers who with senior junta members found they were with any possible legal ramifications of their actions . - Later , despite Taylor 's pleas to keep the dissolution of the HNC secret in the hope it would be reversed , Kỳ , Thi , Thiệu and Cang called a media conference , where they maintained the HNC had been dissolved in the nation 's best interests . The quartet vowed to stand firm and not on their decision . They also proclaimed their ongoing confidence for Suu and Hương . Two days later , Khánh went public in support of the Young Turks ' coup against the HNC , condemning the advisory body and asserting the army 's right to intervene if " disputes and differences create a situation favorable to the common enemies : Communism and colonialism " . The generals announced they had formed a new body called the Armed Forces Council ( AFC ) to succeed the current Military Revolutionary Council , and referred to the dissolution of the HNC as Decision No. 1 of the AFC . The American viewed the public moves by the Vietnamese generals as " throwing down the gauntlet " and challenging their counsel . - - = = = Taylor meets Khánh = = = - - The day after the Young Turks ' press conference , Taylor privately met Khánh at the latter 's office . He complained about the dissolution of the HNC and said it did not accord with the values of the alliance and the loyalty Washington expected of Saigon . He added that the US could not cooperate with two governments at once : a military regime that held power while a civilian body took the responsibility . Khánh replied that Vietnam was not a satellite of the US and compared the situation to the US support of the successful coup against Diệm , saying that loyalty was meant to be . Khánh had hinted that he felt the Americans were about to have him deposed like Diệm , who was then assassinated , but this rankled Taylor , who had argued against the regime change . Taylor then Khánh , saying he had lost confidence in the Vietnamese officer , recommending Khánh resign and go into exile . He also said military supplies currently being shipped to Vietnam would be withheld after arriving in Saigon and that American help in planning and advising military operations would be suspended . - Khánh and said " You should keep to your place as Ambassador ... as Ambassador , it is really not appropriate for you to be dealing in this way with the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the armed forces on a political matter , nor was it appropriate for you to have summoned some of my generals to the Embassy yesterday . " He threatened to expel Taylor , who responded by saying a forced departure would mean the end of US support . However , Khánh later said he was open to the possibility of going abroad and asked Taylor if he thought this would be good for the country , to which the ambassador replied in the . Khánh also said he took responsibility for his generals ' actions , and expressed regret at what they had done . Khánh then ended the meeting , saying he would think about his future . - Later , Khánh Taylor from his office and expressed his desire to resign and go abroad along with several other generals , asking for the Americans to fund the travel costs . He then read Taylor the list of generals for whom arrangements needed to be made , and asked the ambassador to repeat the names for confirmation . Taylor did so , unaware Khánh was taping the dialogue . Afterwards , Khánh played the tape out of context to his colleagues , giving them the impression Taylor was calling for their expulsion from their own country . Khánh then asked his colleagues to participate in a campaign of anti @-@ American street protests and to give the impression the country did not need Washington 's aid . A CIA informant reported the recent arguments with Taylor had incensed the volatile Thi so much that he had privately vowed to " blow up everything " and " kill Phan Khắc Sửu , Trần Văn Hương and Nguyễn Khánh and put an end to all this . Then we will see what happens . " - - = = Public media campaign by Khánh = = - - On the morning of December 22 , as part of his Order of the Day , a regular message to the armed forces over Radio Vietnam , Khánh went back on his promise to leave the country and announced , " We make sacrifices for the country 's independence and the Vietnamese people 's liberty , but not to carry out the policy of any foreign country . " He said it was " better to live poor but proud as free citizens of an independent country rather than in ease and shame as slaves of the foreigners and Communists . " Khánh pledged support for both Hương and Suu 's civilian rule , and condemned colonialism in a thinly veiled reference to the US . - Khánh explicitly denounced Taylor in an exclusive interview with Beverly Deepe published in the New York Herald Tribune on December 23 , saying " if Taylor did not act more , Southeast Asia would be lost " and that the US could not expect to succeed by modelling South Vietnam on American norms . Khánh said Taylor and the US would need to be " more practical and not have a dream of having Vietnam be an image of the United States , because the way of life and people are entirely different . " He added that Taylor 's " attitude during the last 48 hours — as far as my small head is concerned — has been beyond imagination " . the removal of the HNC , Khánh said they were " exploited by counter @-@ revolutionary elements who placed partisan above the homeland 's sacred interest . " Khánh also threatened to the content of his discussion with Taylor , saying " One day I hope to tell the Vietnamese people and the American people about this ... It is a pity because Gen. Taylor is not serving his country well . " - Khánh had not that angry discussions had occurred in private , so Deepe was unsure what had happened between Taylor and Khánh to provoke such an outburst . She contacted the US Embassy to ask what the dispute was about . At first , the Americans defended Taylor without referring to what the problem was , stating : " Ambassador Taylor has undertaken no activities which can be considered improper in any way ... All his activities are designed to serve the best interests of both Vietnam and the United States . " The State Department issued a statement later in the day in more robust terms , saying " Ambassador Taylor has been acting throughout with the full support of the U.S. government ... a duly constituted government exercising full power ... without improper interference ... is the essential condition for the successful prosecution of the effort to defeat the Viet Cong . " The following day , Secretary of State Dean said aid would have to be cut , as the programs being funded needed an effective government to be useful . Taylor later responded by calling the generals ' actions an " improper interference " into the of civilian government . - Taylor earned Khánh heightened approval among his junta colleagues , as the ambassador 's actions were seen as an insult to the nation . On the night of December 23 , Khánh convinced his fellow officers to join him in lobbying Hương to declare Taylor persona non and expel him from South Vietnam . They were confident Hương could not reject them and side with a foreign power at the expense of the military that had installed him , and made preparations to meet him the next day . Khánh also told Hương that if Taylor was not ejected , he and the other generals would hold a media conference and release " detailed accounts " of the ambassador 's confrontation with the quartet and his " ultimatum to General Khánh " the day after . However , someone in the junta was a CIA informant and reported the incident , allowing American officials to individually lobby the officers to change their stance . At the same time , the Americans informed Hương if Taylor was expelled , US funding would stop . The next day , the generals changed their mind and when they met Hương at his office , only asked him to formally denounce Taylor 's behavior in his meetings with Khánh and his quartet and to " take appropriate measures to preserve the honor of all the Vietnamese armed forces and to keep national prestige intact " . - On December 24 , Khánh issued a declaration of independence from " foreign manipulation " , and condemned " colonialism " , explicitly accusing Taylor of his power . At the time , Khánh was also secretly negotiating with the communists , hoping to put together a peace deal so he could expel the Americans from Vietnam , although this effort did not lead anywhere in the two months before he was forced out of power . For his part , Taylor privately told Americans journalists that Khánh was expressing opposition to the US merely because he knew he had lost Washington 's confidence . Taylor said Khánh was completely and was stirring up anti @-@ American sentiment purely to try to shore up his political prospects , not because he thought US policy was harmful to South Vietnam . The US media were generally very critical of Khánh 's actions and did not blame Taylor for the . Peter of The New York Times said " It almost seems as if Viet Cong insurgents and the Saigon government conspired to make the United States feel unwelcome . " The Chicago Tribune lampooned Khánh 's junta , calling it a " parody of a government " and saying it would not survive for a week without US support and describing the generals as " men on the United States ' " . However , the New York Herald Tribune said it was dangerous to pressure South Vietnam too much , citing the instability that followed the American support for the coup against Diệm , who had resisted US advice so often . It said " The issue is not General Khánh versus General Taylor . It is whether the Vietnamese still have the will to exist as an independent state . " The newspaper said if the answer was yes , then both Washington and Saigon would have to look beyond personalities . - Angry with Deepe for airing Khánh 's grievances against him , Taylor invited every other US journalist in Saigon to this private briefing . Taylor gave the journalists his account of the dispute and discussions with the generals , and hoped it would be useful background information for the media , so they would understand what he had done and not reach negative conclusions about his conduct in their writing . Due to the sensitivity of the situation , he asked them to keep the remarks off the record . However , someone at the briefing informed Deepe of what Taylor had said , and she published the remarks on December 25 under the title " Taylor Mask Off Khánh " . In this article , comments were also attributed to Taylor describing some South Vietnamese officers as borderline " nuts " and accusing many generals of staying in Saigon and allowing their junior officers to run the war as they saw fit . Deepe 's article caused an uproar due to the tension between Taylor and the Vietnamese generals . - - = = Hotel bombing = = - - At the same time , Westmoreland became concerned with the growing antipathy towards the US and requested the United States Pacific Command ( ) : " In view of the current unstable political situation ... and the possibility that this situation could lead to anti @-@ American activities of the unknown intensity , request Marine Landing Force now off Cap be positioned out of sight of land off Cap St. Jacques . " Better known as , Cap St. Jacques was a coastal city at the mouth of the Saigon River around 80 km southeast of the capital . Westmoreland also put American marines based at Subic Bay in the Philippines on notice . - On the same day , the Viet Cong bombed the Hotel , where US officers were , killing two Americans and injuring around 50 people , civilian and military personnel . As a result , there was a suspicion among a minority that Khánh 's junta had been behind the attack , even though the Viet Cong had claimed responsibility through a radio broadcast . When the Americans started making plans to retaliate against North Vietnam , they did not tell Khánh and his junta . Westmoreland , Taylor , and other senior US officers in Saigon and Washington urged President Lyndon Johnson to authorize reprisal bombings against North Vietnam , Taylor predicting : " Some of our local will probably disappear in enthusiasm which our action would generate . " Johnson refused and one reason was the political instability in Saigon . Johnson reasoned the international community and the American public were unlikely to believe the Viet Cong were behind the attack , feeling they would instead blame local infighting for the violence . Johnson administration officials did not conclude that the communists were responsible until four days after the attack . The State Department cabled Taylor , saying " In view of the overall confusion in Saigon " , public US and international opinion towards an American air strike would be that the Johnson administration was " trying to shoot its way out of an internal [ South Vietnamese ] political crisis " . - - = = Fall out = = - - As a result of the tension in late @-@ December , the standoff remained . The US hoped the generals would because they could not survive and be able to repel the communists or rival officers without aid from Washington . On the other hand , Khánh and the Young Turks expected the Americans would become more worried about the communist gains first and to their fait against the HNC . The generals were correct . - The South Vietnamese eventually had their way . As the generals and Hương were unwilling to reinstate the HNC , Taylor sent General John L. Throckmorton to meet them and relations . Throckmorton told the Vietnamese generals they had read too much into Taylor 's comments and that the US had no intention of them out of power with aid cuts . Cang appeared unimpressed , while Thiệu and Kỳ made indirect and vague comments about what they perceived to be misleading tactics during the talks . Khánh appeared by Throckmorton 's overtures and made a public statement on December 30 , saying he was not as hostile to the Americans as reported , and he wanted Thiệu and Cang to meet the Americans to relieve any remaining tension . He also claimed privately that the statements attributed to him by Deepe were false and set up a bilateral committee to discuss tensions . The generals eventually won out , as the Americans did not move against them in any way for their refusal to reinstate the HNC . The South Vietnamese won in large part because the Americans had spent so much on the country , and could not afford to abandon it and lose to the communists over the matter of military rule , as a communist takeover would be a big public relations coup for the Soviet bloc . According to Karnow , for Khánh and his officers , " their weakness was their strength " . An anonymous South Vietnamese government official said " Our big advantage over the Americans is that they want to win the war more than we do . " - The only concession the AFC made was on January 6 , 1965 , when they made a move of officially all their power to Hương , who was asked to organize elections . They also agreed to appoint a civilian body and release those arrested in December . Khánh had proposed to reinstate civilian rule if a military " organ of control " was created to keep control of them , but Taylor the idea . This resulted in an official announcement by Hương and Khánh three days later , in which the military again reiterated their commitment to civilian rule through an elected legislature and a new constitution , and that " all genuine " would be " assembled " to collaborate in making a plan to defeat the communists . The Americans were not impressed with the statement , which was shown to Taylor before it was made public ; the State Department announced that " it appears to represent some improvement to the situation " . Nevertheless , Khánh and Taylor were both to this January 9 announcement . - Although the coup was a political success for Khánh , it was not enough to stabilize his leadership in the long run . During the dispute over the HNC , Khánh had tried to frame the dispute in nationalistic terms against what he saw as overbearing US influence . In the long run , this failed , as South Vietnam and the senior officers ' careers and advancement were dependent on US aid . Taylor hoped Khánh 's appeals to nationalism might by causing his colleagues to fear a future without US funding . The Americans were aware of Khánh 's tactics and exploited it by persistently trying to scare his colleagues with the prospect of a military heavily restricted by the absence of US funding . After the December coup , Taylor felt the fear of US abandonment " raised the courage level of the other generals to the point of sacking " Khánh , as many were seen as above all to their desire for personal advancement . In January and February 1965 , Khánh he could no longer work with Taylor and the Americans , and that his support in the junta was unreliable , so he began to try to set up secret peace talks with the communists . Planning for discussions was only beginning , but this was unacceptable to the Americans and hardline anti @-@ communists in the junta , as it meant the bombing campaign against North Vietnam would not be possible . When Khánh 's plans were discovered , US @-@ encouraged plotting intensified . On February 19 – 20 , a coup occurred , and after the original plot was put down by the Young Turks , they forced Khánh into exile as well . With Khánh out of the way , the bombing campaign started . - - - = 1998 National League Wild Card tie @-@ breaker game = - - The 1998 National League wild @-@ card tie @-@ breaker game was a one @-@ game extension to Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 1998 regular season , played between the Chicago Cubs and San Francisco Giants to determine the winner of the National League ( NL ) wild card . The game took place at Wrigley Field in Chicago , on September 28 , 1998 . The Cubs won the game 5 – 3 , holding the Giants scoreless for the majority of the game until the Giants threatened heavily in the ninth inning and scored all three of their runs . As a result of the game , the Cubs qualified for the postseason and the Giants did not . - The game was necessary after both teams finished the season with identical win – loss records of 89 – 73 . The Cubs won a coin flip late in the season which , by rule at the time , awarded them home field for the game . This victory advanced the Cubs to the 1998 NL Division Series ( NLDS ) where they were swept by the Atlanta Braves , ending the Cubs ' season . Michael Jordan , a popular Chicago then ending his career with the Chicago Bulls , threw the game 's ceremonial first pitch . In baseball statistics , the tie @-@ breaker counted as the regular season game for both teams , with all events in the game added to regular season statistics . - - = = Background = = - - The Chicago Cubs finished the previous season at the bottom of the Central division with a 68 – 94 record while the Giants won the West at 90 – 72 , though were defeated by the eventual 1997 World Series champion Florida Marlins in the NLDS . The Giants ' Barry Bonds drew criticism for his postseason performance , which had been a recurring criticism dating back to his time with the Pittsburgh Pirates . The Cubs made several offseason acquisitions following the 1997 season including trading Doug Glanville for second baseman Mickey along with signing Jeff and Henry Rodríguez as free agents . - One notable event of the 1998 season was the race for the home run title and Roger Maris ' single @-@ season record of 61 home runs between the Cubs ' Sammy Sosa and the Cardinals ' Mark McGwire . McGwire ultimately won , setting a new record of 70 while Sosa closed the season with 66 . Bonds would top their totals with 73 home runs in 2001 , setting the current record , while McGwire and Sosa 's totals remain the second and third highest figures in MLB history . Additionally , three teams finished the 1998 season within one game of one another in the race for the National League wild card : the Cubs , Giants , and New York Mets . This late @-@ season race included a dramatic Cubs loss to the Brewers on September 23 . The Cubs led 7 – 5 with two outs and the bases loaded for the Brewers in the bottom of the ninth inning when Brown dropped a fly ball , allowing three runs to score on his error and losing the Cubs the game . This loss gained notoriety for announcer and former @-@ Cub Ron Santo 's call of the final play , " Oh , no ! " as the final runs scored . - The Mets were tied with the Cubs and Giants in the wild @-@ card race as late in the season as September 25 at 88 – 72 . However , the Mets lost their remaining two games and finished their season one game back of the Cubs and Giants who ended tied at 89 – 73 . This record was also the best non @-@ division @-@ winning record and as such a tie @-@ breaker was necessary to determine the wild @-@ card winner . A coin flip on September 14 gave the Cubs ' home field advantage , setting Wrigley Field as the location for the game . In the event of a three @-@ way tie the Cubs were presented with the choice to either host two home games or receive a bye and play the winner of a Mets @-@ Giants game on the road because they had the best combined record against the Mets and Giants . Cubs ' general manager Ed Lynch decided on the second option , though the choice was moot as the Mets fell out of the race . The Cubs ' Steve Trachsel and Mark Gardner of the Giants were slated to start the tie @-@ breaker on the September 28 . - - = = Game summary = = - - Box score for Monday September 28 , 1998 — 7 : 10 p.m. ( CT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago - The game remained scoreless in the early innings , with only two baserunners apiece for each team through the first three innings . The Giants loaded the bases with two outs in the top of the 4th inning , but Brian Johnson struck out to end the inning . The first runs of the game came in the top of the 5th as Henry Rodriguez singled to lead off the inning and scored on a home run by Gary to give the Cubs a 2 – 0 lead . The Cubs threatened again in the next inning with singles by Lance Johnson and Sammy Sosa . Rich Rodriguez relieved Gardner , but loaded the bases with a walk to Mark Grace and allowed a single to Matt which scored two more runs and extended the Cubs ' lead to 4 – 0 . John Johnstone relieved Rodriguez and closed the inning without further scoring . - After getting one out in the top of the 7th , Steve Trachsel allowed a single and a walk to pinch hitters Brent Mayne and respectively . The Cubs double switched , bringing in Matt Karchner to relieve Trachsel and Orlando to play left field . Karchner induced another out before loading the bases on a single by . Félix entered in relief of Karchner and got Barry Bonds to ground out to first base to end the inning . The Cubs further extended their lead in the bottom of the 8th inning . After Alvin got to strike out to open the inning the Giants double switched to bring in José Mesa to pitch and Bill Mueller at third base . Mesa allowed a single to Sammy Sosa and a double to Mark Grace which advanced Sosa to third . Following a ground out Mesa threw a wild pitch while facing and Sosa scored to make the game 5 – 0 . - The Giants responded in the top of the 9th , scoring their only runs of the game . Kevin allowed successive singles to Brent Mayne and Mueller to open the inning before Terry relieved him . Stan Javier singled to score Mayne and Ellis then walked to load the bases . Bonds came to bat with the bases loaded for the second time in the game and lined out to deep right field , scoring Mueller on a sacrifice fly and Javier advanced to third base . Rod Beck entered and got successive outs by Jeff Kent , which scored Javier , and Joe Carter to end the game 5 – 3 for the Cubs . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Chicago 's win clinched the team 's 15th postseason berth in franchise history , their first in 9 years since losing in the 1989 National League Championship Series . The Cubs ' presence in the postseason , playing for a spot in the World Series , led several sportswriters to reference the Curse of the Billy Goat and the difficulties the Cubs ' had faced since 1945 . The Billy Goat story suggests that Billy cursed the Cubs after he and his goat were asked to leave game four of the 1945 World Series . The playoff berth matched the Cubs with the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS , where the Cubs were swept three games to none . The Cubs have not made the World Series since 1945 and have not won a title since 1908 . - In baseball statistics tie @-@ count as regular season games , with all events in them added to regular season statistics . For example , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times noted that Sammy Sosa could have added to his notable home run total in the game . Sosa did add to his league @-@ leading strikeout total with one in the 4th inning . Beck also added to his league @-@ leading total in games played and earned his 51st save of the season which finished 2nd to Trevor Hoffman 's 53 but is tied for the 9th highest single @-@ season save total in MLB history . Several Cubs and Giants won awards for their regular season performances including Rookie of the Year honors for Kerry Wood , a Silver Award for Sosa , and a Rawlings Gold Award for J. T. Snow . Sosa also won the Most Valuable Player award , earning 30 out of 32 first place votes ( with McGwire taking the remaining 2 ) . - Barry Bonds drew criticism after the game for his poor performance , including twice making an out with the bases loaded , with some suggesting that Bonds often played poorly in " big games " . Bonds ' 0 – 4 performance with an and a strikeout earned him a − win probability added ( ) , the lowest figure for any player in the game . is a statistic which takes the game situation into account to how a player altered his team 's chances of winning . Bonds ' figure translates into decreasing the Giants ' chances of success by 18 @.@ 6 % . The book Game of Shadows , which details Bonds ' suggested use of performance @-@ enhancing drugs ( ) , argues that Bonds grew jealous and of the attention Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa were given during their record chase . As a result , according to Game of Shadows , Bonds turned to weight training under Greg Anderson who began providing him with steroids and other following the 1998 season . - - - = Corpus Christi Bay = - - Corpus Christi Bay is a scenic semi @-@ tropical bay on the Texas coast found in San and Nueces counties , next to the major city of Corpus Christi . It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Mustang Island , and is fed by the Nueces River and Oso Creek from its western and southern extensions , Nueces Bay and Oso Bay . The bay is located approximately 136 miles ( 219 km ) south of San Antonio , and 179 miles ( 288 km ) southwest of Houston . - Corpus Christi Bay has a rich history of human settlement along its shores that dates back millennia and is responsible for the growth of Corpus Christi , and the smaller ports of Ingleside and Portland . It is an important natural estuary that supports a diverse collection of wildlife , and attracts many tourists . The bay 's abundance of petroleum and natural gas has attracted industry , and its strategic location on the Texas coast is ideal for military establishment . - - = = History = = - - The shores of Corpus Christi ( or Body of Christ ) Bay are thought to have been inhabited by the Karankawa Indians before the European discovery . evidence suggests that pre @-@ Karankawa peoples used the area near Oso Bay as a burial ground between 500 BC and 500 AD . It is believed to have first been spotted by Europeans on Corpus Christi Day , when Spanish explorer Alonso de its waters . Joaquín de y came across the bay in , when given orders to settle the area between Tampico , Mexico , and the mouth of the San Antonio River at San Antonio Bay . He named the bay after St. Michael the Archangel , but the name did not stick and was referred to as " Corpus Christi Bay " in a 1766 report by Diego Ortiz . Explorer María de la Garza is believed to have been the first man to purchase land on the bay in . Shortly thereafter the short @-@ lived settlement of Villa de was founded on the mouth of the Nueces River . - The first trading post on Corpus Christi Bay was established by Henry Kinney in 1838 in present @-@ day Corpus Christi . By the 1840s , the area developed into a settlement named after the bay , and a deepwater port was established in the 1870s . A that included a 32 @-@ foot overlooking statue of Jesus Christ was designed by Mount sculptor in 1928 , but was turned down by the city in 1930 . Later efforts to build a statue on the shore were also rejected . The port would later grow into a major city , and had a population of 277 @,@ 454 people during the 2000 U.S. census . In addition to Corpus Christi , Kinney also found ( known to settlers as The ) in 1852 , near the confluence of the Nueces River and Nueces Bay . The town was attacked by Mexican robbers in 1875 , and underwent a steep decline . It is now a ghost town located in the Corpus Christi city limits . The city of Ingleside was founded on the northern shore of the bay in 1854 , and grew slowly . It had a population of 9 @,@ in the 2000 census . Likewise , the city of Portland located on the northeastern bluff between the Nueces and Corpus Christi Bays , did not grow as rapidly as Corpus Christi , following its 1891 founding . During the 2000 census , it had 14 @,@ residents . - For transportation on the bay , steamboats were commonplace between Corpus Christi and Ingleside during the 1930s . Native Americans used a route made up of a series of shallow beds , dubbed Reef Road . The passage , which was about 18 to 24 inches in depth , could be on foot or horseback during low tides to travel across the opening of Nueces Bay into Corpus Christi Bay . White settlers discovered the road in the 1860s , and it became a common way to pass from Portland to Corpus Christi via buggy , although its jagged course had to be marked with posts and horses would sometimes fall off the beds and drown . A wooden causeway connecting Portland and Corpus Christi was first constructed in 1915 , but was repeatedly rebuilt and destroyed by several storms . A permanent concrete bridge was erected in the 1950s , and a double lane was added in 1988 . The approximately mile long structure is today known as the Nueces Bay Causeway . - The bay has been strategically important for the military . General Zachary Taylor stationed his men on Point during the Mexican @-@ American War , and a Union invasion was halted by Confederates on the same point in 1862 , during the American Civil War . The Port of Corpus Christi was used by the Confederates to bring in supplies during the war effort until the Union bombarded Corpus Christi and occupied the bay and port from 1863 to 1870 . In 1940 , the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi was established on the bay , and by 1944 had transformed into a major base with one main air station and six additional stations . Notably , during a March 1960 practice run from the base , future Senator John McCain lost track of his altitude and speed , and his single @-@ seat , single @-@ @-@ engine AD @-@ 6 crashed into Corpus Christi Bay and sank to the bottom . He squeezed out of the cockpit , swam ten feet to the surface , and was carried to safety by a rescue helicopter , therefore escaping without major injuries . - - = = Features = = - - The shoreline of Corpus Christi Bay is included in the Texas Coastal Plain in South Texas . The surrounding land is semi @-@ arid and is used for and other agricultural purposes . The bay itself is considered subtropical , and was described by as " the most beautiful bay on the Texas coast . " - On average , the system is 3 meters ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , and covers approximately 497 square kilometers ( 192 sq mi ) . It is the fourth largest estuarine system in Texas behind Galveston Bay , and Matagorda Bay . The two main extensions are : Nueces Bay , which extends west to the mouth of the Nueces River , and Oso Bay , which extends south to the mouth of Oso Creek . Every second , approximately 34 cubic meters ( 9 @,@ 000 U.S. gal ) of water flows into the bay . The exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Aransas Pass . As a result of the seawater exchange , the bay 's salinity is 22 parts per thousand ( ) , which is lower than the seawater average of 35 . - Following the shoreline beginning at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi on the bay 's southeastern peninsula , the features of the bay can be best described . Moving northwest from the air station , Oso Bay must be crossed at its confluence with Corpus Christi Bay . On the other side of the meeting is Ward Island ( actually a peninsula ) , where Texas A & M University – Corpus Christi is found . Further northwest , the shore begins to curve and off in the distance across the bay , the skyline of Corpus Christi is visible . Following the shore , the land dips inward and forms Emerald Cove , where a seawall has been constructed . Out in the bay , the Alta Vista Reef can be spotted from this location . Moving north along the shore , the seawall continues into the main city , until it reaches Industrial Canal , which has been dredged south of Nueces Bay and extends into the main bay to Port Aransas . Another seawall , which starts in Emerald Cove with gaps at places such as a spoils island that can be viewed in the bay and the canal , is slightly out in the water . This seawall ends when it reaches land at the southern portion of Corpus Christi Beach . North of the canal , Corpus Christi Beach is found along the shore to Point , where Corpus Christi Bay opens to Nueces Bay and must be crossed using the Nueces Bay Causeway to Indian Point near Portland , from where Indian Reef from offshore . Past Portland , the shore curves to the southeast where the large La Quinta Island forms on the backdrop of industrial plants in Ingleside . The La Quinta Channel has been dredged between the island and the shore and meets the Jewell Fulton canal at the confluence of Kinney Bayou . Ingleside Cove is formed in this area between La Quinta Island and an island named Ingleside Point . The shore then curves to the southwest where Ingleside on the Bay is located on southern shore of the bay 's northeastern peninsula . To the southeast , a series of islands form the boundary between Corpus Christi and Bays . - - = = = = - - The Environmental Protection Agency has designated the Corpus Christi Bay system as an estuary of national significance . More than 234 species of fish are found in the bay , including the , , Atlantic , Atlantic , Black drum , Red drum , Southern , jack , , Inshore , Atlantic , Silver perch , , , , , Sand , , , Gray , Common , and the . - In 2009 , $ 1 million of federal stimulus money was delegated to the restoration of the near the Nueces Bay Causeway to increase the population of birds and fish . The Coastal Bend Bays and Program and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service collaborated to place soil and plant marsh near the causeway to allow a larger nursing location for fish and provide greater quantities of food for water birds . Over 490 species of birds have been found in the area including the brown , black @-@ billed whistling duck , reddish , white @-@ faced ibis , , buff @-@ bellied , golden @-@ fronted , long @-@ billed , olive sparrow , cormorant , laughing gull , Franklin 's gull , ring @-@ billed gull , gull , gull @-@ billed , common , brown @-@ crested , hooded , peregrine falcon and . Bird populations are protected and can be viewed at the Hans and Pat Wildlife Refuge on Oso Bay . - - = = Industry = = - - Corpus Christi Bay is a natural harbor , and its port has contributed to the growth of the main port city of Corpus Christi . Corpus Christi is the 5th largest port in the United States , and the deepest on the Gulf of Mexico . The channel to the Gulf was dredged through the bay to the at Port Aransas . exchanged at the port include , industrial and agricultural goods and petroleum . Six oil refineries and 1 @,@ 500 wells are located near the bay as well as a large supply of natural gas . In 1987 alone , $ 277 million of oil and gas were produced in the area . , stone products , glass , chemicals , and products are also produced near the bay . Ingleside originally focused its economy on agriculture , notably . Later , industrial plants including those established by the Corporation , Reynolds ( five miles away ) and opened . La Quinta Channel was dredged by the Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s . - Tourism to the bay is encouraged by the area 's climate , fishing and opportunities as well as sites in Corpus Christi including Corpus Christi beach , Texas State , USS Lexington Museum , the marina , and the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History . The bay was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Wind and Water Open , as well as the Texas International Boat Show in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 . - - - = 1990 Pacific hurricane season = - - The 1990 Pacific hurricane season is the fifth most active season on record and is the third most active season in terms of ACE . The 1990 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific , and on June 1 in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . However , these bounds were slightly exceeded when Hurricane Alma formed on May 12 . - Hurricane Alma became the third earliest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Pacific basin since the satellite era began in 1966 , while Trudy is the third strongest October eastern Pacific hurricane on record . Overall , the impact of this season was minimal . Tropical Storm Rachel made two in Mexico and brought rain to the United States . Hurricane Boris brought light showers to California . - - = = Season summary = = - - The 1990 eastern North Pacific hurricane season was active in terms of number of storms that attained at least tropical storm intensity and of Cyclone Energy . All of the tropical cyclones of this year developed from westward @-@ moving African tropical waves . The season established several tropical storm records for this basin and was marked by several strong hurricanes . There were 21 named tropical cyclones , seven below the record established by the 1992 Pacific hurricane season two years later , but four more than the long @-@ term average . Sixteen of those named storms , twice the average and four more than the previous record , reached hurricane intensity . Only Cristina , Douglas , Aka , Rachel , and Simon did not reach hurricane strength . Six of those hurricanes reached Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hurricanes Hernan and Trudy were among the strongest ever observed in this area . Alma became the earliest named tropical cyclone for the eastern Pacific ocean east of the meridian west . The eastern Pacific produced four tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm status . - With the exception of Marie and Polo , these systems developed between 5 ° and 15 ° N , east of the longitude of Baja California in the favored area for tropical cyclogenesis . After their development , most of the tropical cyclones moved on a west to northwest track and dissipated over cool waters without affecting land . Rachel was the only system to make landfall . In addition , one tropical storm formed in the Central Pacific and eventually crossed the International Dateline before dissipating . - - = = Storms = = - - - = = = Hurricane Alma = = = - - A tropical wave emerged from Africa on April 29 . It then moved across the Atlantic , crossed northern South America , and entered the Pacific Ocean on May 9 . started to increase with the wave just to the south of Panama . The wave moved westward and continued to become better organized over the next few days . On May 12 , the wave had become organized enough and was designated Tropical Depression One @-@ E. - Tropical Depression One @-@ E moved slowly to the northwest while strengthening slowly due to easterly vertical wind shear . The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma on May 14 . The storm quickly strengthened once the vertical wind shear relaxed and was near hurricane force by the morning of May 15 . Hurricane Alma reached its peak intensity early on May 16 with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . The hurricane entered an area of southwesterly wind shear caused by an upper @-@ level ridge of high pressure . The increasing vertical wind shear and cooler water caused Alma to weaken to a tropical storm . On May 17 , the storm continued to weaken and became a depression . The next day , the system dissipated as a tropical cyclone well west of mainland Mexico . Alma became the earliest named storm and hurricane in the satellite era in the east Pacific proper . - - = = = Hurricane Boris = = = - - A tropical wave came off the northwest coast of Africa on May 20 . The wave did not significantly develop as it moved west across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea . Once it crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean , cloudiness increased considerably with the system on May 31 . It became well @-@ enough organized to be upgraded to Tropical Depression Two @-@ E on June 2 . After becoming a depression , the system moved to the west @-@ northwestward . Upper @-@ level easterly vertical wind shear limited the amount of the initial strengthening . However , an increase in convective banding led to its upgrade to Tropical Storm Boris on June 4 , 500 mi ( 800 km ) southwest of Manzanillo . Further strengthening occurred due to an anticyclone fostered additional development , and by June 5 , Boris became a hurricane . The hurricane began to move to the north @-@ northwest in response to a trough off of the West Coast of the United States . continued , and the storm reached its peak strength with winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 977 mb ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) . The hurricane 's cloud pattern became elongated along a southwest @-@ northeast axis on June 6 due to an increased amount of vertical wind shear . Boris was downgraded to a tropical storm later in the day on June 6 . The deep convection of the tropical storm decreased , as Boris moved over cooler waters . It was downgraded to a tropical depression on June 7 due to these factors . The depression dissipated as a tropical cyclone on June 8 as the system quickly lost its tropical characteristics . A small circulation remained in the cloud field offshore the northwest coast of Baja California for a few more days . - The winds in the eyewall of Boris ripped off the sails of the Azure Dream . Outer rainbands from the storm produced moderate rain in several Mexican states . In Mexico , rainfall peaked at 8 @.@ 83 in ( 224 mm ) near San Lucas , Michoacán . The remnants of Boris also brought sporadic rainfall over the western United States , with precipitation being reported in Arizona , California , Colorado , Nevada and Wyoming . The remnants of Boris were responsible for causing the wettest June in San Diego since records began in 1850 ; however , not even 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rain fell at that location . Rainfall from the remnant system in the United States peaked at 3 @.@ 28 in ( 83 mm ) over the Santa Rita Mountains . No other direct damages or casualties were reported from Boris . - - = = = Tropical Storm Cristina = = = - - A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa on May 28 . The wave moved across Central America into the northeastern Pacific Ocean , where convection organized with the system on June 6 . The system became well @-@ enough organized to be upgraded to Tropical Depression Three @-@ E on June 8 , while 920 mi ( 1 @,@ 480 km ) south of the southern tip of Baja California . The depression continued to strengthen , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Cristina on June 9 . - Cristina initially had well @-@ established upper @-@ level outflow . It failed to reach hurricane status , peaking with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) due to movement of its associated upper @-@ level anticyclone to the north over Mexico which caused Cristina to be exposed to easterly vertical wind shear . Cristina moved generally northwestward , which eventually placed the storm in cooler waters , and caused the deep convection of the system to dissipate . On June 14 , Cristina diminished to a tropical depression . Cristina moved west @-@ northwestward with the low @-@ level flow . The depression dissipated as a tropical cyclone on June 16 , after a lack of deep convection for 48 hours . - - = = = Tropical Storm Douglas = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the northwest coast of Africa on June 5 . It continued westward across the tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea without significant development . The wave entered the northeastern Pacific Ocean on June 16 , where it generated an area of increased cloudiness . Organization of thunderstorm activity increased late on June 18 and early on June 19 . Tropical Depression Four @-@ E formed on June 19 , when it was 230 mi ( 370 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico after evidence of low @-@ level circulation for the past 24 hours . The depression moved in a west @-@ northwest direction , due to a subtropical ridge north of the depression . analysis indicated that the depression had reached tropical storm force strength , and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Douglas on June 19 , while 230 mi ( 370 km ) southwest of Acapulco . Douglas reached peak strength of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) on June 21 - A tropical storm warning was issued on June 21 , from Punta to Cabo Corrientes before being discontinued on June 22 . Tropical Storm Douglas brushed the western coast of Mexico . The center of circulation approached within 17 mi ( 27 km ) of the coast of Mexico on June 22 . Douglas then began to weaken because of interaction with the mountainous terrain of Mexico . The system continued to weaken despite warm water temperatures and favorable upper @-@ level conditions . Douglas dissipated early on June 24 , while 138 mi ( 222 km ) south @-@ southeast off the southern tip of Baja California . The highest rainfall report from Mexico from Douglas totaled 11 @.@ 07 in ( 281 mm ) at La Huerta . No deaths or damage were reported . - - = = = Hurricane Elida = = = - - A tropical wave came off the coast of Africa into the eastern Atlantic Ocean on June 10 and 11 . The system moved across the Atlantic and entered into the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The wave became a significant tropical system , with cyclonic turning in the lower and middle layers of the system 's cloudiness on June 25 . The center of circulation was located 345 mi ( 555 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico . The system exhibited sufficient organization to be considered Tropical Depression Five @-@ E on June 26 . The depression quickly strengthened and became Tropical Storm Elida later that day . The track of Elida was west @-@ northwestward to northwestward from June 27 through June 28 . Some rainbands moved over the mountainous region of southwestern Mexico , but no flooding , damage , or casualties were reported as a result . Elida continued strengthening and it was upgraded to a hurricane early on June 28 passing directly over Socorro Island later in the day , right as Elida reached peak strength of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , dropping 3 @.@ 7 in ( 94 mm ) of rain on the island . Some windows broke also as a result , and minor structural damage was reported as a result on the island . - A high @-@ pressure area to the north forced Elida to move more westward on June 29 . began to decrease in the hurricane as it moved into cooler waters , and it weakened to a tropical storm later in the day . It then weakened to a tropical depression on July 1 , and dissipated on July 2 . - - = = = Tropical Depression Six @-@ E = = = - - An area of disturbed weather south of Acapulco organized into Tropical Depression Six @-@ E on June 29 and the system began to move northwest . Originally the system was expected to reach tropical storm strength and near hurricane intensity by late on July 2 or early on July 3 , however persistent vertical wind shear over the system impeded its development . After convection began to merge into the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) , the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on Tropical Depression Six @-@ E , stating that the depression dissipated , and regeneration seemed unlikely . - However , wind shear began to decrease , and convection associated with the remnants of Tropical Depression Six @-@ E quickly began to increase . Although the low @-@ level circulation was near the edge of the deep convection , the National Hurricane Center resumed advisories on Tropical Depression Six @-@ E by July 1 . into a tropical storm was again predicted , but Tropical Depression Six @-@ E remained poorly defined , and eventually dissipated on July 4 . - - = = = Hurricane Fausto = = = - - A tropical wave came off the northwest coast of Africa on June 19 . The wave crossed the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , into the warm waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean , on July 2 . An area of disturbed weather moved northwards towards the Gulf of Tehuantepec and became Tropical Depression Seven @-@ E early on July 6 . The depression moved northwest , and because of increased organization of deep convection , was designated Tropical Storm Fausto on July 7 , 265 mi ( 426 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico . A weakly defined eye formed on July 8 , and the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Fausto , 310 mi ( 500 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas . - Fausto peaked in strength with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a central pressure of 979 mb ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) on July 9 . Fausto passed 40 mi ( 60 km ) north of Socorro Island causing a northwest wind of 40 mph ( 60 km / h ) , and 4 @.@ 3 in ( 110 mm ) of rain at that location . The hurricane fluctuated in intensity on July 10 , before weakening into a tropical storm later that day , 403 mi ( 649 km ) west of Cabo San Lucas . The weakening Fausto moved over continuing cooler waters , and was downgraded to a tropical depression on June 11 , 690 mi ( 1 @,@ 110 km ) west of Cabo San Lucas . The depression dissipated as a tropical cyclone on June 13 , and its low level circulation of clouds persisted for a few days . - - = = = Hurricane Genevieve = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on June 25 and moved across the Atlantic Ocean and central Caribbean Sea with little development . Within the western Caribbean Sea , convection developed with the wave on July 7 . The system became better organized as it moved into the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Eight @-@ E on July 11 . The depression moved west @-@ northwest , with a good outflow to the north , and gradually strengthened into Tropical Storm Genevieve later that day . Genevieve continued to strengthen , reaching hurricane strength on July 13 . The storm approached within 23 mi ( 37 km ) of Socorro Island where a sustained wind of 44 mph ( 71 km / h ) and gust of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) were reported , before the weather equipment on the island failed . - The hurricane began to turn west because of the strengthening and growing ridge to its north . Increasing outflow began to form , and the hurricane reached its peak strength of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) with a well @-@ defined eye at its center of circulation . Genevieve turned northwest on July 16 into an area with strong vertical wind shear and low water temperatures . The hurricane quickly weakened into a tropical storm on July 17 and then into a tropical depression on July 18 . Genevieve dissipated as a tropical cyclone later in the day , reduced to a circulation in the cloud field . - - = = = Hurricane Hernan = = = - - A tropical wave that moved off the northwest coast of Africa on July 4 passed through the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without significant development . The wave moved across Central America into the northeastern Pacific Ocean on July 15 . activity increased in the system between July 16 and 18 before rainbands became present within the tropical disturbance on July 19 . Tropical Depression Nine @-@ E formed later that day while 565 mi ( 910 km ) southwest of Acapulco , Mexico . - Tropical Depression Nine @-@ E strengthened into Tropical Storm Hernan on July 21 while 684 mi ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas . The tropical storm continued to strengthen and as it moved to the northwest , and became a hurricane late on July 21 . Hernan continued to strengthen and as it passed 145 mi ( 230 km ) southwest of Clarion Island . On July 23 , Hernan reached its peak strength of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) and minimum pressure of mb ( 27 @.@ 4 inHg ) as the center of circulation was 207 mi ( km ) south @-@ southwest of Clarion Island . On July 24 , concentric ( one eyewall located inside another ) formed around the center of Hernan , which was the first time this pattern had been observed with an eastern Pacific hurricane . - Hernan kept Category 4 hurricane intensity a few more days and hurricane strength for six days overall . The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm on July 28 as it moved over cooler waters . Hernan turned more to the west as its low level center became separated from its thunderstorm activity and was steering by a surface high @-@ pressure system to its north . Hernan moved over cooler waters , dissipating as a tropical cyclone early on July 31 . - - = = = Hurricane Iselle = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 7 . The wave moved west , but it was not until it moved across the Caribbean Sea that the wave 's convection organized . The system entered into the northeastern Pacific Ocean with concentrated convection and a surface center of circulation while southeast of Acapulco . Moving west @-@ northwest , Tropical Depression Ten @-@ E formed on July 20 393 mi ( km ) south of Puerto , Mexico . Early on the following day , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iselle . The storm continued strengthening while in the proximity of Hurricane Hernan , becoming a hurricane on July 22 . - The hurricane continued to move west @-@ northwest through its duration , and reached its peak strength of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) on July 25 . Iselle crossed Socorro Island , which recorded a 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) sustained wind and heavy rain on July 25 . The hurricane weakened on following days after it moved over cooler waters , downgraded to a tropical storm on July 28 and subsequently into a tropical depression on July 30 . The depression dissipated later that day , after losing its low @-@ level circulation mi ( km ) southwest of San Diego . - - = = = Tropical Depression Eleven @-@ E = = = - - On July 24 a tropical disturbance behind Hurricane Hernan strengthened into a tropical depression . Due to the close proximity of Hernan to its west , the development of the depression was hindered due to vertical wind shear from the outflow of Hernan . This wind shear dissipated the depression on July 26 , and its remnants were absorbed by the nearby cyclone . No damages or casualties were caused by the depression as it was well out to sea . - - = = = Tropical Storm Aka = = = - - Tropical Storm Aka was the only tropical storm to form in the Central North Pacific during 1990 . An area of disturbed weather began to organize on August 6 . By August 7 , the system became well @-@ enough organized to become designated Tropical depression One @-@ C. The depression intensified into a tropical storm while moving west , to the south of the Hawaiian Islands . On August 10 , Tropical Storm Aka peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . The storm continued to move west and approached Johnston Island , though the island 's weather did not deteriorate . The tropical storm crossed the International Date Line on August 13 . Aka weakened back into a depression and dissipated two days later on August 15 . - - = = = Tropical Depression Diana = = = - - Hurricane Diana struck eastern Mexico and managed to hold together , remaining a tropical depression as it entered the eastern Pacific Ocean late on August 8 . Although Tropical Depression Diana entered the eastern Pacific , the National Hurricane Center did not re @-@ classify the system . No re @-@ intensification occurred after the system entered the eastern Pacific , and it had dissipated as a tropical cyclone by the following day . The remnant tropical disturbance recurved through the Gulf of California while developing significant convection before it moved into northwest Mexico , which brought rainfall amounts of over 10 in ( 250 mm ) to local areas within the state of Sonora . The remnant disturbance moved into the American Southwest on August 11 . - - = = = Tropical Depression Two @-@ C = = = - - Tropical Depression Two @-@ C was the second and last tropical cyclone to develop within the north @-@ central Pacific Ocean in 1990 . The depression developed from a tropical disturbance well southeast of Hawaii , which became much better organized on the night of August 10 . The tropical depression moved in a west northwest direction for the next 18 hours and then changed to a west @-@ southwest track on August 11 . As it turned more to the southwest , the depression weakened until it dissipated on August 13 about 600 mi ( 970 km ) south @-@ southeast of Hilo , Hawaii . - - = = = Tropical Depression Twelve @-@ E = = = - - A persistent area of thunderstorm activity southwest of Puerto Vallarta became better organized and strengthened into Tropical Depression Twelve @-@ E on August 16 . Moving northwest , the system developed slowly as it was embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone . shear kept the system from reaching tropical storm strength and caused its ultimate on August 19 . No damages or fatalities were caused by this depression . - - = = = Hurricane Julio = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on August 5 , moving across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without significant development . The system entered the northeastern Pacific Ocean , and became well @-@ enough organized to be upgraded to Tropical Depression Thirteen @-@ E on August 17 while centered mi ( 650 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico . The depression moved on a west @-@ northwestward track and strengthened , becoming Tropical Storm Julio on August 18 . continued and Julio reached hurricane strength on August 19 . The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) on August 21 . The storm turned westward and began weakening . Julio regained tropical storm status on August 23 and tropical depression status on August 24 before dissipating as a tropical cyclone later that day . No damage was reported from Julio . - - = = = Hurricane Kenna = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 9 , and spawned Tropical Storm Fran four days later , before it moved through the southern Islands on August 14 . While Fran dissipated shortly after that , the tropical wave progressed into the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The wave spawned Tropical Depression Fourteen @-@ E 808 mi ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) east @-@ southeast of Hurricane Julio . The depression moved westward for the next several days . As Julio weakened , the depression began to increase in strength . It became Tropical Storm Kenna on August 22 and continued to strengthen into a hurricane on August 25 , peaking with winds of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) the next day . On August 26 , a strong frontal trough weakened the high pressure system to the storm 's north , causing a turn to the north during the next few days . The hurricane weakened in response to cooler water and increasing vertical wind shear , which removed convection from its center . Kenna weakened back to tropical storm strength on August 28 , then into a tropical depression on August 29 . The system dissipated as a tropical cyclone on August 30 . - - = = = Hurricane Lowell = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the northwestern coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean on August 11 . After moving across the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea without development , the system moved through the Intertropical Convergence Zone of the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The cloudiness moved northward toward the Gulf of Tehuantepec on August 22 . The thunderstorm activity organized sufficiently for the system to be upgraded to Tropical Depression Fifteen @-@ E on August 23 while 298 mi ( 480 km ) southeast of Acapulco , Mexico . The depression moved west @-@ northwestward and strengthened into a tropical storm 217 mi ( 350 km ) south @-@ southwest of Puerto Vallarta on August 25 . The storm began to turn more westward due to a strengthening high pressure system to its north and was upgraded to a hurricane on August 27 while 286 mi ( 460 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas . As the high to the north continued to strengthen , the hurricane turned west @-@ southwest . - activity with the hurricane began to weaken and Lowell was downgraded back to tropical storm status on August 28 . The tropical storm then turned to a north @-@ northwestward with the storm passing over cooler waters . On August 31 , the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression , with only minimal amounts of deep convection remaining within its circulation . Lowell dissipated as a tropical cyclone on September 1 , though a low @-@ level circulation of clouds could be seen on satellite imagery for the next few days . No damage or casualties was reported as a result of Lowell . - - = = = Hurricane Marie = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the northwestern coast of Africa on August 16 . The wave moved west through the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without significant development . The wave moved across Central America and into the northeastern Pacific Ocean , on August 29 . convection with the system increased while south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec as the system moved northwest parallel to the southwest coast of Mexico . Once convective activity increased , the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Sixteen @-@ E on September 7 while centered mi ( 1 @,@ 060 km ) southwest of Clarion Island . - A weaker than normal high pressure system controlled the movement of the depression , and the system moved slowly to the west through its duration . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Marie on September 8 , and into a hurricane on September 9 , while 522 mi ( 840 km ) south @-@ southwest of Clarion Island . Marie reached its peak intensity of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) on September 11 . The hurricane crossed into the central North Pacific on September 14 as a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) . The hurricane weakened thereafter and on September 17 Marie regained tropical storm status . The system weakened into a tropical depression on September 19 and dissipated as a tropical cyclone on September 21 near the Hawaiian coast . No casualties or damages were caused by Marie . - - = = = Hurricane Norbert = = = - - A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without significant development . The wave entered the northeastern Pacific Ocean and began to show signs of organized thunderstorm development . Tropical Depression Seventeen @-@ E formed on September 10 while centered mi ( 1 @,@ 220 km ) south @-@ southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . The depression became better organized and strengthened into Tropical Storm Norbert later in the day . - On September 12 , Norbert absorbed Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E which was in close proximity . Norbert strengthened as it moved north @-@ northwestward . The tropical storm was upgraded to a hurricane on September 14 , and formed an eye on September 15 . The storm reached its peak strength of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) sustained winds that day . Turning north of due west , Norbert then weakened as it moved over cooler waters . It was downgraded to a tropical storm later on September 15 , and then to a tropical depression on September 18 . Norbert dissipated as a tropical cyclone on September 19 after losing all its deep convection . - - = = = Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E = = = - - On September 12 , satellite images indicated that the eighteenth tropical depression of the season formed southwest of Cabo San Lucas . Located in close proximity to Tropical Storm Norbert , the depression would soon enter a region of colder sea surface temperatures , and the National Hurricane Center noted that only very little intensification was possible . As predicted , Norbert hindered further intensification of Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E. The National Hurricane Center noted six hours later that the depression would likely be absorbed into Norbert . The National Hurricane Center later believed that Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E was " dominating " the interaction between the two systems , and was forecast to absorb Norbert . Unlike the latter prediction , Norbert absorbed Tropical Depression Eighteen @-@ E later that day . - - = = = Hurricane Odile = = = - - A tropical wave move off the coast of Africa on September 5 , and crossed the Atlantic waters , the Caribbean Sea and eventually into the Pacific Ocean as a weak system . An area of convection entered into the northeastern Pacific Ocean a few hundred miles south of Acapulco , Mexico . On September 2 , Tropical Depression Nineteen @-@ E formed from this convection , while 746 mi ( 1 @,@ 201 km ) south @-@ southeast from the southern tip of Baja California . The depression moved on a west @-@ northwestward track , rounding the southwest side of a strong high pressure system . The depression continued to strengthen and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Odile on September 24 and into a hurricane on September 25 . Its intensity peaked with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) on September 26 . - The hurricane began to turn more northwestward in response to a high @-@ pressure system weakening to its north . Odile began to weaken as it moved over cooler waters on September 28 . The cyclone regained tropical storm status on September 29 while it slowly progressed northward . The system weakened into a tropical depression status on September 30 . Once it lost its deep convection , Odile was steered southwestward by the low @-@ level flow , before it dissipated as a tropical cyclone on October 2 . Its remaining low @-@ level circulation of clouds continued on a southwestward course thereafter . - - = = = Tropical Storm Rachel = = = - - In mid @-@ September , a weak tropical wave moved off the coast of Northwest Africa . It moved westward and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean early on September 23 . became concentrated with the system south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . On September 27 , the organized thunderstorm area was upgraded to Tropical Depression Twenty One @-@ E while 230 mi ( 370 km ) south of Acapulco . The depression developed slowly , and became a tropical storm on September 30 . As Rachel briefly moved northward , before re @-@ curving and accelerating towards the Mexican coast . The storm passed over the southern portion of Baja California Sur on October 2 . Rachel made its final landfall midway between Los and , and became the only system to make landfall from the eastern north Pacific Ocean in 1990 . Rachel decayed rapidly over land , and the final public advisory on Rachel was issued early on October 3 @.@ its remnants continued accelerating over Texas until they lost their identity . - The highest rainfall total from the system in Mexico totaled 9 @.@ 85 in ( 250 mm ) at Santa Anita near the tip of Baja California . Across northern Mexico , thousands were homeless , and 18 people died . In Texas , Rachel 's remnants caused heavy rain . Flooding occurred in the Big Bend area . - - = = = Hurricane Polo = = = - - Polo originated from a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on September 2 which spawned Hurricane Isidore in the Atlantic basin . On September 14 , the system increased in convection as it was moving to the west and approaching Central America . The southern extent of the wave crossed into the Pacific Ocean on September 18 . - The wave continued westward and related thunderstorm activity increased during the following week . The convective system organized into Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ E on September 28 nearly midway between Mexico and Hawaii . Initially , the depression drifted toward the northwest due to a large upper @-@ level trough located to its west . Polo strengthened rapidly into a hurricane early on September 30 , with its winds peaking at 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Since the storm was very small , vertical wind shear caused significant weakening thereafter . On October 1 , Polo regained tropical storm strength as it was crossing into the north Central Pacific basin . It dissipated as a tropical cyclone later that day . There were no casualties or damages caused by Polo . - - = = = Tropical Storm Simon = = = - - A weakly defined tropical wave moved off the northwest coast of Africa on September 20 , and crossed the northern portion of the tropical Atlantic and northern South America without significant organization . The wave moved into the northeastern Pacific waters , off the coast of Colombia on September 30 . As the wave passed over southern Central America , rainbands and cloudiness increased with the system between October 1 and October 3 , before the system merged with the ITCZ from October 4 to October 6 . Signs of convective organization on October 8 , and by October 9 , the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Twenty Two @-@ E mi ( 930 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . - The depression continued to develop and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Simon on October 10 while mi ( 972 km ) south @-@ southwest of Cabo San Lucas . Due to a high @-@ pressure system to the north @-@ northwest , Simon continued on a west @-@ northwestward path . The tropical storm continued to strengthen to its peak intensity of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) by late on October 11 . Simon passed over cooler waters and weakened back into a tropical depression on October 13 . The depression moved on a westward course , and the low @-@ level circulation was displaced from its deep convection during the following day . Simon then dissipated as a tropical cyclone early on October 15 across the open waters of the northeast Pacific . - - = = = Hurricane Trudy = = = - - A tropical wave moved across the northeast Pacific Ocean and formed a tropical depression south of Mexico on October 16 . It strengthened at a moderate pace and reached hurricane intensity on October 18 . Trudy entered a favorable environment and explosively intensified , reaching its first peak in strength on October 20 . At that time , an upper @-@ level trough drifted Trudy north , which increased vertical shear , causing it to substantially weaken the system back to Category 1 hurricane status . The trough the storm and was replaced by a ridge which turned the storm back to the west and led to its re @-@ intensification to a Category 4 hurricane . Another upper level trough approached which pulled Trudy northward once again , and the hurricane apart . The cyclone dissipated on November 1 . Eventually , some of its moisture spread over parts of Mexico and the United States . - Except for Socorro Island , Trudy had no impact on land . The island reported hurricane force winds for seven hours . Trudy also had an unusually large eye , which was as large as 58 mi ( 93 km ) wide . Trudy is the fourth @-@ strongest Pacific hurricane in October , behind Kenna of the 2002 season , Rick of the 2009 season , and Patricia of the 2015 season . Trudy also spent 78 hours of its life as a Category 4 hurricane , longer than any other hurricane in the Eastern Pacific basin . - - = = = Hurricane Vance = = = - - An area of disturbed weather , possibly related to a tropical wave , organized into Tropical Depression Twenty Four @-@ E on October 21 . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Vance early on October 23 and then into a hurricane two days later . Vance moved parallel to the west coast of Mexico and approached the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Before it could strike land , a high @-@ pressure area blocked Vance 's path and forced the storm to a small clockwise loop over a two @-@ day period . During the loop , Vance encountered wind shear and cool waters stirred up by Trudy as well as earlier in its duration . Vance weakened to a tropical storm on October 27 and a depression on October 30 . The cyclone dissipated late on October 31 . - - = = Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) = = - - The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high . ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots ( 39 mph , 63 km / h ) or tropical storm strength . - The figures in parentheses are for storms in the Central Pacific basin west of 140 ° W ; those not in are for the Eastern Pacific basin . - The cumulative ACE for the Eastern Pacific this season fell within the official " Above Normal " , being one of the most active . This occurred because the season had many intense storms that lasted for a long period of time . Also it is important to note that this is the third highest ACE , only behind the 1992 and 2015 seasons respectively . - - = = 1990 storm names = = - - The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1990 . No names were retired , so it was used again in the 1996 season . This is the same list used for the 1984 season . Storms were named Trudy and Vance for the first time in 1990 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . - One name from the Central Pacific list was used – Aka . It was the first usage for that name . - - - = Track and field = - - Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running , jumping , and throwing . The name is derived from the sport 's typical venue : a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place . Track and field is categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running , and race walking . - The running events , which include sprints , middle and long @-@ distance events , race walking and hurdling , are won by the athlete with the fastest time . The jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height . Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , weight , javelin , discus and hammer . There are also " combined events " or " multi events " , such as pentathlon consisting of five events , heptathlon consisting of seven events , and decathlon consisting of ten every multi event , athletes participate in a combination of sprinting , jumping , throwing , middle distance , and long distance events . Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor , but a number are relay races consisting of four members . Events are almost exclusively divided by gender , although both the men 's and women 's competitions are usually held at the same venue . - It is one of the oldest sports . In ancient times , it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece . In modern times , the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body . - Records are kept of the best performances in specific events , at world and national levels , right down to a personal level . However , if athletes are deemed to have violated the event 's rules or regulations , they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased . - In North America , the term track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events , such as the marathon , rather than strictly track @-@ based events . - - = = History = = - - The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory . Track and field @-@ style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions , as running , jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression . The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a sports festival are the Ancient Olympic Games . At the first Games in BC in , Greece , only one event was contested : the stadion . The scope of the Games expanded in later years to include further running competitions , but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today — it comprised a five @-@ event competition of the long jump , javelin throw , discus throw , stadion , and wrestling . - Track and field events were also present at the Games in Greece around this period , and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC . After the period of Classical antiquity ( in which the sport was largely Greco @-@ Roman influenced ) new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe in the Middle Ages . The stone put and weight throw competitions popular among Celtic societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern shot put and hammer throw events . One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole vault , which stemmed from competitions such as the contests in the Northern European in the 18th century . - modern track and field competitions , separate from general sporting festivals , were first recorded in the 19th century . These were typically organised by educational institutions , military organisations and sports clubs as competitions between rival establishments . in the English public schools were conceived as human equivalents of horse racing , fox hunting and hare , influenced by a Classics @-@ rich curriculum . The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt is the oldest running club in the world , with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819 . The school organised Paper Chase races in which runners followed a trail of paper left by two " foxes " ; even today runners are called " " and a race victory is a " kill " . The first definite record of Shrewsbury 's ( cross @-@ country ) Annual is in 1834 , making it the oldest running race of the modern era . The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still in existence , originating in the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840 . This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes , the Race and the Trial Stakes . Runners were entered by " owners " and named as though they were horses . 13 miles ( 21 km ) away and a decade later , the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much Wenlock . Events at the 1851 Wenlock Games included a " half @-@ mile foot race " ( 805 m ) and a " leaping in distance " competition . - In 1865 , Dr William Penny of Wenlock helped set up the National Olympian Association , which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at The Crystal Palace in London . This national event was a great success , attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people . In response , that same year the Amateur Athletic Club was formed and held a championship for " gentlemen amateurs " in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite . Ultimately the " " ethos of the won through and the was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880 , the first national body for the sport of athletics . The AAA Championships , the de facto British national championships despite being for England only , have been held annually since 3 July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006 – 2008 . The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport , its rules for the first time . - Meanwhile , the United States began holding an annual national competition — the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships — first held in 1876 by the New York Athletic Club . The establishment of general sports governing bodies for the United States ( the Amateur Athletic Union in 1888 ) and France ( the Union des de sports in 1889 ) put the sport on a formal footing and meant that international competitions became possible . - The establishment of the modern Olympic Games at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field . The Olympic athletics programme , comprising track and field events plus a marathon race , contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer Olympics . The Olympics also consolidated the use of metric measurements in international track and field events , both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws . The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades , and track and field contests remained among the Games ' most prominent . The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field , and only amateur could compete . Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport , as this rule was strictly enforced : Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from the 1912 Olympics after it was revealed that he had played baseball professionally . - That same year , the International Amateur Athletic Federation ( IAAF ) was established , becoming the international governing body for track and field , and it enshrined amateurism as one of its founding principles for the sport . The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1921 , making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students , and this was soon followed by the introduction of track and field at the inaugural World Student Games in 1923 . The first continental track and field competition was the 1919 South American Championships , which was followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934 . - Up until the early 1920s , track and field had been almost exclusively a male @-@ only pursuit . A growing women 's sports movement in Europe and North America led to the establishment of the Women 's World Games in 1921 and this ultimately caused the introduction of five track and field events for women in the athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics . In China , women 's track and field events were being held in the 1920s , but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences . In 1923 , physical education advocate Zhang called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field . The rise of and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women 's track and field in East Asia . More women 's events were gradually introduced as years progressed ( although it was only towards the end of the century that the men 's and women 's programmes approached parity of events ) . an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport , major track and field competitions for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1960 Summer Paralympics . - With the rise of numerous regional championships , as well as the growth in Olympic @-@ style multi @-@ sport events ( such as the Commonwealth Games and the Pan @-@ American Games ) , competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread . From the 1960s onwards , the sport gained more exposure and commercial appeal through television coverage and the increasing wealth of nations . After over half a century of amateurism , the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by growing professionalism in the late 1970s . As a result , the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the United States and it was replaced with a non @-@ amateur body solely focused on the sport of athletics : The Athletics Congress ( later USA Track and Field ) . The IAAF soon followed suit in 1982 , abandoning amateurism , and later removing all references to it from its name by itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations . The following year saw the establishment of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics — the first ever global competition just for athletics — which , with the Olympics , became one of track and field 's most prestigious competitions . - The profile of the sport reached a new high in the 1980s , with a number of athletes becoming household names ( such as Carl Lewis , , Sebastian Coe , and Florence Griffith @-@ ) . Many world records were broken in this period , and the added political element between competitors of the United States , East Germany , and the Soviet Union , in reaction to the Cold War , only served to the sport 's popularity . The increase in the commercial capacity of track and field was also met with developments in the application of sports science , and there were many changes to coaching methods , athlete 's diet regimes , training facilities and sports equipment . This was also accompanied by an increase in the use of performance @-@ enhancing drugs , and prominent cases , such as those of Olympic gold Ben Johnson and Marion Jones , damaged the public image and of the sport . - From the 1990s onwards , track and field became increasingly more professional and international , as the IAAF gained over two hundred member nations . The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of prize money in 1997 , and in 1998 the IAAF Golden League — an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe — provided a higher level of economic incentive in the form of a US $ 1 million . In 2010 , the series was replaced by the more lucrative IAAF Diamond League , a fourteen @-@ meeting series held in Europe , Asia , North America and the Middle East — the first ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings . - - = = Events = = - - Track and field events are divided into three broad categories : track events , field events , and combined events . The majority of athletes tend to in just one event ( or event type ) with the aim of their performances , although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines . Track events involve running on a track over a specified distances and — in the case of the hurdling and steeplechase events — obstacles may be placed on the track . There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run and pass on a baton to their team member at the end of a certain distance . - There are two types of field events : jumps , and throws . In jumping competitions , athletes are judged on either the length or height of their jumps . The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker , and any athlete this mark is judged to have fouled . In the jumps for height , an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards . The majority of jumping events are unaided , although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose @-@ built sticks in the pole vault . - The throwing events involve hurling an implement ( such as a heavy weight , javelin or discus ) from a set point , with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown . Combined events involve the same group of athletes a number of different track and field events . Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete with the greatest points total at the end of all events is the winner . - Note : Events in italics are competed at indoor world championships only - - = = = Running = = = - - - = = = = = = = = - - Races over short distances , or sprints , are among the oldest running competitions . The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event , the stadion race , which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other . events are focused around athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed . Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships : the 100 metres , 200 metres , and 400 metres . These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements that later changed to metric : the 100 m evolved from the 100 yard dash , the 200 m distances came from the ( or 1 / 8 of a mile ) , and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter @-@ mile race . - At the professional level , sprinters begin the race by assuming a position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained . Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events , with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors . Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete 's maximum speed . All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance . Human dictates that a runner 's near @-@ top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because acid builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer oxygen . Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres . - The 60 metres is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event . Less @-@ common events include the 50 metres , 55 metres , 300 metres and 500 metres which are run in some high school and collegiate competitions in the United States . The 150 metres , though rarely competed , has a star @-@ studded history : Pietro set a world best in 1983 , Olympic champions Michael Johnson and Bailey went head @-@ to @-@ head over the distance in 1997 , and improved 's record in 2009 . - - = = = = Middle distance = = = = - - The most common middle @-@ distance track events are the 800 metres , 1500 metres and mile run , although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle @-@ distance event . The 880 yard run , or half mile , was the of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s . The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track , which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century . - Runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and after hearing the starter 's pistol they head towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish . In 800 m races athletes begin at a starting point before the turn in the track and they must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m of the race . This rule was introduced to reduce the amount of physical jostling between runners in the early stages of the race . , these middle @-@ distance events demand that athletes have good and energy producing systems , and also that they have strong speed endurance . - The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events . Swedish rivals and Arne broke each other 's 1500 m and mile world records on a number of occasions in the 1940s . The prominence of the distances were maintained by Roger , who ( in 1954 ) was the first to run the long @-@ elusive four @-@ minute mile , and Jim 's exploits served to popularise interval training . Races between British rivals Sebastian Coe , Steve and Steve characterised middle @-@ distance running in the 1980s . From the 1990s onwards , North Africans such as of Algeria and El of Morocco came to dominate the 1500 and mile events . - Beyond the short distances of sprinting events , factors such as an athlete 's reactions and top speed becomes less important , while qualities such as pace , race tactics and endurance become more so . - - = = = = Long distance = = = = - - There are three common long distance running events in track and field competitions : 3000 metres , 5000 metres and 10 @,@ 000 metres . The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors , while the 3000 m is held at the IAAF World Indoor Championships . The 5000 m and 10 @,@ 000 m events have their historical roots in the 3 @-@ mile and 6 @-@ mile races . The 3000 m was historically used as a women 's long distance event , entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984 , but this was abandoned in favour of a women 's 5000 m event in 1995 . - In terms of competition rules and physical demands , long distance track races have much in common with middle @-@ distance races , except that pacing , , and race tactics become much greater factors in performances . However , a number of athletes have achieved success in both and long @-@ distance events , including who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m . The use of pace @-@ in long distance events is very common at the elite level , although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win . - The long distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the " Flying " , such as multiple Olympic champion . The successes of Emil in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods , but Ron Clarke 's world record @-@ breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even @-@ paced running . The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long distance events . Kenyan and Ethiopian athletes , in particular , have since remained dominant in these events . - - = = = = Relay races = = = = - - Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams . Typically , a team is made up of four runners of the same sex . Each runner completes their specified distance ( referred to as a leg ) before handing over a baton to a team mate , who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton . There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton . Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area , or if the baton is dropped during the race . A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to have impeded other competitors . - Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between , who would hand a red pennant on to team mates every 300 yards . There are two very common relay events : the 4 × 100 metres relay and the 4 × 400 metres relay . Both events entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one @-@ off men 's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics . The 4 × 100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track , meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track . Teams in a 4 × 400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend , at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inner @-@ most part of the circuit . For the second and third baton change overs , team mates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while team mates of the slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes . - The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays . As with 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m events , all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances , with the less commonly contested distances being the 4 × 200 m , 4 × 800 m and 4 × 1500 m relays . Other events include the distance medley relay ( comprising legs of 1200 m , 400 m , 800 m , and 1600 m ) , which is frequently held in the United States , and a sprint relay , known as the Swedish medley relay , which is popular in Scandinavia and held at the World Youth Championships in Athletics programme . Relay events have significant participation in the United States , where a number of large meetings ( or relay carnivals ) are focused almost exclusively on relay events . - - = = = = = = = = - - Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England . The first known event , held in 1830 , was a variation of the 100 @-@ yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles . A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic in 1864 refined this , holding a 120 @-@ yard race ( 110 m ) with ten hurdles of 3 @-@ foot and 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 06 m ) in height ( each placed 10 yards ( 9 m ) apart ) , with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish , respectively . French organisers adapted the race into metric ( adding 28 cm ) and the of this race , the men 's 110 metres hurdles , has remained largely unchanged . The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford , where ( around 1860 ) a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1 @.@ 06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course . The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics : the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3 @-@ foot ( 91 @.@ 44 cm ) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track , with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish , respectively . Women 's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm ( 2 ft 9 in ) for the 100 m event and 76 cm ( 2 ft 6 in ) for the 400 m event . - By far the most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women , 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes . The men 's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men 's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games . Women 's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event , which entered the Olympic programme in 1932 . This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics , but it was not until 1984 that a women 's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics ( having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year ) . - Outside of the hurdles events , the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles . Just as the hurdling events , the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford , England . However , this event was born as a human variation on the original steeplechase competition found in horse racing . A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men 's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races . The event was held over various distances until the 1920 Summer Olympics marked the rise of the 3000 metres steeplechase as the standard event . The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954 , and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a water jump on each lap . Despite the long history of men 's steeplechase in track and field , the women 's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005 , with its first Olympic appearance coming in 2008 . - - = = = Jumping = = = - - - = = = = Long jump = = = = - - The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events , having its roots as one of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest . The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth , with the winner being the one who jumped farthest . Small weights ( ) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance . The modern long jump , standardised in England and the United States around 1860 , bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used . Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit . The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete 's body . - The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men 's long jump competition and a women 's competition was introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics . Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities . However , athletes must also have a consistent to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed . In addition to the traditional long jump , a standing long jump contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run @-@ up . A men 's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912 . - - = = = = Triple jump = = = = - - Similar to the long jump , the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit . Originally , athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit , but this was changed to the current " hop , step and jump " pattern from 1900 onwards . There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece : while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games , others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect , suggesting that the belief stems from a account of of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet ( around 16 @.@ 3 m ) . The Book of Leinster , a 12th @-@ century Irish manuscript , records the existence of @-@ ( triple jump ) contests at the ancient Games . - The men 's triple jump competition has been ever @-@ present at the modern Olympics , but it was not until 1993 that a women 's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later . The men 's standing triple jump event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904 , but such competitions have since become very uncommon , although it is still used as a non @-@ competitive exercise drill . - - = = = = High jump = = = = - - The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century . Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there . Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a landing area . The men 's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women 's competition followed in 1928 . - Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event . High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century , using either the , Eastern cut @-@ off or Western roll technique . The technique became prominent in the mid @-@ 20th century , but Dick overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head @-@ first technique in the late 1960s – the – which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics . This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards . The standing high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912 , but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill . - - = = = = Pole vault = = = = - - In terms of sport , the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in contests in the area of Europe , and vaulting for height was seen at competitions in Germany in the 1770s . One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in Cumbria , England in 1843 . The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States . The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and so that the stomach faces the bar . poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard . Landing were introduced in the mid @-@ 20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights . - The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track , plant the pole in the metal box , and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing . While earlier versions used wooden , metal or bamboo , modern poles are generally made from artificial materials such as fibreglass or carbon fibre . The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men , but it was over 100 years later that the first women 's world championship competition was held at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships . The first women 's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000 . - - = = = = = = - - Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports , and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games . - - = = = = Shot put = = = = - - The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre @-@ historic competitions with rocks : in the Middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the was recorded in Switzerland . In the 17th century , throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport . The term " shot " originates from the use of round shot @-@ style ammunition for the sport . The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet ( 2 @.@ 13 m ) on each side . This was amended to a circle area with a seven @-@ foot diameter in 1906 , and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds ( 7 @.@ 26 kg ) . technique was also refined over this period , with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side @-@ step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876 . - The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women 's competition using a 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 82 lb ) shot was added in 1948 . Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post @-@ war era : in the 1950s Parry O 'Brien popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the " " , breaking the world record 17 times along the way , while and Brian Oldfield introduced the " spin " or rotational technique in 1976 . - - = = = = throw = = = = - - As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon , the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC . In ancient times a heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small pedestal , and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics . This continued until the 1906 Games in Athens , which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing . By the 1912 Olympics , the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2 @.@ 5 m throwing area became the standard . The discus implement was standardised to 2 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 pounds ) in weight and 22 cm ( 8 inches ) in diameter in 1907 . The women 's discus was among the first women 's events on the Olympic programme , being introduced in 1928 . - - = = = = throw = = = = - - As an implement of war and hunting , javelin throwing began in prehistoric times . Along with the discus , the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon . Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co @-@ existing : throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance . It was the latter type from which the modern event derives . In ancient competitions , athletes would an ( thin leather strip ) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance . The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men 's competitions . The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the releases the javelin before the foul line . - The first Olympic men 's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women 's competition was introduced in 1932 . The first were made of various types of wood , but in the 1950s , former athlete Held introduced a hollow javelin , then a metal javelin , both of which increased throwers performances . Another former athlete , invented the rough @-@ tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia . The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men 's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement 's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement . Rough @-@ tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such were removed from the record books . The women 's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999 . The current javelin specifications are 2 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men , and 2 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 3 m and 600 g for women . - - = = = = throw = = = = - - The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from the Games around 1800 BC , which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope , a large rock on a wooden handle , or even a chariot wheel on a wooden axle . Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term " hammer throw " due to their resemblance to the tools . In 16th century England , contests involving the throwing of actual blacksmith 's were recorded . The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event . The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds ( 7 @.@ 26 kg ) while the attached wire had to measure between 1 @.@ 175 m and 1 @.@ 215 m . - The men 's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women 's event – using a 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 82 lb ) weight – was not widely competed until much later , finally featuring on the women 's Olympic programme in 2000 . The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment using the denser metals , a switch to concrete throwing areas , and more advanced training techniques . Professional hammer throwers as historically large , strong , athletes . However , qualities such as refined technique , speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34 @.@ 92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled . - - = = = Combined events = = = - - Combined ( or multi @-@ discipline ) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events , earning points for their performance in each event , which adds to a total points score . , the most common combined events are the men 's decathlon ( ten events ) and the women 's heptathlon ( seven events ) . Due to stadium limitations , indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events , resulting in the men 's heptathlon and the women 's pentathlon . Athletes are allocated points based on an international @-@ standard points scoring system , such as the decathlon scoring table . - The Ancient Olympic pentathlon ( comprising long jump , javelin , discus , the stadion race and wrestling ) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics ( Games ) . A men 's all @-@ around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics , contested between five American and two British athletes . - - = = Stadium = = - - - = = = Outdoor = = = - - The term track and field is intertwined with the stadiums that first hosted such competitions . The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval @-@ shaped running track and an area of turf within this track — the field . In earlier competitions , track lengths varied : the Stadium measured 333 @.@ 33 metres at the 1896 Summer Olympics , while at the 1904 Olympics the distance was a third of a mile ( @.@ 45 m ) at Francis Field . As the sport developed , the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes . widths for the lanes were established , as were regulations regarding the of the track . Tracks made of flattened were popular in the early 20th century but synthetic tracks became standard in the late 1960s . 's track ( an all @-@ weather running track of polyurethane ) gained popularity after its use at the 1968 US Olympic Trials and the 1968 Summer Olympics and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport . Many track and field stadiums are multi @-@ purpose stadiums , with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports , such as the various types of football . - The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events . The long jump and triple jump areas comprise a straight , narrow 40 @-@ metre running track with a sandpit at one or both ends . are measured from a take off board — typically a small strip of wood with a marker attached — which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line . The pole vault area is also a 40 @-@ metre running track and has an in the ground ( the box ) where plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto landing mats . The high jump is a stripped down version of this , with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it . - The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium . The javelin throw typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the of the main running track . The javelin throwing area is a sector shape frequently across the ( sports field ) in the middle of the stadium , ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury . The discus throw and hammer throw contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field . The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel across the field in the centre of the stadium . The shot put features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end . The throwing area is a sector . Some stadia also have a water jump area on one side of the field specifically for steeplechase races . - - = = = Indoor = = = - - Basic indoor venues may be adapted , which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events . Full @-@ size indoor arenas ( i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the World Indoor Championships ) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents . Typically , a central area is surrounded by a 200 @-@ metre oval track with four to eight lanes . The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably . There is also a second running track going straight across the field area , parallel to the of the main circuit . This track is used for the 60 metres and 60 metres hurdles events , which are held almost exclusively indoors . - Another common adaptation is a 160 @-@ yard track ( 11 laps to a mile ) that fits into a common basketball court sized arena . This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances , which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s . Examples of this configuration include the Games at Madison Square Garden , and the formerly held in the Los Angeles Sports Arena . - All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues . The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts . The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track . Shot put ( or weight throw ) is the only throwing event held indoors due to size restrictions . The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event , but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier . - In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships , the IAAF has hosted the IAAF World Indoor Tour since 2016 . - - = = Rules = = - - - = = = Track rules = = = - - The rules of track athletics or of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) . The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009 . Key rules of track events are those regarding starting , running and finishing . - - = = = = Starting = = = = - - The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide . In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved , so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish . Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m ( including the first leg of the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m ) and may not be used for any other race . No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane . - All races must be started by the report of the starter 's gun or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position . An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks . - For sprint races up to 400 m , the starter gives two commands : " on your marks " to instruct athletes to approach the start line , followed by " set " to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent . The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national competitions , or in English or French in international competitions . Once all athletes are set in their starting position , the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated . If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed , the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over . - There are different types of starts for races of different distances . and long @-@ distance races mainly use the waterfall start . This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track . are allowed to move towards the inside lane right away , as long as it is safe to do so . For some middle @-@ distance races , such as 800 m , each athlete starts in their own lane . Once the gun fires , they must run in the lane they began in until markers on the track notify them it is time to move towards the inside lane . For sprint races , athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race . - An athlete , after assuming a final set position , may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun , or approved starting apparatus . If , in the judgment of the starter or , he does so any earlier , it is considered a false start . It is deemed a false start if , in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands " on your marks " or " set " as appropriate after a reasonable time ; or an athlete after the command " on your marks " other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise . If the runner is in the " set " position and moves , then the runner is also disqualified . As of 2010 , any athlete making a false start is disqualified . - In International elite competition , electronically starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes . If the athlete reacts in less than 0 @.@ 1 second , an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start . - - = = = = Running the race = = = = - - For sprinting events ( bar the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres ) , each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish . If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line each lane the athlete will be disqualified . Lane rules also apply for initial periods of other track races , for example , the beginning of the 800 m . Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated , with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase . - Any athlete who or another athlete , in a way that his progress , should be disqualified from that event . However , if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane , and if no material advantage is gained , the athlete should not be disqualified . - - = = = = The finish = = = = - - The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide . The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso ( as distinguished from the head , neck , arms , legs , hands or feet ) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line . Fully automatic timing systems ( photo timing ) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets , improving the accuracy , while eliminating the need for eagle @-@ eyed officials on the finish line . Fully automatic timing ( ) is required for high level meets and any time a ( sprint ) record is set ( though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent ) . - With the accuracy of the timing systems , ties are rare . Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows : In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time , a judge ( called the chief photo finish judge ) must consider the actual time recorded by the athletes to one of a second . If the judge decides that there has been a tie , the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or , if that is not practicable , lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round . In the case of a tie for first place in any final , the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again . If he decides it is not , the result stands . Ties in other remain . - - = = = Field rules = = = - - In general , most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually , under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition . Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the longest distance . - jumps ( high jump and pole vault ) set a bar at a particular height . The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar ( flat ) . Three failures in a row ends the competitor 's participation in the event . The competitor has the option to their attempt , which can be used to strategic advantage ( of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses ) . A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings . After all competitors have either cleared , passed or failed their attempts at a height , the bar goes up . The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition , though when one competitor remains , that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts . A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor . After all competitors have taken their attempts , the one jumping the highest is the winner , and so on down the other competitors in the event . Ties are broken by first , the number of attempts taken at the highest height ( fewest wins ) , and then if still tied , by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole . The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position . If those critical positions are still tied after applying the , all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height . If they still miss , the bar goes down one where they again jump . This process continues until the tie is broken . - jumps ( long jump and triple jump ) and all throws must be initiated behind a line . In the case of horizontal jumps , that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway . In the case of throws , that line is an arc or a circle . Crossing the line while initiating the attempt the attempt — it becomes a foul . All landings must occur in a sector . For the jumps , that is a sand filled pit , for throws it is a defined sector . A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul ( the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector ) . Assuming a proper attempt , officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line . The measuring tape is carefully to the shortest distance between the point and the line . To accomplish this , the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps , or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws . The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero , while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length . Whenever a record ( or potential record ) occurs , that measurement is taken ( again ) with a steel tape , and observed by at least three officials ( plus usually the meet referee ) . Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged , so are not used to measure everyday competitions . For major competitions , each competitor gets three tries . The top competitors ( usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition 's rules or the number of lanes on the track ) gets three more tries . At that level of competition , the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set — so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last , while the last competitor to qualify goes first . Some meets the competition order again for the final round , so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point . At other competitions , meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts . Whatever the format , all competitors get an equal number of attempts . - - = = Equipment = = - - Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men 's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women , men 's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women , men 's discus is 2 kilograms to women 's 1 , men 's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women , and men 's hammer throw is also 16 pounds to the women 's 8 . Additionally , men 's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women 's hurdles which are 33 inches . For the intermediate hurdles ( 400 meter hurdles ) , the men 's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women . - - = = = = - - The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations . The International Association of Athletics Federations is the global governing body for track and field , and athletics as a whole . The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies . Some national federations are named after the sport , including USA Track & Field and the Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association , but these organisations govern more than just track and field and are in fact athletics governing bodies . These national federations regulate sub @-@ national and local track and field clubs , as well as other types of running clubs . - - = = = = - - - = = = Olympics , Paralympics and world championships = = = - - The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics . Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the Olympic and Paralympic athletics programmes , which occur every four years . Track and field events have held a prominent position at the Summer Olympics since its inception in 1896 , and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . Events such as the 100 metres receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event . - The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF . The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its world championship event in 1913 , but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the marathon and competitions . Initially , this worked on a basis but , after 1991 , it changed to a biennial format . In terms of indoor track and field , the IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics has been held every two years since 1985 and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events . - - = = = Other championships = = = - - Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships , track and field forms a significant part of continental championships . The South American Championships in Athletics , created in 1919 , was the first continental championships and the European Athletics Championships became the second championships of this type in 1934 . The Asian Athletics Championships and African Championships in Athletics were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its championships in 1990 . - There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe ( European Athletics Indoor Championships ) and Asia ( Asian Indoor Athletics Championships ) . There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America , which may be ( in part ) due to the success of both the Central American and Caribbean Championships and the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships . Most countries have a national championship in track and field and , for athletes , these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions . Some countries hold many track and field championships at high school and college @-@ level , which help develop younger athletes . Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige , such as the NCAA Track and Field Championship in the United States and the Jamaican High School Championships . However , the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country . - - = = = Multi @-@ sport events = = = - - the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics , the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi @-@ sport events . Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic @-@ style model were the World University Games in 1923 , the Commonwealth Games in 1930 , and the Games in 1932 . The number of major multi @-@ sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them . Typically , track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games . - After the Olympic and Paralympic Games , the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC @-@ sanctioned continental games : the All @-@ Africa Games , Asian Games , and the Pan American Games . Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and Summer , and World Masters Games have significant participation from track and field athletes . Track and field is also present at the national games level , with competitions such as the Chinese National Games serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes . - - = = = Meetings = = = - - One @-@ day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition . Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club , or by a group or business that serves as the meeting promoter . In the case of the former , athletes are selected to represent their club or institution . In the case of privately run or independent meetings , athletes participate on an invitation @-@ only basis . - The most basic type of meetings are all @-@ track meets , which are largely small , local , informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete . As meetings become more organized they can gain official by the local or national association for the sport . - At the professional level , meetings began to offer significant financial for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the " Golden Four " competition , comprising meetings in , Brussels , Berlin and Oslo . This expanded and received IAAF backing as the IAAF Golden League in 1998 , which was later supplemented by the branding of selected meetings worldwide as the IAAF World Athletics Tour . In 2010 , the Golden League idea was expanded globally as the IAAF Diamond League series and this now forms the top tier of professional one @-@ day track and field meetings . - - = = Records = = - - Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions . Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event , but it can also be used for historical comparison ( i.e. a record ) . A large variety of record types exist and men 's and women 's performances are recorded separately . The foremost types of records organise athlete 's performances by the region they represent — beginning with national records , then continental records , up to the global or world record level . National governing bodies control the national record lists , the area associations organise their respective continental lists , and the IAAF world records . - The IAAF track and field world records if they meet their set criteria . The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914 , initially for men 's events only . There were 53 recognised records in running , hurdling and relay , and 12 field records . World records in women 's events began in 1936 as more events were gradually added to the list , but significant changes were made in the late 1970s . First , all records in imperial measurements were abandoned in 1976 , with the sole exceptional being the mile run due to the prestige and history of the event . The following year , all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if fully automatic electronic timing was used ( as opposed to the traditional hand @-@ timing method ) . In 1981 , electronic timing was made compulsory for all world record runs in track and field , with times being recorded to within one hundredth of a second . Two additional types of world record were introduced in 1987 : world records for indoor competitions , and world records for junior athletes under 20 years old . - The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition . For example , the Olympic records represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer Olympics . All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records . Other record types include : stadium records , records by age range , records by disability , and records by institution or organisation . Cash bonuses are usually offered to athletes if they break significant records , as doing so can generate greater interest and public attendance in track and field competitions . - - = = Doping = = - - Track and field athletes are banned from or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport , from the national to the international level . The IAAF 's constitution incorporates the World Anti @-@ Doping Code among other anti @-@ doping measures . such as blood doping and the use of anabolic steroids , peptide hormones , , or can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field . The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds . Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes ' performances , performance @-@ enhancing substances create an uneven playing field — athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do . , the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes ' health . However , some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use , and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases , such as Kim Collins ' failed drug test due to asthma medication . - Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance , with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives , as exemplified by research by Mirkin , Goldman and Connor in researching attitudes to the so @-@ called Goldman dilemma . To prevent use of performance @-@ enhancing substances , athletes must submit to drug tests that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti @-@ doping officials or accredited medical staff . athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition . Athletes found to have taken substances on the World Anti @-@ Doping Agency 's banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction . However , the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect . Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests , seeking to avoid testing or with results , refusing to submit to testing , through circumstantial evidence , or confession of use . - Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field . State @-@ sponsored doping in East Germany with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from the German Democratic Republic in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s . A number of these women , such as Koch , broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions . Some athletes , who were following a doping plan from their teenage years , suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime . Ben Johnson ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics but was later banned for using anabolic steroids . In the mid @-@ first decade of the 21st century , the Scandal eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery , among others , through their usage of banned substances . Doping problems have also been associated with sprinters such as Tyson Gay , Michael Rogers , and Justin , all from the United States . Doping has also affected entire nations , such as Russia , which has been banned from competing at both the Indoor World Championships and the Olympics in 2016 . This ban was imposed in 2016 after major allegations of doping and covering up were discovered in 2015 . - - = = Related sports = = - - Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the sport of athletics , specifically cross country running , and road forms of and running . All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times , have strictly defined start and finish points , and are generally individual in nature . and long @-@ distance runners usually participate in cross country and road events , in addition to the track . Track are most typically road specialists as well . It is unusual for track and field athletes outside of these two groups to compete in cross country or road events . - of strength athletics , such as the World 's Man and games , often incorporate forms of carrying heavy objects as well as throwing events such as the toss and toss , which bear similarities to track and field throwing events . - - - = Isabella Beeton = - - Isabella Mary Beeton ( née Mayson ; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865 ) , also known as Mrs Beeton , was an English journalist , editor and writer . Her name is particularly associated with her first book , the 1861 work Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . She was born in London and , after schooling in Islington , north London , and Heidelberg , Germany , she married Samuel Orchart Beeton , an ambitious publisher and magazine editor . - In 1857 , less than a year after the wedding , Isabella began writing for one of her husband 's publications , The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column , though all the recipes were from other works or sent in by the magazine 's readers . In 1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48 @-@ page monthly supplements to The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine ; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management in October 1861 , which sold 60 @,@ 000 copies in the first year . Isabella was working on an abridged version of her book , which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every @-@ Day Cookery , when she died of fever in February 1865 at the age of 28 . She gave birth to four children , two of whom died in infancy , and had several miscarriages . Two of her biographers , Nancy Spain and Hughes , the theory that Samuel had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute , and had unwittingly passed the disease on to his wife . - The Book of Household Management has been edited , revised and enlarged several times since Isabella 's death and is still in print as at 2016 . Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version . Several cookery writers , including Elizabeth David and Clarissa Dickson Wright , have criticised Isabella 's work , particularly her use of other people 's recipes . Others , such as the food writer Bee Wilson , consider the , and that Beeton and her work should be thought extraordinary and admirable . Her name has become associated with knowledge and authority on Victorian cooking and home management , and the Oxford English Dictionary states that by 1891 the term Mrs Beeton had become used as a generic name for a domestic authority . She is also considered a strong influence in the building or shaping of a middle @-@ class identity of the Victorian era . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early life , 1836 – 54 = = = - - Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in Marylebone , London . She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson , a linen factor ( merchant ) and his wife Elizabeth ( née ) . Shortly after Isabella 's birth the family moved to Milk Street , , from where Benjamin traded . He died when Isabella was four years old , and Elizabeth , pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin 's business , sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives . Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in Great , , though she was back with her mother within the next two years . - Three years after Benjamin 's death Elizabeth married Henry , a widower with four children . Henry was the of Epsom Racecourse , and had been granted residence within the grounds . The family , including Elizabeth 's mother , moved to Surrey and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children . Isabella was instrumental in her siblings ' upbringing , and collectively referred to them as a " living cargo of children " . The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household . - After a brief education at a boarding school in Islington , in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg , Germany , accompanied by her Jane . Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German ; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry . She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry @-@ making from a local baker . - - = = = Marriage and career , 1854 – 61 = = = - - Around 1854 Isabella began a relationship with Samuel Orchart Beeton . His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the — Samuel 's father still ran the Tavern there — and Samuel 's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella . Samuel was the first British publisher of Harriet 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals : The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine in 1852 and the Boys ' Own magazine in 1855 . The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855 — in which Isabella signed her letters as " " — and they announced their engagement in June 1855 . The marriage took place at St Martin 's Church , Epsom , in July the following year , and was announced in The Times . Samuel was " a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women " and their relationship , both personal and professional , was an equal partnership . The couple went to Paris for a three @-@ week honeymoon , after which Samuel 's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg . They returned to Britain in August , when the moved into 2 Chandos , a large Italianate house in Pinner . - Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Isabella was pregnant . A few weeks before the birth , Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine , a publication that the food writers Mary and Olive consider was " designed to make women content with their lot inside the home , not to interest them in the world outside " . The magazine was affordable , aimed at young middle class women and was commercially successful , selling 50 @,@ 000 issues a month by 1856 . Isabella began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials . Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column — which had been for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent — and the household article . The Beetons ' son , Samuel Orchart , was born towards the end of May 1857 , but died at the end of August that year . On the death certificate , the cause of death was given as and cholera , although Hughes that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute , and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife , which would have infected his son . - While with the loss of her child , Isabella continued to work at The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . Although she was not a regular cook , she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources . A request to receive the readers ' own recipes led to over 2 @,@ 000 being sent in , which were selected and edited by the Beetons . Published works were also copied , largely to any of the sources . These included Eliza Acton 's Modern Cookery for Private Families , Elizabeth 's The English , Marie @-@ Antoine 's Le royal , Louis 's The French Cook , Alexis 's The Modern or , and The , Hannah 's The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy , Maria Eliza 's A New System of Domestic Cookery , and the works of Charles . Daly and Ross G. , in their examination of Victorian cooking culture , consider that the plagiarism makes it " an important index of mid @-@ Victorian and middle @-@ class society " because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time . In copying the recipes of others , Isabella was following the recommendation given to her by English , a family friend , who wrote that " Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience and years of study which of course you have not had . Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from . " - The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton 's recipes , although with a major alteration : whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients , the recipes in The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine listed the components before the cooking process . Isabella 's standardised layout used for the recipes also showed the approximate costs of each serving , the of the ingredients and the number of portions per dish . According to the twentieth @-@ century British cookery writer Elizabeth David , one of the strengths of Isabella 's writing was in the " clarity and details of her general instructions , her brisk comments , her no @-@ nonsense " . Margaret Beetham , the historian , sees that one of the strengths of the book was the " consistent principle of organisation which made its heterogeneous contents look uniform and orderly " , and brought a consistent style in presentation and layout . Whereas Daly and consider such an approach as " nothing if not formulaic " , Hughes sees it as " the thing most beloved by the mid , a system " . - During the particularly bitter winter of 1858 – 59 Isabella prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner , " for benevolent purposes " ; her sister later recalled that Isabella " was busy making [ the ] soup for the poor , and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be " . The recipe would become the only entry in her Book of Household Management that was her own . After two years of miscarriages , the couple 's second son was born in June 1859 ; he was also named Samuel Orchart Beeton . Hughes sees the miscarriages as further evidence of Samuel 's syphilis . - As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and advice , Hughes believes , and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48 @-@ page monthly supplements with The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . The print block for the whole series of the supplements was set from the beginning so the break between each edition was fixed at 48 pages , regardless of the text , and in several issues the text of a sentence or recipe is split between the end of one instalment and the beginning of the next . - The Beetons decided to revamp The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine , particularly the fashion column , which the historian Graham Nown describes as " a rather drab piece " . They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe , the publisher of the French magazine Le Moniteur de la Mode . The magazine carried a full @-@ sized dress pattern outlined on a fold @-@ out piece of paper for users to cut out and make their own dresses . The Beetons came to an agreement with for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine . The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May , six weeks after the couple returned from Paris . For the redesigned magazine , Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella , who was described as " " . As well as being co @-@ editors , the couple were also equal partners . Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business to Samuel 's normally disorganised and financially approach . She joined her husband at work , travelling daily by train to the office , where her presence caused a stir among , most of whom were male . In June 1860 Isabella and Samuel travelled to Killarney , Ireland , for a fortnight 's holiday , leaving their son at home with his nurse . The Beetons enjoyed the , although on the days it , they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . Isabella was impressed with the food they were served , and wrote in her diary that the were " conducted in quite the French style " . - In September 1861 the Beetons released a new , weekly publication called The Queen , the Ladies ' Newspaper . With the Beetons busy running their other titles , they employed Frederick Greenwood as the editor . - - = = = Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management and later , 1861 – 65 = = = - - The complete version of Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management , consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments , was published on 1 October 1861 ; it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century . Isabella included an extensive 26 @-@ page " Analytical Index " in the book . Although not an innovation — it had been used in The Family Friend magazine since 1855 — Hughes considers the index in the Book of Household Management to be " detailed and cross @-@ referenced " . Of the 1 @,@ 112 pages , over 900 contained recipes . The remainder provided advice on fashion , child care , animal , poisons , the management of servants , science , religion , first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce . In its first year of publication , the book sold 60 @,@ 000 copies . It reflected Victorian values , particularly hard work , and . Christopher , in his study of the British middle classes , sees that Isabella " reflected better than anyone else , and for a larger audience , the optimistic message that mid @-@ Victorian England was filled with opportunities for those who were willing to learn how to take advantage of them " . The food writer Hope thinks that " one can understand its success . If ... young ladies knew nothing of domestic arrangements , no better book than this could have been devised for them . " - The reviews for Book of Household Management were positive . The critic for the London Evening Standard considered that Isabella had earned herself a household reputation , remarking that she had " succeeded in producing a volume which will be , for years to come , a treasure to be made much of in every English household " . The critic for the Saturday Review wrote that " for a really valuable repertory of hints on all sorts of household matters , we recommend Mrs Beeton with few " . The anonymous reviewer for The Bradford Observer considered that " the information afforded ... appears and explicit " ; the reviewer also praised the layout of the recipes , highlighting details relating to ingredients , and the times needed . Writing in The Morning Chronicle , an anonymous commentator opined that " Mrs Beeton has omitted nothing which tends to the comfort of , or facilitates the many little troubles and cares that fall to the lot of every wife and mother . She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject . " For the 1906 edition of the book , The Illustrated London News 's reviewer considered the work " a formidable body of domestic doctrine " , and thought that " the book is almost of the first magnitude " . - Samuel 's business decisions from 1861 were and included an ill @-@ advised investment in purchasing paper — in which he lost £ 1 @,@ 000 — and a court case over unpaid bills . His in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early 1862 the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office . The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons ' son , and he began to . Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year 's Eve 1862 at the age of three ; his death certificate gave the cause as " suppressed " and " " . In March 1863 Isabella found that she was pregnant again , and in April the couple moved to a house in , Kent ; their son , who they named Orchart , was born on New Year 's Eve 1863 . Although the couple had been through financial problems , they enjoyed relative prosperity during 1863 , boosted by the sale of The Queen to Edward Cox in the middle of the year . - In the middle of 1864 the Beetons again visited the in Paris — the couple 's third visit to the city — and Isabella was pregnant during the visit , just as she had been the previous year . On her return to Britain she began working on an abridged version of the Book of Household Management , which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every @-@ Day Cookery . On 29 January 1865 , while working on the proofs of the dictionary , she went into labour ; the baby — Mayson Moss — was born that day . Isabella began to feel the following day and died of fever on 6 February at the age of 28 . - Isabella was buried at West Norwood Cemetery on 11 February . When The Dictionary of Every @-@ Day Cookery was published in the same year , Samuel added a tribute to his wife at the end : - Her works speak for themselves ; and , although taken from this world in the very height and strength , and in the early days of womanhood , she felt satisfaction — so great to all who strive with good intent and warm will — of knowing herself regarded with respect and gratitude . - - = = Legacy = = - - In May 1866 , following a severe downturn in his financial fortunes , Samuel sold the rights to the Book of Household Management to Ward , Lock and Tyler ( later Ward Lock & Co ) . The writer Nancy Spain , in her biography of Isabella , reports that , given the money the company made from the Beetons ' work , " surely no man ever made a worse or more impractical " than Samuel did . In subsequent publications Ward Lock suppressed the details of the lives of the Beetons — especially the death of Isabella — in order to protect their investment by letting readers think she was still alive and creating recipes — what Hughes considers to be " intentional censorship " . Those later editions continued to make the connection to Isabella in what Beetham considers to be a " fairly ruthless marketing policy which was begun by Beeton but carried on vigorously by Ward , Lock , and Tyler " . Those subsequent volumes bearing Isabella 's name became less reflective of the original . Since its initial publication the Book of Household Management has been issued in numerous and paperback editions , translated into several languages and has never been out of print . - Isabella and her main work have been subjected to criticism over the course of the twentieth century . Elizabeth David complains of recipes that are " sometimes and misleading " , although she acknowledges that 's also contains errors . The television cook Delia Smith admits she was puzzled " how on earth Mrs Beeton 's book managed to utterly eclipse ... [ Acton 's ] superior work " , while her fellow chef , Clarissa Dickson Wright , opines that " It would be unfair to blame any one person or one book for the decline of English cookery , but Isabella Beeton and her ubiquitous book do have a lot to answer for . " In comparison , the food writer Bee Wilson opines that disparaging Isabella 's work was only a " fashionable " stance to take and that the cook 's writing " simply makes you want to cook " . Christopher Driver , the journalist and food critic , suggests that the " relative stagnation and want of refinement in the indigenous cooking of Britain between 1880 and 1930 " may instead be explained by the " progressive under successive editors , and " . David comments that " when plain English cooks " were active in their kitchens , " they followed plain English recipes and chiefly those from the Mrs Beeton books or their derivatives " . Dickson Wright considers Beeton to be a " fascinating source of information " from a social history viewpoint , and and consider the work to be " the best and most reliable guide for the scholar to the domestic history of the mid @-@ Victorian era " . - Despite the criticism , observes that " ' Mrs. Beeton ' has ... been for over a century the standard English cookbook , frequently every other book but the Bible " . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term Mrs Beeton became used as a generic name for " an authority on cooking and domestic subjects " as early as 1891 , and Beetham opines that " ' Mrs. Beeton ' became a trade mark , a brand name " . In a review by Gavin Koh published in a 2009 issue of The , Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management was labelled a medical classic . In Isabella 's " attempt to educate the average reader about common medical complaints and their management " , Koh argues , " she preceded the family health guides of today " . Robin , a professor of strategic management , believes that Isabella 's advice and guidance on household management can also be applied to business management , and her lessons on the subject have stood the test of time better than some of her advice on cooking or . - Following the radio broadcast of Meet Mrs. Beeton , a 1934 comedy in which Samuel was portrayed in an light , and Mrs Beeton , a 1937 documentary , Beeton worked with H. Montgomery Hyde to produce the biography Mr and Mrs Beeton , although completion and publication were delayed until 1951 . In the meantime Nancy Spain published Mrs Beeton and her Husband in 1948 , updated and retitled in 1956 to The Beeton Story . In the new edition Spain hinted at , but did not upon , on the possibility that Samuel contracted syphilis . Several other biographies followed , including from the historian Sarah Freeman , who wrote Isabella and Sam in 1977 ; Nown 's Mrs Beeton : 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management , published on the 150th anniversary of Isabella 's birthday , and Hughes 's The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton , published in 2006 . Isabella was ignored by the Dictionary of National Biography for many years : while Acton was included in the first published volume of 1885 , Isabella did not have an entry until 1993 . - There have been several television broadcasts about Isabella . In 1970 Margaret portrayed her in a solo performance written by Rosemary Hill , in 2006 Anna played Isabella in a , and Sophie Dahl presented a documentary , The Mrs Beeton , in the same year . - The literary historian Kate Thomas sees Isabella as " a powerful force in the making of middle @-@ class Victorian domesticity " , while the Oxford University Press , advertising an abridged edition of the Book of Household Management , considers Isabella 's work a " founding text " and " a force in shaping " the middle @-@ class identity of the Victorian era . Within that identity , the historian Sarah Richardson sees that one of Beeton 's achievements was the integration of different threads of domestic science into one volume , which " [ ed ] the middle @-@ class female housekeeper 's role ... placing it in a broader and more public context " . Nown quotes an unnamed academic who thought that " Mrs has preserved the family as a social unit , and made social reforms a possibility " , while Nicola Humble , in her history of British food , sees The Book of Household Management as " an engine for social change " which led to a " new cult of domesticity that was to play such a major role in mid @-@ Victorian life " . Nown considers Isabella - ... a singular and remarkable woman , praised in her lifetime and later forgotten and ignored when a pride in light pastry ... were no longer considered for womanhood . Yet in her lively , progressive way , she helped many women to overcome the loneliness of marriage and gave the family the importance it deserved . In the climate of her time she was brave , strong @-@ minded and a champion of her sisters everywhere . - - - = Martin Keamy = - - First Sergeant Martin Christopher Keamy is a fictional character played by Kevin Durand in the fourth season and sixth season of the American ABC television series Lost . Keamy is introduced in the fifth episode of the fourth season as a crew member aboard the freighter called the that is offshore the island where most of Lost takes place . In the second half of the season , Keamy served as the primary antagonist . He is the leader of a mercenary team hired by billionaire Charles Widmore ( played by Alan Dale ) that is sent to the island on a mission to capture Widmore 's enemy Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) from his home , then torch the island . - Unlike Lost 's ensemble of characters who , according to the writers , each have good and bad intentions , the writers have said that Keamy is evil and knows it . Durand was contacted for the role after one of Lost 's show runners saw him in the 2007 film 3 : 10 to . Like other Lost actors , Durand was not informed of his character 's arc when he won the role . Throughout Durand 's nine @-@ episode stint as a guest star in the fourth season , little was revealed regarding Keamy 's life prior to his arrival on the island and Durand cited this as a reason why the audience " loved to hate " his villainous character . Critics praised the writers for breaking Lost tradition and creating a seemingly character , while Durand 's performance and appearance were also reviewed positively . Keamy returned in the final season for a tenth and eleventh appearance . - - = = = = - - Originally from Las Vegas , Nevada , Martin Keamy was a First Sergeant of the United States Marine Corps , serving with distinction from 1996 to 2001 . In the three years before the events of Lost in 2004 , he worked with various mercenary organizations in Uganda . In fall 2004 , Keamy is hired by Widmore to lead a mercenary team to the island via freighter then helicopter and extract Ben for a large sum of money . Once he captures Ben , Keamy has orders to kill everyone on the island ( including the forty @-@ plus survivors of the September 22 , 2004 crash of Airlines Flight 815 : the protagonists of the series ) by it . - Keamy boards the freighter in , Fiji sometime between December 6 and December 10 . On the night of December 25 , helicopter pilot Frank ( Jeff ) flies Keamy and his mercenary team , which consists of Omar ( Anthony ) , , , and , to the island . On December 27 , the team ambushes several in the jungle , taking Ben 's daughter Alex Linus ( ) hostage and killing her boyfriend Karl ( Blake ) and her mother Danielle ( Mira ) . The team infiltrates the Barracks compound where Ben resides , blowing up the house of 815 survivor Claire ( de ) and fatally shooting three 815 survivors ( played by extras ) . Keamy attempts to negotiate for Ben 's surrender in exchange for the safe release of Alex . Believing that he is , Ben does not comply , and Keamy shoots Alex dead . Ben by summoning the island 's smoke monster , which brutally assaults the mercenaries and fatally wounds . - Upon returning to the freighter , Keamy unsuccessfully attempts to kill Michael Dawson ( Harold ) , whom he has discovered is Ben 's spy , then obtains the " secondary protocol " from a safe . The protocol contains instructions from Widmore for finding Ben if he finds out Keamy 's intention to torch the island , which he apparently had . The protocol contains details about a 1980s research station called the " Orchid " that was previously run by a group of scientists working for the Dharma Initiative . Keamy is also informed by Captain that Keamy and his mercenary squad may be suffering from some sort of mental sickness , a notion Keamy dismisses . Later in the day , Omar a dead man 's switch to Keamy , rigged to on the freighter if Keamy 's heart stops beating . That night , Frank refuses to fly the mercenaries to the island . In a display of power , Keamy slits the throat of the ship 's doctor Ray ( Marc ) and throws him and later and shoots Captain ( Grant ) during a tense standoff . Frank flies the remaining five mercenaries back to the island . On December 30 , the team apprehends Ben at the Orchid and takes him to the where they are ambushed and killed by Ben 's people — referred to as the " Others " by the 815 survivors — and 815 survivors Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) . After a chase to recapture Ben and a brawl with Sayid , Keamy is shot in the back by Richard ( Nestor ) , who leaves him for dead , unaware of Keamy 's vest . Later , Keamy descends into the Orchid 's underground level via its elevator to stalk Ben , who hides in the shadows . Ben with taunts about his daughter 's death , Keamy is ambushed by Ben , who beats him into submission with an baton before stabbing him repeatedly in the neck . Though Locke attempts to save his life for the sake of the freighter , Keamy dies and the dead man 's trigger the explosives on the freighter , killing nearly everyone aboard . - In the afterlife , Keamy is a business associate of Mr. Paik , Sun ’ s ( Kim ) father . Mr. Paik sends Jin ( Daniel Kim ) to to give Keamy a watch and $ 25 @,@ 000 , intended to be Keamy 's reward for killing Jin . However , the money is confiscated at customs in , and Keamy is disappointed to discover it missing . He takes Jin to a restaurant and has him tied up in a freezer . Shortly after , Omar , one of Keamy 's henchmen , captures Sayid and brings him to the same restaurant . Keamy explains to Sayid that his brother has been shot because he borrowed money and failed to pay it back . After Keamy threatens Sayid 's family , Sayid and shoots Keamy in the chest , presumably killing him . - - = = Personality = = - - During the casting process , Keamy was described as a military type in his late @-@ twenties who does not question orders . Chris Carabott of IGN wrote that " in a show that features characters fraught with uncertainty , Keamy is the polar opposite and his Marine mentality definitely sets him apart . His team has a physical advantage and with the help of Mr. Widmore , they have a tactical advantage as well . Keamy is like a being thrown into a cage full of kittens ( except for [ Iraqi military ] Sayid ) " . Jay of The Huffington Post , stated that " Keamy is Crazy ! … out of all the bad guys on the Island — past , present , and future — Keamy has to be one of the most dangerous ones . Not because of how big he is , or the weaponry , but his willingness to kill at the drop of a hat . That doesn 't well for our [ protagonists ] . " Co @-@ show runner / executive producer / writer Carlton has stated that he and the other writers create " complex " characters because they " are interested in exploring how good and evil can be embodied in the same characters and [ the writers are also intrigued ] the struggles we all have [ , ] to overcome the dark parts of our souls " ; however , he later clarified that there is an exception : " Keamy 's bad , he knows he 's bad , but he 's ... a guy that does the job . " Damon Lindelof stated that " the great thing about Keamy is that he is like a ... merciless survivor . [ There ] ' s this great moment [ in the season finale ] where he just sort of @-@ sacks [ a grenade thrown at him ] over to where [ his ally ] Omar is standing . Omar is certainly an acceptable casualty as far as Keamy is concerned . " According to a in the Lost : The Complete Fourth Season – The Experience DVD set , Keamy likes " heavy weaponry " and " physical fitness " and dislikes " negotiations " and " doctors " . - - = = Development = = - - A remake of the 1957 film 3 : 10 to opened in theaters on September 7 , 2007 . Lost 's co @-@ show runner / executive producer / head writer / co @-@ creator Damon Lindelof enjoyed Kevin Durand 's supporting performance as Tucker and checked to see if he was available for a role on Lost . The casting director had Durand read a page of dialogue for the new character Keamy ; Durand was offered the role in early October and he traveled to Honolulu in Hawaii — where Lost is filmed on location — by October 17 , 2007 . A former stand @-@ up comic and rapper from Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada , with the stage name " D " , Durand had seen only around six episodes of Lost by the time that he won the part . When he was shooting , he was confused by the story , later stating " I didn 't want to know anything or be attached to anybody . I 'm glad I didn 't . But now that I 'm on it , I 'll watch all of it . " Durand revealed his appreciation for the cast , crew and scripts and the fact that he had the chance to act as someone with a similar physical appearance to himself , as he had previously done roles that had not prompted recognition from viewers on the street . - Durand was never informed of his character 's arc and only learned more of Keamy 's importance to the plot as he received new scripts ; thus , he was thrilled when the role was expanded for his third appearance , in " The of Things to Come " , when he kills Alex and Durand compared his excitement to that of " a kid in a candy store . " He also stated that " you really don 't know what 's going to happen in the next episode and you get the scripts pretty late , so it is pretty secretive and it 's kind of exciting that way [ because ] you 're really forced to get in the moment and say the words and play the guy " . Durand was initially met with negative reaction from fans on the street for this action and he defended his murderous character by arguing that it was actually more Ben 's fault for failing to negotiate with Keamy ; later , fans warmed up to Keamy . Despite the antagonist 's increasing popularity and fanbase , it became apparent to Durand that fans were hoping for Keamy 's death in what promised to be a showdown in the season finale . Throughout his nine @-@ episode run , Keamy never receives an episode in which his backstory is developed through flashbacks and Durand holds this partially responsible for the negative reaction to his character , saying that the audience " [ has not ] really seen anything outside of Keamy 's mission , so I think they definitely want him put down . " Following the season 's conclusion , Durand stated that he would not be surprised if his character returned in the fifth season and concluding that " Lost was really fun . If I can have that experience in any genre , I 'd take it . " - Durand returned for the sixth season episodes " " and " The " , following a twenty @-@ two episode absence since his character 's death in the fourth season finale . Keamy appears in the " flash sideways " parallel timeline in September 2004 working for Sun 's father Mr. Paik to assassinate her new husband Jin ( Daniel Kim ) upon the couple 's arrival in Los Angeles . Keamy and his sidekick Omar are also money from Sayid 's brother Omer , prompting Sayid to shoot them both , aiding Jin 's rescue process . - - = = Reception = = - - Professional television critics deemed Martin Keamy a welcome addition to the cast . Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly commented that Kevin Durand " is emerging as a real find this season ; he plays that mercenary part with a scene @-@ stealing mix of menace and damaged vulnerability . " After Jensen posted what he thought were the fifteen best moments of the season , the New York Post 's Wieselman " ha [ d ] to complain about one omission from 's list : Martin Keamy . I have loved this character all season long — and not just solely for [ his ] physical attributes ... although those certainly don 't hurt . " Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger reflected , " He was only on the show for a season and not featured all that much in that season , but Kevin Durand always made an impression as Keamy . Lots of actors might have his sheer physical size , but there 's a sense of danger ( ? ) that you can 't build at the gym , you know ? " IGN 's Chris Carabott wrote that " Keamy is one of the more striking new additions to Lost [ in the fourth ] season ... and is a welcome addition to the Lost universe . " Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune stated that Keamy has " so much " and she would " rather find out more about [ him ] than most of the old @-@ school Lost characters " . TV Guide 's Bruce agreed with a reader 's reaction to Durand 's " chilling portrayal " of Keamy and posted it in his weekly column . The reader , nicknamed " " , wrote " love him or hate him , nobody is neutral when it comes to Keamy , which is the hallmark of a well @-@ played villain . Even the camera seems to linger on Durand , who conveys with just a look or tilt of his head . This role should give Durand 's career a well @-@ deserved boost " . Following his demise , Whitney Matheson of USA Today noted that " it seems Keamy , Lost 's camouflaged , is turning into a bit of a cult figure . " A " hilarious " blog containing Keamy digitally edited into various photographs , posters and art titled " Keamy 's Paradise " was set up in early June 2008 . TV Squad 's Bob Sassone thought that the blog was " a great idea " and " funny " and he called Keamy " the of Lost " . In 2009 , Kevin Durand was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role in a Television Series . - Reaction to the antagonist 's death was mixed . Kristin Santos of E ! criticized the writing for Keamy when he asks Sayid where his fellow 815 survivors are so that he can kill them , but enjoyed his attractive physique , writing that " that guy is deep @-@ fried evil , and he must die horribly for what he did to Alex , but in the meantime , well , he 's certainly a well @-@ muscled young man " . The Huffington Post 's Jay also called for Keamy 's death , stating that " nothing would be better to me than him getting run over by Hurley 's Dharma Bus " , alluding to a scene in the third season finale . Dan of commented that " Keamy took a bit too long to die . Yes , he was wearing a vest so it wasn 't totally unexpected , but it was a bit predictable . " In a review of the season finale , Erin of AOL 's TV Squad declared her disappointment in the conclusion of Keamy 's arc , stating that " it 's always a shame when the hot guys die , [ especially when ] Kevin Durand did an amazing job with the character … he 'll be missed . " In a later article titled " Lost Season Four " , noted Durand 's " strong performance " that was " particularly fun to watch " and wrote that " we [ the audience ] all know that Widmore 's the big bad , but Keamy became the face of evil on the island in his stead . " - - - = Kaboom ( Parks and Recreation ) = - - " Kaboom " is the sixth episode of the second season of Parks and Recreation , and the twelfth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 22 , 2009 . In the episode , Leslie tries to have the pit filled in and Andy in the process , opening Pawnee up to a possible lawsuit . - The episode was written by and directed by Charles , and featured guest performances by Paul Scheer and H. Jon Benjamin . " Kaboom " saw the filling in of the Pawnee pit , a focal plot device in Parks and Recreation since the first episode . As part of a multi @-@ network television campaign to spotlight volunteerism , the episode prominently featured the real @-@ life organization KaBOOM ! , a charity that builds playgrounds in locations all over the United States . - According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 4 @.@ 98 million household viewers , an improvement over the previous week . " Kaboom " received generally positive reviews , with several commentators praising the series for resolving the long @-@ standing pit subplot . - It is the only episode of the entire series in which Aubrey Plaza does not appear as April . - - = = Plot = = - - The episode opens with Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) receiving a call about abnormal transactions on her credit card . The purchases turn out to all be legitimate , but Leslie the card anyway out of embarrassment when Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) hears about her unusual purchases , including a " bucket of cake " , a man pillow in the shape of Daniel Craig , and tuition to School of Witchcraft and . Later , the parks department and Ann ( Rashida Jones ) visit neighboring Indiana town to help build a playground in a single day , as part of an event by the charity KaBOOM ! There , Leslie and Ann find Ann 's ex @-@ boyfriend Andy ( Chris Pratt ) , who claims to be , but in reality , is coming for the free food . He tells Leslie and Ann that he now has a home with the drummer of his band . Leslie is inspired by the energy of the group and its leader ( Paul Scheer ) , which prompts her to take measures in filling in the pit in Pawnee and turning it into a park . While discussing the matter with her parks department , Mark ( Paul Schneider ) takes her aside and suggests she simply fill it in without permission . Leslie decides to take his advice and rents a to fill in the pit . - Leslie meets Ann at the pit with the rented , which starts filling it in with dirt . However , they failed to realize Andy was inside his tent in the pit , and he is injured when mounds of dirt fall on him . He is taken to the hospital , where Ann is assigned as his nurse . An angry Ron ( Nick ) tells Leslie the town is now open to a large potential lawsuit from Andy , and he sends her to visit him along with their city attorney Scott ( H. Jon Benjamin ) . Meanwhile , Andy is excited to be near Ann and insists it will lead to them getting back together , but Ann tells him she is very happy dating Mark , who unlike Andy has a job , apartment and future . A Andy decides he has to get money to impress Ann . When Leslie visits , he tells her he and his attorney Wendell Adams ( Chris ) are going to sue Pawnee . - Leslie is convinced she can reason with Andy if they can talk without their lawyers , but Andy will not return her calls . Finally , Ann calls Andy and asks him to come to her house . Later that day , he arrives completely naked , having assumed Ann wanted to take him back . A disgusted Ann leaves the house , leaving Leslie and Andy to talk . Andy admits he is the town in an attempt to win Ann back , and she thinks of a different way he can impress her . The next day at city hall , Andy tells Leslie and Scott he will drop the lawsuit if they agree to fill in the pit right away . Scott agrees , unaware it was a trick between Andy and Leslie . The next day the pit is filled in and turned into a lot , and an impressed Ann waves at Andy while the construction work is going on . The episode ends with riding a , revealing his role in KaBOOM ! was an elaborate prank to get the playground built , and announcing he is going to build a hospital in a poor part of China . - - = = Production = = - - " Kaboom " was written by and directed by Charles . The Pawnee pit , which has been a focal plot device in Parks and Recreation since the first episode , is filled in during this episode . " Kaboom " features actor and comedian Paul Scheer in a guest appearance as the KaBOOM ! organizer . Scheer has previously worked with Aziz Ansari on the MTV sketch comedy show , Human Giant . " Kaboom " also featured H. Jon Benjamin , a voice actor from Archer , Dr. Katz , and Home Movies , as Pawnee 's lawyer . Chris Pratt actually appeared naked during filming of a scene in which he arrived at Ann 's house without clothes on . Michael Schur , co @-@ creator of Parks and Recreation , said the scene was written because Pratt " loves taking his clothes off " . - The script prominently features KaBOOM ! , a real @-@ life charitable organization that builds playgrounds in locations all over the United States . Parks and Recreation included the charity in the episode as part of a charity campaign called " I " , sponsored by the Entertainment Industry Foundation . The campaign involves more than 60 shows on NBC ABC , CBS , Fox and several other networks , all of which real @-@ life charities in an effort to encourage volunteerism . Greg Daniels , the series executive producer and co @-@ creator , was responsible for choosing the KaBOOM ! charity . In an editorial featured on The Huffington Post after the " Kaboom " aired , KaBOOM ! chief executive officer Hammond called the episode " Ka @-@ ! " and said , " The writers certainly captured the spirit that fuels each of our ( playground ) builds – something that inspires volunteers to continue their great work and strive even harder to give back to their communities . " - Within a week of the episode 's original broadcast , two deleted scenes from " Kaboom " were made available on the official Parks and Recreation website . The first two @-@ minute clip included extended scenes of the ! park construction , including Tom text instead of working , Leslie and Ann competing with children , and Paul Scheer doing the dance move . Leslie also seeks advice from her mother ( played by Pamela Reed ) after putting Pawnee in danger of a lawsuit . In the second , 15 @-@ second clip , Ann complains to Mark about Andy appearing naked at her apartment , which Mark only finds amusing . - - = = Cultural references = = - - Andy says he volunteers at several organizations in order to get their free food at their events . He specifically identifies the Red Cross , which he says has " amazing " , and on , which he described as a " " . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American broadcast on October 22 , 2009 , " Kaboom " was seen by 4 @.@ 98 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It was a slight increase from the previous week 's episode , " Sister City " . " Kaboom " received a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 6 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club said " Kaboom " was the best episode of the second season , and called Parks and Recreation " one of the funniest shows on TV right now " . Heisler praised the show for not away from , and called Andy 's naked entrance " by far the highlight of the series " . Entertainment Weekly writer said " Kaboom " continued a trend of superior Parks episodes in season two , and praised the episode for filling in the pit , claiming it " both tied up a plot thread that had its welcome and put to rest any lingering ghosts from the first six episodes " . Matt Fowler of IGN said the episode was funny and served as good character development for Leslie and Andy . But Fowler also said " some scenes fell flat " , and questioned why Ann would continue to harbor feelings for the immature Andy . - - - = Middle Colonies = - - The Middle Colonies comprised the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America . Much of the area was part of the New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region . The English captured much of the area in its war with the Dutch around 1664 , and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York . The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania . The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania , which was founded by William Penn . - The Middle Colonies had lots of rich soil , which was allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains . The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests , and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry . The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America , they had settlers coming from all parts of Europe . Civil unrest in Europe and other colonies saw an influx of immigrants to the Middle Colonies in the 18th century . With the new came various religions which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws . This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from other British colonies . - - = = History = = - - The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609 . The Dutch soon claimed the land . Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land , calling it New Netherland . In the 1660s , the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch , renaming the area New York after the Duke of York , James II . The colony 's land was periodically granted to various proprietors and split into the Province of New York and the Province of Pennsylvania . - - = = Province of New Jersey = = - - King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II of England ) as a proprietary colony . James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War : Sir George and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . This land grant became the Province of New Jersey . - In 1665 , the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey . This document provided for religious freedom , no taxes without assembly approval , and a governor appointed by the proprietors . The first governor appointed in this way was Philip , who founded . were required to pay annual quit @-@ rent taxes . On March 18 , 1674 , after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes , Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward , a Quaker businessman from London . This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey ; however , the border between the two was not agreed upon until the in 1676 . From 1701 to 1765 , colonists in the New York @-@ New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries . - On April 15 , , Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony , the Province of New Jersey . Edward Hyde , 3rd Earl of became the royal colony 's first governor . After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of , bribery , and corruption , the governor of New York was charged to also over New Jersey . Finally , in 1738 , King George II appointed a separate governor , Lewis Morris , to run New Jersey . - The Provincial Congress of New Jersey , made up of elected delegates , formed in January 1776 to govern the colony . The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15 , declaring him " an enemy to the liberties of this country " . On July 2 , 1776 , New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution , soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress , on June 21 , to join in a declaration of independence . The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status . - - = = Province of Pennsylvania = = - - King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4 , 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family . Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony , which called for religious tolerance towards many groups , including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives . As a proprietary colony , Penn governed Pennsylvania , yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws . Penn 's cousin William served as the first colonial deputy governor . - by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north , Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York , Maryland , and New Jersey . In , Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony . From 1692 to 1694 , revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony . The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials , led by David Lloyd . Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701 , Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of to be added to the constitution . When the British banned western expansion in 1764 , fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled . In 1773 , Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania . Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow , and Philadelphia , the largest city in America , soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress . The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony , and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . - - = = Province of New York = = - - The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613 . The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664 , renaming it the Province of New York after the King 's brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II ) . The Dutch recaptured the colony in July during the Third Anglo @-@ Dutch War , but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for . The Duke of York never governed the colony himself : he instead appointed governors , councils , and other officers to run the government . Richard served as the first governor of New York . - In 1665 , the Province of New Jersey split from New York ; however , the New York @-@ New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769 , and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively . A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683 , making New York the last colony to have an assembly . A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30 , 1683 , giving the colonists many rights , including the rights to taxation without representation . However , upon learning of the constitution , James II declared it void . - When the Duke of York became King James II of England , New York became a royal province . In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England . When James II was overthrown , the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler 's Rebellion . When Henry became governor in March 1691 , the rebellion was crushed and its leader , Jacob Leisler was arrested , tried , and executed for treason . New York 's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after . In April 1775 , American formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly . Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19 , 1775 . Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776 . - - = = Delaware Colony = = - - Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and . The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664 , when Sir Robert Carr took New for the Duke of York , renaming it New Castle . A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682 . When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681 , he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York , and dubbed them " The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River " . In 1701 , after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory , Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly . - - = = Geography = = - - The partly Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies , which contained more rocky soil . Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil , the colonies came to be known as the Bread Colonies . Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat , corn , , hemp , and flax , making it the leading food producer in the colonies , and later states , between the years of 1725 and 1840 . Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River , the Delaware River , and the Hudson River attracted diverse business . Fur trappers moved along these rivers , and there was enough flow to enable with water wheel power . - - = = Industry = = - - forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies . These industries , along with the presence of deep river estuaries , led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia . While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies , it still did not rival the industry of New England . In Pennsylvania , sawmills and were abundant , and the textile industry grew quickly . The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products , including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the wagon . Other important industries included printing , publishing , and the related industry of . - - = = Politics = = - - The Middle Colonies political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals . These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations , evolving especially during the French and Indian War . - The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial . Many Middle Colony guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation . Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion , most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler 's Rebellion in New York . Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress , and a center for revolution . However , there were numerous pockets of and . - - = = Demographics = = - - The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies . were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres ( 16 – 65 hectares ) , owned by the family that worked it . In New York 's Hudson Valley , however , the Dutch operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers . - , the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant . For example , in New York , any foreigner Christianity was awarded citizenship , leading to a more diverse populace . As a consequence , early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region . servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York in the eighteenth century , though fewer worked in agriculture . - German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies . German immigration greatly increased around 1717 , and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland . They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch ( the German word for German is " " ) , and comprised one @-@ third of the population by the time of the American Revolution . The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies ' prosperity . They were noted for tight @-@ knit religious communities , mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller such as the , Mennonites and Amish - The Scotch @-@ Irish began to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717 . They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies , where they repeatedly confronted the Indians . Other groups included the French Huguenots , Welsh , Dutch , Swedes , Swiss , and Scots Highlanders . - - = = = English colonists = = = - - When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664 , many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans , while businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City . - Welsh Quakers , Baptists and settled in the Welsh of Pennsylvania . While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams , left to found Rhode Island , Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York . Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England , having been excluded from the New England Confederation , but later joined the Dominion of New England . Thus , the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island 's colonial boundaries . After joining the Dominion of New England , however , Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony . New York 's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony . - Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration , hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments . Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence . - - = = = Labor = = = - - Labor was always in short supply . The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites . These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21 , in exchange for their ocean passage . The great majority became farmers or farm wives . By the mid @-@ eighteenth century , African American slaves comprised 12 % of the population of New York . Most were house servants in Manhattan , or on Dutch estates . - - = = = Religion = = = - - The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire , with a high degree of tolerance . The Penn family were Quakers , and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German , German Reformed and numerous small such as Mennonites , Amish and , not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians . The Dutch Reformed were strong in New York and New Jersey , and Congregationalists were important in Long Island . The First Great Awakening invigorated and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational , Methodist and Baptist churches . Non @-@ British colonists included Dutch , Swedish , Mennonites , and the Amish . - - = = Historiography = = - - , Wayne . " Themes and Directions in Colonies Historiography , 1980 @-@ 1994 , " William and Mary Quarterly , July 1994 , Vol . 51 Issue 3 , 355 – 88 in JSTOR - , Wayne . " The " Myth of the Middle Colonies " : The of in Early America , " Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol . 113 , No. 4 ( , 1989 ) , pp. 527 @-@ in JSTOR - Greenberg , Douglas . " The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography , " William and Mary Quarterly , July 1979 , Vol . 36 Issue 3 , – in JSTOR - - = Bath Assembly Rooms = - - The Bath Assembly Rooms , designed by John Wood , the Younger in 1769 , are a set of elegant assembly rooms located in the heart of the World Heritage City of Bath in England which are now open to the public as a visitor attraction . They are designated as a Grade I listed building . - During the Georgian era Bath became fashionable . The architects John Wood , the Elder and his son John Wood , the Younger laid out new areas of housing for residents and visitors . Assembly rooms had been built early in the 18th century , but a new venue for balls , concerts and gambling was envisaged in the area between Queen Square , The Circus and the Royal Crescent . Robert Adam submitted a proposal that was rejected as too expensive . John Wood , the Younger raised funding through a and construction started in 1769 . The New or Upper Assembly Rooms opened with a grand ball in 1771 and became the hub of fashionable society , being frequented by Jane Austen and Charles Dickens , along with the nobility of the time . - The Bath stone building has rooms arranged in a U shape . There are four main function rooms in the complex : the 100 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 30 m ) ballroom — the largest Georgian interior in Bath ; the tea room ; the card room ; and the . The rooms have crystal chandeliers and are decorated with fine art . In the 20th century they were used as a cinema and in 1931 were taken over by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and restored . They were bombed and burnt out during the Second World War , with restoration undertaken by Sir Albert Richardson before reopening in 1963 . They are now owned by the National Trust and operated by Bath and North East Somerset Council for public functions . The basement of the building provides a home to the Fashion Museum . - - = = History = = - - Several areas of Bath had undergone development during the Stuart period , and development increased during Georgian times in response to the increasing number of visitors to the spa and resort town who required accommodation . The architects John Wood , the Elder and his son John Wood , the Younger laid out the new quarters in streets and squares , the identical façades of which gave an impression of palatial scale and classical . Much of the creamy gold Bath stone used for construction throughout the city was obtained from the limestone Down and Down , which were owned by Ralph Allen ( 1694 – 1764 ) . - Much of the development at this time consisted of new residential areas away from the old city centre . Queen Square was the first speculative development by John Wood , the Elder , who lived in one of the houses . The Circus consists of three long , curved terraces designed by the elder John Wood to form a circular space or theatre intended for civic functions and games . The games give a clue to the design , the inspiration behind which was the Colosseum in Rome . The most spectacular of Bath 's terraces is the Royal Crescent , built between 1767 and 1774 and designed by the younger John Wood . Gay Street links Queen Square to The Circus . All of which were designed by John Wood , the Elder in and completed by his son John Wood , the Younger . - The heart of the Georgian city was Wood 's Room , which , together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms , was designed by Thomas Baldwin , a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city , including the terraces in Argyle Street and the Guildhall , The Lower Assembly Rooms consisted of two buildings . The first built in 1708 for Thomas Harrison overlooking Parade Gardens between North Parade and Bath Abbey . A large ballroom was added in 1720 , with further enlargement in and 1810 when it became known as The Kingston Assembly Rooms . In another building , known as Lindsey 's Assembly Rooms , was constructed , lasting until demolition around 1820 for the building of York Street . Harrison 's Lower Assembly Rooms were devastated by a fire in 1821 and rebuilt , lasting until demolition in 1933 for road improvements on the site now known as " Island " . - In around 1770 the neoclassical architect Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge , a three @-@ arched bridge spanning the River Avon . He used as his prototype an original , but unused , design by Andrea for the Bridge in Venice . Adam also submitted plans for the new Assembly Rooms but these were rejected as too costly . John Wood , the Younger raised funding for the construction of the Assembly Rooms by the use of a , an investment plan that is named after the Neapolitan banker Lorenzo de , who is credited with it in France in 1653 . It combines features of a group annuity and a lottery . Each pays an agreed sum into the fund , and thereafter receives an annuity . As members die , their shares to the other participants , and so the value of each annuity increases . On the death of the last member , the scheme is wound up . Construction started in 1769 and was completed in 1771 , when a grand opening was held . - The Assembly Rooms formed the hub of fashionable Georgian society in the city , the venue being described as " the most noble and elegant of any in the kingdom " . They were originally known as the Upper Rooms as there was also a lower assembly room in the city , which closed soon after the Upper Rooms opened . They served the newly built fashionable area which included The Circus , Queen Square and the Royal Crescent . - People would gather in the rooms in the evening for balls and other public functions , or simply to play cards . Mothers and bringing their daughters to Bath for the social season , hoping to marry them off to a suitable husband , would take their charge to such events where , very quickly , one might meet all the eligible men currently in the City . At one concert in 1779 , attended by around 800 ladies and gentlemen , 60 members of the nobility were present . During the season , which ran from October to June , at least two balls a week were held , in addition to a range of concerts and other events . Scenes such as this feature in the novels of Jane Austen , who lived in Bath with her parents and sister from 1801 to 1805 . Her two novels set in Bath , Abbey and , were published in 1818 and both mention the Assembly Rooms : - Mrs Allen was so long in dressing , that they did not enter the ball @-@ room till late . The season was full , the room crowded , and the two ladies squeezed in as well as they could . As for Mr Allen , he repaired directly to the card @-@ room , and left them to enjoy a mob by themselves . - Sir Walter , his two daughters , and Mrs Clay , were the earliest of all their party at the rooms in the evening ; and as Lady must be waited for , they took their station by one of the fires in the Room . - Charles Dickens also visited Bath on several occasions . He gave public readings in the Assembly Rooms and mentions them in The ( published in 1837 ) : - In the ball @-@ room , the long card @-@ room , the octagonal card @-@ room , the staircases , and the passages , the hum of many voices , and the sound of many feet , were perfectly . , feathers , lights , and jewels . There was the music — not of the band , for it had not yet commenced ; but the music of soft tiny footsteps , with now and then a clear laugh — low and gentle , but very pleasant to hear in a female voice , whether in Bath or elsewhere . - George , an Afro @-@ Polish @-@ born virtuoso violinist , made his debut at the Assembly Rooms in 1789 . Another young violinist , Thomas the younger , played a series of concerts between 1771 and 1776 . Many of the concerts during the late 18th and early 19th centuries were organised by . - In the 20th century several changes took place , with the Ballroom becoming a cinema , until the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings became the owners in 1931 . The building was restored by A Green in 1938 , with Oliver as the interior designer . During the Bath Blitz of 25 / 26 April 1942 , one of the retaliatory raids on England by the Blitz following the RAF 's raid on , the Assembly Rooms were bombed and burnt out inside . After the cessation of hostilities in Europe , they were restored by Sir Albert Richardson , with work being completed in 1963 . The ballroom ceiling had to be repaired after it collapsed in 1989 . - - = = Architecture = = - - The limestone building has a slate roof . It is rectangular with a projecting portico entrance and an extension to the rear . The interior is laid out in a U shape , with the larger Ball Room and Room along either side with the octagonal Card Room at the end . The rooms have crystal chandeliers and are decorated with pictures by Thomas Gainsborough , Allan Ramsay ( artist ) , Edwin Long and William Hoare . - The Ballroom has five chandeliers and capacity for up to 500 people . It is over 100 feet ( 30 m ) long and nearly 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide . The ceiling is 42 feet ( 13 m ) high . The Room holds up to 250 people . It was the location for a banquet attended by The Prince of Wales for the BBC television series the Great British Menu . It is 60 feet ( 18 m ) long and 42 feet ( 13 m ) wide . The is named for the shape of the room has four . It is 42 feet ( 13 m ) across . It originally held an organ in the musicians gallery . In 1777 the Card Room was added . This is now used as a bar . - - = = Current use = = - - Today the rooms are owned by the National Trust and operated by Bath and North East Somerset Council . The main rooms are still available for hire for private functions . They are also used for concerts , including ones that are part of the Bath International Music Festival . - The basement of the building provides a home to the Fashion Museum , which was known before 2007 as the Museum of Costume . The collection was started by Doris Langley Moore , who gave her collection to the city of Bath in 1963 . It focuses on fashionable dress for men , women and children from the late 16th century to the present day and has more than 30 @,@ 000 objects . The earliest pieces are embroidered shirts and gloves from about 1600 . - The grandeur of the building make it a popular location for feature films and television series set in the Georgian period . The BBC have used it as a location for the filming of an adaptation of Abbey in 1986 and in 1995 . - - - = Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine = - - Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine was a pulp magazine which was launched in December 1936 . It was published by Harold Hersey , and was an attempt to cash in on the growing comics boom , and the popularity of the Flash Gordon comic strip in particular . The magazine contained a novel about Flash Gordon and three unrelated stories ; there were also eight full @-@ page color illustrations . The quality of both the artwork and the fiction was low , and the magazine only saw a single issue . It is now extremely rare . - - = = Publication history and contents = = - - Although science fiction ( sf ) had been published before the 1920s , it did not begin to into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine published by Hugo . After 1931 , when Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories was launched , no new science fiction magazines appeared for several years . In 1934 a science fiction comic strip following the adventures of superhero Flash Gordon appeared in newspapers and quickly became popular . In 1936 the strip spawned a movie serial in thirteen parts , also titled Flash Gordon . Late that year Harold Hersey , an experienced pulp magazine editor and publisher , decided to launch three new magazines based on comics . The first two were titled Dan Dunn Detective Magazine and Tommy Air Adventure Magazine ; these were launched in September and October 1936 respectively . The third was Flash Gordon Strange Adventures Magazine , which saw a single issue , dated December 1936 ; it was copyrighted by both Hersey and King Features , the syndicate that owned the copyright to Flash Gordon . Dan Dunn and Tommy produced one more issue each before Hersey closed down the venture . It is not known why only one issue of Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine appeared ; poor sales figures from the other magazines may have been responsible , or Hersey may simply have run out of money , or possibly King Features , the owner of the copyright to Flash Gordon , only granted rights to Hersey for one issue , and withdrew from the venture after the first issue appeared . historian Everett Bleiler notes that Hersey did not mention the venture in his autobiographical Editor , published a year later , and adds that " given Hersey 's usual attempts to glorify himself and to his failures , this silence suggests a larger than usual " . - The magazine contained a lead novel and three short stories . The novel , The Master of Mars , by James Edison ( or ; the name is spelled one way on the contents page and the other way at the head of the story ) , has been described by Bleiler as " " . Bleiler also comments that of three short stories , one is dated and another third @-@ rate . Two of the stories were by ; one , " The Saga of the " , was published under his own name ; the other , " The Last War " , was published under the pseudonym " " . The other story , " The Man Without a Brain " , is a collaboration between Vance ( or ; as with , the magazine is inconsistent in spelling the name ) and Young . - Hersey 's idea was to have a pulp magazine about comic strip characters ; he hoped that there would be sufficient overlap between pulp readers and comics fans to make the magazine successful . The presentation was like that of a typical pulp , but with eight full page color illustrations , all by Fred , who had previously illustrated Westerns . Bleiler describes the artwork as crude and " far inferior to the sometimes elegant work " of Alex Raymond , the creator of Flash Gordon . - The attempt to market pulp fiction to comics fans turned out to be the wrong approach : the comics field was on the verge of dramatic successes , but the crossover appeal for pulp magazines was not there . The magazine was not widely known at the time it was issued , and has since become extremely rare . - - = = details = = - - The publisher of Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine was Publishing Co . , based in New York . The sole issue was numbered volume 1 , number 1 ; it was in large pulp format , with 96 pages and was priced at 10 cents . Harold Hersey was the president of and the editor of the magazine . A facsimile of the magazine was released as a book in 2005 . - - - = Tropical Storm Olaf ( 1997 ) = - - Tropical Storm Olaf was an erratic and long @-@ lived tropical cyclone that brought heavy rainfall to regions of Mexico , which would be devastated by Hurricane Pauline a week later . The sixteenth named storm of the 1997 season , Olaf formed on September 26 off the southern coast of Mexico . It moved northward and quickly intensified , reaching peak winds of 70 mph ( 120 km / h ) before weakening and hitting Oaxaca as a tropical depression . In Mexico , El Salvador , and Guatemala , the system brought heavy rainfall , which killed 18 people and caused flooding and damage . It was originally thought that Olaf dissipated over Mexico , although its remnants continued westward for a week . It interacted with Hurricane Pauline , which caused Olaf to turn to the southeast and later to the north to strike Mexico again , finally dissipating on October 12 . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of Olaf were from a tropical wave first noted over Central America on September 22 . It moved slowly through the eastern Pacific Ocean , and gradually developed an area of convection . , an upper @-@ level low @-@ pressure area moved from the Gulf of Mexico across Mexico into the Pacific , which produced wind shear across the region ; wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction in the atmosphere , and is usually harmful to tropical cyclogenesis . The disturbance associated with the tropical wave persisted and developed outflow . This caused the upper @-@ level low to move away from the system . On September 26 , it was sufficiently organized to be classified Tropical Depression Seventeen @-@ E , while located about 345 miles ( 560 km ) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . - A few hours after developing , the depression attained tropical storm status , or winds of at least 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . Upon doing so , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) gave it the name " Olaf " . The upper @-@ level low , which was moving away from the region , caused the storm to move northward toward the Mexican coast . Olaf quickly intensified , as evidenced by reports from a nearby ship , and the winds reached 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) by late on September 27 ; the NHC anticipated further intensification to hurricane status , or winds of at least 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Instead , interaction with the rough terrain of Mexico caused weakening . Olaf made landfall on Cruz , Oaxaca early on September 29 as a 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) tropical depression . Within a few hours , the circulation was not evident on satellite imagery , and the NHC discontinued advisories . - Despite being considered dissipated , a re @-@ analysis of satellite imagery indicated the circulation of Olaf persisted as turned to the west toward open waters . Early on September 30 , the system reached the Pacific , and it continued westward for about a week , during which it retained some convective activity . On October 5 , Olaf turned toward the east , as it interacted with the large circulation of developing Hurricane Pauline . Later that day , the NHC resumed issuing advisories , while it was located about 560 miles ( 900 km ) southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . The system turned to the southeast , and , failing to organize , the NHC discontinued advisories on October 8 . Three days later , after the remnants of Olaf turned toward the north , the NHC again resumed advisories , when it was just 70 miles ( 115 km ) south @-@ southwest of , Colima . Late on October 12 , the circulation of Olaf made its final landfall near Manzanillo , Colima , and it quickly dissipated . An associated area of thunderstorms moved over open waters again , but failed to . - - = = Impact and preparations = = - - Prior to moving ashore , a tropical storm warning was issued from Punta , Guerrero to , Chiapas and the Port of Chiapas , near the Mexico – Guatemala border . When Olaf was strengthening faster than anticipated , the advisory was upgraded to a hurricane warning , although it was downgraded to a tropical storm after the intensification did not occur . Upon making its first landfall , Tropical Depression Olaf produced gusty winds and heavy rains along the southeastern coast of Mexico . The peak 24 ‑ hour rainfall total was 6 @.@ 71 inches ( 17 @.@ 1 cm ) in de in Oaxaca ; the highest rainfall total throughout Olaf 's duration was 27 @.@ 73 inches ( 70 @.@ 4 cm ) at a station called / in Oaxaca . Heavy rainfall was also reported in Guatemala and El Salvador . - Across the affected region , the heavy rainfall caused flooding , which resulted in 18 deaths . In Mexico , the flooding damaged 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 200 km2 ) of coffee , corn , and other crops ; in Chiapas , the coffee crop damage represented a severe cut into the yearly total . The precipitation flooded many buildings across the region , including 30 houses in the Chiapas capital of Gutiérrez , when a river exceeded its banks . In mountainous regions , mudslides left dozens of small villages isolated from the outside world . Along the coast , high waves of up to 16 feet ( 5 m ) forced the closure of all ports in three Mexican states , which affected thousands of fishermen . Further west , three fishing vessels were reported missing near Acapulco , prompting rescue parties . The storm also forced the closure of several airports . In its final landfall , there was no damage reported ; precipitation in that region peaked at 2 @.@ 96 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 cm ) in , Colima . - Following the storm , the Mexican government sent food , water , and housing supplies to affected families in Oaxaca . Less than a week after Olaf moved through southern Mexico , Hurricane Pauline struck the same region with much stronger winds . Pauline caused heavier rainfall and more damage , killing at least 250 people . Some regions received 10 days of heavy rainfall . - - - = Road to the North Pole = - - " Road to the North Pole " is the seventh episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Greg Colton and co @-@ written by Chris Sheridan and Danny Smith , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 12 , 2010 . In " Road to the North Pole " , two of the show 's main characters , baby Stewie and anthropomorphic dog Brian , who are voiced by series creator Seth MacFarlane , go on an adventure to the North Pole in an attempt to kill Santa Claus . They eventually discover a dreary , factory full of disease @-@ ridden elves and carnivorous , feral reindeer , along with a sickly , exhausted Santa who begs to be killed . Stewie and Brian take pity on him , however , and decide to fulfill Christmas by delivering gifts to the entire globe , albeit unsuccessfully . - The " Road to " episodes which have aired throughout various seasons of Family Guy were inspired by the Road to ... comedy films starring Bing Crosby , Bob Hope and Dorothy , though this episode was not originally conceived as a " Road to " show . The episode is the second Family Guy Christmas special after the season three episode , " A Very Special Family Guy ' Christmas " , also written by Danny Smith . It was first announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . - Critical responses to the episode were mostly positive ; critics praised its storyline and its numerous cultural references , although it also received criticism from the Parents Television Council . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 8 @.@ 03 million homes during its original airing in the United States . The episode featured guest performances by Drew Barrymore , H. Jon Benjamin , David Boreanaz , Carrie Fisher , and Scott Collins , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It is narrated by Ron MacFarlane , Seth MacFarlane 's father . It was nominated for 3 Emmy Awards : Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . It later won for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . The song " Christmastime Is Killing Us " was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . - - = = Plot = = - - Brian takes Stewie to the mall , only to get a rude brush @-@ off from Santa . As a result , Stewie vows to kill Santa for blowing him off and forces Brian to take him to the North Pole . Attempting to trick Stewie , he brings him to a Santa 's Village amusement park . Soon discovering the , Stewie threatens to shoot Brian if he does not take him to the real North Pole . Stewie a ride with a and so Brian follows him all the way to Canada . On the way , Stewie accidentally causes a traffic by a flare pistol in the cab of the truck , which catches fire and explodes . his car in a chain reaction , Brian becomes angry and tells Stewie that Santa does not exist . Stewie becomes frustrated and continues to attempt to . The pair then encounter a Canadian who gives them his . - Continuing north , they soon run out of gas , but receive help from the Aurora Boreanaz , who instructs them to stay at a nearby cabin . The two survive the night in the cabin and set out on foot the next morning . They finally make it to Santa 's workshop , only to find a dark , factory in a dreary , polluted , lifeless wasteland , Santa a sickly and somewhat old man , the elves horribly and from Santa 's attempt to keep up with the increasing toy demands year after year , and the reindeer carnivorous feral monsters that eat the elves who wandered out into the snow to die of exhaustion . Santa suddenly collapses and is too sick to deliver the presents . Brian and Stewie agree to do it , only to waste time at their first stop and leave , after being discovered by a family , whom they tie up . The reindeer eat each other . - On Christmas morning , everybody wakes up to find no presents under their trees . They turn on the news , which is broadcasting the same story . Brian and Stewie appear on the broadcast and bring the dying Santa out in a wheelchair , explaining that humanity 's is killing him and if they don 't shorten their demands to one Christmas present a year , they may have to give up Christmas altogether . , everyone agrees and , one year later , Santa has recovered , the workshop is once again a lively , colorful cottage and the elves and reindeer are all . - - = = Production and development = = - - " Road to the North Pole " is the sixth episode of the " Road to " episodes of the series which air through various seasons of the show . It was directed by Family Guy veteran Greg Colton , this being the first episode he has directed since the eighth season episode " Go Stewie , Go . " This is also Colton 's third " Road to " episode , the first being " Road to Germany " and the second being " Road to the . " The episode was written by Chris Sheridan and Danny Smith , this being the first Smith wrote since " Partial Terms of , " and his first " Road to " episode . It included staff writers Alex Carter , Andrew Goldberg and Elaine . It is an hour @-@ long special with three musical numbers . Ron MacFarlane , Seth MacFarlane 's father , served as the episode 's narrator . This is also the first " Road to " episode to be composed by Ron Jones . - Two of the musical numbers , " All I Really Want for Christmas " and " Christmastime is Killing Us " were released as digital downloads on iTunes . " Christmastime is Killing Us " was available on December 3 , 2010 , while " All I Really Want for Christmas " was made available on December 10 , 2010 . - In addition to the regular cast , the episode also guest starred actress Drew Barrymore , voice actor H. Jon Benjamin , actor David Boreanaz , actress Scott Collins , actress Carrie Fisher , actor Ron MacFarlane , father of series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , actor Bruce McGill , voice actor Will Ryan , voice actress Tara Strong and actress . Recurring guest voice actors John G. , actor Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , writer Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec , actress Jennifer and writer John also made minor appearances . - - = = Cultural references = = - - This episode as well as the entire " Road to " series in Family Guy is a parody of the seven Road to ... comedy films which were released from 1940 to 1962 , starring actors Bing Crosby , Bob Hope and actress Dorothy . The opening credits show images with Brian and Stewie referencing other Christmas such as The , A Christmas Carol , How the Christmas , the and Home Alone . The credits also show Brian and Stewie performing winter activities , such as fights , making snow angels and putting coal in the ( Meg 's ) Christmas socks instead of gifts . Ron MacFarlane , who narrated part of the episode , mentioned that Kenny Rogers was supposed to be there . - The episode opens with a musical number in which the members of Quahog sing about what they want for Christmas . Peter wishes to have actress and models Jessica and Megan Fox . He also wishes to have lunch with Michael 's ghost and wants twelve of beer . Lois wishes to visit the Spanish coasts , and " Mexico , with two black guys and some blow " . Chris wishes for Jennifer Garner and Meg wishes for a . The neighbors of Quahog also wish for gifts : Herbert wishes for a drummer boy ( there is a picture of singer Nick Jonas on the wall while he wishes for this ) , Mayor Adam West wishes for a , Carl wishes for a Blu @-@ ray version of The and wishes for more Lemon . Continuing with the song , Russell wishes for Easter eggs , Joe wishes for one day when kids don 't stare at him , Bonnie wants platinum @-@ plated , wants " Japanese girls of no restraint " to him and then whip him and Mort ( who is Jewish ) says he will sue if they put a Christmas tree in the airport . The song ends with various characters appearing in an advent calendar . - Brian and Stewie go to the mall so they can meet Santa , but Peter is asking Santa for gifts ( he asks for a game of Uno , a Magna , a pet ( a mix of a and a mink ) and a Charles in Charge . ) When the mall Santa leaves for the night and Brian demands that he let Stewie sit in his lap , Santa mentions he will be at 's . Stewie says that Santa leaving before he got a chance to sit in his lap felt like a bigger betrayal than the betrayal of Gary by reality ; this takes us to looking himself in the mirror asking his reflection , in the form of a clown , how he is doing . - Brian and Stewie decide to go to the North Pole to kill Santa , but Brian does not want Stewie to get disappointed if Santa is not what everybody thinks he is ; to this Stewie responds that Brian is as negative as from @-@ the @-@ . To prevent Stewie from going to the North Pole he tells him that Santa is not real ; Stewie questions this , also asking if , and Curious George aren 't real . On their way to the North Pole , Brian and Stewie find themselves in Canada , where they meet a man with a thick Canadian accent ; they also see the Aurora and the Aurora Boreanaz ( an with David Boreanaz 's face ) . - When they finally get to the North Pole and find it polluted and lifeless , Stewie compares it to Bridgeport , Connecticut ; thus resulting in a cutaway to a Bridgeport resident writing an angry letter to the Family Guy writer staff about Stewie 's comment . When Santa Claus is near death , he Stewie by saying " I 'll be with Allah soon " . When Brian and Stewie decide to deliver the presents for Santa , in their travel the Statue of Liberty can be seen . Unfortunately , they are not able to deliver the presents , and the next morning the residents of Quahog are upset because they have no presents , but Mort says he got eight mediocre gifts . - - = = Reception = = - - " Road to the North Pole " was broadcast on December 12 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by The Simpsons , and followed by Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's second show , American Dad ! . It was watched by 8 @.@ 03 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the Desperate Housewives on ABC , The Amazing Race and Undercover Boss on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 9 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating American Dad ! and The Simpsons in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings increased significantly from the previous week 's episode . - This episode received generally positive response from critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave " Road to the North Pole " a positive review , stating that it is " a satisfying episode of Family Guy all around , filled with funny gags and nice moments . " He especially praised the musical segments , and the portrayal of the North Pole , writing that " the way the episode kept more and more ridiculous on top of each other kept the whole thing funny . " He rated the episode an " " . Jason Hughes of TV Squad also praised the songs and the depiction of Santa 's factory , though he found the delivery of the episode 's message " heavy @-@ handed . " Kate Moon of TV gave the episode 3 @.@ 6 out of 5 stars . She said , " I had mixed feelings about this one , despite its clever moments and hopeful ending . While I normally have no problems about Family Guy ’ s shocking or offensive themes , I felt bit about the direction of this Christmas episode . " She went on to say , " Perhaps it was the way that the series on something as innocent as Santa and his elves and twisted them all around . Or perhaps it was the reindeer . Whatever the specific reason , the nature of Family Guy seemed just a little too graphic for me this time around . " - The Parents Television Council , a conservative campaigning critic of Seth MacFarlane works , named Family Guy its " TV Show of the Week " for " Road to the North Pole " for the week ending on December 17 , 2010 . It got this rating due to sexual content and excessive violent scenes including the scene in which Stewie beats a man to death with a baseball bat , and the scenes featuring Seth MacFarlane 's father , Ron , while also stating , " Forget or nice . This show was simply . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave " Road to the North Pole " a 47 out of a possible 100 , said " A little more interesting plot wise than the usual fare but otherwise just as gruesome " . He especially disliked the portrayal of Santa and his elves and the violence . - The episode was also nominated for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics ( for song " Christmastime Is Killing Us " , written by Ron Jones , Seth MacFarlane , and Danny Smith ) and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . It won for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation . - The series was successfully nominated in 2009 , but failed to merit an award . Mark , executive producer and showrunner of Family Guy said of the nominating process , " We had internal discussions in the writers ' room , and it seemed like we were much more akin to the other comedies than we were to children 's shows in animation . We assumed we would not get anywhere , and so it was a great surprise when we got the nomination . " - " Christmastime Is Killing Us " was nominated for Best Song Written for a Visual Media at the 54th Grammy Awards . - - - = Ed Barrow = - - Edward Grant Barrow ( May 10 , 1868 – December 15 , 1953 ) was an American manager and front office executive in Major League Baseball . He served as the field manager of the Detroit Tigers and Boston Red Sox . He served as business manager ( de facto general manager ) of the New York Yankees from 1921 to 1939 and as team president from 1939 to 1945 , and is credited with building the Yankee dynasty . Barrow was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 . - Born in a covered wagon in Springfield , Illinois , Barrow worked as a journalist and soap salesman before entering the business of baseball by selling concessions at games . From there , Barrow purchased minor league baseball teams , also serving as team manager , and served as president of the Atlantic League . After managing the Tigers in 1903 and 1904 and returning to the minor leagues , Barrow became disenchanted with baseball , and left the game to operate a hotel . - Barrow returned to baseball in 1910 as president of the Eastern League . After a seven @-@ year tenure , Barrow managed the Red Sox from 1918 through 1920 , leading the team to victory in the 1918 World Series . When Red Sox owner Harry Frazee began to sell his star players , Barrow joined the Yankees . During his quarter @-@ century as their baseball operations chief , the Yankees won 14 AL and 10 World Series titles . - - = = Early life = = - - Barrow was born in Springfield , Illinois , the oldest of four children , all male , born to Ann @-@ Heller and John Barrow . Barrow 's father fought in the Ohio Volunteer Militia during the American Civil War . Following the war , Barrow 's parents , with John 's mother , brothers , and sisters , traveled in a covered wagon to Nebraska ; Barrow was born on a hemp plantation belonging to relatives during the trip . The Barrows lived in Nebraska for six years before moving to Des Moines , Iowa . His middle name , Grant , was bestowed on him in honor of Ulysses S. Grant , the Civil War general . - Barrow worked as mailing clerk for the Des Moines News in 1887 , receiving a promotion to circulation manager within a year . He became a reporter for the Des Moines Leader after graduating from high school . He became city editor , earning $ 35 a week ( $ 922 in current dollar terms ) . In his last two years living in Des Moines , Barrow established a baseball team , which included future baseball stars Fred Clarke , Holmes , and McFarland . - Barrow moved to Pittsburgh in 1889 , where he worked as a soap salesman , believing there was money in this business . However , Barrow lost all of money in this business , and went to work as a desk clerk in a Pittsburgh hotel . - - = = Baseball career = = - - - = = = Early career = = = - - Barrow partnered with Harry Stevens in 1894 to sell concessions at baseball games . He helped George form the Interstate League , a Class @-@ C minor league , in 1894 . Barrow , with Stevens and Al , purchased the of the Interstate League in 1896 . Barrow served as field manager until the collapse of the league that season . The team continued in the Iron and Oil League for the rest of the year . - Barrow then bought the Paterson Silk of the Class @-@ A Atlantic League , managing them for the rest of the 1896 season . Barrow discovered Wagner throwing of coal at a railroad station in Pennsylvania , and signed him to his first professional contract . Barrow sold Wagner to the Louisville Colonels of the National League ( NL ) for $ 2 @,@ 100 the next year ( $ 59 @,@ in current dollar terms ) . With poor attendance , Barrow brought in professional as a draw : he had James J. Corbett play first base while John L. Sullivan and James J. Jeffries . He also hired , the first woman in professional baseball , to pitch a few innings a game . - From 1897 through 1899 , Barrow served as president of the Atlantic League . During this time , in the winter of 1898 – 99 , Barrow and Jake Wells established a movie theater in Richmond , Virginia . Barrow managed Paterson again in 1899 , but the league folded after the season . - With the money earned from the sale of the Richmond movie theater , Barrow purchased a one @-@ quarter share of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Class @-@ A Eastern League in 1900 from Arthur Irwin , and served as the team 's manager . Irwin , hired to be the manager of the Washington Senators of the NL , brought his most talented players with him . the Maple Leafs , Barrow acquired talented players , such as Nick , and the team improved from a fifth @-@ place finish in 1899 , to a third @-@ place finish in 1900 , and a second @-@ place finish in 1901 . The Maple Leafs won the league championship in 1902 , even though they lost many of their most talented players , including , to the American League ( AL ) . - Barrow managed in the major leagues with the Detroit Tigers of the AL in 1903 , finishing fifth , a thirteen @-@ game improvement from their 1902 finish . With the Tigers , Barrow feuded with shortstop Kid . Tigers ' owner Sam Angus sold the team to William before the 1904 season . Barrow managed the Tigers again in 1904 , but unable to with Frank , 's secretary @-@ treasurer , Barrow his resignation . He then managed the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League for the rest of the season . He managed the Indianapolis Indians of the Class @-@ A American Association in 1905 and Toronto in 1906 . with baseball after finishing in last place , Barrow hired Joe Kelley to manage Toronto in 1907 , and after signing the rest of the team 's players , became manager of the Windsor Arms Hotel in Toronto . - - = = = Return to baseball = = = - - Barrow returned to baseball in 1910 , managing Montreal . The Eastern League hired Barrow as its president the next year , giving him an annual salary of $ 7 @,@ 500 ( $ 190 @,@ 473 in current dollar terms ) . He served in this role from 1911 through 1917 , and engineered the name change to " International League " before the 1912 season . As league president , he contended with the creation of the Federal League in 1914 , which competed as a major league , and established franchises in International League cities , including Newark , New Jersey , Buffalo , New York , and Baltimore , Maryland . He attempted to gain major league status for the league in 1914 , but was unsuccessful . When the Federal League collapsed , Barrow was the only league president to forbid the outlaw players from playing in his league . - After the 1917 season , Barrow attempted to organize the " Union League " , to compete against the AL and NL as a third major league , by merging four International League clubs with four teams from the American Association . Several International League owners opposed Barrow 's policies , including his attempt to form the Union League , and felt he was too close personally to Ban Johnson . When the league 's owners voted to cut his pay to $ 2 @,@ 500 after the 1917 season ( $ 46 @,@ 175 in current dollar terms ) , Barrow resigned . - Barrow became manager of the Boston Red Sox in 1918 . As the team lost many of its better players during World War I , Barrow encouraged owner Harry Frazee to purchase , Wally , Bullet Joe Bush , and Amos from the Philadelphia Athletics for $ 75 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ 179 @,@ in current dollar terms ) . During the season , Barrow feuded with his assistant , Johnny Evers , who undermined Barrow 's leadership . The Red Sox won the 1918 World Series . that star pitcher Babe Ruth was also a great power hitter , Barrow had Ruth pinch hit on days when he wasn 't scheduled to pitch . When Ruth told Barrow that he could only pitch or hit , Barrow decided that Ruth 's bat was more useful than his pitching , and transitioned him from a pitcher into an . Ruth had a public dispute with Barrow in July 1918 and was reported in the press as intending to leave the Red Sox , although the situation was soon over . - After the 1918 season , Frazee , now in debt , began selling the contracts of star players . He traded Dutch Leonard , Lewis , and Ernie Shore to the New York Yankees , obtaining Ray Caldwell , Love , Frank , Roxy Walters , and cash . Frazee sold Carl Mays to the Yankees during the 1919 season . The Red Sox struggled in 1919 , finishing sixth in the AL . Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees after the season , against Barrow 's warnings . The Red Sox finished in fifth in 1920 . - - = = = New York Yankees = = = - - After the 1920 season , Barrow resigned from the Red Sox to become the business manager of the Yankees , replacing the deceased Harry . He took control of building the roster , which was usually the field manager 's responsibility in those days . With the Yankees , Barrow handled the signing of player contracts , although owner Jacob Ruppert personally handled the contracts of Ruth and Lou Gehrig . - Barrow installed himself in the Yankees ' infrastructure between co @-@ owner L and manager Miller Huggins , as frequently criticized Huggins . Barrow told Huggins : " You 're the manager , and you 'll not be second guessed by me . Your job is to win ; mine is to get you the players you need to win . " When Huggins suspended Ruth indefinitely on August 29 , 1925 for " off the playing field " , while also fining him $ 5 @,@ 000 ( $ 67 @,@ 467 in current dollar terms ) , Barrow supported Huggins . - In his first move with the Yankees , Barrow brought Red Sox coach Paul with him to New York as a scout . He purchased a share in the club in 1924 . He also discovered executive George Weiss , whom he . Barrow also orchestrated a series of trades with his former club , mainly to keep Frazee afloat . These trades netted the Yankees such stars as Bullet Joe Bush , Joe and George . It has been argued that these trades only looked lopsided in favor of the Yankees only because the players sent to Boston suffered a rash of injuries . However , this is by the fact that Barrow almost certainly knew who was coming to New York in these deals ; he 'd managed nearly all of them in Boston . - The Yankees sought to develop their own players , rather than buying them from other teams , especially after the investment of $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ @,@ 261 in current dollar terms ) in and Reese in 1927 . However , Weiss and Bill convinced Barrow to approve the purchase of Joe from the Pacific Coast League . - Barrow was considered a potential successor to AL president Ban Johnson in 1927 , but Barrow declared that he was not interested in the job . When Huggins died in 1929 , Barrow chose Bob to replace him as manager , passing over Ruth , who wanted the opportunity to become a player @-@ manager . Barrow also prevented Ruth from managing other teams after he departed the Yankees , by suggesting to executives of other teams that Ruth was not equipped to manage a baseball team . Although Ruth and Barrow had been together for all but one season from 1918 to 1934 , the two had never gotten along . The Sporting News named Barrow their Executive of the Year in 1937 . - After Ruppert 's death in 1939 , his will left the Yankees and other assets in a trust for his descendants . The will also named Barrow president of the Yankees , with full authority over the team 's day @-@ to @-@ day operations . Barrow was named Executive of the Year by The Sporting News in 1941 , the second time he won the award . The estate sold the team to a group of Larry , Dan Topping , and Del Webb in 1945 , and Barrow sold his 10 % stake in the team to the group . Barrow remained as chairman of the board and an informal adviser . Though he signed a five @-@ year contract to remain with the team , he exercised a clause in his contract to free himself as of December 31 , 1946 , in order to officially retire from baseball . AL president Will offered Barrow the job of Commissioner of Baseball to succeed Mountain ; Barrow declined , as he felt he was too old and his health was in decline . - - = = Personal life = = - - Barrow was known as " Uncle " to his friends ; according to writer Tom , Babe Ruth referred to him as " Barrows , " treating him as if he were " a butler in an English drawing room comedy . " He resided in Rye , New York . He first married in 1898 , but did not discuss it in any of his writings . His second marriage was to Fannie Taylor Briggs in January 1912 ; he raised her five @-@ year @-@ old daughter from her previous marriage , , as his own daughter . - Barrow was an able boxer . He once fought John L. Sullivan in an exhibition for four rounds . - Barrow was hospitalized on July 7 , 1953 at the United Hospital of Port Chester , New York and died on December 15 , at the age of 85 , due to a . His body was kept at Campbell 's Home and interred in Cemetery in , Westchester County , New York . - - = = Legacy = = - - Barrow was the first executive to put numbers on player uniforms . He also announced the retirement of Lou Gehrig 's uniform number , the first number to be retired . Barrow was also the first executive to allow fans to keep foul balls that entered the stands . Barrow was also the first to require the playing of " The Star @-@ Banner " , the United States ' national anthem , before every game , not only on holidays . - In May 1950 , an exhibition game was played in honor of Barrow , with Barrow managing a team of retired stars . Barrow was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1953 . - On April 15 , 1954 , the Yankees dedicated a plaque to Barrow , which first hung on the center field wall at Yankee Stadium , near the flagpole and the monuments to Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig and Miller Huggins . The plaques later moved to the stadium 's Monument Park . - - - = Spanish Hill = - - Spanish Hill is a hill located in the borough of South Waverly , Pennsylvania . The hill is controversial among historians and archaeologists ; opinions regarding the origin of structures found on the site vary from embankments created by early farmers , to the remnants of a Native American village and , due to the site 's similarity to the description found in the account of Étienne Brûlé of a settlement called Carantouan . The area in the hill 's vicinity was previously occupied by Native Americans . It was a common site for both amateur and professional archaeology , as well as relic hunting . The source of the name remains unknown , but various theories have been proposed as to its origin . - - = = Geography = = - - In 1795 , François Alexandre Frédéric visited Spanish Hill while en route to Canada . He described the hill as " a mountain in the shape of a sugar loaf , about 100 feet high , with level top , on which are remains of . One perpendicular is still remaining , plainly indicating a parapet and ditch . " In 1833 , another individual visiting the hill described " the remains of a wall which runs around the whole exactly on the brow , and within a deep ditch or running round the whole summit . " In 1898 , Shepard created a sketch of Spanish Hill , including the portions still visible at the time as well as those no longer extant . Shepard enlisted the assistance of a longtime local resident , Charles Henry Shepard , who claimed to remember " fortifications as consisting of an embankment with a trench behind , giving a height of four or five feet on the inside . " In addition , an was discovered on the site which was pronounced to be a corn by . - According to John S. Clark , a surveyor and historian active in the area until the early twentieth century , the topography and size of the site were appropriate to correspond with Brûlé 's description of Carantouan ; Brûlé described a town , populated by approximately 800 warriors and 4 @,@ 000 individuals in total . He also described the dwellings and fortifications as being similar to those utilized by the people . Clark 's conclusions were based in part on surveys he conducted at the site in 1878 , when he observed what he believed were fortifications atop the hill . Amateur archaeologist C. conducted an excavation at the base of the hill in 1932 , uncovering what he described as " seventy five extending east and west , " as well as the " effigy of a huge animal . " - - = = History = = - - Originally created by glaciers , Spanish Hill comprises approximately 10 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 m2 ) of earth in a site that is part of the . Located at an elevation of 978 feet ( 298 m ) above sea level , it rises approximately 230 feet ( 70 m ) over the nearby floodplain of the River . The hill is located in South Waverly , Pennsylvania , in Bradford County , just south of the state border with New York , inside of territory once occupied by the people . It has been acknowledged and studied by historians and archaeologists for over two hundred years . The source of the name is unknown , but individuals traveling through the area between 1795 and 1804 described " Spanish " as a feature of the hill , and some of the earliest settlers to the region report that local Native Americans referred to the hill either as " " or " . " In 1615 , Étienne Brûlé was sent to the area by Samuel de Champlain to meet with Native American tribes in the hope of finding assistance to fight the Iroquois , against whom Champlain had allied with the people . During his voyage , Brûlé recorded a town called Carantouan ( meaning " Big Tree , " according to William Martin ) , which was subsequently included on a map published by de Champlain in 1632 . In the early nineteenth @-@ century , a Native American man who lived in the area near Spanish Hill reportedly refused to ascend it , for fear of a deadly spirit that lived on top . According to the man , the spirit spoke with a voice and " made holes through Indians ' bodies . " Archaeologist Louise Welles Murray suggested that this could be a reference to cannon or musket fire . - In the early twentieth century , archaeological and historical research was conducted regarding a potential connection between Carantouan and the structures described on the hill . After surveying the area in spring and fall , archaeologist Shoemaker discovered evidence of Native American habitation , including shell , corn and flint chips , along with various other implements . In 1918 , historian and archaeologist George P. , after a survey of the site , determined that it was impossible for Spanish Hill to have been the site of the town described by Brûlé . He cited the sharp incline , which would have made ascension difficult , as well as the lack of water and archaeological evidence on the hill as evidence against it having been the location of Carantouan . that Spanish Hill was the site of the village was also countered by James Bennett Griffin , who found nothing of interest in the area following an archaeological survey in 1931 . However , historian suggests that prior excavations conducted by early twentieth @-@ century archaeologist Warren , as well as years of heavy farming activity in the area may have contributed to the lack of artifacts found during the Griffin expedition . As wrote : “ Until more information is known , it seems to eliminate Spanish Hill as a possible site related to the nation of Carantouan , as some researchers have done . ” - The site was a popular location , both for archaeological excavations and amateur collecting . According to , Spanish Hill was " looted " by , and his finds likely sold to collectors . In addition , the area was heavily by relic collectors approximately since the early nineteenth @-@ century . - On October 15 , 1915 , the Historical Society of Bradford County , Pennsylvania , dedicated a memorial on Spanish Hill in honor of the of the arrival of Brûlé to the present @-@ day border of Pennsylvania . Later , in 1939 , Section of Painting and artist depicted the hill in a mural entitled " Spanish Hill and the Early of the , " for display in the United States Post Office branch of nearby Waverly , New York . The hill was nearly demolished and used for highway fill in 1970 , but the efforts were reportedly halted due to lobbying by local amateur archaeologist . - - - = S.R. 819 = - - " S.R. 819 " is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on January 17 , 1999 in the United States . The episode was written by John Shiban , and directed by Daniel . The episode helps to explore the series ' overarching mythology . " S.R. 819 " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 1 , being watched by 15 @.@ 7 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . - The show centers on Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to his work . In the episode , Mulder and Scully have 24 hours to save Assistant Director Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) from a biologically engineered disease . In order to combat the disease , Scully looks for a medical answer , while Mulder searches for the culprits behind the attack on Skinner 's life . To aid him in this task , Mulder reaches out to Senator Matheson , whom he hopes can help him find who is responsible before time runs out . - Before the writing of " S.R. 819 " , the writers for The X @-@ Files felt that the character of Walter Skinner was becoming too " expendable " . John Shiban , the writer of the episode , decided to re @-@ work Skinner back into the series ' mythology by crafting the episode around him . Mitch Pileggi had to endure long bouts of make @-@ up application , a process that he admitted he " hated " . The nanobots in the blood sample were designed on a computer and then rendered for the final footage . - - = = Plot = = - - The episode opens with Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) and horribly in hospital . His veins are a sickly purple hue and are . Suddenly , he goes into cardiac arrest and the doctors begin to him dead . - Twenty @-@ four hours earlier , Skinner loses a boxing match after experiencing a dizzy spell . He is discharged from the hospital but Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) witness a on his ribs growing . After trawling through security footage from the entrance to the J. Edgar Hoover Building , Scully recognizes a physicist by the name of Dr. Kenneth , who advises the Senate on ethics and new technology , who stopped Skinner in the hall that same morning . Mulder and Skinner travel to the physicist 's house but find he is being held hostage . Mulder apprehends one of the , who does not speak English . They release him since he has papers showing diplomatic immunity . Mulder does a background check on him anyway . - The background check leads Mulder to Senator Richard Matheson ( Raymond J. Barry ) , which results in a dead end . Scully discovers Skinner 's blood sample and , after checking , she finds that Skinner 's blood contains carbon . Meanwhile , Skinner ends up in hospital following a gunfight in the FBI parking garage . Mulder and Scully reunite at the hospital , where Mulder tells Scully that Skinner was investigating a health funding bill called S.R. 819 . Later , the physicist dies of the same carbon blood condition from which Skinner is sick . - Skinner remembers having seen , on numerous occasions , a bearded man who showed up suspiciously and who is actually running the scheme . He saves Skinner and sacrifices one of his own men . The case is closed and Skinner is , once again , aggravated with the agents , ordering them to report exclusively to Assistant Director Alvin ( James , Jr . ) . The bearded man was actually Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , a rogue FBI agent who formerly worked for the Syndicate , who continues to control the potentially debilitating in Skinner 's system . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Writing = = = - - The character of Walter Skinner had evolved over the course of The X @-@ Files ' sixth season . At the start of season six , however , the producers and writers felt that Skinner 's character was becoming " expendable " . With their transfer away from the X @-@ Files division , Mulder and Scully saw less and less of their former boss . Originally , John Shiban , the writer of the episode , wanted to infect Mulder with nanobots . However , he decided that since the audience knew Mulder would not be killed , this plot would not be very effective . In order to compensate for this loss , Shiban decided to re @-@ work Skinner back into the series mythology by putting him in Mulder 's place . Shiban , inspired by the 1950 noir film and its 1988 remake which he called " [ two ] pretty bad movies " , decided to craft an episode of The X @-@ Files around the of " a guy who 's been poisoned [ and ] has only a short time to live and has to use that time to find out why and by whom he 's being murdered " . - Shiban began crafting his story by a nanobot plot that had been considered by various writers for several seasons . Shiban and the rest of the writers made it a point to give Alex Krycek control over Skinner . In this manner , Skinner once again became a mysterious character , one whose true loyalties were being tested . Shiban noted that , " [ Krycek 's control ] gives Skinner an agenda that Mulder doesn 't know about [ ... ] Which was something we ultimately used again in the [ sic ] , and will carry us into next year " . - - = = = Filming and effects = = = - - Originally , a " time @-@ consuming " fight scene between Skinner and Krycek was supposed to take place . The scenes were cut because of time @-@ constraints and reasons . However , Skinner 's boxing match proved easy to stage . Mitch Pileggi , who had competitively in college , went for " course [ s ] " at the in Los Angeles . He later remarked , " It makes me happy that some people will assume there was a stunt double in the ring . There wasn 't ! [ ... ] We both had a pretty good time " . Location manager Jones called " S.R. 819 " the " damn parking lot episode " . He was tasked with finding the variety of parking lots used in the episode . He later joked that , " I started to wake up screaming about barriers and parking tickets and entrances and exit ramps " . - Pileggi had to endure long bouts of make @-@ up application . To create the principal illusion of monstrous veins , long black faux @-@ veins were glued onto his face , arms , and torso . Pileggi , who had had to endure little to no make @-@ up during the early seasons , noted that , " They did a beautiful job and [ the veins ] looked awesome , but man , I hated it ! I really don 't know how those guys on Star Trek or Babylon 5 can stand having that done to them every day . I just wouldn 't work if that 's what it took " . To show the nanobot infection progressing , special effects makeup supervisor John used two different make @-@ up sets . The two sets were then mixed together electronically in post @-@ production to give the effect of disease progression . The nanobots in the blood sample were designed on a computer and then with an animation program . Composer Mark Snow 's score for the episode was inspired by Daniel 's " big @-@ time feature @-@ like action " . - - = = Broadcast and reception = = - - " S.R. 819 " first aired in the United States on January 17 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 1 , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 15 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on May 2 , 1999 and received 690 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the second most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " He has 24 hours to solve his own murder ... or die . " The episode was nominated for three 2000 Emmy Awards by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic ) . The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien 's plans to take over the earth . - The episode was met with mixed to positive reviews from critics . Tom , in his book Examination : An Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files wrote positively of the episode , saying , " ' S.R. 819 ' re @-@ established some wonderful conspiracy overtones and perhaps set the stage for more interesting developments in the future . It touched base with the very roots The X @-@ Files sprung out of and did so in strong fashion . " Todd VanDerWerff of The Club gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it a " B " . He enjoyed the plot , calling it " fun " , praised the twist ending , and called the nanobot makeup effects " legitimately terrifying " . He did , however , write critically of Skinner 's role in the episode , noting that his lack of presence made the entry a " disappointing one " . In addition , VanDerWerff criticized the fact that the teaser shows Skinner dying ; he wrote that " [ t ] here ’ s very little gas in the idea of Skinner dying " and that most of the viewers knew he would not die . - Paula Vitaris from gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . Vitaris cited severe problems with " Skinner 's emotional journey " as the main detractors for the episode . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , on the other hand , awarded the episode two out of five stars in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen . The two , despite writing positively of the " traditional X @-@ File " feel , called the episode " a return to the sort of which promises so much but delivers so little " . - - - = Paranthodon = - - Paranthodon ( @-@ @-@ @-@ don ) is a genus of extinct dinosaur that lived in South Africa during the Early Cretaceous , approximately 145 @.@ 5 – 136 @.@ 4 million years ago . Discovered in 1845 , it was one of the first stegosaurians found . Its only remains , a partial skull and isolated teeth , were found in the Kirkwood Formation . Although Owen initially identified the fragments as those of the pareiasaur Anthodon , after years of storage in the British Museum of Natural History , Broom identified the partial skull as belonging to a different genus , and named the specimen Palaeoscincus africanus . Several years later , Nopcsa , unaware of Broom 's new name , similarly concluded that it represented a new taxon , and named the binomial Paranthodon owenii . However , since the Nopcsa 's species name was assigned after Broom 's , and Broom did not assign a new genus , both names are now synonyms under the current naming , Paranthodon africanus . The genus name was chosen from the Ancient Greek para , " near " and Anthodon , for the originally proposed similarity of the specimens . - In identifying the remains as those of Palaeoscincus , Broom basically classified Paranthodon as an ankylosaurian , a statement backed by the research of Coombs . Nopcsa however , identified the genus as a stegosaurid , which most modern studies agree with . In 1981 , the genus was reviewed , and found to be a valid genus of stegosaurid . Paranthodon is one of a few genera found in the Kirkwood Formation ; other such taxa include theropods , like ; ornithopods ; and , like . - - = = Discovery and naming = = - - In 1845 , amateur geologists William Atherstone and Andrew Geddes Bain discovered several fossils near , Cape Province , in the River Valley . This was the first dinosaur find in all of the Southern Hemisphere and Africa . In 1849 and 1853 , Bain sent some of the fossils to the British paleontologist Richard Owen for identification . Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the " Cape Iguanodon " ; as such the site was named " " . Atherstone published about the find in 1857 , but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London . Only in 1876 did Owen name a series of specimens from the collection as Anthodon . Anthodon means " flower tooth " . The partial holotype skull BMNH , the left jaw BMNH 47338 , the matrix BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the anterior skull , and the vertebrae BMNH were all assigned to Anthodon . In 1882 , Othniel Charles Marsh assigned Anthodon to Stegosauridae based on BMNH 47338 , and in 1890 , Richard Lydekker found that although Anthodon was a pareiasaur , its teeth were similar to those of Stegosauridae . - In 1909 , the South @-@ African paleontologist Robert Broom visited the collection of the British Museum of Natural History . He concluded that Owen had mixed the partial distorted skull , teeth , and a mandible of a pareiasaur and a partial upper jaw of a dinosaur BMNH 47338 , which were actually from two different species . Broom kept the name Anthodon for the pareiasaur , but identified the other fossil as a member of the genus Palaeoscincus , naming the new species africanus in 1912 . He found that the anatomy of the teeth were quite different , even thought they resembled each other , as well as those of Stegosaurus . In 1929 , Baron Franz Nopcsa , unaware of Broom 's previous publication , provided a new name for Broom 's P. africanus , as Watson believed that the jaw should be differentiated from Anthodon . Nopcsa named the species Paranthodon , with the genus name derived from the Latin para , meaning " similar " , " near " , or " beside " , and Anthodon , and specific name honoring Owen . Due to present conventions , the specific name was later to owenii . In 1978 , Walter Coombs incorporated both names into the current nomenclature , Paranthodon africanus , as Paranthodon was the first new genus for the fossils and africanus was the first named species . This makes Palaeoscincus africanus and Paranthodon owenii junior synonyms of Paranthodon africanus . - The holotype of Paranthodon , BMNH 47338 , was found in a layer of the Kirkwood Formation dated between the and early Valanginian ages . It consists of the back of the snout , containing the maxilla with teeth , the posterior of the premaxilla , part of the nasals , and some isolated teeth probably from the lower jaw . One additional specimen can be assigned to it based on the , BMNH , including only isolated teeth sharing the same morphology as those from the holotype . However , the teeth do not bear any of Paranthodon , and were referred to an indeterminate stegosaurid in 2008 . - - = = Description = = - - Paranthodon was a small stegosaurid relative to larger relatives such as Stegosaurus . Thomas R. Holtz Jr. estimated that the animal was 5 @.@ 0 m ( 16 @.@ 4 ft ) long and weighed between 454 and 907 kg ( 1 @,@ 001 and 2 @,@ 000 lb ) . The snout is elongated , though not extremely so , and convex on top . The back of the premaxilla is long and broad , and the external nares are large . The teeth have a prominent primary ridge . The nasal and bones are relatively complete , and an incomplete premaxilla is also preserved . The partial snout resembles Stegosaurus in its large posterior premaxillary process and the extension of the palate . However , Stegosaurus is the only stegosaurid known from adequate cranial material to compare with Paranthodon , and even though their resemblance is great , tooth morphology is very distinguishing among the stegosaurians . For example , cranial material is only known from Stegosaurus , Paranthodon , Kentrosaurus , and Tuojiangosaurus , and in all of them , the tooth morphology differs . - The maxilla of Paranthodon preserves the tooth row , and shows that there is little to no overhang . This differs from , where there is a large amount of overhang of the maxilla . The teeth also have a middle ridge , with five fewer prominent ridges on either side . This is similar to the size ridges seen on Kentrosaurus . Like all stegosaurians , the denticles on the teeth are rounded at the tips , in contrast to . Also , like Huayangosaurus , but unlike Kentrosaurus and Stegosaurus , Paranthodon possesses a prominent ( a ridge beside the tooth row ) . Paranthodon teeth preserve wear , possibly cause by rubbing with other teeth . However , wear is absent on most teeth , similar to Huayangosaurus , meaning it is likely that Paranthodon lacked between teeth . Paranthodon is distinguished from other by a long , wide , posterior process of the premaxilla , teeth in the maxilla with a very large , and large ridges on the tooth crowns . Not all of these features were considered valid in a 2008 review of Stegosauria , with the only found being the possession of a partial second bony palate on the maxilla . - - = = Classification = = - - Currently , Paranthodon is classified as a related to Stegosaurus , Tuojiangosaurus , and . However , when Broom assigned the name Palaeoscincus africanus to the Paranthodon fossils , he classified them as an ankylosaurian . This classification was later changed by Nopcsa , who found that Paranthodon best resembled a stegosaurid ( before the group was truly defined ) . Coombs ( 1978 ) found Paranthodon to be an ankylosaurian , like , naming it sedis . However , in reviews by in 1981 , it was found to instead represent a stegosaurid from the Late Cretaceous . Multiple phylogenetic analyses have placed Paranthodon in Stegosauria , and often in Stegosauridae . A 2010 analysis including nearly all species of stegosaurians found that Paranthodon was outside Stegosauridae , and in a with Tuojiangosaurus , Huayangosaurus , , , and . However , when the latter two genera were removed , Paranthodon grouped with Tuojiangosaurus just outside Stegosauridae , and Huayangosaurus grouped with in . Below is the analysis with all included genera . - Other analyses have found Paranthodon closely related to Tuojiangosaurus , , and Kentrosaurus within . Even though phylogenetic analyses recognize Paranthodon as a stegosaurid , the type material actually bears no of Stegosauria . However , the material is likely of nature , and by many authors have found it to be within the group . - - = = = = - - The Kirkwood Formation is in South Africa , and many fossils of different species and genera have been discovered in it , with Paranthodon being the first uncovered . The formation is of a Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age , with the oldest deposits from the Tithonian , about 145 @.@ 5 million years ago , and the youngest rocks being from the Valanginian , about 136 @.@ 4 million years ago . A large variety of different animal groups have been found in the formation , including dinosaurs , at least two different lizards , multiple fishes , a few , some frog specimens , and also . However , a large amount of the material of the Kirkwood formation only includes isolated teeth or partial and fragmentary pieces of bone . Dinosaurs of the formation include a basal tetanuran and the primitive , the possible and a potential , and many ornithischians , Paranthodon , a genus of , and a " " ( the family is no longer considered to be a natural grouping ) . - - - = History of Bradford City = - - Bradford City Association Football Club — also known informally as Bradford City — are an English football club founded in Bradford in 1903 to introduce the sport to the West Riding of Yorkshire , which until then had been almost entirely inclined towards rugby league . Before they had even played their first game , City were elected to the Football League to replace Doncaster Rovers in Division Two , and took over the Valley Parade stadium , which has been their permanent home ground ever since . The club won the Division Two title in 1908 and the FA Cup in 1911 , both under the management of Peter O 'Rourke , before they were relegated from Division One in 1921 – 22 . - City were relegated again five seasons later , but when O 'Rourke was as manager before the 1928 – 29 season , they broke several club records to earn promotion back to Division Two . After eight seasons in Division Two , City returned to Division Three , and they remained in the third and fourth tiers of the English football league system until 1985 – 86 . During that time , they endured several periods of financial hardship , and in 1985 , their ground suffered a disastrous fire in which 56 people died , on a day the club and their fans were supposed to be celebrating promotion . - In 1987 – 88 , the club came close to returning to the top division when they missed out on promotion on the final day of the season . Following relegation back to Division Three , after Geoffrey Richmond became chairman in January 1994 the club 's fortunes were lifted . He helped to take them to their first appearance at Wembley and subsequently into the Premier League , where they played for two seasons . Following Richmond 's self @-@ proclaimed " six weeks of madness " and the collapse of television channel ITV Digital , the club suffered its first spell in administration . Another period under administration followed , and City dropped through the leagues of professional English football back to the bottom tier of The Football League , until promotion in 2012 – 13 brought them back up a division . In January 2013 , City became the first club from the fourth tier of English football since 1962 to reach the Football League Cup final , and the first fourth @-@ tier club ever to reach a major Wembley Cup Final . - - = = Early successes ( 1903 – 19 ) = = - - League football was established in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1894 when the West Yorkshire League was formed . A year later the Bradford Schools Football and Athletic Association abandoned its rugby roots to adopt the association football code . Several clubs across Bradford , including Bradford ( Park Avenue ) , also adopted the code during the latter years of the 19th century . By 1901 , a team called Bradford City had played in the leagues within the city , playing for two seasons , but disbanded at the end of the 1902 – 03 season . On 30 January 1903 , Scotsman James , a sub @-@ editor of the Bradford Observer , met with Football Association representative John at Valley Parade , the home of Manningham Football Club , to discuss establishing a Football League club within the city . Manningham FC were a rugby league club formed in 1880 and became a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895 . A series of meetings was held , and on 29 May 1903 , at the 23rd annual meeting of Manningham FC , the committee decided to leave the rugby code and switch to association football . The Football League , which saw the invitation as a chance to introduce football to the rugby league @-@ dominated area of the West Riding , elected the club , which had been renamed Bradford City , to the league with a total of 30 votes to replace Doncaster Rovers . - Bradford City became the first league football team from the county , before they even had a team or played a game . They and Chelsea , who were elected to the league two years later , share the distinction of being the only clubs to join the league without having played a competitive fixture . A summer archery contest , which had been organised to raise money for the rugby league club , was used to finance the new club , and Manningham 's colours of claret and amber were adopted as Bradford City 's kit , but with Manningham 's changed to stripes . - Robert Campbell was appointed by a 13 @-@ man sub @-@ committee to be the club 's first secretary @-@ manager from a shortlist of 30 applicants . duties were carried out by committee member , with Campbell 's role more on the playing side . The committee assembled a squad at the cost of £ 10s . Their first game was a 2 – 0 defeat away at Grimsby Town on 1 September 1903 , and first home game was six days later against Gainsborough Trinity , played in front of a crowd of 11 @,@ 000 including the Lord Mayor and Lady of Bradford . It was not until the third game against Burton United that the club recorded their first victory , on the way to a 10th @-@ place finish in Division Two . The club faced having to apply for re @-@ election in their second season , until five wins in the final six games lifted the club to eighth position . In November 1905 , Peter O 'Rourke , one of the club 's centre @-@ halves , was appointed manager , with his last game as a player coming the following month . He guided City to finishes of 11th and fifth and then earned promotion to Division One in 1907 – 08 . The season had started with an 8 – 1 victory over Chesterfield and included another six victories when City scored five goals or more , before promotion and then the title were assured with successive victories over Derby County and Burnley in April . - Ahead of their first campaign in Division One , Bradford City embarked upon their first continental tour ; despite victories over German side and Belgian club , the club 's first league victory in the top division did not come until the fifth attempt with a 4 – 1 defeat of Bury . It was their only win in the first 14 games . Results improved in the second half of the season but it was not until a 1 – 0 win on the final game of the season against Manchester United with a goal from Frank O 'Rourke that City prevented an immediate relegation back to Division Two . The following season included a ten @-@ game undefeated spell as Bradford finished seventh , but this was bettered in the 1910 – 11 season , which is Bradford City 's most successful campaign . Their league finish of fifth remains the club 's highest position , and an FA Cup triumph , with a 1 – 0 win over Newcastle United in the 1911 final is the club 's only major honour . The first- and third @-@ round victories were secured with solitary goals from Bond , but he missed the final four games of the run because of club suspension , the first of which was a 1 – 0 defeat of Burnley in the fourth round in front of 39 @,@ 146 fans , a crowd which remains Valley Parade 's highest attendance . The biggest win of the run came in the semi @-@ finals with a 3 – 0 victory over Blackburn Rovers . City 's supporters were taken to the final in London on 11 special trains , but the game with Newcastle at Crystal Palace ended in a draw and was even described as a " dull and uneventful game " . The draw meant a replay was necessary . It took place four days later on 26 April 1911 at Old Trafford , Manchester , when a single goal from Jimmy in the 15th minute gave Bradford a 1 – 0 victory . They were the first winners of a new trophy , appropriately made by Bradford 's . - Bradford 's defence of the FA Cup was ended in the fourth round by Barnsley , who went on to succeed Bradford as the holders . The 3 – 2 defeat , played at Bramall Lane , Sheffield , following two draws , brought an end to 11 consecutive clean sheets in the FA Cup — a competition record . The sequence also included a 12th clean sheet in the second replay against Barnsley which was abandoned because of crowd trouble . The cup run had included the first Bradford derby between City and cross @-@ city rivals Bradford ( Park Avenue ) . In the league , City finished 11th , the first of four consecutive mid @-@ table finishes before league football was suspended because of the First World War . City 's FA Cup hero , who had joined Leeds City , was one of many footballers to lose his life during the war . Bradford City players who died included Bob , another FA Cup winner , and Evelyn , as well as several reserve team players . Frank Buckley and Jock were seriously wounded , and Bond was taken prisoner @-@ of @-@ war . In 1921 , Bond laid a commemorative wreath on the in memory of his fallen colleagues prior to a league game at Arsenal . - - = = Inter @-@ war years ( 1919 – 38 ) = = - - With several during the war , it was a new @-@ look side that took to the field for the 1919 – 20 season , when league football resumed . The 15th @-@ place finish in the league was City 's lowest since their first season in Division One , and a fourth @-@ round FA Cup exit away at Bristol City was blamed on a pre @-@ game trip to Fry 's chocolate works . It was a position replicated the following season . After ten campaigns in Division One , City were relegated back to Division Two , when they lost all of their final five games of the 1921 – 22 season . It would be 77 years until Bradford City again competed in the top division of English football . - Having lost O 'Rourke as manager in 1921 , after he had struggled to cope with the death of his son two years earlier , Bradford 's results suffered back in Division Two . Both Bradford City and Bradford ( Park Avenue ) had been relegated in 1922 , and with the rise of fellow West Yorkshire side Huddersfield Town , in Bradford dropped . City 's average attendance fell from a record high of 22 @,@ in 1920 – 21 to between 12 @,@ 000 and 14 @,@ 000 in Division Two . Five consecutive bottom half finishes culminated in relegation to Division Three ( North ) in 1926 – 27 , when they finished bottom of the table following a then record 8 – 0 defeat to Manchester City on the final day of the season . New manager Colin missed out on guiding the club to an immediate promotion when they finished sixth , but at the end of the season the players had not been paid and the bank was unable to advance any more money because of the club 's . Had it not been for donations by fans , Bradford City would not have started the following campaign . A new board was appointed , and they reinstated Peter O 'Rourke as manager . Success was immediate , when the 1928 – 29 season started with a record 11 – 1 victory over Rotherham United , as the side scored a club record 128 goals to earn promotion by just one point . City 's successful team had also brought the fans back and the average attendance of 18 @,@ is the highest average recorded by the club , since 1925 , when The Football League started to keep official records . - O 'Rourke left for a second time in May 1930 , after he resigned because he was not allowed to sign a player he wanted . City spent eight seasons back in Division Two but the nearest they came to stepping up to the top flight was in 1933 – 34 when at one point they topped the division . Their sixth @-@ place finish was the highest position since the club had been in Division One and would not be bettered until the 1980s . back to Division Three ( North ) came in 1936 – 37 . City were runners @-@ up in the Division Three North Challenge Cup a year later before they won the same competition in the last year before league football was again suspended because of war . - - = = Lower divisions ( 1946 – 81 ) = = - - New manager Jack Barker lasted just eight months until he was replaced by former Leeds United player Jack Milburn upon the resumption of league football in 1946 . Milburn led City to fifth position in his first season but only lasted another season himself . With only one team promoted from Division Three ( North ) each season , City remained at that level until they were placed in Division Three in 1958 – 59 after a league re @-@ organisation , following a 20 @-@ year high position of third the previous season . In 1960 , eight years after part of the ground 's Midland Road stand had been closed following examinations of the foundations ordered as a result of the 1946 Park disaster , the entire stand was closed , leaving the ground with just three stands . After just three years in Division Three , City dropped into Division Four in 1960 – 61 , although that season they did defeat Division One side Manchester United in City 's first ever League Cup tie . United , like many other top flight clubs , would not enter the competition again until six years later . - Despite a club record 9 – 1 defeat to Colchester United on 30 December 1961 , City came fifth in 1961 – 62 , thanks to David Layne 's 34 league goals — his total remains a club record for a season — but missed out on promotion by just one point . Layne left for Sheffield Wednesday and City finished 23rd the following season , forcing them to apply for re @-@ election . In 1966 , the club directors moved the pitch 2 @.@ 74 metres ( 3 @.@ 00 yd ) closer to the main stand , creating enough space for them to add a new safe standing area on the Midland Road side of the ground and open all four stands for the first time since 1960 . continued to drop and a new record low of 1 @,@ 353 was set on 12 May 1966 against . It prompted chairman Stafford Heginbotham to hold a crisis meeting in the city 's St George 's Hall to raise new funds and safeguard the future of the club . The club 's indifferent form on the field continued , with another re @-@ election and two narrow promotion failures , before promotion was gained in 1968 – 69 . Only the previous season , City had had three managers , when Grenville Hair , who had replaced Willie Watson , died just two months into his reign , after he collapsed at the end of a training session . - Striker Bobby Ham , whose 18 goals had helped City into Division Three , was again top goalscorer the following season , but the club 's stint in Division Three was short @-@ lived . Once Ham , and fellow Bradford @-@ born striker Bruce , who scored 60 goals during seven seasons with the club , both left , City were relegated back into the bottom division in 1971 – 72 . The spell in Division Three had also been notable for the debut of , who went on to play a record 502 league games during 14 seasons with the club . City spent five seasons back in Division Four . In 1975 – 76 they had their best FA Cup run in more than 50 years after defeating Norwich City , before they were knocked out in the quarter @-@ finals by eventual winners Southampton 1 – 0 . A year later more than 40 goals from the trio of Dominican striker Joe Cooke , Terry Dolan and Don helped City to another promotion when they finished in fourth position . The club 's board failed to strengthen the squad the following season , resulting in an instant return to Division Four . Under new manager George Mulhall , City spent three seasons in mid @-@ table , although a late spell of form nearly earned promotion in 1979 – 80 . - - = = Bantam ( 1981 – 90 ) = = - - In May 1981 , City appointed former England international defender Roy McFarland as their new manager . After starting the 1981 – 82 season with a defeat and a draw , City went top of the table during a run of nine successive league victories , equalling a 30 @-@ year club record . The run came to an end against Sheffield United in front of 13 @,@ 711 fans at Valley Parade , producing then club record gate receipts of £ 17 @,@ 938 . Arctic conditions across Britain meant City played only once during December , but they went back to the top of the Division Four table in January . City finished the season second , five points behind Sheffield United , and were promoted back to Division Three . Three months into the following campaign , McFarland and his assistant Mick Jones handed in their resignation and left for Derby County . Derby had to pay a large fine and compensation to City for poaching the pair . Chairman Bob Martin turned to another England centre @-@ back and appointed Trevor Cherry as McFarland 's replacement from West Yorkshire rivals Leeds United . Cherry and assistant Terry continued to build on McFarland 's start to the period which would later be called " Bantam " by The City . Despite not recording their first win for more than two months , the pair guided City to 12th position . - The club were again in financial difficulties , and in June 1983 , Martin called in the receivers and the club was put up for sale . A Save Bradford City Fund was launched on 24 July , and former chairman Stafford Heginbotham and former board member Jack bought the club , forming a new company , and enabling the team to start the new league campaign . Centre forward Bobby Campbell was sold to Derby County to balance the books and John brought in as his replacement . City struggled on the pitch and won just one of their first 15 games leaving them in the relegation zone . Campbell had played just 11 games during four months with Derby and so he returned to Bradford initially on a loan transfer . His return coincided with a club record ten successive league victories . Campbell finished the season with nine goals , with 22 , but City finished seventh and missed out on promotion . - The good form continued the following season , and from October to mid @-@ December 1984 , City embarked on a 13 @-@ match unbeaten run , during which time Campbell became the club 's all @-@ time leading goalscorer , beating Frank O 'Rourke 's 70 @-@ year @-@ old record . City went top of the division and held onto their lead , opening an 11 @-@ point cushion by February . Promotion was secured in April and the club 's first championship title since 1929 after a 2 – 0 win over Bolton Wanderers . The success was overshadowed when fire ripped through Valley Parade 's main stand 40 minutes into the final game of the season on 11 May 1985 against Lincoln City . A total of 56 people died and the club did not play another game at Valley Parade for nearly 20 months . - City instead played home games at Road , Leeds Road and during the 1985 – 86 season , when they came 13th , and for the first half of the 1986 – 87 campaign . They returned to Valley Parade , which had undergone a £ redevelopment , on Boxing Day 1986 against Derby County . After managing the side during the financial hardship and time away from their home ground , Cherry was dismissed only ten days after the return to Valley Parade . Club coach Terry Dolan was appointed as manager and he led the side away from relegation and to a finish of 10th place . By September 1987 , Dolan 's side topped Division Two for the first time in 54 years . They finished fourth after a final day defeat to Ipswich Town and missed out on promotion after they lost to Middlesbrough in the play @-@ offs . Leading players Stuart McCall and John Hendrie , who had both stayed for another season in a bid to take City into Division One , both left , and within two seasons City again dropped into Division Three . In January 1988 Stafford Heginbotham resigned as the Club 's Chairman due to ill health . - - = = Richmond era and administration ( 1990 onwards ) = = - - For three seasons , City finished in mid @-@ table in Division Three and the new Division Two , when the leagues were renamed following the formation of the Premier League . In January 1994 , Geoffrey Richmond took over as chairman . He cleared the debts , loaned the club £ 2 @.@ 3 million , and promised the fans he would take the club to the Premier League within five years . In his first season as chairman , the club finished in seventh place with Frank as manager . was sacked and was replaced by Lennie Lawrence . Lawrence could only finish 14th in his first season , before he left for Luton Town in November 1995 to be replaced by his assistant Chris Kamara . - Kamara secured a play @-@ off spot with a final day victory over Hull City , before City defeated Blackpool in the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals . The final against Notts County was City 's first game at Wembley . Goals from Des Hamilton and Mark gave them a 2 – 0 win , which secured promotion to Division One . Kamara used 42 players in 1996 – 97 when City avoided relegation with a 3 – 0 victory in the final game against Queens Park Rangers . Kamara was sacked in January 1998 after an FA Cup defeat to Manchester City , when Richmond claimed the manager had taken the club as far as he could . Richmond again elevated from within and Paul Jewell , who had been at the club since 1988 , was installed as manager , originally on a caretaker basis . He was appointed full @-@ time in May 1998 and Richmond backed his new appointment with a multi @-@ million transfer budget . Jewell signed strikers Lee Mills , from Port Vale and Isaiah Rankin , from Arsenal , for £ 1 million and £ 1 @.@ 3 million respectively , and signed former captain Stuart McCall from Rangers on a free transfer to lead the side . Despite a poor start , the club secured promotion to the top division for the first time in 77 years with a 3 – 2 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the final game of the 1998 – 99 season . - City 's success meant that Dean Windass , who had signed from Oxford United in March , became the club 's third £ 1 million signing of the season . Windass had originally been signed for £ 950 @,@ 000 , but an additional fee of £ 50 @,@ 000 was paid to Oxford because of City 's promotion . Jewell broke the club 's transfer record to add a fourth seven @-@ figure signing when he paid £ 1 @.@ 4 million to Leeds United for David Wetherall . Jewell added other senior players including Neil and Dean Saunders , prompting the media to call his team " Dad 's Army " . When City defeated Middlesbrough 1 – 0 with a late goal from Saunders , his goal celebration mocked the critics ' comments . City failed to win another game until their eighth game of the season , and Sky Sports Rodney Marsh said they would be relegated and promised to shave off his hair at a home game if they avoided such a fate . A run of nine home games without defeat and consecutive victories in April gave City hope of avoiding relegation on the final day of the season . A final day 1 – 0 victory over Liverpool , with a goal from Wetherall , who had played every minute of the season , and Wimbledon 's defeat , meant City survived with a record low of 36 points . - Less than two months after City stayed up , Jewell left to join Sheffield Wednesday , to be replaced by his assistant , Chris Hutchings . The club entered the Intertoto Cup , the first time they had competed in a European competition , in which they were defeated by FC Saint Petersburg in the semi @-@ finals . Richmond gave Hutchings more money than Jewell to spend in the transfer market , and Bradford paid a club record £ 2 @.@ 5 million for David and £ 1 @.@ 5 million for Ashley Ward , and signed Italian striker on wages of £ 40 @,@ 000 per week . Richmond also continued to re @-@ develop the ground , which increased the capacity to 25 @,@ 136 , but later referred to his spending as his " six weeks of madness " . In their second season in the Premier League , City struggled for form and Hutchings was sacked after a start to the season in which he recorded just one victory from 12 league games . Under new manager Jim Jefferies , the club were unable to avoid relegation , which was confirmed with a 2 – 1 defeat at Everton , when they missed two penalties , before finishing the season with just 26 points . - Jefferies was sacked in December 2001 following a training ground rift with captain McCall . Nicky Law was appointed his successor , and the club finished the season in 15th place . During the summer , with debts of nearly £ 13 million — as a result of the collapse of ITV Digital and the fall @-@ out from Richmond 's self @-@ proclaimed " six weeks of madness " — the club were forced into administration . The players were all released , but waived much of the money owed to him , to help the club survive under new owners Julian Rhodes and Gordon . City fulfilled their fixtures during the 2002 – 03 season but finished 19th . - Former England captain Bryan Robson took over as new manager during the following season , but , under his management , City won only seven games from 28 and were relegated in 23rd place . Robson left and was replaced by his assistant Colin Todd . The club went into administration for a second time , but Todd led them to 11th in each of the following two seasons . Following fan pressure and a poor run of results , Rhodes sacked Todd on 12 February 2007 , with City just three points above the relegation zone . Wetherall was appointed player @-@ manager on a temporary basis and then for the rest of the season , but City were relegated following a 3 – 0 defeat to Chesterfield . During the summer of 2007 , former midfielder Stuart McCall returned as manager with City in the bottom tier for the first time in 25 years . He set himself a target of earning promotion back to League One in his first season , but twice missed out on promotion before he left the club in February 2010 with City lying 16th in League Two . - In January 2013 , City became the first club from the fourth tier of English football since Rochdale in 1962 to reach the Football League Cup final , and the first fourth tier club ever to reach a major Wembley Cup Final . They defeated three Premier League sides en route to the final – Athletic 4 – 2 on penalties in the fourth round , Arsenal 3 – 2 on penalties in the quarter @-@ finals and Aston Villa 4 – 3 on aggregate over the two legs of the semi @-@ final . They met Premier League side Swansea City in the final at Wembley , but lost 0 – 5 . On 18 May 2013 , the club returned to Wembley where they defeated Northampton Town 3 – 0 in the League Two Final to secure a place in League One for 2013 – 14 . On 24 January 2015 , Bradford City caused an upset by beating Premier League leaders Chelsea 4 – 2 away in the FA Cup . The victory sent Bradford through to the fifth round for the first time in 18 years . There , they defeated another top @-@ flight team , Sunderland , to reach their first FA Cup semi @-@ final since 1976 , in front of their biggest home crowd for 50 years . - - - = Aerith Gainsborough = - - Aerith Gainsborough ( Japanese : ・ , Hepburn : ) — Aeris Gainsborough in the English releases of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy Tactics — is a player character in Square 's ( now Square Enix ) role @-@ playing video game Final Fantasy VII . She was designed by Tetsuya Nomura with influence from Yoshinori Kitase , and Amano . - In Final Fantasy VII , she is a young woman who joins the eco @-@ terrorist organization AVALANCHE . As the story progresses , AVALANCHE begin to pursue the game 's antagonist Sephiroth , and the player learns that she is the last surviving , or " Ancient " , one of the planet 's oldest races . She has also appeared in the later @-@ released Compilation of Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts series . - Her voice actor is Sakamoto in Japanese . In English releases , her voice actors are singer and actress Mandy Moore in Kingdom Hearts , actress Mena in Kingdom Hearts II and Final Fantasy VII Advent Children , and actress Andrea Bowen in Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . The character and the events surrounding her death in Final Fantasy VII have met with an overall positive reception from critics and fans . - - = = Appearances = = - - - = = = Final Fantasy VII = = = - - Aerith Gainsborough is first introduced as a flower seller , when she briefly with Cloud Strife , a mercenary working for the anti @-@ government group AVALANCHE , who are fleeing from the bombing of a Mako reactor . The two later meet in Aerith 's church in the Sector 5 slums , where she is faced with the possibility of capture by the Turks . Aerith asks Cloud to be her bodyguard for the cost of one date . She is eventually , but is ultimately rescued by Cloud and his allies . Aerith then joins them in the pursuit of Sephiroth , while also embarking on her own journey of self @-@ discovery . - After a failed attempt to foil Sephiroth 's theft of the Black , Aerith ventures alone into the Forgotten City . Cloud and his companions give chase , eventually finding her praying at an altar . As Aerith looks up to smile at Cloud , Sephiroth appears and kills her by her through the torso . Cloud carries Aerith 's body out into a lake in the Forgotten City , and releases her back to the Planet . Reeve , the head of Shinra Urban and Development , brings the news of her death to Gainsborough , Aerith 's adoptive mother . The party later learns the reason for Aerith being in the Forgotten City ; through her White , Aerith was able to summon Holy , the only force capable of the ultimate destructive magic , Meteor , which has been summoned by Sephiroth . Although Aerith successfully cast Holy before her death , it is held back by the power of Sephiroth 's will . When Sephiroth is finally defeated and Holy is released , it appears that it is too late to function as effectively as it should , as Meteor has already come too near to the Planet 's surface . While Holy clashes with Meteor , attempting to prevent its impact , the gravity of both Meteor and the Planet pulling on Holy in opposite directions weakens it . Aerith is seen praying with both hands whilst urging the to ultimately defend the planet . The Planet 's Lifestream then flows forth , intervening between Holy and Meteor , and acting as a battering ram while aiding in the destruction of Meteor . - - = = = Compilation of Final Fantasy VII = = = - - In Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII , set several years prior to the events of Final Fantasy VII , Aerith becomes the target of the original incarnation of AVALANCHE , led by , who seek to prevent Shinra from acquiring the last surviving . Instead , AVALANCHE intend to use her to learn the whereabouts of the Land for their own purposes , although a member of the Turks tries to protect her . - Aerith makes several appearances in the CGI film Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , as Cloud 's spiritual guide , urging him to move on with his life and to forgive himself for the that were beyond his control , telling him that she never blamed him for her death . During their spiritual reunion , Aerith speaks to Cloud in an open meadow laden with flowers , and poking fun at how he himself with the past . However , she also acknowledges his suffering and offers kind words of support . One of Aerith 's interactions with Cloud comes when each member of the original game 's party helps in Cloud 's final attack against ; she appears as the last party member to assist Cloud . She also appears in the final scene of the movie , along with Zack Fair , where she gives Cloud more words of encouragement before she and Zack walk into the light . Near the end of the film , it is discovered that water mixed with the Lifestream flows beneath the in Aerith 's church , which itself as a cure for . - The On the Way to a Smile novella " Case of the Lifestream – Black & White " focuses on Aerith and Sephiroth 's respective journeys through the Lifestream after the end of the game but before the events of the film . The " Black " section deals with Sephiroth , the " White " section with Aerith . - Aerith also appears in the prequel game Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . At the age of 16 , she meets Zack , for whom she develops feelings during his stay in . Aerith and Zack develop a romantic relationship , but Zack is killed at the end of Crisis Core after being held in a Mako chamber for four years in the Shinra Mansion basement . During those years , Aerith helped her adopted mother earn a living by growing and selling flowers , a job that results in her meeting Cloud at the beginning of Final Fantasy VII . - - = = = Other appearances = = = - - Aerith 's character has appeared in several games outside of the Final Fantasy VII continuity . In Final Fantasy Tactics , she appears as a flower girl ; when a group of criminals her , Cloud appears and the player engages in battle with the group , letting her escape . Street Special features a playable version of Aerith , as well as other Final Fantasy VII characters Tifa Lockhart , Cloud Strife , and Sephiroth . She also appears in Street Portable with the same characters from Special , with the addition of . While not playable , Aerith appears in the fighting game Final Fantasy as an assistant character . She is also featured in the rhythm game Final Fantasy as a sub @-@ character representing Final Fantasy VII . In 2 , Aerith is featured as a downloadable character model . - Aerith makes an appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series as a member of a group dedicated to defeating the Heartless ; the group also includes other Final Fantasy VII characters and Leon of Final Fantasy VIII . In the plot of Kingdom Hearts , Aerith suggests a method for defeating the Heartless to protagonists Donald Duck , and Sora . Throughout the game , she also gives advice to the player . She also appears in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories as a of Sora 's memories . Aerith returns in Kingdom Hearts II , wearing a modified version of her dress from Before Crisis . She , Leon and run a restoration committee for the town of Hollow . - Hoshi o ( who the Planet ) , a novel written by Benny which appears in the Final Fantasy VII guide , follows Aerith 's journey through the Lifestream immediately after her death in Final Fantasy VII . Aerith is mentioned in a graffiti in the subway station early in the animated film @-@ It Ralph ; the graffiti reads " Aerith Lives " . - - = = Concept and creation = = - - Aerith was designed by Tetsuya Nomura , with influence from director and scenario writer Yoshinori Kitase and , whilst Amano created conceptual artwork which also helped to influence her design . She has green eyes and long brown hair tied in a with a pink ribbon . She wears a long pink dress , a jacket , and brown hiking boots . The long dress was designed to appear and as a contrast to Tifa Lockhart 's . During development , Aerith was supposed to be Sephiroth 's sister as both designs resembled each other , but they were made former lovers with Aerith remembering Sephiroth when meeting Cloud as both are ex @-@ . Late during development , Aerith 's first love was changed to Zack Fair . - Her green eyes were meant to symbolize nature and also served as another contrast to Tifa 's brown eyes . Nomura did not change much of Aerith 's design for Advent Children , but her design was updated in Kingdom Hearts with the removal of her jacket , which made her attire appear more as Amano had originally drawn her . Other changes included the addition of bracelets and a belt . Nomura modified her dress in Before Crisis , adding white and green colors , and this version was also used as the basis for her design in Kingdom Hearts II . - Aerith 's original Japanese name is , pronounced [ ] . This was to " Aeris " in Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy Tactics , but in later products has been changed to " Aerith " . Both have basis , as the Japanese " su " ( ) is used when " s " ( / s / ) and " " ( / / ) to Japanese . However , official Japanese material uses the spelling " Aerith " , and developers have stated that " Aerith " is a near @-@ anagram of " Earth " . Prior to the game 's release , Western gaming magazines , such as the May 1996 issue of Computer and Video Games , also referred to her as " Aerith " . - In early planning stages of Final Fantasy VII , Aerith was to be one of only three protagonists ; herself , Cloud and . During a phone call to Kitase , it was suggested that at some point in the game , one of the main characters should die , and after much discussion as to whether it should be or Aerith , the producers chose Aerith . Nomura stated in a 2005 Electronic Gaming Monthly interview : " Cloud 's the main character , so you can 't really kill him . And Barrett ... [ sic ] well , that 's maybe too obvious . " While designing Final Fantasy VII , Nomura was frustrated with the " perennial cliché where the protagonist loves someone very much and so has to sacrifice himself and die in a dramatic fashion to express that love . " He found this appeared in both films and video games from North America and Japan , and asked " Is it right to set such an example to people ? " Kitase concluded : " In the real world things are very different . You just need to look around you . Nobody wants to die that way . People die of disease and accident . Death comes suddenly and there is no notion of good or bad . It leaves , not a dramatic feeling but great . When you lose someone you loved very much you feel this big empty space and think , ' If I had known this was coming I would have done things differently . ' These are the feelings I wanted to in the players with Aerith 's death relatively early in the game . Feelings of reality and not Hollywood . " - According to Nomura , " death should be something sudden and unexpected , and Aerith 's death seemed more natural and realistic . " He said : " When I reflect on Final Fantasy VII , the fact that fans were so offended by her sudden death probably means that we were successful with her character . If fans had simply accepted her death , that would have meant she wasn 't an effective character . " From the original release of the game , rumors have circulated that Aerith can be resurrected in or that the original plan was to have her come back , but this was scrapped in development . Nomura has stated that neither of these rumors were ever true ; " the world was expecting us to bring her back to life , as this is the classic convention . " A lengthy petition asking for Aerith 's revival by Japanese players was sent to Kitase , but he dismissed it , pointing out that " there are many meanings in Aerith 's death and [ her revival ] could never happen . " - - = = Musical theme = = - - A associated with Aerith is played several times throughout Final Fantasy VII ; it is first heard during the flashback scenes with Aerith 's mother at her house , and is repeated as she is killed by Sephiroth . It was composed by famed Final Fantasy composer . The piece " Flowers in the Church " is based on it . - " Aerith 's Theme " is very popular among Final Fantasy fans , and has inspired an orchestral version , a piano version , and a vocal version performed by the artist ( who also performed " Da Ne " for Final Fantasy X ) . A piano arrangement of the theme appears twice in Advent Children , and the track " Water " also echoes shades of the theme : the opening phrase of " Aerith 's Theme " appears just prior to the climax of the track " II " , which shortly thereafter includes as its final line the Latin phrase " Sola " ( " Only the goddess knows fate " ) , and is also featured during the end credits of the film . It also has been on the OverClocked ReMix Final Fantasy VII compilation Voices of the Lifestream . In 2013 , " Aerith 's Theme " achieved the third place in the Classic FM Hall of Fame . - - = = Reception = = - - Aerith has received an overall positive reception from critics . referred to her as a " gaming legend . " 's Stuart opined that although Aerith " represented the token damsel in distress , " she " broke the mould in terms of personality , " possessing " an admirable that was not brassy nor off @-@ putting . " In 2007 , she was included in Tom 's Games list of top 50 greatest female characters in video game history , for her death scene and the beauty of her appearance and personality . That same year , she was named the fifth best character of all time in Dengeki PlayStation 's retrospective awards feature about the original PlayStation . IGN ranked her the number two in their top Final Fantasy VII character list – a rank higher than the game 's protagonist , Cloud Strife . GameTrailers ranked her at the top of their list of " who are out of your league " in 2010 . Heath of ranked Aerith as fifth on his 2012 top list of Final Fantasy characters and wrote she " has become an icon in not only the Final Fantasy series , but also in video game history . " Her relation with Cloud has also received positive response , including the two being listed in IGN 's article about the best video game romances . - Her death in Final Fantasy VII has received a great deal of attention . According to , her death helped establish the popularity of Final Fantasy VII . Players commented on message boards and about the emotional impact the scene held . Fans submitted a petition to Yoshinori Kitase requesting her return . GameSpy numbers her demise as the 10th greatest cinematic moments in video game history , while its readers voted it the second most cinematic moment . GamePro considers her death sequence to be the greatest of all gaming moments . Tom 's Games called the scene " one of the most powerful and memorable scenes of the Final Fantasy series — or any other game , for that matter . " Edge called her death the " dramatic " of Final Fantasy VII , and suggested that her through the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII titles " arguably this great moment . " In 2005 , Electronic Gaming Monthly listed Final Fantasy VII number six in their list of ten most important games , stating that without this game , " Aeris wouldn 't have died , and gamers wouldn 't have learned how to cry . " ScrewAttack has added Aerith 's death to their top 10 " " moments , referring to it as one of the " moments in video game history . " In 2011 , IGN ranked her death scene at No. 1 in its list of top video game moments . In 2012 , PlayStation Magazine included it among the ten most emotional PlayStation moments . - The character is also popular among gamers , especially Japanese and fans of the Final Fantasy series . Aerith has been included in most of ' " Character Battle " contests , though she progressed only a few rounds each time . In 2010 , Famitsu readers voted Aerith as the 24th best video game character . In 2013 , Aerith was voted the second favorite female Final Fantasy character in an official poll by Square Enix . That same year , Complex ranked her as the seventh greatest Final Fantasy character of all time . - - - = Forbidden Fruit ( J. Cole song ) = - - " Forbidden Fruit " is a song by American hip hop recording artist J. Cole . The song was sent to radio stations in August 2013 , as the third official single from Cole 's second studio album , Born Sinner ( 2013 ) . " Forbidden Fruit " was produced by Cole himself and features a guest appearance from frequent collaborator and fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar , who contributes vocals to the song 's hook . The song features a sample of American jazz musician Ronnie Foster 's " Mystic Brew " , most recognized from its use on hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest 's " Electric Relaxation " . The song was met with mixed reviews from music critics . " Forbidden Fruit " would peak at number 46 on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . - - = = Background = = - - " Forbidden Fruit " was the last song recorded and produced by J. Cole for his second album , Born Sinner ( 2013 ) . It was recorded as a replacement for another song which Cole was forced to remove from the album 's track listing after failing to obtain sample clearance from the estate of Jimi Hendrix . The song 's production is based around a looped sample of American jazz musician Ronnie Foster 's " Mystic Brew " , which was also famously sampled by hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest on their 1993 song " Electric Relaxation " . Cole was inspired to incorporate the Foster sample into " Forbidden Fruit " after hearing " Electric Relaxation " , saying : - I was like , " Oh , man . What if ? " You know what I mean ? Like , " What if I could just do it my way ? " You know what I mean ? It 's such a classic and people are so afraid to touch classics . And I was just like , " What if I could flip it ? " So I just went and found the original sample . - American rapper Kendrick Lamar is featured on " Forbidden Fruit " , which is the only track on the standard edition of Born Sinner with a fellow rapper credited as a featured artist . Lamar does not rap a verse on the song ; he instead contributes vocals to its refrain . " Forbidden Fruit " contains lyrics referencing Born Sinner 's release date with that of by American rapper Kanye West . - - = = Release and promotion = = - - At the June 24 , 2013 stop in Houston , Texas on the Dollar and a Dream concert tour , J. Cole brought out Kendrick Lamar to perform the song , along with the J. Cole @-@ produced " " . In June 2013 , MTV reported that " Forbidden Fruit " would be released as the third single from Born Sinner . On August 1 , 2013 , the song impacted American mainstream urban radio . - - = = Critical reception = = - - " Forbidden Fruit " received mixed reviews from critics . Erin of Exclaim ! cited the song as one of the album 's standout tracks , saying that it " embodies a silent confidence , paying homage to a legendary group while speaking on releasing an album the same day as Kanye West , bringing Born Sinner full @-@ circle . " Julia of Now praised Cole 's sampling of " Mystic Brew " as done " exceptionally well " and named " Forbidden Fruit " the best track from Born Sinner . David Jeffries of AllMusic expressed a similar sentiment , writing that " Forbidden Fruit " is driven by its " Blue Note @-@ inspired " . - August Brown of the Los Angeles Times gave the song a negative review , commenting that " Kendrick Lamar somehow packs more personality into a hook on ' Forbidden Fruit ' than Cole gets in the song " . Phillip of Spin felt that " [ the song 's ] quirky bass line and warm @-@ keys motif are so recognizable that it 's a brow @-@ challenge to hear anything other than Q @-@ and 's original vocals in the space between the beat and the new raps . " further stated that " Cole himself ( along with Kendrick Lamar 's guest spot ) ends up entirely — he 's upstaged by artists who aren 't even there . " , Ali Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest expressed his appreciation for Cole 's production : " [ He ] didn 't like try to do what was already done . [ He ] brought other parts to the sample that you caught that I was like , ' Oh , nice ! ' " - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes of Born Sinner . - J. Cole – lead vocals , songwriting , production - Ronnie Foster – songwriting , sample credit - Ron Gilmore – keyboards - " " Davis – mixing - Kendrick Lamar – guest vocals - - = = Chart performance = = - - - = = Radio history = = - - - - = Old Pine Church = - - Old Pine Church ( also historically known as Mill Church , Nicholas Church , and Pine Church ) is a mid @-@ 19th century church near Purgitsville , West Virginia . It is among the earliest extant log churches in Hampshire County , along with Capon Chapel and Mount Bethel Church . - The church was constructed in 1838 to serve as a " union church " . As many of the Mill Creek valley 's earliest settlers were of German descent , Old Pine Church may also have been built as a meeting place for Brethren adherents , known as " " or " " . The church is believed to have also been a meeting place for German Methodist settlers . By 1870 , the church was primarily used by the Brethren denomination , and in 1878 , the church 's congregation split into White Pine Church of the Brethren and Old Pine Church congregations . Both congregations continued to use the church until 1907 . - Old Pine Church reportedly housed a school in the early 20th century while still serving as a center for worship . In 1968 , residents of the Purgitsville community raised the necessary funds to perform a restoration of the church . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12 , 2012 , due to its " significant settlement @-@ era rural religious architecture in the Potomac Highlands . " - The church is a large , one @-@ story , log building in brown @-@ painted wooden German siding . The original hewn log beams are visible beneath the church , with some bark remaining on the logs . The church 's interior ceiling measures approximately 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 metres ) in height and is clad in pressed metal panels . Several of its pews date from 1857 . In the church 's adjoining cemetery , the earliest extant gravestone dates from 1834 , and several unmarked interment sites may exist from as early as 1759 . According to architectural historian Sandra Scaffidi , " Old Pine Church and cemetery is an excellent example of one of the area 's early rural church complexes . " - - = = Location = = - - Old Pine Church and its cemetery are located along the steeply sloped Old Pine Church Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 220 / 15 ) , approximately 1 @.@ 66 miles ( 2 @.@ 67 kilometres ) south of the unincorporated community of Purgitsville . The church and cemetery are situated on 2 @.@ 3 acres ( 0 @.@ 93 hectares ) atop a bluff to the west of United States Route 220 , at an elevation of 1 @,@ 129 feet ( 344 metres ) . The property is surrounded by old @-@ growth forests . - The church is in a rural area of southwestern Hampshire County within the Mill Creek valley . Patterson Creek Mountain , a forested narrow mountain ridge , rises to the west of Mill Creek valley , and the forested western rolling foothills of the Mill Creek Mountain rise to the valley 's east . The on the South Branch Potomac River is located across Mill Creek Mountain , approximately 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the east of the church . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Old Pine Church 's land tract was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary , a land grant that Charles II of England awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 and renewed by an official patent in 1688 . One of these seven supporters , Thomas , 2nd Baron , acquired the entire area in 1681 ; his grandson , Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron , inherited it in . - The church is in the Mill Creek valley . As tensions with Native Americans were beginning to ease , Lord Fairfax sought to entice white settlers to the sparsely settled lands of his Northern Neck Proprietary . The valley was one of the first parts of present @-@ day Hampshire County to be settled by whites , beginning in the mid @-@ 18th century . Settlers were drawn by the valley 's fertility . As the valley 's population grew , the unincorporated community of Purgitsville developed along Mill Creek as a trading post village ; it was named for Henry ( or ) , who acquired 400 acres ( 160 ha ) in the Mill Creek valley on January 7 , 1785 , and received a further land transfer of 137 acres ( 55 ha ) in 1794 . Purgitsville continued to develop throughout the course of the 19th century , during which time it grew to include a small store , a post office , and a blacksmith shop . - - = = = Establishment = = = - - The dates of the earliest church cannot be verified , but a church building may have been constructed at the site of Old Pine Church as early as around 1814 , and possibly as early as 1792 . - On September 24 , 1838 , William and his wife , , a tract of land to a group of trustees , charged with constructing " a church or house for public worship for the use and convenience of Ministers and others of the Christians [ sic ] " . While the deed mentioned an existing meeting house on the site , there is no extant evidence of a prior structure . According to architectural historian Sandra Scaffidi , no particular Christian denomination received sole ownership of the edifice , which suggests that the church was intended to serve as a " union church " . The church 's earliest resident minister was reportedly Nicholas , whose wife , Elizabeth High , was the daughter of George High , one of the church 's original trustees . - - = = = Brethren affiliation = = = - - Few records of the church 's history exist , possibly because no single denomination or organization took ownership . Several Christian denominations held meetings at Old Pine Church , including the Brethren ( or German Baptist Brethren ) , which began holding services at the church in the late 19th century . As many of the Mill Creek valley 's settlers were of German descent , the Old Pine Church structure may also have been built as a meeting place for Brethren adherents , known as " " or " " . It is believed that Old Pine Church was also used by German . The Brethren was a Christian denomination of Anabaptist origin that practiced baptism by immersion and exercised . immersion consists of dipping a new believer into water three times , once for each of the entities of the Holy Trinity . Brethren adherents believed only in the New Testament , and professed no other creeds . The interior of Old Pine Church , which consists of a single common space for all worshippers , also illustrates the building 's connection with the Brethren and the denomination 's beliefs regarding slavery . According to the minutes from the 1782 meeting of the Brethren in Franklin County , Virginia , " It has been unanimously considered that it cannot be permitted in any way by the church that a member should purchase or keep them as . " While many residents in Hampshire County prior to the American Civil War were , it is thought that Brethren adherents in the county did not own slaves or depend upon slave labor . - The Brethren denomination had been present in the South Branch Potomac River valley from as early as the although records of early Brethren congregations are not extant , possibly because they were served by itinerant ministers . As early as 1785 , two brothers with the surname of Powers led a Brethren congregation in the area . In Dr. F. 's historical research on the Brethren Church in Hampshire County in his Allegheny Passage ( 1990 ) , it is noted that the Church of the Brethren denomination recognized Old Pine Church as belonging to the larger Beaver Run congregation , which was centered approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Old Pine Church . The Beaver Run congregation was the first organization of the Brethren in Hampshire County . Old Pine Church and its predecessor structures were probably utilized by members of the Beaver Run congregation because the distance between the northern region of the valley and the church on Beaver Run was too great to traverse easily . Thus , Old Pine Church began as a mission of the Beaver Run congregation . Because of its location in the vicinity of the Hardy County boundary line , the district served by the church spanned both counties . - By 1870 , Old Pine Church was primarily used by the Brethren denomination . Around 1870 , the Nicholas congregation of Brethren was worshiping at the church and was led by Dr. . According to the Beaver Run Church Book , membership at Old Pine Church was 78 in 1879 and numbered 100 in 1881 . The Beaver Run congregation modified its district 's boundaries in 1879 , which may have resulted in a division of the congregation at Old Pine Church into two factions : White Pine Church of the Brethren and Old Pine Church . Both churches continued to worship at Old Pine Church at different times . White Pine Church of the Brethren at the church from the 1870s until the construction of their own church building in 1907 . By 1897 , Old Pine Church remained under collective ownership by several Christian denominations although the Brethren were the church 's largest . White Pine Church of the Brethren remained listed in the Brethren Conference Minutes as " Pine Church " until 1912 , when members of the church petitioned the Brethren Conference to change their name from " Pine " to " White Pine " . - Old Pine Church reportedly housed a school in the early 20th century while still serving as a center for worship . A small one @-@ room addition to the church was constructed to the north façade of the building , which served as the boarding room for the school 's teacher . The Old Pine Church also continued to be used for funeral services and . - - = = = Restoration = = = - - In 1968 , residents of the Purgitsville community raised the necessary funds to restore Old Pine Church : the church 's original windows were repaired and the painted ; a new roof was installed and the original wood floor replaced . The boarding room addition was probably removed ( nothing of it now remains ) and the pressed metal ceiling may have been added . - - = = = Current use = = = - - As of 2012 , Old Pine Church is still used for community gatherings , funeral services , revival meetings , and an annual church service . Regular church services have not taken place in the church since the middle of the 20th century . The church 's adjacent cemetery also continues to be used for burials . Throughout its existence , Old Pine Church has been known by various names , including " Mill Church " , " Nicholas Church " , and simply " Pine Church " . - In 2008 , the Hampshire County Historic Landmarks Commission and the Hampshire County Commission embarked upon an initiative to place structures and districts on the National Register of Historic Places following a series of surveys of historic properties throughout the county . The county received funding for the surveying and documentation of Hampshire County architecture and history from the State Historic Preservation Office of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Old Pine Church was one of the first eight historic properties to be considered for placement on the register as a result of the county 's initiative . The other seven properties were : Capon Chapel , Fort , Grove , Hook Tavern , North River Mills Historic District , Springfield Brick House , and Valley View . According to Hampshire County Commission 's compliance officer , Charles Baker , places of worship were not typically selected for inclusion in the register ; Old Pine Church and Capon Chapel were exceptions because both " started out as meeting houses " . Old Pine Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12 , 2012 , because of its " significant settlement @-@ era rural religious architecture in the Potomac Highlands " . - - = = Architecture = = - - - = = = Church exterior = = = - - Old Pine Church is a large , one @-@ story , log building . Its symmetrical front façade faces west and encompasses a main entrance consisting of a double set of four @-@ doors . The main entrance is reached by two concrete steps , on either side of which is a modern metal . Above the entrance is a small wooden sign painted white reading " Old Pine Church " in black . On either side of the doors are two nine @-@ over @-@ six double @-@ hung sash wooden windows . - in the north and south sides of the church are two nine @-@ over @-@ six double @-@ hung sash wooden windows . Between the two windows on the church 's north elevation is an exterior concrete block chimney . The layout of the east @-@ facing rear elevation of the church is also symmetrical , and features three nine @-@ over @-@ six double @-@ hung sash wooden windows , with the center window placed above and between the other two windows . The church 's windows have been repaired using materials consistent with original construction . - At the base of each of the church 's four corners is a large uncut stone pier . span the church 's perimeter foundations , which were added at a later date to discourage intrusion by animals . The original hewn log beams , still retaining bark , can be seen under the church . The church is covered with brown @-@ painted wooden German siding and is crowned by a modern standing @-@ seam metal roof . - Architectural historian Sandra Scaffidi states that the simple form and construction of Old Pine Church are indicative of the early settlers ' access to materials and are an example of the log construction techniques used in the religious architecture of Hampshire County 's earliest settlers . She adds that Old Pine Church is representative of a " simple design and form common to the early ecclesiastical buildings " and an " excellent example of one of the area 's early rural church complexes " . - - = = = Church interior = = = - - The church 's interior exhibits an open architectural plan . A plain wooden frame pulpit stands against the rear wall , underneath the middle window . The church 's floor consists of pine boards installed during the church 's 1968 restoration . - The church 's ceiling , measuring approximately 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) in height , is clad in pressed metal panels . A small opening allows for access to the church 's attic . The unadorned window wells measure approximately 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) . The interior walls are covered in , which remains unfinished . - The church 's small wood @-@ burning stove originally occupied the center of the sanctuary but was moved to the church 's north wall in later years . It continues to serve as the church 's sole source of heat . - Several of the church 's pews date from 1857 and remain in use . The pews , quite simple in form , have a " appearance " . Each pew consists of a long wooden plank that serves as the seat , with a thin rail supported by three spindles as the . The pews are supported by three arched supports joined to the seat by a and joint and reinforced with nails . The newer pews exhibit identical design elements but are constructed with modern nails and timber . Though most of the pews are arranged against the church 's west elevation with a center aisle , two are along the north elevation and four are along the south elevation . The pulpit is situated at the east elevation . There is an upright piano in the northeastern corner of the church . - - = = Cemetery = = - - Old Pine Church is surrounded on three sides by a cemetery containing approximately 200 , the oldest section of which is located to the immediate east and south of the church building . The earliest remaining gravestone dates from 1834 , but several unmarked interment sites in the surrounding cemetery may date from as early as 1759 . The church 's sign along U.S. Route 220 erroneously lists the date of the cemetery 's oldest interment sites as 1792 . - The cemetery 's are oriented both to the east and to the west . The majority are simple in design , inscribed with birth and death dates , and consist of a combination of rounded , arched stones , rectangular stones , and pyramidal @-@ shaped that appear to be cut from limestone . In the cemetery 's southern section are several small rectangular stones that probably serve as . Beginning around 1950 , the gravestones erected in the cemetery became more intricate with polished granite surfaces lying atop rough @-@ cut stone foundations . - Old Pine Church 's cemetery is surrounded by several mature trees , with a large oak tree the southwestern area of the cemetery . Outside of the National Register of Historic Places boundary to the northwest of Old Pine Church lies a second parcel of land acquired around 1950 for additional burials . The cemetery is enclosed by a chicken wire fence supported by wooden posts , with a large gate to the north of the church which allows machinery access into the cemetery . - - - = God of War video game collections = - - God of War is an action @-@ adventure video game series loosely based on Greek mythology . in 2005 , the series has become a flagship title for the PlayStation brand and the character Kratos is one of its most popular characters . The series consists of seven games across multiple platforms . Five of these have been re @-@ released through three separate compilations for the PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) platform : God of War Collection ( 2009 ) , God of War : Origins Collection ( 2011 ) , and God of War Saga ( 2012 ) . With the exception of God of War III in the God of War Saga , each collection features remastered ports of the games that were not originally released on the PS3 . God of War III was later remastered as God of War III and released on PlayStation 4 ( ) in July 2015 . God of War : and God of War : Ascension are the only installments that have not been remastered for a newer platform or included in a collection . - Each collection was praised for how the games were remastered , as well as their price . IGN claimed that the God of War Collection was the " definitive way to play the game [ s ] " . God of War Collection prompted Sony to make a new line of remastered games for the PlayStation 3 ( which has expanded to the PlayStation Vita and the PlayStation 4 ) . Although the Origins Collection was criticized for its lack of new bonus content , IGN said that " Sony succeeded at making good games better . " For the Saga , Digital Trends claimed it is " perhaps the best value buy for any console available . " - - = = God of War Collection = = - - God of War Collection is a remastered port of God of War and God of War II for the PlayStation 3 on a single Blu @-@ ray Disc that was released in North America on November 17 , 2009 . It is the first game under Sony 's line of " Classics HD . " The collection was included in the God of War III Ultimate Trilogy Edition , released on March 18 , 2010 , in Australia and New Zealand , and on March 19 in Europe . It was released in Japan as a standalone on March 18 , where it was distributed by Capcom , and was later released as part of the God of War III Trilogy Edition , which included God of War III and God of War Collection , on March 25 . It was released as a standalone in Australia on April 29 and in Europe on April 30 . At the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , a PlayStation Vita version of God of War Collection was announced , and it was released on May 6 , 2014 , in North America , May 9 in Europe , May 14 in Australia , and May 15 in Japan . - God of War and God of War II were ported by Games and feature high @-@ definition anti @-@ graphics at 60 frames per second and . The bonus materials of the original two @-@ disc PlayStation 2 version of God of War II are included with the Blu @-@ ray version of the collection . The port was produced as a result of feedback from fans of the series and was viewed as a means of introducing new players to the series before God of War III was released . The God of War III game demo from E3 2009 was included with early copies of the collection . Games was responsible for the collection to the Vita . - Sony 's Santa Monica Studio — the games ' original developer — ran a in November 2009 for the release of God of War Collection . The grand prize was an autographed " Gold " disc , exclusive artwork created and signed by a God of War team member , a Limited Edition Kratos T @-@ shirt , and a limited edition 10 inches ( 25 cm ) figurine of Kratos . First place prize was a copy of God of War Collection signed by the development team . were announced in December 2009 . - On November 2 , 2010 , God of War Collection was released as a digital download on the PlayStation Store . PlayStation Plus subscribers can download a one @-@ hour trial of each game . For a limited time , Plus subscribers received a God of War III skin with the purchase of each game : " Phantom of Chaos " ( God of War ) and " Forgotten Warrior " ( God of War II ) respectively . The bonus materials for God of War II were not included with the digital download version . update version 1 @.@ 01 , released on September 5 , 2012 , allows the PlayStation 3 version of God of War Collection to be played on the PlayStation Vita via the Play function . - - = = = Reception = = = - - God of War Collection received critical acclaim from critics . review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 90 @.@ 78 % based on 43 reviews and 91 / 100 based on 50 reviews and the PlayStation Vita version 75 @.@ 00 % based on 15 reviews and 73 / 100 based on 28 reviews . - The PlayStation 3 version received critical acclaim . IGN gave the game an " Editor 's Choice " Award , praised the enhanced resolutions , lower price point , and frame rates , and stated it was the " definitive way to play the game " . noted the tremendous increase in visuals but said the in @-@ engine cut @-@ scenes appeared . GamePro stated the collection is " two fantastic games on one disc for a low price ; puts you in the right mindset for God of War 3 . " PlayStation ( 5 / 5 ) said " Those ... familiar with Kratos will enjoy the extra the Collection brings to two of the best games from the PS2 era . " Due to the success of God of War Collection , Sony announced that further titles would receive similar treatment for release under its new " Classics HD " brand . By June 2012 , God of War Collection had sold more than 2 @.@ 4 million copies worldwide , making it the eighteenth best @-@ selling PlayStation 3 game of all time . - - = = God of War : Origins Collection = = - - God of War : Origins Collection ( God of War Collection – Volume II in Europe and Australia ) is a remastered port of the two PlayStation Portable installments in the series — Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta — for the PlayStation 3 on a single Blu @-@ ray Disc . It was announced at the Sony press conference at E3 2011 and was ported by Ready at Dawn , the developer of the PlayStation Portable games . The collection was released on September 13 , 2011 , in North America , September 16 in Europe , September 29 in Australia , and October 6 in Japan . God of War : Origins Collection was also released in North America as a digital download on the PlayStation Store on September 13 . - God of War : Origins Collection features native high @-@ definition video , anti @-@ graphics at 60 frames per second , 3 features , , and is the only God of War release to feature 3D . The God of War – Game Directors Live documentary , Kratos bonus skin , and Forest of the Forgotten combat arena ( originally pre @-@ order bonuses for Ghost of Sparta ) are also included with the Origins Collection . - - = = = Reception = = = - - God of War : Origins Collection received positive reviews from critics . It received a score of 86 @.@ 62 % based on 41 reviews on GameRankings and 84 / 100 based on 58 reviews on Metacritic . - IGN stated , " Sony succeeded at making good games better " and that it " acts as a time lapse experiment for players to get a really good look at how a developer evolves from one game to another . " GamePro noted the lack of new bonus content , and said , " 3D doesn 't necessarily radically redefine the experience . It does , however , make things like boss fights and magical effects much more " , but added that , " all of the in @-@ game are not in 3D , which is ... unfortunate considering how cutscenes are such an integral part of the storytelling in any God of War game " . By June 2012 , God of War : Origins Collection had sold 711 @,@ 737 copies worldwide . - - = = God of War Saga = = - - God of War Saga is a collection of five of the God of War games for the PlayStation 3 released as part of Sony 's PlayStation Collections line on August 28 , 2012 , in North America . The collection includes God of War , God of War II , God of War III , Chains of Olympus , and Ghost of Sparta . It features two Blu @-@ ray — God of War I and II on the first and III on the second — and a to download Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta . The games retain the same features as their first PS3 releases . The collection also includes exclusive bonus content and a for a one @-@ month trial of PlayStation Plus . The games , with the exception of God of War III , are also available to download from the PlayStation Store . From September 27 until October 5 , 2012 , to celebrate the release of God of War Saga , ran a weekly countdown of the top five God of War epic moments as voted by the God of War Facebook community . " The Death of " from the original God of War was voted as the " # 1 most epic God of War moment of All Time . " - In Latin America , an exclusive version of God of War Saga , titled God of War : Collection , was released in November 2012 . The Collection features three Blu @-@ ray discs , as opposed to two , with Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta included on the third disc . It also includes a game case with exclusive artwork and a limited edition bronze statue of Kratos , created by an Argentine artist . - - = = = Reception = = = - - Ryan Fleming of Digital Trends wrote that the collection " is perhaps the best value buy for any console available " , and that for fans of the series , " this collection is not for you " as all games ( with the exception of God of War III ) are available for download , and it will " likely be redundant . " However , new or inexperienced players should buy it . Fleming added that it was odd that the PSP games were included as downloads , and would like to have seen content migrate over to the PlayStation Vita . Jeffrey L. Wilson of PC Magazine gave the collection a 4 out of 5 and called it " an excellent purchase for anyone looking for cinematic , blood @-@ drenched action – especially newcomers who get five titles for the price of one " , but added that long time fans may not find much value in the collection . - - - = Territorial era of Minnesota = - - The territorial era of Minnesota covers the history of the land that is now the modern US state of Minnesota from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , to its achieving statehood in 1858 . The Minnesota Territory itself was formed only in 1849 but the area had a rich history well before this . Though there was a long history of European presence in the area before 19th century , it was during the 19th century that the United States began to establish a firm presence in what would become Minnesota . - Many of the of Minnesota culture that are perceived as the area 's early history in fact originated after this period . Notably , the heavy Scandinavian immigration for which the state is known , and the pioneering days chronicled by author Laura Wilder occurred after statehood in the later 19th century . Unlike these later years , the first half of the 19th century was characterized by sparsely populated communities , harsh living conditions , and to some degree , lawlessness . - This era was a period of economic transition . The dominant enterprise in the area since the 17th century had been the fur trade . The Dakota Sioux , and later the Ojibwe , tribes hunted and gathered pelts trading with French , British , and later American traders at Grand Portage , Mendota , and other sites . This trade gradually declined during the early 19th century as demand for furs in Europe diminished . The lumber industry grew rapidly , replacing furs as the key economic resource . Grain production began to develop late during this time as an emerging economic basis as well . Saw mills , and later grain mills , around Fort Snelling and Saint Anthony Falls in east @-@ central Minnesota became magnets for development . By the end of the era east @-@ central Minnesota had replaced northern Minnesota as the economic center of the area . - This era was also as a period of cultural transition . At the time the U.S. took possession of the region , Native Americans were by far the largest ethnic groups . Their role in the fur trade gave them a steady stream of income and significant political influence even as the French , British , and Americans asserted territorial claims on the area . French and British traders had mixed with native society in the area for many decades peacefully contributing to the society and creating new ethnic groups consisting of mixed @-@ race peoples . As the Americans established outposts in the area and the fur trade declined , the dynamics changed dramatically . The economic influence of the Native Americans diminished and American territorial ideology increasingly sought to limit their influence . Large waves of immigration in the 1850s very suddenly changed the demographics so that within a few years the population shifted from predominantly native to predominantly people of European descent . The native and mixed @-@ race populations continued to influence the territory 's culture and politics , even at the end of the territorial era , though by the time statehood was achieved that influence was in steep decline . Heavy immigration from New England and New York led to Minnesota 's being labeled the " New England of the West " . - - = = Background = = - - During the 17th century a Native American tribe known as the Ojibwe , or , reached Minnesota as part of a westward migration . Having come from a region around Maine , they were experienced at dealing with European traders . Tensions rose between the Ojibwe and the , or Eastern Dakota , Sioux , who were dominant in the area , during the ensuing years . - French exploration in Minnesota is known have begun in the 17th century with explorers like , , and Le . After France signed a treaty with a number of tribes to allow trade in the area , French settlements began to appear . Daniel , Sieur du explored the western area of Lake Superior helping to advance trade and leading to the establishment of Fond du Lac ( part of modern Duluth , which was named after du ) . Roman Catholic priest Louis , captured by the Sioux in while exploring North America with famed explorer La Salle , discovered and named Saint Anthony Falls . The next account of an expedition into Minnesota 's interior was that of Captain Jonathan Carver of Connecticut who reached Saint Anthony Falls in 1766 . In the later 18th century trader Peter Pond explored the Minnesota River valley noting significant European settlement in the region in addition to the natives . - searching for the fabled Northwest Passage and large inland seas in North America continued to pass through this region . Fort was built by the French in 1721 on Lake to facilitate exploration . In the 17th century a lucrative trade developed between Native Americans who trapped animals near the Great Lakes and traders who shipped the animal furs to Europe . For two centuries this trade network was the prime economic driver in the area . A notable result of this trade network was the Métis people , a mixed @-@ race community descended from Native Americans and French traders , as well as other mixed @-@ race peoples . In particular during the latter 18th century numerous French and English traders in the Minnesota region purchased Sioux wives in order to establish kinship relationships with the Sioux so as to secure their supply of furs from the tribes . - The British Hudson 's Bay Company was formed in to capitalize on the Native American fur trade near Hudson Bay . The company came to dominate the North American trade in the 18th century . The North West Company of Montreal was formed in 1779 to compete with Hudson 's Bay Company establishing their western headquarters and key exchange point at Grand Portage in what is now Minnesota . Grand Portage , with its two wharves and numerous warehouses , became one of Britain 's four main fur trading posts , along with Niagara , Detroit , and . British ships crossed Lake Superior regularly transporting supplies to the region and bringing back valuable furs . Even after Grand Portage became property of the U.S. in 1783 the British operations , such as North West Company and the Company , continued to operate in the area for some time . - Though the various parts of what is now Minnesota were claimed at different times by Spain , France , and Britain , none of these nations made significant efforts to establish major settlements in the area . Instead the French and the British established mostly trading posts and utilized the natives in the area as suppliers . - All of the land east of the Mississippi River was granted to the United States by the Second Treaty of Paris at the end of the American Revolution in 1783 . This included what would become modern day Saint Paul but only part of Minneapolis , including the northeast , north @-@ central and east @-@ central portions of the state . The wording of the treaty in the Minnesota area depended on landmarks reported by fur traders , who erroneously reported an " Isle " in Lake Superior , a " Long Lake " west of the island , and the belief that the Mississippi River ran well into modern Canada . Much of this region was claimed by other states who subsequently ceded these to the federal government . - Most of the remaining areas of what is now the state were purchased in 1803 from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase ( the area west of the Mississippi having been recently acquired by France from Spain ) . Parts of northern Minnesota were considered to be in Rupert 's Land , a large territory owned by Hudson 's Bay Company . The exact definition of the boundary between Minnesota and British North America was not addressed until the Anglo @-@ American Convention of 1818 . - Until 1818 the entire Red River Valley in what is today southeastern Manitoba and northwestern Minnesota was considered British and was subject to several colonization schemes by the Hudson 's Bay Company , particularly the Red River Colony ( also known as the Settlement ) established in 1811 . The valley had , in fact , been occupied by Métis since the middle 17th century . The Red River Colony , established to supply the British fur trade , was fraught with problems from the beginning but became important in the Minnesota area 's early fur trade as well as supplying many early settlers to the region . - - = = Pioneers and exploration = = - - At the beginning of the 19th century many parts of the Minnesota area were already well traveled by British and French explorers . Though the region 's population was mostly Native American , there were important British trading posts in the area with many European and mixed @-@ race settlers , particularly in the north . Grand Portage , in particular , had long been established as the major trading center for the North West Company . - David Thompson , a British fur trader for the North West Company of Montreal , completed numerous surveys and maps of the North American frontier . In 1797 he completed the first known map of the Minnesota area , in what was then the Northwest Territory . The Jay Treaty , however , obliged most of the British settlers to withdraw their settlements in 1796 , though mixed @-@ race peoples remained . - In 1805 U.S. Lieutenant Pike was sent by General Wilkinson , governor of the Louisiana Territory , to enforce U.S. sovereignty against British traders in the area and establish diplomatic and trading relationships with the native tribes . He met with the Sioux leadership in central Minnesota to secure rights for the U.S. to an area near Saint Anthony Falls , which would later become the city of Saint Paul . Though a treaty was signed by some leaders from the Sioux tribes , its legitimacy ( including whether the Sioux understood it ) was dubious and ultimately his efforts did little to establish the authority of the U.S. in the area . - In 1817 Major Stephen H. Long of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led a expedition from Prairie du Chien to reach Saint Anthony Falls . He documented much of the terrain today occupied by Minneapolis and Saint Paul as well as the Native American villages that existed there at the time . - In 1818 the 49th parallel was established as the boundary between the United States and British North America . However , the point where the Red River crossed this line was not marked until 1823 , when Stephen Long conducted a survey expedition . The expedition determined , among other things , that the fur trading post of Pembina lay just inside the U.S. border . - Several efforts were made to determine the source of the Mississippi River . In 1823 Italian explorer Giacomo who had split from the Long expedition in Pembina , found Lake Julia which he believed was the source of the Mississippi River . The actual source was found in 1832 , when Henry Schoolcraft was guided by a group of Ojibwe headed by ( " Yellow Head " ) to a lake in northern Minnesota . Schoolcraft named it Lake , combining the Latin words ( " truth " ) and ( " head " ) . - In 1835 George William conducted a geological survey of the Minnesota River valley and wrote an account entitled A Voyage up the . Joseph scouted the area in the late 1830s accompanied by John C. , exploring and mapping the Upper Mississippi River basin , the Saint Croix River , and the land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers . - - = = = = - - An important of the British and American frontier was a system of forts built by the military . The forts provided safe shelter for soldiers and explorers on the frontier and a base of operations for expeditions , both military and commercial . The first forts in the area had been French , particularly Fort , built during the 18th century and later abandoned because of the French and Indian War with the British . British Fort Charlotte at Grand Portage became essential to the fur trade protecting and supplying British traders as well as the area natives . This British fort operated in the area ( illegally ) until 1803 , even after the area 's becoming recognized as part of the United States . Other French and British fortifications , such as Fort St. Charles , had existed in the region but had been abandoned much earlier . - In 1814 the U.S. government built Fort Shelby , later rebuilt as Fort Crawford , near modern Minnesota in what is now Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin . Fort Crawford would play a significant role in U.S. involvement in Minnesota , particularly as the site of the Treaty of Prairie du Chien . The first major U.S. military presence inside the boundaries of modern Minnesota was Fort Saint Anthony , later renamed Fort Snelling ( after the fort 's commander Josiah Snelling ) . The land for the fort , at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers , had been acquired in 1805 by legendary explorer Pike . When concerns mounted about the fur trade in the area , construction of the fort began in 1819 and was completed in 1825 . One of the missions of the fort was to mediate disputes between the Ojibwe and the Dakota tribes . Lawrence Taliaferro , an agent of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs who became an important figure in these , spent 20 years at the fort , finally resigning in 1839 . - Fort Ripley was built in 1848 – 1849 in central Minnesota near modern Little Falls . It was built to provide a military presence on the frontier near the new Winnebago reservation created as the tribe was moved from Iowa . In addition it helped to serve as a between the Dakota Sioux and the Ojibwe . - Fort was built in 1853 – 1854 near the Dakota reservation in southwestern Minnesota , near modern New Ulm . It was named by U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis in honor of three army officers named who had died in the Mexican @-@ American War . The fort was created to watch over the Minnesota River Valley , in addition to the larger frontier . It replaced Fort in Iowa , which was decommissioned during the same period . The fort operated as a military post until 1867 . - Fort was built in 1858 on the Red River at what is now the border between Minnesota and North Dakota near modern . The fort had to be moved soon afterward because of flooding problems . It was created to spur settlement of the Red River Valley , protect steamboat traffic on the river , and protect wagon trains travelling to Montana . - In addition to these military bases , private companies operated numerous trading posts in the region that were often referred to as " forts " , though they typically had little in the way of defensive fortifications . - - = = Native Americans = = - - The two main Native American tribal groups which dominated Minnesota at the time the lands were acquired by the United States were the more established Dakota Sioux , and the Ojibwe who had migrated into the area more recently . The two groups fought bitter territorial wars during the 18th century . In the mid @-@ 18th century the Battle of , in which the Ojibwe defeated the Sioux , permanently established northeastern Minnesota , particularly Lake , as Ojibwe territory the Sioux to southern and western Minnesota . Skirmishes between the groups continued in the 19th century including a battle near Lac in 1818 , a battle near Stillwater in 1839 ( the site became known as " Battle Hollow " ) , and another on the Yellow Medicine River in 1854 . - During the War of 1812 most of the Dakota and Ojibwe sided with the British though at various times some aided the Americans or took the opportunity to attack enemy tribes ( a notable American loyalist was the Dakota chief , or " Rising Moose , " an admirer of Pike , who joined the U.S. army at Saint Louis ) . Though Grand Portage was the only part of Minnesota that saw significant conflict during the war , natives throughout the region were recruited to fight further east in areas such as Green Bay . In particular the half @-@ Dakota British captain Joseph heavily recruited among the branch of the Dakota Sioux including chiefs Little Crow and . - From 1815 to 1821 employees of the Hudson 's Bay Company and the North West Company engaged in various territorial conflicts known as the " fur trade wars , " including the famous Battle of Seven Oaks at what is now Winnipeg , Manitoba . As a result of these conflicts numerous Métis migrated from the Red River area to central and eastern Minnesota , particularly in the vicinity of Saint Paul . This " Red River Exodus " became a major source of francophone immigration into Minnesota during the territorial era . The Métis and other mixed @-@ race groups were often regarded as French Canadian " whites " rather than " Indians " . - By the 1820s , animal resources were in decline in the area leading to increased competition among the tribes for game and for furs to sell . among the fur trading companies led to a dramatic drop in fur prices during the late 1820s causing impoverishment for many Sioux hunters . The U.S. government strongly encouraged the tribes to turn from hunting to farming , trading the woodlands for the plains . - Increasing territorial conflict between the Sioux and the Ojibwe on the western frontier , particularly along the Mississippi river , led the U.S. government to attempt to mediate the conflicts . President Andrew Jackson 's policy toward the tribes ultimately was to either them sufficiently to allow westward expansion of American settlers , or else remove the tribes from the areas in which they prevented settlement . The First Treaty of Prairie du Chien ( 1825 ) , among its provisions established southern Minnesota as well as much of modern North and South Dakota as the homeland of the Dakota Sioux . The Ojibwe were given northern Minnesota and much of Wisconsin . The U.S. government , though , failed to enforce the treaty agreements leading to Little Crow 's to Indian agent Taliaferro in 1829 : " We made peace to please you , but if we are badly off we must blame you for causing us to give up so much of our lands to our enemies . " - Following an 1846 treaty , the Winnebago tribes of Iowa were relocated to the Long Prairie reservation in central Minnesota in the late 1840s establishing an important presence in the territory . Because of the poor land in the new reservation the tribe subsequently negotiated a treaty in 1856 allowing them to relocate further south to Blue Earth but substantial land in the process . - All of the native tribes experienced gradual disillusionment with the U.S. government because of its inability or unwillingness to honor its treaty commitments . The major leaders among the tribes were and Little Crow among the Dakota Sioux , Mouth and Hole @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Day among the Ojibwe , and among the Winnebago . The success of treaty negotiations between the U.S. and the tribes was in great part facilitated by the mixed race families such as the and the . - The Treaty of des Sioux in 1851 gave all of the and Sioux ( upper Sioux ) lands west of the Mississippi River to the U.S. government . The Treaty of Mendota that same year ceded the and Sioux ( lower Sioux ) lands in southern Minnesota , requiring relocation to an area near modern Morton . Both treaties , however , were amended to during the ratification process to eliminate the explicit guarantees of lands retained by the tribes . Additionally much of the promised payments were never delivered in part ostensibly because of debts owed by the Sioux to the fur traders . - Despite American hunger for land , the leadership in the Minnesota Territory did not actually want to remove the Sioux from the territory . Federal subsidies to the tribes were heavily by the U.S. settlements and removal of the tribes from the territory would have meant loss of this income . - Increasing impoverishment among the Sioux and continued treaty violations on the part of the United States would soon lead to . In 1857 a renegade band of Sioux led by war chief attacked the community of Spirit Lake , Iowa near the Minnesota border killing between 35 and 40 " white " settlers ( the event would be referred to as the Spirit Lake Massacre ) . They went on to attack Springfield , Minnesota ( modern Jackson ) killing seven before being turned back . In 1862 , bands of Sioux launched the Dakota War in which they were defeated . Apart from those killed in the war , 38 Dakota Sioux were killed in a mass execution in , the largest mass execution in the U.S. history . Hundreds more Sioux and European @-@ Americans were killed in the U.S. government 's subsequent eradication of the Sioux nation in Minnesota and the new Dakota Territory . - - = = Commercial enterprises = = - - The most important commercial enterprise in the early part of the territorial era was the lucrative fur trade . At the beginning of the 19th century two British companies competed for dominance in the North American trade : Hudson 's Bay Company and the North West Company . The North West company had used Grand Portage as its western headquarters along with other smaller companies that operated in the area . Grand Portage was one of the four principal British trading and shipping points furs in North America . Following the Treaty of Paris , in 1783 , British operations at Grand Portage were technically illegal though the trade continued . However , beginning in 1801 the North West Company began re @-@ establishing its headquarters north of the border at the newly constructed Fort William in what is now Ontario . After 1804 Grand Portage had been reduced to a minor trading center and most traders eventually abandoned the area . In 1842 , the Hudson Bay Company , which had by then absorbed the North West Company , shipped out a final band of Ojibwe who were employed by the company . - Before 1816 the majority of the fur trading posts in the Minnesota area were owned by the North West Company , but by 1821 the American Fur Company , founded in 1808 by John Jacob Astor in New York , had taken over most of these . As well as Grand Portage , another significant fur shipping point in Minnesota was Fort Frances in the Lake region , near modern International Falls in the far north of the state . This location became significant as it was key to multiple waterways for shipping furs to the Atlantic . Both the North West Company and the American Fur Company had posts at this location . Pembina , originally part of the Red River Colony , was a significant trading post for the Hudson 's Bay Company , and once it was claimed by the U.S. , became for a time key to U.S. interests in the fur trade . By 1830 American Fur dominated the trade within the United States because of the exclusion of British companies by the U.S. government . - Beginning in the 1820s , a fur trading route developed between the Red River Colony ( in modern Manitoba ) and the trading posts in Minnesota , first primarily at Mendota and later at Saint Paul . The system of cart trails came to be known as the Red River Trails and was used principally by the Métis as a way to avoid the fur trade monopoly of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( which had absorbed the North West Company ) . Though this cross @-@ border trade was entirely illegal and violated the policies of the Hudson 's Bay Company , enforcement against the trade by American and British authorities was virtually non @-@ . The trail system would reach its peak usage in the mid @-@ 19th century . The Hudson 's Bay Company continued to expand its presence north of the U.S. border establishing new posts such as Fort Alexander and Rat Portage . - The fur trade was in decline by the late 1830s . The American Fur Company went bankrupt in 1842 , though the Missouri Fur Company and other operations kept the trade from collapsing entirely . As this trade declined the lumber industry began to grow substantially in areas such as the Saint Croix Valley where valuable white pine was plentiful . New saw mills appeared in Marine and Stillwater . Lumber was typically cut during winter and sent downstream in the spring . In 1848 , businessman Franklin Steele built the first private sawmill on the Saint Anthony Falls ( which would later become the town of Saint Anthony ) opening commercial lumbering on the Mississippi River . More sawmills quickly followed . Soon the Saint Croix and Mississippi Rivers in Minnesota had become major for lumber headed for Saint Louis and other destinations . - The first flour mill in Minnesota was built in 1823 at Fort Snelling as a of a lumber mill . The first private grain mill was built in Washington County by Samuel . Minneapolis gained its first grain mill in 1847 . During the 1850s grain production began to develop rapidly but Minnesota did not become a significant grain exporter until 1858 . - In 1823 the first steamboat , known as the Virginia , arrived at Fort Snelling carrying Indian agent Lawrence Taliaferro . By the 1830s a steady , if not yet large , stream of steamboat traffic plied the river including some ships listed as ferrying " pleasure parties " . The first railroad to reach the Mississippi ( in Illinois ) , the Rock Island Railroad , was completed in the 1854 . The event was celebrated with excursions from Rock Island up the Mississippi into Minnesota . Those excursions touched off such a wave of interest in Minnesota that 56 @,@ 000 tourists visited Saint Paul by steamboat in 1856 . - In 1849 James began publication of the Minnesota Pioneer newspaper in Saint Paul ( the paper would later be renamed the St. Paul Pioneer Press ) . By the time the area achieved statehood 89 newspapers had been established . Information about Minnesota published in these periodicals spread throughout the United States and Europe . Advertising campaigns were launched in the northeastern U.S. and Europe to lure European settlers . These efforts met with limited success though they would become much more successful after statehood . - Saint Anthony , with its scenic waterfalls , rapidly developed as a destination for tourists traveling the Mississippi on steamboats . The Winslow House , a luxury hotel overlooking the falls , was constructed in 1857 . By the late 1860s Saint Anthony had become a popular summer resort for wealthy . - One of the major sources of income in the territory during the 1850s was U.S. government annuity payments to the Ojibwe and other tribes required by earlier treaties . These payments amounted to more than $ 380 @,@ 000 per year on average ( $ 10 @.@ 8 million in present @-@ day terms ) compared to approximately $ 120 @,@ 000 per year ( $ 3 @.@ 41 million in present @-@ day terms ) given to the territory itself for development . Because of corruption , and mishandling of the payments to the tribes , a great deal of the money was used directly by U.S. settlers for commercial and community development with questionable benefit to the tribes . At the beginning of the Minnesota Territory , in fact , these payments were the territory 's most important source of income since the fur trade was no longer as lucrative as it had once been and other exports were still negligible . - - = = = = - - During most of this era Native Americans outnumbered European / U.S. settlers in what is now Minnesota . Significant Dakota Sioux settlements in the Minnesota area included , located in what is now Saint Paul before being moved by the 1837 treaty . Significant Ojibwe settlements included ( ) and ( Fond du Lac ) , as well as the community that had developed around the Grand Portage commerce . - When the Minnesota Territory was established in 1848 the Native American settlements in the territory still rivaled the American settlements in size . According to some scholars , the Mandan / Hidatsa village of Like @-@ a @-@ Fishhook in what is now North Dakota , with a population of 700 , was the largest settlement in the Minnesota Territory . The numerous other settlements in the territory gave a total Native American population of over 25 @,@ 000 in 1849 which easily outnumbered the " white " settlers . - At the outset of the 19th century most of the European settlements were related to the fur trade . The largest of these settlements were trading posts established by the North West Company , particularly those at Sandy Lake , Lake , and Fond du Lac . Historian Grace Lee has documented over 100 fur trading posts of varying sizes in the Minnesota area before statehood . Most of these posts were eventually taken over by the American Fur Company . When several hundred settlers abandoned the Red River Colony in the 1820s , they entered the United States by way of the Red River Valley , instead of moving to eastern Canada or returning to Europe , adding to the Minnesota region 's population . - Construction on Fort Snelling began in 1820 and was finished in 1825 . The Fort became a magnet for settlement in east @-@ central Minnesota . Nearby Mendota was established during the same period and , as the regional headquarters for the American Fur Company , also drew settlement in the area soon becoming Minnesota 's commercial center . Many of the first stone buildings in the territory were constructed in Mendota by employees of the American Fur Company , which bought animal pelts at that location from 1825 to 1853 . - The logging industry spurred further development of settlements . Before railroads , relied mostly on river transportation to bring logs to market , which made Minnesota 's timber resources attractive . Towns like Marine on Saint Croix , founded as Marine Mills , and Stillwater became significant lumber centers fed by the Saint Croix River , while was supplied lumber by areas in southern Minnesota and along the Minnesota River . - In the 1830s a group of squatters , mostly Métis from the ill @-@ Red River Colony , established a camp near the fort . Because of complaints from some residents at the fort , new restrictions were placed on the squatters forcing them to move down the Mississippi River , first to a site known as Fountain Cave , and then even further . Pierre " Pig 's Eye " , a popular among the group , established a saloon at the new site , and the squatters named their settlement " Pig 's Eye " after ( later changing the name to Lambert 's Landing , and finally Saint Paul after the local chapel ) . The location was a convenient site for a steamboat landing and by 1847 a steamboat line had established the town as a regular stop . This attractive advantage for commerce caused the settlement to develop significantly , soon eroding Mendota 's prominence . - The ( general store operator ) at Fort Snelling , Franklin Steele , who had established lumbering interests in the area , staked a claim to lands adjacent to Saint Anthony Falls following the land of the 1837 treaty . In 1848 he built a sawmill at the falls establishing the basis of the town of Saint Anthony which grew there . John H. Stevens , an employee of Franklin Steele , pointed out that land on the west side of the falls would make a good site for future mills . Since the land on the west side was still part of the military reservation , Stevens made a deal with Fort Snelling 's commander . Stevens would provide free ferry service across the river in exchange for a tract of 160 acres ( 0 @.@ 65 km2 ) at the head of the falls . Stevens received the claim and built a house , the first house in Minneapolis , in 1850 . Later in 1854 , Stevens the city of Minneapolis on the west bank . In 1855 the first bridge across the main channel of the Mississippi ( anywhere in the nation ) was built between Minneapolis and Saint Anthony . - By 1851 , treaties between Native American tribes and the U.S. government had opened much of Minnesota to U.S. settlement . Fort Snelling was no longer a frontier outpost . Efforts to establish Minnesota as a prominent future state in the Union were swift . In 1851 territorial legislature petitioned the U.S. Congress for land to build a railroad between Milwaukee , Wisconsin and Saint Paul . That same year the legislature incorporated the University of Minnesota and established its endowment ( though the University would not admit students until many years later ) . - In 1848 when the Minnesota Territory was formed there were four major " white " settlements : Saint Paul , Saint Anthony ( part of modern Minneapolis ) , Stillwater , and Pembina ( now part of North Dakota ) . New settlements began to appear more rapidly . was established in 1852 by entrepreneurs Jackson , Johnson , and Williams . Saint Peter was established in 1853 by Captain William Dodd . New Ulm was established in 1854 by German immigrants . Rochester was established by George Head in 1854 . Not all of the new settlements were established by immigrants from the eastern U.S. and Europe , though . The town of , for example , was established in 1852 by Alexander , a Minnesota native of mixed French @-@ Canadian / Dakota ancestry . - The influx of settlers in the 1850s transformed Minnesota from a sparsely populated territory of less than 10 @,@ 000 " white " settlers and a significantly larger native population , to a substantial population center of over 150 @,@ 000 predominantly European settlers . The city of Saint Paul expanded from less than 400 people in 1848 to over 2500 in 1852 and over 10 @,@ 000 in 1860 . - As a result of heavy immigration from New England and New York — regions where most major towns had originated as trading centers rather than political or manufacturing centers — many new settlements in Minnesota were laid out so as to heavily favor the business districts rather than the city halls or . This plan and the philosophy behind it spurred the growth of economic links between the communities and with other parts of the U.S. - In 1856 the Minnesota Territory established its first Commissioner of Emigration , Eugene . Through advertisements and speeches to new immigrants to the U.S. in New York , expanded the immigration trend which later created a large German community after statehood . - - = = Society = = - - Until the 1850s the Native American population vastly outnumbered the population of European ancestry in the area . Nevertheless , the division between " Indian " and " white " during this era was always somewhat vague . In general persons of mixed descent were considered " white " if they dressed in European clothing and adopted European customs . " Indians " were those who lived in traditional native lifestyles . Even as the U.S. began to establish its authority over the region and some settlers from the U.S. began to arrive the Native American population continued to hold significant political and social influence as a result of the fur trade . As experienced hunters they were important to one of North America 's major business enterprises . The decline of this trade during the later part of the era marked the decline of Native American influence . - Following the 1837 treaty the Saint Croix Triangle , between the Saint Croix and Mississippi Rivers , had been opened to U.S. settlement . Still until the later establishment of the Minnesota Territory this triangle remained an island of " white " culture and settlement . The vast majority of the Minnesota area , though , was " Indian country " . Contemporary accounts of larger towns such as Mendota , Saint Anthony , and Saint Paul in the 1840s indicate that the majority of the population was predominantly of French and Métis ancestry . Even in these communities European culture , was not strictly dominant . Commenting on Minnesota 's culture of the 1840s , Governor Alexander Ramsey described the streets of Saint Paul saying that it was common to see " the blankets and painted faces of Indians , and the red and of French and half @-@ breeds , greatly over the less picturesque costume of the Anglo @-@ American race . " - It is in fact likely that a very large percentage of the " white " population reported in the 1850 census was of partially Native American ancestry . Many men of mixed racial ancestry became respected members of " white " society . William W. Warren , for example , was the son of an American entrepreneur ( who hailed from New York before he began working in John Jacob Astor 's American Fur Company ) and a mixed @-@ blood Ojibwe mother ( whose father had been in the old French and British fur trade ) was educated in the East and in the early 1850s lived on the Upper Mississippi , in part working as an independent translator and Indian Agency contractor . Warren was a good writer — his newspaper articles were eventually published as the only 19th century compendium of Ojibwe history and was elected to the territorial legislature before his death from consumption . - With the establishment of the Minnesota Territory in 1848 and the treaty of 1851 waves of immigrants from the U.S. and Europe came to the territory rapidly changing the demographics . Even as these changes occurred in many areas the of the racial divisions between " Indians " and " whites " persisted . As late as 1857 it was common practice in some jurisdictions for men to be allowed to vote based on whether or not they were wearing European clothing . According to some observers natives at a given polling location would share a single pair of trousers each wearing them only long enough to cast a ballot . - and trading communities in the territory , such as International Falls , were often known as centers of lawlessness and vice . were commonly the social centers of the towns with and " bath houses " adding to the character of the society . These gathering places attracted trappers , traders , smugglers , and numerous others traveling through the countryside . - The late 1840s and 1850s witnessed large @-@ scale immigration from the Eastern U.S. and Europe . By 1860 approximately 80 % percent of Minnesota 's population came from New York and New England . The state was in fact for a time known as the " New England of the West " . Maine , in particular , contributed a large number of immigrants , probably because of the large number of in Maine and the growing lumber industry in Minnesota . - By the 1850s racist ideology , which was becoming prevalent in much of the U.S. , began to affect Minnesota more significantly than it had in the past . The ruling class was composed of primarily Anglo @-@ American Protestants . Settlers from the U.S. increasingly discussed " white " inhabitants as the key to Minnesota 's future with an eye toward the role that other " inferior " races would have in the future . Author James Wesley Bond in 1853 described Minnesota before the 1850s as " a waste of woodland and prairie , uninhabited save by the different hordes of savage tribes from time immemorial . " in the territory , however , were complicated . As late as 1840 in Saint Paul were commonly treated as equals to others in the community with children of all races attending the same schools . By the late 1840s , however , all blacks had been completely disenfranchised . In addition they were prevented from running for office and their children were segregated in schools . By contrast Irish Catholics and Native Americans who adopted European lifestyles were allowed to vote and their children were not segregated in the classrooms . whereas Anglo @-@ Americans generally accepted business development by African Americans , they largely opposed business development by Irish immigrants . - Minnesota was a multi @-@ lingual area throughout the era . During the earlier parts of the era French and English were widely used but Ojibwe , Sioux , and ( the language of the Métis ) were more widespread . By the late 1850s English had grown to be the most spoken language . New immigrants , though , brought additional languages to the territory . Newspapers were published in German ( Die Minnesota Deutsche Zeitung ) , Swedish ( Minnesota ) , and Norwegian ( ) . Irish Gaelic , Czech and other languages were used in various communities as well . - Most of the population of the region in earlier decades followed traditional tribal religious practices . However , Roman Catholicism had been known in the area long before its acquisition by the U.S. because of the many French traders who lived and there . Catholic missionary activity among the Métis expanded greatly in the early 19th century with the Catholic Church becoming particularly established in Saint Paul . was rather a much newer phenomenon though some Protestant missionaries had entered the region in the early 19th century as well . The first Protestant church appeared in 1848 ( Market Street Church , Saint Paul ) . The waves of immigration in the 1850s , however , would rapidly make the largest religious group . - - = = African Americans and slavery = = - - The Northwest of 1787 in theory outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory including the Minnesota area . The ordinance specifically stated - There shall be neither slavery nor servitude in the said territory , otherwise than in the punishment of crime , the party shall have been duly convicted . - The ordinance was nevertheless seen as ambiguous in that it did not specifically address the slaves already in the territories , and it discussed the " free " population of the territories seemingly implying that a slave population would exist . French traders in the territories , and later even American army officers ( including Josiah Snelling who commanded his namesake fort ) , continued to hold slaves with the blessings of many in Congress . - The number of African Americans in the territory during this period was quite small but not insignificant . continued to bring slaves with them , but there were many free blacks as well , some working as servants and some as completely independent pioneers . Information about the black immigrants during the earlier periods is sparse , but records do show that most of those at Fort Snelling were slaves . Records from 1850 indicate a population of 39 free blacks out of a total population of 6 @,@ 077 citizens in the territory ( which excluded Native American tribes ) . Before the 1840s these free persons could often expect to be treated equal to other racial groups . By the time Minnesota had achieved statehood , however , blacks had been disenfranchised and schools were segregated . Despite this , from the start of the Minnesota Territory in 1848 the leadership was predominantly thus ending the practice in this era . - One of the most famous of the early African Americans in the territory was George Bonga . He was born in Minnesota in 1802 , his father Pierre Bonga the son of a freed slave and his mother a member of the Ojibwe tribe . Bonga was in Montreal and eventually became a fur trader in the Northwest territories . He went on to serve as an interpreter in negotiations with the Ojibwe ( particularly as a representative of Michigan Governor Lewis Cass ) . His brother Stephen served as the Ojibwe interpreter at Fort Snelling for the 1837 treaty . - In the 1850s , Fort Snelling played a key role in the infamous Scott court case . Scott and his wife were taken to the fort by their master , John Emerson . They lived at the fort and elsewhere in territories where slavery was prohibited . After Emerson 's death , the Scotts argued that since they had lived in free territory , they were no longer slaves . Ultimately in 1857 the U.S. Supreme Court sided against the Scotts . This decision helped to fuel over slavery leading to the Bleeding Kansas conflicts , the Panic of 1857 , and eventually the American Civil War . - - = = Government and politics = = - - In the earlier part of the 19th century the area which is today Minnesota was not recognized as a single entity . The Mississippi River had divided the eastern British / French lands of North America from the western Spanish lands and even after the Louisiana Purchase this was for a time seen as a separation between territories . The division between the U.S. territories in the region and the British territories remained ambiguous until the Anglo @-@ American Convention of 1818 , which set the border with British North America at the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods ( except for a small of land now dubbed the Northwest Angle ) . Border disputes east of the Lake of the Woods continued until the Webster @-@ Treaty of 1842 . - Throughout the first half of the 19th century , the northeastern portion of the state was a part of the Northwest Territory , formed in 1787 . After Ohio 's statehood the area became part of the new Illinois Territory in 1809 . After Illinois ' statehood the area was incorporated into the Michigan Territory in 1818 and later became part of the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 . The western and southern areas of the state were not formally organized until 1838 , when they became part of the Iowa Territory . - Following the admission of Wisconsin as a state in 1848 , the Minnesota area was temporarily without a government , though John , the former secretary of the Wisconsin Territory , claimed governorship of what remained of the territory as a short @-@ term measure . By this time Minnesota 's residents were largely Democrats and , as the U.S. Congress was at that time controlled by Democrats , they hoped Congress might be sympathetic to their concerns . In that same year a meeting was held in Stillwater , nominally led by and later known as the " Stillwater Convention " , to discuss establishing a new territory . The participants elected Henry Sibley as a representative to Congress . - Stephen A. Douglas ( D ) , the chair of the United States Senate Committee on Territories , drafted the bill authorizing the Minnesota Territory in 1848 . He had envisioned a future for the upper Mississippi valley , so he was motivated to keep the area from being carved up by neighboring territories . In 1846 , he had prevented Iowa from including Fort Snelling and Saint Anthony Falls within its northern border . In 1847 , he kept the organizers of Wisconsin from including Saint Paul and Saint Anthony Falls . The Minnesota Territory was established from the lands remaining from Iowa Territory and Wisconsin Territory on March 3 , 1849 . The Minnesota Territory extended far into what is now North Dakota and South Dakota , to the Missouri River . There was a dispute over the shape of the state to be carved out of Minnesota Territory . An alternate proposal that was only narrowly defeated would have made the 46th parallel the state 's northern border and the Missouri River its western border , thus giving up the whole northern half of the state in exchange for the eastern half of what later became South Dakota . - Alexander Ramsey ( W ) became the first governor of Minnesota Territory and Henry Hastings Sibley ( D ) became the territorial delegate to the United States Congress . Henry M. Rice ( D ) , who replaced Sibley as the territorial delegate in 1853 , worked in Congress to promote Minnesota interests . He lobbied for the construction of a railroad connecting Saint Paul and Lake Superior , with a link from Saint Paul to the Illinois Central Railroad . - - = = Organization and statehood = = - - Before 1856 there was minimal discussion of statehood within Minnesota . However , as discussion of a potential railroad in the U.S. became serious , leaders in Minnesota recognized that a territory was in a weak position to lobby for this economic opportunity . - In December 1856 , Rice brought forward two bills in Congress : an enabling act that would allow Minnesota to form a state constitution , and a railroad land grant bill . The enabling act defined a state containing both prairie and forest lands with the boundaries drawn as they are today . The bid for statehood came at a time when North @-@ South tensions in the U.S. were rising , tensions that would later lead to the American Civil War . Debate over admitting Minnesota as a free state was heated , but the enabling act was finally passed on February 26 , 1857 . - A constitutional convention was assembled in the territory in July 1857 . Divisions between Republicans and Democrats led to the drafting of two separate . The larger cities of Saint Paul , Saint Anthony , and Stillwater were the domain of the Democrats whereas agrarian southern Minnesota was the domain of the Republicans . A single constitution was finally worked out between the two factions though the more powerful Democrats ultimately prevailed on most issues . The resentment between the two parties remained so that two separate copies of the constitution had to be used so that members of each party did not have to sign a copy signed by members of the other party . The copies were signed on August 29 , 1857 and an election was called on October 13 , 1857 to approve the document . 30 @,@ voters approved the constitution , while 571 rejected it . - The state constitution was sent to the United States Congress for ratification in December 1857 . The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act . Once questions surrounding Kansas were settled the bill for Minnesota 's was passed . The eastern half of the Minnesota Territory , under the boundaries defined by Henry Rice , became the country 's 32nd state on May 11 , 1858 . The western part remained unorganized until its incorporation into the Dakota Territory on March 2 , 1861 . - - = = In popular culture = = - - In 1855 Henry Wadsworth , who had never explored Minnesota himself , published The Song of containing many references to regions in Minnesota . The story was based on Ojibwe legends carried back east by other explorers and traders ( particularly those collected by Henry Schoolcraft ) . - Joseph Rolette ( also known as " Jolly Joe " ) was a fur trader and territorial of partially Métis ( mixed French / Native American ) ancestry who became an iconic figure known in Minnesota history for his . His most famous was one in which , following the passage of a bill in 1857 which would have moved the territorial capital from Saint Paul to Saint Peter , Rolette with the bill preventing it from becoming law . This and other stories were passed down for generations making Rolette as much a legend as a historical figure . - The " State " moniker , by which the state today is widely known , was selected in the mid @-@ 19th century as a means to create an identity for the state . Though some believed that " Beaver State " should be selected instead as more dignified , a political cartoon featuring a soon solidified " State " as the more well @-@ known identity . - - - = Mitsuyo Maeda = - - Mitsuyo Maeda ( , Maeda Mitsuyo , born December 18 , 1878 in village , Hirosaki , , Japan – November 28 , 1941 ) , a Brazilian naturalized as Maeda ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ] ) , was a Japanese ( judo expert ) and in no holds barred competitions . He was also known as Count Combat or Conde Koma in Spanish and Portuguese , a nickname he picked up in Spain in 1908 . Along with Satake ( another naturalized Brazilian ) , he pioneered judo in Brazil , the United Kingdom , and other countries . - Maeda was fundamental to the development of Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu , including through his teaching of Carlos Gracie and others of the Gracie family . He was also a promoter of Japanese emigration to Brazil . Maeda won more than 2 @,@ 000 professional fights in his career . His accomplishments led to him being called the " toughest man who ever lived " and being referred to as the father of Brazilian Jiu @-@ jitsu . - - = = Biography = = - - Maeda was born in Village , Hirosaki City , Prefecture , Japan , on November 18 , 1878 . He attended high school ( currently — a Hirosaki school ) . As a child , he was known as . He practiced sumo as a teenager , but lacked the ideal build for the sport . Because of the interest generated by stories about the success of judo at contests between judo and jujutsu that were occurring at the time , he changed from sumo to judo . In 1894 , at seventeen years of age , his parents sent him to Tokyo to enroll in University . He took up Kodokan judo the following year . - - = = = years at the Kodokan = = = - - Arriving in the Kodokan , Maeda , who was 164 cm tall and weighed 64 kg , was confused with a delivery boy due to his country manners and demeanor . He was spotted by judo 's founder Kano , and assigned to Tomita ( 4th dan at the time ) , the smallest of the teachers of the Kodokan 's @-@ no , to illustrate that in judo size is not important . Tomita was the first Kodokan judoka and a close friend of Kano . According to ( 9th dan ) : - Although the weakest of Kodokan @-@ no , Tomita was able to defeat the great jujutsu champion of that time , , from the Shin @-@ style . - With Satake , Maeda formed the head of the second generation of Kodokan judoka , which had replaced the first by the beginning of the 20th century . Satake , at 175 cm and 80 kg , was in amateur sumo but admitted that he himself was not able to match Maeda in judo . Satake would later travel to South America with Maeda and settle in Manaus , State , while Maeda continued traveling . Satake would become the founder , in 1914 , of the first historically registered judo academy in Brazil . He and Maeda are considered the pioneers of judo in Brazil . - At that time , there were few graduated Kodokan judoka . Maeda and Satake were the top graduated professors at University , both ( 3rd dan ) , along with ( or 2nd dan ) and six other ( 1st dan ) . Mifune registered at the Kodokan in 1903 and attracted the attention of Maeda , who commented , " you are strong and competent , therefore , you will certainly leave your mark in the Kodokan ... " Mifune went to learn under and later , already a celebrated judoka , Mifune said that Maeda 's words were a great incentive , as he regarded Maeda with the greatest admiration , even though was his sensei ( instructor ) . - According to Mifune , in 1904 Maeda lost to by , after defeating three adversaries in succession , but in a following @-@ defeated eight adversaries in a row and was awarded the rank of 4th dan ( ) . Mifune also states that Maeda was one of the most vigorous of judo , although not by teaching the art , instead generating recognition of judo through his many with contenders from other disciplines . Maeda treated experienced and inexperienced students alike , throwing them as if in real combat . He reasoned that this behavior was a measure of respect towards his students , but it was often misunderstood and frightened many youngsters , who would abandon him in favor of other professors . - - = = = Prelude to Kodokan 's expansion = = = - - In 1879 , Ulysses S. Grant , the former President of the United States , visited Japan . While in Tokyo , he attended a jujutsu presentation at 's home in . Kano was one of the present . At that time , jujutsu was just starting to become known in Europe and the Americas . literal circus acts , few non @-@ Japanese had much chance of seeing or learning about the art . Even in Japan , judo and jujutsu were not considered separate disciplines at that time . Indeed , it was not until 1925 that there started to be clear differentiation of the names in Japan , and outside Japan , judo and jujutsu were not completely separated until the 1950s . - In 1903 , a senior Kodokan instructor named Yamashita traveled to the United States at the request of the Seattle businessman Sam Hill . In Washington , DC , Yamashita 's students included Theodore Roosevelt and other prominent Americans . At Roosevelt 's request , Yamashita also taught judo at the US Naval Academy . on the publicity , the Japanese in the USA asked the Kodokan to send more judo teachers to America , providing continuity to Yamashita 's work . Tomita accepted the task ; Maeda and Satake embraced the opportunity . - - = = = Career = = = - - - = = = = United States = = = = - - Tomita , Maeda , and Satake sailed from Yokohama on November 16 , 1904 , and arrived in New York City on December 8 , 1904 . - Early in 1905 , Tomita and Maeda gave several public demonstrations of judo . On February 17 , 1905 , Tomita and Maeda gave a demonstration at Princeton University , when Maeda threw N. B. , a Princeton football player , while Tomita threw Samuel , the Princeton instructor . On February 21 , 1905 , they gave a judo demonstration at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where Tomita and Maeda performed ( patterns ) — @-@ no , , @-@ no , and so on . At the request of the crowd , Maeda wrestled a cadet and threw him easily . Because Tomita had been the in the , the cadets wanted to wrestle him too . Tomita threw the first ( Charles Daly ) without any trouble . However , Tomita twice failed to throw another football player named using @-@ ( stomach throw ) . Afterwards , the New York sportswriters claimed the victory for the cadets because Tomita was thrown , whereas the Japanese embassy staff proclaimed that Tomita had achieved a moral victory , on the grounds that he was a far smaller man . - A conflicting account provided by the New York Times on February 21 , referring to Tomita as " , " states that - In any event , later that year the US Military Academy hired a former world champion professional wrestler , Tom Jenkins , instead of a judo teacher , a job Jenkins kept until his retirement in 1942 . - The Japanese experts did better at the New York Athletic Club on March 8 , 1905 : " Their best throw was a sort of flying cartwheel , " said an article in the New York Times , describing Maeda 's match with John , a 200 lb wrestler . " Because of the difference in methods the two men rolled about the mat like in a rough @-@ and @-@ tumble fight . After fifteen minutes of wrestling , Maeda secured the first fall . Ultimately , however , was awarded the match by pin fall . " On March 21 , 1905 , Tomita and Maeda gave a " jiu @-@ do " demonstration at Columbia University attended by about 200 people . Following introductions , Tomita demonstrated falls and throws , then Maeda threw the university 's wrestling instructor . According to the student newspaper , " Another interesting feature was the exhibition of some of the obsolete jiu jitsu tricks for defense with a fan against an opponent armed with the curved Japanese sword . " were provided by chemist . - During April 1905 , Tomita and Maeda started a judo club in a commercial space at 1947 Broadway in New York . Members of this club included Japanese expatriates , plus a European American woman named Berger . On July 6 , 1905 , Tomita and Maeda gave a judo exhibition at the YMCA in Newport , Rhode Island . On September 30 , 1905 , they gave a demonstration at another YMCA , in , New York . In , the local opponent was Mason , who wrestled Tomita unsuccessfully . - On November 6 , 1905 , Maeda was reported visiting professional wrestler Akitaro Ono in , North Carolina ; after this , Maeda was no longer routinely associated with Tomita in the US newspapers . On December 18 , 1905 , Maeda was in Atlanta , Georgia , for a professional wrestling match with Sam . The contest was best of three , two falls with jackets and one without , and Maeda won the two with jackets and lost the one without . According to the Atlanta papers , Maeda listed his residence as the YMCA in Selma , Alabama . - Maeda was fond of the name and started using it to promote his art thereafter . - - = = = = Cuba , Mexico , and Central America = = = = - - During November 1908 , Maeda went to Paris , France , apparently to see his friend Akitaro Ono . From Paris , he went to Havana , arriving there on December 14 , 1908 , and his twice @-@ a @-@ day wrestling act quickly proved to be very popular . On July 23 , 1909 , Maeda left Havana for Mexico City . His debut in Mexico City took place at the Virginia Theater on July 14 , 1909 . This show was a private demonstration for some military cadets . Shortly afterwards , Maeda began appearing at the Principal Theater . His standing offer was 100 pesos ( US $ 50 ) to anyone he could not throw , and 500 pesos ( US $ 250 ) to anyone who could throw him . The Mexican Herald did not record anyone taking his money . - During September 1909 , a Japanese calling himself ' Taka ' arrived in Mexico City for the purpose of challenging Maeda for what the Mexican Herald said would be the world jujutsu championship . After several months of public wrangling , Taka and Maeda met at the Theater on November 16 , 1909 ; Taka won . There was an immediate rematch , and four days later , Maeda was pronounced the champion . It was later revealed that Taka was , in fact , Maeda 's old friend , Satake . - In January 1910 , Maeda took part in a wrestling tournament in Mexico City . During the semifinals , Maeda drew with Lundin . This is a different result than Lundin recalled in his 1937 memoirs . Said Lundin , " Having been accustomed to handling the big Greco @-@ Roman wrestlers with ease , the thought he could do likewise with me , but in the first encounter I got the better of him , after which my confidence returned . I had no trouble then in winning the match . It was a surprise to the crowd and a set @-@ back for Koma . He had been the hero all week , but as soon as he was beaten the fans , true to form , called him a . " - In July 1910 , Maeda returned to Cuba , where he tried to arrange matches with Frank and Jack Johnson . The Americans ignored him — there was no money to be made wrestling him , and much money to be lost if they lost to him . On August 23 , 1910 , Maeda wrestled Jack in Havana ; the result was a draw . During 1911 , Maeda and Satake were joined in Cuba by Akitaro Ono and Tokugoro Ito . The four men were known as the ' Four Kings of - The Four Kings were very popular in Cuba , and the Japanese media were proud of the reputation they were bringing to judo and Japan . Consequently , on January 8 , 1912 , the Kodokan promoted Maeda to 5th dan . There was some resistance to this decision because there were those in Japan who did not approve of his involvement in professional wrestling . In 1913 , Tokugoro Ito stayed in Cuba while Maeda and Satake went to El Salvador , Costa Rica , Honduras , Panama , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru . In El Salvador , the president was assassinated while Maeda was there , and in Panama , the Americans tried to pay him to lose ; in response , they kept moving south . In Peru they met Laku , a Japanese who taught the military , and invited him to join them . They were then joined by Okura in Chile , and by Shimitsu in Argentina . The troupe arrived in Brazil on November 14 , 1914 . - - = = = = Brazil = = = = - - According to a copy of Maeda 's passport provided by Gotta , head of Belém 's , Maeda arrived in Porto on November 14 , 1914 , where his first exhibition in Brazil took place . After appearing in Porto , Maeda and his companions moved throughout the country : on August 26 , 1915 , Maeda , Satake , Okura , Shimitsu , and Laku were at ; during October 1915 , they were in Belém , finally arriving in Manaus on December 18 , 1915 . Tokugoro Ito arrived some time later . - On December 20 , 1915 , the first demonstration in Belém took place at the . The O Tempo newspaper announced the event , stating that Conde Koma would show the main jiu @-@ jitsu techniques , excepting the prohibited ones . He would also demonstrate self @-@ defense techniques . After that , the troupe would be accepting challenges from the crowd , and there would be the first sensational match of jiu @-@ jitsu between Shimitsu ( champion of Argentina ) and Laku ( Peruvian military professor ) . On December 22 , 1915 , according to O Tempo , jiu @-@ jitsu world champion Maeda , head of the Japanese troupe , and Satake , New York champion , performed an enthusiastic and sensational jiu @-@ jitsu match . On the same day , , an Australian Greco @-@ Roman wrestling champion of Turkish origin , challenged Maeda . On December 24 , 1915 , Maeda defeated in seconds the boxer , who became one of his disciples . On January 3 , 1916 at , Maeda finally fought , who was thrown off the stage and pinned into submission by arm @-@ lock . On January 8 , 1916 , Maeda , Okura , and Shimitsu boarded the SS Antony and left for Liverpool . Tokugoro Ito went to Los Angeles . Satake and Laku stayed in Manaus teaching , according to O Tempo , jiu @-@ jitsu . After 15 years together , Maeda and Satake had finally split up . Of this last trip , little is known . Maeda went from England to Portugal , Spain , and France , coming back to Brazil in 1917 alone . in Belém do , Maeda married D. May . - Maeda was still popular in Brazil , and recognized as a great fighter , although he only fought sporadically after his return . Around 1918 – 1919 , Maeda accepted a challenge from the famous de . Maeda allowed de to use a knife in the fight . The was 190 cm tall and weighed 100 kg . Maeda won the match quickly . In 1921 , Maeda founded his first judo academy in Brazil . It was called , and its building was a 4 m x 4 m shed . Later , it was moved to the Fire Brigade headquarters and then to the church of N. S. de . In 1991 , the Academy was located in the and was run by , of the third generation of Conde Koma 's descendants . - On September 18 , 1921 , Maeda , Satake , and Okura were briefly in New York City . They were aboard the Line steamship SS . All three men listed their occupations as professors of " " . After leaving New York , the three men went to the Caribbean , where they stayed from September to December 1921 . At some point in this trip , Maeda was joined by his wife . In Havana , Satake and Maeda took part in some contests . Their opponents included Paul Alvarez , who wrestled as . Alvarez defeated Satake and Okura — the latter being billed as a former instructor at the Chilean Naval Academy — before being himself beaten by Maeda . Maeda also defeated a Cuban boxer called Jose Ibarra , and a French wrestler called . The Havana papers attributed Maeda with a Cuban student called Conde . - - = = = Later years = = = - - In 1925 , Maeda became involved with helping settle Japanese immigrants near @-@ , a Japanese @-@ owned company town in , Brazil . This was part of a large tract in the Amazon forest set aside for Japanese settlement by the Brazilian government . The crops grown by the Japanese were not popular with the , and the Japanese investors eventually gave up on the project . Maeda also continued teaching judo , now mostly to the children of Japanese immigrants . Consequently , in 1929 , the Kodokan promoted him to 6th dan , and on November 27 , 1941 , to 7th dan . Maeda never knew of this final promotion , because he died in Belém on November 28 , 1941 . The cause of death was kidney disease . - In May 1956 , a memorial to Maeda was erected in Hirosaki City , Japan . The dedication ceremony was attended by Kano and . - - = = Influence on the creation of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu = = - - Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the American Circus in Belém . In 1916 , Italian Argentine circus Brothers staged shows there and presented Maeda . In 1917 , Carlos Gracie — 14 ‑ year @-@ old son of Gastão Gracie — watched a demonstration by Maeda at the Da Theatre and decided to learn judo ( also known at the time as ' Kano Jiu @-@ Jitsu ' ) . Maeda accepted Gracie and Luiz as students [ 1 ] , and the youth went on to become a great exponent of the art and ultimately , with his younger brother Gracie , founded Gracie Jiu @-@ Jitsu , modern Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu . In 1921 , Gastão Gracie and his family moved to Rio de Janeiro . Carlos , then 17 years old , passed Maeda 's teachings on to his brothers , Gastão , and Jorge . is considered by many as the founder of Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu ( though others , such as Carlson Gracie , have pointed to Carlos as the founder ) . - - = = Maeda 's philosophy of combat = = - - According to Gracie 's book , Maeda not only taught the art of judo to Carlos Gracie , but also taught a particular philosophy about the nature of combat based on his travels competing and training alongside catch @-@ wrestlers , , fighters , and various other martial artists . The book details Maeda 's theory that physical combat could be broken down into distinct phases , such as the striking phase , the grappling phase , the ground phase , and so on . Thus , it was a smart fighter 's task to keep the fight located in the phase of combat that best suited his own strengths . The book further states that this theory was a fundamental influence on the Gracie approach to combat . The approach included armed versus armed , armed versus unarmed , unarmed , standing ( , ) , kneeling ( , ) , and ground work ( , ) , close quarters ( , ) , and other forms of combat . It was employed by other proponents of judo ( ' Kano jiu @-@ ' ) who , like Maeda , engaged in challenge match fighting overseas as judo spread internationally ( e.g. , in the United Kingdom from 1905 , in France , and others ) . - - - = Kitsune = - - Kitsune ( , , : [ kitsu ne ] ) is the Japanese word for fox . Foxes are a common subject of Japanese folklore ; in English , kitsune refers to them in this context . Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom . According to folklore , all foxes have the ability to shape shift into men or women . While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — other stories portray them as faithful guardians , friends , lovers , and wives . - Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan ; this companionship gave rise to legends about the creatures . Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari , a Shinto kami or spirit , and serve as its messengers . This role has reinforced the fox 's supernatural significance . The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older , , and more powerful it is . Because of their potential power and influence , some people make offerings to them as to a deity . - Conversely foxes were often seen as " witch animals " , especially during the superstitious Edo period ( 1603 – 1867 ) , and were who could not be trusted ( similar to some and cats ) . - - = = Origins = = - - Japanese fox myths had its origins in Chinese mythology . Chinese folk tales tell of fox spirits called ( Chinese : ) that may have up to nine tails ( no Kitsune in Japanese ) . Many of the earliest surviving stories are recorded in the , an 11th @-@ century collection of Chinese , Indian , and Japanese narratives . The nine @-@ tailed foxes came to be adapted as a motif from Chinese mythology to Japanese mythology . - ( 1999 ) notes that the idea of the fox as seductress and the connection of the fox myths to Buddhism were introduced into Japanese folklore through similar Chinese stories , but she maintains that some fox stories contain elements unique to Japan . - - = = = Etymology = = = - - The full etymology is unknown . The oldest known usage of the word is in the 794 text Shin . Other old sources include ( – ) and ( c . ) . These oldest sources are written in Man which clearly identifies the historical spelling as . Following several changes , this becomes kitsune . - Many etymological suggestions have been made , though there is no general agreement : - ( 1268 ) suggests that it is so called because it is " always ( ) yellow ( ki ) " . - Early period indicates that it means " came ( ki ) [ aspect particle tsu ] to bedroom ( ne ) " due to a legend that a kitsune would change into one 's wife and bear children . - in ( 1717 ) suggests that ki means " " , tsu is a possessive particle , and ne is related to , the word for " dog " . - in no ( 1777 – 1887 ) suggests that ki means " yellow " , tsu is a possessive particle , and ne is related to , the word for cat . - in ( 1932 – 1935 ) proposes that the word comes from kitsu , which is onomatopoeia for the bark of a fox , and ne , which may be an or an honorific word meaning a servant of an Inari shrine . - also suggests that the word kitsune was originally . represented a fox 's and came to be the general word for fox . signifies an affectionate mood . - is now archaic ; in modern Japanese , a fox 's cry is transcribed as or . - One of the oldest surviving kitsune tales provides a widely known folk etymology of the word kitsune . Unlike most tales of kitsune who become human and marry human males , this one does not end : - Ono , an inhabitant of ( says an ancient Japanese legend of 545 ) , spent the seasons longing for his ideal of female beauty . He met her one evening on a vast moor and married her . Simultaneously with the birth of their son , Ono 's dog was delivered of a which as it grew up became more and more hostile to the lady of the . She her husband to kill it , but he refused . At last one day the dog attacked her so furiously that she lost courage , resumed shape , over a fence and fled . - " You may be a fox , " Ono called after her , " but you are the mother of my son and I love you . Come back when you please ; you will always be welcome . " - So every evening she stole back and slept in his arms . - Because the fox returns to her husband each night as a woman but leaves each morning as a fox , she is called Kitsune . In classical Japanese , kitsu @-@ ne means come and sleep , and ki @-@ means always comes . - - = = Characteristics = = - - Kitsune are believed to possess superior intelligence , long life , and magical powers . They are a type of , or spiritual entity , and the word kitsune is often translated as fox spirit . However , this does not mean that kitsune are ghosts , nor that they are fundamentally different from regular foxes . Because the word spirit is used to reflect a state of knowledge or enlightenment , all long @-@ lived foxes gain supernatural abilities . - There are two common classifications of kitsune . The ( , literally good foxes ) are benevolent , celestial foxes associated with Inari ; they are sometimes simply called Inari foxes . On the other hand , the ( , literally field foxes , also called ) tend to be mischievous or even malicious . Local traditions add further types . For example , a is an invisible fox spirit that human beings can only perceive when it possesses them . - , kitsune are noted for having as many as nine tails . Generally , a greater number of tails indicates an older and more powerful fox ; in fact , some folktales say that a fox will only grow additional tails after it has lived 100 years . One , five , seven , and nine tails are the most common numbers in folk stories . When a kitsune gains its ninth tail , its fur becomes white or gold . These no kitsune ( , nine @-@ tailed foxes ) gain the abilities to see and hear anything happening anywhere in the world . Other tales credit them with infinite wisdom ( omniscience ) . - - = = = = = = - - A kitsune may take on human form , an ability learned when it reaches a certain age — usually 100 years , although some tales say 50 . As a common prerequisite for the transformation , the fox must place , a broad leaf , or a skull over its head . Common forms assumed by kitsune include beautiful women , young girls , or elderly men . These shapes are not limited by the fox 's age or gender , and a kitsune can duplicate the appearance of a specific person . Foxes are particularly renowned for impersonating beautiful women . Common belief in medieval Japan was that any woman encountered alone , especially at dusk or night , could be a fox . Kitsune @-@ or fox @-@ faced refers to human females who have a narrow face with close @-@ set eyes , thin eyebrows , and high . Traditionally , this facial structure is considered attractive , and some tales it to foxes in human form . on the theme have the kitsune retain other traits , such as a coating of fine hair , a fox @-@ shaped shadow , or a reflection that shows its true form . - In some stories , kitsune have difficulty hiding their tails when they take human form ; looking for the tail , perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless , is a common method of discerning the creature 's true nature . A particularly devout individual may in some cases even be able to see through a fox 's disguise merely by them . Kitsune may also be exposed while in human form by their fear and hatred of dogs , and some become so by their presence that they revert to the form of a fox and flee . - One folk story illustrating these imperfections in the kitsune 's human shape concerns Koan , a historical person credited with wisdom and magical powers of divination . According to the story , he was staying at the home of one of his devotees when he his foot entering a bath because the water had been drawn too hot . Then , " in his pain , he ran out of the bathroom naked . When the people of the household saw him , they were astonished to see that Koan had fur covering much of his body , along with a fox 's tail . Then Koan transformed in front of them , becoming an elderly fox and running away . " - Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to the kitsune include possession , mouths or tails that generate fire or lightning ( known as kitsunebi ) , manifestation in the dreams of others , flight , , and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality . Some tales speak of kitsune with even greater powers , able to bend time and space , drive people mad , or take fantastic shapes such as a tree of incredible height or a second moon in the sky . Other kitsune have characteristics reminiscent of or and feed on the life or spirit of human beings , generally through sexual contact . - - = = = Kitsunetsuki = = = - - Kitsunetsuki ( Japanese : , ) , also written kitsune @-@ , literally means " the state of being possessed by a fox " . The victim is usually a young woman , whom the fox enters beneath her or through her breasts . In some cases , the victims ' facial expressions are said to change in such a way that they resemble those of a fox . Japanese tradition holds that fox possession can cause illiterate victims to temporarily gain the ability to read . Though foxes in folklore can possess a person of their own will , kitsunetsuki is often attributed to the intents of hereditary fox employers , or @-@ . - describes the condition : - Strange is the madness of those into whom demon foxes enter . Sometimes they run naked shouting through the streets . Sometimes they lie down and at the mouth , and as a fox . And on some part of the body of the possessed a moving appears under the skin , which seems to have a life of its own . it with a needle , and it instantly to another place . By no grasp can it be so tightly compressed by a strong hand that it will not slip from under the fingers . Possessed folk are also said to speak and write languages of which they were totally ignorant prior to possession . They eat only what foxes are believed to like — tofu , , , etc . — and they eat a great deal , alleging that not they , but the possessing foxes , are hungry . - He goes on to note that , once freed from the possession , the victim will never again be able to eat tofu , , or other foods favored by foxes : - , often performed at an Inari shrine , may induce a fox to leave its host . In the past , when such gentle measures failed or a priest was not available , victims of kitsunetsuki were beaten or badly burned in hopes of forcing the fox to leave . Entire families were ostracized by their communities after a member of the family was thought to be possessed . - In Japan , kitsunetsuki was noted as a disease as early as the period and remained a common diagnosis for mental illness until the early 20th century . Possession was the explanation for the abnormal behavior displayed by the afflicted individuals . In the late 19th century , Dr. noted that physical diseases that caused fever were often considered kitsunetsuki . The belief has lost favor , but stories of fox possession still occur , such as allegations that members of the cult had been possessed . - In medicine , kitsunetsuki is a culture @-@ bound syndrome unique to Japanese culture . Those who suffer from the condition believe they are possessed by a fox . Symptoms include for rice or sweet beans , , restlessness , and aversion to eye contact . Kitsunetsuki is similar to but distinct from clinical . - - = = = Hoshi no tama = = = - - Depictions of kitsune or their possessed victims may feature round or onion @-@ shaped white balls known as hoshi no tama ( , star balls ) . Tales describe these as glowing with kitsunebi . Some stories identify them as magical jewels or . When not in human form or possessing a human , a kitsune keeps the ball in its mouth or carries it on its tail . Jewels are a common symbol of Inari , and representations of sacred Inari foxes without them are rare . - One belief is that when a kitsune changes shape , its hoshi no tama holds a portion of its magical power . Another tradition is that the represents the kitsune 's soul ; the kitsune will die if separated from it for long . Those who obtain the ball may be able to extract a promise from the kitsune to help them in exchange for its return . For example , a 12th @-@ century tale describes a man using a fox 's hoshi no tama to secure a favor : - " you ! " snapped the fox . " Give me back my ball ! " The man ignored its pleas till finally it said , " All right , you 've got the ball , but you don 't know how to keep it . It won 't be any good to you . For me , it 's a terrible loss . I tell you , if you don 't give it back , I 'll be your enemy forever . If you do give it back though , I 'll stick to you like a protector god . " - The fox later saves his life by leading him past a band of armed robbers . - - = = = = - - in Japanese folklore as they are , kitsune appear in numerous Japanese works . , , , and plays derived from folk tales feature them , as do contemporary works such as anime , manga and video games . Japanese metal idol band refer to the kitsune myth in their lyrics and include the use of fox masks , hand signs , and animation during live shows . Western authors of fiction have also made use of the kitsune legends . - - = = = of Inari = = = - - Kitsune are associated with Inari , the Shinto deity of rice . This association has reinforced the fox 's supernatural significance . Originally , kitsune were Inari 's messengers , but the line between the two is now blurred so that Inari may be depicted as a fox . Likewise , entire shrines are dedicated to kitsune , where devotees can leave offerings . Fox spirits are said to be particularly fond of a fried sliced tofu called , which is accordingly found in the @-@ based dishes kitsune and kitsune . Similarly , Inari @-@ is a type of named for Inari that consists of rice @-@ filled pouches of fried tofu . There is speculation among folklorists as to whether another Shinto fox deity existed in the past . Foxes have long been worshipped as kami . - Inari 's kitsune are white , a color of good . They possess the power to ward off evil , and they sometimes serve as guardian spirits . In addition to protecting Inari shrines , they are petitioned to intervene on behalf of the locals and particularly to aid against troublesome , those spirit foxes who do not serve Inari . Black foxes and nine @-@ tailed foxes are likewise considered good . - According to beliefs derived from ( ) , the fox 's power over evil is such that a mere statue of a fox can the evil , or energy , that flows from the northeast . Many Inari shrines , such as the famous Inari shrine in , feature such statues , sometimes large numbers of them . - Kitsune are connected to the Buddhist religion through the , goddesses with Inari 's female aspect . is depicted as a female wielding a sword and riding a flying white fox . - - = = = = = = - - Kitsune are often presented as , with motives that vary from mischief to malevolence . Stories tell of kitsune playing tricks on overly proud , greedy merchants , and commoners , while the ones abuse poor tradesmen and farmers or devout Buddhist monks . Their victims are usually men ; women are possessed instead . For example , kitsune are thought to employ their kitsunebi to lead travelers astray in the manner of a will o ' the . Another tactic is for the kitsune to confuse its target with illusions or visions . Other common goals of kitsune include seduction , theft of food , humiliation of the , or vengeance for a perceived slight . - A traditional game called kitsune @-@ ( fox @-@ fist ) references the kitsune 's powers over human beings . The game is similar to rock , paper , , but the three hand positions signify a fox , a hunter , and a village headman . The headman beats the hunter , whom he ; the hunter beats the fox , whom he shoots ; the fox beats the headman , whom he . - This ambiguous portrayal , coupled with their reputation for , leads people to try to discover a troublesome fox 's motives . In one case , the 16th @-@ century leader wrote a letter to the kami Inari : - To Inari , - My lord , I have the honor to inform you that one of the foxes under your jurisdiction has bewitched one of my servants , causing her and others a great deal of trouble . I have to request that you make minute inquiries into the matter , and endeavor to find out the reason of your subject in this way , and let me know the result . - If it turns out that the fox has no adequate reason to give for his behavior , you are to arrest and punish him at once . If you to take action in this matter I shall issue orders for the destruction of every fox in the land . Any other that you may wish to be informed of in reference to what has occurred , you can learn from the high priest of . - Kitsune keep their promises and strive to any favor . Occasionally a kitsune itself to a person or household , where they can cause all sorts of mischief . In one story from the 12th century , only the 's threat to the foxes convinces them to behave . The kitsune patriarch appears in the man 's dreams : - My father lived here before me , sir , and by now I have many children and grandchildren . They get into a lot of mischief , I 'm afraid , and I 'm always after them to stop , but they never listen . And now , sir , you 're understandably fed up with us . I gather that you 're going to kill us all . But I just want you to know , sir , how sorry I am that this is our last night of life . Won 't you pardon us , one more time ? If we ever make trouble again , then of course you must act as you think best . But the young ones , sir — I 'm sure they 'll understand when I explain to them why you 're so upset . We 'll do everything we can to protect you from now on , if only you 'll forgive us , and we 'll be sure to let you know when anything good is going to happen ! " - Other kitsune use their magic for the benefit of their companion or hosts as long as the human beings treat them with respect . As , however , kitsune do not share human morality , and a kitsune who has adopted a house in this manner may , for example , bring its host money or items that it has stolen from the neighbors . Accordingly , common households thought to harbor kitsune are treated with suspicion . , families were often reputed to share similar arrangements with kitsune , but these foxes were considered and the use of their magic a sign of prestige . homes were common haunts for kitsune . One 12th @-@ century story tells of a minister moving into an old mansion only to discover a family of foxes living there . They first try to scare him away , then claim that the house " has been for many years , and ... we wish to register a vigorous protest . " The man refuses , and the foxes resign themselves to moving to an abandoned lot nearby . - Tales distinguish kitsune gifts from kitsune payments . If a kitsune offers a payment or reward that includes money or material wealth , part or all of the sum will consist of old paper , leaves , twigs , stones , or similar items under a magical illusion . True kitsune gifts are usually , such as protection , knowledge , or long life . - - = = = Wives and lovers = = = - - Kitsune are commonly portrayed as lovers , usually in stories involving a young human male and a kitsune who takes the form of a human woman . The kitsune may be a seductress , but these stories are more often romantic in nature . Typically , the young man unknowingly marries the fox , who proves a devoted wife . The man eventually discovers the fox 's true nature , and the fox @-@ wife is forced to leave him . In some cases , the husband wakes as if from a dream , filthy , , and far from home . He must then return to confront his abandoned family in shame . - Many stories tell of fox @-@ wives bearing children . When such are human , they possess special physical or supernatural qualities that often pass to their own children . The @-@ magician Abe no was reputed to have inherited such extraordinary powers . - Other stories tell of kitsune marrying one another . Rain falling from a clear sky — a — is called kitsune no or the kitsune 's wedding , in reference to a folktale describing a wedding ceremony between the creatures being held during such conditions . The event is considered a good , but the kitsune will seek revenge on any guests , as is depicted in Akira 's film Dreams . - Stephen Turnbull , in " " , relates the tale of the Takeda clan 's involvement with a fox @-@ woman . The warlord Takeda Shingen , in 1544 , defeated in battle a lesser local warlord named Suwa and drove him to suicide after a " humiliating and " peace conference , after which Shingen forced marriage on Suwa 's beautiful 14 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Lady Koi — Shingen 's own niece . Shingen , Turnbull writes , " was so obsessed with the girl that his superstitious followers became alarmed and believed her to be an incarnation of the white fox @-@ spirit of the Suwa Shrine , who had bewitched him in order to gain revenge . " When their son Takeda proved to be a disastrous leader and led the clan to their devastating defeat at the battle of , Turnbull writes , " wise old heads , remembering the unhappy circumstances of his birth and his magical mother " . - - - = New York State Route 448 = - - New York State Route 448 ( NY 448 ) is a 3 @.@ 90 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 28 km ) long state highway in western Westchester County , New York , in the United States . The route begins in the village of Sleepy Hollow at U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and goes in a northeast direction through the Pocantico Hills community in Mount Pleasant . It ends at NY 117 in Mount Pleasant , near the junction of NY 117 with Saw Mill River Road ( NY and NY 100 ) and the State Parkway . From 1930 to the early 1970s , NY 448 was part of NY 117 . - - = = Route description = = - - NY 448 begins at an intersection with New Broadway and US 9 ( North Broadway ) in the village of Sleepy Hollow , then heads through a residential area as Bedford Road . After the Webber Avenue intersection , NY 448 turns to the northeast , where it passes the athletic fields of Sleepy Hollow High School . NY 448 intersects with Sleepy Hollow Road , which leads into a residential development and parallels NY 448 northeastward for a short distance . - Near the southern edge of Rockefeller State Park Preserve , NY 448 turns east and enters Kykuit , the estate of the Rockefeller family . At the hamlet of Pocantico Hills , the highway intersects with Lake Road and turns to the northeast , passing through more residential areas as it leaves the estate . NY 448 passes the Pocantico Hills Central School on its way , continuing northeast towards Way ( NY 117 ) . The road continues through a vacant area and heads northward into Mount Pleasant , where NY 448 terminates at an intersection with NY 117 . Bedford Road continues east of this point as part of NY 117 . - - = = History = = - - The entirety of NY 448 was originally designated as part of NY 117 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . In 1932 – 33 , John D. Rockefeller offered to a short section of NY 117 that passed through Kykuit , the Rockefeller family estate , citing safety concerns . The state expressed similar sentiments in 1949 , deeming the stretch unsafe for commercial traffic . By the 1960s , the annual average daily traffic count along NY 117 had grown to 5 @,@ 000 vehicles per day , far more than the 1 @,@ 800 that the road had originally been built to serve . This led the New York State Legislature to approve plans for a new alignment for NY 117 in 1965 . The new road would be located north of the existing road , relieving traffic congestion on the Albany Post Road ( US 9 ) and NY 117 and providing access to NY , US 9 , the State Parkway and the proposed Hudson River Expressway in the North Tarrytown area . - Several different routes were considered for the alignment . The path ultimately selected by the state was a four @-@ lane , limited @-@ access highway 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the current alignment that would cost $ 5 @.@ 5 million ( 1966 USD ) . Another proposed route would have cost $ 8 million ( 1966 USD ) , containing additional grades and curves while coming closer to the Rockefeller estate . Construction on the new NY 117 was expected to begin before the end of 1966 . The reaction from area residents was mixed , with some believing that the only beneficiaries of a realigned NY 117 was the Rockefeller family . that the Rockefeller family had wanted NY 117 moved had existed as early as the 1930s , and US Representative Richard believed that Nelson Rockefeller , then the Governor of New York , was using his political power to move NY 117 away from Kykuit at the cost of the state . An aide to the denied this charge . - The Sleepy Hollow Valley Committee , comprising 11 members whose homes were in the right @-@ of @-@ way of the new alignment , protested that the route would destroy the countryside . They were opposed by the Hills Residents Committee , as most residents in Hills supported the new alignment . The former committee filed a lawsuit in the New York State Supreme Court to block the new roadway , and they were joined in their efforts by groups and the village of North Tarrytown . On June 28 , 1966 , the case was heard by the court . Engineers with the New York State Department of Highways were accused of showing " unprecedented @-@ " in working on a project with the before any could stop it . State Attorney General Joseph Romano countered that the state was not conspiring to provide anyone special benefits , saying that NY 117 was dangerous for years and opponents to the project were " thinking up little , arguments and ideas to mislead the court . " - A request by the state to dismiss the suit was denied in August 1966 , and the case was eventually heard by the state Court of Appeals , the highest court in the state . In the meantime , the state built the easternmost mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of the new alignment , which was not affected by the lawsuit . On July 7 , 1967 , the court ruled 6 – 1 in favor of the Sleepy Hollow Valley Committee . As a result , the western half of the new road was moved an additional mile to the north , bypassing North Tarrytown completely . The new alignment of NY 117 was completed in the early 1970s , and its former alignment along Bedford Road was redesignated as NY 448 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - The entire route is in Westchester County . - - - = Hurricane Tanya ( 1995 ) = - - Hurricane Tanya was the final storm of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . The twenty @-@ first tropical cyclone , nineteenth named storm , and eleventh hurricane of the season , Tanya developed from a tropical wave while well north of the Lesser Antilles on October 26 . The system headed northeastward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Tanya on October 27 . Tanya meandered around the central Atlantic , and further intensified into a hurricane on October 29 . Thereafter , Tanya tracked northeastward before curving to the east @-@ northeast . After switching to an eastward direction , Tanya weakened to a tropical storm on November 1 . Later that day , Tanya passed through the Azores as it was transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . - Throughout the Azores , the extratropical remnants of Tanya produced high winds . As a result , extensive property damage occurred , which included destroyed or damaged houses , and sunken boats ; there were also reports of significant damage to agriculture . However , an exact damage toll figure in unknown . In addition , there was one fatality and several injuries . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - The origins of Hurricane Tanya were from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa in the middle of October . The wave closely followed the path of Tropical Storm and was unable to develop in the tropical Atlantic as it moved westward . The system did not begin to become organized until October 25 while south @-@ southeast of Bermuda . However , the Dvorak technique was still unable to classify the system until October 26 as the low @-@ cloud became better organized while moving northward in the central Atlantic . That evening , a closed circulation had formed , and it was classified as Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ One by the National Hurricane Center . On the morning of October 27 , it strengthened into a tropical storm , becoming the 19th as well as the final named storm of the season . Operationally , it was not declared a tropical cyclone until that point , when it was immediately declared Tropical Storm Tanya . - Immediately after becoming a tropical storm , the movement of Tanya became hindered by a nearby upper @-@ level low , and it quickly turned eastward before virtually stalling early on October 28 . The upper @-@ level low also influenced Tanya in giving it some subtropical characteristics , including a comma @-@ shaped cloud band and maximum winds far from the center of the storm at the time . Despite that , the storm gradually strengthened as it remained over warm waters of about 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) . That afternoon , it gained full tropical characteristics , as an eye featured was beginning to form in the central dense . The eye became clearly defined , although it was small in size . Early on October 29 , Tropical Storm Tanya was upgraded to a hurricane , the eleventh of the 1995 season , as it turned northward in response to the nearby low . - Later on October 29 , while slowly tracking north , Tanya leveled off as a low @-@ end Category 1 hurricane . By the next morning , a cold front to the west forced Tanya to accelerate in a more easterly track . It remained fairly well organized with a distinct eye as it became in a narrow zone of warm air between the cold front to the west and the upper @-@ level low to the northeast . Despite slightly cooler water , Tanya strengthened a bit more that afternoon , reaching its peak intensity of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) with a barometric pressure of 972 mbar ( 28 @.@ 7 inHg ) as the forward speed increased . That intensity was maintained until late on October 31 , when Tanya began to weaken as it traveled over cooler waters and the eye became obscured . Early on November 1 , Tanya began to lose tropical characteristics while still a hurricane . Hurricane Tanya was also heading rapidly northeast towards the Azores at the time . Tanya was downgraded from a hurricane to a tropical storm on November 1 . Despite weakening , the wind field of Tanya became larger . That evening , Tanya was declared fully extratropical as it passed the Azores . The remnant cyclone turned north , before being absorbed by another extratropical cyclone early on November 3 . - - = = Impact , naming and records = = - - Hurricane Tanya was not considered a threat to land , as it did not move through the Azores while a tropical cyclone . The Azores were hit very hard by the storm , which had just been declared extratropical when it hit the region . Damage was particularly severe on the islands of , , and São Jorge . Extensive property damage was reported , including many sunk boats , many houses were damaged and some destroyed and significant agricultural damage . Many trees and power lines were also knocked down , cutting electricity and hampering communications in the area . The highest wind gusts reported in the Azores were around 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) . After the storm , a resolution was submitted to the European Parliament by the Government of Portugal and a disaster area was declared in the islands . One Spanish fisherman drowned and several people were injured . - There were many reports of tropical storm @-@ force winds from ships in the north Atlantic . One ship , with the call sign , encountered Tanya 's winds twice and reported the strongest winds from any ship , 71 mph ( 112 km / h ) . - Hurricane Tanya was the first storm to be designated with a name starting with " T " since naming of Atlantic tropical cyclones began in 1950 . - - - = Sweet Love ( Chris Brown song ) = - - " Sweet Love " is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown , taken from his fifth studio album , Fortune ( 2012 ) . It was written by Brown , Cory Marks , Greg Curtis , Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , Jason " JP " Perry and Tommy Doyle Jr . , while the production was handled by Polow da Don and Perry . The song was sent to urban contemporary radio in the United States on April 10 , 2012 , as the second single from the album . " Sweet Love " is a slow jam R & B ballad which incorporates elements of electronic music . The lyrics of the song revolve around Brown asking his lover to take off her clothes so that they can have sex . - " Sweet Love " garnered positive reviews from music critics , who complimented the song 's sexual lyrics . In the United States , it peaked at number 25 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The accompanying music video was co @-@ directed by Godfrey and Brown , and filmed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles , California . It displays intimate scenes of Brown and his lover in sexual activity , women levitating out of their beds , and Brown dancing . Critics were complimentary of the video 's sexual themes and presentation . - - = = Background and release = = - - " Sweet Love " was written by Chris Brown , Cory Marks , Greg Curtis , Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , Jason " JP " Perry and Tommy Doyle Jr . , while the production was handled by Polow da Don and Perry . The audio mixing was completed by Jaycen Joshua , with assistance by Harris . Curtis played keyboards on the song . On March 28 , 2012 , Brown announced via his official Twitter account that he would be releasing " Sweet Love " and " I Die " as the next two singles from Fortune , after the lead single " Up the Music " . Later that same day , he posted a link to a stream of " Sweet Love " . The artwork for the single was shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , and debuted online on March 30 , 2012 . It displays Brown sitting on the floor , staring up at the legs of one of the three women . Rap @-@ Up magazine described the artwork as " grown and sexy " . " Sweet Love " was officially sent to urban contemporary in the United States on April 10 , 2012 . It was released as a one @-@ track digital download in Oceania and most European countries on April 13 , 2012 . However , in the US , " Sweet Love " was released on April 17 , 2012 . A remix of the song by American R & B singer R. Kelly , was posted online on July 26 , 2012 . - - = = Composition and lyrics = = - - " Sweet Love " is a slow jam R & B ballad that displays elements of electronic music ; it lasts for a duration of three minutes and 19 seconds long . The instrumentation is provided by a keyboard , synthesizers , percussion and a drum machine . According to Alexis of MTV 's , Brown sings in a falsetto tone , which she found to be reminiscent of Michael Jackson . Amy of PopCrush described the ballad as " very Michael Jackson and neo @-@ " . of noted that " Sweet Love " is inspired by Silk 's " Freak Me " ( 1993 ) . Cameron Adams of the Herald Sun musically compared the song to Prince . The theme of " Sweet Love " revolves around sex . It contains lyrics about Brown asking his lover to take off her clothes so that they can have sex . During the chorus , he : " baby let 's get naked / Just so we can make sweet love / All these sensations got me going crazy for you / Inside on top of you / inside and out of you / Baby I know what to do / Let 's just take our clothes off " . - - = = Reception = = - - " Sweet Love " garnered positive reviews from music critics . Alexis of MTV 's wrote that Brown " keeps the at an all time high " with lyrics that " could easily win any girl over " . of AOL 's The described " Sweet Love " as " baby making music " , while Mark Edward of About.com labeled it as " a straight @-@ up sex jam " . Amy of PopCrush called the song a sexy R & B jam that could " easily woo Rihanna back " . David of Fuse TV viewed " Sweet Love " as " auditory pornography " and commented that the lyrics had him " " . Joseph Patterson of MTV UK labeled it one of Brown 's classic songs " for the lovers " . Johnston of Rolling Stone awarded " Sweet Love " three stars out of five , and noted that Brown appears to be transitioning from singing songs about in clubs to singing about sex . Johnston continued writing that the music video for the song " would be almost unnecessary " . Robbie of Idolator wrote that the ballad ticks all the boxes for its " melody , decent beat " and Brown 's " vocal harmonies " , but felt that it is not " the most innovative offering " from Brown . Melinda Newman of HitFix wrote that in " Sweet Love " , it appears " there are two songs at war here as the synth drum beat totally and clashes with the ballad " . She criticized the song for being " memorable for all the wrong reasons " . - In the United States , " Sweet Love " debuted at number 90 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart in the issue dated April 14 , 2012 . After spending 12 weeks ascending the chart , " Sweet Love " peaked at number 25 in the issue dated July 7 , 2012 . The song remained on the chart for a total of 15 weeks . On the Billboard Hot 100 , " Sweet Love " debuted and peaked at number 89 in the issue dated May 5 , 2012 . - - = = Music video = = - - The accompanying music video for " Sweet Love " was co @-@ directed by Godfrey and Brown , and filmed on the back lot of Universal Studios in Los Angeles , California . The video was shot from 6 : 00 am to 6 : 00 pm . Twenty models were hired for the shooting of the scenes where they are levitating from their beds . On April 26 , 2012 , several photos from the shoot were posted online , showing women levitating out of their beds in the streets as Brown walked by them . The video premiered on on May 25 , 2012 . A behind the scenes video was released on May 26 , 2012 , a day after the video premiered online . - As the song begins , Brown watches a woman , who appears as a hologram , lying in a bed . This scene is intercut with scenes of Brown singing in front of a flowing backdrop . He then approaches the woman , and together they appear under white . Brown is then seen walking down a street , while women are shown levitating out of their beds as he passes by them . He then enters a and starts various female figures . Brown then returns to the bedroom where he " strips shirtless and makes passionate love " to the woman " as they are showered in water " . He later enters a dance studio , where he performs a dance routine with other shirtless male dancers , while several women watch them from across the room . Towards the end of the video , more scenes are shown of Brown and the woman in the bedroom . - Melinda Newman of HitFix called the video " undeniably " . Emily of the Metro wrote that the video featured " flawless dance moves " from Brown . Robbie of Idolator noted that Brown " makes things real sexy " in the video , but was unsure if " we should be turned on or utterly out " . Jessica of PopCrush noted that Brown " channels his R & B side " and added that he is " a bit of a clumsy romantic " . Jessica Sinclair of the Long Island Press described the video as a " new entertainment " for Brown 's fans in anticipation of his new album . Gray of Vibe magazine described the video as " hot , heavy and really wet " . Upon its release , the video went viral and received over one million views in its first day of release . - - = = Track listing = = - - Digital download - " Sweet Love " – 3 : 19 - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits adapted from the liner notes for Fortune - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Kakapo = - - The kakapo ( Māori : kākāpō or night parrot ) , ( Gray , 1845 ) , also called owl parrot , is a species of large , flightless , nocturnal , ground @-@ dwelling parrot of the super @-@ family endemic to New Zealand . - It has finely blotched yellow @-@ green plumage , a distinct facial disc of sensory , @-@ like feathers , a large grey beak , short legs , large feet , and wings and a tail of relatively short length . A combination of traits make it unique among its kind ; it is the world 's only flightless parrot , the heaviest parrot , nocturnal , herbivorous , visibly sexually dimorphic in body size , has a low basal metabolic rate and no male parental care , and is the only parrot to have a lek breeding system . It is also possibly one of the world 's longest @-@ living birds . Its anatomy the tendency of bird evolution on oceanic islands , with few predators and abundant food : a generally robust physique , with of efficiency at the expense of flight abilities , reduced wing muscles , and a diminished keel on the sternum . Like many other New Zealand bird species , the kakapo was historically important to the Māori , the indigenous people of New Zealand , appearing in many of their traditional legends and folklore . It was hunted and used as a resource by Māori , both for its meat as a food source and for its feathers , which were used to make highly valued pieces of clothing . It was also sometimes kept as a pet . - The kakapo is critically endangered ; as of March 2014 , with an additional six from the first since 2011 , the total known population was only 123 living individuals , as reported by the Kakapo Recovery programme , most of which have been given names . Because of Polynesian and European colonisation and the introduction of predators such as cats , rats , ferrets , and stoats , the kakapo was almost wiped out . Conservation efforts began in the 1890s , but they were not very successful until the implementation of the Kakapo Recovery plan in the 1980s . As of April 2012 , surviving kakapo are kept on three predator @-@ free islands , Codfish ( ) , Anchor and Little Barrier islands , where they are closely monitored . Two large Fiordland islands , Resolution and Secretary , have been the subject of large @-@ scale ecological restoration activities to prepare self @-@ sustaining ecosystems with suitable habitat for the kakapo . The New Zealand government is willingly providing the use of these islands to kakapo conservation . A successful breeding season in 2016 saw 34 chicks fledge , taking the total population to 157 . - - = = Taxonomy , and naming = = - - The kakapo was originally described by English ornithologist George Robert Gray in 1845 . The name " kakapo " is the English transliteration of " kākāpō " which is derived from the Māori terms ( " parrot " ) + ( " night " ) . Its generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek , genitive " owl " , and " face " , while its specific epithet comes from " soft " , and " feather " . It has so many unusual features that it was initially placed in its own tribe , . Recent phylogenetic studies have confirmed the unique position of this genus as well as the closeness to the and the , both belonging to the New Zealand parrot genus Nestor . Together , they are now considered a separate family within the parrots , . Within the , the kakapo is placed in its own tribe , . The common ancestor of the kakapo and the genus Nestor became isolated from the remaining parrot species when New Zealand broke off from , around 82 million years ago . Around 70 million years ago , the kakapo diverged from the genus Nestor . - Earlier ornithologists felt that the kakapo might be related to the ground parrots and night parrot of Australia due to their similar colouration , but this is contradicted by recent studies ; rather , the cryptic colour seems to be adaptation to terrestrial habits that evolved twice . - - = = Description = = - - The kakapo is a large , parrot ; the adult can measure from 58 to 64 cm ( 23 to 25 in ) in length , and weight can vary from 0 @.@ 95 to 4 kg ( 2 to 9 lb ) at maturity . Males are larger than females . Twenty @-@ eight males were found to average 2 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 lb ) in one study , and 39 males were found to average 2 @.@ 06 kg ( 4 @.@ 5 lb ) in another . In the same studies , 28 females were found to average 1 @.@ 5 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) and 18 females averaged 1 @.@ 28 kg ( 2 @.@ 8 lb ) . However , one source states that females will not breed until they attain a threshold weight of 1 @.@ 5 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) . They are the heaviest living species of parrot ; while the largest males attain much heavier weights than any other extant parrot , average about 400 g ( 14 oz ) more than a . The kakapo cannot fly , having short wings for its size and lacking the pronounced keel bone ( sternum ) that anchors the flight muscles of other birds . It uses its wings for balance , support , and to break its fall when leaping from trees . Unlike other land birds , the kakapo can accumulate large amounts of body fat to store energy , making it the heaviest parrot . - The upper parts of the kakapo have yellowish moss @-@ green feathers barred or mottled with black or dark brownish grey , blending well with native vegetation . Individuals may have strongly varying degrees of and colour tone and intensity — museum specimens show that some birds had completely yellow colouring . The breast and flank are yellowish @-@ green streaked with yellow . The belly , undertail , neck and face are predominantly yellowish streaked with pale green and weakly mottled with brownish @-@ grey . Because the feathers do not need the strength and required for flight , they are exceptionally soft , giving rise to the specific epithet . The kakapo has a conspicuous facial disc of fine feathers resembling the face of an owl ; thus , early European settlers called it the " owl parrot " . The beak is surrounded by delicate or " " , which the bird uses to sense the ground for navigation as it walks with its head lowered . The mandible is mostly ivory @-@ coloured , with part of the upper mandible being bluish @-@ grey . The eyes are dark brown . Kakapo feet are large , scaly , and , as in all parrots , ( two toes face forward and two backward ) . The pronounced claws are particularly useful for climbing . The ends of the tail feathers often become worn from being continually dragged on the ground . - The female is easily distinguished from the male : she has a more narrow and less domed head , her beak is narrower and proportionally longer , her and nostrils smaller , her legs and feet more slender and pinkish grey , and her tail proportionally longer . While her plumage colour is not very different from that of the male , the is more subtle , with less yellow and . She tends to resist more and be more aggressive than the male when handled . A nesting female also has a brood patch on the bare skin of the belly . - Like many parrots , the kakapo has a variety of calls . As well as the booms ( see below for a recording ) and of their mating calls , it will often to announce its location to other birds . - The kakapo has a well @-@ developed sense of smell , which its nocturnal lifestyle . It can discriminate among while foraging , a behaviour reported for only one other parrot species . One of the most striking characteristics of the kakapo is its pleasant and powerful , which has been described as . Given the kakapo 's well @-@ developed sense of smell , this scent may be a social . The smell often alerts predators to the largely kakapo . - - = = = Anatomy = = = - - The skeleton of the kakapo differs from other parrots in several features associated with flightlessness . Firstly , it has the smallest relative wing size of any parrot . Its wing feathers are shorter , more rounded , and less asymmetrical and have fewer distal to lock the feathers together . The sternum is small and has a low , keel and a shortened . As in other flightless birds and some other flighted parrots , the is not fused but consists of a pair of lying in contact with each coracoid . As in other flightless birds , the angle between the coracoid and sternum is enlarged . The kakapo has a larger than other parrots . The bones of the leg and arm are disproportionately long and the distal elements are disproportionately short . - The pectoral of the kakapo is also modified by flightlessness . The and muscles are greatly reduced . The has no distinct muscle belly . The is . There is an extensive muscle that is associated with the large crop . - - = = Ecology and behaviour = = - - It seems that the kakapo – like many of New Zealand 's bird species – has evolved to occupy an ecological niche normally filled by various species of mammal ( the only non @-@ marine mammals native to New Zealand are three species of small bats ) . Before the arrival of humans , the kakapo was distributed throughout the three main islands of New Zealand . It lived in a variety of habitats , including , and coastal areas . It also inhabited forests , including those dominated by ( rimu , , , ) , , , and . In Fiordland , areas of avalanche and slip debris with and heavily fruiting vegetation – such as five finger , , bush lawyer , , , and – became known as " kakapo gardens " . - The kakapo is primarily nocturnal ; it roosts under cover in trees or on the ground during the day and moves around its territories at night . - Though the kakapo cannot fly , it is an excellent , ascending to the crowns of the tallest trees . It can also " parachute " – descending by leaping and spreading its wings . In this way it may travel a few metres ( yards ) at an angle of less than 45 degrees . - Having lost the ability to fly , it has developed strong legs . Movement is often by way of a rapid " @-@ like " gait by which it can move many kilometres . A female has been observed making two return trips each night during nesting from her nest to a food source up to 1 km ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) away and the male may walk from its home range to a mating arena up to 5 km ( 3 mi ) away during the mating season ( October – January ) . - Young birds indulge in play fighting , and one bird will often lock the neck of another under its chin . The kakapo is curious by nature and has been known to interact with humans . Conservation staff and volunteers have engaged extensively with some kakapo , which have distinct personalities . - The kakapo was a very successful species in pre @-@ human New Zealand , and one of the reasons for this was their set of adaptations to effectively avoid predation from native birds of prey , which were their only predators in the past . However , these same have been of no use to them when faced with the mammalian predators which were introduced to New Zealand after human settlement , because these hunt in different ways . As hunters , birds behave very differently from mammals , relying on their powerful vision to find prey , and thus they usually ( with the exception of owls ) hunt by day . Apart from the two surviving New Zealand raptors , the New Zealand falcon and swamp harrier , there were two other birds of prey in pre @-@ human New Zealand : 's eagle and ' harrier . All four species soared overhead searching for prey in daylight , and to avoid these avian predators , the kakapo 's ancestors adopted camouflaged plumage and became nocturnal . In addition , when the kakapo feels threatened , it freezes , so that it is more effectively camouflaged in the forest vegetation which their plumage resembles . It was not entirely safe at night , when the laughing owl was active , and it is apparent from their nest deposits on Canterbury limestone cliffs that the kakapo was among their prey . - predators , in contrast to birds , rely on their sense of smell and hearing to find prey and often hunt by night . The kakapo 's adaptations to avoid avian predation have thus been useless against its new enemies – this is one of the reasons for its massive decline since the introduction of dogs , cats and – see Conservation : Human impact . A typical way for humans to hunt down the kakapo is by releasing trained dogs . - - = = = Diet = = = - - The beak of the kakapo is adapted for grinding food finely . For this reason , the kakapo has a very small compared to other birds of their size . It is generally herbivorous , eating native plants , seeds , fruits , and even the of trees . A study in 1984 identified 25 plant species as kakapo food . It is particularly fond of the fruit of the rimu tree , and will feed on it exclusively during seasons when it is abundant . The kakapo has a distinctive habit of grabbing a leaf or with a foot and stripping the parts of the plant out with its beak , leaving a ball of fibre . These little clumps of plant fibres are a distinctive sign of the presence of the bird . The kakapo is believed to employ bacteria in the fore @-@ gut to and help digest plant matter . - Kakapo diet changes according to the season . The plants eaten most frequently during the year include some species of , , , minus , , , , and . Individual plants of the same species are often treated differently . Kakapo leave conspicuous evidence of their feeding activities , over feeding areas that range between 10 by 10 metres ( 30 ft × 30 ft ) and 50 by 100 metres ( 160 ft × 330 ft ) per individual . Kakapo feeding grounds almost always host and yellow silver pine . - - = = = Reproduction = = = - - The kakapo is the only species of flightless parrot in the world , and the only flightless bird that has a lek breeding system . Males loosely gather in an arena and compete with each other to attract females . Females listen to the males as they display , or " lek " . They choose a mate based on the quality of his display ; they are not pursued by the males in any overt way . No pair bond is formed ; males and females meet only to mate . - During the courting season , males leave their home ranges for and ridges where they establish their own mating courts . These can be up to 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from a kakapo 's usual territory and are an average of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) apart within the lek arena . Males remain in the region of their court throughout the courting season . At the start of the breeding season , males will fight to try to secure the best courts . They confront each other with raised feathers , spread wings , open beaks , raised claws and loud and growling . Fighting may leave birds with injuries or even kill them . - Each court consists of one or more @-@ shaped depressions or " bowls " dug in the ground by the male , up to 10 centimetres ( 4 in ) deep and long enough to fit the half @-@ metre length of the bird . The kakapo is one of only a handful of birds in the world which actually its . are often created next to rock faces , banks , or tree trunks to help reflect sound - the bowls themselves function as to enhance the projection of the males ' booming mating calls . Each male 's bowls are connected by a network of trails or tracks which may extend 50 metres ( 160 ft ) along a ridge or 20 metres ( 70 ft ) in diameter around a hilltop . Males clear their bowls and tracks of debris . One way researchers check whether bowls are visited at night is to place a few twigs in the bowl ; if the male visits overnight , he will pick them up in his beak and toss them away . - To attract females , males make loud , low @-@ frequency ( below 100 Hz ) booming calls from their bowls by inflating a sac . They start with low , which increase in volume as the sac . After a sequence of about 20 loud booms , the male kakapo emits a high @-@ frequency , metallic " " sound . He stands for a short while before again lowering his head , inflating his chest and starting another sequence of booms . The booms can be heard at least 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) away on a still night ; wind can carry the sound at least 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) . Males boom for an average of eight hours a night ; each male may produce thousands of booms in this time . This may continue every night for three or four months during which time the male may lose half his body weight . Each male moves around the bowls in his court so that the booms are sent out in different directions . These booms are also notorious for attracting predators , because of the long range at which they can be heard . - Females are attracted by the booms of the competing males ; they too may need to walk several kilometres from their territories to the arena . Once a female enters the court of one of the males , the male performs a display in which he rocks from side to side and makes clicking noises with his beak . He turns his back to the female , spreads his wings in display and walks backwards towards her . He will then attempt copulation for 2 to 14 minutes . Once the birds have mated , the female returns to her home territory to lay eggs and raise the chicks . The male continues booming in the hope of attracting another female . - The female kakapo lays 1 or 2 eggs ( rarely 3 ) per breeding cycle , with long intervals between laying of first and second eggs . She nests on the ground under the cover of plants or in cavities such as hollow tree trunks . The female the eggs faithfully , but is forced to leave them every night in search of food . Predators are known to eat the eggs and the embryos inside can also die of cold in the mother 's absence . Kakapo eggs usually hatch within 30 days , bearing fluffy grey chicks that are quite helpless . After the eggs hatch , the female feeds the chicks for three months , and the chicks remain with the female for some months after fledging . The young chicks are just as vulnerable to predators as the eggs , and young have been killed by many of the same predators that attack adults . Chicks leave the nest at approximately 10 to 12 weeks of age . As they gain greater independence , their mothers may feed the chicks sporadically for up to 6 months . - Because the kakapo is long @-@ lived , with an average life expectancy of 95 years and the maximum at about 120 years , it tends to have an adolescence before it starts breeding . Males do not start to boom until about 5 years of age . It was thought that females reached sexual maturity at 9 years of age , but this idea was in the 2008 breeding season when two 6 @-@ year @-@ old females named and Rakiura laid eggs . Generally females do not seek out males until they are between 9 and 11 years old . The kakapo does not breed every year and has one of the lowest rates of reproduction among birds . Breeding occurs only in years when trees mast ( fruit heavily ) , providing a plentiful food supply . mast occurs only every three to five years , so in rimu @-@ dominant forests such as those on Codfish Island , kakapo breeding occurs as infrequently . - Another aspect of the kakapo 's breeding system is that a female can alter the sex ratio of her offspring depending on her condition . A female who eats protein @-@ rich foods produces more male offspring ( males have 30 % – 40 % more body weight than females ) . Females produce offspring biased towards the sex when competition for resources ( such as food ) is high and towards the non @-@ sex when food is plentiful . A female kakapo will likely be able to produce eggs even when there are few resources , while a male kakapo will be more capable of perpetuating the species when there are plenty , by mating with several females . This supports the – Willard hypothesis . The relationship between clutch sex ratio and maternal diet has conservation implications , because a captive population maintained on a high quality diet will produce fewer females and therefore fewer individuals valuable to the recovery of the species . - - = = Conservation = = - - records indicate that in pre @-@ Polynesian times , the kakapo was New Zealand 's third most common bird and it was widespread on all three main islands . However , the kakapo population in New Zealand has declined massively since human settlement of the country . Since 1891 , conservation efforts have been made to prevent extinction . The most successful scheme has been the Kakapo Recovery Programme ; this was implemented in 1989 and continues . - - = = = Human impact = = = - - The first factor in the decline of the kakapo was the arrival of humans . Māori folklore suggests that the kakapo was found throughout the country when the first arrived in 700 years ago . and deposits show that the bird was present throughout the North Island , South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura before and during early Māori times . Māori hunted the kakapo for food and for their skins and feathers , which were made into . They used the dried heads as ear ornaments . Due to its flightlessness , strong scent and habit of freezing when threatened , the kakapo was easy prey for the Māori and their dogs . Its eggs and chicks were also preyed upon by the Polynesian rat or , which the Māori brought to New Zealand . Furthermore , the deliberate clearing of vegetation by Māori reduced the range for kakapo . Although the kakapo was extinct in many parts of the islands by the time Europeans arrived , including the and Ranges , it was still present in the central part of the North Island and forested parts of the South Island . - Beginning in the 1840s , European settlers cleared vast tracts of land for farming and grazing , further reducing kakapo habitat . They brought more dogs and other mammalian predators , including domestic cats , black rats and stoats . Europeans knew little of the kakapo until George Gray of the British Museum described it from a skin in 1845 . As the Māori had done , early European explorers and their dogs ate kakapo . In the late 19th century , the kakapo became well known as a scientific curiosity , and thousands were captured or killed for zoos , museums and collectors . Most captured specimens died within months . From at least the 1870s , collectors knew the kakapo population was declining ; their prime concern was to collect as many as possible before the bird became extinct . - In the 1880s , large numbers of ( stoats , ferrets and ) were released in New Zealand to reduce numbers , but they also preyed heavily on many native species including the kakapo . Other browsing animals , such as introduced deer , competed with the kakapo for food , and caused the extinction of some of its preferred plant species . The kakapo was reportedly still present near the head of the River as late as 1894 , with one of the last records of a kakapo in the North Island being a single bird caught in the Kaimanawa Ranges by Te in 1895 . - - = = = Early protection efforts = = = - - In 1891 , the New Zealand government set aside Resolution Island in Fiordland as a nature reserve . In 1894 , the government appointed Richard Henry as caretaker . A keen naturalist , Henry was aware that native birds were declining , and began catching and moving kakapo and from the mainland to the predator @-@ free Resolution Island . In six years , he moved more than 200 kakapo to Resolution Island . By 1900 , however , stoats had to Resolution Island and colonised it ; they wiped out the nascent kakapo population within 6 years . - In 1903 , three kakapo were moved from Resolution Island to the nature reserve of Little Barrier Island north @-@ east of Auckland , but feral cats were present and the kakapo were never seen again . In 1912 , three kakapo were moved to another reserve , Island , north @-@ west of Wellington . One of them survived until at least 1936 , despite the presence of feral cats for part of the intervening period . - By the 1920s , the kakapo was extinct in the North Island and its range and numbers in the South Island were declining . One of its last was rugged Fiordland . There , during the 1930s , it was often seen or heard , and occasionally eaten , by hunters or . By the 1940s , reports of kakapo were becoming scarce . - - = = = 1950 – 89 conservation efforts = = = - - In the 1950s , the New Zealand Wildlife Service was established and began making regular expeditions to search for the kakapo , mostly in Fiordland and what is now the National Park in the northwest of the South Island . Seven Fiordland expeditions between 1951 and 1956 found only a few recent signs . Finally , in 1958 a kakapo was caught and released in the Milford Sound catchment area in Fiordland . Six more kakapo were captured in 1961 ; one was released and the other five were transferred to the of the Mount Bruce Bird Reserve near Masterton in the North Island . Within months , four of the birds had died and the fifth died after about four years . In the next 12 years , regular expeditions found few signs of the kakapo , indicating that numbers were continuing to decline . Only one bird was captured in 1967 ; it died the following year . - By the early 1970s , it was uncertain whether the kakapo was still an extant species . At the end of 1974 , scientists located several more male kakapo and made the first scientific observations of kakapo booming . These observations led Don Merton to speculate for the first time that the kakapo had a lek breeding system . From 1974 to 1976 , 14 kakapo were discovered but all appeared to be males . This raised the possibility that the species would become extinct , because there might be no surviving females . One male bird was captured in the Milford area in 1975 , christened " Richard Henry " , and transferred to Maud Island . All the birds the Wildlife Service discovered from 1951 to 1976 were in U @-@ shaped valleys flanked by almost @-@ vertical cliffs and surrounded by high mountains . Such extreme terrain had slowed colonisation by browsing mammals , leaving islands of virtually native vegetation . However , even here , stoats were present and by 1976 the kakapo was gone from the valley floors and only a few males survived high on the most inaccessible parts of the cliffs . - Before 1977 , no expedition had been to Stewart Island / Rakiura to search for the bird . In 1977 , sightings of kakapo were reported on Stewart Island . An expedition to the island found a track and bowl system on its first day ; soon after , it located several dozen kakapo . The finding in an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare area of fire @-@ modified and forest raised hope that the population would include females . The total population was estimated at 100 to 200 birds . - have never colonised Stewart Island / Rakiura , but feral cats were present . During a survey , it was apparent that cats killed kakapo at a rate of 56 % per year . At this rate , the birds could not survive on the island and therefore an intensive cat control was introduced in 1982 , after which no cat @-@ killed kakapo were found . However , to ensure the survival of the remaining birds , scientists decided later that this population should be transferred to predator @-@ free islands ; this operation was carried out between 1982 and 1997 . - - = = = Kakapo Recovery programme = = = - - In 1989 , a Kakapo Recovery programme was developed and a Kakapo Recovery Group established to implement it . The New Zealand Department of Conservation replaced the Wildlife Service for this task . The first action of the plan was to relocate all the remaining kakapo to suitable islands for them to breed . None of the New Zealand islands were ideal to establish kakapo without rehabilitation by extensive re @-@ vegetation and the eradication of introduced mammalian predators and competitors . Four islands were finally chosen : Maud , / Little Barrier , Codfish and Mana . Sixty @-@ five kakapo ( 43 males , 22 females ) were successfully transferred onto the four islands in five . Some islands had to be rehabilitated several times when feral cats , stoats and kept appearing . Little Barrier Island was eventually viewed as unsuitable due to the rugged landscape , the thick forest and the continued presence of rats , and its birds were evacuated in 1998 . Along with Mana Island , it was replaced with two new kakapo sanctuaries , Island ( Te ) and Anchor Island . The entire kakapo population of Codfish Island was temporarily relocated in 1999 to Pearl Island in Port while rats were being eliminated from Codfish . All kakapo on Pearl and Islands were moved to Anchor Island in 2005 . - A key part of the Recovery Plan is the supplementary feeding of females . The kakapo breeds only once every two to five years , when a certain type of plant species , primarily ( rimu ) , produces protein @-@ rich fruit and seeds . Observations of the relationship between intermittent breeding and the plant 's mast year help biologists choose which suitable supplementary foods to increase kakapo breeding frequency . In 1989 , six preferred foods ( apples , sweet potatoes , , Brazil nuts , seeds and ) were supplied ad each night to 12 feeding stations . Males and females ate the supplied foods , and females on Little Barrier Island in the summers of 1989 – 91 for the first time since 1982 , although nesting success was low . - feeding not only increases kakapo breeding frequency , but also affects the sex ratio of kakapo offspring , as maternal conditions influence this ratio . ( See section " Reproduction " . ) This finding was subsequently used to increase the number of female chicks by deliberately manipulating maternal conditions . During the winter of 1981 , only females lighter than 1 @.@ 5 kg ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) were given supplementary feeding to avoid raising their body condition , and the sex ratio results in 1982 were close to parity , eliminating the male @-@ biased sex ratios in the unrestricted feeding . - Though breeding can be improved by supplementary feeding , the survival of young kakapo is hampered by the presence of Polynesian rats . Of 21 chicks that hatched between 1981 and 1994 , nine were either killed by rats or died and were subsequently eaten by rats . Nest protection has been intensified since 1995 by using traps and poison stations as soon as a nest had been detected . A small video camera and @-@ red light source watch the nest continuously , and will scare approaching rats with flashing lights and loud popping sounds . To increase the success rate of nesting , a nest places a small controlled electric blanket over the eggs or chicks , whenever the female leaves the nest for food . The survival rate of chicks has increased from 29 % in unprotected nests to 75 % in protected ones . - To monitor the kakapo population continuously , each bird is equipped with a radio . Every known kakapo , barring some young chicks , has been given a name by Kakapo Recovery Programme officials . It is an affectionate way for conservation staff to refer to individual birds , and a stark reminder of how few remain . Artificial incubation of eggs and hand @-@ raising of chicks have often been used to improve the condition of the eggs and chicks . In November 2005 , the population comprised 41 females and 45 males , including four fledglings ( 3 females and 1 male ) bred in 2005 . The oldest known kakapo , " Richard Henry " , was thought to be 80 years old at the time of his death in December 2010 . - In 2006 , the Kakapo Recovery Programme presented a new management plan that would run from 2006 to 2016 . The key goals of this plan are to increase the female population to at least 60 by 2016 , increase genetic diversity , maintain or restore a sufficiently large habitat to accommodate the expected increase in the kakapo population , and maintain public awareness and support . - The Kakapo Recovery programme has been successful , with the numbers of kakapo increasing steadily . Adult survival rate and have both improved significantly since the programme 's inception . However , the main goal is to establish at least one viable , self @-@ sustaining , unmanaged population of kakapo as a functional component of the ecosystem in a protected habitat . To help meet this conservation challenge , two large Fiordland islands , Resolution ( 20 @,@ 860 ha ) and Secretary ( 8 @,@ 140 ha ) , have been prepared for re @-@ introduction of the kakapo with large @-@ scale ecological restoration activities . Ultimately , the Kakapo Recovery vision for the species is to restore the " " ( for " life @-@ force " ) of the kakapo by breeding 150 adult females . - During the 2008 – 2009 summer breeding season , the total population of kakapo rose to over 100 for the first time since monitoring began , reaching 123 by February 2012 . Twenty two of the 34 chicks had to be hand @-@ reared because of a shortage of food on Codfish Island . - In 2012 , seven kakapo were transferred to Little Barrier Island , in an attempt to establish a successful breeding programme . Kakapo were last on the island in 1999 . - In March 2014 , with the kakapo population having increased to 126 , the bird 's recovery was used by Melbourne artist as a metaphor for the recovery of , the " spirit of these two communities and their determination to rebuild " . - - = = In Māori culture = = - - The kakapo is associated with a rich tradition of Māori folklore and beliefs . The bird 's irregular breeding cycle was understood to be associated with heavy fruiting or " " events of particular plant species such as the which led Māori to credit the bird with the ability to tell the future . Used to this claim were reported observations of these birds dropping the berries of the and trees ( when they were in season ) into secluded pools of water to preserve them as a food supply for the summer ahead ; in legend this became the origin of the Māori practice of food in water for the same purpose . - - = = = Use for food and clothing = = = - - The meat of kakapo made good eating and was considered by Māori to be a delicacy and it was hunted for food when it was still widespread . One source states that its flesh " resembles lamb in taste and texture " , although European settlers have described the bird as having a " strong and slightly stringent [ sic ] flavour . " - In breeding years , the loud booming calls of the males at their mating arenas made it easy for Māori hunting parties to track the kakapo down , and it was also hunted while feeding or when dust @-@ bathing in dry weather . The bird was caught , generally at night , using , traps , or by groups of domesticated Polynesian dogs which accompanied hunting parties – sometimes they would use fire sticks of various sorts to a bird in the darkness , stopping it in their tracks and making the capture easier . was done in a or in of boiling oil . The flesh of the bird could be preserved in its own fat and stored in containers for later consumption – hunters of the tribe would pack the flesh in made from the inner bark of tree or in containers constructed from kelp . of kakapo tail feathers were attached to the sides of these containers to provide decoration and a way to identify their contents . Also taken by the Māori were the bird 's eggs , which are described as whitish " but not pure white " , and about the same size as a egg . - As well as eating the meat of the kakapo , Māori would use kakapo skins with the feathers still attached or individually in kakapo feathers with flax fibre to create and . Each one required up to 11 @,@ 000 feathers to make . Not only were these garments considered very beautiful , they also kept the wearer very warm . They were highly valued , and the few still in existence today are considered ( treasures ) — indeed , the old Māori " You have a kākāpō and you still complain of the cold " was used to describe someone who is never satisfied . Kakapo feathers were also used to the heads of , but were removed before use in combat . - Despite this , the kakapo was also regarded as an affectionate pet by the Māori . This was corroborated by European settlers in New Zealand in the 19th century , among them George Edward Grey , who once wrote in a letter to an associate that his pet kakapo 's behaviour towards him and his friends was " more like that of a dog than a bird " . - - = = = In the media = = = - - The conservation of the kakapo has made the species well known . Many books and documentaries detailing the plight of the kakapo have been produced in recent years , one of the earliest being Two in the Bush , made by Gerald for the BBC in 1962 . A feature @-@ length documentary , The Unnatural History of the Kakapo won two major awards at the Earth Environmental Film Festival . Two of the most significant documentaries , both made by , are Kakapo – Night Parrot ( 1982 ) and To Save the kakapo ( 1997 ) . The BBC 's Natural History Unit also featured the kakapo , including a sequence with Sir David Attenborough in The Life of Birds . It was also one of the endangered animals Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine set out to find for the radio series and book Last Chance to See . An updated version of the series has been produced for BBC TV , in which Stephen Fry and Carwardine revisit the animals to see how they are getting on almost 20 years later , and in January 2009 , they spent time filming the kakapo on Codfish Island . Footage of a kakapo named attempting to mate with Carwardine 's head was viewed by millions worldwide , leading to becoming " @-@ bird " for New Zealand wildlife conservation in 2010 , as part of the International Year of Biodiversity . The kakapo was featured in the episode " Strange Islands " of the documentary series South Pacific , originally aired on 13 June 2009 . Kakapo were also used as an example of unique island fauna in the episode " Worlds Apart " of the series The Living Planet . - - - = Live & Kicking = - - Live & Kicking is a BBC Saturday morning children 's magazine programme , running from 1993 to 2001 . The fourth in a succession of Saturday morning shows , it was the replacement for Going Live ! , and took many of its features from it , such as phone @-@ ins , games , comedy , competitions and the showing of cartoons . Once Live & Kicking had become established in series two , it reached its height in popularity during series four , when it was presented by Zoë Ball and Jamie Theakston ; their final episode won a BAFTA award . After this the series ratings dropped with the launch of SMTV Live on ITV and was eventually cancelled in 2001 . - - = = History = = - - Live & Kicking was conceived as a replacement for Going Live ! , a successful Saturday morning programme that had been running for six years . It was first broadcast on 2 October 1993 at 9 am on . The original hosts were Andi Peters , Emma Forbes who had presented a cookery segment in Going Live ! , and John Barrowman . For the second series , John was relegated to host the showbiz Electric Circus segment , leaving Andi and Emma to become the main hosts . He left after one series of Electric Circus to concentrate on acting . Comedy duo Trevor and Simon and Peter Simon , in the Run the Risk segment , were also regulars who had featured on Going Live ! . - While the first series was not as popular as its predecessor , the second series was more successful . It was broadcast during the winter months , from September to April , with Fully replacing it during the summer . New episodes of the were shown . The series went out opposite ITV 's What 's Up Doc ? but during its third series issues were raised by the ITC , and a number of people left including Don Austen and John Eccleston ( and 's puppeteers ) who defected to Live & Kicking to star as a couple of brothers Sage & . - Andi Peters expressed his intention to move on in March 1996 , and Emma Forbes decided to follow after finding out she was pregnant . - They were replaced by Zoë Ball and Jamie Theakston , who presented it for three series . According to the BBC , the show 's popularity was at its peak during the 1996 / 1997 series when the show regularly had 2 @.@ 5 million viewers . Around this time Mr. , played by Barry , also on series . - After three series , Ball decided to move on due to a schedule , and Theakston followed . The final episode hosted by Ball and Theakston later won the show a children 's BAFTA award for Best Entertainment show in November 1999 . - The show returned in Autumn 1999 with new presenters Emma Ledden and Steve Wilson , . They only lasted for one series , due to ratings dropping to 1 @.@ 6 million during their tenure . At the same time rival SMTV Live on competitor channel ITV was relaunched to feature more comedic elements and began to gain popularity , known for its and features . Fully , the BBC 's summer replacement , was also revamped and retitled as , but ratings continued to drop . The following October , the final series was a complete revamp , with a line @-@ up of four : , Katy Hill , Trey Farley and Sarah . - Ratings continued to , due to the continuing success of SMTV Live . In March 2001 , the BBC made an unprecedented move and extended the series over the summer , like SMTV was broadcast , but announced it would be the final series . Hill was replaced by Heather as the show was moved to BBC Scotland on 21 April until 15 September 2001 when the final show aired . It was replaced by The Saturday Show , which continued to be broadcast all year round . - - = = = = - - Live & Kicking was a weekly magazine show broadcast every Saturday morning , normally from September to April and later all year for the final series , and it was aimed at young people . It featured music performances , " hot seat " questions for celebrity guests , phone @-@ ins , games , comedy sketches , competitions , and television programmes and cartoons . It used the " Miss it , miss out " and " The only way to start your weekend " on promotional adverts for the show . As well as the main presenters , there were regulars such as comedy duo Trevor and Simon , and later Ben , and Rich from The Cheese Shop and . A segment in the first few series that was an adaptation of Going Live 's Double Dare was Run the Risk , a game in which teams of children completed various obstacle courses and challenges . was often included to make the tasks harder . Run The Risk was later broadcast separately . From 1994 until 2000 , there was a showbiz segment called the Electric Circus , which featured the latest films , music , computer games and gossip . It was first presented by John Barrowman after he stepped aside as a regular presenter , and was later hosted by a variety of people . - The first series featured the head of a cat named " " who provided links , but this was dropped after one series . It was replaced by commentator Mitch Johnson , who , as well as providing commentary and links for each item , would interact with both audience and presenters too . From the second series , two puppet , later named as Sage and became regulars . They were played by Don Austen and John Eccleston , and were designed and built by Darryl Studios . They performed comedy sketches throughout the morning , and often interacted with the people in the studio . Another comedy character who first appeared in the third series was Mr , who had previously appeared in Noel 's House Party . Most regular features were dropped for the final series , when the show was revamped . A feature that stuck throughout was the for the phone number , first 081 , then , then 610 . - As well as the television show , Live and Kicking launched a music CD , composed of the best music that artists had sung live on the programme . A video game called Live and Kicking : was also created , where the user could combine elements of the show to create their own television production on a small scale . A monthly magazine was also produced , though towards the end of Live & Kicking 's production , the sales of the magazine dropped significantly , reflecting its loss of viewers . - For series five and six , there was a short version of the show that aired on Friday called L & K Friday , but this was cancelled after two series . The regular Saturday presenters Jamie Theakston and Zoë Ball presented the first series , and Steve Wilson and Liz Fraser presented the second series . A 90 @-@ minute version of the show also aired on BBC Choice and was entitled L & K Replay . - In May 2000 , two months before Steve & Emma were officially resigned from Live & Kicking , the show was brought back for a one @-@ off special during the summer break . It was to mix in with the BBC 's Music Live and the show was titled as Music Live & Kicking with Steve & Emma returning to present along with future presenter and special guest presenter Stephen of . This special was dedicated to a series of music performances ( hence the title ) and was the first edition to be broadcast in widescreen . - One of the last features was L & K , a spin @-@ off of the BBC reality show 2000 . Each week , six children would spend four days on a remote Scottish island , learning how to survive , among other skills . Points were earned through passing various tasks , and were lost if contestants entered the " Hut " , which contained various modern electrical appliances . - - = = and replacement = = - - The Ball and Theakston series are considered to be when Live & Kicking was at its peak in popularity . After their final series in 1999 , it was believed the BBC would replace Live & Kicking with another programme , as its two predecessors had both lasted six years . Instead , they continued with Live & Kicking , with new presenters Emma Ledden and Steve Wilson . The series was the beginning of the end for the show ; Ledden and Wilson did not know each other at the start of the series , and so there was none of the interaction between them , as seen between Ball and Theakston . Additionally , SMTV Live which broadcast opposite on ITV was slowly becoming more popular , and gaining the audience the BBC was losing . After just one series , Ledden and Wilson 's contracts were not renewed . Wilson later said that they were dropped just as they were starting to form a relationship , and that & Dec , presenters of SMTV Live , had the edge over them as they had known each other much longer . Ledden had already been dropped when Wilson went through several meetings with the BBC . He decided it was better to leave after one good series , rather than do a second " lame " series , and went on to appear in rival SMTV Live 's 100th show , in the Friends , ' ' . When Live & Kicking returned in October 2000 , it was completely revamped , with brand new titles and a line @-@ up of four presenters . However , this did nothing to increase viewing figures , and the chemistry between the presenters was even less apparent . It was decided not to end the show in April and replace it with a summer show , because the replacement had lost even more viewers for the BBC . Live & Kicking continued until September after a move to Glasgow where the summer show had normally been filmed . Just before the move it was announced it would be the final series . The principal reason given for the decision was the increasing loss of viewers to SMTV Live , which had a similar format and was more successful . Live and Kicking was replaced by The Saturday Show , fronted by Behr and Joe , which was shown all year round until September 2003 when it began an Autumn @-@ Spring / Summer loop with Dick and in da . Live & Kicking was featured in the BBC 's It with Shop programme in 2006 , where Noel Edmonds interviewed the first pair of presenters , Andi Peters and Emma Forbes , about their time on the show . - - = = Programmes = = - - ( 1993 – 2001 ) - The Simpsons ( 1997 – 2000 ) - X @-@ Men ( 1993 – 1996 ) - and ( 1997 – 2001 ) - Smart Guy ( 1997 – 2000 ) - The Wild ( 1999 – 2001 ) - ( 2000 – 2001 ) - Monster ( 1999 – 2001 ) - Clarissa It All ( 1993 – 1996 ) - ( 1994 ) - ! The Cat - - - = Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman = - - Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman ( March 18 , 1845 – February 27 , 1863 ) was an American Union Army soldier of Native Hawaiian descent . Considered one of the " Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War " , he was among a group of more than one hundred documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii @-@ born combatants who fought in the American Civil War while the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was still an independent nation . - Born and raised in Hilo , Hawaiʻi , he was the eldest son of , a Hawaiian high , and Benjamin Pitman , an American pioneer settler from Massachusetts . Through his father 's business success in the whaling and sugar and coffee plantation industries and his mother 's familial connections to the Hawaiian royal family , the were quite prosperous and owned lands on the island of Hawaiʻi and in Honolulu . He and his older sister were educated in the mission schools in Hilo alongside other children of mixed Hawaiian descent . After the death of his mother in 1855 , his father remarried to the widow of a missionary , thus connecting the family to the American missionary community in Hawaiʻi . However , following the deaths of his first wife and later his second wife , his father decided to leave the islands and returned to Massachusetts with his family around 1860 . He continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury , where the Pitman family lived for a period of time . - Leaving school without his family 's knowledge , he made the decision to fight in the Civil War in August 1862 . Despite his mixed @-@ race ancestry , Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian recruits of the time and enlisted in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , a white regiment . He served as a private in the Union Army fighting in the Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign . In his company , Private Robert G. Carter befriended the part @-@ Hawaiian soldier and wrote in later life of their common experience in the 22nd Massachusetts . decades afterward from old letters , Carter 's account described the details surrounding his final fate in the war . On the march to Fredericksburg , Pitman was separated from his regiment and captured by Confederate guerrilla forces . He was forced to march to Richmond and incarcerated in the Confederate Libby Prison , where he contracted " lung fever " from the harsh conditions of his imprisonment and died on February 27 , 1863 , a few months after his release on parole in a prisoner exchange . Modern historians consider Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman to be the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War . - For a period of time after the end of the war , the legacy and contributions of Pitman and other documented Hawaiian participants in the American Civil War were largely forgotten except in the private circles of descendants and historians . However , there has been a revival of interest in recent years in the Hawaiian community . In 2010 , these " Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War " were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu . - - = = Early life and family = = - - Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was born March 18 , 1845 , in Hilo , Hawaiʻi , the first son and second child of Benjamin Pitman and . Originally a native of Salem , Massachusetts , Pitman 's father was an early pioneer , businessman and sugar and coffee plantation owner on the island of Hawaiʻi , who greatly from the kingdom 's booming whaling industry in the early 1800s . On his father 's side , he was a great @-@ grandson of Joshua Pitman ( 1755 – 1822 ) , an English @-@ American carpenter on the ship Franklin under Captain Allen during the American Revolutionary War . On his mother 's side , Pitman was a descendant of , one of the royal twins ( with ) who advised Kamehameha I in his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands , and also of the early American or English sea captain Harold Cox , who lent his name to George " Cox " II , the Governor of Maui . Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman shared his Hawaiian name with his maternal grandfather Hoʻolulu , who , along with his brother , helped conceal the bones of King Kamehameha I in a secret hiding place after his death . In the Hawaiian language , the name " Hoʻolulu " means " to be calm " , as a ship in a protected harbor . His siblings were Mary Ann Pitman ( 1838 – 1905 ) , Benjamin Franklin Pitman ( 1852 – 1918 ) and half @-@ sister Maria Kinoʻole Pitman Morey ( 1858 – 1892 ) . - Because of his father 's success in business and his mother 's descent from Hawaiian royalty , the Pitman family was considered quite prosperous and were host to the royal family when they visited Hilo . Besides being one of the leading merchants in town , his father also served the government as district magistrate of Hilo . Henry 's mother , Kinoʻole , had inherited control over much of the lands in Hilo and from her own father , and King Kamehameha III had granted her use of the of Hilo after her marriage . During Henry 's early childhood , the family lived in the mansion that Benjamin Pitman had built in 1840 , in an area known as , one of the favored resort spots of ancient Hawaiian royalty . The residence also became known as the Spencer House after Pitman sold it to his business partner Captain Thomas Spencer . The property later became the site of the Hilo Hotel , built in 1888 and torn down in 1956 . In the 1850s the family moved to the capital of Honolulu where Benjamin Pitman took up banking and built a beautiful two @-@ story house that he named ( " water " ) at the corner of and Streets . - - = = Education = = - - While in Hawaiʻi , Pitman and his older sister Mary attended Mrs. Wetmore 's children 's school in Hilo . The school was located at the ' residence on Church Street . by Lucy Sheldon Taylor Wetmore , the wife of American missionary doctor and government physician Charles Wetmore , the two elder Pitman children received their education in English rather than Hawaiian . This was unusual since Hawaiian was the official language of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi , and all other schools in Hilo were conducted in the Hawaiian language . Mrs. Wetmore taught the children reading , writing , spelling , arithmetic and singing , while also reinforcing the curriculum with a strong adherence to the principles of the Protestant faith . Like the Pitman siblings , many of their classmates were also of half @-@ Hawaiian ( hapa @-@ ) descent with a majority of them being Chinese @-@ Hawaiians ( hapa @-@ ) . - After the death of his mother Kinoʻole in 1855 , Pitman 's father remarried to Maria Kinney , the widow of American missionary Rev. Henry Kinney . The were part of the Twelfth Company of missionaries from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign to arrive in 1848 . The marriage aligned the Pitman children with the American missionary community . They were called " cousins " by the children of the missionaries and considered part of the extended missionary family of Hawaiʻi . This first stepmother died in 1858 after giving birth to their father 's fourth child , a daughter named Maria Kinoʻole ( 1858 – 1892 ) . The Pitman family returned to Massachusetts in 1860 where his father remarried to his third wife Martha Ball , giving his four children another stepmother . According to an 1887 biography written by Robert G. Carter , a private who would later serve in the same company as Pitman , he was neglected after his mother 's death by his father and stepmother , who " subjected [ him ] to neglect and treatment , that with his sensitive nature he could not bear " . He continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury , where the Pitman family lived for a period of time . The 1860 United States Census registered Pitman under his teacher Solomon Adams as residing and presumably being educated in Newton , also in the Boston area . - Growing into adolescence , he was said to strongly resemble his Hawaiian mother . Robert G. Carter gave a brief description of his appearance in wartime letters first published in 1897 : - [ A ] tall , slim boy , straight as an arrow . His face was a perfect oval , his hair was as black as a 's wing , and his eyes were large and of that peculiar soft , melting , which pity when one is in distress . His skin was a clear , dark olive , bordering on the , and this , with his high cheek bones , would have led us to suppose that his nationality was different from our own , had we not known that his name was plain Henry P. There was an air of good breeding and refinement about him , that , with his small hands and feet , would have set us to thinking , had it not been that in our youth and intensely enthusiastic natures , we gave no thought to our comrades ' personal appearance . We can look back now and see the shy , reserved nature of the boy , the dark , melancholy eyes , the sad smile , the sensitive twitching of the lips . - - = = American Civil War = = - - After the outbreak of the American Civil War , the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26 , 1861 . But many Native Hawaiians and Hawaiian @-@ born Americans ( mainly descendants of the American missionaries ) both abroad and in the islands volunteered and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy . Individual Native Hawaiians had been serving in the United States Navy and Army since the War of 1812 , and even more served during the American Civil War . Many Hawaiians with the Union because of Hawaiʻi 's ties to New England through its missionaries and the whaling industries , and the ideological opposition of many to the institution of slavery . - - = = = and service = = = - - On August 14 , 1862 , Pitman left school without his family 's knowledge and volunteered to serve in the Union Army and fight in the American Civil War . He apparently never informed his family in advance about the choice to join the war because the news of his was reported back in Hawaiʻi 's American missionary community as " Henry Pitman has run away from home and gone [ to war ] . " Carter described Pitman 's rationale for enlisting : " In the midst of the of war , when the very air with excitement , the wild enthusiasm of the crowds , and the inspiring sound of the drum , his Indian nature rose within him . His resolve was made . " - Pitman was a hapa @-@ , of part Hawaiian and part Caucasian descent . His father was white and his native @-@ born mother was also part Caucasian from her own mother , who was the daughter of Captain Cox and a Hawaiian . Despite his mixed @-@ race ancestry , Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian volunteers in this period . Most Native Hawaiians who participated in the war were assigned to colored regiments , but Pitman 's fair skin color meant he was able to serve in a white unit , indicating that unit assignment may have been influenced by how dark Hawaiians appeared . Historians Bob , James L. and others claimed Pitman was placed in the colored regiments because of his mixed race , but regiment records indicate otherwise . - Pitman served as a private in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , Company H. This regiment was also named the " Henry Wilson 's Regiment " after Col. Henry Wilson , who commanded the unit in 1861 . Col. William S. was the commander during Pitman 's brief term of service . The regiment was part of the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac under the command of Major General George B. . During this period , the regiment fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run and was involved in the Maryland Campaign fighting in the Battle of Antietam , the single @-@ day battle in American history , and the Battle of . His regiment was on the march to the Battle of Fredericksburg when Pitman was captured by Confederate troops . - - = = = and death = = = - - The most detailed account of Pitman 's final fate in the War came from Robert G. Carter . In November 1862 , Pitman was captured near Junction on the march toward Fredericksburg , Virginia , during the weeks prior to the Battle of Fredericksburg . He had fallen behind the group because his feet had and swollen due to the tightness of " a pair of thin , high @-@ and narrow boots " he had purchased . One of his comrades temporarily stayed behind to care for him but later decided to move on with the rest of the camp for fear of disciplinary consequences of falling out without authority . He was urged to move on , but without much success . Pitman 's last words to his were , " I will be in camp by night , good by . " His fellow soldiers never saw him again and considered him missing . Shortly after he was left , a band of Confederate guerrillas under Colonel John S. captured the weary and soldier without a struggle . The inscription on his tombstone differs slightly from Carter 's account , stating he was captured by J. E. B. Stuart 's cavalry instead . - After Pitman 's capture , he was marched to Richmond in a weak physical state . He was imprisoned in the Confederate Libby Prison and Belle Isle , which were notoriously harsh prisons . Pitman 's letters home described his place of incarceration as the " Pen " where " the filthy meat [ was ] thrown to them as if they were dogs " . The condition of his incarceration including the shortage of food , lack of sanitation , overcrowding and his physical weakness made him susceptible to diseases present in the Confederate prisons . Carter described how the prisons " wore out the brave spirit " . During a prisoner exchange , Pitman was released by the Confederate Army at City Point , Virginia , on December 12 , 1862 , and then sent to Annapolis Parole Camp . Suffering from complications due to the conditions of his imprisonment , he contracted " lung fever " , which was perhaps pneumonia . Carter wrote later how his friend had " linger [ ed ] a few weeks , like the of an expiring flame , then quietly pass [ ed ] away to an eternal life " . Pitman died at Parole Camp on February 27 , 1863 , just weeks short of his eighteenth birthday . According to historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance , Pitman " has the unfortunate distinction of being the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War . " - Considering him missing , Pitman 's regiment did not discover his final fate until news of his funeral at Roxbury was received in the spring of the following year . His remains were returned to his family in Massachusetts after his death in Parole Camp . Benjamin Pitman , his father , had him buried in a family plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery . On one side of the Pitman family grave marker was placed the inscription : - Timothy Henry Pitman - Born at Hilo , Hawaii - 18 , 1845 - Died at Camp Parole - Annapolis , MD , 27 , 1863 - 17 years 11 . 9 member of Co . H , 22nd Regiment - Mass . . , was with his Regiment in the - battles of South Mountain , Antietam and - . Was taken prisoner by Stuart 's - cavalry on the march to ; - in Libby Prison , and - sent to Camp Parole , Annapolis , and died in - camp of pneumonia . - - = = Legacy = = - - After his death , the memory of Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was honored by friends and family members back in Massachusetts and Hawaiʻi . During a return to Hawaiʻi in 1917 , his younger brother Benjamin Franklin Pitman and his wife Pitman , discovered a grandson of a nephew was named i i ( meaning " Chief that fought the Potomac " ) in honor of his deceased older brother . Similarly , Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman , the second son of his Hawaiian first cousin George Charles , was also named after him . Shortly after his death , Pitman was back in Hawaiʻi by Martha Ann Chamberlain , Secretary of the Hawaiian Mission Children 's Society : - Our cousin , Henry Pitman , the first of Hawaii 's sons to fall in the war , died at Annapolis Parole Camp , 27 , of lung fever , serving as a soldier in the Union army . His remains were deposited in Mt . Auburn Cemetery , near Boston , Mass . He died in a just cause . Let his memory be embalmed among our band . - After the war , the military service of Hawaiians , including Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman , were largely forgotten , disappearing from the collective memories of the American Civil War and the history of Hawaiʻi . However , in recent years , Hawaiian residents and historians and descendants of Hawaiian combatants in the conflict have insisted on the need to remember " our boys from Hawaii " . Renewed interest in the stories of these individuals and this particular period of Hawaiian @-@ American history have inspired efforts to preserve the memories of the Hawaiians who served in the war . On August 26 , 2010 , on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian , a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing these " Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War " , the more than one hundred documented Hawaiians who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy . Pitman 's great @-@ Diane Kinoʻole o Pitman attended the ceremony . Pitman stated , " I 'm very proud of a young man of his age – he was quite young – who served in the Civil War for his family . " - In 2013 , Todd , Napoleon , Justin Vance , Anita Manning and others began the process of creating a historical documentary about the individual experiences and stories of Hawaii @-@ born soldiers and sailors of the American Civil War , including Pitman , Samuel C. Armstrong , Nathaniel Bright Emerson , James Wood Bush , J. R. and many other unnamed combatants of both the Union and the Confederacy . In 2014 , Maui @-@ based author Wayne wrote a fictionalized story based on the lives and Civil War service of Hawaiian soldiers like Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman in his book : A Hawaiian in the American Civil War . In 2015 , the of the end of the war , the National Park Service released a publication titled and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War about the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought during the war . The history of Hawaiʻi 's involvement and the biographies of Pitman , Bush , and others were co @-@ written by historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance . - - - = Church of Christ Pantocrator , Nesebar = - - The Church of Christ Pantocrator ( Bulgarian : „ “ , „ “ or „ “ , „ “ , Byzantine Greek : ) is a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in the eastern Bulgarian town of Nesebar ( medieval ) , on the Black Sea coast of Province . Part of the Ancient Nesebar UNESCO World Heritage Site , the Church of Christ Pantocrator was constructed in the 13th – 14th century and is best known for its lavish exterior decoration . The church , today an art gallery , survives largely intact and is among Bulgaria 's best preserved churches of the Middle Ages . - - = = History = = - - The Church of Christ Pantocrator is usually dated to the late 13th or early 14th century . University of Pennsylvania scholar Robert G. places its construction in the mid @-@ 14th century . Rough author Jonathan attributes its building to the rule of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria ( r . 1331 – ) , though during this time control of Nesebar changed many times between the Second Bulgarian Empire and . The church is dedicated to Christ Pantocrator , a name of God which him as the " Ruler of All " in Greek . - The church is located on Street , near the entrance to Nesebar 's old town . , it houses an art gallery which exhibits works by Bulgarian artists . As it belongs to the old town of Nesebar , the Church of Christ Pantocrator forms part of the Ancient City of Nesebar UNESCO World Heritage Site and the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria . Since 1927 , it has been under state protection as a " national antiquity " , and it was listed among Bulgaria 's monuments of culture of national importance in 1964 . - - = = Architecture = = - - The church is designed in late Byzantine cross @-@ in @-@ square style . It was constructed from stones and brickwork , a construction technique known as opus , and measures 16 by 6 @.@ 90 metres ( 52 @.@ 5 ft × 22 @.@ 6 ft ) , 16 by 6 @.@ 70 metres ( 52 @.@ 5 ft × 22 @.@ 0 ft ) , or 14 @.@ 20 by 4 @.@ 80 metres ( 46 @.@ 6 ft × 15 @.@ 7 ft ) , depending on the source . The walls of the church are 0 @.@ 80 metres ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) thick . The colour of the bricks gives the church a appearance . - The church features a narthex and a cella ( or " " ) with an essentially rectangular elongated plan . The narthex is small , but has a medieval tomb underneath it . There are four entrances to the church : two accessing the cella from the south and west , and another two for the narthex from the west and north . The apse of the church has three small parts which overlap each other to form a single , larger unit . The and of the church are located by the apse . - The dome , octagonal in shape , stands prominently on top of the centre of the cella . It was supported by four now @-@ destroyed columns which were located directly beneath it . The integrated bell tower has been built on top of the narthex , as was customary in contemporary Byzantine church architecture , and extends from the rectangular main structure . The bell tower was originally rectangular , though it is now partially ruined . It was reached from the south by means of a stone staircase . - - = = Decoration = = - - The best @-@ known feature of the Church of Christ Pantocrator is the rich and colourful decoration of its exterior walls . The most lavishly decorated part of the church is the east side with the apse , and as a whole all sides of the church exhibit different ornamentation . strips of three or four rows of bricks and carved stones , which create an optical pattern , are the most basic type of decoration used . of blind arches , four @-@ floral motifs , triangular ornaments , circular turquoise ceramics and brick run along the east wall . the appearance of the church 's superimposed arcades to an ; an earlier example of that configuration can be observed in the church of near , Turkey . The inclusion of in the decoration is considered unusual and curious to tourists . It is explained by the medieval use of the as a symbol of the Sun . - The decoration of the elongated north and south walls includes brick blind arches in the bottom part and a large arch for each wall adjacent to the dome with a window in the middle . There are windows above the lower arches of the north and south facade . The dome , which also exhibits a large number of ornamental details and ceramics , features eight windows , one for each of its sides . The medieval frescoes which were painted on the interior walls of the church have been only preserved . - - - = Kir 'Shara = - - " Kir 'Shara " is the ninth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise . It was writer Michael Sussman 's third episode of the season , while it was director David Livingston 's second . The episode was the third in a three @-@ part story arc , following on from the episodes " The Forge " and " Awakening " . " Kir 'Shara " and the Vulcan arc showed themes relating to the Protestant Reformation resulting in comparisons to books such as The Da Vinci Code and The Celestine , while the Kir 'Shara itself was compared to the Nag Hammadi library . - Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , Enterprise attempts to a war , and is caught in a crossfire between Vulcan and Andorian . Meanwhile . Captain Archer , Commander T 'Pol , and T 'Pau aim to take the Kir 'Shara to the Vulcan capital , and use it to reveal Administrator V 'Las ' plot to the rest of the Vulcan High Command . - In addition to the guest stars returning from the previous arc episodes , or the episode " Home " , Jeffrey Combs returned as Shran . The episode was shot across seven days using mostly standing sets , with only an Andorian brig built specifically for this episode . " Kir 'Shara " also saw the return of the Vulcan lirpa , a weapon which had been first introduced in the Star Trek : The Original Series episode " Amok Time " . The episode originally aired on December 3 , 2004 on UPN . It received a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 1 / 4 percent , which equalled the highest ratings seen during the fourth season . It was warmly received by critics who praised Combs ' performance and noted that this episode was an indication of the improving quality of the series . However there was mixed opinion regarding the ending of the episode . - - = = Plot = = - - Enterprise heads to after Ambassador Soval informs them that the Vulcans believe they have been developing weapon technology . Soval guides Enterprise to a nebula where the Andorian fleet is hiding . Commander Shran is dubious , and abducts and Soval . After believing him , Enterprise joins a fleet of six Andorian ships to intercept the Vulcans . Commander Tucker attempts to buy time by ordering Enterprise directly between the two fleets — this works for a while until Administrator V 'Las orders them to be targeted too . - Meanwhile , at The Forge , Captain Archer , Commander T 'Pol , and T 'Pau , having found the sacred Kir 'Shara ( which the Syrrannites believe will a Vulcan enlightenment ) , endeavor to take it to the capital . route , T 'Pol and T 'Pau discuss the taboo of mind @-@ , and T 'Pau offers to mind @-@ meld with T 'Pol . She states the meld is safe when performed by those trained in the art , and that is merely the by @-@ product of an improperly conducted meld . The trio are then attacked by Major Talok and Vulcan commandos , and T 'Pol is captured while the others escape . She tells her captors that they are headed to Mount in order to mislead them from their true destination . - She is then taken to the capital . Archer and T 'Pau also arrive after T 'Pol 's husband , Koss , provides transporter security codes . They present the Kir 'Shara to the Command and reveal that the embassy bombing was merely a pretext to weaken the pacifist prior to the Andorian strike . angered , V 'Las for the Kir 'Shara , but is stunned by High @-@ Minister , who orders the fleet to stand down . Enterprise returns to Vulcan , and Koss visits to release T 'Pol from their marriage . Meanwhile , the Vulcan High Command is dissolved , granting Earth greater autonomy , and the katra of Surak is transferred to a Vulcan high priest . V 'Las , relieved of his post , meets secretly with Talok , revealed as a agent , who states that the of their worlds is only a matter of time . - - = = Production = = - - Like " Home " , " Kir 'Shara " was written by Michael Sussman and was his third script during the fourth season . David Livingston directed the episode , which was his second episode of the season having previously directed " " . Most of the guest stars had appeared in the previous episode " Awakening " , including Robert Foxworth as Administrator V 'Las , Kara Zediker as T 'Pau and John Rubinstein as . In addition , Michael Reilly Burke resumes his role as Koss for the third time , having appeared in the role both in " Home " and " The Forge " . Also appearing , having appeared in " Home " , was Jack as a Vulcan priest . appeared in The Original Series episode " The Enterprise Incident " as the Commander Tal . " Kir 'Shara " also saw the return of Jeffrey Combs as the Andorian Commander Shran for the sixth time as well as Gary Graham as Ambassador Soval , who has appeared as a recurring character in Enterprise since the pilot episode " Broken Bow " . - Filming began on October 4 , 2004 and continued until October 12 . Despite the desert locations , all filming took place on soundstages . These represented a variety of places throughout the Vulcan desert @-@ like Forge . The remaining sets used were either standing sets , or those which had been constructed for the previous two episodes . The exceptions to that were two sets to represent scenes on board Commander Shran 's Andorian vessel . The Andorian bridge set , which had been used previously in the series , had a single wall brought out of storage in order to appear as a backdrop for Shran when he appears on the Enterprise . The Andorian brig was built specifically for this episode for scenes with Shran and Soval . - Re @-@ appearing in " Kir 'Shara " were the traditional Vulcan weapon , the lirpa , which was first introduced in The Original Series episode " Amok Time " . The lirpa is a long shaft with a crescent blade on one end and a spiked on the other . Brand new props were built for this episode , the original design by making them more lightweight . They were wielded in " Kir 'Shara " by Vulcan commandos , who were all played by stunt actors in non @-@ speaking roles . Additional stunt doubles were required for Archer , T 'Pol , T 'Pau and Talok while two puppeteers were needed for the Andorian seen on screen . - - = = Themes = = - - " Kir 'Shara " followed up the events of the previous two episodes in the story arc as well some of the elements seen earlier in the season in the episode " Home " . " The Forge " sees Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) and T 'Pol ( ) travel into the Vulcan desert known as the Forge in order to find a renegade faction of Vulcans , known as the Syrrannites . During the journey , Archer has the katra of Surak transferred into him . In " Awakening " , the duo meet the Syrrannites and find out they are peaceful . After Enterprise leaves orbit , the Vulcans start bombarding the caves where the Syrrannites are located , killing T 'Pol 's mother , T 'Les ( Joanna ) . - Speaking about " Awakening " , show runner Manny had previously said that he envisaged the story arc to be about a Vulcan as a metaphor to the real @-@ world 16th century Protestant Reformation with T 'Pau playing the role of Martin Luther . This view was supported by the 2010 book Star Trek As Myth , which saw the original Vulcan religion prior to the Reformation arc seen from " The Forge " onwards as equating to the Catholic Church while the were the Protestants . In doing so , Administrator V 'Las is therefore linked to the anti @-@ Christ in much the same way that the Protestant Reformation saw the Pope as the anti @-@ Christ . In this role , the Romulans in the story take the place of the to form an alliance . - It was also suggested that the Kir 'Shara itself was similar in context to the Nag Hammadi library , which was a collection of thirteen found in Nag Hammadi , Egypt , in 1945 that date back to between the 2nd to 5th centuries . Unlike those , the Vulcan High Council attempts to suppress the revelation of the Kir 'Shara in a similar manner to the Catholic Church 's suppression seen in other fictional works such as Dan Brown 's The Da Vinci Code or James 's The Celestine . - - = = Reception = = - - " Kir 'Shara " was first aired in the United States on UPN on December 3 , 2004 . The broadcast saw the episode come in fourth place during the timeslot , with a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 1 / 4 percent . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all households , and 4 percent of all those watching television at the time of broadcast . It gained higher ratings than The WB , who aired What I Like About You and for Life . The ratings equalled the highest ratings of the season so far , which were previously achieved by " " , " Cold Station 12 " and " The " . - TV Guide listed " Kir 'Shara " on its Hot List for the day , while the preview by IGN said that the show " finally grows up and becomes a Star Trek series this week " . It described " Kir 'Shara " as " far from a perfectly executed Trek story but they get enough right to make it a lot easier to the few things they miss . " It said that there had been an overall improvement in the fourth season , and that " this could become some of the best Star Trek ever made " . It gave " Kir 'Shara " a rating of four and a half out of five . In Matthew 's book Star Trek As Myth , he said that he felt that the revelation that the previous Vulcan administration was working with the Romulans all along " suddenly makes sense of years of previously incomprehensible Vulcan policy " and linked to The Next Generation episode " " . - , in his review for Ain 't It Cool News , praised the reliability of Jeffrey Combs as Shran , but thought that there were no major surprises . did say that the biggest shock was the revelation that the Romulans were behind the bombing of the Human Embassy . He gave it a rating of three out of five . Michelle Erica Green reviewed the episode for TrekNation , calling it an " absolutely gripping episode " except for the " of the ending " . She made the admission about the ending that , " I suppose the Romulans had to show up at some point , I guess Vulcan is as good a place as any . " She thought that the torture scenes were " pointless " , but was pleased with the characterisation seen in Archer , T 'Pol and Tucker . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " said that the episode was " not perfect , but good " with an " intriguing " ending . He also praised Jeffrey Combs as Shran , and thought that the torture screens were potent but that the ending was rushed . He gave the episode a rating of three out of four . The first home media release of " Kir 'Shara " was in the season four DVD box set of Enterprise , originally released in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 . - - - = Warren = - - Junior Warren ( born 28 June 1959 ) is an artist and poet of Pitcairn Island , a remote British Overseas Territory in the South Pacific . She works in both English and Pitkern , the island 's distinctive language . Her book , Mi Base side orn Pitcairn , written with the island 's six children , is the first to be written and published in both English and Pitkern . As an artist , she works with cloth , a Polynesian tradition . She has also published a cookbook featuring Pitcairn Island cuisine . - Warren has also served as the island 's nurse , its only police officer , a radio operator , and as a member of the territory 's governing council , among many other roles . - - = = Biography = = - - Warren was born on Pitcairn Island on 28 June 1959 , the second child of Jacob Ralph " " Warren ( 1920 – 2007 ) and Mavis Mary Brown ( born 1936 ) . Warren is the sister of Jay Warren ( born 1950 ) who served as the third mayor of the Pitcairn Islands ( 2004 – 2007 ) , and previously as the colony 's 29th magistrate ( 1991 – 1997 ) . She is a first cousin of Mike Warren ( born 1964 ) , the colony 's fourth mayor ( 2007 – 2014 ) . She is the descendant of from the famed on the Bounty ( 1789 ) and of the Tahitian men and women who journeyed with the in settling the island in 1790 . - - = = = Artist , poet , author and many other jobs = = = - - Warren is a poet , and the author of two books , including Mi Base side orn Pitcairn ( " My Favourite Place on Pitcairn " ) , written with children on Pitcairn Island . It is the first book written and published in Pitkern and English . - Her works include a cookbook , Taste of Pitcairn featuring the cuisine of the Pitcairn Islands , and poetry in both Pitkern and English . Pitkern is an English @-@ based language derived from eighteenth @-@ century English and Tahitian . She writes poetry in both English and Pitkern . - In 2007 , Warren revived Pitcairn 's tradition of art created on cloth , a woven bark cloth common in Polynesian culture . Her works have been displayed in museums and galleries in Tahiti , Norfolk Island , and New Zealand . In 2011 , she was one of seven artists awarded a Commonwealth International Arts Residency , which provided a grant of £ 8 @,@ 000 that allowed her to work with other artists in New Zealand . She is the first recipient from the Pitcairn Islands . - Pitcairn has a small population . The island 's 48 residents often serve in several capacities or jobs . Warren describes her many roles on her personal website : - Travelling with patients to New Zealand and Tahiti and taking up Nursing , Radio for the shore to ship from station and twice daily contact with Auckland international Radio telephone link , Working in our Co @-@ op store , Council member for many years as well as being the Governors appointee member to council a few times , Becoming the first female Police & Immigration Officer for a few years . Lands Commission president , Lands court member , Bee keeper since 1978 . operator for Vault , wireless networking throughout , Duncan cleaner , Contract jobs , and many jobs Tourism and Entertainment . it became to me that what I enjoy most is my art . ( T ) his is getting pushed aside whilst I am working these time consuming no pay or low paid positions which was making me very tired and yes .... [ sic ] - Beginning in 1996 , Warren served as the island 's only police officer . However , since no one had been arrested on the island since the 1950s , her duties involved issuing driving licenses and visitors ' passports . Warren had no qualifications or formal training to be a police officer , and was given the job because everyone on the island had a " job " . The island 's jail was described as " the size of a garden shed and riddled with , " and its cells had been used to store building materials and . When the island came into the international spotlight due to a sexual abuse scandal , a law enforcement professional sent to the island criticized their practices , stating " It was obvious ... that their standard of policing was not really adequate . " - Warren was elected on 15 December 2004 to the Island Council . As a radio operator , she broadcasts under the call sign . - - = = = Pitcairn 's sexual abuse trial = = = - - Warren was an outspoken critic of accusations that the island 's girls had been sexually abused when young , and the prosecution of a selected number of Pitcairn 's male residents . She claimed that young girls on Pitcairn became sexually active after age 12 , a practice of sex that had been accepted as a Polynesian tradition since the settlement of the island in 1790 . One resident , Olive Christian , said of her girlhood , " We all thought sex was like food on the table . " - Many Pitcairn Island men blamed the British police for persuading the women involved to press charges . Some of the women agreed , and advocated a conspiracy theory that the trial was , in Warren 's words , " a British plot to jail the [ community 's ] able @-@ bodied men and ' close ' the island " , and that the British officials " picked on all the viable young men , the ones who are the backbone of this place . " - A majority of the island 's residents denied or the allegations . During the trial , Warren circulated a poem titled " Is Seven a Lucky Number ? " that criticized the British government and lawyers ' attempts to impose British law against their island 's traditions . - As the case wore on , Warren reflected that " the bottom had fallen out of our world … We lost our trust for each other . " Her brother , Jay Warren , who was accused of " indecent assault " , was the only defendant among the seven accused to be acquitted on 24 October 2004 . - Warren was convicted of assault during a drunken disagreement with another resident when the two were angered by tensions over the sexual abuse matter . The case was by a Crown prosecutor and tried by a New Zealand magistrate . Warren was fined NZ $ 60 . The case cost the British government NZ $ 40 @,@ 000 to . - - = = Works = = - - 1986 : A Taste of Pitcairn : The First Pitcairn Island ( cookbook ) - 2005 : A Taste of Pitcairn : The First Pitcairn Island ( cookbook ) ( updated edition ) - 2008 : Mi Base side orn Pitcairn ( " My Favourite Place on Pitcairn " ) , with 6 children on Pitcairn - - - = 2nd Battalion 9th Marines = - - 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines ( 2 / 9 ) was an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps . Formed during World War I , the unit played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in the Battles of Guam and Iwo Jima during the World War II . The battalion distinguished itself in the defense of Khe Sanh during the Vietnam War , and later participated in an ill invasion of Koh Tang Island in Southeast Asia , with the intention of rescuing the crew of the SS Mayaguez . During Operation Desert Storm , the battalion served as the lead battalion for the III Marine Expeditionary Force ( III ) . - 2 / 9 also participated in various humanitarian missions . The battalion helped evacuate Americans from Northern China during the Chinese Civil War and in various occasions participated in providing relief to the victims of . In 1992 , the battalion participated in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia . - 2nd Battalion 9th Marines served until September 2 , 1994 , when it was deactivated to make room for one of three light armor reconnaissance battalions . It was part of the 9th Marine Regiment and the 3rd Marine Division . On July 13 , 2007 , 2nd Battalion 9th Marines was re @-@ activated again as part of the 6th Marine Regiment and replaced the Anti @-@ Terrorism Battalion ( ) . On April 1 , 2015 it was deactivated as part of a post @-@ war . - - = = Battalion composition = = - - A Battalion in the Marine Corps is headed by the Battalion Commander , usually a Lieutenant Colonel and sometimes a Colonel , his staff , headquarters , and the Battalion Sergeant Major . It usually consists of 3 @-@ 5 companies , with a total of 300 to 1 @,@ 200 Marines . 2nd Battalion 9th Marines comprises a Headquarters & Service ( H & S ) Company , Weapons Company and three Infantry Companies : Echo , Fox , and Golf . During the Vietnam war the Battalion comprised Headquarters & Service ( H & S ) Company , and Four Infantry Companies Echo , Fox , Golf , and Hotel . Each Company had its own weapons platoon with 3 squads of M 60 machine guns ( 7 @.@ 62 ) and 60 mm mortars and 3 @.@ 5 inch Rocket ( super ) or later . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early years = = = - - With the advent of World War I , the United States expanded the Armed Forces , to include the United States Marine Corps . The 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines ( also known as 2 / 9 ) was created and activated on November 20 , 1917 at , Virginia . During this period , there was turmoil in Cuba 's sugar producing regions . American companies operated the island 's sugar industry , which was vital to the economy of the United States . The battalion 's first mission was to keep order in the island and once this was accomplished , it was reassigned . There were rumors that German agents were going to disrupt Mexican oil shipments to Texas . The battalion was sent to Texas to safeguard these shipments . 2 / 9 was disbanded after the war on April 25 , 1919 only to be reactivated in 1925 . The battalion 's main objective was to train reserve Marines and its headquarters was now transferred to Kansas City , Missouri with two companies stationed at St. Louis . 2 / 9 was once again disbanded in 1937 . - - = = = World War II = = = - - In April 1942 , five months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , the unit was activated as part of the 2nd Marine Division . The headquarters was at Camp Elliot in San Diego , California , where it underwent intensive amphibious training . Before being reassigned to the 3rd Marine Division , the unit was assigned to Corps , Pacific Fleet . The regiment was sent to on July 1943 to relieve the 1st Marine Division . 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines participated in the campaign of the Solomon Islands in the latter part of 1943 . On July 21 , 1944 , 2 / 9 participated in the invasion of Guam . The Japanese forces staged seven counterattacks , however the Marines prevailed despite the fact that they suffered over 50 % casualties . It was during this initial battle that one Marine , Captain Louis H. Wilson Jr . , ( who would in the future become a Commandant of the Marine Corps ) earned the Medal of Honor . - The 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines were part of the reserve forces for the Battle of Iwo Jima and were committed to the action five days after D @-@ Day . Among the Marines who distinguished themselves on Iwo Jima was Private Wilson D. Watson who received the Medal of Honor . After the island was secured , the unit was sent back to Guam where they underwent training for a possible invasion of the Japanese mainland . The invasion never occurred since hostilities between Japan and the United States came to an end . The 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was sent to Camp where , in December 1945 , it was once again disbanded . - - = = = Post World War II = = = - - In November 1948 , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was again reestablished . The final stages of fighting between the Nationalists and the Communists , in the Chinese Civil War ( also known as the War of Liberation ) , occurred between 1945 and 1950 . When the fighting escalated , the 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines were ordered to Northern China to evacuate all Americans . This mission was accomplished by March 1949 and after which the battalion was sent to Camp Lejeune , North Carolina and was renamed as the 3rd Battalion , 6th Marine . - On June 25 , 1950 , war broke out between the provisional governments of North and South Korea as they competed for control over the Korean peninsula . North Korea was supported by the People 's Volunteer Army ( ) of the People 's Republic of China and South Korea by the allies under the aegis of the United Nations which included the United States . The conflict is known as the Korean War . The 1st Marine Division was sent in and saw action in the Battle of Reservoir . In 1952 , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was reactivated and underwent training in Japan with the intention of participating in the conflict as part of the 3rd Marine Division . However an armistice was signed on July 27 , 1953 , and the unit did not deploy to Korea . Even though 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines did not actively participate in the conflict , the unit was awarded the Korean Service and National Defense Service Medal . The 3rd Marine Divisions headquarters was moved to Okinawa in 1955 and in 1959 the 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines returned to the 1st Marine Division . In 1960 , the battalion returned to the 3rd Marine Division in Okinawa . - - = = = Vietnam War = = = - - The Vietnam War , was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( , or North Vietnam ) and the Republic of Vietnam ( or South Vietnam ) , which eventually involved their respective allies . In 1959 , the United States sent military advisors to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . By 1965 , there were 25 @,@ 000 military advisors in South Vietnam and on March 8 , 1965 , the United States Marines became the first US combat troops to land in South Vietnam , with a force of 3 @,@ 500 . - The Marine Division began operating in Vietnam when on March 6 , 1965 , they opened a Marine at the Da Air Base . On July 4 , 1965 , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines were ordered to Vietnam from Okinawa . 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines fought battles in or around , , , , Camp Carroll , Cam , Con , Than Cam Son , Quảng , , Combat Base and what is considered by many as their most vicious engagement , the Battle of Khe Sanh . - In September 1962 , U.S. military forces constructed an airstrip outside the town of Khe Sanh which became known as the Khe Sanh Combat Base . In 1965 the U.S. Special Forces constructed a base next to it . The base 's defense was codenamed Operation Scotland and manned by the 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines from 1967 . It was used as a staging ground for a number of attacks on North Vietnamese ( ) troop movements down the Ho Chi Minh Trail . - From April to June 1966 , the 2 / 9 Marines were caught in crossfire of the Buddhist Uprising , when much of the forces of I Corps rebelled against Prime Minister and Air Marshal Nguyen Cao , the head of the ruling junta , who had dismissed their commander , General Nguyen Thi . - In April and May 1967 various " Hill " on Hills , 881 North and 881 South between the 2 / 9 Marines and occurred . In January 1968 , Khe Sanh Combat Base came under heavy attack in what is known as the Battle of Khe Sanh . The main objective of the Communists was to draw off American troops into the countryside in preparation for the Offensive . Despite being outnumbered , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines held their ground and the North Vietnamese were driven off of the area around after experiencing heavy casualties by heavy aerial bombardments by B @-@ . - From January 22 to March 18 , 1969 , 2 / 9 participated in Operation Canyon which was a sweep of the A Valley and the last major offensive by the Marine Corps in Vietnam . - In August 1969 , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was ordered to return to Camp , Okinawa . During this period the unit was assigned to sea duty in and around the waters of Vietnam and continued to receive combat training at Camp Fuji , Japan and Subic Bay in the Philippines . - - = = = = Mayaguez Incident = = = = - - On May 12 , 1975 , barely two weeks after the fall of Saigon , Khmer Rouge forces seized a U.S. flagged merchant ship , the SS Mayaguez in recognized international sea lanes claimed as territorial waters by Cambodia and removed its crew for questioning . The Khmer Rouge naval forces used abandoned US Navy " Swift Boats " in the seizure of the U.S. container ship . - Calling the seizure " piracy " , President Ford ordered a military response to retake the ship and its 39 @-@ man crew , mistakenly thought to be on Koh Tang Island . On May 13 , two A @-@ saw the 39 man crew board a fishing boat and saw people disembarking fishing boats at Koh Tang Island . They assumed that the Mayaguez crew was on the island . Elements of the 1st Battalion , 4th Marines , the 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , and the 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines , were flown to an advanced staging of a joint US Task Force . On May 14 , the Marines from Company D , 1st Battalion , 4th Marines boarded the Mayaguez only to find it deserted and raised the American flag . A Thai fishing boat with a Thai crew and the 39 crew members of the SS Mayaguez which had been set free , approached the USS Wilson . - - = = = = Battle of Koh Tang Island = = = = - - 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines landed on Koh Tang Island where the crew of the SS Mayaguez was believed to be held , they were unaware that the crew was already in American hands . The Marines and the CH @-@ 53 helicopters which transported them , were attacked by the Khmer Rouge with machine guns , mortars , and rocket propelled grenade launchers in what became known as the Battle of Koh Tang Island . When the battalion received word of the safe arrival of the Mayaguez crew on the USS Wilson the Marines planned their withdrawal once they received orders from the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff to that effect . After the last helicopter left , a head count showed that 3 Marines were left behind on the island . They were : Gary Hall , . Joseph , and Danny Marshall from E CO , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines . The three Marines were captured by the Khmer Rouge within a few days , tortured , executed , and buried in a common , unmarked grave on Koh Tang Island . - The incident with the Khmer Rouge , which ended on May 15 , 1975 , marked the last official battle of the 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines in the Vietnam War . The unit deployment program was put into practice in February 1979 , and 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines became the first battalion to to the United States . A total of 18 Marines were killed on the last day of the SS Mayaguez rescue operation . They are the last Marines listed on the timeline of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial located in Washington , D.C. - - = = = Post Vietnam era = = = - - - = = = = Operations Desert Shield & Desert Storm = = = = - - Before the August 2 , 1990 , invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein 's Iraqi forces , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was deployed to Okinawa , Japan as part of the Unit Program . In October 1990 the unit deployed to the Republic of the Philippines where it became the Ground Combat of Marine Air @-@ Ground Task Force ( ) 4 @-@ 90 . On November 1990 , the island of , a Philippine , was devastated by a typhoon . Members of the battalion provided assistance during the disaster relief efforts . The Battalion remained in the Philippines until April 1991 when it returned to Okinawa , Japan . Subsequently the Battalion returned to Camp in August 1991 . - - = = = = Operation " Restore Hope " = = = = - - The 5th Marine Regiment designated 2 / 9 to participate in the Marine Expeditionary Unit deployment cycle during November 1991 . With the successful culmination of the Special Operations Exercise ( ) , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines became the designated Battalion Landing Team ( ) for the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit ( 15th ) . - During this period , there were two main factions in the Republic of Somalia who provoked an all out war which became known as the Civil War . One of the factions was led by Ali Mahdi Mohamed , who became president ; and the other , by the warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid . - In 1991 , the United States initiated Operation Provide Relief ( UNOSOM I ) which was part of a United Nations ( UN ) endorsed effort called The Unified Task Force ( ) , to provide humanitarian relief . In August 1992 , President George H. Bush sent , 25 @,@ 000 US troops ( mostly US Marines from I ) to the Republic of Somalia and the mission was renamed Operation Restore Hope , also known as UNOSOM II . Its main objectives were to provide humanitarian relief , initiate ' nation building ' , the various factions , restore law and order , help the people set up a representative government , and restore the infrastructure . - That same month , 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines was deployed to Somalia . 2 / 9 's mission as the lead unit , was to secure the port and airfield in Mogadishu which allowed the rapid build @-@ up of forces in @-@ country . The mission was accomplished between December 9 , 1992 and February 1993 . The referred to Marines of 2nd Battalion , 9th Marines as The Black Boots . On January 30 , 1993 , a Marine patrol was ambushed in Mogadishu by faithful to warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid bringing about casualties . 2 / 9 remained in Somalia until April 1993 when they returned to Camp . The battalions next two deployments were to Fort Sherman , Panama during one of which they participated in the anti @-@ tank missile evaluation program . On September 2 , 1994 , 2nd Battalion 9th Marines was deactivated and redesignated 2nd Battalion 4th Marines . - - = = = 2000 @-@ present = = = - - On December 7 , 2006 , Headquarters Marine Corps released a message stating that 2nd Battalion 9th Marines would be reactivated during 2007 as part of the continuing Global War on Terror . 2nd Battalion 9th Marines was re @-@ activated on July 13 , 2007 and replaced the Anti @-@ Terrorism Battalion ( ) . In September 2008 , Marines and Sailors from 2 / 9 deployed to Al Province in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . They were based in the city of and returned in April 2009 without any Marines or Sailors killed in action . July 2010 Marines and Sailors from 2 / 9 deployed to , Province , Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom . In December 2010 Echo Company from 2 / 9 were attached to 3 / 5 in , Afghanistan where they earned the notorious nickname of " Green Hats . " They returned February 2011 . They redeployed back to December 2011 and returned July 2012 . Echo and Weapons companies deployed once more to Afghanistan from January through April 2013 , participating in combat operations out of Camp . On April 1 , 2015 the battalion was deactivated in a ceremony at Camp Lejeune . - - = = Medal of Honor recipients = = - - The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States . It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself " ... by gallantry and at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States ... " . The following table contains the names of the men who were recipients of the Medal of Honor while serving in 2 / 9 . They are listed in accordance to the " Date of Action " in which the citation was made . † indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously - - = = of the Marine Corps = = - - The Commandant of the United States Marine Corps is the highest @-@ ranking officer of the United States Marine Corps and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , reporting to the Secretary of the Navy but not to the Chief of Naval Operations . Three Marines who served in 2nd Battalion 9th Marines became Commandant of the Marine Corps . They are listed in the table in accordance to the years in which they served as and their ranks are those which they held while serving in 2 / 9 , they were : - - = = Distinguished Marines = = - - Other Marines who served in the 2nd Battalion 9th Marines during their careers , who subsequently distinguished themselves by either becoming a general officer ( O @-@ 7 and above ) or recipients of the Medal of Honor while assigned to a different unit were : - - = = Other notable former members = = - - Bing West , served in the mortar platoon during the Vietnam War in 1965 . - - = = Unit awards = = - - A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited . Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation . 2 / 9 has been presented with the following awards : - - - = Directed acyclic graph = - - In mathematics and computer science , a directed acyclic graph ( DAG / / ) , is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles . That is , it consists of many vertices and edges , with each edge directed from one vertex to another , such that there is no way to start at any vertex v and follow a consistently @-@ directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to v again . , a DAG is a directed graph that has a topological ordering , a sequence of the vertices such that every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence . - DAGs may be used to model many different kinds of information . The reachability relation in a DAG forms a partial order , and any finite partial order may be represented by a DAG using reachability . The program evaluation and review technique uses DAGs to model the milestones and activities of large human projects , and schedule these projects to use as little total time as possible . Scheduling of computer operations such as the updates to a spreadsheet or the compilation operations in a can also be performed using topological orderings of DAGs . logic blocks in electronic circuit design , and the operations in programming languages , involve acyclic networks of processing elements . DAGs can also represent collections of events and their influence on each other , either in a structure such as a Bayesian network or as a record of historical data such as family trees or the version histories of distributed revision control systems . DAGs can also be used as a compact representation of sequence data , such as the directed acyclic word graph representation of a collection of strings , or the binary decision diagram representation of sequences of binary choices . - Important polynomial time computational problems on DAGs include topological sorting ( finding a topological ordering ) , construction of the transitive closure and transitive reduction ( the largest and smallest DAGs with the same reachability relation , respectively ) , and the closure problem , in which the goal is to find a minimum @-@ weight subset of vertices with no edges connecting them to the rest of the graph . a directed graph with cycles into a DAG by as few vertices or edges as possible ( the feedback vertex set and feedback edge set problem , respectively ) is NP @-@ hard , but any directed graph can be made into a DAG ( its condensation ) by contracting each strongly connected component into a single . The problems of finding shortest paths and longest paths can be solved on DAGs in linear time , in contrast to arbitrary graphs for which shortest path algorithms are slower and longest path problems are NP @-@ hard . - The corresponding concept for undirected graphs is a forest , an undirected graph without cycles . an orientation for a forest produces a special kind of directed acyclic graph called a polytree . However there are many other kinds of directed acyclic graph that are not formed by the edges of an undirected acyclic graph . Moreover , every undirected graph has an acyclic orientation , an assignment of a direction for its edges that makes it into a directed acyclic graph . To emphasize that DAGs are not the same thing as directed versions of undirected acyclic graphs , some authors call them acyclic directed graphs or acyclic . - - = = Definitions = = - - A graph is formed by a collection of vertices and edges , where the vertices are objects that are connected in pairs by edges . In the case of a directed graph , each edge has an orientation , from one vertex to another vertex . A path in a directed graph can be described by a sequence of edges having the property that the ending vertex of each edge in the sequence is the same as the starting vertex of the next edge in the sequence ; a path forms a cycle if the starting vertex of its first edge equals the ending vertex of its last edge . A directed acyclic graph is a directed graph that has no cycles . - A vertex v of a directed graph is said to be reachable from another vertex u when there exists a path that starts at u and ends at v. As a special case , every vertex is considered to be reachable from itself ( by a path with zero edges ) . If a vertex can reach itself via a path ( a path with one or more edges ) , then that path is a cycle , so another way to define directed acyclic graphs is that they are the graphs in which no vertex can reach itself via a path . - A topological ordering of a directed graph is an ordering of its vertices into a sequence , such that for every edge the start vertex of the edge occurs earlier in the sequence than the ending vertex of the edge . A graph that has a topological ordering cannot have any cycles , because the edge into the earliest vertex of a cycle would have to be oriented the wrong way . Therefore , every graph with a topological ordering is acyclic . Conversely , every directed acyclic graph has a topological ordering . Therefore , this property can be used as an alternative definition of the directed acyclic graphs : they are exactly the graphs that have topological orderings . - - = = properties = = - - - = = = , transitive closure , and transitive reduction = = = - - The reachability relationship in any directed acyclic graph can be formalized as a partial order ≤ on the vertices of the DAG . In this partial order , two vertices u and v are ordered as u ≤ v exactly when there exists a directed path from u to v in the DAG ; that is , when v is reachable from u . However , different DAGs may give rise to the same reachability relation and the same partial order . For example , the DAG with two edges a → b and b → c has the same reachability relation as the graph with three edges a → b , b → c , and a → c . Both of these produce the same partial order , in which the vertices are ordered as a ≤ b ≤ c . - If G is a DAG , its transitive closure is the graph with the most edges that represents the same reachability relation . It has an edge u → v whenever u can reach v. That is , it has an edge for every related pair u ≤ v of distinct elements in the reachability relation of G , and may therefore be thought of as a direct translation of the reachability relation ≤ into graph @-@ terms . The same method of translating partial orders into DAGs works more generally : for every finite partially ordered set ( S , ≤ ) , the graph that has a vertex for each member of S and an edge for each pair of elements related by u ≤ v is automatically a closed DAG , and has ( S , ≤ ) as its reachability relation . In this way , every finite partially ordered set can be represented as the reachability relation of a DAG . - The transitive reduction of a DAG G is the graph with the fewest edges that represents the same reachability relation as G. It is a subgraph of G , formed by discarding the edges u → v for which G also contains a longer path connecting the same two vertices . Like the transitive closure , the transitive reduction is uniquely defined for DAGs . In contrast , for a directed graph that is not acyclic , there can be more than one minimal subgraph with the same reachability relation . - If a DAG G has a reachability relation described by the partial order ≤ , then the transitive reduction of G is a subgraph of G that has an edge u → v for every pair in the covering relation of ≤ . reductions are useful in the partial orders they represent , because they have fewer edges than other graphs representing the same orders and therefore lead to simpler graph drawings . A diagram of a partial order is a drawing of the transitive reduction in which the orientation of each edge is shown by placing the starting vertex of the edge in a lower position than its ending vertex . - - = = = Topological ordering = = = - - Every directed acyclic graph has a topological ordering , an ordering of the vertices such that the starting endpoint of every edge occurs earlier in the ordering than the ending endpoint of the edge . The existence of such an ordering can be used to characterize DAGs : a directed graph is a DAG if and only if it has a topological ordering . In general , this ordering is not unique ; a DAG has a unique topological ordering if and only if it has a directed path containing all the vertices , in which case the ordering is the same as the order in which the vertices appear in the path . - The family of topological orderings of a DAG is the same as the family of linear extensions of the reachability relation for the DAG , so any two graphs representing the same partial order have the same set of topological orders . - - = = = = = = - - The graph problem of counting directed acyclic graphs was studied by Robinson ( 1973 ) . The number of DAGs on n labeled vertices , for n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , … ( without restrictions on the order in which these numbers appear in a topological ordering of the DAG ) is - 1 , 1 , 3 , 25 , , , , … ( sequence in the ) . - These numbers may be computed by the recurrence relation - - Eric W. conjectured , and McKay et al . ( 2004 ) proved , that the same numbers count the ( 0 @,@ 1 ) matrices for which all are positive real numbers . The proof is : a matrix A is an matrix of a DAG if and only if A + I is a ( 0 @,@ 1 ) matrix with all positive , where I denotes the identity matrix . Because a DAG cannot have self @-@ loops , its matrix must have a zero diagonal , so adding I preserves the property that all matrix are 0 or 1 . - - = = = Related families of graphs = = = - - A polytree is a directed graph formed by the edges of a free tree . Every polytree is a DAG . In particular , this is true of the formed by directing all edges outwards from the roots of a tree . - A ( also called a strongly graph or a mangrove ) is a directed graph in which there is at most one directed path ( in either direction ) between any two vertices ; , it is a DAG in which , for every vertex v , the subgraph reachable from v forms a tree . - - = = problems = = - - - = = = Topological sorting and recognition = = = - - Topological sorting is the problem of finding a topological ordering of a given DAG . It can be solved in linear time . Kahn 's algorithm for topological sorting builds the vertex ordering directly . It maintains a list of vertices that have no incoming edges from other vertices that have not already been included in the partially constructed topological ordering ; initially this list consists of the vertices with no incoming edges at all . Then , it repeatedly adds one vertex from this list to the end of the partially constructed topological ordering , and checks whether its neighbors should be added to the list . The algorithm terminates when all vertices have been processed in this way . Alternatively , a topological ordering may be constructed by reversing a numbering of a depth @-@ first search graph . - It is also possible to check whether a given directed graph is a DAG in linear time , either by attempting to find a topological ordering and then testing for each edge whether the resulting ordering is valid or alternatively , for some topological sorting algorithms , by that the algorithm successfully orders all the vertices without meeting an error condition . - - = = = Construction from cyclic graphs = = = - - Any undirected graph may be made into a DAG by choosing a total order for its vertices and directing every edge from the earlier endpoint in the order to the later endpoint . The resulting orientation of the edges is called an acyclic orientation . Different total orders may lead to the same acyclic orientation , so an n @-@ vertex graph can have fewer than n ! acyclic orientations . The number of acyclic orientations is equal to | ( − 1 ) | , where is the polynomial of the given graph . - Any directed graph may be made into a DAG by removing a feedback vertex set or a feedback arc set , a set of vertices or edges ( respectively ) that touches all cycles . However , the smallest such set is NP @-@ hard to find . An arbitrary directed graph may also be transformed into a DAG , called its condensation , by contracting each of its strongly connected components into a single . When the graph is already acyclic , its smallest feedback vertex sets and feedback arc sets are empty , and its condensation is the graph itself . - - = = = closure and transitive reduction = = = - - The transitive closure of a given DAG , with n vertices and m edges , may be constructed in time O ( ) by using either breadth @-@ first search or depth @-@ first search to test reachability from each vertex . Alternatively , it can be solved in time O ( ) where < 2 @.@ 373 is the exponent for fast matrix algorithms ; this is a theoretical improvement over the O ( ) bound for dense graphs . - In all of these transitive closure algorithms , it is possible to distinguish pairs of vertices that are reachable by at least one path of length two or more from pairs that can only be connected by a length @-@ one path . The transitive reduction consists of the edges that form length @-@ one paths that are the only paths connecting their . Therefore , the transitive reduction can be constructed in the same asymptotic time bounds as the transitive closure . - - = = = problem = = = - - The closure problem takes as input a directed acyclic graph with weights on its vertices and seeks the minimum ( or maximum ) weight of a closure , a set of vertices with no outgoing edges . ( The problem may be formulated for directed graphs without the assumption of , but with no greater , because in this case it is equivalent to the same problem on the condensation of the graph . ) It may be solved in polynomial time using a reduction to the maximum flow problem . - - = = = Path algorithms = = = - - Some algorithms become simpler when used on DAGs instead of general graphs , based on the principle of topological ordering . For example , it is possible to find shortest paths and longest paths from a given starting vertex in DAGs in linear time by processing the vertices in a topological order , and the path length for each vertex to be the minimum or maximum length obtained via any of its incoming edges . In contrast , for arbitrary graphs the shortest path may require slower algorithms such as 's algorithm or the – Ford algorithm , and longest paths in arbitrary graphs are NP @-@ hard to find . - - = = Applications = = - - - = = = Scheduling = = = - - Directed acyclic graphs representations of partial orderings have many applications in scheduling for systems of tasks with ordering constraints . An important class of problems of this type concern collections of objects that need to be updated , such as the cells of a spreadsheet after one of the cells has been changed , or the object files of a piece of computer software after its source code has been changed . In this context , a dependency graph is a graph that has a vertex for each object to be updated , and an edge connecting two objects whenever one of them needs to be updated earlier than the other . A cycle in this graph is called a circular dependency , and is generally not allowed , because there would be no way to consistently schedule the tasks involved in the cycle . graphs without circular form DAGs . - For instance , when one cell of a spreadsheet changes , it is necessary to the values of other cells that depend directly or indirectly on the changed cell . For this problem , the tasks to be scheduled are the of the values of individual cells of the spreadsheet . Dependencies arise when an expression in one cell uses a value from another cell . In such a case , the value that is used must be earlier than the expression that uses it . ordering the dependency graph , and using this topological order to schedule the cell updates , allows the whole spreadsheet to be updated with only a single evaluation per cell . Similar problems of task ordering arise in for program compilation and instruction scheduling for low @-@ level computer program . - A somewhat different DAG @-@ based formulation of scheduling constraints is used by the program evaluation and review technique ( ) , a method for management of large human projects that was one of the first applications of DAGs . In this method , the vertices of a DAG represent milestones of a project rather than specific tasks to be performed . Instead , a task or activity is represented by an edge of a DAG , connecting two milestones that mark the beginning and completion of the task . Each such edge is labeled with an estimate for the amount of time that it will take a team of workers to perform the task . The longest path in this DAG represents the critical path of the project , the one that controls the total time for the project . Individual milestones can be scheduled according to the lengths of the longest paths ending at their vertices . - - = = = Data processing networks = = = - - A directed acyclic graph may be used to represent a network of processing elements . In this representation , data enters a processing element through its incoming edges and leaves the element through its outgoing edges . - For instance , in electronic circuit design , static logic blocks can be represented as an acyclic system of logic gates that a function of an input , where the input and output of the function are represented as individual bits . In general , the output of these blocks cannot be used as the input unless it is captured by a register or state element which maintains its acyclic properties . Electronic circuit either on paper or in a database are a form of directed acyclic graphs using instances or components to form a directed reference to a lower level component . Electronic circuits themselves are not necessarily acyclic or directed . - programming languages describe systems of operations on data streams , and the connections between the of some operations and the inputs of others . These languages can be convenient for describing repetitive data processing tasks , in which the same @-@ connected collection of operations is applied to many data items . They can be executed as a parallel algorithm in which each operation is performed by a parallel process as soon as another set of inputs becomes available to it . - In , straight line code ( that is , sequences of statements without loops or conditional branches ) may be represented by a DAG describing the inputs and of each of the arithmetic operations performed within the code . This representation allows the to perform common elimination efficiently . - - = = = structures = = = - - that have vertices representing events , and edges representing causal relations between events , are often acyclic – arranging the vertices in linear order of time , all arrows point in the same direction as time , from parent to child ( due to affecting the future , not the past ) , and thus have no loops . - For instance , a Bayesian network represents a system of events as vertices in a directed acyclic graph , in which the likelihood of an event may be calculated from the of its predecessors in the DAG . In this context , the moral graph of a DAG is the undirected graph created by adding an ( undirected ) edge between all parents of the same vertex ( sometimes called marrying ) , and then replacing all directed edges by undirected edges . - Another type of graph with a similar causal structure is an influence diagram , the vertices of which represent either decisions to be made or unknown information , and the edges of which represent causal influences from one vertex to another . In , for instance , these are often used to estimate the expected value of different choices for intervention . - - = = = and version history = = = - - Family trees may be seen as directed acyclic graphs , with a vertex for each family member and an edge for each parent @-@ child relationship . Despite the name , these graphs are not necessarily trees because of the possibility of marriages between relatives ( so a child has a common ancestor on both the mother 's and father 's side ) causing pedigree collapse . The graphs of descent ( " mother " relationships between women ) and descent ( " father " relationships between men ) are trees within this graph . Because no one can become their own ancestor , family trees are acyclic . - For the same reason , the version history of a distributed revision control system generally has the structure of a directed acyclic graph , in which there is a vertex for each revision and an edge connecting pairs of revisions that were directly derived from each other . These are not trees in general due to . - In many randomized algorithms in computational geometry , the algorithm maintains a history DAG representing the version history of a structure over the course of a sequence of changes to the structure . For instance in a randomized incremental algorithm for Delaunay triangulation , the triangulation changes by replacing one triangle by three smaller triangles when each point is added , and by " flip " operations that replace pairs of triangles by a different pair of triangles . The history DAG for this algorithm has a vertex for each triangle constructed as part of the algorithm , and edges from each triangle to the two or three other triangles that replace it . This structure allows point location queries to be answered efficiently : to find the location of a query point q in the Delaunay triangulation , follow a path in the history DAG , at each step moving to the replacement triangle that contains q . The final triangle reached in this path must be the Delaunay triangle that contains q . - - = = = Data compression = = = - - Directed acyclic graphs may also be used as a compact representation of a collection of sequences . In this type of application , one finds a DAG in which the paths form the given sequences . When many of the sequences share the same , these shared can be represented by a shared part of the DAG , allowing the representation to use less space than it would take to list out all of the sequences separately . For example , the directed acyclic word graph is a data structure in computer science formed by a directed acyclic graph with a single source and with edges labeled by letters or symbols ; the paths from the source to the sinks in this graph represent a set of strings , such as English words . Any set of sequences can be represented as paths in a tree , by forming a tree vertex for every prefix of a sequence and making the parent of one of these vertices represent the sequence with one fewer element ; the tree formed in this way for a set of strings is called a . A directed acyclic word graph saves space over a by allowing paths to and rejoin , so that a set of words with the same possible can be represented by a single tree vertex . - The same idea of using a DAG to represent a family of paths occurs in the binary decision diagram , a DAG @-@ based data structure for representing binary functions . In a binary decision diagram , each non @-@ sink vertex is labeled by the name of a binary variable , and each sink and each edge is labeled by a 0 or 1 . The function value for any truth assignment to the variables is the value at the sink found by following a path , starting from the single source vertex , that at each non @-@ sink vertex follows the outgoing edge labeled with the value of that vertex 's variable . Just as directed acyclic word graphs can be viewed as a compressed form of tries , binary decision can be viewed as compressed forms of decision trees that save space by allowing paths to rejoin when they agree on the results of all remaining decisions . - - - = August ( Fringe ) = - - " August " is the eighth episode of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe 's second season . The episode was co @-@ written by J. H. Wyman and Jeff Pinkner , and directed by Dennis Smith . The episode marked the first prominent appearance of more than one Observer , and follows the events that occur when one of them saves a girl from boarding a soon @-@ to @-@ be crashing plane . It featured two new guest stars , Peter Woodward and Eugene . - The episode first aired on November 19 , 2009 in the United States to mostly positive reviews , with many critics praising the new revelations about the Observers . An estimated 5 @.@ 746 million viewers watched the episode on its first broadcast . - - = = Plot = = - - An Observer , " August " ( Peter Woodward ) abducts Christine Hollis ( Jennifer ) , a 27 @-@ year @-@ old art student in Boston . Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) learn of the events and realize the assailant matches the description of the Observer . However , after viewing video footage they find that it is not " September " ( Michael ) , the Observer known for observing Pattern @-@ related cases and who previously saved Peter and his father Walter ( John Noble ) in 1985 , indicating there is more than one Observer . Olivia is confused as to August 's motives , as Observers are known to only observe events and not interfere with them . After questioning Christine 's roommate , Olivia learns she was to take a flight to Rome , Italy . Peter finds a picture of Christine from her childhood before her parents were killed in the 1989 San Francisco earthquake , and sees August in the background , indicating he has been observing her entire life . The plane to Rome would later crash , killing everyone on board . Because of this , the team realize August in fact saved her life . - At Massive Dynamic , Brandon ( Ryan McDonald ) to the team that Observers are time travelers , as they have been documented during several major events in history . They write in an incomprehensible language , and the number of Observer sightings has increased over the past few months , leaving the team wondering why . Meanwhile , August visits the other Observers , who are not happy that he saved a girl who was supposed to die in the plane crash . To correct his mistake , they send Donald Long ( Paul ) , an assassin affiliated with the Observers to correct August 's actions . In an attempt to save Christine , August sends a secret message to Walter . During the meeting , August reveals Christine will die because she is not important ; Walter tells August that he has to make her important . - The team are later made aware of Christine 's location at a outside the city . However , Donald is on the trail also . August attempts to stop him , but Donald shoots him several times , before Peter and Olivia arrive to kill the assassin . September picks up August and while driving , September asks August why he saved Christine . August reveals that he is experiencing ' feelings ' and that he loves Christine , and asks if she would be safe . September informs him Christine will stay alive because she is now important ; she was responsible for the death of an Observer . August cries before succumbing to his wounds . In the end , Olivia takes a day off to spend time with her niece , , at an amusement park . Two Observers watch the two , and they remark that everything is about to get " so hard " for Olivia . - - = = Production = = - - " August " was co @-@ written by co @-@ J. H. Wyman and Jeff Pinkner , while being directed by veteran Dennis Smith . They began shooting the episode during the second half of September 2009 , right after wrapping production on " Of Human Action " . producer Josh Singer later noted how " August " helped them write the rest of the season , " There was one episode , ' August ' , which was all about the Observers , that I feel was mythology without being mythology . And somehow , in working that episode , we sort of found a new creative vein . And it 's not that that episode was necessarily so related to everything else we did . But I feel like it sort of opened us up in terms of how we were feeling about the year " . - Up to the point the episode " August " aired , only one character that was part of a group known as " Observers " had been introduced . In this episode , two more such individuals were revealed : August ( played by Peter Woodward ) and December ( played by Eugene ) . The creation of Observers was one of the first ideas the writers of Fringe thought of when developing the show in its early stages , when they asked each other , " What if there were these characters where all they did was watch ? " . Pinkner and Wyman thought of creating Observers by " looking for something ... iconic " that had the " quality of being invisible " . Though the Observer called September has appeared in every single Fringe episode in a brief cameo , he was first featured prominently in the fourth episode of the first season . The producers thought of unique characteristics for " somebody who wasn 't of our world , " evolving to the Observers having bald heads , no eyebrows , and " largely " senses , which led to a love for extremely hot . - Before the second season premiere aired in September 2009 , co @-@ creator Orci hinted that the audience was going to meet " many Observers " , and that in the season 's eighth episode , " You 're going to find out their role in the world , what they 're named after , and their connection to some of these characters . " Later on , when still leading up to the airing of " August " in another interview , Roberto Orci elaborated that " will be one of the things that they will be struggling with , actually . That was a fun one , because that one was one where you 're finally getting to pay off things you 've been setting up for a year . You finally get to open the toy box and really play with those toys " . Actor Michael , who plays September , commented in an interview that as a result of the episode , viewers would learn that the Observers " are not completely devoid of feelings , and are not incapable of being attached to people they 're observing " . He also expressed relief that his character was no longer the sole Observer on the show , joking that " it was nice to feel like I 'm not the only freak in town for once " . - Actress Anna Torv stated in an interview with MTV News that " August " was one of her favorite episodes because " We sort of get to meet the Observers . At the moment what we know about them , they ... seemingly just observe . That 's kind of it , but [ in ] the episode that we have coming up , we 're not sure if all they do is just observe " . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " August " premiered to an estimated 5 @.@ 746 million viewers in the United States , with a 2 @.@ 0 rating . The episode was down 9 % from the previous week 's episode " Of Human Action " , which had a rating of 2 @.@ 2 . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - MTV 's Josh thought the episode was " a touching , sad tale with a healthy mix of mythological advancement , " and couldn 't wait for more episodes about the Observers . Ramsey of IGN gave the episode 7 @.@ 6 / 10 , writing that despite the hype , the episode was " just plain average " . He did however appreciate the new revelations about the Observers . After the episode , Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker graded the episode an , explaining Fringe had become " one of the fastest , , shows on television now " . Andrew Hanson from the Los Angeles Times called it a " good story with a lot of great details ... ' August ' showed a greater connection to the larger Fringe universe " . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club graded it with a B + , praising the " wonderfully moody " episode and how it was able to make the halting Observer dialogue work . Murray found some aspects lacking however , as he thought it was " a very sketchy episode , plot @-@ wise and mythology @-@ wise . Not a whole lot happened " . blogger io9 listed " August " as one of the " crucial " episodes new viewers must watch to get into the show . - - - = Ghost in the Shell ( 1995 film ) = - - Ghost in the Shell , known in Japan as Mobile Armored Riot Police : Ghost In The Shell ( 攻殻機動隊 IN THE , Kōkaku In ) , is a 1995 science fiction anime film based on manga of the same title by Masamune Shirow . The film was written by , directed by Oshii , animated by Production I.G , and starred the voices of Tanaka , , and . - Ghost in the Shell follows the hunt by the public @-@ security agency Section 9 for a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master . With the assistance of her team , Motoko Kusanagi tracks and finds their suspect , only to be drawn into a complex sequence of political intrigue and a cover @-@ up as to the identity and goals of the Puppet Master . - The overarching philosophical themes of the film include self @-@ identity in a technologically advanced world . The music , composed by Kenji Kawai , included an ancient Japanese language in a wedding song that serves as a key piece of music leading up to the climax of the movie . Widely considered one of the greatest anime films of all time , critics particularly praised its visuals , which at the time were the most effective synthesis of traditional cel animation and CG animation . It has served as inspiration for filmmakers such as the . - In 2004 , Oshii directed Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence , billed as a separate work and not a true sequel . In 2008 , Oshii released an updated version of the original film , Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 , that features new audio and updated 3D animation . A live @-@ action Hollywood Ghost in the Shell remake is scheduled for 2017 . - - = = Plot = = - - In , the world is interconnected by a vast electronic network that every aspect of life . Much of humanity has access to this network through cybernetic bodies , or " shells " , which possess their consciousness and can give them superhuman abilities . - Major Motoko Kusanagi , an assault @-@ team leader for the Public Security Section 9 , is assigned to capture an elusive hacker known as the Puppet Master . Her team , Batou and , use triangulation to seek out the Puppet Master . Their suspect is a who believes he is using a program obtained from a sympathetic man to illegally " ghost @-@ hack " his wife 's mind to find his daughter . Kusanagi and her team arrest him and the man who gave him the program , but discover that their memories were either erased or implanted : " ghost @-@ " by the Puppet Master . - A facility is and programmed to assemble a female cybernetic body . The body escapes but is hit by a truck ; Section 9 investigates and examines the body , which seems to have a human " ghost " inside — perhaps the Puppet Master himself . Officials from rival agency Section 6 visit Section 9 and explain that the body was made to lure the Puppet Master 's ghost and trap it inside . Kusanagi the conversation and decides to her consciousness from her current body and connect or " dive into " the body and face the Puppet Master 's ghost . Before she succeeds , the ghost activates the body . Section 6 storms Section 9 and the body . - The information from the body leads Section 9 to uncover the mysterious Project 2501 . Section 6 claims the project was created to catch the hacker , but it was initiated before his appearance . Section 9 speculates that the project itself created the Puppet Master , who then escaped , and Section 6 now wants him back . , head of Section 9 , suspects that the project and the Puppet Master are tools of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The escape might lead to the release of secrets that could embarrass Section 6 and the Ministry . - The getaway car carrying the Puppet Master meets another , and they split off . Batou stops the first car and realizes it is a decoy . Kusanagi follows the second car to an abandoned building , where she is ambushed by a spider @-@ like armored vehicle . Batou arrives in time to save the badly damaged Kusanagi . With Batou on guard , Kusanagi faces the body stolen by Section 6 . The Puppet Master reveals himself and explains that , under Project 2501 , he was created by Section 6 to hack ghosts for individuals and Section 6 . While wandering various networks , the Puppet Master became sentient and began to contemplate his existence ; it troubled him that he could not reproduce or die . He plans to merge with Kusanagi 's ghost to experience mortality ; Kusanagi would live on with his ghost . As he could not crack Section 6 's attack protection , he was forced to escape in a physical body . - Batou tries to the dive , but the Puppet Master ghost @-@ him . from Section 6 arrive with orders to destroy everyone inside to cover up Project 2501 . The Puppet Master their targeting systems . As he starts merging with Kusanagi , blow their heads off , along with Batou 's arm . - Kusanagi wakes up in a child @-@ sized body in Batou 's . Batou explains that her original body was destroyed in the fight ; he recovered her head and attached it to the new body . Kusanagi acknowledges she is now neither herself nor the Puppet Master , but a combination of both . Batou says he will always be there for her . She leaves the house and out over the city . - - = = Voice cast = = - - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - Director Oshii stated , " My told me that this story about a futuristic world carried an immediate message for our present world . I am also interested in computers through my own personal experience with them . I had the same feeling about and I thought it would be interesting to make a film that took place in the near future . There are only a few movies , even out of Hollywood , which clearly portray the influence and power of computers . I thought this theme would be more effectively conveyed through animation . " Oshii expanded on these thoughts in a later interview , noting that technology changes people and had become a part of the culture of Japan . He commented that his use of philosophy caused producers to become frustrated because of use of action scenes . Oshii also acknowledged that a movie with more action would sell better , but he continued to make these movies anyway . When Oshii went back to make changes to the original Ghost in the Shell to re @-@ release it as Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 , one of the reasons he gave was that the film did not resemble the sequel . He wanted to update the film to reflect changes in perspective . - - = = = Design = = = - - Hiroyuki , the character designer and key animation supervisor , designed a more mature and serious Motoko than Masamune Shirow 's original portrayal of the character in the manga . chose to depict a physically mature person to match Motoko 's mental age , instead of the youthful twenty @-@ something appearance in the manga . Motoko 's demeanor lacks the comedic facial expressions and rebellious nature depicted in the manga . - Oshii based the setting for Ghost in the Shell on Hong Kong . Oshii commented that his first thought to find an image of the future setting was an Asian city , but finding a suitable of the future would be impossible . Oshii chose to use the real streets of Hong Kong as his model . He also said that Hong Kong was the perfect subject and theme for the film with its countless signs and the of sounds . The film 's designer noted that while the film does not have a chosen setting , it is obviously based on Hong Kong because the city represented the theme of the film , the old and the new which exist in a strange relationship in an age of an information . Before shooting the film , the artists drew sketches that emphasized Hong Kong 's chaotic , confusing and overwhelming aspects . - The Hong Kong setting is alluded to by the scene wherein the characters are drinking San Miguel Beer a cultural staple of the East Asian . - - = = = Animation = = = - - Ghost in the Shell used a novel process called " digitally generated animation " ( DGA ) , which is a combination of cel animation , computer graphics ( CG ) , and audio that is entered as digital data . In 1995 , DGA was thought to be the future of animation , which mixed traditional animation with the emerging use of computer graphics , including digital cel work with visual displays . Editing was performed on an system of Technology , which was chosen because it was more versatile and less limiting than other methods and worked with the different types of media in a single environment . - The digital cel work included both original illustrations , compositions and manipulation with traditional cel animation to create a sense of depth and evoke emotion and feelings . as background , like a lens effect were used to create a sense of depth and motion , by the front background and making the far background out of focus throughout the shot . Ghost in the Shell used a unique lighting system in which light and darkness were integrated into the with attention to light and shadow sources instead of using contrast to control the light . , the art director , described this as " a very unusual lighting technique . " - Some special effects , like Motoko 's " @-@ optical camouflage " , were rendered through the use of software . The process uses a single illustration and manipulates the image as necessary to produce distortions for effect in combination with a background without altering the original illustration . The effect is re @-@ added back into the shot to complete the scene . While the visual displays used in the film were technically simple to create , the appearance of the displays underwent numerous revisions by the production team to best represent visual displays of the future . Another aspect of the CG use was to create images and effects that looked as if they were " perceived by the brain " and were generated in video and added to the film in its final stages . - The opening credits of the film were produced by the CG director , Tanaka . Tanaka converted code in a computer language displayed in Japanese letters to numbers before inserting them into the computer to generate the credits . The origin of this code is the names of the film 's staff as written in a computer language . - Animation director was responsible for the realism and strove for accurate depictions of movement and effects . The pursuit of realism included the staff conducting firearms research at a facility in Guam . has highlighted the tank scene as an example of the movie 's realism , noting that bullets create sparks when hitting metal , but do not spark when a bullet strikes stone . - - = = = Sound and music = = = - - Ghost in the Shell 's recording was done with a high @-@ end studio to achieve superior sound throughout the film . A was used to alter the sound , specifically in the electronic brain conversations , to modify the voices . - Composer Kenji Kawai scored the film . For the main theme , Kawai tried to imagine the setting and convey the essence of that world in the music . He used the ancient Japanese language of Yamato in the opening theme " Making of a " . The composition is a mixture of Bulgarian harmony and traditional Japanese notes ; the haunting are a wedding song sung to all evil influences . Symphony conductor Sarah @-@ Smith notes that the song 's lyrics are fitting for the union between Kusanagi and Project 2501 at the climax of the movie . Kawai originally wanted to use Bulgarian folk music singers , but used Japanese folk singers instead . " See You Everyday " is different from the rest of the soundtrack , being a pop song sung in Cantonese by Fang Ka Wing . - - = = = Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 = = = - - An updated version of the original film , titled Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 ( IN THE 攻殻機動隊 2 @.@ 0 , in / Kōkaku 2 @.@ 0 ) , was made in celebration for the release of The Sky in 2008 . The Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 release features replacements of the original animations with the latest digital film and animation technologies , such as 3D @-@ CGI . It includes a new opening , digital screens and displays , and several brief scenes . - The original soundtrack was also re @-@ arranged and re @-@ recorded . Kenji Kawai remixed the Version 2 @.@ 0 soundtrack in 6 @.@ 1 Channel . Randy Thom of Skywalker Sound reprised his role as sound designer , having worked previously on Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence . In the new soundtrack , the Japanese voice dialogue was also re @-@ recorded , with some variation from the original script to modernize the speech . replaced as the voice of the Puppet Master . - - = = Related media = = - - Kenji Kawai 's original soundtrack for the film was released on November 22 , 1995 . The last track included 's pop song " See You Everyday " . After the release of Ghost in the Shell 2 @.@ 0 , an updated version of the soundtrack was released on December 17 , 2008 . - A @-@ CD of the film was released in Japan on November 20 , 1995 . A spin @-@ off novel written by Akira , titled Ghost in the Shell : Burning City ( , Kōkaku no ) , was published by Kodansha and released on November 1995 . It was followed by a sequel , titled Ghost in the Shell 2 : Star ( : Star ) , released on January 1998 . A book titled Analysis of Ghost in the Shell was released on September 25 , 1997 by Kodansha . - - = = Releases = = - - The film had its world premiere at the Tokyo International Film Festival in October 1995 , before its general release in November . In Japan , the film was released on VHS on April 26 , 1996 . The DVD version was released on 25 February 2004 , and the Blu @-@ ray on 24 August 2007 . A special edition was released in December 2004 . The special edition contains an additional disc containing character , a creator biography , the director 's biography , Ghost in the Shell trailers and . - The " 2 @.@ 0 " version was released in theatres in Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , , and on July 12 , 2008 . The film was released in DVD and Blu @-@ ray on December 19 , 2008 , in Japan . - In North America , the film was released on VHS on June 18 , 1996 through Manga Entertainment , and on DVD on March 31 , 1998 by Anchor Bay Entertainment . Manga Entertainment released the film on Blu @-@ ray on 24 November 2009 ; this version contains the original film and the , but the audio commentary and face @-@ to @-@ face interview with Oshii , which are listed on its box . Manga Entertainment and Anchor Bay Entertainment re @-@ released the film on Blu @-@ ray with a brand new HD film print on September 23 , 2014 . The release was met with some criticism for its poor translation of English and the lack of extra features . - - = = Reception = = - - The film was a box office hit when released in Japan and received positive reviews from film critics . It holds a 95 % approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 31 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , " A stunning feat of modern animation , Ghost in the Shell offers a thoughtful , complex treat for anime fans , as well as a perfect introduction for viewers new to the genre . " - of Film praised the film , stating , " Not only is an essential film in the canon of Japanese animation , together with Kubrick 's 2001 and 's it completes a trio of book adaptations that transcend the popularity of their originals and [ give ] a new meaning to an already popular brand . " He ranked it # 48 of his personal favorites . Clark of Empire opined that the film was predictable , but praised its production values . Mays of Anime News Network praised the animation combined with the computer effects , calling it " perhaps the best synthesis ever witnessed in anime " . Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies describes the film as " one of the best anime ever made " , praising screenplay , an " atmospheric score " , and adding that " action scenes as good as anything in the current Hollywood blockbuster are supported by CGI effects that can still " . - Ghost in the Shell was the first anime video to reach Billboard 's # 1 video slot at the time of its release . The film ranked as the ninth top selling anime DVD movie in 2006 . It ranked 35 on Total Film 's 2010 top list of 50 Films . The film ranked # 4 on Wizards Anime Magazine on their " Top 50 Anime released in North America " . - - = = = Critical analysis = = = - - Much critical attention has been paid to the film 's focus on sexuality and gender identity . has noted that the opening scene of Ghost in the Shell begins with the " perfect paradoxical introduction to a narrative that is all about the nature of sex / gender identity and self @-@ identity in general in a future world where sexual reproduction has given way to mechanical replication . " Motoko 's female identity and appearance are countered by an autonomous , resulting in a " male " body which cannot . describes the juxtaposition of the opening scene depicting the creation of Motoko 's body and to her lack of as setting the theme of " reproductive sexuality in a subject . " The film depicts Motoko 's identity and concerns , ending with the evolution of a being with full , through a new form of reproduction with the Puppet Master . Austin Corbett commented on the lack of from her team as freedom from femininity , noting that Motoko is " overtly feminine , and clearly non @-@ female . " Carl has called Ghost in the Shell a " resistant film " , due to its of traditional gender roles , its " of the post @-@ gendered subject " , and its de @-@ emphasis of the sexual of the material body . - - = = Cultural impact = = - - Ghost in the Shell influenced a number of prominent filmmakers . The , creators of The Matrix and its sequels , showed it to producer Joel Silver , saying , " We wanna do that for real . " The Matrix series took several concepts from the film , including the Matrix digital rain , which was inspired by the opening credits of Ghost in the Shell , and the way people accessed the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks . Other parallels have been drawn to James Cameron 's Avatar , Steven Spielberg 's AI : Artificial Intelligence , and Jonathan 's . - - - = Yo @-@ Yo ( Nicola Roberts song ) = - - " Yo @-@ Yo " is a song by British recording artist Nicola Roberts , released as the third and final single from Roberts ' debut solo album Cinderella 's Eyes on 6 January 2012 . Originally , " Yo @-@ Yo " was set to be Roberts ' debut single , but " Beat of My Drum " was selected in its place . " Beat of My Drum " and " Lucky Day " , Roberts ' previous singles , garnered positive comments from critics , but failed to impact commercially . " Yo @-@ Yo " was written by Roberts , Maya Von and Dimitri while it was produced by latter , and was the first song to be composed by the group . Roberts also claimed the track had defined her musical style . - " Yo @-@ Yo " is a 1950s @-@ themed electropop and synthpop song in which Roberts sings about an undecided lover . The song received positive reviews from critics , who compared Roberts ' vocals to those of singer Kate Bush . , it was a failure , charting at number 111 on the UK Singles Chart . A music video was released on 30 November 2011 ; the video sees Roberts repeatedly changing outfit for a party in which she finds her love interest cheating on her , ending with an aggressive confrontation . It garnered positive critical responses although the low @-@ budget drew criticism . Roberts performed " Yo @-@ Yo " at London 's G @-@ A @-@ Y nightclub and on the Alan Show , among other occasions . - - = = Background and writing = = - - Nicola Roberts , who began her musical career as one fifth of the band Girls , struggled with loneliness and increasing isolation during her time with the group . A busy schedule and constant media criticism found her describing the time as a " blur " . Her exhaustion and troubles with negative media comments led to a state in which she had to harden herself , claiming that inside she was " dying " . These events inspired her debut album Cinderella 's Eyes . " Yo @-@ Yo " was the first song she had written with Maya von and Dimitri for the album . The recording was also one of the first songs Roberts wrote , and it helped define her musical style . Roberts about the production of the track , writing that : - The production ’ s incredible . The beat is just so constant and powerful . That was the first song that I wrote with Dimitri and Maya . I felt like I ’ d found my sound . And I was kind of looking at it like an outfit . So it was , ‘ if this was an outfit , what would this song need now ? ’ So we had the pretty dress , which was the chorus . We had the lovely shoes , which was the verse . ‘ But what do we need to really set this song off ? A big , fancy , bow in the hair would really set this song off . ’ So when I got to the middle eight I wanted to go really erratic , almost like on All The Things She Said . I wanted it to be proper up and crazy – hands in the air . - - = = Release = = - - Roberts ' debut single , " Beat of My Drum " , garnered acclaim from critics , but failed to impact commercially , charting at 27 in the United Kingdom . She released a follow @-@ up single , " Lucky Day " , which likewise garnered positive responses , but was even less successful commercially , charting at number 40 on both the Scottish and UK Singles charts . Writing as a guest blogger on the website Holy in September 2011 , Roberts announced that " Yo @-@ Yo " would be released as the third single from Cinderella 's Eyes , initially citing a November release date ; the release was later delayed until January 2012 . Roberts had originally intended for " Yo @-@ Yo " to be the first single from the album , but " Beat of My Drum " was instead chosen at the " last minute " . Roberts stated that " it felt right to go with " the latter song . " Yo @-@ Yo " was released digitally on 2 January 2012 , with Roberts announcing on her official website that the single would be released in CD format featuring a live performance of the song in addition to the demo version of her song " Sticks + Stones " seven days later . Additionally , two EPs were released on 6 January 2012 . - - = = Composition and critical reception = = - - " Yo @-@ Yo " features 808 drums with a " dramatic " 1950s @-@ inspired pop " pastiche " . However , the 1950s concept " goes completely out of the window " for an " " bridge , which features a club mix which speeds up the drums featured in the song . The lyrics of the track discuss an uncertain relationship , leading to vulnerability , with Roberts describing it as a " dark " song . The song references a yo @-@ yo ; this is a metaphor for Roberts herself , a spinning yo @-@ yo " on the finger of a hot ' n ' cold lover " . Described as " confessional " by Robert Copsey of Digital Spy , the song has a " " performance , and Roberts ' vocals were compared to that of singer Kate Bush . - The song received positive reviews from music critics . Emily , writing for NME , described the chorus as a " winning " one , and noted that " the impulse @-@ speed space synths are broken @-@ " . In a separate review , Lisa Wright from NME found that while the song didn 't match the success of " Beat of My Drum " . Wright said that the song is " Not a @-@ ridden introduction to Nicola ’ s re @-@ emergence as an English Syd , but a questionable metaphor about being like a crap ’ 90s toy . " Robert Copsey of Digital Spy found Cinderella 's Eyes to be " under @-@ appreciated " with " Yo @-@ Yo " being a " shining example of [ Roberts ' ] pop sensibilities " calling it " radio friendly " . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Synopsis = = = - - The video begins with a man performing tricks with a yo @-@ yo in a white room , accompanied by shots showing Roberts in a " fashionable looking house " wearing a black silk dress . Then rapid shots show her in various other outfits , including a purple velvet dress , all the time showing the man performing tricks with the yo @-@ yo . As the chorus begins , Roberts is shown in the kitchen of the house , along with several women dancing with her . Another shot shows a man and a woman walking through a street embracing each other . This is later interspersed with shots of a fully clothed Roberts standing in a shower getting increasingly wet . Roberts is shown leaving the house and seeing the man with whom she had danced with another woman . She returns to the house , and the man and Roberts are seen in the kitchen area with Roberts throwing a series of objects at him . - - = = = Release and reception = = = - - Prior to the release of the video , Roberts released still images to website . These showed her in what was described as " some sort of untidy , yet fashionable looking house " , while one showed her with her legs above her head wearing " 's kisses shoes " and a third and final seeing her " up next to a handsome chap " . The same day , Roberts gave two more exclusive to website Digital Spy ; in one image , she was smelling , while , in the second , she was " playing with a pair of shoes " . The video was released on 30 November 2011 . After the official release , Nadia Mendoza of the Daily Mail stated the video was a departure from her previous two videos ( for " Beat of My Drum " and " Lucky Day " ) , saying that it " looks and sounds a lot more grown up as she viewers by stripping to her bra and in the shower . " Mendoza found that Roberts was " becoming quite the " and had " all over her innocent charm to create a sex " , referencing her transformation throughout her videos . Katherine St , of Pop , found that the video 's low budget had had a negative effect . She interpreted scenes with Roberts repeated changes clothing positively , noting " [ i ] t works because of the lyrics – what , besides other people , can mess with your feelings more than trying on clothes ? " - - = = Live performances = = - - Roberts performed " Yo @-@ Yo " at London 's G @-@ A @-@ Y nightclub on 24 September 2011 . She pre @-@ recorded a performance of " Yo @-@ Yo " for UK television programme The Alan Show during the same taping as a performance of " Lucky Day " . The taping came after deciding " Yo @-@ Yo " would be released as the third single from the album , with Roberts saying , " I absolutely love performing Yo @-@ Yo , it 's my favourite one to do [ ... ] So I feel really close to Yo @-@ Yo . I feel like I lose myself when I 'm performing it " . After the release of the single , Roberts performed on The Album Chart Show during a special dedicated to her , performing three tracks : " Yo @-@ Yo " , " Beat of My Drum " and " Sticks + Stones " . Roberts also performed the song on British chat show Loose Women and on the Digital Music Awards . - - = = Charts = = - - " Yo @-@ Yo " debuted at its peak of number 111 on the UK Singles Chart . - - = = Formats and track @-@ listings = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Robbie Fowler = - - Robert Bernard " Robbie " Fowler ( born 9 April 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager who played as a striker from 1993 to 2012 . Fowler was known for being a natural scorer with an goal @-@ poaching ability . - Fowler is best remembered for his time at Liverpool and is the sixth @-@ highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League . He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool , 128 of which were scored in the Premier League ( 162 Premier League goals in total ) . He earned the nickname " God " from the Anfield crowd , becoming a club legend due to his in front of goal . He subsequently played for Leeds United and Manchester City , before returning to Liverpool in January 2006 . - He moved clubs 18 months later to sign for Cardiff City . He refused a one @-@ year " pay as you play " contract extension and signed with Blackburn Rovers on a three @-@ month deal on the same terms instead . In December 2008 , he departed Blackburn and forged a career in Australia with North Queensland Fury and Perth Glory . In 2011 , he joined Thai side Muangthong United as a player , but later was appointed player @-@ manager which he remained until his retirement in 2012 . - He was capped for England 26 times , scoring 7 goals . Fowler was included in England 's squads for Euro 96 , Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup . - - = = Early life = = - - Fowler was born in Toxteth , Liverpool and brought up in the inner city area of Liverpool . At this time he was known as Robert Ryder , his mother 's surname . He lived in Toxteth at the time of the 1981 Toxteth riots , when he was six years old . As a he supported Everton .. He played regularly for schoolboy team , and once scored 16 times in a 26 – 0 . - - = = Club career = = - - - = = = Liverpool = = = - - Fowler 's career began with Liverpool . He signed as a youth team player on leaving school in the middle of 1991 , signing professional terms on his 17th birthday , 9 April 1992 . - Fowler 's first involvement with the Liverpool first team came on 13 January 1993 , when he was an unused substitute in an FA Cup third round tie against Bolton Wanderers . In the following close season , Fowler helped the England under @-@ 18 team win the 1993 European Championship , before making a scoring first @-@ team debut in Liverpool 's 3 – 1 win in a first round League Cup tie at Fulham on 22 September 1993 . Fowler scored all five goals in the second leg at Anfield two weeks later , making him the fourth player in Liverpool 's history to score five in a senior fixture . He scored his first league hat @-@ trick against Southampton in only his fifth league game . His very first league goal for the Reds had come on 16 October 1993 , when an 87th @-@ minute equaliser at home to struggling Oldham Athletic saved the Reds from what would have been one of the biggest Premier League of the season , with a last own goal giving Liverpool a 2 – 1 win . He scored twice in a thrilling 3 – 3 draw at Tottenham Hotspur on 18 December . - His first 13 games for the club yielded 12 goals , and he was rewarded with an England Under @-@ 21 debut against San Marino in November 1993 , in which he scored England 's opening goal in the third minute . Fowler was unable to sustain his goal @-@ a @-@ game ratio throughout the season , but finished his first season as the club 's leading scorer with 18 goals in all competitions , although Ian Rush had scored more goals in the league . It was , however , a disappointing season for Liverpool , as they finished eighth in the Premier League without making any impact in any of the major competitions , though the departure of Graeme Souness as manager and the appointment of Roy Evans as successor built up hope for the future . - - = = = = Success and fame = = = = - - In the 1994 – 95 season , Fowler was an ever @-@ present for Liverpool , playing in all of their 57 competitive matches , including the victory in the 1995 League Cup final , and a match against Arsenal in which he scored the Premier League 's second fastest hat @-@ trick ever , in four minutes and 33 seconds . His record stood for twenty years until broken by on 16 May 2015 for Southampton against Aston Villa , who scored three goals in two minutes and 56 seconds . - Fowler also scored against Aston Villa , Ipswich Town , Chelsea and Norwich City in the league that season . - Fowler was voted the PFA Young Player of the Year in two consecutive years in 1995 and 1996 , a feat equalled only by Ryan and Wayne . - Throughout the mid and late 1990s , Fowler was widely considered to be the most natural finisher playing in England . Fowler sealed this reputation as he scored more than 30 goals for three consecutive seasons , up to 1997 . He remains the only player to have scored 30 plus goals in his first three full seasons in England scoring 98 goals with a total of 116 in 3 and a half years , something which has also yet to be beaten in La Liga , A and the too . Fowler 's partnership with Steve McManaman was largely described as the reason why Liverpool had become the club known for being the most potent attacking force in England at the time , and Fowler was renowned for scoring goals of all varieties , from every angle and distance , with McManaman describing him as the " greatest goalscorer of all time . " - Stan Collymore , Fowler 's strike partner from 1995 to 1997 , said in his autobiography that Fowler was the best player he has ever played alongside . Fowler and Collymore were among the most prolific goal @-@ scoring strike partnerships in England during the 1995 – 96 season . In the same season he scored twice in a 4 – 3 victory over Newcastle United , a match voted the best of the decade in a Premier League poll . The match helped prevent Newcastle from winning the league , but it was not enough for Liverpool to clinch the title ; they finished third while Manchester United were crowned champions . Fowler also played in his first FA Cup final that season , but was on the losing side as Manchester United won 1 – 0 . - Fowler received a call @-@ up to the full England squad and won his first cap on 27 March 1996 as a substitute in a friendly against Bulgaria . His first start at international level was against Croatia which was the England game following his substitute appearance . Fowler was part of the England squad for Euro 1996 , making two appearances in the tournament . On 14 December 1996 , he scored four against Middlesbrough , including his hundredth for Liverpool . This meant he reached a century of goals one game quicker than his first strike partner , Ian Rush , in just 165 games . - That year , he also won a UEFA Fair Play award for denying that he had been fouled by Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman at Highbury after a penalty had been given . After unsuccessfully trying to persuade the referee to change his decision about the penalty , Fowler took it and Seaman saved . However , Seaman failed to hold on to the ball and Jason scored from the rebound . Though many people believe that he deliberately took the penalty kick poorly for reasons of fair play , Fowler said at the time : " As a goalscorer it 's part of my job to take it and I wanted to score it . I tried to score . I never missed on purpose . It just happened , it was a bad penalty . " - - = = = = Spice Boys = = = = - - Fowler was part of a group of Liverpool players from the mid @-@ 1990s who were dubbed " The Spice Boys " by the press following a series of off @-@ field controversies . The term was coined by the Daily Mail , and arose due to rumours that Fowler was dating Spice Girl Emma . The term was subsequently used in a derogatory manner , implying Fowler and colleagues such as Jamie Redknapp , Stan Collymore , David James and Steve McManaman were . - Fowler 's performance in the 1997 – 98 football season was marred by a knee ligament injury that kept him out of action for half the season and caused him to miss the 1998 World Cup . During this period of injury , fellow Liverpool striker , Michael Owen rose to prominence , making his debut in 1997 . Owen established himself in the Liverpool team in Fowler 's absence . - In 1999 , Fowler was fined £ 60 @,@ 000 by his club for bringing the game into . While celebrating his goal against Liverpool 's Merseyside rivals , Everton , Fowler used the white line of the penalty area to simulate cocaine use . Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier stated that this was a grass @-@ eating celebration , learnt from teammate Song . himself , Fowler later said this was a response to Everton fans who had insulted him with false accusations of drug abuse . Fowler received a four @-@ match suspension from the FA for this incident . At the same FA disciplinary hearing , Fowler received a further two match suspension due to a separate incident in which he had the Chelsea defender Graeme Le Saux by waving his at him as Le Saux 's wife and children watched from the stands . Fowler later attempted to justify his actions by suggesting his taunts were simply an extension of . The FA imposed a £ 32 @,@ 000 fine and a six @-@ match ban for the two incidents . Fowler has since apologized to Le Saux for the incident . - - = = = = Winning the cup treble = = = = - - The 2000 – 01 season was Fowler 's most successful season . He appeared in three finals , scoring 17 goals and lifting three trophies in a unique cup treble . In the absence of Jamie Redknapp , who was sidelined by injury , Fowler was named as Liverpool captain when he started . However he found himself the third @-@ choice Liverpool striker , with Houllier favouring a forward partnership of Michael Owen and Emile Heskey . - He took part in a fourth round League Cup of Stoke City , scoring a hat @-@ trick in an 8 – 0 victory , which was second only to the club 's biggest ever win in 1986 – a 10 – 0 defeat of Fulham . In the League Cup final against Birmingham City , the club 's first cup final since 1996 , he captained the side and scored in the 30th minute . Liverpool went on to win the trophy on penalties , with Fowler scoring Liverpool 's fifth in the shootout . Fowler picked up the Alan Man of the Match award and lifted the trophy . - Fowler 's season picked up from there as he scored several important goals including one against runaway champions Manchester United and a free kick in the FA Cup semi @-@ final against Wycombe Wanderers . Fowler featured as a substitute in the 2001 FA Cup Final coming on as a 77th @-@ minute replacement for . Liverpool , who were 1 – 0 down at that point , eventually won the game 2 – 1 with two goals from Owen . Fowler raised the trophy along with Sami and Jamie Redknapp . - Four days later he was a substitute again in Liverpool 's third final , the 2001 UEFA Cup Final against . He came on in the 64th minute for Heskey with the score at 3 – 3 . He scored seven minutes later but equalised before full @-@ time and Liverpool eventually won with a golden goal , an own goal , in the 116th minute . Fowler and then raised Liverpool 's third trophy of the season together . Liverpool 's next and final game of the season was against Charlton Athletic and Fowler scored twice in a 4 – 0 victory at The Valley that assured them UEFA Champions League qualification for the next season . - - = = = = Liverpool departure = = = = - - Fowler began the 2001 – 02 season controversially , after being dropped by the then manager Gérard Houllier from the Liverpool squad for the 2001 Charity Shield match following a training ground confrontation with assistant manager Phil Thompson . He made an appearance in Liverpool 's 3 – 2 European Super Cup victory over Bayern Munich , but starts were intermittent . In October 2001 , he scored his first league hat @-@ trick for three years , helping Liverpool beat Leicester City 4 – 1 , but was dropped for the following league match . Though Fowler had been on a contract extension from 1999 ( unlike Steve McManaman – who exercised his the very same year ) , Fowler was linked to , Arsenal and Leeds , and Liverpool 's management as well as fans and the media constantly reported that what happened with McManaman ( regarded as a huge financial loss ) would never be repeated and thus the club never rejected those bids without consideration . This meant that coupled with Fowler 's relationship with Houllier , speculation over Fowler 's future persisted for most of Houllier 's tenure and became an issue that divided Liverpool fans . His last appearance for Liverpool was against Sunderland , in which he was substituted at half @-@ time . - - = = = Leeds United = = = - - Despite his popularity with Liverpool fans , who referred to Fowler as " God " , Michael Owen and Emile Heskey had established themselves as Liverpool 's regular strike partnership , leaving Fowler on the fringes of the first team . This , along with his difficult relationship with Houllier , made him seek regular first team football away from Anfield in the form of a £ 12 million move to Leeds United . Fowler maintains that Houllier forced him out of Liverpool , and accused Houllier of the Liverpool Echo newspaper to use its influence to turn opinion against him . - The transfer went ahead just one month after his hat @-@ trick at Leicester . He made his Leeds debut in an away game against Fulham in December 2001 , the same ground where he had made his Liverpool debut eight years earlier . Fowler scored 12 goals in the remainder of the season , helping Leeds to a UEFA Cup qualifying place . Fowler was included in the England squad for the 2002 World Cup , but only made one appearance , coming on as substitute in a second round win over Denmark . - Fowler suffered an of a pre @-@ existing hip injury in the 2002 – 03 pre @-@ season , and did not recover until December . to gain fitness , and seeing team @-@ mates sold off due to a financial crisis , Fowler 's form and market value diminished . It was despite this decrease in form that he still , in total , scored 15 goals in 31 appearances for Leeds ; achieving an impressive strike rate of just less than one goal every two games . In 2002 – 03 , Leeds finished 15th in the Premier League and a severe financial crisis was developing . - - = = = Manchester City = = = - - In the 2002 – 03 season , Fowler was transferred to Manchester City following a protracted transfer saga . Fowler initially turned down the move , and a dispute between Manchester City manager Kevin Keegan and chairman David Bernstein over whether the transfer should take place due to medical concerns resulted in Bernstein leaving the club . Following encouragement from Keegan , Fowler finally signed for Manchester City on 16 January 2003 for an initial fee of £ 3 million and a further £ 3 million dependent upon appearances . transfer conditions meant Leeds United still paid a significant proportion of Fowler 's wages . Fowler made his Manchester City debut against West Bromwich Albion on 1 February 2003 , but made a poor start to his Manchester City career , scoring just two goals in the remainder of the season . - Fowler continued to struggle with fitness problems in the 2003 – 04 season , completing the full 90 minutes only nine times , however he did score against his old club Liverpool in a 2 – 2 draw at home . The arrival of close friend , Steve McManaman , from Real Madrid gave Fowler hope , but the pair failed to rekindle their prolific partnership from their time at Liverpool , and received criticism from the fans and for their salaries , alleged excesses as well as named and in a sex scandal covered by the News of the World that year . - Despite the slump , Fowler rallied for the following campaign , and showed a marked improvement in the second half of the 2004 – 05 season , scoring his 150th Premiership goal in the 3 – 2 win over Norwich City on 28 February 2005 . However , his failure to convert a 90th @-@ minute penalty kick against Middlesbrough 's Mark in the final game of the season prevented Manchester City from gaining a place in the UEFA Cup . Despite this , Fowler ended the season as the club 's joint top goal scorer and gained the approval of the fans , finishing in the top three in the fans ' Player of the Year poll . Fowler later described this as " one of the proudest achievements of my career " . - Fowler had injury problems at the start of the 2005 – 06 season and rarely featured when fit , making just two substitute appearances in the first four months of the season . His first start of the season came against Scunthorpe United in the FA Cup on 7 January 2006 , in which he scored a hat @-@ trick . The following week he scored Manchester City 's third goal in their 3 – 1 win against local rivals Manchester United after coming on as substitute . However , Fowler made only one more appearance for Manchester City before returning to Liverpool on a free transfer . - - = = = Return to Liverpool = = = - - On 27 January 2006 , Fowler rejoined Liverpool from Manchester City on a free transfer , signing a contract until the end of the season . Fowler had remained a Liverpool fan after he left the club ; he was in the Istanbul crowd when Liverpool won the Champions League in 2005 . - The fans were to learn that Fowler had returned ; there were large in the game against Birmingham City which read ' God – number eleven , welcome back to heaven ' , with ' God ' being Fowler 's nickname while he was previously at Liverpool . - Fowler 's return against Birmingham City in February 2006 was labelled by the tabloid press as the stuff of , and he himself said he felt like " a kid waking up on Christmas morning every day " . Fowler 's first appearance back at Anfield was as a substitute against Birmingham , receiving a standing ovation upon his introduction . After his return , he had three goals ruled out for offside , before finally getting off the mark on 15 March 2006 in a home game against Fulham , the same opponents against which he scored his first ever goal for Liverpool 13 years earlier . - Fowler 's next Liverpool goal , against West Bromwich Albion , meant he overtook Kenny Dalglish in the club 's all @-@ time top scorers . His resurgence continued as he marked his 31st birthday with a goal against Bolton Wanderers . He made it four goals in five games when he scored the only goal in a 1 – 0 victory over Blackburn Rovers on 16 April 2006 . However , Fowler 's fitness remained a concern . In March 2006 , manager Rafael Benítez commented on Fowler 's work and progress by saying , " to buy a Robbie Fowler who is fit and scoring goals would cost a lot , maybe £ or more " . Despite concerns about his fitness , Fowler finished the 2005 – 06 season scoring on a more consistent basis than Liverpool 's other strikers . In May 2006 he was offered a new one @-@ year contract with the club , and celebrated by scoring the first goal in Liverpool 's last league game of the season in a 3 – 1 away win at Portsmouth . It was his final game of the season as he was unable to take part in the club 's FA Cup Final success due to being cup @-@ tied . - Fowler featured rarely in his final Liverpool season , making only six league starts . , all three of his League goals were penalties against Sheffield United . One of these was in the away game on the opening day of the season , and the other two in the reverse fixture at Anfield . Appearances in other competitions were more common due to Rafael Benítez 's squad rotation policy . On 25 October 2006 Fowler was named as Liverpool 's captain for the first time since his return in a League Cup tie against Reading , scoring just before half @-@ time in a 4 – 3 win . - On 5 December , Fowler scored his first two goals in the UEFA Champions League competition proper against ( he had previously scored during a qualifying tie some six years prior against FC ) , though Liverpool lost 3 – 2 . - On 1 May 2007 he was a substitute in the Champions League semi @-@ final against Chelsea , brought on in the last few minutes of extra @-@ time . He set up an attack for Dirk but the shot went straight at the Chelsea goalkeeper . The match went into a penalty shoot @-@ out that Liverpool won . Fowler was due to take the fifth and final spot @-@ kick , but the game had already ended when home his winning penalty . - In what to be his last appearance for the club , against Charlton Athletic on 13 May , Fowler was given the captain 's one final time . He was substituted two minutes from the final whistle and given a standing ovation . He finished his second run as a Liverpool player with a UEFA Champions League runners @-@ up medal , although he was not named in either the starting eleven or the seven . He became a free agent on 1 July having scored 183 goals in appearances during his two spells at the club . - - = = = Cardiff City = = = - - On 21 July 2007 Fowler signed a two @-@ year contract to play for Cardiff City . He missed the season 's opening fixtures due to a lack of fitness , making his debut in a League Cup tie on 28 August . He scored his first two Cardiff goals on 22 September against Preston North End , scoring with two . Fowler scored twice in his next game , a third round League Cup tie against West Brom , which Cardiff won 4 – 2 . This led to a fourth round tie against Fowler 's former club Liverpool , at Anfield , to which even the Liverpool faithful crowd urged Fowler to score seeing that it may be the last time he would play in Anfield but Cardiff were knocked out in a 2 – 1 defeat . - In November , Fowler travelled to Frankfurt , Germany to see Dr. Hans @-@ Wilhelm @-@ , a specialist sports injuries doctor , to try and resolve a recurring hip problem that had left him lacking fitness in early season fixtures for the . The treatment involved taking around twenty @-@ eight into his hip . He returned to full training in late November and made his comeback on 15 December as a late substitute in a 1 – 0 defeat against Bristol City . However he went on to suffer another injury blow just days later after a tackle in training from club captain Darren left him with damaged ankle ligaments . Due to the new injury blow Cardiff and Fowler made plans for him to go to Colorado , United States to undergo surgery on the hip problem , which had plagued him in recent seasons , in the hope that it would finally resolve the problem . - On 17 January 2008 , it was announced that Fowler could miss the rest of the 2007 – 08 season for Cardiff after his hip operation revealed that the injury was worse than previously thought . Surgeons were forced to perform a micro @-@ fracture in order for the hip to heal properly . Despite this , he attempted to make a comeback at the end of the season to play in the FA Cup final against Portsmouth and was included in the 18 @-@ man match squad . He did not feature in the game in and thus did not receive a runners @-@ up medal having not made an appearance in the competition . - - = = = Blackburn Rovers = = = - - Fowler was offered a new pay @-@ as @-@ you @-@ play contract with Cardiff for the 2008 – 09 season in May 2008 and was expected to sign the contract . However , he pulled out of the deal , preferring to accept an offer of a trial at Blackburn Rovers from former Liverpool colleague Paul Ince . The move left Cardiff manager Dave Jones and chairman Peter furious after the club had assisted Fowler 's rehabilitation throughout the summer . After training with Blackburn and appearing in a handful of friendlies he was offered a six @-@ month deal by the club to last until January , but Fowler turned down the deal due to it being a shorter offer than the previous one he had rejected at Cardiff . After turning down the offer , Fowler made a shock enquiry about returning to Cardiff on the deal he had originally turned down , prompting anger from supporters and a swift " no thanks " from the club . - Fowler concluded the trial period at Blackburn by agreeing to a three @-@ month pay @-@ as @-@ you @-@ play deal . He stated that he was eager to return to the Premier League and that his pre @-@ existing relationship with Ince would not earn him any treatment . He made his first appearance against Everton in a 1 – 0 win in the League Cup on 24 September . With a month left on his contract at Blackburn , Fowler received interest from League Two side Grimsby Town . Fowler , a noted friend of then Grimsby manager Mike Newell had held talks at Park over a possible Player / Coach role with the club . - His three @-@ month deal at Blackburn expired on 12 December 2008 , and after not being offered a new contract was released by the club , he entered talks with new Australian A @-@ League club North Queensland Fury . - - = = = North Queensland Fury = = = - - Fowler signed with the North Queensland Fury on 4 February 2009 and became their inaugural player ; with his family relocating to Townsville for the 2009 – 10 season of the Australian A @-@ League . It was an important signing for the new franchise who struggled to sign a player , while some questioned whether Fowler would be able to cope with the heat and humidity of North Queensland . - Fowler made his debut in July 2009 in a 2 – 1 pre @-@ season loss against Wolverhampton Wanderers in Perth after recovering from groin and hip complaints . Fowler was subsequently named North Queensland Fury 's captain for the 2009 – 10 season and the first in the club 's history . He scored his first A @-@ League goal from a penalty kick in his club 's first competitive match against Sydney FC on Saturday 8 August 2009 . In rounds four , five , and six Fowler scored Solo 's A @-@ League of the Week . - Shortly after his arrival in Australia , it was reported in the British media that Fowler would be making a swift return to his homeland and sign for League One side Tranmere Rovers , who had just appointed Fowler 's former Liverpool team mate John Barnes as manager . However , Fowler was quick to dismiss talk of a quick return to England . When Barnes was dismissed three months later , it was reported that Tranmere had approached Fowler about becoming player @-@ manager , but these reports too were dismissed . - Controversy erupted around Fowler after he reportedly refused to play against the Brisbane on 23 January after being named on the interchange bench for the clash . He however returned to the starting line up for two of the last three games of the season . Fowler ended the season collecting a hat @-@ trick of awards at the clubs end @-@ of @-@ season awards night , he was awarded the clubs Player of the Year , Players ' Player of the Year and the Golden Boot as top goal scorer . On 15 June 2010 , Fowler confirmed that he is taking legal action over the ending of his playing contract with North Queensland Fury . He is the Fury and Football Federation Australia , which took over the running of the club . - - = = = Perth Glory = = = - - On 27 April 2010 , it was announced that Fowler had agreed to become part of Glory 's squad for the 2010 – 11 A @-@ League season . Fowler reportedly ignored offers from Middle East clubs as well as Sydney FC to play in Perth . He joined the Glory for pre @-@ season training in mid @-@ June , following World Cup sponsorship commitments . Fowler scored his first goal for Perth on 29 August , a penalty against Melbourne Heart . He followed this up with a headed goal the following week against the Wellington Phoenix . In the following match , Fowler 's hat @-@ trick gave the Glory a 3 – 1 victory against Melbourne Victory at the Stadium in Townsville . Fowler ended the year as top scorer for the club . - - = = = Muangthong United = = = - - On 7 July 2011 Fowler agreed to play with Muangthong United , signing a one @-@ year contract . In a press conference he stated that the weather conditions of should not be a problem as he had played in Townsville and Perth . He was quickly a hit with Muangthong fans and the Thai public in general ; he attended Thailand 's World Cup against Oman wearing the national team 's shirt . He has since played a handful of scoreless games , both at the Yamaha Stadium and on the road in the AFC Cup , until the Twin were eliminated from the competition by Al @-@ Kuwait . After the sacking of Henrique Calisto as head coach , Fowler was made player / coach . - On 16 October 2011 , after 250 minutes of play , Fowler scored his first goal for against . He scored his club career goal on 21 December 2011 against . On 28 February 2012 Fowler announced he had left the club following 's appointment as coach . - - = = = Return to England and retirement = = = - - On 1 March 2012 , Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that Fowler was training with the and that he could earn a deal until the end of the season . However , they could not agree a deal and Fowler decided against signing when Karl offered the striker just £ 100 a week with £ 5 @,@ 000 for every first @-@ team appearance . - On 22 September 2012 Fowler announced that he is " all but retired from professional football . " He said this on the television show Soccer AM . In an interview in March 2013 , he said that he was " not officially retired " and would " jump at the opportunity to play again . " Fowler has also stated in other interviews that he is currently completing his coaching licences . Fowler was on a six @-@ man shortlist and interviewed for the vacant manager 's job at Conference side Macclesfield Town in May 2013 , but caretaker manager John was eventually appointed on a full @-@ time basis . - Fowler featured in Steven 's testimonial match against F.C. on 3 August 2013 . He came off the bench in the 73rd minute to a big reception from Liverpool fans , but failed to score a goal . - On 21 April 2014 , Fowler also featured in a charity match to commemorate the lives of the 96 Liverpool fans who died in the Disaster . Fowler scored both goals for his team in a 2 @-@ 2 draw . - On 2 January 2015 , Fowler tweeted " about Steven , but what an unbelievable player ... I 'm officially hanging my boots up as from now ... A sad day for me " and so officially announced his retirement . - - = = = Soccer Aid = = = - - In May 2016 it was revealed that Fowler would return to the pitch to play for England in Soccer Aid , a charity football match in aid of UNICEF , alongside Jamie . - - = = International career = = - - Fowler earned his first cap for England on 27 March 1996 , coming on as a 76th @-@ minute substitute in the 1 – 0 friendly win against Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium . On 24 April , he won his second cap and made his first start for England in the 0 – 0 draw with Croatia . Despite only having 3 caps to his name , England manager Terry selected Fowler in his 22 @-@ man squad for Euro 1996 . Fowler went on to make two substitute appearances in the tournament , featuring in the 4 – 1 win against the Netherlands in the final group game , and in the 0 – 0 draw against Spain in the quarter @-@ finals , a game England won on penalties . - Fowler did not feature during England 's qualifying campaign for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , mainly due to a serious knee ligament injury , and thus missed out on Glenn 's 22 @-@ man squad for the tournament . He did , however , manage to score his first goal for his country on 29 March 1997 , netting the second goal in a 2 – 0 friendly win against Mexico at Wembley Stadium . A second goal followed in his next cap on 15 November , netting just before half @-@ time in the 2 – 0 friendly win against Cameroon . - On 9 June 1999 , Fowler played in his first competitive game for England in nearly three years , starting in the 1 – 1 draw with Bulgaria during Euro 2000 qualifying . Kevin Keegan named Fowler in the preliminary squad for Euro 2000 , and after featuring in the three warm @-@ up games against Brazil , Ukraine , and Malta , he was named in the final squad on 1 June 2000 . Fowler did not play in the tournament as England were eliminated in the group stages . - Fowler scored his fourth goal for England on 25 May 2001 , netting the second goal in the 4 – 0 friendly win against Mexico at Pride Park , Derby . On 5 September , he scored his first competitive goal for England in the 2 – 0 win against at St James ' Park , Newcastle . This was during qualifying for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . England qualified for the World Cup , and after scoring in friendlies against Italy and Cameroon , Fowler was selected in @-@ 's 23 @-@ man squad for the tournament in South Korea and Japan . He didn 't appear in any of England 's group matches , but on 15 June 2002 , he came on as a second @-@ half substitute in the 3 – 0 win against Denmark in the Round of 16 . This turned out to be Fowler 's last cap for his country . He won a total of 26 caps for England and scored 7 goals . - - = = Coaching career = = - - - = = = Milton Keynes Dons = = = - - On returning to England , Fowler has worked with League One side Milton Keynes Dons on an ad @-@ hoc basis to assist the club 's coaching staff . On 7 April 2011 , Bury confirmed that Fowler would join their coaching staff for one week to assist Richie Barker . Fowler briefly coached Liverpool 's strikers in April 2011 . - - = = = Muangthong United = = = - - Muangthong took action and sacked Henrique Calisto as head coach . A statement on the Muangthong website read : " The Board have appointed Robbie Fowler as the acting Head Coach and terminate the contract of Portuguese boss Henrique Calisto . The contract is until the end of the season and the team must adapt to long @-@ term goals if it is to succeed in Asia " , thus making Fowler player / coach of Muangthong United . - - = = = Liverpool Academy = = = - - In October 2013 it was announced that Fowler would be taking up a coaching role with Liverpool FC at the academy . - On 9 September 2014 , it was revealed Fowler had applied for the vacant head coach / manager job at his former club Leeds United . - - = = Style of play = = - - A prolific goal @-@ scorer , Fowler was a quick and opportunistic striker , with good technical ability . Although naturally left @-@ footed , he possessed an accurate , powerful shot from both inside and outside the area with both feet ; he was also effective in the air . Despite his reputation as a " goal @-@ " , he was also a creative player , capable of linking up well with other players , and laying off the ball to other strikers . Despite his talent , he was also known to be injury @-@ prone throughout his career . - - = = Personal life = = - - Fowler married wife on 9 June 2001 in the town of Duns in Scotland . Together they have three daughters named Madison , Jaya , and Mackenzie , and one son , Jacob . - Fowler is a supporter of Liverpool F.C. and regularly attends matches at Anfield . He does media work for Abu Sports Channel , Sky Sports and ITV . - In association with long term friend Steve McManaman , Fowler has invested in several through a named company The and Partnership , most notably 2003 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Celebration Chase runner @-@ up . In 2005 , Fowler was listed as one of the 1 @,@ 000 wealthiest Britons by the Sunday Times Rich List , with the paper estimating he has a property portfolio of more than 80 , while his Robbie Fowler Sports company has been reported to have net assets of £ 1 @.@ 58 million . Other business interests including a large property portfolio have resulted in Fowler 's net wealth totaling £ 28 million . This gave rise to the affectionate Manchester City Football Club chant , We all live in a Robbie Fowler house , sung to the tune of Yellow . - On 2 September 2005 , Fowler released a book called Fowler : My , about his time as a footballer and the issues surrounding him . Since his transfer to Liverpool he has updated it and included a section about his return to Anfield . published in newspapers included criticism of the England management . - In June 2008 , Fowler participated alongside McManaman in Steve Nash and Claudio 's in , an 8 @-@ on @-@ 8 charity soccer game at Sara D. Roosevelt Park in Manhattan with McManaman making five of the goals , including one for Fowler . - In 2011 , Fowler and McManaman participated in a Select World XI against dictator Kadyrov and his select XI in a public relations fundraiser in the war @-@ torn nation 's capital of . The match caused much press in the western world , mainly due to Kadyrov 's human rights record and known practices of torture and rape as weapons of rule . British press also cited the use of and payment of footballers to parade the event as particularly " evil " , with The Guardian labelling it " Football 's moment in Bed with Kadyrov " . - Fowler is a cousin of boxer and 2014 Commonwealth Games gold medallist Antony Fowler . - - = = Career statistics = = - - - = = Managerial statistics = = - - - = = Honours = = - - - = = = Club = = = - - Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000 – 01 - League Cup : 1994 – 95 , 2000 – 01 - FA Charity Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000 – 01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - - = = = International = = = - - England - UEFA European Under @-@ 18 Football Championship : 1993 - - = = = Individual = = = - - PFA Young Player of the Year Award : 1995 , 1996 - UEFA Fair Play Award : 1997 - Alan Trophy : 2001 - North Queensland Fury Player of the Year : 2010 - North Queensland Fury Golden Boot : 2010 - North Queensland Fury Players ' Player of the Year : 2010 - Perth Glory Golden Boot : 2011 - Premier League Player of the Month : December 1995 , January 1996 - - - = Ode on Indolence = - - The " Ode on Indolence " is one of five odes composed by English poet John Keats in the spring of 1819 . The others were " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , " Ode on Melancholy " , " Ode to a Nightingale " and " Ode to Psyche " . The poem describes the state of indolence , otherwise known as , and was written during a time when he felt that he should devote his efforts to earning an income instead of composing poetry . After finishing the spring poems , Keats wrote in June 1819 that its composition brought him more pleasure than anything else he had written that year . Unlike the other odes he wrote that year , " Ode on Indolence " was not published until 1848 , 27 years after his death . - The poem is an example of Keats 's break from the structure of the classical form . It follows the poet 's contemplation of a morning spent in idleness . Three figures are presented — Ambition , Love and Poesy — dressed in " placid sandals " and " white robes " . The narrator examines each using a series of questions and statements on life and art . The poem concludes with the narrator giving up on having all three of the figures as part of his life . Some critics regard " Ode on Indolence " as inferior to the other four 1819 odes . Others suggest that the poem exemplifies a continuity of themes and imagery characteristic of his more widely read works , and provides valuable biographical insight into his poetic career . - - = = Background = = - - By the spring of 1819 , Keats had left his poorly paid position as a surgeon at Guy 's Hospital , , London , to devote himself to poetry . On 12 May 1819 , he abandoned this plan after receiving a request for financial assistance from his brother , George . Unable to help , Keats was torn by guilt and despair and sought projects more lucrative than poetry . It was under these circumstances that he wrote " Ode on Indolence " . - In a letter to his brother dated 19 March 1819 , Keats discussed indolence as a subject . He may have written the ode as early as March , but the themes and stanza forms suggest May or June 1819 ; when it is known he was working on " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , " Ode on Melancholy " , " Ode to a Nightingale " and " Ode to Psyche " . During this period , Keats 's friend Charles Brown transcribed copies of the spring odes and submitted them to publisher Richard Woodhouse . Keats wrote to his friend Sarah Jeffrey : " [ T ] he thing I have most enjoyed this year has been writing an ode to Indolence . " Despite this enjoyment , however , he was not entirely satisfied with " Ode on Indolence " , and it remained unpublished until 1848 . - Keats 's notes and papers do not reveal the precise dating of the 1819 odes . Literary scholars have proposed several different orders of composition , arguing that the poems form a sequence within their structures . In The Urn , Bernard Blackstone observes that " Indolence " has been variously thought the first , second , and final of the five 1819 odes . Biographer Robert suggests " Ode on Indolence " was written on 4 May 1819 , based upon Keats 's report about the weather during the ode 's creation ; Douglas Bush insists it was written after " Nightingale " , " Grecian Urn " , and " Melancholy " . Based on his examination of the stanza forms , Keats biographer Andrew Motion thinks " Ode on Indolence " was written after " Ode to Psyche " and " Ode to a Nightingale " , although he admits there is no way to be precise about the dates . Nevertheless , he argues that " Ode on Indolence " was probably composed last . - - = = Structure = = - - " Ode on Indolence " relies on ten line stanzas with a rhyme scheme that begins with a quatrain ( ) and ends with a ( ) . This pattern is used in " Ode on Melancholy " , " Ode to a Nightingale " and " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , which further the poems in their structure in addition to their themes . - The poem contains a complicated use of assonance ( the repetition of vowel sounds ) , as evident in line 19 , " O why did ye not melt , and leave my sense " , where the pairs ye / leave and melt / sense share vowel sounds . A more disorganized use of assonance appears in line 31 , " A third time pass 'd they by , and , passing , turn 'd " , in which the pairs third / turn 'd , time / by , and pass 'd / passing share vowel sounds . The first line exemplifies the poem 's consistent iambic : - Keats occasionally the accent of the first two syllables of each line or a set of syllables within the middle of a line . 2 @.@ 3 % of the internal syllables are inverted in the " Ode on Indolence " , whereas only 0 @.@ 4 % of the internal syllables of his other poems contain such . - - = = Poem = = - - The poem relies on a first @-@ person narration style similar to " Ode to Psyche " . It begins with a classical scene from an urn in a similar manner to " Ode on a Grecian Urn " , but the scene in " Indolence " is allegorical . The opening describes three figures that operate as three fates : - One before me were three figures seen , - With bowed necks , and joined hands , side @-@ faced ; - And one behind the other 'd serene , - In placid sandals , and in white robes graced ; - They pass 'd , like figures on a marble urn - When shifted round to see the other side ; - They came again , as , when the urn once more - Is shifted round , the first seen shades return ; - And they were strange to me , as may - With , to one deep in lore . ( Lines 1 – 10 ) - The figures remain mysterious as they circle around the narrator . Eventually they turn towards him and it is revealed that they are Ambition , Love , and Poesy , the themes of the poem : - A third time pass 'd they by , and , passing , turn 'd - Each one the face a moment to me ; - Then faded , and to follow them I burn 'd - And for wings , because I knew the three : - The first was a fair Maid , and Love her name ; - The second was Ambition , pale of cheek , - And ever with eye ; - The last , whom I love more , the more of blame - Is 'd upon her , maiden most , — - I knew to be my demon Poesy . ( Lines 31 – 40 ) - The poet wishes to be with the three figures , but he is unable to join them . The poem transitions into the narrator providing reasons why he would not need the three figures and does so with ambition and love , but he cannot find a reason to dismiss : - They faded , and , ! I wanted wings : - O ! What is Love ? and where is it ? - And for that poor Ambition — it springs - From a man 's little heart 's short fever @-@ fit ; - For Poesy ! — no , — she has not a joy , — - At least for me , — so sweet as , - And evenings steep 'd in indolence ; - O , for an age so shelter 'd from annoy , - That I may never know how change the moons , - Or hear the voice of busy common @-@ sense ! ( lines 41 – 50 ) - the poem , the narrator argues that the figures should be treated as figures , and that he would not be by them : - So , ye three ghosts , ! cannot raise - My head cool @-@ in the flowery grass ; - For I would not be with praise , - A pet @-@ lamb in a sentimental farce ! - from my eyes , and be once more - In @-@ like figures on the dreary urn ; - ! I yet have visions for the night , - And for the day faint visions there is store ; - , ye , from my idle , - Into the clouds , and never more return ! ( lines 51 – 60 ) - - = = Themes = = - - The poem centres on humanity and human nature . When the poet sees the figures , he wants to know their names and laments his ignorance . Eventually , he realizes that they are representative of Love , Ambition , and Poetry . While he longs , he fears they are out of reach and therefore tries to reject them . He argues that love is what he needs least and dismisses it by questioning what " love " actually means ( " What is Love ? and where is it ? " ) . He rejects ambition , but it requires more work ( " And for that poor Ambition — it springs / From a man 's little heart 's short fever @-@ fit ; " ) . Unlike the personas of Love and Ambition , the narrator is unable to find a reason to Poesy ( Poetry ) , which reflects the poets ' inner conflict : should he abandon poetry to focus on a career in which he can earn a decent living ? Keats 's sought to write great poetry but feared his pursuit of literary prominence was based on a delusional view of his own merit as a poet . Further , he was incapable of completing his epic , " Hyperion " . As Walter Jackson Bate explains , to Keats " Neither a finished ' grand Poem ' nor even the semblance of a modest financial return seemed nearer . " - Keats realized that he could never have Love , could not fulfil his Ambition , and could not spend his time with Poesy . The conclusion of " Ode to Indolence " is a dismissal of both the images and his poetry as figures that would only mislead him . Even indolence itself seems ; Andrew Motion writes that the figures force Keats to regard indolence as " the privilege of the class to which he did not belong . " If the poem is read as the final poem in the 1819 ode series , " Ode on Indolence " suggests that Keats is resigned to giving up his career as a poet because poetry cannot give him the immortality he wanted from it . Ironically , the poem provided Keats with such immortality . Besides the biographical component , the poem also describes Keats 's belief that his works should capture the beauty of art while acknowledging the of life . In this way , the poems as a group capture Keats 's philosophy of negative capability , the concept of living with contradictory views , by trying to reconcile Keats 's desire to write poetry and his inability to do so by abandoning poetry altogether and accepting life as it is . - Within the many poems that explore this idea — among them Keats 's and the works by his contemporaries — Keats begins by questioning suffering , breaks it down to its most basic elements of cause and effect , and draws conclusions about the world . His own process is filled with doubt , but his poems end with a hopeful message that the narrator ( himself ) is finally free of desires for Love , Ambition , and Poesy . The hope contained within " Ode on Indolence " is found within the vision he expresses in the last stanza : " I yet have visions for the night / And for the day faint visions there is store . " Consequently , in her analysis of The Odes of John Keats , Helen suggests that " Ode on Indolence " is a seminal poem constructed with themes and images that appeared more influential in his other , sometimes later , poems . The ode is an early and entirely original work that establishes the basis of Keats 's notion of soul making , a method by which the individual builds his or her soul through a form of education consisting of suffering and personal experience . This is a fundamental preoccupation of the , who believed the way to reconcile man and nature was through this soul development , education — the combination of experience and contemplation — and that only this process , not the rationality of the previous century , would bring about true . - The classical influences Keats invoked affected other Romantic poets , but his odes contain a higher degree of allusion than most of his contemporaries ' works . As for the main theme , indolence and poetry , the poem reflects the emotional state of being Keats describes in an early 1819 letter to his brother George : - [ I ] and careless ... from my having till nearly eleven ... please has no show of and pain no . Neither Poetry , nor Ambition , nor Love have any of countenance as they pass by me : they seem rather like three figures on a vase — a Man and two women — whom no one but myself could distinguish in their . - Willard Spiegelman , in his study of Romantic poetry , suggests that the indolence of the poem arises from the narrator 's reluctance to apply himself to the labour associated with poetic creation . Some critics provide other explanations , and William claims that Keats 's description of indolence may have arisen from the use of opium . - - = = Critical response = = - - Literary critics regard " Ode on Indolence " as inferior to Keats 's other 1819 odes . Walter wrote that " it is unlikely that the ' Ode on Indolence ' has ever been anyone 's favorite poem , and it is certain that it was not Keats 's . Why he excluded it from the 1820 volume we do not know , but it is and and structurally , and these would be reasons enough . " Bate indicated that the poem 's value is " primarily biographical and not poetic " . - " Ode on Indolence " is sometimes called upon as a point of comparison when discussing Keats 's other poems . Charles Wentworth Dilke observed that while the poem can be read as a supplemental text to assist the study of " Grecian Urn " , it remains a much inferior work . In 2000 , Thomas McFarland wrote in consideration of Dilke 's comparison : " Far more important than the similarity , which might seem to arise from the in Keats 's in both Ode on Indolence and Ode on a Grecian Urn ... is the enormous in the two poems . Ode on Indolence ... is a flaccid enterprise that hardly bears mention alongside that other achievement . " - Sidney , in his 1917 biography on Keats , grouped " Indolence " with the other 1819 odes in Keats 's " class of achievements " . In 1948 , Lord described the fifth stanza as , " lacking the magic of what the world agrees are the great Odes " but describes the language as " [ d ] , charming even " . Later , in a 1968 biography of Keats , describes the importance of the poem : " The whole ode , in fact , has a borrowed air , and he acknowledged its lack of success by not printing it with the others ... Yet with its acceptance of the , dull and mood as something creative , it set the scene for all the odes that followed . " - In 1973 , Stuart described it as " a rich and nourishing immersion in the rush of pure sensation and its flow of stirring shadows and ' dim dreams ' . In many ways the ode marks both a beginning and an end . It is both the and potentially the most ambitious of the sequence . Yet its failure , if we choose to consider it that , is more the result of deliberate than any inability of means . " Andrew Motion , in 1997 , argued , " Like ' Melancholy ' , the poem is too articulate for its own poetic good ... In two of his May odes , ' Melancholy ' and ' Indolence ' , Keats defined themes common to the whole group with such fierce that he restricted their imaginative power . His identity had prevailed . " - - - = Erving Goffman = - - Erving Goffman ( 11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982 ) was a Canadian @-@ American sociologist and writer , considered " the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century " . In 2007 he was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the sixth most @-@ cited author in the humanities and social sciences , behind Anthony Giddens and ahead of Jürgen Habermas . - Goffman was the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association . His best @-@ known contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction . This took the form of dramaturgical analysis , beginning with his 1959 book , The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . Goffman 's other major works include Asylums ( 1961 ) , Stigma ( 1963 ) , Interaction Ritual ( 1967 ) , Frame Analysis ( 1974 ) , and Forms of Talk ( 1981 ) . His major areas of study included the sociology of everyday life , social interaction , the social construction of self , social organization ( framing ) of experience , and particular elements of social life such as total institutions and . - - = = Life = = - - Goffman was born 11 June 1922 , in , Alberta , Canada , to Max Goffman and Anne Goffman , née . He was from a family of Ukrainian Jews who had emigrated to Canada at the turn of the century . He had an older sibling , Frances Bay , who became an actress . The family moved to , Manitoba , where his father operated a successful business . - From 1937 Goffman attended St. John 's Technical High School in Winnipeg , where his family had moved that year . In 1939 he enrolled at the University of Manitoba , in chemistry . He interrupted his studies and moved to Ottawa to work in the film industry for the National Film Board of Canada , established by John . Later he developed an interest in sociology . Also during this time , he met the renowned North American sociologist , Dennis Wrong . Their meeting motivated Goffman to leave the University of Manitoba and enroll at the University of Toronto , where he studied under C. W. M. Hart and Ray , graduating in 1945 with a in sociology and anthropology . Later he moved to the University of Chicago , where he received an ( 1949 ) and PhD ( 1953 ) in sociology . For his doctoral dissertation , from December 1949 to May 1951 he lived and collected ethnographic data on the island of in the Shetland Islands . - In 1952 Goffman married ; in 1953 , their son Thomas was born . suffered from mental illness and committed suicide in 1964 . Outside his academic career , Goffman was known for his interest , and relative success , in the stock market and in gambling . At one point , in pursuit of his and ethnographic studies , he became a pit boss at a Las Vegas casino . - In 1981 Goffman married Gillian . The following year , their daughter Alice was born . In 1982 Goffman died in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , on 19 November , of stomach cancer . Their daughter , Alice Goffman , is also a sociologist . - - = = Career = = - - The research that Goffman had done in inspired him to write his first major work , The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life ( 1956 ) . After graduating from the University of Chicago , in 1954 – 57 he was an assistant to the athletic director at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda , Maryland . observation done there led to his essays on mental illness and total institutions which came to form his second book , Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates ( 1961 ) . - In 1958 Goffman became a faculty member in the sociology department at the University of California , Berkeley , first as a visiting professor , then from 1962 as a full professor . In 1968 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania , receiving the Benjamin Franklin in Sociology and Anthropology , due largely to the efforts of Dell , a former colleague at Berkeley . In 1969 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1970 Goffman became a of the American Association for the Abolition of Mental and its Platform Statement . In 1971 he published Relations in Public , in which he tied together many of his ideas about everyday life , seen from a sociological perspective . Another major book of his , Frame Analysis , came out in 1974 . He received a Fellowship for 1977 – 78 . In 1979 , Goffman received the @-@ Mead Award for Distinguished Scholarship , from the Section on Social Psychology of the American Sociological Association . He was elected the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association , serving in 1981 – 82 ; he was , however , unable to deliver the presidential address in person due to progressing illness . - , in 1983 , he received the Mead Award from the Society for the Study of Interaction . - - = = Influence and legacy = = - - Goffman was influenced by Herbert , Émile , Sigmund Freud , Everett Hughes , Alfred @-@ Brown , Parsons , Alfred , Georg and W. Lloyd Warner . Hughes was the " most influential of his teachers " , according to Tom Burns . Gary Alan Fine and Philip Manning state that Goffman never engaged in serious dialogue with other theorists . His work has , however , influenced and been discussed by numerous contemporary sociologists , including Anthony Giddens , Jürgen Habermas and Pierre . - Though Goffman is often associated with the symbolic interaction school of sociological thought , he did not see himself as a representative of it , and so Fine and Manning conclude that he " does not easily fit within a specific school of sociological thought " . His ideas are also " difficult to reduce to a number of key themes " ; his work can be broadly described as developing " a comparative , sociology that aimed to produce about human behavior " . - Goffman made substantial advances in the study of face @-@ to @-@ face interaction , elaborated the " dramaturgical approach " to human interaction , and developed numerous concepts that have had a massive influence , particularly in the field of the micro @-@ sociology of everyday life . Many of his works have concerned the organization of everyday behavior , a concept he termed " interaction order " . He contributed to the sociological concept of framing ( frame analysis ) , to game theory ( the concept of strategic interaction ) , and to the study of interactions and . With regard to the latter , he argued that the activity of speaking must be seen as a social rather than a linguistic construct . From a methodological perspective , Goffman often employed approaches , specifically ethnography , most famously in his study of social aspects of mental illness , in particular the functioning of total institutions . Overall , his contributions are valued as an attempt to create a theory that bridges the agency @-@ and @-@ structure divide – for popularizing social , symbolic interaction , conversation analysis , ethnographic studies , and the study and importance of individual interactions . His influence extended far beyond sociology : for example , his work provided the assumptions of much current research in language and social interaction within the discipline of communication . - Management is defined as when an individual attempts to present an acceptable image to those around him or her verbally or ( 480 ) . This definition is based on Goffman ’ s idea that individuals see themselves as others view them , so in essence they attempt to see themselves as if they are outside looking in ( 480 ) . Goffman also dedicating this work to discover the subtle ways humans present acceptable images by concealing information that may conflict with the images for a particular situation . For instance , concealing tattoos when applying for a job in which tattoos would be inappropriate , or hiding a bizarre obsession such as collecting / interacting with dolls which society as a whole may see as abnormal . - Goffman does break from his connection with George Herbert Mead and Herbert in that while he does not reject the way in which individuals perceive themselves , he was more interested in the actual physical proximity or the “ interaction order ” that molds the self ( ) . In other words , Goffman believed that impression management can only be achieved if the audience is in sync with the individual ’ s perception of self . If the audience is in disagreement with the image an individual is presenting then the individual ’ s presentation of self is interrupted . Individuals present images of themselves based on how society thinks they should act in a particular situation . This decision on how to act is decided based on the concept of definition of the situation . The definition are all predetermined and individuals choose how they will act by choosing the proper behavior for the social situation they are in . Goffman draws from William Thomas for this concept as well . Thomas believed that people are born into a particular social class and so the definitions of the situations will encounter have been previously defined for them ( 480 ) . For instance when an individual from a high class background goes to a black tie affair the definition of situation would be that they must mind their and act according to their class . - In 2007 Goffman was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the sixth most @-@ cited author in the humanities and social sciences , behind Anthony Giddens and ahead of Jürgen Habermas . His popularity with the general public has been attributed to his writing style , described as " sardonic , , " , and as " ironic and self @-@ consciously literary " , and to its being more accessible than that of most academics . His style has also been influential in academia , and is credited with popularizing a less formal style in academic publications . - His students included Carol Brooks Gardner , Charles Goodwin , Marjorie Goodwin , John , Gary , Harvey Sacks , Emanuel , David and . - Despite his influence , according to Fine and Manning there are " remarkably few scholars who are continuing his work " , nor has there been a " Goffman school " ; thus , his impact on social theory has been simultaneously " great and modest " . Fine and Manning attribute the lack of subsequent Goffman @-@ style research and writing to the nature of his signature style , which they consider very difficult to duplicate ( even " mimic @-@ proof " ) , and also to his writing style and subjects not being widely valued in the social sciences . With regard to his style , Fine and Manning remark that he tends to be seen either as a scholar whose style is difficult to reproduce , and therefore daunting to those who might wish to emulate his style , or as a scholar whose work was transitional , bridging the work of the Chicago school and that of contemporary sociologists , and thus of less interest to sociologists than the classics of either of those two groups . With regard to his subjects , Fine and Manning observe that the topic of behavior in public places is often as being trivial , and thus unworthy of serious scholarly attention . - Nonetheless , Fine and Manning note that Goffman is " the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century " . Elliott and Turner see him as " a revered figure – an outlaw theorist who came to the best of the sociological imagination " , and " perhaps the first sociological theorist " . - - = = Works = = - - - = = = Early works = = = - - Goffman 's early works consist of his graduate writings of 1949 – 53 . His master 's thesis was a survey of audience responses to a radio soap opera , Big Sister . One of its most important elements was a critique of his research methodology – of experimental logic and of variable analysis . Other writings of the period include of Class Status ( 1951 ) and On the Mark Out ( 1952 ) . His doctoral dissertation , Communication Conduct in an Island Community ( 1953 ) , presented a model of communication strategies in face @-@ to @-@ face interaction , and focused on how everyday life rituals affect public projections of self . - - = = = Presentation of Self = = = - - Goffman 's The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life was published in 1956 , with a revised edition in 1959 . He had developed the book 's core ideas from his doctoral dissertation . It was Goffman 's first and most famous book , for which he received the American Sociological Association 's 1961 Award . - Goffman describes the theatrical performances that occur in face @-@ to @-@ face interactions . He holds that when an individual comes in contact with another person , he attempts to control or guide the impression that the other person will form of him , by altering his own setting , appearance and manner . At the same time , the person that the individual is interacting with attempts to form an impression of , and obtain information about , the individual . Goffman also believes that participants in social interactions engage in certain practices to avoid embarrassing themselves or others . Society is not ; we must act differently in different settings . This recognition led Goffman to his dramaturgical analysis . He saw a connection between the kinds of " acts " that people put on in their daily lives and theatrical performances . In a social interaction , as in a theatrical performance , there is an onstage area where actors ( individuals ) appear before the audience ; this is where positive self @-@ concepts and desired impressions are offered . But there is , as well , a backstage – a hidden , private area where individuals can be themselves and drop their societal roles and identities . - - = = = Asylums = = = - - Goffman is sometimes credited with having in 1957 coined the term " total institution " , though Fine and Manning note that he had heard it in lectures by Everett Hughes in reference to any type of institution in which people are treated alike and in which behavior is regulated . Regardless of whether Goffman coined the term " total institution " , he popularized it with his 1961 book , Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates . The book has been described as " ethnography of the concept of the total institution " . The book was one of the first sociological examinations of the social situation of mental patients in psychiatric hospitals and a major contribution to understanding of social aspects of mental illness . - The book is composed of four essays : " Characteristics of Total " ( 1957 ) ; " The Career of the Mental " ( 1959 ) ; " The of a Public Institution : A Study of Ways of Making Out in a Mental Hospital " ; and " The Medical Model and Mental : Some Notes on the of the Trades " . The first three essays focus on the experiences of patients ; the last , on professional @-@ client interactions . Goffman is mainly concerned with the details of psychiatric hospitalization and with the nature and effects of the process he calls " " . He describes how people into the role of a good patient , someone " dull , harmless and inconspicuous " – a condition which in turn reinforces notions of in severe mental illness . Total institutions greatly affect people 's interactions ; yet , even in such places , people find ways to redefine their roles and reclaim their identities . - Asylums has been credited with helping the reform of mental health systems in a number of countries , leading to reductions in the numbers of large mental hospitals and of the individuals locked up in them . It has also been influential in the anti @-@ movement . - - = = = Behavior in Public = = = - - In Behavior in Public Places ( 1963 ) , Goffman again focuses on everyday public interactions . He draws distinctions between several types of public gatherings ( " gatherings " , " situations " , " social occasions " ) and types of audiences ( acquainted versus ) . - - = = = Stigma = = = - - Goffman 's book Stigma : Notes on the Management of Identity ( 1963 ) examines how , to protect their identities when they depart from approved standards of behavior or appearance , people manage impressions of themselves – mainly through concealment . Stigma to the shame that a person may feel when he or she fails to meet other people 's standards , and to the fear of being discredited – which causes the individual not to reveal his or her shortcomings . Thus , a person with a criminal record may simply that information from fear of being judged by that person happens to encounter . - - = = = Interaction Ritual = = = - - Interaction Ritual : Essays on Face @-@ to @-@ Face Behavior is a collection of six Goffman essays . The first four were originally published in the 1950s , the fifth in 1964 , and the last was written for the collection . They include : " On Face @-@ work " ( 1955 ) ; " and Social Organization " ( 1956 ) ; " The Nature of and " ( 1956 ) ; " from Interaction " ( 1957 ) ; " Mental Symptoms and Public Order " ( 1964 ) ; and " Where the Action Is " . - The first essay , " On Face @-@ work " , discusses the concept of face , which is the positive self @-@ image that an individual holds when interacting with others . Goffman believes that face " as a sociological construct of interaction , is neither inherent in nor a permanent aspect of the person " . Once an individual offers a positive self @-@ image of him or herself to others , that individual feels a need to maintain and live up to that image . in how a person projects him or herself in society risks embarrassment and . Therefore , people remain guarded , to ensure that they do not show themselves to others in an unfavorable light . - - = = = Strategic Interaction = = = - - Goffman 's book Strategic Interaction ( 1969 ) is his contribution to game theory . It discusses the compatibility of game theory with the legacy of the Chicago School of sociology and with the perspective of symbolic . It is one of his few works that clearly engage with that perspective . Goffman 's view on game theory was shaped by the works of Thomas . Goffman presents reality as a form of game , and discusses its rules and the various moves that players can make ( the " " , the " naive " , the " covering " , the " uncovering " , and the " counter @-@ uncovering " ) . - - = = = Frame Analysis = = = - - Frame Analysis : An Essay on the Organization of Experience ( 1974 ) is Goffman 's attempt to explain how conceptual frames – ways to organize experience – structure an individual 's perception of society . This book is thus about the organization of experience rather than the organization of society . A frame is a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives that organize experiences and guide the actions of individuals , groups and societies . Frame analysis , then , is the study of the organization of social experience . To illustrate the concept of the frame , Goffman gives the example of a picture frame : a person uses the frame ( which represents structure ) to hold together his picture ( which represents the content ) of what he is experiencing in his life . - The most basic frames are called primary . A primary framework takes an individual 's experience or an aspect of a scene that would originally be meaningless and makes it meaningful . One type of primary framework is a natural framework , which identifies situations in the natural world and is completely , with no human influences . The other type of framework is a social framework , which explains events and connects them to humans . An example of a natural framework is the weather , and an example of a social framework is a meteorologist who predicts the weather . Focusing on the social , Goffman seeks to " construct a general statement regarding the structure , or form , of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social life " . - Goffman saw this book as his magnum opus , but it was not as popular as his earlier works . - The Frame Analyses of Talk - In Frame Analyses , Erving Goffman provides a platform for understanding and interpreting the interaction between individuals engaging speech communication . In the chapter “ The Frame Analyses of Talk , ” the focus is put on how words are exchanged and what is being said , specifically in informal talk or conversation . The concept of framing is introduced through an exploration of why occur in these basic , everyday conversations . He argues that they are more errors in verbal framing than anything else . The types of frames Goffman is considering are discussed in previous sections of the book , “ , , frame breaks , , and , of course , frame disputes . ” That a frame can assume so many forms is the basis of his analyses , “ these are subject to a multitude of different - the warrant for a frame analysis in the first place . ” - Goffman ’ s key idea is that most conversation is simply a of a strip – what he describes as a personal experience or event . When we talk with others , the speaker ’ s goal is often always the same , to provide “ evidence for the fairness or of his current situation and other grounds for sympathy , approval , , understanding , or amusement . And what his listeners are primarily obliged to do is to show some kind of audience appreciation . " Essentially , through interaction , we are only looking to be heard , not inspire any kind of action but simply to know that someone listened and understood . This is why often a simple head or is accepted as an appropriate response in conversation . - Goffman explains that the way a conversation is keyed is critical to understanding the intent behind many utterances in everyday speech . Key is probably best understood as the tone of the dialogue which can change numerous times during an interaction . a change in key is one way that framing often takes place , “ special brackets will have to be introduced should he want to say something in a relatively serious way : " aside , " " Now , I 'm really serious about this , " and other such become necessary as a means of momentarily down the flow of words . ” - Richard builds heavily on Goffman ’ s work , specifically on the idea of key , in his work pertaining to an analysis of the performance frame . details that a performance is dependent on it being properly keyed , without this , the display will not be successful . His work on performance analyses is deeply to what Goffman establishes here in “ Frame Analyses . ” - is one other element to framing that is essential . " The participants will be bound by norms of good manners : through frequency and length of turns at talk , through topics avoided , through in regard to references about self , through attention offered eagerly or begrudgingly @-@ through all these means , rank and social relationship will be given their due . " Certain things can and will be said in one scenario that would never be uttered in another . An awareness of these social is critical , just as is an awareness of the audience . Depending on who you ’ re speaking with ( a teacher , a child , a loved one , a friend , a pet , etc . ) you will curve your speech to fit the frame of what your intended audience is expecting . - Goffman uses the metaphor of conversation being a stage play . A plays tone will shift throughout the performance due to the actions taken by the actors ; this is similar to how a discussion is keyed – based on what either person says or does over the course of an interaction , the key will change accordingly . The parallels go further , though . Goffman also claims that a speaker details a drama more often than they provide information . They invite the listener to and , as was explained above , they ’ re often not meant to be stirred to take action , but rather to show appreciation ; during a play this generally takes the form of applause . - Other similarities include engaging in the suspense the speaker is attempting to create . In both scenarios , you must put aside the knowledge that the performers know the outcome of the event being relayed and , in a sense , play along . This is integral to his stance as he explains “ the argument that much of talk consists of and that these make no sense unless some form of storyteller 's suspense can be maintained shows the close relevance of frame @-@ indeed , the close relevance of @-@ for the organization of talk . ” Lastly , because the of strips is not , but rather , it is yet another parallel between a stage production and conversation . All of these things work in concert to provide a foundation of how talk is framed . - - = = = Gender Advertisements = = = - - Gender Advertisements is a 1979 book that , as part of Goffman 's series of studies in the anthropology of visual communication , deals with the topic of gender representation in advertising . The book is a visual essay about sex roles in advertising , differences in the depictions of men and women and the subtle , underlying messages about the sexual roles projected by masculine and feminine images in advertising , as well as and symbolism in advertising . In the book Goffman examined over 500 advertisements in order to find general patterns in stereotypical gender representation , which he placed into six categories : - Relative Size : Goffman argues that social situation is expressed through the relative size of the persons in the advertisements , with men showing their superiority through their girth and height . - Touch : Women are frequently depicted touching persons or objects in a ritualistic manner , occasionally just barely touching the object or person . - Function : When a man and woman are shown in a collaborative manner , the male is more likely to be shown as the higher ranked person than the woman . - The Family : When families are depicted in advertising , parents are shown to be closer to their children of the same gender and in some instances men are shown separate from the rest of the family , in a protective manner . - of : is expressed by lowering oneself physically . and disdain , holding the body erect and the head high . - : Goffman states that women in advertisements are frequently depicted as removed from the scene around them , either physically turning away from the scene or appearing lost in thought . - In her 2001 work Measuring Up : How Advertising Self @-@ Image , Vickie Shields stated that the work was " unique at the time for employing a method now being labeled ' content analysis ' " and that it " [ provided ] the base for textual analyses ... such as and approaches " . She also noted that feminist scholars like Jean " [ built ] their highly persuasive and widely circulated findings on the nature of gender in advertising on Goffman 's original categories " . - - = = = Forms of Talk = = = - - Goffman 's book , Forms of Talk ( 1981 ) , includes five essays : " and Responses " ( 1976 ) ; " Response " ( 1978 ) ; " " ( 1979 ) ; " The " ( 1976 ) ; and " Radio Talk " ( 1981 ) . Each essay addresses both verbal and non @-@ verbal communication through a model . The book provides a comprehensive overview of the study of talk . In the introduction , Goffman identifies three themes that recur throughout the text : " , participation framework , and " . - The first essay , " and Responses " , concerns " dialogue " and the way people respond during a conversation , both verbally and non @-@ verbally . The second essay , " Response " , considers the use of utterances and their social implications in different social contexts . Specifically , Goffman discusses " self @-@ talk " ( talking to no one in particular ) and its role in social situations . Next , in " " , Goffman addresses the way that footing , or alignment , can shift during a conversation . The fourth essay , " The " , originally an oral presentation , describes different types and methods of lecture . Lastly , in " Radio Talk " , Goffman describes the types and forms of talk used in radio programming and the effect they have on listeners . - - = = = = - - In his career , Goffman worked at the : - University of Chicago , Division of Social Sciences , Chicago : assistant , 1952 – 53 ; resident associate , 1953 – 54 ; - National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , Maryland : visiting scientist , 1954 – 57 ; - University of California , Berkeley : assistant professor , 1957 – 59 ; professor , 1959 – 62 ; professor of sociology , 1962 – 68 ; - University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia : Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology , 1969 – 82 . - - = = Selected works = = - - 1959 : The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 14 @-@ @-@ 8 . Anchor Books edition - 1961 : Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates . New York , . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ @-@ 4 - 1961 : : Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction – Fun in Games & Role . Indianapolis , @-@ Merrill . - 1963 : Behavior in Public Places : Notes on the Social Organization of . The Free Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 02 @-@ @-@ 5 - 1963 : Stigma : Notes on the Management of Identity . @-@ Hall . ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 7 - 1967 : Interaction Ritual : Essays on Face @-@ to @-@ Face Behavior . Anchor Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 394 @-@ @-@ 5 - 1969 : Strategic Interaction . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 345 @-@ @-@ X - 1969 : Where the action is . Allen Lane . ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 2 - 1971 : Relations in Public : of the Public Order . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 06 @-@ @-@ 0 - 1974 : Frame analysis : An essay on the organization of experience . London : Harper and Row . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ @-@ 5 - 1979 : Gender Advertisements . Macmillan . ISBN 0 @-@ 06 @-@ @-@ 5 - 1981 : Forms of Talk . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 6 - - - = Cater 2 U = - - " Cater 2 U " is a song by American recording group Destiny 's Child , taken from their fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) . Columbia Records released it as the album 's fourth and final single on June 14 , 2005 . The song was written by band members Beyoncé , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams along with Rodney " " Jerkins , Ricky " Ric Rude " Lewis and Robert Waller , with Beyoncé , Rude and Jerkins handling its production . An R & B ballad talking about a woman 's desire to cater to the male love interest of her life , " Cater 2 U " contains synthesizers in its instrumentation . A lawsuit filled by singer @-@ songwriter Allen in 2006 , claimed the group only recorded a cover of the song which was originally his ; however the case was settled in 2009 . - " Cater 2 U " received mixed reviews from music critics who , despite generally praising its composition and the group members ' vocal performances , criticized the lyrical content . The song was nominated in two categories at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards in 2006 and received an award for Best R & B / Soul Single , Group , Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards . " Cater 2 U " was commercially successful in the US , peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and three on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , further receiving a gold certification . The song also appeared in the top ten in New Zealand and top twenty in Australia , while also receiving minor chart placement in Belgium and Netherlands . - A music video for the song was filmed by Jake Nava and shot at the Red Rock Canyon State Park in California . It features the trio at a desert with each member singing at a separate set and later a choreographed dance during the chorus . To further promote " Cater 2 U " , Destiny 's Child performed the song during several televised appearances and at the 2005 BET Awards . In addition , " Cater 2 U " was added to the set list of Destiny 's Child 's final tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It in 2005 . Both Beyoncé and Rowland performed the song during their solo tours after Destiny 's Child 's disbandment . A cover version of " Cater 2 U " was performed by Usher and Babyface at the 2005 World Music Awards as a tribute to the group due to their disbandment that followed the same year . - - = = Background = = - - " Cater 2 U " was written by band members Beyoncé , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams along with Rodney " " Jerkins , Ricky " Ric Rude " Lewis and Robert Waller . The production was handled by Beyoncé , Rude and Jerkins with the band members also serving as the vocal producers . The song was recorded in 2004 at Sony Music Studios in New York City with guidance from Jeff and Jim . The audio mixing was done by Tony while the mastering was finished by Tom Coyne . - During an interview with MTV News , Beyoncé talked about the meaning of the song : " It basically talks about how a guy inspires you ... You want to make him happy and you want to cater to him . I know it 's going to be surprising to a lot of people that the independent survivors are being submissive to their man , but it 's important that people know that , you know , it 's fine if your man deserves it and gives that back to you . " " Cater 2 U " was released as the fourth and final single from Destiny Fulfilled . It was first released in the US as an extended play ( EP ) consisting of the audio version of the song along with four remixes on June 14 , 2005 . On July 19 another EP was released containing the original version and six remixes . Six days later an extended play of the single was released in Italy . " Cater 2 U " was included on two of Destiny 's Child 's compilation albums : the greatest hits album # 1 's ( 2005 ) and Love Songs ( 2013 ) . - - = = = = = = - - Chicago @-@ based singer @-@ songwriter Allen pushed allegations that " Cater 2 U " was inspired by a song he had composed with the same title and spelling , which was copyrighted in the mid @-@ 1990s and 2000 and performed locally during that time . He claimed he handed over a version to producer Maurice Joshua , who allegedly went on to cover the song with Destiny 's Child . Joshua denied his claims , noting that he never held a copy of Allen 's song . Allen filed a lawsuit against the group for compensation in a Chicago , Illinois court in 2006 where the trio was due to appear in December 10 for an eight @-@ day trial . However , they managed to avoid any given court dates after their public split in 2005 and agreed to settle behind closed doors . In early December 2009 it was confirmed by Chicago Sun @-@ Times that the group had reached a settlement with Allen . His attorney , Matthew , said in a statement , " I can confirm that yes , [ the case ] did settle . All of the issues have been resolved and the case is going to be dismissed . [ Allen is ] excited about being able to devote time to posturing his musical career . All legal terms and agreement will not be released and the case will be dismissed by a judge " . - - = = Composition = = - - " Cater 2 U " is a four @-@ minute long R & B ballad . In her book American Music , Nicolae found influences of quiet storm in the song 's composition . According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Cater 2 U " was composed using common time in the key of D major with a slow tempo of 63 beats per minute . The vocal elements span from to . it consists of synthesizers " [ ing ] and [ ing ] " throughout , creating a seductive feel as stated by Dimitri of Vibe and writers of Billboard magazine . As the song progresses , it builds to a symphonic crescendo . - Lyrically , " Cater 2 U " talks about females wanting to serve their male love interests and take care of them as they admire their hard work and are inspired by them . The trio further sings about the men of their lives and the way in which they will take care of them . " Cater 2 U " was written as a continuation on the previous song on Destiny Fulfilled , " Soldier " ; after the trio sings about finding a suitable lover in the aforementioned song , they express a will to cater to him in " Cater 2 U " . In the second edition of the book Cultural Studies , the authors argued that the song contained lyrics about of women , which suggested that their gender role was to " ' keep herself up ' , ' keep it right ' , ' cater to ' their man by providing him with his dinner , a foot rub , a , his , and much more , on demand " . An editor writing in The Times of India found a theme of feminine assertiveness in " Cater 2 U " ; he noted that " the women come off not so much as lovers as full @-@ service romantic servants " . J. Freedom du Lac , a staff writer of The Washington Post wrote that the song 's theme was . - Beyoncé opens the song listing the things she would do for her man during her verses : brush his hair , take his shoes off , give him a , rub his feet , help him put his do @-@ on , his . She also sings the lines " Let me feed you , let me run your bath water , whatever you desire " after the she had previously listed . Rowland was noted for nearly rapping her solo part during which she promises to " keep my figure right , " " keep my hair fixed " and acknowledges that if her man comes later home while she 's asleep , " all he 's gotta do is tap her on the shoulder and ' I 'll roll over . ' " Williams sings her solo verses during the song 's bridge . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly noted the song was one of Destiny Fulfilled 's " nice bits here and there " , adding , " the pillow @-@ of ' Cater 2 U ' ... is hard to resist . " AllMusic 's writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine included " Cater 2 U " as one of the highlights on the album . Slant Magazine writer Eric Henderson opined , " But just about the only element of the whole album that really sticks is the Laura Bush @-@ worthy domestic of ' Cater 2 U , ' in which the trio their joy in total submission . " Dimitri Ehrlich from Vibe magazine found that " the sexy trio is far more on the seductive R & B ballad ' Cater 2 U , ' in which they set the feminist movement back more than a century over the course of four minutes " . Andy writing for The A.V. Club felt that the song and " Soldier " " make sassy end @-@ runs around notions of subservience , but their best musical moments hide in tiny instead of hooks " . The Guardian 's Caroline Sullivan wrote that " Cater 2 U " was one of the songs that showcased " the in the trio , musically and lyrically " . In a review of Love Songs , Amanda from the website Consequence of Sound described " Cater 2 U " as a " " album opener . Thomas of Magazine hailed the song " sexy " while USA Today 's Gardner felt it was more " gently sensuous " . Rebecca Thomas from MTV News felt that the song differentiated from the trio 's other material and added " While the Third Wave set may have side @-@ eyed the ballad , male fans eagerly welcomed [ it ] " . - The lyrics of the song were criticized with BBC 's Nick Reynolds saying that although the group " reinvent [ ed ] themselves as domestic goddesses for some lucky man " , the song was neither convincing nor good . He further opined " I thought they were supposed to be independent women ? ! " juxtaposing it with the group 's earlier song " Independent Women " ( 2000 ) . Jenny of Rolling Stone echoed his statements , writing " Jerkins should hang his head in shame for having a hand in the ' Cater 2 U , ' a saccharine tune about how low Knowles , Rowland and Williams will to prove their devotion to their man ... Since when did these independent women become so ? " . Sean of Pitchfork Media also stated that " their swan song of sorts ... completely the most of their greatest jams provided " . He further described the production as " and slight " , the chorus as " limp " and the song as " a Prince mock @-@ up of the worst kind " . of the same website offered similar criticism : " [ The song ] reneged on everything early DC stood for in a parade of kept @-@ pleas " . Alex of Magazine dismissed the of the lyrics classifying " Cater 2 U " as a " " song . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph panned it as " inducing , with lots of sensuous moaning " . Barbara Ellen of The Observer wrote , " I thought this was the kind of song bands recorded by mistake then hid in the attic " . - - = = = Recognition = = = - - At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards in 2006 , " Cater 2 U " was nominated in two categories : Best R & B Song and Best R & B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ultimately losing in both . The same year , the song won an award for Best R & B / Soul Single , Group , Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards . It was one of the Award Winning R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs at the 2006 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards . In 2013 , Lindsey Weber from the website listed " Cater 2 U " at number seven on her list of the 25 best songs by Destiny 's Child . Weber went on to describe it as " probably the least feminist song " of the band 's material , " the best song ever to lyrically use the phrase ' run your ' " and hailed Williams for her contribution during the bridge . On the occasion of Beyoncé 's 32nd birthday , and Jason of Billboard included " Cater 2 U " at number 25 on the list of " 's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - In the US , the song entered at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for the chart issue dated April 30 , 2005 . In its fifth week of charting it moved to number 83 on May 28 . After several weeks of ascending the chart , " Cater 2 U " peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending August 13 , 2005 . On the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs the song entered the top ten of the chart at number six in its 19th week of charting on July 9 , 2005 . It became the band 's fourth top ten single from Destiny Fulfilled and the group 's twelfth top ten song . On the chart issue dated July 30 , 2005 , " Cater 2 U " moved from the position of four to three which became its peak and stayed there for three additional consecutive weeks . With that feat , it became the second single from Destiny Fulfilled and the group 's seventh overall top five single on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the single gold on December 13 , 2005 for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US . Its ringtone was further certified platinum on June 14 , 2006 for selling 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . - In the Netherlands , " Cater 2 U " peaked at number 60 in its first week of charting on September 17 , 2005 . " Cater 2 U " debuted at number 20 on the Ultratip chart in the Flanders region of Belgium and moved to its peak position of 18 the following week on October 8 , 2005 which also became its final . It performed better on the same chart in the Wallonia region of the country where it peaked at the position of eight on October 22 . In Australia , the song debuted and peaked at number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart on August 21 , 2005 and lasted six weeks in the chart 's top 50 . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " Cater 2 U " first appeared on August 29 , 2005 at the position of seven . It moved to number nine the following week and started gradually descending the chart . It last appeared on October 10 at number 40 after seven weeks of charting . - - = = Music video = = - - The music video for " Cater 2 U " was directed by Jake Nava . It was shot back to back with the video for " Girl " and large parts were filmed at Red Rock Canyon State Park in California . On July 5 , 2005 , the music video was released on MTV 's official website . It is also featured on the edition of the album # 1 's as well as on the Japanese version of the DVD Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta . In 2013 , it was included on the album Destiny 's Child Video Anthology which contained every music video the group had filmed during their career . An image taken from the video of " Cater 2 U " was used as the cover artwork for the DVD . The video opens with a fast instance of a sun rising in the sky and moves to the girls standing nude together . Each singer is featured in her own desert scene performing individually during her respective verse ; Beyoncé is seen on a diving board next to a swimming pool , Rowland on a deserted road where she dances next to a silver car from which she had previously got out of and Williams on a . During the chorus the group members are seen wearing evening dresses , performing a choreographed dance routine for the camera and three males who watch them from the side ; the men are never filmed in the same shot as Destiny 's Child . During the end , each member is seen together with one of their male partners and the video fades away showing the trio nude again as during the beginning . - While reviewing the video of " Cater 2 U " , Hall of MTV News felt that " [ the trio ] have decided to go au — , of course " . He further concluded that the clip " is all about scenery and the beauty of the trio " . In their book Music Video and the Politics of , Diane and Paul Watson felt that the presence of men " seems utterly superfluous to the video 's spectacle of female bodies and female pleasures " . They further noted that the video 's imagery and performance managed to proceed without a reference to its lyrics and elaborated , - " Indeed , the of its desert spaces , the posed tableaux of the women 's bodies and the noticeable lack of attention directed to its male subjects by both the camera and the group , does not simply jar with the lyrical narrative of female subordination but in fact reinforces the image of Destiny 's Child as independent women who are in control of their own lives . That is to say , the video ( re ) establishes an image of women who are in control of their own bodies , their own desires , their relationship with men and their friendships with women . " - - = = Live performances and cover version = = - - On November 16 , 2004 Destiny 's Child performed " Cater 2 U " during the television show Good Morning America broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The song was performed on June 28 during the 2005 BET Awards in Los Angeles . Midway through the performance , for which the members wore form @-@ fitting , floor @-@ length brown gowns , they randomly picked Terrence Howard , Nelly and Magic Johnson from the audience to the stage and performance a lap dance for them . Corey Moss of MTV News felt that their performance was one of the more memorable of the night . Emily Tan from the website Idolator noted that the performance was one of the band 's best further writing , " No one expected the girls to get as down and dirty as they did ... But it looked like no one was complaining . " Steve writing for Rolling Stone remarked that the group provided " some " . The trio gave a live rendition of " Cater 2 U " again at NBC 's The Today Show show on July 29 , 2005 . A writer of People magazine felt that " Beyoncé and shakes things up " during the performance . An acoustic version was also performed on MTV in 2005 during the its Spring Break coverage . - In 2005 , " Cater 2 U " was part of the set list of the group 's final tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It where they performed it in the same style as during the BET Awards , following the popularity of that performance . During the performance , the trio , dressed in long blue floor @-@ length gowns , called three men from the audience to the stage and performed a choreography similar to a lap dance . In a review of a concert in the UK , of MTV News felt that the song was suitable to " slow things down " following the previous energetic performances of the show . " Cater 2 U " was included on the track listing of the group 's live album Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta ( 2006 ) a concert from the tour in that city . Following the group 's disbandment , both Beyoncé and Rowland included " Cater 2 U " in the set list of their respective solo tours . The former performed it as part of a Destiny 's Child medley included during the concerts of The Beyoncé Experience in 2007 . It was subsequently included in the live DVD , The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 ) which included a concert filmed at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Similarly , Rowland performed " Cater 2 U " live during her Lights Out Tour ( 2013 ) as part of a segment which included songs by Destiny 's Child . Usher and Babyface performed " Cater 2 U " at the 2005 World Music Awards on August 31 as a tribute to Destiny 's Child due to their disbandment . Byron of MTV described their duet as " sensual " . In 2009 , " Cater 2 U " was referenced in Lil Wayne and Drake 's song " My ' Baby " . - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits are adapted from the liner notes of the album Destiny Fulfilled . - Lead vocals : Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams - Vocal production : Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams - Recording : Jeff and Jim at Sony Music Studios , NYC - Audio mixing : Tony - Audio mastering : Tom Coyne - Guitarist : Tim Stewart - - = = Formats and track listings = = - - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - = = Release history = = - - - - = Marshall Applewhite = - - Marshall Herff Applewhite , Jr . ( May 17 , 1931 – March 26 , 1997 ) , also known as " Bo " and " Do " , among other names , was an American cult leader who founded what became known as the Heaven 's Gate religious group and organized their mass suicide in 1997 - claiming the lives of thirty @-@ nine people . - A native of Texas , Applewhite attended several universities and , as a young man , served in the United States Army . After finishing school at Austin College , he taught music at the University of Alabama . He later returned to Texas , where he led choruses and served as the chair of the music department at the University of St. Thomas in Houston . He left the school in 1970 , citing emotional turmoil . His father 's death a year later brought on severe depression . In 1972 , he developed a close friendship with Bonnie Nettles , a nurse ; together , they discussed mysticism at length and concluded that they were called as divine messengers . They operated a bookstore and teaching center for a short while , and then began to travel around the U.S. in 1973 to spread their views . They only gained one convert . In 1975 , Applewhite was arrested for failing to return a rental car and was jailed for six months . In jail , he further developed his theology . - After Applewhite 's release , he traveled to California and Oregon with Nettles , eventually gaining a group of committed followers . Applewhite and Nettles told their followers that they would be visited by extraterrestrials who would provide them with new bodies . Applewhite initially stated that he and his followers would physically ascend to a spaceship , where their bodies would be transformed , but later , he came to believe that their bodies were the mere containers of their souls , which would later be placed into new bodies . These ideas were expressed with language drawn from Christian , the New Age movement , and American popular culture . - The group received an influx of funds in the late 1970s , which it used to pay housing and other expenses . In 1985 , Nettles died , leaving Applewhite distraught and challenging his views on physical ascension . In the early 1990s the group took more steps to publicize their theology . In 1996 , they learned of the approach of Comet Hale – and rumors of an accompanying spaceship . They concluded that this spaceship was the vessel that would take their spirits on board for a journey to another planet . Believing that their souls would ascend to the spaceship and be given new bodies , the group members committed mass suicide in their mansion . A media circus followed the discovery of their bodies . In the aftermath , commentators and academics discussed how Applewhite persuaded people to follow his commands , including suicide . Some commentators attributed his followers ' willingness to commit suicide to his skill as a , while others argued that their willingness was due to their faith in the narrative that he constructed . - - = = Early life and education = = - - Marshall Herff Applewhite was born in Spur , Texas , on May 17 , 1931 , to Marshall Herff Applewhite Sr. and his wife Louise née Winfield ; he had three siblings . The son of a Presbyterian minister , Applewhite became very religious as a child . - Applewhite attended Corpus Christi High School and Austin College ; at the latter school , he was active in several student organizations and was moderately religious . He earned a bachelor 's degree in philosophy in 1952 and subsequently enrolled at Union Presbyterian to study theology , hoping to become a minister . He married Anne around that time , and they later had two children . Early in his studies , he decided to leave the school to pursue a career in music , becoming the music director of a Presbyterian church in North Carolina . He was a baritone singer and enjoyed spirituals and the music of Handel . In 1954 , he was drafted by the United States Army and served in Austria and New Mexico as a member of the Army Signal Corps . He left the military in 1956 and enrolled at the University of Colorado , where he earned a master 's degree in music and focused on musical theater . - - = = Career = = - - Applewhite moved to New York City in an unsuccessful attempt to launch a professional singing career upon finishing his education in Colorado . He then taught at the University of Alabama . He lost his position there after pursuing a sexual relationship with a male student ; his religious education was likely not supportive of same @-@ sex relationships and he was subsequently frustrated by his sexual desires . He separated from his wife when she learned of the affair in 1965 , and they divorced three years later . - After leaving the University of Alabama , Applewhite moved to Houston , Texas , in 1965 to teach at the University of St. Thomas . His students regarded him as an engaging speaker and a stylish . He served as chair of the music department ; he also became a locally popular singer , serving as the choral director of an Episcopal church and performing with the Houston Grand Opera . In Texas , he was briefly openly gay but also pursued a relationship with a young woman , who left him under pressure from her family , greatly upsetting him . He resigned from the University of St. Thomas in 1970 , citing depression and other emotional problems . Robert Balch and David Taylor , sociologists who studied Applewhite 's group , speculate that this departure was prompted by another affair between Applewhite and a student . The president of the university later recalled that he was often mentally and disorganized near the end of his employment . - In 1971 , Applewhite briefly moved to New Mexico , where he operated a . He was popular with customers but decided to return to Texas later that year . His father died around that time ; the loss took a significant emotional toll on him , causing severe depression . His debts mounted , forcing him to borrow money from friends . - - = = Introduction to Nettles and first travels = = - - In 1972 , Applewhite met Bonnie Nettles , a nurse with an interest in and Biblical prophecy . The two quickly became close friends ; he later recalled that he felt like he had known her for a long time and concluded that they had met in a past life . She told him their meeting had been to her by extraterrestrials , persuading him that he had a divine assignment . By that time , he had begun to investigate to traditional Christian doctrine , including astrology . He also had had several visions , including one in which he was told that he was chosen for a role like that of Jesus . In her 2005 profile of Applewhite , Susan speculates that he had a episode around this time . - Applewhite soon began to live with Nettles . Although they , their relationship was not a sexual one , fulfilling his longtime wish to have a deep and loving , yet , relationship . She was married with two children , but after she became close with Applewhite , her husband divorced her , and she lost custody of her children . Applewhite permanently broke off contact with his family as well . He saw Nettles as his , and some of his acquaintances later recalled that she had a strong influence on him . writes that Nettles " was responsible for reinforcing his emerging delusional beliefs " , but Robert Jay Lifton speculates that Nettles ' influence helped him avoid further psychological deterioration . - Applewhite and Nettles opened a bookstore known as the Christian Arts Center , which carried books from a variety of spiritual backgrounds . They also launched a venture known as Know Place to teach classes on mysticism and . They closed these businesses a short time later . In February 1973 , they resolved to travel to teach others about their beliefs and drove throughout the Southwest and Western ; Lifton describes their travels as a " restless , intense , often confused , spiritual journey " . While traveling , they had little money and occasionally resorted to selling their blood or working odd jobs for much @-@ needed funds . They solely on bread rolls at times , often camped out , and sometimes did not pay their lodging bills . One of their friends from Houston corresponded with them and agreed to accept their teachings . They visited her in May 1974 , and she became their first convert . - While traveling , Applewhite and Nettles pondered the life of St. Francis of Assisi and read works by authors including Helena , R. D. , and Richard Bach . They kept a King James Version of the Bible with them and studied several passages from the New Testament , focusing on teachings about , asceticism , and . Applewhite also read science fiction , including works by Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke . By June 1974 , Applewhite and Nettles ' beliefs had solidified into a basic outline . They concluded that they had been chosen to fulfill biblical , and that they had been given higher @-@ level minds than other people . They wrote a pamphlet that described Jesus ' reincarnation as a , a thinly veiled reference to Applewhite . Furthermore , they concluded that they were the two witnesses described in the Book of Revelation and occasionally visited churches or other spiritual groups to speak of their identities , often referring to themselves as " The Two " , or " The UFO Two " . They believed that they would be killed and then restored to life and , in view of others , transported onto a spaceship . This event , which they referred to as " the " , was to prove their claims . To their dismay , these ideas received a poor reception . - - = = and = = - - In August 1974 , Applewhite was arrested in , Texas , for failing to return a car that he had rented in Missouri . He was to St. Louis and jailed for six months . At the time , he maintained that he had been " divinely authorized " to keep the car . While jailed , he pondered theology and subsequently abandoned discussion of occult topics , in favor of extraterrestrials and evolution . - After Applewhite 's release , he and Nettles resolved to contact extraterrestrials and they sought like @-@ minded followers . They published advertisements for meetings , where they recruited disciples , whom they called " crew " . At the events , they purported to represent beings from another planet , the Next Level , who sought participants for an experiment . They claimed that those who agreed to take part in the experiment would be brought to a higher evolutionary level . He and Nettles referred to themselves as " Guinea " and " Pig " . Applewhite described his role as a " lab instructor " and served as the primary speaker , while Nettles , occasionally clarifying remarks or corrections . The two seldom personally spoke with attendees , only taking phone numbers with which they could contact them . They initially named their organization the Anonymous Church , but it soon became known as the Human Individual . - Applewhite believed in the ancient astronaut hypothesis , which claimed that extraterrestrials had visited humanity in the past and placed humans on Earth and would return to collect a select few . Parts of this teaching bear similarities to the Reformed Christian concept of election , likely owing to Applewhite 's Presbyterian upbringing . He often discussed extraterrestrials using phrases from Star Trek and stated that aliens communicated with him through the show . - Applewhite and Nettles sent advertisements to groups in California and were invited to speak to New Age devotees there in April 1975 . At this meeting , they persuaded about half of the 50 attendees to follow them . They also focused on college campuses , speaking at College in August . At a meeting in Oregon in September 1975 , they saw further recruitment success — about 30 people left their homes to follow the pair , prompting interest from media outlets . The coverage was negative : commentators and some former members mocked the group and leveled accusations of brainwashing against Applewhite and Nettles . Balch and Taylor state that Applewhite and Nettles pressure tactics , seeking only devoted followers . - Benjamin E. Zeller , an academic who studies new religions , notes that Applewhite and Nettles ' teachings focused on salvation through individual growth and sees this as similar to currents in the era 's New Age movement . Likewise , the importance of personal choice was also emphasized . Applewhite and Nettles denied connection with the New Age movement , viewing it as a human creation . Lalich , a sociologist , who studies cults , attributes their recruitment success to their eclectic mix of beliefs and the way that they deviate from typical New Age teachings : discussing literal while retaining familiar language . Most of their disciples were young and interested in or otherwise lived outside of mainstream society . They came from a variety of religious backgrounds , including Eastern religions and Scientology . Most were well in New Age teachings , allowing Applewhite and Nettles to convert them easily . Applewhite thought that his followers would reach a higher level of being , changing like a becoming a butterfly ; this example was used in almost all of their early literature . Applewhite contended that this would be a " biological change into a different species , casting his teachings as scientific truth in line with secular naturalism . " He emphasized to his early followers that he was not speaking , often using the words " biology " and " chemistry " in his statements . By the mid @-@ 1970s , he attempted to avoid the use of the term " religion " , seeing it as inferior to science . Although he dismissed religion as , he sometimes emphasized the need for faith in the aliens ' abilities to transform them . - - = = lifestyle = = - - By 1975 , Applewhite and Nettles had taken the names " Bo " and " " . They had about 70 followers and saw themselves as shepherds tending a flock . Applewhite believed that complete separation from desires was a prerequisite of ascension to the Next Level and emphasized passages in the New Testament in which Jesus spoke about worldly . Members were consequently instructed to renounce : friends , family , media , drugs , alcohol , jewelry , facial hair , and sexuality . Furthermore , they were required to adopt biblical names . Applewhite and Nettles soon told them to adopt two @-@ syllable names that ended in " " and had three consonants in the first syllable , such as , , and ; Applewhite stated that these names emphasized that his followers were spiritual children . Applewhite , Nettles , and their followers lived what religious scholar James Lewis describes as a " quasi @-@ nomadic lifestyle " . They usually stayed at remote campgrounds and did not speak about their beliefs . Applewhite and Nettles ceased having public meetings in April 1975 , and spent little time teaching doctrine to their converts . The leaders also had little contact with their dispersed followers , many of whom their allegiance . - Applewhite and Nettles feared that they would be assassinated , and taught their followers that their deaths would be similar to those of the two witnesses of the Book of Revelation . Balch and Taylor believe that Applewhite 's prison experience and early rejection by audiences contributed to this fear . Applewhite and Nettles later explained to their followers that the former 's treatment by the press was a form of assassination and had fulfilled their prophecy . Applewhite took a view of the Bible , seeing it as a record of extraterrestrial contact with humanity . He drew heavily from the Book of Revelation , although he avoided traditional theological terminology and took a somewhat negative tone towards Christianity . He only about a small number of verses and never tried to develop a system of theology . - By early 1976 , Applewhite and Nettles had settled on the names " Do " and " Ti " ; Applewhite stated that these were meaningless names . In June 1976 , they gathered their remaining followers at Medicine Bow National Forest in Southeastern Wyoming , promising a UFO visit . Nettles later announced that the visit had been cancelled . Applewhite and Nettles then split their followers into small groups , which they referred to as " Star " , - From 1976 to 1979 , the group lived in campgrounds , usually in the Rocky Mountains or Texas . Applewhite and Nettles began to place greater demands on their followers ' loosely structured lives , which improved membership retention . They typically communicated with their disciples in writing or through assistants . Increasingly , they emphasized that they were the only source of truth — the idea that members could receive individual revelations was rejected in an attempt to prevent . Applewhite also sought to prevent close friendships among his followers , fearing that this could lead to insubordination . Applewhite and Nettles insisted that their followers practice what they referred to as " flexibility " : strict obedience to their often shifting requests . The two leaders limited the group 's contacts with those outside the movement , even some who may have been interested in joining , ostensibly to prevent infiltration from hostile parties . In practice , this made their followers completely dependent upon them . Applewhite instructed his disciples to be like children or pets in their submission — their sole responsibility was to obey their leaders . Members were encouraged to constantly seek Applewhite 's advice and often ask themselves what their leaders would do when making a decision . To his followers , he did not seem dictatorial : many of them found him laid back and . In his 2000 study of the group , Winston Davis states that Applewhite mastered the " fine art of religious entertainment " , noting that many of his disciples seemed to enjoy their service . Applewhite organized seemingly arbitrary rituals that were intended to a sense of discipline in his followers ; he referred to these tasks as " games " . He also watched science @-@ fiction television programs with the rest of the group . Rather than issue direct commands , he attempted to express his preferences and nominally offer his disciples a choice . He emphasized that students were free to disobey if they chose , in what Lalich the " illusion of choice " . - - = = Housing and control = = - - In the late 1970s , the group received a large sum of money , possibly an inheritance of a member or donations of followers ' income . This capital was used to rent houses , initially in Denver and later in Dallas . Applewhite and Nettles had about 40 followers then and lived in two or three houses : the leaders usually had their own house . The group was secretive about their lifestyle , covering their windows . Applewhite and Nettles arranged their followers ' lifestyles as a boot camp that would prepare them for the Next Level . Referring to their house as a " craft " , they the lives of their disciples to the minute . Students who were not committed to this lifestyle were encouraged to leave ; departing members were given financial assistance . Lifton states that Applewhite wanted " quality over quantity " in his followers , although he occasionally spoke about gaining many converts . - Applewhite and Nettles sometimes made sudden , drastic changes to the group . On one occasion in Texas , they told their followers of a forthcoming visitation from extraterrestrials and instructed them to wait outside all night , at which point they informed them that this had been merely a test . Lalich sees this as a way that they increased their students ' devotion , ensuring that their commitment became irrespective of what they saw . Members became desperate for Applewhite 's approval , which he used to control them . - In 1980 , Applewhite and Nettles had about 80 followers , many of whom held jobs , often working with computers or as car mechanics . In 1982 , Applewhite and Nettles allowed their disciples to call their families . They further relaxed their control in 1983 , permitting their followers to visit relatives on Mother 's Day . They were only allowed short stays and were instructed to tell their families that they were studying computers at a monastery . These vacations were intended to families by demonstrating that the disciples remained with the group of their own accord . - - = = Nettles ' death = = - - In 1983 , Nettles had an eye removed as a result of cancer diagnosed several years earlier . She lived for two more years , dying in 1985 . Applewhite told their followers that she had " traveled to the Next Level " because she had " too much energy to remain on Earth " , abandoning her body to make the journey . His attempt to explain her death in the terms of the group 's doctrine was successful , preventing the departure of all but one member . Applewhite became very depressed . He claimed that Nettles still communicated with him , but he suffered from a crisis of faith . His students supported him during this time , greatly encouraging him . He then organized a ceremony in which he symbolically married his followers ; Lalich views this as an attempt to ensure unity . Applewhite told his followers that he had been left behind by Nettles because he still had more to learn — he felt that she occupied " a higher spiritual role " than he did . He began identifying her as " the Father " and often referred to her with male . - Applewhite began to emphasize a strict hierarchy , teaching that his students needed his guidance , as he needed the guidance of the Next Level . Zeller notes that this naturally ensured that there would be no possibility of the group 's continuing if Applewhite were to die . A relationship with Applewhite was said to be the only way to salvation ; he encouraged his followers to see him as Christ . Zeller states that the group 's previous focus on individual choice was replaced with an emphasis on Applewhite 's role as a mediator . Applewhite maintained some aspects of their scientific teachings , but , in the 1980s , the group became more like a religion in its focus on faith and submission to authority . - After Nettles ' death , Applewhite also altered his view of ascension : previously , he had taught that the group would physically ascend from the Earth and that death caused reincarnation , but her death - which left behind an unchanged , body - forced him to say that the ascension could be spiritual . He then concluded that her spirit had traveled to a spaceship and received a new body and that he and his followers would do the same . In his view , the Biblical heaven was actually a planet on which highly evolved beings dwelt , and physical bodies were required to ascend there . Applewhite believed that once they reached the Next Level , they would facilitate evolution on other planets . He emphasized that Jesus , whom he believed was an extraterrestrial , came to Earth , was killed , and bodily rose from the dead before being transported onto a spaceship . According to Applewhite 's doctrine , Jesus was a gateway to heaven but had found humanity to ascend when he first came to the Earth . Applewhite then decided that there was an opportunity for humans to reach the Next Level " every two millennia " , and the early 1990s would therefore provide the first opportunity to reach the Kingdom of Heaven since the time of Jesus . Zeller notes that his beliefs were based on the Christian Bible but were interpreted through the lens of belief in alien contact with humanity . - Applewhite taught that he was a walk @-@ in , a concept that had gained popularity in the New Age movement during the late 1970s . Walk @-@ ins were said to be higher beings who took control of adult bodies to teach humanity . This concept informed Applewhite 's view of resurrection : he believed that his group 's souls were to be transported to a spaceship , where they would enter other bodies . Applewhite abandoned the metaphor of a butterfly in favor of describing the body as a mere container , a vehicle that souls could enter and exit . This dualism may have been the product of the that Applewhite learned as a young man ; Lewis writes that the group 's teachings had " Christian elements [ that ] were basically on to a New Age matrix " . In a profile of the group for Newsweek , Kenneth Woodward compares his dualism to that of ancient Christian , although Peters notes that his theology departs from by the physical world . - In the wake of Nettles ' death , Applewhite became increasingly paranoid , fearing a conspiracy against his group . One member who joined in the mid @-@ 1980s recalled that Applewhite avoided new converts , worrying that they were . He feared a government raid on their home and spoke highly of the Jewish defenders of in ancient Israel who showed total resistance to the Roman Empire . Increasingly , he began to discuss the Apocalypse , comparing the Earth to an overgrown garden that was to be recycled or and humanity to a failed experiment . In accordance with the garden metaphor , he stated that the Earth would be " under " . Woodward notes that Applewhite 's teaching about the Earth 's recycling is similar to the cyclical perspective of time found in Buddhism . Applewhite also utilized New Age concepts , but he differed from that movement by predicting that apocalyptic , rather than , changes would soon occur on Earth . He contended that most humans had been brainwashed by Lucifer , but that his followers could break free of this control . He specifically cited sexual urges as the work of Lucifer . In addition , he stated that there were evil extraterrestrials , whom he referred to as " " , who sought to thwart his mission . He argued that many prominent moral teachers and advocates of political were actually . This theme emerged in 1988 , possibly in response to the lurid alien abduction stories that were at the time . - - = = and = = - - In the late 1980s , the group kept a low profile ; few people knew it still existed . In 1988 , they a document that detailed their beliefs to a variety of New Age organizations . The mailing contained information about their history and advised people to read several books , which primarily focused on Christian history and . With the exception of the 1988 document , Applewhite 's group remained inconspicuous until 1992 , when they recorded a 12 @-@ part video series which was broadcast via satellite . This series echoed many of the teachings of the 1988 update , although it introduced a " universal mind " of which its could . - Over the course of the group 's existence , several hundred people joined and left . In the early 1990s , their membership dwindled , numbering as few as 26 ; these gave Applewhite a sense of urgency . In May 1993 , the group took the name " Total Anonymous " . They then spent $ 30 @,@ 000 to publish a full @-@ page advertisement in USA Today that warned of catastrophic judgment to the Earth . Its publication led about 20 former members to rejoin the group . This , along with a series of public lectures in 1994 , caused membership to double from its nadir at the beginning of the decade . By this time , Applewhite did not regiment his disciples ' lives as strictly as he had and spent less time with them . - In the early 1990s , Applewhite posted some of his teachings on the Internet , but he was by the resulting criticism . That year , he first spoke of the possibility of suicide as a way to reach the Next Level . He explained that everything " human " had to be forsaken , including the human body , before one could ascend . The organization was then renamed " Heaven 's Gate " . Davis speculates that this rejection may have encouraged him to attempt to leave Earth . - From June to October 1995 , the group lived in a rural part of New Mexico . They purchased 40 acres ( 0 @.@ 16 km2 ) and built a compound — which they referred to as the " Earth ship " — using and lumber ; Applewhite hoped to establish a monastery . This proved to be a difficult endeavor , particularly for the aging Applewhite : he was in poor health and , at one point , feared that he had cancer . Lifton notes that Applewhite 's active leadership of the group probably led to severe fatigue in his last years . The winter was very cold , and they abandoned the plan . Afterwards , they lived in several houses in the San Diego area . - The group increasingly focused on the suppression of sexual desire ; Applewhite and seven others opted for surgical . They initially had difficulty finding a willing surgeon , but eventually found one in Mexico . In Applewhite 's view , sexuality was one of the most powerful forces that bound humans to their bodies and thus hindered their efforts to evolve to the Next Level ; he taught that Next Level beings had no reproductive organs but that beings had . He also cited a verse in the New Testament that said there would not be marriage in heaven . In addition , he required members to adopt similar clothing and , possibly to reinforce that they were a non @-@ sexual family . - - = = Mass suicide = = - - In October 1996 , the group rented a mansion in Rancho Santa Fe , California . That year , they recorded two video messages in which they offered their viewers a " last chance to evacuate Earth " . Around the same time , they learned of the approach of Comet Hale – . Applewhite now believed that Nettles was aboard a spaceship trailing the comet , and that she planned to rendezvous with them . He told his followers that the vessel would transport them to an destination , and that there was a government conspiracy to suppress word of the craft . In addition , he stated that his deceased followers would be taken by the vessel as well , a belief that resembled the Christian doctrine . It is not known how he learned of the comet or why he believed that it was accompanied by extraterrestrials or why he should have believed the dead Nettles would be with them . - In late March 1997 , the group isolated themselves and recorded farewell statements . Many members praised Applewhite in their final messages ; Davis describes their remarks as " of Do 's gospel " . Applewhite recorded a video shortly before his death , in which he termed the suicides the " Final exit " of the group and remarked , " We do in all honesty hate this world " . Lewis speculates that Applewhite settled on suicide because he had said that the group would ascend during his lifetime and thus appointing a successor was . - Religious scholar Catherine posits that the suicides began on March 22 . Most members took and alcohol and then placed bags over their heads . They wore Nike shoes and black uniforms with patches that read " Heaven 's Gate Away Team " . A bag that contained a few dollars and a form of identification was placed beside most bodies . The deaths occurred over three days ; Applewhite was one of the last four to die . Three assistants helped him commit suicide , then killed themselves . An anonymous tip led the sheriff 's department to search the mansion ; they found 39 bodies there on March 26 . It is the largest group suicide that has occurred in the U.S. Applewhite 's body was found seated on the bed of the mansion 's master bedroom . Medical examiners determined that his fears of cancer had been unfounded , but that he suffered from . - The deaths provoked a media circus , and Applewhite 's face was featured on the covers of Time and Newsweek on April 7 . His final message was widely broadcast ; Hugh Urban of Ohio State University describes his appearance in the video as " wild @-@ eyed [ and ] rather " . - - = = Analysis = = - - Although many popular commentators , including psychologist Margaret Singer , speculate that Applewhite brainwashed his followers , many academics have rejected the " brainwashing " label as an that does not express the nuances of the process by which the followers were influenced . Lalich speculates that they were willing to follow Applewhite in suicide because they had become totally dependent upon him , and hence were poorly suited for life in his absence . Davis attributes Applewhite 's success in convincing his followers to commit suicide to two factors : he isolated them socially and cultivated an attitude of complete religious obedience in them . Applewhite 's students had made a long @-@ term commitment to him , and Balch and Taylor that this is why his interpretations of events appeared coherent to them . Most of the dead had been members for about 20 years , although there were a few recent converts . - Lewis argues that Applewhite effectively controlled his followers by packaging his teachings in familiar terms . Richard Hecht of the University of California , Santa Barbara , echoes this sentiment , arguing that members of the group killed themselves because they believed the narrative that he had constructed , rather than because he controlled them . In his 2000 study of apocalyptic movements , John R. Hall posits that they were motivated to commit suicide because they saw it as a way to demonstrate that they had conquered the fear of death and truly believed Applewhite . - Urban writes that Applewhite 's life displays " the intense and alienation shared by many individuals lost in late twentieth @-@ century capitalist society " . He notes that Applewhite 's condemnations of contemporary culture bear similarities to those of Jean at times , particularly their shared views . Urban posits that Applewhite found no way other than suicide to escape the society that surrounded him and states that death offered him a way to escape its " endless circle of seduction and consumption " . - While covering the suicides , several media outlets focused on Applewhite 's sexuality ; the New York Post dubbed him " the Gay Guru " . Gay rights activist Troy Perry argued that Applewhite 's repression , and society 's rejection , of same @-@ sex relationships ultimately led to his suicide . This idea has failed to gain support among academics . Zeller argues that Applewhite 's sexuality was not the primary driving force behind his asceticism , which he believes resulted from a variety of factors , though he grants sexuality a role . - Lalich states that Applewhite fit " the traditional view of a charismatic leader " , and Evan Thomas deems him a " master " . Lifton compares Applewhite to , the founder of , describing him as " equally controlling , his paranoia and gentler yet ever present " . Christopher of Lancaster University states that Applewhite and Nettles were similar to John Reeve and , who founded , a movement in 17th century England . - - - = Arbeideren ( Hamar ) = - - Arbeideren ( " The " ) was a Norwegian newspaper , published in Hamar , Hedmark county . It was started in 1909 as the press organ of the Labour Party in Hedemarken and its adjoining regions , and was called Demokraten ( " The Democrat " ) until 1923 . It was issued three days a week between 1909 and 1913 , six days a week in 1914 , three days a week again between 1914 and 1918 before again increasing to six days a week . It was renamed to Arbeideren in 1923 , and in the same year it was taken over by the Norwegian Communist Party . The Communist Party incorporated the newspaper Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad into Arbeideren in 1924 , and until 1929 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad . After Arbeideren had gone defunct , the name was used by the Communist Party for other newspapers elsewhere . - The chief editors of the newspaper were Olav Kringen ( 1909 – 1913 ) , Ole ( 1912 – 1913 ) , Fredrik Monsen ( 1913 – 1916 ) , Paul O. ( 1916 – 1919 ) , Alfred ( 1919 – 1920 ) , Olav Larssen ( 1920 – 1927 ) , and finally Hegna , Ingvald B. , Olav Scheflo , Petershagen , and Vogt ( between 1927 and 1929 ) . Fredrik Monsen , Evald O. Solbakken and Knut were acting editors from 1924 to 1925 . - - = = Pre @-@ history = = - - Demokraten was originally the name of a short @-@ lived newspaper in Hamar started by Leopold in 1852 , connected to the Marcus movement . started a second newspaper , @-@ , in Hamar later in 1852 , to compete with his own Demokraten . An organ for the social liberal labour movement in the district , existed from 1889 to 1892 and was published out of different cities , including in Hamar in the year 1890 . - A chapter of the Labour Party was established in Hedmark in mid @-@ November 1904 . After the party convention in in 1906 , the convention summary had to be printed in the @-@ based newspaper Social @-@ Demokraten , as it lacked its own local newspaper . The county board thus decided to buy 1 @,@ 500 copies of the Social @-@ Demokraten to distribute to its members . There was a growing notion that the party needed its own newspaper . In the same year , the labour movement in ( south of Hedmark ) bought the paper Solungen , which had existed since 1904 . The takeover came into effect on 1 January 1907 , and publishing began the following year . Solungen pretended to be the labour movement organ for the whole of Hedmark , and outside of it was published as ( Solungen ) . However , the rest of Hedmark county was not satisfied with this solution . - - = = Labour Party period = = - - - = = = 1909 – 1913 = = = - - The Hamar @-@ based newspaper Demokraten ( " The Democrat " ) was started on 15 September 1909 . The and first editor was Olav Kringen , who had ample experience as the editor of Social @-@ Demokraten from 1903 until 1906 . Demokraten was the Labour Party organ for the Cities and Hedemarken , but in its first years it also covered Gudbrandsdalen and Østerdalen , two northern regions . The name was considered for the newspaper , but the historical name Demokraten prevailed . The name was suggested by local Labour MP Karl . Demokraten 's coverage of Gudbrandsdalen soon ended , and in southern Østerdalen a new labour newspaper , Arbeiderblad , was set up in 1915 . In northern Østerdalen , was popular among the labour movement . According to reports in Demokraten the newspaper again began to cover news from a part of Gudbrandsdalen , namely the city Lillehammer , in 1912 . - When it came to building up a new newspaper , Kringen had a certain personal drive , as he ran for parliament in 1909 . When he lost the election , he also lost interest to a certain degree . He resigned in 1912 and Ole , a member of the municipal council , took over as chief editor . However , he ran of other people involved with the newspaper and was fired in 1913 . - The newspaper originally had the tagline for ( " Socialist Paper for " ) , but in 1910 this was changed to for ( " for the Labour Movement " ) . It was printed by the company A. . The newspaper was issued three times a week until 1 July 1913 , from which point it was increased to six times a week . As part of this ambitious increase , Demokraten also had 3 @,@ 000 copies in circulation , unprecedented in its history . - - = = = 1913 – 1916 = = = - - In 1913 the newspaper 's supervisory council hired school teacher Fredrik Monsen to be the new editor . Olav Larssen started his journalist career as a subeditor in the same year . In the newspaper 's supervisory council vote , Monsen edged out Waldemar with 22 to 4 votes , and also prevailed over other applicants who were editors , such as Ingvald and Eugène . Larssen prevailed over and in the vote for the new subeditor . - Only Monsen and Larssen were employed in the newspaper to work with editorial content . In 1913 , Monsen managed to contract known personalities from the labour movement as " regular contributors " . These were the nationally known figures Olav Kringen , and Johan , in addition to Lillehammer politician and the locally known politicians Arne ( later MP ) and . . Danish expatriate Alfred joined in the autumn of 1913 . However , according to Larssen , the prominent writers contracted to Demokraten " wrote " anything . - In his memoirs , Larssen wrote that Monsen was " often aggressive " as editor @-@ in @-@ chief , especially when writing . He got several adversaries in the city 's conservative community , especially after donning a badge with the broken rifle , a well @-@ known anti @-@ war symbol . The newspaper competed with the old and popular conservative Hamar , the liberal left Avis , and the liberal . - The practice of issuing the newspaper six days a week became harder after the outbreak of the First World War . The war caused a general rise in prices , and newspaper subscriptions and advertisements both declined . Demokraten had to revert to being issued three times a week starting 1 September 1914 . In December 1914 it adopted a new tagline , Organ for i Hamar og ( " Organ for the Labour Party in Hamar and the of Hedemarken " ) . - - = = = 1916 – 1923 = = = - - Monsen and Larssen both left Demokraten in 1916 . The next editors were Paul O. , who served from 1916 to 1919 , and Alfred , from 1919 to 1920 . Larssen returned in 1920 as editor @-@ in @-@ chief . Georg was the subeditor from 1918 until 1921 , when Evald O. Solbakken started in the newspaper as subeditor . Still , there were only two people to deliver the editorial content . - As the war years went , the newspaper 's finances gradually improved . The Norwegian state became more active in production and trade and contributed many advertisements . Demokraten acquired its own type @-@ setting machine in October 1918 and a printing press in 1917 , which it used from 1 January 1918 . From 1 July 1918 , circulation once again increased to six days a week . - - = = Communist Party period = = - - In 1923 , the newspaper was renamed Arbeideren ( " The " ) , and the first issue with this name was released on 1 May 1923 , the International Workers ' Day . The change followed a letter in 1922 from the Comintern Executive , which stated that no newspaper belonging to a Comintern member organization should have " Social Democrat " or " Democrat " as a part of its title . The printing press of the party changed its name accordingly , to . - In the same year , 1923 , the Labour Party broke out of the Comintern . Subsequently the Communist Party broke away from the Labour Party . The local chapter of the Labour Party in Hamar decided to side with the Communist Party in November 1923 , in a 123 – 22 vote . Arbeideren was then taken away from Labour , as the supervisory council decided by a 65 to 5 vote that it should follow the Communists . Arbeideren was one of thirteen Labour newspapers that broke away from the party and followed the Communists ( one , , later returned to Labour ) . Since 15 February 1924 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad , as the Communist Party had seen fit to merge Arbeideren with Lillehammer @-@ based Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad . - Editor Larssen and subeditor Solbakken both joined the Communist Party in 1923 and continued running the newspaper . As Olav Larssen was asked by the party to be the acting editor of Norges Kommunistblad in the winter of 1924 – 1925 , Fredrik Monsen , Evald Solbakken , and Knut were acting editors between 1924 and 1925 . Larssen eventually drifted away from the mainstream of the Communist Party . In late 1926 and early 1927 he voiced his opinion in columns that the Communist Party should contribute to the imminent merger of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Labour Party . A local party convention strongly this opinion . Larssen was thus replaced in January 1927 and left the Communist Party , and Solbakken soon followed suit . Fredrik Monsen left the party at the same time . - Information differs as to who replaced Larssen . According to Evald Solbakken , and also to the reference bibliography Norske 1763 – 1969 , the replacement was Olav Scheflo , who needed a stand @-@ in , Ingvald B. , for the first period . According to the and historian Lorenz , Hegna was the editor in 1927 , before he took over Norges Kommunistblad in the summer of 1927 . Hegna 's main job was to edit the periodical , but in this period the people of had an informal influence on the Communist Party and several of their newspapers . Scheflo formally edited the newspaper from 1927 to 1928 , with Petershagen as acting editor from late 1927 . In 1928 Petershagen formally took over , only to have Vogt become acting editor later that year . Vogt took over in 1929 . - As many newspapers belonging to the Communist Party , Arbeideren would cease to exist before the end of the 1920s . It was still published six times a week , but had to give up its printing press in 1929 , switching to in Oslo . The last ever issue of Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad was published on 4 October 1929 . - - = = Aftermath = = - - A month after Arbeideren went defunct , the Communist Party gave its name to a new newspaper , which was set up as the new main newspaper of the Communist Party in 1930 . This new paper was based in Oslo as the replacement of Norges Kommunistblad , which had been as well . Olav Larssen and Evald Solbakken found a new outlet in Hamar Arbeiderblad , which had been set up as the new Hamar organ of the Labour Party in 1925 . The Communist Party later tried to create a weekly newspaper in Hamar , Front , but it was short @-@ lived and existed only between 1932 and 1933 . The Oslo version of Arbeideren went defunct in 1940 , and many years after that , the name was used from 1951 to 1953 for a third newspaper , published in , not far from Hamar city . - - - = Journey ( 2012 video game ) = - - Journey is an indie video game developed by Thatgamecompany and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 . It was released on March 13 , 2012 , via the PlayStation Network . In Journey , the player controls a robed figure in a vast desert , traveling towards a mountain in the distance . Other players on the same journey can be discovered , and two players can meet and assist each other , but they cannot communicate via speech or text and cannot see each other 's names . The only form of communication between the two is a musical . This also transforms dull , stiff pieces of cloth found throughout the levels into vibrant red , affecting the game world and allowing the player to progress through the levels . The robed figure wears a trailing scarf , which when charged by approaching floating pieces of cloth , briefly allows the player to float through the air . The developers sought to evoke in the player a sense of and wonder , and to forge an emotional connection between them and the anonymous players they meet along the way . The music , composed by Austin Wintory , dynamically responds to the player 's actions , building a single theme to represent the game 's emotional arc throughout the story . - Reviewers of the game praised the visual and auditory art as well as the sense of companionship created by playing with a stranger , calling it a moving and emotional experience , and have since listed it as one of the greatest games of all time . Journey won several " game of the year " awards and received several other awards and nominations , including a Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media nomination for the 2013 Grammy Awards . A retail " Collector 's Edition " , including Journey , Thatgamecompany 's two previous titles , and additional media , was released on August 28 , 2012 . The game was released digitally for the PlayStation 4 on July 21 , 2015 and a physical edition was released on October 2 , 2015 . - - = = Gameplay = = - - In Journey , the player takes the role of a robed figure in a desert . After an introductory sequence , the player is shown the robed figure sitting in the sand , with a large mountain in the distance . The path towards this mountain , the ultimate destination of the game , is subdivided into several sections traveled through . The player can walk in the levels , as well as control the camera , which typically follows behind the figure , either with the analog stick or by tilting the motion @-@ sensitive controller . The player can jump with one button , or emit a shout or musical note with another ; the length and volume of the shout depends on how the button is pressed , and the note stays in tune with the background music . These controls are presented in the beginning of the game ; at no point outside of the credits and title screen are any words shown or spoken . - The robed figure wears a trailing magical scarf which allows the player to briefly fly ; doing so uses up the scarf 's magical charge , represented visually by glowing on the scarf . The scarf 's are by walking , or a variety of other means . Touching glowing symbols scattered throughout the levels the initially scarf , allowing the player to remain airborne longer . Larger strips of cloth are present in the levels and can be transformed from a stiff , dull gray to vibrant red by singing near them . Doing so may have effects on the world such as releasing bits of cloth , forming bridges , or levitating the player . This in turn allows the player to progress in the level by opening doors or allowing them to reach previously inaccessible areas . The robed figure does not have visible arms to manipulate the game world directly . Along the way , the player encounters flying creatures made of cloth , some of which help the player along . In later levels , the player also encounters hostile creatures made of stone , which upon spotting the player rip off parts of the figure 's scarf . - In each level , the player may come across one other player temporarily connected to their game . When players approach each other they charge one another 's . They cannot communicate with each other beyond patterns of singing . Players can help each other by activating strips of cloth or showing paths , but cannot hinder each other and are not necessary for completing any level . When two players finish a section at the same time they remain together into the next one ; otherwise they are connected to new players when they move on . While all of the figures generally look the same , without gender or distinguishing characteristics , individual players can be told apart by unique symbols which are shown floating in the air when they sing and are displayed on their robes at all times . The entire game takes about two to three hours to complete . - - = = Story = = - - Journey 's story is told throughout gameplay and using cutscenes . The player 's character begins on a sand dune in a seemingly endless desert . In the far distance looms a large , foreboding mountain with a glowing crevice that splits its peak . As the character approaches the mountain , they find remnants of a once @-@ thriving civilization , eroded by sand over time . throughout the ruins at the end of each area are stones at which the traveler rests ; these stones give the traveler the vision of meeting a larger , white @-@ robed figure in a circular room , with art on the walls describing the rise and fall of the civilization mirroring the player 's journey . The player must also contend with the ancient automatons left over from a war which ended the civilization , and which still the city looking for intruders . - The player continues to journey deeper into the remains of a once sprawling city at the base of the mountain . Eventually making it safely to the mountain , the traveler begins to climb it , struggling as they enter the colder climates and encounter deep snow and high winds . With the crevice still a fair distance away , the traveler falls and collapses in the snow . Six of the white @-@ robed figures appear before the character and grant the traveler new energy , allowing the player to reach the summit of the mountain and walk into and through the crevice as the screen fills with white . The player is then shown the game 's credits , playing over the ending cinematic . This cinematic shows a shooting star emanating from the crevice and traversing the path the traveler took through the ruins , and shows of other robed travelers heading towards the mountain . Eventually , the star comes to rest at the sand dune where the game began , and the player is given the option of starting the game again . As the credits end , the player is shown the PlayStation Network of the other travelers who shared part of the trek . - - = = Development = = - - Journey was the last game made under a three @-@ game contract between Thatgamecompany and Sony , the first two being Flow and Flower . Development of the game began in 2009 , after the release of Thatgamecompany 's previous title Flower . The 18 @-@ person development team for Journey was composed mainly of creators of the company 's previous games ; co @-@ founder Jenova Chen was the creative director and Nick Clark returned as lead designer . Kellee Santiago , producer of Flow and Flower , did not reprise her duties , concentrating instead on her role as the company 's president , and was replaced by Robin Hunicke . - When development began , Sony expected the game to be completed in a year , rather than the more than three it finally took . Thatgamecompany always expected needing an extension ; according to Hunicke , they believed finishing the game within a year was " unrealistic " . Development ended up taking even longer than anticipated , as the team had difficulties down their ideas for the game and maintaining efficient communication . Over the course of development the team grew from seven to eighteen people . At the end of the second year , when Sony 's extension had run out , the game did not spark the emotions in the player that the team wanted . Sony agreed to another one @-@ year extension , but development ultimately exceeded even that . - The stress of the project led to the feeling there was not enough time or money to complete everything the team wished to , which added to the stress and caused arguments about the design of the game . The developers ended up reducing the overtime they spent on the project to avoid burning out , though it meant further delays and risked the company running out of money as the game neared completion . In a speech at the 16th annual D.I.C.E. Awards in 2013 , Chen admitted that the company had indeed been driven to bankruptcy in the final months of development , and that some of the developers had gone unpaid at the time . Hunicke described the solution to finally finishing the game as learning to let go of tensions and ideas that could not make it into the game and be " nice to each other . " - The game is intended to make the player feel " small " and to give them a sense of about their surroundings . The basic idea for the game , as designed by Chen , was to create a game that moved beyond the " typical defeat / kill / win mentality " of most video games . The team initially created a prototype named Dragon that involved players trying to draw away a large monster from other players , but eventually discarded it after finding it was too easy for players to ignore each other in favor of their own objectives . - The developers designed the game like a " Japanese garden " , where they attempted to remove all of the game elements that did not fit with the others , so the emotions they wanted the game to evoke would come through . This is intended to make the game feel intuitive to the player , so they can explore and feel a sense of wonder without direct instructions . The story arc of the game is designed to explicitly follow Joseph Campbell 's theory of narrative , or hero 's journey , so as to enhance the emotional connection of the players as they journey together . In his D.I.C.E. speech , Chen noted that three of their 25 had cried upon completing the game . - The multiplayer component of Journey was designed to facilitate cooperation between players without forcing it , and without allowing competition . It is intended to allow the players to feel a connection to other people through exploring with them , rather than talking to them or fighting them . The plan was " to create a game where people felt they are connected with each other , to show the positive side of humanity in them . " The developers felt the focus on caring about the other player would be diluted by too many game elements , such as additional goals or tasks , as players would focus on those and " ignore " the other player . They also felt having text or voice communication between players or showing would allow players ' biases and to come between them and the other player . - The game was released on March 13 , 2012 for download on the PlayStation Network . A PlayStation Home Game Space , or themed area , based on Journey was released on March 14 , 2012 and is similar in appearance to the game . A retail " Collector 's Edition " of the game was released on August 28 , 2012 . In addition to Journey , the disc @-@ based title includes Flow and Flower ; creator commentaries , art , galleries , and soundtracks for all three games ; non @-@ related minigames ; and additional content for the PlayStation 3 . In September 2012 , Sony and Thatgamecompany released a hardcover book entitled " The Art of Journey " , by the game 's art director Matt Nava , containing pieces of art from the game ranging from concept art to final game graphics . On July 21 , 2015 , Journey was released on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 4 , ported by United Kingdom studio Tricky ; owners of the digital PlayStation 3 version of the game were able to download the new version for free . - - = = = Music = = = - - The music in Journey was composed and orchestrated by Austin Wintory , who had previously worked with Thatgamecompany on the soundtrack for Flow . Wintory worked closely on the soundtrack with sound designer Steve Johnson , as well as the programming team , so the music would dynamically tie in to both the actions of the player and sound effects caused by nearby game objects , and feel as if it were " in real time " . Johnson felt having short pieces of music that looped without reacting to the player would be a " missed opportunity " , and wanted to create music that changed while still containing a composed emotional arc . Jenova Chen met with Wintory at the start of the game 's development to describe his vision for the project , and Wintory left the meeting and composed and recorded the main cello theme for the soundtrack that night . He continued to work on the soundtrack for the next three years , experimenting and discarding many ideas . The game 's orchestrations were performed by the Radio Symphonic Orchestra in Macedonia . - Unlike many games , where different songs have different themes for each character or area , Wintory chose to base all of the pieces on one theme which stood for the player and their journey , with cello solos especially representing the player . Wintory describes the music as " like a big cello concerto where you are the soloist and all the rest of the instruments represent the world around you " , though he describes it as not necessarily orchestral due to the inclusion of electronic aspects . The cello begins the game as " immersed in a sea of electronic sound " , before first emerging on its own and then merging into a full orchestra , mirroring the player 's journey to the mountain . While the game 's art style is based on several different cultures , Wintory tried to remove any overt cultural influences from the music to make it " as universal and culture @-@ less as possible " . Tina features as the cellist for the soundtrack . She is a close friend of Wintory and has since performed " Variations " with him , an eight @-@ minute orchestral variation on the Journey soundtrack . All of the non @-@ electronic instruments in the soundtrack were recorded with a live orchestra . - The soundtrack was released as an album on April 10 on iTunes and the PlayStation Network . The album is a collection of the soundtrack 's " most important " pieces , arranged by Wintory to stand alone without the context of the player 's actions . The album comprises 18 tracks and is over 58 minutes long . It features the voice of Scott for the final track , " I Was Born for This " . After its release , the soundtrack reached the top 10 of the iTunes Soundtrack charts in more than 20 countries . It also reached No. 116 on the Billboard sales charts , with over 4000 units sold in its first week after release , the second @-@ highest position of any video game music album to date . The soundtrack was released as a physical album by Else Music Works on October 9 , 2012 . In 2012 Wintory released a download @-@ only album of music on Bandcamp titled Journey , which includes variations on themes from Journey and Flow . The soundtrack itself was subsequently released on Bandcamp on June 19 , 2013 . An album of piano arrangements titled was released on May 1 , 2014 , on Bandcamp as both a digital and physical album . A two @-@ record vinyl version of the album was released in 2015 . - In January 2016 , Wintory started a Kickstarter for a Journey Live concert tour , in which the fifteen @-@ piece Fifth House Ensemble from Chicago will perform the music from the game while a player works their way through the game . The ensemble will react to the player 's actions , using a specially @-@ scored version of the soundtrack , composed by Patrick O 'Malley with Wintory 's oversight , that breaks the music into small pieces to enable this reaction . Wintory had wanted to do a performance of the Journey soundtrack in this interactive manner , but did not have the time to rework the soundtrack for this purpose . Wintory came to know Dan , the composer for Fifth House Ensemble , after published his praise for the Journey soundtrack and had encouraged other members of the ensemble to play the game . The group saw how Journey 's soundtrack had been used for various Video Games Live concerts and believed they could pull off Wintory 's vision of an interactive concert , doing most of the reworking of the soundtrack under Wintory 's direction . Sony has provided Wintory with a version of the game developed by Tricky that the music to allow the ensemble to provide this , and other modifications required for the concert performance . The Kickstarter was launched for $ 9 @,@ 000 in funding for a four @-@ city tour , but within a few days already surpassed its funding levels , allowing for more cities to be included . - - = = Reception = = - - Journey received critical and commercial success worldwide . After its release , it became the fastest @-@ selling game to date on PlayStation Store in both North America and Europe . At the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo , prior to release , the game won awards for best download game from 1UP.com , GameSpy , and GameTrailers . After publication , the game was heavily honored at end of the year awards . At the 16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards , formerly known as the Interactive Achievement Awards , Journey won 8 awards , the most honors received of the night ( which includes " Game of the Year " , " Outstanding Innovation in Gaming " , " Game of the Year " , " Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction " , " Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction " , " Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay " , " Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition " , and " Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design " ) ; it was additionally nominated for " Downloadable Game of the Year " , " Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering " , and " Outstanding Achievement in Story " . Journey was selected as the best game of the year by IGN and GameSpot , among others . - The soundtrack was nominated for the Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards , the first video game soundtrack to be nominated for that category , though it did not win . Additionally , the game won the award for best music and was nominated for the best graphics award from IGN , and was selected as the best PlayStation Network game by GameSpot . At the Spike Video Game Awards , Journey won awards as the best PlayStation 3 game , the best indie game , and the game with the best music , and was additionally nominated for game of the year , best downloadable game , best graphics , and best song in a game for " I Was Born For This " . It received the 2013 Annie Award for video game animation . It won five awards at the 2013 British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards : Artistic Achievement , Audio Achievement , Game Design , Online Multiplayer and Original Music , and was nominated for Best Game , Game Innovation and Story . In March 2013 , it won six awards at the annual Game Developers Choice Awards : Best Audio , Best Game Design , Best Visual Arts , Best Downloadable Game , the Innovation Award , and Game of the Year . - Journey received high acclaim from critics who praised the visual and auditory art direction as well as the emotional response playing with a stranger created . It received the IGN Best Overall Game Award for 2012 and Ryan Clements of IGN described the game as " the most beautiful game of its time " , saying , " each moment is like a painting , expertly framed and lit " . Jane Douglas of GameSpot concurred , calling it " relentlessly beautiful " and lauding the visual diversity of the world and the depiction of the sand ; Matt Miller of Game Informer added praise for the animation of the sand and creatures , saying the game was visually stunning . The music was also complimented , with Miller describing it as a " musical score " and Douglas calling it " moving , dynamic music " . - Reviewers were especially pleased with the emotional experience of playing the game , particularly with other players . Christian Donlan of Eurogamer described it as a " non @-@ denominational religious experience " that , with the addition of another player , moves beyond metaphors and becomes a " pilgrimage " to the player . A reviewer writing for Edge magazine said the emotional arc of the game hits with " occasionally startling power " , while Patrick Shaw from Wired said the game made him feel a " wide range of emotions ... wonder , fear , even sadness . " Miller said all three times he played the game , " each time , without fail , individual moments ... managed to give me , and those moments have remained on my mind for weeks afterward . " Joel Gregory of PlayStation Official Magazine praised the game 's story for being open to the player 's interpretation , leaving an ambiguity that drew him in . The addition of an unnamed second player was described by Donlan as brilliant and as a " master stroke " , and Edge said it made for " a more absorbing , more atmospheric experience " . - The few criticisms for the game centered on its length and pacing . Clements noted that not all players would appreciate a game with a " deliberate , melancholic pace " and short duration , comments echoed by the Edge review . Miller noted the lack of a complex gameplay elements in Journey , and Shaw was disappointed that the game was only a few hours long , though Douglas said the length was perfect . Miller concluded the game could be compared to " a musical concert , a well @-@ directed film , or a long @-@ awaited book " , while Clements concluded , " completing Journey will create memories that last for years . " - - - = Gold Beach = - - Gold , commonly known as Gold Beach , was the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German @-@ occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during the Second World War . Gold , the central of the five areas , was located between Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east . High cliffs at the western end of the zone meant that the landings took place on the flat section between Le Hamel and La Rivière , in the sectors code @-@ named Jig and King . Taking Gold was to be the responsibility of the British Army , with sea transport , mine sweeping , and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Navy as well as elements from the Dutch , Polish and other Allied navies . - The objectives at Gold were to secure a beachhead , move west to capture Arromanches and establish contact with the American forces at Omaha , capture Bayeux and the small port at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin , and to link up with the Canadian forces at Juno to the east . Forces attacking Gold faced elements of the German 352nd Infantry Division and German 716th Infantry Division . About 2 @,@ 000 men were stationed in the immediate area . to fortifications along the Normandy coast had been undertaken under the leadership of Erwin Rommel beginning in October 1943 . - On D @-@ Day at Gold , naval bombardment got underway at 05 : 30 , and amphibious landings commenced at 07 : 25 . High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft , and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned . Three of the four guns in a large emplacement at the Longues @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers and at 06 : 20 . The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon , and its garrison surrendered on 7 June . Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint , which had its facing east to provide enfilade fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side . Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16 : 00 , when a modified Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tank fired a large charge into its rear entrance . A second casemated emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun was neutralised by a tank at 07 : 30 . - Meanwhile , infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland . The British Commandos of No. 47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando advanced on Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin and captured it on 7 June in the Battle of Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin . On the western flank , the 1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment captured Arromanches ( future site of one of the artificial Mulberry harbours ) , and 69th Infantry Brigade on the eastern flank made contact with the Canadian forces at Juno . Company Sergeant Major Stanley Hollis received the only Victoria Cross awarded on D @-@ Day for his actions while attacking two at the Mont Fleury battery . Due to stiff resistance from the German 352nd Infantry Division , Bayeux was not captured until the next day . British casualties at Gold are estimated at 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 100 . German casualties are unknown . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Operation = = = - - After the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing for the creation of a second front in Western Europe . The decision to undertake a cross @-@ channel invasion of continental Europe within the next year was taken at the Conference , held in Washington in May 1943 . The Allies initially planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944 , and a draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( ) . General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion . - On 31 December 1943 , Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions and two @-@ thirds of an airborne division . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne by three divisions , to allow operations on a wider front . The change doubled the frontage of the invasion from 25 miles ( 40 km ) to 50 miles ( 80 km ) . This would allow for quicker of men and materiel , make it more difficult for the Germans to respond , and speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg . The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft and troop carrier aircraft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June . - The Americans , assigned to land at Utah and Omaha , were to cut off the Peninsula and capture the port facilities at Cherbourg . The British at Sword and Gold , and the Canadians at Juno , were to capture Caen and form a front line from @-@ l to the south @-@ east of Caen to protect the American flank , while establishing airfields near Caen . Possession of Caen and its surroundings would provide a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the town of . A secure would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory north of the @-@ line during the first three weeks . The Allied armies would then swing left to advance towards the River Seine . Montgomery envisaged a ninety @-@ day battle , ending when all the forces reached the Seine . - - = = = Allied planning = = = - - Originally , seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline had been selected as possible invasion sites and each were provided with a code name taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time . The coast was divided between Able , west of Omaha , to on the eastern flank of the invasion area . Eight further sectors were added when the planned invasion was extended to include Utah . Each sector was further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green , Red , and White . Gold did not refer to a particular beach but to a landing area . It was delineated by Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east , and included Arromanches , location of one of the artificial Mulberry harbours that were to be constructed shortly after the invasion . High cliffs at the western end of the zone meant that the landings would be undertaken on the flat beach between Le Hamel and La Rivière , in the sectors code @-@ named Jig and King . The area immediately behind the beach was marshy , with open ground and ( small fields surrounded by and embankments ) further inland . Roads led to the south via Asnelles and Ver @-@ sur @-@ Mer . The terrain to the south @-@ east rose to a ridge at Meuvaines , where on D @-@ day were located machine gun nests of the German Regiment . - The Allied Expeditionary Air Force undertook over 3 @,@ 200 photo reconnaissance sorties from April 1944 until the start of the invasion . of the coastline were taken at extremely low altitude to show the invaders the terrain , obstacles on the beach , and defensive structures such as bunkers and gun emplacements . Inland terrain , bridges , troop emplacements , and buildings were also photographed , in many cases from several angles , to give the Allies as much information as possible . Members of Combined Operations prepared detailed harbour maps , including depth . At Gold , discovered the shore between Asnelles and La Rivière was soft and could not support the weight of tanks . Twelve Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVREs ) were fitted with to overcome this problem by deploying a roll of over the soft surface . The material would then be left in place to create a route for more conventional tanks . - Gold was assigned to the British XXX Corps , with the 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division – commanded by Major General Graham – allotted as the assault division . It was an experienced division that had already seen combat in France , North Africa , and Sicily . The men underwent extensive training in amphibious landings , including Exercise , a major training exercise at Island in May 1944 . Demolition teams responsible for underwater beach obstacles trained in swimming pools in the UK . were undertaken using detailed maps that used fictitious place names , and most of the men did not find out their destination until they were already on their way to Normandy . The amphibious landing was to be preceded by extensive air bombardment as well as naval bombardment by Force K , a task force of eighteen ships , primarily cruisers and destroyers . tanks of the 8th Armoured Brigade were to arrive at 07 : 20 , followed by infantry at 07 : 25 . The 231st Brigade was assigned to land at Jig , and 69th Brigade at King . The 231st was to head west to capture Arromanches and establish contact with the American forces at Omaha , while the 69th was to move east and link up with the Canadian forces at Juno . The 47th Royal Marine Commando was assigned to land at Gold , infiltrate inland , and capture the small port at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin from the side . - Arriving in the second wave on Jig , 56th Infantry Brigade was to capture Bayeux and a nearby ridge , thus cutting the highway between Caen and Bayeux to make it difficult for the Germans to move in reinforcements . The second wave on King , 151st Infantry Brigade , was tasked with capturing the Caen road and railway , along with setting up positions on high ground between the and rivers . Other forces involved in the landing included artillery regiments , signals corps , and engineering units . - - = = = German defences = = = - - In late 1943 , Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of improving the coastal defences along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion , expected to take place sometime in 1944 . Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion , so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore . In the immediate area of Gold , between Le Hamel and La Rivière , seven defensive designed to hold 50 men apiece were constructed . Two major concrete @-@ reinforced coastal artillery emplacements ( a battery of four 122 mm guns at Mont Fleury and the Longues @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery , with four 150 mm guns ) were only partially completed by D @-@ Day . Rommel ordered wooden stakes , metal , mines , and large anti @-@ tank obstacles to be placed on the beach to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks . the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach , he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high tide mark . of barbed wire , booby traps , and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry . - Hitler gave Rommel command of the newly re @-@ formed Army Group B , which included the 7th Army , the 15th Army , and the forces guarding the Netherlands . Reserves for this group included the 2nd , 21st , and 116th Panzer divisions . that Allied air superiority would make it difficult if not impossible to move reserves into position once the invasion was underway , Rommel decided to concentrate the defences along the coast . The 716th Infantry Division , which had been stationed in the area since March 1942 , was significantly , with only 6 @,@ 000 men . This unit received reinforcements , and some of the older men were replaced by younger soldiers . It was also supplemented by several battalions of ( eastern soldiers ) , conscripted Soviet prisoners of war . The 352nd Infantry Division , a full @-@ strength unit of around 12 @,@ 000 , was brought into the area by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments . About 2 @,@ 000 men , a mixture from the two infantry divisions , were stationed in the coastal area between Arromanches and Asnelles . - - = = Order of battle = = - - - = = = British forces = = = - - 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division , commanded by Major @-@ General Graham - 69th Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier Knox - 5th Battalion , East Yorkshire Regiment - 6th Battalion , Green Howards - 7th Battalion , Green Howards - 151st Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier Senior - 6th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry - 8th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry - 9th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry - 231st Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier - 1st Battalion , Regiment - 1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment - 2nd Battalion , Devonshire Regiment - Divisional troops - Reconnaissance Regiment , Royal Armoured Corps ( ) ( 2 Squadrons ) - 2nd Battalion , Cheshire Regiment ( machine guns and heavy mortars ) - , & Batteries , 90th Field Regiment , Royal Artillery ( RA ) ( Self @-@ propelled ) - 99th & Batteries , ( Northumberland Hussars ) Anti @-@ Tank Regiment , RA - 82nd Battery , 25th Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment , RA - ( Northumbrian ) Field Company , Royal Engineers ( RE ) - Field Company , RE - Field Company , RE - ( Northumbrian ) Field Park Company , RE ( ) - 50th Divisional Signals , Royal Corps of Signals - , 186th & 200th Field , Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) - 22nd Field Hygiene Section , RAMC - 50th Divisional Provost Company , Royal Military Police ( ) - attached for assault phase - Elements of 79th Armoured Division - Westminster ( tanks ) - Royal Tank Regiment ( The ) ( Churchill ) ( 2 Troops ) - 81st & 82nd Assault Squadrons , 6th Assault Regiment , RE ( AVREs ) - 56th Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier - 2nd Battalion , Essex Regiment - 2nd Battalion , Gloucestershire Regiment - 2nd Battalion , South Wales Borderers - 8th Armoured Brigade , commanded by Brigadier - 4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards ( DD ) - Nottinghamshire Yeomanry ( DD ) - 76th Anti @-@ Aircraft Brigade , commanded by Brigadier Benson - Heavy Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment , RA ( HQ only ) - 320th Battery , 93rd Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment , RA - & Batteries , 120th Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment , RA - Anti @-@ Aircraft Operations Room , RA - A , ( Independent ) Battery , RA - Additional units attached for assault phase - GHQ Regiment , ( ' Phantom ' ) - , , & Batteries , 86th ( East Anglian ) ( Hertfordshire Yeomanry ) Field Regiment , RA ( Self @-@ propelled ) - , & Batteries , ( Essex Yeomanry ) Field Regiment , RA ( Self @-@ propelled ) - & Batteries , 73rd Anti @-@ Tank Regiment , RA - Air Observation Post Squadron , RA ( Ground crew of one flight only ) - 73rd Field Company , RE - 280th Field Company , RE - Field Ambulance , RAMC - Light Field Ambulance , RAMC - 1st Royal Marine Armoured Support Regiment - No. 47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando - 104 Beach Sub @-@ Area HQ - 9 & 10 Beach Groups and Signal Section - 69th , , 90th & Field Companies , RE - 21st & 23rd Stores Sections , RE - 51st & Mechanical Equipment Sections , RE - Port Operating Company , RE - & Inland Water Transport Companies , RE - 2nd Battalion , Hertfordshire Regiment - 6th Battalion , Border Regiment - , & General Transport Companies , Royal Army Service Corps ( RASC ) - 2nd & 5th Issue , RASC - , RASC - 3rd & 10th Clearing Stations , RAMC - 3rd , 25th , 31st , 32nd & 35th Field Stations , RAMC - Nos 41 , 42 , 47 & 48 Field Units , RAMC - Nos 24 & 30 Field Unit , RAMC - 22nd & 23rd Port Details , RAMC - 7th , 10th & 36th Ordnance Beach , Royal Army Ordnance Corps - 24th & 25th Beach Recovery Sections , Royal Electrical & Mechanical Engineers ( ) - XXX Corps Workshop , ( 2 Composite & 1 Light Recovery Section ) - & Provost Companies , - 75th , , & 280th ( Pioneer ) Companies , Pioneer Corps - - = = = German forces = = = - - From June 1942 , 716th Infantry Division covered the Sector , which stretched from the base of the Peninsula to the Orne River near Caen , a distance of 77 kilometres ( 48 mi ) . When 352nd Infantry Division arrived on 15 March , the Sector was split into the Bayeux Sector ( from to Asnelles ) and the Caen Sector ( from Asnelles to the Orne ) . Most of the 716th Infantry Division remained where they were , and thus the defenses in Caen Sector ( site of the Gold landings ) were not substantially strengthened . - 352nd Infantry Division under Regiment : south @-@ east of Bayeux , as reserves - Regiment : covered Omaha and the westernmost part of Gold - 352nd Artillery Regiment : covered Omaha and the westernmost part of Gold - 716th Static Infantry Division under Wilhelm Infantry Regiment : two battalions in and around Le Hamel . Members of the Ost Battalion garrisoned the coastal defenses . One battalion was stationed near Crépon as reserves . - Infantry Regiment : covered Juno , Sword , and the easternmost part of Gold - Artillery Regiment : mobile and casemated batteries east and west of Crépon - - = = = = - - of Normandy began around midnight with over 2 @,@ 200 British and American bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland . At Gold , naval bombardment by Force K got underway at 05 : 30 , at which time the first waves of infantry were loading into their Landing Craft Assault ( ) for the run in to the beach . German defensive positions were attacked by medium and heavy bombers and by self @-@ propelled guns on board the landing craft . Results were good at Mont Fleury Battery and at Longues , where at 07 : 00 and took out of commission three of the four guns . The fourth gun resumed firing sporadically in the afternoon , and the garrison surrendered the following day . Two heavily casemated gun emplacements ( an 88 mm gun at La Rivière overlooking King and a 75 mm gun at Le Hamel overlooking Jig ) were only lightly damaged , as they were heavily reinforced with concrete , especially on the seaward side . These positions had that permitted a wide range of enfilade fire on the beach . Four other German strong points in the immediate area were also only lightly damaged , and had to be individually assaulted as the day progressed . - - = = = King Sector = = = - - H @-@ Hour for the landing at Gold was set at 07 : 25 on King sector ( 50 minutes later than in the American landings , because of differences in the tide ) . The first wave on King was the 5th East and 6th Green Howards of 69th Brigade , assisted by amphibious DD tanks of the 4th / 7th Dragoon Guards . The 7th Green Howards landed at 08 : 20 . The original plan called for the 38 DD tanks to be launched from their landing craft tank ( ) about 5 @,@ 000 yards ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) out . Due to extremely seas , they decided to run the tanks directly onto the beach . Infantry , engineers , and DD tanks arrived almost simultaneously . Units disembarking onto the beach immediately came under fire from the casemated 88 mm gun at La Rivière , and the infantry were forced to take cover behind the sea wall . The gun was taken out when a tank of the Westminster fired a charge directly into its . The 5th East , supported by several tanks , spent the rest of the morning clearing out the heavily fortified houses of La Rivière , at the loss of 90 men , including six officers . - armour arriving in the first wave included AVREs , mine , and armoured . Clearing paths off the beach proved difficult , as the tanks got stuck in the mud or were taken out by mines . A lone mine tank finally cleared a path from the beach up toward the Mont Fleury Battery and Ver @-@ Sur @-@ Mer . This route was used by the Green Howards and tanks of the 4th / 7th Dragoon Guards , who cleared the remaining resistance at the Mont Fleury Battery . B Company moved on to attack trench positions and machine gun emplacements at Meuvaines Ridge , while C Company moved to the west of Ver @-@ Sur @-@ Mer to help cover the assault on Crépon , where roads led to the important targets of Bayeux and Caen . The 7th Green Howards attacked the gun battery at Ver @-@ Sur @-@ Mer , where they took 50 prisoners . Colour Sergeant @-@ Major Stanley Hollis earned the only Victoria Cross to be bestowed for actions on D @-@ Day . On the way to the Mont Fleury Battery , Hollis came under machine gun fire while investigating a , so he shot into the entrance with his gun and dropped a grenade through the roof , killing most of the occupants . He cleared a nearby trench of enemy soldiers , whereupon the occupants of a second surrendered . Later in the day , he saved the lives of three men during an attempt to take out a field artillery installation at a farm near Crépon . - to land at 11 : 00 on Jig , the 56th Infantry Brigade was re @-@ routed King , because the gun battery at Le Hamel was still operational . They proceeded towards their objective of Bayeux . 151st Brigade arrived at the same time and after meeting fierce resistance , they achieved their objective of controlling the road and railway between Bayeux and Caen . 56th Brigade made slow progress and had to dig in for the night some distance from Bayeux . 69th Brigade secured the eastern flank and by nightfall made contact with the Canadian forces on Juno . - - = = = Jig Sector = = = - - At Jig , the first wave of infantry ( the 1st and 1st Hampshires of the 231st Infantry Brigade ) arrived at 07 : 25 , and immediately came under fire from the casemated 75 mm gun at Le Hamel . Due to navigation errors and the strong current , both groups came ashore well to the east of their intended landing points . The DD tank and Royal Marine tanks that were supposed to arrive in advance of the landing were delayed by rough seas and did not arrive until 08 : 00 . Many of the tanks got bogged down on the beach or were taken out by enemy fire . The tide came in quicker than expected , before many of the beach obstacles and mines were cleared , and some of the landing craft were damaged as a result . Two companies of the 1st Hampshires landed very close to the strong point at Le Hamel , and had to fight inland through enemy garrisons to get off the beach . Attempts to flank Le Hamel were made difficult by the surrounding machine gun , mines , and barbed wire . Elements of the 1st Hampshires captured the German strongpoint WN @-@ 36 at the eastern edge of the village of Asnelles . When they turned west to move along the beach towards their primary objective at Le Hamel , they came under heavy fire and had to break off the attack . Major Warren , in charge after the commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Nelson Smith was wounded , decided that the troops would have to circle around and attack the emplacement from the rear , a process that took several hours . The troops began to have some success around 15 : 00 with the arrival of an AVRE tank of 82nd Assault Squadron . The tank fired two into the , where most of the defenders were located . The German soldiers fled into fortified houses in Le Hamel and Asnelles , and were taken out in house @-@ to @-@ house combat . Few surrendered . The 75 mm gun was finally at 16 : 00 , when the AVRE tank fired a large charge into the rear entrance of the casemate . C / A Company , 1st Hampshires and the AVRE tank proceeded west along the beach and took out strongpoint WN @-@ 38 at La St , taking 20 prisoners . Still further west , D Company captured strong point WN @-@ 39 at the Arromanches radar station , capturing 30 more defenders . - The 2nd arrived at 08 : 15 , while the beach was still under heavy fire . One company stayed to help with the assault on Le Hamel , while the rest moved to capture the village of the road to Bayeux . was captured at around 16 : 30 . The 1st attacked a German position on the beach at La des and headed inland to arc westward toward the high ground south of Arromanches . They cleared enemy positions at Le and d , and arrived at their destination late in the morning . by elements of the 1st Hampshires and covered by indirect fire from the naval forces offshore , they took Arromanches late in the afternoon . - - = = = 47th Commando = = = - - The 47th Royal Marine Commando was assigned to capture the small harbour at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin , on the boundary with Omaha , about 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Arromanches and 8 miles ( 13 km ) from their landing point at Jig . The commanding officer , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel C. F. Phillips , opted to attack from the south , as the site was well protected on the seaward side . The force of 420 men consisted of five troops of 63 men , a mortar and machine gun troop , a transport group with four tracked vehicles , and a headquarters group . The plan was to land at Gold at 09 : 25 , assemble at La , and move cross @-@ country to a ridge ( designated as Point 72 ) south of Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin , arriving at around 13 : 00 . Here they would call for indirect fire from the supporting vessels at sea and then move in to capture the town . - In rough seas and under enemy fire , the commandos began disembarking at Jig , some distance east of their intended position , at 09 : 50 . Five of their were sunk by beach obstacles or enemy fire , at the cost of 76 casualties . Major P. M. temporarily took charge until Phillips and some others who had got separated from the unit rejoined the group at 14 : 00 along the Meuvaines – Le road . The commando took additional casualties in several , including at La , on the way to Point 72 . They did not arrive there until 22 : 30 , too late to launch an attack , so they dug in for the night . The town and port were captured in the battle of Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin on 7 – 8 June 1944 . - - = = = German response = = = - - As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris had predicted two weeks of weather , some Wehrmacht commanders were away from the front attending war games in Rennes , and many soldiers had been given leave . On D @-@ Day , Rommel was in Germany for his wife 's birthday and a meeting with Hitler to try to get more . The 352nd and 716th Divisions were placed on high alert after the Allied airborne landings , which had taken just after midnight behind Utah and Sword . The 2 @,@ 700 @-@ strong Meyer , near Bayeux as the divisional reserve , was sent to investigate the parachute drops behind Utah . recalled them when dawn broke and the scope of the invasion became apparent . One battalion was ordered to reinforce the German efforts at Omaha . The remainder were ordered to rendezvous with reinforcements at Villiers le , 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) east of Bayeux , to launch a counter @-@ attack . upon by Allied air forces , the column finally arrived in the late afternoon , at which time they were met by elements of the 69th Brigade . The British lost four tanks in the ensuing engagement but the was almost completely wiped out . Meyer was killed , and his detailed maps of German coastal emplacements fell into British hands . - Because Allied air superiority meant it would be difficult for the Germans to move up their reserves , Rommel believed that their best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore . The scope of the invasion meant that once these coastal defences were defeated and the troops scattered , it was difficult to defend territory inland or launch counter @-@ attacks . At 22 : 33 , ordered the 352nd Division to create a defensive line north of Bayeux but this proved impossible , as most of the territory involved was already in British hands and all the defending units had taken serious losses . The Luftwaffe played only a minor role on D @-@ Day . At Gold , several small groups of bombers that arrived at sunset caused Allied casualties at Le Hamel and damaged a road near Ver @-@ sur @-@ Mer . At 06 : 00 on 7 June , the operations room of HMS , offshore near Gold , was damaged by a bomber attack , but the ship was able to remain on station . The unit responsible was likely II . / 40 ( KG 40 — Wing 40 ) . Under the command of ( Command Atlantic ) , it was based at – . On the evening of the 6 / 7 June 1944 , 26 Heinkel He 177 heavy bombers equipped with 293 anti @-@ ship guided missiles attacked shipping over Normandy , included the Gold area . II . / KG 40 lost 13 aircraft to all causes during the attack . - The 1st SS Panzer Division SS Adolf Hitler were released before midnight from the reserve and ordered to counter @-@ attack between Bayeux and the Orne , supplemented by 12th SS Panzer Division and Panzer Division ; the armoured divisions began arriving on 8 June . - - = = Aftermath = = - - - = = = Analysis = = = - - of German resistance remained throughout the beachhead area and the British were stopped about 3 @.@ 7 miles ( 6 @.@ 0 km ) short of their D @-@ Day objectives . Bayeux , a primary D @-@ Day objective for 50th Division , was captured on 7 June . By the end of D @-@ Day , the 50th Division had lost around 700 men . Total casualties , from all units involved in operations at Gold , were in the region of 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 100 casualties , of which 350 were killed . German losses are unknown ; at least 1 @,@ 000 were captured . - - = = = Gold Beach after 6 June = = = - - By the end of D @-@ Day , 24 @,@ 970 men had been landed at Gold Beach , along with 2 @,@ 100 vehicles and 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) of supplies . The follow @-@ up landings were slowed by the loss of 34 and the bad weather . The 24th and Reconnaissance Regiment , due to land on D @-@ Day to help spearhead the drive towards @-@ , were unable to put ashore until 7 June . In 2004 wrote that the delay - effectively ruled out any chance of a thrust south ... [ and ] ... represented a major blow to Second Army 's intentions and Montgomery 's plan . - The 7th Armoured Division and the 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division were the follow @-@ up divisions of XXX Corps . The 22nd Armoured Brigade ( the armoured component of the 7th Armoured Division ) was scheduled to land during the evening of 6 June , but it was unable to land until the next day . The bulk of the division landed from 9 – 10 June , with some elements landing later . The 49th Division came ashore on 12 June . - The first components of the Mulberry harbours were brought across the Channel on D + 1 and the structures were in use for unloading by mid @-@ June . One was constructed at Arromanches by British forces , the other at Omaha by American forces . A severe storm on 19 June destroyed the Omaha harbour . The Arromanches harbour was repaired and remained in use for the next ten months , with a maximum capacity of 7 @,@ 000 long tons ( 7 @,@ 100 t ) of stores per day . Of the British supplies landed in Normandy by the end of August , 35 % arrived via the Mulberry harbour and 15 % came in via the small harbours at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin and @-@ sur @-@ Mer . Most shipments were brought in over the beaches until the port of Cherbourg was cleared of mines and obstructions on 16 July . The most important use of the Mulberry harbour was the unloading of heavy machinery that could not be brought across the beaches . Artificial ( ) sheltered hundreds of ships during the storm of 17 – 23 June , and provided shelter for craft unloading stores at Juno and Sword . A joint Anglo @-@ American oil depot was constructed at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin , fed via pipes known as " " from oil tankers moored offshore . Using this method , 175 @,@ 000 long tons ( 178 @,@ 000 t ) of petrol ( half for the Second Army ) was delivered by the end of August , by which time the underwater constructed in Operation Pluto were ready . - - = = = Subsequent operations = = = - - Fighting in the Caen area versus the 21st Panzer , the 12th SS Panzer Division , and other units soon reached a stalemate . Operation ( 7 – 14 June ) failed to take Caen , and the British were forced to withdraw to @-@ sur @-@ . After a delay because of storms during 17 – 23 June , Operation Epsom was launched on 26 June , an attempt by VIII Corps to swing around and attack Caen from the south @-@ west and establish a bridgehead south of the . Although the operation failed to take Caen , the Germans suffered heavy tank losses and had committed every available Panzer unit to the operation . Caen was severely bombed on the night of 7 July and then occupied north of the River Orne in Operation on 8 – 9 July . Two offensives during 18 – 21 July , Operation Atlantic and Operation Goodwood , captured the rest of Caen and the high ground to the south , but by then the city was nearly destroyed . - - = = Tourism = = - - The site of the Normandy landings is a popular tourist destination . The battery at Longues @-@ sur @-@ Mer is well preserved , and its observation bunker houses a visitor centre . The gun emplacements at Le Hamel and La Rivière still exist , but many other batteries and defensive positions have been allowed to decay . Bayeux is home to the Musée de la de Normandie and the Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery . La German war cemetery is also near Bayeux . At Arromanches , many elements of the Mulberry Harbour are extant and a museum examines its construction and use . The radar station is the site of a visitor centre and theatre . - - - = Tautiška giesmė = - - Tautiška giesmė ( The National Hymn ) is the national anthem of Lithuania , also known by its opening words " Lietuva , mūsų " ( official translation of the lyrics : " Lithuania , Our Homeland " , literally : " Lithuania , Our " ) and as " " ( Hymn of Lithuania ) . The music and lyrics were written in 1898 by Kudirka , when Lithuania was still part of the Russian Empire . The fifty @-@ word poem was a condensation of Kudirka 's of the Lithuanian state , the Lithuanian people , and their past . Shortly before his death in 1899 , the anthem was performed for Lithuanians living in Saint Petersburg , Russia . - The first public Lithuanian performance of the anthem took place in in 1905 , and it became the official national anthem in 1919 , a year after Lithuania declared its independence . Following the occupation and of Lithuania by the Soviet Union in 1940 , the anthem was forbidden to be played or sung in public . - " Tautiška giesmė " was reinstated in 1989 shortly before the of Lithuanian independence and confirmed in the National Anthem Act ( 21 October 1991 ) . It was automatically included as the national anthem in 1992 , when the new Constitution was ratified after independence from the Soviet Union was achieved . The status of " Tautiška giesmė " as the National Anthem of Lithuania was further confirmed in 1999 with the passage of a national law stating that . - - = = Creation = = - - At the time when the poem Lietuva , mūsų was written , Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire . Kudirka , a medical student at the University of Warsaw , was writing as a columnist for the newspaper Varpas ( The Bell ) . In his Varpas columns , Kudirka urged Lithuanians to take pride in their heritage , discussed the problems the Russian Government was causing the Lithuanian population , and denounced those who wished to work for the . In the course of writing for Varpas , he wrote down his thoughts on what Lithuania was and what it should be , resulting in the fifty @-@ word poem Lietuva , mūsų ( " Lithuania , Our Homeland " ) . - The poem described the heroic past of Lithuania and its people to care for the land , care for humanity , and live in honor . Kudirka also urged the country to become a source of enlightenment and virtue . Without a melody , Kudirka took the time to compose the music just before dying of tuberculosis . Both the melody and the lyrics were printed in Varpas in September 1898 . Upon his death in 1899 , Kudirka 's tomb was engraved with the second stanza of the anthem ( later destroyed by the authorities ) . - - = = History = = - - Before Kudirka 's death , the first performance of the poem occurred at a concert in St. Petersburg , Russia in 1899 . The concert was conducted by and was attended by Lithuanians , which St. Petersburg had the largest population of at that time . The anthem was first performed in Lithuania during the Great of on December 3 , 1905 . - When Lithuania declared its independence from Russia in 1918 , the song was declared the national anthem . It held this status until Lithuania was annexed into the Soviet Union during World War II . During the interwar period , there had been suggestions to modify the words to include a reference to God . It was decided , in Kudirka 's memory , that the lyrics should remain as he had written them . - Immediately following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania , The Internationale replaced the Tautiška giesmė . When in 1944 ' The Internationale ' have been replaced by State Anthem of the Soviet Union in Soviet Union as official anthem , Tautiška giesmė was used as official anthem for the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic . An alternate anthem was created and introduced in 1950 . The music for that piece was composed by and Jonas , and the words were written originally by . Following Stalin 's death in 1953 , its lyrics were modified by to remove reference to the former dictator . This anthem stated that Lenin had lit the path to freedom , helped by the Russian people , and the Lithuanian people to work with peoples of the other Soviet . The anthem was confirmed in Article 169 of the 1978 Constitution of the Lithuanian . The song continued to be used until Lithuania broke away from the Soviet Union . Already in 1988 , the Tautiška giesmė was suggested as a replacement for the Soviet Lithuanian anthem . After preliminary approval by the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian and successive legislative bodies , its status as the national anthem was in 1992 . In that year , the Constitution of Lithuania was approved ; Article 19 of the document states that Tautiška giesmė will be the national anthem of Lithuania . The last law in relation to the national anthem was passed in 1999 ; it contained the official lyrics and protocol on how and when to play the anthem . - - = = 1999 law = = - - into law by President on June 9 , 1999 , the " Law on the National Anthem of the Republic of Lithuania " details when and where the national anthem is played and its performance protocols . - Article 2 of the law states that the anthem is to be played at the following occasions : At the beginning or ending of solemn sessions of the , on national holidays and memorial days , and at receptions and of foreign heads of state on official visits to Lithuania — but only after the anthem of the foreign country has been played . - It is played in foreign countries to represent Lithuania , according to their own diplomatic protocols ; on national holidays and other days when the Flag of Lithuania is raised by order of the government ; when the flag is raised during public events sponsored by governmental institutions , business , and organizations ; and at the beginning and end of National Radio programming . The anthem may also be played at other occasions , such as sporting competitions . - When playing the anthem , the music may be either live or recorded . The anthem may be performed with a choir , an orchestra , a military band , or a combination of the latter two . Article 4 , section 2 , states that all participants are encouraged to sing the national anthem . When the anthem is played , all civilians are asked to stand in a gesture of respect to the anthem . If employees of national defense , police , and other military or military @-@ related organizations are present , they must respect the anthem in a way prescribed by their statutes . The anthem cannot be used as background music , purposes of advertisement , or for entertainment , such as karaoke . Public disrespect of the anthem may be punishable by law . - - = = Lyrics = = - - - - = Crosby Garrett Helmet = - - The Crosby Garrett Helmet is a copper alloy Roman cavalry helmet dating from the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD . It was found by an unnamed metal near Crosby Garrett in Cumbria , England , in May 2010 . Later investigations found that a Romano @-@ British farming settlement had occupied the site where the helmet was discovered , which was located a few miles away from a Roman road and a Roman army fort . It is possible that the owner of the helmet was a local inhabitant who had served with the Roman cavalry . - The helmet appears to have been deliberately folded up and deposited in an artificial stone structure . It is thought to have been used for ceremonial occasions rather than for combat , and may already have been an antique by the time it was buried . It is of the same type as the Newstead Helmet ( found in 1905 ) and its design also has similarities with the Ribchester Helmet ( found in 1796 ) and the Helmet ( found in 2000 ) , though its facial features are more akin to those of helmets found in southern Europe . Its design may allude to the Trojans , whose exploits the Romans re @-@ enacted in cavalry tournaments . - Dr Ralph Jackson , Senior Curator of Romano @-@ British Collections at the British Museum , has described the helmet as " ... an immensely interesting and outstandingly important find ... Its face mask is both extremely finely wrought and striking , but it is as an ensemble that the helmet is so exceptional and , in its specifics , unparalleled . It is a find of the greatest national ( and , indeed , international ) significance . " - On 7 October 2010 , the helmet was sold at Christie 's for £ 2 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 6 million ) to an undisclosed private buyer . Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery in Carlisle sought to purchase the helmet , with the support of the British Museum but was outbid . The helmet has so far been publicly displayed twice , once in a 2012 exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts , and again at Tullie House in 2013 @-@ 14 . - - = = Description = = - - The Crosby Garrett helmet is an almost complete example of a two @-@ piece Roman cavalry helmet . The visor portrays the face of a youthful , clean @-@ male with hair . The headpiece is in the shape of a Phrygian cap , on the crest of which is a winged griffin that stands with one raised foot resting on an . The visor was originally attached to the headpiece by means of a ; the iron pin has not survived , but its existence has been inferred from the presence of powdery deposits of iron oxide residue . The helmet would have been held in place using a leather strap attached from the wearer 's neck to a decorated on either side of the helmet , below the ear . Wear marks caused by opening and closing the visor are still visible , and at some point the helmet was repaired using a bronze sheet which was riveted across two splits . Only two other Roman helmets complete with have been found in Britain – the Newstead Helmet and Ribchester Helmet . - The helmet and visor were cast from an alloy consisting of an average of 82 % copper , 10 % zinc and 8 % tin . This alloy was probably derived from melted @-@ down scrap brass with a low zinc content , with which some tin had been added to improve the quality of the casting . Some of the fragments show traces of a white metal coating , indicating that the visor would originally have been to give the appearance of silver . The griffin was cast separately from a different alloy consisting of 68 % copper , 4 % zinc , 18 % tin and 10 % lead . The visor would originally have been a silver hue and the helmet would have had a yellow appearance . The helmet 's creation can be dated to the late 2nd or early 3rd century from the use of a particular type of decorated as well as some of its design features , such as its pierced eyes . - There has been much debate about the symbolic meaning of the helmet 's design . The griffin was the companion of , the goddess of vengeance and fate . They were both seen as agents of death and were often linked with combat . The meaning of the face and headpiece are less clearly identifiable . have ranged from the Greek god and the hero , to the Roman gods and Jupiter , to a more general Eastern Mediterranean appearance that could possibly have been meant to suggest a identity . The Phrygian cap was often used by the Romans as a visual motif representing the Trojans . - - = = Discovery and restoration = = - - The helmet and visor were found in May 2010 in on a farm owned by Eric Robinson at Crosby Garrett in Cumbria . The finder , an unnamed metal in his from , County Durham , had been detecting with his father in two adjacent fields for some years but had previously only discovered some Roman coins and other small artefacts . The findspot is situated not far from a Roman road . A number of earthworks are located nearby , indicating the presence of a previously unrecorded ancient settlement . The area was strategically placed on the route to the northern frontier of Roman Britain within the territory of the tribe . The Roman army would have been present in the area and would certainly have used the nearby road . A Roman auxiliary fort stood only 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) to the north @-@ east at ( Brough Castle ) . - Following the helmet 's discovery , the area around the findspot was investigated in a project sponsored by the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery and the Portable Antiquities Scheme . The earthworks noted earlier were found to be part of a substantial enclosure surrounded by ditches , within which buildings had once stood . The enclosure , which measures as much as 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) long on its southern side , combines both native British and Roman methods of fortification . A sunken area within the enclosure may possibly have served as a for horses , while the evidence for the buildings is concentrated in the enclosure 's northern portion . The remnants of Romano @-@ British field systems in the surrounding area show that the area was under cultivation and animal remains found on the site indicate that the inhabitants also raised livestock , including sheep , goats and pigs . The presence of Roman pottery suggests that the inhabitants had adopted some elements of the Roman lifestyle , but their community may well have been there long before the Romans arrived . Archaeological evidence from the enclosure indicates that the site may have been first settled as far back as the Bronze Age , at least 1 @,@ 000 years before the helmet was deposited . - The finder discovered the helmet and visor buried together some 25 cm ( 10 in ) below the surface , at a site located on a ledge at the lower end of the settlement . It had been placed onto two stone slabs at the bottom of a hole which had been back @-@ filled with soil . A stone cap had been laid on top . The helmet was found in 33 large fragments and 34 small fragments and had apparently been folded before burial . The visor was mostly intact and had been placed face down . The griffin had become detached and was found with the helmet . No other artefacts were found at the time , but the subsequent Tullie House / PAS excavations at the findspot discovered a number of copper and iron objects , a bead and two Roman coins dating to between 330 @-@ 337 . The coins were found within the artificial stone feature in which the helmet had been deposited and may have been buried at the same time . - The finder did not initially realise that he had found a Roman and thought at first that it was a Victorian ornament . He eventually identified it as Roman by consulting auction catalogues , searching the Internet and getting advice from dealers . Find Officers from the Portable Antiquities Scheme were notified of the discovery and visited the findspot along with the finder . Christie 's commissioned Darren Bradbury , an independent and , to restore the helmet and visor for sale . Although Christie 's was asked to delay the restoration so that a full scientific examination could be carried out , this request was not granted and information about the helmet 's burial may have been lost as a result . However , the British Museum was able to inspect the find during restoration and X @-@ ray fluorescence spectrometry was carried out to determine the composition of the headpiece , visor and griffin . Bradbury 's restoration work took some 240 hours and involved the repair of cracks and holes using resin and , to match the appearance of the surrounding material . - - = = and usage = = - - The helmet and visor have marked similarities to a number of other Roman cavalry helmets . The visor is a cavalry sports type C ( H. Russell Robinson classification ) or type V ( Maria classification ) . Similar examples have been found across the Roman Empire from Britain to Syria . It is of the same type as the Newstead Helmet , found in Scotland in 1905 , and its facial features most closely parallel a helmet that was found at in Italy and is now in the British Museum . The rendering of the hair is similar to that of a type C helmet found at in Serbia and dated to the 2nd century AD . The griffin ornament is unique , though it may parallel a lost " sphinx of bronze " that may originally have been attached to the crest of the Ribchester Helmet , discovered in Lancashire in 1796 . The headpiece is nearly unique ; only one other example in the form of a Phrygian cap has been found , in a fragmentary state , at in Romania , dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD . on the back of the helmet and on the griffin may have been used to attach colourful streamers or ribbons . - Such helmets were used for , cavalry tournaments that were performed in front of emperors and senior commanders . Horses and riders wore lavishly decorated clothes , armour and plumes while performing feats of horsemanship and re @-@ historical and legendary battles , such as the wars of the Greeks and Trojans . According to the Roman writer : - [ T ] of high rank or superior in horsemanship wear gilded helmets of iron or bronze to draw the attention of the spectators . Unlike the helmets made for active service , these do not cover the head and only but are made to fit all round the faces of the riders with for the eyes . . . From the helmets hang yellow plumes , a matter of as much as utility . As the horses move forward , the slightest breeze adds to the beauty of these plumes . — , Ars 34 - Combat gear was issued by and belonged to the Roman army , and had to be returned at the end of a wearer 's service . Cavalry sports equipment appears to have been treated differently , as soldiers apparently privately commissioned and purchased it for their own use . They evidently retained it after they completed their service . Both helmets and have been found in graves and other contexts away from obvious military sites , as well as being deposited in forts and their vicinity . In some cases they were carefully folded up and buried , as in the case of the Helmet . The Dutch historian Johan has identified a " " for Roman military equipment in which ex @-@ soldiers took certain items home with them as a reminder of their service and occasionally disposed of them away from garrison sites as grave goods or votive offerings . - The circumstances in which the Crosby helmet was buried are still unclear , but the discoveries made by the post @-@ discovery Tullie House / PAS excavations have provided much more detail about its context . It was clearly deposited within an artificial feature that had been specially constructed ; Stuart Noon of the Museum of Lancashire suggests that the feature may have been intended as a memorial of some sort . It was not buried in an isolated spot but within a long @-@ occupied Romano @-@ British farming settlement that had clearly adopted aspects of Roman culture . Given the settlement 's proximity to Roman military locations , it is very possible that some of its inhabitants served with the Roman army , which often recruited mounted from among native peoples . The helmet may well already have been a valuable antique at the time of its burial ; if the coins found nearby reflect when it was buried , it could have been over a century old by the time it was deposited . It was deliberately broken before being buried in what may have been intended as a ritual sacrifice . The identity of its owner will never be known , but it could have been that a local inhabitant who had formerly served with the Roman cavalry was responsible for the helmet 's deposition . - - = = Auction and controversy = = - - Although the find was reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme , it was not declared treasure under the 1996 Treasure Act because single items of non @-@ precious metal are not covered by the act . The finder and landowner were thus free to dispose of the helmet as they saw fit . The discovery was publicly announced by Christie 's in mid @-@ September 2010 ; the helmet was the of its 7 October auction catalogue , featuring on the cover and six more pages . Its value was put at £ 200 @,@ 000 – £ 300 @,@ 000 ( $ @,@ 200 – $ 463 @,@ 800 ) . The Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery launched an appeal with the aim of purchasing the helmet and making it the focus of a new Roman frontier gallery due to open in 2011 . The campaign immediately attracted numerous donations , including £ 50 @,@ 000 from an anonymous overseas benefactor who offered the sum if a matching sum could be raised by the public ( it was ) ; a £ 1 million offer from the National Heritage Memorial Fund ; a £ 300 @,@ 000 pledge from the Trust and the Monument Trust ; £ 200 @,@ 000 from the Art Fund ; and £ 75 @,@ 000 from the J Paul Jr Charitable Trust . By the time of the auction three and a half weeks after the campaign had been launched , the museum had raised enough money to support a bid of up to £ 1 @.@ 7 million . Behind the scenes , efforts were made to persuade the finder and landowner to agree a private sale with the museum , but these approaches failed . - The initial estimate was passed within seconds of the auction opening . Six bidders pushed the price towards a million pounds and Tullie House was forced to drop out at £ 1 @.@ 7 million . Two remaining bidders took the bid past £ 2 million ; the winning bidder , an anonymous UK resident and fine art collector bidding by phone , paid a total of £ 2 @,@ 330 @,@ 468 @.@ 75 including the buyer 's premium and . The outcome aroused controversy and prompted calls for the Treasure Act to be revised , though British Archaeology noted that the circumstances of the helmet 's discovery may have resulted in it being outside the scope of even a revised act . It is still possible that the helmet could come into public ownership ; if the winning bidder wishes to export it , an export licence would have to be applied for and if a temporary export bar was placed on it an opportunity could arise for funds to be raised by a public institution to purchase the helmet . - - = = = = - - Since its sale in 2010 , the helmet been on public display three times . It was lent by its owner to the Royal Academy of Arts in London , and was put on display from 15 September to 9 December 2012 as part of an exhibition of bronzes . From 1 November 2013 until 26 January 2014 the helmet was on display at the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery in Carlisle , and a printed guide was produced for the occasion . It was subsequently displayed at the British Museum from 28 January to 27 April 2014 . - - - = Liu Kang = - - Liu Kang ( Chinese : ; pinyin : ) is a fictional character from the Mortal Kombat fighting game series from Midway Games , introduced as one of the original seven player characters in the 1992 first game as a Shaolin monk who enters the Mortal Kombat tournament to save Earthrealm ( Earth ) . Since his victory in the tournament , Liu Kang becomes the Mortal Kombat series ' hero as the champion and chief defender of Earthrealm guided by his mentor , the thunder god Raiden . He also becomes romantically involved with Princess Kitana , the adopted daughter of evil Outworld emperor named Shao Kahn . - Designed with special moves intended to be easier to perform than the moves of other characters , Liu Kang has appeared in many of the Mortal Kombat fighting installments , in addition to starring with Kung Lao as the title characters of the action @-@ adventure game Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks , and being among the eleven series characters representing the franchise in the crossover game Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe . Liu Kang has extensively featured in alternate Mortal Kombat media and official merchandise , serving as the primary protagonist of the two feature @-@ length films and the Malibu Comics comic book adaptations , in addition to supporting roles in other media such as the 1995 Mortal Kombat novel and the animated series Mortal Kombat : of the Realm . Critical and general reception of the character has been mainly favorable , although various aspects have been criticized . - - = = Appearances = = - - - = = = In video games = = = - - Introduced in the first Mortal Kombat game as a Chinese Shaolin Kung Fu fighting monk , Liu Kang 's main fighting style is Do and he has experience with Kung Fu . He enters the tenth Mortal Kombat tournament in order to protect Earthrealm from being destroyed after having lost the previous nine tournaments . He defeats Grand Champion Goro and the tournament host , the sorcerer Shang Tsung , and emerges as the new Mortal Kombat champion . In the 1993 sequel Mortal Kombat II , Liu Kang finds many of his Shaolin brethren killed in a vicious attack by a of nomadic led by under orders from the evil Outworld emperor Shao Kahn , Shang Tsung 's master . Enraged , Liu Kang decides to travel to Outworld to seek revenge , backed by friend and fellow Shaolin Kung Lao . At the tournament , Liu Kang fights Shao Kahn , eventually the emperor . In Mortal Kombat 3 ( 1995 ) , Liu Kang and his friends fight against Shao Kahn 's squad which invaded Earthrealm . He once again defeats Shao Kahn , causing him and his forces to retreat back to Outworld . - In the events of Mortal Kombat 4 ( 1997 ) , Liu Kang discovers that his lover and ally , Princess Kitana , has been captured by the disgraced Elder God Shinnok 's forces , and begins gathering Earth 's warriors to defeat him . Liu Kang confronts Shinnok and once again emerges victorious with Kitana and her people having survived to the attack , but he is unable to commit himself to a relationship due to his duty as Earthrealm 's champion while Kitana has to remain in Outworld to rule her kingdom . - Liu Kang becomes for the first and only time in the Mortal Kombat series in 2002 's Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , in which the titular partnership of Shang Tsung and fellow sorcerer Quan Chi join forces to kill him in the game 's introductory sequence . In the events of Mortal Kombat : Deception ( 2004 ) , an unknown party Liu Kang 's corpse and sends it on a murderous , causing Liu Kang 's soul to attempt to control it . He returns as a playable character in this game , albeit in undead form and as a secret character that can only be unlocked by completing the game 's Mode . His spirit enlists the reformed ninja to try to save Kitana and his Earthrealm allies — Johnny Cage , Jax , and Kung Lao — who had all been killed by the Deadly Alliance and then resurrected by the Dragon King for use as his slaves . Though they successfully accomplish this task , Liu Kang is still unable to fully regain control of his body in Mortal Kombat : Armageddon ( 2006 ) , where he is playable along with the entire series roster and in which it is revealed that Raiden had revived Liu Kang 's corpse in Deception . Liu Kang 's bond with Kitana had succeeded in keeping his power in check , with then assuming her position as Liu Kang 's " spiritual anchor " in attempt to find a way to reunite his body and soul , which he in his ending . Liu Kang was among the many characters who were not given a biography for Armageddon , while in his own in @-@ game ending , his body and soul reunite on their own before he confronts Raiden and defeats him in combat to become Earthrealm 's new protector . - Along with Kung Lao , Liu Kang is the lead character in the 2005 spinoff action @-@ adventure game Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks . The game is a retelling of the storyline of the events leading up to Mortal Kombat II , and features the two Shaolin monks traveling to Outworld to find and defeat Shang Tsung , later ending in a fight with Shao Kahn and rescuing Kitana along the way . He is among the eleven characters representing the Mortal Kombat franchise in the 2008 crossover title Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , which features fights between characters from the Mortal Kombat and the DC Comics . In this game , Liu Kang appears as the protagonist of the first chapter of the Mortal Kombat story mode . Tobias said that the fight he expected to see in the game was between Liu Kang and Batman as he noted their back @-@ stories to be very similar , due to fact , both Liu Kang and Batman are fought in Raiden and Superman 's chapters respectively , trying to snap their rage influenced respective leaders back to their sense from killing the leader 's respective arch @-@ enemies , Lex Luthor and Shang Tsung , reminding them that Dark Kahn is their true enemy . - In the 2011 Mortal Kombat reboot video game , Liu Kang reprises his role from the first three tournaments as one of Raiden 's chosen warriors . Raiden , who has visions from the future in which Shao Kahn remained as the last warrior , believes that Liu Kang is the warrior which his future self chose as the . As in the first game , Liu Kang succeeds in defeating Goro and Shang Tsung , though Raiden 's continues to crack , unchanging the future . - During the second tournament , Liu Kang meets Kitana , and the two engage romantically with each other in this timeline too . It is during this tournament that Kang begins to doubt Raiden 's visions after he ordered him and Kung Lao not to rescue Kitana , and when Lao is killed by Shao Kahn . He seemingly kills Shao Kahn , and his fallen friend . However , Kahn survives , and begins plotting to invade Earthrealm . - When Shao Kahn is preparing to invade Earthrealm during the third game 's events , Liu Kang is among Earthrealm 's , and notices Raiden 's futile attempts to alter the future . He and Raiden visit the Elder Gods in order to put a stop to Kahn 's plan , but refuse to intervene , stating that Kahn 's invasion is not a violation of Mortal Kombat , but the merging of Earthrealm and Outworld is . When they return , nearly all of their allies are dead , murdered by a soul @-@ infused , and Liu Kang rushes to Kitana , only for her to die in his arms . This , coupled with Raiden 's failed attempts in changing the future , and his plan to form an alliance with the , causes Kang to deem Raiden insane , and decides to take on Shao Kahn alone . He arrives as Kahn enters Earthrealm , but Raiden attempts to stops him as he realized Kahn had to win and merge the realms in order to avoid the events of the future . Having enough of Raiden 's continued mistakes , the two fight , but Kang is defeated . As he attempts to shoot a fireball at Raiden , the thunder god uses his lightning to protect him , inadvertently Liu Kang , much to Raiden 's horror . to his burnt body , Raiden pleads for his forgiveness , but Kang says to the Thunder God : " You ... have killed us ... all ... " and dies . After Raiden defeats Shao Kahn with the help of the Elder Gods , and thus changing the future , he and the surviving warriors , Johnny Cage and , leave and begin the restoration of Earthrealm , and he takes Kang 's body with him . - Liu Kang returns in Mortal Kombat X. In the game 's Story Mode , he was resurrected by Quan Chi and now serves him as one of the until Sub @-@ Zero , and Jax are revived . He fights both Jax and Raiden in Story Mode , which he blames Raiden for his death . At the end of the story mode , he and Kitana become the new rulers of the due to Quan Chi 's death and Shinnok 's defeat . A now darker Raiden brings them Shinnok 's head as a warning for them not to attack Earthrealm . - - = = = = Design = = = = - - Liu Kang was originally going to be a Japanese character called , but Mortal Kombat co @-@ creator and character designer John Tobias stated that the staff could not " deal with the name . " According to Tobias , Liu Kang " was originally going to be a traditional monk – bald and in robes – but he wound up resembling Bruce Lee . " As stated on his Mortal Kombat : Armageddon bio card , Ed Boon mentioned that Liu Kang was designed to be the most easily " accessible " character , meaning that both casual and experienced gamers could play as him with little difficulty . According to Tobias , Liu Kang was purposely the only character that voiced his finishing move in the original game , and was " the best " in the first sequel . Liu Kang was the only character in the first game whose finishing move ( Fatality ) did not explicitly murder his opponent , and also without the background dimming . This was because Liu Kang was depicted as a Shaolin monk , who in general have strict beliefs regarding killing and murder . However , starting with Mortal Kombat II , he was given as he was thereafter depicted as a renegade monk who decided to grow his hair back , and who had " strong Shaolin beliefs , but was no longer a part of the Shaolin monks . " In response to rumors that Liu Kang would die in Mortal Kombat II and therefore not make it into Mortal Kombat 3 , Boon said , " It 'd be like doing part three of Star Wars and not having Luke Skywalker in there . You don 't do that . " His eventual death caused Dan , the music composer of the series , to make a " funeral song " for Liu Kang as he felt for his death . The track titled " Liu Kang 's Tomb " would be used in Mortal Kombat : Deception in the arena that shows his tomb . - Liu Kang was played by Ho Sung in the first two games , and John Tobias stated in an interview that he originally intended for the character to be a traditional bald monk , but the actor refused to shave his head . In the first game , Liu Kang was modeled after Bruce Lee , as he had short hair and went shirtless , with a outfit of only black pants and white shoes . In Mortal Kombat II , his outfit was enhanced with red stripes , and now included a red , black shoes , and studded ( the intro of shows the younger version of the character defeating Shang Tsung in the background , while the updated character is in the foreground ) . In Mortal Kombat 3 , his hair was considerably longer , with the only alteration to his outfit being thin black leg strips wrapped above his in order to give him a " " look for the game . He was given a red tank top in addition to his usual costume in Mortal Kombat 4 , but his alternate outfit was blue and featured him shirtless again . His wardrobe from the third game was carried over into Deception and Armageddon , but due to his resurrection , his skin was ash gray , and he wore hooked chains around his wrists . This form is also known by fans and Mortal Kombat producer Shaun as " Zombie Liu Kang " . Nevertheless , his alternate outfit for both games featured him as a living person in order to contrast his undead form . In Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , he sported a slightly altered version of his third costume , in addition to a championship belt adorned with the Mortal Kombat dragon emblem . Although Liu Kang 's design in Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks remains similar to his Mortal Kombat II one , said that it was the most revised one from the game , along with Kung Lao 's . - - = = = = Gameplay = = = = - - Liu Kang specializes in kicks , with his most common move being flying across the screen and connect with a kick to the opponent 's torso . Another such move is the " Bicycle Kick " in which Liu Kang flies across the screen with a series of multiple kicks to the opponent 's torso resembling a bicycle , hence the name . A different kind of his signature abilities is the " Dragon Fire " : with it Liu Kang sends a fiery flame in the shape of a Chinese dragon across the screen out of his hands at his opponent . After Mortal Kombat II , he gains the ability to perform this while and in the air , same for Deception and Armageddon . The developers made Liu Kang immediately in Mortal Kombat : , the PlayStation Portable port of Deception , as they noted that unlocking him in Deception had proved difficult . - Liu Kang 's first finishing move is the Fatality " Shaolin " ; he performs a butterfly kick ( often mistaken for a cartwheel ) on his opponent , before hitting an that knocks them into the air for several seconds . In Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks , there were two versions ; one where the victim explodes to pieces upon impact and the original , in which the opponent is torn to pieces upon falling to the ground . In another signature Fatality , he morphs into a large dragon , the upper body of his opponent . This Fatality was turned into an in Mortal Kombat 3 and back into a normal Fatality in Mortal Kombat 4 . In the Game Boy and Game versions of Mortal Kombat II , the dragon the opponent with fire instead . The series ' composer and co @-@ designer John noted it to be his favorite Fatality due to how much Liu Kang 's appearance changes . Another famous Fatality of Liu Kang has him vanish and a Mortal Kombat arcade game machine drop down and crush his opponent . According to GameSpy 's , Liu Kang " better damage " than Kung Lao " by jumping around like a and kicking the crap out of everything he sees . " - - = = = Other appearances = = = - - Liu Kang was the hero of the comic book adaptation of the Mortal Kombat series Malibu Comics . In the first miniseries , Blood and Thunder , his backstory was mostly kept intact as a Shaolin monk out to restore the tournament to their righteous owners , with the only difference being that he was not the chosen one to defeat Goro , which instead fell on twin monk brothers named Sing and Sang , two original characters created specifically for the comics ; after they are killed by Goro in the third issue , Liu Kang becomes the Shaolin 's only hope in defeating Shang Tsung . The following miniseries , , stated that Liu Kang won the first tournament after defeating Goro , which never appeared in the first miniseries . He returns to his normal life as an architect in Chicago , having left the Order of Light before the events of the first series . However , he suffers from constant attacks by an unknown force of ninjas and later receives help from Johnny Cage 's bodyguard Bo when Goro ambushes him in an office building . Eventually he decides to travel to Outworld , realizing that he cannot avoid Mortal Kombat . - Liu Kang is the primary hero of both Mortal Kombat movies , where he is portrayed by Robin Shou . Director Paul W. S. Anderson wanted Liu Kang 's character to be " really engaging " and chose Shou , noting his skills with martial arts . In the first film , he takes part in the tournament out of guilt over his brother 's death at the hands of Shang Tsung ( portrayed by Cary @-@ Hiroyuki ) , and defeats Tsung in the final battle . As a result of the film 's style the relationship between Liu Kang and Kitana is more of a metaphysical than a romantic nature . Shou , along with ( Kitana ) , was one of only two actors to reprise their roles in the sequel , Mortal Kombat : ( Keith Cooke , who played , returned as well , but as the new Sub @-@ Zero ) . In the sequel , Liu Kang joins the Earthrealm warriors to stop Shao Kahn 's menace . In the animated film Mortal Kombat : The Journey , serving as a prequel to the first film , Liu Kang appears as one of the main characters . - Liu Kang is also one of the lead characters in the 1996 animated series Mortal Kombat : of the Realm , voiced by Brian . He is not the protagonist as opposed to the game storyline , instead sharing this role with several other Earthrealm heroes . - Liu Kang appears in the 2013 's second season of the web series Mortal Kombat : Legacy , portrayed by Brian . Liu Kang in Legacy is portrayed as an anti @-@ hero and fighting on the side of Outworld rather than that of Earthrealm in the web series . In this version , he is shown to have left a monastery to live a normal life working at a with a fiancée . After watching a pair of thieves kill her in a robbery attempt , he becomes consumed with anger and revenge , and further distances himself from Kung Lao and the ideals that were taught to him . After working as a freelance assassin for a few years , he is approached by Shang Tsung , who convinces him that humanity is not worth protecting and asks him to join the realm of Outworld in the upcoming Mortal Kombat tournament , which he agrees to . During the tournament , he easily Johnny Cage and before being confronted by Kung Lao , who is surprised at his old friend 's change of allegiance . - In 1996 , Toy Island published a Liu Kang action figure which had a white shirt . Two Liu Kang action figures from Shaolin Monks were released by . Apart from being flexible , both figures included different types of weapons such as swords and axes . - - = = Reception = = - - The character has received mostly very positive response by gaming publications . His relation with Kitana was ranked fourth in IGN 's list of best video game couples in 2006 . GameSpot featured him in their 2009 poll for the title of " All Time Greatest Game Hero " , in which he lost to . UGO Networks ranked him as 94th on the 2008 list of top heroes of all time , noting his role in the Mortal Kombat series as well as character depth . In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked him as 51st " most memorable , influential , and " protagonist in games , adding that while " Sub @-@ Zero and may get most of the fanfare " , Liu Kang " can shoot fireballs , and just like Bruce Lee , and pioneered the with his dragon @-@ transformation ’ s no wonder that Liu Kang ’ s the chosen champion of Earthrealm . " In 2014 , Jack of What Culture ranked him as the second greatest ever fighting game character . - Like all the characters from Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , Liu Kang was selected to be a playable character based on his popularity . Jesse Schedeen of IGN said that " it just wouldn 't be right having a game without [ Liu Kang ] , " noting him to be as fierce as the DC Universe characters in this game . In 2010 , ranked Liu Kang as the second best Mortal Kombat character , commenting that " his and fighting expertise make him an ideal pick " and how he is as good as zombie as when he was alive . In 2011 , Bright ranked Liu Kang as the second best character in the series . In UGO 's 2012 list of top Mortal Kombat characters , Liu Kang was given first place . In 2013 , he was ranked as the fifth @-@ top Mortal Kombat character by Jon of The Game Scouts for his popularity and " being incredibly important to the Mortal Kombat universe . " That same year , the readers of voted him the series ' sixth greatest character . - Upon his death in Deadly Alliance , IGN 's Jeremy Dunham noted that Liu Kang was killed as the series needed " ' starting over ' mentality " , as he regarded Liu Kang as the series ' strongest character . Complex remarked that the Mortal Kombat developers " finally found their groove again with Deadly Alliance , which began by snapping Liu Kang 's neck . " Game Informer listed his death in their article about " characters that died under our watch " calling it a " shock " as Liu Kang was stated to be one of the " most loved " characters from the series . - His redesign in Mortal Kombat : Deception was praised by GameSpot for being one of the best ones from the title , and was featured in GamesRadar 's list of the " greatest zombie " in 2009 , but was also ranked as the ninth @-@ worst Mortal Kombat character by ScrewAttack in 2011 . Additionally , GamesRadar used Liu Kang as an example of a stereotype of gaming heroes who reveal an evil alter ego that ruins the character 's appealing traits , and considered him to be " a little like the Shaolin version of , in that he 's saved his world countless times and come back from the dead even more frequently . " GamesRadar featured him the article about " Bruce Lee " citing his similarities with Bruce Lee and with one of his shouts featured in famous quotes . - - = = = Gameplay and finishing moves = = = - - Liu Kang 's famous finishing move of turning into a dragon was ranked by ScrewAttack as the second best in the series , referred to as the most iconic Fatality in Mortal Kombat II , but his cartwheel Fatality from the original Mortal Kombat was ranked by ScrewAttack as the second worst in the series . Liu Kang 's dragon Fatality has also been listed as one of the best from the series by both Game Informer and UGO in 2010 , as well as by Complex in 2013 . On the other hand , his Fatality in which he throws a Mortal Kombat arcade were pointed by both Game Informer and GamePro as one of the worst from the series , even as GamesRadar listed it among the reasons of Liu Kang being " boss " . - Some video game publications criticized his gameplay and shouts while others noted him to be entertaining . IGN 's Douglas Perry wrote that he preferred Liu Kang over Kung Lao as a playable character in Shaolin Monks because of his " intuitive fighting moves , " adding that his shouts were " annoying " yet " pleasing . " also complained about his voice , saying that " Liu Kang screams out like a chicken , " and GamesRadar wrote that " the strange he emits during his trademark Bicycle Kick move are . " - - - = Inocybe praetervisa = - - Inocybe praetervisa is a small , yellow and brown mushroom in the family , distinguished from other members of the genus by its unusual spores and bulb . The unusual spores led to the species being named the type species of the now @-@ abandoned genus Astrosporina ; recent studies have shown that such a genus could not exist , as the species with the defining traits do not form a monophyletic group . However , it is a part of several clades within the genus Inocybe . I. praetervisa grows on the ground in woodland , favouring beech trees , and can be found in Europe , North America and Asia . It is inedible and probably poisonous due to the presence of muscarine . The ingestion of muscarine can lead to syndrome , and could potentially lead to death due to respiratory failure . - - = = Taxonomy and naming = = - - Inocybe praetervisa was first described by in the first volume of Giacomo 's 1883 publication Fungi . The species was moved to the genus Astrosporina by Joseph Schröter in 1889 , but this was rejected , and the name Astrosporina praetervisa is now considered an synonym . Astrosporina praetervisa was the type species of the no longer recognised genus . The specific epithet praetervisa comes from the Latin word meaning " overlooked " . - Within the genus Inocybe , I. praetervisa has been placed in the subgenus Inocybe . Mycologist Rolf Singer places the species in the section ; mycologist Thom considers a , and includes I. praetervisa along with I. , I. calospora and I. . has shown that , in addition to the large clade of subgenus Inocybe , I. praetervisa forms a clade with I. calospora , I. and I. leptophylla . The species are similar in that all four have with small ; it was this feature that defined the genus Astrosporina , with then A. praetervisa as its type species . However , when phylogenetic analysis later concluded that @-@ spored Inocybe species do not form a monophyletic group , the name Astrosporina was deemed inappropriate at a generic level . But it may be considered useful at a lower level to refer to the clade of the four Inocybe species . Of those four , I. praetervisa is most closely related to I. calospora , with which it forms a smaller and closer clade . A different study also found the close relationship between I. praetervisa and I. calospora ; it also named I. as a part of the clade containing I. praetervisa , I. calospora , I. and I. leptophylla . - - = = Description = = - - Inocybe praetervisa has a bell @-@ shaped ( later expanding ) cap of 3 to 5 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter , which is a yellowish @-@ brown colour . It is fibrous , and splits from the margin ( which curves ) to the centre . The stem is from 5 to 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) in height , and from 3 to 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 31 in ) thick . It is white , to a pale straw @-@ yellow , and the whole stem is farinaceous , meaning it is covered in particles resembling meal . The stem has a distinct bulb at the base , which is moderately , and lacks a ring . The flesh is white , and to yellowish in the stem . The gills are initially whitish , but later become a clay @-@ brown with , white edges . They are , meaning they connect to the stem by only part of their depth , and are crowded closely together . - - = = = Microscopic features = = = - - Inocybe praetervisa leaves a clay @-@ brown spore print , while the spores themselves are rectangular with a large number of " distinct , angular " . In size , the spores measure between 10 and 12 micrometres ( 0 @.@ and 0 @.@ in ) in length by between 7 and 9 micrometres ( 0 @.@ and 0 @.@ in ) in width . Inocybe praetervisa has both and cheilocystidia which are relatively spindle @-@ shaped with . The cystidia have hyaline or pale yellow walls . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The species can be differentiated from the similar I. by its " irregular , spores " . It is also similar to I. , but differs in the presence of a bulb . Another species that can be differentiated by the lack of a bulb is I. . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - Inocybe praetervisa is an ectomycorrhizal species , and can be found on the ground in mixed , deciduous or even coniferous woodland . It typically favours beech . Mushrooms grow or in " groups " in late summer and throughout autumn , though it is not commonly encountered species . It can be found in Europe , Asia and North America . - - = = Edibility and toxicity = = - - The species has a mild , taste , and a faint smell of flour . Mycologist Roger Phillips describes its edibility as " suspect " , recommending that it be avoided , and notes that it is possible that the species is poisonous ; most species of Inocybe have been shown to contain poisonous chemicals . Mycologist Ian Robert Hall lists the mushroom as containing the poisonous compound muscarine . of muscarine could lead to a number of physiological effects , including : excess , , uncontrollable and defecation , gastrointestinal problems and ( vomiting ) ; this array of symptoms is also known by the acronym . Other potential effects include a drop in blood pressure , sweating and death due to respiratory failure . - - - = Hannah Primrose , Countess of Rosebery = - - Hannah Primrose , Countess of Rosebery ( 27 July 1851 – 19 November 1890 ) was a British , the daughter of Baron Mayer de Rothschild and the wife of Archibald , Earl of Rosebery . After her father 's fortune in 1874 , she became the richest woman in Britain . - During the final quarter of the 19th century her husband , the Earl of Rosebery , was one of the most celebrated figures in Britain , an influential millionaire and politician , whose charm , wit , and public popularity gave him such standing that he " almost eclipsed royalty . " Yet his Jewish wife , during her lifetime regarded as dull , overweight and lacking in beauty , remains an figure largely ignored by historians and often regarded as notable only for financing her husband 's three ambitions : to marry an , win the Epsom Derby , and become Prime Minister ( the second and third of these possibly ambitions were achieved after her death ) . In truth , she was her husband 's driving force and motivation . - Her marriage into the aristocracy , while controversial at the time , gave her the social in an antisemitic society that her vast fortune could not . She subsequently became a political hostess and philanthropist . Her charitable work was principally in the sphere of public health and causes associated with the welfare of working @-@ class Jewish women living in the poorer districts of London . - Having firmly assisted and supported her husband on his path to political greatness , she suddenly died in 1890 , aged 39 , leaving him , distraught and bereft of her support , to achieve the political destiny which she had plotted . His of the United Kingdom was , and lasted barely a year . For over thirty years following her death , he wandered in a political wilderness , and exceedingly eccentric , until his own death in 1929 . - - = = Early years = = - - Hannah de Rothschild was born in 1851 into a world of great wealth and luxury . She was the granddaughter of Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild , who had founded N M Rothschild & Sons , the English branch of the Rothschilds ' banking empire . Niall Ferguson states in his History of the House of Rothschild that by the mid @-@ 19th century the Rothschilds regarded themselves as the nearest thing the Jews of Europe had to a royal family , and the equals of royalty . Whether or not this was strictly true , the many Rothschild homes and their art collections , in England , Austria , France and Germany , certainly those of the crowned heads of Europe . - Hannah de Rothschild 's father Baron Meyer de Rothschild married his cousin Cohen in 1850 . The marriage provided the for Meyer to create what he described as " an enduring monument , " a country house of monumental proportions . His daughter Hannah , aged just six months , laid the foundation stone on 31 December 1851 . Throughout her life , Mentmore Towers was to be a fixed and pivotal point . - Within a few years of the mansion 's completion , attracted by the good hunting and proximity to London , Hannah 's relatives began to build estates nearby , all within a carriage drive of each other ; thus , Hannah grew up in an almost private world of and security . has described this of Rothschild properties as " the most conspicuous and significant aspect of Victorian architecture in Buckinghamshire . " In addition to Mentmore , Baron and Baroness Meyer de Rothschild had a large house in London , 107 Piccadilly ; The , a luxurious yacht moored in the South of France ; and other smaller properties visited only seasonally and occasionally . - As an only child growing up in what were , in all but name , palaces , her childhood appears to have been quite lonely . She was a companion to her mother and , in later life , a hostess with her father during her mother 's long periods of . She was indulged by both parents and her formal education was neglected in favour of music and singing lessons , subjects in which she was accomplished . Her parents were very protective of her , attempting to ensure that she was never exposed to the risk of sickness or even the sight of poverty . As a result , she was never allowed to enter the cottages on the Rothschilds ' estates . A cousin , who seems to have disliked her , claims that Hannah was so sheltered that the phrase " the poor " was just a meaningless to her . This is likely to be an exaggeration , as from her teens onwards she used much of her fortune to improve the lot of the poor , in housing and education . Whatever the faults of her education , she possessed great confidence , impressing her Rothschild relations , who noted her poise and competence when she hosted a large house party at Mentmore for the Prince of Wales while only 17 years of age . - Mayer de Rothschild died in 1874 , leaving his daughter not only Mentmore ( with its art collection ) , his London mansion , and investments , but also the sum of two million pounds sterling in cash ( equivalent to £ 167 million in present day terms ) . Thus , Hannah de Rothschild became the wealthiest woman in England . - - = = = = - - Hannah de Rothschild was first introduced to her future husband , the 28 @-@ year @-@ old Earl of Rosebery , by Lady , the wife of Benjamin Disraeli , at Newmarket Racecourse . The were close friends and neighbours of the Rothschilds in Buckinghamshire . - Archibald , 5th Earl of Rosebery , born in 1847 , had inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868 , when aged 21 , together with an income of £ 30 @,@ 000 a year . He owned 40 @,@ 000 acres ( 160 km ² ) in Scotland , and land in Norfolk , Hertfordshire , and Kent . His father had died when he was eight and he had been brought up by his mother , who had subsequently married Harry , 4th Duke of Cleveland . His mother was a distant figure , and their relationship was always strained . The Earls of Rosebery , whose family name was Primrose , were old , if undistinguished , members of the Scottish aristocracy . Rosebery was considered to be strikingly handsome and immensely cultivated . He was highly intelligent , and a brilliant future was forecast for him by his tutors at both Eton and Christ Church , Oxford . - As early as 1876 , there were rumours of an engagement . However , several hurdles had to be overcome before a marriage could take place . While the Jewish Rothschilds were accepted into society , and indeed were close friends of some members of the royal family including the Prince of Wales , as elsewhere in Europe , antisemitic feelings were prevalent in the upper echelons of society and particularly so among those closest to the Queen at court , where following the death of the Prince in 1861 the Rothschilds became excluded . The Queens Arthur Edward referred to the Rothschild 's dining tables as " with the Hebrew gold " going so far as to say a visiting Russian royal needed a " " visit to Westminster Abbey following acceptance of Rothschild hospitality . Queen Victoria herself expressed antisemitic views in 1873 when it was proposed that Lionel de Rothschild be elevated to the peerage the Queen refused and expressed a reluctance to make a Jew a peer – saying " to make a Jew a peer is a step she could not consent to " and furthermore stated to give " a title and mark of her to a Jew " . Lord Spencer advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against attending a Rothschild ball with the words " The Prince ought only to visit those of position in Society . " However , this did not prevent the Prince from accepting Rothschild 's invitations and gifts privately . While one could be friends with Jews and accept their hospitality , their social status was still not sufficiently elevated to include marriage into the peerage without comment . - Rosebery 's own mother was horrified at the thought of a , even a Rothschild , in the family . Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith ; at this time , it was that any children could be reared as Jews . Although it has been stated that Rosebery himself was devoid of any antisemitic views , this was not always true , especially in later life . - This factor also worked in reverse ; while Hannah de Rothschild was keen to marry Rosebery , she was also aware of many obstacles , the foremost being that she was devoted to her faith , and to leave it would be a severe moral . Another obstacle was the Rothschild family itself : it was their custom to marry cousins to keep their fortune within the family . Ironically , Hannah herself had opposed the marriage of her cousin Annie de Rothschild to the Christian Eliot Yorke , the son of the Earl of Hardwicke , in 1866 . In fact , she was to be the third daughter of the family 's English branch to marry outside of the Jewish faith , but such was the fame of the and the resultant publicity that the Jewish elders and press felt an example needed to be made . The Jewish Chronicle announced its " most poignant grief " at the prospect , and added , " If the flame seize on the cedars , how will fare the on the wall : if the is brought up with a hook , how will the escape , " demonstrating what a threat to the social fabric of the Jewish faith the Jewish elders saw in the prospect of such a marriage . The quotation , originally from the Babylonian Talmud , can be taken to mean that the elders and respected members and more notable members of the Jewish faith should set a good example by strictly following the teachings of the Jewish articles of faith which upon marriage to members of other religions . - The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878 , a day Rosebery forever afterwards regarded as sacred . Writing to a friend in January 1878 , Rosebery described his wife as " very simple , very , very clever , very warm @-@ hearted and very shy ... I never knew such a beautiful character . " The marriage was celebrated in London on 20 March 1878 at the Board Room of in Mount Street , and also in a Christian ceremony at Christ Church in Down Street , Piccadilly . To show " official " disapproval , no male member of the Rothschild family attended the ceremonies . However , any shortcomings in the guest list were compensated for by the guest of honour — the Prince of Wales — and Disraeli , who gave the bride away . - - = = Marriage = = - - For the first few years following their marriage , the Roseberys resided in London in the Piccadilly house Lady Rosebery had inherited from her father . However , as the couple 's social and political interests increased from 1882 , they leased the larger Lansdowne House . Lansdowne House was one of the finest of the aristocratic palaces in London , well suited to be the home of the political which Hannah Rosebery was to establish . Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty , authors such as Henry James and Oscar Wilde , and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time . Henry James , an occasional guest in the Roseberys ' homes , delivered one of the most condemnations of Lady Rosebery describing her as " ... large , coarse , Hebrew @-@ looking with hair of no particular colour and personally unattractive " . - The Roseberys divided their year among their various homes : London for the social season and parliament , Mentmore at weekends to entertain both political and shooting house @-@ parties . In August the household would move north to Dalmeny for the grouse shooting . In between , occasional days and the Derby meeting would be spent at their home " The " in Epsom . Though small by comparison to their other homes , this mansion was described by Henry James as the most and comfortable of the Roseberys ' many homes and as a delightful house full of books and sporting pictures , with just a few and . Together the Earl and Countess of Rosebery added greatly to not only the Mentmore collection but also to that housed at Dalmeny House , Rosebery 's Scottish seat , amassing a great library of rare and continental volumes and a collection of artefacts formerly belonging to the Emperor Napoleon I. - - = = = Relationship with Rosebery = = = - - Published commentators on the Roseberys claim their marriage was happy , and there is no known evidence that Hannah was anything other than happy in her marriage , and quite a lot to suggest she was indeed happy . However , much evidence suggests that Rosebery , while to be happy , was at times and bored by Hannah , who was always keen to accommodate his every whim . - There were times when Lady Rosebery 's devotion to her husband was tested . Rosebery may have not been antisemitic before his marriage ; however , the wit for which he was famous led him to make remarks that could have been taken in such a way , once his marriage had secured the Rothschild fortune . Rosebery seems to have disliked his first son , who he claimed looked " Jewish . " On seeing his son for the first time he remarked " Le Jew est fait , ne plus , " which must have been disconcerting for the child 's very Jewish mother . Rosebery , who has been described as and , replied in a letter of congratulations on the birth of his heir from Mary Gladstone : " I cannot pretend to be much excited by an event which occurs to almost every human being and which may cause me a great deal of . " Rosebery then left his newborn child and wife ( who was again pregnant ) for a year @-@ long tour of Australia . On another occasion , when the Roseberys were travelling in India , Rosebery is reported to have announced " I will travel ahead , Hannah and the rest of the heavy baggage will follow the next day . " - While the marriage was based on warmth and esteem on Rosebery 's side and adoration on Hannah 's , it seems that Rosebery often found his wife 's devotion irritating , and this sometimes caused him to be impatient with her . He was often abrupt with her in public . She , by contrast , was completely by him , and would frequently ignore her neighbours at a dinner party to listen to her husband 's conversation further down the table , a faux almost considered a crime in Victorian society . Those who saw the couple alone at home " could not doubt the affection as well as the comprehension that united them . " - However , at times Rosebery 's behaviour could be eccentric . Gladstone remarked that Rosebery was , perhaps , rather too concerned with his health . Early in the marriage Rosebery decided to renovate the small ruined Castle ( the original Rosebery family seat ) , close to , and within sight of , Dalmeny House . Once renovation was complete in 1882 , Rosebery used it as a private retreat from his family , and began to spend his nights there alone . Always an , he claimed that the " of the waters [ the nearby Firth of Forth ] were conducive to sleep . " Books were his passion , and he assembled a huge library in the small castle . Thus Rosebery was able to lead a life at Dalmeny with his wife , but also quite apart from her . - During their marriage the Roseberys travelled extensively , usually without their children . In September 1883 the couple left their children in the care of the and nursery maids , supervised by Rosebery 's sister Lady , for a long tour of America and Australia . Lady Rosebery owned large investments in North America , including in Texas and mines in Montana . Their arrival in New York was widely reported , and a full and description of Lady Rosebery was reported in The Herald . The newspaper went on to describe Rosebery as looking like a prosperous farmer . Lady Rosebery was very taken with California , from where she wrote : " The inhabitants are very entertaining ... the women are very handsome , think nothing of dresses costing £ 80 , " fix up " their faces very frequently and are generally divorced . " Having toured and been in America , the party moved on to Australia via Honolulu . In Australia , Rosebery chose to indulge his habit of solitude , installing his wife in a hotel in Sydney , while he went off alone to tour the outback . - Rosebery 's frequent absences from his wife fuelled gossip that he was a secret homosexual . It has been claimed that the air that Rosebery wore was a mask to disguise his secret homosexual life . The worry of this illegal secret , it was claimed , and fear of exposure , caused his insomnia and bouts of depression . It was even that his Castle retreat was really a venue for clandestine with young men . Rosebery 's possible homosexuality has been much discussed in recent times . Nothing conclusive has ever been found one way or the other , but it is possible that he had homosexual experiences while in the care of a at Eton in his youth . No evidence exists that his wife was aware of these rumours against her husband , or even that she would have understood them , bearing in mind her sheltered upbringing and limited education . Sex education was not part of a 19th @-@ century upper @-@ class girl 's schooling . The more public and precise accusations of Rosebery 's homosexuality by the Marquess of Queensberry did not occur until three years after Lady Rosebery 's death . - The relationship between the couple appears at times to have been almost that of a mother and child . Rosebery , a self @-@ centred , reserved man , prone to depression , and insecurity , had a difficult relationship with his mother who had been distant and openly preferred his younger brother . Lady Rosebery , an and only child , appears to have been desperate to lavish affection . Once upon entering a book shop she told her children they were entering a toy shop , and when the disappointed children pointed out the obvious she replied " to your father this is a toy shop . " Lord Rosebery 's friend Edward Hamilton recorded her " notable faculty of getting other people to work and their . " It seems she was the driving force of the relationship , with her feet firmly on the ground . She made herself the link between the world and her " thin skinned and neurotic " husband . While her husband or withdrew with hurt pride from a situation , she came to the forefront to plead his case or cause . If she was aware of his faults she gave no indication of it . - - = = = Children = = = - - The marriage produced four children : Lady Sybil Primrose , born in 1879 ; Lady Margaret Primrose , born in 1881 ; the heir Harry Primrose , Lord Dalmeny ( later 6th Earl of Rosebery ) , born in 1882 ; and finally the Honourable Neil Primrose , born the same year as his elder brother . - As a mother , Lady Rosebery was presented with a dilemma : she was in fact already practically a mother to her husband who had no great feeling for a proximity to small babies . This was particularly evident in June 1880 when shortly after the birth of their first child Sybil , Rosebery wished to visit Germany for three months , to take a cure at a German spa ( he was recovering from what is now thought to have been a nervous breakdown ) . His wife accompanied him . However , Rosebery , clearly aware of his wife 's frustrated maternal instincts , reported that Hannah every detail of the daily letters from London concerning the baby , and that she never complained at the forced separation . - More revealing is a comment Lady Rosebery herself made to her husband , " I sometimes think it is wrong that I have thought less of the children in comparison to you " shortly before her death in 1890 , suggesting that when a choice between her children and husband was forced on her , she always chose her husband . However , the same comment also hints that she was not unaware that her choice was at the cost of her children . - When assessing Lady Rosebery 's behaviour to her children it should be remembered that she lived in an era of plentiful , wet nurses , and governesses which the upper classes employed as the norm . These people were employed regardless of the mother 's affection towards her children ; it was that a would nurse her own children , and to do so would have been breaking social conventions . Hence her lack of attention to her children was not unusual – she was following the upper class conventions and " stiff upper lip " philosophies of her era . However , in spite of their prolonged absences from their children , the Roseberys do not appear to have been very distant or remote figures in the earliest stages of their children 's lives . Margot Asquith records how Rosebery loved to play and romp on the floor with the children . - - = = Politics = = - - It has been said of Hannah de Rothschild that she grew up with a good sense and presence of mind , enabling her to for her mother on grand social occasions at Mentmore and in London . This gave her confidence and the experience to be the perfect political wife . Marriage to her altered Rosebery 's status , too : while his wife acquired Christian respectability and a title , Rosebery moved from being one of many wealthy and capable young noblemen to being one with riches . This , coupled with his good looks , appealed to the public 's imagination and gave him glamour . - From the outset of the marriage , political members of the Rothschild family took an interest in Rosebery , and he was soon acclaimed as one of the rising hopes of the Liberal Party . As a hereditary peer , he already had a seat in the House of Lords and had made his maiden speech there on attaining his majority . But brilliant as he was , Rosebery tended to and boredom . Lord Granville in fact considered Rosebery 's wife to be the more ambitious of the pair , and even advised her " If you keep him up to the mark , [ he ] is sure to have his page in history . " The subtle driving of her often languid and husband to achieve his " page in history " was to become her d 'être . Rosebery 's secretary Thomas Gilmour noted : " She is thoroughly genuine and very tender and devoted to Lord Rosebery , it is easy to see that she is very proud of him , and she is a woman of considerable force of character and great energy , she may prove to be a powerful ally in his political career . " Rosebery was not a natural politician . He was an idealist who disliked the of politics , in fact " his innate dislike of politics was something Lady Rosebery always fought against . " However , he was a gifted , and this was an era when platform speaking was beginning to replace House of Commons debate . On a tour of America before his marriage , Rosebery had been impressed by the campaigning of prospective political candidates ; in Britain little had changed in that respect since the of the 18th century . He realised how an electorate could be by a candidate touring his prospective constituency , aided by a well thought @-@ out series of events , rallies and advertising , with the candidate 's ideal and attractive family smiling by his side . Thus Lady Rosebery not only pushed and encouraged him behind the scenes but was now to become an encouraging and conspicuous figure by his side . In this way it could be said she was the first openly " political wife " in Britain . - This first became evident in the great campaign to re @-@ elect Gladstone . Known today as the Midlothian campaign , it was by the Roseberys . Rosebery used his influence to have Gladstone invited to stand as parliamentary candidate for Midlothian , near to Rosebery 's Dalmeny estate . Gladstone had nominally retired from politics after losing his Greenwich seat in 1874 , when Disraeli had been swept to power . The campaign was based at Dalmeny where Lady Rosebery hosted a series of large political house parties throughout the long campaign . The were later to claim that Rosebery had paid for Gladstone 's campaign . Rosebery later admitted to spending £ 50 @,@ 000 . - The Roseberys ' house party would leave Dalmeny and tour towns and cities across Midlothian and Scotland , with Gladstone and the speakers often addressing vast crowds from the back of an American @-@ designed car specially acquired by Rosebery for the purpose . The scenes at these meetings have been described as something between a carnival and an 's revival meeting . While in the grounds of Dalmeny House itself , the public were treated to a great display . - Throughout all this , Gladstone was supported not only by the popular and charismatic Rosebery but also by an array of well @-@ dressed women including Lady Rosebery and Gladstone 's daughter Mary . These fashionable people – the celebrities of their day ( newspapers at the time gave many column inches each day to the of the upper classes ) – were as much a crowd @-@ as the political speakers , and Rosebery 's planning used that to full effect . One meeting was so packed that many were : 70 @,@ 000 people applied for tickets in a hall capable of holding 6 @,@ 500 . Lady Rosebery reported , " I had never heard Archie ( Lord Rosebery ) speak in public politically before , but after the first minute I felt I could never be nervous at his making a speech the audience show him great affection . " [ sic ] However it was not just Gladstone and Rosebery the huge crowds had come to see , but also the supporting and smiling families . Lady Rosebery went on to describe how " They ( the crowds ) me on the back till my shoulders were sensitive . " Thus in Rosebery 's first serious involvement in politics , Disraeli was defeated and the newly elected MP for Midlothian became Prime Minister for the second time ( the caretaker liberal leader Lord Hartington retired in favour of Gladstone ) . It was also obvious that Lady Rosebery was a very evident and valuable political asset . As the Marquess of Crewe put it " she had cut her spurs . " - Her political and ambitions for her husband were however to be more severely tested following the Liberal victory . Rosebery was , as expected , offered a position in Government by Gladstone . It had been rumoured that the position of Viceroy of Ireland or a cabinet place would be , but it turned out to be the job of Under Secretary of the India Office . Rosebery immediately declined the post , giving as his reason that it would appear that he was being repaid for running Gladstone 's campaign ( as though the position would not ) . When pressed further he cited ill health — he had been suffering from scarlet fever during the Midlothian campaign and now also appeared to be suffering a minor nervous breakdown . Political leaders urged Lady Rosebery to influence him , but she defended his decision , while stressing that his deterioration in health was only temporary . She had to be careful — if it appeared her husband had declined the offer on the grounds that it was too , it would give substance to the claims being made that he was and . Whatever the truth , and it may be Rosebery 's own explanation that he " disliked hard work , " Lady Rosebery continued to Gladstone for a job for Rosebery within the cabinet . In August 1880 , when Gladstone told her firmly that " There is nothing I can give him , " she claimed she had not been seeking a cabinet post and Gladstone had misunderstood her . At the same time she was enough to mention that Sir William Harcourt and Sir Charles Dilke , both radicals opposed to Gladstone 's policies , were " visiting them " and " thoughtful . " Lady Rosebery also began to befriend those politicians such as Lord who with her husband , while others such as Lord Granville and Lord Hartington she identified as aloof . She dismissed Lord Spencer with " I can never look on him as a great motive power , besides he does not mention Archie [ Rosebery ] to me . " This was the same Lord Spencer who had advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against visiting the homes of wealthy Jews . - Finally her soliciting paid off and in 1881 , Rosebery was offered a government position acceptable to him , that of Under Secretary at the Home Office with special responsibility for Scotland . He had sought the position feeling that Scotland was neglected by the Liberal Government who were more interested in Ireland . However , immediately upon assuming the job he began to demand a place in the cabinet . The office he sought was that of Lord Privy Seal , a position Gladstone refused on account of Rosebery 's inexperience in Government . It appeared that Rosebery was showing his true colours and he was accused of like a child , with doubts cast over the of his reasons for refusing the Under of the India Office . Lady Rosebery , " conscious of her husband 's supreme ability , " wanted him in the cabinet and was furiously her husband 's discontent until Rosebery threatened to resign his Home Office position . Lady Rosebery had an angry row with Gladstone 's wife , where Mrs Gladstone pointed out that if Rosebery resigned he would have nothing but horse racing to interest him , and that Lady Rosebery should be patient as her husband was young . Rosebery , accepting that a cabinet place was not going to be forthcoming , resigned from Government . Lady Rosebery , realising further appeal to the was pointless , tried a new — Lord Hartington , the immensely influential Secretary of State for War , who was already with Gladstone over the Irish home rule problem , and whom she allegedly met by chance at Preston Railway Station . him into her carriage for the journey to London , she pleaded her husband 's case for three hours to her captive listener . The Roseberys then immediately left England and their children for a long trip to America and Australia . On their return in 1885 Rosebery was appointed Lord Privy Seal , complete with the seat in the cabinet which he sought . - Gladstone resigned as Prime Minister in 1885 following a Government defeat over the Irish home rule question . The new Tory government was led by Lord Salisbury . However , as a minority administration it was not expected to last , and a swift return of the former administration was anticipated . During this period serious ( if unproven ) charges of plotting and ruthless ambition were about to be levelled against Lady Rosebery . Sir Charles Dilke , considered as a likely replacement for Gladstone , and thus a rival to Rosebery in government , was implicated in one of the most and ruinous divorce cases of the era . Involvement in any divorce was social suicide in the 19th century , but the facts which emerged were enough to ensure it was political suicide as well . A friend of the Roseberys , Donald Crawford , MP , sued his wife Virginia for divorce naming Dilke as co @-@ . There was little evidence and Dilke denied the charge , which could have been ultimately forgotten , if Virginia had not suddenly decided to sign a confession giving such lurid details that a great scandal was . She claimed that not only had Dilke slept with her and taught her " French vices " , but also slept with her mother and in a three @-@ in @-@ a @-@ bed with Virginia and a maid . Dilke denied everything , but his hopes of high political office were ruined forever . Dilke claimed the whole thing was an of lies and by his political enemies . began to circulate that the Roseberys , and Lady Rosebery in particular , were at the bottom of Dilke 's misfortune . In his futile quest to himself , and grasping at , Dilke wrote to Rosebery accusing Lady Rosebery of having paid Virginia to make the confession . An outraged Rosebery denied all on his wife 's behalf , while in December 1885 Lady Rosebery 's only response on being told of Virginia Crawford 's was : " Dilke 's behaviour is very astonishing in some reports , though it is not an actual surprise to me . " Early the following year Gladstone was returned to power and Rosebery was appointed Foreign Secretary in Gladstone 's third but brief term of office . Dilke 's political career was ruined , and for years afterwards he continued to expound the Rosebery conspiracy theory . Nothing was ever proven against Lady Rosebery and no evidence exists to the claim . - The impartiality demanded by Rosebery 's new office forced him to sell many of his business interests , which had come by the way of the Rothschild family , to be seen to be avoiding a conflict of interest . However , his wife 's ambition and part in his rise to power was not only being recognised in high places , but clearly starting to . On being told that Lady Rosebery was very keen for her husband to become Foreign Secretary , Gladstone replied " She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her . " Rosebery was now on the path to political greatness , but Gladstone 's government fell the same year . Lady Rosebery was not to see her husband achieve the highest political office . - - = = = = - - Like many other women of her class and era , Lady Rosebery patronised a great number of charities . Her chief causes appear to have all been connected specifically to the assistance and welfare of women . She was president of the Scottish Home Industries Association , a charity which encouraged Scottish women to work from home making or other items of and the like . In this way women , especially widowed mothers , remained in their homes able to care for their often large families while still earning an income . - Queen Victoria appointed her president of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for in Scotland , the beginning of the district nurse system , which was to health care for the rural poor and sick in Britain . She was also interested in general improvements in standards of nursing . - Like many of her Rothschild relatives she was also deeply involved with the welfare of young working @-@ class women of the Jewish faith who inhabited the poorer areas of London , in particular . There she founded the Club for Jewish Working Girls . She also donated to numerous other charities connected with Jewish causes . However , within a week of her death her husband began to cancel many of these subscriptions , prompting charges of . - Her interest in education has been one of her most obvious surviving charitable legacies . She founded schools in all the villages surrounding the Roseberys ' estates . The Mentmore estate alone was serviced by three schools founded by her at , and Mentmore itself . Not only were the children educated at her expense by trained teachers , each was also provided with seasonal gifts of new clothes . School remains in its original building with her on its walls , while School , which opened in 1877 , survives in new premises . - One of her more pioneering and innovative charitable causes was the oral instruction of what were then called the and dumb . - - = = Death and legacy = = - - Lady Rosebery died of at Dalmeny in 1890 . She fought the disease , but it was found that she was also suffering from Bright 's disease , which had weakened her , making it impossible to survive the attack . She was buried in accordance with the rites of the Jewish faith . Rosebery found this particularly hard to bear , and wrote to Queen Victoria of the pain he experienced when " another steps in to claim the corpse . " It was only after her death that the doctors who had treated her disclosed to Rosebery that her kidney condition would have killed her within two years even if she had not contracted . - Her funeral was held on 25 November 1890 at Jewish Cemetery . As is the Jewish tradition , the service was attended only by male mourners , who included most members of Gladstone 's cabinet . - There is no evidence that Lady Rosebery drove her husband to follow her own political agenda , or that of her family . For her the rewards seem to have been the pleasure of seeing a husband she undoubtedly in the high office of which she felt him worthy . There is no doubt that she tempered her husband 's more radical views . Immediately following his wife 's death Rosebery retired from politics , writing in October 1891 " The sole object of my ambition has disappeared with the death of my wife . " Proof of the widespread belief in society that Lady Rosebery was the stable element of the partnership was confirmed shortly after her death , by Queen Victoria , following a then rare public speech by Rosebery , in which he supported Home Rule for Ireland . The Queen was shocked and thought the speech " almost " and went on to attribute Rosebery 's " shocking and disappointing " behaviour to the fact that " poor Lady Rosebery is not there to keep him back . " While Queen Victoria always personally liked Rosebery , she his politics . The Queen had thoroughly liked Lady Rosebery and wrote Rosebery several letters of , likening his loss to the untimely death of her own consort , Prince Albert . It seems that the Queen 's antipathy to Jews was confined to elevating them to the peerage . This view had softened by 1885 . In 1890 she accepted a invitation from Lady Rosebery 's cousin Ferdinand de Rothschild and toured Manor albeit eating in a separate dining room to the Jewish members of the party . - Shortly after his wife 's death , Rosebery left his grieving children and went alone on a tour of Spain . Following a visit to El Escorial he wrote on the sepulchral wonders of the building , but added " for the dead alone the Taj is of course supreme . " On his return home he had designed for his wife a Victorian Gothic version of the Taj in miniature . For the remainder of his life he wore black and used black edged writing paper . Once , when talking with his daughter Sybil , he asked her what mourning she thought her mother would have worn had the situation been reversed . Sybil replied , " She would not have worn any , she would have died at once . " - Ronald Munro Ferguson has been quoted in 1912 as saying " many things would have gone otherwise had Lady Rosebery lived . Her loss is today as great a from every point of view as it was at the time of her death . " - changed Rosebery , both mentally and physically : he aged overnight , and began to refer to himself as an old man . Two years after her death , friends were still concerned that he was . Winston Churchill thought him by her death , and later said of her " she was a remarkable woman on whom Rosebery leaned , she was ever a and composing element in his life which he was never able to find again because he could never give full confidence to anyone else . " - Sir Edward Hamilton , Rosebery 's closest friend , wrote : - Her qualities were portrayed in literature when Lady Rosebery was reputed to be the model for Marcella Maxwell in Mrs Ward 's novels Marcella ( 1894 ) and Sir George ( 1909 ) . The author lived at close to Lady Rosebery 's home at Mentmore and would certainly have known her , while in the books Marcella 's house is based on Hampden House , also in Buckinghamshire . - The Liberals did not return to office until 1892 . Lord Rosebery was eventually persuaded to enter government , becoming once again Foreign Secretary serving under Gladstone as Prime Minister . In 1894 on Gladstone 's retirement he achieved his wife 's ambitions and became Prime Minister , but by then Lady Rosebery was dead . Without her , Rosebery was a shadow of his former self , taking huge doses of morphine to combat insomnia and nerves . His Prime lasted barely a year , marred by problems and difficulties . For the remainder of his life and without his wife , as Queen Victoria it , " to hold him back " , he became more and more eccentric and controversial in his decisions . His final years were by ill health and a self @-@ enforced seclusion in Scotland . He died in 1929 . - Before their marriage and his full @-@ time entry into politics , Rosebery 's future wife had written with extraordinary and ambition to him : " I work only to help you , if you are Prime Minister , let me imitate Montagu . " had been Disraeli 's influential private secretary on whom he had relied . Rosebery only ever trusted his wife . Without her to calm and order his life he was a neurotic wreck . - Lady Rosebery 's eldest son , Harry , who was less successful in politics than his father and brother , distinguished himself by becoming captain of Surrey County Cricket Club and owning two Epsom Derby @-@ winning horses . He succeeded his father as 6th Earl of Rosebery and died in 1974 . Margaret married her father 's old friend and biographer the Marquess of Crewe . Such was still the fame of her parents that London traffic was brought to a standstill on her wedding day in 1899 . Lady Crewe became one of the first women magistrates in Britain ; she died in 1955 . Lady Sybil has been summarised by one of her father 's biographers : " Even more eccentric than her father , she spent much of her time living in a caravan . " Neil , the second of the Roseberys ' sons , entered politics and a promising future was for him . However , on the outbreak of World War I he joined the army , and was killed leading a charge at in 1917 . - Of Hannah Rosebery 's homes , the lease on Lansdowne House was surrendered shortly before her death , when the Roseberys purchased 38 Berkeley Square . This property was transformed into one of London 's most luxurious town houses . However , Lady Rosebery did not live to see the work completed . Her son Harry sold the house in 1938 , and it was demolished . A year later a bomb landed on the empty site during World War II . The was bequeathed to her daughter , Sybil , in 1929 and was sold together with its contents in 1955 . Lord and Lady Rosebery 's library there was given to the nation at this time . Mentmore , the grandest of the Roseberys ' homes , was sold by Lady Rosebery 's grandson , the 7th Earl of Rosebery , in 1977 , together with the Rothschild art collection , which Lady Rosebery had not only been intensely interested in but had enlarged considerably . She personally the collection , and wrote in the preface " In time to come , when , like all collections , this will be dispersed ( and I hope this will be long after my death ) this book may be of value . " Her two @-@ volume work and the collection it described remained so unknown that " Save Mentmore " ( a group attempting to halt the sale of Mentmore to keep the collection within Britain ) failed largely due to widespread public ignorance of both house and collection . A few pieces of furniture and paintings were taken to Dalmeny , ( the only house to remain in the family ) where they are displayed today , and three pictures including ' Madame de were purchased for the National Gallery . The remainder of the collection was dispersed in a week @-@ long sale and is now scattered across the globe . A further sale of the " Continental Library , " to which she had added , was conducted in 1995 at the Hall , London by 's . - In June 2011 , Christie 's auctioned a set of and diamond jewels ( a tiara , brooch and ) that were originally in Lady Rosebery 's ownership . - Today , Lady Rosebery is a mere footnote in the long history of her husband 's family , rather as Vanderbilt is regarded in the Spencer @-@ Churchill family . Her husband , once one of the " most celebrated figures in Britain , " is a minor figure in British history . Thus , Hannah , Countess of Rosebery , in her day celebrated in the worlds of politics , , and high society , is largely unknown and forgotten . - - - = Hurricane Uleki = - - Hurricane Uleki , also referred as Typhoon Uleki , was a long @-@ lived tropical cyclone in August – September 1988 that had minimal effects on land . from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone in late @-@ August , Uleki was identified as a tropical depression well to the southeast of Hawaii on August 28 . organization ensued as it moved west , becoming a tropical storm on August 30 and a hurricane on August 31 . Rapid intensification took place thereafter and the storm reached its peak intensity on September 2 as a Category 3 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Hurricane Hunters investigating the cyclone found peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 957 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 26 inHg ) . Thereafter , Uleki stalled for two days to the southwest of Hawaii , resulting in heavy surf across the state . The dangerous swells killed two people on Oahu . - environmental conditions caused weakening of the hurricane by September 4 as it resumed a west @-@ northwest course away from Hawaii . Conditions later became favorable and Uleki acquired winds of 105 mph ( 165 mph ) on September 7 , constituting its secondary peak . The hurricane crossed the International Dateline on September 8 and was reclassified as typhoon . well away from land , the cyclone steadily weakened to a tropical storm by September 12 . Gradually turning north and later east , the degrading cyclone transitioned into an extratropical cyclone four days later and ultimately dissipated on September 17 near the International Dateline . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - In late @-@ August 1988 , increased convective activity was noted along the Intertropical Convergence Zone by forecasters at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) . An area of low pressure subsequently developed within this disturbance and was designated as Tropical Depression One @-@ C at 12 : 00 UTC on August 28 . Upon classification , the depression was situated roughly 800 mi ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) southeast of the Big Island of Hawaii and moving west @-@ northwest . intensification ensued over the following day with the system attaining gale @-@ force winds by 18 : 00 UTC on August 29 , at which time it was assigned the name Uleki . The storm later attained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) on August 31 and was dubbed a hurricane as it passed 350 mi ( 560 km ) south of Hilo . Thereafter , Uleki underwent a sudden period of rapid intensification and achieved major hurricane status later that day . After reaching this strength , Uleki 's forward motion gradually and eventually almost ceased altogether on September 1 as upper @-@ level steering currents collapsed . - With the hurricane situated to the southwest of the Hawaiian Islands , Hurricane Hunters conducted several weather reconnaissance missions into the storm . On September 2 , they found maximum surface winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 957 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 26 inHg ) ; this corresponded to the peak intensity of Uleki . At the time , Uleki displayed a well @-@ organized , tight circulation . The hurricane meandered in the same general area over the next two days , executing several small loops , with a slight northward drift . During this time , its circulation increased in coverage but became less @-@ organized as weakening ensued . Increased wind shear and restricted outflow took their toll on the hurricane . The cyclone 's winds dropped to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by 12 : 00 UTC on September 4 as it resumed its west @-@ northwest track under the influence of a subtropical ridge away from the Hawaiian Islands . Uleki passed roughly halfway between Johnston Atoll and the French Frigate Shoals on September 5 . By September 7 , the weakened trend halted and environmental conditions favored . As Uleki neared the International Dateline , it regained winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . - At 00 : 00 UTC on September 8 , the CPHC transferred warning responsibility of Uleki to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and the storm was subsequently referred to as a typhoon . Transfer of warnings occurred when the storm was at 178 ° W rather than at the , where the boundary between the Central and West Pacific basins exists , for unknown reasons . Three hours later Uleki made its closest approach to Midway Atoll , passing 200 mi ( 320 km ) to the south . Shortly thereafter the system crossed the International Dateline and the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also began advising on the system . The JMA estimated Uleki to have had a pressure of mb ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 91 inHg ) at this time ; however , this value was derived from satellite estimates rather than direct measurements . Uleki maintained this strength through September 10 as it continued on its west @-@ northwest course . On that day , the typhoon again entered a region of weak steering currents between two within the subtropical ridge . A trough approaching from the west was forecast to prompt Uleki to turn east ; however , the typhoon maintained a general northwest motion in a @-@ stepped fashion . Increasing wind shear and cooler air soon imparted weakening , and Uleki degraded to a tropical storm by September 12 . - Continued effects from shear stripped the cyclone of all deep convection , and by September 14 only a band of clouds remained in association with Uleki . The JTWC issued their final warning on the system at 00 : 00 UTC that day accordingly . The JMA maintained the system as a tropical depression as the former typhoon began turning to the east . Uleki later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 16 as it accelerated to the east . The system dissipated the following day near the International Dateline , far from any major . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - As the hurricane stalled to the southwest of Hawaii on September 3 , tropical storm watches were issued for Oahu , Kauai , and . High surf advisories were raised for all islands as well . Following Uleki 's turn to the west on September 5 , the tropical storm watches were discontinued . The storm 's erratic movement proved to be troublesome for forecasters and they continuously warned residents to be cautious and alert should the storm double @-@ back to the state . On September 4 , at Beach and Beach rescued 19 people caught in 5 to 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 8 m ) swells . Further north in Oahu , two people drowned after being caught in rough waters . - The storm moved roughly halfway between the French Frigate Shoals and Johnston Island on September 5 with no adverse effects in either region due to its weakened state . On September 7 , the 300 residents of Midway Atoll and United States Coast Guard personnel stationed on Atoll prepared for possible hurricane @-@ force winds from the storm . Hurricane Uleki ultimately passed 200 mi ( 320 km ) south of Midway Atoll and produced some coastal flooding from increased surf . Some breaking waves spilled onto the runway at Henderson Field . - - - = 2016 Spanish Grand Prix = - - The 2016 Spanish Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Gran de Pirelli 2016 ) was a Formula One motor race held on 15 May 2016 at the Circuit de Barcelona @-@ in , Spain . The race was the fifth round of the 2016 season , and marked the forty @-@ sixth running of the Spanish Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship . It was the twenty @-@ sixth time that the race has been held at the circuit . - Nico Rosberg was the defending race winner and entered the round with a forty @-@ three point lead over teammate Lewis Hamilton in the Drivers ' Championship . Their team , Mercedes , held an eighty @-@ one point lead over Ferrari in the Constructors ' Championship . Hamilton took pole position during qualifying , ahead of teammate Rosberg and Red Bull 's Daniel Ricciardo . - Max Verstappen won the race upon his debut for his new team Red Bull , having his Toro Rosso seat with Daniil Kvyat ahead of the event . At the age of 18 years and 228 days , Verstappen became the youngest ever winner , the youngest driver to score a podium finish and the youngest ever to lead a lap of a Formula One race , breaking the previous records held by Sebastian Vettel . In the process he also became the first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix . Both Mercedes drivers retired from the race following a collision with each other on the first lap , thus marking the first Mercedes double retirement since the 2011 Australian Grand Prix and the first time the team had not scored a point since the 2012 United States Grand Prix . - - = = Report = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - Daniil Kvyat and Max Verstappen traded places ahead of the race . Verstappen joined Red Bull Racing while Kvyat returned to Toro Rosso . Red Bull 's team principal Christian Horner explained the driver swap with Verstappen 's talent , saying that the 18 @-@ year old Dutchman and Daniel Ricciardo had the potential to become Formula One 's best driver pairing . Furthermore , he stressed that Verstappen 's move to Red Bull would tie him to the team for the foreseeable future . Daniil Kvyat meanwhile expressed surprise at the decision , saying during Thursday 's press conference that he was " shocked " by his demotion , stressing that Red Bull did not give him a " real explanation " . Following problems with his power unit in both the Chinese and Russian Grand Prix , Lewis Hamilton received a redesigned @-@ H unit , in a bid to solve the troubles which hampered him earlier . However , Mercedes was unable to guarantee that the problem would not appear again . - With Spain being the first race in Western Europe , and a mid @-@ season test coming up after the race , many teams introduced their first major car updates for the Grand Prix . Mercedes ran a new front wing with a " more " nose during first free practice . Other changes were made to the engine cover and the rear wing . McLaren made more significant changes to their @-@ 31 , most notably on the front wing , which Sky Sports commentator Ted called the " most intricate front wing I 've ever seen " . Force India updated their to improve . According to the team , they were looking for improved rather than faster lap times . Renault introduced a new chassis for Jolyon Palmer . More significantly , the French manufacturer debuted a new version of their power unit for both their works team and Red Bull at the two @-@ day test following the race . All other teams except for Sauber also made changes to their cars , with the Swiss team continuing their financial struggles . They also announced that they would be forced to miss the mid @-@ season test , being unable to field a development driver , with regulations demanding that two out of four test days be driven by young driver talents . Both Sauber and Haas were allowed to use the updated version of Ferrari 's 2016 power unit , which the works team had already used in Russia two weeks earlier . - Going into the weekend , Nico Rosberg led the Drivers ' Championship , having taken the maximum number of 100 points from the first four races . Lewis Hamilton followed in second with 57 points , while Kimi Räikkönen was third with 43 points . Daniel Ricciardo followed in fourth , ahead of Sebastian Vettel . In the Constructors ' standings , Mercedes was first with 157 points , 81 points clear of second @-@ placed Ferrari . Behind them , Red Bull led fourth @-@ placed Williams by just six points . - - = = = Free practice = = = - - Per the regulations for the 2016 season , two 90 @-@ minute practice sessions were held on Friday and another 60 @-@ minute session was held before qualifying on Saturday . The Ferrari drivers , Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen , set the pace in the first session , both on the soft tyre compound . The Mercedes drivers Rosberg and Hamilton followed , albeit on the medium compound , recording more timed laps than their rivals . Both Red Bull cars followed in fifth and sixth , with Daniel Ricciardo faster than new teammate Max Verstappen . Bottas was seventh for Williams , two places ahead of teammate Felipe Massa , who at one point spun out at turn five . Upon his return to Toro Rosso , Daniil Kvyat was unable to match the pace of his teammate Carlos Sainz Jr . , ending up half a second behind him . Esteban made his first free practice appearance of the season for Renault , replacing Jolyon Palmer , but was unable to set a timed lap . He suffered a tyre failure , caused by debris on the track . Force India 's Sergio Pérez managed only nine laps as he spent much of the session in the pit lane after smoke emerged from the rear of his car . - Mercedes topped the time sheets in the second session , now switching to the soft compound tyres as well , with Nico Rosberg two and a half @-@ tenths of a second clear of Kimi Räikkönen , while Lewis Hamilton was third fastest , more than seven tenths off Rosberg 's time . Räikkönen 's running was interrupted for a while when he was called back into the to investigate a fuel system problem , but was able to get back out . Fernando Alonso was seventh fastest for McLaren , but needed a replacement of his car 's plank after running wide over artificial grass surrounding the track . His teammate , Jenson Button , also experienced problems , having to stop at the end of the early in the session with an electrical issue . Renault 's problem from the first session continued : Jolyon Palmer , back in his car in place of , suffered a tyre failure on the start @-@ finish straight , bringing out red flags in the process . Renault and tyre supplier Pirelli were left puzzled over the failure , as in this incident , no sign of a cut from debris was found . - Nico Rosberg was again fastest in the third practice session on Saturday morning , setting a time of 1 : 23 @.@ on his first timed run , a time that stood until the end of the session . Hamilton was second , 0 @.@ 126 seconds off , followed by Sebastian Vettel just two @-@ of a second behind him . In fourth place , Max Verstappen was faster than teammate Ricciardo for the first time , who finished fifth , ahead of Räikkönen . Upon beginning his preparation laps for qualifying , Rosberg had to come back into the garage , as a on his car was malfunctioning . The team was capable of repairing the damage and he went back out for the final minutes of practice . Sergio Pérez was satisfied with the eighth fastest time , saying that the car had improved " everywhere " following the updates it had received . - - = = = Qualifying = = = - - Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with six drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . In the first part of qualifying ( ) , Nico Rosberg set a time of 1 : 23 @.@ 002 , the fastest of the weekend up to that point , two @-@ tenths of a second ahead of teammate Hamilton . Manor and Sauber occupied the back rows of the grid . Felipe Massa 's first lap was seven @-@ tenths of a second slower than the one from his teammate Bottas and as he was unable to set another timed lap , he became the surprise elimination in , behind Jolyon Palmer , who was dropped into 17th place by a late improvement from Jenson Button . - In , it was Hamilton who came out on top , exactly six @-@ tenths of a second ahead of Rosberg . Verstappen was third fastest , ahead of Ricciardo in fifth . Kimi Räikkönen had to abandon his first fast lap after running wide in turn four , but later set a time good enough for fourth . Meanwhile , Sebastian Vettel recorded just one timed lap , saving a set of tyres and was sixth . On his return to Toro Rosso , Kvyat was eliminated in 13th place , while teammate Sainz went through to Q3 . Sergio Pérez advanced as well , his teammate into elimination in the process , who would line up eleventh on the grid . him on the sidelines for Q3 were Jenson Button in twelfth , with Romain , Kevin Magnussen and Esteban Gutiérrez lining up behind Kvyat . - Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg were the first out in Q3 . Hamilton 's early sector times put him on course to a new fastest lap of the weekend , but a brake at turn ten ruined his lap and tyres , handing provisional pole position to Rosberg . As the two Ferrari drivers struggled to find pace , Max Verstappen claimed second place for the time being , before the drivers went out for their second laps . Lewis Hamilton 's second flying lap Rosberg 's time by almost three @-@ tenths of a second , and saw him take the fifty @-@ second pole of his career . The two Red Bull cars of Ricciardo and Verstappen followed , with Räikkönen and Vettel for Ferrari in fifth and sixth respectively , both more than a second behind Hamilton . Bottas was best of the rest ahead of Sainz , Pérez and Alonso . It was the first appearance in Q3 for McLaren since they resumed their association with Honda in 2015 . - - = = = Race = = = - - At the start , Nico Rosberg got around the outside of Hamilton in turn one , while Räikkönen lost positions due to a slow getaway . Sebastian Vettel got past Verstappen , but was immediately on the approach to turn four . At the front of the race , coming out of turn three Hamilton and Rosberg collided ending the race of both Mercedes drivers . The collision resulted in a safety car period , with the order standing : Ricciardo , Verstappen , Sainz , Vettel and Räikkönen . The safety car came in at the end of lap four . Vettel got past Sainz on lap eight and Räikkönen tried to follow suit two laps later , but was forced off track into turn two . He completed the move one lap later at the same spot . Sainz and Button were the first to come into the pits for new tyres on lap 12 , followed by race leader Ricciardo one lap later , making Verstappen the first Dutchman to lead a Grand Prix , before he came in another lap later . When Vettel made a pit stop on lap 16 , he emerged third behind the two Red Bull drivers , all on the medium compound tyre . - By lap 20 , Sebastian Vettel was closing the gap to the two Red Bulls ahead of him , coming within three second of Verstappen . On lap 22 , Nico retired when his power unit caught fire and he had to stop on the sidelines . While Massa had fought from 18th on the grid into tenth , his teammate Bottas was lying fifth by lap 25 , ahead of Sainz . On lap 28 , Ricciardo was again the first of the front runners to pit , taking on the soft compound . Vettel came in two laps later , making the same choice in tyres . This left Verstappen to lead Kimi Räikkönen , as it emerged that both would run on a different strategy , only twice in contrast to the three stopping Vettel and Ricciardo . On lap 34 , the gap between the two leaders was 2 @.@ 1 seconds , before Verstappen came in on the following lap . Räikkönen responded one lap later , emerging behind Verstappen . On lap 39 , Vettel came in for his third and final stop , while Ricciardo stayed out for another four laps . When he returned to the track , he was behind Vettel , but on tyres . - While Räikkönen closed on Verstappen at the front , Fernando Alonso 's home race ended on lap 47 , pulling over to the side of the track at turn three . Räikkönen managed to get into the one @-@ second window to activate the drag reduction system ( DRS ) , as Vettel was eight seconds behind him with Ricciardo closing on him in fourth place . By lap 57 , Ricciardo was close enough to use DRS as well , but unable to pass . Three laps later , Ricciardo made an attempt at into turn one , but too late left him running wide , allowing Vettel back through . As the front runners , Kvyat , after scoring the first fastest lap for himself and Toro Rosso , overtook Gutiérrez for tenth place . Two laps from finish , Ricciardo suffered a puncture and was forced to pit , but retained fourth place ahead of Bottas . On the last lap , Renault drivers Kevin Magnussen and Jolyon Palmer collided , but both made it to the finish . As Verstappen crossed the finish line , he became the youngest ever and first Dutch race winner in Formula One . - - = = = Post @-@ race = = = - - At the podium interviews , conducted by singer Domingo , Verstappen expressed delight about a " great race " , his team with giving him a good car . Kimi Räikkönen said that while he was happy for Verstappen , he was disappointed not to have won . He blamed the lack of while following as the reason why he had been unable to pass Verstappen . Vettel the winner as well , but lamented that his different strategy had not worked out in his favour . During the post @-@ race press conference , Räikkönen stressed that had anyone offered the team two podium positions after their poor performance in qualifying , they would have taken it " happily " . Fourth placed Ricciardo expressed bitterness over Red Bull 's decision to switch him to a three @-@ stop strategy , which eventually lost him a podium position , saying : " I 'm a bit devastated . A big part of me is happy the team are on winning form but it 's hard to celebrate " . His team later explained their decision , declaring that they had focused their strategy on Vettel , who they had considered the biggest threat . - In the Grand Prix , Max Verstappen broke several records : apart from being the youngest ever driver to win a race at 18 years and 228 days , he also was the youngest to stand on a Formula One podium , in both instances breaking Sebastian Vettel 's record set at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix by more than two years . Vettel had been 21 years and 2 months at the time . Verstappen also became the youngest driver to lead at least one lap of a Grand Prix , again overcoming a record set by Vettel , at the 2007 Japanese Grand Prix . Verstappen also was the first driver born in the 1990s to win a Grand Prix . He received considerable praise after the race , with Sky Sports F1 's David saying that he " has shown he has everything to be a world champion " . His father Jos Verstappen , himself a former Grand Prix driver , declared that he considered his son a better driver than himself , as race wins had him during his own career in the sport . French sport newspaper L declared Verstappen to be " already a great " and " in the big leagues " . Verstappen was also the first Dutchman to win a race , with the Netherlands becoming the 22nd country to produce a race winner . He was the tenth different winner of the Spanish Grand Prix in as many past editions . - Following their collision , Hamilton and Rosberg were summoned to the stewards after the race but neither received a penalty , as the stewards rated their crash as a racing incident , with no driver in particular to blame . It emerged that Rosberg had chosen the wrong engine mode for the start , being down on power which led to Hamilton going for a passing manoeuvre . However , Rosberg remained convinced that he had done nothing wrong , saying : " I made it very clear I wasn 't going to leave any space on the inside and I was very surprised he went for the gap " . While Hamilton apologised to the team after the incident , he refused to accept blame for it . Opinions about the incident varied : While Mercedes 's executive chairman blamed Hamilton for the crash , former F1 driver Anthony Davidson said on Sky Sports F1 that Rosberg 's move was " very aggressive " . Three @-@ time world champion Jackie Stewart said after the race that Mercedes should fine Hamilton for the crash : " Hamilton is to blame . Rosberg was allowed to protect himself . You don ’ t go for it on the first lap . " Mercedes 's head of motorsport stressed after the race that the team would continue to let their drivers race against each other freely , a decision praised by former world champion Alain . While Rosberg said after the race that he having a talk with Hamilton about the situation , Mercedes later decided that they did " not need clear @-@ the @-@ air talks " . However , it later emerged that the pair did have a conversation about the incident before the next race in Monaco , which , according to Hamilton , was marked by " pure respect " . It was Mercedes 's first double retirement since the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , and the first time they failed to score a point since the 2012 United States Grand Prix , ending a 62 @-@ race long streak , the third longest in Formula One history . - For his last lap collision with teammate Jolyon Palmer , Kevin Magnussen received a ten @-@ second time penalty , dropping him one place to 15th . He also received two penalty points to his licence . Carlos Sainz received a from the stewards for leaving the pit lane one minute before it was allowed . He escaped a more severe penalty because he stopped shortly afterwards , thereby not gaining an advantage . Upon his return to Toro Rosso , Daniil Kvyat recorded the first fastest lap of his career , and the first for the Italian team in their Grand Prix . - With 100 points from the first four races , Nico Rosberg remained on top of the Drivers ' Championship , while Hamilton 's retirement dropped him behind Räikkönen , who now trailed Rosberg by 39 points , four points ahead of Hamilton . Sebastian Vettel and Daniel Ricciardo were level on points with 48 , while Verstappen 's victory moved him into sixth on 38 . In the Constructors ' standings , Mercedes retained their lead on 157 points , but Ferrari closed the gap to 48 points , with Red Bull in third on 94 . Toro Rosso moved ahead of Haas into fifth , while Force India took seventh from McLaren . - - = = Classification = = - - - = = = Qualifying = = = - - - = = = Race = = = - - Notes - ^ 1 – Kevin Magnussen originally finished 14th but received a ten @-@ second time penalty after the race for causing a collision with Jolyon Palmer . - - = = = after the race = = = - - Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings . - - - = Loverboy ( Mariah Carey song ) = - - " Loverboy " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on July 16 , 2001 by Virgin Records America as the lead single from Glitter ( 2001 ) . Written and produced by Carey , Larry Blackmon , Thomas Jenkins and Clark Kent , " Loverboy " is built around a sample from " Candy " by Cameo , who are also featured on the track . Lyrically , the song finds Carey about her loverboy , a man that will fulfill her physical and sexual desires . The recording was accompanied by an official remix , titled " Loverboy ( Remix ) " , featuring guest artists Ludacris , Da Brat , Shawnna and Twenty II . - The track was subject to controversy , following reports that Jennifer Lopez and Tommy Mottola ( Carey 's ex @-@ husband ) stole the idea of sampling the singer 's original planned sample , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's " Firecracker " , over a month after Carey had signed for it . Since Carey 's Glitter was to be released over a month after Lopez 's album , she changed the song 's melody to sample from " Candy " instead . Controversy ensued following its release ; Carey was hospitalized for severe mental and physical exhaustion , following poorly received television appearances involving the song and album . - After the song 's release in the United States , " Loverboy " stalled on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song reached a peak of number two on the Hot 100 but failed to top the chart due to weak radio airplay . Though finishing as the best @-@ selling song of 2001 in the United States , " Loverboy " became Carey 's first lead single to not reach number one . , the song failed to garner strong charting , reaching the top @-@ ten in Australia and Canada , and the top @-@ twenty in Italy and the United Kingdom . - " Loverboy " received generally mixed reviews from music critics ; many called the song unoriginal and dated while others felt that the featured artists ( primarily on the remix version ) Carey and made the song disorganized . A music video , directed by David , was shot for both versions of the song . The first version features Carey as a @-@ clad car girl , waving a flag as her loverboy finishes a race . The video for the remix version features similar footage , only including shots of the song 's guests in race @-@ cars during their verses . Finally , she performed " Loverboy " live on The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour in 2016 . - - = = Background and release = = - - Following the release of " Loverboy " , Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for the song . On July 19 , 2001 , Carey made a surprise appearance on the MTV program Total Request Live ( TRL ) . As the show 's host Carson Daly began taping following a commercial break , Carey came out onto the filming stage , pushing an ice cream cart while wearing a large men 's shirt . anxious and , Carey began giving out individual bars of ice cream to fans and guests on the program , while waving to the crowd down below on Times Square , while into a monologue regarding therapy . Carey then walked to Daly 's platform and began a , in which she shed her shirt to reveal a tight yellow and green ensemble , leading him to exclaim " Mariah Carey has lost her mind ! " . While she later revealed that Daly was aware of her presence in the building prior to her appearance , she admitted that he was meant to act surprised in order to provide a more dramatic effect for the program . Carey 's appearance on TRL garnered strong media attention , with many critics and newspapers citing her behavior as " troubled " and " erratic " . In the days following her appearance on TRL , Carey had begun displaying " erratic behavior " during a public record signing for the single at Tower Records in New York . As the appearance was filmed , she began on several points , leading her to discuss radio @-@ host Howard Stern , and how his form of humor on his program bothered her greatly . At that point , Carey 's publicist Berger grabbed the microphone from her hand , and ordered the cameras to stop filming . Only days later , Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website : - I 'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don 't feel that I should be doing music right now . What I 'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video . All I really want is [ to ] just be me and that 's what I should have done in the first place ... I don 't say this much but guess what , I don 't take care of myself . - After the quick removal of the messages , Berger commented that Carey had been " obviously exhausted and not thinking clearly " when she posted the letters . Two days later on July 26 , she was suddenly hospitalized , citing " extreme exhaustion " and a " physical and emotional breakdown " . Following the heavy media coverage surrounding Carey 's publicized breakdown and hospitalization , Virgin Records and 20th Century Fox delayed the release of both the film 's soundtrack and the film itself for three weeks : from August 21 to September 11 and from August 31 to September 21 , respectively . Following Carey 's absence from the public eye , as well as her abandonment of promotional appearances for the film and soundtrack , her unprecedented $ 100 million five @-@ album record deal with Virgin Records ( EMI Records ) was bought out for $ 50 million . The decision was brought out due to the low sales of the project , as well as the negative publicity surrounding her breakdown . Soon after , Carey flew to Capri , Italy for a period of five months , in which she began writing material for her new album , stemming from all the personal experiences she had endured throughout the past year . Additionally , she founded her own label modeled after her initials , MonarC Entertainment , and signed a new three @-@ album record deal with Island Records , valued at over $ 23 million . - At the time of the single 's release , Carey did not perform " Loverboy " live . The first performance of the song came 15 years later , on Carey 's Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour in 2016 . - - = = Composition = = - - " Loverboy " ' s hook is built around a sample of " Candy " , by Cameo . Aside from from the melody , " Loverboy " features Cameo as a lead vocalist on the track . According to Chuck Taylor from Billboard , " Loverboy " is reminiscent of several of Carey 's previous lead singles , as they too were predominantly built around samples of older songs . He described some of its background as " harmonies " , and noted the inclusion of many shouts and ad @-@ from Carey and Cameo . Due to the song 's heavy usage of the " Candy " sample , and the heavy blend of instrumentation and vocals , he said that to his , the song was " devoid of a standard hook " . NME 's Therepio felt the idea of sampling " Candy " was genius " on paper " , but once recorded , suffered from various . He felt it didn 't match the success Carey 's previous single , " Fantasy " ( which also recalled its melody from an older song ) , and criticized the inclusion of several over @-@ the @-@ top " keyboard and synth arrangements " . Regarding Carey 's voice , aside from describing it as " obscured " , Therepio expressed his difficulty in understanding her lyrical phrases , claiming it was weakened from " no @-@ everyone @-@ can @-@ understand @-@ what @-@ you 're @-@ saying ' " . Gil Kaufman from MTV News noted the inclusion of " bouncing bass [ and ] rock guitars " , while Roger of the Hartford Courant described how Carey was often reduced to " breathy background vocals " on " Loverboy " . Lyrically , the song finds Carey looking for her " loverboy " , and a sugar @-@ daddy that 's going to " love her right " . Therepio found it ironic how Carey was for a sugar @-@ daddy , when she had just left one ( referring to her older ex @-@ husband Tommy Mottola ) . Additionally , he felt Carey was her image from that of a , to a " pin @-@ up image " of a pop star . The song 's lyrics are , and feature the protagonist asking for her " loverboy " to fulfill her sexual desires : " Loverboy come on and love me / Give me more " . - - = = = controversy = = = - - Throughout 2000 , Carey had already been writing and recording material for Glitter . During this period , she developed the concept for the album 's lead single , " Loverboy " . Originally , Carey had sampled the melody and hook from the 1978 Yellow Magic Orchestra song " Firecracker " , using an of it throughout the chorus and introduction . In early theatrical trailers for Glitter , the original version of " Loverboy " was still featured . As Carey had ended her contract with Columbia Records , Jennifer Lopez was signed by Tommy Mottola , and had begun recording material for her album , ( 2001 ) . According to The Inc . ' s Irv , Mottola , head of Columbia and Carey 's ex @-@ husband , knew of Carey 's usage of the " Firecracker " sample , and attempted to have Lopez use the same sample before her . At the time , Carey had become increasingly paranoid over outside executives being informed about Glitter , especially following news of Lopez 's " theft " of the song . When the music publishers for " Firecracker " were questioned , they admitted Carey had licensed usage of the sample first , and Lopez had signed for it over one month later , under Mottola 's arrangement . Following the scandal , Carey was not able to use the original sample , as Lopez 's album was to be released far earlier than Glitter . She subsequently changed the composition of " Loverboy " , and incorporated a new sample , " Candy " by Cameo . According to , Mottola contacted him with instructions to create the Murder Remix of " I 'm Real " to sound exactly like another Glitter track he produced , titled " If We " featuring Rule and Nate . The " Firecracker " sample was eventually used by Lopez on her song " I 'm Real " , from her album The remix of Mariah 's " Loverboy " featured rapper Da Brat singing a pointed message about " [ her ] daily " , to the melody from " Firecracker " . - - = = Critical reception = = - - " Loverboy " was met with generally mixed reviews from music critics ; many were not impressed with the incorporation of the sample , and felt the song didn 't lead Carey into any newer ground or innovation . Additionally , several reviewers were not impressed with Carey 's concealed vocals and the song 's overly @-@ complicated production . Sarah Rodman of the Boston Herald described the song 's production as a " traffic @-@ jam " and wrote " ' Loverboy ' is another in an increasingly long line of glitzy , candy @-@ coated , creatively stunted song . " Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Natalie Nichols felt " Loverboy " was " predictable " and presented nothing new for Carey 's audience . USA Today 's Edna wrote the song off as " skimpy " , while Glenn Gamboa from Newsday described its overall reception as " lukewarm " . Harry from the song as one of Carey 's " finest moments " on Glitter , and disagreed with criticism regarding the " overly @-@ populated " musical background " . Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine listed the song as the only " recommended " song from Glitter , while Gil Kaufman of MTV News called it a " fun , uptempo dance number " . Craig Seymour from Entertainment Weekly rated " Loverboy " a , and criticized its lyrical content and production . An anonymous writer from The Guardian felt the song had " no tune " , due to the inclusion of electronic musical instruments and background shouts and ad @-@ . Billboard 's Chuck Taylor described the song as " self @-@ sabotage " , and felt Carey was gambling her longevity . He described the production as a " of disparate elements " , and wrote " the mighty may have fallen here " . - - = = Chart performance = = - - Prior to Virgin 's release of " Loverboy " , Carey halted all promotional appearances corresponding to the song . Citing an emotional breakdown and a subsequent hospitalization , Carey remained out of the public eye for several weeks . After its release , " Loverboy " failed to garner strong charting on prominent international markets , and received poor radio airplay throughout the United States . " Loverboy " peaked atop the Billboard 's Hot Singles Sales chart for four consecutive weeks , though due to weak airplay , managed to reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 with " Bootylicious " by Destiny 's Child holding it back from the top position . " Loverboy " finished as the best @-@ selling single of 2001 in the United States , with sales of 571 @,@ 000 units , falling short of the previous year 's best @-@ seller , which accumulated sales upwards of one million copies . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the song Gold . In Canada , " Loverboy " peaked at number three on the singles chart , and charted for a total of thirteen weeks . - Throughout and Europe , the song peaked outside the top @-@ twenty in most countries . " Loverboy " debuted at its peak position of number seven on the Australian Singles Chart , during the week of July 29 , 2001 . The following week , the song began its decline , and experienced a total chart trajectory of seven weeks . The song was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of over 35 @,@ 000 units . On July 29 , 2001 , " Loverboy " debuted at number 65 on the Austria Top 40 chart , spending a total of three weeks in the chart . The song achieved relatively weak charting in both the Flemish and territories in Belgium , peaking at numbers 49 and 34 , respectively . Making its debut at its peak position of number 54 , " Loverboy " charted for a total of nine weeks in France , before falling out on November 3 , 2001 . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , the song made its debut at number 68 . The following week the song peaked at number 34 , before dropping outside the top 40 three weeks later , ending its five @-@ week run . On July 26 , 2001 , " Loverboy " debuted at number 49 on the Swedish Singles Chart , and reached a peak of number 44 . Similarly in Switzerland , the song peaked at number 66 , and spent only four weeks inside the chart . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted at its peak of number 12 . The following week , the song dropped to number 29 on the chart , before dropping outside the top @-@ forty two weeks later . - - = = Remix = = - - Aside from the regular version of the song , an official remix of " Loverboy " was included on Glitter . The song 's main remix , titled " Loverboy " ( Remix ) , uses the same sample as the album version and retains all of Carey 's original vocals . It has a different introduction , the singing and spoken parts of Cameo are greatly reduced ( and are not credited ) , and additional raps are included by Da Brat , Ludacris , Shawnna , and Twenty II . Critics panned the song , agreeing that the inclusion on the former pair only made it more difficult to hear and understand Carey 's singing . Many described their inclusion as " " the singer , while others felt they made the song increasingly tumultuous . NME writer Therepio rated the remix five out of ten stars , and claimed the song to have been a much weaker lead single than Carey 's " Fantasy " ( 1995 ) . Jim Farber from Daily News criticized Brat 's verse , writing how it " cut right through " the production . The Morning Call 's Len described the remix as " " , while Jim Abbott from the Orlando Sentinel felt the song 's guests " upstaged " Carey . - - = = Music video = = - - - = = = Synopsis = = = - - Two music videos , both directed by David , were shot for the song and its accompanying remix . The videos introduced a less demure image of Carey , one that received negative backlash from critics . She appears in the video with a lighter hair color than she had sported in the past , and wearing a series of revealing ensembles . Reviewers Carey 's newer image , primarily her double @-@ handkerchief bra , and likened her to younger pop singers such as Britney Spears , which they felt the singer . The video begins with Cameo driving all over a racetrack , while Carey , dressed in revealing clothing , is shown singing in various " car girl " positions at the track on a hot summer day . She flags down cars as the " flag girl " and dances as a " tire girl " in a @-@ inspired sequence , before jumping out of a pop out cake to the of the crowd below . Several other scenes of Carey in a pink while riding on top of a race @-@ car are shown , during which Cameo continues the race . A video was also made for the remix and retains most of the shots of the original . In it , Ludacris and Shawnna can be seen rapping together as they ride in an old car , while Da Brat and Twenty II rap together in a more modern car without a hood . - - = = = Reception = = = - - The music video for " Loverboy " received generally mixed reviews from critics , many of whom felt Carey was portrayed in an overtly sexual manner . A writer from The Guardian criticized the video , calling it " " and describing Carey 's choreography as " running " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani felt the video was " brilliantly over @-@ the @-@ top " , while an anonymous columnist from NME commented that it would cause male viewers to " play with themselves " after watching . In a countdown of the " The 5 Least Music Videos " , from NME included the video at number three , writing how the singer " spins with the mad @-@ eyed grace of someone who hasn ’ t been to sleep for 72 hours " ( referring to Carey 's mention of insomnia as a reason for her breakdown ) . Burns of The Michigan Daily was critical of Carey 's portrayal in the video , primarily her double @-@ handkerchief bra . He felt that in doing so , Carey was herself and her image to resemble younger pop singers such as Britney Spears . - - = = Formats and track listings = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Credits for Glitter adapted from the album 's liner notes . - Mariah Carey – songwriting , producer , vocals , background vocals - Larry Blackmon – songwriting - Jenkins – songwriting - Clark Kent – producer - Carl " Butch " Small – percussion - Peter Novak – engineer - Andrew – engineer - Ann – engineer - Anthony – engineer - Elliot – engineer - Dana Jon – mixing - Michael " " Schlesinger – mixing - Cameo – vocals - Mary Ann Tatum – background vocals - Remix - Da Brat – songwriting , vocals - Ludacris – songwriting , vocals - Shawnna – songwriting , vocals - Twenty II – songwriting , vocals - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - - = Allah = - - Allah ( / , , / ; Arabic : الله , translit . Allāh , pronounced [ ] ) is the Arabic word referring to God in Abrahamic religions . The word is thought to be derived by contraction from al , which means " the God " , and has in other Semitic languages , including in Aramaic , in Canaanite and Elohim in Hebrew . - The word Allah has been used by Arabs of different religions since pre @-@ Islamic times . More specifically , it has been used as a term to refer to God by Muslims ( both Arab and non @-@ Arab ) and Arab Christians . It is now mainly used by Muslims and Arab Christians to refer to God . It is also often , albeit not exclusively , used in this way by , Bahá , Indonesian and Maltese Christians , and Jews . Similar usage by Christians and in West Malaysia has recently led to political and legal controversies . - - = = Etymology = = - - The etymology of the word Allāh has been discussed extensively by classical Arab . of the Basra school regarded is as either formed " spontaneously " ( ) or as the definite form of ( from the verbal root with the meaning of " " or " hidden " ) . Others held that it was borrowed from Syriac or Hebrew , but most considered it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article " the " and " deity , god " to al @-@ meaning " the deity " , or " the God " . The majority of modern scholars to the latter theory , and view the hypothesis with skepticism . - of the name " Allāh " exist in other Semitic languages , including Hebrew and Aramaic . The corresponding Aramaic form is ( ) , but its state is ( ) . It is written as ( ) in Biblical Aramaic and ( ) in Syriac as used by the Assyrian Church , both meaning simply " God " . Biblical Hebrew mostly uses the plural ( but functional singular ) form Elohim ( ) , but more rarely it also uses the singular form ( ) . In the Sikh scripture of Guru , the term Allah ( Punjabi : , translit . ) is used 37 times . - - = = Usage = = - - - = = = Pre @-@ Islamic = = = - - Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre @-@ Islamic inscriptions . Different theories have been proposed regarding the role of Allah in pre @-@ Islamic polytheistic cults . Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used the name as a reference to a creator god or a supreme deity of their pantheon . The term may have been vague in the religion . According to one hypothesis , which goes back to Julius , Allah ( the supreme deity of the tribal federation around Quraysh ) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of ( the supreme deity of Quraysh ) over the other gods . However , there is also evidence that Allah and were two distinct deities . According to that hypothesis , the Kaaba was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of Mecca , about a century before the time of Muhammad . Some inscriptions seem to indicate the use of Allah as a name of a deity centuries earlier , but we know nothing precise about this use . Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more local deities . There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the religious cult . No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed . Muhammad 's father 's name was @-@ Allāh meaning " the slave of Allāh " . - - = = = Christianity = = = - - The Aramaic word for " God " in the language of Assyrian Christians is , or . Arabic @-@ speakers of all Abrahamic faiths , including Christians and Jews , use the word " Allah " to mean " God " . The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for " God " than " Allah " . ( Even the Arabic @-@ descended Maltese language of Malta , whose population is almost entirely Roman Catholic , uses Alla for " God " . ) Arab Christians , for example , use the terms Allāh al @-@ ab ( الله ) for God the Father , Allāh al @-@ ibn ( الله ) for God the Son , and Allāh al @-@ al @-@ ( الله ) for God the Holy Spirit . ( See God in Christianity for the Christian concept of God . ) - Arab Christians have used two forms of that were affixed to the beginning of their written works . They adopted the Muslim bismillāh , and also created their own bismillāh as early as the 8th century . The Muslim bismillāh reads : " In the name of God , the , the . " The bismillāh reads : " In the name of Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit , One God . " The Syriac , Latin and Greek do not have the words " One God " at the end . This addition was made to emphasize the monotheistic aspect of belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims . - According to Marshall Hodgson , it seems that in the pre @-@ Islamic times , some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba , a pagan temple at that time , honoring Allah there as God the Creator . - Some archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient pre @-@ Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arab Christians in the ruins of a church at el @-@ in Northern Jordan , which contained references to Allah as the proper name of God , and some of the graves contained names such as " Abd Allah " which means " the servant / slave of Allah " . - The name Allah can be found countless times in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia , as reported by antique Syriac documents of the names of those martyrs from the era of the and kingdoms . - A Christian leader named Abd Allah ibn Abu ibn Muhammad was martyred in in 523 , as he had worn a ring that said " Allah is my lord " . - In an inscription of Christian dated back to 512 , references to Allah can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic , which called him " Allah " and " " , and the inscription starts with the statement " By the Help of Allah " . - In pre @-@ Islamic , the name used for God was " Allah " , as evidenced by some discovered Arabic versions of the New Testament written by Arab Christians during the pre @-@ Islamic era in Northern and Southern Arabia . - Pre @-@ Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry " Ya La Allah " ( O slaves of Allah ) to each other into battle . - " Allah " was also mentioned in pre @-@ Islamic Christian poems by some and poets in Syria and Northern Arabia . - - = = = Islam = = = - - In Islam , Allah is the unique , omnipotent and only deity and creator of the universe and is equivalent to God in other Abrahamic religions . - According to Islamic belief , Allah is the most common word to represent God , and humble submission to his will , divine and commandments is the of the Muslim faith . " He is the only God , creator of the universe , and the judge of humankind . " " He is unique ( ) and inherently one ( ) , all @-@ and omnipotent . " The Qur 'an declares " the reality of Allah , His inaccessible mystery , His various names , and His actions on behalf of His creatures . " - In Islamic tradition , there are 99 Names of God ( al @-@ ’ al @-@ lit. meaning : ' the best names ' or ' the most beautiful names ' ) , each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah . All these names refer to Allah , the supreme and all @-@ comprehensive divine name . Among the 99 names of God , the most famous and most frequent of these names are " the " ( al @-@ ) and " the " ( al @-@ ) . - Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase in ’ Allāh ( meaning ' if God wills ' ) after references to future events . Muslim piety encourages beginning things with the of bismillāh ( meaning ' in the name of God ' ) . - There are certain phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims , including " Allāh " ( be to God ) , " al @-@ " ( be to God ) , " Allāh " ( There is no deity but God ) and " " ( God is greater ) as a devotional exercise of remembering God ( ) . In a Sufi practice known as Allah ( lit. of God ) , the Sufi repeats and contemplates on the name Allah or other divine names while controlling his or her breath . - Some scholars have suggested that used the term Allah in addressing both pagan Arabs and Jews or Christians in order to establish a common ground for the understanding of the name for God , a claim says is doubtful . According to , in contrast with pre @-@ Islamic Arabian polytheism , God in Islam does not have associates and companions , nor is there any kinship between God and . Pre @-@ Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind , powerful , and fate over which man had no control . This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but and God . - According to Francis Edwards Peters , " The Qur ’ insists , Muslims believe , and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ( 29 : 46 ) . The Qur ’ an 's Allah is the same Creator God who with Abraham " . Peters states that the Qur 'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than , and as a universal deity , unlike who closely follows Israelites . - - = = As a = = - - - = = = English and other European languages = = = - - The history of the name Allāh in English was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century ; for example , Thomas Carlyle ( 1840 ) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God . However , in his biography of ( 1934 ) , Tor always used the term Allah , though he allows that this " conception of God " seems to imply that it is different from that of the Jewish and Christian . - Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word . For example , because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula , the word in the Spanish language and in the Portuguese language exist today , borrowed from Arabic ( Arabic : الله ) . This phrase literally means ' if God wills ' ( in the sense of " I hope so " ) . The German poet used the form " Allah " as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity , though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey . - Some Muslims leave the name " Allāh " in English . The word has also been applied to certain living human beings as of the term and concept . - - = = = Malaysian and Indonesian language = = = - - Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use Allah to refer to God in the Malaysian and Indonesian languages ( both of which are standardized forms of the Malay language . ) Mainstream Bible translations in the language use Allah as the translation of Hebrew Elohim ( translated in English Bibles as " God " ) . This goes back to early translation work by Francis Xavier in the 16th century . The first dictionary of Dutch @-@ Malay by Albert Cornelius , , and in 1650 ( revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin @-@ edition ) recorded " Allah " as the translation of the Dutch word " " . also translated Matthew in 1612 to Malay language ( first Bible translation to non @-@ European language , only a year after King James Version was published ) , which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629 . Then he translated Mark which was published in 1638 . - The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of the term Allah in any other but Muslim contexts , but the Malayan High Court in 2009 revoked the law , ruling that it was unconstitutional . While Allah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries , the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of Allah by the Roman Catholic newspaper The Herald . The government appealed the court ruling , and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until the appeal was heard . In October 2013 , the court ruled in favor of the government 's ban . In early 2014 , the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Malaysia . However , the use of Allah is not prohibited in the two Malaysian state of and . The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states is that usage has been long @-@ established and local ( Bibles ) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years . Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia . - As a reaction to some media criticism , the Malaysian government has introduced a " 10 @-@ point solution " to avoid confusion and misleading information . The 10 @-@ point solution is in line with the spirit of the 18- and 20 @-@ point agreements of and . - - = = = In other scripts and languages = = = - - Allāh in other languages that use Arabic script is spelled in the same way . This includes , Persian / , Uyghur among others . - , Bengali : Allah - Bosnian : Allah - Chinese ( Mandarin ) : , ; ( semantic translation as " the true master " ) , ( , from Persian language ) - Czech , : - Greek : - : or Allah - Hebrew : Allah - Hindi : ् Allāh - Malayalam : - Japanese : , , - : - Maltese : Alla - Korean : Alla - Polish : Allah , also archaic or - Russian , Ukrainian , Bulgarian : - Serbian , , : - Spanish , Portuguese : - Thai : ์ - Punjabi ( ) : Allāh , archaic ( in Sikh scriptures ) - Turkish : Allah - - = = Typography = = - - The word Allāh is always written without an alif to spell the ā vowel . This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alif to spell ā . However , in spelling , a small alif is added on top of the to indicate the pronunciation . - One exception may be in the pre @-@ Islamic inscription , where it ends with an ambiguous sign that may be a lone @-@ standing h with a lengthened start , or may be a non @-@ standard conjoined l @-@ h : - - : This reading would be Allāh spelled with alif for the ā . - : This reading would be al @-@ = ' the god ' ( an older form , without contraction ) , by older spelling practice without alif for ā . - Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah . - - = = = Unicode = = = - - Unicode has a reserved for Allāh , = U + , in the Arabic Presentation Forms @-@ A block , which exists solely for " compatibility with some older , legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly " ; this is discouraged for new text . Instead , the word Allāh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters , while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature . - The variant of the word used as the of arms of Iran is encoded in Unicode , in the range , at U + ( ) . - - - = Moment of Surrender = - - " Moment of Surrender " is a song by rock band U2 and the third track on their 2009 album No Line on the Horizon . During the initial recording sessions for the album in 2007 in Fez , Morocco , the band wrote the song with producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois within a few hours . Together , they recorded the song in a single take ; Eno called the song 's recording " the most amazing studio experience [ he 's ] ever had " . According to him and Lanois , the track is the closest the band came to realising their original concept for the album of writing " future hymns " . The seven @-@ minute song features gospel @-@ like vocals in the chorus , along with a predominantly and piano @-@ based musical accompaniment . Lyrically , the song is about a drug addict who is undergoing a crisis of faith . - " Moment of Surrender " was praised by critics , many of whom called it one of the album 's stand @-@ out tracks . The song was compared to the group 's earlier ballads " With or Without You " and " One " . It was performed at all but two of the band 's concerts on the U2 360 ° Tour , most often as the closing song . During performances , the stage lights were and fans were urged to hold up their mobile phones to create " a stadium full of tiny stars " . Although it was not released as a single , Rolling Stone named " Moment of Surrender " the best song of 2009 , and in 2010 , they ranked it on their list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . - - = = Writing and recording = = - - " Moment of Surrender " was written by U2 and No Line on the Horizon producers / co @-@ writers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois during a two @-@ week recording session in Fez , Morocco between May and June 2007 . The song was developed within a few hours , and then recorded in a single take in a of the hotel El . Eno began by creating a percussion loop of a " rolling hand drum " so that the band would have something to improvise along with when they joined him for songwriting and recording . However , Eno had not arranged the loop properly and the result was a strange , uneven beat that he compared to " a wheeled carriage that had one of the wheels a bit cracked " or " the way a camel moves " . Although Eno was trying to fix the loop , drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. began playing along to it . Eno then asked guitarist the Edge to play some chords . After a quick discussion about the chord changes and the meter ( in which they decided to have a " funny layout " that was not based on " or " ) , the six of them improvised the entirety of the piece . - As they began to play , bassist Adam Clayton developed a bassline . The part was originally based on the Grandmaster song " White Lines ( Don 't Don 't Do It ) " before Clayton changed to a more trance @-@ like bassline . Bono created some melodies and sang over the music . During the album 's recording , Bono had become tired of writing in the first @-@ person and he began writing lyrics and singing from the perspective of different characters . During the writing of " Moment of Surrender " , Bono assumed the character of a drug addict having a crisis of faith . The song title was borrowed from the Anonymous term for when an addict admits being " powerless over alcohol " and needs help . Bono had attempted to use the phrase " vision over visibility " in the lyrics of earlier songs ; however , " Moment of Surrender " was the first song where he felt it was appropriate to be used . Eno called Bono 's singing in this character as " so heartbreaking and vulnerable " , creating a feeling like " a knife to the heart " . Lanois contributed by developing the gospel @-@ like chorus . The uneven hi @-@ hat from the drum part stems from Mullen 's electronic drum kit malfunctioning during the song 's recording . Eno was amazed by each performer 's ability to develop and play their part without any instructions or . After the song 's recording completed , everyone in the studio , including a gathering of production personnel and visitors , was completely silent , and Eno suggested it was as if they had gone on an " emotional adventure of some kind " . He called the song 's recording " the most amazing studio experience I 've ever had " , and he believes the " emotional crescendo " heard in the song properly captures how they felt as they improvised the piece . Bono stated " it was a spell and we were in it " . - The song was played only once and received minor treatments afterwards , with the addition of a cello part in the introduction and some editing , which included removing a verse to reduce the song 's length . Eno was outraged that U2 wanted to shorten the song , and he was adamant that the band not alter the original track too much , saying , " These fucking guys , they 're supposed to be so spiritual — they don 't spot a miracle when it hits them in the face . Nothing like that ever happened to me in the studio in my whole life . " The band 's original concept for No Line on the Horizon was to create an album of future hymns — songs that would be played forever . According to Eno and Lanois , " Moment of Surrender " is the closest the band came to reaching that concept . - - = = Composition = = - - " Moment of Surrender " is played in common time at a tempo of 87 beats per minute in a key of A minor . The song makes use of the conventional verse @-@ chorus form . The song begins with an uneven percussion loop , before an ambient fades in and the drums enter at 0 : 08 . A cello part joins and the plays the chord progression C – Am – F – C – G – E – . At the end of the progression , 47 seconds into the song , the intensity of the rises before an organ , bass guitar , and piano subsequently enter . At 1 : 16 , Bono 's vocals enter and the first verse begins , lasting three stanzas . After the first chorus concludes and the second verse begins at 2 : 59 , the Edge begins playing a guitar riff . The second verse lasts two stanzas . After the second chorus , a piano interlude begins , with Lanois contributing pedal steel . The Edge begins a slide guitar solo at 4 : 59 that many critics compared to the playing style of Pink Floyd 's David Gilmour . After the third chorus ends at 6 : 11 , " Oh @-@ oh @-@ " vocals and a guitar figure bring the song to its conclusion . - Lanois noted that the song had a very " Canadian sound " that was like a tribute to the Band , calling it the " sound " . Rolling Stone said the song " a Joshua Tree @-@ style gospel feel with a bass line and a syncopated beat " . The song makes prominent use of organ and piano . - - = = Reception = = - - " Moment of Surrender " was well received by critics after the release of No Line on the Horizon . David Fricke of Rolling Stone enjoyed the song , writing , " The rising @-@ falling effect of the harmony voices around Bono ... is a perfect picture of where he really wants to be , when he gets to the line about ' vision over visibility . ' " Blender considered it the high @-@ point of the album , comparing it to the band 's 1987 single " I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For " . Reviewer Rob Sheffield complimented the of bass , guitar , and vocals , calling it " the kind of @-@ divinity anthem that U2 cut their teeth on , except it really does seem like they 've gotten better at these songs now that they 've picked up some @-@ out adult grit . Bono actually sounds scared of something in this song , and whether his are religious or sexual , the fear gives his voice some . " NME felt that it was the " most impressive " song on the album , describing it as a " gorgeously sparse prayer built around Adam Clayton 's bassline and Bono 's rough " , and noting that despite its seven @-@ minute length , it did not feel too long . Alexis of The Guardian was more critical of the song , saying it " doesn 't have enough of a tune to support the full seven @-@ minute gospel treatment " , a sentiment that The Times agreed with . - Spin reviewed the track favourably , calling it a " celebrity @-@ at @-@ the @-@ crossroads soul ballad " with an " ambient gospel sweep that 's both haunted and joyful " . praised the song 's , saying it was " graced by performances " and that the Edge 's " languid guitar solo " was reminiscent of David Gilmour . Q echoed these sentiments , commending Bono 's soulful singing and the Edge 's solo . The reviewer christened the song as " this album 's ' One ' or ' With or Without You ' , with added bonus points " . The Washington Post called the song one of the record 's highlights and enjoyed the track 's gospel qualities . The reviewer wrote , " The vocal harmonies on the choruses sound like something out of a church in some distant , dystopian world ; the , slightly piano adds to that impression ... " Hot Press gave the song a favourable review , calling it a " sweeping " track and suggesting it " [ s ] the same spiritual vibe as Marvin 's ' Abraham , Martin & John ' " . Time gave No Line on the Horizon a negative review , but praised " Moment of Surrender " for its " heartbreaking melody " and Bono 's " Oh @-@ oh @-@ oh " vocals that reminded the critic of the end of " With or Without You " . Bono and Daniel Lanois both cited the song as their favourite track on the album , and Brian Eno thought the band should have chosen it as the album 's first single . Musician Gavin Friday described the song as " Al Green on Irish steroids " , and Hot Press editor Niall Stokes called it " a modern rock classic " that will " stand forever as one of U2 's most inspirational creations " . - Despite not being released as a single , " Moment of Surrender " charted in two countries . In the United States , the song appeared on the Triple A chart at number 45 for the week of 17 November 2009 . In Belgium , the song appeared on the 40 Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) for a week at number 35 . - - = = Live performances = = - - " Moment of Surrender " made its live debut on the opening night of the U2 360 ° Tour in Barcelona , Spain during the encore , as the show 's final song . It was played at nearly every subsequent concert on the tour as the closing song , being excluded from the setlist for only two of the tour 's 110 shows : the 9 December 2010 concert in Brisbane , Australia and the 29 May 2011 concert in Winnipeg . Prior to performances of " Moment of Surrender " , a disco ball was lowered and the stage lights turned off , and Bono encouraged fans to take out their mobile phones and create " a stadium full of tiny stars " . The National Post commented that despite being a " big @-@ concert cliché " , the move was effective and created a feeling of intimacy amongst the audience . Rolling Stone enjoyed the visual effect in context of the tour 's space theme , saying it " truly made it seem like the stadium had reached , with thousands of lights turning into stars " . The Daily Telegraph praised the " galaxy of mobile phones " , saying that despite the tour 's impressive stage and visual effects , " the most beautiful sight came when we couldn 't see [ the stage ] " . In reviewing a Paris show from July 2009 , the Sunday Times called " Moment of Surrender " the only track from No Line on the Horizon performed that evening that was strong enough to deserve inclusion with the rest of the show 's set list . NME was not as receptive to the song in a live setting , questioning the decision to end concerts with the song . A U2 360 ° Tour performance of " Moment of Surrender " appears on the group 's 2010 concert video U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl . In a review of the film , Andrew Mueller of Uncut called " Moment of Surrender " an " [ i ] ll @-@ chosen closer " , as well as " and under @-@ realised " . In 2009 , the song was performed by the band on the 35th season premiere of Saturday Night Live , and at the Gate in Berlin to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . On 18 June 2011 , Bono closed the song with lyrics from " " to honor the recently deceased E Street Band saxophonist Clarence . The song was also one of only three non @-@ single tracks to be played by the band in their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival 2011 . - - = = Legacy = = - - " Moment of Surrender " appeared on several music publications ' " best of " lists for 2009 and the 2000s decade . called " Moment of Surrender " one of " The 10 Best Songs You ( Probably ) 't Hear in 2009 " . Rolling Stone ranked it the best song of 2009 and the 36th @-@ best song of the decade , calling it " The most devastating ballad U2 — or anyone — has delivered since ' One . ' " In Rolling Stone 's voting for the decade 's best song , Metallica drummer Lars placed " Moment of Surrender " in the number @-@ one spot on his ballot . Rolling Stone updated its list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " in 2010 and placed " Moment of Surrender " at number 160 — just one year after the song 's release — marking the fourth @-@ best position of any U2 song on the list . - " Moment of Surrender " is the tenth track in the Anton film Linear , based on a story by and Bono where a Parisian traffic travels across France and the Mediterranean Sea to visit his girlfriend in Tripoli . During the sequence , the ( played by ) , leaves the bar and begins to wander the streets of at night , eventually making his way down to the beach where he falls asleep on the sand . In the morning he wakes up and the next track , " of Lebanon " , begins . - A live performance of " Moment of Surrender " taken from an 18 September 2010 concert in Paris appeared on the group 's 2010 live EP Wide in Europe . - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - Additional keyboards – Terry - – Caroline Dale - Production – Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois - Engineering – Richard - Engineering assistance – Chris Heaney - Additional engineering – Declan , and Carl Glanville - Mixing – Daniel Lanois and Declan - Mixing assistance – Tom Hough , Dave , and Dave - - - = Gaboon viper = - - gabonica , most commonly known as the Gaboon viper , is a viper species found in the rainforests and of sub @-@ Saharan Africa . Like all vipers , it is venomous . It is not only the largest member of the genus , but also the world 's heaviest , and it has the longest fangs – up to 2 inches in length ( 5 cm ) , and it has highest venom yield of any snake . Two subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . - - = = Description = = - - Adults average 125 – 155 cm ( 4 to 5 feet ) in total length ( body + tail ) with a maximum total length of 205 cm ( 81 in ) for a specimen collected in Sierra Leone . The sexes may be distinguished by the length of the teeth in relation to the total length of the body : approximately 12 % for males and 6 % for females . Adults , especially females , are very heavy and stout . One female had the following dimensions : - In their description of B. gabonica , Spawls et al .. ( 2004 ) give an average total length of 80 – 130 cm ( 32 to 51 @.@ 5 in ) , with a maximum total length of 175 cm ( 69 @.@ 3 in ) , saying the species may possibly grow larger still . They acknowledge reports of specimens over 1 @.@ 8 m ( 6 ft ) , or even over 2 m ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) in total length , but claim there is no evidence to support this . A large specimen of exactly 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) total length , caught in 1973 , was found to have weighed 11 @.@ 3 kg ( 25 lb ) with an empty stomach . Very large specimens may possibly weigh up to 20 kg ( 44 lb ) , which would rank them as the world 's heaviest venomous snake ahead of the Eastern , but these masses are not known to have been verified . - The head is large and triangular , while the neck is greatly narrowed : almost one @-@ third the width of the head . A pair of " horns " is present between the raised nostrils — tiny in B. g. gabonica , but much larger in B. g. rhinoceros . The eyes are large and , set well forward , and surrounded by 15 – 21 scales . There are 12 – 16 scales across the top of the head . Four or five scale rows separate the and the . There are 13 – 18 and 16 – 22 . The fangs may reach a length of 55 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) : the longest of any venomous snake . - , there are 28 – 46 dorsal scale rows , all of which are strongly except for the outer rows on each side . The lateral scales are slightly oblique . The ventral scales number 124 – 140 : rarely more than 132 in males , rarely less than 132 in females . There are 17 – 33 paired scales : males have no fewer than 25 , females no more than 23 . The anal scale is single . - The color pattern consists of a series of pale , blotches running down the center of the back , with dark , yellow @-@ edged markings . The flanks have a series of or brown shapes , with light vertical central bars . The belly is pale with irregular brown or black blotches . The head is white or cream with a fine , dark central line , black spots on the rear corners , and a dark blue @-@ black triangle behind and below each eye . The iris colour is cream , yellow @-@ white , orange or silvery . - - = = Common names = = - - The snake 's common names include Gaboon viper , butterfly adder , forest puff adder , , , Gaboon adder , . - Originally a name given by the Portuguese , Gabon ( ) refers to the estuary on which the town of was built , in Gabon , and to a narrow strip of territory on either bank of this arm of the sea . As of 1909 , Gaboon referred to the northern portion of French Congo , south of the and lying between the Atlantic Ocean and 12 ° E longitude . - - = = Geographic range = = - - This species can be found in Guinea , Ghana , , Nigeria , Cameroon , Guinea , Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Congo , northern Angola , Central African Republic , South Sudan , Uganda , Kenya , eastern Tanzania , Zambia , Malawi , eastern Zimbabwe , Mozambique , and northeast KwaZulu @-@ Natal Province in South Africa . et al . ( 2003 ) also list Sierra Leone and in West Africa . The type locality is given as " Gabon " ( Africa ) . - - = = Habitat = = - - The Gaboon viper is usually found in rainforests and nearby woodlands , mainly at low altitudes , but sometimes as high as 1500 m . Spawls et al . ( 2004 ) mention a maximum altitude of 2100 m . According to and ( 1975 ) , it is generally found in environments that are parallel to those occupied by its close relative , B. , which is normally found in more open country . - In Tanzania , this species is found in secondary , plantations , and in agricultural land under bushes and in . In Uganda , they are found in forests and nearby grasslands . They also do well in reclaimed forest areas : plantations in West Africa and coffee plantations in East Africa . They have been found in evergreen forests in Zambia . In Zimbabwe , they only occur in areas of high rainfall along the forested in the east of the country . In general , they may also be found in swamps , as well as in still and moving waters . They are commonly found in agricultural areas near forests and on roads at night . - - = = Behavior = = - - Primarily nocturnal , Gaboon vipers have a reputation for being slow @-@ moving and placid . They usually hunt by ambush , often spending long periods motionless , waiting for suitable prey to happen by . On the other hand , they have been known to hunt actively , mostly during the first six hours of the night . In , Ghana , they were regularly killed around some in an open area with the forest some 500 meters away — a sign that they were hunting rats in the grassland . They are usually very tolerant snakes , even when handled , and rarely bite or hiss , unlike most vipers . However , bites by bad @-@ tempered individuals do occur . - is mostly rectilinear , in a sluggish " walking " motion of the ventral scales . They may from side to side when alarmed , but only for short distances . ( 1933 ) even described them as being capable of . - If threatened , they may hiss loudly as a warning , doing so in a deep and steady rhythm , slightly flattening the head at the expiration of each breath . Despite this , they are unlikely to strike unless severely provoked ; however , they are one of fastest striking snakes in the world , so care should be taken in handling them . - There have been numerous descriptions of their generally nature . ( 1961 ) wrote they are so docile that they " can be handled as freely as any non @-@ venomous species " , although this is absolutely not recommended . In Lane ( 1963 ) , explained he would capture specimens by first touching them lightly on the top of the head with a pair of tongs to test their reactions . Anger was rarely displayed , so the tongs were usually set aside and the snakes firmly grasped by the neck with one hand and the body supported with the other as he picked them up and carried them to a box for containment . He said the snakes hardly ever struggled . - Parry ( 1975 ) described how this species has a wider range of eye movement than other snakes . Along a horizontal plane , eye movement can be maintained even if the head is rotated up or down to an angle of up to 45 ° . If the head is rotated 360 ° , one eye will tilt up and the other down , depending on the direction of rotation . Also , if one eye looks forward , the other looks back , as if both are connected to a fixed position on an axis between them . In general , the eyes often flick back and forth in a rapid and manner . When asleep , there is no eye movement and the pupils are strongly contracted . The pupils suddenly and eye movement resumes when the animal wakes up . - - = = Feeding = = - - Because of their large , heavy body size , the adults have no trouble eating prey as large as fully grown rabbits . When prey happens by , they strike with very fast precision from any angle . Once they strike their prey , they hang on to it with their large fangs rather than letting it go and waiting for it to die . This behaviour is very different from the behaviour of other species of vipers . These snakes feed on a variety of birds and mammals , such as , many different species of rodents , including field mice and rats , as well as hares and rabbits . There are also reports of more unlikely prey items , such as tree monkeys , the brush @-@ tailed ( ) and even the small royal antelope ( ) . - - = = Reproduction = = - - During peak sexual activity , males engage in combat . This starts with one male rubbing its chin along the back of the other . The second male will then raise its head as high as possible . As they both do the same , the necks intertwine . When the heads are level , they turn towards each other and push . Their bodies intertwine as they switch positions . They become oblivious to everything else , continuing even after they fall off a surface or into water . Sometimes they intertwine and so tightly that their scales stand out from the pressure . They have also been observed to strike at each other with mouths closed . Occasionally , the combatants will tire and break off the fight by " mutual consent " , resting for a while before resuming once more . The event is settled when one of the two succeeds in pushing the other 's head to the ground and raising its own by 20 – 30 cm . In captivity , combat may occur four or five times a week until courtship and copulation ends . - Gestation takes about 7 months , which suggests a breeding cycle of two to three years . A five @-@ year breeding cycle may also be possible . Usually , they give birth in late summer . B. g. gabonica produces 8 – 43 live young . B. g. rhinoceros may produce as many as 60 . However , the actual number of offspring rarely exceeds 24 . are 25 – 32 cm in length and weigh 25 – 45 g . - - = = = = - - from this species are rare , due to their extremely nature and because their range is limited to areas . Due to their and unwillingness to move even when approached , bites most often occur due to persons accidentally stepping on a Gaboon viper , but even then in some cases this does not guarantee a bite . However , when a bite does occur , it should always be considered a serious medical emergency . Even an average bite from an average @-@ sized specimen is potentially fatal . should be administered as soon as possible to save the victim 's life if not the affected limb . - The snake 's venom itself is not considered particularly toxic based on tests conducted in mice . In mice , the LD50 is 0 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 0 mg / kg IV , 2 @.@ 0 mg / kg IP and 5 @.@ 0 – 6 @.@ 0 mg / kg . However , the venom glands are enormous and each bite produces the largest quantities of venom of any venomous snake ; this is partially due to the fact that , unlike many African vipers such as the , the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite , which enables it to larger amounts of venom . is probably related to body weight , as opposed to milking interval . Brown ( 1973 ) gives a venom yield range of 200 – 1000 mg ( of dried venom ) , A range of 200 – 600 mg for specimens 125 – 155 cm in length has also been reported . Spawls and Branch ( 1995 ) state from 5 to 7 ml ( 450 – 600 mg ) of venom may be in a single bite . - A study by Marsh and Whaler ( 1984 ) reported a maximum yield of 9 @.@ 7 ml of wet venom , which translated to mg of dried venom . They attached " " clip electrodes to the angle of the open jaw of specimens ( length 133 – 136 cm , girth 23 – 25 cm , weight 1 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 4 kg ) , yielding 1 @.@ 3 – 7 @.@ 6 ml ( mean 4 @.@ 4 ml ) of venom . Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands . The Gaboon vipers used for the study were between seven and 11 times over a 12 @-@ month period , during which they remained in good health and the of their venom remained the same . - Based on how sensitive monkeys were to the venom , Whaler ( 1971 ) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being : equivalent to 0 @.@ 06 ml of venom , or 1 / 50 to 1 / 1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking . Marsh and Whaler ( 1984 ) wrote that 35 mg ( 1 / 30 of the average venom yield ) would be enough to kill a man of 70 kilograms ( 150 lb ) . Branch ( 1992 ) suggested that 90 – 100 mg would be fatal in humans . Due to the rarity of these type of , further investigation is needed . - In humans , a bite causes rapid and conspicuous swelling , intense pain , severe shock and local blistering . Other symptoms may include movements , defecation , , swelling of the tongue and eyelids , and unconsciousness . , bruising and may be extensive . There may be sudden , heart damage and . The blood may become with internal bleeding that may lead to and . Local tissue damage may require surgical excision and possibly . Healing may be slow and fatalities during the recovery period are not uncommon . - - = = Subspecies = = - - - = = Taxonomy = = - - et al . ( 1999 ) discovered considerable differences between the two conventionally recognized subspecies of B. gabonica described above . According to their research , these two subspecies are as different from each other as they are from B. . Consequently , et al . ( 1999 ) regard the western form as a separate species , B. rhinoceros . - - - = The Sixth Extinction = - - " The Sixth Extinction " is the first episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was first shown on the Fox network on November 7 , 1999 , in the United States . The episode was written by Chris Carter and directed by Kim Manners . " The Sixth Extinction " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 6 , being watched by 17 @.@ 82 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . - The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to his work . In the episode , Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) and Michael Kritschgau ( John Finn ) work desperately in an attempt to discover what is wrong with Mulder , who is imprisoned by his own brain activity , but they are unaware of Agent Diana Fowley ’ s ( Mimi Rogers ) duplicity . In the meanwhile , Scully is hunting for an ancient artifact in Africa . - " The Sixth Extinction " helped to explore new aspects of the series ' overarching mythology and was the second episode in a trilogy of episodes featuring Mulder 's severe reaction to the appearance of an alien artifact . The episode was written due to series creator Chris Carter 's fascination with the possibility that extraterrestrials were involved in the great that had happened millions of years ago . - - = = Plot = = - - On the coast of d , Scully sits in her tent studying detailed photographs of the spacecraft half @-@ buried on the beach nearby . A figure , the African Man , mysteriously appears before suddenly vanishing , after which Scully 's tent is by flying insects . Back in the United States , Walter Skinner visits a delusional Fox Mulder , who is being kept in a padded cell at a Georgetown hospital . Mulder seemingly attacks Skinner , but actually covertly passes him a torn of his hospital gown reading , " " . - Scully is visited by Dr. Ngebe , Solomon 's former colleague who warns Scully to not tell any of the locals about the swarm or the African Man , although word is already out on the " African internet " . Soon afterwards , one of the locals working on excavating the ship is apparently by boiling seawater . With the arrival of Dr. Barnes another " plague " occurs – that night the ocean turns blood red . - Skinner a heavily drugged Mulder , who cannot talk but writes " Kritschgau " . Skinner goes to visit Kritschgau , now unemployed and living in a low @-@ cost apartment , and convinces him to visit the hospital with him . Once there , Kritschgau believes Mulder has alien induced mind reading abilities and him with a drug ( ) to slow down his brain activity . Later Diana Fowley and his doctor arrive , and with his mind @-@ reading abilities , Mulder is able to tell Skinner that he knows about him being indebted to Krycek , and Diana Fowley 's connections with the Smoking Man . - Scully , with Dr. Barnes ' help , is able to translate some of the spaceship , which contains information on genetics and various religions . Dr. Barnes ' behavior becomes increasingly erratic however and , armed with a machete , he refuses to let Scully or Ngebe leave . He soon realizes that the craft is bringing dead fish back to life , and Scully and Ngebe take the opportunity to knock him out and escape . Scully sees the vanishing man again in the car as they drive off . - Kritschgau and Skinner put Mulder under additional tests to verify his abnormal brain activity . They again Mulder with , but this time they are caught by Fowley and Mulder goes into a seizure . Meanwhile Dr. Barnes , in a bizarre type of experiment , kills his driver , but the driver soon and kills him instead . Scully flies back to the U.S. and visits Mulder at the hospital . On the African coast , Ngebe arrives with the police , finding Dr. Barnes dead and the spaceship gone . - - = = Production = = - - Frank Spotnitz said of the episode 's origins , " We 've destroyed all the stuff about Mulder 's father , the project , and the Syndicate . All the things that had sustained us for six years were suddenly gone . We had no crutches . From that point on , every time we sat down to write a mythology show , we knew it was going to be a completely different challenge . " Chris Carter saw the episode as a transitional episode , stating " I felt that , with " The Sixth Extinction " , I was just playing a supporting role and that the episode , essentially the middle episode of a three @-@ episode arc , was just a transitional episode to get us to ' Amor Fati ' , which was really less about the mythology and more about Mulder 's choices in life . " - David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson both had other commitments as the season began , resulting in the producers delaying filming for this episode . It ended up being filmed third in the season , after the episodes " " and " The Goldberg Variation " . Carter wrote the episode at the same time as Duchovny was working on the next episode , " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati " . Kim Manners said preparations were confusing since it wasn 't known at the time how the storyline would unfold . Spotnitz said of the end result , " For me , it was a lot like a fifties monster movie with Scully out on the beach with this guy going nuts with a machete , the bug attacks , and the sea of blood . Yeah , it was supposed to be serious business but , overall , I thought it was shaping up as a pretty entertaining hour . " - The producers had to move the filming of the beach sequences from the previous episodes due to changes in the tides at that time of year . Similar to the previous episode , the spaceship was computer @-@ generated . The sequence where the locals are boiled by the ocean water was accomplished using underwater filming of under various degrees of make up . Fifty thousand dead crickets were rented from a local for the scene where Scully 's tent was attacked by bugs . The live insects were portrayed by blowing popcorn and packing at Anderson with fans and editing it into insects in post production . - A large portion of the episode was based on the ancient astronaut theory , which proposes that intelligent extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth in antiquity or prehistory and made contact with humans . Frank Spotnitz later remarked that he was at how little negative fan mail the show received , despite the fact that the " Biogenesis " / " The Sixth Extinction " / " Amor Fati " story arc heavily hinted that aliens were the of the notion of God and religion . He credited the manner in which the show handled this delicate subject , saying , " Often in the past , we 've done stuff where I was sure we would get angry letters . But we rarely do . And the reason is because of the way we handle things . In ' Amor Fati ' we treated the religious side with respect . " The ancient astronaut themes were later revisited in the two season nine episodes " " and " Providence . " - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " The Sixth Extinction " was first shown in the United States on November 7 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 6 , with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 6 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 17 @.@ 82 million viewers and was the most watched episode of the seventh season in the United States . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on May 7 , 2000 , and received 1 @.@ 00 million viewers and was the third most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Something is driving Mulder insane . Something he 's been searching for . Something he shouldn 't have found . " The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien 's plans to take over the earth . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - " The Sixth Extinction " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Tom , in his book Examination : An Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files gave the episode a positive review , noting that the episode takes the themes of " Biogenesis " and " runs with them " . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly awarded the episode a " B + " . Tucker praised series creator Chris Carter 's writing ability , stating that " the kickoff episode suggests the author 's imagination for sustaining his alien @-@ nation tropes " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two called the episode " the most arresting season opener in years " and noted that it " promises that maybe there 's life in the old mythology yet . " Shearman and Pearson , however , did critique the lack of to the episode , but attributed most of this to the fact that the episode was the second of a three @-@ part mythology tale . Den of Geek writer Nina ranked " The Sixth Extinction , " along with " Biogenesis " and " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati , " as the fifth best episode of the series , writing , " it is evident that as [ The X @-@ Files ] progressed , the episodes surrounding those storylines and the breaking points Mulder and Scully endured push them further and further towards total , defeat . This is especially poignant when viewing this anxiety inducing trio of episodes . " Monica S. of Exclaim magazine called " The Sixth Extinction " , along with " Biogenesis " and " Amor Fati " , one of the " best " episodes during the show 's " colonization " phase . Kenneth of wrote positively of the episode , hoping that it foreshadowed answers to come , writing " As the middle installment of a three @-@ part story and what was then thought to be the final season premiere of The X @-@ Files , ' The Sixth Extinction ' is with a somber pre @-@ apocalyptic mood , but one by the possibility that soon we 'll have answers to the most important outstanding mysteries of the series . " - Not all reviews were so positive . Paula Vitaris from gave the episode a negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She noted that " Mulder 's situation is handled just poorly " and argued that Mulder 's illness was created solely to provide a cross @-@ season . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " C " and called it a " weird bridge " . Largely , he criticized the episode for featuring " no real twists or complications here " in lieu of " things just [ … ] getting worse along a linear path " . - - - = Snow ( visual novel ) = - - Snow ( , ) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Studio for Windows on January 31 , 2003 . It was later ported without the erotic content to the , PlayStation 2 , and PlayStation Portable consoles . The story of Snow revolves around the life of Kanata Izumo , who is revisiting a village to help his relative manage a hot spring hotel . The gameplay in Snow follows a branching plot line which offers pre @-@ determined scenarios with courses of interaction , and focuses on the appeal of the female main characters by the player character . - The game was successful in both sales and popularity , it was ranked as the best @-@ selling PC game sold in Japan at the time of its release , and charted in the national top 50 several more times afterwards . Snow was voted as the twenty @-@ sixth best bishōjo game by the readers of Dengeki G 's Magazine in 2007 . A manga titled Snow : Pure White based on the visual novel was serialized in between the September and December 2003 issues . Five light novels and several comic anthologies were also released , as were audio dramas . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Snow is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Kanata Izumo . Much of its gameplay is spent reading the text that appears on the screen , which represents the story 's narrative and dialogue . The text is accompanied by character sprites , which represent who Kanata is talking to , over background art . Throughout the game , the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story , which take the place of the background art and character sprites . - There are four main plot lines in the original Windows release that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the in the story . Throughout gameplay , the player is given multiple options to choose from , and text progression at these points until a choice is made . Some decisions can lead the game to end prematurely and offer an alternative ending to the plot . To view all plot lines in their entirety , the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction . In adult versions of the game , there are scenes depicting Kanata and a given heroine having sex . - - = = Plot = = - - - = = = Story = = = - - The story of Snow starts when Kanata Izumo , the main protagonist , a small village called Ryūjinmura ( , lit . " village of the dragon god " ) , to help manage a local hotel with hot springs alongside his cousin Tsugumi . In the village , there is an old legend : In ancient times , Ryūjinmura was protected by the dragon goddess . However , one day the goddess fell in love with a human , which is strictly forbidden , and this incident caused the village to be always covered by snow after that . The game then tells the daily life of Kanata interacting with the village girls , and ultimately links the story to the legend . Snow follows a branching plot line with multiple endings , and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game , the plot will progress in a specific direction . - - = = = Main characters = = = - - The player assumes the role of Kanata Izumo ( , Izumo Kanata , voiced by Hoshi ) , who is visiting Ryūjinmura as a part @-@ time worker of the local hotel owned by his cousin . During his stay , he meets his childhood friend Sumino Yukizuki ( , Yukizuki Sumino , voiced by ) , a and gentle girl whose father has died . She loves ( a kind of ) and claims it as " source of life " . Kanata also encounters a young energetic girl with a personality called Asahi Hiyorigawa ( , Hiyorigawa , voiced by Tamura ) , suddenly appearing before Kanata and claiming that she will " repulse the evil " from him . - In the outskirts of the village , Kanata meets the mysterious Shigure ( , Shigure , voiced by ) ; Shigure has a shy personality and is extremely silent . The protagonist also finds a little girl called ( , , voiced by Tomoko ) waiting around the for her parents . She likes to play with her cat called ( ) . The physician of has a daughter called Meiko Tachibana ( , Tachibana Meiko , voiced by Naoko ) , who is a close friend of Sumino . She likes to Kanata , and acts in front of him . In Snow : Plus Edition , a new character referred to as Girl ( , no , voiced by Ono ) is introduced , bearing many secrets . - - = = Development and release = = - - After the completion of , Studio ( a brand under 's ) started production on Snow . The artists for the visual novel were Asuka , who also drew the character designs , and . The scenario was written by three members of staff : Jet , Klein , and . I 've Sound , as well as T & N Music Factory , , and contributed to the music composition . According to the liner notes on the original soundtrack of Snow , the producers acknowledged that the game 's structure resembled Key 's visual novels and Air . , who is known for his work on Air , , and : The of a Little Planet , provided scenario assistance for Snow . - On January 31 , 2003 , Snow was released as both a CD @-@ ROM and DVD @-@ ROM compatible to the Windows 98 / / 2000 / operating systems . An all @-@ ages version for the was released by on September 25 , 2003 . Later on February 26 , 2004 , ported the game to the PlayStation 2 in both limited and regular editions ; the PS2 port adds an additional scenario for Meiko Tachibana , who was a supporting character in prior releases of Snow . A full voice version was released for Windows on September 24 , 2004 . Then on September 29 , 2006 , Snow : Plus Edition was released for Windows , sporting added parts from the console versions and introducing a new heroine . Snow is playable on 's cell phones . A PlayStation Portable version of the game called Snow : Portable was released by on August 16 , 2007 . The standard edition for Windows was released on July 25 , 2008 , containing two fan discs , and the content from the portable edition of Snow . Finally , a downloadable version of the PSP edition was made available on the PlayStation Store by on January 21 , 2010 . - - = = Related media = = - - - = = = Books and publications = = = - - Five adult light novels written by and published by were released between June 2003 and January 2004 . The cover art and internal illustrations were drawn by Asuka , the artist who drew the artwork in the visual novel . The first novel , titled Snow : ( Snow ～ ～ , Sumino ) , was released on June 25 , 2003 . The second novel was released on July 25 , 2003 , titled Snow : ( Snow ～ ～ , Asahi ) . The third novel , titled Snow : no ( Snow ～ ～ ) , was released on September 20 , 2003 . The fourth novel , titled Snow : no ( Snow ～ ～ , Shigure ) , was released on November 22 , 2003 . The fifth and final novel , titled Snow : Sora no Yurikago ( Snow ～ ～ , ) , was released on January 16 , 2004 . A 192 @-@ page art book , titled Snow Art Works , and containing information such as story and character explanations , and images from the visual novel , was released by on July 25 , 2003 . - - = = = Manga = = = - - A game @-@ based manga adaptation titled Snow : Pure White , and illustrated by Yuki , was serialized between the September and December 2003 issues of . The individual chapters were later compiled into a single bound volume published by Kadokawa Shoten under the Kadokawa Comics Ace imprint on December 19 , 2003 . - released a stand @-@ alone comic anthology , titled Snow Anthology Game Comics , under the Twin Heart Comics imprint on March 22 , 2003 . A two @-@ volume anthology series , titled Snow Comic Anthology , was released by under the DNA Media Comics imprint between April 25 and June 25 , 2003 . The now @-@ defunct publisher released a comic anthology , titled Snow Game Comic , spanning two volumes in 2003 between April 25 and May 24 under the Comics imprint . released a single anthology , titled Snow Anthology Comic , under the @-@ Comics imprint on May 26 , 2003 . - - = = = Music and audio CDs = = = - - The opening theme for Snow is " Snow " sung by , who also provided vocals for the ending themes " no " ( ) and " Yuki no Kanata " ( ) . The insert song " Sora no Yurikago " ( ) is by ; a single titled Snow Extra CD was released at 64 on August 15 , 2003 , containing " Sora no Yurikago " . These tracks were included with other background music in the Snow Original Soundtrack released on April 25 , 2003 . Before the visual novel 's release , Snow Image Album was released at 63 on December 28 , 2002 . - Three drama CDs based on Snow have been published , the first CD volume was released by on August 22 , 2003 , focusing on Sumino Yukizuki . released a second volume focusing on Asahi Hiyorigawa , on October 24 , 2003 . The third and final volume , telling the story of Ryūjinmura 's legend , was released by Frontier Works on August 25 , 2004 . - - = = Reception = = - - In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games conducted by , Snow DVD @-@ ROM premiered at number one , whilst the CD @-@ ROM release ranked at number three . During the beginning of February , Snow CD @-@ ROM 's ranking fell to number eight , whilst Snow DVD @-@ ROM charted just above at number seven . Snow DVD @-@ ROM charted again at number thirty one during mid @-@ February , whilst the CD @-@ ROM release had low enough sales to not chart . Finally , both the Snow CD @-@ ROM and Snow DVD @-@ ROM releases made their final charting appearances at number thirty three and forty six at the beginning of March , respectively . - Snow was the second most widely sold game of 2003 on , a major of visual novel and domestic anime products . According to sales information taken from the Japanese Amazon website , Snow sold 64 @,@ 526 copies in 2003 . In the October 2007 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , poll results for the 50 best bishōjo games were released . Snow ranked No. 26 out of 249 titles , with 11 votes . Snow is featured in the Trading Card Game ; a set of playable Snow cards are included in the 's 1 @.@ 1 pack . Snow is considered a classic " " game . - - - = Miss Meyers = - - Miss Meyers ( 1949 – March 1963 ) was an American Quarter Horse racehorse and broodmare , the 1953 World Champion Quarter Running Horse . She won $ 28 @,@ 725 ( equivalent to about $ 254 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) as well as 17 races . As a broodmare , she produced , or was the mother of , the first American Quarter Horse Association ( AQHA ) Supreme Champion , Kid Meyers . She was the mother of three other foals , and was inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 2009 . - - = = Early life = = - - Miss Meyers was a chestnut @-@ colored mare born in 1949 and sired , or , by Leo , a member of the AQHA Hall of Fame . Miss Meyers ' dam , or mother , was Star 's Lou . Star 's Lou 's father was Oklahoma Star P @-@ 6 , another AQHA Hall of Fame member . She was bred by O. C. Meyer , and later owned by Bruce A. Green . - - = = Race career = = - - Miss Meyers raced from 1952 until 1955 and won seven stakes races , placing second in seven others , and third in two more . She won 17 of her 59 starts on the racetrack . She placed second in another 15 races and third in 5 . Her total earnings on the track were $ 28 @,@ ( approximately $ 253 @,@ 800 in 2016 dollars ) . Among her wins in stakes races were the 1952 and Stakes , the 1953 California Championship , the 1953 Billy Stakes , the 1953 Rocky Mountain Quarter Horse Association World Championship , the 1955 Bart B Stakes , the 1955 Barbara B Stakes and the 1955 Traveler Stakes . She set four track records , twice at 350 yards ( 320 m ) , once at 400 yards ( 370 m ) , and once at 440 yards ( 400 m ) . In 1953 she was named the AQHA World Champion Quarter Running Horse , as well as the High Money Horse ; the AQHA also awarded her the title of Superior Race Horse in 1954 . The highest speed index she achieved , a measure of how fast she was able to run , during her racing career was AAAT , the highest possible at the time . It was not until she was a four @-@ year @-@ old , during 1953 , that Miss Meyers performed well and started winning on the track . That year she won $ 15 @,@ 398 ( approximately $ 136 @,@ 200 in 2016 ) dollars , over half her lifetime earnings , as well as seven of her seventeen career wins . - - = = and legacy = = - - After Miss Meyers retired from the racetrack , she became the dam of the first AQHA Supreme Champion , Kid Meyers , sired by fellow Hall of Famer Three , a Thoroughbred . ( A Supreme Champion is a horse that is outstanding on the racetrack , as a riding horse at horse shows and also , or how well put together the horse is ) . Kid Meyers was a 1963 stallion , and had 23 starts on the racetrack , winning 6 times . He earned a total of $ 10 @,@ ( approximately $ 77 @,@ 700 as of 2016 dollars ) on the track . After retiring from the racetrack , he earned his AQHA Champion in 1966 and his AQHA Supreme Champion in 1967 . His highest speed index was AAA . Unlike most foals , who nurse for months after birth , Kid Meyers was orphaned at the age of one month in March 1963 . - Miss Meyers had three other foals . Oh My Oh , a 1957 bay mare sired by the Thoroughbred stallion Bull , started 30 times , winning eight races for a total earnings of $ 12 @,@ 592 ( approximately $ 99 @,@ 700 as of 2016 dollars ) and coming in second in a stakes race . She earned an AAAT speed index . As a broodmare , she was the dam of All American winner Three Oh 's . Miss Meyers ' 1958 foal was Mr Meyers , a stallion sired by fellow Hall of Famer Go Man Go , who started 41 times , winning 9 times and placing third in four stakes races . His total race earnings were $ 25 @,@ 656 ( approximately $ 200 @,@ 700 as of 2016 dollars ) . He went on to earn an AQHA Champion title along with a Superior Race Horse award , to go with his AAAT speed index . Mr Meyers became a successful breeding stallion . Miss Meyers ' fourth foal was a 1959 chestnut mare named sired by . was never raced or entered in a horse show . - Miss Meyers died in March 1963 , shortly after having Kid Meyers . She was inducted into the AQHA 's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2009 . - - = = = = - - - - = Far Away Places ( Mad Men ) = - - " Far Away Places " is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Mad Men and the episode of the series overall . It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner and writer , and directed by Scott . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on April 22 , 2012 . - The episode takes place almost entirely over a single day , telling three stories in a non @-@ linear narrative . Peggy becomes alienated after separate fights with her boyfriend Abe and a client . Roger and Jane take LSD with a group of intellectuals , altering how they see the world and allowing them to speak about their marriage . Don and Megan leave the office and take an impromptu road trip to Plattsburgh , New York , which doesn 't turn out as planned after Megan becomes with how Don treats her . - " Far Away Places " was watched by 2 @.@ 6 million viewers and achieved 0 @.@ 9 million viewers in the key 18 – 49 demographic . The episode received overwhelming critical acclaim , with many critics noting the episode 's formal experiments with and focus on the passage of time . The sequence where Roger and Jane take LSD was particularly celebrated for the visual excellence and performances by John and List . The theme of the episode was by the series writers and television journalists as the desire to escape . - - = = Plot = = - - " Far Away Places " is split into three vignettes that take place almost entirely during a single day following the characters Peggy , Roger , and Don . - - = = = Peggy = = = - - The episode begins with Peggy 's day and a heated argument with her boyfriend Abe , over her preoccupation with work and the effect this has on their sex life . The argument ends with Abe leaving in a . After Don pulls Megan away for an impromptu trip to a Howard Johnson 's hotel in far northern New York , Peggy has to pitch to the Heinz executives without them . Peggy unsuccessfully tries to sell the Heinz executives on her concept . Frustrated , she leaves work , has a couple of drinks , and goes to see the film Born Free . She sees a young man smoking marijuana behind her , herself , and eventually gives him a hand job . She returns to her office to see Ginsberg arguing with his father . After being told off by Ginsberg for , she falls asleep in Don 's office . She to a call from Don , who seems alarmed for incomprehensible reasons . Don hangs up on her and Peggy returns to her office . When Peggy asks about Ginsberg 's life , Ginsberg initially claims to be a Martian , stating that Morris Ginsberg is not his father . Michael was born in a Nazi concentration camp and , after its liberation , Morris claimed him from a Swedish orphanage when Michael was five years old . Peggy returns home , affected by this story , and calls Abe . She tells him about Ginsberg and asks him to come over to be with her . - - = = = Roger = = = - - From Roger 's perspective of the day , he invites Don to go on a trip with him to a Howard Johnson 's in Plattsburgh , New York , hoping to get out of a dinner party with his wife Jane 's " friends " and is subsequently disappointed when Don decides to take Megan on the trip instead . Roger and Jane go to the party , which is hosted by Jane 's therapist and her husband . After dinner , Roger asks Jane if they can leave , but Jane reminds Roger that he agreed to take LSD with the group and begs him to stay , as she doesn 't want to go through the experience alone . Roger is initially unimpressed with the drug , but comes around after his consciousness begins to change with vivid audio @-@ visual hallucinations . Roger and Jane return home via taxi and take a bath together , during which Roger imagines he is watching the 1919 World Series from the bathtub . The couple then talks about their marriage for the first time . During this moment of awareness , Jane admits that she knows the marriage is over . The next morning , a Roger says goodbye to a shocked Jane , who appears about what she said the night before . - - = = = Don = = = - - The episode 's finale is Don 's day and the trip to Plattsburgh and Howard Johnson 's Restaurant and Motor Lodge . As he and Megan eat in the restaurant , Megan expresses her frustration at having her needs and desires take a back seat to Don 's . The discussion escalates into a fight , during which Megan makes a remark about Don 's mother , and Don storms out and drives off without her . Don returns sometime later and begins to worry when he can 't find Megan . He spends hours looking for and waiting for her , calling Peggy ( the other side of the conversation from the first part of the episode ) as well as Megan 's mother in Montreal . - After waiting for hours at Howard Johnson 's and home repeatedly , Don drives home in the early morning to find Megan in their apartment with the security chain on the door . Don kicks the door in , struggles with Megan , and chases her through the apartment . Megan and Don trip and collapse on the floor as Megan . Don hugs her at the waist and tells her he thought he had lost her . - - = = = = = = - - That morning , Megan and Don return to Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce . Don is to the conference room , where Bert Cooper him for being " on love leave " . Don replies that his love life is none of Bert 's business . Bert retorts that it is , in fact , business and admits that the firm is running as well as it is with how little Don is actually working . Bert leaves Don standing alone in the conference room as Don looks through the picture windows at the employees going about their business . Roger , full of enthusiasm , into the conference room and tells Don he has an announcement : " It 's going to be a beautiful day ! " - - = = Production = = - - Creator Matthew Weiner said " Far Away Places " was inspired by " French films " with " lots of short stories in them " , with all three short stories linked by a thematic " desire to go away " . He further explained that " Peggy has this moment where she tries to be Don and fails and then goes on Peggy 's version of Don – sexually irresponsible , and drunk , and working " . Elisabeth Moss said the Peggy gives a stranger in the theatre is a " moment of forgetting " after the frustrating Heinz pitch . - Weiner spoke about the structure of the episode in June 2012 : - , I love this French movie by Max called Le . It 's three or four Guy de stories that are told by a narrator , and then characters start to appear behind each other , their stories overlap and they are just walking through , and you realize it 's a complete world . What I loved about that was just telling the story from that one person ’ s point of view . In Peggy 's story , she 's in every scene , nothing happens without her there . And it 's the same thing with Don and the same thing with Roger . So you 're really getting this very private perspective , and then thematically holding it together by saying , " Here , this is about the status of the relationship . " We weren 't sure that it was going to work . The hardest part was breaking it up for commercials so that the Peggy and the Roger stories would be in the same segment and you wouldn 't come back and think you were in the middle of another episode . - He spoke about the writing of a scene of the episode in August 2012 : - I had , in the writers room , given this speech about Ginsberg saying he was a Martian . I delivered it as Ginsberg . We knew that Peggy 's story was going to climax with that , and it was going to be their great moment of intimacy ; he would distract her from her failure and bond with her in that strange way that people who feel separate do . Then , when we were writing the draft , I got the notes from the room , and the speech was like one sentence . We searched everywhere , and it turned out I had never pitched more than that one sentence : " I 'm a Martian . " I had a great version of it , but it turned out it had all been in my head in one way or another . It all had to come from scratch . Once I reduced the panic and tried to re @-@ create it , it did happen . So , to me , it still has a magical quality to it . - Weiner characterized Roger 's acid trip as an experience of " complete honesty " and an " experience of empathy , something he 's probably never experienced in his life . He doesn 't see the world through other people 's lives and that kind of to me is very beautiful , even though it 's the end of the relationship . They are alone in the truth together " . - While discussing the fight between Don and Megan , Weiner commented on the violence and passion , noting that " what you get is that Don loves this woman " and that Megan is " everything that 's good to him " . Jessica commented on Don 's lack of respect for her work , and Jon judged Don 's actions as " immature " . However , regarded Don 's fear as " genuine " when he is unsure of Megan 's whereabouts . The flashback scene between Don and Megan in the car was actually shot for the fourth season finale , " , written and directed by Weiner , but was cut . Weiner decided to this scene into the episode as a flashback . - The exterior scenes of the Howard Johnson 's hotel were filmed in October 2011 at the Regency Inn and in Baldwin Park , California . The hotel operated as a Howard Johnson 's from 1967 until it was sold in 1995 . - Editor Christopher Gay spoke about the episode in August 2012 : - speaking , we wanted the stories of these three relations of Peggy , Roger , and Don to be their own story . We wanted to give you a little bit more each time you saw each of the three story lines so that when you got to the third one , everything totally made sense . I 've talked to people and they 've had to watch it a few times to fully digest . Also , the score in the episode is pretty unique and more tonal and atmospheric than what we normally do . It 's a guide , too , that helps you feel when one story is ending and another is coming in and knowing that the shift is happening . I think the score and the sound design definitely helped guide the narrative . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - The episode received overwhelmingly laudatory reviews from television critics , particularly for its unusual departure from the standard Mad Men episode structure and is considered to be one of the best in the series . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix exalted the episode and the " more formally experimental " season , admitting , " I 'm still not sure I understood 100 % of it . But I know I liked it . A lot . " Sepinwall characterized " Far Away Places " as " an episode that gave the feel of dropping acid even when everyone on camera was stone . Matt Weiner , co @-@ writer , director Scott , and the actors combined to give us some of the most memorable moments the show has ever done . " Todd of The A.V. Club gave it an A grade , compared it to previous " structurally daring " episodes like " Seven Twenty Three " and " The Jet Set " , and praised the director for the " beautifully shot " episode and the " gorgeous image of [ Roger ] and Jane lying , heads touching , on the floor , admitting their marriage just isn ’ t working " , while noting that the enemy of the season is " the passage of time itself " . - Verne Gay of Newsday called it a good , but difficult episode , saying , " the story lines were all parallel – it was even an anthology , with each story mirroring the next ( bringing to mind that memorable scene when Roger , under the influence , is looking in the mirror and told to look away ) ... the themes of male @-@ female , and ( and yes , hair , once again is a predominant metaphor . ) The themes of travel ... of being a stranger in a strange land ... of life on Mars , or in Plattsburgh ... of alienation , pursuit , and of a generation born during the Holocaust , amid the Holocaust " . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said the LSD trip " was handled brilliantly here , with insight , surprises , unpredictability , excellent humor and a really lovely , smart ending " and the image of Jane and Roger on the floor as an example of the " visual excellence " of the episode . TIME magazine writer Nate Rawlings compared the episode to a David Lynch film and noted that all three " stories also shared the thematic connection of the struggle between professional and work life . " - IGN reviewer Eric Goldman praised the performances of John and List and said the episode " took three of the show 's best characters and their worlds in very different ways , telling three separate stories that were all utterly involving and moving , and delivering one of the show 's best episodes ever in the process . This show continues to operate on a level few other series could dream of ... " . Roger Friedman of Forbes called the LSD sequences with Jane and Roger to be " so well @-@ written they were kind of transcendent " . Salon writer Nellie acclaimed the episode , while pointing out that " with this episode ’ s tilt of the back to the older generation from the youngsters , we ’ re reminded that while the 1960s saw a cultural shift towards youth , like a drunk , no historical change walks a straight line . For all the claims that Don and others have made that the “ kids ” increasingly hold the cards , the real truth ( if we ’ re telling it ) is that older white guys like Bert and Roger never truly lost power , even if they began to hide behind the scenes while fresh young faces took the public glory . " - - = = = Ratings = = = - - The episode was viewed by 2 @.@ 6 million viewers on the night of its original airing . It drew 0 @.@ 9 million viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . - - = = = Awards = = = - - " Far Away Places " was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards , for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series . - - - = Awakening ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) = - - " Awakening " is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , and originally aired on November 26 , 2004 on UPN . The script was written by André Bormanis and the episode was directed by Star Trek : Voyager alumni Dawson . The episode was the first of the season for both Bormanis and Dawson . The episode is the second of a three @-@ part episode arc which started in " The Forge " and concludes in " Kir 'Shara " . - Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , the Vulcan government seek to make the Enterprise leave orbit so they can attack a renegade faction of Vulcans , and afterwards the long @-@ standing enemy of the Vulcans , the . Meanwhile , Captain Jonathan Archer and Commander T 'Pol have been captured by the Syrrannites , and it is discovered that Archer has the katra of Surak . He has visions which lead him to find an ancient Vulcan called the " Kir 'Shara " as the group come under attack from the Vulcans . - Elements of the plot of the episode were compared by executive producer to the Protestant Reformation with the Vulcan High Command representing the Catholic Church . The producers took care to cast actors in the roles of T 'Pau and Surak who looked similar to the actors who portrayed those parts in The Original Series . Nielsen ratings for the first run of the episode saw a decrease from the first part of the trilogy , down to 1 @.@ 8 / 3 . The critical response was mixed , saying that whilst they were entertained by the episode , there were several elements in the plot which were problematic . - - = = Plot = = - - Ambassador Soval is summoned before Administrator V 'Las and the High Council to face punishment over his use of a mind meld . Since the act is widely considered to be criminal by the Vulcan authorities , Soval is summarily dismissed from the service . Meanwhile , Captain Archer and Commander T 'Pol are questioned by the Syrrannites . After a short while , T 'Pol is taken to see her mother , T 'Les , and the two disagree about the tenets of the group — the Vulcan authorities call them , a term T 'Les with . Soon , Archer begins to see visions of an old Vulcan , and the dissidents determine that he had the katra of Surak transferred into him via mind meld . - V 'Las , now largely unopposed on the Council , becomes increasingly obsessed with decisively ending the threat once and for all . He his plans to bombard the encampment , after delays in convincing Enterprise to leave orbit . He contacts Starfleet , and the Admiralty give Commander Tucker direct orders , which he refuses to carry out directly . He attempts , with assistance from Soval , to send a rescue to " The Forge " , but they are intercepted by Vulcan patrol vessels . V 'Las then finally orders Vulcan warships to directly engage Enterprise , and Soval suggests that they should retreat before they are severely damaged . - A ritual is performed to transfer the katra into the mind of T 'Pau , but the attempt fails . Archer continues to see Surak who informs him that he must find the relic known as the " Kir 'Shara " . The Vulcan military begin to bombard the complex . Archer , T 'Pol , and T 'Pau remain behind to search for the relic , and Archer is able to use his knowledge to unlock a door to reveal it . As they exit , T 'Pol finds her mother , but she soon dies after being seriously injured in the attack . On Enterprise , Soval reveals that the Vulcans , despite the recent peace accord , are preparing a pre @-@ strike against the , and Tucker orders an immediate course at maximum . - - = = Production = = - - " Awakening " was the second part of a three @-@ part trilogy of episodes during the fourth season of Enterprise that were created to deal with the differences between the Enterprise @-@ era Vulcans and those seen in series set later in the of the franchise . Show runner Manny summed up these differences saying , " Our Vulcans lie , our Vulcans are , our Vulcans are not . " He sought to introduce a situation which he compared to the 16th @-@ century Protestant Reformation and wanted to include a Vulcan character who would effectively be in the role of Martin Luther , while the Vulcan High Command represented the Catholic Church . - The episode saw the re @-@ casting of two roles which had previously appeared in episodes of The Original Series . These were the parts of T 'Pau and Surak . T 'Pau made her first appearance in " Amok Time " , where she was played by Celia . For " Awakening " , Kara Zediker was cast in the role . Zediker had previously appeared in the first season of 24 as Elizabeth Nash . Surak had been played by Barry in " The Savage Curtain " , but this role was taken by Bruce Gray for " Awakening " . Gray had previously portrayed Admiral in The Next Generation episode " Gambit " and the Deep Space Nine episode " The Circle " . For both of these parts , the producers attempted to cast actors who looked similar to the originals . - Robert Foxworth reprises his role from the first part of the trilogy as Administrator V 'Las , and Joanna had previously portrayed T 'Les earlier in the season in the episode " Home " . John Rubinstein , who appears in " Awakening " as , has previously appeared as a earlier in the series in the episode " Fallen Hero " and had appeared in " The 37 's " , an episode of Voyager . Gary Graham returned as Soval , who he has portrayed throughout the series from the pilot episode onwards . Director Dawson has previously portrayed B Torres in Voyager , and " Awakening " marked the tenth episode of the series that she had directed . It was her only episode of season four , and her last on Enterprise . It was also writer André Bormanis ' first episode of the season , who had previously written several episodes of the series as well as Voyager . - Filming started on September 23 , 2004 , and concentrated on Enterprise ship scenes on the standing sets for the first two days . After that production moved to the cave sets , which were dressed with Vulcan artifacts . On the fourth day of production , those artifacts were removed so that the same sets could use used to film the visions that Archer has of Surak . All exterior scenes in the Vulcan desert @-@ like Forge were shot on a soundstage . The final day of filming took place on October 1 , when all the scenes set in the Vulcan High Command were filmed . These involved only Foxworth , Graham and Rubinstein as well as a handful of extras . - - = = Reception and home media = = - - " Awakening " was first aired in the United States on UPN on November 26 , 2004 . The broadcast saw the episode come in fifth place during the timeslot , with a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 8 / 3 . This means that it was seen by 1 @.@ 8 percent of all households , and 3 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast . It gained higher ratings than The WB , which aired re @-@ runs of What I Like About You and for Life , but was behind the other four major networks with NBC 's Dateline winning the hour with ratings of 5 @.@ 9 / 11 . The ratings received by Enterprise continued a downward trend in recent episodes , with ratings of 1 @.@ 9 / 3 received by the previous episode . - Michelle Erica Green , reviewing the episode for TrekNation was undecided about whether the main point of the episode where Captain Archer is expected to lead the Vulcans back to their main path of logic was a " wonderfully progressive concept or just Trek in which humans have all the answers " . She thought that the change in Soval 's opinions in this episode was difficult to accept and that the other members of the main cast didn 't get a great deal to do in the episode . However , whilst she thought that " Awakening " was a visual improvement over " The Forge " , she was reserving judgement until she had seen the third part of the trilogy . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " thought that certain elements of the plot didn 't follow logical paths , such as how Archer found the Kir in a few minutes when apparently the Syrrannites had been looking for it for two years even though " it sits in a chamber behind a door that practically announces , ' ' ? " However , he called the episode entertaining and gave it a score of three out of four . - The first home media release of " The Forge " was in the season four DVD box set of Enterprise , originally released in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The Blu @-@ ray edition was released on April 1 , 2014 . - - - = Mole cricket = - - Mole crickets are members of the insect family , in the order ( grasshoppers , locusts and crickets ) . Mole crickets are cylindrical @-@ bodied insects about 3 – 5 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , with small eyes and shovel @-@ like forelimbs highly developed for burrowing . They are present in many parts of the world and where they have been introduced into new regions , may become agricultural pests . - Mole crickets have three life stages , eggs , nymphs and adults . Most of their life in these stages is spent underground but adults have wings and disperse in the breeding season . They vary in their diet ; some species are vegetarian , mainly feeding on roots , others are , including worms and in their diet , while a few are largely . Male mole crickets have an exceptionally loud song ; they sing from a sub @-@ surface burrow that opens out into the air in the shape of an exponential horn . The song is an almost pure tone , into chirps . It is used to attract females , either for mating , or for indicating favourable habitats for them to lay their eggs . - In Zambia , mole crickets are thought to bring good fortune , while in Latin America they are said to predict rain . In Florida , where Scapteriscus mole crickets are non @-@ native , they are considered pests , and various biological controls have been used . Gryllotalpa species have been used as food in West Java , Vietnam , and the Philippines . - - = = Description = = - - Mole crickets vary in size and appearance , but most of them are of moderate size for an insect , typically between 3 @.@ 2 and 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 3 and 1 @.@ 4 in ) long as adults . They are adapted for underground life and are cylindrical in shape and covered with fine , dense hairs . The head , forelimbs , and are heavily but the abdomen is rather soft . The head bears two threadlike and a pair of eyes . The two pairs of wings are folded flat over the abdomen ; in most species , the fore wings are short and rounded and the hind wings are and reach or exceed the tip of the abdomen ; however , in some species the hind wings are reduced in size and the insect is unable to fly . The fore legs are flattened for digging but the hind legs are shaped somewhat like the legs of a true cricket ; however , these limbs are more adapted for pushing soil , rather than leaping , which they do rarely and poorly . The nymphs resemble the adults apart from the absence of wings and ; the become larger after each successive moult . - - = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = - - The are a monophyletic group in the order ( grasshoppers , locusts and crickets ) . analysis of mole cricket morphology in 2015 identifies six tribes , of which four were then new : ( ) , , and ( ) , and two existing tribes , and , are revised . The group name is derived from Latin ' ' , cricket , and ' ' , mole . - Within these subfamilies , genera include : - Gryllotalpa - - - Neocurtilla - † - - Scapteriscus - Neoscapteriscus - - † - † - † - † - Mole cricket fossils are rare . A stem group fossil , , is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil . Two specimens of in amber have been found in the Lower Cretaceous of @-@ Maritime in France . They are somewhat more abundant in the Tertiary amber of the Baltic and Dominican regions ; impressions are found in Europe and the American Green River Formation . - Mole crickets are not closely related to the " mole crickets " , the , which are in the suborder rather than the cricket suborder . The two groups , and indeed their resemblance in form to the mammalian mole family with their powerful front limbs , form an example of evolution , both developing adaptations for burrowing . - - = = Behavior = = - - Adults of most species of mole cricket can fly powerfully , if not with agility , but males do so infrequently . The females typically take wing soon after sunset , and are attracted to areas where males are calling , which they do for about an hour after sunset . This may be in order to mate , or they may be influenced by the suitability of the habitat for egg @-@ laying , as demonstrated by the number of males present and calling in the vicinity . - - = = = Life cycle = = = - - Mole crickets are meaning they undergo incomplete ; when nymphs hatch from eggs , the nymphs increasingly resemble the adult form as they grow and pass through a series of up to ten . After mating , there may be a period of one or two weeks before the female starts laying eggs . She burrows into the soil to a depth of 30 cm ( 12 in ) , ( 72 cm ( 28 in ) has been seen in the laboratory ) , and lays a clutch of 25 to 60 eggs . Neoscapteriscus females then retire , sealing the entrance passage , but in Gryllotalpa and Neocurtilla species , the female has been observed to remain in an adjoining chamber to tend the clutch . Further clutches may follow over several months , according to species . need to be laid in moist ground and many nymphs die because of insufficient moisture in the soil . The eggs hatch in a few weeks , and as they grow , the nymphs consume a great deal of plant material either underground or on the surface . The adults of some species of mole cricket may move as far as 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) during the breeding season . Mole crickets are active most of the year , but overwinter as nymphs or adults in cooler climates , resuming activity in the spring . - - = = = = = = - - Mole crickets live almost entirely below ground , digging tunnels of different kinds for the major functions of life , including feeding , escape from predators , attracting a mate ( by singing ) , mating , and raising of young . - Their main tunnels are used for feeding and for escape : they can dig themselves underground very rapidly , and can move along existing tunnels at high speed both forwards and backwards . Their digging technique is to force the soil to either side with their powerful , shovel @-@ like forelimbs , which are broad , flattened , and heavily ( the is hardened and ) . - Males attract mates by constructing specially @-@ shaped tunnels in which they sing . Mating takes place in the male 's burrow ; the male may widen a tunnel to make room for the female to mount , though in some species mating is tail @-@ to @-@ tail . Females lay their eggs either in their normal burrows or in specially @-@ dug brood chambers which are sealed when complete in the case of the genus Neoscapteriscus or not sealed in the case of genera Gryllotalpa and Neocurtilla . - - = = = Song = = = - - Male mole crickets sing by , always underground . In Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa the song is based on an almost pure tone at 3 @.@ 5 , loud enough to make the ground vibrate 20 cm all round the burrow ; in fact the song is unique in each species . In Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa the burrow is somewhat roughly sculpted ; in Gryllotalpa vineae , the burrow is smooth and carefully shaped , with no irregularities larger than 1 millimetre . In both species the burrow takes the form of a double exponential horn with twin openings at the soil surface ; at the other end there is a , then a bulb , and then an escape tunnel . A burrow is used for at least a week . The male positions himself head down with his head in the bulb , his tail near the fork in the tunnel . - Mole crickets like other crickets by scraping the rear edge of the left , which forms a plectrum , against the lower surface of the right , which has a @-@ like series of asymmetric teeth : the more acute edges face backwards , as do those of the plectrum . The plectrum can move forwards with little resistance ; but moving it backwards makes it catch each tooth , setting up a vibration in both wings . The sound @-@ producing stroke is the raising ( ) of the wings . The resulting song resembles the result of a pure tone with a 66 wave to form regular chirps . In G. vineae , the wing muscle , which weighs 50 , can deliver 3 @.@ 5 of mechanical power ; G. gryllotalpa can deliver about 1 . G. vineae produces an exceptionally loud song from half an hour after sunset , continuing for an hour ; it can be heard up to 600 metres away . At a distance of 1 metre from the burrow , the sound has a mean power over the cycle of up to 88 decibels ; the recorded peak power was about 92 decibels ; at the mouths of the burrow , the sound reaches around 115 decibels . G. gryllotalpa can deliver a peak sound pressure of 72 decibels and a mean of about 66 decibels . The throat of the horn appears to be tuned ( offering low ) , making the burrow radiate sound efficiently ; the efficiency increases when the burrow is wet and absorbs less sound . Mole crickets are the only insects that construct a sound @-@ producing apparatus . Given the known sensitivity of a cricket 's hearing ( 60 decibels ) , a night @-@ flying G. vineae female should be able to detect the male 's song at a range of 30 metres ; this compares to about 5 metres for a typical cricket that does not construct a burrow . - The of the song is correlated with the size of the male and the quality of the habitat , both indicators of male . The males may attract 20 females in one evening , when a quieter male may attract none . This behaviour enables acoustic trapping : females can be trapped in large numbers by broadcasting a male 's song very loudly . - - = = = Food = = = - - Mole crickets vary in their diets ; some like the tawny mole cricket are herbivores , others are , feeding on larvae , worms , roots , and grasses , and others like the southern mole cricket are mainly . As well as consuming roots underground , mole crickets leave their burrows at night to forage for leaves and stems which they drag underground before consumption . - - = = = = Predators , parasites and pathogens = = = = - - Besides birds , toads and insectivorous mammals , the predators of mole crickets include subterranean assassin bugs , wolf spiders , and various beetles . The South American nematode Steinernema scapterisci kills mole crickets by introducing bacteria into their bodies , causing an overwhelming infection . Steinernema is native to Florida and attacks native Neocurtilla mole crickets . wasps of the genus Larra ( : ) attack mole crickets , the female laying an egg on the external surface of the mole cricket , and the larva developing on the mole cricket host . ( : ) is a specialized of mole crickets in the genus Neoscapteriscus ; the fly 's larvae hatch from eggs inside her abdomen ; she is attracted by the call of the male mole cricket and deposits a larva or more on any mole cricket individual with which she comes in contact . predators of mole cricket eggs in China and Japan include the beetle whereas in South America they include the beetle ( : ) ; the adult beetle lays eggs near the burrows of mole crickets , and the beetle larvae find their way to the egg chamber and eat the eggs . diseases can mole cricket populations during winters with sudden rises of temperature and . The fungus can overwhelm adult mole crickets and several other fungal , and viral pathogens have been identified . Mole crickets evade predators by living below ground , and vigorously burrowing if disturbed at the surface . As a last @-@ ditch defence , they a foul @-@ smelling brown liquid from their anal glands when captured ; they can also bite . - - = = Distribution = = - - Mole crickets are relatively common , but because they are nocturnal and spend nearly all their lives underground in extensive tunnel systems , they are rarely seen . They inhabit agricultural fields and grassy areas . They are present in every continent with the exception of Antarctica ; by 2014 , one hundred and seven species had been described and more species are likely to be discovered , especially in Asia . Neoscapteriscus didactylus is a widespread pest species , originating in South America it has spread to the West Indies and New South Wales in Australia . Gryllotalpa africana is a major pest in South Africa ; other Gryllotalpa species are widely distributed in Europe , Asia and Australia . They are native to Britain ( as to western Europe ) , but the former population of G. gryllotalpa may now be extinct in mainland Britain , surviving in the Channel Islands . - - = = = Invasive mole crickets , and their biological control = = = - - Invasive species are those that cause harm in their newly occupied area , where biological control may be attempted . The first @-@ detected invasive mole cricket species was Neoscapteriscus didactylus , a South American species reported as a pest in St. Vincent , West Indies as early as 1837 ; by 1900 , it was a major pest of agriculture in Puerto Rico . It had probably slowly expanded its range northwards , island by island , from South America . The only biological control program against N. didactylus was in Puerto Rico , and it succeeded in establishing the wasp Larra bicolor from Brazil . In 2001 , N. didactylus in Puerto Rico seemed to be a pest only in irrigated crops and turf . Small scale experimental applications of the nematode Steinernema scapterisci were made in irrigated turf , but survival of the nematode was poor . Very much later , this same species was reported as a pest in Queensland , Australia , presumably arriving by ship or plane . The next @-@ detected invasive species was in the late 19th century in Hawaii , probably by ship . It was named as Gryllotalpa africana , but was probably G. orientalis . It attacked sugarcane and was targeted with Larra from the Philippines in 1925 , apparently successfully . - The next detection was in Georgia , USA , and at that time was assumed to be N. didactylus from the West Indies . It was in fact three South American Neoscapteriscus species , N. , N . , and N. , probably arrived in ship ballast . They caused major problems for decades as they spread in the southeastern mole cricket populations had built up since the early decades of the 20th century and damaged pastures , , playing fields and vegetable crops . From the late 1940s had been the of choice to control them , but when was banned by the U.S. in the 1970s , ranchers were left with no economic and effective control method . Especially to aid Florida ranchers , a project that became known as the / Mole Cricket Research Program was initiated in 1978 . In 1985 , a multi @-@ authored report was published on accomplishments . In 1988 , an account was published on prospects for biological control , and in 1996 an account of promising results with biological control . The program ended in 2004 after 25 years of running monitoring stations , and in 2006 a summary publication announced success : a 95 % reduction in mole cricket numbers in northern Florida , with biological control agents spreading potentially to all parts of Florida . Efforts to use Larra bicolor as a biological control agent in Florida began by a stock from Puerto Rico . It became established in a small area of southeastern Florida but had little effect on Neoscapteriscus populations . A stock from Bolivia became established in northern Florida and spread widely ( with some help ) to most of the rest of the state and neighboring states . Its survival depends upon the availability of suitable nectar sources . - Once it was discovered that female flies are attracted to the song of Neoscapteriscus males in South America , a path to trap these flies at synthetic mole cricket song was opened . then led to a rearing method . rearing of over 10 @,@ 000 flies on mole cricket hosts allowed releases of living fly at many sites in Florida from the far northwest to the far south , mainly on golf courses , and mainly in 1989 @-@ 1991 . were established , began to spread , and were monitored by use of synthetic mole cricket song . Eventually it was discovered that the flies had a continuous population from about 29 degrees North all the way south to Miami , but that the flies failed to survive the winter north of about 29 degrees . and release of the flies to states north of Florida was thus a wasted effort . As the flies had been imported from 23 degrees South in Brazil and could not overwinter north of 29 degrees North in Florida , it was investigated in 1999 whether flies from 30 degrees South in Brazil might survive better in northern Florida , but they did not . - The third biological control agent to target Neoscapteriscus in Florida was the South American nematode Steinernema scapterisci . Small @-@ scale releases proved it could persist for years in mole @-@ cricket @-@ infested sandy Florida soils . Its use as a against Neoscapteriscus was patented , making it attractive to industry . Industrial @-@ scale production on artificial diet allowed large @-@ scale trial applications in pastures and on golf courses , which succeeded in establishing populations in several counties , and these populations spread , but sales were disappointing , and the product was withdrawn from the market in 2014 . - - = = = As pests = = = - - The main damage done by mole crickets is as a result of their burrowing activities . As they tunnel through the top few centimetres of soil they push the ground up in little ridges , increasing evaporation of surface moisture , disturbing seeds and damaging the delicate young roots of seedlings . They are also to and pasture @-@ grasses as they feed on the roots of the grasses , leaving the plants prone to drying @-@ out and damage by use . - In their native lands , mole crickets have natural enemies that keep them under control . This is not the case when they have been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world . In Florida they are considered pests and are described as " a serious problem " . A University of Florida report suggests that South American Neoscapteriscus mole crickets may have entered the United States at Brunswick , Georgia in ship 's ballast from southern South America around 1899 , but were at that time mistakenly believed to be from the West Indies . One possible remedy is biological pest control using the wasps Larra bicolor . Another remedy that has been successfully applied is use of the parasitic nematode Steinernema scapterisci . When this is applied in strips across grassland , it spreads throughout the pasture within a few months and not only controls the mole crickets , but remains infective in the soil for future years . - - = = In human culture = = - - - = = = Folklore = = = - - In Zambia , Gryllotalpa africana is held to bring good fortune to anyone who sees it . In Latin America , Scapteriscus and Neocurtilla mole crickets are said to predict rain when they dig into the ground . In Japan in the past they seem to have been associated with the worms / corpses / bugs that announce a persons sins to heaven in the / belief — see the spirit / . - - = = = As food = = = - - Gryllotalpa mole crickets have sometimes been used as food in West Java and Vietnam . In Thailand mole crickets ( Thai : ) are valued as food in . They are usually eaten fried along with sticky rice . - In the Philippines , they are served as a delicacy called in the province of and are a tourist attraction . They are also served in parts of Northern Luzon . - - - = Maryland Route 194 = - - Maryland Route 194 ( MD 194 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 23 @.@ 87 miles ( 38 @.@ 42 km ) from MD 26 in Ceresville north to the Pennsylvania state line near Taneytown , where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 194 ( PA 194 ) toward Hanover . MD 194 is the main highway between Frederick and Hanover ; the state highway connects the towns of Walkersville and Woodsboro in northeastern Frederick County with Keymar and Taneytown in northwestern Carroll County . MD 194 was blazed as a migration route in the 18th century and a pair of turnpikes in Frederick County in the 19th century , one of which was the last private toll road in Maryland . The state highway , which was originally designated MD 71 , was built as a modern highway in Frederick County in the mid @-@ 1920s and constructed as Francis Scott Key Highway in Carroll County in the late 1920s and early 1930s . MD 194 received its modern route number in 1956 as part of a three @-@ route number swap . The state highway 's bypasses of Walkersville and Woodsboro opened in the early 1980s and mid @-@ 1990s , respectively . - - = = Route description = = - - MD 194 begins at an intersection with MD 26 ( Liberty Road ) in Ceresville . The roadway continues south as MD 26 , which crosses the River on its way toward Frederick . MD 26 heads east from the intersection as a two @-@ lane road toward . MD 194 heads north as Woodsboro Pike , which starts as a four @-@ lane divided highway but reduces to two lanes as the highway passes through the suburban communities of Discovery and Spring Garden , where the state highway passes the historic Woodsboro and Frederick Turnpike Company . At Walkersville High School , the state highway enters the town of Walkersville and the highway 's old alignment , Frederick Street , splits to the north . MD 194 collects the other end of Frederick Street and passes between residential subdivisions before leaving the town at the highway 's intersection with Bridge Road and Road . The former road heads west toward the historic Harris Farm ; the latter highway leads to the 19th century Road Bridge . - MD 194 parallels the Maryland Midland Railway 's north – south line , Israel Creek , and Laurel Hill north to Woodsboro . At the south end of the town , Main Street , which is unsigned MD 194A , continues straight north while MD 194 veers northeast to bypass the town . The state highway starts to run concurrently with MD 550 at Woodsboro Road , which heads east as MD 550 toward . On the north side of town , MD 550 heads west as Woodsboro Road , which meets the northern end of Main Street before heading northwest toward and . MD 194 veers northeast and has a grade crossing with the railroad track at New Midway , where the highway intersects Road , which leads to the Bridge . The state highway passes through the village of before crossing Little Pipe Creek , one of the tributaries of Double Pipe Creek , into Carroll County . - MD 194 continues as Francis Scott Key Highway through Keymar , where the north – south and east – west lines of the Maryland Midland Railway intersect . The state highway has a grade crossing of the east – west rail line and intersects Road , which heads west as MD 77 . In the hamlet of , MD 194 crosses Big Pipe Creek and intersects Road , which heads northwest toward the village of and Terra , the birthplace of Francis Scott Key . The state highway passes the historic Family Farm and Keefer @-@ Farm on its way to Taneytown . MD 194 , which becomes Frederick Street , crosses a branch of Creek and passes the House . In the center of the Taneytown Historic District , the state highway intersects MD 140 ( Baltimore Street ) , where MD 194 becomes York Street . After leaving Taneytown , the state highway becomes Francis Scott Key Highway again as it heads through farmland . MD 194 crosses Creek before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line . The roadway continues north as PA 194 ( Frederick Pike ) toward and Hanover . - MD 194 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from its southern terminus in Ceresville to Road in Walkersville and within the city of Taneytown . - - = = History = = - - In the 18th century , the corridor of what is now MD 194 was the Hanover – Frederick portion of the Road , a migration route that connected Philadelphia and Winchester , Virginia via York , Frederick , , and Williamsport . The Frederick County portion of the highway later became the path of a pair of turnpikes . The Woodsboro and Double Pipe Creek Turnpike connected the namesake town and creek ; the Woodsboro and Frederick Turnpike extended from Woodsboro south to the junction with the Liberty and Frederick Turnpike in Ceresville . The two turnpikes issuing from Ceresville were connected to Frederick by the Frederick and Woodsboro Turnpike . The Woodsboro and Frederick Turnpike was the last privately maintained toll road in Maryland when it was purchased by the Maryland State Roads Commission , the predecessor to the Maryland State Highway Administration , in 1921 . - What is now MD 194 was originally designated MD 71 . The roads commission resurfaced the turnpikes ' surface from Ceresville to Little Pipe Creek to a width of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) by 1926 . That same year , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of concrete road was constructed north from MD 32 ( now MD 140 ) in Taneytown . In 1930 , construction began to complete the concrete road that MD 71 would follow through Carroll County . The state highway was completed in five sections from a short distance north of Big Pipe Creek to the Pennsylvania state line in 1933 . The Carroll County section of MD 71 was dedicated as Francis Scott Key Highway in 1931 . The two sections of MD 71 were separated by a county @-@ maintained segment of highway through Keymar . This gap in the state road system remained through at least 1949 . - MD 71 received a new steel I @-@ beam bridge over Big Pipe Creek in 1940 ; this bridge was replaced in 2005 . The state highway was widened through Taneytown in 1948 . MD 71 's present steel I @-@ beam bridge over Little Pipe Creek at the county line was started in 1953 and completed in 1954 along with 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of approach roads . The state highway was reconstructed and widened from the Little Pipe Creek Bridge to New Midway in 1952 and 1953 . Reconstruction of the highway commenced from New Midway to Woodsboro in 1953 , from Woodsboro to Ceresville in 1956 , and from Taneytown to the Pennsylvania state line in 1957 . - In 1956 , MD 71 was involved in a three @-@ route number change involving highways in three different areas of the state . MD 71 was reassigned to the Blue Star Memorial Highway then under construction from Queenstown to the Delaware state line ; this designation lasted only three years before U.S. Route was rerouted onto the highway in 1959 . MD 71 was designated MD 194 to match the adjacent numbered highway in Pennsylvania . MD 194 had previously been assigned to Flower Avenue in Park ; Flower Avenue was then designated MD 787 . - MD 194 's bypass of Walkersville was completed around 1981 . The state highway 's bypass of Woodsboro was under construction by 1995 and completed in 1997 ; Main Street through town was designated MD 194A . MD 550 , which ran concurrently with MD 194 along Main Street , joined the latter route on the new bypass and on a bypass section of its own at the north end of town . In conjunction with the reconstruction of MD 26 as a divided highway from Market Street ( then part of MD 355 ) in Frederick to Ceresville in 1997 , the MD 26 – MD 194 intersection was so the primary movement through the intersection is between MD 26 to the west and MD 194 to the north ; the southernmost portion of MD 194 became an extension of the MD 26 divided highway . This configuration was chosen because two @-@ thirds of traffic passing through the intersection was between Frederick and Woodsboro . - - = = Junction list = = - - - = = routes = = - - MD 194 has four existing auxiliary routes and two that no longer exist . MD 194A and MD are in Woodsboro . MD and MD are north of Taneytown . Former MD 194C and MD 194F were also north of Taneytown . - MD 194A is the designation for Main Street , which runs 1 @.@ 28 miles ( 2 @.@ 06 km ) between MD 194 on the south side of Woodsboro and MD 550 on the north side of Woodsboro . MD 194A is maintained for 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) from Mt . Hope Cemetery north to Road . - MD is the designation for a 0 @.@ 09 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 14 km ) section of Main Street that is now a spur south from MD 194A just north of MD 194 's southern end at MD 194 . - MD 194C was the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 03 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ km ) connector between MD 194 and former MD 853D . MD 194C and MD 853D were removed from the state highway system in 2004 due to the roadway being overgrown . - MD is the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and MD , the old alignment that parallels the northbound direction of the modern highway south of Road . - MD is the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and MD , the old alignment that parallels the southbound direction of the modern highway south of the Pennsylvania state line . - MD 194F was the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and former MD 853D . MD 194F and MD 853D were removed from the state highway system in 2004 due to the roadway being overgrown . - - - = Le souper de Beaucaire = - - Le souper de Beaucaire was a political pamphlet written by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1793 . With the French Revolution into its fourth year , civil war had spread across France between various rival political factions . Napoleon was involved in military action , on the government 's side , against some rebellious cities of southern France . It was during these events , in 1793 , that he spoke with four merchants from the and heard their views . As a loyal soldier of the Republic he responded in turn , set on the fears of the merchants and their beliefs . He later wrote about his conversation in the form of a pamphlet , calling for an end to the civil war . - - = = Background = = - - During the French Revolution the National Convention became the executive power of France , following the execution of King Louis XVI . With powerful members , such as Maximilien Robespierre and Georges , the Jacobin Club , a French political party established in 1790 , at the birth of the revolution , managed to secure control of the government and pursue the revolution to their own ends , culminating in a " Reign of Terror " . Its repressive policies resulted in insurrection across much of France , including the three largest cities after Paris , namely Lyon , Marseille and Toulon , in the south of France . - Citizens in the south were opposed to a centralised government , and to the decrees of its rule , which resulted in rebellion . Prior to the revolution France had been divided into provinces with local governments . In 1790 the government , the National Assembly , reorganised France into administrative departments in order to the uneven distribution of French wealth , which had been subject to under the . - - = = Rebellion in Southern France = = - - In July 1793 Captain Napoleon Bonaparte , an artillery officer , was placed under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Carteaux to deal with rebels from Marseille situated in Avignon , where army munitions required by the French Army of Italy were being stored . On 24 July , Carteaux 's troops attacked rebellious National Guardsmen , killing several citizens during the siege , before capturing the town and army supplies . Afterwards , Napoleon travelled to nearby to find wagons with which to transport the . He visited Beaucaire , across the river from , which had been holding an annual fair . Napoleon arrived on 28 July , the last day of the fair , and went to a tavern where he shared supper and conversation with four merchants – two from Marseille , one from and another from Nîmes . - That evening Napoleon and the four merchants discussed the revolution , subsequent rebellions , and their consequences . Speaking as a pro @-@ Republican , Napoleon supported the Jacobin cause , and explained the benefits of the revolution , whilst defending Carteaux 's actions in Avignon . One of the merchants from Marseille expressed his moderate views regarding the revolution , and reasons for supporting civil war against a central government . The merchant stressed that Marseille did not fight for the Royalist cause , but opposed the nature of the Convention itself , condemning its decrees and deeming the execution of citizens as unlawful . Napoleon concluded that the people of Marseille should reject counter @-@ revolutionary ideals and adopt the constitution of the French Republic in order to end the civil war and allow the regular army to restore France . - Following their conversation the group drank until two in the morning , paid for by the merchant . - - = = Publication and recognition = = - - Shortly after the events , possibly on the 29 July whilst still in Beaucaire , Napoleon wrote a political pamphlet titled Le souper de Beaucaire ( The supper at Beaucaire ) in which a soldier speaks with four merchants and sympathetic to their opinions attempts to dissipate their counter @-@ revolutionary sentiments . - The pamphlet was read by Augustin Robespierre , brother of Maximilien Robespierre , who was impressed by the revolutionary context . The pamphlet itself had little effect against the rebellious forces , but served to advance Napoleon 's career . He soon became recognised for his political ambitions by a @-@ born politician , and family friend , Christophe , who arranged to have it published and distributed . Christophe 's influence , along with fellow Convention deputy Augustin Robespierre , advanced Napoleon into the position of senior gunner , at Toulon . - In Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte , a biography by Napoleon 's private secretary , Louis de , he notes that Le souper de Beaucaire was reprinted as a book – the first edition issued at the cost of the Public Treasury in August 1798 , and a second edition in 1821 , following Napoleon 's death . He also states , " It was during my absence from France that Bonaparte , in the rank of ' chef de ' [ major ] , performed his first campaign , and contributed so materially to the recapture of Toulon . Of this period of his life I have no personal knowledge , and therefore I shall not speak of it as an eye @-@ witness . I shall merely relate some facts which fill up the interval between 1793 and 1795 , and which I have collected from papers which he himself delivered to me . Among these papers is a little production , entitled ' Le de Beaucaire ' , the copies of which he bought up at considerable expense , and destroyed upon his attaining the . " - - - = Jin – Song Wars = - - The Jin – Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) and Han Chinese Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . In 1115 , the Jurchens rebelled against their overlords , the Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) , and declared the formation of the Jin . with the Song against their common enemy the Liao , the Jin promised to return to the Song the territories in northern China that had fallen under Liao control since 938 . The Jurchens ' quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede these territories . After a series of failed negotiations that both sides , the Jurchens attacked the Song in November 1125 , dispatching one army towards Taiyuan and the other towards Kaifeng , the Song capital . - by the news of an invasion , the Song general stationed in Taiyuan retreated from the city , which was besieged and later captured . As the second Jin army approached the capital , Emperor Huizong of the Song abdicated and fled south . A new emperor , Qinzong , was enthroned . The Jurchens began a siege against Kaifeng in 1126 , but Qinzong negotiated for their retreat from the capital after he agreed to pay a large annual indemnity . Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of the capital . The Jin resumed their war against the Song and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127 . The Chinese emperor was captured in an event known as the Incident , the capital was looted , and the Song lost northern China to the Jin . Remnants of the Song retreated to southern China and , after brief stays in several temporary capitals , eventually relocated to Hangzhou . The retreat of the Song court marked the end of the Northern Song era and the beginning of the Southern Song . - The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the , but they were bogged down by a pro @-@ Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by the Song generals Yue Fei , Han Shizhong , and others . The generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of the Southern Song emperor , who supported a peaceful resolution to the war . The Treaty of Shaoxing in 1142 settled the boundary between the two empires along the Huai River , but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of the Jin in 1234 . A campaign against the Song by the fourth Jin emperor , Wanyan Liang ( the Prince of Hailing ) , was unsuccessful . He lost the Battle of Caishi ( 1161 ) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers . An invasion of the Jin motivated by Song ( 1206 – 1208 ) was also unsuccessful . A decade later , the Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to compensate for the territory that they had lost to the invading Mongols . The Song formed an alliance with the Mongols in 1233 , and in the following year jointly captured Caizhou , the last refuge of the Jin emperor . The Jin dynasty collapsed that year in 1234 . After the demise of the Jin , the Song dynasty itself became a target of the Mongols , and fell in 1279 . - The wars engendered an era of technological , cultural , and demographic changes in China . Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various gunpowder weapons . The siege of De 'an in 1132 was the first recorded appearance of the fire lance , an early ancestor of firearms . There were also reports of battles fought with primitive gunpowder bombs like the incendiary huopao or the exploding , incendiary arrows , and other related weapons . In northern China , the Jurchen tribes were the ruling minority of an empire that was predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Northern Song . Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture . The Jin government instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous Chinese dynasties , basing their legitimacy on Confucian philosophy . Song refugees from the north in southern China . The north was the cultural center of China , and its conquest by the Jin diminished the international stature of the Song dynasty . The Southern Song , however , quickly returned to economic prosperity , and trade with the Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare . The capital of the Southern Song , Hangzhou , expanded into a major city for commerce . - - = = The fragile Song – Jin alliance = = - - The Jurchens were a @-@ speaking group of semi @-@ agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of Northeast China . Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) , an empire ruled by the nomadic Khitans that included most of modern Mongolia , a portion of North China , Northeast China , northern Korea , and parts of the Russian Far East . To the south of the Liao lay the Han Chinese Song Empire ( 960 – ) . The Song and Liao were at peace , but since a military defeat to the Liao in 1005 , the Song paid its northern neighbor an annual indemnity of 200 @,@ 000 bolts of silk and 100 @,@ 000 ounces of silver . - In , the chieftain Wanyan Aguda ( – 1123 ) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao . In 1115 he named himself emperor of the Jin " golden " dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . by a Liao of the success of the Jurchen uprising , the Song emperor Huizong ( r . 1100 – 1127 ) and his highest military commander the Tong Guan saw the Liao weakness as an opportunity to recover the Sixteen Prefectures , a line of fortified cities and passes that the Liao had annexed from the Turk Later Jin in 938 , and that the Song had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to . The Song thus sought an alliance with the Jin against their common enemy the Liao . - Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao , diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the Sea . Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans . Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet Aguda in , while Jurchen envoys arrived in the Song capital Kaifeng the next year . At the beginning the two sides agreed to keep whatever Liao territory they would seize in combat . In 1120 , Aguda agreed to cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song in exchange for transfer to the Jin of the annual tributary payments that the Song had been giving the Liao . By the end of 1120 , however , the Jurchens had seized the Liao Supreme Capital , and offered the Song only parts of the Sixteen Prefectures . Among other things , the Jin would keep the Liao Western Capital of at the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures . The two sides agreed that the Jin would now attack the Liao Central Capital , whereas the Song would seize the Liao Southern Capital , Yanjing ( modern day Beijing ) . - The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121 , but it was for 1122 . In February 23 of that year , the Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised . The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the Western Xia in the northwest and suppressing a large popular rebellion in the south . When a Song army under Tong Guan 's command finally attacked Yanjing in May 1122 , the smaller forces of the weakened Liao repelled the invaders with ease . Another attack failed in the fall . Both times , Tong was forced to retreat back to Kaifeng . After the first attack , Aguda changed the terms of the agreement and only promised Yanjing and six other prefectures to the Song . In early 1123 it was Jurchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital . They sacked it and enslaved its population . - The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and the Jin . Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage . Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended to seize most of the prefectures . In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song – Jin treaty . Only seven prefectures ( including Yanjing ) would be returned to the Song , and the Song would pay an annual indemnity of 300 @,@ 000 packs of silk and 200 @,@ 000 taels of silver to the Jin , as well as a one @-@ time payment of one million strings of copper coins to compensate the Jurchens for the tax revenue they would have earned had they not returned the prefectures . In May 1123 Tong Guan and the Song armies entered the looted Yanjing . - - = = War against the Northern Song = = - - - = = = The collapse of the Song – Jin alliance = = = - - one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing , Zhang ( ) , who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) east of Yanjing , killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song . The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months later and Zhang took refuge in Yanjing . Even though the Song agreed to execute him in late 1123 , this incident put tension between the two states , because the 1123 treaty had explicitly forbidden both sides from . In 1124 , Song officials further angered the Jin by asking for the of nine more border prefectures . The new Jin emperor Taizong ( r . 1123 – 1135 ) , Aguda 's brother and successor , hesitated , but warrior princes Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Zongwang ( ) vehemently refused to give them any more territory . Taizong eventually granted two prefectures , but by then the Jin leaders were ready to attack their southern neighbor . - Before they could invade the Song , the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the Western Xia in 1124 . The following year near the Desert , they captured , the last emperor of the Liao , putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good . Ready to end their alliance with the Song , the Jurchens began preparations for an invasion . - - = = = First campaign = = = - - In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song . The defection of Zhang two years earlier served as the . Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song . - - = = = = Siege of Taiyuan = = = = - - The western army , led by Wanyan Zonghan , departed from and headed towards Taiyuan through the mountains of Shanxi , on its way to the Song western capital Luoyang . The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard . The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition by an envoy he had sent to the Jin to obtain the of two prefectures . The returning envoy reported that the Jurchens were willing to an invasion if the Song ceded control of Hebei and Shanxi to the Jin . Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan and left command of his troops to Wang Bing . Jin armies besieged the city in mid January 1126 . Under Wang Bing 's command , Taiyuan held on long enough to stop the Jurchen troops from advancing to Luoyang . - - = = = = First siege of Kaifeng = = = = - - Meanwhile , the eastern army , commanded by Wanyan Zongwang , was dispatched towards Yanjing ( modern Beijing ) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng . It did not face much armed opposition . Zongwang easily took Yanjing , where Song general and former Liao governor ( ) switched his to the Jin . When the Song had tried to reclaim the Sixteen Prefectures , they had faced fierce resistance from the Han Chinese population , yet when the Jurchens invaded that area , the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all . By the end of December 1125 , the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re @-@ established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures . The eastern army was nearing Kaifeng by early 1126 . - Fearing the approaching Jin army , Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south . The emperor the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation , so court officials convinced him to . There were few objections . an empire in crisis from destruction was more important than preserving the rituals of imperial inheritance . In January 1126 , a few days before the New Year , Huizong abdicated in favor of his son and was demoted to the ceremonial role of Emperor . The Jurchen forces reached the Yellow River on January 27 , 1126 , two days after the New Year . Huizong fled Kaifeng the next day , escaping south and leaving the newly enthroned emperor Qinzong ( r . 1126 – 1127 ) in charge of the capital . - Kaifeng was besieged on January 31 , 1126 . The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal ; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners ; ceded the Chinese prefectures of , Taiyuan , and ; and offered an indemnity of 50 million taels of silver , 5 million taels of gold , 1 million packs of silk , 1 million packs of satin , 10 @,@ 000 horses , 10 @,@ 000 mules , 10 @,@ 000 cattle , and 1 @,@ 000 camels . This indemnity was worth about 180 years of the annual tribute the Song had been paying to the Jin since 1123 . - With little prospect of help from arriving , infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it . Opponents of the treaty like Li Gang ( ; – 1140 ) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived and Jurchen supplies ran out . They an ambush against the Jin that was carried out at night , and were replaced by officials who supported peace negotiations . The failed attack pushed Qinzong into meeting the Jurchen demands , and his officials convinced him to go through with the deal . The Song recognized Jin control over the three prefectures . The Jurchen army ended the siege in March after 33 days . - - = = = Second campaign = = = - - Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng , Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of and . An army of 90 @,@ 000 soldiers and another of 60 @,@ 000 were defeated by Jin forces by June . A second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful . - the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song , the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign , again dividing their troops into two armies . Wanyan Zonghan , who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the siege , came back with his western army . , Taiyuan fell in September 1126 , after 260 days of siege . When the Song court received news of the fall of Taiyuan , the officials who had advocated defending the empire militarily fell from favor again and were replaced by who favored . In mid December the two Jurchen armies on Kaifeng for the second time that year . - - = = = = Second siege of Kaifeng = = = = - - After the defeat of several Song armies in the north , Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin , but he committed a massive strategic when he commanded his remaining armies to protect cities instead of Kaifeng . the importance of the capital , he left Kaifeng defended with fewer than 100 @,@ 000 soldiers . The Song forces were dispersed throughout China , powerless to stop the second Jurchen siege of the city . - The Jin assault commenced in mid December 1126 . Even as fighting raged on , Qinzong continued to sue for peace , but Jin demands for territory were enormous : they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River . After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces , Song defenses were decimated and the morale of Song soldiers was on the decline . On January 9 , 1127 , the Jurchens broke through and started to the conquered city . Emperor Qinzong tried to appease the victors by offering the remaining wealth of the capital . The royal treasury was emptied and the belongings of the city 's residents were seized . The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender a few days later . - Qinzong , the former emperor Huizong , and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages . They were taken north to ( modern ) , where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners . The former emperors were humiliated by their captors . They were mocked with disparaging titles like " " and " Double " . In 1128 the Jin made them perform a ritual meant for war criminals . The harsh treatment of the Song royalty softened after the death of Huizong in 1135 . Titles were granted to the deceased monarch , and his son Qinzong was promoted to Duke , a position with a salary . - - = = = Reasons for Song failure = = = - - Many factors contributed to the Song 's repeated military and subsequent loss of northern China to the Jurchens . Traditional accounts of Song history held the of Huizong 's imperial court responsible for the decline of the dynasty . These narratives condemned Huizong and his officials for their moral failures . Early Song emperors were eager to enact political reforms and revive the ethical framework of , but the enthusiasm for reforms gradually died after the Wang 's expulsion as chancellor in . marred the reign of Huizong , who was more skilled as a painter than as a ruler . Huizong was known for his extravagance , and funded the costly construction of gardens and temples while rebellions threatened the state 's grip on power . - A modern analysis by Ari Daniel Levine places more of the blame on deficiencies in the military and bureaucratic leadership . The loss of northern China was not inevitable . The military was by a government too assured of its own military prowess . Huizong diverted the state 's resources to failed wars against the Western Xia . The Song insistence on a greater share of Liao territory only succeeded in provoking their Jin allies . Song diplomatic underestimated the Jin and allowed the unimpeded rise of Jurchen military power . The state had plentiful resources , with the exception of horses , but managed its assets poorly during battles . Unlike the expansive Han and Tang empires that preceded the Song , the Song did not have a significant foothold in Central Asia where a large proportion of its horses could be bred or procured . As Song general Li Gang noted , without a consistent supply of horses the dynasty was at a significant disadvantage against Jurchen cavalry : " the Jin were victorious only because they used iron @-@ shielded cavalry , while we opposed them with foot soldiers . It is only to be expected that [ our soldiers ] were scattered and dispersed . " - - = = Wars with the Southern Song = = - - - = = = Southern retreat of the Song court = = = - - - = = = = The of Emperor Gaozong = = = = - - The Jin leadership had not expected or desired the fall of the Song dynasty . Their intention was to weaken the Song in order to demand more tribute , and they were unprepared for the magnitude of their victory . The Jurchens were preoccupied with strengthening their rule over the areas once controlled by Liao . Instead of continuing their invasion of the Song , an empire with a military that outnumbered their own , they adopted the strategy of " using Chinese to control the Chinese " . The Jin hoped that a state would be capable of northern China and collecting the annual indemnity without requiring Jurchen to quell anti @-@ Jin uprisings . In 1127 , the Jurchens installed a former Song official , Zhang Bangchang ( ; – 1127 ) , as the puppet emperor of the newly established " Da Chu " ( Great Chu ) dynasty . The puppet government did not deter the resistance in northern China , but the insurgents were motivated by their anger towards the Jurchens ' looting rather than by a sense of loyalty towards the inept Song court . A number of Song commanders , stationed in towns scattered across northern China , retained their allegiance to the Song , and armed volunteers organized militias opposed to the Jurchen military presence . The insurgency hampered the ability of the Jin to exert control over the north . - Meanwhile , one Song prince , Zhao , had escaped capture . He had been held up in while on a diplomatic mission , and never made it back to Kaifeng . He was not present in the capital when the city fell to the Jurchens . The future Emperor Gaozong managed to evade the Jurchen troops him by moving from one province to the next , traveling across Hebei , Henan , and Shandong . The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Kaifeng where they could finally capture him , but did not succeed . Zhao finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at Yingtianfu ( ; modern ) in early June 1127 . For Gaozong ( r . 1127 – ) , Yingtianfu was the first in a series of temporary capitals called . The court moved to Yingtianfu because of its historical importance to Emperor of Song , the founder of the dynasty , who had previously served in that city as a military governor . The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new emperor , who was enthroned there on June 12 . - After reigning for barely one month , Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line . Li Gang pressured Gaozong to execute Zhang for betraying the Song . The emperor relented and Zhang was coerced into suicide . The killing of Zhang showed that the Song was willing to provoke the Jin , and that the Jin had yet to solidify their control over the newly conquered territories . The submission and abolition of Chu meant that Kaifeng was now back under Song control . Zong Ze ( ; 1059 – 1128 ) , the Song general responsible for Kaifeng , Gaozong to move the court back to the city , but Gaozong refused and retreated south . The southward move marked the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song era of Chinese history . - The descendant of at Qufu , the Duke Kong fled south with the Song Emperor to , while the newly established Jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) in the north appointed Kong 's brother Kong who remained in Qufu as Duke . Zhang Xuan , a great @-@ grandson of Zhang , also fled south with Gaozong . - - = = = = The move south = = = = - - The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated . The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly much of northern China . In late 1127 Gaozong moved his court further south from Yingtianfu to Yangzhou , south of the Huai River and north of the Yangtze River , by sailing down the Grand Canal . The court spent over a year in the city . When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River , the court was partially evacuated to Hangzhou in 1129 . Days later , Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback , just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops . After a coup in Hangzhou almost him , in May 1129 he moved his capital back north to Jiankang ( modern @-@ day ) on the south bank of the Yangtze . One month later , however , Zong Ze 's successor Du Chong ( ) vacated his forces from Kaifeng , exposing Jiankang to attack . The emperor moved back to Hangzhou in September , leaving Jiankang in Du Chong 's hands . The Jin eventually captured Kaifeng in early 1130 . - From 1127 to 1129 , the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong 's mother and Huizong , but the Jin court ignored them . In December 1129 , the Jin started a new military offensive , dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and west . On the western front , an army invaded , the area where the Song resided , and captured ( , present @-@ day ) . They were ordered to retreat a few months later when the eastern army withdrew . - Meanwhile , on the eastern front , Wuzhu commanded the main Jin army . He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered . Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong . The Jin seized Hangzhou ( January 22 , 1130 ) and then Shaoxing further south ( February 4 ) , but general Zhang Jun 's ( 1086 – 1154 ) battle with Wuzhu near gave Gaozong time to escape . By the time Wuzhu resumed pursuit , the Song court was fleeing on ships to islands off the coast of Zhejiang , and then further south to . The Jin sent ships to chase after Gaozong , but failed to catch him . They gave up the pursuit and the Jurchens retreated north . After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and , they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by Yue Fei and Han Shizhong . The latter even inflicted a major defeat on Jurchen forces and tried to prevent Wuzhu from crossing back to the north bank of the Yangtze . The small boats of the Jin army were by Han Shizhong 's fleet of vessels . Wuzhu eventually managed to cross the river when he had his troops use incendiary arrows to neutralize Han 's ships by burning their sails . Wuzhu 's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang , which they pillaged , and then headed north . Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy , and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again . In early 1131 , Jin armies between the Huai and the Yangtze were repelled by bandits loyal to the Song . Zhang ( ) , the leader of the bandits , was given a government position for his victory against the Jin . - After the Jin incursion that almost captured Gaozong , the sovereign ordered pacification commissioner Zhang Jun ( – 1164 ) , who was in charge of Shaanxi and Sichuan in the far west , to attack the Jin there to relieve pressure on the court . Zhang put together a large army , but was defeated by Wuzhu near Xi 'an in late 1130 . Wuzhu advanced further west into Gansu , and drove as far south as ( , modern ) . The most important battles between Jin and Song in 1131 and 1132 took place in Shaanxi , Gansu , and Sichuan . The Jin lost two battles at Yuan in 1131 . After failing to enter Sichuan , Wuzhu retreated to Yanjing . He returned to the western front again from 1132 to . The Jin attacked Hubei and Shaanxi in 1132 . Wuzhu captured Yuan in 1133 , but his advance was halted by a defeat at Pass . He gave up on taking Sichuan , and no more major battles were fought between the Jin and Song for the rest of the decade . - The Song court returned to Hangzhou in 1133 , and the city was renamed Lin 'an . The imperial ancestral temple was built in Hangzhou later that same year , a sign that the court had in practice established Hangzhou as the Song capital without a formal declaration . It was treated as a temporary capital . Between 1130 and 1137 , the court would sporadically move to Jiankang , and back to Hangzhou . There were proposals to make Jiankang the new capital , but Hangzhou won out because the court considered it a more secure city . The natural barriers that surrounded Hangzhou , including lakes and rice , made it more difficult for the Jurchen cavalry to breach its fortifications . to the sea made it easier to retreat from the city . In 1138 , Gaozong officially declared Hangzhou the capital of the dynasty , but the label of temporary capital would still be in place . Hangzhou would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years , growing into a major commercial and cultural center . - - = = = Da Qi invades the Song = = = - - Qin Hui , an official of the Song court , recommended a peaceful solution to the conflict in 1130 , saying that , " If it is desirable that there will be no more conflicts under Heaven , it is necessary for the to stay in the south and the in the north . " Gaozong , who considered himself a , initially rejected the proposal . There were gestures toward peace in 1132 , when the Jin freed an imprisoned Song diplomat , and in 1133 , when the Song offered to become a Jin vassal , but a treaty never materialized . The Jin requirement that the border between the two states be moved south from the Huai River to the Yangtze was too large of a hurdle for the two sides to reach an agreement . - The continuing insurgency of anti @-@ Jin forces in northern China hampered the Jurchen campaigns south of the Yangtze . to let the war drag on , the Jin decided to create Da Qi ( the " Great Qi " ) , their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China . The Jurchens believed that this state , nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent , would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency . The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower , and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible . In the final months of 1129 , Liu Yu ( ; – ) won the favor of the Jin emperor Taizong . Liu was a Song official from Hebei who had been a prefect of in Shandong before his defection to the Jin in 1128 . Da Qi was formed late in 1130 , and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor . in Hebei was the first capital of Qi , before its move to Kaifeng , former capital of the Northern Song . The Qi government instituted military conscription , made an attempt at reforming the bureaucracy , and enacted laws that enforced the collection of high taxes . It was also responsible for supplying a large portion of the troops that fought the Song in the seven years following its creation . - The Jin granted Qi more autonomy than the first puppet government of Chu , but Liu Yu was to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals . With Jin support , Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133 . Li , a Song who had joined the Qi , led the campaign . Xiangyang and nearby prefectures fell to his army . The capture of Xiangyang on the Han River gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River . Their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei . In , Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures . Later that year , however , Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the Huai River . For the first time , Gaozong issued an officially condemning Da Qi . The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley , but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at ( , modern ) . Their sudden withdrawal in 1135 in response to the death of Jin Emperor Taizong gave the Song time to regroup . The war in late 1136 when Da Qi attacked the Huainan circuits of the Song . Qi lost a battle at ( ) , in modern Anhui , against a Song army led by Yang ( ; 1102 – 1166 ) . The victory boosted Song morale , and the military commissioner Zhang Jun ( – 1164 ) convinced Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack . Gaozong first agreed , but he abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li ( ) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with tens of thousands of soldiers . Meanwhile , Emperor Xizong ( r . 1135 – 1150 ) inherited the Jin throne from Taizong , and pushed for peace . He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu 's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei . In late 1137 , the Jin reduced Liu Yu 's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi . The Jin and Song renewed the negotiations towards peace . - - = = = Song counteroffensive and the peace process = = = - - Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin . Yue Fei , Han Shizhong , and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures . Aided by his control of the , Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations . In 1138 the Jin and Song agreed to a treaty that designated the Yellow River as border between the two states and recognized Gaozong as a " subject " of the Jin . But because there remained opposition to the treaty in both the courts of the Jin and Song , the treaty never came into effect . A Jurchen army led by Wuzhu invaded in early 1140 . The Song counteroffensive that followed achieved large territorial gains . Song general Liu Qi ( ) won a battle against Wuzhu at ( modern in Anhui ) . Yue Fei was assigned to head the Song forces defending the Huainan region . Instead of advancing to Huainan , however , Wuzhu retreated to Kaifeng and Yue 's army followed him into Jin territory , an order by Gaozong that forbade Yue from going on the offensive . Yue captured and sent soldiers across the Yellow River to stir up a peasant rebellion against the Jin . On July 8 , 1140 , at the Battle of , Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100 @,@ 000 infantry and 15 @,@ 000 horsemen . Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory . He continued on to Henan , where he recaptured and Luoyang . Later in 1140 , Yue was forced to withdraw after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court . - Emperor Gaozong supported settling a peace treaty with the Jurchens and sought to in the assertiveness of the military . The military expeditions of Yue Fei and other generals were an obstacle to peace negotiations . The government weakened the military by rewarding Yue Fei , Han Shizhong , and Zhang Jun ( 1086 – 1154 ) with titles that relieved them of their command over the Song armies . Han Shizhong , a critic of the treaty , retired . Yue Fei also announced his resignation as an act of protest . In Qin Hui had him imprisoned for insubordination . with treason , Yue Fei was poisoned in jail on Qin 's orders in early 1142 . Jurchen diplomatic pressure during the peace talks may have played a role , but Qin Hui 's alleged with the Jin has never been proven . - After his execution , Yue Fei 's reputation for defending the Southern Song grew to that of a national folk hero . Qin Hui was by later historians , who accused him of betraying the Song . The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths based on his exploits . Contrary to traditional legends , Yue was only one of many generals who fought against the Jin in northern China . Traditional accounts have also blamed Gaozong for Yue Fei 's execution and submitting to the Jin . Qin Hui , in a reply to Gaozong 's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations , told the emperor that " the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty 's . Your servant only carried it out ; what achievement was there in this for me ? " - - = = = Treaty of Shaoxing = = = - - On October 11 , 1142 , after about a year of negotiations , the Treaty of Shaoxing was ratified , ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song . By the terms of the treaty , the Huai River , north of the Yangtze , was designated as the boundary between the two empires . The Song agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 250 @,@ 000 taels of silver and 250 @,@ 000 packs of silk to the Jin . - The treaty reduced the Southern Song 's status to that of a Jin vassal . The document designated the Song as the " insignificant state " , while the Jin was recognized as the " superior state " . The text of the treaty has not survived in Chinese records , a sign of its humiliating reputation . The contents of the agreement were recovered from a Jurchen biography . Once the treaty had been settled , the Jurchens retreated north and trade resumed between the two empires . The peace ensured by the Shaoxing treaty lasted for the next seventy years , but was interrupted twice . One campaign was initiated by the Song and the other by the Jin . - - = = = Further campaigns = = = - - - = = = = Prince of Hailing 's campaign = = = = - - Wanyan Liang ( the Prince of Hailing ) led a coup against Emperor Xizong and became fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty in 1150 . Wanyan Liang presented himself as a Chinese emperor , and planned to unite China by conquering the Song . In , Wanyan Liang provided a by announcing that the Song had broken the 1142 peace treaty by acquiring horses . He instituted an unpopular draft that was the source of widespread unrest in the empire . Anti @-@ Jin erupted among the Khitans and in Jin provinces bordering the Song . Wanyan Liang did not allow dissent , and opposition to the war was severely punished . The Song had been notified beforehand of Wanyan Liang 's plan . They prepared by securing their defenses along the border , mainly near the Yangtze River , but were hampered by Emperor Gaozong 's . Gaozong 's desire for peace made him to provoking the Jin . Wanyan Liang began the invasion in 1161 without formally declaring war . Jurchen armies personally led by Wanyan Liang left Kaifeng on October 15 , reached the Huai River border on October 28 , and marched in the direction of the Yangtze . The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens but captured a few Jin prefectures in the west , slowing the Jurchen advance . A group of Jurchen generals were sent to cross the Yangtze near the city of Caishi ( south of Ma in modern Anhui ) while Wanyan Liang established a base near Yangzhou . - The Song official Yu was in command of the army defending the river . The Jurchen army was defeated while attacking Caishi between November 26 and 27 during the Battle of Caishi . The @-@ wheel ships of the Song navy , armed with that fired gunpowder bombs , overwhelmed the light ships of the Jin fleet . Jin ships were unable to compete because they were smaller and hastily constructed . The bombs launched by the Song contained mixtures of gunpowder , lime , scraps of iron , and a poison that was likely arsenic . Traditional Chinese accounts consider this the turning point of the war , characterizing it as a military upset that secured southern China from the northern invaders . The significance of the battle is said to have rivaled a similarly revered victory at the Battle of Fei River in the 4th century . Contemporaneous Song accounts claimed that the 18 @,@ 000 Song soldiers commanded by Yu and tasked with defending Caishi were able to defeat the invading Jurchen army of 400 @,@ 000 soldiers . Modern historians are more skeptical and consider the Jurchen numbers an exaggeration . Song historians may have confused the number of Jurchen soldiers at the Battle of Caishi with the total number of soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang . The conflict was not the one @-@ sided battle that traditional accounts imply , and the Song had numerous advantages over the Jin . The Song fleet was larger than the Jin 's , and the Jin were unable to use their greatest asset , cavalry , in a naval battle . - A modern analysis of the battlefield has shown that it was a minor battle , although the victory did boost Song morale . The Jin lost , but only suffered about 4 @,@ 000 casualties and the battle was not fatal to the Jurchen war effort . It was Wanyan Liang 's poor relationships with the Jurchen generals , who despised him , that doomed the chances of a Jin victory . On December 15 , Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers . He was succeeded by Emperor Shizong ( r . 1161 – 1189 ) . Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song , and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in . Emperor Gaozong retired from the throne that same year . His mishandling of the war with Wanyan Liang was one of many reasons for his abdication . Skirmishes between the Song and Jin continued along the border , but subsided in 1165 after the negotiation of a peace treaty . There were no major territorial changes . The treaty dictated that the Song still had to pay the annual indemnity , but the indemnity was renamed from " tribute " , which had implied a subordinate relationship , to " payment " . - - = = = = Song = = = = - - The Jin were weakened by the pressure of the rising Mongols to the north , a series of floods culminating in a Yellow River flood in 1194 that devastated Hebei and Shandong in northern China , and the droughts and swarming locusts that plagued the south near the Huai . The Song were informed of the Jurchen predicament by their ambassadors , who traveled twice a year to the Jin capital , and started provoking their northern neighbor . The hostilities were instigated by chancellor Han Tuozhou . The Song Emperor ( r . 1194 – 1224 ) took little interest in the war effort . Under Han Tuozhou 's supervision , preparations for the war proceeded gradually and cautiously . The court venerated the hero Yue Fei and Han orchestrated the publishing of historical records that justified war with the Jin . From 1204 onwards , Song armed groups raided Jin settlements . Han Tuozhou was designated the head of national security in 1205 . The Song funded insurgents in the north that professed loyalist sympathies . These early clashes continued to escalate , partly by Song officials , and war against the Jin was officially declared on June 14 , 1206 . The document that announced the war claimed the Jin lost the Mandate of Heaven , a sign that they were unfit to rule , and called for an insurrection of Han Chinese against the Jin state . - Song armies led by general Bi ( ; d . 1217 ) captured the barely defended border city of ( on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern County ) but suffered large losses against the Jurchens in Hebei . The Jin repelled the Song and moved south to the Song town of on the Grand Canal just south of the Huai River . Bi defended the town , and the Jurchens withdrew from the siege after three months . By the fall of 1206 , however , the Jurchens had captured multiple towns and military bases . The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front of the war , capturing and ( ; on the Han River near modern ) . By the fall of 1206 , the Song offensive had already failed . Soldier morale sank as weather conditions worsened , supplies ran out , and hunger spread , forcing many to desert . The massive of Han Chinese in northern China that the Song had expected never materialized . - A notable betrayal did occur on the Song side , however : Wu Xi ( ; d . 1207 ) , the governor @-@ general of Sichuan , defected to the Jin in December 1206 . The Song had depended on Wu 's success in the west to divert Jin soldiers away from the eastern front . He had attacked Jin positions earlier in 1206 , but his army of about 50 @,@ 000 men had been repelled . Wu 's defection could have meant the loss of the entire western front of the war , but Song loyalists assassinated Wu on March 29 , 1207 , before Jin troops could take control of the surrendered territories . An Bing ( ; d . 1221 ) was given Wu Xi 's position , but the cohesion of Song forces in the west fell apart after Wu 's demise and commanders turned on each other in the ensuing infighting . - Fighting continued in 1207 , but by the end of that year the war was at a stalemate . The Song was now on the defensive , while the Jin failed to make gains in Song territory . The failure of Han Tuozhou 's aggressive policies led to his demise . On December 15 , 1207 , Han was beaten to death by the Imperial Palace Guards . His accomplice Su ( ) was executed , and other officials connected to Han were dismissed or exiled . Since neither combatant was eager to continue the war , they returned to negotiations . A peace treaty was signed on November 2 , 1208 , and the Song tribute to the Jin was reinstated . The Song annual indemnity increased by 50 @,@ 000 taels of silver and 50 @,@ 000 packs of fabric . The treaty also stipulated that the Song had to present to the Jin the head of Han Tuozhou , who the Jin held responsible for starting the war . The heads of Han and Su were severed from their exhumed corpses , exhibited to the public , then delivered to the Jin . - - = = = = Song – Jin war during the rise of the Mongols = = = = - - The Mongols , a nomadic confederation , had unified in the middle of the twelfth century . They and other steppe nomads occasionally raided the Jin empire from the northwest . The Jin away from punitive expeditions and was content with , similar to the practices of the Song . The Mongols , formerly a Jin tributary , ended their in 1210 and attacked the Jin in . In light of this event , the Song court debated ending tributary payments to the weakened Jin , but they chose to avoid the Jin . They refused Western Xia 's offers of against the Jin in 1214 and willingly complied when in 1215 the Jin rejected a request to lower the annual indemnity . Meanwhile , in 1214 , the Jin retreated from the besieged capital of to Kaifeng , which became the new capital of the dynasty . As the Mongols expanded , the Jin suffered territorial losses and attacked the Song in 1217 to compensate for their shrinking territory . Periodic Song raids against the Jin were the official justification for the war . Another likely motive was that the conquest of the Song would have given the Jin a place to escape should the Mongols succeed in taking control of the north . Shi ( ; 1164 – 1233 ) , the chancellor of Song Emperor ( r . 1224 – 1264 ) , was hesitant to fight the Jin and delayed the declaration of war for two months . Song generals were largely autonomous , allowing Shi to evade blame for their military . The Jin advanced across the border from the center and western fronts . Jurchen military successes were limited , and the Jin faced repeated raids from the neighboring state of Western Xia . In 1217 , the Song generals Meng ( ) and Hu ( ) defeated the Jin and prevented them from capturing and . - A second Jin campaign in late 1217 did marginally better than the first . In the east , the Jin made little in the Huai River valley , but in the west they captured and Pass ( ; modern Shaanxi ) in late 1217 . The Jin tried to captured in South circuit again in 1218 and 1219 , but failed . A Song counteroffensive in early 1218 captured and in 1219 the Jin cities of and were pillaged twice by a Song army commanded by Zhao Fang ( ; d . 1221 ) . In the west , command of the Song forces in Sichuan was given to An Bing , who had previously been dismissed from this position . He successfully defended the western front , but was unable to advance further because of local uprisings in the area . The Jin tried to an indemnity from the Song but never received it . In the last of the three campaigns , in early 1221 , the Jin captured the city of Qizhou ( ; in Huainan West ) deep in Song territory . Song armies led by Hu and Li Quan ( ; d . 1231 ) defeated the Jin , who then withdrew . In 1224 both sides agreed on a peace treaty that ended the annual tributes to the Jin . missions between the Jin and Song were also cut off . - - = = = = – Song alliance = = = = - - In February 1233 , the Mongols took Kaifeng after a siege of more than 10 months and the Jin court retreated to the town of Caizhou . In 1233 Emperor ( r . 1224 – 1234 ) of the Jin dispatched diplomats to the Song for supplies . Jin envoys reported to the Song that the Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin — a forecast that would later be proven true — but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request . They instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin . The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan . The Jin dynasty collapsed when and Song troops defeated the Jurchens at the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . General Meng Gong ( ) led the Song army against Caizhou . The penultimate emperor of the Jin , Emperor , took his own life . His short @-@ lived successor , Emperor Mo , was killed in the town a few days later . The Mongols later turned their sights towards the Song . After decades of war , the Song dynasty also fell in 1279 , when the remaining Song loyalists lost to the Mongols in a naval battle near Guangdong . - - = = Historical significance = = - - - = = = Cultural and demographic changes = = = - - Jurchen migrants from the northeastern reaches of Jin territory settled in the Jin @-@ controlled lands of northern China . less than ten percent of the total population , the two to three million ruling Jurchens were a minority in a region that was still dominated by 30 million Han Chinese . The southward expansion of the Jurchens caused the Jin to transition their government of semi @-@ agrarian tribes to a bureaucratic Chinese @-@ style dynasty . - The Jin government initially promoted an independent Jurchen culture alongside their adoption of the centralized Chinese imperial bureaucracy , but the empire was gradually over time . The Jurchens became fluent in the Chinese language , and the philosophy of was used to legitimize the ruling government . Confucian state rituals were adopted during the reign of Emperor Xizong ( 1135 – 1150 ) . The Jin implemented imperial exams on the Confucian Classics , first regionally and then for the entire empire . The Classics and other works of Chinese literature were translated into Jurchen and studied by Jin intellectuals , but very few Jurchens actively contributed to the classical literature of the Jin . The script , from the Chinese family of scripts , formed the basis of a national writing system for the empire , the Jurchen script . All three scripts were working languages of the government . Jurchen clans adopted Chinese personal names with their Jurchen names . Wanyan Liang ( the Prince of Hailing ; r . 1150 – 1161 ) was an enthusiastic proponent of Jurchen and enacted policies to encourage it . Wanyan Liang had been by Song diplomats from childhood , and his emulation of Song practices earned him the Jurchen nickname of " the Chinese " . He studied the Chinese classics , drank tea , and played Chinese chess for recreation . Under his reign , the administrative core of the Jin state was moved south from . He instated Beijing as the Jin main capital in . Palaces were erected in Beijing and Kaifeng , while the original , more northerly residences of Jurchen chieftains were demolished . - The emperor 's political reforms were connected with his desire to conquer all of China and to legitimize himself as a Chinese emperor . The prospect of conquering southern China was cut short by Wanyan Liang 's assassination . Wanyan Liang 's successor , Emperor Shizong , was less enthusiastic about and reversed several of Wanyan Liang 's edicts . He sanctioned new policies with the intent to slow the of the Jurchens . Shizong 's prohibitions were abandoned by Emperor ( r . 1189 – 1208 ) , who promoted reforms that transformed the political structure of the dynasty closer to that of the Song and Tang dynasties . Despite cultural and demographic changes , military hostilities between the Jin and the Song persisted until the fall of the Jin . - In the south , the retreat of the Song dynasty led to major demographic changes . The population of refugees from the north that in Hangzhou and Jiankang ( modern ) eventually grew greater than the population of original residents , whose numbers had dwindled from repeated Jurchen raids . The government encouraged the of peasant migrants from the southern provinces of the Song to the territories between the Yangtze and the Huai rivers . - The new capital Hangzhou grew into a major commercial and cultural center . It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world 's largest and most prosperous . During his stay in Hangzhou in the Yuan dynasty ( 1260 – ) , when the city was not as wealthy as it had been under the Song , Marco Polo remarked that " this city is greater than any in the world " . Once retaking northern China became less plausible and Hangzhou grew into a significant trading city , the government buildings were extended and renovated to better its status as an imperial capital . The sized imperial palace was expanded in 1133 with new alleyways and in with an extension of the palace walls . - The loss of northern China , the cultural center of Chinese civilization , diminished the international status of the Song dynasty . After the Jurchen conquest of the north , Korea recognized the Jin , not the Song , as the legitimate dynasty of China . The Song 's military failures reduced it to a subordinate of the Jin , turning it into a " China among equals " . The Song economy , however , recovered quickly after the move south . Government revenues earned from taxing foreign trade nearly doubled between the closing of the Northern Song era in 1127 and the final years of Gaozong 's reign in the early . The recovery was not uniform , and areas like Huainan and Hubei that had been directly affected by the war took decades to return to their pre @-@ war levels . In spite of multiple wars , the Jin remained one of the main trading partners of the Song . Song demand for foreign products like fur and horses went unabated . Historian ( , b . 1930 ) believes that Song commerce with the north was profitable enough that it compensated for the silver delivered annually as an indemnity to the Jin . - - = = = Gunpowder warfare = = = - - The battles between the Song and the Jin spurred the invention and use of gunpowder weapons . There are reports that the fire lance , one of the earliest ancestors of the , was used by the Song against the Jurchens besieging De 'an ( ; modern in eastern Hubei ) in 1132 , during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi . The weapon consisted of a spear attached with a flamethrower capable of firing projectiles from a barrel constructed of bamboo or paper . They were built by soldiers under the command of Chen Gui ( ) , who led the Song army defending De 'an . The fire lances with which Song soldiers were equipped at De 'an were built for destroying the wooden siege engines of the Jin and not for combat against the Jin infantry . Song soldiers compensated for the limited range and mobility of the weapon by timing their attacks on the Jin siege engines , waiting until they were within range of the fire lances . Later fire lances used metal barrels , fired projectiles farther and with greater force , and could be used against infantry . - Early rudimentary bombs like the huopao fire bomb ( 火礮 ) and the huopao ( ) bombs propelled by were also in use as incendiary weapons . The defending Song army used huopao ( 火礮 ) during the first Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126 . On the opposing side , the Jin launched incendiary bombs from siege towers down onto the city below . In 1127 , huopao ( 火礮 ) were employed by the Song troops defending De 'an and by the Jin soldiers besieging the city . The government official Lin ( ) proposed to make incendiary bombs and arrows mandatory for all warships in the Song navy . At the battle of Caishi in 1161 , Song ships fired ( ) , also called huopao bombs ( ) , from against the ships of the Jin fleet commanded by Wanyan Liang . The gunpowder mixture of the bomb contained powdered lime , which produced smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered . The Song also deployed incendiary weapons at the battle of during the same year . - Gunpowder was also applied to arrows in 1206 by a Song army stationed in Xiangyang . The arrows were most likely an incendiary weapon , but its function may also have resembled that of an early rocket . At the Jin siege of Qizhou ( ) in 1221 , the Jurchens fought the Song with gunpowder bombs and arrows . The Jin ( , " iron huopao " ) , which had cast iron , are the first known bombs that could explode . The bomb needed to be capable of detonating in order to penetrate the iron casing . The Song army had a large supply of incendiary bombs , but there are no reports of them having a weapon similar to the Jin 's detonating bombs . A participant in the siege recounted in the Qi Qi Lu ( ) that the Song army at Qizhou had an arsenal of 3000 huopao ( 火礮 ) , 7000 incendiary gunpowder arrows for and for bows , as well as ( ) , probably leather bags filled with gunpowder . - - - = T30 Howitzer Motor Carriage = - - The T30 Howitzer Motor Carriage ( HMC ) was a United States Army self @-@ propelled gun used in World War II . Its design was based on requirements for an assault gun issued by the Armored Force in 1941 and it was built as an interim solution until a fully tracked design was complete . - Produced by the White Motor Company , the vehicle was simply a 75 mm Pack Howitzer mounted on a modified M3 Half @-@ track . It was first used in combat in the North African Campaign in November 1942 . It later served in Italy and France , and possibly in the Pacific . Some were later leased to French forces and the type was used as late as the First Indochina War in the 1950s . - - = = Specifications = = - - Based on the M3 Half @-@ track , the T30 's specifications were similar to its parent vehicle . It was 20 ft 7 in ( 6 @.@ 28 m ) long , 6 ft 5 in ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) wide , 8 ft 3 in ( 2 @.@ 51 m ) and high , and weighed 10 @.@ 3 short tons ( 9 @.@ 3 t ) . The suspension consisted of vertical springs for the tracks and leaf springs for the wheels , while the vehicle had a fuel capacity of 60 US gallons ( 230 l ) . It had a range of 150 mi ( 240 km ) and had a speed of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , and was powered by a White , 147 hp ( 110 kW ) , 386 ( 6 @,@ 330 ) , six @-@ cylinder , gasoline engine , with a compression ratio of 6 @.@ 3 : 1 . It had a power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio of 15 @.@ 8 hp / ton . - - = = = Gun specifications = = = - - The T30 's main armament was a short 3 @.@ 0 in ( 75 mm ) pack howitzer . The 75 mm Pack Howitzer as mounted could depress nine degrees , elevate 50 degrees , and traverse 22 @.@ 5 degrees to each side . The vehicle had stowage for sixty rounds of 75 mm ammunition and , although it was not designed for anti @-@ tank use , it had a high explosive anti @-@ tank ( ) shell that could penetrate 3 in ( 76 mm ) of armor . The gun shield had 0 @.@ 375 in ( 9 @.@ 5 mm ) thick armor , designed to stop a cal ( 7 @.@ 62 mm ) bullet from 250 yards ( 230 m ) away . - - = = Development = = - - The T30 HMC was originally conceived in 1941 as an interim design to fulfil the Armored Force 's requirement for an assault gun to equip tank and armored reconnaissance units . The Ordnance Department design was based on the M3 Half @-@ track in order that it could be brought into service quickly . A prototype vehicle was authorized in October 1941 armed with an 75 mm Pack Howitzer and a mount that was designed to fit on a simple box structure in the back of an M3 Half @-@ track . - for the production of two prototypes was given in January 1942 ; first deliveries of the vehicle were made the following month from the White Motor Company . As it was seen as a temporary solution it was never given type classification . In September 1942 , the T30 was partially replaced by the Howitzer Motor Carriage M8 ( the same gun on an M3 Stuart ) . After that , it was declared as " limited standard " . A total of 500 were produced , all by the White Motor Company . - - = = Service history = = - - The T30 HMC entered service in November 1942 , seeing action for the first time in the North African Campaign . In the 1st Armored Division , each armored regiment was issued twelve T30s . Of these , three were used in each battalion headquarters platoon and three were used in each regimental reconnaissance platoon . In addition , the 6th and 41st Armored Infantry Regiments were each issued with nine T30 HMCs , with three of them being allocated to the headquarters platoon in each armored infantry battalion . - Most infantry divisions in the North African Campaign deployed a " cannon company " equipped with six T30s and two 105 mm HMCs . In one encounter in North Africa , the T30 was used in an attempt to destroy German tanks . Although the T30s fired several , the German tanks were barely damaged and the T30s were ordered to retreat under the cover of smoke to prevent losses . After several similar experiences , U.S. forces ceased the practice of employing self @-@ propelled howitzers or mortars in direct combat with tanks . - The T30 also served during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 , the war in Italy in 1944 , and possibly in the Pacific . It was removed from infantry division use in March 1943 , following changes in the organization of US infantry battalions , and was replaced by towed howitzers . The T30 was eventually replaced by the M8 HMC , which was based on the Stuart light tank , and which began entering service around the same time as the T30 . Only 312 T30 HMCs were delivered in their original configuration , as the last 188 were converted back into M3 Half @-@ tracks before they were delivered . Later on , the U.S. leased several to French forces and some were used as late as the First Indochina War before the vehicle was retired from service in the 1950s . - - - = Memory Almost Full = - - Memory Almost Full is the fourteenth solo studio album by Paul McCartney , his Wings @-@ era discography , his orchestral works and his output as the . It was released in the United Kingdom on 4 June 2007 and in the United States a day later . The album was the first release on Starbucks ' Hear Music label . It was produced by David Kahne and recorded at Abbey Road Studios , Henson Recording Studios , AIR Studios , Hill Mill Studios and RAK Studios between October 2003 , and from 2006 to February 2007 . In between the 2003 and 2006 sessions , McCartney was working on another studio album , Chaos and Creation in the Backyard ( 2005 ) , with producer Nigel . - Memory Almost Full reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , as well as Denmark , Sweden , Greece , and Norway . The Grammy @-@ nominated album has sold over 2 million copies worldwide and has been certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies just in the United States . The album was released in three versions : a single disc , a 2 @-@ CD set , and a CD / DVD deluxe edition , the latter of which was released on 6 November 2007 . - - = = Background = = - - Nine demos were recorded at The Mill studio in September 2003 by Paul McCartney and his touring band . A month later , in October , album sessions for Memory Almost Full began , and were produced by David Kahne and recorded at Abbey Road Studios . McCartney and the band recorded the songs " You Tell Me " , " Only Mama Knows " , " Vintage Clothes " , " That Was Me " , " Feet in the Clouds " , " House of Wax " , " The End of the End " , and " Whole Life " . However , the sessions were cut short and put on hiatus when McCartney started another album , Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , with producer Nigel . In the website constructed for the album , McCartney stated : " I actually started this album , Memory Almost Full , before my last album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , released September 2005 . ( ... ) When I was just finishing up everything concerned with Chaos and had just got the Grammy nominations ( 2006 ) I realised I had this album to go back to and finish off . So I got it out to listen to it again , wondering if I would enjoy it , but actually I really loved it . All I did at first was just listen to a couple of things and then I began to think , ' OK , I like that track – now , what is wrong with it ? ' And it might be something like a drum sound , so then I would re @-@ drum and see where we would get to . ( ... ) In places it 's a very personal record and a lot of it is retrospective , drawing from memory , like memories from being a kid , from Liverpool and from summers gone . The album is evocative , emotional , rocking , but I can 't really sum it up in one sentence " . - - = = Recording = = - - Many songs from Memory Almost Full were from a group of songs , which also included songs from Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , and some intended for the former nearly ended up on the latter . Any songs that were started , but not finished , for Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , McCartney didn 't want to re @-@ do for Memory Almost Full . As sessions for the album progressed McCartney wrote some more songs , something that McCartney used to do when he was in the Beatles . A song called " Perfect Lover " was recorded at either one of the three following studios : RAK Studios , AIR Studios or Ocean Way Studios ; sometime between November 2003 and April 2005 . " Perfect Lover " , in its original form was more folk @-@ like , similar to Chaos and Creation in the Backyard 's " Friends to Go " . " Perfect Lover " went through a minor lyrical change , the bridge was changed , and an overhaul of its musical arrangement , before it finally became " Ever Present Past " . Two years after the 2003 session , sessions for the album started again . The book Paul McCartney : Recording Sessions ( 1969 @-@ 2013 ) . A Journey Through Paul McCartney 's Songs After The Beatles reports that the recordings of the album were started in September – October 2003 and resumed in February 2004 at Abbey Road , with other sessions taking place between March 2006 and February 2007 . - New tracks were recorded at the following studios : McCartney 's home studio in Sussex , The Mill , Los Angeles ' Henson Studios , London 's RAK Studios and AIR Studios , and New York 's Studios . The songs recorded at those studios were " Nod Your Head " , " In Private " , " 222 " , " Gratitude " , " Mr. Bellamy " , " See Your Sunshine " , and " Ever Present Past " . Of those songs , " Mr. Bellamy " , " Ever Present Past " , " Gratitude " , " Nod Your Head " , and " In Private " were all recorded on the same day , in March 2006 . As well as working on songs from the first Memory Almost Full album session in 2003 , " Why So Blue " was re @-@ recorded . In total , between 20 and 25 songs were recorded for the album . " Dance Tonight " was recorded , along with " Feet in the Clouds " and " 222 " being reworked , between January and February 2007 at RAK Studios , as the last song recorded for the album . The album was mixed by Kahne and Andy Wallace . - - = = Content = = - - The Rock Radio website leaked a track listing for the album on 12 April 2007 . A day later , producer David Kahne stated on the same site that the leaked listing was . In an interview with Billboard magazine in May 2007 , McCartney said that the album 's material was " in some ways a little bit retrospective . Some of them are of now , some of them back to the past , but all of them are songs I 'm very proud of . " McCartney played mandolin on the song " Dance Tonight " . He comments that " In searching the instrument to try and find chords , which I did with the guitar when I was 14 , probably , that freshness was brought back . " " Ever Present Past " , which McCartney called " personal " , originally started out as a song called " Perfect Lover " . " Ever Present Past " also includes references to the Beatles . In June 2007 , McCartney revealed that " See Your Sunshine " " is pretty much an out @-@ and @-@ out love song for Heather . A lot of the album was done before , during and after our separation . I didn 't go back and take out any songs to do with her . " " You Tell Me " is about McCartney 's memories of his previous wife , Linda . - " Mr. Bellamy " , the sixth song on the album , was thought by online fans to be about McCartney 's then @-@ recent divorce . McCartney invited frontman Thom Yorke to play piano on the song , but he declined . The press ran articles claiming that Yorke had " " McCartney , but Yorke later revealed that he " really liked the song " but felt he would be unable to perform to the required standard . " Gratitude " is reportedly about the divorce between Heather Mills and McCartney . - The album features a five song @-@ medley , which in an interview with Billboard magazine , McCartney said that it was previously " something I wanted to revisit " as " nobody had been doing that for a while . " The medley was a group of intentionally written material , whereas McCartney had worked on the Beatles ' Abbey Road which , however , was actually made up of " bits we had knocking around . " The medley starts off with " Vintage Clothes " , which McCartney " sat down one day " to write , that was " looking back , [ and ] looking back . " , about life . It was followed by the bass @-@ led " That Was Me " , which is about his " school days and teachers " , the medley , as McCartney stated , then " progressed from there . " The next songs are " Feet in the Clouds " , about the inactivity while one is growing up , and " House of Wax " , about the life of being a celebrity . The final song in medley , " The End of the End " , was written at McCartney 's Avenue home while playing on his father , Jim 's , piano . - - = = Album title , and CD casing = = - - Some people mentioned that the album 's title , Memory Almost Full , is an anagram of " for my " ( the initials of Linda Louise McCartney ) . When asked if this was intentional , McCartney replied ; " Some things are best left a mystery " . In an interview with Pitchfork Media , McCartney clarified , " I must say , someone told me [ there is an anagram ] , and I think it 's a complete mystery , because it 's so complete . There does appear to be an anagram in the title . And it 's a mystery . It was not intentional . " The album 's title was actually inspired by a message that came up on his mobile phone . He thought the phrase summed up modern life . - A significant proportion of the CD release of Memory Almost Full incorporated a cover insert whose top @-@ right corner was intentionally folded down to the center of the insert , leaving the CD visible . The folded @-@ down white corner covers up the corner of the armchair image , but has the artist and album names printed so that the text is complete despite the fold . Upon opening and flattening out the cover insert , the armchair is complete , but the portion of the text which is printed on the folded @-@ down corner is not printed on the front of the cover , leaving the text incomplete . This was the first time such an artistic intervention occurred within a standard jewel @-@ case , and at first glance had the possibility of being viewed as a mis @-@ manufactured copy . McCartney on the CD case / album artwork : " I really wanted to make the CD a desirable object . Something that I know I 'd want to pick up from the shelf , something that would make people curious . " - - = = Reception = = - - Memory Almost Full received positive reaction . At Metacritic , the album earned an average score of 69 based on 23 reviews from critics , which indicates " Generally favorable reviews " . Evan of Rolling Stone magazine also compared the medley of five songs in the second part of the album to the famous song suite in The Beatles ' Abbey Road . This album was ranked number 22 on Rolling Stone 's list of the Top 50 Albums of 2007 . - - = = Release = = - - - = = = Album = = = - - The album was his first for Starbucks ' Hear Music record label , after previously having a 45 @-@ year @-@ old relationship with Capitol / EMI . The recording contract with Capitol / EMI ended a few months prior to the release of the album , after McCartney had found out that EMI were planning to take six months to set up a promotional plan for the album . McCartney was the first artist to sign to Hear Music . The album was released on 4 June 2007 in the UK , and a day later on the 5th in the US , and with a vinyl edition later in the month on 25 June . In the US , Memory Almost Full debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 with about 161 @,@ 000 copies sold within the first week , making it McCartney 's highest @-@ charting album there since 1997 's Pie . 47 % of the album sales from the opening week were from Starbucks coffee shops , which were the best sales for any album in the history of Starbucks . While it was announced that copies of the album sold in the Starbucks coffee shops in the UK would not be counted by the Official UK Charts , because they are not registered in the copies counting system , Memory Almost Full , however , still managed to hit number 5 on the UK Album Charts . The album was also peaked at number 1 on Billboard Internet Sales Chart , and number 3 on Billboard Top Internet Albums . - It was also McCartney 's first album to be available as a digital download . Promotion for the album came in several forms , such as a worldwide listening party at over 10 @,@ 000 Starbucks stores on the day of the album 's US release , with an of 6 million people hearing the album . At ten of the Starbucks stores , fans contributed in a video tribute , that aired on the internet on 18 June 2007 . Other promotions included a limited edition Paul McCartney Starbucks card , similar to what they had done for Ray Charles 's Genius Loves Company , the Starbucks @-@ owned satellite radio station Channel made a program about McCartney and the album , released one song prior to the album on iTunes , performed at iTunes Festival : London , and playing free shows . It was ranked at number 90 on the top @-@ 100 of the Billboard Year @-@ end chart , and number 177 on the UK year @-@ end chart . The album won awards for the Best PR Campaign award at the Music Week Awards ceremony , and the Online / Digital Campaign award by New Media Age . The album reportedly sold 105 @,@ 000 copies in his homeland until it was given away the standard version of the CD in a unique slip @-@ case as part of a promotion with British newspaper The Mail on Sunday for free , with the 18 May 2008 edition . - On 6 November 2007 , the album was re @-@ released as Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition . The set included one CD and one DVD . The CD included the standard album plus the three extra songs from the 2 @-@ CD edition . The DVD contained five tracks recorded live at The Electric Ballroom in London , and two music videos . - - = = = Singles = = = - - The first US single , " Ever Present Past " , made its radio debut on 20 April 2007 . Peaking at number 10 in the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , and also charting at number 16 on Billboard Adult Contemporary . The lead single for the rest of the world is " Dance Tonight " , released on McCartney 's 65th birthday in the UK , 18 June 2007 as a digital download , with a physical release a month later , on 23 July of a CD single and a 10 " shaped picture disc . The single peaked at number 46 on Billboard Hot Digital Songs , number 58 Billboard Pop 100 , and finally at number 69 on Billboard Hot 100 . The music video features Natalie and Mackenzie , and was directed by Michel . The music video had its premier exclusively on 23 May 2007 YouTube . " Dance Tonight " has appeared in an iTunes advert with McCartney playing the mandolin . " Ever Present Past " was released as a single in the UK , on 5 November , as a CD single and 7 " single . It peaked at number 85 . The third single , " Nod Your Head " , was released as a digital download single on 28 August 2007 via the iTunes Store . - - = = Track listing = = - - All songs written by Paul McCartney . - " Dance Tonight " – 2 : 54 - " Ever Present Past " – 2 : 57 - " See Your Sunshine " – 3 : 20 - " Only Mama Knows " – 4 : 17 - " You Tell Me " – 3 : 15 - " Mr. Bellamy " – 3 : 39 - " Gratitude " – 3 : 19 - " Vintage Clothes " – 2 : 22 - This track marks the start of a five @-@ song medley on the album . - " That Was Me " – 2 : 38 - " Feet in the Clouds " – 3 : 24 - " House of Wax " – 4 : 59 - " The End of the End " – 2 : 57 - " Nod Your Head " – 1 : 58 - - = = Personnel = = - - Personnel per booklet . - - = = Grammy = = - - Memory Almost Full has been nominated in the following categories : - Best Pop Vocal Album for Memory Almost Full ( 2008 ) - Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for " Dance Tonight " ( 2008 ) - Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for " Only Mama Knows " ( 2008 ) - Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for " That Was Me " ( 2009 ) - - = = Charts = = - - Notes : - On the article that Concord Music Group posted on their official site in February 2007 ( a month before Memory Almost Full was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ) , Hear Music announced that shipments of the album reached a platinum status in the US . The label also claimed that the album gained a gold in other countries like Norway , though International Federation of the Phonographic Industry has not certified the album at any label there as of 2014 . - - - = Imagine ( John Lennon song ) = - - " Imagine " is a song written and performed by the English musician John Lennon . The best @-@ selling single of his solo career , its lyrics encourage the listener to imagine a world at peace without the barriers of borders or the divisions of religion and nationality , and to consider the possibility that the focus of humanity should be living a life to material possessions . - Lennon and Yoko Ono co @-@ produced the song and album of the same name with Phil Spector . Recording began at Lennon 's home studio at Tittenhurst Park , England , in May 1971 , with final overdubs taking place at the Record Plant , in New York City , during July . One month after the September release of the LP , Lennon released " Imagine " as a single in the United States ; the song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and the LP reached number one on the UK chart in November , later becoming the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album of Lennon 's solo career . Although not originally released as a single in the United Kingdom , it was released in 1975 to promote a compilation LP and it reached number six in the chart that year . The song has since sold more than 1 @.@ 6 million copies in the UK ; it reached number one following Lennon 's murder in December 1980 . In 1985 , Central Park a portion of the park with a mosaic that reads " Imagine " in honor of Lennon . - BMI named " Imagine " one of the 100 most @-@ performed songs of the 20th century . The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America 's list of the 365 Songs of the Century bearing the most historical significance . It earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Rock and Roll . A UK survey conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book named it the second best single of all time , while Rolling Stone ranked it number three in their list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . Since 2005 , event organisers have played it just before the New Year 's Times Square Ball drops in New York City . Dozens of artists have performed or recorded versions of " Imagine " , including Madonna , Stevie Wonder , Joan Baez , Elton John and Diana Ross . Emeli Sandé recorded a cover for the BBC to use during the end credits montage at the close of the 2012 Summer Olympics coverage in August 2012 . " Imagine " subsequently re @-@ entered the UK Top 40 , reaching number 18 . - - = = Composition and writing = = - - Several poems from Yoko Ono 's 1964 book inspired Lennon to write the lyrics for " Imagine " — in particular , one which Capitol Records reproduced on the back cover of the original Imagine LP titled " Cloud Piece " , reads : " Imagine the clouds dripping , dig a hole in your garden to put them in . " Lennon later said the composition " should be credited as a Lennon / Ono song . A lot of it — the lyric and the concept — came from Yoko , but in those days I was a bit more selfish , a bit more , and I sort of omitted her contribution , but it was right out of . " When asked about the song 's meaning during a December 1980 interview with David for Playboy magazine , Lennon told that Dick Gregory had given Ono and him a Christian prayer book , which inspired him the concept behind " Imagine " . - The concept of positive prayer ... If you can imagine a world at peace , with no denominations of religion — not without religion but without this my God @-@ is @-@ bigger @-@ than @-@ your @-@ God thing — then it can be true ... the World Church called me once and asked , " Can we use the lyrics to ' Imagine ' and just change it to ' Imagine one religion ' ? " That showed [ me ] they didn 't understand it at all . It would defeat the whole purpose of the song , the whole idea . - With the combined influence of " Cloud Piece " and the prayer book given to him by Gregory , Lennon wrote what author John Blaney described as " a humanistic for the people " . Blaney wrote , " Lennon contends that global harmony is within our reach , but only if we reject the mechanisms of social control that restrict human potential . " In the opinion of Blaney , with " Imagine " , Lennon attempted to raise people 's awareness of their interaction with the institutions that affect their lives . Rolling Stone 's David Fricke commented : " [ Lennon ] calls for a unity and equality built upon the complete elimination of modern social order : borders , organised religion , [ and ] economic class . " - Lennon stated : " ' Imagine ' , which says : ' Imagine that there was no more religion , no more country , no more politics , ' is virtually the Communist manifesto , even though I 'm not particularly a Communist and I do not belong to any movement . " He told NME : " There is no real Communist state in the world ; you must realize that . The Socialism I speak about ... [ is ] not the way some Russian might do it , or the Chinese might do it . That might suit them . Us , we should have a nice ... British Socialism . " Ono described the lyrical statement of " Imagine " as " just what John believed : that we are all one country , one world , one people . " Rolling Stone described its lyrics as " 22 lines of graceful , plain @-@ spoken faith in the power of a world , united in purpose , to repair and change itself " . - Lennon composed " Imagine " one morning in early 1971 , on a piano , in a bedroom at his Tittenhurst Park estate in Ascot , Berkshire , England . Ono watched as he composed the melody , chord structure and almost all the lyrics , nearly completing the song in one brief writing session . Described as a piano ballad performed in the soft rock genre , the song is in the key of C major . Its 4 @-@ bar piano introduction begins with a C chord then moves to before changing to F ; the 12 @-@ bar verses also follow this chord progression , with their last 4 bars moving from Am / E to and / C , finishing with G , then , before resolving back to C. The 8 @-@ bar choruses progress from F to G to C , then and E before ending on , a C chord substituted for in the final bar . The 4 @-@ bar begins with F , then G , before resolving on C. With a duration of 3 minutes and 3 seconds and a time signature of 4 / 4 , the song 's tempo falls around 75 beats per minute . - - = = Recording and commercial reception = = - - Lennon and Ono co @-@ produced the song and album with Phil Spector , who commented on the track : " We knew what we were going to do ... It was going to be John making a political statement , but a very commercial one as well ... I always thought that ' Imagine ' was like the national anthem . " Lennon described his working arrangement with Ono and Spector : " Phil doesn 't arrange or anything like that — [ Ono ] and Phil will just sit in the other room and shout comments like , ' Why don 't you try this sound ' or ' You 're not playing the piano too well ' ... I 'll get the initial idea and ... we 'll just find a sound from [ there ] . " - Recording began at Ascot Sound Studios , Lennon 's newly built home studio at Tittenhurst Park , in May 1971 , with final overdubs taking place at the Record Plant , in New York City , during July . and patient , the sessions began during the late morning , running to just before dinner in the early evening . Lennon taught the musicians the chord progression and a working arrangement for " Imagine " , rehearsing the song until he deemed the musicians ready to record . In his attempt to recreate Lennon 's desired sound , Spector had some early feature Lennon and Nicky Hopkins playing in different octaves on one piano . He also initially attempted to record the piano part with Lennon playing the white baby grand in the couple 's all @-@ white room . However , after having deemed the room 's acoustics unsuitable , Spector abandoned the idea in favour of the superior environment of Lennon 's home studio . They completed the session in minutes , recording three takes and choosing the second one for release . The finished recording featured Lennon on piano and vocal , Klaus on bass guitar , Alan White on drums and the on strings . - by Apple Records in the United States in October 1971 , " Imagine " became the best @-@ selling single of Lennon 's solo career . It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one in Canada on the RPM national singles chart , remaining there for two weeks . Upon its release the song 's lyrics upset some religious groups , particularly the line : " Imagine there 's no heaven " . When asked about the song during one of his final interviews , Lennon said he considered it to be as strong a composition as any he had written with the Beatles . He described the song 's meaning and its commercial appeal : " Anti @-@ religious , anti @-@ nationalistic , anti @-@ conventional , anti @-@ , but because it is it is accepted ... Now I understand what you have to do . Put your political message across with a little honey . " In an open letter to Paul McCartney published in Melody Maker , Lennon said that " Imagine " was " ' Working Class Hero ' with sugar on it for like yourself " . On 30 November 1971 , the Imagine LP reached number one on the UK chart . It became the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album of Lennon 's solo career . - - = = Film and re @-@ releases = = - - In 1972 , Lennon and Ono released an 81 @-@ minute film to accompany the Imagine album which featured footage of the couple in their home , garden and the recording studio of their Berkshire property at Tittenhurst Park as well as in New York City . A full @-@ length documentary rock video , the film 's first scene features a shot of Lennon and Ono walking through a thick fog , arriving at their house as the song " Imagine " begins . Above the front door to their house is a sign that reads : " This Is Not Here " , the title of Ono 's then New York art show . The next scene shows Lennon sitting at a white grand piano in a lit , all @-@ white room . Ono gradually walks around opening that allow in light , making the room brighter with the song 's progression . At the song 's conclusion , Ono sits beside Lennon at the piano , and they share a quaint gaze , then a brief kiss . - Several celebrities appeared in the film , including Andy , Fred , Jack , Dick and George Harrison . by critics as " the most expensive home movie of all time " , it premiered to an American audience in 1972 . In 1986 , Zbigniew made a music video for the song , and in 1987 , it won both the " Silver Lion " award for Best at Cannes and the Festival Award at the Rio International Film Festival . - Released as a single in the United Kingdom in 1975 in conjunction with the album Fish , " Imagine " peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart . Following Lennon 's murder in 1980 , the single re @-@ entered the UK chart , reaching number one , where it remained for four weeks in January 1981 . " Imagine " was re @-@ released as a single in the UK in 1988 , peaking at number 45 , and again in 1999 , reaching number three . It has sold 1 @,@ 640 @,@ 000 copies in the UK as of June 2013 , making it Lennon 's best @-@ selling single . In 1999 , on National Poetry Day in the United Kingdom , the BBC announced that listeners had voted " Imagine " Britain 's favourite song lyric . In 2003 , it reached number 33 as the B @-@ side to a re @-@ release of " Happy ( War Is Over ) " . - - = = Recognition and criticism = = - - Rolling Stone described " Imagine " as Lennon 's " greatest musical gift to the world " , praising " the serene melody ; the chord progression ; [ and ] that , four @-@ note [ piano ] figure " . Included in several song polls , in 1999 , BMI named it one of the top 100 most @-@ performed songs of the 20th century . Also that year , it received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Rock and Roll . " Imagine " ranked number 23 in the list of best @-@ selling singles of all time in the UK , in 2000 . In 2002 , a UK survey conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book ranked it the second best single of all time behind Queen 's " Bohemian " . Gold Radio ranked the song number three on its " Gold 's greatest 1000 hits " list . - Rolling Stone ranked " Imagine " number three on its list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " , describing it as " an enduring hymn of and promise that has carried us through extreme grief , from the shock of Lennon 's own death in 1980 to the horror of September 11th . It is now impossible to imagine a world without ' Imagine ' , and we need it more than he ever dreamed . " Despite that sentiment , Channel Communications included the song on its post @-@ 9 / 11 " do not play " list . - On 1 January 2005 , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation named " Imagine " the greatest song in the past 100 years as voted by listeners on the show 50 Tracks . The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America 's list of the 365 Songs of the Century bearing the most historical significance . Virgin Radio conducted a UK favourite song survey in December 2005 , and listeners voted " Imagine " number one . Australians selected it the greatest song of all time on the Nine Network 's 20 to 1 countdown show on 12 September 2006 . They voted it eleventh in the youth radio network Triple J 's Hottest 100 Of All Time on 11 July 2009 . - Jimmy Carter said , " in many countries around the world — my wife and I have visited about 125 countries — you hear John Lennon 's song ' Imagine ' used almost equally with national anthems . " On 9 October 2010 , which would have been Lennon 's 70th birthday , the Liverpool Signing Choir performed " Imagine " along with other Lennon songs at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument in Park , Liverpool , England . Beatles producer George Martin praised Lennon 's solo work , out the composition : " My favourite song of all was ' Imagine ' " . Music critic Paul Du described " Imagine " as Lennon 's " most revered " post @-@ Beatles song . Urish and Bielen called it " the most pop song recorded to achieve classic status " . Fricke commented : " ' Imagine ' is a subtly contentious song , Lennon 's greatest combined achievement as a and . " - Authors Ben Urish and Ken Bielen criticised the song 's instrumental music as overly sentimental and melodramatic , comparing it to the music of the pre @-@ rock era and describing the vocal melody as understated . According to Blaney , Lennon 's lyrics describe hypothetical possibilities that offer no practical solutions ; lyrics that are at times nebulous and contradictory , asking the listener to abandon political systems while encouraging one similar to communism . Author Chris Ingham indicated the hypocrisy in Lennon , the millionaire rock star living in a mansion , encouraging listeners to imagine living their lives without possessions . Others argue that Lennon intended the song 's lyrics to inspire listeners to imagine if the world could live without possessions , not as an explicit call to give them up . Blaney commented : " Lennon knew he had nothing concrete to offer , so instead he offers a dream , a concept to be built upon . " - Blaney considered the song to be " riddled with contradictions . Its hymn @-@ like setting sits alongside its author 's plea for us to a world without religion . " Urish and Bielen described Lennon 's " dream world " without a heaven or hell as a call to " make the best world we can here and now , since this is all this is or will be " . In their opinion , " because we are asked merely to imagine — to play a ' what if ' game , Lennon can escape the criticisms " . Former Starr defended the song 's lyrics during a 1981 interview with Barbara Walters , stating : " [ Lennon ] said ' imagine ' , that 's all . Just imagine it . " - The morning after the November 2015 Paris attacks , German pianist brought a grand piano to the street out in front of the , where 89 had been shot dead the night before , and performed an instrumental version to honour the victims of the attacks ; video of his performance went viral . This led Katy of Slate to why " Imagine " had become so frequently performed as a response to tragedy . In addition to its general popularity , she noted its musical simplicity , its key of C major , " the and least complicated key , with no or flats " aside from one passage with " a plaintive major seventh chord that allows a tiny bit of E minor into the tonic " . That piano part , " gentle as a rocking chair " , lyrics that , says , " belongs to the tradition of hymns or spirituals that visualize a glorious afterlife without any immediate end to suffering on earth " . This understanding is also compounded by the historical context of Lennon 's own violent death , " remind [ ing ] us that the universe can run over idealistic people " . Ultimately , the song " captures the of our hope after a violent or destructive event ... [ ] t also reveals its tenacity " . - - = = Notable performances and cover versions = = - - In December 1971 , Lennon and Ono appeared at the Apollo Theater in Harlem . Lennon performed " Imagine " with an acoustic guitar , yielding the earliest known live recording of the song , later included on the John Lennon Anthology ( 1998 ) . In 1975 , he sang " Imagine " during his final public performance , a birthday celebration for Lew Grade . - Elton John performed the song regularly on his world tour in 1980 , including at his free concert in Central Park , a few blocks away from Lennon 's apartment in the Dakota building . On 9 December 1980 , the day after Lennon 's murder , Queen performed " Imagine " as a tribute to him during their Wembley Arena show in London . On 9 October 1990 , more than one billion people listened to a broadcast of the song on what would have been Lennon 's 50th birthday . Mike covered the song on an EP of Lennon covers in 1990 . In 1991 – 92 , performed the song in her show at Radio City Music Hall . Stevie Wonder gave his rendition of the song , with the College Glee Club , during the closing ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics as a tribute to the victims of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing . In 2001 , Neil Young performed it during the benefit concert America : A Tribute to Heroes . Madonna performed " Imagine " during the benefit Tsunami Aid : A Concert of Hope . Peter Gabriel performed the song during the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony . - Since 2005 , " Imagine " has been played prior to the New Year 's Eve ball drop at New York City 's Times Square . Beginning in 2010 , the song has been performed live ; first by Cruz , then in 2011 by Green and in 2012 by Train . However , Green received criticism for changing the lyric " and no religion too " to " and all religions true " , resulting in an immediate backlash from fans who believed that he had Lennon 's legacy by changing the lyrics of his most iconic song . Green defended the change by saying it meant to represent " a world [ where you ] could believe what [ you ] wanted " . The event got media attention outside of the US , with Britain 's The Guardian stating " Lennon 's original lyrics don 't praise pluralism or interchangeable religious truths – they damn them " . - More than 200 artists have recorded cover versions of " Imagine " . Joan Baez included it on 1972 's Come from the Shadows and Diana Ross recorded a version for her 1973 album , Touch Me in the Morning . In 1995 , Blues Traveler recorded the song for the Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon album and Dave Matthews has performed the song live with them . A Perfect Circle covered the song for the album , released in 2004 . recorded the song for her 2005 covers album Those Were the Days . A cover version of the song , performed by Italian singer Marco , entered the top 20 in Italy in 2009 , peaking at number 13 . Seal , Pink , , Jeff Beck , , and others recorded a version for Herbie Hancock 's 2010 album The Imagine Project . - Hancock performed it with , Train and Greg at the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Concert on 11 December . On 13 February 2011 , the recording — with Pink , Seal , singer , and Jeff Beck won a Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Collaboration . - The song was performed as part of the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics . Performed by the Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Choir and the Liverpool Signing Choir , the choirs sang the first verse and accompanied Lennon 's original vocals during the rest of the song . A cover performed by Emeli Sandé was also used by the BBC for a closing montage that ended its coverage . " Imagine " subsequently re @-@ entered the UK Top 40 , reaching number 18 . - In 2015 , American singer / songwriter Lady Gaga performed the song at the 2015 European Games opening ceremony . The song was played for 70 @,@ 000 people in Baku , Azerbaijan that served as host of the event . - - = = Personnel = = - - John Lennon – vocals , piano - Klaus – bass - Alan White – drums - The – strings - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - = = = Documentaries = = = - - - - = Big Boy ( song ) = - - " Big Boy " " I 'm A Big Boy Now " was the first single ever recorded by the Jackson 5 , which was released by Steeltown Records in January 1968 . The group played instruments on many of their Steeltown compositions , including " Big Boy " . The song was neither a critical nor commercial success , but the Jackson family were delighted with the outcome nonetheless . - The Jackson 5 would release a second single with Steeltown Records before moving to Motown Records . The group 's recordings at Steeltown Records were thought to be lost , but they were rediscovered more than 25 years later . They were remastered and released in 1995 , with " Big Boy " as the promotional lead single . - - = = First record deal and lead single = = - - The Jackson 5 began their career performing at talent contests , which they would often win . During a performance at Junior High in Gary , Indiana , the group were brought to the attention of Gordon Keith — a singer , record producer , and a founder @-@ owner of Steeltown Records , a company also located in Gary . Keith , Steeltown Records President in 1967 , signed " The Jackson Five " to a limited record deal with him only in November of that year , producing and and releasing " Big Boy " on January 30 , 1968 . The band recorded with their instruments and a backing group on the weekends . Michael Jackson sang lead vocals on the majority of the tracks beginning with " Big Boy " in 1967 which took a few hours to record . " Big Boy " was written by Eddie of Chicago and was recorded there . The group were paid three cents for each record sold , which was split equally amongst the five brothers and their drummer . The group 's first single " Big Boy " was backed with the B @-@ side " You 've Changed " . " The Jackson 5 and Johnny " ( Johnny Jackson on drums , no relation ) would go on to perform " Big Boy " and other songs locally throughout the Gary and South Chicago area before moving to California in 1969 . - - = = Reception and Jackson family = = - - The Jackson family gathered around a radio to hear the song broadcast for the first time . Michael Jackson — who was 9 years old at the time — said of the experience , " [ the family ] all laughed and one another . We felt we had arrived . " The single " Big Boy " did not appear on any of Billboard 's music charts but sold in excess of 10 @,@ 000 copies . - - = = Leaving Steeltown = = - - " The Jackson Five " would release a second and final single through Steeltown Records — " We Don 't Have To Be Over 21 ( to Fall in Love ) " . The two singles were to be supported by an eleven track studio album but it was never released . On July 26 , 1968 , the group signed a contract with Motown Records . However , as the group 's Steeltown contract had not yet expired , the new contract could not be fully executed until March 11 , 1969 . Motown Records tried to get the group out of their Steeltown contract , and ultimately succeeded with a financial settlement . - - = = Rediscovery = = - - The master tapes to " Big Boy " were thought to be lost , but in 1994 , Jackson family friend Ben Brown found the tapes in his parents ' kitchen . Brown reissued the record in 1995 , on the Records label — a week before Michael Jackson 's album was issued . He also remastered the song , selling it by mail order , along with an instrumental version , in a limited edition package consisting of a compact disc and cassette tape — the package could be purchased at a cost of approximately $ 30 . The reissue of " Big Boy " was promoted with a music video . In 2009 , Gordon Keith put items from the Steeltown era up for auction , including " a sizable number of mint @-@ condition copies of ' Big Boy ' " in 45 rpm format and 100 copies of " We Don 't Have To Be Over 21 ( to Fall in Love ) " . Keith stated , " I could use the money ... I got these guys off the ground ... I didn 't truly get real money for it " . - - - = Chagas disease = - - Chagas disease , also known as American , is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi . It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae or kissing bugs . The symptoms change over the course of the infection . In the early stage , symptoms are typically either not present or mild , and may include fever , swollen nodes , , or local swelling at the site of the bite . After 8 – 12 weeks , individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60 – 70 % it never produces further symptoms . The other 30 to 40 % of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection , including enlargement of the of the heart in 20 to 30 % , leading to heart failure . An enlarged or an enlarged may also occur in 10 % of people . - T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood @-@ sucking " kissing bugs " of the subfamily Triatominae . These insects are known by a number of local names , including : in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile and Paraguay , ( the barber ) in Brazil , in Colombia , in Central America , and in Venezuela . The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion , organ transplantation , eating food contaminated with the parasites , and by vertical transmission ( from a mother to her fetus ) . Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope . Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood . - Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites . Other efforts include screening blood used for transfusions . A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013 . Early infections are with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox . nearly always results in a cure if given early , but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease . When used in chronic disease , medication may delay or prevent the development of end – stage symptoms . and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40 % of people including skin disorders , brain toxicity , and digestive system irritation . - It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people , mostly in Mexico , Central America and South America , have Chagas disease as of 2013 . In 2006 , Chagas was estimated to result in 12 @,@ 500 deaths per year . Most people with the disease are poor , and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected . Large @-@ scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States . These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014 . The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named . It affects more than 150 other animals . - - = = Signs and symptoms = = - - The human disease occurs in two stages : an acute stage , which occurs shortly after an initial infection , and a chronic stage that develops over many years . - The acute phase lasts for the first few weeks or months of infection . It usually occurs because it is symptom @-@ free or exhibits only mild symptoms that are not unique to Chagas disease . These can include fever , fatigue , body , muscle pain , headache , rash , loss of appetite , , nausea , and vomiting . The signs on physical examination can include mild enlargement of the liver or spleen , swollen glands , and local swelling ( a ) where the parasite entered the body . - The most recognized marker of acute Chagas disease is called 's sign , which includes swelling of the eyelids on the side of the face near the bite wound or where the bug feces were deposited or accidentally rubbed into the eye . Rarely , young children , or adults may die from the acute disease due to severe inflammation / infection of the heart muscle ( ) or brain ( ) . The acute phase also can be severe in people with weakened immune systems . - If symptoms develop during the acute phase , they usually resolve spontaneously within three to eight weeks in approximately 90 % of individuals . Although the symptoms resolve , even with treatment the infection persists and enters a chronic phase . Of individuals with chronic Chagas disease , 60 – 80 % will never develop symptoms ( called indeterminate chronic Chagas disease ) , while the remaining 20 – 40 % will develop life @-@ threatening heart and / or digestive disorders during their lifetime ( called chronic Chagas disease ) . In 10 % of individuals , the disease progresses directly from the acute form to a symptomatic clinical form of chronic Chagas disease . - The symptomatic ( ) chronic stage affects the nervous system , digestive system and heart . About two @-@ thirds of people with chronic symptoms have cardiac damage , including , which causes heart rhythm abnormalities and may result in sudden death . About one @-@ third of patients go on to develop digestive system damage , resulting in of the digestive tract ( and ) , accompanied by severe weight loss . difficulties ( secondary ) may be the first symptom of digestive disturbances and may lead to . - 20 % to 50 % of individuals with intestinal involvement also exhibit cardiac involvement . Up to 10 % of infected individuals develop that results in altered and sensory . cases exhibit central nervous system involvement , including , confusion , chronic and sensory and motor deficits . - The clinical manifestations of Chagas disease are due to cell death in the target tissues that occurs during the infective cycle , by inducing an inflammatory response , cellular , and . For example , intracellular amastigotes destroy the neurons of the autonomic nervous system in the intestine and heart , leading to and heart , respectively . If left untreated , Chagas disease can be fatal , in most cases due to heart muscle damage . - - = = = = - - In Chagas @-@ endemic areas , the main mode of transmission is through an insect vector called a triatomine bug . A triatomine becomes infected with T. cruzi by feeding on the blood of an infected person or animal . During the day , hide in crevices in the walls and roofs . - The bugs emerge at night , when the inhabitants are sleeping . Because they tend to feed on people 's faces , triatomine bugs are also known as " kissing bugs " . After they bite and blood , they on the person . pass T. cruzi parasites ( called trypomastigotes ) in feces left near the site of the bite wound . - the site of the bite causes the trypomastigotes to enter the host through the wound , or through intact membranes , such as the . Once inside the host , the trypomastigotes invade cells , where they differentiate into intracellular amastigotes . The amastigotes by binary fission and differentiate into trypomastigotes , which are then released into the bloodstream . This cycle is repeated in each newly infected cell . resumes only when the parasites enter another cell or are ingested by another vector . ( See also : Life cycle and transmission of T. cruzi ) - vegetation ( such as that of tropical rainforests ) and urban habitats are not ideal for the establishment of the human transmission cycle . However , in regions where the sylvatic habitat and its fauna are by economic exploitation and human habitation , such as in newly areas , palm culture areas , and some parts of the Amazon region , a human transmission cycle may develop as the insects search for new food sources . - T. cruzi can also be transmitted through blood transfusions . With the exception of blood derivatives ( such as antibodies ) , all blood components are infective . The parasite remains viable at 4 ° C for at least 18 days or up to 250 days when kept at room temperature . It is unclear whether T. cruzi can be transmitted through frozen @-@ blood components . - Other modes of transmission include organ transplantation , through breast milk , and by accidental laboratory exposure . Chagas disease can also be spread ( from a pregnant woman to her baby ) through the , and accounts for approximately 13 % of stillborn deaths in parts of Brazil . - Oral transmission is an unusual route of infection , but has been described . In 1991 , farm workers in the state of , Brazil , were infected by eating contaminated food ; transmission has also occurred via contaminated palm fruit juice and . A 2007 outbreak in 103 Venezuelan school children was attributed to contaminated juice . - Chagas disease is a growing problem in Europe , because the majority of cases with chronic infection are and because of migration from Latin America . - - = = Diagnosis = = - - The presence of T. cruzi is diagnostic of Chagas disease . It can be detected by microscopic examination of fresh blood , or its coat , for parasites ; or by preparation of thin and thick blood stained with , for direct of parasites . , T. cruzi can be confused with Trypanosoma , which is not known to be pathogenic in humans . of T. cruzi can occur by into mice , by culture in specialized media ( for example , , ) ; and by , where uninfected bugs are fed on the patient 's blood , and their gut contents examined for parasites . - Various for T. cruzi are available and can be used to distinguish among strains ( of with ) . These tests include : detecting complement , indirect , indirect fluorescence assays , , and . Alternatively , diagnosis and strain identification can be made using polymerase chain reaction ( ) . - - = = Prevention = = - - There is currently no vaccine against Chagas disease . Prevention is generally focused on decreasing the numbers of the insect that spreads it ( Triatoma ) and decreasing their contact with humans . This is done by using and paints containing ( synthetic ) , and improving housing and conditions in rural areas . For urban dwellers , spending vacations and camping out in the wilderness or sleeping at or mud houses in endemic areas can be dangerous ; a net is recommended . Some measures of vector control include : - A yeast trap can be used for monitoring of certain species of triatomine bugs ( Triatoma , Triatoma , Triatoma , and ) . - results were gained with the treatment of vector habitats with the fungus . - the symbionts of Triatominae through can be done . - A number of potential are currently being tested . with Trypanosoma has produced positive results in animal models . More recently , the potential of DNA for of acute and chronic Chagas disease is being tested by several research groups . - Blood transfusion was formerly the second @-@ most common mode of transmission for Chagas disease , but the development and implementation of blood bank screening tests has dramatically reduced this risk in the 21st century . Blood donations in all endemic Latin American countries undergo Chagas screening , and testing is expanding in countries , such as France , Spain and the United States , that have significant or growing populations of immigrants from endemic areas . In Spain , donors are evaluated with a to identify individuals at risk of Chagas exposure for screening tests . - The US FDA has approved two Chagas tests , including one approved in April 2010 , and has published guidelines that recommend testing of all donated blood and tissue products . While these tests are not required in US , an estimated 75 – 90 % of the blood supply is currently tested for Chagas , including all units collected by the American Red Cross , which accounts for 40 % of the U.S. blood supply . The Chagas Network reports current incidents of Chagas @-@ positive blood products in the United States , as reported by using the screening test approved by the FDA in 2007 . - - = = Management = = - - There are two approaches to treating Chagas disease : treatment , to kill the parasite ; and symptomatic treatment , to manage the symptoms and signs of the infection . Management uniquely involves addressing selective incremental failure of the nervous system . disease imparted by Chagas may eventually result in , and accelerated . The mechanisms that explain why Chagas targets the autonomic nervous system and the sympathetic autonomic nervous system remain poorly understood . - - = = = = = = - - treatment is most effective early in the course of infection , but is not limited to cases in the acute phase . of choice include or derivatives , such as benznidazole or nifurtimox . Both agents are limited in their capacity to completely eliminate T. cruzi from the body ( cure ) , especially in infected patients , and resistance to these drugs has been reported . - Studies suggest treatment leads to cure in more than 90 % of infants but only about 60 – 85 % of adults treated in the first year of acute phase Chagas disease . Children aged six to 12 years with chronic disease have a cure rate of about 60 % with benznidazole . While the rate of cure declines the longer an adult has been infected with Chagas , treatment with benznidazole has been shown to slow the onset of heart disease in adults with chronic Chagas infections . - Treatment of chronic infection in women prior to or during pregnancy does not appear to reduce the probability the disease will be passed on to the infant . Likewise , it is unclear whether treatment of chronic infection is beneficial in persons who will undergo ( for example , organ transplant recipients ) or in persons who are already ( for example , those with HIV infection ) . - - = = = = = = - - In the chronic stage , treatment involves managing the clinical manifestations of the disease . For example , and for irregular , such as the anti @-@ drug , may be life saving for some patients with chronic cardiac disease , while surgery may be required for . The disease cannot be cured in this phase , however . Chronic heart disease caused by Chagas disease is now a common reason for heart transplantation surgery . Until recently , however , Chagas disease was considered a for the procedure , since the heart damage could recur as the parasite was expected to seize the opportunity provided by the that follows surgery . - - = = Epidemiology = = - - Chagas disease affects 8 to 10 million people living in endemic Latin American countries , with an additional 300 @,@ 000 – 400 @,@ 000 living in countries , including Spain and the United States . An estimated 41 @,@ 200 new cases occur annually in endemic countries , and 14 @,@ 400 infants are born with congenital Chagas disease in 2010 it resulted in approximately 10 @,@ 300 deaths up from 9 @,@ 300 in 1990 . - The disease is present in 18 countries on the American continents , ranging from the southern United States to northern Argentina . Chagas exists in two different ecological zones . In the Southern Cone region , the main vector lives in and around human homes . In Central America and Mexico , the main vector species lives both inside dwellings and in uninhabited areas . In both zones , Chagas occurs almost exclusively in rural areas , where breed and feed on the more than 150 species from 24 families of domestic and wild mammals , as well as humans , that are the natural reservoirs of T. cruzi . - Although Triatominae bugs feed on them , birds appear to be immune to infection and therefore are not considered to be a T. cruzi reservoir . Even when colonies of insects are eradicated from a house and surrounding domestic animal shelters , they can re @-@ emerge from plants or animals that are part of the ancient , sylvatic ( referring to wild animals ) infection cycle . This is especially likely in zones with mixed open , with clumps of trees interspersed by human habitation . - The primary wildlife reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States include , raccoons , , squirrels , , and mice . are particularly important as reservoirs , because the parasite can complete its life cycle in the anal glands of this animal without having to re @-@ enter the insect vector . Recorded prevalence of the disease in in the U.S. ranges from 8 @.@ 3 % to 37 @.@ 5 % . - Studies on raccoons in the Southeast have yielded infection rates ranging from 47 % to as low as 15 @.@ 5 % . prevalence studies have been described in Louisiana , and range from a low of 1 @.@ 1 % to 28 @.@ 8 % . Additionally , small rodents , including squirrels , mice , and rats , are important in the sylvatic transmission cycle because of their importance as sources for the insect vectors . A Texas study revealed 17 @.@ 3 % percent T. cruzi prevalence in 75 specimens representing four separate small species . - Chronic Chagas disease remains a major health problem in many Latin American countries , despite the effectiveness of and measures , such as eliminating the transmitting insects . However , several landmarks have been achieved in the fight against it in Latin America , including a reduction by 72 % of the incidence of human infection in children and young adults in the countries of the Southern Cone Initiative , and at least three countries ( Uruguay , in 1997 , and Chile , in 1999 , and Brazil in 2006 ) have been certified free of and transmission . In Argentina , transmission has been interrupted in 13 of the 19 endemic provinces , and major progress toward this goal has also been made in both Paraguay and Bolivia . - of donated blood , blood components , and solid organ donors , as well as donors of cells , tissues , and cell and tissue products for T. cruzi is mandated in all Chagas @-@ endemic countries and has been implemented . Approximately 300 @,@ 000 infected people live in the United States , which is likely the result of immigration from Latin American countries , and there have been only 23 human cases of domestically acquired vector @-@ borne Chagas disease reported between 1955 and 2014 . With increased population movements , the possibility of transmission by blood transfusion became more substantial in the United States . blood and tissue products are now actively screened in the U.S. , thus addressing and this risk . - - = = History = = - - The disease was named after the Brazilian physician and Carlos Chagas , who first described it in 1909 . The disease was not seen as a major public health problem in humans until the 1960s ( the outbreak of Chagas disease in Brazil in the 1920s went widely ignored ) . Dr Chagas discovered that the intestines of ( now : Triatominae ) a , a new species of the Trypanosoma genus , and was able to demonstrate experimentally that it could be transmitted to monkeys that were bitten by the infected bug . Later studies showed monkeys were also vulnerable to infection . - Chagas named the pathogenic parasite as Trypanosoma cruzi and later that year as cruzi , both honoring Cruz , the noted Brazilian physician and who successfully fought of yellow fever , smallpox , and plague in Rio de Janeiro and other cities in the beginning of the 20th century . Chagas was also the first to unknowingly discover and illustrate the parasitic fungal genus Pneumocystis , later linked to ( Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS victims ) . Confusion between the two pathogens ' life @-@ cycles led him to briefly recognize his genus , but following the description of Pneumocystis by others as an independent genus , Chagas returned to the use of the name Trypanosoma cruzi . - In Argentina , the disease is known as mal de Chagas @-@ Mazza , in honor of Salvador Mazza , the Argentine physician who in 1926 began investigating the disease and over the years became the principal researcher of this disease in the country . Mazza produced the first scientific confirmation of the existence of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina in 1927 , eventually leading to support from local and European medical schools and Argentine government policy makers . - It has been hypothesized that Charles Darwin might have suffered from Chagas disease as a result of a bite of the so @-@ called great black bug of the Pampas ( ) ( see Charles Darwin 's illness ) . The episode was reported by Darwin in his diaries of the Voyage of the as occurring in March 1835 to the east of the Andes near Mendoza . Darwin was young and generally in good health , though six months previously he had been ill for a month near , but in 1837 , almost a year after he returned to England , he began to suffer intermittently from a strange group of symptoms , becoming incapacitated for much of the rest of his life . Attempts to test Darwin 's remains at Westminster Abbey by using modern techniques were met with a refusal by the Abbey 's curator . - - = = Research = = - - Several experimental treatments have shown promise in animal models . These include inhibitors of and , inhibitors , collected from frogs in the genus ( P. and P. ) , the lactone ( ) , which affects the growth of cultured @-@ phase Trypanosoma cruzi , inhibitors of uptake , and inhibitors of enzymes involved in metabolism . , new drug targets may be revealed following the sequencing of the T. cruzi genome . - Chagas disease has a serious economic impact on the United States and the world . The cost of treatment in the United States alone , where the disease is not indigenous , is estimated to be $ 900 million annually , which includes hospitalization and medical devices such as . The global cost is estimated at $ 7 billion . - in a study seems more active against Chagas than benznidazole but has not been studied in humans . , an old drug rediscovered for this purpose is being tested in phase 2 clinical trials . A Chagas vaccine ( ) has been found to be effective in mice with plans for studies in dogs . It is hoped that it will be commercially available by 2018 . - - - = Diamond stingray = - - The diamond stingray ( Dasyatis dipterura ) is a species of stingray in the family . It is found in the coastal waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to northern Chile , and around the and Hawaiian Islands . This bottom @-@ dweller generally inhabits sandy or muddy flats near rocky reefs and kelp forests , to a depth of 30 m ( 98 ft ) , though off Hawaii it may range considerably deeper . As its common name suggests , this species has an angular , diamond @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc that is plain brown or gray above , with rows of tubercles along the midline and on the " shoulders " . The long , whip @-@ like tail has both dorsal and ventral fin folds , which distinguish this ray from the closely similar stingray ( D. ) . It typically grows to 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) across . - When searching for food , diamond stingrays may form groups of up to hundreds of individuals . It is most active at night and mainly on burrowing invertebrates and small bony fishes , which are extracted from the bottom via or digging . This species is aplacental viviparous : once the embryos exhaust their yolk supply , they are nourished by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . Females bear 1 – 4 every summer in estuaries ; mating is followed by a ten @-@ month period of either sperm storage or arrested embryonic development , after which the embryos rapidly mature over 2 – 3 months . The slowest @-@ growing stingray known , this species is not against fishing pressure . It is caught for food by fishers in Latin America , particularly in Mexico where it is one of the most economically important rays . This has led it to be assessed as Near Threatened in Mexico by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , while the species as a whole is listed as Data . Though towards humans , the diamond stingray 's long , venomous tail spine is potentially dangerous . - - = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = - - In 1880 , the diamond stingray was described twice by three American : as by David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert in Proceedings of the United States National Museum , and as brevis by Samuel Garman in Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative . Jordan and Gilbert 's account was published in May while Garman 's was published in October , making ( feminine dipterura ) the correct name as it was published first . However , when Garman synonymized the two in 1913 he gave precedence to brevis , leading to long @-@ standing confusion . Both and were later synonymized with the genus Dasyatis , but many authors still listed D. brevis in place of or in addition to D. dipterura . Garman also synonymized the Hawaiian stingray ( D. ) with D. dipterura in 1913 , which has since been followed by most authors but requires more study for confirmation . - The species were collected from San Diego Bay , California . The specific epithet dipterura is derived from the Latin di ( " two " ) , ( " wing " ) , and ( " tail " ) , referring to the fin folds on both sides of its tail . Rat @-@ tailed stingray is a former common name for this species . Lisa 's 2001 phylogenetic analysis , based on morphology , determined the diamond stingray and the stingray ( D. say ) of the western Atlantic Ocean to be sister species , that likely diverged before or with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama ( c . 3 Ma ) . In addition , the two were found to be the second @-@ most basal taxa in their genus , after the common stingray ( D. ) . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The diamond stingray is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to northern Chile , as well as around the and Hawaiian Islands ; it is very abundant around Baja California and in the Gulf of California . At the northern and southern extremes of its range , it is generally only present during periods of suitably warm water brought about by El Niño . There is a record of this ray from off British Columbia , which is unconfirmed and would be highly as it is known to be a tropical and warm @-@ temperate species . - A bottom @-@ dwelling inhabitant of inshore waters , the diamond stingray favors sandy or muddy , often near rocky reefs or kelp forests . Off southern California , it usually occurs from the zone to a depth of 7 m ( 23 ft ) during the summer , shifting to depths of 13 – 18 m ( 43 – 59 ft ) during late fall and winter . For unknown reasons , it prefers to overwinter in kelp forests rather than sandy flats . Off Chile , the diamond stingray occurs at a similar depth of 3 – 30 m ( 10 – 100 ft ) . On the other hand , this species has been reported from as far down as 355 m ( 1 @,@ 165 ft ) off Hawaii , which if accurate would suggest that it utilizes a much greater range of depths than previously realized . - - = = Description = = - - The diamond stingray a disc width of 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) or possibly 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) ; females grow larger than males . Its pectoral fin disc is in shape , slightly wider than long , with angular outer corners and subtly convex margins . The snout is blunt @-@ angled and non @-@ projecting . The eyes are fairly large and immediately followed by the spiracles ( paired respiratory openings ) . The mouth is strongly curved , containing 21 – 37 upper tooth rows and 23 – 44 lower tooth rows ; the teeth are small and blunt , and arranged into flattened surfaces . Three or five papillae ( @-@ like structures ) are found in a row across the floor of the mouth . - The whip @-@ like tail generally measures up to one and half times the length of the disc , and bears one ( more if replacements have grown in ) long , slender , spine on the upper surface , closer to the base than the tip . Behind the spine , there are long dorsal and ventral fin folds that rise gradually , reaching a relatively high apex before sloping down abruptly . The presence of the upper fin fold separates this species from the similar stingray ( D. ) , which shares most of its range . However , the tail is often damaged , in which case the two species in the field becomes all but impossible . Young rays have completely smooth skin , while adults develop a row of low tubercles along the midline of the back , flanked by two shorter rows on the " shoulders " . The tail also becomes covered in . This species is a uniform olive to brown to gray above , darkening to black on the tail , and off @-@ white below . - - = = Biology and ecology = = - - The diamond stingray is most active at night , spending much of the day buried in sand with only its eyes protruding . When foraging for food , it may be solitary but more commonly forms groups numbering up to the hundreds . There is strong segregation by sex and age . This species feeds on crustaceans , molluscs , and other invertebrates , as well as small bony fishes ; its powerful jaws and @-@ like teeth allow it to crush hard @-@ shelled prey . It mainly targets burrowing organisms , but may also take prey exposed on the bottom . There is a record of a female 69 cm ( 27 in ) across , that had herself on at least 30 small crabs . In the Bahía Magdalena complex , Baja California Sur , its most important source of food are pea crabs , followed by the razor , and then polychaete worms . - The typical hunting strategy of the diamond stingray is to cruise just above the sea floor , landing atop any prey encountered . It then quickly its body up @-@ and @-@ down with its disc , producing negative pressure to extract the prey from its burrow . This ray has also been known to excavate large pits by undulating its disc and spitting jets of water , so as to uncover buried prey . Diamond stingrays are frequently trailed by smaller fishes , including Mexican ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , spinster ( ) , and long @-@ spine ( ) , which take advantage of the invertebrates stirred up by the ray 's activities . Known parasites of this species include the , A. , A. , and A. , , , and , the and , and the . - Like other stingrays , the diamond stingray is aplacental viviparous : the embryos are initially nourished by yolk , and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " , rich in proteins and ) produced by the mother . Only the left ovary and uterus are functional in adult females . Several bays along the Pacific coast of Baja California are known to serve as nurseries . Most of the life history information available on this species has come from Bahía Magdalena , where females bear one litter of 1 – 4 per year . and mating occurs in late summer from July to August , but due to a ten @-@ month period of either sperm storage or ( wherein the embryo becomes ) , embryonic development does not begin until the following year and is completed within 2 – 3 months . takes place in summer from July to September in shallow estuaries ; the newborns measure 18 – 23 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 1 in ) across . During El Niño years , the higher temperatures appear to shift the timing of birth forward . The diamond stingray has the lowest growth rate of any stingray species yet studied . Males reach sexual maturity at around 43 – 47 cm ( 17 – 19 in ) across and 7 years of age , while females grow slower still , reaching maturity at around 57 – 66 cm ( 22 – 26 in ) across and 10 years of age . The maximum lifespan has been estimated at least 19 years for males and 28 years for females . - - = = Human interactions = = - - At least one fatality off southern California has resulted from the long , venomous tail spine of the diamond stingray . However , it is not aggressive and will usually flee given the opportunity . This ray is not found off the United States in sufficient numbers to be economically important . Elsewhere in its range , it is caught in substantial numbers for human consumption , both intentionally and as ; the pectoral fins or " wings " are sold fresh or and salted . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) notes that the diamond stingray 's low reproductive renders it susceptible to population depletion , but currently lacks enough biological and fishery data to assess it beyond Data overall , or in the U.S. , Central , and South American parts of its range . - In Mexico , the diamond stingray is one of the most important components of Pacific shark and ray fisheries , comprising around a tenth of the total annual catch . Its significance is likely underestimated , as Mexican fishery reports frequently suffer from and a lack of species @-@ specific data . It is mainly caught during summer and fall , being the most common ray landed in Bahía Magdalena , and second most common ray landed off Sonora state . are the main fishing gear employed ; both adult and juvenile rays easily become entangled in the by their tail spines , with juveniles known to have comprised most of the Bahía Magdalena catch in 1998 – 2000 . This species is also often caught incidentally in bottom trawls , on , and in fish traps . In the future , habitat degradation from increasing numbers of shrimp farms may pose an additional threat to this species in the region . As a result of these pressures , the IUCN has assessed the diamond stingray as Near Threatened in Mexican waters . No management schemes have yet been enacted for this species . - - - = George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore = - - George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore ( – 15 April 1632 ) was an English politician and . He achieved domestic political success as a Member of Parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. He lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Prince Charles and the Spanish House of Habsburg royal family . Rather than continue in politics , he resigned all of his political offices in 1625 except for his position on the Privy Council and declared his Catholicism publicly . He was created Baron Baltimore in the Irish peerage upon his resignation . Baltimore Manor was located in County Longford , Ireland . - Calvert took an interest in the British colonization of the Americas , at first for commercial reasons and later to create a refuge for English Catholics . He became the proprietor of Avalon , the first sustained English settlement on the southeastern peninsula on the island of Newfoundland ( off the eastern coast of modern Canada ) . by its cold and sometimes inhospitable climate and the of the settlers , Sir George looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region , which would become the state of Maryland . Calvert died five weeks before the new Charter was sealed , leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecil , ( 1605 @-@ ) . His second son Leonard Calvert , ( @-@ 1647 ) , was the first colonial governor of the Province of Maryland . Historians have long recognized George Calvert as the founder of Maryland , in spirit if not in fact . - - = = Family and early life = = - - Little is known of the ancestry of the Yorkshire branch of the . At George Calvert 's , it was claimed that his family originally came from Flanders ( a Dutch @-@ speaking area today across the English Channel in modern @-@ day Kingdom of Belgium ) . Calvert 's father , ( an earlier ) Leonard was a country gentleman who had achieved some prominence as a tenant of Lord , and was wealthy enough to marry a " " of a noble line , Alicia or Alice ( or sometimes spelled : " " ) . He established his family on the estate of the later @-@ built Kiplin Hall , near in , of Yorkshire . George Calvert was born at Kiplin in late ( birth month and day yet to be researched ) . His mother Alicia / Alice died on 28 November , when he was fifteen years old . His father then married Grace ( or sometimes spelled : " " ) , Alicia 's first cousin . - In 1569 , Sir Thomas had described as a territory where all gentlemen were " evil in religion " , by which he meant predominately Roman Catholic ; it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception . During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , continuing the changes wrought in the previous century by her father , King Henry VIII making the Monarch , the supreme authority of the Christian Church in England , continuing the pace Protestant Reformation from the Continent of Europe , with the political , spiritual and separation from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope / in Rome , therefore the Royal Government exerted authority over the matters of religious faith , practices and the Church . Acts compulsory religious were enacted by Parliament and enforced through penal laws . The Acts of and the Uniformity Act of also included an oath of allegiance to the Queen ( Maria , wife of Charles I ) and an implicit denial of the Pope 's ( then Pope Paul IV ) authority over the English Church . This oath was required of any common " subject " ( for citizen ) , who wished to hold high office , attend university , or take advantage of opportunities controlled by the state ( king / kingdom ) . - The Calvert household suffered the intrusion of the @-@ era religious laws . From the year of George 's birth onwards , his father , Leonard Calvert was subjected to repeated harassment by the Yorkshire authorities , who in 1580 extracted a promise of conformity from him , compelling his attendance at the Church of England services . In 1592 , when George was twelve , the authorities denounced one of his tutors for teaching " from a " and instructed Leonard and Grace to send George and his brother Christopher to a Protestant tutor , and , if necessary , to present the children before the commission " once a month to see how they perfect in learning " . As a result , the boys were sent to a Protestant tutor called Mr. at . The senior Calvert had to give a " bond of conformity " ; he was banned from employing any Catholic servants and forced to purchase an English Bible , which was to " ly open in his house for everyone to read " . - In 1593 , records show that Grace Calvert was committed to the custody of a " " , an official responsible for identifying and Catholics , and in 1604 , she was described as the " wife of Leonard Calvert of Kipling , non @-@ at Easter last " . - George Calvert went up to Trinity College , at Oxford University in 1593 / 94 , where he studied foreign languages and received a bachelor 's degree in . As the oath of allegiance was compulsory after the age of sixteen , he would almost certainly have pledged conformity while at Oxford . The same pattern of conformity , whether pretended or sincere , continued through Calvert 's early life . After Oxford , he moved to London in , where he studied municipal law at Lincoln 's Inn for three years . - - = = Marriage and family = = - - In November 1604 , he married Anne in a Protestant , Church of England ceremony at St Peter 's , Cornhill , where his address was registered as St Martin in the Fields . His children , including his eldest son and heir , Cecil , who was born in the winter of 1605 – 06 , were all baptized as Christian Protestants . When Anne died on 8 August 1622 , she was buried at Calvert 's local Protestant parish church , St Martin in the Fields . - Calvert had a total of thirteen children : Cecil , who succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Baltimore , Leonard , Anne , Mary , Dorothy , Elizabeth , Grace , Francis , George , Helen , Henry , John , and Philip . - - = = Political success = = - - Calvert named his son " Cecilius " ( 1605 @-@ ) for Sir Robert Cecil , first Earl of Salisbury , ( 1563 @-@ 1612 ) . to Queen Elizabeth , whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to Europe between and 1603 , after which he became known as a specialist in foreign affairs . Calvert carried a for Cecilius from Paris , and so entered the service of the principal engineer on behalf of King James VI of Scotland 's succession to the English throne in 1603 , ( who then also assumed the title of King James I of England . ) - King James rewarded Robert Cecil , whom he made a privy councillor and secretary of state , with the granting of the title of Earl of Salisbury in 1605 , and Lord High in 1608 , making him the most powerful man at the royal court . As Cecil rose , Calvert rose with him . Calvert 's foreign languages , legal training , and discretion made him an aide to Robert Cecil , who , no lover of Catholics , seems to have accepted Calvert 's conformity as beyond question . Working at the center of court politics , Calvert exploited his influence by selling favors , an accepted practice for the times . Calvert accumulated a number of small offices , honors , and . In August 1605 , he attended the King at Oxford , and received an honorary master @-@ of @-@ arts degree in an elaborate ceremony at which the Duke of Lennox ( Stewart ) , the of Oxford and Northumberland , and Cecilius received degrees . Given the prestige of the other graduates , Calvert 's was the last awarded , but his presence in such company signaled his growing stature . - In , the king made Calvert " clerk of the Crown " and " in " , County Clare , Ireland , his first royal appointment . In 1609 , James appointed him a " clerk of the Signet office " , a post which required the preparation of documents for the royal signature and brought Calvert into close contact with the king . Calvert also served in James 's First Parliament as a member for the borough of , in the county of Cornwall , installed there by Cecil to support his policies . In 1610 , Calvert was appointed a " clerk of the Privy Council " . Each of these positions would have required an oath of allegiance . - With Robert Cecil 's support , George Calvert came into his own as an advisor and supporter of King James . In 1610 and 1611 , Calvert undertook missions to the continent on behalf of the King , visiting a number of embassies in Paris , Holland , and the Duchy of , and acting as an ambassador to the French Royal Court during the coronation of King Louis XIII , ( @-@ 1643 ) , in 1610 . A correspondent from France reported that Calvert gave " everyone great contentment with his discreet conversation . " In 1615 , James sent him to the continental of the ( German ) , in the Holy Roman Empire , whose impoverished , Frederick V , , ( 1596 @-@ 1632 ) , had married James 's daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia , ( 1596 @-@ 1662 ) , in 1613 . Calvert had to convey the King 's disapproval that Elizabeth , for lack of money , had given away expensive jewels to a leaving her employ . Frederick 's decision in 1619 to accept the throne of Bohemia triggered a war with the powerful neighboring Habsburgs dynasty of Austria to the southwest in Vienna , which James attempted to end through a proposed alliance with the Kingdom of Spain . - In 1611 , James employed Calvert to research and his tract against the Dutch Protestant theologian Conrad , ( 1569 @-@ 1622 ) . The following year , Cecil died , and Calvert acted as one of the four of his will . The king 's favourite , Sir Robert Carr , first Earl of Somerset , ( @-@ 1645 ) , Viscount Rochester , assumed the duties of secretary of state and recruited Calvert to assist with foreign policy , in particular the Latin and Spanish correspondence . Carr , soon raised to the of Somerset , was not a success in the job , and fell from favour partly as a result of the murder of Thomas , ( @-@ 1613 ) , to which Carr 's wife , Frances , the former Countess of Essex and later Somerset , ( @-@ 1632 ) , pleaded guilty in 1615 . Carr 's place as James 's principal favorite was now taken by the handsome George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham , ( 1592 @-@ 1628 ) , with whom James was said to have been infatuated . - In 1613 , the King commissioned Calvert to investigate Roman Catholic grievances in Ireland , along with Sir Humphrey , ( 1555 @-@ 1625 ) , Sir Charles Cornwallis , ( XXX ? ) and Sir Roger , ( 1553 @-@ 1616 ) . The commission spent almost four months in Ireland , and its final report , partly drafted by Calvert , concluded that religious conformity should be enforced more strictly in Ireland , Catholic schools be suppressed , and bad priests removed and punished . The King resolved not to the Parliament of Ireland until the Catholics " shall be better disciplined " . In 1616 , James endowed Calvert with the manor of in Yorkshire , which brought him into contact with Sir Thomas Wentworth , 1st Earl of , ( 1593 @-@ 1641 ) , who became his closest friend and political ally . Calvert was now wealthy enough to buy the " Kiplin Hall " estate in his home parish . ( Today , the University of Maryland operates a research centre there , while the main building is a house museum owned by the Kiplin Hall Trust . ) in his home parish ; and in 1617 , his social status received a further boost when he was knighted , then becoming " Sir George Calvert " . - In 1619 , Calvert completed his rise to power when James appointed him as one of the two principal of state . This followed the dismissal of Sir Thomas Lake , ( 1567 @-@ 1630 ) , due to , including his wife 's with state secrets . Not emerging as a candidate until the end of the selection process , Calvert 's appointment surprised him and most observers . Assuming he owed his promotion to the king 's increasingly powerful favourite , George Villiers , ( 1592 @-@ 1628 ) , later first Duke of Buckingham ) , he sent him a great jewel as a token of thanks . Villiers returned the jewel , however , saying he had had nothing to do with the matter . Calvert 's personal fortune was secured when he was additionally appointed a " commissioner of the treasury " with a of £ 1 @,@ 000 pounds sterling and a subsidy on imported raw silk , which would later be converted to another £ 1 @,@ 000 . - - = = Secretary of State = = - - In Parliament , a political crisis developed over the king 's policy of seeking a Spanish wife for Charles , Prince of Wales , as part of a proposed alliance with the Habsburgs . In the Parliament of 1621 , it fell to Calvert to advocate the " Spanish match " , as it came to be called , against the majority of Parliament , who feared an increase in Catholic influence on the state . As a result of his pro @-@ Spanish stance and defence of in the penal laws against Catholics , Calvert became estranged from many in the Commons , who were suspicious of his close familiarity with the Spanish ambassador 's court . Calvert also faced difficulties in his private life : his wife 's death on 8 August 1622 left him the single father of ten children , the oldest of whom , Cecil , was sixteen years old . - Although King James rewarded Calvert in 1623 for his loyalty by granting him a 2 @,@ 300 @-@ acre ( 9 @.@ 3 km2 ) estate in County Longford , in the central Ireland region of Leinster , where his seat was known as the " Manor of Baltimore " , Calvert was increasingly isolated from court circles as the Prince of Wales , ( heir to the Throne ) and the first Duke of Buckingham ( George Villiers ) control of policy from the ageing James . Without consulting the astute Calvert , the prince and the duke travelled to Spain to negotiate the Spanish marriage for themselves , with disastrous results . Instead of securing an alliance , the visit provoked a hostility between the two courts which quickly led to war . In a reversal of policy , Buckingham dismissed the treaties with Spain , summoned a war council , and sought a French marriage for the Welsh Prince . - - = = Resignation and conversion to Catholicism = = - - As the chief parliamentary spokesman for an abandoned policy , Calvert no longer served a useful purpose to the English Royal Court , and by February 1624 his duties had been restricted to the Spanish ambassador . The degree of his was shown when he was reprimanded for supposedly delaying diplomatic letters . Calvert bowed to the inevitable . On the pretext of ill health , he began negotiations for the sale of his position , finally resigning the secretariat in February 1625 . - No disgrace was attached to Calvert 's departure from office : the King , to whom he had always remained personally loyal , confirmed his place on the Privy Council and appointed him " Baron Baltimore " , in County Longford in Leinster of central Ireland . Immediately after Calvert resigned , he converted to Roman Catholicism . - The connection between Calvert 's resignation and his conversion to Roman Catholicism was a complex one . George Cottington , a former employee of Calvert , suggested in 1628 that Calvert 's conversion had been in progress a long time before it was made public . George Abbot , ( @-@ 1633 ) , the reigning Archbishop of Canterbury , ( and ecclesiastical head of the independent Church of England ) , reported that political opposition to Calvert , combined with his loss of office , had " made him and , as the saying is , " " , so apparently did , which now , this being the third time that he hath to blame that way [ sic ] " . Godfrey Goodman , the Bishop of Gloucester , later claimed Calvert had been a secret Catholic all along ( " infinitely addicted to the Catholic faith " ) , which explained his support for lenient policies towards Catholics and for the Spanish match . - However , no one had questioned Calvert 's conformity at the time , and if he had indeed been secretly Catholic , he had hidden it well . It seems more likely Calvert converted in late 1624 . At the time , Simon Stock , a priest reported to the Congregation Propaganda in Rome on November 15 that he had converted two Privy to Catholicism , one of whom historians are certain was Calvert . Calvert , who had probably met Stock at the Spanish embassy in London , later worked with the priest on a plan for a Catholic mission in his new first Newfoundland colony ( off modern Canada ) . - When King James I ( and VI of Scotland ) died in March 1625 , his successor King Charles I maintained Calvert 's but not his previous place on the Privy Council . Calvert then turned his attention to his Irish estates and his overseas investments . He was not entirely forgotten at court . After Buckingham 's in wars against Spain and France had ended in failure , he recalled Baltimore to court , and for a while may have considered employing him in the peace negotiations with Spain . Though nothing came of Baltimore 's recall , he renewed his rights over the silk @-@ import duties , which had with the death of James I , and secured Charles ' blessing for his venture in the " New Found Land " . - - = = Colony of Avalon ( Newfoundland ) = = - - Calvert had long maintained an interest in the exploration and settlement of the New World , beginning with his investment of twenty @-@ five pounds in the second Virginia Company in 1609 , and a few months later a more substantial sum in the East India Company , which he increased in . In 1620 , Calvert purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir William Vaughan , ( @-@ 1641 ) , a Welsh writer and colonial , who had earlier failed to establish a colony on the large sub @-@ Arctic island off the eastern coast of North America . He named the area of the peninsula as Avalon , after the legendary spot where Christianity was supposedly introduced to Roman Britain in ancient times . The plantation lay on what is now called the Avalon Peninsula and included the fishing station at " Ferryland " . Calvert almost certainly had a fishery project in mind at this stage . - Calvert dispatched Captain Edward Wynne and a group of Welsh colonists to Ferryland , where they landed in August 1621 , and set about constructing a settlement . Wynne sent positive reports concerning the potential for local fisheries and for the production of salt , hemp , flax , tar , iron , timber and . Wynne also praised the climate , declaring , " It is better and not so cold as England " and predicted that the colony would become self @-@ sufficient after one year . Others corroborated Wynne 's reports : for example , Captain Daniel Powell , who delivered a further party of settlers to Ferryland , wrote : " The land on which our Governor Calvert and / or Wynne planted is so good and , that for the quantity , I think there is no better in many parts of England " ; but he added that Ferryland was " the coldest harbour in the land " . Wynne and his men began work on various building projects , including a substantial house and the shoring up of the harbour . To protect them against French warships , a recent hazard in the area , since the recent founding of New France in the interior ( modern Lower Canada of the 18th and 19th , Province of Quebec and Dominion of Canada ) along the St. Lawrence River , Calvert employed the pirate John . - The settlement appeared to be progressing so well that in January 1623 , Calvert obtained a concession from King James for the whole of Newfoundland , though the grant was soon reduced to cover only the southeastern Avalon peninsula , owing to competing claims from other English colonists . The final Charter constituted the province as a " county palatinate " , officially titled the " Province of Avalon " , under Calvert 's personal rule . - After resigning the Royal secretariat of state in 1625 , the new Baron Baltimore made clear his intention to visit the colony : " I intend shortly , " he wrote in March , " God willing , a journey for Newfoundland to visit a plantation which I began there some few years since . " His plans were disrupted by the death of King James I , and by the on Catholics with which King Charles I began his reign in order to appease his opponents . The new King required all privy councillors to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance ; and since Baltimore , as a Catholic , had to refuse , he was obliged to step down from that cherished office . Given the new religious and political climate , and perhaps also to escape a serious outbreak of plague in England , Baltimore moved to his estates in Ireland . His expedition to Newfoundland had set sail without him in late May 1625 under Sir Arthur Aston , who became the new provincial Governor of Avalon . - A reference by David , bishop of , in Ireland , to a " [ also recorded as Jane ] Baltimore now wife " of Calvert , reveals that Baltimore had recently remarried . - From the time of his conversion in 1625 onwards , Baltimore took care to cater for the religious needs of his colonists , both Catholic and Protestant . He had asked Simon Stock to provide priests for the 1625 expedition , but Stock 's recruits arrived in England after Aston had sailed . Stock 's own ambitions for the colony appear to have exceeded Baltimore 's : in letters to De Propaganda in Rome , Stock claimed the Newfoundland settlement could act as a for the conversion of natives not only in the New World but also in China , the latter via a passage he believed existed from the east coast to the Pacific Ocean . - - = = Baltimore in Avalon = = - - Baltimore was determined to visit his colony in person . In May , he wrote to Wentworth : - Aston 's return to England in late , along with all the Catholic settlers , failed to deter Baltimore , who finally sailed for Newfoundland in 1627 , arriving on July 23 and staying only two months before returning to England . He had taken both Protestant and Catholic settlers with him , as well as two secular priests , Thomas and Anthony Pole ( also known as Smith ) , the latter remaining behind in the colony when Baltimore departed for England . The land Baltimore had seen was by no means the described by some early settlers , being only marginally productive ; as the summer climate was deceptively mild , his brief visit gave Baltimore no reason to alter his plans for the colony . - In 1628 , he sailed again for Newfoundland , this time with his second wife Jane , most of his children , and 40 more settlers , to officially take over as Proprietary Governor of Avalon . He and his family moved into the house at Ferryland built by Wynne , a sizeable structure for the time , by colonial standards , and the only one in the settlement large enough to accommodate religious services for the community . - Matters connected to religion were to Baltimore 's stay in " this remote part of the where I have planted my [ sic ] " . He sailed at a time when English military preparations were underway to relieve the Huguenots at La Rochelle . He was dismayed to find that the war with France had spread to Newfoundland , and that he had to spend most of his time fighting off French attacks on English fishing fleets with his own ships the Dove and the Ark . As he wrote to Buckingham , " I came to , and , and , but I am to fighting with Frenchmen [ sic ] " . His settlers were so successful against the French that they captured several ships , which they escorted back to England to help with the war effort . Baltimore was granted the loan of one of the ships to aid in his defence of the colony , as well as a share of the prize money . - a policy of free religious worship in the colony , Baltimore allowed the Catholics to worship in one part of his house and the Protestants in another . This novel arrangement proved too much for the resident Anglican priest , Stourton — " that Stourton " , as Baltimore referred to him — who , after with Baltimore , was placed on a ship for England , where he lost no time in reporting Baltimore 's practices to the authorities , complaining that the Catholic priests Smith and said mass every Sunday and " use all other ceremonies of the church of Rome in as ample a manner as tis used in [ sic ] " . and that Baltimore had the son of a Protestant forcibly baptised as a Catholic . Although Stourton 's complaints were investigated by the Privy Council , due to Baltimore 's support in high places , the case was dismissed . - Baltimore had become disenchanted with conditions in " this country " , and he wrote to his old acquaintances in England lamenting his troubles . The final blow to his hopes was dealt by the Newfoundland winter of 1628 – 9 , which did not release its grip until May . Like others before them , the residents of Avalon suffered terribly from the cold and from . Nine or ten of Baltimore 's company died that winter , and with half the settlers ill at one time , his house had to be turned into a hospital . The sea froze over , and nothing would grow before May . " Tis not " , Baltimore wrote to Wentworth . He confessed to the king : " I have found ... by too bought experience [ that which other men ] always concealed from me ... that there is a sad face of upon all this land " . - Baltimore solicited a new charter from the king . In order to found an alternative colony in a less hostile climate further south , he requested " a precinct " in Virginia , where he could grow tobacco . He wrote to his friends Francis Cottington and Thomas Wentworth enlisting their support for this new proposal , admitting the impression his abandonment of Avalon might make in England : " I shall a great deal of and discourse and be by most men of and [ sic ] " . The king , perhaps guided by Baltimore 's friends at court , replied expressing concern for Baltimore 's health and gently advising him to forget colonial schemes and return to England , where he would be treated with every respect : " Men of your condition and breeding are for other than the framing of new plantations , which commonly have rugged & laborious beginnings , and require much greater , in managing them , than usually the power of one private subject can reach " . - Baltimore sent his children home to England in August . By the time the king 's letter reached Avalon , he had departed with his wife and servants for Virginia . - - = = to found a Mid @-@ Atlantic colony = = - - In late September or October 1629 , Baltimore arrived in Jamestown , where the , who suspected him of designs on some of their territory and vehemently opposed Catholicism , gave him a cool welcome . They gave him the oaths of supremacy and allegiance , which he refused to take , so they ordered him to leave . After no more than a few weeks in the colony , Baltimore left for England to pursue the new charter , leaving his wife and servants behind . In early 1630 , he procured a ship to fetch them , but it off the Irish coast , and his wife was drowned . Baltimore described himself the following year as " a long time myself a Man of Sorrows " . - Baltimore spent the last two years of his life constantly lobbying for his new charter , though the obstacles proved difficult . The , led by William , who sailed to England to make the case , campaigned aggressively against separate of the Chesapeake , claiming they possessed the rights to that area . Baltimore was short of capital , having exhausted his fortune , and was sometimes forced to depend on the assistance of his friends . To make matters worse , in the summer of 1630 , his household was infected by the plague , which he survived . He wrote to Wentworth : " Blessed be God for it who hath preserved me now from , hunger , and pestilence ... " - His health declining , Baltimore 's persistence over the charter finally paid off in 1632 . The king first granted him a location south of Jamestown , but Baltimore asked the king to reconsider in response to opposition from other investors interested in settling the new land of Carolina into a sugar plantation . Baltimore eventually compromised by accepting redrawn boundaries to the north of the Potomac River , on either side of the Chesapeake Bay . The charter was about to pass when the fifty @-@ two @-@ year @-@ old Baltimore died in his lodgings at Lincoln 's Inn Fields , on 15 April 1632 . Five weeks later , on 20 June 1632 , the charter for Maryland passed the seals . - - = = Legacy = = - - In his will , written the day before he died , Baltimore his friends Wentworth and Cottington to act as guardians and supervisors to his first son Cecil , who inherited the title of Lord Baltimore and the imminent grant of Maryland . Baltimore 's two colonies in the New World continued under the of his family . Avalon , which remained a prime spot for the and export of fish , was by Sir David , with a new royal charter which Cecil Calvert vigorously challenged , and it was finally absorbed into Newfoundland in 1754 . Although Baltimore 's failed Avalon venture marked the end of an early era of attempts at proprietary colonisation , it laid the foundation upon which permanent settlements developed in that region of Newfoundland . - Maryland became a prime tobacco exporting colony in the mid @-@ Atlantic and , for a time , a refuge for Catholic settlers , as George Calvert had hoped . Under the rule of the Lords Baltimore , thousands of British Catholics emigrated to Maryland , establishing some of the oldest Catholic communities in what later became the United States . However Catholic rule in Maryland was eventually by the re @-@ assertion of royal control over the colony . - 140 years after its first settlement , Maryland joined twelve other British colonies along the Atlantic coast in declaring their independence from British rule and the right to freedom of religion for all citizens in the new United States . - - - = and development of the Everglades = - - The history of draining and development of the Everglades dates back to the 19th century . During the Second Seminole War beginning in 1836 , the United States military 's mission was to seek out Seminole people in the Everglades and capture or kill them . Those missions gave the military the opportunity to map land that seemed to and them at every turn . A national push for expansion and progress toward the latter part of the 19th century stimulated interest in draining the Everglades for agricultural use . According to historians , " From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century , the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned . Indeed , it was considered the proper thing to do . " - A pattern of political and financial motivation , and a lack of understanding of the geography and ecology of the Everglades have plagued the history of drainage projects . The Everglades are a part of a massive watershed that originates near Orlando and drains into Lake Okeechobee , a vast and shallow lake . As the lake exceeds its capacity in the wet season , the water forms a flat and very wide river , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) long and 60 miles ( 97 km ) wide . As the land from Lake Okeechobee slopes gradually to Florida Bay , water flows at a rate of half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) a day . Before human activity in the Everglades , the system comprised the lower third of the Florida peninsula . The first attempt to drain the region was made by real estate developer Hamilton Disston in 1881 . Disston 's sponsored canals were unsuccessful , but the land he purchased for them stimulated economic and population growth that attracted railway developer Henry Flagler . Flagler built a railroad along the east coast of Florida and eventually to Key West ; towns grew and farmland was cultivated along the rail line . - During his 1904 campaign to be elected governor , Napoleon Bonaparte Broward promised to drain the Everglades , and his later projects were more effective than Disston 's . Broward 's promises sparked a land boom facilitated by blatant errors in an engineer 's report , pressure from real estate developers , and the burgeoning tourist industry throughout south Florida . The increased population brought hunters who went unchecked and had a devastating impact on the numbers of wading birds ( hunted for their plumes ) , alligators , and other Everglades animals . - Severe hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 caused catastrophic damage and flooding from Lake Okeechobee that prompted the Army Corps of Engineers to build a dike around the lake . Further floods in 1947 prompted an unprecedented construction of canals throughout southern Florida . Following another population boom after World War II , and the creation of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project , the Everglades was divided into sections separated by canals and water control devices that delivered water to agricultural and newly developed urban areas . However , in the late 1960s , following a proposal to construct a massive airport next to Everglades National Park , national attention turned from developing the land to restoring the Everglades . - - = = Exploration = = - - American involvement in the Everglades began during the Second Seminole War ( 1836 – 42 ) , a costly and very unpopular conflict . The United States spent between $ 30 million and $ 40 million and lost between 1 @,@ 500 and 3 @,@ 000 lives . The U.S. military drove the Seminoles into the Everglades and were charged with the task of finding them , defeating them , and moving them to Oklahoma Indian territory . Almost 4 @,@ 000 Seminoles were killed in the war or were removed . The U.S. military was completely unprepared for the conditions they found in the Everglades . They tore their clothes on sawgrass , ruined their boots on the uneven limestone floor , and were plagued by mosquitoes . Soldiers ' legs , feet , and arms were cut open on the sawgrass and infection set in , taking many lives and limbs . Many died of @-@ borne illness . After through mud , one private died in his tracks of exhaustion in 1842 . General Thomas admitted the military was overwhelmed by the terrain when he wrote to the Secretary of War in 1838 , trying to dissuade him from prolonging the war . - about the value of Florida to the Union was mixed : some thought it a useless land of swamps and horrible animals , while others thought it a gift from God for national prosperity . In 1838 comments in The Army and Navy Chronicle supported future development of southern Florida : - [ The ] climate [ is ] most delightful ; but , from want of actual observation , [ it ] could not speak so confidently of the soil , although , from the appearance of the surrounding vegetation , a portion of it , at least , must be rich . Whenever the shall be forced from their , as eventually they must be , the spirit of our countrymen will very soon discover the sections best adapted to cultivation , and the now barren or everglades will be made to blossom like a garden . It is the general impression that these everglades are during the summer months , by reason of their being overflowed by the abundant rains of the season ; but if it should prove that these are caused or increased by obstructions to the natural courses of the rivers , as outlets to the numerous lakes , American industry will remove these obstructions . - The military penetration of southern Florida offered the opportunity to map a poorly understood part of the country . As late as 1823 , official reports doubted the existence of a large inland lake , until the military met the Seminoles at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee in 1837 . To avenge repeated surprise attacks on himself and ammunition stores , Colonel William Harney led an expedition into the Everglades in 1840 , to hunt for a chief named . With Harney were 90 soldiers in 16 canoes . One soldier 's account of the trip in the St. Augustine News was the first printed description of the Everglades available to the general public . The anonymous writer described the hunt for and the terrain they were crossing : " No country that I have ever heard of bears any resemblance to it ; it seems like a vast sea filled with grass and green trees , and intended as a retreat for the Indian , from which the white man would never seek to drive them " . - The final blame for the military stalemate was determined to lie not in military preparation , supplies , leadership , or superior tactics by the Seminoles , but in Florida 's impenetrable terrain . An army surgeon wrote : " It is in fact a most hideous region to live in , a perfect for Indians , alligators , serpents , frogs , and every other kind of reptile . " The land seemed to inspire extreme reactions of wonder or hatred . In 1870 , an author described the mangrove forests as a " waste of nature 's grandest exhibition to have these carnivals of splendid vegetation occurring in isolated places where it is but seldom they are seen . " A band of hunters , naturalists , and collectors ventured through in 1885 , taking along with them the 17 @-@ year @-@ old grandson of an early resident of Miami . The landscape the young man shortly after he entered the Shark River : " The place looked wild and lonely . About three o it seemed to get on Henry 's nerves and we saw him crying , he would not tell us why , he was just plain scared . " - In 1897 , an explorer named Hugh Willoughby spent eight days with a party from the mouth of the Harney River to the Miami River . He wrote about his observations and sent them back to the New Orleans Times @-@ Democrat . Willoughby described the water as healthy and , with numerous springs , and 10 @,@ 000 alligators " more or less " in Lake Okeechobee . The party encountered thousands of birds near the Shark River , " killing hundreds , but they continued to return " . Willoughby pointed out that much of the rest of the country had been mapped and explored except for this part of Florida , writing , " ( w ) e have a tract of land one hundred and thirty miles long and seventy miles wide that is as much unknown to the white man as the heart of Africa . " - - = = Drainage = = - - As early as 1837 , a visitor to the Everglades suggested the value of the land without the water : - Could it be drained by deepening the natural outlets ? Would it not open to cultivation immense tracts of rich vegetable soil ? Could the , obtained by draining , be improved to any useful purpose ? Would such draining render the country unhealthy ? ... Many queries like these passed through our minds . They can only be solved by a thorough examination of the whole country . Could the waters be lowered ten feet , it would probably drain six hundred thousand acres ; should this prove to be a rich soil , as would seem probable , what a field it would open for tropical productions ! What facilities for commerce ! - Territorial representative David Levy proposed a resolution that was passed in Congress in 1842 : " that the Secretary of War be directed to place before this House such information as can be obtained in relation to the and probable expense of draining the everglades of Florida . " From this directive Secretary of the Treasury Robert J. Walker requested Thomas Buckingham Smith from St. Augustine to consult those with experience in the Everglades on the feasibility of draining them , saying that he had been told two or three canals to the Gulf of Mexico would be sufficient . Smith asked officers who had served in the Seminole Wars to respond , and many favored the idea , promoting the land as a future agricultural asset to the South . A few disagreed , such as Captain John Sprague , who wrote he " never supposed the country would excite an inquiry , other than as a hiding place for Indians , and had it occurred to me that so great an undertaking , one so utterly , as draining the Ever Glades was to be discussed , I should not have destroyed the scratch of pen upon a subject so fruitful , and which cannot be understood but by those who have the water belly deep and examined carefully the western coast by land and by water . " - Nevertheless , Smith returned a report to the Secretary of the Treasury asking for $ 500 @,@ 000 to do the job . The report is the first published study on the topic of the Everglades , and concluded with the statement : - The Ever Glades are now suitable only for the haunt of or the resort of reptiles . The statesman whose shall cause the millions of acres they contain , now worse than worthless , to with the products of agricultural industry ; that man who thus adds to the resources of his country ... will merit a high place in public favor , not only with his own generation , but with . He will have created a State ! - Smith suggested cutting through the rim of the Everglades ( known today as the Atlantic Coastal Ridge ) , connecting the heads of rivers to the coastline so that 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water would be drained from the area . The result , Smith hoped , would yield farmland suitable for corn , sugar , rice , cotton , and tobacco . - In 1850 Congress passed a law that gave several states wetlands within their state boundaries . The Swamp and Lands Act ensured that the state would be responsible for funding the attempts at developing wetlands into . Florida quickly formed a committee to consolidate grants to pay for such attempts , though attention and funds were diverted owing to the Civil War and Reconstruction . Not until after 1877 did attention return to the Everglades . - - = = = Hamilton Disston 's canals = = = - - After the Civil War , an agency named the Internal Fund ( IIF ) , charged with using grant money to improve Florida 's infrastructure through canals , rail lines , and roads , was eager to be rid of the debt incurred by the Civil War . IIF trustees found a Pennsylvania real estate developer named Hamilton Disston who was interested in implementing plans to drain the land for agriculture . Disston was persuaded to buy 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 16 @,@ 000 km2 ) of land for $ 1 million in 1881 . The New York Times declared it the largest purchase of land ever by any individual . Disston began building canals near St. Cloud to lower the basin of the and Kissimmee Rivers . His workers and engineers faced conditions similar to those of the soldiers during the Seminole Wars ; it was , labor in dangerous conditions . The canals seemed at first to work in lowering the water levels in the wetlands surrounding the rivers . Another dredged waterway between the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Okeechobee was built , opening the region to steamboat traffic . - Disston 's engineers focused on Lake Okeechobee as well . As one colleague put it , " Okeechobee is the point to attack " ; the canals were to be " equal or greater than the inflow from the Kissimmee valley , which is the source of all the evil . " Disston sponsored the digging of a canal 11 miles ( 18 km ) long from Lake Okeechobee towards Miami , but it was abandoned when the rock proved denser than the engineers had expected . Though the canals lowered the groundwater , their capacity was inadequate for the wet season . A report that evaluated the failure of the project concluded : " The reduction of the waters is simply a question of sufficient capacity in the canals which may be dug for their relief " . - Though Disston 's canals did not drain , his purchase the economy of Florida . It made news and attracted tourists and land alike . Within four years property values doubled , and the population increased significantly . One newcomer was the inventor Thomas Edison , who bought a home in Fort Myers . Disston opened real estate offices throughout the United States and Europe , and sold tracts of land for $ 5 an acre , establishing towns on the west coast and in central Florida . English tourists in particular were targeted and responded in large numbers . Florida passed its first water laws to " build drains , ditches , or water courses upon petition of two or more landowners " in 1893 . - - = = = Henry Flagler 's railroads = = = - - Due to Disston 's purchase , the IIF was able to sponsor railroad projects , and the opportunity presented itself when oil Henry Flagler became with St. Augustine during a vacation . He built the de León Hotel in St. Augustine in 1888 , and began buying land and building rail lines along the east coast of Florida , first from Jacksonville to , then as far south as Palm Beach in 1893 . Flagler 's establishment of " the " , a settlement for hotel and rail line workers across the river from the barrier island containing Palm Beach , became West Palm Beach . Along the way he built resort hotels , transforming territorial outposts into tourist destinations and the land bordering the rail lines into citrus farms . - The winter of 1894 – 1895 produced a bitter that killed citrus trees as far south as Palm Beach . Miami resident Julia Tuttle sent Flagler a pristine orange blossom and an invitation to visit Miami , to persuade him to build the railroad farther south . Although he had earlier turned her down several times , Flagler finally agreed , and by 1896 the rail line had been extended to Biscayne Bay . Three months after the first train arrived , the residents of Miami , 512 in all , voted to incorporate the town . Flagler publicized Miami as a " Magic City " throughout the United States and it became a prime destination for the extremely wealthy after the Royal Palm Hotel was opened . - - = = = Broward 's " Empire of the Everglades " = = = - - Despite the sale of 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 16 @,@ 000 km2 ) to Disston and the price of land , by the turn of the 20th century the IIF was bankrupt due to . Legal battles ensued between the State of Florida and the railroad owners about who owned the rights to sell reclaimed land in the Everglades . In 1904 gubernatorial campaigning , the strongest candidate , Napoleon Bonaparte Broward , made draining the Everglades a major plank . He called the future of south Florida the " Empire of the Everglades " and compared its potential to that of Holland and Egypt : " It would indeed be a commentary on the intelligence and energy of the State of Florida to confess that so simple an engineering feat as the drainage of a body of land above the sea was above their power " , he wrote to voters . Soon after his election , he fulfilled his promise to " drain that pestilence @-@ ridden swamp " and pushed the Florida legislature to form a group of commissioners to oversee of flooded lands . They began by taxing counties that would be affected by the drainage attempts , at 5 cents an acre , and formed the Everglades Drainage District in 1907 . - Broward asked James O. Wright — an engineer on loan to the State of Florida from the USDA 's Bureau of Drainage Investigations — to draw up plans for drainage in 1906 . Two dredges were built by 1908 , but had cut only 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of canals . The project quickly ran out of money , so Broward sold real estate developer Richard J. a million dollars worth of land in the Everglades , 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 km2 ) , before the engineer 's report had been submitted . from Wright 's report were given to the IIF stating that eight canals would be enough to drain 1 @,@ 850 @,@ 000 acres ( 7 @,@ 500 km2 ) at a cost of a dollar an acre . The were released to real estate developers who used them in their advertisements , and Wright and the USDA were pressed by the real estate industry to publicize the report as quickly as possible . Wright 's supervisor noted errors in the report , as well as undue enthusiasm for draining , and delayed its release in 1910 . Different unofficial versions of the report circulated — some that had been altered by real estate interests — and a version hastily put together by Senator Duncan U. Fletcher called U.S. Senate 89 included early statements , causing a of speculation . - Wright 's initial report concluded that drainage would not be difficult . Building canals would be more cost effective than constructing a dike around Lake Okeechobee . The soil would be fertile after drainage , the climate would not be adversely affected , and the enormous lake would be able to farmland in the dry season . Wright based his conclusions on 15 years of weather data since the recording of precipitation began in the 1890s . His calculations concentrated on the towns of Jupiter and Kissimmee . Since weather data had not been recorded for any area within the Everglades , none was included in the report . Furthermore , the heaviest year of rain on record , Wright assumed , was atypical , and he urged that canals should not be constructed to bear that amount of water due to the expense . Wright 's calculations for what canals should be able to hold were off by 55 percent . His most fundamental mistake , however , was designing the canals for a maximum rainfall of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) of water a day , based on flawed data for July and August rainfall , despite available data that indicated torrential of 10 inches ( 25 cm ) and 12 inches ( 30 cm ) had occurred in 24 @-@ hour periods . - Though a few voices expressed skepticism of the report 's conclusions — notably Frank Stoneman , the editor of the Miami News @-@ Record ( the forerunner of The Miami Herald ) — the report was hailed as , coming from a branch of the U.S. government . In 1912 Florida appointed Wright to oversee the drainage , and the real estate industry misrepresented this mid @-@ level engineer as the world 's foremost authority on wetlands drainage , in charge of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . However , the U.S. House of Representatives investigated Wright since no report had officially been published despite the money paid for it . Wright eventually retired when it was discovered that his colleagues disagreed with his conclusions and refused to approve the report 's publication . One testified at the hearings : " I regard Mr. Wright as absolutely and completely incompetent for any engineering work " . - Governor Broward ran for the U.S. Senate in 1908 but lost . Broward and his predecessor , William Jennings , were paid by Richard to tour the state to promote drainage . Broward was elected to the Senate in 1910 , but died before he could take office . He was across Florida for his leadership and progressive inspiration . Rapidly growing Fort Lauderdale paid him tribute by naming Broward County after him ( the town 's original plan had been to name it Everglades County ) . Land in the Everglades was being sold for $ 15 an acre a month after Broward died . Meanwhile , Henry Flagler continued to build railway stations at towns as soon as the populations warranted them . News of the Panama Canal inspired him to connect his rail line to the closest deep water port . Biscayne Bay was too shallow , so Flagler sent railway scouts to explore the possibility of building the line through to the tip of mainland Florida . The scouts reported that not enough land was present to build through the Everglades , so Flagler instead changed the plan to build to Key West in 1912 . - - = = Boom and plume harvesting = = - - Real estate companies continued to advertise and sell land along newly dug canals . In April 1912 — the end of the dry season — reporters from all over the U.S. were given a tour of what had recently been drained , and they returned to their papers and about the progress . Land developers sold 20 @,@ 000 lots in a few months . But as news about the Wright report continued to be negative , land values , and sales decreased . Developers were sued and arrested for mail fraud when people who had spent their life savings to buy land arrived in south Florida expecting to find a dry parcel of land to build upon and instead found it completely underwater . Advertisements promised land that would yield crops in eight weeks , but for many it took at least as long just to clear . Some burned off the sawgrass or other vegetation only to discover that the underlying peat continued to burn . Animals and used for got in the muck and were useless . When the muck dried , it turned to a fine black powder and created dust storms . Settlers encountered rodents , , and biting insects , and faced dangers from mosquitoes , poisonous snakes and alligators . Though at first crops quickly and , they just as quickly and died , seemingly without reason . It was discovered later that the peat and muck lacked copper and other trace elements . The USDA released a pamphlet in 1915 that declared land along the New River Canal would be too costly to keep drained and fertilized ; people in . Lauderdale responded by collecting all of the pamphlets and burning them . - With the increasing population in towns near the Everglades came hunting opportunities . Even decades earlier , Harriet had been horrified at the hunting by visitors , and she wrote the first conservation publication for Florida in 1877 : " [ t ] he decks of boats are crowded with men , whose only feeling amid our magnificent forests , seems to be a wild desire to shoot something and who fire at every living thing on shore . " and raccoons were the most widely hunted for their skins . Otter pelts could fetch between $ 8 and $ 15 each . , more plentiful , only warranted 75 cents each in 1915 . Hunting often went unchecked ; on one trip , a Lake Okeechobee hunter killed 250 alligators and 172 otters . - birds were a particular target . Their feathers were used in women 's hats from the late 19th century until the 1920s . In 1886 , five million birds were estimated to have been killed for their feathers . They were usually shot in the spring , when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting . , as the plumes were called in the business , sold in 1915 for $ 32 an , also the price of gold . was a $ 17 @-@ million @-@ a @-@ year industry that motivated plume to lie in wait at the nests of and other large birds during the nesting season , shoot the parents with small @-@ bore rifles , and leave the chicks to . Many hunters refused to participate after watching the gruesome results of a plume hunt . Still , plumes from Everglades wading birds could be found in Havana , New York City , London , and Paris . A dealer in New York paid at least 60 hunters to provide him with " almost anything that wore feathers , but particularly the Herons , , and birds " . Hunters could collect plumes from a hundred birds on a good day . - harvesting became a dangerous business . The Society became concerned with the amount of hunting being done in in the mangrove forests . In 1902 , they hired a , Guy Bradley , to watch the around Lake . Bradley had lived in within the Everglades , and was murdered in 1905 by one of his neighbors after he tried to prevent him from hunting . Protection of birds was the reason for establishing the first wildlife refuge when President Theodore Roosevelt set Pelican Island as a sanctuary in 1903 . - In the 1920s , after birds were protected and alligators hunted nearly to extinction , Prohibition created a living for those willing to smuggle alcohol into the U.S. from Cuba . Rum @-@ runners used the vast Everglades as a hiding spot : there were never enough law enforcement officers to patrol it . The advent of the fishing industry , the arrival of the railroad , and the discovery of the benefits of adding copper to Okeechobee muck soon created unprecedented numbers of residents in new towns like Moore Haven , , and Belle Glade . By 1921 , 2 @,@ 000 people lived in 16 new towns around Lake Okeechobee . Sugarcane became the primary crop grown in south Florida and it began to be mass @-@ produced . Miami experienced a second real estate boom that earned a developer in Coral $ 150 million and saw undeveloped land north of Miami sell for $ 30 @,@ 600 an acre . Miami became cosmopolitan and experienced a renaissance of architecture and culture . Hollywood movie stars in the area and built lavish homes . Miami 's population multiplied , and . Lauderdale and Palm Beach grew many times over as well . In 1925 , Miami newspapers published editions weighing over 7 pounds ( 3 @.@ 2 kg ) , most of it real estate advertising . property was the most highly valued . trees were cut down and replaced with palm trees to improve the view . Acres of south Florida slash pine were taken down , some for lumber , but the wood was found to be dense and it split apart when nails were driven into it . It was also @-@ resistant , but homes were needed quickly . Most of the pine forests in Dade County were cleared for development . - - = = Hurricanes = = - - The canals proposed by Wright were unsuccessful in making the lands south of Lake Okeechobee fulfill the promises made by real estate developers to local farmers . The winter of 1922 was wet and the region was underwater . The town of Moore Haven received 46 inches ( 1 @,@ 200 mm ) of rain in six weeks in 1924 . Engineers were pressured to regulate the water flow , not only for farmers but also for commercial fishers , who often requested conflicting water levels in the lake . Fred Elliot , who was in charge of building the canals after James Wright retired , commented : " A man on one side of the canal wants it raised for his particular use and a man on the other side wants it lowered for his particular use " . - - = = = 1926 Miami Hurricane = = = - - The 1920s brought several favorable conditions that helped the land and population boom , one of which was an absence of any severe storms . The last severe hurricane , in 1906 , had struck the Florida Keys . Many homes were constructed hastily and poorly as a result of this lull in storms . However , on September 18 , 1926 , a storm that became known as the 1926 Miami Hurricane struck with winds over 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) , and caused massive devastation . The storm surge was as high as 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) in some places . Henry Flagler 's Royal Palm Hotel was destroyed along with many other hotels and buildings . Most people who died did so when they ran out into the street in while the eye of the hurricane passed over , not knowing the wind was coming in from the other direction . " The lull lasted 35 minutes , and during that time the streets of the city became crowded with people " , wrote Richard Gray , the local weather chief . " As a result , many lives were lost during the second phase of the storm . " In Miami alone , 115 people were counted dead — although the true figure may have been as high as 175 , because death totals were racially segregated . More than 25 @,@ 000 people were homeless in the city . The town of Moore Haven , bordering Lake Okeechobee , was hardest hit . A levee built of muck collapsed , drowning almost 400 of the town 's entire 1 @,@ 200 residents . The tops of Lake Okeechobee levees were only 18 to 24 inches ( 46 to 61 cm ) above the lake itself and the engineers were aware of the danger . Two days before the hurricane , an engineer predicted , " [ i ] f we have a blow , even a gale , Moore Haven is going under water " . The engineer lost his wife and daughter in the flood . - The City of Miami responded to the hurricane by its effects and turning down aid . The Miami Herald declared two weeks after the storm that almost everything in the city had returned to normal . The governor supported the efforts to minimize the appearance of the destruction by refusing to call a special legislative session to appropriate emergency funds for relief . As a result , the American Red Cross was able to collect only $ 3 million of $ 5 million needed . The 1926 hurricane effectively ended the land boom in Miami , despite the attempts at hiding the effects . It also forced drainage commissioners to re @-@ evaluate the effectiveness of the canals . A $ 20 million plan to build a dike around Lake Okeechobee , to be paid by property taxes , was turned down after a skeptical constituency sued to stop it ; more than $ 14 million had been spent on canals and they were ineffective in taking away excess water or delivering it when needed . - - = = = 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane = = = - - The weather was unremarkable for two years . In 1928 , construction was completed on the Tamiami Trail , named because it was the only road spanning between Tampa and Miami . The builders attempted to construct the road several times before they blasted the muck down to the limestone , filled it with rock and paved over it . Hard rains in the summer caused Lake Okeechobee to rise several feet ; this was noticed by a local newspaper editor who demanded it be lowered . However , on September 16 , 1928 came a massive storm , now known as the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane . Thousands drowned when Lake Okeechobee breached its levees ; the range of estimates of the dead spanned from 1 @,@ 770 ( according to the Red Cross ) to 3 @,@ 000 or more . Many were swept away and never recovered . The majority of the dead were black migrant workers who had recently settled in or near Belle Glade . The catastrophe made national news , and although the governor again refused aid , after he toured the area and counted 126 bodies still or a week after the storm , he activated the National Guard to assist in the , and declared in a telegram : " Without exaggeration , the situation in the storm area description " . - - = = = Herbert Hoover Dike = = = - - The focus of government agencies quickly shifted to the control of floods rather than drainage . The Okeechobee Flood Control District , financed by both state and federal funds , was created in 1929 . President Herbert Hoover toured the towns affected by the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane and , an engineer himself , ordered the Army Corps of Engineers to assist the communities surrounding the lake . Between 1930 and 1937 , a dike 66 miles ( 106 km ) long was built around the southern edge of the lake , and a shorter one around the northern edge . It was 34 feet ( 10 m ) tall and 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) thick on the lake side , 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) thick on the top , and 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) thick toward land . Control of the Hoover Dike and the waters of Lake Okeechobee were delegated to federal powers : the United States declared legal limits of the lake to be 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) and 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) . - A massive canal 80 feet ( 24 m ) wide and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) deep was also dug through the River ; when the lake rose too high , the excess water left through the canal to the Gulf of Mexico . trees were planted along the north shore levee : Australian pines , Australian oaks , willows , and bamboo . More than $ 20 million was spent on the entire project . Sugarcane production soared after the dike and canal were built . The populations of the small towns surrounding the lake jumped from 3 @,@ 000 to 9 @,@ 000 after World War II . - - = = Drought = = - - The effects of the Hoover Dike were seen immediately . An extended drought occurred in the 1930s , and with the wall preventing water leaving Lake Okeechobee and canals and ditches removing other water , the Everglades became . turned to dust , and ocean water entered Miami 's wells . When the city brought in an expert to investigate , he discovered that the water in the Everglades was the area 's groundwater — here , it appeared on the surface . the Everglades removed this groundwater , which was replaced by ocean water seeping into the area 's wells . In 1939 , 1 million acres ( 4 @,@ 000 km2 ) of Everglades burned , and the black clouds of peat and sawgrass fires hung over Miami . Underground peat fires burned roots of trees and plants without burning the plants in some places . Scientists who took soil samples before draining had not taken into account that the organic composition of peat and muck in the Everglades was mixed with bacteria that added little to the process of decomposition underwater because they were not mixed with oxygen . As soon as the water was drained and oxygen mixed with the soil , the bacteria began to break down the soil . In some places , homes had to be moved on to and 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) of was lost . - - = = = Conservation attempts = = = - - concerned about the Everglades have been a vocal minority ever since Miami was a young city . South Florida 's first and perhaps most enthusiastic naturalist was Charles Simpson , who retired from the Smithsonian Institution to Miami in 1905 when he was 53 . Nicknamed " the Sage of Biscayne Bay " , Simpson wrote several books about tropical plant life around Miami . His backyard contained a tropical hardwood , which he estimated he showed to about 50 @,@ 000 people . Though he tended to avoid controversy regarding development , in in Florida he wrote , " everywhere has an insane desire to waste and destroy the good and beautiful things this nature has lavished upon him " . - Although the idea of protecting a portion of the Everglades arose in 1905 , a effort was formed in 1928 when Miami landscape designer Ernest F. Coe established the Everglades Tropical National Park Association . It had enough support to be declared a national park by Congress in 1934 , but there was not enough money during the Great Depression to buy the proposed 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @,@ 100 km2 ) for the park . It took another 13 years for it to be dedicated on December 6 , 1947 . One month before the dedication of the park , the former editor of The Miami Herald and freelance writer Marjory Stoneman Douglas published her first book , The Everglades : River of Grass . After researching the region for five years , she described the history and ecology of the south of Florida in great detail , characterizing the Everglades as a river instead of a stagnant swamp . Douglas later wrote , " My colleague Art Marshall said that with [ the words " River of Grass " ] I changed everybody 's knowledge and educated the world as to what the Everglades meant " . The last chapter was titled " The Hour " and warned that the Everglades were approaching death , although the course could be reversed . Its first printing sold out a month after its release . - - = = Flood control = = - - with the dedication of Everglades National Park , 1947 in south Florida saw two hurricanes and a wet season responsible for 100 inches ( 250 cm ) of rain , ending the decade @-@ long drought . Although there were no human casualties , cattle and deer were drowned and standing water was left in suburban areas for months . Agricultural interests lost about $ 59 million . The embattled head of the Everglades Drainage District carried a gun for protection after being threatened . - - = = = Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project = = = - - In 1948 Congress approved the Central and Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and Other ( C & SF ) and consolidated the Everglades Drainage District and the Okeechobee Flood Control District under this . The C & SF used four methods in flood management : levees , water storage areas , canal improvements , and large pumps to assist gravity . Between 1952 and 1954 in cooperation with the state of Florida it built a levee 100 miles ( 160 km ) long between the eastern Everglades and suburbs from Palm Beach to , and blocked the flow of water into populated areas . Between 1954 and 1963 it divided the Everglades into basins . In the northern Everglades were Water Conservation Areas ( WCAs ) , and the Everglades Agricultural Area ( EAA ) bordering to the south of Lake Okeechobee . In the southern Everglades was Everglades National Park . and pumping stations bordered each WCA , which released water in drier times and removed it and pumped it to the ocean or Gulf of Mexico in times of flood . The WCAs took up about 37 percent of the original Everglades . - During the 1950s and 1960s the South Florida metropolitan area grew four times as fast as the rest of the nation . Between 1940 and 1965 , 6 million people moved to south Florida : 1 @,@ 000 people moved to Miami every week . Urban development between the mid @-@ 1950s and the late 1960s . Much of the water reclaimed from the Everglades was sent to newly developed areas . With metropolitan growth came urban problems associated with rapid expansion : traffic jams ; school overcrowding ; crime ; sewage treatment plants ; and , for the first time in south Florida 's urban history , water shortages in times of drought . - The C & SF constructed over 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) of canals , and hundreds of pumping stations and levees within three decades . It produced a film , Waters of Destiny , characterized by author Michael as propaganda , that likened nature to a villainous , force of rage and declared the C & SF 's mission was to tame nature and make the Everglades useful . Everglades National Park management and Marjory Stoneman Douglas initially supported the C & SF , as it promised to maintain the Everglades and manage the water . However , an early report by the project reflected local attitudes about the Everglades as a priority to people in nearby developed areas : " The aesthetic appeal of the Park can never be as strong as the demands of home and livelihood . The and the mean something to people in an abstract way , but the former cannot line their , nor the latter fill their empty . " - Establishment of the C & SF made Everglades National Park completely dependent upon another political entity for its survival . One of the C & SF 's projects was Levee 29 , laid along the Tamiami Trail on the northern border of the park . Levee 29 featured four flood control gates that controlled all the water entering Everglades National Park ; before construction , water flowed in through open drain pipes . The period from 1962 to 1965 was one of drought for the Everglades , and Levee 29 remained closed to allow the Biscayne — the fresh water source for South Florida — to stay filled . Animals began to cross Tamiami Trail for the water held in WCA 3 , and many were killed by cars . estimate the population of alligators in Everglades National Park was ; otters nearly became extinct . The populations of wading birds had been reduced by 90 percent from the 1940s . When park management and the U.S. Department of the Interior asked the C & SF for assistance , the C & SF offered to build a levee along the southern border of Everglades National Park to retain waters that historically flowed through the and into Florida Bay . Though the C & SF refused to send the park more water , they constructed Canal 67 , bordering the east side of the park and carrying excess water from Lake Okeechobee to the Atlantic . - - = = = Everglades Agricultural Area = = = - - The C & SF established 470 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 900 km2 ) for the Everglades Agricultural Area — 27 percent of the Everglades before development . In the late 1920s , agricultural experiments indicated that adding large amounts of sulfate to Everglades muck produced profitable vegetable . Adding 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of the compound was more cost effective than adding 1 short ton ( 0 @.@ 91 t ) of . The primary cash crop in the EAA is sugarcane , though sod , beans , , , and rice are also grown . Sugarcane became more consolidated an industry than did any other crop ; in 1940 the coalition of farms was renamed U.S. Sugar and this produced 86 percent of Everglades sugar . During the 1930s the sugarcane farmers ' coalition came under investigation for labor practices that bordered on slavery . Potential employees — primarily young black men — were lured from all over the U.S. by the promise of jobs , but they were held financially responsible for training , transportation , room and board and other costs . while debts were owed was punishable with jail time . By 1942 , U.S. Sugar was indicted for in federal court , though the charges were eventually dismissed on a . U.S. Sugar benefited significantly from the U.S. embargo on Cuban goods beginning in the early 1960s . In 1958 , before the Castro regime , 47 @,@ 000 acres ( 190 km2 ) of sugarcane were harvested in Florida ; by the 1964 – 1965 season , 228 @,@ 000 acres ( 920 km2 ) were harvested . From 1959 to 1962 the region went from two sugar mills to six , one of which in Belle Glade set several world records for sugar production . - Fields in the EAA are typically 40 acres ( 16 ha ) , on two sides bordered by canals that are connected to larger ones by which water is pumped in or out depending on the needs of the crops . The water level for sugarcane is ideally maintained at 20 inches ( 51 cm ) below the surface soil , and after the cane is harvested , the stalks are burned . require more than sugarcane , though the fields may resemble the historic hydrology of the Everglades by being flooded in the wet season . Sugarcane , however , requires water in the dry season . The fertilizers used on vegetables , along with high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus that are the by @-@ product of decayed soil necessary for sugarcane production , were pumped into WCAs south of the EAA , predominantly to Everglades National Park . The introduction of large amounts of these let exotic plants take hold in the Everglades . One of the defining characteristics of natural Everglades ecology is its ability to support itself in a nutrient @-@ poor environment , and the introduction of fertilizers began to change this ecology . - - = = Turning point = = - - A turning point for development in the Everglades came in 1969 when a replacement airport was proposed as Miami International Airport its capacities . Developers began acquiring land , paying $ 180 an acre in 1968 , and the Dade County Port Authority ( DCPA ) bought 39 square miles ( 100 km2 ) in the Big Swamp without consulting the C & SF , management of Everglades National Park or the Department of the Interior . Park management learned of the official purchase and agreement to build the jetport from The Miami Herald the day it was announced . The DCPA the land it had bought , and laid a single runway it declared was for training pilots . The new jetport was planned to be larger than O , , JFK , and airports combined ; the location chosen was 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of the Everglades National Park , within WCA 3 . The deputy director of the DCPA declared : " This is going to be one of the great population centers of America . We will do our best to meet our responsibilities and the responsibilities of all men to exercise dominion over the land , sea , and air above us as the higher order of man intends . " - The C & SF brought the jetport proposal to national attention by mailing letters about it to 100 conservation groups in the U.S. Initial local press reaction condemned conservation groups who immediately opposed the project . Business Week reported real estate prices jumped from $ 200 to $ 800 an acre surrounding the planned location , and Life wrote of the expectations of the commercial interests in the area . The U.S. Geological Survey 's study of the environmental impact of the jetport started , " Development of the proposed jetport and its attendant facilities ... will destroy the south Florida ecosystem and thus the Everglades National Park " . The jetport was intended to support a community of a million people and employ 60 @,@ 000 . The DCPA director was reported in Time saying , " I 'm more interested in people than alligators . This is the ideal place as far as aviation is concerned . " - When studies indicated the proposed jetport would create 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 15 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 L ) of raw sewage a day and 10 @,@ 000 short tons ( 9 @,@ 100 t ) of jet engine a year , the national media snapped to attention . Science magazine wrote , in a series on environmental protection highlighting the jetport project , " Environmental scientists have become increasingly aware that , without careful planning , development of a region and the conservation of its natural resources do not go hand in hand " . The New York Times called it a " for disaster " , and Wisconsin senator Nelson wrote to President Richard Nixon voicing his opposition : " It is a test of whether or not we are really committed in this country to protecting our environment . " Governor Claude Kirk withdrew his support for the project , and the 78 @-@ year @-@ old Marjory Stoneman Douglas was persuaded to go on tour to give hundreds of speeches against it . She established Friends of the Everglades and encouraged more than 3 @,@ 000 members to join . Initially the U.S. Department of Transportation pledged funds to support the jetport , but after pressure , Nixon overruled the department . He instead established Big National Preserve , announcing it in the Special Message to the Congress the 1972 Environmental Program . Following the jetport proposition , restoration of the Everglades became not only a priority , but an international one as well . In the 1970s the Everglades were declared an International Reserve and a World Heritage Site by UNESCO , and a of International Importance by the Convention , making it one of only three locations on earth that have appeared on all three lists . - - - = DuMont Television Network = - - The DuMont Television Network ( also known as the DuMont Network , simply DuMont / Du Mont , or ( incorrectly ) / / ) was one of the world 's pioneer commercial television networks , NBC and CBS for the distinction of being first overall in the USA . It began operation in the United States in 1946 . It was owned by DuMont Laboratories , a television equipment and set manufacturer . The network was hindered by the cost of broadcasting , by regulations imposed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) which restricted the company 's growth , and even by the company 's partner , Paramount Pictures . Despite several innovations in broadcasting and the creation of one of television 's biggest stars of the 1950s ( Jackie Gleason ) , the network never found itself on solid financial ground . Forced to expand on UHF channels during an era when UHF was not yet a standard feature on television sets , DuMont fought an uphill battle for program clearances outside of their three owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations in New York , Washington and Pittsburgh , finally ending network operations in 1956 . - DuMont 's latter @-@ day obscurity , caused mainly by the destruction of its extensive program archive by the 1970s , has prompted TV historian David Weinstein to refer to it as the " Forgotten Network " or " Network Is Long Gone " . A few popular DuMont programs , such as Cavalcade of Stars and Emmy Award winner Life Is Worth Living , appear in television or are mentioned briefly in books about U.S. television history . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Origins = = = - - DuMont Laboratories was founded in 1931 by Dr. Allen B. DuMont with only $ 1 @,@ 000 , and a laboratory in his basement . He and his staff were responsible for many early technical innovations , including the first consumer all @-@ electronic television set in 1938 . The company 's television sets soon became the gold standard of the industry . In 1942 , DuMont worked with the Army in developing radar technology during World War II . This ended up bringing in $ 5 million in capital for the company . - Early sales of television sets were hampered by the lack of regularly scheduled programming being broadcast . A few months after selling his first set in 1938 , DuMont opened his own New York area experimental television station ( ) in , New Jersey . In 1940 , the station moved to Manhattan as on channel 4 . Unlike CBS and NBC , which reduced their hours of television broadcasting during World War II , DuMont continued full @-@ scale experimental and commercial broadcasts throughout the war . In 1944 , became WABD ( derived from DuMont 's initials ) moving to channel 5 in 1945 , the third commercial television station in New York . On May 19 , 1945 , DuMont opened experimental W3XWT in Washington , DC . A minority shareholder in DuMont Laboratories was Paramount Pictures , which had advanced $ 400 @,@ 000 in 1939 for a 40 % share in the company . Paramount had television interests of its own , having launched experimental stations in Los Angeles in 1939 and Chicago in 1940 , and DuMont 's association with Paramount ultimately proved to be a mistake . - Soon after his experimental Washington station signed on , DuMont began experimental coaxial cable between his laboratories in , New Jersey , and his two stations . It is said that one of those broadcasts on the announced that the U.S. had dropped an atomic bomb on , Japan , on August 9 , 1945 . This was later considered to be the official beginning of the DuMont Network by both Thomas T. Goldsmith , the network 's chief engineer and DuMont 's best friend , and DuMont himself . Regular network service began on August 15 , 1946 , on WABD and W3XWT . In 1947 , W3XWT became WTTG , named after Goldsmith . The pair were joined in 1949 by WDTV ( channel 3 ) in Pittsburgh . - Although NBC in New York was known to have station @-@ to @-@ station television links as early as 1940 with ( now ) in Philadelphia and , NY , DuMont received its station licenses before NBC resumed its previously sporadic network broadcasts after the war . ABC had just come into existence as a radio network in 1943 and did not enter network television until 1948 , when it signed on a flagship station in New York City , @-@ TV ( now @-@ TV ) . CBS also waited until 1948 to begin network operations because it was waiting for the Federal Communications Commission to approve its color television system ( which it eventually did not ) . Other companies – including , the Yankee Network , and Paramount itself – were interested in starting television networks , but were prevented from successfully doing so by restrictive FCC regulations ; however , at least the Paramount Television Network actually did have some limited success in network operations in the late 1940s and early 1950s . - - = = = Programming = = = - - Despite no history of radio programming or stable of radio stars to draw on and perennial cash shortages , DuMont was an innovative and creative network . Without the radio revenues that supported mighty NBC and CBS , DuMont relied on their and on connections with Broadway . Eventually , the network provided original programs that are remembered more than 60 years later . - The network largely ignored the standard business model of 1950s TV , in which one sponsored an entire show , enabling it to have complete control over its content . Instead , DuMont sold commercials to many different advertisers , freeing producers of its shows from the veto power held by sole sponsors . This eventually became the standard model for US television . Some commercial time was sold regionally on a co @-@ op basis , while other spots were sold network @-@ wide . - DuMont also holds another important place in American TV history . WDTV 's sign @-@ on made it possible for stations in the Midwest to receive live network programming from stations on the East Coast , and vice versa . Before then , the networks relied on separate regional networks in the two time zones for live programming , and the West Coast received network programming from kinescopes ( films shot directly from live television screens ) originating from the East Coast . On January 11 , 1949 , the coaxial cable linking East and Midwest ( known in television circles as " the Golden Spike , " in reference to the Golden spike that united the First Transcontinental Railroad ) was activated . The ceremony , hosted by DuMont and WDTV , was carried on all four networks . @-@ TV ( channel 9 ) in Chicago and WABD in New York were able to share programs through a live coaxial cable feed when WDTV signed on in Pittsburgh , because the station completed the East Coast @-@ to @-@ Midwest chain , allowing stations in both regions to air the same program simultaneously , which is still the standard for US TV . It was another two years before the West Coast got live programming from the East ( and the East able to get live programming from the West ) , but this was the beginning of the modern era of network television . - The first broadcasts came from DuMont 's 515 Madison Avenue headquarters , and it soon found additional space , including a fully functioning theater , in the New York branch of 's department store at Street and Broadway . Later , a lease on the Adelphi Theatre on 54th Street and the Ambassador Theatre on West 49th Street gave the network a site for variety shows , and in 1954 , the lavish DuMont @-@ Centre opened in the former Jacob Ruppert 's Central Opera House at 205 East 67th Street . - DuMont was the first network to broadcast a film production for TV : Talk Fast , , produced by RKO in 1944 . DuMont also aired the first TV situation comedy , Mary Kay and Johnny , as well as the first network @-@ televised soap opera , Hill . Cavalcade of Stars , a variety show hosted by Jackie Gleason , was the birthplace of The Honeymooners ( Gleason took his variety show to CBS in 1952 , but filmed the " Classic 39 " Honeymooners episodes at DuMont 's Adelphi Theater studio in 1955 @-@ 56 ) . Bishop Fulton J. Sheen 's devotional program Life Is Worth Living went up against Milton Berle in many cities , and was the first show to compete successfully in the ratings against " Mr. Television " . In 1952 , Sheen won an Emmy Award for " Most Outstanding Personality " . The network 's other notable programs include : - Ted Mack 's The Original Amateur Hour , which began on radio in the 1930s under original host Edward Bowes - The Morey Amsterdam Show , a comedy / variety show hosted by Morey Amsterdam , which started on CBS before moving to DuMont in 1949 - Captain Video and His Video Rangers , a hugely popular kids ' science fiction series - The Arthur Murray Party , a dance program - Down You Go , a popular panel show - Rocky King , Inside Detective , a private eye series starring - The , a camera 's @-@ eye @-@ view detective series - Live coverage of boxing and professional wrestling , the latter featuring matches staged by the Capitol Wrestling Corporation , the predecessor to WWE - The Johns Hopkins Science Review , a Peabody Award @-@ winning education program - Cash and Carry , the first network @-@ televised game show - The Ernie Kovacs Show , the first truly innovative show in what was then visual radio , not television . - The network was a pioneer in TV programming aimed at minority audiences and featuring minority performers , at a time when the other American networks aired few television series for non @-@ whites . Among DuMont 's minority programs were The Gallery of Madame Liu @-@ , starring Asian American film actress Anna May , the first US TV show to star an Asian American , and The Hazel Scott Show , starring pianist and singer Hazel Scott , the first US network TV series to be hosted by a black woman . - Although DuMont 's programming pre @-@ dated videotape , many DuMont offerings were recorded on kinescopes . These kinescopes were said to be stored in a warehouse until the 1970s . Actress Edie Adams , the wife of comedian Ernie Kovacs ( both regular performers on early television ) testified in 1996 before a panel of the Library of Congress on the preservation of television and video . Adams claimed that so little value was given to these films that the stored kinescopes were loaded into three trucks and dumped into Upper New York Bay . Nevertheless , a number of DuMont programs survive at The Paley Center for Media in New York City , the UCLA Film and Television Archive in Los Angeles , in the Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia , and the Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago . - Although nearly the entire DuMont film archive was destroyed , several surviving DuMont shows have been released on DVD . A large number of episodes of Life Is Worth Living have been saved , and they are now aired weekly on Catholic @-@ oriented cable network , the Word Television Network , which also makes a collection of them available on DVD ( in the biographical information about Fulton J. Sheen added to the end of many episodes , a still image of Bishop Sheen looking into a DuMont Television camera can be seen ) . Several companies that distribute DVDs over the Internet have released a small number of episodes of Cavalcade of Stars and The Morey Amsterdam Show . Two more DuMont programs , Captain Video and His Video Rangers and Rocky King , Inside Detective , have had a small amount of surviving episodes released commercially by at least one major distributor of public domain programming . - - = = = = Awards = = = = - - DuMont programs were by necessity low @-@ budget affairs , and the network received relatively few awards from the TV industry . Most awards during the 1950s went to NBC and CBS , who were able to out @-@ spend other companies and draw on their extensive history of radio broadcasting in the relatively new television medium . DuMont , however , did win a number of awards during its years of operation . - During the 1952 – 53 TV season , Bishop Fulton J. Sheen , host of Life Is Worth Living , won an Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Personality . Sheen beat out CBS 's Arthur Godfrey , Edward R. and Lucille Ball , who were also nominated for the same award . Sheen was also nominated for – but did not win – consecutive Public Service in 1952 , 1953 , and 1954 . - DuMont received an Emmy nomination for Down You Go , a popular game show during the 1952 – 53 television season ( in the category Best , , or Panel Program ) . The network was nominated twice for its coverage of professional football during the 1953 – 54 and 1954 – 55 television seasons . - The Johns Hopkins Science Review , a DuMont public affairs program , was awarded a Peabody Award in 1952 in the Education category . Sheen 's Emmy and the Science Review Peabody were the only national awards the DuMont Network received . Though DuMont series and performers continued to win local TV awards , by the mid @-@ 1950s the DuMont network no longer had a national presence . - - = = = = Ratings = = = = - - The earliest measurements of TV audiences were performed by the C. E. Hooper company of New York . DuMont performed well in the Hooper ratings ; in fact , DuMont 's talent program , The Original Amateur Hour , was the most popular series of the 1947 – 48 season . Variety ranked DuMont 's popular variety series Cavalcade of Stars as the tenth most popular series two seasons later . - In February 1950 , Hooper 's competitor A. C. Nielsen bought out the system . DuMont did not fare well with the change : none of its shows appeared on Nielsen 's annual top 20 lists of the most popular series . One of the DuMont Network 's biggest hits of the 1950s , Life is Worth Living , received Nielsen ratings of up to 11 @.@ 1 , attracting more than 10 million viewers . Sheen 's one @-@ man program – in which he discussed philosophy , psychology and other fields of thought from a Christian perspective – was the most widely viewed religious series in the history of television . 169 local television stations aired Life , and for three years the program competed successfully against NBC 's popular The Milton Berle Show . The ABC and CBS programs which aired in the same timeslot were cancelled . - Life is Worth Living was not the only DuMont program to achieve double @-@ digit ratings . In 1952 , Time magazine reported that popular DuMont game show Down You Go had attracted an audience estimated at 16 million viewers . Similarly , DuMont 's summer 1954 replacement series , The , achieved audiences estimated at 10 million . Still , these series were only moderately popular compared to NBC 's and CBS 's highest @-@ rated programs . - Nielsen was not the only company to report TV ratings , however . Companies such as , and had also measured TV viewership . The adjacent chart comes from 's August 1950 ratings breakdown , as reported in Billboard magazine . - - = = = with AT & T and Paramount = = = - - DuMont struggled to get its programs aired in many parts of the country , in part due to technical limitations of network lines maintained by the telephone company AT & T Corporation . During the 1940s and 1950s , television signals were sent between stations via coaxial cable and links which were owned by AT & T. The service provider did not have enough cable lines and circuits to provide signal relay service from all four networks to all of their affiliates at the same time , so AT & T allocated times when each network could offer live programs to their affiliates . In 1950 , AT & T allotted NBC and CBS each over 100 hours of live prime time network service , but gave ABC only 53 hours , and DuMont just 37 . AT & T also required each television network to lease both radio and television lines . DuMont was the only television network without a radio network , but was forced to pay for a service it did not use . DuMont protested AT & T 's actions with the Federal Communications Commission , and eventually received a compromise . - DuMont 's biggest corporate hurdle , however , may have been with the company 's own partner , Paramount . Relations between the two companies were strained as early as 1939 , when Paramount opened experimental television stations in Los Angeles and Chicago without DuMont . Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required Paramount to expand its television interests " through DuMont " . Paramount representative Paul , who also was a member of DuMont 's board of directors , denied that any such restriction had ever been discussed ( Dr. DuMont was vindicated on this point by a 1953 examination of the original draft document ) . - DuMont aspired to grow beyond its three stations , applying for new television station licenses in Cincinnati and Cleveland in 1947 . This would give the network five owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations ( O & Os ) , the maximum allowed by the FCC at the time . However , DuMont was hampered by Paramount 's two stations , ( channel 5 ) in Los Angeles and ( channel 4 , now @-@ TV on channel 2 ) in Chicago – the descendants of the two experimental stations that rankled DuMont in 1940 . Although these stations never carried DuMont programming ( with the exception of for one year from 1947 to 1948 ) , and in fact competed against DuMont 's affiliates in those cities , the FCC ruled that Paramount essentially controlled DuMont , which effectively placed the network at the five @-@ station cap . Paramount 's exertion of influence over the network 's management and the power of its voting stock brought the FCC to its conclusion . Thus , DuMont was unable to open additional stations as long as Paramount owned stations or owned a portion of DuMont . Paramount refused to sell . - In 1949 , Paramount Pictures launched the Paramount Television Network , a service which provided local television stations with filmed television programs ; Paramount 's network " undercut the company that it had invested in . " Paramount did not share its stars , big budgets or filmed programs with DuMont ; the company had stopped financially supporting DuMont in 1941 . Although Paramount executives indicated they would produce programs for DuMont , the studio never supplied the network with programs or technical assistance . The relationship between Paramount and DuMont came to a head during the 1953 FCC hearings regarding the ABC – United Paramount Theaters merger when Paul , an executive at Paramount , publicly derided the quality of DuMont television sets in court testimony . - - = = = Trouble from the start = = = - - DuMont began with one basic disadvantage : unlike NBC , CBS and ABC , it did not have a radio network from which to draw big @-@ name talent , affiliate loyalty or radio profits to television operations until the television medium itself became profitable . Most early television licenses were granted to established radio broadcasters , and many longtime relationships with radio networks carried over to the new medium . As CBS and NBC ( and to a lesser extent , ABC ) gained their footing , they began to offer programming that drew on their radio backgrounds , bringing over the most popular radio stars . Early television station owners , when deciding which network would receive their main affiliation , were more likely to choose CBS 's roster of Lucille Ball , Jack Benny and Ed Sullivan , or NBC 's lineup of Milton Berle and Sid Caesar over DuMont , which offered a then @-@ unknown Jackie Gleason and Bishop Fulton J. Sheen . In smaller markets , with a limited number of stations , DuMont and ABC were often relegated to secondary status , so their programs got clearance only if the primary network was off the air or delayed via recording ( " " in DuMont ) . - Adding to DuMont 's troubles was the FCC 's 1948 " freeze " on television license applications . This was done to sort out the thousands of applications that had come streaming in , but also to rethink the allocation and technical standards laid down prior to World War II . It became clear soon after the war that 12 channels ( " channel 1 " had been removed from television broadcasting use because storms and other types of interference could severely affect the quality of signals on this channel ) were not nearly enough for national television service . What was to be a six @-@ month freeze lasted until 1952 , when the FCC opened the UHF spectrum . The FCC , however , did not require television manufacturers to include UHF capability . In order to see UHF stations , most people had to buy an expensive . Even then , the picture quality was marginal at best . to this was a decision to restrict VHF in and smaller @-@ sized markets . Television sets were not required to have all @-@ channel tuning until 1964 . - Forced to rely on UHF to expand , DuMont saw one station after another go dark due to ratings . It bought small , distressed UHF station ( channel 50 ) in Kansas City , Missouri in 1954 , but ran it for just three months before shutting it down at a considerable loss after attempting to compete with three established VHF stations . - The FCC 's Dr. Hyman said in 1960 , " If there had been four VHF outlets in the top markets , there 's no question DuMont would have lived and would have eventually turned the corner in terms of profitability . " - - = = = The end = = = - - During the early years of television , there was some measure of cooperation among the four major U.S. television networks . However , as television grew into a profitable business , an intense rivalry developed between the networks , just as it had in radio . NBC and CBS competed fiercely for viewers and advertising dollars , a contest neither DuMont nor ABC could hope to win . According to author Dennis , " NBC tried to make an arrangement with ABC and CBS to destroy the DuMont network . " The plan was for NBC and CBS to exclusively offer ABC their most popular series after they had aired on the bigger networks . ABC would become a network of re @-@ runs , but DuMont would be shut out . ABC president Leonard Goldenson rejected NBC executive David 's proposal , but " did not report it to the Justice Department " . - DuMont survived the early 1950s only because of WDTV in Pittsburgh , the lone commercial VHF station in what was then the sixth @-@ largest market . WDTV 's only competition came from UHF stations and distant stations from , Pennsylvania ; , Ohio ; and , West Virginia . No other commercial VHF station signed on in Pittsburgh until 1957 , giving WDTV a de facto monopoly on television in the area . Since WDTV carried secondary affiliations with the other three networks , DuMont used this as a chip to get its programs cleared in other large markets . - Despite its severe financial , by 1953 , DuMont appeared to be on its way to establishing itself as the third national network . DuMont programs aired live on 16 stations , but it could count on only seven primary stations – its three owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations ( " O & Os " ) , plus @-@ TV in Chicago , ( channel 11 ) in Los Angeles , @-@ TV ( channel 2 , now @-@ TV ) in Denver and @-@ TV ( channel 6 , now ) in Columbus , Ohio . In contrast , ABC had a full complement of five O & Os , augmented by nine primary affiliates . ABC also had a radio network ( it was descended from NBC 's Blue Network ) from which to draw talent , affiliate loyalty and a profit stream to subsidize television operations . However , ABC had only 14 primary stations , while CBS and NBC had over 40 each . By 1951 , ABC was badly and on the verge of bankruptcy . That year , the company announced a merger with United Paramount Theaters ( the former theater division of Paramount Pictures , which was spun off as a result of the United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. decision ) , but it was not until 1953 that the FCC approved the merger . - By this time , DuMont had begun to differentiate itself from NBC and CBS . It allowed its advertisers to choose the locations where their advertising ran , potentially saving them millions of dollars . By contrast , ABC operated like CBS and NBC even though it was only a fourth as large , forcing advertisers to purchase a large " must @-@ buy " list of stations . - ABC 's fortunes were dramatically altered in February 1953 , when the FCC cleared the way for UPT to buy the network . The merger provided ABC with a badly needed cash infusion , giving it the resources to mount " top shelf " programming and to provide a national television service on a scale approaching that of CBS and NBC . Through UPT president Leonard Goldenson , ABC also gained ties with the Hollywood studios that more than matched those DuMont 's producers had with Broadway . - Realizing that the ABC @-@ UPT deal put DuMont near extinction , network officials were receptive to a merger offer from ABC . Goldenson quickly brokered a deal with Ted Bergmann , DuMont 's managing director , under which the merged network would have been called " ABC @-@ DuMont " until at least 1958 and would have honored all of DuMont 's network commitments . In return , DuMont would get $ 5 million in cash , guaranteed advertising time for DuMont sets and a secure future for its staff . A merged ABC @-@ DuMont would have been a CBS and NBC , as it would have owned stations in five of the six largest U.S. television markets ( excluding only Philadelphia ) as well as ABC 's radio network . It also would have inherited DuMont 's de facto monopoly in Pittsburgh , and would have been one of two networks to have full ownership of a station in the nation 's capital ( the other being NBC ) . However , it would have had to sell a New York station – either DuMont 's WABD or ABC flagship @-@ TV ( channel 7 , now @-@ TV ) , probably the former . It also would have had to sell two other stations – most likely ABC 's two smallest O & Os , @-@ TV in Detroit and @-@ TV in San Francisco ( both broadcasting on channel 7 ) – to get under the FCC 's limit of five stations per owner . - However , Paramount vetoed the plan almost out of hand due to concerns . A few months earlier , the FCC had ruled that Paramount controlled DuMont , and there were still some questions about whether UPT had really separated from Paramount . - With no other way to readily obtain cash , DuMont sold WDTV to Westinghouse Electric Corporation for $ 9 @.@ 75 million in late 1954 . While this gave DuMont a short @-@ term cash infusion , it eliminated the leverage the network had to get program clearances in other markets . Without its de facto monopoly in Pittsburgh , the company 's advertising revenue shrank to less than half that of 1953 . By February 1955 , DuMont executives realized the company could not continue as a television network . The decision was made to shut down network operations and operate WABD and WTTG as independent stations . On April 1 , 1955 , most of DuMont 's entertainment programs were dropped . Bishop Sheen aired his last program on DuMont on April 26 and later moved to ABC . By May , just eight programs were left on the network , with only inexpensive shows and sporting events keeping what was left of the network going through the summer . The network also largely abandoned the use of the intercity network coaxial cable , on which it had spent $ 3 million in 1954 to transmit shows that mostly lacked station clearance . The company only retained network links for live sports programming and utilizing the company 's process to produce studio @-@ based programming . Ironically , is best remembered for being used by Jackie Gleason 's producers for the 39 @-@ half @-@ hour episodes of The Honeymooners that aired on CBS during the 1955 @-@ 56 television season . - In August , Paramount , with the help of other , seized full control of DuMont Laboratories . The last non @-@ sports program on DuMont , the game show What 's the Story , aired on September 23 , 1955 . After that , DuMont 's network feed was used only for occasional sporting events . DuMont 's last broadcast , a boxing match , aired on August 6 , 1956 . The date has also been reported as April 1950 , September 1955 , or August 4 , 1958 . According to one source , the final program aired on only five stations nationwide . It appears that the boxing show was syndicated to a few other east coast stations until 1958 , but likely not as a production of DuMont or its successor company . - DuMont spun off WABD and WTTG as the " DuMont Broadcasting Corporation " . The name was later changed to " Metropolitan Broadcasting Company " to distance the company from what was seen as a complete failure . In 1958 , John bought Paramount 's shares for $ 4 million , and renamed the company Metromedia in 1960 . WABD became @-@ TV and later ; WTTG still broadcasts under its original call letters as a Fox affiliate . - For 50 years , DuMont was the only major broadcast television network to cease operations , until CBS Corporation and Time Warner shut down two other struggling networks , UPN and The WB , in September 2006 to create The CW Television Network – whose schedule was originally composed largely of programs from both of its predecessor networks . - - = = Fate of the DuMont stations = = - - All three DuMont @-@ owned stations are still operating and , all three are owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations of their respective networks , just as when they were part of DuMont . Of the three , only Washington 's WTTG still has its original call letters . - WTTG and New York 's WABD ( later @-@ TV , and now ) survived as Metromedia @-@ owned until 1986 , when Metromedia was purchased by the News Corporation to form the nucleus of the new Fox Broadcasting Company . Clarke Ingram , who maintained a DuMont memorial site , has suggested that Fox can be considered a revival , or at least a linear descendant , of DuMont . - Westinghouse changed WDTV 's call letters to @-@ TV after the pioneering radio station of the same name , and switched its primary affiliation to CBS immediately after the sale . Westinghouse 's acquisition of CBS in 1995 made @-@ TV a CBS owned @-@ and @-@ operated station . - - = = DuMont programming library = = - - DuMont produced more than 20 @,@ 000 television episodes during the decade from 1946 to 1956 . Because the shows were created prior to the launch of 's electronic videotape recorder in late 1956 , all of them were initially broadcast live in black and white , then recorded on film for and for West Coast . By the early 1970s , their vast library of 35mm and kinescopes eventually wound up in the hands of " a successor network , " who reportedly disposed of all of them in New York City 's East River to make room for more recent @-@ vintage in a warehouse . Other kinescopes were put through a silver process , because of the microscopic amounts of silver that made up the of black @-@ and @-@ white film during this time . It is estimated that only about 350 complete DuMont television shows survive today , the most famous being virtually all of Jackie Gleason 's Honeymooners comedy sketches . Most of the existing episodes are believed to have come from the personal archives of DuMont 's hosts , such as Gleason and Dennis James . - - = = = = - - At its peak in 1954 , DuMont was affiliated with around 200 television stations . In those days , television stations were free to " cherry @-@ pick " which programs they would air , and many stations affiliated with multiple networks , depending mainly on the number of commercial television stations available in a market at a given time ( markets where only one commercial station was available carried programming from all four major networks ) . Many of DuMont 's " affiliates " carried very little DuMont programming , choosing to air one or two more popular programs ( such as Life Is Worth Living ) and / or sports programming on the weekends . Few stations carried the full DuMont program lineup . - In its later years , DuMont was carried mostly on poorly watched UHF channels or had only secondary affiliations on VHF stations . DuMont ended most operations on April 1 , 1955 , but honored network commitments until August 1956 . - - = = = = = = - - of DuMont Network programs , from the Internet Archive : The Adventures of Queen , Captain Video and His Video Rangers , Cavalcade of Stars , Life Is Worth Living , Miss U.S. Television 1950 Contest , The Morey Amsterdam Show , The Old American Barn Dance , Okay Mother , On Your Way , Public Prosecutor , Rocky King — Detective , School House , They Stand and A DuMont Network identification - - = Bodyline = - - Bodyline , also known as fast leg theory bowling , was a cricketing tactic devised by the English cricket team for their 1932 – 33 Ashes tour of Australia , specifically to combat the extraordinary batting skill of Australia 's Don Bradman . A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was bowled towards the body of the batsman on the line of the leg stump , in the hope of creating leg @-@ side that could be caught by one of several fielders in the of the field behind square leg . This was considered by many to be and physically threatening , to the point of being unfair in a game once supposed to have traditions , although of the game had subsequently tended to elevate the principle of " win at all costs " above traditional ideals of . - Although no serious injuries arose from any short @-@ pitched deliveries while a leg theory field was set , the tactic still led to considerable ill feeling between the two teams , with the controversy eventually into the diplomatic arena . Over the next two decades , several of the Laws of Cricket were changed to prevent this tactic being repeated . Law 41 @.@ 5 states " At the instant of the bowler 's delivery there shall not be more than two fielders , other than the wicket @-@ keeper , behind the popping on the on side , " commonly referred to as being " behind square leg " . Additionally , Law 42 @.@ 6 ( a ) includes : " The bowling of fast short pitched balls is dangerous and unfair if the umpire at the bowler 's end considers that by their repetition and taking into account their length , height and direction they are likely to inflict physical injury on the striker " . - The occasional short @-@ pitched ball aimed at the batsman ( a ) has never been illegal and is still in widespread use as a tactic . - - = = Genesis = = - - The Australian cricket team toured England in 1930 . Australia won the five @-@ Test series 2 – 1 , with Don Bradman scoring runs at a batting average of 139 @.@ 14 , an aggregate record that still stands . By the time of the next Ashes series of 1932 – 33 , Bradman 's average around 100 , approximately twice that of all other world @-@ class batsmen . England feared that without to drastic tactics , they might not be able to defeat Australia until Bradman — then aged 24 — retired , something that might be over a decade away . It was believed that something new was required to combat Bradman , but it was believed more likely that Bradman could be dismissed by leg @-@ spin as Walter and Ian had supposedly caused him problems ; two leg @-@ spinners were included in the English touring party of 1932 – 33 . This view gradually came to change leading up to 1932 . - The idea of bodyline had originated in the Oval Test of the 1930 Ashes series . While Bradman was batting , the wicket became briefly difficult following rain . Bradman was seen to be uncomfortable facing deliveries which bounced higher than usual at a faster pace , being seen to step back out of the line of the ball . Former England player and Surrey captain Percy Fender was one who noticed , and the incident was much discussed by cricketers . However , given that Bradman scored 232 , it was not thought that a way to curb his prodigious scoring had been found . When Douglas Jardine later saw film footage of the Oval incident and noticed Bradman 's discomfort , he shouted , " I 've got it ! He 's yellow ! " Further details adding to the plan came from letters Fender received from Australia in 1932 , which described how Australian batsmen were increasingly moving across the stumps towards the off side to play the ball on the on side . Fender showed these letters to Jardine when it became clear that he was to captain MCC in Australia during the 1932 – 33 tour , and he also discussed Bradman 's discomfort at the Oval . It was also known in England that Bradman was dismissed for a four @-@ ball duck by fast bowler Eddie Gilbert , and looked very uncomfortable . Bradman had also appeared uncomfortable against the pace of Sandy Bell in his innings of not out at the Adelaide Oval in South Africa 's tour of Australia earlier in 1932 , when the desperate bowler decided to bowl short to him , and fellow South African Herbie Taylor , according to Jack Fingleton , may have mentioned this to English cricketers in 1932 . Fender felt Bradman might be vulnerable to fast , short @-@ pitched deliveries on the line of leg stump . Jardine felt that Bradman was afraid to stand his ground against bowling , citing instances in 1930 when he about , contrary to orthodox batting technique . - When Jardine was appointed England 's captain for the 1932 – 33 English tour of Australia , a meeting was arranged with Nottinghamshire captain Arthur Carr and his two fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce at London 's Piccadilly Hotel to discuss a plan to combat Bradman 's extraordinary skills . Jardine asked Larwood and Voce if they could bowl on leg stump and make the ball come up into the body of the batsman . The bowlers agreed they could , and that it might prove effective . Jardine also visited Frank Foster who had toured Australia in 1911 – 12 to discuss field @-@ placing in Australia . Foster had bowled leg @-@ theory on that tour with his fielders placed close in on the leg side , as had George in 1903 – 04 . - A cordon of close @-@ in fielders would be behind the wicket and on the leg side to exploit batting errors elicited by this bowling line . In these circumstances , a batsman can either duck and risk being hit , or play the ball . Defensive shots rarely score runs and risk being caught in the cordon , while the pull and hook shots can result in a catch on the boundary , for which two men were usually set in " leg @-@ theory " bowling . Leg theory had been practised previously without resort to short @-@ pitched bowling , usually by slow or medium @-@ pace bowlers . This type of leg theory was aimed outside the line of leg stump ; the object being to test the batsman 's patience and force a rash stroke . It was occasionally an effective tactic , but was unattractive for spectators and never became widely used except by a handful of specialists such as Fred Root , the Worcestershire bowler and Warwick Armstrong , the former Australian captain . - However , there had been instances of what would later be recognised as bodyline prior to 1932 . In 1925 , Australian Jack Scott first bowled a form of bodyline in a state match for New South Wales , but his captain Herbie Collins disliked it and would not let him use it again when he was captain . Other Australian captains were less particular , including Vic Richardson who let him use those tactics when he moved to South Australia . He repeated them against the MCC in 1928 – 29 . In 1927 , in a Test trial match , " " Clark bowled short to a leg @-@ trap field . He was representing England in a side captained by Jardine . In 1928 – 29 , Harry Alexander bowled an early form of bodyline at the MCC tourists . Larwood used a form of bodyline on that same tour , bowling fast leg theory to a leg @-@ side field in two Test matches , although not with the same intensity and duration as came later . Bob Wyatt later claimed that Learie Constantine unsuccessfully used bodyline in 1929 – 30 in the West Indies . - Larwood and Voce practised the plan over the remainder of the 1932 season with varying but increasing success and several injuries to batsmen . Ken experimented with short @-@ pitched , leg @-@ theory bowling but was not selected for the tour . Bill Bowes also used short @-@ pitched bowling , notably against Jack Hobbs . - - = = between Australians and Jardine = = - - Jardine 's first experience against Australia came when his Oxford University team played against the 1921 Australian touring side . In the second innings , Jardine was 96 not out when the game ended , having batted his team to safety . The tourists were criticised in the press for not allowing Jardine to reach his hundred , but they had tried to help him with some easy bowling . There has been speculation that this incident helped develop Jardine 's antipathy towards Australians , although Christopher Douglas denies this . Cricket historian David believed it is possible that the Australian captain Warwick Armstrong could have addressed sarcastic comments to Jardine but Wisden believed his slow approach cost him his century . - Regardless of what happened in 1921 , Jardine 's conflicts with Australia solidified after he was selected to tour the country in 1928 – 29 . He began the tour with three consecutive hundreds . During the first century , the crowd engaged in some good @-@ natured joking at Jardine 's expense , but he was by the crowd during his second hundred for batting too slowly . Jardine accelerated after another slow start , during which he was again barracked to score his third century . The crowds took an increasing dislike to him , mainly for his superior attitude and bearing , his awkward fielding , and particularly his choice of . His first public action in South Australia was to take out the members of the South Australian team who had been to Oxford or Cambridge universities . Then , he wore a cap , given to successful cricketers at Oxford . It was not unusual for Oxford and Cambridge cricketers to wear similar caps while batting , as both Jardine and MCC captain Percy Chapman did so on this tour , although it was slightly unorthodox to wear them while fielding . However , this was neither understood nor acceptable to the Australian crowds . They quickly took exception to the importance he seemed to place on class distinction . Although Jardine may simply have worn the cap out of superstition , it conveyed a negative impression to the spectators ; his general drew one comment of " Where 's the butler to carry the bat for you ? " Jardine 's cap became a focus for criticism and mockery from the crowds throughout the tour . Nevertheless , Jack Fingleton later claimed that Jardine could have won over the crowd by exchanging jokes or with them . It is certain that Jardine by this stage had developed an intense dislike for Australian crowds . During his third century at the start of the tour , during a period of abuse from the spectators , he observed to a sympathetic Hunter that " All Australians are , and an unruly mob " . After the innings , when teammate remarked that the Australian crowds did not like Jardine , he replied " It 's fucking mutual " . During the tour , Jardine fielded next to the crowd on the boundary . There , he was abused and mocked for his awkward fielding , particularly when chasing the ball . On one occasion , he towards the crowd while fielding on the boundary as he changed position for the final time . - During the journey to Australia , some players reported that Jardine told them to hate the Australians in order to defeat them , while instructing them to refer to Bradman as " the little . " At this stage , he seemed to have settled on leg theory , if not full bodyline , as his main tactic . - Once the team arrived in Australia , Jardine quickly alienated the press by refusing to give team details before a match and being uncooperative during interviews . The press printed some negative stories as a result and the crowds barracked as they had done on his previous tour , which angered him . - - = = In Australia = = - - Although English bowlers did aim at the batsmen 's body in the opening tour matches , they did not follow through by packing the leg @-@ side field until Bill Woodfull led an Australian XI against the tourists in Melbourne on 18 – 22 November , in what was effectively a Test rehearsal . Jardine was rested from that match and his deputy , Bob Wyatt , deployed the full bodyline tactics for the first time on the tour . The match was drawn and Woodfull struggled , making 18 and a duck . his hopping technique and attempting to play unorthodox shots resembling overhead tennis smashes , Bradman failed to make an impact , and England were ahead of the Tests . Seeing the bruising balls hit the Australian batsmen on several occasions in this game and the next angered the spectators . - The English players and management were consistent in referring to their tactic as fast leg theory considering it to be a variant of the established and leg theory tactic . The inflammatory term " bodyline " was coined and by the Australian press ( see below ) . English writers used the term fast leg theory . The terminology reflected differences in understanding , as neither the English public nor the Board of the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) — the governing body of English cricket — could understand why the Australians were complaining about what they perceived as a commonly used tactic . Some concluded that the Australian cricket authorities and public were sore . Of the four fast bowlers in the tour party , Allen was a voice of dissent in the English camp , refusing to bowl short on the leg side , and writing several letters home to England critical of Jardine , although he did not express this in public in Australia . A number of other players , while maintaining a united front in public , also bodyline in private . The amateurs Bob Wyatt ( the vice @-@ captain ) , Freddie Brown and the of opposed it , as did Walter Hammond and Les Ames among the professionals . - During the season , Woodfull 's physical courage , stoic and dignified leadership won him many admirers . He flatly refused to employ retaliatory tactics and did not publicly complain even though he and his men were repeatedly hit . - Australia lost heavily by ten wickets in the first Test at Sydney , when the bowling spearhead of bodyline , Harold Larwood , took ten wickets . Bradman missed the first Test due to illness , although Jardine refused to believe this and thought the real reason was that the batsman had suffered a nervous breakdown due to his tactical scheme . The only Australian batsman to make an impact was Stan , who stood his ground and impulsively hooked and pulled everything aimed at his upper body , by the prospect of taking a potentially lethal blow to the head . He scored 187 not out in four hours , an innings described by leading historian David as " among the most stirring innings Test cricket has ever produced " . - Before the second Test in Melbourne , Woodfull had to wait until minutes before the game before he was confirmed as captain by the . This caused the toss to be delayed and speculation that the Australian Board of Control was considering the possibility of removing Woodfull because of his absolute refusal to allow his bowlers to use retaliatory tactics . His deputy Victor Richardson had advocated retaliation along with several other players . Richardson recalled Woodfull 's private response : - There is no way I will be influenced to adopt such tactics which bring such discredit to the game . I know Tim could do it but I am not going to participate in actions that can only hurt the game . - The media advocated the selection of Eddie Gilbert , an indigenous bowler of extreme pace , in order to return the bodyline barrage . In one tour match , Gilbert had Jardine and left a the size of a . Another suggested means of retaliation was Laurie Nash , whose notoriously personality and aggression saw him regarded as a . However , Woodfull was totally by such suggestions . - On the opening day , Bradman wildly hooked at Bill Bowes ' first ball ( a non @-@ bodyline ball ) and was dismissed for a golden duck , leaving the entire stadium in shock . Jardine , who was known for being extremely even by the standards of the day , openly and danced wildly upon Bradman 's demise . Australia 's eventual victory was met by widespread public , as many believed that Australia had found a means of overcoming the tactics . Bradman scored a match @-@ winning century in the second innings , but it turned out to be his only triple figure score for the series , while Larwood was hampered by a foot and a slow pitch . - The controversy reached its peak during the second day of the Third Test . On 14 January , an all @-@ time record Adelaide Oval crowd of 50 @,@ watched Australia finish off England 's first innings . Shortly after the start of Australia 's innings , Larwood , bowling to a conventional field setting , struck Woodfull an blow under his heart with a short , lifting delivery . Woodfull was struck when he was bent over his bat and wicket , and not when upright as often imagined . As Woodfull bent down over his bat in pain for several minutes , an image that became one of the defining symbols of the series , the huge crowd began , and verbally the English team . Jardine reacted by saying " Well bowled , Harold . " and feelings ran so high that a riot was narrowly averted as police stationed themselves between the players and enraged spectators . - Jardine then ordered his team to move to bodyline positions immediately after Woodfull 's injury . Jardine wrote that Larwood had asked for the field , while Larwood said that it was Jardine 's decision . The capacity Saturday afternoon crowd viewed this as hitting a man when he was down . Journalist – Dick wrote that Jardine 's actions were seen as " an crime in Australian eyes and certainly no part of cricket " . Mass and occurred after almost every ball . noted that " [ George ] believes that had what followed occurred in Melbourne the crowd would have leapt the fence and the English captain , Larwood , and possibly the entire side " . Some English players later expressed fears that a large @-@ scale riot could break out and that the police would not be able to stop the home crowd , who were worried that Woodfull or Bradman could be killed , from attacking them . - During the over , another rising Larwood delivery knocked the bat out of Woodfull 's hands . He battled it out for 89 minutes , collecting more before Allen bowled him for 22 . Later in the day , the English team manager Pelham Warner visited the Australian dressing room to express his sympathies to Woodfull . Woodfull had remained calm in public , refusing to complain about Jardine 's tactics . Woodfull 's abrupt response was meant to be private , but it was leaked to the press - the Adelaide leak : - I don 't want to see you , Mr Warner . There are two teams out there , one is playing cricket . The other is making no attempt to do so . - Woodfull reportedly added " This game is too good to be . It 's time some people got out of it " , hinting that he might withdraw his team from competition in protest . Australia 's Leo O 'Brien later reported that Warner was close to tears following Woodfull 's . - The leaking to the press of Woodfull 's comments to Warner angered the Australian captain . He had intended the comments to be private , and ill feeling grew in the Australian camp as speculation about who leaked the incident to the press grew and many of the team privately pointed the finger at Bradman . ( Bradman denied to his dying day that he had been responsible ; others , including Plum Warner , pointed the finger at Bradman 's team @-@ mate and journalist , Jack Fingleton . However , in his autobiography , Fingleton claimed that Sydney Sun reporter Claude Corbett had received the information from Bradman . ) - The next day , Larwood fractured wicket @-@ keeper Bert Oldfield 's skull . This occurred when Oldfield mis @-@ hit a hook , which flew from the top edge off a traditional non @-@ bodyline ball ; Oldfield later admitted it was his fault . As a result of the injuries , the costs of insurance cover for players doubled . At the end of the fourth day 's play the Australian Board of Control for Cricket sent the following cable to the MCC in London : - Bodyline bowling has assumed such proportions as to menace the best interests of the game , making protection of the body by the batsman the main consideration . This is causing intensely bitter feeling between the players , as well as injury . In our opinion it is unsportsmanlike . stopped at once it is likely to upset the friendly relations existing between Australia and England . - Jardine however insisted his tactic was not designed to cause injury and that he was leading his team in a and manner , arguing that it was up to the Australian batsmen to play their way out of trouble . He also secretly sent a telegram of sympathy to Oldfield 's wife and arranged for presents to be given to his young daughters . - The situation escalated into a diplomatic incident between the countries as the MCC — supported by the British public and still of the opinion that their fast leg theory tactic was harmless — took serious offence at being branded " unsportsmanlike " and demanded a retraction . Many people saw bodyline as an international relationship that needed to remain strong . Jardine , and by extension the entire English team , threatened to withdraw from the fourth and fifth Tests unless the Australian Board withdrew the accusation of behaviour . Public reaction in both England and Australia was outrage directed at the other nation . The Governor of South Australia , Alexander @-@ , who was in England at the time , expressed his concern to British Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs James Henry Thomas that this would cause a significant impact on trade between the nations . The standoff was settled only when the Australian prime minister , Joseph Lyons , met with members of the Australian Board and outlined to them the severe economic that could be caused in Australia if the British public boycotted Australian trade . Given this understanding , the Board withdrew the allegation of unsportsmanlike behaviour two days before the fourth Test , thus saving the tour . - The English team continued to bowl bodyline in the remaining two Tests , but slower pitches meant the Australians , although frequently , sustained no further serious injuries . England won the last three Tests to take the series 4 – 1 . - In the Test matches , Bradman countered bodyline by moving toward the leg side , away from the line of the ball , and cutting it into the vacant off side field . While this was dubious in terms of batting technique , it seemed the best way to cope with the barrage , and Bradman averaged 56 @.@ 57 in the series ( an excellent average for most , but well short of his career average of 99 @.@ 94 ) , while being struck above the waist by the ball only once . His team @-@ mates fared worse , with only Stan scoring a century . - - = = In England = = - - Bodyline continued to be bowled occasionally in the 1933 English season — most notably by Nottinghamshire , who had Carr , Voce and Larwood in their team . This gave the English crowds their first chance to see what all the fuss was about . Ken , the Cambridge University fast bowler , also bowled it in the University Match , hitting a few Oxford batsmen . - Jardine himself had to face bodyline bowling in a Test match . The West Indian cricket team toured England in 1933 , and , in the second Test at Old Trafford , Jackie Grant , their captain , decided to try bodyline . He had a couple of fast bowlers , Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine . Facing bodyline tactics for the first time , England first suffered , falling to 134 for 4 , with Wally Hammond being hit on the chin , though he recovered to continue his innings . Then Jardine himself faced Martindale and Constantine . Jardine never . With Les Ames finding himself in difficulties , Jardine said , " You get yourself down this end , Les . I 'll take care of this bloody nonsense . " He played right back to the bouncers , standing on , and played them with a dead bat , sometimes playing the ball one handed for more control . While the Old Trafford pitch was not as suited to bodyline as the hard Australian wickets , Martindale did take 5 for 73 , but Constantine only took 1 for 55 . Jardine himself made 127 , his only Test century . In the West Indian second innings , Clark bowled bodyline back to the West Indians , taking 2 for 64 . The match in the end was drawn but played a large part in turning English opinion against bodyline . The Times used the word bodyline , without using inverted commas or using the qualification so @-@ called , for the first time . Wisden also said that " most of those watching it for the first time must have come to the conclusion that , while strictly within the law , it was not nice . " - In 1934 , Bill Woodfull led Australia back to England on a tour that had been under a cloud after the cricket diplomacy of the previous bodyline series . Jardine had retired from International cricket in early 1934 after a fraught tour of India and under England 's new captain , Bob Wyatt , agreements were put in place so that bodyline would not be used . However , there were occasions when the Australians felt that their hosts had crossed the mark with tactics resembling bodyline . - In a match between the Australians and Nottinghamshire , Voce , one of the bodyline practitioners of 1932 – 33 , employed the strategy with the wicket @-@ keeper standing to the leg side and took 8 / 66 . In the second innings , Voce repeated the tactic late in the day , in fading light against Woodfull and Bill Brown . Of his 12 balls , 11 were no lower than head height . Woodfull told the Nottinghamshire administrators that , if Voce 's leg @-@ side bowling was repeated , his men would leave the field and return to London . He further said that Australia would not return to the country in the future . The following day , Voce was absent , ostensibly due to a leg injury . Already angered by the absence of Larwood , the Nottinghamshire faithful heckled the Australians all day . Australia had previously and privately complained that some had past the agreement in the Tests . - - = = Origin of the term = = - - Although Jack claimed that he had invented the term " bodyline " , it is more likely that it was coined by Sydney journalist Hugh who worked for The Sun in 1932 , and who happened to be a colleague of Jack Fingleton . sent a telegram to his newspaper from the Test after a day 's play . As a substitute for " in the line of the body " he used the term " bodyline " to keep the cost down , and the new term quickly became established . - - = = Changes to the laws of cricket = = - - As a direct consequence of the 1932 – 33 tour , the MCC introduced a new rule to the laws of cricket for the 1935 English cricket season . Originally , the MCC hoped that captains would ensure that the game was played in the correct spirit , and passed a resolution that bodyline bowling would breach this spirit . When this proved to be insufficient , the MCC passed a law that " direct attack " bowling was unfair and became the responsibility of the umpires to identify and stop . In 1957 , the laws were altered to prevent more than two fielders standing behind square on the leg side ; the intention was to prevent negative bowling tactics whereby off spinners and slow inswing bowlers aimed at the leg stump of batsmen with fielders concentrated on the leg side . However , an indirect effect was to make bodyline fields impossible to implement . - Later law changes , under the heading of " Short " , also restricted the number of " bouncers " which may be bowled in an over . Nevertheless , the tactic of intimidating the batsman is still used to an extent that would have been shocking in 1933 , although it is less dangerous now because today 's players wear helmets and generally far more protective gear . The West Indies teams of the 1980s , which regularly fielded a bowling attack comprising some of the best fast bowlers in cricket history , were perhaps the most feared . - - = = Legacy = = - - Following the 1932 – 33 series , several authors , including many of the players involved , released books expressing various points of view about bodyline . Many argued that it was a on cricket and must be stamped out , while some did not see what all the fuss was about . The series has been described as the most controversial period in Australian cricket history , and voted the most important Australian moment by a panel of Australian cricket identities . The MCC asked Harold Larwood to sign an apology to them for his bowling in Australia , making his selection for England again conditional upon it . Larwood was furious at the notion , pointing out that he had been following orders from his upper @-@ class captain , and that was where any blame should lie . Larwood refused , never played for England again , and became vilified in his own country . Douglas Jardine always defended his tactics and in the book he wrote about the tour , In Quest of the Ashes , described allegations that the England bowlers directed their attack with the intention of causing physical harm as stupid and . The immediate effect of the law change which banned bodyline in 1935 was to make commentators and spectators sensitive to the use of short @-@ pitched bowling ; bouncers became exceedingly rare and bowlers who delivered them were practically . This attitude ended after the Second World War , and among the first teams to make extensive use of short @-@ pitched bowling was the Australian team captained by Bradman between 1946 and 1948 . Other teams soon followed . - Outside the sport , there were significant consequences for Anglo @-@ Australian relations , which remained strained until the outbreak of World War II made cooperation paramount . Business between the two countries was adversely affected as citizens of each country avoided goods manufactured in the other . Australian commerce also suffered in British colonies in Asia : the North China Daily News published a pro @-@ bodyline editorial , denouncing Australians as sore . An Australian journalist reported that several business deals in Hong Kong and Shanghai were lost by Australians because of local reactions . English immigrants in Australia found themselves and persecuted by locals , and Australian visitors to England were treated similarly . In 1934 – 35 a statue of Prince Albert in Sydney was vandalised , with an ear being knocked off and the word " " painted on it . Both before and after World War II , numerous satirical cartoons and comedy were written , mostly in Australia , based on events of the bodyline tour . Generally , they poked fun at the English . - In 1984 , Australia 's Network Ten produced a television mini @-@ series titled Bodyline , the events of the 1932 – 33 English tour of Australia . It starred Gary Sweet as Don Bradman , Hugo Weaving as Douglas Jardine , Jim Holt as Harold Larwood , Rhys as Pelham Warner , and Frank as Jardine 's mentor Lord Harris . The series took some liberties with historical accuracy for the sake of drama , including a depiction of angry Australian fans burning a British flag at the Sydney Cricket Ground , an event which was never documented . Larwood , having emigrated to Australia in 1950 , received several threatening and obscene phone calls after the series aired . The series was widely and strongly attacked by the surviving players for its and . - To this day , the bodyline tour remains one of the most significant events in the history of cricket , and strong in the consciousness of many cricket followers . In a poll of cricket journalists , commentators , and players in 2004 , the bodyline tour was ranked the most important event in cricket history . - - - = Waterfall Gully , South Australia = - - Waterfall Gully is an eastern suburb of the South Australian capital city of Adelaide . It is located in the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges around 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) east @-@ south @-@ east of the Adelaide city centre . For the most part , the suburb encompasses one long gully with First Creek at its centre and Waterfall Gully Road running adjacent to the creek . At the southern end of the gully is First Falls , the waterfall for which the suburb was named . Part of the City of Burnside , Waterfall Gully is bounded to the north by the suburb of Burnside , from the north @-@ east to south @-@ east by Cleland Conservation Park ( part of the suburb of Cleland ) , to the south by West , and to the west by Gardens and Mount Osmond . - Historically , Waterfall Gully was first explored by European settlers in the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 19th century , and quickly became a popular location for tourists and . The government chose to retain control over portions of Waterfall Gully until 1884 , when they agreed to place the land under the auspices of the City of Burnside . 28 years later the government took back the management of the southern part of Waterfall Gully , designating it as South Australia 's first National Pleasure Resort . Today this area remains under State Government control , and in 1972 the Waterfall Gully Reserve , as it was then known , became part of the larger Cleland Conservation Park . - Over the years Waterfall Gully has been extensively logged , and early agricultural interests saw the cultivation of a variety of introduced species as crops , along with the development of local market gardens and nurseries . Attempts to mine the area were largely unsuccessful , but the region housed one of the state 's earliest water @-@ powered mills , and a weir erected in the early 1880s provided for part of the City of Burnside 's water supply . Today the suburb consists primarily of private residences and parks . - - = = History = = - - The Mount Lofty Ranges , which encompass Waterfall Gully , was first sighted by Matthew Flinders in 1802 . The gully itself was discovered soon after the establishment of Adelaide , and Colonel William Light , the first General of South Australia , was said to have " decided on the site for Adelaide when viewing the plains from the hills near Waterfall Gully " . Nevertheless , the gully had seen human visitors long before the arrival of the Europeans , as the native population had lived in the area for up to 40 @,@ 000 years prior to Flinders ' appearance off the South Australian coast . - - = = = = = = - - In Australian Aboriginal mythology , Waterfall Gully and the surrounding Mount Lofty Ranges are part of the story of the ancestor @-@ creator Nganno . Travelling across the land of the native people , Nganno was wounded in a battle and laid down to die , forming the Mount Lofty Ranges . The ears of Nganno formed the peaks of Mount Lofty and Mount , and the region was referred to as @-@ e @-@ , or " the place of the ears " . The name of the Greater Mount Lofty , , was derived from this term , while the nearby town of employs a more corrupted form . - Although Hardy states that the people did not live in the ranges themselves , they did live on the lower slopes . An early settler of the neighbouring suburb of Beaumont , James Milne Young , described the local : " At every creek and gully you would see their [ simple Aboriginal homes made out of twigs and grass ] and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Gardens on the banks of the river ; some toward the Ranges ; some on the Waterfall Gully . " Their main presence , by the use of fire against of land , was on the River Torrens and the creeks that flowed into it , including Waterfall Gully 's First Creek . - The land around Waterfall Gully provided the original inhabitants with a number of resources . The bark from the local trees ( Eucalyptus ) was used in the construction of winter , and stones and native timbers were used to form tools . Food was also present , and moth larvae along with other species of plants and animals were collected . Nevertheless , there were only a few resources that could only be found on the slopes , and " both hunting and food gathering would in general have been easier on the rich plains " . - - = = = Early colonial exploration = = = - - One of the earliest accounts of Waterfall Gully comes from a " Mr Kent " who , along with Captain Barker and Barker 's servant , Miles , climbed Mount Lofty in 1831 . In making their ascent the party a ravine — described by Mr Kent as possessing " smooth and grassy sides " — which is believed by Anne Hardy to have been Waterfall Gully . Subsequent to Barker 's ascent , the first settlers who were recorded as having climbed Mount Lofty were Hutchinson and his servant , William Burt . The pair made three attempts to scale the mount before succeeding , and for their first attempt they attempted to traverse Waterfall Gully . The attempt was unsuccessful , but in July 1837 , Hutchinson wrote about the gully through which they had travelled . Waterfall Gully he wrote , had proven difficult , as the plants were so thickly grown as to provide a significant barrier to their progress . Near the point of surrender , Hutchinson described how they were " surprised by seeing a wall of rock about fifty or sixty feet [ fifteen to eighteen metres ] high , which stretched across the ravine , and from the top of it leapt the brook which had so long been [ their ] companion " . The brook was First Creek , and the waterfall they sighted is today known as First Falls . - Nevertheless , Hutchinson was not the first to see First Falls . The first known recorded sighting of the waterfall by a colonial was that of John William Adams , an of HMS Buffalo in early January 1837 , who named it " Adams ' Waterfall " . He was traveling with his wife , Susanna and a party consisting of Nicholson 's and 's who had the use of a to go into the hills . Adams states " we were opposite the spot where the Eagle on the Hill now is , and the question was put , who would volunteer to go down the hillside to try for water " . - - = = = Development = = = - - The area soon became a tourist attraction for the early South Australian colonists , and was a popular destination for . In 1851 Francis Clark wrote that " Waterfall Gully is the most picturesque place for a picnic that I have ever visited " , and by the 1860s the area had become known throughout Adelaide . The use of Waterfall Gully as picnic spot was facilitated by the decision of the government of the day not to the area containing the waterfalls . Section 920 , as it was designated , did not enter into private hands , and thus members of the public were able to access the area from the nearby suburb of Eagle on the Hill on Mount Barker road . The position of the Eagle on the Hill hotel proved for this , as it permitted visitors to stop by for lunch before walking down the hill in the afternoon . - Other parts of the Waterfall Gully area were subdivided , though , and much of the area was owned by Samuel Davenport . Davenport used the land for timber , grazing , and the cultivation of various crops , including olives and grapes for wine production . Other local residents ran market gardens and nurseries . For example , local residents Wilhelm Mügge and his wife Auguste Schmidt operated " one of the best nurseries and market gardens near Adelaide " , and gained a reputation for the produced from their local dairy farm . Along with farming , the hills and creek were prized areas for the and , and a number of mines were established in the region from the mid @-@ to @-@ late 19th century . In 1844 the first silver @-@ lead , and iron mines were established in the area , while the 1890s saw a minor gold rush — although " only small quantities were extracted " . Of greater success was stone quarrying in Chambers ' Gully , which began in 1863 and increased in scale in 1912 . - Waterfall Gully was also the site of Burnside 's " first secondary industry " . In the late 1830s , Thomas Cain built a on First Creek for John Cannan , which was then employed to power a sawmill on Cannan 's property . Cannan operated the mill as the " Mill " for approximately two years before selling the venture to a Mr. Finniss . Finniss opted to run the mill as a flour mill instead , and the mill was rebuilt and renamed " Mill " . The mill continued to operate under a variety of owners until the late 1850s , but it was dismantled during the 1880s , and today only traces of the earthworks remain . - During this period the population of the nearby village of Burnside was expanding and required a new water supply . First Creek — which runs down Waterfall Gully and enters the River Torrens near today 's Gardens — was seen as the perfect solution to the water shortage . A weir was built during 1881 and 1882 , and was made to hold approximately two ( @,@ 000 US gallons ) of water . A pipeline was constructed to the reservoir at Burnside South , and from there the water was used throughout the surrounding area . As a side effect , the weir also reduced the volume of water available to the local market , and over many years that aspect of the region disappeared . - While the route to the falls from Eagle on the Hill was on public land , the alternative route along the gully was through private properties . Nevertheless , many visitors chose this route , and a combination of public demand and a desire from some of the landowners for improved access to and from their properties — especially from the Mügge family — led to pressure to build a road through the gully . Although there was opposition from some of the locals , the Waterfall Gully road was built in the late 1880s . - The completion of the road led to an increase in visitor numbers . Rather than a horse ride , visitors could now catch the horse tram to the start of the gully , and walk , cycle or ride to the falls . To provide for tourists , the area gained a number of road @-@ side and produce , and the Mügge family erected the two story Waterfall Hotel along the path . Furthermore , in 1912 the government opened a kiosk at the base of First Falls , designed in the " style of a Swiss chalet " . The hotel is a private residence today , but the kiosk continues to operate . - - = = = Protection = = = - - Although some parts of Waterfall Gully were transferred from the District Council of East Torrens ( now the Adelaide Hills Council ) to the City of Burnside in 1856 when the suburb 's current boundaries were established , the government of the day chose to retain control of a significant portion of Waterfall Gully . Thus it was not until 1884 that the remaining land was transferred to the control of the Burnside Council , largely through the efforts of Samuel Davenport and G. F. Cleland . - The land remained under the Burnside Council 's control until 1912 , when the Waterfall Gully Reserve was reclaimed by the government as the first National Pleasure Resort in the state . Initially the reserve was placed under the jurisdiction of the National Parks Advisory Board , but later it was moved to the Tourist Bureau , before finally becoming part of the National Park Commission 's portfolio . - In 1945 , much of the area that is today 's Cleland Conservation Park was purchased by the State Government , largely thanks to the efforts of Professor Sir John Cleland . Most of this land was combined in 1963 to create the park that extends eastwards up the gully to the summit of Mount Lofty and northwards to Road . Waterfall Gully Reserve was added to the park in 1972 . - - = = = Natural disasters = = = - - Over the years since European settlement Waterfall Gully has suffered from both bushfires and flooding . The gully was severely hit by a number of bushfires in 1939 that threatened the area , and further bushfires in the early 1940s caused considerable damage because of the war effort diverting supplies and personnel from the Country Fire Service ( ) . Significant floods occurred in 1889 and 1931 , and , on the night of 7 November 2005 , Waterfall Gully was one of several areas in Adelaide to experience severe flooding . Waterfall Gully was one of the hardest hit suburbs : Bob Stevenson , Duty Officer of the State Emergency Service ( ) , commented that " There 's an area called Waterfall Gully Road , in the foothills , where one of the creeks comes down , and there 's quite a few houses affected there ... there was 40 or so houses affected on that one road alone . " Properties were flooded , two bridges nearly collapsed , and 100 m ( 330 ft ) of road was washed away . Burnside council workers , the and the repaired the initial damage on the night while reconstruction of infrastructure commenced in late November . Much of the road had been inaccessible , and the suburb was closed except to residents and emergency workers for the remainder of the month . - - = = Geography = = - - Waterfall Gully is situated at an average elevation of 234 m ( ft ) above sea level , in an area of 6 @.@ 08 km2 ( 2 @.@ 35 sq mi ) . Its most notable geographical features are its gully and waterfall . Reserve , a large local park , is 300 m ( 980 ft ) from the start of Waterfall Gully Road while much of the north @-@ eastern side of the gully is part of Cleland Conservation Park . Waterfall Gully , 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) away , is Chambers Gully , which used to function as a land @-@ fill , but has in the past decade been reclaimed as a park through volunteer work . It contains a number of old ruins , walking trails , and springs and is home to a significant number of native species . - Since European Settlement the native plant life has been considerably affected , with the native manna gum and blue gum woodlands being largely cleared for agricultural uses . The large amount of non @-@ native vegetation in the gully is predominantly the result of the early agriculture , although some species were introduced by accident . Introduced species include olive trees , hawthorn , and . With the reduction of native flora , exotic fauna have flourished around the Waterfall Gully region . These include rabbits , and starlings . However , not all of the native wildlife has been lost — bats ( in particular , Gould 's bat ) , can be found in the area , as can superb fairy @-@ and Adelaide rosellas , and a large number of unique Australian animals such as , and can be spotted on some of the walking trails . - - = = Transport = = - - Waterfall Gully is connected to the major Adelaide thoroughfare Road by Waterfall and Road , and cars are the preferred mode of transport in the suburb . According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics 71 @.@ 9 % of residents in the census area employed private vehicles for their commute to work . Only a small proportion ( 1 @.@ 3 % ) walked to work and but 1 @.@ 2 % , while only 3 @.@ 6 % of Waterfall Gully residents travel to work by bus . The closest bus route for Waterfall Gully is the 142 bus , provided by the multi @-@ service Adelaide Metro . - Waterfall Gully Road is and in some parts quite narrow . This has led to concerns regarding safety , as the road is frequented by both pedestrians and . After the death of a in 2007 , calls for the repair and resurfacing of the road intensified , with two being in parliament . The accident also led to a safety audit being conducted by , and although the results were not released to the public at the time , it called for an investigation of the entire length of the road . As of mid @-@ 2008 , there has been no clear plan released for the future of the road , with the road missing out on funding in the 2008 state budget . - - = = Residents = = - - In the 2001 Census , the population of the Waterfall Gully census area ( which includes the suburbs of Glen Osmond , Gardens and Mount Osmond ) was 2 @,@ 497 people , in an area of 6 @.@ 08 square kilometers . Females outnumbered males 54 @.@ 2 % to 45 @.@ 8 % , and some 21 @.@ 4 % of the population was born overseas ( see chart for a breakdown ) . There was only a slight change in the 2006 census , with the population increasing by 25 to 2 @,@ 522 . - The eight strongest religious affiliations in the area ( based on the 2006 census figures ) were ( in descending order ) : Anglican , Catholic , , Lutheran , Orthodox Christian , Buddhist , Presbyterian , Church of Christ and Baptist ( a combination of other Christian faiths came in somewhere between Presbyterians and the Church of Christ , with 31 adherents ) . Also of note is the high occurrence of religious affiliation ( 67 @.@ 3 % ) in the region in comparison to the Adelaide ( and national ) average . Christian belief ( 64 @.@ 4 % ) is most prominent , with little growth in other religions . - Residents in these four suburbs are more affluent than the Adelaide average , with a high occurrence of over A $ 1000 per week , which is also above the average for the City of Burnside . A majority of workers are employed in professional or white collar fields . - The census area that incorporates Waterfall Gully has a larger proportion of those in both the younger ( 0 – 17 ) and older ( 60 + ) age ranges than in the City of Burnside as a whole , and there have been no " numerically significant " changes in the age distribution between the 2001 and 2006 censuses . Similarly , family numbers are also stable , with almost no change between 2001 and 2006 . - - = = = = - - The main attraction of Waterfall Gully is the waterfall , First Falls . It is at the south @-@ eastern end of the road , in land owned by Cleland Conservation Park . The weir at the bottom of the Waterfall was constructed in the late 19th century and was part of Adelaide 's early water supply . Development in the area has continued since the construction of a restaurant in 1912 . over recent decades have included improving access to the site , upgrading the bridges , and the addition of new signage . - The Waterfall Gully Restaurant was constructed between 1911 and 1912 by South Australian architects Albert Conrad and his brother Frank , and was formally opened by Sir Day on 9 November 1912 . Built in the style of a Swiss chalet , the building has been heritage listed since 1987 , and is haunted by the ghost of a who died from burns suffered in 1926 . - Other fire tracks and walking trails wind around the hills that surround Waterfall Gully , branching off from Chambers Gully , Gully or the area around First Creek . Destinations include , Eagle On The Hill , Mount Lofty , Mount Osmond and the Cleland Wildlife Park , located in the Cleland Conservation Park . The tracks have been completely rebuilt and resurfaced in the past ten years , and a number of older and more perilous routes have been sealed because of the difficult terrain . Many offer views of the city of Adelaide as well as the Gully itself . One of these is notable for connecting to the 1 @,@ 200 km ( 750 mi ) Trail , and the trails are highly frequented . - - = = Politics = = - - Waterfall Gully is part of the state electoral district of Bragg , which has been held since 2002 by Liberal MP Vickie Chapman . In federal politics , the suburb is part of the division of Sturt , and has been represented by Christopher since 1993 . The results shown are from the closest polling station to Waterfall Gully — which is located outside of the suburb — at St David 's Church Hall on nearby Road ( Burnside ) . Both have traditionally gone to the Liberal Party , and Bragg in particular is regarded as a very safe Liberal seat . However , in the 2007 federal election , a strong swing towards the Labor Party and their candidate , Mia , resulted in the electorate transforming from a " safe [ federal ] Liberal seat into a marginal one " . - In local government , Waterfall Gully is part of the ward of Beaumont within the City of Burnside , and the current Mayor for the district is David . Beaumont is currently represented by Mark and Anne . - - - = Mariana ( poem ) = - - " Mariana " is a poem by Alfred , Lord Tennyson , published in 1830 . The poem follows a common theme in much of Tennyson 's work — that of isolation . The subject of Mariana is a woman who continuously laments her lack of connection with society . The isolation defines her existence , and her longing for a connection leaves her wishing for death at the end of every stanza . The premise of Mariana originates in William Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure , but the poem ends before Mariana 's lover returns . Tennyson 's version was adapted by others , including John Everett Millais and Elizabeth Gaskell , for use in their own works . The poem was well received by critics , and it is described by critics as an example of Tennyson 's skill at poetry . - - = = Background = = - - Tennyson wrote Mariana in 1830 and printed it within his early collection Poems , . Previously , he contributed poems to the work Poems by Two Brothers ( 1827 ) , where his early poems dealing with isolation and memory can be found . The theme was continued in the later collection , with poems like Mariana , Ode to Memory , and others representing the earlier poems . - During a visit to the Pyrenees during the summer of 1830 , Tennyson sought to give aid to Spanish rebels . During that time , he was affected by his experience and the influence appears in Mariana in the South , which was published in 1832 ; it is a later version that follows the idea of The Lady of Shalott . - - = = Structure = = - - Many of Tennyson 's poems are in the form of a dramatic monologue . However , Mariana , like The Lady of , is more accurately a lyrical narrative . It contains elements of dramatic in that it contains a refrain that carries through the poem as found in Oriana and other poems . Oriana is completely a dramatic monologue and Mariana is not because Tennyson represents how the title figure is unable to linguistically control her own poem , which reinforces the themes of the poem . This technique is used again in Tennyson 's later poem , The Two Voices . The rhyme scheme of the poem , , is different than the standard ballad rhyme that serves to contain the poem then allow a free expression . The middle quatrain of the stanzas returns in theme to the beginning in a cyclical pattern while the last quatrain 's lines contain the same words . - - = = Poem = = - - Within the poem , Tennyson does not teach the audience what melancholy means . Instead , he describes its various aspects as he begins : - With moss the flower @-@ plots - Were thickly , one and all : - The nails fell from the knots - That held the pear to the gable @-@ wall . - The broken sheds looked sad and strange : - was the ; - and worn the ancient - Upon the lonely . - She only said , " My life is dreary , - He not , " she said ; - She said , " I am aweary , aweary ; - I would that I were dead ! " ( lines 1 – 12 ) - The narrator of the poem is from Mariana , and he is able to see what she cannot . In particular , he is able to describe the " sweet heaven " whereas Mariana refuses to take in the scene as well as she is unable to understand the movement of time : - Her tears fell with the at even ; - Her tears fell the were dried ; - She could not look on the sweet heaven , - Either at or . ( lines 13 – 16 ) - She is surrounded by and there is little movement within the poem . The water is calm and there is only the growth of moss : - About a stone @-@ cast from the wall - A with waters slept , - And o it many , round and small , - The clustered @-@ mosses . ( lines 37 – 40 ) - Mariana is trapped by her surroundings , and the last stanza begins with her becoming sensitive to sound as she starts to mentally lose her place in reality : - The sparrow 's on the roof , - The slow clock ticking , and the sound - Which to the wooing wind aloof - The made , did all - Her sense ; ( lines 73 – 77 ) - The poem ends with a description that even the sunlight is unable to do anything more than reveal dust in her home : - but most she the hour - When the thick @-@ lay - the chambers , and the day - Was sloping toward his western . ( lines 77 – 80 ) - The poem ends with an altered version of the refrain , which serves to show that although she wishes her death she is still alive and , in the final moment , allows her to end the poem instead of allowing the poem to end her : - Then , said she , " I am very dreary , - He will not come , " she said ; - She , " I am aweary , aweary , - O God , that I were dead ! " ( lines 81 – 84 ) - - = = Themes = = - - Tennyson 's poems traditionally rely on the use of visual imagery for effect . In Mariana , Tennyson instead emphasises auditory imagery that serves to emphasise her solitude . Her hearing is sensitive and she is able to hear every sound , which only reveals the silence of her surroundings . Her solitude and loneliness causes her to be unable to recognise the beauty of her surroundings , and the world to her is dreary . In contrast to Tennyson 's other poems , including The Lady of Shalott , there is no movement within Mariana . There is also a lack of a true ending within the poem , unlike the later version Mariana in the South , which the poem so there is a stronger conclusion that can be found within death . - The character of Mariana is connected to Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure ; there is a direct quotation of Shakespeare 's play in regards to a character of the same name . In Shakespeare 's play , Mariana is rejected by the character Angelo and lives alone as she pines over her love . Tennyson 's version is set in Lincolnshire , not Vienna as in the Shakespeare play . This makes the characters completely English . Additionally , the scene within the poem does not have any of the original context but the two works are connected in imagery with the idea of a dull life and a female named Mariana . However , Tennyson is not the only one that uses the image ; John Everett Millais 's painting Mariana is based on Tennyson 's version of Mariana and lines 9 through 12 of Tennyson 's poem were used for the catalogue description of the painting . Similarly , Millais 's version served as the inspiration for Elizabeth Gaskell 's novel , Mariana . Tennyson 's Mariana and Gaskell 's main character , Ruth , are sensitive to the sounds around them and are constantly looking out of their window in image that represents their imprisonment within their homes . The image of Mariana used by Tennyson and the later works are equally of a woman who is weary . - The depictions of Mariana by Tennyson and in later works are not the same . The difference with Millais 's depiction is not in the image of a forlorn woman or of a woman who is unwilling to live an independent life ; instead , it is her depiction that is greater than found in Tennyson . His version also removes the of Tennyson 's and replaces it with a scene filled with vibrant colours . Gaskell 's depiction is of Ruth is similar to Tennyson in her weariness and wanting to die . However , she is a sexually independent figure when she rejects her lover who has returned . Tennyson 's character , on the other hand , would likely have happily accepted her lover . While Tennyson 's character cannot recognise beauty within nature , Gaskell 's character is able to turn to nature to gain spiritually in a manner similar to the Romantic poems , including Abbey by William or This @-@ Tree My Prison by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . There is also a connection with Mariana 's condition and the condition within Coleridge 's : An Ode . However , the narrator at the end of is able to be into movement whereas Mariana never reaches that point . Furthermore , Mariana is unlike the Romantic poems because the character is not one with nature or able to achieve through imagination . Furthermore , there is little outside of Mariana that exists within the poem as Mariana 's mood does not respond to changes in nature . - In terms of Tennyson 's other poems , there is a strong connection between the character Mariana and Tennyson 's other female characters . Both Mariana and Oriana have characters that experience a mental imprisonment , which are revealed in the poetic . However , Oriana is able to have control over her own story when she serves as narrator of it while Mariana is denied control by Tennyson 's use of a third @-@ person narrative structure . The difference is further compounded by Oriana 's imprisonment coming from her own memories while Mariana 's is the external results of her lover having not returned . The character Fatima of Fatima is connected to Mariana simply because she is a reversal of Mariana 's character : Fatima , like Mariana , for her lover but suffers from an intense passion that causes her to lose control over her mind while also being able to experience the world around her . The character of is a combination of aspects from both Mariana 's and Fatima 's characters . In the revised version Mariana in the South , the second Mariana is similar to the Lady of Shalott in that they both live in a world between fantasy and reality . - - = = Critical response = = - - wrote in his early career , " The poem [ Mariana ] is an outstanding insight into the primitive ideal that is Tennyson 's take on life in all its . " - In an early review in the 1831 Westminster Review , J. Fox praises the depiction of women within the whole of Poems , Lyrics and says that Tennyson 's " portraits are delicate , his likenesses [ ... ] perfect , and they have life , character , and individuality . They are nicely also to all the different of emotion and passion which are expressed in common with the descriptions of them . There is an appropriate object for every shade of feeling , from the light touch of passing admiration to the triumphant madness of soul and sense , or the deep and of . " A review by a " Professor " in 1878 argues , " As descriptive poetry , and for that feature of realistic description so characteristic of Tennyson 's , ' Mariana ' has , perhaps , not been surpassed even by him . " - Harold , in 1923 , view the of Mariana and Tennyson 's other early works as an aspect that makes the early works better his later works . In T. S. Eliot 's 1936 Essays Ancient and Modern , he praises Tennyson 's ability to represent the visual , , auditory , and olfactory aspects of the scene . Later in 1972 , Christopher Ricks argues that the poem is " one of Tennyson 's masterpieces in the art of the penultimate . " - Elaine Jordan argues , in her 1988 analysis of Tennyson 's works , that the poem 's depiction of " self @-@ [ ... ] is a negation which involves the drawing @-@ in of forces in order perhaps to assert the self differently . Mariana is the most powerful expression , very early , of such a moment , though its assertiveness exists only as strong in image and rhythm , not as narrative possibility except in the desire for an end to it all preferred over patience . " In 2002 , Ruth writes , " In the last stanza , Mariana 's grip on the present is , and Tennyson 's mastery of sound and images is evident ( even in this early poem ) in his description of the house that echoes her utter " . Anna Barton , in her 2008 analysis , declares Mariana " the most famous heroine of the 1830 volume " and that both The Ballad of Oriana and Mariana are " poems of greater substance that develop the poetic that Tennyson begins to establish in his songs . " - - - = Mothers of the Disappeared = - - " Mothers of the Disappeared " is a song by rock band U2 . It is the eleventh and final track on their 1987 album The Joshua Tree . The song was inspired by lead singer Bono 's experiences in Nicaragua and El Salvador in July 1986 , following U2 's involvement on Amnesty International 's A of Hope tour . He learned of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo , a group of women whose children had been " disappeared " by the Argentine and Chilean dictatorships . While in Central America , he met members of COMADRES , a similar organization whose children had been disappeared by the government in El Salvador . Bono with the Madres and COMADRES and wanted to pay tribute to their cause . - The song was written on a Spanish guitar , and the melody lifted from a piece Bono composed in Ethiopia in 1985 to help teach children basic forms of hygiene . The lyrics contain an implicit criticism of the Reagan Administration , which backed two South American regimes that seized power during coup d and which provided financial support for the military regime in El Salvador . it has been interpreted as an examination of failures and contradictions in US foreign policy . - " Mothers of the Disappeared " was favourably received by critics , who variously described it as " powerful " , " a moving tribute " , and containing " stunning beauty and sadness " . The song was played seven times on the 1987 Joshua Tree Tour , and some recordings were considered for the ending sequence of the 1988 film Rattle and Hum . It was revived for four concerts on the 1998 PopMart Tour in South America , and for two of them , the Madres joined the band onstage for the performance , one of which was broadcast on television in Chile . Bono used the opportunity to ask General Pinochet to reveal to the Madres the locations of their children 's bodies . The song was played a further three times on the U2 360 ° Tour ; one performance was dedicated to , an ethnic who was forcibly disappeared in Turkey in 1995 . Bono re @-@ recorded the song a in 1998 for the album ¡ Ni Un ! . - - = = Inspiration , writing , and recording = = - - Recording sessions for The Joshua Tree began in January 1986 in House in Dublin , Ireland , and continued throughout the year . U2 briefly interrupted these sessions in June to join Amnesty International 's A of Hope tour . Following the first concert in San Francisco , lead singer Bono met René Castro , a Chilean mural artist . Castro had been tortured and held in a concentration camp for two years by the dictatorial Chilean government because his artwork criticised the Pinochet @-@ led regime that seized power in 1973 during a coup d 'état . Castro showed Bono a wall painting in the Mission District that depicted the ongoing plight in Chile and Argentina . He also learned of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo , a group of women whose children were forcibly disappeared by the Argentine government . The Madres ' children were students who had opposed the government during the Dirty War , and the coup d 'état that brought Jorge Rafael into power . The Madres joined together to campaign for information regarding the locations of their children 's bodies and the circumstances of their deaths , believing them to have been kidnapped , tortured , and murdered . - Inspired by the mural , Bono took an extended break from recording into July , travelling to Nicaragua and El Salvador with his wife , Alison Hewson , to see firsthand the distress of peasants bullied by political conflicts and US military intervention . While there , they worked with the Central American Mission Partners ( ) , a human rights and economic development organization . In El Salvador they met members of the de Madres Monsignor Romero ( COMADRES : Committee of the Mothers Monsignor Romero ) , an organization of women whose children were forcibly disappeared by the El government during the Civil War because they opposed the military regime that was in power . At one point during the trip , Bono , Alison , and a member of were shot at by government troops while on their way to deliver aid to a group of farmers . The shots were a warning and , according to author John , the incident made Bono realize that " they didn 't care for their intrusion and they could kill them if they felt compelled . " - In 2006 , Bono recounted another experience he had in El Salvador , where he had seen a body thrown from a van into the road . He remarked , " People would just disappear . If you were part of the opposition , you might find an with the windows out parked outside your house .... If that didn 't stop you , occasionally they would come in and take you and murder you ; there would be no trial . " Bono understood the cause of the Madres and COMADRES and wanted to pay tribute to it . His experiences in Central America inspired the lyrics of " Mothers of the Disappeared " and another track from The Joshua Tree , " Bullet the Blue Sky " . - " Mothers of the Disappeared " was created and mixed at guitarist the Edge 's newly @-@ bought home , , which U2 used as a recording studio . Bono wrote the song on his mother @-@ in @-@ law 's Spanish guitar , and drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. created a drum loop that was sampled by producer Brian Eno . The melody came from a song that Bono wrote in Ethiopia in 1985 to teach children about basic methods of hygiene . Producer Daniel Lanois was the principal mixer of the song . Bono , likening the studio itself to an instrument , described Lanois 's mix as a " performance " . - At the conclusion of the lyrics sheet for the song in the liner notes of The Joshua Tree , U2 listed addresses for several branches of Amnesty International , and proceeds from the song were donated to the organization . In 1998 , Bono re @-@ recorded the song a in English and Spanish for the album ¡ Ni Un ! ( English : Not One Back ! ) , along with a recitation of the William Butler Yeats poem " Mother of God " . The album was created by the Madres in commemoration of the disappearance of their children . The tracks were also recorded for the 1999 film 20 ... 20 ... 20 ( 20 Years ... 20 Poems ... 20 Artists ) . - - = = Composition and theme = = - - " Mothers of the Disappeared " runs for 5 : 14 ( 5 minutes , 14 seconds ) . It is played in common time in a key of A. The song begins with the sound of rain hitting a roof , which fades in over the first fourteen seconds alongside the bass and a processed drum loop beat by Mullen which in the background . Thirty @-@ two seconds into the song , Mullen 's drums enter , playing a sporadic beat every four to five seconds . At the fifty @-@ second mark the drums play a more regular beat , and the Edge 's guitar , accompanied by Eno 's synthesizer , enters . The first verse begins at 1 : 28 , and introduces the chord progression of A5 – – F ♯ m – D – A5 , which is played in the verses . At 2 : 41 Eno 's keyboards enter , and the song begins to follow a D – D5 – A5 chord progression , while Bono begins falsetto vocals . The second verse then begins at 3 : 01 . The lyrics end at 3 : 37 , and the song returns to the chord progression of D – D5 – A5 . The harmony gradually grows in volume until 4 : 33 , at which point the song enters into a ; the keyboards come to a finish and the guitar returns to playing A notes before fading over the next eight seconds alongside the bass . The synthesizer , drums , and drum loop conclude the song , fading out slowly over the last thirty @-@ one seconds . - Eno used a piano as a instrument and mixed the result with the drum loop through a effects unit to create a sound that bassist Adam Clayton called " eerie and foreign and scary " . Lanois stated that the processing of Mullen 's beat , which resulted in a drone @-@ like sound , became the song 's backbone and personality . Clayton described it as " evocative of that sinister death squad darkness " . Colm O of Hot Press felt it was " the key sonic element " because it " [ evokes ] an abstract sense of evil and " . - In December 1986 , Bono stated that he had a love – hate relationship with America , and that this influenced his work on the album . Speaking of his encounter with COMADRES in El Salvador and their impact on the song , he said , " There 's no question in my mind of the Reagan Administration 's involvement in backing the regime that is committing these atrocities . I doubt if the people of America are even aware of this . It 's not my position to lecture them or tell them their place or to even open their eyes up to it in a very visual way , but it is affecting me and it affects the words I write and the music we make . " In 2007 , Clayton noted " We were looking at this America through a European lens , at a time when Britain was under Margaret Thatcher who was breaking the miners .... So we were singing from the same hymn sheet as the Clash but with our spotlight focused on injustice inside and outside America . " He said " ' Mothers of the Disappeared ' was not just a reflection on what had happened under the military government in Chile but also at the US which had supported that government " , and described Bono 's vocals as " prehistoric " , saying " it connects with something very primitive . " - Greg Garrett , an English professor at University , saw the song as an effort to " [ respond ] to growing interests in doing justice — and calling to attention American failures in that regard " , noting that the regimes in South America had been supported by the United States because of their anti @-@ communist positions , even though their tactics were in opposition to the democratic values that " America claims to champion around the world " . Lisa Hand of the Sunday Independent noted the influence of America on the track , remarking , " [ it ] does not itself simply to the music , but also extends to some of the lyrics . However , far from being a tribute to the star @-@ spangled banner , the words highlight the political and which exist within the U.S. ' Mothers of the Disappeared ' and ' Bullet the Blue Sky ' both take a hard look at the American involvement in South America " . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post described the song as " a simple lament of great beauty and sadness pleading for the realization that ideological battles about right and left obscure the more important issue of right and wrong . " Author David described it as a " [ portrait ] of the American Dream gone rancid " . - - = = Live performances = = - - U2 debuted " Mothers of the Disappeared " on 14 April 1987 in San Diego , California , on the first leg of the Joshua Tree Tour , where it closed the concert in place of the band 's long @-@ time finale " 40 " . It was performed three more times on the leg ; twice to open the encore and once to conclude the main set . U2 revived the song seven months later on the third leg , playing it in the encore at three of the final four concerts on the tour . - The final two performances , in , Arizona , on 19 and 20 December 1987 , were filmed for the 1988 film Rattle and Hum . U2 sang the refrain " el " , which means " a people united will overcome " in Spanish , at the conclusion of the song . Bono noted that the Madres use the phrase for motivation . The Edge said " we 're so close to a Spanish speaking part of the world , we felt that maybe people at the concert might pick up on this lyric . " Bono added that they had closed every concert since 1983 with the song " 40 " , and so they were looking to replace it with " Mothers of the Disappeared " from that point on . He explained , " If the people of Arizona sing this , and if it goes into the film and onto the record , wherever we go in a way for the next few years , that will be taken up again . It 'll be an interesting experiment ... " . The footage was considered for the closing sequence of the film , but the band eventually decided against including it . " Pride ( In the Name of Love ) " was used as the final live song , and " All I Want Is You " was chosen to play over the credits . - Following the seven performances on the Joshua Tree Tour , U2 did not perform " Mothers of the Disappeared " until 1998 , on the fourth leg of the PopMart Tour . It was played at three concerts in Argentina and once in Chile , concluding all four shows . Bono sang " el " at the end of each performance . The first rendition was on 5 February 1998 in Buenos Aires , where it was performed with the Madres accompanying them on stage . The song was played by just Bono and the Edge and was set against footage of the Madres on the video screen . At the conclusion of the song , the band members faced the Madres and applauded , an act in which the rest of the audience joined . Part of the performance was later included on the television documentary Classic Albums : The Joshua Tree . - The cost of the tickets was too high for many fans in South America , so the band broadcast the 11 February concert in Chile live on television . Knowing that many people in the country would be watching , they played " Mothers of the Disappeared " in place of " Wake Up Dead Man " . The stadium in which the concert was held had been used as a prison camp by Pinochet 's regime following the coup d 'état . Again it was performed solely by Bono and the Edge against footage of the Madres , and they invited the women to join them on stage a second time . The Madres held up photographs of their children and spoke about them briefly during the performance , an act which received a mixed reception from the audience . Bono made a plea to Pinochet , asking him to " tell these women where are the bones of their children . " - " Mothers of the Disappeared " was performed again on the fourth leg of the Vertigo Tour , on 26 February 2006 in Santiago and 2 March in Buenos Aires . Although it was by the full band , it was played only by Bono and the Edge in an arrangement similar to the one from the PopMart Tour . The Edge performed the song on a that Chilean President Ricardo had given to Bono earlier that day . It was played at three concerts on the third leg of the U2 360 ° Tour in place of " " . One performance in Istanbul , Turkey , was dedicated to , an ethnic who was kidnapped in October 1995 and subsequently disappeared . The abduction was witnessed by his wife and daughter ; no information regarding his disappearance has ever been released . - - = = Reception = = - - " Mothers of the Disappeared " was favourably received by critics . Steve of The Boston Globe called the song " powerful " and described the backing vocals as tender and . Don of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times described it as a " hymn to human rights " . Adrian of NME called it " a simple , plaintive lament of stunning beauty and sadness " . Nicholas Jennings of Maclean 's felt that it was The Joshua Tree 's " most topical song " . Music journalist Andrew Mueller felt the track was a " finale " . In Rolling Stone , Steve Pond said " ' Mothers of the Disappeared ' is built around desolate images of loss , but the setting is and restorative — music of great sadness but also of compassion , acceptance and calm . " Lennox of The Dallas Morning News stated that there was " an sadness in Bono 's vocals and images where ' Night hangs like a prisoner / over black and blue ' " , calling it " a moving tribute " to people around the world who had lost loved ones to warfare and conflict . He added " [ w ] hat 's remarkable about the song is that despite the intrinsic pain , it remains cleansing . Even in the midst of decay and excess and horror , Bono can find hope and . " In 2006 Bono described it as " a beautiful end to the album " , saying , " That song means as much to me as any of the songs on that album , it 's right up there for me , " and noting that it is a song " I 'm very proud of to this day . " - Barbara of The Bergen Record likened " Mothers of the Disappeared " to " New Year 's Day " and " Pride ( In the Name of Love ) " , stating that the band used all three to " stir political consciousness and to urge social commitment . " Thirteen years later , Ryan Jones , in his review of U2 's 2000 album All That You Can 't Leave Behind for the same publication , said the song " Peace on Earth " contained echoes of " Mothers of the Disappeared " in its lyrics and the tone of the instrumental prelude . In reviewing the group 's 2009 album No Line on the Horizon , Mueller said the closing " of Lebanon " " maintains this essentially optimistic group 's counter @-@ intuitive tradition of ending their albums with " , likening it to " Mothers of the Disappeared " . believed that the song had its roots in " the purity of traditional Irish music " . According to the song is " notorious " in Central and South America , and it is often " played as an act of defiance " by the Madres . Art for Amnesty cited the song , and the effect it had in spreading Amnesty International 's human rights message , as one of the reasons why U2 were awarded the Ambassador of Conscience Award by the organization in 2005 . - Reflecting on the applause given to the Madres during the PopMart concert in Buenos Aires , the U2 magazine Propaganda called the result " about the most moving thing I 've ever seen on a rock stage . It was one of those ideas that really could have gone either way , but the obvious empathy of the audience towards these women made it an moment . " Following the televised concert in Chile , Bono said " it was amazing and to discover that on our most ' pop ' of tours some of the best shows were in political like Santiago , Sarajevo , Tel Aviv ... anywhere music meant more than entertainment " . He added " to be able to address General Pinochet from the stage on live television in Chile and say , ' Give the dead back to the living . Please , General Pinochet , tell these women where the bones of their sons and daughters are . ' That was an extraordinary moment ... certainly in my life and U2 's . " When asked if the negative reaction from some of the audience had disappointed the band Bono said it had not , stating " it 's proof to me that a rock ' n ' roll audience are not .... If they don 't agree with you , they will let you know — but that doesn 't mean they 're not fans .... I was flattered that we weren 't just playing to people who agreed with us . " U2 's performance was later credited with inspiring a protest in the Chilean Parliament against Pinochet , who was in the process of becoming a Senator for life after his position as head of the armed forces . The opposition party brought in the Madres , who again held pictures of their disappeared children and asked for information on the location of their bodies . - " Mothers of the Disappeared " has been covered several times . The Vitamin String Quartet included it on their 2004 tribute album The String Quartet Tribute to U2 's The Joshua Tree . Paddy Casey recorded a version for the tsunami relief album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol . 3 in 2005 . - - = = Personnel = = - - - - = Katherine Pulaski = - - Commander Katherine Pulaski is a fictional medical doctor in the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . She is the chief medical officer aboard the Federation starship USS Enterprise @-@ D. Her medical skills saved the lives of Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard and Commander William Riker , and she helped inspire Lt. Commander Data to create a hologram of Professor Moriarty that became self @-@ aware . Pulaski preferred to avoid the transporter , but was forced to rely on it to save her own life from an alien infection . Before arriving on the Enterprise @-@ D , she previously served on the USS Repulse . For a time , she was romantically involved with Kyle Riker , but they continued to remain friends . - by American actress Diana Muldaur , Pulaski replaced the character of Commander Beverly Crusher for the second season after Gates McFadden 's contract was not renewed . Pulaski first appeared in the second season opener " The Child " , and made her final appearance in " Shades of Gray " . Before playing the role of Pulaski on The Next Generation , Muldaur appeared in Star Trek : The Original Series , playing different characters in the episodes " Return to Tomorrow " and " Is There in Truth No Beauty ? " She later worked with series creator Gene Roddenberry on a pilot for the series Planet Earth . McFadden returned to replace Muldaur in the third season , reprising her role as Dr. Crusher for the remainder of the series . - Reviewers criticized Pulaski 's approach , as well as her inability to fit in with the crew . Critics noted that her transporter phobia was reminiscent of Dr. Leonard McCoy from The Original Series , as was her relationship with Data ; Pulaski 's interaction with Data raised comparisons to that of McCoy and from The Original Series . Episodes featuring Pulaski in a leading role , such as " Unnatural Selection " , produced divided opinions among critics , with some describing it as a key episode while others argued that it showed only the negative side of her role . - - = = Concept and development = = - - Towards the end of the first season of Star Trek : The Next Generation , staff members convinced Gene Roddenberry to drop Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher from the show . Executive producer Rick Berman opposed this decision . To allow for McFadden 's return in the future , Roddenberry wrote Crusher 's character out rather than killing her . McFadden 's departure led to an opening for a new cast member . The producers contacted American actress Diana Muldaur , unaware of her past involvement with Roddenberry 's Star Trek and Planet Earth pilot . In The Original Series , Muldaur played the role of a doctor in two episodes : as Dr. Ann Mulhall in " Return to Tomorrow " , and as Dr. Miranda Jones in " Is There in Truth No Beauty ? " Muldaur also worked on the pilot for Planet Earth after getting to know Roddenberry and his wife , Majel Barrett , through their annual Star Trek Christmas parties . - Muldaur was not required to audition for the role of Pulaski . Instead , she was given 15 VHS of the first season . She found it " very exciting " , noting it " got better and better and better " as she watched it . Christina was also considered for the part of Pulaski , a decision Berman described as " very tough " . Muldaur finally agreed to play the role , but asked Roddenberry to change the name of the character to Kate , which became Katherine . The character of Katherine Pulaski was modeled on Doctor Leonard McCoy from The Original Series . Like McCoy , Pulaski feared and disliked colleagues . The dynamic between McCoy and was revisited with the relationship between Pulaski and Lieutenant Commander Data . Muldaur believed that Roddenberry deliberately created the parallel between the two characters on the two shows . - Katherine Pulaski debuted in the second season episode " The Child " , with Goldberg making her first appearance of the series as Guinan in the same episode . Even though Muldaur was a regular character on The Next Generation , she was only listed in the opening credits as a " Special Guest Star " . Overall , Muldaur described her experience portraying Pulaski as " hard work " . She expected to be cast for just one season , but was unaware of who would succeed her after she left . Following production of the second season , Muldaur left the series and joined the cast of L.A. Law . She used footage of the episode " Unnatural Selection " to gain the part . Gates McFadden returned to continue her role as Dr. Crusher on The Next Generation for the remainder of the series . - - = = Appearances = = - - Pulaski 's background is touched upon in the episode " The Icarus Factor " . She was previously romantically involved with Commander William Riker 's father Kyle Riker ( Mitchell Ryan ) , after she was part of a rescue team responding to a attack on a Federation . She realised that a romantic relationship with Riker would not work , but they remained friends . prior to serving on the Enterprise @-@ D , she served on the USS Repulse under Captain , who was sorry to lose her . - In , " Elementary , Dear Data " she challenges Lt. Data to solve an original Sherlock Holmes mystery on the holodeck . He accepts her challenge , which results in the creation of a self @-@ aware hologram of Professor Moriarty ( Daniel Davis ) . Pulaski joins Data and Lieutenant La Forge ( Burton ) , but is captured by Moriarty who also takes over manual control of the Enterprise . Moriarty demands that they find a way to enable him to leave the holodeck , but is persuaded by Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) to release control and be stored within the ship 's computer memory until a means can be found to grant his wish . ( Years later , Moriarty is released from the computer and takes control of the ship 's computer , again demanding his freedom . He is finally into thinking that his wish was granted , but remains trapped inside a computer simulation ( " Ship in a " ) . ) - Pulaski 's apprehension at using the transporter was evident in " The Man " , where Dr. ( Suzie Plakson ) went with the away team instead of Pulaski , as it required her to beam over to a transport vessel . However , the transporter would later save Pulaski 's life in " Unnatural Selection " , after she was infected with a disease from the planet IV that accelerated her aging process . She uses the to remove the infection and is returned to health . - She demonstrates her medical expertise on several occasions . In " Time " , Pulaski discovers that the duplicate Captain Picard is out of sync in time and will slowly improve until he returns to the point at which he left . In the episode " Pen Pals " , Picard orders Pulaski to the memories of a young girl called , whom Data had been corresponding with and helping in violation of the Prime Directive . Whilst in " " , she is summoned to 515 to perform heart surgery on Captain Picard as she is the most experienced surgeon nearby . This is despite Picard 's wish for her not to perform the surgery , due to his concern with the image it might give to the crew . - When the Enterprise arrives at the lost colony of in " Up the Long " , the Mariposans kidnap Pulaski and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) and steal their DNA to clone new members of their colony . Although technologically advanced , the Mariposans lack genetic diversity . When Pulaski and Riker discover the , they destroy them . Picard helps resolve the dispute by suggesting the Mariposans allow the , a , rural people whose colony was destroyed , to migrate to their world . The Mariposans , however , have relied on for 300 years , and no longer sexually reproduce . Pulaski notes that with time , they will become familiar with the practice once again , and recommends that the Mariposans form large , group marriages with the to create a healthy population . - Following Data 's defeat at a game of in " Peak Performance " , Pulaski and Councillor ( Marina ) attempt to console him , but it is left to Captain Picard to convince Data that he is not malfunctioning . Pulaski 's final appearance on The Next Generation was in the episode " Shades of Gray " . When Commander Riker falls ill to a dangerous virus during an away team mission , Pulaski drives out the virus with a device that stimulates his memory centre . After she discovers that negative memories are more effective in removing the virus , she uses memories of fear and survival to save Riker 's life . - In the alternative future timeline portrayed in " " , the Star Trek : Voyager finale , Pulaski is said to have worked at the Starfleet Medical facility in San Francisco . - - = = = Novels = = = - - Pulaski appears in several books of the non @-@ canon novel series based on the adventures of the crew in The Next Generation and elsewhere in the same time period . In Peter David 's novel Vendetta ( 1991 ) , Pulaski is reassigned to the Repulse under Captain following her departure from the Enterprise . In Star Trek : Progress ( 2006 ) , a Starfleet Corps of Engineers book by Terri Osborne , Pulaski is on board the USS Progress when it visits IV , as she wants to check up on the progress of , a young girl from The Next Generation episode " Pen Pals " . Pulaski also appeared alongside Wesley Crusher and Guinan in Michael Jan Friedman 's " All Good Things ... " ( 1994 ) , a of the The Next Generation series finale . - - = = Reception and commentary = = - - In their 1998 book , Star Trek 101 , Terry J. and Paula M. Block called " Unnatural Selection " the key Pulaski episode . Science fiction writer Keith DeCandido felt that she displays all of her worst traits in this episode , including " her , her intensity , her constant of people , her out Data ( though at least this time she apologizes to him when he expresses concern over her health ) , and ... transporter @-@ phobia , because apparently she wasn 't enough like Dr. McCoy yet . " DeCandido described Pulaski as " annoying " and noted that this feeling was mirrored on screen by Captain Picard . In Science Fiction Television : A History , author M. Keith Booker observed that " Pulaski never quite with the rest of the crew " . - The events of " Elementary Dear Data " led film professor to suggest that Pulaski may have been inspired by the works of Friedrich . In Sherlock Holmes and Philosophy : The of a Mind ( 2011 ) , notes that Pulaski 's argument that Data lacks is reminiscent of parts of 's 1878 work Human , All Too Human . The relationship between Pulaski and Data was further considered by V. Wilcox in her article " Data : in Star Trek : The Next Generation " ( 1993 ) . Wilcox notes that Pulaski " frequently challenges Data in terms of his machine nature , expressing for his supposed . " She compares Data 's state to slavery due to the reference in " The Child " to Maya Angelou 's 1969 work I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . - - - = Noisy miner = - - The noisy miner ( Manorina melanocephala ) is a bird in the honeyeater family , , and is endemic to eastern and south @-@ eastern Australia . This miner is a grey bird , with a black head , orange @-@ yellow beak and feet , a distinctive yellow patch behind the eye and white tips on the tail feathers . The Tasmanian race has a more intense yellow panel in the wing , and a broader white tip to the tail . Males , females and juveniles are similar in appearance , though young birds are a brownish @-@ grey . As the common name suggests , the noisy miner is a vocal species with a large range of songs , calls , and alarms , and almost constant vocalizations particularly from young birds . One of four species in the genus Manorina , the noisy miner itself is divided into four subspecies . The separation of the Tasmanian M. leachi is of long standing , and the mainland birds were further split in 1999 . - Found in a broad arc from Far North Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania and southeastern South Australia , the noisy miner primarily inhabits dry , open eucalypt forests that lack understory shrubs . These include forests dominated by spotted gum , box and ironbark , as well as in degraded woodland where the understory has been cleared , such as recently burned areas , farming and grazing areas , roadside reserves , and suburban parks and gardens with trees and grass but without dense shrubbery . The density of noisy miner populations has significantly increased in many locations across its range , particularly human @-@ dominated habitats . The popularity of nectar @-@ producing garden plants such as the large @-@ was thought to play a role in its proliferation , but studies now show that the noisy miner has benefited primarily from practices that create open areas dominated by eucalypts . - Noisy miners are gregarious and territorial ; they forage , bathe , roost , breed and defend territory , forming colonies that can contain several hundred birds . Each bird has an ' activity space ' and birds with overlapping activity spaces form associations called ' coteries ' , the most stable units within the colony . The birds also form temporary flocks called ' coalitions ' for specific activities such as mobbing a predator . Group cohesion is facilitated not only by vocalizations , but also through ritualised displays which have been categorised as flight displays , postural displays , and facial displays . The noisy miner is a notably aggressive bird , and chasing , pecking , fighting , scolding , and mobbing occur throughout the day , targeted at both intruders and colony members . - in the canopy of trees and on trunks and branches and on the ground , the noisy miner mainly eats nectar , fruit and insects . Most time is spent the foliage of eucalypts , and it can meet most of its nutritional needs from manna , and gathered from the foliage . The noisy miner does not use a stereotyped courtship display , but copulation is a frenzied communal event . It breeds all year long , building a deep cup @-@ shaped nest and laying two to four eggs . Incubation is by the female only , although up to twenty male helpers take care of the nestlings and fledglings . Noisy miners have a range of strategies to increase their breeding success including multiple broods and group mobbing of predators . The noisy miner 's population increase has been correlated with the reduction of avian diversity in human @-@ affected landscapes . Its means that translocation is unlikely to be a solution to its overabundance , and culling has been proposed , although the noisy miner is currently a protected species across Australia . - - = = Taxonomy = = - - English ornithologist John Latham described the noisy miner four times in his 1801 work , , seemingly not knowing it was the same bird in each case : the chattering bee @-@ eater ( Merops ) , black @-@ headed ( melanocephala ) , hooded bee @-@ eater ( Merops ) , and white @-@ fronted bee @-@ eater ( Merops ) . Early notes recorded its tendency to scare off prey as hunters were about to shoot . It was as the chattering bee @-@ eater that it was painted between 1792 and 1797 by Thomas , one of a group known collectively as the Port Jackson Painter . John Gould treated the name Merops as the original description , and renamed it in his 1865 work to the Birds of Australia , giving it the common name of garrulous honeyeater , and noting the alternate name of chattering honeyeater . He noted the colonists of Tasmania called it a miner , and aboriginal people of New South Wales called it . Que gang was a local aboriginal name from the Blue Mountains . - In the early 20th century , Australian ornithologists started using the name Manorina melanocephala instead , because it was listed first by Latham in 1801 . This usage did not follow the letter of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , and in 2009 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the current name by formally suppressing the name M. . The species name melanocephala is derived from the Ancient Greek words " black " , and " head " , referring to its black crown . Other common names include Mickey miner and . Four subspecies are recognised , including subspecies leachi found in eastern Tasmania . The mainland population was split into three subspecies in 1999 by Richard — from Cape York Peninsula in Queensland as far south as , from central Queensland and inland New South Wales west of , and the nominate subspecies melanocephala from southeastern New South Wales , Victoria , and southern South Australia . There are broad zones where birds are intermediate between subspecies . Further study is required to settle the taxonomic status of these populations . - The noisy miner is one of four species in the genus Manorina in the large family of honeyeaters known as , the other three being the black @-@ eared miner ( M. ) , the yellow @-@ throated miner ( M. ) , and the bell miner ( M. ) . One of the most obvious characteristics of the genus is a patch of bare yellow skin behind the eyes , which gives them an odd ' cross @-@ eyed ' look . Within the genus , the noisy , black @-@ eared and yellow @-@ throated miners form the subgenus . The noisy miner occasionally with the yellow @-@ throated miner . Molecular analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the ( ) , ( Australian , , , etc . ) , and the ( Australian fairy @-@ ) in a large superfamily . - - = = Description = = - - - = = = = = = - - The noisy miner is a large honeyeater , 24 – 28 centimetres ( 9 @.@ 4 – 11 @.@ 0 in ) in length , with a wingspan of 36 – 45 centimetres ( 14 – 18 in ) , and weighing 70 – 80 grams ( 2 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 8 oz ) . Male , female and juvenile birds all have similar plumage : grey on the back and tail and on the breast , and otherwise white underneath , with white scalloping on the nape and hind @-@ neck and on the breast ; off @-@ white forehead and ; a black band over the crown , bright orange @-@ yellow bill and a distinctive patch of yellow skin behind the eye ; a prominent white tip to the tail ; a narrow olive @-@ yellow panel in the folded wing ; and orange @-@ yellow legs and feet . A juvenile can be distinguished by softer plumage , a brownish tinge to the black on its head and the grey on its back , and a duller , greyish @-@ yellow skin patch behind the eye . - The noisy miner is similar in appearance to the yellow @-@ throated miner and the black @-@ eared miner ; it has a dull white forehead and a black crown , while the others have grey heads . - - = = = = Geographical variations = = = = - - Size variation in the noisy miner over its range follows Bergmann 's rule ; namely , birds tend to be larger where the climate is colder . Adults from central @-@ eastern and northern Queensland tend to have little or no olive @-@ yellow edging to the feathers of the back and wings , and have a wider white fringe on the feathers of the hind @-@ neck and back , giving birds from Queensland the appearance of having more distinctive scalloping than other populations . Wing length generally increases with latitude and M. leachi has shorter wings than the nominate race , although no significant difference in wing length was found in a study of populations north of 30 ° S and south of the Murray River . The subspecies leachi also has finer scalloping on the hind @-@ neck than the nominate race , a more intense yellow tinge to the wing panels , and a slightly broader off @-@ white tip to the tail . - The far north Queensland subspecies has a shorter tail , paler crown , larger yellow skin patch , and paler upper parts without the yellow @-@ olive of the nominate race ; and , found in western New South Wales , is smaller than the nominate race with a black crown , and darker more mottled upperparts . - - = = = = = = - - As the common name suggests , the noisy miner is an unusually vocal species . Previously known as the garrulous honeyeater , it has a large and varied repertoire of songs , calls , and alarms . Most are loud and penetrating , and consist of harsh single notes . It has two broad @-@ frequency alarm calls that are used when mobbing intruders into their territory , or when predators ( including humans ) are sighted ; and a narrow @-@ frequency alarm call that is primarily used when airborne predators are seen , such as the brown falcon ( Falco ) , or other large flying birds including the Australian ( ) and the ( ) . The aerial predator alarm call is a series of high @-@ pitched , whistling notes . The broad @-@ frequency alarm calls are a series of ' ' notes , low pitched and harsh , occurring at low and high levels of intensity . The narrow @-@ band call is used in situations where the bird signals the presence of a predator and information about its own location , while the broad @-@ band alarm is used to attract attention , and can initiate mobbing behaviour . These calls vary between individuals , and laboratory tests show noisy miners can distinguish calls by different birds . Hence , this may be integral to the complex social structure of the species . - Contact or social calls are low @-@ pitched sounds that carry long distances . ' ' calls are given by individual birds when foraging , and a similar call is given by nestlings that call at an increased rate as the mother approaches the nest . Where there is a high level of social activity , such as during territorial disputes with , calls are a series of quick , regular , single notes . The noisy miner has a mating display flight song , a soft of low @-@ frequency notes , given during short undulating flights by the male , and responded to by the female with a low @-@ frequency whistle . The noisy miner is found in open woodland habitats , where it is an advantage to call from the air so as to overcome sound . Another display call , described as ' yammer ' , is a rapid series of notes that is uttered during open @-@ bill , wing @-@ waving displays . The noisy miner has a song described as the ' dawn song ' — a communal song of clear notes emitted in chorus in the early hours of the morning from May through January . The dawn song , which is also sung at dusk , is audible over long distances and features duets that often involve . - A nestling begins to give the ' chip ' call soon after it emerges from the egg , and it calls frequently for the first two thirds of the nestling period and constantly for the last third . The call does not vary in the presence of an adult at the nest , so it seems likely that the call is not directed at the adult bird . The nestling becomes silent when an adult gives an alarm call , and makes a sound when the adult delivers food . The call of a fledgling is similar to the call of the nestling , but significantly louder and covering a greater frequency range ( which may make it more directional ) . The rate of calling , on average , is 85 to 100 calls in a minute , and in open scrub the call can be heard up to a kilometre away . , a juvenile vocalization comprising elements of various calls , begins to be uttered when the fledgling is around thirty days old . - The noisy miner also produces non @-@ vocal sounds by clicking or snapping its bill , usually during antagonistic encounters with other bird species , or when mobbing a predator . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The noisy miner is endemic to eastern and south @-@ eastern Australia , occupying a broad arc from Far North Queensland where there are scattered populations , to New South Wales where it is widespread and common from the coast to a line from to , through Victoria into south @-@ eastern South Australia , and eastern Tasmania . Its range in South Australia has been steadily expanding since it was first recorded near Adelaide in the early 1890s . It is sedentary over its entire range . The noisy miner is territorial , and the territory of a colony is aggressively defended — which has led to a significant reduction in avian diversity in areas occupied by the noisy miner , with smaller species excluded . - The noisy miner primarily inhabits dry , open eucalypt forests without understory shrubs . It is commonly found in open forests , including those on coastal dunes or granite ; forests dominated by spotted gum on mountain ridges and exposed slopes ; box and ironbark forests on the foothills of the Great Range ; mixed forests of eucalypts and ( ) ; forests dominated by , , , or bush ; in stands of and scattered clumps of ; on the edges of woodlands of river red gum including swamp woodlands bordering floodplains , and areas dominated by exotic species such as European ash and . It regularly inhabits degraded patches of forest where the understory has been cleared , including recently burned areas , and modified habitats such as lightly @-@ farming and grazing areas , roadside reserves , remnants in towns and cities , and suburban parks and gardens with trees and grass but without dense shrubbery . - The noisy miner has benefited from the thinning of woodland on rural properties , heavy grazing that removes the understory , fragmentation of woodland that increases the percentage of edge habitat , and urban practices that increase open eucalypt environments . It has been described as a ' reverse keystone ' species , as it is an ever @-@ increasing range of human @-@ dominated habitats , and aggressively excluding smaller bird species from urban environments . This phenomenon has been also observed in rural areas . A field study across the South West of New South Wales , showed that the noisy miner 's presence corresponded with reduced numbers of insectivorous birds such as , , the restless ( ) , and other honeyeater species , and that this decrease was most marked in sites with better access to water and nutrients . While it has been hypothesized that the proliferation of large @-@ flowering grevillea has contributed to the abundance of noisy miners , recent research has identified the proliferation of lightly treed open areas , and the presence of eucalypt species as the most significant factors in the population increase . Large @-@ grevillea hybrids such as ' Robyn Gordon ' can benefit the noisy miner , in that an abundance of resources is usually dominated by larger aggressive honeyeaters , and a continuous nectar source could provide an advantage for the non @-@ migratory species . A field study in box @-@ ironbark country in central Victoria found miner numbers were correlated with the occurrence of yellow gum ( Eucalyptus ) , which reliably produces flowers ( and nectar ) each year . The abundance of the noisy miner is primarily determined by habitat structure . - While the range of the noisy miner has not significantly expanded , the density of the population within that range has substantially increased . High densities of noisy miners are regularly recorded in forests with thick understory in southern Queensland , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) or more from the forest / agricultural land edge . Many of these sites have extensive road networks used for forest management , and picnic areas and walking tracks for recreational use , and it has been found that these cleared spaces play a role in the abundance of noisy miners in the forests . There is evidence to suggest that higher road densities correspond with higher noisy miner population levels . Field work in Victoria showed noisy miners infiltrated anywhere from 150 to 300 m ( 490 to 980 ft ) into remnant woodland from the edges , with greater penetration occurring in less densely forested areas . This has implications for the size of woodland habitat needed to contain miner @-@ free areas — around 36 hectares ( 89 acres ) . projects restoring woodland , a species of she @-@ oak integral to the survival of the red @-@ tailed black ( ) , have been with a nurse species , usually fast @-@ growing eucalypts . Noisy miner populations were more likely in those woodlands where eucalypts had been planted at densities of up to 16 per hectare ( 6 @.@ 4 per acre ) . The presence of noisy miners was accompanied by a substantial difference in number and types of other birds found in the woodland . - - = = Behaviour = = - - - = = = Social organization = = = - - The noisy miner is a gregarious species , and the birds are rarely seen singly or in ; they forage , move and roost in colonies that can consist of several hundred birds - Within a colony , a male bird will occupy an ' activity space ' , which will overlap with the activity spaces of other males . Males with overlapping activity spaces form associations called ' coteries ' , usually consisting of 10 to 25 birds . are the most stable unit within the colony . The birds also form temporary flocks when engaged in the same activity . These flocks , called ' coalitions ' , usually comprise five to eight birds , although coalitions of up to 40 birds can occur when mobbing a potential predator . of the coalition changes frequently as individuals leave the group as it passes beyond the boundary of their activity space , or the activity ends or changes , as when the breeding season begins . Females use activity spaces that overlap with those of male birds , but not other females , so that females will join coalitions with males in their area , but only rarely will there be more than one female in the coalition . The exclusivity of female activity spaces leads to young females being driven out of the colony in which they were born , and also makes it difficult for them to gain a place in a new colony . A study of banded nestlings that survived in one colony until the next breeding season , found that they were all male birds , suggesting that all female nestlings had died or left the colony . Emigration of males does not seem to occur until the population density of the colony reaches a critical level . - Looking after the young is communal , with males of the coterie bringing food to the nestlings and removing sacs . Communal feeding increases after fledging , when males from nearby coteries may even bring food to the young birds if not driven off . is usually communal , with two to six adults and juveniles roosting in contact with each other , usually near the end of a hanging branch up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) above ground , within their activity space . They select a new site each evening , often selecting and rejecting several sites , and engaging in aggressive calling and chasing as other birds attempt to join the group . They are often the last birds to roost at night , but appear to sleep soundly , undisturbed by . Noisy miners drink together at the edge of lakes and dams , and from cattle troughs , often on a submerged branch . They bathe by diving head first into water and , when almost totally submerged , flapping their wings vigorously and their heads under the water . They shake excess water off and then fly to a nearby branch to . They have been observed using or @-@ soaked foliage to bathe , and in dry weather will dust @-@ bathe in dry soil or fine litter such as grass . is communal , with birds stimulated to participate by observing others . They are occasionally observed . - - = = = = behaviour = = = = - - The noisy miner engages in most activities in a group . , foraging , , bathing and dust @-@ bathing or are communal activities . Dawn song is a communal chorus , particularly during the breeding season . The communal interaction is facilitated by ritualised displays that have been categorised as flight displays , postural displays , and facial displays . In ' long flight ' displays , initiated by either male or female birds , groups of up to twenty birds from more than one coterie fly about 40 metres ( 130 ft ) above the canopy for distances of up to 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) from the colony , constantly calling and not returning to the colony for about twenty minutes . As they return the remaining birds show signs of agitation , and sometimes fly up to join them . The ' short flight ' display is performed by the male , and may be analogous to the territorial advertising displays of other birds . In a ritualised movement , the noisy miner flies out from a perch across an open area , in a rhythmic undulating pattern , usually calling in flight . At the end of the clearing it turns on an upward and flies silently back to a perch near the starting point . The ' head @-@ up flight ' is performed by the female during the nesting period , and may function to attract male helpers . In its most intense form the body and tail are held almost vertically , with legs dangling and the head held up and back . It is performed by the female when she is selecting the nest site , and when carrying nest @-@ building material , and probably has the function of indicating the location of the nest to other group members . - displays include tall and low poses , pointing , open bill , and wing waving . The ' tall posture ' is used when in close contact with another bird and is a mild threat . The bird holds itself upright with neck and legs stretched , and it faces the other bird . The ' low posture ' is a submissive gesture ; the bird sits low on the perch with legs obscured by feathers and often faces away from the other bird . Fledglings threatened by adult birds will adopt a low posture and open their bill widely . ' Pointing ' is a threat display where the bird stretches out horizontally , with feathers and the bill pointed at the target of the aggression . A bill snap will sometimes accompany pointing . An ' open bill display ' is used by subordinates in encounters between two birds , and by a female on the nest when other birds approach . The ' trident bill display ' involves a fully open bill with the tongue raised and protruding and is a higher @-@ intensity submissive display . ' Wing waving ' is often performed at the same time as an open bill display . The wings are and held slightly away from the body , and out and up around three to six times . Wing waving may be accompanied by a yammer call . ' Eagle ' displays involve holding the wings and tail spread out , in either a vertical or horizontal position . - Eye displays are made by exposing or covering the bare yellow patch behind the eye — when the feathers are completely the entire patch is visible , and when they are the patch is hidden . Eye displays are used in conjunction with postural displays , with the yellow patch fully displayed by dominant birds using threat , and immature birds tending to reduce the size of the eye patch when under attack from other members of the coterie . - On occasion early in the breeding season , mass displays erupt , where twenty or thirty birds perform the various wing @-@ spreading displays , short flights , and constant calling . birds are attacked by others , and groups of silent but agitated birds watch the interactions . Mass displays are more common in the early morning , can last for up to 40 minutes , and seem to be a combination of sexual and agonistic behaviour . - A ' corroboree ' ( from the word for a ceremonial meeting of Aboriginal Australians ) is a group display where birds converge on adjacent branches and simultaneously pose , giving wing @-@ waving and open @-@ bill displays and the yammer call . A corroboree occurs when birds meet after a change in the social environment , such as a bird returning after an absence , or the of an intruder , or the coming together of different coteries . The corroboree appears to have a bonding function , and may involve all members of a colony . - - = = = = behaviour = = = = - - Described as " always at war with others of the feathered kind " in early notes , the noisy miner is one of the most aggressive of the honeyeaters . Much of the activity within a noisy miner colony is antagonistic with chasing , pecking , fighting , scolding , and mobbing occurring frequently throughout the day . The birds unite to attack predators and to defend the colony area against all other species of birds ; the species is also highly aggressive . - Female noisy miners are aggressive towards each other , and one cause of a male @-@ biased sex @-@ ratio in colonies may be the females ' greater intolerance for each other , driving out of the colony and preventing the immigration of new females . at the nest is common between males . Adult males begin attacking juveniles when they are around 11 weeks old , and attackers can include males that previously cared for the fledgling . Adult females are less aggressive towards young birds , although mothers do occasionally attack their own offspring , and has been recorded . There is little male to female aggression other than the ' driving flights ' that form part of the mating ritual . In direct attacks of young birds are directed at the eye patch . behaviour has been observed among nestlings , with aggression intensifying after fledging and at times resulting in the death of a sibling . - The noisy miner colony to mob inter @-@ specific intruders and predators . The noisy miner will approach the threat closely and point , expose eye patches , and often bill @-@ snap . Five to fifteen birds will fly around the intruder , some birds diving at it and either pulling away or striking the intruder . The mobbing continues until the intruder remains still , as with a tawny ( ) , or it leaves the area . of snakes and is particularly intense , and most species of bird , even non @-@ predators , entering the territory are immediately chased . The noisy miner has been recorded attacking an Australian @-@ ( ) during the day , , , ducks and on lakes at the edge of territories , crested pigeons ( ) , , and rosellas . Non @-@ predatory mammals such as bats , cattle , sheep , and are also attacked , though less vigorously than birds . - Noisy miner attacks are not limited to chasing the intruder , and aggressive incidents often result in the death of the . Reports include those of two noisy miners repeatedly pecking a house sparrow ( ) at the base of its skull and killing it in six minutes ; one noisy miner grasping a ( ) by the wing while another it on the head until it died ; and a sacred ( ) being chased and harassed for over five hours and then found dead with a fractured skull . - - = = = = Response to threats = = = = - - Noisy miners make louder alarm calls in sections of urban environments , such as main roads . The most common initial response to alarm calls is to stay in the area and scan for threats , rather than withdraw . A study conducted in Melbourne and a nearby rural area found that noisy miners in urban areas were less likely to take flight , and when they did they flew shorter distances . It is unclear whether this is an adaptation or bolder miners had been the ones to settle in the city . A field study in Canberra found that superb ( ) that lived in areas frequented by noisy miners recognised miner alarm calls and took flight , and had learnt to ignore their non @-@ alarm calls , while those that live in areas not frequented by noisy miners did not respond to miner alarm calls . This suggests the species has adapted and learnt to discriminate and respond to another species ' . - - = = = Feeding = = = - - The noisy miner primarily eats nectar , fruit and insects , and occasionally it feeds on small reptiles or amphibians . It is both and terrestrial , feeding in the canopy of trees and on trunks and branches and on the ground . It within the colony 's territory throughout the year , usually in groups of five to eight birds although hundreds may gather at a stand of flowering trees such as banksia . The noisy miner collects nectar directly from flowers , hanging upside down or thin branches to access the nectar ; it takes fruit from trees or fallen on the ground ; or hawks for invertebrates ; and picks through leaf litter for insects . It has been recorded turning over the dried droppings of ( ) and eastern grey ( ) searching for insects . - In a study of birds foraging in suburban gardens , the noisy miner was seen to spend more time in banksia , grevillea and eucalypt species , and when in flower , , than in other plants including . Most time was spent the foliage of eucalypts , and noisy miners were significantly more abundant in sites where eucalypts were present . The noisy miner can meet most of its nutritional needs from manna , and gathered from the foliage of eucalypts . Lower numbers of noisy miner were recorded at and than other large honeyeaters such as little ( ) and red ( ) . - Detailed studies of the diet of the noisy miner record it eating a range of foods including : spiders ; insects ( leaf beetles , , bugs , ants , moth and butterfly larvae ) ; nectar ( from , , , , , eucalypts Argyle , sugar gum , yellow gum , grey ironbark , and grey gum , Banksia , B. , B. , , G. , G. , G. , G. , and flowering ) ; seeds from oats , wheat and tree ; fruit from , mistletoe and ; frogs and ; and other matter such as bread , pieces of meat and cheese , and food scraps . - In the first study to demonstrate different learning techniques in a single species , the noisy miner was found to employ different cognitive strategies depending upon the resource it was foraging . When searching for nectar , which does not move but is readily depleted , the noisy miner uses a spatial memory @-@ based strategy , identifying characteristics of the environment — a strategy that is efficient in new environments and is not affected by changes in the bird 's activities . When searching for invertebrates , it appears to employ a different strategy based on learned rules of insect movement ( they improve at finding invertebrates with practice ) . The two different strategies imply the existence of adapted cognitive mechanisms , capable of responding appropriately to different foraging contexts . - - = = = Breeding = = = - - The noisy miner does not use a stereotyped courtship display ; displays can involve ' driving ' where the male jumps or flies at the female from 1 – 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) away , and if she moves away he pursues her aggressively . The female may perform a ' bowed @-@ wing display ' where the wings and tail are spread and , with the wings arched and the head pointing down . The male may adopt a vertical or horizontal ' eagle display ' with wings and tail spread wide and held still for several seconds . Copulation is frequent and conspicuous , with both males and females with several birds , while other members of the colony display or otherwise interfere with the mating pair . Copulation usually occurs on larger , exposed branches close to the nest site and can occur at any time of the day , although slightly more often between 11 : 00 and 13 : 00 when communal activities are less frequent . The frenzied courtship activity had led to speculation that the female mates to recruit males to help care for the young , but recent genetic testing shows that 96 @.@ 5 % of noisy miner broods result from monogamous mating and that multiple paternity is rare . An observation of banded birds noted that while females repeatedly , it was always with the same male . switching between broods is uncommon , with pairs staying together over several years . - The noisy miner breeds all year long , with most activity from July through November , though the peak period is subject to seasonal variations with sharp peaks in laying activity when conditions are particularly favourable for raising young . The nest is built in prickly or leafy trees , and the noisy miner is often recorded nesting in eucalypts , and also in , , Banksia , , Hibiscus , mistletoe , , , and . It seems to prefer moderately dense foliage for nesting , often near the end of horizontal branches . Support for the nest may be the primary criterion of a suitable nest site , rather than characteristics of the vegetation or location . The female alone builds the nest , which is deep and cup @-@ shaped , woven of twigs and grasses with other plant material , animal hair and spider . Occasionally the nest will include man @-@ made materials such as , scraps of material , and tissue paper . It is lined with wool , hair , feathers , flowers or plant down , and padded with a circular mat woven from fibres pulled from the of the processional . The female noisy miner walks around on the ground close to the nest site , picking up material . She material from disused nests of other birds , or its most recent nest to build a new one . The female completes the nest in five or six days . On average nests have an external diameter of 15 – 17 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 – 7 @.@ 0 in ) and an external depth of 9 – 11 @.@ 4 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 in ) . The internal depth of the nest is around 5 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) . - vary greatly in size , shape and markings , but are generally elongated ; white to cream or pinkish or buff coloured ; , spotted or blotched with reddish brown to chestnut or a purplish red , sometimes with underlying markings of violet or purplish grey . The clutch consists of two to four eggs . Incubation is by the female only , and the incubation period is around sixteen days . is , with up to six days being recorded between the hatching of the first and last chicks in a clutch . Young are naked at hatching , and develop a cover of down within two to three days . The fledging period is around sixteen days , and young begin to find food for themselves between twenty @-@ six and thirty days after fledging , but are still regularly fed by adults to thirty @-@ five days . The young leave the nest before they are fully fledged , and only able to fly downwards , and scramble up . They do not go far from the nest , return to it at night , and take some weeks to completely leave the nest . Many fledglings are found on the ground and in low shrubs during this period , where they continue to be cared for until they can make their way up into the trees . These birds are often mistakenly " rescued " . The fledglings seek out siblings if separated , and together for up to three weeks after fledging . - The noisy miner has some of the largest group sizes of any breeding bird , with up to twenty males and one female attending a single brood . Only males help with a nest , and while many birds may be associated with a particular brood , some males devote all their time to a single nest , while others spread their helping efforts across five or six nests . evidence and genetic testing indicate that helpers are male offspring of the breeding pair , or full siblings of the male parent . Males nearly always bring food to the nestling singly , and if several arrive at once one will pass food to a nestling while the others wait . The female leaves the nest quickly when a male bird arrives , and never takes food from one of the helpers . Communal feeding of the young increases after fledging , and the young beg for food with constant ' chip chip ' calls and mouths . The female rarely feeds the young birds after they have fledged . - - = = = = Nest predation = = = = - - Cooperative breeding has been described as a strategy for decreasing nest predation , although one study found no relationship between the number of helpers visiting a nest site and its success or failure . Noisy miners were seen to have a range of strategies to increase their breeding success including multiple broods , laying eggs early in the season , nesting low in the canopy and group mobbing of predators ; these measures did not guarantee against nest failure due to the diversity of potential predators in the noisy miner 's open woodland habitat . - - = = Conservation status = = - - Being abundant throughout its significant range , the noisy miner is considered of least concern for conservation , and its extreme population densities in some areas actually constitute a threat to other species . The strong correlation between the presence of noisy miners and the absence of avian diversity has been well documented . The role played by the noisy miner in the steep decline of many woodland birds , its impact on endangered species with similar foraging requirements , and the level of leaf damage leading to die @-@ back that accompanies the exclusion of insectivorous birds from remnant woodlands , means that any strategy to restore avian diversity will need to take account of the management of noisy miner populations . Some habitat restoration and projects have inadvertently increased the problem of the noisy miner by establishing the open eucalypt habit that they prefer . A focus of many regeneration projects has been the establishing of habitat corridors that connect patches of remnant forest , and the use of eucalypts as fast @-@ growing nurse species . Both practices have sound ecological value , but allow the noisy miner to , so conservation efforts are being modified by planting a shrubby understory with the eucalypts , and avoiding the creation of narrow , corners or clumps of trees in vegetation corridors . A field study conducted in the Southern Highlands found that noisy miners tended to avoid areas dominated by , species of which in the study area had leaves . Hence the authors proposed projects include at least 15 % species with leaves if possible , as well as shrubby understory plants . - of noisy miners is unlikely to be a solution to their overabundance in remnant habitats . In a Victorian study where birds were banded and relocated , colonies moved into the now unpopulated area but soon returned to their original territories . The birds did not settle in a new territory . They were not assimilated into resident populations of miners , but instead wandered up to 4 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 6 mi ) from the release point , moving through apparently suitable habitat occupied by other miners — at least for the first 50 days following translocation . Two birds with radio tracking devices travelled 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) back to their site of capture . Although noisy miners are protected across Australia , and a permit is required to them , culling has been proposed as the most humane and practical method of reducing their impact , particularly where combined with rehabilitation of the habitat to suit a wider variety of bird life . An took place on private rural property over 1991 and 1992 , which reportedly resulted in an increase in species diversity . - - - = Principe Amedeo @-@ class ironclad = - - The Principe Amedeo class was a pair of ironclad warships built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1870s and 1880s . They were the culmination of a major naval construction program designed to give Italy a powerful fleet of ironclads . The two ships , Principe Amedeo and Palestro , were the last Italian ironclads to feature sailing rigs and wooden hulls . They were armed with a battery of six 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns and were capable of a speed in excess of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The ships had uneventful careers , spending much of it in Italy 's colonial empire . By the late 1880s , they were withdrawn from service and employed in secondary roles , first as headquarters ships for harbor defenses . Principe Amedeo was converted into a depot ship in 1895 and was discarded in 1910 , while Palestro was used as a training ship from 1894 to 1900 before being scrapped in 1902 – 04 . - - = = Design = = - - In 1862 , the Italian government under Prime Minister and his naval minister Carlo di made the decision to build a fleet of ironclad warships . The Italian fleet had already acquired a pair of small , French @-@ built armored frigates of the class , and two more vessels of the Re d 'Italia class had been ordered from the United States . Five more ironclads were ordered from foreign shipyards , three wooden steam frigates already under construction were converted into armored ships , and four more ironclads were ordered from Italian shipyards . The two Principe Amedeo @-@ class ships were the last two of this first generation of Italian ironclads . The design for Principe Amedeo was prepared by Inspector Engineer Giuseppe De Luca . He had initially planned on using entirely wooden hulls for the ships , but had changed to composite wood and iron construction by the time the ships were laid down . - - = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = - - The two ships differed slightly in size . Principe Amedeo was 79 @.@ 73 meters ( 261 @.@ 6 ft ) long between , while Palestro was 78 @.@ 82 m ( 258 @.@ 6 ft ) long . Principe Amedeo had a beam of 17 @.@ 4 m ( 57 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 9 m ( 26 ft ) ; Palestro 's beam measured 17 @.@ 3 m ( 57 ft ) , and she had a draft of 8 m ( 26 ft ) . Both ships displaced 5 @,@ 761 metric tons ( 5 @,@ long tons ; 6 @,@ 350 short tons ) normally , but Principe Amedeo displaced 6 @,@ 020 t ( 5 @,@ 920 long tons ; 6 @,@ 640 short tons ) at full load and Palestro reached 3 @,@ 218 t ( 3 @,@ 167 long tons ; 3 @,@ short tons ) . They had a crew of officers and men . - The ships ' propulsion system consisted of one single @-@ expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal @-@ fired , cylindrical fire @-@ tube boilers . The boilers were into a single funnel . The lead ship 's engine produced a top speed of 12 @.@ 2 knots ( 22 @.@ 6 km / h ; 14 @.@ 0 mph ) at 6 @,@ 117 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ kW ) , while Palestro made 12 @.@ 85 kn ( 23 @.@ 80 km / h ; 14 @.@ 79 mph ) at the same horsepower . They could steam for 1 @,@ 780 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 050 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ships were barque @-@ rigged to supplement the steam engine ; Principe Amedeo and her sister were the last rigged ironclad to be built by Italy . The ships ' sail area were 36 @,@ 738 square feet ( 3 @,@ @.@ 1 m2 ) for Principe Amedeo and 37 @,@ 361 sq ft ( 3 @,@ @.@ 0 m2 ) for Palestro . - - = = = Armament and armor = = = - - Palestro and Principe Amedeo were both armed with a main battery of six 10 in ( 254 mm ) guns , though they were mounted differently in each ship . Principe Amedeo carried hers in a single armored casemate located amidships , while Palestro 's guns were mounted in three armored casemates . The first was located forward , toward the bow , the second and third were placed close to the stern on each side of the ship . Both ships also carried an 11 in ( 279 mm ) gun that was mounted forward as a bow . Later in her career , Principe Amedeo received a secondary battery of six 2 @.@ 9 in ( 74 mm ) guns and six machine guns , along with two torpedo tubes . - The two ships were protected by iron belt armor that was 8 @.@ 7 in ( 221 mm ) thick and extended for the entire length of the hull . The casemates were protected with 5 @.@ 5 in ( 140 mm ) of iron plating , and the small conning tower had 2 @.@ 4 in ( 61 mm ) thick iron plates . - - = = Ships = = - - - = = Service history = = - - Neither ship had a particularly eventful career . They were completed too late to take part in the final stages of the wars of Italian unification . Instead , they were assigned to the Italian colonial empire , with occasional in the main Italian fleet . In 1880 , Palestro took part in a naval demonstration off in an attempt to force the Ottoman Empire to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Berlin and turn over the town of to Montenegro . The following year , Principe Amedeo was involved in a collision with the ironclad during a hurricane , though neither ship was damaged . - In the late 1880s , both ships were withdrawn from service and employed as headquarters ships for the defense of Taranto — Principe Amedeo — and La — Palestro . Principe Amedeo was stricken from the naval register in 1895 and used as an ammunition depot ship in Taranto until 1910 , when she was sold for scrap . Palestro was employed as a training ship between 1894 and 1900 , when she too was stricken from the register . She was broken up between 1902 and 1904 . - - - = Cell nucleus = - - In cell biology , the nucleus ( nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or , meaning ) is a membrane @-@ enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others have many . - Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression — the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . - Because the nuclear membrane is to large molecules , nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane @-@ bound sub compartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub @-@ nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best @-@ known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . - - = = History = = - - The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early van ( 1632 – 1723 ) . He observed a " " , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . - The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an area , which he called the " " or " nucleus " , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . - He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name " " ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around " " . Franz was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de , by the " " or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( " e " ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . - Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar published several studies on the fertilization of sea eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a " " , a mass of primordial ( " " ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . - - = = Structures = = - - The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( µm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The liquid within it is called nucleoplasm , and is similar in composition to the found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . - - = = = Nuclear envelope and pores = = = - - The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough ( ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the space and is continuous with the . - Nuclear pores , which provide channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as . The pores are about 125 million in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water @-@ soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an @-@ ring @-@ shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . - Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use proteins . hormones such as and , as well as other small @-@ soluble molecules involved in signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of ligand , many such receptors function as that gene expression . - - = = = Nuclear lamina = = = - - In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . - The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . found on the face of the membrane , such as and , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . structures that make up the veil , such as , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein @-@ coding genes . - Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin contains an alpha @-@ helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an arrangement , to form a called a . Eight of these form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a filament . These filaments can be assembled or in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . - in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as . The most notable is the family of diseases known as , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . - - = = = = = = - - The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA @-@ protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well @-@ defined chromosomes familiar from a . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . - There are two types of chromatin . is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as and . During interphase the chromatin itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . - Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , , have been associated with a number of diseases , such as systemic lupus . These are known as anti @-@ nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple as part of general immune system . As in the case of , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of diseases is not obvious . - - = = = = = = - - The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in of nucleolar structures . - In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre @-@ rRNA precursor . This is into the subunits , , and rRNA . The transcription , post @-@ transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( ) molecules , some of which are derived from introns from messenger encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . - When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost centers ( ) , surrounded by the dense component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the component ( ) . of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC @-@ DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the . - - = = = Other subnuclear bodies = = = - - Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non @-@ membrane @-@ delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , interphase association ( ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional . - Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small rods has been reported in some cases of . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other proteins . - - = = = = Cajal bodies and gems = = = = - - A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0 @.@ 2 µm and 2 @.@ 0 µm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( ) and small nuclear RNA ( ) maturation , and mRNA modification . - Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close " twin " relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ( ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor ( SMN ) whose function relates to . Gems are believed to assist CBs in , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . - - = = = = and domains = = = = - - domains , or interphase associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( ) . - - = = = = PML bodies = = = = - - leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 0 µm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ) , bodies , and PML domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill @-@ defined super @-@ structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever @-@ growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be . Yet , / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) cannot assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are for most basic biological functions . - - = = = = speckles = = = = - - are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre @-@ messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence @-@ microscope level they appear as irregular , structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA @-@ protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene @-@ expression machinery splicing and other splicing proteins necessary for pre @-@ mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin clusters ( ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian nuclei and in embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron of the amphibian nuclei . function as storage sites for the splicing factors . - - = = = = = = = = - - Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in cells , where there are generally 10 – 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the " para " is short for parallel and the " speckles " refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . - are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA II transcription , the disappears and all of its associated protein components ( , , , ( m ) 68 , and ) form a crescent shaped cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for . During , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA II transcription so the protein components instead form a cap . - - = = = = fibrils = = = = - - fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre @-@ mRNA processing . - - = = Function = = - - The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . - The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . - - = = = Cell compartmentalization = = = - - The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose @-@ 6 @-@ phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of @-@ 6 @-@ phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose @-@ 6 @-@ phosphate , a regulator protein removes to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . - In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF @-@ κB @-@ controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule @-@ α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF @-@ κB . A nuclear signal on the NF @-@ κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . - The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of mRNA . mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( ) mRNA , resulting in and proteins . - - = = = Gene expression = = = - - Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . - Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include , which the double @-@ stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA , which synthesize the growing RNA molecule , , which change the amount of in DNA , helping it wind and , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . - - = = = of pre @-@ mRNA = = = - - Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre @-@ mRNA . They must undergo post @-@ transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre @-@ mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous particles ( ) . of the 5 ' cap occurs co @-@ and is the first step in post @-@ transcriptional modification . The 3 ' @-@ tail is only added after transcription is complete . - RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre @-@ mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re @-@ form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre @-@ , including those encoding antibodies , can be in multiple ways to produce different mature that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . - - = = and regulation = = - - - = = = Nuclear transport = = = - - The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . " " proteins that must be from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by , enzymes that the molecule to release energy . The key in nuclear transport is , which can bind either or GDP ( ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . - Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . - export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post @-@ transcriptional modification is complete . This quality @-@ control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . @-@ expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis @-@ incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . - - = = = Assembly and disassembly = = = - - During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus — the envelope and lamina — can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some eukaryotes ( e.g. , ) undergo so @-@ called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the spindle , and new nuclei around them . - At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in and until around , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also , a process regulated by of the lamins by protein such as the protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by the lamins . - However , in , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so @-@ called closed mitosis with spindle ) . In many other ( e.g. , , ) and fungi , the centrosomes are , and their nuclear envelope also does not during cell division . - is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic called , which the lamin proteins and , thus , the nucleus ' structural integrity . cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . that express mutant @-@ resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . of lamin assembly itself is an of apoptosis . - The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . - - = = = Disease @-@ related dynamics = = = - - Initially , it has been suspected that in general and in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under conditions ( e.g. lupus ) can enter the nucleus . - - = = per cell = = - - Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . - - = = = cells = = = - - An cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best @-@ known cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . mature through in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an to a , which is the immediate precursor of the mature . The presence of may induce the release of some immature " " into the bloodstream . cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . - In flowering plants , this condition occurs in tube elements . - - = = = Multinucleated cells = = = - - Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most species of and some fungi in have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called and , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows intracellular space for . Multinucleated and cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . - A number of are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the and the other from a symbiotic . the and the of the remain functional . - - = = Evolution = = - - As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . - The first model known as the " model " proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus @-@ containing eukaryotic cell . ( of the and domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and , which are thought to have developed from a similar relationship between proto @-@ eukaryotes and bacteria . The origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that are , can form multicellular complexes , and possess and G proteins similar to , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . - A second model proposes that proto @-@ eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an stage . This model is based on the existence of modern bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a @-@ like cell , the , evolved first and archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . - The most controversial model , known as viral , posits that the membrane @-@ bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( histones to viral ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with to form an early cellular " predator " . Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA in modern and eukaryotes . It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral hypothesis . - A more recent proposal , the hypothesis , suggests that the nucleus instead originated from a single ancestral cell that evolved a second exterior cell membrane ; the interior membrane enclosing the original cell then became the nuclear membrane and evolved increasingly elaborate pore structures for passage of internally synthesized cellular components such as ribosomal subunits . - - = = Gallery = = - - - - = Until the Whole World Hears = - - Until the Whole World Hears is the fourth studio album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Released on November 27 , 2009 , the album was produced by Mark . A Miller and features a sound that has been described as ' pure American rock ' , ' soft adult contemporary ' , and ' CCM ' . Lyrically , the album discusses Christian subjects such as God , Jesus , and salvation , with several songs being of classic hymns . Until the Whole World Hears sold over 167 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , Casting Crowns ' highest sales week to date , and debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart . In the United States , the album ranked as the 37th best @-@ selling album of 2010 and the best @-@ selling album of 2011 ; it ranked as the first and third best @-@ selling Christian album in those years , respectively . It has sold over 1 @.@ 1 million copies and been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . - Until the Whole World Hears received a mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reception from critics and was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards . Three singles were released from the album : the title track , " If We 've Ever Needed You " , and " Glorious Day ( Living He Loved Me ) " . The title track and " Glorious Day ( Living He Loved Me ) " both peaked atop the Billboard Christian Songs chart , while the latter also peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart ; " If We 've Ever Needed You " peaked at No. 5 on the Christian Songs chart . Two album cuts , " To Know You " and " Joyful , Joyful " , also appeared on the Christian Songs chart , peaking at numbers 27 and 3 , respectively . - - = = Background and songwriting = = - - Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall has stated that the band 's songs " have always come from our ministry in the church . They start as messages on Wednesday night , things we 're teaching our teenagers and their families " ; Until the Whole World Hears retains that same formula . Hall also stated that the musical sound of their songs is written so as not to conflict or from the lyrics , comparing the musical elements of his songs to a plate that the ' meat ' , the lyrics , are served on . A philosophy that " fuels " the album is the idea of putting " faith in action " ; Hall stated that he wanted to become more active in their faith , and to " get out of their pews and get involved in what God is doing " . " Always Enough " was written when a member of Hall 's church was killed in Afghanistan ; the band was unable to attend his funeral , as they were on the other side of the United States and couldn 't cancel their tour dates . Another song on the album , the title track , was inspired by the Biblical character of John the Baptist . Several songs on the album are of hymns , which Hall enjoyed experimenting with ; Hall retained the lyrics of the songs while reworking their melodies . - Until the Whole World Hears was produced by Mark A. Miller ; its executive producer was Terry . It was recorded by Sam Hewitt , Michael Hewitt , and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee ; the string instrument tracks on the title track and " Always Enough " were recorded by Bobby Shin at Little Big Sound Studio in Nashville , Tennessee , while the string instrument tracks on " If We 've Ever Needed You " and " Joyful , Joyful " were recorded by John Painter and Leslie Richter at Ocean Way in Nashville . vocals on the title track and " Blessed Redeemer " were recorded by Carter , Darren Hughes and Billy Lord at Eagle 's Landing Baptist Church in McDonough , Georgia . Digital editing was handled by Michael Hewitt , while mixing was handled by Sam Hewitt . The album was mastered by Andrew , Shelly Anderson , and Daniel at Georgetown Masters in Nashville . - - = = Composition = = - - The overall sound of Until the Whole World Hears has been described as ' pure American rock ' , ' soft adult contemporary ' , and ' CCM ' . Robert Ham of Christianity Today regarded the album as comparable to the sound of rock bands Creed and Nickelback . One critic observed that most of the songs on the album " start off with chords out on a piano or slowly on a guitar , letting the song build slowly toward a massive wave of sound " . The title track has been described as having a " real rock vibe " infused by electric guitar riffs , while " Shadow of Your Wings " has been described as an " rock @-@ n @-@ roll jam " . " Joyful , Joyful " is driven by a " " and " driving " string section that " calls to mind Coldplay 's ' Viva la Vida ' " . " Mercy " and " Blessed Redeemer " feature female @-@ fronted vocals , the former sung by Megan Garrett and the latter sung by ; on " At Your Feet " , Hector and Juan joining Mark Hall on vocals . - Every track on Until the Whole World Hears features references to Christian subjects such as God , Jesus , and salvation . " Joyful , Joyful " , " Blessed Redeemer " , and " Glorious Day ( Living He Loved Me ) " were adopted from classic hymns . " Holy One " and " Shadow of Your Wings " are taken almost word for word from the Book of . " If We 've Ever Needed You " and " Always Enough " are " darker inspirational anthems " , while other songs explore themes such as repentance and forgiveness . - - = = Release and sales = = - - Until the Whole World Hears had first @-@ week sales of 167 @,@ 000 copies , Casting Crowns ' best sales week to date ; the album 's high first @-@ week sales enabled a No. 4 debut on the Billboard 200 . It also debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and at No. 12 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album Platinum , signifying shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . By April 2011 Until the Whole World Hears had sold over 800 @,@ 000 copies , and as of March 2014 the album has sold 1 @.@ 1 million copies . Billboard magazine ranked Until the Whole World Hears as the best @-@ selling Christian album and the 37th best @-@ selling album overall of 2010 . It also ranked as the 3rd best @-@ selling Christian album and the best @-@ selling album overall of 2011 . - Three singles were released from Until the Whole World Hears . The title track was released as the album 's lead single and peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Songs chart and at No. 23 on the Billboard Heatseekers Songs chart . " If We 've Ever Needed You " , the second single released from the album , peaked at No. 5 on the Christian Songs chart . " Glorious Day ( Living He Loved Me ) " was released as the third single off the album and peaked atop the Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at No. 2 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and at No. 20 on the Heatseekers Songs chart . Two other songs off the album , " To Know You " and " Joyful , Joyful " , appeared on the Christian Songs chart ; they peaked at numbers 27 and 3 , respectively . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Until the Whole World Hears met with an overall mixed to positive response from critics . Several critics regarded the musical aspects of the album as mediocre or sub @-@ par , while others praised the album 's lyrical content . Johnson of Allmusic gave the album four out of five stars and described it as a " powerful worship experience " , but also stated that " some might wonder how a little more variety would sound from such experienced professionals ... the band 's core sound continues to land in the AC cross hairs " . Andrew Greer of CCM Magazine commented that the album " ups the musical a bit , with some borderline poetic verses and interesting musical riffs " , but also commented that " many of these tracks still suffer from the ' Crowns , ' using lyrical Christian @-@ to produce rhymes that seem hard @-@ pressed to a ready @-@ to @-@ worship crowd " . Robert Ham of Christianity Today criticized the album for using what he deemed as a repetitive musical formula , but also praised the song " Joyful , Joyful " , which he compared to Coldplay 's song " Viva la Vida " , as well as Megan 's Garrett 's vocals on " Mercy " . He concluded that Until the Whole World Hears " feels like a step backward creatively " . At Cross Rhythms , Tony Cummings rated the album seven out of ten squares , saying " this album is a little disappointing considering some of the that [ sic ] it . " - of Gospel Music said the album " follows successfully in the footsteps of its predecessors " and " should further solidify Casting Crowns as a staple artist for Christian music fans everywhere " . Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak gave Until the Whole World Hears two out of five stars , opining that " Casting Crowns has come down to a whole new low , such that it could be their most unremarkable record to date " and that " it is almost insulting to the listener to believe that one is supposed to find this project profound or " . Paul of In stated that " With appropriate to the many talented and successful acts that the secular and spiritual with their tunes , it 's great to have a band that speaks to the Christian heart with such power and — without apology " . - - = = = Awards and accolades = = = - - Until the Whole World Hears was nominated for the Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards Two of its three singles also received award nominations ; its title track was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Record Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards , and " Glorious Day ( Living He Loved Me ) " has been nominated for Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year at the 43rd GMA Dove Awards . It was nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards . - - = = Track listing = = - - ( Credits lifted from the album liner notes ) - - = = Personnel = = - - ( Credits lifted from the album liner notes ) - - = = Charts and certifications = = - - - = = = Album charts = = = - - - = = = Song charts = = = - - - = = = Certifications = = = - - | - - - = Ceres ( dwarf planet ) = - - Ceres ( / / ; minor @-@ planet designation : 1 Ceres ) is the largest object in the asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Its diameter is approximately kilometers ( miles ) , making it the largest of the minor planets within the orbit of Neptune . The thirty @-@ third @-@ largest known body in the Solar System , it is the only one identified orbiting entirely within the orbit of Neptune that is a dwarf planet . of rock and ice , Ceres is estimated to comprise approximately one third of the mass of the entire asteroid belt . Ceres is the only object in the asteroid belt known to be rounded by its own gravity . From Earth , the apparent magnitude of Ceres ranges from 6 @.@ 7 to 9 @.@ 3 , and hence even at its brightest , it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye , except under extremely dark skies . - Ceres was the first asteroid discovered , by Giuseppe Piazzi at Palermo on 1 January 1801 . It was originally considered a planet , but was reclassified as an asteroid in the 1850s when many other objects in similar orbits were discovered . - Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle , and may have a remnant internal ocean of liquid water under the layer of ice . The surface is probably a mixture of water ice and various hydrated minerals such as carbonates and clay . In January 2014 , emissions of water vapor were detected from several regions of Ceres . This was unexpected , because large bodies in the asteroid belt do not typically emit vapor , a hallmark of comets . - The robotic NASA spacecraft Dawn entered orbit around Ceres on 6 March 2015 . Pictures with a resolution previously were taken during imaging sessions starting in January 2015 as Dawn approached Ceres , showing a surface . Two distinct bright spots ( or high @-@ albedo features ) inside a crater ( different from the bright spots observed in earlier Hubble images ) were seen in a 19 February 2015 image , leading to speculation about a possible origin or outgassing . On 3 March 2015 , a NASA spokesperson said the spots are consistent with highly reflective materials containing ice or salts , but that is unlikely . On 11 May 2015 , NASA released a higher @-@ resolution image showing that , instead of one or two spots , there are actually several . On 9 December 2015 , NASA scientists reported that the bright spots on Ceres may be related to a type of salt , particularly a form of containing magnesium sulfate ( · ) ; the spots were also found to be associated with ammonia @-@ rich . In June 2016 , near @-@ infrared spectra of these bright areas were found to be consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate , ( Na - - 3 ) , implying that recent geologic activity was probably involved in the creation of the bright spots . - In October 2015 , NASA released a true color portrait of Ceres made by Dawn . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Discovery = = = - - Johann Bode , in 1772 , first suggested that an planet could exist between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Kepler had already noticed the gap between Mars and Jupiter in 1596 . Bode based his idea on the Titius – Bode law — a now @-@ discredited hypothesis Johann Daniel Titius first proposed in 1766 — observing that there was a regular pattern in the semi @-@ major axes of the orbits of known planets , marred only by the large gap between Mars and Jupiter . The pattern predicted that the missing planet ought to have an orbit with a semi @-@ major axis near 2 @.@ 8 astronomical units ( AU ) . William Herschel 's discovery of in near the predicted distance for the next body beyond Saturn increased faith in the law of Titius and Bode , and in 1800 , a group headed by Franz von Zach , editor of the , sent requests to twenty @-@ four experienced astronomers ( dubbed the " celestial police " ) , asking that they combine their efforts and begin a methodical search for the expected planet . Although they did not discover Ceres , they later found several large asteroids . - One of the astronomers selected for the search was Giuseppe Piazzi , a Catholic priest at the Academy of Palermo , Sicily . Before receiving his invitation to join the group , Piazzi discovered Ceres on 1 January 1801 . He was searching for " the 87th [ star ] of the of the stars of Mr la " , but found that " it was preceded by another " . Instead of a star , Piazzi had found a moving star @-@ like object , which he first thought was a comet . Piazzi observed Ceres a total of 24 times , the final time on 11 February 1801 , when illness interrupted his observations . He announced his discovery on 24 January 1801 in letters to only two fellow astronomers , his compatriot of Milan and Bode of Berlin . He reported it as a comet but " since its movement is so slow and rather uniform , it has occurred to me several times that it might be something better than a comet " . In April , Piazzi sent his complete observations to , Bode , and Jérôme Lalande in Paris . The information was published in the September 1801 issue of the . - By this time , the apparent position of Ceres had changed ( mostly due to Earth 's orbital motion ) , and was too close to the Sun 's for other astronomers to confirm Piazzi 's observations . Toward the end of the year , Ceres should have been visible again , but after such a long time it was difficult to predict its exact position . To recover Ceres , Carl Friedrich , then 24 years old , developed an efficient method of orbit determination . In only a few weeks , he predicted the path of Ceres and sent his results to von Zach . On 31 December 1801 , von Zach and Heinrich W. M. found Ceres near the predicted position and thus recovered it . - The early observers were only able to calculate the size of Ceres to within an order of magnitude . Herschel underestimated its diameter as 260 km in 1802 , whereas in 1811 Johann Schröter it as 2 @,@ km . - - = = = Name = = = - - Piazzi originally suggested the name for his discovery , after the goddess Ceres ( Roman goddess of agriculture , in Italian , who was believed to have originated in Sicily and whose oldest temple was there ) and King Ferdinand of Sicily . " " , however , was not acceptable to other nations and was dropped . Ceres was called for a short time in Germany . In Greece , it is called ( ) , after the Greek equivalent of the Roman ; in English , that name is used for the asteroid 1108 . - The regular forms of the name are Cererian and , derived from the Latin genitive , but is occasionally seen for the goddess ( as in the sickle @-@ shaped Lake ) , as is the shorter form . - The old astronomical symbol of Ceres is a sickle , 〈 〉 ( ) , similar to Venus ' symbol 〈 〉 but with a break in the circle . It has a variant 〈 〉 , reversed under the influence of the initial letter ' C ' of ' Ceres ' . These were later replaced with the generic asteroid symbol of a numbered disk , 〈 〉 . - , a rare @-@ earth element discovered in 1803 , was named after Ceres . In the same year another element was also initially named after Ceres , but when cerium was named , its changed the name to , after the second asteroid , 2 Pallas . - - = = = Classification = = = - - The categorization of Ceres has changed more than once and has been the subject of some disagreement . Johann Bode believed Ceres to be the " missing planet " he had proposed to exist between Mars and Jupiter , at a distance of million km ( 2 @.@ 8 AU ) from the Sun . Ceres was assigned a planetary symbol , and remained listed as a planet in astronomy books and tables ( along with 2 Pallas , 3 Juno , and 4 Vesta ) for half a century . - As other objects were discovered in the neighborhood of Ceres , it was realized that Ceres represented the first of a new class of objects . In 1802 , with the discovery of 2 Pallas , William Herschel coined the term asteroid ( " star @-@ like " ) for these bodies , writing that " they resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them , even by very good telescopes " . As the first such body to be discovered , Ceres was given the designation 1 Ceres under the modern system of minor @-@ planet designations . By the 1860s , the existence of a fundamental difference between asteroids such as Ceres and the major planets was widely accepted , though a precise definition of " planet " was never formulated . - The 2006 debate surrounding Pluto and what constitutes a planet led to Ceres being considered for as a planet . A proposal before the International Astronomical Union for the definition of a planet would have defined a planet as " a celestial body that ( a ) has sufficient mass for its self @-@ gravity to overcome rigid @-@ body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium ( nearly round ) shape , and ( b ) is in orbit around a star , and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet " . Had this resolution been adopted , it would have made Ceres the fifth planet in order from the Sun . This never happened , however , and on 24 August 2006 a modified definition was adopted , carrying the additional requirement that a planet must have " cleared the neighborhood around its orbit " . By this definition , Ceres is not a planet because it does not dominate its orbit , sharing it as it does with the thousands of other asteroids in the asteroid belt and constituting only about a third of the mass of the belt . that met the first proposed definition but not the second , such as Ceres , were instead classified as dwarf planets . - Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt . It is sometimes assumed that Ceres has been reclassified as a dwarf planet , and that it is therefore no longer considered an asteroid . For example , a news update at spoke of " Pallas , the largest asteroid , and Ceres , the dwarf planet formerly classified as an asteroid " , whereas an IAU question @-@ and @-@ answer posting states , " Ceres is ( or now we can say it was ) the largest asteroid " , though it then speaks of " other asteroids " crossing Ceres ' path and otherwise implies that Ceres is still considered an asteroid . The Minor Planet Center notes that such bodies may have dual designations . The 2006 IAU decision that classified Ceres as a dwarf planet never addressed whether it is or is not an asteroid . Indeed , the IAU has never defined the word ' asteroid ' at all , having preferred the term ' minor planet ' until 2006 , and preferring the terms ' small Solar System body ' and ' dwarf planet ' after 2006 . Lang ( 2011 ) comments " the [ IAU has ] added a new designation to Ceres , classifying it as a dwarf planet . ... By [ its ] definition , , , and Pluto , as well as the largest asteroid , 1 Ceres , are all dwarf planets " , and describes it elsewhere as " the dwarf planet – asteroid 1 Ceres " . NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid , as do various academic textbooks . - - = = = = - - Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter , within the asteroid belt , with a period of 4 @.@ 6 Earth years . The orbit is moderately inclined ( i - = 10 @.@ 6 ° compared to 7 ° for Mercury and 17 ° for Pluto ) and moderately eccentric ( e = - 0 @.@ 08 compared to 0 @.@ 09 for Mars ) . - The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres ( blue ) and several planets ( white and gray ) . The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors , and the orange plus sign is the Sun 's location . The top left diagram is a polar view that shows the location of Ceres in the gap between Mars and Jupiter . The top right is a close @-@ up demonstrating the locations of the ( q ) and ( Q ) of Ceres and Mars . In this diagram ( but not in general ) , the perihelion of Mars is on the opposite side of the Sun from those of Ceres and several of the large main @-@ belt asteroids , including 2 Pallas and 10 . The bottom diagram is a side view showing the inclination of the orbit of Ceres compared to the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . - Ceres was once thought to be a member of an asteroid family . The asteroids of this family share similar proper orbital elements , which may indicate a common origin through an asteroid collision some time in the past . Ceres was later found to have spectral properties different from other members of the family , which is now called the Gefion family after the next @-@ lowest @-@ numbered family member , Gefion . Ceres appears to be merely an in the Gefion family , having similar orbital elements but not a common origin . - - = = = = = = - - Ceres is in a near @-@ 1 : 1 mean @-@ motion orbital resonance with Pallas ( their proper orbital periods differ by 0 @.@ 2 % ) . However , a true resonance between the two would be unlikely ; due to their small masses relative to their large , such relationships among asteroids are very rare . Nevertheless , Ceres is able to capture other asteroids into temporary 1 : 1 orbital relationships ( making them temporary ) for periods up to 2 million years or more ; fifty such objects have been identified . - - = = = Transits of planets from Ceres = = = - - Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars can all appear to cross the Sun , or transit it , from a point on Ceres . The most common transits are those of Mercury , which usually happen every few years , most recently in 2006 and 2010 . The most recent transit of Venus was in 1953 , and the next will be in ; the corresponding dates are 1814 and for transits of Earth , and 767 and for transits of Mars . - - = = and axial tilt = = - - The rotation period of Ceres ( the Cererian day ) is 9 hours and 4 minutes . It has a small axial tilt of 4 ° . This is nevertheless large enough for Ceres 's polar regions to contain permanently shadowed craters that are expected to act as cold traps and accumulate water ice over time , similar to the situation on the Moon and Mercury . About 0 @.@ 14 % of water molecules released from the surface are expected to end up in the traps , hopping an average of 3 times before escaping or being trapped . - - = = Geology = = - - Ceres has a mass of 9 @.@ 39 × kg as determined from the Dawn spacecraft . With this mass Ceres comprises approximately a third of the estimated total 3 @.@ 0 ± 0 @.@ 2 × kg mass of the asteroid belt , which is in turn approximately 4 % of the mass of the Moon . Ceres is massive enough to give it a nearly spherical , equilibrium shape . Among Solar System bodies , Ceres is intermediate in size between the smaller Vesta and the larger . Its surface area is approximately the same as the land area of India or Argentina . - - = = = Surface = = = - - The surface composition of Ceres is broadly similar to that of C @-@ type asteroids . Some differences do exist . The ubiquitous features in Ceres ' IR spectrum are those of hydrated materials , which indicate the presence of significant amounts of water in its interior . Other possible surface constituents include iron @-@ rich clay minerals ( ) and carbonate minerals ( and ) , which are common minerals in meteorites . The spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals are usually absent in the spectra of other C @-@ type asteroids . Sometimes Ceres is classified as a G @-@ type asteroid . - Ceres ' surface is relatively warm . The maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K ( approximately − 38 ° C , − 36 ° F ) on 5 May 1991 . Ice is unstable at this temperature . Material left behind by the sublimation of surface ice could explain the dark surface of Ceres compared to the icy moons of the outer Solar System . - - = = = = Observations prior to Dawn = = = = - - Prior to the Dawn mission , only a few surface features had been unambiguously detected on Ceres . High @-@ resolution ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope images taken in 1995 showed a dark spot on its surface , which was nicknamed " Piazzi " in honor of the of Ceres . This was thought to be a crater . Later near @-@ infrared images with a higher resolution taken over a whole rotation with the Keck telescope using adaptive optics showed several bright and dark features moving with Ceres ' rotation . Two dark features had circular shapes and were presumed to be craters ; one of them was observed to have a bright central region , whereas another was identified as the " Piazzi " feature . Visible @-@ light Hubble Space Telescope images of a full rotation taken in 2003 and 2004 showed eleven recognizable surface features , the natures of which were then undetermined . One of these features corresponds to the " Piazzi " feature observed earlier . - These last observations indicated that the north pole of Ceres pointed in the direction of right ascension 19 h 24 ( 291 ° ) , declination + 59 ° , in the constellation , resulting in an axial tilt of approximately 3 ° . Dawn later determined that the north polar axis actually points at right ascension 19 h 25 m 40 @.@ 3 s ( 291 @.@ ° ) , declination + 66 ° 45 ' 50 " ( about 1 @.@ 5 degrees from Delta ) , which means an axial tilt of 4 ° . - - = = = = Observations by Dawn = = = = - - Dawn revealed a large number of craters with low relief , indicating that they lie over a relatively soft surface , probably of water ice . One crater , with extremely low relief , is 270 km ( 170 mi ) in diameter , reminiscent of large , flat craters on and . An unexpectedly large number of Cererian craters have central pits , and many have central peaks . Several bright spots have been observed by Dawn , the brightest spot ( " Spot 5 " ) located in the middle of an 80 @-@ kilometer ( 50 mi ) crater called . From images taken of Ceres on 4 May 2015 , the secondary bright spot was revealed to actually be a group of scattered bright areas , possibly as many as ten . These bright features have an albedo of approximately 40 % that are caused by a substance on the surface , possibly ice or salts , reflecting sunlight . A haze periodically appears above Spot 5 , the best known bright spot , supporting the hypothesis that some sort of outgassing or ice formed the bright spots . In March 2016 , Dawn found definitive evidence of water molecules on the surface of Ceres at crater . states : " This water could be bound up in minerals or , alternatively , it could take the form of ice . " - On 9 December 2015 , NASA scientists reported that the bright spots on Ceres may be related to a type of salt , particularly a form of containing magnesium sulfate ( · ) ; the spots were also found to be associated with ammonia @-@ rich . Another team thinks the salts are sodium carbonate . - - = = = Internal structure = = = - - Ceres ' is consistent with a differentiated body , a rocky core with an icy mantle . This 100 @-@ kilometer @-@ thick mantle ( 23 % – 28 % of Ceres by mass ; 50 % by volume ) contains up to 200 million cubic kilometers of water , which would be more than the amount of fresh water on Earth . This result is supported by the observations made by the Keck telescope in 2002 and by evolutionary modeling . Also , some characteristics of its surface and history ( such as its distance from the Sun , which weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low @-@ freezing @-@ point components to be incorporated during its formation ) , point to the presence of volatile materials in the interior of Ceres . It has been suggested that a remnant layer of liquid water may have survived to the present under a layer of ice . Measurements taken by Dawn confirm that Ceres is both differentiated and has a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium , which makes Ceres the smallest object confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium , being 600 km smaller and less than half the mass of Saturn 's moon Rhea , the next smallest such object . has suggested Ceres could have a small metallic core from partial differentiation of its rocky fraction . - - = = = = - - There are indications that Ceres may have a tenuous water vapor atmosphere outgassing from water ice on the surface . - Surface water ice is unstable at distances less than 5 AU from the Sun , so it is expected to sublime if it is exposed directly to solar radiation . Water ice can migrate from the deep layers of Ceres to the surface , but escapes in a very short time . As a result , it is difficult to detect water . Water escaping from polar regions of Ceres was possibly observed in the early 1990s but this has not been unambiguously demonstrated . It may be possible to detect escaping water from the surroundings of a fresh impact crater or from cracks in the subsurface layers of Ceres . observations by the spacecraft detected statistically significant amounts of hydroxide ions near Ceres ' north pole , which is a product of water vapor by ultraviolet solar radiation . - In early 2014 , using data from the Herschel Space Observatory , it was discovered that there are several localized ( not more than 60 km in diameter ) mid @-@ latitude sources of water vapor on Ceres , which each give off approximately molecules ( or 3 kg ) of water per second . Two potential source regions , designated Piazzi ( 123 ° E , 21 ° N ) and Region A ( 231 ° E , 23 ° N ) , have been visualized in the near infrared as dark areas ( Region A also has a bright center ) by the W. M. Keck Observatory . Possible mechanisms for the vapor release are sublimation from approximately 0 @.@ 6 km2 of exposed surface ice , or eruptions resulting from internal heat or from of a subsurface ocean due to growth of an layer of ice . Surface sublimation would be expected to be lower when Ceres is farther from the Sun in its orbit , whereas internally powered emissions should not be affected by its orbital position . The limited data available are more consistent with @-@ style sublimation . - - = = Origin and evolution = = - - Ceres is possibly a surviving ( planetary embryo ) , which formed 4 @.@ 57 billion years ago in the asteroid belt . Although the majority of inner Solar System ( including all to Mars @-@ sized bodies ) either merged with other to form terrestrial planets or were ejected from the Solar System by Jupiter , Ceres is thought to have survived relatively intact . An alternative theory proposes that Ceres formed in the belt and later migrated to the asteroid belt . The discovery of ammonia salts in crater supports an origin in the outer Solar System . Another possible , Vesta , is less than half the size of Ceres ; it suffered a major impact after , losing ~ 1 % of its mass . - The geological evolution of Ceres was dependent on the heat sources available during and after its formation : friction from , and decay of various ( possibly including short @-@ lived isotopes such as the aluminium @-@ 26 ) . These are thought to have been sufficient to allow Ceres to differentiate into a rocky core and icy mantle soon after its formation . This process may have caused resurfacing by water and , older geological features . Due to its small size , Ceres would have cooled early in its existence , causing all geological resurfacing processes to cease . Any ice on the surface would have gradually , leaving behind various hydrated minerals like clay minerals and carbonates . - Today , Ceres appears to be a inactive body , with a surface sculpted only by impacts . The presence of significant amounts of water ice in its composition raises the possibility that Ceres has or had a layer of liquid water in its interior . This hypothetical layer is often called an ocean . If such a layer of liquid water exists , it is hypothesized to be located between the rocky core and ice mantle like that of the theorized ocean on Europa . The existence of an ocean is more likely if ( i.e. salts ) , ammonia , sulfuric acid or other compounds are dissolved in the water . - - = = Potential = = - - Although not as actively discussed as a potential home for extraterrestrial life as Mars , Titan , Europa or , there is evidence that Ceres ' icy mantle was once a watery subterranean ocean , and that has led to speculations that life could have existed there , and that hypothesized bearing microorganisms could have come from Ceres to Earth . - - = = Observation and exploration = = - - - = = = Observation = = = - - When Ceres has an opposition near the perihelion , it can reach a visual magnitude of + 6 @.@ 7 . This is generally regarded as too dim to be seen with the naked eye , but under exceptional viewing conditions a very sharp @-@ sighted person may be able to see it . Ceres was at its brightest ( 6 @.@ 73 ) on 18 December 2012 . The only other asteroids that can reach a similarly bright magnitude are 4 Vesta , and , during rare near perihelion , 2 Pallas and 7 . At a conjunction Ceres has a magnitude of around + 9 @.@ 3 , which corresponds to the faintest objects visible with 10 × 50 . It can thus be seen with whenever it is above the horizon of a fully dark sky . - Some notable observations and milestones for Ceres include : - 1984 November 13 : An of a star by Ceres observed in Mexico , Florida and across the Caribbean . - 1995 June 25 : Hubble Space Telescope images with 50 @-@ kilometer resolution . - 2002 : images with 30 km resolution taken with the Keck telescope using adaptive optics . - 2003 and 2004 : Visible light images with 30 km resolution ( the best prior to the Dawn mission ) taken using Hubble . - 2012 December 22 : Ceres the star 1865 @-@ @-@ 1 over parts of Japan , Russia , and China . Ceres ' brightness was magnitude 6 @.@ 9 and the star , 12 @.@ 2 . - 2014 : Ceres was found to have an atmosphere with water vapor , confirmed by the Herschel space telescope . - 2015 : The NASA Dawn spacecraft approached and orbited Ceres , sending detailed images and scientific data back to Earth . - - = = = Exploration = = = - - In 1981 , a proposal for an asteroid mission was submitted to the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Named the Gravity Optical and Radar Analysis ( ) , this spacecraft was to launch some time in 1990 – 1994 and perform two flybys of large asteroids . The preferred target for this mission was Vesta . would reach the asteroid belt either by a gravitational trajectory past Mars or by means of a small ion engine . However , the proposal was refused by ESA . A joint NASA – ESA asteroid mission was then drawn up for a Multiple Orbiter with Solar Electric ( ) , with one of the mission including an orbit of Vesta . NASA indicated they were not interested in an asteroid mission . Instead , ESA set up a technological study of a spacecraft with an ion drive . Other missions to the asteroid belt were proposed in the 1980s by France , Germany , Italy , and the United States , but none were approved . Exploration of Ceres by fly @-@ by and impacting was the second main target of the second plan of the Soviet Vesta mission , developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991 – 1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding . - In the early 1990s , NASA initiated the Discovery Program , which was intended to be a series of low @-@ cost scientific missions . In 1996 , the program 's study team recommended as a high priority a mission to explore the asteroid belt using a spacecraft with an ion engine . Funding for this program remained problematic for several years , but by 2004 the Dawn vehicle had passed its critical design review . - It was launched on 27 September 2007 , as the space mission to make the first visits to both Vesta and Ceres . On 3 May 2011 , Dawn acquired its first targeting image 1 @.@ 2 million kilometers from Vesta . After orbiting Vesta for 13 months , Dawn used its ion engine to depart for Ceres , with gravitational capture occurring on 6 March 2015 at a separation of 61 @,@ 000 km , four months prior to the New Horizons flyby of Pluto . - Dawn 's mission profile calls for it to study Ceres from a series of circular polar orbits at successively lower altitudes . It entered its first orbit ( " " ) around Ceres at an altitude of 13 @,@ 500 km on 23 April 2015 , staying for only approximately one orbit ( fifteen days ) . The spacecraft will subsequently reduce its orbital distance to 4 @,@ 400 km for its second orbit ( " survey " ) for three weeks , then down to 1 @,@ 470 km ( " " ) for two months and then down to its final orbit at 375 km ( " " ) for at least three months . The spacecraft instrumentation includes a framing camera , a visual and infrared , and a gamma @-@ ray and neutron detector . These instruments will examine Ceres ' shape and elemental composition . On 13 January 2015 , Dawn took the first images of Ceres at near @-@ Hubble resolution , revealing impact craters and a small high @-@ albedo spot on the surface , near the same location as that observed previously . Additional imaging sessions , at increasingly better resolution took place on 25 January , 4 , 12 , 19 , and 25 February , 1 March , and 10 and 15 April . - Dawn 's arrival in a stable orbit around Ceres was delayed after , close to reaching Ceres , it was hit by a cosmic ray , making it take another , longer route around Ceres in back , instead of a direct spiral towards it . - The Chinese Space Agency is designing a sample mission from Ceres that would take place during the . - - = = Maps = = - - - = = = Map of = = = - - The following of the dwarf planet Ceres is divided into 15 . They are named after the first craters whose names the IAU approved in July 2015 . The map image ( s ) were taken by the Dawn space probe . - - = = Gallery = = - - - = = = True @-@ color images = = = - - - = = = = = = - - - - = Skye = - - Skye , or the Isle of Skye ( / / ; Scottish Gaelic : An t @-@ Eilean Sgitheanach or Eilean a ' Cheò ) , is the largest and most northerly major island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland . The island 's peninsulas radiate from a mountainous centre dominated by the , the rocky slopes of which provide some of the most dramatic mountain scenery in the country . Although it has been suggested that the Gaelic Sgitheanach describes a winged shape there is no definitive agreement as to the name 's origins . - The island has been occupied since the Mesolithic period and its history includes a time of Norse rule and a long period of domination by Clan MacLeod and Clan Donald . The 18th @-@ century led to the breaking up of the clan system and subsequent Clearances that replaced entire communities with sheep farms , some of which also involved forced to distant lands . numbers declined from over 20 @,@ 000 in the early 19th century to just under 9 @,@ 000 by the closing decade of the 20th century . Skye 's population increased by 4 per cent between 1991 and 2001 . About a third of the residents were Gaelic speakers in 2001 , and although their numbers are in decline this aspect of island culture remains important . - The main industries are tourism , agriculture , fishing and forestry . Skye is part of the Highland Council local government area . The island 's largest settlement is Portree , known for its picturesque harbour . There are links to various nearby islands by ferry and , since 1995 , to the mainland by a road bridge . The climate is mild , wet and . The abundant wildlife includes the golden eagle , red deer and Atlantic salmon . The local flora is dominated by moor , and there are nationally important invertebrate populations on the surrounding sea bed . Skye has provided the locations for various novels and feature films and is celebrated in poetry and song . - - = = Etymology = = - - The first written references to the island are Roman sources such as the , which refers to and , which can be found on a map by Ptolemy . One possible derivation comes from , an early Celtic word for winged , which may describe how the island 's peninsulas radiate out from a mountainous centre . Subsequent , and English @-@ speaking peoples have influenced the history of Skye ; the relationships between their names for the island are not straightforward . Various etymologies have been proposed , such as the " winged isle " or " the notched isle " but no definitive solution has been found to date and the may be from an earlier , non @-@ Gaelic language . - In the Norse Skye is called , for example in the saga and a poem in the from c . 1230 contains a line that translates as " the hunger battle @-@ birds were filled in Skye with blood of killed " . The island was also referred to by the Norse as ( isle ) , or ( isle of cloud ) . The traditional Gaelic name is An t @-@ Eilean Sgitheanach ( the island of Skye ) , An t @-@ Eilean being a more recent and less common spelling . In 1549 Donald Munro , High Dean of the Isles , wrote of " Sky " : " This Ile is in Irish , that is to say in the Ile , be reason it has and it , throw the dividing of . " but the meaning of this Gaelic name is unclear . - Eilean a ' Cheò , which means island of the mist ( a translation of the Norse name ) , is a poetic Gaelic name for the island . - - = = Geography = = - - At 1 @,@ 656 square kilometres ( 639 sq mi ) , Skye is the second @-@ largest island in Scotland after Lewis and Harris . The coastline of Skye is a series of peninsulas and bays radiating out from a centre dominated by the Cuillin hills ( Gaelic : An ) . Malcolm suggested that its shape " sticks out of the west coast of northern Scotland like a lobster 's claw ready to snap at the fish bone of Harris and Lewis " and W. H. Murray , commenting on its irregular coastline , stated that " Skye is sixty miles [ 100 km ] long , but what might be its breadth is beyond the ingenuity of man to state " . Martin Martin , a native of the island , reported on it at length in a 1703 publication . His geological observations included a note that : - There are black and white , resembling silver ore , near the village : there are likewise in the same place several stones , which in , shape , & c . , resemble , and many here afford stones of all colours . The near Loch @-@ has growing in it of different sizes and colours ; some are green on the outside , some are of a pale sky colour , and they all strike fire as well as flint : I have one of them by me , which for shape and is proper for a sword handle . Stones of a purple colour flow down the here after great rains . - The Black Cuillin , which are mainly composed of basalt and , include twelve and provide some of the most dramatic and challenging mountain terrain in Scotland . The ascent of a ' is one of the longest rock climbs in Britain and the is the only peak in Scotland that requires technical climbing skills to reach the summit . These hills make demands of the hill that exceed any others found in Scotland and a full traverse of the Cuillin ridge may take 15 – 20 hours . The Red Hills ( Gaelic : Am ) to the south are also known as the Red Cuillin . They are mainly composed of granite that has weathered into more rounded hills with many long slopes on their flanks . The highest point of these hills is , one of only two on Skye . - The northern peninsula of Trotternish is by basalt , which provides relatively rich soils and a variety of unusual rock features . The Rock is named after the @-@ like patterns in the 105 metres ( 344 ft ) cliffs . The is a spectacular series of rock pinnacles on the eastern side of the main spine of the peninsula and further south is the rock pillar of the Old Man of . - Beyond Loch to the west of Trotternish is the Waternish peninsula , which ends in Point 's double rock arch . Duirinish is separated from Waternish by Loch Dunvegan , which contains the island of . The is ringed by sea cliffs that reach 295 metres ( ft ) at Head . provides good arable land in the main valley . and and the island of lie between Duirinish and Minginish , which includes the narrower of and Glen and whose beaches are formed from black sands . Strathaird is a relatively small peninsula close to the Cuillin hills with only a few crofting communities , the island of lies offshore . The bedrock of Sleat in the south is sandstone , which produces poor soils and ground , although its lower elevations and relatively sheltered eastern shores enable a lush growth of and crops . The islands of Raasay , , and all lie to the north and east between Skye and the mainland . - - = = = Towns and villages = = = - - Portree in the north at the base of Trotternish is the largest settlement ( estimated population 2 @,@ 264 in 2011 ) and is the main service centre on the island . Broadford , the location of the island 's only airstrip , is on the east side of the island and Dunvegan in the north @-@ west is well known for its castle and the nearby Three restaurant . The 18th @-@ century Stein Inn on the Waternish coast is the oldest pub on Skye . is linked to Kyle of Lochalsh on the mainland by the Skye Bridge , which spans the of Loch . Uig , the port for ferries to the Outer Hebrides , is on the west of the Trotternish peninsula and is between Dunvegan and Portree . Much of the rest of the population lives in crofting townships scattered around the coastline . - - = = = Climate = = = - - The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream create a mild oceanic climate . Temperatures are generally cool , averaging 6 @.@ 5 ° C ( 43 @.@ 7 ° F ) in January and 15 @.@ 4 ° C ( 59 @.@ 7 ° F ) in July at in Trotternish . Snow seldom lies at sea level and are less frequent than on the mainland . Winds are a limiting factor for vegetation . South @-@ westerlies are the most common and speeds of 128 km / h ( 80 mph ) have been recorded . High winds are especially likely on the exposed coasts of Trotternish and Waternish . In common with most islands of the west coast of Scotland , rainfall is generally high at 1 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 59 – 79 in ) per annum and the elevated Cuillin are wetter still . Variations can be considerable , with the north tending to be drier than the south . Broadford , for example , averages more than 2 @,@ mm ( 113 in ) of rain per annum . Trotternish typically has 200 hours of bright sunshine in May , the month . On 28 December 2015 , the temperature reached 15 ° C , beating the previous December record of 12 @.@ 9 ° C , set in 2013 . On 9 May 2016 , a temperature of 26 @.@ 7 ° C ( 80 @.@ 1 ° F ) was recorded at in the south @-@ east of the island . - - = = History = = - - - = = = = = = - - A Mesolithic hunter @-@ gatherer site dating to the 7th millennium BC at An Corran in is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Scotland . Its occupation is probably linked to that of the rock shelter at Sand , , on the mainland coast of Ross where tools made of a from An Corran have been found . of the area between the two shores of the Inner Sound and Sound of Raasay have revealed 33 sites with potentially Mesolithic deposits . Finds of on the foreshore at on the west coast of the island near Dunvegan also suggest Mesolithic occupation . These tools probably originate from the nearby island of Rum . - an , an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin , has a variety of archaeological sites dating from the Neolithic onwards . There is a 2nd or 3rd millennium BC chambered , an Iron Age promontory fort and the remains of other prehistoric settlement dating from the Bronze Age nearby . Loch na h @-@ on the peninsula is linked to the sea by an artificial " Viking " canal that may date from the later period of Norse settlement . Dun is a ruined Iron Age hill fort on the Strathaird peninsula , which was further fortified in the Middle Ages and may have become the seat of Clan . - - = = = Early history = = = - - The late Iron Age inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably Pictish , although the historical record is sparse . Three Pictish symbol stones have been found on Skye and a fourth on Raasay . More is known of the kingdom of Dál Riata to the south ; 's life of Columba , written shortly before 697 , portrays the saint visiting Skye ( where he baptised a pagan leader using an interpreter ) and himself is thought to have been familiar with the island . The Irish annals record a number of events on Skye in the later 7th and early 8th centuries – mainly concerning the struggles between rival dynasties that formed the background to the Old Irish language romance meic . - The Norse held sway throughout the Hebrides from the 9th century until after the Treaty of Perth in . However , apart from placenames , little remains of their presence on Skye in the written or archaeological record . Apart from the name " Skye " itself , all pre @-@ Norse placenames seem to have been obliterated by the Scandinavian settlers . Viking heritage is claimed by Clan MacLeod and Norse tradition is celebrated in the winter fire festival at Dunvegan , during which a replica Viking long boat is set . - - = = = and Scottish rule = = = - - The most powerful clans on Skye in the post – Norse period were Clan MacLeod , originally based in Trotternish , and Clan Macdonald of Sleat . Following the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles , the also emerged as an independent clan , whose substantial in Skye were centred on Strathaird . Clan also have a long association with Trotternish , and in the 16th century many of the clan moved to Sleat . The of South Uist were bitter rivals of the , and an attempt by the former to murder church @-@ at in retaliation for a previous massacre on , resulted in the Battle of the of . - After the failure of the rebellion of , Flora MacDonald became famous for rescuing Prince Charles Edward Stuart from the troops . Although she was born on South Uist her story is strongly associated with their escape via Skye and she is buried at Kilmuir in Trotternish . Samuel Johnson and James Boswell 's visit to Skye in 1773 and their meeting with Flora MacDonald in Kilmuir is recorded in Boswell 's The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides . Boswell wrote , " To see Dr. Samuel Johnson , the great champion of the English , salute Miss Flora MacDonald in the isle of Sky , [ sic ] was a striking sight ; for though somewhat in their notions , it was very they should meet here " . Johnson 's words that Flora MacDonald was " A name that will be mentioned in history , and if courage and fidelity be virtues , mentioned with honour " are written on her gravestone . After this rebellion the clan system was broken up and Skye became a series of landed estates . - Of the island in general , Johnson observed : - I never was in any house of the islands , where I did not find books in more languages than one , if I long enough to want them , except one from which the family was removed . Literature is not neglected by the higher rank of the . It need not , I suppose , be mentioned , that in countries so little frequented as the islands , there are no houses where travellers are entertained for money . He that wanders about these , either recommendations to those whose lie near his way , or , when night and weariness come upon him , takes the chance of general hospitality . If he finds only a cottage he can expect little more than shelter ; for the have little more for themselves but if his good fortune brings him to the residence of a gentleman , he will be glad of a storm to prolong his stay . There is , however , one inn by the sea @-@ side at , in Sky , where the post @-@ office is kept . - Skye has a rich heritage of ancient monuments from this period . Dunvegan Castle has been the seat of Clan MacLeod since the 13th century . It contains the Fairy Flag and is reputed to have been inhabited by a single family for longer than any other house in Scotland . The 18th @-@ century Armadale Castle , once home of Clan Donald of Sleat , was abandoned as a residence in 1925 but now hosts the Clan Donald Centre . Nearby are the ruins of two more MacDonald strongholds , Castle , and Castle , the legendary home of warrior woman , martial arts instructor ( and , according to some sources , Queen ) . , built in the late 15th century near and once a seat of Clan , is another ruin . - - = = = Clearances = = = - - In the late 18th century the harvesting of kelp became a significant activity but from 1822 on cheap imports led to a collapse of this industry throughout the Hebrides . During the 19th century , the inhabitants of Skye were also devastated by famine and Clearances . Thirty thousand people were evicted between 1840 and 1880 alone , many of them forced to to the New World . For example , the settlement of on the west coast of Duirinish was cleared on 4 August 1830 . Every under the age of seventy was removed and placed on board the Midlothian on threat of imprisonment , with those over that age being sent to the . The " Battle of the " involved a demonstration against a lack of access to land and the serving of notices . The incident involved numerous and about 50 police officers . This event was instrumental in the creation of the Napier Commission , which reported in 1884 on the situation in the Highlands . continued until the passing of the 1886 ' Act and on one occasion 400 marines were deployed on Skye to maintain order . The ruins of cleared villages can still be seen at , and in , and on Minginish . - - = = = Overview of population trends = = = - - As with many Scottish islands , Skye 's population peaked in the 19th century and then declined under the impact of the Clearances and the military losses in the First World War . From the 19th century until 1975 Skye was part of the county of Inverness @-@ but the crofting economy and according to , " of UK governments have treated the island people . " a charge that has been levelled at both Labour and Conservative administrations ' policies in the Highlands and Islands . By 1971 the population was less than a third of its peak recorded figure in 1841 . However , the number of residents then grew by over 28 per cent in the thirty years to 2001 . - The changing relationship between the residents and the land is evidenced by Robert 's remark circa 1852 that , " There is now a village in Portree containing three hundred inhabitants . " Even if this estimate is the population of the island 's largest settlement has probably increased or more since then . During the period the total number of island residents has declined by 50 per cent or more . - The island @-@ wide population increase of 4 per cent between 1991 and 2001 occurred against the background of an overall reduction in Scottish island populations of 3 per cent for the same period . By 2011 the population had risen a further 8 @.@ 4 % to 10 @,@ 008 with Scottish island populations as a whole growing by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 . - - = = = Gaelic = = = - - Historically , Skye was overwhelmingly Gaelic @-@ speaking , but this changed between 1921 and 2001 . In both the 1901 and 1921 censuses , all Skye parishes were more than 75 per cent Gaelic @-@ speaking . By 1971 , only Kilmuir parish had more than three quarters Gaelic speakers while the rest of Skye ranged between 50 and 74 per cent . At that time , Kilmuir was the only area outside the Western Isles that had such a high proportion of Gaelic speakers . In the 2001 census Kilmuir had just under half Gaelic speakers , and overall , Skye had 31 per cent , distributed . The strongest Gaelic areas were in the north and south @-@ west of the island , including at 61 per cent . The weakest areas were in the west and east ( e.g. 23 per cent and 19 per cent ) . Other areas on Skye ranged between 48 per cent and 25 per cent . - - = = Government and politics = = - - In terms of local government , from 1975 to 1996 , Skye , along with the neighbouring mainland area of Lochalsh , constituted a local government district within the Highland administrative area . In 1996 the district was included into the unitary Highland Council , ( na ) based in Inverness and formed one of the new council 's area committees . Following the 2007 elections , Skye now forms a four @-@ member ward called " Eilean a ' Cheò " ; it is currently represented by two , one Scottish National Party , and one Liberal Democrat councillor . - Skye is in the Highlands electoral region and comprises a part of the Ross , Skye and Inverness West constituency of the Scottish Parliament , which elects one member under the first past the post basis to represent it . Currently this is David Thompson for the . In addition , Skye forms part of the wider Ross , Skye and Lochaber constituency , which elects one member to the House of Commons in Westminster . The present Member of Parliament is Ian of the Scottish National Party , who took office after the 's sweep in the General Election of 2015 . Prior to this , Charles Kennedy , a Liberal Democrat , had represented the area since the 1983 general election . - - = = Economy = = - - The largest employer on the island and its environs is the public sector , which accounts for about a third of the total workforce , principally in administration , education and health . The second largest employer in the area is the distribution , hotels and restaurants sector , highlighting the importance of tourism . Key attractions include Dunvegan Castle , the Clan Donald Centre , and The Experience arts and exhibition centre in Portree . There are about a dozen large landowners on Skye , the largest being the public sector , with the Scottish Government owning most of the northern part of the island . is a community @-@ owned estate in Duirinish and the Sleat Community Trust , the local development trust , is active in various regeneration projects . - Small firms dominate employment in the private sector . The , which produces a single , is beside Loch on the west coast of the island . Three other — Mac na Mara ( " son of the sea " ) , Eilean ( " wee of the " ) and ( " black pot " ) — are produced by na ( " smugglers den by the Sound of Sleat " ) , based at Eilean . These are marketed using predominantly Gaelic @-@ language labels . There is also an established software presence on Skye , with Portree @-@ based having expanded in recent years . - is still important , but although there are about 2 @,@ 000 on Skye only 100 or so are large enough to enable a to earn a livelihood entirely from the land . Cod and stocks have declined but commercial fishing remains important , especially fish farming of salmon and such as . The west coast of Scotland has a considerable renewable energy potential and the Isle of Skye Co @-@ op has recently bought a stake in the Ben wind farm near Dunvegan . There is a thriving arts and crafts sector . - The unemployment rate in the area tends to be higher than in the Highlands as a whole , and is seasonal in nature , in part due to the impact of tourism . The population is growing and in common with many other scenic rural areas in Scotland , significant increases are expected in the percentage of the population aged 45 to 64 years . - - = = Transport = = - - Skye is linked to the mainland by the Skye Bridge , while ferries sail from Armadale on the island to , and from to Glenelg . also run from Uig to on Harris and on North Uist , and from to Raasay . - The Skye Bridge opened in 1995 under a private finance initiative and the high tolls charged ( £ 5 @.@ 70 each way for summer visitors ) met with widespread opposition , spearheaded by the pressure group ( Skye and Kyle Against ) . On 21 December 2004 it was announced that the Scottish Executive had purchased the bridge from its owners and the tolls were immediately removed . - Bus services run to Inverness and Glasgow , and there are local services on the island , mainly starting from Portree or Broadford . Train services run from Kyle of Lochalsh at the mainland end of the Skye Bridge to Inverness , as well as from Glasgow to from where the ferry can be caught to Armadale . - The Isle of Skye Airfield at , near Broadford , is used by private aircraft and occasionally by NHS Highland and the Scottish Ambulance Service for transferring patients to hospitals on the mainland . - The trunk road traverses the island from the Skye Bridge to Uig , linking most of the major settlements . Many of the island 's roads have been widened in the past forty years although there are still substantial sections of single track road . - - = = Culture , media and the arts = = - - Students of Scottish Gaelic travel from all over the world to attend , the Scottish Gaelic college based near in Sleat . In addition to members of the Church of Scotland and a smaller number of Roman Catholics many residents of Skye belong to the Free Church of Scotland , known for its strict observance of the Sabbath . - Skye has a strong folk music tradition , although in recent years dance and rock music have been growing in popularity on the island . Gaelic folk rock band started in Skye and former singer Donnie Munro still works on the island . 's second single and a concert staple is entitled Skye , the lyrics being partly in English and partly in Gaelic and they have released other songs such as " on " that were inspired by the island . Celtic fusion band the are based on Skye . singer Ian Anderson owned an estate at Strathaird on Skye at one time . Several songs are written about Skye , including Dun , Broadford , and Acres Wild ( which contains the lines " Come with me to the Isle , / Northern father 's western child ... " in reference to the island itself ) . The Isle of Skye Music Festival featured sets from The Fun Lovin ' and Sparks , but collapsed in 2007 . Electronic musician was born on Skye . - The poet MacLean , a native of the Isle of Raasay , which lies off the island 's east coast , lived much of his life on Skye . The island has been in the traditional song " The Skye Boat Song " and is the setting for the novel To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf , although the Skye of the novel bears little relation to the real island . John Buchan 's descriptions of Skye , as featured in his Richard novel Mr , are more true to life . I di is a 2004 Italian language work of non @-@ fiction by . The international bestseller , The Ice Twins , by S K , published around the world in 2015 @-@ 2016 , is set in southern Skye , especially around the settlement and islands of . - Skye has been used as a location for a number of feature films . The aerodrome was used for the opening scenes of the 1980 film Flash Gordon . , released in 2007 and starring Robert De and Michelle Pfeiffer , featured scenes near Uig , Loch and the . Another 2007 film , : The , was shot almost entirely in various locations on the island . Some of the opening scenes in Ridley Scott 's 2012 feature film were shot at the Old Man of . In 1973 The Highlands and Islands - a Royal Tour , a documentary about Prince Charles 's visit to the Highlands and Islands , directed by Oscar , was shot partly on Skye . - The West Highland Free Press is published at Broadford . This weekly newspaper takes as its motto " An , an ' s na " ( " The Land , the Language and the People " ) , which reflects its radical , campaigning priorities . The Free Press was founded in 1972 and in Skye , Ross and the Outer Hebrides . is a popular sport played throughout the island and Portree @-@ based Skye won the Cup in 1990 . - - = = Wildlife = = - - The Hebrides generally lack the biodiversity of mainland Britain , but like most of the larger islands , Skye still has a wide variety of species . Observing the abundance of game birds Martin wrote : - There is plenty of land and water in this isle - as hawks , eagles of two kinds ( the one grey and of a larger size , the other much less and black , but more destructive to young cattle ) , black cock , heath @-@ hen , , pigeons , wild , , and cranes . Of this latter sort I have seen sixty on the shore in a flock together . The sea are malls of all kinds - , , sea cormorant , & c . The natives observe that the latter , if perfectly black , makes no good broth , nor is its flesh worth eating ; but that a cormorant , which hath any white feathers or down , makes good broth , and the flesh of it is good food ; and the broth is usually drunk by nurses to increase their milk . - Similarly , Samuel Johnson noted that : - At the tables where a stranger is received , neither plenty nor delicacy is wanting . A tract of land so thinly inhabited , must have much wild @-@ ; and I scarcely remember to have seen a dinner without them . The moor @-@ game is every where to be had . That the sea with fish , needs not be told , for it supplies a great part of Europe . The Isle of Sky has and , but no hares . They sell very numerous of oxen yearly to England , and therefore cannot be supposed to want beef at home . and goats are in great numbers , and they have the common domestic . " - In the modern era avian life includes the corncrake , red @-@ throated diver , , , Atlantic , and golden eagle . The eggs of the last breeding pair of white @-@ tailed sea eagle in the UK were taken by an egg collector on Skye in 1916 but the species has recently been re @-@ introduced . The last bred on the island in 1900 . Mountain hare ( apparently absent in the 18th century ) and are now abundant and preyed upon by wild cat and pine . The rich fresh water streams contain brown trout , Atlantic salmon and water . Offshore the edible crab and edible are also found , the latter especially in the Sound of . There are nationally important horse and beds in the sea and in 2012 a bed of 100 million flame shells was found during a survey of Loch . Grey can be seen off the Southern coast . - Heather moor containing ling , bell , cross @-@ heath , and is everywhere abundant . The high Black weather too slowly to produce a soil that a rich plant life , but each of the main peninsulas has an individual flora . The basalt of Trotternish produce a diversity of Arctic and alpine plants including alpine and . The low @-@ lying fields of Waternish contain corn and corn . The sea cliffs of Duirinish mountain and fir . Minginish produces fairy flax , cats @-@ ear and black rush . There is a fine example of @-@ rich ash woodland at in Sleat incorporating silver birch , , bird cherry , and hawthorn . - The local Biodiversity Action Plan recommends land management measures to control the spread of and and identifies four non @-@ native , invasive species as threatening native biodiversity : Japanese , , New Zealand and mink . It also identifies problems of over @-@ grazing resulting in the impoverishment of moorland and upland habitats and a loss of native woodland , caused by the large numbers of red deer and sheep . - - - = Florida Atlantic University = - - Florida Atlantic University ( also referred to as FAU or Florida Atlantic ) is a public university located in Boca Raton , Florida , with five satellite campuses located in the Florida cities of Dania Beach , Davie , Fort Lauderdale , Jupiter , and in Fort Pierce at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution . FAU belongs to the 12 @-@ campus State University System of Florida and serves South Florida , which has a population of more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline . Florida Atlantic University is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with high research activity . The university offers more than 180 undergraduate and graduate degree programs within its 10 colleges in addition to a professional degree from the College of Medicine . of study cover arts and humanities , the sciences , medicine , nursing , accounting , business , education , public administration , social work , architecture , engineering , and computer science . - Florida Atlantic opened in 1964 as the first public university in southeast Florida , offering only upper @-@ division and graduate level courses . Initial enrollment was only students , increasing in 1984 when the university admitted its first lower @-@ division undergraduate students . As of 2012 , enrollment has grown to over 30 @,@ 000 students representing 140 countries , 50 states , and the District of Columbia . Since its inception , Florida Atlantic has awarded more than 110 @,@ 000 degrees to nearly 105 @,@ 000 alumni . - In recent years , FAU has undertaken an effort to increase its academic and research standings while also evolving into a more traditional university . The university has raised admissions standards , increased research funding , built new facilities , and established notable partnerships with major research institutions . Changes include an on @-@ campus stadium , additional on @-@ campus housing , and the establishment of a College of Medicine in 2010 . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Establishment = = = - - On July 15 , 1961 , to meet the burgeoning educational demands of South Florida , the state legislature passed an act authorizing the establishment of a new university in the City of Boca Raton . Florida Atlantic University was built on Boca Raton Army Airfield , a 1940s @-@ era army airbase . During World War II , the airfield served as the Army Air Corps ' sole radar training facility . The base was built on the existing Boca Raton Airport and on 5 @,@ 860 acres ( 23 @.@ 7 km ² ) of adjacent land . A majority of the land was acquired from Japanese @-@ American farmers from the failing Yamato Colony . The land was seized through eminent domain , leaving many Japanese @-@ Americans little recourse in the early days of World War II . - The airbase was used for radar training , anti @-@ submarine patrols along the coast , and as a stop @-@ over point for planes being ferried to Africa and Europe via South America . The airfield was composed of four runways , still visible on the Boca Campus today and mainly used for parking . - By early 1947 , the military decided to transfer future radar training operations to Air Force Base in Mississippi . The departure of the air force in 1947 would leave Boca Raton Army Airfield essentially abandoned . - - = = = and growth = = = - - Florida Atlantic University opened on September 14 , 1964 , with an initial student body of students in five colleges . The first degree awarded was an honorary doctorate given to President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 25 , 1964 , at the dedication and opening of the university . At the time of its opening , there were 120 faculty out of a total of 350 employees . On @-@ campus housing for students was first added in September 1965 , when Algonquin Hall opened . - Florida Atlantic 's history is one of continuing expansion as the university 's service population has grown . The university originally served only upper @-@ division and graduate level students , because Florida intended the institution " to complement the state 's community college system , accepting students who had earned their associate degrees from those institutions . " - Florida Atlantic began its expansion beyond a one @-@ campus university in 1971 , when it opened its Commercial Boulevard campus in Fort Lauderdale . Due to a rapidly expanding population in South Florida , in 1984 Florida Atlantic opened its doors to lower @-@ division undergraduate students . The following year , the university added its third campus , in downtown Fort Lauderdale on Las Boulevard . - - = = = Recent history = = = - - In 1989 , the Florida Legislature recognized demands for higher education in South Florida by designating Florida Atlantic as the lead state university serving Broward County . To fill this role , the university would establish a campus in Dania Beach in 1997 and another campus in the City of Davie in western Broward County in 1990 . Florida Atlantic later purchased 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of land in Port St. Lucie in 1994 to establish a campus on the Treasure Coast . This would be the institution 's fifth campus . The university continued its expansion in 1999 when it opened its Jupiter Campus , named for the late John D. MacArthur . This campus houses the university 's honors college . - Florida Atlantic University and the University of Miami 's Miller School of Medicine established a medical training program within the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science in 2004 . Plans originally called for the construction of a new teaching hospital in coordination with Boca Raton Community Hospital on the main campus . Following successive budgets deficits in 2007 , the hospital delayed its participation indefinitely . However , Florida Atlantic later established its own College of Medicine in 2010 . The Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution ( HBOI ) also joined the university in 2007 , creating Florida Atlantic 's seventh campus . To bring HBOI into the university family the Florida Legislature allocated $ 44 million to Florida Atlantic to acquire the institution . - Florida Atlantic has changed dramatically since its opening in 1964 . As of 2013 , there are more than 30 @,@ 000 students attending classes on seven campuses spread across 120 miles ( 193 km ) . The university consists of ten colleges and employs more than 3 @,@ 200 faculty and staff . The university 's endowment decreased from $ 182 million in June 2008 to $ 142 million in January 2009 due to a worsening economy . However , with the national economic recovery the endowment has increased to $ 179 million by the end of 2012 . - Since its founding , the university has been led by seven presidents . The university 's immediate past president is Dr. Mary Jane Saunders . She was named president on March 3 , 2010 , then resigned on May 15 , 2013 . Her appointment followed the resignation of Frank Brogan . Brogan , a former Lieutenant Governor of Florida , left the university in late 2009 to become Chancellor of the State University System of Florida . Past university presidents also included Dr. Anthony J. , Dr. Helen , Dr. Glenwood , and Dr. Kenneth Williams . On January 17 , 2014 , the Board of Trustees announced the selection of Dr. John W. Kelly , formerly a of Clemson University , to be the seventh president of the university with a starting date of March 1 , 2014 . - - = = Academics = = - - - = = = = = = - - As of fall 2013 , the university 's student body consists of 24 @,@ undergraduates , 4 @,@ graduate and professional students , 64 medical students , and 1 @,@ 451 students . As of 2013 , the undergraduate student body contains 47 % ethnic minorities and includes students from more than 180 countries , 49 states , and the District of Columbia . For the undergraduate class of 2012 , the acceptance rate was 35 % for first @-@ time @-@ in @-@ college students . - The university has ten colleges which altogether offer over 180 different bachelor 's , master 's and doctoral degree programs : the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science , Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine , Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing , College for Design and Social Inquiry , College of Business , College of Education , College of Engineering and Computer Science , Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters , Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College , and the College . - The university offers two honors options : the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College and a University Scholars Program . The Wilkes Honors College is located on the John D. MacArthur campus in Jupiter , Florida . It offers a liberal arts education in the platform of a public university , yet is comparable to a private liberal arts college . The Boca Raton campus houses the University Scholars Program , which offers special honors , forums , courses , and advanced course substitution for freshmen . - In recent years , FAU has increased its admission requirements for prospective freshmen . The fall 2013 freshmen profile for the mid @-@ 50 % includes 3 @.@ 38 @-@ 3 @.@ 98 high school , a 22 @-@ 26 composite score , and a @-@ 1740 SAT total score . Following a surge in the university 's popularity , in early 2009 , the university created its first wait @-@ list for undergraduate enrollment . After February 15 , 2009 , applicants for admission in the 2009 – 2010 academic year were required to have a 3 @.@ 5 or an SAT score of 1600 to be considered for admission . - The average class size at FAU for undergraduates is 33 students , and for graduate classes , 12 students . The student @-@ to @-@ faculty ratio is 20 : 1 . The top three undergraduate majors by enrollment are elementary education , accounting , and management , respectively . The top three graduate majors by enrollment are business administration , educational leadership , and accounting , respectively . The average age for first @-@ year students is 18 ; however , the average age for all undergraduates is 24 and the average age for graduate students is 33 . The average 4 @-@ year graduation rate for first @-@ time , non @-@ transfer students is 14 % while the 6 @-@ year graduation rate is 39 % . - Florida Atlantic University has long ranked as the most racially , ethnically and culturally diverse institution in Florida 's State University System . U.S. News & World Report has ranked FAU the 27th most diverse university in the nation . Florida Atlantic University students come from all 50 states , every county in Florida , and more than 180 countries . opportunities include , hands @-@ on research , study abroad experiences , and 310 clubs and campus organizations . - The Learning Society operates programs that serve the educational interests of more than 19 @,@ 000 senior citizens by providing classes focusing on subjects of specific interest , and audit options for regular university classes . Under the university 's Commercial Music Program , Hoot / Recordings was created in 2002 , enabling students to work in all creative and business aspects of the music industry . This program generated music that landed a Top 10 spot on the Billboard 's Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles Sales Chart during its first week of release . The university 's two @-@ story trading room simulator , located in the College of Business , provides hands @-@ on financial education using 25 dual @-@ monitor computers and can accommodate 50 people at one time . A second lab provides full audio / visual and 25 additional . Florida Atlantic allows local financial businesses to use the Trading Room for training . - - = = = Research = = = - - Florida Atlantic is classified by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a research university with high research activity . The university has established notable partnerships with major research institutions such as The Research Institute , the Institute for Molecular Studies , and the Max Planck Society . - The university is the home of two centers of excellence : The Center of Excellence in and Marine and The Center for Ocean Energy Technology . These centers have been selected by Florida 's Technology Commission to receive grants to continue and increase their operations . Florida Atlantic beat out some of Florida 's top research universities , including the University of Florida and Florida State University , for the initial money from the state . - Since receiving its startup funding , Florida Atlantic has secured additional funds from other sources , including federal and private research grants . As a result , both centers have engaged in academic and industry partnerships , combining expertise in ocean engineering , marine , functional genomics , proteomics , and . Researchers , scientists , and students at the centers are designing technologies to explore the sea , harvest renewable energy , discover new medicines , and develop new to combat agents of . As a result of this research , in 2007 the university and Lockheed Martin announced an exclusive licensing agreement to develop and produce a rapidly and autonomous buoy system for military and scientific uses . - In 2010 , the United States Department of Energy designated FAU as one of three national centers for ocean energy research and development . The Southeast National Marine Energy Center joins centers in the Pacific Northwest ( University of Washington and Oregon State University ) and in Hawaii ( University of Hawaii ) . The Southeast National Marine Energy Center is undertaking research and development of technologies capable of generating renewable power from ocean currents and ocean thermal energy . - The university houses both an Imaging Technology Center and a NASA Imaging Technology Space Center . Located in the College of Engineering and Computer Science , the centers in digital imaging research and development for use in both government and commercial applications in the areas of medical technology , surveillance , communications , education , inspection , scientific observation , manufacturing , visual recognition and identification , and motion picture and digital video . The Florida Atlantic Imaging Technology Center is developing a curriculum for digital imaging and processing , thereby establishing Florida Atlantic as the only university in the nation to offer this technical concentration . The NASA Imaging Technology Center is one of 12 NASA Research Partnership Centers throughout the nation which develop dual @-@ use research and development with the participation of NASA and other related industries in the US . The center occupies two sets of laboratories and administrative offices , one on Florida Atlantic 's main campus in Boca Raton , the other at the Fort Lauderdale campus . - Florida Atlantic is affiliated to the Research Park at Florida Atlantic University , with properties in Beach and Boca Raton . The Research Park provides outside research facilities for companies which enable them to interact with the university community and its facilities , resources , and expertise . The Research Park operates the Technology Business ; The works to foster the start @-@ up and growth of technology @-@ based businesses , seeking to scale them and build relationships for them with the university . The Boca Raton campus is also home to the Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences , which includes the Machine and Laboratory - - = = = Rankings = = = - - For 2013 , Florida Atlantic University was classified as a second @-@ tier university by the U.S. News & World Report 's rankings of " Best Colleges . " U.S. News ranks universities into one of two tiers , with one being the highest , based on how they compare with other colleges in a peer assessment , retention rates , student selectivity , faculty resources , financial resources , graduation rates , and the amount of alumni giving . The university was named one of the 146 " Best Southeastern Colleges " in the United States by the Princeton Review . The Review also recognized FAU 's business program by naming the College of Business to their list of " Best 296 Business Schools " for 2009 . For 2011 , Florida Atlantic was ranked in the nation by Washington Monthly . The magazine based its rankings on the following three criteria : " how well a university performs as an engine of social mobility ( ideally helping the poor to get rich rather than the very rich to get very , very rich ) , how well a university does in scientific and humanistic research , and how well a university promotes an ethic of service to country . " The university was also ranked 28th in the United States and fourth in Florida by The Hispanic in Higher Education magazine for 738 bachelor 's degrees to Hispanic students during the 2006 – 2007 academic year . - - = = Campus = = - - Florida Atlantic University is a distributed university located on seven campuses spread across Palm Beach , Broward , and St. Lucie counties . The region is home to more than three million people . The university 's main campus is located in the City of Boca Raton in Palm Beach County . The county is also home to the John D. MacArthur Campus located in the City of Jupiter . In addition to its campuses in Palm Beach County , the university operates three campuses in the Broward County cities of Dania Beach , Davie , and Fort Lauderdale . Florida Atlantic University also operates two campuses in the St. Lucie County cities of Port St. Lucie and Fort Pierce . In addition to students who attend classes on the universities campuses , there are 1 @,@ 612 distance learning students who conduct their studies over the internet or through other means . These students account for 6 % of the university 's student body . - Florida Atlantic is a signatory of the American College & University Presidents Climate Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education . This commits the institution to ensuring all new construction projects meet the U.S. Green Building Council 's in Energy and Environmental Design ( ) Silver standards . In 2011 , The College of Engineering and Computer Science Building was Platinum certified . - - = = = Palm Beach County campuses = = = - - - = = = = Boca Raton = = = = - - Florida Atlantic University 's main campus in Boca Raton was established on the remnants of a World War II American Army airbase in 1964 . 850 acres ( 3 @.@ 5 km ² ) , the site is located between the cities of Palm Beach and Fort Lauderdale . The campus was designated a burrowing owl sanctuary in 1971 by the Society . The owls find the campus appealing because there are few predators , due to the university 's proximity to the Boca Raton Airport , and because the campus was originally cleared of vegetation when operating as an airbase during World War II . " The feisty bird , traditionally associated with wisdom and determination , serves as the university 's mascot . " - The Boca Raton campus is home to a wide variety of university programs and facilities . These facilities are and classrooms , housing for students , a 6 @,@ 000 @-@ gallon shark tank for aquatic research , a movie theater , athletic and recreational facilities , and the student @-@ run record label Hoot / Recordings . In addition to academic and cultural programs , the campus also houses Florida Atlantic 's Division I athletics program . The main campus serves approximately 19 @,@ 077 students , or 70 % of the university 's student body , offering a number of academic programs , activities , and services . - The Boca Raton campus also houses a number of other institutions , including the A. D. Henderson University School , FAU High School , one of two Florida Atlantic University Research Parks , and the Learning Society . - - = = = = Jupiter – John D. MacArthur Campus = = = = - - In addition to the Boca Raton campus in southern Palm Beach County , Florida Atlantic University operates a campus in northern Palm Beach County , in Jupiter . The John D. MacArthur Campus , named after businessman and philanthropist John D. MacArthur , was established in 1999 to serve residents of central and northern Palm Beach and southern Martin counties . The MacArthur Campus occupies 45 acres ( 0 @.@ 18 km ² ) , upon which are eight classroom and office buildings , a library , a 500 @-@ seat auditorium , two residence halls , a dining hall , museum building , and utility plant . The MacArthur Campus also houses the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College , Florida , and the Max Planck Florida Institute . The campus serves approximately 1 @,@ 262 students , or 4 % of the university 's student body . - - = = = Broward County campuses = = = - - - = = = = Dania Beach – SeaTech = = = = - - The Dania Beach Campus , also known as SeaTech , was founded in 1997 as a state @-@ funded Type II research center . The institute is part of Florida Atlantic 's Department of Ocean Engineering which was founded in 1965 as the first ocean engineering undergraduate program in the nation . The campus is located on 8 acres ( 0 @.@ 03 km ² ) of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal Waterway . SeaTech is home to university faculty and students engaged in sponsored ocean engineering research and development in the areas of acoustics , marine vehicles , and physical , marine materials and . The Dania Beach Campus serves approximately 70 students , roughly 1 % of the university 's total student body . - - = = = = Davie = = = = - - The Davie Campus of Florida Atlantic University was established in 1990 on 38 acres ( 0 @.@ 15 km ² ) of land in western Broward County . The campus serves approximately 3 @,@ students , or 13 % of the Florida Atlantic student body , making it the university 's second largest campus by enrollment . The campus features a multi @-@ story student union with offices for student government and student organizations , a multipurpose area and student lounge , a bookstore , and . The union also contains a student health center that provides medical services and health counseling . Davie is also the home of " environmental research initiatives focused on Everglades restoration . " FAU colleges offering courses at the FAU Davie campus include Design and Social Inquiry ; Arts and Letters ; Business ; Education ; Nursing ; and Science . The campus is located on Broward College 's Central Campus . Students may enter BC as freshmen and graduate from FAU with undergraduate degrees in over 14 disciplines . More than 315 @,@ 000 square feet of carefully designed classrooms , laboratories and faculty , staff and student offices are located on this campus along with a shared @-@ use , 112 @,@ 000 square @-@ foot FAU / BC library designed for the 21st century . - Other support facilities include a shared Center , a student Wellness Center and a multi @-@ service Student Union . The campus also offers a rich and varied program of student activities provided by the Division of Student Affairs . Students have all of the services they require for career counseling , , testing and evaluation , , health services , student government and financial aid , among others . Like a small college within a large university , the Davie Campus is seen as a " model " branch campus for the state of Florida and the nation . - - = = = = Fort Lauderdale = = = = - - The university has two buildings in downtown Fort Lauderdale , both of which are considered part of one Fort Lauderdale campus . The Askew Tower ( AT ) and the Higher Education Complex ( ) on Las Boulevard . The campus offers courses in communication , graphic design , architecture , and urban and regional planning . The campus is home to approximately 900 students or 3 @.@ 2 % of the university 's student body . - - = = = St. Lucie County campuses = = = - - - = = = = Fort Pierce – Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution = = = = - - In addition to the Treasure Coast Campus , Florida Atlantic University operates a campus in Fort Pierce at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution . Harbor Branch merged with the university in 2007 to become the HBOI at FAU . The Florida Legislature allocated $ 44 million for the university to acquire the institution and its 600 acre ( 2 @.@ 4 km ² ) campus . - - = = = Former = = = - - - = = = = Port St. Lucie – Treasure Coast Campus = = = = - - Treasure Coast Campus of Florida Atlantic University operated through a partnership with Indian River State College ( ) . Florida Atlantic purchased 50 acres ( 0 @.@ 2 km ² ) of land in Port St. Lucie in 1994 . At the end of Spring 2012 class term , Florida Atlantic University ended offering classes at the Port St. Lucie campus . - - = = Athletics = = - - Florida Atlantic 's 18 varsity sports teams , the Owls , compete in NCAA 's Division I. The Owls recently got in C @-@ USA for the 2013 – 14 season . The university 's athletics program began in 1979 , when Florida Atlantic first started sponsoring intercollegiate teams . Since then , the university has worked to expand the quality of its intercollegiate program by attracting coaches such as Howard Schnellenberger , Matt Doherty , Rex Walters and Mike Jarvis . In 2006 , the athletic department was ranked 79th in the nation by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics ( ) . Along with USA Today and the United States Sports Academy , recognized the university for its Division I athletic programs and accomplishments . " This ranking placed Florida Atlantic in the top 24 % of 326 NCAA Division I universities . The university 's colors are FAU Blue , FAU Red , and FAU Silver . - In 2008 , the Florida Atlantic football team finished six wins and six losses in regular season play and was invited to the Motor City Bowl . The Owls defeated Central Michigan University 24 – 21 , increasing their bowl record to two wins and zero losses . During the previous season , the football team beat Troy University in the final game of regular season play to become Sun Belt Co @-@ Champions and receive an invitation to the New Orleans Bowl . In just the seventh year of the football program 's history , and the third year playing in Division I , Florida Atlantic set NCAA records by both becoming the youngest program ever to receive an invitation to , and win , a bowl game . As a result of the New Orleans Bowl the university has seen a surge in school spirit . - In past seasons the Owls have garnered a number of accolades for their accomplishments . During the 2006 – 2007 season , the men 's basketball team was noted as " one of the Sun Belt Conference 's top offensive teams , " with a " scary offense " that earned it the reputation of the " best shooting team in the conference . " In 2010 , the men 's basketball team defeated its first @-@ ever Southeastern Conference opponent Mississippi State University 61 – 59 as well as Big East opponent the University of South Florida 50 – 42 en route to a 21 – 9 overall record and claimed the Sun Belt Conference title . - The baseball team was also recognized by the NCAA as ranking in the Top 10 in five team categories . The team was also ranked third in the nation in home runs per game ( 1 @.@ 66 ) and in percentage ( ) . In 2010 , the Owls baseball team was 37 – 24 ( 21 – 9 ) and claimed their first Sun Belt Conference regular @-@ season title . - - = = = = = = - - Florida Atlantic University is home to a number of sports @-@ related traditions and school spirit organizations . - Every fall before the first football game of the season , FAU 's Student Government Association sponsors the " Annual Football Kick @-@ Off " wherein the opposing team 's mascot is burned in effigy . Also in football , Florida Atlantic challenges its rival Florida International ( ) is the annual Shula Bowl . This intercollegiate football game is named after legendary coach Don Shula ; so named because at the time of its inception , both head coaches , Florida Atlantic 's Howard Schnellenberger and Florida International coach Don , had worked under Shula at some point during their careers . Even though both universities have since moved on to new head coaches , the Shula Bowl is still played . As a home game , the competition takes place at university 's own stadium ; as an away game , the bowl is played at Stadium in Miami . - For basketball , Florida Atlantic celebrates a " Midnight Madness " rally that introduces fans to the team and coaches as well as inspires a number of basketball @-@ related contests such as 3 Point Shoot and Slam competitions . During the regular season , the " Bury the in Red " event calls for Florida Atlantic students to wear as much red as possible and fill the , the university 's multi @-@ purpose arena , during the annual basketball rivalry game between Florida Atlantic and Florida International University . - The official spirit group supporting Florida Atlantic athletics is the " . " The group began in February 2002 to support the men 's basketball program during the team 's run for the Atlantic Sun Conference Championship . The group is funded by the Student Association , and can now be found at most sporting events cheering for Florida Atlantic . The are joined by the Owl Rangers , a fan group that paints their bodies in the Florida Atlantic school colors . The are a student club that attend events and assist in recruiting athletes . - Since 2002 , Florida Atlantic students have been using Owl ( the " OK " hand sign ) to show school pride and wish the athletic teams luck during football point after attempts ( ) and basketball free throws . The Florida Atlantic University Athletics Department has chosen to use Owl as part of its " the Hoot " 2012 marketing campaign that encourages students to " proudly raise the hand salute that depicts the eyes of the owl , FAU 's mascot . " - - = = Student life = = - - - = = = Residential life = = = - - Residential housing at Florida Atlantic University is available on the Boca Raton and John D. MacArthur campuses . " All full @-@ time freshmen are required to reside in university housing , " however , " exemptions from this policy are made for students who : are 21 or older by the first day of class , reside with parent ( s ) or legal guardian ( s ) within a 50 @-@ mile ( 80 km ) radius of the Boca Raton campus , or are married . " As of 2011 , 4 @,@ 555 students live on @-@ campus in Boca Raton . The Wilkes Honors College on the MacArthur Campus requires all students live on @-@ campus within its two residence halls , however , exceptions are made for students who are 26 years of age , married , or have dependent children . As of 2011 , there are 231 students residing on @-@ campus at the honors college . - Boca Raton 's on @-@ campus housing facilities are : Algonquin Hall ( opened 1965 ) , Indian River Towers ( opened 2001 ) , Heritage Park Towers ( opened 2004 ) , Glades Park Towers ( opened 2007 ) , Parliament Hall ( opened 2013 ) , University Village Apartments ( ) , and Innovation Village Apartments ( IVA ) ( opened 2011 ) . Heritage Park and Glades Park Towers each offer beds with 96 single rooms . and IVA exclusively serve while the other residence halls exclusively serve freshmen students , with Algonquin Hall serving all students . The university also offers upper @-@ division undergraduate and graduate student housing in the Business and Professional Women 's Scholarship House for women with a strong academic background . - One of the newest residences on the Boca Raton campus is the Innovation Village Apartments ( IVA ) , consisting of two buildings : IVA North and IVA South . It is a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ bed apartment @-@ style housing facility for , graduate , and medical students . It offers amenities that one would find in a high @-@ rise apartment complex : lounges , retail dining , fitness centers , a pool / , a volleyball court , common areas , and more . The facility opened in fall 2011 . FAU 's newest residence hall is Parliament Hall , a lakeside freshmen housing facility offering 614 beds , a fitness center , lounges , retail dining , and views of the nearby Atlantic Ocean from top floors . - Within its existing residential life programs , Florida Atlantic offers a number of Learning Communities for freshmen and students with similar interests and concentrations . Participants meet people with similar interests , live on the same floor and take courses with others in their community , while receiving additional guidance related to those interests . The university 's Learning Community programs are divided into two categories , Freshman Learning Communities and Living Learning Communities . The freshman program offers 16 different concentrations , including business , nursing , and education . The Living program offers six concentrations for students residing in the Heritage Park Towers dormitory , including engineering , computer science , and a Women 's program . - The university 's Department of Housing and Residential Life and the university 's and sponsor a program for freshmen and other students returning to Florida Atlantic in the fall semester . This program , called the " Weeks of Welcome , " spans 11 days and all campuses , and works to students with university life and to build a good on @-@ campus community . On each day , a number of different events are scheduled , including Hall Wars , which are athletic competitions between dormitories , , and a number of other events . The Weeks of Welcome is the second largest campus @-@ wide event held by Florida Atlantic . - - = = = Student housing = = = - - - = = = Campus organizations and activities = = = - - For the 2010 – 2011 academic year , Florida Atlantic had approximately 300 registered student organizations . Among the groups are academic organizations , honor societies , spiritual / religious organizations , diversity @-@ appreciation organizations , service organizations , personal interest organizations , sports clubs , and student government agencies . These clubs and organizations run the from sailing to Ultimate , from varsity and club sports and a jazz group to a pottery guild , from political organizations to chess and video game clubs . These organizations are funded by student tuition , from which $ 10 @.@ 00 per credit hour goes toward an activities and service fee fund . This generates approximately $ 9 million that is then given to student government for allocation to student clubs and organizations . The student government also finances other student life programs , including career , the University Press , TV and Owl Radio , and Homecoming . - Florida Atlantic 's homecoming , also known as the " Owl , " is celebrated annually in the fall semester . Events occur mainly on the Boca Raton Campus , but a number of other campuses host their own events as well . In the past , homecoming has had kickoff parties , dances , , comedy shows , alumni events and , a golf cart parade , and . Florida Atlantic students have an organized football area known as the Rat 's Mouth . The name references the Spanish translation of Boca Raton . - Florida Atlantic completed an $ 18 @.@ 6 million Recreation and Wellness Center in spring 2010 . The facility houses an outdoor leisure and lap pool , a equipment and free weight room , two multipurpose rooms , three indoor courts and health club @-@ style locker rooms . In 2011 , the facility won the Outstanding Sports Facilities Award . Other recreation facilities include a $ 4 @.@ 2 million track and field complex , with synthetic turf ( opened January 2007 ) , a ropes challenge course and the 6 @.@ 5 acre Henderson Fields , utilized most often by the FAU Sports and Club Sports programs . - - = = = Greek life = = = - - Florida Atlantic is home to approximately 28 chapters of national and , encompassing approximately 1 @,@ 077 members or 5 % of the undergraduate population . The of Greek life at Florida Atlantic is " Greek Week . " This event is held annually during the spring semester and showcases a number of themed competitions between the university 's Greek organizations . There are currently no on @-@ campus Greek houses . However , a Greek Life Housing task force has been formed to explore various housing models , including the cost of construction , " and make recommendations on how to improve the overall quality of the Greek housing .... " - - = = = = - - Florida Atlantic University has awarded more than 110 @,@ 000 degrees to nearly 105 @,@ 000 alumni worldwide since its opening . Some notable Florida Atlantic alumni are R. David , the former head of the United States ' Federal Emergency Management Agency ; Luis Alberto , President of the Inter @-@ American Development Bank ; and former university President Frank T. Brogan , a former Lieutenant Governor of Florida . Charles or " Father Goose " is a children 's poet and former nationally syndicated columnist . Judith Ortiz Cofer is an acclaimed Puerto author whose works span a range of literary genres including poetry , short stories , and essays . Other alumni are Chris , the lead singer of the band ; and Phil Zimmermann , the creator of Pretty Good . Entertainers Mary Carey , a pornographic actress and former candidate for Governor of California , prop comedian Top , and humorist Daniel Dickey also attended the university . and NASA astronaut Steven Swanson went to space aboard Space Shuttle during @-@ 117 in June 2007 , and Space Shuttle Discovery during @-@ 119 in March 2009 . - - - = The Clean Tech Revolution = - - The Clean Tech Revolution : The Next Big Growth and Investment is a 2007 book by Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder , who say that clean technologies is a profitable enterprise that is moving steadily into mainstream business . As the world economy faces challenges from energy price spikes , resource shortages , global environmental problems , and security threats , clean technologies are seen to be the next engine of economic growth . - Pernick and Wilder highlight eight major clean technology sectors : solar power , wind power , , green buildings , personal transportation , the smart grid , mobile applications , and water filtration . Six major forces , which they call the six C ’ s , are pushing clean technology into the mainstream : costs , capital , competition , China , consumers , and climate . Very large corporations such as , Toyota and Sharp , and investment firms such as Goldman Sachs are making multibillion @-@ dollar investments in clean technology . - The book has been reviewed in USA Today , Business Week , Energy Priorities , Sustainability Investment News and several other magazines , and has been translated into seven languages . Clean Tech Nation is the sequel to The Clean Tech Revolution . - - = = Themes = = - - Pernick and Wilder explain that , in the 1970s , clean technology was considered “ alternative , ” the province of back @-@ to @-@ the @-@ land lifestyle advocates , environmentalists , and lab scientists on research grants . Such technology was in an early stage of development , was too expensive , it did not have widespread political support , and very few large , established companies were embracing the sector . Even at the start of the 21st century , the term clean tech was not yet in the financial or business community ’ s vocabulary . But now , throughout much of the world , in trends large and small , there is " the beginning of a revolution that is changing the places where we live and work , the products we manufacture and purchase , and the development plans of cities , regional governments , and nations around the globe . " - Pernick and Wilder define " clean tech " as " any product , service , or process that delivers value using limited or zero non @-@ renewable resources and / or creates significantly less waste than conventional offerings . " They highlight eight major clean technology sectors : solar power , wind power , , green buildings , personal transportation , the smart grid , mobile applications ( such as portable fuel cells ) , and water filtration . The authors explain how investors , entrepreneurs , and individuals can profit from technological innovation in these areas . Pernick and Wilder identify some specific clean technologies , companies , and regions that are leading the way . - The authors present a list of drivers for clean tech : " high energy prices , depleted natural resources , volatile sources of foreign oil , record deficits , and unprecedented environmental and security challenges " . The central message , which is repeated in almost every chapter , is that a clean tech revolution with benefit humanity worldwide , and will require significant collaboration between the public and private sectors . - Pernick and Wilder present examples which show that the " clean tech revolution " is already under way . Very large corporations such as , Toyota and Sharp , and investment firms such as Goldman Sachs are making multibillion @-@ dollar investments in clean technology . clean tech cities are seen to include Copenhagen , where wind power generates 20 percent of Denmark 's electricity , and Chicago , a leader in " green " buildings saving energy , heating and cooling costs . Statistics from the U.S. and from abroad , especially from China , India , Brazil , and Europe are presented . - The authors ' say that nuclear power and clean coal are not clean technologies . Apart from the risks associated with nuclear power , " multibillion @-@ dollar nuclear plants are simply not cost @-@ effective when compared with other energy sources . " The authors also believe that clean coal is an oxymoron for a myriad of reasons , including the sheer number of coal mine @-@ related deaths and the fact that coal @-@ fired plants , even some cleaner ones , are major contributors to serious illnesses such as asthma , heart disease , and mercury poisoning . - Pernick and Wilder do not recommend specific stocks or . They prefer to lay out a of opportunities , technologies , companies , and trends that may build successful businesses and strengthen economies . - - = = Six C 's = = - - Pernick and Wilder identify six major forces , which they call the six C ’ s , that are pushing clean technology into the mainstream and driving rapid growth and expansion : costs , capital , competition , China , consumers , and climate . - . " Perhaps the most powerful force driving today ’ s clean @-@ tech growth is simple economics . As a general trend , clean @-@ energy costs are falling as the costs of fossil fuel energy are going up . The future of clean tech is going to be , in many ways , about scaling up manufacturing and driving down costs . " - Capital . " An unprecedented influx of capital is changing the clean tech landscape , with billions of dollars , euros , yen , and yuan pouring in from a myriad of public and private sector sources . " - Competition . " Governments are competing aggressively in the race to dominate in the clean @-@ tech sector and build the jobs of the future . " - China . " Clean tech is being driven by the demands being placed on the earth not only by mature economies but also by the explosive demand for resources in China , India , and other developing nations . Their expanding energy needs are driving major growth in clean @-@ energy , transportation , building , and water @-@ delivery technologies . " - . " consumers are demanding cleaner products and services that use resources efficiently , reduce costs , and embrace quality over quantity . " - Climate . " The debate around climate change has gone from question mark to peer @-@ reviewed certainty , and smart businesses are taking heed . " - The six C ’ s are a simple list of factors , not necessarily a useful framework for understanding , or from , the clean technology industry . - - = = Release and reception = = - - The Clean Tech Revolution was published by Collins as a 320 @-@ page hardcover book on June 12 , 2007 . An e @-@ book version was published by on June 7 , 2007 . In 2008 , a revised paperback edition was published , with a new sub @-@ title : the Top Trends , Technologies and Companies to Watch . The book has been translated into seven languages . - Paul from the Institute states that the The Clean Tech Revolution is organized and is " an excellent resource for those who would like a solid understanding of clean tech and the potential of each sector " . He also says that it is very useful for those seeking out the names of companies , , agencies , and people working on each technology . identifies one omission : the concern that major investments in clean technology parallel those made during the Internet boom , with the attendant fear that there " may be a bubble burst with clean tech " . - The physicist and , Joseph , has recommended The Clean Tech Revolution to people who are looking for one book to help them understand what is happening in clean technology . He says The Clean Tech Revolution is the only book that covers the whole of the latest in clean energy . - Russ from USA Today says The Clean Tech Revolution shows the green movement not in " terms " but as economically profitable . The real power players are the mainstream consumers , investors , entrepreneurs , governments and multinational corporations whose " eyes are trained on that most crucial of economic : the bottom line " . - According to Jana from Business Week , The Clean Tech Revolution is a " readable , straightforward guide to earth @-@ friendly business strategies " . The authors explain how businesses can follow the lead of companies such as Toyota by designing , selling , or funding eco @-@ friendly products and services . Jana says that the Toyota is just one well @-@ known example of successful clean technology in action . - Denis Du , editor of Energy Priorities magazine , commented on the realistic and comprehensive coverage of the book . However , he suggests that The Clean Tech Revolution is not an explanation of the technologies and how they work , nor is it an analysis of energy or environmental policy . Policy is complicated and the authors avoid discussing it in detail . Little discussion ties the various clean technologies together and a " single @-@ minded American focus " dominates . There is very little on the influence of mass transit and urban planning in Europe and other progressive regions . The chapter on water focuses on filtration , which is already an area of considerable opportunity , affecting even " green " industries , such as manufacturing . - in Sustainability Investment News says that the book does not ask the most challenging question of all : is " clean growth " an oxymoron ? She says that at a time when some experts say carbon emissions will need to be cut by 80 to 90 % by , the world may have to accept steady or even decreasing energy production , no matter how clean it is . also states that there is little coverage of social issues . For example , nowhere is there mention of how water supply and delivery by multinational corporations could affect the poor people of the world . - The Clean Tech Revolution was followed by the 2012 book Clean Tech Nation : How the U.S. Can Lead in the New Global Economy . - - = = Authors = = - - Author Ron Pernick is co @-@ founder and managing director of Clean Edge , a research and strategy firm in the United States which focuses on the of renewable energy and other clean technologies . Clint Wilder is senior editor at Clean Edge , and a veteran business and technology journalist . Both authors have been mapping clean technology trends for many years , and identifying business opportunities for prospective investors . - - - = Missouri River = - - The Missouri River is the longest river in North America . Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana , the Missouri flows east and south for 2 @,@ 341 miles ( 3 @,@ 767 km ) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis , Missouri . The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated , semi @-@ arid watershed of more than half a million square miles ( 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 km2 ) , which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . When combined with the lower Mississippi River , it forms the world 's fourth longest river system . - For over 12 @,@ 000 years , people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation . More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed , most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous buffalo herds that once roamed through the Great Plains . The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century , and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before finally becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase . The Missouri was long believed to be part of the Northwest Passage – a water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific – but when Lewis and Clark became the first to travel the river 's entire length , they confirmed the mythical pathway to be no more than a legend . - The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century . The growth of the fur trade in the early 1800s laid much of the as trappers explored the region and blazed trails . Pioneers headed west en beginning in the 1830s , first by covered wagon , then by the growing numbers of steamboats entering service on the river . Former Native American lands in the watershed were taken over by settlers , leading to some of the most longstanding and violent wars against indigenous peoples in American history . - During the 20th century , the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation , flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power . Fifteen dams the main stem of the river , with hundreds more on tributaries . have been cut and the river to improve navigation , reducing its length by almost 200 miles ( 320 km ) from pre @-@ development times . Although the lower Missouri valley is now a populous and highly productive agricultural and industrial region , heavy development has taken its toll on wildlife and fish populations as well as water quality . - - = = Course = = - - From the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming , three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River . The longest begins near Brower 's Spring , 9 @,@ 100 feet ( 2 @,@ 800 m ) above sea level , on the southeastern slopes of Mount Jefferson in the Centennial Mountains . west then north , it runs first in Hell Creek , then west into the Red Rock ; swings northeast to become the , it finally joins with the Big Hole to form the Jefferson . The River originates at Madison Lake in Wyoming 's Yellowstone National Park and joins with the to form the Madison , while the Gallatin River rises out of Gallatin Lake , also in the national park . These two streams then flow north and northwest into Montana . - The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri State Park near Three Forks , Montana , and is joined by the Gallatin a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) downstream . The Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake , a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains . from the mountains near Cascade , the river flows northeast to the city of Great Falls , where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri , a series of five substantial waterfalls . It then winds east through a scenic region of canyons and badlands known as the Missouri Breaks , receiving the River from the west then widening into the Fort Peck Lake reservoir a few miles above the confluence with the River . Farther on , the river passes through the Fort Peck Dam , and immediately downstream , the Milk River joins from the north . - eastwards through the plains of eastern Montana , the Missouri receives the River from the north before crossing into North Dakota where the Yellowstone River , its greatest tributary by volume , joins from the southwest . At the confluence , the Yellowstone is actually the larger river . The Missouri then meanders east past and into Lake , the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam . Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck , the capital of North Dakota , where the Heart River joins from the west . It slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the River confluence . While it continues south , eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota , the Grand , Moreau and Cheyenne Rivers all join the Missouri from the west . - The Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains , receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest . It then proceeds to form the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska , then after being joined by the James River from the north , forms the Iowa – Nebraska boundary . At Sioux City the Big Sioux River comes in from the north . The Missouri flows south to the city of Omaha where it receives its longest tributary , the Platte River , from the west . , it begins to define the Nebraska – Missouri border , then flows between Missouri and Kansas . The Missouri swings east at Kansas City , where the Kansas River enters from the west , and so on into north @-@ central Missouri . To the east of the Kansas City , Missouri receives , on the left side , the Grand River . It passes south of Columbia and receives the Osage and Rivers from the south downstream of Jefferson City . The river then rounds the northern side of St. Louis to join the Mississippi River on the border between Missouri and Illinois . - - = = Watershed = = - - With a drainage basin spanning 529 @,@ 350 square miles ( 1 @,@ @,@ 000 km2 ) , the Missouri River 's catchment encompasses nearly one @-@ sixth of the area of the United States or just over five percent of the continent of North America . to the size of the Canadian province of Quebec , the watershed encompasses most of the central Great Plains , stretching from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Mississippi River Valley in the east and from the southern extreme of western Canada to the border of the Arkansas River watershed . Compared with the Mississippi River above their confluence , the Missouri is twice as long and drains an area three times as large . The Missouri accounts for 45 percent of the annual flow of the Mississippi past St. Louis , and as much as 70 percent in certain droughts . - In 1990 , the Missouri River watershed was home to about 12 million people . This included the entire population of the U.S. state of Nebraska , parts of the U.S. states of Colorado , Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Wyoming , and small southern portions of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . The watershed 's largest city is Denver , Colorado , with a population of more than six hundred thousand . Denver is the main city of the Front Range Urban Corridor whose cities had a combined population of over four million in 2005 , making it the largest metropolitan area in the Missouri River basin . Other major population centers – mostly located in the southeastern portion of the watershed – include Omaha , Nebraska , situated north of the confluence of the Missouri and Platte Rivers ; Kansas City , Missouri – Kansas City , Kansas , located at the confluence of the Missouri with the Kansas River ; and the St. Louis metropolitan area , situated south of the Missouri River just below the latter 's mouth , on the Mississippi . In contrast , the northwestern part of the watershed is sparsely populated . However , many northwestern cities , such as , Montana , are among the fastest growing in the Missouri basin . - With more than 170 @,@ 000 square miles ( 440 @,@ 000 km2 ) under the , the Missouri River watershed includes roughly one @-@ fourth of all the agricultural land in the United States , providing more than a third of the country 's wheat , flax , barley and oats . However , only 11 @,@ 000 square miles ( 28 @,@ 000 km2 ) of farmland in the basin is irrigated . A further 281 @,@ 000 square miles ( 730 @,@ 000 km2 ) of the basin is devoted to the raising of livestock , mainly cattle . Forested areas of the watershed , mostly second @-@ growth , total about 43 @,@ 700 square miles ( 113 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Urban areas , on the other hand , comprise less than 13 @,@ 000 square miles ( 34 @,@ 000 km2 ) of land . Most built @-@ up areas are located along the main stem and a few major tributaries , including the Platte and Yellowstone Rivers . - in the watershed vary widely , ranging from just over 400 feet ( 120 m ) at the Missouri 's mouth to the 14 @,@ 293 @-@ foot ( 4 @,@ 357 m ) summit of Mount Lincoln in central Colorado . The river itself drops a total of 8 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ m ) from Brower 's Spring , the farthest source . Although the plains of the watershed have extremely little local vertical relief , the land rises about 10 feet per mile ( 1 @.@ 9 m / km ) from east to west . The elevation is less than 500 feet ( 150 m ) at the eastern border of the watershed , but is over 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level in many places at the base of the Rockies . - The Missouri 's drainage basin has highly variable weather and rainfall patterns , Overall , the watershed is defined by a Continental climate with warm , wet summers and harsh , cold winters . Most of the watershed receives an average of 8 to 10 inches ( 200 to 250 mm ) of precipitation each year . However , the westernmost portions of the basin in the Rockies as well as southeastern regions in Missouri may receive as much as 40 inches ( 1 @,@ 000 mm ) . The vast majority of precipitation occurs in winter , although the upper basin is known for short @-@ lived but intense summer thunderstorms such as the one which produced the 1972 Black Hills flood through Rapid City , South Dakota . Winter temperatures in Montana , Wyoming and Colorado may drop as low as − 60 ° F ( − 51 ° C ) , while summer highs in Kansas and Missouri have reached 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at times . - As one of the continent 's most significant river systems , the Missouri 's drainage basin borders on many other major watersheds of the United States and Canada . The Continental Divide , running along the spine of the Rocky Mountains , forms most of the western border of the Missouri watershed . The Clark Fork and Snake River , both part of the Columbia River basin , drain the area west of the Rockies in Montana , Idaho and western Wyoming . The Columbia , Missouri and Colorado River watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in Wyoming 's Wind River Range . South of there , the Missouri basin is bordered on the west by the drainage of the Green River , a tributary of the Colorado , then on the south by the mainstem of the Colorado . Both the Colorado and Columbia Rivers flow to the Pacific Ocean . However , a large drainage called the Great Divide Basin exists between the Missouri and Green watersheds in western Wyoming . This area is sometimes counted as part of the Missouri River watershed , even though its waters do not flow to either side of the Continental Divide . - To the north , the much lower Divide separates the Missouri River watershed from those of the Oldman River , a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River , as well as the , , and smaller tributaries of the Red River of the North . All of these streams are part of Canada 's Nelson River drainage basin , which empties into Hudson Bay . There are also several large basins between the Missouri and Nelson watersheds in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan . The Minnesota and Des Moines Rivers , tributaries of the upper Mississippi , drain most of the area bordering the eastern side of the Missouri River basin . Finally , on the south , the Mountains and other low divides through central Missouri , Kansas and Colorado separate the Missouri watershed from those of the White River and Arkansas River , also tributaries of the Mississippi River . - - = = = Major tributaries = = = - - Over 95 significant tributaries and hundreds of smaller ones feed the Missouri River , with most of the larger ones coming in as the river draws close to the mouth . Most rivers and streams in the Missouri River basin flow from west to east , following the incline of the Great Plains ; however , some eastern tributaries such as the James , Big Sioux and Grand River systems flow from north to south . - The Missouri 's largest tributaries by runoff are the Yellowstone in Montana and Wyoming , the Platte in Wyoming , Colorado , and Nebraska , and the Kansas – Republican / Hill and Osage in Kansas and Missouri . Each of these tributaries drains an area greater than 50 @,@ 000 square miles ( 130 @,@ 000 km2 ) , and has an average discharge greater than 5 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ( 140 m3 / s ) . The Yellowstone River has the highest discharge , even though the Platte is longer and drains a larger area . In fact , the Yellowstone 's flow is about 13 @,@ 800 cu ft / s ( 390 m3 / s ) – accounting for sixteen percent of total runoff in the Missouri basin and nearly double that of the Platte . On the other end of the scale is the tiny River in Montana , which at 201 feet ( 61 m ) long is one the world 's shortest rivers . - The table on the right lists the ten longest tributaries of the Missouri , along with their respective catchment areas and flows . Length is measured to the source , regardless of naming convention . The main stem of the Kansas River , for example , is 148 miles ( 238 km ) long . However , including the longest headwaters tributaries , the 453 @-@ mile ( 729 km ) Republican River and the 156 @-@ mile ( 251 km ) Arikaree River , brings the total length to miles ( 1 @,@ 205 km ) . Similar naming issues are encountered with the Platte River , whose longest tributary , the North Platte River , is more than twice as long as its mainstream . - The Missouri 's headwaters above Three Forks extend much farther upstream than the main stem . to the farthest source at Brower 's Spring , the Jefferson River is 298 miles ( 480 km ) long . Thus measured to its highest headwaters , the Missouri River stretches for 2 @,@ 639 miles ( 4 @,@ 247 km ) . When combined with the lower Mississippi , the Missouri and its headwaters form part of the fourth @-@ longest river system in the world , at 3 @,@ miles ( 6 @,@ km ) . - - = = = = = = - - By discharge , the Missouri is the ninth largest river of the United States , after the Mississippi , St. Lawrence , Ohio , Columbia , Niagara , Yukon , Detroit , and St. Clair . The latter two , however , are sometimes considered part of a between Lake Huron and Lake Erie . Among rivers of North America as a whole , the Missouri is thirteenth largest , after the Mississippi , Mackenzie , St. Lawrence , Ohio , Columbia , Niagara , Yukon , Detroit , St. Clair , Fraser , Slave , and . - As the Missouri drains a predominantly semi @-@ arid region , its discharge is much lower and more variable than other North American rivers of comparable length . Before the construction of dams , the river flooded twice each year – once in the " April Rise " or " Spring Fresh " , with the melting of snow on the plains of the watershed , and in the " June Rise " , caused by snowmelt and summer in the Rocky Mountains . The latter was far more destructive , with the river increasing to over ten times its normal discharge in some years . The Missouri 's discharge is affected by over 17 @,@ 000 reservoirs with an aggregate capacity of some 141 million acre feet ( 174 km3 ) . By providing flood control , the reservoirs dramatically reduce peak flows and increase low flows . from reservoirs significantly reduces the river 's runoff , causing an annual loss of over 3 million acre feet ( 3 @.@ 7 km3 ) from mainstem reservoirs alone . - The United States Geological Survey operates fifty @-@ one stream gauges along the Missouri River . The river 's average discharge at Bismarck , 1 @,@ 314 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @,@ 115 @.@ 5 km ) from the mouth , is 21 @,@ 920 cu ft / s ( m3 / s ) . This is from a drainage area of 186 @,@ 400 sq mi ( 483 @,@ 000 km2 ) , or 35 % of the total river basin . At Kansas City , 366 @.@ 1 miles ( @.@ 2 km ) from the mouth , the river 's average flow is 55 @,@ 400 cu ft / s ( 1 @,@ 570 m3 / s ) . The river here drains about @,@ 100 sq mi ( 1 @,@ 254 @,@ 000 km2 ) , representing about 91 % of the entire basin . - The gage with a period of record greater than fifty years is at Hermann , Missouri – 97 @.@ 9 miles ( 157 @.@ 6 km ) upstream of the mouth of the Missouri – where the average annual flow was 87 @,@ 520 cu ft / s ( 2 @,@ 478 m3 / s ) from 1897 to 2010 . About 522 @,@ 500 sq mi ( 1 @,@ 353 @,@ 000 km2 ) , or 98 @.@ 7 % of the watershed , lies above Hermann . The highest annual mean was 181 @,@ 800 cu ft / s ( 5 @,@ 150 m3 / s ) in 1993 , and the lowest was 41 @,@ 690 cu ft / s ( 1 @,@ 181 m3 / s ) in 2006 . of the flow vary even further . The largest discharge ever recorded was over 750 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ( 21 @,@ 000 m3 / s ) on July 31 , 1993 , during a historic flood . The lowest , a mere cu ft / s ( 17 @.@ 0 m3 / s ) – caused by the formation of an ice dam – was measured on December 23 , 1963 . - - = = Upper and Lower Missouri River = = - - The Upper Missouri River is north of Gavins Point Dam the last hydroelectric dam of 15 on the river and it 's just upstream from Sioux City , Iowa . The lower Missouri River is the 840 river miles until it meets the Mississippi just above St. Louis . The Lower Missouri River has no or Lock and dams but it has a of Wing dams that enable barge traffic by directing the flow of the river into a 200 foot wide , 12 foot deep channel . These wing dams have been put in place and maintained by the U.S. Army corps of engineers , and there currently are no plans to construct any Lock and dams to replace these wing dams on the Missouri River . - See also : - List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River , List of locks and dams of the Ohio River - - = = Geology = = - - The Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana at the headwaters of the Missouri River first rose in the Laramide , a mountain @-@ building episode that occurred from around 70 to 45 million years ago ( the end of the through the early Cenozoic ) . This Cretaceous rocks along the western side of the Western Interior , a vast shallow sea that stretched from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico , and deposited the sediments that now much of the drainage basin of the Missouri River . This Laramide caused the sea to retreat and laid the framework for a vast drainage system of rivers flowing from the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains , the predecessor of the modern @-@ day Mississippi watershed . The Laramide is essential to modern Missouri River hydrology , as snow and ice melt from the Rockies provide the majority of the flow in the Missouri and its tributaries . - The Missouri and many of its tributaries cross the Great Plains , flowing over or cutting into the Group and older mid @-@ Cenozoic rocks . The lowest major Cenozoic unit , the White River Formation , was deposited between roughly 35 and 29 million years ago and consists of , sandstone , limestone , and conglomerate . Channel and finer @-@ deposits of the Arikaree Group were deposited between 29 and 19 million years ago . The Miocene @-@ age and the slightly younger @-@ age Formation deposited atop the Arikaree Group , and are formed from material eroded off of the Rocky Mountains during a time of increased generation of topographic relief ; these formations stretch from the Rocky Mountains nearly to the Iowa border and give the Great Plains much of their gentle but persistent eastward tilt , and also constitute a major . - Immediately before the Ice Age , the Missouri River was likely split into three segments : an upper portion that drained northwards into Hudson Bay , and middle and lower sections that flowed eastward down the regional slope . As the Earth plunged into the Ice Age , a pre @-@ ( or possibly the ) diverted the Missouri River towards its present confluence with the Mississippi and caused it to integrate into a single river system that cuts across the regional slope . In western Montana , the Missouri River is thought to have once flowed north then east around the Bear Mountains . are found in some spots along the river in western Montana . of the continental ice sheets diverted the river and its tributaries , causing them to pool up into large temporary lakes such as Lakes Great Falls , and others . As the lakes rose , the water in them often spilled across adjacent local drainage divides , creating now @-@ abandoned channels and including the , 100 miles ( 160 km ) long . When the glaciers retreated , the Missouri flowed in a new course along the south side of the , and the lower part of the Milk River tributary took over the original main channel . - The Missouri 's nickname , the " Big " , was inspired by its enormous loads of sediment or silt – some of the largest of any North American river . In its pre @-@ development state , the river transported some 175 to 320 million short tons ( 159 to 290 Mt ) per year . The construction of dams and levees has drastically reduced this to 20 to 25 million short tons ( 18 to 23 Mt ) in the present day . Much of this sediment is derived from the river 's floodplain , also called the belt ; every time the river changed course , it would tons of soil and rocks from its banks . However , and channeling the river has kept it from reaching its natural sediment sources along most of its course . along the Missouri trap roughly 36 @.@ 4 million short tons ( 33 @.@ 0 Mt ) of sediment each year . Despite this , the river still transports more than half the total silt that empties into the Gulf of Mexico ; the Mississippi River Delta , formed by sediment deposits at the mouth of the Mississippi , constitutes a majority of sediments carried by the Missouri . - - = = First peoples = = - - Archaeological evidence , especially in Missouri , suggests that man first made his presence in the watershed of the Missouri River between 10 @,@ 000 and 12 @,@ 000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene . During the end of the last glacial period , a great migration of humans began , traveling via the Bering land bridge from Eurasia into and throughout the Americas . As they traveled slowly over centuries , the Missouri River formed one of the main migration paths . Most settled in the Ohio Valley and the lower Mississippi River Valley , but many , including the builders , stayed along the Missouri , becoming the ancestors of the later indigenous peoples of the Great Plains . - The Native Americans that lived along the Missouri had access to ample food , water , and shelter . Many migratory animals inhabited the plains at the time , providing them meat , clothing , and other everyday items ; there were also great riparian areas in the river 's floodplain that provided them with natural herbs and staple foods . No written records from the tribes and peoples of the pre @-@ European period exist because they did not use writing . According to the writings of explorers , some of the major tribes along the Missouri River included the , , Omaha , , , Lakota , Sioux , , Hidatsa , Mandan , , and . - used the Missouri , at least to a limited extent , as a path of trade and transport . In addition , the river and its tributaries formed tribal boundaries . of the indigenous mostly centered on a semi @-@ nomadic culture ; many tribes would have different summer and winter camps . However , the center of Native American wealth and trade lay along the Missouri River in the Dakotas region on its great bend south . A large cluster of walled Mandan , Hidatsa and villages situated on and islands of the river was home to thousands , and later served as a market and trading post used by early French and British explorers and fur traders . Following the introduction of horses to Missouri River tribes , possibly from feral European @-@ introduced populations , natives ' way of life changed dramatically . The use of the horse allowed them to travel greater distances , and thus facilitated hunting , communications and trade . - Once , tens of millions of American bison ( commonly called buffalo ) , one of the keystone species of the Great Plains and the Ohio Valley , roamed the plains of the Missouri River basin . Most Native American groups in the basin relied heavily on the bison as a food source , and their hides and bones served to create other household items . In time , the species came to benefit from the indigenous peoples ' periodic controlled of the grasslands surrounding the Missouri to clear out old and dead growth . The large bison population of the region gave rise to the term great bison belt , an area of rich annual grasslands that extended from Alaska to Mexico along the eastern flank of the Continental Divide . However , after the arrival of Europeans in North America , both the bison and the Native Americans saw a rapid decline in population . Hunting eliminated bison populations east of the Mississippi River by 1833 and reduced the numbers in the Missouri basin to a mere few hundred . Foreign diseases such as smallpox raged across the land , Native American populations . Left without their primary source of sustenance , many of the remaining indigenous people were amalgamated into areas and reservations . - - = = Early European explorers = = - - In May , the French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette left the settlement of St. Ignace on Lake Huron and traveled down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers , aiming to reach the Pacific Ocean . In late June , Jolliet and Marquette became the first documented European of the Missouri River , which according to their journals was in full flood . " I never saw anything more terrific , " Jolliet wrote , " a tangle of entire trees from the mouth of the [ Missouri ] with such that one could not attempt to cross it without great danger . The was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself . " They recorded or as the local name for the Missouri . However , the party never explored the Missouri beyond its mouth , nor did they linger in the area . In addition , they later learned that the Mississippi drained into the Gulf of Mexico and not the Pacific as they had originally presumed ; the expedition turned back about 440 miles ( 710 km ) short of the Gulf at the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Mississippi . - In 1682 , France expanded its territorial claims in North America to include land on the western side of the Mississippi River , which included the lower portion of the Missouri . However , the Missouri itself remained formally until Étienne de , Sieur de Bourgmont commanded an expedition in 1714 that reached at least as far as the mouth of the Platte River . It is unclear exactly how far Bourgmont traveled beyond there ; he described the blond @-@ haired in his journals , so it is likely he reached as far as their villages in present @-@ day North Dakota . Later that year , Bourgmont published The Route To Be Taken To The Missouri River , the first known document to use the name " Missouri River " ; many of the names he gave to tributaries , mostly for the native tribes that lived along them , are still in use today . The expedition 's discoveries eventually found their way to Guillaume , who used the information to create a map of the lower Missouri . In , Jean @-@ Baptiste Le , Sieur de requested that the French government bestow upon Bourgmont the Cross of St. Louis because of his " outstanding service to France " . - Bourgmont had in fact been in trouble with the French colonial authorities since 1706 , when he deserted his post as commandant of Fort Detroit after poorly handling an attack by the Ottawa that resulted in thirty @-@ one deaths . However , his reputation was enhanced in 1720 when the Pawnee – who had earlier been befriended by Bourgmont – massacred the Spanish expedition near present @-@ day Columbus , Nebraska on the Missouri River and temporarily ending Spanish encroachment on French Louisiana . - Bourgmont established Fort Orleans , the first European settlement of any kind on the Missouri River , near present @-@ day Brunswick , Missouri , in 1723 . The following year Bourgmont led an expedition to enlist support against the Spanish , who continued to show interest in taking over the Missouri . In 1725 Bourgmont brought the chiefs of several Missouri River tribes to visit France . There he was raised to the rank of nobility and did not accompany the chiefs back to North America . Fort Orleans was either abandoned or its small contingent massacred by Native Americans in 1726 . - The French and Indian War erupted when territorial disputes between France and Great Britain in North America reached a head in 1754 . By 1763 , France was defeated by the much greater strength of the British army and was forced to cede its Canadian possessions to the English and Louisiana to the Spanish in the Treaty of Paris , amounting to most of its colonial holdings in North America . Initially , the Spanish did not extensively explore the Missouri and let French traders continue their activities under license . However , this ended after news of the British Hudson 's Bay Company incursions in the upper Missouri River watershed was brought back following an expedition by Jacques D in the early . In 1795 the Spanish chartered the Company of and of the Missouri , popularly referred to as the " Missouri Company " , and offered a reward for the first person to reach the Pacific Ocean via the Missouri . In 1794 and 1795 expeditions led by Jean Baptiste and Antoine Simon de la did not even make it as far north as the Mandan villages in central North Dakota . - the most successful of the Missouri Company expeditions was that of James MacKay and John Evans . The two set out along the Missouri , and established Fort Charles about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of present @-@ day Sioux City as a winter camp in 1795 . At the Mandan villages in North Dakota , they expelled several British traders , and while talking to the populace they the location of the Yellowstone River , which was called Roche ( " Yellow Rock " ) by the French . Although MacKay and Evans failed to accomplish their original goal of reaching the Pacific , they did create the first accurate map of the upper Missouri River . - In 1795 , the young United States and Spain signed 's Treaty , which recognized American rights to navigate the Mississippi River and store goods for export in New Orleans . Three years later , Spain revoked the treaty and in 1800 secretly returned Louisiana to Napoleonic France in the Third Treaty of San . This transfer was so secret that the Spanish continued to administer the territory . In 1801 , Spain restored rights to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to the United States . - Fearing that the could occur again , President Thomas Jefferson proposed to buy the port of New Orleans from France for $ 10 million . Instead , faced with a debt crisis , Napoleon offered to sell the entirety of Louisiana , including the Missouri River , for $ 15 million – amounting to less than 3 per acre . The deal was signed in 1803 , doubling the size of the United States with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory . In 1803 , Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to explore the Missouri and search for a water route to the Pacific Ocean . By then , it had been discovered that the Columbia River system , which drains into the Pacific , had a similar latitude as the headwaters of the Missouri River , and it was widely believed that a connection or short existed between the two . However , Spain at the takeover , citing that they had never formally returned Louisiana to the French . Spanish authorities warned Lewis not to take the journey and forbade him from seeing the MacKay and Evans map of the Missouri , although Lewis eventually managed to gain access to it . - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began their famed expedition in 1804 with a party of thirty @-@ three people in three boats . Although they became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the Missouri and reach the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia , they found no trace of the Northwest Passage . The maps made by Lewis and Clark , especially those of the Pacific Northwest region , provided a foundation for future explorers and emigrants . They also negotiated relations with multiple Native American tribes and wrote extensive reports on the climate , ecology and geology of the region . Many present @-@ day names of geographic features in the upper Missouri basin originated from their expedition . - - = = American frontier = = - - - = = = Fur trade = = = - - As early as the 18th century , fur trappers entered the extreme northern basin of the Missouri River in the hopes of finding populations of beaver and river otter , the sale of whose pelts drove the thriving North American fur trade . They came from many different places – some from the Canadian fur corporations at Hudson Bay , some from the Pacific Northwest ( see also : Maritime fur trade ) , and some from the United States . Most did not stay in the area for long , as they failed to find significant resources . - The first glowing reports of country rich with thousands of game animals came in 1806 when Meriwether Lewis and William Clark returned from their two @-@ year expedition . Their journals described lands rich with thousands of buffalo , beaver , and river otter ; and also an abundant population of sea otters on the Pacific Northwest coast . In 1807 , explorer Manuel Lisa organized an expedition which would lead to the explosive growth of the fur trade in the upper Missouri River country . Lisa and his crew traveled up the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers , trading manufactured items in return for furs from local Native American tribes , and established a fort at the confluence of the Yellowstone and a tributary , the Bighorn , in southern Montana . Although the business started small , it quickly grew into a thriving trade . - Lisa 's men started construction of Fort Raymond , which sat on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Yellowstone and Bighorn , in the fall of 1807 . The fort would serve primarily as a trading post for with the Native Americans for furs . This method was unlike that of the Pacific Northwest fur trade , which involved trappers hired by the various fur enterprises , namely Hudson 's Bay . Fort Raymond was later replaced by Fort Lisa at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone in North Dakota ; a second fort also called Fort Lisa was built downstream on the Missouri River in Nebraska . In 1809 the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company was founded by Lisa in conjunction with William Clark and Pierre , among others . In 1828 , the American Fur Company founded Fort Union at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers . Fort Union gradually became the main headquarters for the fur trade in the upper Missouri basin . - Fur trapping activities in the early 19th century encompassed nearly all of the Rocky Mountains on both the eastern and western slopes . of the Hudson 's Bay Company , St. Louis Missouri Fur Company , American Fur Company , Rocky Mountain Fur Company , North West Company and other outfits worked thousands of streams in the Missouri watershed as well as the neighboring Columbia , Colorado , Arkansas , and Saskatchewan river systems . During this period , the trappers , also called mountain men , blazed trails through the wilderness that would later form the paths pioneers and settlers would travel by into the West . Transport of the thousands of beaver pelts required ships , providing one of the first large motives for river transport on the Missouri to start . - As the 1830s drew to a close , the fur industry slowly began to die as silk replaced beaver fur as a desirable clothing item . By this time , also , the beaver population of streams in the Rocky Mountains had been decimated by intense hunting . Furthermore , frequent Native American attacks on trading posts made it dangerous for employees of the fur companies . In some regions , the industry continued well into the 1840s , but in others such as the Platte River valley , declines of the beaver population contributed to an earlier demise . The fur trade finally disappeared in the Great Plains around 1850 , with the primary center of industry shifting to the Mississippi Valley and central Canada . Despite the demise of the once @-@ prosperous trade , however , its legacy led to the opening of the American West and a flood of settlers , farmers , ranchers , adventurers , , financially bereft , and entrepreneurs took their place . - - = = = Settlers and pioneers = = = - - The river roughly defined the American frontier in the 19th century , particularly downstream from Kansas City , where it takes a sharp eastern turn into the heart of the state of Missouri . The major trails for the opening of the American West all have their starting points on the river , including the California , Mormon , Oregon , and Santa Fe trails . The first westward leg of the Pony Express was a ferry across the Missouri at St. Joseph , Missouri . Similarly , most emigrants arrived at the eastern terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad via a ferry ride across the Missouri between Council Bluffs , Iowa and Omaha . The Bridge became the first bridge to cross the Missouri River in 1869 , and its location was a major reason why Kansas City became the largest city on the river upstream from its mouth at St. Louis . - True to the then @-@ ideal of Destiny , over 500 @,@ 000 people set out from the river town of Independence , Missouri to their various destinations in the American West from the 1830s to the 1860s . These people had many reasons to embark on this strenuous year @-@ long journey – economic crisis , and later gold strikes including the California Gold Rush , for example . For most , the route took them up the Missouri to Omaha , Nebraska , where they would set out along the Platte River , which flows from the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming and Colorado eastwards through the Great Plains . An early expedition led by Robert Stuart from 1812 to 1813 proved the Platte impossible to navigate by the canoes they used , let alone the large and that would later the Missouri in increasing numbers . One explorer remarked that the Platte was " too thick to drink , too thin to " . Nevertheless , the Platte provided an abundant and reliable source of water for the pioneers as they headed west . wagons , popularly referred to as prairie , provided the primary means of transport until the beginning of regular boat service on the river in the 1850s . - During the 1860s , gold strikes in Montana , Colorado , Wyoming and northern Utah attracted another wave of to the region . Although some freight was hauled overland , most transport to and from the gold fields was done through the Missouri and Kansas Rivers , as well as the Snake River in western Wyoming and the Bear River in Utah , Idaho and Wyoming . It is estimated that of the passengers and freight hauled from the Midwest to Montana , over 80 percent were transported by boat , a journey that took 150 days in the upstream direction . A route more directly west into Colorado lay along the Kansas River and its tributary the Republican River as well as pair of smaller Colorado streams , Big Sandy Creek and the South Platte River , to near Denver . The gold rushes precipitated the decline of the Bozeman Trail as a popular emigration route , as it passed through land held by often @-@ hostile Native Americans . paths were blazed to the Great Salt Lake near , Utah during the gold rush period , which led to the large @-@ scale settlement of the Rocky Mountains region and eastern Great Basin . - As settlers expanded their holdings into the Great Plains , they ran into land conflicts with Native American tribes . This resulted in frequent raids , massacres and armed conflicts , leading to the federal government creating multiple treaties with the Plains tribes , which generally involved establishing borders and reserving lands for the indigenous . As with many other treaties between the U.S. and Native Americans , they were soon broken , leading to huge wars . Over 1 @,@ 000 battles , big and small , were fought between the U.S. military and Native Americans before the tribes were forced out of their land onto reservations . - Conflicts between natives and settlers over the opening of the Bozeman Trail in the Dakotas , Wyoming and Montana led to Red Cloud 's War , in which the Lakota and Cheyenne fought against the U.S. Army . The fighting resulted in a complete Native American victory . In 1868 , the Treaty of Fort was signed , which " guaranteed " the use of the Black Hills , River Country and other regions surrounding the northern Missouri River to Native Americans without white intervention . The Missouri River was also a significant landmark as it divides northeastern Kansas from western Missouri ; pro @-@ slavery forces from Missouri would cross the river into Kansas and spark during Bleeding Kansas , leading to continued tension and hostility even today between Kansas and Missouri . Another significant military engagement on the Missouri River during this period was the 1861 Battle of , which did not affect Native Americans but rather was a turning point in the American Civil War that allowed the Union to seize control of transport on the river , the state of Missouri from joining the Confederacy . - However , the peace and freedom of the Native Americans did not last for long . The Great Sioux War of 1876 – 77 was sparked when American miners discovered gold in the Black Hills of western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming . These lands were originally set aside for Native American use by the Treaty of Fort . When the settlers onto the lands , they were attacked by Native Americans . U.S. troops were sent to the area to protect the miners , and drive out the natives from the new settlements . During this bloody period , both the Native Americans and the U.S. military won victories in major battles , resulting in the loss of nearly a thousand lives . The war eventually ended in an American victory , and the Black Hills were opened to settlement . Native Americans of that region were relocated to reservations in Wyoming and southeastern Montana . - - = = Dam @-@ building era = = - - In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a great number of dams were built along the course of the Missouri , transforming 35 percent of the river into a chain of reservoirs . River development was stimulated by a variety of factors , first by growing demand for electricity in the rural northwestern parts of the basin , and also by floods and droughts that plagued rapidly growing agricultural and urban areas along the lower Missouri River . Small , privately owned hydroelectric projects have existed since the 1890s , but the large flood @-@ control and storage dams that characterize the middle reaches of the river today were not constructed until the 1950s . - Between 1890 and 1940 , five dams were built in the vicinity of Great Falls to generate power from the Great Falls of the Missouri , a chain of giant waterfalls formed by the river in its path through western Montana . Black Eagle Dam , built in 1891 on Black Eagle Falls , was the first dam of the Missouri . in 1926 with a more modern structure , the dam was little more than a small weir atop Black Eagle Falls , diverting part of the Missouri 's flow into the Black Eagle power plant . The largest of the five dams , Ryan Dam , was built in 1913 . The dam lies directly above the 87 @-@ foot ( 27 m ) Great Falls , the largest waterfall of the Missouri . - In the same period , several private establishments – most notably the Montana Power Company – began to develop the Missouri River above Great Falls and below Helena for power generation . A small run @-@ of @-@ the river structure completed in 1898 near the present site of Canyon Ferry Dam became the second dam to be built on the Missouri . This rock @-@ filled timber crib dam generated seven and a half megawatts of electricity for Helena and the surrounding countryside . The nearby steel Hauser Dam was finished in 1907 , but failed in 1908 because of structural deficiencies , causing catastrophic flooding all the way downstream past Craig . At Great Falls , a section of the Black Eagle Dam was to save nearby factories from inundation . Hauser was rebuilt in 1910 as a concrete gravity structure , and stands to this day . - Dam , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) downstream of Helena , was the third hydroelectric dam built on this stretch of the Missouri River . When completed in 1918 by the Montana Power Company and the United Missouri River Power Company , its reservoir flooded the Gates of the Mountains , a limestone canyon which Meriwether Lewis described as " the most remarkable that we have yet seen … the tow [ er ] ing and projecting rocks in many places seem ready to tumble on us . " In 1949 , the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation ( ) began construction on the modern Canyon Ferry Dam to provide flood control to the Great Falls area . By 1954 , the rising waters of Canyon Ferry Lake submerged the old 1898 dam , whose powerhouse still stands underwater about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) upstream of the present @-@ day dam . - " [ The Missouri 's temperament was ] uncertain as the actions of a jury or the state of a woman 's mind . " – Sioux City Register , March 28 , 1868 - The Missouri basin suffered a series of catastrophic floods around the turn of the 20th century , most notably in 1844 , 1881 , and 1926 – 1927 . In 1940 , as part of the Great Depression @-@ era New Deal , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) completed Fort Peck Dam in Montana . Construction of this massive public works project provided jobs for more than 50 @,@ 000 laborers during the Depression and was a major step in providing flood control to the lower half of the Missouri River . However , Fort Peck only controls runoff from 11 percent of the Missouri River watershed , and had little effect on a severe snowmelt flood that struck the lower basin three years later . This event was particularly destructive as it submerged manufacturing plants in Omaha and Kansas City , greatly delaying shipments of military supplies in World War II . - Flooding damages on the Mississippi – Missouri river system were one of the primary reasons for which Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1944 , opening the way for the USACE to develop the Missouri on a massive scale . The 1944 act authorized the Pick – Sloan Missouri Basin Program ( Pick – Sloan Plan ) , which was a composite of two widely varying proposals . The Pick plan , with an emphasis on flood control and hydroelectric power , called for the construction of large storage dams along the main stem of the Missouri . The Sloan plan , which stressed the development of local irrigation , included provisions for roughly 85 smaller dams on tributaries . - In the early stages of Pick – Sloan development , tentative plans were made to build a low dam on the Missouri at , North Dakota and 27 smaller dams on the Yellowstone River and its tributaries . This was met with controversy from inhabitants of the Yellowstone basin , and eventually the proposed a solution : to greatly increase the size of the proposed dam at – today 's Garrison Dam , thus replacing the storage that would have been provided by the Yellowstone dams . Because of this decision , the Yellowstone is now the longest free @-@ flowing river in the contiguous United States . In the 1950s , construction commenced on the five mainstem dams – Garrison , Oahe , Big Bend , Fort Randall and Gavins Point – proposed under the Pick @-@ Sloan Plan . Along with Fort Peck , which was integrated as a unit of the Pick @-@ Sloan Plan in the 1940s , these dams now form what is known as the Missouri River Mainstem System . - The six dams of the Mainstem System , chiefly Fort Peck , Garrison and Oahe , are among the largest dams in the world by volume ; their sprawling reservoirs also rank within the biggest of the nation . Holding up to 74 @.@ 1 million acre feet ( 91 @.@ 4 km3 ) in total , the six reservoirs can store more than three years ' worth of the river 's flow as measured below Gavins Point , the dam . This capacity makes it the largest reservoir system in the United States and one of the largest in North America . In addition to storing irrigation water , the system also includes an annual flood @-@ control reservation of 16 @.@ 3 million acre feet ( 20 @.@ 1 km3 ) . Mainstem power plants generate about 9 @.@ 3 billion annually – equal to a constant output of almost 1 @,@ 100 megawatts . Along with nearly 100 smaller dams on tributaries , namely the Bighorn , Platte , Kansas , and Osage Rivers , the system provides irrigation water to nearly 7 @,@ 500 sq mi ( 19 @,@ 000 km2 ) of land . - The table at left lists statistics of all fifteen dams on the Missouri River , ordered downstream . Many of the run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ river dams on the Missouri ( marked in yellow ) form very small which may or may not have been given names ; those unnamed are left blank . All dams are on the upper half of the river above Sioux City ; the lower river is uninterrupted due to its longstanding use as a shipping channel . - - = = Navigation = = - - " [ Missouri River shipping ] never achieved its expectations . Even under the very best of circumstances , it was never a huge industry . " ~ Richard , former Missouri River Basin Association executive director - Boat travel on the Missouri started with the wood @-@ framed canoes and bull boats of the Native Americans , which were used for thousands of years before the introduction of larger craft to the river upon colonization of the Great Plains . The first steamboat on the Missouri was the Independence , which started running between St. Louis and , Missouri around 1819 . By the 1830s , large mail and freight @-@ carrying vessels were running regularly between Kansas City and St. Louis , and many traveled even farther upstream . A handful , such as the Western Engineer and the Yellowstone , were able to make it up the river as far as eastern Montana . - During the early 19th century , at the height of the fur trade , steamboats and began traveling nearly the whole length of the Missouri from Montana 's rugged Missouri Breaks to the mouth , carrying beaver and buffalo furs to and from the areas that the trappers frequented . This resulted in the development of the Missouri River , which specialized in carrying furs . Since these boats could only travel , they were dismantled and sold for lumber upon their arrival at St. Louis . - Water transport increased through the 1850s with multiple craft ferrying pioneers , emigrants and miners ; many of these runs were from St. Louis or Independence to near Omaha . There , most of these people would set out overland along the large but shallow and Platte River , which was described by pioneers as " a mile wide and an inch deep " and " the most magnificent and useless of rivers " . navigation peaked in 1858 with over 130 boats operating full @-@ time on the Missouri , with many more smaller vessels . Many of the earlier vessels were built on the Ohio River before being transferred to the Missouri . Side @-@ steamboats were preferred over the larger used on the Mississippi and Ohio because of their greater maneuverability . - The industry 's success , however , did not guarantee safety . In the early decades before the river 's flow was controlled by man , its sketchy rises and falls and its massive amounts of sediment , which prevented a clear view of the bottom , wrecked some 300 vessels . Because of the dangers of navigating the Missouri River , the average ship 's lifespan was short , only about four years . The development of the Transcontinental and Northern Pacific marked the beginning of the end of steamboat commerce on the Missouri . by trains , the number of boats slowly dwindled , until there was almost nothing left by the 1890s . Transport of agricultural and mining products by barge , however , saw a revival in the early twentieth century . - - = = = Passage to Sioux City = = = - - Since the beginning of the 20th century , the Missouri River has been extensively engineered for water transport purposes , and about 32 percent of the river now flows through artificially channels . In 1912 , the USACE was authorized to maintain the Missouri to a depth of six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) from the Port of Kansas City to the mouth , a distance of 368 miles ( 592 km ) . This was accomplished by constructing levees and wing dams to direct the river 's flow into a straight , narrow channel and prevent sedimentation . In 1925 , the USACE began a project to widen the river 's navigation channel to 200 feet ( 61 m ) ; two years later , they began dredging a deep @-@ water channel from Kansas City to Sioux City . These modifications have reduced the river 's length from some 2 @,@ 540 miles ( 4 @,@ 090 km ) in the late 19th century to 2 @,@ 341 miles ( 3 @,@ 767 km ) in the present day . - Construction of dams on the Missouri under the Pick @-@ Sloan Plan in the mid @-@ twentieth century was the final step in aiding navigation . The large reservoirs of the Mainstem System help provide a dependable flow to maintain the navigation channel year @-@ round , and are capable of halting most of the river 's annual . However , high and low water cycles of the Missouri – notably the protracted early @-@ 21st @-@ century drought in the Missouri River basin and historic floods in 1993 and 2011 – are difficult for even the massive Mainstem System reservoirs to control . - In 1945 , the USACE began the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project , which would permanently increase the river 's navigation channel to a width of 300 feet ( 91 m ) and a depth of nine feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) . During work that continues to this day , the 735 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 183 km ) navigation channel from Sioux City to St. Louis has been controlled by building rock to direct the river 's flow and out sediments , sealing and cutting off meanders and side channels , and dredging the riverbed . However , the Missouri has often resisted the efforts of the USACE to control its depth . In 2006 , several U.S. Coast Guard boats ran aground in the Missouri River because the navigation channel had been severely . The USACE was blamed for failing to maintain the channel to the minimum depth . - In 1929 , the Missouri River Navigation Commission estimated the total amount of goods shipped on the river annually at 15 million tons ( 13 @.@ 6 million metric tons ) , providing widespread consensus for the creation of a navigation channel . However , shipping traffic has since been far lower than expected – shipments of commodities including produce , manufactured items , lumber , and oil averaged only @,@ 000 tons ( @,@ 000 t ) per year from 1994 to 2006 . - By tonnage of transported material , Missouri is by far the largest user of the river accounting for 83 percent of river traffic , while Kansas has 12 percent , Nebraska three percent and Iowa two percent . Almost all of the barge traffic on the Missouri River ships sand and gravel dredged from the lower 500 miles ( 800 km ) of the river ; the remaining portion of the shipping channel now sees little to no use by commercial vessels . - - = = = Traffic decline = = = - - of goods shipped by barges on the Missouri River has seen a serious decline from the 1960s to the present . In the 1960s , the USACE predicted an increase to 12 million short tons ( 11 Mt ) per year by 2000 , but instead the opposite has happened . The amount of goods plunged from 3 @.@ 3 million short tons ( 3 @.@ 0 Mt ) in 1977 to just 1 @.@ 3 million short tons ( 1 @.@ 2 Mt ) in 2000 . One of the largest drops has been in agricultural products , especially wheat . Part of the reason is that irrigated land along the Missouri has only been developed to a fraction of its potential . In 2006 , barges on the Missouri hauled only 200 @,@ 000 short tons ( 180 @,@ 000 t ) of products which is equal to the amount of daily freight traffic on the Mississippi . - Drought conditions in the early 21st century and competition from other modes of transport – mainly railroads – are the primary reason for decreasing river traffic on the Missouri . The failure of the USACE to consistently maintain the navigation channel has also hampered the industry . Currently , efforts are being made to revive the shipping industry on the Missouri River , because of the efficiency and of river transport to haul agricultural products , and the overcrowding of alternative transportation routes . such as expanding the navigation channel and releasing more water from reservoirs during the peak of the navigation season are being considered . Drought conditions lifted in 2010 , in which about @,@ 000 short tons ( @,@ 000 t ) were on the Missouri , representing the first significant increase in shipments since 2000 . However , flooding in 2011 closed record stretches of the river to boat traffic – " wash [ ing ] away hopes for a bounce @-@ back year . " - There are no lock and dams on the lower Missouri River , but there are plenty of wing dams that out into the river and make it harder for barges to navigate . In contrast , the upper Mississippi has 29 locks and dams and averaged 61 @.@ 3 million tons of cargo annually from 2008 to 2011 , and its locks are closed in the winter . - - = = Ecology = = - - - = = = Natural history = = = - - Historically , the thousands of square miles that comprised the floodplain of the Missouri River supported a wide range of plant and animal species . Biodiversity generally increased proceeding downstream from the cold , subalpine headwaters in Montana to the temperate , moist climate of Missouri . Today , the river 's riparian zone consists primarily of , willows and , with several other types of trees such as maple and ash . Average tree height generally increases farther from the riverbanks for a limited distance , as land adjacent to the river is vulnerable to soil erosion during floods . Because of its large sediment concentrations , the Missouri does not support many aquatic invertebrates . However , the basin does support about 300 species of birds and 150 species of fish , some of which are endangered such as the . The Missouri 's aquatic and riparian habitats also support several species of mammals , such as , river otters , , , and raccoons . - The World Wide Fund For Nature divides the Missouri River watershed into three freshwater : the Upper Missouri , Lower Missouri and Central Prairie . The Upper Missouri , roughly encompassing the area within Montana , Wyoming , southern Alberta and Saskatchewan , and North Dakota , comprises mainly shrub @-@ steppe grasslands with sparse biodiversity because of Ice Age . There are no known endemic species within the region . Except for the headwaters in the Rockies , there is little precipitation in this part of the watershed . The Middle Missouri ecoregion , extending through Colorado , southwestern Minnesota , northern Kansas , Nebraska , and parts of Wyoming and Iowa , has greater rainfall and is characterized by temperate forests and grasslands . Plant life is more diverse in the Middle Missouri , which is also home to about twice as many animal species . Finally , the Central Prairie ecoregion is situated on the lower part of the Missouri , encompassing all or parts of Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma and Arkansas . Despite large seasonal temperature fluctuations , this region has the greatest diversity of plants and animals of the three . Thirteen species of are endemic to the lower Missouri . - - = = = Human impacts = = = - - Since the beginning of river commerce and industrial development in the 1800s , the Missouri has been severely polluted and its water quality degraded by human activity . Most of the river 's floodplain habitat is long gone , replaced by irrigated agricultural land . Development of the floodplain has led to increasing amounts of people and infrastructure within areas at high risk of inundation . have been constructed along more than a third of the river in order to keep within the channel , but with the consequences of faster stream velocity and a resulting increase of peak flows in downstream areas . runoff , which causes elevated levels of nitrogen and other nutrients , is a major problem along the Missouri River , especially in Iowa and Missouri . This form of pollution also heavily affects the upper Mississippi , Illinois and Ohio Rivers . Low oxygen levels in rivers and the vast Gulf of Mexico dead zone at the end of the Mississippi Delta are both results of high nutrient concentrations in the Missouri and other tributaries of the Mississippi . - of the lower Missouri waters has made the river narrower , deeper and less accessible to riparian flora and fauna . Numerous dams and bank stabilization projects have been constructed to facilitate the conversion of 300 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 km2 ) of Missouri River floodplain to agricultural land . Channel control has significantly reduced the volume of sediment transported downstream by the river and eliminated critical habitat for fish , birds and amphibians . By the early 21st century , declines in populations of native species prompted the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to issue a biological opinion recommending restoration of river habitats for endangered bird and fish species . - The USACE began work on ecosystem restoration projects along the lower Missouri River in the early 21st century . Because of the low use of the shipping channel in the lower Missouri maintained by the USACE , it is now considered feasible to remove some of the levees , , and wing dams that the river 's flow , thus allowing it to naturally restore its banks . By 2001 , there were 87 @,@ 000 acres ( 350 km2 ) of riverside floodplain undergoing active restoration . - Restoration projects have re @-@ mobilized some of the sediments that had been trapped behind bank stabilization structures , prompting concerns of exacerbated nutrient and sediment pollution locally and downstream in the northern Gulf of Mexico . A 2010 National Research Council report assessed the roles of sediment in the Missouri River , evaluating current habitat restoration strategies and alternative ways to manage sediment . The report found that a better understanding of sediment processes in the Missouri River , including the creation of a " sediment budget " – an accounting of sediment transport , erosion , and deposition volumes for the length of the Missouri River – would provide a foundation for projects to improve water quality standards and protect endangered species . - - = = Tourism and recreation = = - - With over 1 @,@ 500 sq mi ( 3 @,@ 900 km2 ) of open water , the six reservoirs of the Missouri River Mainstem System provide some of the main recreational areas within the basin . has increased from 10 million visitor @-@ hours in the mid @-@ 1960s to over 60 million visitor @-@ hours in 1990 . Development of visitor facilities was spurred by the Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965 , which required the USACE to build and maintain boat ramps , campgrounds and other public facilities along major reservoirs . Recreational use of Missouri River reservoirs is estimated to contribute $ 85 – 100 million to the regional economy each year . - The Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , some 3 @,@ 700 miles ( 6 @,@ 000 km ) long , follows nearly the entire Missouri River from its mouth to its source , the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . from Wood River , Illinois , in the east , to Astoria , Oregon , in the west , it also follows portions of the Mississippi and Columbia Rivers . The trail , which spans through eleven U.S. states , is maintained by various federal and state government agencies ; it passes through some 100 historic sites , notably archaeological locations including the Knife River Indian National Historic Site . - Parts of the river itself are designated for recreational or use . The Missouri National Recreational River consists of portions of the Missouri downstream from Fort Randall and Gavins Point that total 98 miles ( 158 km ) . These reaches exhibit islands , meanders , , underwater rocks , , , and other once @-@ common features of the lower river that have now disappeared under reservoirs or have been destroyed by channeling . About forty @-@ five steamboat wrecks are scattered along these reaches of the river . - from Great Falls , Montana , about 149 miles ( 240 km ) of the river course through a rugged series of canyons and badlands known as the Missouri Breaks . This part of the river , designated a U.S. National Wild and Scenic River in 1976 , flows within the Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument , a 375 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 520 km2 ) preserve comprising steep cliffs , deep , arid plains , badlands , archaeological sites , and whitewater rapids on the Missouri itself . The preserve includes a wide variety of plant and animal life ; recreational activities include boating , rafting , hiking and wildlife observation . - In north @-@ central Montana , some 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 500 km2 ) along over 125 miles ( 201 km ) of the Missouri River , centering on Fort Peck Lake , comprise the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge . The wildlife refuge consists of a native northern Great Plains ecosystem that has not been heavily affected by human development , except for the construction of Fort Peck Dam . Although there are few designated trails , the whole preserve is open to hiking and camping . - Many U.S. national parks , such as Glacier National Park , Rocky Mountain National Park , Yellowstone National Park and National Park are in the watershed . Parts of other rivers in the basin are set aside for preservation and recreational use – notably the Niobrara National Scenic River , which is a 76 @-@ mile ( 122 km ) protected stretch of the Niobrara River , one of the Missouri 's longest tributaries . The Missouri flows through or past many National Historic Landmarks , which include Three Forks of the Missouri , Fort Benton , Montana , Big Hidatsa Village Site , Fort Atkinson , Nebraska and Arrow Rock Historic District . - - - = Monty Can 't Buy Me Love = - - " Monty Can 't Buy Me Love " is the twenty @-@ first episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 2 , 1999 . In the episode , Mr. Burns is jealous of owner Arthur Fortune , who is beloved by the people of Springfield . In order to win the people 's love , Burns the help of Homer Simpson , Professor and Groundskeeper Willie to capture the Loch Ness monster . - The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark . The idea for the episode was pitched by the Simpsons writing staff , who wanted to make an episode in which Mr. Burns becomes a " " , a millionaire who goes on thrilling adventures . Although it would originally be green , a mistake in the overseas animation led to the Loch Ness monster looking pink , a mistake that was ultimately too expensive to fix . - In its original broadcast , " Monty Can 't Buy Me Love " was seen by approximately 7 @.@ 26 million viewers , and finished in 43rd place in the ratings the week it aired . Following the release of The Simpsons : The Complete Tenth Season , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . - - = = Plot = = - - On a normal afternoon , Marge wants Homer , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie to go for a walk . They agree when faced with the threat of having to talk to each other , and arrive at a Fortune Megastore , a venture of wealthy Arthur Fortune ( modelled on British entrepreneur Richard Branson ) . Fortune easily charms the crowd and hands out dollar bills to his customers . This the unpopular Mr. Burns , who asks Homer to help him be loved by all . - As his first activity , Burns has Homer throw silver dollars from the top of a tall building , which instead of winning him popularity just causes injuries and the crowds below . Next , he writes out a check and tells Homer to donate it to the Springfield Hospital , but Homer is mistakenly believed to be the donor and receives the credit . Mr. Burns appears on a radio show called " Jerry Rude and the " and is mocked by Rude . Feeling disappointed , Mr. Burns decides to go to Scotland to capture the legendary Loch Ness Monster with help from Homer , Professor and Groundskeeper Willie . After little progress , Burns has the drained of water to expose the creature . After the monster single @-@ handed ( although it is not shown , it is mentioned that the monster swallowed him ) , Burns has it sent to Springfield to be unveiled , where " " turns out to be friendly and charms all of the spectators . - However , during the unveiling of the monster , Burns is blinded by camera flashes . He runs into a camera , which crashes and starts a fire : the crowd panic and flee . Following this disaster , Homer then cheers up Burns by pointing out that being loved means you have to be nice to people everyday but being hated means you do not have to do anything . Burns agrees with that logic , saying " I 'm a selfish old that fits me like a ! " In the aftermath of the incident , Homer and Burns give a job at the " Vegas Town Casino " . - - = = Production = = - - " Monty Can 't Buy Me Love " was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 2 , 1999 . The inspiration for the episode came from the concept of " " , a term the Simpsons writers found in an issue of The Economist to describe who " do really incredible stunts " and " go on amazing adventures " . The episode 's third act went through several , and the writers had a lot of ideas about what Burns should do once he has captured the Loch Ness monster . Eventually , the staff settled on the act 's current iteration , which was conceived by Simpsons writer George Meyer . According to current showrunner Al Jean , the color of the Loch Ness monster would originally be green , but when the overseas animation was completed , the Loch Ness monster had a " kind of pinkish " color . Because it would be too expensive to re @-@ color all the in which the monster appears , the staff decided to air the episode as it was , even though the monster was in the wrong color . Inside the Fortune Megastore , Simpsons staff writer Ian @-@ Graham can be seen . - The episode features American comedian and composer Michael McKean as Jerry Rude , a parody on the radio personality Howard Stern . Scully stated that McKean was " very funny " and that his Stern impression was " dead on the money " . The Simpsons staff originally asked Stern if he wanted to guest @-@ star in the episode , but he declined . Actor and producer Kevin was portrayed by series regular cast member Hank Azaria , who voices Moe among other characters in the series . Azaria also played Arthur Fortune , a character based on British business magnate Richard Branson . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Scully stated that Branson would have been a " great guest [ ] " in the episode . The episode also features Groundskeeper Willie 's father , even though Willie in an earlier episode said that he was killed for stealing a pig . - - = = Cultural references = = - - In the beginning of the episode , the Simpsons watch a television program called Cash in Your Legacy , which is a parody on the PBS program . Arthur Fortune is a parody of Branson and Fortune Megastore is a reference to Branson 's international record shop chain Virgin . On the cover of Beat , a magazine that Burns reads in the episode , business magnates Bill Gates and Rupert Murdoch can be seen . In a scene in the episode , Burns assumes that " Don McNeill and his Club " is currently the most popular radio program . Don McNeill 's Club was a real radio program that , according to Scully , Swartzwelder used to listen to . 's film The is also referenced in the episode . Burns ' unveiling of the Loch Ness Monster is ruined as the numerous camera flashes blind him , causing him to knock over some lights , starting a fire . This is a reference to the film King Kong , although in the film the flashes the captured gorilla Kong , as opposed to his . - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American broadcast on May 2 , 1999 , " Monty Can 't Buy Me Love " received a 7 @.@ 3 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 26 million viewers . The episode finished in 43rd place in the ratings for the week of April 26 @-@ May 2 , 1999 . On August 7 , 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Mike Scully , George Meyer , Ian @-@ Graham , Ron and Matt participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode . - Following its home video release , " Monty Can 't Buy Me Love " received mixed reviews from critics . Giving the episode a positive review , considered it to be " one of the best Mr. Burns @-@ centric episodes ever " , and that it has " some classic Burns moments , especially when Monty describes exactly what it took for him to capture the creature . " Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide stated that , while the episode " doesn ’ t do a lot to expand the character " , it " manages a reasonable number of " . He added that " A fun Howard Stern @-@ esque character done by Michael McKean helps make this a nice show . " David of DVD Town wrote that the episode has " Some funny moments " . Giving the episode a mixed review , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide said that the episode is " Very funny when it 's funny , very poor when it isn 't . " They wrote that the best part of the episode is " the Scottish stuff , " and " the idea that , once again , Burns is actually worried about his public image , as he was in ' The Joy of ' . " Jake McNeill of Digital Entertainment News gave the episode a negative review , and wrote that " the story takes too long to get going " . - - - = Landing at Anzac Cove = - - The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday , 25 April 1915 , also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe , and to the Turks as the Battle , was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire , which began the land phase of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War . - The assault troops , mostly from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , landed at night on the western ( Aegean Sea ) side of the peninsula . They were put ashore one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of their intended landing beach . In the darkness , the assault formations became mixed up , but the troops gradually made their way inland , under increasing opposition from the Ottoman Turkish defenders . Not long after coming ashore the ANZAC plans were discarded , and the companies and battalions were thrown into battle piece @-@ meal , and received mixed orders . Some advanced to their designated objectives while others were diverted to other areas , then ordered to dig in along defensive ridge lines . - Although they failed to achieve their objectives , by nightfall the ANZACs had formed a beachhead , albeit much smaller than intended . In places they were onto cliff faces with no organised defence system . Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation , but after taking advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be , the army commander decided they would stay . The exact number of the day 's casualties is not known . The ANZACs had landed two divisions but over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded , together with at least a similar number of Turkish casualties . - Since 1916 the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day , becoming one of the most important national celebrations in Australia and New Zealand . The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey , the United Kingdom and Ireland . - - = = Background = = - - The Ottoman Turkish Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers on 31 October 1914 . The stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front convinced the British Imperial War Cabinet that an attack on the Central Powers elsewhere , particularly Turkey , could be the best way of winning the war . From February 1915 this took the form of naval operations aimed at forcing a passage through the Dardanelles , but after several setbacks it was decided that a land campaign was also necessary . To that end , the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was formed under the command of General Ian Hamilton . Three amphibious landings were planned to secure the Gallipoli Peninsula , which would allow the navy to attack the Turkish capital Constantinople , in the hope that would convince the Turks to ask for an armistice . - - = = = = = = - - Lieutenant @-@ General William Birdwood , commanding the inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , comprising the Australian Division and two brigades of the New Zealand and Australian Division , was ordered to conduct an amphibious assault on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula . The New Zealand and Australian Division normally also had two mounted brigades assigned to it , but these had been left in Egypt , as it was believed there would be no requirement or opportunities to use mounted troops on the peninsula . To bring the division up to strength , Hamilton had tried unsuccessfully to get a brigade of attached to them . In total ANZAC strength was 30 @,@ men . - The location chosen for the operation was between the headland of Gaba Tepe and the Fisherman 's Hut , three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the north . Landing at dawn after a naval gunfire bombardment , the first troops were to seize the lower crests and southern spurs of Hill 971 . The second wave would pass them to capture the spur of Hill 971 , especially Mal Tepe . There they would be positioned to cut the enemy 's lines of communications to the Kilid Bahr Plateau , thus preventing the Turks from bringing reinforcements from the north to the Kilid Bahr Plateau during the attack by the British 29th Division which would advance from a separate beachhead further south @-@ west . The capture of Mal Tepe was " more vital and valuable than the capture of the Kilid Bahr Plateau itself . " - Birdwood planned to arrive off the peninsula after the moon had set , with the first troops landing at 03 : 30 , an hour before dawn . He declined the offer of an old merchant ship , loaded with troops , being deliberately grounded at Gaba Tepe . Instead , the troops were to travel in naval and merchant ships , transferring to rowing boats towed by small steamboats to make the assault . - First ashore would be the Australian Division , commanded by Major @-@ General William Bridges . The 3rd Australian Brigade , known as the covering force , were to capture the third ridge from Battleship Hill south along the Sari Bair mountain range to Gaba Tepe . The 2nd Australian Brigade , landing next , were to capture all the Sari Bar range up to Hill 971 on the left . The 26th Jacob 's Mountain Battery from the British Indian Army would land next and then the 1st Australian Brigade , the division 's reserve ; all were to be ashore by 08 : 30 . The New Zealand and Australian Division , commanded by Major @-@ General Alexander , followed them ; the 1st New Zealand Brigade then the 4th Australian Brigade . Only after the second division had landed would the advance to Mal Tepe begin . The planners had come to the conclusion that the area was sparsely , if at all , defended , and that they should be able to achieve their objectives with no problems ; Turkish opposition had not been considered . - - = = = Turkish forces = = = - - The First World War Ottoman Turkish Army was modelled after the German Imperial Army , with most of its members being conscripted for two years ( infantry ) or three years ( artillery ) ; they then served in the reserve for the next twenty @-@ three years . The pre @-@ war army had 208 @,@ 000 men in thirty @-@ six divisions , formed into army corps and field armies . On each division had three infantry and one artillery regiment for a total of around ten thousand men , or about half the size of the equivalent British formation . Unlike the largely inexperienced ANZACs , all the Turkish Army commanders , down to company commander level , were very experienced , being veterans of the Italo @-@ Turkish and Balkan Wars . - The British preparations could not be made in secret , and by March 1915 , the Turks were aware that a force of fifty thousand British and thirty thousand French troops was gathering at Lemnos . They considered there were only four likely places for them to land : Cape Helles , Gaba Tepe , , or on the Asiatic ( eastern ) coast of the Dardanelles . - On 24 March , the Turks formed the Fifth Army , a force of over 100 @,@ 000 men , in two corps of six divisions and a cavalry brigade , commanded by the German general Otto von Sanders . The Fifth Army deployed the III Corps at Gallipoli and the XV Corps on the Asiatic coast . The 5th Division and a cavalry brigade were on the European mainland , positioned to support the III Corps if required . The III Corps had the 9th Division ( 25th , 26th and 27th Infantry Regiments ) , the 19th Division ( 57th , 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments ) and the 7th Division ( 19th , 20th and 21st Infantry Regiments ) . The 9th Division provided coastal defence from Cape Helles north to , where the 7th Division took over , while the 19th Division at was the corps reserve . The area around Gaba Tepe , where the ANZAC landings would take place , was defended by a battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment . - - = = Anzac Cove = = - - On 19 April orders were issued for the ANZACs to stop training , and for all ships and small boats to take on coal and stores , in preparation for a landing originally scheduled to occur on 23 April . Weather conditions delayed their departure from Lemnos until dawn on 24 April . The Royal Navy battleships Queen , Triumph , Prince of Wales , London , and , the cruiser , seven destroyers and four transport ships led the way carrying the 3rd Brigade . They were followed by the rest of the force who were embarked in their own transport ships . - - = = = First six companies = = = - - At 01 : 00 on 25 April the British ships stopped at sea , and thirty @-@ six rowing boats towed by twelve embarked the first six companies , two each from the 9th , 10th and 11th Battalions . At 02 : 00 a Turkish reported seeing ships moving at sea , and at 02 : 30 the report was sent to 9th Division 's headquarters . At 02 : 53 the ships headed towards the peninsula , continuing until 03 : 30 when the larger ships stopped . With 50 yards ( 46 m ) to go , the rowing boats continued using only their oars . - Around 04 : 30 Turkish opened fire on the boats , but the first ANZAC troops were already ashore at Beach Z , called Ari Burnu at the time , but later known as Anzac Cove . ( It was formally renamed Anzac Cove by the Turkish government in 1985 . ) They were one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) further north than intended , and instead of an open beach they were faced with steep cliffs and ridges up to around three hundred feet ( 91 m ) in height . However , the mistake had put them ashore at a relatively undefended area ; at Gaba Tepe further south where they had planned to land , there was a strong @-@ point , with an artillery battery close by equipped with two 15 cm and two 12 cm guns , and the 5th Company , 27th Infantry Regiment was positioned to counter @-@ attack any landing at that more southern point . The hills surrounding the where the ANZACs landed made the beach safe from direct fire Turkish artillery . Fifteen minutes after the landing , the Royal Navy began firing at targets in the hills . - On their way in , the rowing boats had become mixed up . The 11th Battalion grounded to the north of Ari Burnu point , while the 9th Battalion hit the point or just south of it , together with most of the 10th Battalion . The plan was for them to cross the open ground and assault the first ridge line , but they were faced with a hill that came down almost to the water line , and there was confusion while the officers tried to work out their location , under small arms fire from the 4th Company , 2nd Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , who had a platoon of between eighty and ninety men at Anzac Cove and a second platoon in the north around the Fisherman 's Hut . The third platoon was in a reserve position on the second ridge . They also manned the Gaba Tepe strong @-@ point , equipped with two obsolescent multi @-@ machine @-@ guns , and several smaller posts in the south . - Men from the 9th and 10th Battalions started up the Ari Burnu slope , grabbing the gorse branches or digging their bayonets into the soil to provide leverage . At the peak they found an abandoned trench , the Turks having withdrawn inland . Soon the Australians reached Plugge 's Plateau , the edge of which was defended by a trench , but the Turks had withdrawn to the next summit two hundred yards ( 180 m ) inland , from where they fired at the Australians coming onto the plateau . As they arrived , Major Edmund Brockman of the 11th Battalion started sorting out the mess , sending the 9th Battalion 's men to the right flank , the 11th Battalion 's to the left , and keeping the 10th Battalion in the centre . - - = = = Second six companies = = = - - The second six companies landed while it was still dark , the destroyers coming to within five hundred yards ( 460 m ) to disembark the troops , under fire . They also landed at Anzac Cove , but now as planned the 11th were in the north , 10th in the centre and the 9th in the south . The 12th Battalion landed all along the beach . This extended the beachhead 500 yards ( 460 m ) to the north of Ari Burnu , and 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to the south . Landing under fire , some of the assaulting troops were killed in their boats , and others as they reached the beach . Once ashore they headed inland . In the south , the first men from the 9th and 12th Battalions reached the bottom of 400 Plateau . - In the north , the first men from the 11th and 12th Battalions started up Walker 's Ridge , under fire from a nearby Turkish trench . Around the same time Turkish artillery started bombarding the beachhead , destroying at least six boats . The Australians fought their way forward and reached Russell 's Top ; the Turks withdrew through The Nek to Baby 700 , 350 yards ( 320 m ) away . Coming under fire again the Australians went to ground , having advanced only around one thousand yards ( 910 m ) inland . Some also dug in at The Nek , a twenty yards ( 18 m ) piece of high ground between Malone 's Gully to the north and Monash Valley to the south . Around this time Colonel Sinclair @-@ Maclagan , commanding the 3rd Brigade , decided to change the corps plan . Concerned about a possible counter @-@ attack from the south , he decided to hold the Second Ridge instead of pushing forward to the Third or Gun Ridge . This suited the Turkish defence plans , which required the forward troops to gain time for the reserves to coordinate a counter @-@ attack . - - = = = Turkish reaction = = = - - At 05 : 45 , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Sefik of the Turkish 27th Infantry Regiment received orders to move his 1st and 3rd Battalions to the west and support the 2nd Battalion around Gaba Tepe . The two battalions were already assembled , having spent that night carrying out military exercises . They could not be sent to Ari Burnu as it was not marked on the Turkish maps . Colonel Sami , commanding the 9th Division , also ordered the division 's machine @-@ gun company and an artillery battery to move in support of the 27th Infantry Regiment , followed soon after by an 77 mm artillery battery . At 08 : 00 Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Kemal , commanding the 19th Division , was ordered to send a battalion to support them . Kemal instead decided to go himself with the 57th Infantry Regiment and an artillery battery towards Chunuk Bair , which he realised was the key point in the defence ; whoever held those heights would dominate the battlefield . By chance , the 57th Infantry were supposed to have been on an exercise that morning around Hill 971 and had been prepared since 05 : 30 , waiting for orders . - At 09 : 00 Sefik and his two battalions were approaching Tepe , and made contact with his 2nd Battalion that had conducted a fighting withdrawal , and an hour and a half later the regiment was deployed to stop the ANZACs advancing any further . Around 10 : 00 Kemal arrived at Scrubby Knoll and some retreating troops , pushing them back into a defensive position . As they arrived , the 57th Infantry Regiment were given their orders and prepared to counter @-@ attack . Scrubby Knoll , known to the Turks as ( Kemal 's Place ) , now became the site of the Turkish headquarters for the remainder of the campaign . - - = = Baby 700 = = - - Baby 700 is a hill in the Sari Bair range , next to Battleship Hill or Big 700 . It was named after its supposed height above sea level , though its actual height is only 590 feet ( 180 m ) . - Maclagen sent the 11th Battalion , Captain Joseph Lalor 's company of the 12th Battalion and Major James Robertson 's of the 9th , towards Baby 700 . Brockman divided his own company , sending half up the right fork of Rest Gully , and half up the left , while Brockman and a reserve platoon headed up Monash Valley . As they moved forward , Turkish artillery targeted them with air burst shrapnel shells , which dispersed the companies . This , coupled with senior officers diverting men to other areas instead of towards Baby 700 , meant only fragments of the units eventually reached Baby 700 . - Arriving at Baby 700 , Captain Eric Tulloch , 11th Battalion , decided to take his remaining sixty men towards Battleship Hill , leaving Lalor 's company to dig in and defend The Nek . Tulloch moved around to the right before advancing towards the summit . The 11th Battalion crossed the first rise unopposed , but at the second , Turkish defenders around four hundred yards ( 370 m ) away opened fire on them . Going to ground , the Australians returned fire . When the Turkish fire the remaining fifty men resumed their advance , reaching the now evacuated Turkish position , behind which was a large depression , with Battleship Hill beyond that . Still under fire they moved forward again , then around seven hundred yards ( 640 m ) from the summit The Turks opened fire on them from a trench . The Australians held out for thirty minutes , but increasing Turkish fire and mounting casualties convinced Tulloch to withdraw . No other ANZAC unit would advance as far inland that day . - At 08 : 30 Robertson and Lalor decided to take their companies up Baby 700 . Instead of going round to the right like Tulloch , they went straight up the centre , crossed over the summit onto the northern slope and went to ground . A spur on their left , leading to Suvla Bay , was defended by a Turkish trench system . At 09 : 15 Turkish troops started moving down Battleship Hill , and for the next hour they exchanged fire . Where the spur joined Baby 700 , a group of Australians from the 9th , 11th , and 12th Battalions crossed Malone 's Gully and charged the Turkish trench . A Turkish machine @-@ gun on Baby 700 opened fire on them , forcing them back , followed by a general withdrawal of Australian troops . The Turks had secured Battleship Hill and were now driving the Australians off Baby 700 . From his headquarters at the head of Monash Valley , Maclagen could see the Turks attacking , and started sending all available men towards Baby 700 . - - = = = Second wave = = = - - The 2nd Brigade landed between 05 : 30 and 07 : 00 , and the reserve 1st Brigade landed between 09 : 00 and 12 : 00 , already putting the timetable behind schedule . The 2nd Brigade , which was supposed to be heading for Baby 700 on the left , were instead sent to the right to counter a Turkish attack building up there . At 07 : 20 Bridges and his staff landed ; finding no senior officers on the beach to brief them , they set out to locate the 3rd Brigade headquarters . - The 1st Brigade was on the opposite flank to the 3rd Brigade and already getting involved in battles of its own , when its commander , Colonel Percy Owen , received a request from Maclagen for reinforcements . Owen sent two companies from the 3rd Battalion and one from the 1st Battalion ( Swannell 's ) to support the 3rd Brigade . - Soon after , Lalor 's company had been forced back to The Nek and the Turks were threatening to recapture Russell 's Top , and at 10 : 15 Maclagen reported to Bridges his doubts over being able to hold out . In response Bridges sent part of his reserve , two companies from the 2nd Battalion ( Gordon 's and Richardson 's ) , to reinforce the 3rd Brigade . - At 11 : 00 Swannell 's company arrived at the foot of Baby 700 , joining the seventy survivors of Robertson 's and Lalor 's companies . They immediately charged and chased the Turks back over the summit of Baby 700 , then stopped and dug in . The two 2nd Battalion companies arrived alongside them , but all the companies had taken casualties , among the dead being Swannell and Robertson . - By this time most of the 3rd Brigade men had been killed or wounded , and the line was held by the five depleted companies from the 1st Brigade . On the left , Gordon 's company 2nd Battalion , with the 11th and 12th Battalion 's survivors , charged five times and captured the summit of Baby 700 , but were driven back by Turkish counter @-@ attacks ; Gordon was among the casualties . For the second time Maclagen requested reinforcements for Baby 700 , but the only reserves Bridges had available were two 2nd Battalion companies and the 4th Battalion . It was now 10 : 45 and the advance companies of the 1st New Zealand Brigade were disembarking , so it was decided they would go to Baby 700 . - - = = = Third wave = = = - - The New Zealand Brigade commander had been taken ill , so Birdwood appointed Brigadier @-@ General Harold Walker , a staff officer already ashore , as commander . The Auckland Battalion had landed by 12 : 00 , and were being sent north along the beach to Walker 's Ridge on their way to Russell 's Top . Seeing that the only way along the ridge was in single file along a goat track , Walker ordered them to take the route over Plugge 's Plateau . As each New Zealand unit landed they were directed the same way to Baby 700 . However , in trying to avoid Turkish fire , they became split up in Monash Valley and Rest Gully , and it was after midday that two of the Auckland companies reached Baby 700 . - At 12 : 30 two companies of the Canterbury Battalion landed and were sent to support the , who had now been ordered back to Plugge 's Plateau , and were forming on the left of the 3rd Brigade . The Canterbury companies moved into the line on the ' left , waiting for the rest of their brigade to land . However , between 12 : 30 and 16 : 00 not one infantry or artillery formation came ashore . The ships carrying the New Zealanders were in the bay , but the and rowing boats were being used to take the large numbers of wounded to the hospital ship . The transports with the 4th Australian Brigade on board were still well out at sea and not due to land until that evening . The landings around 16 : 30 when the Wellington Battalion came ashore , followed by the Battalion around 17 : 00 , who were put into the line beside the . Next to land were the two other Canterbury companies , who were sent north to Walker 's Ridge to extend the corps left flank . Events ashore now forced a change in the schedule , and at 17 : 50 orders were issued for the 4th Australian Brigade to start landing to boost the defence . It would take until the next day for the complete brigade to come ashore . The transports carrying both divisions ' artillery batteries had been forced further out to sea by Turkish artillery fire , and were unable to land . - - = = = 's Hill = = = - - 's Hill is a 1 @,@ 000 yard ( ) long section of the Second Ridge that connects Baby 700 to 400 Plateau , with a steep slope on the ANZAC side down to Monash Valley . In the coming days Quinn 's , Steel 's and Courtney 's would be built on the slope . The first ANZAC troops to reach the hill , from the 11th Battalion , found that the Turkish defenders had already withdrawn . As the Australians crested the hill they came under fire from Baby 700 , but to their front was a short , shallow slope into Valley . When Major James Denton 's company of the 11th Battalion arrived at the hill they started digging in , and soon after received orders from to hold the position at all costs . At 10 : 00 Turkish troops , advancing from Scrubby Knoll , got to within three hundred yards ( 270 m ) of the Australians on the hill , opening fire at them . there were two and a half companies from the 11th Battalion between Courtney 's Post , Steele 's Post , and Wire Gully . They had not been there long before the 3rd Battalion arrived to reinforce them . - - = = 400 Plateau = = - - The 400 Plateau , named for its height above sea level , was a wide and level plateau on the second ridge line , about six hundred by six hundred yards ( 550 by 550 m ) wide and around one thousand yards ( 910 m ) from Gun Ridge . The northern half of the plateau became known as Johnston 's Jolly , and the southern half as Lone Pine , with Owen 's Gully between them . - - = = = 3rd Brigade = = = - - If the landings had gone to plan , the 11th Battalion was supposed to be crossing the plateau heading north . The 10th Battalion , south of the plateau , was to capture a Turkish trench and artillery battery behind Gun Ridge . The 9th Battalion , south , was to attack the artillery battery at Gaba Tepe , and the 12th Battalion was the reserve , with 26th Jacob 's Mountain Battery to establish their gun line on the plateau . Unknown to the ANZACs , the Turks had an artillery battery sited on 400 Plateau . - After landing , some of the 9th and 10th Battalion 's men headed for 400 Plateau . The first 10th Battalion platoon to arrive was commanded by Lieutenant Noel Loutit , and accompanied by the Brigade @-@ Major , Charles Brand . They discovered the Turkish battery in the Lone Pine sector , which was preparing to move . As the Australians opened fire the battery withdrew down Owen 's Gully . Brand remained on the plateau and ordered Loutit to continue after the Turkish battery . However , the guns had been hidden at the head of the gully and Loutit 's platoon moved beyond them . Around the same time , Lieutenant Eric Smith and his 10th Battalion scouts and Lieutenant G. Thomas with his platoon from the 9th Battalion arrived on the plateau , looking for the guns . As they crossed the plateau Turkish machine @-@ guns opened fire on them from the Lone Pine area . One of Thomas 's sections located the battery , which had started firing from the gully . They opened fire , charged the gun crews , and captured the guns . The Turks did manage to remove the breech blocks , making the guns inoperable , so the Australians damaged the sights and internal screw mechanisms to put them out of action . By now the majority of the 9th and 10th Battalions , along with brigade commander Maclagen , had arrived on the plateau , and he ordered them to dig in on the plateau instead of advancing to Gun Ridge . Unfortunately the units that had already passed beyond there were their orders to " go as fast as you can , at all costs keep going " . - Loutit , Lieutenant J. Haig of the 10th , and thirty @-@ two men from the 9th , 10th , and 11th Battalions crossed Valley and climbed a spur of Gun Ridge , just to the south of Scrubby Knoll . As they reached the top , about four hundred yards ( 370 m ) further inland was Gun Ridge , defended by a large number of Turkish troops . Loutit and two men carried out a reconnaissance of Scrubby Knoll , from the top of which they could see the Dardanelles , around three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the east . When one of the men was wounded they returned to the rest of their group , which was being engaged by Turkish machine @-@ gun and rifle fire . Around 08 : 00 , Loutit sent a man back for reinforcements ; he located Captain J. Ryder of the 9th Battalion , with half a company of men at Lone Pine . Ryder had not received the order to dig in , so he advanced and formed a line on Loutit 's right . Soon after , they came under fire from Scrubby Knoll and were in danger of being cut off ; Ryder sent a message back for more reinforcements . The messenger located Captain John Peck , the 11th Battalion 's adjutant , who collected all the men around him and went forward to reinforce Ryder . It was now 09 : 30 and the men on the spur , outflanked by the Turks , had started to withdraw . At 10 : 00 the Turks set up a machine @-@ gun on the spur and opened fire on the withdrawing Australians . by the Turks , only eleven survivors , including Loutit and Haig , reached Johnston 's Jolly and took cover . Further back , two companies of the 9th and the 10th Battalions had started digging a trench line . - - = = = 2nd Brigade = = = - - As part of the second wave , the 2nd Brigade had been landing since 05 : 30 ; the 5th , 6th and 8th Battalions were supposed to cross 400 Plateau and head to Hill 971 , while the 7th Battalion on the left were to climb Plugge 's Plateau then make for Hill 971 . One 7th Battalion company , Jackson 's , landed beside the Fisherman 's Hut in the north and was almost wiped out ; only forty men survived the landing . At 06 : 00 Major 's 7th Battalion company , and part of another , were sent onto 400 Plateau by Maclagen to strengthen the defence . When the 7th Battalion commander Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Harold Elliott landed he realised events were not going to plan , and he headed to the 3rd Brigade headquarters to find out what was happening . Maclagen ordered him to gather his battalion at the south of the beachhead , as the 2nd Brigade would now form the division 's right flank , not left . When the 2nd Brigade commander Colonel James McCay arrived Maclagen convinced him to move his brigade to the south , responsibility with the 3rd Brigade . Eventually agreeing , he established his headquarters on the seaward slope of 400 Plateau ( McCay 's Hill ) . Heading onto the plateau , McCay realised the ridge to his right , Bolton 's Ridge , would be a key point in their defence . He located the Brigade @-@ Major , Walter Cass , and ordered him to gather what men he could to defend the ridge . Looking around , he saw the 8th Battalion , commanded by Colonel William Bolton , moving forward , so Cass directed them to Bolton 's Ridge . As such , it was the only ANZAC battalion that remained together during the day . Eventually , around 07 : 00 , the rest of the brigade started arriving . As each company and battalion appeared they were pushed forward into the front line , but with no defined orders other than to support the 3rd Brigade . At 10 : 30 the six guns of the 26th Mountain Battery arrived , positioning three guns each side of White 's Valley . At noon they opened fire on the Turks on Gun Ridge . - Within two hours half the Australian Division was involved in the battle of 400 Plateau . However , most of the officers had misunderstood their orders . Believing the intention was to occupy Gun Ridge and not hold their present position , they still tried to advance . The 9th and 10th Battalions had started forming a defence line , but there was a gap between them that the 7th Battalion was sent to fill . Seeing the 2nd Brigade coming forward , units of the 3rd Brigade started to advance to Gun Ridge . The advancing Australians did not then know that the counter @-@ attacking Turkish forces had reached the Scrubby Knoll area around 08 : 00 and were prepared for them . As the Australians reached the Lone Pine section of the plateau , Turkish machine @-@ guns and rifles opened fire , the Australians . To the north other troops , advancing beyond Johnstone 's Jolly and Owen 's Gully , were caught by the same small arms fire . Soon afterwards a Turkish artillery battery also started firing at them . This was followed by a Turkish counter @-@ attack from Gun Ridge . Such was the situation they now found themselves in that at 15 : 30 McCay , now giving up all of advancing to Gun Ridge , ordered his brigade to dig in from Owen 's Gully to Bolton 's Ridge . - - = = = Pine Ridge = = = - - Pine Ridge is part of the 400 Plateau , and stretches , in a curve towards the sea , for around one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . Beyond Pine Ridge is Valley and Gun Ridge and , like the rest of the terrain , it was covered in a thick gorse scrub , but also had stunted pine trees around eleven feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) tall growing on it . - Several groups of men eventually made their way to Pine Ridge . Among the first was Lieutenant Eric Plant 's platoon from the 9th Battalion . Captain John 's company of the 12th Battalion moved forward from Bolton 's Ridge when they saw the 6th Battalion moving up behind them . As the 6th Battalion reached the ridge , the companies carried on towards Gun Ridge , while Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Walter established the battalion headquarters below Bolton 's Ridge . As the 6th Battalion moved forward they were engaged by Turkish small arms and artillery fire , causing heavy casualties . At 10 : 00 brigade headquarters received a message from the 6th Battalion asking for reinforcement , and McCay sent half the 5th Battalion to assist . At the same time the 8th Battalion were digging in on Bolton 's , except for two companies which moved forward to attack a group of Turks that had come up from the south behind the 6th Battalion . By noon the 8th Battalion was dug in on the ridge ; in front of them were scattered remnants of the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 9th Battalions , mostly out of view of each other in the scrub . Shortly after , McCay was informed that if he wanted the 6th Battalion to hold its position , it must be reinforced . So McCay sent his last reserves , a company of the 1st Battalion , and ordered the 8th to leave one company on the ridge and advance on the right of the 6th Battalion . The scattered formations managed to hold their positions for the remainder of the afternoon , then at 17 : 00 saw large numbers of Turkish troops coming over the southern section of Gun Ridge . - - = = Turkish counter @-@ attack = = - - Around 10 : 00 Kemal and the 1st Battalion , 57th Infantry were the first to arrive in the area between Scrubby Knoll and Chunuk Bair . From the knoll Kemal was able to observe the landings . He ordered the artillery battery to set up on the knoll , and the 1st Battalion to attack Baby 700 and Ridge from the North @-@ East , while the 2nd Battalion would simultaneously circle around and attack Baby 700 from the West . The 3rd Battalion would for the moment be held in reserve . At 10 : 30 Kemal informed II Corps he was attacking . - At 11 : 30 Sefik told Kemal that the ANZACs had a beachhead of around 2 @,@ 200 yards ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) , and that he would attack towards Ari Burnu , in conjunction with the 19th Division . Around midday Kemal was that the 9th Division was fully involved with the British landings at Cape Helles , and could not support his attack , so at 12 : 30 he ordered two battalions of the 77th Infantry Regiment ( the third battalion was guarding Suvla Bay ) to move forward between the 57th and 27th Infantry Regiments . At the same time he ordered his reserve 72nd Infantry Regiment to move further west . Within the next half @-@ hour the 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments started the counter @-@ attack , supported by three batteries of artillery . At 13 : 00 Kemal met with his corps commander Pasha and convinced him of the need to react in strength to the ANZAC landings . agreed and released the 72nd and 27th Infantry Regiments to Kemal 's command . Kemal deployed the four regiments from north to south ; 72nd , 57th , 27th and 77th . In total , Turkish strength opposing the landing numbered between ten thousand and twelve thousand men . - - = = = North = = = - - At 15 : 15 Lalor left the defence of The Nek to a platoon that had arrived as reinforcements , and moved his company to Baby 700 . There he joined a group from the 2nd Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Leslie . Lalor was killed soon afterwards . The left flank of Baby 700 was now held by sixty men , the remnants of several units , commanded by a corporal . They had survived five charges by the Turks between 07 : 30 and 15 : 00 ; after the last charge the Australians were ordered to withdraw through The Nek . There , a company from the Canterbury Battalion had just arrived , with their commanding officer Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Douglas Stewart . By 16 : 00 the New Zealand companies had formed a defence line on Russell 's Top . On Baby 700 , there was on the left 's and Lalor 's men , and at the top of Malone 's were the survivors of the 2nd Battalion and some men from the 3rd Brigade . On the right were the men left from the Auckland companies , and a mixed group from the 1st , 2nd , 11th and 12th Battalions . Once Stewart 's men were secure , he ordered to withdraw . During a Turkish artillery bombardment of The Nek , Stewart was killed . The artillery heralded the start of a Turkish counter @-@ attack ; columns of troops appeared over the top of Battleship Hill and on the flanks and attacked the ANZAC lines . - At 16 : 30 the three battalions from the 72nd Infantry Regiment arrived and attacked from the north . At the same time the Australians and New Zealanders holding on at Baby 700 broke and ran back to an improvised line , from Walker 's Ridge in the north to Pope 's Hill in the south . The defence line at The Nek was now defended by nine New Zealanders , under the command of a sergeant ; they had three machine @-@ guns but the crews had all been killed or wounded . As the survivors arrived from Baby 700 their numbers rose to around sixty . Bridges in his divisional headquarters starting receiving messages from the front ; just after 17 : 00 Lieutenant @-@ Colonel George on Walker 's Ridge advised he was holding his position and " if reinforced could advance " . At 17 : 37 Maclagen reported they were being " heavily attacked " , at 18 : 15 the 3rd Battalion signalled , " 3rd Brigade being driven back " . At 19 : 15 from Maclagen again " 4th Brigade urgently required " . Bridges sent two hundred stragglers , from several different battalions , to reinforce and promised two extra battalions from the New Zealand and Australian Division which was now coming ashore . - was at 19 : 00 and the Turkish attack had now reached Malone 's and The Nek . The New Zealanders waited until the Turks came close , then opened fire in the darkness , stopping their advance . outnumbered , they asked for reinforcements . Instead , the supporting troops to their rear were withdrawn and the Turks managed to get behind them . So , taking the machine @-@ guns with them , they withdrew off Russell 's Top into Rest Gully . This left the defenders at Walker 's Ridge isolated from the rest of the force . - - = = = South = = = - - The Australians on 400 Plateau had for some time been subjected to sniping and artillery fire and could see Turkish troops digging in on Gun Ridge . Around 13 : 00 a column of Turkish reinforcements from the 27th Infantry Regiment , in at least battalion strength , were observed moving along the ridge @-@ line from the south . The Turks then turned towards 400 Plateau and advanced in extended order . The Turkish counter @-@ attack soon forced the advanced Australian troops to withdraw , and their machine @-@ gun fire caused them heavy casualties . It was not long before the attack had forced a wedge between the Australians on Baby 700 and those on 400 Plateau . The heavy Turkish fire onto Lone Pine forced the survivors to withdraw back to the western slope of 400 Plateau . At 14 : 25 Turkish artillery and small arms fire was so heavy that the Indian were forced to push their guns back off the plateau by hand , and they reformed on the beach . - Although in places there was a mixture of different companies and platoons dug in together , the Australians were deployed with the 8th Battalion in the south still centred on Bolton 's Ridge . North of them , covering the southern sector of 400 Plateau , were the mixed together 6th and 7th Battalions , both now commanded by Colonel Walter of the 6th . North of them was the 5th Battalion , and the 10th Battalion covered the northern sector of 400 Plateau at Johnston 's Jolly . But by now they were battalions in name only , having all taken heavy casualties ; the commanders had little accurate knowledge of where their men were located . - At 15 : 30 the two battalions of the Turkish 77th Infantry Regiment were in position , and with the 27th Infantry they counter @-@ attacked again . At 15 : 30 and at 16 : 45 McCay , now under severe pressure , requested reinforcements . The second time he was informed there was only one battalion left , the 4th , and Bridges was keeping them in reserve until more troops from the New Zealand and Australian Division had been landed . McCay then spoke to Bridges direct and informed him the situation was desperate and if not reinforced the Turks would get behind him . At 17 : 00 Bridges released the 4th Battalion to McCay who sent them to the south forming on the left of the 8th Battalion along Bolton 's Ridge . They arrived just in time to help counter Turkish probing attacks , by the 27th Infantry Regiment , from the south . - At 17 : 20 McCay signalled Bridges that large numbers of unwounded men were leaving the battlefield and heading for the beaches . This was followed by Maclagan asking for urgent artillery fire support , onto Gun Ridge , as his left was under a heavy attack and at 18 : 16 Owen reported the left flank was " rapidly " being forced to retire . At dusk Maclagan made his way to Bridges headquarters and when asked for his opinion replied " It 's touch and go . If the Turks come on in mass formation ... I don 't think anything can stop them . " As it got dark the Turkish artillery ceased firing , and although small arms fire continued on both sides , the effects were limited when firing blind . Darkness also provided the opportunity to start digging more substantial trenches and to resupply the troops with water and ammunition . - The last significant action of the day was at 22 : 00 south of Lone Pine , when the Turks charged towards Bolton 's Ridge . By now the 8th Battalion had positioned two machine @-@ guns to cover their front , which caused devastation amongst the attackers , and to their left the 4th Battalion also became involved . When the Turks got to within fifty yards ( 46 m ) the 8th Battalion counter @-@ attacked in a bayonet charge and the Turks withdrew . The ANZAC defence was aided by Royal Navy searchlights providing illumination . Both sides now waited for the next attack , but the day 's events had shattered both formations and they were no longer in any condition to conduct offensive operations . - - = = Aftermath = = - - By nightfall , around sixteen thousand men had been landed , and the ANZACs had formed a beachhead , although with several undefended sections . It stretched along Bolton 's Ridge in the south , across 400 Plateau , to Monash Valley . After a short gap it resumed at Pope 's Hill , then at the top of Walker 's Ridge . It was not a large beachhead ; it was under two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) in length , with a depth around 790 yards ( 720 m ) , and in places only a few yards separated the two sides . That evening Birdwood had been ashore to check on the situation , and , satisfied , returned to HMS Queen . Around 21 : 15 he was asked to return to the beachhead . There he met with his senior officers , who asked him to arrange an evacuation . Unwilling to make that decision on his own he signalled Hamilton ; - Both my divisional generals and have represented to me that they fear their men are thoroughly demoralised by shrapnel fire to which they have been subjected all day after exhaustion and work in morning . Numbers have back from the firing line and cannot be collected in this difficult country . Even New Zealand Brigade which has only recently been engaged lost heavily and is to some extent demoralised . If troops are subjected to again tomorrow morning there is likely to be a , as I have no fresh troops with which to replace those in firing line . I know my representation is most serious , but if we are to re @-@ embark it must be at once . - Hamilton conferred with his naval commanders , who convinced him an evacuation would be almost impossible , and responded ; " dig right in and stick it out ... dig , dig , dig until you are safe " . The survivors had to fight on alone until 28 April when four battalions of the Royal Naval Division were attached to the corps . - On the Turkish side , by that night the 2nd Battalion 57th Infantry were on Baby 700 , the 3rd Battalion , reduced to only ninety men , were at The Nek , and the 1st Battalion on Ridge . Just south of them was the 77th Infantry , next was the 27th Infantry opposite 400 Plateau . The last regiment , the 72nd Infantry , were on Battleship Hill . As for manpower , the Turks were in a similar situation to the ANZACs . Of the two regiments most heavily involved , the 57th had been destroyed , and the 27th were exhausted with heavy casualties . Large numbers of the 77th had deserted , and the regiment was in no condition to fight . The 72nd was largely intact , but they were a poorly trained force of Arab conscripts . The III Corps , having to deal with both landings , could not assist as they had no reserves available . It was not until 27 April that the 33rd and 64th Infantry Regiments arrived to reinforce the Turkish forces . The ANZACs , however , had been unable to achieve their , and therefore dug in . Gallipoli , like the Western Front , turned into a war of . The German commander , von Saunders , was clear about the reasons for the outcome . He wrote that , " on the Turkish side the situation was saved by the immediate and independent action of the 19th Division . " The division commander , Kemal , became noted as " the most imaginative , most successful officer to fight on either side " during the campaign . As a commander he was able to get the most out of his troops , by his order to the 57th Infantry Regiment ; " Men , I am not ordering you to attack . I am ordering you to die . In the time that it takes us to die , other forces and commanders can come and take our place . " - In the following days there were several failed attacks and counter @-@ attacks by both sides . The Turks were the first to try during the Second attack on Anzac Cove on 27 April , followed by the ANZACs who tried to advance overnight 1 / 2 May . The Turkish Third attack on Anzac Cove on 19 May was the worst defeat of them all , with around ten thousand casualties , including three thousand dead . The next four months consisted of only local or diversionary attacks , until 6 August when the ANZACs , in connection with the Landing at Suvla Bay , attacked Chunuk Bair with only limited success . The Turks never succeeded in driving the Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea . Similarly , the ANZACs never broke out of their beachhead . Instead , in December 1915 , after eight months of fighting , they evacuated the peninsula . - - = = = Casualties = = = - - The full extent of casualties on that first day are not known . Birdwood , who did not come ashore until late in the day , estimated between three and four hundred dead on the beaches . The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage claims one in five of the three thousand New Zealanders involved became a casualty . The Australian War Memorial has 860 Australian dead between 25 – 30 April , and the Australian Government estimates 2 @,@ 000 wounded left Anzac Cove on 25 April , but more wounded were still waiting on the to be evacuated . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission documents that 754 Australian and 147 New Zealand soldiers died on 25 April 1915 . A higher than normal proportion of the ANZAC casualties were from the officer ranks . One theory was that they kept exposing themselves to fire , trying to find out where they were or to locate their troops . Four men were taken prisoner by the Turks . - It is estimated that the Turkish 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments lost around 2 @,@ 000 men , or fifty per cent of their combined strength . The full number of Turkish casualties for the day has not been recorded . During the campaign , 8 @,@ 708 Australians and 2 @,@ New Zealanders were killed . The exact number of Turkish dead is not known but has been estimated around 87 @,@ 000 . - - = = = Anzac Day = = = - - The anniversary of the landings , 25 April , has since 1916 been recognised in Australia and New Zealand as Anzac Day , now one of their most important national occasions . It does not celebrate a military victory , but instead commemorates all the Australians and New Zealanders " who served and died in all wars , conflicts , and peacekeeping operations " and " the contribution and suffering of all those who have served . " Around the country , dawn services are held at war memorials to commemorate those involved . In Australia , at 10 : 15 , another service is held at the Australian War Memorial , which the prime minister and governor general normally attend . The first official dawn services were held in Australia in 1927 and in New Zealand in 1939 . Lower @-@ key services are also held in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In Turkey , large groups of Australians and New Zealanders have begun to gather at Anzac Cove , where in 2005 an estimated 20 @,@ 000 people attended the service to commemorate the landings . figures rose to 38 @,@ 000 in 2012 and 50 @,@ 000 in 2013 . - - - = Michelle Rzepecki = - - Michelle Rzepecki ( born 6 November 1986 ) is an Australian goalball player classified as a competitor . She made her debut for the Australia women 's national goalball team at the 2011 African @-@ Oceania regional Paralympic qualifying competition . She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in goalball . - - = = Personal life = = - - Rzepecki was born on 6 November 1986 in , New South Wales , and is 173 centimetres ( 68 in ) tall . She has the visual disability rod , which she acquired at birth . She can play the saxophone and piano . Rzepecki is a third @-@ generation Australian , as her grandfather moved to Australia from Germany . While attending Castle Hill High School , she returned to the country of her grandfather 's birth to do study abroad that was funded by a scholarship from the Society for Australian @-@ German Student Exchange Inc . She also lived in Bolivia for a while , working at a school for children with visual . While there , she introduced the children to goalball . Part of her work in the country was funded by a mini @-@ grant . As of 2012 , she works as a Sydney Tower guide . - - = = Goalball = = - - Rzepecki is a goalball player , and for visual disability sports , is classified as a competitor . She is a centre and winger . She has a goalball scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . Rzepecki started playing the sport in 2002 . She competed at the 2004 Australian National Goalball Championships , playing for the New South Wales goalball team which beat the Queensland goalball team in the finals . In 2011 , Rzepecki made her national team debut during the African @-@ Oceania regional Paralympic qualifying competition . She played in the game against the New Zealand women 's national goalball team that Australia won . As a member of the 2011 team , she finished sixth at the Goalball World Cup . - The Australian Paralympic Committee had chosen to work on her development as a goalball player with the idea that she might be able to qualify for , and win a medal at , the 2016 Summer Paralympics . She was a named a member of the that was going to the 2012 Summer Paralympics , in what would be her debut Games . That the team for the Games came as a surprise , as the Australian Paralympic Committee had been working on player development with an idea of the team qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics . An Australian team had not participated since the 2000 Summer Paralympics , when they earned an automatic selection as hosts , and the team finished last in the competition . Going into the Paralympics , her team was ranked eighth in the world . In the 2012 Summer Paralympics tournament , the played games against Japan , Canada , the United States and Sweden . They lost every game , and did not advance to the finals . - - - = The Good Terrorist = - - The Good Terrorist is a 1985 political novel by Doris Lessing . It was first published in September 1985 in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape , and in the United States by Alfred A. . The story examines events in the life of Alice , a and well @-@ , who moves in with a group of radicals in London , and is drawn into their terrorist activities . - Lessing was inspired to write The Good Terrorist by the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) bombing of the department store in London in 1983 . She had been a member of the British Communist Party in the early 1950s , but later grew disillusioned with communism . Three reviewers labelled The Good Terrorist as a satire , while Lessing called it humorous . Some critics called the novel 's title an oxymoron , stating that it highlights Alice 's ambivalent nature , and that she is neither a good person , nor a good revolutionary . - The Good Terrorist divided reviewers , with some being impressed by the book 's insight and characterization , and others complaining about the novel 's style and the character 's lack of depth . One critic complimented Lessing 's " strong descriptive prose and her precise and realistic " , but another called the book 's text " surprisingly bland " , and described the characters as " trivial or two @-@ dimensional or crippled by self @-@ " . The Good Terrorist was shortlisted for the Booker Prize , and won the Prize and the Smith Literary Award . - - = = Plot summary = = - - The Good Terrorist is written in third person from the point of view of Alice , an unemployed politics and economics graduate in her mid @-@ thirties who drifts from commune to commune . She considers herself a revolutionary , fighting against " fascist imperialism " , but is still dependent on her parents , whom she treats with contempt . In the early @-@ 1980s , Alice joins a squat of like @-@ minded " comrades " in a house in London . her is Jasper , a graduate she took in at a student commune she lived in fifteen years previously . Jasper became dependent on Alice and followed her from squat to squat . Alice fell in love with him , only to become frustrated later by his and homosexuality . Other members of the squat include Bert , their ineffective leader , and a lesbian couple , the maternal , and Faye , her unstable and fragile partner . - The abandoned house is in a state of disrepair and is earmarked by the City Council for demolition . To the indifference of the other comrades , Alice takes it upon herself to clean up and renovate the house , and convinces the Council that it is worth saving . She also the authorities to restore the electricity and water supplies . Alice becomes the house 's " mother " , cooking for everyone , and dealing with the local police , who are trying to evict them . The members of the squat belong to the Communist Centre Union ( CCU ) , and attend demonstrations and . Alice involves herself in some of these activities , but spends most of her time working on the house . - To be more useful to the struggle , Jasper and Bert travel to Ireland to persuade the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) to let the CCU join them , but they are rejected . They also take a trip to the Soviet Union to offer their services , but are turned down . The IRA and , however , have begun taking notice of them and start using the house as a conduit for propaganda material and guns . start arriving in the middle of the night , and Alice , to avoid attracting the attention of the police , raises objections . This results in visits to the house by strangers who question the squat 's decision making . After this , the comrades decide to ignore orders , to act on their own , and to consider themselves " British Communists " . - Going it alone now , they start experimenting with explosives , and build a car bomb . Alice does not fully support this action , but accepts the majority decision . They target an hotel in , but their inexperience results in the premature detonation of the bomb , which kills Faye and several @-@ by . The remaining comrades , shaken by what they have done , decide to leave the squat and go their own way . Alice , disillusioned by Jasper , chooses not to follow him and remains behind because she cannot bear to abandon the house she has put so much effort into . Despite her initial reservations about the bombing , Alice feels a need to justify their actions to others , but realises it would be fruitless because " [ o ] people simply didn 't understand " . She acknowledges that she is a terrorist now , though she cannot remember when the change happened . - - = = Background = = - - Doris Lessing 's interest in politics began in the 1940s while she was living in Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) . She was attracted to a group of " quasi @-@ Communist [ s ] " and joined their Left Book Club in Salisbury ( now ) . Later , prompted by the conflicts arising from racial segregation prominent in Rhodesia at the time , she also joined the Southern Rhodesian Labour Party . Lessing moved to London in 1949 and began her writing career there . She became a member of the British Communist Party in the early 1950s , and was an active against the use of nuclear weapons . - By 1964 , Lessing had published six novels , but grew disillusioned with Communism and , after reading The by Shah , turned her attention to , an Islamic belief system . This prompted her to write her five @-@ volume " space fiction " series , Canopus in : Archives , which drew on Sufi concepts . The series was not well received by some of her readers , who felt she had abandoned her " rational " . - The Good Terrorist was Lessing 's first book to be published after the Canopus in series , which prompted several retorts from reviewers , including , " Lessing has returned to Earth " , and " Lessing returns to reality " . Several commentators have labelled The Good Terrorist as a satire , while Lessing called it humorous . She said : - [ I ] t 's not a book with a political statement . It 's ... about a certain kind of political person , a kind of self @-@ styled revolutionary that can only be produced by affluent societies . There 's a great deal of that I don 't think you 'd find in extreme left revolutionaries in societies where they have an immediate challenge . - Lessing said she was inspired to write The Good Terrorist by the IRA bombing of the department store in London in 1983 . She recalled , " the media reported it to sound as if it was the work of amateurs . I started to think , what kind of amateurs could they be ? " and realised " how easy it would be for a kid , not really knowing what he or she was doing , to drift into a terrorist group . " Lessing already had Alice in mind as the central character : " I know several people like Alice — this mixture of ... maternal caring , ... and who can contemplate killing large numbers of people without a moment 's . " She described Alice as " quietly comic [ al ] " because she is so full of contradictions . She said she was surprised how some of the characters ( other than Jasper , Alice 's love interest ) developed , such as the pill @-@ popping and fragile Faye , who turned out to be a " destroyed person " . - - = = Genre = = - - The Good Terrorist has been labelled a " political novel " by the publishers and some reviewers , including Alison in The New York Review of Books . stated that as political fiction , it is " one of the best novels ... about the terrorist mentality " since Joseph Conrad 's The Secret Agent ( 1907 ) , although this was questioned by William H. in The Hudson Review , who wrote that compared to Conrad , The Good Terrorist is " " . Several commentators have pointed out that it is more a novel about politics than political fiction . In From the of Empire : Christina Stead , Doris Lessing , Nadine , Louise Yelin called the work a novel about politics , rather than a political novel per . - The Good Terrorist has also been called a satire . In her book Doris Lessing : The of Change , Gayle Greene called it a " satire of a group of revolutionaries " , and Susan Watkins , writing in Doris Lessing : Border , described it as a " dry and satirical examination of a woman 's involvement with a left @-@ wing splinter group " . A biography of Lessing for the Swedish Academy on the occasion of her winning the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature described the book as " a satirical picture of the need of the contemporary left for total control and the female protagonist 's and " . Yelin said the novel " [ ed ] between satire and nostalgia " . Academic Robert E. Kuehn felt that it is not satire at all . He stated while the book could have been a " satire of the and most hilarious kind " , in his opinion Lessing " has no sense of humor , and instead of [ the characters ] with the 's whip , she treats them with and irony " . - Virginia Scott called the novel a fantasy . Drawing on Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland in The International Fiction Review , she wrote that " [ Lessing 's ] Alice with her group of political revolutionaries can be seen as a serious fantasy which has striking parallels to ... Carroll 's Alice " . Both enter a house and are confronted by seemingly impossible challenges : Carroll 's Alice has to navigate passages too small to fit through , while Lessing 's Alice finds herself in a barely house that is earmarked for demolition . Both are able to change their appearances : in Wonderland , Alice her size to suit her needs ; in The Good Terrorist , Alice changes her to get what she wants from others . Scott noted that at one point in The Good Terrorist , Faye refers to Alice as " Alice the Wonder , the Alice " , alluding to Carroll 's Alice . - - = = Themes = = - - The American novelist Judith Freeman wrote that one of the common themes in The Good Terrorist is that of keeping one 's identity in a collective , of preserving " individual conscience " . This theme suggests that problems occur when we are coerced into conforming . Freeman said that Alice is a " quintessential good woman ... the little revolutionary " , but turns bad under peer pressure . - Another theme present is the symbolic nature of the house . Margaret Scanlan stated that as in books like Mansfield Park and Jane , The Good Terrorist " defines a woman in terms of her house " . Writing in the journal Studies in the Novel , Katherine said that Lessing often uses a house to symbolise " psychological or change " , and that here , " the house ... Alice 's function in the story " . Yelin described The Good Terrorist as " an urban , dystopian updating of the house @-@ as @-@ England genre , [ where ] ... England is represented by a house in London " . Writing in " Politics of Abuse : Political and in Doris Lessing 's The Good Terrorist " , and suggest that the house , and the " oppressive relations " in it , reflect the similarly oppressive relationships in the society it resides in . - Several critics have focused on the theme of motherhood . In " Mothers and / and " , Claire Sprague wrote that Lessing often on the theme of mothers passing their onto their daughters , and how the cycle of daughters fighting their mothers each generation . The British novelist Jane Rogers said that The Good Terrorist " is as and about motherhood as it is about the extreme left " . She stated that motherhood here " is terrible " : Alice 's mother is reduced to despair continually yielding to her selfish daughter 's demands ; Alice mothers Jasper , and has a similar relationship with him . Rogers added that motherhood is depicted here as a to protect the weak , despite their to retaliate and hurt you . - themes and the of women have also been associated with The Good Terrorist . Scanlan indicated that while many of the comrades in the book are women , they find that political activity does not elevate their position , and that they are " trapped in the they " . Yelin suggested that although Lessing ridicules the male members of the CCU and their role playing , she is also critical of the female members " who in male @-@ dominant political organizations and thus in their own oppression " . But with the book 's allusions to Jasper 's homosexuality , Yelin added that Lessing 's " critique of women 's infatuation with patriarchal and their emotional dependence on men " is muted by homophobia and the " pervasive in patriarchal constructions of ( male ) " . and noted that Lessing depicts Alice as a " typical " who cares for her family , in this case , the squat , but is " ignored and neglected " . They concluded that Alice 's fate is sealed because , according to the British socialist feminist Juliet Mitchell , women are " fundamental to the human condition " , yet " their economic , social , and political roles ... are marginal " . - - = = Critical analysis = = - - Several critics have called The Good Terrorist 's title an oxymoron . Robert suggested it is indicative of Alice 's " contradictory personality " , that she the squat 's house , yet is bent on destroying society . In The Hudson Review , George wrote that the title " hovers above the novel with ... irony " . The reader assumes that Alice is the " good terrorist " , but that while she may be a good person , she is " rotten at being a terrorist " . Writing in World Literature Today , Mona Knapp concluded that Lessing 's heroine , the " good terrorist " , is neither a good person , nor a good revolutionary . She knows how to renovate houses and manipulate people to her advantage , but she is unemployed and steals money from her parents . When real revolutionaries start using the squat to ship arms , she , and going behind her comrades ' backs , she makes a telephone call to the authorities to warn them . Knapp called Alice " a bad terrorist and a stunted human being " . suggested that it is Lessing herself who is the " good terrorist " , here by Alice , but that hers is " political terrorism of a literary kind " , where she frequently disguises her ideas in " very domestic @-@ looking fiction " , and " direct [ ly ] challenge [ s ] ... our sense of reality " . - Kuehn described Alice as " well @-@ , and sometimes " , but as someone who , at 36 , never grew up , and is still dependent on her parents . Yelin said Alice is " in a state of perpetual adolescence " , and her need to " mother everyone " is " an extreme case of psychological regression or failure to thrive " . Greene wrote that Alice 's " is ludicrous in her world " , and described her as " so furiously at odds with herself " because she is too immature to comprehend what is happening and her actions vary from being helpful to dangerous . - called Lessing 's narrative " ironic " because it highlights the divide between who Alice is and who she thinks she is , and her efforts to pretend there is no discrepancy . Alice refuses to acknowledge that her " maternal activities " stem from her desire to win her mother 's approval , and believing that her mother has " betrayed and abandoned " her , Alice turns to Jasper as a way to " continue to sustain her beliefs about herself and the world " . Even though Jasper takes advantage of her adoration of him by her , Alice still clings to him because her self @-@ image " vigorously qualifies her perception of [ him ] , and thus the denial and self @-@ deception " . The fact that Jasper has turned to homosexuality , which Alice dismisses as " his emotional life " , " suits her own desires " . Kuehn called Alice 's obsession with the " " and " repellent " Jasper " just " , adding that she feels safe with his , even though she has to endure his abuse . - Knapp stated that while Lessing exposes self @-@ styled insurrectionists as " spoiled and immature products of the middle class " , she also their at affecting any meaningful change . Lessing is critical of the state which " feeds the very hand that it " , yet she also those institutions that exploits the working class and ignores the homeless . Knapp remarks that Lessing does not resolve these , but instead highlights the failings of the state and those seeking to overthrow it . Scanlan compared Lessing 's comrades to Richard E. 's terrorists in his book of Revolution : Terrorism in the Modern World . wrote that when " ambitious " have no " creative ruling class to follow or a rebellious lower class to lead [ they ] have often taken upon themselves the burden of representative action " , which he said " is a formula for disaster " . - - = = Reception = = - - Critics have been divided on The Good Terrorist . Elizabeth Lowry highlighted this in the London Review of Books : " [ Lessing ] has been sharply criticised for the pedestrian quality of her prose , and as vigorously defended " . The Irish literary critic Denis Donoghue complained that the style of the novel is " drab " , and Kuehn referred to Lessing 's text as " surprisingly bland " . Lowry noted that the English academic Clare Hanson defended the book by saying that it is " a grey and novel because it ... speaks a grey and language " . - Freeman on the other hand called the book a " graceful and accomplished story " , and a " brilliant account of the types of individuals who commit terrorist acts " . Writing in the Los Angeles Times Freeman described Lessing as " one of our most valuable writers " who " has an grasp of human relationships " . In a review in the Sun @-@ Sentinel , Bonnie Gross described the novel as " rewarding reading " and Lessing 's " most accessible " book to date . She said it is the author 's " strong descriptive prose and her precise and realistic " that makes this book " remarkable " . Gross felt that while some of the male characters are not that strong , the female characters are much better developed , particularly Alice , whom she found memorable . - Amanda wrote in The Women 's Review of Books that at first glance the ideas in The Good Terrorist appear deceptively simple , and the plot predictable . But she added that Lessing 's strength is her " stoic [ ion ] of the daily effort of living " , which excels in the way she describes day @-@ to @-@ day life in a squat . also liked the book 's depiction of Alice , who " speak [ s ] to me most about myself and my generation " . In a review in off our backs , an American feminist publication , Vickie Leonard called The Good Terrorist a " fascinating book " that is " extremely well written " with characters that are " exciting " and " realistic " . Leonard added that even though Alice is not a feminist , the book illustrates the author 's " strong admiration for women and their accomplishments " . - Writing in The Guardian , Rogers described The Good Terrorist as " a novel in close @-@ up " that examines society through the eyes of individuals . She said it is " witty and ... angry at human and " , and within the context of recent terrorist attacks in London , it is an example of " fiction going where writing cannot " . A critic in Kirkus Reviews wrote that Alice 's story is " an extraordinary tour de force — a psychological portrait that 's realistic with a vengeance " . The reviewer added that although Alice is " self @-@ " and not always likeable , the novel 's strength are the characters and its depiction of political motivation . - Donoghue wrote in The New York Times that he did not care much about what happened to Alice and her comrades . He felt that Lessing presents Alice as " an of reactions and prejudices " , which leaves no room for any further interest . Donoghue complained that Lessing has not made up her mind on whether her characters are " the salt of the earth or its " . In a review in the Chicago Tribune , Kuehn felt that the work has little impact and is not memorable . He said Lessing 's real interest is character development , but complained that the characters are " trivial or two @-@ dimensional or crippled by self @-@ " . - The Good Terrorist was shortlisted for the 1985 Booker Prize , and in 1986 won the Prize and the Smith Literary Award . In 2007 Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for being " part of both the history of literature and living literature " . In the award ceremony speech by Swedish writer Per , The Good Terrorist was cited as " an in @-@ depth account of the extreme culture that off female self @-@ sacrifice " . Following Lessing 's death in 2013 , The Guardian put The Good Terrorist in their list of the top five Lessing books . Indian writer included the novel in his 2015 " top 10 books about revolutionaries " , also published in The Guardian . - - = = Publication history = = - - The Good Terrorist was first published in September 1985 in hardcover in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape , and in the United States by Alfred A. . The first paperback edition was published in the United Kingdom in September 1986 by . An 13 @-@ hour audio cassette edition , narrated by Nadia May , was released in the United States in April 1999 by Blackstone Audio . The novel has been translated into several other languages since its first publication in English in 1985 , including Catalan , Chinese , French , German , Italian , Spanish and Swedish . - - - = Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster = - - Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster , 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster , KG ( c . – 23 March ) , also Earl of Derby , was a member of the English nobility in the 14th century , and a prominent English diplomat , politician , and soldier . The son and heir of Henry , 3rd Earl of Lancaster , and Maud , he became one of Edward III 's most trusted captains in the early phases of the Hundred Years ' War and distinguished himself with victory in the Battle of . He was a founding member and the second Knight of the Order of the Garter in , and in 1351 was created duke . Grosmont was also the author of the book de medicines , a highly personal devotional treatise . He is remembered as one of the founders and early patrons of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , which was established by two of the of the town in . - - = = Family background and early life = = - - Grosmont 's uncle , Thomas of Lancaster , was the son and heir of Edward I 's brother Edmund . Through his inheritance and a fortunate marriage , Thomas became the wealthiest peer in England , but constant quarrels with King Edward II led to his execution in . Having no heir , Thomas 's possessions and titles went to his younger brother Henry – Grosmont 's father . Earl Henry of Lancaster to the deposition of Edward II in , but did not long stay in favour with the regency of Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer . When Edward III took personal control of the government in 1330 , relations with the Crown improved , but by this time the older Henry was already struggling with poor health and blindness . - Little is known of Grosmont 's early years , but that he was born at Grosmont Castle in Grosmont , Monmouthshire , Wales , and that he was born c . , not around the turn of the century as previously held . According to his own memoirs , he was better at martial arts than at academic subjects , and did not learn to read until later in life . In 1330 he was knighted , and represented his father in parliament . The next year he is recorded as participating in a royal tournament at . - In he took part in Edward 's Scottish campaign , though it is unclear whether he was present at the great English victory at the Battle of Hill . After further service in the north , he was appointed the King 's lieutenant in Scotland in 1336 . The next year he was one of the six men Edward III promoted to the higher levels of the peerage . One of his father 's lesser titles , that of Earl of Derby , was bestowed upon Grosmont . - - = = Service in France = = - - With the outbreak of the Hundred Years ' War in , Grosmont 's attention was turned towards France . He took part in several diplomatic missions and minor campaigns and was present at the great English victory in the naval Battle of in . Later the same year , he was required to commit himself as hostage in the Low Countries for the king 's considerable debts . He remained hostage until the next year and had to pay a large ransom for his own release . On his return he was made the king 's lieutenant in the north and stayed at until . The next years he spent in diplomatic negotiations in the Low Countries , Castile and Avignon . - In 1345 Edward III was planning a major assault on France . A three @-@ attack would have the Earl of Northampton attacking from Brittany , the king himself from Flanders , while Grosmont was dispatched to to prepare a campaign in the south . Moving rapidly through the country , he confronted the Comte d ’ Isle at on 21 October and there achieved a victory described as " the greatest single achievement of Lancaster 's entire military career " . The ransom from the prisoners has been estimated at £ 50 @,@ 000 . The next year , while Edward was carrying out his campaign , Grosmont laid siege to , and captured , , before returning home to England in . - - = = Duke of Lancaster = = - - In 1345 , while Grosmont was in France , his father died . The younger Henry was now Earl of Lancaster – the wealthiest and most powerful peer of the realm . After participating in the Siege of Calais in , the king honoured Lancaster by including him as a founding knight of the Order of the Garter in . A few years later , in 1351 , Edward bestowed an even greater honour on Lancaster when he created him Duke of Lancaster . The title of duke was of relatively new origin in England ; only one other title existed previously . - In addition to this , Lancaster was given palatinate status for the county of Lancashire , which entailed a separate administration independent of the crown . This grant was quite exceptional in English history ; only two other counties existed : Durham , which was an ancient ecclesiastical palatinate , and Chester , which was crown property . - It is a sign of Edward 's high regard for Lancaster that he would bestow such extensive privileges on him . The two men were second cousins through their great @-@ grandfather Henry III and practically ( Edward was born in ) , so it is natural to assume that a strong sense of existed between them . Another factor that might have influenced the king 's decision was the fact that Henry had no male heir , so the grant was made for the Earl 's lifetime only , and not intended to be hereditary . - - = = = Further prestige = = = - - Lancaster spent the intermittently campaigning and negotiating peace treaties with the French . In he was present at the naval victory at , where he allegedly saved the lives of the Black Prince and John of Gaunt . The years 1351 @-@ 2 he spent on crusade in Prussia . It was here that a quarrel with Otto , Duke of Brunswick , almost led to a duel between the two men , narrowly averted by the intervention of the French king , John II . In the later half of the decade campaigning in France resumed . After a in Normandy in and the siege of Rennes in , Lancaster participated in the last great offensive of the first phase of the Hundred Years ' War : the campaign of @-@ 60 . Then he was appointed principal for the Treaty of , where the English achieved very favourable terms . - After returning to England in November , he fell ill early the next year , and died at Leicester Castle on 23 March . It is likely that the cause of death was the plague , which that year was making a second visitation of England . He was buried in the Church of the of Our Lady of the , Leicester , the church which he had built within the religious and charitable institution founded by his father next to Leicester Castle , and where he had re @-@ buried his father some years previously . - - = = Private life = = - - Lancaster was married to Isabella , daughter of Henry , Lord Beaumont , in 1330 . The two had no sons , but two daughters : Maud and Blanche . While Maud was married to William I , Duke of , Blanche married Edward III 's son John of Gaunt . Gaunt ended up Lancaster 's possessions and title , but it was not until , when the dying King Edward III was largely incapacitated , that he was able to restore the palatinate rights for the county of Lancaster . When Gaunt 's son Henry of the crown in and became Henry IV , the vast Lancaster inheritance , including the Lordship of , was merged with the crown as the Duchy of Lancaster . - We know more about Lancaster 's character than of most of his contemporaries through his memoirs , the de medicines ( Book of the Holy Doctors ) . This book is a highly personal treatise on matters of religion and piety , but it also contains details of historical interest . It , among other things , revealed that Lancaster , at the age of 44 when he wrote the book in , suffered from . The book is primarily a devotional work though ; it is organized around seven wounds which Henry claims to have , representing the seven sins . Lancaster confesses to his sins , explains various real and mythical medical in terms of their theological symbolism , and the reader to greater morality . - - = = = = - - - - = I Am Unicorn = - - " I Am Unicorn " is the second episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the forty @-@ sixth overall . The episode was written by series co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy , directed by series co @-@ creator Brad Falchuk , and first aired on September 27 , 2011 on Fox in the United States . It features the return of Shelby Corcoran ( Idina Menzel ) to the show to direct a rival glee club at William McKinley High even while New Directions , the current club , is having trouble recruiting members . Shelby also wants Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) and Puck ( Mark ) , the biological parents of her adopted daughter Beth , to be a part of Beth 's life . The director of New Directions , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) sets up a " booty camp " for the less capable dancers in the club , and auditions for the school musical , West Side Story , begin . - The episode received mostly positive reviews , which ranged from okay to fabulous , with approval being given to the resurrection of neglected storylines from the show 's first season . One of these was the adoption of Beth , and critics were especially happy with the scene where Puck meets her , but there was widespread disdain for the explanation behind Shelby 's return , that of starting a rival glee club . There were only three musical numbers in the episode , though all three were given positive notices , with the overall favorite being Blaine 's performance of " Something 's Coming " from West Side Story at the end of the episode . All three songs were released as singles , available for download , and " Somewhere " , sung as a duet by Menzel and Lea Michele , charted on the Billboard Hot 100 . It did not chart on the Canadian Hot 100 . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 60 million American viewers and garnered a 3 @.@ 7 / 10 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were down from the previous week 's season opener , " The Purple Piano Project " . - - = = Plot = = - - Glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) institutes a " booty camp " to hone the dancing skills of New Directions members Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) , Puck ( Mark ) , Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) and Blaine ( Darren Criss ) , and has Mike ( Harry Shum Jr . ) instruct them . As he is too busy to direct the upcoming school musical West Side Story , guidance Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , football coach Shannon ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) and New Directions member Artie Abrams ( Kevin ) take charge of it . - Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Kurt audition , respectively , for the lead roles of Maria and Tony ; she performs " Somewhere " from the show , and he performs " I 'm the Greatest Star " from Funny Girl . Kurt later on the directors and hears them question whether he is masculine enough for the role . He re @-@ auditions and attempts to give a more masculine performance , but they are unable to suppress laughter at his acting . Kurt is also running for class president , and accepts campaign help from Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , who wants to highlight his unique character by comparing him to a unicorn . Kurt feels her proposed campaign materials highlight only his gay side , and is upset when she goes against his wishes and posts them anyway . He discusses his image problem with his father , Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) , who recommends that he embrace his uniqueness . Kurt later changes his mind about his campaign 's approach and apologizes to Brittany , but is surprised to learn that she too has decided to run for class president . - Shelby Corcoran ( Idina Menzel ) — Rachel 's biological mother , the adoptive mother of Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) and Puck 's daughter Beth , and the former coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline — is to coach a second glee club at McKinley High financed by Sugar 's ( Vanessa ) wealthy and father . Shelby reaches out to Rachel , Puck and Quinn . She lets Puck see Beth , but rejects Quinn 's desire to do likewise due to Quinn 's bad @-@ girl attitude , appearance and behavior . coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) , who is running for Congress , convinces Quinn to feature in an anti @-@ arts video for her campaign . In it , Quinn confronts Will and blames him for her transformation into a bad girl , but Will her , reminds her of how the glee club and its members have always supported her in the past and tells her to grow up . After seeing a picture of a happy Beth and Puck , Quinn breaks down . She resumes her normal appearance , and Will and the New Directions welcome her back into the club . Puck tells Quinn he is proud of her , but Quinn reveals she is only pretending to behave in order to take Beth back from Shelby , and intends to pursue full custody . - To avoid competing with Kurt , Blaine auditions for a supporting role with a rendition of " Something 's Coming " , one of Tony 's songs from the show . The directors are impressed , and ask if he will read for the part of Tony instead . Kurt , who was watching from above , silently walks out of the auditorium . - - = = Production = = - - The episode was written by series co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy , directed by series co @-@ creator Brad Falchuk , and was filmed in five days , from August 22 , 2011 through August 26 , 2011 . Broadway star Idina Menzel returns for the first time since the first season finale " Journey to " , when her character , Shelby Corcoran , adopted Quinn 's newborn baby , named Beth . On July 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Menzel would be returning to Glee in the third season " for a major arc that could span as many as 10 @-@ 12 episodes " . Series co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy was quoted as saying , " I 'm really excited [ ... ] that Idina is joining the family again . We missed her last year and we 're happy that she is coming back . " The article also noted that her character , Shelby , would be " returning from New York to Ohio to join William McKinley High School as a new teacher " . Menzel herself said that she would " be back and forth in Glee all throughout the season " , which she was " very excited about " . Shelby 's adopted daughter is also appearing : Menzel tweeted that she was " shooting scenes with babies " . The drawing of the " Clown Pig " that Puck brings for Beth was actually drawn by Falchuk and Agron . - Recurring guest stars appearing in the episode include Principal Figgins ( Theba ) , Coach ( Jones ) , cheerleader Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) , student Sugar ( ) and Menzel as Shelby . Second season series regular Mike O 'Malley , who plays Burt Hummel and also appears in the episode , is listed in the Fox press release as a guest star for this episode and receives a like credit in the episode itself . - Three singles were released from the episode : " I 'm the Greatest Star " from Funny Girl sung by Colfer , and covers of " Something 's Coming " and " Somewhere " from West Side Story — the former sung by Criss , and the latter a duet between Michele and Menzel . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " I Am Unicorn " was first broadcast on September 27 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 3 @.@ 7 / 10 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and received 8 @.@ 60 million American viewers during its initial airing . It was beaten for the second week in a row in its timeslot by on CBS , which earned a 4 @.@ 2 / 12 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and also by the second episode of New Girl , which follows Glee on Fox , and brought in a 4 @.@ 5 / 11 rating / share and 9 @.@ 28 million viewers . The Glee numbers were down from the previous week 's season opener , " The Purple Piano Project " , which netted a 4 @.@ 0 / 11 rating / share and 9 @.@ 21 million viewers . - In the United Kingdom , " I Am Unicorn " was watched on Sky1 by 995 @,@ 000 viewers , down 177 @,@ 000 from the season premiere the previous week . In Australia , the episode drew 729 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the fifteenth most @-@ watched program of the night , down from the season premiere 's twelfth most @-@ watched program of the night and 760 @,@ 000 viewers in the previous week . In Canada , 1 @.@ 50 million viewers watched the episode , and it was the eighteenth most @-@ viewed show of the week , down eight slots and 28 % from the 2 @.@ 10 million who watched " The Purple Piano Project " . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - Reviewers generally received this episode positively , though some , like IGN 's Robert Canning , thought it was merely " okay " ; he gave it a score of 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 , and Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times said she " felt vaguely " and that the episode " lacked emotional resonance " . In contrast , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff gave the episode a " B " , and called it " a marked improvement over the season premiere " , and complimented the way it " gave nearly all of the storylines an emotional core " . Anthony Benigno of The Times characterized it as " one of the , best @-@ made , most well @-@ acted , and entertaining hours " from Glee in a very long time , and BuddyTV 's John Kubicek said that it was " quintessential Glee " and that " the show is once again a magical , fabulous unicorn . " Bobby of the Houston Chronicle was " charmed " , " moved " , and " excited for what 's to come . " - The reappearance of storylines left dangling at the end of the first season was noted with approval by Samantha Urban of The Dallas Morning News and VanDerWerff , who both mentioned not only the big one about Quinn and Puck and baby Beth but also Artie 's love of directing , and variously added Rachel and Shelby , and movement on the Will and Emma relationship . The fact that Shelby had been hired to form a second glee club at McKinley , however , was greeted with by both reviewers — Urban called it " mind @-@ " — and others as well . Reiter found the idea incomprehensible , and Vanity Fair 's Brett wrote , " Given Will 's ongoing struggles to fill his own baker 's dozen , this is about as realistic a plan as Michele Bachmann starting a rival chapter of at Liberty University . " Vicki Hyman of The Star @-@ Ledger characterized the notion of " Shelby deciding to give up a burgeoning Broadway career because she was missing her daughter grow up " to take a part @-@ time job in Lima as " ridiculous " , and the whole scenario as " more than a little bizarre " . - The effect of Shelby 's advent on Puck evoked the most praise . Benigno called the segment where Puck meets Beth " the best scene of this very young season " , The Hollywood Reporter 's Goldberg said it was a " top moment " , and Abby West of Entertainment Weekly dubbed it " the sweetest scene of the night " . VanDerWerff also called it " very sweet " and expressed hope that " the show will come up with something for him to do after mostly him to weird comic relief last season . " The effect of her return on Quinn was greeted with less enthusiasm . Reiter was " not thrilled " by the possibility of a custody battle between Quinn and Shelby and called Quinn 's plan " half @-@ baked " , and Canning dismissed it as " clichéd drama " . Kubicek expressed interest in seeing " where this goes " , and VanDerWerff noted that Quinn has been " grieving giving up her child all this time and she didn 't even know it " , and characterized it as a " fairly powerful storyline " . - Critics were divided on Kurt 's storyline as he faced being perceived primarily as gay both when auditioning and when running for class president . VanDerWerff said it was " the most consistent " storyline , and Canning called it " the most familiar story " , but also described Kurt as " by far the most interesting and most layered " character , his stories " delivering the most emotional connections " , and this episode 's installments " entertaining territory " . Kubicek stated that there were " tons " of wonderful " Kurt moments " in the episode . Benigno called Kurt learning to embrace his yet again on the show " kind of awkward " , and Hyman asked " Was this Kurt He 's Special 3 @.@ 0 or 4 @.@ 0 ? I can 't keep track . " Votta summed up Kurt 's audition quandary : " Kurt is fighting , and while the , gloves and climbing routine might have been an attempt to it up , instead Kurt played right into expectations with the over @-@ the @-@ top Funny Girl piece . " His attempt to rescue the situation by via performing a Romeo and Juliet scene with Rachel evoked laughter from the three directors and Rachel herself , but as Votta points out , Kurt was " not actually being bad as Romeo " . Jayma Mays , who plays Emma , one of the directors in that scene , stated in an interview that she thought Kurt was " good " . Kurt finding himself in competition with Blaine was also touched on , but several reviewers were unhappy with the revelation that Blaine was not a senior like Kurt , as had been implied in the previous season . VanDerWerff wrote that Blaine " seems to have simultaneously gotten younger and had a complete personality transplant over the summer " , Votta noted " the continuity @-@ plot point that he 's somehow a Junior and not a Senior like his boyfriend " , and Urban allowed her to show : " Oh really , Glee ? Blaine 's a junior ? Blaine 's younger than Kurt ? Fine . . " MTV 's Jim went into rhyme to express his dismay : " It 's hard to keep my bearings straight / And oh , how it makes my heart / Kurt and Blaine were gonna move to New York together / But now they 'll have to wait " , referring to a scene in the " New York " episode where Kurt discussed the planned move with Rachel . - Goldberg was pleased that having Brittany volunteer to run Kurt 's campaign included an acknowledgment that he " went through hell " the previous year , and praised " Brittany logic " in general . Respers France loved that Brittany , in helping Kurt find his magical inner unicorn , was able to find her own . Reiter enjoyed the " delicious dose of Brittany @-@ " , which she called " the best part " of the episode , and Kubicek said that there were " tons of wonderful " Brittany moments . For Hyman , the " one sit @-@ up @-@ and @-@ take @-@ notice moment " was the confrontation between Will and Quinn where he told her to grow up . Respers France thought " Sue Sylvester 's attempt to use Quinn against the glee club was hilarious " , but VanDerWerff was unhappy with Quinn being into " Sue ’ s ridiculous run for Congress " . Reiter wrote that it was " hard to muster much sympathy for Quinn " in the episode given the scene with Quinn and The : " someone 's head in a public toilet , threatening to cut them , and shaking them down for their lunch money are orders of magnitude more chilling than the face @-@ full @-@ of @-@ bullying we 're used to seeing . " - - = = = Music and performances = = = - - The episode 's musical performances were well received by most reviewers . All three were Broadway songs , two from West Side Story and one from Funny Girl — the concentration on show tunes disappointed Reiter , and Canning felt they were all " too bland " , but others were happy with the selections including who said he was " loving the Broadway @-@ bend to these first two episodes " , and added , " all three of tonight 's numbers were hands @-@ down fantastic . " - The duet of " Somewhere " featuring Rachel and Shelby was generally complimented . Both Benigno and Votta of Billboard compared it favorably to their previous duet , Lady Gaga 's " Poker Face " , from season one . Benigno gave the performance a " B + " , while Michael Slezak of TVLine gave it an " A − " and praised their " powerful , evocative voices " . Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman was not impressed , and characterized it as " Lite FM that does nothing to showcase these Broadway in a new and exciting way " . Amy Lee of The Huffington Post called it " pretty bland " , and said it was " getting annoying " that Rachel " sings every song as if she 's Streisand " . The Wall Street Journal 's , however , called the duet " pitch @-@ perfect " and " so sublime it makes you catch your breath " . - Kurt 's choice of " I 'm the Greatest Star " to audition for the role of Tony — the one song not from West Side Story — drew comment : Benigno ascribed it to Kurt 's " ability to make a talented of himself " , while Slezak was of the opinion that Kurt was " way too , and way too hungry for the role " for that kind of . Despite these plot @-@ related issues , both reviewers gave the performance an " A " , and Benigno noted both that " he nails it " and " last half of the song is a singing clinic . " VanDerWerff was not fond of the reliance on " staging " , though Futterman called it " an impressive physical performance " , Votta stated that " Kurt sounds flawless and the performance is captivating " and complimented his " captivating high notes after high notes " , and added , " He 's a star unicorn , and he knows it . " Lisa Respers France of CNN wrote that Kurt " was amazing singing Streisand , and for the first time I realized that he really is as big a star as Rachel . " - Blaine 's rendition of " Something 's Coming " was the most enthusiastically welcomed . It was the favorite number of Lee , VanDerWerff and Futterman ; Lee said it was " the best song " , and added , " he 's , impassioned and generally delightful as Blaine @-@ playing @-@ Tony . " VanDerWerff was even more complimentary with " by far the best performance " , and Futterman called it " the winning musical number of the episode " . Both Slezak and Benigno gave it a " B + " , and the former complimented Criss 's " charm and enthusiasm " , while the latter maintained that the actor is " at his best when he 's doing pop numbers with kind of an off @-@ beat twist " . West gave the song an " A − " , and said " Blaine just knows how to own the stage and your TV screen " , while both Votta and Respers France wrote that he was the " perfect Tony " . - - = = = Chart history = = = - - One of the three cover versions released as singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and none charted on the Canadian Hot 100 or in England or Australia . The duet version of " Somewhere " appeared at number seventy @-@ five , the fourth time the song charted in the Hot 100 . By contrast , " Something 's Coming " , the episode 's other song from West Side Story , has never appeared in the Hot 100 , and failed to chart there again . - - - = Galentine 's Day = - - " Galentine 's Day " is the 16th episode of the second season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the 22nd overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 11 , 2010 . In the episode , Leslie and her boyfriend Justin seek to reunite Leslie 's mother , Marlene , with her teenage flame . Meanwhile , April 's feelings for Andy continue to , while Ann appears to be growing apart from Mark . - The episode was written by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur and directed by Ken . " Galentine 's Day " featured a guest appearance by John Larroquette as Frank Beckerson , the long @-@ lost love of Marlene @-@ Knope , who was played by Pamela Reed . It also featured the last in a string of guest performances by Justin Theroux as Leslie 's love interest , Justin Anderson . - According to Nielsen Media Research , " Galentine 's Day " was seen by 4 @.@ 98 million household viewers , which marked a continued recent improvement in ratings for the series . It tied a record set with the previous episode , " Sweetums " , for the season 's highest rating among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews . - - = = Plot summary = = - - Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) throws her annual " Galentine 's Day " party for her female friends , celebrated the day before Valentine 's Day . She asks her mother , Marlene ( Pamela Reed ) , to tell the story about how she fell in love with a lifeguard that saved her from drowning in 1968 , but the two had to break it off over objections from Marlene 's parents . Leslie later tells the story to Justin ( Justin Theroux ) , who is amazed by the tale and wants to unite the two . He successfully tracks down Marlene 's old flame , Frank Beckerson ( John Larroquette ) , and convinces Leslie to go with him to Illinois and reunite the two on Valentine 's Day at the Senior Center Valentine 's Dance , which the parks department . - Leslie and Justin meet Frank , a strange and depressed man that has constant panic attacks . Leslie begins to have doubts about bringing him to her mother and tries to call it off , but Justin insists that they should " let this unfold " . At the dance , where Andy 's ( Chris Pratt ) band Mouse Rat is playing , Frank meets up with Marlene , who is repulsed by Frank 's past , current unemployment and overall failure at life . She turns down his offer at a second chance at love , prompting him to storm onto the stage and denounce her over the microphone . Leslie apologizes to her mother for bringing Frank . She is later upset with Justin , but has trouble the reasons for her dissatisfaction . Ron ( Nick ) explains that Justin is a " tourist , " meaning that he takes " vacations in people 's lives " and only cares about telling interesting stories to impress other people , which makes him selfish . Two older women then recognize Ron as jazz saxophonist Duke Silver , but he denies it . Leslie later breaks up with Justin , which Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) takes especially hard , reacting as if his parents were getting divorced . - Before the senior dance , Tom invites his ex @-@ wife Wendy ( ) to his office to finally his romantic feelings for her , but she rejects him . Not satisfied with the outcome , he attempts to blackmail her into a date using an lawsuit as leverage . Tom and Wendy are later shown hugging and presumably making , although their conversation remains . Meanwhile , April 's ( Aubrey Plaza ) boyfriend Derek ( Blake Lee ) and his boyfriend Ben ( Josh ) mock the senior citizens , causing April to question why their interactions must constantly be " in like 15 layers of irony " . They accuse her of " " , which they attribute to spending time with Andy , and provide her with several . She breaks up with them in response . Ann ( Rashida Jones ) and Mark ( Paul Schneider ) , at the same time , celebrate their first Valentine 's Day together . In an interview with the camera crew , Ann describes the relationship as " good " , but her tone of voice and body language around Mark contradict her statements . She later becomes jealous when Andy a song to April , even going so far as to question April about the possibility of a budding relationship between April and Andy , to which April responds . - - = = Production = = - - " Galentine 's Day " was written by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur and directed by Ken . The episode featured a guest appearance by John Larroquette as Frank Beckerson , the long @-@ lost love of Leslie 's mother , Marlene Knope . When Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator Greg Daniels announced the casting in January 2010 , he described Larroquette 's character as " He 's the one who got away . " " Galentine 's Day " also included an appearance by Pamela Reed , who has played Marlene Knope in several episodes , and the last of a string of slated guest appearances by Justin Theroux as Justin Anderson , a love interest for Leslie . The episode marked the return of Andy 's band , " Mouse Rat " , which was previously featured in the first season finale " Rock Show " . His bandmates are played by Mark Rivers ( drums ) , Andrew ( guitar ) and Alan Yang ( bass ) , the latter of whom serves as a screenwriter for Parks and Recreation . - - = = Cultural references = = - - At the dance , a senior citizen approaches Ron Swanson and asks for an from Duke Silver . This is a reference to the previous second season episode , " Practice Date " , which establishes Ron 's secret identity as a jazz musician . Leslie referred to her Galentine 's Day breakfast tradition as " Lilith Fair minus the and plus " , a reference to the concert tour and traveling music festival . She also said the love story between Marlene and Frank makes the 2004 romance film The look like the 2008 horror film Saw V. Mark gets Ann a necklace similar to the Heart of the Ocean , the fictional jewelry given to Kate 's character in the 1997 romantic drama film , Titanic . During one scene in " Galentine 's Day " , Leslie does a voice impersonation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy . When Tom mistakes the impression for that of the Arnold character Terminator , he prompts Leslie to do that impression as well . - Among the songs performed by Mouse Rat in " Galentine 's Day " were " The Way You Look Tonight " , originally performed by Fred in the 1936 film , Swing Time . Andy 's suggests he sings the " Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off " more like jazz musician and Louis Armstrong , who Andy admits he has never heard of . Andy and his band also performs " I Only Have Eyes for You " and " I 've Got You Under My Skin " . Leslie said reuniting Marlene and Frank would be like reuniting Romeo and Juliet , the protagonists of the William Shakespeare play of the same name , or reuniting actress Jennifer Aniston and actor Brad Pitt . She also warns to the camera for Aniston to " stay away from John Mayer " , the musician who previously dated Aniston . In the days prior to the original broadcast of " Galentine 's Day " , Mayer publicly apologized for a number of explicit sexual and racial comments he had made in the past months , which prompted news outlets to praise Parks and Recreation for the of their Mayer joke . Ironically , in May 2011 , Jennifer Aniston started dating Justin Theroux , who guest starred in the episode , and they later married . Frank made a reference to a recurring gag from Arrested Development when , after being rejected , he announced to Marlene , " take one last look ... because you 'll never see this body again . " - - = = Reception = = - - In its original American NBC broadcast on February 11 , 2010 , " Galentine 's Day " was seen by 4 @.@ 98 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . This marked a continued recent improvement in ratings for the series . " Galentine 's Day " was seen by more viewers than the previous week 's episode " Sweetums " , which drew 4 @.@ 87 million viewers and was an itself an increase from previous episodes . " Galentine 's Day " drew an overall 3 @.@ 1 rating / 5 share , and a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 share among viewers between 18 and 49 , the latter of which tied with " Sweetums " as the highest of its age group for the series . The subsequent episode , " Woman of the Year " , would also tie the two episodes for a series @-@ high rating in that 18 to 49 age group . - " Galentine 's Day " received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly writer Sandra Gonzalez said , " The show managed to more character development into 22 minutes than I thought possible . Almost every couple had a major milestone of sorts last night . " Gonzalez complimented the acting of Aziz Ansari during his moments with Wendy , and praised the " touching moment " between Ron and Leslie when she realized she had to break up with Justin . Steve of New York magazine appreciated that Leslie was correct about Frank , and that Justin was the ignorant one . said the senior dance served as a " poignant backdrop " for the episode 's romantic subplots , but said the most intriguing show 's relationship is between Leslie and Ron . Alan Sepinwall , television columnist with The Star @-@ Ledger , said the episode was funny , but focused more attention on advancing various romantic subplots . Sepinwall said the scenes about Ann and Mark were " a nice reaction to the general of that relationship " , but found it " frustrating " that the episode left the reason for Wendy and Tom 's resolution unclear in " Galentine 's Day " . - Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club praised the episode for displaying some of Leslie 's stronger and more competent aspects , which he said makes audiences " much more willing to put up with her many , many " . Heisler said he thought the Leslie and Justin relationship ended appropriately and praised Ansari 's performance , but added he was a little " taken aback " by how Tom treated Wendy . Matt Fowler of IGN said the episode had many funny moments and good character development , but he said some of the romantic relationships risked the balance between " the sweet and the absurd " , and that some of the character moments " played out a bit too real for a show like this " . Gallagher of TV Squad said she would like to see Leslie get a boyfriend who last longer than three episodes , unlike Justin Theroux and Louis , who played Leslie 's love interest Dave earlier in the season . Gallagher praised Andy 's band and the with which Andy reacted to the senior citizen audience . Mike Murphy of The Press Democrat said the episode was funny , and he particularly praised the " @-@ out " performance of John . Several commentators praised the joke about Andy 's new rock song " Sex Hair " , about how one can tell whether someone had sex because their hair is matted . - - = = DVD release = = - - " Galentine 's Day " , along with the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode . - - - = Bossy ( Lindsay Lohan song ) = - - " Bossy " is a song by American actress and singer @-@ songwriter Lindsay Lohan . The song was written and produced by Shaffer Smith , known by his stage name Ne @-@ Yo , while additional writing and production was done by members and Tor Erik . After leaking online in the beginning of May 2008 , Universal Motown officially released the song to media outlets , while its digital single was released on May 27 , 2008 . The song is influenced by electropop and dance @-@ pop . Lyrically , it is about a woman being strong enough to get what she wants when she wants it . - , " Bossy " attained generally mixed reception upon release , many music critics generally praised the attitude of the song , but considered the song less catchy than Lohan 's previous efforts . , " Bossy " managed to peak at number 77 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and became Lohan 's first song from her entire music career , so far , to reach number one on the United States ' Billboard Hot Dance Club Play . - - = = Background = = - - " Bossy " was written by Shaffer Smith , known by his stage name Ne @-@ Yo , while additional writing and song production was done by members and Tor Erik . In the beginning of May 2008 , a clip of the song leaked on YouTube . As a result , Universal Motown released the full song to media outlets on May 7 , 2008 . In an interview with Billboard , Ne @-@ Yo revealed that he was approached by the label to write a song for Lohan : " I gotta admit , we were like ... Lindsay Lohan ? ' I mean , I 've written for Beyoncé , Mary J. , Rihanna , Dion and ... Lindsay Lohan ? But I will say this ; we gave her a quality record and she did a ridiculously fabulous job . I was so shocked I had to call her and apologize for what I was thinking because she did so good . I think the world is gonna be surprised . " In an interview with People Magazine , he revealed the song " it 's basically about a woman being strong enough to get what she wants when she wants it . In this case , ' Bossy ' is a term that describes confidence and power . " " Bossy " was digitally released on May 27 , 2008 , and it was set to appear on Lohan 's third studio album . - - = = Critical reception = = - - " Bossy " received mixed reviews from music critics . A Billboard review said " the track the @-@ voiced singer 's dominating side as she rhymes about liking things her way over simple drums " , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy considered " Bossy " as an " electro @-@ dance @-@ pop [ song ] with attitude " , but commented that it " isn 't pop gold – the chorus lacks a bit of and Lohan 's vocals still aren 't convincing – but it 's the first Lohan tune we 'd be prepared to listen to more than once . That , we suppose , is enough to constitute a small step forward " . Kate of said " Bossy " " is not nearly as good or as catchy as Miss Lohan 's previous musical attempts " , while commenting that its lyrical content " is an obvious reflection on Miss Lohan 's relationship with the . As Miss Lohan sings in the lyrics , she does what she wants , she controls them , and not vice versa . Unfortunately , Miss Lohan 's logic is not entirely correct — neither party has the authority to boss the other around . That is , sadly , the price of fame these days — once people want in , they want total access and exposure . With some individual 's antics , like Miss Lohan and Britney Spears , it is difficult to garner sympathy for them " . " Bossy " reached number 77 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and became Lohan 's first song from her entire career to reach number one on the United States ' Billboard Hot Dance Club Play . The song also managed to peak on the Global Dance Tracks component chart . - - = = Track listing = = - - Digital download - " Bossy " – 4 : 10 - - = = Charts = = - - - - = Biddenden Maids = - - Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst ( or ) , commonly known as the Biddenden Maids , were a pair of conjoined twins supposedly born in Biddenden , Kent , England , in the year 1100 . They are said to have been joined at both the shoulder and the hip , and to have lived for 34 years . It is claimed that on their death they bequeathed five plots of land to the village , known as the Bread and Cheese Lands . The income from these lands was used to pay for an annual dole of food and drink to the poor every Easter . Since at least 1775 , the dole has included Biddenden cakes , hard with an image of two conjoined women . - Although the annual distribution of food and drink is known to have taken place since at least 1605 , no records exist of the story of the sisters prior to 1770 . Records of that time say that the names of the sisters were not known , and early drawings of Biddenden cakes do not give names for the sisters ; it is not until the early 19th century that the names " Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst " were first used . - Edward Hasted , the local historian of Kent , has dismissed the story of the Biddenden Maids as a folk myth , claiming that the image on the cake had originally represented two poor women and that the story of the conjoined twins was " a vulgar tradition " invented to account for it , while influential historian Robert Chambers accepted that the legend could be true but believed it unlikely . Throughout most of the 19th century little research was carried out into the origins of the legend . Despite the doubts among historians , in the 19th century the legend became increasingly popular and the village of Biddenden was with visitors every Easter . In the late 19th century historians investigated the origins of the legend . It was suggested that the twins had genuinely existed but had been joined at the hip only rather than at both the hip and shoulder , and that they had lived in the 16th rather than the 12th century . - In 1907 , the Bread and Cheese Lands were sold for housing , and the resulting income allowed the annual dole to expand considerably , providing the widows and pensioners of Biddenden with cheese , bread and tea at Easter and with cash payments at Christmas . Biddenden cakes continue to be given to the poor of Biddenden each Easter , and are sold as souvenirs to visitors . - - = = Legend = = - - According to tradition Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst , or , were born to relatively wealthy parents in Biddenden , Kent , in the year 1100 . The pair were said to be conjoined at both the shoulder and the hip . They grew up conjoined , and are said to have " had frequent quarrels , which sometimes terminated in blows " . At the age of 34 , Mary Chulkhurst died suddenly . Doctors proposed to separate the still @-@ living Eliza from her sister 's body but she refused , saying " as we came together we will also go together " , and died six hours afterwards . In their wills , the sisters left five pieces of land in the Biddenden area comprising around 20 acres ( 8 ha ) in total to the local church , with the income from these lands ( claimed to have been 6 guineas per annum at the time of their death ) to provide an annual dole of bread , cheese and beer to the poor every Easter . , the lands were to be known as the Bread and Cheese Lands . - - = = History = = - - The churchwardens of Biddenden continued to maintain the annual dole from the Bread and Cheese Lands . It is recorded that in 1605 , the custom that " on that day [ Easter ] our the bread , cheese , cakes and divers barrels of beer , brought in there and drawn " was suspended on account of a visit from Charles , the Archdeacon of Canterbury , owing to previous ceremonies having caused " much disorder by reason of some unruly ones , which at such time we cannot with any ease " . In 1645 , rector William Horner claimed that the Bread and Cheese Lands were ( land intended for the use of the parish priest ) , and attempted to take control of the lands . The case of the Bread and Cheese Lands was brought before the Committee for Ministers , who eventually found in favour of the charity in 1649 . Horner brought the case before the Court of the in 1656 but again without success , and the charity continued to own the lands and to operate the annual Easter dole . Witness statements from these cases mention that the lands had been given by two women " who grew together in their bodies " , but do not give any name for the women . - In 1681 the " disorder and indecency " of the annual dole led to the threat of intervention by the Archbishop of Canterbury . The distribution of the dole ceased to be conducted inside the church ; it was moved to the church porch . - By 1770 , it is recorded that the annual dole took place immediately after the afternoon Easter service . The annual income from the Bread and Cheese Lands had risen to 20 guineas ( about £ 2 @,@ 600 in 2016 ) , and a huge quantity of food was distributed each year . By this time as well as the dole of bread , cheese and beer , hard bread rolls known as " Biddenden cakes " , moulded into an image of the sisters , were thrown to crowds from the church roof . The Biddenden cakes were flat , hard and made of flour and water , and were described as " not by any means tempting " ; one writer in 1860 described one as " a plaque " . - - = = = Origins of the Biddenden Maids legend = = = - - Although it is known that the charity had been in operation as early as 1656 , an anonymous article in The Gentleman 's Magazine in August 1770 is the earliest recorded account of the legend of the Biddenden Maids . This account states that the twins were joined at the hip only , rather than at both the hip and the shoulder , and that they lived to a relatively old age . The article explicitly states that their names were not recorded , and that they were known only as the " Maids of Biddenden " . The anonymous author recounts the story of their bequest of the lands to the parish to support the annual dole , and goes on to say that despite the antiquity of the events described , he has no doubt as to their authenticity . As with all accounts of the tradition prior to 1790 the author does not mention their alleged birth in 1100 , or the name of Chulkhurst ; these details first appeared in a broadside published in 1790 . The Repertory of 1775 says that the sisters had lived " as tradition says , two hundred and fifty years ago " . of Biddenden cakes from this period show that they featured an image of two women , possibly conjoined , but no names , dates or ages . - Historian Edward Hasted , in the third volume of The History and Survey of the County of Kent published in 1798 , dismissed the legend of the Biddenden Maids . He claimed that the Bread and Cheese Lands were the gift of two women named Preston ( although he elsewhere described the lands as having been " given by persons unknown " ) . Hasted stated that the Biddenden cakes had only begun to be moulded with the imprint of two women in the last 50 years ( i.e. since 1748 ) and that the figures were intended to represent " two poor widows , as the general objects of a charitable " . While he mentioned a legend that the figures represent two conjoined twins who died in their and bequeathed the Bread and Cheese Lands to the parish , he dismissed it as " a vulgar tradition " . - Hasted 's arguments were largely accepted by influential historian Robert Chambers , and the story was generally treated as a folk myth . A letter to the British Medical Journal in 1869 pointed out that were not in use in Kent in the 12th century , and that in older styles of English handwriting the 1 and 5 characters could easily be confused , and suggested a correct of 1500 . The Biddenden Maids were occasionally mentioned in pieces on conjoined twins , particularly after Chang and Bunker proved that conjoined twins could live to an advanced age and lead relatively normal lives . Notes and magazine called in 1866 for a close examination of Biddenden documents , the editors describing Hasted 's conclusions as " very obscure and unsatisfactory " and questioning why the names " Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst " should have been added to the design of cakes granted by a family named Preston , but no significant research into the tradition was carried out . - - = = = Growth of the charity = = = - - As the annual dole grew larger the Easter distribution became increasingly popular . In 1808 a broadside featuring a woodcut of the twins and a brief history of their alleged story was sold outside the church at Easter , the first recorded mention of the names " Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst " , and clay replicas of Biddenden cakes were sold as souvenirs . - In the 1820s , a new account of the Biddenden Maids was published , which claimed that a gravestone marked with a diagonal line near the rector 's pew in Biddenden church was the sisters ' burial place . In 1830 it was noted that Biddenden was becoming by visitors every Easter , " attracted from the adjacent towns and villages by the usage , and the wonderful account of its origin , and the day is spent in rude " . The large crowds were increasingly , and churchwardens on occasion had to use their staffs to hold back the mob . As a result , the distribution of the dole was moved from the church to the workhouse , but the crowds continued to cause problems . In 1882 Biddenden 's rector applied for authority to abandon the ceremony ; the Archbishop of Canterbury permitted the distribution of bread , cheese and Biddenden cakes to continue , but abolished the free beer in an effort to combat the problem of unruly crowds . - In 1900 , antiquarian George Clinch investigated the Biddenden Maids in detail . Examining the costumes of the figures on the Biddenden cake moulds , he concluded that the style of dress depicted dated from the reign of Mary I ( 1553 – 1558 ) , a date roughly consistent with the " two hundred and fifty years ago " reported in 1775 , and concluded that the tradition had originated in the 16th century . He suggested that the " 1100 " date on Biddenden cakes had originally read " 1500 " , and explained the absence of names on prints of 18th century Biddenden cakes as an engraving error . It is likely that the cake moulds examined by Clinch were not the original moulds , as the designs Clinch examined are strikingly different to the earliest surviving drawings of Biddenden cakes , published in 1775 . Writing in the early 1930s , William Finch explains the confusion over the dates , saying " the old @-@ fashioned five is so frequently taken as a one " . He lamented the quality of the Biddenden cake then being produced , compared to that of former years . Finch stated that the villagers considered the then @-@ current cake to be bread . - - = = and = = - - In almost all drawings and Biddenden cake designs , the twins are shown as conjoined at both the hip and the shoulder . Although such a fusion is theoretically possible , in that twins fused at one point may form a secondary fusion elsewhere , no case of a viable double fusion has ever been documented . - Although Clinch believed that the evidence pointed to the twins having genuinely existed but that they had lived in the 16th century , rather than the early 12th century as generally claimed , they are not mentioned in any journals or books from the period . This points against their having lived in the 16th century ; the case of and ( 1617 – after 1646 ) had prompted great interest in conjoined twins , and conjoined sisters surviving to adulthood in south east England would have been widely noted . - In 1895 , surgeon J. W. Ballantyne considered the case of the Biddenden Maids from a perspective . He suggested that they had in fact been ( twins joined at the ) . twins are known to put their arms around each other 's shoulders when walking , and Ballantyne suggested that this accounted for their apparently being joined at the shoulders in drawings . The and Christine McCoy had lived in Britain for a short time before going on to a successful singing career in the United States , and it was known from their case that such twins were capable of surviving to adulthood . - Jan ( 1992 and 2006 ) proposed that , while the names " Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst " are not recorded in any early documents and are likely to have been a later addition , the existence of the twins and the claimed 1100 year of birth cannot be dismissed . Although mediaeval chronicles are unreliable , he noted multiple reports in the , the Annals of the Four Masters and the Annals of Clonmacnoise of a pair of conjoined sisters born in or around 1100 , although all three are records of Irish history and none mention Kent as the location . He concluded that the case of Christine McCoy , who survived for eight hours following the death of her twin , shows that the claimed six hours between the deaths of the Biddenden Maids is plausible , and agreed with Ballantyne 's proposal that the idea that the twins were joined at the shoulder is a later of the figures on the Biddenden cake . He also pointed out that although there is no recorded version of the legend prior to 1770 , there would have been no possible motive for the villagers of the 18th century to the story . - - = = Today = = - - In 1907 , the Chulkhurst Charity was amalgamated with other local charities with similar purposes , to form the Biddenden Consolidated Charity , still functioning as a registered charity . The Bread and Cheese Lands were sold for housing , expanding the charity significantly to provide Biddenden pensioners and widows with bread , cheese , and tea at Easter , a cash payment at Christmas , and distribute Biddenden cakes . ( During the food rationing of the 1940s and early 1950s , the cheese was replaced by . Distribution of cheese resumed in 1951 . ) A wrought iron village sign showing the Biddenden Maids was erected on Biddenden village green in the 1920s . - The tradition of the dole continues to the present , and every Easter Monday tea , cheese and bread are given to local widows and pensioners through the windows of Biddenden 's former workhouse . All those eligible for the annual dole are given a Biddenden cake , and they are sold as souvenirs to visitors . The cakes are baked so hard as to be inedible , to allow better preservation as souvenirs ; they are baked in large batches every few years and kept until the stock runs out . Historically , the loaves used were of the archaic loaf size , but this particular part of the tradition ended when Biddenden 's last bakery closed in the 1990s . - - - = Ælfric of Abingdon = - - Ælfric of Abingdon ( Old English : ; died 16 November 1005 ) , also known as Ælfric of Wessex , was a late 10th @-@ century Archbishop of Canterbury . He previously held the offices of abbot of St Albans Abbey and Bishop of Ramsbury , as well as likely being the abbot of Abingdon Abbey . After his election to Canterbury , he continued to hold the bishopric of Ramsbury along with the archbishopric of Canterbury until his death in 1005 . Ælfric may have altered the composition of Canterbury 's cathedral chapter by changing the clergy serving in the cathedral from secular clergy to monks . In his will he left a ship to King Æthelred II of England as well as more ships to other . - - = = Early life = = - - Ælfric was the son of an earl of Kent and became a monk of Abingdon Abbey in Berkshire ( now ) . He was very likely Abbot of Abingdon before becoming Abbot of St Albans Abbey around , although some historians do not believe that he held the office of Abbot at Abingdon . Although the Historia , or History of the Church of Abingdon , names Ælfric as abbot , the lists do not record him as such . of his being abbot at Abingdon is a grant of land to Ælfric personally ( instead of to the office he held ) while he was archbishop that had previously been unjustly taken from Abingdon . This land was to revert to Abingdon after Ælfric 's death . - - = = Bishop and archbishop = = - - Ælfric 's brother , , succeeded him as Abbot of St Albans when he became bishop . Between 991 and , Ælfric rose to the Bishopric of Ramsbury , and possibly continued to hold office of abbot of St Albans while bishop . In 995 he was elevated to the see of Canterbury . He was translated , or moved with appropriate ecclesiastical ceremony , to Canterbury on 21 April 995 at a held at . Here he received the permission of " King Æthelred and all the " to be elevated to Canterbury . Ælfric continued to hold Ramsbury along with Canterbury until his death . The story that his brother was chosen first for Canterbury but refused , stems from confusion on the part of Matthew of Paris and historians generally hold the entire episode to be . - Ælfric 's appointment to Canterbury caused consternation with the clergy of the cathedral chapter . In reaction , the chapter sent two members to Rome ahead of Ælfric and tried to secure the archbishopric for either of the monks . Pope Gregory V , however , would not appoint a candidate without royal permission , which neither of the monks had . Instead , when Ælfric arrived in Rome in , he was appointed and received the pallium , a symbol of an archbishop 's authority . He also witnessed some miracles at the of Edward the at Abbey , helping to lead to Edward 's . - A story was told that Ælfric introduced monks into the cathedral church of Christ Church , Canterbury , replacing the secular clerks that had taken over the foundation during the ninth century . Ælfric is said to have done this on the command of the pope . This story originally dates to soon after the Norman Conquest and originated with the monastic historians of Canterbury , and its is unclear . He likely performed the marriage ceremony of King Æthelred the and Emma of Normandy in 1002 . A later tradition held that he consecrated a Bishop of Llandaff and two Bishops of St. David 's in Wales , which , if true , would have meant extending Canterbury 's jurisdiction into new territory . - Either Ælfric or his predecessor wrote a letter to , Bishop of Sherborne about the duties of bishops to make sure that the laity did not churches . The letter also urged to the laity to strive for justice in their dealings with others , help widows and orphans , not fight , as well as other moral precepts . Ælfric also ordered the composition of the first Life of Dunstan , a hagiography , or saint 's life , of Dunstan , a predecessor as Archbishop of Canterbury . He also acted as a royal judge , once being ordered by King Æthelred to a case between , or local noblemen . - - = = Death and legacy = = - - Ælfric died on 16 November 1005 and was buried in Abingdon Abbey , later being translated to Canterbury Cathedral . His will survives and in it he left ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent , with his best one , equipped for sixty men , going to King Æthelred . The hagiography of Dunstan was dedicated to Ælfric at the end of the 10th century . After his death , he was considered a saint with a feast day of 16 November . - - - = White Dog ( Gary novel ) = - - White Dog , released in France as Chien Blanc , is a fictional autobiographical novel written by Romain Gary . Originally published as a short story in Life in 1970 ( 9 October ) , the full novel was published in 1970 in French in France by Éditions Gallimard . Gary 's English version of the novel was published in North America in the same year by New American Library . The novel provides a fictionalized account of Gary and his wife 's experiences in the 1960s with a stray Alabama police dog trained to attack black people on sight , and their attempts to have the dog . - Gary uses the novel as a vehicle to denounce both racism and the activists supporting African @-@ American rights , including his own ex @-@ wife and Marlon Brando . He also examines whether human responses to situations , including racism , are learned social behavior and whether they can be . In 1981 , it was adapted into the controversial film of the same name , in which director Samuel Fuller made various changes to the novel 's story to focus more on the dog and present a more pessimistic ending than the original novel . The film 's American release after negative press from the National Association for the Advancement of People ( NAACP ) led to concerns of boycotts . - - = = Plot synopsis = = - - A fictionalized memoir set in both the United States and France during the 1960s American civil rights movement , White Dog focuses on the events that occur after Gary and his then @-@ wife Jean , an actress and an activist , adopt a handsome and clearly well @-@ trained German Shepherd dog who comes back to their home with one of their other dogs . At first , the dog , which they name , is an ideal new member of the family : intelligent , devoted , and quickly befriending the couple 's assortment of other animals . To their dismay , they discover that the dog , a former Alabama police dog , was trained to attack black people on sight . Although they are told the dog is too old to be , they take him to a black dog trainer to try . Instead , the man trains the dog to attack white people , including Gary himself . Gary states that he changed the ending of the American version to be more optimistic . - - = = Publication history = = - - White Dog was first released as an English short story that appeared in Life magazine in 1968 . It was published as a full novel in 1970 in two languages and two countries . A French @-@ language version was published in France under the title Chien Blanc by Éditions Gallimard ( ISBN ) in April 1970 . Gary , who was multi @-@ lingual , also wrote an English version , which was published by New American Library in 1970 under its Signet label . - French - 1970 , France , Éditions Gallimard ( ISBN ) , 256 pages , paperback - 1972 , France , Éditions Gallimard ( ISBN ) , 220 pages , paperback - English - 1970 , United States , New American Library , 279 pages , paperback - 2004 , United States , University Of Chicago Press ( ISBN ) , 290 pages , paperback - - = = Themes = = - - With the use of a " tone and [ an ] uncomfortable use of sarcasm , " White Dog is Gary 's of the paranoia generated by both racism and as he @-@ American , in which there is an " obsessive out of ' ' and violent race riots , " against the barricades and race riots of France in 1968 . The violence depicted also provides a discourse on revolutionary social change , as it also leads to " a new order , a new reality . " Gary " American racism , black activism , and movie @-@ colony " and reflects on American race relations as a whole . He also documents his own " intolerance of intolerance that is the curse of tolerance " . Through the dog , Gary examines whether a learned response can be . He also poses the question of how much freedom and uniqueness a person can claim if humans responses are indeed learned by " social indoctrination . " - Within the novel , Gary makes " scathing attacks on self @-@ Jewish pro @-@ black sentiment and self @-@ serving celebrity campaigners " , while making explicit attacks against Marlon Brando and for their involvement in civil rights movements and the latter 's involvement with the Black Panthers organization . In an interview about the novel , Gary states that as a " typical American idealist " she was an easy mark for people seeking money for causes , and he depicts this in the novel by having her frequently appearing in activist events writing checks . After her death , he called the novel the " story of her crusade " . - - = = Reception = = - - White Dog quickly became a bestseller in the United States after its English release . Phoebe Adams of The Atlantic felt the story was ironic , and noted that it was " presumably " true . She felt the depiction of Marlon Brando was " funny " and that story as a whole served " as an excuse for Mr. Gary 's comments on racial affairs in this country , a matter on which is somewhat less pessimistic than the natives and a good deal more sensible . " The Globe and Mail 's H. J. considered it a " , thoughtful work " that serves as a metaphor for American racism . Julien felt Romain 's depiction of the racial tensions in America at the time was " reconstituted , with a realistic , even documentary , rather exceptional dimension . " Julia Weldon of Harper 's Magazine remarked with amusement that the events of the novel were ones that " only a Frenchman " could have found himself in . She felt the novel was a " decathlon event " in which Gary turned a " household crisis into a full @-@ scale allegory . " Overall , she praised the book as a " memorable portrait of guilt and in black and white " , noting she felt Gary had lived to " witness his own maturity " though she also wondered if he stretched the truth to " make himself a legend in his own time . " - - = = Film adaptation = = - - Paramount Pictures purchased the film rights for White Dog in 1975 , though the film itself was not produced until 1981 , after Gary 's suicide . Various changes were made from the original novel 's story , including the removal of Gary himself and a focus on the dog . Gary 's wife was replaced in the script with a young , unmarried actress as Paramount wanted the film to show a strong contrast between the loving relationship between the protagonist and the dog 's random attacks . The novel 's hate @-@ filled Muslim black trainer was converted into the character named Keys , who genuinely wished to cure the animal . The novel 's original ending was also changed to make it more pessimistic . Directed by Samuel Fuller and starring Paul Winfield and McNichol , the film 's theatrical release was suppressed in the United States out of concern of negative press after rumors began circulating from the NAACP that the film was racist . It was released internationally in France and the United Kingdom in 1982 , and broadcast on various American cable television channels . Its first official American release came in December 2008 when The Collection released the original uncut film to DVD . - In reflecting on the film , Fuller notes that he had known Gary before being offered the chance to direct the White Dog adaptation , and greatly admired both Gary and the novel . He wanted to have the film dedicated to Gary , who had committed suicide before the film was completed , but the studio declined . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , he stated " I know [ Gary would ] have liked it . And he 'd have been pleased because his other books ( The Roots of Heaven , etc ) had not done well as films . " - - - = Condom = - - A condom is a sheath @-@ shaped barrier device that may be used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy and decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) such as HIV / AIDS . It is rolled onto an erect penis before intercourse and blocks semen from entering the body of a sexual partner . Condoms are also used during and for collection of semen for use in infertility treatment . In the modern age , condoms are most often made from latex , but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane , polyisoprene , or lamb intestine . A female condom is also available , often made of rubber . - As a method of birth control , male condoms have the advantages of being inexpensive , easy to use , having few side effects , and offering protection against sexually transmitted infections . With proper use — and use at every act of intercourse — women whose partners use male condoms experience a 2 % per @-@ year pregnancy rate . With typical use the rate of pregnancy is 18 % per @-@ year . Condoms have been used for at least 400 years . Since the 19th century , they have been one of the most popular methods of contraception in the world . While widely accepted in modern times , condoms have generated some controversy , primarily over what role they should play in sex education classes . - - = = Medical uses = = - - - = = = Birth control = = = - - The effectiveness of condoms , as of most forms of contraception , can be assessed two ways . Perfect use or method effectiveness rates only include people who use condoms properly and consistently . use , or typical use effectiveness rates are of all condom users , including those who use condoms incorrectly or do not use condoms at every act of intercourse . are generally presented for the first year of use . Most commonly the Pearl Index is used to calculate effectiveness rates , but some studies use tables . - The typical use pregnancy rate among condom users varies depending on the population being studied , ranging from 10 to 18 % per year . The perfect use pregnancy rate of condoms is 2 % per year . Condoms may be combined with other forms of contraception ( such as spermicide ) for greater protection . - - = = = transmitted infections = = = - - Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) . They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women , but not eliminating it . While not perfect , the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of organisms that cause AIDS , genital herpes , cervical cancer , genital warts , syphilis , , , and other diseases . Condoms are often recommended as an to more effective birth control methods ( such as ) in situations where STD protection is also desired . - According to a 2000 report by the National Institutes of Health ( ) , consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of HIV / AIDS transmission by approximately 85 % relative to risk when unprotected , putting the rate ( infection rate ) at 0 @.@ 9 per 100 person @-@ years with condom , down from 6 @.@ 7 per 100 person @-@ years . Analysis published in 2007 from the University of Texas Medical Branch and the World Health Organization found similar risk reductions of 80 – 95 % . - The 2000 review concluded that condom use significantly reduces the risk of for men . A 2006 study reports that proper condom use decreases the risk of transmission of human ( ) to women by approximately 70 % . Another study in the same year found consistent condom use was effective at reducing transmission of herpes virus @-@ 2 also known as genital herpes , in both men and women . - Although a condom is effective in limiting exposure , some disease transmission may occur even with a condom . areas of the , especially when symptoms are present , may not be covered by a condom , and as a result , some diseases like and herpes may be transmitted by direct contact . The primary effectiveness issue with using condoms to prevent STDs , however , is inconsistent use . - Condoms may also be useful in treating potentially cervical changes . Exposure to human , even in individuals already infected with the virus , appears to increase the risk of changes . The use of condoms helps promote regression of these changes . In addition , researchers in the UK suggest that a hormone in semen can existing cervical cancer , condom use during sex can prevent exposure to the hormone . - - = = = Causes of failure = = = - - Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation , break due to improper application or physical damage ( such as tears caused when opening the package ) , or break or slip due to latex degradation ( typically from usage past the expiration date , improper storage , or exposure to oils ) . The rate of breakage is between 0 @.@ 4 % and 2 @.@ 3 % , while the rate of slippage is between 0 @.@ 6 % and 1 @.@ 3 % . Even if no breakage or slippage is observed , 1 – 3 % of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom . - " Double " , using two condoms at once , is often believed to cause a higher rate of failure due to the friction of rubber on rubber . This claim is not supported by research . The limited studies that have been done on the subject support that double is likely not harmful and possibly beneficial . - Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure . If a failure occurs during application , the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins – such failures generally pose no risk to the user . One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse ; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one @-@ fifth that of unprotected intercourse . - Standard condoms will fit almost any penis , with varying degrees of comfort or risk of slippage . Many condom manufacturers offer " " or " magnum " sizes . Some manufacturers also offer custom sized @-@ to @-@ fit condoms , with claims that they are more reliable and offer improved sensation / comfort . Some studies have associated larger and smaller condoms with increased breakage and decreased slippage rates ( and vice versa ) , but other studies have been inconclusive . - It is recommended for condoms manufacturers to avoid very thick or very thin condoms , because they are both considered less effective . Some authors encourage users to choose thinner condoms " for greater , sensation , and comfort " , but others warn that " the thinner the condom , the smaller the force required to break it " . - condom users are significantly less likely to have a condom slip or break compared to first @-@ time users , although users who experience one slippage or breakage are more likely to suffer a second such failure . An article in Population Reports suggests that education on condom use reduces behaviors that increase the risk of breakage and slippage . A Family Health International publication also offers the view that education can reduce the risk of breakage and slippage , but emphasizes that more research needs to be done to determine all of the causes of breakage and slippage . - Among people who intend condoms to be their form of birth control , pregnancy may occur when the user has sex without a condom . The person may have run out of condoms , or be traveling and not have a condom with them , or simply dislike the feel of condoms and decide to " take a chance " . This type of behavior is the primary cause of typical use failure ( as opposed to method or perfect use failure ) . - Another possible cause of condom failure is sabotage . One motive is to have a child against a partner 's wishes or consent . Some commercial sex workers from Nigeria reported clients condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use . Using a fine needle to make several at the tip of the condom is believed to significantly impact their effectiveness . Cases of such condom sabotage have occurred . - - = = effects = = - - The use of latex condoms by people with an allergy to latex can cause allergic symptoms , such as skin irritation . In people with severe latex , using a latex condom can potentially be life @-@ threatening . use of latex condoms can also cause the development of a latex allergy in some people . - - = = Use = = - - Male condoms are usually packaged inside a foil or plastic , in a rolled @-@ up form , and are designed to be applied to the tip of the penis and then over the erect penis . It is important that some space be left in the tip of the condom so that semen has a place to collect ; otherwise it may be forced out of the base of the device . After use , it is recommended the condom be wrapped in tissue or tied in a knot , then disposed of in a trash receptacle . Condoms are used to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy during intercourse and to reduce the likelihood of contracting sexually @-@ transmitted infections ( STIs ) . Condoms are also used during to reduce the likelihood of contracting STIs . - Some couples find that putting on a condom interrupts sex , although others incorporate condom application as part of their . Some men and women find the physical barrier of a condom sensation . of sensation can include prolonged erection and delayed ejaculation ; disadvantages might include a loss of some sexual excitement . of condom use also cite their advantages of being inexpensive , easy to use , and having few side effects . - - = = = Adult film industry = = = - - In 2012 proponents gathered 372 @,@ 000 signatures through a citizens ' initiative in Los Angeles County to put Measure B on the 2012 ballot . As a result , Measure B , a law requiring the use of condoms in the production of pornographic films , was passed . This requirement has received much criticism and is said by some to be counter @-@ productive , merely forcing companies that make pornographic films to relocate to other places without this requirement . claim that condom use sales . - - = = = Sex education = = = - - Condoms are often used in sex education programs , because they have the capability to reduce the chances of pregnancy and the spread of some sexually transmitted diseases when used correctly . A recent American Association ( ) press release supported the inclusion of information about condoms in sex education , saying " comprehensive sexuality education programs ... discuss the appropriate use of condoms " , and " promote condom use for those who are sexually active . " - In the United States , teaching about condoms in public schools is opposed by some religious organizations . Planned , which advocates family planning and sex education , argues that no studies have shown abstinence @-@ only programs to result in delayed intercourse , and cites surveys showing that 76 % of American parents want their children to receive comprehensive sexuality education including condom use . - - = = = treatment = = = - - Common procedures in infertility treatment such as semen analysis and insemination ( ) require collection of semen samples . These are most commonly obtained through masturbation , but an alternative to masturbation is use of a special collection condom to collect semen during sexual intercourse . - Collection condoms are made from or polyurethane , as latex is somewhat harmful to sperm . Many men prefer collection condoms to masturbation , and some religions prohibit masturbation entirely . Also , compared with samples obtained from masturbation , semen samples from collection condoms have higher total sperm counts , sperm , and percentage of sperm with normal morphology . For this reason , they are believed to give more accurate results when used for semen analysis , and to improve the chances of pregnancy when used in procedures such as or insemination . of religions that prohibit contraception , such as Catholicism , may use collection condoms with holes in them . - For fertility treatments , a collection condom may be used to collect semen during sexual intercourse where the semen is provided by the woman 's partner . Private sperm donors may also use a collection condom to obtain samples through masturbation or by sexual intercourse with a partner and will transfer the from the collection condom to a specially designed container . The sperm is transported in such containers , in the case of a donor , to a recipient woman to be used for insemination , and in the case of a woman 's partner , to a fertility clinic for processing and use . However , transportation may reduce the of the sperm . Collection condoms may also be used where semen is produced at a sperm bank or fertility clinic . - Condom therapy is sometimes prescribed to infertile couples when the female has high levels of antibodies . The theory is that preventing exposure to her partner 's semen will lower her level of antibodies , and thus increase her chances of pregnancy when condom therapy is discontinued . However , condom therapy has not been shown to increase subsequent pregnancy rates . - - = = = Other uses = = = - - Condoms as multipurpose containers and barriers because they are , elastic , durable , and ( for military and espionage uses ) will not suspicion if found . - military began during World War II , and includes covering the of rifle barrels to prevent , the waterproofing of firing assemblies in underwater , and storage of corrosive materials and by paramilitary agencies . - Condoms have also been used to smuggle alcohol , cocaine , heroin , and other drugs across borders and into prisons by filling the condom with drugs , tying it in a knot and then either swallowing it or inserting it into the . These methods are very dangerous and potentially lethal ; if the condom breaks , the drugs inside become absorbed into the bloodstream and can cause an . - , condoms can be used to cover probes , or in field chest needle they can be used to make a one @-@ way valve . - Condoms have also been used to protect scientific samples from the environment , and to microphones for underwater recording . - - = = Types = = - - Most condoms have a reservoir tip or end , making it easier to accommodate the man 's . Condoms come in different sizes , from oversized to and they also come in a variety of surfaces intended to stimulate the user 's partner . Condoms are usually supplied with a coating to facilitate penetration , while flavored condoms are principally used for oral sex . As mentioned above , most condoms are made of latex , but polyurethane and lambskin condoms also exist . - - = = = Female condom = = = - - Male condoms have a tight ring to form a seal around the penis while female condoms typically have a large stiff ring to keep them from slipping into the body . The Female Health Company produced a female condom that was initially made of polyurethane , but newer versions are made of . produces a female condom made of latex . - - = = = = = = - - - = = = = Natural latex = = = = - - Latex has outstanding elastic properties : Its tensile strength exceeds 30 MPa , and latex condoms may be stretched in excess of 800 % before breaking . In 1990 the set standards for condom production ( , Natural latex rubber condoms ) , and the EU followed suit with its standard ( Directive 93 / 42 / EEC concerning medical devices ) . Every latex condom is tested for holes with an electric current . If the condom passes , it is rolled and packaged . In addition , a portion of each batch of condoms is subject to water leak and air burst testing . - While the advantages of latex have made it the most popular condom material , it does have some drawbacks . Latex condoms are damaged when used with oil @-@ based substances as lubricants , such as petroleum , cooking oil , baby oil , mineral oil , skin , , cold , butter or . Contact with oil makes latex condoms more likely to break or slip off due to loss of elasticity caused by the oils . Additionally , latex allergy use of latex condoms and is one of the principal reasons for the use of other materials . In May 2009 the U.S. Food and Administration granted approval for the production of condoms composed of , latex that has been treated to remove 90 % of the proteins responsible for allergic reactions . An @-@ free condom made of synthetic latex ( polyisoprene ) is also available . - - = = = = = = = = - - The most common non @-@ latex condoms are made from polyurethane . Condoms may also be made from other synthetic materials , such as AT @-@ 10 resin , and most recently polyisoprene . - Polyurethane condoms tend to be the same width and thickness as latex condoms , with most polyurethane condoms between 0 @.@ 04 mm and 0 @.@ 07 mm thick . - Polyurethane can be considered better than latex in several ways : it conducts heat better than latex , is not as sensitive to temperature and ultraviolet light ( and so has less rigid storage requirements and a longer shelf life ) , can be used with oil @-@ based lubricants , is less than latex , and does not have an odor . Polyurethane condoms have gained FDA approval for sale in the United States as an effective method of contraception and HIV prevention , and under laboratory conditions have been shown to be just as effective as latex for these purposes . - However , polyurethane condoms are less elastic than latex ones , and may be more likely to slip or break than latex , lose their shape or bunch up more than latex , and are more expensive . - is a synthetic version of natural rubber latex . While significantly more expensive , it has the advantages of latex ( such as being softer and more elastic than polyurethane condoms ) without the protein which is responsible for latex . Like polyurethane condoms , polyisoprene condoms are said to do a better job of transmitting body heat . Unlike polyurethane condoms , they cannot be used with an oil @-@ based . - - = = = = = = = = - - Condoms made from sheep intestines , labeled " lambskin " , are also available . Although they are generally effective as a contraceptive by blocking sperm , it is presumed that they are likely less effective than latex in preventing the transmission of agents that cause STDs , because of pores in the material . This is based on the idea that intestines , by their nature , are porous , membranes , and while sperm are too large to pass through the pores , viruses — such as HIV , herpes , and genital warts — are small enough to pass through . However , there are to date no clinical data confirming or denying this theory . Some believe that lambskin condoms provide a more " natural " sensation , and they lack the that are inherent to latex , but because of their lesser protection against infection , other materials such as polyurethane are recommended for latex @-@ allergic users and / or partners . condoms are also significantly more expensive than other types and as slaughter by @-@ products they are also not vegetarian . - - = = = = = = - - Some latex condoms are lubricated at the manufacturer with a small amount of a nonoxynol @-@ 9 , a chemical . According to Consumer Reports , condoms lubricated with spermicide have no additional benefit in preventing pregnancy , have a shorter shelf life , and may cause urinary @-@ tract infections in women . In contrast , application of separately packaged spermicide is believed to increase the contraceptive of condoms . - @-@ 9 was once believed to offer additional protection against STDs ( including HIV ) but recent studies have shown that , with frequent use , nonoxynol @-@ 9 may increase the risk of HIV transmission . The World Health Organization says that lubricated condoms should no longer be promoted . However , it recommends using a nonoxynol @-@ 9 lubricated condom over no condom at all . As of 2005 , nine condom manufacturers have stopped manufacturing condoms with nonoxynol @-@ 9 and Planned has discontinued the distribution of condoms so lubricated . - - = = = and studded = = = - - condoms include studded and ribbed condoms which can provide extra sensations to both partners . The or ribs can be located on the inside , outside , or both ; alternatively , they are located in specific sections to provide directed stimulation to either the g @-@ spot or . Many textured condoms which advertise " mutual pleasure " also are bulb @-@ shaped at the top , to provide extra stimulation to the penis . Some women experience irritation during vaginal intercourse with studded condoms . - - = = = Youth condoms = = = - - In March 2010 , the Swiss government announced that it was planning to promote smaller condoms intended for boys and youths of 12 – 14 years old following concern about the pregnancy rate among adolescent girls , and also about the potential spread of AIDS among this age group . This was due to the fact that standard condoms were too wide and consequently failed to afford protection to adolescent boys during vaginal and anal intercourse . Family planning groups and the Swiss AIDS Federation had campaigned to have a narrower condom produced for youths after a number of studies , including a government study researched at the Centre for Development and Personality Psychology at Basel University , found that standard condoms were unsuitable for boys in this age range , and that the condoms either failed during use or that the boys rejected them altogether because they were too wide , and consequently they used no protection at all . - As a result of these studies , a condom aimed at to 14 @-@ year @-@ old boys is now produced and is available in Switzerland and in certain other countries . Manufactured by , the " " is a lubricated , @-@ ended latex condom which is narrower than a standard condom and has a tight band at the opening to ensure that it remains on the youth 's penis during intercourse . A standard condom has a diameter of 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 2 cm ) whereas the has a diameter of 1 @.@ 7 inches ( 4 @.@ 5 cm ) . Both are the same length – 7 @.@ 4 inches ( 19 cm ) . In 2014 , in response to demand for condoms from a younger age @-@ group , German condom manufacturer Amor started producing another condom aimed at young people . Known as " Amor Young Love " , these lubricated condoms have a diameter of 1 @.@ 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 9 cm ) . - - = = = Other = = = - - The anti @-@ rape condom is another variation designed to be worn by women . It is designed to cause pain to the attacker , hopefully allowing the victim a chance to escape . - A collection condom is used to collect semen for fertility treatments or sperm analysis . These condoms are designed to sperm life . - Some condom @-@ like devices are intended for entertainment only , such as glow @-@ in @-@ the dark condoms . These novelty condoms may not provide protection against pregnancy and STDs . - - = = = = - - The prevalence of condom use varies greatly between countries . Most surveys of contraceptive use are among married women , or women in informal unions . Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world : in that country , condoms account for almost 80 % of contraceptive use by married women . On average , in developed countries , condoms are the most popular method of birth control : 28 % of married contraceptive users rely on condoms . In the average less @-@ developed country , condoms are less common : only 6 – 8 % of married contraceptive users choose condoms . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Before the 19th century = = = - - Whether condoms were used in ancient civilizations is debated by archaeologists and historians . In ancient Egypt , Greece , and Rome , pregnancy prevention was generally seen as a woman 's responsibility , and the only well documented contraception methods were female @-@ controlled devices . In Asia before the 15th century , some use of glans condoms ( devices covering only the head of the penis ) is recorded . Condoms seem to have been used for contraception , and to have been known only by members of the upper classes . In China , glans condoms may have been made of silk paper , or of lamb intestines . In Japan , they were made of tortoise shell or animal horn . - In 16th century Italy , Falloppio wrote a treatise on syphilis . The earliest documented strain of syphilis , first appearing in Europe in a outbreak , caused severe symptoms and often death within a few months of contracting the disease . Falloppio 's treatise is the earliest uncontested description of condom use : it describes linen soaked in a chemical solution and allowed to dry before use . The he described were sized to cover the glans of the penis , and were held on with a ribbon . Falloppio claimed that an experimental trial of the linen sheath demonstrated protection against syphilis . - After this , the use of penis to protect from disease is described in a wide variety of literature throughout Europe . The first indication that these devices were used for birth control , rather than disease prevention , is the 1605 theological publication De et ( On justice and law ) by Catholic theologian , who condemned them as immoral . In 1666 , the English Birth Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of " " , the first documented use of that word ( or any similar spelling ) . - In addition to linen , condoms during the Renaissance were made out of intestines and . In the late 16th century , Dutch traders introduced condoms made from " fine leather " to Japan . Unlike the horn condoms used previously , these leather condoms covered the entire penis . - in the 18th century was one of the first reported using " assurance caps " to prevent his . - From at least the 18th century , condom use was opposed in some legal , religious , and medical circles for essentially the same reasons that are given today : condoms reduce the likelihood of pregnancy , which some thought immoral or undesirable for the nation ; they do not provide full protection against sexually transmitted infections , while belief in their protective powers was thought to encourage sexual promiscuity ; and , they are not used consistently due to , expense , or loss of sensation . - Despite some opposition , the condom market grew rapidly . In the 18th century , condoms were available in a variety of qualities and sizes , made from either linen treated with chemicals , or " skin " ( or intestine softened by treatment with sulfur and ) . They were sold at , , chemist shops , open @-@ air markets , and at the theater throughout Europe and Russia . They later spread to America , although in every place there were generally used only by the middle and upper classes , due to both expense and lack of sex education . - - = = = 1800 through 1920s = = = - - The early 19th century saw contraceptives promoted to the poorer classes for the first time . Writers on contraception tended to prefer other methods of birth control to the condom . By the late 19th century many expressed distrust of the condom as a contraceptive , as its use was controlled and decided upon by men alone . They advocated instead for methods which were controlled by women , such as and . Other writers cited both the expense of condoms and their ( they were often riddled with holes , and often fell off or broke ) , but they discussed condoms as a good option for some , and as the only contraceptive that also protected from disease . - Many countries passed laws the manufacture and promotion of contraceptives . In spite of these restrictions , condoms were promoted by traveling and in newspaper advertisements , using in places where such were illegal . on how to make condoms at home were distributed in the United States and Europe . Despite social and legal opposition , at the end of the 19th century the condom was the Western world 's most popular birth control method . - Beginning in the second half of the 19th century , American rates of sexually transmitted diseases . Causes cited by historians include effects of the American Civil War , and the ignorance of prevention methods promoted by the laws . To fight the growing epidemic , sex education classes were introduced to public schools for the first time , teaching about diseases and how they were transmitted . They generally taught that abstinence was the only way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases . Condoms were not promoted for disease prevention because the medical community and moral considered STDs to be punishment for sexual . The stigma against victims of these diseases was so great that many hospitals refused to treat people who had syphilis . - The German military was the first to promote condom use among its soldiers , beginning in the later 19th century . Early 20th century experiments by the American military concluded that providing condoms to soldiers significantly lowered rates of sexually transmitted diseases . During World War I , the United States and ( at the beginning of the war only ) Britain were the only countries with soldiers in Europe who did not provide condoms and promote their use . - In the decades after World War I , there remained social and legal obstacles to condom use throughout the U.S. and Europe . of Sigmund Freud opposed all methods of birth control on the grounds that their failure rates were too high . Freud was especially opposed to the condom because he thought it cut down on sexual pleasure . Some continued to oppose male @-@ controlled contraceptives such as condoms . In 1920 the Church of England 's Lambeth Conference condemned all " unnatural means of conception avoidance " . London 's Bishop Arthur @-@ Ingram complained of the huge number of condoms discarded in alleyways and parks , especially after weekends and holidays . - However , European militaries continued to provide condoms to their members for disease protection , even in countries where they were illegal for the general population . Through the 1920s , catchy names and slick packaging became an increasingly important marketing technique for many consumer items , including condoms and cigarettes . Quality testing became more common , involving filling each condom with air followed by one of several methods intended to detect loss of pressure . Worldwide , condom sales doubled in the 1920s . - - = = = and manufacturing advances = = = - - In 1839 , Charles discovered a way of processing natural rubber , which is too stiff when cold and too soft when warm , in such a way as to make it elastic . This proved to have advantages for the manufacture of condoms ; unlike the sheep 's gut condoms , they could stretch and did not tear quickly when used . The rubber process was patented by in 1844 . The first rubber condom was produced in 1855 . The earliest rubber condoms had a seam and were as thick as a bicycle inner tube . Besides this type , small rubber condoms covering only the glans were often used in England and the United States . There was more risk of losing them and if the rubber ring was too tight , it would the penis . This type of condom was the original " " ( French for condom ) , perhaps because of its resemblance to a woman 's bonnet worn at that time , also called a . - For many decades , rubber condoms were manufactured by wrapping strips of raw rubber around penis @-@ shaped molds , then dipping the wrapped molds in a chemical solution to cure the rubber . In 1912 , Polish inventor Julius developed a new , improved manufacturing technique for condoms : dipping glass molds into a raw rubber solution . Called cement dipping , this method required adding gasoline or benzene to the rubber to make it liquid . Latex , rubber suspended in water , was invented in 1920 . Latex condoms required less labor to produce than cement @-@ dipped rubber condoms , which had to be by rubbing and . The use of water to suspend the rubber instead of gasoline and benzene eliminated the fire hazard previously associated with all condom factories . Latex condoms also performed better for the consumer : they were stronger and thinner than rubber condoms , and had a shelf life of five years ( compared to three months for rubber ) . - Until the twenties , all condoms were individually hand @-@ dipped by semi @-@ skilled workers . Throughout the decade of the 1920s , advances in the of the condom assembly line were made . The first fully automated line was patented in 1930 . Major condom manufacturers bought or leased systems , and small manufacturers were driven out of business . The skin condom , now significantly more expensive than the latex variety , became restricted to a niche high @-@ end market . - - = = = 1930 to present = = = - - In 1930 the Anglican Church 's Lambeth Conference sanctioned the use of birth control by married couples . In 1931 the Federal Council of Churches in the U.S. issued a similar statement . The Roman Catholic Church responded by issuing the encyclical its opposition to all contraceptives , a stance it has never reversed . - In the 1930s , legal restrictions on condoms began to be relaxed . But during this period Italy and Nazi Germany increased restrictions on condoms ( limited sales as disease were still allowed ) . During the Depression , condom lines by gained in popularity . still used the cement @-@ dipping method of manufacture which had two advantages over the latex variety . Firstly , cement @-@ dipped condoms could be safely used with oil @-@ based lubricants . , while less comfortable , these older @-@ style rubber condoms could be reused and so were more economical , a valued feature in hard times . More attention was brought to quality issues in the 1930s , and the U.S. Food and Administration began to regulate the quality of condoms sold in the United States . - Throughout World War II , condoms were not only distributed to male U.S. military members , but also heavily promoted with films , posters , and lectures . European and Asian militaries on both sides of the conflict also provided condoms to their troops throughout the war , even Germany which outlawed all civilian use of condoms in 1941 . In part because condoms were readily available , soldiers found a number of non @-@ sexual uses for the devices , many of which continue to this day . - After the war , condom sales continued to grow . From 1955 – 1965 , 42 % of Americans of reproductive age relied on condoms for birth control . In Britain from 1950 – 1960 , 60 % of married couples used condoms . The birth control pill became the world 's most popular method of birth control in the years after its 1960 , but condoms remained a strong second . The U.S. Agency for International Development pushed condom use in developing countries to help solve the " world population " : by 1970 hundreds of millions of condoms were being used each year in India alone . ( This number has grown in recent decades : in 2004 , the government of India purchased 1 @.@ 9 billion condoms for distribution at family planning clinics . ) - In the 1960s and 1970s quality regulations , and more legal barriers to condom use were removed . In Ireland , legal condom sales were allowed for the first time in 1978 . Advertising , however was one area that continued to have legal restrictions . In the late 1950s , the American National Association of banned condom advertisements from national television : this policy remained in place until 1979 . - After learning in the early 1980s that AIDS can be a sexually transmitted infection , the use of condoms was encouraged to prevent transmission of HIV . Despite opposition by some political , religious , and other figures , national condom promotion campaigns occurred in the U.S. and Europe . These campaigns increased condom use significantly . - Due to increased demand and greater social acceptance , condoms began to be sold in a wider variety of retail outlets , including in and in discount department stores such as Wal @-@ Mart . Condom sales increased every year until 1994 , when media attention to the AIDS pandemic began to decline . The phenomenon of decreasing use of condoms as disease has been called prevention fatigue or condom fatigue . Observers have cited condom fatigue in both Europe and North America . As one response , manufacturers have changed the tone of their advertisements from scary to humorous . - New developments continued to occur in the condom market , with the first polyurethane condom — branded and produced by the manufacturer of — introduced in the 1990s , and the first custom sized @-@ to @-@ fit condom , called , introduced in the early 2000s . - Worldwide condom use is expected to continue to grow : one study predicted that developing nations would need 18 @.@ 6 billion condoms by 2015 . As of September 2013 , condoms are available inside prisons in Canada , most of the European Union , Australia , Brazil , Indonesia , South Africa , and the US states of Vermont ( on September 17 , 2013 , the Californian Senate approved a bill for condom distribution inside the state 's prisons , but the bill was not yet law at the time of approval ) . - - = = = Etymology and other terms = = = - - The term condom first appears in the early 18th century . Its etymology is unknown . In popular tradition , the invention and naming of the condom came to be attributed to an associate of England 's King Charles II , one " Dr. Condom " or " Earl of Condom " . There is however no evidence of the existence of such a person , and condoms had been used for over one hundred years before King Charles II ascended to the throne . - A variety of unproven Latin etymologies have been proposed , including ( receptacle ) , ( house ) , and ( or case ) . It has also been speculated to be from the Italian word , derived from , meaning . William E. wrote an article in 1981 concluding that , " As for the word ' condom ' , I need state only that its origin remains completely unknown , and there ends this search for an etymology . " Modern dictionaries may also list the etymology as " unknown " . - Other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms . In North America condoms are also commonly known as , or rubbers . In Britain they may be called French letters . Additionally , condoms may be referred to using the manufacturer 's name . - - = = Society and culture = = - - Some moral and scientific criticism of condoms exists despite the many benefits of condoms agreed on by scientific consensus and sexual health experts . - Condom usage is typically recommended for new couples who have yet to develop full trust in their partner with regard to STDs . Established couples on the other hand have few concerns about STDs , and can use other methods of birth control such as the pill , which does not act as a barrier to intimate sexual contact . Note that the polar debate with regard to condom usage is by the target group the argument is directed . Notably the age category and stable partner question are factors , as well as the distinction between heterosexual and homosexuals , who have different kinds of sex and have different risk consequences and factors . - Among the prime objections to condom usage is the blocking of erotic sensation , and / or the intimacy that barrier @-@ free sex provides . As the condom is held tightly to the skin of the penis , it the delivery of stimulation through rubbing and friction . Condom proponents claim this has the benefit of making sex last longer , by diminishing sensation and delaying male ejaculation . Those who promote condom @-@ free heterosexual sex ( slang : " " ) claim that the condom puts a barrier between partners , diminishing what is normally a highly sensual , intimate , and spiritual connection between partners . - - = = = Religious = = = - - Roman Catholic Church opposes all kinds of sexual acts outside of marriage , as well as any sexual act in which the chance of successful conception has been reduced by direct and intentional acts ( for example , surgery to prevent conception ) or foreign objects ( for example , condoms ) . - The use of condoms to prevent STD transmission is not specifically addressed by Catholic doctrine , and is currently a topic of debate among theologians and high @-@ ranking Catholic authorities . A few , such as Belgian Cardinal , believe the Catholic Church should actively support condoms used to prevent disease , especially serious diseases such as AIDS . However , the majority view — including all statements from the Vatican — is that condom @-@ promotion programs encourage promiscuity , thereby actually increasing STD transmission . This view was most recently reiterated in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI . - The Roman Catholic Church is the largest organized body of any world religion . The church has hundreds of programs dedicated to fighting the AIDS epidemic in Africa , but its opposition to condom use in these programs has been highly controversial . - In a November 2011 interview , the Pope discussed for the first time the use of condoms to prevent STD transmission . He said that the use of a condom can be justified in a few individual cases if the purpose is to reduce the risk of an HIV infection . He gave as an example male prostitutes . There was some confusion at first whether the statement applied only to homosexual prostitutes and thus not to heterosexual intercourse at all . However , Federico Lombardi , spokesman for the Vatican , clarified that it applied to heterosexual and prostitutes , whether male or female , as well . He did , however , also clarify that the Vatican 's principles on sexuality and contraception had not been changed . - - = = = Scientific and environmental = = = - - More generally , some scientific researchers have expressed objective concern over certain ingredients sometimes added to condoms , notably and . Dry are applied to latex condoms before packaging to prevent the condom from sticking to itself when rolled up . Previously , was used by most manufacturers , but is currently the most popular powder . is known to be toxic if it enters the abdominal cavity ( i.e. , via the ) . is generally believed to be safe ; however , some researchers have raised concerns over its use as well . - , which are potentially carcinogenic in humans , are believed to be present in a substance used to improve elasticity in latex condoms . A 2001 review stated that humans regularly receive 1 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 times greater exposure from food and tobacco than from condom use and concluded that the risk of cancer from condom use is very low . However , a 2004 study in Germany detected in 29 out of 32 condom brands tested , and concluded that exposure from condoms might exceed the exposure from food by to 3 @-@ fold . - In addition , the large @-@ scale use of condoms has resulted in concerns over their environmental impact via and in , where they can eventually wind up in wildlife environments if not or otherwise permanently disposed of first . Polyurethane condoms in particular , given they are a form of plastic , are not biodegradable , and latex condoms take a very long time to break down . Experts , such as , recommend condoms be disposed of in a garbage receptacle , as them down the toilet ( which some people do ) may cause and other problems . Furthermore , the plastic and foil condoms are packaged in are also not biodegradable . However , the benefits condoms offer are widely considered to offset their small landfill mass . Frequent condom or disposal in public areas such as a parks have been seen as a persistent litter problem . - While biodegradable , latex condoms damage the environment when disposed of improperly . According to the Ocean Conservancy , condoms , along with certain other types of trash , cover the coral reefs and sea grass and other bottom dwellers . The United States Environmental Protection Agency also has expressed concerns that many animals might mistake the litter for food . - - = = = Cultural barriers to use = = = - - In much of the Western world , the introduction of the pill in the 1960s was associated with a decline in condom use . In Japan , oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999 , and even then access was more restricted than in other nations . Perhaps because of this restricted access to contraception , Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world : in 2008 , 80 % of contraceptive users relied on condoms . - Cultural attitudes toward gender roles , contraception , and sexual activity vary greatly around the world , and range from extremely conservative to extremely liberal . But in places where condoms are misunderstood , , , or looked upon with overall cultural disapproval , the prevalence of condom use is directly affected . In less @-@ developed countries and among less @-@ educated populations , about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect the use of condoms ; additionally , in cultures with more traditional gender roles , women may feel uncomfortable demanding that their partners use condoms . - As an example , Latino immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to condom use . A study on female HIV prevention published in the Journal of Sex Health Research asserts that Latino women often lack the attitudes needed to negotiate safe sex due to traditional gender @-@ role norms in the Latino community , and may be afraid to bring up the subject of condom use with their partners . Women who participated in the study often reported that because of the general machismo subtly encouraged in Latino culture , their male partners would be angry or possibly violent at the woman 's suggestion that they use condoms . A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low @-@ income American black women ; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used . - A telephone survey conducted by Rand Corporation and Oregon State University , and published in the Journal of showed that belief in AIDS conspiracy theories among United States black men is linked to rates of condom use . As conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in a given sector of these black men , consistent condom use drops in that same sector . Female use of condoms was not similarly affected . - In the African continent , condom promotion in some areas has been impeded by anti @-@ condom campaigns by some Muslim and Catholic clerics . Among the Maasai in Tanzania , condom use is hampered by an aversion to " wasting " sperm , which is given importance beyond reproduction . is believed to be an " elixir " to women and to have beneficial health effects . Maasai women believe that , after a child , they must have sexual intercourse repeatedly so that the additional sperm aids the child 's development . Frequent condom use is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence . Some women in Africa believe that condoms are " for prostitutes " and that respectable women should not use them . A few clerics even promote the idea that condoms are deliberately laced with HIV . In the United States , possession of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of engaging in prostitution . The Presidential Advisory Council on HIV / AIDS has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it . - In March 2013 , technology Bill Gates offered a US $ 100 @,@ 000 grant through his foundation for a condom design that " significantly preserves or enhances pleasure " to encourage more males to adopt the use of condoms for safer sex . The grant information states : “ The primary drawback from the male perspective is that condoms decrease pleasure as compared to no condom , creating a trade @-@ off that many men find unacceptable , particularly given that the decisions about use must be made just prior to intercourse . Is it possible to develop a product without this stigma , or better , one that is felt to enhance pleasure ? ” The project has been named the " Next Generation Condom " and anyone who can provide a " hypothesis " is eligible to apply . - Middle @-@ Eastern couples who have not had children , because of the strong desire and social pressure to establish fertility as soon as possible within marriage , rarely use condoms . - - = = = Major manufacturers = = = - - One analyst described the size of the condom market as something that " the mind " . Numerous small manufacturers , groups , and government @-@ run manufacturing plants exist around the world . Within the condom market , there are several major contributors , among them both for @-@ profit businesses and philanthropic organizations . Most large manufacturers have ties to the business that reach back to the end of the 19th century . - - = = Research = = - - A @-@ on condom made of latex is intended to be easier to apply and more successful in preventing the transmission of diseases . As of 2009 , the @-@ on condom was not going to market because the drying time could not be reduced below two to three minutes . - The Invisible Condom , developed at in , Canada , is a gel that upon increased temperature after insertion into the or . In the lab , it has been shown to effectively block HIV and herpes virus . The barrier breaks down and after several hours . As of 2005 , the invisible condom is in the clinical trial phase , and has not yet been approved for use . - Also developed in 2005 is a condom treated with an compound . The drug @-@ treated condom is intended to help the wearer maintain his erection , which should also help reduce slippage . If approved , the condom would be marketed under the brand . As of 2007 , it was still in clinical trials . In 2009 , Healthcare , the makers of condoms , introduced the condom lubricated with " " which contains the amino acid l @-@ and is intended to improve the strength of the response . - - - = Sovetsky Soyuz @-@ class battleship = - - The Sovetsky Soyuz @-@ class battleships ( Project 23 , Russian : , " Soviet Union " ) , also known as " Stalin 's " , were a class of battleships begun by the Soviet Union in the late 1930s but never brought into service . They were designed in response to the battleships being built by Germany . Only four hulls of the sixteen originally planned had been laid down by 1940 , when the decision was made to cut the program to only three ships to divert resources to an expanded army program . - These ships would have rivaled the Imperial Japanese Yamato class and America 's planned Montana class in size if any had been completed , although with significantly weaker firepower : nine 406 @-@ millimeter ( 16 @.@ 0 in ) guns compared to the nine 460 @-@ millimeter ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) guns of the Japanese ships and a dozen 16 @-@ inch ( 406 @.@ 4 mm ) on the . However , they would have been superior to their German rivals , the Bismarck class , at least on paper . The failure of the Soviet armor plate industry to build cemented armor plates thicker than 230 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) would have negated any advantages from the Sovetsky Soyuz class 's thicker armor in combat . - Construction of the first four ships was plagued with difficulties as the Soviet shipbuilding and related industries were not prepared to build such large ships . One battleship , Sovetskaya Belorussiya , was cancelled on 19 October 1940 after serious construction flaws were found . Construction of the other three ships was suspended shortly after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , and never resumed . All three of the surviving hulls were scrapped in the late 1940s . - - = = Design and development = = - - Design work began in 1935 on new battleships in response to the existing and planned German battleships , and the Soviets made extensive efforts in Italy and the United States to purchase either drawings or the ships themselves in the late 1930s . The Italian firm of . & C. proposed a ship of 42 @,@ 000 long tons ( 43 @,@ 000 t ) standard displacement with nine 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns , in size and appearance similar to the Italian battleship then under construction by the company . The U.S. firm of Gibbs & Cox provided four designs ; one for a conventional battleship , and three hybrid designs which combined battleship main armament with a raised flight deck on the central superstructure capable of operating up to 30 aircraft . While these projects proved useful to the Soviets , they decided to proceed with their own designs . - The first Tactical @-@ Technical ( abbreviated in Russian as TTZ ) for the large battleship design was issued on 21 February 1936 but proved too ambitious , nine 460 mm guns and a speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) on a displacement of 55 @,@ 000 tons . The TTZ was revised in May 1936 by Admiral Orlov , Commander of the Soviet Navy , reducing speed to 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) , and weakening the secondary and anti @-@ aircraft batteries . A few months later Admiral Orlov further reduced the size of the battleship to 45 @,@ 000 tons and set the size of the main guns at 406 mm . Shortly afterward , the Soviet Union signed the Anglo @-@ Soviet Naval Agreement of 1937 and agreed to follow the terms of the Second London Naval Treaty that limited battleships to a displacement of 35 @,@ 560 metric tons ( 35 @,@ 000 long tons ) , although they did add a that allowed them to build ships of unlimited size to face the Imperial Japanese Navy if they notified the British . Yet another TTZ was approved by Orlov on 3 August for ships of 41 @,@ 500 tons with an armament of nine 406 @-@ millimeter , twelve 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) , twelve 100 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) , and forty 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , a maximum armor thickness of 380 mm ( 15 in ) and a speed of 30 knots . - The design of @-@ 4 , the surface ship design bureau of the Baltic Shipyard , was selected for further development although the lead designers were convinced that only a larger ship could fulfill the ambitious requirements . They did manage to get agreement on 22 November 1936 for a of the deck armor that raised the displacement to about 47 @,@ 000 tons . Design work continued on this basis and technical work was completed for a ship of 47 @,@ 700 tons in April 1937 , but the designers continued to press their case for larger ships . The issue was resolved by Premier Stalin at a meeting on 4 July when he agreed to increase displacement to about 56 @,@ 000 tons . This forced the project to begin again . - The timing of the redesign proved to be as the Great was spreading through the ranks of the military and related industries . The original deadline for completion of design work by 15 October was missed , and an incomplete version was presented to the navy 's Shipbuilding Administration the next month . A number of details remained to be worked out , including the final design of the machinery plant , the 152 mm guns and the 100 mm gun mounts . In the meantime , extensive and expensive testing was conducted on the ship 's hull form , deck armor and torpedo protection ; 27 million were spent on experimental work in 1938 alone . Over 100 models of the hull were tested in a ship model basin to find the best hull form and two one @-@ tenth @-@ scale launches were built at Sevastopol to test the hull 's maneuverability . An old steamship was fitted with a replica of the design 's armor decks and tested against 500 @-@ kilogram ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bombs , proving that such ordnance would generally penetrate both the 40 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) upper and 50 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) middle decks before exploding on the armored deck . The main armor deck was raised one deck in consequence and a splinter deck added underneath it to stop any bomb or shell fragments that might penetrate the armor deck . The underwater protection system was tested on fifteen one @-@ fifth scale models and two full @-@ sized experimental barges . These tests proved that the torpedo belt system of multiple bulkheads was superior to the Pugliese system of a large tube filled with smaller sealed tubes , but it was too late to incorporate these test results into the design as construction was well underway by the time they were completed in late 1939 . - A revised design was approved on 28 February 1938 and the first ship was to be laid down on 15 July , but even this design was incomplete and would be revised later . Trials with similarly shaped motor launches suggested that the hull 's propulsive efficiency would be 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) less than planned , and this was accepted in the November 1938 revision as a maximum speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . However , a new propeller design proved to be more efficient and was predicted to increase speed to 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . Another change was the of the centerline rudder when tests showed that the two wing rudders would not be able to counteract its effects if it jammed . The weight toward the stern of the boat was calculated to be too great , producing a substantial stern @-@ down trim . To remedy this , the two 100 mm turrets mounted on the quarterdeck were deleted and the height of the armor belt abreast the rear turret was lowered , but this decision was reversed and they were restored by a decision of the State Defense Committee on 14 January 1941 . This forced a revision of the aircraft arrangements as the aircraft catapult had to be removed from the centerline of the quarterdeck ; two were added to the sides of the quarterdeck instead . - - = = = General characteristics = = = - - As designed , the Project 23 @-@ class ships , as Sovetsky Soyuz and her sisters were designated , were 269 @.@ 4 meters ( 883 ft 10 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 38 @.@ 9 meters ( 127 ft 7 in ) and at full load a draft of 10 @.@ 4 meters ( 34 ft 1 in ) . They displaced 59 @,@ 150 metric tons ( 58 @,@ 220 long tons ) at standard load and 65 @,@ 150 metric tons ( 64 @,@ 121 long tons ) at full load , although weight estimates made in 1940 show that they would have exceeded 60 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 59 @,@ long tons ) standard and 67 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 65 @,@ long tons ) at full load . - The hull form was very full @-@ bodied , especially at the forward magazines , where the torpedo protection system added width to the beam . Coupled with the relatively low length @-@ to @-@ beam ratio of 7 @.@ 14 : 1 , this meant that very powerful turbines were necessary to achieve even modest speeds . Stalin 's decision that the Project 23 @-@ class ships would use three shafts instead of four increased the load on each shaft and reduced propulsive efficiency , although it did shorten the length of the armored citadel and thus overall displacement . height was designed at 3 @.@ 4 meters ( 11 ft 2 in ) and the tactical diameter was estimated at about 1 @,@ 170 meters ( 3 @,@ 840 ft ) . - The Sovetsky Soyuz @-@ class ships were provided with aircraft facilities to handle two to four @-@ 2 flying boats which would be launched by the two mounted on the stern . Two were built into the after end of the forecastle deck to house two of them and cranes were provided at the forward end of the quarterdeck to hoist them out of the water . - - = = = Machinery = = = - - The machinery arrangement " provided good dispersal of the machinery spaces , but at the cost of very long runs for the wing shafts ( ca . 105 meters ( 344 @.@ 5 ft ) ) " . The turbine compartments for the wing shafts were located forward of boiler room No. 1 and aft of the No. 2 turret magazines . The engine room for the center shaft 's turbine was between boiler room No. 2 and No. 3 . This meant that the wing propeller shafts had to run underneath the boilers . - The steam turbines , and a license to build them , were originally going to be ordered from Laird in the United Kingdom , but their £ 700 @,@ 000 cost was more than the Soviets wanted to pay . Instead they bought them from Brown , using the technical information acquired from Laird in the process , for £ 400 @,@ 000 . Four single @-@ reduction , impulse @-@ reduction geared turbines were ordered from the Swiss firm , three to equip Sovetskaya Rossiya and one to serve as a pattern for the factory in that was to build the remainder . The three produced a total of 201 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 149 @,@ kW ) . Six triangle @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers — two in each boiler room — powered the turbines at a working pressure of 37 kg / ( 3 @,@ 628 ; 526 ) and a temperature of 380 ° C ( 716 ° F ) . - Maximum speed was estimated at 28 knots , using the revised propeller design , although forcing the machinery would yield an extra knot . The normal fuel oil capacity was 5 @,@ 280 metric tons ( 5 @,@ 197 long tons ) , giving an estimated endurance of 6 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 700 km ; 7 @,@ 200 mi ) at 14 @.@ 5 knots ( 26 @.@ 9 km / h ; 16 @.@ 7 mph ) and 1 @,@ 890 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 500 km ; 2 @,@ 170 mi ) at full speed . Maximum fuel capacity was 6 @,@ 440 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 338 long tons ) which gave a range of 7 @,@ 680 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 220 km ; 8 @,@ 840 mi ) at 14 @.@ 5 knots and 2 @,@ 305 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 269 km ; 2 @,@ 653 mi ) at full speed . - - = = = Armament = = = - - The main armament consisted of three electrically powered MK @-@ 1 triple turrets , each with three 50 @-@ caliber 406 mm B @-@ 37 guns . The guns could be depressed to − 2 ° and elevated to 45 ° . They had a fixed loading angle of 6 ° and their rate of fire varied with the time required to re @-@ aim the guns . It ranged from 2 @.@ 0 to 2 @.@ 6 rounds per minute depending on the elevation . The turrets could elevate at a rate of 6 @.@ 2 degrees per second and traverse at 4 @.@ 55 degrees per second . 100 rounds per gun were carried . The guns fired 1 @,@ 108 @-@ kilogram ( 2 @,@ 443 lb ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 830 m / s ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of 45 @,@ 600 meters ( 49 @,@ 900 yd ) . - The secondary armament consisted of twelve 57 @-@ caliber B @-@ 38 152 mm guns mounted in six dual MK @-@ 4 turrets . Their elevation limits were − 5 ° to + 45 ° with a fixed loading angle of 8 ° . Their rate of fire also varied with the elevation from 7 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 8 rounds per minute . They were provided with 170 rounds per gun . The turrets could elevate at a rate of 13 degrees per second and traverse at 6 degrees per second . They had a maximum range of about 30 @,@ 000 meters ( 98 @,@ 425 ft ) with a 55 @-@ kilogram ( 121 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 950 m / s ( 3 @,@ 100 ft / s ) . - Heavy anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) fire was provided by a dozen 56 @-@ caliber 100 mm B @-@ 34 dual @-@ purpose guns in six twin @-@ 14 turrets with 400 rounds per gun . The ships began construction with only four turrets , but two additional turrets were restored to the quarterdeck in January 1941 . They could elevate to a maximum of 85 ° and depress to − 8 ° . They could traverse at a rate of 12 ° per second and elevate at 10 ° per second . They fired 15 @.@ 6 @-@ kilogram ( 34 lb ) high explosive shells at a muzzle velocity of 895 m / s ( 2 @,@ 940 ft / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of 22 @,@ 241 meters ( 24 @,@ 323 yd ) against surface targets , but their maximum range against aerial targets was 9 @,@ 895 meters ( 32 @,@ ft ) , the limit of their time fuse . - Light AA defense was handled by ten quadruple , water @-@ cooled , 46 @-@ K mounts fitted with 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 70 @-@ K guns with 1800 rounds per gun . Initially only eight mounts were planned when the ships began construction , but two more were added later , probably in January 1941 , one on each side of the forward superstructure . Each mount was fully enclosed to protect the crew from the muzzle blast of the larger guns and against splinters . The guns fired @-@ kilogram ( 1 @.@ 61 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 880 m / s ( 2 @,@ 900 ft / s ) . Their effective anti @-@ aircraft range was 4 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 123 ft ) . - - = = = Fire control = = = - - Each main gun turret was given a DM @-@ 12 12 @-@ meter ( 39 ft 4 in ) rangefinder for use in local control , but they were generally controlled by one of three @-@ 8 fire @-@ control directors . These had two 8 @-@ meter ( 26 ft 3 in ) stereoscopic rangefinders , one to track the target and the other to measure the range to the ship 's own shell splashes . Two of these were protected by 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) of armor and were mounted atop the rear superstructure and the tower @-@ mast . The other was mounted on top of the conning tower and was protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor . They used a @-@ 0 mechanical computer to generate firing solutions . Four @-@ @-@ II directors , with two 4 @-@ meter ( 13 ft 1 in ) rangefinders each , controlled the secondary armament . One pair was on either side of the tower @-@ mast and the aft pair was on each side of the aft funnel . Three @-@ 300 stabilized directors , each with a 4 @-@ meter rangefinder , controlled the heavy anti @-@ aircraft guns . There was one on each side of the forward funnel while the other was atop the rear superstructure . - - = = = Protection = = = - - Soviet armor plate plants proved incapable of producing plates of cemented armor thicker than 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) which forced the decision to replace cemented plates thicker than 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) with face @-@ hardened ones with less resistance in November 1940 . The plants tended to compensate by making the thicker plates harder , but this often made them more brittle and large numbers did not pass the acceptance tests . This would have significantly reduced the level of protection enjoyed by the Sovetsky Soyuz @-@ class ships in combat . - The Sovetsky Soyuz @-@ class ships devoted a total weight of 23 @,@ metric tons ( 22 @,@ 938 long tons ) to armor protection , a slightly greater weight than that of the larger Japanese Yamato class ( 23 @,@ 262 metric tons ( 22 @,@ 895 long tons ) ) . Their armor was intended to resist 406 mm shells and 500 kg bombs , specifically shells fired from forward bearings between 35 ° and 50 ° from the centerline . This led to the very unusual situation where the armor belt thickened toward the bow to compensate for the narrowing of the ship near the forward magazines , which had to be compensated for by thicker armor . The belt was 148 @.@ 4 meters ( 486 ft 11 in ) long and covered 57 % of the total waterline length . It was inclined 5 ° to increase its resistance to flat @-@ trajectory shells . Over the machinery spaces it was 375 mm ( 14 @.@ 8 in ) thick and increased in steps until it was 420 mm ( 17 in ) thick over the forward magazines . It was 380 mm ( 15 in ) over the rear magazine . The belt armor was carried forward of the magazines at a thickness of 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) and terminated in a steeply sloped ( 30 ° ) transverse 285 mm ( 11 @.@ 2 in ) bulkhead that reduced to 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) at the lower deck where it was continued down to the inner bottom by a 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) bulkhead . Forward of this bulkhead was a 20 mm splinter belt that continued all the way to the bow . The main armor belt dropped down to the main deck from the upper deck abreast the aft turret to reduce weight . This " step " was protected by 180 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) plates . A 365 @-@ millimeter ( 14 @.@ 4 in ) transverse bulkhead separated the rear turret and the ship 's sides . The main part of the armored citadel was closed off by a 230 mm forward bulkhead and a 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) rear bulkhead , both of armor . armor 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick covered the upper portion of the citadel . - The forecastle deck was 25 mm thick while the upper deck was 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) over the citadel . Below it , the 50 mm middle deck acted as a splinter deck . The upper deck was 100 mm thick above the 220 mm waterline belt extension . The bottom edge of the forward splinter belt met with a 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) arched deck . Another arched deck of the same thickness covered the stern aft of the rear transverse bulkhead . - The main gun turrets had faces 495 mm ( 19 @.@ 5 in ) thick with sides and roofs 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick . 180 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) thick plates protected the gun ports and 60 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) bulkheads separated each gun . The barbettes were 425 mm ( 16 @.@ 7 in ) thick above the upper deck . The MK @-@ 4 turrets had 100 mm faces and 65 mm sides . Their barbettes were 100 mm in thickness , but reduced to 65 mm on their sides . 100 mm of armor protected the faces , sides and backs of the @-@ 14 turrets for the 100 mm guns , but their roofs and barbettes were 100 mm thick . The forward conning tower had walls 425 mm thick while the rear conning tower had only 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) . The flag bridge in the tower @-@ mast had 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) of protection . - The torpedo defense system was designed to withstand torpedoes with warheads equivalent to 750 kg ( 1 @,@ 653 lb ) of . The ships were intended to be able to remain afloat with any five adjacent compartments flooded or with three torpedo hits and the destruction of the above @-@ water side . The Pugliese system protected 123 meters ( 403 ft 7 in ) of the ships ' . At the aft end was a multi @-@ bulkhead protection system that extended another 33 meters ( 108 ft 3 in ) to the rear from the Pugliese system . The depth of the system was 8 @.@ 2 meters ( 26 ft 11 in ) amidships , but it reduced to 7 meters ( 23 ft 0 in ) fore and aft . The outer plating ranged from 11 to 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 43 to 0 @.@ 55 in ) in thickness while the inner bottom was 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 28 in ) thick . The cylinder of the Pugliese system was also 7 mm thick while the semi @-@ circular main bulkhead was 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) thick with a flat 10 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) bulkhead behind it . The 3 @.@ 15 @-@ meter ( 10 ft 4 in ) diameter cylinder was intended to be immersed in fuel oil or water . - - = = Construction = = - - The August 1938 shipbuilding plan envisioned a total of 15 Project 23 @-@ class battleships , and this grandiose scheme was only slightly revised downward to 14 ships in the August 1939 plan . Eight of these were to be laid down before 1942 and the remaining six before 1947 . However , only four were actually laid down before the outbreak of World War II forced the Soviets to their ambitious plans . On 19 October 1940 an order was issued , signed by Stalin and , that no new battleships would be laid down in order to concentrate on smaller ships ' building ( and also , probably , because more resources were required for the Army ) , one ship is to be scrapped , and priority should be given to only one of the three remaining battleships . - The Soviet shipbuilding and related industries proved to be incapable of supporting the construction of so many large ships at the same time . The largest warships built in the Soviet Union prior to 1938 were the 8 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 7 @,@ 874 @-@ long @-@ ton ) @-@ class cruisers , and even they had suffered from a number of production problems , but the Soviet leadership appeared to ignore the difficulties encountered in the construction of the class when ordering 14 much more ambitious ships . Construction of two more ships planned for Leningrad and Nikolayev had to move to the brand @-@ new Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk because the existing shipyards could not be expanded to handle so many large ships . for these two ships had to be manufactured at Leningrad and shipped via the White Sea – Baltic Canal to Molotovsk . Also , the turret shop at proved to be too poorly equipped to assemble the 406 mm mountings and the propeller shafts had to be ordered in 1940 from Germany and the Netherlands as the domestic plants were already with orders . Shipbuilding steel proved to be in short supply in 1940 , and a number of batches were rejected because they did not meet specifications . Armor plate production was even more problematic as only 1 @,@ 800 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 772 long tons ) of the anticipated 10 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 842 long tons ) were delivered in 1939 , and more than half of that was rejected . Furthermore , the armor plants proved to be incapable of making cemented plates over 230 mm , and inferior face @-@ hardened plates had to substitute for all over 200 millimeters ( 8 in ) . - Machinery problems were likely to delay the ships well past their intended delivery dates of 1943 – 44 . Three turbines were delivered by Brown in 1939 to for the Sovetskaya Rossiya , but the Works never completed a single turbine before the German invasion in June 1941 . A prototype boiler was supposed to have been built ashore for evaluation , but it was not completed until early 1941 , which further complicated the production plan . - Construction of all three ships was ordered halted on 10 July 1941 , and the Sovetsky Soyuz was placed into long @-@ term conservation as the most advanced ship . However , all three were officially stricken from the Navy List on 10 September 1941 . - - = = = Sovetsky Soyuz = = = - - Sovetsky Soyuz ( Russian : — Soviet Union ) was formally laid down 15 July 1938 in Shipyard Nr. 189 ( ) in Leningrad , although evidence suggests that construction actually began in January 1939 after her slipway was completed , the necessary cranes were in place , and working drawings had been completed . When the war began she was estimated to be 21 @.@ 19 % complete , with 15 @,@ metric tons ( 15 @,@ 568 long tons ) of steel assembled on the slip . She was only lightly damaged by German air attacks and bombardments , and , as some material had been used during the Siege of Leningrad , she was estimated to be 19 @.@ 5 % complete after the end of the war . Some thought was given to completing her , but this was opposed as she was regarded as obsolete in light of the experience gained during the war . Stalin 's expressed desire to see one of the Project 23 @-@ class ships completed only delayed the decision to scrap her ; this was ordered on 29 May 1948 and was well underway by April 1949 . - - = = = Sovetskaya Ukraina = = = - - Sovetskaya Ukraina ( Russian : Советская — Soviet Ukraine ) was laid down 31 October 1938 at Shipyard Nr. 198 ( South ) in Nikolayev . When the war began she was 17 @.@ 98 % complete , with 13 @,@ 001 metric tons ( 12 @,@ long tons ) assembled on the slipway . Some effort was made to launch the hull , but little work had been done to dredge the river at the foot of the slipway , and she was captured on 18 August 1941 , although retreating Soviet troops slightly damaged her hull . The Germans dismantled 200 feet ( 61 m ) of her bow and 100 feet ( 30 m ) of her stern for use in fortifications . They were forced to evacuate Nikolayev on 17 March 1944 and demolished the supporting blocks under her port side before they left , which gave her a list between 5 and 10 degrees and made her a total loss . She was ordered scrapped on 27 March 1947 . - - = = = Sovetskaya Rossiya = = = - - Sovetskaya Rossiya ( Russian : Советская — Soviet Russia ) was laid down on 22 July 1940 in Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk . After the end of the war she was only 0 @.@ 97 % complete , with 2 @,@ 125 metric tons ( 2 @,@ long tons ) of steel assembled . She was ordered scrapped on 27 March 1947 . - - = = = Sovetskaya Belorussiya = = = - - Sovetskaya Belorussiya ( Russian : Советская — Soviet ) was laid down 21 December 1939 at Shipyard Nr. 402 in Molotovsk , but construction was suspended in mid @-@ 1940 when it was discovered that 70 @,@ 000 used in her hull plating were of inferior quality . This fact probably influenced the decision to cancel her on 19 October 1940 . Material intended for her construction was used to construct a floating battery for the defense of Leningrad . - - - = Sang Pencerah = - - Sang Pencerah ( The ) is a 2010 Indonesian film directed by Bramantyo and starring Lukman Sardi , Mecca , and Rahardjo . It is a of Ahmad Dahlan which describes how he came to found the Islamic organisation Muhammadiyah . - Sang Pencerah , produced to coincide with Muhammadiyah 's centenary , was announced in November 2009 . It was meant to be historically accurate , with much of the . 12 billion ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) budget paying for period costumes and sets . However , as documentation on the early years of Dahlan 's life is lacking , those scenes were . Sang Pencerah marks the feature film debut of Ihsan Tarore and Giring Ganesha . - The film , released on 8 September 2010 during the ul @-@ holiday , was meant to show different views of Islam ; however , it has also been interpreted as a critique of the current Muhammadiyah leadership . It was seen in theatres by over 1 million people – the only Indonesian film of 2010 to do so . It also received favourable critical reception , winning the 2011 Bandung Film Festival after being refused a nomination at the 2010 Indonesian Film Festival . However , some Muslim critics decried it as being too liberal . - - = = Plot = = - - Muhammad Darwis ( Ihsan Tarore ) is a youth in 19th @-@ century , Yogyakarta , and the son of , the imam of the area 's mosque . with the mixture of Islam and Javanese mysticism , which leads to poor Javanese spending amounts of money on religious ceremonies , Darwis decides to go on the to Mecca in Saudi Arabia . While there , he studies what he considers the true form of Islam over a period of five years . - Upon his return to Yogyakarta , Darwis ( now played by Lukman Sardi ) changes his name to Ahmad Dahlan and begins teaching Islam , preaching that prayers need only come from inner peace and do not require large donations or sacrifices . Conflict soon arises between Dahlan and the local ( religious leaders ) after he shows that the direction in which they pray is wrong , pointing not to the Kaaba in Mecca but to Africa . The , especially Kamaludiningrat ( Rahardjo ) , Dahlan as the leader of a cult and provoke a crowd of their followers to destroy the building next to Dahlan 's house used for studying prayer . - Dahlan continues to preach and teach , opening a school for native people , teaching Islam at a Dutch @-@ run school , and opening a small mosque ; he also marries his cousin , Siti Walidah . His actions , such as having his students sit on chairs instead of the traditional mats on the floor , lead to Kamaludiningrat decrying Dahlan as an who is working to the local populace . - Despite continued resistance from Kamaludiningrat , Dahlan prevails and his teaching . Together with Walidah , and the students ( ) , ( Mario ) , ( Dennis ) , ( Ricky ) , and ( Giring Ganesha ) , he the progressive Islamic organisation Muhammadiyah , which Islam without any influence from Javanese mysticism . - - = = Production = = - - The film announced in November 2009 . It was directed by Bramantyo , a Yogyakarta @-@ born Muslim filmmaker . Bramantyo , who had previously directed the Islamic @-@ themed @-@ Cinta ( The of Love ; 2008 ) , considered Dahlan his favourite national hero ; he later told The Jakarta Post that he admired the 's spirit . He also said that he had been wanting to make the film since he was a teenager . The film was meant to coincide with the 100 year anniversary of Muhammadiyah 's founding . - Bramantyo attempted to make his film as historically accurate as possible . However , as no documentation of Dahlan 's life before he went to Mecca exists , the scenes showing Dahlan 's youth were fictionalized . The script underwent 12 revisions before the film was completed . Much of the film 's budget of . 12 billion ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) was spent on costumes and sets to ensure accuracy . The crew restored several old buildings for their shots and custom @-@ ordered 19th @-@ century style traditional garments for their scenes . - cast his wife , Mecca , as Ahmad Dahlan 's wife Siti Walidah — Mecca also served as casting director , in charge of auditioning the supporting cast . Before filming began , Mecca attempted to research the biographies of Dahlan and his wife , as she and the other young actors did not know much about the couple . However , she found such research difficult as the libraries did not have the information she needed . - Lukman Sardi , who played Dahlan , was also unaware of his character 's historical biography before researching it ; he noted that he was not very confident in playing the role . Indonesian Idol winner Ihsan Tarore was cast as the young Ahmad Dahlan , while the lead singer of the band , Giring Ganesha , was cast as Dahlan 's ; it was the feature film debut for both . Giring also wrote a song for the film , titled " Allah " ( " Allah , the All @-@ Pure " ) , over a period of two days . - On set , Mecca , who was pregnant at the time of shooting , found her physical condition " perfect " for the role as Walidah had been a large woman . However , her pregnancy led to Bramantyo worrying about a potential during a scene where Mecca had to ride a traditional carriage with wooden wheels , which shook when moving . - - = = Themes = = - - In a 2011 interview with the Jakarta Globe after the release of his controversial film ? , Bramantyo said that he had intended Sang Pencerah to use Dahlan 's life to examine different aspects of Islam . He meant for the film to show Islam as being a peaceful and religion . , writing for Tempo , notes that the film presents a different side of Dahlan , who is usually portrayed as an old , bearded man who , in his opinion , seems neither modernist nor progressive . - Ahmad , a lecturer on comparative religious studies at Islamic University in Yogyakarta , sees the film as a critique of the current Muhammadiyah leadership , whom he describes as " narrow minded , , [ ing ] poor social respect , [ ... ] rigid and allergic to progress " . - - = = Release and reception = = - - Sang Pencerah was released on 8 September 2010 , over the ul @-@ holiday ; the increase in film attendance over the holiday is similar to blockbuster season for Hollywood films . According to Bramantyo , Sang Pencerah was seen by 1 @.@ 1 million people while in theatres ; a report from The Jakarta Globe says 1 @.@ 2 million . It was the only Indonesian film of 2010 to sell over a million tickets . - was accused of working for Muhammadiyah when creating the film , an accusation which he denied . He also was criticised by some Muslim groups , which considered him too liberal . The film was not nominated for best picture at the 2010 Indonesian Film Festival after several nominees threatened to withdraw if Sang Pencerah was nominated . Sang Pencerah later won best picture at the Bandung Film Festival , held in Bandung , West Java , on 6 May 2011 . - , reviewing for The Jakarta Post , praised Sardi and Rahardjo 's acting ; noting that Sang Pencerah was " a good film and a conduit for young people to learn about their national heroes " . , writing for , himself a graduate from Muhammadiyah schools , viewed the film as being well put together and reflective of the issues faced by Islamic in the early 1900s . praised the film 's acting , soundtrack , and plot , especially Dahlan 's portrayal as a human with emotions and flaws instead of being perfect in every way . He found Sang Pencerah 's greatest weakness to be the language spoken by in some scenes , as it mixed Indonesian with Javanese ( something not done during the period portrayed ) , and the film 's stars – neither of whom is Javanese – had inaccurate accents . - - - = Underneath ( The X @-@ Files ) = - - " Underneath " is the twelfth episode of the ninth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode first aired in the United States on March 31 , 2002 on the Fox network . The episode was written and directed by executive producer John Shiban . The episode is a " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week " episode , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the mythology , or overarching fictional history , of The X @-@ Files . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 4 and was viewed by 4 @.@ 64 million households and 7 @.@ 3 million viewers . It received mixed reviews from critics . - The show centers on FBI special agents who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . In this episode , Doggett is determined to find an error in the DNA evidence that freed the convicted Robert Fassl , the " Killer " , whom he nearly caught in the act 13 years earlier . In the end , it is revealed that Fassl has a mental condition that splits him into two parts : the religious innocent and the vengeful killer . - " Underneath " marked the directorial debut of Shiban , who had been a writer for the series for several seasons . Reportedly , the episode contained " so many problems " that the Fox executives nearly refused to allow the finished product to air . At the last minute , however , they relented , and allowed the episode to be aired later on in the season , several weeks after its intended air date . Shiban originally wanted to film the sewer scenes in Los Angeles ' actual sewer system , but due to the events of September 11 , a sewer mock @-@ up was built on Stage 11 at the Fox studios . - - = = Plot = = - - Thirteen years before the present , Robert Fassl ( W. Earl Brown ) sits in his van . He later approaches a home and claims to be there to repair the cable . As Fassl holds up a piece of paper to show it to the family who called for the repair , blood splashes across the paper . He looks up and sees the house 's occupants with slit in pools of blood . , two police officers burst into the house and apprehend Fassl . One of the officers who goes to check out the kitchen , turns to reveal he is John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) as a young officer . - In the present , Monica Reyes ( ) discusses Fassl 's release — due to DNA evidence — with an outraged Doggett . Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) confirms that the test results conclusively Fassl as the killer . Meanwhile , in court , Fassl notices a mysterious Bearded Man . After being released , he stays in a room belonging to his lawyer , Jana Fain , where he clutches a beads and prays frantically . When the Bearded Man appears , Fassl begs for the man not to hurt her . While Fain is unharmed , Fassl learns that the housekeeper , Mrs. , has gone missing . Fassl finds her body , up the blood , and her remains to cover up what has happened . - Scully tells Doggett that while the DNA test Fassl 's , it a possible blood relative ; Fassl , however , is an only child . Reyes proposes that the murders are being conducted by an entity rather than a person . Meanwhile , Fassl approaches Assistant District Attorney Damon Kaylor and begs to be sent back to prison . Kaylor refuses , but is killed by the Bearded Man . After hearing of Kaylor 's disappearance , Reyes that Fassl 's piety and his unwillingness to acknowledge his darker half has given him the ability to physically change into another , more violent person . - The Bearded Man demands that Fassl kill Fain , beating him up when he doesn 't comply . As she tends to Fassl , Fain first sees the Bearded Man in his place . While out Fain 's house , the agents see the Bearded Man flee . Doggett pursues the Bearded Man while Reyes finds Fain alive . In the pursuit , Reyes falls through into a sewer , where she finds the remains of the Bearded Man 's victims . After a struggle with the Bearded Man , Doggett ends up Fassl , much to his confusion . Reyes tries to remind him that it does not matter as long as the case is solved . - - = = Production = = - - " Underneath " was written and directed by executive producer John Shiban . This marked his directorial debut . According to Shiban , part of the inspiration for the episode was that the series production staff had " actually talked for some time about doing a Jekyll / Hyde story but never quite found a way to do it " until the idea to use DNA came into play . Another inspiration for the episode was the 1949 film The Third Man , which featured a climactic chase through a sewage system . - The episode , which explores John Doggett 's backstory as a New York City police officer , was described as containing similar themes as those " explored on the Millennium series . " The episode guest @-@ starred Arthur Nascarella , who was a friend of series co @-@ star Robert Patrick . Patrick was essential in getting Nascarella cast on the show ; he later joked " I stole [ Nascarella 's ] New York accent in Copland [ sic ] and I stole it to do The X @-@ Files , but I got him cast in The X @-@ Files show . " - As the ninth season progressed and the show 's ratings began to , Fox became more and more actively involved in the show 's style and direction . Although " Underneath " was the twelfth episode aired , it was actually the ninth episode produced during the season ; reportedly , the episode contained " so many problems " that the Fox executives very nearly the finished product . At the last minute , however , they relented , and allowed the episode to be aired later on in the season , several weeks after its intended air date . - Shiban originally wanted to film the sewer scenes in Los Angeles ' actual sewer system , but the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power vetoed the idea and stated that " there 's a moratorium on shooting there since September 11 " , a position that Shiban called " understandable . " In order to make up for this , series art director Corey Kaplan was tasked with building a sewer replica ; she used the blueprints from the 1952 version of Les as an inspiration . Eventually , a complete set was built on Stage 11 at the Fox studios . - - = = Reception = = - - " Underneath " first aired in the United States on March 31 , 2002 on the Fox network . The episode later debuted in the United Kingdom on February 2 , 2003 on BBC One . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 4 @.@ 4 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 4 % of the nation 's estimated households and was viewed by 4 @.@ 64 million households and over 7 @.@ 3 million viewers . " Underneath " was the most watched episode of television that aired during the week ending March 31 . - The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity gave the episode a B – rating . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a negative review and called it " easily the worst of the season " . He awarded it a 4 out of 10 and concluded that , " We can only hope that none of the remaining episodes are Shiban @-@ related , and pray that he can do a much better job when he writes for Enterprise next season . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , and called the entry " solid and efficient " . The two complimented Shiban 's directorial efforts , noting that " as a director [ he ] makes ' Underneath ' shine " , but were critical of some of the " trademark X @-@ File moments " , citing " the surprise appearance of a face in the bathroom mirror " and " the climactic fight in a sewer " as examples . Shearman and Pearson , however , wrote positively of Shiban 's realistic depiction of Doggett . , in his book the Truth : The X @-@ Files after 9 / 11 , wrote that the episode felt " very familiar " but was impressed with the production design on the sewer set . - - - = Islais Creek = - - Islais Creek or Islais Creek Channel ( previously known as Du Creek , Islais Channel and Islais Swamp ) is a small creek in San Francisco , California . The name of the creek is derived from a Native American word " " or " " , the name for the wild cherries . Around the time of the Gold Rush , the area became an industrial hub , and the condition of the creek worsened . After the devastating earthquake in 1906 , the city decided to reclaim the creek using earthquake debris , reducing the to its present size . Though much of Islais Creek has been converted to an underground culvert , remnants still exist today at both Glen Canyon Park and Third Street . Several community organizations are dedicated to preserve these remnants , as they are important wildlife habitats . - - = = Course = = - - The historic Islais Creek , the largest body of water in the city covering an area of nearly 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 7 @.@ sq mi ; 20 @.@ 234 km2 ) , had two main branches . One originated near the southern slope of Twin , slightly north of Drive . It flowed downstream southeastward through the Glen Canyon Park Bosworth Street and eventually reaching the bottom of the Mission Street viaduct at I @-@ 280 . The other branch began at the intersection of Cayuga Avenue and Regent Street . It flowed generally eastward along Mission Street and reached the I @-@ 280 viaduct . Together , as a wider creek , it ran parallel to Boulevard and I @-@ 280 and emptied into the Islais Creek estuary , near Industrial Street and Avenue . Creek , a nearby creek that originated from Valley , also joined Islais Creek at the César Boulevard and Evans Avenue intersection . - From its sources in the Glen Canyon , the entire creek stretched about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) to the San Francisco Bay . The mouth was nearly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) wide , providing up to 85 % of the drinking water in San Francisco . Due to urban development , however , the watershed of Islais Creek has been reduced by roughly 80 % from its historical extent . A large number of neighborhoods in San Francisco today , such as Heights , Hunters Point , Valley , parts of the Mission and Hill , was once covered by the extent of the creek . - In 2007 , the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission , which manages the city 's water , began investigating the possibility of " " underground portions of the creek . As of 2009 , remnants of the creek remain inside the Glen Canyon Park and a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) channel near Third Street where Islais Creek emptied into the bay . - - = = History = = - - The history of Islais Creek dates to the 18th century . The name Los Islais first appeared on Mexican maps in 1834 , named for the Islay cherries that grew wildly in the area . By 1850 , water from the creek was used by farmers to crops . The Gold Rush marked the decline of the creek as large numbers of gold rushers into the city . - A railroad was built over the creek and flats in the 1860s and in a lawsuit that went up to the California Supreme Court called The People of the State of California ex The Board of State Harbor Commissioners . The And Bay View Railroad Company , Islais Creek was declared a non @-@ navigable waterway in 1883 . - In 1871 , the area along the creek became known as the city ’ s " New " when more than 100 opened . Since then , the condition of the creek deteriorated , literally becoming a dumping place of garbage , sewage , animal waste , and meat products . The condition became so bad that the creek was commonly referred to as " Creek " by San Franciscans , according to historian Karl . - After the 1906 earthquake , San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to fill the creek with earthquake debris , reducing the creek to its present size . During World War II , it served as areas for large ocean @-@ going . The area also located the largest processing plant in the United States West Coast . In fact , the abandoned five @-@ story high crane , used to transport large amount of from ships to the plant as late as 1974 , still remains on the creek bank preserved as a historic landmark . In the 1950s , Islais Creek was home to the largest industry in the world . The deteriorated condition of the creek gradually improved after the construction of a water treatment plant in 1970 . Today , the majority of the creek is covered and transformed into a culvert with its remnants flowing at Glen Canyon and near the bay . - Many local community organizations were set up to improve the condition of the creek and nearby areas . Friends of Islais Creek , established back in 1984 , and David , a local community figure , were committed to build a waterfront park in Islais Creek . The initial plan for a park was finally launched in 1988 with a $ 50 @,@ 000 grant from the State Department of Water Resources as well as community groups in The . With an additional of $ 100 @,@ 000 federal and local grants as well as supports from non @-@ profit organizations and governmental agencies , namely the Sierra Club , San Francisco Municipal Railway ( ) , Department of Public Works , Public Utilities Commission , Port of San Francisco , and Caltrans , the park was finished in 1998 . Located adjacent to Pier 80 on the shores of the creek , the Muwekma Ohlone Park or the Muwekma Ohlone is named after the native inhabitants and has since became an important habitat for a wide array of wildlife , including the Pacific Chorus Frog and Mission blue butterfly . - On November 19 , 2001 , construction crews , while preparing to drill an electrical conduit ( consisting of six large electrical cables ) across the creek for the Metro T Third Street light rail line , cracked the concrete sewer underground which carries more than 80 million gallons of sewage a day . The incident flooded the creek and its adjacent Muwekma Ohlone Park with sewage . The park had to be excavated to make way for the repairing of the sewer pipe . It was estimated that it would take more than $ 101 @,@ 660 to repair and $ 65 @,@ 000 for wildlife habitat restoration . - - = = = Health hazard = = = - - Since Islais Creek is a culvert that carries storm water , domestic sewage , and industrial wastewater , it is possible for the sewage to overflow . Such overflow can cause a public health hazard as Islais Creek displays higher level of heavy metals , , bacteria , as well as than other parts of the San Francisco Bay . - - = = Transportation = = - - The Third Street Bridge is the major crossing of the creek , carrying T Third Street light rail line and Third Street . It is a bascule @-@ type drawbridge . The Port of San Francisco extended Illinois Street across Islais Creek in 2006 to relieve traffic for Third Street . This crossing also uses a bascule bridge . - - - = Iguanodon = - - Iguanodon ( / / i @-@ @-@ @-@ don ; meaning " iguana @-@ tooth " ) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that existed roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal of the mid @-@ Jurassic and the duck @-@ billed dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous . While many species have been classified in the genus Iguanodon , dating from the late Jurassic Period to the late Cretaceous Period of Asia , Europe , and North America , research in the first decade of the 21st century suggests that there is only one well @-@ species : I. bernissartensis , which lived from the late Barremian to the earliest ages ( Early Cretaceous ) in Belgium and possibly elsewhere in Europe , between about 126 and 125 million years ago . Iguanodon were large , bulky herbivores . features include large thumb spikes , which were possibly used for defense against predators , combined with long prehensile fifth fingers able to forage for food . - The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist Gideon Mantell , based on fossil specimens that are now assigned to Therosaurus and Mantellodon . Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens , after Megalosaurus . Together with Megalosaurus and , it was one of the three genera originally used to define . The genus Iguanodon belongs to the larger group Iguanodontia , along with the duck @-@ billed hadrosaurs . The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long @-@ standing ones reassigned to other genera . - Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils . The numerous specimens of this genus , including nearly complete skeletons from two well @-@ known , have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal , including feeding , movement , and social behaviour . As one of the first scientifically well @-@ known dinosaurs , Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public 's perception of dinosaurs , its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains . - - = = Description = = - - Iguanodon were bulky herbivores that could shift from to . The only well @-@ supported species , I. bernissartensis , is estimated to have weighed about 3 @.@ 08 tonnes ( 3 @.@ 4 tons ) on average , and measured about 10 metres ( 33 feet ) long as an adult , with some specimens possibly as long as 13 metres ( 43 feet ) . These animals had large , tall but narrow skulls , with toothless beaks probably covered with keratin , and teeth like those of , but much larger and more closely packed . - The arms of I. bernissartensis were long ( up to 75 % the length of the legs ) and robust , with rather hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight . The were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits . In early restorations , the spike was placed on the animal 's nose . Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes , although their exact function is still debated . They could have been used for defense , or for foraging for food . The little finger was elongated and , and could have been used to manipulate objects . The formula is 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 @-@ 2 @-@ 4 , meaning that the innermost finger ( ) has two bones , the next has three , etc . The legs were powerful , but not built for running , and each foot had three toes . The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons , which were tendons that turned to bone during life ( these rod @-@ like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings ) . - Iguanodon teeth are , as the name suggests , like those of an iguana , but larger . Unlike hadrosaurids , which had columns of replacement teeth , Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position . The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side , with none at the front of the jaw , and the lower jaw 25 ; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper . Because the tooth rows are deeply from the outside of the jaws , and because of other anatomical details , it is believed that , as with most other ornithischians , Iguanodon had some sort of cheek @-@ like structure , muscular or non @-@ muscular , to retain food in the mouth . - - = = Classification and origins = = - - Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia , a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous . Aside from Iguanodon , the best @-@ known members of the clade include , Camptosaurus , Ouranosaurus , and the duck @-@ bills , or hadrosaurs . In older sources , Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family . This family traditionally has been something of a taxon , including ornithopods that were neither or hadrosaurids . In practice , animals like , Camptosaurus , , , , , Ouranosaurus , and were usually assigned to this family . - With the advent of cladistic analyses , Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be , and these animals are recognised to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram , instead of in a single distinct clade . Essentially , the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently includes only Iguanodon . Groups like are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature , though many traditional are now included in the superfamily . Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms , and is probably descended from a @-@ like animal . At one point , Jack Horner suggested , based mostly on skull features , that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly related groups , with Iguanodon on the line to the flat @-@ headed , and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines , but his proposal has been rejected . - The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald , 2012 . - - = = = = - - - = = = Feeding = = = - - One of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile , although there has not always been consensus on how it ate . As Mantell noted , the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile , especially in the toothless , @-@ shaped form of the lower jaw , which he found best compared to that of the two @-@ toed and the extinct ground . He also suggested that Iguanodon had a prehensile tongue which could be used to gather food , like a . More complete remains have shown this to be an error ; for example , the bones that supported the tongue are heavily built , implying a muscular , non @-@ prehensile tongue used for moving food around in the mouth . The @-@ tongue idea has also been incorrectly attributed to Dollo via a broken lower jaw . - The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed , the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out . This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw 's teeth , grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing . Because the teeth were always replaced , the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life , and could eat tough plant material . Additionally , the front ends of the animal 's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes , both upper and lower , providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a material to form a beak for biting off twigs and shoots . Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger , which could have been used to manipulate objects , unlike the other fingers . - what Iguanodon ate with its well @-@ developed jaws is not known . The size of the larger species , such as I. bernissartensis , would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4 – 5 metres ( 13 – 16 ft ) high . A diet of , , and conifers was suggested by David Norman , although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs ' inferred low browsing habits . growth , according to this hypothesis , would have been encouraged by feeding because would be removed , allowing more space for the weed @-@ like early angiosperms to grow . The evidence is not conclusive , though . Whatever its exact diet , due to its size and abundance , Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities . In England , this included the small predator , larger predators , , and , low @-@ feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and , fellow " " Mantellisaurus , the armoured herbivore , and like . - - = = = and movement = = = - - Early fossil remains were fragmentary , which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon . Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn @-@ beast . However , as more bones were discovered , Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs . His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a creature with four pillar @-@ like legs . The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell , who declined due to poor health , and Owen 's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape . Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons . However , it was depicted in an upright posture , with the tail dragging along the ground , acting as the third leg of a tripod . - During his re @-@ examination of Iguanodon , David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely , because the long tail was stiffened with ossified tendons . To get the pose , the tail would literally have to be broken . the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral more understandable . For example , the hand is relatively immobile , with the three central fingers grouped together , bearing @-@ like phalanges , and able to . This would have allowed them to bear weight . The wrist is also relatively immobile , and the arms and shoulder bones robust . These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours . - Furthermore , it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier ; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults ( 60 % of length versus 70 % for adults ) . When walking as a , the animal 's hands would have been held so that the faced each other , as shown by and the anatomy of this genus 's arms and hands . The three toed ( foot ) of Iguanodon was relatively long , and when walking , both the hand and the foot would have been used in a fashion ( walking on the fingers and toes ) . The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km / h ( 15 mph ) , which would have been as a ; it would not have been able to gallop as a . - Large three @-@ toed are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England , particularly beds on the Isle of Wight , and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret . Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on . In 1846 , E. went so far as to assign them to an he named Iguanodon , and Samuel noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks , but might have come from dinosaurs . The identity of the was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon , with distinctly three @-@ toed feet , showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks . Despite the lack of direct evidence , these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon . A in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours , but the foot prints are poor , making a direct connection difficult . Tracks assigned to the Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known , to Spitsbergen , Svalbard , Norway . - - = = = spike = = = - - The thumb spike is one of the best @-@ known features of Iguanodon . Although it was originally placed on the animal 's nose by Mantell , the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to place it correctly on the hand , as a modified thumb . ( This would not be the last time a dinosaur 's modified thumb claw would be ; , , and are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot , as in . ) - This thumb is typically interpreted as a close @-@ quarter @-@ like weapon against predators , although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits , or against other Iguanodon . One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom , but this has not been accepted , as the spike was not hollow , nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom . - - = = = Possible social behaviour = = = - - Although sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe , the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events . According to this interpretation , at least three occasions of mortality are recorded , and though numerous individuals would have died in a short time span ( ? 10 – 100 years ) , this does not necessarily mean these Iguanodon were herding animals . - An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site , unlike modern cases with herd mortality . They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting . The find , however , with its greater span of individual ages , more even mix of Dollodon or Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis , and confined geographic nature , may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers . - Unlike other purported herding dinosaurs ( especially hadrosaurs and ceratopsids ) , there is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic , with one sex different from the other . At one time , it was suggested that the Bernissart I. " mantelli " , or I. atherfieldensis ( Dollodon and Mantellisaurus , respectively ) represented a sex , possibly female , of the larger and more robust , possibly male , I. bernissartensis . However , this is not supported today . - - = = = = = = - - Evidence of a fractured hip bone was found in a specimen of Iguanodon , which had an injury to its . Two other individuals were observed with signs of as evidenced by bone in their which are called . - - = = Discovery and history = = - - - = = = Gideon Mantell , Sir Richard Owen , and the discovery of dinosaurs = = = - - The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend . The story goes that Gideon Mantell 's wife , Mary Ann , discovered the first teeth of an Iguanodon in the strata of Forest in Green , , Sussex , England , in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient . However , there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients . Furthermore , he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth . Not everyone agrees that the story is false , though . It is known from his that Mantell first acquired large fossil bones from the quarry at Green in 1820 . Because also theropod teeth were found , thus belonging to , he at first interpreted these bones , which he tried to combine into a partial skeleton , as those of a giant crocodile . In 1821 Mantell mentioned the find of herbivorous teeth and began to consider the possibility that a large herbivorous reptile was present in the strata . However , in his 1822 publication of the South Downs he as yet did not to suggest a connection between the teeth and his very incomplete skeleton , that his finds presented two large forms , one carnivorous ( " an animal of the Tribe of enormous magnitude " ) , the other herbivorous . In May 1822 he first presented the herbivorous teeth to the Royal Society of London but the members , among them William Buckland , dismissed them as fish teeth or the of a rhinoceros from a Tertiary . On 23 June 1823 Charles showed some to Georges Cuvier , during a in Paris , but the famous French naturalist at once dismissed them as those of a rhinoceros . Though the very next day Cuvier , reported only the dismissal to Mantell , who became rather about the issue . In 1824 Buckland described Megalosaurus and was on that occasion invited to visit Mantell 's collection . Seeing the bones on 6 March he agreed that these were of some giant — though still denying it was a herbivore . nevertheless , Mantell again sent some teeth to Cuvier , who answered on 22 June 1824 that he had determined that they were and quite possibly belonged to a giant herbivore . In a new edition that year of his sur les Cuvier admitted his earlier mistake , leading to an immediate acceptance of Mantell , and his new , in scientific circles . Mantell tried to his theory further by finding a modern @-@ day parallel among extant reptiles . In September 1824 he visited the Royal College of Surgeons but at first failed to find comparable teeth . However , assistant @-@ curator Samuel recognised that they resembled those of an iguana he had recently prepared , albeit twenty times longer . - In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana , Mantell decided to name his new animal Iguanodon or " iguana @-@ tooth " , from iguana and the Greek word ( , or " tooth " ) . Based on isometric scaling , he estimated that the creature might have been up to 18 metres ( 59 feet ) long , more than the 12 metres ( 39 feet ) length of Megalosaurus . His initial idea for a name was Iguana @-@ ( " Iguana lizard " ) , but his friend William Daniel suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself , so a better name would be ( " Iguana @-@ like " ) or Iguanodon . He neglected to add a specific name to form a proper binomial , but one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl : I. , which was later amended to I. anglicus . - Mantell sent a letter detailing his discovery to the local Portsmouth Philosophical Society in December 1824 , several weeks after settling on a name for the fossil creature . The letter was read to members of the Society at a meeting on 17 December , and a report was published in the Hampshire Telegraph the following Monday , 20 December , which announced the name , mis @-@ spelt as " " . Mantell formally published his findings on 10 February 1825 , when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Society of London . - A more complete specimen of similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone , Kent , in 1834 ( lower Lower Formation ) , which Mantell soon acquired . He was led to identify it as an Iguanodon based on its distinctive teeth . The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon , but due to its incompleteness , Mantell made some mistakes , the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose . The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb . Still in rock , the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London . The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949 . This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli , a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus , but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli / I. anglicus material . The Maidstone specimen , also known as Gideon Mantell 's " @-@ piece " , and formally labelled was subsequently excluded from Iguanodon . It is classified as cf . Mantellisaurus by McDonald ( 2012 ) ; as cf . Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis by Norman ( 2012 ) ; and made the holotype of a separate species Mantellodon by Paul ( 2012 ) . - At the same time , tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen , an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act – era British politics and science . Owen , a firm , opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ( " " ) then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict . With the paper describing , he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres ( 200 feet ) , determined that they were not simply giant lizards , and put forward that they were advanced and mammal @-@ like , characteristics given to them by God ; according to the understanding of the time , they could not have been " transmuted " from reptiles to mammal @-@ like creatures . - In 1849 , a few years before his death in 1852 , Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy , @-@ like animals , as Owen was putting forward , but had slender forelimbs ; however , his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures , and so Owen 's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades . With Benjamin Hawkins , he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework ; two iguanodonts ( based on the Mantellodon specimen ) , one standing and one resting on its belly , were included . Before the sculpture of the standing was completed , he held a banquet for twenty inside it . - - = = = Bernissart = = = - - The largest find of Iguanodon remains to that date occurred on 28 February 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium , at a depth of 322 m ( 1 @,@ 056 ft ) , when two , Jules and Alphonse , accidentally hit on a skeleton that they initially took for wood . With the encouragement of Alphonse , supervisor of mines at nearby , Louis de on 15 May 1878 started to excavate the skeletons and in 1882 Louis Dollo reconstructed them . At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered , most of which were adults . In 1882 , the holotype specimen of I. bernissartensis became one of the first ever dinosaur skeletons mounted for display . It was put together in a chapel at the Palace of Charles of Lorraine using a series of ropes attached to scaffolding so that a pose could be achieved during the mounting process . This specimen , along with several others , first opened for public viewing in an inner courtyard of the palace in July 1883 . In 1891 they were moved to the Royal Museum of Natural History , where they are still on display ; nine are displayed as standing mounts , and nineteen more are still in the Museum 's basement . The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , in Brussels . A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Museum in Cambridge . Most of the remains were referred to a new species , I. bernissartensis , a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed , but one specimen was referred to the nebulous , gracile I. mantelli ( now Dollodon ) . The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known . Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants , fish , and other reptiles , including the . - The science of fossil remains was in its infancy , and new techniques had to be improvised to deal with what soon became known as " pyrite disease " . pyrite in the bones was being to iron , accompanied by an increase in volume that caused the remains to crack and crumble . When in the ground , the bones were isolated by moist clay that prevented this from happening , but when removed into the drier open air , the natural chemical conversion began to occur . To limit this effect , De immediately , in the mine @-@ gallery , re @-@ covered the dug @-@ out fossils with wet clay , sealing them with paper and plaster reinforced by iron rings , forming in total about six hundred blocks with a combined weight of a hundred and thirty tons . In Brussels after opening the plaster he impregnated the bones with boiling mixed with oil of as a . most of the visible pyrite he then hardened them with hide glue , finishing with a final layer of tin foil . Damage was repaired with @-@ . This treatment had the effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage . In 1932 museum director Victor van decided that the specimens had to be completely restored again to safeguard their preservation . From December 1935 to August 1936 the staff at the museum in Brussels treated the problem with a combination of alcohol , arsenic , and 390 kilograms of shellac . This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate the fossils ( with alcohol ) , prevent the development of mold ( with arsenic ) , and harden them ( with shellac ) . The fossils entered a third round of conservation from 2003 until May 2007 , when the shellac , hide glue and were removed and impregnated with acetate and and . Modern treatments of this problem typically involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage , or , for fresh specimens , preparing a special coating of that is then heated in a vacuum pump , so that moisture is immediately removed and pore spaces are infiltrated with to seal and strengthen the fossil . - Dollo 's specimens allowed him to show that Owen 's prehistoric were not correct for Iguanodon . He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the cassowary and , and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb . He was not completely correct , but he also had the disadvantage of being faced with some of the first complete dinosaur remains . A problem that was later recognised was the bend he introduced into the tail . This organ was more or less straight , as shown by the skeletons he was excavating , and the presence of ossified tendons . In fact , to get the bend in the tail for a more or @-@ like posture , the tail would have had to be broken . With its correct , straight tail and back , the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground , arms in place to support the body if needed . - Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881 , although it was not exhausted of fossils , as recent drilling operations have shown . During World War I , when the town was occupied by German forces , preparations were made to reopen the mine for , and Otto was sent from Berlin to supervise . The Allies recaptured Bernissart just as the first layer was about to be uncovered . Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded . - - = = = Current research = = = - - Research on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe . A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy , I. atherfieldensis , was named in 1925 by R. W. , for a specimen collected at Point on the Isle of Wight . - Iguanodon was recorded from Africa based on teeth from Tunisia and elsewhere in the , but the description of and Ouranosaurus cast doubt on African records of Iguanodon . The genus was also recorded from Mongolia based on the description of I. orientalis , and in North America based on I. from Utah . Another North American species , from South Dakota , once assigned to Iguanodon as I. lakotaensis , has since been reclassified as the genus . - Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of in 1969 , but it was not neglected for long . David B. 's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed , and David B. Norman 's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best @-@ known dinosaurs . In addition , a further find of numerous Iguanodon skeletons , in , @-@ , Germany , has provided evidence for in this genus , as the animals in this restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods . At least 15 individuals , from 2 to 8 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 to 26 @.@ 2 ft ) long , have been found here , although at least some of them are gracile and belong to the related Mantellisaurus or Dollodon ( described as I. atherfieldensis , at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon ) . - Iguanodon material has also been used in the search for dinosaur DNA and other biomolecules . In research by Graham et al . , Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins . In this research , identifiable remains of typical bone proteins , such as and , were found in a rib . - - = = Species = = - - Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named , numerous species have been assigned to it . While never becoming the taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs became ( such as Megalosaurus ) , Iguanodon has had a complicated history , and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions . Although Gregory Paul recommended I. bernissartensis to the famous sample from Bernissart , ornithopod workers like Norman and McDonald have disagreed with Paul 's recommendations , except exercising caution when accepting records of Iguanodon from France and Spain as valid . - I. anglicus was the original type species , but the holotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since . In March 2000 , the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis , with the new holotype being 1534 . The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa , the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington , although it is not on display . The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell 's son Walter there ; after the elder Mantell 's death , his fossils went to Walter . - - = = = Species currently accepted as valid = = = - - Only two species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid . - I. bernissartensis , described by George Albert in 1881 , is the type species for the genus . This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in Bernissart , but is also known from remains across Europe . David Norman suggested that it includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis , but this has not been followed by other researchers . - I. , described in 2015 , is based on adult and juvenile remains found in Barremian @-@ age deposits in , Spain . - - = = = species = = = - - I. ( also spelled I. or ) , named by Owen for a lower jaw from the Tithonian – @-@ age Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous of Dorset in 1874 , has been reassigned to its own genus , . - Iguanodon ( or ) , described by Czech Antonin Fritsch in 1893 , is a dubious reptile now known as . - I. atherfieldensis , described by in 1925 , was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis , with longer neural spines . It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2007 . The Bernissart specimen was described as Dollodon in 2008 , but McDonald and Norman returned Dollodon to with Mantellisaurus . - I. was described by Fritsch in 1878 . It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and was renamed in 2000 . - I. prestwichii ( also spelled I. ) , described by John Hulke in 1880 , has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii or to its own genus . - Two species described by Richard Lydekker in the late 19th century have been reassigned to different genera . - I. , described by Lydekker in 1888 , is known from two partial skeletons found in East Sussex , England , from the middle Valanginian @-@ age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay . It is now the type species of . - I. fittoni was described by Lydekker in 1889 . Like I. , this species was described from the Wadhurst Clay of East Sussex . It is now the type species of Hypselospinus . - I. ( also spelled I. ) , described by Lydekker in 1889 has variously been considered a synonym of Hypselospinus fittoni or a distinct species assigned to the genus . A specimen from the Valanginian Wadhurst Clay Formation , variously assigned to I. and I. mantelli over the years , has an unusual combination of hadrosaurid @-@ like lower jaw and very robust ; Norman ( 2010 ) assigned this specimen to the species Hypselospinus fittoni , while Paul ( 2012 ) made it the holotype of a separate species . - I. ( also incorrectly spelled I. ) , described by Hulke two years after I. prestwichii , has been with Iguanodon bernissartensis , though this is controversial . - I. , described by Emanuel in 1871 , has been reassigned to . - I. lakotaensis was described by David B. and Philip R. in 1989 . The only well @-@ accepted North American species of Iguanodon , I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian @-@ age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota . Its assignment has been controversial . Some researchers suggest that it was more basal than I. bernissartensis , and related to , but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis . Gregory S. Paul has since given the species its own genus , . - Iguanodon mantelli described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832 , was based on the same material as I. anglicus and is an objective junior synonym of the latter . Several taxa , including the holotype of Dollodon and Mantellodon , but also the dubious Trachodon the Hypsilophodon , and , were previously mis @-@ assigned to I. mantelli . - I. , coined by Edwin Newton in 1892 for a tooth from the early Upper Cretaceous Lower of Hertfordshire , has been considered an early hadrosaurid of some sort . However , recent work places it as indeterminate beyond outside . - I. orientalis , described by A. K. in 1952 , was based on poor material , but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed in 1998 . At the same time , I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium because it cannot be compared to I. bernissartensis . - Harry described I. in 1869 , but later reassigned it to . - I. ( also spelled I. precursor ) , described by E. in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian ( Late Jurassic ) formation in @-@ de @-@ Calais , France , is actually a , sometimes assigned to , although the two come from different formations . - " I. " ( , 1992 ) is a nomen nudum from a photo caption in a book , of remains that would later be named . - was named in 2011 based on a specimen previously assigned to Iguanodon bernissartensis . - - = = = Species referred to Iguanodon that were originally named as nominal species of other genera = = = - - I. valdensis , a renaming of valdensis by Ernst van den in 1900 . Originally named valdensis by Hulke in 1879 based on and pelvic remains , it was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight . It was considered a juvenile specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis , or an undetermined species of Mantellisaurus , but is indeterminate beyond Iguanodontia . - I. ( also spelled I. ) was originally described by Thomas Henry in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon ; Owen ( 1873 or 1874 ) reassigned it to Iguanodon , but his assignment was soon overturned . - I. , named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel , has been tossed of as a synonym of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis , but is dubious . - I. major , a species named by Justin in 1966 , based on vertebrae from the Isle of Wight and Sussex originally described by Owen in 1842 as a species of , S. major , is a nomen dubium which is now thought to be a synonym of I. anglicus , although it may be its own species . - The nomen nudum " " ( van den , 1900 ) also belongs here . - - = = = species = = = - - Two Iguanodon species are currently considered to be nomina dubia : - I. anglicus , described by Friedrich Holl in 1829 , is the original type species of Iguanodon , but , as discussed above , was replaced by I. bernissartensis . In the past , it has been spelled as I. ( and , 1993 ) and I. ( Holl , 1829 . , 1850 ) . It is known from teeth from the middle Valanginian @-@ age Lower Cretaceous Clay Formation ) of , West Sussex , England . It is currently classified in the genus Therosaurus as T. anglicus . - I. , described by Peter and James A. Jensen in 1979 , is a nomen dubium based on teeth from the possibly @-@ age lower Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah . - The genera ( , 1828 ) , ( , 1834 ) , and Therosaurus ( , 1840 ) , are simply junior objective synonyms , later names for the material of I. anglicus . - - = = In popular culture = = - - Since its description in 1825 , Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture . Two lifesize reconstructions of Mantellodon ( considered Iguanodon at the time ) built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus . Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns , and they were depicted as elephant @-@ like , yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full @-@ size dinosaur models . In 1910 Heinrich portrayed a group of Iguanodon in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals " der " . - Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon . In the Disney film Dinosaur , an Iguanodon named served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main characters ; a loosely related ride of the same name at Disney 's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present . Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired ; the other two were and Stegosaurus . Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many Land Before Time films , as well as episodes of the television series . - Aside from appearances in movies , Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs ( 1999 ) produced by the BBC , and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's book , The Lost World as well as featuring in an episode of the Discovery Channel documentary , Dinosaur Planet ( incorrectly portrayed being able to run on all fours and living in the Late Cretaceous ) . It also was present in Bob 's Red ( 1995 ) , as a prey item . A main belt asteroid , 1989 , has been named Iguanodon in honour of the genus . - Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best @-@ known dinosaurs , Iguanodon has been well @-@ placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs . Its reconstructions have gone through three stages : the quadrupedal horn @-@ reptile satisfied the , then a bipedal but still fundamentally animal using its tail to prop itself up dominated the early 20th century , but was slowly overturned during the 1960s by its current , more agile and dynamic representation , able to shift from two legs to all fours . - - - = Subtropical Storm Alpha ( 1972 ) = - - Subtropical Storm Alpha ( also called Alfa ) was a rare off @-@ season subtropical cyclone that hit Georgia in May 1972 . It developed from a previously non @-@ tropical cyclone in the western Atlantic Ocean , and initially it moved northeastward off of the Carolinas . The storm turned southwestward due to a building ridge , and concurrently it intensified to become Subtropical Storm Alpha . It later moved ashore near Savannah , and it finally dissipated in the northeast Gulf of Mexico on May 29 . It produced wave action and moderate rainfall along the coast . Damage totaled over $ 100 @,@ 000 ( 1972 USD ) , and there were two associated deaths . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - Throughout May 1972 , a series of weak troughs moved across the eastern United States . In the third week of the month , an upper @-@ level low developed along one of these troughs , located southeast of the United States and removed from the . The origins of Alpha were from a surface low northeast of Florida , associated with the larger @-@ scale , cold core upper low . It organized , and late on May 23 it could be classified as a subtropical depression , east of the Georgia / South Carolina border . While southeast of Hatteras , North Carolina , a developing ridge blocked its northeast motion , and so it slowed to turn to the southeast . On May 25 , a small , intense low @-@ level center organized rapidly , and by the next day it attained gale force winds , by which time the storm turned southwestward . At 1600 UTC on May 26 , the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Subtropical Cyclone Alpha , when the storm was about 225 miles south of Cape Hatteras . Around that time , it reached its peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . - On its first advisory , there was disagreement among forecast models regarding its eventual track , with projected tracks from a Georgia landfall to a track northeastward out to sea . Alpha was also a at the time ; the NHC model , which was based on previous storms with similar characteristics , found no for the storm . Subtropical Storm Alpha was initially well @-@ defined as it moved southwestward . The very small center was located along the eastern edge of the convection , while low @-@ level cloud bands formed east of the center . At the time , the temperature structure was more typical of a winter storm , although it was expected to become more like a subtropical storm typical during the summer months . The winds decreased steadily as it turned more westward on May 27 , and the heavy rainfall persisted mostly to the north and west of the center . - The National Hurricane Center initially thought the center might not have been at the surface , and the agency indicated low forecasting confidence , as they could not determine a circulation center . The difficulty arose from the large , sprawling nature of the storm , and by later on May 27 a new center formed , as confirmed by radar imagery and the Hurricane Hunters . That night , the extremely small center made landfall just south of Savannah , Georgia , affecting a very small area with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 991 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 26 inHg ) . Around the time of landfall , Alpha developed a warm core , indicating some tropical characteristics . The storm weakened quickly over land , although it did not dissipate until two days later over the northeast Gulf of Mexico . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - At the time of the first advisory on Alpha , there were small craft warnings from Jacksonville , Florida to Cape May , New Jersey . Gale warnings were posted from Cape Fear , North Carolina to , Virginia . The interaction between Alpha and the high pressure system to its northeast caused cooler temperatures and gusty winds from Delaware southward . Wave heights reached up to 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) along the Virginia . The storm dropped rainfall along the coast of North Carolina and Virginia , with a maximum of 6 @.@ 97 inches ( 177 mm ) reported in , North Carolina . While moving slowly off the North Carolina coast , Alpha caused heavy beach erosion , destroyed one house , and threatened the foundation of several other homes in the Outer Banks . Damage totaled over $ 50 @,@ 000 ( 1972 USD ) . - While the storm was traveling over the western Atlantic Ocean , the storm produced a large area of rough seas , which was considered the greatest threat from the storm . In northeastern Florida , police officers were stationed to ensure people did not swim in the dangerous seas . The high waves also halted work to a harbor at the Naval Station . Two people drowned after the storm dissipated , when surf was still turbulent . Tides along the Georgia coast reached 2 to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal , which caused some flooding and beach erosion . Wind gusts reached 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) on Saint Island . The winds knocked down trees and power lines , leaving some people without power in eastern Georgia . Damage was minor but widespread in the state , estimated at over $ 50 @,@ 000 ( 1972 USD ) . Moderate rains spread in coastal areas from South Carolina through southern Florida . - The 1972 hurricane season was the first year in which quasi @-@ tropical cyclones were named , by using the NATO phonetic alphabet . At the time , the names were applied to large subtropical cyclones and small , both of which were later combined into one category . - - - = Barbarian II : The Dungeon of Drax = - - Barbarian II : The Dungeon of Drax is a video game first published in 1988 for various home computers . It was also released as Axe of Rage in North America . The game is the sequel to Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior ( Death Sword in North America ) , which was published in 1987 . In Barbarian II , the player controls a princess or barbarian character , exploring the game world to locate and defeat an evil wizard . The game 's plot is an extension of its predecessor , although the gameplay is different . While the first game offers two players the opportunity for virtual head @-@ to @-@ head combat , the second is solely a single @-@ player adventure with fewer fighting moves . - Palace Software , the developer of the two Barbarian games , marketed the sequel with the same strategy they used for the first game . They hired Maria Whittaker , a model known for her work , to pose on the cover and posters as the princess in the game , attempting to recapture the controversy that had boosted sales . Barbarian II received a mixed critical reception . Reviewers were split in their opinions over whether the game was a refreshing and adventure , or a boring and lonely through a confusing digital world . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Barbarian II : The Dungeon of Drax is an action video game released in 1988 for various personal computer platforms , such as Commodore 64 and @-@ . It is the sequel to Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior ( released in 1987 ) , which offers sword fighting action to one or two players . Unlike its predecessor , Barbarian II features only a single @-@ player mode , in which the player assumes the role of either sword @-@ wielding Princess Mariana or the titular savage , who is armed with a . Their common quest is to pursue the evil wizard Drax , who has fled to his dungeon hideout after his defeat in the first game . The player characters battle their way through an inhospitable wasteland , a system of caves , and a dungeon before facing Drax in his inner for a showdown . - Using a joystick or keyboard , the player moves his or her character through Barbarian II 's world . Each of the four stages — wasteland , caves , dungeon , and inner — is a series of interconnected rooms , populated by monsters , traps , and items . The game displays one room at a time in a flick @-@ screen manner : as the protagonist leaves a room , the screen is updated to display the next . The connections among rooms are disjointed : the exit on the left of one room might be connected to the entrance on the same side of another . A at the bottom of the interface serves as a directional guide , always pointing to the north . The player directs his or her player through the rooms , seeking the exit to the next stage while avoiding traps and collecting items . - The protagonist is also challenged in his or her quest by 20 types of creatures . By moving the joystick while pressing its button or by performing the equivalent keyboard commands , the player defends the protagonist with four styles of attacks : a low slash , a high chop , a kick , and a spinning neck chop . The life of the combatants are represented by gauges at the top corners of the screen . Successful attacks on a character reduce its gauge and the character is killed when its life is reduced to zero . A well @-@ timed neck chop ( or the bites of certain monsters ) the opponent , killing it instantly . disappear in a puff of smoke when killed , with a full life gauge in the same room some time later . Although the player character likewise reappears fully in the room after being killed , he or she can only do so for a limited number of times . This limit ( number of lives ) is represented in the form of at the top centre of the screen . The protagonist increases his or her number of lives by collecting skulls that are scattered throughout the game world . - - = = Development = = - - Barbarian II 's predecessor , Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior , was a critical and commercial success on its release in 1987 . Reviewers enjoyed the game 's exciting sword fights , and its profile was greatly enhanced by marketing strategies employed by its developer , Palace Software , a subsidiary of media company Palace Group . The developer had engaged Maria Whittaker , a model known for shoots , to pose on the box covers and posters of the game . The image of bikini @-@ clad Whittaker created a hype that pushed the game beyond the attention of the video game industry , producing a controversy in which members of the public criticised the industry for promoting Barbarian in a manner . - Palace Software repeated the strategy for the sequel , publishing a poster of Whittaker as Princess Mariana , this time in metal bikini armour , and Michael Van as the barbarian . Steve Brown , creator of the Barbarian games , recalled that the bikini 's chain " snapped a number of times " in comical Carry On fashion during the shoot . Brown was behind the concept of the poster , which was brought to fruition by Lee Gibbons , a commercial artist , over the course of four weeks . The image of the barbarian and princess poised over the fallen body of a large , scaly monster was a , created by three photographs — one of each subject — on one another . The creature was a small scale model made of . After cutting out the subjects from their photos and composing the cut @-@ outs to form a new scene , Gibbons painted the background and added effects such as smoke to form the final image . - Brown had filmed sword fights and used the of the combatants ' movements to produce the animations in Barbarian . For the animations in the sequel , he turned to the works of photographer Muybridge , who made a name for himself through his series of photographs of animals and humans captured in motion . The movements of Barbarian II 's characters were based on the pictures in Muybridge 's book Human in Motion , which was published in 1901 . The resulting animation was judged very realistic and detailed by several reviewers . - First released in August 1988 for the Commodore 64 , Barbarian II was ported to various personal computers . The various versions differed in features , depending on specifications of the platforms . The Amiga version of the game was given several improvements . It has speech and better graphics in the form of greater details and number of colours . The introductory and disc loading sequences were revamped , featuring animated skeletons with voices . In contrast , the ZX Spectrum version has graphics ; the first level comprises black @-@ outlined sprites against pink backgrounds . - As with its predecessor , Barbarian II was licensed to for release in North America . The game was published there under the title Axe of Rage and included a tattoo in its packaging . The North American version featured a different cover art , showing the close @-@ up of " a screaming with tendencies " . Dragon magazine 's reviewers found the cover ugly , and according to Computer Gaming World , a Canadian refused to sell Axe of Rage because it considered the game 's box cover art crass enough to customers . Similarly , in the United Kingdom , chain Boots banned displays of Barbarian II , featuring Whittaker , from their stores . - - = = Reception = = - - Barbarian II received praise for its audio , mostly for the versions on more powerful platforms . Reviewers of The Games Machine pointed out that the " most remarkable feature of the version is its crystal clear sampled effects " . Zzap ! 64 's staff and Computer and Video Games 's Julian were impressed with the digital and produced on the Commodore 64 , and particularly the rendition of a certain monster 's laughter . Mike of Amiga claimed the " manic of the mutant chicken would be enough to send [ the player ] running in the opposite direction " . Although rating the audio @-@ visual components of the Amiga version on par with that for the , and reviewers from The Game Machine felt the introductory sequence on the Amiga made it stand out ; Tony Horgan of Amiga User International called it the best introduction he has seen in Amiga games . - Although reviewers were less than impressed with the graphics on lower @-@ end systems such as the ZX Spectrum , the colours and large detailed sprites on the higher @-@ end platforms won their acclaim . The animation of the characters also captured their attention . Tommy Nash of Your Sinclair hailed it as " first class " , while Paul of Zzap ! 64 called the sprites " beautifully defined " and " realistically animated " . Similar accolades were given by other reviewers . The staff of The Games Machine were " constantly [ amazed ] " at the designs of the monsters in the game . - Several reviewers had a common complaint about the game . As the difference between executing an attack and a movement was the pressing of the joystick button , they were to find their characters frequently switching directions instead of attacking with a low slash . Their frustration was increased when the protagonist took damage from enemy attacks as he or she the unintentional command to change facing . Chris Jenkins , however , praised the game for responsive joystick controls in his review for Sinclair User . Paul of Zero pointed out that the flick @-@ screen presentation could lead to confusing situations in combat as the protagonist retreats across an exit and appears at the other end of the screen . Horgan had another grouse with the combat , moaning the loss of simplicity from the Barbarian series . According to him , while players could enjoy the first Barbarian game without much effort , intense was needed to defeat the monsters in the second game . - The change in combat systems was not the only difference between Barbarian II and its predecessor that influenced reviewers ' opinions about the sequel . The first Barbarian game was enjoyed by reviewers for providing exciting head @-@ to @-@ head action between two players . Barbarian II abandoned this , setting up an experience for the single player . Jim Douglas , reviewing for Sinclair User , doubted that players who were looking for quick action would appreciate plotting a path through the maze to reach the final goal . Your Sinclair 's Marcus felt the two genres — slash ' em up and arcade adventure — were " fundamentally incompatible " , agreeing with Douglas that the maze was a distraction . Crash 's reviewers , however , felt the combination of genres made the game interesting . James Price wrote in Amiga Force that the element and number of enemies made Barbarian II a far better game than the first , while The Games Machine 's staff said the expanded menagerie of adequately made up for a reduction in combat moves . - In their review for Dragon magazine , the called Axe of Rage " an slash ' n hack that 'll please most . " Zzap ! 64 's reviewers were unanimous in recommending Barbarian II to their readers ; however , two years later in a re @-@ review , the magazine 's staff said the game has aged badly , finding the gameplay " lot more crude and clichéd " and of dubious replay value . Martyn Carroll concurred in his article for Gamer , 17 years after the game 's release , calling Barbarian II " hugely disappointing " for " [ ] up almost everything that was great about the first game . " Brown and Palace Software 's co @-@ founder Richard admitted as much ; they said they had mixed feelings about Barbarian II , thinking the idea of a simple fun game was lost by too many features into it . - When Barbarian II was released , Palace Software went ahead with plans for Barbarian III . For two years , the third game in the series was publicised in gaming magazines . Your Sinclair held a contest for its readers , asking them to submit concepts of gruesome monsters . The winning entry would be implemented in Barbarian III . The Barbarian series of games were , however , brought to a halt in 1991 when Palace Group sold its software subsidiary to fund its expansion into the movie industry . Titus Software bought Palace Software and after reviewing its holdings , cancelled several of its new acquisition 's projects , including Barbarian III . - - - = Van Morrison : Too Late to Stop Now = - - Van Morrison : Too Late to Stop Now is a biography of musician Van Morrison , written by Steve Turner . It was first published in 1993 in the United States by Penguin Group , and in Great Britain by Bloomsbury Publishing . Turner first met Van Morrison in 1985 ; he interviewed approximately 40 people that knew the subject in his research for the biography . Van Morrison did not think positively of the biography , and multiple newspapers reported he attempted to purchase all of the book 's 25 @,@ 000 copies . He sent a letter to the author asserting the 40 individuals interviewed for the book were not his friends , and accused Turner of " distortions and about me personally " . - The biography takes a pictorial format , and includes many photographs of Van Morrison and scenes relating to his life , including close @-@ up shots and contact prints . Turner discusses Van Morrison 's youth in Belfast , Northern Ireland , and how early experiences shaped his perceptions . John Payne was interviewed for the book , and comments on his work with Van Morrison on the album Weeks . Turner discusses Van Morrison 's reluctance to be interviewed or engage with the public , and includes quotes from the musician about this desire for privacy . The author discusses Van Morrison 's efforts to seek out creativity , and his exploration of spirituality . The book concludes with an assessment of Van Morrison 's experiences with religion . - The book was selected as " Editor 's Choice " in the Sunday Age . Publishers Weekly 's review of the book was critical of its " adulatory " tone , but called it a " necessity for fans " , due the inclusion of the discography . A review of the book for The Boston Globe commented " The value of the book is that it has at its heart the same subjects that most of Morrison 's music has featured ... religion and spirituality . " The Palm Beach Post noted that the biography provides " insights and updates as well as a solid background on Morrison 's early life " . The Sunday Times wrote that " the really interesting story here is told by the photographs " . The Irish Times was critical of the book 's text but wrote positively of the included photographs . - - = = Research and publication = = - - Prior to his work on the biography , Steve Turner had previously written a book about the music group U2 , titled U2 : Rattle & Hum , and Eric Clapton , titled Conversations With Eric Clapton . Turner first met Van Morrison in 1985 , while writing a book on religion 's place in rock music . Turner characterised himself as someone who is " drawn to artists bothered by spiritual issues " . In his research for the book , the author interviewed approximately 40 people that knew Van Morrison . Turner spoke with Van Morrison , and they discussed the musician 's views on philosophy . Some of the photographs included in the book were obtained by Turner from a guitarist with Van Morrison 's band Them . - According to The Sunday People , " though critics said it was an affectionate tribute about a nice man . Van went on to urge fans not to buy it . " According to The Boston Globe , Van Morrison " the book " . In an interview with The Boston Globe , Turner commented on this : " He considers anything that reveals details of family background or anything like that an invasion of his privacy . He doesn 't believe in biographies , and I do . " When the biography came out in hardcover , Van Morrison sent Turner 36 statements from the book that he called " lies , gross and " . Van Morrison told Turner that none of the 40 individuals the author had interviewed for the biography were currently friends of his . The letter from Van Morrison to Turner concluded with : " I am very sorry that you feel you are entitled to earn a living by distortions and about me personally . " In his reply letter to Van Morrison , Turner wrote : " You may not think you are ' difficult ' or ' ' but other people do and have the right to express their opinions . " The Sunday Times reported that " , Van 's management even considered buying up all 25 @,@ 000 copies of the book to pulp them , " and this was also reported in The Independent . The Evening Times wrote that Van Morrison " reportedly tried to buy all the copies of a biography by Steve Turner . " Representatives for Van Morrison did not confirm whether he attempted to purchase the 25 @,@ 000 copies of the biography , and confirmed that " representatives of the singer discussed various possibilities " . Van Morrison 's manager , Chris O 'Donnell , said of the musician : " He is not happy about books , period . He is an artist and stands up for himself – he doesn 't want his private life raked over . " - Steve Turner appeared on a panel of experts in the 2008 documentary Van Morrison : Under Review 1964 – 1974 . Along with Turner was Johnny Rogan , author of the biographies Van Morrison : A Portrait of the Artist ( 1984 ) and Van Morrison : No Surrender ( 2005 ) . - - = = Contents = = - - The introduction to the book includes an analysis by the author of Van Morrison 's skill to use " the stuff of his life " . Turner compares Van Morrison with other musicians of the time period , including Robbie Robertson , Bob Dylan , and Neil Young . The book 's 10 chapters contain a pictorial overview of the musician 's professional work . The book 's chapters are structured according to record releases of the musician . Pictures include images from locations where Van Morrison grew up in Belfast , contact prints from a photo shoot for a cover album with his wife at the time Janet Planet , and archived marketing photographs of a younger Van Morrison . The beginning of the book includes 10 close @-@ up shots of the musician . The book also contains a complete discography of Van Morrison 's work . - Turner describes Van Morrison 's early life as George Ivan Morrison on Street in Belfast . " I 'm definitely Irish " , Van Morrison is quoted as stating in the book . He asserts that Van Morrison was affected by his mother 's religious conversion to the 's Witnesses when he was a child . Turner states that this experience contributed to his position as an : " Who else in Belfast had a father who played Jelly Roll Morton records , and a mother who indulged in ? " Turner discusses Van Morrison 's musical colleagues , his successes , the break @-@ ups of his various bands , and his efforts to seek out creative expression . The author includes commentary and images from Van Morrison 's first release with the band Them in 1964 , through to his latest album at the time of the book 's publication . - Turner interviewed John Payne for the book , who had sat in on sessions with Van Morrison and later collaborated with him . Payne comments on their work together on the album Weeks , which also included musicians Connie Kay , Warren Smith , Jay Berliner , and Richard Davis : " Ironically , the image you have when you listen to the album now is of these guys who are all together , and they realise they are creating a monumental work of art . The fact is that it was just another session for them . " Payne states of his observations of Van Morrison 's performance style : " When ( Van ) was on stage , he would look like a space cadet , but then he 'd open his mouth and you would realize that he had channeled everything into the sound of his voice . The rest of it was just a shell that was there for the purpose of producing this noise . " - The book notes the artist 's reluctance to be interviewed or engage with the public , and quotes him as saying : " It 's very hard for me to relate to people asking questions that are not only boring but don 't have anything to do with my life ... It 's a waste of time on my part because it drains me from doing what I really want to do , which is just to play music . " Van Morrison describes his perceived musical role : " I just feel I 'm doing the job . My job is to play music and deliver the show ... It 's more emotional for the audience ... what they sort of think you are . " He states that one of his motivations is " ideally to induce states of meditation and ecstasy , as well as to make people think " . - The author notes Van Morrison 's dislike of conformity , and quotes him as saying : " I hate organizations . " Of his period in his life of experimentation , Van Morrison comments : " I 'm not searching for anything in particular . I 'm just in the dark ... for a bit more light . That 's it really . " Turner notes how musical styles including rhythm and blues and Motown influenced the musician . Van Morrison 's exploration of spirituality is discussed in the book , including his experiences with mysticism , Christianity , and . In the last chapter of the book , Turner comments on Van Morrison 's experiences in religion , writing : " His development of religion as a normal topic of discourse in popular song may turn out to be his most lasting contribution . " - - = = Reception = = - - The book was selected as " Editor 's Choice " in the Sunday Age , where Michael Gordon wrote : " This is not the whole story , but it is a well @-@ researched and superbly presented summary of the story so far – a kind of companion to the John Lennon book , ' Imagine ' – including the temper . Fans may , however , disagree with the closing assessment that Morrison may be running out of themes and ideas to express . " Publishers Weekly was critical of the book 's tone , commenting : " Turner is more adulatory than probing . " The review noted : " A complete discography makes this book a necessity for fans of the Irish Rover . " Writing for The Boston Globe , Thomas C. Palmer Jr. called the book " a coffee @-@ table biography that fills an extensive void , both for those hungry for gossip and for those who have wondered at the source of the creativity in this prolific producer of often stunningly original – if difficult to – music " . Palmer commented on the book 's value : " The value of the book is that it has at its heart the same subjects that most of Morrison 's music has featured , subtly or otherwise ( but never as as Dylan in his " Saved " period ) : religion and spirituality . " Robert reviewed the book for The Sunday Times , and wrote : " Steve Turner has performed his task as a biographer enough in Too Late To Stop Now , but the really interesting story here is told by the photographs . " commented : " Thirty years of constant rowing with anybody who has ever tried to get close to him , and a and after religion ( any religion ) have left him looking , sad and , as Turner has the courage and decency to point out , not as great a musician now as his current reputation would suggest . It 's all there in the pictures . " - Bernard of The Gazette described the book as " more superficial but more positive " than the 2006 biography Van Morrison : No Surrender by Johnny Rogan . In a review of the book for The Palm Beach Post , Lisa McDonough wrote " Steve Turner 's Van Morrison : Too Late To Stop Now is not the final answer on Morrison – only Morrison could give that – but he does provide insights and updates as well as a solid background on Morrison 's early life . " Writing for The Irish Times , John Boland was critical of the book 's text but wrote positively of its images : " Steve Turner 's Van Morrison : Too Late to Stop Now , has a , style text and isn 't very about the great man , but it has some splendid pictures and in its coffee table format is well worth the asking price " . A review in the Herald Sun was critical : " Too Late To Stop Now is more suited to the coffee table than a library shelf . It is browsing material , with , album covers , PR shots , posters and prints . The words are mere , there to hold the pictures in place . " The Herald Sun noted that the author left out critical quotes from individuals that knew Van Morrison , and questioned Turner 's . - - - = Music of Chrono Cross = - - The Chrono series is a video game franchise developed and published by Square Enix ( formerly Square ) . It began in 1995 with the time travel role @-@ playing video game Chrono Trigger , which spawned two , Radical Dreamers and Chrono Cross . The music of Chrono Cross was composed by Yasunori Mitsuda , the main composer of Chrono Trigger and Radical Dreamers . Chrono Cross has sparked a soundtrack album , released in 1999 by and re @-@ released in 2005 by Square Enix , and a greatest hits mini @-@ album , published in 2000 by Square along with the North American release of the game . Radical Dreamers , the music of which heavily inspired the soundtrack of Chrono Cross , has not sparked any albums , though some songs from its soundtrack were reused in Chrono Cross . An album of arrangements of Chrono Cross songs was first announced by Mitsuda in 2005 , and later intended to be released to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the game in 2009 ; its release data was pushed back several times since then . In 2015 , Mitsuda via Square Enix released an album of arranged music from Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross entitled To Far Away Times to commemorate the 20 @-@ year anniversary of Chrono Trigger . - The original soundtrack album has been hailed as an excellent video game music album , while the Chrono Cross Music Selection mini @-@ album has garnered little attention . Songs from the soundtrack have been played at various orchestral concerts , such as the personal arrangements by Mitsuda for the Play ! A Video Game Symphony concert series . Chrono Cross music has also been extensively remixed by fans , and such remixes have been included in both official and unofficial albums . - - = = Creation and development = = - - Mitsuda returned as the lead composer for 1999 's Chrono Cross after composing its predecessor , Chrono Trigger . After being contacted to compose the score by the game 's director Masato Kato , Mitsuda decided to center his work around old world cultural influences , including Mediterranean , , Celtic , and African music . To complement the theme of parallel worlds , he gave the songs for the two worlds of the game , Another and Home , respectively dark and bright moods . Mitsuda was happy to accomplish even half of what he envisioned . Once production concluded , Mitsuda played Chrono Cross to record his impressions and observe how the tracks with scenes . - Radical Dreamers was a 1996 text @-@ based Visual Novel set as a , or side story , to Chrono Trigger . It was released to complement its predecessor 's plot , and later served as inspiration for Chrono Cross . The music of Radical Dreamers was written by Yasunori Mitsuda . The soundtrack includes several ambient pieces , including the sound of water running in a fountain and wind accompanied by strings . Players can listen to the game 's 15 songs by accessing a hidden menu in one of the game 's scenarios . The soundtrack has never been released as a separate album . - Several themes and musical patterns from Radical Dreamers were later adapted for Chrono Cross on the suggestion of Masato Kato ; many appear unchanged except for new instrumentation . Appearing in Chrono Cross are " Gale " , " Frozen Flame " , " Manor " , " Far Promise ~ Dream Shore " ( as part of " On the Beach of Dreams - Another World " and " The Dream that Time Dreams " ) , " The Girl who the Stars " , and " ~ Dream Shore " ( as part of " Sea " ) . Other entries in the soundtrack contain from Chrono Trigger and Radical Dreamers . The melody of " Far Promise ~ Dream Shore " features prominently in " The Dream That Time Dreams " and " Voyage - Another World " . - - = = Albums = = - - - = = = Chrono Cross Original Soundtrack = = = - - The Chrono Cross Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack of the music from Chrono Cross , composed by Yasunori Mitsuda . The soundtrack spans three discs and 67 tracks , covering a duration of 3 hours . It was published by on December 18 , 1999 , and reprinted by Square Enix on June 29 , 2005 . - contributor played guitar on the beginning and ending themes . , selected for the role by Masato Kato , sang the ending song " Radical Dreamers ~ ~ " . Yamazaki , a synthesizer programmer for Square Enix , helped Mitsuda transfer his ideas to the PlayStation 's sound capabilities . The soundtrack has been described as having " some of the most haunting melodies known to man " . The " Home World " tracks from the soundtrack have been termed " emotional " , " driving " and " striking " , while the " Another World " tracks are described as " slower " , " " , and more " serene " than their counterparts . - The soundtrack won the Gold Prize for Sony 's PlayStation Awards of 2000 . It reached # 72 on the Japan Oricon charts on its first print and # 174 when reprinted . It was praised by reviewers such as Patrick of , who called it his favorite video game music soundtrack of all time and especially praised the vocals in " Radical Dreamers ~ ~ " . This high opinion was echoed by Don of Square Enix Music Online , who called it " one of Mitsuda 's best , both in and out of [ the ] context " of the game and said that it " surpasses his Chrono Trigger soundtrack " . He singled out " Scars of Time " and " Radical Dreamers " as especially worthy of praise . IGN , in their review of the game , termed the soundtrack " a brilliant score " that " does wonders in stirring the emotional strings of the players as they 're playing through the game " . IGN praised the technical sound quality of the soundtrack as well , though they did comment that for them no specific tracks stood out as especially memorable . In a separate piece about Japanese RPG composers , however , IGN called " Scars of Time " and " Village - Home World " as two of Mitsuda 's most memorable tracks in naming him the second best out of ten behind . - Track listing - - = = = Chrono Cross Music Selection = = = - - Chrono Cross Music Selection is a mini @-@ album of Chrono Cross music that was released in North America exclusively as a bonus for pre @-@ ordering Chrono Cross . The five @-@ track disc was composed by Yasunori Mitsuda , has a length of 15 : 47 and was published by Square along with the game on August 15 , 2000 . Although the release of the album sparked rumors that it would be followed by a North American release of the full soundtrack album , Square Enix has not to date published Chrono Cross outside Japan . - Patrick enjoyed the album , calling it a " little American of music " , but noted that there is no reason to purchase it now that the full soundtrack is just as easy to obtain , especially given its short length . The five tracks on this album were released on the " Original Soundtrack " with three of the tracks renamed . - - = = = To Far Away Times : Chrono Trigger & Chrono Cross Arrangement Album = = = - - In 2005 , Mitsuda announced a new arranged album of Chrono Cross music was scheduled for release in July of that year . It did not materialize , though at a Play ! A Video Game Symphony concert in May 2006 , he revealed it would be out " within the year " and would feature acoustic music . Later in 2006 , Mitsuda alleged that the album would actually be released in 2007 . In 2008 , Yasunori Mitsuda posted a streaming sample of a track from the upcoming Chrono Cross arranged album . Though no official release date was announced , Mitsuda more than once stated that the album would be planned to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the game 's original release in 2009 . Mitsuda claimed that the album was " nearly done " , but that it may not be possible to release it before the year was out . - On a live performance at the Tokyo in July 2015 commemorating the 20 @-@ year anniversary of Chrono Trigger , Mitsuda announced that the long requested Chrono series arrangement album , entitled To Far Away Times : Chrono Trigger & Chrono Cross Arrangement Album would be released . This was eventually released by Square Enix Music on October 14 , 2015 . The album was released on the Square Enix website . A number of the tracks had vocalists to go on top of the score . All tracks were composed by Yasunori Mitsuda . - - = = Legacy = = - - Mitsuda has personally arranged versions of music from Chrono Cross for Play ! A Video Game Symphony video game music concerts in 2006 . Music from the game has also been performed in other video game concert tours such as the Video Games Live concert series and in concerts by the Orchestra . Music from Chrono Trigger and Cross made up one fourth of the music in the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series and conducted by Arnie Roth . The concerts featured a suite of music from both games interspersed together with the songs from Cross comprising " Scars of Time " , " Gale " , " of Death " , and " Prisoners of Fate " . A suite comprising music from Chrono Trigger and Cross was performed at the Press of 2008 concerts in Tokyo and Shanghai . " Scars of Time " was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30 , 2010 . music for Chrono Cross tracks arranged for both solo guitar and guitar duets has been released by Procyon Studio . - Chrono Cross 's soundtrack has been heavily remixed by fans , sparking several albums . These include the officially licensed Time & Space - A Tribute to Yasunori Mitsuda , released by Studios on October 7 , 2001 and containing 18 remixes over a span of 1 : 00 : 58 , with a second version of the album released on June 17 , 2003 . A related popular album release was Radical Dreamers : of Fate , an unofficial download @-@ only album release by the remix website OverClocked ReMix on January 5 , 2008 containing 15 remixes of the soundtrack to Radical Dreamers , including remixes of the tracks that later appeared in Chrono Cross . of remixes also appear on remix albums , and on English remixing websites such as OverClocked Remix . " Time 's Scar " was featured by NPR in a program about arranged video game scores in December 2012 . - - - = M @-@ 47 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 47 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . It runs near Saginaw and Midland in the Tri @-@ Cities area of the Lower Peninsula . The highway runs through suburban and agricultural areas to connect the two cities with the airport in the area . The section of M @-@ 47 runs along a freeway to the terminus at US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) . M @-@ 47 runs for 14 @.@ miles ( 23 @.@ km ) , all of which has been listed as a part of the National Highway System . - First designated by July 1 , 1919 along a different routing , M @-@ 47 was extended several times in both directions through the 1920s and 1930s . Two of these extensions replaced sections of M @-@ 111 in the Bay City area . At the apex of its length in the 1950s , M @-@ 47 stretched from Webberville in the south to Bay City State Park in the north . Since Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) opened in the Tri @-@ Cities area , the northern section of M @-@ 47 was rerouted and truncated as a result of related changes to other highways . The southern end was moved after I @-@ 96 opened in the Lansing area . Further changes into the 1970s shortened M @-@ 47 more , producing the routing in use today . - - = = Route description = = - - M @-@ 47 starts at M @-@ 46 ( Road ) east of Shields next to the Oakwood Cemetery . M @-@ 47 is known as Midland Road as it runs slightly northwest to intersect with M @-@ 58 ( State Road ) in Saginaw Charter Township running parallel to the River . This area is the western edge of Saginaw 's suburbs . Along the road towards Freeland , there are periodic small farms in between small residential subdivisions . In the community of Freeland , M @-@ 47 runs near the International Airport off Freeland Road . North of town , M @-@ 47 leaves Midland Road and becomes a freeway near Park . The freeway section of M @-@ 47 runs through rural farm land . There is a diamond interchange with Road before the terminal interchange at US 10 . - As part of its maintenance duties , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) tracks the volume of traffic on the highways it maintains . This number is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a calculation of the average traffic for a segment of roadway on any average day of the year . In 2009 , the department measured a peak of 19 @,@ vehicles daily on the stretch north of Road . The section south of the US 10 interchange had the lowest traffic level at 9 @,@ 315 vehicles AADT . Additionally , entire route of M @-@ 47 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . - - = = History = = - - The original designation of M @-@ 47 was routed from the – Ingham county line north to St. Charles and then east along M @-@ 46 into Saginaw . A southern extension into Ingham County to end at M @-@ 16 in was transferred and completed in 1924 . A northern extension to Bay City replaced a section of M @-@ 111 in 1929 , and extended farther to Bay City State Park in 1933 . M @-@ 47 replaced the remainder of M @-@ 111 and extended southward from the park to Bay City in 1938 , creating a " U @-@ turn " in the routing . The southern terminus was moved again in late 1951 or early 1952 to Webberville , although still ending on US 16 . - At its greatest extent in the 1950s , the highway extended north from Webberville through and St. Charles to a junction with M @-@ 46 between Hemlock and Shields . M @-@ 47 turned east along M @-@ 46 , running concurrently with that highway to Saginaw Township . There M @-@ 47 turned north independently to a junction with US 10 , and then ran concurrently with US 10 into Saginaw . Once in the city , M @-@ 47 turned north along Bay Street out of town toward Bay City . M @-@ 47 joined US 23 and followed it north of town . M @-@ 47 then ran separately to the state park before turning south and back into downtown Bay City , ending at the US 23 business loop . - Major changes to the routing of M @-@ 47 started in December 1960 when the I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 freeway opened between Saginaw and Bay City . US 10 was rerouted east of Midland to Bay City along the M @-@ 20 freeway . M @-@ 47 was rerouted along the former US 10 from Saginaw to east of Midland using a connector expressway from Freeland north to the US 10 freeway . M @-@ 81 was extended over State Street in Saginaw , and the former routing of M @-@ 47 between Saginaw and Bay City was redesignated as M @-@ 84 . M @-@ 13 also replaced the former US 23 / M @-@ 47 when US 23 was moved to freeways as well . The southern end of M @-@ 47 was changed in 1962 with the completion of I @-@ 96 in the Lansing area . US 16 was replaced by M @-@ 43 , and the southern terminus of M @-@ 47 was moved to exit 122 along I @-@ 96 . This segment of M @-@ 47 south of M @-@ 46 became an extension of M @-@ 52 in 1969 , M @-@ 47 to Hemlock . The interchange at Road north of Freeland opened in 1970 , and the expressway segment was upgraded to a full freeway . At the same time , M @-@ 47 was truncated to its current routing , resulting in the elimination of the M @-@ 46 / M @-@ 47 concurrency near Shields . In the end , only about a mile and a half ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) of roadway still bears the M @-@ 47 from before the changes made starting in 1960 , along a section of road that was not originally part of the highway in 1919 . - In June 2014 , a construction project began on the interchange with US 10 at the route 's northern terminus . This construction consisted of bridge replacement over US 10 , as well as a new ramp connecting northbound M @-@ 47 to westbound US 10 that , unlike the old ramp , does not conflict with westbound traffic exiting onto southbound M @-@ 47 . - - = = = M @-@ 111 = = = - - In 1928 , M @-@ 111 was assigned to a route connecting M @-@ 13 ( later signed as US 23 for a time ) north of Bay City to Bay City State Park on Saginaw Bay . The original route consisted of what is today Euclid Avenue . In the early 1930s , a return leg towards Bay City was added to the east of the original route along what is now State Park Road , giving the route an upside @-@ down @-@ U 1933 , the western leg along Euclid Avenue from Midland Road to Beaver Road was designated as M @-@ 47 . In 1938 , all of M @-@ 111 was re @-@ designated as M @-@ 47 — thus making M @-@ 47 double back to Bay City . - - = = Major intersections = = - - All exits are unnumbered . - - - = The Convict ( 1910 film ) = - - The Convict is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film begins with a convict walking down the road , he is spotted and it begins a wild chase with more people becoming involved in the pursuit as it continues . The convict gets in a carriage and away , successfully all the pursuers except for a little girl . The convict then runs to the water and takes a boat from another accomplice and the chase continues in water and on land . The convict gets ashore and escapes , taking a car and flees to town . The police are notified and set a trap , but the convict avoids the growing crowd of pursuers until he arrives at the theater . There " the convict " takes a pose under an advertisement and the pursuers understand it was all an advertising ploy , they purchase tickets and go to see the film . The film was released on September 23 , 1910 , it was the first part of a split @-@ reel production that included A Husband 's Jealous Wife . The film was met with positive reviews though the film is presumed lost . - - = = Plot = = - - Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from September 24 , 1910 . It states : " The convict is discovered stealing along a country road , glancing about for signs of danger . His stripes are discernible on that portion of his breast and on that portion of his trousers ' leg not covered by the long coat he wears - which cannot conceal the stripes that tell all ; hence his keen watch for . Still , he does not spy a nearby farmer until too late ; the cry ' prisoner loose ' is raised , and a dozen make after the unfortunate . Convict meets accomplice who is waiting with carriage ; jumps in the carriage and the pair drives off . pursuers come up , sight a wagon , all pile within and resume pursuit . Convict jumps from carriage and drops behind , accomplice driving straight on with the wagon hot after him ; when the wagon has passed him by , convict comes from behind , crosses road and disappears on other side - but has been seen crossing the road by a small girl who kept out of sight until the convict had disappeared , but who now rushes off to tell of her discovery . Put back on the trail by the little girl , pursuers follow their quarry to the , where a second accomplice awaits the convict with a , and into which he jumps and pulls for the other side . Another sets out in pursuit . One of the pursuers telephones on the other side of the water to catch convict when he tries to land . " - " Race of the . shore the convict finds himself in - pursuers on water and on land . for him , pursuers in their efforts to grab his boat their own ; he gets to shore , where [ the ] accomplice is caught though [ the convict ] escapes . Constable and chase him to town road , where third accomplice awaits with auto ; they speed off . An automobile too happens along , allows pursuers to use his auto to chase convict 's , and all enter except constable who rushes off to ' phone town police of convict 's coming . the message , chief of police leaves with for town end of road , across which they stretch rope and await convict 's auto . As the convict down Main Street new pursuers spring up at every step . Yet when he reaches the opera house he calmly walks into the entrance and , facing his pursuers , takes a dignified stand beside the billboard on which is printed : ' Latest Moving Picture - Today 's Feature - ! or The Convict 's Escape - A Comedy Now . ' " - - = = Production = = - - The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The plot is a clever advertising scheme employed by a theatre manager to draw patrons and using an elaborate series of events in order to accomplish that effect . Once " the convict " is identified and the chase begins , he receives assistance in prolonging the chase until arriving at the theatre where the crowd purchases tickets for the show . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was in 1910 productions . The only role in the cast which is known is for Marie as the little girl . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . A surviving film still gives the possibility of identifying two actors . - - = = Release and reception = = - - The split @-@ reel comedy , approximately 1000 feet long with A Husband 's Jealous Wife included , was released on September 23 , 1910 . Advertising for the film was a bit mixed as to whether or not it was a comedy or a drama , stating , " You have no idea as to how a Thanhouser can twist a story until you see this gripping - well , perhaps , it isn 't a drama at that - or a comedy even . We hate to tip you off as to it is . When you see the picture , with its totally @-@ for climax , you 'll know why ! " Bowers would later term this as more of the comedy that Edwin Thanhouser said the company would not produce . The film likely had a wide national release , known advertising theatres include Indiana , and Kansas . The film was also shown in Vancouver , Canada . One theater advertisement may have confused this film with another because it lists this film as a western film . - Reviews for the film were positive and focused on the novel methods used to attract the audience to the theater . The Moving Picture World stated , " A picture which becomes more thrilling as it proceeds . The convict is supposed to have escaped and the way he is chased and surrounded no good for him . But somehow he manages to the steadily increasing army of pursuers until they are gathered around him , when he calmly shows a motion picture announcement , and the reason for all this melee , in which the whole countryside took part , becomes apparent . " The requirement that the fleeing " convict " be continually assisted as a part of the plot may have been lost on The New York Dramatic Mirror reviewer . The reviewer writes , " Perhaps , in real life , things might not happen so for the convict unless the carriage , the boat and the automobile were previously arranged for him . Even then , Fate might have some disagreeable card up her sleeve . In the film , at any rate , everybody bit nicely . They pursued the escaped convict in increasing crowds until he led them to the theatre he was advertising . There they all bought tickets to the show and , no doubt , enjoyed it hugely . They did if it was as good as the film is . The least interesting sections of the film are the telephone messages exchanged by agitated police officials ; but they set off the adventures of the convict with contrast . " Walton of The Moving Picture News identified the set up and assistance to " the convict " and states , " In spite of the Thanhouser folk joining in the racket and the peculiar readiness of carriage and automobile and boat to help the gentleman in a costume , not used in this state for some two years , the audience did not ' catch on . ' When the revelation came , at the door of the New Rochelle picture show , the theatre rang with laughter . We were all ' ' and we enjoyed it . " - - - = Max Mosley = - - Max Rufus Mosley ( born 13 April 1940 ) is the former president of the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) , a non @-@ profit association that represents the interests of organisations and car users worldwide . The FIA is also the governing body for Formula One and other international . - A qualified barrister and former amateur racing driver , Mosley was a founder and co @-@ owner of March Engineering , a successful racing car and Formula One racing team . He dealt with legal and commercial matters for the company between 1969 and 1977 and became its representative at the Formula One Constructors ' Association ( FOCA ) , the body that represents Formula One constructors . Together with Bernie Ecclestone , he represented FOCA at the FIA and in its dealings with race organisers . In 1978 , Mosley became the official legal adviser to FOCA . In this role he and Marco negotiated the first version of the Concorde Agreement , which settled a long @-@ standing dispute between FOCA and the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile ( FISA ) , a commission of the FIA and the then governing body of Formula One . Mosley was elected president of FISA in 1991 and became president of the FIA , FISA 's parent body , in 1993 . Mosley identified his major achievement as FIA President as the promotion of the European New Car Assessment Programme ( Euro NCAP or ) . He has also promoted increased safety and the use of green technologies in motor racing . In 2008 , stories about his sex life appeared in the British press , along with unfounded allegations regarding Nazi connotations . Mosley successfully sued the newspaper that published the allegations and maintained his position as FIA president . He stood down at the end of his term in 2009 and was replaced by his preferred successor , Jean Todt . - Mosley is the youngest son of Sir Oswald Mosley , former leader of the British Union of Fascists ( BUF ) , and Diana Mitford . He was educated in France , Germany and Britain before going on to attend university at Christ Church , Oxford , where he graduated with a degree in physics . He then changed to law and was called to the Bar in 1964 . In his teens and early twenties Mosley was involved with his father 's post @-@ war political party , the Union Movement ( UM ) . He has said that the association of his surname with fascism stopped him from developing his interest in politics further , although he briefly worked for the Conservative Party in the early 1980s . - - = = Family and early life = = - - His father , Sir Oswald Mosley was a Labour minister , and a Member of Parliament for both the Conservative and Labour parties in the 1920s . By the 1930s , he had left mainstream politics and become the leader of the British Union of Fascists ( BUF ) . His first wife died in 1933 , and in 1936 Sir Oswald married Diana Mitford , in a ceremony in Germany attended by Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler . Max was born in London in April 1940 during the early days of the Second World War to Diana and Oswald . In May , Sir Oswald , who had campaigned for a negotiated peace with Nazi Germany , was interned by the British Authorities under Defence Regulation , along with most other active fascists in Britain . Lady Mosley was imprisoned a month later . Max and his brother Alexander were not included in this internship and as a result were separated from their parents for the first few years of their lives . In December 1940 , then @-@ prime minister Winston Churchill , asked Home Secretary Herbert Morrison to ensure Lady Mosley was able to see Max regularly . - Sir Oswald and Lady Mosley were released from detention at Holloway on 16 November 1943 , provoking widespread public protests . Max ’ s elder brother was unhappy at his private school . As a result , both children were at home until the age of 13 . The family moved to a succession of country houses in England . Mosley 's older half @-@ brother Nicholas describes the family , including Sir Oswald ’ s children from his first marriage , spending the summer of 1945 getting the harvest in and shooting at Farm . In 1950 , the bought houses in Ireland , and in , near Paris . They spent the year moving around Europe , spending the spring in France and the autumn and winter in Ireland , where Mosley was keen on riding and hunting . His aunt Nancy Mitford , in letters to Evelyn , recalled Sir Oswald and his family cruising the Mediterranean Sea on the family yacht . On one such trip they visited Spain and were entertained by Sir Oswald 's friend , General Franco . - At the age of 13 Mosley was sent to Stein an der in Germany for two years , where he learned to speak fluent German . On his return to England he spent a year at , an independent boarding school in Somerset after which he continued his education in London for two years . He attended Christ Church at Oxford University , graduating with a degree in physics in 1961 . During his time there he was Secretary of the Oxford Union where his father spoke on two occasions , once with Jeremy Thorpe on the other side . In 1960 Mosley introduced his father to Robert , one of Mosley 's contemporaries at the university , who later wrote Sir Oswald 's biography . an early ambition to work as a physicist after " establishing that there was no money in it " , Mosley went on to study law at Gray 's Inn in London and qualified as a barrister in 1964 . After a with Maurice Drake he specialised in patent and trademark law . Northumbria University awarded Mosley an Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law in 2005 . From 1961 to 1964 Mosley was a member of the Territorial Army , Parachute Regiment ( 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group ) . - Mosley , like many of Formula One 's drivers , lives in Monaco . On 9 June 1960 he was married at the Chelsea Register Office to Jean Taylor , the daughter of James Taylor , a policeman from . In 1970 their first son , Alexander , was born and in 1972 their second son , Patrick . On 5 May 2009 , Alexander , a , was found dead at his home . He was thirty @-@ nine . At an on 10 June 2009 the Westminster declared that he had died due to heroin intoxication . - In addition to his full @-@ brother Alexander , Mosley has five older half @-@ siblings . On his father 's side they are Vivien Mosley ( 1921 – 2002 ) , novelist Nicholas Mosley , 3rd Baron ( born 1923 ) , and Michael Mosley ( 1932 – 2014 ) . On his mother 's side they are merchant banker Jonathan Guinness , 3rd Baron ( born 1930 ) , and Irish Desmond Guinness ( born 1931 ) . He is a third cousin of the late Winston Churchill , the grandson of the former British prime minister . - - = = Politics = = - - From their teens to early twenties , Mosley and his brother were involved with their father 's post @-@ war party , the Union Movement ( UM ) , which advocated a united Europe as its core issue . Trevor , a central figure in the UM 's Youth Movement , writes of the 16 @-@ year @-@ old Mosley painting the flash and circle symbol on walls in London on the night of the Soviet Union 's invasion of Hungary ( 4 November 1956 ) . The flash and circle was used by both the UM and the pre @-@ war BUF . He also says Mosley organised a couple of large parties as a way " to get in with lively , ordinary , normal young people , girls as well as boys , and attract them to the Movement by showing that we were like them and didn 't go on about Hitler and , Franco and British all the time . " Mosley met his future wife Jean at such a party . Mosley and Alexander were photographed posing as Teddy Boys in Notting Hill during the 1958 race riots between Afro @-@ and local white gangs of Teddy Boys . The following year , they for their father when he ran as a Union Movement candidate for the nearby Kensington North seat in the 1959 General Election . - Mosley has rarely discussed his early political involvement with his father . When his father Oswald died , the London Daily Mail described him as a " much maligned and much misunderstood political giant of his era . " Certainly , his father 's political presence affected his early years but Mosley reflected on this time , " I was born into this rather strange family and then at a certain point you get away from that . " Whilst he has distanced himself from this period of his life , the " misunderstanding has remained and today ... he carries that weight on his shoulders . " - In 1961 Mosley was an election agent for the Union Movement , supporting Walter Hesketh as parliamentary candidate for Moss Side . The motor racing journalist Alan Henry describes him as one of his father 's " right @-@ hand men " at the time of a violent incident in 1962 , in which Sir Oswald was knocked down by a mob in London and saved from serious injury by his son 's intervention . As a result of his involvement in this , Mosley was arrested and charged with threatening behaviour . He was later cleared at Old Street ' Court on the grounds that he was trying to protect his father . By 1964 , when he began work as a barrister , Mosley was no longer involved in politics . - In the early 1980s , Mosley attempted a political career , working for the UK Conservative Party and hoping to become a parliamentary candidate . Bernie Ecclestone 's biographer , Terry Lovell , writes that he gave up this aspiration after being unimpressed by " the calibre of senior party officials " . He also felt his name would be a handicap and has since said " If I had a completely open choice in my life , I would have chosen party politics , but because of my name , that 's impossible . " By the late 1990s he had become a supporter of the UK Labour Party , following a meeting with then Labour Leader John Smith . - - = = Racing career = = - - While Mosley was at University , his wife was given tickets to a motor race at the Silverstone Circuit . The circuit is not far from Oxford , and the couple went out of curiosity . Mosley was attracted by the sport , and when his career as a barrister was bringing in sufficient money , he started racing cars himself . The sport 's indifference to his background appealed to Mosley : - There was always a certain amount of trouble [ being the son of Sir Oswald ] until I came into motor racing . And in one of the first races I ever took part in there was a list of people when they put the practice times [ ... ] and I heard somebody say , ' Mosley , Max Mosley , he must be some relation of [ e ] , the . ' And I thought to myself , ' I 've found a world where they don 't know about Oswald Mosley . ' And it has always been a bit like that in motor racing : nobody gives a damn . - At national level in the UK , Mosley competed in over 40 races in 1966 and 1967 ; he won 12 and set several class lap records . In 1968 , he formed the London Racing Team in partnership with driver Chris Lambert to compete in European Formula Two , which at that time was the level of racing just below Formula One . Their cars were prepared by Frank Williams , later a Formula One team owner . It was a dangerous time to race . Mosley 's first Formula Two race was the 1968 , at in which double world champion Jim Clark was killed , and within two years both of Mosley 's 1968 team mates , Piers Courage and Chris Lambert were dead in racing accidents . Mosley 's best result that year was an eighth place at a non @-@ championship race at . Engine builder Brian Hart says that as a driver , Mosley " might not have been particularly quick , but he was a thinking driver . He kept out of trouble and generally used his head . " [ a ] - - = = March Engineering = = - - In 1969 , after two large accidents due to on his Lotus car , Mosley decided that " it was evident that I wasn 't going to be World Champion " and retired from driving . He was already working with Robin Herd , Alan Rees and Graham to establish the racing car manufacturer March Engineering where he handled legal and commercial matters . The name March is an acronym based on the initials of the founders ; the ' M ' stands for Mosley . Like the other founders , Mosley put in £ 2 @,@ 500 of capital . His father told him that the company " would certainly go bankrupt , but it would be good training for something serious later on . " - Mosley played a key role in the new outfit . Although March had few resources and limited experience , the firm announced ambitious plans to enter Formula One , the pinnacle of single @-@ seater racing , in 1970 . The team had initially intended to enter a single car , but by the beginning of the season ( partly due to deals made by Mosley ) , the number of March cars entered for their first Formula One race had risen to five . Two of these were run by March 's own in @-@ house works team and the rest by customer teams . Mosley also negotiated sponsorship from tyre maker and oil manufacturer . - The new operation was initially successful . In Formula One , March cars won three of their first four races . One of these was a world championship race , the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix , won by reigning world champion Jackie Stewart in a customer car run by Tyrrell Racing . As a result , March finished third in the 1970 Constructors ' Championship . The factory also sold 40 cars to customers in various lower formulae . Despite these successes , the organisation got into financial difficulty almost immediately . The Formula One operation was costing more than the customer car business was making . The March works team 's contract with its lead driver , Chris , was expensive , and Mosley , in his own words , " tried at every opportunity to get rid of him " . He reasoned that Stewart 's highly competitive customer car was enough to show March in a good light . stayed to the end of the year , but Mosley succeeded in " restructuring " his contract , saving the company some much @-@ needed money . At the end of the season , Mosley successfully demanded full control of the finances , including the factory run by , who left shortly afterwards . Mosley and Herd borrowed £ 20 @,@ 000 from relatives and friends to support the company into its second year . According to Lovell the money came from Mosley 's half @-@ brother , Jonathan Guinness . - Tyrrell started making its own cars towards the end of 1970 , and March 's 1971 program in Formula One was much reduced , with no recognised front @-@ running driver . The and sponsorship was insufficient and Mosley failed to attract a large for 1971 . author Mike Lawrence has suggested that the shortfall forced him into short @-@ term deals , which maintained , but were not in the best long @-@ term interests of the company . Mosley negotiated a deal for the team to use Alfa Romeo engines in a third car , bringing much needed funding . The engines proved , and his hopes of an ongoing partnership with the Italian automobile manufacturer were not met . Nonetheless , March again finished third in the constructors championship , and works driver Ronnie Peterson , in a @-@ powered car , was second in the Drivers ' Championship . March 's financial continued : the company had lost £ 71 @,@ 000 at the end of 1971 . Mosley and Rees disagreed over how to rectify the situation and Rees left March early in 1972 . - March was more successful in selling large numbers of customer cars in the lower formulae . Mosley organised extensive test sessions for the 1971 cars for journalists and drivers , and arranged a successful scheme for drivers to rent cars and engines for the season , rather than buying them outright . money on a deal to supply , then motorsport manager at Ford , with a Formula Two car paid off when moved to BMW and offered March an exclusive deal in 1972 to use BMW 's Formula Two engine . March cars powered by BMW engines won five of the next 11 European Formula Two championships . However , BMW also put pressure on Herd to concentrate on the Formula Two programme . As a result , he spent less time with the Formula One team , where Mosley started to act as a race engineer . - Although March considered quitting Formula One on several occasions , money was always found to support at least one car . historian Mike Lawrence credits Mosley with pressing for a six @-@ wheeled March to be built as a draw for sponsors , having seen the popularity with fans of Tyrrell 's six @-@ wheeled . The resulting March 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 never competed in Formula One , but generated the required publicity and a model was profitable . Mosley spent much of his time negotiating deals for drivers with sponsorship and was also successful in selling Marches to other Formula One teams , such as Williams and . The cars were rarely frontrunners , although the works team won a single race in both 1975 and 1976 . By the end of 1977 , Mosley was fed up with the struggle to compete in Formula One with no resources and left to work for FOCA full @-@ time , selling his shares in the company to Herd but remaining as a director . March 's involvement in Formula One ended the same year . [ b ] - - = = Formula One Constructors ' Association = = - - From 1969 , Mosley was invited to represent March at the Grand Prix Constructors ' Association ( GPCA ) , which negotiated joint deals on behalf of its member teams . Although the new March organisation was not popular with the established teams , Mosley has said that " when they went along to meetings to discuss things such as prize money , they felt they ought to take me along because I was a lawyer " . He was unimpressed with the standard of negotiations : " our side all went in a group because no @-@ one trusted anyone else and all were afraid that someone would break ranks and make a private deal . " In 1971 , British businessman Bernie Ecclestone bought the team , and Mosley recalls that : - Within about 20 minutes of [ Ecclestone ] turning up at the [ GPCA ] meeting , it was apparent that here was someone who knew how many beans made five and after about half an hour he moved round the table to sit next to me , and from then on he and I started operating as a team . Within a very short time , the two of us were doing everything for the GPCA , instead of everyone moving around in a block , and from that developed FOCA . - The Formula One Constructors ' Association ( FOCA ) was created in 1974 by Ecclestone , Colin Chapman , Teddy Mayer , Mosley , Ken Tyrrell and Frank Williams . FOCA would represent the commercial interests of the teams at meetings with the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile ( FISA ) , motorsport 's world governing body . After leaving March at the end of 1977 , Mosley officially became legal advisor to FOCA , which was led by Ecclestone . In his biography of Ecclestone , Terry Lovell suggests that he appointed Mosley to this role not only because of his legal ability , but also because he " saw in Mosley the necessary diplomatic and political skills that made him perfectly suited to the establishment of the FIA " . The Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) was FISA 's parent body , representing car users worldwide . In the same year , Mosley was nominated for a role at the FIA Bureau Internationale de d 'Automobile . His nomination was blocked by French , Italian and German manufacturers . - In the early 1980s , Mosley represented FOCA in the " FISA @-@ FOCA War " , a conflict between FOCA , representing the mainly UK @-@ based independent teams , and FISA , which was supported by the " " constructors owned by road car manufacturers ( primarily Alfa Romeo , Ferrari and Renault ) . In 1981 , FOCA announced its own World Federation of Motor Sport and ran the non @-@ championship 1981 South African Grand Prix . The staging of this event , with worldwide television coverage , helped persuade Jean @-@ Marie Balestre , the FISA president , that FISA would have to negotiate a settlement with FOCA . As Mosley has since commented : " We were absolutely . If Balestre could have held the manufacturer 's support for a little bit longer , the constructors would have been on their knees . The outcome would then have been very different . " Mosley helped draw up the Concorde Agreement , a document which resolved the dispute by essentially giving FISA control of the rules and FOCA control of promotion and television rights . The most recent version of the Concorde Agreement expired on 31 December 2007 , and a new one was being discussed , as of 2008 . In 1982 , the year after the first Concorde Agreement was signed , Mosley left his role at FOCA , and Formula One , to work for the Conservative Party . - - = = FISA presidency = = - - Mosley returned to motorsport in 1986 , with the support of Ecclestone and Balestre , to become president of the FISA Manufacturers ' Commission , the successor to the Bureau Internationale de d 'Automobile . That same year , he established Simtek Research , a racing technical consultancy firm , with Nick Wirth , a former March employee . He sold his share of Simtek in 1991 , when elected president of the FISA . According to Lovell , in 1987 Mosley suggested to Balestre that he could deal with his problems with Ecclestone by " [ ing ] him a member of the establishment " . Later that year Ecclestone was appointed vice @-@ president of the FIA 's promotional affairs , with authority over Formula One and the other motor sports authorised by the FIA . - In 1991 , Mosley challenged Balestre for the presidency of FISA . Mosley said that his decision to challenge the Frenchman was prompted by Balestre 's reported intervention on behalf of his Alain to ensure that race stewards disqualified Brazilian driver Senna from the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix . Mosley campaigned on the basis that Balestre , who was also president of the FIA and of the Fédération Française du Sport Automobile , could not effectively manage all these roles together . He also said that no @-@ one challenged Balestre because they were afraid of the consequences and suggested that the FISA President should not interfere with F1 , which could be left to run itself . Mosley won the FISA presidency by 43 votes to 29 ; Balestre remained as FIA president . Mosley resigned a year later , fulfilling a promise made during his election campaign to seek a re @-@ affirmation of his mandate . " I wanted to show people that I do what I say " , he said . " Now they can judge me in a year 's time . " FISA immediately re @-@ elected him . - - = = FIA presidency = = - - - = = = 1993 – 1997 = = = - - In 1993 , Mosley agreed with Balestre that the Frenchman would stand down as president of the FIA in Mosley 's favour , in return for the new role of President of the FIA Senate , to be created after Mosley 's election . As well as motorsport , the FIA 's remit includes the interests of motorists worldwide , an area in which Mosley wanted to involve himself : " That is what really interested me : [ in F1 ] you maybe save one life every five years , whereas [ in ] road safety you are talking about thousands of lives " . A challenge to Mosley 's election by Jeffrey Rose , chairman of the British Royal Automobile Club , was withdrawn when it became clear that the majority of voters were already committed to Mosley . The FISA was then merged into the FIA as its sporting arm . - After the deaths of drivers Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , worldwide media attention focused on the charismatic triple @-@ world champion Senna , rather than Ratzenberger , a virtual unknown driving for the minor Simtek team . Mosley did not go to Senna 's funeral , but attended that of Ratzenberger . In a press conference 10 years later Mosley said , " I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna 's . I thought it was important that somebody went to his . " In the aftermath of the deaths , and a number of other serious accidents , Mosley announced the formation of the Advisory Expert Group chaired by Professor Sid Watkins , to research and improve safety in motor racing . Watkins , who learned of his new role by hearing Mosley announce it on the radio , has called it a " novel and revolutionary approach " . The resulting changes have included reducing the capacity and power of engines , the use of grooved tyres to reduce speeds , the introduction of the device to protect drivers ' necks in accidents , circuit re @-@ design and greatly increased requirements for crash testing of chassis . Mosley was criticised for some of the very rapid changes announced in the immediate aftermath of the deaths at the San Marino race . - In 1995 , a deal was signed between Ecclestone and the FIA that passed all of the commercial rights to Formula One to him for 15 years , on the condition that they would return to the FIA at the end of that period . Ecclestone had been building up Formula One as a television package since the early 1990s , investing heavily in new digital television technology . For the duration of the deal , the FIA would receive an index @-@ linked annual fixed royalty , estimated by Lovell at around 15 % . Mosley said " My belief is that I got a better deal than anyone else could have because it was more difficult for Ecclestone to take a hard line with me as we had worked together for so long . " The following year the FIA also passed the rights to all its other directly sanctioned championships and events to Ecclestone , also for 15 years , An attempt to add a 10 @-@ year extension to the F1 contract in return for a share in Ecclestone 's proposed flotation of Formula One was later vetoed by the European Commission . Mosley 's agreement with Ecclestone on TV rights for F1 angered three of the team principals in particular : Ron Dennis ( McLaren ) , Frank Williams ( Williams ) and Ken Tyrrell ( Tyrrell ) , who felt that neither Ecclestone nor the FIA had the right to make such an agreement without the teams . They refused to sign the 1997 Concorde Agreement without increased financial returns and threatened to make a complaint under European Union competition rules . The European Commission was already investigating the FIA ’ s agreement with Ecclestone in what Lovell calls a " highly personal and bitter battle between Max Mosley and [ EU commissioner Karel ] van " . - - = = = 1997 – 2001 = = = - - Mosley was elected to his second term as president of the FIA in October 1997 . Later that year , the EU Commission Directorate @-@ General for Competition made a preliminary decision against Ecclestone and the FIA . The resulting warning letters from van to the FIA and Ecclestone were leaked and ended the attempt to float F1 ; the FIA won a case against the Commission for the leakage in 1998 . - At the same time , a local court in Germany ruled that the television rights to the FIA European Truck Racing Cup ( passed to Ecclestone by the FIA the previous year , along with all other FIA authorised championships ) should be returned to the series organiser , following a complaint from German television company TV @-@ . The TV Company argued that Ecclestone and Mosley were in breach of commercial clauses in the Treaty of Rome ; following the court 's decision Mosley appealed the judgement and cancelled the series until further notice . On appeal , the court ruled that the series organiser should be able to sell the television rights to whoever they felt was the best option for coverage and the FIA reinstated the European Truck Racing Cup . Between 1997 and 2000 Mosley repeatedly warned that if any EU decision went against the FIA , the marketing organisations and F1 itself would be moved out of Europe . In 1999 , the EU Commission Directorate @-@ General for Competition issued a Statement of , listing a number of grievances surrounding the FIA 's dealings with Ecclestone and Formula One . The FIA released the Statement to the media and held a press conference in Brussels the Commission ’ s case . The Commission argued that a number of commercial agreements could be viewed as anti @-@ competition and invited the FIA and Ecclestone 's companies , and , to submit proposals to modify these arrangements . In 2001 , nine months after settlement talks had begun , the parties reached an agreement to amend existing contracts , which included Ecclestone stepping down as the FIA 's vice @-@ president of promotional affairs and the FIA ending all involvement in the commercial activities of Formula One . Mosley came up with an innovative way to dispose of the FIA 's involvement in the commercial activities of Formula One . In order to maintain Ecclestone 's investment to deliver digital television , he proposed extending Ecclestone 's rights for F1 coverage to 100 years from the initial 15 , arguing that a deal of such length could not be anti @-@ competition as it was effectively the same as an outright sale . The Commission agreed with his assessment and in the interest of impartiality , Mosley removed himself from the negotiations , which eventually returned around $ 300 million ( £ 150 million ) . The FIA planned to " put almost all of it into a charitable foundation which will then have the resources to undertake important work on improving safety in motor sport and in road safety " , and thus the FIA Foundation was created in 2001 . In addition , the FIA continued to receive an annual from the deal , Mosley stated : " Over the of the contract , and on an annual basis , the sum we have accepted represents billions of dollars . at from that point of view , it is a huge amount of money . " Lovell compares the figure to extend the rights to 100 years to the £ 600 million paid for the rights to the 2002 Football World Cup and the £ 1 @.@ 1 billion British Sky Broadcasting paid for a three @-@ year package of English Premier League football . The figure was not entirely comparable however due to the dispute over who actually owned Formula One . Before the settlement with the EU Commission was reached , Mosley feared that the FIA was losing control over the sport following a heated argument with Ecclestone in Paris . Ecclestone argued that he had built Formula One into the entity that it was and the FIA only had rights to designate the event as official . Ecclestone threatened to " do a earth " if another party were to gain control of the commercial side of Formula One . Mosley came up with the solution in order for the FIA to retain its sporting management role and Ecclestone to retain his commercial role . - Over the same period , Mosley was attempting to delay European legislation banning tobacco advertising . At this time all leading Formula One teams carried significant branding from tobacco brands such as , West , and Seven . The Labour party had pledged to ban tobacco advertising in its manifesto ahead of its 1997 General Election victory , supporting a proposed European Union Directive . The Labour Party 's stance on banning tobacco advertising was reinforced following the election by forceful statements from the Health Secretary Frank and Minister for Public Health Tessa Jowell . Ecclestone appealed " over Jowell 's head " to Jonathan Powell , Tony Blair 's chief of staff , who arranged a meeting with Blair . Ecclestone and Mosley , both Labour Party donors , met Blair on 16 October 1997 . Mosley argued that the proposed legislation was illegal by EU rules , that Formula One needed more time to find alternative sources of funding and that the prompt introduction of a ban would lead to races being held outside Europe , while the coverage , including tobacco , would still be broadcast into the EU . He also argued that : - Motor racing was a world class industry which put Britain at the hi @-@ tech edge . of tobacco money , Formula One would move abroad at the loss of 50 @,@ 000 jobs , 150 @,@ 000 part @-@ time jobs and £ 900 million of exports . - On 4 November the " fiercely anti @-@ tobacco Jowell " argued in Brussels for an exemption for Formula One . Media attention initially focused on Labour its principles for a " glamour sport " and on the " false trail " of Jowell 's husband 's links to the Formula One team . On 6 November from three newspapers whether Labour had received any donations from Ecclestone ; he had donated £ 1 million in January 1997 . On 11 November Labour promised to return the money on the advice of Sir Patrick . On 17 November Blair apologised for his government 's mishandling of the affair and stated " the decision to exempt Formula One from tobacco sponsorship was taken two weeks later . It was in response to fears that Britain might lose the industry overseas to Asian countries who were bidding for it . " - The revised directive went into force in June 1998 , and banned sponsorship from 2003 , with a further three @-@ year extension for " global sports such as Formula One " . On 5 October 2000 , the directive was successfully overturned in the European Court of Justice on the grounds that it was unlawful . A new Tobacco Advertising Directive took effect in July 2005 ; the Financial Times described Mosley as " furious " that this was a year earlier than provided for under the 1998 directive . As of 2009 , Ferrari is the only F1 team to retain tobacco sponsorship , although the team carries no explicit branding in races because of the European legislation . Although the FIA moved its headquarters out of the EU in 1999 , it returned in 2001 ; all of the F1 teams remain in Europe , and six are in the UK , compared to seven of eleven at the end of 1997 . - Asked in a 2003 interview about his most enduring achievement as president of the FIA , Mosley replied : " I think using Formula One to push Crash @-@ Testing . " The European New Car Assessment Programme ( Euro NCAP ) is a European car safety performance assessment programme that originated with work done by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport . The FIA became involved in the programme in 1996 , taking a lead in promoting it , and Mosley chaired the body from its launch as Euro NCAP in 1997 to 2004 . Despite what NCAP describes as a " strong negative response " from car manufacturers at first , the initiative has expanded , and NCAP says that there has been a clear increase in the safety of modern cars as a result . The EU commission in 2000 stated that " had become the single most important mechanism for achieving advances in vehicle safety " and " the most cost effective road safety action available to the EU . " Mosley has continued to promote the matter through his membership of initiatives such as 21 , the European Commission ’ s policy group aimed at improving the worldwide competitiveness of the European automotive industry . - In February 2001 , Mosley announced his intention to stand again for the presidency in October of that year , saying that if successful this third term would be his last . - - = = = 2001 – 2005 = = = - - Mosley was elected to his third term as president of the FIA in 2001 . From 2000 , Formula One saw the return of teams partly or wholly owned and operated by major motor manufacturers , who feared that under Ecclestone 's management F1 coverage would go to pay television , reducing the value of their investment . In 2001 , the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association ( ) announced an alternative world championship , the Grand Prix World Championship to start by 2008 . The stipulated that the championship should not be regulated by the FIA , which Lovell believes was because the organisation believed Mosley was too close to Ecclestone . - In June 2004 , Mosley announced that he would step down from his position in October of that year , one year early , saying " I no longer find it either satisfying or interesting to sit in long meetings [ ... ] I have achieved in this job everything I set out to [ ... ] " . One month later , he rescinded his decision after the FIA Senate called for him to stay on . According to a BBC Sport profile , many considered that the announcement , and Mosley 's public disagreements with Ecclestone , were " just part of a well crafted plan to strengthen their control over the sport " ; Ron Dennis , the McLaren team principal , suggested that it arose because Mosley 's proposals for Formula One met opposition . In 2004 , Mosley said he felt Ferrari 's then team principal Jean Todt should succeed him as president of the FIA when he stepped down . - The 2005 United States Grand Prix was run with only six cars , after the Michelin tyres used by the other 14 cars proved unsafe for the circuit . A proposal involving the addition of a temporary to slow cars through the fastest corner of the circuit was suggested but rejected by Mosley . He stated his reasons for not agreeing to the : " Formula One is a dangerous activity and it would be most to make fundamental changes to a circuit without following tried and tested procedures . What happened was bad but can be put right . This is not true of a fatality . " He continued , " Formula One is a sport which . It is not entertainment disguised as sport . " Mosley gave three possible solutions for the Michelin runners : to use qualifying tyres but change them whenever necessary on safety grounds , to use a different tyre to be provided by Michelin or to run at reduced speed . These were all rejected by the Michelin @-@ teams . Paul , the then @-@ owner of the team who ran on Bridgestone tyres , was prepared to compromise to accommodate Michelin teams — even though a reduced field would guarantee his team much needed points — and was particularly vocal in his criticism and renewed his calls for Mosley to resign . - - = = = 2005 – 2009 = = = - - Mosley was elected unopposed to his fourth term as president of the FIA in 2005 . In recognition of his contribution to road safety and motorsport , Mosley was made a Chevalier dans l ’ de la Légion d ’ in 2006 . The Légion d 'honneur ( Legion of Honour ) is France 's highest decoration for outstanding achievements in military or civil life ; a Chevalier ( Knight ) is the fifth class . - Continuing a theme of his presidency , in 2006 Mosley called for Formula One manufacturers to develop technology relevant to road cars . In recent years , a large proportion of the enormous budget of Formula One has been spent on the development of very powerful , very high @-@ engines , which some say have little to road cars . Mosley has announced a 10 @-@ year freeze on the development of engines , which would allow manufacturers to spend more of their budgets on environmentally friendly technology such as the Energy Recovery System ( ) introduced in 2009 . In July 2008 , he sent a letter to the Formula One teams , in which he called for the teams to propose future sporting regulations to address specific issues including reduced fuel consumption . - The 2007 Formula One season was dominated by Ferrari 's accusations that the McLaren team had made illegal use of their intellectual property , leading to legal cases in the United Kingdom and Italy . Unlike previous cases , such as the Toyota team 's illegal use of Ferrari intellectual property in 2004 that had been handled by German police , the FIA investigated . They initially found McLaren innocent ; unable to find enough evidence to suggest that anyone other than designer Mike had seen the information or that the team had used it . Ron Dennis , team principal of McLaren , was unaware at this point that Mosley had been sent personal e @-@ from Fernando Alonso , stating that the data had been used and seen by others in the team . When Italian police uncovered a series of text messages between McLaren and their spy at Ferrari , the team was hauled in front of the World Motor Sports Council ( WMSC ) once more . This time they were found guilty and eventually fined a gross $ and excluded from the 2007 constructors ' championship . Later in the year , the Renault team was found guilty by the FIA of possessing McLaren 's intellectual property , but was not punished , as the " FIA 's WMSC decided there was not enough evidence to show the championship had been affected . " In relation to McLaren , triple world champion Jackie Stewart criticised Mosley and stated that other teams did not back McLaren for " fear of repercussions " . TV commentator and newspaper columnist Martin Brundle , a former driver , was among those who criticised the FIA and Mosley for inconsistency and questioned the " energetic manner " in which he felt McLaren was being pursued , suggesting that there was a " witch hunt " against the team . Brundle and The Sunday Times subsequently received a writ for libel before the paper printed a correction . Mosley went on to defend himself of the charges made by Brundle , highlighting that the WMSC originally acquitted McLaren of any wrongdoing , stating : " Concrete evidence of use by McLaren of the Ferrari information was simply not there . " It was only later in the year when " e @-@ emerged which showed others inside McLaren were indeed aware of the Ferrari information " , that the FIA found the team guilty . - At the start of 2008 , Mosley said that he wanted to see through reforms such as budget capping and new technologies like successfully introduced into Formula One before retiring . In March of that year the News of the World released video footage of Mosley engaged in acts with five women in a scenario that the paper alleged involved Nazi role @-@ playing ( an allegation that , though dismissed in court as " no genuine basis " , allegedly " ruined " Mosley 's reputation ) . The situation was made more controversial by his father 's association with the Nazis . Mosley admitted " the embarrassment the revelations caused " , but said that there was no Nazi theme involved . He was strongly criticised by former drivers , motor manufacturers and several of the national bodies who form the FIA . His involvement in several high level motor sport events was cancelled . Public expressions of support were limited . Mosley says that he received much supportive correspondence , and said that he would continue to the end of his current term , which he said would be his last . Mosley 's longtime ally Ecclestone eventually appeared to support Mosley 's removal . - Mosley won a vote of confidence at an General Meeting of the FIA on 3 June 2008 , with 103 votes in support and 55 against , with seven and four invalid votes . Several clubs , including the , AAA and considered withdrawal from the FIA after the decision . Other formerly critical organisations have since said that they will accept the outcome of the vote and now wish to move on . In July 2008 , Mosley won a High Court legal case against the News of the World for invasion of privacy . The presiding judge , Mr Justice , said : " I see no genuine basis at all for the suggestion that the participants mocked the victims of the Holocaust . " - In December 2008 , Mosley said that he still intended to stand down when his term ran out in October 2009 , but would take the final decision in June of that year . Mosley 's close relationship with Ecclestone , the sport 's promoter , was criticised in early 2009 by Sir Jackie Stewart , who suggested that Mosley should resign in favour of a CEO from outside motorsport . - In mid @-@ 2009 , the FIA and the newly formed Formula One Teams Association disagreed over the format of rules for the following season . When the entry list for the 2010 championship was announced on 12 June 2009 , the entries of five of the eight FOTA teams remained provisional on their acceptance of the new rules . The next day , the European Automobile Manufacturers Association announced its support for FOTA 's request for " stability , clear rules , a clear and transparent system of governance " and their threat to form a series from Formula One . The BBC Sport website reported this as an attack on Mosley 's authority and noted that Mosley was expected to stand again for the presidency in 2009 . - On 23 June , Mosley said he was considering running for a fifth term as FIA president in October " in light of the attack on my mandate " . However , the following day FOTA and the FIA reached an agreement with Mosley agreeing not to stand for re @-@ election as part of the deal : ' now there is peace ' . Luca di welcomed Mosley 's decision to stand down and called Mosley a ' dictator ' . Mosley responded by saying that he was still considering his ' options ' and might well stand for re @-@ election in October after all . He later said that he was " under pressure from all over the world " to stand for re @-@ election . On 15 July , Mosley confirmed that he would after all stand down , and again endorsed former Ferrari Executive Director Jean Todt as his successor . Todt went on to win the presidency . - - = = Honours = = - - Grande ' al ( Italy ) 1994 - Gold Medal from the Institute of Motor Industry in the year 2000 . - Order of , 1st degree ( Bulgaria ) , 2000 - per la ( Italy ) , 2001 - The @-@ , 2001 - Order of Merit ( Romania ) , 2004 - do Quito ( Ecuador ) , 2005 . - National Road Safety Council , Armenia , 2005 . - France : Chevalier of the Légion d 'honneur ( 2006 ) - Monaco : Commander of the Order of Saint @-@ Charles ( 27 May 2006 ) - - = = = = - - Secretary , Oxford Union Society , 1961 . - 1964 , Called to the Bar , Gray ’ s Inn . - Director of March Cars , 1969 @-@ 79 - Member of High Level , ( Competitive Automotive System for the 21st century ) 21 , 2005 @-@ 09 - at Aware , 2006 @-@ 2009 - Member of the Board of Trustees , 2001 @-@ 2014 , Chairman of the Programmes Committee , 2001 @-@ 2012 , FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society - of Euro NCAP , Global NCAP , - Honorary President of European Parliament Automobile ' - - = = Sex scandal = = - - In 2008 , Mosley won a court case ( Mosley v News Group Newspapers ) against the News of the World newspaper which had reported his involvement in a sex act involving five women on the grounds that it had breached his privacy . Justice ruled that despite some of the attendees wearing German World War 2 uniforms there were no Nazi connotations to the , a false statement that had been printed by the newspaper . As a result , in 2009 Mosley brought a case ( Mosley v United Kingdom ) against the UK 's privacy laws in the European Court of Human Rights , in a bid to force newspapers to warn people before exposing their private lives so they could have the opportunity to seek a court injunction . The case was rejected by the court on 10 May 2011 as they argued that a " pre @-@ requirement would inevitably affect political reporting and serious journalism . " - In July 2011 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Mosley was financially the court costs of claimants who may have been subjected to phone hacking by the News of the World . Mosley refused to comment at the time , but he later gave a TV interview to the BBC and telephone interview to Reuters where he confirmed the story . - Mosley launched legal action against Google , in an attempt to stop searches from returning web pages which use the photographs from the video used for the News of the World story . On 6 November 2013 in Mosley v Google a French court sided with Mosley and ordered Google to prevent its search engine from providing links to images of Mosley engaging in sexual activities from the video . The Register suggested the ruling would lead to a Streisand effect , increasing interest in the images , which are still through other search engines . At the , Mosley stated his reasons for pursuing Google : - " the fundamental point is that Google could stop this material appearing but they don 't , or they won 't as a matter of principle . My position is that if the search engines - if somebody were to stop the search engines producing the material , the actual sites don 't really matter because without a search engine , nobody will find it , it would just be a few friends of the person who posts it . The really dangerous things are the search engines . " - Mosley launched similar legal action against Google in Germany . In January 2014 , the German court also ruled against the American company . In giving its verdict , the court stated , " that the banned pictures of the severely violate his private sphere . " - In an interview with Der following the judgement , Mosley said : " speaking Google has got to obey German courts in Germany and French courts in France . But in the end it has to decide whether it wants to live in a democracy . Google behaves like an adolescent against the establishment . The company has to recognise that it is a part of society and it must accept the responsibility which comes with that . " - - = = Ancestry = = - - - - = 130th Engineer Brigade ( United States ) = - - The 130th Engineer Brigade is an engineer brigade of the United States Army based in Schofield Barracks , Hawaii . It provides engineering support to the United States Army Pacific command . The brigade specializes in bridging operations . - The brigade traces its lineage back to an engineering regiment active during World War II , but the brigade itself did not see action until the mid @-@ 1990s . As a part of the V Corps for most of the Cold War , the brigade was stationed in western Europe for decades as a deterrent to a possible Soviet invasion . It finally saw action during Operation Joint , providing bridging assistance for the international force in the Bosnia region . Several years later , the brigade was the primary engineering component during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 . With numerous difficulties , the brigade was forced to take on several unexpected missions during its year in Iraq . It saw a second tour in 2005 and a third in 2009 in which it once again was the primary engineering component in the country . The brigade deployed to Afghanistan as the Theater Engineer Brigade in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from 2013 @-@ 2014 . - The brigade had a long history of supporting V Corps of United States Army Europe from 1969 until 2007 , during which it was based at Warner Barracks in the Bavarian town of , Germany . That ended when the brigade was relocated to Hawaii to support United States Army Pacific as part of a major restructuring plan of the US Army . in 2008 , the brigade is currently at home in Hawaii . - - = = Organization = = - - The 130th Engineer Brigade is a subordinate unit of the 8th Theater Command which is in turn subordinate to United States Army Pacific . It provides engineering assistance to US forces stationed throughout the Pacific Ocean region . - The Brigade 's Headquarters and Headquarters Company is stationed at Schofield Barracks and permanently commands two subordinate battalions . The 65th Engineer Battalion and the 84th Engineer Battalion are both located at Schofield Barracks . The total force of the brigade and its subordinate elements is approximately 1 @,@ 600 . As the brigade is modular in nature , it is able to take command and control of more units when deployed . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Origins = = = - - The 130th Engineer Brigade traces its lineage to the 1303rd Engineer General Service Regiment which saw action in World War II . The regiment was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Ellis , Illinois . It was deployed to the European Theatre where it participated in the Battle of Normandy and subsequent invasion of Germany before being transferred to the Pacific after V @-@ E Day . The 1303rd received campaign streamers for Normandy , Northern France , Rhineland , @-@ , Central Europe , and the Asian @-@ Pacific theatre . It was deactivated in Japan on 31 January 1946 . - The regiment was re @-@ designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade in Japan on 8 July 1955 before being activated in September of that year . Only a few months later , this brigade was inactivated on 25 June 1956 without having seen any deployment . - On 16 June 1969 , Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade was re @-@ designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 130th Engineer Brigade and activated in Pioneer , Hanau , Germany . The 130th Engineer Brigade was a consolidation of V Corps ' 37th and 11th Engineer Groups into a single unit that would provide more efficient command and control . It was subsequently put under the command of V Corps , as part of the US Army 's force in Europe . The brigade received its shoulder sleeve insignia on 23 September 1969 , and its distinctive unit insignia on 3 November 1969 . Brigade members specially designed these with images alluding to the 1303rd Regiment 's battle honors in World War II using scarlet and white , colors signifying US Army engineer units . - The brigade remained in Germany in support of V Corps for almost 25 years , seeing no deployments . It underwent a of units as several of its battalions were reassigned elsewhere following the end of the Cold War in 1990 , and it gained new battalions from units elsewhere . Though three of the brigade 's subordinate battalions deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm , the brigade headquarters itself remained in Germany along with the rest of V Corps . The operations were conducted by VII Corps and Airborne Corps , which had significant engineer assets of their own . Throughout the early 1990s , the brigade would continue to see units come and go from its command as they were transferred from the restructuring 18th Engineer Brigade and the 7th Engineer Brigade . - - = = = Operation Joint = = = - - From December 1995 to January 1996 , all units in the brigade , except the 320th Engineer Company ( ) , deployed to Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint . The 320th Engineer Company deployed their topographic surveying platoon the following year . The 130th Engineer Brigade was tasked with building an assault bridge over the River . Despite severe flooding conditions around the river and international pressure against such a structure , the brigade sent its units to begin work on the bridge . In December 1995 , the 502nd Engineer Company deployed to , Croatia and placed the historic ribbon bridge over the river . This bridge , at 2 @,@ 239 feet ( 682 m ) was the longest assault floating bridge in military history . The company operated 24 @-@ hours a day for three months crossing critical traffic in support of Task Force Eagle and NATO 's Force . The company also assisted in the construction of a second bridge over the River in @-@ . The 502nd Engineer Company redeployed in May 1996 , with a rafting section remaining at to support the force restructuring of Task Force Eagle . The 130th Engineer Brigade would go on to construct seven fixed bridges in support of the operation . During the deployment , the brigade was also tasked with creating and maintaining maps and of the area of operations . It would produce over 300 @,@ 000 such maps . The 130th Engineer Brigade was also tasked with repairing and maintaining much of the Task Force 's infrastructure . - The brigade returned to Germany after the operation was complete . Throughout 1998 – 2002 it would train with German engineers , including German units from and , as well as the German Engineering School . The brigade also set up marksman competitions with German units , to give US soldiers the chance to earn the German Armed Forces Badge of , the German Sports Badge , and other . Over 2 @,@ 500 of these would be earned by soldiers of the 130th over the years that it served in Germany . It also trained extensively in bridging operations at rivers throughout Germany . In summer of 2000 , the brigade participated in a joint engineering exercise in with US Navy and the Engineer Brigade of the North Carolina Army National Guard . The exercise was the first ever conducted in and featured numerous training scenarios as well as the construction of a medical clinic . Several other such exercises were conducted in nations throughout Europe including , Romania , Georgia , Latvia , Bulgaria and Macedonia . They also performed annual humanitarian missions to Poland , working on community projects around the country with the assistance of Polish Armed Forces every September , as a training exercise . - - = = = Operation Iraqi Freedom = = = - - The 130th Engineer Brigade mobilized in support of the Global War on Terrorism in 2003 . It was commanded by Colonel Gregg F. Martin . As preparations were being made for Operation Iraqi Freedom , the 130th Engineer Brigade was placed in charge of the largest engineering force in the theater . This included seven different engineering battalions as well as several separate group and company sized elements . Units of the brigade were then deployed to Kuwait in early 2003 , along with much of V Corps ' staff . They would provide command and assistance for the 3rd Infantry Division , 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division as they crossed the border to Iraq and attacked to the capitol region of Baghdad from the south . Coupled with the landings of the Airborne Brigade Combat Team to the north , the operation would see the US Forces surround and destroy Iraqi forces in and around the capitol . - The first obstacle facing the brigade was " the berm " , a 10 @-@ kilometer @-@ deep defensive obstacle complex that spanned Iraq 's border with Kuwait . The berm consisted of large tank ditches , of dirt , electrified fencing , and razor wire . It was decided that the 3rd Infantry Division 's Brigade Combat Teams would breach this berm in eight locations and move through . The 130th Engineer brigade analyzed the and provided a layout of them to coalition forces . The 130th Engineer Brigade then conducted the actual breaches in late March , using armored combat to build roads for tracked vehicles , while armored vehicle @-@ launched bridges set up for wheeled vehicles . The 130th worked with engineers to breach the berm in 12 places , and the 3rd Infantry Division 's Brigade Combat Teams moved though , starting the Iraq War . After combat forces moved through , the brigade and the then sealed off ten of these breaches to prevent Iraqi forces from using then , leaving two open for US forces that followed from the 82nd and 101st . - After the breach , the 130th moved into Iraq . They provided support for the divisions as they advanced along the path to Baghdad . When a large grounded aviation and large dust clouds became a problem , the brigade repurposed oil for use in dust abatement around airfields , allowing the 101st 's fleet of AH @-@ 64 to take off and engage Iraqi ground forces on 24 March . Iraqi units detonated many bridges to slow the 3rd Infantry Division 's advance . The 130th Engineers conducted rapid repairs to allow the brigades to continue to move through . The brigade supported combat elements moving through An , clearing roads and pathways of debris and obstacles to allow rapid movement through the city . The Engineer Battalion built the " birthday bridge " – the longest float bridge constructed in a combat theatre with a span of 580 meters – over the River in on Saddam Hussein ’ s birthday , 28 April 2003 . - After the invasion was over , the brigade was supposed to support the operation with bridging and infrastructure support . During the planning for the invasion , the engineers of the brigade were told that reconstruction in Iraq would be conducted by Department of Defense contractors and Iraqi civilians . They were not originally prepared to conduct major reconstruction efforts . When V Corps became the commanding element for the task force to rebuild Iraq , much of the invasion force , including the 130th Engineer Brigade , was sent to do jobs they had not been originally planned for , as basic utilities and sanitation conditions in Iraq were far below what was expected . Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004 , the engineers engaged in a large number of initial reconstruction projects on basic utilities , including schools , water treatment plants , waste removal , and the nation 's power grid . It was determined that the scale of these projects was much greater than what the US had expected or what had been encountered in previous . It was also decided that reconstruction was essential to the coalition since it would help win over the Iraqi people . By May 2003 , the brigade had been completely repurposed . Though originally tasked with demolishing obstacles , building fortifications , and bridging operations , the brigade was tasked entirely with construction projects . This conversion was a difficult process , as the brigade did not have the equipment and specialist units designed to handle reconstruction on a national scale . As more US military reconstruction units arrived in Iraq , the brigade grew to eight battalions and three groups . - The 130th Engineer Brigade focused on bridging projects as was its specialty , but it ultimately found itself undertaking numerous different projects throughout the country for much of 2003 and into 2004 . Not all of its units were confined entirely to construction , though . The 502nd Engineer Company also conducted river patrol operations in Baghdad and . This new mission for the company was essential for force protection , troop transportation , search and cordon operations , and to protect against sabotage on fixed bridges . In September 2003 , with the inactivation of the 38th Engineer Company ( Bridge ) , the 502nd Engineer Company became a multi @-@ role bridge company with both float and fixed bridging capabilities and the only active bridge company in . - The 130th was headquartered at Support Area for the majority of the deployment . Throughout Operation Iraqi Freedom , the headquarters commanded up to 15 @,@ 000 engineers at one time , conducting missions including bridging , humanitarian assistance , topographic missions , dive missions , , base construction , river patrols , mine detection , missile removal and many more . Brigade units redeployed to Hanau in late 2003 and early 2004 . Most of the brigade 's soldiers returned to Hanau on 5 February 2004 after numerous logistical delays . Most of the 130th Engineer Brigade 's subordinate units would receive Unit Commendation for their roles in the invasion of Iraq , though the Brigade 's headquarters did not . - - = = = Second tour in Iraq = = = - - The 502nd Engineer Company became the first V Corps company @-@ sized unit to return for a second tour in Iraq when it deployed in September 2004 . The company returned to Hanau in September 2005 . In December 2004 , the 130th Engineer Brigade 's headquarters was informed that it would be deployed back to Iraq the next year . The brigade mobilized and began this new deployment in September 2005 ; it began operating in the country the next month . The 54th Engineer Battalion followed in October . The brigade eventually replaced the 130th , , and 20th Engineer Brigades , becoming the only engineer brigade operating in the country . By December 2006 , the brigade commanded all engineering formations in Multi @-@ National Corps - Iraq , including engineers from other branches of the US Military , for a total of 3 @,@ 300 soldiers . During the tour they were supported by the Engineer Command . - The 130th Engineers had a variety of reconstruction tasks during their second tour in Iraq . The top priority of the brigade was to " maintain and upgrade lines of communications " to " uninterrupted ground movement through the area of operations . " This duty also included detection and removal of . The brigade undertook numerous construction projects , primarily in building coalition forward operating bases , but they were tasked with construction projects for the Iraqi army and civilians as well . Many of the units of the brigade were integrated with military from other branches for projects . US Navy and US Marine Corps engineers operated side @-@ by @-@ side with 130th Engineer Brigade soldiers , and though commanders reported a " culture clash " between different branches of service , the soldiers , sailors , and Marines were able to adapt to the situation quickly . - The brigade 's Headquarters Company managed the engineer battalions but it also undertook its own missions , including humanitarian missions and public affairs assignments . It was supported by the brigade 's Special Troops Battalion which provided a wide range of duties for the Headquarters . The task of detecting and removing IEDs proved particularly difficult for the brigade , as IEDs were a serious issue for coalition forces and the leading cause of casualties at the time . The 54th Engineer Battalion under the 130th was specially tasked with counter @-@ operations on the over 300 kilometers of roads that the brigade was responsible for . The Engineer Battalion was charged with maintaining the power grid throughout Iraq . They were required to assess 200 power stations throughout the country and make repairs to each one individually . The 84th Engineer Battalion was tasked with most construction projects in the Forward Operating . These projects involved expansion of many of the larger as smaller ones were shut down and consolidated . One of the main focuses of the Battalion was the expansion of living quarters at Al Air Base . The Engineer Battalion was responsible for maintaining the supply yards housing building materials for the rest of the Brigade 's battalions , and to ensure that the materials were dispersed and used as efficiently as possible . The brigade 's mechanical and vehicle maintenance duties were provided by civilian contractors . These contractors also handled transportation of construction vehicles and vehicle parts to the theater . - During the year of its deployment in Iraq , the brigade reported progress in numerous areas . Brigade commander Colonel Thomas reported that " greater than 50 percent " of IEDs found on roads used by the Corps were recognized and disarmed before they could be used against coalition forces . The brigade also cleared 700 kilometers of road from trash and debris and filled more than 600 caused by explosions . It also completed 1 @,@ 800 mapping projects in the theater . The brigade also finished numerous building projects around Iraq . Soldiers of the 130th Engineer Brigade completed 345 construction projects during the year in the country , including four bridges and maintaining eight more , well digging projects throughout western Iraq , maintaining the power grid to 25 coalition bases , repairing and expanding services at throughout the region , and construction of outposts and checkpoints throughout the country 's roadways with the assistance of Iraqi engineers . During the deployment , a total of 15 soldiers from the brigade were killed in action . The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Hanau from its second tour in Iraq in October 2006 . - - = = = in Hawaii = = = - - With the US Army forces in Europe seeing and , it was announced that V Corps would be eliminated , and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved elsewhere . The brigade formally left Hanau with a casing of the unit colors ceremony at Pioneer on 4 May 2007 . the unit 's colors was a tradition formally signifying its inactivation and , for all official purposes , the brigade had ceased to be an active Army unit . The brigade headquarters became part of U.S. Army Pacific on 16 June 2007 . - The brigade had originally been slated to relocate to Fort Lewis , Washington to replace the 555th Engineer Brigade , which was scheduled to be inactivated . But with the announcement of the the Army plan in early 2007 , it was decided that no engineer brigades would be inactivated permanently , and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved to Hawaii instead . Both the 130th and 555th Engineer Brigades remained on active duty . - The brigade was inactive for a year while it was reconstructed in Hawaii . As a part of the transformation of the US Army , the brigade was reorganized into a modular force with new and updated equipment and new personnel . The Brigade stood up on 27 June 2008 as it neared ready status . On 23 October , the brigade 's colors were formally at Schofield Barracks , Hawaii . This signified the end of the brigade 's relocation to Hawaii as well as its completion and readiness to take on new missions . - The brigade took command of the 6th , 65th and 84th Engineer battalions . - - = = = Third tour in Iraq = = = - - The brigade was alerted for another deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom in summer 2009 . There , its missions will once again include construction , route clearance , and training of Iraqi engineers . Since being alerted for deployment , the brigade began conducting vigorous Mission Exercise ( ) training at Schofield Barracks . Among this training has been updated strategies for detection and clearance of . The brigade began its deployment on 17 July 2009 , its colors in and taking command of construction projects in the area from the 18th Engineer Brigade . - The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks Hawaii from Iraq on 4 June 2010 . - - = = = Theater Security Cooperation Program = = = - - Upon the 130th Engineer Brigade 's return from Iraq in 2010 , the 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Theater Engineer Brigade in the . In this capacity , the brigade provided combat engineering , construction engineering and dive operations support to joint and combined partners at more than 30 Theater Security Cooperation Program ( ) exercises and multiple company sized deployments to Operations New Dawn and Enduring Freedom . - The 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Combined Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force ( ) for 2011 in the Philippines . For over two months , the brigade headquarters along with platoons from the 84th Engineer Battalion built schools and all @-@ purpose facilities . Meanwhile , the brigade 's subordinate joint partners conducted veterinarian and medical events to help improve the lives of the people . This event sharpened the brigade 's skills at responding to humanitarian aid and disaster response ( ) events throughout the region . Upon completion of , the brigade shifted its training focus from stability operations to major combat operations . Specifically , the brigade initiated a 9 @-@ month train @-@ up plan for its graded war @-@ fighter with the 2nd Infantry Division in Korea . Through a series of individual and collective training events the brigade , sharpened and in some cases re @-@ learned the skills necessary to achieve victory in a high @-@ intensity conflict . Through , 2ID 's War @-@ Path II Exercise , and finally the Full Spectrum Exercise in November 2011 , the 130th Engineer Brigade earned some of the highest marks and accolades ever given to a brigade by the during a certification war @-@ fighter exercise . Through these series of exercises , the 130th Engineer Brigade helped , 8th Army , and 2ID refine and improve their most significant by updating , task organizations , engineer concepts of operations , and combined arms gap @-@ crossing plans . The 130th Engineer Brigade , along with 8th Army and 2ID remain ready to " Fight Tonight " if called upon . - - = = = Operation Enduring Freedom = = = - - The 130th Engineer Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company ( ) , and one of their subordinate battalions , the 65th Engineer Battalion ( Combat Effects ) , deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in September and October 2013 . This marked the brigade headquarters ' first deployment to Afghanistan . After a two @-@ week handover period , the 130th Engineer Brigade officially took over on 2 October 2013 from the 555th Engineer Brigade ( from Joint Base Lewis @-@ , WA ) , Joint Task Force Triple , thus becoming Joint Task Force Sapper , overseeing U.S. Army , Navy , and Air Force engineer units across Afghanistan . A direct subordinate element of Joint Command and U.S. Forces @-@ Afghanistan , Sapper constituted the fourth largest command in theater , behind only regional commands . The 130th Engineer Brigade became the core of a provisional multi @-@ role brigade headquarters for engineer operations in Afghanistan with seven subordinate battalions , one Naval Mobile Construction Battalion , and one Engineer Prime Squadron consisting of over 4 @,@ 200 Soldiers , Sailors and operating in each Regional Command . - From September to December 2013 , Joint Task Force Sapper 's mission in theater was " The Theater Engineer Brigade trains , and advises the ANA Engineers on construction , facility management , and assured mobility capabilities while supporting the of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and assured mobility across the @-@ A. " - From January to May 2014 , Joint Task Force Sapper 's mission in theater was " Joint Task Force Sapper partners with ANA engineers to enable their independent operations and support the redeployment and of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and across the @-@ A in order to set the conditions for the resolute support mission . " - The 130th Engineer Brigade turned over responsibility as Operation Enduring Freedom 's Theater Engineer Brigade to the 2nd Engineer Brigade ( from Joint Base @-@ Richardson , AK ) , Joint Task Force , on 29 May 2014 . The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks , Hawaii from Afghanistan on 4 June 2014 . - - = = Honors = = - - - = = = Unit = = = - - - = = = Campaign streamers = = = - - - - = Corythosaurus = - - Corythosaurus / / is a genus of hadrosaurid " duck @-@ billed " dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period , about 77 – 75 @.@ 7 million years ago . It lived in what is now North America . Its name means " helmet lizard " , derived from Greek . It was named and described in 1914 by Barnum Brown . Corythosaurus is now thought to be a lambeosaurine , related to , , Hypacrosaurus , and Olorotitan . Corythosaurus has an estimated length of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , and has a skull , including the crest , that is 70 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 27 @.@ 9 in ) tall . - Corythosaurus is known from many complete specimens , including the nearly complete holotype found by Brown in 1911 . The holotype skeleton is only missing the last section of the tail , and part of the forelimbs , but was preserved with impressions of polygonal scales . Corythosaurus is known from many skulls with tall crests . The crests resemble the crests of the cassowary and a Corinthian helmet . The most likely function of the crest is thought to be vocalization . As in a trombone , sound waves would travel through many chambers in the crest , and then get amplified when Corythosaurus exhaled . A Corythosaurus specimen has been preserved with its last meal in its chest cavity . Inside the cavity were remains of conifer needles , seeds , twigs , and fruits : Corythosaurus probably fed on all of these . - The two species of Corythosaurus are both present in slightly different levels of the Dinosaur Park Formation . Both still co @-@ existed with theropods and other ornithischians , like Daspletosaurus , Brachylophosaurus , Parasaurolophus , Scolosaurus , and Chasmosaurus . - - = = Discovery and species = = - - The first specimen , AMNH 5240 , was discovered in 1911 by Barnum Brown in Red Deer River , Alberta , Canada , and secured by him in the Fall of 1912 . As well as an almost complete skeleton , the find was notable because impressions of much of the creature 's skin had also survived . The specimen came from the River Group of the province . The left or underside of the skeleton was preserved in clay , making it difficult to expose the skin . The skeleton was articulated , and only missing about the last 0 @.@ 61 metres ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) of the tail and the forelimbs . Both and are preserved in position , but the rest of the forelimbs are gone , except for phalanges and pieces of , and radii . Apparently the remaining forelimbs were weathered or eroded away . of the integument were preserved covering over a large part of the skeletons outlining , and shows the form of the body . Another specimen , AMNH , was found in 1914 by Brown and Peter . Both specimens are now housed in the American Museum of Natural History in their original death poses . - The type species Corythosaurus casuarius was named by Barnum Brown in 1914 , based on the first specimen collected by him in 1912 . AMNH 5240 is thus the holotype . In 1916 , the original author , Brown , published a more detailed description which was also based on AMNH , which specimen is therefore the . Corythosaurus is among many lambeosaurines that possess crests , and it was the crest that lends Corythosaurus its name . The generic name Corythosaurus is derived from Greek , , " Corinthian helmet " , and means " lizard " . The specific name casuarius refers to the cassowary , a bird with a similar skull crest . The full binomial of Corythosaurus casuarius thus means " @-@ like reptile , with a Corinthian helmet crest " . - The two best preserved specimens of Corythosaurus found , by Charles H. Sternberg in 1912 , were lost on 6 December 1916 while being carried to the United Kingdom , during World War One . They were being sent to Arthur Smith Woodward , a paleontologist of the British Museum of Natural History in England , when the ship transporting them was sunk by the German merchant SMS in the middle of the ocean . - There were formerly up to seven species described , including C. casuarius , C. Parks 1935 , C. Parks 1935 , C. Gilmore 1923 , C. Parks 1935 , and C. intermedius Parks 1923 . In 1975 Peter Dodson studied the differences between the skulls and crests of different species of lambeosaurine dinosaurs . He found that the differences in size and shape may have actually been related to the gender and age of the animal . Now only one species is recognized for certain , C. casuarius , although C. intermedius has been recognized as valid in some studies . It is based on specimen ROM , a skull found by Levi Sternberg in 1920 and was named by William Parks in 1923 , who had originally named it intermedius earlier that year . The specific name of C. intermedius is derived from its apparent intermediate position according to Parks . C. intermedius lived at a slightly later time in the Campanian than C. casuarius , and the two species are not identical , which supported the separation of them in a 2009 study . - - = = Description = = - - - = = = Size = = = - - Benson et al . ( 2012 ) estimated that Corythosaurus has an average length of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) . Richard Lull 's earlier length estimate , published in 1942 , found a slightly longer total length of 9 @.@ 4 m ( 31 ft ) , a size similar to Lambeosaurus lambei , another Canadian lambeosaurine . In 1962 , Edwin H. used models of specific dinosaurs , including Corythosaurus , to estimate their weight . The Corythosaurus model used , was modelled by Vincent after a mounted skeleton , and supervised by Barnum Brown . After testing , it was concluded that the average weight of Corythosaurus was 3 @.@ 82 tonnes ( 3 @.@ 76 long tons ; 4 @.@ 21 short tons ) . More recent size estimates of Corythosaurus , published in 2001 , find the genus to be among the largest hadrosaurids , only smaller than and Parasaurolophus . The total length of Corythosaurus specimen AMNH 5240 was found to be 8 @.@ 1 m ( 27 ft ) , with a weight of 3 @.@ tonnes ( 3 @.@ long tons ; 3 @.@ short tons ) . - , the skull is much shorter and smaller than that of Edmontosaurus ( formerly Trachodon ) , Kritosaurus , or Saurolophus , but when including its crest , its superficial area is almost as large . - - = = = = = = - - Over twenty skulls have been found from this dinosaur . As with other lambeosaurines , the animal bore a tall , elaborate bony crest atop its skull , which contained the narial passages . The narial passages extended into the crest , first into separate pockets in the sides , then into a single central chamber and onward into the respiratory system . The skull of the type specimen has no dermal impressions on it . During preservation it was compressed laterally , so now the width is about two @-@ thirds what it would have been in real life . According to Brown , the compression also caused the nasals to shift where they pressed down on the premaxillaries . Because they were pressed on the premaxillaries , the nasals would have closed the nares . Apart from the compression , the skull appears to be normal . Contrary to what Brown assumed , the areas concerned were fully part of the praemaxillae . - The crests of Corythosaurus resemble that of a cassowary , or a Corinthian helmet . They are formed by a combination of the praemaxillae , nasals , prefrontals and frontals , as in Saurolophus , but instead of projecting backwards as a spine , they rise up to make the highest point above the orbit . The two halves of the crest are separated by a median . In front of the orbit , the crest is made of thick bone . - The nasals make up most of the crest . Brown assumed that they extended from the beaks ' tip to the highest spot along the crest and that , unlike those in other genera , the nasals meet in the centre and are not separated in front by an ascending premaxillary process . Brown however , mistook the praemaxillae for the nasals ; the snout is actually largely formed by them and they do separate the nasals . Brown also thought that on the top and back of the crest , the whole external face is covered by the frontals . Again he made a mistake : what he assumed to be the frontals are in fact the nasals . The nasals end at the back of the in a hooked , short process . The prefrontals also make up part of the crest ; however , Brown mistook the lower upper branch of the for the prefrontal . The actual prefrontal , triangular in shape , is located at the side of the crest base ; it was by Brown seen as a part of the frontal . The real frontals , largely internal to the crest base structure , are not visible from the side . - The mouth of the holotype of Corythosaurus is narrow . The praemaxillae each form two long folds . The folds air passages extending the narial passages to the front of the snout . There they end in narrow openings , sometimes called " pseudonares " , false bony nostrils . These were mistaken by Brown for the real nares or nostrils . These are actually situated inside the crest , above the eye . As in Saurolophus , the expanded portion of the premaxillary in front of the ' opening is : by comparison , in Kritosaurus , the bill is short , and the pseudonares extend far forward . At the end of the Corythosaurus bill , the two pseudonares unite into one . Because of his incorrect identification , Brown assumed that the holotype 's inferior process of the premaxillary was shorter than in Kritosaurus and Saurolophus , and that the process does not unite with the , another difference from those genera . The actually does touch the and extends to the rear until well behind the eye . - The lower jaw of the holotype is 66 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 26 @.@ 3 in ) long , and 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) deep . The total length of the crest from the beak to the uppermost tip of the type specimen is 83 @.@ 7 centimetres ( 33 @.@ 0 in ) , its total length is 81 @.@ 2 centimetres ( 32 @.@ 0 in ) , and height 70 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 27 @.@ 9 in ) . - - = = = Soft tissue = = = - - In the holotype of C. casuarius , the sides and tail of the body are covered in scales of several types . scales , covered in small , vary in size over the body . @-@ like scales are only preserved on a fold of skin preserved on the back of the tibia , but which was probably from the bottom of the belly , rather than the leg . the polygonal scales of C. casuarius are scales , arranged close together in rows . tendons are present on all the vertebrae , except for those in the cervical region . On no vertebrae do the tendons extend below the transverse processes . Each is flattened at its origin , and in the central rod , ending at a rounded point . - Aside from those found on Corythosaurus casuarius , extensive skin impressions have been found on Edmontosaurus and notable integument has also been found on Brachylophosaurus , Gryposaurus , Parasaurolophus , Lambeosaurus , L. lambei , Saurolophus and on unidentified ornithopods . Of these , L. lambei , C. casuarius , G. , P. , and S. have preserved polygonal scales . The scales on L. lambei , S. and C. casuarius are all similar . Corythosaurus is one of very few hadrosaurids which have preserved skin impressions on the hind limbs and feet . A study in 2013 showed that amongst hadrosaurids , Saurolophus preserved the best and most complete foot and limb integument , although other species like S. , Edmontosaurus and Lambeosaurus lambei ( = L. ) share a fair amount of preserved tissue on those regions . - It was once thought that this dinosaur lived mostly in the water , due to the appearance of hands and feet . However , it was later discovered that the so @-@ called " " were in fact padding , much like that found on many modern mammals . - - = = = characteristics = = = - - A set of characters were indicated by Barnum Brown in 1914 to distinguish Corythosaurus from all other hadrosaurids from Alberta : a comparatively short skull with a high helmet @-@ like crest formed by the nasals , prefrontals and frontals ; the nasals not being separated in front by the premaxillaries ; a narrow beak , with an expansion in front of an elongated ; and a small narial opening . - In 1916 , Brown expanded the character set to include more features ; in the revised version : a comparatively short skull with a high helmet @-@ like crest formed by nasals , prefrontals and frontals ; the nasals not being separated in front by premaxillaries ; a narrow beak , expanded section in front of the elongated nares ; a small narial opening ; a formula of 15 , 19 , 8 , and 61 + ; possession of dorsal spines of a medium height ; high anterior caudal spines ; long chevrons ; long , possessing a blade of medium width ; a radius considerably longer than humerus ; comparatively short ; an ; a long with a foot @-@ like terminal expansion ; a with an anterior blade that is short and broadly expanded at end ; a that is longer than the tibia ; the phalanges of are short ; that the integument over the sides and tail composed of polygonal scales without pattern but graded in size in different parts of the body ; and a belly with longitudinal rows of large conical @-@ like scales separated by uniformly large polygonal tubercles . Again , the presumed traits of the snout are incorrect because Brown confused the praemaxillae with the nasal bones and the nasal bones with the frontals . Most of the traits are today known to be shared with other lambeosaurines . - - = = Classification = = - - Originally , Brown referred to Corythosaurus as a member of the family ( now ) . Inside were the subfamilies and . Brown classified , Trachodon , , and Kritosaurus in , and Corythosaurus , , and Saurolophus in . - Later , Brown revised the phylogeny of Corythosaurus , and found that it was closely related , and possibly ancestral to Hypacrosaurus . The only differences he found between them were the development of the vertebrae , and the proportions of the limbs . During a study of in the 1920s , Alfred Sherwood proposed that the two orders of dinosaurs might have evolved separately , and that birds , based on the shape and proportions of their might truly be specialized ornithischians . He used both and Corythosaurus as a base model to analyze which theory is more likely true . He found that even though birds are thought of as , it is very plausible for them to have evolved their specific pelvic and anatomy if they evolved from like Corythosaurus . However , even though Corythosaurus does resemble modern birds in pelvic structure more than , birds are now thought to have descended from the latter . - Corythosaurus is currently classified as a hadrosaurid , in the subfamily . It is related to other hadrosaurs such as Hypacrosaurus , Lambeosaurus and Olorotitan , with the exception of Olorotitan they all share similar looking skulls and crests . However , research published in 2003 has suggested that even though it possesses a unique crest , Olorotitan is Corythosaurus closest known relative . Benson et al . ( 2012 ) found that Corythosaurus was closely related to , , and Hypacrosaurus , and said that they formed a group of fan @-@ crested lambeosaurines . - In 2014 , a study including the description of was published in the journal . The study included an almost complete cladogram of relationships , including Corythosaurus as the most derived lambeosaurine , as sister taxon to Hypacrosaurus . The below cladogram is a simplified version including only . - - = = = = - - Comparisons between the rings of Corythosaurus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been , active throughout the day at short intervals . The sense of hearing in hadrosaurids , specifically such as , also seems to have been greatly developed because of an elongated . The presence of a thin ( an ear bone that is rod @-@ like in reptiles ) , combined with a large implies the existence of a sensitive middle ear . It is possible that hadrosaurid ears are sensitive enough to detect as much sound as a modern . - - = = = function = = = - - The internal structures of the crest of Corythosaurus are quite complex , making possible a call that could be used for warning or attracting a mate . passageways of Corythosaurus , as well as Hypacrosaurus and Lambeosaurus are S @-@ shaped , with Parasaurolophus only possessing U @-@ shaped tubes . Any vocalization would travel through these elaborate chambers , and probably get amplified . Scientists speculate that Corythosaurus could make loud , low pitched cries " like a wind or brass instrument " , such as a trombone . The sounds could serve to alert other Corythosaurus to the presence of food or a potential threat from a predator . The nasal passages emit low @-@ frequency sounds when Corythosaurus exhaled . The individual crests would produce different sounds , so it is likely that each species of lambeosaurine would have had a unique sound . However , even though the range for different lambeosaurine nasal passages vary , they all probable made low @-@ pitched sounds . This might be because low sounds ( below 400 Hz ) travel a set distance in any environment , while higher ( above 400 Hz ) sounds have a larger spread in the distance travelled . - When they were first described , crested hadrosaurs were thought to be aquatic , an assessment based incorrectly on that is now known to be padding . The theory was that the animals could swim deep in the water , and use the crest to store air to breath . However , it has now been proven that the crest did not have any holes in the end , and the water pressure at even 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) would be too great for the lungs to be able to . - - = = = Growth = = = - - Corythosaurus casuarius is one of a few lambeosaurines , along with Lambeosaurus lambei , Hypacrosaurus and H. , to have had surviving juveniles assigned to it . Juveniles are harder to assign to species , because at a young age they lack the distinctive larger crests of adults . As they age , lambeosaurine crests tend to grow and become more prominent come maturity . In the Dinosaur Park Formation , over fifty articulated specimens have been found , coming from many different genera . Among them , juveniles are hard to identify at the species level . Earlier , four genera and thirteen species were recognized from the formation 's area , when paleontologists used differences in size and crest shape to differentiate taxa . The smallest specimens were identified as Tetragonosaurus , now seen as a synonym of , and the largest skeletons were called either Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus ; an adult was identified as Parasaurolophus . Small lambeosaurines from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation were referred to . - Corythosaurus started developing its crest when half the size of adults , but Parasaurolophus juveniles grew crests when only 25 % as long as adults . Corythosaurus , along with adults , had a premaxilla @-@ nasal . Young and adult Corythosaurus are similar to Lambeosaurus and Hypacrosaurus but to Parasaurolophus in that the of the skull are , and not smooth and straight . This feature helps differentiate from . Generally , the crests of juveniles of lambeosaurines like Corythosaurus , Lambeosaurus , Hypacrosaurus , like Parasaurolophus , and primitive lambeosaurines like are quite alike , although other features can be used to distinguish them . - Work by Dodson ( 1975 ) recognized that there were many less taxa present in Alberta . Tetragonosaurus was found to be juveniles of Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus . T. was assigned to Corythosaurus based largely on information . The only non @-@ specimen of Tetragonosaurus , assigned to T. , was found later to be to Hypacrosaurus , although the holotype of the species was still found to be to Corythosaurus . - - = = = Diet = = = - - Corythosaurus was an ornithopod , and therefore a herbivore . Benson et al . ( 2012 ) realized that the beak of Corythosaurus was shallow and delicate , and concluded that it must have been used to feed upon soft vegetation . Based on the climate of the Late Cretaceous , they guessed that Corythosaurus would have been a selective , eating only the fruits and youngest leaves . Corythosaurus specimens have been preserved with its last meal in its chest cavity . Inside the cavity were remains of conifer needles , seeds , twigs , and fruits , meaning that Corythosaurus probably fed on all of these . - - = = = = - - have been found in the upper Oldman Formation and lower Dinosaur Park Formation of Canada . The Oldman Formation dates to the Campanian , about 77 @.@ 5 to 76 @.@ 5 million years ago , and the Dinosaur Park Formation dates from 76 @.@ 6 to 74 @.@ 8 million years ago . Corythosaurus lived from ~ 77 – 75 @.@ 7 million years ago . In the Dinosaur Park Formation C. casuarius lived from 76 @.@ 6 to 75 @.@ 9 mya , with C. intermedius living from 75 @.@ 8 to 75 @.@ 7 mya . In the Oldman Formation C. casuarius , the only species of Corythosaurus from the deposits , lived about 77 to 76 @.@ 5 mya . The holotype specimen was clearly a that had floated up on a beach , as shells , water @-@ worn bones , and a turtle were preserved all around . Corythosaurus probably lived in a woodland forest , and might have occasionally wandered into swampy areas . - A limited fauna is known from the upper section of the Oldman Formation , and Corythosaurus casuarius as well as C. intermedius are among the taxa . Also from the section of the formation are the theropods Daspletosaurus , and , the hadrosaurids Brachylophosaurus , Gryposaurus and Parasaurolophus , and the Scolosaurus , and the ceratopsians and Chasmosaurus . Other genera are known , but do not persist from the upper section of the formation , and therefore are not contemporaries of Corythosaurus . - Corythosaurus casuarius is widespread throughout the lower unit of the Dinosaur Park Formation . In it , Corythosaurus was found to be closely associated with the ceratopsid Centrosaurus . Their associating was found in the Dinosaur Park , Judith River , and formations , and also in the Wind River Basin and the County area . Corythosaurus lived alongside numerous other giant herbivores , such as the hadrosaurids Gryposaurus and Parasaurolophus , the ceratopsids Centrosaurus and Chasmosaurus , and Scolosaurus , and in the earliest stages of the formation , , and in the middle age , and alone in later stages of the formation . Studies of the jaw anatomy and mechanics of these dinosaurs suggests they probably all occupied slightly different ecological niches in order to avoid direct competition for food in such a crowded eco @-@ space . The only large predators known from the same levels of the formation as Corythosaurus are the and an unnamed species of Daspletosaurus . - Thomas M. has observed that Corythosaurus hasn 't been discovered outside of southern Alberta even though it is one of the most abundant dinosaurs in the region . Large herbivores like the hadrosaurs living in North America during the Late Cretaceous had " remarkably small geographic ranges " despite their large body size and high mobility . This restricted distribution strongly contrasts with modern mammalian whose large herbivores ' ranges " typical [ ly ] ... span much of a continent . " - - - = Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society = - - Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society ( Japanese : 攻殻機動隊 Solid State Society , Hepburn : Kōkaku Solid State Society ) is a 2006 made @-@ for @-@ television science fiction action spy thriller anime film and is part of the Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex series based on Masamune Shirow 's manga Ghost in the Shell . It was produced by Production I.G and directed by Kenji . - The film is set in , two years after the events of 2nd . Togusa is now the team leader for Public Security Section 9 , which has increased considerably in size . Section 9 deals with a series of complicated incidents , including the assassination of Ka Rum , a former dictator of the Siak Republic , which leads to a terrorist plot using children as vectors for a cybernetic virus . Investigations reveal that a hacker nicknamed the " The Puppeteer " is behind the entire series of events . - The film , which had a production budget of 360 million yen , debuted in Japan on ! on September 1 , 2006 and it was released in North America in 2007 . A stereoscopic 3D version of the film was released in 2011 . The film received generally positive reviews , but was criticized for being very dialogue heavy and lacking in action . - - = = Plot = = - - In , two years after the events of 2nd , Public Security Section 9 is investigating a string of mysterious suicides by refugees from the Siak Republic . Chief conducts a raid to arrest the refugee dictator only to find him already dead . In retaliation , a Siak operative plans a terrorist attack with a virus . Batou is sent to intercept the Siak operative and encounters Kusanagi , who is conducting her own investigation . Before they can apprehend the operative , he dies while attacking them . Kusanagi takes a case of virus and warns Batou to stay away from the Solid State Society before leaving . - Section 9 operatives develop a theory that a hacker known as the Puppeteer is responsible for Siak agents ' forced suicides and Togusa discovers sixteen kidnapped children who were intended carriers of the virus . All the children are listed as the children of Noble Rot Senior Citizens and Section 9 begins to suspect a larger conspiracy when they are part of a larger body of 20 @,@ 000 children . Soon afterwards , the Puppeteer causes the disappearance of the sixteen children and Batou reveals to Togusa that he believes Kusanagi to be the Puppeteer . Section 9 next a Siak sniper that is targeting the supposed mastermind of Ka Rum 's assassination . After his capture it is revealed the informant and the target are one in the same . The sniper says that the Puppeteer is a mechanism in the Solid State and cannot be killed . - Togusa tracks down one of the missing children , now assigned to an elderly man in the Noble Rot program . As Togusa tries to take the child , the man and demands the child be left with him as he had named the child as his sole heir . He would rather give his assets to a child off the street and to protect them from abuse than have his assets turned over to the government upon his death . The man immediately dies after warning Togusa not to interfere with the will of the Solid State . Late , Togusa receives a call from the Puppeteer who his brain and forces him to drive to a cyberbrain hospital with his daughter . The Puppeteer and Togusa , and Togusa is given the option to lose his daughter to the Solid State or commit suicide . He chooses suicide but is saved by Kusanagi who then identifies the Puppeteer as a formed by the collective consciousness of the Noble Rot Senior Citizens located in a welfare center . - Kusanagi temporarily rejoins Section 9 and confirms that Ito Munei , an influential politician , was behind the assassination of General Ka Rum . She also confirms that Munei and other politicians use it as a front for a brainwashing facility to create an elite group of pure @-@ Japanese to take control of the country in the next generation and lead it into Munei 's vision of a new Golden Age . The Solid State decided to eliminate Munei for interfering in its plans , but Munei was ignorant of the origin of the abduction infrastructure . - A designer named Koshiki steps forward , claiming he developed the Solid State system before committing suicide . Kusanagi dives into his cyberbrain and into Koshiki 's trap , allowing him to hack her cyberbrain . The reveals that he was spread across several until a collective consciousness emerged and developed into a Solid State , allowing him to move into the society beyond as the vanishing mediator . Later , Batou tells a recovering Kusanagi that the real Koshiki used a cybernetic body and built the Solid State after he was hired by Munei . Kusanagi does not reveal that the Puppeteer was a fragment of herself , but Batou already knew from being linked to her during the dive . Batou concludes that the ultimate identity of the Puppeteer will remain unknown and that incident will be written off a scandal . - - = = Cast = = - - - = = Production = = - - The film was initially hinted as a new anime project collaboration with Bandai and Production I.G. The film was officially announced by Production I.G at the 2006 Tokyo Anime Fair . Whether the film would be released theatrically , broadcast on television , or released direct @-@ to @-@ DVD was undecided at the time . The film had a production budget of 360 million yen ( equivalent to US $ 4 @.@ 3 million ) . It was produced in Hi @-@ vision format and was made by the same staff that originally made the TV series . - The production team used a 3 @-@ D layout system to render the interior shots ahead separately and in advance . The art team was tasked to draw lighting boards to show the position of light sources in the scene to improve the overall quality of the animation . One of the themes in the series was " Motoko Kusanagi 's " . The team had a difficult time portraying Motoko Kusanagi and her return to Section 9 . Kenji stated that he felt the characters have obtained " ghosts " of their own and that Kusanagi needed a convincing story in order to return to Section 9 . noted that Kusanagi was more going back to her old self rather than showing the new strength she found when she left Section 9 . - For the music , Yoko read the scripts of the film in order to compose music that would with each scene , rather than composing music ahead of time . Sound Director Wakabayashi returned to provide music menus , which made up of 70 % of the scores Yoko composed . - As part of the Nissan sponsorship , the movie features two concept cars designed by Nissan . Section 9 drive a white Nissan Sport Concept sports and seater that premiered at the 2005 New York International Auto Show and North American International Auto Show . - - = = Releases = = - - The film debuted in Japan on ! on September 1 , 2006 . It premiered in North America at the 2007 New York Comic @-@ Con screening from February 23 – 25 , and also featured in 2007 's Fantasia Festival in Canada . The English version was released on July 3 , 2007 . The Limited Edition contained an additional DVD containing various development interviews and videos and the Solid State Society Original Soundtrack CD . In July 2008 , Solid State Society was released in Blu @-@ Ray alongside the two The Laughing Man and Individual Eleven in Ghost in the Shell : Trilogy Box . - In November 2010 , a stereoscopic 3D version was announced adding a new opening sequence . The 3D version was released in Tokyo 's 9 theater on March 26 , 2011 . The stereoscopic 3D version was released in both normal and deluxe edition on July 22 , 2011 . The normal version contains opening @-@ day by the staff and cast , film advertisements , and audio commentaries . The deluxe edition titled Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society is packaged in a Box containing the film in 3D all the content the normal edition along with three Days shorts in 3D and one in 2D . - A novel adaptation titled Ghost in the Shell : Solid State Society ( Solid State Society ) was published by Kodansha and released on April 3 , 2011 . An optical camouflage camera for iOS was released on September 2 , 2011 . A video game for the Xbox 360 was developed by to promote the 3D remake of the film . - - = = Reception = = - - Christopher of IGN gave Solid State Society an " " score of 8 @.@ 0 out of 10 , stating that it was " A worthwhile watch " . Carl of Anime News Network gave the film a " B " rating , calling it a " swift @-@ moving futuristic crime film with some clever science @-@ fiction twists and solid action " but criticizing it was " , confusing and somewhat bloodless . " The film earned a 1 @.@ 4 % rating when it aired in on October 15 , 2012 . Marcus of DVD Active gave it a 6 / 10 stating , " Solid State Society isn 't as strong as the first and second season of the anime show but being one feature length story as opposed to lots of very cool and largely great individual episodes offers a more in depth and focused story for the most part and a happy return to the world of Ghost in the Shell " . The film was awarded the Prize at the 21st Digital Content Grand Prix . The film was featured in the " Late Night Manga to Anime Film Season " hosted by The British Museum . The DVD released ranked No. 1 on Oricon charts on November 23 , 2006 . - The 3D version ranked at No. 11 in the Japanese box office chart with a total of $ 285 @,@ 268 from a total of nine theaters . The 3D version won the Movie award for The Japanese Committee of the International 3D Society . - - - = Winston Tunnel = - - The Winston Tunnel is a railroad tunnel located 9 miles ( 14 @.@ 5 kilometers ) west of Elizabeth , Illinois . - The tunnel was completed in 1888 for the Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad , a predecessor to the Chicago Great Western Railway ( CGW ) . The tunnel was located on the CGW main line 152 miles ( 245 kilometers ) west of Chicago in the isolated and hilly Area of extreme north @-@ western Illinois . - In 1972 , four years after the Chicago Great Western was merged into the Chicago and North Western Railway ( C & NW ) , the CGW 's largely redundant trackage in the area , including the Winston Tunnel , was abandoned . It was the third longest railroad tunnel in Illinois at 2 @,@ feet ( 760 m ) . Two longer ( still active ) tunnels are located on the Canadian National ( ex @-@ Illinois Central ) Line , the longest being Tunnel # 2 near Abbot , Illinois which is 6 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 132 m ) long . - - = = History = = - - The newly constructed Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad across northern Illinois utilized trackage rights on the Illinois Central Railroad between , Iowa and Stockton , Illinois in 1886 before construction on its own line through the isolated wilderness could commence . Engineers quickly realized that a tunnel would need to be constructed in order to traverse the rugged landscape . The , Winston and Company ( for which the tunnel would be named ) and more than 350 laborers worked by hand , digging through the and unstable shale for nine months starting in the spring of 1887 . The work was and dangerous , and at least one worker , a thirty @-@ two @-@ year @-@ old Finnish immigrant named John Hill , was killed . When complete , the total cost of the tunnel , $ 600 @,@ 000 , had exceeded expectations . - The tunnel proved to be a constant nuisance to the Chicago Great Western and its predecessors . Almost immediately , railroad engineers realized that the unstable nature of shale through which the tunnel was bored , ground water seepage , and the isolated location of the tunnel meant repairs would be frequent and costly . The tunnel was originally by wooden beams when it opened to rail traffic in January 1888 , but these eventually proved inadequate , to be replaced in 1902 by brick and reinforced concrete . Constant deterioration of the supports meant large @-@ scale reconstruction of the tunnel would be needed again in 1912 , 1918 , 1944 and 1947 . - The bore was also improperly at first . A shaft sunk into the top of the tunnel failed to provide enough fresh air , and the crews of the steam engines would often complain of the intense heat and smoke due to the poor air circulation . solutions failed to work , and by 1912 the railroad was forced to install a huge fan , powered by a 310 horsepower ( 230 kW ) diesel motor and staffed by operators day and night , to the tunnel . The , constructed by 1916 , was abandoned by the CGW with the acquisition of diesel by 1947 . - When the Chicago Great Western was during World War I , a contingent of Illinois National Guardsmen were assigned to protect the tunnel . - The operating of the tunnel , not to mention the millions of dollars the CGW spent to keep it open , forced the railroad 's management to consider many schemes to rid themselves of the burden . In 1909 , 1951 and again in 1964 ( the same year the North Western and Great Western announced their intentions to merge ) the CGW sought engineering proposals to their trackage around the bore , to daylight the tunnel , or to completely rebuild and improve it . To the often cash @-@ Great Western , however , all these plans proved far too expensive . - In the end , the 1968 merger with the Chicago and North Western ( C & NW ) sealed the Winston Tunnel 's fate . The Great Western 's main line through northern Illinois closely paralleled the North Western 's own line , but through less densely populated and less commercially active areas . The steep grades of the line and the obvious financial burden of the Winston Tunnel also played a role in the decision to completely abandon the Great Western 's trackage in the area . The C & NW operated its last train through the tunnel in 1971 . pulled up the tracks the following year . Upon abandonment , the C & NW placed chain @-@ link fences over each bore of the tunnel to keep squatters and other out . A 1973 attempt to turn the right @-@ of @-@ way through Jo County , including the Winston Tunnel , into a rail trail , failed when ownership of the land reverted to nearby property owners . - - = = Present day = = - - The Winston Tunnel still exists , although in a very isolated area , and in a very deteriorated condition . Nature has reclaimed the right @-@ of @-@ way ; the fan house , unused since the 1940s and severely damaged by the elements , was demolished in early 2007 ; and the eastern bore , located on private property , has been almost completely sealed with earth . - The western half , however , was purchased by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources as a " satellite area " of Apple River Canyon State Park . The installed a new steel gate to replace the chain @-@ link fence covering the western bore , and is developing the area with nature trails and other improvements . However , the tunnel is currently off @-@ limits to general public visitation , as it is a very dangerous place to visit , with the ever @-@ present danger of further collapse and bite . - - - = Wales national rugby union team = - - The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Cymru ) represent Wales in international rugby union . They compete annually in the Six Nations Championship with England , France , Ireland , Italy and Scotland . Wales have won the Six Nations and its predecessors 26 times outright , one less than England . Wales ' most recent championship win came in 2013 . - The governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . Wales ' performances in the Home Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) continued to improve , experiencing their first ' golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 . They first played New Zealand , known as the All Blacks , in 1905 , when they defeated them 3 – 0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second ' golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 when they won eight Five Nations Championships . - Wales played in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 where they achieved their best ever result of third . Following the sport allowing professionalism in 1995 , Wales hosted the 1999 World Cup and , in 2005 , won their first @-@ ever Six Nations Grand Slam . That was the first Grand Slam won by a team playing most of the matches away from home . Wales won two more Grand Slams in 2008 and in 2012 , and in 2011 came fourth in the Rugby World Cup . - Their home ground is the Millennium Stadium , currently known for sponsorship reasons as Principality Stadium , completed in 1999 to replace the National Stadium at Cardiff Arms Park . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; ten were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Early years ( 1881 – 1892 ) = = = - - Rugby union took root in Wales in 1850 , when Reverend Rowland Williams became Vice @-@ Principal at St David 's College , , where he introduced the sport . Wales played their first international on 19 February 1881 ; organised by Newport 's Richard , Wales played against England , losing by seven goals , one drop goal and six tries to nil ( 8 – 0 ) . On 12 March 1881 , the Welsh Rugby Union was formed at The Castle Hotel , . Two years later , the Home Nation Championship – now the Six Nations Championship – was first played and Wales did not register a win . However , rugby in Wales developed and , by the 1890s , the Welsh had developed the four three @-@ quarters formation . This formation – with seven backs and eight forwards , instead of six backs and nine forwards – the sport and was eventually adopted almost universally at international and club level . - - = = = First ' golden age ' ( 1893 – 1913 ) = = = - - With the " four three @-@ quarter " formation Wales became Home International Champions for the first time in 1893 ; in the process winning the Triple Crown . Wales next won the Championship in 1900 , the first " golden age " of Welsh rugby which was to last until 1911 . They won two more Triple Crowns in 1902 and 1905 , and were runners up in 1901 , 1903 and 1904 . - When Wales faced New Zealand 's All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park in late 1905 they had not lost at home since 1899 . This New Zealand team – now referred to as the Original All Blacks – was the first of the southern hemisphere national teams to visit the British Isles , and were undefeated on their tour up until that point ; their victories included prior defeats of England , Ireland and Scotland . Before the match , the All Blacks performed a ( a Māori posture dance ) ; the 47 @,@ 000 @-@ strong crowd responded with the Welsh national anthem – Hen ( " Land of Our Fathers " ) – the first time a national anthem had been sung before a sporting fixture . Wales ' wing Teddy Morgan scored a try to give Wales a 3 – 0 lead , but later in the match All Black Bob claimed to have scored a try , only to be dragged behind the try @-@ line before the referee arrived . The referee ruled a to Wales and the score did not change ; Wales winning 3 – 0 . The loss was the All Blacks ' only loss on their 35 @-@ match tour . - In 1906 , Wales again won the Home Championship , and later that year played the South African national side , the Springboks for the first time . Wales were favourites to win the match , but instead South Africa dominated in the forwards and eventually won 11 – 0 . Two years later , on 12 December 1908 , Wales played the touring Australians , the Wallabies , who they defeated 9 – 6 . - In 1909 , Wales won the Home Championship and then , in 1910 – with the inclusion of France – the first @-@ ever Five Nations . In 1911 , Wales took the first Five Nations Grand Slam by winning all their matches in the Five Nations ; France were heavily defeated by Wales at St Helens in 1910 ( 49 – 14 ) and Ivor Morgan scored two tries in the match . It would be nearly forty years before they achieved a Grand Slam again . England 's defeat of Wales at Cardiff in 1913 was Wales ' first home loss to one of the Home Nations since 1899 , and their first home loss to England since 1895 . The Great War came in 1914 and rugby was suspended for the duration . - - = = = Post @-@ war years ( 1920 – 1968 ) = = = - - The post @-@ First World War years marked a decline in Welsh rugby . An industrial recession struck the principality , and hurt South Wales in particular . Welsh international results in the 1920s mirrored the performance of the economy : of their 42 matches they won only 17 , with three drawn . Half @-@ a @-@ million people emigrated from Wales to find work elsewhere during the depression ; this included many Welsh rugby union internationals who moved to the professional code of rugby league . Between 1923 and 1928 , Wales managed only seven victories – five of them against France . However , even France managed to defeat Wales that decade ; achieving their first victory over Wales in 1928 . Welsh selection policy reflected the upheavals of the mid @-@ 1920s . In 1924 , 35 different players were selected for Wales ' four matches , with a different captain for each ; and only Edward Watkins in the backs and Charlie in the forwards , playing in all four matches . - A resurgence of both economy and rugby union followed in the 1930s and , in 1931 , Wales won their first championship for nine years . That year , for the first time since the First World War , Wales retained the same side for two consecutive Tests when they faced England and Scotland . Then , in 1933 , captained by Thomas , Wales defeated England at Twickenham . In 1935 , Wales beat the touring All Blacks by 13 – 12 , with Haydn making his first appearance . Although the Five Nations Championship was suspended during the Second World War Wales did play a Red Cross charity match against England at Cardiff in 1940 , which Wales lost 18 – 9 . - Following the Second World War , Wales played a New Zealand Army team ( the ) in 1946 , which Wales lost 11 – 3 . The Five Nations ( suspended during the war ) resumed in 1947 when Wales shared the title with England . Although Wales suffered their first home defeat to France in 1948 , they won their first Five Nations Grand Slam since 1911 in 1950 . The next year , they lost to the touring South Africans 6 – 3 despite dominating in the line @-@ outs . They achieved another Grand Slam in 1952 , followed by a 13 – 8 win over the All Blacks in 1953 . In 1954 , St Helens in Swansea ( a Welsh international venue since 1882 ) hosted its last international and Cardiff Arms Park officially became the home of the Welsh team . In 1956 , Wales again won the Five Nations , but they did not regain the title until 1964 and did not win it outright until 1965 . - Wales conducted their first overseas tour in 1964 , playing several games and one Test in South Africa . They lost the Test against South Africa in Durban 24 – 3 , their biggest defeat in 40 years . At the WRU annual general meeting that year , the outgoing WRU President D. Davies declared that " it was evident from the experience of the South African Tour that a much more positive attitude to the game was required in Wales ... Players must be prepared to learn , and indeed re @-@ learn , to the absolute point of mastery , the basic principles of Rugby Union football " . This started the coaching revolution . The WRU Coaching Committee – set up in the late 1950s – was given the task of improving the quality of coaching and , in January 1967 , Ray Williams was appointed Coaching . The first national coach , David Nash , was appointed in 1967 to coach Wales for the season , but resigned when the WRU refused to allow him to accompany Wales on their 1968 tour of Argentina . Eventually , the WRU reversed their decision , appointing Clive to tour as coach . Of the six matches , Wales won three , drew two and lost one . - - = = = Second ' golden age ' ( 1969 – 1979 ) = = = - - Wales enjoyed a second " golden age " in the 1970s , with world @-@ class players such as Gareth Edwards , J. P. R. Williams , Gerald Davies , Barry John , and Mervyn Davies , in their side . Wales dominated Northern Hemisphere rugby between 1969 and 1979 , and attained an incredible winning record , losing only seven times during that period . Wales toured New Zealand for the first time in 1969 , but were defeated in both Tests . As well as losing the first Test 19 – 0 , and the second 33 – 12 , they also conceded 24 points to the All Blacks ' fullback McCormick in the second Test ; a record at the time . - In 1970 , Wales shared the Five Nations with France , and recorded a 6 – 6 draw against South Africa in Cardiff . The following year Wales recorded their first Five Nations Grand Slam since 1952 . Using only 16 players in four games , the 1971 side achieved their most notable win of the tournament in their victory over Scotland ; after a last minute try by Gerald Davies that reduced Scotland 's lead to 18 – 17 , John Taylor kicked a conversion from the described as " the greatest conversion since St Paul " to give Wales a 19 – 18 win . Wales contributed more players than any other team to the British and Irish Lions that toured New Zealand that year . Those Lions became the only to win a series over the All Blacks . - In the 1972 Five Nations Championship , Wales and Scotland refused to travel to Ireland at the height of the Troubles after receiving threats , purportedly from the Irish Republican Army . The Championship remained unresolved with Wales and Ireland unbeaten . Although the Five Nations was a five way tie in 1973 , the Welsh did defeat Australia 24 – 0 in Cardiff . - Wales next won the Five Nations outright in 1975 , and in 1976 , Wales won their second Grand slam of the decade . Just like the first in 1971 , they only used 16 players over their four matches . They repeated the feat in 1978 and , in the process , became the first team to win three consecutive Triple Crowns . Following their final Five Nations match of 1978 , both Phil Bennett and Gareth Edwards retired from rugby . - Wales hosted the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park in November 1979 , losing 13 – 12 after a late penalty goal by the replacement All Black fullback , Brian . The penalty was controversial because All Black lock Andy Haden had out of a line @-@ out in an attempt to earn a penalty . Haden later admitted that he and Frank Oliver had pre @-@ agreed this tactic should the All Blacks find themselves in difficulties . Roger was roasted by the press for failing to notice the dive , but he later stated he had the penalty was in for Welsh lock Geoff Wheel for jumping off the shoulder of Frank Oliver . later said , " Haden 's perception is that his dive secured the penalty . That is a load of rubbish " . The All Blacks went on to secure their first Home Nations Grand Slam . Wales then went on to win the 1979 Five Nations with a Triple Crown . - - = = = years ( 1980 – 2003 ) = = = - - In 1980 , the WRU 's centenary year , Wales lost to the All Blacks in Cardiff by 23 – 3 after the All Blacks scored four tries to nil . Wales won two matches in each Five Nations of 1980 and 1981 , and in 1983 were nearly upset by Japan ; winning 29 – 24 at Cardiff . In 1984 , Australia defeated Wales 28 – 9 at Cardiff Arms Park and in the process scored a push @-@ over try . Australia went on to win their first Home Nations Grand Slam . - Wales achieved only one win in 1987 's Five Nations before the inaugural Rugby World Cup . Wales defeated Ireland in their crucial pool fixture , before defeating England in the quarter @-@ finals . They then faced hosts the All Blacks who won 49 – 6 , but beat Australia in the third place play @-@ off game to claim third . The next year Wales won the Triple Crown for the first time since 1979 , but heavy defeats on tour to New Zealand later that year saw the end of a number of Welsh players ' careers , as several converted to rugby league . - Welsh rugby reached a nadir when Wales suffered their first Five Nations championship ; they had upset England in 1989 to avoid losing all their Championship matches that season , but in 1990 Wales were defeated in all four Five Nations ' matches for the first time . The 1991 World Cup saw further frustration when Wales were upset by Samoa in their opening match . A second group @-@ stage loss , by 38 – 3 to Australia , eliminated Wales from the tournament . - After winning two Five Nations games in 1992 , and one in 1993 , Wales won the Championship in 1994 on points difference . But without defeating one of Australia , New Zealand , or South Africa , during the inter @-@ World Cup period , Wales was not considered a major tournament contender . At the 1995 World Cup , after beating Japan , Wales lost to New Zealand ; this meant that they needed to defeat Ireland to qualify for the quarter @-@ finals . Wales lost 24 – 23 and so failed to progress beyond the pool stage for the second time , and later that year Kevin replaced Alex Evans to become Wales ' first full @-@ time coach . - Record defeats , 51 – 0 to France , and 96 – 13 to South Africa , prompted the WRU to appoint New Zealander Graham Henry as coach in 1998 . Henry had early success as coach , leading Wales to a ten @-@ match winning streak ; this included Wales ' first ever victory over South Africa , by 29 – 19 . Henry was consequently nicknamed " the great " by the Welsh media and fans . the 1999 World Cup , Wales qualified for the quarter @-@ finals for the first time since 1987 , but lost 9 – 24 to eventual champions Australia . A lack of success in the Five and Six Nations ( Italy joined the tournament in 2000 ) , and especially a number of heavy losses to Ireland , led to Henry 's resignation in February 2002 ; his assistant Steve Hansen took over . - During Hansen 's tenure , the WRU implemented a significant change in the structure of the game domestically . Regional teams were introduced as a tier above the traditional club @-@ based structures in 2003 , and the five ( then four ) regional sides became the top level of domestic professional rugby in the principality . At the 2003 World Cup , Wales scored four tries in their 53 – 37 loss to New Zealand , and also lost to the eventual tournament winners , England , in their quarter @-@ final , despite them by three tries to one . - - = = = Revival ( 2004 – present ) = = = - - by Mike , Wales won their first Grand Slam since 1978 and their first ever Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005 . A late long range penalty from Gavin Henson gave them a victory over England at Cardiff for the first time in 12 years , and after victories over Italy , France , Scotland , they faced Ireland in front of a capacity crowd at the Millennium Stadium where Wales ' 32 – 20 victory gave them their first Championship since 1994 . Later that year they suffered a record home loss , 41 – 3 to New Zealand . - Mike resigned as the head coach of Wales mid @-@ way through the 2006 Six Nations , where Wales finished fifth , and Gareth Jenkins was eventually appointed as his replacement . Jenkins led Wales through the 2007 World Cup , where they failed to advance beyond the pool stage following a loss to Fiji . Jenkins subsequently lost his job , and Warren Gatland , a New Zealander , was appointed as his successor . - Wales faced England at Twickenham for Gatland 's inaugural match as coach and their first match of the 2008 Six Nations . They had not defeated England there since 1988 , and went on to win 26 – 19 . They eventually won all their Championship matches , only two tries in the process , to claim another Grand Slam . Later that year Wales defeated Australia 21 – 18 in Cardiff , but then started a six @-@ year , twenty @-@ three @-@ game win @-@ less streak against the southern hemisphere nations of Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . - At the 2011 World Cup , Wales reached the tournament semi @-@ finals for the first time since 1987 where they lost 9 – 8 to France after a red card for captain Sam Warburton . The two teams met again in March 2012 , where Wales needed a win to claim their third Six Nations Grand Slam in eight years , which they did with a 16 – 9 victory . This was followed immediately by an eight @-@ match losing streak , which was eventually broken during the 2013 Six Nations , where Wales retained the Championship for the first time since 1979 wins . Wales reached the quarter @-@ finals of the 2015 World Cup at the expense of hosts England , then lost 23 – 19 to South Africa . - - = = Strip = = - - Wales play in red jerseys , white shorts and red socks . For the 2015 – 16 season , the design of the Jersey incorporated gold for the first time . The jerseys are embroidered with the Prince of Wales 's feathers , which were chosen in the 19th century by the WRU over another Welsh symbol , the , to demonstrate the nation 's loyalty to Britain . In 1991 , to enable the device to be trademarked , the original generic motif was replaced with a more stylised version . The original motto beneath the feathers was Ich ( German for " I serve " ) but was replaced with " WRU " in the new version . - Wales change strip – also known as the alternative strip – is black jerseys , shorts and although there have been various different coloured strips in the past Former change strips worn by Wales have included a green , navy , white or grey jersey . Wales previously wore black jerseys as part of celebrations for the WRU 's 125th anniversary in 2005 . The jersey was worn against Fiji and then Australia that year ; the Australia match was the first time Wales had not played in their red jersey against one of their traditional rivals . Since the 2008 end @-@ of @-@ year Tests , the strip is made by Under Armour . They replaced who supplied the Wales strip between late 1996 and the 2008 mid @-@ year @-@ Tests . The shirt sponsor is Cardiff based Insurance firm , Admiral . - - = = Support = = - - Rugby union and Wales ' national team hold an important place in Welsh culture and society . Sport historian John has stated that " rugby is Welsh " , and David Andrew said that " To the popular consciousness , rugby is as Welsh as coal mining , male voice choirs , How Green Was My Valley , Dylan Thomas , and Tom Jones " . Welsh rugby 's first ' golden age ' ( 1900 – 1911 ) coincided with the country 's zenith during the 20th century , and rugby was important in building Wales ' modern identity . There is a long tradition of Welsh supporters singing before and during matches . The choral tradition developed in Wales during the nineteenth @-@ century alongside the rise of , and has extended to singing at rugby matches . Commonly sung songs include the hymn Bread of Heaven , Tom Jones ' , and Max 's Hymns and . - - = = Grounds = = - - Wales ' first home international was played at St Helen 's ground , Swansea in 1882 . In the 1880s and 1890s , home Welsh internationals were played at Cardiff , Swansea , Newport and . Swansea continued to be used as an international venue until 1954 , when Cardiff Arms Park became Wales ' primary home venue . Cardiff Arms Park first had a stand erected in 1881 , and continued to expand its seating that decade . continued to grow and in 1902 in Wales ' match against Scotland a world record 40 @,@ 000 spectators paid to see the match . In 1911 , the owners of the Arms Park , the Marquess of 's family , confirmed Wales ' tenure and the 1920s and 1930s , Wales gradually gained increasing control . A new stand was built at the park in the 1933 – 34 season , which increased the grounds capacity to 56 @,@ 000 . - By 1958 , the WRU had concluded that a new national ground was needed due to flooding that often plagued Arms Park . After debate and disputes between the WRU and various other parties , including Cardiff RFC , in the 1960s , it was decided that a new national stadium would be built with a new ground for the Cardiff club backing onto it . The National Stadium , as it was known , was officially opened in 1970 . - Currently , Wales play all their home matches at the 74 @,@ 500 capacity Millennium Stadium , Cardiff , which is also Wales ' national stadium . The Millennium Stadium was first conceived in 1994 , when a group redevelopment committee was set up . It was decided to replace the National Stadium at Cardiff Arms Park after a review found it was out of date ; new legislation also required stadia to be all seated . Construction began in September 1997 , and was completed by June 1999 , in time for the Rugby World Cup . The construction cost the WRU £ 126 million , which was funded by private investment , £ 46 million of public funds from the National , the sale of to supporters ( which offered guaranteed tickets in exchange for an interest @-@ free loan ) , and loans . While the new ground was being built , Wales used the old Wembley Stadium for their home matches – a deal during construction of the new Wembley , when FA Cup finals were held at the Millennium Stadium . - - = = Record = = - - - = = = Six Nations = = = - - Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship , which is played against five other European nations : England , France , Ireland , Italy , and Scotland . The Six Nations started as the Home Nations Championship in 1883 , as a contest between the four component nations of the United Kingdom . Wales first won it in 1893 , when they achieved a Triple Crown . Wales have won the tournament outright 26 times , and shared eleven other victories . Their longest wait between championships was 11 years ( 1994 – 2005 ) . Wales first won a Grand Slam in 1908 – although France did not officially join the Five Nations until 1910 – and their first Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005 . Their latest Grand Slam was won against France on 17 March 2012 , and they claimed their most recent Triple Crown on 25 February 2012 against England . - - = = = World Cup = = = - - Wales have contested every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987 . The 1987 tournament was Wales ' most successful ; they won all three pool matches and their quarter @-@ final , before losing to the All Blacks in the semi @-@ finals . They then faced Australia in the third place play @-@ off match , which they won 22 – 21 . In the next two tournaments in 1991 and 1995 , Wales failed to progress beyond the pool stage , winning just one match in each tournament . Both the 1999 and 2003 tournaments were more successful , with Wales qualifying for the quarter @-@ finals both times . Wales hosted the event in 1999 and topped their pool only to lose to eventual winners Australia in the quarter @-@ finals . In 2003 , they finished second in their pool behind the All Blacks , and faced England in their quarter @-@ final . They lost to England , the eventual champions , 28 – 17 . Wales conceded 17 penalties , and their lack of discipline proved costly . In the 2007 World Cup , Wales again failed to progress from the pool stage . After a loss to Australia , and two wins against Japan and Canada , they faced Fiji for a place in the quarter @-@ finals . The game started poorly for Wales who were behind 25 – 3 at half @-@ time . They fought back to lead by three points with six minutes remaining , but Fiji then scored a try to win 38 – 34 and eliminated Wales from the tournament . At the 2011 World Cup , Wales reached the semi @-@ finals for the first time since 1987 . Playing the semi @-@ finals against France , Wales lost 9 – 8 , in a game overshadowed by the 18th @-@ minute sending off of Wales ' captain Sam Warburton for a dangerous tackle against Vincent . - - = = = Overall = = = - - When the World Rugby Rankings were introduced in October 2003 , Wales were ranked 8th . They rose to 7th in June 2004 , before falling back to 8th in November that year . Following a Grand Slam win in the 2005 Six Nations , they rose to a ranking position of 5th . They fell to 9th by June 2006 , and , after rising back to 8th by September , fell to 10th after the 2007 World Cup . A second Six Nations ' Grand Slam in 2008 propelled them to 6th in the rankings , but following losses to South Africa in the mid @-@ year and end @-@ of @-@ year internationals Wales slipped to 7th . Wales climbed to 4th after a win over Scotland in their first match of the 2009 Six Nations . They to 9th in 2010 but rose back to 4th after their fourth place in the 2011 World Cup . Since then – a nine @-@ game slump in 2012 – 13 where they fell to 9th – Wales have ranked consistently in the top six teams . They reached their highest ranking of 2nd during the 2015 Rugby World Cup . - Wales have won 355 of their 690 Test matches for a 51 @.@ 45 % winning record . Their biggest Test defeat was 96 – 13 loss to South Africa in 1998 , and their largest victory a 98 – 0 defeat of Japan in 2004 . Their record for most tries in a match is 16 , scored against Portugal in 1994 – they also scored 102 points in this match , more than in any other Test . Wales ' record for consecutive Test wins is eleven , and for consecutive losses is ten . - Below is table summary of Wales Test matches up until 25 June 2016 . - - = = Players = = - - - = = = Current squad = = = - - On 10 May , Warren Gatland named a 35 @-@ man squad for their June 3 @-@ test series against New Zealand , pre @-@ tour test against England and the mid week match against the Chiefs . - On 29 May , after injury to Dan in the England warm @-@ up match , Ellis Jenkins was called up to the squad to replace . - On 7 June , Aaron Jarvis was called up to the squad as injury cover for Paul James . Jarvis later became a permanent replacement after James failed to recover form his injury . - On 11 June , Davies joined the squad as an injury replacement for Lloyd Williams . - Following the first test , Giles and Rhys were called up to the squad as injury cover . - – dual contracted players . - and clubs updated 25 June 2016 - - = = - - Anekāntavāda ( Sanskrit : ् , " many @-@ " ) refers to the principles of pluralism and multiplicity of viewpoints , or points , the notion that reality is perceived differently from diverse points of view , and that no single point of view is the complete truth , yet taken together they comprise the complete truth . It is one of the most important and fundamental doctrines of Jainism . - Jains contrast all attempts to proclaim the sole monopoly on truth with , which can be illustrated through the parable of the " blind men and an elephant " . In this story , each blind man felt a different part of an elephant ( trunk , leg , ear , etc . ) . All the men claimed to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant , but could only partly succeed , due to their limited perspectives . This principle is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence , so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception . ( This is the Truth . ) According to the Jains , only the — beings — can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations ; others are only capable of partial knowledge . Consequently , no single , specific , human view can claim to represent absolute truth . - The origins of anekāntavāda can be traced back to the teachings of Mahāvīra ( – 527 BCE ) , the 24th Jain . The concepts of syādvāda " conditioned viewpoints " and nayavāda " partial viewpoints " arose from anekāntavāda , providing it with more detailed logical structure and expression . The Sanskrit compound an @-@ eka @-@ anta @-@ vāda literally means " doctrine of uncertainty " ( " not " , ekānta " certainty " or " single @-@ natured " , vāda ( " school of thought " or " thesis " ) ; it is roughly translated into English as " non @-@ absolutism " . An @-@ ekānta " uncertainty , non @-@ exclusivity " is the opposite of ekānta ( eka + anta ) " , , necessity " ( or also " monotheistic doctrine " ) . - Anekāntavāda encourages its adherents to consider the views and beliefs of their rivals and opposing parties . Proponents of anekāntavāda apply this principle to religion and philosophy , reminding themselves that any religion or philosophy — even Jainism — which clings too to its own tenets , is committing an error based on its limited point of view . The principle of anekāntavāda also influenced Mahatma Gandhi to adopt principles of religious tolerance , ahiṃsā and . - - = = Philosophical overview = = - - The etymological root of anekāntavāda lies in the compound of two Sanskrit words : anekānta ( " " ) and vāda ( " school of thought " ) . The word anekānta is a compound of the Sanskrit negative prefix an , eka ( " one " ) , and anta ( " attribute " ) . Hence , anekānta means " not of solitary attribute " . - The Jain doctrine lays a strong emphasis on , that is , rationality and logic . According to Jains , the ultimate principle should always be logical and no principle can be devoid of logic or reason . Thus , the Jain texts contain on every subject , whether they are constructive or , or analytical , enlightening or destructive . - - = = = Jain doctrines of relativity = = = - - Anekāntavāda is one of the three Jain doctrines of relativity used for logic and reasoning . The other two are : - syādvāda — the theory of conditioned predication and ; - nayavāda — the theory of partial standpoints . - These Jain philosophical concepts made important contributions to ancient Indian philosophy , especially in the areas of skepticism and relativity . - - = = = = Syādvāda = = = = - - Syādvāda ( Sanskrit : ् ् ) is the theory of conditioned predication , which provides an expression to anekānta by recommending that every phrase or statement be expressed in the mood ( the equivalent of the mood in Latin and other Indo @-@ European languages ) , i.e. generally by each sentence with the verb syāt , the third person singular of the Sanskrit verb as , " to be " . ( In Sanskrit , syāt becomes syān when followed by an " n " , and syād when followed by a non @-@ nasal voiced or vowel . ) According to Jain texts , a thing or object of knowledge has infinite characters ( i.e. , it is ) ; each character can be analysed and grasped individually . Each individual character is called a naya . Jains asserts that a naya reveals only a part of the , and should not be mistaken for the whole . A synthesis of different viewpoints is said to be achieved by the doctrine of conditional predications ( syādvāda ) wherein every viewpoint is able to retain its relative importance . Highlighting the of syādvāda , Samantabhadra asserts : - , when not in conflict with negation , yields the desired result of describing truly an object of knowledge . Only when affirmation and negation are juxtaposed in mutually non @-@ conflicting situation , one is able to decide whether to accept or reject the assertion . This is how the doctrine of conditional predications ( syādvāda ) establishes the truth . ” - Syādvāda is not only an extension of anekānta , but a separate system of logic capable of standing on its own . As reality is complex , no single proposition can express the nature of reality fully . Thus " syāt " should be before each proposition giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing any in the statement . Since it ensures that each statement is expressed from seven different conditional and relative viewpoints or propositions , syādvāda is known as or " the theory of seven conditioned predications " . These saptibhaṅgī are : - syād @-@ asti — in some ways , it is , - syān @-@ nāsti — in some ways , it is not , - syād @-@ asti @-@ nāsti — in some ways , it is , and it is not , - syād @-@ asti @-@ avaktavyaḥ — in some ways , it is , and it is indescribable , - syān @-@ nāsti @-@ avaktavyaḥ — in some ways , it is not , and it is indescribable , - syād @-@ asti @-@ nāsti @-@ avaktavyaḥ — in some ways , it is , it is not , and it is indescribable , - syād @-@ avaktavyaḥ — in some ways , it is indescribable . - Each of these seven propositions examines the complex and nature of reality from a relative point of view of time , space , substance and mode . To ignore the complexity of reality is to commit the of . - The phrase ‘ in a way ’ ( syāt ) declares the standpoint of expression – affirmation with regard to own substance ( dravya ) , place ( kṣetra ) , time ( kāla ) , and being ( bhāva ) , and negation with regard to other substance ( dravya ) , place ( kṣetra ) , time ( kāla ) , and being ( bhāva ) . Thus , for a ‘ jar ’ , in regard to substance ( dravya ) – earthen , it simply is ; wooden , it simply is not . In regard to place ( kṣetra ) – room , it simply is ; terrace , it simply is not . In regard to time ( kāla ) – summer , it simply is ; winter , it simply is not . In regard to being ( bhāva ) – brown , it simply is ; white , it simply is not . And the word ‘ simply ’ has been inserted for the purpose of excluding a sense not approved by the ‘ nuance ’ ; for avoidance of a meaning not intended . The phrase ‘ in a way ’ is used to declare that the ‘ jar ’ exists in regard to its own substance and not also in regard to other substance etc . - According to the Jains , Syādvāda and kevalajñāna ( omniscience ) are the facts of knowledge . In this regard , Samantabhadra writes : - Syādvāda , the doctrine of conditional predications , and kevalajñāna ( omniscience ) , are both of the substances of reality . The difference between the two is that while kevalajñāna directly , syādvāda indirectly . Anything which is not illuminated or expressed by the two is not a substance of reality and hence a non @-@ substance ( ) . - - = = = = Nayavāda = = = = - - Nayavāda is the theory of partial standpoints or viewpoints . Nayavāda is a compound of two Sanskrit words — naya ( " reason " or " method " ) and vāda ( " school of thought or thesis " ) . It is used to arrive at a certain inference from a point of view . An object has infinite aspects to it , but when we describe an object in practice , we speak of only relevant aspects and ignore irrelevant ones . This does not deny the other attributes , qualities , modes and other aspects ; they are just irrelevant from a particular perspective . Authors like Shah explain nayavāda with the example of a car ; for instance , when we talk of a " blue BMW " we are simply considering the color and make of the car . However , our statement does not imply that the car is devoid of other attributes like engine type , cylinders , speed , price and the like . This particular viewpoint is called a naya or a partial viewpoint . As a type of critical philosophy , nayavāda holds that all philosophical disputes arise out of confusion of standpoints , and the standpoints we adopt are , although we may not realise it , " the outcome of purposes that we may pursue " . While operating within the limits of language and seeing the complex nature of reality , Mahāvīra used the language of nayas . , being a partial expression of truth , enables us to comprehend reality part by part . - - = = = of changing and unchanging reality = = = - - The age of Mahāvīra and Buddha was one of intense intellectual debates , especially on the nature of reality and self . thought postulated the absolute unchanging reality of and and claimed that change was mere illusion . The theory advanced by Buddhists denied the reality of permanence of conditioned phenomena , asserting only and impermanence . According to the ( ) conceptual scheme , the Buddhists were wrong in denying permanence and absolutism , and within the Buddhist conceptual scheme , the were wrong in denying the reality of impermanence . The two positions were contradictory and mutually exclusive from each other 's point of view . The Jains managed a synthesis of the two uncompromising positions with anekāntavāda . From the perspective of a higher , inclusive level made possible by the and epistemology of anekāntavāda and syādvāda , Jains do not see such claims as contradictory or mutually exclusive ; instead , they are seen as or only partially true . The Jain breadth of vision the perspectives of both which , according to Jainism , " recognises substances but not process " , and Buddhism , which " recognises process but not substance " . Jainism , on the other hand , pays equal attention to both substance ( dravya ) and process ( ) . - This philosophical of paradox of change through anekānta has been acknowledged by modern scholars such as Sharma , who wrote : - Our experience of the world presents a profound paradox which we can ignore , but not philosophically . This paradox is the paradox of change . Something – A changes and therefore it cannot be permanent . On the other hand , if A is not permanent , then what changes ? In this debate between the " permanence " and " change " , Hinduism seems more inclined to grasp the first horn of the dilemma and Buddhism the second . It is Jainism that has the philosophical courage to grasp both horns and simultaneously , and the philosophical skill not to be by either . - However , anekāntavāda is not simply about or compromise between competing ideas , as it is about finding the hidden elements of shared truth between such ideas ( such as naturalism — relative to and sanctuary — although its basis in simplicity may be described with the scientific principle of 's razor — whereas science is likewise paradoxical in nature — relative to ) . Anekāntavāda is not about denying the truth ; rather truth is acknowledged as an ultimate spiritual goal . For ordinary humans , it is an elusive goal , but they are still obliged to work towards its attainment . Anekāntavāda also does not mean or ones own values and principles . On the contrary , it allows us to understand and be tolerant of conflicting and opposing views , while maintaining the validity of ones own view @-@ point . Hence , John Koller calls anekāntavāda as – " epistemological respect for view of others " . Anekāntavāda , thus , did not prevent the Jain thinkers from defending the truth and validity of their own doctrine while simultaneously and understanding the rival doctrines . Anne notes that the epistemological respect for other viewpoints was put to practice when she was invited by Ācārya Tulsi , the head of the order , to teach the tenets of Christianity . Commenting on their adherence to ahiṃsā and anekāntavāda , she says : - The Jain of maintain ahiṃsā to be an eternal and moral law . Other views and beliefs that contradict this belief would certainly be challenged , and ultimately rejected . But what is significant , is that both the rejection and retention of views is tempered by the belief that our perception conveys only a partial reality , that reality itself is , and that to assume one particular viewpoint is final , is to hold a limited picture of reality . - Anekāntavāda is also different from moral relativism . It does not mean that all arguments and all views are equal , but rather logic and evidence determine which views are true , in what respect and to what extent ( as truth in relativism , itself ) . While employing anekāntavāda , the 17th century philosopher monk , also against ( indiscriminate attachment to all views as being true ) , which is effectively a kind of relativism . Jains thus consider anekāntavāda as a positive concept corresponding to religious pluralism that monism and dualism , implying a sophisticated conception of a complex reality . It does not merely involve rejection of , but reflects a positive spirit of reconciliation of opposite views . However , it is argued that pluralism often to some form of moral relativism or religious . According to Anne , anekānta is a way out of this epistemological , as it makes a genuinely view possible without into extreme moral relativism or exclusivity . - - = = = Parable of the blind men and elephant = = = - - The ancient Jain texts often explain the concepts of and syādvāda with the parable of the blind men and an elephant ( ) , which addresses the nature of truth . - A group of blind men heard that a strange animal , called an elephant , had been brought to the town , but none of them were aware of its shape and form . Out of curiosity , they said : " We must inspect and know it by touch , of which we are capable " . So , they sought it out , and when they found it they about it . In the case of the first person , whose hand landed on the trunk , said " This being is like a drain pipe " . For another one whose hand reached its ear , it seemed like a kind of fan . As for another person , whose hand was upon its leg , said , " I perceive the shape of the elephant to be like a pillar " . And in the case of the one who placed his hand upon its back said , " Indeed , this elephant is like a throne " . Now , each of these presented a true aspect when he related what he had gained from experiencing the elephant . None of them had from the true description of the elephant . Yet they fell short of the true appearance of the elephant . - Two of the many references to this parable are found in of ( 9th century ) and of Ācārya Mallisena ( 13th century ) . Mallisena uses the parable to argue that immature people deny various aspects of truth ; by the aspects they do understand , they deny the aspects they don 't understand . " Due to extreme delusion produced on account of a partial viewpoint , the immature deny one aspect and try to establish another . This is the of the blind ( men ) and the elephant . " Mallisena also cites the parable when noting the importance of considering all viewpoints in obtaining a full picture of reality . " It is impossible to properly understand an entity consisting of infinite properties without the method of modal description consisting of all viewpoints , since it will otherwise lead to a situation of seizing mere ( i.e. , a superficial , inadequate cognition ) , on the of the blind ( men ) and the elephant . " - - = = History and development = = - - The principle of anekāntavāda is the foundation of many Jain philosophical concepts . The development of anekāntavāda also encouraged the development of the of syādvāda ( conditioned viewpoints ) , saptibhaṅgī ( the seven conditioned predication ) , and nayavāda ( partial viewpoints ) . - - = = = Origins = = = - - The origins of anekāntavāda lie in the teachings of Mahāvīra , who used it effectively to show the relativity of truth and reality . Taking a viewpoint , Mahāvīra is said to have explained the nature of the soul as both permanent , from the point of view of underlying substance , and temporary , from the point of view of its modes and modification . The importance and antiquity of anekāntavāda are also demonstrated by the fact that it formed the subject matter of , the fourth part of the lost that contained teachings of the prior to Mahāvīra . German Hermann Jacobi believes Mahāvīra effectively employed the of anekāntavāda to refute the of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta . , the second oldest canon of Jainism , contains the first references to syādvāda and saptibhaṅgī . According to , Mahāvīra advised his disciples to use syādvāda to preach his teachings : - A monk living single should not doctrines , and should avoid hard words though they be true ; he should not be vain , nor , but he should without embarrassment and passion preach the Law . A monk should be modest , though he be of a fearless mind ; he should expound the syādvāda , he should use the two permitted kinds of speech , living among men , impartial and wise . - - = = = Early history = = = - - The early Jain canons and teachings contained of references to anekāntavāda and syādvāda in rudimentary form without giving it proper structure or establishing it as a separate doctrine . text , contains references to , which , according to Hermann Jacobi , is the same as syādvāda and saptibhaṅgī . mentions only three primary predications of the . After Mahāvīra , ( 1st century CE ) was the first author – saint to expound on the doctrine of syādvāda and saptibhaṅgī and give it a proper structure in his famous works and . also used nayas to discuss the essence of the self in . classification of the nayas was provided by the philosopher monk , ( 2nd century CE ) in . Samantabhadra ( 2nd century CE ) and Divākara ( 3rd century CE ) further fine @-@ tuned Jain epistemology and logic by on the concepts of anekāntavāda in proper form and structure . - Ācārya Divākara on the nature of truth in the court of King Vikramāditya : - Vikramāditya : What is ' truth ' ? That which is said repeatedly , that which is said loudly , that which is said with authority or that which is agreed by the majority ? - Divākara : None of the above . Every one has his own definition of ' truth ' and that it is conditional . - Vikramāditya : How about traditions ? They have been established by our ancestors and have passed the test of time ? - Divākara : Would the system established by ancestors hold true on examination ? In case it does not , I am not here to justify it for the sake of saving the traditional grace of the dead , irrespective of the wrath I may have to face . - In , Divākara further adds : " All doctrines are right in their own respective spheres — but if they upon the province of other doctrines and try to refute their view , they are wrong . A man who holds the view of the cumulative character of truth never says that a particular view is right or that a particular view is wrong . " - - = = = Age of logic = = = - - The period beginning with the start of common era , up to the modern period is often referred to as the age of logic in the history of Jain philosophy . By the time of ( 5th century CE ) , whose works are a landmark in Jain logic , anekāntavāda was firmly entrenched in Jain texts , as is evident from the various teachings of the Jain scriptures . - Ācārya ( 8th century CE ) was one of the leading proponents of anekāntavāda . He was the first classical author to write a , a compendium of a variety of intellectual views . This attempted to Jain thoughts within the broad framework , rather than narrow partisan views . It interacted with the many possible intellectual orientations available to Indian thinkers around the 8th century . - Ācārya starts his famous 10th century CE work with strong praise for anekāntavāda : " I bow down to the principle of anekānta , the source and foundation of the highest scriptures , the of wrong one @-@ sided notions , that which takes into account all aspects of truth , diverse and even contradictory traits of all objects or entity . " - Ācārya ( 11th century CE ) provides the analogy of the ocean to explain the nature of truth in , 116 : " Water from the ocean contained in a pot can neither be called an ocean nor a non @-@ ocean , but simply a part of ocean . Similarly , a doctrine , though arising from absolute truth can neither be called a whole truth nor a non @-@ truth . " - , a 17th @-@ century Jain monk , went beyond anekāntavāda by advocating , meaning " standing in the middle " or " " . This position allowed him to praise qualities in others even though the people were non @-@ Jain and belonged to other faiths . There was a period of stagnation after , as there were no new contributions to the development of Jain philosophy . - - = = = Role in ensuring the survival of Jainism = = = - - Anekāntavāda played a pivotal role in the growth as well as the survival of Jainism in ancient India , especially against from , , Buddhists , Muslims , and Christians at various times . According to Hermann Jacobi , Mahāvīra used such concepts as syādvāda and to silence some of his opponents . The discussions of the led by Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta had probably influenced many of their contemporaries and consequently syādvāda may have seemed to them a way out of . Jacobi further speculates that many of their followers would have gone over to Mahāvīra 's , convinced of the truth of the . According to Professor Christopher Key , anekāntavāda allowed Jains to survive during the most hostile and moments in history . According to John Koller , professor of Asian studies , anekāntavāda allowed Jain thinkers to maintain the validity of their doctrine , while at the same time criticizing the views of their opponents . - Anekāntavāda was often used by Jain monks to obtain royal patronage from Hindu Kings . Ācārya Hemacandra used anekāntavāda to gain the confidence and respect of the Emperor . According to the Jain text , Emperor desired enlightenment and liberation and he questioned teachers from various traditions . He remained in a quandary when he discovered that they all promoted their own teachings while disparaging other teachings . Among the teachers he questioned was Hemacandra , who , rather than promote Jainism , told him a story with a different message . According to his story , a sick man was cured of his disease after eating all the herbs available , as he was not aware which herb was . The moral of the tale , according to Hemacandra , was that just as the man was restored by the herb , even though no one knew which particular herb did the trick , so in the ( " age of vice " ) the wise should obtain salvation by supporting all religious traditions , even though no @-@ one can say with absolute certainty which tradition it is that provides that salvation . - - = = Influence = = - - Jain religious tolerance fits well with the ecumenical disposition typical of Indian religions . It can be traced to the analogous Jain principles of anekāntavāda and ahiṃsā . The epistemology of anekāntavāda and syādvāda also had a profound impact on the development of ancient Indian logic and philosophy . In recent times , Jainism influenced Gandhi , who advocated ahiṃsā and . - - = = = and religious tolerance = = = - - The concepts of anekāntavāda and syādvāda allow Jains to accept the truth in other philosophies from their own perspective and thus tolerance for other viewpoints . Anekāntavāda is non @-@ absolutist and stands firmly against all , including any assertion that Jainism is the only correct religious path . It is thus an intellectual ahiṃsā , or ahiṃsā of the mind . writes , " Jain logic is intellectual ahiṃsā . Just as a right @-@ acting person respects the life of all beings , so a right @-@ thinking person acknowledges the validity of all . This means recognizing all aspects of reality , not merely one or some aspects , as is done in non @-@ Jain philosophies . " - Mahāvīra encouraged his followers to study and understand rival traditions in his Sutra : " one philosophical view through the comprehensive study of another one . " - In anekāntavāda , there is no " battle of ideas " , because this is considered to be a form of intellectual or violence , leading quite to physical violence and war . In today 's world , the limitations of the , " either with us or against us " form of argument are increasingly apparent by the fact that the argument leads to political , religious and social conflicts . , the second oldest canon of Jainism , provides a solution by stating : " Those who praise their own doctrines and ideology and the doctrine of others the truth and will be confined to the cycle of birth and death . " - This ecumenical and attitude , engendered by anekāntavāda , allowed modern Jain monks such as to declare : " I am neither a Jain nor a Buddhist , a nor a , a Hindu nor a Muslim , but a traveler on the path of peace shown by the supreme soul , the God who is free from passion . " - - = = = = Contemporary role and influence = = = = - - Some modern authors believe that Jain philosophy in general and anekāntavāda in particular can provide a solution to many problems facing the world . They claim that even the mounting ecological crisis is linked to , because it arises from a false division between humanity and " the rest " of nature . Modern judicial systems , democracy , freedom of speech , and all implicitly reflect an attitude of anekāntavāda . Many authors , such as Jain , have claimed that the Jain tradition , with its emphasis on and anekāntavāda , is capable of solving religious intolerance , terrorism , wars , the depletion of natural resources , environmental degradation and many other problems . Referring to the September 11 attacks , John Koller believes that violence in society mainly exists due to faulty epistemology and as well as faulty ethics . A failure to respect the life and views of others , rooted in and mistaken knowledge and refusal to acknowledge the legitimate claims of different perspectives , leads to violent and destructive behaviour . Koller suggests that anekāntavāda has a larger role to play in the world peace . According to Koller , because anekāntavāda is designed to avoid one @-@ sided errors , reconcile contradictory viewpoints , and accept the multiplicity and relativity of truth , the Jain philosophy is in a unique position to support dialogue and negotiations amongst various nations and peoples . - Some like Professor John have cautioned against giving undue importance to " intellectual ahiṃsā " as the basis of anekāntavāda . He points out that Jain monks have also used anekāntavāda and syādvāda as debating weapons to silence their critics and prove the validity of the Jain doctrine over others . According to , in Jain hands , this method of analysis became a weapon of philosophical with which the doctrines of Hinduism and Buddhism could be down to their ideological bases of simple permanence and impermanence , respectively , and thus could be shown to be one @-@ pointed and inadequate as the overall interpretations of reality they purported to be . On the other hand , the many @-@ sided approach was claimed by the Jains to be immune from criticism since it did not present itself as a philosophical or view . - - = = = Influence on Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi = = = - - Since childhood , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was exposed to the actual practice of non @-@ violence , non @-@ possession and anekāntavāda by his mother . According to biographers like , Gandhi , and Stephen Hay , these early childhood impressions and experiences contributed to the formation of Gandhi 's character and his further moral and spiritual development . In his writings , Mahatma Gandhi attributed his seemingly contradictory positions over a period of time to the learning process , experiments with truth and his belief in anekāntavāda . He proclaimed that the duty of every individual is to determine what is personally true and act on that relative perception of truth . According to Gandhi , a is duty bound to act according to his relative truth , but at the same time , he is also equally bound to learn from truth held by his opponent . In response to a friend 's query on religious tolerance , he responded in the journal " Young India – 21 Jan 1926 " : - I am an and yet I can support ( dualism ) . The world is changing every moment , and is therefore , it has no permanent existence . But though it is constantly changing , it has a something about it which persists and it is therefore to that extent real . I have therefore no to calling it real and , and thus being called an or a . But my Syādvāda is not the Syādvāda of the learned , it is my own . I cannot engage in a debate with them . It has been my experience that I am always true from my point of view , and am often wrong from the point of view of my honest critics . I know that we are both right from our respective points of view . And this knowledge saves me from attributing motives to my opponents or critics . The seven blind men who gave seven different descriptions of the elephant were all right from their respective points of view , and wrong from the point of view of one another , and right and wrong from the point of view of the man who knew the elephant . I very much like this doctrine of the of reality . It is this doctrine that has taught me to judge a from his standpoint and a Christian from his . I used to resent the ignorance of my opponents . Today I can love them because I am gifted with the eye to see myself as others see me and vice versa . I want to take the whole world in the embrace of my love . My Anekāntavāda is the result of the twin doctrine of and ahiṃsā . - - = = Criticism = = - - The doctrines of anekāntavāda and are often criticised on the grounds that they engender a degree of and uncertainty , and may compound problems rather than solve them . It is also pointed out that Jain epistemology asserts its own doctrines , but at the cost of being unable to deny contradictory doctrines . Furthermore , it is also argued that this doctrine could be self @-@ defeating . It is argued that if reality is so complex that no single doctrine can describe it adequately , then anekāntavāda itself , being a single doctrine , must be inadequate . This criticism seems to have been anticipated by Ācārya Samantabhadra who said : " From the point of view of ( means of knowledge ) it is anekānta ( multi @-@ sided ) , but from a point of view of naya ( partial view ) it is ( one @-@ sided ) . " - In defense of the doctrine , Jains point out that anekāntavāda seeks to reconcile apparently opposing viewpoints rather than them . - Anekāntavāda received much criticism from the , notably Adi ( 9th century ) . Sankara argued against some tenets of Jainism in his on ( 2 : 2 : 33 – 36 ) . His main arguments centre on anekāntavāda : - It is impossible that contradictory attributes such as being and non @-@ being should at the same time belong to one and the same thing ; just as observation teaches us that a thing cannot be hot and cold at the same moment . The third alternative expressed in the words — they either are such or not such — results in cognition of indefinite nature , which is no more a source of true knowledge than doubt is . Thus the means of knowledge , the object of knowledge , the knowing subject , and the act of knowledge become all alike indefinite . How can his followers act on a doctrine , the matter of which is altogether indeterminate ? The result of your efforts is perfect knowledge and is not perfect knowledge . Observation shows that , only when a course of action is known to have a definite result , people set about it without . Hence a man who a doctrine of altogether indefinite contents does not deserve to be listened any more than a drunken or a mad man . - However , many believe that Sankara fails to address genuine anekāntavāda . By identifying with , he instead addresses " " , which was argued by Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta . Many authors like believe that Sankara overlooked that , the affirmation of the existence of an object is in respect to the object itself , and its negation is in respect to what the object is not . Genuine anekāntavāda thus considers positive and negative attributes of an object , at the same time , and without any contradictions . - Another Buddhist ridiculed anekāntavāda in : " With the differentiation removed , all things have dual nature . Then , if somebody is to eat curd , then why he does not eat camel ? " The is obvious ; if curd exists from the nature of curd and does not exist from the nature of a camel , then one is justified in eating camel , as by eating camel , he is merely eating the negation of curd . Ācārya , while agreeing that may be right from one viewpoint , took it upon himself to issue a : - The person who without understanding the view is acting like a and not a critic . The Buddha was born a deer and the deer was born as Buddha ; but Buddha is adorable and deer is only a food . Similarly , due to the strength of an entity , with its differences and similarities specified , nobody would eat camel if to eat curd . - - - = Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery = - - The Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery , more commonly known as the Airborne Cemetery , is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Oosterbeek , near Arnhem , the Netherlands . It was established in 1945 and is home to 1759 graves from the Second World War . Most of the men buried in the cemetery were Allied servicemen killed in the Battle of Arnhem , an Allied attempt to cross the Rhine in 1944 , or in the liberation of the city the following year . Men killed in these battles are still discovered in the surrounding area even in the 21st century , and so the number of people interred in the cemetery continues to grow . - - = = Background = = - - In September 1944 the Allies launched Operation Market Garden , an attempt by the British 2nd Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and advance into the , Germany 's industrial . The operation required the 1st Airborne Corps to seize several bridges over rivers and canals in the Netherlands , allowing ground forces to advance rapidly through the Netherlands and cross the River Rhine . - The British 1st Airborne Division was tasked with securing the most distant objectives ; bridges over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem . The division dropped onto the area on 17 September and a small force was able to secure the Arnhem road bridge . However the unexpected presence of SS Panzer troops of the II SS meant the Allies were never able to fully secure their objectives and so after nine days without sufficient reinforcement by the advancing ground forces , the division was withdrawn on 25 September . - In the 9 days of battle almost 2000 Allied soldiers were killed ( some of whom died of their wounds or in captivity after the battle ) . These included over men of the British 1st Airborne Division , 219 men of the Pilot Regiment , 92 men of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , 368 men of the RAF , 79 re @-@ supply of the RASC , 25 men of XXX Corps and 27 men of US IX Carrier Command . The exact number of German dead is unknown , but is believed to be at least 1300 . Additionally it is believed 453 Dutch civilians were killed during the battle . - - = = Cemetery = = - - Owing to the Allied withdrawal , the vast majority of their dead had to be left on the battlefield . Here they were buried in simple field graves ( some little more than their own slit trenches ) or in small mass graves dug by the Germans . Kate , whose house was used as a first aid post during the battle , found the graves of 57 men in her garden when she returned after the war . After Arnhem was liberated in April 1945 , Grave Units of the British 2nd Army moved into the area and began to locate the Allied dead . A small field north of Oosterbeek was offered on perpetual loan by the Netherlands government to the Imperial War Graves Commission ( now Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) in June 1945 and the dead were reburied there . Many of those killed during Arnhem 's liberation were also buried at the same site . The cemetery was completed in February 1946 , originally with the graves marked by metal crosses , although these were replaced by in 1952 . Most of the German dead were buried in the SS Heroes Cemetery near Arnhem after the battle , but reburied in German war cemetery after the war . - The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 1759 graves in the cemetery as of 2004 . of these are Commonwealth , including British , Canadian , Australian and New Zealanders . The cemetery is also the last resting place of 73 Polish soldiers , ( many of them exhumed and moved from , to the disappointment of 's residents ) and 8 Dutch civilians – some killed in the fighting and some former Commission employees . 253 of the graves are unidentified . - As of 2003 there were still 138 Allied men with no known grave in the area , and they are commemorated at the Memorial . However , evidence of the battle is often discovered even today , and the bodies of Allied servicemen are at the Airborne Cemetery . When found , bodies are exhumed and Dutch Graves staff attempt to identify them before they are reburied . One soldier of the Border Regiment was discovered and reburied in the cemetery in 2005 and another who had previously been unidentified was reburied in 2006 . - Five men were awarded the Victoria Cross after the battle , four of them posthumously . Three of the men now rest in the cemetery ; Lieutenant John of the 2nd Battalion , Parachute Regiment ; Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord of 271 Squadron , Royal Air Force and Captain Lionel Ernest of the 10th Battalion , Parachute Regiment . Lance @-@ Sergeant John Daniel of the 2nd Battalion South Regiment has no known grave and is commemorated instead at Memorial . Major Robert Henry Cain , also of 2nd Battalion , South Regiment , survived the battle and was buried on the Isle of Man when he died in 1974 . - the Airborne Cemetery is a civilian graveyard with a small Commonwealth War Graves Commission plot containing the graves of nine airmen shot down shortly before the battle . It is also home to , a surgeon with the 16th ( Parachute ) Field Ambulance during the battle , who wished to be buried near his men after his death in 1986 . Similarly , the Cemetery three miles east contains the graves of thirty six aircrew killed before the battle , and one unidentified soldier . Not all of the Allied dead from the Battle of Arnhem are interred at the cemetery . Some 300 men who were killed when flying into battle , while trying to escape or who succumbed to wounds later , are buried in civilian in the Netherlands , Belgium , the UK and the USA . Sixty men who died in prisoner of war camps after the battle are buried in Germany . - - = = Airborne commemoration service = = - - In the summer of 1945 several hundred veterans of the battle were detached from operations in Norway and returned to Arnhem to take part in filming for the war movie Is the Glory . While there they attended the first commemorative event at the cemetery . This event continued every year , and was attended by veterans , local residents and over 1000 school children who laid flowers on the graves of the dead . After the 25th anniversary in 1969 , the Parachute Regiment approached Dutch organisers to suggest ending the ceremony , believing the battle to have passed sufficiently into history . The Dutch were vehemently and emotionally opposed to the idea and thus the ceremony continues to be held annually . - - - = Ace Attorney = - - Ace Attorney , known in Japan as Gyakuten Saiban ( Japanese : , " Trial " ) , is a series of visual novel adventure video games developed by Capcom . The first entry in the series , Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney , was released in 2001 ; since then , nine further games have been released . Additionally , the series has seen adaptations in the form of a live action film and an anime , and has been the base for manga series , drama CDs , musicals and stage plays . - The player takes the roles of the defense attorneys Phoenix Wright , Mia Fey , Apollo Justice and Athena , and investigates cases and defends their clients in court ; they find the truth by cross @-@ examining witnesses and finding inconsistencies between the testimonies and the evidence they have collected . The cases all last a maximum of three days , with the judge determining the outcome based on evidence presented by the defense attorney and the prosecutor . In the spin @-@ off series Ace Attorney Investigations , the player takes the role of prosecutor Miles Edgeworth , and in the spin @-@ off Dai Gyakuten Saiban , they play as Phoenix 's ancestor Ryūnosuke Naruhodō . - The series was created by the writer and director Shu Takumi , who wanted the series to end after the third game . The series still continued , with Takeshi Yamazaki taking over as writer and director starting with Ace Attorney Investigations : Miles Edgeworth ( 2009 ) ; Takumi has since returned to write and direct some spin @-@ off titles . While the original Japanese versions of the games are set in Japan , the series ' are set in the United States , though retaining Japanese cultural influence . The series has been well received , with reviewers liking the characters and story , and the finding of contradictions ; it has also performed well commercially , with Capcom regarding it as one of their strongest intellectual properties . - - = = Titles = = - - The Ace Attorney series launched in Japan with the Game Boy Advance game Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney in 2001 , and has been published in the West since the release of a Nintendo DS port in 2005 . The series currently consists of six main series games and four spin @-@ offs . Additionally , two titles that collect the first three main series games have been released : Ace Attorney : Phoenix Wright Trilogy HD , which was released for iOS in 2012 in Japan and in 2013 in the West , and Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney Trilogy , which was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2014 . - - = = = Main series = = = - - Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney is the first entry in the series . It was originally released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 in Japan ; it has also been released for the Nintendo DS in 2005 , Microsoft Windows in 2008 , and the Wii and iOS in 2009 . - Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Justice for All is the second entry in the series . It was originally released for the Game Boy Advance in 2002 in Japan ; it has also been released for the Nintendo DS in 2006 , Microsoft Windows in 2008 , and the Wii in 2010 . - Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Trials and Tribulations is the third entry in the series . It was originally released for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 in Japan ; it has also been released for Microsoft Windows in 2006 , the Nintendo DS in 2007 , and the Wii in 2010 . - Apollo Justice : Ace Attorney is the fourth entry in the series . It was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 in Japan and in 2008 in the West . - Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies is the fifth entry in the main series . It was originally released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013 in Japan , North America and Europe ; outside of Japan , it was given a digital @-@ only release . An iOS version was released in 2014 in Japan and the West . - Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice is the sixth entry in the main series . It was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2016 in Japan , and is planned to be released later in the year in North America and Europe ; outside of Japan , it will be a digital @-@ only release . - - = = = Spin @-@ offs = = = - - Ace Attorney Investigations : Miles Edgeworth is the first entry in the Investigations spin @-@ off series . It was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 in Japan and in 2010 in the West . - Ace Attorney Investigations 2 is the second entry in the Investigations series . It was released for the Nintendo DS in 2011 in Japan , but has not been released in the West . - Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney is a crossover between Ace Attorney and the Professor Layton series . It was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2012 in Japan and in 2014 in the West . - Dai Gyakuten Saiban : Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no is the first entry in a planned spin @-@ off series . It was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2015 in Japan , but is not intended to be released in the West . - - = = Common elements = = - - - = = = Gameplay = = = - - The Ace Attorney games are visual novel adventure games in which the player controls defense attorneys and defends their clients in several different episodes . The gameplay is split into two types of sections : investigations and courtroom trials . During the investigations , the player searches the environments , gathering information and evidence , and talks to characters such as their client , witnesses , and the police . Once enough evidence has been collected , the game moves on to a courtroom trial section . - In the courtroom trials , the player aims to get their client declared " not guilty " . To do so , they cross @-@ examine witnesses , and aim to find lies and inconsistencies in the testimonies . They are able to go back and forth between the different statements in the testimony , and can press the witness for more details on a statement . When the player finds an inconsistency , they can present a piece of evidence that the statement . The player is penalized if they present incorrect evidence : in the first game , a number of exclamation marks is shown , with one disappearing after each mistake the player makes ; in later games , a health bar that represents the judge 's patience is used instead . If all exclamation marks are lost , or the health bar reaches zero , the player loses the game and their client is declared guilty . - Several Ace Attorney games introduce new gameplay mechanics to the series . Justice for All introduces " psyche @-@ locks " , which are shown over a witness when the player asks them about a topic they do not want to discuss ; using a , the player can start breaking the psyche @-@ locks by showing the witness evidence or character that proves they are hiding something . The number of psyche @-@ locks depends on how deep the secret is ; when all locks are broken , the topic becomes available , giving the player access to new information . Apollo Justice introduces the " perceive " system , where the player looks for motions or actions made by witnesses that show , similar to a tell in poker . - Dual Destinies introduces the " mood matrix " , through which the player can gauge the emotions of a witness , such as tones of anger when mentioning certain topics ; if the player notices a contradictory emotional response during testimony , they can point out the discrepancy and press the witness for more information . Dual Destinies also introduces " " , where the player reviews vital facts and forms links between evidence to reach new conclusions . Spirit of Justice introduces " divination " , in which the player is shown the memories of victims moments before their deaths , and must find contradictions in the victim 's five senses to determine what has happened . Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney introduces simultaneous cross @-@ examinations of multiple witnesses , with the player being able to see and hear reactions from the different witnesses to the testimony and using this to find contradictions . Dai Gyakuten Saiban introduces " joint reasoning " , where the player finds out the truth by pointing out when their investigative partner Sherlock Holmes takes his reasoning " further than the truth " . - The Ace Attorney Investigations spin @-@ off series splits the gameplay into investigation phases and rebuttal phases , the latter of which is similar to the courtroom trials of the main series . During the investigation phases , the player searches for evidence and talks to witnesses and suspects . Things the player character notices in the environment are saved as thoughts ; the player can use the " logic " system to connect two such thoughts to gain access to new information . At some points , the player can create hologram reproductions of the crime scene , through which they can discover new information that would otherwise be hidden . Ace Attorney Investigations 2 introduces " logic chess " , where the player witnesses in a timed sequence that is visualized as a game of chess , with the player aiming to destroy the other character 's chess pieces . To do this , they need to build up their advantage in the discussion by alternating between speaking and listening , and then choose to go on the offensive . - - = = = Characters and setting = = = - - The protagonist of the first three games is the defense attorney Phoenix Wright , who is assisted by the spirit medium Maya Fey ; in the third game , Phoenix 's mentor Mia Fey is also a playable character . In the fourth game , the protagonist is the defense attorney Apollo Justice ; in the fifth , Phoenix , Apollo and the new defense attorney Athena are all protagonists ; and in the sixth , Phoenix and Apollo are the protagonists . The spin @-@ off Dai Gyakuten Saiban is set in England near the end of the 19th century , and follows Phoenix 's ancestor Ryūnosuke Naruhodō . - Phoenix 's childhood friend Miles Edgeworth , who is the protagonist of the Ace Attorney Investigations games , is a recurring rival prosecutor character ; in addition to him , each new game in the series introduces a new rival : von is introduced in the second game , in the third , Gavin in the fourth , Simon in the fifth , and in the sixth . The prosecutor characters are portrayed as powerful and arrogant characters of high social status , who favor convictions over finding the truth , and who care about keeping perfect @-@ win records in court . Similarly to real Japanese prosecutors , the prosecutors in the series often directly oversee investigations , issuing orders to the police . Japanese attitudes towards the police force are reflected in the series , with the police being represented by incompetent characters such as Dick , and Mike . In the world of Ace Attorney , trials only last three days , and usually end with a " guilty " verdict . The outcomes of cases are decided by a judge , based on evidence provided by the defense attorney and the prosecutor . - - = = Development = = - - The series was created by Shu Takumi , who wrote and directed the first three games . The first game was conceived in 2000 when Takumi 's boss at the time , Shinji , gave him six months to create any type of game he wanted to ; Takumi had originally joined Capcom wanting to make mystery and adventure games , and felt that this was a big chance for him to make a mark as a creator . The game was designed to be simple , as Takumi wanted it to be easy enough for even his mother to play . It was originally going to be a detective game , with Phoenix being a private investigator , but at one point Takumi realized that finding and taking apart contradictions was not related to detective work , and felt that the main setting of the game should be . - Takumi felt that the best way to write a mystery with a good climax is to reveal various clues , and then pull them together into one conclusion , and not have multiple possible endings . He said that the biggest challenge with that was to make the gameplay and story work together ; the goal was to make the player feel like they have driven the story forward themselves , with their own choices , even though the game is linear . He only spent little time on writing a backstory for Phoenix before writing the first game 's story , and instead made up dialogue and developed Phoenix 's personality as he went along . He came up with the partner character Maya because he thought it would be more fun for players to have another character with them , giving them advice , than investigating on their own . - After the first game 's development was finished , told Takumi that they should make an Ace Attorney trilogy , with a grand finale in the third game 's last case . Takumi had originally planned to let Edgeworth be the prosecutor in all episodes in the second game , but during the production the development team learned that the character had become popular . This led to Takumi feeling that he had to use the character more carefully and ; he created the new prosecutor character von , to save Edgeworth for the game 's last case , and avoid a situation where he – a supposed – loses every case . As Takumi wanted the three first Ace Attorney games to be parts of a larger work , he avoided making a lot of changes between games : art from the first game for main characters such as Phoenix , Maya and Edgeworth was reused , to avoid having the previous games look outdated in comparison to newer games in the series ; and no new gameplay mechanics were added for Trials and Tribulations , as Takumi was happy with the gameplay after having added the psyche @-@ lock mechanic for Justice for All . - For the fourth game , Takumi wrote the scenario and took on a supervisory role . He had wanted the series to end with the third game , as he felt Phoenix had been fully explored and that his story had been told ; he said that it is important to know when to end a story , that he did not want the series to become a shadow of its former self , and that he did not see any reason to continue it . Despite this , the spin @-@ off series Ace Attorney Investigations was created , being directed by Takeshi Yamazaki and produced by ; Takumi returned to the series to write the crossover Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney . He also directed and wrote Dai Gyakuten Saiban , which was described as being the first entry in a new Ace Attorney series . He said that he has mixed feelings about the series being developed by other Capcom staff , comparing it to a parent sending their child to their first day in school . Yamazaki and went on to direct and produce the main series entries Dual Destinies and Spirit of Justice . Due to exhaustion after working on Dual Destinies , Yamazaki split direction responsibilities with Fuse for Spirit of Justice , with Yamazaki working on the scenario , and Fuse on the art and gameplay . - - = = = = - - The localization of the first game was to Global , and was handled by the writer Alexander O. Smith and the editor Steve Anderson . While the Japanese version takes place in Japan , the localized version is set in the United States : because one of the episodes involves time zones , they had to specify where the game takes place , and chose the United States without thinking a lot about it . The Japanese justice system of the original still remained intact in the localization , as changing it would have altered the entire game structure . - The change in the series ' setting became an issue in later games , where the Japanese setting was more apparent . Starting with the second game , the series localization direction has been handled by Janet ; One of the first decisions she had to make was how to Maya 's hometown and the mysticism of the Fey clan . She came up with the idea that the localized versions of the Ace Attorney games take place in Los Angeles in an alternative universe where anti @-@ Japanese laws like the California Alien Land Law of 1913 were not passed , anti @-@ Japanese sentiments were not powerful , and where Japanese culture flourished . This dictated what should be localized and what should be kept Japanese ; things relating to the Fey clan and the channeling technique were kept Japanese , as that was Maya 's heritage , while Japanese foods that were not widely known in the West were changed . - Character names were also localized to use double meanings similarly to the Japanese names ; the name puns were based on the characters ' personalities or backgrounds , or were visual gags . Several English names were based on their Japanese counterparts , but for some characters the names had to be altered heavily compared to the Japanese versions . Smith and Anderson had a lot of freedom when the names of minor characters in the first game , but discussed the names of the main cast with Capcom . Phoenix 's English surname , " Wright " , was chosen as his Japanese name , " Naruhodō " – meaning " I see " or " I understand " – was frequently used as a joke in the script . - Dual Destinies was given a digital @-@ only release in the West . This was partially because of the game 's tight development schedule : by releasing it digitally , Capcom was able to release the English version close to the Japanese release date . Two of the games have not been localized : Ace Attorney Investigations 2 and Dai Gyakuten Saiban , although the former has received a full fan translation . - - = = Reception = = - - The Ace Attorney series has been well received by critics , and has performed well commercially : in December 2009 , it was Capcom 's 9th best selling series of all time , and in October 2010 , they called it one of their " strongest intellectual properties " , with more than 3 @.@ 9 million units sold worldwide . By December 2013 , the series had sold over 5 million units . In the United States , the first game became surprisingly successful , forcing Capcom to prepare at least three additional runs to meet the demand . - Reviewers have liked finding contradictions ; a common complaint , however , is the games ' , as well as how the player sometimes has to resort to a trial @-@ and @-@ error method due to the games only accepting specific pieces of evidence , and how testimony statements sometimes need to be pressed in a specific order . Some reviewers have criticized the lack of changes to the gameplay and presentation throughout the series , while some have said that fans of the series would not have a problem with this . - Geoff Thew at Hardcore Gamer said that the " " of the game world makes the cases entertaining , but also that it " on a deeper level " due to its connection to the real Japanese legal system , making the setting still feel relevant in 2014 . Bob at said that the Ace Attorney games were among the best written games of all time , and that the series ' strength is how each game builds up to a " stunning and satisfying finale " . Thomas Whitehead at Nintendo Life also liked the writing , praising its balance between " light @-@ hearted nonsense " and darker , more serious scenarios . Several reviewers have appreciated the series ' characters ; Thew said that Phoenix and Maya 's banter is among the best in video games , and that Edgeworth 's character arc is one of the most compelling parts of the stories . - Several reviewers have praised the series ' music . Thew said that the greatest aspect of the series is its audio design , with the first three games using the Game Boy Advance sound chip better than any other game for that platform ; he called the music phenomenal , with the exception of that in Justice for All , but said the sound effects are what " steals the show " . commented that the games ' small amounts of animations for each character are used well for their characterization . - - = = Related media and other appearances = = - - The Revue , an all @-@ female theater troupe , has adapted the series into stage musicals : 2009 's Ace Attorney : Truth Resurrected , which is based on the last episode of the first game ; 2010 's Ace Attorney 2 : Truth Resurrected Again , whose first act is an original story , while its second act is based on the final episode of the second game ; and 2013 's Ace Attorney 3 : Prosecutor Miles Edgeworth , which is set before the events of Truth Resurrected Again . A stage play based on the series , titled Gyakuten no Spotlight , ran in 2013 , and was written by . A 2012 live @-@ action film adaptation of the first game , titled Ace Attorney , was produced at the film studio Toei and directed by Miike . A 2016 TV anime adaptation of the series , Ace Attorney , is being produced at A @-@ 1 Pictures and is directed by . Kodansha has published several manga based on the series : a short story anthology was published in Young Magazine in 2006 ; Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney and Ace Attorney Investigations : Miles Edgeworth were serialized in Weekly Young Magazine in 2007 and 2009 , respectively ; and another manga , which is based on the anime , will be published in V Jump in 2016 . A novel based on the series , Gyakuten Saiban : Idol , is planned to be released in 2016 . Ace Attorney drama CDs and albums with Ace Attorney music have also been released . - Ace Attorney characters have made cross @-@ over appearances in other video games . Some Ace Attorney characters appear in vs. Capcom : Card Fighters DS . Phoenix and Edgeworth make a cameo appearance in She @-@ 's ending in the fighting game Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds ; in the game 's update , Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , Phoenix appears as a playable character . Phoenix and Maya are playable characters in Project X Zone 2 , while Edgeworth makes a non @-@ playable appearance . Music from the Ace Attorney series is featured in Drum Master : Don ! Adventure , with Phoenix making an appearance in the game 's story . - - - = Cambodian Campaign = - - The Cambodian Campaign ( also known as the Cambodian and the Cambodian Invasion ) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during 1970 by the United States and the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) ( ) during the Vietnam War . These invasions were a result of the policy of President Richard Nixon . A total of 13 major operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) between 29 April and 22 July and by US forces between 1 May and 30 June . - The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40 @,@ 000 troops of the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , also known as Viet Cong ) who were in the eastern border regions of Cambodia . Cambodia 's official neutrality and military weakness made its territory effectively a safe zone where Vietnamese communist forces could establish bases for operations over the border . With the US shifting toward a policy of Vietnamization and withdrawal , the US sought to shore up the South Vietnamese government 's security by eliminating the cross @-@ border threat . - A change in the Cambodian government allowed a window of opportunity for the destruction of the base areas in 1970 when Prince Sihanouk was deposed and replaced by pro @-@ US General Lon Nol . Allied military operations failed to eliminate many communist troops or to capture their elusive headquarters , known as the Central Office for South Vietnam ( COSVN ) , but the haul of captured material in Cambodia prompted claims of success . - - = = = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - The People 's Army of Vietnam had been utilizing large sections of relatively unpopulated eastern Cambodia as sanctuaries into which they could withdraw from the struggle in South Vietnam to rest and reorganize without being attacked . These base areas were also utilized by the Vietnamese communists to store weapons and other material that had been transported on a large scale into the region on the Sihanouk Trail . PAVN forces had begun moving through Cambodian territory as early as 1963 . In 1966 , Prince Sihanouk , ruler of Cambodia , convinced of eventual communist victory in Southeast Asia and fearful for the future of his rule , had concluded an agreement with the People 's Republic of China which allowed the establishment of permanent communist bases on Cambodian soil and the use of the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville for resupply . - During 1968 , Cambodia 's indigenous communist movement , labeled Khmer Rouge ( Red ) by Sihanouk , began an insurgency to overthrow the government . While they received very limited material help from the North Vietnamese at the time ( the Hanoi government had no incentive to overthrow Sihanouk , since it was satisfied with his continued " neutrality " ) , they were able to shelter their forces in areas controlled by PAVN / NLF troops . - The US government was aware of these activities in Cambodia , but from taking overt military action within Cambodia in hopes of convincing the Sihanouk to alter his position . To accomplish this , President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized covert cross @-@ border reconnaissance operations conducted by the secret Studies and Observations Group in order to gather intelligence on PAVN / NLF activities in the border regions ( Project ) . This intelligence data would then be presented to the prince in an effort to change his mind . - - = = = Menu , coup and North Vietnamese offensive = = = - - The new commander of the US Military Assistance Command , Vietnam ( MACV ) , General Creighton W. Abrams , recommended to President Richard M. Nixon shortly after his inauguration that the Cambodian Base Areas be attacked by aerial bombardment utilizing B @-@ 52 bombers . The president initially refused , but the breaking point came with the launching of PAVN 's " Mini @-@ " Offensive of 1969 within South Vietnam . Nixon , angered at what he perceived as a violation of the " agreement " with Hanoi after the cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam , authorized the covert air campaign . The first mission of Operation Menu was dispatched on 18 March and by the time it was completed 14 months later more than 3 @,@ 000 sorties had been flown and 108 @,@ 000 tons of ordnance had been dropped on eastern Cambodia . - While Sihanouk was abroad in France for a rest cure in January 1970 , government @-@ sponsored anti @-@ Vietnamese demonstrations were held throughout Cambodia . Continued unrest spurred Prime Minister / Defense Minister Lon Nol to close the port of Sihanoukville to communist supplies and to issue an ultimatum on 12 March to the North Vietnamese to withdraw their forces from Cambodia within 72 hours . The prince , outraged that his " " with the communists had been disturbed , immediately arranged for a trip to Moscow and Beijing in an attempt to gain their agreement to apply pressure on Hanoi to its forces in Cambodia . - On 18 March , the Cambodian National Assembly deposed Sihanouk and named Lon Nol as provisional head of state . This led Sihanouk to immediately establish a government @-@ in @-@ exile in Beijing and to ally himself with North Vietnam , the Khmer Rouge , the NLF , and the Lao . In doing so , Sihanouk lent his name and popularity in the rural areas of Cambodia to a movement over which he had little control . The North Vietnamese response to the coup was swift . PAVN began directly supplying large amounts of weapons and advisors to the Khmer Rouge , and Cambodia plunged into civil war . - Lon Nol saw Cambodia 's population of 400 @,@ 000 ethnic Vietnamese as possible hostages to prevent PAVN attacks and ordered their and . Cambodian soldiers and civilians then unleashed a reign of terror , murdering thousands of Vietnamese civilians . On 15 April for example , 800 Vietnamese men had been rounded up at the village of , tied together , executed , and their bodies dumped into the Mekong River . They then floated downstream into South Vietnam . Cambodia 's actions were denounced by both the North and South Vietnamese governments . - Even before the supply conduit through Sihanoukville was shut down , PAVN had begun expanding its logistical system from southeastern Laos ( the Ho Chi Minh trail ) into northeastern Cambodia . PAVN also launched an offensive ( Campaign X ) against the Cambodian army , quickly seizing large portions of the eastern and northeastern parts of the country , isolating and besieging or overrunning a number of Cambodian cities including Kampong Cham . Communist forces then approached within 20 miles ( 32 km ) of the capital , Phnom Penh , spurring President Nixon into action . - On 29 March 1970 , the North Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the Cambodian army with documents uncovered from the Soviet archives revealing that the offensive was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with . A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of Phnom Penh . After defeating those forces , the North Vietnamese turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents . The Khmer Rouge also established " liberated " areas in the south and the southwestern parts of the country , where they operated independently of the North Vietnamese . - - = = = Planning = = = - - In response to events in Cambodia , President Nixon believed that there were distinct possibilities for a U.S. response . With Sihanouk gone , conditions were for strong measures against the Base Areas . He was also adamant that some action be taken to support " The only government in Cambodia in the last twenty @-@ five years that had the to take a pro @-@ Western stand . " The president then solicited proposals for actions from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and MACV , who presented him with a series of options : a naval quarantine of the Cambodian coast ; the launching of South Vietnamese and American airstrikes ; the expansion of hot pursuit across the border by ARVN forces ; or a ground invasion by ARVN , U.S. forces , or both . - During a televised address on 20 April , Nixon announced the withdrawal of 150 @,@ 000 U.S. troops from South Vietnam during the year . This planned withdrawal implied restrictions on any offensive U.S. action in Cambodia . By the spring of 1970 , MACV still maintained 330 @,@ 648 U.S. Army and 55 @,@ Marine Corps troops in South Vietnam , most of whom were concentrated in 81 infantry and tank battalions . Many of them , however , were preparing to leave the country or expected to leave in the near future and would not be available for immediate combat operations . - On 22 April Nixon authorized the planning of a South Vietnamese incursion into the Parrot 's Beak ( named for its perceived shape on a map ) , believing that " Giving the South Vietnamese an operation of their own would be a major boost to their morale as well as provide a practical demonstration of the success of Vietnamization . " On the following day , Secretary of State William P. Rogers testified before the House that " the administration had no intentions ... to escalate the war . We recognize that if we escalate and get involved in Cambodia with our ground troops that our whole program [ Vietnamization ] is defeated . " - South Vietnamese forces had been rehearsing for just such an operation since late March . On 27 April , an ARVN Ranger Battalion had advanced into Province to destroy a communist base . Four days later other South Vietnamese troops drove 16 kilometers into Cambodian territory . Lon Nol , who had initially attempted to follow a policy of his own , requested military aid and assistance from the U.S. government on 14 April . On that day , South Vietnamese forces then conducted the first of three brief cross @-@ border operations under the aegis of Operation Toan Thang ( Complete Victory ) 41 , sending armored cavalry units into regions of Cambodia 's Svay Rieng Province nicknamed the Angel 's Wing and the Crow 's Nest . On 20 April , 2 @,@ 000 South Vietnamese troops advanced into the Parrot 's Beak , killing 144 PAVN troops . On 22 April , Nixon authorized American air support for the South Vietnamese operations . All of these incursions into Cambodian territory were simply reconnaissance missions in preparation for a larger @-@ scale effort being planned by MACV and its ARVN counterparts , subject to authorization by Nixon . - President Nixon then authorized General Abrams to begin planning for a U.S. operation in the Fishhook region . A preliminary operational plan had actually been completed in March , but was kept so tightly under that when Abrams handed over the task to General Michael , commander of the II Field Force , he was not informed about the previous planning and started a new one from scratch . Seventy @-@ two hours later , 's plan was submitted to the White House . National Security Dr. Henry Kissinger asked one of his aides to review it on 26 April , and the NSC was by its " " . - The main problems were the pressure of time and the desire of the U.S. president for secrecy . The Cambodian monsoon , whose heavy rains would hamper operations , was only two months away . By the order of the president , the State Department did not notify the Cambodian desk at the US Embassy , Saigon , the Phnom Penh embassy , or Lon Nol of the planning . Operational security was as tight as General Abrams could make it . There was to be no prior U.S. logistical build @-@ up in the border regions which might serve as a signal to the communists . U.S. brigade commanders were informed only a week in advance of the offensive , while battalion commanders got only two or three days ' notice . - - = = = = = = - - Not all of the members of the administration agreed that an invasion of Cambodia was either militarily or politically . Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird and Secretary Rogers were both opposed to any such operation due to their belief that it would engender intense domestic opposition in the U.S. and that it might possibly the ongoing peace negotiations in Paris ( they had both opposed the Menu bombings for the same reasons ) . Both were by Henry Kissinger for their " bureaucratic foot @-@ dragging . " As a result , Laird was bypassed by the Joint Chiefs in advising the White House on planning and preparations for the Cambodian operation . - On the evening of 25 April Nixon with his friend and Kissinger . Afterward , they screened one of Nixon 's favorite movies , Patton , a biographical portrayal of controversial General George S. Patton , Jr . , which he had seen five times previously . Kissinger later commented that " When he was pressed to the wall , his [ Nixon 's ] romantic streak surfaced and he would see himself as a military commander in the tradition of Patton . " - The following evening , Nixon decided that " We would go for broke " and gave his authorization for the incursion . The joint U.S. / ARVN campaign would begin on 1 May with the stated goals of : reducing allied casualties in South Vietnam ; assuring the continued withdrawal of U.S. forces ; and enhancing the U.S. / Saigon government position at the peace negotiations in Paris . - In order to keep the campaign as low @-@ key as possible , General Abrams had suggested that the commencement of the incursion be routinely announced from Saigon . At 21 : 00 on 30 April , however , President Nixon appeared on all three U.S. television networks to announce that " It is not our power but our will and character that is being tested tonight " and that " the time has come for action . " He announced his decision to launch American forces into Cambodia with the special objective of capturing COSVN , " the headquarters of the entire communist military operation in South Vietnam . " COSVN as a single headquarters for control of PAVN operations in South Vietnam probably did not exist , or , at least , was never found . - - = = Operations = = - - - = = = Previous ARVN attacks = = = - - with Lon Nol ARVN forces attacked the PRG complexes . Moving across the border in Cambodia on 30 March elements of the PRG and NLF were surrounded in their bunkers by South Vietnamese forces flown in by helicopter . they awaited till nightfall and then with security provided by the NLF 7th division they broke out of the and fled north to unite with the COSVN in the Cambodian province in what would come to be known as Escape of the Provisional Revolutionary Government . Trương was the Minister of Justice in the PRG and he recounts that during the march to the northern bases was day after day of forced marches broken up by B @-@ 52 bombing raids . Just before the column crossed route 7 on their way north they received word that on 3 April the 9th Division had fought and won a battle near the city of , Cambodia against ARVN forces . - Years later Trương would recall just how " close [ South Vietnamese ] were to or capturing the core of the Southern resistance – elite units of our fighters along with the civilian and much of the military leadership " . After many days of hard marches the PRG reached the northern bases , and relative safety , in the region . Casualties were light and the march even saw the birth of a baby to Dương , the deputy minister of health in the Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) . The column needed many days to recover and Trương himself would require weeks to recover from the long march . - - = = = Parrot 's Beak and Fishhook = = = - - South Vietnamese forces had already crossed the border on 30 April , launching Operation Toan Thang 42 . 12 ARVN battalions of approximately 8 @,@ 700 troops ( two armored cavalry squadrons from III Corps and two from the 25th Division and 5th Infantry Divisions , an infantry regiment from the 25th Infantry Division , and three Ranger battalions and an attached ARVN Armored Cavalry from the 3rd Ranger Group ) crossed into the Parrot 's Beak region of Svay Rieng Province . The offensive was under the command of Lieutenant General Cao , the commander of III Corps , who had a reputation as one of the most aggressive and competent ARVN generals . During their first two days in Cambodia , ARVN units had several sharp encounters with PAVN forces . The North Vietnamese , by previous ARVN incursions , however , conducted only delaying actions in order to allow the bulk of their forces to escape to the west . - The ARVN operation soon settled down to become a search and destroy mission , with South Vietnamese troops the countryside in small patrols looking for PAVN supply . Phase II of the operation began with the arrival of elements of the 9th Infantry Division . Four tank @-@ infantry task forces attacked into the Parrot 's Beak from the south . After three days of operations , ARVN claimed 1 @,@ 010 PAVN troops had been killed and 204 prisoners taken for the loss of 66 ARVN dead and 330 wounded . - On 1 May an even larger operation , known by the ARVN as Operation Toan Thang 43 and by MACV as Operation , got underway as 36 B @-@ dropped tons of bombs along the southern edge of the Fishhook . This was followed by an hour of massed artillery fire and another hour of strikes by tactical fighter @-@ bombers . At 10 : 00 , the 1st Air Division , the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment , the 1st ARVN Armoured Cavalry Regiment , and the 3rd ARVN Airborne Brigade then entered Kampong Cham Province of Cambodia . Known as Task Force Shoemaker ( after General Robert M. Shoemaker , the Assistant Division Commander of the 1st Cavalry Division ) , the force attacked the long @-@ time communist stronghold with 10 @,@ 000 U.S. and 5 @,@ 000 South Vietnamese troops . The operation utilized mechanized infantry and armored units to drive deep into the province where they would then link up with ARVN airborne and U.S. units that had been lifted in by helicopter . - Opposition to the incursion was expected to be heavy , but PAVN / NLF forces had begun moving westward two days before the advance began . By 3 May , MACV reported only eight Americans killed and 32 wounded , low casualties for such a large operation . There was only scattered and sporadic contact with delaying forces such as that experienced by elements of the U.S. 11th Armoured Cavalry three kilometers inside Cambodia . PAVN troops opened fire with small arms and rockets only to be blasted by tank fire and tactical airstrikes . When the smoke had cleared , 50 dead PAVN soldiers were counted on the battlefield while only two U.S. troops were killed during the action . - 1st Battalion / 7th Cavalry , 3rd Brigade 1st Cavalry Division was in the Fishhook very early May through 30 June when they crossed the river back into Vietnam . There was extremely heavy combat throughout the period . American losses were very heavy , with all units relying on heavy inflow of replacements to try to maintain at least half strength in the field . In one company , of all the men who had entered Cambodia , only nine left on 30 June , the rest having been either killed or wounded and evacuated . The unit was awarded the Unit Award , equivalent to individual Silver Stars , for their combat performance in the Fishhook . - The North Vietnamese had ample notice of the impending attack . A 17 March directive from the headquarters of the B @-@ 3 Front , captured during the incursion , ordered PAVN / NLF forces to " break away and avoid shooting back ... Our purpose is to conserve forces as much as we can " . The only surprised party amongst the participants in the incursion seemed to be Lon Nol , who had been informed by neither Washington nor Saigon concerning the impending invasion of his country . He only discovered the fact after a telephone conversation with the head of the U.S. mission , who had found out about it himself from a radio broadcast . - The only conventional battle fought by American troops occurred on 1 May at the town of , the suspected terminus of the Sihanouk Trail at the junction of Routes 7 , 13 , and 131 . Elements of the U.S. 11th Armored Cavalry and supporting helicopters came under PAVN fire while approaching the town and its airfield . When a massed American attack was met by heavy resistance , the Americans backed off , called in air support and blasted the town for two days , reducing it to rubble . During the action , Brigadier General Donn A. , commander of the 11th Armored Cavalry , was wounded by grenade fragments and evacuated . - - = = = Hunting supply = = = - - On the following day , elements of the U.S. 1st Air Cavalry division entered what came to be known as " The City " , southwest of . The two @-@ square mile PAVN complex contained over 400 , storage sheds , and bunkers , each of which was packed with food , weapons , and ammunition . There were truck repair facilities , hospitals , a lumber yard , 18 mess halls , a pig farm , and even a swimming pool . Forty kilometers to the northeast , other 1st Cavalry Division elements discovered a larger base on 6 May . Nicknamed " Rock Island East " after the U.S. Army 's Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois , the area contained more than 6 @.@ 5 million rounds of anti @-@ aircraft ammunition , 500 @,@ 000 rifle rounds , thousands of rockets , several General Motors trucks , and large quantities of communications equipment . - While on patrol 20 kilometers northeast of " Rock Island East " on 23 May , a point man nicknamed Shakey ( Chris ) from the 5th Battalion , 7th Cavalry , over a metal plate buried just below the surface of the ground . The was later killed by PAVN defenders , but the he had uncovered was the first of 59 buried storage bunkers at the site of what was thereafter known as " Shakey 's Hill " . The bunkers contained thousands of cases of weapons and ammunition , all of which were turned over to the Cambodian army . Much of the captured enemy material was turned over to the MACV Special Support Group for Cambodia where it was maintained and then issued to Lon Nol 's Forces . This group was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Will H. Horn . - The one thing that was not found was COSVN . On 1 May a tape of Nixon 's announcement of the incursion was played for General Abrams , " who must have " when he heard the president state that the capture of the headquarters was one of the major objectives of the operation . MACV intelligence knew that the mobile and dispersed headquarters would be difficult to locate . In response to a White House query before the fact , MACV had replied that " major COSVN elements are dispersed over approximately 110 square kilometers of jungle " and that " the feasibility of capturing major elements appears remote " . - After the first week of operations , additional battalion and brigade units were committed to the operation , so that between 6 and 24 May , a total of 90 @,@ 000 Allied troops ( including 33 U.S. maneuver battalions ) were conducting operations inside Cambodia . Due to increasing political and domestic turbulence in the U.S. , President Nixon issued a directive on 7 May limiting the distance and duration of U.S. operations to a depth of 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) and setting a deadline of 30 June for the withdrawal of all U.S. forces to South Vietnam . - South Vietnamese forces were not constrained by the time and geographic limitations placed upon U.S. units . From the provincial capital of Svay Rieng , ARVN elements pressed westward to Kampong , where on 14 May their 8th and 15th Armored Cavalry regiments defeated the 88th PAVN Infantry Regiment . On 23 May , the South Vietnamese pushed beyond the deepest U.S. and attacked the town of . - - = = = Binh Tay and Cuu Long = = = - - In the II Corps area , Operation Binh Tay I ( Operation the West ) was launched by the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division and the 40th ARVN Infantry Regiment against Base Area 702 ( the traditional headquarters of the communist B @-@ 2 Front ) in northeastern Cambodia from 5 – 25 May . Following airstrikes , the initial American forces , assaulting via helicopter , were driven back by intense anti @-@ aircraft fire . On the following day , the 3rd Battalion , Infantry ( on loan from the U.S. 101st Airborne Division ) , landed without opposition . Its sister unit , the 1st Battalion , 14th Infantry was also unopposed . The 3rd Battalion of the 8th Infantry , however , inserted only 60 men before intense PAVN fire ( which shot down one helicopter and damaged two others ) shut down the landing zone , leaving them stranded and surrounded overnight . By the following morning , PAVN forces had left the area . - On the 7th , the division 's 2nd Brigade inserted its three battalions unopposed . After ten days ( and only one significant firefight ) the American troops returned to South Vietnam , leaving the area to the ARVN . Historian Shelby Stanton has noted that " there was a noted lack of aggressiveness " in the combat assault and that the division seemed to be " suffering from almost total combat . " During Operation Binh Tay II , the ARVN 22nd Division moved against Base Area 702 from 14 – 26 May . The second phase of the operation was carried out by ARVN forces against Base Area 701 between 20 May and 27 June when elements of the ARVN 22nd Division conducted operations against Base Area 740 . - On 10 May , Bravo Company , 3rd Battalion , Regiment , 101st Airborne Division , was ambushed by a much larger North Vietnamese force in the Se San Valley . Eight U.S. soldiers were killed and 28 wounded . Among the killed was . Leslie Sabo , Jr . ( posthumously promoted to sergeant ) , who was recommended for the Medal of Honor , but the went missing until 1999 . Sabo was awarded the Medal of Honor on 16 May 2012 by President Barack Obama . - In the III Corps Tactical Zone , Operation Toan Thang 44 ( Operation ) , was conducted by the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division between 6 May and 30 June . The targets of the operation were Base Areas 353 , 354 , and located north and northeast of Tay , South Vietnam . Once again , a hunt for COSVN units was conducted , this time around the Cambodian town of and , once again , the search was futile . During its operations , the 25th Infantry killed 1 @,@ PAVN and NLF troops while losing 119 of its own men killed . - with the launching of Toan Thang 44 , the two battalions of the 3rd Brigade , U.S. 9th Infantry Division , crossed the border 48 kilometers southwest of the Fishhook into an area known as the Dog 's Face from 7 through 12 May . The only significant contact with PAVN forces took place near the hamlet of , where 51 North Vietnamese were killed and another 21 were captured . During the operation , the brigade lost eight men killed and 22 wounded . It was already too late for thousands of ethnic Vietnamese murdered by Cambodian persecution , but there were tens of thousands of Vietnamese still within the country who could now be evacuated to safety . South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu arranged with Lon Nol to as many as were willing to leave . The new relationship did not , however , prevent the Cambodian government from stripping the Vietnamese of their homes and other personal property before they left . - then authorized Operation Cuu Long , in which ARVN ground forces , including mechanized and armoured units , drove west and northwest up the eastern side of the Mekong River from 9 May – 1 July . A combined force of 110 Vietnamese Navy and 30 U.S. vessels proceeded up the Mekong to Prey , permitting IV Corps ground forces to move westward to Phnom Penh and to aid ethnic Vietnamese seeking flight to South Vietnam . Those who did not wish to be repatriated were then forcibly expelled . , North Vietnamese forces did not oppose the evacuation , though they could easily have done so . - Other operations conducted from IV Corps included Operation Cuu Long II ( 16 – 24 May ) , which continued actions along the western side of the Mekong . Lon Nol had requested that the ARVN help in the retaking of Kompong , a town along Route 4 southwest of Phnom Penh and 90 miles ( 140 km ) inside Cambodia . A 4 @,@ 000 @-@ man ARVN armoured task force linked up with Cambodian ground troops and then retook the town . Operation Cuu Long III ( 24 May – 30 June ) was an evolution of the previous operations after U.S. forces had left Cambodia . - After rescuing the Vietnamese from the Cambodians , ARVN was tasked with saving the Cambodians from the North Vietnamese . The goal was to relieve the city of Kompong Cham , 70 kilometers northwest of the capital and the site of the headquarters of Cambodia 's Military Region I. On 23 May , General Tri led a column of 10 @,@ 000 ARVN troops along Route 7 to the 180 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 73 km2 ) rubber plantation , where PAVN resistance was expected to be heavy . , no battle ensued and the siege of Kompong Cham was lifted at a cost of 98 PAVN troops killed . - - = = = Air support and logistics = = = - - Aerial operations for the incursion got off to a slow start . Reconnaissance flights over the operational area were restricted since MACV believed that they might serve as a signal of intention . The role of the Air Force in the planning for the incursion itself was minimal at best , in part to preserve the secrecy of Menu which was then considered an overture to the thrust across the border . - On 17 April , General Abrams requested that the president approve Operation , covert tactical airstrikes in support of Studies and Observations Group elements " across the fence " in Cambodia . This authorization was given , allowing U.S. aircraft to penetrate 13 miles ( 21 km ) into northeastern Cambodia . This boundary was extended to 29 miles ( 47 km ) along the entire frontier on 25 April . was terminated on 18 May after 156 sorties had been flown . The last Menu mission was flown on 26 May . - During the incursion itself , U.S. and ARVN ground units were supported by 9 @,@ 878 aerial sorties ( 6 @,@ U.S. / 2 @,@ Vietnamese Air Force ) , an average of 210 per day . During operations in the Fishhook , for example , the flew 3 @,@ sorties and the South Vietnamese Air Force . These tactical airstrikes were supplemented by 653 B @-@ 52 missions in the border regions ( 71 supporting Binh Tay operations , for Toan Thang operations , and 23 for Cuu Long ) . 30 May saw the inauguration of Operation Freedom Deal ( named as of 6 June ) , a continuous U.S. aerial interdiction campaign conducted in Cambodia . These missions were limited to a depth of 48 @-@ kilometers between the South Vietnamese border and the Mekong River . - Within two months , however , the limit of the operational area was extended past the Mekong , and U.S. tactical aircraft were soon directly supporting Cambodian forces in the field . These missions were officially denied by the U.S. and false coordinates were given in official reports to hide their existence . Defense Department records indicated that out of more than 8 @,@ 000 combat sorties flown in Cambodia between July 1970 and February 1971 , approximately 40 percent were flown outside the authorized Freedom Deal boundary . - The real struggle for the U.S. and ARVN forces in Cambodia was the effort at keeping their units supplied . Once again , the need for security before the operations and the with which units were transferred to the border regions precluded detailed planning and preparation . This situation was exacerbated by the poor road network in the border regions and the possibility of ambush for nighttime road convoys demanded that deliveries only take place during daylight . Aerial resupply , therefore , became the chief method of logistical for the forward units . Military engineers and aviators were kept in constant motion throughout the incursion zone . - Due to the rapid pace of operations , deployment , and redeployment , coordination of artillery units and their fires became a worrisome quandary during the operations . This was made even more problematic by the confusion generated by the lack of adequate communications systems between the rapidly advancing units . The joint nature of the operation added another level of complexity to the already communications network . Regardless , due to the ability of U.S. to innovate and improvise , supplies of food , water , ammunition , and spare parts arrived at their destinations without any shortages hampering combat operations and the communications system , although complicated , functioned well enough during the short duration of U.S. operations . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The North Vietnamese response to the incursion was to avoid contact with allied forces and , if possible , to fall back westward and regroup . PAVN forces were well aware of the planned attack and many COSVN / B @-@ 3 Front military units were already far to the north and west conducting operations against the Cambodians when the offensive began . During 1969 PAVN logistical units had already begun the largest expansion of the Ho Chi Minh trail conducted during the entire conflict . As a response to the loss of their Cambodian supply route , North Vietnamese forces seized the towns of and during the year , pushing what had been a 60 @-@ mile ( 97 km ) corridor to a width of 90 miles ( 140 km ) and opening the entire length of the Kong River system into Cambodia . A new logistical command , the Transportation Group , was created to handle logistics in Cambodia and the new " Liberation Route " ran through and reached the Mekong at . - As by Secretary Laird , fallout from the incursion was quick in coming on the campuses of America 's universities , as protests erupted against what was perceived as an expansion of the conflict into yet another country . On 4 May the unrest escalated to violence when Ohio National Guardsmen shot and killed four unarmed students ( two of whom were not protesters ) during the Kent State shootings . Two days later , at the University at Buffalo , police wounded four more demonstrators . On 8 May 100 @,@ 000 protesters gathered in Washington and another 150 @,@ 000 in San Francisco on only ten days notice . Nationwide , 30 buildings went up in flames or were bombed while 26 schools witnessed violent clashes between students and police . National Guard units were mobilized on 21 campuses in 16 states . The student strike spread nationwide , involving more than four million students and 450 universities , colleges and high schools in mostly peaceful protests and . - Simultaneously , public opinion polls during the second week of May showed that 50 percent of the American public approved of President Nixon 's actions . Fifty @-@ eight percent blamed the students for what had occurred at Kent State . On both sides , emotions ran high . In one instance , in New York City on 8 May , pro @-@ administration construction workers and attacked demonstrating students . Such violence , however , was an . Most demonstrations , both and anti @-@ war , were peaceful . On 20 May 100 @,@ 000 construction workers , tradesmen , and office workers marched peacefully through New York City in support of the president 's policies . - Reaction in the U.S. Congress to the incursion was also swift . Senators Frank F. Church ( Democratic Party , Idaho ) and John S. Cooper ( Republican Party , Kentucky ) , proposed an amendment to the Foreign Military Sales Act that would have cut off funding not only for U.S. ground operations and advisors in Cambodia , but would also have ended U.S. air support for Cambodian forces . On 30 June the United States Senate passed the act with the amendment included . The bill was defeated in the House of Representatives after U.S. forces were withdrawn from Cambodia as scheduled . The newly amended act did , however , rescind the Southeast Asia Resolution ( better known as the Gulf of Resolution ) under which Presidents Johnson and Nixon had conducted military operations for seven years without a declaration of war . - The Cooper – Church Amendment was resurrected during the winter and incorporated into the Foreign Assistance Act of 1970 . This time the measure made it through both houses of Congress and became law on 22 December . As a result , all U.S. ground troops and advisors were barred from participating in military actions in Laos or Cambodia , while the air war being conducted in both countries by the U.S. Air Force was ignored . - - = = = = - - President Nixon proclaimed the incursion to be " the most successful military operation of the entire war . " General Abrams was of like mind , believing that time had been bought for the pacification of the South Vietnamese countryside and that U.S. and ARVN forces had been made safe from any attack out of Cambodia during 1971 and 1972 . A " decent interval " had been obtained for the final American withdrawal . ARVN General was more skeptical : " despite its spectacular results ... it must be recognized that the Cambodian incursion proved , in the long run , to pose little more than a temporary disruption of North Vietnam 's march toward domination of all of Laos , Cambodia , and South Vietnam . " - John Shaw and other historians , military and civilian , have based the conclusions of their work on the incursion on the premise that the North Vietnamese logistical system in Cambodia had been so badly damaged that it was rendered ineffective . The next large @-@ scale North Vietnamese offensive , the Nguyen Offensive of 1972 ( called the Easter Offensive in the West ) would be launched out of southern North Vietnam and western Laos , not from Cambodia , was cited as proof positive that the Cambodian operations had succeeded . The fact that PAVN forces were otherwise occupied in Cambodia and had no such offensive plan ( so far as is known ) was seemingly irrelevant . The fact that , a northern offensive ( especially a conventional one backed by armour and heavy artillery ) would be launched closer to its source of manpower and supply also seemed to be of little consequence . - The logistical haul discovered , removed , or destroyed in eastern Cambodia during the operations was indeed prodigious : 20 @,@ 000 individual and 2 @,@ 500 crew @-@ served weapons ; 7 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 tons of rice ; 1 @,@ 800 tons of ammunition ( including 143 @,@ 000 mortar shells , rockets , and recoilless rifle rounds ) ; 29 tons of communications equipment ; vehicles ; and 55 tons of medical supplies . MACV intelligence estimated that PAVN / NLF forces in southern Vietnam required 1 @,@ 222 tons of all supplies each month to keep up a normal pace of operations . Due to the loss of its Cambodian supply system and continued aerial interdiction in Laos , MACV estimated that for every 2 @.@ 5 tons of materiel sent south down the Ho Chi Minh trail , only one ton reached its destination . However , the true loss rate was probably only around ten percent . General Abrams claimed 11 @,@ 000 enemy soldiers killed and 2 @,@ 500 captured , but his figures were disputed by CIA , who insisted that civilians death were figured into Abrams 's total - South Vietnamese forces had performed well during the incursion but their leadership was uneven . General Tri proved a resourceful and inspiring commander , earning the sobriquet the " Patton of the Parrot 's Beak " from the American media . General Abrams also praised the skill of General Nguyen Viet Thanh , commander of IV Corps and of the Parrot 's Beak operation . Unfortunately for the anti @-@ communists , both officers were killed in helicopter crashes — Thanh on 2 May in Cambodia and Tri in February 1971 . Other ARVN commanders , however , had not performed well . Even at this late date in the conflict , the appointment of ARVN general officers was prompted by political loyalty rather than professional competence . As a test of Vietnamization , the incursion was praised by American generals and politicians alike , but the Vietnamese had not really performed alone . The participation of U.S. ground and air forces had precluded any such claim . When called on to conduct solo offensive operations during the incursion into Laos ( Operation Son ) in 1971 , the ARVN 's continued weaknesses would become all too apparent . - The Cambodian government was not informed of the incursion until it was already under way . It has been argued by some scholars that the incursion heated up the civil war and helped the insurgent Khmer Rouge gather recruits to their cause . - - = = = = government documents = = = = - - Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , Command History 1967 , F. Saigon , 1968 . - - = = = = Published government documents = = = = - - , Herman L. The Air War in Southeast Asia : Case Studies of Selected Campaigns . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1993 . - , Bernard C. Air War Over South Vietnam : 1968 – 1975 . Washington DC : Air Force History and Museums Program , 2000 . - , Bernard C. War Against : Aerial in Southern Laos , 1968 – 1972 . Washington DC : Air Force History and Museums Program , 2005 . - A War Too Long : The in Southeast Asia , 1961 @-@ 1975 - Foreign Relations Series - , 1970 – 1972 - , 1969 – 1970 - - = = = = Secondary accounts = = = = - - Chandler , David P. The of Cambodian History . New Haven CT : Yale University Press , 1991 . - , , Road to the Killing Fields : The Cambodian Civil War of 1970 – 1975 . College Station : Texas A & M University , 1997 . - , David , Terrence , et al . South Vietnam on Trial : Mid @-@ 1970 – 1972 . Boston ; Boston Publishing Company , 1984 . - , Todd , The : Years of Hope , Days of Rage . New York : Bantam Books , 1987 . - Karnow , Stanley , Vietnam : A History . New York : Viking Books , 1983 . - Kennedy , Denis , Tracks in the Jungle in The Army at War . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1987 . - , Samuel , Edward Doyle , et al . Fighting for Time : 1969 – 1970 . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1983 . - Morocco , John , Operation Menu in War in the Shadows . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1988 . - Morocco , John , Rain of Fire : Air War , 1969 – 1973 Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1985 . - Nolan , Keith W. Into Cambodia : Spring Campaign , Summer Offensive , 1970 . CA : Press , 1990 . - Palmer , Dave Richard ( 1978 ) . of the : The History of the Vietnam War from a Military Man 's . New York : . - , John , The Blood Road : The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War . New York : John Wiley and Sons , 1998 . - Shaw , John M. The Cambodian Campaign : The 1970 Offensive and America 's Vietnam War . Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , 2005 . - , William , Sideshow : Kissinger , Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia . New York : Washington Square Books , 1979 . - , Lewis ( 1999 ) . A Better War : The and Final of America 's Last Years in Vietnam . New York : Harvest Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 15 @-@ @-@ 6 . - Stanton , Shelby L. ( 1985 ) . The Rise and Fall of an American Army : U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam , 1965 – 1973 . New York : Dell . ISBN 0 @-@ @-@ 232 @-@ 8 . - , ; David , Van ( 1985 ) . A memoir ( 1985 ed . ) . Harcourt . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 15 @-@ @-@ 6 . - Total pages : 350 - - = = = = TIME coverage = = = = - - " the " . Time . 23 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Danger and in Indochina " . Time . 30 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The Royal of Southeast Asia " . Time . 30 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " in Southeast Asia " . Time . 6 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The Nixon Doctrine 's Test in Indochina " . Time . 13 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The Three @-@ Theater War " . Time . 13 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Indochina 's " . Time . 20 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " A New Horror in Indochina " . Time . 27 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Cambodia : Communists on the " . Time . 4 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Between the Lines " . Time . 4 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The New of War " . Time . 11 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " At War with War " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " In Search of an " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Ten Days — or Ten Years " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Congress v. the President " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Cambodia : Now It 's ' Operation Buy Time ' " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Exodus on the Mekong " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Nixon 's Campaign for Confidence " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Cambodia : Toward War by " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The Senate : Acts " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The in Nixon 's Cabinet " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Cambodia : A New ARVN " . Time . 8 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Indochina : More and More Fighters " . Time . 15 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " No Confidence on Cambodia " . Time . 22 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Indochina : The Rising Tide of War " . Time . 22 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " New in Cambodia " . Time . 29 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The Cambodian : An Assessment " . Time . 6 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Cambodia : for Survival " . Time . 13 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " Up the Cambodian Hard " . Time . 13 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " in the Land of " . Time . 27 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - " The US " . Time . 3 August 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . - - = Verpa bohemica = - - Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family . Commonly known as the early morel ( or early false morel ) or the wrinkled thimble @-@ cap , it is one of several species known informally as a " false morel " . The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble @-@ shaped cap — 2 to 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter by 2 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) long — that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain @-@ like . The cap hangs from the top of a lighter @-@ colored , brittle stem that measures up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long by 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick . , the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores , typically 60 – 80 by 15 – 18 µm , and the presence of only two spores per . - In the field , the mushroom is reliably distinguished from the true morels on the basis of cap attachment : V. bohemica has a cap that hangs completely free from the stem . Although widely considered edible , consumption of the mushroom is generally not advised due to reports of poisoning in susceptible individuals . symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination . V. bohemica is found in northern North America , Europe , and Asia . It fruits in early spring , growing on the ground in woods following the snowmelt , before the appearance of " true morels " ( genus Morchella ) . The synonym Ptychoverpa bohemica is often used by European . - - = = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = = - - The species was first described in the scientific literature by the Czech physician and mycologist Julius von in 1828 , under the name Morchella bohemica . The German naturalist Joseph Schröter transferred it to the genus Verpa in 1893 . Ptychoverpa bohemica is a synonym that was published by Frenchman Jean Louis Émile in his 1907 treatise on the of Europe ; the name is still occasionally used , especially in European publications . believed that the large , curved and the rare and short paraphyses were sufficiently distinct to warrant a new genus to contain the single species . Ptychoverpa has also been classified as a section of Verpa . The section is characterized by the presence of thick longitudinal ridges on the cap that can be simple or forked . - The specific epithet bohemica refers to Bohemia ( now a part of the Czech Republic ) , where originally collected the species . The mushroom is commonly known as the " early morel " , " early false morel " , or the " wrinkled thimble @-@ cap " . Ptychoverpa is derived from the Ancient Greek ( genitive form ) , meaning " fold " , layer " , or " plate " . - - = = Description = = - - The cap of this fungus ( known technically as an ) is 2 to 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter by 2 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , with a conical or bell shape . It is folded into longitudinal ridges that often fuse together ( ) in a vein @-@ like network . The cap is attached to the stem at the top only — hanging from the top of the stipe , with the lobed edge free from the stem — and varies in color from yellowish @-@ brown to reddish @-@ brown ; the underside of the cap is pale . The stem is 6 to 12 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long by 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick , cream @-@ white in color , and tapers upward so that the stem is thicker at the base than at the top . Although the stem is initially loosely with hyphae , it eventually becomes hollow in maturity ; overall , the mushroom is rather fragile . The spore deposit is yellow , and the flesh is white . - Relative to other typical mushroom species , the spores of V. bohemica are huge , typically measuring 60 – 80 by 15 – 18 µm . They are elliptical , smooth , sometimes curved , and appear hyaline ( translucent ) to yellowish . The spores , which number two ( more rarely three ) per are characteristic for this species . The smooth , elliptical asci measure 275 – 350 µm long by 16 – 23 µm wide . The British @-@ Canadian mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald determined that the asci are — they bend toward light . As he noted , " I cut transverse sections though their , examined these sections under the microscope , and at once perceived that in all the grooves and depressions the asci were curved outwards so that their must have faced the strongest rays of light to which the ends of the asci has been subjected in the places where the fruit @-@ bodies developed . " This response to the stimulus of light is significant because it permits a fruit body to point and later discharge its asci towards open spaces , thus increasing the chances that the spores will be dispersed by wind . The paraphyses are thick and club @-@ shaped , with diameters of 7 – 8 µm at their tips . - - = = = Edibility = = = - - The edibility of this species is questionable ; although Verpa bohemica is eaten by many , consumption of large amounts in a single sitting , or on successive days , has been reported to cause poisoning in susceptible individuals . Symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination , similar to the effects reported by some individuals after consuming the false morel species esculenta . The responsible in G. esculenta is ; it is suspected that V. bohemica may be able to synthesize low levels of the . Over @-@ consumption of the mushroom has been reported to have induced a coma . Those who do wish to eat this species are often advised to with copious quantities of water ( discarding the water before consumption ) , to dry the specimens before eating , or , if eating for the first time , to restrict consumption to small portions to test their tolerance . Some advocate only eating the caps and discarding the stems . Opinions on the flavor of the mushrooms vary , ranging from " strong but not on a par with true morels " , to " pleasant " , to " not distinctive " . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - The closely related species Verpa typically has a smooth cap , although specimens with wrinkled caps are known . V. may be distinguished microscopically by its eight @-@ spored asci . Its North American range extends much further south than V. bohemica . Another similar group of species are the " half @-@ free " morels , Morchella semilibera and others , which have a cap that is attached to the stalk for about half of its length , and with ridges that are darker than the pits . Additionally , a cross @-@ stem of a specimen of M. semilibera is hollow , while V. bohemica usually has in the stem , and M. semilibera usually has vertical near the base , while V. bohemica lacks them . Verpa bohemica may be reliably distinguished from all similar species by its much larger spores . - - = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = - - The fruit bodies of V. bohemica grow singly or scattered on the ground in woods in early spring , often before the appearance of the morel , and throughout the morel season . It is often found along riverbanks , near , willows and , often buried in plant litter . The fungus prefers to fruit in moist areas with ample sunlight . Its minimum growth temperature is 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) , with an of 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , and a maximum of about 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . A study of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios indicated that Verpa bohemica is saprobic , that is , obtaining nutrients from decomposing organic matter . It has been suggested , however , that the fungus is mycorrhizal for at least part of its life cycle . The fungus has a wide distribution throughout northern North America ; its range extends south to the Great Lakes in the Midwestern United States , and south to northern California on the West Coast . In Europe , the fungus is widely distributed , and has been collected from Austria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Norway , Poland , Russia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , and the Ukraine . In Asia , it has been recorded from India and Turkey . - A 10 @-@ year study of the distribution , time of fruiting and habitats of morel and false morel population in Iowa showed that early false morels are the first morels to fruit in the spring , appearing shortly after leaves begin to form on deciduous trees . @-@ head morels ( Morchella ) fruit next , followed by the yellow or white morels ( Morchella esculenta ) , then Morchella . The fruit bodies serve as a habitat for breeding ( flies ) , including media , , and . - - - = Varanasi = - - Varanasi ( pronunciation : [ ] ) , also known as Benares , Banaras ( [ ] ) , or Kashi ( [ ] ) , is a North Indian city on the banks of the Ganges in Uttar Pradesh , India , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south @-@ east of the state capital , Lucknow , and 121 kilometres ( 75 mi ) east of Allahabad . The spiritual capital of India , it is the of the seven sacred cities ( Puri ) in Hinduism and Jainism , and played an important role in the development of Buddhism . Varanasi lies along National Highway 2 , which connects it to Kolkata , Kanpur , , and Delhi , and is served by Varanasi Junction and Lal Shastri International Airport . - Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around BC when he gave his first sermon , " The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma " , at nearby . The city 's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century , when Adi established the worship of Shiva as an official sect of Varanasi . Despite the Muslim rule , Varanasi remained the centre of activity for Hindu intellectuals and theologians during the Middle Ages , which further contributed to its reputation as a cultural centre of religion and education . Tulsidas wrote his epic poem on Lord Rama 's life called Ram Manas in Varanasi . Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi , including Kabir and Ravidas . Guru Nanak Dev visited Varanasi for in , a trip that played a large role in the founding of . In the 16th century , Varanasi experienced a cultural revival under the Muslim Mughal emperor who invested in the city , and built two large temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu , though much of modern Varanasi was built during the 18th century , by the Maratha and kings . The kingdom of Benares was given official status by the in 1737 , and continued as a dynasty @-@ governed area until Indian independence in 1947 . The city is governed by the Varanasi Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) and is represented in the Parliament of India by the current Prime Minister of India , who won the elections in 2014 by a huge margin . Silk weaving , carpets and crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population , as do the Works and Bharat Heavy Limited . Varanasi Hospital was established in 1964 . - Varanasi has been a cultural centre of North India for several thousand years , and is closely associated with the Ganges . Hindus believe that death in the city will bring salvation , making it a major centre for pilgrimage . The city is known worldwide for its many ghats , embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions . Of particular note are the Dashashwamedh Ghat , the Panchganga Ghat , the Manikarnika Ghat and the Harishchandra Ghat , the last two being where Hindus their dead . The Ramnagar Fort , near the eastern bank of the Ganges , was built in the 18th century in the Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies , open courtyards , and scenic pavilions . Among the estimated 23 @,@ 000 temples in Varanasi are Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva , the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , and the Durga Temple . The Kashi Naresh ( of Kashi ) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi , and an essential part of all religious celebrations . An educational and musical centre , many prominent Indian philosophers , poets , writers , and musicians live or have lived in the city , and it was the place where the Benares Gharana form of classical music was developed . One of Asia 's largest residential universities is Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) . The Hindi @-@ language nationalist newspaper , Aj , was first published in 1920 . - - = = Etymology = = - - Traditional etymology links " Varanasi " to the names of two Ganges tributaries forming the city 's borders : Varuna , still flowing in northern Varanasi , and Assi , today a small stream in the southern part of the city , near Assi Ghat . The old city is located on the north shores of the Ganges , bounded by Varuna and Assi . - In the , an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns , the city is referred to as ( Kashi ) from the Sanskrit verbal root " to shine " , making Varanasi known as " City of Light " , the " luminous city as an eminent seat of learning " . The name was also used by pilgrims dating from Buddha 's days . - Hindu religious texts use many epithets to refer to Varanasi , such as ( Sanskrit : " the shining one " ) , ( Sanskrit : " never forsaken " by Shiva ) , ( Sanskrit : the forest of ) , and ( Sanskrit : the place where / resides ) . - Over most of the last millennium , the city was known as Banaras . In the 1950s , Indian government decided to return to the Sanskrit form Varanasi ; however , Banaras is still the predominant form used locally . - - = = History = = - - According to legend , Varanasi was founded by the god Shiva . The , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , are also said to have visited the city in search of Shiva to atone for their sin of and that they had committed during the climactic War . It is regarded as one of seven holy cities which can provide ; , , , , , , and are the seven cities known as the of liberation . - - = = = Archaeological evidence = = = - - Archaeological evidence of the earliest known settlements around Varanasi in the Ganges valley suggest that they began in the 20th century BC , placing it among the world 's oldest continually inhabited cities according to Kenneth Fletcher . These archaeological remains suggest that the Varanasi area was populated by Vedic people . However , the oldest known text referencing the city , the , which dates to approximately the same period , suggests that the area was populated by indigenous tribes . It is possible that archaeological evidence of these previous inhabitants has yet to be discovered . Recent excavations at and Ramnagar , two sites very near to Varanasi , show them to be from 1800 BC , suggesting Varanasi was also inhabited by this time . - - = = = Ancient period = = = - - Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . During the time of Buddha , Varanasi was the capital of the Kingdom of Kashi . The Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around BC when he gave his first sermon , " The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma " , at nearby . The celebrated Chinese traveller , also known as , who visited the city around 635 AD , attested that the city was a centre of religious and artistic activities , and that it extended for about 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) along the western bank of the Ganges . When , visited Varanasi in the 7th century , he named it " " and wrote that the city had some 30 temples with about 30 monks . The city 's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century , when Adi established the worship of Shiva as an official sect of Varanasi . - - = = = Medieval period = = = - - , founder of the dynasty made Banaras a second capital in . - During the Birth Period , Varanasi was connected by a road starting from and ending at . - Shah ordered Hindu temples at Varanasi destroyed in . - Varanasi remained the centre of activity for intellectuals and theologians during the Middle Ages , which further contributed to its reputation as a cultural centre of religion and education . Several major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi , including Kabir who was born here in , and Ravidas , a 15th @-@ century socio @-@ religious reformer , mystic , poet , traveller , and spiritual figure , who was born and lived in the city and employed in the tannery industry . - - = = = Modern history ( 1500 – present ) = = = - - Similarly , numerous eminent scholars and preachers visited the city from across India and south Asia . Guru Nanak Dev visited Varanasi for in , a trip that played a large role in the founding of . - Varanasi experienced a Hindu cultural revival in the 16th century under the Muslim Mughal emperor , who invested in the city and built two large temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu . The Raja of Pune established the Annapurna Mandir , and the 200 @-@ metre ( 660 ft ) Bridge was also completed during this period . The earliest tourists began arriving in the city during the 16th century . In 1665 , the French traveller Jean Baptiste described the architectural beauty of the temple on the side of the Ganges . The road infrastructure was also improved during this period . It was extended from Kolkata to by Emperor Sher Shah ; later during the British Raj it came to be known as the famous Grand Trunk Road . In 1656 , Emperor Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of many temples and the building of mosques , causing the city to experience a temporary setback . However , after 's death , most of India was ruled by a confederacy of pro @-@ Hindu kings . Much of modern Varanasi was built during this time , especially during the 18th century by the Maratha and kings . The kings governing Varanasi continued to wield power and importance through much of the British Raj period , including the of Benares , or Kashi Naresh . - The Kingdom of Benares was given official status by the in 1737 , and continued as a dynasty @-@ governed area until Indian independence in 1947 , during the reign of Dr. Narayan Singh . In the 18th century , Muhammad Shah ordered the construction of an observatory on the Ganges , attached to Man Mandir Ghat , designed to discover imperfections in the calendar in order to revise existing astronomical tables . Tourism in the city began to in the 18th century . In 1791 , under the rule of the British Governor @-@ General Warren Hastings , Jonathan Duncan founded a Sanskrit College in Varanasi . In 1867 , the establishment of the Varanasi Municipal Board led to significant improvements in the city 's infrastructure and basic amenities of health services , drinking water supply and sanitation - In 1897 , author Mark Twain , said of Varanasi , " Benares is older than history , older than tradition , older even than legend , and looks twice as old as all of them put together . " In 1910 , the British made Varanasi a new Indian state , with Ramnagar as its capital but with no jurisdiction over the city of Varanasi itself . The religious head , Kashi Naresh , has had his headquarters at the Ramnagar Fort since the 18th century , also a of the history of the kings of Varanasi , which is situated to the east of Varanasi , across the Ganges . The Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the local people and the chief cultural patron ; some devout inhabitants consider him to be the incarnation of Shiva . - In 1857 , the British Army committed a massacre of Indian troops and city residence during the early stages of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu College , which later became a foundation for the creation of Banaras Hindu University in 1916 . Besant founded the Central Hindu College because she wanted to bring men of all religions together under the ideal of in order to promote Indian cultural values and to remove ill @-@ will among different sections of the Indian population . " - Varanasi was ceded to the Union of India in 1947 , and Dr. Narayan Singh incorporated his territories into the United in 1949 . He died in 2000 . The current king and the resident of the fort is Narayan Singh , since 1971 . - - = = Geography and climate = = - - - = = = Geography = = = - - Varanasi is located at an elevation of 80 @.@ 71 metres ( 264 @.@ 8 ft ) in the centre of the Ganges valley of North India , in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh , along the left crescent @-@ shaped bank of the Ganges , averaging between 15 metres ( 50 ft ) and 21 metres ( 70 ft ) above the river . The city is the headquarters of Varanasi district . By road , Varanasi is located kilometres ( 495 mi ) south @-@ east of New Delhi , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south @-@ east of Lucknow , 121 kilometres ( 75 mi ) east of Allahabad , and 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) south of . The " Varanasi Urban " – an agglomeration of seven urban sub @-@ units – covers an area of 112 @.@ 26 km 2 ( approximately 43 mi ² ) . of the city include , , , , , , , , , , , , Nagar , Nagar , Gopal , Guru Nanak Nagar , , , , , Lanka , , , , , , , , , and Sigra . - Being located in the Indo @-@ Plains of North India , the land is very fertile because low level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil . Varanasi is located between the Ganges with two rivers : the Varuna and the Assi stream . The distance between the two is around 2 miles ( 4 km ) , and serves as a sacred route for Hindus , which culminates with a visit to a Temple . - - = = = Climate = = = - - Varanasi experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification ) with large variations between summer and winter temperatures . The dry summer starts in April and lasts until June , followed by the monsoon season from July to October . The temperature ranges between 22 and 46 ° C ( 72 and 115 ° F ) in the summers . Winters in Varanasi see very large diurnal variations , with warm days and downright cold nights . Cold waves from the region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February and temperatures below 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) are not uncommon . The average annual rainfall is 1 @,@ 110 mm ( 44 in ) . is common in the winters , while hot dry winds , called , blow in the summers . In recent years , the water level of the Ganges has decreased significantly ; upstream dams , unregulated water extraction , and glacial sources due to global warming may be to blame . - - = = Administration = = - - - = = = Politics and law = = = - - Varanasi is governed by a number of bodies , the most important being the Varanasi Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) and the Varanasi Development Authority , which is responsible for the master planning of the city . Water supply and sewage system is operated by the Nigam . Varanasi is represented in the Parliament of India by the current Prime Minister of India who won the elections in 2014 by a huge margin . - - = = = Healthcare = = = - - , the great surgeon and author of the , the Sanskrit text of surgery , lived in Varanasi and practised medicine and surgery sometime during the 5th century BC . Since 1922 , Ayurveda has been a subject of training in the Banaras Hindu University and in 1927 a separate Ayurvedic College was established . There are many Ayurvedic centres in Varanasi like Ayurvedic Centre which provide Ayurvedic treatments such as and other methods . S S Ayurveda Hospital operates a treatment centre , in association with Ayurveda Ltd . - has several hospitals , including Heritage Hospital , Hospital , , Mata Anand Mai Hospital , Hospital , Ram Krishna Mission Hospital , Prasad Gupta Hospital , Pandit hospital ( managed by state . ) the largest & hospital is Sir Lal Hospital ( University Hospital ) having more 1150 beds & a separate trauma centre having 340 beds , and Varanasi Hospital and Medical Research Centre . A separate cancer institute is also operated in Varanasi . The Varanasi Hospital , established in 1964 by Dr. Prasad . The hospital , which in 2012 had 66 beds , serves Varanasi and surrounding districts and states , many of which rely on it for surgery . Although the hospital suffers from a lack of funding , it has facilities such as x @-@ ray , , and a pathology lab . The urban portion of Varanasi District had an infant mortality rate of 70 per 1 @,@ 000 live births in 2010 – 2011 . - - = = = Public maintenance = = = - - Because of the high population density of Varanasi and the increasing number of tourists , the Uttar Pradesh government and international non @-@ governmental organisations and institutions have expressed grave concern for the pollution and pressures on infrastructure in the city , mainly the sewage , sanitation , and drainage components . of the Ganges is a particular source of worry because of the religious significance of the river , the dependence of people on it as a source of drinking water , and its prominence as a symbol of Varanasi and the city itself . The sewage problem is exacerbated by the role of the Ganges in bathing and in river traffic , which is very difficult to control . Because of the sewage , people using local untreated water have higher risk of contracting a range of water @-@ borne stomach diseases . - Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including toxic heavy metal . Studies of wastewater from Varanasi 's sewage treatment plants identify that water 's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food . One studied example is , a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil , and which people then eat . Some of the sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser , which could make polluted water attractive to use . used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water , to sewer treatment , then back to the farms as wastewater . - Varanasi 's water supply and sewage system is maintained by Nigam , a subsidiary of Varanasi Nagar Nigam . Power supply is by the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited . The city produces about 350 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 litres ( 77 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imp gal ; 92 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gal ) per day of sewage and 425 tonnes ( long tons ; 468 short tons ) per day of solid waste . The solid are disposed in one landfill site . - - = = Demographics = = - - According to provisional data from the 2011 census , the Varanasi urban agglomeration had a population of 1 @,@ 435 @,@ 113 , with 761 @,@ 060 men and @,@ women . - The population of the Varanasi urban agglomeration in 2001 was 1 @,@ @,@ with a ratio of females every 1 @,@ 000 males . However , the area under Varanasi Nagar Nigam has a population of 1 @,@ 100 @,@ with a ratio of 883 females for every 1 @,@ 000 males . The literacy rate in the urban agglomeration is 77 % while that in the municipal corporation area is 78 % . Approximately 138 @,@ 000 people in the municipal area live in slums . - 7 - - = = Economy = = - - According to the 2006 City Development Plan for Varanasi , approximately 29 % of Varanasi 's population is employed . Approximately 40 % are employed in manufacturing , 26 % work in trade and commerce , 19 % work in other services , 8 % work in transport and communication , 4 % work in agriculture , 2 % work in construction , and 2 % are marginal workers ( working for less than half of the year ) . - Among manufacturing workers , 51 % work in spinning and weaving , 15 % work in metal , 6 % work in printing and publishing , 5 % work in electrical machinery , and the rest work in a wide variety of industry sectors . Varanasi 's manufacturing industry is not well developed and is dominated by small @-@ scale industries and household production . - Silk weaving is the dominant industry in Varanasi . Muslims are the influential community in this industry with nearly half a million of them working as , , , and . Weaving is typically done within the household , and most are Ansari Muslims . Varanasi is known throughout India for its production of very fine silk and , with gold and silver thread work , which are often used for weddings and special occasions . The production of silk often uses bonded child labour , though perhaps not at a higher rate than elsewhere in India . The silk weaving industry has recently been threatened by the rise of power looms and computer @-@ generated designs and by competition from Chinese silk imports . - In the metal manufacturing sector , Works is a major employer . Bharat Heavy Limited , a large power equipment manufacturer , also operates a heavy equipment maintenance plant . Other major commodities manufactured and traded in Varanasi include hand @-@ carpets , , , , , wooden and clay toys , , gold jewellery , and musical instruments . Important agricultural products include leaves ( for ) , and ( solidified milk ) . - Tourism is Varanasi 's second most important industry . Over 3 million domestic and 200 @,@ 000 foreign tourists visit annually ( in 2005 and 2010 , respectively ) , most commonly for religious purposes . Most domestic tourists are from , West Bengal , Pradesh , and Uttar Pradesh , while the majority of foreign tourists are from Sri Lanka and Japan . The peak tourist season falls between October and March . In total , there are around 12 @,@ 000 beds available in the city , of which about one half are in inexpensive budget hotels and one third in . Overall , Varanasi 's tourist infrastructure is not well developed . - The prominent malls and in Varanasi are Mall in the Varanasi area , IP Mall in Sigra , IP Vijaya Mall in , and PDR in . The city has several banks , including the Allahabad Bank , Andhra Bank , Bank of , Bank , Central Bank of India , Corporation Bank , Indian Overseas Bank , and State Bank of India . - - = = Notable landmarks = = - - Apart from the 19 archaeological sites identified by the Archaeological Survey of India , some of the prominent places of interest are the , the Alamgir Mosque , the , the Bharat Kala ( Art Museum ) , the Bharat Mata Temple , the Central University for Studies , the Temple , the Durga Temple , the Jantar Mantar , the Kashi Vishwanath Temple , the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , the Mahatma Gandhi Kashi , the New Vishwanath Temple on the BHU campus , the Ramnagar Fort , the Ghats , the Tulsi Manas Temple . - - = = = Jantar Mantar = = = - - The Jantar Mantar observatory , constructed in 1737 , is located above the ghats along the Ganges , and is adjacent to the and Ghats and near the palace of Raja Jai Singh of . While less equipped than the observatories at and Delhi , the Jantar Mantar has a unique equatorial sundial which is functional and allows measurements to be monitored and recorded by one person . - - = = = Ramnagar Fort = = = - - The Ramnagar Fort , located near the Ganges on its eastern bank and opposite the Tulsi Ghat , was built in the 18th century by Kashi Naresh Raja Singh with cream @-@ coloured sandstone . The fort is a typical example of the Mughal architecture with carved balconies , open courtyards , and scenic pavilions . At present , the fort is in disrepair . The fort and its museum are the of the history of the kings of Benares . Cited as an " eccentric " museum , it contains a rare collection of American vintage cars , bejewelled chairs , an impressive weaponry hall , and a rare clock . In addition , manuscripts , especially religious writings , are housed in the which is a part of a museum within the fort . Many books illustrated in the Mughal miniature style are also part of the collections . Because of its scenic location on the banks of the Ganges , it is frequently used as an outdoor shooting location for films . - - = = = Ghats = = = - - The Ghats in Varanasi are world @-@ renowned embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions . The ghats are an integral complement to the Hindu concept of divinity represented in physical , metaphysical , and supernatural elements . Varanasi has at least 84 ghats , most of which are used for bathing by pilgrims and spiritually significant Hindu puja ceremony , while a few are used exclusively as Hindu cremation sites . Steps in the ghats lead to the banks of Ganges , including the Dashashwamedh Ghat , the Manikarnika Ghat , the Panchganga Ghat , and the Harishchandra Ghat , where Hindus their dead . Many ghats are associated with Hindu legends and several are now privately owned . - Many of the ghats were built when the city was under Maratha control . Many ghats were constructed under the patronage of the , ( ) , , , and . Most of the ghats are bathing ghats , while others are used as cremation sites . A morning boat ride on the Ganges across the ghats is a popular tourist attraction . The extensive stretches of ghats in Varanasi enhance the with a multitude of shrines , temples , and palaces built " tier on tier above the water 's edge " . - The Dashashwamedh Ghat is the main and probably the oldest ghat of Varanasi located on the Ganges , close to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . It is believed that Brahma created this ghat to welcome Shiva and sacrificed ten horses during the Dasa @-@ performed there . Above and adjacent to this ghat , there are also temples dedicated to , , , , Ganga ( the Ganges ) , and Devi , which are all important pilgrimage sites . A group of priests perform " Agni " ( Sanskrit : " Worship of Fire " ) daily in the evening at this ghat as a dedication to Shiva , Ganga , Surya ( Sun ) , Agni ( Fire ) , and the entire universe . Special are held on and on religious festivals . - The Manikarnika Ghat is the , the primary site for Hindu cremation in the city . the ghat , there are raised platforms that are used for death anniversary rituals . According to a myth it is said that an of Shiva or his wife Sati fell here . Fourth @-@ century Gupta period inscriptions mention this ghat . However , the current ghat as a permanent riverside embankment was built in and has been renovated at least three times throughout its existence . - The Jain Ghat or Ghat is a Jain Ghat and has three Jain Temples located on the banks of the River . It is believed that the Jain used to own these Ghat has three Jain temples near the river 's banks and one them is a very ancient temple of . - - = = = Temples = = = - - further information at Religion in Varanasi - Among the estimated 23 @,@ 000 temples in Varanasi , the temples most popular for worship are : the Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva ; the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple ; and the Durga Temple , known for monkeys that reside in the large trees nearby . - The Kashi Vishwanath Temple , on the Ganges , is one of the 12 Shiva temples in Varanasi . The temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its existence . The Gyanvapi Mosque , which is adjacent to the temple , is the original site of the temple . The temple , which is also known as the Golden Temple , was built in by Queen of . The two pinnacles of the temple are covered in gold and were donated in 1839 by Singh , the ruler of Punjab . The dome is scheduled to receive gold plating through a proposed initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs of Uttar Pradesh . Numerous rituals , prayers , and are held daily at the temple between 02 : 30 and 23 : 00 . - The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , which is situated by the River , is one of the sacred temples of the Hindu god Hanuman . The present temple was built in the early 1900s by the and Indian independence figure , Pandit Mohan , the founder of Banaras Hindu University . According to Hindu legend the temple was built on the very spot where the medieval Hindu saint Tulsidas had a vision of Hanuman . During a 7 March 2006 terrorist attack , one of three explosions hit the temple while a wedding was in progress , and resulted in injuries to 30 people apart from 23 deaths . Following the attack , a permanent police post was installed inside the temple . - There are two temples named " Durga " in Varanasi : Durga Mandir built in the 16th century ( exact date not known ) , and Durga Kund ( Sanskrit ' ' meaning " pond or pool " ) built in the 18th century . A large number of Hindu devotees visit Durga Kund during to worship the goddess Durga . The temple , built in the architectural style , has multi @-@ tiered and is stained red with , representing the red colour of Durga . The building has a rectangular tank of water called the Durga Kund ( " Kund " meaning a pond or pool ) . During annual celebrations of Nag , the act of depicting the god Vishnu on the serpent is recreated in the Kund . While the Annapurna Temple , located nearby to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple , is dedicated to Annapurna , the goddess of food , the Sankatha Temple adjacent to the Ghat is dedicated to Sankatha , the goddess of remedy . The Sankatha Temple has a large sculpture of a lion and a cluster of nine smaller temples dedicated to the nine planets . Other temples of note are : the Bharat Mata Temple , dedicated to the national personification of India , which was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1936 , the Temple , the Temple , and the New Vishwanath Temple located in the campus of BHU , the Tulsi Manas Mandir . - Parshvanath Jain temple : The Parshvanath Jain temple , Varanasi is temple of Jain religion dedicated to Parshvanath , the 23rd who was born at in Varanasi . The idol deified in the temple is of black colour and 75 cm in height . It is located in about 5 km from the centre of Varanasi city and 3 km from the Benares Hindu University . It belongs to the sect of Jainism and is a holy or pilgrimage centre for Jains - - = = = = = = - - There are 15 mosques of significant historical value in Varanasi . Of particular note are the Abdul , Alamgir , , , , , , and . Many of these mosques were constructed from the components of the Hindu shrines which were destroyed under the auspices of subsequent Muslim invaders or rulers . The two well known mosques are the Gyanvapi Mosque and the Mosque . - The Gyanvapi Mosque was built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1664 CE , after destroying a Hindu temple . ( Sanskrit : " the well of knowledge " ) , the name of the mosque , is derived from a well of the same name located within the precincts of the mosque . The remains of an temple can be seen in the foundation , the columns and at the rear part of the mosque The façade of the mosque is modelled partially on the Taj 's entrance . The mosque is administered by the ( ) . - The Mosque was built in the 17th century by emperor Aurangzeb over the ruins of a Hindu temple . The Hindu temple that was destroyed was dedicated to Vishnu , and had been built by Beni Rao , a Maratha chieftain . When emperor Aurangzeb had captured Banaras , he had ordered total destruction of all Hindu temples there . Aurangzeb then built a mosque over the ruins of this temple in 1669 and named it as Mosque in the name of his own honorific title " Alamgir " which he had adopted after becoming the emperor of Mughal empire . The mosque is located at a prominent site above the Panchganga Ghat , which is a funerary ghat facing the Ganges . The mosque is a blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture , particularly because of the lower part of the walls of the mosque having been built fully with the remains of the Hindu temple . The mosque has high and . Two of its had been damaged ; one crashed killing a few people and the other was officially brought down because of stability concerns . Non @-@ Muslims are not allowed to enter the mosque . The mosque has a security cordon of a police force . - - = = = Guru Ravidass = = = - - Guru Ravidass , at Seer is the ultimate place of pilgrimage or religious headquarters for followers of the religion . The foundation stone of this Mandir was laid on 14 June 1965 on day at the birthplace of Guru Ravidass . The temple was completed in 1994 . - - = = Culture = = - - - = = = Literature = = = - - Varanasi has its own culture of fine art and literature . Indian writers who have resided in the city were Kabir , Ravidas , and Tulsidas , who wrote much of his Ram Manas here . wrote the best known account of in Varanasi in the 15th century , Later writers of the city have included , Baldev , Harishchandra , , Prasad , Prasad , , Ali , Prasad , Chandra , ( ) , Shastri , and Mishra . - Several newspapers and journals are or were published in Varanasi such as Varanasi and its successor , which became a weekly journal , first published on 1 June 1851 . The main newspaper is Aj , a Hindi @-@ language nationalist newspaper first published in 1920 . The newspaper was the of the Indian National Congress and is still a major newspaper of Hindi northern India . - - = = = Art = = = - - Varanasi is a major centre of arts and designs . It is a producer of and with gold and silver thread work , carpet weaving , wooden toys , made of glass , ivory work , perfumes , artistic brass and copper ware and a variety of . The former graveyard during the British Raj is now the location of Varanasi 's Arts and . - Artists ( musicians and dancers ) and historians of repute who belonged to this city were : Anand Krishna , Mishra , Khan , musicians Thakur , Ravi Shankar , Devi , Gopal Shankar , Maharaj , Maharaj , , N. , , Devi , Prasad , Devi , Thakur Singh , and Pandit Maharaj . - - = = = Music = = = - - Varanasi ’ s music tradition is traced to the days . According to ancient legend , Shiva is credited with evolving music and dance forms . During the medieval era , Vaishnava , a movement , grew in popularity , and Varanasi became a thriving centre for musicians such as , Kabir , , and Tulsidas . During the rule of Chandra in the 16th century , the Dhrupad style of singing received royal patronage and led to other related forms of music such as , , and . the Dhrupad Pandit from Varanasi is working for the revival of this art @-@ music . - In recent times , Devi , the native famous classical singer of , was widely appreciated and respected for her musical renderings . Varanasi is also associated with many great such as Khan , Pandit Maharaj , and Pandit Ravi Shankar , the famous player and who was given the highest civilian award of the country , the Bharat . Varanasi has joined the global of UNESCO " Cities of Music " under the Creative Cities Network . Varanasi chosen in music category of creative cities network clearly signifies the rich musical heritage of this ancient city . - - = = = Festivals = = = - - On ( February ) , a procession of Shiva proceeds from the Temple to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . Dhrupad is a five @-@ day musical festival devoted to style held at Tulsi Ghat in February – March . The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple celebrates Hanuman ( March – April ) , the birthday of Hanuman . A special puja , , and a public procession is organised . Since 1923 , the temple has organised a five @-@ day classical music and dance concert festival named Sankat Mochan , when iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform . - The of Ramnagar is a dramatic enactment of Rama 's legend , as told in . The plays , sponsored by Kashi Naresh , are performed in Ramnagar every evening for 31 days . On the last day , the festivities reach a crescendo as Rama the demon king Ravana . Kashi Naresh Narayan Singh started this tradition around 1830 . - Nag is celebrated on the fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartik ( October – November ) . It commemorates the victory of Krishna over the serpent . On this occasion , a large tree ( ) branch is planted on the banks of the Ganges so that a boy , playing the role of Krishna , can jump into the river on to the effigy representing . He stands over the effigy in a dancing pose playing the flute , while an audience watches from the banks of the river or from boats . Bharat celebrates the meeting of Rama and his younger brother Bharata after the return of the former after 14 years of exile . It is celebrated during October – November , a day after the festival of . Kashi Naresh attends this festival in his regal attire . The festival attracts a large number of devotees . - Ganga is a five @-@ day music festival organised by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department , held in November – December . It culminates a day before Kartik , also called the Ganges festival . On this occasion the Ganges is attended by thousands of pilgrims , release lamps to float in the river from the ghats . - Every year , the primary Muslim festivals celebrated in the city are the @-@ ul @-@ ' ( ) , , @-@ e @-@ , and . Additional festivals include and . A non @-@ religious festival observed by Muslims is @-@ @-@ @-@ ( " the marriage of " ) . - - = = Education = = - - Historically , Varanasi has been a centre for education in India , attracting students and scholars from across the country . Varanasi has an overall literacy rate of 80 % ( male literacy : 85 % , female literacy : 75 % ) . It is home to a number of colleges and universities . Most notably , it is the site of Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) , which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia with over 20 @,@ 000 students . The Indian Institute of Technology , BHU is designated an Institute of National Importance and is one of 16 Indian Institutes of Technology . Other colleges and universities in Varanasi include Arabic College , the Institute of Integrated Management and Technology ( ) , Mahatma Gandhi Kashi , Kala , Sanskrit University , Sri College , and College . Various engineering colleges have been established in the outskirts of the city . - St. Joseph 's School , in , in Varanasi was established by the Sisters of Our Lady of Providence of France as a Catholic ( Christian ) minority institution with due approval of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . It is an autonomous organisation under the Bishop of Varanasi Diocese . It provides education not only to the Catholic Christian children but also to others who abide by its rules . - Another important institution is the Central Hindu School ( ) , Varanasi which was established by Annie Besant in July 1898 with the objective of secular education , is located in . It is one of the reputed schools in the country and is also one of the largest such schools . It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education ( ) It is open to students of all culture . - Schools in Varanasi are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ) , the , or the Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education ( Board ) . The overall " state of education in Varanasi is ... not good . " Schools in Varanasi vary widely in quality , with private schools government schools . In government schools , many teachers fail to come to class or to teach children . Some government schools lack basic equipment , such as and sufficient and chairs for all students . Private schools vary in quality , with the most expensive conducting lessons in English ( seen as a key to children 's success ) and having computers in classrooms . Pupils attending the more expensive private schools , tended to come from upper @-@ class families . Lower @-@ cost private schools attracted children from lower @-@ income families or those lower @-@ income families with higher education aspirations . Government schools tend to serve lower @-@ class children with lower education aspirations . - - = = Sport = = - - Basketball , cricket , and field hockey are popular sports in Varanasi . The main stadium in the city is the Sigra Stadium , also known as Dr Stadium , where first @-@ class cricket matches are held . Local cricket matches are also played on the BHU Ground Dr. Rao sports complex . - The Physical Education Faculty of Arts of BHU offers courses in Sports Management , Sports , Sports Psychology and Sports . - is also popular in Varanasi , and many Indian girls practice outdoors at the ghats in the mornings which hosts , where " morning exercise , a dip in the Ganges and a visit to Lord Hanuman " forms a daily ritual . Despite concerns regarding water quality , two swimming clubs offer swimming lessons in the Ganges . - The Varanasi District Chess Sports Association ( ) is based in Varanasi , affiliated to the regional Uttar Pradesh Chess Sports Association ( ) . College is also known for its world class athletes like Singh . - - = = Transport = = - - Varanasi is well @-@ connected by air , rail and road . One of the major factors in Varanasi 's is its access to all parts of the country . Within the city mobility is provided by taxis , rickshaws , cycle rickshaws and three but with certain restrictions in the old town area of the city . - Varanasi is served by Lal Shastri International Airport , which is approximately 26 km ( 16 mi ) from the city centre in . The airport inaugurated a new terminal in 2010 , and it was granted international airport status on 4 October 2012 . Air India , Buddha Air , Jet Airways , Jet , , and operate flights from Varanasi to Delhi , , , , , Lucknow , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Bangalore , and Kolkata . Over 330 @,@ 000 passengers pass through the airport each year . - Varanasi Junction , commonly known as Varanasi Railway Station , is the city 's largest train station . More than 360 @,@ 000 passengers and 240 trains pass through each day . Some of the important express trains operating from the Varanasi Junction railway station are : the Varanasi Express that runs between ( ) junction and Varanasi , a distance of 1 @,@ 398 kilometres ( mi ) ; the Kashi Vishwanath Express that runs between Varanasi and New Delhi Railway Station ; the Kanpur Varanasi express , also called Varuna express , which runs over a distance of 355 kilometres ( 221 mi ) and connects with Lucknow ( the capital city of Uttar Pradesh ) and Kanpur ; and the Express which runs between Varanasi and . Varanasi lies along National Highway 2 , which connects it to Kolkata , Kanpur , , and Delhi . National Highway 29 connects Varanasi to via to the northeast . National Highway 56 connects Varanasi to Lucknow via and , to the northwest . National Highway 7 , the longest National Highway in India , is the most important road connecting Varanasi to southern India , passing through the cities of Hyderabad , Bangalore , Salem , , , and . Auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are the most widely available forms of public transport in old city . In the outer regions of the city , buses are common , and taxis are available . - - = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = - - Varanasi is twinned with : - , Japan - - - = Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory = - - The Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory is a historical observatory located on the grounds of the University of Toronto , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The original building was constructed in 1840 as part of a worldwide research project run by Edward Sabine to determine the cause of fluctuations in magnetic declination . Measurements from the Toronto site demonstrated that were responsible for this effect on Earth 's magnetic field . When this project concluded in 1853 , the observatory was greatly expanded by the Canadian government and served as the country 's primary meteorological station and official for over fifty years . The observatory is considered the birthplace of Canadian astronomy . - - = = Sabine 's study = = - - tended to " wander " from north when measurements were taken at different locations or even at a single location over a period of time . The astronomer Edmund Halley noted this and the problems it would cause for navigation in 1701 . It was also believed that whatever was causing this effect might be causing changes in the weather , and that studying magnetic variations might lead to better weather prediction . - In 1833 the British Association for the Advancement of Science commissioned a series of magnetic measurements across the United Kingdom . Under the direction of Major Edward Sabine of the Royal Artillery , a multi @-@ year measuring project began , with the results to be published in 1838 . As the measurements were being made a number of proposals were put forth to expand the program worldwide . In 1836 the German explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt wrote to Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex , then President of the Royal Society , stating that a formal program was important to a nation with dominions spread across the globe . At the seventh meeting of the British Association in Liverpool in 1837 , Sabine declared that " the magnetism of the earth cannot be counted less than one of the most important branches of the physical history of the planet we inhabit " and mapping its variations would be " regarded by our contemporaries and by as a fitting enterprise of a maritime people ; and a worthy achievement of a nation which has ever sought to rank foremost in every undertaking " . - In 1837 , the British Government funded the installation of a magnetic observatory at Greenwich . The Association continued to press for the construction of similar observatories around the world , and in 1838 their suggestions were accepted by the Government and funds were provided . In 1839 the British Government and the Royal Society prepared four expeditions to build magnetic observation stations in Cape Town ; St. Helena ; Hobart , Tasmania and ( eventually ) Toronto . Teams of Royal Artillery officers were sent out to take the measurements . The team assigned to Canada originally planned to build their observatory on Saint Helen 's Island off Montreal , but the local rocks proved to have a high magnetic influence , and the decision was made to move to Toronto instead . The team arrived in 1839 , and set up camp at Fort York in a disused barracks while construction started on new buildings . The observatory was given 10 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 ha ) of land to the west of King 's College ; the Ontario Legislature now occupies the area on which the college was located . - The observatory , officially " Her Majesty 's and Meteorological Observatory at Toronto " , was completed the following year . It consisted of two log buildings , one for the magnetic instruments and the other a smaller semi @-@ buried building nearby for " experimental " . The north end of the main building was connected to a small conical dome which contained a used to make astronomical measurements for the accurate determination of the local time . The buildings were constructed with as little metal as possible ; when metal was required , non @-@ magnetic materials such as brass or copper were used . A small barracks was built nearby to house the crew . - Using the measurements from the Toronto and Hobart sites , Sabine noticed both short @-@ term fluctuations in magnetic declination over a period of hours , and longer @-@ term variations over months . He quickly concluded that the short term variations were due to the day / night cycle , while the longer term ones were due to the number of visible . He published two introductory papers on the topic in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . The first , in 1851 , was a collection of early measurements ; the second in 1852 correlated with Heinrich 's sunspot measurements , which had been made widely available in Alexander von Humboldt 's Cosmos , also published in 1851 . With further data collected from the Toronto site , Sabine was able to demonstrate conclusively that the eleven @-@ year sunspot cycle caused a similarly periodic variation in the Earth 's magnetic field . He presented a third and conclusive paper on the topic in 1856 , " On Laws in the Mean Effects of the Larger Magnetic " , in which he singled out the Toronto site for particular praise . - Sir John Henry , a pioneer in the study of terrestrial magnetism served as director of the magnetic observatory from 1842 to 1853 ; In 1960 , the Ontario Heritage Foundation , Ministry of and Culture erected a Provincial Military Plaque in his honour on the University of Toronto campus . - - = = Meteorological service = = - - In 1853 the Royal Society 's project was concluded , and the observatory was set to be abandoned . After a lengthy debate , the fledgling colonial government decided to take over its operation . Rather than disappearing like its three counterparts , the Toronto observatory was upgraded , and its mission was expanded as it became a meteorological station ( see Meteorological Service of Canada ) under the direction of the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries . During the expansion , the original buildings were replaced with a permanent structure . - The new building was designed in 1853 by local architect Frederick , who was also working on the design of University College , which was being built just north of the Observatory to replace King 's College . The new observatory design called for a stone building , with an attached tower containing the . The new building was completed in 1855 , and stood directly opposite the entrance of today 's Hall . - During its time as a meteorological station , the observatory collected reports from 312 observation stations in Canada and another 36 in the United States . Each station was equipped with a " , two ( a maximum and a minimum ) , an to measure the velocity of the wind , a Wind and a Rain " . Reports were sent in coded form to the Observatory at 8 am and 8 pm every day , Eastern Standard Time ( then known as " 75th meridian time " ) , and used to produce a chart predicting the weather for the following 36 hours . These predictions were then across the country , and charts were distributed to newspapers and the Board of Trade , where they could be viewed by the public . With the installation of telephones , the Observatory also offered weather reports on demand , which was an important service to fruit , who used the reports to plan shipping . - Among its other uses , in 1880 , measurements from the site were used as part of the effort to develop standard time . The observatory remained the official for Canada until 1905 , when that responsibility was transferred to Ottawa 's Dominion Observatory . At exactly 11 : 55 am the clocks in Toronto fire halls were by an electrical signal from the Observatory . - In 1881 the observatory 's director , Charles , suggested adding a high @-@ quality telescope to the observatory . He felt that direct solar observations would lead to a better understanding of sunspot effects on weather ( as late as 1910 the observatory 's then @-@ director , R. F. , noted that " sun spots have more to do with our weather conditions than have the rings around the moon . " ) . , the Canadian government ( having formed in 1867 ) was interested in taking part in the major international effort to accurately record the December 1882 Transit of Venus . - were provided for the purchase of a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) telescope from T. Cooke & Sons . The dome was originally designed to mount a small transit , and the lengthy telescope , over 2 metres long , had a limited field of view though the dome 's opening . A large stone pillar was constructed inside the tower , raising the telescope to bring it closer to the dome and improve its field of view . Unfortunately , the new telescope was unable to take part in the transit measurements due to bad weather , and missed the 1895 Transit of Mercury for the same reason . - - = = = = - - By the 1890s , the observatory had become crowded by the rapidly growing university . of the along College Street just to the south , and the large quantities of metal used in the modern buildings surrounding the site threw off the instruments . A new magnetic observatory opened in 1898 in , at that time largely empty fields , [ 1 ] leaving the downtown campus location with its meteorological and solar observation duties . - By 1907 , new university buildings completely surrounded the observatory ; dust from the construction meteorological instruments , and at night electric lighting made astronomical work impossible . The Meteorological Office decided to abandon the site and move to a new building at the north end of campus on Street , trading the original Observatory to the University in exchange for the new parcel of land . There was some discussion regarding what to do with the Cooke telescope , since the Meteorological Office had little use for this purely astronomical instrument . No other use was immediately forthcoming , and the telescope moved along with the Meteorological Office to their new Street Observatory . - The university assumed ownership of the now @-@ disused observatory building and was originally going to abandon it . Louis Beaufort Stewart , a lecturer in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering , campaigned for it to be saved for the Department of Surveying and . He eventually arranged for the building to be re @-@ constructed on a more suitable site . Demolition work was carried out in 1907 : the stones were simply left in place over the winter , and were used the following year to construct a re @-@ arranged building just east of the main University College building ( south of Hart House ) . - In 1930 the Meteorological Office no longer used the Cooke telescope , and agreed to donate it to the university if they would handle its removal . Both the telescope and the observatory dome were moved to the observatory building . The telescope moved once again in 1952 to the David Observatory north of the city , and in 1984 it was donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum . The Department of Surveying and used the observatory until the 1950s . Since then the office areas have been used for a variety of purposes , including a police and a telephone . as the Louis Beaufort Stewart Observatory , the building was handed over to the Students ' Administrative Council ( now University of Toronto Students ' Union ) in 1953 , which has used the building since then . The dome , now unused , receives a yearly multi @-@ colour paint job by engineering students . - - - = 1973 Atlantic hurricane season = - - The 1973 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season to use the Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale , a scale developed in 1971 by Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson to rate the intensity of tropical cyclones . The season produced 24 tropical and subtropical cyclones , of which only 8 reached storm intensity , 4 became hurricanes , and only 1 reached major hurricane status . Although more active than the 1972 season , 1973 brought few storms of note . Nearly half of the season 's storms affected land , one of which resulted in severe damage . - The season officially began on June 1 , 1973 , and lasted until November 30 , 1973 . These dates conventionally the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . However , the first system formed on April 18 , more than a month before the official start . Three more depressions formed before June 1 ; however , none attained storm intensity . The first named storm of the year was Hurricane Alice which formed on July 1 and became the first known cyclone to affect Bermuda during July . More than a month later , the second hurricane , Brenda , formed and was considered the worst storm to strike Mexico along the eastern coast of the Bay of Campeche , killing 10 people . - Later in August , Tropical Storm Christine became the easternmost forming tropical cyclone on record when it developed formed over Guinea . The most intense storm of the season was Hurricane Ellen , a Category 3 cyclone that remained over open water . The final named storm was significant in that it became the first recorded tropical cyclone to transition into a subtropical cyclone . No names were retired during the season ; however , due to the addition of male names into the list of Atlantic hurricane names in 1979 , several of the names were removed and have not been used since . - - = = Season summary = = - - The first storm of the 1973 hurricane season , forming in mid @-@ April , developed more than a month before the official start of the season . Several other short @-@ lived , weak depressions formed before and during June ; however , none reached storm intensity . The first named storm , Alice , formed on July 1 . Tracking generally to the north , Alice also became the first hurricane of the season as well as the first known cyclone to impact Bermuda during July . Shortly after Alice dissipated over Atlantic Canada , another depression formed . By the end of July , two more non @-@ developing depressions formed and the first subtropical cyclone , given the name Alfa , developed off the east coast of the United States . This storm was short @-@ lived and dissipated on August 2 just offshore southern Maine . The first half August was relatively quiet , with only one depression forming . However , later in the month , the season 's second hurricane , Brenda , formed in the northwestern Caribbean . Peaking just below Category 2 status on the newly introduced Saffir – Simpson hurricane scale , Brenda made the first recorded landfall in the Mexican State of Campeche . - Later in August , Tropical Storm Christine became the easternmost forming tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record , developing over the western African country of Guinea on August 25 . The system traveled for several thousand miles before dissipating in the eastern Caribbean Sea in early September . At the start of the month , a new tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Mexico . This storm , named Delia , became the first known cyclone to make landfall in the same city twice . After moving inland a second time , Delia eventually dissipated on September 7 . As Delia dissipated another depression formed in the same region , eventually making landfall in the same city as Delia , Freeport , Texas . Another brief depression formed several days later . On September 13 , the strongest storm of the season , Ellen , formed over the eastern Atlantic . After tracking northwest for several days , Ellen eventually attained hurricane status as it turned westward . Several days later , the hurricane turned northeast due to an approaching frontal system . Shortly before becoming extratropical , Ellen reached major hurricane intensity at a record northerly latitude . - In late September , a brief depression affected northern Florida before dissipating . After a week of inactivity , the second subtropical storm of the year formed over the central Atlantic . This storm , named Bravo , gradually intensified , becoming fully tropical , at which time it was renamed Fran , a few days later . Upon being renamed , Fran had intensified into a hurricane and maintained this intensity for several days before dissipating east of the Azores on October 12 . A few days after Fran dissipated , the final named storm of the year formed in the central Caribbean Sea . A slow moving system , Gilda gradually intensified just below hurricane @-@ intensity before striking Cuba and moving over the Bahamas . A few days after passing through the islands , Gilda became the first storm on record to transition from a tropical cyclone into a subtropical cyclone . A large storm , Gilda eventually became extratropical near Atlantic Canada and dissipated later that month . Around the time Gilda was dissipating , a weak depression briefly existed near the Azores . The final storm of the year was a strong depression in the southern Caribbean Sea . This system was active for less than two days but may have briefly attained tropical storm intensity as it made landfall in southern Nicaragua . - - = = Storms = = - - - = = = Hurricane Alice = = = - - The first named storm formed out of the interaction between tropical wave and a mid @-@ level tropospheric trough northeast of the Bahamas in late @-@ June . A well @-@ defined circulation became apparent by June 30 and satellite images depicted cyclonic banding features . The following day , the system intensified into a tropical depression and shortly thereafter became a tropical storm as reconnaissance aircraft recorded gale @-@ force winds . An area of high pressure to the east of Alice steered the storm generally to the north . wind shear allowed the storm to become increasingly organized and a well @-@ defined eye developed by July 3 . By this time , reconnaissance had determined that the storm had intensified into a hurricane , with maximum winds reaching 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . - On July 4 , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 986 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 11 inHg ) , as the eastern portion of the eyewall brushed Bermuda . After passing the island , Alice began to accelerate in response to a mid @-@ level trough over the eastern United States and weakened . By July 6 , winds head decreased below hurricane intensity as the storm neared Atlantic Canada . Later that day , Alice made landfall in eastern Newfoundland with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . - During its passage of Bermuda , Alice produced sustained winds up to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and gusts to 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) . No major damage was recorded on the island , though the winds blew down a few trees and . The heavy rainfall , peaking at 4 @.@ 57 in ( 116 mm ) , ended a three @-@ month drought in Bermuda . Although Alice tracked through Atlantic Canada , no impact was recorded . - - = = = Subtropical Storm Alfa = = = - - During late July , an upper @-@ level low , with a non @-@ tropical cold core , formed near Cape Hatteras , North Carolina and tracked southward . Gradually , the circulation lowered to the surface and developed subtropical characteristics . On July 31 , the system attained gale @-@ force winds off the Mid @-@ Atlantic coast and was named Alfa , the first name from the list of subtropical storm names for the 1973 season . Tracking north @-@ northeast , the system intensified very little as it paralleled the coastline . By August 1 , the system weakened below subtropical storm intensity as it neared New England . The following day , Alfa dissipated just off the southern coast of Maine . The only effects from Alfa was light to moderate rainfall in New England , peaking at 5 @.@ 03 in ( 128 mm ) in Falls , Massachusetts . Most of southern Maine recorded around 1 in ( 25 mm ) , with a maximum of 2 @.@ 59 in ( 66 mm ) in . - - = = = Hurricane Brenda = = = - - Hurricane Brenda originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 9 ; however , the initial wave quickly weakened upon entering the Atlantic Ocean . By August 13 , the wave began to as it passed through the Lesser Antilles . Several days later , convection associated with the system consolidated into a central , organized mass and on August 18 , the system had become sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression while situated near the Yucatán Channel . Early the next day , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Brenda as it made landfall in the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula . After moving inland , a strong ridge of high pressure over Texas forced the storm to take an unusual track , eventually leading it to enter the Bay of Campeche on August 20 . - Once back over water , Brenda began to intensify , attaining hurricane status late on August 20 . The next day , a well @-@ defined eye had developed and the storm attained its peak intensity as a high @-@ end Category 1 hurricane with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 977 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 85 inHg ) . The storm made landfall later that day near Ciudad del Carmen , Mexico at this intensity , becoming the first hurricane on record to strike the region . After moving inland , Brenda rapidly weakened to a depression by the morning of August 22 and dissipated later that day . - Already suffering from severe flooding that killed at least 18 people and left 200 @,@ 000 homeless , Hurricane Brenda worsened the situation with torrential rainfall and additional flooding . The storm killed at least 10 people in the country . Following the damage wrought by Brenda , a large earthquake struck the region , hampering relief efforts and collapsing numerous structures . Winds on land gusted up to 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) , leading to severe wind damage . Two of the fatalities occurred in Campeche after 80 % of the city was flooded . This was considered the worst flooding in the city in over 25 years . An estimated 2 @,@ 000 people were left homeless as a direct result of Brenda throughout Mexico . Offshore , a freighter with 25 crewman became trapped in the storm after its engines failed . They were safely rescued several days later once the storm had dissipated . - - = = = Tropical Storm Christine = = = - - The easternmost forming Atlantic tropical cyclone on record , Tropical Storm Christine , originated as a tropical wave over Africa in mid @-@ August . As it neared the Atlantic Ocean , the wave spawned a tropical depression at 14 @.@ 0 ° W , over the country of Guinea , unlike most cyclone producing waves which travel several hundred miles over water before spawning a depression . Although it was already a depression , advisories on the storm were not issued until August 30 , five days after its formation . For several days , the depression maintained its intensity as it steadily tracked west across the Atlantic . It eventually attained tropical storm intensity on August 28 . Despite the lack of aircraft reconnaissance in the region , the intensity was determined by wind readings from a German cargo ship that passed through the storm . - On August 30 , the first reconnaissance mission into the storm found tropical storm @-@ force winds and the first advisory was issued that day , immediately declaring the system as Tropical Storm Christine . Three days later , Christine attained its peak intensity just below hurricane @-@ status with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 41 inHg ) . Shortly thereafter , increasing wind shear caused the storm to weaken as it neared the Leeward Islands . As it passed over Antigua on September 3 , Christine weakened to a tropical depression and eventually dissipated near the Dominican Republic later that day . - During its passage through the Leeward Islands , Christine produced torrential rainfall , peaking at 11 @.@ 74 in ( 298 mm ) in southeastern Puerto Rico . These rains led to flooding on several islands . One person was killed during the storm after being by a downed power line on a flooded road . Schools were closed ahead of the storm in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands as a precaution following the issuance of flood warnings . Six scientists had to be evacuated from the small island of once the storm posed a threat to them . No major damage was reported on any of the affected islands in the wake of Christine . - - = = = Tropical Storm Delia = = = - - On August 27 , a tropical wave formed over the central Caribbean and tracked towards the west @-@ northwest . The system gradually developed organized shower and thunderstorm activity . By September 1 , a tropical depression developed from the wave . By September 3 , the depression had intensified into a tropical storm , receiving the name Delia , and began tracking more towards the west . A complex steering patter began to take place later on that day , resulting in the creation of a more hostile environment for tropical cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico . As Delia neared the Texas coastline , it managed to intensify into a strong tropical storm with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . The lowest pressure was recorded at 986 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 11 inHg ) at this time . Shortly thereafter , the cyclone made its first landfall in Freeport , Texas late on September 4 . After executing a loop , the storm made landfall in Freeport again on September 5 . After moving inland , the storm quickly weakened , becoming a depression on September 6 before dissipating early the next day over northern Mexico . - Due to the erratic track of the storm along the Texas coastline , widespread heavy rains fell in areas near the storm and in Louisiana . Tides up to 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , in addition to rainfall up to 13 @.@ 9 in ( 350 mm ) , caused significant flooding in the Galveston @-@ Freeport area . Up to $ 3 million was reported in damages to homes due to the flooding . Throughout Louisiana , there was substantial flooding of farmland . Damages to crops amounted to $ 3 million . In addition to the flooding rains produced by Delia , eight tornadoes also touched down due to the storm , injuring four people . Five people were killed during Delia , two drowned during floods , two died in a car accident and the other died from a heart attack while boarding up his home . - - = = = Tropical Depression Eleven = = = - - On September 6 , a tropical depression formed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea within a trough of low pressure extended southeastward from Delia , which was situated over southeast Texas at the time . The depression remained weak until it reached the Texas coastline on September 10 . Once onshore , it produced significant rainfall , causing significant damage that was attributed to Tropical Storm Delia . After turning northeast and tracking inland , the depression quickly increased in forward speed before dissipating over North Carolina on September 14 . - Along the coasts of Texas and Louisiana , the depression produced significant amounts of rainfall , peaking at 11 @.@ 15 in ( 283 mm ) near Freeport . Several areas in southern Louisiana recorded rainfall exceeding 5 in ( 130 mm ) with a maximum amount of 9 @.@ 2 in ( 230 mm ) falling in . Significant rainfall was also recorded in the Carolinas and Georgia , with numerous areas recording over 3 in ( 76 mm ) . A maximum of 9 @.@ 35 in ( 237 mm ) fell near , South Carolina before the system dissipated . In all , the depression resulted in an additional $ 22 million in crop losses in southern Louisiana . - - = = = Hurricane Ellen = = = - - The strongest storm of the season , Hurricane Ellen , began as a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on September 13 . On the following day , the wave spawned an area of low pressure south of the Cape Verde Islands that quickly became a tropical depression . Tracking northeast , the system intensified into a tropical storm on September 15 after sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) were reported by a French naval vessel ; however , due to sparse data on the storm , the first advisory on Ellen was not issued for two more days . A slightly elongated storm , Ellen gradually intensified over the open Atlantic and was steered by two troughs of low pressure . On September 18 , the storm took a nearly due west track and the system became increasingly organized , with an ill @-@ defined eye becoming present on satellite imagery . - The next day , Ellen intensified into a hurricane before taking a sharp turn to the north @-@ northwest in response to a weak trough moving northeast from the Bahamas . Gradually , the hurricane turned more towards the northeast and began to accelerate as well as intensify . Despite being at an unusually high latitude for development , the storm underwent a brief period of rapid intensification , strengthening into a Category 3 hurricane on September 23 . At that time , Ellen attained its peak intensity with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 41 inHg ) . Upon attaining this intensity at 42 @.@ 1 ° N , Ellen had become a major hurricane farther north than any other tropical cyclone on record , and is one of two storms to become a major hurricane north of 38 ° N , the other being Hurricane Alex in 2004 . Shortly after peaking , Ellen transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before merging with a frontal system several hundred miles east of Newfoundland on September 23 . - - = = = Tropical Depression Thirteen = = = - - On September 24 , a depression formed northeast of the Bahamas . The following day , the NHC issued their first advisory on the system , declaring it a subtropical depression . The depression was displayed an asymmetrical structure , with most winds being recorded up to 300 mi ( 480 km ) north of the center . Later that day , the subtropical depression organized into a tropical depression . Upon doing so , the NHC issued small craft advisories for coastal areas between North Carolina and St. Augustine , Florida . Tracking north @-@ northwestward in response to a break in a subtropical ridge to the north , the depression eventually made landfall near , Florida and quickly weakened , dissipating before reaching the Gulf of Mexico . - Heavy rain fell in association with the depression in parts of Florida and Georgia . A maximum of 6 @.@ 74 in ( 171 mm ) fell in Orlando while several other areas recorded over 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rain . Over land , wind gusts reached 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) in some locations . Offshore , swells produced by the system reached 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) , impacting several vessels in the region . Minor beach erosion and coastal flooding was reported in parts of South Carolina as a result of the storm . In parts of coastal Georgia , high water resulted in several road closures and flooded a few homes . Police officers in Savannah reported that wave were topping the local seawall ; however , no damage was reported . - - = = = Hurricane Fran ( Bravo ) = = = - - The final hurricane of the season , Fran , originated from an area of convection north of Hispaniola on October 1 . By October 4 , the system interacted with a mid @-@ tropospheric trough near the southeast United States , resulting in the formation of a surface low . Tracking eastward , showers and thunderstorms began to develop around the circulation ; however , the structure of the system was not fully tropical . Late on October 8 , the cyclone had become sufficiently organized to be classified a subtropical depression . Cold air from the remnants of a cold front became entrained within the circulation ; however , the cold air gradually warmed . The following day , winds increased to gale @-@ force and the depression was upgraded to a subtropical storm , at which time it was given the name Bravo . - By October 10 , Bravo had intensified substantially , as hurricane hunters recorded hurricane @-@ force winds roughly 15 mi ( 25 km ) from the center of the storm . Following this finding , the National Hurricane Center reclassified the system as a tropical system and renamed it Fran , dropping its previous designation of Bravo . generally eastward by a deep surface low in the westerlies , Fran accelerated towards the Azores Islands . Shortly after bypassing the islands on October 12 , the central pressure of Fran decreased to 978 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 88 inHg ) , the lowest recorded in relation to the hurricane . Shortly after reaching this intensity , the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and quickly merged with a cold front off the coast of France . Although Fran passed near the Azores , no impact was recorded on any of the islands . - - = = = Tropical Storm Gilda = = = - - The precursor to Tropical Storm Gilda was a large convective system partially due to a tropical wave . It gradually became better organized over the northwestern Caribbean Sea , and on October 15 , a tropical depression formed off the coast of Nicaragua . As it drifted to the northeast , it strengthened to a tropical storm , peaking at 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) winds . Before it hit the coast of Cuba , it weakened enough to cause only minor damage . By the time it struck the island , it had become very disorganized in nature . - On October 24 , cool , dry air entered the newly developed convection , and as a result it transitioned into a subtropical cyclone . Gilda became the first tropical system to pass through a subtropical stage prior to becoming extratropical . The large circulation continued northeast before becoming extratropical on October 27 . The remnants of Gilda intensified as they tracked near Atlantic Canada , attaining a central pressure of 968 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 58 inHg ) near Cape Race , Newfoundland . The system eventually dissipated near southern Greenland on October 29 . - Gilda caused heavy rain and mudslides in Jamaica , destroying six homes and killing six people . In Cuba , Gilda dropped over 6 in ( 150 mm ) of rain , while 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) winds were reported in the northern part of the country . In the Bahamas , Gilda caused significant crop damage from heavy rainfall and high tides . The storm 's persistent strong currents and easterly winds caused moderate beach erosion on the East Coast of the United States , mostly along the Florida coast . The extratropical remnants of the storm produced hurricane @-@ force wind gusts over parts of Atlantic Canada , peaking at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) ; however , no damage was reported . - - = = = Other storms = = = - - In addition to the eight named storms of 1973 and two notable tropical depressions , there were several minor systems that were classified as depressions by the National Hurricane Center . The first four systems of the year were not classified as fully tropical , rather they were associated with the remnants of decaying cold fronts . On April 18 , the first of these depressions formed northeast of the Bahamas and tracked in a curved motion before dissipating over open water on April 21 . Several days later , on April 24 , another depression formed in the same general region ; however , this system was shorter lived and dissipated two days later without significant movement . On May 2 , another partially tropical system formed over open waters . The cyclone tracked northeast and dissipated late on May 5 east @-@ southeast of the Azores . On May 11 , a brief depression formed near Bermuda but dissipated the following day . Roughly a week into the official hurricane season , the fifth depression of the year formed just offshore southeast Florida , near Miami . The system tracked northwest across the peninsula and briefly entered the Gulf of Mexico on June 8 before making landfall along the Florida . The depression eventually dissipate on June 10 over South Carolina . - On June 23 , another depression formed along Florida , this time just onshore near the Georgia border . The system slowly tracked northeastward before dissipating on June 26 southeast of the North – South Carolina border . As Hurricane Alice neared Bermuda on July 9 , a depression formed near the east coast of the United States ; however , the storm dissipated the following day . On July 19 , the first Cape Verde storm formed over the central Atlantic . This system did not intensify , remaining a weak depression and dissipated on July 21 without affecting land . The next day , a new depression formed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea near the coast of Nicaragua . The depression tracked over Central America , briefly moving back over water in the Gulf of Honduras before making a second landfall in Belize . The system persisted over land for a few days before entering the eastern Pacific late on July 25 . - Only one non @-@ developing depression formed during the month of August , an unusually eastward forming system . The depression was first identified just offshore eastern Africa on September 8 , near where Tropical Storm Christine formed later in the month . Tracking rapidly towards the west , the depression dissipated on September 11 over open waters . In addition to the two notable tropical depressions and two named storms in September , a slow @-@ moving depression formed south @-@ southeast of Bermuda on September 8 . Tracking generally northward , the depression dissipated early on September 10 without affecting land . Upon the declaration of Hurricane Fran on October 10 , a new depression formed southwest of the strengthening hurricane . This system rapidly tracked northeast and dissipated two days later . Later that month , a slow @-@ moving depression formed near the Azores . This system tracked southeast and dissipated on October 30 without affecting land . The final system of the year formed near the northern coast of Panama on November 17 . The depression was noted as a " ... strong depression ... " by the National Hurricane Center and may have briefly attained tropical storm intensity before making landfall in southern Nicaragua on November 18 ; the system dissipated later that day over land . - - = = Storm names = = - - The following names were used for named storms ( tropical storms and hurricanes ) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1973 . Storms were named Christine , Delia , Ellen and Fran for the first time in 1973 . Due to the relatively minimal impact caused by storms during the season , no names were retired in the spring of 1974 ; however , due to the addition of male names in 1979 , the list was removed and replaced with a new set of names . - - = = = Subtropical storm names = = = - - The following names were used for subtropical storms in the Atlantic basin for this year . This year was the second and last year to use the phonetic alphabet . Although a storm was given the name Bravo , it was renamed Fran after acquiring tropical characteristics . - - = = Season effects = = - - This is a table of the storms in 1973 and their landfall ( s ) , if any . in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but are still storm @-@ related . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low . - - - = 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion ( Australia ) = - - The 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion was an Australian Army unit raised for service with the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) during the Second World War . Formed in late 1940 as part of the 8th Division , the battalion was established to provide direct fire support to the division ’ s infantry brigades . It was the fourth , and last , such unit raised within the 2nd AIF . The unit 's personnel were largely drawn from the state of Western Australia and after formation , the battalion concentrated near Perth for basic individual training before moving to the Adelaide Hills to complete more advance . - In late 1941 , amidst concerns of war in the Pacific , the unit was deployed north to Darwin in the Northern Territory , where they undertook garrison duties in the weeks following Japan 's entry into the war . Following Japanese landings in Malaya , the 2 / 4th embarked from Darwin and were transferred to Malaya , arriving in Singapore in the final days of the fighting on the peninsula . In the wake of the withdrawal of British and Commonwealth forces to the island , the battalion was hastily deployed in support of the two Australian brigades — the 22nd and 27th Brigades — in the north @-@ western sector of the island . During the initial Japanese landing , elements of the battalion were heavily engaged around the landing beaches but they were outnumbered and over the course of the week the defenders were pushed back towards the centre of the island , towards the city of Singapore . They suffered heavy casualties during this time , before subsequently becoming prisoners of war after the fall of Singapore . - Meanwhile , a detachment of about 100 men from the battalion , who had been left behind in Australia when it deployed to Singapore , also took part in the fighting on Java . After a brief campaign , the majority of these personnel were taken into captivity when the Allied forces were overwhelmed around in mid @-@ March 1942 , although some attempted to fight on as . Eventually these men were either killed or captured ; prisoners remained in Japanese captivity until the end of the war in August 1945 . During the three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years they were held by the Japanese , members of the 2 / 4th were sent to prison camps around the Pacific , where they were used as slave labour and subjected to harsh conditions and extreme brutality . After the war , the surviving members of the battalion were returned to Australia but the 2 / 4th was not re @-@ raised . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Formation and training = = = - - The 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion was one of four machine gun battalions raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) for service overseas during the Second World War . infantry units , equipped with wheeled motor vehicles and tracked carriers , the machine gun battalions were formed to provide a greater level of fire support than that ordinarily available within infantry battalions . Developed by the British Army , the concept had its genesis in the Australian Army during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 , when the machine guns assigned to the infantry battalions — initially two and then four — had been grouped together and co @-@ ordinated at brigade level , to help compensate for the lack of artillery support . On the Western Front , the concept had evolved through the establishment of machine gun companies in 1916 and finally , in 1918 , to the establishment of machine gun battalions . Similar formations had also been established among the Australian Light Horse units serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . During the inter @-@ war years , the machine gun battalions had been deemed unnecessary . They were not re @-@ raised when the Army was reorganised in 1921 but in 1937 , as the Australian Army looked to expand owing to fears of war in Europe , four such units were formed within the part @-@ time Militia , by converting light horse units and them . Several other Militia machine gun battalions were also raised as new units later after the Second World War began . These were formed by consolidating the machine gun companies assigned to a number of infantry battalions , and other light horse units were also converted into the role for use as garrison forces . Within the 2nd AIF — Australia 's overseas expeditionary force — the decision was made to raise four machine gun battalions as corps troops that were usually allocated at a rate of one per division ; several of the Militia units were also later designated Australian Imperial Force units , after the majority of their personnel volunteered for overseas service . This meant that they could be deployed outside of Australian territory even though they were not 2nd AIF units . - In mid @-@ 1940 , amid the tide of German successes in Europe , there was an influx of volunteers for the 2nd AIF . As a result , the Australian government decided to raise a third volunteer division for overseas service , named the 8th Division . Established around three infantry brigades — the 22nd , 23rd and 27th — the division was supported by corps troops including engineers , cavalry , artillery , pioneers and a machine gun battalion for direct fire support . Within this formation , the 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion came into being on 25 November 1940 , when Lieutenant Colonel Michael Anketell , a First World War veteran who had commanded a Militia infantry battalion before the war , established his headquarters at Northam Camp , near Perth , Western Australia . While the rest of the 8th Division had drawn its personnel mainly from the more populous eastern states of New South Wales and Victoria , the decision was made to select personnel for the 2 / 4th only from those who were already enlisted and conducting training in the west . While potentially parochial , it was a primarily a decision to reduce the time it would take to concentrate the unit and complete its training . - Like most 2nd AIF units , the 2 / 4th drew its cadre staff of officers and senior non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCOs ) from volunteers from local Militia units . These were augmented by partially trained Other ( ) from the three local recruit training depots ; the first batch of these , numbering 394 men , arrived at Northam on 27 November and a further 262 marched in on 4 December . As the battalion was brought up to its authorised strength of around 800 men , personnel were formed into four machine gun companies , ' A ' to ' D ' , under a headquarters company consisting of several specialist platoons — including signals and anti @-@ aircraft platoons — and battalion headquarters . There were no platoon commanders until a contingent arrived from the regional Officer Training Units . Initially training was hampered by a lack of equipment — only 12 of 48 Vickers machine guns assigned to the battalion were available — so at the start the focus was on individual rather than collective training . As more stores arrived , training accelerated with the help of experienced Militia NCOs and First World War veterans , who were brought in to share their experiences with the new troops . Just before Christmas and New Year 's leave , the battalion received its distinctive Unit Colour : a black and gold triangle . - Early in the New Year , the establishment of the battalion 's command formation was completed with the appointment of as platoon commanders , following their return from their first appointment courses . The training evolved with the establishment of an school and various specialist courses , including range finding and transport ; a and drum band was also raised . In February 1941 , training focused upon skill @-@ at @-@ arms , before undertaking a 60 @-@ mile ( 97 km ) march from Northam to Perth , which was conducted over the course of three days and was undertaken , according to the Australian War Memorial , to test the " physical fitness and endurance of the personnel and officers " and " the efficiency of the battalion 's motor transport and administration personnel " . Upon their return , training progressed to field firing , night manoeuvres , , defensive exercises and further specialised training , continuing until July , by which time the battalion was considered ready for deployment . That month it received orders to move to Adelaide , South Australia . Proceeding in four drafts — one each on the transports and and two by rail — they were established at , in the Adelaide Hills , by the end of the month . The battalion endured a bitter winter , conducting field exercises amidst the steep wooded slopes of the Mount Lofty Range ; these became more tactically complex and physically demanding as Anketell worked the battalion up to a peak of efficiency , in preparation for deployment amidst growing tensions in the Pacific . - - = = = Garrison duties in northern Australia = = = - - In August 1941 , the 27th Brigade was sent to Malaya to reinforce the 22nd , which had been serving there in a garrison role since February , having been dispatched while the 2 / 4th Machine Battalion had been forming . With this , the only 2nd AIF troops remaining in Australia were those of the 23rd Brigade . As a result of concerns about Japanese intentions in the region , the decision was made to move the brigade north to bolster the defences around Darwin in the Northern Territory . In the event of fighting in the Pacific , the government planned to split infantry battalions , to defend the island chain to Australia ’ s north , dispatching forces to Rabaul , Ambon and Timor . The role of the corps troops from the 2 / 4th Pioneers and 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion remained uncertain . The 8th Division ’ s commander , Major General Gordon Bennett , unhappy with the dispersal of his command , had been for the dispatch of the machine gunners to Malaya to support his two infantry brigades , arguing that they would be valuable for beach defence . Bennett 's request had been rejected initially in March , due to the limited numbers of recruits enlisting but by mid @-@ September , elements at Army headquarters in Melbourne had also begun to advocate for it . In early October , following a War Cabinet decision to split the command of the 8th Division in two , removing the elements in Australia from Bennett 's command , the 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion received orders to move north to Darwin , where it was to serve in a home defence role in case of a Japanese attack . - On 11 October 1941 , the battalion entrained at and began the journey north . They at Alice Springs , where they camped overnight before continuing the journey by road in a 44 @-@ vehicle convoy , which took them further north to . There they once again entrained for the final journey to , which they reached on 19 October , after in Katherine . - At , the battalion was allocated a large defensive zone between , Lee Point and Bay , which included a large beach frontage , as well as extensive swamp lands and creeks further inland . Throughout November , extensive work was undertaken improving the camp and preparing this position with fortified emplacements . They also undertook various other garrison duties such as guarding ammunition dumps , and road and railway construction . Heavy summer rains flooded the camp and surrounding area and as well as hampering construction , brought a wave of fever amongst the battalion and the threat of crocodile attacks as the creeks within the battalion position swelled ; the battalion ’ s mascot , a dog named " " , fell victim . News of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of Malaya came in early December and with it a need to bolster Australian forces in the Pacific . As Bennett pressed harder for reinforcements , on 23 December the 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion received orders to embark for Malaya . - - = = = = = = - - On 30 December 1941 , after transferring responsibility for their defensive area to a Militia Light Horse machine gun regiment from South Australia , the battalion embarked upon two , and , bound for Malaya via Port Moresby . Arriving on 4 January 1942 , they were transferred to the transport Aquitania , which was to take them the rest of the way . Before they had completed transferring the battalion ’ s equipment , news was received that Rabaul , about 500 miles ( 800 km ) north @-@ east , had been bombed by carrier @-@ based aircraft . Due to concerns that the aircraft may have been looking for the convoy , or US warships fleeing the Philippines , and that Port Moresby might be bombed next , the convoy ’ s departure was advanced and so they sailed immediately . Instead of proceeding to Malaya , though , they were taken to Sydney , New South Wales , as it was decided that it would be safer to proceed via the southern route . - After a brief stay in Sydney where the battalion ’ s equipment deficiencies were made good and some reinforcements were received from local recruit training depots , they embarked again on 10 January in company with Canberra , and proceeded through the Bass Strait . As they were under way , the troops were kept occupied with training on the Bren light machine gun and the Thompson sub @-@ machine gun , quantities of which were hastily added to the battalion ’ s equipment scale . They reached Fremantle , Western Australia , on 15 January and overnight , a large number of 2 / 4th men defied orders to stay aboard ship and went ashore to spend time with their families ; when the Aquitania sailed the next day , 94 men were left behind . The situation in Malaya was grave as the Japanese were steadily pushing the British and Commonwealth defenders south down the peninsula and as the gravity of the situation upon the Australian government , a knee @-@ reaction saw the dispatch of 150 partially trained reinforcements from Northam . They arrived just as the Aquitania departed , being ferried out to Island where they joined the ship ’ s company late in the afternoon of 16 January . Although the reinforcements made good the men that had been left behind , they were only partially trained and ill @-@ prepared for the fighting that would follow . - After departing Fremantle , the convoy steamed towards Java and reached Bay early on 20 January . Proceeding on to the Strait , which was reached mid @-@ morning on 21 January and the men were then transferred to a number of smaller , faster Dutch ships to run the gauntlet of Japanese bombers that were attacking Allied shipping in the area . In concert with several Australian , British and Indian escorts and two Dutch flying boats , the convoy entered Harbour on 25 January 1942 . Upon arrival in Singapore , consisting of personnel of all ranks , the battalion was allocated to the task of preparing machine gun positions on Singapore ’ s north coast and around the naval base . They stepped into a , the Japanese were bombing the naval base — where the 2 / 4th were accommodated — every day and the fighting on the Malay Peninsula was all but over . Having been pushed back down the peninsula over the course of seven weeks , in the final week of January , the Allies withdrew from , on the mainland , to Singapore , where they would make a final stand . Covering the withdrawal , the 22nd Brigade was the last Australian unit to cross the 70 @-@ foot ( 21 m ) wide Causeway before it was blown up , early on the morning of 31 January , to prevent the Japanese from capturing it and to slow their advance . - One of only two machine gun battalions available for the defending British and Commonwealth forces , as preparations were made to repulse the expected Japanese assault across the Strait , the battalion was split up to provide support to troops from the 22nd and 27th Australian Infantry Brigades and the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade around the western part of the island , where the Japanese assault was expected . On 7 February , due to concerns about the lack of defending infantry , about 90 machine gun reinforcements , who had been hastily formed into a sixth company — ' E ' — were detached at this time to form part of a 400 @-@ strong Special Reserve Battalion , initially under the command of an officer from the 2 / 19th Infantry Battalion and later taken over by Major Albert , formerly of the 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion . - - = = = Fall of Singapore = = = - - The Japanese attack came in the night of 8 / 9 February , after a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment that had lasted throughout the day . ' D ' Company , positioned in various locations in support of the Australian 22nd Brigade in the north @-@ western area , found themselves in the thick of the fighting as the Japanese concentrated their landing on the Australian 8th Division front . and stretched out across a large frontage over ground that was unsuited to defence , the Australians were almost immediately under pressure . Shortly after 8 : 00 pm , 13 Platoon , supporting the 2 / 20th Infantry Battalion around the head of the Lim Chu Kang Road , was confronted by a large number of landing barges filled with Japanese assault troops . For almost six hours , the platoon , under Lieutenant Eric , fought a desperate action to repel the invaders . With four machine guns , as well as personal small arms and grenades , the platoon inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese and sank several barges . Despite heavy casualties from Japanese mortar and machine gun fire , they kept fighting until early in the morning on 9 February when , threatened with being outflanked and low on ammunition — each gun had fired over 10 @,@ 000 rounds — and having had one gun knocked out , the platoon was forced to withdraw . Destroying their equipment as they went to prevent it from being captured , the platoon was forced to withdraw in contact , taking their wounded with them ; the action was later rewarded with a Military Cross for the platoon commander , who was badly wounded after taking over one of the machine guns after its crew had been wounded . - Near the Sungei Murai ( Murai River ) , 15 Platoon — under Lieutenant John Meiklejohn — had been stationed in support of a company from the 2 / 18th Infantry Battalion , in a thickly wooded area with low hills and many inlets . 15 Platoon established an enfilade formation near the shore , with its machine guns distributed in two sections on a north – south axis , facing a narrow peninsula , between the mouth of the Murai and a small inlet . According to the official history by Lionel Wigmore , after a Japanese landing party approached , the southern section under Meiklejohn " opened fire against six approaching barges , and kept on firing for two hours , despite retaliation by hand grenades , as the Japanese landed and crossed the neck of the peninsula " . As was the case elsewhere in the extremely wide sector assigned to the 22nd Brigade , many Japanese landing parties were able to outflank the thinly @-@ spread Australian positions . At risk of being cut off and with ammunition running low , Meiklejohn ordered the southern section to retreat . According to Wigmore : " Meiklejohn led his section along a jungle path where they came upon a party of Japanese resting . He shot some with his revolver , and another was knocked out with a swing from a [ machine gun ] tripod , but Meiklejohn lost his life in attempting to cover his section 's withdrawal . " The northern section of 15 Platoon held its ground " until it was informed that a near @-@ by infantry platoon was almost surrounded , and about to withdraw " . Forced to retreat without its machine guns , the northern section also found Japanese troops blocking its path . When Private Cliff was attacked by a Japanese officer wielding a sword , " him " , took the sword and used it against another Japanese soldier . - As the situation worsened , early on 9 February ' A ' Company , which had been in reserve , and HQ Company were sent forward to provide further assistance to the 22nd Infantry Brigade , which was slowly being pushed back towards the tactically important airfield , via the village of . They took up positions at Bulim , east of the airfield ; shortly afterwards they were joined by 7 Platoon , from ‘ B ’ Company , which had been detached from the Causeway sector . The remnants of the 22nd , numbering around only 500 men from its original 2 @,@ 500 , with a further 500 or so isolated and attempting to fight their way through , was pushed further back throughout the day . Orders were passed for a counter @-@ attack around the airfield but as the size of Japanese forces in the area grew to around 20 @,@ 000 men , they were later cancelled in favour of establishing a line between Bulim and , to the east of the airfield . Established in the early afternoon , within this line , the 2 / 4th 's ' A ' Company was positioned east of Bulim with 7 Platoon , ' B ' Company , while the remnants of ' D ' Company , amounting to only 47 men , were moved south , where they joined with ' C ' Company , which was supporting the Indian 44th Brigade , which although it had not yet been engaged , had fallen back from the south @-@ west coast to avoid being cut off and had established itself west of , behind the Sungei . - Late on 9 February , the Japanese made more landings , in the Causeway sector , held by the 27th Infantry Brigade . Despite having been reduced to just two infantry battalions due to the transfer of the 2 / 29th to the hard @-@ pressed 22nd Infantry Brigade , they were able to mount a stiff defence , supported by the machine guns of ‘ B ’ Company . 8 Platoon inflicted many casualties in the Japanese landing craft coming ashore at the mouth of the Sungei Mandi . With casualties mounting and pressure being placed on the brigade 's rear due to a large gap that had developed around , by the Japanese advances in the 22nd Infantry Brigade 's area , the decision was made to withdraw from the beach and north – south along the Woodlands Road . Further south , the Australian 22nd and Indian 44th , 6th / 15th and 12th Infantry Brigades also established themselves along this axis between and Pasir on the south coast and by early evening on 10 February the Japanese had secured the entire west coast of the island . - For the next four days , the Allied troops were pushed south @-@ east towards the city of Singapore . Throughout this time , the battalion ’ s companies were in almost constant action , either — in the case of ' B ' , ' C ' , ' D ' and ' E ' Companies — under separate command , or ' A ' and ' HQ ' Companies with Battalion Headquarters . The reinforcements of ' E ' Company , detached to the Special Reserve Battalion , suffered heavily . In three days , they lost 43 men killed or missing , before the ad hoc formation was disbanded and the men returned to the 2 / 4th . 7 Platoon , ' B ' Company , took on a mounted role , four Bren carriers , with which they began patrolling in support . On 12 February they were engaged along the Vista Road , while supporting the Malayan Regiment . The following day , they were attacked by a Japanese light tank , which knocked out one of the carriers before the platoon themselves . - By 14 February , the Allied troops had withdrawn into a small perimeter around the city . The 8th Division were holding a position 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of the city , centred upon the axis of the Holland Road , with its headquarters at Barracks . With the Japanese gaining ground to their north and south through the porous lines of the Indian 44th and British 54th Brigades , the situation became critical . Threatened with being cut off , Anketell began to plan a last stand ; moving forward to survey the situation he was badly wounded by mortar and small arms fire and after being evacuated to Alexandra Hospital , died of his wounds late in the evening of 14 February . Despite his loss , the battalion kept on fighting to the very end , sending out patrols throughout the following day and severely a Japanese vehicle convoy that came too close to their position . Late on 15 February , the British commander , Lieutenant General Arthur Percival gave the order to surrender . The physical process of the surrender was slow , and despite orders to surrender weapons and ammunition , the men proceeded to destroy the majority of their equipment the following morning , before the Japanese arrived . Later , they were marched to prison , during which several men from the battalion attempted to escape after the Japanese began executing several prisoners ; one , the regimental sergeant major , Fred , successfully made it to Sumatra but was later recaptured there , while another , Private Les , remained on the run for eight days before being recaptured after collapsing from bullet wounds he had received during the attempt . - - = = = Java detachment = = = - - While the majority of the battalion was fighting on Singapore , a small detachment of 106 men were sent to Java . The majority of these were the 94 men that had failed to return in time from their unofficial leave in Fremantle . After missing their ship , they had been arrested by the military police and were confined to quarters in Camp for two weeks . On 30 January they were released and under the command of two officers and a small group of NCOs , they embarked upon , which set out for Singapore via in Batavia , escorted by Canberra . - After reaching on 10 February , the detachment found itself placed under Dutch command and formed into a composite infantry company , within the reserve battalion of the ad hoc formation known as " " , which had been formed under Brigadier Arthur Blackburn . At the end of the month , having taken Sumatra , the Japanese invaded Java with three divisions and a strong naval task force . fighting at sea ensued , during which 14 out of a force of 18 Allied ships were sunk . Several Japanese transports were also sunk but the majority of Japanese troops were landed . The detachment from the 2 / 4th found itself around , where the majority of the 2 / 4th personnel formed part of an ad hoc infantry force , known as the Reserve Group , or 3rd Battalion , consisting of eight platoons , under Major John Champion de . They fought several defensive actions before being overwhelmed and taken into captivity on 12 March 1942 . A small number continued to fight as guerrillas but were eventually all captured . Some of the men were held in camps in Java and Sumatra , although the majority were later sent to Singapore before being transported to camps elsewhere in south @-@ east Asia . - - = = = and disbandment = = = - - During the fighting , out of a total of men deployed , the battalion lost 137 men killed in action and 106 wounded , while a further 24 suffered from shell shock . A total of 808 men were taken into captivity , including most of the wounded . Four men managed to escape to Australia but of the remaining men , 263 died while prisoners of war . Following their capture , the men from the 2 / 4th in Singapore were concentrated in prison , before being split up and sent to various prison camps around the Pacific , including Borneo , Burma , Thailand , Java , Sumatra , Japan and . There they were used as slave labour on the Burma – Thai Railway , in coal mines and on wharves , during which they were subjected to harsh treatment , starvation , disease and extreme brutality , which took a heavy toll . Many soldiers from the 2 / 4th were also killed while being taken to Japan , when the ships were sunk by Allied submarines . - Throughout their captivity , some soldiers continued to contribute to the Allied war effort , building a series of home @-@ made radios with which they transmitted Japanese shipping movements to British forces in India and through which they were able to gain news from home . They were liberated in August 1945 and after the war , the surviving members of the battalion were returned to Australia but the 2 / 4th was not re @-@ raised . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : one Military Cross , one Distinguished Conduct Medal , two British Empire Medals and nine in ; in addition one member of the battalion was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire . - After the war , the Australian Army moved away from the machine gun battalion concept and no similar units were raised . The machine gun role was subsumed into the support companies of individual infantry battalions . The idea was arguably misunderstood by Australian commanders throughout the war and this may have influenced the decision to move away from the concept . When the units had been established , the intent had been for machine gun battalions to provide highly mobile fire support but this only worked where the principles of open warfare worked . Once the focus of Australian Army combat operations shifted to the Pacific , the machine gun battalions were largely misused , being employed in a static defensive capacity against short and medium range targets or for tasks , rather than as offensive weapons for long range fire support . The medium machine guns were also largely used in the same manner as light machine guns , such as the Bren . Other reasons identified for the concept 's limited use include distrust of overhead fire by some commanders , a preference for organic fire support over attached sub @-@ units , over @-@ estimating the difficulty of transporting Vickers guns in the jungle and a tendency to ignore targets that could not be seen . The difficulties of target acquisition in dense jungle also contributed . - - = = Commanding officers = = - - Lieutenant Colonel Michael Anketell . - - = = Battle honours = = - - The 2 / 4th Machine Gun Battalion received the following battle honours for its service during the Second World War : - Malaya 1942 , and Singapore . - - - = Richard Nixon presidential campaign , 1968 = - - The 1968 presidential campaign of Richard Nixon , the 36th Vice President of the United States , began when Nixon , the Republican nominee of 1960 , formally announced his candidacy following a year 's preparation and five years ' political following defeats in the 1960 presidential election , and the 1962 California gubernatorial election . - route to the Republican Party 's presidential nomination , Nixon faced challenges from Governor George Romney of Michigan , Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York , Governor Ronald Reagan of California , and Senator Charles Percy of Illinois . Nixon won nine of the thirteen state primaries held that season , although due to the population of his state , Governor Reagan won the popular vote while carrying only California . These victories , along with pledged delegate support from states not holding primaries , secured Nixon the nomination on the first ballot of the Republican National Convention , where he named Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate . - In the general election , Nixon emphasized " law and order , " positioning himself as the champion of what he called the " silent majority . " Running well ahead of his opponent , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey , his support slipped in the polls following his refusal to in presidential debates , and following an announcement from President Lyndon B. Johnson that a halt in bombing of Vietnam had been negotiated . - Winning a close election on November 5 , 1968 , Nixon and Agnew were inaugurated as the 37th President of the United States and 39th Vice President of the United States , respectively , on January 20 , 1969 . He was the first Vice President elected President since Martin Van in 1836 , and the only one to do so while not an incumbent . - - = = Background = = - - Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1946 , representing California 's 12th congressional district from 1947 until his election to the Senate in 1950 . As a member of Congress , he gained a reputation as a firm anti @-@ Communist . In 1952 , he was selected by General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican nominee for president , as his vice presidential nominee . together with Eisenhower , he served as Vice President during the height of the Cold War . In office , he traveled the world on " goodwill tours " , promoting pro @-@ American policies ; he was re @-@ elected with Eisenhower in 1956 . At the end of Eisenhower 's second term in 1960 , Nixon ran unopposed for the Republican nomination , which he received . He lost a close race to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , which many credited in part to his unhealthy appearance during the first televised debate . - Nixon ran for Governor of California against incumbent Pat Brown , and was defeated , leading the media to label him as a " loser . " This defeat was widely believed to be the end of his career ; in an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election , Nixon famously blamed the media for favoring his opponent , saying , " you won 't have Nixon to kick around anymore because , gentlemen , this is my last press conference . " In September , the New York Post published an article claiming that campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses . He moved to New York , joining the Rose Guthrie Alexander & law firm , and regrouped , considering but decided against a run for president in 1964 , beginning to plan for a 1968 presidential campaign . - - = = Campaign developments = = - - - = = = Early stages = = = - - On January 7 , 1967 , Nixon held a secret meeting with his closest advisers to discuss a potential campaign , strategies to obtain sufficient delegates to win the Republican nomination . He asked the attendees not to discuss the meeting with anyone , but to spread subtle hints that he would run for president . The next month , during an interview with the Saturday Evening Post , Nixon flatly denied he was running for president . Nevertheless , polls suggested that he was the front @-@ runner for the nomination . The Gallup poll from February 1967 showed Nixon leading Governor George Romney , his closest rival , 52 % to 40 % . At this time , he quietly began efforts to organize in Indiana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , Oregon , and Wisconsin , positioning to secure victories in those states ' primaries the following year . In March , he gained the support of the 1964 Republican nominee , Senator Barry of Arizona A " Nixon for President Committee " formed that month , and headquarters for the organization opened in Washington D.C. in late May . - During the spring and summer , Nixon traveled to Eastern Europe and Latin America to bolster his foreign policy credentials . He returned in August to conduct meetings with his advisers to a solid campaign strategy . Two days later , his campaign manager , Parkinson , left his position to care for his ailing wife . Political commentators speculated that the vacancy built " an element of instability " for the campaign . The position was soon temporarily filled by former Governor Henry of Oklahoma . The next week , five staff members were fired after private investigators determined that information had been leaked to the campaigns of potential primary rivals Governors Rockefeller and Reagan . The news did not stall the progression of the campaign , and soon Nixon , , Rose , Guthrie & Alexander member Leonard assembled an advertising team that included CBS Television president Frank Shakespeare . - - = = = = Fall 1967 = = = = - - By mid @-@ September 1967 , the Nixon campaign had organized headquarters in four states deemed critical to the Republican primaries . Nixon hoped the moves would increase his delegate strength and demonstrate his " ability to win . " He notified the media that his decision on whether to run for president would be formally announced between early December and February . Meanwhile , Nixon and his staff discussed handling the topic of the Vietnam War . They advised him to his stance on the war , and encouraged him to shift his focus from foreign affairs to domestic policy to avoid the divisive war issue . Observers noted that this move potentially hurt Nixon by straying from his reputation " as a foreign policy expert . " - In October , political experts predicted that Nixon would gain delegates in the important states of New Hampshire , Wisconsin and Nebraska during the primary season , scheduled to begin in March 1968 . They noted that in the other critical state of Oregon , Ronald Reagan would have an advantage due to the proximity of his home state . Like Nixon , rival George Romney began to organize in these states . Romney officially announced his candidacy in November , prompting Nixon to step up his efforts . He spent most of this period on the campaign trail in New Hampshire . Those following Nixon noted that during this period , he seemed more relaxed and than in his past political career . One commentator examined that he was not " the drawn , tired figure who debated Jack Kennedy or the angry politician who conceded his California [ gubernatorial ] defeat with such ill grace . " Making appearances at fundraisers in his adopted home state of New York , Nixon helped to raise $ 300 @,@ 000 for the re @-@ election campaign of Senator Jacob K. . At the end of December , Time labeled Nixon as the " man to beat . " - - = = = = 1968 begins = = = = - - Nixon entered 1968 as the front @-@ runner for the Republican nomination . However , polls suggested that in a head @-@ to @-@ head match up with incumbent President Lyndon Johnson , Nixon trailed 50 % to 41 % . Later in January , Nixon embarked on a tour of Texas , where he lampooned President Johnson 's State of the Union address , asking : " Can this nation afford to have four more years of Lyndon Johnson 's policies that have failed at home and abroad ? " At this time , reports suggested that Nixon would formally announce his bid in February . - - = = = Primary campaign = = = - - On February 1 in New Hampshire , Nixon announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination , commenting that problems " beyond politics " needed to be addressed . Immediately following his entrance , the media team prepared for an advertising campaign . They analyzed video of Nixon , determining that he was at his best when speaking spontaneously . The team organized a question and answer session with seven members of the New Hampshire Republican Party , taping Nixon 's responses for editing and use in advertisements . He campaigned in the state , although polls suggested that he would easily win its primary . As a result , he began campaigning in Wisconsin where the second primary would be held . During a stop , he briefly discussed Vietnam , although not in detail , stating that the United States " must prevent [ such ] confrontations , " but that the nation must also " help people in the free world fight against aggression , but not do their fighting for them . " He used those dictatorships in Latin America as an example , stating : " I am talking not about marching feet but helping hands . " As military operations increased in Vietnam in mid @-@ February , Nixon 's standing against President Johnson improved . A Harris poll showed that he trailed the president 43 % to 48 % . Near the end of the month , Nixon 's opponent George Romney exited the race , mostly due to comments he made about being " brainwashed " during a visit to Vietnam . This left Nixon nearly unopposed for the upcoming primaries , narrowing his opponents to Nelson Rockefeller and Ronald Reagan , neither of whom had announced their . - Due to Romney 's exit , Nixon declared in early March that he would " greatly expand [ his ] efforts in the non @-@ primary states , " with Time observing that Nixon could now focus his political attacks solely on President Johnson . However , the void also caused problems for Nixon ; Time argued that the prospect of soundly defeating second @-@ tier candidates such as former Governor Harold of Minnesota in the primaries , would not " the voters . " The Nixon campaign countered this claim stating that Romney 's withdrawal was a " TKO " at the hands of Nixon . Meanwhile , Rockefeller began to be viewed more as a candidate , that while not wishing to split the party , he was " willing to serve ... if called . " As talks of other candidates persisted , Nixon continued to campaigning and discussion of the issues . He pledged to end the war in Vietnam , but would not go into detail , drawing some criticism . Nixon easily won the New Hampshire primary on March 12 , pulling in 80 % of the vote with a write @-@ in campaign for Rockefeller receiving 11 % . At the end of March , Rockefeller announced that he would not campaign for the presidency , but would be open to being drafted . Nixon doubted a draft stating that it would only be likely if " I make some rather serious mistake . " Reports suggested that the decision caused " Nixon 's political stock [ to ] . " by Gallup at this time revealed that Nixon led President Johnson 41 % to 39 % in a three @-@ way race with American Independent Party candidate and former Governor George Wallace of Alabama . - As the Wisconsin primary in early April , Nixon 's only obstacle seemed to be preventing his supporters from voting in the Democratic primary for Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota as a protest against President Johnson . However , Johnson withdrew from the race before the primary , meanwhile Governor Reagan 's name was on the ballot in Wisconsin , but he did not campaign in the state and was still not a declared candidate . Nixon won the primary with 80 % followed by Reagan with 11 % and with 6 % . With Johnson removed from the race , Nixon fell behind Democratic candidates Eugene McCarthy , Hubert Humphrey and Robert Kennedy in head @-@ to @-@ head match @-@ ups . At the end of April , Nixon called for a moratorium on criticism of the Johnson policy in Vietnam as negotiations were underway : " The one man who can do anything about peace is Lyndon Johnson , and I 'm not going to do anything to undercut him . " However , the Democratic candidates for president remained fair game for criticism . He argued that " A divided Democratic Party cannot unite a divided country ; a united Republican Party can . " He also began to discuss economics more frequently , announcing plans to cut spending while criticizing the Democrats ' policy of raising taxes . During a question and answer session with the American Society of Newspaper Editors , Nixon spoke out of turn , receiving numerous interruptions of applause . The largest came when he addressed the issue of crime , proclaiming that " there cannot be order in a free society without progress , and there cannot be progress without order . " - On the last day of April , Rockefeller announced that he would campaign for the presidency , despite his previous statement to the contrary . Immediately following his entrance , he defeated Nixon in the Massachusetts primary 30 % to 26 % . New Harris polls found that Rockefeller fared better against Democratic candidates than Nixon , but the outlook started to appear better for Nixon after he won the Indiana primary over Rockefeller . Off the victory , Nixon campaigned in Nebraska where he criticized the three leading Democratic candidates as " three in a , prisoners of the policies of the past . " He then proposed a plan to tackle crime that included , legislation to reverse previous Supreme Court decisions , and the formation of a congressional committee targeting crime and reforms to the criminal justice system . He did not connect crime to racial rioting , drawing praise from Civil Rights leaders . Nixon won the primary in Nebraska , defeating the Reagan 71 % to 22 % . At the following primary in Oregon , Reagan seemed more willing to compete with Nixon , and Rockefeller sat out . But Nixon won with 72 % , fifty points ahead of Reagan . - In early June , Nixon continued to be regarded as the favorite to win the nomination , but observers noted that he had not yet locked up the nomination . He still faced challenges from Nelson Rockefeller and Ronald Reagan , and was not on the ballot in California , where Reagan won a large slate of delegates . Behind the scenes , Nixon staff lobbied for delegates from " favorite son " candidates , resulting , in the backing of Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee , and his 28 pledged delegates , as well as those 58 delegates supporting Senator Charles Percy of Illinois . After the assassination of Robert Kennedy , like the other candidates , Nixon took a break from campaigning . Reports suggested that the assassination all but assured his nomination . Upon returning to the trail , Nixon found that Rockefeller had begun attacking him . Rockefeller described Nixon as a man " of the old politics " who has " great natural capacity not to do the right thing , especially under pressure . " Nixon refused to respond to the jabs , stating that he would not participate in attacks . As he edged closer to the nomination , discussions about his running mate arose . Republicans in the Midwest pushed for Mayor John Lindsay of New York City . The endorsement of Nixon by Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon raised speculation that he might be chosen . Congressman George Bush of Texas and Senator Percy were also mentioned as possible selections . At the end of the month , Nixon had two thirds of the required 667 delegates necessary to win the nomination . - On July 1 , Nixon received the endorsement of Senator John G. Tower of Texas , handing him at least 40 delegates . With his nomination all but assured , Nixon 's ad team began preparing for the general election . A series of advertisements featuring question and answer sessions with Nixon and friends of campaign staffers were filmed in New York . The tapes were sent to the swing states of Illinois , Michigan , and Ohio , giving Nixon the advantage of advertising long before the Democratic Party settled on a candidate . At this time , Nixon decided with a group of legislators that " crime and disorder " would be presented as the number one issue in the nation . This continued to be a major theme of the Nixon campaign , and would continue to be used extensively during the general election . Nixon publicly announced his opposition to the military draft , proposing to replace the current system with a volunteer army encouraged with higher pay . President Eisenhower endorsed Nixon in mid @-@ July , breaking his tradition of waiting until after the primary , due to the election 's importance . By July 's end , reports circulated that Nixon had 691 probable delegates for the convention , placing him over the 667 delegate threshold , Rockefeller , however , disputed these numbers . Sources within Washington reported that Reagan caused greater concern for the Nixon campaign than Rockefeller . A possible scenario surfaced where Nixon 's southern delegates would drop their support to back the more conservative Reagan . Nonetheless , Nixon staffers believed that if such a scenario occurred , liberal Rockefeller delegates in the Northeast would support Nixon to prevent a Reagan nomination . - - = = Republican National Convention = = - - The 1968 Republican National Convention was held from August 5 to 9 at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach , Florida . At the convention , Richard Nixon won the nomination for President on the first ballot with 692 delegates . Behind him finished Governor Rockefeller , second with 277 delegates , followed by Governor Ronald Reagan , in third place , having just entered the race , 182 delegates . Nixon 's early nomination occurred partly because he held on to delegates in the South largely influenced by Senator of South Carolina , and delegate Charlton Lyons of Louisiana . - Following nomination , Nixon held his hands in the air with his trademark " V " sign of victory , delivering an acceptance speech written over the preceding weeks . In his speech , he remarked : - " Tonight I do not promise the millennium in the morning . I don 't promise that we can eradicate poverty and end discrimination in the space of four or even eight years . But I do promise action . And a new policy for peace abroad , a new policy for peace and progress and justice at home . " - . Vice President Richard Nixon , 1968 Republican for President - He called for a new era of negotiation with communist nations , and a strengthening of the criminal justice system to restore law and order . himself as a champion of the American Dream , he stressed greater unity , invoking the silent majority . Nixon also discussed economics , his opposition to social welfare , advocating programs designed to help African Americans start their own small businesses . By the end of his address , he promised that " the long dark night for America is about to end . " - Following the speech , Nixon formally selected Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate , who received 1119 delegate votes , with the distant second being Governor Romney with 186 . Agnew was relatively unknown nationally , and was selected due to his purported appeal to African Americans , and work for the Nixon campaign after an embarrassing experience as the head of the Draft Rockefeller movement . It was later noted that the convention had featured Nixon as the candidate with Rockefeller to his left and Reagan to his right . The same analysis applied to the general campaign , as commentators noted that Nixon would stand to the right of the still undecided Democratic nominee but would fall to the left of American Independent Party candidate George Wallace . - - = = General election = = - - As the general election season began , Nixon focused his efforts on the " big seven " states : California , Illinois , Michigan , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Texas . He hired Roger , whom he had first encountered during an appearance on the The Mike Douglas Show , to produce one hour television programs to advertise the campaign in strategic regions . The campaign also continued to use televised town hall segments throughout the campaign , which aired live , featuring real voters whom were instructed to ask tough questions , following the campaign 's belief that Nixon would respond well to such questions . Starting the ground campaign tour , during his first stop in Springfield , Illinois , he discussed the importance of unity , stating that " America [ now ] needs to be united more than any time since Lincoln . " He then traveled to Michigan , Ohio and Pennsylvania before returning to New York , meeting with Governor Rockefeller . In those Gallup polls following the convention , Nixon led Humphrey 45 % to 29 % and topped McCarthy 42 % to 37 % . At the end of the month , Hubert Humphrey narrowly won Democratic presidential nominee over McCarthy at the Democratic convention , which was filled with protest and riots . Analysts saw the Democrat 's split , along with lacking " law and order " at the convention , positioning Nixon well . Shortly before the convention and throughout the general election , Nixon received regular briefings from President Johnson on developments in the Vietnam War . The President made it clear to Nixon that he did not want the war to be , to which Nixon agreed , although questioning Humphrey 's eventual compliance . - Following the Democratic convention , Nixon was consistently labeled the favorite , described as " relaxed [ and ] confident , " counter to his " unsure " self from 1960 . Even observers speculated as to the President 's possible favoring Nixon to Humphrey . In a visit to Chicago shortly after the Democratic convention , Nixon received a large welcome and tape parade , with crowds estimated at several hundred thousand . - Before his visit , he called upon Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts , the highest ranking African American in U.S. government , to campaign with him on trips to Illinois and California . Referring to Brooke as " one of my top advisers , " he accompanied campaign stops in Chicago and San Francisco , a move critics described as an attempt to further gain favor within the African American community . - - = = = September = = = - - In mid @-@ September , Nixon 's running mate Spiro Agnew went on the offensive against Humphrey ; he referred to the Vice President as being " soft on Communism , " along with on inflation , and " law and order , " comparing him to former British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . At this time , Nixon sent his adviser , former Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania , on a fact finding trip to Europe to gather intelligence on Western alliance and Soviet issues . In response to Humphrey 's calls for a face to face debate , Nixon remarked : " Before we can have a debate between Nixon and Humphrey , Humphrey 's got to settle his debate with himself . " Nixon campaigned in San Francisco , in front of 10 @,@ 000 supporters amidst an array of protests . The candidate took on the protesters first hand , and delivered his " forgotten American " speech , declaring that election day would be " a day of protest for the forgotten American , " a group which included those that " obey the law , pay their taxes , go to church , send their children to school , love their country and demand new leadership . " By month 's end , many in the Nixon campaign believed his election was guaranteed , beginning to prepare for the transition period , despite Nixon 's warning that " the one thing that can beat us now is . " Gallup showed Nixon leading Humphrey 43 % to 28 % at the end of September . - - = = = October = = = - - In early October , commentators weighed Nixon 's advantage , arguing that placement of blame for the Vietnam War strictly on the Johnson administration was acceptable — avoiding discussion of war with the excuse that he did not want to disrupt the peace talks in Paris . However , anti @-@ war protesters heckled Nixon repeatedly on the campaign trail . Nixon addressed the American Conservative Union on October 9 , and argued that George Wallace 's American Independent Party candidacy could split the anti @-@ Administration vote , and help the Democrats . The Union decided to back Nixon over Wallace , labeling the third party candidate 's beliefs as " . " As Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Edmund criticized Nixon for his connections to , Nixon continued to oppose a possible debate with Humphrey and Wallace , as well as between running mates , on the basis that he did not want to give Wallace more exposure . It was also argued that Nixon opposed debating due to his experience during the 1960 encounter with John F. Kennedy , which many cited as a factor in his defeat . In another lesson learned from 1960 , the campaign employed 100 @,@ 000 workers to oversee election day polling sites to prevent a recurrence of what many Republicans viewed as 1960 's stolen election . Nixon went on a whistle @-@ stop train tour of Ohio near the end of October . From the back of the " Nixon Victory Special " car , he Vice President Humphrey as well as the Secretary of Agriculture and Attorney General of the Johnson cabinet , for farmers ' debt and rising crime . At this time , the campaign released two controversial television advertisements , juxtaposing a smiling Humphrey with images of the Vietnam War and the chaos at the 1968 Democratic National Convention ; the advertisements aroused protests from the Humphrey campaign . By October 's end , Nixon began to lose his edge over Humphrey ; Gallup showing he led 44 % to 36 % , down five points from a few weeks earlier , a decline observers attributed to Nixon 's refusal for a debate with Humphrey . - - = = = November = = = - - At the beginning of November , President Johnson announced that a bombing had been halted in Vietnam ; observers noted that the development significantly helped Humphrey although Nixon had endorsed such talks . At this time , Nixon operative Anna secretly spoke with the South Vietnamese , explaining that they could receive a better deal under Nixon . The charge that , along with remarks from Nixon supporter and future Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird , Johnson had deliberately Nixon during angered the President . He spoke with Nixon supporters Senate Leader Everett and Senator George of Florida , informing Nixon of the President 's frustration . On the Sunday preceding the election , Nixon appeared on Meet the Press , explaining that he would cooperate completely with Johnson , the President shortly thereafter to personally him . The final Harris poll before the election indicated that Nixon was trailing Humphrey 43 % to 40 % , but Gallup 's final poll showed Nixon leading 42 % to 40 % . On the eve of the election , Nixon and Humphrey bought time on rival television networks , Nixon appearing on NBC , Humphrey on ABC , where each made his final appeal to voters . Nixon used this appearance to counter Humphrey 's ' October surprise ' , a polling surge following the bombing halt , claiming that he had just received " a very disturbing report " , which detailed that tons of supplies were being moved into South Vietnam by the North . Humphrey labeled this charge as " irresponsible " , causing Nixon to counter that Humphrey " doesn 't know what 's going on . " Overall , Nixon spent $ 6 @,@ 270 @,@ 000 on television advertising , most of which was judged to have only reinforced supporters . - - = = = Election Day = = = - - On November 5 , it was a three way race between Nixon , Humphrey , and Wallace . The results were very close , and not until early the following morning could news organizations call the election . In the end , Nixon won electoral votes , with Humphrey receiving 191 , and Wallace receiving 46 . In a margin 43 @.@ 42 % to 42 @.@ 72 % , Nixon edged Humphrey in the popular vote , with Wallace earning 13 @.@ 53 % . Nixon 's victory came with a margin of less than three percent in California , Illinois , and Ohio ; had Humphrey carried these three , Nixon would have lost his election . Nixon won most of the West and mid @-@ West but lost parts of the Northeast and Texas to Humphrey and lost the deep South to Wallace . After the election was conceded by Vice President Humphrey , Nixon said the following in his press conference : - " As you will probably have heard , I have received a very message from the Vice President , me for winning the election . I him for his and courageous fight against great odds ... I also told him that I know exactly how he felt . I know how it feels to lose a close one . " - President @-@ Richard Nixon - - = = Aftermath = = - - Nixon and Agnew took office as President and Vice President during their inauguration on January 20 , 1969 . Following the election , the slogan " Us Together " , referencing a poster held by a 13 @-@ year @-@ old girl at a rally during his campaign , was used as a basis for the theme of his inauguration , although it would later be seized by Democrats to attack later Nixon policies . In his inaugural address , Nixon said that " the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of , " outlining the direction Nixon sought to take , such as his visit to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 , opening diplomatic relations between the two nations , and plus the Anti @-@ Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union , all in his first term . - While overseeing an initial of American involvement in the Vietnam War , he subsequently ended U.S. involvement in 1973 , and eliminated the draft . , his administration generally embraced policies that transferred power from Washington to the states . Among other things , he initiated wars on cancer and drugs , imposed wage and price controls , enforced of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Though he presided over Apollo 11 and the subsequent lunar landings , he later scaled back manned space exploration . In 1972 , he was reelected by a landslide , the largest to that date . The Watergate scandal , which would consume the larger part of his second term , resulted in his ultimate resignation on August 4 , 1974 . - - = = = = - - - - = Cyclone Herbie = - - Tropical Cyclone Herbie was the only known tropical system to impact Western Australia during the month of May on record . The final cyclone of the 1987 – 88 Australian region cyclone season , Herbie was first identified northwest of the Islands on 17 May . The following day , the system was classified as a tropical low by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and intensified into a Category 1 cyclone later that day . Several hours after this upgrade , the storm attained its initial peak intensity with winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) . Around the same time , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classified Herbie as Tropical Storm . - On 19 May , the cyclone formed a new low pressure center and relocated roughly 300 km ( 190 mi ) south . Shortly thereafter , the storm began to accelerate towards the southeast and started to undergo an extratropical transition . Early on 21 May , Herbie made landfall in Shark Bay before losing its identity the following day over the Great Australian Bight . Although a weak storm , Herbie brought flooding rains and severe dust storms to portions of Western Australia . Additionally , a 30 @,@ 000 ton freighter broke in half amidst rough seas produced by the storm . Total losses from the storm reached A $ 20 million ( $ 15 @.@ 6 million USD ) . Due to the significant damage wrought by Herbie , the name was retired following its use . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - Tropical Cyclone Herbie originated from an area of low pressure on 17 May 1988 northwest of the Islands . Later that day , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology began monitoring the system as a tropical low . Several hours after , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as Tropical Depression , having attained winds of 45 km / h ( 30 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . Following slight development , the system intensified into a Category 1 cyclone and was given the name Herbie by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology early on 18 May . Several hours after being named , the storm attained its initial peak intensity with winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) and a barometric pressure of 990 hPa ( mbar ) . - Around the same time , the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm , estimating the cyclone to have attained peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . On 19 May , satellite imagery of the system depicted that a new low pressure centre had developed roughly 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the original low . Several hours after the relocation , the JTWC downgraded Herbie to a tropical depression as the system 's movement began to accelerate towards the southeast . As the storm moved at a rapid speed towards the coastline of Western Australia , it began to undergo an extratropical transition . During a 24 @-@ hour period ( 20 – 21 May ) Herbie tracked roughly 1 @,@ 500 km ( 930 mi ) , with the movement of the storm reaching 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) at times . - Late on 20 May , the JTWC ceased advisories on the system as it weakened below tropical depression status offshore . However , the Bureau of Meteorology continued to monitor the system . Early on 21 May , the center of Herbie made landfall in Shark Bay with wind gusts up to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) and a pressure of 980 hPa ( mbar ) . Due to the rapid movement of the storm , it reached the Great Australian Bight while retaining tropical characteristics despite its low @-@ latitude . Early on 22 May , the system lost its identity south of Australia as an extratropical cyclone . - - = = Impact = = - - Although a weak storm , its fast approach allowed for little preparation . According to officials in the coastal town of Denham , " .. the cyclone struck virtually without warning . " Most tourists staying in the region evacuated the day before Herbie 's arrival . Herbie caused moderate structural damage across Western Australia in coastal areas between and Denham . Banana plantations within this area also sustained extensive damage . In Denham , a storm surge of 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) broke the town 's retaining wall and flooded low @-@ lying areas along the shore . Several fishing vessels were brought inland by the surge and left on streets once the water subsided . About 15 homes in Denham lost their roofs after wind gusts estimated at 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) battered the town . Due to the storms extratropical transition , areas south of Herbie received moderate to heavy rainfall while areas north of the center reported severe dust storms fueled by the cyclone 's high winds . Most areas affected by the storms rain recorded around 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) with isolated totals near 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) . The Irwin and Rivers overflowed their banks , parts of . In all , the storm wrought approximately A $ 20 million worth of structural and agricultural damage in Western Australia . - Offshore , a 30 @,@ 000 ton freighter , the Korean Star , sustained extreme damage during the storm . Rough seas caused the hull of the ship to break and the vessel was separated into two pieces . Although the freighter was in two pieces , the ship did not sink and the wreckage of it came ashore near Cape Cuvier . No one on the ship sustained injury as all 19 crew members abandoned ship . The crew was rescued within a day of sustaining the damage and flown to . - In the wake of the storm , the town hall in Denham was converted into a temporary shelter for the homeless . Repair to damaged roofs and downed power lines began on 22 May . Within a few days of the storm 's passage , appeals were made for relief funds in regions affected by Herbie . As of January 2010 , Cyclone Herbie is the most recent tropical system to either directly or indirectly impact the town of , a region that is struck by tropical cyclones once every six to eight years . Although the storm caused relatively little damage , the name Herbie was retired following its usage and will never be used again to name a tropical cyclone in the Australian region . - - - = Croatian independence referendum , 1991 = - - Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991 , following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia . With 83 percent turnout , voters approved the referendum , with 93 percent in favor of independence . Subsequently , Croatia declared independence and the dissolution of its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 , but it introduced a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision when urged to do so by the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe through the Agreement . The war in Croatia escalated during the moratorium , and on 8 October 1991 , the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia . In 1992 , the countries of the European Economic Community granted Croatia diplomatic recognition and Croatia was admitted to the United Nations . - - = = Background = = - - After World War II , Croatia became a one @-@ party Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Croatia was ruled by the Communists and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation . In 1967 , a group of Croatian authors and linguists published the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , demanding greater autonomy for the Croatian language . The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy , culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971 , which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership . The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units , essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the constituents . - In the 1980s , the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated , with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian and the 1989 coups in , Kosovo and Montenegro . In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines , with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation . In the same year , the first multi @-@ party elections were held in Croatia , with Franjo Tuđman 's win resulting in further nationalist tensions . The Croatian Serb politicians boycotted the Sabor , and local Serbs seized control of Serb @-@ inhabited territory , setting up road blocks and voting for those areas to become autonomous . The Serb " autonomous " would soon unite to become the internationally Republic of Serbian ( ) , intent on achieving independence from Croatia . - - = = and declaration of independence = = - - On 25 April 1991 , the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May . The decision was published in the official of the Republic of Croatia and made official on 2 May 1991 . The referendum offered two options . In the first , Croatia would become a sovereign and independent state , cultural autonomy and civil rights to Serbs and other minorities in Croatia , free to form an association of sovereign states with other former Yugoslav republics . In the second , Croatia would remain in Yugoslavia as a unified federal state . Serb local authorities called for a boycott of the vote , which was largely followed by Croatian Serbs . The referendum was held at 7 @,@ 691 polling stations , where voters were given two ballots — blue and red , with a single referendum option each , allowing use of either or both of ballots . The referendum question proposing independence of Croatia , presented on the blue ballot , passed with 93 @.@ 24 % in favor , 4 @.@ 15 % against , and 1 @.@ 18 % of invalid or blank votes . The second referendum question , proposing that Croatia should remain in Yugoslavia , was declined with 5 @.@ 38 % votes in favor , 92 @.@ 18 % against and 2 @.@ 07 % of invalid votes . The turnout was 83 @.@ 56 % . - Croatia subsequently declared independence and dissolved ( Croatian : ) its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 . The European Economic Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe urged Croatian authorities to place a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision . Croatia agreed to freeze its independence declaration for three months , initially tensions . Nonetheless , the Croatian War of Independence escalated further . On 7 October , the eve of expiration of the moratorium , the Yugoslav Air Force attacked , the main government building in Zagreb . On 8 October 1991 , the moratorium expired , and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia . That particular session of the parliament was held in the building on Avenue in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by recent Yugoslav air raid ; Specifically , it was feared that the Yugoslav Air Force might attack the parliament building . 8 October is now celebrated as Croatia 's Independence Day . - - = = Recognition = = - - The Badinter Committee was set up by the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) on 27 August 1991 to provide legal advice and criteria for diplomatic recognition to former Yugoslav republics . In late 1991 , the Commission stated , among other things , that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution , and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon . in the preservation of Croatia 's pre @-@ war borders , defined by demarcation commissions in 1947 , were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974 , granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units , and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution . - Germany advocated quick recognition of Croatia , stating that it wanted to stop ongoing violence in Serb @-@ inhabited areas . It was opposed by France , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands , but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach and avoid unilateral actions . On 10 October , two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence , the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months , deciding to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then . As the deadline expired , Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty — a position supported by Italy and Denmark . France and the UK attempted to prevent the recognition by drafting a United Nations resolution requesting no unilateral actions which could the situation , but backed down during the Security Council debate on 14 December , when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution . On 17 December , the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992 , relying on opinion of the Badinter Committee . The Committee ruled that Croatia 's independence should not be recognized immediately , because the new Croatian Constitution did not provide protection of minorities required by the EEC . In response , the President Franjo Tuđman gave written to Robert Badinter that the deficit would be . The formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December , but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally . On 26 December , Yugoslav authorities announced plans for a smaller state , which could include the territory captured from Croatia , but the plan was rejected by the UN General Assembly . - Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by Slovenia , which declared its own independence on the same day as Croatia . Lithuania followed on 30 July , and Ukraine , Latvia , Iceland , and Germany in December 1991 . The EEC countries granted Croatia recognition on 15 January 1992 , and the United Nations admitted them in May 1992 . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Although it is not a public holiday , 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians . On the day 's 10th anniversary in 2002 , the Croatian National Bank minted a 25 commemorative coin . In the period following the declaration of independence , the war escalated , with the of Vukovar and Dubrovnik , and fighting elsewhere , until a ceasefire of 3 January 1992 led to stabilization and a significant reduction of violence . The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of Operation Storm . Present day borders of Croatia were established when the remaining Serb @-@ held areas of Eastern Slavonia were restored to Croatia pursuant to the Agreement of November 1995 , with the process concluded in January 1998 . - - - = Georgian scripts = - - The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language : Asomtavruli , Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli . Although the systems differ in appearance , all three are , their letters share the same names and order , and are written horizontally following the standard left @-@ to @-@ right direction . Of the three Georgian writing systems , Mkhedruli ( literally meaning " cavalry " or " military " script ) was the civilian royal script of the Georgian Kingdom used for charters , historical documents , manuscripts and inscriptions . Mkhedruli is therefore the standard script for modern Georgian and its related Kartvelian languages , whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only in ceremonial religious texts and iconography . - Georgian scripts are unique in their appearance and their exact origin has never been established ; however , in strictly structural terms , their order largely corresponds to the Greek alphabet , with the exception of letters denoting uniquely Georgian sounds , which are grouped at the end . Originally consisting of 38 letters , Georgian is presently written in a 33 @-@ letter alphabet , as five letters are currently obsolete in that language . The number of Georgian letters used in other Kartvelian languages varies . The Mingrelian language uses 36 , 33 of which are current Georgian letters , one obsolete Georgian letter , and two additional letters specific to Mingrelian and Svan . That same obsolete letter , plus a letter borrowed from Greek ( making 35 letters total ) , are used in writing the Laz language . The fourth Kartvelian language , Svan , is not commonly written , but when it is , it uses Georgian letters as utilized in Mingrelian , with an additional obsolete Georgian letter and sometimes supplemented by for its many vowels . - Georgian scripts hold the national status of cultural heritage in Georgia , and are currently nominated for inclusion in the UNESCO 's list of the Cultural Heritage of . - - = = = = - - - = = Origins = = - - The origins of the Georgian script are to this date poorly known , and no full agreement exists among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation , who designed the script and the main influences on that process . - The first version of the script attested is Asomtavruli which dates back to at least the 5th century ; the other scripts were formed in the following centuries . Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian alphabet to the process of Christianisation of a core Georgian @-@ speaking kingdom , that is , ( or Iberia in Classical sources ) . The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under King III ( 326 or 337 ) and the Bir el inscriptions of 430 , with the Armenian alphabet . It was first used for translation of the Bible and other Christian literature into Georgian , by monks in Georgia and Palestine . Professor 's dating of fragmented Asomtavruli inscriptions , discovered by him at the ruined town of , in Georgia 's easternmost province of , in the 1980s , to the 1st or 2nd century has not been universally accepted . - A Georgian tradition first attested in the medieval chronicle Lives of the Kings of ( ca . 800 ) , assigns a much earlier , pre @-@ Christian origin to the Georgian alphabet , and names King I ( 3rd century BC ) as its inventor . This account is now considered legendary , and is rejected by scholarly consensus , as no archaeological confirmation has been found . considers the tradition to be an attempt by the Georgian Church to the earlier tradition that the alphabet was invented by Mashtots , and is a Georgian application of an Iranian model in which primordial kings are credited with the creation of basic social institutions . Georgian linguist offers an alternate interpretation of the tradition , in the pre @-@ Christian use of foreign scripts ( in the Aramaic alphabet ) to write down Georgian texts . - A point of contention among scholars is the role played by Armenian clerics in that process . According to a number of scholars and medieval Armenian sources , Mashtots , generally acknowledged as the creator of the Armenian alphabet , also created the Georgian and Caucasian alphabets . This tradition originates in the works of Koryun , a fifth century historian and biographer of Mashtots , and has been quoted by Donald and James R. Russell , but has been criticized by scholars , both Georgian and Western , who judge the passage in Koryun unreliable or even a later . Other scholars quote Koryun 's claims without taking a stance on its validity . Many agree , however , that Armenian clerics , if not Mashtots himself , must have played a role in the creation of the Georgian script . - Another controversy regards the main influences at play in the Georgian alphabet , as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the Greek alphabet , or by Semitic alphabets such as Aramaic . Recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the Greek alphabet than in the other Caucasian writing systems , most notably the order and numeric value of letters . Some scholars have also suggested as a possible inspiration for particular letters certain pre @-@ Christian Georgian cultural symbols or clan markers . - - = = Asomtavruli = = - - Asomtavruli ( Georgian : ) is the oldest Georgian script . The name Asomtavruli means " capital letters " , from ( ) " letter " and ( ) " principal / head " . It is also known as ( Georgian : ) " rounded " , from ( ) " round " , so named because of its round letter shapes . Despite its name , this " capital " script is unicameral , just like the modern Georgian script , Mkhedruli . - The oldest Asomtavruli inscriptions found so far date from the 5th century and are Bir el and the inscriptions . - From the 9th century , Nuskhuri script starting becoming dominant , and the role of Asomtavruli was reduced . However , monuments of the 10th to 18th centuries continued to be written in Asomtavruli script . Asomtavruli in this later period became more decorative . In the majority of 9th @-@ century Georgian manuscripts which were written in Nuskhuri script , Asomtavruli was used for titles and the first letters of chapters . Although , some manuscripts written completely in Asomtavruli can be found until the 11th century . - - = = = Form of Asomtavruli letters = = = - - In early Asomtavruli , the letters are of equal height . Georgian historian and believes that the direction of Asomtavruli , like that of Greek , was initially , though the direction of the earliest surviving texts is from left to the right . - In most Asomtavruli letters , straight lines are horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles . The only letter with acute angles is ( ჯ jani ) . There have been various attempts to explain this exception . Georgian linguist and art historian Helen believes jani derives from a of Christ , composed of the ( ი ini ) and ( ) . According to Georgian scholar , the cross @-@ like shape of letter jani indicates the end of the alphabet , and has the same function as the similarly shaped Phoenician letter ( ) , Greek chi ( ) , and Latin X , though these letters do not have that function in Phoenician , Greek , or Latin . - Coins of Queen of Georgia and King George IV of Georgia minted using Asomtavruli script , 1200 – 1210 AD . - From the 7th century , the forms of some letters began to change . The equal height of the letters was abandoned , with letters acquiring ascenders and descenders . - Note : Some fonts show " capitalized " ( tall ) variants of Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli letters rather than Asomtavruli . - - = = = Asomtavruli illumination = = = - - In Nuskhuri manuscripts , Asomtavruli are used for titles and illuminated capitals . The latter were used at the beginnings of paragraphs which started new sections of text . In the early stages of the development of Nuskhuri texts , Asomtavruli letters were not elaborate and were distinguished principally by size and sometimes by being written in ink . Later , from the 10th century , the letters were illuminated . The style of Asomtavruli capitals can be used to identify the era of a text . For example , in the Georgian manuscripts of the Byzantine era , when the styles of the Byzantine Empire influenced Kingdom of Georgia , capitals were illuminated with images of birds and other animals . - Asomtavruli capital letters , ( m ) , ( n ) and ( t ) , 12 – 13th century . - From the 11th @-@ century " limb @-@ flowery " , " limb @-@ " and " limb @-@ spotty " decorative forms of Asomtavruli are developed . The first two are found in and 12th @-@ century monuments , whereas the third one is used until the 18th century . - Importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself . - Asomtavruli letter დ ( ) is often written with decoration effects of fish and birds . - The " Curly " decorative form of Asomtavruli is also used where the letters are or on each other , or the smaller letters are written inside other letters . It was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books , although there are compete inscriptions which were written in the Asomtavruli " Curly " form only . - The title of Gospel of Matthew in Asomtavruli " Curly " decorative form . - - = = = Handwriting of Asomtavruli = = = - - The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Asomtavruli letter : - - = = Nuskhuri = = - - Nuskhuri ( Georgian : ) is the second Georgian script . The name comes from ( ) , meaning " inventory " or " schedule " . Nuskhuri was soon augmented with Asomtavruli illuminated capitals in religious manuscripts . The combination is called ( Georgian : , " clerical " , from ( " " ) , and it was principally used in hagiography . - Nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of Asomtavruli . The oldest inscription is found in the Church and dates to 835 AD . The oldest surviving Nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 AD . Nuskhuri becomes dominant over Asomtavruli from the 10th century . - - = = = Form of Nuskhuri letters = = = - - Nuskhuri letters vary in height , with ascenders and descenders , and are to the right . Letters have an angular shape , with a noticeable tendency to the shapes they had in Asomtavruli . This enabled faster writing of manuscripts . - → → Asomtavruli letters ო ( oni ) and ( vie ) . A ligature of these letters produced a new letter in Nuskhuri , უ . - Note : Without proper font support , you may see question marks , boxes or other symbols instead of Nuskhuri letters . - - = = = Handwriting of Nuskhuri = = = - - The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Nuskhuri letter : - - = = Use of Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri today = = - - Asomtavruli is used intensively in iconography , murals , and exterior design , especially in stone . Georgian linguist made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce Asomtavruli into the Mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences , as in the Latin script , but it didn 't catch on . Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are officially used by the Georgian Orthodox Church alongside Mkhedruli . Patriarch II of Georgia called on people to use all three Georgian scripts . - - = = Mkhedruli = = - - Mkhedruli ( Georgian : ) is the third and current Georgian script . Mkhedruli , literally meaning " cavalry " or " military " , derives from ( ) meaning " " , " knight " , " warrior " and " " . - Like the two other scripts , Mkhedruli is purely unicameral . Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century . The oldest Mkhedruli inscription is found in Church dating back to AD . The second oldest Mkhedruli @-@ written text is found in the 11th @-@ century royal charters of King Bagrat IV of Georgia . Mkhedruli was mostly used then in the Kingdom of Georgia for the royal charters , historical documents , manuscripts and inscriptions . Mkhedruli was used for non @-@ religious purposes only and represented the " civil " , " royal " and " secular " script . - Mkhedruli became more and more dominant over the two other scripts , though ( Nuskhuri with Asomtavruli ) was used until the 19th century . Since the 19th century , with the establishment and development of the printed Georgian fonts , Mkhedruli became universal writing Georgian outside the Church . - - = = = Form of Mkhedruli letters = = = - - Mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of Nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters . Mkhedruli letters are written in the four @-@ linear system , similar to Nuskhuri . Mkhedruli becomes more round and free in writing . It breaks the strict frame of the previous two alphabets , Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri . Mkhedruli letters begin to get coupled and more free calligraphy develops . - of one of the oldest Mkhedruli @-@ written texts found in the royal charter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia , 11th century . - " : King : of Kings : great @-@ grandfather : of mine : Bagrat " - of Queen of Georgia in Mkhedruli , 1187 AD . - - = = = Modern Georgian alphabet = = = - - The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters : - - = = = Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet = = = - - The Society for the of among , founded by Prince in 1879 , discarded five letters from the Georgian alphabet that had become redundant : - ( he ) , sometimes called " " or " e @-@ " ( " eighth e " ) , was equivalent to , as in ~ krist ' Christ ' . - ( ) , also called , appeared instead of ი ( ini ) after a vowel , but came to have the same pronunciation as ი ( ini ) and was replaced by it . Thus ~ krist " Christ " is now written krist . - ( vie ) came to be pronounced the same as vi and was replaced by that sequence , as in > " others ' " . - ( , ) came to be pronounced the same as ხ ( khani ) , and was replaced by e.g. became " sovereign " . - ( ) was used for the ! and is now spelled . - All but ( ) continue to be used in the Svan alphabet ; ( ) is used in the Mingrelian and Laz alphabets as well , for the y @-@ sound / / . Several others were used for and Ossetian in the short time they were written in Mkhedruli script . - - = = = Letters added to other alphabets = = = - - Mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides Georgian . Some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in Georgian , while others required additional letters : - ( fi " " ) is used in Laz and Svan , and formerly in Ossetian and . It derives from the Greek letter ( ) . - ( " " ) , also called , is used for the sound in Svan and Mingrelian , and formerly in Ossetian and . - ( " alif " ) is used in for the stop in Svan and Mingrelian . It is a reversed 〈 〉 ( q 'ari ) . - ( turned gani ) was once used for [ ] in evangelical literature in languages . - ( " ain " ) is occasionally used for [ ] in . It derives from the Arabic letter 〈 〉 ( ‘ ain ) . - - = = = Handwriting of Mkhedruli = = = - - The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Mkhedruli letter : - ზ , ო , and ხ ( , oni , khani ) are almost always written without the small tick at the end , while the handwritten form of ჯ ( jani ) often uses a vertical line , ( sometimes with a taller , or with a diagonal cross bar ) ; even when it is written at a diagonal , the cross @-@ bar is generally shorter than in print . - Only four letters are x @-@ height , with neither ascenders nor descenders : , , ი , ო . - Thirteen have ascenders , like b or d in English : , ზ , , , , რ , ს , , , ძ , წ , ხ , - An equal number have descenders , like p or q in English : გ , დ , , ვ , კ , , , , უ , , , , ც - Three letters have both ascenders and descenders , like in Old English : , , and ( in handwriting ) ჯ . წ has both and in print , and sometimes in handwriting . - - = = = = Variation = = = = - - There is individual and stylistic variation in many of the letters . For example , the top circle of ზ ( ) and the top stroke of რ ( ) may go in the other direction than shown in the chart ( that is , counter @-@ clockwise starting at 3 o , and upwards – see the external @-@ link section for videos of people writing ) . Other common variants : - გ ( gani ) may be written like ვ ( vini ) with a closed loop at the bottom . - დ ( ) is frequently written with a simple loop at top , . - კ , ც , and ძ ( k 'ani , , ) are generally written with straight , vertical lines at the top , so that for example ც ( ) resembles a U with a in the right side . - ( ) is frequently written with a single arc , . Even when all three are written , they 're generally not all the same size , as they are in print , but rather riding on one wide arc like two in it . - Rarely , ო ( oni ) is written as a right angle , . - რ ( ) is frequently written with one arc , , like a Latin 〈 h 〉 . - ( t 'ari ) often has a small circle with a tail hanging into the bowl , rather than two small circles as in print , or as an O with a straight vertical line intersecting the top . It may also be rotated a bit clockwise , with the small circles further to the right and not as close to the top . - წ ( ) is generally written with a round bowl at the bottom , . Another variation features a triangular bowl . - ( 'ari ) may be written without the hook at the top , and often with a completely straight vertical line . - ( he ) may be written without the loop , like a of ს and . - ჯ ( " jani " ) is sometimes written so that it looks like a hooked version of the Latin " X " - - = = = = Similar letters = = = = - - Several letters are similar and may be confused at first , especially in handwriting . - For ვ ( vini ) and კ ( k 'ani ) , the critical difference is whether the top is a full arc or a ( more @-@ or @-@ less ) vertical line . - For ვ ( vini ) and გ ( gani ) , it is whether the bottom is an open curve or closed ( a loop ) . The same is true of უ ( ) and ( ) ; in handwriting , the tops may look the same . Similarly ს ( ) and ხ ( khani ) . - For კ ( k 'ani ) and ( p 'ari ) , the crucial difference is whether the letter is written below or above x @-@ height , and whether it 's written top @-@ down or bottom @-@ up . - ძ ( ) is written with a vertical top . - - = = , abbreviations and calligraphy = = - - Asomtavruli is often highly stylized and writers readily formed ligatures , intertwined letters , and placed letters within letters . - A ligature of the Asomtavruli initials of King I of Iberia , ( , ) - A ligature of the Asomtavruli letters ( , da ) " and " - Nuskhuri , like Asomtavruli is also often highly stylized . Writers readily formed ligatures and abbreviations for nomina , including called , which resemble . Because writing materials such as were scarce and therefore precious , was a practical measure widespread in manuscripts and hagiography by the 11th century . - A Nuskhuri abbreviation of ( ) " which " - A Nuskhuri abbreviation of ( ) " Jesus Christ " - Mkhedruli , in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ to the point that they were , requiring to a complex system . - A Mkhedruli ligature of ( da ) " and " - Mkhedruli calligraphy of Prince and King of - - = = Type faces = = - - Georgian scripts come in only a single type face , though word processors can apply automatic ( " fake " ) oblique and bold formatting to Georgian text . Traditionally , Asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles , where Latin script might use bold or type . - - = = = = - - In Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri punctuation , various combinations of dots were used as word and to separate phrases , clauses , and paragraphs . In monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries , these were written as , like − , - = and = - − . In the 10th century , clusters of one ( · ) , two ( : ) , three ( ჻ ) and six ( ჻ ჻ ) dots ( later sometimes small circles ) were introduced by to indicate increasing breaks in the text . One dot indicated a " minor stop " ( presumably a simple word break ) , two dots marked or separated " special words " , three dots for a " bigger stop " ( such as the name and title " the sovereign Alexander " , below , or the title of the Gospel of Matthew , above ) , and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence . Starting in the 11th century , marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use . An apostrophe was used to mark an word , and a comma appeared at the end of an sentence . From the 12th century on , these were replaced with the ( the Greek question mark ) . In the 18th century , Patriarch Anton I of Georgia reformed the system again , with commas , single dots , and double dots used to mark " complete " , " incomplete " , and " final " sentences , respectively . For the most part , Georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the Latin script . - Signature of King Alexander II of , with the 〈 ჻ 〉 - ჻ - " The sovereign Alexander " - - = = Summary = = - - This table lists the three scripts in parallel columns , including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets ( shown with a blue background ) , obsolete in Georgian but still used in other alphabets ( green background ) , or additional letters in languages other than Georgian ( pink background ) . The " national " transliteration is the system used by the Georgian government , whereas " Laz " is the Latin Laz alphabet used in Turkey . The table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters . - - = = Use for other non @-@ Kartvelian languages = = - - Ossetian language during the 1940s . - language during the 1940s . - language ( historically ) , later replaced in the 17th century by Arabic and by the Cyrillic script in modern times . - language ( historically ) , later replaced in the 17th century by Arabic and by the Cyrillic script in modern times . - Avar language ( historically ) , later replaced in the 17th century by Arabic and by the Cyrillic script in modern times . - Turkish language and language . A Turkish Gospel , dictionary , poems , medical book dating from the 18th century . - Persian language . The 18th @-@ century Persian translation of the Arabic Gospel is kept at the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi . - Armenian language . In the Armenian community in Tbilisi , the Georgian script was occasionally used for writing Armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries , and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi . - Russian language . In the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the Russian language written in Georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries . - Other Northeast Caucasian languages . The Georgian script was used for writing North Caucasian and languages in connection with Georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century . - Old Avar crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script . - - = = Computing = = - - - = = = Unicode = = = - - The first Georgian script was added to the Unicode Standard in October , 1991 with the release of version 1 @.@ 0 . In creating the Georgian Unicode block , important roles were played by German , a linguist of Kartvelian studies , and American @-@ Irish linguist and script @-@ Michael Everson , who created the Georgian Unicode for the Macintosh systems . Significant contributions were also made by Anton and Irakli . ( not the former Prime Minister of Georgia Irakli ) - Georgian Mkhedruli script received an official status for being Georgia 's domain name script for ( ) . - - = = = = = = = = - - The Unicode block for Georgian is U + – U + . Mkhedruli ( modern Georgian ) occupies the U + – U + range and Asomtavruli occupies the U + – U + range . The Unicode block for Georgian Supplement is U + – U + and it Nuskhuri . - - = = = layouts = = = - - Below is the standard Georgian @-@ language keyboard layout , the traditional layout of manual typewriters . - - = = Gallery = = - - Gallery of Asomtavruli , Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli scripts . - - = = = Gallery of Asomtavruli = = = - - - = = = Gallery of Nuskhuri = = = - - - = = = Gallery of Mkhedruli = = = - - - - = Banai ( goddess ) = - - Banai ( Marathi : , sometimes ) , also known as ( , ) and @-@ ( @-@ , @-@ ) , is a Hindu goddess and the second wife of Khandoba , a form of the god Shiva worshipped in the Deccan – predominantly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka . Khandoba is portrayed as a king of Jejuri , where his chief temple stands . Some traditions do not give her the status of a legal wife and treat her as a concubine of Khandoba . - While scriptures related to Khandoba do not mention Banai , she is a central subject of folk songs . Banai is considered as a Dhangar , a sheep herding caste , and is sometimes regarded to be of celestial origin . Oral traditions chiefly discuss the tale of her marriage to Khandoba and her conflicts with his first wife Mhalsa . Banai is an antithesis of Mhalsa ; together they complete the god . Banai is generally depicted with Khandoba and often is also accompanied by Mhalsa . - Banai does not enjoy independent worship , but is worshipped as Khandoba 's consort in most of his temples . She is the patron goddess of the Dhangar community and is worshipped as a protector of their herds . - - = = Development and symbolism = = - - Though Khandoba is a god with five wives , his first two consorts Mhalsa and Banai are the most important . The tale of the King or god with two wives is with some variation across India : and his wives and ; Venkateswara , Lakshmi and being some examples . The motif of Shiva and his wives Parvati and Ganga is told in the . - The theme of the god marrying a tribal girl like Banai across the Deccan region ; another example being 's marriage to . Deities across the Deccan ( even extending to and Tamil Nadu ) often have two wives ; one wife from a high caste and another from the lower social strata : a lower caste or a tribal . Khandoba 's wives who come from various communities establish cultural of the god to these communities , who worship them as their patron god . - While Banai is considered as a legal wife of Khandoba in Maharashtra ( especially with the Dhangars ) , the of Karnataka regard her as a concubine . While Mhalsa is from the high @-@ caste merchant ( ) community , Banai is described as a Dhangar ( caste ) , representing the " outside " and associates Khandoba with non @-@ elite herding castes like Dhangars , and ( ) who live in the forest . Some traditions consider Banai as a ( caste ) or ( fisherman caste ) . In Karnataka , she is called and is a . - Banai is an antithesis Mhalsa . Mhalsa has a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba . Banai , on the other hand , has a love marriage after being captured by the god . Mhalsa is described as pure , ugly , jealous and a good cook ; Banai is impure , erotic , resolute , but does not even know to cook . Mhalsa represents " culture " while Banai " nature " ; together they aid the god @-@ king Khandoba . - The oral legends and texts initiate a process of of the folk deity Khandoba by elevating him to the classical Hindu god Shiva ; his two principal wives Mhalsa and Banai are equated to Parvati and Ganga . Banai does not appear in the Sanskrit , the main scripture related to Khandoba , however it mentions Ganga arriving from heaven . Banai ( Ganga ) has a quarrel with Mhalsa ( Parvati ) , ultimately ending with the message that both are the same . Some Dhangars consider Banai also to be a form of Parvati . - The chief source of legends related to Banai are ( ) or folk songs sung by and , the male and female bards of Khandoba . They sing at ( a vigil ) where the bards sing in praise of Khandoba through the night . The songs talk about the relationship of Khandoba to his consorts and the mutual relationships of the wives . They are centred on Mhalsa and Banai and often narrate about their quarrels . The tale of the marriage of Khandoba and Banai is a central theme in many Dhangar folk songs . The saint Sheikh Muhammad ( 1560 @-@ 1650 ) Khandoba in his @-@ and calls him the " mad " god that searches for Banai due to " sexual passion " , an allusion to the tale of Banai 's marriage , indicating that the tale was well @-@ established by this era . - According to scholar Günther @-@ , the legend of Banai has close parallels with the story of King and from the Hindu epic Mahabharata . The tale of another folk god ( Bhairava ) to gain his wife or despite obstacles is also similar to Khandoba 's to win over Banai . - - = = Legends = = - - Banai does not appear in the originating from the Brahmin ( high @-@ priest caste ) tradition , which Khandoba as Shiva and de @-@ emphasizes his earthly connections . In contrast , Banai occupies the central position in the Dhangar folk narrative and Mhalsa 's marriage to Khandoba is reduced to a passing mention ; and other settled castes give more importance to Mhalsa . - - = = = Early life = = = - - Generally , Banai 's birth is not discussed in the folk songs . Few regard her as an avatar of the ( celestial ) , while others consider her as one of the seven daughters of Indra , the king of the gods . She is found by a Dhangar in a golden box in the forest , hidden in a mound or a pit . Her Dhangar father ( sometimes named Yamu ) is the chief of shepherds , who owns nine sheep and goats , nine lambs and numerous barren ones . Yamu is said to have prayed for a child and finds Banai in a box . A virgin is said to have fed Banai her milk , as Yamu does not have a wife and does not know how to feed the infant . In another miracle , a three @-@ house appears at the place of Yamu 's tent for the young Banai to reside , while the rest of the Dhangars live in tents . She grows up as a rich and becomes the overseer of twelve Dhangar ( pastoral settlements or camps , inhabited by different Dhangar clans ) . She cares for her sheep , them and learns how to breed them . - - = = = Marriage = = = - - Once , Khandoba and Mhalsa play a game of ( translated as game of dice or chess ) . Khandoba loses everything to Mhalsa in the , except his , his flag , his staff ( ) and his , the bag of magical bhandara ( powder ) . In a dream , he sees Banai and falls in love with her . He goes on a hunt in the forest , gets away from the army and stays with Banai for twelve years . He marries her in non @-@ ritualistic marriage and brings her back to Jejuri . A variant describes how Khandoba arrives in on a hunting expedition and becomes . A Dhangar directs him to Banai 's . Banai offers him water or sends a pot of water , in which Khandoba reads Banai 's name . In another version , the pot with nine jewels is a sign for Khandoba to recognise Banai , the girl he saw in his dream . He falls for her and loses purposefully in with Mhalsa and accepts a twelve @-@ year exile . In this period , he disguises himself as an impoverished , old and becomes a man @-@ servant of Banai 's father . Some folk songs have erotic overtones , for example , some songs give erotic descriptions of Banai 's beauty which Khandoba . - Khandoba is described as doing odd jobs under Banai 's orders . Banai first assigns him the task of sweeping the entire . He is responsible for cleaning the sheep pens and taking the sheep and lambs for grazing . He completes all tasks by spreading his magical bhandara . The shepherds are astonished how a single old man can handle all the animals . Their vanity is crushed . Banai assigns him the additional responsibility of taking care of five hundred children . She commands if any sheep or lamb is lost or a child cries , she will not give him his food . But Khandoba the tasks again by spraying his bhandara . She assigns him the job of the sheep and lambs . Instead , Khandoba kills all her sheep and lambs to humble the shepherds and Banai . He skins the sheep and separates the meat . A repentant Banai begs his forgiveness ; he agrees to revive her flock on the condition that Banai marries him . Khandoba the sheep by spreading his bhandara and reveals his true form . - The wedding is deemed not in accordance to Hindu rituals . Banai and Khandoba marry in a simple , un @-@ ceremony , where sheep droppings are showered on the couple , instead of rice as in the ritualistic weddings of classical ( ) Hinduism . The wedding is conducted without a Brahmin officiating priest . read the ( the responsibility of the Brahmin in a normal wedding ) and the of sheep replaces the traditional wedding band . The wedding is sometimes described as a marriage . Due to the nature of the wedding , she is sometimes considered as a ( concubine ) of Khandoba . - - = = = After marriage = = = - - In all versions , Khandoba returns to Jejuri with his new wife and faces the wrath of Mhalsa . Many songs tell about the confrontations of Mhalsa and Banai . In some songs , Mhalsa complains about Khandoba 's infatuation with the impure Banai . The Mhalsa how Banai has polluted the house by her ways and suggests that Banai should be returned to the wilderness again . The songs sing how the vegetarian , high @-@ caste Mhalsa is forced to catch fish and eat in the same plate as the non @-@ vegetarian low @-@ caste Banai . Mhalsa is portrayed Banai for the problems in the palace and talking about her superiority to Banai . Banai retorts by saying that Khandoba came to her , by her beauty and became her servant . A frustrated Khandoba leaves the palace on a hunting trip after Mhalsa and Banai quarrel about who will a for him and marries . The songs also narrate how ultimately the wives have to remain in harmony and aid each other . For example , a song sings how Mhalsa and Banai come together and celebrate the festival of with Khandoba at Jejuri . - Rarely , Banai also appears in Khandoba 's chief legend where he the demons Mani and . Mhalsa and Banai ( or Ganga ) help Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani , every drop of which was creating a new demon . Finally , the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood . Rarely , Banai is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear , a role generally assigned to Mhalsa . - - = = Worship and iconography = = - - While traces of Banai / 's association with the folk god as a " mother " remain , Banai rarely enjoys independent worship in modern times . She is generally worshipped as Khandoba 's consort . While in Karnataka , her temple is outside the village and ( as Khandoba is known in Karnataka ) journeys every year to visit it for ten nights from his temple in the village . In Maharashtra , Banai 's temple is inside the village , but outside the chief temple , as in Khandoba 's chief temple at Jejuri . Mhalsa - who is installed in the main temple - is said to resist the arrival of Khandoba 's new wife Banai and thus , Banai does not reside in the chief temple . Frustrated by the constant quarrels between the two wives , Khandoba is said to have divided the hill of Jejuri into two halves : the lower half belongs to Banai , where she has a separate shrine while Mhalsa rules the upper half where she stays with Khandoba in the main temple . It is customary to pay respects to Banai on the way up to the main shrine , before Khandoba and Mhalsa there . It is said that Khandoba bestowed the honour of first worship on Banai , while sending her off to a separate residence . - Banai is the patron goddess of the Dhangars and the protector goddess of flock and herds . She takes care of the well @-@ being of the community and is worshipped for increasing the herd . Stone votive images of sheep and other cattle are offered to her for plentiful animals . No animal sacrifice or non @-@ vegetarian offerings are presented to Khandoba directly , instead non @-@ vegetarian offerings intended for Khandoba are offered to Banai . Dhangars sacrifice rams in her honour and offer her a ( food offering ) of liver , meat and rice , especially on the holy days : ( when warriors traditionally set off on war or on a journey ) and the full moon days in the Hindu months of and . - Khandoba is often depicted with two identical goddesses accompanying him , representing Mhalsa and Banai . In brass images , Banai is depicted holding a lamb and offering water to Khandoba , while Mhalsa rides with Khandoba on his horse . In metal plaques worshipped by the Dhangars , Banai accompanies Khandoba on his horse and is depicted with sheep . - - - = Europium = - - Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63 . It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe . It is a moderately hard , silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water . Being a typical member of the lanthanide series , europium usually assumes the oxidation state + 3 , but the oxidation state + 2 is also common : all europium compounds with oxidation state + 2 are slightly reducing . Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non @-@ toxic compared to other heavy metals . Most applications of europium exploit the of europium compounds . Europium is one of the least abundant elements in the universe ; only about 5 × 10 − 8 % of all matter in the universe is europium . - - = = Characteristics = = - - - = = = Physical properties = = = - - Europium is a metal with a hardness similar to that of lead . It in a body @-@ centered cubic lattice . Some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half @-@ filled electron shell . Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides . - Europium becomes a when it is cooled below 1 @.@ 8 K and compressed to above 80 GPa . This is because europium is divalent in the metallic state , and is converted into the trivalent state by the applied pressure . In the divalent state , the strong local magnetic moment ( J - = 7 / 2 ) the , which is induced by eliminating this local moment ( J = - 0 in + ) . - - = = = Chemical properties = = = - - Europium is the most reactive rare earth element . It rapidly oxidizes in air , so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter @-@ sized sample occurs within several days . Its reactivity with water is comparable to that of calcium , and the reaction is - 2 Eu + 6 H2O → 2 Eu ( OH ) 3 + 3 H2 - Because of the high reactivity , samples of solid europium rarely have the appearance of the fresh metal , even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil . Europium in air at 150 to 180 ° C to form europium ( III ) oxide : - 4 Eu + 3 O2 → 2 Eu2O3 - Europium dissolves readily in sulfuric acid to form pale pink solutions of the hydrated Eu ( III ) , which exist as a : - 2 Eu + 3 + 18 H2O → 2 [ Eu ( H2O ) 9 ] 3 + + 3 − - 4 + 3 H2 - - = = = = Eu ( II ) vs. Eu ( III ) = = = = - - Although usually trivalent , europium readily forms divalent compounds . This behavior is unusual to most lanthanides , which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of + 3 . The + 2 state has an electron configuration because the half @-@ filled f @-@ shell gives more stability . The + 2 state is highly reducing . In terms of size and coordination number , europium ( II ) and barium ( II ) are similar . For example , the of both barium and europium ( II ) are also highly in water . europium is a mild reducing agent , oxidizing in air to form Eu ( III ) compounds . In , and particularly conditions , the divalent form is sufficiently stable that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline . This ion @-@ exchange process is the basis of the " negative europium anomaly " , the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as monazite , relative to the abundance . tends to show less of a negative europium anomaly than does monazite , and hence is the major source of europium today . The development of easy methods to separate divalent europium from the other ( trivalent ) lanthanides made europium accessible even when present in low concentration , as it usually is . - - = = = Isotopes = = = - - Naturally occurring europium is composed of 2 isotopes , 151Eu and 153Eu , with 153Eu being the most abundant ( 52 @.@ 2 % natural abundance ) . While 153Eu is stable , 151Eu was recently found to be unstable to alpha decay with half @-@ life of 5 + 11 - − 3 × years , giving about 1 alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium . This value is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions . Besides the natural 151Eu , 35 artificial have been characterized , the most stable being with a half @-@ life of 36 @.@ 9 years , 152Eu with a half @-@ life of 13 @.@ 516 years , and 154Eu with a half @-@ life of 8 @.@ 593 years . All the remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives shorter than 4 @.@ years , and the majority of these have half @-@ lives shorter than 12 @.@ 2 seconds . This element also has 8 meta states , with the most stable being ( t1 / 2 = 12 @.@ 8 hours ) , ( t1 / 2 = 9 @.@ hours ) and ( t1 / 2 = 96 minutes ) . - The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 153Eu is electron capture , and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta minus decay . The primary decay products before 153Eu are isotopes of samarium ( ) and the primary products after are isotopes of gadolinium ( ) . - - = = = = Europium as a nuclear fission product = = = = - - Europium is produced by nuclear fission , but the fission product yields of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for fission products . - Like other lanthanides , many isotopes , especially isotopes with odd mass numbers and neutron @-@ poor isotopes like 152Eu , have high cross sections for neutron capture , often high enough to be neutron poisons . - 151Eu is the beta decay product of samarium @-@ 151 , but since this has a long decay half @-@ life and short mean time to neutron absorption , most instead ends up as . - 152Eu ( half @-@ life 13 @.@ 516 years ) and 154Eu ( half @-@ life 8 @.@ 593 years ) cannot be beta decay products because and are non @-@ radioactive , but 154Eu is the only long @-@ lived " shielded " , other than , to have a fission yield of more than 2 @.@ 5 parts per million . A larger amount of 154Eu is produced by neutron activation of a significant portion of the non @-@ radioactive 153Eu ; however , much of this is further converted to . - ( half @-@ life 4 @.@ years ) has a fission yield of 330 parts per million ( ppm ) for uranium @-@ 235 and thermal neutrons ; most of it is transmuted to non @-@ radioactive and gadolinium @-@ 156 by the end of fuel . - Overall , europium is overshadowed by caesium @-@ 137 and @-@ 90 as a radiation hazard , and by samarium and others as a neutron poison . - - = = = Occurrence = = = - - Europium is not found in nature as a free element . Many minerals contain europium , with the most important sources being bastnäsite , monazite , and loparite . - or of europium in minerals relative to other rare earth elements is known as the europium anomaly . Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in and to understand the processes that form igneous rocks ( rocks that cooled from or ) . The nature of the europium anomaly found helps reconstruct the relationships within a suite of igneous rocks . - europium ( + ) in small amounts is the of the bright blue fluorescence of some samples of the mineral ( ) . The reduction from + to + is induced by irradiation with energetic particles . The most outstanding examples of this originated around and adjacent parts of northern England ; it was the found here that fluorescence was named after in 1852 , although it was not until much later that europium was determined to be the cause . - - = = Production = = - - Europium is associated with the other rare earth elements and is , therefore , mined together with them . of the rare earth elements is a step in the later processing . Rare earth elements are found in the minerals bastnäsite , loparite , , and monazite in quantities . The first two are minerals - 4 ( denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except ) , and the third is a . also contains thorium and yttrium , which handling because thorium and its decay products are radioactive . For the extraction from the ore and the isolation of individual lanthanides , several methods have been developed . The choice of method is based on the concentration and composition of the ore and on the distribution of the individual lanthanides in the resulting concentrate . the ore and subsequent acidic and basic is used mostly to produce a concentrate of lanthanides . If cerium is the dominant lanthanide , then it is converted from cerium ( III ) to cerium ( IV ) and then precipitated . Further separation by solvent or ion exchange chromatography yields a fraction which is enriched in europium . This fraction is reduced with zinc , zinc / , electrolysis or other methods converting the europium ( III ) to europium ( II ) . Europium ( II ) reacts in a way similar to that of alkaline earth metals and therefore it can be precipitated as carbonate or is co @-@ precipitated with barium sulfate . Europium metal is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten and ( or ) in a graphite cell , which serves as , using graphite as . The other product is chlorine gas . - A few large deposits produce or produced a significant amount of the world production . The Bayan Obo iron ore deposit contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is , with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare earth element oxides , the largest known deposit . The mining operations at the Bayan Obo deposit made China the largest supplier of rare earth elements in the 1990s . Only 0 @.@ 2 % of the rare earth element content is europium . The second large source for rare earth elements between 1965 and its closure in the late 1990s was the Mountain Pass rare earth mine . The bastnäsite mined there is especially rich in the light rare earth elements ( La @-@ , , and Y ) and contains only 0 @.@ 1 % of europium . Another large source for rare earth elements is the loparite found on the peninsula . It contains besides niobium , tantalum and up to 30 % rare earth elements and is the largest source for these elements in Russia . - - = = Compounds = = - - Europium compounds tend to exist trivalent oxidation state under most conditions . Commonly these compounds feature Eu ( III ) bound by 6 – 9 , typically water . These compounds , the , , , are soluble in water or polar organic solvent . europium complexes often feature @-@ like , e.g. , . - - = = = Halides = = = - - Europium metal reacts with all the : - 2 Eu + 3 → 2 ( X = F , Cl , , I ) - This route gives white europium ( III ) fluoride ( ) , yellow europium ( III ) chloride ( ) , gray europium ( III ) bromide ( ) , and colorless europium ( III ) iodide ( ) . Europium also forms the corresponding : yellow @-@ green europium ( II ) fluoride ( ) , colorless europium ( II ) chloride ( ) , colorless europium ( II ) bromide ( ) , and green europium ( II ) iodide ( ) . - - = = = and = = = - - Europium forms stable compounds with all of the , but the heavier ( S , Se , and Te ) stabilize the lower oxidation state . Three oxides are known : europium ( II ) oxide ( ) , europium ( III ) oxide ( Eu2O3 ) , and the mixed @-@ valence oxide , consisting of both Eu ( II ) and Eu ( III ) . Otherwise , the main are europium ( II ) sulfide ( EuS ) , europium ( II ) selenide ( ) and europium ( II ) telluride ( ) : all three of these are black solids . EuS is prepared by the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to the Eu2O3 : - Eu2O3 + 3 → 2 EuS + 3 H2O + S - The main is europium ( III ) ( ) . - - = = History of study = = - - Although europium is present in most of the minerals containing the other rare elements , due to the difficulties in separating the elements it was not until the late 1800s that the element was isolated . William observed the spectra of the rare elements and observed spectral lines later assigned to europium . - Europium was first found in 1890 by Paul Émile de , who obtained basic fractions from samarium @-@ gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium . However , the discovery of europium is generally credited to French chemist Eugène @-@ , who suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element in 1896 and who was able to isolate it in 1901 ; he then named it europium . - When the europium @-@ doped yttrium red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s , and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry , there was a scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors , as the typical europium content in monazite is about 0 @.@ 05 % . However , the bastnäsite deposit at the Mountain Pass rare earth mine , California , whose lanthanides had an unusually high europium content of 0 @.@ 1 % , was about to come on @-@ line and provide sufficient europium to sustain the industry . Prior to europium , the color @-@ TV red phosphor was very weak , and the other phosphor colors had to be muted , to maintain color balance . With the brilliant red europium phosphor , it was no longer necessary to the other colors , and a much brighter color TV picture was the result . Europium has continued to be in use in the TV industry ever since as well as in computer monitors . Californian bastnäsite now faces stiff competition from Bayan Obo , China , with an even " " europium content of 0 @.@ 2 % . - Frank , celebrated for his development of the ion @-@ exchange technology that revolutionized the rare earth industry in the mid @-@ 1950s , once related the story of how he was lecturing on the rare in the 1930s when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of europium oxide . This was an unheard @-@ of quantity at the time , and did not take the man seriously . However , a package duly arrived in the mail , containing several pounds of genuine europium oxide . The elderly gentleman had turned out to be Herbert McCoy who had developed a famous method of europium purification involving chemistry . - - = = Applications = = - - Relative to most other elements , commercial applications for europium are few and rather specialized . Almost invariably , they exploit its , either in the + 2 or + 3 oxidation state . - It is a in some types of glass in lasers and other devices . Europium oxide ( Eu2O3 ) is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps , and as an for yttrium @-@ based phosphors . Color TV screens contain between 0 @.@ 5 and 1 g of europium oxide . Whereas trivalent europium gives red phosphors , the luminescence of divalent europium depends on the host lattice , but tends to be on the blue side . The two classes of europium @-@ based phosphor ( red and blue ) , combined with the yellow / green phosphors give " white " light , the color temperature of which can be varied by altering the proportion or specific composition of the individual phosphors . This phosphor system is typically encountered in helical fluorescent light bulbs . the same three classes is one way to make systems in TV and computer screens . Europium is also used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass . One of the more common persistent after @-@ glow phosphors besides copper @-@ doped zinc sulfide is europium @-@ doped . Europium fluorescence is used to interactions in drug @-@ discovery screens . It is also used in the anti @-@ counterfeiting phosphors in euro . - An application that has almost fallen out of use with the introduction of affordable magnets is the use of europium complexes , such as Eu ( ) 3 , as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy . shift reagents , such as Eu ( ) 3 , are still used to determine enantiomeric purity . - A recent ( 2015 ) application of europium is in quantum memory chips which can reliably store information for days at a time ; these could allow sensitive quantum data to be stored to a hard disk @-@ like device and shipped around the country . - - = = Precautions = = - - There are no clear indications that europium is particularly toxic compared to other heavy metals . Europium chloride , nitrate and oxide have been tested for toxicity : europium chloride shows an acute LD50 toxicity of 550 mg / kg and the acute oral LD50 toxicity is 5000 mg / kg . Europium nitrate shows a slightly higher LD50 toxicity of 320 mg / kg , while the oral toxicity is above 5000 mg / kg . The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard . - - - = North @-@ Eastern Area Command ( RAAF ) = - - North @-@ Eastern Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . For most of its existence it covered central and northern Queensland , and Papua New Guinea . It was formed in January 1942 from the eastern part of the former Northern Area Command , which had covered the whole of northern Australia and Papua . Headquartered at Townsville , Queensland , North @-@ Eastern Area Command was primarily responsible for air defence , aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries . Aircraft under its control took part in the battles of Rabaul , Port Moresby and Milne Bay in 1942 , and the landings at Hollandia and Aitape in 1944 . The command continued to operate following the end of the war , before its responsibilities were subsumed in 1954 by the RAAF 's new functional command @-@ and @-@ control system ; the headquarters was disbanded two years later . - - = = History = = - - - = = = World War II = = = - - North @-@ Eastern Area Command was formed at Townsville , Queensland , on 15 January 1942 , taking over the eastern portion of what was previously Northern Area Command . Northern Area had been established on 8 May 1941 as one of the RAAF 's geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control zones , and covered northern New South Wales , Queensland , the Northern Territory , and Papua . The roles of the area commands were air defence , protection of adjacent sea lanes , and aerial reconnaissance . Each area was led by an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) responsible for the administration and operations of air bases and units within his boundary . - The outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941 was the catalyst for Northern Area being split into North @-@ Western Area ( NWA ) and North @-@ Eastern Area ( NEA ) , to counter distinct threats to Northern Australia and New Guinea , respectively . Air Commodore Frank Lukis , formerly in charge of Northern Area , was NEA 's inaugural AOC , taking responsibility for RAAF operations against the Japanese in New Guinea , New Britain and surrounding islands . His headquarters staff numbered . On 20 January 1942 , a force of over 100 Japanese aircraft attacked Rabaul , destroying or badly damaging six CAC Wirraways and killing or wounding eleven crewmen of No. 24 Squadron under Wing Commander John Lerew . The following day , NEA headquarters sent a signal to Lerew ordering him to keep his airfield open , to which Lerew , with only two Wirraways left , replied using the legendary ancient phrase to honour an Emperor : " " ( " We who are about to die salute you " ) . a further message from headquarters to abandon his squadron and escape in a Lockheed Hudson bomber , on 22 January Lerew began evacuating staff to Port Moresby , New Guinea . - No. 33 Squadron , operating ex @-@ Short Empire flying boats and several smaller transports , was raised in NEA on 19 February 1942 . Earlier that month , Lukis warned higher command of the poor state of preparedness and low morale of Australian Army troops at Port Moresby , due to lack of air cover and apparent lack of interest from government echelons . On 25 February , Nos. 3 and 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters were established to coordinate fighter operations ; they were based at Townsville and Port Moresby respectively . Seventeen P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks of No. 75 Squadron , recently formed at Townsville , were deployed to Port Moresby in mid @-@ March . by Squadron Leader John Jackson , the squadron suffered heavy losses in the ensuing battle . At one point NEA headquarters gave Jackson permission to withdraw but he refused , and the squadron was eventually credited with destroying thirty @-@ five Japanese aircraft in the air and on the ground , securing Port Moresby until relieved by the 35th and 36th Squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , operating P @-@ 39 . - Several USAAF bomber formations operated under NEA 's control in early 1942 , including A @-@ 24 of the 8th Squadron from Port Moresby , and B @-@ 17 Flying of the Squadron ( initially known as the " Squadron " ) from Townsville . As of 20 April , operational authority over all RAAF combat infrastructure , including area commands , was invested in the newly established Allied Air Forces ( ) Headquarters under South West Pacific Area Command ( SWPA ) . One result of this was the integration of USAAF and RAAF staff at area headquarters . According to the official history of the RAAF , though " more a diplomatic gesture than a practical method of war organisation " , it gave personnel from the two services the opportunity to quickly become to each other and " in North @-@ Eastern Area , as an example , the atmosphere was happy and the staff extremely cooperative " . Following the Battle of the Coral Sea in May , USAAF units no longer operated under RAAF control in the NEA but were commanded directly by senior American officers of the . - NEA 's operational headquarters , a reinforced concrete bunker known as Building 81 , was completed in May 1942 . Located on Green Street , Townsville , at the base of Castle Hill , it was topped with a suburban house to mislead enemy aircraft . The same month , Eastern Area Command was formed , taking control of units in New South Wales and southern Queensland from Southern Area and NEA . This left NEA in command of Nos. 24 , 33 and 76 Squadrons , as well as No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters , at Townsville ; No. 100 Squadron at Cairns ; No. 32 Squadron at Horn Island ; and Nos. 11 , 20 and 75 Squadrons , as well as No. 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters , at Port Moresby . NEA 's boundaries were on 19 August : a portion of Queensland within the and the and districts was assigned to the control of North @-@ Western Area . Lukis handed over command of NEA to Group Captain ( later Air Commodore ) Harry Cobby on 25 August . By the end of the month , the headquarters staff numbered 684 . No. 75 Squadron , after its defence of Port Moresby , and No. 76 Squadron , deployed north from Townsville and also flying Kittyhawks , played what senior Australian Army commanders described as the " decisive " role in the Battle of Milne Bay in New Guinea during August and September 1942 . During the battle , Cobby exercised overall command of the RAAF units from NEA headquarters , while their efforts were coordinated on the ground by Group Captain Bill , NEA 's senior air staff officer . - On 1 September 1942 , No. 9 ( Operational ) Group was formed at Port Moresby as a mobile strike force to move forward with Allied advances in the Pacific , in contrast to the static , defensive nature of the area commands . It took over all units in New Guinea previously operating under NEA Command . NEA initially retained administrative control of No. 9 Group but , on 1 January 1943 , the group was made independent of the area command and its administration became the responsibility of RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne . September 1942 also saw the formation of RAAF Command , led by Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , to oversee the majority of Australian flying units in the SWPA . Bostock exercised control of air operations through the area commands , although RAAF Headquarters continued to hold overarching administrative authority over all Australian units . He personally coordinated operations when they involved more than one area command , for instance when the fighter squadrons of both NWA and NEA were required to repulse a major attack . No. 42 ( Radar ) Wing was formed at Townsville in February 1943 , and the following month took control of all radar stations in NEA . As of April 1943 , the area command directly controlled four squadrons tasked primarily with anti @-@ submarine warfare : No. 7 Squadron , flying Bristol Beaufort reconnaissance @-@ bombers out of Ross River ; No. 9 Squadron , a fleet co @-@ operation unit flying from Bowen ; and Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons , flying reconnaissance and bombing missions with Catalinas from Cairns . - In early 1943 , Japan was still believed to be capable of invading , or at least bombing , the Torres Strait islands , and NEA had only No. 7 Squadron , now operating from Horn Island , to counter the threat . It was reinforced in April by No. 84 Squadron , flying CAC Boomerang fighters . The same month , No. 72 Wing was formed at Townsville , before deploying to , New Guinea . No. 84 Squadron , No. 86 Squadron ( flying Kittyhawks ) , and No. 12 Squadron ( dive bombers ) , the wing was responsible for Torres Strait 's air defence , as well as offensive operations against infrastructure and shipping in Dutch New Guinea . In October , No. 84 Squadron converted to Kittyhawks and transferred to the newly formed No. 75 Wing , which was given responsibility for units at Horn Island , Thursday Island , and Higgins Field on Cape York Peninsula . In February 1944 , No. 75 Wing headquarters moved from Horn Island to Higgins Field , where it was soon joined by other units under its control , Nos. 7 and 23 Squadrons ; the latter operated until being declared non @-@ operational in June , prior to re @-@ with B @-@ 24 Liberators for duty in North @-@ Western Area . By May , NEA 's order of battle on the Australian mainland consisted of Nos. 7 , 9 , 13 ( operating Lockheed from ) , 20 and 23 Squadrons . - Cobby served as AOC NEA until November 1943 , handing over to Air Commodore John , who held command for the remainder of the war . By the end of November , NEA headquarters staff numbered 499 , including ninety @-@ seven officers . NEA 's Catalinas joined aircraft of No. 9 Group in support of the US invasion of New Britain in December 1943 and January 1944 . The Catalinas also conducted mine @-@ laying operations around the Timor Sea in the lead @-@ up to the landings at Hollandia and Aitape in April 1944 . In August , No. 76 Wing headquarters , formed at Townsville in January and subsequently based at Cairns , was transferred to Darwin , Northern Territory . There it came under the control of NWA headquarters and oversaw operations by three squadrons , including No. 20 . The same month , No. 75 Wing was disbanded and its units became the direct responsibility of NEA headquarters . No. 42 Wing disbanded in October 1944 , following a decision to assign control of RAAF radar stations to mobile fighter control units or similar formations . By the end of February 1945 , NEA headquarters staff numbered 743 , including 127 officers . No. 72 Wing headquarters transferred to Townsville in May that year , and disbanded the following month . - - = = = Post @-@ war activity and disbandment = = = - - Following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945 , SWPA was dissolved and RAAF Headquarters again assumed full control of all its operational formations , including the area commands . By the end of the month , NEA headquarters staff numbered 526 , including ninety @-@ eight officers . The Air Force shrank dramatically as personnel were and units disbanded ; most of the RAAF 's bases and aircraft employed in operations after the war were situated within Eastern Area 's sphere of control in New South Wales and southern Queensland . In September 1946 , the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal George Jones , proposed reducing the five extant mainland area commands ( North @-@ Western , North @-@ Eastern , Eastern , Southern , and Western Areas ) to three : Northern Area , covering Queensland and the Northern Territory ; Eastern Area , covering New South Wales ; and Southern Area , covering Western Australia , South Australia , Victoria and Tasmania . The Australian Government rejected the plan and the wartime area command boundaries essentially remained in place . By 1949 , NEA headquarters was located in Sturt Street , Townsville . No. 10 Squadron was based at Townsville from March that year , operating Avro over the Pacific and Australia 's northern approaches in the maritime reconnaissance and search @-@ and @-@ rescue roles . Air Commodore Ian was appointed AOC NEA in September 1951 and served two years in the post before handing over to acting Air Commodore Patrick . - in October 1953 , the RAAF was reorganised from a geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control system into one based on function . In February 1954 , the newly constituted functional organisations — Home , Training , and Maintenance — assumed control of all operations , training and maintenance from North @-@ Eastern Area Command . NEA headquarters remained in existence , but only as one of Home Command 's " remote control points " . It was finally disbanded on 3 December 1956 , and was succeeded by Headquarters RAAF Townsville . - As of 2009 , the former NEA headquarters in Building 81 , Green Street , housed Townsville 's State Emergency Service group . - - = = Order of battle = = - - As at 30 April 1942 , NEA 's order of battle comprised : - RAAF Station Townsville - No. 24 ( General Purpose ) Squadron - No. 33 ( Transport ) Squadron - No. 76 ( Fighter ) Squadron - RAAF Station - No. 23 ( General Purpose ) Squadron - RAAF Station Port Moresby - No. 11 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron - No. 20 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron - No. 32 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron - No. 75 ( Fighter ) Squadron - No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Townsville - No. 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Port Moresby - - - = Cape lobster = - - The Cape lobster , Homarinus capensis , is a species of small lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa , from Dassen Island to Haga Haga . Only a few dozen specimens are known , mostly regurgitated by reef @-@ dwelling fish . It lives in rocky reefs , and is thought to lay large eggs that have a short phase , or that hatch directly as a juvenile . The species grows to a total length of 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) , and resembles a small European or American lobster ; it was previously included in the same genus , Homarus , although it is not very closely related to those species , and is now considered to form a separate , monotypic genus – Homarinus . Its closest relatives are the genera and . - - = = Distribution and ecology = = - - The Cape lobster is endemic to South Africa . It occurs from Dassen Island , Western Cape in the west to Haga Haga , Eastern Cape in the east , a range of 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) . Most of the known specimens were regurgitated by fish caught on reefs at depths of 20 – 40 metres ( 66 – 131 ft ) . This suggests that the Cape lobster inhabits rocky substrates , and may explain its apparent rarity , since such areas are not amenable to dredging or trawling , and the species may be too small to be retained by lobster traps . - - = = Description = = - - Homarinus capensis is considerably smaller than the large northern lobsters of the Atlantic Ocean , Homarus gammarus ( the European lobster ) and Homarus americanus ( the American lobster ) , at 8 – 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) total length , or 4 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) carapace length . Accounts of the colouration of H. capensis are very variable , from tawny , red or yellow to " a rather dark olive " , similar to Homarus gammarus . - Homarinus and Homarus are considered to be the most genera in the family . Nonetheless , the Cape lobster differs from Homarus in a number of characters . The of the Cape lobster is flattened , while that of Homarus is rounded in section , and curves upwards at the tip . The three pairs of claws are covered with hairs in Homarinus , while those of Homarus are . The tapers along its length in Homarus , but has sides which are nearly parallel in Homarinus . Although no egg @-@ bearing females have been collected , the ( openings of the ) of female Cape lobsters are much larger than those of Homarus gammarus and Homarus americanus . This is thought to indicate that Homarinus bears fewer , larger eggs than Homarus , and that either the larvae develop quickly into juveniles after hatching , or that the eggs hatch directly into juveniles . - - = = Taxonomy and evolution = = - - Cape lobsters are elusive and rare , with only fourteen specimens having been collected between 1792 ( the date of its first description ) and 1992 . These include five males in the collections of the South African Museum ( Cape Town ) , two in the Natural History Museum ( London ) , one in each of the East London Museum , the van ( ) and the Albany Museum ( ) , and one male and one female in the national d ( Paris ) . In 1992 , a Cape lobster was discovered at Dassen Island , and the publicity the find generated resulted in more than 20 additional specimens being reported . - The Cape lobster was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm in 1792 as Cancer ( ) capensis . It was independently described in 1793 by Johan Christian as , possibly based on the same type specimen . When Friedrich Weber erected the genus Homarus in 1795 , he included ' species in it , but this placement was not followed by later authors . The species reached its current classification in 1995 , when the monotypic genus Homarinus was erected by Irv , Austin B. Williams and Robert S. . - While analyses of morphology suggest a close relationship between Homarinus and Homarus , molecular analyses using mitochondrial DNA reveal that they are not sister taxa . Both genera lack ornamentation such as spines and , but are thought to have reached that state independently , through evolution . The closest living relative of Homarus is , while the closest relatives of Homarinus are and . - - - = A4232 road = - - The A4232 , which is also known either as the Road ( PDR ) ( Welsh : Ffordd ) or the Cardiff Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) , is a distributor road in Cardiff , the capital of Wales . - The first section of the PDR to be completed was the Southern Way Link Road in 1978 and the last section was the Butetown Link Road in 1995 . Construction of the first phase of the final link road , the Eastern Bay Link Road , started on 17 March 2016 and is due to be completed by April 2017 . When fully completed , the road will form part of the Cardiff ring road system . The PDR runs west , south and east of Cardiff , with the M4 between junction 30 and junction 33 completing the northern section . The PDR is dual carriageway for its entire length except for the East Moors Viaduct , which is a single carriageway . - The PDR has been constructed in separate link roads of between 1 @.@ 61 km ( 1 @.@ 00 mi ) and 5 @.@ 47 km ( 3 @.@ 40 mi ) around Cardiff and to date 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) including spurs have been opened to traffic , with plans for a further 5 @.@ 53 km ( 3 @.@ 44 mi ) . It has 4 large ( Ely Viaduct , Grangetown Viaduct , Taff Viaduct and the East Moors Viaduct ) , 1 tunnel ( Queen 's Gate Tunnel ) and 2 spur roads ( Cogan Spur and Central Link Road ) . The road also has many smaller bridges over or under most of the interchanges on the road . The entire length of the road has restrictions on it . - - = = History = = - - The road was conceived in the early 1970s and planning began in the late 1970s , by South Glamorgan County Council . The road at that stage was planned to be completed by 1995 and would relieve Ely , Grangetown , Butetown and East Moors of through traffic and as a fast link to the national motorway network via the M4 and A48 ( M ) . The first section of the PDR to be completed was the Southern Way Link Road between Newport Road ( road ) and the Eastern Avenue ( A48 road ) in 1978 and the last section of the PDR , the Butetown Link Road , was opened to the public in 1995 . - The former chairman of the South Glamorgan County Council environment committee , Councillor Paddy , called the road a " necklace of opportunity " due to its shape and also the opportunities for regeneration . By 1 April 1996 the responsibility for the road was transferred from South Glamorgan County Council to the unitary authority of Cardiff Council . Much of the funding for the road had been grant aided from the European Community and the UK Government on the basis that it would improve the economic viability of the area and bring in new jobs and industry . However , since the completion of the Butetown Link Road , funding for further developments have been at a stand still , and to date 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) including spurs are open to traffic with plans for a further 5 @.@ 53 km ( 3 @.@ 44 mi ) . The " missing link " , the Eastern Bay Link Road , is still to be built . - - = = Route description = = - - The PDR has 3 separate sections ; the Capel Llanilltern Interchange ( M4 ) to Queen 's Gate roundabout , the Rover Way – Lamby Way roundabout to the Llanedeyrn Interchange ( A48 ) and the Pontprennau Interchange ( A48 ) to the Pentwyn Interchange ( M4 ) . - The section from the Capel Llanilltern Interchange on the M4 ( junction 33 ) to the Queen 's Gate roundabout is sometimes referred to as the Western Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) , is 15 @.@ 77 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 80 mi ) in length and includes the Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road , Ely Link Road , Grangetown Link Road and Butetown Link Road . For the majority of this section it is the boundary between the City of Cardiff to the east and the Vale of Glamorgan to the west . - This section partly opened in 1978 , from the Rover Way – Lamby Way roundabout to the Llanedeyrn Interchange on the A48 is oldest section of the PDR . It includes only the Southern Way Link Road , known locally as Southern Way , and is 2 @.@ 25 km ( 1 @.@ 40 mi ) in length . - The Pentwyn Link Road section from the Pontprennau Interchange on the A48 to the Pentwyn Interchange on the M4 ( junction 30 ) is one of the newer sections of the PDR , having been opened in 1984 , it is 1 @.@ 61 km ( 1 @.@ 00 mi ) in length . The road between the Llanedeyrn Interchange to the Pontprennau Interchange is the A48 ( Eastern Avenue ) , it too is a dual carriageway and is a concurrent road with the PDR , there are no plans to this section of the A48 . - - = = Link roads = = - - A map of all the link roads and spur roads can be seen by clicking Map of all coordinates opposite - Each section of the road was completed in separate link roads . - - = = = Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road = = = - - The GB £ 14 @.@ 5 million Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Capel Llanilltern – ) , also known as the A4232 Trunk Road ( as it is the only section of the PDR which is a trunk road ) , between the Capel Llanilltern Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Capel Llanilltern Interchange ( M4 ) ) ) and the Culverhouse Cross Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Culverhouse Cross Interchange ) ) was opened in 1985 . It was designed to provide a by @-@ pass for traffic from the M4 to the Vale of Glamorgan . It is 5 @.@ 47 km ( 3 @.@ 40 mi ) in length and includes the Ely Viaduct close to @-@ super @-@ Ely . The trunk road is maintained by the South Wales Trunk Road Agency ( ) on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) . The remainder of the PDR is a primary route , which is maintained by Cardiff Council . In 2006 variable message signs were installed on the Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road by Systems to display messages giving motorists warning of road and weather conditions , accidents , congestion and major events held in the area . - - = = = = Ely Viaduct = = = = - - The Ely Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont ) crosses over the River Ely and also the main South Wales railway line . - The viaduct is a 538 ft ( 164 m ) twin @-@ box girder and has central span of 230 ft ( 70 m ) and 150 ft ( 46 m ) side spans , constructed by the balanced method . It was constructed in segments each weighing between 54 tons for plain segments to 93 tons for the main segments . - - = = = Ely Link Road = = = - - The Ely Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) between the Culverhouse Cross Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Culverhouse Cross Interchange ) ) and the Leckwith Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Leckwith Interchange ) ) , sometimes referred to as the Leckwith Road Interchange . It is 4 @.@ 83 km ( 3 @.@ 00 mi ) in length and was opened in 1982 and built by Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd ( ) . It was designed to relieve Ely of through traffic and partly cuts into Leckwith Hill . - - = = = Grangetown Link Road = = = - - The 2 @.@ 89 km ( 1 @.@ 80 mi ) Grangetown Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) between the Leckwith Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Leckwith Interchange ) ) and the Ferry Road Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Ferry Road Interchange ) ) was opened on 3 May , 1988 . It includes the Grangetown Viaduct . - - = = = = Grangetown Viaduct = = = = - - The Grangetown Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont ) is approximately 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) in length and is said to be the longest glued segmental bridge in the United Kingdom . It has 13 spans of 71 meters ( 233 ft ) with 2 end spans of 38 m ( 125 ft ) and 46 m ( 151 ft ) . - The viaduct was designed by South Glamorgan County Council . Robert Benaim and Associates , now called Benaim UK Ltd designed the initial launching system for the glued segmental structure . - - = = = Butetown Link Road = = = - - The 2 @.@ 57 km ( 1 @.@ 60 mi ) Butetown Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Butetown ) between the Ferry Road Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Ferry Road Interchange ) ) and the Queen 's Gate Roundabout ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Queen 's Gate Roundabout ) ) was opened on 27 March , 1995 by Neil at the time the European Commissioner for Transport . Construction of the link road commenced on 15 October 1993 and it was the last link road to be built . It includes the Taff Viaduct , also known as the Butetown Link Road Bridge , and the Queen 's Gate Tunnel , which is also known simply as the Butetown Tunnel . - In 1987 South Glamorgan County Council had intended to build a viaduct cross the River Taff and then go onto an elevated section through Butetown " on " . But the newly formed Cardiff Bay Development Corporation along with local residents objected to the scheme that they said would cut through Butetown and split the community , creating an unnecessary physical barrier between the two areas to the north and south of the link road . By 1988 South Glamorgan County Council had agreed to change the design of the link road , despite having already spent 6 years of design work on the link road meant that a tunnel had to be built instead . The cost of the Butetown Link Road was estimated to cost £ 35 million , but this had risen to £ in 1988 , before the design change . - The contract to build the Butetown Link Road was eventually won by a local company Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd in a joint venture with an Italian contractor , @-@ UK Ltd . The bid of £ 60 million undercut all other bids by £ 10 million , Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd have subsequently gone into administrative receivership . - - = = = = Queen 's Gate Tunnel = = = = - - The Queen 's Gate Tunnel ( Welsh : y ) , also known as the Butetown Tunnel , is underneath southern Butetown and follows a line underneath the Wales Millennium Centre . The 715 m ( 2 @,@ 346 ft ) twin tunnel was constructed using the cut and cover method of construction , which involves digging a trench for the tunnel and then roofing it over . The tunnel was constructed using reinforced concrete and a central wall separates the two sets of traffic . - South Glamorgan County Council originally awarded the contract for the management , installation , testing and commissioning of all electrical and mechanical services for the tunnel , and the water pumping stations to · Ltd . They still maintain the tunnel on behalf of Cardiff Council . - - = = = = Taff Viaduct = = = = - - Construction of the 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) Taff Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont ) includes a dual @-@ carriageway roadway plus a foot and cycle path . South Glamorgan County Council was the local authority in charge of the project at the time and construction of the viaduct began in March , 1991 . The Taff Viaduct crosses the River Taff at Cardiff Bay . - The viaduct was constructed using concrete segments , which is widely used in the construction industry for medium to long span . were made in a casting yard near the site and then transported for final assembly of the viaduct . - - = = = Eastern Bay Link Road = = = - - Construction began on 17 March 2016 on the 5 @.@ 25 km ( 3 @.@ 26 mi ) Eastern Bay Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt y ) which will run from the Queen 's Gate Roundabout to the Rover Way – Lamby Way Roundabout on the Southern Way Link Road , although at present only the first phase between Queen 's Gate Roundabout ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Queen 's Gate Roundabout ) ) and Ocean Way Interchange . ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Ocean Way Interchange ) ) The link road will be a two lane dual carriageway with a 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) speed limit . - For many years this link road has been due to the costs involved . The link road had previously been known as the East Moors Link Road – Phase 1 and 3 , but it also included the East Moors Viaduct , which was originally known as the East Moors Link Road – Phase 2 . Later it became known as the Cardiff Bay Link Road , then renamed the Eastern Bay Link Road . - The Eastern Bay Link Road , along with other schemes have been subject to many planning proposals since the last link road ( the Butetown Link Road ) was finished in 1995 , namely a local transport plan ( Local Transport Plan 2000 – 2016 ) in August 2000 , a green paper ( A Change of ) in December 2002 and a white paper ( Keeping Cardiff Moving ) in May 2003 . The cost of the link road was estimated to cost GB £ 162 million in 2001 and this increased to GB £ 180 million by August 2002 . It could be paid for by congestion charging , although a public @-@ private partnership is also possible . - The original route of the link road had been challenged by both Friends of the Earth Cymru , and also the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) , who had both lodged formal objections against the link road . However , the current proposal from Cardiff Council of 31 October 2006 is to complete the first phase of the road , approximately 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) in length , from the Butetown Link Road to Ocean Way roundabout . The new route would be a different route from the earlier proposal and would avoid any encroachment into the nature conservation area , which Friends of the Earth and the RSPB had objected to . Therefore , the new route of the link road should ensure that there are no objections . - It was revealed on 14 June 2013 that Edwina Hart , Minister for Economy , Science and Transport in the WAG supported the completion the Eastern Bay Link Road . She said that the link road would ; improve access to Cardiff Bay , improve access to the Cardiff Central Enterprise Zone and enhance connections within the Cardiff City Region . The overall objectives of the road would be to : - Increase accessibility from east Cardiff to major employment sites in the East Moors area , Cardiff Bay and the Central Cardiff Enterprise Zone - Provide a more direct route between the Butetown Tunnel and Rover Way - congestion at the junctions on Tyndall Street by removing traffic currently using the Ocean East Tyndall Street – Central Link route - journey times for private and commercial road users - Help economic regeneration - road safety and reduce casualties - on the strategic road network around Cardiff - Provide more opportunities for cycling and walking - On 2 May 2014 , Edwina Hart approved the of the design – build contractor , advance service diversion works and communications arrangements for the Eastern Bay Link Road . Construction of this first phase of the Eastern Bay Link Road is due to begin in 2015 and will take 18 months to complete . In April 2015 , it was announced by the Welsh Government that the 1 @.@ 2 km £ Eastern Bay Link Road from the incomplete flyover at the Queens Gate roundabout to the Ocean Way roundabout at known as the " roundabout to nowhere " , would be designed by Property and Infrastructure and constructed by Construction Holdings and UK in a joint venture . Construction began on the link road on 17 March 2016 . - - = = = Southern Way Link Road = = = - - The Southern Way Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt y Ffordd ) , generally known simply as Southern Way , was built in two parts ; the first section of Southern Way to be completed was between Newport Road ( road ) and the Eastern Avenue ( A48 road ) in 1978 . The final section of the link road was built between Newport Road and the Rover Way – Lamby Way roundabout and was opened in 1984 at a cost of £ 9 million and includes the East Moors Viaduct , which is also known as the Southern Way . In 1987 it was envisaged that the present single @-@ carriage would be " twinned " as a dual @-@ carriageway , the same as the rest of the PDR . The 2 @.@ 25 km ( 1 @.@ 40 mi ) link road now runs from the Rover Way – Lamby Way Roundabout ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Rover Way – Lamby Way Roundabout ) ) to the Llanedeyrn Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Llanedeyrn Interchange ) ) on the A48 . - - = = = = East Moors Viaduct = = = = - - The 900 m ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) East Moors Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont y ) , which is also known as the Southern Way , was also designed by Robert Benaim and Associates who won the ( Institution of Civil Engineers ) Project Award and also a Concrete Society Commendation , both in 1985 for work on the viaduct . The viaduct was constructed by concrete box girder deck of segmental construction . The East Moors Viaduct was originally known as the East Moors Link Road – Phase 2 , but now forms part of the Southern Way Link Road . - - = = = Pentwyn Link Road = = = - - The Pentwyn Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Pentwyn ) , which is also known as the North Pentwyn Link Road , runs from the Pontprennau Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Interchange ) ) on the A48 and the Pentwyn Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Pentwyn Interchange ( M4 ) ) ) on the M4 ( junction 30 ) . It is 1 @.@ 61 km ( 1 @.@ 00 mi ) in length and was opened by John MP , the Secretary of State for Wales on 20 June , 1994 . It provides a link between the Eastern Avenue ( A48 ) and the M4 so that westbound traffic from the east of the city can get onto the M4 without having to go through the city , via the A48 and . In addition it also provides access to the community of Pontprennau to the national road network . This link was financed by private developers as part of a large scale housing development at Pontprennau . - - = = Public Art & Stones = = - - - = = Spur roads = = - - - = = = Cogan Spur ( ) = = = - - The Cogan Spur , which is also known as the Cogan Link ( Welsh : Gyswllt Cogan ) , from the Ferry Road Interchange ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Ferry Road Interchange ) ) to Barons Court Junction ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Barons Court Junction ) ) on the A4160 was opened in 1988 . It is only 0 @.@ 8 km ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) , but it is an important link to provide access to the PDR from Penarth and the southern part of the Vale of Glamorgan . It also bypasses Penarth Road ( A4160 ) for traffic going in and out of Cardiff city centre . - The most recent development , which began at the end of 2006 and into 2007 was the widening of the road between the Cogan Viaduct and the Ferry Road Interchange to a 3 @-@ lane dual @-@ carriageway . A new junction was also built for the Cardiff International Sports Village directly from Cogan Spur ; also the Barons Court roundabout was replaced by a signal controlled . The main contractor for this project was O 'Rourke Civil Engineering . - - = = = = Cogan Viaduct = = = = - - The Cogan Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont Cogan ) is the most important element of the Cogan Spur as it crosses the River Ely with a central span of 95 metres ( 312 ft ) . In total it has 6 spans ; 40 m ( 130 ft ) , 60 m ( 200 ft ) , 60 m , , 95 m and 60 m . It is made from a multi @-@ span glued segmental structure of rectangular box sections . In all over 300 sections were used to construct the viaduct , each weighing from 43 to 117 tonnes . The Cogan Viaduct was again designed by South Glamorgan County Council , who won a Concrete Society Commendation in 1989 for the design . - - = = = Central Link Road ( ) = = = - - The £ 8 @.@ 5 million Central Link ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) between the Queen 's Gate Roundabout ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Queen 's Gate Roundabout ) ) and the junction on Adam Street ( 51 @.@ ° N 3 @.@ ° W  / 51 @.@ ;  ( Adam Street Junction ) ) on the A4160 was opened on 16 February 1989 . When it was first opened it only linked Cardiff city centre with Cardiff Bay . It was not until the Butetown Link was opened on 27 March 1995 that this road started to be used as a link to the motorway network , Penarth and the Vale of Glamorgan . It will not be until the Eastern Bay Link is built , when traffic from the city centre will use it to travel east , that it will be fully used . The length of the is just 1 @.@ 45 km ( 0 @.@ 90 mi ) and is entirely a two lane dual carriageway with restrictions . - - = = spur roads = = - - - = = = Ely Spur = = = - - The Ely Spur was planned to run from a new interchange on the Ely Link Road to the Ely Bridge Roundabout on the A48 . It was only 1 @.@ 2 km ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) in length , but it would have reduced through traffic in the residential area of Ely , namely on Road West traveling to and from the A48 . But it has now been announced that this proposal has now been officially abandoned . - - = = = Cardiff Airport Link Road = = = - - The Cardiff Airport Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt ) was a proposed spur road off of the A4232 through to Cardiff Airport , when plans for the road were scrapped by the WAG in June 2009 . The current single carriageway road , from Cardiff to Cardiff Airport is also the main road from Barry to Cardiff and is the main commuter route . - One of the 4 proposed schemes involved a new major highway route linking the Ely Link Road ( PDR ) , south of the Culverhouse Cross Interchange , through to the north of Barry . The estimated cost of this scheme would have been £ , including the widening of the A4232 . - - = = Services = = - - The PDR has two service stations for motorists , one at Cardiff West on the Capel Llanilltern Interchange and the other at Cardiff Gate on the Pentwyn Interchange . The services at Cardiff West includes petrol , a , Burger King , Costa Coffee and W H Smith , while the services at Cardiff Gate includes petrol , Burger King , W H Smith and also Coffee . - Traffic Wales is the Welsh Government 's traffic information service , it is a partnership between the Welsh Government , the two Trunk Road Agents ( South Wales / & Mid Wales ) and the consultancy . In South Wales the service is managed from the South Wales Traffic Management Centre , also home to Media 's studio , providing live travel information for the media . The Traffic Wales website has five live traffic on the Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road ( Trunk Road ) and the images are updated every 5 minutes . Traffic Wales also operates a Traffic Information , motorists can use this telephone service by an number , which gives up to date traffic information and travel advice . - - = = Traffic congestion = = - - Since the western link roads were built , a number of major developments have been built , such as the Cardiff Bay Retail Park , , Celtic Gateway , Cardiff International Sports Village that includes the Cardiff International Pool , Cardiff International White Water and Cardiff Arena , which have all generated additional traffic at the Ferry Road Interchange . In addition , the Leckwith development , which includes Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff International Sports Stadium and the Capital Retail Park with a new supermarket , have also significantly increased traffic on the Leckwith Interchange . At the Culverhouse Cross Interchange , older developments such as the Retail Park , Retail Park and Retail Park , including and Marks & Spencer have also significantly increased congestion along with commuter traffic from the Vale of Glamorgan . From 1989 to 1997 there had been an increase in traffic of 78 % and a further increase of 35 % by 2016 is predicted by the Assembly . The Vale of Glamorgan Council also expressed reservations about the new developments of the Cardiff International Sports Village and the Cardiff City Stadium , which includes the Capital Retail Park . On 18 October , 2006 , the council requested that the WAG assess the existing traffic conditions and future growth in traffic on the network . - - = = Popular culture = = - - The Queen 's Gate Tunnel was featured in the first ever episode of Torchwood , called " Everything Changes " and was first broadcast by BBC Three on 22 October 2006 . The Grangetown Link was featured in the 2006 Christmas episode of Doctor Who called " The Runaway Bride " . It was first broadcast by BBC One on 25 December 2006 . - - - = Development of Fez = - - The high @-@ profile and protracted five @-@ year development of Fez led to its status as an " underdog darling of the indie game scene " . The 2012 puzzle platform game built around rotating between four 2D views of a 3D space was developed by indie developer Polytron Corporation and published by Polytron , Trapdoor , and Microsoft Studios . Over the course of the game 's development , Fez designer and Polytron founder Phil Fish received celebrity for his outspoken public persona and prominence in the 2012 documentary Indie Game : The Movie , which followed the game 's final stages of development and Polytron 's related legal issues . The game was released to critical acclaim as an Xbox Live Arcade timed exclusive , and was later ported to other platforms . It had sold one million copies by the end of 2013 . - Fish and Shawn McGrath collaborated on a puzzle game that became Fez . When McGrath left the project due to creative differences , Fish , the game 's artist , pursued a platform game direction with Bédard , the game 's programmer , who wrote the game 's level editor and game engine from scratch . Levels were built in 3D by surfaces with @-@ created textures . Bédard and Fish were joined by three different animators and other collaborators . The game was first announced in June 2007 and won an award at the 2008 Independent Games Festival and entered the public spotlight . Fish created a studio , Polytron Corporation , and was later aided by nearby developer @-@ publisher Trapdoor when Polytron ran out of money . Fez won several more awards , including the 2012 Grand Prize . - - = = History = = - - Fez 's development cycle developed a reputation for its protracted five @-@ year length and public exposure . Nathan Grayson of likened the game 's rocky development process to " an indie Duke Forever " . reviewer Arthur wrote that the game was an " underdog darling of the indie game scene " for four years prior to its release . The game 's designer , Phil Fish , became renowned in a way unusual for game developers due to his prominence in Indie Game : The Movie , which released in 2012 . While the game was released to wide acclaim , Fish himself became known for his outspoken and public persona . - The game that became Fez began in a collaboration between Montreal @-@ based Phil Fish and Toronto @-@ based Shawn McGrath on McGrath 's idea for a puzzle game : a four @-@ sided 3D space with each side in 2D , similar to Fish 's 3D ( ) as incorporated into Fez . The entirety of Fez 's design , lore , and art descends from this game mechanic . Fish provided the project 's art and credited his influence to Shigeru Miyamoto and Miyazaki . Fish and McGrath 's partnership due to creative differences , as Fish wanted to create a platform game . Fish continued to work on the game in his spare time and announced his search for a programmer on , and the first person to reply , Bédard , became lead programmer . They were both the same age and living in Montreal . Though Bédard had some experience in 3D graphics and was studying computer science , Fez was his first professional game development project . His first task was to write the level editor and game engine . - Fez was first announced in July 2007 on The Independent Gaming Source . A trailer released in October 2007 convinced Jason DeGroot to join the development team as a producer . DeGroot , also known as " " , first met Fish at a 2006 E3 party , and started work on the game 's soundtrack and sound effects . The soundtrack was ultimately composed by Rich " " and the sound effects by Brandon . The game was nominated for two awards at the 2008 Independent Games Festival ( ) at the Game Developers Conference ( ) : Excellence in Visual Art and the Design Innovation Award . As Fez was a side project , Fish was employed full @-@ time at Artificial Mind and Movement in Montreal , where he worked on a tie @-@ in game for a film . He was not permitted time off to attend the event and thus decided to quit his job in January 2008 — a moment he later marked as " when I became indie " . The game won " Excellence in Visual Art " , and created a surge of public interest in the game concurrent to a similar swell of interest in indie game developers . Fish received a Canadian government loan to open Polytron Corporation as a startup company and began full @-@ time work on Fez . In July 2009 , Polytron announced a release for Xbox Live Arcade in early 2010 . Polytron and Microsoft agreed to release Fez as an Xbox exclusive , a deal Fish later recalled as sensible . Fish designed the game as " a console game , not a PC game " , and felt that the way he intended the game to be experienced — with a controller on a — was " part of the medium " . Polytron ruled out a release due to problems Fish had with their platform and developer options . - Development continued with a more experimental ethos until the company began to run out of capital . The Canadian government loan that had funded Polytron 's phase was not renewed for their production phase . They also lost funding from the organization that preceded the Indie Fund as Polytron 's producer left the company . Fish borrowed money from friends and family for three months to keep the company open . In dire , he considered the project . In March 2011 , the nearby developer @-@ publisher Trapdoor offered to help Polytron , having just signed a deal with Electronic Arts to publish their own game , . Trapdoor assisted with Polytron 's finances and operations and offered to treat them as part of their company and let them keep their intellectual property rights in exchange for a portion of Fez 's earnings . Fish felt that partnership rescued the game . - Fish is shown preparing for Fez 's March 2011 East booth in the 2012 documentary film Indie Game : The Movie , which chronicles the stories of several indie developers at various stages of their games ' development cycles . As a subplot , the film presents Fish amidst a legal dispute with a former business partner that the game 's future . The partner , believed to be Jason DeGroot , is portrayed negatively and does not participate . The film 's end credits were later corrected to reflect that Fish 's business partner was not asked for input . Game Informer called Fish the film 's " most memorable developer " , and Rock , Paper , wrote that Fish is portrayed as melodramatic , theatrical , and neurotic , in a way that his outspoken public perception . Eurogamer said that the part where Fish resolves to kill himself if he does not release his game is " the film 's most startling moment " . - Fez won the Choice Award at the September 2011 Fantastic Arcade , Best in Show and Best Story / World Design at the October 2011 , and the Grand Prize at the 2012 Independent Games Festival . It was also a 2011 Penny Arcade Expo " 10 " selection . Fez was displayed in its entirety in a secluded lounge room at the October 2011 festival in Nottingham , England . Fish considered the demo their most fruitful yet . Fish told a reporter that he had received positive feedback from Independent Games Festival Chairman Brandon Boyer and designer Jonathan Blow . Near the end of development , Fish felt " burnt out " and that his personal health had suffered . The final game included almost none of the original work from the first two years of development . After several delays , Fez was submitted for certification in February 2012 . - - = = = Release = = = - - Fez was released on April 13 , 2012 and sold 200 @,@ 000 copies in its exclusivity to the Xbox Live Arcade platform . Several months later , Polytron became embroiled in a high @-@ profile dispute with Microsoft over the cost of the game . Polytron had released a fix that resolved many of the game 's technical issues but introduced another that corrupted the saved games for about one percent of users . They withdrew the patch , but found Microsoft 's fee for subsequent patch releases , and chose to reinstate the withdrawn patch as their most option . Polytron drew ire for the decision , which raised awareness for the business needs of indie developers . In July 2013 , a year later , Microsoft announced that they no longer charged for patches , and Fish tweeted that Polytron 's patch would take " a couple of months " . Speaking in of the release , Fish " fiercely criticized " Fez co @-@ publisher Microsoft Games Studios for the game 's release . Fish cited a lack of promotion and publicity , and poor advertising of the game on Microsoft 's digital market . - In March 2013 , Fish announced a May 1 , 2013 release for the game 's PC port , and opened on and Steam . The game 's OS X and Linux ports debuted in the pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want Humble Indie 9 on September 11 , 2013 . Polytron announced ports for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , and PlayStation Vita in August 2013 as in development through , which were released on March 25 , 2014 . The PlayStation releases include cross @-@ console support for " cross @-@ buy " ( where one digital purchase allows access across multiple consoles ) and " cross @-@ save " ( game save sharing between consoles ) , as well as support for 3D , the 4 controller 's decorative , and graphical upgrades due to the full port into the C + + programming language . Ports for and iOS were also announced . Fish announced eventual ports for " ' pretty much ' every platform " but the Nintendo 3DS . - Bédard planned to leave Polytron after finishing Fez to experience work with a full development team , but stayed to port the Windows release before joining Toronto 's Games . He credited the game 's long development cycle to his own inexperience in game development ( compounded by the team 's small size and difficulty in setting reasonable milestones ) , the game 's scope , and Fish 's . Fish had hoped that players would discuss Fez 's nuances online after the game 's release . Players collaborated online for a week to solve the final " " puzzle by brute force . Ars Technica described the apparent end to the game 's harder puzzles as " " , but Fish told Eurogamer in March 2013 that hidden in @-@ game secrets remain to be found . - More than three years after its digital launch , Fez received a physical release designed by Fish and limited to a signed edition of 500 in December 2015 . The deluxe package included the soundtrack and a stylized red notebook with gold foil . - - = = Design = = - - When Bédard joined the project , the game focused on the 2D – 3D mechanic and did not yet have open world ambitions . He coded the game in Microsoft Visual C # Express and Game Studio Express . His first task , the level editor , was coded from scratch in and inspired by . Bédard also wrote the game engine , Technology , which turns 2D tiles ( " " ) into sides of a 3D pixel . The engine tracks player @-@ character Gomez in 3D space even though the game behaves as a 2D platformer . Bédard also built the game to resolve collisions when converting between 3D and 2D space . - Fish created pixel art in for each side ( " " ) of the 3D that Bédard 's custom software compiled into 3D game assets , which Fish would as surfaces in to build levels . Fish found the level design process " overwhelming " , and Bédard has said he was relieved that it was not his job . Fish compared his design process to playing with blocks , and planned the more involved levels in graph paper to first visualize the 2D views before building the levels in the 3D software . The levels and puzzles were not in a design document , and many of the drafts levels scrapped in 2008 resurfaced to be used later in the production process . So as to fit the rotation mechanic , the levels were made tall instead of wide , and the first part of the game was designed to the player to 2D controls before introducing the 3D element . As they worked , Fish first proposed ideas that Bédard would implement . The two would then discuss and fine @-@ tune the addition — they worked well together . - Fish describes the game 's changes during development as " organic " — they tested different kinds of levels and replicated the types of in @-@ game exploration that the team appreciated most . It came to adopt mechanics , with " secret passages , gates , and codes " . Fish cited as another and compared its open world , narrative , and " " to Fez 's own alphabet , numeric system , and an " almost hard to get " " second set of " . Fish originally fought against having an in @-@ game map because he wanted players to draft their own . After attempting to do so himself , he changed his mind . Fish later called the in @-@ game map " probably one of the weakest aspects of the game " . Fish also fought against including the navigational assistant , Dot , but later felt that the addition was successful and a positive contribution to the game 's mythology . The itself , Fish described as an " ancient symbol of understanding the third dimension " . Fez had three different animators through its development : Paul Robertson of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game , who did the game 's animals and some of Gomez 's animations , Adam of , and Graham , who did some character animations . - The game 's mechanics were inspired by the Nintendo Entertainment System games Fish played in his youth , particularly Super Mario and The Legend of . Fish cited 's Ico as the game 's third inspiration , and he sought to emulate its feeling of nostalgic and isolated loneliness . Fish also sought to emulate 's " design by " philosophy , where the Ico development team would periodically remove parts of the game so as to leave only what was essential to their vision . In this way , ideas like player health and object weight puzzles were gradually struck from Fez . Fish made a personal challenge of designing a game without relying on " established mechanics " . As such , Fez was always a peaceful game and there was never an enemy coded into the game . So as to better emulate Miyazaki 's signature " open blue sky " , " feel @-@ good " atmosphere , Fish watched all of the director 's films one weekend early in the development cycle . - - - = Hugh Walpole = - - Sir Hugh Seymour Walpole , CBE ( 13 March 1884 – 1 June 1941 ) was an English novelist . He was the son of an Anglican clergyman , intended for a career in the church but drawn instead to writing . Among those who encouraged him were the authors Henry James and Arnold Bennett . His skill at scene @-@ setting and vivid plots , as well as his high profile as a lecturer , brought him a large readership in the United Kingdom and North America . He was a best @-@ selling author in the 1920s and 1930s but has been largely neglected since his death . - After his first novel , The Wooden Horse , in 1909 , Walpole wrote , producing at least one book every year . He was a spontaneous story @-@ teller , writing quickly to get all his ideas on paper , seldom revising . His first novel to achieve major success was his third , Mr Perrin and Mr Traill , a story of a fatal clash between two . During the First World War he served in the Red Cross on the Russian @-@ Austrian front , and worked in British propaganda in Petrograd and London . In the 1920s and 1930s Walpole was much in demand not only as a novelist but also as a lecturer on literature , making four exceptionally well @-@ paid tours of North America . - As a gay man at a time when homosexual practices were illegal in Britain , Walpole conducted a succession of intense but discreet relationships with other men , and was for much of his life in search of what he saw as " the perfect friend " . He eventually found one , a married policeman , with whom he settled in the English Lake District . Having as a young man eagerly sought the support of established authors , he was in his later years a generous sponsor of many younger writers . He was a patron of the visual arts and bequeathed a substantial legacy of paintings to the Tate Gallery and other British institutions . - Walpole 's output was large and varied . Between 1909 and 1941 he wrote thirty @-@ six novels , five volumes of short stories , two original plays and three volumes of memoirs . His range included disturbing studies of the , children 's stories and historical fiction , most notably his Herries Chronicle series , set in the Lake District . He worked in Hollywood writing scenarios for two Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer films in the 1930s , and played a cameo in the 1935 version of David Copperfield . - - = = Biography = = - - - = = = Early years = = = - - Walpole was born in Auckland , New Zealand , the eldest of three children of the Somerset Walpole and his wife , Mildred Helen , née ( 1854 – 1925 ) . Somerset Walpole had been an assistant to the Bishop of Truro , Edward Benson , from 1877 until 1882 , when he was offered the of St Mary 's Pro @-@ Cathedral , Auckland ; on Benson 's advice he accepted . - Mildred Walpole found it hard to settle in New Zealand , and something of her restlessness and insecurity affected the character of her eldest child . In 1889 , two years after the birth of the couple 's daughter , ( " Dorothy " ) , Somerset Walpole accepted a prominent and well @-@ paid academic post at the General , New York . Robert ( " Robin " ) , the third of the couple 's children , was born in New York in 1892 . Hugh and Dorothy were taught by a governess until the middle of 1893 , when the parents decided that he needed an English education . - Walpole was sent to England , where according to his biographer Rupert Hart @-@ Davis the next ten years were the time of Walpole 's life . He first attended a preparatory school in Truro . Though he missed his family and felt lonely he was reasonably happy , but he moved to Sir William 's Grammar School in Marlow in 1895 , where he was bullied , frightened and . He later said , " The food was inadequate , the morality was ' twisted ' , and Terror – sheer , stark Terror – down every one of its passages ... The excessive desire to be loved that has always played so enormous a part in my life was bred largely , I think , from the neglect I suffered there " . - In 1896 Somerset Walpole discovered his son 's horror of the Marlow school and he moved him to the King 's School , Canterbury . For two years he was a fairly content , though undistinguished , pupil there . In 1897 Walpole senior was appointed principal of Bede College , Durham , and Hugh was moved again , to be a day boy for four years at Durham School . He found that day boys were looked down on by , and that Bede College was the subject of within the university . His sense of isolation increased . He continually took refuge in the local library , where he read all the novels of Jane Austen , Henry Fielding , Scott and Dickens and many of the works of Trollope , Collins and Henry Kingsley . Walpole wrote in 1924 : - I grew up ... , ugly , abnormally sensitive , and excessively . No one liked me – not masters , boys , friends of the family , nor relations who came to stay ; and I do not in the least wonder at it . I was untidy , , excessively . I believed that I was profoundly misunderstood , that people took my pale and countenance for the mirror of my soul , that I had marvellous things of interest in me that would one day be discovered . - Though Walpole was no admirer of the schools he had attended there , the cathedral cities of Truro , Canterbury and Durham made a strong impression on him . He drew on aspects of them for his fictional cathedral city of in , the setting of many of his later books . Walpole 's memories of his time at Canterbury grew over the years ; it was the only school he mentioned in his Who 's Who entry , - - = = = Cambridge , Liverpool and teaching = = = - - From 1903 to 1906 Walpole studied history at Emmanuel College , Cambridge . While there he had his first work published , the critical essay " Two Heroes " , which was printed in the college magazine in autumn 1905 . As an undergraduate he met and fell under the spell of A C Benson , formerly a greatly loved master at Eton , and by this time a don at Magdalene College . Walpole 's religious beliefs , hitherto an part of his life , were fading , and Benson helped him through that personal crisis . Walpole was also attempting to cope with his homosexual feelings , which for a while focused on Benson , who recorded in his diary in 1906 an unexpected outburst by his young admirer : " [ H ] e broke out rather eagerly into – He cared for me more than anyone in the world . I could not believe it ... It is extraordinarily touching . ... It is quite right that he should believe all this ; it is quite right that I should know that it will not last ... I tried to say this as as I could ... " - Benson gently declined Walpole 's advances . They remained friends , but Walpole , rebuffed in his " excessive desire to be loved " , turned the full force of his elsewhere , and the relationship with Benson became less important to him . Less than two years later Benson 's diary entry on Walpole 's subsequent social career reveals his thoughts on his protégé 's progress : - He seems to have conquered completely . He spends his Sundays in long walks with H G Wells . He every week with Max Beerbohm and R Ross ... and this has a not very clever young man of 23 . Am I a little jealous ? – no , I don 't think so . But I am a little ... I do not see any sign of intellectual power or perception or grasp or in his work or himself . ... I should call him . He does not , for instance , see what may or hurt or annoy people . I think he is rather – though he is himself very sensitive . The strong points about him are his curiosity , his vitality , his , and the emotional fervour of his affections . But he seems to me in no way likely to be great as an artist . - With Benson 's help , Walpole had come to terms with the loss of his faith . Somerset Walpole , himself the son of an Anglican priest , hoped that his eldest son would follow him into the ministry . Walpole was too concerned for his father 's feelings to tell him he was no longer a believer , and on graduation from Cambridge in 1906 he took a post as a lay at the Mission to Seamen in Liverpool . He described that as one of the " greatest failures of my life ... The Mission to Seamen was , and is , a splendid institution ... but it needs men of a certain type to carry it through and I was not of that type . " The head of the mission reprimanded him for lack of commitment to his work , and Walpole resigned after six months . - From April to July 1907 Walpole was in Germany , the children of the popular author Elizabeth von . In 1908 he taught French at Epsom College . His brief experience of teaching is reflected in his third novel , Mr Perrin and Mr Traill . As well as the clerical forebears , Walpole had notable authors in his family tree : on his father 's side , Horace Walpole the novelist and letter writer , and on his mother 's Richard Harris , author of The Legends . It was as an author that Walpole felt to make his career . He moved to London and found work as a book reviewer for The Standard , writing fiction in his spare time . He had by this time recognised that he was homosexual . His encounters were necessarily discreet , as such activities were illegal in Britain , and remained so throughout his lifetime . He was constantly searching for " the perfect friend " ; an early candidate was the stage designer Percy Anderson , to whom he was intimately attached for some time from 1910 onwards . - - = = = Early literary career = = = - - A C Benson was a friend of Henry James , to whom Walpole wrote a fan letter late in 1908 , with Benson 's encouragement . A correspondence ensued and in February 1909 James invited Walpole to lunch at the Reform Club in London . They developed a close friendship , described by James 's biographer Leon as resembling a father and son relationship in some , but not all , respects . James was greatly taken with the young Walpole , though clear @-@ eyed about the deficiencies in the and craftsmanship of his protégé 's early efforts . According to Somerset Maugham , Walpole made a sexual proposition to James , who was too to respond . Nevertheless , in their correspondence the older man 's devotion was in extravagant terms . - Walpole published his first novel , The Wooden Horse , in 1909 . It told of a and English family shaken up by the return of one of its members from a less life in New Zealand . The book received good reviews but barely repaid the cost of having it . His first commercial success was Mr Perrin and Mr Traill , published in 1911 . The novelist and biographer Michael Sadleir writes that though some of the six novels Walpole wrote between 1909 and 1914 are of interest as examples of the author 's developing style , it is Mr Perrin and Mr Traill that deserves to be remembered for its own sake . The book , " a @-@ comedy " , is a psychological study of a deadly clash between two , one an ageing failure and the other a young , attractive idealist . In the view of Hart @-@ Davis , Walpole only once recaptured " the fresh , clear cut realism " of this book , and Walpole himself , looking back on his work in the 1930s , felt that of all his books to date , it was the . The Observer gave the book a favourable review : " The slow growth of the poison within [ Perrin ] is traced with wonderful skill and sympathy ... one feels throughout these pages a sense of intolerable tension , of impending disaster " ; The Manchester Guardian was less enthusiastic , praising the scene @-@ setting but calling the story " an melodrama " . The San Francisco Chronicle praised its " technical excellence , imagination and beauty – Walpole at his best . " Arnold Bennett , a well @-@ established novelist seventeen years Walpole 's senior , admired the book , and befriended the young author , regularly , encouraging , sometimes mocking him into improving his prose , characters and narratives . - The Guardian reviewer observed that the setting of Mr Perrin and Mr Traill – a second @-@ rate public school – was clearly drawn from life , as indeed it was . The boys of Epsom College were delighted with the thinly disguised version of their school , but the college authorities were not , and Walpole was persona non at Epsom for many years . This was of no practical consequence , as he had no intention of returning to the teaching profession , but it was an early illustration of his capacity , noted by Benson , for giving offence , though being to criticism himself . - In early 1914 James wrote an article for The Times Literary Supplement surveying the younger generation of British novelists and comparing them with their eminent elder contemporaries . In the latter category James put Bennett , Joseph Conrad , John , Maurice and H G Wells . The four new authors on whom he focused were Walpole , Gilbert Cannan , Compton Mackenzie and D H Lawrence . It was a very lengthy article , to the extent that it had to be spread across two issues of the Supplement in March and April 1914 . James said that agreeing to write it had been " an step " , but from Walpole 's point of view it was highly satisfactory : one of the greatest living authors had publicly ranked him among the finest young British novelists . - - = = = First World War = = = - - As war approached , Walpole realised that his poor eyesight would him from serving in the armed forces . He volunteered to join the police , but was turned down ; he then accepted a appointment based in Moscow , reporting for The Saturday Review and The Daily Mail . He was allowed to visit the front in Poland , but his dispatches from Moscow ( and later from Petrograd , which he preferred ) were not enough to stop hostile comments at home that he was not doing his bit for the war effort . Henry James was so incensed at one such remark by a prominent London hostess that he stormed out of her house and wrote to Walpole suggesting that he should return to England . Walpole replied in great excitement that he had just been appointed as a Russian officer , in the Sanitar : - The " Sanitar " is the part of the Red Cross that does the rough work at the front , carrying men out of the trenches , helping at the base hospitals in every sort of way , doing every kind of rough job . They are an absolutely official body and I shall be one of the few ( half @-@ dozen ) Englishmen in the world wearing Russian uniform . - While in training for the Sanitar , Walpole devoted his leisure hours to gaining a reasonable fluency in the Russian language , and to his first full @-@ length work of non @-@ fiction , a literary biography of Joseph Conrad . In the summer of 1915 he worked on the Austrian @-@ Russian front , assisting at operations in field hospitals and the dead and wounded from the battlefield . Occasionally he found time to write brief letters home ; he told Bennett , " A battle is an amazing mixture of hell and a family picnic – not as frightening as the dentist , but absorbing , sometimes thrilling like football , sometimes dull like church , and sometimes simply physically like bad fish . dead afterwards is worst of all . " When he comforted himself with the thought , " This is not so bad as it was at Marlow " . - During an engagement early in June 1915 Walpole single @-@ rescued a wounded soldier ; his Russian comrades refused to help and Walpole carried one end of a stretcher and dragged the man to safety . For this he was awarded the Cross of Saint George ; General presented him with the medal in August . After his tour of duty Walpole returned to Petrograd . Among the city 's attractions for him was the presence of , a painter with whom he had formed a close relationship . He remained there until October 1915 , when he returned to England . He visited his family , stayed with Percy Anderson in London , telephoned Henry James in Rye , and retreated to a cottage he had bought in Cornwall . In January 1916 he was asked by the Foreign Office to return to Petrograd . Russians were being subjected to highly effective German propaganda . The writer Arthur Ransome , Petrograd correspondent of The Daily News , had successfully lobbied for the establishment of a bureau to counter the German efforts , and the British ambassador , Sir George Buchanan , wanted Walpole to take charge . - Before he left for Petrograd , Walpole 's novel The Dark Forest was published . It drew on his experiences in Russia , and was more than much of his earlier fiction . Reviews were highly favourable ; The Daily Telegraph commented on " a high level of imaginative vision ... reveals capacity and powers in the author which we had hardly suspected before . " - Walpole returned to Petrograd in February 1916 . He moved into 's flat , and his Anglo @-@ Russian Propaganda Bureau began work . The following month he suffered a personal blow : he recorded in his diary for 13 March 1916 , " Thirty two to @-@ day ! Should have been a happy day but was completely for me by reading in the papers of Henry James ' death . This was a terrible shock to me . " Walpole remained at the bureau for the rest of 1916 and most of 1917 , witnessing the February Revolution . He wrote an official report on events for the Foreign Office , and also absorbed ideas for his fiction . In addition to the first of his popular " Jeremy " novels , written in his spare time from the bureau , he began work on the second of his Russian @-@ themed books , The Secret City . Sadleir writes that this novel and The Dark Forest " take a high place among his works , on account of their intuitive understanding of an alien mentality and the of their narrative power . " The book won the inaugural James Black Memorial Prize for fiction . - By late 1917 it was clear to Walpole and to the British authorities that there was little advantage in keeping him in Russia . On 7 November he left , missing the Revolution , which began on that day . He was appointed to a post at the Foreign Office in its Department of Information , headed by John Buchan . Soon after returning he volunteered for the British army , but , as expected , failed the necessary medical examination because of his poor sight . He continued to work in British propaganda when the department was reconstituted under Lord in April 1918 , and remained there for the rest of the war and beyond , resigning in February 1919 . Little is known about what he wrote for the department , as most of its records were destroyed after the war , but he noted in his diary that he had written the department 's official report to the War Cabinet : " a job – the worst I 've ever attempted " . For his wartime work he was awarded the CBE in 1918 . - - = = = Post @-@ war and 1920s = = = - - Walpole remained prolific in the post @-@ war years , and began a parallel and highly career as a lecturer in literature . At the instigation of his American publisher , George Doran , he made his first lecture tour of the US in 1919 , receiving an enthusiastic welcome wherever he went . What Sadleir describes as Walpole 's " and attractive appearance , his complete lack of , his exciting fluency as a speaker [ and ] his obvious and genuine liking for his hosts " combined to win him a large American following . The success of his talks led to increases in his lecturing fees , greatly enhanced sales of his books , and large sums from American publishers anxious to print his latest fiction . He was a quick writer who seldom revised , but pressed on , keen to get his ideas down on paper . His main British publishers , Macmillan , found it to appoint a senior member of staff to edit his manuscripts , spelling , punctuation , inconsistencies and errors of historical fact . His fluency enabled him to fulfil between tours a contract from The Review for ten short stories at the remarkable sum of $ 1 @,@ 350 apiece . - One of Walpole 's major novels of the early post @-@ war period was The Cathedral , which unlike much of his fiction was not off but worked on across four years , beginning in 1918 . The story of an arrogant 19th @-@ century archdeacon in conflict with other clergy and laity was certain to bring comparisons with Trollope 's Towers ( The Manchester Guardian 's review was headed " Towers " ) , but unlike the earlier work , The Cathedral is wholly . The Archdeacon Brandon is driven to domestic despair , professional defeat and sudden death . The reviewer Ivor Brown commented that Walpole had earlier charmed many with his cheerful tales of Mayfair , but that in this novel he showed a greater side to his art : " This is a book with little happiness about it , but its stark strength is undeniable . The Cathedral is realism , profound in its philosophy and delicate in its thread . " The Illustrated London News said , " No former novelist has seized quite so powerfully upon the cathedral fabric and made it a living character in the drama , an individuality at once benign and . ... The Cathedral is a great book . " - Walpole was a keen music lover and when in 1920 he heard a new tenor at the he was much impressed and sought him out . Melchior became one of the most important friendships of his life , and Walpole did much to foster the singer 's budding career . Wagner 's son Siegfried engaged Melchior for the Bayreuth Festival in 1924 and succeeding years . Walpole attended , and met Adolf Hitler , then recently released from prison after an attempted putsch . Hitler was a protégé of Siegfried 's wife , and was known in Bayreuth as " one of 's lame ducks . " Walpole later admitted that he had both despised and liked him – " both emotions that time has proved I was wrong to indulge " . This and future visits to Bayreuth were complicated by the fact that Wagner fell in love with Walpole , and attached herself so firmly to him that rumours began to spread . - In 1924 Walpole moved into a house near Keswick in the Lake District . His large income enabled him to maintain his London flat in Piccadilly , but Brackenburn , on the slopes of overlooking , was his main home for the rest of his life . He was quickly made welcome by local residents , and the scenery and atmosphere of the Lake District often found their way into his fiction . The critic James Agate commented that one might think from some of Walpole 's stories that their author had created the English Lakes , but that he was probably only consulted about them . At the end of 1924 Walpole met Harold Cheevers , who soon became his friend and companion and remained so for the rest of Walpole 's life . In Hart @-@ Davis 's words , he came nearer than any other human being to Walpole 's long @-@ sought conception of a perfect friend . Cheevers , a policeman , with a wife and two children , left the police force and entered Walpole 's service as his . Walpole trusted him completely , and gave him extensive control over his affairs . Whether Walpole was at Brackenburn or Piccadilly , Cheevers was almost always with him , and often accompanied him on overseas trips . Walpole provided a house in Hampstead for Cheevers and his family . - During the mid @-@ twenties Walpole produced two of his best @-@ known novels in the vein that he drew on from time to time , exploring the fascination of fear and cruelty . The Old Ladies ( 1924 ) is a study of a timid elderly spinster exploited and eventually frightened to death by a predatory widow . Portrait of a Man with Red Hair ( 1925 ) depicts the influence of a , insane father on his family and others . Walpole described it to his fellow author Frank as " a simple which it has me like anything to write , and won 't bore you to read . " In contrast he continued a series of stories for children , begun in 1919 with Jeremy , taking the young hero 's story forward with Jeremy and Hamlet ( the latter being the boy 's dog ) in 1923 , and Jeremy at in 1927 . Sadleir , writing in the 1950s , suggests that " the most real Walpole of all – because the most , kindly , and understanding friend – is the Walpole of the Jeremy trilogy . " Of his other novels of the 1920s ( 1928 ) , his first attempt at a full @-@ length love story , portrays a clash between and : his own sympathies , though not spelled out , were clearly with the . - - = = = 1930 – 41 = = = - - By the 1930s , though his public success remained considerable , many literary critics saw Walpole as outdated . His reputation in literary circles took a blow from a malicious caricature in Somerset Maugham 's 1930 novel and : the character , a superficial novelist of more ambition than literary talent , was widely taken to be based on Walpole . In the same year Walpole wrote possibly his best @-@ known work , Rogue Herries , a historical novel set in the Lake District . It was well @-@ received : The Daily Mail considered it " not only a profound study of human character , but a subtle and intimate biography of a place . " He followed it with three sequels ; all four novels were published in a single volume as The Herries Chronicle . - In 1934 Walpole accepted an invitation from Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer studios to go to Hollywood to write the scenario for a film adaptation of David Copperfield . He enjoyed many aspects of life in Hollywood , but as one who rarely revised any of his own work he found it tedious to produce sixth and seventh drafts at the behest of the studio . He enjoyed his brief change of role from writer to bit @-@ part player : in the film he played the of delivering a boring sermon that sends David to sleep . Agate was doubtful of the wisdom of this : " Does not Hugh see that to bring a well @-@ known character from real life into an imaginary sequence of events is to destroy the reality of that imaginary sequence ? " Nevertheless , Walpole 's performance was a success . He improvised the sermon ; the producer , David O , called for retake after retake to try to make him dry up , but Walpole delivered a different address each time . - The critical and commercial success of the film of David Copperfield led to an invitation to return to Hollywood in 1936 . When he got there he found that the studio executives had no idea which films they wanted him to work on , and he had eight weeks of highly paid leisure , during which he wrote a short story and worked on a novel . He was eventually asked to write the scenario for Little Lord , which he enjoyed doing . He spent most of his fees on paintings , forgetting to keep enough money to pay US tax on his earnings . He his American funds with a lecture tour – his last – in late 1936 . - In 1937 Walpole was offered a knighthood . He accepted , though to his diary that he could not think of a good novelist since Walter Scott who had done so . " Kipling , Hardy , all refused . But I 'm not of their class , and range with Doyle , Anthony Hope and such . ... Besides I shall like being a knight . " - Walpole 's taste for adventure did not in his last years . In 1939 he was commissioned to report for William Randolph 's newspapers on the funeral in Rome of Pope Pius XI , the conclave to elect his successor , and the subsequent coronation . A fellow correspondent was Tom , whose memoirs tell of a lunch à at which Walpole arrived flushed with excitement from a sexual encounter that morning with an attendant in the Palace . In the weeks between the funeral and Pius XII 's election Walpole , with his customary fluency , wrote much of his book Roman Fountain , a mixture of fact and fiction about the city . This was his last overseas visit . - After the outbreak of the Second World War Walpole remained in England , dividing his time between London and Keswick , and continuing to write with his usual . He completed a fifth novel in the Herries series and began work on a sixth . His health was undermined by diabetes . He himself at the opening of Keswick 's fund @-@ raising " War Weapons Week " in May 1941 , making a speech after taking part in a lengthy march , and died of a heart attack at Brackenburn , aged 57 . He is buried in St John 's churchyard in Keswick . - - = = = Legacy = = = - - Walpole was a keen and discerning collector of art . Sir Kenneth Clark called him " one of the three or four real patrons of art in this country , and of that small body he was perhaps the most generous and the most . " He left fourteen works to the Tate Gallery and Museum , including paintings by , , Augustus John , and . - Other artists represented in Walpole 's collection were Epstein , Picasso , , and . After his death the finest works in his collection , other than those bequeathed , were exhibited in London during April and May 1945 ; the exhibition also included works by Constable , Turner and . - Sadleir notes how Walpole 's considerable income enabled him to indulge not only his love of art and of old books and manuscripts , but also , particularly towards younger writers . Although Walpole enjoyed the , he was secretive about his many acts of generosity to younger writers , with both encouragement and financial help . After his death some idea of the scale of his generosity was discovered . commented , " I don 't think there was any younger writer of any worth who has not at one time or another received kindness of an active kind , and at a crucial moment , from Hugh " . Hart @-@ Davis lists thirty @-@ eight authors from whom letters of gratitude were found among Walpole 's correspondence ; Sadleir writes of Walpole 's " generous kindness to literary and to writers fallen on evil days ... by immediate financial assistance , by freely supplied or by collaboration volunteered , by introductions and recommendations to likely publishers , Walpole relieved the of authorship to a degree which will never be fully known . " Agate , though himself the recipient of Walpole 's generosity on occasion , thought it sometimes went too far : " Mr Walpole 's large @-@ gets him into all kinds of trouble . He is an patter . He on the back young men whom critics would knock down , because even in fantastic incompetence he perceives the good intention . No art or artist is safe from Mr Walpole 's " . - In his adopted home of Keswick a section of the town museum was dedicated to Walpole 's memory in 1949 , with manuscripts , correspondence , paintings and sculpture from Brackenburn , donated by his sister and brother . - - = = Works = = - - Walpole 's books cover a wide range . His fiction includes short stories , ( Mr Perrin and Mr Traill , 1911 , and the Jeremy trilogy ) that into the psychology of ; gothic horror novels ( Portrait of a Man with Red Hair , 1925 , and The Killer and The , 1942 ) ; a period family saga ( the Herries chronicle ) and even detective fiction ( Behind the Screen ) . He wrote literary biographies ( Conrad , 1916 ; James Branch , 1920 ; and Trollope , 1928 ) ; plays ; and screenplays including David Copperfield , 1935 . - - = = = Influences = = = - - Walpole 's debt to Henry James is discernible in The Duchess of ( 1914 ) and The Green Mirror ( 1917 ) , but in the view of J B Priestley the two most potent influences on Walpole were the highly contrasting ones of Trollope and . Other critics noted the influence ; in 1923 Arthur St John commented : - The [ in The Green Mirror ] are a kind of family Trollope might have created had he been living now ; The Cathedral is a kind of story he might have told , with its realistic melodrama and its clerical atmosphere , but Walpole tells it with a art in the writing and the construction , with a and charm of style that are outside the range of the earlier novelist . - Walpole , though he was devoted to the works of Trollope , and published a study of him , thought that there was no real comparison between the two of them : " I am far too twisted and fantastic a novelist ever to succeed in catching Trollope 's marvellous . " Priestley was less impressed by the supposed side of Walpole 's work , finding some of it formulaic . He was more taken with a darker , , side that he found in the writing : " suddenly it will transform the pleasant easy scene he is giving us into transparency behind which are bright stars and red ... No matter how and he may appear to be , the fact remains that he possesses an unusually sharp sense of evil . " - the most pervasive influence on Walpole was Walter Scott , whose is reflected in much of the later writer 's fiction . Such was Walpole 's love of Scott that he liked to think of himself as the latter 's reincarnation . He amassed the largest collection in Britain of Scott manuscripts and early editions , and constantly the novels . With the Herries stories Walpole restored the popularity of the historical novel , a form for which Scott was famous but which had been out of fashion for decades . The Herries series begins in the 18th century and follows a family through the generations up to modern times . - - = = = = = = - - Walpole sought critical as well as financial success , and to write works that equalled those of Trollope , Thomas Hardy and Henry James . In his early days , he received frequent and generally scrutiny from major literary figures . He was a good friend of Virginia Woolf , and rated her as an influence ; she praised his gift for seizing on telling detail : " it is no to a writer to say that his gift is for the small things rather than for the large ... If you are faithful with the details the large effects will grow inevitably out of those very details " . Joseph Conrad said of him , " We see Mr. Walpole grappling with the truth of things spiritual and material with his characteristic earnestness , and we can the characteristics of this acute and sympathetic explorer of human nature . " - In 1928 Priestley observed , - When I first remember seeing Hugh Walpole 's name he had no public at all , but the ferocious young reviewers – the " " as we have since learned to call them – delighted in him . Now he has an enormous public , both in England and America , and the young " " – who are by the thought of a large public – are not particularly fond of him . - Priestley contended that Walpole had fulfilled his early potential , unlike Compton Mackenzie , Gilbert Cannan and other promising young novelists of his generation . This view was not universal among critics : Walpole sometimes divided opinion . Writing of Walpole 's Russian novels the contemporary critic and novelist Douglas commented , " Russia has been the grave of many ; and our Napoleon of the drawing @-@ room novel has fared no better than other would @-@ be of that disconcerting land . " 's complaint was that Walpole 's Russian ( and English ) characters were clichéd stereotypes . The reviewer in Punch , by contrast , wrote , " I consulted a Russian , who is very much alive , and received the opinion that , if Mr. Walpole has not succeeded in drawing the real average Russian , he has given us a type whose faults and virtues sound the of the situation as it is to @-@ day . " The Observer rated The Dark Forest as " one of the finest novels of our generation " . - In 1924 Ernest wrote into a short story a comparison of G K and Walpole , concluding that the former was the better man , the latter a better writer and both were classics . Walpole could be sensitive about his literary reputation and often took adverse criticism badly . When praised P G Wodehouse as the best English writer of their day , Walpole took it , to the amusement of Wodehouse who regarded 's as " a gag , to get a rise out of serious @-@ minded authors whom he disliked " . Wodehouse was not a great admirer of Walpole ; his own craftsmanship , with drafts polished over and over again , was the opposite of Walpole 's hastily written and seldom @-@ revised prose . He also viewed Walpole 's sensitivity to criticism as absurd . Walpole was not always as as Wodehouse supposed . The critic James Agate was a friend despite his regular rude remarks about Walpole 's prose , and when Walpole discovered that Agate had written a spoof of the Herries " " style , he made him promise to print it in the next published volume of his diaries . - During his career contemporaries saw both negative and positive sides to Walpole 's outgoing nature and desire to be in the public eye . Wodehouse commented , " I always think Hugh Walpole 's reputation was two thirds publicity . He was always books and speaking at and so on . " On the other hand , Walpole stood out as one of the few literary figures willing to go into court and give evidence for the defence at the trial after the novel The Well of was published . - By the time of his death The Times 's of Walpole was no higher than , " he had a versatile imagination ; he could tell a story in good English ; and he was a man of immense industry , conscientious and " . The tone of the obituary brought forth strong from T S Eliot , Kenneth Clark and Priestley , among others . Within a few years of his death , Walpole was seen as old @-@ fashioned , and his works were largely neglected . In the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Elizabeth Steele summed up : " His psychology was not deep enough for the , his diction not free enough for those returning from war , and his disastrous to a public wary of personal commitment " . In 2011 , Peter , an admirer of Walpole , though not an one , wrote : - Henry James and John Buchan praised him . Joseph Conrad , T S Eliot and Virginia Woolf were kind about him . What 's more , his books sold enormously well on both sides of the Atlantic , he was knighted , and he became very rich ... Yet now he has vanished completely , his books not even to be found on the back shelves of most second hand shops , dismissed as " " . - Walpole 's works have not been completely neglected in recent years . The Herries stories have seldom been out of print , and in 2014 listed a dozen recent of Walpole 's works , including The Wooden Horse , The Dark Forest , The Secret City , Jeremy , and The Cathedral . In 2011 the BBC broadcast a of Walpole , The Walpole Chronicle , presented by Eric Robson . In 2013 a new stage version of Rogue Herries was presented by the Theatre by the Lake company in Walpole 's adopted home of Keswick . The BBC speculated that this could mark a revival in interest in his works . - - = = = Biographies = = = - - Two full @-@ length studies of Walpole were published after his death . The first , in 1952 , was written by Rupert Hart @-@ Davis , who had known Walpole personally . It was regarded at the time as " among the half dozen best biographies of the century " and has been reissued several times since its first publication . Writing when homosexuality was still outlawed in England , Hart @-@ Davis avoided direct mention of his subject 's sexuality , so Walpole 's discretion and the wishes of his brother and sister . He left readers to read between the lines if they wished , in , for example , references to Turkish " providing informal opportunities of meeting interesting strangers " . Hart @-@ Davis dedicated the book to " Dorothy , Robin and Harold " , Walpole 's sister , brother , and long @-@ term companion . - In 1972 Elizabeth Steele 's study of Walpole was published . Much shorter than Hart @-@ Davis 's biography , at 178 pages to his , it dealt mainly with the novels , and aimed " to show the sources of Hugh Walpole 's success as a writer during the thirty @-@ five years and fifty books of his busy career " . Steele concentrated on half a dozen of Walpole 's best books , each illustrating aspects of his writing , under the " " , " Artist " , " Witness " , " Evangelist " , " Critic " and " " . Steele also wrote a study of Walpole 's North American lecture tours ( 2006 ) and the article on Walpole in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) , which treats his private life briefly but . - - - = Domnall mac Murchada = - - Domnall mac Murchada ( died 1075 ) , also known as Domnall mac Murchada meic Diarmata , was a leading late eleventh @-@ century claimant to the Kingdom of Leinster , and a King of Dublin . As a son of Murchad mac Diarmata , King of Dublin and the Isles , Domnall was a grandson of Diarmait mac na mBó , King of Leinster , and thus a member of the Uí Chennselaig . Domnall was also the first of the Murchada , a branch of the Uí Chennselaig named after his father . - In , the year before his grandfather 's death , Domnall and an Uí Chennselaig kinsman , Donnchad mac , battled for control of Leinster . Although Domnall is accorded the title King of Leinster in one mediaeval king @-@ list , Donnchad was evidently a more powerful claimant , and Domnall appears to have held the Leinster kingship in name only . - Domnall 's rise to power in the Kingdom of Dublin took place in 1075 , after the expulsion of the reigning Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill , King of Dublin by the latter 's overlord , Toirdelbach Ua Briain , King of Munster . The circumstances surrounding Domnall 's accession are uncertain . He may have collaborated with Gofraid to the kingdom from the grip of the Uí Briain , or he may have been installed in the kingship by Toirdelbach himself , and ruled under the latter 's . Whatever the case , Domnall died within the year , and Toirdelbach placed his own son , , upon the throne . - - = = Background = = - - Domnall was a son of Murchad mac Diarmata , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1070 ) , who was himself a son of Diarmait mac na mBó , King of Leinster ( died 1072 ) . Domnall was , therefore , a member of the Uí Chennselaig ; as well as the first of the Murchada , a branch of the Uí Chennselaig named after his father . Domnall had two brothers : Donnchad ( died 1115 ) , a later King of Leinster , and . - In 1052 , Domnall 's aforesaid grandfather conquered the Kingdom of Dublin from Echmarcach mac Ragnaill , King of Dublin and the Isles ( died 1064 / 1065 ) , and soon after appointed Murchad as King of Dublin . About a decade later , Murchad appears to have driven Echmarcach from Mann , after which he gained the kingship of the Isles . Diarmait 's deep @-@ rooted authority in Norse @-@ Gaelic Dublin lasted for two decades , and was a remarkable achievement that no other Irish king had ever accomplished . Unfortunately for the Uí Chennselaig , two of Diarmait 's sons — Murchad and — unexpectedly their father in 1070 , and Diarmait himself fell in battle two years later . - - = = of Leinster = = - - Even before Diarmait 's demise , the Uí Chennselaig began to fight amongst themselves in a struggle that was almost certainly an after @-@ effect of Diarmait 's sons ' untimely deaths . Specifically , the Annals of the Four Masters , and the Annals of Inisfallen reveal that Domnall battled against the forces of his own first cousin once removed , Donnchad mac ( died ) , before Diarmait 's ally , Toirdelbach Ua Briain , King of Munster ( died 1086 ) , was able to intervene and restore order in the Kingdom of Leinster . - Up until about the time of his death , Diarmait had been the most powerful king in southern Ireland . In consequence of the void left by his demise , Diarmait 's ally Toirdelbach seized the initiative , and moved to enforce his own claim to the high @-@ kingship of Ireland . He immediately imposed his on Leinster — a task almost certainly expedited by the aforesaid infighting amongst the Uí Chennselaig — and took control of Dublin . Whilst the imposition of authority upon rival provincial kingdoms was a fundamental part in gaining the high @-@ kingship , Toirdelbach 's decision to march @-@ on Dublin reveals that the acquisition of this coastal kingdom had also become an essential part of the process . - Toirdelbach 's subsequent capture of Donnchad in Dublin suggests that the latter was not only the leading Uí Chennselaig , but was also in the process of using the town as the capital of Leinster . Although the list of Leinster kings in the Book of Leinster declares that Domnall had succeeded his grandfather as King of Leinster , it is apparent that Donnchad was indeed the more powerful claimant . In fact , the king @-@ list of Uí Chennselaig in the same source makes no notice of Domnall , and states that it was Donnchad who succeeded Diarmait as King of Uí Chennselaig . Domnall , therefore , may not have reigned in Leinster , and could well have been King of Leinster in name only . - If the Annals of Inisfallen is to be believed , Toirdelbach acquired possession of Dublin when the Dubliners themselves offered him its kingship . Although this record may be mere Uí Briain propaganda , it could instead reveal that the Dubliners preferred a distant overlord from Munster rather than one from neighbouring Leinster . Within the year , the kingship was held by Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill ( died 1075 ) . The latter appears to have been a kinsman of Echmarcach , and may well have been handed the kinship by Toirdelbach , perhaps on account of the considerable distance between the kingdoms . - - = = of Dublin = = - - In 1075 , Toirdelbach drove Gofraid from the kingship and Ireland itself . There is uncertainty concerning the circumstances of Gofraid 's expulsion , and of Domnall 's accession . On one hand , it is possible that Gofraid was involved in lending assistance to Anglo @-@ Danish resistance against the Norman regime in the recently conquered Kingdom of England . If correct , Gofraid would appear to have been at odds with Toirdelbach , a monarch who appears to have cultivated close links with the Norman regime . Domnall , therefore , may have had Toirdelbach 's consent to rule in Dublin as Gofraid 's replacement . In fact , Toirdelbach 's placement of Domnall in Dublin , and his allowance of the latter 's aforesaid cousin in Leinster , may have been a way in which the Uí Briain exploited the fractured Uí Chennselaig . Certainly , Domnall 's cooperation would have been a valuable asset to Toirdelbach , considering the prominence of his father amongst the Dubliners , and the likelihood that Domnall himself may have lived most of his life there . On the other hand , it is possible that Gofraid was driven from the kingship because he had aligned himself with the against the Uí Briain . If such a sequence of events is correct it could mean that , even though Gofraid was unable continue on with the revolt , it was his Uí Chennselaig who succeeded in securing Dublin from the Uí Briain . - Whatever the circumstances of Domnall 's accession , the Uí Chennselaig regime in Dublin was short @-@ lived . The Annals of Inisfallen , the Annals of the Four Masters , and the Annals of Ulster , all reveal that , within the year , Domnall died after a brief illness , with the latter two sources that he succumbed after three nights of sickness . The Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of Ulster accord him the title King of Dublin , and make no mention of any connection with the Leinster kingship . Upon Domnall 's demise , Toirdelbach had his own son , ( died 1119 ) , appointed King of Dublin . In so doing , Toirdelbach reinforced his authority in Dublin , and followed a precedent started by Domnall 's grandfather , in which a claimant to the high @-@ kingship of Ireland installed his own heir to the kingship of Dublin . - - = = Ancestry = = - - - - = Irresistible ( The X @-@ Files ) = - - " Irresistible " is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on January 13 , 1995 . The episode was written by series creator Chris Carter , directed by David Nutter , and featured the first of two guest appearances by Nick Chinlund as the death fetishist killer Donnie Pfaster . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 8 million people upon its first broadcast , and received positive reviews , with much praise to Chinlund 's performance as the antagonist . - The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In the episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a death fetishist who begins kidnapping and killing women to satisfy his obsession . Scully , still recovering from her earlier abduction , is soon overcome with stress disorder . - " Irresistible " is one of the few in the series that has no paranormal elements to it . Initially , the script called for Donnie Pfaster to be a necrophiliac , but the idea was soon rejected by the Fox Broadcasting Company for being " unacceptable for broadcast standards " . Pfaster was eventually brought back in the season seven episode " " . - - = = Plot = = - - In Minneapolis , a funeral is held for a young girl ( Megan ) . The ceremony is observed by Donnie Pfaster , the eerie assistant director for the funeral home . Later that night , as the girl 's body is being stored for burial the following day , Pfaster 's boss finds him cutting off the corpse 's hair . Pfaster is promptly fired . - Some time later , Fox Mulder and Dana Scully are summoned to Minneapolis by Moe Bocks , an FBI field agent who is investigating the and of a body in a local cemetery . Mulder Bocks ' theory that this act is a variation of extraterrestrial cattle mutilation , and suggests they search for a human . Scully is disturbed at the sight of the corpse . Two more bodies are found exhumed , with their hair cut and removed . Mulder develops a psychological profile of the criminal , believing him to be an escalating " death fetishist " who may resort to murder to satisfy his desires . Scully keeps her discomfort with the case to herself , and writes up a field report on necrophilia . - Pfaster , who was behind the , proves Mulder 's prediction correct when he brings a prostitute to his apartment . When the prostitute discovers a collection of funerary in Pfaster 's bedroom , he kills her and removes her fingers . Later , Pfaster — having been hired as a frozen food delivery man through charming the female interviewer — delivers to a low @-@ security house of a woman with teenage daughters . He requests the bathroom to wash his hands , and whilst there steals some discarded hair from a brush he found in the . Pfaster attends a night class at a community college , where a female classmate defends herself after he makes threatening advances . He is arrested and is placed in a jail cell across from a suspect being interrogated for Pfaster 's crimes by Mulder , Scully , and Bocks . Pfaster shows interest in Scully , and learns her name from the interrogated suspect . Pfaster is later released as his charges were dropped . - Scully is deeply troubled by Pfaster 's crimes , and has unsettling dreams and hallucinations about the case . In Washington , she has a counseling session with a social worker , during which she shares her anxiety about the investigation . After the session , Scully learns that someone from Minnesota had called for her . When she contacts Mulder , she learns that neither he nor Bocks made the call . a to Pfaster from his arrest , Bocks and Mulder raid his apartment , finding one of the prostitute 's fingers in his . Meanwhile , after Scully arrives in Minneapolis , Pfaster forces her car off the road . He kidnaps Scully and takes her to his late mother 's abandoned house . He ties and gags Scully , and keeps her in a dark . - Mulder and Bocks discover that Pfaster 's mother had owned a car which matches paint found on Scully 's abandoned car , tracking down her former residence . Meanwhile , Scully escapes from Pfaster as he prepares a cold bath for her , resulting in a pursuit through the house . Scully and Pfaster have a struggle that sends them falling down a staircase onto the , where a task force led by Mulder and Bocks breaks in moments later and apprehends Pfaster . Scully initially insists that she is okay , but then breaks down and cries in Mulder 's arms . In a voice @-@ over narration , Mulder traces Pfaster 's pathology to his childhood , when he was raised in a family of four older sisters . Mulder also reflects on Pfaster 's nature and the nature of evil in general . - - = = Production = = - - The episode 's initial script where Pfaster was a necrophiliac was rejected by the Fox Broadcasting Company for being " unacceptable for broadcast standards " . As series creator Chris Carter described it , " When I handed the script in , it was really for a necrophiliac episode , and that just didn 't fly . You cannot do the combination of sex and death on network television . " Carter was forced to tone down the script by changing Pfaster from a necrophiliac to a death fetishist and diminishing Pfaster 's sexual obsession . He considered that the sexual content was " implied and understood by audiences " , and that Pfaster still resulted in a creepy character , particularly his " creepy arrogance " in using on the hair of his victims . The episode 's original title was " " . - The episode is one of the few in the series that has no paranormal elements to it . Carter said of the episode 's conception , " My first chance to work with David Nutter in a long time , and I wanted to give him something he could sink his teeth into . It 's a little bit different for us . It doesn 't really have a paranormal aspect , except for Scully 's perceptions of her deepest fears . I felt that I had to figure out what she is most afraid of , and she is most afraid of those things that most of us are afraid of . The idea of dying at the hands of someone — creature or not — and she is helpless to do anything about it . I thought it was a very good way to explore Scully 's character . " The scene where Dana Scully imagines Pfaster appearing as a devil was influenced by real @-@ life accounts , as described by Carter : " There are reports of people who had been under the spell of Jeffrey , who actually claimed that he shape @-@ shifted during those hours when they were held hostage ; that his image actually changed . " Nutter said " In many ways , Chris wanted to sell the idea that , as established in Mulder 's closing dialogue in the show , not all terror comes from the paranormal . It could come from the person next door . " - Carter said of the casting of Nick Chinlund as Pfaster , " I thought it was a wonderfully creepy villain . The casting of that show was very difficult . We saw many actors , but there was a quality I was looking for and I couldn 't put a name on that quality . I finally figured out what it was when Nick came in and he had a kind of quality that worked . I thought he looked like Joe College , but he could scare the hell out of you . " Producer Glen Morgan said Chinlund 's performance was outstanding . Nutter stated " Nick Chinlund was wonderful to work with . The guy was like in my hands . He was great . If you 're looking for someone to underline the and of the character , he did that . " - Nutter said of the episode " I really worked hard to make it a special show , because I thought it was special . It was Gillian 's post @-@ traumatic stress episode , because she had not really had the opportunity to vent her feelings about the whole Barry situation . This was an opportunity to sit back and let all that happen . " Carter particularly liked the scene where a clearly disturbed Scully hugs Mulder , claiming it was a " tender moment " between two characters that had not shown that much affection for each other . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " Irresistible " premiered on the Fox network on January 13 , 1995 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 2 , with a 15 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8 @.@ 8 million households . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - " Irresistible " received largely positive reviews from critics . Entertainment Weekly rated " Irresistible " a B + , saying it was based on " an unsettling concept to begin with " that was reinforced by " Chinlund 's skin @-@ one @-@ man show " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club rated the episode A , praising the acting , particularly of Chinlund as Pfaster , and describing it as " legitimately scary , a sign of a show that was pushing itself in new and interesting directions " . The only criticism was for the scenes where Scully Pfaster as " pretty silly , almost feeling like an attempt to make sure something vaguely paranormal is in the episode so the fans don 't get bored with what is ultimately a very good episode " . Jessica Morgan of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B + grade . Writing for Den of Geek , Nina ranked " Irresistible " the sixth best X @-@ Files episode , saying that " excluding and his , Pfaster has got to be the most disturbing villain that our favorite agents have encountered " . Den of Geek writer named it the " finest " stand @-@ alone episode of the second season , describing it as " a genuinely creepy 45 @-@ minute horror movie " . Connie of listed Pfaster among the best monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week characters of the series , and IGN 's Christine ranked Chinlund the seventh best guest star in the history of the show , considering that " what makes him all the more frightening is how downright passive and polite he is up until the moment he 's going to kill ; the perfect camouflage for a modern @-@ day monster . " TV Guide listed Pfaster among the X @-@ Files monsters describing him as " evil " . - Chris Carter said " Irresistible " was effective for " being really scary " , and that not only it was one of his favorites but inspired him to create the television series Millennium later . - - - = Thunderbirds ( TV series ) = - - Thunderbirds is a British science @-@ fiction television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson , filmed by their production company AP Films ( APF ) and distributed by ITC Entertainment . It was produced between 1964 and 1966 using a form of electronic ( dubbed " Supermarionation " ) combined with scale model special effects sequences . Two series were filmed , comprising a total of 32 episodes . Production ceased after Lew Grade , the Andersons ' financial , failed in his efforts to sell the programme to American network television . - Set in the mid @-@ , Thunderbirds is a follow @-@ up to the earlier Supermarionation productions Four Feather Falls , Supercar , and Stingray . It follows the exploits of International Rescue ( IR ) , a life @-@ saving organisation equipped with technologically @-@ advanced land , sea , air and space rescue craft ; these are headed by a fleet of five vehicles named the Thunderbirds and launched from IR 's secret base in the Pacific Ocean . The main characters are ex @-@ astronaut Jeff Tracy , the founder of IR , and his five adult sons , who pilot the Thunderbird machines . - Thunderbirds began its first run in the United Kingdom on the ITV network in 1965 and has since been broadcast in at least 66 other countries . repeated , it was adapted for radio in the early 1990s and has influenced many TV programmes and other media . As well as inspiring various merchandising campaigns , the series has been followed by two feature @-@ length film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation and a stage show tribute . The second of two TV remakes , the computer @-@ animated Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered in 2015 . - Widely considered to be the Andersons ' most popular and commercially successful series , Thunderbirds has received particular praise for its effects ( directed by Derek Meddings ) and musical score ( composed by Barry Gray ) . It is also well remembered for its title sequence , which opens with an often @-@ quoted countdown by actor Peter Dyneley ( who voiced the character of Jeff ) : " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " A real @-@ life rescue service , the International Rescue Corps , is named after the organisation featured in the series . - - = = = = - - Set between and , Thunderbirds follows the exploits of the Tracy family , headed by American ex @-@ astronaut turned multi @-@ millionaire philanthropist Jeff Tracy . He is a widower with five adult sons : Scott , John , Virgil , Gordon and Alan . The Tracys form International Rescue ( IR ) , a secret organisation dedicated to saving human life . They are aided in this mission by technologically advanced land , sea , air and space vehicles , which are called into service when conventional rescue techniques prove ineffective . The most important of these are five machines named the " Thunderbirds " , each assigned to one of the five Tracy brothers : - Thunderbird 1 : a rocket plane used for fast response and accident zone reconnaissance . Piloted by primary rescue co @-@ Scott Tracy . - Thunderbird 2 : a carrier aircraft that transports rescue vehicles and equipment to accident zones in capsules known as " " . Piloted by Virgil . - Thunderbird 3 : a single @-@ stage @-@ to @-@ orbit spacecraft . Piloted alternately by Alan and John , with Scott as co @-@ pilot . - Thunderbird 4 : a utility . Piloted by Gordon and normally launched from Thunderbird 2 . - Thunderbird 5 : a space station that relays distress calls from around the world . alternately by " Space " John and Alan . - With the engineer Brains and Jeff 's elderly mother , as well as the Malaysian Kyrano and his daughter Tin @-@ Tin , the family reside in a luxurious villa on Tracy Island , their hidden base in the South Pacific Ocean . In this location , IR is safe from criminals and who envy the organisation 's technology and seek to acquire the secrets of its machines . - Despite its humanitarian principles , some of IR 's operations are necessitated not by but deliberate sabotage motivated by for power and wealth . For missions that require criminal investigation , the organisation incorporates a network of undercover agents headed by English Lady Penelope Creighton @-@ Ward and her butler Parker . Based at Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion in Kent , Penelope and Parker 's primary mode of transport is FAB 1 , a specially @-@ modified Rolls @-@ Royce . The most persistent of IR 's adversaries is the criminal known only as the " Hood " . Operating from a temple in the Malaysian jungle , and possessing abilities of hypnosis and dark magic , he a powerful control over Kyrano , his estranged half @-@ brother , and manipulates the Tracys into missions that unfold according to his designs . This allows him to spy on the Thunderbird machines and , by selling their secrets , make himself rich . - - = = Production = = - - Thunderbirds was the fourth Supermarionation puppet TV series to be produced by APF , which was founded by the husband @-@ and @-@ wife duo of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson with their business partners Reg Hill and John Read . in late 1963 , the series was commissioned by Lew Grade of ITC , APF 's parent company , on the back of the positive audience response to Stingray . - Gerry Anderson drew inspiration for the series ' underlying concept from the West German mining disaster known as the von Lengede ( " Miracle of Lengede " ) . In October 1963 , the collapse of a nearby dam flooded an iron mine in the municipality of Lengede , killing 29 miners and trapping 21 others underground . Lacking the means to drill an escape shaft , the authorities were forced to a heavy @-@ duty bore from ; the considerable time necessary to ship this device by rail had significantly reduced the chances of a successful rescue . the advantages of crisis response , Anderson conceived the idea of an " international rescue " organisation that could use aircraft to transport specialised rescue equipment quickly over long distances . - to distinguish his 26 @-@ episode proposal from APF 's earlier productions , Anderson attempted to pitch stories at a level that would appeal to both adults and children . Whereas previous series had been shown during the late afternoon , Anderson wanted Thunderbirds to be broadcast in a family @-@ friendly slot . Sylvia remembers that " our market had grown and a ' ' show ... was the next step . " The Andersons retired to their holiday villa in Portugal to expand the premise , script the pilot episode and compose a ' guide . According to Sylvia , the writing process depended on a " division of labour " , whereby Gerry created the action sequences while she managed characterisation . The decision to make a father and his sons the main characters was influenced by the premise of , as well as Sylvia 's belief that the use of more than one heroic character would the series ' appeal . The Tracy brothers were named after Mercury Seven astronauts : Scott Carpenter , John Glenn , Virgil " Gus " , Gordon Cooper and Alan Shepard . - The series ' title was derived from a letter written by Gerry 's brother , Lionel , while he had been serving overseas as an RAF flight sergeant during World War II . While stationed in Arizona , Lionel had made reference to Thunderbird Field , a nearby United States Army Air Forces base . Drawn to the " " of " Thunderbirds " , Anderson dropped his working title of " International Rescue " and renamed both the series and IR 's rescue vehicles , which had previously been designated 1 to 5 . His inspiration for the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 originated from contemporary United States Air Force launch procedure : Anderson had learnt how the Strategic Air Command would keep its pilots on permanent standby , seated in the of their aircraft and ready for take @-@ off at a moment 's notice . - In the DVD documentary The Thunderbirds Companion , Anderson explained how a rise in filming costs had made overseas distribution revenue even more important and essentially caused Thunderbirds to be made " as an American show " . During the character development and voice casting process , the Andersons ' main priority was to ensure that the series had transatlantic appeal , thus increasing the chances of winning an American network deal and the higher audience figures that this market had to offer . were in American English and printed on US @-@ style @-@ size paper . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Thunderbirds was filmed at APF 's studios on the Trading Estate between 1964 and 1966 . In preparation , the number of full @-@ time crew was expanded to 100 . began in September 1964 after five months of pre @-@ production . Due to the new series ' technical complexity , this was a period longer than for any of APF 's earlier productions . To speed up the filming , episodes were shot in pairs , at a rate of one per month , on separate soundstages and by separate crews ( designated " A " and " B " ) . By 1964 , APF was the UK 's largest commercial user of colour film , consuming more than three million feet ( 570 miles or 910 kilometres ) of stock per year . - Alan Pattillo , a veteran and director for APF , was appointed the company 's first official script editor in late 1964 . This move was aimed to reduce the burden on Gerry Anderson who , while reserving his producer 's right to overall creative control , had grown weary of revising scripts himself . Direction of episodes was assigned in pairs : Pattillo and David Elliott alternated with the less experienced Desmond Saunders and newcomer David Lane for each month 's filming . Due to the difficulties of setting up takes , progress was slow : even on a productive day , it was rare for the crew to complete more than two minutes of puppet footage In a contemporary interview , Hill noted that Thunderbirds contained several times as many shots as a typical live @-@ action series . He explained that rapid editing was necessary on account of the characters ' lack of facial expression , which made it difficult to sustain the viewer 's interest for more than a few seconds per shot . - After viewing the completed 25 @-@ minute pilot , " in the Sky " , Lew Grade was so impressed by APF 's work that he instructed Anderson to double the episode length and increased the series ' budget per episode from £ 25 @,@ 000 to £ 38 @,@ 000 . As a result , Thunderbirds became not only the company 's longest and highest @-@ budgeted production , but also among the most expensive TV series to have been made up to that point . The crew , who had been filming at a rate of two 25 @-@ minute episodes per fortnight , faced significant challenges during the transition to the new format : eight episodes had already been completed , scripts for up to ten more had been written , and substantial would be necessary to satisfy the longer running time . Anderson lamented : " Our time @-@ scale was far too drawn out . ITC 's New York office insisted that they should have one show a fortnight ... Everything had to move at twice the speed . " APF spent over seven months extending the existing episodes . - Tony , who had impressed Pattillo and the Andersons with an script that he had written for Danger Man , was recruited to assist in the writing of subplots and material . He found that the longer format created opportunities to strengthen the characterisation . Science @-@ fiction writer John Peel suggests that " small character touches " make the puppet cast of Thunderbirds " much more rounded " than those of earlier APF series . He compares the writing favourably to that of live @-@ action drama . The new footage proved useful during the development of the first series finale , " Security " : since the previous two episodes had their budgets , Pattillo devised a flashback @-@ dominated clip show containing only 17 minutes of new material to reduce costs . - Filming of Series One was completed in December 1965 . A second series was also commissioned late that year and entered production in March 1966 . became a full @-@ time member of the writing staff and took over the role of script editor from the outgoing Pattillo . The main puppet cast and vehicles were rebuilt ; in addition , the art department expanded some of the standing sets , including the Tracy Villa lounge and the Thunderbird 5 control room . To accommodate the simultaneous filming of the TV series and Thunderbirds Are Go , APF purchased two more buildings on the Trading Estate and converted them into new stages . As crew and studio space were divided between the two productions , filming of the TV series progressed at half the previous speed , as APF 's B crew produced one episode per month . Filming on Thunderbirds Are Go was completed by June , allowing A crew to resume work on the series to shoot what would prove to be its penultimate episode , " " . - Production of Thunderbirds ended in August 1966 with the completion of the sixth episode of Series Two . In February that year , it had been reported that Grade had been unable to sell the series in the United States due to disagreements over . In July , he cancelled Thunderbirds after failing in his second attempt to secure an American buyer . The three major US networks of the time – NBC , CBS and ABC – had all bid for the series , with Grade repeatedly increasing the price . When NBC withdrew its offer , the other two immediately followed . - By the time of its cancellation , Thunderbirds had become widely popular in the UK and was being distributed extensively overseas . Grade , however , believed that without the financial boost of an American network sale , a full second series would fail to recover its production costs . He therefore asked Anderson to a new concept that he hoped would stand a greater chance of winning over the profitable US market . This became Captain Scarlet and the . - - = = = Casting and characters = = = - - Voice @-@ recording sessions were supervised by Pattillo and the Andersons , with Sylvia Anderson in charge of casting . was recorded once per month at a rate of two scripts per session . Supporting parts were not pre @-@ assigned , but negotiated by the cast among themselves . Two recordings would be made at each session : one to be converted into electronic pulses for the puppet filming , the other to be added to the soundtrack during post @-@ production . The tapes were edited at Gate Recording Theatre in Birmingham . - In the interest of transatlantic appeal , it was decided that the main characters would be mostly American and therefore actors capable of producing an appropriate accent were used . British , Canadian and Australian actors formed most of the voice cast ; the only American involved was stage actor David Holliday , who was noticed in London 's West End and given the part of Virgil Tracy . Following the completion of the first series , Holliday returned to the US . The character was voiced by English @-@ Canadian actor Jeremy for Series Two . - British actor David Graham was among the first to be cast . He had previously voiced characters in Four Feather Falls , Supercar , and Stingray . Beyond the APF productions , he had supplied one of the original voices on Doctor Who . Cast alongside Graham was Australian actor Ray Barrett . Like Graham , he had worked for the Andersons before , having voiced Titan and Commander Shore in Stingray . A veteran of radio drama , Barrett was skilled at performing a range of voices and accents in quick succession . of the week would typically be voiced by either Barrett or Graham . Aware of the sensitive political climate of the Cold War and not wishing to " the idea that Russia was the enemy with a whole generation of children watching " , Gerry Anderson decided the Hood ( voiced by Barrett ) should be Oriental and placed his temple hideout in Malaysia to defy the viewer 's expectations . - Although Lady Penelope and Parker ( the latter voiced by Graham ) were among the first characters developed , neither was conceived as a major role . Parker 's Cockney manner was based on a at a pub in that was sometimes visited by the crew . On Gerry Anderson 's recommendation , Graham there regularly to study the accent . Anderson 's first choice for the role of Penelope had been Fielding , but Sylvia insisted she take the part herself . Her Penelope voice was intended to emulate Fielding and Joan Greenwood . On Penelope and Parker 's secondary role as comic relief , Gerry explained , " We British can laugh at ourselves , so therefore we had Penelope and Parker as this comedy team . And in America they love the British aristocracy too . ' " - As well as Jeff Tracy , English @-@ Canadian actor Peter Dyneley voiced the recurring character of Commander Norman , chief of air traffic control at London International Airport . His supporting character voices were typically those of upper @-@ class Englishmen . Shane Rimmer , the voice of Scott , was cast on the strength of his performance on the BBC soap opera Compact . Meanwhile , fellow Canadian Matt Zimmerman was selected at a late stage in the process . The expatriate West End actor was given the role of Alan on the recommendation of his friend , Holliday : " They were having great difficulty casting the part of Alan as they wanted a certain sound for him , being the youngest brother . David , who [ was ] a bit older than I am , told them that he had this friend , me , who would be great . " - Christine Finn , known for her role in the TV serial and the Pit , provided the voices of Tin @-@ Tin Kyrano and Tracy . With Sylvia Anderson , she was also responsible for voicing most of the female and child supporting characters . Other minor parts were voiced by Charles , Paul Maxwell and John Tate ( the father of Nick Tate ) , who were not credited for their contributions . - - = = = Design and effects = = = - - The puppet stages used for the filming of Thunderbirds were only one @-@ fifth the size of those used for a standard live @-@ action production , typically measuring 12 by 14 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 45 @.@ 9 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in length , width and height . Bob Bell , assisted by Keith Wilson and Grenville , headed the art department for Series One . During the simultaneous filming of Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go in 1966 , Bell attended mainly to the film , set design for the TV series to Wilson . - Since it was necessary for the art department 's interior sets to conform to the effects department 's exterior plans , each team closely monitored the other 's work . According to Sylvia Anderson , Bell 's challenge was to produce complex interiors on a limited budget while resisting the effects department 's push for " more extravagant " design . This task was complicated by the unnatural proportions of the puppets : Bell struggled to decide whether the sets should be built to a scale proportionate to their bodies or their oversized heads and hands . He used the example of FAB 1 to illustrate the problem : " As soon as we positioned [ the puppets ] standing alongside [ the model ] , they looked ridiculous , as the car over them . " He ultimately adopted a " mix @-@ and @-@ match " approach , in which smaller items , such as , were scaled to their hands and furniture to their bodies . - While designing the Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion sets , Bell and his staff strove for authenticity , ordering miniature Tudor paintings , 1 ⁄ 3 @-@ scale and Regency @-@ style furniture and in the shape of a polar bear skin . This realism was enhanced by adding scrap items acquired from household waste and electronics shops . For example , a vacuum cleaner pipe serves as Virgil Tracy 's launch . - - = = = = = = = = - - The head puppet sculptor was Christine Glanville , who also served as the lead puppeteer . Glanville 's four @-@ person team built the 13 members of the main cast in six months at a cost of between £ 250 and £ 300 per puppet ( approximately £ 4 @,@ and £ 5 @,@ 483 today ) . Since pairs of episodes were being filmed simultaneously on separate stages , the characters needed to be sculpted in duplicate . expressions were diversified by means of heads : as well as a head with a neutral expression , each main character was given a " " , a " " and a " " . The finished puppets were approximately 22 inches ( 56 cm ) tall , or 1 ⁄ 3 adult human height . - The puppets were made up of more than 30 individual components , the most important of which was the solenoid that lip movements with the characters ' pre @-@ recorded dialogue . This device was positioned inside the head unit ; consequently , torsos and limbs appeared relatively small . The puppets ' likenesses and mechanics are remembered favourably by puppeteer Wanda Brown , who preferred the Thunderbirds over the accurately @-@ ones that first appeared in Captain Scarlet : " The puppets were easier to operate and more enjoyable because they had more character to them ... Even some of the more normal @-@ looking faces , such as Scott and Jeff , for me had more character than the puppets in the series that came afterwards . " Rimmer speaks positively of the puppets ' still being " very much caricatures " , since it made them " more and appealing ... There was a naive quality about them and nothing too complex . " - The appearances of the main characters were inspired by those of actors and other , who were typically selected from the show business Spotlight . According to Glanville , as part of a trend away from the strong caricature of previous series , APF was seeking " more natural faces " for the puppets . The face of Jeff Tracy was based on that of Lorne Greene , Scott on Sean Connery , Alan on Robert Reed , John on Adam Faith and Charlton Heston , Brains on Anthony Perkins and Parker on Ben . Sylvia Anderson brought the character of Penelope to life in likeness as well as voice : after her test moulds were rejected , sculptor Mary Turner decided to use Anderson herself as a template . Terry Curtis was also an original sculpture of Supermarionation puppets . - Main character heads were initially sculpted in either or clay . Once the general aspect had been finalised , this served as the template for a rubber mould . This was coated with ( fibreglass mixed with resin ) and enhanced with , a @-@ like substance , to . The shell was then fitted with a solenoid , leather mouth parts and plastic eyes , as well as teeth – a first for a Supermarionation production . known as " " , which had plastic heads , portrayed the supporting characters . These started their working lives with only a mouth and eyes ; their faces were from one episode to the next . Particularly striking revamp moulds were retained and , as their numbers increased , photographed to compile an internal casting . - were made of or , in the case of the Penelope puppet , human hair . Puppet bodies were built in three sizes : " large male " ( specifically for the Tracys and the Hood ) , " small male " and " small female " . Sylvia Anderson , the head costume designer , devised the main characters ' attire . To give the puppets increased mobility , the costume department generally avoided stiff synthetic materials , instead working with cotton , silk and wool . Between 1964 and 1966 , the department 's stock numbered more than 700 costumes . - Each puppet 's head was fitted with about 10 thin tungsten steel wires . During the filming , dialogue was played into the studio using modified tape recorders that converted the feed into electronic pulses . Two of the wires relayed these pulses to the internal solenoid , completing the Supermarionation process . The wires , which were black to reduce their visibility , were made even less noticeable through the application of powder paint that matched the background colours of the set . Glanville explained the time @-@ consuming nature of this process : " [ The puppeteers ] used to spend over half an hour on each shot getting rid of these wires , looking through the camera , a bit more [ paint ] here , anti @-@ flare there ; and , I mean , it 's very depressing when somebody will say to us , ' Of course the wires showed . ' " on an overhead gantry with a hand @-@ held cruciform , the puppeteers co @-@ ordinated movements with the help of a @-@ powered CCTV feedback system . As filming progressed , the crew started to with wires and instead manipulate the puppets from the studio floor using rods . - Due to their low weight and the fact that they had only one control wire per leg , the puppets were unable to walk convincingly . Therefore , scenes involving movement were filmed from the waist up , with a puppeteer holding the legs below the level of the camera and using a " " action to simulate motion . Alternatively , dynamic shots were eliminated altogether : in an interview with New , director of photography John Read spoke of the advantages of the lack of agility so that the puppets " appear , for example , to walk through doors ( although the control wires make this impossible ) or pick up a coffee cup ( although their fingers are not in fact ) . " Live @-@ action shots of human hands were inserted whenever scripts called for more actions to be performed . - - = = = = Special effects = = = = - - The effects for all the APF series from Supercar to UFO were directed by Derek Meddings , who later worked on the James Bond and Superman films . Knowing that Thunderbirds would be the " biggest project [ APF ] had worked on " , Meddings found himself struggling to manage his workload with the single filming unit that had produced all the effects for Stingray . He therefore established a second unit under Brian , and a third exclusively for filming airborne sequences . This expansion increased the number of APF crews and stages to five each . A typical episode contained around 100 effects shots ; Meddings ' team completed up to 18 per day . - An addition to the effects department was Mike , who served as Meddings ' assistant in designing vehicles and buildings . Meddings and jointly pioneered an " organic " design technique in which the exteriors of models and sets were with parts from model kits and children 's toys . Models and sets were also " down " with powder paint or pencil lead to create a used look . Toy cars and were used in long shot , while scale vehicles were equipped with basic steering and suspension for added realism . fans and , which are capable of issuing air jets or chemical exhaust , were attached to the to simulate dust trails . Another of Meddings ' inventions was a closed , cyclical effects stage nicknamed the " rolling road " : consisting of two or more loops of canvas running at different speeds , this device allowed shots of moving vehicles to be filmed on a static set to make more efficient use of the limited studio space . Airborne aircraft sequences were mounted against a " rolling sky " , with smoke fanned across to simulate passing clouds . - One of Meddings ' first tasks was to shoot stock footage of the Thunderbird machines and the series ' main locations , Tracy Island and Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion . The finished island model was a composite of more than a dozen smaller sets that could be detached from the whole and filmed separately . The architecture of the mansion was based on that of House , located on the Estate in Wiltshire . In the absence of head designer Reg Hill , who was serving as associate producer , Meddings was further tasked with designing the Thunderbird fleet and FAB 1 . Scale models for the six main vehicles were built by a contractor , Master Models of Middlesex . Models and puppet sets combined , more than 200 versions of the Thunderbird machines were created for the series . - During the designing and filming process , Meddings ' first priorities were realism and credibility . With the exception of Thunderbird 5 , each vehicle was built in three or four scales . Meddings ' swing @-@ wing concept for Thunderbird 1 was inspired by his wish to create something " more dynamic " than a fixed @-@ wing aircraft . He remained unsatisfied with the prototype of Thunderbird 2 until he inverted the wings , later commenting , " ... at the time , all aircraft had swept @-@ back wings . I only did it to be different . " This decision was made out of personal preference and was not informed by any expert knowledge on Meddings ' part . He described the Thunderbird 2 launch as " probably the most memorable " sequence that his team devised for an APF production . - The largest model of Thunderbird 3 , whose design was based on the Soviet Soyuz rocket , was six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall . Thunderbird 4 was particularly difficult to film : as the scale of the model did not correspond to the water inside the shooting tank , creative camera angles and rapid editing were used to produce a sense of realistic perspective . Thunderbird 5 , the most difficult vehicle for Meddings to , was based on the Tracy Island Round House . Since most of the space station 's appearances were provided by stock footage , the model was rarely filmed . Pod were designed on an episode @-@ by @-@ episode basis and built from wood , wood or fibreglass . To save time and costs , other minor vehicles were built in @-@ house from radio @-@ controlled model kits . - As the puppets of Lady Penelope and Parker needed to fit inside , the largest of all the models was the seven @-@ foot FAB 1 , which cost £ 2 @,@ 500 ( approximately £ 46 @,@ 000 today ) to build . The Rolls @-@ Royce 's name and colour were both chosen by Sylvia Anderson . Rolls @-@ Royce Ltd. supervised the construction of the model and supplied APF with an authentic grille for close @-@ up shots of the front of the car . In exchange for its cooperation , the company requested that a Spirit of be fixed to the chassis and that the characters avoid referring to the brand with abbreviations such as " Rolls " . - Scale explosions were created using substances such as fuller 's earth , petrol gel , magnesium strips and explosive . Originally filmed at up to 120 frames per second ( ) , they were slowed down to 24 during post @-@ production to increase their apparent magnitude and length . Gunpowder were to create rocket jets . The wires that electronically fired the rockets also allowed a member of the crew , holding a cruciform and positioned on an overhead gantry , to " fly " the model over the set . By far the most unwieldy model was Thunderbird 2 , which Meddings remembered as being " awful " to fly . A combination of unreliable rockets and weak frequently caused problems : should the former be slow to ignite , the current quickly caused the latter to and snap , potentially damaging the model and even setting fire to the set . Conditions above the studio floor were often dangerous due to the heat and smoke . Although many of the exhaust sound effects used in the series were drawn from an audio library , some were specially recorded during a Red Arrows display at RAF Little in Gloucestershire . - By 1966 , Meddings ' commitments were split between Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go . While Meddings worked on the film , camera operator Jimmy Elliott assumed the responsibility of directing the TV effects . By this stage , the basic frame of Thunderbird 2 had been damaged so many times that the model had needed to be rebuilt from scratch . Meddings was with the result , reflecting that the replacement was " not only the wrong colour , it was a completely different shape ... I never felt our model @-@ makers managed to recapture the look of the original . " - Critic David Garland suggests that the challenge facing the Thunderbirds effects department was to strike a balance between the " conventional science @-@ fiction of the ' futuristic ' " and the " seeping hyper @-@ realist concerns mandated by the Andersons ' approach to the puppets " . Thunderbirds has been praised for the quality of its effects . Jim and Paul , writers of Collins Guide , consider the model work " uniformly impressive " . To Paul Cornell , Martin Day and Keith Topping , writers of The Guinness Book of Classic British TV , the effects are " way beyond anything seen on TV previously " . Impressed by their work on Thunderbirds , film director Stanley Kubrick hired several members of Meddings ' staff to supervise the effects shooting for 2001 : A Space Odyssey . - - = = = = Title sequence = = = = - - The series ' title sequence , by Gerry Anderson , is made up of two parts . It opens with a countdown of " 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 : Thunderbirds Are Go ! " , provided by Dyneley in character as Jeff Tracy . In a departure from the style of Stingray , the Thunderbirds title sequence varies with each episode : the first part consists of an action montage that serves as a preview of the plot . Simon Archer and Marcus , biographers of Gerry Anderson , compare this device favourably to a film trailer . - The second part , accompanied by composer Barry Gray 's " The Thunderbirds March " , features portraits of the main puppet cast superimposed on various vehicles and settings . Peel describes this as " ostensibly a return to the ' series stars ' concept long known in TV " , while Garland considers such imagery of Anderson 's commitment to " incremental realism " through a convergence of human and puppet characteristics . Jonathan Bignell suggests that the use of portraits conveys Anderson 's to " visual revelation of machines and physical action " . - According to Daniel O 'Brien , writer of SF : UK : How British Science Fiction Changed the World , the Thunderbirds title sequence encapsulates the reasons for the series ' enduring popularity . Dyneley 's countdown is particularly well remembered and has been widely quoted . Dean Newman of the Syfy channel website ranks Thunderbirds eighth in a list of " Top 10 TV title sequences " , while Den of Geek 's Martin Anderson considers the sequence the best of any TV series . - - = = = Music = = = - - The score was composed by Gray , who served as musical director for all of the Anderson productions up to the first series of Space : 1999 . In response to Gerry Anderson 's request that the main theme have a " military feel " , Gray produced a brass @-@ dominated piece titled " The Thunderbirds March " , which was recorded in December 1964 at Olympic Studios in London . The end titles were originally to have been accompanied by " Flying High " , a lyrical track sung by Gary Miller with backing by Ken . Ultimately , a variation of the march was used instead . music was recorded over nine months between March and December 1965 . As most of the music budget was spent on the series ' earlier episodes , later instalments drew heavily on APF 's ever @-@ expanding music library . - Peel considers " The Thunderbirds March " to be " one of the best TV themes ever written – perfect for the show and catchy when heard alone " . Morag of BBC Online argues that the piece is " up there ... in the quintessential soundtrack of the " with the James Bond films and the songs of Frank Sinatra , Elvis and The Beatles . More generally , he praises the series ' " catchy , pulse @-@ tunes " , as well as Gray 's aptitude for " musical nuance " and the mixing of genres . Heather of Allmusic considers " Thunderbirds Are Go ! " – the track accompanying the launch sequences of Thunderbirds 1 , 2 and 3 – to be a reflection of the mod aspect of 1960s British spy fiction . She also highlights Gray 's homage to – and divergence from – musical norms , commenting that his score " sends up the spy and action / adventure conventions of the ' 60s very and subtly " . - David identifies homage in both the theme music and the series ' premise . that the theme 's opening string is similar in effect to a recurring motif in Ride of the , he also the Thunderbird machines to themselves : " Their function is more benevolent than those warrior , but they do over danger , death and destruction . " Kevin J. Donnelly of the University of Southampton acknowledges the series ' " big @-@ sounding orchestral score " , which he compares to that of a live @-@ action film . He also suggests that the music serves partly to draw attention away from the physical imperfections of the puppets . - To celebrate the shows anniversary , " Thunderbirds Are Go - 50 Years On " at Hall , Bristol was celebrated as the theme music is brought to life , led by Charles and his All Star . - - = = Broadcast = = - - Thunderbirds premiered on British television on 30 September 1965 on the ITV franchises ATV Midlands , and Channel . Other broadcasters , including ATV London and Granada , started transmissions the following month . The Christmas @-@ themed series finale , " Give or Take a Million " , was first broadcast on 25 December 1966 . Despite Grade 's decision to extend the running time , Midlands and Granada broadcast each episode in two parts . In these areas , both 25 @-@ minute instalments aired on the same day , separated by the Evening News . The conclusion opened with a narration by Shane Rimmer the first part 's action . - Granada transmitted Thunderbirds in its original , 50 @-@ minute format for the first time with the start of repeats in 1966 . In 1968 , the franchise briefly aired episodes in three parts due to timeslot restrictions . The availability of repeats during the 1960s and 1970s varied among regions . ATV Midlands screened the series regularly into the early 1970s ; by contrast , Thunderbirds was entirely absent from Yorkshire Television between 1968 and 1976 . The series was last transmitted on the ITV franchises in 1981 . - In 1990 , 8 of the 19 audio episodes released by APF Records were converted into radio dramas , which were transmitted on BBC Radio 5 . The success of the radio series encouraged the BBC to acquire the rights to the TV episodes , which it broadcast simultaneously in all regions from September 1991 on BBC 2 . - Since the end of the first network run , which achieved average viewing figures of more than six million , the BBC has repeated the series six times : between 1992 and 1993 ( Series One only ) , 1994 and 1995 ( nine episodes only ) , and 2000 and 2001 ( in remastered form ) , as well as in 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . Other channels that have shown repeats include UK Gold ( 1994 – 95 ) , Bravo ( 1996 – 97 ) , Network ( 2001 – 02 ) , Boomerang ( 2001 – 03 ) and Syfy ( 2009 ) . In Scotland , the BBC screened a Gaelic dub , Tar As ( " Thunderbirds Are Go " ) in the early 1990s . - Before its UK debut , Thunderbirds was distributed to 30 other countries including the US , Canada , Australia and Japan . Pre @-@ sales revenue totalled £ 350 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 6 million today ) . In the year following the series ' first appearance , the number of countries increased to 66 . In Japan , where it was first broadcast by , Thunderbirds attracted a sizeable fan following and influenced series such as , Mighty Jack , and Super Rescue . In the US , the two @-@ part format entered first @-@ run syndication , to modest success , in 1968 . Other overseas broadcasters have included and Family Room HD ( US ) , BBC Kids and ( Canada ) , Nine Network and ( Australia ) , ( New Zealand ) , Kids Central ( Singapore ) and Two ( Republic of Ireland ) . - - = = Reception = = - - Thunderbirds is generally considered the Andersons ' most popular series and their greatest critical and commercial success . In 1966 , the show received a Royal Television Society Silver Medal for Outstanding Artistic Achievement and Gerry Anderson received an honorary of the British , Sound and Television Society . In 2007 , Thunderbirds achieved 19th place in a Radio Times magazine reader poll to determine the best science @-@ fiction TV programme of all time . It is ranked fourth by the 2013 Channel 5 list show 50 Greatest Kids ' TV . - For Peel , Thunderbirds is " without a doubt the peak of the Supermarionation achievement " . Suggesting that the series is pitched at a " more adult " level than its predecessors , he adds that its sense of adventure , effective humour and " gripping and convincing " episodes ensured that " everyone in the audience found something to love about it . " Simon , a fan of Thunderbirds in childhood , commented positively on the series for The Daily Telegraph in 2011 : " All the elements we children discerned in whatever grown @-@ up television we had been allowed to watch were present in Thunderbirds : dramatic theme and incidental music ; well @-@ developed plots ; and ; Americans , at a time when the whole of Britain was in a cultural to them ; and , of course , glamorous locations ... Then , of course , there was the nail @-@ biting tension of the rescues themselves ... " Film critic Kim Newman describes the series as a " television perennial " . - In his to John Marriott 's book , Thunderbirds Are Go ! , Anderson put forward several explanations for the series ' enduring popularity : it " contains elements that appeal to most children – danger , jeopardy and destruction . But because International Rescue 's mission is to save life , there is no violence . " According to Anderson , Thunderbirds incorporates a " strong family atmosphere , where Dad supreme " . Both O 'Brien and script editor Alan Pattillo have praised the series ' positive " family values " . In addition , and others have written of its cross @-@ appeal . In 2000 , shortly before the series ' BBC revival , Brian remarked in Radio Times that Thunderbirds was on the point of " captivating yet another generation of viewers " . Stuart Hood , writing for The Spectator in 1965 , praised Thunderbirds as a " modern fairy tale " ; adding that it " can sometimes be frightening " , he recommended that children watch it accompanied by their parents . Writing for in 1994 , Andrew Thomas described Thunderbirds as only " nominally " a children 's programme : " Its themes are universal and speak as much to the adult in the child as the child in the adult . " - Jeff Evans , author of The Penguin TV Companion , argues that the series ' 50 @-@ minute format allows for stronger character development and " tension @-@ building " . O 'Brien is less positive in his appraisal of the writing , asserting that the plots are often " formulaic " and are sometimes " stretched to snapping point " by the extended running time . Cornell , Day and Topping are critical : they consider the writing at times " poor " and argue that Thunderbirds as a whole is " often as clichéd as previous Anderson series " . Peel , despite praising the storylines and characterisation , suggests that the " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " humour of Stingray is less evident . Where Thunderbirds improves on its predecessor , Peel believes , is in its rejection of fantasy plot devices , child and animal characters , comical and stereotyped villains and what he terms the " standard Anderson " : female characters , marginalised in earlier series , are more commonly seen to play active and sometimes heroic roles . - the attention to detail of the series ' launch sequences , Jonathan Bignell argues that part of the motivation for dedicating large amounts of screen time to the Thunderbird craft is the need to compensate for the limited mobility of the puppet cast . The focus on futuristic machines has also been explored by cultural historian Nicholas J. Cull , who comments that of all the Andersons ' series , Thunderbirds is the most evocative of a recurring theme : the " necessity of the human component of the machine " , whereby the failures of new technology are overcome by " brave human beings and technology working together " . This makes the series ' vision of the " wonderfully humanistic and " . O 'Brien similarly praises this optimism , comparing the Tracy family to guardian . Writing for Wired UK magazine , Warren Ellis asserts that the series ' scientific vision could inspire the next generation of " mad and frightening engineers " , adding that Thunderbirds " trades in vast , concepts ... immense and very beautiful ideas as solutions to problems . " - Thomas argues that the world of Thunderbirds is similar to the 1960s to the extent that contemporary capitalism and class structures appear to have survived mostly intact . He also observes , however , that wealth and high social status are often depicted as character flaws rather than strengths . According to Thomas , a contributing factor to the series ' lasting popularity is the realism of IR 's machines . Newman , for his part , suggests that " the point isn 't realism . The 21st century of Thunderbirds is detailed ... but also de @-@ populated , a high @-@ tech " . He is more negative in his comparisons of contemporary and future values , noting the " square , almost 50s " attitudes to race , gender and class . With regard to stereotyping , Hood comments that he " would be if [ villains ] didn 't seem to be recognisable by their " . Cull , by contrast , considers the series largely progressive on the subject of race , arguing that it rejects negative stereotyping through the use of " positive non @-@ white characters " such as Kyrano and Tin @-@ Tin . However , he deems many of the one @-@ off villains derivative , commenting that these characters are typically presented as " corrupt businessmen , and gangsters familiar from crime films " . - Various commentators – including Bignell , Cull and O 'Brien – have also discussed Thunderbirds as a product of the Cold War era . Bignell comments that the Hood 's Oriental appearance and mysterious powers draw parallels with James Bond villains and fears of China operating as " a ' third force ' antagonistic to the West " . Cull observes that , despite the series ' focus on the dangers of nuclear technology , the Thunderbird machines contradict this particular theme : in their case , " an image of technology associated with the threat of Cold War mass destruction – the rocket emerging from the hidden – was appropriated and deployed to save life rather than to take it . " He argues that the series more closely to cultural norms by drawing on the " Cold War cult of the secret agent whose skills defend the home from enemies unknown " , noting Lady Penelope 's role as a spy in addition to two episodes ( " 30 Minutes After Noon " and " The Man from " ) that are heavily influenced by the James Bond novels and film adaptations . - The presentation of smoking in Thunderbirds was the subject of a study published in the medical journal Tobacco Control in 2002 . Despite identifying examples in 26 episodes , Kate Hunt of the University of Glasgow concluded that Thunderbirds does not actively promote smoking – a view opposed by the Roy Castle Cancer Foundation ( ) at the time of the series ' relaunch on BBC 2 . the 's proposal that the remastered episodes be edited to digitally erase all visible cigarettes and cigars , the BBC stated that the series " does not glorify or encourage smoking " and described the activity as " incidental to the plot " . - - = = Merchandise = = - - More than 3 @,@ 000 Thunderbirds @-@ themed products have been marketed since the series ' debut . To accommodate the high demand for tie @-@ ins , APF established three dedicated : AP Films Merchandising , AP Films Music and AP Films Toys . Some British commentators dubbed the 1966 end @-@ of @-@ year shopping season " Thunderbirds Christmas " due to the series ' popularity . In the early 1990s , launched a new toy range to coincide with the BBC 2 repeats . Sales figures for Christmas 1992 exceeded those achieved by the Star Wars merchandising campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s . for 's Tracy Island overwhelmed supply , resulting in shop fights and a substantial black market for the toy . - A comic strip featuring the characters of Lady Penelope and Parker debuted in the early issues of APF Publishing 's children 's title TV Century 21 in 1965 . A full @-@ length Thunderbirds strip appeared a year later , at which point the Lady Penelope adventures were given their own comic . Thunderbirds , Lady Penelope and Captain Scarlet and Thunderbirds were published in the late 1960s ; during the same period , eight original novels were written . In 2008 , Publications of Minnesota launched a new series of tie @-@ in novels . - Between 1965 and 1967 , APF Records released 19 audio episodes in the form of vinyl EPs . Three are original stories ; the rest are adapted from TV episode soundtracks , with additional narration provided by a member of the voice cast . The series ' first video game tie @-@ in , developed for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers , was released by Software in 1985 . Other titles have since been released for the Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance and PlayStation 2 . During the late 1980s , the series was issued on home video for the first time by and its subsidiary Channel 5 . Following its acquisition by Carlton International Media in 1999 , Thunderbirds was digitally remastered for the release of the first DVD versions in 2000 . Blu @-@ ray Disc editions followed in 2008 . - - = = Later productions = = - - Thunderbirds has been followed by two film sequels , a live @-@ action film adaptation , two animated TV remakes and several re @-@ edited presentations for TV broadcast and home video . The second of the remakes , Thunderbirds Are Go , premiered on ITV in 2015 , the 50th anniversary year of the original . - - = = = Film = = = - - The feature @-@ length film sequels Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 were released in 1966 and 1968 . The first was by Lew Grade before the TV series had started its broadcast run . Written and produced by the Andersons and directed by David Lane , both films were distributed by United Artists . Neither was a critical or commercial success , and Century 21 Cinema 's plans for further sequels were abandoned . - In the early 1980s , episodes of Thunderbirds and other Supermarionation series were re @-@ edited by ITC 's New York offices to create a series of compilation films . " Super Space Theater " , this format was mostly intended for family viewing on American cable and syndicated TV . Three Thunderbirds features were produced : Thunderbirds to the Rescue , Thunderbirds In Outer Space and to Disaster . - Plans for a live @-@ action film adaptation were first announced in 1993 . These eventually culminated in the 2004 film Thunderbirds , directed by Jonathan Frakes and produced by and Working Title Films . It was a critical and commercial failure and was poorly received by fans of the TV series . - - = = = TV = = = - - The Andersons sold their intellectual and profit participation rights to Thunderbirds and their other productions in the 1970s . As a result , they had no developmental control over subsequent adaptations of their works . Thunderbirds was first remade for TV in the early 1980s as Thunderbirds . In this anime re @-@ imagining , set 20 years after the original , the vastly expanded IR is based within an and operates 17 Thunderbird machines . It was inspired by , an updated story concept by Gerry Anderson and Reg Hill that later served as the basis for Anderson 's series . - Two re @-@ edited series , based on versions of 13 of the original episodes , aired in the US in 1994 . The first , Thunderbirds USA , was broadcast as part of the Fox Kids programming block ; the second , Thunderbirds , was syndicated by UPN . Developed as a comedy , Thunderbirds moved the action to the planet " Thunder @-@ World " and combined the original puppet footage with new live @-@ action scenes featuring a pair of human teenagers . - As well as , Anderson developed other ideas for a remake . A 1976 concept , Inter @-@ Rescue 4 , was to have featured a variable @-@ configuration craft capable of performing rescues on land and sea , in air and in space ; Anderson pitched the idea to NBC , who rejected it . This was followed in 1984 by another proposed updating , T @-@ Force , which at first could not be pursued owing to a lack of funding . Development resumed in 1993 , when it was decided to produce the series , now titled , using cel animation . But Anderson was disappointed with the results and the production was abandoned . - In 2005 , Anderson re @-@ affirmed his wish to remake Thunderbirds but stated that he had been unable to secure the necessary rights from Granada . His negotiations with the company and its successor , ITV , continued for the next few years . In 2008 , he expressed his commitment to creating an " updated " version , ideally using CGI ; three years later , he announced that work on the series had commenced . Following Anderson 's death in December 2012 , it was confirmed that a deal had been struck between ITV Studios and Pictures to remake Thunderbirds using a combination of CGI and live @-@ action model sets . The new version , Thunderbirds Are Go , has been commissioned for two series of 26 episodes each . The first 13 episodes of Series One were broadcast on ITV HD and between April and June 2015 . - In July 2015 , to celebrate the series ' 50th anniversary , Filmed in Supermarionation documentary director Stephen La Rivière launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise the funds necessary to produce three new puppet episodes based on the Thunderbirds mini @-@ albums of the 1960s . The project , titled " Thunderbirds 1965 " , is supported by ITV , Sylvia Anderson and the estate of Gerry Anderson . - - = = Influence = = - - Thunderbirds has influenced TV programmes , films and various other media . The puppet comedy of the film Team America : World Police was directly inspired by the idiosyncrasies of Thunderbirds @-@ era Supermarionation techniques . and homage are also evident in Wallace and : A Close , Austin Powers : The Spy Who Me and , as well as the character design of Star Wars : The Wars . The BBC sketch comedy Not Only ... But Also included a segment titled " " – a parody of Thunderbirds , Supercar and Stingray . - IR 's life @-@ saving mission inspired the founding of the volunteer International Rescue Corps , originally made up of a group of British who contributed to the humanitarian effort following the 1980 earthquake . Virgin Group has used the series in branding its services : Virgin Atlantic operates a Boeing @-@ 400 airliner named Lady Penelope , while Virgin Trains owns a fleet of that are all named after main characters and vehicles and used specifically to " rescue " broken @-@ down trains . - A stage show , Thunderbirds : , has toured internationally and popularised a staccato style of movement known colloquially as the " Thunderbirds walk " . The production has periodically been revived as Thunderbirds : – The Next Generation . - Cover versions of " The Thunderbirds March " have been released by musicians and bands such as Billy Cotton , Joe Loss , Frank , The and The Shadows . Groups who have written songs inspired by the series include ( with " International Rescue " ) , ( with " Thunderbirds Are Coming Out " ) , ( with " Thunderbirds / " ) and ( with " Thunderbirds – Your Voice " ) . In 1991 , Anderson filmed the music video for the Dire Straits single " Calling Elvis " with a collection of Thunderbirds @-@ style puppets . - During the 1960s , APF produced themed TV advertisements for Lyons Maid and 's . Aspects of Thunderbirds have since been used in advertising for Insurance , Kit , and the UK Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency . - - - = T. Arthur Cottam = - - T. Arthur Cottam is a screenwriter , actor , producer and film director . A graduate of the Film and Television Production program at the School of the Arts of New York University , Cottam resides in Los Angeles , California . He acted in theatre , and received an Artistic Director Achievement Award from the Valley Theatre League for his role in the theatre production Othello as a cast member of Zombie Joe 's Underground Theatre Group . Cottam directed short films along a topical series called " Dirty Little Shorts " . - His work Pornographic Apathetic deals with four people recounting pornographic film dialog in a state of apathy . Pornographic Apathetic was featured in numerous movie festivals , and received eight film awards as well as critical acclaim . Cottam 's film Carbuncle was featured in 2006 at the Milano Film Festival in Italy , and was recognized with a nomination in the category of " Best Feature Film " . His 2006 film Filthy Food received the award for " Best Experimental Short Film " at the festival NYC . Cottam 's film 52 Takes of the Same Thing , Then Boobs was an entrant in the 2010 International Short Film Festival in , Italy , and was featured in in the same year . - - = = Education = = - - Cottam graduated from the Film and Television Production program at the School of the Arts of New York University . Cottam 's thesis work at was titled Beer , the film received the Best Editing award at the First Run Film Festival and was featured at the Chicago and New York Underground Film Festivals . He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from in 1998 . - - = = Career = = - - T. Arthur Cottam is an actor , and film @-@ maker , based in Los Angeles , California . Cottam was a member of Zombie Joe 's Underground Theatre Group , and performed along with actors Denise Devin and Larsen in 2000 in a series of productions titled " 7 : Bury the " , directed by Zombie Joe and Josh T. Ryan . He continued performing in theatre in Los Angeles in 2001 . In 2002 , Cottam received an Artistic Director Achievement Award from the Valley Theatre League for his role in the theatre production Othello put on by the Zombie Joe group . Cottam 's short films were produced along a topical series titled , " Dirty Little Shorts " . His film Pornographic Apathetic debuted in 2002 . The plot features four individuals ( two women and two men ) who recreate dialog from pornographic film while in a state of apathy . Pornographic Apathetic garnered eight film awards , and was featured at more than 50 film festivals . - Pornographic Apathetic received positive reception from journalist Gary of The Dallas Morning News , who described it as " Especially notable ... an experimental work that strips the from " . Pornographic Apathetic was selected for inclusion in the International Fantastic Festival ( ) in South Korea ; the festival " aims to identify the important elements of fantastic films , such as creativity and popularity " . The movie was shown at the Paris Film at the Le Brady cinema , in Paris , France . The film was featured in an exhibit in Vienna , examining the nature of pornography . Writing for San Antonio Express @-@ News , Mike Greenberg observed , " T. Arthur Cottam 's Pornographic Apathetic is just about the funniest thing I 've ever seen . ( The excellent actors are mostly clothed , never touch each other and are nearly motionless , but the dialogue is not suitable for children or . ) " The film was given a favorable review by reporter Robert W. Butler of The Kansas City Star who covered the piece during its presentation at the Kansas City Jubilee . Butler wrote , " Your ears will burn while watching T. Arthur Cottam 's essay on the effects of pornography , but you 'll also be laughing . ... It 's lurid . It 's . It 's . But all this nasty is delivered deadpan , a device that the whole intention of . " Marc Mohan reviewed the film during its feature at the Portland International Short Short Film Festival , and wrote that it " makes the most of its one @-@ joke premise " . In 2007 , The Orlando Sentinel characterized Cottam as a favorite film @-@ maker at the Florida Film Festival . Los Angeles Times journalist cited the film as an example of problems with the adult film industry in an article about a sexual art exhibit ; he commented , " The piece makes you laugh while illustrating one of the of : At its core , it 's rather and boring . " - In 2006 , Cottam 's film Carbuncle competed at the Milano Film Festival , alongside another U.S. film titled The Blood of my Brother by . Carbuncle received a nomination in the category of " Best Feature Film " at the Milan Film Festival . Cottam 's 2006 film Filthy Food was featured in the San Francisco Underground Short Film Festival , and received the award for " Best Experimental Short Film " at the festival NYC . In 2010 , Cottam 's film 52 Takes of the Same Thing , Then Boobs was an entrant in the International Short Film Festival in , Italy . It was featured in a section of the International Short Film Festival which included selections of films that were considered " visionary " and contributed a " visual impact " to cinema . 52 Takes of the Same Thing , Then Boobs was featured in 2010 , where Lane associate director of programming called it " the most outrageously ' out there ' film that we have scheduled " . In an interview with , Cottam stated he had intended to direct a feature @-@ length film for some time , and wanted to combine his talents with actors who could improvise in front of the camera . Cottam said he had a great experience working with the actors on the film Carbuncle , and stated he let improvisation be the tool by which the actors could show emotions and create their characters . In September 2010 , 52 Takes of the Same Thing , Then Boobs was shown at the Black Rock City Film Festival located at the Burning Man site in the Nevada desert . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = = Film = = = - - - = = = Theatre = = = - - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - - - = Partington = - - Partington is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England , about ten miles ( 16 km ) to the south @-@ west of Manchester city centre . Historically part of Cheshire , it lies on the southern bank of the Manchester Ship Canal , opposite on the northern bank . It has a population of 7 @,@ . - A paper mill built in Partington more than 250 years ago was the first factory in Trafford . The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port and attracted a range of other industries . Until 2007 Shell Chemicals UK operated a major manufacturing complex in Carrington , Partington 's closest neighbour , to the east . The gas storage facility in the north @-@ eastern corner of the town was once a and another significant employer . - Shortly after the Second World War , local authorities made an effort to people away from Victorian slums in inner @-@ city Manchester . An area of Partington extended as an estate is now one of the most deprived parts of the Greater Manchester conurbation . The Cheshire Lines Committee opened a railway line through the town in 1873 , but it closed in 1964 . - Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership was established to provide the town 's youth with activities and the town has seen investment in a new youth centre . Broadoak School , the only secondary school in the town , is used by Trafford College to provide further education . - - = = History = = - - Partington , first recorded in 1260 , was in the medieval and post @-@ medieval parish of . The name derives from Old English : the first element may be a personal name such as or , or part " land divided up into " followed by , meaning " people of " ; the means " " . The village consisted of dispersed , with no nucleated centre . It was surrounded by wetlands on all sides , reducing the amount of land available for agriculture . According to the hearth tax returns of 1664 , Partington had a population of 99 . - In 1755 a paper mill on the River was opened in Partington , the first factory to be established in present @-@ day Trafford . Farmhouse dates from the late 18th century and is a Grade II listed building . Also protected as a Grade II listed building are the stocks on the village green . Its stone pillars are from the 18th century , although the wooden restraints were replaced in the 20th century . - The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port . The canal was widened to 250 feet ( 76 m ) for three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) to allow for the construction of a coaling basin , equipped with four hydraulic coal hoists . Partington was the nearest port to the Lancashire , and brought the south Yorkshire collieries 30 miles ( 48 km ) closer to the sea . Between 1898 – 1911 , exports of coal accounted for 53 @.@ 4 per cent of the total export tonnage carried by the ship canal . The coal trade in turn resulted in Partington becoming a major railway depot , and attracted a range of other industries , including the Partington Steel & Iron Company , which was encouraged by the availability of coal to construct a . The works became a part of the Lancashire Steel Corporation in 1930 , and dominated the economy of nearby until their closure in 1976 . After the Second World War , Partington was extended as an estate . - - = = = = - - The civil parish of Partington was created in 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 and has its own town council . Partington became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough 's creation , but was previously in Rural District . The town is part of the St Martin electoral ward ; Partington Parish Council is made up of local residents and ward councillors . - Partington also belongs to the and constituency and is part of the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . Since its creation in 1997 the constituency 's Member of Parliament has been a member of the Labour Party , Kate Green being the present incumbent . - - = = Geography = = - - At 53 ° 25 ′ 12 ″ N 2 ° 25 ′ 48 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 42 , − 2 @.@ 43 ) , Partington lies west of Sale , north @-@ east of the civil parish of Warburton , and is on Trafford 's northern border with the City of Salford . It is nine miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ west of Manchester city centre . Brook runs east – west through the area , and the town is about 20 m ( 66 ft ) above sea level on generally flat ground . - Partington 's local drift geology is a mixture of alluvial deposits , @-@ glacial gravel , and peat deposited about 10 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last ice age . The bedrock is sandstone in the south and sandstone in the north . The town 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester . The mean highest and lowest temperatures ( 13 @.@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.@ 5 ° F ) ) are slightly above the national average , while the annual rainfall ( @.@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.@ 76 in ) ) and average hours of sunshine ( @.@ 5 hours ) are respectively above and below the national averages . - - = = = = - - According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Partington had a population of 7 @,@ . The 2001 population density was 5 @,@ 348 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ / km2 ) , with a 100 to 93 @.@ 1 female @-@ to @-@ male ratio . Of those over 16 years old , 34 @.@ 7 % were single ( never married ) , 34 @.@ 9 % married , and 10 @.@ 5 % divorced . Partington 's 3 @,@ 354 households included 33 @.@ 5 % one @-@ person , 28 @.@ 7 % married couples living together , 8 @.@ 8 % were co @-@ couples , and 16 @.@ 3 % single parents with their children . Of those aged 16 – 74 , 38 @.@ 9 % had no academic qualifications , significantly higher than the averages of Trafford ( 24 @.@ 7 % ) and England ( 28 @.@ 9 % ) . It has been described as one of the most deprived places in the Greater Manchester conurbation . - As of the 2001 UK census , 76 @.@ 8 % of Partington 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 0 @.@ 8 % Muslim , 0 @.@ 2 % Hindu , 0 @.@ 2 % Jewish , and 0 @.@ 1 % Sikh . The census recorded 14 @.@ 7 % as having no religion , 0 @.@ 1 % had an alternative religion and 7 @.@ 1 % did not state their religion . - - = = Economy = = - - The main shopping area of Partington is on Central Road , in the centre of town . Partington also has a traditional market on Smithy Lane . - Spanish company , , bought a lease on a disused site by the Manchester Ship Canal in 2009 to paper into packaging . The plant is the most " advanced , fully integrated facility in the UK " . It uses water recycled from the ship canal and its heat and power plant supplies surplus power to the national grid . The plant cost £ 300 million and production started in January 2012 . - According to the 2001 UK census , the industry of employment of residents aged 16 – 74 was 19 @.@ 3 % retail and wholesale , 15 @.@ 0 % manufacturing , 14 @.@ 7 % property and business services , 10 @.@ 8 % health and social work , 9 @.@ 1 % transport and communications , 7 @.@ 2 % construction , 5 @.@ 2 % education , 4 @.@ 8 % hotels and restaurants , 3 @.@ 8 % finance , 3 @.@ 1 % public administration , 1 @.@ 3 % agriculture , 0 @.@ 7 % energy and water supply , 0 @.@ 1 % mining , and 4 @.@ 9 % other . Compared with national figures , Partington had a relatively high percentage of residents working in transport and communications , and a relatively low percentage working in public administration . The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 , 1 @.@ 8 % students were with jobs , 3 @.@ 4 % students without jobs , 7 @.@ 7 % looking after home or family , 10 @.@ 6 % permanently sick or disabled , and 3 @.@ 8 % economically inactive for other reasons . The proportion of those who were permanently sick or disabled in Partington was above the Trafford and England average ( 5 @.@ 4 % and 6 @.@ 5 % respectively ) . - - = = Education = = - - Trafford maintains a selective education system assessed by the Eleven Plus exam . There are three primary schools and one secondary school in Partington . The oldest school still standing in the town was opened in 1958 and used to be called Partington County Primary School . There is one other state primary schools at Forest Gate with Academy status . There is also a Roman Catholic school – Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School on Lock Lane . Broadoak School is a secondary school with academy status for pupils aged 11 to 16 . - - = = Transport = = - - Partington 's main road is the between and the area of Sale . The Manchester Ship Canal also carries some industrial traffic . The nearest road crossing over the canal is at Warburton Bridge , one of the few remaining pre @-@ motorway toll bridges in the UK , and the only one in Greater Manchester . The Department for Transport describes Partington as " geographically isolated with road access restricted by the proximity of the Manchester Ship Canal and the nearby petrochemical works [ in Carrington ] " and notes that there are low levels of car ownership . The 255 operates every 30 minutes during the day , and after 1955 into Manchester Piccadilly 7 days a week - The town was served by a railway station to the north of the town , the Cheshire Lines Committee to Dale Line . The station was opened in 1873 , eight years after the line opened , and was in use until 30 November 1964 . A grant of £ 312 @,@ 000 was made by the government to set up Partington Cooperative Transport ( ) with the purpose of improving public transport in the town . - - = = = = - - Founded in 2003 as part of a government project for to 19 @-@ year @-@ olds , Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership ( ) has since expanded its scope and provides facilities for youths up to the age of 25 . It runs a 5 @-@ a @-@ side football league and ' Park . In 2009 it was announced that a £ 5 million youth centre would be built in the town . Based on designs by pupils from Broadoak Secondary School , the centre will provide facilities for workshops in dance , film @-@ making , and art . of the school , Andy Griffin , said " It 's a massive thing for Partington as this will help kick @-@ start regeneration of the town . I think it will also help bring people to Partington rather than leaving " . - opportunities for sport , a £ 2 million sports complex was opened next to Broadoak Secondary School in 2008 . It features a pool , a sports hall , outdoor pitches and grass courts , and facilities for other activities . The town is served by an Anglican church , St Mary 's , a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes , a Methodist chapel , and a Baptist church called the People 's Church . St Mary 's Church is a Grade II listed building , and Our Lady of Lourdes ' Church and parish was founded in 1957 . Partington is in the Catholic of Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury and the Anglican Diocese of Chester . - - - = Key ( basketball ) = - - The key , officially referred to as the free throw lane by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , the restricted area by the international governing body FIBA , and colloquially as the lane or the paint , is an area on a basketball court underneath the basket bounded by the , the foul line and other lines which are known as lines , that are usually painted ( although on some courts with painted ) . It is a critical area on the court where much of the action takes place in a game . - The key , in all games , starting with FIBA 's amendments to its rules in 2010 ( to be first implemented after the 2010 FIBA World Championship ) , is rectangular . Prior to 2006 , the key in FIBA @-@ sanctioned tournaments ( mostly basketball played outside the United States , and almost all international tournaments including the World Championships and the Olympics ) was trapezoidal in shape . Both NBA and FIBA keys are 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide , while NCAA keys are narrower at 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . - The most @-@ commonly enforced rule on the key is the " three seconds rule " in which a player from the offensive team is prohibited from staying on the key for more than three seconds , or else the player 's team will lose possession of the ball . Another rule enforced is the lane violation in which players from both teams are prohibited to enter the lane until after the free throw shooter releases the ball from his hands ( the shooter is prohibited to enter the key until after the ball hits the rim ) . An innovation is the introduction of the restricted area arc directly underneath the basket where the defending player cannot force an offensive foul on the opposing player . - - = = = = - - Each level of play has different specifications for the size and shape of the key : in American leagues , where the basketball court is measured in imperial units , the shape is rectangular , while in FIBA @-@ sanctioned events , which use the metric system , the shape was trapezoidal , before being changed to a as well . In addition to the , the key includes a free @-@ throw circle at its " head " or " top " . - The width of the key in the NBA is 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) , including the 2 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) wide foul lanes ; in U.S. college ( NCAA ) and high @-@ school play , it is 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . - Beginning after the 2010 FIBA World Championship , all FIBA @-@ administered tournaments use a rectangular key 4 @.@ 9 meters ( 16 ft ) wide . From 1956 until 2010 , FIBA @-@ sanctioned tournaments used a trapezoidal key . The narrower end was on the free @-@ throw line , where it was 3 @.@ 6 meters ( 12 ft ) , while the wider end , at the end line , measured 6 meters ( 20 ft ) . - The free throw circle has a six @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) radius and is centered at the midpoint of the free throw line ; the half of those circle on the mid @-@ court side of the free throw line is painted in solid lines . In the NBA and , the boundaries of the half closer to the basket is traced in a broken line in order to space players properly for jump balls . NBA Rule 1 ( g ) requires the key to contain two 6 inches ( 15 cm ) long marks , 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) from the free throw line ; the marks indicate the so @-@ called lower defensive box . The free @-@ throw line is 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) from the perpendicular projection of the face of the onto the court ; this projection is 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) from the end @-@ line for NBA and NCAA . The projection of the center of the basket onto the court is a perpendicular distance of 1 @.@ 575 meters ( 5 @.@ 17 ft ) from the end line in FIBA tournaments , but 4 @.@ 75 feet ( 1 @.@ 45 m ) in NBA and NCAA tournaments . - - = = History = = - - Originally , the key was narrower than it is today and had the shape of a skeleton / basic lever lock , measuring six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide , hence " the key " , with the free throw circle as the head , and the lane as the body . Due to the of the key , imposing centers , such as George , dominated the paint , scoring at will . To counter this , the key was widened into 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) from 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) at the onset of the 1951 – 52 NBA season . - Men 's professional basketball in the United States ( notably the National Basketball Association ) widened it further to 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) in the 1964 – 65 NBA season to lessen the effectiveness of centers , especially Wilt Chamberlain . The NCAA retains the 12 feet key to this day . - On April 25 , 2008 , the FIBA Central Board approved rule changes that included the changes in the shape of the key ; the key is now rectangular and has virtually the same dimensions as the key used in the NBA . In addition , the no @-@ charge formally called the restricted area arc was also created . - - = = Rules = = - - - = = = Three @-@ second violation = = = - - The lane is a restricted area in which players can stay for only a limited amount of time . On all levels , a team on the offensive ( in possession of the ball ) is prohibited to stay inside the lane for more than three seconds ; after three seconds the player will be called with a three @-@ second violation which will result in a turnover . - In American professional basketball , the defending team is also prohibited from staying in the key for more than three seconds , unless a player is directly guarding an offensive player . If a player surpasses that time , his / her team will be charged with a defensive three @-@ second violation , which will result in a technical foul where the team with the ball shoots one free throw plus ball possession and a reset of the shot clock . In FIBA @-@ sanctioned tournaments , on the other hand , the defending team is allowed to stay on the key for an unlimited amount of time . In all cases , the count if the shot hits the rim or if the player steps out of the lane . - - = = = Lane violation = = = - - When a player is shooting free throws , there are a certain number of players at the boundaries of the key , each occupying a slot traced at the boundaries of the key . In most cases , the free throw shooter is behind the free throw line , while three of his opponents are along the sides of the key , one side with two players , the other with one . Two of his opponents are situated nearest to the basket on both sides , while his two teammates are beside the two opponents closest to the basket , with the other player from the opposing team situated farthest from the basket . In the U.S. NCAA , there are as many as six players along the key , with the opposing team allowed to have as many as four players , with the same arrangement as in the NBA and FIBA but with another player facing his teammate farthest to the basket . ( See photographs to the right . ) - No player along the lane may enter the key until the shot is released ; the player shooting the free throw , and anyone on top of the key , should not pass the free throw line until the ball hits the rim . If any of the offensive players violate the rule , no points are awarded for the shot and , if there are no more shots remaining , the ball is given to the defending team . If a defending player is in the lane too soon , an extra shot will be awarded regardless of whether the shot was made or missed . - Note that in FIBA play , if the shooter commits the violation , it is an automatic turnover . If the shot is successful and the shooter does not commit a violation , but other players do commit a violation , all violations are discarded . If players from the opposing teams enter the key prior to the release of the ball , a jump ball would be done to determine who gets the possession of the ball ( NBA ) or the possession arrow rule ( for all other levels ) ; in FIBA play , that only applies if the shooter misses , since a successful attempt all other penalties . In all situations , lane violation penalties cannot occur if there are further free throws to be awarded . - - = = = area arc = = = - - In the NBA , , and starting in 2010 , in FIBA and NCAA play , the key has an additional area , measured as an arc three feet from the basket ( collegiate ) , four feet from the basket ( NBA ) , or 1 @.@ 25 meters ( approximately 4 @.@ 1 feet ) ( FIBA ) . The area is officially known as the " restricted area " ( RA ) in the NBA , the " restricted area arc " in the NCAA and the " no @-@ charge " in FIBA . - Its purpose is to stop secondary defenders from taking a position under the basket in an attempt to draw the offensive foul when a player is driving to the basket . If an offensive player drives past his primary defender on the way to the basket and a secondary defender comes over , he must establish a legal position outside the RA to draw an offensive foul . If the drive starts inside the Lower Defensive Box ( – this is the area from the bottom tip of the free throw circle to the end line between the two 3 ’ posted @-@ up marks ) , the secondary defender is legally allowed to be positioned inside the RA . The restricted area also does not apply if the secondary defender jumps in attempting to block the shot , the offensive player leads with his leg or knee in an unnatural motion or uses his off arm to prevent the defender from blocking his shot . The RA does not extend from below the to the baseline . Therefore , if a player drives the baseline and is not attempting to go directly to the rim , the RA does not apply . - The restricted area arc rule was implemented in NCAA men 's basketball for the 2010 – 2011 season . The NCAA approved adding a visible restricted @-@ area arc three feet from the center of the basket in Division I men ’ s and women ’ s games for 2011 – 2012 season . The panel delayed implementation of the arc until the 2012 @-@ 13 season for Divisions II and III to allow those schools time to plan and place the restricted @-@ area arc in their home arenas . Starting with the 2015 @-@ 2016 season , the NCAA raised the RA arc to four feet from the center of the basket . - - = = Terms = = - - Points made on the key are termed as points in the paint or inside points . Historically , the area of the key where offensive players are prohibited from remaining longer than three seconds has been painted to distinguish the area from the rest of the court ; hence the phrase " points in the paint . " The area around the free throw circle 's farthest point from the basket is called the " top of the key " , and several plays revolve around this area , such as screens and pick and rolls . In American women 's collegiate basketball ( and for men until 2008 ) , the three @-@ point arc intersects at the top of the key , which could translate plays conducted in this area into three @-@ point field goal . - The intersection of the free throw line and the free throw lane is referred to as the elbow of the key . - - - = The General in His Labyrinth = - - The General in His Labyrinth ( original Spanish title : El general en su laberinto ) is a novel by the Colombian writer and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez . It is a fictionalized account of the last days of Simón Bolívar , liberator and leader of Gran Colombia . First published in 1989 , the book traces Bolívar 's final journey from Bogotá to the Caribbean coastline of Colombia in his attempt to leave South America for exile in Europe . In this dictator novel about a continental hero , " despair , sickness , and death inevitably win out over love , health , and life " . Breaking with the traditional heroic portrayal of Bolívar El , García Márquez depicts a pathetic protagonist , a prematurely aged man who is physically ill and mentally exhausted . The story explores the labyrinth of Bolívar 's life through the narrative of his memories . - Following the success of others of his works such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera , García Márquez decided to write about the " Great Liberator " after reading an unfinished novel about Bolívar by his friend Álvaro Mutis . He borrowed the setting — Bolívar 's voyage down the Magdalena River in 1830 — from Mutis . After two years of research that encompassed the extensive memoirs of Bolívar 's Irish aide @-@ de @-@ camp , Daniel Florencio O 'Leary , as well as numerous other historical documents and with academics , García Márquez published his novel about the last seven months of Bolívar 's life . - Its mixture of genres makes The General in His Labyrinth difficult to classify , and commentators disagree over where it lies on the scale between novel and historical account . García Márquez 's insertion of interpretive and fictionalized elements — some dealing with Bolívar 's most intimate moments — caused outrage in parts of Latin America when the book was released . Many prominent Latin American figures believed that the novel damaged the reputation of one of the region 's most important historic figures and portrayed a negative image to the outside world . Others saw The General in His Labyrinth as a tonic for Latin American culture and a challenge to the region to deal with its problems . - - = = Background = = - - The initial idea to write a book about Simón Bolívar came to García Márquez through his friend and fellow Colombian writer Álvaro Mutis , to whom the book is dedicated . Mutis had started writing a book called El Último about Bolívar 's final voyage along the Magdalena River , but never finished it . At the time , García Márquez was interested in writing about the Magdalena River because he knew the area intimately from his childhood . Two years after reading El Último , García Márquez asked Mutis for his permission to write a book on Bolívar 's last voyage . - García Márquez believed that most of the information available on Bolívar was one @-@ dimensional : " No one ever said in Bolívar 's biographies that he sang or that he was ... but historians don 't say these things because they think they are not important . " In the to the novel , García Márquez writes that he researched the book for two years ; the task was difficult , both because of his lack of experience in conducting historical research , and the lack of documentary evidence for the events of the final period of Bolívar 's life . - García Márquez researched a wide variety of historical documents , including Bolívar 's letters , 19th @-@ century newspapers , and Daniel Florencio O 'Leary 's 34 volumes of memoirs . He engaged the help of various experts , among them geographer Gladstone ; historian and fellow Colombian Gutiérrez , who had co @-@ written a book called Bolívar Día a Día with historian ; and astronomer Jorge — García Márquez used an inventory drawn up by to describe which nights Bolívar spent under a full moon . García Márquez also worked closely with Antonio Bolívar , a distant relative of Bolívar , during the extensive editing of the book . - - = = = Historical context = = = - - The novel is set in 1830 , at the tail end of the initial campaign to secure Latin America 's independence from Spain . Most of Spanish America had gained independence by this date ; only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule . - Within a few decades of Christopher Columbus 's landing on the coast of what is now Venezuela in , South America had been effectively conquered by Spain and Portugal . By the beginning of the 19th century , several factors affected Spain 's control over its colonies : Napoleon 's invasion of Spain in 1808 , the abdication of Charles IV , Ferdinand VII 's of his right to succeed , and the placement of Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne . The colonies were virtually cut off from Spain , and the American and French inspired many — American @-@ born descendants of Spanish settlers — to take advantage of Spanish weakness . As a result , Latin America was run by independent and colonial self @-@ governments . - The early 19th century saw the first attempts at securing liberation from Spain , which were led in northern South America by Bolívar . He and the independence movements won numerous battles in Venezuela , New Granada and present @-@ day Ecuador and Peru . His dream of uniting the Spanish American nations under one central government was almost achieved . However , shortly after the South American colonies became independent of Spain , problems developed in the capitals , and civil wars were sparked in some provinces ; Bolívar lost many of his supporters and fell ill . Opposition to his presidency continued to increase , and in 1830 , after 11 years of rule , he resigned as president of Gran Colombia . - - = = Plot summary = = - - The novel is written in the third @-@ person with flashbacks to specific events in the life of Simón Bolívar , " the General " . It begins on May 8 , 1830 in Santa Fe de Bogotá . The General is preparing for his journey towards the port of Cartagena de , intending to leave Colombia for Europe . Following his resignation as President of Gran Colombia , the people of the lands he liberated have now turned against him , anti @-@ Bolívar graffiti and throwing waste at him . The General is anxious to move on , but has to remind the Vice @-@ President @-@ elect , General Domingo , that he has yet to receive a valid passport to leave the country . The General leaves Bogotá with the few officials still faithful to him , including his and aide @-@ de @-@ camp , José Palacios . At the end of the first chapter , the General is referred to by his full title , General Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios , for the only time in the novel . - On the first night of the voyage , the General stays at with his entourage , which consists of José Palacios , five aides @-@ de @-@ camp , his clerks , and his dogs . Here , as throughout the journey that follows , the General 's loss of prestige is evident ; the downturn in his fortunes surprises even the General himself . His unidentified illness has led to his physical deterioration , which makes him , and his aide @-@ de @-@ camp is constantly mistaken for the Liberator . - After many delays , the General and his party arrive in Honda , where the Governor , Gutiérrez , has arranged for three days of fiestas . On his last night in Honda , the General returns late to camp and finds one of his old friends , Miranda , waiting for him . The General recalls that fifteen years ago , she had learned of a plot against his life and had saved him . The following morning , the General begins the voyage down the Magdalena River . Both his physical and pride are evident as he the slope to the dock : he is in need of a chair but refuses to use it . The group stays a night in Puerto Real , where the General claims he sees a woman singing during the night . His aides @-@ de @-@ camp and the conduct a search , but they fail to uncover any sign of a woman having been in the vicinity . - The General and his entourage arrive at the port of . Here they are stopped by police , who fail to recognize the General . They ask for his passport , but he is unable to produce one . Eventually , the police discover his identity and escort him into the port . The people still believe him to be the President of Gran Colombia and prepare banquets in his honor ; but these festivities are wasted on him due to his lack of strength and appetite . After several days , the General and his entourage set off for Turbaco . - The group spend a night in before they arrive in Turbaco . Their original plan was to continue to Cartagena the following day , but the General is informed that there is no available ship bound for Europe from the port and that his passport still has not arrived . While staying in the town , he receives a visit from General Mariano and a few other friends . The deterioration of his health becomes increasingly evident — one of his visitors describes his face as that of a dead man . In Turbaco , the General is joined by General Daniel Florencio O 'Leary and receives news of ongoing political machinations : Joaquín , appointed successor as President of Gran Colombia , has assumed power but his legitimacy is still contested by General Rafael . The General recalls that his " dream began to fall apart on the very day it was realized " . - The General finally receives his passport , and two days later he sets off with his entourage for Cartagena and the coast , where more receptions are held in his honor . Throughout this time , he is surrounded by women but is too weak to engage in sexual relations . The General is deeply affected when he hears that his good friend and preferred successor for the presidency , Field Marshal Sucre , has been ambushed and assassinated . - The General is now told by one of his aides @-@ de @-@ camp that General Rafael has taken over the government in Bogotá , and there are reports of demonstrations and riots in support of a return to power by Bolívar . The General 's group travel to the town of Soledad , where he stays for more than a month , his health declining further . In Soledad , the General agrees to see a physician for the first time . - The General never leaves South America . He finishes his journey in Santa Marta , too weak to continue and with only his doctor and his closest aides by his side . He dies in poverty , a shadow of the man who liberated much of the continent . - - = = Characters = = - - - = = = The General = = = - - The leading character in the novel is " the General " , also called " the Liberator " . García Márquez only once names his protagonist as Simón Bolívar , the famous historical figure , whose full title was General Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios , on whom the General 's character is based . The novel 's portrait of a national and Latin American hero , which challenges the historical record , provoked outrage in some quarters on its publication . - At the beginning of the novel , the General is 46 years old and slowly dying on his last journey to the port of Cartagena de , where he plans to set sail for Europe . As Palencia @-@ Roth notes , " Bolívar is cast here not only as a victim but as an agent of Latin America 's tragic political flaws " . The fortunes of the historical Simón Bolívar began to decline in 1824 after the victory of his general Antonio José de Sucre at . The novel draws on the fact that the historical Bolívar never remarried after the death of his wife , María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y . García Márquez uses other documented facts as starting points for his fictional portrait of Bolívar – for example , his dedication to the army above all else , his premature aging , and his bad temper . Of the latter , Bolívar 's aide @-@ de @-@ camp O 'Leary once remarked that " his and impatient temperament would never tolerate the smallest delay in the execution of an order " . - In an interview with María Elvira , García Márquez has admitted that his portrayal of Bolívar is partly a self @-@ portrait . He identifies with Bolívar in many ways , since their method of controlling their anger is the same and their philosophical views are similar : neither " pays much attention to death , because that one from the most important thing : what one does in life " . - - = = = José Palacios = = = - - The novel begins with the name of José Palacios , who , here as with the historical figure of the same name , is Bolívar 's " long @-@ serving " . As literary critic Seymour observes , Palacios 's " total identification with Bolívar constitutes the novel 's frame " . Palacios constantly on the General , and at certain times he alone is allowed in the General 's room . He has learned to live with his master 's unpredictability and does not to read his thoughts . Born a slave , the character is six years younger than the General , and has spent his entire life in his service . Throughout the novel , Palacios provides the General with or of dates and events during the General 's time of . According to one critic , Palacios 's ability to recall past events in Bolívar 's life is essential for García Márquez 's recreation of the character , as it allows the Bolívar of official history to be placed within the context of everyday life . - - = = = Manuela Sáenz = = = - - Manuela Sáenz is the General 's long @-@ time lover , his last since the death of his wife , 27 years earlier . Her character is based on Simón Bolívar 's historical mistress Doña Manuela Sáenz de Thorne , whom Bolívar dubbed " the liberator of the liberator " after she helped save him from an assassination attempt on the night of September 25 , 1828 . García Márquez 's fictional portrait stimulated a of this historical figure , who is increasingly seen , according to Venezuelan historian Romero , " not just as a mistress but as the intelligent , independent , forceful woman she was " . In the novel , she is described as " the bold who loved him but was not going to follow him to his death " . The General leaves Manuela Sáenz behind , but throughout the novel he writes to her on his journey . She also attempts to write letters to him with news of the political situation , but the mail carriers have been instructed not to accept her letters . Like the historical figure on whom she is based , the fictional Manuela Sáenz is married to Dr. James Thorne , an English physician twice her age . The historical Manuela Sáenz left Thorne after Bolívar wrote declaring his love for her . In the novel she is characterized as astute and , with " irresistible grace , a sense of power , and tenacity " . - - = = = General Francisco de Paula Santander = = = - - As he reflects on the past , the General often thinks and dreams about his former friend Francisco de Paula Santander . The historical Francisco de Paula Santander was a friend of Simón Bolívar , but was later accused of in a plot to assassinate him and sent into exile . In the novel , the General remembers that he had once appointed Santander to govern Colombia because he believed him to be an effective and brave soldier . He formerly regarded Santander as " his other self , and perhaps his better self " , but by the time of the events in The General in His Labyrinth Santander has become the General 's enemy and has been banished to Paris after his involvement in the assassination attempt . The General is depicted as tormented by the idea that Santander will return from his exile in France ; he dreams , for example , that Santander is eating the pages of a book , that he is covered in cockroaches , and that he is out his own . - - = = = Field Marshal Antonio José de Sucre = = = - - Field Marshal Antonio José de Sucre is portrayed as an intimate friend of the General . The historical Antonio José de Sucre , the Field Marshal of , had been the most trusted general of Simón Bolívar . García Márquez describes him as " intelligent , methodical , shy , and superstitious " . The Field Marshal is married to and has a daughter with Doña Mariana . In the first chapter of the novel , the General asks Sucre to succeed him as President of the Republic , but he rejects the idea . One of the reasons Sucre gives is that he wishes only to live his life for his family . Also at the beginning of the novel , Sucre 's death is foreshadowed . Sucre tells the General that he plans on celebrating the Feast of Saint Anthony in Quito with his family . When the General hears that Sucre has been assassinated in on his way back to Quito , he blood . - - = = = Minor characters = = = - - The novel revolves around the fictionalized figure of Bolívar and includes many minor characters who are part of the General 's travelling party , whom he meets on his journey or who come to him in his memories and dreams of his past . Sometimes they are identified by particular or tied to small but significant events . They include , for instance , General José María , a member of the entourage , whose right arm was amputated after a combat wound , and who once revealed a military secret by talking in his sleep . At other times , they are for the General 's now failing powers : Fernando , for example , the General 's nephew , is " the most willing and patient of the General 's many clerks " , and the General wakes him " at any hour to have him read aloud from a dull book or take notes on urgent " . One of the least developed of the minor characters is the General 's wife , María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y , who had died , readers are told , in mysterious circumstances shortly after their marriage . The General has " buried her at the bottom of a water @-@ tight oblivion as a brutal means of living without her " ; she only enters his memories in the book 's last chapter . According to , she is " upstaged " by Manuela Sáenz , whose later history García Márquez recounts as if she instead were the General 's widow . María Teresa 's death , however , marked the General 's " birth into history " , and he has never tried to replace her . - - = = Major themes = = - - - = = = Politics = = = - - In The General in His Labyrinth , García Márquez voices his political views through the character of the General . For example , Alvarez Borland points out that in the scene where the General responds to the French diplomat , his words closely reflect García Márquez 's 1982 Nobel Address . The diplomat is critical of the in Latin America and the brutal means used in attempting to achieve independence . Bolívar replies by pointing out that Europe had centuries to progress to its current state , and that South America should be left to experience its " Middle Ages in peace " . Similarly García Márquez remarks in his Nobel Speech that " venerable Europe would perhaps be more if it tried to see Latin America in its own past . If only it recalled that London took three hundred years to build its first city wall ... " . - The novel was published in 1989 , when the Soviet Union was disintegrating and the political map was being radically redrawn . Reviewing The General in His Labyrinth in 1990 , the novelist Margaret Atwood pointed to another instance of García Márquez raising political issues through the character of the General . He has him tell his aide that the United States is " omnipotent and terrible , and that its tale of liberty will end in a plague of for us all " . Atwood noted the contemporary relevance of this sentiment , since " the patterns of Latin American politics , and of United States intervention in them , have not changed much in 160 years . " She suggested that García Márquez 's of Bolívar is a lesson " for our own turbulent age ... have a long history of eating their . " The central character is a man at the end of his life , who has seen his revolution and dream of a united Latin America fail . - - = = = labyrinth = = = - - According to literary critic David , the labyrinth of the novel 's title refers to " a series of that are contingent upon matters of history , geography , and biography ... that consistently and conclusively result in a dead end " — in this case , the General 's own death . His final voyage along the Magdalena River involves a doubling back and forth from one location to another that leads him and his followers nowhere . The labyrinth does not lead to happiness ; instead , it results in madness from constant on the past and an impossible future . At the end of his life , the General is reduced to a of his former self . The labyrinth also recalls the labyrinth built to imprison the in Greek mythology , and the endless travelling and searching of ancient Greek heroes . In 's view , " The Labyrinth mirrors the and of the hero in search for meaning and resolution to the of life " . - García Márquez depicts the General 's body itself as a labyrinth . His doctor observes that " everything that enters the body , adds weight , and everything that leaves it is . " The General 's body is described as a " labyrinth coming to a literal dead end " . The labyrinth is also expressed in geographical and architectural imagery . The country 's destiny is imagined as a break @-@ up , a folding of north into south . The seas offer the hope of a new life and a new world , but the closer the General is to Colombia , the less chance he has of moving on . García Márquez describes buildings as " daunting , ( if not exactly reiterating ) with the echoes of a bloody past " . The portrayal of the General 's world as a labyrinth is by his constant return to cities and towns he has visited before : each location belongs to the past as well as to the present . The General in his Labyrinth the lines between in a man @-@ made world and wandering in the natural world . - - = = = Fate and love = = = - - Bolívar 's fate is known from the beginning , and García Márquez constantly uses images which this ending . For instance , a clock stuck at seven minutes past one , the exact time of the General 's death , appears repeatedly in the novel . This sense of fate is introduced in the , which comes from a letter written by the historical Bolívar to General Santander on August 4 , 1823 : " It seems that the devil controls the business of my life . " As Palencia @-@ Roth points out , the word used for devil here is rather than the more familiar . derives from the Greek word , which can equally mean divine power , fate , or destiny . Accordingly , the General to his fate and accepts his death as destiny . - The theme of love is central to the novel . Bolívar had a reputation as a , and books have been written on his ; but as depicted in this novel , during the last seven months of his life , the General could no longer engage in the activities that had fueled that reputation . García Márquez mentions a woman every few pages , many of whom are his own invention , exploring love through the General 's memories . Palencia @-@ Roth notes that the presence of these women " allows a exploration of his life before his final journey " and suggests that García Márquez uses love as a barometer of the General 's heart and health . Although Bolívar is usually thought to have died from tuberculosis , Palencia @-@ Roth believes that for the author , the General dies from the lack of love . " by many of his countrymen , abandoned by all but a few aides and associates , left — during the final seven months of his life — without even the companionship of his longtime mistress Manuela , Bolívar had no choice but to die of a broken heart . " - - = = = Numbers and religious symbols = = = - - Numbers are an important symbolic aspect of the novel . The book is divided into eight chapters , almost all of equal length , which represent the eight @-@ year love affair between the General and Manuela Sáenz . The General 's last hours are marked by an octagonal clock . to the number three are even more common in the novel . As García Márquez scholar Isabel Rodríguez Vergara notes , the number three — the Trinity which occupies a vital place in the of the Catholic Mass — is repeated 21 times throughout the book . She quotes : " In the novel it represents a symbolic sacrifice aimed at redeeming humankind — that of Bolívar , a misunderstood sacrificed by his own people . " - Rodríguez Vergara observes that the General is like a supernatural being , simultaneously dying and being surrounded by symbolic circumstances such as rain , fiestas , and the plague . The novel begins with Bolívar immersed in purifying waters , in a state of ecstasy and meditation that suggests a priestly ritual . One of the women with whom the General sleeps , Queen Marie Louise , is described as a virgin with the profile of an idol — an allusion to the Virgin Mary . The General rides a mule into the last towns on his journey towards death , echoing Christ 's entry into Jerusalem . He dies of mysterious and unknown causes , and the people burn his belongings in fear of catching his illness . In Rodríguez Vergara 's view , " Bolívar was sacrificed as a to purge the guilt of the community . " - René has interpreted the recurrence of rain in the novel as one of the purifying rituals the community must undergo in order to wash away the of violence . The fiestas may represent another ritual of purification and also symbolize war . are held to honour the General when he arrives at a town , but at other times , political demonstrations against the General are mistaken for a fiesta . According to Rodríguez Vergara , this shows how " information is manipulated " and " depicts an atmosphere where fiesta and war are synonymous " . - - = = = Melancholy and mourning = = = - - Latin American cultural theorist Carlos J. Alonso , drawing on theory , argues that the novel is essentially a therapeutic device , designed to help move Latin America past its problematic experience of modernity . He compares this to the way the healing state of mourning replaces grief in the process of recovering from a death . Both activities are mechanisms for dealing with loss . Alonso believes that The General in his Labyrinth , by almost entirely centering the novel on the General 's death , forces the reader to confront the horror of this process . In Alonso 's view , the reader is meant to pass from " a melancholy relationship vis @-@ a @-@ vis the figure of Bolívar to a relationship that has the therapeutic qualities of mourning instead " . - Latin America 's history and culture , Alonso suggests , began with the loss of Bolívar 's dream of a united continent and as a result has developed under a melancholy shadow ever since . Thus , by forcing the reader to return to the origin of modernity in Latin America and confront its death in the most horrific way , García Márquez the reader to move from melancholy to mourning , " so that the of the lost object of modernity may cease to rule the economy of Spanish American cultural discourse and historical life " . - - = = = history = = = - - García Márquez comments on the nature of historical fact by drawing attention to the way history is written . The novel a time in Bolívar 's life that has no historical precedent , as there is no record of the last 14 days of his life . In García Márquez 's account readers observe Bolívar intimately , seeing his human qualities . In the view of critic Isabel Alvarez Borland , by choosing to a national hero in this way , García Márquez is challenging the claim of official history to represent the truth . In the " My " section of the novel , García Márquez asserts ironically that what he is writing is more historical than fictional , and he discusses his own historical methodology in detail . By posing in the role of a historian , he challenges the reliability of written history from within the writing process . According to Alvarez Borland , this serves to " remind us that a claim to truth is not the property of any text ; rather it is the result of how a historian ( as a reader ) interprets the facts " . - The General in His Labyrinth also confronts the methods of official historians by using an oral style of narration . The narration can be considered an oral account in that it is woven from the verbal interactions of everyday people . Alvarez Borland explains that the advantage of this technique , as discussed by Walter , is that " the of any given culture , residing in the unwritten tales of its peoples , possesses a spontaneity and which is lost once this culture commits its tales to writing . " The oral style of narration therefore provides a which official history lacks . Alvarez Borland concludes that The General in His Labyrinth suggests new ways of writing the past ; it takes account of voices that were never written down as part of official history . - The historian Ben Hughes commented on the novel : " The Liberator 's British , including Daniel O 'Leary , were amongst the closest figures to the general in this period . Nevertheless , they are ignored in the novel . Instead , Márquez uses the character of a fictional Colombian servant , José Palacios , as The Liberator 's final sounding board , thereby the more complex reality . " In Hughes 's view modern South American literature has played a role in cleansing the national memory of British soldiers ' assistance to The Liberator . - - = = Comparisons with other García Márquez novels = = - - In an interview published in the Colombian weekly on March 20 , 1989 , García Márquez told María Elvira , " At bottom , I have written only one book , the same one that circles round and round , and continues on . " Palencia @-@ Roth suggests that this novel is a " ... of García Márquez 's long @-@ standing and ever @-@ present topics : love , death , solitude , power , fate " . - Like the Patriarch in García Márquez 's The Autumn of the Patriarch , Bolívar was an absolute dictator . The Patriarch is never identified by name ; Bolívar , too , is identified chiefly by his title . Bolívar also invites comparison with Colonel in One Hundred Years of Solitude : both characters believe the wars they have have been fruitless and overwhelming , and both face numerous attempts on their lives , but eventually die of natural causes . In his belief that life is controlled by fate , the General resembles in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Santiago in Chronicle of a Death . - Palencia @-@ Roth notes that critics have been struck by the elegiac style of The General in His Labyrinth ; its dark mood and somber message is similar to that of The Autumn of the Patriarch . Love is a theme common to both Love in the Time of Cholera and The General in His Labyrinth , but the latter is considered a tragedy . These two novels have been used to demonstrate the range of García Márquez 's work . - Isabel Alvarez Borland , in her essay " The Task of the Historian in El general en su laberinto " , claims that " ... while El general en su laberinto is in many ways a continuation of García Márquez 's criticism of Latin America 's official history seen in his earlier works , the novel contrasts sharply with his previous " . In Chronicle of a Death , according to Alvarez Borland , the narrator challenges the truth of official language . However , The General in His Labyrinth " differs from these earlier works in employing narrative strategies which seek to answer in a much more overt and fashion questions that the novel poses about history " . - In a summary of Edward Hood 's book La de Gabriel García Márquez : e , García Márquez is characterized as an author who uses repetition and ( between the works of a single author ) extensively in his fiction , including in The General in His Labyrinth . Hood points out some obvious examples of repetition in García Márquez 's works : the themes of solitude in One Hundred Years of Solitude , in Autumn of the Patriarch , and the desire for a unified continent expressed by Bolívar in The General in His Labyrinth . An example of can be seen in the repetition of patterns between books . For example , both Jose in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bolívar in The General in his Labyrinth experience dreams . - - = = Genre = = - - Critics consider García Márquez 's book in terms of the historical novel , but differ over whether the label is appropriate . In his review of The General in his Labyrinth , Rodman hesitated to call it a novel , since it was so heavily researched , giving Bolívar 's views " on everything from life and love to his chronic and dislike of tobacco smoke " . On the other hand , reviewer Robert Adams suggested that García Márquez had " improved on history " . According to critic Donald L. Shaw , The General in His Labyrinth is a " New Historical Novel " , a genre that he argues crosses between Boom , Post @-@ Boom , and fiction in Latin American literature : " New Historical Novels tend either to historical events from an unconventional perspective , but one which preserves their , or to question the very possibility of making sense of the past at all . " Shaw believes that this novel belongs to the first category . García Márquez is presenting both a historical account and his own interpretation of events . - David Bushnell , writing in The Hispanic American Historical Review , points out that the work is less a pure historical account than others suggest . García Márquez 's Bolívar is a man " who wanders naked through the house , suffers , uses foul language , and much more besides . " He argues that documentation does not support many of these details . Bushnell suggests , however , that the fact that the novel is not entirely historically accurate does not necessarily distinguish it from the work of professional historians . The main difference , Bushnell believes , is that García Márquez 's work " is far more readable " than a pure history . - - = = Reception = = - - The General in His Labyrinth was relatively poorly received by the general public in the United States , despite the praise of critics . Critic Ilan Stavans , who himself praised the book as " one of the writer 's most sophisticated and accomplished " , attributes this to the novel 's time period and to its of historical information , neither of which proved attractive to English @-@ speaking readers . Isabel Alvarez Borland notes that , like Stavans , " critics in the United States have largely celebrated García Márquez 's portrait of this national hero and considered it a tour de force " ; but she also observes that in Latin America the book received more mixed reviews , ranging from " outrage to praise " . - The novel generated huge controversy in Latin America : some Venezuelan and Colombian politicians described its depiction of Bolívar as " " . According to Stavans , they accused García Márquez of " the larger @-@ than @-@ life reputation of a historical figure who , during the nineteenth century , struggled to unite the vast Hispanic world " . The novel 's publication provoked outrage from many Latin American politicians and intellectuals because its portrayal of the General is not the image long cherished by many . Mexico 's ambassador to Austria , Francisco , wrote a letter , which was widely publicized in Mexico City , to the portrayal of Bolívar . He stated : " The novel is plagued with errors of fact , conception , fairness , understanding of the historical moment and ignorance of its consequences ... It has served the enemies of Latin America , who care only that they can now Bolívar , and with him all of us . " Even the novel 's admirers , such as the leading Venezuelan diplomat and writer , worried that some facts were stretched . García Márquez believes , however , that Latin America has to discover the General 's labyrinth to recognize and deal with its own maze of problems . - More positively , Nelson , a Venezuelan TV commentator , considers the novel to be a tonic for Latin American culture : " people here saw a Bolívar who is a man of flesh and bones just like themselves " . Mexican author Carlos agrees with saying : " What comes across beautifully and in this book is a man dealing with the unknown world of democratic ideas " . García Márquez realistically portrays a ridiculous figure trapped in a labyrinth , the General 's defects , and presenting an image of Bolívar contrary to that instilled in classrooms . However , the novel also depicts Bolívar as an idealist and political theorist who predicted many problems that would obstruct Latin American advancement in the future . García Márquez depicts a figure who was aware of the racial and social friction in Latin American society , feared debt , and warned against economic . He has the General warn his aide @-@ de @-@ camp , Agustín de , against the future interference of the United States in the internal affairs of Latin America . - and critic Barbara comments that the book 's English translator , Edith Grossman , fully captures the multiple levels of meaning of the text , as well as García Márquez 's in tone . García Márquez himself has admitted that he prefers his novels in their English translations . - - = = Publication history = = - - The original Spanish version of The General in His Labyrinth was published simultaneously in Argentina , Colombia , Mexico , and Spain in 1989 . The first American edition was listed as a best seller in The New York Times the following year . - The novel has been translated into many languages since its first publication in Spanish , as detailed by de González in 2003 . - - - = Copia ( museum ) = - - Copia : The American Center for Wine , Food & the Arts was a non @-@ profit museum and educational center in downtown Napa , California , dedicated to wine , food and the arts of American culture . The center , planned and largely funded by vintners Robert and Mondavi , was open from 2001 to 2008 . The museum had galleries , two theaters , classrooms , a demonstration kitchen , a restaurant , a rare book library , and a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 4 ha ) vegetable and herb garden ; there it hosted wine and food tasting programs , exhibitions , films , and concerts . The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , " Forks in the Road " , explained the origins of cooking through to modern advances . The museum 's establishment benefited the city of Napa and the development and of its downtown . - Copia hosted its opening celebration on November 18 , 2001 . Among other notable people , Julia Child helped fund the venture , which established a restaurant named Julia 's Kitchen . Copia struggled to achieve its anticipated admissions , and had difficulty in its debts . from ticket sales , membership and donations attempted to support Copia 's payoff of debt , educational programs and exhibitions , but eventually were not sufficient . After numerous changes to the museum to increase revenue , Copia closed on November 21 , 2008 . Its library was donated to Napa Valley College and its Julia Child was sent to the National Museum of American History . The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) property had been for sale since its closure ; the Culinary Institute of America purchased the northern portion of the property in October 2015 . The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Name = = = - - The museum was named after Copia , the Roman goddess of wealth and plenty . According to Joseph Spence in ( 1755 ) , Copia is a name used to describe the goddess in poetry , and was referred to as Copia in 's . - - = = = Background = = = - - The city of Napa has historically not received as many wine country tourists as the cities north of it . A $ 300 million flood management project around the turn of the 21st century to widen the Napa River and raise bridges prompted building developments . In the early 2000s , a large development was completed in the downtown area , as well as several hotels . Copia and the nearby Oxbow Public Market were two large developments also constructed around that time to increase tourist and media focus on the city of Napa . - The museum opened in 2001 , two months after the September 11 attacks . The museum 's visitor attendance was much lower than what was projected ; the museum partially attributed that to the depressed tourist economy stemming from the attacks . - - = = = Conception and construction = = = - - In 1988 , vintner Robert Mondavi , his wife Mondavi , and other members of the wine industry began to look into establishing an institution in Napa County to educate , promote , and celebrate American excellence and achievements in the culinary arts , visual arts , and winemaking . Three organizations supported the museum : the University of California at Davis , the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration , and the American Institute of Wine & Food . In 1993 , Robert Mondavi bought and donated the land for Copia for $ 1 @.@ 2 million ( $ 1 @.@ 97 million today ) , followed by a lead gift of $ 20 million ( $ 32 @.@ 8 million today ) . Mondavi chose the downtown Napa location with urging from his wife , who raised her children there . James was hired by the foundation as the architect for the building in October 1994 . Subsequently , the " Seventy " , supporters from Napa Valley and the surrounding Bay Area , made substantial donations . Initial financing for Copia was $ 55 million ( $ 66 @.@ 8 million today ) , along with a $ 78 million ( $ 104 million today ) bond prior to opening in 2001 . - When the organization purchased the property , it was an empty lot next to a tire store . Steve , founder of the Oxbow Public Market , believed that Copia 's establishment helped expand Napa , its downtown area , and the Oxbow District . Construction of the facility triggered a significant growth in development of a marketplace , hotels and restaurants in downtown Napa . The museum began construction in 1999 and hosted opening celebrations on November 18 , 2001 . In 2005 , Copia sold 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 1 @.@ 4 ha ) to for construction of a hotel . - - = = = Decline and bankruptcy = = = - - Although the facility did attract visitors , local residents ' support failed to reach the numbers expected by the founders . Original projections of 300 @,@ 000 admissions per year were never met . In October 2006 , the museum announced plans to turn galleries into conference rooms , remove most of the museum 's focus on art , and lay off 28 of its 85 employees ( most of whom were security guards for the art gallery ) . At the time , Copia had $ 68 million ( $ 74 @.@ 7 million today ) in debt . That year the museum also lowered its original adult admission fee of $ 12 @.@ 50 to $ 5 . For three months in 2006 , the museum admitted guests free of charge , and attendance and revenue increased . The museum also began hosting weddings and renting its space more frequently in order to raise revenue . In 2007 , the museum altered its theme significantly by removing its focus on food and art , and instead focusing solely on wine . It replaced some of its gardens with vineyards , changed its displays to focus more on the history and aspects of wine and , and decreased the restaurant 's and programs ' focus on food . - In September 2008 , Garry McGuire announced that 24 of 80 employees were being laid off and the days of operation would be reduced from 7 to 3 per week . figures had never reached either original or updated projections , causing the facility to operate annually in the red since its opening . In November , he announced that the property would be sold due to debt . The museum closed on Friday , November 21 , 2008 . The closure was without warning ; visitors who had arrived for scheduled events found a paper notice at the entrance that the center was temporarily closed . The next days ' events involving chef Andrew and singer Joni Morris were also abruptly cancelled ; the museum later stated that it would reopen on December 1 . On that day , the organization ( with $ 80 million ( $ 87 @.@ 9 million today ) in debt ) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . The federal bankruptcy court blocked a $ 2 million ( $ 2 @.@ 2 million today ) emergency loan with priority in security , leaving Copia with no funds to resume operations . - Writing about the failure of the project , The New York Times and other newspapers suggested that Copia had failed to clearly define its focus . Potential tourists were left feeling unsure whether they were visiting a museum , a cooking school , or a promotional center for wine . - - = = = Aftermath = = = - - Following the 2008 closing of Copia , a group of investors , developers , advocates , and vintners named the Coalition to Preserve Copia was formed to explore a plan to preserve the building and grounds . Part of the group 's plan included forming a @-@ district with participation of local hotel properties to finance bonds to purchase the property , but their effort failed . In May 2009 local developer George spoke about his interest in purchasing the property . Other developers including the Culinary Institute of America also expressed an interest in acquiring the property . Copia 's bond holder , Financial Corporation , listed the property for sale in October 2009 . Napa Valley College 's upper valley campus became the home of the center 's library of around 1 @,@ 000 cookbooks . By late 2010 , local chefs had revived the center 's garden and the parking lot had become the location of a weekly farmer 's market . In 2011 , the museum was reported to still maintain its original , with the gift store fully stocked and the restaurant still furnished . In an April 2012 auction , most of the center 's fixtures , furniture , equipment , wine collection ( around 3 @,@ 500 bottles ) , , displays , artistic items , and antiquities were sold . - Since Copia 's closure , the building has been used for a few meetings and events , including the Napa Valley Film Festival and Napa Valley . Development arranged to buy the entire site in 2015 and planned mixed use with housing and retail . The company planned to build up to 187 housing units , 30 @,@ 000 square feet of retail space , and underground parking for 500 cars . The plan had later altered to only include purchase of the southern portion of the property . In 2015 , the Culinary Institute of America ( CIA ) put in motion plans to purchase a separate portion of Copia . The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School . The school , which was its St. Helena campus , purchased the northern portion of the property for $ 12 @.@ 5 million in October 2015 ( it was assessed for $ 21 @.@ 3 million around 2013 ) . Among the CIA 's first events there was 2016 's ! Napa Valley , a food and wine festival sponsored by local organizations . The campus is expected to open in late 2016 , with its Chuck Williams Culinary Arts Museum opening in 2017 . The museum will house about 4 @,@ 000 items of Chuck Williams , including cookbooks , , and appliances . - - = = Facilities = = - - Copia is located on First Street in downtown Napa , adjacent to the Oxbow Public Market . The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) property is surrounded by an of the Napa River . The two @-@ story building is 78 @,@ square feet ( 7 @,@ 305 @.@ 2 m2 ) in size , and is primarily built from polished concrete , metal , and glass . The city 's farmers ' market has been located in Copia 's parking lot since 2004 . - It had a 13 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 200 m2 ) gallery for art , history , and science exhibits . It also had a 280 @-@ seat indoor theater , a 500 @-@ seat outdoor theater , classrooms , an 80 @-@ seat demonstration kitchen , a rare book library , a wine @-@ tasting area , a café ( named American Market Cafe ) , gift shop ( named ) , and 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 1 @.@ 4 ha ) of edible gardens . The building 's architect was Partnership Architects . Julia 's Kitchen was a restaurant inside the Copia building that focused on seasonal dishes and was named for honorary trustee Julia Child , who loaned part of her kitchen to the restaurant , a wall of 49 pans , pots , fish molds , and other tools and objects . Within a year of the center 's closing , the items were sent to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History , where they are included in the Julia Child 's kitchen exhibit , which up until that point was only missing that portion . The restaurant had a 1 @,@ 700 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 160 m2 ) dining room ( for 180 seats ) , an outdoor seating area ( 4 @,@ 300 square feet ( 400 m2 ) ) and a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) kitchen . The gardens had fruit orchards , a pavilion with a kitchen and large dining table , and a small with 60 vines and 30 different grape varieties . The restaurant and café were both operated by local Elements , and later Restaurant Group . - The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , called " Forks in the Road : Food , Wine and the American Table " , had displays explaining the origins of cooking through to modern advances , and included a significant portion about the history of American winemaking . The museum 's opening art exhibition was called " Active " , and had new works related to food by eight notable artists . Copia also had an annual exhibit and event called " " , which began in 2005 . The event involved teams of architects , students , and designers creating sculptures from cans of food , which would later be donated to the Napa Valley Food Bank . The first year 's donation consisted of 42 @,@ 000 pounds of canned food . - - = = and visitor admissions = = - - The founding director , Peggy , left Copia in March 2005 , and was replaced by Arthur that July ; in 2008 was replaced by Chairman Garry McGuire Jr . , who resigned on December 5 , 2008 . The wine curator , Peter Marks , left around 2008 and was replaced with dean of wine studies Andrea Robinson . Around 2008 , McGuire hired celebrity chef Tyler Florence as dean of culinary studies . Florence oversaw the museum 's food programs and Julia 's Kitchen . - Museum attendance was initially forecast at 300 @,@ 000 ; to compare , the county had 4 @.@ 5 million tourists in 2001 . 205 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2001 , 220 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2002 , and 160 @,@ 000 attended in 2003 . 150 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2007 . - - - = Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm = - - Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm ( also known as Fair Laughs the and Youth and Pleasure ) is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty , first exhibited in 1832 and currently in Tate Britain . Etty had been planning the painting since 1818 – 19 , and an early version was exhibited in 1822 . The piece was inspired by a metaphor in Thomas Gray 's poem The Bard in which the apparently bright start to the notorious of Richard II of England was compared to a gilded ship whose occupants are unaware of an approaching storm . Etty chose to illustrate Gray 's lines literally , depicting a golden boat filled with and surrounded by nude and near @-@ nude figures . - Etty felt that his approach to the work illustrated a moral warning about the pursuit of pleasure , but his approach was not entirely successful . The Bard was about a supposed curse on the House of Plantagenet placed by a Welsh bard following Edward I of England 's attempts to eradicate Welsh culture , and critics felt that Etty had somewhat misunderstood the point of Gray 's poem . Some reviewers greatly praised the piece , and in particular Etty 's technical abilities , but audiences of the time found it hard to understand the purpose of Etty 's painting , and his use of nude figures led some critics to consider the work and offensive . - The painting was bought in 1832 by Robert Vernon to form part of his collection of British art . Vernon donated his collection , including Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm , to the National Gallery in 1847 , which , in turn , transferred it to the Tate Gallery in 1949 . It remains one of Etty 's best @-@ known works , and formed part of major exhibitions at Tate Britain in 2001 – 02 and at the York Art Gallery in 2011 – 12 . - - = = Background = = - - William Etty , the seventh son of a York baker and , had been an apprentice in Hull . On completing his seven @-@ year apprenticeship at the age of 18 he moved to London " with a few pieces of chalk " , and the intention of becoming a history painter in the tradition of the Old Masters . He enrolled in the Schools of the Royal Academy of Arts , studying under renowned portrait painter Thomas Lawrence . He submitted numerous paintings to the Royal Academy over the following decade , all of which were either rejected or received little attention when exhibited . - In 1821 Etty 's The of Cleopatra in Cilicia ( also known as The Triumph of Cleopatra ) was a critical success . The painting featured nude figures , and over the following years Etty painted further nudes in biblical , literary and mythological settings . All but one of the 15 paintings Etty exhibited in the 1820s included at least one nude figure . - While some nudes existed in private collections , England had no tradition of nude painting and the display and distribution of nude material to the public had been suppressed since the 1787 for the of Vice . Etty was the first British artist to in the nude , and the reaction of the lower classes to these paintings caused concern throughout the 19th century . Although his portraits of male nudes were generally well received , many critics condemned his repeated depictions of female nudity as indecent . - - = = Composition = = - - Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm was inspired by a passage in Thomas Gray 's poem The Bard . The theme of The Bard was the English king Edward I 's conquest of Wales , and a curse placed by a Welsh bard upon Edward 's descendants after he ordered the execution of all bards and the eradication of Welsh culture . Etty used a passage Gray intended to symbolise the seemingly bright start to the disastrous reign of Edward 's great @-@ great @-@ grandson Richard II . - Etty chose to illustrate Gray 's words literally , creating what has been described as " a poetic romance " . Youth and Pleasure depicts a small gilded boat . Above the boat , a nude figure representing blows on the sails . Another nude representing Pleasure lies on a large bouquet of flowers , loosely holding the helm of the boat and allowing 's breeze to guide it . A nude child blows bubbles , which another nude on the prow of the ship , representing Youth , reaches to catch . , again nude , swim around and on the boat . Although the seas are calm , a " sweeping " is forming on the horizon , with a demonic figure within the storm clouds . ( and restoration means this demonic figure is now barely visible . ) The intertwined limbs of the participants were intended to evoke the sensation of transient and passing pleasure , and to express the themes of female sexual innocent youth , and the sexual power women hold over men . - Etty said of his approach to the text that he was hoping to create " a general allegory of Human Life , its empty vain pleasures — if not founded on the laws of Him who is the Rock of Ages . " While Etty felt that the work conveyed a clear moral warning about the pursuit of pleasure , this lesson was largely lost upon its audiences . - When Etty exhibited the completed painting at the Royal Academy Summer in 1832 , it was shown untitled , with the relevant six lines from The Bard attached ; writers at the time sometimes referred to it by its of Fair Laughs the . By the time of Etty 's death in 1849 , it had acquired its present title of Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm . - - = = = = - - The final version of Youth and Pleasure was painted between 1830 and 1832 , but Etty had been contemplating a painting on the theme since 1818 – 19 . In 1822 he had exhibited an early version at the British Institution titled A from One of Gray 's Odes ( Youth on the Prow ) ; in this version the group of figures on the prow is reversed , and the swimmers around the boat are absent . Another rough version of the painting also survives , similar to the 1832 version but again with the figures on the prow reversed . This version was exhibited at a retrospective of Etty 's work at the Society of Arts in 1849 ; it is dated 1848 but this is likely to be a of 1828 , making it a preliminary study for the 1832 painting . - Although it received little notice when first exhibited , the 1822 version provoked a strong reaction from The Times : - We take this opportunity of advising Mr. Etty , who got some reputation for painting " Cleopatra 's " , not to be into a style which can only the most vicious taste . Naked figures , when painted with the purity of Raphael , may be endured : but nakedness without purity is offensive and indecent , and on Mr. Etty 's is mere dirty flesh . Mr. Howard , whose poetical subjects sometimes require naked figures , never the eye or mind . Let Mr. Etty strive to acquire a taste equally pure : he should know , that just delicate taste and pure moral sense are synonymous terms . - An oil sketch attributed to Etty , given to York Art Gallery in 1952 by Judith , Countess of and entitled Three Female , is possibly a preliminary study by Etty for Youth and Pleasure , or a copy by a student of the three central figures . Art historian Sarah considers both possibilities unlikely , as neither the arrangement of figures , the subject matter or the sea serpent approaching the group appear to relate to the completed Youth and Pleasure , and considers it more likely to be a preliminary sketch for a now @-@ unknown work . - - = = Reception = = - - Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm met with a mixed reception on exhibition , and while critics generally praised Etty 's technical ability , there was a certain confusion as to what the painting was actually intended to represent and a general feeling that he had seriously misunderstood what The Bard was actually about . The Library of the Fine Arts felt " in classical design , anatomical drawing , of attitude , of form , and of grouping , no doubt Mr. Etty has no superior " , and while " the representation of the ideas in the lines quoted [ from The Bard ] are beautifully and accurately expressed upon the canvas " they considered " the reference of the poet [ to the destruction of Welsh culture and the decline of the House of Plantagenet ] was entirely lost sight of , and that , if this be the nearest that Art can approach in conveying to the eye the happy of the subject which Gray intended , we fear we must give up the contest upon the merits of poetry and painting . " Similar concerns were raised in The Times , which observed that it was " Full of beauty , rich in colouring , boldly and accurately drawn , and composed with a most graceful fancy ; but the meaning of it , if it has any meaning , no man can tell " , pointing out that although it was intended to illustrate Gray it " would represent almost as well any other poet 's . " The , meanwhile , took issue with the cramped and boat , pointing out that the characters " if not exactly jammed together like in a basket , are sadly constrained for want of room " , and also complained that the boat would not in reality " float half the weight which is made to press upon it . " - Other reviewers were ; The Gentleman 's Magazine praised Etty 's ability to capture " the beauty of the proportion of the antique " , noting that in the central figures " there is far more of than is to be seen in almost any modern picture " , and considered the overall composition " a most fortunate combination of the of Poetry and the reality of Nature " . The considered it " a poetic picture from a very poetic passage " , praising Etty for " telling a story which is very difficult to tell with the pencil " . - The greatest criticism of Youth and Pleasure came from The Morning Chronicle , a newspaper which had long disliked Etty 's female nudes . It complained " no decent family can hang such sights against their wall " , and condemned the painting as an " indulgence of what we once hoped a classical , but which are now convinced , is a mind " , commenting " the course of [ Etty 's ] studies should run in a channel , and that he should not persist , with an fancy , to pursue Nature to her holy . He is a laborious , and a beautiful colourist ; but he has not taste or chastity of mind enough to venture on the naked truth . " The reviewer added " we fear that Mr. E will never turn from his wicked ways , and make himself fit for decent company . " - - = = Legacy = = - - Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm was purchased at the time of its exhibition by Robert Vernon for his important collection of British art . ( The price Vernon paid for Youth and Pleasure is not recorded , although Etty 's records a partial payment of £ 250 — about £ 21 @,@ 000 in 2016 terms — so it is likely to have been a substantial sum . ) Vernon later purchased John Constable 's The Valley Farm , planning to hang it in the place then occupied by Youth and Pleasure . This decision caused Constable to comment " My picture is to go into the place — where Etty 's " " is at present — his picture with its precious freight is to be brought down nearer to the nose . " Vernon presented his collection to the nation in 1847 , and his 157 paintings , including Youth and Pleasure , entered the National Gallery . - When Samuel Carter Hall was choosing works to illustrate his newly launched The Art Journal , he considered it important to promote new British artists , even if it meant illustrations which some readers considered pornographic or offensive . In 1849 Hall secured reproduction rights to the paintings Vernon had given to the nation and soon published and widely distributed an engraving of the painting under the title Youth and Pleasure , describing it as " of the very highest class " . - by repeated attacks from the press on his supposed indecency , poor taste and lack of creativity , Etty changed his approach after the response to Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm . He exhibited over 80 further paintings at the Royal Academy alone , and remained a prominent painter of nudes , but from this time made conscious efforts to reflect moral lessons . He died in November 1849 and , while his work enjoyed a brief boom in popularity , interest in him declined over time , and by the end of the 19th century all of his paintings had fallen below their original prices . - In 1949 the painting was transferred from the National Gallery to the Tate Gallery , where as of 2015 it remains . Although Youth and Pleasure is one of Etty 's best @-@ known paintings , it remains controversial , and Dennis Farr 's 1958 biography of Etty describes it as " inept " . It was one of four works by Etty chosen for Tate Britain 's landmark : The Victorian exhibition in 2001 – 02 , and also formed part of a major retrospective of Etty 's work at the York Art Gallery in 2011 – 12 . - - - = Mozambican War of Independence = - - The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO ( de de Moçambique ) , and Portugal . The war officially started on September 25 , 1964 , and ended with a ceasefire on September 8 , 1974 , resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975 . - Portugal 's wars against independence guerrilla fighters in its 400 @-@ year @-@ old African territories began in 1961 with Angola . In Mozambique , the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations , who perceived foreign rule to be a form of exploitation and mistreatment , which served only to further Portuguese economic interests in the region . Many Mozambicans also resented Portugal 's policies towards indigenous people , which resulted in discrimination , traditional lifestyle turning difficult for many Africans , and limited access to Portuguese @-@ style education and skilled employment . - As successful self @-@ determination movements spread throughout Africa after World War II , many Mozambicans became progressively nationalistic in outlook , and increasingly frustrated by the nation 's continued subservience to foreign rule . For the other side , many indigenous Africans who were fully integrated into the Portugal @-@ ruled social organization of Portuguese Mozambique , in particular those from the urban centres , reacted to the claims with a mixture of discomfort and suspicion . The ethnic Portuguese of the territory , which included most of the ruling authorities , responded with increased military presence and fast @-@ paced development projects . - A mass exile of Mozambique 's political intelligentsia to neighbouring countries provided from which radical Mozambicans could plan actions and foment political unrest in their homeland . The formation of the Mozambican guerrilla organisation FRELIMO and the support of the Soviet Union , China , Cuba , Yugoslavia , Bulgaria , Tanzania , Zambia , Egypt , Algeria and regime in Libya through arms and advisers , led to the outbreak of violence that was to last over a decade . - From a military standpoint , the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during the conflict against the guerrilla forces . Nonetheless , Mozambique succeeded in achieving independence on June 25 , 1975 , after a civil resistance movement known as the Carnation Revolution backed by portions of the military in Portugal overthrow the military dictatorship sponsored by US , thus ending 470 years of Portuguese colonial rule in the East African region . According to historians of the Revolution , the military coup in Portugal was in part fuelled by protests concerning the conduct of Portuguese troops in their treatment of some local Mozambican populace . The role of the growing communist influence over the group of Portuguese military insurgents who led the Lisbon 's military coup , and , on the other hand , the pressure of the international community over the direction of the Portuguese Colonial War in general , were main causes for the final outcome . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Portuguese colonial rule = = = - - San hunter and gatherers , ancestors of the peoples , were the first known inhabitants of the region that is now Mozambique , followed in the 1st and 4th centuries by @-@ speaking peoples who migrated there across the River . In , Portuguese explorers landed on the Mozambican coastline . Portugal 's influence in East Africa grew throughout the 16th century ; she established several colonies known collectively as Portuguese East Africa . and gold became profitable for the Europeans ; influence was largely exercised through individual settlers and there was no centralised administration and , in the meantime , Portugal had turned her attention to India and Brazil . - By the 19th century , European colonialism in Africa had reached its height . Having lost control of the vast territory of Brazil in South America , the Portuguese began to focus on expanding their African outposts . This brought them into direct conflict with the British . Since David had returned to the area in 1858 in an attempt to foster trade routes , British interest in Mozambique had risen , the Portuguese government . During the 19th century , much of Eastern Africa was still being brought under British control , and in order to facilitate this , Britain required several concessions from the Portuguese colony . - As a result , in an attempt to avoid a naval conflict with the superior British Royal Navy , Portugal adjusted the borders of her colony and the modern borders of Mozambique were established in May 1881 . Control of Mozambique was left to various organisations such as the Mozambique Company , the Company and the Niassa Company which were financed and provided with cheap labour by the British Empire to work mines and construct railways . These companies penetrated inland from the coastline , setting up plantations and taxing the local populace who had until then resisted encroachment by the colonists . - The resisting Gaza Empire , a collection of indigenous tribes who inhabited the area that now constitutes Mozambique and Zimbabwe , was defeated in 1895 , and the remaining inland tribes were eventually defeated by 1902 ; in that same year , Portugal established Lourenço as the capital . In 1926 , political and economic crisis in Portugal led to the establishment of the Second Republic ( later to become the Novo ) , and a revival of interest in the African colonies . for self determination in Mozambique arose shortly after World War II , in light of the independence granted to many other colonies worldwide in the great wave of decolonisation . - - = = = Rise of FRELIMO = = = - - Portugal designated Mozambique an overseas territory in 1951 in order to show to the world that the colony had a greater autonomy . It was called the Overseas Province of Mozambique ( de Moçambique ) . Nonetheless , Portugal still maintained strong control over its overseas province . The increasing number of newly independent African nations after World War II , coupled with the ongoing mistreatment of the indigenous population , encouraged the growth of nationalist sentiments within Mozambique . - Mozambique was marked by large between the wealthy Portuguese and the majority of the large rural indigenous African population . whites , many of them recent immigrants , including illiterate peasants , were given preference in lower @-@ level urban jobs , where a system of job reservation existed . In the rural areas , Portuguese controlled the trading stores with which African peasants interacted . Being largely illiterate and preserving their local traditions and ways of life , skilled employment opportunities and roles in administration and government were rare for these numerous tribal populations , leaving them few or no opportunities in the urban modern life . Many indigenous peoples saw their culture and tradition being overwhelmed by the alien culture of Portugal . A small educated African class did emerge , but faced substantial discrimination . - Vocal political dissidents opposed to Portuguese rule and claiming independence were typically forced into exile . From the mid @-@ 1920s a succession of authoritarian regimes in Portugal closed unions and left @-@ wing opposition , both within Portugal and within its colonies , notably in the Novo period ( 1933 @-@ 1974 ) . The Portuguese government forced black Mozambican farmers to grow rice or cotton for export , providing little return with which the farmers could support themselves . Many other workers — over 250 @,@ 000 by 1960 — were pressured to work on coal and gold mines , in neighbouring territories , mainly in South Africa , where they comprised over 30 % of black underground miners . By 1950 , only 4 @,@ 353 Mozambicans out of 5 @,@ 733 @,@ 000 had been granted the right to vote by the Portuguese colonial government . The rift between Portuguese settlers and Mozambican locals is illustrated in one way by the small number of people with mixed Portuguese and Mozambican heritage ( ) , numbering only 31 @,@ in a population of 8 – 10 million in 1960 according to that year 's census . - The Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO ( de de Moçambique ) , formally ( Marxist @-@ as of 1977 but to such positions since the late 1960s ) , was formed in Dar es Salaam , the largest city in neighbouring Tanzania , on June 25 , 1962 . It was created during a conference , by political figures who had been forced into exile , by the merging of various existing nationalist groups , including the Mozambican African National Union , National African Union of Independent Mozambique and the National Democratic Union of Mozambique which had been formed two years earlier . It was only in exile that such political movements could develop , due to the strength of Portugal 's grip on activity within Mozambique itself . - A year later , in 1963 , FRELIMO set up headquarters in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , under the leadership of sociologist Eduardo Mondlane , and began to call for independence from two years of organisation and failing political manoeuvres in an attempt to seek a peaceful independence , Mondlane began in 1964 a campaign of guerrilla warfare in an attempt to achieve independence for Mozambique . - The United Nations also put pressure on Portugal to move for decolonisation . Portugal threatened to withdraw from NATO , which put a stop to this support and pressure , and the nationalist groups in Mozambique were forced to turn to help from the Soviet bloc . - - = = = Support from the Soviet Union = = = - - During the Cold War , and particularly in the late 1950s , the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China adopted a strategy of of Western powers by disruption of their hold on African colonies . Nikita , in particular , viewed the ' third of mankind ' as a means to weaken the West . For the Soviets , Africa represented a chance to create a rift between western powers and their colonial assets , and create pro @-@ communist states in Africa with which to foster future relations . - Prior to the formation of FRELIMO , the Soviet position regarding the nationalist movements in Mozambique was one of confusion . There were multiple independence movements , and they had no sure knowledge that any would succeed . The nationalist groups in Mozambique , like those across Africa during the period , received training and equipment from the Soviet Union . - Eduardo Mondlane 's successor , future President of Mozambique , Samora Machel , acknowledged assistance from both Moscow and , describing them as " the only ones who will really help us . ... They have fought armed struggles , and whatever they have learned that is relevant to Mozambique we will use . " received tuition in subversion and political warfare as well as military aid , specifically shipments of 122 mm artillery rockets in 1972 , with 1600 advisors from Russia , Cuba and East Germany . FRELIMO adopted @-@ at an early stage . - The Soviet Union continued to support the new FRELIMO government against in the years after 1975 . By 1981 , there were 230 Soviet , close to 200 Cuban military and over 600 civilian Cuban advisers still in the country . Cuba 's involvement in Mozambique was as part of a continuing effort to export the anti @-@ ideology of the Cuban Revolution and forge desperately needed new allies . Cuba provided support to liberation movements and leftist governments in numerous African countries , including Angola , Ethiopia , Guinea @-@ and Congo @-@ . - - = = Conflict = = - - - = = = under Mondlane ( 1964 – 69 ) = = = - - At the war 's outset , FRELIMO had little hope for a conventional military victory , with a mere 7000 combatants against a far larger Portuguese force . Their hopes rested on urging the local populace to support the insurgency , in order to force a negotiated independence from Lisbon . Portugal fought its own version of protracted warfare , and a large military force was sent by the Portuguese government to quell the unrest , with troop numbers rising from 8 @,@ 000 to 24 @,@ 000 between 1964 and 1967 . The number of local soldiers recruited for the Portuguese cause rose to 23 @,@ 000 in the same period . 860 Special Forces operatives were also being trained in Commando by 1969 . - The military wing of FRELIMO was commanded by Samuel , whose forces received training from Algeria . The FRELIMO guerrillas were armed with a variety of weapons , many provided by the Soviet Union and China . Common weapons included the – bolt @-@ action rifle , and AK @-@ 47 automatic rifles and the Soviet @-@ 41 . Machine guns such as the light machine gun were widely used , along with the and the SG @-@ 43 . FRELIMO were supported by mortars , recoilless rifles , RPG @-@ and RPG @-@ , Anti @-@ aircraft weapons such as the @-@ 4 and from 1974 the 2 . - In the dying stages of the conflict , FRELIMO was provided with a few @-@ 7 shoulder @-@ launched missile launchers from China ; these were never used to shoot down a Portuguese plane . Only one Portuguese aircraft was lost in combat during the conflict , when Lt. Emilio Lourenço 's @-@ 4 was destroyed by premature detonation of his own ordnance . - The Portuguese forces were under the command of General António Augusto dos Santos , a man with strong faith in new counter @-@ insurgency theories . Augusto dos Santos supported a collaboration with Rhodesia to create African Scout units and other special forces teams , with Rhodesian forces even conducting their own independent operations during the conflict . Due to Portuguese policy of retaining up @-@ to @-@ date equipment for the while shipping obsolete equipment to the colonies , the Portuguese soldiers fighting in the opening stages of the conflict were equipped with World War II radios and the old rifle . As the fighting progressed , the need for more modern equipment was rapidly recognised , and the & Koch and rifles were adopted as the standard battlefield weapon , along with the @-@ 10 for paratroopers . The and , then in 1968 , the were the Portuguese general purpose machine guns , with 60 , 81 and 120 mm mortars , howitzers and the AML @-@ 60 , , Fox and armoured cars frequently deployed for fire support . - Although helicopters were not used in Mozambique to the same extent as they were in Vietnam , the III was the most widely used , although the Puma was also used with great success . Other aircraft were employed : for air support the and the were used ; for reconnaissance , the Do 27 . In the transport role , the Portuguese Air Force used mainly the Nord and the C @-@ 47 . The Portuguese Navy also made extensive use of patrol boats , landing crafts , and . - - = = = = of FRELIMO attacks = = = = - - In 1964 , weak @-@ hearted attempts at peaceful negotiation by FRELIMO were abandoned and , on September 25 , 1964 , Eduardo Mondlane began to launch guerrilla attacks on targets in northern Mozambique from his base in Tanzania . FRELIMO soldiers , with logistical assistance from the local population , attacked the administrative post at Chai Chai in the province of Cabo . FRELIMO militants were able to evade pursuit and surveillance by employing classic guerrilla tactics : patrols , communication and railroad lines , and making hit @-@ and @-@ run attacks against colonial outposts before rapidly fading into accessible areas . The insurgents were typically armed with rifles and machine pistols , and the attackers took full advantage of the monsoon season in order to evade pursuit . - During heavy rains , it was much more difficult to track insurgents by air , Portugal 's air superiority , and Portuguese troops and vehicles found movement during rain storms difficult . In contrast , the insurgent troops , with lighter equipment , were able to flee into the bush ( the ) amongst an ethnically similar populace into which they could melt away . Furthermore , the FRELIMO forces were able to forage food from the surroundings and local villages , and were thus not hampered by long supply lines . - With the initial FRELIMO attacks in Chai Chai , the fighting spread to Niassa and Tete at the centre of Mozambique . During the early stages of the conflict , FRELIMO activity was reduced to small , platoon @-@ sized engagements , and raids on Portuguese installations . The FRELIMO soldiers often operated in small groups of ten to fifteen soldiers . The scattered nature of FRELIMO 's initial attacks was an attempt to disperse the Portuguese forces . - The Portuguese troops began to suffer losses in November , fighting in the northern region of . With increasing support from the populace , and the low number of Portuguese regular troops , FRELIMO was quickly able to advance south towards and , linking to Tete with the aid of forces from the neighbouring Republic of Malawi , which had become a fully independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on July 6 , 1964 . Despite the increasing range of FRELIMO operations , attacks were still limited to small strike teams attacking lightly defended administrative outposts , with the FRELIMO lines of communication and supply utilising canoes along the River and Lake Malawi . - It was not until 1965 that recruitment of fighters increased along with popular support , and the strike teams were able to increase in size . The increase in popular support was in part due to FRELIMO agencies ' offer of help to exiled Mozambicans , who had fled the conflict by travelling to nearby Tanzania . Like similar conflicts against the French and United States forces in Vietnam , the insurgents also used landmines to a great extent to the Portuguese forces , thus straining the armed forces ' infrastructure and soldiers . - FRELIMO attack groups had also begun to grow in size to include over 100 soldiers in certain cases , and the insurgents also began to accept women fighters into their ranks . On either October 10 or October 11 , 1966 , on returning to Tanzania after inspecting the front lines , Samuel was shot dead by Lourenço , a fellow FRELIMO guerrilla who was said to be in the employ of the Portuguese . - One seventh of the population and one fifth of the territory were in FRELIMO hands by 1967 ; at this time there were approximately 8000 guerrillas in combat . During this period , Mondlane urged further expansion of the war effort , but also sought to retain the small strike groups . With the increasing cost of supply , more and more territory liberated from the Portuguese , and the adoption of measures to win the support of the population , it was at this time that Mondlane sought assistance from abroad , specifically the Soviet Union and China ; from these benefactors , he obtained large @-@ calibre machine guns , anti @-@ aircraft rifles and 75 mm recoilless rifles and 122 mm rockets . - In 1968 , the second Congress of FRELIMO was a propaganda victory for the insurgents , despite attempts by the Portuguese , who enjoyed air superiority throughout the conflict , to bomb the location of the meeting late in the day . This gave FRELIMO further weight to wield in the United Nations . - - = = = Portuguese development program = = = - - Due to both the technological gap between and the centuries @-@ long colonial era , Portugal was a driving force in the development and shaping of all Portuguese Africa since the 15th century . In the 1960s and early 1970s , to counter the increasing insurgency of FRELIMO forces and show to the Portuguese people and the world that the territory was totally under control , the Portuguese government accelerated its major development program to expand and upgrade the infrastructure of Portuguese Mozambique by creating new roads , railways , bridges , dams , irrigation systems , schools and hospitals to stimulate an even higher level of economic growth and support from the populace . - As part of this redevelopment program , construction of the Dam began in 1969 . This particular project became intrinsically linked with Portugal 's concerns over security in the overseas colonies . The Portuguese government viewed the construction of the dam as testimony to Portugal 's " mission " and intended for the dam to Mozambican belief in the strength and security of the Portuguese colonial government . To this end , Portugal sent three thousand new troops and over one million landmines to Mozambique to defend the building project . - the symbolic significance of the dam to the Portuguese , FRELIMO proceeded to spend seven years attempting to halt its construction by force . No direct attacks were ever successful , but FRELIMO had some success in attacking convoys en route to the site . FRELIMO also lodged a protest with the United Nations about the project , and their cause was aided by negative reports of Portuguese actions in Mozambique . In spite of the subsequent withdrawal of much foreign financial support for the dam , it was finally completed in December 1974 . The dam 's intended propaganda value to the Portuguese was overshadowed by the adverse Mozambican public reaction to the extensive dispersal of the indigenous populace , who were forced to relocate from their homes to allow for the construction project . The dam also deprived farmers of the critical annual floods , which formerly re @-@ fertilised the plantations . - - = = = Assassination of Eduardo Mondlane = = = - - On February 3 , 1969 , Eduardo Mondlane was killed by explosives smuggled into his . Many sources state that , in an attempt to rectify the situation in Mozambique , the Portuguese secret police assassinated Mondlane by sending a parcel to his office in Dar es Salaam . Inside the parcel was a book containing an explosive device , which detonated upon opening . Other sources state that Eduardo was killed when an explosive device detonated underneath his chair at the FRELIMO headquarters , and that the faction responsible was never identified . - The original investigations levelled accusations at ( who was later executed ) and , FRELIMO leader in Cabo . The latter had made no secret of his distrust of Mondlane , seeing him as too conservative a leader , and the police also accused him of working with PIDE ( Portugal 's secret police ) to assassinate Mondlane . himself surrendered to the Portuguese in April of that year . - Although the exact details of the assassination remain disputed , the involvement of the Portuguese government , particularly Press or PIDE , is generally accepted by most historians and biographers and is supported by the Portuguese stay behind @-@ esque army , known as Press , that suggested in 1990 that they were responsible for the assassination . Initially , due to the uncertainty regarding who was responsible , Mondlane 's death created great suspicion within the ranks of the FRELIMO itself and a short power struggle which resulted in a dramatic swing to the political left . - Mondlane 's immediate successor was the moderate Rev. Simango , who had served under him , as FRELIMO 's vice @-@ President , from its formation until 1969 . In the post @-@ assassination power @-@ struggle , Simango was ousted by the more hardline Samora Machel and dos Santos , expelled from FRELIMO and eventually arrested and executed , post @-@ Independence , in 1975 . - - = = = Continuing war ( 1969 – 74 ) = = = - - In 1969 , General António Augusto dos Santos was relieved of command , with General Kaúlza de Arriaga taking over officially in March 1970 . Kaúlza de Arriaga favoured a more direct method of fighting the insurgents , and the established policy of using African counter @-@ insurgency forces was rejected in favour of the deployment of regular Portuguese forces accompanied by a small number of African fighters . Indigenous personnel were still recruited for special operations , such as the Special Groups of in 1973 , though their role less significant under the new commander . His tactics were partially influenced by a meeting with United States General William Westmoreland . - By 1972 there was growing pressure from other commanders , particularly Kaúlza de Arriaga 's second in command , General Francisco da Costa , for the use of African soldiers in Flechas units . Flechas units ( Arrows ) were also employed in Angola and were units under the command of the Portuguese PIDE . of local tribesmen , the units specialised in tracking , reconnaissance and anti @-@ terrorist operations . - Costa argued that African soldiers were cheaper and were better able to create a relationship with the local populace , a tactic similar to the ' hearts and minds ' strategy being used by United States forces in Vietnam at the time . These Flechas units saw action in the territory at the very end stages of the conflict , following the dismissal of Kaúlza de Arriaga on the eve of the Portuguese coup in 1974 – the Carnation Revolution . The units were to continue to cause problems for the FRELIMO even after the Revolution and Portuguese withdrawal , when the country splintered into civil war . - There were several Portuguese special forces units that were unique to either the Mozambican conflict or the Portuguese Colonial War as a whole : - Special Groups ( Grupos Especiais ) : units similar to the ones used in Angola - Special Groups ( Grupos Especiais @-@ ) : units of volunteer black soldiers that had paratrooper training - Combat Tracking Special Groups ( Grupos Especiais de de ) : special units trained in tracking - Flechas : Local tribesmen and rebel specialised in tracking , reconnaissance and terrorist operations . They sometimes patrolled in captured uniforms and are rewarded with cash for every guerrilla or guerrilla weapon they capture . - During the entire period of 1970 – 74 , FRELIMO intensified guerrilla operations , specialising in urban terrorism . The use of landmines also intensified , with sources stating that they had become responsible for two out of every three Portuguese casualties . During the conflict , FRELIMO used a variety of anti @-@ tank and anti @-@ personnel mines , including the ( Black Widow ) , @-@ 46 , and . Even amphibious mines were used , such as the . Mine , an acute fear of landmines , was rampant in the Portuguese forces . This fear , coupled with the frustration of taking casualties without ever seeing the enemy forces , damaged morale and significantly hampered progress . - - = = = = Portuguese counter @-@ offensive ( June 1970 ) = = = = - - On June 10 , 1970 , a major counter @-@ offensive was launched by the Portuguese army . The Gordian Operation ( Portuguese : ) targeted permanent insurgent camps and the infiltration routes across the border in the north of Mozambique over a period of seven months . The operation involved some 35 @,@ 000 Portuguese troops , particularly elite units like paratroopers , commandos , marines and naval . - The Portuguese had excellent coordination between light bombers , helicopters and reinforced ground patrols . They utilised American tactics of quick airborne ( ) assaults supported by heavy aerial bombardments of FRELIMO camps by the Portuguese Air Force ( or FAP ) to surround and eliminate the guerrillas . These bombardments were accompanied by the use of heavy artillery . The Portuguese also used cavalry units to cover the flanks of patrols and where the terrain was too difficult to motor transport , and units of captured or deserted guerrillas to penetrate their former bases . - Problems for the Portuguese arose almost immediately when the offensive coincided with the beginning of the monsoon season , creating additional logistical difficulties . Not only were the Portuguese soldiers badly equipped , but there was very poor cooperation , if any at all , between the FAP and the army . Thus , the army lacked close air support from the FAP . Portuguese casualties began to FRELIMO casualties , leading to further political intervention from Lisbon . - The Portuguese eventually reported as killed ( a figure of some 440 was most likely closer to reality ) , and 1 @,@ 840 captured , for the loss of 132 Portuguese . Gen. Arriaga also claimed his troops to have destroyed 61 guerrilla bases and 165 camps , while 40 tons of ammunition had been captured in the first two months . Although " Gordian " was the most effective Portuguese offensive of the conflict , weakening guerrillas to such a degree that they were no longer a significant threat , the operation was deemed a failure by some military officers and the government . - By 1972 , the Portuguese military had changed its strategy , adapting the British / American search and destroy operations utilising small shock troop . They also initiated a hearts and minds campaign , named the Programme , which was a forced relocation program . But on November 9 , 1972 , FRELIMO – not numbering more than 8 @,@ 000 fighters – launched a large offensive in Tete Province . The response from the Portuguese military was fierce , leading to reprisal attacks in an attempt to the local population 's continuing faith in FRELIMO . - On December 16 , 1972 , the Portuguese 6th company of Commandos in Mozambique killed the inhabitants of the village of Wiriyamu , in the district of Tete . to as the ' Wiriyamu Massacre ' , the soldiers killed between 150 ( according to the Red Cross ) and 300 ( according to a much later investigation by the Portuguese newspaper based in testimonies from soldiers ) villagers accused of sheltering FRELIMO guerrillas . The action , " Operation " , was planned at the instigation of PIDE / agents and guided by agent , who was later assassinated while an inquiry into the events was being carried out . The soldiers were told by this agent that " the orders were to kill them all " , never mind that only civilians , women and children included , were found . All of the victims were civilians . The massacre was recounted in July 1973 by the British Catholic priest , Father Adrian Hastings , and two other Spanish missionary priests . Later counter @-@ claims have been made in a report of Archbishop of Dar es Salaam that alleged that the killings were carried out by FRELIMO combatants , not Portuguese forces . In addition , others claimed that the alleged massacres by Portuguese military forces were fabricated to tar the reputation of the Portuguese state abroad . Portuguese journalist reconstructed the Wiriyamu massacre in detail by interviewing both survivors and former members of the Portuguese Army Commandos unit that carried out the massacre . 's report was published in the Portuguese weekly newspaper and later in a book containing several of the journalist 's articles . - By 1973 , FRELIMO were also mining civilian towns and villages in an attempt to undermine the civilian confidence in the Portuguese forces . " : para " ( villages : water for everyone ) was a commonly seen message in the rural areas , as the Portuguese sought to relocate and the indigenous population , in order to isolate the FRELIMO from its civilian base . Conversely , Mondlane 's policy of mercy towards civilian Portuguese settlers was abandoned in 1973 by the new commander , Machel . " Panic , , abandonment , and a sense of – all were reactions among whites in Mozambique " stated conflict historian T. H. in 1983 . - This change in tactic led to protests by Portuguese settlers against the Lisbon government , a sign of the conflict 's unpopularity . Combined with the news of the Wiriyamu massacre and that of renewed FRELIMO through 1973 and early 1974 , the worsening situation in Mozambique later contributed to the downfall of the Portuguese government in 1974 . A Portuguese journalist argued : - - = = = Political instability and ceasefire ( 1974 – 75 ) = = = - - Back in Lisbon , the ' Armed Revolutionary Action ' branch of the Portuguese Communist Party , which was created in the late 1960s , and the Revolutionary Brigades ( ) , a left @-@ wing organisation , worked to resist the colonial wars . They had carried out multiple and bombings against military targets , such as the attack on the air base that destroyed several helicopters on March 8 , 1971 , and the attack on the NATO headquarters at in October of the same year . The attack on the Portuguese ship Niassa illustrated the role of the colonial wars in this unrest . Niassa ( named after a Mozambican province ) was preparing to leave Lisbon with troops to be deployed in Guinea . By the time of the Carnation Revolution , 100 @,@ 000 draft had been recorded . - Fighting colonial wars in Portuguese colonies had absorbed forty @-@ four percent of the overall Portuguese budget . This led to an obvious diversion of funds from necessary infrastructural developments in Portugal itself . This contributed to the growing unrest in the European nation . Portugal 's GDP growth during the colonial war period ( 1961 – 1974 ) , was strong and reached a 6 % rate ( a GDP growth which were not achieved in any other comparable period after 1974 ) . - The unpopularity of the Colonial Wars among many Portuguese led to the formation of several magazines and newspapers , such as , , Tempo e , and , which had support from students and called for political solutions to Portugal 's colonial problems . - The growing unrest in Portugal culminated on April 25 , 1974 , when the Carnation Revolution , a peaceful leftist military coup d 'état in Lisbon , ousted the incumbent Portuguese government of Marcelo . Thousands of Portuguese citizens left Mozambique , and the new head of government , General António de , called for a ceasefire . With the change of government in Lisbon , many soldiers refused to continue fighting , often remaining in their barracks instead of going on patrol . Negotiations between the Portuguese administration culminated in the signed on September 7 , 1974 , which provided for a complete hand @-@ over of power to FRELIMO , uncontested by elections . Formal independence was set for June 25 , 1975 , the 13th anniversary of the founding of FRELIMO . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Many Portuguese were not typical settlers in Mozambique . While most European communities in Africa at the time - with the possible exception of - were established from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries , some white families and institutions in those territories still administered by Portugal had been entrenched for generations . Loss of their privileged status and fears of FRELIMO reprisal resulted in an exodus of up to 200 @,@ 000 white civilians at independence ( in Europe they were popularly known as ) . Cities , towns and villages saw their Portuguese names changed after independence - Lourenço to Maputo , Vila to , Vila Cabral to , or Vila to . - With the departure of Portuguese professionals and tradesmen , the new country had no senior workforce to maintain its infrastructure , and economic collapse . commercial links were established with several communist countries by the FRELIMO regime at the expense of NATO , which rapidly lost influence in the region . - Samora Machel became Mozambique 's first president . The Reverend Simango , his wife , and other FRELIMO dissidents were arrested in 1975 and detained without trial . Within about two years , fighting resumed with the Mozambican Civil War against insurgents plied with Rhodesian and South African military support . Industrial and social recession , Marxist @-@ style , corruption , poverty , inequality and failed central planning eroded the initial revolutionary fervour . Peace returned only in 1992 , when the nation achieved relative stability for the first time in several decades . - - = = = sources = = = - - - = = = Online sources = = = - - - - = The Secret of Monkey Island = - - The Secret of Monkey Island is a 1990 point @-@ and @-@ click graphic adventure game developed and published by Lucasfilm Games . It takes place in a fantastic version of the Caribbean during the age of piracy . The player assumes the role of Guybrush Threepwood , a young man who dreams of becoming a pirate and explores fictional islands while solving puzzles . - The game was conceived in 1988 by Lucasfilm employee Ron Gilbert , who designed it with Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman . Gilbert 's with contemporary adventure titles led him to make the player character 's death almost impossible , which meant that gameplay focused the game on exploration . The atmosphere was based on that of the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park ride . The Secret of Monkey Island was the fifth game built with the SCUMM engine , which was heavily modified to include a more user @-@ friendly interface . - Critics praised The Secret of Monkey Island for its humor , audiovisuals , and gameplay . The game spawned a number of sequels , collectively known as the Monkey Island series . Gilbert , Schafer and Grossman also led the development of the sequel Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge . LucasArts released a remake of the original in 2009 , which was also well received by the gaming press . - - = = Gameplay = = - - The Secret of Monkey Island is a 2D adventure game played from a third @-@ person perspective . Via a point @-@ and @-@ click interface , the player guides protagonist Guybrush Threepwood through the game 's world and interacts with the environment by selecting from twelve verb commands ( nine in newer versions ) such as " talk to " for communicating with characters and " pick up " for collecting items between commands and the world 's objects in order to successfully solve puzzles and thus progress in the game . While conversing with other characters , the player may choose between topics for discussion that are listed in a dialog tree ; the game is one of the first to incorporate such a system . The in @-@ game action is frequently interrupted by cutscenes . Like other LucasArts adventure games , The Secret of Monkey Island features a design philosophy that makes the player character 's death nearly impossible ( Guybrush does drown if he stays underwater for more than ten minutes ) . - - = = Plot = = - - A youth named Guybrush Threepwood arrives on the fictional Mêlée IslandTM , with the desire to become a pirate . He seeks out the island 's pirate leaders , who set him three trials that must be completed to become a pirate : winning a sword duel against Carla , the island 's resident , finding a buried treasure , and stealing a valuable idol from the governor 's mansion . These quests take Guybrush throughout the island , where he hears of stories of the Ghost Pirate LeChuck , who apparently died in an expedition to the mysterious Monkey IslandTM , an act that was meant to win the love of the governor Elaine Marley . Guybrush meets several characters of interest , including a local voodoo , Stan the Used Boat , Carla the Sword Master , a prisoner named , and , whose hands have been replaced by hooks . - Guybrush also encounters the governor and is instantly , and she soon . However , as he completes the tasks set for him , the island is raided by LeChuck and his undead crew , who Elaine and then retreat to their secret hideout on Monkey IslandTM . Guybrush takes it upon himself to rescue her , buying a ship and hiring Carla , , and as crew before setting sail for the fabled island . When Guybrush reaches Monkey Island , he discovers a village of in a dispute with Herman , a ragged there . He settles their quarrel , and then recovers a magical " voodoo root " from LeChuck 's ship for the , who provide him with a bottle of " voodoo root elixir " that can destroy ghosts . - When Guybrush returns to LeChuck 's ship with the elixir , he learns that LeChuck has returned to Mêlée IslandTM to marry Elaine at the church . He promptly returns to Mêlée IslandTM and the wedding , only to ruin Elaine 's own plan for escape ; in the process he loses the elixir . Now confronted with a furious LeChuck , Guybrush is beaten by the ghost pirate in a fight ranging across the island . The fight eventually arrives at the island 's ship , where Guybrush finds a bottle of root beer . the for the lost elixir , he LeChuck , destroying the ghost pirate . With LeChuck defeated , Guybrush and Elaine enjoy a romantic moment , watching fireworks caused by LeChuck exploding . - - = = Development = = - - - = = = Origin and writing = = = - - Ron Gilbert conceived the idea of a pirate adventure game in 1988 , after completing and the Alien . He first wrote story ideas about pirates while spending the weekend at a friend 's house . Gilbert experimented with introductory paragraphs to find a satisfactory idea . His initial story featured unnamed villains that would eventually become LeChuck and Elaine ; Guybrush was absent at this point . He pitched it to Lucasfilm Games 's staff as a series of short stories . Gilbert 's idea was warmly received , but production was postponed because Lucasfilm Games assigned its designers , including Gilbert , to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure . Development of The Last Crusade was finished in 1989 , which allowed Gilbert to begin production of The Secret of Monkey Island , then known internally under the working title on Monkey Island . - Gilbert soon realised that it would be difficult to design the game by himself ; he decided to join forces with Tim Schafer and Dave Grossman , both of whom he hired for Lucasfilm . The game 's insult sword fighting mechanics were influenced by movies starring Errol Flynn , which Gilbert , Schafer and Grossman often watched for inspiration . They noticed that pirates in those films often their opponents instead of attacking them , which gave the designers the idea to base the game 's duels on insults rather than combat . Writer Orson Scott Card helped them write the insults during a visit to Lucasfilm 's headquarters at Skywalker Ranch . Many of Gilbert 's original gameplay ideas were abandoned during the production process , although he stated that " most of that stuff was left out for a reason " . - The game 's plot , as described by Dave Grossman : “ It ’ s a story about this young man who comes to an island in search of his life ’ s dream . He ’ s pursuing his career goals and he discovers love in the process and winds up thinking that was actually more important than what he was doing to begin with . You ’ re laughing , but there ’ s actually something deeper going on as well . ” When work on the plot began , Gilbert discovered that Schafer 's and Grossman 's writing styles were too different to form a cohesive whole : Grossman 's was " very kind of a dry , sarcastic humor " and Schafer 's was " just a little more in your face " . In reaction , Gilbert assigned them to different characters and story moments depending on what type of comedy was required . Grossman believed that this benefited the game 's writing , as he and Schafer " were all funny in slightly different ways , and it worked well together " . Schafer and Grossman wrote most of the dialogue while they were programming the game ; as a result , much of it was improvised . Some of the dialogue was based on the designers ' personal experiences , such as Guybrush 's line " I had a feeling in hell there would be mushrooms " , which came from Schafer 's own hatred of fungi . - The game 's world and characters were designed primarily by Gilbert . After having read Tim Powers ' historical fantasy novel On Stranger Tides , he decided to add paranormal themes to the game 's plot . He also cited Powers ' book as an influence on the characters , particularly those of Guybrush and LeChuck . Inspiration for the game 's came from Gilbert 's favorite childhood amusement park ride , Pirates of the Caribbean . Grossman said that Gilbert always wanted " to step off the ride " and " talk to the people who lived in that world " . Near the final stages of the design work , Gilbert introduced several characters who were not directly related to the game 's story . He considered this to be an important decision , as the player would need those seemingly minor characters in later parts of the game and would receive a chance to " really interact with them " . - - = = = Creative and technical design = = = - - Gilbert , Schafer and Grossman 's primary goal was to create a simpler and more accessible gameplay model than those presented in previous Lucasfilm titles . Gilbert had conceived the main designs and puzzles before production began , which resulted in the bulk of the designers ' work to flesh out his ideas . He was frustrated by the adventure games that Sierra On @-@ Line was releasing at the time , and later said that " you died any time you did anything wrong " . Gilbert considered such gameplay as " a cheap way out for the designer " . He had previously applied his design ideas to the 1987 graphic adventure title Maniac Mansion , but committed a number of mistakes during development , such as dead @-@ end situations that prevented the player from completing the game and poorly implemented for cutscenes . Gilbert aimed to avoid such errors in The Secret of Monkey Island . The team decided to make it impossible for the player character to die , which focused gameplay primarily on world exploration . The Sierra game @-@ over screen was parodied , when Guybrush falls off a cliff only to be bounced back up by a " rubber tree " . - The Secret of Monkey Island was the fifth Lucasfilm Games project powered by the SCUMM engine , originally developed for Maniac Mansion . The company had gradually modified the engine since its creation . For Maniac Mansion , the developers hard coded verb commands in the SCUMM language . These commands become more abstract in subsequent versions of the engine . The developers carried over the practice of referring to individual segments of the as " rooms " , even though the areas in Monkey Island were outdoors . The game uses the same version of the engine used in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , with minor changes . A dialog tree was added , which facilitated conversation options and the sword @-@ fighting puzzles . The developers removed the " What is " option ( an input command that describes an on @-@ screen object to the player ) in favor of allowing the player to simply highlight the object with the mouse . The game 's improved interface became the standard for the company 's later titles . The game also introduced logical verb , which could be performed with the mouse ; for example , clicking on a character to the " talk " action , the most obvious action in the situation . SCUMM 's visuals were updated for the game — the original version had a pixel resolution rendered in 16 colors . According to artist Steve Purcell , that became a major limitation for the art team ; due to a low number of " " colors , they often chose bizarre tones for backgrounds . They chose black and white for Guybrush 's outfit for the same reason . The VGA version of the game later corrected these issues by implementing 256 color support , which allowed for more advanced background and character art . The VGA ( and other platform releases ) removed the infamous " stump joke " from the game , which was a joke in the version in which the player would examine a tree stump in the forest . Guybrush would exclaim that there is an opening to a system of catacombs and attempt to enter , but this would result in a message stating the player needed to insert disc 22 , then 36 , then 114 in order to continue . The joke resulted in numerous calls to the LucasArts asking about missing discs . As a result , the joke was removed from later editions and is a mentioned as a conversation option for the LucasArts in the sequel . - The game 's " pirate reggae " music was composed by Lucasfilm Games ' in @-@ house musician Michael Land in format . It was his first project at the company . The game was originally released for disk in 1990 , but a CD @-@ ROM version with a high @-@ quality CD soundtrack followed in 1992 . The music has remained popular , and has been remixed by the musicians of OverClocked ReMix and by the game 's fans . - - = = = Special edition = = = - - LucasArts released a remake with updated audiovisuals titled The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition in July 2009 for , Microsoft Windows , and Xbox 360 exclusively via digital distribution . PlayStation 3 , Mac OS and versions followed early in 2010 for download on their respective services . LucasArts confirmed the game 's development on June 1 , 2009 ; rumors appeared several days earlier when the Xbox 360 version of the game received an rating . The game was first displayed to the public at the 2009 E3 in June . The remake features hand @-@ drawn visuals with more detail , a remastered musical score , voice work for characters , and a hint system . The developers included the function to switch between 2009 and original audiovisuals at will . The voice actors included Dominic as Guybrush Threepwood and Earl as LeChuck ; most had provided voice work in sequels to The Secret of Monkey Island . - LucasArts 's game producer Craig Derrick and his team conceived the idea of the remake in 2008 . After researching the Monkey Island series ' history , they decided to make " something fresh and new while staying true to the original " , which resulted in the idea of The Secret of Monkey Island 's remake . The developers tried to leave much of the original design unchanged . Any changes were intended to achieve the level of immersion desired for the original . To that end , they added details like a pirate ship or pirates talking in the background of scenes . While the team considered the SCUMM interface revolutionary at the time , LucasArts community manager Brooks Brown noted that it is incompatible with an analog stick , which most consoles use . The designers made the to the game objects as the primary interface . Brown had considered updating the reference to advertise Star Wars : The Force because was not on the market at the time , but concluded that the game would not be the same if such changes were implemented . Prior to the Special Edition release , however , LucasArts announced that , along with other games from its back catalog , would be made available on Steam . Brown stated that the decision to distribute the game online was because " digital downloads have finally gotten going " . - - = = Reception = = - - The Secret of Monkey Island sold well and received positive reviews from critics . Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk Lesser of Dragon praised the designers ' attention to detail , and cited the game 's humor as a high point . Although they believed that the game was too expensive , they summarized it as " a highly enjoyable graphic adventure replete with interesting puzzles , a fantastic Roland soundtrack , superb VGA graphics , smooth @-@ scrolling animation , and some of the funniest lines ever seen on your computer screen . " Duncan MacDonald of Zero praised the graphics and found the game " quite amusing " . His favorite aspect was the fine @-@ tuned difficulty level , which he believed was " just right " . He ended his review , " At last an adventure game that 's enjoyable rather than frustrating . " Paul of Computer and Video Games consider the game superior to Lucasfilm 's earlier adventure titles , and wrote that , " Usually the entertainment you get from an adventure is derived solely from solving puzzles , but the hilarious characters and situations , and the movie @-@ like presentation ... make playing this more like taking part in a comedy film , so it 's much more enjoyable . " He considered the puzzles to be " brilliantly conceived " and found the game 's controls accessible . He summarized it as " utterly " . - ACE 's Steve Cooke also found the controls convenient , and he praised the game 's atmosphere . He wrote that , " in graphics and sound terms ... Monkey Island , along with King 's Quest V , is currently at the head of the pack . " However , he disliked the designers ' running joke of placing " " after character and place names , which he thought detracted from the atmosphere . He singled out the game 's writing , characters and plot structure as its best elements . Amiga Power 's Mark wrote , " With The Secret of Monkey Island , the mouse @-@ controlled , graphic @-@ adventure comes of age . " He lauded its comedic elements , which he believed were the highlight of the game . The reviewer also praised the control scheme , noting that it allows the player to " more or less forget about the specifics of what [ they are ] physically doing ... and lose [ themselves ] in the adventure instead . " He noted that the game 's plot and visual and presentation fit together to create a thick atmosphere , and finished , " Forget all those other milestone adventures ( , The Hobbit , Lord of the et al ) — for sheer enjoyment and general all @-@ round perfection , The Secret of Monkey Island ' em all in style . " The game , along with its sequel , was ranked the 19th best game of all time by Amiga Power . - Writing for The One , Paul Presley stated that " Lucasfilm appears to have taken all of the elements that worked in its previous releases and , not only incorporated them into this tale of , but even improved on them in the process ! " Like the other reviewers , he praised its controls . He also lauded its " hilarious storyline , strong characters and ... intriguing setting " , but complained about graphical . Nick Clarkson of Amiga Computing cited the game 's graphics as " flawless " , noting that " the characters are superbly animated and the simply atmosphere . " He highly praised its sound effects and music , and believed that its controls " couldn 't be simpler " . The staff of Amiga Action wrote that the " attention to detail and the finely tuned gameplay cannot be faulted . " They called the graphics " stunning throughout " , and believed that , when they were combined with the " excellent Caribbean tunes " , the result is a game filled with " character and atmosphere . " They ended by stating that " there is absolutely no excuse for not owning this game . " - The Secret of Monkey Island has featured regularly in lists of " top " games , such as Computer Gaming World 's Hall of Fame and IGN 's Video Game Hall of Fame . In 1996 , Computer Gaming World ranked it as the 19th best game of all time , " writing " Who could ever forget the insult @-@ driven duel system or the identity of the mysterious ? " . In 2004 , readers of Gamer voted it as the 33rd top retro game . In 2010 , IGN ranked the Xbox Live Arcade version as the 20th best title of all time for that platform . In 2009 , IGN named The Secret of Monkey Island one of the ten best LucasArts adventure games . - - = = = Special edition = = = - - Like the original release , The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition received positive reviews from critics . Sean Ely of GamePro praised its updated audio , and said that the new graphics " blow the old visuals ... out of the water " . He cited its script , humor , plot , puzzles and balanced difficulty level as high points , and finished , " The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition is impressive , hilarious and downright worth your money . " Hatfield of IGN wrote , " Almost 20 years after its release , [ The Secret of Monkey Island ] remains a blast to play . " He called the new graphics " slick , if a little generic " , and noted that the " original graphics have a certain charm to them that the fancy pants new visuals just don 't . " However , he enjoyed the redone music , the new hint function , and the added sound effects and voice acting . He summarized it as " one of the best times you 'll ever have pointing and clicking " , and noted that " few games are this funny . " Justin Calvert of GameSpot noted that " the Special Edition looks much better and is the only way to play if you want to hear ... what characters are saying , whereas the original game 's interface is less . " However , he wrote that " the voice work is such a great addition to the game that it 's difficult to go back to the original edition . " He praised its humor , writing , puzzles and characters , and he believed that it had aged well . Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead wrote , " like me will almost certainly find something to about over the span of the game , but the overall impact of the redesign is undeniably for the better . " However , he preferred the original game 's Guybrush design , and believed that the new control system was " rather less intuitive " than the old one . He finished by stating that " few games can stand the test of time with such confidence " . - - = = Legacy = = - - The Secret of Monkey Island spawned four sequels . The first , Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge , was released in 1991 and focuses on LeChuck 's return . Six years later , LucasArts released The Curse of Monkey Island , which features a new visual design . In 2000 , the company released Escape from Monkey Island , which uses the engine of to produce 3D graphics . The next title , Tales of Monkey Island released in 2009 , is a series of five episodic chapters . - Elements of the game have appeared elsewhere in popular culture . The original version was selected as one of five for the exhibition The Art of Video Games in the Smithsonian American Art Museum in 2011 . A drink recipe in the game for was mistakenly reported as real in 2009 by news channel , which urged against consuming the dangerous " Grog " drink . In Tales of Monkey Island , Guybrush refers to this news story while pushing the Grog button on a Grog machine . - - - = Temple of Eshmun = - - The Temple of Eshmun ( Arabic : ) is an ancient place of worship dedicated to Eshmun , the Phoenician god of healing . It is located near the Awali river , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon in southwestern Lebanon . The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD , suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon . Although originally constructed by Sidonian king Eshmunazar II in the Achaemenid era ( c . 529 – 333 BC ) to celebrate the city 's recovered wealth and stature , the temple complex was greatly expanded by Bodashtart , @-@ milk and later monarchs . Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign , the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences . - The sanctuary consists of an esplanade and a grand court limited by a huge limestone terrace wall that supports a monumental podium which was once topped by Eshmun 's @-@ Persian style marble temple . The sanctuary features a series of ritual ablution basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river ( modern Awali ) and from the sacred " Ydll " spring ; these installations were used for therapeutic and purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun . The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value , especially those inscribed with Phoenician texts , providing valuable insight into the site 's history and that of ancient Sidon . - The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early Roman Empire with a street , but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as Christianity replaced and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures . The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local treasure hunters who stirred the curiosity of international scholars . Maurice Dunand , a French archaeologist , thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 . After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of Israel from Southern Lebanon , the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the World Heritage Site tentative list . - - = = Eshmun = = - - Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life ; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of Sidon . Originally a nature divinity , and a god of spring vegetation , Eshmun was equated to Babylonian deity . His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon , and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes . - The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian philosopher and ninth century Patriarch of Constantinople , . They that Eshmun , a young man from Beirut , was hunting in the woods when Astarte saw him and was stricken by his beauty . She harassed him with her pursuit until he himself with an axe and died . The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of heaven . - From a historical perspective , the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC , the date of the signing of the treaty between Assyrian king @-@ V and , king of ; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty . - Eshmun was identified with Asclepius as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia ; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from and Acre from the third century BC . This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the Awali river which was dubbed Asclepius , and the Eshmun Temple 's surrounding groves , known as the groves of Asclepius . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Historical background = = = - - In the 9th century BC , the Assyrian king II conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities . The new tribute from Sidon , along with every other Phoenician city . These payments stimulated Sidon 's search for new means of and furthered Phoenician emigration and expansion , which peaked in the 8th century BC . When Assyrian king II died in 705 BC , the Sidonian king joined with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule , but was forced to flee to ( modern in Cyprus ) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib , II 's son and successor . Sennacherib instated on the throne of Sidon and the annual tribute . When Abdi @-@ ascended to Sidon 's throne in 680 BC , he also rebelled against the Assyrians . In response , the Assyrian king Esarhaddon laid siege to the city . Abdi @-@ was captured and beheaded in BC after a three @-@ year siege , while his city was destroyed and renamed @-@ @-@ @-@ ( the harbor of Esarhaddon ) . Sidon was stripped of its territory , which was awarded to Baal I , the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon . Baal I and Esarhaddon signed a treaty in in which Eshmun 's name features as one of the deities invoked as of the covenant . - - = = = Construction = = = - - Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years ( – BC ) by the king II . Nevertheless , the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of Babylon . Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia 's chief city in the Achaemenid Empire ( – 333 BC ) . During this period , I awarded king Eshmunazar II with the Sharon plain for employing Sidon 's fleet in his service during the Greco @-@ Persian Wars . - Eshmunazar II displayed his new @-@ found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities . found on the king 's sarcophagus reveal that he and his mother , , built temples to the gods of Sidon , including the Temple of Eshmun by the " Ydll source near the cistern " . - As two series of inscriptions on the foundations of the monumental podium , construction of the sanctuary 's podium did not begin until the reign of King Bodashtart . The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone , while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince @-@ milk . A Phoenician inscription , located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) upstream from the temple , that dates to the 14th year of Bodashtart 's reign , alludes to water works from the Awali river to the " Ydll " source that was used for ritual purification at the temple . - - = = = Roman era & Decline = = = - - The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC , which demolished the marble temple atop the podium ; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium . - The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the classical antiquity during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity , when the cult of Eshmun was banned and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the Roman street from the podium . Remnants and mosaic floors of a Byzantine church can still be seen on the site . - A Roman was built in the third century , probably by emperor Septimius , and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of Phoenicia under Roman rule . Furthermore , within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway , the basins for ablutions and a nymphaeum with pictorial mosaics , that are still largely intact . of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain . - Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD ; of , an Italian Christian , described the city as partly in ruins . For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun , the sanctuary site was used as a quarry : @-@ al @-@ Din II , for example , used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century . - The site later fell into oblivion until the century - - = = = Modern discovery = = = - - Between 1737 and 1742 , Richard , an English anthropologist , toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of defensive walls built with 3 @.@ 7 @-@ metre ( 12 ft ) stone blocks near the Awali river . When the French Ernest visited the area in 1860 , he noticed that the Awali bridge abutments were built of finely blocks that originated from an earlier structure . He also noted in his report , Mission de , that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge . - In 1900 , local clandestine treasure hunters digging at the Eshmun Temple site discovered inscriptions carved onto the temple 's walls . This discovery stirred the interest of Theodore , curator of the Museum of Constantinople , who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903 . Wilhelm Von also excavated the site between 1903 and 1904 . In 1920 , headed a team of archaeologists who surveyed the temple complex . The first extensive archaeological excavation revealing the Eshmun Temple remains was undertaken by Maurice Dunand between 1963 and 1975 . Archaeological evidence shows that the site was occupied from the seventh century BC to the eighth century AD . - - = = = After 1975 = = = - - During the Lebanese Civil War and the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon ( 1985 – 2000 ) , the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation ; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal . Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge , it is accessible from an exit ramp off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidon 's northern entrance . The site holds a particular archaeological importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon ; it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List 's Cultural category on July 1 , 1996 . - In literature , the temple of Eshmun figures in 's 2009 novel , The Curse of Ezekiel as the setting where falls in love and rescues princess from the evil design of one of the temple 's priests . - - = = Location = = - - A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location . The Phoenician inscriptions on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II , a Sidonian king , commemorate the construction of a " house " for the " holy prince " Eshmun by the king and his mother , queen , at the " Ydll source by the cistern " . , an ancient Greek travel writer , identified the Eshmun temple by the River , and Antonin de , a 6th @-@ century AD Italian recorded the shrine as near the river Asclepius and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding " sacred forests " of Asclepius , the Hellenized name of Eshmun , in written texts . - Located about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) south of Beirut and 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon , the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern Awali river , previously referred to as or Asclepius in ancient text . groves , known as el @-@ Sheikh ( Arabic : , the of the Sheikh ) , occupy the ancient " sacred forests " of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals . - - = = Architecture and description = = - - Built under Babylonian rule ( 605 – 539 BC ) , the oldest monument at the site is a pyramidal building resembling a that includes an access ramp to a water cistern . of marble column bases with and columns found east of the podium are also attributed to the Babylonian era . - The pyramidal structure was superimposed during Persian rule by a massive ashlar podium constructed from heavily limestone blocks that measured more than 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) across by 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) thick , which were laid down in courses 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) high . The podium stands 22 metres ( 72 ft ) high , metres ( 160 ft ) into the hillside , and a 70 @-@ metre ( 230 ft ) wide façade . The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco @-@ Persian style marble temple probably built by artisans around 500 BC . The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft . - During the Hellenistic period , the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley . To the east base of the podium stands a large chapel , 10 @.@ 5 by 11 @.@ 5 metres ( 34 ft × 38 ft ) , dating to the 4th century BC . The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone throne carved of a single block of granite in the Egyptian style ; it is flanked by two sphinx figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures . The throne , attributed to the Sidonian goddess Astarte , rests against the chapel wall , which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes . The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments . The west base contains another 4th century BC chapel — centered on a bull topped capital — that remains preserved at the National Museum of Beirut . - Widely known as the " Tribune of Eshmun " because of its shape , the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC . It is 2 @.@ 15 metres ( 7 @.@ 1 ft ) long by 2 @.@ 26 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) wide and 2 @.@ 17 metres ( 7 @.@ 1 ft ) tall . in 1963 by Maurice Dunand , it stands on a limestone with marble blocks that rest against a retaining wall . The altar is adorned with Hellenistic style relief sculptures and is framed by decorative , one of which divides the altar into two distinct registers of symmetrical composition . The upper register portrays 18 Greek deities , including two surrounding the Greek god Apollo , who is depicted playing a ( a type of ) . The lower register honors , who leads his ( his revenue ) in a dance to the music of pipe and players . The Tribune is displayed at the National Museum of Beirut . - Northeast of the site , another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel . Its 22 @-@ metre ( 72 ft ) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two @-@ register relief decoration illustrating a drunken in honor of , the Greek god of wine . Among the temple reliefs , one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun @-@ Asclepius . - The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate hydraulic installation channeling water from " Ydll " spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals , a series of retaining basins , sacred ablution basins and paved pools . This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therapeutic cults . - Later date from the Roman and include a road lined with shops . Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain . The Romans also built a monumental staircase adorned with mosaic patterns that leads to the top of the podium . To the right of the Roman road , near the entrance of the site stands a nymphaeum with niches where statues of the nymphs once stood . The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the . Across the road , facing the nymphaeum , are the ruins of a Roman villa ; only the villa 's courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the four seasons . To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic altar , also of Roman construction . Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other installations . - - = = Function = = - - Eshmun 's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC . Aside from the sanctuary at el @-@ Sheikh , Eshmun also had a temple within the city . The Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing ; ritual ablutions were performed in the sanctuary 's sacred basins supplemented by running water from the Asclepius River and the " Ydll " spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality . The healing of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte 's powers ; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary . from all over the ancient world flocked to the Eshmun Temple leaving votive traces of their devotion and proof of their cure . There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius , but the sanctuary retained its function . - - = = and finds = = - - Apart from the large decorative elements , carved and mosaics which were left in situ , many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the national museum , the Louvre or are in possession of the Lebanese general of antiquities . Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland . One of the recovered bears the Phoenician name " " which suggests that veneration of the lunar @-@ goddess occurred in Sidon . - A number of fragmented votive life @-@ size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site ; among the best known of these is a sculpture of a royal child holding a with his right hand ; the boy 's head is shaved , his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth . The of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from , the son of a Sidonian king to Eshmun , which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy . These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then cast into the sacred canal , probably the sacrifice of the sick child . All of these sculptures represent boys . cm × 27 cm ( 12 @.@ 4 in × 10 @.@ 6 in ) limestone bust of a dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site , but unlike the archaic Greek this figure is not bare . - Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing a snake curling on a staff , a Hellenic symbol of and a granite altar bearing the name of Egyptian Pharaoh uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary . This gift attests to the good relations between the Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon . - The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching . pilgrims from left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble stele inscribed both in Greek and at Astarte 's shrine ; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese general of antiquities . - - = = = = - - Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity ; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to antiquities markets where they stirred the interest of the Ottoman authorities and prompted a series of archeological . During the civil war , upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities Maurice , Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the Byblos crusader castle , 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of Beirut . In 1981 , the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon . Rolf , ex @-@ director of the Institute of Classical of Basel affirmed during a conference in Beirut in December 2009 the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum . - - - = Wilhelm Busch = - - Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch ( 15 April 1832 – 9 January 1908 ) was a German humorist , poet , illustrator and painter . He published comic illustrated tales from 1859 , achieving his most notable works in the 1870s . Busch 's illustrations used wood engraving , and later , zincography . - Busch drew on contemporary parochial and city life , Catholicism , , strict religious morality and . His comic text was colourful and entertaining , using onomatopoeia , and other figures of speech , and led to some work being banned by the authorities . - Busch was influential in both poetry and illustration , and became a source for future generations of comic artists . The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch 's Max and Moritz , one of a number of imitations produced in Germany and the United States . The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maintain his legacy . His anniversary in 2007 was celebrated throughout Germany . Busch remains one of the most influential poets and artists in Western Europe . - - = = Family background = = - - In the late 18th century Johann Georg Kleine , Wilhelm Busch 's maternal grandfather , settled in the small village of Wiedensahl . There , in 1817 , he bought a half @-@ house , where Wilhelm Busch was to be born about 15 years later . Kleine , Johann 's wife and Wilhelm Busch 's grandmother , kept a shop in which Busch 's mother Henriette assisted while her two brothers attended high school . When Johann Georg Kleine died in 1820 , his widow continued to run the shop with Henriette . - At the age of 19 Henriette Kleine married surgeon Friedrich Wilhelm . Henriette became widowed at the age of 26 , with her three children to dying as infants . About 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Busch , the illegitimate son of a farmer , settled in Wiedensahl after completing a business apprenticeship in the nearby village of . He took over the Kleine shop in Wiedensahl , which he completely modernised . - - = = Life = = - - - = = = Childhood = = = - - Wilhelm Busch was born on 15 April 1832 , the first of seven children to the marriage of Henriette Kleine and Friedrich Wilhelm Busch . His six siblings followed shortly after : Fanny ( 1834 ) , Gustav ( 1836 ) , Adolf ( 1838 ) , Otto ( 1841 ) , Anna ( 1843 ) and Hermann ( 1845 ) ; all survived childhood . His parents were ambitious , hard @-@ working and devout Protestants who later , despite becoming relatively prosperous , could not afford to educate all three sons . Busch 's biographer W. suggested that Friedrich Wilhelm Busch invested heavily in his sons ' education partly because his own held significant stigma in rural areas . - The young Wilhelm Busch was a tall child , but with a rather delicate and graceful physique . The coarse of his later protagonists " Max and Moritz " was rare in his childhood . He described himself in autobiographical sketches and letters as sensitive and timid , as someone who " carefully studied apprehension " , and who reacted with fascination , compassion and distress when animals were killed in the autumn . He described the " transformation to sausage " as " compelling " , leaving a lasting impression ; pork him throughout his life . - In the autumn of 1841 , after the birth of his brother Otto , Busch 's education was entrusted to the 35 @-@ year @-@ old clergyman Georg Kleine , his maternal uncle at Ebergötzen , this probably through lack of space in the Busch family home , and his father 's desire for a better education than the small local school could provide , where 100 children were taught within a space of 66 m2 ( 710 sq ft ) . The nearest convenient school was located in , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Wiedensahl . Kleine , with his wife Fanny Petri , lived in a rectory at Ebergötzen , while Busch was lodged with an unrelated family . Kleine and his wife were responsible and caring , exercised a substitute parental role , and provided refuge for him in future unsuccessful times . - Kleine 's private lessons for Busch were also attended by Erich Bachmann , the son of a wealthy Ebergötzen . Both became friends , according to Busch the strongest friendship of his childhood . This friendship was echoed in the 1865 story Max and Moritz . A small pencil portrait by the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Busch depicted Bachmann as a , confident boy , and showed similarities with Max . Busch portrayed himself with a " " , in the later " Moritzian " style . - Kleine was a , his lessons not held in contemporary language , and it is not known for certain all subjects Busch and his friend were taught . Busch did learn elementary arithmetic from his uncle , although science lessons might have been more comprehensive , as Kleine , like many other clergymen , was a , and published essays and textbooks on the subject — Busch demonstrated his knowledge of bee @-@ keeping in his future stories . Drawing , and German and English poetry , were also taught by Kleine . - Busch had little contact with his natural parents during this period . At the time , the 165 km ( 103 mi ) journey between Wiedensahl and Ebergötzen took three days by horse . His father visited Ebergötzen two to three times a year , while his mother stayed in Wiedensahl to look after the children . The 12 @-@ year @-@ old Busch visited his family once ; his mother at first did not recognize him . Some Busch biographers think that this early separation from his parents , especially from his mother , resulted in his eccentric . In the autumn of 1846 , Busch moved with the Kleine 's to Lüthorst , where , on 11 April 1847 , he was confirmed . - - = = = Study = = = - - In September 1847 Busch began studying mechanical engineering at Hanover Polytechnic . Busch 's biographers are not in agreement as to why his Hanover education ended ; most believe that his father had little appreciation of his son 's artistic inclination . Biographer Eva Weissweiler suspects that Kleine played a major role , and that other possible causes were Busch 's friendship with an , , political debates in 's tavern , and Busch 's reluctance to believe every word of the Bible and catechism . - Busch studied for nearly four years at Hanover , despite initial difficulties in understanding the subject matter . A few months before graduation he confronted his parents with his aspiration to study at the Düsseldorf Art Academy . According to Bush 's nephew Hermann Nöldeke , his mother supported this inclination . His father eventually and Busch moved to Düsseldorf in June 1851 , where , to his disappointment at not being admitted to the advanced class , he entered preparatory classes . Busch 's parents had his tuition fees paid for one year , so in May 1852 he traveled to Antwerp to continue study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts under . He led his parents to believe that the Academy was less than Düsseldorf , and had the opportunity to study old masters . At Antwerp he saw for the first time paintings by Peter Paul Rubens , , David and . The pictures aroused his interest , but made him doubt his own skills . Eventually , in 1853 , after suffering heavily from , he abandoned his Antwerp studies and returned to Wiedensahl . - - = = = Munich = = = - - Busch was ravaged by disease , and for five months spent time painting and collecting folk tales , legends , songs , ballads , rhymes and fragments of regional . Busch 's biographer Joseph Kraus saw these collections as useful additions to folklore , as Busch noted the narrative background to tales and the idiosyncrasies of . Busch tried to release the collections , but as a publisher could not be found at the time they were issued after his death . During the Nazi era Busch was known as an " ethnic seer " . - After Busch had spent six months with his uncle Kleine at Lüthorst , he expressed an aim to continue study in Munich . This request caused a rift with his father who , however , eventually funded this move ; - see for comparison Busch 's illustrated story of Painter Klecksel . Busch 's expectations of the Munich Academy of Fine Arts were not met . His life became ; there were occasional return visits to Lüthorst , but contact with his parents had been broken off . In 1857 and 1858 , as his position seemed to be without prospects , he contemplated emigration to Brazil to keep bees . - Busch made contact with the artist association Jung ( Young Munich ) , met several notable Munich artists , and wrote and provided cartoons for the Jung newspaper . Kaspar Braun , who published the satirical newspapers Münchener Bilderbogen ( Picture Sheets from Munich ) and Blätter ( Flying ) , proposed a collaboration with Busch . This association provided Busch with sufficient funds to live . An existing self @-@ caricature suggests that at this time he had an intense relationship with a woman from . His courtship with a seventeen @-@ year @-@ old merchant 's daughter , Anna Richter , whom Busch met through his brother Gustav , ended in 1862 . Busch 's biographer , , suggests that her father probably refused to his daughter to an almost unknown artist without regular income . - In his early Munich years Busch 's attempt to write libretti , which are almost forgotten today , were unsuccessful . Up to 1863 he worked on two or three major works ; the third was composed by Georg Kremplsetzer . Busch 's und , a romantic opera in three acts , und and Der , an opera of sorts , were not particularly successful . There was a dispute between Busch and Kremplsetzer during the staging of Der , leading to the removal of Busch 's name from the production ; the piece was renamed von Georg Kremplsetzer . - In 1873 Busch returned several times to Munich , and took part in the intense life of the Munich Art Society as an escape from provincial life . In 1877 , in a last attempt to be a serious artist , he took a studio in Munich . He left Munich abruptly in 1881 , after he disrupted a variety show and subsequently made a scene through the effects of alcohol The 1878 nine episode illustrated tale Eight Sheets in the Wind describes how humans behave like animals when drunk . Busch 's biographer Weissweiler felt the story was only superficially funny and harmless , but was a study on addiction and its induced state of delusion . - - = = = Publication of Max and Moritz = = = - - Between 1860 and 1863 Busch wrote over one hundred articles for the Münchener Bilderbogen and Blätter , but he felt his dependence on publisher Kaspar Braun had become . Busch appointed Dresden publisher Heinrich Richter , the son of Saxon painter Ludwig Richter , as his new publisher — Richter 's press up to that time was producing children 's books and religious Christian devotional literature . Busch could choose themes , although Richter raised some concerns regarding four suggested illustrated tales that were proposed . However , some were published in the 1864 as , proving a failure . Busch then offered Richter the manuscripts of Max and Moritz , any fees . Richter rejected the manuscript as sales prospects seemed poor . Busch 's former publisher , Braun , purchased the right to Max and Moritz for 1 @,@ 000 , corresponding to approximately double the annual wage of a craftsman . - For Braun the manuscript was . Initially the sales of Max and Moritz were slow , but sales figures improved after the 1868 second edition . Overall there were 56 editions and more than 430 @,@ 000 copies sold up to Busch 's death in 1908 . Despite at first being ignored by critics , teachers in the 1870s described Max and Moritz as frivolous and an undesirable influence on the moral development of young people . - - = = = Frankfurt = = = - - Increasing economic success allowed Busch to visit Wiedensahl more frequently . Busch had decided to leave Munich , as only few relatives lived there , and the artists ' association was temporarily disbanded . In June 1867 Busch met his brother Otto for the first time , in Frankfurt . Otto was working as a tutor to the family of a wealthy banker and industrialist , Kessler . Busch became friends with Kessler 's wife , Johanna , a mother of seven and an influential art and music patron of Frankfurt . She regularly opened salons at her villa , frequented by artists , musicians and philosophers . She believed Busch to be a great painter , a view supported by Anton Burger , a leading painter of the , the @-@ based group of painters . While his humorous drawings did not appeal to her , she supported his painting career . At first she established an apartment and studio for Busch in her villa , later providing him with an apartment nearby . by Kessler 's support and admiration , and introduction to the cultural life of Frankfurt , the ' Frankfurter Years ' were the most artistically productive for Busch . At this time he and Otto discovered the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer . - Busch did not remain in Frankfurt . Towards the end of the 1860s he alternated between Wiedensahl and Lüthorst , and where his brother Gustav lived . The association with Johanna Kessler lasted five years , and after his return to Wiedensahl in 1872 they communicated by letter . This contact was interrupted between 1877 and 1891 , after which it was revived with the help of Kessler 's daughters . - - = = = Later life = = = - - Biographer Weissweiler does not dismiss the possibility that Busch 's increasing alcohol dependence hindered self @-@ criticism . He refused invitations to parties , and publisher Otto sent him to Wiedensahl to keep his alcohol problem undetected from those around him . Busch was also a heavy smoker , resulting in symptoms of severe poisoning in 1874 . He began to illustrate drunkards more often . - Dutch writer Marie Anderson corresponded with Busch . More than fifty letters were exchanged between January and October 1875 in which they discussed philosophy , religion and ethics . Although only one Anderson letter survives , Busch 's letters are in manuscripts . They met in in October 1875 , after which he returned to at in a " horrible mood " . According to several people at the time , Busch 's failure to find a wife was responsible for his conspicuous behaviour . There is no evidence that Busch had a close relationship with any woman after that with Anderson . - Busch lived with his sister Fanny 's family after her husband Pastor Hermann Nöldeke 's death in 1879 . His nephew Adolf Nöldeke remembers that Busch wanted to move back to Wiedensahl with the family . Busch renovated the house , which Fanny looked after even though he was a rich man , and became " father " to his three young nephews . She would , however , have preferred to live in a more urban area for the education of her sons . For Fanny and her three sons , Busch could not replace their former idyllic life . The years around 1880 were and emotionally exhausting for Busch , who was still reliant on alcohol . He would not invite visitors to Wiedensahl ; because of this Fanny lost contact with her friends in the village , and whenever she questioned his wishes , Busch became furious ; Even his friends Otto Friedrich Bassermann , Franz von , Hermann Levi and Wilhelm von were not invited ; he would meet them in or Hanover . - Busch stopped painting in 1896 and signed @-@ over all publication rights to Bassermann for 50 @,@ 000 gold marks . Busch , now aged 64 , felt old . He needed for writing and painting , and his hands slightly . In 1898 , together with his aging sister Fanny Nöldeke , he accepted Bassermann 's suggestion to move into a large in Mechtshausen . Busch read biographies , novels and stories in German , English and French . He organized his works and wrote letters and poems . Most of the poems from the collections und and were written in 1899 . The following years were for Busch . He developed a sore throat in early January 1908 , and his doctor detected a weak heart . During the night of 8 – 9 January 1908 Busch slept , taking camphor , and a few drops of morphine as a tranquilizer . Busch died the following morning before his physician , called by Otto Nöldeke , came to assist . - - = = Work = = - - During the Frankfort period Busch published three self @-@ contained illustrated satires . Their anti @-@ clerical themes proved popular during the . Busch 's satires typically did not address political questions , but exaggerated , superstition and double @-@ standards . This exaggeration made at least two of the works historically erroneous . The third illustrated satire , Father Filucius ( Filucius ) , described by Busch as an " allegorical " , has greater historical context . - - = = = Max and Moritz = = = - - In German in , Max and Moritz is a series of seven illustrated stories concerning the mischievous antics of two boys , who are eventually ground @-@ down and fed to ducks . - - = = = Saint Antonius of Padua and Helen Who Couldn 't Help It = = = - - In Saint Antonius of Padua ( Der Antonius von Padua ) Busch challenges Catholic belief . It was released by the publisher Moritz Schauenburg at the time Pope Pius IX proclaimed the of papal that was harshly criticized by Protestants . The publisher 's works were heavily or censored , and the state 's attorney in charged with " of religion and offending public decency through indecent writings " — a decision which affected Busch . Scenes of Antonius accompanied by a pig being admitted to heaven , and the devil being shown as a half @-@ naked ballet dancer Antonius , were deemed controversial . The district court of Düsseldorf subsequently banned Saint Antonius . Schauenburg was acquitted on 27 March 1871 in , but in Austria the satire 's distribution was prohibited until 1902 . Schauenburg refused to publish further Busch satires to avoid future accusations . - Busch 's following work , Helen Who Couldn 't Help It ( Die ) , was published by Otto Friedrich Bassermann , a friend whom Busch met in Munich . Helen Who Couldn 't Help It , which was soon translated into other European languages , religious hypocrisy and dubious morality : - Many details from Helen Who Couldn 't Help It criticizes the way of life of the . Johanna Kessler was married to a much older man and entrusted her children to governesses and tutors , while she played an active role in the social life of Frankfurt . - The character of Mr. — the name based on the Yiddish insult " " — shows similarities with Johanna Kessler 's husband , who was in art and culture . - In the second part of Helen Who Couldn 't Help It Busch attacks Catholic . The Helen goes on a pilgrimage , accompanied by her cousin and Catholic priest Franz . The pilgrimage is successful as later Helen gives birth to twins , who resemble Helen and Franz . Franz is later killed by a jealous , Jean , for his interest in female kitchen staff . The now widowed Helen is left with only a rosary , prayer book and alcohol . Drunk , she falls into a burning oil lamp . Finally , coins a moral phrase , echoing the philosophy of Schopenhauer : - Filucius ( Father Filucius ) is the only illustrated satire of this period suggested by the publisher . Also aimed at anti @-@ Catholic taste and , it criticizes the Jesuit Order . Kraus felt it was the weakest of all three anti @-@ clerical works . Some satires refer to contemporary events , such as Monsieur Jacques à Paris during the Siege of 1870 ( Monsieur Jacques à Paris der von 1870 ) . Busch biographer Manuela declares the story " work , drawing on anti @-@ French emotions and mocking the misery of French people in Paris , which is occupied by Prussian troops " . It depicts an increasingly desperate French citizen who at first eats a mouse during the German siege , then his dog 's tail to cook it , and finally an explosion pill which kills his dog and two fellow citizens . Weissweiler believes that Busch wrote with irony . In and Emma ( 1864 ) , a fictional family story that takes place in the era , he criticizes the Holy Roman Empire and calls for a German empire in its place ; in The or the ( Der oder die ) he the anti @-@ Prussian sentiments of his Hanover countrymen . - - = = = Critique of the Heart = = = - - Busch did not write further illustrated tales for a while , and focused on the literary des ( Critique of the Heart ) , wanting to appear more serious to his readers . Contemporary reception for the collection of 81 poems was mainly poor ; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality . His long @-@ time friend Paul called it " very serious , heartfelt , charming poems " . Dutch writer Marie Anderson was one of few people who enjoyed his des , and even planned to publish it in a Dutch newspaper . - - = = = Adventures of a Bachelor = = = - - Notwithstanding the hiatus after moving from Frankfurt , the 1870s were one of Busch 's most productive decades . In 1874 he produced the short illustrated tale @-@ Boom ! ( ! ) . - Following , in 1875 , was the Knopp Trilogy , about the life of Tobias Knopp : Adventures of a Bachelor ( ) , Mr. and Mrs. Knopp ( Herr und Knopp ) ( 1876 ) , and " Julie " ( ) ( 1877 ) . The antagonists of the trilogy are not pairs of as with Max and Moritz or Jack , Bird of Evil ( Hans , der ) . Without pathos , Busch makes Knopp become aware of his mortality : - In the first part of the trilogy , Knopp is depressed and will look for a wife . He visits his old friends and their wives who he finds in unenviable relationships . Still not convinced that the life of a bachelor is one for him , he returns home , and without further proposes to his housekeeper . The following marriage proposal is , according to Busch biographer Joseph Kraus , one of the shortest in the history of German literature : - According to , Busch became skeptical of marriage after writing the story . To Marie Anderson he wrote : " I will never marry ( ... ) I am already in good hands with my sister " . - - = = = Last works = = = - - Among Busch 's last works were the stories Clement Dove , the Poet ( , der ) ( 1883 ) and Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ( 1884 ) , both of which focus on artistic failure , and indirectly his own failure . Both stories begin with a preface , which , for biographer Joseph Kraus , were pieces of " " — German comic poetry . Clement Dove ridicules the amateur poet circle of Munich , " The " ( Die ) , and their prominent members Emanuel , Paul von and Adolf . Painter Squirtle criticizes the art , who believes the worth of art is by its price . - The prose play Edwards Dream ( ) was released in 1891 , composed of several small grouped episodes , rather than one linear storyline . The work received mixed reception . Joseph Kraus felt it was the peak of Busch 's life 's work , his nephews called it a of world literature , and the publisher of a critical collective edition spoke of a narrative style that is not found in contemporary literature . Eva Weissweiler saw in the play Busch 's attempt to prove himself in the novella genre , believing that everything that angered or insulted him , and his accompanying emotional depths , are apparent in the story . The 1895 story The Butterfly ( Der ) parodies themes and motifs and ridicules the religious optimism of a German which contradicted Busch 's realistic anthropology influenced by Schopenhauer and Charles Darwin . Its prose is more stringent in narrative style compared to Edwards Dream . Both were not popular amongst readers , because of their unfamiliar style . - - = = = Painting = = = - - Busch felt his painting skills could not compete with those of the Dutch masters . He regarded few of his paintings as finished , often them one on top of the other in corners of his studio , where they stuck together . If the pile of paintings became too high , he burnt some in his garden . Since only a few remaining pictures are dated , them is difficult . His doubts regarding his skills are expressed in his choice of materials . His ground was usually chosen carelessly . Sometimes he used uneven cardboard or poorly @-@ prepared spruce @-@ wood boards . One exception is a portrait of Johanna Kessler , on a canvas support measuring 63 centimetres ( 25 in ) by 53 centimetres ( 21 in ) , one of his largest paintings . Most of his works , even landscapes , are small . As Busch used poor grounds and colours , most are heavily and have an almost monochrome effect . - Many pictures depict the countryside at Wiedensahl and Lüthorst . They include willows , cottages in , , autumn landscapes and meadows with streams . A particular feature is the use of red jackets , found in about 280 of 1000 Busch paintings and drawings . The muted or bright red coats are worn usually by a small figure , depicted from behind . The paintings generally represent typical villages . of the , and a series of other portraits depicting in the mid @-@ 1870s , are exceptions . A painting of a 10 @-@ year @-@ old girl from a Jewish family at Lüthorst portrays her as serious , and having dark , oriental features . - The influence of Dutch painters is clearly visible in Busch 's work . " diluted and shortened ( ... ) but still " , wrote Paul after visiting a Busch memorial exhibition in 1908 . A strong influence on Busch was , whose themes were farming and inn life , dances , card players , smokers , drunkards and . He dismissed the techniques of with its strong preoccupation with the effect of light , and used new colours , such as Yellow , and photographs , as an aid . The landscapes from the mid @-@ 1880s show the same broad as seen in the paintings of the young Franz von . Busch refused to exhibit work even though he was befriended by many artists of the Munich School , which would have allowed him to do so ; it was not until near the end of his life that he presented his paintings to the public . - - = = Themes , technique and style = = - - Busch biographer Joseph Kraus divided his work into three periods . He points out , however , that this classification is a , as some works by their nature can be of a later or earlier period . All three periods show Busch 's obsession with German middle class life . His peasants are devoid of sensitivity and village life is marked by a vivid lack of sentiment . - From 1858 to 1865 Busch chiefly worked for the Blätter and the Münchener Bilderbogen . The period from 1866 to 1884 is characterized by his major illustrated stories , such as Helen Who Couldn 't Help It . These stories are different in theme from works of his earlier period . The life of his characters start well , but , as in Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ; someone sensitive who becomes a . Others concern children or animals , or make the great or significant foolish and ridiculous . The early stories follow the pattern of children 's books of orthodox education , such as those by Heinrich Hoffmann 's , that aim to teach the devastating consequences of bad behaviour . Busch did not assign value to his work , as he once explained to Heinrich Richter : " I look at my things for what they are , as [ toys ] , as [ worthless and useless things ] whose value is to be found not in its artistic content , but in public demand ( ... ) " . - From 1885 until his death in 1908 his work was dominated by prose and poems . The 1895 prose text Der contains autobiographical accounts . Peter 's by the witch , of whom he regards himself a slave , is possibly in reference to Johanna Kessler . Peter , like Busch , returns to his birthplace . It is similar in style to the romantic travel story that Ludwig established with his 1798 Franz 's . Busch plays with its traditional forms , motifs , pictures , literary topics and form of narration . - - = = = = = = - - Publisher Kaspar Braun , who commissioned Busch 's first illustrations , had established the first workshop in Germany to use wood engraving . This printing technique was developed by English graphic artist Thomas near the end of the 18th century and became the most widely used reproduction system for illustrations over the years . Busch insisted on first making the drawings , afterwards writing the verse . Surviving preparatory drawings show line notes , ideas , and movement and studies . The draft was then transferred by pencil on white @-@ panels of hardwood end grain . Not only was it hard work , but the quality of the printing block was crucial . Everything left white on the block , around Busch 's drawn lines , was cut from the plate by skilled . Wood engraving allows a finer differentiation than woodcut and the potential tonal values are of almost the quality of intaglio printing , such as copper engraving . Sometimes the result was not satisfactory , leading Busch to rework or reproduce plates . The wood engraving technique did not allow for fine lines , which is why Busch 's drawing , especially in his illustrated tales up to the mid @-@ 1870s , are boldly drawn , giving his work its particular characteristic . - From the mid @-@ 1870s Busch 's illustrations were printed using zincography . With this technique there was no longer any danger that a wood engraver could change the character of his drawings . The originals were photographed and transferred onto a zinc plate . This process allowed for the application of a clear , free pen @-@ drawn ink line , and was a much faster printing method . Busch 's use of zincography began with Mr. and Mrs. Knopp . - - = = = Language = = = - - The effect of Busch 's illustrations are enhanced by his verse , with taunts , , ironic twists , exaggeration , ambiguity and startling rhymes . His language had an influence on the humorous poetry of Erich , Kurt , Joachim and Christian . The contrast in his later work between comic illustration and its seemingly serious accompanying text — already demonstrated in his earlier Max and Moritz — is shown in Widow 's dignity which is to the loss of her chickens : - Many of 's couplets , part of contemporary common usage , give the impression of wisdom , but in his hands become only apparent truths , hypocrisy or . His use of onomatopoeia is a characteristic of his work : " @-@ @-@ da " — Max and Moritz steal fried chickens with a fishing rod down a chimney — " @-@ " ; " at the plank from bank to bank " ; " @-@ " , " hear the grind and " ; and " @-@ " as Eric the cat a from a ceiling in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It . Busch uses names he gives characters to describe their personality . " " ( Young ) has little mental ability ; " " ( ) would not be of a cheerful disposition ; and " Förster " ( Forester ) could hardly be a . - Many of his picture stories use verses with structure : - The of the stressed syllables strengthens the humour of the lines . Busch also uses , where one accented syllable is followed by two syllables , as in his und Plum , where they underline the and solemn words with which teacher his pupils . They create tension in the chapter from Adventures of a Bachelor , through the of and . Busch often format and content in his poems , as in the Monkey , where he uses the epic in a speech about wisdom . - In both his illustrations and poems Busch uses familiar fables , occasionally appropriating their morality and stories , spinning them to illustrate a very different and comic " truth " , and bringing to bear his pessimistic view of the world and human condition . While traditional fables follow the typical philosophy of between good and evil behaviour , Busch combines both . - - = = = and other = = = - - It is not unusual to see , and in Busch 's works . Sharp pencils pierced through models , housewives fall onto kitchen knives , thieves are spiked by , cut their with , are ground in corn mills , drunkards burn , and cats , dogs and monkeys while being tormented . Busch has been frequently called a by educators and . that are burnt , pulled off , trapped , stretched or eaten is seen by Weissweiler as not aggression against animals , but a phallic allusion to Busch 's undeveloped sexual life . Such graphic text and imagery in cartoon form was not unusual at the time , and publishers , the public or censors found it not particularly noteworthy . and motifs for his early work were derived from and 19th @-@ century popular literature , the gruesome endings of which he often softened . - , a common aspect of 19th @-@ century teaching , is prevalent in many of his works , for example in Adventures of a Bachelor and in and Plum , where is shown an almost sexual pleasure in applying punishment . and humiliation are found in his later work too ; biographer described this as Busch 's life @-@ motif . - In the estate of Busch there is the note " die " ( through the childhood years ) , however there is no evidence that Busch was referring to himself . He couldn 't recall any beating from his father . His uncle Kleine beat him once , not with the conventional stick , but symbolically with dried stalks , this for cow hairs into a village 's pipe . Weissweiler observes that Busch probably saw at his village school , where he went for three years , and quite possibly also received this punishment . In Busch illustrates a form of nonviolent progressive education that fails in one scene , and in the following scene ; the that ensued indicate Busch 's pessimistic picture of life , which has its roots in the Protestant ethic of the 19th century , in which he believed that man is inherently evil and will never master his vices . Civilisation is the aim of education , but it can only mask man 's instincts superficially . only leads to a continuation of man 's , therefore punishment is required , even if he retains his unrepentant character , becomes a trained puppet , or in extreme cases , dies . - - = = = = = = - - The Panic of 1873 led to growing criticism of high finance and the spread of radical , which in the 1880s became a broad . These criticisms saw a separation of capital into what was construed as " " ( speculative capital ) , and what constituted " constructive " creative production capital . The " good " , " native " and " German " manufacturer was praised by , such as Theodor Fritsch , who opposed what he saw as " ' ' ' greedy ' , ' blood @-@ sucking ' , ' Jewish ' financial capitalism in the form of ' ' and ' ' " . Busch was thought to have embraced those stereotypes . Two passages are often , one in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It : - Robert defended Busch by stating that Jews are only in three passages , of which the oldest is an illustration of a text by another author , published in 1860 . He stated that Busch 's Jewish figures are merely stereotypical , one of a number of stereotypes , such as the " limited Bavarian farmer " and the " Prussian tourist " . Joseph Kraus shares the same view , and uses a couplet from Eight Sheets in the Wind ( Die ) , in which profit @-@ seeking people are : - Although felt that Jews for Busch were alien , the Jewish conductor Hermann Levi befriended him , suggesting that Busch had a slight bias towards Jews . - - = = Biographies = = - - The first biography on Busch , Wilhelm Busch und ( About Wilhelm Busch and His Importance ) , was released in 1886 . The publisher Eduard , also an artist and writer , echoed Busch 's anti @-@ Catholic bias , putting him on equal footing with Leonardo da Vinci , Peter Paul Rubens and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , and quoting . Even Busch and his friends were embarrassed . Literary scholar Friedrich Theodor attacked 's biography and called him the " envious of the " . After reading this biography Johannes posted an essay in the Frankfurter Zeitung , which contained many biographical — as a response to this , Busch wrote two articles in the same newspaper . Published in October and December 1886 , the autobiographical essay Regarding Myself ( Was ) includes basic facts , and some description of his troubles ; analysts see within the essay a deep identity crisis . Busch revised his autobiography over the following years . The last such essay was published under the title From Me About Me ( Von ) , which includes fewer biographical details and less reflection on bitterness and amusement than Regarding Myself . - - = = Legacy = = - - Busch celebrated his 70th anniversary at his nephew 's house in am . Over 1 @,@ 000 messages were sent to Mechtshausen from around the world . Wilhelm II praised the poet and artist , whose " exquisite works are full of genuine humour and are for the German people " . The Austrian ( Pan @-@ German Association ) repealed the ban on Der Antonius von Padua . Braun & Schneider , who owned the rights of Max and Moritz , gave Busch 20 @,@ 000 ( around € 200 @,@ 000 or $ 270 @,@ 000 ) , which was donated to two hospitals in Hanover . - Since then , on the dates of his birth and death , he has been celebrated frequently . During the anniversary in 2007 , there were numerous re @-@ publications of Busch works . Deutsche Post issued stamps depicting the Busch character Hans — itself the inspiration for the nickname of the never @-@ built @-@ Ta 183 German jet fighter design of 1945 — and the German Republic minted a 10 Euro silver coin faced with his portrait . Hanover declared 2007 the " Wilhelm Busch Year " , with images featuring Busch works erected within the city centre . - The Wilhelm Busch Prize is awarded annually for satirical and humorous poetry . The Wilhelm Busch Society , active since 1930 , aims to " ( ... ) collect , scientifically revise and promote Wilhelm Busch 's works with the public " . It supports the development of caricature and satirical artwork as a recognized branch of the visual arts . It is an advocate of the Wilhelm Busch Museum . are located in places he lived , including Wiedensahl , Ebergötzen , Lüthorst , Mechtshausen and am . - - = = = Influence on comics = = = - - Andreas C. described Busch as the " first virtuoso " of illustrated stories . From the second half of the 20th century he was considered the " of Comics " . His early illustrations differ from those of the colleagues of Kaspar Braun . They show an increasing focus on protagonists , are less detailed in drawing and atmosphere , and develop from a dramatic understanding of the whole story . All Busch 's illustrated tales have a plot that firstly describes the circumstance , then a resulting conflict , then solution . are developed through consecutive scenes , similar to film . Busch conveys an impression of movement and action , at times strengthened through a change of perspective . According to , his depiction of movement is unique . - One of Busch 's notable stories is Der ( 1865 ) , which describes the life of a pianist who plays privately for an excited listener . the self @-@ artist 's attitude and his overblown adoration , it varies from Busch 's other stories as each scene does not contain prose , but is defined with music terminology , such as " " , " " and " " . As the scenes increase in tempo , each part of his body and run around . The penultimate scene again depicts the pianist 's movements , with score sheets floating above the grand piano on which musical notes are dancing . Over the years graphic artists have been fascinated by Der . August , in a letter to gallery owner , described Busch as the first , stating how well he captured time and movement . Similar pioneering scenes are in zur ( 1872 ) . Job fails to answer rather easy questions set by twelve clergy , who shake their heads in . Each scene is a movement study that Muybridge 's photography . Muybridge began his work in 1872 , not released until 1893 . - - = = = " Moritzian " influence = = = - - Busch 's greatest success , both within Germany and internationally , was with Max and Moritz : Up to the time of his death it was translated into English , Danish , Hebrew , Japanese , Latin , Polish , Portuguese , Russian , Hungarian , Swedish and . Several countries banned the story – about 1929 the school board prohibited sales of Max and Moritz to teens under eighteen . By 1997 more than 281 dialect and language translations had been produced . - Some early " Moritzian " comic strips were heavily influenced by Busch in plot and narrative style . and ( 1896 ) , borrowed so much content from Max and Moritz that it was described as a pirate edition . The true " Moritzian " recreation is The Katzenjammer Kids by German artist Rudolph , published in the New York Journal from 1897 . It was published though William Randolph 's suggestion that a pair of siblings following the pattern of " Max and Moritz " should be created . The Katzenjammer Kids is regarded as one of the oldest , continuous comic strips . - German " Moritzian " stories include Lies und ; die von Max und Moritz ( , F. , 1896 ) , und ( 1922 ) , und Waldemar , des Max und Moritz ( Günther , 1932 ) and Mac und ( Thomas , , 1987 ) . These are shaped by observations of the First and Second World Wars , while the original is a moral story . In 1958 the Christian Democratic Union used the Max and Moritz characters for a campaign in North Rhine @-@ , the same year that the East German satirical magazine used them to caricature black labour . In 1969 Max and Moritz " participated " in late 1960s student activism . - - = = Partial list of works = = - - - - = Crown Fountain = - - Crown Fountain is an interactive work of public art and video sculpture featured in Chicago 's Millennium Park , which is located in the Loop community area . Designed by Catalan artist Plensa and executed by Krueck and Sexton Architects , it opened in July 2004 . The fountain is composed of a black granite reflecting pool placed between a pair of glass brick towers . The towers are 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) tall , and they use light @-@ emitting diodes ( LEDs ) to display digital videos on their inward faces . Construction and design of the Crown Fountain cost $ 17 million . The water operates from May to October , intermittently cascading down the two towers and spouting through a nozzle on each tower 's front face . - Residents and critics have praised the fountain for its artistic and entertainment features . It highlights Plensa 's themes of dualism , light , and water , extending the use of video technology from his prior works . Its use of water is unique among Chicago 's many fountains , in that it promotes physical interaction between the public and the water . Both the fountain and Millennium Park are highly accessible because of their universal design . - Crown Fountain has been one of the most controversial of all the Millennium Park features . Before it was even built , some were concerned that the sculpture 's height violated the aesthetic tradition of the park . After construction , surveillance cameras were installed atop the fountain , which led to a public ( and their quick removal ) . - However , the fountain has survived its contentious beginnings to find its way into Chicago pop culture . It is a popular subject for photographers and a common gathering place . While some of the videos displayed are of scenery , most attention has focused on its video clips of local residents ; hundreds of visit the fountain hoping to see themselves appearing on one of the fountain 's two screens . The fountain is a public play area and offers people an escape from summer heat , allowing children to in the fountain 's water . - - = = Concept and design = = - - Grant Park , which is between Lake Michigan and the central business district , is commonly called " Chicago 's Front Yard " . Its northwest corner had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . Millennium Park was conceived in 1998 as the of Grant Park , to celebrate the new millennium and to feature world @-@ renowned architects , artists , designers , landscape architects , and urban planners . As of 2007 , Millennium Park trails only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The fountain is located in Chicago : it is east of Michigan Avenue and its Historic Michigan Boulevard District , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute of Chicago ; and south of Madison Street . Looking north from the fountain , viewers see some of the tallest buildings in the United States ( Center , Two Prudential Plaza , and One Prudential Plaza ) . - - = = = Selection of artist = = = - - In December 1999 , Lester Crown and his family agreed to sponsor a water feature in Millennium Park . Unlike other park feature sponsors , the Crowns acted independently of Millennium Park officials ; they conducted independent surveys of water technologies , held their own informal design contest , and stayed active in the design and engineering of the project . - The Crowns were open @-@ minded about the choice of artist ; wanting a modern work , they solicited proposals from a list of prospective artists and architects . Plensa researched the traditions and history of fountains and studied in fountain imagery . Some of his early ideas for the project referenced Buckingham Fountain , but these were soon abandoned . His presentation to the Crown family started with a slide show of fountains from the Middle Ages through the 20th century . Plensa focused on the philosophical meanings associated with fountains , their history , use and art . His presentation included computer animation of facial expressions . The other finalists were Maya Lin , who presented a low @-@ height horizontal form , and Robert , who presented a fountain that would have been 150 feet ( 46 m ) tall . In January 2000 , Plensa won the commission to design the fountain over Lin and . The installation is a video sculpture , commissioned to operate thirty years . - - = = = Artistic design = = = - - Prior to Crown Fountain , Plensa 's dominant theme had been dualism , which he had expanded to artworks in which the viewers are outside , and the visible subjects of the art are inside containers and hollow spaces . In the 1990s , he completed several outdoor sculptures in which he explored the use of light ( The Star of David ( 1998 ) at Stockholm 's Raoul Square , Bridge of Light ( 1998 ) in Jerusalem ) , and LED technology , video , and computer design ( & Mr. Net in ( 1999 – 2000 ) ) . In his public art , Plensa challenged himself to involve the viewer with his art , which led to his conception of the Crown Fountain . His objective was to create a socially relevant , interactive fountain for the 21st century . Since water is the focus of a fountain , and since Chicago , and especially Millennium Park , is so greatly affected by the nearby waterfront , Plensa sought to create an eternal water work to complement the local natural inspirations . Because of the colder winters common to the climate of Chicago , Plensa created a fountain that would remain vibrant when the water was inactive in the , so the fountain is an experience of light themes and the use of video technology . - Plensa explores dualism with Crown Fountain , where he has two randomly selected faces " conversing " with each other . Plensa feels that by using faces , he can represent the diversity of the city both in ethnicity and in age . The artist intends to portray the evolution of the city by updating the collection of images . His representation has become a part of the city 's pop culture ; the first few episodes of the first season of Prison Break featured shots of the fountain . - Plensa feels that the challenge in the creation of successful work of public art is to integrate the viewer into an interactive relationship with the art . The fountain is known for encouraging its visitors to splash and slide in the reflecting pool , for position under the water spout and place themselves under the cascade . This interactivity was to some degree accidental . Although the city planned for some interactivity , the transformation of the fountain into a water park for kids within hours of opening surprised Plensa . Now , when the National Weather Service issues summer heat advisories and the Governor of Illinois declares state office buildings as official daytime cooling centers , the national press points to Crown Fountain as a respite for inhabitants of the Chicago metropolitan area . - - = = = Video production = = = - - Approximately 75 ethnic , social , and religious Chicago organizations were asked to provide candidates whose faces would be photographed for integration into the fountain . The subjects were chosen from local schools , churches and community groups , and filming began in 2001 at the downtown campus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago ( SAIC ) . The SAIC students filmed their subjects with a $ 100 @,@ 000 high @-@ definition @-@ video camera , the same model used in the production of the three Star Wars . About 20 SAIC students took part in what became an informal master 's course in public art for the project . Faculty from Columbia College Chicago was also involved in the production of the video . The high @-@ definition equipment was used because of the scale of the project . Because the image proportions were like a movie screen with a width far exceeding its height , the camera was turned on its side during filming . - Each face appears on the sculpture for a total of 5 minutes using various parts of individual 80 @-@ second videos . A 40 @-@ second section is played at one @-@ third speed forward and backward , running for a total of 4 minutes . Then , there is a subsequent segment , where the mouth is puckering , that is stretched to 15 seconds . This is followed by a section , in which the water appears to spout from the open mouth , that is stretched to last for 30 seconds . Finally , there is a smile after the completion of the water spouting from the mouth , that is slowed to extend for 15 seconds . Of the original 1 @,@ subjects filmed , 960 videos were determined to be usable for the project . Originally , the set of images was presumed to be the beginning of a work in progress , but as of 2009 no additional videos are planned . - To achieve the effect in which water appears to be flowing from subjects ' mouths , each video has a segment where the subject 's lips are , which is then timed to correspond to the spouting water , reminiscent of fountains . Each face is cropped so that no hair and usually no ears are visible . Since there is no tripod designed for cameras turned on their sides , an barber / dentist 's chair was used to minimize the need for the movement of the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art camera during filming . Nonetheless , in some case , digital manipulation was necessary to properly simulate puckering in the exact proper location on the video . Many of the faces had to be stretched in order to get the mouths properly positioned . Additionally , each video was color @-@ corrected for brightness , contrast and color . Both the playback equipment and the final videos had to be further adjusted to account for sunlight during viewing . - - = = Construction and engineering = = - - The Crown family , for whom the fountain is named , donated $ 10 million of the $ 17 million construction and design cost . The Goodman family , known for funding the Goodman Theatre , was also a large contributor ; the entire $ 17 million cost was provided by private donations . The initial proposed cost for the fountain had been $ 15 million . - After two architectural firms refused the contract to make Plensa 's design a reality , the firm Krueck and Sexton Architects accepted . Public art was a departure from Krueck & Sexton 's residential and corporate office @-@ dominated portfolio , which includes buildings like the Institute . Collaboration between the artist , architectural team , and consultants proved to be crucial to the success of the project . The fountain 's black granite reflecting pool measures 48 by 232 feet ( 15 by 71 m ) and has an approximate water depth of 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) . It displays videos on two LED screens , each in a glass brick tower measuring 50 by 23 by 16 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 by 7 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 9 m ) . The firm designed a special stainless steel T @-@ frame both to bear the load of the walls , which are 50 feet ( 15 m ) high , and to withstand lateral wind forces . The frame holds all the glass blocks and transfers the load to the base in a pattern . measuring 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) in diameter anchor to the structure and project into the frame for lateral stability , while triangular corner brackets add support . - After several dozen glass manufacturing firms were interviewed , L. E. Smith Glass Company emerged as the company to produce 22 @,@ 500 glass blocks near the upper limit of the size of press glass formed from hand @-@ poured molten glass and cast iron molds . The process used sand and ash heated to a temperature of 2 @,@ 600 ° F ( 1 @,@ 430 ° C ) and " gathered " with a large clay ball resembling a honey . Rather than use a standard to ensure the glass that off the rod spread to the corners of the mold , they relied on gravity . The full mold was ( in an oven to 1 @,@ 100 ° F ( 593 ° C ) ) and cooled . Over the course of four months of production , about 350 blocks were produced per day . - The glass was custom @-@ made at a factory in Mount Pleasant , Pennsylvania , and shipped to the structural glass panel manufacturer in Melbourne , Florida . The panels were then shipped by truck to Chicago . The glass is white glass , rather than the usual green glass that results from iron impurities . This has the of increased image clarity , but greater dirt visibility . Each block is 5 by 10 by 2 inches ( 127 by 254 by 51 mm ) with glass thin enough to avoid image distortion . On each block , one of the six faces is polished , and the other five surfaces are textured . - The structure for the blocks was a challenge . At first , the design team had considered switching to plastic blocks , until the team found Circle Inc . , a prefabricated glass panel company in Melbourne , Florida which specializes in structural glass panel systems . Circle came up with the plan of turning on their sides to be used as building elements . The individual are 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall and either 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) or 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) wide with cell capacity of an average of 250 blocks . Each tower is composed of 44 stacked and . The combination of the refraction of the glass and the of the metal make the grid virtually invisible . - The fountain uses 11 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 50 @,@ 000 L ) per hour , 97 % of which is recycled back into the system . the water to the spout took ingenuity . Although consideration was given to a LED tile , it was determined that the images would then look as though they were each missing a tooth . Instead , one tile in each tower is about 6 inches ( 150 mm ) to allow the installation of 1 inch ( 25 mm ) clear for the water nozzle . The water regularly spills over the fountain and down the sides of the towers and intermittently from the nozzle . Two essential custom fittings contribute to the artistic vision of the fountain : a custom glass block at the upper edge for guiding the water 's descent while remaining , and a plastic nozzle fitted to the stainless steel frame to control the rate of water flow and reduce liability to the city for any injuries sustained by the fountain 's interactive participants . The interactive participants are usually children playing in the stream from the water spout or under the cascade . The risk that the spouting water would knock people down made the design both a legal and a physical challenge . - The fountains use over one million LEDs . The inner surface of each tower uses 147 smaller screens with a total of 264 @,@ 480 LED points ( each with two red , one blue and two green LEDs ) . The physical demands of LED screens , in particular the red , green , and blue long @-@ life light bulbs and the , created three major challenges : supporting the physical structure , combating heat buildup , and of the display . Plensa had used LED fixtures on previous projects , and thus had some experience with these issues . The LED structure is not supported as a single wall ( which would be 50 feet ( 15 m ) high ) , but rather as several segments that are noticeable as visible horizontal bands every few feet : these show where the LED equipment is supported . The heat generated is handled by fans that cool the air at the bottom , that then works its way through the chimney @-@ like tower . was determined to be optimal with LED lights 2 inches ( 51 mm ) behind the glass . - LEDs were chosen because they were viewed as the lowest maintenance option of the possible color changing fixtures . LEDs fit into an electrical circuit , causing illumination by the movement of electrons in the material and making a filament unnecessary , so the bulbs never burn out and do not get too hot . were added to the screens to keep direct sunlight from hitting the LEDs . Color Kinetics ( now part of Philips Solid @-@ State , which is now called Philips Color Kinetics ) 12 LEDs fixtures are used to illuminate the tower structures and glass in an attempt to meet Plensa 's objective that the towers have a light and translucent appearance , with their internal structures reflecting light from behind the glass surface . The electronics were designed to be adaptable to the time of day , weather and season and to meet the desired century @-@ long longevity and objectives set by the design team in response to the thirty @-@ year directive . - The 9 @,@ @-@ square @-@ foot ( @.@ 4 m2 ) pool used 3 by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 by 0 @.@ 91 m ) pavers that weigh 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) . The pavers were rested on screw jack in order to be leveled and . The pavers had to be perfectly leveled for the water to work correctly because the fountain incorporates numerous sensors to regulate the flow and level of the water . - During construction the underground parking garage remained open . An additional challenge was designing the structure to facilitate interior access for ongoing maintenance and repairs , while two levels of underground parking underneath . The challenge was solved by combining a T @-@ bar grid to absorb weight with about 150 " " , or " " , inserted through the video wall to support the glass blocks and absorb wind loads . This design allows for the removal of individual glass blocks for cleaning or repair without disruption to the display . The filtered air inside the towers helps minimize the need for cleaning . Crown Fountain 's design not only included interior access for technical repairs , but also incorporated exemplary , non @-@ , barrier @-@ free accessibility , because its interactivity is not limited to the able @-@ bodied . The force of the water accounts for the entire range of possible interactive visitors . - - = = Dedication and operation = = - - - = = = = = = - - Construction of the video sculpture was completed for testing without the fountain 's water features on May 18 , 2004 . Originally , Plensa had planned to have each face appear for 13 minutes , and this continued to be the targeted duration when the testing of the sculpture occurred . Eventually , professors at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago convinced him to use only five @-@ minute videos . - Plensa 's design of Crown Fountain was unveiled to the public on July 16 – 18 , during the 2004 grand opening celebrations for Millennium Park , which was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co . At the time of the unveiling , Crown Fountain , like the nearby Cloud Gate , was incomplete because only 300 of the videos had been refined for public display . It was officially dedicated on July 24 , 2004 as part of a special private fundraising party that raised $ 3 million for the Millennium Park Conservancy fund . - - = = = Operation = = = - - The control center for the of images , water flow , and lighting color and intensity is beneath one of the towers , in a room that covers 550 square feet ( 51 m2 ) . The room houses high @-@ definition video servers and equipment temperature sensors . Hard drives contain all the individual electronic computer files of the face videos . Generally , the computer programs automatically perform tasks such as determining when the face will and , if weather conditions permit , when to turn the water on and off . Using rather than high @-@ resolution images was both less expensive and created a better display for the average viewer . A Barco show controller selects the sequence of faces one at a time and determines a random tower lighting selection of one of eight LED colors programmed into an Electronic Theatre ( ) control system . At night , the system controls that illuminate the cascading water and that are by special wet @-@ use location ground fault circuit . The control room covers an area equal to 26 parking spaces in the underground parking garage , which costs the city $ 100 @,@ 000 annually in terms of the opportunity cost of lost revenue ( in 2004 dollars ) . Maintenance issues for the fountain range from kids removing the between the bricks to pipes in need of maintenance . As of 2014 , annual upkeep costs were approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 . - - = = = = Video sculpture = = = = - - The front face of each tower is animated with a continuous , dynamic exhibit of lights and electronic images . Although the screens on the towers periodically display clips of landscapes such as waterfalls , most intriguing are the display of faces of Chicago residents . About 1 @,@ 000 faces of are shown in a random rotation , the order determined using a Barco show controller . Each face is displayed for five minutes , with a brief period between each of these videos during which the sculpture is . As a result , no more than 12 faces appear per hour during the summer . However , during the winter a version without the final one minute of puckering is shown , so the video segments then are only four minutes each . The video pattern also includes a three @-@ minute water scene every half @-@ hour and a 30 @-@ second fade @-@ to @-@ black every 15 minutes . If all the faces were shown consecutively , instead of randomly , they would each appear about once every eight days . A June 2007 article in the Chicago Sun @-@ Times reported that many of the subjects who had their images for the project had yet to either see their own images or hear of anyone who had seen them . - The spouting water from the faces of the towers appears to be flowing from the displayed subject 's mouth from a 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) nozzle located in the center of each interior face 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above the reflecting pool . are shown daily year @-@ round , while the water feature only operates from May 1 to approximately October 31 , weather permitting . The park is open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. - Each tower is illuminated from within on three sides by approximately 70 color @-@ changing Color Kinetics LED lighting fixtures per tower , while the fourth side features opposing Barco LED display screens . At night , some of the videos are replaced by images of nature or solid colors . Also at night , the other three sides of the fountain display changing colors . The outer Color Kinetics surfaces randomly display the translucent glow of one of eight colors along with each of the inner opposing faces . As a video sculpture with a variety of cascade and water spout fountain modes , the sculpture is a fluid , dynamic evolving artwork . - - = = = = Fountain = = = = - - Crown Fountain has both slits and a for drainage ( pictured above right ) to drain the 11 @,@ 520 US gal ( 43 @,@ 608 l ; 9 @,@ 592 imp gal ) of water per minute . When the videos are not on the front of the tower , water down each of the facades . The water is filtered , pumped and through the fountain . Dual pump rooms below each tower draw water from a reservoir beneath the reflecting pool . There are 12 mechanical pumps that are regulated from a control room in the underground parking garage beneath the south tower of the fountain . The water in the reflecting pool has a depth of about 0 @.@ 33 millimetres ( 0 @.@ in ) . - - = = Controversies = = - - Before the fountain was completed in 2004 , Art Institute of Chicago president James Wood felt the columns would be too tall and other community leaders felt that the height and scale of the project stemmed from a " contest " with other park feature artists . Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by " forever open , clear and free " legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court . Aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago in the 1890s to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park , and to keep it from building new ones . As a result , the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park . However , Crown Fountain and Jay Pavilion , which stands 139 feet ( 42 m ) tall , were exempt from the height restriction because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . - In November 2006 , Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when the city added surveillance cameras atop each tower . through a $ 52 million Department of Homeland Security grant to the Chicago area , the cameras were part of a surveillance system eight other cameras covering all of Millennium Park . The city said the cameras , similar to those used throughout the city at high @-@ crime areas and traffic intersections , were intended to remain on the towers for several months until permanent , less replacements were secured . City officials had consulted the architects who collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs , but Plensa himself had not been notified . Public reaction was negative , as bloggers and the artistic community decried the cameras on the towers as inappropriate and a . The city said that the cameras were largely for security reasons , but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt @-@ out lights . The Chicago Tribune quickly published an article concerning the cameras as well as the public reaction , and the cameras were removed the next day . Plensa supported their removal . - - = = = = - - In 2014 , the hardware and software behind the fountain 's operation were replaced . At the time there were plans to replace LED lighting with bulbs on each of the non @-@ video display surfaces and to replace the video surface LEDs . Plensa , who maintained control of the video faces for the first two years of the fountain 's operation , that future generations may wish to update the faces used in the rotation of videos to reflect changes in humanity going forward . In 2014 , an additional 1000 faces were anticipated for 2016 . - - = = Critical reception = = - - Crown Fountain , Fountain , and Buckingham Fountain , as well as natural water features such as Old , are examples of the ability of water to attract people and hold their attention . Crown Fountain has more interactivity than other Chicago fountains , such as Buckingham Fountain and Taft 's Fountain of the Great Lakes and Fountain of Time ( all but the last are in Grant Park ) . These other Chicago fountains are traditional in that they discourage viewer touching ; Buckingham Fountain is surrounded by a fence , and Taft 's fountains are surrounded by . In contrast , Crown Fountain provides an open invitation to play in the fountain 's water . - U.S. News & World Report describes the fountain as an exemplary feature of the city 's numerous urban parks . Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair , who is pleased with the sculptures ' , says the fountain helps appropriately depict the modern 21st @-@ century urban park . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times describes the fountain as " eye @-@ catching , crowd @-@ friendly ... high @-@ tech [ and ] ... contemporary " . The New York Times calls the fountain an " extraordinary art object " . 's describes the fountain as public art at its best . The beauty of the fountain is , as the San Francisco Chronicle explains , that it is high @-@ concept art for all to enjoy . The Financial Times refers to the fountain as a " @-@ fountain " . The fountain is praised for its technical features by industry magazines and has won various awards . The project won the 2006 Bombay prize for its design work with glass . Critical reviews were not unanimous in their praise . One Chicago Tribune critic was not impressed with @-@ like art , although he conceded the element reminded him in a positive way of the jungle gym element of the Chicago Picasso . - The fountain is featured on the cover of Philip Jodidio 's 2005 book , Architecture : Art . Although Plensa is considered to be a conceptual artist , according to Jodidio , Plensa created a work whose architectural aspects are paramount . Its location juxtaposed with the Historic Michigan Boulevard District 's highlights these aspects . Jodidio considers the work to be a modernization of the theme , and feels that the scale of the enlarged faces the work and challenges the architecture . The towers are an integral part of the skyline that have achieved rare permanence for contemporary art . - - - = Canning Dam = - - The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource for the city of Perth , Western Australia . The dam is situated on the Darling and is an of the Canning River . It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design that was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at the time of construction . The Canning Dam was Perth 's primary water supply up until the 1960s when other sources of fresh water were . Currently the dam supplies approximately 20 percent of Perth 's fresh water . into the Canning Reservoir is estimated to be 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) and has a storage capacity of 90 @,@ 352 ( 3 @,@ 190 @.@ 8 × 10 ^ 6 cu ft ) . - Since its completion in 1940 , the Canning Dam has contributed to a wide range of environmental and ecological problems in surrounding regions , problems include more common algal blooms , habitat loss and sedimentation . Despite these issues , Canning Dam and the adjacent parks and forests provide a variety of recreational activities for the public such as , historic walks and picnic facilities . - - = = History = = - - Development of the Canning River as a source of water for Perth was first proposed in a report of the first Metropolitan Water Works Board of Perth in 1896 . Investigation of the site began in 1897 when engineer Thomas Hodgson surveyed and proposed the dam 's current location as a possible site . However , despite the recommendations of further inquiries , and an extreme shortage of water in some years , government funds were not allocated for the construction of a dam until the Great Depression in the 1930s . - In 1924 a small dam was built 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) downstream from the present Canning Dam . It was only intended as a quick fix to the water supply problem and it soon became apparent that a major reservoir was needed , although it would be nine years before work on the current Canning Dam would begin . The new dam was completed in 1940 at a cost of AU £ 1 @.@ 1 million . Engineer Russell Dumas designed the dam and directed most of its construction . - A further improvement was made in 1951 when a concrete @-@ lined channel was constructed to divert stream flow from the nearby Gully catchment . The Canning Dam and reservoir was Perth 's primary source of water until the boom growth of the city in the 1960s and the completion of Dam in 1961 . In 1975 the reservoir was connected to Perth 's Integrated Water Supply Scheme by the Canning Tunnel . Prior to its opening water had flowed through the Canning Channel to . - The Canning Dam and reservoir still supplies approximately 20 percent of Perth 's drinking water requirements and plays an important role in the context of the development of Perth . - The Canning reservoir is also used to store water from the newly completed Plant . water can be pumped from the plant to the reservoir through the new Station . - - = = = = - - The Canning Dam lies within the Darling which forms part of an Shield composed largely of granite with some invaded linear belts of and volcanic rocks . - The dam wall is situated in a narrow running east and west , with rock sides sloping upward from the river bed . Behind the dam wall , the south branch of the Canning River joins the main stream , with the water forming a lake which stretches back in three major arms to the east south @-@ east and south . - The catchment has an area of square kilometres ( 310 sq mi ) . The reservoir is at 200 metres ( 660 ft ) and the highest point of the catchment , Mount Cooke is at metres ( 1 @,@ 909 ft ) . - , the area receives about 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) of rainfall per annum with most of this falling between May and September . There is widespread of rainfall across the catchment however , from between 700 and 1 @,@ 300 millimetres ( 28 and 51 in ) . - Since 1975 long @-@ term average at the dam wall have decreased by 20 percent and into the catchment by approximately 60 percent — the average annual inflow between 1948 and 1974 was 52 gigalitres ( 1 @.@ 8 × 109 cu ft ) which had reduced to 22 gigalitres ( 780 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) between 1975 and 2004 . - - = = Construction = = - - The construction of Canning Dam ended a long period during which Perth 's water supply was generally unsatisfactory in quality ( either due to salinity or bacterial pollution or both ) and in quantity . The project , the biggest public works program of the decade , stimulated significant growth in the local economy and provided desperately needed work for around five hundred men . - Several innovative design concepts and construction methods which were new to Australia were introduced on the project , while others which were used on the nearby Wellington Dam , were improved upon at the Canning dam site . - At the Canning Dam and indeed all dams , care had to be taken to prevent water seepage between the foundation rock and the structure of the dam . At the Canning in addition to cutting back the foundation to solid rock , a cut @-@ off trench was sited near the upstream face of the dam , down stream which a rock filled drain containing open pipes was provided to intercept any seepage between the rock face and the concrete of the dam . The inclusion of an internal drainage system was considered innovative at the period . Near vertical tubular 8 in ( 200 mm ) cut @-@ off drains were provided at five @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) intervals along the dam to relieve internal seepage through the concrete . - While state of the art materials @-@ handling methods were used , in some instances labour @-@ saving machinery worked beside operations intended to the labour content . workers were employed chiefly for on @-@ site preparation , road construction , foundation excavation , clearing timber from the reservoir basin , and on some operations . workers were required on the dam for fixing the where the concrete was poured . These workers were probably employed at normal day labour rates , the main employment method used on the project . handling of cement was also used for the first time in Australia , this saw a significant saving as opposed to cement which was the standard practice of the day . - Generally construction work proceeded smoothly and from an engineering point of view there were few setbacks . However , one did occur in the early stages of construction . In March 1934 there was a violent storm bringing 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 12 in ) of rain in less than two days . As a result , the river rose rapidly which flooded the dam foundation workings . had to be installed and work resumed three days later . - The dam was completed in September 1940 . When built it was the longest concrete gravity dam in Australia , and also the second highest after the Dam in New South Wales . As of 1997 of the 90 large concrete and masonry gravity dams in Australia the Canning Dam is still the fifth highest and the sixth longest . It is the largest concrete dam in Western Australia in terms of length of crest and volume of concrete . - The final cost of the dam was significantly less than had been originally budgeted for , and the work was completed on schedule to a date that was calculated seven years previously . - - = = = Remedial works = = = - - Recently the Canning Dam has been subjected to considerable of the upper parts of the dam and upper gallery . Investigations have shown that was due to strong AAR ( alkali aggregate reactivity ) in the concrete . AAR results in swelling of the concrete , which may cause secondary stresses , localised map cracks , and , ultimately structural cracks . In addition , the concrete tensile strength and elasticity significantly decreases . Many old concrete dams are known to suffer from AAR , including Dam in Tennessee and dam in Italy among others . - Extensive remedial works were undertaken between 1999 & 2001 to strengthen the dam wall . This work involved removing the top 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) of the existing dam wall and drilling / blasting through the dam wall plus up to a further 70 m ( 230 ft ) into the bedrock below . The top section of the wall was then rebuilt using reinforced concrete . Finally , permanent , re @-@ ground anchors were then installed through the formed and drilled holes from the crest to be stressed and into the foundation rock . At time of completion , these were the largest capacity and longest permanent ground anchors ever installed in the world . - An innovative drilling and blasting technique called Cone ( ) was used in the remedial works process . was chosen over conventional drilling and / or blasting techniques due to the reduced risk of damage to the existing structure from vibration , as well as lower and dust levels . - - = = Environmental issues = = - - Since the construction of the Canning Dam , among other drinking water supply dams , water flow into the Canning River has been reduced by up to 96 % . A number of freshwater fish species which are endemic to the south @-@ west of Western Australia are found in the Canning River system , however studies of fish and fish habitats in the area have shown that fish numbers are low due to a loss of habitat and a loss of between breeding areas due to low flows , preventing fish migrating upstream and reaching important breeding and nursery grounds . water caused by a lack of water flow has provided a suitable habitat for successful breeding of an introduced pest , the . - of the Canning caused dramatic flow reductions that significantly altered downstream aquatic communities . The lack of water flow has also resulted in a poor effect below the dam wall . An excessive amount of nutrients from fertilizers and animal waste has caused algal blooms and . - Many river pools which are an important summer refuge and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna have been lost due to sedimentation and modification of the flow regime caused by in the Canning River . - Periodic flooding of the Canning River from the dam is required to disperse seed , stimulate and ensure seedlings survive , recharge shallow groundwater tables that are important during periods of drought and to discourage and prevent weed growth . However , during times of low rainfall periodic flooding is reduced . - - = = Recreation = = - - A number of recreation activities occur in and around the dam and catchment area . Canning Dam features a number of picnic areas ( with gas ) , look outs and historic walks – many with disabled access . occurs throughout the catchment , particularly along the Track , which passes through the catchment about 10 km upstream of Canning Dam . Several mountain bike trails run either through the Canning National Park or adjacent State Forest areas . - The Canning Reservoir , Canning River and tributaries are illegally fished for , especially during summer . , fishing and swimming are prohibited in the reservoir for health and hygiene reasons . camping ( including overnight stays and / or outside of designated areas ) and trail establishment occur more and more frequently in the Canning catchment . - - = = Gallery = = - - - - = Midge ( Barbie ) = - - Midge is a fictional doll character in the Barbie line of toys by Mattel that was first released in 1963 . Midge was created , along with , to counteract criticism that claimed Barbie was a sex symbol . She was marketed as Barbie 's best friend . No Midge dolls were sold for the rest of the vintage years after the 1960s . - Midge was re @-@ introduced in 1988 as part of the play line , though two vintage reproduction dolls were made specifically for collectors in 1993 and 1998 . The dolls sold in this time period usually had red hair , often with freckles , and her eye color was usually blue . Also in the period , Wedding Day Midge was sold , with the groom being Alan Sherwood , who had been marketed as Midge 's boyfriend in the vintage years . Midge and Alan had three children introduced named Ryan , Nikki , and Cassandra . They also had twins who were never introduced . This was known as the Happy Family line , and in the set , Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki as a newborn baby . The Happy Family product became the subject of controversy when some parents disliked the " pregnant " Midge toy because they believed that Midge was too young to have children . - In 2013 Mattel decided to revamp Midge 's history , her as a best friend of Barbie 's , but unmarried , without children , and with no connection to Alan . - - = = Vintage years = = - - When Barbie first came out , she was the subject of a lot of criticism , some of which that claimed Barbie was too mature @-@ looking for children . Midge was the first same @-@ size friend of Barbie ever sold , and was created to oppose these controversies aimed at Barbie . She had a fuller , gentler face mold that was less sexually intimidating , although her body proportions were the same as Barbie and they both stood at 11 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 290 mm ) tall . This allowed the two dolls to be able to share clothes and accessories . Her head mold was stamped " 1958 " , the same as Barbie . When Midge arrived , the markings on the straight leg body mold they shared changed to include both her and Barbie . Midge had shoulder @-@ length hair that flipped at the ends . had an option of buying a doll with one of three different hair colors : red , blond , or brunette . Her face was usually brushed with freckles . The dolls that were sold without freckles had a longer hair style and are now hard to find . Depending on the doll 's hair color , the color of her two @-@ piece swimming suit varied . If Midge had red hair her was yellow and orange , for blond hair it was in two shades of blue , and if she was brunette it was pink and red . The first vintage Midge dolls had a value of $ 175 ( Mint In Box ) in 2007 . - For the first two years that Midge was sold , she had " straight legs " that could not bend at the knee . A rare Midge with teeth was sold the first year and is now sought after by collectors . One year later , in 1964 the dolls that were sold had slightly longer hair . Midge 's boyfriend Allan arrived as well . Early in 1965 , Midge was sold , and consisted of a Midge head with short hair and three . This was the Midge counterpart of the Fashion Queen Barbie . Since she came with only a head , another doll had to provide for the body . In 1965 Midge with legs was introduced . She had shorter " " hair , like the American Girl Barbie , with a blue . Her swimming suit was different as well , and was now one @-@ piece and striped . - - = = Return = = - - From her introduction to until 1967 , Midge was marketed as Barbie 's original best friend , but no dolls were sold for about 20 years until 1988 , when California Dream Midge was sold as part of a beach line , which used the " Steffie " mold . The same " Steffie " mold was used for Cool Times Midge in 1989 . In 1990 , she began to use the " " mold for All Stars Midge and The Beat Midge . In 1991 she was married to Allan ( now spelled " Alan " ) . Before and after the Wedding Day Midge doll was sold , many Midge play line dolls were produced . Before Wedding Day Midge , Midge dolls still had freckles , but up until Hawaii Midge was sold in 1999 , the dolls lacked freckles . Most of the dolls were red @-@ haired with blue or green eyes , but some dolls were brunette . The most commonly used head mold for Midge in this period was the " " mold , stamped 1985 . - A 35th anniversary Midge reproduction doll was sold in 1998 for collectors , made to look like the vintage Midge dolls . She had red hair , was dressed in her original orange and lime two @-@ piece swimming suit , and came with a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit from 1964 – 1965 as well as a reproduction of the box the Midge dolls originally came in . Earlier in 1993 , for Midge 's 30th anniversary , a Midge reproduction doll was also produced , but she did not possess a reproduction of her original or the original box . Like the later version , she came in a reproduction of the Senior Prom outfit . - In 2013 , Midge appeared on the Barbie : Life in the where it is revealed that she has moved to Malibu . With this , her canon has been changed extensively , and she is a teenager who is retro at heart and still uses old @-@ terms . The whole ' Happy Family ' canon has been dropped altogether due to controversy . Two Midge dolls will be released in 2013 - one is as part of a collectors set with Barbie , and the other on her own in the Life in the doll line . - - = = " Happy Family " line = = - - The year after Midge and Alan were married , a picture of the couple with twin babies was shown in a pamphlet , but the dolls were never produced . However , in 2003 , she and Alan were re @-@ introduced with a family consisting of them and three different kids , three @-@ year @-@ old Ryan , and newborn baby Nikki . This was known as the " Happy Family " line , and was similar to the discontinued Heart Family line of the 1980s . The dolls came in both European American and African American versions . This was the first time an African American Midge was ever produced . - Midge was sold " pregnant " with Nikki , who was a tiny baby inside Midge 's magnetic . This led to some controversy with some consumers saying that the doll was inappropriate for children , or that it promoted teen pregnancy . Another cause for this controversy was that Midge did not initially have a wedding ring , but this was later fixed . She also was packaged without Alan . complaining about the doll led to Wal @-@ Mart pulling the Happy Family line off their shelves . A new version of this Midge was produced for Wal @-@ Mart , this time not pregnant and with a cardboard cut @-@ out display of Alan and Ryan standing next to her inside the box . The Happy Family Line included everything from a talking house , a backyard swimming pool , neighborhood market , and playground . - Later , around Nikki 's first birthday , Midge was " pregnant " again with another child , who wasn 't named or given a specific gender , as the gender was a surprise when the owner opened the doll 's box . Midge 's new baby was later named Cassandra . Midge has two known parents who are simply called " " and " " . At first , the dolls were sold together as part of a big set consisting of the dolls and a kitchen play set , but for Nikki 's first birthday they were sold separately . Midge , Alan , and Ryan gave Nikki a dog for her birthday . They too came in both Caucasian and African American versions . They use different body molds , to reflect their age . - - = = Head = = - - Midge 's first appearance was made with her own headmold , Vintage Midge - Later , we have Midge using ( by Barbie and the ) headmold - Before Teresa made her debut , Midge used Steffie headmold - Midge comes and goes so many times , but with her 50th birthday , she returns with the Steffie headmold - Florida Midge uses headmold . - - - = The Tempest ( album ) = - - The Tempest is the tenth studio album by American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse . Released in 2007 , the album marks the return of producer Mike E. Clark , who had a falling @-@ out with the duo in 2000 . However , he did not collaborate directly with ICP , and would not do so until their 2009 album Bang ! ! Boom ! - The album 's concept compares a violent storm to a roller coaster ; its lyrical themes vary from @-@ based character and songs about the supernatural to humorous and lighter subject matter . Clark 's production was praised by critics , and the album peaked at # 20 on the Billboard 200 . It is the group 's 23rd overall release . - - = = History = = - - Mike E. Clark produced much of Insane Clown Posse 's discography , as well as working with other groups on Psychopathic Records , until having a falling @-@ out with ICP in 2000 , after completing ICP 's album 's and , and beginning production on the Dark Lotus debut album Tales from the Lotus Pod . - After becoming a full @-@ time producer for Kid Rock , Clark contracted pneumonia , but ignored the illness , and began severely as he , leading to a three @-@ month stay in Mount General Hospital , during which one of his lungs collapsed three times . As the result of his near @-@ death experience , Clark decided to reconcile with Bruce and Utsler . conversations between Clark and Insane Clown Posse led to Clark producing Shaggy 2 Dope 's 2006 solo album .. The following year , Clark produced The Tempest ; however , in both instances , he did not work with Psychopathic Records directly . Because of this , ICP felt that The Tempest was missing the collaborative element that they felt made their earlier albums enjoyable . Clark would not work directly work with Psychopathic Records until 2009 's Bang ! ! Boom ! - - = = Music and lyrics = = - - Unlike previous Insane Clown Posse albums , The Tempest is not connected to the Dark Carnival mythology , which formed the basis for ICP 's " Joker 's Cards " series , which began in 1992 with Carnival of and concluded with the albums The : @-@ La and Hell 's Pit ; however , it references themes , concepts and songs from previous albums . Joseph Bruce ( J ) said that The Tempest is a concept album in its own right . Bruce describes the album 's concept as relating to both a violent storm which turns into a tornado and pulls people into a hurricane as well as a roller coaster . According to Bruce , " That 's a lot like riding on a violent roller coaster , I 'd assume . You get to the left , to the right , sucked way up into the sky , and then you go shooting down to the floor , and then you up to the left and then you whip around to the right . Well , The Tempest is a storm in the form of a roller coaster . " As a result of this concept , the album focuses on a variety of different moods . - The Tempest maintains much of the lyrical content ICP is known for , as well as their humorous perspective . Unlike previous albums , this album does not contain any aimed at other or music industry figures . Bruce and Joseph Utsler ( Shaggy 2 Dope ) ' s rapping on this album is described by Allmusic reviewer David Jeffries as being delivered in " a carnival fashion that fits with their circus motif " , and contrasted Bruce and Utsler themselves as being like " Alice Cooper with a attitude " . - The lyrics of " Growing Again " , which describes J growing into a giant , were inspired by Bruce 's weight gain ; Bruce also says that the song reflects the feeling of being able to " rap about anything we want [ ... ] I feel we have the right for some songs to be softer and not about killing or Dark Carnival . " " The Tower " describes a war veteran and expert marksman climbing a college tower and shooting people with an arsenal of weapons , a reference to Charles Whitman 's 1966 murder . - Mike E. Clark 's production incorporates elements of rock and heavy metal , as well as live instrumentation . Reviewer Lana Cooper of PopMatters compares " Ride the Tempest " to of , and describes the instrumentation as incorporating elements of synthesizers and . Cooper says that " Growing Again " incorporates power ballad chords . Jeffries describes " I Do This ! " as being influenced by , and called " Mexico City " " Low music " . - - = = Release and reception = = - - The album was released with a bonus poster . The Tempest debuted at # 20 on the U.S. Billboard 200 , selling about 33 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Reviews from Allmusic and PopMatters generally Mike E. Clark 's production as the album 's most appealing element . Allmusic 's David Jeffries wrote , " there 's no denying that Clark 's vision does wonders for the duo . " PopMatters ' Lana Cooper said that " [ Insane Clown Posse 's ] have to be given their due . " - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Chart positions = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - Joseph Bruce – vocals , composer - Shaggy 2 Dope — vocals , scratching - Mike E. Clark – composer , engineer , mixing , producer , programming - Jeffrey – mastering - Brian – artwork , cover design - DJ Clay — scratching , vocals - Insane Clown Posse — composer , vocals - James Mitchell — vocals - The — vocals , background vocals - Razor Ray — guitar , soloist , vocals , background vocals - Michael — artwork , cover design - — artwork , cover design - - - = Star = - - A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity . The nearest star to Earth is the Sun . Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night , appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth . Historically , the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and , the brightest of which gained proper names . Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations . However , most of the stars in the Universe , including all stars outside our galaxy , the Milky Way , are invisible to the naked eye from Earth . Indeed , most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes . - For at least a portion of its life , a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core , releasing energy that traverses the star 's interior and then radiates into outer space . Almost all naturally occurring elements heavier than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star 's lifetime , and for some stars by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes . Near the end of its life , a star can also contain degenerate matter . Astronomers can determine the mass , age , metallicity ( chemical composition ) , and many other properties of a star by observing its motion through space , its luminosity , and spectrum respectively . The total mass of a star is the main factor that determines its evolution and eventual fate . Other characteristics of a star , including diameter and temperature , change over its life , while the star 's environment affects its rotation and movement . A plot of the temperature of many stars against their produces a plot known as a – Russell diagram ( H – R diagram ) . a particular star on that diagram allows the age and evolutionary state of that star to be determined . - A star 's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a nebula of material composed primarily of hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements . When the stellar core is sufficiently dense , hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium through nuclear fusion , releasing energy in the process . The remainder of the star 's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective heat transfer processes . The star 's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity . When the hydrogen fuel at the core is exhausted , a star of mass 0 @.@ 4 times greater than the Sun 's will expand to become a red giant . In some cases , it will fuse heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core . As the star expands it throws a part of its mass , enriched with those heavier elements , into the interstellar environment , to be recycled later as new stars . Meanwhile , the core becomes a stellar remnant : a white dwarf , a neutron star , or if it is sufficiently massive a black hole . - and multi @-@ star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and generally move around each other in stable orbits . When two such stars have a relatively close orbit , their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution . Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure , such as a star cluster or a galaxy . - - = = Observation history = = - - Historically , stars have been important to civilizations throughout the world . They have been part of religious practices and used for celestial navigation and orientation . Many ancient astronomers believed that stars were permanently affixed to a heavenly sphere and that they were immutable . By convention , astronomers grouped stars into constellations and used them to track the motions of the planets and the inferred position of the Sun . The motion of the Sun against the background stars ( and the horizon ) was used to create , which could be used to regulate agricultural practices . The Gregorian calendar , currently used nearly everywhere in the world , is a solar calendar based on the angle of the Earth 's rotational axis relative to its local star , the Sun . - The oldest accurately dated star chart was the result of ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC . The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC , during the Period ( ca . – 1155 BC ) . - The first star catalogue in Greek astronomy was created by in approximately 300 BC , with the help of . The star catalog of Hipparchus ( 2nd century BC ) included stars , and was used to assemble Ptolemy 's star catalogue . Hipparchus is known for the discovery of the first recorded nova ( new star ) . Many of the constellations and star names in use today from Greek astronomy . - In spite of the apparent of the heavens , Chinese astronomers were aware that new stars could appear . In 185 AD , they were the first to observe and write about a supernova , now known as the SN 185 . The brightest stellar event in recorded history was the SN supernova , which was observed in and written about by the Egyptian astronomer Ali ibn and several Chinese astronomers . The SN 1054 supernova , which gave birth to the Crab Nebula , was also observed by Chinese and Islamic astronomers . - Medieval Islamic astronomers gave Arabic names to many stars that are still used today and they invented numerous astronomical instruments that could the positions of the stars . They built the first large observatory research institutes , mainly for the purpose of producing star catalogues . Among these , the Book of Fixed Stars ( ) was written by the Persian astronomer Abd al @-@ al @-@ Sufi , who observed a number of stars , star clusters ( including the and 's ) and galaxies ( including the Galaxy ) . According to A. , in the 11th century , the Persian scholar Abu described the Milky Way galaxy as a multitude of fragments having the properties of nebulous stars , and also gave the latitudes of various stars during a lunar eclipse in . - According to , the astronomer Ibn proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars that almost touched one another and appeared to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction from material , citing his observation of the conjunction of Jupiter and Mars on 500 AH ( / 1107 AD ) as evidence . Early European astronomers such as identified new stars in the night sky ( later termed novae ) , suggesting that the heavens were not immutable . In Bruno suggested that the stars were like the Sun , and may have other planets , possibly even Earth @-@ like , in orbit around them , an idea that had been suggested earlier by the ancient Greek philosophers , and , and by medieval Islamic such as al @-@ Din al @-@ . By the following century , the idea of the stars being the same as the Sun was reaching a consensus among astronomers . To explain why these stars exerted no net gravitational pull on the Solar System , Isaac Newton suggested that the stars were equally distributed in every direction , an idea prompted by the theologian Richard Bentley . - The Italian astronomer recorded observing variations in luminosity of the star in 1667 . Edmond Halley published the first measurements of the proper motion of a pair of nearby " fixed " stars , demonstrating that they had changed positions since the time of the ancient Greek astronomers Ptolemy and Hipparchus . - William Herschel was the first astronomer to attempt to determine the distribution of stars in the sky . During the he established a series of gauges in 600 directions and counted the stars observed along each line of sight . From this he deduced that the number of stars steadily increased toward one side of the sky , in the direction of the Milky Way core . His son John Herschel repeated this study in the southern hemisphere and found a corresponding increase in the same direction . In addition to his other accomplishments , William Herschel is also noted for his discovery that some stars do not merely lie along the same line of sight , but are also physical companions that form binary star systems . - The science of stellar spectroscopy was pioneered by Joseph von and Angelo . By comparing the spectra of stars such as Sirius to the Sun , they found differences in the strength and number of their absorption lines — the dark lines in a stellar spectra caused by the atmosphere 's absorption of specific frequencies . In 1865 began classifying stars into spectral types . However , the modern version of the stellar classification scheme was developed by Annie J. Cannon during the 1900s . - The first direct measurement of the distance to a star ( 61 at 11 @.@ 4 light @-@ years ) was made in 1838 by Friedrich using the parallax technique . measurements demonstrated the vast separation of the stars in the heavens . Observation of double stars gained increasing importance during the 19th century . In 1834 , Friedrich observed changes in the proper motion of the star Sirius and inferred a hidden companion . Edward Pickering discovered the first spectroscopic binary in 1899 when he observed the periodic splitting of the spectral lines of the star in a 104 @-@ day period . Detailed observations of many binary star systems were collected by astronomers such as William and S. W. , allowing the masses of stars to be determined from computation of orbital elements . The first solution to the problem of deriving an orbit of binary stars from telescope observations was made by Felix in 1827 . The twentieth century saw increasingly rapid advances in the scientific study of stars . The photograph became a valuable astronomical tool . Karl discovered that the color of a star and , hence , its temperature , could be determined by comparing the visual magnitude against the photographic magnitude . The development of the allowed precise measurements of magnitude at multiple wavelength intervals . In 1921 Albert A. made the first measurements of a stellar diameter using an on the telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory . - Important theoretical work on the physical structure of stars occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century . In 1913 , the @-@ Russell diagram was developed , the study of stars . Successful models were developed to explain the interiors of stars and stellar evolution . Cecilia Payne @-@ first proposed that stars were made primarily of hydrogen and helium in her 1925 PhD thesis . The spectra of stars were further understood through advances in quantum physics . This allowed the chemical composition of the stellar atmosphere to be determined . - With the exception of supernovae , individual stars have primarily been observed in the Local Group , and especially in the visible part of the Milky Way ( as demonstrated by the detailed star catalogues available for our galaxy ) . But some stars have been observed in the galaxy of the , about 100 million light years from the Earth . In the Local it is possible to see star clusters , and current telescopes could in principle observe faint individual stars in the Local Group ( see ) . However , outside the Local of galaxies , neither individual stars nor clusters of stars have been observed . The only exception is a faint image of a large star cluster containing hundreds of thousands of stars located at a distance of one billion light years — ten times further than the most distant star cluster previously observed . - - = = = = - - The concept of a constellation was known to exist during the Babylonian period . Ancient sky imagined that prominent arrangements of stars formed patterns , and they associated these with particular aspects of nature or their myths . Twelve of these formations lay along the band of the ecliptic and these became the basis of astrology . Many of the more prominent individual stars were also given names , particularly with Arabic or Latin designations . - As well as certain constellations and the Sun itself , individual stars have their own myths . To the Ancient Greeks , some " stars " , known as planets ( Greek ( ) , meaning " " ) , represented various important deities , from which the names of the planets Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn were taken . ( and Neptune were also Greek and Roman gods , but neither planet was known in Antiquity because of their low brightness . Their names were assigned by later astronomers . ) - 1600 , the names of the constellations were used to name the stars in the corresponding regions of the sky . The German astronomer Johann Bayer created a series of star maps and applied Greek letters as designations to the stars in each constellation . Later a numbering system based on the star 's right ascension was invented and added to John Flamsteed 's star catalogue in his book " Historia Britannica " ( the edition ) , whereby this numbering system came to be called Flamsteed designation or Flamsteed numbering . - The only internationally recognized authority for naming celestial bodies is the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) . A number of private companies sell names of stars , which the British Library calls an unregulated commercial enterprise . The IAU has itself from this commercial practice , and these names are neither recognized by the IAU nor used by them . One such star @-@ naming company is the International Star , which , during the 1980s , was accused of deceptive practice for making it appear that the assigned name was official . This now @-@ discontinued practice was informally labeled a and a fraud , and the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs issued a violation against for engaging in a deceptive trade practice . - - = = Units of measurement = = - - Although stellar parameters can be expressed in units or units , it is often most convenient to express mass , luminosity , and radii in solar units , based on the characteristics of the Sun : - Large lengths , such as the radius of a giant star or the semi @-@ major axis of a binary star system , are often expressed in terms of the astronomical unit — approximately equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun ( 150 million km or 93 million miles ) . - - = = Formation and evolution = = - - Stars from regions of space of higher density , yet those regions are less dense than within a vacuum chamber . These regions - known as molecular clouds - consist mostly of hydrogen , with about 23 to 28 percent helium and a few percent heavier elements . One example of such a star @-@ forming region is the Orion Nebula . Most stars form in groups of dozens to hundreds of thousands of stars . Massive stars in these groups may powerfully illuminate those clouds , ionizing the hydrogen , and creating H II regions . Such feedback effects , from star formation , may ultimately disrupt the cloud and prevent further star formation . - All stars spend the majority of their existence as main sequence stars , fueled primarily by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores . However , stars of different masses have markedly different properties at various stages of their development . The ultimate fate of more massive stars differs from that of less massive stars , as do their and the impact they have on their environment . Accordingly , astronomers often group stars by their mass : - Very low mass stars , with masses below 0 @.@ 5 M ☉ , are fully convective and distribute helium evenly throughout the whole star while on the main sequence . Therefore , they never undergo shell burning , never become red giants , which cease fusing and become helium white dwarfs and slowly cool after exhausting their hydrogen . However , as the lifetime of 0 @.@ 5 M ☉ stars is longer than the age of the universe , no such star has yet reached the white dwarf stage . - Low mass stars ( including the Sun ) , with a mass between 0 @.@ 5 M ☉ and 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 5 M ☉ depending on composition , do become red giants as their core hydrogen is depleted and they begin to burn helium in core in a helium flash ; they develop a degenerate carbon @-@ oxygen core later on the asymptotic giant branch ; they finally blow off their outer shell as a planetary nebula and leave behind their core in the form of a white dwarf . - Intermediate @-@ mass stars , between 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 5 M ☉ and 5 – 10 M ☉ , pass through evolutionary stages similar to low mass stars , but after a relatively short period on the they ignite helium without a flash and spend an extended period in the red clump before forming a degenerate carbon @-@ oxygen core . - Massive stars generally have a minimum mass of 7 – 10 M ☉ ( possibly as low as 5 – 6 M ☉ ) . After exhausting the hydrogen at the core these stars become supergiants and go on to fuse elements heavier than helium . They end their lives when their cores collapse and they explode as supernovae . - - = = = Star formation = = = - - The formation of a star begins with gravitational instability within a molecular cloud , caused by regions of higher density - often triggered by compression of clouds by radiation from massive stars , expanding bubbles in the interstellar medium , the collision of different molecular clouds , or the collision of galaxies ( as in a galaxy ) . When a region reaches a sufficient density of matter to satisfy the criteria for instability , it begins to collapse under its own gravitational force . - As the cloud collapses , individual of dense dust and gas form " Bok " . As a collapses and the density increases , the gravitational energy converts into heat and the temperature rises . When the cloud has approximately reached the stable condition of hydrostatic equilibrium , a forms at the core . These pre – main sequence stars are often surrounded by a disk and powered mainly by the conversion of gravitational energy . The period of gravitational contraction lasts about 10 to 15 million years . - Early stars of less than 2 M ☉ are called T Tauri stars , while those with greater mass are / Be stars . These newly formed stars emit jets of gas along their axis of rotation , which may reduce the angular momentum of the collapsing star and result in small patches of known as – objects . These jets , in combination with radiation from nearby massive stars , may help to drive away the surrounding cloud from which the star was formed . - Early in their development , T Tauri stars follow the track — they contract and decrease in luminosity while remaining at roughly the same temperature . Less massive T Tauri stars follow this track to the main sequence , while more massive stars turn onto the track . - Most stars are observed to be members of binary star systems , and the properties of those binaries are the result of the conditions in which they formed . A gas cloud must lose its angular momentum in order to collapse and form a star . The fragmentation of the cloud into multiple stars distributes some of that angular momentum . The primordial binaries transfer some angular momentum by gravitational interactions during close encounters with other stars in young stellar clusters . These interactions tend to split apart more widely separated ( soft ) binaries while causing hard binaries to become more tightly bound . This produces the separation of binaries into their two observed populations . - - = = = Main sequence = = = - - Stars spend about 90 % of their existence fusing hydrogen into helium in high @-@ temperature and high @-@ pressure reactions near the core . Such stars are said to be on the main sequence , and are called dwarf stars . Starting at zero @-@ age main sequence , the proportion of helium in a star 's core will steadily increase , the rate of nuclear fusion at the core will slowly increase , as will the star 's temperature and luminosity . The Sun , for example , is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40 % since it reached the main sequence 4 @.@ 6 billion ( 4 @.@ 6 × 109 ) years ago . - Every star generates a stellar wind of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space . For most stars , the mass lost is negligible . The Sun loses 10 − 14 M ☉ every year , or about 0 @.@ 01 % of its total mass over its entire lifespan . However , very massive stars can lose 10 − 7 to 10 − 5 M ☉ each year , significantly affecting their evolution . Stars that begin with more than 50 M ☉ can lose over half their total mass while on the main sequence . - The time a star spends on the main sequence depends primarily on the amount of fuel it has and the rate at which it fuses it . The Sun 's is expected to live 10 billion ( ) years . Massive stars consume their fuel very rapidly and are short @-@ lived . Low mass stars consume their fuel very slowly . Stars less massive than 0 @.@ 25 M ☉ , called red dwarfs , are able to fuse nearly all of their mass while stars of about 1 M ☉ can only fuse about 10 % of their mass . The combination of their slow fuel @-@ consumption and relatively large usable fuel supply allows low mass stars to last about one trillion ( 1012 ) years ; the most extreme of 0 @.@ 08 M ☉ ) will last for about 12 trillion years . Red dwarfs become and more luminous as they accumulate helium . When they eventually run out of hydrogen , they contract into a white dwarf and decline in temperature . However , since the lifespan of such stars is greater than the current age of the universe ( 13 @.@ 8 billion years ) , no stars under about 0 @.@ 85 M ☉ are expected to have moved off the main sequence . - Besides mass , the elements heavier than helium can play a significant role in the evolution of stars . Astronomers label all elements heavier than helium " metals " , and call the chemical concentration of these elements in a star , its metallicity . A star 's metallicity can influence the time the star takes to burn its fuel , and controls the formation of its magnetic fields , which affects the strength of its stellar wind . Older , population II stars have substantially less metallicity than the younger , population I stars due to the composition of the molecular clouds from which they formed . Over time , such clouds become increasingly enriched in heavier elements as older stars die and shed portions of their atmospheres . - - = = = Post – main sequence = = = - - As stars of at least 0 @.@ 4 M ☉ exhaust their supply of hydrogen at their core , they start to fuse hydrogen in a shell outside the helium core . Their outer layers expand and cool greatly as they form a red giant . In about 5 billion years , when the Sun enters the helium burning phase , it will expand to a maximum radius of roughly 1 astronomical unit ( 150 million kilometres ) , 250 times its present size , and lose 30 % of its current mass . - As the hydrogen shell burning produces more helium , the core increases in mass and temperature . In a red giant of up to 2 @.@ 25 M ☉ , the mass of the helium core becomes degenerate prior to helium fusion . Finally , when the temperature increases sufficiently , helium fusion begins explosively in what is called a helium flash , and the star rapidly shrinks in radius , increases its surface temperature , and moves to the horizontal branch of the diagram . For more massive stars , helium core fusion starts before the core becomes degenerate , and the star spends some time in the red clump , slowly burning helium , before the outer convective envelope collapses and the star then moves to the horizontal branch . - After the star has fused the helium of its core , the carbon product fuses producing a hot core with an outer shell of fusing helium . The star then follows an evolutionary path called the asymptotic giant branch ( ) that parallels the other described red giant phase , but with a higher luminosity . The more massive stars may undergo a brief period of carbon fusion before the core becomes degenerate . - - = = = = Massive stars = = = = - - During their helium @-@ burning phase , stars of more than nine solar masses expand to form red supergiants . When this fuel is exhausted at the core , they continue to fuse elements heavier than helium . - The core contracts and the temperature and pressure rises enough to fuse carbon ( see burning process ) . This process continues , with the successive stages being fueled by neon ( see neon burning process ) , oxygen ( see oxygen burning process ) , and silicon ( see silicon burning process ) . Near the end of the star 's life , fusion continues along a series of onion @-@ layer shells within a massive star . Each shell fuses a different element , with the outermost shell fusing hydrogen ; the next shell fusing helium , and so forth . - The final stage occurs when a massive star begins producing iron . Since iron nuclei are more tightly bound than any heavier nuclei , any fusion beyond iron does not produce a net release of energy . To a very limited degree such a process proceeds , but it consumes energy . Likewise , since they are more tightly bound than all lighter nuclei , such energy cannot be released by fission . In relatively old , very massive stars , a large core of inert iron will accumulate in the center of the star . The heavier elements in these stars can work their way to the surface , forming evolved objects known as Wolf @-@ stars that have a dense stellar wind which sheds the outer atmosphere . - - = = = = = = = = - - As a star 's core shrinks , the intensity of radiation from that surface increases , creating such radiation pressure on the outer shell of gas that it will push those layers away , forming a planetary nebula . If what remains after the outer atmosphere has been shed is less than 1 @.@ 4 M ☉ , it shrinks to a relatively tiny object about the size of Earth , known as a white dwarf . White dwarfs lack the mass for further gravitational compression to take place . The electron @-@ degenerate matter inside a white dwarf is no longer a plasma , even though stars are generally referred to as being spheres of plasma . Eventually , white dwarfs fade into black dwarfs over a very long period of time . - In larger stars , fusion continues until the iron core has grown so large ( more than 1 @.@ 4 M ☉ ) that it can no longer support its own mass . This core will suddenly collapse as its electrons are driven into its protons , forming neutrons , neutrinos , and gamma rays in a burst of electron capture and beta decay . The formed by this sudden collapse causes the rest of the star to explode in a supernova . become so bright that they may briefly the star 's entire home galaxy . When they occur within the Milky Way , supernovae have historically been observed by naked @-@ eye observers as " new stars " where none seemingly existed before . - A supernova explosion blows away the star 's outer layers , leaving a remnant such as the Crab Nebula . The core is compressed into a neutron star , which sometimes itself as a pulsar or X @-@ ray . In the case of the largest stars , the remnant is a black hole greater than 4 M ☉ ) s . In a neutron star the matter is in a state known as neutron @-@ degenerate matter , with a more exotic form of degenerate matter , matter , possibly present in the core . Within a black hole , the matter is in a state that is not currently understood . - The blown @-@ off outer layers of dying stars include heavy elements , which may be recycled during the formation of new stars . These heavy elements allow the formation of rocky planets . The outflow from supernovae and the stellar wind of large stars play an important part in shaping the interstellar medium . - - = = = = stars = = = = - - The post – main @-@ sequence evolution of binary stars may be significantly different from the evolution of single stars of the same mass . If stars in a binary system are sufficiently close , when one of the stars expands to become a red giant it may overflow its Roche lobe , the region around a star where material is gravitationally bound to that star , leading to transfer of material to the other . When the Roche lobe is violated , a variety of phenomena can result , including contact binaries , common @-@ envelope binaries , variables , and type supernovae . - - = = Distribution = = - - In addition to isolated stars , a multi @-@ star system can consist of two or more gravitationally bound stars that orbit each other . The simplest and most common multi @-@ star system is a binary star , but systems of three or more stars are also found . For reasons of orbital stability , such multi @-@ star systems are often organized into hierarchical sets of binary stars . Larger groups called star clusters also exist . These range from loose stellar associations with only a few stars , up to enormous globular clusters with hundreds of thousands of stars . Such systems orbit our Milky Way galaxy . - It has been a long @-@ held assumption that the majority of stars occur in gravitationally bound , multiple @-@ star systems . This is particularly true for very massive O and B class stars , where 80 % of the stars are believed to be part of multiple @-@ star systems . The proportion of single star systems increases with decreasing star mass , so that only 25 % of red dwarfs are known to have stellar companions . As 85 % of all stars are red dwarfs , most stars in the Milky Way are likely single from birth . - Stars are not spread uniformly across the universe , but are normally grouped into galaxies along with interstellar gas and dust . A typical galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars , and there are more than 100 billion ( ) galaxies in the observable universe . In 2010 , one estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe was 300 ( 3 × 1023 ) . While it is often believed that stars only exist within galaxies , stars have been discovered . - The nearest star to the Earth , apart from the Sun , is , which is 39 @.@ 9 trillion kilometres , or 4 @.@ 2 light @-@ years . Travelling at the orbital speed of the Space Shuttle ( 8 kilometres per second — almost 30 @,@ 000 kilometres per hour ) , it would take about 150 @,@ 000 years to arrive . This it typical of stellar in galactic discs . Stars can be much closer to each other in the centres of galaxies and in globular clusters , or much farther apart in galactic . - Due to the relatively vast distances between stars outside the galactic nucleus , collisions between stars are thought to be rare . In denser regions such as the core of globular clusters or the galactic center , collisions can be more common . Such collisions can produce what are known as blue stragglers . These abnormal stars have a higher surface temperature than the other main sequence stars with the same luminosity of the cluster to which it belongs . - - = = Characteristics = = - - Almost everything about a star is determined by its initial mass , including such characteristics as luminosity , size , evolution , lifespan , and its eventual fate . - - = = = Age = = = - - Most stars are between 1 billion and 10 billion years old . Some stars may even be close to 13 @.@ 8 billion years old — the observed age of the universe . The oldest star yet discovered , HD , nicknamed star , is an estimated 14 @.@ 46 ± 0 @.@ 8 billion years old . ( Due to the uncertainty in the value , this age for the star does not conflict with the age of the Universe , determined by the Planck satellite as 13 @.@ 799 ± 0 @.@ ) . - The more massive the star , the shorter its lifespan , primarily because massive stars have greater pressure on their cores , causing them to burn hydrogen more rapidly . The most massive stars last an average of a few million years , while stars of minimum mass ( red dwarfs ) burn their fuel very slowly and can last tens to hundreds of billions of years . - - = = = Chemical composition = = = - - When stars form in the present Milky Way galaxy they are composed of about 71 % hydrogen and 27 % helium , as measured by mass , with a small fraction of heavier elements . Typically the portion of heavy elements is measured in terms of the iron content of the stellar atmosphere , as iron is a common element and its absorption lines are relatively easy to measure . The portion of heavier elements may be an indicator of the likelihood that the star has a planetary system . - The star with the lowest iron content ever measured is the dwarf @-@ , with only 1 / the iron content of the Sun . By contrast , the super @-@ metal @-@ rich star has nearly double the abundance of iron as the Sun , while the planet @-@ bearing star 14 has nearly triple the iron . There also exist chemically peculiar stars that show unusual of certain elements in their spectrum ; especially and rare earth elements . Stars with cooler outer atmospheres , including the Sun , can form various and molecules . - - = = = = = = - - Due to their great distance from the Earth , all stars except the Sun appear to the unaided eye as shining points in the night sky that because of the effect of the Earth 's atmosphere . The Sun is also a star , but it is close enough to the Earth to appear as a disk instead , and to provide daylight . Other than the Sun , the star with the largest apparent size is R , with an angular diameter of only 0 @.@ . - The disks of most stars are much too small in angular size to be observed with current ground @-@ based optical telescopes , and so telescopes are required to produce images of these objects . Another technique for measuring the angular size of stars is through . By precisely measuring the drop in brightness of a star as it is by the Moon ( or the rise in brightness when it reappears ) , the star 's angular diameter can be computed . - Stars range in size from neutron stars , which vary anywhere from 20 to 40 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter , to supergiants like in the Orion constellation , which has a diameter approximately 1 @,@ 070 times that of the Sun — about 1 @,@ 490 @,@ 171 @,@ 880 km ( @,@ @,@ 878 mi ) . , however , has a much lower density than the Sun . - - = = = = = = - - The motion of a star relative to the Sun can provide useful information about the origin and age of a star , as well as the structure and evolution of the surrounding galaxy . The components of motion of a star consist of the radial velocity toward or away from the Sun , and the traverse angular movement , which is called its proper motion . - velocity is measured by the shift of the star 's spectral lines , and is given in units of km / s . The proper motion of a star , its parallax , is determined by precise measurements in units of @-@ arc seconds ( ) per year . With knowledge of the star 's parallax and its distance , the proper motion velocity can be calculated . Together with the radial velocity , the total velocity can be calculated . Stars with high rates of proper motion are likely to be relatively close to the Sun , making them good candidates for parallax measurements . - When both rates of movement are known , the space velocity of the star relative to the Sun or the galaxy can be computed . Among nearby stars , it has been found that younger population I stars have generally lower than older , population II stars . The latter have elliptical orbits that are inclined to the plane of the galaxy . A comparison of the of nearby stars has allowed astronomers to trace their origin to common points in giant molecular clouds , and are referred to as stellar associations . - - = = = Magnetic field = = = - - The magnetic field of a star is generated within regions of the interior where convective circulation occurs . This movement of plasma functions like a , wherein the movement of charges induce magnetic fields , as does a mechanical . Those magnetic fields have a great range that extend throughout and beyond the star . The strength of the magnetic field varies with the mass and composition of the star , and the amount of magnetic surface activity depends upon the star 's rate of rotation . This surface activity produces starspots , which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures . loops are magnetic field flux lines that rise from a star 's surface into the star 's outer atmosphere , its corona . The loops can be seen due to the plasma they conduct along their length . flares are bursts of high @-@ energy particles that are emitted due to the same magnetic activity . - Young , rapidly rotating stars tend to have high levels of surface activity because of their magnetic field . The magnetic field can act upon a star 's stellar wind , functioning as a brake to gradually slow the rate of rotation with time . Thus , older stars such as the Sun have a much slower rate of rotation and a lower level of surface activity . The activity levels of slowly rotating stars tend to vary in a cyclical manner and can shut down altogether for periods of time . During the minimum , for example , the Sun underwent a 70 @-@ year period with almost no sunspot activity . - - = = = Mass = = = - - One of the most massive stars known is , which , with 100 – 150 times as much mass as the Sun , will have a lifespan of only several million years . Studies of the most massive open clusters suggests 150 M ☉ as an upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe . This represents an value for the theoretical limit on the mass of forming stars due to increasing radiation pressure on the gas cloud . Several stars in the cluster in the Large Cloud have been measured with larger masses , but it has been determined that they could have been created through the collision and merger of massive stars in close binary systems , the 150 M ☉ limit on massive star formation . - The first stars to form after the Big Bang may have been larger , up to 300 M ☉ , due to the complete absence of elements heavier than lithium in their composition . This generation of population III stars is likely to have existed in the very early universe ( i.e. , they are observed to have a high ) , and may have started the production of chemical elements heavier than hydrogen that are needed for the later formation of planets and life . In June 2015 , astronomers reported evidence for Population III stars in the Cosmos 7 galaxy at = 6 @.@ 60 . - With a mass only 80 times that of Jupiter ( MJ ) , @-@ is the smallest known star undergoing nuclear fusion in its core . For stars with metallicity similar to the Sun , the theoretical minimum mass the star can have and still undergo fusion at the core , is estimated to be about 75 MJ . When the metallicity is very low , however , the minimum star size seems to be about 8 @.@ 3 % of the solar mass , or about 87 MJ . Smaller bodies called brown dwarfs , occupy a poorly defined grey area between stars and gas giants . - The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines its surface gravity . Giant stars have a much lower surface gravity than do main sequence stars , while the opposite is the case for degenerate , compact stars such as white dwarfs . The surface gravity can influence the appearance of a star 's spectrum , with higher gravity causing a broadening of the absorption lines . - - = = = = = = - - The rotation rate of stars can be determined through spectroscopic measurement , or more exactly determined by tracking their starspots . Young stars can have a rotation greater than 100 km / s at the equator . The B @-@ class star , for example , has an equatorial velocity of about 225 km / s or greater , causing its equator to be outward and giving it an equatorial diameter that is more than 50 % greater than between the poles . This rate of rotation is just below the critical velocity of 300 km / s at which speed the star would break apart . By contrast , the Sun once every 25 – 35 days , with an equatorial velocity of 1 @.@ km / s . A main sequence star 's magnetic field and the stellar wind serve to slow its rotation by a significant amount as it evolves on the main sequence . - stars have contracted into a compact mass , resulting in a rapid rate of rotation . However they have relatively low rates of rotation compared to what would be expected by conservation of angular momentum — the tendency of a rotating body to compensate for a contraction in size by increasing its rate of spin . A large portion of the star 's angular momentum is dissipated as a result of mass loss through the stellar wind . In spite of this , the rate of rotation for a pulsar can be very rapid . The pulsar at the heart of the Crab nebula , for example , 30 times per second . The rotation rate of the pulsar will gradually slow due to the emission of radiation . - - = = = = = = - - The surface temperature of a main sequence star is determined by the rate of energy production of its core and by its radius , and is often estimated from the star 's color index . The temperature is normally given in terms of an effective temperature , which is the temperature of an black body that radiates its energy at the same luminosity per surface area as the star . Note that the effective temperature is only a representative of the surface , as the temperature increases toward the core . The temperature in the core region of a star is several million . - The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements , resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum . The surface temperature of a star , along with its visual absolute magnitude and absorption features , is used to classify a star ( see classification below ) . - Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50 @,@ 000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3 @,@ 600 K ; but they also have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area . - - = = Radiation = = - - The energy produced by stars , a product of nuclear fusion , radiates to space as both electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation . The particle radiation emitted by a star is as the stellar wind , which streams from the outer layers as electrically charged protons and alpha and beta particles . Although almost , there also exists a steady stream of neutrinos emanating from the star 's core . - The production of energy at the core is the reason stars shine so brightly : every time two or more atomic nuclei fuse together to form a single atomic nucleus of a new heavier element , gamma ray photons are released from the nuclear fusion product . This energy is converted to other forms of electromagnetic energy of lower frequency , such as visible light , by the time it reaches the star 's outer layers . - The color of a star , as determined by the most intense frequency of the visible light , depends on the temperature of the star 's outer layers , including its photosphere . Besides visible light , stars also emit forms of electromagnetic radiation that are invisible to the human eye . In fact , stellar electromagnetic radiation spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum , from the longest of radio waves through infrared , visible light , ultraviolet , to the shortest of X @-@ rays , and gamma rays . From the standpoint of total energy emitted by a star , not all components of stellar electromagnetic radiation are significant , but all frequencies provide insight into the star 's physics . - Using the stellar spectrum , astronomers can also determine the surface temperature , surface gravity , metallicity and rotational velocity of a star . If the distance of the star is found , such as by measuring the parallax , then the luminosity of the star can be derived . The mass , radius , surface gravity , and rotation period can then be estimated based on stellar models . ( Mass can be calculated for stars in binary systems by measuring their orbital and distances . has been used to measure the mass of a single star . ) With these parameters , astronomers can also estimate the age of the star . - - = = = = = = - - The luminosity of a star is the amount of light and other forms of energy it radiates per unit of time . It has units of power . The luminosity of a star is determined by its radius and surface temperature . Many stars do not radiate uniformly across their entire surface . The rapidly rotating star Vega , for example , has a higher energy flux ( power per unit area ) at its poles than along its equator . - of the star 's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots . Small , dwarf stars such as our Sun generally have essentially disks with only small starspots . Giant stars have much larger , more obvious starspots , and they also exhibit strong stellar limb darkening . That is , the brightness decreases towards the edge of the stellar disk . Red dwarf flare stars such as may also possess prominent features . - - = = = = = = - - The apparent brightness of a star is expressed in terms of its apparent magnitude . It is a function of the star 's luminosity , its distance from Earth , and the altering of the star 's light as it passes through Earth 's atmosphere . or absolute magnitude is directly related to a star 's luminosity , and is what the apparent magnitude a star would be if the distance between the Earth and the star were 10 ( 32 @.@ 6 light @-@ years ) . - Both the apparent and absolute magnitude scales are units : one whole number difference in magnitude is equal to a brightness variation of about 2 @.@ 5 times ( the 5th root of 100 or approximately 2 @.@ 512 ) . This means that a first magnitude star ( + 1 @.@ 00 ) is about 2 @.@ 5 times brighter than a second magnitude ( + 2 @.@ 00 ) star , and about 100 times brighter than a sixth magnitude star ( + 6 @.@ 00 ) . The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude + 6 . - On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales , the smaller the magnitude number , the brighter the star ; the larger the magnitude number , the the star . The brightest stars , on either scale , have negative magnitude numbers . The variation in brightness ( ) between two stars is calculated by the magnitude number of the brighter star ( mb ) from the magnitude number of the star ( ) , then using the difference as an exponent for the base number 2 @.@ 512 ; that is to say : - - - Relative to both luminosity and distance from Earth , a star 's absolute magnitude ( M ) and apparent magnitude ( m ) are not equivalent ; for example , the bright star Sirius has an apparent magnitude of − 1 @.@ 44 , but it has an absolute magnitude of + 1 @.@ 41 . - The Sun has an apparent magnitude of − 26 @.@ 7 , but its absolute magnitude is only + 4 @.@ 83 . Sirius , the brightest star in the night sky as seen from Earth , is approximately 23 times more luminous than the Sun , while Canopus , the second brightest star in the night sky with an absolute magnitude of − 5 @.@ 53 , is approximately 14 @,@ 000 times more luminous than the Sun . Despite Canopus being vastly more luminous than Sirius , however , Sirius appears brighter than Canopus . This is because Sirius is merely 8 @.@ 6 light @-@ years from the Earth , while Canopus is much farther away at a distance of 310 light @-@ years . - As of 2006 , the star with the highest known absolute magnitude is 1806 @-@ 20 , with a magnitude of − 14 @.@ 2 . This star is at least 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 times more luminous than the Sun . The least luminous stars that are currently known are located in the cluster . The faintest red dwarfs in the cluster were magnitude 26 , while a 28th magnitude white dwarf was also discovered . These faint stars are so dim that their light is as bright as a birthday on the Moon when viewed from the Earth . - - = = Classification = = - - The current stellar classification system originated in the early 20th century , when stars were classified from A to Q based on the strength of the hydrogen line . It thought that the hydrogen line strength was a simple linear function of temperature . Rather , it was more complicated ; it strengthened with increasing temperature , it peaked near 9000 K , and then declined at greater temperatures . When the classifications were by temperature , it more closely resembled the modern scheme . - Stars are given a single @-@ letter classification according to their spectra , ranging from type O , which are very hot , to M , which are so cool that molecules may form in their atmospheres . The main classifications in order of decreasing surface temperature are : O , B , A , F , G , K , and M. A variety of rare spectral types are given special classifications . The most common of these are types L and T , which classify the coldest low @-@ mass stars and brown dwarfs . Each letter has 10 sub @-@ divisions , numbered from 0 to 9 , in order of decreasing temperature . However , this system breaks down at extreme high temperatures as classes and may not exist . - In addition , stars may be classified by the luminosity effects found in their spectral lines , which correspond to their spatial size and is determined by their surface gravity . These range from 0 ( ) through III ( giants ) to V ( main sequence dwarfs ) ; some authors add VII ( white dwarfs ) . Most stars belong to the main sequence , which consists of ordinary hydrogen @-@ burning stars . These fall along a narrow , diagonal band when according to their absolute magnitude and spectral type . The Sun is a main sequence yellow dwarf of intermediate temperature and ordinary size . - Additional nomenclature , in the form of lower @-@ case letters added to the end of the spectral type to indicate peculiar features of the spectrum . For example , an " e " can indicate the presence of emission lines ; " m " represents unusually strong levels of metals , and " " can mean variations in the spectral type . - White dwarf stars have their own class that begins with the letter D. This is further sub @-@ divided into the classes , , DC , , , and , depending on the types of prominent lines found in the spectrum . This is followed by a numerical value that indicates the temperature . - - = = stars = = - - stars have periodic or random changes in luminosity because of intrinsic or properties . Of the intrinsically variable stars , the primary types can be subdivided into three principal groups . - During their stellar evolution , some stars pass through phases where they can become variables . variable stars vary in radius and luminosity over time , expanding and contracting with periods ranging from minutes to years , depending on the size of the star . This category includes and @-@ like stars , and long @-@ period variables such as Mira . - variables are stars that experience sudden increases in luminosity because of flares or mass events . This group includes , Wolf @-@ stars , and flare stars , as well as giant and stars . - or explosive variable stars are those that undergo a dramatic change in their properties . This group includes novae and supernovae . A binary star system that includes a nearby white dwarf can produce certain types of these spectacular stellar explosions , including the nova and a Type supernova . The explosion is created when the white dwarf hydrogen from the companion star , building up mass until the hydrogen undergoes fusion . Some novae are also recurrent , having periodic outbursts of moderate . - Stars can also vary in luminosity because of factors , such as eclipsing binaries , as well as rotating stars that produce extreme starspots . A notable example of an eclipsing binary is , which regularly varies in magnitude from 2 @.@ 3 to 3 @.@ 5 over a period of 2 @.@ 87 days . - - = = Structure = = - - The interior of a stable star is in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium : the forces on any small volume almost exactly counterbalance each other . The balanced forces are inward gravitational force and an outward force due to the pressure gradient within the star . The pressure gradient is established by the temperature gradient of the plasma ; the outer part of the star is cooler than the core . The temperature at the core of a main sequence or giant star is at least on the order of 107 K. The resulting temperature and pressure at the hydrogen @-@ burning core of a main sequence star are sufficient for nuclear fusion to occur and for sufficient energy to be produced to prevent further collapse of the star . - As atomic nuclei are fused in the core , they emit energy in the form of gamma rays . These photons interact with the surrounding plasma , adding to the thermal energy at the core . Stars on the main sequence convert hydrogen into helium , creating a slowly but steadily increasing proportion of helium in the core . Eventually the helium content becomes predominant , and energy production ceases at the core . Instead , for stars of more than 0 @.@ 4 M ☉ , fusion occurs in a slowly expanding shell around the degenerate helium core . - In addition to hydrostatic equilibrium , the interior of a stable star will also maintain an energy balance of thermal equilibrium . There is a radial temperature gradient throughout the interior that results in a flux of energy flowing toward the exterior . The outgoing flux of energy leaving any layer within the star will exactly match the incoming flux from below . - The radiation zone is the region of the stellar interior where the flux of energy outward is dependent on radiative heat transfer , since convective heat transfer is inefficient in that zone . In this region the plasma will not be , and any mass motions will die out . If this is not the case , however , then the plasma becomes unstable and convection will occur , forming a convection zone . This can occur , for example , in regions where very high energy occur , such as near the core or in areas with high ( making heat transfer inefficient ) as in the outer envelope . - The occurrence of convection in the outer envelope of a main sequence star depends on the star 's mass . Stars with several times the mass of the Sun have a convection zone deep within the interior and a radiative zone in the outer layers . Smaller stars such as the Sun are just the opposite , with the convective zone located in the outer layers . Red dwarf stars with less than 0 @.@ 4 M ☉ are convective throughout , which prevents the of a helium core . For most stars the convective zones will also vary over time as the star ages and the constitution of the interior is modified . - The photosphere is that portion of a star that is visible to an observer . This is the layer at which the plasma of the star becomes transparent to photons of light . From here , the energy generated at the core becomes free to propagate into space . It is within the photosphere that sun spots , regions of lower than average temperature , appear . - Above the level of the photosphere is the stellar atmosphere . In a main sequence star such as the Sun , the lowest level of the atmosphere , just above the photosphere , is the thin region , where appear and stellar flares begin . Above this is the transition region , where the temperature rapidly increases within a distance of only 100 km ( 62 mi ) . Beyond this is the corona , a volume of super @-@ heated plasma that can extend outward to several million kilometres . The existence of a corona appears to be dependent on a convective zone in the outer layers of the star . Despite its high temperature , and the corona emits very little light , due to its low gas density . The corona region of the Sun is normally only visible during a solar eclipse . - From the corona , a stellar wind of plasma particles expands outward from the star , until it interacts with the interstellar medium . For the Sun , the influence of its solar wind extends throughout a bubble @-@ shaped region called the . - - = = Nuclear fusion reaction pathways = = - - A variety of nuclear fusion reactions take place in the cores of stars , that depend upon their mass and composition . When nuclei fuse , the mass of the fused product is less than the mass of the original parts . This lost mass is converted to electromagnetic energy , according to the mass @-@ energy equivalence relationship E = . - The hydrogen fusion process is temperature @-@ sensitive , so a moderate increase in the core temperature will result in a significant increase in the fusion rate . As a result , the core temperature of main sequence stars only varies from 4 million kelvin for a small M @-@ class star to 40 million kelvin for a massive O @-@ class star . - In the Sun , with a 10 @-@ million @-@ kelvin core , hydrogen fuses to form helium in the proton @-@ proton chain reaction : - → + 2e + + ( 2 x 0 @.@ 4 MeV ) - 2e + + → 2γ ( 2 x 1 @.@ 0 MeV ) - + → + 2γ ( 2 x 5 @.@ 5 MeV ) - → 4He + ( 12 @.@ 9 MeV ) - These reactions result in the overall reaction : - → 4He + 2e + + 2γ + ( 26 @.@ 7 MeV ) - where e + is a positron , γ is a gamma ray , is a neutrino , and H and He are isotopes of hydrogen and helium , respectively . The energy released by this reaction is in millions of electron volts , which is actually only a tiny amount of energy . However enormous numbers of these reactions occur constantly , producing all the energy necessary to sustain the star 's radiation output . In comparison , the combustion of two hydrogen gas molecules with one oxygen gas molecule releases only 5 @.@ 7 . - In more massive stars , helium is produced in a cycle of reactions by carbon called the carbon @-@ nitrogen @-@ oxygen cycle . - In evolved stars with cores at 100 million kelvin and masses between 0 @.@ 5 and 10 M ☉ , helium can be transformed into carbon in the triple @-@ alpha process that uses the intermediate element beryllium : - 4He + 4He + 92 keV → 8 * Be - 4He + 8 * Be + 67 keV → 12 * C - 12 * C → + γ + 7 @.@ 4 MeV - For an overall reaction of : - → + γ + 7 @.@ 2 MeV - In massive stars , heavier elements can also be burned in a contracting core through the neon burning process and oxygen burning process . The final stage in the stellar nucleosynthesis process is the silicon burning process that results in the production of the stable isotope iron @-@ 56 , an process that consumes energy , and so further energy can only be produced through gravitational collapse . - The example below shows the amount of time required for a star of 20 M ☉ to consume all of its nuclear fuel . As an O @-@ class main sequence star , it would be 8 times the solar radius and 62 @,@ 000 times the Sun 's luminosity . - - - = Perry the = - - Perry the , also known as Agent P or simply Perry , is an anthropomorphic platypus from the animated series Phineas and Ferb . Perry was created by the series ' co @-@ founders , Dan Povenmire and Jeff " " Marsh . He first appeared along with the majority of the main cast in the pilot episode " . " Perry is featured as the star of the B @-@ plot for every episode of the series , alongside his nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz . A mostly silent character , his lone vocal characteristic ( a of Perry 's beak ) was provided by Dee Bradley Baker . - Perry is the pet platypus of the Flynn @-@ Fletcher family , and is perceived as mindless and domesticated . In secret , however , he lives a double life as a member of an all @-@ animal espionage organization referred to as O.W.C.A. ( The Organization Without a Cool ) . Many secret entrances to his underground lair exist all around the house ; such as the side of the house , most notably the tree that his owners sit under in the backyard , and several other everyday objects that seem to the family 's attention . He engages in daily battles with Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , an evil scientist who desires to take over the Tri @-@ state area with obscure contraptions that work perfectly according to his intended function but fail in his application of them every time . - Perry was made a platypus because of the animal 's striking appearance and the lack of public knowledge of the animal , which allowed the writers to make things up about the species . Critical reception for the character from both professionals and fans have been considerably positive . Merchandising of the character include plush toys , t @-@ shirts , wooden toys , glasses , and coloring books , along with appearances in literature and a 2009 video game for the Nintendo DS . - - = = Role in Phineas and Ferb = = - - Perry is the docile pet platypus of the blended Flynn @-@ Fletcher family , who adopted him because his gaze made it seem as if he were looking at both Phineas and Ferb at the same time , as shown in the 2011 movie , Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension . Unbeknownst to them , Perry lives a double life as a crime @-@ fighting spy working for the " Organization Without a Cool " / The , going by the " Agent P. " He reports to his superior , Major Monogram , via telecast in his large , high @-@ tech , underground hideout . Every day , he engages in battles with the evil scientist Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , who tries using inventions to take over the tri @-@ state area . Perry is always able to foil Doofenshmirtz 's plans and in doing so accidentally leads to the destruction of whatever form of his owners , Phineas Flynn and Ferb Fletcher , are building in order to make summer better . Phineas and Ferb are aware that something happens to get rid of their scheme for the day , but do not know that Perry is the cause behind it and are largely dismissive of it . Their sister , Candace , also does not know that Perry is behind the destruction and is driven to near trying to figure it out . Throughout the series , Perry is aware of Phineas and Ferb 's inventions , but is largely in them , save whenever he notices that their latest invention may help him thwart Doofenshmirtz . - Perry and Doofenshmirtz at first seem to each other in the beginning of the series , and have been arch @-@ since the day they met . However , they are often and friendly towards one another and it is said by Doofenshmirtz that Perry is his best friend , and Perry will often act to save Doofenshmirtz 's life when his plot inevitably blows up in his face . , their daily involve Doofenshmirtz a scheme , which Perry goes to stop after being briefed by Major Monogram . He is trapped by Doofenshmirtz while trying to do so and is told of the doctor 's scheme , usually pertaining to some backstory or pet . He then escapes and the two fight , Perry coming out victorious . The two rely on this daily structure , Doofenshmirtz even specifically mentioning it in " Journey to the Center of Candace " and in episodes such as " It 's About Time ! " in which Doofenshmirtz temporarily replaces Perry with secret agent Peter The and they become depressed about not having each other to fight . Perry realizes he misses too . When Perry does not arrive on the scene of Doofenshmirtz 's evil plan , the doctor hesitates to execute his plans and fears for where Perry has gone , though he notes that he " hopes something terrible has happened to him . " . Sometimes , they decided not to fight and have fun , as shown in " Happy New Year ! " and " Candace " . On other occasions , depending on whatever situation Doofenshmirtz is facing , Perry would often help Doofenshmirtz with his non @-@ evil plans , such as helping him overcome evil scientist 's block , helping him put on a birthday party for his 16 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Vanessa , impressing a square dancing girl with programmable square dancing boots that created , working together to stop a platypus hunter from hunting them down , or helping him convince his rich ex @-@ wife to help pay off his debt . Also , Perry tends to use Doofenshmirtz 's inventions to erase evidence of whatever contraptions Phineas and Ferb had made , leaving Candace unable to bust them . Examples include when Perry asked to borrow Doofenshmirtz 's robot to pick up footage from the city surveillance cameras in order to preserve his job as an agent , as well as using Doofenshmirtz 's Pick @-@ Him @-@ Up @-@ to rescue a lost Candace and bring her home . - In Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , an alternate reality ( yet more evil and ruthless ) version of Perry ( known as ) appears as the secondary antagonist , with the regular Perry serving as a supporting protagonist . would later return in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension , this time , as a supporting protagonist . - - = = Character = = - - - = = = Creation and conception = = = - - While working on the animated television series 's Modern Life , Phineas and Ferb co @-@ founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff " " Marsh utilized several recurring elements in the episodes that they wrote . Among these were actions sequences and chase scenes . Povenmire and Marsh wanted to reuse these elements in their series and chose Perry to execute it . The pair gave him a consistent and continuous nemesis in the form of Doofenshmirtz as a means of allowing viewers to get to know him . - While choosing a species for Perry , Povenmire and Marsh wanted to keep in mind selecting one that was uncommon , an animal that kids could not " pick out at a pet store and beg [ their parents ] for . " They chose a platypus because of the animal 's obscure and striking appearance . The animal was scarcely used in American animated programs , so the pair opined that Perry " would not have to compete with notions that viewers might bring to a more conventional . " The blank storyboard they were given allowed them to " make stuff up " since " no one knows very much about [ them ] . " - Perry has a theme song tentatively entitled " Perry , " performed by Randy and Laura Dickinson , and written by Povenmire and Marsh , who write the majority of songs in the series . The song , along with the number " Goo " from the episode " , " was the first musical composition Povenmire and Marsh pitched to The Walt Disney Company . They were nervous doing so , because , as Povenmire explained , " Disney has a big history of music -- what if they hate it ? " Their reaction , however , was considerably positive and the pair was asked to write a song for each episode , which they vehemently agreed to . The opening lyrics for the song describe Perry as a standard textbook definition of a platypus : " He 's a semi @-@ aquatic egg @-@ laying mammal of action . " - - = = = Design = = = - - Like the other characters of the series , Perry was structured in a simple style to allow young viewers to easily draw him . In keeping with the show 's general design scheme , Perry is constructed of shapes in a style reminiscent of deceased animator Avery . Povenmire uses different design styles for drawing Perry depending on how he is portrayed . When Perry is portrayed as a domesticated and mindless pet , Povenmire begins with a square shaped like a loaf of bread . He then draws his front legs and feet before drawing his bill , which is set at a certain angle . Povenmire then draws his , which are never focused and look in opposing directions in a . He concludes the figure by adding his hind legs , tail , hair , and finally color . - When portrayed as a secret agent , Povenmire starts with a similar bread loaf square design , but draws it standing up vertically and places a on the top of his head , which is combined with the square torso . In contrast to his mindless and wild @-@ eyed expression as a pet , the secret agent version of Perry is detailed with eyes " full of blue resolve . " Povenmire proceeds by drawing his arms , which bear hands that are open and prepared for fighting or any danger . His legs are bent , as well prepared for an act of danger or action needed . Povenmire finishes the design by adding his beaver tail and color . - - = = = Personality = = = - - Perry 's undercover identity as a pet leads to characters throughout the series to deem him as a " mindless domestic pet " that " doesn 't do much " . This definition of the character led to Phineas and Ferb production of a new toyline based on Perry called " Perry the Figure , " whose tagline revolved around it not doing anything but allowing the customer to make it whatever they desire it to be . In all actuality , Perry is a skilled fighter who is able to perform several judo fighting moves and escapes . He has access to several different types of technology and inventions provided to him by The O.W.C.A. , including a craft dubbed the " , " a jet , and a whistle set that allows him to summon different types of animals . - Although his appearance as a domestic pet is mostly a cover , Perry has nonetheless expressed care and devotion for the Flynn @-@ Fletcher family . In the episode " The Ballad of Bad " , Perry managed to drag Candace out of the Dark Cave before it in because of Dr. 's " self destruction button " that which Candace had accidentally pressed while under the orange moss , thinking it was a machine . He did this even though he knew that Candace saw that Perry was a secret agent talking to Agent E ( Eagle ) and to Major Monogram in a cracked egg . Candace thought she was just because of the orange moss she accidentally touched earlier in the episode . Also , when an invention of Doofenshmirtz 's in the episode " Journey to the Center of Candace " might cause severe harm to Phineas and Ferb , Perry thoroughly beats up Doofenshmirtz and quickly handcuffs him . He then ties him to a pipe and , instead of just leaving him like he usually does in the series , calls for special forces from the O.W.C.A. to come and arrest the doctor , though they never show up . In " Oh , There You Are , Perry , " Doofenshmirtz is downgraded to a low threat level and Perry is reassigned to a new nemesis . This causes him to have to leave his home with the Flynn @-@ , which makes him sad and he does not enjoy his new villain . Phineas and Ferb are fearful about where Perry could have gone to and put up several around town for people to find him . They decide to throw a concert on the roof of a building , singing a song about how much they love Perry and want him to come home . , Perry is reassigned to Doofenshmirtz again and returns to the brothers once more . - Though Perry is anthropomorphic , he does not speak , only communicating through an " aggravated " type of noise made by flapping his bill . This noise is provided by actor Dee Bradley Baker ; to this day , Povenmire and Marsh do not understand how Baker produces the noise . Thomas , who plays Ferb , is notoriously good at making the noise and is considered second only to Baker himself . When in his " Agent P " persona , Perry is almost completely silent . - - = = Reception = = - - As a character , Perry has been well received by both fans and critics . As Cynthia of Variety magazine wrote , " Perry the platypus is a breakout star from the Disney Channel ' Phineas and Ferb . ' " The New York Times writer Susan Stewart called him " intrepid . " Jean , a press member for Disney Channel , said that Perry is " " and " makes James Bond look like a rank amateur . " Aaron H. of opined that he is " confident . " H. of Scholastic , Inc. declared Perry " pretty awesome . " Josh Jackson , editor of Paste , described Perry and Doofenshmirtz 's relationship as " pitch @-@ perfect . " - Certain reviewers have also commented negatively about Perry and his subplot , which Robinson of the St. Petersburg Times considers " pretty . " Kevin McDonough of Sun Coast Today described it as " complicated " and " loosely connected " to the rest of the series , writing that he is " not sure what this except to add the noise of explosions to the already constant of singing and screaming . " Ed Liu of Zone feels it is " truly what Perry the secret agent is doing in this show in the first place . " Liu considers his subplot to be a type of " throw everything against the wall and see what sticks " element and writes that " many of the earlier episodes of the show don 't manage to do a very good job of balancing the subplot and the main one . " - Perry was nominated for a Kids ' Choice Award in 2014 under the category of Favorite Animal . - - = = In other media = = - - In addition to the main television series , Perry has appeared in several pieces of Phineas and Ferb merchandise . To date , he has appeared in all Phineas and Ferb , published by Disney Press . The character has been adapted into a 20 inch plush toy , released by The Walt Disney Company . The plush has a button on its hand that allows it to emit Perry 's signature chattering noise . Certain t @-@ shirts based on the series released by both Disney and the online retail website also display Perry and the phrase " Hey , where 's Perry ? " which most characters like Phineas , Isabella , Stacy , Irving , Ferb , and Lawrence utter when Perry goes to Major Monogram in his secret lair in almost every episode . There also is a T @-@ with Perry 's face . Perry appears in the Nintendo DS video game based on the series , simply titled Phineas and Ferb , where a mini @-@ game involves Perry stopping Doofenshmirtz 's latest evil scheme . As of 1 April 2014 , Perry is also a playable character in the video game Disney Infinity . - - - = Amylostereum = - - Amylostereum is the single genus in the fungal family Amylostereaceae . The genus currently comprises four saprotrophic and parasitic species , which live off living or dead wood . The Amylostereaceae cause white rot in the wood by disintegrating the tissue component lignin . They produce crust @-@ like , partially wavy fruit bodies on the surface of infested trees , which are similar to those produced by Stereum species . - There are four described species in the Amylostereaceae : A. chailletii ( the type ) , A. areolatum , A. ferreum and A. laevigatum . The species were initially considered part of Stereum until mycologist Jacques Boidin found atypical microscopic differences between them . Forty years after his extensive from 1958 , Boidin reclassified Amylostereum into its own family . - Three Amylostereum species are symbionts of wood wasps in the genera Sirex , Urocerus , and , which infest conifers . The female wood wasps deposit their eggs together with fungal spores and in trees , and the fungus is eaten by the wasp 's larva as food . The fungus through the formation of spores in newly emerged females that are stored in special structures adapted for the transport of symbiotic fungi . The A. areolatum – Sirex ( S. noctilio ) symbiont complex has been studied extensively because of its potential to cause substantial economic losses in the forestry industry , particularly in non @-@ native regions . - - = = Taxonomy and history of research = = - - Amylostereaceae species were for a long time classified in the genus Stereum , based primary on the layered structure of the fruit body and the similar physiological activity . Mycologist Jacques Boidin separated from Stereum in 1958 , this decision by explaining that microscopic differences such as amyloid spores and encrusted cystidia were sufficiently distinct to warrant recognition as a new genus . Although the type species of the genus ( today called A. chailletii ) was initially named , the name had already been used for a genus in the flowering plant family . Boidin thus chose the genus name Amylostereum , referring to the amyloid spores . - Based on DNA analysis , Boidin in 1998 moved Amylostereum into a new , monotypic family , the Amylostereaceae , which he attributed to the order . Later studies , however , supported the initial classification in the . - - = = = Classification = = = - - The classification of the Amylostereaceae is not completely resolved . The next closest relatives might be – depending on the research – either Echinodontium and most other species of the genus Echinodontium , or . Most of the previous DNA analysis results suggest a narrow relation to Echinodontium , but several results of studies partially contradict this conclusion . Only the classification to the is regarded as correct . Some authors have suggested that Amylostereum should be placed in the family . - The similarities between A. chailletii and A. areolatum have caused some confusion regarding their placement in the genus . As only the size of their fruit bodies differ from each other in appearance , researcher German assumed that both are the same species in different age stages . Experiments with pure cultures of the fungi , however , showed that the mycelia of A. chailletii , A. laevigatum and A. ferreum were partially compatible to each other , but the mycelium of A. areolatum was incompatible to other species . Boidin believes that the common ancestor of all Amylostereum fungi used yellowwoods as a host . This genus of conifers was native in Europe until the and ( 66 million to 2 @.@ 6 million years ago ) , but became extinct there , so the Amylostereum fungi specialized on other conifers and differentiated into several species . Only A. ferreum specialized on yellowwoods in South America . - tests as well as molecular analysis indicated that A. areolatum separated very early from other Amylostereum fungi . The other three species separated later from each other and are thus partially compatible to each other . A. ferreum and A. laevigatum produced in 59 % of all cases a common mycelium , A. ferreum and A. chailletii only in 44 % . There is an undescribed species in Amylostereum ; according to DNA analysis , it stands between A. laevigatum and A. ferreum . This is remarkable , as these fungi originated from ( storing organs of ) of a North American wood wasp , while A. laevigatum has never been seen as symbiont of wood wasps , neither in North American nor in Europe . The fungus possibly represents a separated species or a of A. laevigatum . As A. areolatum and A. chailletii mainly reproduce through the symbiosis of wood wasps , the genetic within these species is relatively low . - - = = Description = = - - - = = = = = = - - The Amylostereaceae produce crust @-@ like , dry and @-@ fruit bodies on the bark of infested trees . The fruit bodies are 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 – 0 @.@ 06 in ) thick , irregularly shaped and are able to cover a large surface on the bark or otherwise can appear as small spots . They lie directly on the bark . The , grey or brownish fruit body ( hymenium ) has a smooth to surface texture and is turned outwards . It is bordered by a highly bent and wavy ( @-@ ) edge on all species except A. laevigatum , which has a surface ( a tomentum ) and is usually dirty @-@ brown coloured . In some species , the tomentum stands clearly above and forms a kind of roof above the fruit body ; if it completely surrounds this roof , there might appear shapes . - - = = = Microscopic = = = - - The Amylostereaceae possess a , meaning that there are in its mycelia two kinds of hyphae . The first type is brownish skeletal hyphae , which provide stability to the fruit body . These hyphae run parallel to the bark and often have hairpin @-@ like turns , so that the loops form thick @-@ walled , @-@ like structures , the so @-@ called . The second type is hyphae . They are translucent ( hyaline ) and serve to promote the growth of the fungus . Genuine cystidia arise in the hymenium and the layer directly below , the . Both and cystidia are encrusted , meaning that they feature crystal @-@ like structures on the top . - With the exception of A. laevigatum , all species have a thin separating layer , the cortex , between the hymenium and the tomentum . A cortex is also present on many Stereum fungi ( on a broader front ) and serves to bend up the fruit body . As this cortex is missing on A. laevigatum , its fruit body lies flat on the bark . - The basidia are 15 – 25 × 3 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 µm and have a slim , club @-@ like shape . Each features four sterigmata , each of which bear one spore . The spores ' shape is or cylindrical . Their surface is smooth and their walls are thin . Although they are and hyaline , the spores are amyloid , meaning they will turn bluish or purple when stained with Melzer 's reagent . This characteristic differs from other very similar species , and this gave the genus its name . - - = = Distribution = = - - The range of the Amylostereaceae originally comprised only regions , including North America and Eurasia , and the , with Central and South America . The introduction of A. areolatum and its symbionts , the Sirex , saw the spread of the genus to all continents except Antarctica . - Amylostereum is common in the temperate regions of North America and Eurasia . A. laevigatum can be also found in temperate Eurasia , but it is unclear how broadly this species is distributed in North America . A. areolatum is originally native in North Africa and Eurasia ; it was however distributed through the 20th century in Australia , New Zealand , Southern Africa as well as in South and North America . Only A. ferreum is originally native in the and is common in Brazil and the Caribbean . - - = = Ecology = = - - Amylostereaceae usually infest only dead or cut down conifer wood . Three species – A. areolatum , A. laevigatum and A. chailletii – may also establish a symbiosis with wood wasps ( ) , which beside logged trees also infest living trees and infect them with fungi . have been recorded with several species : Sirex noctilio , S. , S. , S. , S. , S. , and , in Japan , Urocerus and . of the genera Sirex and Urocerus store ( the of fungi split up to spores ) in special abdominal organs . The wood wasps infect trees by a secretion below the bark and at the same time fungal spores into the hole . The secretion weakens the tree and temporarily its immune system , whereby the fungus can spread along the . The infection with Amylostereaceae fulfill two functions for the wasps : it provides the larvae food , because the white rot the wood ; at the same time , the mycelia of the fungi serves as food for the larvae . After the larvae , it absorbs the mycelia of the Amylostereaceae into its body to together with its eggs . The fungus benefits from the symbiosis as it spreads faster and more effectively than through airborne spores and furthermore does not need to develop fruit bodies . A. ferreum is the only species that has not been associated with any . - - = = = Host spectrum = = = - - The host spectrum of the Amylostereaceae comprises several , partially very different genera of . A. chailletii usually such as firs ( ) and spruces ( ) , but also cedars ( ) and Douglas firs ( ) . A. areolatum has a similar host spectrum , which uses mainly firs , Japanese cedars ( ) , ( ) , spruces , pines ( Pinus ) and Douglas firs as hosts . While spruces dominate as hosts in the native habitat , this species is more common in pines on other locations . The host spectrum of A. laevigatum comprises such as ( ) or ( ) and the English yew ( ) . A. ferreum is , however , only common on yellowwoods ( ) . - - = = = Symptoms of infestation = = = - - The Amylostereaceae are white rot pathogens . They the lignin of the host wood , whereby the infested wood parts become less stable and take a fibrous structure . The wood as fungal enzymes break down and remove the brown @-@ lignin . The distribution in wood takes place mainly along the transport channels in the . If the wood is , the red rot is vertically positioned , on which , infested areas contrast with intact wood . Symptoms of by the symbiotic partner — wood wasps — include circular exit holes in the crust and acute stress through , common in hanging , falling or tanning needles . - - = = Ecological and economical importance = = - - In their native habitat , all Amylostereum species have a minor importance as forest pests . The infestation through wood wasps does not assume greater dimensions and is , compared with other pests , almost insignificant . The infection rates are even lower during sexual reproduction via fruit bodies , as the wasps do not play a part in the process . Furthermore , the Amylostereum fungi are alone often incapable of healthy trees . They thus mostly act as . Pine in Australia , New Zealand , Africa and South America were shown to be susceptible to the Sirex ( Sirex noctilio ) , which was introduced there and which is associated with A. areolatum . The wasp 's secretion , its larvae and the fungus combine very effectively with each other and contribute to forest decline rates of up to 80 % . This is mainly owing to the poor water and nutrient supply of the trees , which can poorly reconcile the drought stress caused by infestation . S. noctilio was detected in North America in the 2000s ( decade ) ; in Canada alone , the total economic loss to the forestry industry caused by the Sirex – Amylostereum symbiosis could be as high as $ 254 million per year for the next 20 years . - As a , cultures of the nematode have been used as biological control to protect trees since the 1980s . This parasite feeds on the mycelia of A. areolatum and is therefore a food competitor of wood wasp larvae . Where S. noctilio larvae are present , the parasite and the eggs of female wasps , causing them to be infertile . These infertile females lay infected eggs into new trees and thus spread the nematode . This control method has proven to be relatively successful to combat the Sirex – Amylostereum complex . In the Southern Hemisphere , where the technique has been widely employed , reductions of levels of 70 % – 100 % have been achieved . - - - = Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan = - - Charles @-@ Valentin Alkan ( French : [ ̃ ̃ ̃ ] ; 30 November 1813 – 29 March 1888 ) was a French @-@ Jewish composer and virtuoso pianist . At the height of his fame in the 1830s and 1840s he was , alongside his friends and colleagues Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt , among the leading pianists in Paris , a city in which he spent virtually his entire life . - Alkan earned many awards at the Conservatoire de Paris , which he entered before he was six . His career in the salons and concert halls of Paris was marked by his occasional long from public performance , for personal reasons . Although he had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances in the Parisian artistic world , including Eugène and George Sand , from 1848 he began to adopt a reclusive life style , while continuing with his compositions – virtually all of which are for the keyboard . During this period he published , among other works , his collections of large @-@ scale studies in all the major keys ( Op. 35 ) and all the minor keys ( Op. 39 ) . The latter includes his Symphony for Solo Piano ( Op. 39 , nos . 4 – 7 ) and Concerto for Solo Piano ( Op. 39 , nos . 8 – 10 ) , which are often considered among his masterpieces and are of great musical and technical complexity . Alkan emerged from self @-@ imposed retirement in the 1870s to give a series of recitals that were attended by a new generation of French musicians . - Alkan 's attachment to his Jewish origins is displayed both in his life and his work . He was the first composer to incorporate Jewish melodies in art music . in Hebrew and Greek , he devoted much time to a complete new translation of the Bible into French . This work , like many of his musical compositions , is now lost . Alkan never married , but his presumed son @-@ Miriam Delaborde was , like Alkan , a virtuoso performer on both the piano and the pedal piano , and edited a number of the elder composer 's works . - Following his death ( which according to persistent but unfounded legend was caused by a falling bookcase ) Alkan 's music became neglected , supported by only a few musicians including Busoni , Egon Petri and Sorabji . From the late 1960s onwards , led by Raymond Lewenthal and Ronald Smith , many pianists have recorded his music and brought it back into the repertoire . - - = = Life = = - - - = = = Family = = = - - Alkan was born Charles @-@ Valentin Morhange on 30 November 1813 at 1 , Rue de in Paris to Alkan Morhange ( – 1855 ) and Julie Morhange , née Abraham . Alkan Morhange was descended from a long @-@ established Jewish community in the region of Metz ; the village of Morhange is located about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the city of Metz . Charles @-@ Valentin was the second of six children – one elder sister and four younger brothers ; his birth certificate indicates that he was named after a neighbour who witnessed the birth . - Alkan Morhange supported the family as a musician and later as the proprietor of a private music school in le , the Jewish quarter of Paris . At an early age , Charles @-@ Valentin and his siblings adopted their father 's first name as their last ( and were known by this during their studies at the Conservatoire de Paris and subsequent careers ) . His brother Napoléon ( 1826 – 1906 ) became professor of solfège at the Conservatoire , his brother Maxim ( 1818 – 1897 ) had a career writing light music for Parisian theatres , and his sister , ( 1812 – 1897 ) , was also a pianist . His brother Ernest ( 1816 – 1876 ) was a professional , while the youngest brother ( 1827 – 1882 ) was to publish various dances for the piano . - - = = = ( 1819 – 1831 ) = = = - - Alkan was a child . He entered the Conservatoire de Paris at an unusually early age , and studied both piano and organ . The records of his auditions survive in the Archives in Paris . At his solfège audition on 3 July 1819 , when he was just over 5 years 7 months , the examiners noted Alkan ( who is referred to even at this early date as " Alkan ( Valentin ) " , and whose age is given incorrectly as six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half ) as " having a pretty little voice " . The profession of Alkan Morhange is given as " music @-@ paper ruler " . At Charles @-@ Valentin 's piano audition on 6 October 1820 , when he was nearly seven ( and where he is named as " Alkan ( Morhange ) Valentin " ) , the examiners comment " This child has amazing abilities . " - Alkan became a favourite of his teacher at the Conservatoire , Joseph Zimmermann , who also taught Georges , César Franck , Charles Gounod , and Ambroise Thomas . At the age of seven , Alkan won a first prize for solfège and in later years prizes in piano ( 1824 ) , harmony ( 1827 ) , and organ ( 1834 ) . At the age of seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half he gave his first public performance , appearing as a violinist and playing an air and variations by Pierre . Alkan 's Opus 1 , a set of variations for piano based on a theme by Daniel , dates from 1828 , when he was 14 years old . At about this time he also undertook teaching duties at his father 's school . Antoine Marmontel , one of Charles @-@ Valentin 's pupils there , who was later to become his , wrote of the school : - Young children , mostly Jewish , were given elementary musical instruction and also learnt the first of French grammar ... [ There ] I received a few lessons from the young Alkan , four years my senior ... I see once more ... that really parochial environment where the talent of Valentin Alkan was formed and where his hard @-@ working youth ... It was like a preparatory school , a juvenile of the Conservatoire . - From about 1826 Alkan began to appear as a piano soloist in leading Parisian salons , including those of the de la ( widow of Marshal ) , and the de . He was probably introduced to these venues by his teacher Zimmermann . At the same time , Alkan Morhange arranged concerts featuring Charles @-@ Valentin at public venues in Paris , in association with leading musicians including the and Henriette , the cellist Auguste Franchomme and the violinist Lambert , with whom Alkan gave concerts in a rare visit out of France to Brussels in 1827 . In 1829 , at the age of 15 , Alkan was appointed joint professor of solfège – among his pupils in this class a few years later was his brother Napoléon . In this manner Alkan 's musical career was launched well before the July Revolution of 1830 , which initiated a period in which " keyboard virtuosity ... completely dominated professional music making " in the capital , attracting from all over Europe pianists who , as Heinrich Heine wrote , invaded " like a plague of locusts swarming to pick Paris clean " . Alkan nonetheless continued his studies and in 1831 enrolled in the organ classes of François , from whom he may have learnt to appreciate the music of Johann Sebastian Bach , of whom was then one of the few French advocates . - - = = = Early fame ( 1831 – 1837 ) = = = - - Throughout the early years of the July Monarchy , Alkan continued to teach and play at public concerts and in eminent social circles . He became a friend of many who were active in the world of the arts in Paris , including Franz Liszt ( who had been based there since 1827 ) , George Sand , and Victor Hugo . It is not clear exactly when he first met Frédéric Chopin , who arrived in Paris in September 1831 . In 1832 Alkan took the solo role in his first Concerto da camera for piano and strings at the Conservatoire . In the same year , aged 19 , he was elected to the influential des d ( Society of the Children of Apollo ) , whose members included Luigi , Fromental Halévy , the conductor François , and Liszt , who had been elected in 1824 at the age of twelve . Between 1833 and 1836 Alkan participated at many of the Society 's concerts . Alkan twice competed unsuccessfully for the Prix de Rome , in 1832 and again in 1834 ; the which he wrote for the competition , Hermann et and L en , have remained unpublished and . - In 1834 Alkan began his friendship with the Spanish musician Santiago Masarnau , which was to result in an extended and often intimate correspondence which only came to light in 2009 . Like virtually all of Alkan 's correspondence , this exchange is now one @-@ sided ; all of his papers ( including his manuscripts and his extensive library ) were either destroyed by Alkan himself , as is clear from his will , or became lost after his death . Later in 1834 Alkan made a visit to England , where he gave recitals and where the second Concerto da camera was performed in Bath by its Henry Field ; it was published in London together with some solo piano pieces . A letter to Masarnau and a notice in a French journal that Alkan played in London with Moscheles and Cramer , indicate that he returned to England in 1835 . Later that year , Alkan , having found a place of retreat at outside Paris , completed his first truly original works for solo piano , the Twelve Caprices , published in 1837 as . 12 , 13 , 15 and 16 . Op. 16 , the Trois de , is dedicated to Masarnau . In January 1836 , Liszt recommended Alkan for the post of Professor at the Geneva Conservatoire , which Alkan declined , and in 1837 he wrote an enthusiastic review of Alkan 's Op. 15 Caprices in the Revue et . - - = = = At the Square d ( 1837 – 1848 ) = = = - - From 1837 , Alkan lived in the Square d in Paris , which was inhabited by numerous celebrities of the time including Marie , Alexandre Dumas , George Sand , and Chopin . Chopin and Alkan were personal friends and often discussed musical topics , including a work on musical theory that Chopin proposed to write . By 1838 , at 25 years old , Alkan had reached a peak of his career . He frequently gave recitals , his more mature works had begun to be published , and he often appeared in concerts with Liszt and Chopin . On 23 April 1837 Alkan took part in Liszt 's farewell concert in Paris , together with the 14 @-@ year @-@ old César Franck and the virtuoso Johann Peter . On 3 March 1838 , at a concert at the piano @-@ maker , Alkan played with Chopin , Zimmerman , and Chopin 's pupil Adolphe in a performance of Alkan 's transcription , now lost , of two movements of Beethoven 's Seventh Symphony for two pianos , eight hands . - At this point , for a period which coincided with the birth and childhood of his natural son , @-@ Miriam Delaborde ( 1839 – 1913 ) , Alkan withdrew into private study and composition for six years , returning to the concert platform only in 1844 . Alkan neither asserted or denied his paternity of Delaborde , which , however , his contemporaries seemed to assume . Marmontel wrote in a biography of Delaborde that " [ his ] birth is a page from a novel in the life of a great artist " . Alkan gave early piano lessons to Delaborde , who was to follow his natural father as a keyboard virtuoso . - Alkan 's return to the concert platform in 1844 was greeted with enthusiasm by critics , who noted the " admirable perfection " of his technique , and lauded him as " a model of science and inspiration " , a " sensation " and an " explosion " . They also commented on the attending celebrities including Liszt , Chopin , Sand and Dumas . In the same year he published his piano étude Le chemin de , which critics , following Ronald Smith , believe to be the first representation in music of a steam engine . Between 1844 and 1848 Alkan produced a series of virtuoso pieces , the 25 Préludes Op. 31 for piano or organ , and the sonata Op. 33 Les . Following an Alkan in 1848 , the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer was so impressed that he invited the pianist , whom he considered " a most remarkable artist " , to prepare the piano arrangement of the overture to his forthcoming opera , Le prophète . Meyerbeer heard and approved Alkan 's arrangement of the overture for four hands ( which Alkan played with his brother Napoléon ) in 1849 ; published in 1850 , it is the only record of the overture , which was scrapped during rehearsals at the Opéra . - - = = = ( 1848 – 1872 ) = = = - - In 1848 Alkan was disappointed when the head of the Conservatoire , Daniel Auber , replaced the retiring Zimmermann with the mediocre Marmontel as head of the Conservatoire piano department , a position which Alkan had eagerly anticipated , and for which he had strongly lobbied with the support of Sand , Dumas , and many other leading figures . A disgusted Alkan described the appointment in a letter to Sand as " the most incredible , the most nomination " ; and noted in his journal " By his confrontation with Auber , [ Alkan ] has been very put out and will continue to be so . " The upset arising from this incident may account for Alkan 's reluctance to perform in public in the ensuing period . His withdrawal was also influenced by the death of Chopin ; in 1850 he wrote to Masarnau " I have lost the strength to be of any economic or political use " , and lamented " the death of poor Chopin , another blow which I felt deeply . " Chopin , on his deathbed in 1849 , had indicated his respect for Alkan by him his unfinished work on a piano method , intending him to complete it , and after Chopin 's death a number of his students transferred to Alkan . After giving two concerts in 1853 , Alkan withdrew , in spite of his fame and technical accomplishment , into virtual seclusion for some twenty years . - Little is known of this period of Alkan 's life , other than that apart from composing he was immersed in the study of the Bible and the Talmud . Throughout this period Alkan continued his correspondence with Ferdinand Hiller , whom he had probably met in Paris in the 1830s , and with Masarnau , from which some insights can be gained . It appears that Alkan completed a full translation into French , now lost , of both the Old Testament and the New Testament , from their original languages . In 1865 , he wrote to Hiller : " Having translated a good deal of the , I 'm now onto the second Gospel which I am translating from the Syriac ... In starting to translate the New Testament , I was suddenly struck by a singular idea – that you have to be Jewish to be able to do it . " - Despite his seclusion from society , this period saw the composition and publication of many of Alkan 's major piano works , including the études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 ( 1857 ) , the Sonatine , Op. 61 ( 1861 ) , the 49 Esquisses , Op. 63 ( 1861 ) , and the five collections of Chants ( 1857 – 1872 ) , as well as the Sonate de concert for cello and piano , Op. 47 ( 1856 ) . These did not pass ; Hans von Bülow , for example , gave a laudatory review of the Op. 35 Études in the Berliner in 1857 , the year in which they were published in Berlin , commenting that " Alkan is the most eminent representative of the modern piano school at Paris . The virtuoso 's to travel , and his firm reputation as a teacher , explain why , at present , so little attention has been given to his work in Germany . " - From the early 1850s Alkan began to turn his attention seriously to the pedal piano ( pédalier ) . Alkan gave his first public performances on the pédalier to great critical acclaim in 1852 . From 1859 onwards he began to publish pieces designated as " for organ or piano à pédalier " . - - = = = ( 1873 – 1888 ) = = = - - It is not clear why , in 1873 , Alkan decided to emerge from his self @-@ imposed obscurity to give a series of six Petits Concerts at the Érard piano . It may have been associated with the developing career of Delaborde , who , returning to Paris in 1867 , soon became a concert fixture , including in his recitals many works by his father , and who was at the end of 1872 given the appointment that had escaped Alkan himself , Professor at the Conservatoire . The success of the Petits Concerts led to them becoming an annual event ( with occasional interruptions caused by Alkan 's health ) until 1880 or possibly beyond . The Petits Concerts featured music not only by Alkan but of his favourite composers from Bach onwards , played on both the piano and the pédalier , and occasionally with the participation of another instrumentalist or singer . He was assisted in these concerts by his siblings , and by other musicians including Delaborde , Camille Saint @-@ , and Auguste Franchomme . - Those encountering Alkan at this phase included the young Vincent d , who recalled Alkan 's " , hooked fingers " playing Bach on an Érard pedal piano : " I listened , riveted to the spot by the expressive , crystal @-@ clear playing . " Alkan later played Beethoven 's Op. 110 sonata , of which d said : " What happened to the great poem ... I couldn 't begin to describe – above all in the and the , where the melody , penetrating the mystery of Death itself , climbs up to a of light , affected me with an excess of enthusiasm such as I have never experienced since . This was not Liszt — perhaps less perfect , technically — but it had greater intimacy and was more moving ... " - The biographer of Chopin , Frederick , sought Alkan for his in 1880 but was denied access by Alkan 's concierge – " To my ... enquiry when he could be found at home , the reply was a ... decisive ' Never ' . " However , a few days later he found Alkan at Érard 's , and writes of their meeting that " his reception of me was not merely polite but most friendly . " - - = = = Death = = = - - According to his death certificate , Alkan died in Paris on 29 March 1888 at the age of 74 . Alkan was buried on 1 April ( Easter Sunday ) in the Jewish section of Cemetery , Paris , not far from the tomb of his contemporary Fromental Halévy ; his sister was later buried in the same tomb . - For many years it was believed that Alkan met his death when a bookcase toppled over and fell on him as he reached for a volume of the Talmud from a high shelf . This tale , which was circulated by the pianist Philipp , is dismissed by Hugh Macdonald , who reports the discovery of a contemporary letter by one of his pupils explaining that Alkan had been found prostrate in his kitchen , under a @-@ ( a heavy coat / umbrella rack ) , after his concierge heard his moaning . He had possibly fainted , bringing it down on himself while grabbing out for support . He was reportedly carried to his bedroom and died later that evening . The story of the bookcase may have its roots in a legend told of ben Asher , rabbi of Metz , the town from which Alkan 's family originated . - - = = Personality = = - - Alkan was described by Marmontel ( who refers to " a misunderstanding at a moment of our careers in 1848 " ) , as follows : - " We will not give the portrait of Valentin Alkan from the rear , as in some photographs we have seen . His intelligent and original deserves to be taken in profile or head @-@ on . The head is strong ; the deep forehead is that of a thinker ; the mouth large and smiling , the nose regular ; the years have the beard and hair ... the gaze fine , a little mocking . His walk , his puritan , give him the look of an Anglican minister or a rabbi – for which he has the abilities . " - Alkan was not always remote or aloof . Chopin describes , in a letter to friend , visiting the theatre with Alkan in 1847 to see the comedian : " [ ] tells the audience how he was desperate to in a train , but couldn 't get to a toilet before they stopped at . There wasn 't a single vulgar word in what he said , but everyone understood and split their sides laughing . " Hugh Macdonald notes that Alkan " particularly enjoyed the patronage of Russian aristocratic ladies , ' des et [ highly and frilled ladies ] ' , as Isidore Philipp described them . " - Alkan 's aversion to and publicity , especially following 1850 , appeared to be self @-@ willed . Liszt is reported to have commented to the Danish pianist that " Alkan possessed the finest technique he had ever known , but preferred the life of a . " Stephanie has suggested that Alkan may have suffered from syndrome , or obsessive – disorder . - Alkan 's later correspondence contains many comments . In a letter of about 1861 he wrote to Hiller : " I 'm becoming daily more and more and ... nothing worthwhile , good or useful to do ... no one to devote myself to . My situation makes me sad and . Even musical production has lost its attraction for me for I can 't see the point or goal . " This spirit of may have led him to reject requests in the 1860s to play in public , or to allow performances of his orchestral compositions . However , it should not be ignored that he was writing similarly self @-@ analyses in his letters of the early 1830s to Masarnau . - Jack Gibbons writes of Alkan 's personality : " Alkan was an intelligent , lively , humorous and warm person ( all characteristics which feature strongly in his music ) whose only crime seems to have been having a vivid imagination , and whose occasional ( mild when compared with the behaviour of other ' highly @-@ strung ' ! ) stemmed mainly from his nature . " Macdonald , however , suggests that " Alkan was a man of profoundly conservative ideas , whose lifestyle , manner of dress , and belief in the traditions of historic music , set him apart from other musicians and the world at large . " - - = = Judaism = = - - Alkan grew up in a religiously Jewish household . His grandfather Morhange had been a of the Talmud in Metz , and was probably a ( Hebrew teacher ) in the Jewish congregation at Paris . Alkan 's widespread reputation as a student of the Old Testament and religion , and the high quality of his Hebrew handwriting testify to his knowledge of the religion , and many of his habits indicate that he practised at least some of its obligations , such as maintaining the laws of . Alkan was regarded by the Paris Consistory , the central Jewish organisation of the city , as an authority on Jewish music . In 1845 he assisted the Consistory in evaluating the musical ability of Samuel , who was subsequently appointed as ( cantor ) of the main Paris synagogue ; and he later contributed choral pieces in each of 's collections of synagogue music ( 1847 and 1856 ) . Alkan was appointed at the Synagogue de Nazareth in 1851 , although he resigned the post almost immediately for " artistic reasons " . - Alkan 's Op. 31 set of Préludes includes a number of pieces based on Jewish subjects , including some titled ( Prayer ) , one preceded by a quote from the Song of Songs , and another titled de la synagogue ( Old synagogue melody ) . The collection is believed to be " the first publication of art music specifically to deploy Jewish themes and ideas . " Alkan 's three settings of synagogue melodies , prepared for his former pupil de , are further examples of his interest in Jewish music ; provides a detailed analysis of these works and their origins . Other works this interest include no . 7 of his Op. 66 . 11 et 1 ( 1866 ) , entitled " Alla " and marked " con " , a parody of excessive practice ; and the slow movement of the cello sonata Op. 47 ( 1857 ) , which is prefaced by a quotation from the Old Testament prophet and uses melodic tropes derived from the of the in the synagogue . - The inventory of Alkan 's apartment made after his death indicates over 75 volumes in Hebrew or related to Judaism , left to his brother Napoléon ( as well as 36 volumes of music manuscript ) . These are all lost . in his will to the Conservatoire to found prizes for composition of on Old Testament themes and for performance on the pedal @-@ piano , and to a Jewish charity for the training of , were refused by the beneficiaries . - - = = Music = = - - - = = = Influences = = = - - François @-@ points out the frequency with which Alkan has been compared to Berlioz , both by his contemporaries and later . She mentions that Hans von Bülow called him " the Berlioz of the piano " , while Schumann , in criticising the Op. 15 , claimed that Alkan merely " imitated Berlioz on the piano . " She further notes that Busoni repeated the comparison with Berlioz in a draft ( but unpublished ) , while Sorabji commented that Alkan 's Op. 61 Sonatine was like " a Beethoven sonata written by Berlioz " . Berlioz was ten years older than Alkan , but did not attend the Conservatoire until 1826 . The two were acquainted , and were perhaps both influenced by the unusual ideas and style of Anton who taught at the Conservatoire from 1818 to 1836 , and by the of the composers of the period of the French Revolution . They both created individual , indeed , idiosyncratic sound @-@ worlds in their music ; there are , however , major differences between them . Alkan , unlike Berlioz , remained closely dedicated to the German musical tradition ; his style and composition were heavily determined by his , whereas Berlioz could hardly play at the keyboard and wrote nothing for piano solo . Alkan 's works therefore also include miniatures and ( among his early works ) music , genres which Berlioz avoided . - Alkan 's attachment to the music of his predecessors is demonstrated throughout his career , from his arrangements for keyboard of Beethoven 's Seventh Symphony ( 1838 ) , and of the of Mozart 's 40th Symphony ( 1844 ) , through the sets Souvenirs des concerts du Conservatoire ( 1847 and 1861 ) and the set Souvenirs de de ( 1862 ) , which include of music by Mozart , Beethoven , J. S. Bach , Haydn , , and others . In this context should be mentioned Alkan 's extensive for Beethoven 's 3rd Piano Concerto ( 1860 ) , which includes quotes from the finale of Beethoven 's 5th Symphony . Alkan 's , together with original music of Bach , Beethoven , Handel , Mendelssohn , and , were frequently played during the series of Petits Concerts given by Alkan at Erard . - As regards the music of his own time , Alkan was , or at any rate detached . He commented to Hiller that " Wagner is not a musician , he is a disease . " While he admired Berlioz 's talent , he did not enjoy his music . At the Petits Concerts , little more recent than Mendelssohn and Chopin ( both of whom had died around 25 years before the series of concerts was initiated ) was played , except for Alkan 's own works and occasionally some by his favourites such as Saint @-@ . - - = = = Style = = = - - " Like ... Chopin " , writes pianist and academic Kenneth Hamilton , " Alkan 's musical output was centred almost exclusively on the piano " . Some of his music requires extreme technical virtuosity , clearly reflecting his own abilities , often calling for great velocity , enormous at speed , long stretches of fast repeated notes , and the maintenance of widely spaced lines . The illustration ( right ) from the Grande sonate is analysed by Smith as " six parts in counterpoint , plus two extra voices and three – eleven parts in all . " Some typical musical devices , such as a sudden explosive final chord following a quiet passage , were established at an early stage in Alkan 's compositions . Macdonald suggests that - unlike Wagner , Alkan did not seek to the world through opera ; nor , like Berlioz , to the crowds by putting orchestral music at the service of literary expression ; nor even , as with Chopin or Liszt , to extend the field of harmonic . Armed with his key instrument , the piano , he sought incessantly to transcend its inherent technical limits , remaining apparently to the restrictions which had withheld more restrained composers . - However , not all of Alkan 's music is either lengthy or technically difficult ; for example , many of the Op. 31 Préludes and of the set of Esquisses , Op. 63 . - Moreover , in terms of structure , Alkan in his compositions sticks to traditional musical forms , although he often took them to extremes , as he did with piano technique . The study Op. 39 , no . 8 ( the first movement of the Concerto for solo piano ) takes almost half an hour in performance . Describing this " gigantic " piece , Ronald Smith comments that it convinces for the same reasons as does the music of the classical masters ; " the underlying unity of its principal themes , and a key structure that is basically simple and sound . " - Some of Alkan 's music gives hints of the which some have detected in his personality . The Chant Op. 38 , no . 2 , entitled , repeats the note of its title incessantly ( in total 414 times ) against shifting harmonies which make it " cut ... into the texture with the ruthless precision of a laser beam . " In modelling his five sets of Chants on the first book of Mendelssohn 's Songs Without Words , Alkan ensured that the pieces in each of his sets followed precisely the same key signatures , and even the moods , of the original . Alkan was in his spelling , occasionally to keys containing double @-@ or double @-@ flats , so pianists are occasionally required to come to terms with unusual keys such as E @-@ sharp major , equivalent to F major , and the occasional triple @-@ sharp . - - = = = Works = = = - - - = = = = Early works = = = = - - Alkan 's earliest works indicate , according to Smith , that in his early teens he " was a formidable musician but as yet ... rather than ... creative " . Only with his 12 Caprices ( – 13 and 15 – 16 , 1837 ) did his compositions begin to attract serious critical attention . The op . 15 set , Souvenirs : Trois dans le genre , dedicated to Liszt , contains Le vent ( The Wind ) , which was at one time the only piece by the composer to figure regularly in recitals . These works , however , did not meet with the approval of Robert Schumann , who wrote : " One is by such false , such unnatural art ... the last [ piece , titled ( Death ) , is ] a waste , overgrown with brush and weeds ... nothing is to be found but black on black " . Ronald Smith , however , finds in this latter work , which cites the Dies theme also used by Berlioz , Liszt and others , of Maurice Ravel , Modest and Charles . Schumann did , however , respond positively to the pieces of Les ( originally part published as Op. 8 in 1838 , later published as a complete set in 1840 as Op. 74 ) : " [ Here ] we find such an excellent on operatic music in no . 6 [ L ] that a better one could scarcely be imagined ... The composer ... well the rarer effects of his instrument . " Alkan 's technical mastery of the keyboard was asserted by the publication in 1838 of the Trois études ( originally without opus number , later republished as Op. 76 ) , the first for the left hand alone , the second for the right hand alone , the third for both hands ; and all of great difficulty , described by Smith as " a peak of " . This is perhaps the earliest example of writing for a single hand as " an entity in its own right , capable of covering all registers of the piano , of rendering itself as accompanied soloist or . " - - = = = = Early maturity = = = = - - Alkan 's large scale Duo ( in effect a sonata ) Op. 21 for violin and piano ( dedicated to ) and his Piano Trio Op. 30 appeared in 1841 . Apart from these , Alkan published only a few minor works between 1840 and 1844 , after which a series of virtuoso works was issued , many of which he had played at his successful recitals at Érard and elsewhere ; these included the Marche ( Op. 26 ) , the Marche ( Op. 27 ) and Le chemin de ( also published , separately , as Op. 27 ) . In 1847 appeared the Op. 31 Préludes and his first large @-@ scale unified piano work , the Grande sonate Les ( Op. 33 ) . The sonata is structurally innovative in two ways ; each movement is slower than its predecessor , and the work the practice of progressive tonality , beginning in D major and ending in G @-@ sharp minor . Dedicated to Alkan Morhange , the sonata depicts in its successive movements its ' hero ' at the ages of 20 ( optimistic ) , 30 ( " Quasi @-@ Faust " , impassioned and ) , 40 ( domesticated ) and 50 ( suffering : the movement is prefaced by a quotation from 's ) . In 1848 followed Alkan 's set of 12 études dans tous les tons Op. 35 , whose substantial pieces range in mood from the Allegro ( no . 5 ) and the intense Chant d @-@ Chant de ( Song of Love – Song of Death ) ( no . 10 ) to the descriptive and picturesque L au village ( The Fire in the Next Village ) ( no . 7 ) . - A number of Alkan 's compositions from this period were never performed and have been lost . Among the missing works are some string and a full @-@ scale orchestral in B minor , which was described in an article in 1846 by the critic Léon Kreutzer , to whom Alkan had shown the score . Kreutzer noted that the introductory of the was headed " by Hebrew characters in red ink ... This is no less than the verse from Genesis : And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . " Kreutzer opined that , set beside Alkan 's conception , Joseph Haydn 's Creation was a " mere ( ) . " - - = = = = Internal exile = = = = - - During his twenty @-@ year absence from the public between 1853 and 1873 Alkan produced many of his most notable compositions , although there is a ten @-@ year gap between publication of the Op. 35 studies and that of his next group of piano works in 1856 and 1857 . Of these , undoubtedly the most significant was the enormous Opus 39 collection of twelve studies in all the minor keys , which contains the Symphony for Solo Piano ( numbers four , five , six and seven ) , and the Concerto for Solo Piano ( numbers eight , nine and ten ) . The Concerto takes nearly an hour in performance . Number twelve of Op. 39 is a set of variations , Le d ( Aesop 's Feast ) . The other components of Op. 39 are of a similar stature . Smith describes Op. 39 as a whole as " a towering achievement , gathering ... the most complete manifestation of Alkan 's many @-@ sided genius : its dark passion , its vital rhythmic drive , its pungent harmony , its occasionally humour , and , above all , its uncompromising piano writing . " - In the same year appeared the Sonate de Concert , Op. 47 , for cello and piano , " among the most difficult and ambitious in the romantic repertoire ... anticipating Mahler in its juxtaposition of the sublime and the trivial " , and with its four movements showing again an anticipation of progressive tonality , each ascending by a major third . Other of Mahler ( who was born in 1860 ) can be found in the two " military " Op. 50 piano studies of 1859 and Le bat aux ( The drum beats the retreat ) , as well as in certain of the miniatures of the 1861 Esquisses , Op. 63 . The bizarre and Marcia , d ( march on the death of a parrot , 1859 ) , for three , and voices , described by Kenneth Hamilton as " Monty @-@ " , is also of this period . - The Esquisses of 1861 are a set of highly varied miniatures , ranging from the tiny 18 @-@ bar no . 4 , Les ( The Bells ) , to the strident tone clusters of no . 45 , Les ( The ) , and closing with a further evocation of church bells in no . 49 , ( God ) . They were preceded in publication by Alkan 's deceptively titled Sonatine , Op. 61 , in ' classical ' format , but a work of " ruthless economy [ which ] although it plays for less than twenty minutes ... is in every way a major work . " - Two of Alkan 's substantial works from this period are musical of literary works . , du , Op. 45 ( 1856 ) , follows a section of the poem La by Gabriel @-@ Marie ; while Super , Op. 52 ( 1859 ) , is a blow @-@ by @-@ blow recreation in music of the emotions and of 137 ( " By the waters of Babylon ... " ) . This piece is prefaced by a French version of the which is believed to be the sole remnant of Alkan 's Bible translation . Alkan 's lyrical side was displayed in this period by the five sets of Chants inspired by Mendelssohn , which appeared between 1857 and 1872 , as well as by a number of minor pieces . - Alkan 's publications for organ or pédalier commenced with his , Op. 54 ( 1859 ) . In the same year he published a set of very spare and simple in the eight Gregorian modes ( 1859 , without opus number ) , which , in Smith 's opinion , " seem to stand outside the barriers of time and space " , and which he believes reveal " Alkan 's essential spiritual . " These were followed by pieces such as the 13 ( ) , Op. 64 ( 1865 ) , and the sur le Choral de Luther " Un fort est Dieu " , op . 69 ( 1866 ) . Alkan also issued a book of 12 studies for the alone ( no opus number , 1866 ) and the @-@ for duet ( four feet ) of 1872 . - Alkan 's return to the concert platform at his Petits Concerts , however , marked the end of his publications ; his final work to be issued was the , Op. 75 , in 1872 . - - = = Reception and legacy = = - - Alkan had few followers ; however , he had important admirers , including Liszt , Anton Rubinstein , Franck , and , in the early twentieth century , Busoni , Petri and Sorabji . Rubinstein dedicated his fifth piano concerto to him , and Franck dedicated to Alkan his Grand op . 17 for organ . Busoni ranked Alkan with Liszt , Chopin , Schumann and as one of the five greatest composers for the piano since Beethoven . Philipp and Delaborde edited new of his works in the early 1900s . In the first half of the twentieth century , when Alkan 's name was still obscure , Busoni and Petri included his works in their performances . Sorabji published an article on Alkan in his 1932 book Around Music ; he promoted Alkan 's music in his reviews and criticism , and his Sixth Symphony for Piano ( ) ( 1975 – 76 ) , includes a section entitled Quasi Alkan . The English composer and writer Bernard van praised Alkan in an essay in his 1935 book , Down Among the Dead Men , and the composer Humphrey Searle also called for a revival of his music in a 1937 essay . - For much of the 20th century , Alkan 's work remained in obscurity , but from the 1960s onwards it was steadily revived . Raymond Lewenthal gave a pioneering extended broadcast on Alkan on radio in New York in 1963 , and later included Alkan 's music in recitals and recordings . The English pianist Ronald Smith championed Alkan 's music through performances , recordings , a biography and the Alkan Society of which he was president for many years . Works by Alkan have also been recorded by Jack Gibbons , Marc @-@ André Hamelin , Mark , John Ogdon , and , among many others . Ronald Stevenson has composed a piano piece d ( referring to Alkan 's Op. 39 , no . 12 ) and the composer Michael has also written piano pieces referring to Alkan , e.g. Alkan @-@ , no . 5 of The History of in Sound . Marc @-@ André Hamelin 's No . IV is a study combining themes from Alkan 's Symphony , Op. 39 , no . 7 , and Alkan 's own perpetual motion étude , Op. 76 , no . 3 . It is dedicated to Kovacs and François , respectively activists in the English and French Alkan Societies . As Hamelin writes in his preface to this étude , the idea to combine these came from the composer , the finale of whose Piano No. 5 ( 1994 – 95 ) includes a substantial section entitled " " . - Alkan 's compositions for organ have been among the last of his works to be brought back to the repertoire . As to Alkan 's pedal @-@ piano works , due to a recent revival of the instrument , they are once again being performed as originally intended ( rather than on an organ ) , such as by Italian pedal @-@ pianist Roberto , and recordings of Alkan on the pedal piano have been made by Jean and Olivier . - - = = Selected recordings = = - - This list comprises a selection of some premiere and other recordings by musicians who have become closely associated with Alkan 's works . A comprehensive discography is available at the Alkan Society website . - Piano Trio , Op. 30 – played by Trio Alkan . Recorded 1992 . , ( 2001 ) - Grande sonate , Op. 33 – played by Marc @-@ André Hamelin ( piano ) . Recorded 1994 . Hyperion , ( 1995 ) . - Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 – played by Ronald Smith ( piano ) . Recorded 1977 . EMI , [ 3 ] ( 1978 ) , partly reissued EMI Gemini , ( 2003 ) - Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 and other works – played by Jack Gibbons ( piano ) . Recorded 1995 . , CD 227 [ 2 CDs ] ( 1995 ) - Concerto , Op. 39 , nos . 8 – 10 – played by John Ogdon ( piano ) . Recorded 1969 . RCA , @-@ [ LP ] ( 1972 ) . Great British , ( 1999 ) - Le d ( Op. 39 , no . 12 ) and other works – played by Raymond Lewenthal . Recorded 1966 . RCA [ LP ] , @-@ [ LP ] ; BMG High Performance Series ( 1999 ) - Sonate de concert , Op. 47 , for cello and piano – played by Steven Osborne ( piano ) and ( cello ) . Recorded 2008 . Hyperion ( 2008 ) . - 11 dans le style , et transcription du de , Op. 72 – played by Kevin Bowyer ( organ ) . Recorded 2005 . ( 2007 ) - Symphony for Solo Piano ( Op. 39 , no . 4 @-@ 7 ) – played by Egon Petri ( piano ) . c . 1952 – 53 . Symposium Records , CD 1145 ( 1993 ) - - = = = About Alkan = = = - - Alkan Society , including complete and regularly updated discography - Alkan web site of Sylvain , contains detailed listing of Alkan 's works , with some downloadable scores - " The Myths of Alkan " by Jack Gibbons - Alkan by David Conway - Alkan @-@ Zimmerman International Music Association - Pictures of Alkan - - = = = Scores and sheet @-@ music = = = - - Free Alkan scores and manuscripts – site of Sylvain - der : many of Alkan 's piano works in performances - Alkan Piano Trio @-@ of work and - @-@ sheet @-@ – Free Scores by Alkan - Free scores by Alkan at the International Music Score Library Project - - = = = Performances on the Web = = = - - Trois , Op. 13 , No 2 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck - , Op. 34 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck - " Allegro " , Op. 35 , No. 5 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons - , , Op. 39 , No. 6 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell - Last movement , , Op. 39 , No. 7 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell - First movement , Concerto , Op. 39 , No. 8 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons - Le d , Op. 39 , no . 12 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen - Four Esquisses from Op. 63 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen - " Trois de la synagogue " and " " on YouTube - ( soprano ) and Daniel ( piano ) - - = Business School ( The Office ) = - - " Business School " is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty @-@ fifth episode overall . Written by Brent Forrester , and directed by Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly creator Joss Whedon , the episode aired on NBC on February 15 , 2007 . - In the episode , Michael is invited by Ryan to speak to his business school class . When many of the students question the usefulness of paper in a computerized world , Michael attempts to inform the class of how essential paper is . Meanwhile , a bat becomes trapped in the office , leading Dwight and Creed on a mission to protect the employees . - - = = Plot = = - - Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) invites Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) to speak at his business school class . Michael is excited , but Ryan admits in a talking head interview that he has only invited Michael because his professor promised to bump up the grade of any student who brings his boss into class . During his introduction of Michael to his classmates , Ryan predicts that Dunder Mifflin will become obsolete within five to ten years . However , Michael could not hear him and proceeds to ruin the event with his antics ( including tearing pages out of a student 's textbook to prove you " can 't learn from textbooks " ) . Michael is then taken aback when one of Ryan 's classmates asks for Michael 's opinion of Ryan 's prediction . and hurt , Michael Ryan by relocating his desk to the " annex , " where Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy ) works , who in excitement . - Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) discovers a bat in the ceiling , and accidentally lets it loose into the office , sending the employees for cover . Stanley immediately goes home . As many of the employees hide , Dwight enlists the help of Creed ( Creed ) to expel the bat . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) exploits Dwight 's paranoia , and pretends that he is turning into a vampire . Dwight eventually catches the bat with a garbage bag after it lands on Meredith 's head . - Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , in the meantime , invites her co @-@ workers to her art show after work , but few show any enthusiasm , leaving her feeling alienated and sad . The art show doesn 't go as planned , and she begins to doubt her abilities . When Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) shows up with his partner Gil , they critique her art , and note that Pam 's art has been let down by her lack of courage , not realizing that she is standing right behind them . As she begins to take her work down , Michael appears and , in a moment of sincere kindness , her work and asks to buy her drawing of the office building . Pam him as her eyes tear up . Michael soon places Pam 's drawing on the wall next to his office . - - = = Production = = - - " Business School " was the second Office episode written by Brent Forrester . Forrester had previously written " The " . The episode was the first to be directed by Joss Whedon . Whedon , who is a friend of both producer Greg Daniels and Jenna Fischer , and also met most of the production staff prior to the episode , stated that he chose to direct the episode " because I already know the writing staff and a bunch of the cast , and I the show . " When informed that the episode was about a bat entering into the office and one of the characters pretending to be a vampire , Whedon thought that it was a joke , stating " 't I just leave this party ? " in reference to Buffy the Vampire Slayer . In an interview featured on the third season DVD , Whedon joked that the " Business School " episode and his former TV show were very similar because " Buffy [ ... ] was sad and depressing but ... it was funny . Especially when people died . And a lot of people do die in [ ' Business School ' ] . " But upon completing the episode , Whedon stated " That was just coincidence . But that 's how that happened . God , it was fun . " Whedon stated that he was surprised with the amount of input he was allowed with the script . " I wouldn 't say freedom to do things with it ... But way more input was asked for than I would have ever anticipated . " At Pam 's art show , the pieces which she was supposed to have painted didn 't suit Whedon . " I got to the set and saw Pam 's art , and I was like , ' This is not right . ' " Whedon said that he held up filming for over an hour until the staff was able create new pieces of art . - For the scenes which involved filming with a bat , the production team used an actual bat , an animated bat , and a mechanical bat . When around the actual bat , Kate , who portrays Meredith Palmer , stated that " we had to be extremely quiet around [ it ] , basically pretending to scream . " California State University , served as the backdrop for Ryan 's business school and the art show . - - = = Reception = = - - The episode received generally good reviews from critics . Brian Zoromski , of IGN , stated that " ' Business School ' was an exercise in what works best in an Office episode . " Zoromski also praised Joss Whedon 's directorial debut for the show , stating that " Whedon 's direction and sense of humor was both put to use and alluded to in the scenes in which Jim pretended to become a vampire . " Zoromski went on to say that the acting of John Krasinski and Rashida Jones , who portrays Karen , helped to make the vampire scenes the funniest parts of the episode . He gave the episode a 9 @.@ 1 out of 10 . Abby West , of Entertainment Weekly , stated that " This show has always been able to turn on a and take the comedy to a soul @-@ stirring dramatic climax with just the lightest of touches , and last night was no different . " West went on to praise Michael and Pam 's scene at the art show as one of these moments . - - - = M @-@ 81 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 81 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The trunkline travels from the city of Saginaw at the junction with M @-@ 13 to the junction with M @-@ 53 east of Cass City over the county line in Township in northwestern County in The area of the state . Outside of the cities and villages along its route , M @-@ 81 passes through mostly rural farm country . Near Saginaw it intersects the freeway that carries both Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) in an industrial area . - A road bearing the M @-@ 81 designation has existed since at least July 1 , 1919 , when the state initially numbered its trunkline highways . Since that time , it has been extended , rerouted or shortened several times . These changes resulted in essentially the modern highway routing by 1926 ; the highway was fully paved in the 1940s . A change made in 1929 was reversed in 1933 , and an extension through downtown Saginaw in the 1960s was overturned in the 1970s . The last change was the construction of a pair of roundabouts at the I @-@ 75 / US 23 interchange in 2006 . - - = = Route description = = - - M @-@ 81 starts at a junction with M @-@ 13 , with the two directions of each highway separated by a median . This central feature ends for M @-@ 81 immediately east of the intersection as the highway runs east out of Saginaw . The trunkline follows Washington Road easterly through residential subdivisions to an interchange with I @-@ 75 / US 23 in an industrial area of Buena Vista Township . This interchange , exit 151 along the freeway , is built with roundabouts on either side of the bridge that carries Washington Road over the freeway in a variant of the diamond interchange design called a interchange . After leaving the industrial properties on the east side of I @-@ 75 / US 23 , M @-@ 81 follows Washington Road through a mixture of farm fields and residential subdivisions . North of the community of Arthur , the highway intersects M @-@ 15 ( Road ) . Further east , M @-@ 81 crosses out of Saginaw County ; across the border in Tuscola County , the highway follows Saginaw Road . - In the village of Reese , M @-@ 81 crosses the Huron and Eastern Railway twice . East of town , the highway follows Caro Road through more farm fields through the community of . Near the south side of the Tuscola Area Airport , M @-@ 81 turns to the northeast running along the Cass River to Caro . In the city , the trunkline follows State Street past the . At the intersection with Ellington Street , M @-@ 81 crosses M @-@ 24 . The highway continues northeasterly out of town and through the community of Ellington . Northeast of , M @-@ 81 turns due east along Cass City Road . The trunkline runs to the village of Cass City where it follows Main Street through residential neighborhoods and the central business district . East of Cass City , the highway crosses the Cass River before crossing the county line into County . Approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) into the county , M @-@ 81 ends at the intersection with M @-@ 53 ( Van Road ) . - M @-@ 81 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 81 were the 17 @,@ vehicles daily between Van Road and Frank Street in Caro ; the lowest counts were the 3 @,@ 527 vehicles per day east of Cass City to the M @-@ 53 intersection . No sections of M @-@ 81 have been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . - - = = History = = - - When originally signed around July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 81 ran from Bay City southeast and east to the area ; from there it ran south concurrently with M @-@ 31 to the Reese area before running northeasterly to the east of Cass City to M @-@ 53 . By 1921 , the eastern end was extended from Caro to along a highway that is now part of M @-@ 24 . In late 1926 , the western end was changed so that M @-@ 81 followed the former M @-@ 31 from Reese into Saginaw and the eastern end was rerouted from Caro northeasterly to the Cass City area . With the exception of the routing through downtown Saginaw , the highway followed the approximate routing of the current highway . - In the latter half of 1929 , the highway was rerouted between Saginaw and Reese , using a set of parallel roadways to the south of the previous routing ; this change was reversed in 1933 . M @-@ 81 was fully paved when the last section between Ellington and in Tuscola County was finished in late 1946 or early 1947 . - Starting in 1953 , the westernmost approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of M @-@ 81 was also used for a US 23 concurrency . When the bypass of Saginaw was completed in late 1961 , M @-@ 81 was extended along M @-@ 13 southwesterly into downtown Saginaw where it turned west across the Saginaw River to Midland Road west of the city . This routing across the city was removed in 1971 when I @-@ was completed ; west of that freeway the highway became M @-@ 58 , the rest was either removed from the highway system and turned back to local control , or it had the M @-@ 81 designation removed . Since this truncation , M @-@ 81 has ended at its junction with M @-@ 13 north of downtown Saginaw . In 2006 , MDOT completed the reconstruction of the interchange between M @-@ 81 and I @-@ 75 / US to incorporate a pair of roundabouts along Washington Road . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Common starling = - - The common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the European starling , or in the British Isles just the starling , is a medium @-@ sized bird in the starling family , Sturnidae . It is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has glossy black plumage with a metallic , which is speckled with white at some times of year . The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer ; young birds have plumage than the adults . It is a noisy bird , especially in communal roosts and other gregarious situations , with an but varied song . Its gift for mimicry has been noted in literature including the and the works of Pliny the Elder and William Shakespeare . - The common starling has about a dozen subspecies breeding in open habitats across its native range in temperate Europe and western Asia , and it has been introduced to Australia , New Zealand , Canada , United States , Mexico , Peru , Argentina , the Falkland Islands , Brazil , Chile , Uruguay , South Africa and Fiji . This bird is resident in southern and western Europe and southwestern Asia , while northeastern populations migrate south and west in winter within the breeding range and also further south to Iberia and North Africa . The common starling builds an untidy nest in a natural or artificial cavity in which four or five glossy , pale blue eggs are laid . These take two weeks to hatch and the young remain in the nest for another three weeks . There are normally one or two breeding attempts each year . This species is omnivorous , taking a wide range of invertebrates , as well as seeds and fruit . It is hunted by various mammals and birds of prey , and is host to a range of external and internal parasites . - Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling invertebrate pests ; however , starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops . Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts . Introduced populations in particular have been subjected to a range of controls , including culling , but these have had limited success except in preventing the colonisation of Western Australia . The species has declined in numbers in parts of northern and western Europe since the 1980s due to fewer grassland invertebrates being available as food for growing chicks . Despite this , its huge global population is not thought to be declining significantly , so the common starling is classified as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . - - = = Taxonomy and = = - - The common starling was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema in 1758 under its current binomial name . Sturnus and vulgaris are derived from the Latin for " starling " and " common " respectively . The Old English , later stare , and the Latin are both derived from an unknown Indo @-@ European root dating back to the second millennium BC . " " was first recorded in the 11th century , when it referred to the juvenile of the species , but by the 16th century it had already largely " stare " to refer to birds of all ages . The older name is referenced in William Butler Yeats ' poem " The 's Nest by My Window " . The International Congress ' preferred English vernacular name is common starling . - The starling family , Sturnidae , is an entirely Old World group apart from introductions elsewhere , with the greatest numbers of species in Southeast Asia and sub @-@ Saharan Africa . The genus Sturnus is and relationships between its members are not fully resolved . The closest relation of the common starling is the spotless starling . The non @-@ migratory spotless starling may be descended from a population of ancestral S. vulgaris that survived in an Iberian during an ice age retreat , and mitochondrial gene studies suggest that it could be considered as a subspecies of the common starling . There is more genetic variation between common starling populations than between nominate common starling and spotless starling . Although common starling remains are known from the Middle Pleistocene , part of the problem in resolving relationships in the Sturnidae is the of the fossil record for the family as a whole . - - = = = Subspecies = = = - - There are several subspecies of the common starling , which vary in size and the colour tone of the adult plumage . The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities . - Subspecies - Birds from Fair Isle , St and the Outer Hebrides are intermediate in size between S. v. zetlandicus and the nominate form , and their subspecies placement varies according to the authority . The dark juveniles typical of these island forms are occasionally found in mainland Scotland and elsewhere , indicating some gene flow from or zetlandicus , subspecies formerly considered to be isolated . - Several other subspecies have been named , but are generally no longer considered valid . Most are intergrades that occur where the ranges of various subspecies meet . These include : S. v. , 1891 and S. v. , 1904 , which are intergrades between vulgaris and from western Russia ; S. v. , 1905 and S. v. and , 1909 , intergrades between vulgaris and from the southern Balkans to central Ukraine and throughout Greece to the ; and S. v. , 1928 , an between and in northern Iran . S. v. , 1928 from southern Iran 's ( Province ) is very similar to S. v. vulgaris , and it is not clear whether it is a distinct resident population or simply migrants from southeastern Europe . - - = = Description = = - - The common starling is 19 – 23 cm ( 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 1 in ) long , with a wingspan of 31 – 44 cm ( 12 – 17 in ) and a weight of 58 – 101 g ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 6 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 11 @.@ 8 to 13 @.@ 8 cm ( 4 @.@ 6 to 5 @.@ 4 in ) , the tail is 5 @.@ 8 to 6 @.@ 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 7 in ) , the is 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 to 1 @.@ 26 in ) and the is 2 @.@ 7 to 3 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) . The plumage is black , purple or green , and spangled with white , especially in winter . The underparts of adult male common starlings are less spotted than those of adult females at a given time of year . The throat feathers of males are long and loose and are used in display while those of females are smaller and more pointed . The legs are stout and or greyish @-@ red . The bill is narrow and conical with a sharp tip ; in the winter it is brownish @-@ black but in summer , females have lemon yellow beaks while males have yellow bills with blue @-@ grey bases . occurs once a in late summer after the breeding season has finished ; the fresh feathers are prominently tipped white ( breast feathers ) or buff ( wing and back feathers ) , which gives the bird a speckled appearance . The reduction in the spotting in the breeding season is achieved through the white feather tips largely wearing off . Juveniles are grey @-@ brown and by their first winter resemble adults though often retaining some brown juvenile , especially on the head . They can usually be by the colour of the irises , rich brown in males , mouse @-@ brown or grey in females . the contrast between an iris and the central always @-@ dark pupil is 97 % accurate in determining sex , rising to 98 % if the length of the throat feathers is also considered . The common starling is mid @-@ sized by both starling standards and standards . It is readily distinguished from other mid @-@ sized , such as , or small , by its relatively short tail , sharp , blade @-@ like bill , round @-@ bellied shape and strong , sizeable ( and rufous @-@ coloured ) legs . In flight , its strongly pointed wings and dark colouration are distinctive , while on the ground its strange , somewhat gait is also characteristic . The colouring and build usually distinguish this bird from other starlings , although the closely related spotless starling may be physically distinguished by the lack of spots in adult breeding plumage . - Like most terrestrial starlings the common starling moves by walking or running , rather than hopping . Their flight is quite strong and direct ; their triangular @-@ shaped wings beat very rapidly , and periodically the birds for a short way without losing much height before resuming powered flight . When in a flock , the birds take off almost simultaneously , wheel and turn in , form a compact mass or trail off into a stream , bunch up again and land in a coordinated fashion . Common starling on migration can fly at 60 – 80 km / h ( 37 – 50 mph ) and cover up to 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 500 km ( 620 – 930 mi ) . - Several terrestrial starlings , including those in the genus Sturnus , have adaptations of the skull and muscles that help with feeding by probing . This adaptation is most strongly developed in the common starling ( along with the spotless and white @-@ starlings ) , where the muscles responsible for opening the jaw are enlarged and the skull is narrow , allowing the eye to be moved forward to peer down the length of the bill . This technique involves inserting the bill into the ground and opening it as a way of searching for hidden food items . Common starlings have the physical traits that enable them to use this feeding technique , which has undoubtedly helped the species spread far and wide . - In Iberia , the western Mediterranean and northwest Africa , the common starling may be confused with the closely related spotless starling , the plumage of which , as its name implies , has a more uniform colour . At close range it can be seen that the latter has longer throat feathers , a fact particularly noticeable when it sings . - - = = = Voice = = = - - The common starling is a noisy bird . Its song consists of a wide variety of both melodic and mechanical @-@ sounding noises as part of a ritual succession of sounds . The male is the main and engages in bouts of song lasting for a minute or more . Each of these typically includes four varieties of song type , which follow each other in a regular order without pause . The bout starts with a series of pure @-@ tone whistles and these are followed by the main part of the song , a number of variable sequences that often incorporate of song mimicked from other species of bird and various naturally occurring or man @-@ made noises . The structure and simplicity of the sound mimicked is of greater importance than the frequency with which it occurs . Each sound clip is repeated several times before the bird moves on to the next . After this variable section comes a number of types of repeated followed by a final burst of high @-@ frequency song , again formed of several types . Each bird has its own repertoire with more proficient birds having a range of up to 35 variable song types and as many as 14 types of . - Males sing constantly as the breeding period approaches and perform less often once pairs have bonded . In the presence of a female , a male sometimes flies to his nest and sings from the entrance , apparently attempting to entice the female in . Older birds tend to have a wider repertoire than younger ones . Those males that engage in longer bouts of singing and that have wider attract mates earlier and have greater reproductive success than others . Females appear to prefer mates with more complex songs , perhaps because this indicates greater experience or longevity . Having a complex song is also useful in defending a territory and less experienced males from encroaching . - Singing also occurs outside the breeding season , taking place throughout the year apart from the period . The are more commonly male although females also sing on occasion . The function of such out @-@ of @-@ season song is poorly understood . Eleven other types of call have been described including a flock call , threat call , attack call , call and copulation call . The alarm call is a harsh scream , and while foraging together common starlings incessantly . They while roosting and bathing , making a great deal of noise that can cause irritation to people living nearby . When a flock of common starlings is flying together , the movements of the birds ' wings make a distinctive sound that can be heard hundreds of metres ( yards ) away . - - = = Behaviour and ecology = = - - The common starling is a highly gregarious species , especially in autumn and winter . Although flock size is highly variable , huge , noisy flocks - - may form near roosts . These dense concentrations of birds are thought to be a defence against attacks by birds of prey such as peregrine falcons or Eurasian . Flocks form a tight sphere @-@ like formation in flight , frequently expanding and contracting and changing shape , seemingly without any sort of leader . Each common starling changes its course and speed as a result of the movement of its closest neighbours . Very large roosts , exceptionally up to 1 @.@ 5 million birds , can form in city centres , woodlands or , causing problems with their droppings . These may accumulate up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) deep , killing trees by their concentration of chemicals . In smaller amounts , the droppings act as a fertiliser , and therefore woodland managers may try to move roosts from one area of a wood to another to benefit from the soil enhancement and avoid large toxic deposits . - Huge flocks of more than a million common starlings may be observed just before sunset in spring in southwestern Jutland , Denmark over the seaward of and municipalities between and . They gather in March until northern Scandinavian birds leave for their breeding ranges by mid @-@ April . Their swarm behaviour creates complex shapes against the sky , a phenomenon known locally as sort ( " black sun " ) . Flocks of anything from five to fifty thousand common starlings form in areas of the UK just before during mid @-@ winter . These flocks are commonly called . - - = = = Feeding = = = - - The common starling is largely insectivorous and feeds on both pest and other . The food range includes spiders , crane flies , , , , damsel flies , grasshoppers , , , , flies , beetles , , bees , wasps and ants . Both adults and larvae are consumed and common starlings will also feed on earthworms , snails , small amphibians and lizards . While the consumption of invertebrates is necessary for successful breeding , common starlings are omnivorous and can also eat grains , seeds , fruits , nectar and food waste if the opportunity arises . The Sturnidae differ from most birds in that they cannot easily foods containing high levels of , although they can cope with other fruits such as grapes and cherries . The isolated Azores subspecies of the common starling eats the eggs of the endangered . Measures are being introduced to reduce common starling populations by culling before the return to their breeding colonies in spring . - There are several methods by which common starlings obtain their food but for the most part , they forage close to the ground , taking insects from the surface or just underneath . Generally , common starlings prefer foraging amongst short @-@ cropped grasses and are often found among grazing animals or perched on their backs , where they will also feed on the mammal 's external parasites . Large flocks may engage in a practice known as " roller @-@ feeding " , where the birds at the back of the flock continually fly to the front where the feeding opportunities are best . The larger the flock , the nearer individuals are to one another while foraging . Flocks often feed in one place for some time , and return to previous successfully sites . - There are three types of foraging behaviour observed in the common starling . " " involves the bird its beak into the ground randomly and until an insect has been found , and is often accompanied by bill where the bird opens its beak in the soil to a hole . This behaviour , first described by Konrad Lorenz and given the German term , is also used to create and widen holes in plastic garbage bags . It takes time for young common starlings to perfect this technique , and because of this the diet of young birds will often contain fewer insects . " " is the capture of flying insects directly from the air , and " " is the less common technique of striking forward to catch a moving invertebrate on the ground . are caught by pulling from soil . Common starlings that have periods without access to food , or have a reduction in the hours of light available for feeding , compensate by increasing their body mass by the deposition of fat . - - = = = = = = - - males find a suitable cavity and begin to build nests in order to attract single females , often the nest with ornaments such as flowers and fresh green material , which the female later upon accepting him as a mate . The amount of green material is not important , as long as some is present , but the presence of herbs in the decorative material appears to be significant in attracting a mate . The scent of plants such as acts as an olfactory to females . - The males sing throughout much of the construction and even more so when a female approaches his nest . Following copulation , the male and female continue to build the nest . Nests may be in any type of hole , common locations include inside trees , buildings , tree stumps and man @-@ made nest @-@ boxes . S. v. zetlandicus typically breeds in crevices and holes in cliffs , a habitat only rarely used by the nominate form . Nests are typically made out of straw , dry grass and twigs with an inner lining made up of feathers , wool and soft leaves . Construction usually takes four or five days and may continue through incubation . - Common starlings are both monogamous and ; although broods are generally brought up by one male and one female , occasionally the pair may have an extra . may be part of a colony , in which case several other nests may occupy the same or nearby trees . Males may mate with a second female while the first is still on the nest . The reproductive success of the bird is poorer in the second nest than it is in the primary nest and is better when the male remains monogamous . - - = = = Breeding = = = - - Breeding takes place during the spring and summer . Following copulation , the female lays eggs on a daily basis over a period of several days . If an egg is lost during this time , she will lay another to replace it . There are normally four or five eggs that are in shape and pale blue or occasionally white , and they commonly have a glossy appearance . The colour of the eggs seems to have evolved through the relatively good visibility of blue at low light levels . The egg size is 26 @.@ 5 – 34 @.@ 5 mm ( 1 @.@ 04 – 1 @.@ 36 in ) in length and 20 @.@ 0 – 22 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 – 0 @.@ 89 in ) in maximum diameter . - Incubation lasts thirteen days , although the last egg laid may take 24 hours longer than the first to hatch . Both parents share the responsibility of brooding the eggs , but the female spends more time them than does the male , and is the only parent to do so at night when the male returns to the communal roost . The young are born blind and naked . They develop light fluffy down within seven days of hatching and can see within nine days . Once the chicks are able to regulate their body temperature , about six days after hatching , the adults largely cease removing droppings from the nest . Prior to that , the would wet both the chicks ' plumage and the nest material , thereby reducing their effectiveness as and increasing the risk of chilling the . remain in the nest for three weeks , where they are fed continuously by both parents . Fledglings continue to be fed by their parents for another one or two weeks . A pair can raise up to three broods per year , frequently reusing and the same nest , although two broods is typical , or just one north of . Within two months , most juveniles will have and gained their first basic plumage . They acquire their adult plumage the following year . As with other , the nest is kept clean and the chicks ' sacs are removed by the adults . - brood parasites are common in common starling nests . Female " " ( females during the breeding season ) present in colonies often lay eggs in another pair 's nest . Fledglings have also been reported to invade their own or neighbouring nests and evict a new brood . Common starling nests have a 48 % to 79 % rate of successful fledging , although only 20 % of nestlings survive to breeding age ; the adult survival rate is closer to 60 % . The average life span is about 2 – 3 years , with a longevity record of 22 11 m . - - = = Predators and parasites = = - - A majority of starling predators are avian . The typical response of starling groups is to take flight , with a common sight being undulating flocks of starling flying high in quick and agile patterns . Their abilities in flight are seldom matched by birds of prey . Adult common starlings are hunted by hawks such as the northern ( ) and Eurasian ( ) , and falcons including the peregrine falcon ( Falco ) , Eurasian ( Falco ) and common ( Falco ) . raptors like black and red ( & ) , eastern imperial eagle ( Aquila ) , common ( Buteo ) and harrier ( Circus ) tend to take the more easily caught fledglings or juveniles . While perched in groups by night , they can be vulnerable to owls , including the little owl ( Athene ) , long @-@ eared owl ( ) , short @-@ eared owl ( ) , barn owl ( ) , tawny owl ( ) and Eurasian eagle @-@ owl ( ) . - More than twenty species of hawk , owl and falcon are known to occasionally predate feral starlings in North America , though the most regular predators of adults are likely to be urban @-@ living peregrine falcons or ( Falco ) . Common ( ) sometimes evict eggs , nestlings and adult common starlings from their nests , and the lesser ( minor ) , a brood parasite , uses the common starling as a host . are more commonly the culprits rather than victims of nest however , especially towards other starlings and woodpeckers . Nests can be raided by animals capable of climbing to them , such as stoats ( ) , raccoons ( Procyon ) and squirrels ( spp . ) , and cats may catch the . - Common starlings are hosts to a wide range of parasites . A survey of three hundred common starlings from six US states found that all had at least one type of parasite ; 99 % had external fleas , mites or ticks , and 95 % carried internal parasites , mostly various types of worm . Blood @-@ sucking species leave their host when it dies , but other external parasites stay on the corpse . A bird with a deformed bill was heavily infested with lice , presumably due to its inability to remove . - The hen flea ( gallinae ) is the most common flea in their nests . The small , pale house @-@ sparrow flea C. , is also occasionally found there and probably arises from the habit of its main host of taking over the nests of other species . This flea does not occur in the US , even on house . include , and . Other parasites include ticks and mites such as , , gallinae , , O. , species , and . The hen D. gallinae is itself preyed upon by the predatory . The presence of this control on numbers of the parasitic species may explain why birds are prepared to reuse old nests . - Flying insects that common starlings include the @-@ fly and the fly . The latter species breaks off the feathers of its host and lives on the produced by growing plumage . of the moth are nest scavengers , which feed on animal material such as or dead nestlings . blood parasites of the genus have been found in common starlings , but a better known pest is the brilliant scarlet nematode . This worm moves from the lungs to the and may cause its host to . In Britain , the and the common starling are the most infested wild birds . Other recorded internal parasites include the spiny @-@ headed worm . - Common starlings may contract avian tuberculosis , avian malaria and @-@ induced . Captive starlings often accumulate excess iron in the liver , a condition that can be prevented by adding black tea @-@ leaves to the food . - - = = Distribution and habitat = = - - The global population of common starlings was estimated to be 310 million individuals in 2004 , occupying a total area of 8 @,@ @,@ 000 km2 ( 3 @,@ 420 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . Widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere , the bird is native to Eurasia and is found throughout Europe , northern Africa ( from Morocco to Egypt ) , India ( mainly in the north but regularly extending further south and extending into the Maldives ) Nepal , the Middle East including Syria , Iran , and Iraq and north @-@ western China . - Common starlings in the south and west of Europe and south of latitude are mainly resident , although other populations migrate from regions where the winter is harsh , the ground frozen and food scarce . Large numbers of birds from northern Europe , Russia and Ukraine migrate south or south eastwards . In the autumn , when immigrants are arriving from eastern Europe , many of Britain 's common starlings are setting off for Iberia and North Africa . Other groups of birds are in passage across the country and the pathways of these different streams of bird may cross . Of the 15 @,@ 000 birds ringed as nestlings in Merseyside , England , individuals have been recovered at various times of year as far afield as Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , Ukraine , Poland , Germany and the Low Countries . Small numbers of common starling have sporadically been observed in Japan and Hong Kong but it is unclear from where these birds originated . In North America , northern populations have developed a migration pattern , much of Canada in winter . Birds in the east of the country move southwards , and those from further west winter in the southwest of the US . - Common starlings prefer urban or suburban areas where artificial structures and trees provide adequate nesting and roosting sites . are also favoured for roosting and the birds commonly feed in grassy areas such as farmland , grazing pastures , playing fields , golf courses and airfields where short grass makes foraging easy . They occasionally inhabit open forests and woodlands and are sometimes found in shrubby areas such as Australian . Common starlings rarely inhabit dense , wet forests ( i.e. rainforests or wet forests ) but are found in coastal areas , where they nest and roost on cliffs and forage amongst seaweed . Their ability to adapt to a large variety of habitats has allowed them to disperse and establish themselves in diverse locations around the world resulting in a habitat range from coastal wetlands to alpine forests , from sea cliffs to mountain ranges 1 @,@ 900 m ( 6 @,@ 200 ft ) above sea level . - - = = = Introduced populations = = = - - The common starling has been introduced to and has successfully established itself in New Zealand , Australia , South Africa , North America , Fiji and several Caribbean islands . As a result , it has also been able to migrate to Thailand , Southeast Asia and New Guinea . - - = = = = South America = = = = - - Five individuals conveyed on a ship from England near de in Venezuela in November 1949 , but subsequently vanished . In 1987 , a small population of common starlings was observed nesting in gardens in the city of Buenos Aires . Since then , despite some initial attempts at eradication , the bird has been expanding its breeding range at an average rate of 7 @.@ 5 km ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) per year , keeping within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of the Atlantic coast . In Argentina , the species makes use of a variety of natural and man @-@ made nesting sites , particularly holes . - - = = = = Australia = = = = - - The common starling was introduced to Australia to consume insect pests of farm crops . Early settlers looked forward to their arrival , believing that common starlings were also important for the of flax , a major agricultural product . Nest @-@ boxes for the newly released birds were placed on farms and near crops . The common starling was introduced to Melbourne in 1857 and Sydney two decades later . By the 1880s , established populations were present in the southeast of the country thanks to the work of committees . By the 1920s , common starlings were widespread throughout Victoria , Queensland and New South Wales , but by then they were considered to be pests . Although common starlings were first sighted in Albany , Western Australia in 1917 , they have been largely prevented from spreading to the state . The wide and arid Plain provides a natural barrier and control measures have been adopted that have killed 55 @,@ 000 birds over three decades . The common starling has also colonised Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island . - - = = = = New Zealand = = = = - - The early settlers in New Zealand cleared the bush and found their newly planted crops were invaded by hordes of and other insects deprived of their previous food sources . Native birds were not to living in close proximity to man so the common starling was introduced from Europe to control the pests . It was first brought over in 1862 by the Nelson Society and other introductions followed . The birds soon became established and are now found all over the country including the subtropical Islands to the north and the equally distant Macquarie Island far to the south . - - = = = = North America = = = = - - After two failed attempts , about 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York 's Central Park by Eugene . He was president of the American Society , which tried to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare into North America . About the same date , the Portland Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of common starlings in Portland , Oregon . These birds became established but disappeared around 1902 . Common starlings in the Pacific Northwest in the mid @-@ 1940s and these birds were probably descendants of the 1890 Central Park introduction . The original 60 birds have since swelled in number to 150 million , occupying an area extending from southern Canada and Alaska to Central America . - - = = = = Polynesia = = = = - - The common starling appears to have arrived in Fiji in 1925 on Ono @-@ i @-@ and islands . It may have colonised from New Zealand via Raoul in the Islands where it is abundant , that group being roughly between New Zealand and Fiji . Its spread in Fiji has been limited , and there are doubts about the population 's viability . Tonga was colonised at about the same date and the birds there have been slowly spreading north through the group . - - = = = = South Africa = = = = - - In South Africa , the common starling was introduced in 1897 by Cecil Rhodes . It spread slowly and by 1954 had reached and Port Elizabeth . It is now common in the southern Cape region , thinning out northwards to the Johannesburg area . It is present in the Western Cape , the Eastern Cape and the Free State provinces of South Africa and lowland , with occasional sightings in KwaZulu @-@ Natal , and around the town of in . In Southern Africa populations appear to be resident and the bird is very much associated with man , his and pastures . It favours irrigated land and is absent from regions where the ground is baked so dry that it cannot probe for insects . It may compete with native birds for crevice nesting sites but the indigenous species are probably more disadvantaged by destruction of their natural habitat than they are by inter @-@ specific competition . It breeds from September to December and outside the breeding season may in large flocks , often roosting in . It is the most common bird species in urban and agricultural areas . - - = = = = West Indies = = = = - - The common starling was introduced to Jamaica in 1903 , and the Bahamas and Cuba were colonised naturally from the US . This bird is fairly common but local in Jamaica , Grand and , and is rare in the rest of the Bahamas , eastern Cuba , the Cayman Islands , Puerto Rico and St. Croix . - - = = Status = = - - The global population of the common starling is estimated to be more than 310 million individuals and its numbers are not thought to be declining significantly , so the bird is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern . It had shown a marked increase in numbers throughout Europe from the 19th century to around the 1950s and 60s . In about 1830 , S. v. vulgaris expanded its range in the British Isles , spreading into Ireland and areas of Scotland where it had formerly been absent , although S. v. zetlandicus was already present in Shetland and the Outer Hebrides . The common starling has bred in northern Sweden from 1850 and in Iceland from 1935 . The breeding range spread through southern France to northeastern Spain , and there were other range expansions particularly in Italy , Austria and Finland . It started breeding in Iberia in 1960 , while the spotless starling 's range had been expanding northward since the 1950s . The low rate of advance , about 4 @.@ 7 km ( 2 @.@ 9 mi ) per year for both species , is due to the mountain and woodland terrain . has since slowed even further due to direct competition between the two similar species where they overlap in southwestern France and northwestern Spain . - Major declines in populations have been observed from 1980 onward in Sweden , Finland , northern Russia ( ) and the Baltic States , and smaller declines in much of the rest of northern and central Europe . The bird has been adversely affected in these areas by intensive agriculture , and in several countries it has been red @-@ listed due to population declines of more than 50 % . Numbers dwindled in the United Kingdom by more than 80 % between 1966 and 2004 ; although populations in some areas such as Northern Ireland were stable or even increased , those in other areas , mainly England , declined even more sharply . The overall decline seems to be due to the low survival rate of young birds , which may be caused by changes in agricultural practices . The intensive farming methods used in northern Europe mean there is less pasture and meadow habitat available , and the supply of grassland invertebrates needed for the nestlings to thrive is reduced . - - = = Relationship with humans = = - - - = = = and problems = = = - - Since common starlings eat insect pests such as , they are considered beneficial in northern Eurasia , and this was one of the reasons given for introducing the birds elsewhere . Around 25 million nest boxes were erected for this species in the former Soviet Union , and common starlings were found to be effective in controlling the grass in New Zealand . The original Australian introduction was facilitated by the provision of nest boxes to help this mainly insectivorous bird to breed successfully , and even in the US , where this is a pest species , the Department of Agriculture acknowledges that vast numbers of insects are consumed by common starlings . - Common starlings introduced to areas such as Australia or North America , where other members of the genus are absent , may affect native species through competition for nest holes . In North America , , , woodpeckers , purple and other swallows may be affected . In Australia , competitors for nesting sites include the and eastern rosellas . For its role in the decline of local native species and the damages to agriculture , the common starling has been included in the IUCN List of the world 's 100 worst invasive species . - Common starlings can eat and damage fruit in orchards such as grapes , , olives , currants and tomatoes or dig up newly grain and sprouting crops . They may also eat animal feed and distribute seeds through their droppings . In eastern Australia , weeds like , and are thought to have been spread by common starlings . Agricultural damage in the US is estimated as costing about US $ 800 million annually . This bird is not considered to be as damaging to agriculture in South Africa as it is in the United States . - The large size of flocks can also cause problems . Common starlings may be sucked into aircraft jet engines , one of the worst instances of this being an incident in Boston in 1960 , when sixty @-@ two people died after a turboprop airliner flew into a flock and into the sea at Winthrop Harbor . - ' droppings can contain the fungus , the cause of in humans . At roosting sites this fungus can thrive in accumulated droppings . There are a number of other infectious diseases that can potentially be transmitted by common starlings to humans , although the potential for the birds to spread infections may have been exaggerated . - - = = = Control = = = - - Because of the damage they do , there have been attempts to control the numbers of both native and introduced populations of common starlings . Within the natural breeding range , this may be affected by legislation . For example , in Spain , this is a species hunted commercially as a food item , and has a close season , whereas in France , it is classed as a pest , and the season in which it may be killed covers the greater part of the year . In the UK , the common starling may be killed at any time of year . This species is migratory , so birds involved in control measures may have come from a wide area and breeding populations may not be greatly affected . In Europe , the varying legislation and mobile populations mean that control attempts may have limited long @-@ term results . Non @-@ lethal techniques such as with visual or auditory devices have only a temporary effect in any case . - Huge urban roosts in cities can create problems due to the noise and mess made and the smell of the droppings . In 1949 , so many birds landed on the clock hands of London 's Big Ben that it stopped , leading to unsuccessful attempts to disrupt the roosts with netting , repellent chemical on the ledges and broadcasts of common starling alarm calls . An entire episode of The Show in 1954 was a parody of the futile efforts to disrupt the large common starling roosts in central London . - Where it is introduced , the common starling is unprotected by legislation , and extensive control plans may be initiated . Common starlings can be prevented from using nest boxes by ensuring that the access holes are smaller than the 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) diameter they need , and the removal of them from visiting bird . - Western Australia banned the import of common starlings in 1895 . New flocks arriving from the east are routinely shot , while the less cautious juveniles are trapped and netted . New methods are being developed , such as one bird and tracking it back to establish where other members of the flock roost . Another technique is to the DNA of Australian common starling populations to track where the migration from eastern to western Australia is occurring so that better strategies can be used . By 2009 , only 300 common starlings were left in Western Australia , and the state committed a further A $ 400 @,@ 000 in that year to continue the eradication programme . - In the United States , common starlings are exempt from the Bird Treaty Act , which prohibits the taking or killing of migratory birds . No permit is required to remove nests and eggs or kill juveniles or adults . Research was undertaken in 1966 to identify a suitable that would both kill common starlings and would readily be eaten by them . It also needed to be of low toxicity to mammals and not likely to cause the death of pets that ate dead birds . The chemical that best fitted these criteria was DRC @-@ , now marketed as . In 2008 , the United States government poisoned , shot or trapped 1 @.@ 7 million birds , the largest number of any nuisance species to be destroyed . In 2005 , the population in the United States was estimated at 140 million birds , around 45 % of the global total of 310 million . - - = = = In science and culture = = = - - Common starlings may be kept as pets or as laboratory animals . Austrian Konrad Lorenz wrote of them in his book King Solomon 's Ring as " the poor man 's dog " and " something to love " , because nestlings are easily obtained from the wild and after careful hand rearing they are straightforward to look after . They adapt well to captivity , and thrive on a diet of standard bird feed and . Several birds may be kept in the same cage , and their makes them easy to train or study . The only disadvantages are their and indiscriminate defecation habits and the need to take precautions against diseases that may be transmitted to humans . As a laboratory bird , the common starling is second in numbers only to the domestic . - The common starling 's gift for mimicry has long been recognised . In the medieval Welsh , a common starling , " taught it words " , and sent it across the Irish Sea with a message to her brothers , and , who then sailed from Wales to Ireland to rescue her . Pliny the Elder claimed that these birds could be taught to speak whole sentences in Latin and Greek , and in Henry IV , William Shakespeare had Hotspur declare " The king forbade my tongue to speak of Mortimer . But I will find him when he is asleep , and in his ear I 'll ' Mortimer ! ' I 'll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but Mortimer , and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion . " - Mozart had a pet common starling which could sing part of his Piano Concerto in G Major ( . 453 ) . He had bought it from a shop after hearing it sing a phrase from a work he wrote six weeks previously , which had not yet been performed in public . He became very attached to the bird and arranged an elaborate funeral for it when it died three years later . It has been suggested that his A Musical ( K. 522 ) might be written in the comical , style of a starling 's . Other people who have owned common starlings report how adept they are at picking up phrases and expressions . The words have no meaning for the starling , so they often mix them up or use them on what to humans are inappropriate occasions in their songs . Their ability at mimicry is so great that strangers have looked in vain for the human they think they have just heard speak . - Common starlings are trapped for food in some Mediterranean countries . The meat is tough and of low quality , so it is or made into . One recipe said it should be " until tender , however long that may be " . Even when correctly prepared , it may still be seen as an acquired taste . - diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/valid.txt b/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/valid.txt deleted file mode 100644 index eec944e..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/data/wikitext-2/valid.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3760 +0,0 @@ - - = Homarus gammarus = - - Homarus gammarus , known as the European lobster or common lobster , is a species of lobster from the eastern Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea . It is closely related to the American lobster , H. americanus . It may grow to a length of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a mass of 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ) , and bears a conspicuous pair of claws . In life , the lobsters are blue , only becoming " lobster red " on cooking . Mating occurs in the summer , producing eggs which are carried by the females for up to a year before hatching into larvae . Homarus gammarus is a highly esteemed food , and is widely caught using lobster pots , mostly around the British Isles . - - = = Description = = - - Homarus gammarus is a large , with a body length up to 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) and weighing up to 5 – 6 kilograms ( 11 – 13 lb ) , although the lobsters caught in lobster pots are usually 23 – 38 cm ( 9 – 15 in ) long and weigh 0 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 2 kg ( 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 9 lb ) . Like other crustaceans , lobsters have a hard which they must shed in order to grow , in a process called ( ) . This may occur several times a year for young lobsters , but decreases to once every 1 – 2 years for larger animals . - The first pair of is armed with a large , asymmetrical pair of claws . The larger one is the " " , and has rounded used for crushing prey ; the other is the " cutter " , which has sharp inner edges , and is used for holding or tearing the prey . Usually , the left claw is the , and the right is the cutter . - The is generally blue above , with spots that , and yellow below . The red colour associated with lobsters only appears after cooking . This occurs because , in life , the red pigment is bound to a protein complex , but the complex is broken up by the heat of cooking , releasing the red pigment . - The closest relative of H. gammarus is the American lobster , Homarus americanus . The two species are very similar , and can be crossed artificially , although hybrids are unlikely to occur in the wild since their ranges do not overlap . The two species can be distinguished by a number of characteristics : - The of H. americanus bears one or more spines on the underside , which are lacking in H. gammarus . - The spines on the claws of H. americanus are red or red @-@ tipped , while those of H. gammarus are white or white @-@ tipped . - The underside of the claw of H. americanus is orange or red , while that of H. gammarus is creamy white or very pale red . - - = = Life cycle = = - - Female H. gammarus reach sexual maturity when they have grown to a carapace length of 80 – 85 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 in ) , whereas males mature at a slightly smaller size . Mating typically occurs in summer between a recently female , whose shell is therefore soft , and a hard @-@ shelled male . The female carries the eggs for up to 12 months , depending on the temperature , attached to her . Females carrying eggs are said to be " " and can be found throughout the year . - The eggs hatch at night , and the larvae swim to the water surface where they drift with the ocean currents , preying on . This stage involves three and lasts for 15 – 35 days . After the third moult , the juvenile takes on a form closer to the adult , and adopts a lifestyle . The juveniles are rarely seen in the wild , and are poorly known , although they are known to be capable of digging extensive burrows . It is estimated that only 1 larva in every 20 @,@ 000 survives to the phase . When they reach a carapace length of 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) , the juveniles leave their burrows and start their adult lives . - - = = Distribution = = - - Homarus gammarus is found across the north @-@ eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco , not including the Baltic Sea . It is also present in most of the Mediterranean Sea , only missing from the section east of Crete , and along only the north @-@ west coast of the Black Sea . The populations are found in the Norwegian and , inside the Arctic Circle . - The species can be divided into four genetically distinct populations , one widespread population , and three which have diverged due to small effective population sizes , possibly due to adaptation to the local environment . The first of these is the population of lobsters from northern Norway , which have been referred to as the " midnight @-@ sun lobster " . The populations in the Mediterranean Sea are distinct from those in the Atlantic Ocean . The last distinct population is found in the Netherlands : samples from the were distinct from those collected in the North Sea or English Channel . - Attempts have been made to introduce H. gammarus to New Zealand , alongside other European species such as the edible crab , Cancer . Between 1904 and 1914 , one million lobster larvae were released from in , but the species did not become established there . - - = = Ecology = = - - Adult H. gammarus live on the continental shelf at depths of 0 – 150 metres ( 0 – ft ) , although not normally deeper than 50 m ( 160 ft ) . They prefer hard substrates , such as rocks or hard mud , and live in holes or crevices , emerging at night to feed . - The diet of H. gammarus mostly consists of other invertebrates . These include crabs , molluscs , sea , and polychaete worms . - The three lobster species Homarus gammarus , H. americanus and are hosts to the three known species of the animal ; the species on H. gammarus has not been described . - Homarus gammarus is susceptible to the disease , caused by the . Although it is frequently found in American lobsters , the disease has only been seen in captive H. gammarus , where prior occupation of the tanks by H. americanus could not be ruled out . - - = = Human consumption = = - - Homarus gammarus is traditionally " highly esteemed " as a and was mentioned in " The " a seventeenth century English folk song . It may fetch very high prices and may be sold fresh , frozen , canned or powdered . Both the claws and the abdomen of H. gammarus contain " excellent " white meat , and most of the contents of the cephalothorax are edible . The exceptions are the mill and the " sand vein " ( gut ) . The price of H. gammarus is up to three times higher than that of H. americanus , and the European species is considered to have a better flavour . - are mostly fished using lobster pots , although lines with or sometimes succeed in tempting them out , to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand . In 2008 , 4 @,@ 386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa , of which 3 @,@ 462 t ( 79 % ) was caught in the British Isles ( including the Channel Islands ) . The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of 87 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ) . - systems for H. gammarus are under development , and production rates are still very low . - - = = history = = - - Homarus gammarus was first given a binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema , published in 1758 . That name was Cancer gammarus , since Linnaeus ' concept of the genus Cancer at that time included all large crustaceans . - H. gammarus is the type species of the genus Homarus Weber , 1795 , as determined by Direction 51 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature . Prior to that direction , confusion arose because the species had been referred to by several different names , including , 1775 and Homarus vulgaris H. Milne @-@ Edwards , 1837 , and also because Friedrich Weber 's description of the genus had been overlooked until rediscovered by Mary , rendering any prior assignments of type species ( for Homarus H. Milne @-@ Edwards , 1837 ) invalid for Homarus Weber , 1795 . - The type specimen of Homarus gammarus was a selected by in 1974 . It came from 57 ° 53 ′ N 11 ° 32 ′ E , near , Sweden ( 48 kilometres or 30 miles northwest of Gothenburg ) , but both it and the have since been lost . - The common name for H. gammarus preferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization is " European lobster " , but the species is also widely known as the " common lobster " . - - - = Frank = - - Air Vice Marshal Frank , CB , CBE ( 15 July 1914 – 23 December 1976 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Born and educated in Tasmania , he joined the RAAF as an air cadet in January 1934 . He specialised in flying instruction and navigation before the outbreak of World War II . In April 1941 , he became commanding officer of No. 2 Squadron , which operated Lockheed . The squadron was deployed to Dutch Timor in December , and saw action against Japanese forces in the South West Pacific . After returning to Australia in February 1942 , held staff appointments and training commands , finishing the war a group captain . - served as Officer Commanding North @-@ Western Area in 1946 , and as Director of Training from 1947 to 1950 . In 1950 – 51 , during the Malayan Emergency , he was stationed at Singapore as commander of No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing and , later , RAF . He twice served as acting Air Member for Personnel , in 1957 and 1959 – 60 , receiving appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1958 . Promoted air vice marshal , he successively held the positions of Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) Operational Command in 1961 – 62 , AOC No. 224 Group RAF from 1962 to 1965 during the Indonesia – Malaysia , Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1965 – 66 , and AOC Support Command in 1966 – 67 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1965 . Following a posting to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff from 1968 to 1971 , he retired from the Air Force and died in Melbourne five years later . - - = = Early career = = - - The son of farmers Malcolm and Hilda , Frank was born on 15 July 1914 in , Tasmania . He was at College , Hobart , and in 1932 . Against the wishes of his parents he joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as an air cadet on 16 January 1934 . He underwent flying instruction with No. 1 Flying Training School ( ) at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria , and was commissioned as a pilot officer on 1 January 1935 . - After completing a conversion course , was assigned to the Squadron at Point Cook . No larger than a flight according to the official history of the pre @-@ war RAAF , Squadron was part of No. 1 and operated Southampton flying boats and de Havilland Moth , among other types . During this posting was promoted to flying officer , on 1 July 1935 , and wrote a paper on national defence in which he suggested that with " strong air forces , naval forces ( including submarines ) , and fixed defences , Australia may be made practically " . According to Air Force historian Alan Stephens , this paper " in effect , defined the ' anti @-@ ' concept which has been a persistent feature of RAAF strategic thinking " . - completed a flying instructors course in July 1936 and joined the staff of No. 1 . He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 March 1937 . in July 1938 , he was one of six students to take part in the RAAF 's first Long Navigation Course , run by Flight Bill and Murdoch at Point Cook . The course involved several epic training flights that attracted considerable media attention , including a twelve @-@ day , 10 @,@ 800 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @,@ 700 mi ) round @-@ Australia trip by three Avro Ansons , one of which was by , in November . The following month , led the three Ansons on a six @-@ day journey back and forth over Central Australia . He subsequently passed the navigation course with a special distinction . On 27 January 1939 he was posted to RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , as a flight commander . He served initially with No. 2 Squadron , before transferring to No. 1 Squadron on 29 August . Both units operated Ansons . - - = = World War II = = - - Following the outbreak of World War II , No. 1 Squadron was engaged in convoy escort and maritime reconnaissance duties off south @-@ eastern Australia . continued to serve with the squadron as a flight commander until 15 January 1940 , when he was assigned to Headquarters Laverton as the station navigation officer . On 27 March he was posted to the staff of RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne . He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 June 1940 . Two weeks later he married Katherine Bridge at St Paul 's Anglican Church in ; the couple would have a son and a daughter . - was given command of No. 2 Squadron at Laverton on 15 April 1941 , and raised to wing commander on 1 July . with Lockheed , the squadron mainly conducted maritime patrols in southern waters until 5 December , when four of its aircraft were ordered to Darwin , Northern Territory , in response to fears of Japanese aggression in the Pacific . On 7 December , this detachment established itself at , near in Dutch Timor , while No. 2 Squadron 's eight remaining were stationed at Darwin on standby . The following day , aware that Australia was now at war in the Pacific , one of the @-@ based attacked the Japanese , which was suspected of being a radio ship , and forced it aground . By 12 December , had transferred to as commanding officer of the base , as well as No. 2 Squadron . - During January 1942 , No. 2 Squadron 's aircraft were dispersed at , Island , and Darwin . The detachment attacked Japanese shipping taking part in the invasion of . Two shot down or damaged three Japanese that attacked them as they were bombing a transport ship on 11 January ; the next day both were themselves shot down by . was bombed by the Japanese for the first time on 26 January 1942 , and attacked regularly thereafter , damaging some aircraft . The intact were withdrawn to Darwin but and his staff remained at to enable the base to be used by aircraft during reconnaissance missions from Australia . On 18 February , was ordered to evacuate all his personnel except a small party to the airfield with assistance from Force . He returned to Darwin the following day , just as the city experienced its first raid by the Japanese . Four of No. 2 Squadron 's were destroyed in the attack ; the remainder were relocated to Daly Waters , where they continued to carry out reconnaissance and bombing missions against Japanese targets in Timor . - remained in Darwin as of Operations at Headquarters North @-@ Western Area Command until 12 May 1942 , when he was posted to , Victoria , as commanding officer of No. 2 Air Navigation School , operating Ansons . No. 97 ( Reserve ) Squadron was formed from the school 's personnel in June . On 20 July 1943 , took command of No. 2 Air Observer School ( ) , also operating Ansons , at Mount Gambier , South Australia . He was promoted to group captain on 1 December 1943 , and was appointed the inaugural commanding officer of No. 3 , operating Ansons and Battles out of Port , on 9 December . After handing over command of No. 3 , he commenced studies at RAAF Staff School in Mount Martha , Victoria , on 2 October 1944 . He was appointed senior administrative staff officer at North @-@ Western Area Command on 12 January 1945 . - - = = Post @-@ war career = = - - became Officer Commanding North @-@ Western Area in January 1946 . to Britain at the end of the year , he attended the Royal Air Force Staff College , , and served with RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London . On his return to Australia , in November 1947 , he became Director of Training at RAAF Headquarters . In November 1950 , was appointed to take over command of No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing from Group Captain Paddy . Headquartered at RAF , Singapore , No. 90 Wing controlled RAAF units operating during the Malayan Emergency : No. 1 ( ) Squadron , flying Avro , and No. 38 ( Transport ) Squadron , flying Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas . The conducted area bombing missions over communist @-@ held territory , as well as strikes against targets . The Dakotas were tasked with flights , transport and medical across South East Asia , and in Malaya with troops and cargo , dropping supplies to friendly forces and propaganda leaflets . was slightly injured on 20 December , when a No. 38 Squadron Dakota he was co @-@ on a supply drop crash @-@ landed at Kampong in , following engine failure . In August 1951 he was named commander of RAF , Singapore , in addition to his post as commanding officer of No. 90 Wing . handed over command of No. 90 Wing in December 1951 . - On 19 February 1952 , became senior air staff officer ( ) at Eastern Area Command in , New South Wales . During his term as , the RAAF began re @-@ with English Electric Canberra jet bombers and CAC Sabre jet fighters . The Air Force also underwent a major change , as it transitioned from a geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control system to one based on function , resulting in the establishment of Home ( operational ) , Training , and Maintenance . Eastern Area Command , considered a de facto operational headquarters owing to the of combat units under its control , was reorganised as Home Command in October 1953 . was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1954 New Year Honours for his " exceptional ability and devotion to duty " . He was promoted to acting air in May . His appointment as aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Queen Elizabeth II was announced on 7 October 1954 . - was promoted to substantive air on 1 January 1955 . In November he was posted to RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London , and the following year undertook studies at the Imperial Defence College . Returning to Australia , he served as acting Air Member for Personnel at the Department of Air , Canberra , from 19 March to 21 October 1957 , between the terms of Air Vice Fred and Allan Walters , and again from 24 August 1959 to 28 March 1960 , between the terms of Walters and Air Vice Marshal Bill . In this role occupied a seat on the Air Board , the service 's controlling body that comprised its senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff . He was also one of two RAAF representatives to serve on a committee , chaired by businessman William John Allison , examining conditions of defence service ; the committee 's recommendations led to a doubling of flight pay , among other improvements . 's other positions at the Department of Air included Air Commodore Plans from October 1957 to January 1959 , and Director General Plans and Policy from January to August 1959 . The latter assignment put him in charge of the RAAF 's Directorate of Intelligence . was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1958 Queen 's Honours , on 3 June . In May 1960 he became acting Deputy Chief of the Air Staff . - On 30 January 1961 , joined the staff of Operational Command ( ) , the successor organisation to Home Command , responsible for the direction of RAAF operational units . He took over as Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) from Air Vice Marshal Hancock in April . was promoted to air vice marshal on 29 May . On 17 July 1962 , he was posted to RAAF Base , Malaya , and took up the appointment of AOC No. 224 Group RAF in Singapore one week later . He was succeeded as AOC by Air Vice Marshal Murdoch . As AOC No. 224 Group , had overall responsibility for regional air defence and offensive air operations during the Rebellion in December 1962 , and the subsequent between Indonesia and Malaysia that officially began the following month . from his first wife in 1956 , he married widowed social worker Vernon Spence at the Sydney registry office on 20 January 1964 . He handed over No. 224 Group to Air Vice Marshal Christopher @-@ Norris on 30 November . - Returning to Australia , became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff ( ) on 26 January 1965 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) " in recognition of distinguished service in the Borneo Territories " on 22 June . His tenure as coincided with the most significant program the Air Force had undertaken since World War II , and with manpower shortages stemming from this expansion and from Australia 's increasing involvement in the security of South East Asia . The first RAAF helicopters were committed to the Vietnam War towards the end of his term , and he travelled to Saigon with the Chief of the General Staff , Lieutenant General Sir John , in March 1966 to plan the deployment . The year before , had recommended to Air Marshal Murdoch , the Chief of the Air Staff , that two Iroquois be sent to Vietnam for purposes ; Murdoch had rebuffed , and the RAAF helicopter squadron was considered for its army co @-@ operation role when it finally did deploy . succeeded Air Vice Marshal Douglas Candy as AOC Support Command , Melbourne , on 8 August 1966 . Support Command had been formed in 1959 , by merging the RAAF 's former Training and Maintenance . On 1 January 1968 , was posted to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff . He served as an Extra Gentleman Usher to the Queen from 17 November 1970 to 5 June 1971 . - - = = = = - - Returning to Australia in June 1971 , took leave before retiring from the Air Force on 3 August . He made his home in Melbourne , where he died aged 62 on 23 December 1976 , after a lengthy battle with cancer . by his children and his second wife , he was given a private funeral and at . - - - = M @-@ 82 ( Michigan highway ) = - - M @-@ 82 is a state trunkline in the Lower Peninsula in the US state of Michigan that travels between and Howard City . The section between and Howard City travels through and along the southern edge of National Forest . The current version of M @-@ 82 is actually the second in the state ; the first usage appeared in the Upper Peninsula by 1919 . The Lower Peninsula routing has been in use since the 1920s . Various extensions and have shifted the terminus as far west as New Era or in the past . The current route was finalized in the late 1970s - - = = Route description = = - - M @-@ 82 begins at a junction with M @-@ 120 and B @-@ 96 west of . This junction is at a of county lines . M @-@ 120 forms the north – south – and – county lines . B @-@ 96 , which forms the east – west – county line runs due west of the intersection . M @-@ 82 exits the intersection to the east . The highway runs along 48th Street through rural farms into the community of . The road , now called Main Street , passes through the downtown area and M @-@ 82 turns south along Stewart Avenue out of town . The highway rounds a curve and transitions to 72nd Street running eastward through more farm land . As the trunkline approaches , the terrain becomes more wooded near the River . M @-@ 82 follows Street east to a junction with M @-@ 37 . The two highways merge and run concurrently over the river and into downtown on State Street . South of downtown , M @-@ 82 turns east again , independent of M @-@ 37 , and runs along 82nd Street on the southern edge of the National Forest . The east end of M @-@ 82 is at exit 118 on US 131 / M @-@ 46 west of Howard City . - The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , as a part of its maintenance responsibilities , tracks the volume of traffic using its roadways . These levels are expressed in terms of a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a calculation of the traffic along a segment of road for any average day of the year . In 2009 , the department 's measurements indicated that a segment of M @-@ 82 west of had the peak volume for the highway at 16 @,@ vehicles daily . The traffic nadir was 4 @,@ vehicles east of . In addition , MDOT has not had any section of the highway listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Previous designation = = = - - The first usage of M @-@ 82 was in the Upper Peninsula by July 1 , 1919 . The trunkline started at M @-@ 25 and ran north of to the vicinity of Eight Mile Corner . It was later replaced by M @-@ 48 in 1926 . - - = = = Current designation = = = - - The current M @-@ 82 dates back to 1926 . It ran from US 31 in Hart to the northern junction of US 131 and M @-@ 46 in Howard City . The highway was routed through Ferry , and , replacing M @-@ 41 . In late 1936 , M @-@ 46 was extended along the section between and Howard City , forming a M @-@ 46 / M @-@ 82 concurrency to fill a gap in the M @-@ 46 routing . This concurrent section became just M @-@ 46 in 1938 , M @-@ 82 back to the northern M @-@ 37 junction in . The highway was moved to a new alignment west of Ferry in late 1947 or early 1948 . Instead of heading northwesterly to Hart , it was continued west to end in Shelby . - Two in 1963 and 1964 rerouted the western end of the highway again . This time it was realigned to run from to New Era , bypassing Ferry . A larger change around 1969 the highway designations in County . M @-@ 20 replaced M @-@ 82 west of , to end at New Era instead of . The new M @-@ 120 designation replaced M @-@ 20 south of . M @-@ 82 now ran from to only . The length of the highway was increased in 1973 when the eastern end was moved back to Howard City . M @-@ 46 was rerouted to follow the US 131 freeway south of Howard City to Cedar Springs , and replaced M @-@ 57 between Cedar Springs and . This freed up the to Howard City highway for a return to the M @-@ 82 designation . The last change came in 1978 when the concurrency with M @-@ 120 was eliminated in favor of M @-@ 120 . The M @-@ 82 designation was truncated at this time to the junction west of , resulting in the current highway routing . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = = - - ( , ) is a fictional character in the manga and anime series created by . In the anime and manga , is a ninja affiliated with the village of . He is a member of Team 10 , a group of ninja consisting of himself , , , and team leader . is portrayed as a lazy character , unwilling to apply his prodigious intelligence ; has noted that he likes due to his nature . Outside of the anime and manga , has appeared in four of the feature films in the series , as well as several other media relating to the series , including video games and original video animations . - Numerous anime and manga publications have commented on 's character . Many reviewers commented on his and intelligence , and noted his transformation into a leader ; Anime News Network celebrated 's emergence as " an unlikely hero " in the storyline . has also been highly popular with the reader base , placing high in several popularity polls . Merchandise based on has been released , including action figures , key chains , and patches . - - = = Creation and conception = = - - has noted that he likes due to his nature despite being a genius , and contrasted him against 's intelligent but personality . also remarked that he would marry if he were a girl , noting that would likely be successful in life . When designing 's Part II appearance , wanted to give a unique appearance despite drawing him with a vest that several other ninja wear in the series . As a result , he drew his forehead protector on his arm in order to not obscure his hair . - - = = Appearances = = - - - = = = In = = = - - first major appearance in the series is during the , bi @-@ yearly exams for ninja who wish to advance in rank . He is part of Team 10 alongside and . He is a highly person , and he attempts to go through life with minimum effort . Contrary to his lazy tendencies , is extremely intelligent ; his teacher , , determined that 's was over 200 . 's abilities are based on the Shadow ( , no , English TV : " Shadow Possession " ) , the signature technique of his clan , with which he his shadow with an opponent 's shadow , making them and forced to mimic 's movements . As the series progresses , becomes able to manipulate his shadow in new ways . By Part II of the series , is capable of utilizing multiple shadow @-@ based techniques at once and can lift his shadow from the ground in order to interact with physical objects ; for instance , he can enemies with the shadow or use them to throw weapons . - approaches the exams with a sense of apathy ; when he battles the ninja , he defeats her but forfeits his match to her , due to his being low . Despite this loss , he is the only ninja among his peers to be promoted to the rank of , as the of the exams were impressed by the insight and intelligence he demonstrated against . As a , is appointed the leader of a team to prevent from to the village of . Although 's team manages to defeat the ninja barring their way , manages to escape . - In Part II of the series , is assigned the task of locating two members of the criminal organization . While his team manages to find their targets , the immortal member kills during the course of the battle despite 's best efforts . After 's funeral , sets out with the surviving members of Team 10 to avenge their mentor with the aid of . As the other deal with 's partner , by defeating and making sure the member 's body is never found . Following the fight , vows to protect and 's newborn daughter . He is later assigned to the Fourth Division alongside and . He is named a general under . In the series , stating his personal desire during the series of final battles , becomes advisor to the Seventh after marrying and gaining a son in . - - = = = Appearances in other media = = = - - Besides the anime and manga , is featured in seven of the featured films in the series : in the second film , he aids and in fighting against , a idealist seeking to rule the world with a power called ; in the fourth , appears in a brief sequence , fighting against a large group of stone soldiers ; in the fifth , is sent alongside and in search of the base of the Land of Sky , who plans to invade ; in the sixth , , alongside and battle the beast summoned by ; in the eight , in the battle against the demon ; in the ninth , the Limited universe presents a , the exact opposite of his teammate , , who becomes the team strategist instead ; and in the tenth , leads the team consisting of himself , , , , and that is sent to rescue 's younger sister , , who was kidnapped by . He is also present in the third original video animation , in which he in a tournament . is a playable character in nearly all video games , including the Clash of series and the Ultimate series . In some games , he utilizes variations of his Shadow not seen in the anime or manga . : ! 2 marks the first appearance of in his Part II appearance in a video game . - A light novel titled : A Cloud Drifting in Silent Darkness , written by and illustrated by , stars as the main character and narrator . The novel is set two years after the Fourth War , focusing on 's assignment as organizer of the newly formed Union to capture a rogue ninja who rules over the distant Land of Silence and attempts to establish a new world order ruled by the common people . It also explores his growing relationship with , culminating in him struggling to name his child with her , years after the end of the novel . - - = = Reception = = - - has ranked highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series , continuously placing in the top ten and reaching fourth place in one poll . The last such poll was in 2011 , in which was in ninth place , behind and ahead of . Merchandise based on has also been released , including action figures , key chains , and patches in both his Part I and Part II appearance . customers voted him as their sixteenth favorite black haired male anime character . CEO Hiroshi referred to as one of his favorite characters from . - Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have commented on 's character . IGN stated that was one of their favorite characters in the series , and referred to him as " the poster child for any card @-@ carrying member of Generation X " due to his general lack of enthusiasm and his unwillingness to utilize his potential . In a review of episode 110 , IGN praised how managed to transcend his lazy nature in order to take on the mantle of a leader when assigned to lead a team in order to retrieve and agreed that the decision to make him was fair . Anime News Network also commented on this development , calling 's emergence as " an unlikely hero " one of the highlights of the arc . In a subsequent review of episode 135 , in which the mission to retrieve has failed and the members of 's team were critically injured , IGN lauded the " great moment " in the episode in which began to cry after learning his friends will recover , and declared that he will be a better leader for the sake of his friends . Entertainment 's Justin Rich celebrated his " sheer " , calling him " one of the most fascinating characters in the series " and " one of the few truly brilliant fighters in anime " . , another reviewer from the same site , noted about his battle with during the that it was " one of the better fights involving the supporting players " . - - - = Meridian , Mississippi = - - Meridian is the sixth largest city in the state of Mississippi , in the United States . It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the principal city of the Meridian , Mississippi Statistical Area . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( km ) west of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; and 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee . - Established in 1860 , at the intersection of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi , Meridian 's economy was built on the railways and goods transported on them , and it became a strategic trading center . During the American Civil War , General William Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian ( February , 1864 ) . - after the war , the city entered a " Golden Age " it become the largest city in Mississippi between 1890 and 1930 , and a leading center for manufacturing in the South , with 44 trains arriving and departing daily . Union Station , built in 1906 , is now a multi @-@ modal center , giving access to the Meridian Transit System , , and , averaging 242 @,@ 360 passengers per year . Although the economy slowed with the decline of the railroad industry , the city has diversified , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people in 2010 . The population within the city limits , according to 2008 census estimates , is 38 @,@ 232 , but a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force , feed the economy of the city . - The area is served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which provide over 4 @,@ 000 jobs . Meridian is home to the Regional Counter @-@ Training Academy ( ) and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state . Key Field is named after brothers Fred and Al Key , who set a world endurance flight record in 1935 . The field is now home to the 186th Air Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard . Rush Foundation Hospital is the largest non @-@ military employer in the region , employing 2 @,@ 610 people . - Among the city 's many arts organizations and historic buildings are the Riley Center , the Meridian Museum of Art , Meridian Little Theatre , and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra . Meridian was home to two Carnegie libraries , one for whites and one for African Americans . The Carnegie Branch Library , now demolished , was one of a number of Carnegie libraries built for blacks in the Southern United States during the segregation era . - The city has been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( ) . , the " Father of Country Music " , was born in Meridian . Highland Park houses a museum which displays of his life and career , as well as railroad equipment from the steam @-@ engine era . The park is also home to the Highland Park , a National Historic Landmark . It is the world 's only two @-@ row stationary menagerie in existence . Other notable natives include Miss America 1986 Susan , James – an activist who was killed in the Mississippi civil rights workers murders in 1964 , and Hartley , founder of headquartered in Meridian . The federal was the site of the 1966 @-@ 1967 trial of suspects in the murder of and two other activists ; it was the first time a white jury convicted a white official of a civil rights killing . - - = = History = = - - Previously inhabited by the Native Americans , the area now called Meridian was obtained by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Dancing Creek in 1830 during the period of Indian . After the treaty was ratified , European @-@ American settlers began to move into the area . - After receiving a federal land grant of about 2 @,@ 000 acres ( ha ) , Richard , the first settler of Meridian , began offering free land to newcomers to attract more settlers to the region and develop the area . Most of 's land was bought in 1853 by Lewis A. , a lawyer from Alabama . John T. Ball , a merchant from County , bought the remaining 80 acres ( 0 @.@ 32 km2 ) . and Ball , now known as the founders of the city , began laying out lots for new development on their respective land sections . - There was much competition over the proposed name of the settlement . Ball and the more industrial residents of the city supported the name " Meridian , " believing the term to be synonymous with " junction " ; the more agrarian residents of the city preferred " " ( meaning " mad river " in a Native American language ) , from the name of a nearby creek ; and proposed " City . " Ball erected a station house on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad – the sign on which would alternate between " Meridian " and " " each day . Eventually the continued development of the railroads led to an influx of railroad workers who overruled the others in the city and left " Meridian " on the station permanently . The town was officially incorporated as Meridian on February 10 , 1860 . - Meridian was a small village at the start of the American Civil War in 1861 . Its strategic position at the railroad junction led to the Confederate construction of several military installations to support the war . During the Battle of Meridian in 1864 , General William Sherman led troops into the city , destroying the railroads in every direction , as well as an arsenal and immense ; his forces burned much of the buildings to the ground . Sherman is reported to have said afterwards , " Meridian , with its depots , store @-@ houses , arsenal , hospitals , offices , hotels , and no longer exists . " Despite the destruction , the railroad lines in the city were rapidly repaired , back in operation 26 working days after the battle . Race relations remained tense during the Reconstruction era , with the riot of 1871 following a fire that damaged many businesses . - The town in the aftermath of the Civil War , and experienced its " Golden Age " from 1880 to 1910 . The railroads in the area provided for a means of transportation and an influx of industries , which caused a population boom . As the population rose , commercial activity increased in the downtown area . Between 1890 and 1930 , Meridian was the largest city in Mississippi and a leading center for manufacturing in the South . Many of the city 's historic buildings were built during and just after this era , including the Grand Opera House in 1890 , the School in 1894 , two Carnegie libraries in 1913 , and the Building , Meridian 's tallest skyscraper , in 1929 . - The city continued to grow thanks to a commission government 's efforts to bring in 90 new industrial plants in 1913 and a booming automobile industry in the 1920s . Even through the stock market crash of 1929 and the following Great Depression , the city continued to attract new businesses . With becoming popular in the culture during the depth of the Depression , the S. H. Kress & Co. building , built to " provide luxury to the common man , " opened in downtown Meridian , as did the Temple Theater , which was used as a movie house . The federal was built in 1933 as a project . - After a brief of the economy at the end of the Depression , the country entered World War II , which renewed the importance of railroads . The rails were essential to transport gasoline and scrap metal to build military vehicles , so Meridian became the region 's rail center again . This renewed prosperity continued until the 1950s , when the automobile and Interstate Highway System became more popular than passenger rails . The decline of the railroad industry caused significant job losses , resulting in a population decline as workers left for other areas . - During the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s , Meridian was home to a Council of ( ) office and several other activist organizations . James and other local residents , along with Michael , his wife Rita , and Andrew Goodman , volunteers from the North , worked to create a community center , holding classes to help prepare African Americans in the area to regain the power to vote . Whites in the area resented the activism , and racial tension often resulted in violence . In June 1964 , , , and Goodman went to County , Mississippi , to meet with members of a black church that had been bombed and burned . The three disappeared that night on their way back to Meridian . Following a massive FBI investigation , their murdered bodies were found two months later , buried in an earthen dam . - Seven , including a deputy sheriff , were convicted in the federal in Meridian of " the victims of their civil rights " and three were acquitted in the Mississippi civil rights workers murders trial . It was the first time that a white jury had convicted " a white official in a civil rights killing . " In 2005 , the case was reopened by the state , which brought charges in the case for the first time . Edgar Ray was convicted of and sentenced to 60 years in prison . Meridian later honored by renaming a portion of 49th Avenue after him and holding an annual memorial service . - Starting in the 1960s and following the construction of highways that made easier , residents began to move away from downtown in favor of new housing subdivisions to the north . After strip commercial interests began to move downtown , the city worked to designate several areas as historic districts in the 1970s and 80s to preserve the architectural character of the city . The Meridian Historic and Landmarks Commission was created in 1979 , and the Meridian Main Street program was founded in 1985 . - Meridian Main Street organized several projects to downtown , including the construction of a new Amtrak Station in 1997 based on the design of the historic train station used during Meridian 's Golden Age ; it had been demolished . Other projects included the renovation of the Building in 2001 and 's Restaurant in 2002 , as well as support for integrated urban design . Meridian Main Street , along with The Riley Foundation , helped renovate and adapt the historic Grand Opera House in 2006 for use as the " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and the Performing Arts . " - After ownership of the Meridian Main Street was transferred to the Alliance for Downtown Meridian in late 2007 , the two organizations , along with the Meridian Downtown Association , spearheaded the downtown effort . The Alliance serves as an umbrella organization , allowing the other two organizations to use the its support staff and housing , and in turn the Alliance serves as a liaison between the organizations . Plans were underway to renovate the Building , but newly elected Mayor Barry killed the plans in early 2010 . Today , the Alliance helps to promote further development and restoration downtown ; its goal is to assist businesses such as specialty shops , restaurants , and bars because these help downtown become more active during the day and at night . The Meridian Downtown Association is primarily focused on increasing foot traffic downtown by organizing special events , and the Meridian Main Street program supports existing businesses downtown . - - = = = Hotels = = = - - Given Meridian 's site as a railroad junction , its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels . Even before Meridian reached its " Golden Age , " several large hotels , including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels , were built before the start of the 20th century . With the growth of the railroads and the construction of the original Union Station in 1906 , many hotels were constructed for passengers and workers . The Hotel was constructed in 1905 , and the Terminal Hotel was constructed in 1910 . Hotel Meridian was constructed in 1907 , and Union Hotel was built in 1908 . Union Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and both Hotel Meridian and Grand Avenue Hotel were listed as contributing properties to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District . - As the city grew , the hotels reflected ambitions of the strong economy , as evidenced by the eleven @-@ story skyscraper Lamar Hotel built in 1927 . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , the Lamar Hotel was adapted for use as a county annex building . In 1988 it was listed as a Mississippi Landmark . - The Young Hotel was built in 1931 . A staple in the African @-@ American business district that developed west of the city 's core , the hotel was one of the only places in the city during the years of segregation where a traveling African American could find a room . - As the city suburbs developed in the 1960s and ' 70s , most hotels moved outside of downtown . of the Riley Center in 2006 has increased demand and a push for a new downtown hotel . The Building has been proposed for redevelopment for this purpose , but restoration efforts stalled with a change in city administrations . The Preservation Society was formed in 2013 to raise public awareness and support for the building 's renovation , featuring tours of the first floor and anniversary events . - - = = = Historic districts = = = - - Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts , the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District . Many architectural styles are present in the districts , most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including Queen Anne , Colonial Revival , Italianate , Art Deco , Late Victorian , and . The districts are : - 1 East End Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th St , 11th , 14th St , 14th , 5th St , and 17th . - 2 Highlands Historic District — roughly bounded by 15th St , 34th , 19th St , and 36th . - 3 Meridian Downtown Historic District — runs from the former Gulf , Mobile and Ohio Railroad north to 6th St between 18th and 26th , excluding Survey Block 71 . - 4 Meridian Urban Center Historic District — roughly bounded by 21st and 25th , 6th St , and the railroad . - 5 Union Station Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th and 19th , 5th St , and the railroad . - 6 Historic District — roughly bounded by 33rd , 30th , 14th St , and 8th St. - 7 Mid @-@ Town Historic District — roughly bounded by 23rd , 15th St , 28th , and 22nd St. - 8 Springs Road Historic District — roughly bounded by 29th St , 23rd , 22nd St , and 29th . - 9 West End Historic District — roughly bounded by 7th St , 28th , Shearer 's Branch , and 5th St. - - = = Government and infrastructure = = - - Meridian has operated under the mayor @-@ council or " strong mayor " form of government since 1985 . A mayor is elected every four years by the population at @-@ large . The five members of the city council are elected every four years from each of the city 's five wards , considered single @-@ member districts . The mayor , the chief executive officer of the city , is responsible for and leading the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of city government . The city council is the legislative arm of the government , setting policy and annually adopting the city 's operating budget . - City Hall , which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , is located at 23rd Avenue . The current mayor is Percy . Members of the city council include Dr. George M. Thomas , representative from Ward 1 , Kenneth Dustin , representative from Ward 2 , Barbara Henson , representative from Ward 3 , Kim Houston , representative from Ward 4 , and Randy , representative from Ward 5 . The council clerk is Pam . In total , the city employs 570 people . - The city established a Department of Homeland Security ( ) shortly after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , becoming the only local in the state . The team an area of nine counties . Upon receiving $ 2 @.@ 5 million in grants from the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and other organizations , the department began training law enforcement offices from other Southern states in passenger rail rescue as well as offering civilian classes in basic , Boy Scout first aid and hunting , and firearms training . The helps during times of crisis such as Hurricane Ivan in September 2005 , when the department helped establish and support shelters for 700 . The city now serves as the leader of one of the task forces in the Mississippi , a combination of three nine @-@ county teams . - by police chief Lee since 2009 , the Meridian Police Department consists of 115 full @-@ time officers as well as part @-@ time and reserve staff available . In 2009 , the department 's Criminal Investigations Division responded to 4000 cases , 2000 of which were . In 2000 , crimes were reported , up slightly from 2008 crimes the preceding year . Meridian has been described as " the city in Mississippi with more than 30 @,@ 000 people . " The East Mississippi is located in unincorporated Lauderdale County , near Meridian . It is operated by the Group on behalf of the Mississippi Department of . The chief of the Meridian Fire Department is Anthony Clayton . The fire department responded to more than 1600 calls in 2009 , including 123 structural fires and emergency service calls . - The Mississippi Department of Mental Health operates the East Mississippi State Hospital in Meridian . - The United States Postal Service operates the Meridian , North Meridian , and the West Meridian Station post offices . - In state politics , the Mississippi Senate district map divides the city into three sections . The northern tip of the city is in the 31st State Senate District and seats Terry Clark Burton ( R ) . A strip of the city from the southwest corner up to the northeast corner comprises part of the 32nd State Senate District and seats Sampson Jackson , II ( D ) . The western and southeastern portions of the city lie in the 33rd State Senate District and seats Carmichael ( R ) . In the Mississippi House of Representatives districts , the city is divided into four districts . The southern and eastern portions of the city reside in House District 81 and are represented by Steven A. ( R ) . The city 's core makes up the entirety of House District 82 and is represented by L. Jones ( D ) . Surrounding House District 82 is House District 83 , represented by Greg ( R ) . The western section of the city , along with a small section in the north , lie in House District 84 and are represented by Campbell ( R ) . - On the national level , the city is located in Mississippi 's 3rd congressional district , represented by Gregg Harper ( R ) , who has been in office since 2009 . Lauderdale County , home to Meridian , has voted for the Republican candidate in every United States presidential election since 1972 . Prior to the shift to the Republican Party , white area voters supported Democratic Party candidates , as for decades since the late nineteenth century , it was a one @-@ party state . - - = = Demographics = = - - The city 's growth has reflected the push and pull of many social and economic factors . The total population increased in each census from the city 's founding until 1970 , although varying from rates as high as 165 % to as low as 0 @.@ 2 % . In the 1970 census the population decreased , then slightly increased by 1980 , after which the population slowly declined , increasing again since the turn of the 21st century . Between 1980 and 2000 , the population declined more than 14 % . As of the census of 2000 , the city 's population was 39 @,@ 968 , and the population density was @.@ 9 inhabitants per square mile ( @.@ 0 / km2 ) . In 2008 , the city was the sixth largest in the state . The population increased as of 2010 . - Meridian is the principal city in the Meridian area , which as of 2009 consisted of three counties – Clarke , , and Lauderdale – and had a population of 106 @,@ 139 . There is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius . - While the overall population growth of the city has varied , there has been a steady growth in the number and percentage of non @-@ white residents . The only decline in this group was between 1960 and 1970 , when the city 's overall population declined markedly . In the 2010 Census , the racial makeup of the city was 61 @.@ 55 % African American , 35 @.@ 71 % White , 0 @.@ 9 % Asian , 0 @.@ 2 % Native American , < 0 @.@ 02 % Pacific Islander , 0 @.@ 59 % from other races , and 0 @.@ 89 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 @.@ 75 % of the population . - According to the 2000 Census , of the 17 @,@ 890 housing units inside city limits , 15 @,@ were occupied , 10 @,@ of them by families . 31 @.@ 1 % of occupied households had children under the age of 18 , 36 @.@ 2 % were married couples living together , 23 @.@ 3 % consisted of a female with no husband present , and 37 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . 33 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 14 @.@ 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 39 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 06 . The average household size has steadily decreased since 1970 , when it was 3 @.@ 04 . Meridian 's median age has increased from 30 @.@ 4 in 1970 to 34 @.@ 6 in 2000 . - The median income for a household in the city was $ 25 @,@ , and the median income for a family was $ 31 @,@ . Males had a median income of $ 29 @,@ versus $ 19 @,@ 702 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 15 @,@ 255 . About 24 @.@ 6 % of families and 28 @.@ 6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 40 @.@ 8 % of those under age 18 and 22 @.@ 0 % of those age 65 or over . - - = = = Religion = = = - - The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly , with 65 @.@ 2 % of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation , compared with the national average of 50 @.@ 2 % . Of the affiliated in 2000 , 30 @,@ ( 59 @.@ 0 % ) were in the Southern Baptist Convention , 9 @,@ ( 18 @.@ 6 % ) were with the United Methodist Church , and 1 @,@ ( 3 @.@ 7 % ) were associated with the Catholic Church . - Jews from Germany and eastern Europe were influential in commercial development of the city , building businesses and services . Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1868 , just before the city 's " Golden Age . " Meridian once had the largest Jewish community in the state , with 575 Jewish people living in the city in 1927 . Today , fewer than 40 Jews live in Meridian , most of whom are elderly . - - = = Geography and climate = = - - Meridian is located in the North Central Hills region of Mississippi in Lauderdale County . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 45 @.@ 9 sq mi ( 119 km2 ) , of which 45 @.@ 1 sq mi ( 117 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 2 @.@ 1 km2 ) is water . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( km ) west of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee ; and mi ( 478 km ) west of Atlanta , Georgia . The area surrounding the city is covered with cotton and corn fields along with oak and pine forests , and its topography consists of clay hills and the bottom lands of the head waters of the River . - The natural terrain of the area has been modified in the urban core of the city by , but it maintains its gentle rolling character in the outlying areas . Numerous small creeks are found throughout the city and small lakes and woodlands lie in the northern and southern portions of the city . Creek runs through the southern portion of the city and branches off into Gallagher 's Creek , which flows through the center of the city . 's Creek runs through the far @-@ western part of the city while smaller creeks including Shearer 's Branch , Magnolia Creek , and Creek are dispersed throughout the city . - Meridian is in the humid subtropical climate zone . The average high temperature during summer ( June through August ) is around 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and the average low is around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . In winter ( December through February ) the average maximum is around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and minimum 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) . The month is July , with an average high of 92 @.@ 9 ° F ( 33 @.@ 8 ° C ) , and the coldest month of the year is January with an average low of 34 @.@ 7 ° F ( 1 @.@ 5 ° C ) . - The average annual precipitation in the city is 58 @.@ 65 in ( 1 @,@ 490 mm ) . Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year , and the wettest month of the year is March , in which an average of 6 @.@ 93 in ( 176 mm ) of rain falls . Much rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms which are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year . Severe thunderstorms - which can produce damaging winds and / or large hail in addition to the usual of lightning and heavy rain - occasionally occur . These are most common during the spring months with a secondary peak during the Fall months . These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes . - - = = Economy = = - - Early on , the economy depended greatly upon the railroads in the area . The city was the largest in Mississippi around the start of the 20th century , with five major rail lines and 44 trains coming in and out daily . The city 's economy not only depended on the rails but the goods , such as timber and cotton , transported on them . With these rail @-@ based industries , the city was a great economic power in the state and region from about 1890 through 1930 . Though its economy slowed with the decline of the industry in the 1950s , the city has adapted , moving from a largely rail @-@ based economy to a more diversified one , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people . - Along with Lauderdale County and the city of Marion , Meridian is served by the East Mississippi Business Development Corporation , which was formed in 1996 by a group of business leaders from the area . While as of April 2010 , the city 's civilian labor force was only 15 @,@ 420 people , there is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force . The city thus serves as a hub of employment , retail , health care , and culture activities . percent of Lauderdale County 's workers reside in the county while 90 % live within 45 miles . - In April 2010 , there were 6 @,@ 260 people employed in the healthcare field in Lauderdale County . Rush Hospital is the largest healthcare organization in the region , employing 2 @,@ 610 people , followed by East Mississippi State Hospital with 1 @,@ 500 and Anderson Hospital with 1 @,@ . There are three hospitals in Meridian , as well as many other healthcare @-@ related facilities . Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center provides surgery , a Level II newborn intensive @-@ care unit , and a health and fitness center . Rush Foundation Hospital and the related Rush Health Systems operate a Hospital of Meridian , which offers long @-@ term care for non @-@ permanent patients who require more recovery time in a hospital setting . Riley Hospital has two centers for stroke treatment and rehabilitation services . Other healthcare facilities in Meridian include the Alliance Health Center and East Mississippi State Hospital , the latter of which has been in operation since 1882 . - Retail is another major employer in the county , with 5 @,@ 280 people employed in April 2010 . Nearly $ 2 billion annually is spent on retail purchases in the city . The @,@ @-@ square @-@ foot ( 58 @,@ m2 ) Lakes Mall offers over one hundred shopping venues , including department stores , specialty shops , restaurants , , and United Artists . Phase I of the construction of Meridian Crossroads , a 375 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 34 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping center in the Lakes area , was completed in November 2007 , providing a major boost to retail in the area . Also , the shopping district on North Hills Street has continued to expand , and in March 2007 , additional retail and office space was opened near the Highway 19 . - The area is also served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which supply over 4 @,@ 000 jobs to residents of the surrounding area . Meridian provides training for naval carrier pilots and other enlisted personnel . Also housed at the base is the Regional Counter @-@ Training Academy ( ) , which provides training for law enforcement in many southeastern states . the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state , the city is the leader in a nine county regional response team and a twenty @-@ nine county regional response task force . Key Field is the site of the famous flight by brothers Fred and Al Key , who set a world endurance flight record in 1935 . Key Field is now home to the 186th Air Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard . The site also contains an exhibit reviewing the history of aviation , and is the home of Meridian 's Aviation Museum . - The total manufacturing employment of Lauderdale County in April 2010 was 2 @,@ 850 people . Corporation , which has manufactured guitars , , and sound equipment since 1965 , operates its headquarters in the city . Other businesses in the area include Avery , Structural Steel Services , Sara Lee , Tower Automotive , and Corporation . The city is also home to four industrial parks . - In downtown , the Riley Center provides revenue from tourism , arts , and entertainment sales . The Riley Center attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences , meetings , and performances . 's Department Store on Front St has remained a Mississippi clothing landmark , having passed through four generations of family ownership . The store has been selling fine men 's and women 's clothing since 1887 , when the store was first opened by Alex . - - = = Culture = = - - - = = = Arts = = = - - Known for more than a century of arts , Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events . One of the first art organizations in the city , The Meridian Art League , was established in February 1933 . Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Meridian , but after a name change to Meridian Art Association in 1949 , exhibitions were held at various locations around the city . After the Carnegie library at 25th and 7th St was closed , the Art Association remodelled the building into the Meridian Museum of Art to serve as a permanent home for exhibits . The museum was opened in 1970 and has since featured rotating exhibitions as well as many educational programs for both students and adults . Over thirty exhibitions are held annually , ranging from traditional decorative arts to ethnographic and tribal materials , photography , crafts , and many other works of art . The collection also includes 18th and 19th century portraits , 20th century photography , and several sculptures . - The Meridian Council for the Arts ( ) was founded as Meridian 's and Lauderdale County 's official arts agency in 1978 . operates its Community Art Grants program , the annual Festival , several workshops , and other special events each year . is partnered with many arts organizations in the city and county including the Meridian Museum of Art , the Meridian Little Theatre , and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra . Meridian Little Theatre , one of the South 's oldest subscription @-@ based community theatres , was built in 1932 and currently provides entertainment to residents of and visitors to Meridian and Lauderdale County , entertaining over 22 @,@ 000 guests each season , making it Mississippi 's most @-@ attended community theatre . The Meridian Symphony Orchestra ( ) – founded in 1961 – played its first concert in 1962 and its first full season in 1963 . In 1965 the booked its first international soloist , , to perform with the orchestra . The Orchestra helped the Meridian Public School District develop its own orchestra and strings programs and also helped develop the Meridian Symphony Chorus . The current conductor is Dr. Claire Fox , who has been with the orchestra since 1991 . The will celebrate its 50th anniversary in February 2011 with a performance from . - The city 's former Grand Opera House was built in 1889 by two half brothers , Israel Marks and Levi . During its operation the opera house hosted many famous artists and works , the first being a German company 's rendition of Johann II 's " The Baron " . After closing in the late 1920s due to the Great Depression , the opera house was abandoned for nearly 70 years . A $ 10 million grant in 2000 by the Riley Foundation , a local foundation chartered in 1998 , sparked the building 's restoration while $ 15 million came from a combination of city , county , and federal grants . The opera house 's renovation was completed in September 2006 under the new name " Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts . " The Riley Center , which includes a 950 @-@ seat auditorium for live performances , a 200 @-@ seat studio theater , and 30 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 787 m2 ) of meeting space , attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences , meetings , and performances . - Meridian is rightly considered an architectural treasure being one the nations most intact cities from the turn of the last century . Architecture students from around the nation and Canada are known to visit Meridian in groups as part of their due to numerous structures in the city having been designed by noted architects . The only home in the US south designed by noted Canadian born Louis S. , famous for the glass curtain wall skyscraper , is extant on Highland Park . The Frank Fort designed Building is generally considered one of the best Art Deco in the US and is often compared to Detroit 's famed Fisher Building . Noted California Wallace designed a number of homes in Meridian as well as in the Alabama Black Belt which the city across the nearby Alabama State line . He had relatives in Meridian and Selma who were executives in the then thriving railroad industry and would take commissions in the area when commissions in California were lean . His work is mostly concentrated in the lower numbered blocks of Springs Drive where his Springs Drive is often compared to the similarly designed Falcon , the Beverly Hills home in Benedict Canyon of Rudolph . One work was lost to an expansion of Anderson Hospital in 1990 and another in Marion Park burned in the 1950s . The Meridian Post Office with its interior done entirely of bronze and Verde marble is also noteworthy as a very fine example of the type of Post Office structures built in thriving and well to do cities in the 1920s and originally had lighting which was removed sadly during a 1960s and which are now in private residences on Springs Drive and in North Hills . - Meridian has also been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( ) . The Mississippi Legislature approved the idea in 2001 and in 2006 promised $ 4 million in funding if private contributors could raise $ 8 million . The city donated $ 50 @,@ 000 to the cause in September 2007 . The , as proposed , would be located on 175 acres ( 71 ha ) at Lakes and consist of an outdoor amphitheatre , an indoor concert hall , and a Hall of Fame honoring Mississippi artists . The Hall of Fame will be located downtown in the old Montana 's building . That property and the adjacent Meridian Hotel building were acquired in July 2010 for $ 300 @,@ 000 . In February 2009 , the revealed its Walk of Fame outside of the Riley Center in an attempt to promote the planned Hall of Fame . The first star on the walk was dedicated to , a Meridian native . In September of the same year , the second star was revealed , recognizing King , a famous blues musician from Mississippi . On June 1 , 2010 , authors Tennessee Williams , , and William Faulkner were added to the walk . Ward was added to the walk on June 24 , 2010 . The plans to add many more Mississippi @-@ born stars to the Walk of Fame ; names mentioned include Morgan Freeman , Jimmy , Elvis Presley , Conway , and others . - Another location in the city used for large productions is the Shrine Temple Theater . The Temple Theater houses a @-@ pipe Robert Morgan organ , one of two Theater still in their original installations in the state . With seating for 1800 persons , the silent movie era was a prosperous time for the Temple . At the time , it was one of the largest stages in the United States , second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City . Today , seating persons , the Temple is used year @-@ round for area events , live stage shows , plays , concerts , Shrine functions , and public screenings of classic movies . - Highland Park houses a museum which displays the original guitar of " The Singing " and other of his life and career , as well as railroad equipment from the steam @-@ engine era . In addition to the museum building itself , there are outside memorials , and a vintage steam on display . A Mississippi Blues Trail historic marker has been placed in Meridian to honor the city as the birthplace of and emphasizes his importance to the development of the blues style of music in Mississippi . The city was the first site to receive this designation outside the Mississippi Delta . Also , a Mississippi Country Music Trail marker was placed in Oak Grove Cemetery in honor of on June 1 , 2010 . Each year since 1953 , the city has held a festival during May to honor the anniversary of his death . - The park is also home to a 19th @-@ century manufactured around 1895 by Gustav of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Highland Park has been in operation since 1909 , is a National Historic Landmark , and is the world 's only two @-@ row stationary menagerie in existence . Its house is the only remaining original building built from a . Around Town is a public arts project of 62 horses , representing the historic . Sixty @-@ two pieces have been sponsored by local businesses and citizens , and design of the horses was conceived and painted by local artists . They are placed throughout the city and county . - - = = = Recreation = = = - - The city contains several recreational parks , including Highland Park , Lakes , and Lake . Highland Park contains picnic shelters , swimming pools , tennis courts , a baseball field , fields , and a playground , all open year round to visitors . Lakes is a city @-@ owned , 3 @,@ 300 @-@ acre ( 13 km2 ) park including three lakes . The park also includes the Long Creek Reservoir and Municipal Golf Course , along with nature trails , a and walking track , paths , horseback riding trails , pavilions , picnic facilities , boat ramps , boats , concessions , and fishing . Along with the lakes , the Lakes area includes Lakes Mall , Lakes Crossing , and Lakes Plaza . Lake is a 7 @,@ 150 @-@ acre ( 28 @.@ 9 km2 ) establishment containing a 4 @,@ 144 @-@ acre ( 16 @.@ 77 km2 ) lake which offers boating , fishing , swimming , water skiing , , hunting , hiking and camping . Country Water Park , a 25 @-@ room , and cabins are located on the lake . - Since 1992 , Meridian has been a host of the State Games of Mississippi , a annual multi @-@ sport event modeled after the Olympic Games . The organization is a member of the National Congress of State Games , which is affiliated with the U.S. Olympic Committee . In its first year 1 @,@ 200 athletes competed in twelve sports , and since then over 70 @,@ 000 athletes have participated in the Games . In 2009 , more than athletes participated in 27 sports . All competitors in the games can compete in the Southeast Sports Festival while may move up to the bi @-@ annual State Games of America . - Originally the games were held in one weekend in June , but as more sports were added , the event was expanded to two weekends . Opening ceremonies always begin on the 3rd Friday of June in downtown Meridian . The games are held at several sports parks , including Northeast Park , Davidson Complex , and other various fields throughout the city . Northeast Park is an 85 @-@ acre ( 34 ha ) park on Highway 39 that contains ten tennis courts , four fields , three soccer fields , an asphalt track , and a large picnic pavilion . The Davidson Sports Complex includes six tennis courts , four fields , and a half @-@ mile track . Other sports fields include the Meridian Soccer Complex , Park , and Phil Park . - There are also several golf courses in the city , including the aforementioned Municipal Golf Course , an 18 @-@ hole course open to the public daily . County Club , located on Highway 39 North , is a private club with golf , swimming , fishing , and dining facilities . Other golf courses serving the city include Country Club , Creek Golf Center , and Creek Golf Course . - - = = Transportation = = - - - = = = and public transit = = = - - Amtrak 's Crescent line connects Meridian with the cities of New York , New York ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Baltimore , Maryland ; Washington , D.C. ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Birmingham , Alabama ; and New Orleans , Louisiana . The Union Station Multi @-@ Transportation Center ( ) is located at 1901 Front Street , part of the Meridian Downtown Historic District , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Originally built in 1906 , but later demolished in 1966 then rebuilt in 1997 , the station includes several modes of transportation including the Meridian Transit System , Amtrak , Norfolk Southern rail corridor , buses , and other providers of transit services . The number of passengers on Amtrak trains , buses , and Meridian Transit System buses averages 242 @,@ 360 per year . - - = = = Air = = = - - The city is served by Meridian Regional Airport , located at Key Field , Airport Boulevard South , 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southwest of the city . At 10 @,@ foot ( 3 @,@ m ) , the airport 's runway is the longest public runway in Mississippi . The airport , which has been in service since 1930 , offers daily flights to Dallas / Fort Worth , . - During the Great Depression , residents of the city contemplated abandoning the airport because of the cost of maintenance , but in 1935 Brothers Fred and Al Key , managers of the airport , thought of a way to keep the airport operating . From June 4 until July 1 , 1935 , the brothers flew over the city in their plane , the " Ole Miss . " The record they established in their 27 days , totaling 653 hours and 34 minutes , attracted enough publicity and funds to the city to keep the airport running . Key Field is therefore named after the brothers , whose flight endurance record remains unbroken in conventional flight . - - = = = Highways = = = - - Interstate Highways - Interstate 20 - west through Jackson , Mississippi , eventually terminating near Kent , Texas , and east through Tuscaloosa , Alabama , eventually terminating in Florence , South Carolina . Interstate 59 - with I @-@ 20 in the city and runs north through Tuscaloosa , Alabama , ending in , Georgia . It also runs south through , Mississippi , and on to , Louisiana . - U.S. Highways - U.S. Highway 11 - parallel to Interstate 59 south to New Orleans , Louisiana , and north all the way to the Canada – US border . U.S. Highway 45 - route which runs north through Columbus , Mississippi , to the US @-@ Canada border and south through , Mississippi , to Mobile , Alabama , and the Gulf of Mexico . U.S. Highway 80 - west through Jackson , Mississippi , to Dallas , Texas , and east through , Alabama , all the way to Island , Georgia and the Atlantic Ocean . - State Highways - Mississippi Highway 19 - north to West , Mississippi , and south to the Mississippi @-@ Alabama border , where it continues as Alabama State Route 10 . Mississippi Highway 39 - in Meridian and runs north to , Mississippi . Mississippi Highway 145 - US 45 , but now only exists as an alternate route in several cities . Mississippi Highway - in Meridian and runs north to , Mississippi . - - = = Education = = - - Early public education in Meridian was based on the 1870 Mississippi Constitution . From 1870 to 1885 , trustees appointed by the City Council served on the Board of School Directors , which had authority to operate the schools . Although there were several schools in the city before 1884 , they were privately owned and only enrolled about 400 students . The city did not build its first publicly owned school until September 1884 . The first public school for blacks in the city was held in facilities rented from St. Paul Methodist Church . The Mississippi Legislature amended the city charter in January 1888 to allow the city to maintain its own municipal school district , and in March of the same year $ 30 @,@ 000 in bonds was approved for the city to build new public schools . From this bond , the School was built in 1894 , becoming the first brick public school building in the state built for blacks . - From this early district and later additions , the Meridian Public School District grew to its current size , which now includes six elementary schools , 3 middle schools , and 3 high schools . The city also contains several private schools including Lamar School , Christian School , Community Christian School , and St. Patrick 's Catholic School . The campus of Meridian High School , the main high school in the district , occupies 37 acres ( 15 ha ) , including six buildings and 111 classrooms . The school is made up of grades 10 @-@ 12 and approximately 1 @,@ 500 students . - Meridian is home to two post @-@ secondary educational institutions . Meridian Community College , founded in 1937 , is located at 910 Highway 19 N and offers free tuition for four to graduates from the Meridian Public and Lauderdale County School as well as children who reside inside Lauderdale County . Originally known as Meridian Junior College and located at Meridian High School , the college moved to its present location in 1965 . After laws were passed , merged with Harris Junior College in 1970 , which had previously enrolled African @-@ American students . The name change from Meridian Junior College to Meridian Community College took place In 1987 " to more accurately reflect the diversity of opportunities it provides for a growing community area . " Mississippi State University also operates a campus in the city . As of the Fall 2008 semester , 763 students from 33 counties throughout the state and several in Alabama attended the college . - Meridian is served by the Meridian @-@ Lauderdale County Public Library , located at the corner of 7th Street and 26th Avenue . The city originally had two Carnegie libraries , both built in 1913 – one for blacks and one for whites . A group of women had formed the Book and Magazine Club in the 1880s and began raising money to build a library for the city . The books they collected and shared within the club were later the basis of the library collection for Meridian . With wide support for the library , the club enlisted Israel Marks , a city leader , to approach the national philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for funding assistance . The library for blacks was built at 13th Street and 28th Avenue on land donated by St. Paul Methodist Church , and the library for whites was established in a building originally owned by members of the First Presbyterian Church of Meridian , who sold it to the city on September 25 , 1911 . The African American library was the only library for blacks in the state until after World War I and is the only Carnegie library ever built for African Americans in the country . The two libraries served the city until 1967 , when the institutions became integrated because of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , combined their collections , and moved all materials to their current location . The former white library was renovated and converted into the Meridian Museum of Art in 1970 , and the former African @-@ American library was demolished on May 28 , 2008 . - - = = Media = = - - The only daily newspaper printed in the city is The Meridian Star , which has been in operation since 1898 . The paper was originally named The Evening Star but was renamed in 1915 and has been Meridian 's only daily newspaper since 1921 . With a daily circulation of about 12 @,@ 000 in March 2010 , the paper serves Lauderdale County as well as adjacent portions of western Alabama and eastern Mississippi . - Though the Meridian Star is now the only newspaper printed in the city , there have been a few other historical newspapers . One such paper is the , a ten to twenty page publication published during the 1970s . The focused on issues relevant to the African @-@ American population of the region , gathering a circulation of about 5 @,@ 000 people . Other newspapers in the city have included The , The State , The Weekly Mercury , The , Weekly Echo , Fair Play , , Meridian Morning Sun , and Preacher , and Clarion . - The city is the principal city in the Meridian , Mississippi Market Area ( ) , which includes 72 @,@ 180 households with . @-@ TV broadcasts as an ABC affiliate from the city , headquartered at 815 23rd Avenue . operates two digital , @-@ , a affiliate , and @-@ , Meridian 's CW . @-@ TV , the market 's NBC affiliate , is headquartered at Circle . Since January 5 , 2009 , has also been the market 's affiliate , and it also features some programming from the Television Network ( ) . operates under a program services agreement with @-@ TV , the market 's CBS affiliate which operates a local service on its second . @-@ TV is the local affiliate of Mississippi Public Broadcasting . - The city is also the principal city in the Meridian Radio Market , which includes 64 @,@ 500 people over the age of 12 . ( FM 105 @.@ 7 ) , headquartered at Highway 45 North , takes the largest share of ratings in the market at 14 @.@ 8 % in Fall 2009 . In the same period , ( FM 104 @.@ 1 ) was second with 11 @.@ 1 % , and ( AM ) was third with 7 @.@ 4 % . Other popular stations in the market include ( FM 97 @.@ 9 ) , ( FM 97 @.@ 1 ) , ( FM 106 @.@ 9 ) , ( AM ) , and ( FM 95 @.@ 1 ) . Mississippi Public Broadcasting can be found on @-@ FM ( FM 88 @.@ 1 ) . - - = = Notable people = = - - Meridian has produced or hosted many famous people in the arts and other areas . For example : - - = = = In acting = = = - - Alvin , who played the lead role in the Amos ' n ' Andy Show , was born in the city in 1907 . - Diane was also born in the city in 1932 @,@ - Ward was born in Meridian , in 1956 . - - = = = In business and politics = = = - - Gil Carmichael , Meridian businessman and transportation specialist , was the Republican nominee for the Mississippi Senate in 1966 and 1967 , U.S. Senate in 1972 , governor in 1975 and 1979 , and lieutenant governor in 1983 . - Winfield Dunn , former Governor of Tennessee , lived in Meridian - John Fleming , current U.S. Representative for Louisiana 's 4th congressional district lived in Meridian ; - The late Lieutenant Governor Carroll , who was born in Meridian , lived in Laurel ; - Lewis McAllister , a businessman in Tuscaloosa , Alabama , was the first Republican to serve in the Mississippi House of Representatives since Reconstruction , 1962 @-@ 1968 ; he resided in Meridian prior to 1971 . - Gillespie V. Montgomery , former U.S. Representative , lived in Meridian - Hartley , founder of which is headquartered in Meridian , is a Meridian native . - Tom Stuart from 1973 to 1977 was the first Republican to serve as mayor of Meridian in the 20th century . - - = = = In broadcasting = = = - - Emmy award winning meteorologist Bill Evans ( meteorologist ) ( @-@ TV New York ) was born in Meridian , where he held his first broadcasting jobs . - - = = = In literature and comics = = = - - Edwin , who won the 1932 O. Henry Award for Best Short Short Story , was born in Meridian . For 30 years , wrote the Sawyer comic strip . Meridian is the birthplace of novelist and short story writer Barry Hannah . - - = = = In music = = = - - Classical composer John Luther Adams is a Meridian native . - The Island Def Jam rapper Big was born in Meridian . is known for his many and albums such as Here and . He has gained a large following for his and self @-@ produced beats as well as his ability to change his style on songs from slow and conscious tracks ( " The " ) to fiery and upbeat tracks ( " Mt . Olympus " ) . - The guitarist @-@ songwriter George Cummings , born in Meridian in 1938 , was a founding member of Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show . - Paul Davis , a singer @-@ songwriter best known for the late 1970s and early 1980s pop hits " I Go Crazy " and " ' 65 Love Affair " , was born in Meridian in 1948 ; after retiring from the music business , he returned to the city where he remained until a fatal heart attack in 2008 . - Chris ( February 10 , 1947 – April 23 , 2012 ) was an American country rock bass guitarist . He was a member of the International Band ( ) and The Flying Brothers , and he co @-@ wrote several songs with Parsons . worked with Jackson Browne , Judy Collins , , Whitney Houston , Willie Nelson , Randy Newman , Linda , Leon Russell , Nancy Sinatra , Johnny Winter , and The Byrds . - The singer @-@ songwriter Steve was born in Meridian in 1954 . - , the " Father of Country Music " , was born in the city in 1897 . The Museum is located in Meridian , and the Festival has been an annual Meridian event since 1953 . - David , former lead singer of The Temptations , and his older brother Jimmy were born in the surrounding area , and , respectively . - George , the singer @-@ songwriter most famous for the rhythm and blues anthem " Get " , is a resident of Meridian , where he was born in 1945 . - Hayley Williams , lead singer of the band , was also born in the city in 1988 . - Singer Al Wilson , born in June 1939 , was a Meridian native . - - = = = In sports = = = - - The city has also been home to several athletes , many of whom have competed at professional levels . Among them are : Dennis Ray " Oil Can " Boyd , former Major League Baseball pitcher ; league baseball catcher Paul Hardy ; professional basketball player Derrick ; Jay Powell , another pitcher ; Joe played in the NFL ; professional basketball player George Wilson - - = = = Others = = = - - Other notable natives of the city include : - Susan who won the Miss America beauty pageant in 1986 @,@ - James - one of the victims of the Mississippi civil rights workers murders in 1964 @,@ - Fred and Al Key , known as " The Flying Keys " - holders of the world flight endurance record - are Meridian natives . Al Key is also a former mayor of the city . - Fred , leader of the Baptist Church , - - = = In popular culture = = - - - = = = characters = = = - - Cullen , the protagonist of the AMC series Hell on , from Meridian , Mississippi , where he was a tobacco farmer and later a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War . - Harris , one of the characters of the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel To Kill a ( 1960 ) , is from Meridian , which is mentioned throughout when referencing 's home . - - - = Papa = - - Papa is one of the Shetland Islands in Scotland , with a population of under twenty people , some of whom immigrated after an appeal for residents in the 1970s . Located to the west of mainland Shetland and with an area of hectares ( 3 @.@ 2 square miles ) , Papa is the eighth largest island in Shetland . of the soft volcanic rocks by the sea has created an extraordinary variety of caves , , arches , , and cliffs . The island and its surrounding seas harbour diverse populations of wildlife . The west side of the island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and the seas around the island are a Special Area of Conservation . - The island has several Neolithic burial chamber sites , as well as the remains of Duke 's 13th @-@ century house dating from the Norse occupation of the island . The population reached 380 or more in the nineteenth century , when a fishing station was opened at in West . Subsequently there was a steady decline in population , although the numbers have increased from a low of 16 in the 1970s . - Today the main settlement on the island is , just to the east of which is from where the ferry arrives from its base at West on the Shetland . , especially sheep rearing , is the mainstay of island life . - Numerous have occurred around the coast , and the celebrated poem Da Sang o da Papa Men by recalls the drama of the days when Papa was a centre for deep @-@ sea fishing . - - = = Geography = = - - Papa is located at the south western end of St Magnus Bay . There are 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) of rugged coastline which is by numerous small and four larger ' ' . ( Old Norse : ' harbour bay ' ) in the south is the most sheltered anchorage and the surrounding cliffs contain a natural rock arch . to the east ( Old Norse : ' house bay ' ) is less secluded but is the main harbour for the island and the ferry 's embarkation point . - and guard the harbour entrance to the south . The former is a island and was a colony until the 18th century ( although it has been suggested that many of the " " there were suffering from a rather than ) . The latter 's name relates to a story from the 14th century . Lord is said to have constructed the tiny house at its top , whose ruins are still visible , in order to " preserve " his daughter from men . Unfortunately for his plans , when she left she was found to be pregnant ; in another version of the story , she and her fisherman successfully . West , the inner part of which is called ' ' is the main in the north coast , the smaller lying immediately to the west . - The main settlement on the island today is , which and is surrounded by in @-@ bye land to the east of the hill ( which runs south from West ) . To the west the island is by a belt of glacial about one and a half kilometres in length . Much of the rest of the area consists of a shallow soil that may be derived from glacial till . There is an almost complete absence of peat on the island and due to the volcanic rocks the soils are relatively fertile . The lack of peat led to ' turf ' for fuel and the bare areas of rock in the interior . - The highest point on the island is in the north west at Field , which rises to 87 metres ( 285 feet ) . is possibly from the Old Norse for ' of stones ' . - - = = = List of = = = - - In addition to the larger mentioned above there are various other and around the coast of Papa . They include : , , , , , , of , , , of , of , , , The Horn , and . The lie 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the north west . They include : , North , , and The . In between Papa and lies the shallow bank of Papa @-@ . - On 21 June 2008 , Stuart Hill , the owner and only resident of the 1 hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) island of ( which he has renamed " Island " ) made a declaration of dependence , creating the Crown of . On the basis of a marriage arrangement between King Christian of Norway and King James III of Scotland that dates to , Hill argued that the island should be considered a British crown dependency , and thus not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union . This claim was not recognised by the United Kingdom . - - = = Geology = = - - The island is composed of a variety of volcanic and rock formations from the Devonian period . At that time the Scottish formed part of the Old Red Continent and lay some 10 @-@ 25 degrees south of the equator . The of Old Red , laid down from to 370 million years ago , were created as earlier rocks , by the formation of , eroded and then were deposited into river . The freshwater Lake existed on the edges of the eroding mountains , stretching from Shetland to the southern Moray Firth . The structure of Papa is largely made up of ashes and from volcanic activity associated with this period , including bands of solidified volcanic ash and ( ) , but there is also a Devonian fish bed at Banks . There are numerous large boulders deposited by Pleistocene . - of the soft volcanic rocks by the sea has created an extraordinary variety of caves , , arches , , cliffs , and that are amongst the finest in Britain . The ' Holl o ' is a cave that passes right through the north @-@ west tip of the island . It is nearly half a mile long and wide enough to row through . ( or Christie 's ) Hole in the south west is another spectacular cave , part of the roof of which collapsed in 1981 . Yet another is ' 's Hole ' close to in the west . This was the favourite of John Tudor who wrote of the island in his Victorian memoirs and described the cave as : - ... in , so exquisite is the colouring of the roof and sides and so is the water ... [ with ] or like in a church . - In 1953 the spectacular headland , ' Da Horn o Papa ' fell into the sea during a storm . The nearby of also has caves that can be accessed by small boats when conditions permit . - - = = Ecology = = - - , grey seals , killer and harbour are frequently seen on and around Papa . Atlantic , Arctic and common , and Arctic , northern , common , , , , ringed and great black @-@ backed gull all breed on the island , and numerous migratory species have been recorded . - There is a of wild flowers , including mountain , spring and as well as the ubiquitous . The west side of the island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and the seas around Papa are a Special Area of Conservation . The traditional Shetland Pony is still bred . - - = = History and archaeology = = - - Human settlement of the island dates from circa 3000 BC and there are remains of several Neolithic burial chambers known as ' heel @-@ shaped ' . Little is known of the pre @-@ Celtic and Celtic eras , but when the Norse arrived it is likely they found a religious settlement as the name of the island derives from meaning " Big island of the " ( Celtic monks ) , in distinction to Papa Little some 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) to the west . - - = = = Norse period = = = - - Papa is the subject of a manuscript written in Old Norse , which is the oldest surviving document from Shetland . It deals with a dramatic incident in the house of Duke , who was later to become King V of Norway . There is a circle of stones near the beach at , which are the remains of a ' ' , or local assembly . This was the scene of a duel , fought and won by Lord , who was accused of corruption in the document and was later called ‘ de ’ . ( The story of his unfortunate daughter is referred to above . ) The remains of Duke 's thirteenth @-@ century house are still visible near . - - = = = Scots rule and fishing = = = - - In Shetland came under nominal Scottish control , although the Norse ' of Norway ' kept their Papa estates until the 17th century . In the 16th century merchants from and Hamburg were operating a summer trading booth to buy fish from the local fleet . By the 18th century , two Scottish , Thomas of , and Arthur of , owned the island . They maintained a prosperous ( Old Norse : ' deep sea ' ) fishing industry , undertaken in the summer months using six @-@ boats known as . - In addition to the colony on there may have been another at overlooking . A recent archaeological survey was inconclusive but suggests the site may be much older than the supposed 18th century colony . - The island church , which Kirk Sand in the bay of Fore , was founded in 1806 . 300 metres from the present church there may be an older chapel site of or on the headland between the west end of Kirk Sand and the bay of . It is called the ' ' by locals and referred to by the Ordnance Survey as " the site of a chapel belonging to about the twelfth century " . There is a tradition that the work there was with by supernatural powers and that each day 's work on the building was destroyed during the night . Eventually the were moved overnight by these agencies to the present site of the church and work was re @-@ commenced there successfully . Excavations in 2004 found little besides large blocks of and a piece of whalebone rib , suggesting that the oral tradition may have some truth to it . - In the 19th century the fishing station in West was opened and the island had a population of 360 people or more . However , fuel shortages and a decline in fishing due to the introduction of steam saw a fall in population from the 1870s on . At this time another duel entered the history of Papa . Edwin Lindsay , an Indian army officer and the son of the 6th Earl of , was declared insane and sent to the island in disgrace after refusing to fight in one . He spent 26 years as a prisoner before the Quaker preacher Catherine Watson arranged for his release in 1835 . Lindsay 's Well is a spring at the south of the island where he was allowed to bathe . - There are good examples of horizontal water mills , also known as Norse or Mills , around Dutch Loch . Originally these were two story buildings with turf roofs , built into banks to give access to the upper floor where the mill @-@ stone was sited . Inside the building there was a fixed lower , and a rotating upper driven by the water falling onto the below . Some were still in use on Papa in the early years of the 20th century , and there is still a working example of one of these mills on the Burn of , at in the south of Shetland . - - = = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = - - In common with many small Scottish islands , Papa 's population peaked in the 19th century and has experienced a significant decline since then ( see e.g. ) . By 1970 the island school had closed and the population had declined to sixteen ' fairly elderly ' residents , but an advertisement in Exchange and Mart reversed the decline . A and five sheep were offered free of charge to which brought a flood of applicants . By 1981 the census recorded a population of 33 . However , by 2005 the population had fallen to 20 after serious between led to several court cases . A number of people left the island and the school closed . By early 2008 the population had dropped to just nine after a family of seven left . The 2011 census recorded a usually resident population of 15 - during the decade 2011 @-@ 11 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 . - Overview of population trends - - = = = = = = - - The coasts around Papa have claimed numerous wrecks . In , alone has sunk Dutch , French , German and Norwegian ships . - The Aberdeen trawler Ben Doran , on the 3 miles northwest of Papa , on the evening of 28 March 1930 while on her way to the village of to land her catch . When she grounded weather conditions were fairly good but it was not until the following day that a passing trawler saw , and reported the wreck . By the time that various rescue attempts were launched by the and local volunteers ( there being no lifeboat in Shetland at that time ) , weather conditions had deteriorated to the point where it was impossible to approach the . A request had been made for the lifeboat from Orkney , only 120 miles away , to launch , but the request was made too late to be of help . All 9 crew perished in the wreck . Only 3 bodies were recovered , that of James Mitchell , which was returned to Aberdeen , and the bodies of J. and , which were buried in . - The cargo ship SS ran aground in fog on in February 1940 . On this occasion the conditions were and only the ship and cargo were lost . In 1967 the Aberdeen trawler ran aground in Sound at the bottom of the 60 metres ( 200 feet ) cliffs . The 12 man crew were rescued by the lifeboat , the being awarded the silver medal for this rescue . - Papa 's most recent occurred on 9 December 1977 when the Aberdeen trawler Elinor Viking , Alec , on the . The came to the scene but was unable to get near enough to rescue the crew because of the sea conditions . At the request of Alec Webster , Station Officer , , a volunteer crew in a British Airways helicopter from Airport was . They managed to all the boat 's crew to safety within hours of the , despite the storm force winds . The helicopter crew later received a number of awards for bravery . There was no loss of life , but this incident prompted the building of a lighthouse on the in 1979 , and may also have been the example required for the formation of the present Search and Rescue helicopter unit , based at Airport . - - = = Economy & Transport = = - - is the mainstay of island life . form the backbone of the agricultural economy but a diversity livestock are kept , including cattle , pigs , goats , chickens , ducks and . are grown too , often in the shelter of circular walls , such plots being known as ' ' . is still conducted but on a relatively small scale . There is a post office at the pier , but no shop . electricity only came to the island at the close of the twentieth century . The Papa Project is a Christian supported housing service offering accommodation to men with drug and alcohol issues . now sail across the Sound of Papa to West on the Shetland . The crossing takes 45 minutes , and although the carries cars , there is only one short road on the visiting the four main provide good shelter , but the strong tides in both the Sound of Papa and to the north west require considerable care . - - = = = = = = - - There is an airstrip which for regular flights from . - - = = Culture and the arts = = - - The Papa sword dance may be of Norse origin and bears similarities to the long sword dance of the north east of England . A description of the dance appears in The Pirate by Sir Walter Scott . - The writer and journalist John Sands lived on Papa and for a while during the late nineteenth century . The writer , and musician , George P. S. Peterson was brought up on Papa . - It is also the ' Papa ' of 's poem Da Sang o da Papa men , now adopted as part of the tradition , as set to music by Manson . The chorus chant , ' ! ' , is particularly striking . - " da Horn o Papa , - ! - a hidden piece o water , - ! - da boat da tide @-@ , - da is ; - We fish is , - ! " - " ! " refers to the ' practice of rowing their open fishing boat out to sea until the high cliffs of were no longer visible . This entailed the boat being some 96 kilometres ( 60 mi ) west of Papa . The ' tide @-@ ' are increased swells of unusual size due to the combined action of wind against tide . The final image of the piece is of the fishermen being led back home to Papa by the ' scent o ' across the water . This is an example of 's ability to create a vivid sensual impression of a situation . An extra layer of meaning is added by the knowledge that Da Horn o Papa collapsed in a storm around the time of this poem 's composition , so that it is a tribute not just to a lost way of life , but a noted geographical feature . - - - = Angel of Death ( Slayer song ) = - - " Angel of Death " is the opening track on the American thrash metal band Slayer 's 1986 album Reign in Blood . The lyrics and music were written by Slayer guitarist , Jeff Hanneman and are based on Nazi physician , who conducted human experiments at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II . " Angel of Death " led to the band facing accusations of Nazi and racism throughout their career . - Despite the controversy surrounding the song and its contribution to the delay in the release of Reign in Blood , " Angel of Death " is featured on all of Slayer 's live albums and DVDs and has appeared in several movies . The song was well received by critics ; Steve Huey of AllMusic described it as a " classic " . - - = = Composition and origins = = - - Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote " Angel of Death " after reading books about Nazi physician while on tour with the band : " I remember stopping where I bought two books on . I thought , ' This has gotta be some sick shit . ' So when it came time to do the record , that stuff was still in my head — that 's where the lyrics to ' Angel of Death ' came from . " - The lyrics detail 's surgical experiments on patients at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II . 's were conducted on such groups as dwarfs and twins , and included both physical and psychological examinations . Among the tests he performed that are mentioned in " Angel of Death " are experimental performed without anesthesia , transfusion of blood between twins , isolation endurance , , with lethal , sex change operations , the removal of organs and limbs , and . - " together , joining heads . Just a matter of time ' you rip apart " , a line from the penultimate verse , is a reference to the allegation together twins , one of them deformed ; " the was to the other child , back to back , their wrists back to back too . " This claim was first made by Auschwitz survivor Alexander at the 1961 trial of SS @-@ Adolf the " architect of the Holocaust " , where it was asserted that " the veins together " and turned " them into twins . " This allegation became more widely known when Alexander was featured in the 1985 documentary The Search for , which has been cited by several authors including Gerald , an expert on . - Towards the end of the song , there is a line " Feeding off the screams of the he 's creating " , which was taken from the film The Boys from Brazil in which Dr. was the villain . - - = = Controversy = = - - The lyrical content of " Angel of Death " contributed to the delay of the release of Slayer 's 1986 album Reign in Blood . The band were signed to Def Jam Records whose distributor , Columbia Records , refused to release the album due to lyrical themes and artwork concerns , deeming the artwork " too graphic " . Reign in Blood was eventually distributed by Geffen Records on October 7 , 1986 . However , due to the controversy , Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records official release schedule . - " Angel of Death " caused outrage among survivors of the Holocaust , as well as their families and the general public . The controversy led to accusations of Nazi which have followed Slayer throughout their career . People took Hanneman 's interest in Nazi history and his collection of Nazi medals as evidence of – his most prized item being a German Knight 's Cross . Hanneman asserting : - " I know why people it – it 's because they get this knee – reaction to it . When they read the lyrics , there 's nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man , because to me – well , isn 't that obvious ? I shouldn 't have to tell you that . " - According to guitarist Kerry King : " Yeah , ' Slayer are Nazis , fascists , communists ' — all that fun shit . And of course we got the most for it in Germany . I was always like , ' Read the lyrics and tell me what 's offensive about it . Can you see it as a documentary , or do you think Slayer 's preaching fucking World War II ? ' People get this thought in their heads — especially in Europe — and you 'll never talk them out of it . " - The song drew accusations of racism , which the band has denied . The band members are often asked about the accusations in interviews , and have stated numerous times that they do not racism and are merely interested in the subject . - In 2006 , the song " " from Slayer 's 2006 album Christ Illusion drew comparison to " Angel of Death " . " " deals with the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , and tells the story from a terrorist 's perspective . Araya was expecting the subject matter to create a similar backlash to that of " Angel of Death " , although it did not , in part , he believes , due to peoples ' view that the song is " just Slayer being Slayer " . - - = = Music and structure = = - - " Angel of Death " is the longest track on the album Reign in Blood , spanning 4 minutes and 51 seconds , where the total duration of the album is 29 minutes . Additionally , it has one of the most conventional song structures on the album , featuring prominent verses and choruses , where most tracks on the album them . Hanneman and King deliver their ' intricate riffs ' , which offer the few hints of melody on the album according to PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand , and Araya bursts out his piercing scream , with Lombardo performing beats of 210 beats per minute . - When drummer Lombardo left Slayer in 1992 , the band hired a full @-@ time replacement in Forbidden drummer Paul . made one mistake out of the nine songs the band him with , on " Angel of Death " . Before the " big double bass part " there is a lead section , which could not understand , as he had to learn from live records recorded with Lombardo . could not tell how many the guitar riff goes before the bass sequence . The band members told him there were eight , " " the song afterwards . - - = = Reception = = - - Although " Angel of Death " did not enter any charts , it received strong praise from critics in reviews for Reign in Blood . Clay of Magazine noted that the song " the of any band playing fast and / or heavy today . Lyrically outlining the to come , while musically laying the for the rest of the record : fast , lean and filthy . " - Adrien Begrand of PopMatters remarked that " There 's no better song to kick things off than the ' Angel of Death ' , one of the most monumental songs in metal history , where guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman deliver their intricate riffs , drummer Dave Lombardo performs some of the most powerful drumming ever recorded , and bassist / vocalist Tom Araya screams and his tale of Nazi war criminal . " - on the publicity generated by the controversy , the band utilized Nazi imagery by adapting a logo to one similar to the eagle atop , during the Seasons in the Abyss period . Hanneman placed SS on his guitar , and wrote " SS @-@ 3 " a song about Reinhard , the second in command in the organization . - - = = Appearances = = - - " Angel of Death " has appeared in several movies and TV shows including 2 : The New in a scene when the is turning into a spider , : The Movie during a car stunt , the 2005 Iraq War documentary Soundtrack to War , which details the role of music on the contemporary battlefield , and on an episode of The when asks a female escort to shoot her . - The half @-@ time riff was sampled by Public Enemy in their 1988 song " She Watch Channel Zero ? ! " , sampled by in their song " Hell " , which appeared in the Breaking Bad episode " Thirty @-@ Eight " , and sampled by on their 1990 single " " , and featured in the multi @-@ platform video game Tony Hawk 's Project 8 . Nolan Nelson , who selected the soundtrack for the game asserts the song is " one of the greatest heavy metal songs ever recorded . Don 't know who Slayer is ? I feel sorry for you . " - A Slayer tribute band called Dead Skin Mask released an album with eight Slayer tracks , " Angel of Death " being one of them . The death metal bands and covered the song , and the track was featured on cello metal band 's 2006 album / / A Decade of the . Sgt. , a thrash metal band with members from Saint , has also covered this song . Al Sur del ( a Slayer ) , a Slayer tribute album compiled by Metal Records , featured sixteen tracks covered by Argentina metal bands , covered " Angel of Death " . The song was once again covered by band and appears on their third album Hell Me as a bonus track included on the vinyl and iTunes editions . - A compilation album of bands that have been featured in the line @-@ up , of which Slayer have multiple times , features " Angel of Death " . - The song saw a release as playable downloadable content in the game 2014 . - - - = Calvin = - - Calvin ( born November 2 , 1984 ) is a Canadian football running back for the Edmonton of the Canadian Football League ( ) . He played as a until 2014 , when he became the starting fullback for the . is known for being able to fill many roles at his position , with Chris Schultz noting in 2010 that he is a " multi @-@ purpose running back who catches the ball extremely well , blocks well and runs well " . He is a champion of the Grey Cup . - Prior to being drafted by the Edmonton in the fourth round of the 2007 Draft , played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights , where he broke multiple school records . He later played college football for the Western Washington Vikings . With the Vikings , developed into a dual threat , being used heavily as a rusher and receiver . has spent his entire professional career with the Edmonton , making him the most veteran player on the team as of the 2015 season . - - = = High school career = = - - played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights in , British Columbia beginning in 1998 , playing as both a running back and middle linebacker on the Grade 8 team . He quickly became a key player on the team , including rushing for 185 yards and four touchdowns while adding 10 defensive tackles in the Grade 8 provincial semi @-@ finals on November 24 against the Royals . For that performance , he was named " Star of the Week " by The Vancouver Sun . The Knights went on to defeat the Vancouver College Fighting Irish 48 – 0 in the Grade 8 championship game , where scored another three touchdowns . - The following year , joined the senior team at St. Thomas More , the junior team entirely . He continued in his role as a running back while switching to the secondary . Despite being a rare Grade 9 player on the senior team , he was one of the Knights ' two leading rushers that year . scored a touchdown in the AAA championship game , helping the Knights win their first senior title as they beat the T @-@ Wolves 29 – 6 . While Steele , the Knights ' coach , has a policy of not recording player statistics , it is estimated that finished 1999 with over 1 @,@ 000 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns . - In 2000 , played a significant role in the Knights ' rushing and return game . He rushed for 150 yards and three touchdowns against the Central in the annual Bowl , adding two punt returns for touchdowns . By the end of October , the Knights had compiled a perfect 6 – 0 record , and defensive coordinator and former defensive back Lou called " the best player for his age and talent that we 've ever had at our school " . He recorded 238 yards and four consecutive touchdowns with only 23 carries in the Knights ' 46 – 12 victory over the W. J. Hawks in the AAA championship game . For his role in earning the Knights their second AAA title , was named the game 's MVP , becoming the youngest player to earn this award . - remained a presence on the field for the Knights in 2001 , expanding his role by playing some snaps as a fullback . He rushed for 160 yards in that year 's Bowl , including three touchdowns as a and one as a fullback . had another notable performance in a 67 – 7 against the South Delta Sun Devils , running for 200 yards and three touchdowns . He also showed himself to be a capable receiver , including making five catches for 66 yards in a match against the Holy Cross Crusaders . also finished that game with 110 yards and two touchdowns on only three carries . Despite giving up only 19 points during the entire regular season , the Knights lost 32 – 26 in the quarter @-@ finals of the playoffs against the Centennial after was stopped one yard away from the on the last play of the game . - As a senior , recorded 2 @,@ 400 yards and scored 33 touchdowns in just nine games , averaging 266 @.@ 7 yards and over three touchdowns per game . He ran for 380 yards and three touchdowns in a 21 – 20 loss against the W. J. Hawks in the quarter @-@ finals of the AAA playoffs . He was named the 2002 Provincial Player of the Year for his performance and finished his four @-@ year AAA career at St. Thomas More with 84 touchdowns , breaking a school record . - - = = = Other sports = = = - - played basketball and baseball during high school as well . He in basketball with the Knights . At the 2001 Big League World Series , played for Team Canada as a shortstop and center , helping the team to third place in the international competition . Despite being skilled as a baseball player , chose football over professional baseball due to the of the former sport . - - = = College career = = - - - = = = Boise State = = = - - originally committed to Boise State University and played for the Broncos . In 2003 , he was given redshirt status and did not play . played a limited role the following year , but capitalized on the opportunities he was given , rushing for 104 yards on only 10 carries . His only touchdown came on a 7 @-@ yard carry in the October 24 game against the Fresno State Bulldogs . The Bulldogs finished with an 11 – 1 season in 2004 . - - = = = = = = - - transferred to College and played for the Tigers in 2005 . He ended the season with 620 rushing yards , 500 receiving yards , and 14 touchdowns , as the Tigers earned a 10 – 1 record along their way to the Central Valley Conference championship title . also played baseball at . - - = = = Western Washington = = = - - After his single season at , transferred to Western Washington University and played football for the Vikings . was immediately a significant factor in the Vikings ' . In the season opener , he rushed for 139 yards and three touchdowns on 30 carries against the Humboldt State . He also played a large role in the passing game early in the season , making eight receptions for 126 yards through the first two games . After starting the first seven games for the Vikings , broke his foot in a game against the South Dakota . At the time of his injury , he led the Vikings in rushing and receiving yards . He finished the season with rushing yards and five touchdowns on 130 carries , as well as 30 receptions for yards . was also named a second @-@ team all @-@ star of the North Central Conference . - - = = Professional career = = - - - = = = Edmonton = = = - - Following his only season at Western Washington , declared himself eligible for the 2007 Draft . He was selected in the fourth round of the draft by the Edmonton with the 27th overall pick . He was re @-@ signed on December 19 , 2008 to a multiple @-@ year contract , and again following the 2011 season . - - = = = = 2007 season = = = = - - made the active roster and played in all 18 regular season games his rookie season . He was used in the passing game and on the special teams , finishing with seven receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown as well as five special @-@ teams tackles . made his debut on June 28 in the season opener against the Winnipeg Blue . He received his first carry and reception in a Week 10 game against the Calgary , where he was given two carries for one yard and caught one reception for 10 yards . - - = = = = 2008 season = = = = - - played a larger role in his second season with the , especially as a receiver . On September 1 in a match against the , starting running back A. J. Harris was injured , and rushed for 73 yards on 12 carries as a backup . in again for the injured Harris on September 13 against the Montreal , was named Canadian Player of the Week for the first time with 72 yards on only 9 carries and a touchdown . his first start of his career on October 4 , rushed for 88 yards on 19 carries with a touchdown along with eight catches for 80 yards , earning him another Canadian Player of the Week award . He played in all 18 games and started three times in his second year , finishing with 490 yards and four touchdowns on 88 carries . He had 70 catches , the second @-@ highest amount among running backs . He also continued his role on the special teams , ending the season with 11 special @-@ teams tackles . During the season , head coach Danny referred to as " the best fourth @-@ round pick he 'd ever been associated with " . - - = = = = 2009 season = = = = - - split time with in 2009 . He rushed for two touchdowns in Week 4 , being named the Canadian Player of the Week for the third time . He was also named the Canadian Player of the Month in July after continuing to play a large role in the rushing game . In August , injured his hamstring in a game against the and missed several games . He briefly returned in mid @-@ September before being sidelined again with recurring hamstring issues until late October . In Week 19 , ran for 81 yards and a touchdown off of 10 carries , helping the defeat the BC Lions in a 45 – 13 . Despite having his season by injuries , finished 2009 with 348 rushing yards and five touchdowns on 67 attempts , as well as seven special @-@ teams tackles . He saw a significantly smaller role as a receiver , catching 20 passes for only 124 yards . - - = = = = 2010 season = = = = - - remained in a multi @-@ purpose role in 2010 and was utilized more frequently in the passing game compared to the previous season . He made a reception for a first down following a fake punt in Week 6 . He missed two games later in the season due to a hand injury . In a September 26 game against the Toronto , rushed for 84 yards on 10 carries and two fourth @-@ quarter touchdowns , including a 46 @-@ yard . was utilized about equally on the ground and in the air , ending his season with rushing yards on 62 carries and receiving yards on 36 catches as well as five total touchdowns . He continued to play on the special teams where he made eight tackles . He started in six of the 15 games he played , and the nominated him for Most Outstanding Canadian . - - = = = = 2011 season = = = = - - In 2011 , the utilized a committee of running backs , with , Daniel Porter , and Jerome all receiving significant playing time . was used mostly in short @-@ yardage situations on the ground , while also being active as a receiver and on special teams . He played in 18 games , made eight starts , and finished with yards on 52 carries with no touchdowns . He also caught 22 passes for 150 yards and a touchdown . played in both of the ' playoff games . In the West @-@ Finals against the , he rushed for a goal @-@ line touchdown , in addition to making three receptions and two special @-@ teams tackles . played a more limited role in the West Finals against the BC Lions , where he was given only one carry for six yards , made one tackle on special teams , and caught two passes for a total of four yards . - - = = = = 2012 season = = = = - - played a limited role in 2012 , both due to injuries and competition from other backs , including Cory Boyd , Hugh Charles , and Jerome . missed six games due to a high ankle sprain suffered during the Labour Day . Playing in the other 12 games but starting in none , rushed only 12 times and made five receptions with a lone rushing touchdown . He added four special @-@ teams tackles . - - = = = = 2013 season = = = = - - played a role as a receiver and special teams player in 2013 , but was almost entirely absent from the rushing game . He rushed for 48 yards on 9 carries , but caught 20 passes for 186 yards and two touchdowns . He continued to play on the special teams , and recorded nine special @-@ teams tackles . - - = = = = 2014 season = = = = - - was shifted from playing mostly as a backup to the fullback position , where he started all 18 regular season games . In his new position , was primarily used for blocking and remained involved on special teams and as a receiver . He continued his extremely limited role as a rusher , finishing the season with just eight carries . had 16 catches for 123 yards and two touchdowns , as well as a career @-@ high 12 special @-@ teams tackles . - - = = = = 2015 season = = = = - - was again used as a fullback and special teams player in 2015 . After sustaining an unspecified injury in week 12 , he missed several games and was placed on the six @-@ game injured list . finished the season with only one carry and nine catches , his lowest total number of touches in any season . With 12 starts , finished with one carry for 20 yards , nine receptions for 68 yards , as well as five special teams tackles and one kick return for 17 yards . played in the West Final and had one special teams tackle . He became a Grey Cup champion for the first time after rushing for three yards on a fake punt in the championship game versus the . - - = = = Season statistics = = = - - - = = Personal life = = - - grew up in , Oklahoma . After his mother , Jackie Conway , was unable to financially support him , moved to Canada and lived with his father , Orlando . - His mother was a college player for the Lady Norse , while his father was a college basketball player for the Warriors and the Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm . 's siblings were also college athletes ; played for the McPherson Bulldogs while Jordan was a quarterback with the Tigers . - - - = Hurricane ( 2011 ) = - - Hurricane was a Category 1 hurricane that killed four people after the western coast of Mexico in June 2011 . from an area of disturbed weather on June 19 , several hundred miles south of Mexico , gradually intensified . latitude , the system became increasingly organized and reached hurricane status on the evening of June 20 . The following morning , attained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) as it passed roughly 15 mi ( 20 km ) of Mexico . Due to its interaction with land , the hurricane abruptly weakened hours later . Early on June 22 , dissipated over open waters . Prior to 's arrival in Mexico , hurricane watches and warnings were issued for coastal areas . Hundreds of shelters opened across the states of Colima and Guerrero . Heavy rains from the storm triggered significant flooding along the River in Acapulco , killing four people . However , the overall effects of were limited and the rains were largely beneficial in a severe drought . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - On June 16 , 2011 , a trough situated off the southern coast of Guatemala showed signs of possible tropical cyclogenesis . Though located within an area favoring development , the system remained broad and disorganized as it moved slowly west @-@ northwestward . Gradually , convection consolidated around an area of low pressure . On June 18 , a Tropical Cyclone Formation was issued for the system as it was expected to develop into a tropical depression within 24 hours . On the following day , the low further developed and was declared Tropical Depression Two @-@ E by the National Hurricane Center at 1500 UTC . Upon being declared , the depression was located about mi ( 540 km ) south @-@ southeast of , Mexico . However , after post @-@ analysis , the depression had actually developed nine hours earlier . a west @-@ northwesterly track in response to a subtropical ridge to the north , the depression was forecast to move into a favorable environment , characterized by low wind shear and sea surface temperatures up to 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Three hours after classification , the depression strengthened Tropical Storm , the second named storm of the season . - Early on June 20 , convection increased markedly with several tops ( denoted by cloud @-@ top temperatures below − 80 ° C ( − 112 ° F ) ) appearing on satellite imagery . A notable increase in outflow also took place . As the subtropical ridge north of the storm weakened , acquired a more northerly component to its track , bringing the center of the storm closer to Mexico . bands gradually wrapped around the system throughout the day . During the afternoon hours of June 20 , a hurricane hunter aircraft found just below hurricane strength , and subsequently , the system was upgraded just a few hours later , while situated roughly 85 mi ( 140 km ) southeast of Manzanillo , Mexico . Early on June 21 , a 23 to 29 mi ( 37 to 47 km ) wide eye developed within the central dense . In light of this , the National Hurricane Center estimated to have attained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) along with a barometric pressure of 977 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 85 inHg ) ; however , it was noted that this could be conservative based on estimates of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) from the University of Wisconsin and the Analysis Branch . - Throughout the morning of June 21 , brushed the coast of Mexico , with the center passing roughly 15 mi ( 20 km ) south @-@ southeast of La Fortuna , Mexico . just off the coast of Mexico , the system interacted with land and began weakening . later , convection rapidly diminished as dry air became entrained in the circulation . In response to quick degradation of the system 's structure , the NHC downgraded to a tropical storm . Rapid weakening continued throughout the day and by the evening hours , the storm no longer had a defined circulation . Lacking an organized center and deep convection , the final advisory was issued on . The storm 's remnants persisted for several more hours before dissipating roughly 175 mi ( 280 km ) southwest of Cabo Corrientes , Mexico . - - = = Preparations and impact = = - - Following the classification of Tropical Depression Two @-@ E on June 19 , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning for coastal areas between and Manzanillo . A hurricane watch was also put in place from de to Punta San . Later that day , the tropical storm warning was upgraded to a hurricane warning and the watch was extended westward to La Fortuna . As continued to strengthen , the watches and warnings were extended westward to Cabo Corrientes on June 20 . Early on June 21 , the easternmost advisories were discontinued as moved away . Later that morning , all watches and warnings were discontinued in light of 's rapid weakening . - In Colima and , residents were warned of heavy rains that could trigger flooding and mudslides . Schools across both states canceled classes for June 21 . In Colima , 236 shelters were opened to the public . Additionally , the Mexican Navy was placed on standby for hurricane relief . A total of 980 temporary shelters were opened in Guerrero , many of which were in Acapulco , as many residents were expected to evacuate flood @-@ prone area . An orange @-@ level alert was issued for portions of Chiapas in light of potentially heavy rains . Throughout Western and Southwestern Mexico , the ( National Weather Service ) advised that all air and sea traffic be suspended until the passage of . - Across Guerrero , produced heavy rain , peaking at 222 @.@ 5 mm ( 8 @.@ 76 in ) in , Guerrero . Several homes across the state were damaged , though none were destroyed . In Acapulco , 380 homes were inundated by flood waters , prompting in areas built in 1999 to relocate residents after Hurricane Pauline . Several landslides blocked off roads and a 100 m ( 330 ft ) section of a roundabout was destroyed . In the community of , three people were killed after being washed away by flood waters . Heavy rains from caused the River to overflow its banks , placing 150 homes across 14 under water . One person drowned in San Agustín after falling in the swollen river . Twenty @-@ seven in and around the city lost power after muddy entered a . Throughout Oaxaca , at least a dozen homes lost their roofs due to high winds . of Colima , Chiapas , Michoacán and experienced heavy rains ; however , in many areas , the rain proved beneficial in a severe drought . - - - = The Blues = - - " The Blues " is a blues song by American folk and blues musician , Lead . It was written in June 1937 in response to the discrimination and segregation that Lead faced during a visit to Washington , DC to record for Alan . It rails against racism , the Jim Crow laws , and the conditions of contemporary African Americans in the southern United States . - The song was recorded in December 1938 for the Library of Congress and re @-@ recorded in 1939 for commercial release . It has been remixed and covered by a number of artists including Pete Seeger , , Hans , and Billy Bragg . - " The Blues " is regarded as one of Lead 's best original works , but it also drew controversy . There is doubt over the song 's authorship , with some scholars that Lead was unlikely to have written a work in a genre new to him without a collaborator . have been raised over his role in the American Communist Party and whether he and the song were used to further the party 's political goals . - - = = Background and creation = = - - Most music historians date the writing of " The Blues " to Lead 's June 1937 trip to Washington , DC , when he was invited by the Alan to record for the Library of Congress 's folk music collection . On the first night Lead and his wife Martha spent in the city , they encountered racially Jim Crow laws similar to those found in their native Louisiana : most hotels refused to rent rooms to African Americans and the few that would were either full or refused to serve him because he was with a white man ( ) . , in some versions of the story described as an unnamed " white friend " , offered to let the couple stay for the night in his apartment near the Supreme Court Building . The next morning , Lead to arguing with his about the presence of a black man , with the threatening to call the police . - While in Washington , Lead encountered several other incidents of segregation that are believed to have contributed to the of the song . For instance , when Lead , , and their wives wanted to go out to dinner together , they discovered that it was impossible for the mixed race group to find a restaurant that would serve them . Lead was told that if he returned later without , he would be served . - In response to one of these incidents , a friend of Lead 's , variously identified as either or Mary Elizabeth joked that Washington was a " town . " Though Lead did not know what the word " " meant , he was fascinated by the sound of it , and after its meaning was explained to him he decided to incorporate it into a song about the trip . The song came together quickly ; one account claims that it only took a few hours for Lead to write it . liked it because it was partly based on what happened in his apartment . - - = = Lyrics , themes and music = = - - " The Blues " is a blues @-@ style protest song that criticizes the culture of Washington , DC . It protests against both the city 's Jim Crow laws and the racism of its white population . Its structure includes several verses and a refrain that declares that the speaker is going to " spread the news all around " about the racial issues the city . The song , particularly in the refrain , race and economics by referring to as " " . - The first two verses speak of the segregation that Lead encountered in Washington DC : the first recounts the fact that during the trip , Lead was " turned down " wherever he tried to get served due to his race , while the second recounts the argument between and his over Lead staying in his apartment . The third verse cites " the home of the brave , the land of the Free " , juxtaposed with the mistreatment he received at the hands of white people in Washington , DC . The fourth verse speaks of the racism of the white population of the city , leading to the song 's end , which suggests that African Americans boycott buying homes in the district . - The song 's tone implies that the speaker feels powerless against the discrimination and racism that he encounters ; despite this , by " spreading the news " of his poor treatment in a song , the speaker uses what power he has to tell both southern African Americans and northern whites that the status is deeply flawed and that something needs to change . - " The Blues " follows a traditional twelve @-@ bar blues format . It is written in 44 time but to note that the song should swing at medium . The song was written in B ♭ . It uses twelve measures with verses one to four repeating , followed by the final two verses and a . - - = = Recordings and = = - - Lead first recorded " The Blues " in December 1938 in New York City , for donation to the Library of Congress . He re @-@ recorded the song in April 1939 for Records , for release the same year as a 78 rpm record . The version that was commercially released features Lead singing and playing the twelve @-@ string guitar without any other accompaniment . - The song has been covered and by a variety of artists including Pete Seeger and Hans . Seeger recorded and released both live and studio versions of the song on several of his albums . In Australia , the song was reworked as " Canberra Blues " by The , an R & B band . The lyrics speak of the problems faced by young Australians in the Australian Capital Territory in the 1960s . adapted the song to his style of European blues for the album Journey On in 1997 . - In 2006 , Billy Bragg reworked the song as " Bush War Blues " . Bragg 's cover is a topical protest song about the Iraq War . In one verse , Bragg claims that the Iraq War was not for democracy but instead was to " make the world safe for " . In another , he takes on the Christian right , asking where the are . Finally , Bragg the United States government for not dealing with poverty at home before going to war . - - = = Legacy = = - - " The Blues " is one of Lead 's most famous songs and is remembered as his most " heartfelt protest song " . There is disagreement among music scholars as to its importance . Robert claims that the song is " peripheral " to the wider study of the blues , while Lawson points to it as a watershed in the way African Americans see themselves in the fabric of the United States . There is debate over the relationship between the song and radical politics . After its release , it became popular with left @-@ wing political groups . Lead was invited to perform at Camp Unity , the Communist Party USA 's summer retreat , and the FBI subsequently opened a file on him in the 1940s . This led to the accusations that the Communists were taking advantage of him and using him as a platform . The party claims , to the contrary , that they were some of the few people who respected him and gave him a chance to perform . - Jeff Todd and several other writers have suggested that Lead had significant help with its authorship and claim it is not a genuine protest song . This theory stems from the idea that Lead did not have a history of protest music before he was discovered by . Since the music that recorded was sold to sympathetic to Civil Rights , it has been suggested that helped him write a song attractive to a white audience . Lead admitted that the term " " was unfamiliar to him , and it seems out of place compared to the vocabulary of his past work . - - - = ( Madonna song ) = - - " " is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance ( 2005 ) . It was written and produced by Madonna and Stuart Price , and released as the second single from the album on February 7 , 2006 . It later appeared on Celebration , her 2009 greatest hits album . An uptempo dance song , " " was one of the first tracks developed for the album and had numerous remix treatments before the ultimate version of the track was finalized . One of the remixes was done by the Pet Shop Boys , featuring added lyrics by the band . The actual song features a dance groove tempo . It talks about personal and self @-@ . - " " received positive reviews from contemporary critics , who declared the track the strongest song on Confessions on a Dance . Some critics also commented on the song 's disco @-@ influenced beats while comparing it to Madonna 's older dance songs . It achieved commercial success , topping the singles charts in Italy , Spain , Romania and the United Kingdom , where it became Madonna 's twelfth number one single . Elsewhere , the song was a top ten hit . However , in the United States , the song did not perform well due to an on radio but was able to reach the top of Billboard 's dance charts and became one of the decade 's most successful dance hits . - The accompanying music video , directed by Madonna 's Jamie King , was a continuation from the " Up " music video . It featured Madonna and her dancers around a city in a van , dancing on roller and Madonna fighting with a group of men in a cage . She performed the song on her 2006 Confessions Tour in a similar fight sequence to that shown in the video . An additional video was created as a backdrop for a remix of the song , which depicted political leaders and scenes of war and destruction . - - = = Background and composition = = - - " " was one of the first tracks developed for Confessions on a Dance , along with " Up " and " Future Lovers " . It was also the one which took the most time to finish because Madonna " thought it was too melodramatic and could never decide when it was right . " The songs were developed with a remixed perspective in mind . Madonna commented that , " Whenever I make records , I often like the remixes better than the original ones . [ ... ] So I thought , screw that . I 'm going to start from that perspective " . She promoted the album at the dance party " " held at Luke & 's nightclub in Greenwich Village , invited by Junior to take over the DJ booth where she mixed " Up " with " " . Musically , " " is an uptempo dance song containing layers of beats and strong vocal on the chorus . It is set in common time with a moderately fast dance groove tempo of 132 beats per minute . in the key of C minor , Madonna 's vocal range spans from to . It follows the chord progression of E ♭ – – A ♭ – B ♭ during the spoken introduction . It then changes to – @-@ in the chorus , while continuing in A ♭ – – A ♭ – in the intermediate verses , ultimately ending in repeated lines of " I 've heard it all before " . - Lyrically the song has of different languages including French , Spanish , Italian , Dutch , Hebrew , Hindi , Polish and Japanese . The song talks about personal and self @-@ , denoting a shift in focus of Madonna as an artist from her previous songs about supremacy like " Everybody " ( 1982 ) , " Vogue " ( 1990 ) or " Music " ( 2000 ) which was centered around the subject of music itself . Among the various remixes , the Pet Shop Boys remix incorporated Whitney Houston 's " I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) " with a more pronounced bassline and uses a double breakdown in the introduction . Pet Shop Boys and Madonna had always mutually admired each other , from the time they wrote the song " Heart " ( 1988 ) for Madonna but never delivered it . The remix had added lyrics sung by band member Neil Tennant which subsequently appeared on their remix album Four . Madonna 's voice hits on the first chorus which was remixed to have a masculine synth and a serious hook . A breakdown happens before the fifth minute ends , leading to the entry of programmed drum sounds after which the song ends . - - = = Critical response = = - - Jennifer of MTV News wrote that " " is the " album 's strongest track " and that it is a " Pet Shop Boys @-@ esque " song . went on to say that it " ... evokes the sounds of the ' 80s @-@ era dance clubs that first her toward stardom . " According to a review in the BBC 's , " New single ' ' states Queen 's stance , and though the song is wrapped up in relationship sentiment , one cannot help but hear the subtext , perhaps directed at her more savage critics : ' there are more important things than hearing you speak ' . " Alan from BBC Music called the song " catchy " . Mike of The Times and Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted that the bassline of the song utilizes The Jacksons ' 1980 song " Can You Feel It " . The song was noted by Slant Magazine as one of the best songs of 2006 . In a review of " " from Virgin Media , it wrote that the song 's features an " infectious of pumping , filtered synths and disco beats " . Keith from Billboard commented that , " [ ] should keep fans hung up on Madonna 's ability to create instant radio and club classics . " He also called the song " " while reviewing the album . - Ben Williams of New York magazine , wrote that the song is " propelled by a catchy bass melody " . Joan Morgan of The Village Voice , in review of Confessions on a Dance , wrote : " The party continues with the , kick @-@ your @-@ man @-@ to @-@ the @-@ curb ' ' . " Stephen M. of Pitchfork Media wrote , " The of sound wash directly into ' ' , setting up the song 's and shifting bass . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that the first half of the album consists of love songs , happy and sad , and included " " into the mix . Alexis from The Guardian called the song as triumphant . Kitty Empire from the same newspaper said that " ' ' sees Madonna taking a lover to task over an dance @-@ pop rush . " Alan Light from Rolling Stone called the song " " . Thomas from magazine commented that " " and first single " Up " may not be as like Madonna 's initial singles " Burning Up " ( 1984 ) or " Physical " ( 1984 ) , but they have the same of being designed for all @-@ night dancing . - - = = Chart performance = = - - In the United States , " " debuted at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the issue dated March 11 , 2006 and reached a peak of 58 the following week . The same week it reached a peak of 46 on the Pop 100 chart . Its low chart performance in America was attributed to limited radio airplay . A petition was signed by about 3 @,@ 300 fans at Known as the " End the Madonna U.S. Radio " ; it was addressed to Channel Communications CEO Mark P. Mays . Message boards at Entertainment Weekly and VH1 were filled with entries by users showing support for Madonna , as well as conspiracy theories about why she was not played on radio . The song , however , reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Play chart for two weeks , as well as Hot Dance Airplay chart for five weeks . As of April 2010 , the song has sold 366 @,@ 000 digital units in the United States . - In the United Kingdom , it debuted at number one on the chart dated February 26 , 2006 . The song became Madonna 's 12th number one single in Britain and second consecutive single from the album to peak the British chart , after " Up . " This made Madonna the female artist with most number one songs in the United Kingdom , while placing her in fifth place in overall . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 200 @,@ 000 digital downloads there and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . In Australia , the song debuted and peaked at four . - The song peaked at number two on the Canadian Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) on April 10 , 2006 for sales of 80 @,@ 000 units of paid digital downloads . " " debuted at number five in Ireland and was on the chart for 12 weeks . Elsewhere in Europe , the song became a top ten hit for Madonna reaching the top ten of countries like Austria , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland while reaching the top of the charts in Italy , Spain and Billboard 's Hot 100 Singles . - - = = Music video = = - - The music video incorporated parts of the television show My Ride , and was shot by Madonna in London in January 2006 while she was making plans for her then forthcoming Confessions Tour . It was directed by Madonna 's longtime Jamie King and featured choreography from The Brothers . Many of the performers featured in Madonna 's " Up " video were in that of " " , which was shot as a continuation from the " Up " video . Madonna 's parts in the video were shot first , followed by the shot of the . The shoot took place for over two days . - The video starts with Madonna standing in front of neon screen in a purple " " in different languages . As the music starts she comes out from the gaming of her " Up " video with her dancers . They board a van where Madonna and her dancers strip of their clothes into new ones . Madonna wears a white with a matching with her hair in 1970s retro inspired style and pair of knee high silver platform boots . - As they move around the city in the van , they pick up different men from the streets to join them . These scenes are interspersed with the scenes of Madonna singing in front of the neon screen . The video progresses like this until the intermediate verse Madonna is shown standing in a cage opposite to a number of men . As the bridge builds up , Madonna starts fighting with the men . She starts backwards and tying herself in knot like positions , while doing and which defeats the men . The chorus starts again and Madonna and her dancers are shown skating in circles around a roller . The video ends with the close @-@ up of Madonna in the purple and fades into her . - - = = Live performances = = - - " " was performed on the 2006 Confessions Tour as part of the themed segment . Madonna was dressed in a Jean @-@ Paul with pants and high boots . As Madonna finished the performance of the song " Isaac " , she took off the and wore a jacket given to her by the dancers and them one by one . The Pet Shop Boys music for the song 's remix start in the background . Madonna and her female dancers take to one side of a giant cage and start singing the song . As the song progresses to the intermediate verses , Madonna engages in an energetic fight with her male dancers which demonstrated her her body and putting her leg over her head and jumping from the cage on a dancer 's back . - The song was also used as a video backdrop during the interlude between the and the / rock sections . The video featured images of fascists and political leaders from past and present like Adolf Hitler and to George W. Bush and Tony Blair . Their images across the screen , with text and footage of war atrocities in between . Madonna appears on the screens wearing her " " video and the words " talk is cheap " and " don 't speak " , along with the music and Bush 's lips . The performances of " " and the remix video was included in The Confessions Tour CD and DVD . - The Daily Mail called the performance " energetic " . Tom Young from BBC Music called the performance a " delight " but described the video as the " " of the tour . Ed Gonzalez from Slant Magazine wrote that the performance was not among the concert 's highlights . However , he commented that the remix backdrop " feels [ ... ] a of weight you can dance too " . Thomas from described the song 's performance and remix as " fantastic " . - - = = Track listings and formats = = - - - = = Credits and personnel = = - - Madonna – Lead vocals , producer - Stuart Price – Producer - Neil Tennant – Supporting vocals - Guy – Management - – Mixing - Giovanni Bianco – Graphic Design , Art Direction - Orlando – , A & R - Angela Becker – Management - Ian Green – Programming , Producer - Paul – - Pete – Programming - Steven Klein – - Pet Shop Boys – , Producer , - - = = Charts = = - - - = = Certifications = = - - - - = High Five Interchange = - - The High Five Interchange is one of the first five @-@ level stack interchanges built in Dallas , Texas . Located at the junction of the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 , I @-@ 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US Highway 75 , US 75 ) , it replaces an partial cloverleaf interchange constructed in the 1960s . - The $ 261 million project was started in 2002 and completed in December 2005 . It was designed by the Corporation and built by Construction Corporation . - The interchange is considered by Popular to be one of " The World 's 18 " because of its height ( as high as a 12 @-@ story building ) , its 43 permanent bridges and other unusual design and construction features . In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five Interchange as " Public Works of the Year " . - - = = Description = = - - The High Five Interchange , north of downtown in Dallas , Texas , is a massive five @-@ level freeway interchange . It is the junction of two major highways carrying heavy rush hour traffic , the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US 75 ) , and is the first five @-@ level stack interchange to be built in the city . - It replaces the three @-@ level , modified cloverleaf interchange built in the 1960s that caused a severe bottleneck by narrowing US 75 down to two lanes at the junction of the two highways . The looped ramps of the cloverleaf forced motorists to slow down drastically , backing up traffic . Left @-@ hand exits contributed to the congestion . Further , its two frontage roads were not directly connected to each other , making local access difficult . - to the celebratory gesture , the " High Five " name refers to the five flyover ramps handling the left @-@ turn movements that tower over the landscape . The interchange is as high as a 12 @-@ story building , and includes 43 bridges spread across five levels ( the " High Five " ) , 710 support tiers , and 60 miles of additional highway . The highest ramps are 120 feet ( 37 m ) above ground . The lanes of US 75 , which are on the bottom level , are 20 feet ( 6 m ) below ground level , giving the structure a total height of 140 feet from bottom to top As part of the project , I @-@ 635 was widened to include four dedicated high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes ( lanes ) that are barrier @-@ separated and . - The roads on the five levels are : - Level I : US 75 , an eight lane highway , four lanes going each way - Level II : The junction of the two six @-@ lane frontage roads , each having three through lanes in each direction , left @-@ turn lanes and , and easy access to US 75 and I @-@ 635 - Level III : I @-@ 635 , ten regular lanes , five going each way , and four lanes ( two going each way ) separated by barriers - Level IV and V : Direct connection ramps ( two levels ) , eliminating the left exits of the modified cloverleaf - The interchange , with its decorative on concrete elements , along with the visually appealing coloration specified by the Texas Department of Transportation ( ) , can be regarded as an enormous work of public art . The High Five also incorporates a hiking and bike trail , named the Trail , which runs under all levels of the interchange . The section of the trail passing beneath the interchange was constructed as part of the High Five project by . - The interchange is considered by Popular as one of " The World 's 18 " , calling it a " labyrinth of lanes " and a " five @-@ level of engineering " because of its height , the number of its bridges and other unusual design and construction features . - - = = History = = - - The High Five Interchange project was planned as a replacement for the existing , interchange that accommodated 500 @,@ 000 vehicles daily and was located in one of the most intensely developed commercial zones in Dallas . It was a collaborative project between the , affected motorists and property owners , and the primary contractor , Construction . An essential consideration was to complete the project with as little disruption to the traffic flow as possible . - Reasons for upgrading the interchange , in addition to the need to increase traffic flow and reduce congestion , were to improve air quality , safety , and local access . - Construction Corporation submitted the lowest bid and was awarded the $ 261 million contract by , the largest ever by that agency . The construction contract for the High Five Interchange was unique in that it contained elements not found in other construction project contracts . For example , it specified the concrete maturity method to be used to ensure the concrete 's strength ( the first time had ever done so ) , and contained an early completion bonus , a scale of up to $ 11 million if the company completed the contract within four years . Also built into the construction contract was a provision that was charged for " lane rentals " by for time they closed down traffic lanes — fees based on assessments and the time of day the lane was closed . The fees ranged from $ 50 to a high of $ 110 @,@ 000 for rush hours . In order not to interfere with traffic flow during construction , the new interchange was designed largely as elevated flyover ramps and so they could be built high over the existing junction lanes ; once traffic was transferred to the new structures the old lanes could simply be closed off and removed . Little of the original interchange remained when the project was finished . - To save time and money , innovative construction methods were employed : The original plans called for the segments of the long ramps and spans ( used to direct @-@ connect roads ) to be made of steel , but because building with steel would interfere with heavy traffic flow during construction , cast @-@ in @-@ place segmental concrete was substituted in the plans . However , decided to use concrete segmental bridges , rather than casting the bridge elements in place , and used a unique machine , designed and constructed by Deal of Italy and costing about $ 1 million , to move the pieces into place . - During the construction , 2 @.@ 2 million cubic yards of was used , 350 @,@ 000 cubic yards of concrete was mixed on site , and 300 @,@ 000 square feet of retaining walls were built . Additionally , 40 @,@ 000 feet of drilled shafts and 75 @,@ 000 linear feet of drainage pipe were completed . In addition to the construction of 43 permanent bridges , six temporary bridges were built , resulting in 2 @.@ 3 million square feet of bridge deck . - The project was designed by the Corporation who provided professional engineering consultation throughout the construction , which had begun in 2002 and was completed in December 2005 , more than 13 months sooner than planned . - - = = Awards = = - - In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five " Public Works Project of the Year " for its massive size , its innovative design , the complexity and of its construction and the need it fulfilled for the community . as the managing agency , Construction Corporation as the primary contractor , and Corporation as the primary consultant received the award in recognition of their cooperative alliance in completing the project . - - - = Tim Richmond = - - Tim Richmond ( June 7 , 1955 – August 13 , 1989 ) was an American race car driver from , Ohio . He competed in racing before transferring to 's Winston Cup Series ( now Cup Series ) . Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to stock cars full @-@ time , which has since become an industry trend . He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight seasons . - Richmond achieved his top season in 1986 when he finished third in points . He won seven races that season , more than any other driver on the tour . When he missed the season @-@ opening 500 in February 1987 , media reported that he had pneumonia . The infection most likely resulted from his compromised immune system , which was weakened by AIDS . Despite the state of his health , Richmond competed in eight races in 1987 , winning two events and one pole position before his final race in August of that year . He attempted a comeback in 1988 before I banned him for testing positive for excessive ( over the counter ) drugs , and ; later announced they gave Tim Richmond a new test and tested negative . Tim Richmond filed a lawsuit against after insisted they wanted access to his entire medical record before they would reinstate him , after losing the lawsuit , Richmond withdrew from racing . later stated their original test was a " Bad Test . " - Richmond grew up in a wealthy family and lived a lifestyle , earning him the nickname " Hollywood " . In describing Richmond 's influence in racing , Charlotte Motor president Wheeler said : " We 've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing . He was almost a James Dean @-@ like character . " When Richmond was cast for a bit part in the 1983 movie Ace , " He fell right in with the group working on the film , " said director Hal . Cole , the main character in the movie Days of Thunder , played by Tom Cruise , was loosely based on Richmond and his interaction with Harry Hyde and Rick . - - = = Early life = = - - Richmond grew up in , Ohio . His parents , Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond , met in the course of their work . Al was a for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager . that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe , Al designed a machine to bore underneath the highway . To market this invention , he founded Richmond Manufacturing , which eventually exported machines worldwide . - Tim 's driving days started as a when he was given a go @-@ that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn . He later raced the at tracks in and New . Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to @-@ do family , and was sometimes therefore treated differently by his classmates , so his parents enrolled him in Miami Military Academy in Miami , Florida . During his years in Miami , Tim and his mother moved to Florida and his father stayed in Ohio . While home in Ohio over a summer break , he met local drag Raymond through lifelong friend Fred Miller . When Richmond reached age 16 , his parents purchased him a Pontiac Trans Am , a and a Piper airplane for his birthday . Yet his mother Evelyn often worried about her only son . She once said , " Tim was lazy ... " , and " ... I did everything for him . I ruined him , I admit it . He was my whole life . " - Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his days were over . Miami Military Academy named him of the Year in 1970 . Richmond 's other interests included flying , and he earned his private pilot license at age 16 . Following high school graduation , Richmond attended University for about one year before dropping out . - - = = Racing career = = - - - = = = Open wheel racing = = = - - A friend of Richmond 's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker . In 1976 , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto at , Ohio for some practice laps . " Somebody put a on me , " Richmond said . " I was running laps faster than Dave had been . It was the first time I had ever driven a race car . " Richmond and his father found a red , white and blue @-@ colored No. 98 car in Pennsylvania , which was the same number and paint scheme that Richmond used on model cars as a child . In his first competition at the track , officials placed Richmond in the slowest heat . He passed several cars before spinning out and breaking an axle . Although he made several attempts to get the car pointed in the right direction , the broken axle prevented the car from driving straight . After being towed to the pits , he parked the car for the rest of the event . Later that season , they towed the car to , only to have Richmond crash the car again . In response , Richmond 's father fired him as the driver . The next season , Al Richmond bought a better suited to his son 's driving style . In 1977 Tim Richmond became both 's Rookie of the Year and the class track champion . - Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club 's ( ) national sprint car tour in 1978 . in 12 races , he finished 30th in points as the series ' Rookie of the Year . That year he attended Jim Russell 's road racing school at Springs International Park , setting a student course record . Richmond raced in a 1978 Mini car event at Phoenix International , winning the Formula Super support event in a . The win attracted sponsors and attention from major owners like Roger . He also competed in 's Silver Crown series . - Richmond 's father bought an Eagle Car chassis and an engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International . Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ mph ( @.@ km / h ) lap , significantly slower than Bobby 's 203 @.@ mph ( @.@ 111 km / h ) pole position speed . The race ended for him when his motor blew up on the fourth lap , and he finished last ( 23rd ) . Pat was looking for a driver to replace Larry Rice for his team at the following race at Watkins Glen International , so he gave Richmond a test at Spring where he had previously set the student record . hired Richmond , who then qualified 15th fastest for the event and finished in eighth place , the best of his career . Richmond raced in three more events that season . - After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500 , Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race . He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race , led a lap , and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race . To the delight of the crowd , winner Johnny Rutherford gave him a ride back to the pits . He was named the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year . " I up a few cars right after that , " he said . " Milwaukee , Mid @-@ Ohio . . . at Michigan I cut one in two . I was afraid my racing career would come to a halt . So when I got an offer to drive stock cars , I took it , and it turned out I liked driving them better . " - - = = = = = = - - President Joseph III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the circuit . Richmond made his first start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award . He debuted at the Coca @-@ Cola 500 at on July 27 , 1980 , finishing 12th in a D. K. @-@ owned . That season , he competed in five events , with two ( did not finish ) and three 12th @-@ place finishes . Overall , he finished the 1980 season 41st in points . - Richmond raced for three teams in 1981 . He started the season by competing in 15 events for . He had his first career top 10 finish , taking sixth place at , soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World . After hired him away from mid @-@ season , Richmond had top 10 finishes at and Bristol . For the final seven races of the season , he drove for Bob Rogers and had a top 10 finish at Dover International . Overall for the season , Richmond had six top 10 finishes to place 16th in season points . - Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the track . Richmond completed 112 laps of the @-@ lap event to finish 31st , retiring from the race with engine problems . For the following event , Richmond was hired to drive Stacy 's No. 2 car . In his first race for the team , Richmond earned his first career top 5 finish when he placed fifth at Darlington . Returning to , he finished second , before winning his first race on the road course at Riverside , California the following week . Later that season , he earned his first pole position at Bristol . The tour returned to Riverside for the final race of the season where Richmond won his second race , sweeping both events at the track . Benny Parsons said that " watching Richmond go through the was unbelievable " . For the season , Richmond had twelve top 10s , two wins , and one pole to finish 26th in points . - In 1983 , Richmond began racing for Raymond whom he had known before he started racing . He returned to the three @-@ cornered racetrack , earning his first oval victory . During the season , he accumulated four pole positions ( Darlington , , Charlotte , and Atlanta ) , one win ( ) , and fifteen top 10s on his way to finishing tenth in season points . He made his first appearance in a Busch Series ( now Nationwide Series ) car , but did not finish any of the three races he entered that season . - magazine named Richmond as one of " the best of the new generation " in 1984 . That year he had one win at North and second @-@ place finishes at Dover , Darlington and Riverside . Richmond finished the 1984 season 12th in points , with 11 finishes in the top 10 and in six in the top 5 . In 1985 , the final season that Richmond competed for , his best finish was a second @-@ place run at Bristol . He ended the season 11th in points with 13 Top 10s in 28 races . In the Busch Series , he qualified at the pole position in the two races he entered , and won the Charlotte race . - Richmond joined in 1986 , where he teamed up with veteran crew chief Harry Hyde . It took the team until the middle of the season to gel . Richmond had suffered a 64 @-@ race streak that was finally broken at the Van Diamond Mine 500 at in June 1986 . After two straight second @-@ place finishes at Charlotte and Riverside , Richmond started the event in third place inside the second row . That race saw a caution for rain with five laps left before the halfway point . wanted the cars to get to the halfway point to make the race official , so the body had the drivers slowly circle the track . It took the drivers 26 minutes to complete the laps , and the rain was so heavy that some drivers had to look out their side windows because they could not see out their . Two hours later , the track had dried and the race resumed with Richmond in third . After Richmond 's car was adjusted to remove the " push " , the car was more to his liking . Because his radio did not work , he was unable to communicate with his crew chief , Hyde , and he made his final pit stop with 37 laps left . Hyde worried that Richmond had stopped a lap too early to ensure that he would have enough fuel to make it to the end . After Richmond took the lead with 30 laps left in the race , Dale made up three seconds on Richmond 's five @-@ second lead . With four laps to go , spun in a three @-@ car accident . The remaining laps of the race where completed slowly under caution and Richmond took the flag for the victory . He had led 97 laps , including the final 30 , taking his first victory in a Rick car . - The tour returned to a month later , and Richmond battled for another victory in a fog @-@ shortened event . In the final 8 @-@ lap sprint , Richmond competed in a three @-@ car battle with Geoff and Ricky . Richmond crossed the finish line beside , winning the race by 0 @.@ 05 seconds . He notched four more victories that season , and over a span of twelve races , Richmond earned three second @-@ place finishes , and six wins . The National Press Association named him Co @-@ Driver of the Year with after Richmond accumulated 13 top 5 finishes and 16 in the top 10 . He had a career @-@ best third @-@ place finish in points after winning seven events in 1986 , in what was his last full season . - - = = Illness and death = = - - Richmond fell ill the day after the 1986 annual banquet during a promotional trip to New York . He was not well enough to begin the 1987 season despite lengthy hospitalization in Cleveland and further rest at home ; when Richmond missed the 500 , his condition was reported as double pneumonia . Media later reported that he had tested positive for acquired immune syndrome ( AIDS ) . He returned to for the Miller High Life 500 during the middle of the year . Starting third , he led by the fifth lap and ultimately led 82 laps , including the final 46 , to win the race by eight car @-@ lengths over Bill Elliott . In the middle of the race , Richmond 's car suffered problems . Because he could use only fourth ( high ) gear , he had to use that gear to slowly exit the pits . Richmond was emotional after the victory , saying , " I had tears in my eyes when I took the flag . Then every time anyone me , I started again . " Richmond earned a victory in the next race at Riverside , and made his final 1987 start at Michigan International 's Champion 400 that August , finishing 29th with a blown engine . He resigned from in September 1987 . - Although Richmond attempted a comeback in 1988 , suspended him for testing positive for banned substances . The substances were identified as , a non @-@ over @-@ the @-@ counter allergy medication , and , an over @-@ the @-@ counter pain reliever . In April 1988 , Richmond sued over the suspension . Although he later that year and was reinstated , he could not find a car to drive . In his final public appearance in February 1988 , Richmond denied that he abused drugs and said that a mistake had been made in his drug test . His suit with was settled out @-@ of @-@ court , the terms sealed . - Richmond withdrew into his in Florida . There were by then rumors of HIV and AIDS , which he denied . He was later hospitalized in West Palm Beach . - ESPN sent a get @-@ well @-@ soon card to Richmond when it aired the July 1989 race at . The television network showed highlights of Richmond 's victory at the track from 1986 . " Tim had Hollywood good looks and the of Tom Cruise , " said his friend Dr. Jerry Punch . " There he was in victory lane with the team all around him and beauty queens hanging all over him . It was important for the people at the hospital to see Tim the way he really was , when he was healthy and handsome and vital , not the way he was as they saw him every day in the hospital . " - On August 13 , 1989 , Richmond died at the age of 34 , about two years after his final race . He was buried in , Ohio . - The secrecy surrounding the circumstance of his death caused speculation for several days . At the time , Punch stated that Richmond had been hospitalized due to a motorcycle accident , though it is unlikely that Richmond had the strength to ride a motorcycle during his last months . Ten days after his death , on August 23 , the Richmond family held a press conference to reveal that Richmond died from complications from AIDS , which he acquired from an unknown woman . Richmond 's physician , Dr. David Dodson , said : " There 's no way of knowing who that woman was . Tim was a celebrity with a lot of , a handsome guy . He naturally attracted a lot of women . " Punch later claimed that more than 90 drivers and personnel underwent HIV testing in the wake of Richmond 's death . - - = = Legacy = = - - In 1990 , a few months after Richmond 's death , Washington television station @-@ TV and reporter reported that Dr. Forest Tennant , who was then the National Football League 's drug adviser , " falsified drug tests " that ultimately helped shorten Richmond 's career . reported that sealed court documents and interviews showed Tennant and used " allegedly false drug @-@ test results in 1988 to bar Richmond from racing " . also stated that had targeted Richmond , requesting that Tennant establish a substance @-@ abuse policy with Richmond in mind . A series of drug tests and falsely reported positive results shortly before the 1988 500 kept Richmond from driving in what was to have been his last big race ... " , the report said . The New York Times published the findings . While neither Tennant nor supplied an official response at the time , did confirm that they were seeking to replace Tennant . - The County Sports Hall of Fame inducted Richmond in their second class in 1996 . In 1998 , named Richmond one of its 50 greatest drivers of all time . He was inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 2002 . The Mansfield Park Re / Max Series race in 2009 was named the Tim Richmond Memorial Re / Max 250 in honor of the area native . The race at Mansfield was co @-@ promoted by 's son Joseph III . - The documentary film Tim Richmond : To The was produced as part of ESPN 's 30 for 30 series with a premiere date of October 19 , 2010 . - - = = career results = = - - - = = = = = = - - ( key ) ( – Pole position awarded by qualifying time . – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * – Most laps led . ) - - = = = = Winston Cup Series = = = = - - - = = = = = 500 = = = = = - - - = = = = Busch Series = = = = - - - - = Creek Mountains = - - The Creek Mountains are a remote , semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States . The range 's highest point is View , 8 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level , in Nevada . Disaster Peak , elevation 7 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ) , is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains . - The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin 's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys . generally north to south , the Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt , which came from an ancient volcano and other , on top of older rocks . The southern end of the range , however , features many . As a whole , the faulted terrain is dominated by rolling hills and ridges cut by and canyons . - Most of the range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management . There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and are the primary human uses — but former mines at the produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in North America in the 20th century . Public lands in the mountains are open to recreation but are rarely visited . includes large of big sagebrush in addition to desert grasses and cottonwood and alder stands . Sage grouse and mountain are two bird species native to the range , and common mammals include and jackrabbits . - Despite the area 's dry climate , a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare trout . Fish populations in the Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century . In the 1980s , the effects of grazing on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict . The Creek Mountain Working Group was formed in 1988 to help resolve disagreements among livestock owners , environmentalists , government agencies , and other interested parties . The met and agreed on changes to land @-@ use practices , and since the early 1990s , riparian zones have begun to recover . - - = = Geography = = - - The Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada , in Harney and Humboldt counties . The nearest human settlements are the Ranch , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields , Oregon , about 23 miles ( 37 km ) to the northwest ; , Nevada , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west ; and , Nevada – Oregon , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east . The mountains are about 150 miles ( 240 km ) directly southwest of Boise , Idaho , and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of , Nevada . - The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ) . The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west . More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ) . The highest point in the range is View , which is 8 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level and is located in Nevada about one mile south of the Oregon border . About two miles southeast of View is Disaster Peak , " a large , symmetrical that is visible throughout the region . " At 7 @,@ feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ) , Disaster Peak anchors the southern end of the mountains in a sub @-@ range called The . - The Oregon Canyon Mountains border the Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey 's definitions ) , while the Mountains are the next range west of the Creek Mountains . The Creek Mountains in both Oregon and Nevada border the Creek Mountains on the southwest ; the two ranges are separated by Cabin Creek and South Fork Creek . South of the Creek Mountains is the Kings River Valley , which separates the Creek Mountains on the west from the Montana Mountains on the east . - The terrain in the Creek Mountains varies from broad , flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock cut by deep canyons . The canyons have steep walls with loose slopes at the . There are meadows around springs in the mountains , although most streams in the range do not flow year @-@ round . Major streams that flow off the north slopes of the mountains include ( from west to east ) Creek , Creek , Creek , and Creek . These streams all flow into basins in Harney County , Oregon . Creek and Creek are the largest of the four . The Kings River and Creek each drain an area on the south slopes of the Creek Mountains . The Kings River begins in The and flows south into Nevada , where it meets the Quinn River , which in the Black Rock Desert . Creek begins in Oregon a few miles north of The and flows generally east , crossing the Oregon – Nevada border five times before disappearing into the floor of the Quinn River Valley south of . - - = = Geology = = - - The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States , which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide , high @-@ desert valleys . The Creek Mountains are and blocks with steep along the southern and eastern sides of the range . The southern area of the range , known as The , has numerous of Cretaceous age granite . These granite are commonly found in the eroded valleys below the volcanic . - The Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Mountain is today . thinning and the Yellowstone , which was then beneath southeastern Oregon , induced eruptions from and nearby about 17 million years ago , in the Miocene . The produced a series of flows that spread across the land now known as the Creek Mountains . from the volcano lasted for about one million years , and at least 70 separate flows occurred . Under the resulting basalt rock lie much older rocks that may be related to some of the age formations of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon . Within these rocks are and bodies which were presumably during the Cretaceous Period . - The broad is a prominent geologic feature in the Creek Mountains . The oval @-@ shaped is a collapsed dome that the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains . It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long and 22 miles ( 35 km ) wide . The dome was created by volcanic eruptions in the early Miocene . A total of five large ash flows were produced along with a large dome structure . The formed when the dome collapsed about 16 million years ago . The contains significant ore deposits , and mercury and uranium have been mined at eight or more sites in and around the . Other areas in the were mined for ores of antimony , , and lithium . - - = = Climate = = - - The Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west . When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range , most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Creek Mountains . As a result , the average annual precipitation in the Creek Mountains is only 8 to 26 inches ( 200 to 660 mm ) per year , with most areas receiving between 8 and 12 inches ( 200 and 300 mm ) annually . Much of the annual precipitation occurs between the beginning of March and the end of June . Most of the rest falls as snow during the fall and winter months . at elevations below 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) usually by April ; however , at the higher elevations , snow can remain until mid @-@ June . Local flooding often occurs in the spring as the . - The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest , and they are normally strongest in March and April . , intense thunderstorms are common between April and October . in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes . - - = = Ecology = = - - - = = = Flora = = = - - in the Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . Other common shrubs include , snowberry , and . There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas . Common grass species include Idaho , bluebunch wheatgrass , , western , 's , 's , and , as well as basin in some well @-@ drained areas . - Less than one percent of the range consists of meadow wetlands and riparian ( vegetation along stream banks ) . However , these areas are vital to the local ecosystem . The meadows surround springs , which are mostly on gently sloping or in stream , and range in size from about 1 to 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 to 2 @.@ 02 ha ) . riparian follow the year @-@ round streams . Many areas have and groves . and alder groves can be found at lower elevations where terrain is and stream channels are wider . and rushes are also native to these stream . Years of heavy livestock grazing in parts of the range resulted in the loss of some grass species , riparian vegetation , and young and trees . Restoration of riparian areas began in the early 1970s , and plans to reduce grazing were implemented in the 1980s and early 1990s . However , large in southeastern Oregon during the summer of 2012 burned much of the range 's vegetation , damaging riparian ecosystems and killing hundreds of grazing cattle . - - = = = Fauna = = = - - Animals in the Creek Mountains are adapted to the environment of the High Desert . are common in the open , sagebrush @-@ covered basins , while mule deer live in the cottonwood and groves . There are also sheep , cougars , and in the high country . Jackrabbits and coyotes are prevalent throughout the range . Mustangs sometimes pass through the mountains as they the Great Basin . Some other mammals include the northern pocket , mountain , and 's ground . North American live in and along streams , as do Pacific tree frogs , western toads , and snakes . Native bird species include the sage grouse , mountain , gray @-@ headed , black @-@ throated gray , Virginia 's , 's , pine , red , , thrush , northern , and species of and eagle . - Several streams in the Creek Mountains are home to trout , including the rare trout subspecies . These include Creek , Creek , Little Creek , Creek , Fifteen Mile Creek , Indian Creek , Sage Canyon Creek , Line Canyon Creek , and some tributaries of Creek . trout live in small , isolated populations that are often confined to individual streams , many of them in the Creek Mountains . These populations have significant genetic differences due to their history of isolation . For most of the 20th century , the trout 's numbers declined considerably . It was listed under federal law as an endangered species in 1970 and was reclassified as threatened in 1975 . Reasons for the fish 's decline included habitat degradation from cattle grazing , drought , , competition with other fish , and with introduced rainbow trout , which decreased the number of genetically pure trout . However , reductions in cattle grazing in riparian zones since the 1980s allowed fish habitat and populations to start to recover . - - = = Human uses = = - - The Bureau of Land Management ( ) administers most land in the Creek Mountains , but there are also some private lands and some roads in the area . The private lands are mainly used for along mountain streams , while the lands include large grazing for local ranchers ' cattle . At least 100 mining claims in the mountains have been recorded since 1892 , some of which were staked for gold exploration . Commercial mining has occurred in some areas , mostly near the , where uranium and large amounts of mercury have been extracted . in what was called the District produced 270 @,@ 000 of mercury — " the richest supply of mercury in the western hemisphere " — from extracted from the in the 20th century . The two leading mercury @-@ producing mines in North America were the and mines on the edge of the in Nevada . Together , they operated from 1933 to 1989 . The Mine , the last mercury mine in the United States , closed three years later , in 1992 . However , mineral exploration has continued at the Mine in the 21st century , and waste containing mercury and arsenic was returned there from the community of as part of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency project . - The entire mountain range is very remote ; as a result , there are few visitors , and the range offers a wilderness @-@ like experience . , hunting , fishing , and hiking are the most popular activities . The only developed recreation site nearby is at Creek Hot Springs , just south of the Ranch , where nearby there are miles of trails designated for four @-@ wheel off @-@ road vehicles . Hunters come to the mountains seeking trophy mule deer , , , and rabbits . on some streams is sometimes permitted on a catch @-@ and @-@ release basis . The mountains are also suitable for hiking cross @-@ country or on game trails in natural corridors along canyons and creek . There are more than 100 archaeological sites in the range that document use by Northern people as long as 7 @,@ 000 years ago . - grazing in the Creek Mountains began in the late 19th century , and the currently grazing in the area . can be found grazing in some areas during the spring and summer months . The effects of grazing on the local environment were the subject of controversy in the 1980s . - - = = Land @-@ management compromise = = - - By the 1970s and 1980s , a century of intense cattle grazing had reduced much of the riparian vegetation along stream banks in the Creek Mountains and elsewhere in the Great Basin . As a result , stream banks were eroding and upland vegetation was encroaching into riparian zones . populations declined as grazing cattle eliminated young trees , decreasing shade over streams and raising water temperatures . These conditions put the rare trout population at risk . Since the was officially designated as a threatened species , environmental groups began advocating the cancellation of grazing permits in the Creek Mountains . - Beginning in the early 1970s , the Bureau of Land Management identified damaged riparian zones and began projects to restore natural habitat in those areas . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 trees were planted along streams , small dams were put together to create more pools in the streams , and fencing was added to protect riparian zones from grazing . Next , the agency sought to reform land @-@ use plans to change grazing practices , which became a complex and controversial project . - As environmentalists pressed the to close much of the Creek Mountains to grazing , frustrated ranchers joined the Rebellion seeking to protect their grazing . Initially , it appeared that the issue of grazing in the range would produce prolonged litigation with appeals potentially lasting decades . However , in 1988 , interest groups representing all sides of the issue joined to form the Creek Mountain Working Group . The group 's goal was to find a solution acceptable to everyone — a plan that would protect both the land 's ecological health and ranchers ' economic needs . - Initial members of the Creek Mountain Working Group included : - Over the next several years , the group continued to meet and discuss options for restoring the land while meeting the economic needs of local ranchers . Meetings were all open to the public . - The group eventually endorsed a grazing management plan that provided for both the ecological health of sensitive riparian areas and the economic well @-@ being of ranchers . In 1989 , the Ranch agreed to rest two grazing totaling 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) to restore critical stream and mountain pastures . The 's on Fifteen Mile Creek was rested for three years , and its Creek pasture received a five @-@ year rest before grazing was resumed . In addition , the grazing season in mountain pastures was reduced from four months to two , and the total number of cattle released in the areas was reduced from 3 @,@ 800 to 2 @,@ 200 . Finally , sensitive areas were to protect them from cattle , and additional water sources were constructed away from streams . Other also agreed to rest specific pastures including the Creek , Creek , and . - In 1991 , the Bureau of Land Management approved a new grazing management plan . It was based on the agreements made by the Creek Mountain Working Group , and it took effect in 1992 . Since then , vegetation in riparian areas of the Creek Mountains has recovered , and studies by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service have found that the trout population , still listed as threatened , is also recovering . - - - = Mycena = - - Mycena , commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak @-@ stump bonnet cap , is a species of mushroom in the family . The edible mushroom has a reddish @-@ brown bell @-@ shaped cap up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . The thin stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall , whitish to yellow @-@ brown at the top but progressively becoming reddish @-@ brown towards the base in maturity , where they are covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The gills are pale brown to pinkish , and the spore print is white . It is a widespread saprobic fungus , and has been found in Europe , North Africa , Asia , , and North America , where it grows in small groups or on fallen logs and stumps , especially of oak . British mycologist Corner has described two varieties of the mushroom from Borneo . species with which M. may be confused include M. galericulata and M. . - - = = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = = - - First described as Agaricus by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by . Mycena galericulata var. ( named by in 1879 ) , and its Agaricus var. ( named by Fries in 1873 ) , are synonyms . - In a molecular study of the large ribosomal DNA sequences of mycorrhizal fungi of the , M. was found to be closely related to M. , M. , and M. . - The specific epithet means " bent in " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " clustered bonnet " or the " oak @-@ stump bonnet cap " . - - = = Description = = - - The cap is light reddish @-@ brown , with a diameter typically ranging from 1 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) . Initially to bell @-@ shaped to convex , it during maturity , developing visible surface grooves corresponding to the gills underneath the cap . The margin of the cap has minute but distinct . The surface is moist and smooth , and . The cap frequently develops splits in the margin , or cracks in the disc ( the central part of the cap ) . The flesh of the cap is thick in the center but thin elsewhere , grayish to whitish , fragile , and with a slightly odor and taste . The gills have a attachment to the stem ( that is , running down the length of the stem ) and are a pale brownish color with of red . They are broad ( between 3 and 6 mm ) , and have a close to spacing , with about 26 – 35 gills reaching the stem . The fragile stem is 3 to 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 0 @.@ 15 to 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) thick and yellow to yellow @-@ brown , becoming reddish @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown in the bottom half in maturity . The lower portion of young stems is covered with white . Roughly equal in thickness at the top and bottom , the base of the stem is covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The edibility of the mushroom is " doubtful " and consumption " best avoided " . - - = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = - - The spores are 7 – 9 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The ( cystidia on the gill face ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are embedded in the gill edge and very inconspicuous , club @-@ shaped , 26 – 36 by 5 – 10 μm , and have tips that are covered with projections that can be slender or thick . The flesh of the gills is , and pale yellowish to dirty brown when stained in iodine . The flesh of the cap has a distinct , a well @-@ differentiated ( a region of tissue immediately under the ) , and a body ( gill tissue ) ; it is pale yellowish to brownish in iodine stain . - - = = = = = = - - Corner defined the varieties M. var. and var. in his 1994 publication on mushrooms of , a region the boundary of the and . The variety ( named after its type locality , ) has a cap margin that is not , little or no odor , and cheilocystidia with shorter processes . It was found growing on the dead wood of , a stone oak tree in the beech family . Variety , found in , has spores that are almost spherical . - - = = = Similar species = = = - - Mycena bears some resemblance to M. , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. . M. is often confused with the edible M. galericulata , a common species that is variable in cap color , size and shape . M. galericulata typically has a conical cap that is dull gray @-@ brown , and white to grayish veins that have numerous cross @-@ veins . M. has a stem that is bluish @-@ gray . - - = = Habitat and distribution = = - - Mycena is a saprobic fungus , deriving its nutrients from decomposing organic matter found in plant litter such as leaves , twigs , bark and branches . It this by producing enzymes capable of breaking down the three major biochemical components of plant cell walls found in litter : , and lignin . - The fruit bodies of Mycena grow in dense groups or clusters on decaying hardwood logs and stumps ( especially oak and chestnut ) during the spring and autumn . The fungus forms a white , mycelium on the surface of decomposing oak leaves . Occasionally , it can be found growing on a living tree . In eastern North America , it is abundant in the area bounded by Nova Scotia , Ontario , Manitoba , Missouri , North Carolina , and New York . It has been found in Oregon , but the species appears to be generally rare along the Pacific Coast . The range of the fungus also includes Europe , the Canary Islands , North Africa , East Siberia , Japan , , Turkey , and New Zealand . - - = = Chemistry = = - - In a study of the trace metal concentrations of various mushrooms species found in ( Turkey ) , M. was found to have comparatively high levels of iron ( 628 mg per kg ) and nickel ( 21 @.@ 6 mg / kg ) , measured on a dry weight basis . Laboratory studies have shown that the fungus is resistant to aluminum . The fungus has been investigated for its ability to synthetic that are used in the textile , , and industries . The are not readily biodegradable , and when discharged into the environment are persistent and many are toxic . - - - = Capel = - - Capel ( sometimes referred to as Hen ) is a ruined chapel near in Anglesey , north Wales , dating back to the first half of the 12th century . The chapel 's original purpose is unknown , but it might have been used as a memorial chapel or in connection with a local royal court , or as a chapel of ease in a large parish with a growing population . It was used for a time until the early 18th century as a private place of worship for a nearby house , then later fell into disrepair . The walls still remain , with some traces of render on them internally , but there is no roof . - It contains a 16th @-@ century side chapel with a vault beneath , used as a burial chamber . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is " a substantially 12th @-@ century structure " with the " unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel " . - - = = History and location = = - - The oldest parts of Capel date from the first half of the 12th century . This was a time when many churches on Anglesey in north @-@ west Wales were first built in stone following the end of Viking raids and attempts by the to gain control of the island . The reason for its construction , and the saint to whom it was dedicated , are unknown . Geraint Jones , author of a 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey , suggests that it may originally have been a memorial chapel , or connected to a royal court nearby . and , authors of a 2001 guide to ancient Anglesey monuments , note that it was built in the large parish of and was perhaps intended to serving the expanding population in medieval times . Despite this , it seems to have remained as a chapel of ease rather than become a parish church in its own right . The chapel is sometimes referred to as " Hen " ( " hen " being the Welsh word for " old " and " " meaning " chapel " ) . - The walls were partially rebuilt in the 14th century , and the upper parts of the walls date from this time . A chapel was added to the south side of the building in the 16th century . A vault under the south chapel was used to bury members of a local family , the Pierce . In 1999 , the vault was used to record some " atmospheres " for the album " You Have Just Been By The " by The , a collective of Welsh musicians including members of Echo and the , Super Animals and that was described by one journalist as " possibly the pop group of all time " . - For a time , Capel was used as a private place of worship for House , a " venerable mansion " once owned by the Lloyd family which came into the possession of William , 1st Baron Boston , in the 18th century . After the early part of the 18th century , however , the chapel became unused and began to fall into disrepair . The walls remain to gable level , with some traces of render on the inside , but the roof has gone . - Capel is in the Anglesey countryside near ; the parish church of St , is about 0 @.@ 78 miles ( 1 @.@ 26 km ) away . Part of the churchyard wall remains , showing that it was originally within a mainly circular enclosure , as often found with early churches . It is cared for by Cadw , the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales , and is open to the public . - - = = Architecture and fittings = = - - Capel is built from rubble masonry ; at about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) up the walls , the style changes and smaller stones are inserted into spaces between the larger blocks , showing where the 14th @-@ century rebuilding started . The doorway is on the south side , headed by a plain arch , and dates from the 12th century . There is a stone bellcote at the west end . There is no structural division between the nave ( where the congregation would have sat ) and the chancel ( where the altar would have been located ) . There are no window openings on the north side , but there is a blocked opening to the east ( about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) wide ) and there are the remains of a window on the south wall . There is a blocked window in the south wall of the south chapel . The vault , which is about 27 square feet ( 2 @.@ 5 m2 ) , is reached by stone steps from inside the south chapel . slabs form the roof of the vault and the floor of the chapel above . A stone in the nave , about 2 square feet ( 0 @.@ 19 m2 ) with a hole in the top , might once have been used as a churchyard cross . - - = = Assessment = = - - Capel has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 2 September 1952 and has been listed because it is " important as a substantially 12th @-@ century structure , with some architectural details surviving from this early period " , even though it is now in a " ruinous condition " . Cadw ( which is responsible for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes the " unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel " . - The 19th @-@ century antiquarian mentioned the church in her history of Anglesey . She said that the architecture was of " the kind , [ which ] bears testimony to its great antiquity . " She recounted that a fox had once taken shelter in the ruins , and when it was dug out , the vault was discovered , " containing several human skeletons , which into dust , when exposed to the air " . She added that further exploration of the vault then revealed " a large mass of human bones , several feet in depth " . - A 1990 book about abandoned churches in Wales refers to the ancient monuments in this part of Anglesey , and calls Capel a " medieval gesture of Christian power in a land so obviously with the spirit of a pagan past " . It notes that " the wheel has turned full circle and Capel today is just another ruined relic of a former age . " The authors describe the chapel as a " simple , square building " with a " small and austere south chapel " , adding that the stone slabs over the vault are " almost in imitation of the ancient burial chambers which dot the surrounding landscape . " - - - = 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team = - - The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011 – 12 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played its home games in Ann Arbor , Michigan at Center for the consecutive year . It had a seating capacity of 12 @,@ . It was also the team 's straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference . Fifth @-@ year head coach John led the team , alongside All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke , Tim , Jr. and Zack Novak . Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan 's first Associated Press All @-@ American since 1998 . - The team 's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011 . In February 2012 , Michigan hosted ESPN 's College for the first time in a game against Ohio State . It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show , which began in 2005 . - The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011 – 12 Big Ten co @-@ champion with Michigan State and Ohio State . It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting ( eighth @-@ ranked Memphis , ninth @-@ ranked Michigan State and sixth @-@ ranked Ohio State ) . The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season . Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA Tournament to end the season with a 24 @-@ 10 record . The team won the school 's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985 – 86 season and had the school 's best Big Ten record ( 13 – 5 ) since the 1993 – 94 season . - - = = = = - - - = = = 2011 – 12 incoming team members = = = - - Before the season began , point guard Darius Morris , the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season , left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles . The incoming class included Carlton and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke . Both and Burke were among 's top 100 players of the 2011 class ; ranked and Burke ranked 94th . Max committed to Michigan in April despite his family 's ties to the Illinois Fighting . Illinois University 's Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family . , who along with was recruited by League schools , rounded out the incoming class . earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk @-@ on candidate for the basketball team . - Tim , Jr . , son of former NBA All @-@ Star Tim , returned to the team . He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All @-@ Freshman , All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention , All @-@ America and Team USA FIBA . Jordan , the son of Detroit Pistons All @-@ Star Joe , left the team , citing knee issues . - - = = = 2011 – 12 team recruits = = = - - - = = = = - - Former team captains Travis ( 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 – 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist , respectively . Peter was the team 's video coordinator . - - = = Schedule and results = = - - Michigan announced its 14 @-@ game non @-@ conference schedule on August 1 , 2011 . The team began the season in a renovated Arena : new seats and a high @-@ definition were added , but seating capacity was reduced to 12 @,@ from 13 @,@ in the previous 10 seasons . - Michigan came in third place in the three @-@ game 2011 Maui Tournament between November 21 – 23 . The team defeated the eighth @-@ ranked Memphis Tigers 73 – 61 , lost to the sixth @-@ ranked Duke Blue Devils 82 – 75 , and defeated the @-@ 12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79 – 63 . Tim , Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week , and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week . In an ACC – Big Ten Challenge game in late November , Michigan lost to Virginia 70 – 58 . In its next game , Michigan defeated Iowa State 76 – 66 . On December 10 , 2011 , Michigan beat Oakland 90 – 80 , its highest @-@ scoring game since beating Northern Michigan 97 @-@ 50 on November 14 , 2009 . It was also Michigan 's first game since 2002 with three 20 @-@ point scorers ( , Burke and Evan ) . Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season @-@ high 20 points and nine assists in the game . On the same day , Michigan was the highest @-@ rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Index , although the team trailed several schools in the national polls . In the final two non @-@ conference games of the season , scored his first two double @-@ doubles against Alabama A & M and Bradley on December 17 and December 22 . - Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule , both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked ( Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches ' polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th ) . On December 29 , Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006 – 07 , beating Penn State as extended his double @-@ double streak to three games . On January 2 , Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan 's first two conference games . On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points , seven assists , five rebounds and no turnovers . On January 1 , 2012 , he added a career @-@ high 27 points on 8 @-@ for @-@ 11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day . - On January 19 , Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5 – 2 record , thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams . Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later . The team went 5 @-@ 2 in conference in February , including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams . Michigan lost its final home game of the season to on February 25 to finish with a 15 – 1 home record . On March 1 , the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995 . During the game , Michigan 's 30th of the season , Trey Burke broke Gary Grant 's school freshman assists record , set over the course of 30 games in the 1984 @-@ 85 season , by pushing his total to 143 . - In the first game of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament against Minnesota , Burke led the team to victory with a career @-@ high 30 points . Burke 's total was a school record for the Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament . In the semifinal contest , however , Michigan was eliminated by Ohio State for the third year in a row . Michigan entered the 2012 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament fourth , but lost to the thirteenth @-@ Ohio Bobcats 65 – 60 . Burke became Michigan 's first Associated Press All @-@ American since Robert and Louis in 1998 . - Douglass concluded the season as the school 's all @-@ time leader in games played , with 136 . He surpassed , who played in 135 games . Novak set the school record in career minutes played with 4 @,@ 357 , surpassing Louis , who played 4 @,@ minutes . Burke had a school record @-@ setting freshman season in assists , ending the year with 156 . - - = = Statistics = = - - The team posted the following statistics : - - = = Rankings = = - - - = = and awards = = - - - = = = = = = - - Five of the 30 nominees for the men 's basketball Lowe 's Senior Award were from the Big Ten , including Michigan 's Zack Novak . - - = = = In @-@ season = = = - - Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Award candidates named in December 2011 . On January 4 , Burke was one of 20 finalists . On January 25 , Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe 's Senior Award along with three other Big Ten athletes . He was also one of four Big Ten men 's basketball players named Academic All @-@ District , putting him among the 40 finalists for the 15 @-@ man Academic All @-@ America team . Novak was named a third team Academic All @-@ American . - - = = = Accolades and honors = = = - - Trey Burke - Second Team All @-@ American - Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Big Ten media ) - Co @-@ Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Sporting News ) - All @-@ Big Ten ( second team , coaches and media ) - All @-@ Freshman ( unanimous ) - All @-@ District V Team - Tim - All @-@ Big Ten ( third team , coaches and media ) - Zack Novak - Academic All @-@ District - Academic All @-@ American ( third team ) - All @-@ Big Ten ( honorable mention , media ) - Academic All @-@ Big Ten - Josh - Academic All @-@ Big Ten - Matt - Academic All @-@ Big Ten - - = = changes = = - - The team lost senior captains Douglass and Zack Novak as well as senior reserve Corey Person to graduation following the season . Person was later granted an extra year of eligibility to return to the team . At the end of the season , three players ( Evan , Carlton and Colton Christian ) decided to leave the program . , who had started in 42 of the 69 games he played in during his first two years , left the program as the program 's fifth all @-@ time three @-@ point shooter with a percentage of 40 @.@ 5 . transferred to Maryland , transferred to Detroit and Christian transferred to Florida International . - Following the season , Trey Burke first said he was not inclined to enter the 2012 NBA Draft . A few days later , however , the realization that the pool of point guards in the 2012 draft was shallow and Burke 's stock was high led to some for him and his family : " When you have a season as a freshman like he did , the NBA , they like them young , " Trey 's father , Burke said . " They think their ceiling is higher when they 're young . Trey had ... a solid season for a freshman . It 's going to be one of the weaker point guard drafts in years . " Some observers thought Burke was at his peak in terms of NBA potential . Eventually , he decided to return to play for Michigan for another year . - - = = = 2012 – 13 team recruits = = = - - The team announced in September 2010 that Glenn Robinson III , son of former first overall NBA Draft pick Glenn Robinson , verbally agreed to attend Michigan , making him the first commitment in the school 's class of 2012 . Canadian wing guard gave Michigan its second verbal commitment for the class of 2012 on March 26 , 2011 . On November 3 , Mitch , who was ranked as the number @-@ two prospect in the nation at the time , announced his verbal commitment to Michigan . Within hours of the commitment , ESPN said that Michigan 's ranked as the fifth @-@ best class in the nation . All three signed a National of Intent with the team on November 9 . After several other schools announced their commitments , the 's commitment moved Michigan from outside the top 25 to the seventh @-@ best class in the nation , according to ESPN . Michael " Spike " committed to Michigan on April 6 , 2012 . - - = = Team Players into the NBA = = - - - - = b = - - b ( abbreviated b , And b ) , occasionally designated ( to distinguish it from the red dwarf B ) , also named , is an extrasolar planet approximately 44 light @-@ years away from the Sun in the constellation of . The planet orbits the Solar twin star , A , approximately every five days . Discovered in June 1996 by Geoffrey and R. Paul Butler , it was one of the first hot Jupiters to be discovered . It is also one of the first non @-@ resolved planets to be detected directly . b is the innermost known planet in its planetary system . - In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Vega Club of Morocco and honours the 11th Century astronomer Ibn al @-@ of Muslim Spain . - - = = Discovery = = - - Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , b was detected by the variations in its star 's radial velocity caused by the planet 's gravity . The variations were detected by making sensitive measurements of the shift of 's spectrum . The planet 's existence was announced in January 1997 , together with 55 b and the planet orbiting . - Like 51 b , the first extrasolar planet discovered around a normal star , b orbits very close to its star , closer than Mercury does to our Sun . The planet takes 4 @.@ days to complete an orbit , with a axis of 0 @.@ AU . - A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect b is that only a lower limit on the mass can be found . In the case of b , this lower limit is 68 @.@ 7 % of the mass of Jupiter , though depending on the inclination of the orbit , the true mass may be much greater . However , astronomers found recently that inclination of the orbital plane is around 25 ° and the true mass may be about 1 @.@ 4 MJ . is not to be assumed ; the mutual inclination between c and d is 35 degrees . - - = = Physical characteristics = = - - Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that b is a gas giant with no solid surface . - The Space Telescope measured the planet temperature , and found that the difference between the two sides of b of about 1 @,@ 400 degrees , ranging from minus 20 to 230 degrees to about 1 @,@ 400 to 1 @,@ 650 degrees . The temperature difference has led to speculation that b is locked with the same side always facing A. - had , on the assumption that the planet is similar to Jupiter in composition and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium , predicted b to have reflective clouds of and iron in its upper atmosphere . The cloud deck instead absorbs the sun 's radiation ; between that and the hot , high pressure gas surrounding the mantle , exists a of cooler gas . The outer shell of dark , , hot cloud is assumed to consist of and oxides ( " planets " ) , but other compounds like cannot be ruled out yet . - The planet is unlikely to have large moons , since forces would either them from orbit or destroy them on short compared to the age of the system . - The planet ( with 51 b ) was deemed a candidate for direct imaging by . Preliminary results from studies indicate that the planet has predominately blue color , is 1 @.@ 36 times as large and 0 @.@ 74 times as massive as Jupiter , meaning that the mean density is / cm3 . It has a albedo of 0 @.@ 35 in visible light . - - = = on its sun = = - - b appears to be responsible for increased activity on its parent star . Observations suggest that there is a " hot spot " on the star around 169 ° away from the sub @-@ planetary point . This may be the result of interactions between the magnetic fields of the planet and the star . The mechanism may be similar to that responsible for the activity of variable stars , or the interaction between Jupiter and its moon Io . - - - = Daniel = - - Daniel Jacob ( born 23 July 1989 ) is an English actor who rose to prominence as the title character in the Harry Potter film series . He made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One 's 1999 television film David Copperfield , followed by his cinematic debut in 2001 's The of Panama . At age 11 , he was cast as Harry Potter in the first Harry Potter film , and starred in the series for 10 years until the release of the eighth and final film in 2011 . - began to branch out to stage acting in 2007 , starring in the London and New York productions of , and in the 2011 Broadway revival of the musical How to in Business Without Really . He starred in the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black , and played beat poet Allen Ginsberg in the 2013 independent film Kill Your . - He has contributed to many charities , including Hospice Care for Children , and The Trevor Project for suicide prevention among youth , which gave him its Hero Award in 2011 . - - = = Early life = = - - was born in West London , England . He is the only child of Alan George , a literary agent , and Marcia ( née Marcia Jacobson ) , a casting agent who was involved in several films for the BBC , including The Inspector Mysteries and Walk Away and I . His father , who was raised in , County Down , Northern Ireland , is from " a very working @-@ class " Protestant background . His mother is Jewish , and was born in South Africa and raised in @-@ on @-@ Sea , Essex . Her family had originally come from Poland and Russia . 's parents had both acted as children . - In a 2012 interview , stated : " There was never [ religious ] faith in the house . I think of myself as being Jewish and Irish , despite the fact that I 'm English . " He has stated : " We were Christmas tree Jews " , and that he is " very proud of being Jewish " . - first expressed a desire to act at the age of five , and in December 1999 , aged 10 , he made his acting debut in BBC One 's televised two @-@ part adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel David Copperfield , portraying the title character as a young boy . He was educated at two independent schools for boys : Sussex House School , a day school in Chelsea 's Square , and the City of London School , a day school on the North Bank of the River Thames in London 's financial district ( known as the City of London ) . school became difficult for after the release of the first Harry Potter film , with some fellow pupils becoming hostile , though he says it was people just trying to " have a crack at the kid that plays Harry Potter " rather than jealousy . - As his acting career began to consume his schedule , continued his education through on @-@ set tutors . He admitted he was not very good at school , considering it useless and finding the work " really difficult . " He achieved A grades in the three @-@ level exams that he took in 2006 , but decided to take a break from education and did not go to college or university . Part of his reasoning was that he already knew he wanted to act and write , and that it would be difficult to have a normal college experience . " The , they 'd love it , " he told Details magazine in 2007 . " If there were any parties going on , they 'd be tipped off as to where they were . " - - = = Career = = - - - = = = Harry Potter = = = - - In 2000 , producer David asked to audition for the role of Harry Potter for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the 's Stone , the best @-@ selling book by British author J. K. . had been searching for an unknown British actor to the character , and the movie 's director Chris Columbus recalled thinking , " This is what I want . This is Harry Potter " , after he saw a video of the young actor in David Copperfield . Eight months later , and after several auditions , was selected to play the part . also endorsed the selection saying , " I don 't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . " 's parents originally turned down the offer , as they had been told that it would involve six films shot in Los Angeles . Warner Bros. instead offered a two @-@ movie contract with shooting in the UK ; was unsure at the time if he would do any more than that . - The release of Harry Potter and the 's Stone ( released as Harry Potter and the 's Stone in the United States ) took place in 2001 . received a seven figure salary for the lead role , but asserted that the fee was " not that important " to him ; his parents chose to invest the money for him . The film was highly popular and was met with positive reviews , and critics took notice of : " is the embodiment of every reader 's imagination . It is wonderful to see a young hero who is so scholarly looking and filled with curiosity and who connects with very real emotions , from solemn intelligence and the delight of discovery to deep family longing , " wrote Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle . - A year later starred in Harry Potter and the Chamber of , the second installment of the series . Reviewers were positive about the lead actors ' performances but had opinions on the movie as a whole . The 2004 release Harry Potter and the of was the third film in the series . 's performance was panned by New York Times journalist A. O. Scott , who wrote that Watson had to carry him with her performance . Next was Harry Potter and the of Fire in 2005 . The film was the second @-@ highest grossing Harry Potter film at that point , and singled out the humour as being a reason for the movie 's creative success . - The future of the franchise was put into question when and his co @-@ leads Emma Watson and Rupert hesitated signing on to continue their roles for the final two episodes ; however , by March 2007 had signed for the final films , which put an end to weeks of press " speculation that he would be denied the role due to his involvement in " , in which he had performed nude on stage . reprised his role for the fourth time in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) . stated that director David and actress made Order of the Phoenix the " most fun " film in the series to work on . His performance earned several award nominations , and he received the 2008 National Movie Award for " Best Male Performance . " As his fame and the series continued , , , and Watson left of their hands , feet , and in front of 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . In July 2009 Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was released , the series ' sixth instalment . received nominations for " Best Male Performance " and " Global " at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards . - For financial and reasons the last book was divided into two films , shot back to back , which drew criticism from the series ' fanbase . defended the split , stating that it would have been impossible to properly adapt the final novel into a single film . He added that the last movie was going to be extremely fast @-@ paced with a lot of action , while the first part would be far more , focusing on character development ; he added that , had they combined them , those things would not have made it to the final cut . Filming lasted for a year , concluding in June 2010 and on the last day of shooting , like most of the cast and crew , openly . - The final film , Harry Potter and the – Part 2 , was released in July 2011 . , along with the film , was critically acclaimed : Ann of The Washington Post asked , " Who could have predicted that , and Watson would turn out to be good actors ? " ; similarly , Rex Reed said : " , I ’ m sorry to see [ ] go " ; while Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers commented on : " Well played , sir . " Roger gave the film a highly positive review , but felt that , and Watson were " upstaged by the supporting [ actors ] . " - admitted that some people would never be able to separate him from the character , but also said he is " proud to be associated with this film series forever . " Despite positive feelings about the movies , he has no interest in doing more Harry Potter films . After hinted about writing an eighth book , was asked if he would do another film to which he replied : " [ It is ] very doubtful . I think 10 years is a long time to spend with one character . " Despite so much time to the series , has asserted that he did not miss out on a childhood like other child actors : " I ’ ve been given a much better perspective on life by doing Potter . " - - = = = 2001 – 09 = = = - - made his film debut in The of Panama , an American 2001 film based on John le 's 1996 spy novel , and a moderate commercial success . In 2002 he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in a West End theatre production of The Play What I , directed by Kenneth Branagh – who also appeared with him in the second Harry Potter film . In 2007 he appeared in the film December Boys , an Australian family drama about four orphans that was shot in 2005 and released to theatres in mid @-@ September 2007 . Also in 2007 , co @-@ starred with Carey in My Boy Jack , a television drama film shown on ITV on Remembrance Day . The film received mostly positive reviews , with several critics praising 's performance as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old who goes missing in action during a battle . stated , " For many people my age , the First World War is just a topic in a history book . But I 've always been fascinated by the subject and think it 's as relevant today as it ever was . " - At age 17 , in a bid to show people he was prepared for adult roles , he performed onstage in Peter Shaffer 's play , which had not been revived since its first run in 1973 , at the Gielgud Theatre . took on the lead role as Alan , a stable boy who has an obsession with horses . Advance sales topped £ 1 @.@ 7 million , and the role generated significant pre @-@ opening media interest , as appeared in a nude scene . opened on 27 February 2007 and ran until 9 June 2007 . 's performance received positive reviews as critics were impressed by the nuance and depth of his against @-@ type role . Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph wrote that he " displays a dramatic power and an stage presence that marks a tremendous leap forward . " He added : " I never thought I would find the ( but perfectly formed ) a sinister figure , but as Alan ... there are moments when he seems genuinely scary in his rage and confusion . " The production then transferred to Broadway in September 2008 , with still in the lead role . stated he was nervous about repeating the role on Broadway because he considered American audiences more discerning than those in London . 's performance was nominated for a Drama Award . - - = = = 2010 – present = = = - - After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010 , debuted as J. Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to in Business Without Really , a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert and Matthew . Other cast members included John Larroquette , Rose and Mary . Both the actor and production received favourable reviews , with USA Today commenting : " ultimately succeeds not by his fellow cast members , but by working in conscientious harmony with them – and having a blast in the process . " 's performance in the show earned him Drama Award , Drama League Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations . The production itself later received nine Tony Award nominations . left the show on 1 January 2012 . - His first post @-@ Harry Potter project was the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black , adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill . The film was released on 3 February 2012 in the United States and Canada , and was released on 10 February in the UK . portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died , and soon after he begins to experience strange events and from the ghost of a woman dressed in black . He has said he was " incredibly excited " to be part of the film and described the script as " beautifully written " . - In 2013 , he portrayed American poet Allen Ginsberg in the thriller drama Kill Your , directed by John . He also starred in an Irish @-@ Canadian romantic comedy film The F Word directed by Michael written by , based on TJ and Michael 's play and Cigars and then he starred in an American dark fantasy horror film directed by Alexandre Horns . Both of the films premiered at the 38th Toronto International Film Festival . - also performed at the Noël Coward Theatre in the stage play revival of Martin 's dark comedy The of as the lead , Billy , for which he won the Award for Best Actor in a Play . In 2015 , starred as Igor in a science fiction horror film Victor directed by Paul and written by Max , which was based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel . In 2016 , portrayed Manny , a corpse , in the indie film Swiss Army Man . - He is set to star as American reporter Jake in Tokyo Vice . In November 2015 he joined the ensemble cast of Shane 's third film , The Modern Ocean alongside Anne , , Tom Holland , Grace , , Jeff and Abraham . - - = = Personal life = = - - In 2008 , revealed that he has a mild form of the disorder developmental coordination disorder . The motor skill disorder sometimes prevents him from doing simple activities , such as writing or tying his own . " I was having a hard time at school , in terms of being crap at everything , with no discernible talent , " commented . In August 2010 , he stopped drinking alcohol after finding himself becoming too reliant on it . - In November 2007 published several poems under the pen name Jacob – a combination of his middle name and the Jewish version of his mother 's maiden name – in , an underground fashion magazine . He has a close friendship with his Harry Potter co @-@ stars Tom and Emma Watson , and is tight @-@ knit with his family , whom he credits for keeping him grounded . - Sources disagree about 's personal wealth ; he was reported to have earned £ 1 million for the first Harry Potter film and around £ 15 million for the sixth . appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List in 2006 , which estimated his personal fortune to be £ 14 million , making him one of the richest young people in the UK . In March 2009 he was ranked number one on the Forbes " Most Valuable Young Stars " list , and by April The Daily Telegraph measured his net worth at £ , making him the 12th richest young person in the UK . was considered to be the richest teenager in England later that year . In February 2010 he was named the sixth highest paid Hollywood male star and placed at number five on Forbes 's December list of Hollywood 's highest @-@ grossing actors with a film revenue of US $ 780 million , mainly due to Harry Potter and the being released that year . - maintains a home in the West Village of Lower Manhattan in New York City . As of October 2012 , has been dating American Erin Darke , whom he met on the set of Kill Your . There were rumours and stories of a possible engagement in mid @-@ 2014 , but Darke 's father Ian Darke denied there were any such plans in December 2014 . - - = = = and activism = = = - - is an . He has been quoted as saying : " I 'm an , and a militant when religion starts impacting on legislation " , and in a separate interview , he stated ; " I 'm very relaxed about it [ being an ] . I don 't preach my , but I have a huge amount of respect for people like Richard who do . Anything he does on television , I will watch " . - is a supporter of the Labour Party . Until 2012 had publicly supported the Liberal Democrats , and before the 2010 general election endorsed Nick , the leader . In 2012 , however , switched his allegiance to Labour , citing disappointment with the performance of Nick and the in government , and of the Labour leader , Ed . In September 2015 , he endorsed Jeremy in the 2015 leadership contest to succeed . He is a supporter of a British republic . At the age of sixteen , became the youngest non @-@ royal ever to have an individual portrait in Britain 's National Portrait Gallery ( ) . On 13 April 2006 his portrait , drawn by Stuart Pearson Wright , was unveiled as part of a new exhibition opening at the Royal National Theatre ; it was then moved to the where it resides . - Speaking out against homophobia , began filming public service announcements in 2009 for The Trevor Project , promoting awareness of gay teen suicide prevention . He first learned of the organisation while working on on Broadway in 2008 and has contributed financially to it . " I have always hated anybody who is not tolerant of gay men or or . Now I am in the very fortunate position where I can actually help or do something about it , " he said in a 2010 interview . In the same interview , he spoke of the importance of public figures advocating for equal rights . considers his involvement to be one of the most important things in his career and , for his work for the organisation , he was given the " Hero Award " in 2011 . - has supported various charities . He designed the @-@ Bed for Habitat 's Kids range ( a made of eight smaller ones which can be made into a bed , @-@ or chair ) with all the royalties from the sale of the bed going directly to his favourite charity , House Children 's Hospice in , Kent . has urged his fans to make donations , in lieu of Christmas presents to him , to the charity 's for Care program . In 2008 he was among several celebrities who donated their old glasses to an exhibit victims of the Holocaust . During the Broadway run of he auctioned off a pair of and other items worn in the show , for New @-@ York @-@ based Broadway Cares / and presenting at the 2011 of the Year competition . He has also donated money to Get UK , a London @-@ based free national for troubled youth . - is a fan of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League . - - = = Filmography = = - - - = = Awards and nominations = = - - - - = ... Thirteen Years Later = - - " ... Thirteen Years Later " is the fifth episode of the third season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on October 30 , 1998 . The episode was written by Michael R. Perry , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " ... Thirteen Years Later " featured guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss , performing both as themselves and as minor characters . - In this episode , Federal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black ( Lance ) and Emma Hollis ( Scott ) investigate a series of murders on the set of a horror film — and realize that the production is based on a case Black solved several years earlier . - " ... Thirteen Years Later " proved a difficult episode to produce , with filming requiring a large number of shots to be completed and the script to be adjusted on short notice . It has evoked mixed responses from critics , although the guest appearances by the members of Kiss have been more universally criticized . - - = = Plot = = - - Federal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black ( Lance ) and Emma Hollis ( Scott ) travel to Rest , South Carolina to investigate the deaths of film director Lew Carroll ( Paul Stanley ) and Marta , the leading actress in his newest film . As the local sheriff guides Black and Hollis through the murder scene , Black realizes that the film is based on a real murder case he investigated thirteen years previously ; he is shocked to learn that the true story is being for the screen . - The pair interview the cast and crew as suspects , discovering that many would benefit from either of the deaths — producer Kenny had been having an affair with ; replaced Carroll as director ; Ruby Dahl and , whose roles in the film will expand without ; and Mark Bianco , a method actor the opportunity to meet Black , whose role he plays . Also questioned is Hugo Winston , the man whose partner was murdered in the earlier case and who is campaigning against what he sees as a production . - The production continues , and after the filming of a pool scene the crew gather in catering ; discovers a severed finger in his sandwich , recognizing from its ring that it belonged to . When the sheriff down production , Black that the killer may target the crew 's hotel ; he and Hollis arrive to find the body of the film 's publicist hanging from a rope . The next day , a film extra ( Gene Simmons ) confesses to the killings ; Black holes in his story and discovers he is not a credible perpetrator . Regardless , production is resumed — and shortly afterwards , several crew members are found with their cut , while Winston 's body hangs nearby in an apparent murder @-@ suicide . - Black doubts that Winston is the killer , and while Hollis stays in the hotel , he visits the production 's climactic shoot , set during a performance by the band Kiss . As he looks around him , the sheriff 's body is thrown down from the ; as the settles , Black realizes that horror films end with the leading lady being targeted — the killer is after Hollis . Racing back to her hotel , Black discover Hollis off a @-@ wielding Bianco . Black is able to subdue Bianco after Hollis the ; the actor then explains that he lacked Black 's insight and had to commit the crimes in order to see through the eyes of a killer . - - = = Production = = - - " ... Thirteen Years Later " is the second episode of Millennium to have been written by Michael R. Perry , who had previously penned the second season episode " The " , and would provide a further three scripts in the third season . The episode was directed by Thomas J. Wright , who helmed a total of twenty @-@ six episodes across all three seasons . Wright would also go on to direct " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . - The episode features guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss — Peter Criss , Ace , Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley — who each portray both themselves and a small cameo role . However , the band members insisted during filming that their roles be given an equal amount of dialogue , which led to Perry being asked to amend scenes on short notice and updated scripts to the shooting locations ; ultimately much of this additional material was filmed but not used in the episode . Ace was also towards his role , and requested to play a " 300 @-@ pound black man " instead , wishing to wear a fat suit like those used in the 1996 Eddie Murphy film The Professor ; he was eventually convinced that such a suit would take too long to . - Perry has described the production " ... Thirteen Years Later " as being " one of the most " of the series ' run , citing its abundance of stunt work and physical effects as the cause of this . Perry praised Wright for his ability to direct the episode within the usual time constraints , as he felt the number of shots involved was more akin to a feature film than a television episode . Guest star Jeff , who played killer Mark Bianco , is the husband of actress Megan Gallagher , who starred in the first two seasons of Millennium as Black 's wife Catherine . - - = = Broadcast and reception = = - - " ... Thirteen Years Later " was first broadcast on the Fox network on October 30 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 4 during its original broadcast , meaning that 5 @.@ 4 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 @.@ 37 million households . - " ... Thirteen Years Later " received mixed reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a " B " . VanDerWerff felt that the episode 's comedic was necessary within the wider series , as he considered Millennium 's dark tone to be prone to unintentional comedy and that a comic episode provided an outlet for this . VanDerWerff found the script to be at its strongest when the character of Frank Black , but admitted that it " falls apart " when attempting to send up other subjects ; he also felt that the guest appearance by Kiss felt unnecessary and contrived . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " ... Thirteen Years Later " one star out of five . Shearman felt that the episode had the potential to be much better , but that " the whole concept drowns in " . He considered the episode 's characters to too shallow and its commentary to be too heavy @-@ handed to fully execute anything meaningful ; criticism was also levelled at the guest roles by the members of Kiss . - - - = New Jersey Route 29 = - - Route 29 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 34 @.@ 76 mi ( 55 @.@ 94 km ) from an interchange with Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) in Hamilton Township in Mercer County , where it continues as I @-@ 195 , to Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) in Frenchtown , County . Between the southern terminus and I @-@ 95 , the route is a mix of freeway and four @-@ lane divided highway that runs along the Delaware River through . This section includes a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that was built along the river near historic houses and Cemetery . North of I @-@ 95 , Route 29 turns into a scenic and mostly two @-@ lane highway . North of the South Tunnel , it is designated the Delaware River Scenic Byway , a New Jersey Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway , that follows the Delaware River in mostly rural sections of Mercer County and County . The obsolete Delaware & Canal usually stands between the river and the highway . Most sections of this portion of Route 29 are completely due to the tree canopy . Route 29 also has a spur , Route 129 , which connects Route 29 to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in . - Route 29 was initially designated in 1927 to run from downtown to Newark , following present @-@ day Route 179 and US 202 between and and US 22 between and Newark . The route between and Frenchtown was originally Route . In 1953 , Route 29 was shifted to follow the alignment of Route to avoid the with the U.S. Routes . Route 29 between South Warren Street in and I @-@ 95 in Ewing Township was upgraded to a four @-@ lane highway , with a portion of freeway , in the 1950s and 1960s . In 1995 , the southern freeway part of Route 29 between I @-@ 195 / I @-@ 295 and Route 129 in Hamilton Township was completed . This freeway section was linked to the rest of Route 29 by a tunnel completed in 2002 . A realignment of Route 29 in by the 2000s made the route concurrent with the entire length of 0 @.@ 26 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 42 km ) Route 165 . - - = = Route description = = - - - = = = Mercer County = = = - - Route 29 begins at a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 195 and Interstate 295 in Hamilton Township , and it serves as the western continuation of Interstate 195 , heading to the northwest as a six @-@ lane freeway . The route interchanges with Route 129 , a spur of Route 29 which connects to U.S. Route 1 , at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . Route 29 to four lanes past this interchange and crosses into . The route comes to a southbound exit and entrance for Road . At this point , Route 29 becomes the Delaware River Scenic Byway , a state scenic that was also designated a National Scenic Byway in 2009 . Route 29 runs along the bank of the Delaware River and enters a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that passes by historic houses and Cemetery . Within this tunnel , Route 29 features a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lalor Street . The route emerges from the tunnel as the John Fitch Parkway , passes by Arm & Park , and comes to a traffic light at Thunder Road / Cass Street where it back to six lanes . Route 29 meets South Warren Street at another traffic light . The median and it passes under the @-@ Railroad Bridge , which carries the Amtrak Northeast Corridor over the Delaware River . - Route 29 passes under the @-@ Bridge , which carries U.S. Route 1 over the Delaware River . to U.S. Route 1 southbound is provided by ramps from Route 29 while access to Route 29 from northbound U.S. Route 1 is provided by South Warren Street . Route 29 passes under the Lower Bridge and the median again . It interchanges with Market Street , which provides access to Route 33 , and then features an interchange which provides access to the New Jersey State House with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . Route 29 crosses the Creek and features an interchange which provides access to South Warren Street with exits in both directions but only a northbound entrance . Route 29 continues to a cloverleaf interchange with Street ( County Route 653 ) , which provides access to the Street Bridge over the Delaware River . Riverside Avenue exits as a frontage road the northbound lanes of Route 29 before the road features a northbound exit for Avenue . Route 29 comes to a partial interchange with Avenue , with a northbound exit and southbound entrance , and then features a northbound exit for South Avenue . - The freeway portion of Route 29 ends at the intersection with Lee Avenue and it continues northwest along the Delaware River as a four @-@ lane divided highway . The route meets the southern terminus of County Route ( Sullivan Way ) . The median again and then as the route meets the southern terminus of Route 175 , a former alignment of Route 29 that currently serves as a frontage road . Route 29 crosses into Ewing Township and becomes the Daniel Bray Highway . It passes under the West Railroad Bridge , which carries and ’ s West Line over the Delaware River . Route 29 intersects Route 175 again and then comes to a complex interchange with Interstate 95 , with the ramps within the median of Route 29 , just to the east of the Falls Bridge . - Upon crossing the Delaware and Canal , Route 29 down to a two @-@ lane undivided road called River Road . It continues along the Delaware River , next to the Delaware and Canal , which runs between Route 29 and the river . The route intersects the northern terminus of Route 175 . Farther north , Route 29 enters Township and continues into a more rural setting with trees . Route 29 heads to Washington Crossing State Park , where it intersects County Route , which heads east on Washington Crossing @-@ Road , and the approach to the Washington Crossing Bridge , which continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route . Route 29 continues north along the Delaware River through , passing by Washington Crossing State Park . - - = = = County = = = - - Route 29 crosses into West Township in County . It enters , where Route 29 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway . At the intersection of South Main Street , Route 29 becomes concurrent with Route 165 . The route becomes an undivided highway again and meets the western terminus of County Route ( Brunswick Street ) . It meets Route 179 ( Bridge Street ) , where Route 165 ends and Route 29 turns west for a one @-@ block wrong @-@ way concurrency with the two @-@ lane , undivided Route 179 , lasting to the intersection of Main Street , where Route 29 turns north on Main Street . - Route 29 follows Main Street north through , crossing into Delaware Township . It comes to an interchange with U.S. Route 202 just east of the New Hope @-@ Bridge , with access to northbound U.S. Route 202 and from southbound U.S. Route 202 provided by way of Creek Road . Route 29 continues along the Delaware River and enters Stockton . The route intersects Bridge Street , which crosses the Delaware River on the Centre Bridge @-@ Stockton Bridge and continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 263 . Shortly after that intersection , Route 29 intersects the southern terminus of County Route 523 ( Stockton @-@ Flemington Road ) . Route 29 crosses back into Delaware Township , where it meets the southern terminus of County Route ( @-@ Stockton Road ) . - Route 29 makes a sharp left turn and heads west along the river as a rural road , crossing into Township , where the name of the road changes from Main Street to Daniel Bray Highway . Here , it intersects with County Route ( @-@ Road ) . The route to the north and continues along the Delaware River for several miles , crossing into Frenchtown , where the route becomes Road . Upon entering Frenchtown , an end shield for northbound Route 29 is posted to mark the end of state maintenance , which officially ends at the Washington Street intersection , where maintenance is transferred to the county . Despite this , Route 29 officially continues farther north along Road to its northern terminus at Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) , a short distance east of Route 12 ’ s western terminus at the @-@ Frenchtown Bridge . The southern terminus of County Route is located a block north of the northern terminus of Route 29 along Route 12 . - - = = History = = - - The current route was originally legislated in 1911 as part of the Delaware River Drive , a named state highway that was proposed to run from along the Delaware River from to the New York border in Township . Route 29 was originally defined in 1927 to run from to Newark . The original route ran from downtown along State Street and Drive . From there , it followed its current alignment to , where it followed present @-@ day Route 179 to to present @-@ day County Route , which it followed to Woods Tavern . The route turned north on U.S. Route 206 ( also designated Route 31 ) and followed that route to , where it followed U.S. Route 22 to Newark . The current alignment of Route 29 from to Route 12 in Frenchtown was designated Route in 1927 . - The alignment of Route 29 between and was eventually shifted to follow present @-@ day U.S. Route 202 , which was also Route 30 ( now Route 31 ) between and Flemington and Route 12 between Flemington and . In 1938 , Route was planned as an extension of Route from Frenchtown to Route 28 ( now Route 122 ) in Alpha . While this road was never built , much of the alignment north of Milford is served by County Route . In 1948 , a spur route , Route , was created , running along U.S. Route 202 ( Bridge Street ) in to the New Hope @-@ Bridge . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 29 was to continue north from to Frenchtown on Route , and the Route 29 designation between and Newark was removed in favor of U.S. Route 202 between and and U.S. Route 22 between and Newark . The section of former Route 29 between Route and Route became Route 165 . - Plans for a limited @-@ access route along the Route 29 corridor go back to 1932 , when a parkway was proposed along the Delaware River between and ; this proposal never materialized . Plans for a freeway were resurrected in the early 1950s to construct a road , the John Fitch Parkway , that was to run from Hamilton Township to Interstate 95 in Ewing Township . This road was built between 1954 and 1957 from South Warren Street in to present @-@ day Interstate 95 in Ewing Township . Construction of this portion John Fitch Parkway took up much of ’ s available waterfront along the Delaware River . The former alignment of Route 29 in the northern part of and in Ewing Township became Route 175 . - Between 1990 and 1995 , the Route 29 freeway was built between the Interstate 195 / Interstate 295 interchange and Route 129 in Hamilton Township . A two @-@ lane street , Road , connected the two freeway sections . Plans were then made to fill the gap between the two freeway sections in . Construction began in 1997 on the Route 29 freeway between Route 129 and the @-@ Railroad Bridge . The road was to include two traffic lights at Cass Street and South Warren Street and a tunnel which was to be built as a covered roadway on the bank of the Delaware River . The tunnel was originally scheduled to be complete by 2001 but was delayed after the Army Corps of Engineers discovered many environmental violations that occurred with construction of the tunnel . The roof was put in place in October 2001 and the tunnel officially opened to traffic on March 2 , 2002 . A restriction to trucks over 13 tons was put in place and made permanent in November 2002 . - By the 2000s , the state gave the part of Route 29 ( South Main Street ) between Route 165 and Route 179 in to the city , and Route 29 was rerouted to use all of Route 165 and one block of Route 179 . Prior to this , South Main Street had been turned one @-@ way southbound . Route 165 , which is only signed on overhead street signs , still exists , though it is fully concurrent with Route 29 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = First invasion of Burma = - - The first invasions of Burma ( ) ( : – ( – ) ) were a series of military conflicts between Khan 's Yuan dynasty , division of the Empire , and the Pagan Empire that took place between and . The invasions toppled the 250 @-@ year @-@ old Pagan Empire , and the army seized Pagan territories in present @-@ day , and northern Burma to . The invasions in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia . - The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271 – 72 , as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China . When King refused , Emperor Khan himself sent another mission in , again demanding tribute . It too was rejected . In 1275 , the emperor ordered the government to secure the in order to block an escape path for the Song , and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested . Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Army in – 78 . After a brief lull , Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia , demanding tribute from Pagan , the Khmer Empire , and . When the king again refused , the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma . Two dry season campaigns ( – 85 ) later , the Mongols had occupied down to and , forcing the king to flee to Lower Burma . The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of . - negotiations began in , and ended with finally agreeing to submit in June . The embassy , received by the emperor in Beijing in January , agreed to a treaty that acknowledged the of the Yuan dynasty or the Empire over the Pagan Empire and annual payments in taxes to the government in exchange for the evacuation of troops from northern Burma . But the treaty never really took effect as was assassinated in July , and no authority who could honor the treaty emerged . The command at now deemed the imperial order to withdraw void , and ordered an invasion of central Burma . They may not have reached Pagan , and even if they did , after having suffered heavy casualties , they returned to . - The Pagan Empire and anarchy ensued . The Mongols , who probably preferred the situation , did nothing to restore order in the next ten years . In March , they accepted the voluntary submission of King of Pagan although he controlled little beyond the capital city of Pagan ( ) . But was overthrown nine months later , and the Mongols were forced to intervene , leading to their second invasion in 1300 – 01 . - Marco Polo reported the first invasions ( – 87 ) in his , Il . The referred to the invaders as the ( after the central Asian troops that largely made up the invasion army ) ; today , the term ( ) refers to the Han Chinese instead . King is remembered in history as @-@ , ( " the King who from the " ) . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Pagan and = = = - - In the 13th century , the Pagan Empire , along with the Khmer Empire , was one of the two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia . For much of its history , Pagan 's neighbor to the northeast was not China but the independent Kingdom and its predecessor , both with as their capital city . @-@ based kingdoms were a power in their own right , at times themselves with the Empire to their west and at other times with China 's Tang and Song dynasties . Indeed , 's mounted armies ventured deep into what is today Burma and may have been behind the founding of the medieval city of Pagan and the Pagan Dynasty itself . - Between the newly conquered territory and Pagan were a wide of stretching from present @-@ day , and prefectures in as well as the and regions ( presumably in present @-@ day northern Shan State ) , which Pagan and had both claimed and exercised overlapping spheres of influence . Then as now , the mostly consist of of high mountain ranges . - - = = = conquest of = = = - - The Empire first arrived at the of the Pagan Empire in by invading the Kingdom in its attempt to outflank Song China . The armies captured the capital , , on 7 January , and went on to much of the kingdom by . - The arrival of the Mongols did not initially upset the existing order at the as the Mongols were intent on finishing off the Song . For the next dozen years , they consolidated their hold over the newly conquered land , which not only provided them with a base from which to attack the Song from the rear but also was strategically located on the trade routes from China to Burma and India . The Mongols set up military garrisons , manned mostly by @-@ speaking Muslims from Central Asia , in 37 circuits of the former Kingdom . - - = = = Decline of Pagan = = = - - By then , the Pagan Empire , despite outward appearances of calm , had been in long and slow decline since the early 13th century . The continuous growth of tax @-@ free religious wealth had greatly reduced the tax base of the kingdom . The crown had lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen , inviting a vicious circle of internal disorders and external challenges . Although it was able to put down the first batch of serious rebellions in – 60 in South and ( ) , the decline continued . On the eve of the invasions , between one and two @-@ thirds of Upper Burma 's land had been donated to religion . The crown 's ability to defenses was in serious jeopardy . - - = = Prelude to war = = - - - = = = First mission ( 1271 – 72 ) = = = - - The period of calm for Pagan ended in the early . By then , the Song were on the ropes , and Emperor Khan , who officially founded the Yuan dynasty on 18 December 1271 , sought to cut off the retreat of Song refugees in all directions . In Pagan 's case , he had ordered the governor of to control of the , and in January 1271 to send a mission to Pagan to demand tribute . The tribute he demanded was nominal . Given his higher priority elsewhere , the emperor was not looking to replace the regime at Pagan . At the border , the ruler of the and regions submitted to the Mongols . - When the envoys led by showed up , the Pagan court led by Chief Minister was well aware of the military power of the Mongols and advised King to use diplomacy . The king was furious at the demand and kept the envoys waiting for weeks . The court finally devised a compromise : the envoys were sent back without ever seeing the king . them was a envoy who carried a letter expressing friendly sentiments and the king 's wish to one day worship a Buddha tooth at Beijing . The king then promptly ordered an expedition , which retook the rebellious regions in April . The rebel leader A @-@ ( ) was brought back to Pagan . relayed the news to Beijing but did not carry out any military action . - - = = = Second mission ( ) = = = - - At Beijing , Khan , who was preparing an invasion of Japan , decided against a war with Pagan — for the time being . On 3 March , he sent a 4 @-@ member delegation led by an imperial ambassador , the First Secretary to the Board , to Pagan . The delegation carried a letter from the emperor . The letter says : - " If you have finally decided to fulfill your duties towards the All @-@ Highest , send one of your brothers or senior ministers , to show men that all the world is linked with Us , and enter into a perpetual alliance . This will add to your reputation , and be in your own interests ; for if it comes to war , who will be the victor ? well , O king , Our words . " - This time , the king received the imperial envoys but still refused to submit . ( The chronicles say that the king was so insulted that he had the envoys executed . But both evidence and Yuan records indicate that the envoys were not executed . ) At any rate , the imperial envoys did not get back to in due time . The newly formed government sent another delegation to investigate the whereabouts of the delegation , but the delegation could not reach Pagan because of an ongoing rebellion en route . - - = = = consolidation of ( 1275 – 76 ) = = = - - Meanwhile , in , the former Kingdom was officially reorganized as the Province of , with al @-@ Din Omar as governor . In May 1275 , the governor sent a report to the emperor stating that the embassy had not returned ; that the evidently had no intention of submitting ; and that war was the only way forward . - But the emperor rejected an outright invasion . Just coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign , the emperor was unwilling to commit the central government troops to what he considered a low priority affair . He was now focused on delivering the final blow against the Song ; the emperor ordered the provincial army to secure the in order to block the escape path of the Song refugees . He also sanctioned a limited border war if Pagan contested the takeover . As planned , the army proceeded to consolidate the in 1275 – 76 . ( Elsewhere , the main armies had captured most of the Song territory by . ) - By , at least one vassal state named " Gold " ( modern ) had submitted to the Mongols . Like in , the government responded by sending an army to reclaim the rebellious state ; but unlike in , the Mongols had posted a sizable garrison there . Though it was ultimately under command , many of the officers and most of the soldiers of the garrison were @-@ speaking peoples or people from the further west : Turks from , , and , but also captive soldiers from the Persian empire , the , and even from the lower . - - = = Border war ( – 78 ) = = - - What followed was a border war in – 78 . It was reported mainly in the Yuan dynasty chronicle and the of Marco Polo . Although the chronicles have no record of the border war , a inscription mentions the army 's defeat at . The accounts of the border war contain certain errors of location and numbers although the overall narrative is probably accurate . - - = = = Battle of = = = - - According to the Yuan dynasty chronicle and Marco Polo 's accounts , a army " invaded " the territory of Gold , and was defeated by the army in April . The battle took place either at the valley ( in present @-@ day Prefecture ) or 110 km southwest at ( present @-@ day , Prefecture ) , which the called . - The Yuan Chronicle reports that only 700 men defeated a army of 40 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 with 10 @,@ 000 horses and 800 . It also reports only one was killed , in trying to catch an elephant . According to Marco Polo , the army consisted of 12 @,@ 000 mounted , and the army numbered 60 @,@ 000 men with 2000 , " on each of which was set a tower of timber , well @-@ framed and strong , and carrying from 12 to 16 well @-@ armed fighting men . " Even then , the 40 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 figures of the army strength were likely eye estimates and may still be too high ; the Mongols may have " on the side of generosity " not to " their glory in defeating superior numbers . " - According to Marco Polo 's account , in the early stages of the battle , the Turkish and horsemen " took such at the sight of the that they would not be got to face the , but always and turned back , " while the forces pressed on . But the commander did not panic ; he ordered his troops to , and from the cover of the nearby , aim their bows directly at the advancing . The ' arrows threw the animals into such pain that they fled . - - = = = Raid of = = = - - The army pressed on after the monsoon season . In the following dry season of – 78 , c . December , a army of led by al @-@ Din , son of , advanced to , which defended the Pass . They occupied the fort and destroyed a large number of abandoned . But they found the heat excessive and returned . - - = = Interlude ( – 83 ) = = - - Despite the military success , the control of the remained contested . Pagan did not relinquish its claim to the frontier regions , and the , apparently taking advantage of elsewhere , rebuilt their forts at and later in , posting permanent garrisons commanded by . But their control was short @-@ lived . The Great Khan 's attention turned to Southeast Asia once more in 1281 . He had had mixed success : his forces had finished off the last of the Song in 1279 but had again failed to take Japan in 1281 . That year , the emperor sent another mission to Pagan , demanding tribute yet again . The king was to send his ten senior ministers accompanied by one thousand cavalry officers to the emperor 's court . ( With , the emperor summoned the king of himself to Beijing . ) - At Pagan , with his court for an appropriate response but ultimately refused to submit . The court may have been counting on another limited border war but the emperor now ordered an invasion of northern Burma . ( He also ordered an invasion of , whose king too had refused to submit . ) The king 's troubles did not go elsewhere in the kingdom . In the same year , a named seized the southern port city of ( ) by killing its Pagan @-@ appointed governor . Although the king 's three sons were of the nearby Lower Burma cities ( in ( ) , ( ) , and ) , the king , preoccupied with much more serious threat in the north , did not ( or could not ) take any action on . - Throughout , the command made preparations for the upcoming invasions of and northern Burma . The objective of the Burma campaign was to take over northern Burma but no further ; the emperor did not an attack on Pagan itself . At least one army consisted of 14 @,@ 000 men of the Persian Empire under the command of was sent to to reinforce the Burma invasion force , which again was made up of Turks and other central . On the side , the king managed to raise an army although given his low standing with his vassals , he probably could not have raised a large one . By mid @-@ , a army led by generals and was deployed at a fort at . - - = = Invasion ( – 85 ) = = - - - = = = Battle of ( ) = = = - - The invasion began on 22 September . Prince was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor , and commander . The armies marched to the border in two columns . One column advanced along the River using over 200 boats ; the other proceeded by land and joined the first column at the fort at . The chronicles report an overwhelming number of forces laying siege to the fort although their numbers are greatly exaggerated . ( The chronicles say that the army numbered 400 @,@ 000 men while the army numbered 20 million men and 6 million horses . ) The withstood the siege for over two months but the fort fell on 3 December . - - = = = Invasion of northern Burma = = = - - The defeat at broke the back of defenses . The army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders . , the next fort , fell just six days later on 9 December . The sources say that the lost 10 @,@ 000 men at . The armies pushed farther south into the valley . They took the ancient capital of , about 380 km north of Pagan on 5 February . There , the invaders paused their advance . They found the heat of the searing valley excessive , and evacuated , allowing the to return to on 10 May . But the army renewed their offensive in the following dry season . They retook , and defeated another stand south of , probably near , on 26 January , opening the way to Pagan , about 270 km south . After the defeat , the king , and fled to Lower Burma . The evacuation proved premature . The forces did not advance on Pagan as it was not part of their invasion plan . - The country fell into chaos . In Lower Burma , the king found himself isolated , let alone plan a counterattack . Although his sons ruled the key Lower Burma ports ( , and ) , the king did not trust any of them , and he and his court settled at , west of . Without the full support of his sons , the presence of the king and his small army impressed no one . The governor of that same year . The king managed to send two small expeditions to but they both failed . Now , the entire eastern half of Lower Burma ( and ) was in open revolt . - - = = Peace negotiations ( – 87 ) = = - - - = = = = = = - - Given his precarious position , decided to buy time , and sue for peace with the Mongols . In November / December , the king ordered his generals and Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations . The commanders at , who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named ( Chinese : ; Wade – Giles : @-@ ) , agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission . They repeated their 1281 demand that the king send a formal delegation to the emperor . The two sides had reached a tentative agreement by 3 March , which calls for a full submission of the Pagan Empire , and central Burma to be organized as the province of ( Chinese : ; Wade – Giles : @-@ Chung ) . After a long , the king agreed to submit but wanted the troops to withdraw . In June , he sent an embassy led by Shin , a learned monk , to the emperor 's court . - - = = = Treaty of Beijing = = = - - In January , the embassy arrived at Beijing , and was received by the Yuan emperor . The delegation formally acknowledged of their kingdom , and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country . ( Indeed , the tribute was no longer nominal . ) In exchange , the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops . For the emperor , the Burma campaign was the only bright spot ; his other Southeast Asian expeditions had gone badly . He did not want to invest more troops the rest of the kingdom . He preferred a vassal ruler . The embassy arrived back at in May , and reported the terms to the king . - - = = = = = = - - But the agreement broke down a month later . In late June , the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan . But on 1 July , the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son , the Viceroy of . Anarchy ensued . Each region in the country which had not broke away . No successor to , who could honor and enforce the terms of the treaty of Beijing , emerged . Indeed , a king would not emerge until May . - - = = intervention ( ) = = - - Given the chaos , the governor of ignored the imperial orders of evacuation . The army commanded by Prince @-@ sin , a grandson of the emperor , marched south toward Pagan . According to mainstream traditional ( British colonial era ) scholarship , the army ignored the imperial orders to evacuate ; fought its way down to Pagan with the loss of 7000 men ; occupied the city ; and sent out to receive homage , one of which reached south of . But not all colonial period scholars agreed with the assessment as none of the contemporary / Chinese records specifically mentioned the conquest of Pagan or the temporary of the conquest . - Recent research shows that the forces most probably never reached Pagan . They were held at bay by the defenses led by commanders , and , and probably never got closer than 160 km north of Pagan . ( An inscription dated 16 February by the three brothers claimed that they defeated the army . ) Even if the Mongols did reach Pagan , the damage they inflicted was probably minimal . At any rate , the army suffered heavy casualties , and retreated north to . They remained there as the treaty was now void . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The disintegration of the Pagan Empire was now complete . But the Mongols refused to fill in the power vacuum they had created . They would send no more expeditions to restore order . The emperor apparently had no interest in committing troops that would be required to the fragmented country . Indeed , his real aim all along may have been " to keep the entire region of Southeast Asia broken and fragmented . " It would be another two years until one of 's sons , , emerged as king of Pagan in May . But the new " king " controlled just a small area around the capital , and had no real army . The real power in central Burma now rested with the three commander brothers . - The uneasy arrangement would persist until . The Mongols continued to occupy northern Burma to as the province of ( @-@ ) but ended the fictional central Burma province of on 18 August . Meanwhile , the power struggle in central Burma continued with the three brothers consolidating support . To check their rising power , submitted to the Mongols in January , and was recognized by the Yuan emperor Khan as King of Pagan on 20 March . The emperor also gave Chinese titles to the brothers as subordinates of . The brothers resented the new arrangement as it directly reduced their power . On 17 December , the three brothers , and founded the Kingdom . The forced the government to intervene again , leading to the second invasion of Burma ( 1300 – 01 ) . The invasion failed . Two years later , on 4 April , the Mongols abolished the province of ( @-@ ) , evacuated , and returned to . - - = = Legacy = = - - The war was one of several near simultaneous wars by the Empire and the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century . Though it was never more than a minor frontier war to the Mongols , the war set off a series of enduring developments in Burma . The invasions in a period of political fragmentation , and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia . - - = = = Age of political fragmentation = = = - - The immediate result of the war was the collapse of the Pagan Empire . However , the war merely accelerated the collapse but did not cause it . Pagan 's disintegration was " in fact more prolonged and . " The kingdom had been in long gradual decline since the early 13th century . Had Pagan possessed a stronger central government , the collapse could have been temporary , and the country “ could have risen again ” . But the dynasty could not recover , and because the Mongols refused to fill the power vacuum , no viable center emerged in the immediate aftermath . As a result , several minor states fought it out for supremacy for the better part of the 14th century . It was only in the late 14th century that two relatively strong powers emerged in the basin , restoring some semblance of normalcy . The vast region surrounding the valley would continue to be made up of several small Tai @-@ Shan states well into the 16th century . - - = = = Rise of Tai @-@ Shan states = = = - - Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the invasions was the emergence of Tai @-@ Shan states in mainland Southeast Asia . The Tai @-@ Shan people who came down with the invasions stayed . By the early 14th century , several Tai @-@ Shan states had come to dominate a vast region from present @-@ day to northern and eastern to northern and central Thailand and Laos . Their rise was encouraged by the Mongols , who viewed the states as a useful between and the rest of Southeast Asia . The Mongols , who were still trying to incorporate into the central administration , were unwilling or unable to make necessary sustained investments to bring the vast regions south of into the fold . ( The integration of itself into “ China ” was to take several more centuries , and continues to today . ) As such , from the newly formed Tai @-@ Shan states in western and central Southeast Asia to Dai Viet and in eastern Southeast Asia , the Mongols elected to receive nominal tribute . Though the rulers of these states were technically governors of the Yuan government , they were the native chieftains , “ who would have ruled there in any case , and they did as they pleased . ” - - = = = of China on the border = = = - - The war also marked the arrival of China at the of Burma . The old Kingdom , known to the as ( , after Raj ) was now a Chinese province . ( The now called the new powers at " " after the @-@ speaking soldiers of . Over the years , the term came to be used to refer to the Han Chinese . Today , King is remembered as @-@ , ( " the King who fled from the [ Chinese ] ) . ) From a standpoint , the – Chinese presence in pushed the Shan migrations in the direction of Burma ( and parts of the Khmer Empire ) . The raids by various Shan states into Upper Burma would continue until the mid @-@ 16th century . - - = = Mongolia – relations = = - - During the official visit by the President to in November 2013 , San Suu , the of National League for Democracy , said this was the first ever mission since the Mongols came 730 years earlier . - - - = Battle of 's Ridge = - - The Battle of 's Ridge , also known as the Battle of the Bloody Ridge , Battle of Raiders Ridge , and Battle of the Ridge , was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Imperial Japanese Army and Allied ( mainly United States Marine Corps ) ground forces . It took place from 12 – 14 September 1942 , on in the Solomon Islands , and was the second of three separate major Japanese ground offensives during the Campaign . - In the battle , U.S. Marines , under the overall command of U.S. Major General Alexander , repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade , under the command of Japanese Major General . The Marines were defending the perimeter that guarded Henderson Field on , which was captured from the Japanese by the Allies in landings on on 7 August 1942 . 's unit was sent to in response to the Allied landings with the mission of the airfield and driving the Allied forces from the island . - the strength of Allied forces on – about 12 @,@ 000 – 's 6 @,@ 000 soldiers conducted several nighttime frontal assaults on the U.S. defenses . The main Japanese assault occurred around ridge south of Henderson Field , manned by troops from several U.S. Marine Corps units , primarily troops from the 1st and 1st Parachute Battalions under U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. . Although the Marine defenses were almost overrun , 's attack was ultimately defeated , with heavy losses for the Japanese . - Because of the key participation by 's unit in defending the ridge , the ridge was commonly referred to as " 's " ridge in historical accounts of the battle in Western sources . After 's Ridge , the Japanese continued to send troops to for further attempts to retake Henderson Field , affecting Japanese offensive operations in other areas of the South Pacific . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = campaign = = = - - On 7 August 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily U.S. ) landed on , , and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia . They were also intended to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul and support the Allied New Guinea campaign . The landings initiated the six @-@ month @-@ long campaign . - Taking the Japanese by surprise , by nightfall on 8 August the Allied landing forces had secured and nearby small islands , as well as an airfield under construction at Point ( 9 ° 25 ′ 45 ″ S 160 ° 3 ′ 4 ″ E ) on the north shore of the island of east of the present day capital of . placed his 11 @,@ 000 troops of the 1st Marine Division on in a loose perimeter around the Point area . - On 12 August , the airfield was named Henderson Field after Major Henderson , a Marine who had been killed at the Battle of Midway . The Allied aircraft and pilots that subsequently operated out of Henderson Field were called the " Air Force " after the Allied code name for . - In response to the Allied landings on , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's 17th Army — a corps @-@ sized command based at Rabaul ( 4 ° 11 ′ 56 ″ S 152 ° 9 ′ 57 ″ E ) and under the command of Lieutenant @-@ General — with the task of retaking from Allied forces . The 17th Army — heavily involved with the Japanese campaign in New Guinea — had only a few units available to send to the southern area . Of these units , the 35th Infantry Brigade — under Major General — was at , the 4th ( ) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th ( ) Infantry Regiment — under the command of Colonel — was embarked on transport ships near Guam . The different units began to move toward immediately ; 's regiment — the closest — arrived first . The " First " of 's unit — consisting of about soldiers — landed from destroyers at Point ( 9 ° 24 ′ 38 ″ S 160 ° 20 ′ 56 ″ E ) , about 18 mi ( 29 km ) east of the perimeter , on August 19 . - the strength of Allied forces on , 's First conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Creek on the east side of the perimeter in the early morning hours of August 21 . 's assault was repulsed with devastating losses for the attackers in what became known as the Battle of the : all but 128 of the men of the First ( including himself ) were killed in the battle . The survivors returned to Point , notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat in the battle and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul . - By 23 August , 's unit had reached and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to . Because of the damage caused by Allied air attack to a separate troop convoy during the Battle of the Eastern , the Japanese decided not to deliver 's troops to by slow transport ship ; instead , the ships carrying 's soldiers were sent to Rabaul . From there , the Japanese planned to deliver 's men to by destroyers , staging through a Japanese naval base in the Islands . The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make the round trip down " The " to and back in a single night , their exposure to Allied air attack . However , most of the soldiers ' heavy equipment and supplies , such as heavy artillery , vehicles , and much food and ammunition , could not be taken to with them . These high @-@ speed destroyer runs to , which occurred throughout the campaign , were later called the " Tokyo Express " by Allied forces and " Rat Transportation " by the Japanese . The Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during the nighttime and were not challenged by the Allies . However , any Japanese ship remaining within the 200 mi ( 320 km ) range of the aircraft at Henderson Field in daylight was in great danger from air attacks . This " curious tactical situation " held for several months . - - = = = movement = = = - - On 28 August , 600 of 's troops were loaded onto the destroyers , , , and , designated Destroyer Division 20 ( ) . Because of a shortage of fuel , could not make the entire round trip to at high speed in one night , but had to start the trip earlier in the day so that they could complete the trip by the next morning at a slower speed which fuel . At 18 : 05 that day , 11 U.S. dive bombers from @-@ 232 under the command of Lt. Col. Richard , flew from Henderson Field and located and attacked about 70 mi ( 110 km ) north of , sinking and heavily damaging and . took in tow and the three destroyers returned to the without completing their mission . The attack on killed 62 of 's soldiers and 94 crew members . - Subsequent " Express " runs were more successful . Between 29 August and 4 September , various Japanese light cruisers , destroyers , and patrol boats were able to land almost 5 @,@ 000 troops at Point , including all of the 35th Infantry Brigade , one battalion of the Regiment , and the rest of 's regiment . General , who landed at Point on the 31 August Express run , was placed in command of all the Japanese troops on . On the night of 4 / 5 September , as three of the Express destroyers — , , and — prepared to shell Henderson Field after landing their troops , they detected and sank two U.S. ships in the vicinity , the small , old destroyer transports ( called " " by the U.S. Marines ) USS Little and Gregory that were used to Allied troops around the / area . - In spite of the successes of the destroyer runs , insisted that as many soldiers of his brigade as possible be delivered to by slow barges . Therefore , a convoy carrying 1 @,@ 100 of 's troops and heavy equipment in 61 barges , mainly from the 2nd Battalion , Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel , departed the northern coast of Santa Isabel Island on 2 September . On 4 – 5 September , aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the barge convoy , killing about 90 of the soldiers in the barges and destroying much of the unit 's heavy equipment . Most of the remaining 1 @,@ 000 troops were able to land near ( 9 ° 15 ′ 32 ″ S 159 ° 40 ′ 18 ″ E ) , west of the perimeter over the next few days . By 7 September , had 5 @,@ 200 troops at Point and 1 @,@ 000 west of the perimeter . was confident enough that he could defeat the Allied forces facing him that he declined an offer from the 17th Army for delivery of one more infantry battalion to augment his forces . believed that there were only about 2 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines on . - During this time , continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the perimeter . Between 21 August and 3 September , he relocated three Marine battalions — including the 1st Battalion , under U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. ( 's Raiders ) , and the 1st Parachute Battalion — from and to . These units added about 1 @,@ 500 troops to 's original 11 @,@ 000 men defending Henderson Field . The 1st Parachute battalion , which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of and @-@ in August , was placed under 's command . - - = = Battle = = - - - = = = Prelude = = = - - set the date for his attack on the perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from towards Point on 5 September . He 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September , and that naval warships be stationed off Point on September 12 to " destroy any Americans who attempted to flee from the island . " On 7 September , issued his attack plan to " and the enemy in the vicinity of the Island airfield . " 's plan called for his forces to split into three , approach the perimeter inland , and launch a surprise night attack . 's force would attack the perimeter from the west while 's Second — renamed the Battalion — would attack from the east . The main attack would be by 's " Center Body " , numbering 3 @,@ 000 men in three battalions , from the south of the perimeter . By 7 September , most of 's troops had started marching from towards Point along the coastline . About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade 's supply base at . - Meanwhile , native island scouts — directed by British government official and officer in the British Solomon Islands Defence Force , Martin — told the Marines of Japanese troops at , near the village of , about 17 mi ( 27 km ) east of . launched a raid against the Japanese troops at . Destroyer transports USS McKean and and two patrol boats took of 's men to in two trips . and his first wave of troops landed at at 05 : 20 ( local time ) on 8 September . by aircraft from Henderson Field and gunfire from the destroyer transports , 's men advanced towards village but were slowed by Japanese resistance . At 11 : 00 , the rest of 's men landed . With this reinforcement and more support from the Henderson Field aircraft , 's force pushed into the village . The Japanese defenders , believing a major landing was underway after observing the concurrent approach of an Allied supply ship convoy heading towards Point , retreated into the jungle , leaving behind 27 dead . Two Marines were killed . - In , 's troops discovered the supply base for 's forces , including large of food , ammunition and medical supplies , and a radio . The Marines seized documents , equipment and food supplies , destroyed the rest , and returned to the perimeter at 17 : 30 . The quantities of supplies and intelligence from the captured documents revealed that at least 3 @,@ 000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack . - and Colonel Gerald Thomas , 's operations officer , believed that the Japanese attack would come at the Ridge , a narrow , grassy , 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) long , coral ridge ( 9 ° 26 ′ 39 ″ S 160 ° 2 ′ 50 ″ E ) parallel to the River just south of Henderson Field . The ridge offered a natural of approach to the airfield , commanded the surrounding area and was almost undefended . and Thomas tried to persuade to move forces to defend the ridge , but refused , believing that the Japanese were more likely to attack along the coast . Finally , Thomas convinced that the ridge was a good location for 's Raiders to " rest " from their actions of the preceding month . On 11 September , the 840 men of 's unit — including the 1st Raiders and the — deployed onto and around the ridge and prepared to defend it . - 's Center Body of troops was planning to attack the perimeter at the ridge , which they called " the " ( ) because of its shape . On 9 September , 's troops left the coast at Point . into four columns , they marched into the jungle towards their attack points south and southeast of the airfield . of good maps , at least one faulty , and thick , almost impenetrable jungle caused the Japanese columns to proceed slowly and , costing a lot of time . At the same time , 's troops approached the perimeter from the west . had some intelligence on the Marine defenses , extracted from a U.S. Army pilot captured on 30 August . - During the day of 12 September , 's troops struggled through the jungle toward their assembly points for that night 's attacks . wanted his three Center Body battalions in place by 14 : 00 , but they did not reach their assembly areas until after 22 : 00 . was also delayed in his advance towards the Marine lines in the west . Only the battalion reported that they were in place on time . Despite the problems in reaching the planned attack positions , was still confident in his attack plan because a captured U.S. pilot disclosed that the ridge was the weakest part of the Marine defenses . Japanese bombers attacked the ridge during daytime on 11 – 12 September , causing a few casualties , including two killed . - - = = = First night 's action = = = - - The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols , but did not know exactly where or when they would attack . The ridge around which deployed his men consisted of three distinct . At the southern tip and surrounded on three sides by thick jungle was Hill 80 ( so named because it rose 80 ft ( 24 m ) above sea level ) . Six hundred yards north was Hill 123 ( 123 ft ( 37 m ) high ) , the dominant feature on the ridge . The was unnamed and about 60 ft ( 18 m ) high . placed the five companies from the battalion on the west side of the ridge and the three Parachute battalion companies on the east side , holding positions in depth from Hill 80 back to Hill 123 . Two of the five companies , " B " and " C " , held a line between the ridge , a small , swampy , and the River . Machine @-@ gun teams from " E " Company , the heavy weapons company , were scattered throughout the defenses . placed his command post on Hill 123 . - At 21 : 30 on 12 September , the Japanese cruiser and three destroyers shelled the perimeter for 20 minutes and illuminated the ridge with a . Japanese artillery began shelling the Marine lines , but did little damage . At the same time , scattered groups of 's troops began with Marines around the ridge . 's 1st Battalion — led by Major — attacked the 's " C " company between the and the River , overrunning at least one platoon and forcing the Marine company to fall back to the ridge . 's unit became entangled with troops from 's 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel , who were still struggling to reach their attack positions , and the resulting confusion effectively stopped the Japanese attack on the ridge that night . , who was having trouble locating where he was in relation to the U.S. Marine lines as well as coordinating his troops ' attacks , later complained , " Due to the jungle , the brigade was scattered all over and was completely beyond my control . In my whole life I have never felt so disappointed and helpless . " Twelve U.S. Marines were killed ; Japanese casualties are unknown but perhaps somewhat greater . Although both in the west and the unit in the east tried to attack the Marine lines that night , they failed to make contact and halted near the Marine lines at dawn . - At first light on 13 September , Air Force aircraft and Marine artillery fired into the area just south of the ridge , forcing any Japanese out in the open to seek cover in the nearby jungle . The Japanese suffered several casualties , including two officers from 's battalion . At 05 : 50 , decided to regroup his forces for another attack that night . - - = = = Second night 's action on the ridge = = = - - the Japanese to attack again that night , directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge . After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to the night before , his forces . He pulled his front back about 400 yd ( 370 m ) to a line that stretched 1 @,@ 800 yd ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) , starting at the River and crossing the ridge about 150 yd ( 140 m ) south of Hill 123 . Around and behind Hill 123 he placed five companies . Any Japanese attackers Hill 80 would have to advance over 400 yd ( 370 m ) of open terrain to close with the Marine positions at Hill 123 . With only a few hours to prepare , the Marines were only able to construct rudimentary and shallow fortifications . They were low on ammunition , with one or two grenades for each Marine . ordered a reserve force consisting of the 2nd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 2 / 5 ) to move into a position just to the rear of 's troops . In addition , a battery of four howitzers from the 11th Marine Regiment moved to a location from where it could provide direct fire onto the ridge , and a forward artillery observer was placed with 's front line units . - Late in the afternoon , stepped onto a grenade box and addressed his exhausted troops , saying , - You men have done a great job , and I have just one more thing to ask of you . out just one more night . I know we 've been without sleep a long time . But we expect another attack from them tonight and they may come through here . I have every reason to believe that we will have reliefs here for all of us in the morning . - 's speech " raised the spirits " of the Raiders and helped them prepare mentally for the night ahead . - As the sun set on 13 September , faced 's 830 Marines with 3 @,@ 000 troops of his brigade , plus an assortment of light artillery . The night was pitch black , with no moon . At 21 : 00 , seven Japanese destroyers briefly bombarded the ridge . 's attack began just after nightfall , with 's battalion assaulting Company B on the Marine right flank , just to the west of the ridge . The force of the assault caused Company B to fall back to Hill 123 . Under Marine artillery fire , reassembled his men and continued his attack . Without to try to " roll @-@ up " the other nearby Marine units , whose flanks were now unprotected , 's unit forward through the swampy lowlands between the ridge and the River , heading for the airfield . 's men came upon a pile of Marine supplies and rations . Not having eaten adequately for a couple of days , they paused to " themselves " on the " C " and " K " rations . ordered his men to continue the attack . At about 03 : 00 , he led them against the Marine units around the northern portion of the ridge , just short of the airfield , as well as Hill 123 . In the heavy fighting that followed , and around 100 of his men were killed , ending that attack . - Meanwhile , 's 2nd Battalion , under Major Tamura , assembled for their planned assault against Hill 80 from the jungle south of the ridge . Marine observers spotted Tamura 's preparations and called in artillery fire . At about 22 : 00 , a barrage from twelve 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns hit Tamura 's position . In response , two companies of Tamura 's troops — numbering about 320 men — charged up Hill 80 with fixed bayonets behind their own barrage of mortar fire and grenades . Tamura 's attack hit Company B of the Marine Parachute battalion and also Company B , pushing the off the east side of the ridge into a draw below the . To protect the exposed Company B , immediately ordered them to pull back onto Hill 123 . - At the same time , a Japanese company from 's battalion infiltrated through a gap between the east side of the ridge and Parachute Company C. that their positions were now , Parachute Companies B and C climbed onto the ridge and retreated to a position behind Hill 123 . In the darkness and confusion of the battle , the retreat quickly became confused and disorganized . A few Marines began that the Japanese were attacking with poison gas , other Marines who no longer possessed their gas masks . After arriving behind Hill 123 , some of the Marines continued on towards the airfield , repeating the word " withdraw " to anyone within . Other Marines began to follow them . Just at the moment that it appeared that the Marines on the hill were about to break and head for the rear in a , , Major Kenneth D. Bailey from 's staff , and other Marine officers appeared and , with " vivid " language , the Marines back into defensive positions around Hill 123 . - As the Marines formed into a @-@ shaped line around Hill 123 , Tamura 's battalion began a series of frontal assaults on the hill , charging up the saddle from Hill 80 and up from below the east side of the ridge . Under the light of parachute flares dropped by at least one Japanese , the Marines repulsed the first two attacks by Tamura 's men . Tamura 's troops a 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) " regimental " gun to the top of Hill 80 in an effort to fire it directly at the Marines . This gun , which " could have turned the tide in favor of the Japanese , " however , was disabled by a faulty firing pin . At midnight , during a short lull in the fighting , ordered Parachute Companies B and C to advance from behind Hill 123 to strengthen his left flank . With fixed bayonets , the swept forward , killing Japanese soldiers who had overrun the Marine lines and were apparently preparing to roll up the Marine lines from the flank , and took position on the east side of the hill . Marines from other units , as well as members of 's command staff , including Major Bailey , took ammunition and grenades under fire to the Marines around Hill 123 , who were running critically low . Said Marine participant Captain William J. , " The Japanese attack was almost constant , like a rain that for a moment and then the harder ... When one wave was down - and I mean down - another followed it into death . " - The Japanese hit 's left flank just after the took position but were again stopped by Marine rifle , machine @-@ gun , mortar , and grenade fire . Marine 105 mm and 75 mm artillery was also taking a heavy toll on the attacking Japanese . A captured Japanese soldier later said that his unit was " annihilated " by the Marine artillery fire , which only 10 % of his company survived . - By 04 : 00 , after several more assaults , some of which resulted in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting , and severe sniper fire from all sides , 's men were joined by troops from the 2nd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment , who helped repulse two more Japanese attacks before dawn . Throughout the night , as 's men came close to overrunning the Marine defenses , remained standing about 20 yd ( 18 m ) behind the Marine firing line on Hill 123 , his troops and directing their defensive efforts . Said Marine Captain Smith , who was in position to observe for most of the night , " I can say that if there is such a thing as one man holding a battalion together , did it that night . He stood just behind the front lines – stood , when most of us the ground . " - During the heavy fighting , portions of three Japanese companies , including two from Tamura 's and one from 's battalions , the Marine defenses on the ridge , while suffering heavy losses from Marine gunfire , and reached the edge of " Fighter One " , a secondary runway of Henderson Field . A counterattack by the Marine engineers stopped one Japanese company 's advances and forced it to retreat . The other two companies waited at the edge of the jungle for reinforcements to arrive before attacking into the open area around the airfield . When no reinforcements joined them , both companies went back to their original positions south of the ridge after . Most of the rest of 's battalion did not participate in the battle because they lost contact with their commander during the night . - As the sun rose on 14 September , pockets of Japanese soldiers remained scattered along both sides of the ridge . But with Tamura 's battalion shattered after losing of its officers and men , and with heavy casualties to his other attacking units as well , 's assault on the ridge had effectively ended . About 100 Japanese soldiers still remained in the open on the south slope of Hill 80 , perhaps preparing for one more charge on Hill 123 . At first light , three U.S. Army aircraft from the 67th Fighter Squadron at Henderson Field , acting on a request personally delivered by Bailey , the Japanese near Hill 80 and killed most of them , with the few survivors retreating back into the jungle . - - = = = and attacks = = = - - As the battle on the ridge took place , 's and units also attacked the Marine defenses on the east and west sides of the perimeter . The battalion — led by Major Takeshi — attacked the southeastern sector of the perimeter , defended by Marines of the 3rd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment ( 3 / 1 ) . 's attack started around midnight , with one company attacking through Marine artillery fire and engaging in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with the Marine defenders before being thrown back . was killed in the attack . After , the Marines , believing that the rest of 's battalion was still in the area , sent forward six light tanks without infantry support to sweep the area in front of the Marine lines ; four Japanese 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) anti @-@ tank guns destroyed or disabled three of them . After abandoning their burning tanks , several of the disabled tanks ' were and killed by the Japanese . One tank down an embankment into the River , drowning its crew . - At 23 : 00 on 14 September , the remnants of the battalion conducted another attack on the same portion of the Marine lines , but were repulsed . A final " weak " attack by the unit on the evening of 15 September was also defeated . - 's unit of about 650 men attacked the Marines at several locations on the west side of the perimeter . At about 04 : 00 on 14 September , two Japanese companies attacked positions held by the 3rd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 3 / 5 ) near the coast and were thrown back with heavy losses . Another Japanese company captured a small ridge somewhat inland but was then pinned down by Marine artillery fire throughout the day and took heavy losses before withdrawing on the evening of 14 September . The rest of 's unit failed to find the Marine lines and did not participate in the attack . - - = = Aftermath = = - - At 13 : 05 on 14 September , led the survivors of his shattered brigade away from the ridge and deeper into the jungle , where they rested and tended to their wounded all the next day . 's units were then ordered to withdraw west to the River valley to join with 's unit , a 6 mi ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) march over difficult terrain . 's troops began the march on the morning of 16 September . Almost every soldier able to walk had to help carry the wounded . As the march progressed , the exhausted and hungry soldiers , who had eaten their last rations on the morning before their withdrawal , began to their heavy equipment and then their rifles . By the time most of them reached 's positions at five days later , only half still carried their weapons . The battalion 's survivors , attempting to follow 's Center Body forces , became lost , wandered for three weeks in the jungle , and almost to death before finally reaching 's camp . - In total , 's forces lost about 830 killed in the attack , including 350 in Tamura 's battalion , 200 in 's battalion , 120 in 's force , 100 in the battalion , and 60 in 's battalion . An unknown number of wounded also died during the withdrawal march to the . On and around the ridge , the Marines counted 500 Japanese dead , including 200 on the slopes of Hill 123 . The Marines suffered 80 killed between 12 and 14 September . - On 17 September , sent two companies from the 1st Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment ( 1 / 1 ) to pursue the retreating Japanese . The Marines were ambushed by two Japanese companies acting as rear @-@ guards for the withdrawal , and one Marine platoon was pinned down as the rest of the Marines retreated . The Marine company commander requested permission to attempt to rescue his platoon but was denied by . By nightfall , the Japanese overran and nearly annihilated the platoon , killing 24 Marines with only a few wounded members of the platoon surviving . On 20 September , a patrol from 's Raiders encountered stragglers from 's retreating column and called in artillery fire that killed 19 of them . - As the Japanese regrouped west of the , the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their defenses . On 14 September , moved another battalion , the 3rd Battalion , 2nd Marine Regiment ( 3 / 2 ) , from to . On 18 September , an Allied naval convoy delivered 4 @,@ 157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade ( the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment augmented by additional support units ) to . These reinforcements allowed — beginning on 19 September — to establish an unbroken line of defense around the perimeter . 's forces ' next significant clashes with the Japanese occurred along the River from 23 – 27 September and 6 – 9 October . - - = = = = - - On 15 September , General at Rabaul learned of 's defeat , the Imperial Japanese Army 's first defeat involving a unit of this size in the war . The general the news to the Imperial General Headquarters in Japan . In an emergency session , the top Japanese army and navy command staffs concluded that , " might develop into the decisive battle of the war . " The results of the battle began to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific . realized that , in order to send sufficient troops and materiel to defeat the Allied forces on , he could no longer support the major Japanese offensive on the Track in New Guinea . — with the of the General Headquarters — ordered his troops on New Guinea , who were within 30 mi ( 48 km ) of their objective of Port Moresby — to withdraw until the matter was resolved . The Japanese were never able to restart their drive towards Port Moresby ; the defeat at 's Ridge contributed not only to Japan 's defeat in the campaign , but also to Japan 's ultimate defeat throughout the South Pacific . - After delivering more forces during the next month the Japanese mounted a major ground offensive on , led by , in late October 1942 at the Battle for Henderson Field , but it resulted in an even more decisive defeat for the Japanese . later stated that 's assault on the ridge in September was the only time during the entire campaign he had doubts about the outcome and that had it succeeded , " we would have been in a pretty bad condition . " Historian Richard B. Frank adds , " The Japanese never came closer to victory on the island itself than in September 1942 , on a ridge up from the jungle just south of the critical airfield , best known ever after as Bloody Ridge . " - - - = New Jersey Route 50 = - - Route 50 is a state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 26 @.@ 02 mi ( 41 @.@ 88 km ) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and the Garden State Parkway in Upper Township , Cape May County to an intersection with US 30 and County Route ( CR ) in Harbor City , Atlantic County . The route , which is mostly a two @-@ lane undivided road , passes through mostly rural areas of Atlantic and Cape May counties as well as the communities of , City , Manor , and Mays Landing . 50 intersects several roads , including Route 49 in , US 40 in Mays Landing , and US 322 and the Atlantic City Expressway in Hamilton Township . - The portion of current Route 50 between and Petersburg received funding in 1910 to become a spur of the Ocean Highway . In 1917 , what is now Route 50 was designated a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 , a route that was to run from Cape May to Harbor City . Route 50 was designated onto its current alignment in 1927 , replacing this portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 . In 1960 , a freeway was proposed for Route 50 , running from the Garden State Parkway in Dennis Township to US 30 in Township . This proposal was canceled by the mid @-@ 1970s due to financial and environmental concerns as well as lack of traffic . The interchange between Route 50 and the Atlantic City Expressway was reconstructed into a full interchange , with completion in June 2010 . - - = = Route description = = - - Route 50 begins at an intersection with US 9 in the section of Upper Township , Cape May County , heading to the north on a two @-@ lane undivided road . From the southern terminus , a ramp provides access to and from the southbound Garden State Parkway . The road heads north through mostly rural wooded areas with some buildings . It intersects CR in before coming to a junction with CR . Later , Route 50 Cedar Swamp Creek in an area of . At this crossing , the road runs closely parallel to a Operations railroad line before entering Petersburg , where it splits from the railroad tracks and comes to a with CR 610 . Upon leaving Petersburg , Route 50 turns to the north again and crosses over the Operations railroad line , intersecting CR . It continues to and comes to CR . Past this intersection , the route meets CR and CR . Route 50 forms a concurrency with CR and the two routes head north and encounter the eastern terminus of Route 49 before leaving . - Not far after Route 49 , the road crosses the River into City , Atlantic County . In City , it heads into residential areas , with CR to the west of the route . Route 50 and CR continue northwest and intersect CR 648 , where the road turns north into more forested areas . At the junction with CR 645 , the route turns to the northeast and enters Manor , becoming Broad Street . CR splits from Route 50 by heading northwest on Buena Road and Route 50 heads through some agricultural concurrent with CR Truck , passing to the west of the Wildlife Area , which is known as a breeding ground for several species of birds . The route intersects CR , turning to the northeast . - After passing some homes and Stephen Lake , the road turns to the north and passes to the west of Manor County Park . The route crosses the South River into Township , passing the residential community of to the east and meeting CR . It soon enters Hamilton Township , where the name of the road becomes Mill Street and it comes to a junction with US 40 ( Harding Highway ) . CR Truck heads to the west on US 40 at this point while Route 50 heads east on US 40 , and CR continues north . - US 40 and 50 follow the Harding Highway , a two @-@ lane undivided road , turning to the northeast and crossing the Great Harbor River . Upon passing over the river , enters Mays Landing and turns north , encountering CR before passing over an abandoned railroad line and heading into the downtown area of Mays Landing . Here , the road crosses CR , and US 40 splits from 50 by turning east along that road . Meanwhile , Route 50 continues north on Cape May Avenue , passing through developed areas . It leaves Mays Landing and heads into back into forests . The route turns to the northeast , passing near the Leaf Lakes residential development , before coming to an interchange with US 322 ( Black Horse Pike ) . - Past this interchange , Route 50 to a four @-@ lane divided highway and reaches a full interchange with the Atlantic City Expressway . The route becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road again and continues through inhabited areas , crossing into Galloway Township , where there is an intersection with CR . A short distance later , the road crosses New Jersey Transit ’ s Atlantic City Line near the Harbor City Station and enters Harbor City , turning into Philadelphia Avenue . A block after the railroad crossing , Route 50 ends at an intersection with US 30 and CR ( White Horse Pike ) , with CR continuing north on Philadelphia Avenue at this point . - Route 50 is an important route linking the Atlantic City Expressway with the Jersey Shore resorts in Cape May County , serving as an alternate to more routes . It also serves as evacuation route from Cape May County to inland areas in the event of a hurricane . - - = = History = = - - The portion of current Route 50 between and Petersburg received funding to become a spur of the Ocean Highway in 1910 . The modern @-@ day alignment of Route 50 was legislated as part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 in 1917 , a route that was to run from Cape May to Harbor City . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 between and Harbor City was designated as Route 50 , the highest state route number assigned in the renumbering . Route 50 retained its current routing in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering . A freeway was proposed for Route 50 around 1960 , running from the Garden State Parkway in Dennis Township north to US 30 in Township . This proposed freeway was intended to provide economic development to the region as well as provide a better route to the Jersey Shore resorts of Cape May County for travelers from the Delaware Valley . However , this freeway was canceled by the mid @-@ 1970s due to financial and environmental concerns as well as lack of traffic along Route 50 . On November 21 , 2008 , construction began on making the interchange with the Atlantic City Expressway a full interchange as part of a series of improvements set for the Atlantic City Expressway . This project was completed on June 18 , 2010 . - - = = Major intersections = = - - - - = Air Rhodesia Flight = - - Air Rhodesia Flight was a scheduled passenger flight that was shot down by the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ) on 3 September 1978 , during the Rhodesian Bush War . The aircraft involved , a Vickers Viscount named the , was flying the last leg of Air Rhodesia 's regular scheduled service from Victoria Falls to the capital Salisbury , via the resort town of . - Soon after Flight took off , a group of guerrillas scored a direct hit on its starboard wing with a Soviet @-@ made 2 surface @-@ to @-@ air infrared missile , critically damaging the aircraft and forcing an emergency landing . An attempted belly landing in a cotton field just west of was by an unseen ditch , which caused the plane to cartwheel and break up . Of the 52 passengers and four crew , 38 died in this crash ; the insurgents then approached the wreckage , rounded up the 10 survivors they could see and massacred them with automatic gunfire . Three passengers survived by hiding in the surrounding bush , while a further five lived because they had gone to look for water before the guerrillas arrived . - leader Joshua publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the in an interview with the BBC 's Today programme the same evening , saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes , but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground . The majority of , both black and white , saw the attack as an act of terrorism . A fierce white Rhodesian backlash followed against perceived enemies , with many whites becoming and suspicious of blacks in general , even though few black supported attacks of this kind . Reports viewing the attack negatively appeared in international journals such as Time magazine , but there was almost no acknowledgement of it by overseas governments , much to the Rhodesian government 's . - between and Prime Minister Ian Smith , which had been progressing , were immediately suspended by the furious , with Smith calling a " monster " . On 10 September , Smith announced the extension of martial law over selected areas . The Rhodesian Security Forces launched several retaliatory strikes into Zambia and Mozambique over the following months , attacking both and its rival , the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) . The attack on in particular brought great controversy as many of those killed were refugees camping in and around guerrilla positions . Five months later , in February 1979 , shot down Air Rhodesia Flight , another civilian flight , in an almost identical incident . - - = = Background = = - - A dispute over the terms for the granting of full sovereignty to the self @-@ governing colony of Rhodesia ( or Southern Rhodesia ) led the colonial government , headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith , to declare independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 . The idea of " no independence before majority rule " had recently gained ground in Britain and elsewhere amid decolonisation , and Rhodesia 's government was dominated by the country 's white minority , so the unilateral declaration went internationally . Britain and the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia . - Two rival communist @-@ backed black nationalist groups initiated military campaigns to overthrow the government and introduce majority rule : the Chinese @-@ aligned Zimbabwe African National Union ( ) , mostly comprising , created the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) and adopted aspects of doctrine , while the @-@ dominated Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ) , aligned with Soviet @-@ style – and the Warsaw Pact , mobilised the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ) . These guerrilla armies proceeded to wage what they called the " Second " against the Rhodesian government and security forces . The resulting conflict , the Rhodesian Bush War , began in earnest in December 1972 , when ZANLA attacked and in north @-@ eastern Rhodesia . - After the security forces mounted a successful counter @-@ insurgency campaign during 1973 and 1974 , developments overseas caused the conflict 's momentum to shift in the insurgents ' favour . The leftist Carnation Revolution of April 1974 caused Portugal to withdraw its key economic support for Smith 's administration , and led to Mozambique 's independence the following year as a communist state openly allied with . Around the same time , Rhodesia 's other main , South Africa , adopted a initiative that forced a ceasefire , giving the guerrillas time to regroup . Following the abortive Victoria Falls Conference of August 1975 , Smith and the leader Joshua held unsuccessful talks between December 1975 and March 1976 . and announced in October 1976 , during the run @-@ up to the unsuccessful Geneva Conference in December , that they would attend conferences as a joint " Patriotic Front " . - In March 1978 , Smith and non @-@ militant nationalist groups headed by Bishop , the Reverend and Chief Jeremiah agreed what became the " Internal Settlement " . This created a joint black – white transitional government , with the country due to be reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , pursuant to elections . and were invited to participate , but refused ; dubbed Smith 's black colleagues " the blacksmiths " . proclaimed 1978 to be " The Year of the People " as the war continued . Officials from 's United African National Council , sent to the provinces to explain the Internal Settlement to rural blacks , were killed by Marxist – guerrillas . also began to target Christian missionaries , in the killing of nine British missionaries and four children at Mission near the Mozambican border on 23 June . - The transitional government was badly received abroad , partly because the Internal Settlement kept control of law enforcement , the military , the judiciary and the civil service under white control . No country recognised Rhodesia 's interim administration . Smith again worked to bring into the government , hoping this would lend it some domestically , prompt diplomatic recognition overseas , and help the security forces defeat ZANLA . Starting on 14 August 1978 , he attended secret meetings with in , Zambia ( where was based ) , doing so with the assistance of the mining corporation . Attempts were made to also involve the leader Robert , but would have no part in the talks . According to the South African military historian , negotiations between Smith and progressed well and " seemed on the verge of success " by the start of September 1978 . On 2 September , Smith and revealed publicly that the secret meetings had taken place . - - = = Incident = = - - - = = = Prior threats to Rhodesian air traffic = = = - - Rhodesian air traffic was not seriously threatened until about 1977 , in the latter stages of the war ; before this time , neither revolutionary force had the weapons to launch a viable attack against an aerial target . The weapon that made such attacks feasible for was the 2 shoulder @-@ launched surface @-@ to @-@ air missile launcher , supplied by the Soviet Union from the mid @-@ 1970s as part of the Warsaw Pact 's materiel support . By September 1978 , there had been 20 reported attempts to shoot down Rhodesian military aircraft using these weapons , none of which had been successful . Some Rhodesian Air Force Dakotas had been hit , but all had survived and landed safely . No civilian aircraft had yet been targeted during the Bush War . - - = = = Flight = = = - - Air Rhodesia was the country 's national airline , established by the government on 1 September 1967 to succeed Central African Airways , which was dissolved at the end of that year . Based at Salisbury Airport , Air Rhodesia 's flight network during the late 1970s comprised a domestic programme of passenger and cargo flights , as well as international services to the South African cities of Johannesburg and Durban . - The Flight aircraft was a Vickers Viscount , a British @-@ made turboprop aircraft with two engines on each wing . It was named the after the river of the same name , which flowed between Lake and the Rhodesian capital Salisbury . - The was on the second and final leg of its regular scheduled journey between Victoria Falls and Salisbury , stopping over in the resort town of . Despite the occasional rocket and mortar attacks launched on by guerrillas on the northern side of the ( in Zambia ) , the resort had endured as one of Rhodesia 's choice tourist destinations . The flight on 3 September 1978 , Sunday afternoon , from to Salisbury carried four crew members and 52 passengers , most of whom were from Salisbury , returning home after a weekend at the lake . The flight took off from Airport on schedule soon after 17 : 00 Central Africa Time . - Flight was by 36 @-@ year @-@ old Captain John Hood , a native of who had gained his commercial pilot licence in 1966 . He had flown for Air Rhodesia since 1968 , and had also served in the Rhodesian Air Force on a voluntary basis . His first officer , Garth Beaumont , was 31 years old , and had lived in Rhodesia for most of his life , having immigrated as a child from South Africa . The two air were , 21 years old and from , and 23 @-@ year @-@ old Louise Pearson , from Salisbury . - - = = = = = = - - A group of guerrillas , armed with a @-@ 2 launcher , waited in the bush beneath Flight 's , and fired on the about five minutes after it took off , while the aircraft was still in the climb phase of its flight . The heat @-@ seeking missile hit the plane 's starboard wing and exploded , causing the inner engine to also explode . A fuel tank and hydraulic lines , creating a fire that the passengers and crew could not put out . The second starboard engine failed almost immediately , leaving Hood with only his two port engines . wildly , the began to descend rapidly . - At 17 : 10 Captain Hood sent a distress call to air traffic control , informing them that he had lost the two starboard engines and was going to crash . " We 're going in , " he . his passengers to for an emergency landing , he aimed for an open field of cotton in the Hills , in the bush to the west of , intending to belly land the craft . The landing was relatively stable until the hit a previously unseen ditch , and exploded . The remaining fuel tanks and caught fire , setting the wrecked cabin . - - = = = Massacre on the ground = = = - - Of the 56 people on board , 38 , including Hood and Beaumont , died in the crash . Eighteen survived , albeit with injuries , and climbed out of the wreckage . After briefly settling the others , one of the passengers , Dr Cecil , led four others — young Robert and Shannon , Mrs Sharon , and her four @-@ year @-@ old daughter Tracey — off in the direction of a nearby village in search of water . The other 13 remained close to the wreckage . Meanwhile , nine guerrillas made their way towards the crash site , and reached it at about 17 : 45 . Three of the 13 survivors remaining at the crash site hid on seeing figures approaching : Rhodesian Army Anthony Hill , 39 , took cover in the surrounding bush , while businessman Hans Hansen and his wife Diana did the same . This left 10 passengers in full view near the wreckage , including four women and two girls ( aged 11 and 4 ) . - The guerrillas , who were armed with AK @-@ 47 rifles , presented themselves to the 10 passengers as friendly , saying they would summon help and bring water . They spoke in English , both to the survivors and among themselves . They told the passengers to around a point a few metres from the wreckage ; when the survivors said that some of them were too badly injured to walk , the insurgents told the able @-@ bodied men to carry the others . The passengers were assembled into an area of about 10 square metres ( 110 sq ft ) . Standing roughly 15 metres ( 49 ft ) away , the cadres now raised their weapons . " You have taken our land , " one of them said . " Please don 't shoot us ! " one of the passengers cried , just before they were killed by a sustained burst of automatic gunfire . - Having collected water from the nearby village , and his companions were almost back at the crash site when they heard the shots . it was personal ammunition in the luggage exploding in the heat , they continued on their way , and called out to the other passengers , who they thought were still alive . This alerted the insurgents to the presence of more survivors ; one of the guerrillas told 's group to " come here " . The insurgents then opened fire on their general location , prompting and the others to flee . Hill and the also ran ; they revealed their positions to the fighters in their , but successfully hid themselves behind a ridge . After Hill and the others had hidden there for about two hours , they saw the attackers return to the crash site at about 19 : 45 . The guerrillas looted the wrecked cabin and some of the around the site , filled their arms with various passengers ' belongings , then left again . - The survivors were found over the following days by the Rhodesian Army and police ; Hill and Mr and Mrs Hansen were taken to Hospital , while and his group were to Andrew Fleming Hospital in Salisbury . - - = = = claims responsibility , but denies killing survivors = = = - - claimed responsibility for the attack in an interview with the BBC 's Today radio programme the next day , laughing as he did so , to the horror of most Rhodesian observers , both black and white . He said that he had received intelligence that the was being used for military purposes . said he regretted the deaths as it was not his party 's policy to kill civilians , and denied that his men had killed any survivors on the ground ; by contrast , he said that his men had helped them , and had left them alive . He also accused Air Rhodesia of troops and war materiel for the government , an allegation that Captain Pat Travers , Air Rhodesia 's general manager , called a " downright , deliberate lie " . - According to , a professor and human rights speaker who wrote a history of , was implying that responsibility for the massacre actually lay with security force pseudo @-@ guerrillas , more specifically the mixed race Scouts unit , which had often been accused of rural civilians with the goal of shifting public opinion . asserts that the massacre " cannot be put beyond " the Scouts , and also supports 's claim that the had been used militarily , suggesting that might have believed there to be Rhodesian soldiers on board . " Rhodesian television , before attacks on ZANLA in Mozambique , had shown ferrying paratroopers for the job , " he writes , " ... [ and ] intelligence knew there were paratroopers stationed [ at Victoria Falls ] " . - - = = Reactions = = - - - = = = White turn against blacks = = = - - A report published in the American magazine Time a fortnight later described the incident as " a genuine horror story , calculated to make the most of Rhodesian seem true . " Indeed , the white community in Rhodesia heard the news with , and many turned their minds to exacting for what they and many others saw as an act of terrorism . The prominent Indian @-@ Rhodesian family was particularly affected by the incident , having lost eight members in the attack . Though Rhodesian authorities did not immediately acknowledge the cause of the crash , doing so only after four days ' investigation , the truth was common knowledge in Salisbury within hours . Smith wrote in his memoirs that the " degree of anger ... [ was ] difficult to control " . White South Africans were similarly enraged , particularly after reports appeared in the South African press that the had raped the female passengers before them . A Friends of Rhodesia Society in South Africa offered a reward of to anybody who would either kill or bring him to Salisbury to stand trial . - Geoffrey , who was then one of the few black reporters at the Rhodesia Herald newspaper , later wrote in his memoirs that many whites became and wary towards blacks in general , believing them all to be " terrorist " . Describing the Herald the night of the incident , he relates a " collective temper " among the white sub @-@ editors : " They cursed until their voices became , threatening dire consequences for all and or ... I that some of the more derogatory remarks made in loud voices that evening were meant specifically for my ears . " - Several racially motivated incidents occurred over the following days . According to the Time article , a group of whites entered an Salisbury bar " fingering the of rifles " and forced blacks drinking there to leave . Time also reported a that two white youths , on learning of the massacre , shot the first black man they saw . Smith says that several would @-@ be groups sought his permission to venture into the bush around the crash site to " make the local people pay for their crime of and assisting the terrorists " . He instructed them not to , according to his memoirs , telling them that many rural blacks only assisted the guerrillas under extreme , and that it would not do to attack them . Many also resented the apparent lack of sympathy emanating from overseas governments , especially considering the character of the attack and its civilian target . - - = = = Memorial service , 8 September 1978 = = = - - At a memorial service held on 8 September 1978 for Flight 's passengers and crew at Salisbury 's Anglican Cathedral , about 2 @,@ 000 people crowded inside , with another 500 standing outside on the steps and pavement , many listening to the service inside on portable radio sets . among those present in the cathedral were Air Rhodesia and South African Airways personnel , as well as Rhodesian Special Air Service soldiers and senior officers from other military units . Smith and several government ministers also attended , including P K van der , the co @-@ Minister of Foreign Affairs . - Dean John de Costa gave a sermon what he described as a " silence " from overseas . " Nobody who holds sacred the dignity of human life can be anything but at the events attending the Viscount , " he said . " But are we with the voice of protest from nations who call themselves ? We are not ! Like men in the story of the Good , they pass by on the other side ... The of this ill @-@ flight from will be burnt upon our memories for years to come . For others , far from our borders , it is an intellectual matter , not one which affects them deeply . Here is the tragedy ! " - - = = = Smith – talks halted = = = - - The talks between Smith and the leader that had been progressing so were immediately halted by Salisbury . Smith himself called a " monster " . comments that the ending of the Smith – talks at this time was " potentially the most serious result of the Viscount massacre " , as the talks had been progressing well before the incident . He that an agreement between the two " at this critical stage " might have helped the transitional Rhodesian government to secure international recognition . - On 10 September , the Prime Minister announced to the nation that certain areas of the country would be placed under a variation of martial law , which he said would be applied in particular regions as and when needed . He declared Rhodesia 's intent to " the internal workings of those organisations associated with terrorism " , and warned neighbouring countries to prepare for " any defensive strikes we might undertake " against guerrilla bases in their respective territories . He claimed that the war had escalated because Britain and the United States were supporting the Patriotic Front . William Irvine , the co @-@ Minister of Transport , warned the guerrillas that Rhodesia " w [ ] not let these go " . - - = = Rhodesia strikes back = = - - - = = = Operation ; Rhodesia hits New = = = - - Because and were based in Zambia , many for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country , but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around in Mozambique . The Rhodesian military had struck these bases extensively in November 1977 during Operation , destroying much of the ZANLA presence there , but the insurgents had since built a complex called " New " , slightly to the east ; the new camps were distributed across a far larger area than the originals . In a combined airborne @-@ ground assault called Operation , the Rhodesian Air Force , Rhodesian Light Infantry and Special Air Service wiped out much of New on 20 September 1978 . Mozambique sent armour to ZANLA 's aid in the form of nine Soviet @-@ made T @-@ 54 tanks and four Russian @-@ 152 armoured personnel carriers , but the former were routed and one of the latter destroyed by the Rhodesian security forces . According to Rhodesian figures , there were " several hundred " guerrillas killed , while the security forces lost only two soldiers , one of whom was accidentally killed by a friendly air strike . - - = = = Operation ; the " Green Leader " raid = = = - - Rhodesia then attacked 's bases in Zambia , in what Group Captain Peter @-@ Bowyer later described as " time " for Flight . Operation , launched on 19 October 1978 , was another joint @-@ force operation between the Air Force and the Army , which contributed Special Air Service and Rhodesian Light Infantry paratroopers . 's primary target , just 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) north @-@ east of central , was the formerly white @-@ owned Farm , which had been transformed into 's main headquarters and training base under the name " Freedom Camp " . presumed that Rhodesia would never to attack a site so close to . About 4 @,@ 000 guerrillas underwent training at Freedom Camp , with senior staff also on site . The Rhodesian operation 's other targets were , 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) north of , and Camp ; all three were to be attacked more or less simultaneously in a coordinated sweep across Zambia . targets deep inside Zambia was a first for the Rhodesian forces ; previously only guerrillas near the border had been attacked . - by Squadron Leader Chris Dixon , who identified himself to Airport tower as " Green Leader " , a Rhodesian Air Force group flew into Zambia at very low altitudes ( thereby avoiding radar ) and took control of the country 's airspace for about a quarter of an hour during the initial assault on Farm , informing tower that the attack was against " Rhodesian dissidents , and not against Zambia " , and that Rhodesian Hawker Hunters were the airfields under orders to shoot down any fighter that attempted to take off . The all of Green Leader 's instructions , made no attempt to resist and temporarily halted civil air traffic . Using airstrip in eastern Zambia as a forward base , the Rhodesian military suffered only minor casualties during the three @-@ day operation , and afterwards claimed to have killed over 1 @,@ 500 personnel , as well as some Cuban instructors . - Historians Paul and Peter write that this exaggerated considerably the actual number of guerrillas killed , as most of 's army , then numbering about 10 @,@ 000 fighters , had not been touched . On the other hand , unarmed refugees often camped in or around insurgent positions , and hundreds of these had been killed in the Rhodesian raid . and comment that for the Rhodesian airmen , it would have been " impossible to distinguish innocent refugees from young recruits . " describes Freedom Camp as " a refugee camp for boys " , and says " boys and girls " were killed . He claims that the Red Cross and the UN Agency " confirmed 's claim that Smith 's forces struck at , civilian " . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The Rhodesian attacks on ZANLA and bases did much to restore white morale following the Viscount incident , though they had not actually made much impact on the respective guerrilla campaigns . and the President Kenneth all the same requested further military aid and better weapons from the Soviets and the British respectively . Martial law was quickly extended across Rhodesia 's rural areas , and covered three @-@ quarters of the country by the end of 1978 . Air Rhodesia , meanwhile , began developing anti @-@ shielding for its . Before this work was completed , shot down a second Viscount , Air Rhodesia Flight , on 12 February 1979 . This time there were no survivors . - Following the second , Air Rhodesia created a system whereby the underside of the would be coated with low @-@ radiation paint , with the exhaust pipes concurrently . According to tests conducted by the Air Force , a Viscount so treated could not be detected by the 's targeting system once it was over 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) . There were no further Viscount in Rhodesia . - In the elections held the following year under the Internal Settlement terms , boycotted by and , won a majority , and became the first Prime Minister of the reconstituted , majority @-@ ruled state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979 . This new order failed to win international acceptance , however , and in December 1979 the Lancaster House Agreement was agreed in London by Zimbabwe Rhodesia , the UK government and the Patriotic Front , returning the country to its former colonial status . The UK government suspended the constitution and took direct control for an interim period . Fresh elections were won by , who took power in April 1980 , concurrently with the country 's recognised independence as Zimbabwe . - - = = Legacy and memorial = = - - In modern Zimbabwe , it is not the Viscount but rather the Rhodesian strikes against nationalist guerrilla camps that endure predominantly in the cultural memory . State media in Zimbabwe , prominently the Herald newspaper , often claim that Rhodesian forces and deliberately thousands of helpless refugees during such operations . 's of civilian planes is meanwhile portrayed as a legitimate act of war on the grounds that the guerrillas might have believed them to have military personnel or equipment on board . The massacre of surviving Flight passengers at the crash site is often omitted or attributed to forces other than ; in his 1984 memoirs repeated his claim that fighters had helped the survivors , and wrote simply that " I truly have no idea how the ten died " . - A monument to those killed in the Rhodesian attack on was built in Zambia in 1998 , and dedicated jointly by the and governments . A memorial to the victims of the two Rhodesian Viscount incidents , dubbed the Viscount Memorial , was erected on the grounds of the Monument in , South Africa in 2012 , and inaugurated on 1 September that year . The names of the dead passengers and crew are engraved on two granite slabs that stand upright , side by side , the pair topped by an emblem symbolising an aircraft . A pole beside the monument flies the Rhodesian flag . - A British parliamentary motion put forward by Labour MP Kate in February 2013 to the Viscount attacks and the victims on the anniversary of the second prompted in the press , with the Herald branding it a racist " motion " intended to the administration and its supporters . , a former commander , described the move as a motivated by race that went against the spirit of the amnesty enacted at Lancaster House . Christopher , a diplomat and political analyst , took a similar line , calling 's proposed commemoration " a ... [ that ] means they only regard the death of white people alone during the struggle . There is no mention of what happened to our sons and daughters in and outside the country . " 's official response to 's motion included the assertion that in all conflicts " civilians get caught up in cross @-@ fires due to faulty intelligence reports and other communication errors " , and juxtaposed the civilians killed in the Viscount with those killed at . - - = = = Newspaper and journal articles = = = - - - - = = - - ( / / ) ( ’ al in modern ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a in Guatemala . , a gum @-@ , reported the ruins to La , a newspaper , which named the site . After the Berlin Academy of Sciences ' magazine republished the report in 1853 , and treasure hunters began visiting the forest . Today tourism to the site may help protect the . It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization . It is located in the archaeological region of the Basin in what is now northern Guatemala . Situated in the department of El , the site is part of Guatemala 's National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . - was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya . Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC , reached its during the Classic Period , c . 200 to 900 AD . During this time , the city dominated much of the Maya region politically , economically , and militarily , while interacting with areas throughout such as the great metropolis of in the distant Valley of Mexico . There is evidence that was conquered by in the 4th century AD . Following the end of the Late Classic Period , no new major monuments were built at and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned . These events were coupled with a gradual population decline , culminating with the site ’ s abandonment by the end of the 10th century . - is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities , with a long dynastic ruler list , the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments , temples and palaces . - - = = Etymology = = - - The name may be derived from in the Maya language ; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning " at the " . The name was apparently applied to one of the site 's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region . It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning " the place of the voices " in the Maya language . , however , is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s . inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as or , meaning " First " . may have come to have been called this because also came to use the same emblem glyph ; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name . The kingdom as a whole was simply called , which is the reading of the " hair bundle " emblem glyph seen in the accompanying photo . Its precise meaning remains obscure . - - = = Location = = - - The closest large modern settlements are Flores and Santa , approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) by road to the southwest . is approximately kilometres ( 188 mi ) north of Guatemala City . It is 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the contemporary Maya city of and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of . The city was located 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southeast of its great Classic Period rival , , and 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) northwest of 's ally , now in Belize . - The city has been completely mapped and covered an area greater than 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) that included about 3 @,@ 000 structures . The topography of the site consists of a series of parallel limestone ridges rising above swampy lowlands . The major architecture of the site is clustered upon areas of higher ground and linked by raised spanning the swamps . The area around has been declared as the National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometres ( 220 sq mi ) . - The ruins lie among the tropical rainforests of northern Guatemala that formed the of lowland Maya civilization . The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils , and may have dominated a natural east – west trade route across the Peninsula . trees at the park include gigantic ( ) the sacred tree of the Maya ; tropical cedar ( ) , and Honduras mahogany ( ) . Regarding the fauna , , white @-@ , gray foxes , 's spider monkeys , monkeys , eagles , falcons , , , , green parrots and ants can be seen there regularly . , , and cougars are also said to in the park . For centuries this city was completely covered under jungle . The average annual rainfall at is 1 @,@ millimetres ( 76 @.@ 6 in ) . - One of the largest of the Classic Maya cities , had no water other than what was collected from and stored in ten reservoirs . Archaeologists working in during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use . - The National Park covers an area of 575 @.@ 83 square kilometres ( 222 @.@ 33 sq mi ) . It was created on 26 May 1955 under the auspices of the de e Historia and was the first protected area in Guatemala . - - = = Population = = - - Population estimates for vary from 10 @,@ 000 to as high as 90 @,@ 000 inhabitants , with the most likely figure being at the upper end of this range . - The population of began a continuous curve of growth starting in the Period ( approximately 2000 BC – AD 200 ) , with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830 , followed by a sharp decline . For the 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) area falling within the defenses of the hinterland , the peak population is estimated at per square kilometer ( per square mile ) . In an area within a 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) radius of the site core , peak population is estimated at 120 @,@ 000 ; population density is estimated at 265 per square kilometer ( per square mile ) . In a region within a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) radius of the site core and including some satellite sites , peak population is estimated at 425 @,@ 000 with a density of 216 per square kilometer ( 515 per square mile ) . These population figures are even more impressive because of the extensive that were unsuitable for habitation or agriculture . However , some archaeologists , such as David Webster , believe these figures to be far too high . - - = = Rulers = = - - The dynastic line of , founded as early as the 1st century AD , spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers . - - = = History = = - - - = = = = = = - - There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC , in the Middle . A of ceramics dating from about 700 @-@ 400 BC were found in a sealed , a subterranean bottle @-@ shaped chamber . - Major construction at was already taking place in the Late period , first appearing around 400 – 300 BC , including the building of major pyramids and platforms , although the city was still by sites further north such as El and . At this time , participated in the widespread culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time – a region that included the entire Peninsula including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize . - Two temples dating to Late times had masonry @-@ walled that may have been @-@ vaulted , although this has not been proven . One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a background , painted in yellow , black , pink and red . - In the 1st century AD rich burials first appeared and underwent a political and cultural as its giant northern neighbors declined . At the end of the Late , the style art and architecture from the Pacific Coast began to influence , as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the and early murals at the city . - - = = = Early Classic = = = - - rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at . According to later hieroglyphic records , the dynasty was founded by @-@ @-@ , perhaps in the 3rd century AD . At the beginning of the Early Classic , power in the Maya region was concentrated at and , in the core of the Maya . - may have benefited from the collapse of the large states such as El . In the Early Classic rapidly developed into the most dynamic city in the Maya region , the development of other nearby Maya cities . - The site , however , was often at war and inscriptions tell of and conflict with other Maya states , including , , and . The site was defeated at the end of the Early Classic by , which rose to take 's place as the paramount center in the southern Maya lowlands . The earlier part of the Early Classic saw hostilities between and its neighbor , with recording the capture of prisoners from . - There appears to have been a breakdown in the male succession by AD 317 , when Lady conducted a @-@ ending ceremony , apparently as queen of the city . - - = = = = and = = = = - - The fourteenth king of was Ich 'aak ( Great Jaguar ) . Ich 'aak built a palace that was preserved and developed by later rulers until it became the core of the Central Acropolis . Little is known about Ich 'aak except that he was killed on 14 January AD . On the same day , K ’ ’ ( Fire Is Born ) arrived from the west , having passed through El Peru , a site to the west of , on 8 January . On Stela 31 he is named as " Lord of the West " . K ’ ’ was probably a foreign general serving a figure represented by a non @-@ Maya of a combined with an owl , a glyph that is well known from the great metropolis of in the distant Valley of Mexico . Owl may even have been the ruler of . These recorded events strongly suggest that K ’ ’ led a invasion that defeated the native king , who was captured and immediately executed . K ' appears to have been aided by a powerful political faction at itself ; roughly at the time of the conquest , a group of natives were apparently residing near the Lost World complex . He also exerted control over other cities in the area , including , where he became king , but did not take the throne of for himself . Within a year , the son of Owl by the name of I ( First Crocodile ) had been installed as the tenth king of while he was still a boy , being enthroned on 13 September . He reigned for 47 years as king of , and remained a vassal of K ' for as long as the latter lived . It seems likely that I took a wife from the , defeated , dynasty and thus the right to rule of his son , Chan K 'awiil II . - , a small site 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northeast of , was conquered by the latter during the reign of I. The site became an outpost of , shielding it from hostile cities further north , and also became a trade link to the Caribbean . - Although the new rulers of were foreign , their descendants were rapidly . became the key ally and trading partner of in the Maya lowlands . After being conquered by , rapidly dominated the northern and eastern . , together with smaller towns in the region , were absorbed into 's kingdom . Other sites , such as and de San José near Lake became vassals of their more powerful neighbor to the north . By the middle of the 5th century had a core territory of at least 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) in every direction . - Around the 5th century an impressive system of fortifications consisting of ditches and earthworks was built along the northern periphery of 's hinterland , joining up with the natural defenses provided by large areas of lying to the east and west of the city . Additional fortifications were probably also built to the south . These defenses protected 's core population and agricultural resources , an area of approximately 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) . Recent research suggests that the earthworks served as a water collection system rather than a defensive purpose . - - = = = = and = = = = - - In the 5th century the power of the city reached as far south as , whose founder K 'inich K ' Mo ' was clearly connected with . itself was not in an ethnically Maya region and the founding of the dynasty probably involved the direct intervention of . K 'inich K ' Mo ' arrived in in December 426 and bone analysis of his remains shows that he passed his childhood and youth at . An individual known as K ' Mo ' ( lord K ' Mo ' ) is referred to in an early text at and may well be the same person . His tomb had characteristics and he was depicted in later portraits dressed in the warrior of . texts refer to him as " Lord of the West " , much like K ’ ’ . At the same time , in late 426 , founded the nearby site of , possibly sponsored by itself . The founding of these two centers may have been part of an effort to impose 's authority upon the southeastern portion of the Maya region . The interaction between these sites and was intense over the next three centuries . - A long @-@ running rivalry between and began in the 6th century , with each of the two cities forming its own network of mutually hostile against each other in what has been likened to a long @-@ running war between two Maya . The kings of these two capitals adopted the title ' , a term that has not been precisely translated but that implies something akin to " high king " . - The early 6th century saw another queen ruling the city , known only as the " Lady of " , who was very likely a daughter of Ich 'aak II . She seems never to have ruled in her own right , rather being partnered with male co @-@ rulers . The first of these was ' B , who seems to have had a long career as a general at before becoming co @-@ ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence . The Lady of herself seems not have been counted in the dynastic numbering . It appears she was later paired with lord " Bird Claw " , who is presumed to be the otherwise unknown 20th ruler . . - - = = = Late Classic = = = - - - = = = = hiatus = = = = - - In the mid 6th century , seems to have allied with and defeated , closing the Early Classic . The " hiatus " refers to a period between the late 6th to late 7th century where there was a lapse in the writing of inscriptions and large @-@ scale construction at . In the latter half of the 6th century AD , a serious crisis the city , with no new stelae being erected and with widespread deliberate mutilation of public sculpture . This hiatus in activity at was long unexplained until later identified that the period was prompted by 's comprehensive defeat at the hands of and the polity in AD 562 , a defeat that seems to have resulted in the capture and sacrifice of the king of . The badly eroded Altar 21 at described how suffered this disastrous defeat in a major war in April 562 . It seems that was an ally of in the wider conflict between that city and , with the defeat of having a lasting impact upon the city . was not sacked but its power and influence were broken . After its great victory , grew rapidly and some of 's population may have been forcibly relocated there . During the hiatus period , at least one ruler of took refuge with ' of Palenque , another of 's victims . itself during 's long hiatus period . - The beginning of the hiatus has served as a marker by which archaeologists commonly the Classic period of chronology into the Early and Late Classic . - - = = = = and = = = = - - In founded , some 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) to the southwest , as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the River . B Chan K 'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four , in 635 , and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother , the king of . Roughly twenty years later was attacked by and was soundly defeated . B Chan K 'awiil was captured by the king of but , instead of being sacrificed , he was re @-@ instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy , and attacked in , forcing Chaak , the then king of , to temporarily abandon the city . The first two rulers of continued to use the emblem glyph of , and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of itself . For some reason , B Chan K 'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of ; instead he stayed at . against in , driving B Chan K 'awiil into an exile that lasted five years . tried to encircle within an area dominated by its allies , such as El Peru , and . - In 682 , Chan K 'awiil I erected the first dated monument at in 120 years and claimed the title of ' , so ending the hiatus . He initiated a programme of new construction and turned the tables on when , in , he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered . After this , never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory . - - = = = = after = = = = - - By the 7th century , there was no active presence at any Maya site and the center of had been razed by 700 . Even after this , formal war attire illustrated on monuments was style . Chan K 'awiil I and his heir 'in Chan K 'awiil continued hostilities against and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around , extending as far as the territory around Lake . These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today . - In 738 , , a vassal of , 's key ally in the south , switched allegiance to , defeated and gained its own independence . It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of to bring about the collapse of 's southern allies . This upset the balance of power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of . - In the 8th century , the rulers of collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis . By the late 8th century and early 9th century , activity at slowed . architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers . - - = = = Terminal Classic = = = - - By the 9th century , the crisis of the Classic Maya collapse was sweeping across the region , with populations and city after city falling into silence . Increasingly endemic warfare in the Maya region caused 's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself , accelerating the use of intensive agriculture and corresponding environmental decline . Construction continued at the beginning of the century , with the erection of Temple 3 , the last of the city 's major pyramids and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th K in . The beginning of the 10th in 830 passed , and marks the beginning of a 60 @-@ year hiatus , probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city . During this hiatus , satellite sites traditionally under 's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the emblem glyph , with apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence . In , K 'awiil is mentioned on a stela at as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of but he is not recorded elsewhere and 's once great power was little more than a memory . The sites of and had by now inherited the once exclusive emblem glyph . - As and its hinterland reached peak population , the area suffered , erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels . and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost the majority of its population during the period from 830 to 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly . There is not much evidence from that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic , although an influx of refugees from the region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources . - In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much diminished city of , as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Chan K 'awiil II in . This was the last monument erected at before the city finally fell into silence . The former satellites of , such as and , did not last much longer , their final monuments in . By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of 's population had deserted the city , its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple dwellings were being erected in the city 's ceremonial . The squatters blocked some in the rooms they in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non @-@ items such as musical instruments . These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them . Some monuments were and some were moved to new locations . Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared , with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for and the easier to find tombs being looted . After 950 , was all but deserted , although a remnant population may have survived in interspersed among the ruins . Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the claimed the ruins for the next thousand years . Some of 's population may have migrated to the Lakes region , which remained heavily populated in spite of a in population levels in the first half of the 9th century . - The most likely cause of collapse at is and agrarian failure . The fall of was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization , the city having been at the forefront of courtly life , art and architecture for over a thousand years , with an ancient ruling dynasty . However , new research regarding from the reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of . - - = = = Modern history = = = - - In , the Spanish Hernán Cortés passed within a few kilometres of the ruins of but did not mention them in his letters . After Spanish friar de became lost in the forests in early he described a ruin that may well have been . - As is often the case with huge ancient ruins , knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region . It seems that local people never about and they guided expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s . Some second- or third @-@ hand accounts of appeared in print starting in the 17th century , continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century ( Stephens and his illustrator Frederick heard rumors of a lost city , with white building tops towering above the jungle , during their 1839 @-@ 40 travels in the region ) . Because of the site 's from modern towns , however , no explorers visited until and , respectively the commissioner and the governor of , visited it in 1848 . Artist accompanied them and their account was published in Germany in 1853 . Several other expeditions came to further investigate , map , and photograph in the 19th century ( including Alfred P. in 1881 @-@ 82 ) and the early 20th century . archaeologists started to clear , map and record the ruins in the 1880s . - In 1951 , a small airstrip was built at the ruins , which previously could only be reached by several days ' travel through the jungle on foot or mule . In 1956 the project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area . From 1956 through 1970 , major archaeological excavations were carried out by the University of Pennsylvania Project . They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures . Excavations directed by Edwin M. and later by William Coe of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969 . The Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site . In 1979 , the government began a further archeological project at , which continued through to 1984 . - George Lucas used as a filming location for the first Star Wars film , Episode IV : A New Hope , released in 1977 . Temple I at was featured on the reverse of the 50 . - is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park . A site museum has been built at ; it was completed in 1964 . - - = = Site description = = - - has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala . It was one of the largest of the Classic period Maya cities and was one of the largest cities in the Americas . The architecture of the ancient city is built from limestone and includes the remains of temples that tower over 70 metres ( 230 ft ) high , large royal palaces , in addition to a number of smaller pyramids , palaces , residences , administrative buildings , platforms and inscribed stone monuments . There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail , originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors . There are also seven courts for playing the , including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza , a unique feature in . - The limestone used for construction was local and on @-@ site . The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to them and were used as reservoirs , together with some natural depressions . The main were surfaced with stucco and laid at a gradient that rainfall into a system of canals that fed the reservoirs . - The residential area of covers an estimated 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ) , much of which has not yet been cleared , mapped , or excavated . A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. and Donald in the 1960s rings with a 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) wide trench behind a rampart . The 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) area around the site core has been intensively mapped ; it may have enclosed an area of some 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ) ( see below ) . Population estimates place the demographic size of the site between 10 @,@ 000 and 90 @,@ 000 , and possibly 425 @,@ 000 in the surrounding area . Recently , a project exploring the defensive earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is as a defensive feature . In addition , some parts of the were integrated into a canal system . The of varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and than originally thought . - - = = = = = = - - By the Late Classic , a network of ( ) linked various parts of the city , running for several kilometres through its urban core . These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 ( located about 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) to the west ) and the Temple of the ( about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the southeast ) . These broad were built of packed and plastered limestone and have been named after early explorers and archaeologists ; the Maler , , and . They assisted the passage everyday traffic during the rain season and also served as dams . - The Maler Causeway runs north from behind Temple I to Group H. A large bas @-@ relief is carved onto limestone bedrock upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic . - The Causeway runs 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) northeast from Temple IV to Group H. - The Causeway runs southeast from the East Plaza to Temple VI , a distance of about 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) . - The Causeway runs west from the Great Plaza to Temple IV . - - = = = Architectural groups = = = - - The Great Plaza lies at the core of the site ; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple @-@ pyramids . On the north side it is bordered by the North Acropolis and on the south by the Central Acropolis . - The Central Acropolis is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza . - The North Acropolis , together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south , is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area ; the Project excavated a massive trench across the complex , thoroughly investigating its construction history . It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Period , around 350 BC . It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period , with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures . After AD 400 a row of tall pyramids was added to the earlier Northern Platform , which measured 100 by 80 metres ( 330 by 260 ft ) , gradually hiding it from view . Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD , each of them had an elaborate and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods . By the 9th century AD , 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis ; 18 of these monuments were carved with hieroglyphic texts and royal portraits . The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Period . - The South Acropolis is found next to Temple V. It was built upon a large basal platform that covers an area of more than 20 @,@ 000 square metres ( 220 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . - The Plaza of the Seven Temples is to the west of the South Acropolis . It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples , by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple ballcourt on the north side . - The Mundo is to the west of the Plaza of the Seven Temples . It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the period at . The complex was organized as a large E @-@ Group consisting of a pyramid aligned with a platform to the east that supported three temples . The Mundo complex was rebuilt many times over the course of its history . By AD 250 – 300 its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of in the Valley of Mexico , including the use of the @-@ form . During the Early Classic period ( c . 250 – 600 ) the Mundo became one of the twin of the city , the other being the North Acropolis . From AD 250 to it may have served as the royal necropolis . The Mundo complex was given its name by the archaeologists of the University of Pennsylvania ; it is centered upon the Lost World Pyramid and a small platform to the west of it . - Group G lies just south of the Causeway . The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace @-@ type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at . It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor , a total of 29 vaulted chambers . The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper storey . One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask . - Group H is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza . It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic . - There are nine Twin @-@ Pyramid at , one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed . They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an east – west axis . These pyramids are flat @-@ topped and have on all four sides . A row of plain stelae is placed immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids , and lying roughly from them , there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair . On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine . The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at 20 @-@ year ( or k ) intervals during the Late Classic . The first twin pyramid complex was built in the early 6th century in the East Plaza . It was once thought that these complexes were unique to but rare examples have now been found at other sites , such as and , and they may reflect the extent of 's political dominance in the Late Classic . - Group Q is a twin @-@ pyramid complex , and is one of the largest at . It was built by II in in order to mark the end of the 17th K . Most of it has been restored and its monuments have been re @-@ erected . - Group R is another twin @-@ pyramid complex , dated to 790 . It is close to the Maler Causeway . - - = = = Structures = = = - - There are thousands of ancient structures at and only a fraction of these have been excavated , after decades of archaeological work . The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids , labelled Temples I - VI , each of which support a temple structure on their . Some of these pyramids are over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) high . They were numbered during the early survey of the site . It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years . - Temple I ( also known as the Temple of or Temple of the Great Jaguar ) is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Chan K , who was in the structure in AD , the pyramid was completed around 740 – 750 . The temple rises 47 metres ( 154 ft ) high . The massive that topped the temple was originally decorated with a giant sculpture of the enthroned king , although little of this decoration survives . The tomb of the king was discovered by Aubrey of the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 . Among items recovered from the Late Classic tomb were a large collection of inscribed human and animal bone tubes and strips with sophisticated scenes depicting deities and people , finely carved and rubbed with , as well as and shell ornaments and ceramic vessels filled with offerings of food and drink . The shrine at the summit of the pyramid has three chambers , each behind the next , with the spanned by wooden fashioned from multiple beams . The outermost is plain but the two inner were carved , some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown , while others were taken to museums in Europe . - Temple II ( also known as the Temple of the Mask ) it was built around AD 700 and stands 38 metres ( 125 ft ) high . Like other major temples at , the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the spanned by wooden , only the middle of which was carved . The temple was dedicated to the wife of Chan K , although no tomb was found . The queen 's portrait was carved into the spanning the doorway of the summit shrine . One of the beams from this is now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York . - Temple III ( also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest ) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at . It stood 55 metres ( 180 ft ) tall and contained an elaborately sculpted but damaged roof , possibly showing Dark Sun engaged in a ritual dance around AD . The temple shrine possesses two chambers . - Temple IV is the tallest temple @-@ pyramid at , measuring 70 metres ( 230 ft ) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb . Temple IV marks the reign of ’ in Chan ( Ruler B , the son of Ruler A or Chan K 'awiil I ) and two carved wooden over the doorway that leads into the temple on the pyramid ’ s summit record a long count date ( 9 @.@ 15 @.@ 10 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 ) that corresponds to CE ( 1994 : 169 ) . Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century , and as it currently stands is the tallest pre @-@ Columbian structure in the Americas although the Pyramid of the Sun at may originally have been taller , as may have been one of the structures at El . - Temple V stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler . The temple stands 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high , making it the second tallest structure at - only Temple IV is taller . The temple has been dated to about AD 700 , in the Late Classic period , via analysis and the dating of ceramics associated with the structure places its construction during the reign of in the second half of the 7th century . - Temple VI is also known as the Temple of the and was dedicated in AD . It is notable for its 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high roof @-@ comb . of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof @-@ comb . The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is . - Temple 33 was a funerary pyramid erected over the tomb of Chan K 'awiil I ( known as 48 ) in the North Acropolis . It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway . Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added , with its own masks and decorated panels . During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions , the stairway was demolished and another royal burial , of an unidentified ruler , was set into the structure ( 23 ) . While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb ( 24 ) was inserted into the rubble core of the building . The pyramid was then completed , standing 33 metres ( 108 ft ) tall . The final version of Temple 33 was completely dismantled by archaeologists in 1965 in order to arrive at the earlier stages of construction . - Structure 34 is a pyramid in the North Acropolis that was built by Chan K 'awiil II over the tomb of his father , I. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine , the rooms situated one behind the other . - Structure @-@ 43 is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza , built over a pre @-@ existing twin pyramid complex . It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry and three , the fourth ( south ) side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side . The building has a @-@ platform profile , modified from the original style found at . In fact , it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer with El and than with itself . The vertical panels are set between sloping panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols . Large flower symbols are set into the sloping panels , related to the Venus and star symbols used at . The roof of the structure was decorated with although only fragments now remain , showing a monstrous face , perhaps that of a jaguar , with another head emerging from the mouth . The second head possesses a tongue but is probably not that of a snake . The temple , and its associated ballcourt , probably date to the reign of Chaak or that of his son Chan K 'awiil I , in the later part of the 7th century . - Structure @-@ 49 possesses a clear @-@ linked architectural style ; it has , an architectural feature that is very rare in the Maya region , and a @-@ façade ; it dates to the 4th century AD . It is located near to the Lost World pyramid . - Structure @-@ 53 is a small @-@ style platform that dates to about AD 600 . It had on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure . - The Lost World Pyramid ( Structure @-@ 54 ) is the largest structure in the Mundo complex . It lies in the southwest portion of ’ s central core , south of Temple III and west of Temple V. It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the Late ; this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un @-@ impacted by later building activity at . By the end of the Late this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region . It attained its final form during the reign of Ich 'aak in the 4th century AD , in the Early Classic , standing more than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high with on all four sides and a flat top that possibly supported a superstructure built from materials . Although the plaza later suffered significant alteration , the organization of a group of temples on the east side of this complex to the layout that defines the so @-@ called E @-@ Groups , identified as solar observatories . - Structure @-@ 96 is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples . It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull @-@ and @-@ motifs . - Group @-@ 16 is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated . It lies a few hundred metres south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks , murals , relief sculptures and buildings with characteristics . - The Great Plaza Ballcourt is a small ballcourt that lies between Temple I and the Central Acropolis . - The Bat Palace is also known as the Palace of Windows and lies to the west of Temple III . It has two , with a double range of chambers on the lower storey and a single range in the upper storey , which has been restored . The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows . - Complex N lies to the west of the Bat Palace and Temple III . The complex dates to AD 711 . - - = = = = = = - - Altar 5 is carved with two nobles , one of whom is probably Chan K 'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman . Altar 5 was found in Complex N , which lies to the west of Temple III . - Altar 8 is sculpted with a bound captive . It was found within Complex P in Group H and is now in the de y in Guatemala City . - Altar 9 is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive . It is located in front of Temple VI . - Altar 10 is carved with a captive tied to a . It is in the northern enclosure of Group Q , a twin @-@ pyramid complex and has suffered from erosion . - Altar 35 is a plain monument associated with Stela 43 . The stela @-@ altar pair is located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV . - - = = = = = = - - At , beams of wood were placed as spanning the inner of temples . These are the most elaborately carved wooden to have survived anywhere in the Maya region . - 3 from Temple IV was taken to Basel in Switzerland in the 19th century . It was in almost perfect condition and depicts 'in Chan K 'awiil seated on a . - - = = = Stelae = = = - - Stelae are carved stone shafts , often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs . A selection of the most notable stelae at follows : - Stela 1 dates to the 5th century and depicts the king Chan K 'awiil II in a standing position . - Stela 4 is dated to AD , during the reign of after the intrusion of in the Maya area . The stela displays a mix of Maya and qualities , and deities from both cultures . It has a portrait of the king with the Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican under the other . His helmet is a simplified version of the War . Unusually for Maya sculpture , but typically for , is depicted with a frontal face , rather than in profile . - Stela 5 was dedicated in by 'in Chan K 'awiil . - Stela 6 is a badly damaged monument dating to and bears the name of the " Lady of " who celebrated the end of the 4th K in that year . - Stela 10 is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged . It described the accession of ' B in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career , including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument . - Stela 11 was the last monument ever erected at ; it was dedicated in by Chan K 'awiil II . - Stela 12 is linked to the queen known as the " Lady of " and king ' B . The queen is described as performing the year @-@ ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king . - Stela 16 was dedicated in 711 , during the reign of Chan K 'awiil I. The sculpture , including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text , are limited to the front face of the monument . It was found in Complex N , west of Temple III . - Stela 18 was one of two stelae erected by I to celebrate the k @-@ ending of AD . It was re @-@ erected at the base of Temple 34 , his funerary shrine . - Stela 19 was dedicated in 790 by II . - Stela 20 was found in Complex P , in Group H , and was moved to the de y in Guatemala City . - Stela 21 was dedicated in by 'in Chan K 'awiil . Only the bottom of the stela is intact , the rest having been in ancient times . The surviving sculpture is of fine quality , consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text . The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is located in front of Temple VI . - Stela 22 was dedicated in by II in the northern enclosure of Group Q , a twin @-@ pyramid complex . The face of the figure on the stela has been . - Stela 23 was broken in antiquity and was re @-@ erected in a residential complex . The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so @-@ called " Lady of " , a daughter of Ich 'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right , being paired with male co @-@ rulers . It dates to the early 6th century . - Stela 24 was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in , accompanied by Altar 7 . Both were broken into fragments in ancient times , although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments . - Stela 26 was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34 , underneath a broken masonry altar . The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken , probably at the beginning of the Late Classic . Its remains were then interred within the temple shrine . - Stela 29 bears a Long Count ( 8 @.@ 12 @.@ 14 @.@ 8 @.@ 15 ) date equivalent to AD , the earliest surviving Long Count date from the Maya lowlands . The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the emblem glyph . It bears a sculpture of the king facing to the right , holding the head of an underworld jaguar god , one of the patron deities of the city . The stela was deliberately smashed during the 6th century or some time later , the upper portion was dragged away and dumped in a rubbish tip close to Temple III , to be uncovered by archaeologists in 1959 . - Stela 30 is the first surviving monument to be erected after the Hiatus . Its style and iconography is similar to that of , one of the more important of 's enemies . - Stela 31 is the accession monument of Chan K 'awiil II , also bearing two portraits of his father , , as a youth dressed as a warrior . He carries a in one hand and bears a shield decorated with the face of , the war god . In ancient times the sculpture was broken and the upper portion was moved to the summit of Temple 33 and buried . Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at . A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument , the longest to survive from the Early Classic , which describes the arrival of K ' at El Peru and in January . It was also the first stela at to be carved on all four faces . - Stela 32 is a fragmented monument with a foreign @-@ style sculpture apparently depicting the lord of that city with the attributes of the central Mexican storm god , including his eyes and headdress . - Stela 39 is a broken monument that was erected in the Lost World complex . The upper portion of the stela is missing but the lower portion shows the lower body and legs of Ich 'aak , holding a flint axe in his left hand . He is the figure of a bound , richly dressed captive . The monument is dated to AD . The text on the back of the monument describes a ritual to celebrate a @-@ ending . The stela also names Ich 'aak I 's father as K 'inich . - Stela 40 bears a portrait of Kan and dates to AD 468 . - Stela 43 is paired with Altar 35 . It is a plain monument at the base of the stairway of Temple IV . - - = = = = = = - - 1 is a tomb in the Lost World complex . A fine ceramic bowl was recovered from the tomb , with the handle formed from three @-@ dimensional head and neck of a bird emerging from the two @-@ dimensional body painted on the . - 10 is the tomb of . It is located beneath Structure 34 in the North Acropolis . The tomb contained a rich array of offerings , including ceramic vessels and food , and nine youths were sacrificed to accompany the dead king . A dog was also with the deceased king . in the tomb were and painted and many demonstrated a blend of Maya and styles . Among the offerings was an incense @-@ in the shape of an elderly underworld god , sitting on a stool made of human bones and holding a severed head in his hands . The tomb was sealed with a vault , then the pyramid was built on top . - 48 is generally accepted as the tomb of Chan K . It is located beneath Temple 33 in the North Acropolis . The chamber of the tomb was cut from the bedrock and contained the remains of the king himself together with those of two who had been sacrificed in order to accompany the deceased ruler . The walls of the tomb were covered with white stucco painted with hieroglyphs that included the Long Count date equivalent to 20 March 457 , probably the date of either the death or interment of the king . The king 's skeleton was missing its skull , its and one of its hands while the skeletons of the sacrificial victims were intact . - 85 dates to the Late and was enclosed by a platform , with a primitive vault . The tomb contained a single male skeleton , which lacked a skull and its . The dynastic founder of , ' Xook , has been linked to this tomb , which lies deep in the heart of the North Acropolis . The deceased had probably died in battle with his body being by his enemies before being recovered and interred by his followers . The bones were wrapped carefully in textiles to form an upright bundle . The missing head was replaced by a small mask with shell @-@ teeth and eyes and bearing a three @-@ pointed royal . This head wears an emblem of rulership on its forehead and is a rare lowland Maya portrait of a king . Among the contents of the tomb were a stingray spine , a shell and twenty @-@ six ceramic vessels . - 116 is the tomb of Chan K 'awiil I. It is a large vaulted chamber deep within the pyramid , below the level of the Great Plaza . The tomb contained rich offerings of , ceramics , shell and works of art . The body of the king was covered with large quantities of ornaments including an enormous necklace with especially large beads , as depicted in sculpted portraits of the king . One of the outstanding pieces recovered from the tomb was an ornate mosaic vessel with the bearing a sculpted portrait of the king himself . - 195 was flooded with mud in antiquity . This flood had covered wooden objects that had completely away by the time the tomb was excavated , leaving in the dried mud . Archaeologists filled these with stucco and thus excavated four effigies of the god K 'awiil , the wooden originals long gone . - 196 is a Late Classic royal tomb that contained a mosaic vessel topped with the head of the God . - - - = Tropical Storm ( 2008 ) = - - Tropical Storm was the tenth tropical storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . developed out of a strong tropical wave which moved off the African coast on August 31 . The wave quickly became organized and was declared Tropical Depression Ten while located 170 mi ( 270 km ) to the south @-@ southeast of the Cape Verde Islands on September 2 . The depression was quickly upgraded to Tropical Storm around noon the same day . Over the next several days , moved in a general west @-@ northwest direction and reached its peak intensity early on September 3 . Strong wind shear , some due to the outflow of Hurricane Ike , and dry air caused the storm to weaken . On September 6 , the combination of wind shear , dry air , and cooling waters caused to weaken into a tropical depression . deteriorated into a remnant low shortly after as convection continued to dissipate around the storm . The low ultimately dissipated while located 520 mi ( 835 km ) east of on September 10 . However , the remnant moisture led to minor flooding on the island of St. Croix . - - = = Meteorological history = = - - Tropical Storm formed as a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa near the end of August 2008 . It tracked south of Cape Verde and slowly developed , and on September 2 the disturbance became Tropical Depression Ten while located south @-@ southeast of the Cape Verde islands . As the depression became more organized , an eye @-@ like feature developed in the upper levels of the system . The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm six hours after forming . was located in an area which was supportive for rapid intensification but was not forecast to intensify quickly . - continued to intensify throughout the afternoon as the storm became more symmetrical . However , due to the location of the storm , there was a lack of accurate wind speed readings , and the National Hurricane Center was uncertain of its actual intensity . Despite the lack of wind shear around the storm , the center became slightly exposed and ceased further intensification . The storm was also heading into an area where shear was to significantly increase due to an upper @-@ level trough diving southward . Despite convection being partially removed from the center of , the storm intensified slightly in the early morning hours on September 3 as thunderstorm activity to the south of the center became more organized . The intensification was forecast to be short in duration as the trough to the north was deepening , causing the wind shear to the west to become stronger . - reached its peak intensity of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) around 8 a.m. ( ) as it continued to become more organized . However , there were indications that it had already begun to weaken . towards the north was becoming restricted and arc clouds began emanating from the storm , a sign that dry air was entering the system . During the afternoon hours , the structure of began to rapidly deteriorate as strong wind shear and dry air took their toll . By the late night , the center was almost completely exposed and only a band of convection persisted near the center . - Despite continuing effects from the strong wind shear , a large , deep burst of convection formed in the northern of . The center was found to have shifted towards the new convection leading to an increase in intensity . The forecast showed a slight decrease in wind shear as continued westward and no change in intensity over the 5 @-@ day forecast was predicted . However , the convection decreased once more and the low became completely exposed by the late morning hours and weakened again . By the afternoon , the center of was only a of clouds , devoid of convection . During the overnight hours on September 4 into the morning of September 5 , convection associated with began to somewhat , mostly to the north of the circulation , due to the strong wind shear . By mid @-@ morning , re @-@ intensified slightly due to the redevelopment of some convection . However , the redevelopment was short lived and wind shear again took its toll on by late morning . The convection around the system became from the center and weakened slightly . - The weakening trend continued through the afternoon as the storm was being affected by strong shear . became almost fully devoid of any convection by mid @-@ afternoon and the storm weakened to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , barely holding on to tropical storm status . regained a small amount of convection in the late night hours , but not enough to still be classified a tropical storm . Due to the lack of convection , was downgraded to a Tropical Depression at ( ) with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Since there was no convection around the system , it would have normally been classified a remnant low but , due to the possibility of the storm over the next several days , it was considered a tropical depression . The next morning , was downgraded to a remnant low as strong wind shear and dry air caused the demise of the storm . No redevelopment was expected with as it began to move over colder waters and remain under strong wind shear until it dissipated . - However , the remnant low associated with began to show signs of redevelopment during the afternoon on September 7 . around the system increased significantly and the low was no longer exposed . On September 8 , wind shear took over the system again . around the remnant low was torn away and the low was exposed once more . The National Hurricane Center did not state the chance of regeneration once the low became exposed . Finally , on September 9 , wind shear and dry air led to the remnants of deteriorating into an open wave . However , on September 10 , the remnants of redeveloped and global models picked up on the reformed system . Once more , the chance of regeneration was possible as the remnants of headed towards the Bahamas . However , on September 14 , dry air and wind shear caused the remnants to dissipate entirely . - - = = Impact = = - - As passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands on September 2 , outer rain bands produced minor rainfall , totaling around 0 @.@ 55 inches ( 14 mm ) . There were no reports of damage or flooding from the rain and overall effects were minor . - Several days after the low dissipated , the remnant moisture from brought showers and thunderstorms to St. Croix where up to 1 in ( 25 @.@ 4 mm ) of rain fell . The heavy rains led to minor street flooding and some urban flooding . No known damage was caused by the flood . - - - = Mount = - - Mount is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . The ultra @-@ prominent 14 @,@ 440 @-@ foot ( @.@ 2 m ) is the highest peak in the Range and the second @-@ highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney . Mount is located in San Isabel National Forest , 12 @.@ 1 miles ( 19 @.@ 4 km ) southwest ( bearing 223 ° ) of the City of in Lake County , Colorado . - The mountain was named in honor of Colorado statesman Samuel , who was active in the formative period of the state and Governor of the Territory of Colorado from 1873 to 1874 . Henry W. of the Survey was the first to record an ascent of the peak , in 1874 . The and most popular climbing routes are categorized as Class 1 to 2 or A + in . Mount is therefore often referred to as the " gentle giant " that tops all others in the Rocky Mountains . - - = = Geography = = - - Mount is visible to the southwest of , often snow @-@ capped even in the summer . Many other surround in all directions , and it is very close to central Colorado 's Collegiate . The neighboring Mount Massive , to the north , is the second @-@ highest peak in the Rocky Mountains and the third @-@ highest in the contiguous United States , and La Plata Peak , to the south , is the fifth @-@ highest in the Rockies . The community of Twin Lakes lies at the base of Mount , Denver is about 130 miles ( km ) to the east , is 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the north , and is 40 miles ( 64 km ) to the west . , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) to the northeast , is the nearest large town . 's parent peak is Mount Whitney in California . Including Alaska and Hawaii , Mount is the fourteenth @-@ highest mountain in the United States . - Weather conditions often change rapidly , and afternoon thunderstorms are common in the ; and snow are possible year @-@ round . An electrical storm on the mountain 's summit was considered remarkable enough to be reported in the July 1894 issue of Science . - - = = Geology = = - - Mount is part of the Range , an of the Laramide which separated from the Mosquito Range to the east around 28 million years ago . The tops of this range were heavily , leaving behind characteristic summit features and other such clues . For example , the base of on the eastern side exhibits large igneous and rocks deposited when the glaciers , which lie on a lateral . Further up the eastern side there is a large with a small . There are also lakes to both the north and south , and Twin Lakes respectively ; the Twin Lakes are a result of the natural dam of end moraines , and Lake was created by the Sugar Dam . - Mount is composed largely of . However , the summit ridge consists of basement rock , which is Pre @-@ in origin and about 1 @.@ 7 billion years old . There are various igneous including , as well as " bands " of and . Unlike mountains of similar altitude elsewhere , lacks both a permanent and a prominent north @-@ facing , which can be attributed to its position amongst other mountains of similar height , causing it to receive relatively small quantities of precipitation . - - = = History = = - - Mount was named by miners in honor of Samuel , the governor of the then @-@ Territory of Colorado , because he brokered a treaty in September 1873 with the tribe that opened up more than 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 12 @,@ 000 km2 ) of reservation land to mining and railroad activity . The first recorded ascent of the peak was by in 1874 , who was surveying the mountain as part of the Survey . - Originally measured as 14 @,@ feet ( 4 @,@ m ) in height , Mount 's elevation was later adjusted to 14 @,@ 440 feet ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) following a re @-@ evaluation of mapped elevations , which sparked protests . The actual change was made in 1988 as a result of the North American of 1988 ; it seems the original measurement resulted from the Sea Level of 1929 . A matter of some contention arose after the Great Depression over the heights of and its neighbor , Mount Massive , which differ in elevation by only 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . This led to an ongoing dispute that came to a head with the Mount Massive supporters building large piles of stones on the summit to boost its height , only to have the Mount proponents them . The effort was ultimately unsuccessful and Mount has remained the highest peak in Colorado . The first ascent of occurred in 1949 , when a Jeep was driven to the summit , apparently to judge suitability for skiing development . - - = = Flora and fauna = = - - The summit of Mount is an alpine environment , featuring plants such as ( sky @-@ pilot ) , ( old @-@ man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mountain ) , and ( alpine ) . Also noted are var. , , , , , album , var. , and . Below the mountain is heavily forested , with the lower slopes covered with a mixture of lodgepole pine , spruce , and fir . - Some of the fauna reported on the climb to the summit include black bears , , mule deer , , and pocket ; there are also many species of . Elk , grouse , turkey and sheep are present in the area during the summer . - - = = = = - - There are three main routes which ascend the mountain , all of which gain over 4 @,@ 100 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) of elevation . The standard route the peak from the east , starting from the Colorado Trail just north of Twin Lakes . The 4 @.@ 6 miles ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) long North ( Main ) Trail begins close to the Creek , and gains about 4 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) . The trail is open to , mountain and hunters during season . An easier , but longer route , the South Trail , is 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) long , climbing 4 @,@ 600 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) at a less @-@ punishing gradient than the North Trail , approaching from the south and then climbing the eastern ridge . - The most difficult of the main routes is the Black Cloud Trail , a Class 2 climb that takes ten to fourteen hours depending on pace , gains 5 @,@ 300 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) in elevation , and also involves an ascent of the sub @-@ peak , South , at 14 @,@ 134 feet ( 4 @,@ 308 m ) . Even healthy and experienced report great difficulty on this route , and despite the fact that there is a trail , the route is extremely steep , unstable , and rocky in places . The elevation gain is not evenly distributed over the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ascent . There are also routes approaching from the western face , and southwestern ridge , from South Creek and Echo Canyon respectively . - Although strenuous and requiring physical fitness , none of the conventional routes require specialist skills or technical rock climbing . The main dangers of the mountain are those common to all high mountains , particularly altitude sickness . This can affect anyone , even those who are . In serious cases , it can lead to high @-@ altitude pulmonary and , which can lead to difficulties with breathing , , and death . are advised to begin their ascent at or before 6 a.m. and to summit and descend before early afternoon to minimize exposure to possible afternoon thunderstorms while at high altitudes . Although the most conventional form of ascent is by hiking , Anna Elizabeth Dickinson , the , ascended the mountain on a mule borrowed from the U.S. government . - - - = Scientology in Germany = - - The Church of Scientology has been present in Germany since 1970 . German authorities estimate that there are 4 @,@ 000 active Scientologists in Germany today ; the Church of Scientology gives a membership figure of around 12 @,@ 000 . The Church of Scientology has encountered particular from the German press and government and occupies a precarious legal , social and cultural position in Germany . - German courts have so far not resolved whether Scientology should be accorded the legal status of a religious or community , and different courts have reached contradictory conclusions . The German domestic intelligence service has monitored the organization 's activities . The German government does not recognize Scientology as a religion . It views it as an abusive business as a religion and believes that it pursues political goals that conflict with the values enshrined in the German constitution . This stance has been criticized , most notably by the U.S. government , which recognizes Scientology as a religion and has raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect . - Scientologists in Germany face specific political and economic restrictions . They are barred from membership in some major political parties , and businesses and other employers use so @-@ called " sect " to expose a prospective business partner 's or employee 's association with the organization . German federal and state interior ministers started a process aimed at banning Scientology in late 2007 , but abandoned the initiative a year later , finding insufficient legal grounds . Despite this , polls suggest that most Germans favor banning Scientology altogether . - - = = Background = = - - Scientology , founded in the early 1950s in the United States by L. Ron Hubbard and today claiming to be represented in 150 countries , has been a very controversial new religious movement . Its stated aim is to " clear the planet " , to bring about an enlightened age in which every individual has overcome their psychological limitations . Scientology teaches that the source of people 's lies in " " , psychological acquired in the course of painful experiences , which can be cleared through a type of called " " made available by the Church of Scientology . - The fact that Scientologists have to pay large fees for and other Scientology services has brought controversy to Scientology throughout much of its history , with governments it as a profit @-@ making enterprise rather than as a religion . Critics maintain that Scientology is " a business @-@ driven , , totalitarian ideology with world @-@ dominating aspirations " , and that it tricks its members into parting with significant sums of money for Scientology courses . Scientology has fought lawsuits to defend itself against such charges and to pursue legal recognition as a religion . These efforts have been partly successful – Scientology has gained recognition as a tax @-@ exempt religious group in a number of countries , most notably in Australia in 1983 and the United States in 1993 , and in 2007 won an important case at the European Court of Human Rights , which Russia for failing to register Scientology as a religion . - The German government has said that it does not consider Scientology a religion , but a " commercial enterprise with a history of taking advantage of vulnerable individuals and an extreme dislike of any criticism " whose " totalitarian structure and methods may pose a risk to Germany 's democratic society " . Accordingly , the German government has taken a very strong stance against the organization . Germany is not alone in opposing Scientology ; in France , the Church of Scientology was convicted of organized fraud in October 2009 , after a court found that members had been manipulated into paying large sums for Scientology products , and the Church only narrowly escaped being banned altogether . Scientology is similarly controversial in Belgium , Greece and the UK . - On the subject of Scientology 's status as a religion , the German government has pointed to a 1995 decision by the Federal Labor Court of Germany . That court , noting Hubbard 's instruction that Scientologists should " make money , make more money – make other people produce so as to make more money " , came to the conclusion that " Scientology to be a ' church ' merely as a cover to pursue its economic interests " . In the same decision , the court also found that Scientology uses " and totalitarian practices " . Given the lessons of Germany 's 20th @-@ century history , in which the country came to be dominated by a fascist movement that started from similarly small beginnings , Germany is very wary of any ideological movement that might appear to be seeking a position of absolute power . in Scientology writings to the elimination of " parasites " and " " people who stand in the way of progress towards Scientology 's world " without , without criminals and without war " evoke uncomfortable parallels with Nazism , and have led to Scientology being classified as an " political movement " . - To further justify its stance , the German government has also pointed to the long history of U.S. court cases involving Scientology , including the conviction of 11 top Scientologists in 1979 and 1980 for a conspiracy involving the infiltration of U.S. government agencies , and the theft of government documents , a 1994 U.S. Supreme Court finding that Scientology practices took place in a " environment " , and Scientology 's track record of pursuing its critics through malicious court cases and private investigators . In examining the potential threat posed by Scientology the German government has noted that Scientology organizations are " structured so as to make the individual and financially dependent on a Scientology system " , and that members often abandon contact with friends and family . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Scientology presence in Germany = = = - - Scientology first became active in Germany in 1970 . By 2007 , there were ten major centres ( " Scientology Churches " ) , as well as fourteen minor centres ( " Scientology " ) in Germany . The German Scientology Churches are located in the big cities – Munich , Hamburg , Berlin , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt am Main , Hanover and . Of the Scientology , nine are in Baden @-@ , and three in . Following German re @-@ unification , Scientology proved unable to gain significant numbers of followers in the territories of the former German Democratic Republic ; most adherents are found in Baden @-@ , and North @-@ Rhine . - Scientology is represented by a large number of independent associations or in Germany ; their umbrella organisation is the Scientology Germany 's domestic intelligence service , the für ( , or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) , estimates that there are 4 @,@ 000 Scientologists in Germany , down from earlier estimates of 5 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000 . The Church of Scientology reported around 30 @,@ 000 members from the mid @-@ 1990s onwards ; this number remained stable for many years . However more recently Scientology has said it has only 12 @,@ 000 members . in Scientology membership numbers arise because the Church of Scientology applies more inclusive criteria in establishing its figures , essentially including anyone who has purchased a book or participated in courses , regardless of their subsequent involvement . The number of bound Scientology staff members working in German Scientology organizations is unlikely to exceed a few hundred . - Scientology formulated a " Germany " strategy in 1994 – similar to equivalent strategies pursued by Scientology in other countries and regions of the world – with the long @-@ term aim of transforming German society in line with the ideal : a non @-@ society in which Scientology enjoys influence . The programme sought to address Scientology 's image problems in Germany , to identify weak points in Germany that could be exploited for political gain , such as Germany 's National Socialist history , and to increase both membership figures and political influence in German society , with a special emphasis on Scientologists into key positions in industry and government . As most religions seek to widen their influence in society , such a programme could of course also be defended as a missionary effort , much like those many religions engage in . However , according to the , the strategy has not had any significant success . By 1998 , 90 government officials had been suspected of being Scientologists and in 48 cases the suspicions were confirmed , but apart from some isolated cases , most of the officials concerned had not used their positions to advertise Scientology . According to & ( 2009 ) , it is unknown to what degree the " Germany " programme is still being pursued . - - = = = Public opposition = = = - - German public discourse does not regard Scientology as a religion , but generally it as a ( cult or sect ) , or as an profit @-@ making venture preying on vulnerable minds . Public concerns about the potential dangers posed by cults date back to the early 1970s , when widespread debate took place about " youth religions " such as the Church , , Children of God , and the Divine Light Mission . The most prominent critics of these new religious movements were the " sect commissioners " ( ) of Germany 's Protestant Churches , who also actively promoted the establishment of private " initiatives of parents and concerned persons " . ( " Educational Information Campaign " ) became an important organization dedicated to opposing Scientology ; taking an activist stance , it warned people not to get involved with Scientology , filed successful lawsuits against the Church of Scientology over its in public places , and published an influential book , The of Scientology and its Front . In 1981 , the organization 's founder , , became the director of für und ( " Campaign for and Freedom " ) , Germany 's most prominent anti @-@ cult organization . from sect experts about the influence of new religious movements gained media attention which put political pressure on the government to deal with the situation ; as the movements were not doing anything illegal , the government resorted to issuing a range of leaflets and public statements giving general warnings about religious , the earliest of these publications appearing in 1979 . - by events such as the Siege in 1993 , the murders and suicides associated with the Order of the Solar Temple , and the 1995 incidents in Japan , German fears and concerns about new religious movements gained in intensity in the 1990s , with Scientology attracting particular attention . that Scientology had a totalitarian character were reinforced when Robert Young , an American ex @-@ Scientologist and former PR official in the Church of Scientology , visited German officials in late 1995 and wrote an article in Der , a widely @-@ read weekly magazine , describing Scientology as a totalitarian system operating a – the Project Force – for members of Scientology 's Sea Org found guilty of . From the mid @-@ 1990s onward , press articles , reports and essays on Scientology appeared on an almost daily basis , accompanied by books and television programmes that reached a mass audience . - As noted by the religious scholar Hubert , Scientology came to be seen as a " serious political danger that not only threatened to turn individuals into will @-@ less zombies , but was also conspiring to overthrow the democratic constitution of the state " . This view of Scientology as a public enemy , adds , " became a matter of political " : senior political figures became involved in launching campaigns against Scientology , and being suspected of any association with it resulted in social . Stephen A. Kent , writing in 1998 , noted that officials at all levels of German government shared the insistence that Scientology should be suppressed . Scientology was viewed as " a totalitarian , business @-@ driven organization [ ... ] guilty of significant human rights abuses . " Officials examining primary and secondary sources , legal documents , and the testimony of former members , concluded that the organization was " to a democratic state " . Federal and state governments were asked to use all legal means at their disposal to check the activities of Scientology . - Government publications on the dangers of increased between 1996 and 1998 , and a significant number of them dealt with the Church of Scientology . The German courts had approved such publications in 1989 , seeing them as part of the government 's responsibility to keep the public informed , and finding that they did not interfere with religious freedom . In 1996 , the German parliament launched an ( ) Commission to investigate and similar groups , in large part because of public concerns about Scientology . Its final report , published in June 1998 , concluded that Scientology , alone among new religious movements , required monitoring by Germany 's domestic intelligence services . - An area of widespread concern in the German media has been the alleged " infiltration " of businesses by Scientologists , in line with Scientology 's declared aim to penetrate society , politics and business in preparation for world domination . Attempts to infiltrate businesses have reportedly been most successful among small and medium @-@ size companies , such as estate agents , management consultants and management @-@ training companies . Management @-@ consultancy firms led by Scientologists often conceal their association with Scientology ; once they have recruited members of their clients ' upper management , these managers may send employees to Scientology trainers , as part of company education and training programmes , without informing them as to the origin of the training methods used . An expensive commercial version of Scientology 's Oxford Analysis , usually offered free as part of Scientology in public places , temporarily entered some major German companies ( who were unaware of its ) via such a management @-@ consultancy firm . - In the mid @-@ 2000s , German sect experts expressed concerns that Scientologists were becoming active in the German after @-@ school market . These concerns arose because customers of around 20 after @-@ school centres operated by Scientologists in Frankfurt , Hamburg , and elsewhere might be unaware that their children were being taught by Scientologists , using Scientology methods . advertising the services would at most mention the name of L. Ron Hubbard , the founder of Scientology , but not Scientology itself . - In early 2008 , Thomas , Commissioner of the German Lutheran Church in Berlin and , and the historian Knopp both likened the Scientologist Hollywood actor Tom Cruise to Goebbels , the Nazi propaganda minister . and Knopp cited a leaked Scientology video in which Cruise was seen asking the audience whether Scientologists should " clean up " the world , the audience responding with enthusiastic cheers – cheers which and Knopp felt were reminiscent of the audience 's response to Goebbels ' famous question , " Do you want total war ? " 's and Knopp 's comments found few critics in Germany . Most Germans consider Scientology a organization . In 1997 , Time reported that 70 % of Germans favoured banning Scientology ; a poll conducted in September 2008 by Der found 67 % support for a ban . - German scholars such as and Gerald have commented that rhetoric dominates public discourse around Scientology in Germany : in their view , efforts to " frame " information in such a way as to shape opinion have long been more important than the underlying . In 's words , this includes both the " efforts of German politicians to enhance their popularity with strong @-@ statements " and " Scientology 's efforts to present itself as the victim of unjust persecution " ; commenting on foreign reporting on Scientology in Germany , she adds that " the American press may prefer news to boring investigation and may frame the issue according to American stereotypes " . Both and assert that the situation is compounded by the general of scientific studies of Scientology . as well as Irving , Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary in Canada , have remarked in particular on the lack of academic studies by German scholars . attributes this situation to the strong influence of the Christian churches in Germany , which has made German academics wary of approaching the subject , because they fear repercussions for their research funding and for their prospects of future employment if they involve themselves in the debate . - In 2010 a German public broadcaster , , showed the film Until Nothing Remains , a account of the effect Scientology had on one German family . Said to be based on a true story , the film attracted widespread media attention and a viewership of 8 @.@ 69 million . - - = = Legal status = = - - While there have been calls for Scientology to be banned , the Church of Scientology remains legal in Germany and is allowed to operate there . Its precise legal status however is unresolved . Two points are contested : first , whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a " religion or " ( Religion or ; these are equal before German law ) , and , whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity ; if the latter were the case , this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a " religious or community " ( oder ) under Article 4 of the German constitution , which guarantees the freedom of belief , religion and . Status as a " religious or community " also affects a broad range of other issues in Germany , such as taxation and freedom of association . - The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has not yet made an explicit decision on the matter , but implicitly assumed in 1980 that Scientology represented a religious or community . The Upper Administrative Court in Hamburg explicitly asserted in 1994 that Scientology should be viewed as a community . In 1995 , the Federal Labor Court of Germany decided that the Church of Scientology merely pursued commercial aims and did not represent a religious or community entitled to protection under Article 4 of the German Constitution , although another decision by the same court left the question open again in 2003 . In another 2003 decision , the Administrative Court of Baden @-@ in said there were no indications that the teachings of Scientology merely served as a pretext for commercial activity . In 2005 , the Federal Administrative Court of Germany explicitly granted a Scientologist protection under Article 4 @.@ 1 of the German Constitution , which declares the freedom of religion and . - Many courts have declined to assess the religious status of Scientology , finding that the question was irrelevant to deciding the case at hand . The Federal Administrative Court for example ruled in 1997 that the question whether or not Scientology was a religion was irrelevant , and that its legal status should be judged by its business activities . The German government does not consider the Church of Scientology to be a religious or community and asserts that Scientology is a profit @-@ making enterprise , rather than a religion . Recent years have seen a number of court decisions in Scientology 's favour , despite the very widespread negative attitude to Scientology among politicians and the general public . - - = = Government surveillance = = - - Given the history of Nazism 's rise to power in Germany in the 1930s , the present German state has committed itself to taking active steps to prevent the rise of any ideology that threatens the values enshrined in the German constitution . The domestic intelligence service ( für , or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) regards the aims of Scientology as running counter to Germany 's free and democratic order , and has been monitoring Scientology since 1997 , as have the for the Protection of the Constitution in a number of German . Minister for Family Policy instituted the surveillance , saying that the church had totalitarian tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all the means at her disposal . - The German Church of Scientology has repeatedly challenged the legality of this surveillance in court . In December 2001 , the Administrative Court in Berlin ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid . The court ruled that the use of was . In 2003 , the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report , given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution . - At the federal level , Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the in November 2004 . The federal court based its opinion on its judgment that the aims of Scientology , as outlined by L. Ron Hubbard in his writings , were incompatible with the German constitution . acting for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution pointed out that Hubbard had written that civil rights , for example , should be restricted to Scientologists , and they asserted that the Scientology organization was taking systematic steps to infiltrate society and government institutions in order to prevent anti @-@ Scientology legislation . counsel acting for the Church of Scientology had contended that Scientology was non @-@ political , its aims were the liberation of the human being , and that Hubbard 's instructions were valid only within the Church of Scientology and were subject to interpretation , and at any rate there was no effort to implement these instructions in Germany . The court disagreed and ruled that many sources , some of them not accessible to the general public , indicated that the aims of the Church of Scientology did include the of the principle of equality and other essential human rights . - In , surveillance was stopped by a court as inappropriate in 2005 , because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members . As of 6 May 2008 , the Church of Scientology in Germany dropped the legal battle to prevent surveillance of its activities by the after the North Rhine @-@ Higher Administrative Court in refused to hear an appeal on the matter . Being suspected of maintaining " ambitions against the free , democratic basic order " , the Scientology organization added a declaration on human rights and democracy to its . - There is at least one example of surveillance of Scientology by the German intelligence services outside of Germany . In 1998 , the Swiss government detained an agent of the German government , charging him with " carrying out illegal business for a foreign state , working for a political information service and identity documents " . The German government posted bail for the agent . He was eventually given a 30 @-@ day suspended jail sentence for on Scientology , and the German government apologized to Switzerland for the incident . - - = = " " = = - - A " sect filter " , also known as a " protective declaration " ( ) , is a document that requires prospective business partners or employees to acknowledge any association with a sect or new religious movement before entering a business or employment contract . Such sect , primarily used to screen out Scientologists , have been drafted by German government agencies for use by businesses . " commissioner 's " offices exist in Germany as part of regional or local government . - A work instruction introduced in 1996 requires government staff in the – local employment agencies and social security offices operated by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs – to mark companies owned by Scientologists with the letter " S " . Where companies are suspected of having Scientologist staff , prospective employees are alerted to this fact by government staff . Government officials have publicised the names of individual Scientologists and conducted media campaigns against their businesses ; some have placed advertisements in the press saying they are not Scientologists in order to avoid the associated stigma . - Due to concerns about possible government infiltration by Scientologists , applicants for civil service positions in are required to declare whether or not they are Scientologists , and a similar policy has been instituted in . Companies for government contracts were likewise required to state they are not Scientologists ; in 2001 , this requirement was changed , and firms are now asked to sign a form stating that " the technology of L. Ron Hubbard will not be used in executing the contract " . When it became known that Microsoft 's Windows 2000 operating system included a disk developed by Executive Software International ( a company headed by a Scientologist ) , this caused concern among German government officials and clergy over data security and the potential for espionage . To these concerns , Microsoft Germany agreed to provide a means to the utility . Following letters of complaint about discrimination from Scientology lawyers , some American companies such as General Electric , IBM and Ford Motor Company instructed their German to cease the use of protective declarations . - The city @-@ state of Hamburg set up a full @-@ time office dedicated to opposing Scientology , the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority , under the leadership of . In 2005 , in a case brought by a Scientologist , the Federal Administrative Court of Germany ordered the city of Hamburg to cease recommending the use of protective declarations to its business community , finding that the practice religious freedom . In June 2008 , the Hamburg Administrative Court fined the city of Hamburg 5 @,@ 000 ( $ 7 @,@ 000 ) for not with court instructions banning the use of " sect . " Internet links to sample to be used by businesses had continued to remain available . Barker , a professor of sociology at the London School of Economics , has noted that " Germany has gone further than any other Western European country in the civil rights of Scientologists . " The Hamburg task force was closed down in August 2010 as a result of budget cuts ; moved to a position within the Hamburg interior authority , where she continues her work on Scientology . - Scientologists have been banned from joining major political parties in Germany such as the Christian Democratic Union , the Christian Social Union of , the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Free Democratic Party . Scientologist members of these parties have been " purged " , according to Time Magazine . Scientologists have been prevented from running employment and au pair agencies in Germany ; Scientologists who were running such agencies had their permits revoked . In 1995 , a sports scientist and former member of the German national fencing team was dismissed from his job at the German Olympic fencing centre after he stated in an interview that he had enjoyed reading books by L. Ron Hubbard and had participated in a course run by a Scientologist management and communication consultancy firm . Thomas , a German TV presenter , was falsely accused in 1993 of having taken part in Scientology courses ; responded by announcing that he had not , and that he would cease all contact with a friend who had links to Scientology . In 2007 , Günther , the Minister @-@ President of the German state of Baden @-@ , expressed concern that Scientologist John was to appear on 's programme , and asked the TV station to consider the invitation ; the said that would cause greater damage , and that Scientology was not going to be discussed in the programme . - In 2010 , the Bavarian Administrative Court ruled that a woman working in a children 's centre , whose employment had been terminated when her ex @-@ husband identified her as a Scientologist , should be reinstated . The woman had demonstrated to the court 's satisfaction that her beliefs were irrelevant to her work . According to the agreement that concluded the case , she promised not to use Scientology methods in her work , and to inform the children 's parents of her membership in Scientology . - - = = Initiative to ban Scientology = = - - In March 2007 , it was reported that German authorities were increasing their efforts to monitor Scientology in response to the opening of a new Scientology headquarters in Berlin . On December 7 , 2007 , German federal and state interior ministers expressed the opinion that the Scientology organization was continuing to pursue anti @-@ constitutional goals , " essential basic and human rights like the dignity of man or the right to equal treatment " , and asked Germany 's domestic intelligence agencies to collect and evaluate the information required for a possible judicial inquiry aimed at banning the organization . - The move was criticized by German politicians from all sides of the political spectrum , with legal experts and intelligence agencies expressing concern that an attempt to ban the organization would likely fail in the courts . Sabine Weber , president of the Church of Scientology in Berlin , called the accusations " unrealistic " and " absurd " and said that the German interior ministers ' evaluation was based on " a few sentences out of 500 @,@ 000 pages of literature " . She added , " I can also find hundreds of quotes in the Bible that are totalitarian but that doesn 't mean I will demand the ban of Christianity . " - In November 2008 , the government abandoned its attempts to ban Scientology , after finding insufficient evidence of illegal or unconstitutional activity . The report by the cited knowledge gaps and noted several points that would make the success of any legal undertaking to ban Scientology doubtful . First , the report stated there was no evidence that Scientology could be viewed as a foreign organization ; there were German churches and missions , a German board , German , and no evidence that the organization was " totally remote @-@ controlled " from the United States . A foreign organization would have been much easier to ban than a German one . The second argument on which those proposing the ban had counted was Scientology 's aggressive opposition to the constitution . Here , the report found that Scientology 's behaviour gave no grounds to assume that Scientology aggressively sought to attack and overthrow Germany 's free and democratic basic order . " Neither its nor any other utterances " supported the " conclusion that the organization had criminal aims " . The also considered whether there were grounds to act against the Church of Scientology on the basis that they were medicine without a licence , but expressed doubts that a court would accept this reasoning . - Commenting on the decision to drop the ban attempt , , Berlin 's interior minister , said , " This organization pursues goals – through its writings , its concept and its disrespect for minorities – that we cannot tolerate and that we consider in violation of the constitution . But they put very little of this into practice . The appraisal of the Government at the moment is that [ Scientology ] is a organization , but it is not an organization that we have to take a hammer to . " The Church of Scientology expressed satisfaction with the decision , describing it as the " only one possible " . of Scientology 's activities by the German intelligence services continues . - In February 2009 , the Berlin Administrative Court ruled that a poster placed by local city authorities on an advertising column next to a bus stop in front of the Berlin Scientology headquarters , warning @-@ by of the potential dangers Scientology activities posed to democracy and individual freedom , should be removed . The decision was upheld in July 2009 by the Upper Administrative Court of Berlin @-@ which ruled that the poster violated Scientologists ' basic religious rights . - - = = Criticism of Germany 's stance = = - - The United States media , while generally reporting negatively on Scientology in domestic news , has taken an at least partially supportive stance towards Scientology in relation to Germany . Richard Cohen for example , writing in the Washington Post , said in 1996 : " Scientology might be one weird religion , but the German reaction to it is still – not to mention disturbing . " Alan Cowell , writing in the New York Times , wrote in 1997 that the German response to Scientology – motivated by officials ' fear that Scientology " was a totalitarian movement growing , like the Nazi party , from beginnings " – was itself of " the Nazi era 's " . - The U.S. Department of State has repeatedly claimed that Germany 's actions constitute government and societal discrimination against minority religious groups and expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists ' individual rights posed by sect . The U.S. Department of State began to include the issue of Scientology in Germany in its annual human rights reports after the 1993 agreement between the Church of Scientology and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service , through which Scientology gained the status of a tax @-@ exempt religion in the United States . That decision also marked the beginning of more intense lobbying efforts by the Church of Scientology in Washington , using paid . The State Department 's 1996 human rights report on Germany , released in January 1997 , warned that artists and businesses with Scientology connections " may face boycotts and discrimination , sometimes with government approval . " Past targets of such actions had included Scientologist actors Tom Cruise and John , as well as jazz pianist Chick . - Also in January 1997 , an open letter to then @-@ Chancellor appeared , published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune , drawing parallels between the " organized oppression " of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies by Germany in the 1930s . The letter was conceived and paid for by Hollywood lawyer Fields , whose clients have included Tom Cruise and John , and was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry , including the top executives of MGM , Warner Bros. , Paramount , Universal and Sony Pictures Entertainment as well as actors Dustin Hoffman and Goldie , director Oliver Stone , writers Mario and Vidal and talk @-@ show host Larry King . It echoed similar parallels drawn by the Church of Scientology itself , which until then had received notice , and was followed by lobbying efforts of Scientology celebrities in Washington . - U.S. Department of State spokesman Nicholas Burns rejected the Nazi comparisons in the open letter as " " and distanced the U.S. government from Nazi comparisons made by the Church of Scientology , saying , " We have criticized the Germans on this , but we aren 't going to support the Scientologists ' terror tactics against the German government . " Chancellor , commenting on the letter , said that those who signed it " don 't know a thing about Germany and don 't want to know . " German officials argued that " the whole fuss was up by the Scientologists to achieve what we won 't give them : tax @-@ exempt status as a religion . This is , pure and simple . " Officials explained that precisely because of Germany 's Nazi past , Germany took a determined stance against all " radical cults and , including right @-@ wing Nazi groups " , and not just against Scientology . 's Christian Democratic Union party denounced the letter as " absurd " and cited German court stating that Scientology had primarily economic goals and could legitimately be referred to using phrases such as a " of oppression " . - In February 1997 , a United States immigration court judge granted to a German Scientologist who claimed she would be subject to religious persecution in her homeland . In April 1997 , John met personally with U.S. President Bill Clinton at a conference in Philadelphia . later said Clinton assured him that he would " really love to help " with the " issue over in Germany with Scientology " . According to , Clinton recalled that " he had a roommate years ago who was a Scientologist and had really liked him , and respected his views on it " , stating that Scientologists " were given an unfair hand in [ Germany ] and that he wanted to fix it " . In September 1997 , John , Chick and fellow Scientologist Isaac Hayes were heard by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( , also known as the Helsinki Commission ) , voicing their complaints about the treatment of Scientologists in Germany , and had a briefing with United States National Security Sandy Berger , whom Clinton had assigned to be " the administration 's Scientology point person " . The German ambassador responded with a letter to the stating that the German government had come to the conclusion that Scientology 's " pseudo @-@ scientific courses can seriously jeopardize individuals ' mental and physical health and that it exploits its members " , adding that " membership can lead to psychological and physical dependency , to financial ruin , and even to suicide . In addition , there are indications that Scientology poses a threat to Germany 's basic political principles . " - A United Nations report in April 1998 raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect . However , it rejected the comparison of the treatment of Scientologists with that of Jews during the Nazi era . - In 2000 , the German Stern magazine published the results of its investigation of the case . It asserted that several rejection letters which the woman had submitted as part of her application – ostensibly from potential employers who were rejecting her because she was a Scientologist – had in fact been written by fellow Scientologists at her request and that of Scientology 's Office of Special Affairs , and that she was in personal financial trouble and about to go on trial for tax at the time she applied for . On a 2000 visit to Clearwater , Florida , of the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority likewise alleged that the case had been part of an " orchestrated effort " by Scientology undertaken " for political gain " , and " a spectacular abuse of the U.S. system " . German expatriate Scientologists resident in Clearwater , in turn , accused of a " hate campaign " in Germany that had " ruined the lives and fortunes of scores of Scientologists " and maintained that Scientologists had not " exaggerated their plight for political gain in the United States . " Mark , a ( former ) top Church of Scientology official , said that although Scientology had not orchestrated the case , " there would have been nothing improper if it had . " - In 2003 , Joachim , writing in the Swiss Zeitung , noted that , a German Christian theologian , director of the Hannah Institute for Research into in Dresden and recipient of an honorary doctorate from Lund University , Sweden , for his of religious freedom , had been pressured to publication of his scientific study of Scientology after having found himself the subject of widespread criticism in the German media for advocating a more tolerant attitude towards Scientology . concluded that " " had " triumphed " over science and noted an apparent lack of confidence in Germany 's ability to engage in open public discourse on the matter . - The U.S. Department of State 's 2012 report on religious freedom in Germany , published in 2013 , stated that " The status of the Church of Scientology remains in . The Constitutional Court and various courts at the state level have not explicitly ruled that Scientology is a religion . Government agencies at the federal and state level have rules and procedures that discriminate against Scientology as a group and against its members . Four of the major political parties ( the Christian Democratic Union , Christian Social Union , Social Democratic Party , and Free Democratic Party ) ban Scientologists from party membership . [ ... ] Scientologists reported instances of governmental discrimination . Although courts at the state and federal level condemned the improper use of so @-@ called ' sect ' to and boycott Scientologists , they remained in use in the public sector . ' ' typically asked potential new employees to confirm in writing that they had no contact with Scientology , did not participate in its training courses , and rejected its doctrines . [ ... ] Catholic and Protestant churches continued to oppose Scientology [ sic ] , although press reporting and public reactions to Scientology decreased . Several private organizations issued warnings about after @-@ school study programs run by Scientologists . " - - = = = sources = = = - - - = = = sources = = = - - - = = = Government and court documents = = = - - - = = = Scientology sources = = = - - - = = = Scientology sites = = = - - ( German ) - – Human Rights website of the German Church of Scientology ( German ) - - = = = German government sites = = = - - Scientology : Publications of German regional governments – of the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ( German ) - of the Hamburg Scientology Task Force ( German ) - - = Japanese battleship Asahi = - - Asahi ( , Asahi ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself , the ship was designed and built in the United Kingdom . Shortly after her arrival in Japan , she became flagship of the Standing Fleet , the 's primary combat fleet . She participated in every major naval battle of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 and was lightly damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of . Asahi saw no combat during World War I , although the ship participated in the Siberian Intervention in 1918 . - as a coastal defence ship in 1921 , Asahi was disarmed two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty , after which she served as a training and submarine depot ship . She was modified into a submarine salvage and rescue ship before being placed in reserve in 1928 . Asahi was recommissioned in late 1937 , after the start of the Second @-@ Japanese War , and used to transport Japanese troops . In 1938 , she was converted into a repair ship and based first at Japanese @-@ occupied Shanghai , China , and then Cam Bay , French Indochina , from late 1938 to 1941 . The ship was transferred to occupied Singapore in early 1942 to repair a damaged light cruiser and ordered to return home in May . She was sunk en route by the American submarine USS Salmon , although most of her crew survived . - - = = Background = = - - Combat experience in the First @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the École naval philosophy , which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships . Therefore , Japan promulgated a ten @-@ year naval build @-@ up in early 1896 , to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations , with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core . These ships were paid for from the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First @-@ Japanese War . As with the earlier Fuji and classes , Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships , and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme . Asahi , the fifth Japanese battleship to be built in Britain , was ordered from the Engineering & Shipbuilding Company shipyard in , Scotland in the 1897 annual naval programme . - - = = Design and description = = - - Asahi 's design was a modified version of the @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy , with two additional 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . The ship had an overall length of 425 feet 3 inches ( 129 @.@ 6 m ) , a beam of 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 9 m ) , and a normal draught of 27 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 15 @,@ 200 long tons ( 15 @,@ 400 t ) at normal load . Asahi had a complete double bottom with 55 compartments . Her hull was also subdivided into 223 compartments . She was fitted as a flagship and her crew numbered about officers and enlisted men , including the admiral 's staff . - The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines built by , Tennant , each driving one propeller , using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 17 @.@ 03 bar ( 1 @,@ 703 ; 247 ) . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) although Asahi reached 18 @.@ 3 knots ( 33 @.@ 9 km / h ; 21 @.@ 1 mph ) from 16 @,@ indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 181 kW ) during her sea trials on 23 March 1900 . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 032 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 9 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 000 km ; 10 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was fitted with three steam @-@ driven 4 @.@ 8 @-@ ( 6 @.@ 4 hp ) . - Asahi 's main battery consisted of the same four Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch guns used in all of Japan 's preceding battleships . They were mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The powered mountings allowed the guns to be loaded at all angles of traverse , at a fixed elevation of + 13 @.@ 5 ° . Each mount could traverse a total of 240 degrees . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ) . - The ship 's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 45 @-@ calibre 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns mounted in casemates . Eight of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other six guns were placed above them in the superstructure . They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) . Protection against torpedo @-@ boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ ft / s ( m / s ) . guns consisted of eight 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder guns and four 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder guns . The former were mounted in the superstructure and the latter in the fighting tops . The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 19 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ ft / s ( m / s ) , while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) . The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . - The waterline main belt of Asahi consisted of Harvey armour 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 44 m ) high , of which 3 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 11 m ) was above the waterline at normal load , and had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( mm ) for the middle 224 feet ( 68 @.@ 28 m ) of the ship . It was only 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch of armour that ran between the barbettes . The barbettes were 14 inches ( mm ) thick , but only 10 inches ( 254 mm ) behind the upper armour . The barbette were protected by 10 inches of armour on their face while their sides were 6 inches thick and the roof was 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . bulkheads connecting the barbettes to the side armour were 12 – 14 inches thick , but only 6 inches thick at the lower deck level . The frontal armour of the casemates protecting the secondary armament was also 6 inches thick with the rear protected by 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) armour plates . The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick where it sloped down to the sides of the ship . The conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour . - Asahi , like all the other Japanese battleships of the time , was fitted with four and Stroud coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ) . The ships were also fitted with 24 @-@ power . - - = = Construction and career = = - - Asahi , meaning " rising sun " , a poetic name for Japan from a stanza of poetry , was laid down on 1 August 1898 in , Scotland , by the Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. and completed by John Brown & Company , which purchased the firm before Asahi was completed . She was launched on 13 March 1899 and completed on 31 July 1900 . Her completion was delayed by about three months when her bottom plating required repairs after running aground off following sea trials . The ship departed England , after repairs in Portsmouth , on the day of her completion , and arrived at , Japan , on 23 October 1900 . Asahi became flagship of the Standing Fleet on 22 May 1901 and was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet was re @-@ formed on 28 December 1903 . - At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Asahi , commanded by Captain , was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 , when Vice Admiral led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences . chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although many ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered only 17 , while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before . Asahi was not hit during the engagement . - The ship participated in the action of 13 April , when successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral 's flagship , the battleship . When spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division , he turned back for Port Arthur and struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , and was one of the killed . by his success , resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , prompting the Russians to lay more minefields , which sank two Japanese battleships the following month . - During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August , Asahi , now commanded by Captain , was second in line of the column of Japanese battleships , behind , and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships . She was only hit by a single 12 @-@ inch shell that wounded two crewmen . Both guns in her aft 12 @-@ inch gun turret , however , were disabled by shells that detonated prematurely in their barrels . In turn she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships and although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells , which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact . The ship made the critical hits of the battle , however , when two of her 12 @-@ inch shells struck the bridge of , killing the Russian squadron commander , Vice Admiral , two of his staff officers and the ship 's . The ship 's wheel was jammed to port by wreckage and then slowed to a halt which threw the rest of the Russian ships into total confusion . The second @-@ in @-@ command , Rear Admiral Prince Pavel , eventually gained control of the remainder of the squadron and headed back to Port Arthur . more than two months later , on 26 October , Asahi struck a mine off Port Arthur while on blockade duty . damaged , she was under repair at Naval Arsenal from November 1904 to April 1905 . Russian naval forces in the Far East had been destroyed or by this time and the Russians were forced to transfer ships from the Baltic Fleet that did not arrive until May . - - = = = Battle of = = = - - At the Battle of on 27 May 1905 , Asahi again followed the battleship into combat , this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons . opened fire at the battleship , the Russian flagship , at 14 : 10 , and was joined by Asahi and the armoured cruiser shortly afterwards . Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship , badly wounded the fleet commander , Vice Admiral , knocked out her rear 12 @-@ inch gun turret , and jammed 's steering so that she fell out of formation . The Russian ships were concentrating their fire on during the early part of the battle and Asahi was not damaged during this time . was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons . 's steering was later repaired , but she between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and was heavily damaged . Asahi seems to have mostly engaged the battleships and in the late stages of the battle , although Fuji fired the shots that caused the 's magazines to explode and sink her . Asahi fired more twelve @-@ inch shells , 142 , than any other ship during the battle . In total , the ship was hit six times during the battle , but none of them damaged her significantly . While Asahi 's casualties are not precisely known , the Japanese only lost 110 men killed and 590 wounded to all causes during the battle . The battle was a total Japanese victory with five Russian battleships captured and incorporated into the . - Captain W. C. , the Royal Navy 's official military observer under the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance , took notes of the battle 's progress from a deck chair on Asahi 's exposed quarterdeck . His report confirmed the superiority of Japanese training and tactics and publicized the victory in the West . - - = = = Later career = = = - - In 1908 , Asahi was part of the Japanese fleet that escorted the American Great White Fleet through Japanese waters during its round @-@ the @-@ globe voyage . The ship was assigned to the 1st Fleet in 1908 and 1910 – 11 . Asahi became a gunnery training ship in 1914 , and was re @-@ armed in 1917 with Japanese guns replacing her original British @-@ made guns . The same year , she was assigned to the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet . In 1918 , Asahi became flagship of her division and participated in the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War . She escorted troop convoys to the Russian Far East and was guard ship at from January to August 1918 . Asahi was reclassified as a first @-@ class coastal defence ship on 1 September 1921 , and began in 1922 at in compliance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . She was reclassified as a training and submarine depot ship on 1 April 1923 and her was completed in July of that same year . Her displacement dropped to 11 @,@ long tons ( 11 @,@ 625 t ) with the loss of her armour and guns , and her speed was limited to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . - The navy decided to convert Asahi into a submarine salvage ship and she began the first stage of her conversion with the installation of specialized salvage equipment from February to August 1925 . From 1926 to October 1927 , the ship 's 25 Belleville boilers were replaced with four Type boilers at Naval Arsenal . One of her two funnels was also removed , and two large lifting frames were installed as part of the second stage of her conversion . The ship conducted experiments in submarine rescue using the old German submarine 0 @-@ 1 ( ex @-@ U @-@ 125 ) . In May 1928 , Asahi was fitted with a 62 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 m ) compressed @-@ air aircraft catapult on her forecastle and successfully launched an Type 15 seaplane . After repeated accidents , the catapult was replaced by one powered by gunpowder . On the completion of testing in 1928 , Asahi was placed in reserve . - as a repair ship on 16 August 1937 , Asahi was taken out of reserve in November , after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident that started the Second @-@ Japanese War , and was used as a transport to land troops in an amphibious landing at Hangzhou Bay . Afterwards she began conversion at , Japan , into a repair ship ; this was completed on 18 December 1938 . Asahi was fitted with a wooden main battery fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in Shanghai on 29 December . In May 1939 she was modified to act as a torpedo depot ship and carried out patrols between 29 May and 7 November 1940 . She was transferred to Bay , French Indochina , on 15 November 1940 and later transported the 11th Base Unit from to Bay 19 November – 7 December 1941 . - From 13 March 1942 , Asahi was stationed at Singapore , and in April her crew performed repairs on the light cruiser , which had been torpedoed by the submarine USS off Christmas Island . Singapore for on 22 May , escorted by the CH @-@ 9 , Asahi was sighted by the submarine USS Salmon on the night of 25 / 26 May 1942 , 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Cape , Indochina . Of Salmon 's four torpedoes , two hit the ship in her port central boiler room and aft spaces . At 01 : 03 , moments after being hit , Asahi sank at 10 ° 00 ′ N 110 ° 00 ′ E. Sixteen men were killed in the attack ; the ship 's captain and crewmen were rescued by CH @-@ 9 . - - - = Training Day ( The Office ) = - - " Training Day " is the twentieth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the shows episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on April 14 , 2011 . The episode was written by Daniel Chun and directed by Paul . This episode marks the first appearance of Vickers ( Will ) in the series . - The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott 's ( Steve Carell ) replacement appears in the office , to start receiving training from Michael . The new manager , Vickers ( Will ) , has everyone hoping to make good first impressions : Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) finds himself typecast while Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) worry that they 've come on too strong . Only Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is about the new leader . - " Training Day " received mixed reviews from television critics , with many commenting on 's appearance . The episode was also viewed by 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 4 @.@ 0 / 11 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking first in its timeslot . The episode ultimately ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . - - = = Synopsis = = - - Michael is waiting in a hotel bar for his replacement Vickers ( Will ) to show up . While waiting , he meets a man at the bar and the two instantly hit it off . When Michael calls Vickers to see where he is , it is revealed that the man Michael has been talking to is actually , though it takes the two some time to actually realize this . - comes to the branch the next day , and most of the staff is eager to make a good first impression . Kevin wears his , Jim and Pam believe they have started off well by mentioning their baby , and Andy as the office " funny guy " when he reveals that he carries name around to avoid situations like the one and Michael were in . Meanwhile , Dwight is not pleased that he was not selected to replace Michael , believing that Michael put in a good recommendation for him . Michael becomes disturbed , however , when wants to make some changes , such as how Erin answers the phone . - While gets annoyed with Jim and Pam , he loves the antics of Andy , who has resorted to physical comedy when his jokes fall flat , getting to the point where he hot coffee on his pants and ( at 's urging ) eats soap ; Andy tells the camera with sadness that " this is my life now " . 's popularity with the employees causes Michael to get jealous to the point where he passes out butter sandwiches , despite 's allergy . then the staff in the " multipurpose room " , including Dwight , who learned from that Michael did not put in a recommendation and thus Michael . Jim quietly tells Michael that he chose to resign his job and needs to come to terms with both that choice and the fact that life is going to go on at the office . then steps out of his meeting and asks Michael for advice for how to run the meeting , saying that he 's a good manager and Dunder Mifflin won 't be the same without him . The two make up with a reverse , telling him that he should start enjoying his retirement . Michael returns to his office while conducts his meeting in the conference room . - In another effort to impress , Jim and Pam bring in , to which reacts positively . While they celebrate getting back on his good side , reveals to the camera that he is in fact indifferent to and was just being polite . - - = = Production = = - - The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Daniel Chun , his fourth writing credit of the series . It was directed by then @-@ showrunner Paul , his sixth directing credit of the series . The episode marked the first appearance of Will 's four @-@ episode arc on the series and is also one of series star , Carell 's last episodes as a regular on the series . signed on to appear in Steve Carell 's final three episodes , and the first episode without Carell , " The Inner Circle " , to make Carell 's transition easier . Carell had decided to leave the series , because " I just think it 's time ... I want to fulfill my contract . When I first signed on I had a contract for seven seasons , and this coming year is my seventh . I just thought it was time for my character to go " . initially called the producers and offered to appear in Carell 's last season , because he 's " a fan and wanted to commemorate Carell ’ s swan song " . He had previously starred alongside Carell , in the 2004 film , : The Legend of Ron . - The Season Seven DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . The cut scenes include a sequence in which Michael and discuss cancer jokes and the 2010 film Megamind — an animated film that featured the voice of — while drinking , shots of Michael and discussing their enjoyment for coffee , and Dwight attempting to appease his new boss . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - In its original American broadcast , " Training Day " was viewed by an estimated 7 @.@ million viewers and received a 4 @.@ 0 rating / 11 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 4 @.@ 0 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " Sale " , which can be attributed to 's guest appearance . The episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating the Fox crime drama , which scored a 3 @.@ 5 / 10 percent relating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic ; a of the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy and a of the CBS crime drama : Crime Scene Investigation . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - " Training Day " received mixed reviews from television critics . IGN writer White wrote that was not given a proper introduction and that he wasn 't distinguished from Michael 's character . She also went on to criticize Jim , Pam and Dwight 's reaction to as the new manager , particular that of Jim and Pam , writing that " it 's becoming obvious that the longtime writers don 't know what to do with them anymore " . However , she concluded that the episode continued the seventh season 's improvement over the sixth , and that it showed potential for future episodes of the season . She ultimately gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating , denoting a " good " episode . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles praised Michael 's reactions to the office easily ignoring him for , calling the final shot of him walking into his office alone " quite effective " , and that Dwight 's reaction to not being suggested to be Michael 's replacement made it more " meaningful " . Despite this , he continued by saying that the series was not " sophisticated " enough to use this plotline effectively and criticized the writing for the cast , which made them look " stupid " for " cheap humor " and a " enormously shallow laughter " . He ultimately gave the episode a " C + " . Alan Sepinwall , a columnist for HitFix , complimented the chemistry between and Carell , but criticized the storyline which eventually came down to Michael " being about not being the center of attention every minute of every day " , negatively comparing it to " Party " . Despite this , he noted that 's presence did involve several funny moments . - Bonnie , for Paste , was more positive , writing that she preferred the use of comedy , following the emotional episode , " Sale " . She ultimately gave it an 8 @.@ 7 out of 10 . Will 's performance was especially noted by critics . complimented 's " " performance , but called his character " " . praised his dynamic with Carell , comparing it to their previous roles in . His later appearances in the series also received similar mixed reviews For instance , called 's scenes a " momentum killer " in " , Michael " , whereas Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called his performance in the same episode " pure magic " . - - - = J. C. W. = - - John ( August 5 , 1869 – January 9 , 1940 ) was the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from Kentucky . He was the state 's first popularly elected senator following passage of the Seventeenth Amendment . - from a prominent political family , was chosen as Democrat William 's running mate in the gubernatorial election of 1899 despite the fact that he was not yet of legal age to serve as governor if called to do so . lost the election to Republican William S. Taylor , but the Kentucky General Assembly disputed the election results . During the political wrangling that followed , an unknown assassin shot . A day later the General Assembly enough votes to give the election to , who was sworn into office on his deathbed . Taylor claimed the election had been stolen by the Democratic majority in the General Assembly and a legal fight ensued between him and over the governorship . ultimately prevailed and Taylor fled the state . - Following his term as governor , made a bid to become a U.S. Senator . His stance in favor of prohibition cost him the votes of four legislators in his own party and the seat went to Republican William O. Bradley . Six years later secured the seat by popular election , but he lost his re @-@ election bid largely because of his pro @-@ temperance views and his opposition to women 's suffrage . Though he continued to play an active role in state politics for another two decades , he never returned to elected office , failing in his gubernatorial bid in 1927 and his campaign in 1936 . He died in Louisville on January 9 , 1940 . - - = = Early life = = - - J. C. W. was born at , near in Nelson County , Kentucky , son of William and Julia ( ) . His maternal grandfather , Charles A. , was governor of Kentucky from 1839 to 1840 and served as general in the administration of John Tyler . His uncle , Robert C. , served as governor of Louisiana . - obtained his early education at Academy in . In 1881 he served as a page in the Kentucky House of Representatives at the age of 12 . Later , he enrolled at Central University ( now Eastern Kentucky University ) in Richmond , Kentucky but was forced to quit school at the age of 17 to support his widowed mother . Two years later , he became principal of public schools , serving from 1888 to 1893 . , he studied law at the University of Kentucky , where he earned his law degree in 1889 . He was admitted to the bar , and commenced practice in in 1893 . He also served as president of the Young Democrats ' Club of Nelson County . - - = = Political career = = - - 's political career began in 1894 when he was elected without opposition to the Kentucky House of Representatives . He served four consecutive terms and was Speaker of the House in 1898 , his final year in the House . He also served as a delegate to every Democratic National Convention from 1900 to 1920 . - - = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = - - Democrat William chose as his running mate in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899 . was hesitant about the selection because he wanted someone who could deliver the vote of his home county in the general election , and 's native Nelson County was already committed to a rival candidate . But friends of assured him that would be loyal to 's reform agenda , whereas the two other men was considering as running mates would " stack the Senate committees against him . " was not yet 30 , the minimum age to serve as governor , at the time of his selection . - lost a close election to Republican William S. Taylor . When the General Assembly 's session opened on January 2 , 1900 , the election results were immediately challenged . With Democrats in control of both houses of the Assembly , the results seemed sure to be reversed . The Assembly was still on January 30 , 1900 , when was shot by an unknown assailant as he entered the state capitol building . The following day , as was being treated for his wounds at a local hotel , the General Assembly enough votes to give him the election . He was sworn into office from his bed the same day . Three days later died , never having risen from the bed . - Legislative chaos ensued as Taylor refused to acknowledge the Assembly 's decision and the governorship . The Republicans in the legislature Taylor 's orders , while the Democrats ignored Taylor and followed the orders of their leadership . Finally , on February 21 , 1900 , Taylor and agreed to let the courts settle the matter . The case first went before the Louisville Circuit Court , which found in favor of . Republicans appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , at that time the court of last resort in the state . On April 6 , 1900 , the Court of Appeals upheld the ruling of the lower court . Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States , which declined to hear the case on May 21 , 1900 . Taylor 's only supporter on the court was John Marshall . - Following the Supreme Court ruling , Taylor fled to Indianapolis , Indiana , fearing he would be implicated in 's assassination . became acting governor , but because of the unusual circumstances surrounding the election , a special election was held November 6 , 1900 , to determine who would complete 's term . ( now of age ) won the election over Republican John W. by fewer than 4 @,@ 000 votes . Shortly following the special election , married Jean Raphael of . The couple had two sons . - As governor sought to unite his party and the state . As part of this effort he supported changes to the partisan Election Law , authored by his late running mate while the latter was a member of the General Assembly . He stressed non @-@ controversial issues such as improvements to roads and the state 's educational system . He recommended passage of a law to set uniform school textbook prices , a reform both he and had advocated during the gubernatorial campaign . However , his passive leadership ensured that the General Assembly did little to address his agenda . The only major pieces of legislation passed during 's term were a tax increase that added a half million dollars to the state 's revenue and a child labor law that forbade children under 14 to work without their parents ' consent . - - = = = Second term = = = - - Although the Kentucky Constitution prohibited governors from serving consecutive terms , announced he would seek a full term as governor in 1903 . His candidacy was challenged in court , but the court ruled had not served a full first term and was eligible to run . Due to his record of reconciliation and supporting non @-@ controversial reforms , he had no significant opposition in winning his party 's nomination . His record also deprived his Republican opponent , Morris B. , of any significant campaign issue in the general election . defeated and three minor candidates . - In his message to the legislature in 1904 , again raised the issue of a uniform school textbook law , which had not passed during his first term . The law was one of few significant reforms that passed during the 1904 session . During the session funds were approved for building a new capitol building and a memorial to the late Governor . - In March 1904 , signed the Day Law racial segregation of all schools in Kentucky . College , a private college in eastern Kentucky that had been integrated since the 1850s , immediately filed suit to challenge the law . The substance of the law was upheld in the circuit court and the Kentucky Court of Appeals . appealed to the Supreme Court , and in 1908 the court handed down an 8 – 1 decision against the college . Only John Marshall . - Near the close of the 1904 session , legislators approved the creation of County from parts of Carter , Elliott , and Lewis counties . Olive Hill was made the county seat . Soon the county 's existence was challenged in court on grounds that it fell short of the 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) required by the state constitution and that it reduced the counties it was carved from to less than 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Carter County joined the lawsuit , claiming the border of County passed too close to Grayson , the seat of Carter County , and , the seat of Lewis County . The state constitution forbade county borders to pass within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of a county seat . On April 29 , 1904 , the Kentucky Court of Appeals found in favor of the and dissolved County . - During the 1906 legislative session , urged investigation and prosecution of corrupt insurance companies , following the lead of New York attorney Charles Evans Hughes . In particular , he recommended reducing the practice of deferred , which allowed the insurance companies to keep large stores of cash on @-@ hand for illegal purposes . He further advocated that insurance companies doing business in the state be required to invest a certain percentage of their earnings in Kentucky , the its economy and providing some protection against fraud . - refused to send troops into the western part of the state to quell the ongoing Black Tobacco Wars . He cited constitutional reasons for his refusal , but more probably his reasons were political – the Democrats were dominant in this region and he didn 't want to challenge his own party . By collecting some old Civil War debts from the federal government , virtually eliminated the state 's debt . Encouraged by the state 's improved finances , the General Assembly voted to expand two of the state 's normal schools , Western State Teachers College in Green ( later Western Kentucky University ) and Eastern State Teachers College in Richmond ( later part of Eastern Kentucky University ) . - With a successful legislative session behind him , made a bold political move in June 1906 : he orchestrated an effort to set the Democratic gubernatorial and primaries in November – a full year before the gubernatorial election and two years before the election . wanted the Senate seat , and moving the primary up two years would allow him to secure his party 's nomination while he was still governor . It also allowed him to use his influence as governor to sway the party 's choice of his potential successor as governor . State Samuel Wilbur was 's choice for governor and easily won the early primary over . Former governor James B. challenged for the nomination , but won by more than 11 @,@ 000 votes . - - = = = U.S. Senator = = = - - 's term as governor ended December 10 , 1907 . In January 1908 he faced the legislature as the Democratic nominee for a seat in the U.S. Senate by virtue of the primary held two years earlier . The Republicans nominated former governor William O. Bradley . On the first ballot secured 66 of the needed 69 votes ; Bradley received 64 votes . Seven Democrats had not voted for . Over the next six weeks , 25 more votes were taken with neither man securing a majority , even though William Jennings Bryan , the Democratic nominee for president , campaigned for . Some Democrats pressured to withdraw and allow a more palatable Democrat to run , but he refused . On the 29th ballot , taken near the end of February 1908 , Bradley finally secured a majority after four Democrats crossed party lines to vote for him . - 's ardent support of prohibition likely cost him the election . His position put him at odds with Henry , editor of the powerful Louisville Courier @-@ Journal . As governor had crossed the liquor interests and the political machinery in Louisville . When the Kentucky Court of Appeals the results of Louisville 's municipal elections due to interference by the city 's " whiskey ring " in May 1907 , appointed Robert Worth , a young lawyer and fellow , as interim mayor until elections could be held in November . eliminated in the police department , closed gambling houses and enforced blue laws closing saloons on Sunday . Following this , the whiskey ring announced had forfeited the support of Louisville 's legislators . In the election in 1908 , three of the four Democrats who voted against were from Louisville . Following his defeat , returned to his law practice . - Six years later again attempted to win the Senate seat . Due to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , the senator would not be elected by the legislature , but by popular vote . In the Democratic primary defeated Augustus O. Stanley , a 12 @-@ year veteran congressman . The Republican nominee was former governor Augustus E. . by his support of President Wilson , won the election by 32 @,@ 000 votes . - served as chairman of the Senate Committee on in the Department of Labor from 1915 to 1917 and on the Senate Committee on Military Affairs . In the latter position he was influential in securing two large military training posts for Kentucky , Camp Zachary Taylor and Fort Knox . Though Camp Zachary Taylor was abandoned after World War I , Fort Knox became the home of the United States . When the United States entered World War I , continued to back President Wilson and supported the League of Nations . - True to his stance , supported passage of the Amendment the import and sale of alcohol in the United States . The amendment was ratified and became effective in January 1920 . Believing women should be protected from involvement in politics , opposed the Amendment , which granted women 's suffrage . The amendment failed on February 10 , 1919 , but passed on June 4 , 1919 . voted against it both times . - The Democrats without opposition in 1920 . His opponent in the general election was Republican Richard P. Ernst . Prohibition had destroyed the industry and the saloon business in the state , and in areas where these industries were prominent received more than 5 @,@ 000 fewer votes than Democratic presidential nominee James M. Cox . He was also hurt by the women 's vote and by his support of President Wilson , who had lost popularity since 's election in 1914 . Ernst won the election by fewer than 5 @,@ 000 votes , winning the race with 50 @.@ 3 percent of the vote to 's 49 @.@ 7 percent . During his single term in the Senate served alongside three other U.S. Senators from Kentucky : M. James , George B. Martin and Augustus O. Stanley . - - = = Later life and death = = - - Following his term in the Senate , resumed his legal practice in Louisville . He sought another term as governor in 1927 . This time he had the support of the Louisville Courier @-@ Journal , which had been purchased by his ally , Robert W. . He was opposed by a powerful political machine known as the Club , whose main interest was securing legislation to allow betting at the state 's horse . - The Club ran a candidate in both parties ' primary elections . In the Democratic primary defeated the Club 's relatively obscure candidate , Robert T. Crowe . D. Sampson , the Club 's nominee in the Republican primary , won his party 's nomination . In the general election could not secure the support of Democratic governor William J. Fields , who had been elected with the help of the Club . Despite the Democrats winning every other contest on the ballot , including the race for lieutenant governor , lost to Sampson by more than 32 @,@ 000 votes . It was estimated that the Club spent over $ 500 @,@ 000 to defeat him . - was expected to be the Democrats ' nominee for governor in 1935 , but the death of his son in late 1934 left him distraught and his wife opposed to another campaign . The Democrats turned to A. B. " Happy " Chandler of Henderson , who won the election . supported Chandler 's bid , and in return Chandler appointed him to the Kentucky Public Service Commission in 1936 . also served on the Department of Business Regulations Commission and chaired the State Government Commission . - attempted to return to the Senate in 1936 . The head of the Club , James B. Brown , had lost his fortune and influence when his banking empire crashed in 1930 . In 1933 's ally , Robert , had been appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James 's , increasing his prominence and influence . also enjoyed the support of the United Mine Workers and Louisville mayor Neville Miller . The race was complicated , though , by the entry of John Brown , a Democrat who was a U.S. Representative and former Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives . He had agreed to support Chandler 's bid for the governorship in exchange for Chandler 's support in his run for the Senate . However , Chandler threw his support to , and while Brown was not able to win the seat without the support of and Chandler , he did garner 85 @,@ 000 votes , most of them at 's expense . Democratic incumbent M. M. Logan retained the seat by 2 @,@ 385 votes . - died in Louisville on January 9 , 1940 , and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort , Kentucky . County , Oklahoma , was named in his honor at the suggestion of a who was serving as a delegate to Oklahoma 's constitutional convention in 1907 . , his birthplace , was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16 , 1973 . - - - = 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team = - - The 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team was a New Zealand rugby union team that toured Britain , Ireland , Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889 . It mostly comprised players of Māori ancestry , and also included some ( white New Zealanders ) . A wholly private , the tour was not under the auspices of any official rugby authority ; it was organised by New Zealand international player Joseph , promoted by civil servant Thomas , and managed by James Scott , a . The were the first New Zealand team to perform a , and also the first to wear all black . They played 107 rugby matches during the tour , as well as a small number of Victorian Rules football and association football matches in Australia . Having made a significant impact on the development of New Zealand rugby , the were inducted into the International Rugby Board Hall of Fame in 2008 . - After a preliminary tour of New Zealand in 1888 , the side travelled to England via Melbourne and Suez . The Māori players initially provoked curiosity due to their race , but the British press subsequently expressed some surprise that the side was not as " Māori " as they had expected . Playing their first match , on 3 October against Surrey , the team was subjected to a taxing match schedule , and frequently played three matches per week . Their early matches included a 9 – 0 loss to Middlesex , but their form improved in November , when they won 10 of their 13 matches . The team played its first international match on 1 December , against Ireland , and won 13 – 4 . This was followed by a win over one of the strongest English county teams , Yorkshire , and a 5 – 0 defeat against the Wales national team . By January 1889 the had played 36 matches in less than three months , winning 22 of them ; they had spent most of their time in the north of England , where the playing strength was strongest and the crowds largest and most profitable . - In a return match on 19 January , Yorkshire fielded a stronger side than in the first match and inflicted one of the ' heaviest losses , a 16 – 4 defeat . The team then went undefeated until 16 February , when they faced England . Officials of the strictly amateur Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) had become increasingly concerned at the behaviour of the New Zealanders , regarding them as unsportsmanlike , and tensions reached a nadir in the aftermath of the England international , during which the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill , the game , awarded a number of controversial tries to England , prompting three of the to temporarily leave the field in protest ; England eventually won 7 – 0 . The apologised afterwards for their behaviour , but the damage was not repaired . The New Zealanders left England without an official send @-@ off , and travelled to Australia where they toured Victoria , New South Wales and Queensland . They then returned to New Zealand , where they displayed a level of combination not seen in their home country before . They went 31 games undefeated before losing their final match , on 24 August 1889 , 7 – 2 to Auckland . - The ' final record in rugby matches was 78 wins , 6 draws and 23 losses . They introduced a number of tactical innovations to New Zealand rugby on their return home , and their tour contributed to the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 1892 . Seventeen of the team 's 26 players went on to play in New Zealand , and two , Thomas and David , subsequently captained the New Zealand national rugby team . - - = = Background = = - - The idea for assembling a team of Māori footballers to tour Britain was conceived by Joseph , a rugby player who had toured with the first New Zealand national team in 1884 . He initially proposed a team of Māori or part @-@ Māori to play the touring British side in 1888 ; this developed into a venture to have a Māori team tour Britain if a preliminary tour of New Zealand were successful . of 's plans , civil servant Thomas contacted him to offer help managing the tour , which accepted . When James Scott , a , subsequently joined the partnership , the three men decided that would be the team 's captain , Scott its manager and its promoter . - started assembling a team for the tour in early 1888 . He had difficulties assembling a squad due to player availability , and failed to secure the talented Jack due to his university commitments . Some Māori players who initially agreed to play later pulled out when the eligibility criteria were relaxed to allow squad members who were only part @-@ Māori . Twenty Māori or part @-@ Māori players joined the squad ; five ( white New Zealand ) players were added after the team lost to Auckland . Due to the inclusion of these players the team was renamed from the " New Zealand " to the " New Zealand Native Football Representatives " . The final squad comprised 26 players ( including ) ; of these at least five were full @-@ Māori , while fourteen had a Māori mother and a father . The parentage of some of the players is unknown . - The team toured New Zealand before departing overseas , playing against 's Bay , Auckland , Nelson , Wellington , Canterbury , South Canterbury , and . The first game was contested against 's Bay in Napier on 23 June 1888 . They played nine games in their preliminary tour of New Zealand , and won seven of them . Their last New Zealand match before departure , against played in on 31 July 1888 , was won by one try to nil . - The team sailed for Australia from , leaving on 1 August 1888 . In Melbourne , Scott recruited Jack to train the players in Victorian Rules football in Britain as preparation for possible Victorian Rules matches on their return to Australia . The team played two rugby matches against the Melbourne Rugby Union team , winning the first and drawing the second , before continuing to Britain via Suez . They arrived in London on 27 September 1888 . - - = = in England and early matches = = - - The team were met in Britain by local rugby administrators , including an official of England 's Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first match of the tour was against Surrey , where the team became the first New Zealand side to perform a , and also the first to wear an all black uniform . That the team was predominantly Māori provoked curiosity from the British press – at the time , most Britons had not seen non @-@ white people – but there was some surprise that the team were not as " Māori " as had been expected . " They are not unlike Europeans , " a Scottish reporter wrote in November 1888 ; " that is their resemblance is great when one remembers that they were a savage tribe no further back than a generation " . The Surrey match , which was by the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill , was won 4 – 1 by the after they scored two tries . - The next defeated both and Kent , before defeats by and Burton @-@ on @-@ Trent . Both defeats were unexpected , and in the match , injuries played a part – the tourists played most of the match at least two men down , as replacements were then not allowed . The team recovered to win their next game , against Midlands Counties in Birmingham . Their next fixture was against Middlesex in a match not open to the public , and hosted by the Earl of Sheffield at Sheffield Park , . The Middlesex side contained a number of international players , including Arthur Gould . Middlesex won easily , with the play characterised by poor tackling . The final score was 9 – 0 , with three tries conceded by the New Zealanders . Prior to the match both sides had enjoyed lunch with wine – an indulgence the were not used to . A report in the Auckland Star had this to say of the game : - The New Zealanders expected to meet a mere exhibition 15 of scratch players , whereas Mr Rowland Hill had carefully collected the best possible team available . Such " passing " as the Home men displayed the admit they have never previously witnessed . Said whilst we were on the platform waiting for the London train , " I think they would have just beaten us , even if we had been in good form . " - Following the match against Middlesex , the team travelled to the north , where the strongest English rugby teams were based . Yorkshire and Lancashire dominated the county championship until many of their respective member clubs split from the RFU in 1895 over the issue of " broken time " payments . The New Zealanders lost to Hull 1 – 0 , defeated , then lost to Wakefield . After their first draw of the tour ( against Northumberland County ) they defeated Stockton @-@ on @-@ and . Joe appeared in the match against , but aggravated the foot injury that had kept him out of the side until that point . These victories were followed by a 13 – 4 defeat to Halifax on 10 November . The team then won seven matches in a row , including one against RFC , their only Scottish opposition of the tour . The last two matches that month were a loss to and a 9 – 0 victory over Liverpool and District . The team had played thirteen fixtures during November and won ten of them . By this point , the team was beset by injuries – of the fifteen players that played against County on 24 November , five had injuries . The squad comprised only 26 players , and the tourists were often struggling to field a side . Nevertheless , their heavy schedule continued ; on 30 November 1888 they left for Dublin , where a match had been organised against the Ireland national team . - - = = Ireland , further English matches , and Wales = = - - The Ireland fixture was played at Lansdowne Road , Dublin , on 1 December 1888 . Both teams had a number of leading players out injured – the Irish were forced to make four changes to their original selection . Ireland led 3 – 0 at half @-@ time after scoring a converted try , but the improved considerably in the second @-@ half , scoring four tries . Patrick scored the first two tries , and his play was praised by the local press . The third try scored was by Thomas after a counter @-@ attack by George Williams . The try was not converted , but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the visitors a 13 – 4 victory . The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team , but Ireland did go on to defeat Wales two tries to nil in the 1889 Home Nations Championship . Following their defeat of Ireland , the played Trinity College and then North of Ireland . The match against Trinity College was drawn 4 – 4 , and despite not playing , the Native side played much better than their previous fixture . The team then travelled to Belfast , where they defeated North of Ireland 2 – 0 on 5 December ; scoring two tries to nil . - After returning to England , the faced Lancashire in Manchester , where they lost 1 – 0 . Two days later they drew with Bulldogs , despite their opposition scoring five tries . Their next match was against Yorkshire , who were one of the strongest counties in the country , and went on to win the inaugural County Championship that season . Yorkshire fielded a weakened team , and were subsequently defeated 10 – 6 by the , who scored six tries . After a further two victories , the team travelled to Wales , where they lost 3 – 0 to , before facing Wales on 22 December . - At the start of the match the home crowd were fairly hostile towards the Welsh team due to fans of both Swansea and feeling slighted by the lack of selection of their players . Four teams dominated Welsh international selection at the time , and out of the 15 @-@ man team only William Towers and William Bowen of Swansea and Dan of had been selected . The match was played in Swansea , and the lack of local players may have contributed to a poor crowd , with gate receipts of only £ 120 recorded . The crowd 's hostility impacted on the players , and Norman was " nervous " at the start of the match . , aged 18 years and 49 days , became the youngest Welsh international player – a record he held until the debut of Tom in 2010 . Despite the aimed primarily at , Charlie Arthur and George Thomas , the Welsh team produced an excellent effort , especially from the forwards . - Towers scored the first Welsh try , which was converted by Jim Webb . The replied with a spirited run by , but he failed to break through the Welsh defence . The tourists trailed even further after George Thomas scored a try the half @-@ way line , which went some way to silence the from the crowd . Webb , playing in out of position at full @-@ back , missed the conversion and then failed at a long distance goal from a mark . The continued to push , with Elliot coming within five @-@ yards of the try line , and when did manage to cross the line he was carried back into the 25 @-@ yard line before he could touch down . In the second half Wales continued to push their advantage when Alexander the ball into the ' 25 ; this was collected by Sydney Nicholls , who managed to get the ball across the try line , allowing Jim to score . for the and for Wales both subsequently came close to scoring tries , but there were no further scores in the game . - The match was also of historical importance because of the Welsh tactics employed . In the 1886 Home Nations Championship Wales had the four three @-@ quarter system , wherein the team would play with eight forwards rather than nine , and instead employ an extra centre three @-@ quarter . The system was deemed a failure and was particularly unpopular with star Welsh player Arthur Gould , whose formidable ability as a back allowed his club team Newport to retain the additional forward . With Gould working in the West Indies , Wales again tried the four three @-@ quarter system against the , and its success saw the team permanently adopt the system . Within six years the other three Home Countries had adopted four three @-@ quarter style of play . - Before they left Wales , the played Swansea and two other local clubs , Newport , and Cardiff . They defeated Swansea for their first win in Wales , and followed this up with a victory over Newport in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators . They finished their Welsh matches , and the year , with a 4 – 1 loss to Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd . - - = = Return to England = = - - The side entered 1889 having played 36 matches for 22 wins and three draws . The ' play had improved throughout November and December following poorer form in their October matches ; positive press reports reflected this improvement . The team would go on to play a further 17 matches before their 16 February international against England . January started with a 4 – 1 loss to Bradford , during which 25 police officers were required to keep many of the 12 @,@ 000 spectators , many of them non @-@ paying , in order . This was followed by victories over Leeds Parish Church , , Rangers , and Huddersfield . Following further matches against , , and , where the team drew , lost , then won , the side faced Yorkshire for a second time . - Yorkshire had been criticised in the press for fielding a weakened line @-@ up against the when the sides first met in December . After the unexpected loss , Yorkshire were determined to make and a strong side was selected for the county , including Fred , Richard and John Willie , all of whom would appear for England against the later that season . Described as " knocked about " and " stale " , the struggled to compete against such strong opposition , and Yorkshire scored three converted tries before a try to left the scores at 9 – 1 at half @-@ time . The second @-@ half was little better for the ; they conceded a further two tries as well as a drop @-@ goal . The second of these tries was scored by after he ran the ball from his own half . scored a converted try late in the match , but this didn 't prevent the suffering their largest defeat of the tour : 16 – 4 to the . later described the match as " without a , the biggest beating we received in our whole tour " . - After a victory over Valley District , the team travelled west to play , Devonshire , Taunton , and Gloucestershire , and won all five games . The victory over Somerset was the New Zealanders ' largest of the tour ; they scored nine tries in a 17 – 4 victory . Half @-@ back played outstandingly for the , while the entire side demonstrated superior passing and combination to their opposition . Devonshire and suffered heavy defeats by the New Zealanders , before a strong Gloucestershire side was dismissed . After defeating Midland Counties , the returned to London . - The team had two further matches before their international against England . The first was against one of the strongest clubs in England , . Andrew , who had toured New Zealand and Australia with the 1888 British Isles side , played for the club in their 9 – 3 defeat to the . The New Zealanders won having scored four tries , including two by . Their next opposition was a United Services side mainly comprising Royal Navy players . The were again victorious , this time 10 – 0 . The match against Oxford University was postponed due to heavy , and so the team had a seven @-@ day break from playing – their longest of the tour . - - = = England international = = - - The match against England was causing the ' players and management problems before it had even begun . The team manager , Scott , was in dispute with the RFU over where the match should be played – the RFU were adamant that the match should take place at 's ground , but Scott wanted the game to proceed at The Oval , where a larger crowd , and therefore higher gate receipts , could be secured . The strictly amateur RFU establishment were already suspicious of the profit @-@ making motives of the , and were unwilling to yield on the selection of venue . The RFU was also in dispute with the other Home over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board ( ) . Following a disputed try in an England – Scotland international match in 1888 , the Scottish authorities had pushed for the establishment of an international body to oversee the game , but the RFU insisted that they would only join if they held a deciding vote , arguing that they deserved this as they were , they asserted , the senior body , and had the most member clubs . Ireland , Wales and Scotland consequently refused to play against England until 1891 , when , following arbitration , the RFU relented and joined the . The absence of international matches was a factor in England agreeing to face the on 16 February 1889 . - The line @-@ ups selected for the 16 February match were both strong , and close to full strength . Though 12 of the England side had not played internationally before , all were experienced at domestic level . The match was by Rowland Hill , who had also the ' first match in Britain , against Surrey . The opening of the first half was a scoreless affair , with much tackling and on the heavy ground . Later in the half England scored two tries through Harry Bedford , but both were disputed by the , who claimed that one of their players had grounded the ball in @-@ goal . England took the two @-@ try advantage into the second half . - Early in the second half a third disputed try was scored by the English . The try and its aftermath caused controversy and a rift between the and the RFU . attempted to tackle the English player , and in the process ripped his shorts off . The quickly formed a circle around to allow him to replace his clothing without being seen . While this was happening one of the English players , Frank , picked up the ball and scored a try . The New Zealanders protested , believing that play had stopped after claiming had called " dead ball " – but Hill awarded the try , prompting three of the Native players , Dick , Williams , and , to leave the field in protest . The players were eventually persuaded to return , but not before Hill had play . was very critical of Hill , particularly because he was also Secretary of the RFU . wrote after the tour that " gross as these errors were , they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game , , at all in that game " . The disputed try was followed by a final try for the English , who ultimately won 7 – 0 . - The RFU , at Hill 's instigation , promptly demanded an apology from the ' captain of the day , Edward , who had led the team as Joe was injured . The English authorities of the time believed that the decision of a referee was above question , and that protesting a decision as the New Zealanders had done was unsportsmanlike . The RFU threatened to bar any of their affiliated players – in other words , the entire rugby playing population of England – from facing the if they did not . swiftly sent an apology by telegram , but this was deemed inadequate ; he therefore sent another , four days after the game : - The London establishment that governed the game were disturbed by the New Zealanders ' approach to the game ; reports of rough and over @-@ aggressive play by the had steadily increased in frequency since their arrival in Britain . In the north of England , criticism of the visitors ' was rarer ; the tourists were accepted as playing the game in the same spirit as their local opponents , which in the north was a more working class sport than in the south . Some of the , including Joe , accused the RFU and the English press of hypocrisy , claiming that they were quick to the New Zealanders for rough play , yet tolerant of similar behaviour from their own players . - - = = Later matches and departure from England = = - - The remained in London following the England international . They defeated London Welsh on 18 February , before losing first to Cambridge , then Oxford University . From there they travelled north and won two matches before losing to Leigh . After a win over , there was a defeat to Oldham , played on a ground said was so frozen it was dangerous . After reversing their previous loss to Halifax with a 6 – 0 win , the suffered a loss to Barrow and District on 7 March . The New Zealanders then had a run of seven straight wins before a 1 – 1 draw with Hull . were then defeated for the second time in two weeks in the tourists ' last match in northern England . - The team struggled to find an opponent for their final match in Britain . They eventually played Southern Counties , and beat them 3 – 1 . This was their match in the British Isles and their 49th victory . The authorities and press in London continued to view the team negatively , and the boarded ship without a formal farewell . This perceived from the RFU provoked some criticism from the press outside London , as well as from the team manager Scott , who felt that with the team 's official apology after the England match , the controversy should have put to rest . - - = = Australia = = - - The majority of the left Plymouth on 29 March ( and Pie followed a week later ) . They arrived in Melbourne in May , where the team played mostly Victorian Rules football , hoping to make more money that way . Although the side had employed Jack to coach them in Victorian Rules during their tour of the British Isles , the heavy schedule and high injury count had left little time and energy for such training . As a result , the Victorian Rules matches were a failure ; the players ' with the rules , combined with the fact that most of the were rugby forwards ( and therefore less suited to the more open Victorian Rules ) , ensured that they failed to perform well on the field and struggled to attract large crowds . The side played nine Victorian Rules matches in total , including one in New South Wales , but won only three of them , all against relatively weak opposition . - The side 's success in their rugby matches contrasted to their failure in Victorian Rules – the New Zealanders played three rugby matches while in Victoria : against Melbourne , a Navy selection , and Victoria . The matches were all won , with their game against Victoria a 19 – 0 victory . After this they left for Sydney for further rugby matches , and defeated New South Wales 12 – 9 . After two further victories , the side again faced New South Wales , and won the match 16 – 12 . Another two victories followed , before the team played their only association football matches of the tour – both defeats . - The team travelled north to Queensland , where , as in New South Wales , rugby was the dominant code of football . Consequently , the team exclusively played rugby while in the region . The faced Queensland at the Association Ground in Brisbane . The 8000 spectators witnessed the New Zealanders overwhelm the to win 22 – 0 ; the did not exert themselves in the win , and the score did not reflect their dominance . After a further two matches , against and Ipswich ( both of whom were comfortably defeated ) , the team returned to Brisbane for a rematch with Queensland . In contrast to their first meeting , the first @-@ half was a close affair , and the two sides were tied at the conclusion of the half . Billy suffered a kick to the head , and had to retire early in the second @-@ half . Following the loss of , the play of the improved and they recovered to win 11 – 7 . Not long after the game concluded rumours circulated that some of the players had been offered ₤ 50 by to throw the game . later said : - It was on the occasion of this match that four of our players were thought , in racing , to be playing " stiff " , and that they had been got by some ; at all events , when accused of it at half @-@ time and cautioned , they played a different game in the second half . - The response from the team 's management was to suspend four players . The team travelled to , where they defeated the locals 19 – 0 . The included a replacement player for only the second time , Charles , after the reduced the playing strength of the side . The team then travelled back to New Zealand , and arrived in on 5 August . - - = = Return to New Zealand = = - - Two days after their return , the faced , who they defeated 5 – 1 in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 000 . The side suffered further injury , to Harry Lee , and recruited W. for their match against District on 8 August . Despite playing the match two players down , the comfortably defeated 16 – 3 . Following the side 's return to New Zealand , the Rugby Football Union demanded that the team 's management explain the accusations levelled at them in Queensland . responded by insisting that the players had only been suspended while an investigation was conducted , and that the management was confident no wrongdoing had occurred . The Northern Rugby Union ( since renamed Queensland Rugby Union ) summarised the incident and aftermath in the 1889 Queensland Rugby Union Annual : - ... it was apparent to a judge of the game that something was wrong with the , as they were not showing their usual dash and combination . Four members of the team were suspended , a charge being made against them of attempting the sell the match . The matter was bought before the Union , who passed the following resolution : That , having heard all available evidence regarding the charges against certain members of the Native Team , and having received an explicit denial of charges from the accused members and a satisfactory explanation from the management , we are of opinion that there are no facts before us the allegations ... - It is unlikely , given the attitude of the Rugby Union to the before their departure , that they would have dismissed the allegations if evidence had existed . The side was back to full strength following the return of their suspended players when the side faced in . The their opponents five tries to two , and won 11 – 8 . The side 's star player and half @-@ back , , stayed in when the team departed for . The side faced 's Bay , who were touring , in , and defeated them 13 – 2 . The ' play was praised by The Press : " ... the of the black passed with remarkable accuracy and between their legs , over their shoulders , under their arms and with their feet " . The side then faced Canterbury on 17 August , who they 15 – 0 . The report published in The Press said of the ' performance : - The play showed on Saturday afternoon was a fine exhibition of what several months of combination and practice will do ... it must be admitted they were far and away too good for our local men . In the loose , in the , , passing , , or running they were very much indeed Canterbury 's superior . Such runs as were made by at full back , by Madigan , , and W. , the passing of H. , F. , and all the backs as well as several forwards , the rushes of , Maynard , , , and , and the and powers of nearly every one , their opponents ... - The side left and travelled north where they played in Masterton . The match was won 10 – 8 , and the next day they faced Wellington , who they also defeated . The fixture against Wellington was nearly abandoned because Scott and the Wellington Rugby Union could not agree on a venue ; the match went ahead only when the Wellington officials agreed to cede the all profit from the match . After this the travelled to Auckland where they played their last match , against the province on 24 August . The match was lost 7 – 2 after each team scored two tries each , but the kicked a drop @-@ goal and a conversion . The loss ended a remarkable run of matches – the had a 31 @-@ game unbeaten streak in rugby matches that started with their victory over on 9 March ; the side won 30 , and drew one match between the defeats . - - = = Impact and legacy = = - - The tour had a significant impact on the development of rugby within New Zealand . It was the first tour of the British Isles by a team from the Southern Hemisphere , and the longest in the history of the sport . By the time the returned to New Zealand , they had developed into a side superior to any in the country , and introduced a number of tactical innovations . Seventeen of the 26 players went on to play in New Zealand , and two , and David , subsequently captained New Zealand . - The tour also prompted the eventual formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( , later renamed New Zealand Rugby Union ) in 1892 ; one reason for its formation was to ensure greater control over any future touring New Zealand sides . The sent an officially sanctioned New Zealand team , captained by , to tour Australia in 1893 . The are also the of the Māori All Blacks , a representative team organised by the , that first played in 1910 . The Native team , along with Joe , was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2008 – the seventh . - - = = Squad = = - - The squad consisted of 26 players . The exact names of several of the players is unknown . The number of matches played is a minimum number only – the line @-@ ups for a number of matches in Britain and Australia are either incomplete or unknown . - - = = played = = - - - = = = Overall = = = - - - = = = = = = - - - = = = = Ireland = = = = - - Ireland : T Edwards , DC Woods , A Walpole , MJ , J Stevenson , Warren . , Andrews , , O , , , J , R Stevenson , , - New Zealand : William , David , Edward , Frederick , Patrick , , Charles Madigan , William Elliot , George Williams , Dick , Thomas , W Anderson , Joe , Richard Maynard , Charles Goldsmith - - = = = = Wales = = = = - - Wales : Jim Webb ( Newport ) , George Thomas ( Newport ) , Garrett ( Penarth ) , Charlie Arthur ( Cardiff ) , Norman ( Cardiff ) , Charlie Thomas ( Newport ) , William ( Cardiff ) , Frank Hill ( Cardiff ) . , Alexander ( Cardiff ) , Sydney Nicholls ( Cardiff ) , Jim ( Newport ) , Harding ( Newport ) , William Towers ( Swansea ) , William Bowen ( Swansea ) , Dan , ( ) - New Zealand : William , Edward , William Thomas , David , William Elliot , Frederick , Patrick , George , Alexander Webster , , George Williams , Arthur , David Stewart , , Thomas - - = = = = England = = = = - - England : Arthur " Artie " V. , John William " " , Andrew , Richard " " , William Martin Scott , " Fred " . , Frank , Donald " Don " , Charles , Harry James Wilkinson , Harry Bedford , William , John W. Cave , Frederick , Arthur Robinson - New Zealand : William , Edward , , Charles Madigan , William Elliot , David , Patrick , George , , Harry Lee , Thomas , George Williams , W Anderson , Dick , Richard Maynard - - - = = - - ( September 20 , 1885 – December 20 , 1958 ) was a Canadian @-@ American @-@ soprano and voice teacher . She performed and popularised songs by contemporary composers throughout her career and sang in the American premieres of several works by Erik , Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky , including the title role in the latter 's . - The niece of Lady and Sir Wilfrid , who also were her patrons , she initially trained and performed in Europe . She then travelled to Java and for four years immersed herself in its native music , which she introduced to North American audiences on her return . She retired from performing in 1937 , and opened a voice studio in New York , where she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists and served on its board of governors . was praised for the many qualities her singing brought to music . The citation from the Society of San Francisco , which she received in 1949 , said : " ... her rare open @-@ mindedness and unorthodox enthusiasm having been initially responsible for the recognition of many vital and important modern composers " - - = = Singing career = = - - Born in Ottawa , Ontario , received musical lessons as a child , in harmony , voice , and piano . The custom of the time dictated that North American musicians travel to Europe for training if they desired a professional career , and in July 1902 , at the age of seventeen , set out for Europe , financed by her aunt and uncle , Lady and Sir Wilfrid . - - = = = Training in Europe = = = - - travelled to France , where she received private voice lessons from Auguste @-@ Jean of the Paris . on her vocal were problematic , but they were removed . She later began training under Jacques , whom she would later credit for her vocal technique . In 1906 , was retained by fellow Canadian singer Emma Albani to accompany her on a tour of England and her Canadian farewell tour . Albani provided a degree of to during the 30 week tour of Canada . - Lord awarded a scholarship in 1906 that allowed her to return to Europe and continue her vocal studies . She returned there and continued both to study and give performances . Her first operatic performance came in 1909 in , Italy as in 's Carmen . She landed a second operatic role as in ' , which was being performed by the London Covent Garden opera company . The opera opened in June 1910 . , , the soprano of the company , feared that 's voice would her own , and demanded that be removed from the opera . The company 's director to 's demands , informing on opening night that she would not be performing . reacted badly , and quit opera entirely . - - = = = to Java = = = - - by her blocked entry into the operatic scene , departed Europe and travelled to Java . There , she met a Dutch and plantation manager named . and married on May 22 , 1911 . studied the music of Java , and began to include this in her repertoire . Her accompanying pianist was Paul , who had previously been the conductor for the of , which afforded a number of opportunities . On permission of the Javanese court , she studied the , probably being the first western woman with a classical music education to be afforded this opportunity . While living in Java , travelled extensively , giving performances in China , Japan , Singapore , Malaya , Australia , and New Zealand . She remained in Java for four years , but with the outbreak of World War I she decided to travel back to North America , arriving in New York City in the fall of 1915 . - - = = = Return to North America = = = - - Arriving in New York , struggled to find a niche in an already crowded music scene . She put on a performance in Vaudeville entitled , which combined music with dancers . New York was already home to many North American and European musical performers , so focused on her musical repertoire , which she combined with knowledge and skill in modernist western singing . began giving annual recitals at Hall , and in November 1917 her performance there caught the eye of many leading composers . She developed her own reputation quickly , known as a " ... sensitive of interesting , songs " . She gave renditions of three songs by Maurice Ravel . Her performance then also included American premieres of Stravinsky 's Three Japanese Lyrics and ' Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan . The performance was a great success , and she began to receive invitations to perform premieres of songs by contemporary composers . Stravinsky arranged to have to premiere all of his vocal pieces . - travelled to Paris in 1920 at the behest of the Music League of America . there to arrange a tour of North America by Maurice Ravel , she struck up a friendship and professional correspondence not only with him , but also with Erik and Les six . This led to more music being sent to her by various composers that she would premiere in concert . She accepted and premiered almost all works sent to her , the only exception being a refusal to perform by Arnold . Through this , performed large amounts of contemporary French music across the United States . She also included American music in all of her concerts . toured America frequently and returned to Europe in 1922 , and again in 1923 . She began to explore Jazz music in concert as well , earning her negative reviews by many musical critics . - Her 1923 annual performance at Hall entitled " of Ancient and Modern Music for Voice " became a historic occasion when she presented the works of George , the first time his works were performed by a classical singer in concert . The first half of the programme presented works considered serious music at the time . She performed both classical works by and Henry Purcell , mixing them with modernist and neoclassical works by Arnold , Darius , , and Paul . The second half of her performance would upset the musical establishment , however . She opened with Alexander 's Band by Irving Berlin , then performed works by Jerome Kern and Walter Donaldson , and finally finished with three works by George : I 'll a to Paradise , Innocent Baby , and . played the piano for these pieces . Important figures in the audience included Schumann @-@ , Virgil Thomson , and Paul . Although some musical critics panned her decision to include Jazz music , the performance was overall a huge success , and provoked serious discussion among conservative audiences whether jazz music could be considered serious art . - continued to present music that was thought poorly of by conservative audiences . On some occasions , such as her performances of in New York in 1923 and 1925 , as well as in London in 1925 , this was quite successful . A critic in Vienna welcomed her musical selection as a from the usual fare of classical performances - Schubert , , Wolf , Richard - while praising her skill with more classical choices . Other performances suffered – she was while performing works by Villa @-@ at the Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music in Venice . She became a celebrity , and continued giving performances across the United States , Europe , and her native Canada . On the anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1927 , she gave a performance in Ottawa which was the first radio broadcast in Canada . Although she toured Canada from time to time , and attended performances of Canadian music in New York , she held a negative opinion of Canada 's treatment of native musicians , saying " Canadians . . . would rather listen to foreigners than their own people . " - - = = = from the stage = = = - - Illness forced to halt giving performances in the late 1920s , but she would return to the stage in 1931 , giving a concert in Havana , Cuba . As time passed she began to engage more and more in teaching , and less and less in stage performing . Her income from teaching was substantially better than from touring . She retired from performing entirely in 1937 , and opened a music studio in New York . There she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists , serving on its board of governors . She died on December 20 , 1958 . - - = = of critics and audiences = = - - was a controversial musician in her time . Her choice of music for performance was often condemned , and often praised . The of jazz music for a trained singer , combined with the performances taking place in concert halls lead some critics to her for promoting otherwise overlooked music , and others to her for taking music into a venue . - A May 1 , 1917 review by the New York Times praised her natural talent , with some reservations about the quality of her voice . Her ability to capture the spirit of the pieces was also praised : " ... her singing of songs by Frenchmen of today and the day before yesterday gave pleasure because of her understanding of them and the appropriate expression which she found for them . " - A November 12 , 1923 Time review of her performance of historic Italian songs , as well as modern English , French , Austrian , German and American numbers focused on her choice to include selections of contemporary jazz music . The critic remarked " Her voice was much too good for jazz . " Here she was praised as a serious , scholarly artist whose performance was " ... and expressive . " The audience received the concert very enthusiastically . - Her performance in in 1923 resulted in a headline in the the next day that was headed Eva ’ s Program Whole Town : Many People Are of Two Regarding Jazz Numbers – Some That They Like Them – Others Silent or Them . The review divides the audience and critics into various camps : those who openly enjoyed and applauded the performance ; those who openly disliked and condemned it ; those unsure how to react to a performance they liked but felt was inappropriate ; and those who liked the performance but would not show approval for fear of looking foolish or . - - = = materials = = - - papers , 1899 @-@ 1960 Music Division , The New York Public Library . - - - = Battle of Sullivan 's Island = - - The Battle of Sullivan 's Island or the Battle of Fort Sullivan was fought on June 28 , 1776 , during the American Revolutionary War . It took place near Charleston , South Carolina , during the first British attempt to capture the city from American rebels . It is also sometimes referred to as the First Siege of Charleston , owing to a more successful British siege in . - The British organized an expedition in early 1776 for operations in the rebellious southern colonies of North America . by logistical concerns and bad weather , the expedition reached the coast of North Carolina in May 1776 . Finding conditions unsuitable for their operations , General Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter Parker decided instead to act against Charleston . Arriving there in early June , troops were landed on Long Island , near Sullivan 's Island where Colonel William commanded a partially constructed fort , in preparation for a naval bombardment and land assault . General Charles Lee , commanding the southern Continental theater of the war , would provide supervision . - The land assault was frustrated when the channel between the two islands was found to be too deep to , and the American defenses prevented an amphibious landing . The naval bombardment had little effect due to the sandy soil and the nature of the fort 's log construction . fire by the defenders wrought significant damage on the British fleet , which withdrew after an entire day 's bombardment . The British withdrew their expedition force to New York , and did not return to South Carolina until . - - = = Background = = - - When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775 , the city of Charleston in the colony of South Carolina was a center of commerce in southern North America . The city 's citizens joined other colonists in opposing the British parliament 's attempts to tax them , and militia recruitment increased when word arrived of the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Throughout 1775 and into 1776 , militia recruits arrived in the city from the colony 's , the city 's manufacturers and tradesmen began producing war materiel , and defensive fortifications began to take shape around the city . - - = = = British operations = = = - - British army forces in North America were primarily tied up with the Siege of Boston in 1775 . bases of operations where they had more control , the British planned an expedition to the southern colonies . Major General Henry Clinton , then in Boston , was to travel to Cape Fear , North Carolina , where he would join with largely Scottish raised in the North Carolina , and a force of 2 @,@ 000 men from Ireland under the command of Major General Charles Cornwallis . - The plan was beset by difficulties from the start . The Irish expedition , originally supposed to depart at the beginning of December 1775 , was delayed by logistical difficulties , and its 2 @,@ 500 troops did not depart until February 13 , 1776 , escorted by 11 warships under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker . Clinton left Boston on January 20 with two companies of light infantry , and first stopped at New York City to confer with William Tryon , New York 's royal governor . Major General Charles Lee , sent by Major General George Washington to see to the defense of New York , arrived there the same day as Clinton . New York was at that time extremely tense ; forces were beginning to and evict , and the British fleet anchored there was having difficulty acquiring provisions . Despite this , Clinton made no secret that his final target was in the south . Lee observed that this was " certainly a way of proceeding ; to communicate his full plan to the enemy is too novel to be credited . " This was not even the first notice of the expedition to the colonists ; a letter intercepted in December had already provided intelligence that the British were planning to go to the South . - Clinton arrived at Cape Fear on March 12 , expecting to find the European convoy already there . He met with the royal governors of North and South Carolina , Josiah Martin and William Campbell , and learned that the recruited Scottish had been defeated at Moore 's Creek Bridge two weeks earlier . Clinton also received pleas for assistance from the royal governor of Georgia , James Wright , who had been arrested , and then escaped to a navy ship . - Parker 's fleet had an extremely difficult crossing . by storms and high seas , the first ships of the fleet did not arrive at Cape Fear until April 18 , and Cornwallis did not arrive until May 3 . After several weeks there , in which the British troops raided properties , Clinton , Cornwallis and Parker concluded that Cape Fear was not a suitable base for further operations . Parker had sent out some ships on expeditions up and down the coast , and reports on the partially finished condition of the Charleston defenses were sufficiently promising that the decision was made to go there . - - = = = American defenses = = = - - John , recently elected president of the General Assembly that remained as the backbone of South Carolina 's revolutionary government , organized a defense force under the command of 46 @-@ year @-@ old Colonel William , a former and Indian fighter . These forces comprised three infantry regiments , two rifle regiments , and a small artillery regiment ; they were augmented by three independent artillery companies , and the total force numbered about 2 @,@ 000 . These forces were further augmented by the arrival of Continental regiments from North Carolina and Virginia ( 1 @,@ 900 troops ) , as well as militia numbering 2 @,@ 700 from Charleston and the surrounding . - saw Sullivan 's Island , a sandy of land at the entrance to Charleston Harbor extending north about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) long and a few hundred yards wide , as a place well suited to build a fort that could protect the entrance from enemy warships . A large vessel sailing into Charleston first had to cross Charleston Bar , a series of submerged lying about 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of the city , and then pass by the southern end of Sullivan 's Island as it entered the channel to the inner harbor . Later it would also have to pass the northern end of James Island , where Fort Johnson commanded the southeastern approach to the city . and his 2nd South Carolina Regiment arrived on Sullivan 's Island in March 1776 , and began construction of a fortress to defend the island and the channel into Charleston Harbor . The construction moved slowly ; Captain Peter of the naval detachment described the site as " an immense pen 500 feet long , and 16 feet wide , filled with sand to stop the shot " . The gun platforms were made of two inches thick and with wooden spikes . - Congress had appointed General Lee to command the Continental Army troops in the southern colonies , and his movements by land shadowed those of Clinton 's fleet as it sailed south . Lee wrote from Wilmington on June 1 that the fleet had sailed , but that he did not know whether it was sailing for Virginia or South Carolina . He headed for Charleston , saying " [ I ] confess I know not whether I shall go to or from the enemy . " He arrived in Charleston shortly after the fleet anchored outside the harbor , and took command of the city 's defenses . He immediately ran into a problem : the South Carolina troops ( militia or the colonial regiments ) were not on the Continental line , and thus not formally under his authority . Some South Carolina troops resisted his instructions , and had to intervene by proclaiming Lee in command of all South Carolina forces . - Square @-@ shaped Fort Sullivan consisted only of the completed seaward wall , with walls made from logs 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high and 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide . The walls were filled with sand , and rose 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the wooden platforms on which the artillery were mounted . A hastily erected palisade of thick helped guard the powder magazine and unfinished northern walls . An assortment of 31 cannon , ranging from and 12 @-@ pounders to a few British 18 @-@ pounders and French 26 @-@ pounders , dotted the front and rear walls . General Lee , when he had seen its unfinished state , had recommended abandoning the fort , calling it a " slaughter pen " . President refused , and specifically ordered Colonel to " obey [ Lee ] in everything , except in leaving Fort Sullivan " . 's delaying tactics so angered Lee that he decided on June 27 that he would replace ; the battle began the next day before he could do so . Lee did make plans for an orderly retreat to 's Point . - - = = = British arrival = = = - - The British fleet weighed anchor at Cape Fear on May 31 , and arrived outside Charleston Harbor the next day . noticed a British scout boat apparently looking for possible landing points on nearby Long Island ( now known as the Isle of ) , just a few hundred yards from Sullivan 's Island ; troops were consequently sent to occupy the northern end of Sullivan 's . By June 8 , most of the British fleet had crossed the bar and anchored in Five Hole , an anchorage between the bar and the harbor entrance . With the fort on Sullivan 's Island only half complete , Admiral Parker expressed confidence that his warships would easily breach its walls . believing he would not even need Clinton 's land forces , he wrote to Clinton that after the fort 's guns were knocked out , he would " land and marines ( which I have practiced for the purpose ) under the guns " and that they could " keep possession till you send as many troops as you think proper " . - The British fleet was composed of nine man @-@ of @-@ war ships : the flagship 50 @-@ gun Bristol , as well as the 50 @-@ gun Experiment and frigates , Active , , , , Friendship and the bomb vessel Thunder , in total mounting nearly 300 cannon . The army forces in the expedition consisted of the 15th , 28th , 33rd , 37th , 54th , and 57th Regiments of Foot , and part of the 46th . On June 7 , Clinton issued a proclamation calling on the rebel colonists to lay down their arms . However , the inexperienced defenders fired on the boat sent to deliver it ( which was flying a truce flag ) , and it was not delivered until the next day . That same day , Clinton began landing 2 @,@ 200 troops on Long Island . The intent was that these troops would across the channel ( now known as Inlet ) between Long and Sullivan 's , which the British believed to be sufficiently shallow to do so , while the fleet bombarded Fort Sullivan . - General Lee responded to the British landing with several actions . He began reinforcing positions on the mainland in case the British were intending to launch an attack directly on Charleston . He also attempted to build a bridge of boats to provide an of retreat for the fort 's garrison , but this failed because there were not enough boats to bridge the roughly one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) channel separating the island from Charleston ; the unwillingness of and to support the effort may also have played a role . The Americans also constructed an at the northern end of Sullivan 's Island , which was manned by more than 750 men and three small cannons , and began to a guard post at 's Point on the mainland opposite Fort Sullivan . - General Clinton encountered the first major problem of the attack plan on June 17 . An attempt to the channel between the two islands established that part of the channel was at least shoulder @-@ deep , too deep for troops to cross even without the prospect of enemy opposition . He considered using boats to ferry the troops across , but the Americans , with timely advice from General Lee , adopted a strong defensive position that was virtually impossible to bombard from ships or the Long Island position . As a result , the British and American forces faced each other across the channel , engaging in occasional and largely cannon fire at long range . Clinton reported that this meant that Admiral Parker would have " the glory of being defeated alone . " The attack was originally planned for June 24 , but bad weather and contrary wind conditions prompted Parker to call it off for several days . - - = = Battle = = - - On the morning of June 28 , Fort Sullivan was defended by Colonel , commanding the 2nd South Carolina Regiment and a company of the 4th South Carolina Artillery , numbering 435 men . At around 9 : 00 am that morning , a British ship fired a signal gun indicating all was ready for the attack . Less than an hour later , nine warships had sailed into positions facing the fort . Thunder and Friendship anchored about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the fort while Parker took Active , Bristol , Experiment and to a closer position about 400 yards ( 370 m ) from Sullivan 's Island , where they anchored facing broadside to the fort . Each of these ships began to fire upon the fort when it reached its position , and the defenders returned the fire . Although many of Thunder 's shots landed in or near the fort , they had little effect ; according to , " We had a in the middle , that swallowed them up instantly , and those that fell in the sand in and about the fort , were immediately buried " . Thunder 's role in the action was also relatively short @-@ lived ; she had anchored too far away from the fort , and the of her mortars with extra powder to increase their range eventually led to them breaking out of their mounts . Owing to shortage of gunpowder , 's men were deliberate in the pace of their gunfire , and only a few officers actually aimed the cannons . They also fired in small , four cannon at a time . One British observer wrote , " Their fire was surprisingly well served " and it was " slow , but decisive indeed ; they were very cool and took care not to fire except their guns were exceedingly well directed . " - General Clinton began movements to cross over to the northern end of Sullivan 's Island . by two of war , the flotilla of carrying his troops came under fire from Colonel William Thomson 's defenses . Facing a withering barrage of grape shot and rifle fire , Clinton abandoned the attempt . - Around noon the frigates , , and were sent on a roundabout route , avoiding some , to take a position from which they could enfilade the fort 's main firing platform and also cover one of the main escape routes from the fort . However , all three ships grounded on an , and the of and became entangled in the process . The British managed to and , but remained grounded , having moved too far onto the submerged . Consequently , none of these ships reached its intended position , a piece of good fortune not lost on Colonel : " Had these three ships effected their purpose , they would have us in such a manner , as to have driven us from our guns . " - At the fort , ordered his men to concentrate their fire on the two large man @-@ of @-@ war ships , Bristol and Experiment , which took hit after hit from the fort 's guns . Chain shot fired at Bristol eventually destroyed much of her rigging and severely damaged both the and . One round hit her quarterdeck , slightly wounding Parker in the knee and thigh . The shot also tore off part of his , leaving his exposed . By mid @-@ afternoon , the defenders were running out of gunpowder , and their fire was briefly suspended . However , Lee sent more ammunition and gunpowder over from the mainland , and the defenders resumed firing at the British ships ; Lee even briefly visited the fort late in the day , telling Colonel , " I see you are doing very well here , you have no occasion for me , I will go up to the town again . " Admiral Parker eventually sought to destroy the fort 's walls with persistent broadside . This strategy failed due to the nature of the wood used in its constructions ; the structure would , and it absorbed the rather than . The exchange continued until around 9 : 00 pm , when darkness forced a cessation of hostilities , and the fleet finally withdrew out of range . - At one point during the battle , the flag had designed and raised over the fort was shot down . Sergeant William Jasper reportedly ran to the and raised the flag again , holding it up and the troops until a flag stand could be provided . He was credited by with reviving the troops ' spirits , and later given for bravery . A painting of this event ( pictured above ) depicts Jasper 's actions . - casualties , Parker reported 40 sailors killed and 71 wounded aboard Bristol , which was hit more than 70 times with much damage to the hull , yards , and rigging . Experiment was also badly damaged with 23 sailors killed and 56 wounded . Active and reported 15 casualties each . The Americans reported their casualties at only 12 killed and 25 wounded . The following morning , the British , unable to drag the grounded off the , set fire to the ship to prevent her from falling into enemy hands . in small boats sailed out to the burning ship , fired some of its cannons at the British ships , took what stores and they could , and retreated shortly before the ship 's powder magazine exploded . - - = = Aftermath = = - - The British did not attempt to take the fort again . Within days of the battle , learned of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia . The British troops were on their transports , and on July 21 the British fleet withdrew northward to help the main British army in its campaign against New York City . To add insult to injury , one of the British transports grounded off Long Island and was captured by forces . - The British did not return to Charleston until , when General Clinton successfully besieged the city and captured an entire army . Until the South again became a focus of the war in late 1778 , its states provided military supplies to the northern war effort and produced trade goods that brought in valuable hard currency to fund the war effort . - Admiral Parker and General Clinton engaged in a war of words after the battle , each seeking to cast the blame on the other for the expedition 's failures . Although Clinton was not blamed by the government , popular opinion held him responsible , and Parker was lauded for his personal bravery . - - = = Legacy = = - - Fort Sullivan was renamed Fort shortly after the battle to honor Colonel William for his successful defense of the fort and the city of Charleston . modified in the years after the battle , it was by Fort as the principal defense of Charleston prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War . In 1876 , to celebrate the centennial , companies from Savannah , Augusta , , Columbia , New York and Boston were invited to Charleston . The site was turned over to the National Park Service in 1960 , and is now part of Fort National Monument . - A small monument to the Battle of Sullivan 's Island has been placed at the northeastern tip of the island , overlooking the inlet where General Clinton 's soldiers had hoped to cross . The monument includes historical markers describing the events surrounding the engagement . - One iconic emblem of the battle was the flag designed by Colonel . Commissioned by the colonial government , he designed a blue flag with a white crescent in the top left corner , which was flown at the fort during the battle . Despite being shot down during the siege , it was seen as a symbol of this successful defense ( and famously raised during victory ) . It came to be known as the flag or Liberty Flag . When Charleston ( lost to the British in the siege ) was reclaimed by American forces at the end of the war , the flag was returned to the city by General Greene . - - - = Hu = - - Hu ( Chinese : ; c . – 1674 ) was a Chinese artist , and publisher . He worked in calligraphy , traditional Chinese painting , and seal @-@ carving , but was primarily a publisher , producing academic texts as well as records of his own work . - Hu lived in during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty . A Ming loyalist , he was offered a position at the rump court of the Emperor , but declined the post , and never held anything more than minor political office . He did , however , design the Emperor 's personal seal , and his loyalty to the dynasty was such that he largely retired from society after the emperor 's capture and death in 1645 . He owned and operated an academic publishing house called the Ten Studio , in which he practised various multi @-@ colour printing and techniques , and he employed several members of his family in this enterprise . Hu 's work at the Ten Studio pioneered new techniques in colour , leading to delicate of colour which were not previously in this art form . - Hu is best known for his manual of painting entitled The Ten Studio Manual of Painting and , an artist 's which remained in print for around 200 years . His studio also published seal catalogues , academic and medical texts , books on poetry , and decorative writing papers . Many of these were edited and prefaced by Hu and his brothers . - - = = Biography = = - - Hu was born in County , Anhui Province in or early . Both his father and elder brother ( , art name , ) were , and after he turned 30 he travelled with them while they practised medicine in the areas around Lu 'an and . It is commonly stated that himself was also a doctor , though the earliest sources to this occur only in the second half of the 19th century . - By 1619 , Hu had moved to where he lived with his wife Wu . Their home on ( , now also known as ) , a hill located just within the northern city wall , served as a meeting @-@ house for like @-@ minded artists . Hu named it the Ten Studio ( , ) , after the ten bamboo plants that grew in front of the property . It functioned as the headquarters for his printing business , where he employed ten artisans including his two brothers and ( , art name , ) and his sons ( ) and ( , courtesy name ) . - During Hu 's lifetime , the Ming dynasty , which had ruled China for over 250 years , was overthrown and replaced by China 's last imperial dynasty , the Qing . Following the fall of the capital Beijing in 1644 , remnants of the imperial family and a few ministers set up a Ming loyalist regime in with Zhu on the throne as the Emperor . Hu , who was noted for his seal @-@ carving and facility with seal script , created a seal for the new Emperor . The court offered him the position of for the ( , ) as a reward , but he did not accept the role ( although he did accord himself the title of in some of his subsequent personal seals ) . - According to 's Lost History of the South ( , ) , prior to the Qing invasion of Hu studied at the National University there , and whilst a student was employed by the Ministry of to record official ; he produced the Imperial Promotion of Minor Learning ( Qin Ban , ) and the Record of ( Ji , ) as part of this work . As a result , he was promoted to the Ministry of Personnel and gained to the Academy , but before he could take up this appointment , Beijing had fallen to the rebellion . Since contemporaneous biographies ( 's work was not published until 1830 ) make no mention of these events , it has been suggested that they were fabricated after Hu 's death . - Hu retired from public life and went into seclusion in 1646 , after the end of the Ming dynasty . and recorded visiting him during his later years , in 1667 and respectively . He died in poverty at the age of 90 , sometime around late or early 1674 . - - = = Seal @-@ carving = = - - Hu was a noted seal @-@ , producing personal seals for numerous dignitaries . His style was rooted in the classical seal script of the Han dynasty , and he followed the school of carving founded by his contemporary He . Hu 's calligraphy , although balanced and with a clear structure , is somewhat more angular and rigid than the classical models he followed . seals attempt to an ancient , weathered impression , although unlike other artists Hu did not make a regular practice of artificially aging his seals . - Hu 's work was known outside his local area . Zhou , a poet who lived in around the same time as Hu and was a noted art , stated in his Biography of Seal @-@ ( , ) that Hu " creates miniature stone carvings with ancient seal inscriptions for travellers to fight over and treasure " , implying that his carvings were popular with visitors and travellers passing through . - In 1644 , Hu took it upon himself to create a new Imperial seal for the Emperor , which he carved after a period of and prayer . He presented his creation with an essay , the Great of the Seal ( , ) , in which he the loss of the Emperor 's seal and Heaven 's favour in restoring it . Hu was concerned that his essay would be overlooked because he had not written it in the form of rhyming , equally @-@ footed couplets ( , ) used in the Imperial examinations , but his submission and the seal itself were nevertheless both accepted by the Southern Ming court . - - = = Ten Studio = = - - Despite his reputation as an artist and seal @-@ , Hu was primarily a publisher . His publishing house , the Ten Studio , produced reference works on calligraphy , poetry and art ; medical textbooks ; books on etymology and ; and copies of as well as commentaries on the Confucian Classics . Unlike other publishers in the area , the Ten Studio did not publish works of narrative fiction such as plays or novels . This bias towards academia was likely a consequence of the studio 's location : the mountain on which Hu took up residence was just to the north of the ( National Academy ) , which provided a captive market for academic texts . Between 1627 and 1644 , the Ten Studio produced over twenty printed books of this kind , aimed at a wealthy , literary audience . The studio 's earliest publications were medical textbooks , the first of which , for ( , ) was published in 1631 and proved popular enough to be reissued ten years later . Hu 's brother was a medical and appears to have been the author of these books . - During the the Ten Studio also produced political works the rule of the Ming ; these included the Imperial Ming Record of ( Huang Ming Ji , ) , a biography of loyal Ming officials , and the of the Imperial Ming ( Huang Ming , ) , a list of Imperial . After the fall of the Ming Dynasty , Hu renamed the studio the Hall in the Past ( , ) as a sign of his affiliation with the previous dynasty , although the Ten imprint continued to be used . Despite Hu 's withdrawal from society after 1646 , the studio continued to publish well into the Qing dynasty , for the most part on seal impression catalogues showcasing Hu 's carving work . - The Ming dynasty had seen considerable advancement in the process of colour printing in China . At his studio , Hu experimented with various forms of printing , creating processes for producing multi @-@ coloured prints and printed designs . As a result , he was able to produce some of China 's first printed publications in colour , using a block printing technique known as " block printing " ( , ) . This system made use of multiple blocks , each carved with a different part of the final image and each bearing a different colour . It was a lengthy , process , requiring thirty to fifty engraved printing blocks and up to seventy and impressions to create a single image . Hu also employed a related form of multiple @-@ block printing called " set @-@ block printing " ( , ) , which had existed since the Yuan period some 200 years earlier but had only recently come into fashion again . He refined these block printing techniques by developing a process for some of the ink off the blocks before printing ; this enabled him to achieve and of shades which were not previously possible . - In some images , Hu employed a blind technique ( known as " designs " ( , ) or " blocks " ( , ) , using an , block to stamp designs onto paper . He used this to create white relief effects for clouds and for highlights on water or plants . This was a relatively new process , having been invented by Hu 's contemporary Wu , who was also a @-@ based publisher . Wu had used this technique for the first time in his book Wisteria Studio Paper ( , ) , published in . Both Hu and Wu used to create decorative writing papers , the sale of which provided a income for the Ten Studio . - - = = Major works = = - - Hu 's most notable work is the Ten Studio Manual of Painting and ( , ) , an anthology of around 320 prints by around thirty different artists ( including Hu himself ) , published in 1633 . It consists of eight sections , covering calligraphy , bamboo , flowers , rocks , birds and animals , plums , orchids and fruit . Some of these sections had been released previously as single volumes . As well as a collection of artworks , it was also intended as an artistic , with instructions on correct brush position and technique and several pictures designed for to copy . Although these instructions only appear in the sections on orchids and bamboo , the book still remains the first example of a and analytical approach to Chinese painting . In this book , Hu used his multiple @-@ block printing methods to obtain of colour in the images , rather than obvious outlines or overlaps . The manual is bound in the " butterfly binding " ( , ) style , whereby whole @-@ illustrations are folded so that each occupies a double @-@ page spread . This binding style allows the reader to lay the book flat in order to look at a particular image . Cambridge University Library released a complete digital scan of the manual , including all writings and illustrations in August , 2015 . Said Charles , Head of the Cambridge University Chinese Department , " The binding is so fragile , and the manual so delicate , that until it was , we have never been able to let anyone look through it or study it – despite its importance to scholars . " - This volume went on to influence colour printing across China , where it paved the way for the later but better @-@ known Manual of the Garden ( ) , and also in Japan , where it was reprinted and foreshadowed the development in @-@ e of the colour printing process known as @-@ e . The popularity of the Ten Studio Manual was such that print runs continued to be produced all the way through to the late Qing dynasty . - Hu also produced the work Ten Studio Paper ( , ) , a collection of paper samples , which made use of the stamped technique to make the illustrations stand out in relief . Whilst primarily a catalogue of decorative writing papers , it also contained paintings of rocks , people , ritual vessels and other subjects . The book was bound in the " wrapped back " ( , ) style , in which the pages are folded , stacked , and along the open edges . Originally published in 1644 , it was reissued in four volumes between 1934 and 1941 by and Lu , and revised and republished again in 1952 . - - = = = Other publications = = = - - Other works produced by Hu 's studio included a reprint of Zhou 's manual of seal @-@ script calligraphy , The Six of , and ( , ) and the related Investigations into ( Bi Ji , ) , which discussed common errors in the formation of characters . With his brother , Hu edited a new introductory edition of the Confucian classics , entitled The Text of the Four Books , and ( , ) ( 1640 ) , giving the correct formation and pronunciation of the text . A similar approach was taken with the of the Thousand Character Classic in Six ( , ) ( 1663 ) , which Hu compiled with the aid of his calligraphy teacher , Li . It was published after Li 's death , partly in homage to him . - The three Hu brothers worked together to a student on poetry by their contemporary , which was called simply the of Poetry ( Shi Tan , ) ( ) . Other works on poetry from the studio included to the of Selected Tang Poems ( Tang Shi , ) , which was a compilation of several works on poetry and included by Hu himself . - Among the studio 's more obscure publications was a text on Chinese entitled ( ) , written under a pseudonym but with a preface by Hu . - - = = Gallery = = - - from the ' ' Ten Studio Manual of Painting and ' ' - - - = Raid on Manila ( 1798 ) = - - The Raid on Manila of January 1798 was a Royal Navy false flag military operation during the French Revolutionary Wars intended to scout the strength of the defences of Manila , capital of the Spanish Philippines , capture a Manila galleon and assess the condition of the Spanish Navy squadron maintained in the port . Spain had transformed from an ally of Great Britain in the War of the First Coalition into an enemy in 1796 . Thus the presence of a powerful Spanish squadron at Manila posed a threat to the China Fleet , an annual convoy of East merchant ships from in Qing Dynasty China to Britain , which was of vital economic importance to Britain . So severe was this threat that a major invasion of the Spanish Philippines had been planned from British India during 1797 , but had been called off following the Treaty of in Europe and the possibility of a major war in India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore . - To ensure the safety of the merchant ships gathering at in the winter of 1797 – 98 , the British commander in the East Indies , Rear @-@ Admiral Peter , sent a convoy to China escorted by the frigates HMS and HMS Fox and commanded by Captain Edward Cooke . After completing his mission Cooke decided to investigate the state of readiness of Spanish forces in Manila himself . He was also intrigued by reports that a ship carrying treasure was due to sail from Manila , which would make a valuable prize . in and accompanied by Captain Pulteney Malcolm in Fox , Cooke reached the Spanish capital on 13 January 1798 . - in Manila Bay , Cooke pretended that his ships were French vessels and successfully lured successive of Spanish officials aboard , taking them prisoner in turn . Once he had determined from his captives the state of defences in Manila , that the treasure ship had been at and that the Spanish squadron was undergoing extensive repairs and thus unavailable for operations , he sent a raiding party against a squadron of gunboats in the mouth of the River . the gunboats in a bloodless attack , Cooke then released his prisoners and sailed southwards , unsuccessfully assaulting before returning to . - - = = Background = = - - In 1796 , after three years of the French Revolutionary Wars , Spain and the French Republic signed the Treaty of San . The secret terms of this treaty required Spain to renounce its alliance with Great Britain and subsequently to declare war on its former ally . In the East Indies this shift of political allegiance meant that the dominant British forces in the region were faced with the threat of attack from the Spanish Philippines to the east . Britain dominated the East Indies in 1796 , controlling the trade routes through the Indian Ocean from the ports of Bombay , Madras and Calcutta . Dutch Ceylon , the Dutch Cape Colony and parts of the Dutch East Indies had been captured in 1795 , and the French presence in the region had been confined to Île de France and a few subsidiary islands in the Western Indian Ocean . - Some of the most important trade routes began at and in Qing Dynasty China . Early in each year a large convoy known as the " China Fleet " , composed of large East merchant ships in the employ of the British East India Company , sailed to Europe from laden with tea and other commercial cargo . This convoy was economically significant to Britain : one convoy in 1804 was valued at over £ 8 million ( the equivalent of £ 600 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . In January 1797 the convoy had been attacked by the French squadron in the East Indies , comprising six frigates commanded by @-@ Pierre César Charles de . In the ensuing Strait Incident the commander deceived into believing that the convoy contained disguised ships of the line and the French admiral retreated , only learning of his error on his return to Île de France . There was considerable concern in India that might try again in 1798 , or that the Spanish , who maintained a powerful squadron at , might make an attempt of their own . - 's initial impulse on learning in November 1796 of the impending declaration of war between Britain and Spain was to draw up plans for a major invasion of the Philippines , centred on Manila in repetition of the successful British capture of Manila in . Co @-@ operating with the Governor @-@ General of India Sir John Shore and Colonel Arthur among others , a substantial naval and military forces were earmarked for the operation which was in the advance planning stages , when unexpected news arrived in India in August 1797 announcing the Treaty of which brought the War of the First Coalition to an end . Britain now faced France and Spain alone , while from the Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore , an old opponent of Britain in Southern India , were seeking French assistance with a renewed outbreak of hostilities . The resources planned for the operation against Manila were therefore retained in India and the operation cancelled , but the protection of the China Fleet was still essential and diverted some of his squadron eastwards to China . - A number of merchant ships had gathered at Bombay in the spring of 1797 in preparation for the trip to to load trade goods and join the China Fleet . To escort this force , provided the 40 @-@ gun frigate HMS , captured from the French at the Battle of in 1794 , and the 50 @-@ gun HMS Centurion , which sailed with the convoy in July , taking passage through the Straits of , joined there by the ships of the line HMS and HMS and the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Fox under Captain Pulteney Malcolm for the final voyage to . The convoy arrived without incident on 13 December 1797 , although the crews had been substantially weakened by tropical illnesses . - - = = Cooke 's raids = = - - - = = = Reconnaissance of = = = - - With his convoy safely at anchor in and the China Fleet several weeks from sailing , Cooke decided to reconnoitre Manila and make observations on the port and the Spanish squadron based there . As an added motivation , rumours in suggested that the annual Manila galleon was due to arrive . This ship brought up to two million Spanish silver dollars from Acapulco across the Pacific Ocean stopping at Guam on its way to Manila . its dollars in the Philippines , the ship then loaded trade goods from the East Indies for the return journey to New Spain . This round trip was essential to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies , which operated at an enormous financial loss only by the substantial subsidy from New Spain . Spanish dollars were the accepted currency across most of the East Indies , and disruption of this financial system could have profound effects on regional trade ; but British sailors had nevertheless been attacking the Manila since Thomas in . - Leaving the heavier warships at , Cooke sailed on 5 January 1798 only with and Fox , the latter carrying a Mr. Bernard , an experienced linguist . Passing Luzon , Cooke 's ships encountered a small Spanish merchant vessel , which was lured towards the frigates , which were flying French . the Spanish vessel , Cooke closely questioned the captain and learned that most of the Spanish squadron in Manila were undergoing extensive repairs at and were unfit to sail . Cooke rewarded the captain by releasing his vessel with its cargo intact , although he did remove 3 @,@ 900 silver dollars . The Spanish squadron had suffered badly in a typhoon in April 1797 and much of the damage had still not been repaired by the time Cooke 's small squadron arrived off Manila . Cooke had taken precautions to disguise his ships as French vessels , modelling on the powerful 40 @-@ gun Forte and Fox on the smaller . - - = = = on = = = - - Late in the afternoon of 13 January 1798 , and Fox arrived in Manila Bay , slipping past the fortress of and then sailing across the bay on the morning of 14 January , anchoring between Manila and . From his point Cooke could see the Spanish squadron dismasted and under repair in , the ships of the line San Pedro , Europa and and the frigates Maria de la and in dock and unfit for action . To Cooke 's disappointment he could also see the Manila galleon , being at the docks and another valuable merchant ship Rey Carlos aground in the harbour . The Spanish had learned only shortly before Cooke 's arrival that the British frigate HMS Resistance under Captain Edward was in Philippine waters and had decided to remove the valuable cargo from the treasure ship rather than risk an attack . - Fox was the first British ship into the anchorage , and was consequently approached by the , whose crew came aboard . Malcolm , like Cooke , spoke French and with Bernard translating was able to persuade the officer in charge that the new were Forte and seeking supplies and Spanish reinforcements for commerce raiding operations . The officer offered supplies but cautioned that none of the Spanish ships would be in a position to sail until March at the earliest . Cooke then joined the party on the deck of Fox , claiming to be Commodore , a French officer who , unknown to the Spanish , had been killed in the Action of 9 September 1796 off Sumatra . The Spanish officer was now completely convinced by the , which had been augmented by fake French uniforms . the visitor below decks , Cooke then passed wine around and together they drank a series of , including " the downfall of England " . - For an hour the officers drank , Malcolm and Cooke learning detailed information about the state of the defences and squadron in the Philippines , until a second boat pulled alongside Fox containing more officers keen to the French . This vessel was the personal barge of the Spanish commander at , Rear @-@ Admiral Don María de , who was not aboard , but who sent a message via an aide in a third boat . Each time , the officers were escorted below to join the festivities whereupon their crews were seized at and taken below decks as prisoners of war . In Malcolm 's cabin , the captured officers were informed of their situation , promised release before the British frigates sailed , and offered more wine . The crew of Fox meanwhile forced the captured Spanish sailors to strip and their clothing . into the Spanish boats this party rowed for the mouth of the nearby River , where they had learned that three heavy gunboats were moored . Taking the crews by surprise , the British boarding parties drove off the Spanish without a fight and brought all three boats alongside Fox . These vessels normally carried crews of thirty and were well @-@ armed , one with a 32 @-@ pounder long gun and two with 24 @-@ pounder long guns , each supplemented by four guns . - The harbour captain reached Fox shortly afterwards , furious at the seizure of the gunboats and demanding they be returned . Malcolm received him with a of near incomprehensible French and brought him to join the other captured officers in his cabin , while the boat 's crew were imprisoned below decks . Shortly afterwards , at 16 : 00 , Cooke and Malcolm hosted a large dinner for their officer captives and sent food and to the crew , the total number of Spanish sailors on Fox now numbering approximately 200 . Once the meal was finished , Cooke allowed all of the captives to return to their boats and row for shore without the conditions of parole , although he retained the captured gunboats . - - = = = = = = - - Cooke led his small squadron past on 15 January and turned south . Four days later in a storm one of the gunboats broke its tow line and was never seen again , lost with its twelve crew . The frigates subsequently scouted before reaching on 22 January . There Cooke raised Spanish colours in an attempt to the authorities into supplying food and water to his squadron but grounded on a at the entrance to the port which raised the suspicions of a sent by the governor of , . The captain of the Spanish boat asked the British ships the names of their captains , and on receiving no answer but a volley of rifle fire , he put the town on alert . With the defenders , Cooke abandoned his and after the following morning , ordered a bombardment of the fort protecting the harbour . This had little effect , though later the Spanish recovered at least 450 from different , and Malcolm then attempted an amphibious landing in order to storm the side of the fort . The boats came under heavy fire , one smashed by a , killing two and wounding four . Another boat grounded on a and became stuck ; so with his force in , as 250 villagers armed with lances ambushed and drove the British from the beach , Malcolm called off the operation . After exchanging shot for an hour both frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated out of range , with two dead and one wounded on and eight wounded on Fox , in addition to those lost in the boats . The defenders lost a single man killed and 4 wounded . - With his frigates now requiring repairs , Cooke withdraw half a league from and spent three days the masts and rigging of the ships . Then he sailed north , scuttling the two remaining gunboats as he did not believe they would survive the return journey to . Four days later , on 27 January the squadron halted at a village named " " in the north of the Sultanate of to collect fresh water . On the beach a boat party from was set upon by tribesmen . Two were killed and nine others taken captive and dragged into the forest before rescuers could arrive . Cooke complained to Sultan at and the captured sailors were eventually recovered , although not before and Fox had sailed for China to escort the merchant convoy back to India . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Cooke 's opportunistic diversion had determined that the Spanish forces in the Philippines posed no immediate threat , although the mission had cost 18 lives : Admiral later expressed his satisfaction with the outcome in a letter to the Admiralty . More might have been achieved with reinforcements : Historian C. Parkinson suggests that had Cooke 's squadron united with Resistance together they may have been able to destroy the disarmed Spanish warships at . He also notes however that in this scenario would have been commanding officer , a man with considerably less imagination and than Cooke . Historian Richard was critical of the mission , considering the operation to have " no glorious outcome " and citing the failure to capture the treasure ships as its greatest short @-@ coming . - The 1798 China Fleet sailed without further incident . During the ensuing year Resistance was destroyed by an accidental explosion in July in the Strait , and the majority of 's forces were focused on disrupting the French occupation of Suez in the Red Sea . This diversion of British resources created gaps in the coverage in merchant shipping and was able to send the frigate and @-@ to Manila late in the year to join the repaired Spanish squadron . At the beginning of February , this combined force sailed to , taking the British defences by surprise . The British commander Captain William , advancing on the Franco @-@ Spanish force which retreated during the day and disappeared under cover of darkness that evening in the Archipelago . The combined squadron then dispersed and the China Fleet was not attacked again until the Battle of in 1804 , at which a French squadron was again driven off in confusion . The frigates Cooke had mimicked , Forte and were sent to operate independently against British trade in the Indian Ocean in early . was captured by HMS at the Action of 9 February near Southern Africa , and Forte was intercepted by HMS under Cooke on 28 February near in Bengal . In the ensuing battle Forte was captured but Cooke mortally wounded , dying on 25 May . - - - = B of the Bang = - - B of the Bang was a sculpture by Thomas next to the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester , England , which was commissioned to mark the 2002 Commonwealth Games ; it was one of the tallest structures in Manchester and the tallest sculpture in the UK until the completion of in 2008 . It was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Tower of . The sculpture took its name from a quotation of British Christie , in which he said that he started his races not merely at the " " of the starting pistol , but at " the B of the Bang " . - The sculpture was commissioned in 2003 ; construction overran and the official unveiling was delayed until 12 January 2005 . Six days before the launch , the sculpture suffered the first of three visible structural problems as the tip of one of the spikes detached and fell to the ground . Legal action started a year later , resulting in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement totalling £ 1 @.@ 7 million . - In February 2009 , Manchester City Council announced that the sculpture would be dismantled and placed in storage . Despite the promise of storage and potential , the core and legs of the sculpture were cut apart during removal . The core was sold for scrap in July 2012 , while the 180 spikes remain in storage . - - = = Design and statistics = = - - B of the Bang originally stood 56 metres ( 184 ft ) tall with 180 hollow tapered steel columns or spikes radiating from a central core . It was angled at 30 degrees and supported by five 25 m ( 82 ft ) long , tapered steel legs which connected to the spikes 22 m ( 72 ft ) above the ground . The sculpture weighed 165 tonnes , with the concrete in the foundations weighing over 1 @,@ 000 tonnes , including a 400 m2 ( 4 @,@ 300 sq ft ) reinforced concrete slab . The foundations are 20 m ( 66 ft ) deep . - The sculpture was made from the same steel ( also known as @-@ Ten ) as the Angel of the North sculpture , which gradually develops a tightly adhering oxide layer as it is exposed to the elements . This layer inhibits further corrosion by reducing its to water . As part of the design , the spikes slightly in the wind in order to withstand gusts in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . At the time of construction a time capsule was placed in one of the spikes of the sculpture , containing children 's poems and paintings , due to be opened circa 2300 . The location of the time capsule after is currently unknown . - B of the Bang was located next to the City of Manchester Stadium at , in , at the corner of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road ; . It took its name from a quotation of British Christie in which he said that he started his races not merely at the ' ' of the starting pistol , but at ' The B of the Bang ' . The artwork had been nicknamed by the locals after the popular children 's game from the 1970s . - Prior to the construction of at the University of Nottingham , B of the Bang was Britain 's tallest sculpture at well over twice the height of the Angel of the North , which stands at 66 feet ( 20 m ) . It was designed to look like an exploding and was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Tower of . It was commissioned by New East Manchester Limited to commemorate the 2002 Commonwealth Games . The design was selected by a panel consisting of both local residents and art experts via a competition in 2002 and was designed by Thomas . - - = = Construction and funding = = - - The sculpture was constructed in Sheffield by Thomas Studio , Lucas , Flint and and Structures . It was approved at the start of 2003 , with the central core arriving in Manchester on 13 June 2004 . This was the largest load that could be transferred via road from the factory , and required a police escort . This central core was lifted into place in August 2004 , after which the 180 spikes could begin being attached . Early estimates had given an optimistic completion date of July 2003 , which contributed to the sculpture gaining the nickname G of the Bang . - The official unveiling by Christie took place on 12 January 2005 . - In total the sculpture cost £ 1 @.@ 42 million to design and construct — twice the original estimate , as the initial costing had neglected to include installation costs . Funding was sourced from a European Regional Development Fund contribution of £ 700 @,@ 000 , the North West Development Agency , contributing £ 500 @,@ 000 , and Manchester City Council providing £ 120 @,@ 000 . - - = = Structural problems and legal action = = - - The tip of one of the 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) spikes detached and fell from the sculpture on 6 January 2005 , only six days before the official unveiling . After inspection , the event went ahead as planned . - Four months later , in May 2005 , a second spike had to be cut off by after it was discovered hanging loose . At that time the sculpture was closed off to the public , and the junction and pathway near the sculpture were temporarily closed . As a result , some of the joints were re @-@ , with equipment put in place to prevent excessive movement . This consisted of tip weights to 70 % of the spikes ' weights . - Despite these modifications , B of the Bang remained off , prompting a local newspaper campaign to ' Get It ' . In May 2006 a total of nine spikes were removed from the sculpture and taken away for analysis , to discover the stresses being placed on the steel . - It was announced in October 2007 that Manchester City Council were taking legal action against the makers of the sculpture , with the aim of completing the necessary repairs to the sculpture . In November 2008 this culminated in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement being reached between Manchester City Council , the project 's designers Thomas Studio Ltd , and the engineering and construction Lucas Ltd , Flint and Partnership and Structures Ltd . The agreement was to pay the council £ in damages for breach of contract and negligence . - - = = = = - - Acting on a report in January 2009 , the city council recommended that B of the Bang should be dismantled and placed in storage until funds could be raised for its safe . The report recognised the sculpture 's aesthetic value for Manchester and Manchester City Council committed itself to working with the artist to reach a long @-@ term solution . One possibility involved the replacement of the steel spikes with made from carbon fibre , although the report the necessity for extensive testing . - In January 2009 , Antony , creator of the Angel of the North — to which B of the Bang is often compared — spoke out in support of the sculpture , stating that , " It is a great tribute to Manchester that this ground @-@ breaking work was commissioned . To allow it to disappear would be a loss not just of an inspirational artwork but also of the council 's . " - Despite 's plea , removal of B of the Bang began in April 2009 . More substantial hoarding was erected around the site and demolition firm Brothers Limited began removing the spikes with cutting equipment . - Although the council had promised to store the complex central core and legs , these too were cut apart during removal , casting doubt on future prospects for the landmark sculpture 's return , and in early July 2012 the core was sold as scrap for £ 17 @,@ 000 . - - - = Battle of the River = - - The Battle of the River took place during the Second World War and involved Australian , New Zealand and Japanese forces . Part of the wider Campaign of the Pacific theatre , the battle was fought in the southern sector of Island . Coming after the Battle of 's Knoll in which a strong Japanese counterattack was defeated , the battle occurred in two distinct periods between 17 April and 22 May 1945 , as elements of the Australian 15th Brigade advanced south along the Road . - The initial phase saw the Australians advance towards the River . Following the end of the early fighting , the Australian advance towards the main Japanese concentration at continued as they struck out towards the and Rivers . This continued until torrential rain and flooding brought the advance to a halt short of the objective , away many bridges and roads upon which the Australians relied for supplies . As the Australian advance stalled , the Japanese began harassing the Australian line of communications , and as the rain stopped and the flooding subsided in late @-@ July and into August , the Australians began making preparations to resume the advance towards again . Ultimately , though , the war came to an end before the final Australian advance began , bringing the campaign to an end . - - = = Background = = - - - = = = Strategic situation = = = - - Japanese forces had landed on in early 1942 , capturing it from the small force of Australians the island . They had subsequently developed several on the island , using it to conduct operations in the northern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied lines of communication between the United States , Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area . These bases also helped protect Rabaul , the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea , and throughout 1943 , Allied planners determined that was vital for the Japanese base around Rabaul . - US Marines conducted an amphibious landing at Cape , on the western coast of the island , north of Empress Augusta Bay , in November 1943 . After an initial counter @-@ attack , the US Marines had been replaced by a garrison of US Army troops who began consolidating their position around , establishing a strong perimeter . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched a heavy counter @-@ attack , which was turned back with heavy casualties . After this , the situation on became largely static , as the Japanese focused primarily on subsistence , and the US forces chose to adopt a mainly defensive posture focused on maintaining the perimeter around . - In late 1944 , as part of plans to free US troops up for the Philippines campaign , the Australian II Corps — consisting of mainly Militia troops under the command of Lieutenant General Stanley — took over responsibility for Allied operations on from the American XIV Corps . Australian forces began arriving on the island between November and December 1944 , initially establishing themselves around the US base at . Due to inaccurate intelligence , mistakenly believed that the Japanese forces on the island numbered just 17 @,@ 500 men , and he consequently decided that the Australians would pursue an aggressive campaign to clear the Japanese from in order to free their troops for subsequent operations elsewhere , rather than maintaining the defensive posture the US forces had adopted . However , Allied estimates of Japanese strength were later found to be grossly inaccurate and after the war it was found that the number of Japanese on the island at this time was closer to 40 @,@ 000 . - The campaign that Australian planners developed entailed three separate drives : in the north , it was planned that Japanese forces would be forced into the narrow Peninsula and contained ; in the centre the seizure of Pearl Ridge would give the Australians control of the east – west avenues of approach , as well as them protection against further counter @-@ attacks , while also opening the way for a drive to the east coast ; and the main campaign in the south , where the bulk of the Japanese forces were concentrated around . - - = = = Preliminary moves = = = - - Following the capture of Pearl Ridge in December 1944 , the Australian 7th Brigade had been moved south and allocated to the drive towards . In late March and early April 1945 , they had fought the Battle of 's Knoll after which a brief lull followed as the Australians paused to shorten their supply lines . Meanwhile , the survivors of the Japanese force , heavily demoralised by their defeat , withdrew towards the River . The Australian 3rd Division was then ordered to resume its advance south , being tasked with capturing the River , while the was also included as an " intermediate objective " . Japanese strength in the southern sector was estimated by the Australians at about 10 @,@ 500 men , of which 2 @,@ 300 were believed to be directly opposing the 3rd Division . The 15th Brigade was considered to be the most experienced of the Australian units on at the time and was moved up to relieve the 7th Brigade , which was in need of rest . - Under the command of Brigadier the 15th Brigade consisted of three infantry battalions as well as two troops of tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , engineers from the 15th Field Company , a battery of 155 @-@ mm guns from ' U ' Heavy Battery , field artillery from the 2nd Field Regiment , and a number of smaller support units . The / 59th Infantry Battalion took over responsibility for 's Knoll replacing the 25th Infantry Battalion while the 24th Infantry Battalion took up a position across the Road . The brigade 's third battalion — the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion — did not join them until the beginning of May , and so the 7th Brigade 's 9th Infantry Battalion continued patrolling operations north of the River , in the area , until the 57th / 60th could dispatch elements to relieve them . Further inland , the 2 / 8th Commando Squadron advanced in a wide arc to the south @-@ east , defending the brigade 's left , or eastern , flank . - The Japanese forces opposing the Australians belonged to the 6th Division , under the command of Lieutenant General . had been ordered to delay the Australian advance between the and the for as long as possible , and with these orders in mind he had installed a number of strong points along the Australian 's expected line of advance . The division 's infantry had suffered heavily in the previous battle around 's Knoll and as a consequence , several units had to be reorganized or amalgamated . The front line positions were assigned to the 6th Field Artillery Regiment , while the 13th Infantry Regiment was to hold five to their rear along and the Road , designated ' A ' through to ' E ' . The 6th Field and 4th Field Heavy Artillery Regiments both held further back , designated ' F ' and ' G ' . The 23rd Infantry Regiment was placed in the rear , where it was being reconstituted following losses suffered during the attack on 's Knoll . - - = = Battle = = - - - = = = Advance to the = = = - - The 15th Brigade took over the forward positions from the 7th Brigade on 17 April . Initial had the 24th Infantry Battalion on the Road around Creek , with the / 59th around , north @-@ east of 's Knoll , and the 57th / 60th , when it arrived to relieve the 9th , would be positioned further east a secondary , parallel track known to the Australians as the Commando Road . Two days later , received the order to commence the advance towards the from , who offered him the support of the 29th Brigade as a mobile reserve in case of sudden counter @-@ attack . In a change to the tactics that the Australians had previously employed prior to the fighting around 's Knoll , from early May they advanced on a two @-@ battalion front , instead of one . The 24th Infantry Battalion was in the van , moving along the Road with the / 59th protecting its flank and rear ; while 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) further inland the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion , commencing on 3 May , advanced along the Commando Road from , after taking over from the 9th Infantry Battalion . - Moving forward under a barrage as they moved beyond , the 24th Infantry Battalion was the first to contact the Japanese , carrying out an attack against Japanese positions around 's Creek on 17 April . by a troop of Matilda tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , an artillery barrage which fired over 700 shells , two infantry companies — ' C ' and ' D ' — from the 24th attacked the position while another — ' A ' Company — carried out a flanking manoeuvre to cut another track further north towards and . The left forward company — ' D ' Company — reached its objective without trouble ; however , ' C ' Company — on the right along with the troop of tanks — came up against stiff Japanese resistance and became bogged down . ' A ' Company also became embroiled in heavy fighting along the track . In support of ' A ' Company , came forward and raked the jungle , hacking through the to reveal several Japanese , which were destroyed by the Australian armour . As night fell , ' C ' Company dug in before resuming the attack the next morning . Engineers were brought forward , as was a , and the gap was . heavy fighting , the Australians forced their way across the creek . By the time that the position had been taken in the afternoon and the infantry had advanced to the line of exploitation 400 yd ( 370 m ) beyond the creek , 37 Japanese had been killed for the loss of seven Australians killed and 19 wounded . After this , the Australians continued their advance towards Creek , which was a further 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the southeast . In response , the Japanese launched a number of determined counterattacks over the course of the following week , although these were turned back . During this time , the Australians sent a number of patrols out in front of their forward elements , one of which managed to slip through the Japanese defensive positions either side of the Road and carried out a reconnaissance of the River about 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) south of the main crossing . Further patrols were carried out , as well as a number of ambushes , before the advance was resumed on 26 April . - their advance , the Australians were supported by three squadrons of from the Royal New Zealand Air Force — Nos. 14 , 22 and 26 Squadrons — which bombed and the ground in front of the advancing infantry , as well as a barrage of artillery and mortar fire . With such strong support the Japanese offered little resistance and over the course of two days the 24th Infantry Battalion covered almost a third of the distance to the , for just one man wounded . Further progress was made over the next week , but on 4 May the advance was slowed when they encountered a roadblock defended by a field gun along with a machine gun , mines and other improvised explosive devices . After this , the 15th Brigade 's engineer support were called upon to regularly carry out route clearance and proving operations as the Japanese became increasingly desperate to destroy the Australian armour , to the extent that they were prepared to sacrifice an artillery piece in order to lure the Australian tanks into a trap where they could be destroyed by mines . The Japanese began to adapt their tactics in other ways also . To the effectiveness of the Australian tanks , the Japanese began to position themselves off the roads , forcing the infantry to fight without their armoured support . Additionally , the Japanese began to concentrate their artillery with increasing accuracy upon the advancing infantry , which they kept under constant observation and fire . - Meanwhile , the previous day , 3 May , the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion had begun operating along the parallel Commando Road to the north . Here they had a number of encounters and suffered casualties due to their inexperience in patrolling , which resulted in them being ambushed . They also kept up a steady advance and eventually beat the main force in reaching , and crossing the river , arriving there on 6 May . On 5 May , along the Road , the 24th Infantry Battalion had pressed forward again . with a tank troop in support , they came up against a concealed field gun defended by approximately 100 Japanese . After the lead Matilda 's machine gun jammed , the field gun opened fire on it , damaging it and wounding its crew . Moving around the stricken tank , the second Matilda , armed with a howitzer , opened fire and destroyed the field gun before sweeping the Japanese defenders from the position . That night , the Japanese artillery opened up on the Australian position with a heavy barrage , and the following morning put in a company @-@ sized counter @-@ attack . The fighting lasted for over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours , but when it was over the Australians remained in possession of the position having repulsed the attack . In doing so , they suffered one killed and nine wounded , while the attacking Japanese had suffered heavily , losing 58 men killed . It was the biggest loss since the action at 's Knoll and it spelt the end of their attempt to defend the . - After this , the Australians were able to resume their advance to the river on 7 May without further opposition . The previous three weeks in which they had advanced 7 @,@ 000 yd ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) to the had been costly for them , however , with the Australian 24th Infantry Battalion losing 25 killed and 95 wounded . Against this , the Japanese had lost at least 169 killed . - - = = = Crossing the = = = - - Following the advance to the , there was a pause of about a week as the Australians had to wait for roads to be improved and supplies to be brought up , before attempting to cross the en . This allowed to re @-@ evaluate the situation and to issue new orders for the advance towards the and Rivers . As they waited for the advance to resume , the Australians carried out reconnaissance patrols deep into Japanese held territory and there were a couple of significant engagements during this time . As a part of these , the 24th Infantry Battalion sent a company across the and subsequently located a strong Japanese position on a feature that became known as 's Ridge , which , due to its location , commanded the main Australian axis of advance . - The main crossing was planned for 20 May , with the / 59th Infantry Battalion on the right tasked to cut the Road and the Track to the east of the river , while on the left the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion would divert the attention of the Japanese off the 24th Infantry Battalion which would make the main frontal assault from the centre of the Australian line , crossing at the , advancing straight up the Road . Preliminary moves began before this , and on 15 May a platoon from the 24th Infantry Battalion along with two tanks attempted to carry out an attack on 's Ridge . After one of the tanks was held up and knocked out by a Japanese field gun , they were forced to withdraw . Meanwhile , the squadrons — now reinforced by No. 16 Squadron — began an eight @-@ day aerial campaign , attacking along the length of the and Commando Roads . During this period , the New Zealanders flew 381 sorties , while artillery and mortars fired " thousands of rounds " . - Two days later , on 17 May , the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion began its diversionary move on the left flank , crossing the inland and advancing along the Commando Road with 32 and two batteries of artillery in support . Crossing 500 yd ( 460 m ) north of the , the centre company carried out an attack along the far bank of the river without its armoured support which had been unable to negotiate the crossing . Nevertheless , shortly before noon they had secured the crossing and began to fan out , carrying out further flanking moves before establishing a firm base to receive supplies and from where it began patrolling operations on 20 May . - In the centre , the main attack along the Road began at 08 : 30 on 20 May after 20 minutes of by New Zealand had prepared the ground . under a barrage , and with mortar and machine gun support , the 24th Infantry Battalion moved forward with three companies up front and one held back in reserve , along with two troops of Matilda tanks . the forward companies reached their objectives , but one of the companies was halted just short of their objective and was forced to dig @-@ in overnight after coming under heavy small arms and artillery fire and losing four killed and five wounded . The attack was resumed the following day , and the Australians were able to advance to the ; however , they were prevented from moving any further as the Japanese were still concentrated in large numbers further to the west where an Australian patrol encountered 70 Japanese and were forced to go to ground . Finally , a company from the 24th Infantry Battalion was able to move on to the high ground on 's Ridge , which they found to be heavily mined and booby trapped . Engineers and assault pioneers were called up to clear the feature . - On the right flank , the / 59th Infantry Battalion carried out a wide flanking move along a track that had been carved out of the west bank of the by . Beginning their move two days earlier , a number of patrols had had contacts with the Japanese . Meanwhile , using to drag the tanks through the mud , the Australian armour had crossed the river also and by 16 : 00 on 20 May the battalion had managed to establish itself in an assembly area to the east of the river , to the Japanese . The following day , the battalion left the line of departure and began to advance on its primary objective , which it reached in the early afternoon despite being held up while the tanks attempted to affect a creek crossing , and further delayed by stiff resistance . Later , after one of the battalion 's patrols came under heavy fire , the tanks moved up and attacked a Japanese gun position which the defenders quickly abandoned , leaving behind a 70 mm gun and a large amount of ammunition . - By 22 May , although there were still a number of Japanese in the area which continued to harass and ambush their line of communications , most of the Australian objectives had been secured and up operations began . The last remaining defensive location before the was 's Ridge , where the Japanese were sheltering in tunnels . A heavy aerial and artillery bombardment devastated the position and forced them to abandon the ridge . It was subsequently occupied by a company of Australian infantry . Within a short period of time the Road was subsequently opened , providing the Australians with the means with which to bring up supplies for the next stage of the campaign , being the advance to the , , and Rivers . The final phase of the battle cost the Japanese 106 killed , while the Australians lost 13 killed and 64 wounded . - - = = Aftermath = = - - During the course of the fighting around the , the Australians lost 38 men killed and 159 wounded , while the Japanese lost at least 275 men killed . Following the battle , the Australians continued their advance towards at the southern end of the island . Throughout the remainder of the month and into June , the 15th Brigade advanced along the Road , crossing the on 10 June . Beyond the river , the Japanese resolved to hold the food growing areas in order to protect their precarious food supply , and they consequently occupied a series of deep . These were steadily reduced with airstrikes and artillery , and the 15th Brigade subsequently crossed River before being relieved by Brigadier Noel Simpson 's 29th Brigade in early July . - As the 29th Brigade advanced toward the River , torrential rain and flooding ultimately brought the advance to a halt . The height of the river rose 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) . The Road was reduced , in the words of Gavin Long , " to a sea of mud " and many of the bridges upon which the Australian supply system was dependent were washed away . This rendered large @-@ scale offensive infantry operations impossible and as the situation worsened for a period of time the Australians even ceased patrolling operations across the ; meanwhile , the Japanese continued to harass the Australians , probing their positions and setting mines and traps , targeting the Australian line of communications . On 9 July , the 15th Infantry Battalion fought off a series of attacks around , at the junction of the River and the Road , which included a heavy Japanese artillery bombardment . Australian patrols were resumed in late July and continued into August . These attacks proved very costly , particularly amongst the Australian engineers that were tasked with rebuilding the bridges and roads that had been destroyed in the flooding . - Fighting in the northern sector continued during this time also , and although preparations in the south for the final advance towards continued into August , combat operations on the island ceased as the war came to an end before these were completed . As a result , the final Australian operations on took place on the front in the northern sector , where the Australians had been conducting a holding action since the failed landing at had forced them to abandon plans for an advance into the Peninsula . By mid @-@ August , however , following the dropping of two atomic bombs on and and Japan 's subsequent unconditional surrender , a cease fire was ordered on the island and although there were minor clashes following this , it spelt an end to major combat operations . - Following the end of the war , the Australian Army awarded three battle honours for the fighting around the River . The 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , and the 9th , 24th , 57th / 60th and / 59th Infantry Battalions received the battle honour " River " . A second battle honour — " 's Ridge – Ford " — was also awarded to the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , and the 24th and / 59th Infantry Battalions for the second stage of the fighting , while the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion received the separate battle honour of " Commando Road " for this period . - - - = Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1991 video game ) = - - Sonic the Hedgehog is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console . The game was first released in North America , Europe and Australia in June 1991 , and in Japan the following month . The game features an anthropomorphic named Sonic in a quest to defeat Dr. , a scientist who has imprisoned animals in robots and stolen the magical Chaos . Sonic the Hedgehog 's gameplay involves collecting rings as a form of health and a simple control scheme , with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button . - The game 's development began in 1990 , when Sega ordered its development team to create a game featuring a mascot for the company . After considering a number of suggestions , the developers decided on a blue with spikes along his head and spine and renamed themselves " Sonic Team " to match their character . Sonic the Hedgehog , designed for fast gameplay , was influenced by the games of Super Mario series creator , Shigeru Miyamoto . Sonic the Hedgehog uses a novel technique that allows Sonic 's sprite to roll along curved scenery , which originated in a tech demo created by the game 's programmer , . - The game was well received by critics , who praised its visuals , music , and speed of gameplay . The game was also commercially successful , establishing the Genesis as a key player in the 16 @-@ bit era and allowing it to compete with Nintendo and their Super console . It has been ported a number of times , and inspired several , a successful franchise , and adaptations by other media . - - = = Plot = = - - In an attempt to steal the six Chaos and their power , the game 's antagonist , Dr. Ivo , has trapped the animal inhabitants of South Island in aggressive robots and stationary metal capsules . The player controls Sonic , who aims to halt 's plans by freeing his animal friends and collecting the himself . - If the player collects all the Chaos and completes the game , a reward ending sequence is shown . If all the are not collected , taunts the player while the Chaos instead . - - = = Gameplay = = - - Sonic the Hedgehog is a 2D , side @-@ scrolling platformer , whose gameplay centers around Sonic 's ability to run at high speed through levels incorporating springs , slopes , high falls , and loop @-@ the @-@ loops . The levels contain in the form of robots ( " " in the Western game manuals ) inside of which Dr. has trapped animals . Although destroying a robot frees the animal within , this is not required to complete the game . The player must avoid rows of sharp spikes , falling into pits , being crushed by moving walls or platforms , and drowning ( which can be avoided by breathing air bubbles periodically released from ) . Sonic 's main attack is his spin , where he into a ball and rapidly ( damaging enemies and some obstacles ) . This can be performed by jumping in the air or rolling on the ground . - around each level map are gold rings , and collecting 100 rings rewards the player with an extra life . are a layer of protection against ; if Sonic has at least one ring when he with an enemy ( or obstacle ) , he will survive . However , all his rings will be scattered ; they will and disappear in a few seconds if they are not picked up again . If Sonic is hit without any rings , he loses a life . Although shields and temporary may be collected to provide additional protection , certain ( such as drowning , being crushed , falling down a pit or running out of time ) will cost Sonic a life regardless of rings or other protection . - The game is divided into six zones ( Green Hill , , Spring Yard , Labyrinth , Star Light , and Brain ) , each with its own visual style and enemies . A player must navigate through each zone ( subdivided into three acts ) to progress . At the end of each zone 's third act , the player confronts Dr. ( who pilots a different vehicle each time ) in a boss fight . After the sixth zone , the player continues directly to the Final Zone for a last encounter with . - The player begins with three lives ( power @-@ ups and rings add more ) , which are lost when Sonic with hazardous enemies ( or objects ) without rings , falls off @-@ screen or exceeds an act 's ten @-@ minute time limit . acting as checkpoints allow Sonic to return to the most @-@ recently activated post when he loses a life . If he loses a life as a result of time running out but has another life , the will reset to 0 : 00 when he returns to the . If all lives are lost at any point in the game , the game over screen will appear ( when the player can return to the beginning of the act with three lives , if they have any continues ) . - When Sonic reaches the end of act one or act two of a zone with at least fifty rings , a large ring appears through which he can jump to enter a Special Stage ( a " Secret Zone " in the original Genesis manual ) . In each of six Special , Sonic off the and walls of a rotating maze in spin attack . Although the player earns a continue with each 50 rings found , their main goal is to obtain the Chaos Emerald at the end of the maze without colliding with a " goal block " ( which ends the level ) . - - = = Development = = - - - = = = Background and character design = = = - - In 1990 , Sega ordered its in @-@ house development studio , , to develop a game featuring a mascot for the company . This was a position already held by the character Alex , but he was considered similar to Mario and deemed unsatisfactory ; Sega president wanted a character as iconic as Mickey Mouse . Sega had competition from Nintendo and its mascot , Mario , in mind ; Nintendo was dominant at the time , particularly after the release of the successful Super Mario Bros. 3 , and Sega wanted a foothold in the industry . Although the company had some success with Genesis ports of its arcade titles , it knew this would not be enough . - developed ideas for characters , an engine , and gameplay mechanics . Development emphasized speed , so eliminated character designs not associated with fast animals , as well as fast creatures like and squirrels . One idea , a able to grasp objects with prehensile ears , showed promise at first but was too complex for the available hardware . The team narrowed its search to animals that can roll into a ball , their idea for an attacking move . then realized that this would not seem aggressive enough , so they focused on two animals with spikes : and . The character , first proposed by , prevailed , although the would later become the basis for Mighty the ( who first appeared in 1993 's the Hedgehog ) . has admitted since that he created Sonic 's basic design by combining Felix the Cat 's head with Mickey Mouse 's body . - Sonic was originally @-@ colored , then a light shade of blue , but he was changed to dark blue so he would stand out against certain backgrounds and to match the Sega logo . His shoes were colored red through the inspiration of Michael Jackson 's boots on the album cover for Bad and the outfit of Santa Claus , whom saw as the most " famous character in the world " . Sonic 's spikes were emphasized to make him look , and he was given the ability to spin while jumping ( so attacking and jumping could be controlled with one button ) . The new character was originally named " Mr. " , but the eight @-@ member changed his name to " Sonic " and their studios to Sonic Team . proposed to flesh out the character included placing him in a rock band , giving him vampire fangs , and giving him a human girlfriend named Madonna , but Sega of America scrapped these ideas to keep his identity simple . Sega of America also expressed concerns that most Americans would not know what a is and initially proposed a full @-@ scale recreation of the character , but compromised with Sonic Team to simply make design changes . The antagonist ended up being named " Dr. " in Japan and " Dr. " in other regions as a result of a dispute between Sega 's American and Japanese divisions . - - = = = Programming and = = = - - With a satisfying protagonist completed , Sega turned to esteemed programmer , who had impressed them through his work on Star and the Genesis port of ' n . The gameplay originated with a tech demo by , who developed an algorithm allowing a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a dot matrix . 's prototype was a platform game with a fast @-@ moving character rolling in a ball through a long , winding tube , and this concept was out with 's character designs and levels by designer . originally intended to work on the game for three months due to the delay of his planned move to the United States by the outbreak of the Gulf War , but was in the project for nearly a year . His designs for levels were intended to attract both hardcore and casual gamers by integrating occasional challenging set pieces into the mostly accessible level design . The game 's color scheme was influenced by the work of pop artist Suzuki , and the aesthetics of Green Hill were influenced by the geography of California . - In designing the game mechanics , was inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto , whose games he had enjoyed playing years earlier . the simplicity of Miyamoto 's mechanics in complex environments , decided that Sonic would be controlled with only a directional pad for movement and a single button for jumping . He also wanted his creation to be more action @-@ oriented than the Mario series ; while playing Super Mario Bros. , he had wondered why the levels could not be cleared more quickly . Due to the need to demonstrate the Genesis ' technological prowess , the developing game underwent extensive testing and redesign , a process taking over six months . The developers ' efforts were rewarded ; according to , the game had the fastest @-@ ever character speed in a video game and a rotation effect in the special stages that was considered impossible on the console . The team intended to add a two @-@ player mode displayed via split @-@ screen , but 's programming knowledge was insufficient to implement this feature . However , such a mode would later appear in sequel Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ( 1992 ) , where the second player would control Sonic 's best friend Miles " " . , , and worked 19 hours a day on the project for several months . - 's relationship with Sega of Japan was tenuous during this time ; he received little credit for his involvement in the game . He left the company shortly after the game 's release , although Sega of America hired him later . Before leaving , however , he defied Sega of Japan 's prohibition of developer credits by displaying a few names in black text on a black background , identifiable only by looking at the game 's code . - - = = = Music = = = - - The music for Sonic the Hedgehog was composed and produced by Masato , bassist and lead songwriter of the J @-@ pop band Dreams Come True . The game uses Yamaha and programmable sound generators to produce a variety of sound effects and music . It was originally intended to have a sound test menu with animations of Sonic to the music of a " Sonic Band " of on guitar , Max Monkey on bass , on drums , and the Crocodile on keyboard . The playable became a recurring character in the series , also appearing in ' , Sonic Heroes , and Sonic Free . The development schedule scrapped the feature , and replaced the test with the " Se @-@ ! " chant used in TV commercials ( which reportedly used one @-@ eighth of the memory of the four @-@ cartridge ) . - On October 19 , 2011 , twenty years after the game 's release , a three @-@ disc compilation of music from Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released in Japan . The first disc features original tracks from both games , the second contains Masato 's demo recordings and the third comprises songs by Dreams Come True and their remixes . - - = = = and release = = = - - Game @-@ package illustrator Akira said that his goal was to make the characters " colorful " , using clear lines and to " finish them " . According to , the developers asked him to create a package design " similar to pop art ... without being particular to conventional packages " – something " original " and " stylish " . The game was released in North America , Europe , and Australia on June 23 , 1991 , and in Japan on July 26 . Sega of America packaged it with American Genesis consoles , replacing Beast . Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could request free copies of Sonic the Hedgehog by mail . Sega of America created a large @-@ scale marketing campaign to promote the game and Sonic as a mascot for the company . - - = = versions and ports = = - - - = = = 8 @-@ bit version = = = - - A version of Sonic the Hedgehog was developed by Ancient and released in 1991 for Sega 's 8 @-@ bit consoles , the Master System and Game . Its plot and gameplay mechanics are similar to the 16 @-@ bit version , with different level themes and digital assets . The level design is , with no vertical loops , and Sonic cannot re @-@ collect his rings after being hit . The game has a different soundtrack , composed by musician and including his compositions and adaptations of music from the 16 @-@ bit version . It was the final game released for the Master System in North America . The Master System version was re @-@ released for Wii 's Virtual service in North America on August 4 , 2008 , and in Europe on August 8 . The Game version was re @-@ released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual on June 13 , 2013 , and included as an game in Sonic Adventure : Director 's Cut for and Windows and Sonic Mega Collection Plus for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Windows . - - = = = Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis = = = - - A port , Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis , was released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) on November 14 , 2006 in United States to mark the game 's fifteenth anniversary . It included several new features , such as the ability to save game progress , a level select option , and an Mode with the Spin move ( not originally implemented until Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ) . Its screen is slightly in , and adapted to the GBA 's widescreen aspect ratio . The game received poor reviews , with a Metacritic score of 33 percent ; the chief complaints concerned its poor conversion to the Game Boy Advance ( resulting in a slow frame rate ) , remixed music , and poor preservation of the original gameplay . - - = = = Compilation releases = = = - - With its sequels for the Genesis , Sonic the Hedgehog has been ported for a wide range of home and handheld consoles and personal computers . It has appeared in Sonic Compilation ( 1995 ) for the Genesis , Sonic Jam ( 1997 ) for the Sega Saturn and , Sonic Mega Collection ( 2002 ) , Sonic Mega Collection Plus ( 2004 ) , Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( 2009 ) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , and Sonic Classic Collection ( 2010 ) for the Nintendo DS . Additionally , the game is an reward in the console versions of Sonic . - - = = = Downloadable releases = = = - - Sonic the Hedgehog has been available for all three major seventh @-@ generation video game consoles . It was part of the Wii Virtual at the service 's 2006 introduction , and was released for the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network shortly afterwards . The game was released for the Classic , video , and video @-@ capable models in 2007 and for Apple 's iOS service ( compatible and touch models ) in April 2009 . Sonic the Hedgehog became available on in September 2009 . In October 2010 , it was released as a Microsoft Windows download which was ported to Steam . The game was ported to two online services ( Google Play and the Amazon ) in December 2012 . A remastered mobile port , created using Christian Whitehead 's Engine previously used in the 2011 of Sonic CD , was released on iOS , replacing the original port , on May 15 , 2013 with an version released the following day . The port features widescreen graphics , the optional ability to spin dash , a time attack mode , and the option to play as or the . The game was also released as part of the Nintendo 3DS 3D Classics line in May 2013 in Japan , and worldwide in December . - - = = Reception = = - - Sonic the Hedgehog was critically praised at its release and in retrospective reviews , with an 86 @-@ percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings based on nine reviews . The game rivaled the Mario series , particularly Super Mario World ( which was recently released for Genesis rival Super Nintendo Entertainment System ) . Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games compared the two in depth and characterized Sonic the Hedgehog as being faster , with brighter colors , and Super Mario World as having more " depth of play " . - Reviewers noted the game 's colorful , detailed graphics . Rand called its color scheme " lively , but never " , praising the interaction of color with detail in the sprites , backgrounds , and animations and describing its graphics as the best available for the Genesis . Reviewer Boogie Man of GamePro called the intricate backgrounds " eye @-@ popping " and " gorgeous " , which was echoed by Mean Machines . According to the ( Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk ) of Dragon , " The graphics and animation in Sonic the Hedgehog make this a serious contender for the best video game of the year " and called the animation " some of the and fastest ... ever seen " . The music and sound effects were also well received ; Dragon called them " great " , and " amazing " . Rand noted " of catchy tunes and " , calling some of the sound effects " absolutely brilliant " . Although Mean Machines called the songs " vaguely appealing " , the game 's sound effects were better appreciated . - Critics cited the fast gameplay , unprecedented in . GamePro 's Boogie Man noted its " lightning @-@ fast action " and , according to Electronic Gaming Monthly ( ) , " If you thought the Enterprise was quick , wait till you see Sonic at speed . " The game 's difficulty was disputed , described as " impossible " by Rand and " average " by . Rand said about the gameplay in general that it " plays like a dream " ; according to it would players for hours , and Boogie Man praised Sonic Team 's ability to provide an engaging experience primarily from running and jumping . Although , Dragon , and Paul of Mean Machines praised the level design ( especially the hidden rooms ) , Paul found losing all of one 's rings frustrating . - Sonic the Hedgehog has maintained its popularity , appearing on lists of the greatest video games of all time . Frank of GameSpot described the game as " one of the best of all time " , noting that despite technical issues in the Game Boy Advance port " after all these years , the underlying graphics , audio , and gameplay still hold up " . Lucas M. Thomas of IGN agreed that it stood the test of time : " You 'll be impressed by the clarity and color that come through ... Few people realize how difficult it was to create Sonic 's graphics engine , which allowed for the incredible rate of speed the game 's known for . But the technical achievement impressed back in ' 91 , and still does so today . " Mega ranked the game its third @-@ favorite Genesis title , and in 2001 Game Informer called it the 24th @-@ greatest game of all time . Sonic the Hedgehog has been a commercial success ; the original Genesis version sold over 15 million copies by February 2009 , and the mobile version had eight million paid downloads by 2008 . - - = = Legacy = = - - - = = = on the industry = = = - - Primarily because of its Genesis , Sonic the Hedgehog contributed to the console 's North American popularity . During October – December 1991 , the Genesis the Super by a two @-@ to @-@ one ratio , and at its January 1992 peak claimed 65 percent of the market for 16 @-@ bit consoles . Although Nintendo eventually again overtook Sega , this was the first time since December 1985 that the company did not lead the console market . - Sonic the Hedgehog added speed and momentum @-@ based physics to the standard platform formula . Set @-@ pieces and mechanics introduced by the game ( such as loops , springs , and acceleration pads ) have appeared in other games and become associated with the Sonic series . - A flood of " animal with attitude " , each featuring a cartoon mascot , were released after Sonic the Hedgehog : , Aero the @-@ Bat , James Pond 3 , Jim , Zero the , , the Tasmanian Tiger , . This carried into the PlayStation era with games like and Crash Bandicoot . - - = = = and other media = = = - - The game 's success led Sega to develop an extensive media franchise . A 1992 sequel , Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , gave Sonic a best friend ( and sidekick ) named Miles " " and continued the fight against Dr. . Sonic has generated dozens of additional games and a large cast of recurring characters ( keeping Sonic and as ) , surviving the end of Sega console manufacturing after the . The series has ventured from to fighting , racing , role @-@ playing , and sports games , and has expanded into anime and manga , cartoons and comic books , novels , and toys . Sonic the Hedgehog has become one of the best @-@ selling video game franchises of all time , with over 150 million copies sold by May 2014 . The game 's first stage , Green Hill Zone , has also been re @-@ for use in several other titles such as Sonic Adventure 2 , Sonic and the Super Smash Bros. series . - - - = The Same Old Story = - - " The Same Old Story " is the second episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . The episode was written by executive producer Jeff Pinkner and co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams , Alex , and Roberto Orci . When developing the series , they sought to find a medium between serialized drama and the crime procedural . " The Same Old Story " was the first regular episode of Fringe , and journalists viewed it as an example of what they could expect from the series . It was directed by Paul A. Edwards . - After a newborn baby rapidly ages into an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man , Fringe division agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and consultants Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) investigate . They tie the case to the murders of young women , who have all had their glands removed . It is revealed that Dr. Claus ( Mark ) , an expert in , is working to help his son Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) stay alive , as he suffers from rapid aging syndrome . - " The Same Old Story " first aired in the United States on September 16 , 2008 on Fox . An estimated 13 @.@ 272 million viewers watched the episode , a 45 percent increase from the series premiere . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics – reviewers thought it was an improvement from the previous episode but faulted it for containing plot . - - = = Plot = = - - A prostitute is abandoned by an unknown man at a hospital , dangerously in labor . She dies as the doctors perform a section , but the child ages rapidly in minutes , soon dead having aged to the likes of an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man . Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) , Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) , and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , new members of the Fringe division , are called to investigate by division head Phillip ( Lance ) , believing the case to be part of " The Pattern " , a string of mysterious incidents . The woman is identified as having recently left a local , and Olivia finds evidence that points to a past serial murder case she and her former partner John Scott were not able to solve . Olivia explains to Peter that their murderer would his victims , young women , then make an along their face to extract a piece of brain material , killing the victim in the process . Walter takes both corpses back to his lab and determines that the woman had only been pregnant minutes before giving birth , her child having accelerated aging disease . Walter is reminded of having previously done work in this field , and remembers where he his car that contains the related files . Once they are retrieved , Olivia makes a connection to the which controls growth in humans , and informs Charlie Francis ( Kirk ) to monitor recent cases where the victims ' has been removed . - Olivia and Peter turn to an expert in , Dr. ( Mark ) , to trying to learn more about rapid aging , but Dr. cannot help them further , though Peter suspects he is hiding something . Unseen by the Fringe division , Dr. visits an abandoned warehouse and meets the murderer , Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) , his son , who suffers from rapid aging syndrome . warns Christopher to be careful and that they only need one more woman to complete the process . By this time , Charlie has found a recent murder victim killed in the same fashion as Olivia 's serial murderer . At Walter 's lab , they identify the has been removed . They the murderer must extract hormones from the glands to slow down his own aging process . Walter they can discover the location of the crime by looking at the images left in the woman 's optical nerves induced by the . an electronic pulse camera from Massive Dynamic , they discover the image of a suspension bridge near and identify the likely location from which it was viewed — the same warehouse that Dr. visited . The FBI converge on the building , and Olivia and Peter find about to cut into another victim . Olivia chases off after Christopher , who eventually to his rapid aging and dies , while Peter , after with a bullet , with Walter to apply a makeshift to bring the victim back to life . - As they up the case , Olivia , Peter , and Walter complete forms to their position in the Fringe division . When Peter is out of , Walter learns from Olivia that the FBI medical files on Peter 's childhood are void of any details . - - = = Production = = - - Co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams , Alex and Roberto Orci , and executive producer Jeff Pinkner wrote the episode . Paul A. Edwards served as the director , his first such credit for the series . In developing Fringe , the co @-@ creators did not want to make the series too serialized , as this was a complaint often directed at Abrams ' television series . They wanted to find a balance between standalone stories and serialized content , and studied procedural dramas such as Law and Order and : Crime Scene Investigation for inspiration . explained , " While we make sure that our episodes are self @-@ contained – have a beginning , a middle , and an end – the character stories can be serialized . They don 't have to resolve themselves over the course of one show . " " The Same Old Story " was Fringe 's first regular episode , and some journalists viewed it as an example of how the series would be structured . - The episode was based on actual recent research and involved much collaboration among the series ' different departments . For the scene in which they remove the victim 's , the special effects crew created a mold based on actress Elizabeth Stanley 's head . Using plaster to make a prosthetic , they " drilled out the and [ ed ] it open and [ went ] through a series of molds . " Stanley stated that " it 's really cool to see the head because it really does look just like me , even though it 's very gruesome because the 's popping out . " The prop department rigged a weapon which they called a " gun " ; according to prop master Peter , this gun was based on real devices employed in airport security that look through people 's clothing for concealed weapons . VFX Supervisor Christopher explained that for the eye 's last vision , they used " a lot of actual photographic reference on the set and on the location , " which they then used to " take that imagery and composite it into the various computer monitors and displays in the lab . " - " The Same Old Story " featured guest appearances by actors Derek Cecil as Christopher and Mark as his father , Dr. Claus . Other guest actors included Betty as " Amber " Daisy , Bernie as old Christopher , Carmen as Amy , Jones as a doctor , and Karin as John Scott 's sister . - - = = Reception = = - - - = = = Ratings = = = - - " The Same Old Story " was watched by 13 @.@ 272 million viewers in the United States , a 45 percent increase of four million from the pilot . Fox claimed that this ratings improvement was the best for any new network drama series in over five years . Its high @-@ rated lead @-@ in , House , helped boost Fringe 's ratings for the night , as 93 percent of House 's total audience and 95 percent of 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds stayed to watch Fringe . Fringe was also the highest rated program for male 18- to 54 @-@ year @-@ olds that evening . - - = = = Reviews = = = - - " The Same Old Story " received mixed reviews from television critics . TV Squad writer Jane thought the episode seemed " all over the place " , and wasn 't sure what to think . She stated the two most interesting parts of the episode were when Walter removed the girl 's eye in order to identity her killer , and the at the very end , when Walter states " If you 've read my file , then you know the truth about Peter 's medical history " . Travis Fickett of IGN thought it was better than the pilot ; though it was " laden with lots of and clichéd dialogue , " Fickett understood that it was needed to new viewers to the show . Fickett concluded his review by saying Fringe has the potential to be a " great show " , and he also praised the production level as " top notch " , and Torv 's performance as " very good " as she " brings a unique presence to the show " . The A.V. Club critic Noel Murray gave the episode a C + , while Television Without Pity graded it with a B. - Josh Jackson of Paste Magazine disliked the " ex " aspects that " solved the puzzles of the first two episodes " , and also criticized perceived " plot " like how the serial murderer immediately began aging once interrupted from killing his last victim . Despite these flaws , Jackson said he would tune in next week because he would " rather have a show on the side of unbelievable than unremarkable , and I 'm interested to see if Abrams has any more tricks up his sleeve " . Erin Fox of TV Guide also liked " The Same Old Story " better than the pilot because she thought that it " had really cool special effects , awesome Walter @-@ , and actual chemistry forming between Olivia and Peter " , and " we also got to more into the connections between Walter , Nina Sharp , Massive Dynamic and the government and the experiments they conducted before Walter was " . - A UGO Networks columnist was concerned that the expensive pilot would be hard to translate into weekly episodes , but " after sitting down to watch Fringe 's second episode , " The Same Old Story " , my concerns have vanished . Fringe 's second episode represents all that is holy about genre programming without any of Fringe 's eleven @-@ herbs and spices . In fact , the subtle framework of what makes Fringe not X @-@ Files is even better defined in the first weekly @-@ episode . I 'd struggled to find the word to describe it , and the winner is ' ' . " The Same Old Story " has all of the sense of mystery , discovery , and humor that the pilot had just in a smaller , more space . " Another UGO writer , Alex , later compared " The Same Old Story " to the similarly @-@ plotted The X @-@ Files episode " " . concluded that " Fringe wins this one , just for having a slightly less stupid explanation . " - - - = Randy Blythe case = - - The Randy Blythe case was a court case in the Czech Republic , stemming from a 2010 Lamb of God concert in Prague , wherein 19 @-@ year @-@ old fan Daniel sustained head injuries leading to a coma and subsequent death . During the investigation , Czech police unsuccessfully asked United States authorities for cooperation . When the band returned to the Czech Republic for another concert two years later , its vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested , charged with causing 's death , and in custody for five weeks . - According to a verdict delivered by the Municipal Court in Prague on March 5 , 2013 , it was proven that Blythe had thrown and thus had moral responsibility for his death . However , due to the circumstances , Blythe was not held liable , and most of the blame lay with and security members . The was upheld by the Prague High Court on June 5 , 2013 . - - = = 2010 concert incident = = - - During a concert on May 24 , 2010 , in the Prague club , , Blythe was involved in an incident that resulted in the death of Daniel , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old attending fan . According to statements cited by the Czech online daily newspaper following Blythe 's arrest , Blythe was chanting " Come on up " between songs , which , the newspaper stated , may have been intended to invite applause from the audience and not a direct invitation to fans . The newspaper went on to report that the fan tried to climb onstage and was thrown by the singer from the stage , falling backwards directly on his head . According to the same paper , was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol , suffered serious brain trauma , fell into a coma , and died weeks later from his injuries . - A report about the concert at issue released on May 26 , 2010 by stated that " one of the things that was unexpected was the behavior of the singer Randall Blythe , who on a few occasions struck some fans in a relatively brutal way off the stage . " The article also contains pictures , one of them showing Blythe holding a fan down on the ground . Meanwhile , another report released two days after the concert by alleged that " Randy in a totally uncompromising way took down an fan , who has climbed the podium several times . The front @-@ man clearly showed that it is his territory , he struck the intruder down , punched him a couple of times and sent him through the air off the podium , without even stopping singing ( ! ) " On May 28 , 2010 , the report by stated that " some broken head was a testimony to the fact that the band does not like anybody on the stage " , while stated that " the only negative thing about the concert was , to say it , approach of the band towards the stage @-@ divers ... when somebody tried to climb the stage , he was brutally swept down . " - Following Blythe 's arrest , Tomáš , a promoter of the concert , said that there was no fight between the fan and Blythe , and that " it was an unfortunate incident which happened during the concert when someone climbed onto the stage where he was not supposed to be . " According to the Lamb of God publicist Adrenaline PR , " [ the ] incident deals with a fan that three times during the concert jumped the and rushed Randy during the performance . It is alleged that the third time , security was not able to reach him and that Randy pushed him back into the audience where supposedly he fell and hit his head . " However , it was revealed during the trial that it was a different fan who previously got into contact with Blythe than . Guitarist Willie said , " I can 't recall that particular show , let alone a fan being beaten on the stage . I think I would 've noticed something like that considering the thing . " - According to Blythe 's attorney Martin , the police launched an investigation following the death of , about a month after the concert and following a coma . After interviewing several from the concert , the police asked the United States Department of Justice to take part in the investigation ; however , they refused to cooperate and , , did not notify anyone from Lamb of God or its management . - - = = and charges = = - - On June 27 , 2012 , Blythe was arrested by the Czech police on suspicion of . Lamb of God was prepared to play in Prague on June 28 , 2012 , but Blythe 's arrest upon arrival at Airport caused the concert to be canceled . - According to TV Nova , Blythe stated that he had not been aware of 's death and expressed his remorse . - A police spokesperson stated on June 29 , 2012 that the police had formally charged Blythe under section 146 ( 4 ) of the Czech Criminal Code , which contains intentional of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. ) . He faced 5 – 10 years of imprisonment if found guilty . Randy 's brother Mark Blythe said the charge was " and and will be dropped immediately . " - - = = Court and bail = = - - On June 30 , 2012 , the State Attorney brought a motion to Blythe in pre @-@ trial detention , as he considered Blythe a flight risk . During a hearing conducted the same day , judge of the Prague 8 District Court ruled that Blythe will be held on , with the possibility of a bail of 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 200 @,@ 000 ) , Blythe 's alleged annual income ; Blythe was held in Prison . was deposited in the court 's bank account on mid @-@ day of July 3 , 2012 . After this , the State Attorney had three working days to either accept the bail or to challenge it by filing a complaint . Due to public holidays it was not until July 9 , 2012 , that the State Attorney filed his complaint , which was to be dealt with by court , the Prague Municipal Court . - On July 17 , 2012 , Prague Municipal Court 's panel of three judges headed by judge overturned the bail decision by doubling the bail amount to 8 million ( ~ US $ 400 @,@ 000 ) . After this , the State Attorney challenged the conditions of release , trying to achieve that the bail is subject to Blythe staying in the country and / or Blythe having to report at a given police station regularly until the criminal proceedings are finished . On August 2 , 2012 , the court rejected the State Attorney 's second complaint and ordered Blythe 's immediate release . Blythe left the Czech Republic the next day , claiming in an interview with TV Nova that he would return for the trial . - - = = and trial = = - - On November 13 , 2012 , the spokesperson of the Prague State Attorney 's Office announced that the police had formally closed their investigation and proposed to the State Attorney to Blythe . After reviewing the case file , the State Attorney indicted Blythe on the aforementioned charges on November 30 , 2012 . Two weeks later , a judge set the trial to commence on February 4 , 2013 , with a plan to conduct the hearings in four consecutive days . Blythe was summoned to attend the hearing in person . - The case was heard by a panel of the Prague Municipal Court , consisting of presiding professional judge Tomáš and two lay judges . Trials in the Czech Republic are public . In general , the court is bound to decide on the deed as stated in the ; however , it is not bound by its legal assessment by the State Attorney . - Both the defendant and the State Attorney may appeal the decision ; the appeal would be heard by a panel of the Prague High Court , consisting of three professional judges . A decision of second instance court is final and . Nevertheless , an extraordinary appeal may be lodged by the defendant or the Supreme State Attorney , which would be heard by the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in ; an extraordinary appeal may , however , rest only on issues of law and does not provide for full review of the case . After exhausting all of these , the defendant may also a petition to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic . The petition may be based on allegation of violation of rights under the Czech Constitution and Charter of Rights and Basic . - - = = = State Attorney = = = - - against Blythe was brought by State Attorney . had tried a number of murderers , such as ( life in prison ) , Roman ( life imprisonment at 1st instance , 25 years on appeal ) , Maria ( 13 years imprisonment ) and ( 11 years imprisonment ) . He also tried a case against , an alleged head of Russian mafia , requesting 25 years in prison for ordering a murder . The Municipal Court in Prague acquitted due to lack of evidence ; however , the decision was repealed on appeal by the High Court , and the case will be heard again by a different of the Municipal Court . Another of 's murder cases which ended in due to insufficient evidence is that of , who was indicted in connection with disappearance of , a vice @-@ chairman of the Czech Football Association . - - = = = Defense lawyers = = = - - Randy Blythe was represented by Prague lawyers Martin and . studied law at the Faculty of Law of Charles University and at the New York University . From 1990 to 1992 , he served as external advisor of the then Prime Minister . A former partner at Baker & , established & Co. in 1996 . He is also a member of board of directors of 2000 . - gained fame as attorney of , a Kurdish national who was first charged in 1994 with preparing to commit three murders and committing blackmail and torture . It became one of the longest criminal cases in the Czech history , as the witnesses and alleged victims gradually withdrew or changed their testimonies against until he was by the Municipal Court in Prague in 2007 . The court held that although the crimes did take place , there is no evidence that took part in it . He was also defending judge Pavel , who was indicted of accepting a . The proceedings ended with being found insane and not liable . also acted as a defense attorney in the case of a of Czech indicted on charges of rape and torture . During the proceedings , the judge sent to face the disciplinary commission of the Czech bar association for what he perceived as " behaviour bordering on contempt " . - - = = = Day 1 of the trial = = = - - The trial started on February 4 , 2013 . Blythe testified that when he wanted to see the club before the concert , Lamb of God 's told him that the club was terrible and . According to Blythe , the went on , saying that the stage was small , there were too many people , and that it was rather dangerous . - Blythe , who is , took off his glasses before entering the stage , which together with the smoke and light effects allegedly left him half @-@ blind . Blythe said that people could easily reach the band members or climb up to the stage . One of the fans , who was identified as Milan by Czech newspapers , and who was scheduled to testify later during the proceedings , managed to climb the stage twice without being stopped by security . Blythe testified that during the first attempt , rushed the stage and started waving his arms before stage diving . The second time , he tried to put his arms around Blythe in an attempt to him . Blythe , who according to his own words perceived this as a danger , caught 's collar , pushed him on the ground , on him and repeatedly told him to stop . He then led the fan by his hair to the edge of the stage , where the fan jumped off . It was only after watching a video of the incident that Blythe found out that a security officer was actually pushing the fan from back . Blythe further said that he saw trying to reach the stage yet again before finally being stopped by security . - Later , when another fan tried to climb the stage , Blythe thought that it was again . Blythe testified that he approached the fan and pushed him with both hands out of the stage in the belief that the crowd would catch him , which it did not . , author of video which caught the previous incidents with , testified that the fan was for a moment lying on the ground with nobody helping him . Blythe further commented that he saw the fan get up and that other fans showed him up . Blythe insisted that he never saw nor came into contact with him . It was not until the arrest two years later that he found out about 's death . - Blythe further testified that he was not under the influence of alcohol during the concert and that he had never used any drugs . Chris , Lamb of God 's drummer , testified that he had not seen anything from the back of the stage and further proclaimed that Blythe 's aggressiveness is only a stage act . According to , Blythe is a calm , moderate , and well @-@ read person . The defense also presented videos from various Lamb of God concerts in order to demonstrate that metal music is very energetic and that Blythe regularly cheers to the crowd , but not to encourage people to climb the stage . - Blythe also alleged that after learning about 's death , he had written a letter to the family , in which he offered help and a meeting in @-@ person . Daniel 's father , however , testified that the family has not been contacted by anyone from the band nor by the defense team . 's father confirmed that his son had been healthy up until the day of the incident . The family 's representative brought a claim for damages in the amount of 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( . US $ @,@ 000 ) . - - = = = Day 2 of the trial = = = - - , eight witnesses delivered their testimonies on February 5 , 2013 . Among them were friends of Daniel . and three friends had come to attend the concert from , a town in mountains some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) northwest of Prague . They described as a huge fan of Lamb of God who had been able to secure an from a guitar player before the concert had started . - 's friend Jan testified that climbed the stage , and as he turned around towards the crowd he was pushed by Blythe off the stage . He said he was " 100 % sure Blythe pushed with both hands . " He further said that Blythe 's behavior from all the concerts he had attended in the past , commenting that Blythe was visibly furious . He further claimed that was not the first person to be chased off the stage by Blythe , with another fan being kicked , choked and receiving a punch from Blythe . corroborated Blythe 's testimony that Blythe asked " Are you okay ? " after fell and that the crowd gave him a positive reply . However , as fell sick after the concert , they called him an ambulance . According to , the band had not warned the fans against getting on stage and the security guards did not pay much attention to it . - 's other friend testified that 's fall happened in a break between the end of concert and the encore . climbed the stage together with another fan as the band members were leaving to go backstage . According to him , Blythe ran into the two fans and pushed them both off . While the other fan was caught by a couple of fans remaining under the stage , fell directly on the ground . According to , there were fewer fans in front of the stage due to the break . further testified that after the fall , went to sit on a bench , where he was a water bottle . began vomiting about half an hour after the fall and as his friends realized that he had a at the back of his head , they called an ambulance for fear he might have a concussion . said that he understood Blythe 's gesture in the break as an invitation to the stage . - Another person to testify was Robert , who worked as a security guard the night of the incident . said that the was too close to the stage , but not so close as to make a platform for climbing the stage . He testified that he pulled one person off the stage and that another person fell off before he could be secured . He further said that the fan 's fall might have been helped by someone else , perhaps the singer , though he did not see it precisely . - Blythe 's defense team attacked differences between the testimonies the witnesses gave after the incident in 2010 and at the court . Among other things , one of the witnesses originally alleged that and Blythe shook hands or that one of them offered hand to another on stage ; however , at the court hearing , he testified that there was no prior contact between them . Blythe also argued that video evidence shown in court refuted claims about his aggressive behavior . - - = = = Day 3 of the trial = = = - - Milan , the fan whom Blythe admitted to off the stage , testified on the third day of the trial . said he climbed the stage twice in order to stage dive ; he changed his mind during the third attempt to get on stage . testified that Blythe knocked him down , on him and held him down for a moment , but Blythe definitely did not him . He also admitted that taking into account the fact that he ( ) was drunk and the way he acted , Blythe 's reaction was adequate . He commented that he grasped the fact that he was not wanted on stage . - Another witness who had attended the concert at the rear of the crowd testified that Blythe 's behavior was standard to metal concerts , saying that metal bands always put on angry and tough acts and the concert at issue was no exception . She said that it was evident that Blythe did not want any fans on the stage . Neither the two nor any other witness who took the stand that day gave a testimony as to the moment of 's fall at the end of the concert . - The judge also read a sworn statement from 's former producer , who stated that she had not known about the incident . She was aware that an ambulance was called that evening , but learned about the reasons for that only later , during the police investigation . The court further heard that Lamb of God had sent a list of security demands to the concert venue , including that barriers should be placed 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) from the stage . Tomáš testified that although this was not the case , the band had not expressed any concerns to him either before or after the concert . - Randy Blythe was called again to the stand that day . The judge first alerted him that he had the right to remain silent and can deny answering his questions . The judge went again through the Blythe 's testimony and , with a view to the previous witness statements , asked Blythe whether he insists that it was Milan whom Blythe threw off the stage . Blythe responded by saying : " To the best of my knowledge , it was Milan who was coming up [ on stage ] every time . " - Also that day , expert medical witness took the stand . According to The Prague Post , testified that 's cause of death was pneumonia resulting from a blow to the . added that the " mortality rate from this kind of injury is around 40 percent , and that doctors couldn 't have done more to save the patient . " was initially taken to a nearby hospital less than a kilometer from the venue , where the initial diagnosis took place . Since this hospital did not have a specialized department , was transferred to another hospital after the diagnosis . There , underwent two operations , first to tend to the injury and second to reduce pressure on brain by removing some bone . - Finally , defense asked for as a key witness fell ill . The court decided to continue with the hearings the next day , after which the hearings would be until March 4 , 2013 , in order to hear the defense 's witness . Blythe committed to return when the trial resumed . - - = = = Day 4 of the trial = = = - - On February 7 , 2013 , only one witness took the stand before the hearing was . contacted the defense after reading about the trial in newspapers because he " didn 't like the description of the situation " by the previous witnesses . He said he did not think Blythe was aggressive that night , and that fans should realize any aggressive behavior displayed onstage is just part of the show . He also said that each time somebody got on the stage , Blythe demonstrated that they were not allowed there . testified that he saw how a fan tried to reach the stage three times and that as he was preparing to stage dive , somebody aided his fall from behind . He had not seen anybody fall directly on the ground . had trouble recalling details from the show , as he had visited multiple concerts on other dates in , and thus could not describe , among other things , the position of the . - - = = = Day 5 of the trial = = = - - The trial resumed on March 4 , 2013 with testimonies from expert witnesses in the fields of criminal psychology ( , appointed by the court ) and ( , appointed by the defense ) . Blythe returned to attend the hearings in person , even though the presiding judge had told him that at this point they may be undertaken in his absence . The two expert witnesses agreed that Blythe is not aggressive ; nevertheless , he may have issues with controlling his emotions under stress . The court further heard testimonies from two . One of them was a bodyguard who was present at the concert but did not see the fall . He testified that when by the exit , he saw two men taking a third man out of the building to fresh air . He said that he was told by them that the person fell off the stage . The ambulance arrived 5 – 10 minutes later . - Another was a fan , , who testified that she saw Blythe , saying " [ h ] e climbed onto the stage , and when he tried to stand up , Blythe him . " According to her , the was strong enough for to fall behind the front row of the fans into a place where no fans were staying at the moment . She testified that fell backwards . Another of the concert who took the stand that day did not recall seeing any fall by the end of the concert . - - = = = Day 6 of the trial = = = - - A defense @-@ appointed expert witness in the field of testified on March 5 that could not turn 180 degrees during the fall and that should he be falling forward , he could not have sustained an injury to the back of his head . He further said that if fell over the first row of the fans , he must have been not only pushed , but must have jumped himself . The State Attorney immediately attacked this testimony , claiming that the expert witness omitted the conditions at the place and time , as well as some of the testimonies , according to which fell onto his back from the beginning and did not turn during the fall . The presiding judge agreed with the State Attorney on some of his points . - In his closing speech , the State Attorney asked the court to Blythe for 5 years , claiming that " even children in the kindergarten are aware that a fall from height may lead to an injury . " - A family representative said that based on the witness testimonies , the family did not believe that Blythe was solely responsible . He continued that he would not be the requested amount , as no money could replace the loss the family has suffered . He further added that Daniel had died on his father 's birthday , and his mother has consequently become a patient unable to work . - In his closing word , Blythe said that he did not wish to avoid any responsibility and that if he felt guilty he would have pleaded so . He further commented that in case of , measures would be undertaken to avoid anything similar from happening at Lamb of God concerts again . - - = = = First instance verdict = = = - - On March 5 , 2013 , the court delivered a verdict , according to which Blythe was not liable for 's death , even though he had the moral responsibility for it . Consequently , the court dismissed the damages claim and ordered the return of Blythe 's bail . - The court held that it was proven that Blythe had thrown off the stage . However , Blythe , due to his , could have mistaken for the other fan who had repeatedly gotten over the . According to the court , the largest part of the blame lies with the and security members . Judge further Blythe for not having met with the family . - The State Attorney announced that he would appeal the verdict . - - = = = Appeals verdict = = = - - The State Attorney 's appeal was heard by a panel of three judges of the Prague High Court , chaired by judge . The hearing took place in Blythe 's absence . Blythe 's was upheld by the panel on June 5 , 2013 . - The verdict may have been appealed by the Supreme State Attorney ( ) to the Supreme Court . As the appeal hasn 't been lodged by within two months of the delivery of written second instance verdict , it has become final . - In 2015 Blythe demanded ca 15 millions for damages but the Municipal Court for Prague 2 dismissed the suit . - - = = Reaction = = - - In reaction to the arrest and detention , a fan created a petition at the official White House petition site . By the time Blythe was released on bail , it gathered over 27 @,@ 500 signatures . - On July 7 , 2012 , there was a vigil organized in Lamb of God 's hometown of Richmond , Virginia , by a friend of Blythe 's . At the event , ( who are also from Richmond ) frontman Dave said : “ I don ’ t think it was right for him to be arrested . I don ’ t think it was right for him to be locked up .... This stuff could have all been worked out or legally before he got there . ” In addition to , other notable figures in heavy metal , such as Tom Araya and David , have also come out in support of Blythe . - In a post to his blog , Blythe explained that he met the family in private after the trial , and promised them to be " a spokesperson for safer shows " . He emphasized that the family never attacked him and " just wanted to know the truth of what had happened to their son " . - - - = U.S. Route 2 in Michigan = - - US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) is a component of the United States Highway System that connects Everett , Washington , to the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan , with a separate segment that runs from Point , New York , to , Maine . In Michigan , the highway runs through the UP in two segments as a part of the state trunkline highway system , entering the state at and ending at St. Ignace ; in between , US 2 briefly traverses the state of Wisconsin . As one of the major transportation in the UP , US 2 is a major conduit for traffic through the state and neighboring northern Midwest states . Two sections of the roadway are included as part of the Great Lakes Circle , and other segments are listed as state @-@ designated Pure Michigan . There are several memorial highway designations and historic bridges along US 2 that date to the and 1920s . The highway runs through rural sections of the UP , passing through two national and two state forests in the process . - The route of what became US 2 was used as part of two Indian trails before European settlers came to the UP , and as part of the Michigan segments of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway and the King 's International Highway auto trails in the early 20th century . The state later included these trails as part of M ‑ 12 when the first state highway were designated in 1919 . Most of M ‑ 12 was redesignated as part of US 2 when the US Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 . Since the 1930s , several changes have the highway 's routing through the UP . One such alteration eventually created a business loop that connected across the state line with Hurley , Wisconsin , and others pushed an originally inland routing of US 2 closer to the Lake Michigan shoreline . With the creation of the Interstate Highway System , part of US 2 was rerouted to coincide with the new Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ) , though in the 1980s , the U.S. Highway was truncated and removed from the I ‑ 75 freeway , resulting in today 's basic form . - - = = Route description = = - - According to a 2006 regional planning committee report , US 2 is a key highway for Michigan , providing its main western gateway . The roadway plays " an important role in the transportation of goods across the northern tier of states in the Midwest " , and is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) for its entire length . The NHS is a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . Together with M ‑ 28 , US 2 is part of a pair of primary that bridge the eastern and western sides of the UP . The 305 @.@ 151 miles ( 491 @.@ km ) of roadway in Michigan is divided into a 109 @.@ 177 @-@ mile ( 175 @.@ 703 km ) western segment and a 195 @.@ @-@ mile ( 315 @.@ 390 km ) eastern segment , interrupted by a section that runs for 14 @.@ 460 miles ( 23 @.@ 271 km ) in the state of Wisconsin . - - = = = Western segment = = = - - US 2 enters Michigan from Wisconsin for the first time north of downtown Hurley , Wisconsin , and , Michigan , over the state line that runs along the Montreal River . The highway crosses the river into County and passes a welcome center on the way into a commercial district north of downtown . Running along Drive , US 2 meets its only business route in Michigan at Douglas Boulevard . The business route was previously a full loop that ran west through downtown and crossed the border into Hurley and back to the main highway . The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has removed the signage on their side of the border , which reduced the loop to a business spur that ends at the state line . US 2 continues eastward through UP woodlands to the city of . While bypassing the community of Ramsay , the highway crosses a branch of the Black River . The roadway enters Wakefield on the south side of Sunday Lake , meeting M ‑ 28 at a in town . As the US Highway leaves Wakefield , it turns southeasterly through the Ottawa National Forest , crossing Jackson Creek and two branches of the Isle River . US 2 and M ‑ 64 merge and run concurrently over the second branch of the Isle in the community of . This concurrency has the lowest traffic volume along the entire length of the highway within the state ; in 2010 the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) recorded a daily average usage along the stretch of 770 vehicles , compared to the overall average of 5 @,@ 188 vehicles for the highway . At the end of the concurrency , M ‑ 64 turns northerly to run along Lake . - The highway continues parallel to the state line from the area through the national forest toward . That unincorporated community is the home of the High School , the basketball team featured on a series of ESPN commercials and a documentary series on the Sundance Channel . The area is also where the waters meet ; the rolling hills drain to Lake Superior via the River , to Lake Michigan via the and rivers , or to the Gulf of Mexico via the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers . Also located in the area are the Wilderness , and the Lac Desert Indian , which includes the Lac Desert Casino and Resort . The highway travels southeasterly from around the many lakes and streams in the area and crosses into rural Iron County . US 2 intersects Federal Forest Highway 16 ( 16 ) near Golden Lake in Township in the middle of the national forest . The trunkline then runs along the Iron River as it approaches the city of the same name and meets M ‑ 73 . In town , US 2 intersects M ‑ 189 before crossing the river and turning northeast out of the city . - US 2 leaves the Ottawa National Forest at Iron River , and the highway continues eastward through forest lands near several small lakes to Crystal Falls , the county seat of Iron County . On the west side of town , US 2 meets US 141 ; the two highways run concurrently along Crystal Avenue . The combined highway turns south onto 5th Street and meets M ‑ 69 's eastern terminus at the intersection between 5th Street and Superior Avenue next to the county at the top of the hill . US 2 / US 141 runs south out of Crystal Falls to the west of , and parallel to , the River . The roadway passes Railroad , Kennedy and lakes and leaves the state of Michigan at the River , crossing into Florence County , Wisconsin for about 14 miles ( 23 km ) . - - = = = Eastern segment = = = - - US 2 / US 141 re @-@ enters Michigan where it crosses the River and subsequently meets M ‑ 95 in Township north of Iron Mountain and . The highways merge in a triple concurrency and run south on Avenue into Iron Mountain along the west side of Lake Antoine , parallel to a branch line of the and Lake Superior Railroad ( Railroad ) . The road crosses through a retail corridor and over a flooded pit of the Mine . In downtown Iron Mountain at Street , M ‑ 95 turns west off Avenue to run across town to . US 2 / US 141 exits downtown and turns east along a second retail corridor near the Mall . The highway re @-@ enters Township where US 141 separates to the south to re @-@ enter Wisconsin . US 2 continues eastward parallel to a branch of the Canadian National Railway ( Railway ) . Both road and rail travel through the community of , where they pass near the largest paper mill in the UP . The trunkline runs along the main street of Norway , where the highway meets the eastern terminus of US 8 . Then US 2 continues east through rural Dickinson County to Vulcan , passing north of Lake through the Country State Forest , before crossing the Sturgeon River in and passing into County . - In County , the environment takes on a more agricultural character along US 2 . The highway passes through the edge of the community of before entering Powers . US 2 comes to a three @-@ way intersection and turns northeast merging onto US 41 . The concurrent highway runs from Powers through the communities of Wilson and on the south side of the Railway . At Harris , the trunkline enters the Indian Community . Harris is on the County side of the reservation , but as the highway continues east , it crosses over to River on the Delta County side . The county line in between not only separates the two communities , but also serves as the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones . East of River , the highway crosses the community 's namesake waterway before intersecting the eastern terminus of M ‑ 69 . The roadway crosses the Ford River prior to turning due east into the outskirts of . - US 2 / US 41 to four lanes along Street , which forms the east – west axis of the street grid . Near downtown , the highway meets M ‑ 35 , which runs along the city 's north – south axis , Lincoln Avenue . The merge and run north , bypassing the traditional central business district for a different business corridor . Lincoln Avenue runs north carrying four lanes of traffic past the Upper Peninsula State , site of one of the two state for the state of Michigan , the only state to have twin . US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 continues north on Lincoln Avenue past the campus of Bay de Community College . The four @-@ lane highway crosses the River just upstream from its mouth near the large Mead Paper Mill and shifts to run immediately next to Little Bay de . The section here carried the highest traffic counts along all of US 2 in the state : an average of 23 @,@ 977 vehicles used this segment of roadway daily in 2011 . - The road turns inland again , and US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 passes to the west of downtown Gladstone . The highway through here is an expressway , four lanes divided by a central median and no access . Unlike a freeway , the expressway has standard intersections and not interchanges . The highway intersects the eastern terminus of County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) and crosses the Railroad south of the for 4th Avenue North , where M ‑ 35 separates from the US Highways and turns to the northwest . The expressway continues north parallel to the Railway , crossing the Days River . Through this area , the trunkline carries a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for car traffic . This is the only road in the UP with a speed limit higher than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) besides I @-@ 75 , which has a speed limit of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . The expressway segment runs around the upper end of Little Bay de before ending at Rapid River . In this location , US 41 separates to the north , and US 2 returns to an easterly track as a two @-@ lane road , crossing the Rapid and rivers and turning southeast around the head of the bay . As US 2 crosses southern Delta County , it passes through the western unit of the National Forest . Near Garden Corners , the highway runs along the shore of Big Bay de . After the intersection with the northern terminus of M ‑ 183 , US 2 turns inland cutting across the base of the Garden Peninsula and enters Schoolcraft County . - As the highway approaches Thompson , US 2 leaves the western unit of the National Forest and enters the Lake Superior State Forest . The roadway runs along Lake Michigan to , crossing the River . The trunkline turns inland approaching and then turns north @-@ northeast to Blaney Park . The community there is a former logging town @-@ turned @-@ resort at the southern terminus of M ‑ 77 ; the resort was active from the late 1920s but declined by the 1980s . From Blaney Park , US 2 turns due east and crosses into Mackinac County west of Gould City . Where it intersects a former routing , the main highway crosses the Railway one last time and runs to the south of to follow the Lake Michigan shoreline through . After passing the community of , US 2 crosses the Cut River Bridge , 147 feet ( 45 m ) over the Cut River . The highway crosses into the eastern unit of the National Forest near , running between Lake Michigan and Lake in the process . The road continues along the Lake Michigan shoreline , passing Spot near Cap and turning inland immediately west of St. Ignace . The US 2 designation ends at the highway 's partial cloverleaf interchange with I ‑ 75 . The roadway continues easterly into downtown St. Ignace as Business Loop I ‑ 75 ( BL I ‑ 75 ) . - - = = History = = - - - = = = Indian trail through auto trails = = = - - In 1701 , the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes , rivers and Indian trails . Two of these trails followed parts of the future US 2 . The – Green Bay Trail roughly followed the Lake Michigan shoreline routing of US 2 between and St. Ignace . The Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace with . Marie . - In the age of the auto trail , the roads that later formed US 2 through the UP were given a few different highway names . When the original roadways between and Iron River were completed in late 1915 , the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau ( ) named the area and the highway the Trail . Later the name was extended over the highway to , and to all highways in the area in the early 1920s ; the name was phased out by the completely in 1927 . The roadways were also used for the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway , named for former US president Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1919 . Overall , this highway ran from Portland , Oregon , to Portland , Maine , by way of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario . Through the UP , the southern branch followed the immediate predecessors to US 2 , including the section through Florence County , Wisconsin . - The Great Lakes Automobile Route was established in 1917 by the . A predecessor of the Great Lakes Circle by seventy years , the route followed " a circular journey along the banks of lakes Michigan and Superior and Green Bay ... " This route followed the modern US 2 from to the M ‑ 94 junction in , using the modern M ‑ 69 and M ‑ 95 to stay in Michigan . of the route followed US 41 and M ‑ 35 between Powers and . The route was originally intended to entice motorists to drive around Lake Michigan . The name fell out of use before its first anniversary because of World War I. - One Canadian auto trail was routed through the UP as well . In 1920 , the King 's International Highway linked Vancouver , British Columbia , to Halifax , Nova Scotia , but there was no highway to carry it around the north side of Lake Superior . had to ship their cars by boat between . Marie , Ontario , and Thunder Bay or enter the United States to continue along the auto trail . The varied on the maps of the time , but its basic route used US 2 through the UP from to . Marie until a highway north of Lake Superior was opened in 1960 ; by that time , the auto trail had taken on the Trans @-@ Canada Highway name . - - = = = State trunkline = = = - - The first state trunkline highway designated along the path of the modern US 2 was M ‑ 12 , a designation that was in use by July 1 , 1919 , between and . Marie . The first roadside park in the country was created by Herbert near what is now US 2 near Iron River in 1919 – 20 , although other sources state that the first was a picnic table alongside US 16 ( Grand River Avenue ) in 1929 south of . When the US Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , US 2 partially replaced M @-@ 12 . Between Crystal Falls and Iron Mountain , US 2 was routed through Florence , Wisconsin . The former routing of M ‑ 12 from Crystal Falls to became a new M ‑ 69 when the former M ‑ 69 became US 102 ( now US 141 ) . M ‑ 12 from south to Iron Mountain was made a part of an extended M ‑ 45 , which is now M ‑ 95 . By the next year , M ‑ 48 was added along US 2 from to as part of a larger extension . - The first changes to the routing of US 2 itself were made in 1930 with a bypass of downtown . A larger was completed in 1933 between Rogers Park and . Marie . The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to and north to . Marie ; the former routing was given the M ‑ 121 designation . Another realignment in the Iron Mountain area shifted US 2 / US 141 to a new bridge over the River between 1932 and 1934 . Downtown was bypassed in 1934 , and the former route was initially designated M ‑ 54 . - The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) changed the and designations of the highways around , Thompson and in the mid @-@ 1930s . The agency rerouted US 2 between and M ‑ 149 in Thompson , turning the old road back to county control . The section between M ‑ 149 and M ‑ 125 was redesignated as an extension of M ‑ 149 to Thompson , and M ‑ 125 was replaced by a further extension of M ‑ 149 . The last change was to route US 2 along its current alignment in the area , completing the changes on August 2 , 1936 . - The MSHD started construction in 1936 on a new road that rerouted US 2 into St. Ignace for the first time . Between and , US 2 previously followed Worth Road inland to the Trail to meet the northern extension of US 31 into the Upper Peninsula . The new routing took US 2 along the into St. Ignace . US 31 was truncated to the state ferry docks in Mackinaw City and US 2 was routed through St. Ignace along the former US 31 to Rogers Park ; the connection in St. Ignace to the state ferry docks became M ‑ 122 . Further changes in the early 1940s the roadway out near and Crystal Falls . - Additional were completed by the MSHD to move US 2 to its modern routing between Gould City and in 1941 . The new highway traveled due east from Gould City to and then along the lake to . The former route through was turned back to local control as far east as . From there east , it was numbered just M ‑ 48 , removing US 2 from a concurrency . Another former section into was added to extend M ‑ 117 . The new highway was around the Cut River Bridge until it was completed in 1946 after construction delays over steel shortages during World War II . - The western end of US 2 took on two changes in the 1940s . M ‑ 28 was extended along US 2 to the state line at from its western terminus at Wakefield . A similar extension was made from M ‑ 28 's eastern terminus to . Marie in 1948 . The M ‑ 54 designation was renumbered as Business US 2 by 1945 . The eastern M ‑ 28 extension was reversed in 1950 , and the western extension to the state line was shifted to a new location by 1952 . - - = = = Interstate era = = = - - With the coming of the Interstate Highway System in Michigan , the MSHD planned to convert the eastern section of US 2 to a freeway between St. Ignace and St. Marie . In planning maps from 1947 , this highway corridor was included in the system that later became the . It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas in September 1955 , or Yellow Book after the cover color , that was released in 1955 as the federal government plans for the freeway system . The proposed number in 1958 was Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ) . - The first section of freeway was built in late 1957 or early 1958 between and M ‑ 123 north of St. Ignace . The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1 , 1957 ; a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge . In 1961 , another new freeway segment closed the gap between the Mackinac Bridge and sections . At the time , the I ‑ 75 designation US 27 on the bridge , and US 2 was shifted to follow I ‑ 75 along the freeways in the St. Ignace area . The former routing of US 2 in downtown St. Ignace was redesignated BL I ‑ 75 . More sections of freeway were opened in 1962 immediately to the south of the newly constructed International Bridge in . Marie as well as between and . The last two sections opened in 1963 connected the northern end of the freeway at M ‑ 123 to , and the section between and . Marie . At this time , all of US 2 's former routing became a county road known as Mackinac Trail ( H @-@ 63 ) . - The Department of State Highways expanded US 2 / US 41 into an expressway between Gladstone and Rapid River in 1971 . The state built a new bridge over the River in 1983 , bypassing downtown . MDOT disposed of the former routing of US 2 into downtown in two ways . The western half was initially an unnumbered state highway until it was later transferred to local control . An extension of M ‑ 94 replaced the remainder , including the Bridge , through downtown . In that same year , the department truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I ‑ 75 freeway . The last changes were made to US 2 's routing through Iron River in 1998 , bypassing the bridge that formerly carried the highway over the river in town . In 2011 , MDOT raised the speed limit along the expressway section in Delta County from 55 to 65 mph ( 89 to 105 km / h ) , although the speed limit for trucks remains 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . - - = = Memorial designations and tourist routes = = - - On July 1 , 1924 , the State Administrative Board named M ‑ 12 , the predecessor to US 2 in Michigan , the Highway to honor Frank P. , a prominent local citizen who later served in Congress from 1927 to 1933 . In 1929 , the residents of created a memorial to the veterans of World War I called Memory Lane . The project consisted of and maple trees planted along US 2 / US 41 west of town . The American Legion sold the trees to local businesses and individuals who could honor specific soldiers . Later in 1949 , the Women 's Club created a tribute in the form of a permanent living memorial to the area veterans . Also called Memory Lane , the group planted 140 and 1 @,@ 840 , trees and shrubs as a parkway along 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) of US 2 east of . - Most of US 2 , along with US 23 in the Lower Peninsula , was designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway in 1949 . To connect the gap in the routing where US 2 cuts through Wisconsin , M ‑ 95 and M ‑ 69 were used in place of US 2 between Iron Mountain and Crystal Falls . Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when Governor George W. Romney had them installed . - The Memorial Drive designation was created for the section of US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 between the northern city limits and County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) in Delta County . The American Veterans ( ) organization in Michigan petitioned the Michigan Legislature to grant this designation , which was assigned under Public Act 144 in 1959 . - Two sections of US 2 are part of the overall Great Lakes Circle Tour ( ) : the segment from the Wisconsin state line near to the M ‑ 28 junction in Wakefield is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour ( ) , and the segment from the southern M ‑ 35 junction in to the eastern terminus in St. Ignace is part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( ) . These two tours were created in May 1986 through a joint effort between MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin , Minnesota and Ontario . The section of US 2 between Iron River and Crystal Falls has been named the Iron County Heritage Trail . This Pure Michigan Byway was designated to honor the " rich history of two industries that built a state and nation : mining and logging . " On August 26 , 2007 , MDOT announced that the section of US 2 that runs concurrently with M ‑ 35 in Delta County was being included in the UP Coast Recreational Heritage Trail . - - = = Historic bridges = = - - There are six bridges along current or former sections of US 2 that MDOT has added to its listing of Michigan 's Historic Bridges ; two of these are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( ) . A third bridge added to the in late 2012 has not been added to MDOT 's listing however . The first of these historic bridges is the crossing of the Iron River , which has since been bypassed by a new bridge . The original structure , dating to 1918 , is a 55 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 17 m ) arch span that was built by the MSHD as Trunk Line Bridge No. 191 . The structure was listed on the on December 9 , 1999 , for its architectural and engineering significance . - In December 2012 , the National Park Service approved the listing of the Upper Twin Falls Bridge that crosses the River northwest of Iron Mountain . The structure is a single @-@ span , pin @-@ connected , , through @-@ bridge , and it is the only known example of its type in Michigan . It was built between 1909 and 1910 because the Twin Falls Power Dam would flood an existing river crossing . The span cost $ 5 @,@ 106 ( equivalent to $ 780 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , paid equally by Dickinson and Florence counties . Until the 1930s , the Upper Twin Falls Bridge carried US 2 across the River . In 1934 , a new bridge was built about a mile downstream , and the highway was rerouted over the new span . The bridge closed to automobile traffic in September 1971 , and the nomination process for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places began in 2012 . - In 2003 , MDOT replaced the Sturgeon River Bridge in Township , Dickinson County . As of October 2011 , even though the old bridge was demolished and replaced , MDOT retained it on their historic bridge list . It was built in 1929 . - Before 1983 , US 2 used a different routing through and crossed the River on what is nicknamed the " Bridge " . Built as a part of a on the river , the water level is actually higher than the road surface . This produces a effect , giving the bridge its nickname . The and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the River to supply their mill . This dam would require a large section of the city to be flooded , and shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction . Instead of expensive , a concrete tank was built in the river bed ; the sides of this tank provided man @-@ made banks higher than the natural banks . The Michigan Works Progress Administration described the bridge as having " concrete bulkheads , formed by the side spans of the bridge , [ that ] allow the mill to maintain the water level several feet above the roadbed . " The Tourism Council stated : " At one time , the bridge itself was partially supported by the water that was forced under it , " and that the bridge has been featured in Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . The eight @-@ span structure is feet ( 90 m ) long . - The Cut River Bridge carries US 2 across the Cut River in Township , Mackinac County . This structure was built during World War II but completion was delayed due to war @-@ induced steel shortages . The span uses short tons ( long tons ; t ) of structural steel to bridge the feet ( 195 m ) over the river and its at a height of 147 feet ( 45 m ) above the river . The Cut River Bridge is one of only two deck bridges in the state . On either side of the bridge , there are picnic areas and trails down to the river . - Listed on the on December 17 , 1999 , the Mackinac Trail – River Bridge carries H @-@ 63 , the modern successor to US 2 , over the River north of St. Ignace . The bridge is another arch structure 60 feet ( 18 m ) in length and built in 1920 . Increasing traffic along Mackinac Trail prompted the MSHD to " widen its deck by five feet [ 1 @.@ 5 m ] and install new in the 1929 – 1930 " along with the addition of decorative retaining walls . - The last of the historic bridges along a former segment of US 2 is the structure carrying Street ( BS I ‑ 75 ) over the Power Canal in . Marie . Built in 1934 , it is one of only three steel arch bridges in the state . The 42 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 13 m ) and 257 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 78 m ) structure is described by MDOT as " massive " with an " innovative " construction method : the previous structure was used as a for the current bridge before removal . - - = = Major intersections = = - - MDOT has erected along the two Michigan segments of the highway that use the total starting at the state line in ; the signs on the eastern segment reflect the in Florence County , Wisconsin . - - = = Business route = = - - Business U.S. Highway 2 ( Bus . US 2 ) is a 1 @.@ 270 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ km ) business route that runs from the Wisconsin state line at the Montreal River . The route extends through downtown on Silver and Aurora streets before turning northward along Suffolk Street . Bus . US 2 stays on Suffolk Street for a short while until it turns onto Frederick Street . On Frederick Street , Bus . US 2 bears north through a residential area along Douglas Street . The eastern terminus of the route is at its junction with US 2 at the corner of Drive and Douglas Street north of downtown . - The business route was created in August 1942 when former M ‑ 54 in was renumbered as a business loop of US 2 . It was originally a bi @-@ state business connection before the Wisconsin Department of Transportation decommissioned Bus . US 2 in Hurley westward along State Trunk Highway 77 and northward along US 51 in 2002 . - - - = Butterfly World Tour = - - The Butterfly World Tour was the third concert tour by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey . The tour promoted Carey 's album at the time , Butterfly ( 1997 ) , and included songs from several of her previous albums . The tour visited Asia , Australia and the United States , with rehearsals taking place in December 1997 . Starting on January 11 , 1998 the tour spanned five shows in Asia , six in Australia , and one in Hawaii , US . Throughout the tour , Carey varied hairstyles and outfits , as well as song selections . The Butterfly World Tour was very successful ; the four dates at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo , sold out in under one hour , over 200 @,@ 000 tickets , breaking the previous record she held at the stadium for show sell @-@ outs . - The tour was recorded in VHS format , and was titled Around the World . The video featured live performances of Carey at different worldwide venues including New York , Japan , Hawaii and Brisbane . Other scenes are included in the video such as a conversation between Carey and Brenda K. Starr prior to her performance of " I Still Believe " . Prior to the performances in Australia , a scene of Carey swimming with is shown . Additionally , Olivia Newton @-@ John makes a cameo appearance during their joint performance of Newton @-@ John 's song , " to You " . The video was commercially successful , being certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and gold in Brazil by the dos de ( ) . - - = = Background = = - - Since her debut in 1990 , Carey had not journeyed on a large or extensive tour . In fact , she had not embarked on a tour until her third studio effort , Music Box ( 1993 ) , when she performed six arena shows in the United States during the Music Box Tour . The opening night of the tour received scathing reviews , mostly aimed at Carey 's deemed " obvious " stage @-@ and failure to make a connection with the crowd . nights were more favorably reviewed , with critics raving about Carey 's vocals . Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote regarding Carey 's live vocals , " Beyond any doubt , Ms. Carey 's voice is no studio . Her range extends from a rich , alto to dog @-@ whistle high notes ; she can linger over sensual turns , with confidence , like a singer . " However , after the strong media attention , Carey did not visit the US on her succeeding Daydream World Tour in 1996 , visiting only Europe and Asia . The tour in contrast , received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike , as well as breaking ticket sale records . Carey 's three shows at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo , sold out in under three hours , in over 150 @,@ 000 tickets , setting the record of fastest show in Japan 's history . On the Butterfly World Tour , Carey broke the record , selling 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour . During 1997 , after the commercially and critically successful release of Butterfly , Carey had not planned to tour once again , due to the long travel times and strain on her voice . However , due to overwhelming demand by fans , Carey agreed to perform in Asia once again , only extending the tour to Taiwan and Australia , as well as one last show in the United States . for the show began shortly after Christmas 1997 , extending for a period of two weeks . - - = = Concert synopsis = = - - The show began with Carey standing on a small elevated centerpiece on stage , surrounded by several long draped . Carey featured three background vocalists throughout the tour , Trey Lorenz , Daniels and Kelly Price . As the introduction began with " " , each of the were slowly draped , revealing Carey atop the platform , dressed in a beige mini @-@ dress and matching sheer and heels . As she began performing " " , the platform was lowered so Carey could access the other sections of the stage throughout the song 's performance . After an intimate performance with lights for " The Roof ( Back in Time ) " , Carey was joined on @-@ stage by a Peruvian guitar player , who played the Latin @-@ inspired guitar melodies during her performance of " My All " . Afterwards , Carey sang " Close My Eyes " , the only sitting performance of the show . During the song , several male backup dancers performed slow and ample dance routines behind Carey on a higher level of the stage . - For the second part of the show , Carey had the second costume change of the evening , donning a long black gown and semi @-@ hair . For the performance of " " , Carey was joined by three female back @-@ up dancers , who mimicked her light dance routines during the song . The next song on the set @-@ list was " Hero " , which featured Carey alone on @-@ stage , without any vocal back @-@ up . After the song 's performance , Carey was joined on @-@ stage by Lorenz , who performed " I 'll Be There " alongside her . Next came " Make It " , a song which accompanied yet another wardrobe change for Carey . She a short mini @-@ skirt , alongside a white and loose golden . On @-@ stage , Carey was joined by a full church choir , all dressed in long black garments . After the song 's , Carey performed " One Sweet Day " , alongside a previously recorded video of Boyz II Men during their live performance of the song with Carey at Madison Square Garden in 1995 . - After completing the song , Carey changed to a pair of leg @-@ hugging blue and a tank top . Her next performance was the " Fantasy " remix , featuring ' Dirty on a large projection screen behind the stage , as Carey performed light chair dance @-@ routines alongside several male dancers . The performance featured the most intricate choreography Carey performed on the tour . After a low @-@ key performance of " " , or " Whenever You Call " in other countries , Carey was once again joined by several male dancers , as she sang " " , while re @-@ the music video during a small . Carey once again changed to a beige ensemble similar to her first outfit before performing her debut single , " Vision of Love " . The final song on the tour was " Butterfly " , which featured large of butterflies and flowers projected onto the large screen behind Carey . She a long brown gown for the performance , being joined on stage once again by her trio of back @-@ up singers . During the shows in Japan , Carey performed her holiday classic " All I Want for Christmas Is You " , alongside various male and female dancers on stage who performed light dance routines alongside Carey . During the song , Carey a Santa suit and matching hat , while being carried on a large stage prop by the dancers . - - = = Critical reception = = - - the entire tour was an instant sell @-@ out ; the four shows at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo , broke Carey 's previous ticket @-@ sales record , selling out all 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour . Additionally , the entire Australian leg sold out within hours , leading Carey to extend the tour one more date in the United States . The show at Hawaii 's 50 @,@ 000 capacity Stadium sold out as well , making her one of the few acts in the stadiums history to sell out the entire venue . Aside from its commercial success , fans and critics about the show 's visuals , as well as Carey 's vocal delivery . - - = = and recordings = = - - During the tour , several bits and performances were filmed and later edited into a VHS and DVD entitled Around the World . The VHS featured performances from Tokyo , Stadium as well as few other and scenes that were later compiled into the video . The film first begins with performances in Hawaii , where the song 's recitals are cut into halves , excluding the second verses and bridge to shorten the bulk length of the video . Afterwards , Carey 's performance of " My All " is shown in inter @-@ cut scenes from Japan and . After the conclusion of the song , scenes of Carey conversing with Brenda K. Starr are shown , which eventually lead to a tribute to her at a small and intimate New York club , where Carey performs " I Still Believe " . Soon after , Carey 's performance in Japan with Lorenz for " I 'll Be There " is shown , leading to scenes of Carey swimming with in the next title on the video is Carey 's live rendition of " To You " , where she is joined by Olivia Newton @-@ John on stage in Melbourne . A scene of a fans gathering outside of a New York City studio is shown , following a performance of " , " and " Hero " at Stadium . The VHS was a commercial success , being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units . The video was also certified gold in Brazil by the dos de ( ) . - - = = Set list = = - - " Looking In / Butterfly ( ) " - " " - " The Roof " - " My All " - " Close My Eyes " - " Daydream Interlude ( Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix ) " - " " - " Hero " - " I 'll Be There " ( with Trey Lorenz ) - " Make You Happy ( Trey Lorenz ) - " Make It " - " One Sweet Day " ( featuring pre @-@ recorded Boyz II Men ) - " Ain 't Nobody ( Band Interlude ) - " Fantasy ( Bad Boy Remix " - " Whenever You Call " 1 - " - " " ( featuring pre @-@ recorded ) " - " Vision of Love " - " Butterfly - " Without - " Butterfly ( ) " - " All I Want for Christmas is - < > 1 < / > Performed on select dates - - = = = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - Walter Afanasieff - director , keyboard - Dan Shea - keyboard - Vernon Black - guitar - Randy Jackson - bass - Conway - drums - Peter Michael - percussion - Gary - music sequencing - Trey Lorenz - vocals , background vocals - Kelly Price - background vocals - Price - background vocals - Daniels - background vocals - - background vocals - Source : - - - = = - - , also known as Button 's Mill is a Grade II * listed tower mill constructed of brick . The is located at , Suffolk , England . It was built in the early nineteenth century to grind wheat into flour . worked by wind power until 1924 , on two sails , after which it became . - In 1979 , a group of enthusiasts purchased for restoration . Numerous volunteers helped to restore the mill to full working order over an eight @-@ year period . The mill is open to the public , and flour ground at the mill can be bought at the site . - The mill is a small four storey tower mill with Patent sails and by a . It drives two pairs of , with a third pair driven by an auxiliary engine . - - = = History = = - - The at was built by George for William Button in 1819 . It replaced a post mill which had been moved to Sandy Lane , , Norfolk the previous year . The mill was set to work on Christmas Day 1819 . In 1832 , the mill was modernised by the fitting of a cast @-@ iron , Patent sails and a . The new was fitted on 16 July 1832 . It was made by J , the Kings Lynn , and weighs 1 tons ( 1 @,@ 780 kg ) . A new stock was fitted in September 1836 . William Button died on 11 February 1837 . The mill passed jointly to his widow Rebecca and their son Richard . Richard Button worked the mill until 1860 , at which date it was conveyed to his sons Richard and William , who sold it to Richard from , Norfolk in 1862 . - The mill was worked by Stephen , Richard 's son . He inherited the mill on the death of his father in 1875 and leased it to Henry Bryant in 1879 . In 1884 , the mill was sold by auction , and Henry Bryant purchased the . Bryant rebuilt the floors of the mill . From 1892 , a portable steam engine was used as auxiliary power , driving an extra pair of on the ground floor . This was replaced in 1914 by a oil engine . Bryant ran the mill until 1920 when he sold it to Vincent , a retired from , Norfolk . The engine was sold in the early 1920s . The mill was , and as a result one pair of sails was removed . Vincent carried out some repairs to the mill and ran it until he retired in 1924 . One of the remaining two sails was wrecked in 1926 when the mill was again . - On the death of Vincent in 1932 , his son George inherited the property . He lived at the site in an old until his death in 1973 . The mill passed to his daughter , who sold it in 1974 to Mr and Mrs , who intended to convert it into a house . They later changed their minds and offered it for sale for restoration . In 1976 , the cap of the mill was blown to pieces in a gale . was purchased by five members of the Suffolk Mills Group in November 1979 , and plans for restoration were made . The consortium consisted of Mark , Charles , Peter , David and Chris . The mill and an acre of land cost £ 6 @,@ 000 . - - = = Restoration = = - - The mill was restored over a period of six years . Much of the work was carried out by enthusiasts who used working holidays to repair the mill . - - = = = 1979 – 1980 = = = - - The consortium took possession of the mill in November 1979 . The first priority was to make the mill as as possible . sheets were spread on the dust floor of the mill to prevent further water penetration of the structure . The mill was surveyed and recorded . In spring 1980 , the dust floor partially collapsed and was removed as a safety measure . was erected to allow the to be dismantled , and the cap centering wheels were removed in preparation for the removal of the cap frame . - A two @-@ week work @-@ in was held at the end of July and beginning of August 1980 . Thirty @-@ three volunteers worked on the mill over the work @-@ in . Two new main floor beams for the dust floor were made from of pitch pine which had previously been in a at Bury St . On 3 August 1980 , the and remaining sail fragments were removed by a mobile crane , followed by the cap frame and the cast @-@ iron curb sections . - New oak were laid on the dust floor and temporary boarding laid to provide a working platform for repairs to the top of the mill tower . The bin floor was removed , apart from one oak main beam which was . A replacement main beam was made from pitch pine , and the oak beam was repaired . New oak were fitted , along with some salvaged from the original floor which were fit to be reused . One of these had previously been a whip from a Common sail . Some of the were made from pitch pine from the , which , following its collapse on 19 February 1977 , had been re @-@ erected at the Museum of East Anglian Life , . The hoist was dismantled to enable its repair , brickwork was repaired , and new were made for some of the windows . A was secured over the mill tower to keep the weather out over winter . The on the bin floor were replaced and one of the two pairs of was removed . - The work was financed by grants of £ 500 from the Council for the Preservation of Rural Essex , £ 250 from St Borough Council , £ 200 from the Trust , and £ 200 from the Suffolk Mills Group . Other donations and income amounted to £ 65 , with the balance of expenditure being met jointly by the five owners . - The " work @-@ in " was reported in both local and national media , including BBC Look East , Bury Free Press , Eastern Daily Press , East Anglian Daily Times , Daily Telegraph , and Radio Orwell . - - = = = 1981 = = = - - In the 1981 season two separate work @-@ ins were held , the first from 25 July to 2 August and the second from 22 August to 30 August . A total of 37 volunteers participated over the two weeks . - The were removed from the stone floor , which was then repaired . One of the main beams was found to have been attacked by Death Watch beetles , and over a third of the beam was replaced with oak . The six supports for the frame were repaired one at a time , as they bore the whole of the weight of the machinery above . One post required replacement . It had and the floor had sunk by 4 inches ( 100 mm ) causing the second main floor beam to fracture . When this work had been completed , the stone floor was removed , including the second main floor beam , which was removed in one piece so that the most suitable route to install its replacement could be assessed . - The new main beam for the stone floor was installed and the ground floor was . The stone floor was reconstructed , reusing the old stone bearers and those that were fit for reuse . Other were made new from oak or pitch pine . New were laid in the dust floor , the 1 1 ⁄ 4 inches ( 32 mm ) thick boards being double @-@ grooved with a metal tongue between them . Those on the bin floor are of a similar configuration . The top four courses of brickwork of the mill tower were removed and work began on rebuilding them , aided by a attached to the upright shaft . - During the second work @-@ in , the remainder of the stone floor was boarded , again using double @-@ grooved boards with a metal tongue between them . The window on the dust floor was rebuilt and the reconstruction of the top four courses of brickwork continued . The top two courses were rebuilt with red engineering bricks . The dust floor window had a reinforced concrete cast as the tower was weak at this point and had distorted . The , the curb segments and were given two coats of red lead paint . A new for the cap was made from a piece of oak 3 feet ( 910 mm ) long by 16 inches ( 410 mm ) diameter . A start was made on removing the old pointing on the brickwork and with mortar . - After the work @-@ in had finished , the boarding of the stone floor was completed and the mill thoroughly cleaned in preparation for an open day which was held in late autumn . The work done in 1981 cost £ 3 @,@ 250 . received were £ 2 @,@ 000 from , £ 1 @,@ from the Historic Buildings Council and £ 130 from St Borough Council . Other donations and income received amounted to £ 70 . The project received further coverage in local media , the Eastern Daily Press , and South Norfolk News . - - = = = 1982 = = = - - The 1982 work @-@ ins took place from 24 July to 1 August and 21 August to 29 August . The work planned included the completion of the brickwork at the top of the tower , installation of the curb , a start on the construction of the new cap , installing machinery and making and fitting various doors and windows . The cap frame was constructed , incorporating two beams from the original cap frame that were fit to be reused . The cap frame was completed in autumn 1982 . It had been constructed upside down and a mobile crane was used to turn it over and place the into position . - - = = = 1983 = = = - - Work in the early part of 1983 was mainly confined to smaller jobs such as casting various and overhaul of the various parts of the and mechanism for controlling the Patent sails . The mill was generally made as safe as possible inside in preparation for scheduled visits , including one from the Wind and Section of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Other work included the overhaul of the final drive to the 4 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 40 m ) stones , including the stone nut and replacement of three in beech . - When the weather improved , work commenced outside . The cap circle was mostly constructed before the first work @-@ in commenced . The work @-@ ins took place over two separate weeks in July and August , with 35 people participating . During the first work @-@ in , the posts and were fitted . The oak cap ribs , which had been prefabricated were fitted and the was supported by scaffolding ready for final fitting . of oak were fitted and the was pulled into position using a . The cap frame was competed with the fitting of intermediate ribs and . The rear of the cap circle was also completed during this time . - Between the two work @-@ ins , the rear was completed and the fitting of to the cap frame completed . This enabled a start to be made on boarding the cap on the Monday of the second work @-@ in . The boards for the cap are ½ inch ( 13 mm ) thick and 9 inches ( 230 mm ) wide at the , towards the top . A new neck bearing was installed under the , not without difficulty and much before it would fit . When the boarding of the cap was completed , the cover strips were fitted over the joints . The was drawn into position using a rope and , and the steel reinforcing band into position , producing a structure . The striking rod was fitted through the and the axle for the fitted in position on top of the posts . At the top of the mill tower , the curb was prepared to accept the cap , and the cast iron curb track plates into position . of the brickwork of the tower continued , with nearly half of it completed at the end of the second work @-@ in . - After the work @-@ ins had ended , work continued on finishing the cap which was scheduled for lift @-@ on in October . The weather hampered the work initially , but the application of a modern paint , designed to withstand normal movement of the timber and yet remain , was completed in time for the lift @-@ on . A mini work @-@ in was held the weekend before the cap was lifted , with 17 people participating over the weekend . Final work was done to the cap and a new window was fitted to the stone floor of the mill . The was removed and the dismantled . The 5 @-@ ton cap was lifted into place by a mobile crane on 24 October 1983 , watched by a crowd of some 70 people . The fitting of the cap was with beer from , . - Restoration work in 1983 cost £ 1 @,@ . Grants were received from the Association of Independent Museums , ' Norton Women 's Institute , Ipswich Historical Transport Society , the National Association for Children , Mr D. Porter and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Further income came from the sale of guide books and a drawing of the mill by . - - = = = 1984 = = = - - Four work @-@ ins were held during 1984 . The first two were by from Eastern Electricity Board . was chosen at the project to benefit from the Young Person 's Development Project for that year . had previously benefited from the project , and its owners , the Suffolk Preservation Trust , had suggested that would be a good candidate for the scheme . Two separate parties spent a week each at the mill . A electricity supply was provided . An underground cable was laid with assistance from British Telecom who were a thrust which had been developed at their research facility at Heath . The thrust laid 25 yards ( 23 m ) of through which the cable was pulled into position . The mill was then supplied with lights and on each floor . - Other work undertaken by the involved repairing some damage to the foundation brickwork , digging a drainage trench around the mill and moving the auxiliary engine into position . A concrete path around the tower was trapping moisture , leading to rising . A French drain was constructed around the mill to remedy these problem . A 21 horsepower ( 16 kW ) & diesel engine had been purchased in 1981 and was fitted onto a permanent concrete base with the aid of a mobile crane . After fitting it was then painted . Some missing or broken parts were made or repaired as necessary . - Off @-@ site , the new brake wheel and were made . The original brake wheel was too rotten to repair , and showed evidence that it had been altered from the original one installed in 1819 . The original brake wheel was 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) diameter to allow the Common sails to run at their speed . When the mill was modernised in 1832 it was necessary to alter the gear ratios within the mill , as Patent sails run at a slower speed than Common sails . The great spur wheel was increased in diameter and the stone nuts reduced in diameter . The brake wheel was also rebuilt , with a cast iron segment ring fitted in place of the original , resulting in a wheel 7 feet 2 inches ( 2 @.@ 18 m ) in diameter . The opinion of professional was sought , and it was decided that a scaled @-@ up version of the original brake wheel would be made , but retaining the cast iron teeth segments . The remains of the original brake wheel were retained as an exhibit in the mill . The original iron segments were all broken , so a pattern was made and new segments were cast in heat @-@ treated malleable cast iron . When the brake wheel was completed it was dismantled and transported to the mill ready for . - The was made . Some of the small were replaced . The stocks were made from pitch pine and the from Douglas fir . Work at the mill over the winter included repairs to the brickwork and windows , with only one window still needing attention when the first work @-@ in began . New beech were fitted to the crown wheel , which was restored to its correct position on the upright shaft . - The stocks and sails were made during the two work @-@ ins held in July and August , a total of 41 people attending over the two weeks . A second @-@ hand stock had been bought in the 1920s and preserved at the mill , but upon examination it was found to be unfit for use . Thus two new stocks were required instead of one . Modern steel stocks had already been discounted on cost and grounds , leaving two options . Traditional stocks made from a single piece of timber , or stocks . Good quality pitch pine was not in the lengths required . Douglas fir was in such lengths but was discounted on strength and grounds . A Douglas fir stock on a nearby mill had after only seven years . Thus it was decided that stocks would be made . - The 52 feet ( 15 @.@ 85 m ) long stocks were made from Douglas fir . All timber had been pressure treated with and well . It was estimated that a stock would be up to 20 % stronger than a similar stock of solid timber . The timber used was 1 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 38 mm ) thick and nine were required at the centre , where the stock passes through the poll end of the . attention was paid to where individual joints occurred between different pieces of timber . Both stocks were made during the work @-@ in , with one of them being trimmed and finished ready for use . The stocks were the first stocks made by amateurs . - The four sails were made . The originals being slightly different pairs . Those on the inner stock having bays of 3 feet ( 910 mm ) pitch and those on the outer stock having bays of 3 feet 2 inches ( 970 mm ) pitch . It was decided that the new sails would be identical , at the larger pitch . Four 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 23 m ) long were cut from a of pitch pine obtained from a demolished at Bury St . The are 6 inches ( 150 mm ) square at their inner end . bars and were made from modern pitch pine , selected for quality . The for the sail bars were cut . That at the heel of the sail being at 27 ° and that at the tip being 15 ° , decreasing by 1 ½ ° at each sail bar . Three of the four sails had been completed at the end of the work in . - The and associated was fitted to the mill . At the end of the second work @-@ in , the cap could be turned by means of the hand . The itself , with the painted red , white and blue was installed shortly afterwards . The arm brake wheel was assembled around the . It was found that the was eccentric on the upright shaft by ½ inch ( 13 mm ) . When this was corrected the brake wheel was within 1 / 16 of an inch ( less than 1 mm ) of true . The for the stocks were from a of pitch pine ready for completion later in the year . Other work included a new frame for one of the ground floor doors , cleaning and painting and further on the brickwork . The four sails were fitted to the mill with the aid of a mobile crane at the end of the second work @-@ in . The stock , with one sail attached was carefully inserted through the poll end of the and when in position and the had been attached the second sail was fitted to the stock . The process was repeated for the second pair of sails . The mill turned by wind again on the last day of the second work @-@ in . - Work later in the year included the finishing of the fourth sail , balancing the and sorting out troubles with the . The brake and brake lever were made and installed and for the sails were cast . - Restoration work in 1984 cost £ 2 @,@ 918 . Grants received were £ 1 @,@ from English Heritage , £ 500 from St Borough Council , Other donations amounted to £ 52 . from open days at the mill came to £ 151 . A boost to the funds was £ 2 @,@ 000 from . This money had been allocated to allow the moving of a post mill buck to . In the end , the removal was not proceeded with , and Mr allowed the donation to remain with the Mill Preservation Trust . The project received further support in local media , including the East Anglian Daily Times , one of the work @-@ ins being featured on Television 's About programme . - - = = = 1985 - 87 = = = - - Work planned for 1985 included the replacement of the dust floor window and completion of the stocks and sails . The external walls of the mill were and internal walls plastered . Two work @-@ ins were held , from 20 July to 28 July and 17 August to 26 August . Further work over the next two years saw the restoration completed in 1987 . - - = = Restoration team = = - - The restoration of was made possible by the efforts of 135 individuals and 61 organisations . This was achieved by the donation of labour , plant , materials or grants of money , or by giving for materials purchased or providing publicity for the project . - - = = Description = = - - Terms explained in the Mill machinery article are in italics - As built in 1819 - A four @-@ storey tower mill with Common sails carried on a wooden , driving two pairs of . wheel 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) diameter . was by hand . - As restored - The four @-@ storey tower is built of brick , and stands 31 feet 5 inches ( 9 @.@ 58 m ) from ground level to the curb . The walls are 2 feet ( 610 mm ) thick at ground level . The mill is described from the top down . - The cap sits on top of the tower , giving the mill an overall height of 45 feet ( 13 @.@ 72 m ) to the . It houses the cast @-@ iron and 7 feet 2 inches ( 2 @.@ 18 m ) diameter wooden brake wheel internally . the four double Patent sails span 64 feet ( 19 @.@ 51 m ) . They are 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 74 m ) wide and can develop 30 horsepower ( 22 kW ) . The eight keeps the mill turned into wind . - The top floor of the mill is the dust floor . It could be used for storage of grain and gives internal access to the cap . The cast @-@ iron , which is driven by the brake wheel is carried at the top of the upright shaft , in the centre of the mill . - The bin floor is where the grain is stored before being ground into flour . The hoist mechanism is housed on this floor , driven from the wooden crown wheel on the floor below by belt . - The stone floor is where the two pairs of French Burr are located . The stones are 4 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 32 m ) and 4 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 40 m ) diameter . The wooden crown wheel is located towards the ceiling . This drives the hoist on the bin floor . Other machinery on this floor are an and a flour . - The ground floor of the mill is the meal floor . It is where the ground flour is delivered for up . The wooden great spur wheel , located at the bottom of the extended upright shaft and stone nuts are located on this floor . The great spur wheel has been converted from arm construction to arm construction . A third pair of 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 37 m ) diameter French Burr is located on a frame , driven by the auxiliary engine via a fast and loose . - - = = = = - - William Button 1819 @-@ 37 - Rebecca Button ? ? - Richard Button 18 ? ? - William Button 1860 @-@ 62 - Richard Button ( Jr ) 1860 @-@ 62 - Stephen 1862 @-@ 79 - Henry Bryant 1879 @-@ 1920 - Vincent 1920 @-@ 24 - George Vincent 1920 @-@ 24 - Reference for above : - - - = = Culture and media = = - - A video of the restoration of the mill was produced by . - - = = Public access = = - - Mill is open to the public on Easter Monday , the Sunday of the late May and August bank holidays and the first Sunday in July , August and September . It is also open at other times by prior arrangement . - - - = Mouth = - - " Mouth " is the first segment of the 18th episode of the second season , or the 38th overall episode of the American animated television series . The episode was directed by Andrew , and was written by Walt , Paul , and Williams . and also served as storyboard directors , and Carson , William , and Erik worked as storyboard artists . It originally aired on in the United States on September 21 , 2001 . - The series follows the adventures and of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of . In this episode , reads a " bad word " off a behind the , but does not know what it means . Patrick explains to him that it is a " sentence " which is used " when you want to talk fancy . " The two start using it in every sentence they speak . However , when Mr. hears them , he warns the two never to use the word again or any of the 13 bad words . Later on , accidentally swears again . Patrick then runs to tell Mr. with trying to stop him . However , when Mr. accidentally his toe , he all the 13 bad words . The two cannot believe it and run to Mama to tell on him . Mama , who is by their use of the words , makes the three paint her house as punishment . - The episode received positive reviews , while various members of the crew consider the episode to be one of their favorites , mainly due to the satirical nature of the episode . However , the episode was not immune to negative reception , and was criticized by media group the Parents Television Council and fans , who interpreted the episode as an example of promoting and implicitly use of towards children . - - = = Plot summary = = - - When goes around to the back of the to take out the trash , he reads some words written on a . asks Patrick what is it and Patrick says that the word is a " sentence " which is used " when you want to talk fancy . " The next day , walks into the and says the word to Patrick and then over the . The customers are by 's use of his " word " and leave . then informs Mr. , who then decides to tell them that they were using , and mentions that there are 13 words they should not use . and Patrick vow Mr. that they will never use words again . - Later , they play their favorite game , and . Patrick always gets but always gets . Eventually , he loses the game and accidentally the word . Patrick then races to the to tell Mr. with trying to stop him . bursts through the front door and tells Mr. that Patrick said the word , Patrick then joins along . Eventually , Mr. stops their explanations , and takes and Patrick outside and makes them paint the as punishment . - Mr. is about to give and Patrick the job , but he hits his foot on a rock , throws the paint away and says all 13 words while complaining about his foot being injured . When and Patrick hear all the words , they run to Mama ' house to tell her that Mr. swears . When they all reach her house , they repeat the same words that Mr. used . This makes her faint , but shortly after Mr. and Patrick for saying all those bad words in front of her she consciousness . Mama states that all three of them should be for saying all those words . She then gives all three of them the task of painting her house with a fresh coat of paint as punishment for saying those words at her . - - = = Production = = - - " Mouth " was directed by Andrew , and was written by Walt , Paul , and Williams . and also served as storyboard directors , and Carson , William and Erik worked as storyboard artists . Series creator Stephen has described the episode plot as " a classic thing all kids go through . " Much of the storyline for the episode was inspired by the writers ' own experiences from childhood . The episode originally aired on in the United States on September 21 , 2001 . The episode marks the introduction of Mr. ' mother , Mama , who was voiced by former creative producer and current executive producer Paul . - The writing staff used their individual childhood experiences as inspirations to come up with much of the story lines for this episode . The idea for " Mouth " was inspired by creative director Derek 's experience " [ when ] I got in trouble for saying the f @-@ word in front of my mother . " said , " The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. to , with chasing him , is pretty much how it happened in real life . " The end of the episode , where Mr. uses more than and Patrick , was also inspired " by the fact that my [ 's ] mother has a sailor mouth herself . " - The scene where and Patrick playing a game of and , which is a parody of and , was difficult for the crew to , since many shots featured certain board pieces changing location . According to the series ' season 2 DVD commentary , it was planned to have a scene that had saying " Go ' noise ' yourself " followed by Patrick saying " ' noise ' you too ! " during the and game . It was removed in the final episode check because it would have been inappropriate for the younger audience . - " Mouth " was released on the DVD compilation called : Sea Stories on March 12 , 2002 . It was also included in the : The Complete 2nd Season DVD released on October 19 , 2004 . On September 22 , 2009 , " Mouth " was released on the : The First 100 Episodes , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . - - = = Reception = = - - Erik , a member of the crew , considers " Mouth " to be his favorite episode , mainly due to its random and satirical nature , saying " Sometimes just catches me off @-@ guard . " Nancy of About.com ranked the episode at number two for her list of the Top 10 Episodes . She said " ' Mouth ' just barely missed being in the number one slot . " praised the episode 's plot and called it " genius [ ... ] because children can relate to the forbidden of using curse words , and adults can laugh at the parody of TV censorship . " In an interview with Paul , one of the episode 's writers , he told that " Mouth " is his second favorite episode . - - = = = Criticism and controversy = = = - - According to a report titled Wolves in 's , which documents the increase in potentially violent , , and sexual content in children 's programming , the Parents Television Council , a media group , and fans believed the episode " Mouth " was an implicit attempt to promote and use of among children . The episode originally aired during the 2001 – 02 television season , ironically the season in which the PTC named among the best programs on cable television , but the report cited a repeat broadcast of the episode from 2005 to prove its point that it promoted use of among children . In a later report , several members of the PTC listed " Mouth " as an example of how levels of , sexual , and violent activity has increased in children 's television programming . , in response to the incident , said " It 's sad and a little desperate that they to literally putting language in the mouths of our characters to make a point . Has the FCC looked at this ? " Richard of the New York Daily News criticized the report for an episode of , " Mouth " , over its intent to implicitly . - - - = Military history of Australia = - - The military history of Australia spans the nation 's 220 @-@ year modern history , from the early Australian frontier wars between and Europeans to the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan in the early 21st century . Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations , Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars , and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity , including the Anzac spirit . The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and its unique security dilemma . - As British , the Australian colonies participated in Britain 's small wars of the 19th century , while later as a dominion , and then an independent nation , Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War , as well as in the wars in Korea , Malaya , Borneo and Vietnam during the Cold War . In the Post @-@ Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international peacekeeping missions , through the United Nations and other agencies , including in the Sinai , Persian Gulf , , Somalia , East Timor and the Solomon Islands , while more recently they have also fought as part of multi @-@ lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan . In total , nearly 103 @,@ 000 Australians died during the course of these conflicts . - - = = War and Australian society = = - - For most of the last century military service has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males , and although this is now changing due to the professionalisation of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century , it continues to influence Australian society to this day . War and military service have been defining influences in Australian history , while a major part of the national identity has been built on an conception of the Australian experience of war and of , known as the Anzac spirit . These ideals include notions of endurance , courage , ingenuity , humour , , and ; traits which , according to popular thought , defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War . The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity . - The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture : with a powerful ally and expeditionary warfare . Indeed , Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the Japanese crisis of 1942 , while since then an alliance with the United States has its security . , this pattern of — both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs , as well as for more security concerns — has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies . Regardless , a tendency towards strategic has also been evident , with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to resources until a crisis arises ; a trait which has historically resulted in for major military challenges . - Reflecting both the realist and liberal of international relations and the conception of national interests , a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious . Such themes include : an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics , the of notions of sovereignty , a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a of security , and the proposition that the status in international affairs should only be changed peacefully . Likewise , , collective security and defence self @-@ reliance have also been important themes . Change has been more evolutionary than revolutionary and these strategic have persisted throughout its history , being the product of Australian society 's democratic political tradition and @-@ Christian Anglo @-@ European heritage , as well its associated values , beliefs and economic , political and religious ideology . These are also reflective of its unique security dilemma as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia @-@ Pacific , and the circumstances of a middle power physically removed from the centres of world power . To be sure , during threats to the core Australia has often found itself defending the periphery and perhaps as a result , it has frequently become involved in foreign wars . Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers — known colloquially as — have often been noted , somewhat , for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities . - - = = Colonial era = = - - - = = = British Forces in Australia , 1788 – 1870 = = = - - From 1788 until 1870 the defence of the Australian colonies was mostly provided by British Army regular forces . Originally Marines protected the early settlements at Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island , however they were relieved of these duties in 1790 by a British Army unit specifically recruited for colonial service , known as the New South Wales Corps . The New South Wales Corps subsequently was involved in putting down a rebellion of Irish convicts at Castle Hill in 1804 . Soon however shortcomings in the corps convinced the War Office of the need for a more reliable garrison in New South Wales and Van 's Land . Chief of these shortcomings was the Rum Rebellion , a coup mounted by its officers in 1808 . As a result , in January 1810 the 73rd ( ) Regiment of Foot arrived in Australia . By 1870 , 25 British infantry regiments had served in Australia , as had a small number of artillery and engineer units . - Although the primary role of the British Army was to protect the colonies against external attack , no actual threat ever . The British Army was instead used in policing , guarding convicts at penal institutions , combating , putting down convict rebellions — as occurred at Bathurst in 1830 — and to suppress Aboriginal resistance to the extension of European settlement . Notably British soldiers were involved in the battle at the in 1854 on the Victorian . Members of British regiments stationed in Australia also saw action in India , Afghanistan , New Zealand and the Sudan . - During the early years of settlement the naval defence of Australia was provided by detached Royal Navy units of the East Indies Station , based in Sydney . However , in 1859 Australia was established as a separate squadron under the command of a , marking the first occasion that Royal Navy ships had been permanently stationed in Australia . The Royal Navy remained the primary naval force in Australian waters until 1913 , when the Australia Station ceased and responsibility handed over to the Royal Australian Navy ; the Royal Navy 's depots , dockyards and structures were given to the Australian people . - - = = = Frontier warfare , 1788 – 1934 = = = - - The reactions of the native Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden arrival of British settlers in Australia were varied , but were inevitably hostile when the settler 's presence led to competition over resources , and to the occupation of the indigenous inhabitants ' lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation . By and large neither the British nor the approached the conflict in an organised sense and conflict occurred between groups of settlers and individual tribes rather than systematic warfare . At times , however , the frontier wars did see the involvement of British soldiers and later mounted police units . Not all Aboriginal groups resisted white encroachment on their lands , while many served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes . - Fighting between and Europeans was localised as the did not form capable of sustained resistance . As a result , there was not a single war , but rather a series of violent engagements and massacres across the continent . or disorganised however , a pattern of frontier warfare emerged with Aboriginal resistance beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the early 20th century . This warfare the popular and at times academic " myth " of peaceful settlement in Australia . Faced with Aboriginal resistance settlers often reacted with violence , resulting in a number of indiscriminate massacres . Among the most famous is the Battle of in Western Australia in 1834 . Such incidents were not officially sanctioned however , and after the Creek massacre in New South Wales in 1838 seven Europeans were hanged for their part in the killings . However , in Tasmania the so @-@ called Black War was fought between 1828 and 1832 , and aimed at driving most of the island 's native inhabitants onto a number of isolated peninsulas . Although it began in failure for the British , it ultimately resulted in considerable casualties amongst the native population . - It may be inaccurate though to depict the conflict as one sided and mainly by Europeans on . Although many more died than British , this may have had more to do with the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by the Europeans . Aboriginal tactics varied , but were mainly based on pre @-@ existing hunting and fighting practices — using , clubs and other primitive weapons . Unlike the indigenous peoples of New Zealand and North America , on the main failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans . Although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms , this was not widespread . The were never a serious military threat to European settlers , regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them . On occasions large groups of attacked the settlers in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued , during which the would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage . This could sometimes be effective , with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents , waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their while the settlers . However , such open warfare usually proved more costly for the than the Europeans . - Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms . However , the advantages afforded by firearms have often been . Prior to the late 19th century , firearms were often muzzle @-@ loading , smooth @-@ bore , single shot with flint @-@ lock mechanisms . Such weapons produced a low rate of fire , while suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . These deficiencies may have initially given the an advantage , allowing them to move in close and engage with or clubs . Yet by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage , with the six @-@ shot revolver , the single shot breech @-@ loading rifle and later the @-@ Henry rifle , as well as rapid @-@ fire rifles such as the Winchester rifle , becoming available . These weapons , when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of , often proved successful . The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast @-@ moving , often hidden enemies . Tactics employed included night @-@ time surprise attacks , and positioning forces to drive the natives off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks . - The conflict lasted for over 150 years and followed the pattern of British settlement in Australia . Beginning in New South Wales with the arrival of the first Europeans in May 1788 , it continued in Sydney and its surrounds until the 1820s . As the frontier moved west so did the conflict , pushing into outback New South Wales in the 1840s . In Tasmania , fighting can be traced from 1804 to the 1830s , while in Victoria and the southern parts of South Australia , the majority of the violence occurred during the 1830s and 1840s . The south @-@ west of Western Australia experienced warfare from 1829 to 1850 . The war in Queensland began in the area around Brisbane in the 1840s and continued until 1860 , moving to central Queensland in the 1850s and 1860s , and then to northern Queensland from the 1860s to 1900 . In Western Australia , the violence moved north with European settlement , reaching the region by 1880 , with violent clashes continuing until the 1920s . In the Northern Territory conflict lasted even later still , especially in central Australia , continuing from the 1880s to the 1930s . One estimate of casualties places European deaths at 2 @,@ 500 , while at least 20 @,@ 000 are believed to have perished . Far more devastating though was the effect of disease which significantly reduced the Aboriginal population by the beginning of the 20th century ; a fact which may also have limited their ability to resist . - - = = = New Zealand Wars , 1861 – 64 = = = - - - = = = = War = = = = - - In 1861 , the Victorian ship Victoria was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against Māori in . Victoria was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support , although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications . One sailor died from an accidental gunshot wound during the deployment . - - = = = = Invasion of the = = = = - - In late 1863 , the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the province against the Māori . settlement on confiscated land , more than 2 @,@ 500 Australians ( over half of whom were from Victoria ) were recruited to form four Regiments . Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers . Despite experiencing conditions the Australians were not heavily involved in battle , and were primarily used for patrolling and garrison duties . Australians were involved in actions at , East , Hill , and Te . than 20 were believed to have been killed in action . The conflict was over by 1864 , and the Regiments disbanded in 1867 . However , many of the soldiers who had chosen to claim farmland at the cessation of hostilities had drifted to the towns and cities by the end of the decade , while many others had returned to Australia . - - = = = Colonial military forces , 1870 – 1901 = = = - - From 1870 until 1901 , each of the six colonial governments was responsible for their own defence . The colonies had gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890 , and while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs , the Governor of the each colony was required to raise their own colonial militia . To do this , they were granted the authority from the British crown to raise military and naval forces . Initially these were militias in support of British regulars , but when military support for the colonies ended in 1870 , the colonies assumed their own defence responsibilities . The colonial military forces included unpaid volunteer militia , paid citizen soldiers , and a small permanent component . They were mainly infantry , cavalry and mounted infantry , and were neither housed in barracks nor subject to full military discipline . Even after significant reforms in the 1870s — including the expansion of the permanent forces to include engineer and artillery units — they remained too small and to be considered armies in the modern sense . By 1885 , the forces numbered 21 @,@ 000 men . Although they could not be compelled to serve overseas many volunteers subsequently did see action in a number conflicts of the British Empire during the 19th century , with the colonies raising to serve in Sudan , South Africa and China . - Despite a reputation of colonial , many of the locally raised units were highly organised , disciplined , professional , and well trained . During this period , defences in Australia mainly revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery , based on garrisoned coastal forts . However , by the 1890s , improved railway communications between the mainland eastern colonies led Major General James Edwards — who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces — to the belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid of brigades of infantry . As a consequence he called for a of defences , and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies . Edwards argued for the colonial forces to be and for professional units — obliged to serve anywhere in the South Pacific — to replace the volunteer forces . These views found support in the influential New South Wales Commandant , Major General Edward Hutton , however suspicions held by the smaller colonies towards New South Wales and Victoria the proposal . These reforms remaining unresolved however , and defence issues were generally given little attention in the debate on the political federation of the colonies . - With the exception of Western Australia , the colonies also operated their own navies . In 1856 , Victoria received its own naval vessel , Victoria , and its deployment to New Zealand in 1860 during the First War marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas . The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid @-@ 1880s and consisted of a number of gunboats and torpedo @-@ boats for the defence of harbours and rivers , as well as naval brigades to man vessels and forts . Victoria became the most powerful of all the colonial navies , with the ironclad Cerberus in service from 1870 , as well as the steam @-@ sail warship HMS Nelson on loan from the Royal Navy , three small gunboats and five torpedo @-@ boats . New South Wales formed a Naval Brigade in 1863 and by the start of the 20th century had two small torpedo @-@ boats and a . The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was established in 1885 , while South Australia operated a single ship , HMCS Protector . Tasmania had also a small Torpedo Corps , while Western Australia 's only naval defences included the Fremantle Naval Artillery . Naval personnel from New South Wales and Victoria took part in the suppression of the Rebellion in China in 1900 , while HMCS Protector was sent by South Australia but saw no action . The separate colonies maintained control over their military and naval forces until Federation in 1901 , when they were amalgamated and placed under the control of the new Commonwealth of Australia . - - = = = Sudan , 1885 = = = - - During the early years of the 1880s , an Egyptian regime in the Sudan , backed by the British , came under threat from rebellion under the leadership of native Muhammad Ahmad ( or Ahmed ) , known as Mahdi to his followers . In 1883 , as part of the War , the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt , but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of their forces . The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan , and sent General Charles Gordon to co @-@ the evacuation , but he was killed in January 1885 . When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885 , the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent 's expenses . The New South Wales consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers , and an artillery battery of 212 men and sailed from Sydney on 3 March 1885 . - The contingent arrived in on 29 March and were attached to a brigade that consisted of Scots , and Guards . They subsequently marched for in a large " square " formation made up of 10 @,@ 000 men . Reaching the village , they burned and returned to : three Australians were wounded in minor fighting . Most of the contingent was then sent to work on a railway line that was being laid across the desert towards , on the Nile . The Australians were then assigned to guard duties , but soon a camel corps was raised and 50 men volunteered . They on a reconnaissance to on 6 May and were heavily involved in a during which more than 100 Arabs were killed or captured . On 15 May , they made one last sortie to bury the dead from the fighting of the previous March . Meanwhile , the artillery were posted at and drilled for a month , but they soon rejoined the camp at . - Eventually the British government decided that the campaign in Sudan was not worth the effort required and left a garrison in . The New South Wales sailed for home on 17 May , arriving in Sydney on 19 June 1885 . Approximately 770 Australians served in Sudan ; nine subsequently died of disease during the return journey while three had been wounded during the campaign . - - = = = Second Boer War , 1899 – 1902 = = = - - British encroachment into areas of South Africa already settled by the and the competition for resources and land that developed between them as a result , led to the Second Boer War in 1899 . Pre @-@ the deployment of British forces , the of the Orange Free State and the Republic under President Paul declared war on 11 October 1899 , striking deep into the British territories of Natal and the Cape Colony . After the outbreak of war , plans for the dispatch of a combined Australian force were subsequently set aside by the British War Office and each of the six colonial governments sent separate to serve with British formations , with two squadrons each of 125 men from New South Wales and Victoria , and one each from the other colonies . The first troops arrived three weeks later , with the New South Wales — who had been training in England before the war , diverted to South Africa . On 22 November , the came under fire for the first time near , and they subsequently forced their attackers to withdraw after inflicting significant casualties on them . - Following a series of minor victories , the British suffered a major setback during Black Week between 10 – 17 December 1899 , although no Australian units were involved . The first of infantry from Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia , and Tasmania arrived in Cape Town on 26 November and were designated the Australian Regiment under the command of Colonel John Charles . With a need for increased mobility , they were soon converted into mounted infantry . Further units from Queensland and New South Wales arrived in December and were soon committed to the front . The first casualties occurred soon after at on 1 January 1900 , after 250 Queensland Mounted Infantry and a column of Canadians , British and artillery attacked a Boer at . David and Victor Jones were killed when their patrol clashed with the Boer forward . Regardless , the were surprised and during two hours of heavy fighting , more than 50 were killed and another 40 taken prisoner . Five hundred and the New South Wales subsequently took part in the Siege of in February 1900 . - Despite serious set @-@ backs at , , , and in January — and with still under siege — the British mounted a five division counter @-@ invasion of the Orange Free State in February . The attacking force included a division of cavalry commanded by Lieutenant General John French with the New South Wales , Queensland Mounted Infantry and New South Wales Army Medical Corps attached . First , was relieved following the battles of River and , and the retreating defeated at , with the New South Wales Mounted Rifles locating the Boer general , . The British entered on 13 March 1900 , while was relieved . Disease began to take its toll and scores of men died . Still the advance continued , with the drive to in May including more than 3 @,@ 000 Australians . Johannesburg fell on 30 May , and the withdrew from on 3 June . The New South Wales Mounted Rifles and Western Australians saw action again at Diamond Hill on 12 June . was relieved on 17 May . - Following the defeat of the republics still the held out , forming small commando units and conducting a campaign of guerrilla warfare to disrupt British troop movements and lines of supply . This new phase of resistance led to further recruiting in the Australian colonies and the raising of the 's , with these soldiers usually being volunteers with horse @-@ riding and shooting skills , but little military experience . After Federation in 1901 , eight Australian Commonwealth Horse battalions of the newly created Australian Army were also sent to South Africa , although they saw little fighting before the war ended . Some Australians later joined local South African irregular units , instead of returning home after discharge . These soldiers were part of the British Army , and were subject to British military discipline . Such units included the which gained notoriety as the unit in which Harry " " and Peter served in before their court martial and execution for war crimes . - With the guerrillas requiring supplies , de la Rey lead a force of 3 @,@ 000 against , on the River in Western . The post held a large quantity of stores and was defended by 300 Australians and 200 . The attack began on 4 August 1900 with heavy shelling causing 32 casualties . During the night the defenders dug in , enduring shelling and rifle fire . A relief force was stopped by the , while a second column turned back believing that the post had already been relieved . The siege lasted 11 days , during which more than 1 @,@ 800 shells were fired into the post . After calls to surrender were ignored by the defenders , and not prepared to risk a frontal attack , the eventually retired . The Siege of River was one of the major achievements of the Australians during the war , with the post finally relieved on 16 August . - In response the British adopted counter @-@ insurgency tactics , including a earth policy involving the burning of houses and crops , the establishment of concentration camps for Boer women and children , and a system of and field obstacles to limit Boer mobility and to protect railway communications . Such measures required considerable expenditure , and caused much bitterness towards the British , however they soon yielded results . By mid @-@ 1901 , the bulk of the fighting was over , and British mounted units would ride at night to attack Boer or , overwhelming them with superior numbers . of warfare in last months of 1901 , the New South Wales Mounted Rifles travelled 1 @,@ miles ( 2 @,@ km ) and were involved in 13 , killing 27 , wounding 15 , and capturing 196 for the loss of five dead and 19 wounded . Other notable Australian actions included , Pink Hill , and . - Australians were not always successful however , suffering a number of heavy losses late in the war . On 12 June 1901 , the 5th Victorian Mounted Rifles lost 19 killed and 42 wounded at , near after poor security allowed a force of 150 to surprise them . On 30 October 1901 , of the Scottish Horse Regiment also suffered heavy casualties at Gun Hill , although 60 were also killed in the engagement . Meanwhile , at on 4 January 1902 , the 5th Queensland Imperial lost 13 killed and 17 wounded . Ultimately the were defeated , and the war ended on 31 May 1902 . In all 16 @,@ 175 Australians served in South Africa , and perhaps another 10 @,@ 000 enlisted as individuals in Imperial units ; casualties included 251 killed in action , 267 died of disease and 43 missing in action , while a further 735 were wounded . Six Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross . - - = = = Rebellion , 1900 – 01 = = = - - The Rebellion in China began in 1900 , and a number of western nations — including many European powers , the United States , and Japan — soon sent forces as part of the China Field Force to protect their interests . In June , the British government sought permission from the Australian colonies to dispatch ships from the Australian Squadron to China . The colonies also offered to assist further , but as most of their troops were still engaged in South Africa , they had to rely on naval forces for manpower . The force dispatched was a modest one , with Britain accepting 200 men from Victoria , 260 from New South Wales and the South Australian ship HMCS Protector , under the command of Captain William . Most of these forces were made up of naval brigade , who had been trained in both ship handling and to fulfil their coastal defence role . Amongst the naval contingent from New South Wales were 200 naval officers and sailors and 50 permanent soldiers headquartered at Victoria Barracks , Sydney who originally enlisted for the Second Boer War . The soldiers were keen to go to China but refused to be enlisted as sailors , while the New South Wales Naval Brigade objected to having soldiers in their ranks . The Army and Navy compromised and titled the contingent the Marine Light Infantry . - The from New South Wales and Victoria sailed for China on 8 August 1900 . Arriving in , the Australians provided 300 men to an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ strong multinational force tasked with capturing the Chinese forts at Tang , which dominated a key railway . They arrived too late to take part in the battle , but were involved in the attack on the fortress at @-@ Fu , where the Chinese government was believed to have found after was captured by western forces . The joined a force of 7 @,@ 500 men on a ten @-@ day march to the fort , once again only to find that it had already surrendered . The then garrisoned and the New South Wales contingent undertook garrison duties in . HMCS Protector was mostly used for survey , transport , and duties in the Gulf of , before departing in November . The naval brigades remained during the winter , performing policing and guard duties , as well as working as and fire @-@ fighters . They left China in March 1901 , having played only a minor role in a few offensives and punitive expeditions and in the restoration of civil order . Six Australians died from sickness and injury , but none were killed as a result of enemy action . - - = = Australian military forces at Federation , 1901 = = - - The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a result of the federation of the Australian colonies . Under the Constitution of Australia , defence responsibility was now vested in the new federal government . The co @-@ ordination of Australia @-@ wide defensive efforts in the face of Imperial German interest in the Pacific Ocean was one of driving forces behind , and the Department of Defence immediately came into being as a result , while the Commonwealth Military Forces ( early forerunner of the Australian Army ) and Commonwealth Naval Force were also soon established . - The Australian Commonwealth Military Forces came into being on 1 March 1901 and all the colonial forces — including those still in South Africa — became part of the new force . 28 @,@ colonial soldiers , including 1 @,@ 457 professional soldiers , 18 @,@ 603 paid militia and 8 @,@ unpaid volunteers , were subsequently transferred . The individual units continued to be administered under the various colonial Acts until the Defence Act 1903 brought all the units under one piece of legislation . This Act also prevented the raising of standing infantry units and specified that militia forces could not be used in industrial disputes or serve outside Australia . However , the majority of soldiers remained in militia units , known as the Citizen Military Forces ( ) . Major General Sir Edward Hutton — a former commander of the New South Wales Military Forces — subsequently became the first commander of the Commonwealth Military Forces on 26 December and set to work an integrated structure for the new army . In 1911 , following a report by Lord the Royal Military College , was established , as was a system of universal National Service . - Prior to federation each self @-@ governing colony had operated its own naval force . These navies were small and lacked blue water capabilities , forcing the separate colonies to the cost of a British naval squadron in their waters for decades . The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901 , when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created . This new force also lacked blue water capable ships , and ultimately did not lead to a change in Australian naval policy . In 1907 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and , while attending the Imperial Conference in London , sought the British Government 's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy . The Admiralty rejected and resented the challenge , but suggested that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient . Deakin was unimpressed , and in 1908 invited the American Great White Fleet to visit Australia . This visit fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700 @-@ ton River @-@ class destroyers . The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position however and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911 , absorbing the Commonwealth Naval Force . On 4 October 1913 , the new fleet steamed through Sydney Heads , consisting of the battlecruiser Australia , three light cruisers , and three destroyers , while several other ships were still under construction . And as a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force . - The Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) was established as part of the Commonwealth Military Forces in 1912 , prior to the formation of the Australian Military Forces in 1916 and was later separated in 1921 to form the Royal Australian Air Force , making it the second oldest air force in the world . Regardless , the service branches were not linked by a single chain of command however , and each reported to their own minister and had separate administrative arrangements and government departments . - - = = First World War , 1914 – 18 = = - - - = = = of hostilities = = = - - When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War , the Australian government rapidly followed suit , with Prime Minister Joseph Cook declaring on 5 August 1914 that " ... when the Empire is at war , so also is Australia " and reflecting the sentiment of many Australians that any declaration of war by Britain automatically included Australia . This was itself in part due to the large number of British @-@ born citizens and first generation Anglo @-@ Australians that made up the Australian population at the time . Indeed , by the end of the war almost 20 % of those who served in the Australian forces had been born in Britain . - As the existing militia forces were unable to serve overseas under the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 , an all @-@ volunteer expeditionary force known as the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) was formed and recruitment began on 10 August 1914 . The government pledged 20 @,@ 000 men , organised as one infantry division and one light horse brigade plus supporting units . and organisation was primarily regionally based and was undertaken under plans drawn up in 1912 . The first commander was Major General William Bridges , who also assumed command of the 1st Division . Throughout the course of the conflict Australian efforts were predominantly focused upon the ground war , although small air and naval forces were also committed . - - = = = Occupation of German New Guinea = = = - - Following the outbreak of war Australian forces moved quickly to reduce the threat to shipping posed by the proximity of Germany 's Pacific colonies . The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( & ) , a 2000 @-@ man volunteer force — separate from the AIF — and consisting of an infantry battalion plus 500 naval and ex @-@ sailors , was rapidly formed under the command of William Holmes . The objectives of the force were the wireless stations on , and those at Yap in the Caroline Islands , and at Rabaul in German New Guinea . The force reached Rabaul on 11 September 1914 and occupied it the next day , encountering only brief resistance from the German and native defenders during fighting at and . German New Guinea surrendered on 17 September 1914 . Australian losses were light , including six killed during the fighting , but were compounded by the mysterious loss offshore of the submarine with all 35 men aboard . - - = = = Gallipoli = = = - - The AIF departed by ship in a single convoy from Albany on 1 November 1914 . During the journey one of the convoy 's naval escorts — Sydney — engaged and destroyed the German cruiser SMS at the Battle of on 8 November , in the first ship @-@ to @-@ ship action involving the Royal Australian Navy . Although originally bound for England to undergo further training and then for employment on the Western Front , the Australians were instead sent to British @-@ controlled Egypt to pre @-@ any Turkish attack against the strategically important Suez Canal , and with a view to opening another front against the Central Powers . - to knock Turkey out of the war the British then decided to stage an amphibious at Gallipoli and following a period of training and reorganisation the Australians were included amongst the British , Indian and French forces committed to the campaign . The combined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) — commanded by British general William Birdwood — subsequently landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915 . Although promising to transform the war if successful , the Gallipoli Campaign was ill @-@ conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate , without achieving its objectives . Australian casualties totalled 26 @,@ 111 , including 8 @,@ 141 killed . - For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity . Today , the date of the initial landings , 25 April , is known as Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand and every year thousands of people gather at memorials in both nations , as well as Turkey , to honour the bravery and sacrifice of the original , and of all those who have subsequently lost their lives in war . - - = = = Egypt and Palestine = = = - - After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the Australians returned to Egypt and the AIF underwent a major expansion . In 1916 the infantry began to move to France while the cavalry units remained in the Middle East to fight the Turks . Australian troops of the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division saw action in all the major battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign , playing a pivotal role in fighting the Turkish troops that were threatening British control of Egypt . The Australian 's first saw combat during the uprising in the Desert and the Nile Valley , during which the combined British forces successfully put down the primitive pro @-@ Turkish Islamic sect with heavy casualties . The Anzac Mounted Division subsequently saw considerable action in the Battle of Romani against the Turkish between 3 – 5 August 1916 , with the Turks eventually pushed back . Following this victory the British forces went on the offensive in the Sinai , although the pace of the advance was governed by the speed by which the railway and water pipeline could be constructed from the Suez Canal . Rafa was captured on 9 January 1917 , while the last of the small Turkish garrisons in the Sinai were eliminated in February . - The advance entered Palestine and an initial , unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Gaza on 26 March 1917 , while a second and equally unsuccessful attempt was launched on 19 April . A third assault occurred between 31 October and 7 November and this time both the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division took part . The battle was a complete success for the British , over @-@ running the Gaza @-@ Beersheba line and capturing 12 @,@ 000 Turkish soldiers . The critical moment was the capture of Beersheba on the first day , after the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade charged more than 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) . The Turkish trenches were overrun , with the Australians capturing the wells at and securing the valuable water they contained along with over 700 prisoners for the loss of 31 killed and 36 wounded . Later , Australian troops assisted in pushing the Turkish forces out of Palestine and took part in actions at Ridge , Jerusalem and the . The Turkish government surrendered on 30 October 1918 . Units of the Light Horse were subsequently used to help put down a nationalist revolt in Egypt in 1919 and did so with efficiency and brutality , although they suffered a number of fatalities in the process . - Meanwhile , the AFC had undergone remarkable development , and its independence as a separate national force was unique among the . just a single aircraft to German New Guinea in 1914 , the first operational flight did not occur until 27 May 1915 however , when the Half Flight was called upon to assist in protecting British oil interests in Iraq . The AFC was soon expanded and four squadrons later saw action in Egypt , Palestine and on the Western Front , where they performed well . - - = = = Western Front = = = - - Five infantry divisions of the AIF saw action in France and Belgium , leaving Egypt in March 1916 . I Anzac Corps subsequently took up positions in a quiet sector south of on 7 April 1916 and for the next two and a half years the AIF participated in most of the major battles on the Western Front , earning a formidable reputation . Although spared from the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme , within weeks four Australian divisions had been committed . The 5th Division , positioned on the left flank , was the first in action during the Battle of on 19 July 1916 , suffering 5 @,@ 533 casualties in a single day . The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July , assaulting , and by the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July , they had suffered 5 @,@ 286 casualties . Mouquet Farm was attacked in August , with casualties totalling 6 @,@ 300 men . By the time the AIF was withdrawn from the Somme to re @-@ organise , they had suffered 23 @,@ 000 casualties in just 45 days . - In March 1917 , the 2nd and 5th Divisions pursued the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line , capturing the town of . On 11 April , the 4th Division assaulted the Hindenburg Line in the disastrous First Battle of , losing over 3 @,@ 000 casualties and 1 @,@ 170 captured . On 15 April , the 1st and 2nd Divisions were counter @-@ attacked near and were forced to abandon the town , before it again . The 2nd Division then took part in the Second Battle of , beginning on 3 May , and succeeded in taking sections of the Hindenburg Line and holding them until relieved by the 1st Division . Finally , on 7 May the 5th Division relieved the 1st , remaining in the line until the battle ended in mid @-@ May . Combined these efforts cost 7 @,@ Australian casualties . - On 7 June 1917 , the II Anzac Corps — along with two British corps — launched an operation in Flanders to eliminate a salient south of Ypres . The attack commenced with the detonation of a million pounds ( 454 @,@ 545 kg ) of explosives that had been placed underneath the ridge , destroying the German trenches . The advance was virtually unopposed , and despite strong German counterattacks the next day , it succeeded . Australian casualties during the Battle of included nearly 6 @,@ 800 men . I Anzac Corps then took part in the Third Battle of Ypres in Belgium as part of the campaign to capture the Plateau , between September and November 1917 . Individual actions took place at Road , Wood , , and Passchendaele and over the course of eight weeks fighting the Australians suffered 38 @,@ 000 casualties . - On 21 March 1918 the German Army launched its Spring Offensive in a last @-@ effort to win the war , sixty @-@ three divisions over a 70 miles ( 110 km ) front . As the Allies fell back the 3rd and 4th Divisions were rushed south to Amiens on the Somme . The offensive lasted for the next five months and all five AIF divisions in France were engaged in the attempt to stem the tide . By late May the Germans had pushed to within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of Paris . During this time the Australians fought at , , @-@ , Wood , , and Hamel . At Hamel the commander of the Australian Corps , Lieutenant General John Monash , successfully used combined arms — including aircraft , artillery and armour — in an attack for the first time . - The German offensive ground to a halt in mid @-@ July and a brief lull followed , during which the Australians undertook a series of raids , known as . The Allies soon launched their own offensive — the Hundred Days Offensive — ultimately ending the war . Beginning on 8 August 1918 the offensive included four Australian divisions striking at Amiens . Using the combined arms techniques developed earlier at Hamel , significant gains were made on what became known as the " Black Day " of the German Army . The offensive continued for four months , and during Second Battle of the Somme the Australian Corps fought actions at , , , , and Mont St Quentin , before their final engagement of the war on 5 October 1918 at . The AIF was subsequently out of the line when the armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 . - In all @,@ Australians enlisted in the AIF during the war and 333 @,@ 000 served overseas . 61 @,@ 508 were killed and another 155 @,@ 000 were wounded ( a total casualty rate of 65 % ) . The financial cost to the Australian government was calculated at £ @,@ @,@ . Two on conscription for overseas service had been defeated during the war , preserving the volunteer status of the Australian force , but stretching the reserves of manpower available , particularly towards the end of the fighting . Consequently , Australia remained one of only two armies on either side not to resort to conscription during the war . - The war had a profound effect on Australian society in other ways also . Indeed , for many Australians the nation 's involvement is seen as a symbol of its emergence as an international actor , while many of the notions of Australian character and that exist today have their origins in the war . 64 Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War . - - = = Inter @-@ war years = = - - - = = = Russian Civil War , 1918 – 19 = = = - - The Russian Civil War began after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the party assumed power in October 1917 . Following the end of the First World War , the western powers — including Britain — intervened , giving half @-@ hearted support to the pro @-@ , anti @-@ White Russian forces . Although the Australian government refused to commit forces , many Australians serving with the British Army became involved in the fighting . A small number served as advisors to White Russian units with the North Russian Expeditionary Force ( ) . repatriation in England , about 150 Australians subsequently enlisted in the British North Russia Relief Force ( ) , where they were involved in a number of sharp battles and several were killed . - The Royal Australian Navy destroyer Swan was also briefly engaged , carrying out an intelligence gathering mission in the Black Sea in late 1918 . Other Australians served as advisers with the British Military Mission to the White Russian General , Anton in South Russia , while several more advised Admiral in Siberia . Later , they also served in Mesopotamia as part of and the Mission , although these missions were aimed at preventing Turkish access to the Middle East and India , and did little fighting . - Although the motivations of those Australian 's that volunteered to fight in Russia can only be guessed at , it seems unlikely to have been political . Regardless , they confirmed a reputation for and courage , winning the only two Victoria Crosses of the land campaign , despite their small numbers . Yet Australian involvement was barely noticed at home at the time and made little difference to the outcome of the war . Total casualties included 10 killed and 40 wounded , with most deaths being from disease during operations in Mesopotamia . - - = = = , 1927 = = = - - In October 1927 , Adelaide was called to the British Solomon Islands as part of a punitive expedition in response to the killing of a district officer and sixteen others by natives at on the island of on 3 October , known as the massacre . Arriving at on 14 October , the ship proceeded to to protect the landing of three platoons of troops , then remained in the area to provide personnel support for the soldiers as they searched for the . The ship 's personnel took no part in operations ashore , providing only logistic and communications support . Adelaide returned to Australia on 23 November . - - = = = Spanish Civil War , 1936 – 39 = = = - - A small number of Australian volunteers fought on both sides of the Spanish Civil War , although they predominantly supported the Spanish Republic through the International Brigades . The Australians were subsequently allocated to the battalions of other , such as the British Battalion and the Lincoln Battalion , rather than forming their own units . Most were radicals motivated by ideological reasons , while a number were Spanish @-@ born migrants who returned to fight in their country of origin . At least 66 Australians volunteered , with only one — Bull , a conservative who was later killed serving in the RAF during the Second World War — known to have fought for General Francisco Franco 's Nationalist forces . - While a celebrated cause for the Australian left — particularly the Communist Party of Australia and the trade union movement — the war failed to spark particular public interest and the government maintained its neutrality . Australian opposition to the Republican cause was by on an anti @-@ communist basis , rather than a pro @-@ Nationalist basis . , although individual right wing Australians may have served with the Nationalist rebels , they received no public support . Service in a foreign armed force was illegal at the time , however as the government received no reports of Australians travelling to Spain to enlist , no action was taken . Consequently , returned veterans were neither recognised by the government or the and Services League of Australia ( ) . Although the number of Australian volunteers was relatively small compared to those from other countries , at least 14 were killed . - - = = Second World War , 1939 – 45 = = - - - = = = Europe and the Middle East = = = - - Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939 . At the time of the declaration of war against Germany the Australian military was small and for war . for a Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) began in mid @-@ September . While there was no rush of volunteers like the First World War , a high proportion of Australian men of military age had enlisted by mid @-@ 1940 . Four infantry divisions were formed during 1939 and 1940 , three of which were dispatched to the Middle East . The RAAF 's resources were initially mainly devoted to training airmen for service with the Commonwealth air forces through the Empire Air Training Scheme ( ) , through which almost 28 @,@ 000 Australians were trained during the war . - The Australian military 's first major engagements of the war were against Italian forces in the Mediterranean and North Africa . During 1940 the light cruiser Sydney and five elderly destroyers ( dubbed the " Iron Flotilla " by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels — a title proudly accepted by the ships ) took part in a series of operations as part of the British Mediterranean Fleet , and sank several Italian warships . The Army first saw action in January 1941 , when the 6th Division formed part of the Commonwealth forces during Operation . The division assaulted and captured on 5 January and on 22 January , with tens of thousands of Italian troops surrendering at both towns . The 6th Division took part in the pursuit of the Italian Army and captured on 4 February . In late February it was withdrawn for service in Greece , and was replaced by the 9th Division . - The Australian forces in the Mediterranean endured a number of campaigns during 1941 . During April , the 6th Division , other elements of I Corps and several Australian warships formed part of the Allied force which unsuccessfully attempted to defend Greece from German invasion during the Battle of Greece . At the end of this campaign , the 6th Division was evacuated to Egypt and Crete . The force at Crete subsequently fought in the Battle of Crete during May , which also ended in defeat for the Allies . Over 5 @,@ 000 Australians were captured in these campaigns , and the 6th Division required a long period of rebuilding before it was again ready for combat . The Germans and Italians also went on the offensive in North Africa at the end of March and drove the Commonwealth force there back to near the border with Egypt . The 9th Division and a brigade of the 7th Division were besieged at ; successfully defending the key port town until they were replaced by British units in October . During June , the main body of the 7th Division , a brigade of the 6th Division and the I Corps headquarters took part in the Syria @-@ Lebanon Campaign against the French . Resistance was stronger than expected ; Australians were involved in most of the fighting and sustained most of the casualties before the French in early July . - The majority of Australian units in the Mediterranean returned to Australia in early 1942 , after the outbreak of the Pacific War . The 9th Division was the largest unit to remain in the Middle East , and played a key role in the First Battle of El during June and the Second Battle of El in October . The division returned to Australia in early 1943 , but several RAAF squadrons and warships took part in the subsequent Tunisia Campaign and the Italian Campaign from 1943 until the end of the war . - The RAAF 's role in the strategic air offensive in Europe formed Australia 's main contribution to the defeat of Germany . Approximately 13 @,@ 000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in RAF Command between 1940 and the end of the war . Australians took part in all of Command 's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France . Australian aircrew in Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during the Second World War and sustained almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat ; 3 @,@ 486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner . Australian airmen in light bomber and fighter squadrons also participated in the liberation of Western Europe during 1944 and 1945 and two RAAF maritime patrol squadrons served in the Battle of the Atlantic . - - = = = Asia and the Pacific = = = - - From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by British Imperial defence policy , which was embodied by the " Singapore strategy " . This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Japanese aggression in the region . To this end , a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased . However , as a result of the emphasis on co @-@ operation with Britain , relatively few Australian military units had been retained in Australia and the Asia @-@ Pacific region . Measures were taken to improve Australia 's defences as war with Japan in 1941 , but these proved inadequate . In December 1941 , the Australian Army in the Pacific comprised the 8th Division , most of which was stationed in Malaya , and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia . The RAAF was equipped with 373 aircraft , most of which were obsolete trainers , and the had three cruisers and two destroyers in Australian waters . - The Australian military suffered a series of defeats during the early months of the Pacific War . The 8th Division and RAAF squadrons in Malaya formed a part of the British Commonwealth forces which were unable to stop a smaller Japanese invasion force which landed on 7 December . The British Commonwealth force withdrew to Singapore at the end of January , but was forced to surrender on 15 February after the Japanese captured much of the island . Smaller Australian forces were also overwhelmed and defeated during early 1942 at Rabaul , and in Ambon , Timor , and Java . The Australian town of Darwin was heavily bombed by the Japanese on 19 February , to prevent it from being used as an Allied base . Over 22 @,@ 000 Australians were taken prisoner in early 1942 and endured harsh conditions in Japanese captivity . The prisoners were subjected to , denied medical treatment and frequently beaten and killed by their guards . As a result , 8 @,@ 296 Australian prisoners died in captivity . - The rapid Allied defeat in the Pacific caused many Australians to fear that the Japanese would invade the Australian mainland . While elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed this in early 1942 , it was judged to be impossible by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , which instead adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Samoa , and New Caledonia . This fact was not known by the Allies at the time , and the Australian military was greatly expanded to meet the threat of invasion . Large numbers of United States Army and Army Air Forces units arrived in Australia in early 1942 , and the Australian military was placed under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur in March . - Australians played a central role in the New Guinea campaign during 1942 and 1943 . After an attempt to land troops at Port Moresby was defeated in the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Japanese attempted to capture the strategically important town by advancing overland across the Owen Stanley Ranges and Milne Bay . Australian Army units defeated these offensives in the Track campaign and Battle of Milne Bay with the support of the RAAF and USAAF . Australian and US Army units subsequently assaulted and captured the Japanese bases on the north coast of Papua in the hard @-@ fought Battle of @-@ . The Australian Army also defeated a Japanese attempt to capture the town of in January 1943 and went onto the offensive in the @-@ Lae campaign in April . In late 1943 , the 7th and 9th Divisions played an important role in Operation , when they landed to the east and west of Lae and secured the Peninsula during the Peninsula campaign and Range campaign . - The Australian mainland came under attack during 1942 and 1943 . Japanese submarines operated off Australia from May to August 1942 and January to June 1943 . These attacks sought to cut the Allied supply lines between Australia and the US and Australia and New Guinea , but were unsuccessful . Japanese aircraft also conducted air raids against Allied bases in northern Australia which were being used to mount the North Western Area Campaign against Japanese positions in the Netherlands East Indies ( ) . - Australia 's role in the Pacific War declined from 1944 . The increasing size of the US forces in the Pacific rendered the Australian military superfluous and labour shortages forced the Government to reduce the size of the armed forces to boost war production . Nevertheless , the Government wanted the Australian military to remain active , and agreed to MacArthur 's proposals that it be used in relatively unimportant campaigns . In late 1944 , Australian troops and RAAF squadrons replaced US garrisons in eastern New Guinea , New Britain , and , and launched offensives aimed at destroying or containing the remaining Japanese forces there . In May 1945 , I Corps , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and USAAF and USN units began the Borneo Campaign , which continued until the end of the war . These campaigns contributed little to Japan 's defeat and remain controversial . - Following Japan 's surrender on 15 August 1945 Australia assumed responsibility for occupying much of Borneo and the eastern Netherlands East Indies until British and Dutch colonial rule was restored . Australian authorities also conducted a number of war crimes trials of Japanese personnel . @,@ 000 Australians enlisted during the war , while @,@ 000 served overseas . Casualties included 39 @,@ 767 killed and another 66 @,@ were wounded . 20 Victoria Crosses were awarded to Australians . - - = = Post @-@ war period = = - - - = = = and peace @-@ time defence arrangements = = = - - The of the Australian military following the end of the Second World War was completed in 1947 . Plans for post @-@ war defence arrangements were on maintaining a relatively strong peacetime force . It was envisioned that the Royal Australian Navy maintaining a fleet that would include two light fleet carriers , two cruisers , six destroyers , 16 others ships in commission and another 52 in reserved . The Royal Australian Air Force would have a strength of 16 squadrons , including four manned by the Citizen Air Force . Meanwhile , in a significant departure from previous Australian defence policy which had previously relied on citizen forces , the Australian Army would include a permanent field force of 19 @,@ 000 regulars organised into a brigade of three infantry battalions with armoured support , serving alongside a part @-@ time force of 50 @,@ 000 men in the Citizen Military Forces . The Australian Regular Army was subsequently formed on 30 September 1947 , while the was re @-@ raised on 1 July 1948 . - - = = = Occupation of Japan , 1946 – 52 = = = - - In the immediate post @-@ war period Australia contributed significant forces to the Allied occupation of Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( ) , which included forces from Australia , Britain , India and New Zealand . At its height in 1946 the Australian component consisted of an infantry brigade , four warships and three fighter squadrons , totalling 13 @,@ 500 personnel . The Australian Army component initially consisted of the 34th Brigade which arrived in Japan in February 1946 and was based in Prefecture . The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st , 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment in 1949 , and the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade when it returned to Australia in December 1948 , forming the basis of the post @-@ war Regular Army . From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under @-@ strength battalion . Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the ceased operations , although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 . The RAAF component consisted of Nos. 76 , 77 and 82 Squadrons as part of No. 81 Wing RAAF flying P @-@ 51 Mustangs , initially based at from March 1946 , before transferring to in 1948 . However , by 1950 only No. 77 Squadron remained in Japan . A total of ten warships served in Japan during this period , including Ships Australia , Hobart , Shropshire , , , , Murchison , , and , while Ships , and also provided support . - - = = Cold War = = - - - = = = Early planning and commitments = = = - - During the early years of the Cold War , Australian defence planning assumed that in the event of the outbreak of a global war between the Western world and Eastern bloc countries it would need to contribute forces under collective security arrangements as part of the United Nations , or a coalition led by either the United States or Britain . The Middle East was considered the most likely area of operations for Australian forces , where they would most likely operate with British forces . Early commitments included the involvement of RAAF aircrew during the Berlin in 1948 – 49 and the deployment of No. 78 Wing RAAF to Malta in the Mediterranean from 1952 to 1954 . Meanwhile , defence preparedness initiatives included the introduction of a National Service Scheme in 1951 to provide manpower for the citizen forces of the Army , RAAF and . - - = = = Korean War , 1950 – 53 = = = - - On 25 June 1950 , the North Korean Army ( KPA ) crossed the border into South Korea and advanced for the capital Seoul , which fell in less than a week . North Korean forces continued toward the port of Pusan and two days later the United States offered its assistance to South Korea . In response the United Nations Security Council requested members to assist in the North Korean attack . Australia initially contributed P @-@ 51 Mustang fighter @-@ bomber aircraft from No. 77 Squadron RAAF and infantry from the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) , both of which were stationed in Japan as part of the . In addition , it provided the majority of supply and support personnel to the British Commonwealth Forces Korea . The frigate , and the destroyer , were also committed . Later , an aircraft carrier strike group aboard Sydney was added to the force . - By the time 3 RAR arrived in Pusan on 28 September , the North Koreans were in retreat following the landings . As a part of the invasion force under the UN Supreme Commander , General Douglas MacArthur , the battalion moved north and was involved in its first major action at Battle of near on 22 October , before advancing towards the River . Further successful actions followed at on 25 – 26 October 1950 and at on 29 October 1950 . North Korean casualties were heavy , while Australian losses included their commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green , who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and succumbed to his wounds and died two days later on 1 November . Meanwhile , during the last weeks of October the Chinese had moved 18 divisions of the People 's Volunteer Army across the River to reinforce the remnants of the KPA . by US and South Korean intelligence , the 13th Army Group crossed the border on 16 October and penetrated up to 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) into North Korea , and were reinforced in early November by 12 divisions from the 9th Army Group ; in total 30 divisions composed of 380 @,@ 000 men . 3 RAR fought its first action against the Chinese at on 5 November . The fighting cost the battalion heavily and despite halting a Chinese division the new battalion commander was dismissed in the wake . Following the Chinese intervention , the UN forces were defeated in successive battles and 3 RAR was forced to withdraw to the 38th parallel . - A series of battles followed at on 1 – 4 January 1951 , as the British and Australians occupied defensive positions in an attempt to secure the northern approaches to the South Korean capital . Further fighting occurred at @-@ on 14 – 17 February 1951 following another Chinese advance , and later at @-@ San between 7 – 12 March 1951 as the UN resumed the offensive . Australian troops subsequently participated in two more major battles in 1951 , with the first taking place during fighting which later became known as the Battle of . On 22 April , Chinese forces attacked the valley and forced the South Korean defenders to withdraw . Australian and Canadian troops were ordered to halt this Chinese advance . After a night of fighting the Australians recaptured their positions , at the cost of 32 men killed and 59 wounded . In July 1951 , the Australian battalion became part of the combined Canadian , British , Australian , New Zealand , and Indian 1st Commonwealth Division . The second major battle took place during Operation Commando and occurred after the Chinese attacked a salient in a bend of the Imjin River . The 1st Commonwealth Division counter @-@ attacked on 3 October , capturing a number of objectives including Hill 355 and Hill 317 during the Battle of Maryang San ; after five days the Chinese retreated . Australian casualties included 20 dead and 104 wounded . - The then became locked in static trench warfare akin to the First World War , in which men lived in tunnels , redoubts , and forts behind barbed wire defences . From 1951 until the end of the war , 3 RAR held trenches on the eastern side of the division 's positions in the hills northeast of the Imjin River . Across from them were heavily fortified Chinese positions . In March 1952 , Australia increased its ground commitment to two battalions , sending 1 RAR . This battalion remained in Korea for 12 months , before being replaced by 2 RAR in April 1953 . The Australians fought their last battle during 24 – 26 July 1953 , with 2 RAR holding off a Chinese attack along the River and inflicting significant casualties for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded . were suspended on 27 July 1953 . 17 @,@ 808 Australians served during the war , with 341 killed , 1 @,@ 216 wounded and 30 captured . - - = = = Malayan Emergency , 1950 – 60 = = = - - The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948 , after three estate managers were murdered by members of the Malayan Communist Party ( ) . Australian involvement began in June 1950 , when in response to a British request , six from No. 1 Squadron and a flight of Dakotas from No. 38 Squadron arrived in Singapore to form part of the British Commonwealth Far East Air Force ( ) . The Dakotas were subsequently used on cargo runs , troop movement , as well as and drops , while the Lincoln bombers carried out bombing raids against the Communist Terrorist ( CT ) jungle bases . The RAAF were particularly successful , and in one such mission known as Operation , five Lincoln bombers destroyed 181 communist camps , killed 13 communists and forced one into surrender , in a joint operation with the RAF and ground troops . The were withdrawn in 1958 , and were replaced by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron and CAC Sabres from No. 78 Wing . Based at RAAF Base they also carried out a number ground attack missions against the guerrillas . - Australian ground forces were deployed to Malaya in October 1955 as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve . In January 1956 , the first Australian ground forces were deployed on Malaysian peninsula , consisting of the 2nd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 2 RAR ) . 2 RAR mainly participated in " up " operations over the next 20 months , conducting extensive patrolling in and near the CT jungle bases , as part of 28th British Commonwealth Brigade . Contact with the enemy was and results small , achieving relatively few kills . 2 RAR left Malaysia October 1957 to be replaced by 3 RAR . 3 RAR underwent six weeks of jungle training and began driving insurgents back into the jungle of and . The new battalion extensively patrolled and was involved in food denial operations and ambushes . Again contact was limited , although 3 RAR had more success than its predecessor . By late 1959 , operations against the were in their final phase , and most communists had been pushed back and across the Thailand border . 3 RAR left Malaysia October 1959 and was replaced by 1 RAR . Though patrolling the border 1 RAR did not make contact with the insurgents , and in October 1960 it was replaced by 2 RAR , which stayed in Malaysia until August 1963 . The Malayan Emergency officially ended on 31 July 1960 . - Australia also provided artillery and engineer support , along with an air @-@ field construction squadron . The Royal Australian Navy also served in Malayan waters , firing on suspected communist positions between 1956 and 1957 . The Emergency was the longest continued commitment in Australian military history ; 7 @,@ 000 Australians served and 51 died in Malaya — although only 15 were on operations — and another 27 were wounded . - - = = = Military and Naval growth during the 1960s = = = - - At the start of the 1960s , Prime Minister Robert greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government 's policy of " Forward Defence " in South East Asia . In 1964 , announced a large increase in defence spending . The strength of the Australian Army would be increased by 50 % over three years from 22 @,@ 000 to 33 @,@ 000 ; providing a full three @-@ brigade division with nine battalions . The RAAF and would also both be increased by 25 % . In 1964 , conscription or National Service was re @-@ introduced under the National Service Act , for selected 20 @-@ year @-@ olds based on date of birth , for a period of two years ' continuous full @-@ time service ( the previous scheme having been suspended in 1959 ) . - In 1961 , three Charles F. Adams @-@ class destroyers were purchased from the United States to replace the ageing Q @-@ class destroyers . Traditionally , the had purchased designs based on those of the Royal Navy and the purchase of American destroyers was significant . Perth and Hobart joined the fleet in 1965 , followed by Brisbane in 1967 . Other projects included the construction of six River @-@ class frigates , the conversion of the aircraft carrier Melbourne to an anti @-@ submarine role , the acquisition of ten Wessex helicopters , and the purchase of six Oberon @-@ class submarines . - The RAAF took delivery of their first fighters in 1967 , No. 3 , No. 75 and No. 77 Squadrons with them . The service also received American F @-@ 111 strike aircraft , C @-@ 130 transports , P @-@ 3 Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Italian trainers . - - = = = Indonesia @-@ Malaysia , 1962 – 66 = = = - - The Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the British Commonwealth and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia , with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state . The war remained limited , and was fought primarily on the island of Borneo , although a number of Indonesian and airborne incursions onto the Malay Peninsula did occur . As part of Australia 's continuing military commitment to the security of Malaysia , army , naval and units were based there as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve . Regardless the Australian government was wary of involvement in a war with Indonesia and initially limited its involvement to the defence of the Malayan peninsula only . On two occasions Australian troops from 3 RAR were used to help up from and airborne incursions at and , in September and October 1964 . - Following these raids the government conceded to British and Malaysian requests to deploy an infantry battalion to Borneo . During the early phases , British and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the Malaysian / Indonesian border , and to protect population centres . However , by the time the Australian battalion deployed the British had decided on more aggressive action , crossing the border into to obtain information and conduct ambushes to force the to remain on the defensive , under the Operation . The fighting took place in mountainous , jungle @-@ clad terrain , and a debilitating climate , with operations characterised by the extensive use of company bases sited along the border , cross @-@ border operations , the use of helicopters for troop movement and resupply , and the role of human and signals intelligence to determine enemy movements and intentions . - 3 RAR deployed to Borneo in March 1965 , and served in until the end of July , operating on both sides of the border . The battalion had four major contacts with Indonesian forces and several smaller ones — including at Sungei , and during which they inflicted heavy casualties on the — as well as suffering casualties in two mine incidents . 4 RAR served a less @-@ eventful tour between April and August 1966 , and also operated over the border , successfully with the on a number of occasions . A squadron of the Special Air Service Regiment ( ) was also deployed in 1965 and again in 1966 , taking part in cross @-@ border operations and inflicting significant casualties on the , even though they were often tasked with covert reconnaissance . Other units included artillery and engineers , while a number of ships were involved in shelling Indonesian positions in Borneo and in in the Singapore Strait . The RAAF played a relatively minor role , although it would have been used far more extensively had the war escalated . - Operations in Borneo were extremely sensitive and they received little press coverage in Australia , while official acknowledgement of involvement in cross @-@ border missions only occurred in 1996 . Following a military coup in Indonesia in early 1966 which brought General to power , a peace treaty was signed in August 1966 which ended the conflict . 3 @,@ 500 Australians served during ; casualties included 16 dead , with seven killed in action and eight wounded . - - = = = Vietnam War , 1962 – 73 = = = - - Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast Asia after the Second World War , and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s . As a consequence , Australia supported South Vietnam throughout the early 1960s . In 1961 and 1962 , the leader of the South Vietnamese government , , asked for assistance from the US and its allies in response to a growing insurgency supported by communist North Vietnam . Australia offered 30 military advisors from the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam , which became known simply as " The Team " . They arrived in July and August 1962 , beginning Australia 's involvement in the war . Later in August 1964 , the RAAF sent a flight of transport aircraft to the port city of . - However , with the security situation in South Vietnam continuing to deteriorate , the US increased its involvement to 200 @,@ 000 combat troops by early 1965 . Australia also committed ground forces , dispatching the 1 RAR to serve with the US Airborne Brigade in province in June 1965 and it subsequently fought a number of significant actions , including Gang , Operation and . In March 1966 , the Australian government announced the deployment of a brigade @-@ sized unit — the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ) — to replace 1 RAR . Included were a large number of conscripts , under the increasingly controversial National Service Scheme . of two infantry battalions as well as armour , aviation , artillery and other support arms , the task force was assigned primary responsibility for its own area and was based at , in Tuy Province . Included were the Iroquois helicopters of No. 9 Squadron RAAF . At the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966 , D Company , 6 RAR with considerable artillery support held off and defeated a Viet Cong force that was at least six times bigger than itself . 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded , while 245 communist dead were later recovered from the battlefield . The battle allowed the Australians to gain dominance over Tuy Province and 1 was not fundamentally challenged again . Regardless , during February 1967 the Australians suffered their heaviest casualties in the war to that point , losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week , the bulk during Operation . - Yet with the Tuy province coming progressively under control throughout 1967 , the Australians increasingly spent a significant period of time conducting operations further afield . 1 was subsequently deployed infiltration routes leading to Saigon to communist movement against the capital as part of Operation during the 1968 Offensive and later during the Battle of Coral – in May and June 1968 . At Fire Support Coral and the Australians had clashed with regular North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong main force units operating in battalion and regimental strength for the first time in near conventional warfare , ultimately fighting their largest , most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war . During 26 days of fighting Australian casualties included 25 killed and 99 wounded , while communist casualties included 267 killed confirmed by body count , 60 possibly killed , 7 wounded and 11 captured . Other significant Australian actions included Binh Ba in June 1969 , in late @-@ December 1968 and early 1969 and Long in June 1971 . At the height of the Australian commitment , 1 numbered 8 @,@ 500 troops , including three infantry battalions , armour , artillery , engineers , logistics and aviation units in support . A third RAAF unit , No. 2 Squadron RAAF , flying Canberra bombers , was sent in 1967 , and four destroyers joined US patrols in the waters off North Vietnam . - The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970 . As a consequence of the overall allied strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war , 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty . 1 was again reduced to just two infantry battalions , albeit with significant armour , artillery and aviation support remaining . Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 as part of a phased withdrawal , and 1 ceased operations in October . Meanwhile , the advisors remained to train South Vietnamese troops until withdrawn on 18 December 1972 by the newly elected Labor government of . The last Australian forces were finally withdrawn in 1973 . The Vietnam War was Australia 's longest and most controversial war and although initially enjoying broad support , as the nation 's military involvement increased a vocal anti @-@ war movement developed . More than 50 @,@ 000 Australians served in Vietnam ; were killed and 2 @,@ 398 were wounded . Four were awarded the Victoria Cross . - - = = Post @-@ Vietnam era = = - - - = = = Creation of the Australian Defence Force , 1976 = = = - - Although the importance of ' joint ' warfare had been highlighted during Second World War when Australian naval , ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands , the absence of a central authority continued to result in poor co @-@ ordination between the services in the post @-@ war era , with each organising and operating on the basis of a different military doctrine . The need for an integrated command structure received more emphasis during the Australian military 's experiences in the Vietnam War . In 1973 , the Secretary of the Department of Defence , Arthur , submitted a report to the Government that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service into a single department and the creation of the post of Chief of the Defence Force Staff . - The Labor Government subsequently amalgamated the five defence ( Defence , Navy , Army , Air Force , and Supply ) into a single Department of Defence in 1973 , while conscription under the National Service scheme was abolished . On 1 January 1976 , the three branches of the Australian military were brought together as a unified , all @-@ volunteer , professional force known as the Australian Defence Force ( ) . Today , the is headquartered at Russell in Canberra and is divided into Air , Land , Maritime and Special Operations . In addition , Northern Command is based in Darwin , and is responsible for operations in Northern Australia . - - = = = Defence of Australia , 1980s and 1990s = = = - - Until the 1970s , Australia 's military strategy centred on the concept of Forward Defence , in which the role of Australian military and naval forces were to co @-@ operate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia 's region . Following the adoption of the Guam Doctrine by the United States in 1969 , and the British withdrawal ' east of Suez ' in the early 1970s , Australia developed a defence policy emphasising self @-@ reliance and the defence of the Australian continent . Known as the Defence of Australia Policy , it focused Australian defence planning on protecting the nation 's northern maritime approaches ( the ' air @-@ sea gap ' ) against possible attack . - In line with this goal , the was to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia . This was achieved by increasing the capabilities of the and RAAF , and relocating regular Army units to Northern Australia . During this time the had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia . However , in 1987 the made its first operational deployment as part of Operation Morris Dance , in which several warships and a rifle company deployed to the waters off Fiji in response to the 1987 coups d 'état . While broadly successful , this deployment highlighted the need for the to improve its capability to rapidly respond to events . - During this period Australia continued to retain forces in Malaysia as part of the Five Power Defence ( ) agreed in 1971 to defend it in the event of external attack , with this commitment initially including significant air , ground and naval forces . However , these forces were gradually reduced with the infantry battalion withdrawn from Singapore in 1973 , and the two fighter squadrons in 1988 . Since then a detachment of Orion maritime patrol aircraft , support personnel , and an infantry company known as Rifle Company have been maintained , as well as occasional deployments of F / A @-@ 18 fighter aircraft . Australian submarines were reportedly also involved in a number of clandestine surveillance missions throughout Asian waters in the last decades of the Cold War . and Navy units were also involved in tracking Soviet ship and submarine movements in the region . Since then the have continued to participate in maritime security operations as part of Operation Gateway , conducting patrols over the Indian Ocean , Strait of and South China Sea . They have reportedly also been involved in freedom of navigation flights . - - = = = Gulf War , 1991 = = = - - Australia was a member of the international coalition which contributed military forces to the 1991 Gulf War , deploying a naval task group of two warships , a support ship and a clearance diving team ; in total about 750 personnel . The Australian contribution was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the and the deployment tested its capabilities and command structure . However , the Australian force did not see combat , and instead playing a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following the invasion of Kuwait . Some personnel serving on exchange with British and American units did see combat , and a few were later decorated for their actions . Following the war , the Navy regularly deployed a frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea to enforce the trade sanctions which continued to be applied to Iraq . A number of Australian airmen and ground crew posted to or on exchange with US and British air forces subsequently participated in enforcing no @-@ fly zones imposed over Iraq between 1991 and 2003 . - - = = = Global security , late @-@ 1990s = = = - - Since the late 1980s , the Australian government had increasingly called upon the to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world . While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists , several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel . Large peacekeeping deployments were made to in early 1989 , Cambodia between 1992 and 1993 , Somalia in 1993 , between 1994 and 1995 and in 1994 and from 1997 onwards . The 1996 election of the Howard Liberal government resulted in significant reforms to the 's force structure and role , with the new government 's defence strategy placed less singular emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in co @-@ operation with regional states and Australia 's allies to manage potential security threats in recognition of Australia 's global security interests . In line with this new focus , the 's force structure changed in an attempt to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and to improve the 's combat effectiveness . - - = = New Millennium = = - - - = = = East Timor , 1999 – 2013 = = = - - The former @-@ Portuguese colony of East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975 , however , following years of violent struggle the new Indonesian government of President subsequently agreed to allow the East to vote on autonomy in 1999 . The United Nations Mission in East Timor ( ) was established to organise and conduct the vote , which was held at the end of August 1999 and resulted with 78 @.@ 5 % of voters deciding in favour of independence . However , following the announcement of the results pro @-@ Indonesian militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military , launched a campaign of violence , looting and and many East were killed , while perhaps more than 500 @,@ 000 were displaced . Unable to control the violence , Indonesia subsequently agreed to the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force . Australia , which had contributed police to , organised and led an international military coalition , known as the International Force for East Timor ( ) , a non @-@ UN force operating in accordance with UN resolutions . The total size of the Australian force committed numbered 5 @,@ 500 personnel , and included a significant ground force , supported by air and naval forces , in the largest single deployment of Australian forces since 1945 . - Under the overall command of Australian Major General Peter , began arriving on 12 September 1999 and was tasked with restoring peace and security , protecting and supporting , and facilitating humanitarian assistance operations . With the withdrawal of the Indonesian armed forces , police and government officials from East Timor , re @-@ established its headquarters in Dili on 28 September . On 19 October 1999 , Indonesia formally recognised the result of the referendum and shortly thereafter a UN peacekeeping force , the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ( ) was established , becoming fully responsible for the administration of East Timor during its transition to independence . The hand @-@ over of command of military operations from to was completed on 28 February 2000 . Australia continued to support the UN peacekeeping operation with between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 personnel , as well as landing craft and helicopters and remained the largest contributor of personnel to the peacekeeping mission . During these operations Australian forces regularly clashed with pro @-@ Indonesian militia and on a number of occasions Indonesian forces as well , especially along the border with West Timor . Significant actions occurred in , and at in October 1999 . However , with the security situation the bulk of the Australian and UN forces were withdrawn by 2005 . Two Australians died from non @-@ battle related causes , while a number were wounded in action . - The unexpected deployment to East Timor in 1999 led to significant changes in Australian defence policy and to an enhancement of the 's ability to conduct operations outside Australia . This successful deployment was the first time a large Australian military force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in the 's ability to mount and sustain such operations . In response , the 2000 Defence White Paper placed a greater emphasis on preparing the for overseas deployments . The Australian government committed to improve the 's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of units , expanding the to 57 @,@ 000 full @-@ time personnel and increasing real Defence expenditure by 3 % per year . - In May 2006 , 2 @,@ 000 personnel were again deployed to East Timor as part of Operation , following unrest between elements of the Timor Defence Force . Australian forces were involved in a number during this time , including a heavy clash with rebels commanded by at Same on 4 March 2007 . However , by early @-@ 2010 the security situation had been and just 400 Australian personnel remained to train the local security forces as part of a small international force . Following a , the International Force commenced withdrawing from Timor @-@ in November 2012 , a process which was completed in April 2013 . - - = = = Afghanistan , 2001 – present = = = - - Shortly after the Islamist inspired terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11 September 2001 , Australian forces were committed to the American @-@ led international coalition against terrorism . The 's most visible contribution — codenamed Operation — has been a special forces task group operating in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2002 and again from mid @-@ 2005 to fight against the . Over time the Australian commitment has grown , with the addition of further ground forces in the form of a Reconstruction Task Force from 2006 to provide security , reconstruction and to mentor and train the National Army . Australia has also contributed a frigate and two AP @-@ Orion surveillance aircraft and three C @-@ 130 transport aircraft to international operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean since 2001 , supporting both the operations in Afghanistan and those in Iraq under Operation . A detachment of four F / A @-@ 18 fighter @-@ bombers was based at Diego Garcia from late @-@ 2001 to mid @-@ 2002 , while two Boeing air @-@ to @-@ air aircraft were also based in Manas Air Base in to provide support to coalition aircraft operating in airspace but were later withdrawn . A Special Operations Task Group was deployed to support the Reconstruction in April 2007 . In addition to radar crews , logistics and intelligence officers , and security personnel , this brought the number of Australian personnel in Afghanistan to 950 by mid @-@ 2007 , with further small increases to 1 @,@ 000 in mid @-@ 2008 , 1 @,@ 100 in early 2009 and 1 @,@ 550 in mid @-@ 2009 . - A modest force remained in Afghanistan over this time and was involved in counter @-@ insurgency operations in Province in conjunction United States and other coalition forces , including the Dutch prior to their withdrawal . The force consisted of motorised infantry , special forces , engineers , cavalry , artillery and aviation elements . By 2010 it included a combined arms battalion @-@ sized battle group known as the Task Force , and the Special Operations Task Group , both based at Forward Operation Base Ripley outside of , as well as the Wing Group flying CH @-@ , the Force and an RAAF air surveillance radar unit based in . In addition , a further 800 Australian logistic personnel were also based in the Middle East in support , but are located outside of Afghanistan . Meanwhile , of maritime patrol and transport aircraft continued to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan , based out of Al Air Base in the United Arab Emirates . Also included is the deployment of one of the 's frigates to the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden on counter piracy and maritime interdiction duties . - Australian forces were at times involved in heavy fighting , and significant actions included Operation in 2002 and Operation Perth in 2006 , as well as actions in in 2007 , in 2009 , the Shah and in 2010 , and in 2011 ; although others have yet to be publicly acknowledged due to operational security requirements . Casualties include 41 killed and 256 wounded , while another Australian also died serving with the British Army . Four Australians have been awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia , the first such decorations in forty years . Following a in forces , the last combat troops were withdrawn on 15 December 2013 ; however , approximately 400 personnel remain in Afghanistan as trainers and advisers , and are stationed in and . Over 26 @,@ 000 Australian personnel have served in Afghanistan . - - = = = Iraq , 2003 – 11 = = = - - Australian forces later joined British and American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The initial contribution was also a modest one , consisting of just 2 @,@ personnel — codenamed Operation . Major force elements included special forces , and fixed wing aviation and naval units . Army units included elements from the and 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( Commando ) , a CH @-@ 47 detachment and a number of other specialist units . units included the amphibious ship and the frigates Darwin and Anzac , while the RAAF deployed 14 F / A @-@ 18 Hornets from No. 75 Squadron , a number of AP @-@ and C @-@ 130 . The Australian Special Forces Task Force was one of the first coalition units forces to cross the border into Iraq , while for a few days , the closest ground troops to Baghdad were from the . During the invasion the RAAF also flew its first combat missions since the Vietnam War , with No. 75 Squadron flying a total of 350 sorties and dropping 122 laser @-@ guided bombs . - The Iraqi military quickly proved no match for coalition military power , and with their defeat the bulk of Australian forces were withdrawn . While Australia did not initially take part in the post @-@ war occupation of Iraq , an Australian Army light armoured — designated the Al Task Group and including 40 light armoured vehicles and infantry — was later deployed to Southern Iraq in April 2005 as part of Operation . The role of this force was to protect the Japanese engineer contingent in the region and support the training of New Iraqi Army units . The later became the Battle Group ( West ) ( ( W ) ) , following the hand back of Al province to Iraqi control . Force levels peaked at 1 @,@ 400 personnel in May 2007 including the ( W ) in Southern Iraq , the Security Detachment in Baghdad and the Australian Army Training Team — Iraq . A frigate was based in the North Persian Gulf , while RAAF assets included C @-@ and AP @-@ elements . Following the election of a new Labor government under Prime Minister Kevin the bulk of these forces were withdrawn by mid @-@ 2009 , while RAAF and operations were to other parts of the Middle East Area of Operations as part of Operation . - Low @-@ level operations continued , however , with a small Australian force of 80 soldiers remaining in Iraq to protect the Australian Embassy in Baghdad as part of under Operation . was finally withdrawn in August 2011 , and was replaced by a private military company which took over responsibility for providing security for Australia 's diplomatic presence in Iraq . Although more than 17 @,@ 000 personnel served during operations in Iraq , Australian casualties were relatively light , with two soldiers accidentally killed , while a third Australian died serving with the British Royal Air Force . A further 27 personnel were wounded . Two officers remained in Iraq attached to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq as part of Operation . This operation concluded in November 2013 . - - = = = Military intervention against , 2014 – present = = = - - In June 2014 a small number of personnel were deployed to Iraq to protect the Australian embassy when the security of Baghdad was threatened by the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive . Later , in August and September a number of RAAF C @-@ 17 and C @-@ transport aircraft based in the Middle East were used to conduct of humanitarian aid to trapped civilians and to arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish @-@ controlled northern Iraq . In late September 2014 an Air Task Group ( ) and Special Operations Task Group ( ) were deployed to Al Air Base in the United Arab Emirates as part of the coalition to combat Islamic State forces in Iraq . with F / A @-@ Super strike aircraft , a @-@ Multi Role Transport , and an E @-@ Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft , the began operations on 1 October . The is tasked with operations to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces , and was deployed to Iraq after a legal framework covering their presence in the country was agreed between the Australian and Iraqi Governments . It began moving into Iraq in early November . In April 2015 a 300 @-@ strong unit known as Task Group was deployed to Iraq to train the regular Iraqi Security Forces . were extended to Syria in September 2015 . - - = = = = - - Australia 's involvement in international peacekeeping operations has been diverse , and included participation in both United Nations sponsored missions , as well as those as part of ad @-@ hoc coalitions . Australians have been involved in more conflicts as peacekeepers than as ; however " in comparative international terms , Australia has only been a moderately energetic . " Although Australia has had peacekeepers in the field continuously for 60 years — being among the first group of UN military observers in Indonesia in 1947 — its commitments have generally been limited , consisting mostly of small numbers of high @-@ level and technical support troops such as , engineers , , observers , and police . One significant commitment has been Australia 's ongoing involvement with the long running Force and Observers in the Sinai . The operational tempo started increasing in the mid @-@ 1990s , when Australia became involved in a series of high @-@ profile operations , deploying significantly larger combat units in support of a number of missions including Cambodia , , Somalia , East Timor , and the Solomon Islands . Australia has been involved in close to 100 separate missions , involving more than 30 @,@ 000 personnel ; 14 Australians have died during these operations . - - = = Military statistics = = - - - - = Ward Churchill = - - Ward Churchill ( born 1947 ) is an American author and political activist . He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007 . The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government . His work features controversial and provocative views , written in a direct , often style . - In January 2005 , Churchill 's work attracted controversy because of the circulation of a 2001 essay , " On the Justice of " , in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century ; the essay is well known for Churchill 's use of the phrase " little " to describe the " corps " working in the World Trade Center . - In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research ; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so . Churchill was fired on July 24 , 2007 , leading to a claim by some scholars that he was fired because of the " Little " comment . Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment . In April 2009 a Denver jury found that Churchill was wrongly fired , him $ 1 in damages . In July 2009 , a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill 's request to order his , deciding the university has " quasi @-@ judicial immunity " . In February 2010 , Churchill appealed the judge 's decision . In November 2010 , the Colorado Court of Appeals upheld the lower @-@ court 's ruling . In September 10 , 2012 , the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower courts ' decisions in favor of the University of Colorado . On April 1 , 2013 , the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case . - In a February 2014 interview , Churchill commented that after living more than forty years in the northern plains / Colorado region , he had relocated to Atlanta , Georgia in 2013 . Churchill also stated that he had a half @-@ dozen uncompleted books which he intended to finish and publish in the next three years . - - = = Early life and education = = - - Churchill was born in , Illinois , to Jack Churchill and Allen . His parents divorced before he was two , and he grew up in , where he attended local schools . - In 1966 , he was drafted into the United States Army . On his 1980 resume , he said he served as a public @-@ information specialist who " wrote and edited the battalion and wrote news releases . " - In a 1987 profile on Churchill , the Denver Post reported that he was drafted , went to paratrooper school , then volunteered for Vietnam , where he served a 10 @-@ month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( ) , one of a six @-@ man team sent out to track down the enemy . The Post article also reported that Churchill was politically as a result of his experiences in Vietnam . Churchill told the Post that he had spent some time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society ( ) in the late 1960s , and briefly taught members of the Weather Underground how to build bombs and fire weapons . - In 2005 , the Denver Post reported that Churchill 's military records show he was trained as a film and light truck driver , but they do not reflect paratrooper school or training . The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill having been a member of the unit , or a team . - Churchill received his in technological communications in 1974 and in communications theory in 1975 , both from State University , now the University of Illinois at Springfield . - - = = Career = = - - In 1978 , Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an action officer in the university administration . He also on American Indian issues in the ethnic studies program . In 1990 , the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor , although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position . The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department , without the usual six @-@ year period , after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments . - He has long been interested in issues associated with the Act , which broke up the communal reservation lands and assigned plots to individual households . with that was the federal government 's first use of " blood quantum " to define individual membership in tribes , for what became known as the Rolls . Since re @-@ establishing self @-@ governments , recognized tribes have established their own criteria for enrollment as members , often related to descent from recognized historical lists , but less often requiring proofs of blood quantum . Some of his published works address these issues , which he has interpreted as part of the federal government 's policy of against Native Americans . - In 1995 Churchill discussed his views with David in an interview : - You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in @-@ America . But in Anglo @-@ America , while there was some preoccupation with it , it was not formalized until the passage of the General Act , mid @-@ 1880s . At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was and of at least one @-@ quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group . You couldn 't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth and be an Indian . You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter or hopefully a quarter and a quarter . The reason for this was quite clear . They were identifying Indians for purposes of them individual of land in the existing reservation base at that point . If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such , then the rest of the land would be declared surplus . So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of that would minimize the number of Indians that were available . It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to in the first place . It 's become increasingly so ever since . " ( David ( December 1995 ) . " Interview with Ward Churchill : Historical and Current " . Z Magazine . ) - In 1996 , Churchill moved to the new Studies Department of the University of Colorado . In 1997 , he was promoted to full professor . He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002 . - In January 2005 , during the controversy over his 9 / 11 remarks , Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to in June of that year . On May 16 , 2006 , the Committee of the Standing Committee on Research at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic , specifically plagiarism , fabrication , and . On July 24 , 2007 , Churchill was fired for academic in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado 's Board of . - - = = and affiliation = = - - In 2003 , Churchill stated , " I am myself of and Creek descent on my father 's side , on my mother 's , and am an enrolled member of the United Band of Indians . " In 1992 , Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one @-@ eighth Creek and one @-@ sixteenth . In 1993 , Churchill told the Colorado Daily that " he was one @-@ sixteenth Creek and . " Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three @-@ . - In a statement dated May 9 , 2005 , and posted on its website , the United Band initially said , - " The United Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill a member of the Band and was only given an honorary ' associate membership ' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any ancestry . " The tribe said that all of Churchill 's " past , present and future claims or of ' enrollment , ' written or spoken , including but not limited to ; biographies , curriculum , lectures , applications for employment , or any other reference not listed , are deemed by the United Band . " - Two days later , the United Band replaced its statement and acknowledged Churchill 's " alleged ancestry " of being : - " Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry , and his willingness to assist the in promoting the tribe and its causes , he was awarded an ' Associate ' as an honor , " the tribe 's website now said . " However , Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for Nation of Oklahoma , since he claims 1 / 16 . " - The tribe 's spokesperson , Lisa , stated the tribe only members with certified one @-@ quarter American Indian blood . The website statement further clarified that Churchill " was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a ' Certificate of of Indian Blood ( ) " , and the associate membership did not an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe . - Churchill has never asked for certification , and finds the idea of being " " by the US government offensive . - In June 1994 , the United Band had voted to stop associate . Such honorary associate membership recognizes an individual 's assistance to the tribe , but it has nothing to do with Indian ancestry , and it does not an individual to vote in the tribe as a member . The Band states that Churchill still holds the associate membership and it has not been rescinded . In a separate interview , Berry , formerly on the tribe 's enrollment committee and four years on its council , said that Churchill had never fulfilled a promise to help the tribe . - In June 2005 , the Rocky Mountain News published an article about Churchill 's genealogy and family history . It " turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor " among 142 direct ancestors [ of Churchill 's ] identified from records . The News reported that both Churchill 's birth parents were listed as white on the 1930 census , as were all but two of his great @-@ great @-@ grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents . The News found that some of Churchill 's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records . Numerous members of Churchill 's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors ; but , none was confirmed among the 142 direct forebears of Churchill who were identified . - in Churchill 's university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a " special opportunity position . " In 1994 , then @-@ Boulder Chancellor James refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was claiming to be an Indian , saying " it has always been university policy that a person 's race or ethnicity is self @-@ proving . " - Some of Churchill 's Native American critics , such as Vernon ( White Earth Ojibwe ) and ( Southern Cheyenne @-@ Creek ) , argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute and grounds for termination . The University has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity . The University of Colorado 's Research Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to " add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship . " The committee concluded that the allegation was not " appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research . " - In a 2005 interview in The Rocky Mountain News , Churchill said , " I have never been confirmed as having one @-@ quarter blood , and never said I was . And even if [ the critics ] are absolutely right , what does that have to do with this issue ? I have never claimed to be Bull . " The longtime indigenous activist Russell said in February of that year , " So I want , from this day forward , every media person nationally , internationally and locally to know that we have that Ward Churchill is a full @-@ Indian leader . " - - = = = Blood quantum = = = - - Churchill has responded to requests for of his claimed Indian heritage in various ways , including attacking the blood quantum upon which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements . Churchill argues that the United States instituted blood quantum laws based upon rules of in order to further goals of personal and political . - For decades in his writings , Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent purpose . He says , - " Set the blood quantum at one @-@ quarter , hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians , let proceed as it [ has ] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence " . - Churchill 's have been raised as one of the several research @-@ allegations that were brought against him in 2005 ( see below ) . He has been accused of using his interpretation of the Act to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member . - - = = Writing = = - - Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture , and speaks about inflicted on the indigenous people of the Americas by European settlers and what he describes as the repression of native peoples that continues to this day . - As of 2007 , according to a report submitted on his behalf , Churchill has written 10 books on his own and co @-@ authored 4 . Some have been reprinted with updates . He has written 51 book chapters , 3 law reviews , and 50 scholarly essays ; 27 of these were . He has edited 4 volumes and co @-@ edited 3 more . - According to the University of Colorado investigation , " His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and , drawing upon studies by other scholars , not describing new research based on primary sources . " The investigation also noted that " he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals , not in the university presses or mainstream peer @-@ reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics . " In addition to his academic writing , Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion . - In 1986 , Churchill wrote an essay titled as : Notes on an American criticizing pacifist politics within the U.S. left as being , de facto racist and . In 1998 , Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled as : Reflections on the Role of Armed in North America and listing Ward Churchill as the author . The book included a preface by Ed Mead , a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan . The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti @-@ movement in the following few years . - Agents of ( 1988 ) , co @-@ authored by Jim Wall , describes what the authors claim was a secret war against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and ' 70s by the FBI under the program . The ( 1990 ; reissued 2002 ) , also co @-@ authored with Jim Wall , examines a series of original FBI that detail the Bureau 's activities against various leftist groups , from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s . - In Fantasies of the Master Race ( 1992 ) , Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture . He focuses on such phenomena as Tony 's mystery novels , the film with Wolves , and the New Age movement , finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation . Churchill calls author Carlos 's claims of revealing the teachings of a Indian , the " greatest hoax since Man . " - for the Land ( 1993 ; reissued 2002 ) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles what he describes as the U.S. government 's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians . He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent and industrial practices such as surface mining . - Churchill 's Indians Are Us ? ( 1994 ) , a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race , further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics . He examines the movie Black Robe , the Pine Ridge Indian killings , the prosecution of Leonard , sports , the Indian Arts and Act of 1990 , and blood quantum laws , calling them tools of . Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age of and American Indian sacred traditions , and the " do @-@ it @-@ yourself " of certain contemporary authors . John P. of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us ? in The American Indian Quarterly . Professor , an enrolled member of the Sioux Nation , states that Indians Are Us ? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes . It was in this book that Churchill first made the claim that the United States distributed " smallpox @-@ infested blankets " to Indian tribes , a claim which he repeated several times over the next decade . The claim has been criticized as a . Churchill has , however , received support from some scholars . - From a Native Son : Selected Essays on , 1985 – 1995 ( 1996 ) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history , culture , and political activism . In his introduction to this volume , Howard " the emergence of a new generation of Native @-@ American scholars " and describes Churchill 's writing as " powerful , , of and deception " . - Churchill 's A Little of ( 1997 ) is a survey of ethnic cleansing in the Americas from to the present . He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , Turks against , and Europeans against the , as well as Nazis against the Poles and Jews . - In of Justice ( 2002 ) , Churchill argues that the U.S. ' s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people . the evolution of federal Indian law , Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non @-@ Indians in the U.S. , but later adapted for application abroad . He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S. ' s " imperial logic , " which depends on a " corrupt form of " to establish colonial control and empire . - Churchill 's controversial essay on 9 / 11 was expanded into a book @-@ length manuscript , published as On the Justice of : Reflections on the of U.S. Imperial and ( 2003 ) by AK Press . The book features two other chapters , one listing US military , another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law . The original essay takes the " roosting chickens " of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech , in which Malcolm X linked the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence which Kennedy as " merely a case of chickens coming home to roost . " Churchill 's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries . - In Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The Impact of American Indian Residential Schools ( 2004 ) , Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools ( in Canada ) or Indian boarding schools ( in the USA ) as part of government policies ( 1880s – 1980s ) which he regards as . - - = = on Native American issues = = - - Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co @-@ director of the Denver @-@ based American Indian Movement of Colorado , now an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement . In 1993 , he and other local leaders , including Russell , Glenn T. Morris , Robert , and David Hill , broke with the national leadership , including Dennis Banks and the brothers Vernon and Clyde , claiming that all chapters are autonomous . The Grand Council is based in Minneapolis and retains the name of the national group . It says that the schism arose when , Churchill , Glenn T. Morris and others openly supported the Indian group , who were allied with the anti @-@ revolutionary , CIA @-@ backed . - Journalists such as attributed the split to and other members dividing over opposition to the brothers because of their alleged involvement in the execution of Anna in December 1975 , who was then the highest @-@ ranking woman in but had been suspected of being an informant . It was a year in which other FBI had been discovered in . On November 3 , 1999 , held a press conference in Denver , Colorado in which he accused the brothers of in 's death , and named three lower @-@ level members involved in her death : Looking Cloud , John Graham , and Nelson Clark . This was the first time that an leader active at the time of the murder had publicly accused of having been involved . - Looking Cloud and Graham were convicted of murder in 2004 and 2010 , by federal and South Dakota state , respectively . By then Clark was being cared for in a nursing home and was not indicted . attributed the split in to divisions in the aftermath of 's murder . The journalist said in 1999 , " ... her [ 's ] death has divided the American Indian Movement ... " - The schism continued , with the national leadership claiming that the local leaders , such as Churchill , are tools of the U.S. government used against other American Indians . The leaders of the national organization , now called Grand Council , claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter @-@ intelligence source for the U.S. government , for example the FBI , and local , non @-@ Indian , police forces , to the national organization . Specifically , they refer to a 1993 Boulder , Colorado interview with , a former columnist for the Denver Post , in which Churchill stated that he " was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement . " In addition , Vernon accused Churchill of having ' represented himself as an Indian ' to bolster his credentials . said he complained to the University of Colorado about this as early as 1986 . - Churchill has been a leader of Colorado 's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade . Colorado 's leadership has come into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community , the main supporters of the parade . As early as 2004 , Churchill had claimed that such parades are unconstitutional , arguing that the Amendment to the Constitution provides Native Americans with a right not to be subjected to such displays , the First Amendment rights of non @-@ Native Americans . - - = = 9 / 11 essay controversy = = - - Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of . In it , he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy . He compared the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center in " ongoing American imperialism " to the role played by Adolf in organizing the Holocaust . In 2005 , this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak . This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter @-@ accusations of by Churchill and supporters . Following the controversy , the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil said , " While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views , his essay on 9 / 11 has outraged and us and the general public . " - A documentary called Fire : Stories from the Edge of Free Speech , broadcast on HBO , prominently features Churchill 's case in addressing the issues of free speech and First Amendment rights . - - = = Research investigation = = - - The controversy attracted increased academic attention to Churchill 's research , which had already been criticized by the legal scholar John and historian . Additional critics were the sociologist Thomas Brown , who had been preparing an article on Churchill 's work , and the historians Robertson and Russell , who claimed that Churchill had misrepresented their work . In 2005 , University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research , including three allegations of plagiarism , and four allegations of fabrication or regarding the history of the Act , the Indian Arts and Act of 1990 , and statements that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837 ( not to be confused with the well @-@ documented use of smallpox @-@ infected blankets at Fort Pitt in 1764 ) . - On May 16 , 2006 the University released their findings ; the Committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in " serious research " , including , fabrication , and two of the three allegations of plagiarism . The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions . The Standing Committee on Research accepted the findings of the Committee but also disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed . Churchill 's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University 's and Committee , which found that two of the seven findings of did not constitute offences . Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year 's suspension without pay , while two favored dismissal . - On July 24 , 2007 , the University voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research , the recommendation of and panel that two be dismissed . By a vote of eight to one , the determined to fire Churchill . - The next day , Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was for his expressing politically unpopular views . The jury in Churchill 's suit for weighed the university 's claims of academic per jury instructions it received in the case . As Stanley Fish said , " It was the jury ’ s task to determine whether Churchill ’ s dismissal would have occurred independently of the adverse political response to his protected statements . " The jury found that the alleged would not have led to Churchill 's firing and rejected the university 's academic claim as the grounds for dismissal . On April 1 , 2009 , a Colorado jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired , and awarded $ 1 in damages . As one of the jurors said later in a press interview , " it wasn 't a in his face or anything like that when we didn 't give him any money . It 's just that [ Churchill 's attorney ] David Lane kept saying this wasn 't about the money , and in the end , we took his word for that . " Churchill 's counsel asked Chief Judge Larry J. of the Denver District Court to order in light of the verdict . - On July 7 , 2009 , Judge found that the defendants ( university ) were entitled to quasi @-@ judicial immunity as a matter of law , vacated the jury verdict and determined that the University did not owe Churchill any financial compensation . denied Churchill 's request for at . - Churchill appealed both decisions . On November 24 , 2010 , a three @-@ judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court 's decision . In February 2011 , Churchill filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court . In late May 2011 , the Colorado Supreme Court agreed to hear his case . Court records indicate that oral arguments began June 7 , 2012 . On September 10 , 2012 , the court ruled that the University had " quasi @-@ judicial immunity " , upholding the trial court 's ruling . On April 1 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from Churchill . - - = = Honors = = - - 1992 , Alfred University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Letters . - - = = Works = = - - Books , as editor - and Native Americans . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1984 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 178 @-@ 9 . - Sharon , ed . ( 1997 ) . Islands in : The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 568 @-@ 8 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2005 ) . Sharon , ed . Islands in : The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 738 @-@ 5 . - , ed . ( 2006 ) . The Crime Of Silence : Evidence Of U.S. War In Indochina . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 21 @-@ 5 . - Books , as author and co @-@ author : - Culture versus : Essays on in the with Elisabeth Lloyd . Press . 1984 . - Agents of : The FBI 's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian with Jim Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1988 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 6 . - The : from the FBI 's Secret War Against Domestic with Jim Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1990 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 2 . - Fantasies of the Master Race : Literature , Cinema , and the Colonization of American Indians . Common Courage Press . 1992 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 348 @-@ 4 . - Churchill , Ward ( 1992 ) . and Jim Wall , ed . of Steel : The Politics of in America ( , Politics , Culture , Theory , Vol . 4 ed . ) . Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 17 @-@ 3 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2004 ) . Jim Wall , ed . Politics of in the United States . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 12 @-@ 3 . - for the Land : Indigenous Resistance to , and in Contemporary North America . Common Courage Press . 1993 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 001 @-@ 0 . and expanded edition : for the Land : Native North American Resistance to , and Colonization . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 415 @-@ 3 . - Indians Are Us ? : Culture and in Native North America . Common Courage Press . 1994 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ @-@ 8 . - Since : Notes from the for American Indian Liberation . Press . 1995 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 03 @-@ 5 . - Churchill , Ward ( 1996 ) . From a Native Son : Selected Essays on 1985 – 1995 . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 4 . - as : Reflections on the Role of Armed in North with Mike Ryan ( introduction by Ed Mead ) . Ring . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 07 @-@ 5 . - A Little of . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 343 @-@ 9 . - Measures : The History of FBI Political . Common Courage Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ @-@ 1 . - Acts Of Rebellion : The Ward Churchill Reader . . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ @-@ 4 . - of Justice : Indigenous Peoples and Law . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 0 . - On the Justice of : Reflections on the of U.S. Imperial and . AK Press . 2003 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 79 @-@ 1 . - Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The Impact of American Indian Residential Schools . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ @-@ 4 . - Speaking Truth in the of Power : on , , and Native North America . AK Press . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 04 @-@ 8 . - To , And : The FBI 's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party . . 2005 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ @-@ 8 . - Articles - Churchill , Ward ( July – September 1992 ) . " I Am : Notes on the of the Fourth World " . Z 1 ( 3 ) . from the original on October 14 , 2007 . - Churchill , Ward ( 1994 ) . " Let 's the Fun Around " . First published as " Against " in Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill ( . ) ( 1994 ) . Race , Class and Gender : An Anthology . , CA : pp. 366 – 73 . Also published under the titles " The Indian Chant and the " and " Using Indian Names as Native Americans " . - Churchill , Ward ( November 1998 ) . " Smoke Signals : A History of Native Americans in Cinema " . Magazine . - Churchill , Ward ( Winter – Spring 2003 ) . " An American Holocaust ? The Structure of " . Socialism and Democracy 17 ( 2 ) : 25 – 76 @.@ : 10 @.@ / . - Churchill , Ward ( Spring 2005 ) . " The of 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 : Reflections on History , Justice and " . Alternative Press Review 9 ( 1 ) : 45 – 56 . from the original on October 2 , 2006 . - Churchill , Ward ( July – August 2007 ) . " The Fourth World : for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life " . Left 25 : 25 – 29 . - Audio and video - Doing Time : The Politics of , audio CD of a lecture , recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg , September 2000 ( AK Press , 2001 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 47 @-@ 0 ) - Life In America ( AK Press , 2003 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 72 @-@ 2 ) - In A Pig 's Eye : Reflections on the Police State , , and Native America ( AK Press , 2002 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 50 @-@ 0 ) - US Off The Planet ! : An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And , VHS video recorded July 17 , 2001 ( Media , 2002 ) - and in the American Left , 2003 audio CD recorded at an AK Press warehouse in Oakland ( AK Press Audio ) - Z Ward Churchill Audio August 10 , 2003 and earlier - Churchill About Academic Freedom – Free Speech Radio News February 9 , 2005 - Ward Churchill Under Fire – Free Speech Radio News , February 3 , 2005 . - The Justice of : Ward Churchill The Pacifica Network Show , Democracy Now ! from February 18 , 2005 features extended Audio / Video exclusive interview with Churchill . - A Little of : U.S. to the Domestic of Indigenous Peoples " , recorded in North , Saskatchewan on March 19 , 2005 - Debate with David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University April 6 , 2006 - " Full two @-@ hour audio of debate with David Horowitz " . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . - " David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill — Round 1 " . Young Americans Foundation . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . Video and audio ( excerpt ) - " David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill " . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . - - = = = = - - Churchill 's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture . He uses historical photographs as source material for works . In the early 1990s at Santa Fe Indian Market , Churchill protested the passage of the 1990 Indian Arts and Act . It requires that , to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American , artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an . Under federal law , Churchill cannot identify his art as by a Native American . - Some of Churchill 's pieces may . For example , his 1981 Winter Attack was , according to Churchill and others , based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. Churchill printed 150 copies of Winter Attack and sold at least one of them . Other copies are available online for purchase . Churchill says that , when he produced Winter Attack , he publicly acknowledged that it was based on ' work . The online journal mentions Churchill 's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality . - - - = Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart = - - " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " is the fifteenth episode of the twenty @-@ third season of the American animated television sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 4 , 2012 . In the episode , Bart is punished by Homer after causing trouble . He gets revenge on his father by @-@ painting images of him with the word " " all over Springfield . Street artist Shepard encounters Bart one night and offers him a gallery show of Bart 's artworks . However , Chief suddenly appears during the show and arrests Bart for covering the town in graffiti . It turns out that is an undercover officer working for . - The episode references the 2010 street art documentary Exit Through the Gift Shop by graffiti artist , and features guest appearances from street artists Ron English , Kenny , and Robbie as themselves . , who is a long @-@ time fan of The Simpsons , also guest starred in the episode as himself . Around 5 @.@ 09 million Americans tuned in to watch " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " during its original broadcast . Since then , the episode has received praise from television critics for its opening sequence , which parodies the opening sequence of the medieval fantasy television series Game of . - - = = Plot = = - - As a birthday gift for Marge , Homer a designed by television chef Paula Paul . He goes to a health food store called Jack 's , where Paula is giving away , to have Paula sign it . Homer is impressed by the store and says he will not be shopping at the @-@ E @-@ Mart any more . Apu , who is there to spy , Homer and the two engage in a fight until the security guards grab hold of Apu and take him away . At the signing , Homer tells Paula that Marge is a big fan of hers . Paula decides that she will call Marge live during her upcoming show to wish her a happy birthday . Meanwhile , Bart gets his mother a for her birthday . The through the phone lines in the Simpsons ' home , causing Marge to miss Paula 's call . Paula becomes furious at Marge for not answering the phone as she embarrassed herself on her show . Homer Bart by him up in the 's cage . - To get revenge on Homer , Bart goes around Springfield @-@ painting graffiti of Homer 's face and the word " " . When his work appears on the television news , it encourages Bart to create even more graffiti in the town . Street artists Shepard , Ron English , Kenny , and Robbie encounter Bart one night when he is making some graffiti . The four tell Bart that they are impressed by his work and would like to showcase his art in a gallery show , at first Bart is unsure , but Bart remembers how Homer treated him , and then agrees . Meanwhile , the @-@ E @-@ Mart suffers because of the competition from Jack 's . Apu ends up attempting to Jack 's in a desperate measure , but the ( Snake ) convinces him to hand over the gun . Later , Apu is about to shut down the @-@ E @-@ Mart when his wife tells him that Jack 's is closing because it was discovered they were selling monkey meat imported from Brazil as chicken . - Homer initially refuses to attend Bart 's show because he discovers the artwork is an insult to him , but changes his mind after Bart apologizes and writes " I 'm sorry " on the hood of Homer 's car . At the show , Chief and the Springfield Police Department suddenly appear to arrest Bart for making graffiti throughout the town . It is revealed that the gallery show is a and that is an undercover officer who helped the police identify Bart as the graffiti artist that had been @-@ painting Springfield . Since Bart is just a boy , he is not sent to jail . Instead , he is punished by once again being locked up in the cage . When Bart tells that he has to go to the bathroom , covers the cage with the blanket and finds Bart gone when he removes the blanket from the cage . - - = = Production = = - - " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " was written by Marc and directed by Steven Dean Moore as part of the twenty @-@ third season of The Simpsons ( 2011 – 12 ) . It the debated status of street art as a true form of art . The title is a reference to Exit Through the Gift Shop , a 2010 street art documentary by graffiti artist who produced the opening sequence of an earlier Simpsons episode titled " " ( 2010 ) . The Richard song " Tonight The Streets Are " , which is the theme song of Exit Through the Gift Shop , is included in the episode during a montage of Bart painting graffiti in Springfield . Childs of The A.V. Club noted in his review of " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " that the " reveal that the art show was a police gives the show a moment to joke about the anti @-@ art market theme from Exit Through The Gift Shop . asks who would be stupid enough to pay for work that an amateur puts up for free in public , and the answer is , as in ’ s movie , the very wealthy , here represented by Mr. Burns . " - American street artist guest starred in " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " as himself . The graffiti art featuring Homer 's face and the word " " that Bart creates in the episode is a reference to 's Barack Obama " Hope " poster and his Giant image . has said that The Simpsons has been one of his favorite television shows since the early 1990s because of its " blend of humor and social commentary " , and he felt " deeply honored " to be included in an episode . wrote on his website that " Part of being on The Simpsons , is you ’ re being honored as a reference point in culture . " He described the plot of the episode as " great " , adding that the staff members of the show " were kind enough to indulge a couple of my dialogue suggestions designed to make the social commentary more pointed ( even though I had to make fun of myself to do so ) . " This was 's first acting performance . Street artists English , , and also guest starred in the episode as themselves . - The traditional Simpsons opening sequence was replaced in this episode with a redesigned version that the opening sequence of the HBO medieval fantasy series Game of . The Game of opening shows the various locations featured in the series on a three @-@ dimensional map of the fictional continent . In the Simpsons opening , these locations were substituted with places in Springfield , and The Wall was replaced with the Simpson family 's . The theme song featured in the Game of opening sequence was arranged by The Simpsons composer and used in the Simpsons opening as well . Nicholas , known for a covers of famous songs on YouTube , performed the Simpsons theme song over the closing credits of " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " . He was recruited after a staff member of the show saw his cover of the Simpsons theme on YouTube . - - = = Release = = - - " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " was originally broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on March 4 , 2012 . It was watched by approximately 5 @.@ 09 million people during this broadcast , and in the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , the episode received a 2 @.@ 5 Nielsen rating and a seven percent share . This was a slight decrease from the previous episode , " At Long Last Leave " , which acquired a 2 @.@ 6 rating . The episode became the second highest @-@ rated broadcast in Fox 's Animation lineup for the night in terms of both total viewers and in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing higher than new episodes of American Dad ! , Napoleon , and The Cleveland Show , but lower than a new Family Guy episode ( which received a 2 @.@ 8 rating and was seen by 5 @.@ 33 million people ) . For the week of February 27 – March 4 , 2012 , " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " placed 25th in the ratings among all prime @-@ time broadcasts in the 18 – 49 demographic , and seventh among all Fox prime @-@ time broadcasts . - Writing for The A.V. Club , television reviewer Childs commented that " Exit Through the @-@ E @-@ Mart " was " somewhat amusing and far more coherent than many recent episodes , but the satire is relatively mild . The episode a bit while looking for a sweet ending , but it is otherwise solid enough . " Critics have praised the opening sequence that parodies Game of . Tim of TV.com called it " one minute of genius " , and MTV 's Brandon wrote : " are in order for Matt Groening and his staff for really knocking this one out of the park . " Jenna Busch of and Kelly West of Cinema , both fans of Game of , named the opening the best in the history of the show . IGN 's Eric Goldman commented : " , The Simpsons . Always there for us with clever / loving parody of something we all love . Such was the case last night , when the animated series opened with an epic opening credit sequence that gave us the Springfield @-@ inspired version of the terrific Game of credits . " - - - = The Boat Race 2008 = - - The Boat Race took place on 29 March 2008 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford won the race . Oxford 's crew featured the oldest competitor in Boat Race history . The race took place in very difficult weather conditions – strong winds and heavy rain – resulting in the slowest winning time in over sixty years . Oxford won by six lengths , the largest margin of victory since the 2004 race . - Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie in the reserve race , while Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race . - - = = Background = = - - The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by over a length in the previous year 's race and the overall lead , with 79 victories to Oxford 's 73 . The race was sponsored by for the fourth time . - The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the , prior to the main Boat Race . - - = = Crews = = - - Oxford 's crew weighed an average of 12 pounds ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) more per rower than their opponents , and featured the oldest competitor in Boat Race history in 36 @-@ year @-@ old American Mike . Cambridge crew consisted of six Britons , two Australians and an American , while Oxford 's comprised four Americans , three Britons , an Australian and a German . Both , Nick and Rebecca , were former Blues , while Cambridge also saw 30 @-@ year @-@ old Tom Edwards return , having rowed in 2006 . Cambridge 's boat club president Dan O was the seventh Light Blue president not to row in his own Blue Boat . - - = = Race = = - - Oxford were pre @-@ race favourites , but Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford took an early lead , but the boats closed on each other , and John Garrett was forced to issue a number of warnings to both in an attempt to prevent a collision . By , Oxford were nearly a length ahead and Cambridge responded ; by the time the crews passed under Bridge they were level . Along Oxford moved ahead once again , and were clear of Cambridge after 30 . Oxford extended their lead to pass the finishing post in 20 minutes 53 seconds , six lengths and 22 seconds ahead of their opponents . Driving rain , strong winds and water resulted in the slowest winning time for over sixty years , but the largest margin of victory since the 2004 race . - Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in the reserve race . Oxford won the 44th running of the Women 's Boat Race by half a length . - - = = Reaction = = - - Oxford 's Oliver Moore said " we got the rage going in the crew , and we started to kill it , we hit an awesome rhythm " . Cambridge coach Duncan Holland his opponents : " Well done to Oxford , they were much faster on the day " . Following tradition , the victorious Oxford crew tossed their into the Thames . - - - = Fort Scott National Historic Site = - - Fort Scott National Historic Site is a historical area under the control of the United States National Park Service in Bourbon County , Kansas , United States . Named after General Winfield Scott , who achieved during the Mexican @-@ American War , during the middle of the 19th century the fort served as a military base for US Army action in what was the edge of settlement in 1850 . For the next quarter century , it was used as a supply base and to provide security in turbulent areas during the opening of the West to settlement , a period which included Bleeding Kansas and the American Civil War . - The current national historic site protects 20 historic structures , a parade ground , and five acres ( 20 @,@ 000 m ² ) of restored prairie , inside the city of Fort Scott . It is open to visitors most days of the year . - - = = History = = - - In 1842 , Fort Scott was named after Winfield Scott , was established on the American frontier on the military road in eastern Kansas between Fort and Fort Gibson . It was established to provide protection to the rapidly increasing number of settlers , who were migrating from the Eastern United States . Fort Scott became one of a chain of forts intended to protect the new settlers from the Plains Indians , as well as to protect the Indians from the settlers ' encroachment . - The United States government intention to reserve permanent Indian lands west of the Missouri River gave way to the competition of settlers continuing to on the Indian settlements . Fort Scott 's most active days were between 1842 and 1853 , although it was also used during the Civil War . - - = = = Army days = = = - - The of Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) were upset to have Fort Wayne in their proximity . After some delay , the US Army decided to abandon Fort Wayne and move its soldiers to a new fort to be built between Fort and the site . The Army both wanted to the ( who were supervised by the Department of Defense ) and provide more defense for white settlers and other Indians against the Osage , who had been conducting frequent raids in the area . On April 1 , 1842 , some soldiers of Fort Wayne left their fort and on April 22 arrived where Fort Scott would be built , in the Osage section of modern @-@ day Kansas . After with the to acquire the land , the rest of Fort Wayne 's garrison left the fort on May 26 and arrived at the Fort Scott site on May 30 . - Unlike most forts for military use , the fort did not have defensive walls or structures when first built ; the wide @-@ open area and the available artillery made an enclosed fort unnecessary . The soldiers concentrated on building structures for lodging the men , animals , and equipment . These buildings were on the edges of a 350 @-@ foot ( 110 m ) parade ground . - The post , Captain Thomas Swords , was in charge of building Fort Scott 's structures , and had to deal with the problems of construction on the Kansas prairie , which had few trees . He had only two and three carpenters to rely on , as there were few civilians and most of the soldiers had other duties to perform . Wood was available , but the mill was built 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) away , making transport time consuming . Swords found his efforts plagued by lack of wood , skilled labor and working equipment . Freak accidents destroyed much of the wood intended for the fort 's construction . As a result , only one of the five planned officers quarters ( four and post commandant 's house ) was built by 1844 , and the intended enlisted barracks were not completed . In his 1844 inspection of the fort , Colonel George reported that , in comparison to other frontier forts , he considered Fort Scott " above average " . - Due to the rising tensions that escalated in the Mexican @-@ American War , the US Army redeployed troops to the Southwest . With Fort Scott still uncompleted , officials decided on April 25 , 1850 , that no more construction would be done there , after eight years and $ 35 @,@ 000 . By the time it was finished , it was obsolete ; three years later , it was abandoned by the military in favor of the more western Fort Riley . - For the average soldier , life at the fort was " " . Until the permanent structures were built , soldiers had to live in tents , which lacked comfort . Aside from a few whiskey and prostitutes , few civilians lived at the fort . Officers had brought their personal slaves with them , including Captain Swords . Five miles East in Missouri was a shop that supplied soldiers , and quite a few courts @-@ martial followed soldiers ' going at the shop . The rate from the fort ranged from 12 % % , due to boredom , irregular pay , and hatred for military life . As no combat took place near the fort , it seemed more of a frontier village than a military base . Hunting was a popular ; according to Captain Swords , " wolf chasing and duck hunting " was the only way one officer could tolerate the place . - - = = = Bleeding Kansas = = = - - Two years after the army abandoned the fort , the buildings were sold by auction to civilians , with two being converted to hotels . In 1854 the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri of 1820 , which had kept slavery out of Kansas . in favor of slavery soon moved to Kansas to try to sway the vote of whether or not Kansas would permit slavery . Settlers from New England arrived equally determined to keep it out . Each of the two competing factions of the Bleeding Kansas conflict claimed one of the hotels at Fort Scott : Free @-@ Soil at the Fort Scott Hotel and Pro @-@ at the Western Hotel . Most of the residents in Fort Scott supported slavery , but those outside the town tended to the free @-@ soil side . During this time , there were local incidents of murder and attempted , typical elements of the guerrilla conflicts that were prevalent in the fighting . - - = = = Army returns = = = - - During the American Civil War , the fort was renewed as a US military post . In August 1861 , the Union Army took command of Fort Scott , and it for the war times . The United States Army also took over several blocks within the town for and functions . The Union Army rented the properties from the current civilian owners . Troops from Indiana , Iowa , Colorado , Ohio , and Wisconsin would come to the fort , and either stayed by the fort , or traveled farther , to Missouri , Arkansas , or the Indian Territory . Fort Scott was one of the few installations that recruited and trained black soldiers for the United States Troops of the Union Army . - A major supply depot was situated at the fort . Confederate general Sterling Price hoped to capture the town , but the closest the Confederate force came to the garrison was 10 miles ( 16 km ) away at Battle of Dry Wood Creek . The site was strategically important as it was within a Southern @-@ area and close to the Confederate state of Arkansas and the " unstable " Indian Territory ( present @-@ day state of Oklahoma ) , where many of the members of the Five were allied with the Confederates . The fort served as a " general hospital " ( large military hospital ) and prison until after the war . Following the end of the war , in October 1865 the US Army left the facilities and sold off by auction what they controlled . - On January 14 , 1870 , the Army returned with the formation of the Post of Southeast Kansas . The Post was based at Fort Scott , but the soldiers camped along the rail tracks , and seldom used the original fort . They were sent to protect the railroads and workers from settlers . Some of the latter feared that the railroad , which had been awarded land for development by the US Government in rights @-@ of @-@ way , would evict them from their homes . The settlers considered the troops to the railroads , and both as enemies . - Settlers also had some continuing conflicts with Indians and insurgents using the recent Confederate cause as excuse for robbery . By the spring of 1873 , the US Army withdrew the troops from Fort Scott for good . From 1873 to 1965 , the buildings of the fort were left , and slowly deteriorated . Many military buildings were razed and replaced with structures built for civilian use . - - = = Modern times = = - - With the Act of August 31 , 1965 , the National Park Service gave the city government of Fort Scott , Kansas the necessary funds and technical knowledge to restore the fort . - On October 19 , 1978 , Fort Scott became a National Historic Site under the supervision of the National Park Service , encompassing 17 acres ( 69 @,@ 000 m2 ) . Today the fort is open throughout the year , save for , Christmas , and New Years Day . has declined in recent years . In 2005 visitation was 25 @,@ ; in 2007 it was 22 @,@ 314 . - Surviving structures include four officers ' barracks , one 's barracks , two infantry barracks , a hospital , , , ordnance and post headquarters , , shop , flagpole , and magazine . Another feature of the park is 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) of prairie restored as part of an ecology @-@ restoration project . - - - = ( 2008 ) = - - ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on June 8 , 2008 at the Civic Center in , Mississippi . It was the fourth event under the name and the sixth event in the 2008 TNA schedule . Seven professional wrestling matches and one dark match were featured on the event 's card , three of which were for championships . The event commemorated TNA 's six year anniversary . - The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended against Booker T , Christian Cage , , and Robert . Joe won the match to retain the title . The card also featured a bout against Kurt Angle , which won . The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by The Latin American ( and ; ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) at the event . was the victors in the contest to retain the championship . A Six Woman Tag Team match was won by the team of Kim , , and over The Beautiful People ( Love and Velvet Sky ) and Moose on the . - is remembered for Joe being the first to retain a championship in a King of the Mountain match . The reported figure of for the event was 20 @,@ 000 , as reported by The Wrestling Observer . had an attendance of 2 @,@ 000 people . Jon of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 7 out of 10 , which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason . After the event , an accident occurred which resulted in the death of one man and the injury of another . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Background = = = - - The fourth installment in the name was announced in January 2008 to take place on June 8 . In March 2008 , it was reported that would be held outside the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . In late @-@ March 2008 , was expected to be held in Tennessee . TNA issued a press release in April 2008 advertising on June 8 at the Civic Center in , Mississippi , although TNA promoted the event as being held in the Memphis area . It also announced that the annual King of the Mountain match would be held at the event . for went on sale on April 25 . celebrates TNA 's six year anniversary , after it formed on June 19 , 2002 . TNA created a section covering the event on their website . TNA released a poster to promote the event prior featuring the tagline " In a town where legends are made , one to reach immortality " and Booker T , Christian Cage , , Samoa Joe , and . Release the Flood by for Life was used as the official theme for the show . material advertising the return of Abyss at the event was featured on TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! . The scripted wedding of Jay and was promoted for . This was announced on the May 15 episode of Impact ! , when proposed and accepted in the storyline . American singer Ace Young was advertised take part in the segment on the May 22 episode of Impact ! . On the May 29 episode of Impact ! , asked to be his best man , to which agreed . 's were announced on the June 5 episode as George Steele , Kamala , B. Ware , and Jake Roberts . - - = = = = = = - - featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted and storylines . portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . - The main event at was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended the title against four other competitors . On the May 15 episode of Impact ! , Joe announced the encounter would take place at as well that an agreement had been made between Management Director Jim and himself on who would compete in the bout . The arrangement entailed that qualifying matches would take place leading to the event between four wrestlers he chose and four wrestlers chose . 's four wrestlers were James Storm , Matt Morgan , Robert , and , while Joe 's four were , Booker T , Christian Cage , and . The qualifying matches were held on the May 22 and May 29 episodes of Impact ! . defeated Morgan in the first , while Booker T defeated in the second , both on the May 22 episode of Impact ! . The last two qualification matches were held on the May 29 episode of Impact ! , with defeating Storm and Cage defeating . Kevin Nash , who played Joe 's mentor in the storyline , requested to be made the Special Guest for the bout , which he was granted by on the May 29 episode of Impact ! . - The predominate storyline heading into the event was the rivalry between and Kurt Angle , both members of The Angle Alliance group . On the February 14 episode of Impact ! , TNA held the scripted wedding of Angle 's real @-@ life wife Karen Angle and despite Angle and Karen still being married on @-@ screen . Afterwards , Karen and Angle separated in the storyline on the March 13 episode of Impact ! . TNA continued to build the situation with Angle attempting to reconcile with Karen on the May 15 episode of Impact ! . Karen refused Angle 's request on the May 22 episode of Impact ! , leading to Angle turning on and assaulting later in the episode due to his jealousy of the affection Karen showed for . On the May 29 episode of Impact ! , announced Angle versus for the event . Angle sustained a severe neck injury in early May with several TNA officials believing Angle would not recover in time to perform at the show . Angle was still in pain a few days prior to but was expected to perform normally despite some officials feeling it was too soon to compete . - The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended at by then @-@ champions The Latin American ( and ; ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) . At TNA 's previous event on May 11 , defeated Team 3D in the final round of the Wild Tag Team Tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship . On the May 15 episode of Impact ! , Team 3D attacked and was scripted to 's manager Guerrero , thus starting a rivalry between the two . announced a rematch from for the championship to take place at the show on the May 29 episode of Impact ! . - TNA held a Six Woman Tag Team match The Beautiful People ( Love and Velvet Sky ) and against Kim , , and at . This was the main storyline in TNA 's women 's division which started at where TNA held a Ten Woman TNA Battle Royal to become number @-@ one contender to the TNA Women 's Championship . The rules of the contest involved the winner getting a championship match while the runner @-@ up had her head . Love cost — then known as — the match , resulting in her head being . Kim won the bout and went on to have her title opportunity on the May 15 episode of Impact ! , which she lost after interference from Love . On the June 5 episode of Impact ! , made her TNA debut with The Beautiful People in assaulting Kim , , and . - - = = Event = = - - TNA held a match to warm – up the crowd known as a dark match prior to the show The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris ) against the team of Lance Hoyt and Johnny . The Motor City Machine Guns won the encounter . - - = = = = = = - - featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike and Don West were the commentators for the telecast , with Frank providing for the versus Kurt Angle bout only . Jeremy and David were ring for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl , Charles , and Mark " " Johnson participated as for the encounters . Lauren Thompson and were used as during the event . Besides those who competed at the event , Abyss , Ace Young , Eric Young , George Steele , Guerrero , Jake Roberts , Jay , Johnny , Kamala , Karen Angle , B. Ware , , Khan , , Scott Steiner , , , and all appeared on camera , either in backstage or in segments . The wedding of and took place after the second $ 25 @,@ 000 Fan Challenge . The segment ended when proclaimed his love for in the storyline and attacked . Young , Steele , Roberts , Kamala , and Ware came to 's defense before Roberts placed a snake on top of an unconscious to end the segment . - - = = = Preliminary matches = = = - - The TNA X Division Championship was defended by then @-@ champion Williams against in the opening contest of the telecast . Williams was accompanied by Khan and Scott Steiner . The duration of the bout was 15 minutes and 19 seconds . Williams wore a protective face mask due to a broken orbital bone . Khan and Steiner in the bout several times . was legitimately open during the match after Williams him in the face with a steel pipe . Williams won the encounter after performing his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver by head @-@ first into the mat to retain the TNA X Division Championship . Abyss returned after this match by aiding who was being attacked by Khan , Steiner , and Williams . - The team of The Beautiful People and — renamed Moose — fought the team of Kim , , and in a Six Woman Tag Team match next . It lasted 10 minutes and 14 seconds . won the bout for her team after running and Moose against the mat back @-@ first and following with the pin . - The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended in the third match of the event by against Team 3D . Guerrero and accompanied to the ring . , Guerrero , and Team 3D 's associate Johnny all in the encounter . Near the end when Team 3D were waiting to perform their signature 3D tag team maneuver on , came up behind Devon and pinned him with a schoolboy pin at 15 minutes to retain the championship . - TNA held two $ 25 @,@ 000 Fan Challenge segments next with then @-@ TNA Women 's Champion Kong and her manager offering fans in the crowd the chance to face Kong . Kong and then chose a willing participant and if they defeated Kong they won $ 25 @,@ 000 . The participants chosen for these segments were predetermined , with each planted in the crowd . The first encounter pitted D against Kong , which Kong won after face @-@ first into the mat with her signature maneuver at 2 minutes and 26 seconds . The second was between Robinson and Kong , lasting 1 minute and 42 seconds . Kong won the bout after back @-@ first into the mat with her signature maneuver . - - = = = Main event matches = = = - - fought Kurt Angle in the sixth encounter of the show next . The match lasted 22 minutes and 44 seconds . Angle was accompanied by to the ring . The referee forced to head to the backstage area due to the referee believing he would interfere . attempted to perform his signature Clash maneuver on Angle , which Angle countered into his signature Lock submission hold . escaped the hold , causing Angle to crash into the referee , knocking him out in the storyline . Karen Angle then ran down to the area and attempted to hand Angle a steel chair . Once Angle grabbed the chair she refused to release , allowing to grab Angle and perform the Clash by Angle face @-@ first into the mat . then followed with the pin attempt to win the contest . After the encounter , Angle and assaulted . - The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship with Kevin Nash as Special Guest between then @-@ champion Samoa Joe and the Booker T , Christian Cage , , and Robert . In a King of the Mountain match , the objective is to climb a ladder and hang the championship belt on a hook above the ring . In order to do so , a wrestler must first qualify by either or making another wrestler submit in the match . A wrestler who is pinned or made to submit is this placed in a penalty box for two minutes . The match is fought under no rules . Booker T was the first to qualify by after him back @-@ first into the mat with his signature Book End maneuver . was this placed in the penalty box . was the next to qualify after bashing a ladder Cage held with a chair into him and following with a pin . Immediately afterwards , pinned with a roll @-@ up pin to qualify . Later , Joe held Booker T in his signature submission hold when Cage ascended a padded and jumped off onto Booker T and Joe . He followed by Booker T to qualify and send Booker T to the penalty box . When Booker T was released from the box , he attacked Nash with the title belt and then attempted to hang it . Nash stopped him and then dropped Booker T back @-@ first against the mat with his signature maneuver . Joe was the last to qualify by after him back and neck @-@ first into the mat with his signature maneuver . Joe then hung the title belt at 19 minutes and 49 seconds to win the competition . - - = = Reception = = - - A total of 2 @,@ 000 people attended , while the The Wrestling Observer reported that 20 @,@ 000 people bought the event . Canadian Online Explorer writer Jon rated the entire event a 7 out of 10 , which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason . The 7 out of 10 was the same rating given to the 2009 edition by Chris and Bryan . The previous event and TNA 's next event Victory Road both received a 7 out of 10 by Chris and Bob , respectively . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) One Night Stand event on June 1 , both performed equally , as One Night Stand received the same rating from Matt . - felt that " TNA put on a strong " that was in " large part to little . " Regarding the main event , gave it a 6 out of 10 , while the World Tag Team Championship match received a 4 out of 10 . He gave the Six Woman Tag Team match a 4 @.@ 5 out of 10 and the versus Kurt Angle bout a 9 out of 10 . The X Division Championship contest was given a 7 out of 10 . - Wade of the Pro Wrestling reviewed the show . He felt the main event had " lots of action and drama , " but that having to hang the belt on a hook does not make for a " particularly dramatic end to a match as it seems like someone hanging a plant in the corner " than " beating someone to win a fight . " said the World Tag Team Championship contest was a " solid tag match " with some " elaborate sequences " that were " well executed . " stated that the X Division Championship match was a " very good opener . " Regarding the and Angle bout , commented that it was a " good match , but short of a classic must @-@ see match in part because there were too many mid @-@ match from Angle that took the crowd out of it . " - James Caldwell , also of the Pro Wrestling , posted a review of the show in which he felt the main event was a " slow , match " with an " finish . " Caldwell stated that the versus Angle contest was a " fine spotlight singles match , " but was a " bit when the expectations were reasonably high for two of TNA 's best wrestlers in a featured singles match . " He went on to say that he felt it was " missing something " and that it " seemed like the match just never moved out of second gear . Caldwell felt the X Division Championship bout was a " very good opening match , " which " could have been a featured match to sell a few additional , but TNA didn 't give the X Division any focus until the final show before the . " Caldwell stated the World Tag Team Championship was " just a slow , tag match . " Regarding the marriage segment during the show , Caldwell said " it was just a bad , bad , bad segment that died slowly and in front of the live audience . " Overall , Caldwell felt that " TNA showcased the X Division in the opening match , " but needed more " on the show to balance the slow , former WWE heavyweight wrestlers in the main event slots . " - - = = Accident = = - - After ended , crews began to the set used for the event . During this time , a man named Kevin " Angus " was removing a light array when the scaffolding he was positioned on collapsed , causing him to slam against the concrete floor below . He was rushed to the Baptist Hospital in , Mississippi where he was pronounced deceased . Another worker named Paul Martin was also taken to the hospital due to his thumb being cut off in the incident . TNA released a statement regarding the incident the next day through their website . The June 12 episode of Impact ! was dedicated to , with a banner at the beginning of the show stating " In memory Kevin ( 1963 – 2008 ) " . A moment of silence was held prior to the Impact ! after in honor of . - - = = Aftermath = = - - Several wrestlers were concerned with Kurt Angle 's health going into his match with . Despite the concerns , Angle appeared to be out of it after the contest but was expected to be . - Samoa Joe and Booker T started a rivalry over the TNA World Heavyweight Championship following . On the June 12 episode of Impact ! , Booker T claimed that Joe did not beat him at the event due to interference from Kevin Nash . This led to Nash stating that Joe could not beat Booker T in a one @-@ on @-@ one match later in the broadcast . After this segment , Joe announced that Booker T and he would face at Victory Road on July 13 for the title . On the July 10 episode of Impact ! , Sting proclaimed that he did not know which of the two would win at Victory Road , but that he would be there to watch . At the event , Joe beat Booker T till he was bloody , causing several and security personnel to try to stop him to no . He was stopped when Sting in the contest by bashing Joe with a baseball bat . Booker T then covered Joe for an unofficial pinfall victory that was counted by Booker T 's legitimate wife . The match result was ruled a no @-@ contest , with Joe retaining the title . - was joined by Christian Cage and in his feud with Kurt Angle , who was joined by Team 3D . and Angle faced in a match on the June 12 episode of Impact ! , which Angle won . Team 3D then injured both Cage and in the narrative , with being knocked out on the June 19 episode of Impact ! , while on the June 26 episode of Impact ! Cage was through a glass table by Brother Ray . returned from injury on the July 3 episode of Impact ! , challenging Team 3D and Angle to a Six Man Tag Team match at Victory Road , while at adding Full Metal rules to the bout . An online poll was held to determine the for the match , resulting in Full Metal being chosen . The team of Angle and Team 3D were the victors at the event . - After , went on to captain Team TNA in the 2008 TNA World X Cup Tournament . He competed in a Four Way Ultimate X match at Victory Road as the final round of the tournament . He was unsuccessful in winning the match and gaining the appropriate points to win the tournament , thus causing Team TNA ( , Alex Shelley , Chris , and Curry Man ) to finish in second place , with Team Mexico ( , Rey , Último Guerrero , and Jr . ) being the victors in point rankings . - feuded with James Storm and Robert over the TNA World Tag Team Championship after . and Storm formed a team known as Beer Money Incorporated and challenged for the title on the June 12 episode of Impact ! . The match was originally won by and Storm before being due to interference . won the restart to retain the championship . After the bout , and Storm assaulted and Guerrero . Management Director Jim scheduled a title defense at Victory Road between and and Storm under " Fan 's Revenge " rules on the June 19 episode of Impact ! . were successful in defending the title at Victory Road . - - = = Results = = - - King of the Mountain match - - - = Home Made Pie = - - Home Made Pie is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a comedy of circumstances , in which the Gale family is going to host a dinner . The focus of the humor is in a that brandy is added to in an attempt to make it more , but three people each add brandy to the . Everyone becomes upon eating the , including the family cat , and the film concludes . No cast or staff credits for this film are known . The film was released on September 27 , 1910 , to mixed reviews in trade publications . Reviewers mentioned that the film was too long and it was unbelievable that one split eight ways would be able to impact everyone . The film is presumed lost . - - = = Plot = = - - Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from September 24 , 1910 . It states : " Life in a country town is often tedious and , and were it not for the little and the are constantly given , existence in some localities would be a very dreary thing indeed . So the time honored get @-@ of the small town are an established feature to the social calendar ; they are just as much a matter of necessity and as such have come to stay . The thought well of this established feature . They made it a occasion for themselves as well as their guests . They were hardly an overly wealthy family , and their table was never notable for an of the good things of life , but whenever they gave a dinner they cast all thoughts of economy to the country winds and worked to the one end that their guests have a pleasant time . " - " On the night before such an event neither , , or Gale could get those minutes ' solid sleep for thought that they might have overlooked some essential in the guests ' comfort . At the first of the rooster they would come hopping down to the kitchen to get the into shape . So little wonder that on occasion of the dinner here pictured - when the prize dish was a splendid - the were ever looking after the need of the said . First Gale would to the table whereupon it sat in solemn state , and give it a stir ; then Gale would over and give it a stir ; finally Gale would have to come over and honor it likewise . Then arrived the guests . The Minister and the Mrs. Minister , they were , and some neighbors . While she was receiving them the recollection came to Gale that the beloved had not received its . Off she speeds to a of whiskey in the kitchen . She into the the right proportion of liquor , and goes back to her guests . Then Gale remembers that the has not been flavored . He , too , himself and a moment later is found pouring whiskey into the sacred . No sooner has he ceased and returned to his guest than Gale , who has just remembered about the forgotten , rushes in and makes for the whiskey . She ' the right proportion ' in , too . " - - = = Production = = - - The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes , D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie , , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna , Mrs. George Walters . A surviving film still gives the possibility of identifying eight actors . - - = = Release and reception = = - - The single reel comedy , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on September 27 , 1910 . The film likely had a wide national release , with advertisements in theaters known in Indiana , Kansas , Wisconsin , and Pennsylvania . The film would also be shown in Vancouver , Canada and was met with praise by the audience at the Province Theatre . In 1917 , years after the film 's release , the film was approved without censorship by the Pennsylvania State Board of of Moving Pictures . - The The Moving Picture World reviewer found the subject to be too long , but did not find it to be a fault . The reviewer states , " A domestic comedy with a different flavor . In fact , with a for a basis the flavor comes to resemble brandy very strongly by the time that the cook , the maid and the mistress of the house and her daughter have added the proper proportion of , neither one knowing that the others have done likewise . The humor in this piece centers around this . What happened to the guests who of it certainly draws upon the imagination . Imagine eight people , not to speak of the cat , getting drunk on the brandy in one ! ... We do not single out this subject as being more evidently padded than others shown on the screen this week . as well as were guilty and it is time that the manufacturers realize the importance of the scenario end of matters . The episode was well done , which is the faint praise that we do not like to out to anyone . " Walton of The Moving Picture News was not by the plot and stated , " To me the last scene had no humor . It was only the necessary ending to the beginning . True humor does not from . " The New York Dramatic Mirror stated , " This is the old story of too many cooks , and it is quite funny after the first scenes are out of the way . The early part of the film takes too much time with trivial details leading up to the final situation . ... A weak point in the story is the fact that the is cut into eight small pieces , making it difficult to believe in its remarkable power . Two would have been as easy to make as one and would have been more convincing . The character parts are all well taken , although the cook would have been better if she had not seized so many opportunities to talk directly at the camera . " - - - = Back Off = - - " Back Off " is a song by English musician Starr , released as a non @-@ album single in March 1972 . Starr 's former Beatles George Harrison produced the recording , which took place in London shortly after the two had appeared together at Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh shows in August 1971 . The single was a follow @-@ up to Starr 's 1971 hit song " It Don 't Come Easy " and continued his successful run as a solo artist . " Back Off " peaked at number 2 in Britain and Canada , and number 9 on America 's Billboard Hot 100 . It remains Starr 's highest @-@ charting single in the United Kingdom . - The title for the song was inspired by English singer @-@ songwriter Marc . Some commentators have suggested that the lyrics were directed at Paul McCartney , reflecting Starr 's disdain for the music McCartney had made as a solo artist over the previous two years . " Back Off " demonstrates the influence of rock on Starr , who directed a documentary film , Born to Boogie ( 1972 ) , about 's band T. Rex around this time . Described by one author as a " high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker " , the song features a prominent slide guitar part by Harrison and contributions from musicians Gary Wright and Klaus . - Starr re @-@ recorded " Back Off " for his 1981 album Stop and the Roses , in a collaboration with American singer Harry Nilsson that incorporates lyrics from Beatles songs such as " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " Good Day Sunshine " and " Baby , You 're a Rich Man " . The original version has appeared on Starr 's compilation albums from Your Past and : The Very Best of Starr , and as a bonus track on his remastered 1974 studio album Vienna . Since his return to touring in 1989 , Starr has performed " Back Off " regularly in concert with the various of his All @-@ Starr Band . - - = = Background and composition = = - - Starr identified his initial inspiration for " Back Off " as having come from Marc , the singer and guitarist with English rock band T. Rex . In a 2001 interview with editor Paul Du , Starr described as " a dear friend who used to come into the office when I was running Apple Movies , a big office in town , and the hang @-@ out for myself , Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon " . Over dinner one evening at Starr 's home outside London , had used the word " " so often that it stuck in Starr 's mind , after which the beat and melody for the song came to him overnight . When discussing the composition on VH1 in May 1998 , Starr explained : " [ ] was an guy . He used to speak : ' Back off ... you , . ' ' Do you want some potatoes ? ' ' you , ! ' " Starr also recalled having to take the batteries out of his children 's toys that night , in order to power a tape recorder and make a recording of the new song . - The lyrics to the middle eight of " Back Off " came to Starr while watching London Weekend Television 's football show , The Big Match . The program 's host , Jimmy Hill , often referred to a footballer 's playing as " " , a catchphrase that Starr incorporated into his song lyrics : - Get yourself together now - And give me something - Everything you try to do - You know it sure sounds wasted . - Commentators have interpreted the song , and particularly this statement , as an attack by Starr on his former Beatles Paul McCartney . Starr has denied any such interpretation , instead " claiming that the song was inspired by and nothing more " , Beatles biographer Robert Rodriguez writes . Starr had publicly criticised McCartney 's solo albums McCartney ( 1970 ) and Ram ( 1971 ) on release , and author Bruce the message of the middle eight as " a plea for Paul to produce better music " . The mention of " sound [ ing ] wasted " could also be a reference to McCartney 's with cannabis , Rodriguez suggests . A further example of Starr 's allegedly anti @-@ McCartney message exists in the song 's first verse : - Wake up , - Don 't pretend that you are dead - Get yourself up off the cart . - The same commentators suggest that here Starr could be referring to the 1969 " Paul Is Dead " hoax . The latter circulated during September and October of that year while McCartney hid away on his Scottish farm , after John Lennon had told him and Starr that he wanted a " divorce " from the Beatles . - In addition to these supposed messages in " Back Off " , observers have viewed the song title as Starr 's to McCartney to abandon his legal stand against the Beatles and Apple Corps , which was placed in receivership in March 1971 after a High Court judge found in McCartney 's favour . Author Keith writes that " " had " long been cited as Paul 's nickname " from his former bandmates Starr , Lennon and George Harrison . While acknowledging that in subsequent years Starr might have chosen to minimise any ill @-@ feeling towards McCartney , Rodriguez notes that the lyrics " just happened to fit perfectly into the ' us vs. Paul ' mindset " following the Beatles ' break @-@ up , to the extent that " Back Off " was " as as ' Early 1970 ' had been " . When his 1970 composition " I 'm the Greatest " for Starr to record on the album ( 1973 ) , Lennon referenced the song title with the lines " Now I 'm only thirty @-@ two / And all I want to do is " . - Although " T Rex devotees " , in the words of Starr biographer Alan , claimed that had ghost @-@ written " Back Off " , Starr later acknowledged that Harrison co @-@ wrote the song by adding some chords and finishing the melody . As on Starr 's 1971 hit single " It Don 't Come Easy " , Harrison was not credited for his songwriting contribution . Starr originally offered " Back Off " to fellow Black to record , but she declined , hoping instead to record another new Starr – Harrison composition , " " . - - = = Recording = = - - Having earmarked the song as his next single , Starr recorded " Back Off " in September 1971 , following his appearance at the Harrison @-@ organised Concert for Bangladesh in New York . The sessions took place at Apple Studio in central London , with Harrison producing , as he had on " It Don 't Come Easy " . The recording reflects the influence of rock on Starr through what authors and Mark Easter term " its big drum sound and nature " , with a line @-@ up comprising Starr ( vocals , drums , percussion ) , Harrison ( guitars ) , Gary Wright ( piano ) and Klaus ( bass , saxophone ) . - Rodriguez describes Starr 's " martial @-@ sounding opening " as a rare " showcase for his own drumming " , while Harrison biographer Simon writes of " a series of Harrison slide breaks that brought to mind " . Further overdubs included contributions from three backing vocalists , led by American soul singer Madeline Bell . - - = = = " " = = = - - For the single 's B @-@ side , Starr had already written and recorded " " , the theme song for the @-@ directed Western of the same name , filming for which Starr had interrupted in order to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh . Starr produced the track with . The sessions for " " took place at Apple on 18 – 19 August , with guitarist Pete Ham assisting Starr and . Like the film ( 1971 ) , the song is held in low regard by critics ; describes it as " a muddy @-@ sounding with little to recommend " . - - = = Release and reception = = - - Apple Records issued the single on 17 March 1972 in Britain , as Apple R , with a US release taking place three days later , as Apple 1849 . It was Starr 's first release since " It Don 't Come Easy " , a year before . During this period , his priority had been to develop a career as an actor in films such as 200 ( 1971 ) and . Further himself with Britain 's rock movement , Starr made his directorial debut with Born to Boogie ( 1972 ) , a film starring that included Starr 's footage of a T. Rex concert held at Wembley on 18 March . With " Back Off " , NME critic Bob noted Starr 's success in establishing himself in the two years since the Beatles ' break @-@ up , and wrote that the single " confirmed that he and Harrison , dark horses both , were the ones who had managed their solo careers more purposefully and " compared with McCartney and Lennon . - The song was a hit in the US , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and achieved Starr 's best position on the UK Singles Chart , where it reached number 2 . A promotional video for " Back Off " was shot on 20 March at Lennon 's Tittenhurst Park residence while Starr was looking after the property . The video , which shows Starr walking around an outdoor structure and followed by a @-@ like monster , was directed by Tom Taylor and financed by Films . A similar monster appeared on the single 's picture sleeve , holding a cigarette . - Alan writes of reviewers criticising " Back Off " for being , leading Starr to respond in a 1973 interview : " Play me a pop song that isn 't . " On release , Chris Welch wrote in Melody Maker : " A Number One hit could easily be in store for the of rock drums . There 's a touch of the Marc in this highly playable rhythmic ... It 's hypnotic and effective , ideal for and liable to send us all mad by the end of the week . " described the single as " every bit as " as " It Don 't Come Easy " , although " slightly inferior " , while Mike of AllMusic views it as a song where " [ t ] he spirit of Starr shines through " . In a 1974 article for the NME , Charles Murray highlighted " Back Off " as a " great radio and @-@ box tune " . - Among biographers , Simon terms it " a rocking , soccer crowd chant that suited Starr 's talents well " , and Bruce praises the track as a " high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker propelled by 's drums and George 's slide guitar " . In the 2005 publication NME : Beatles – The Solo Years 1970 – 1980 , Paul Moody listed " Back Off " first among Starr 's " ten solo gems " and described it as " Good time rock to match the Faces " . Guitar World editor Damian includes the song on his list of Harrison 's ten best post @-@ Beatles " Guitar " , saying of the recording : " the main event is clearly Harrison 's slightly wild , – and very – slide guitar solo , which includes an alternate melody line that 's even than the melody is singing . " - Re @-@ releases for " Back Off " include Starr 's 1975 greatest hits album , from Your Past , and , along with " " , as a bonus track on the 1992 reissue of his Vienna album ( 1974 ) . " Back Off " also appeared on his 2007 compilation : The Very Best of Starr , the collector 's edition of which included his 1972 video for the song . - - = = Stop and the Roses version = = - - Starr recorded a new version of " Back Off " for his 1981 album on Records , Stop and the Roses . The song was produced by Starr 's friend , singer Harry Nilsson , and features a musical arrangement by Van Parks . Similar to Nilsson 's 1968 cover of the Beatles ' " You Can 't Do That " , the remake incorporates lyrics from a number of the band 's songs – in this case , " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " Help ! " , " Lady Madonna " , " Good Day Sunshine " and " Baby , You 're a Rich Man " , as well as Starr 's " It Don 't Come Easy " . In a further reference to his past , the 1981 version of " Back Off " opens with the same guitar riff that Harrison had played on " It Don 't Come Easy " ten years before . - Starr taped the basic track at Recording Studios in Los Angeles on 4 November 1980 , with additional recording taking place on 1 – 5 December at Nassau 's Point Studios . Among the large cast of musicians supporting Starr were Nilsson ( vocals ) , Jim ( drums ) , Jane ( piano ) , Dennis and Richie ( guitars ) , and a four @-@ piece horn section led by saxophonist Jerry . - Starr his vocals on 4 December , four days before the murder of John Lennon , who had been due to record his contributions to Stop and the Roses in January 1981 . with his success as a solo artist in 1971 – 73 , the album continued Starr 's run of commercial and critical failures since 1976 ; Rodriguez writes that " [ m ] people either love or hate the " of " Back Off " . - - = = Live performance = = - - Starr has performed " Back Off " in concert with his All @-@ Starr Band , beginning with the band 's debut tour of North America in July – September 1989 . The song was dropped from the concert setlist early in that tour , however , in favour of the 1963 Lennon – McCartney composition " I Wanna Be Your Man " . Live versions of " Back Off " have appeared on the multi @-@ disc compilation The Anthology ... So Far ( 2001 ) and King Flower Hour Presents & His New All @-@ Starr Band ( 2002 ) . The latter version was recorded during a US tour in August 2001 , at which point the All @-@ Starr line @-@ up was Starr ( vocals ) , Mark Rivera ( saxophone ) , Ian Hunter ( guitar ) , Roger Hodgson and Howard Jones ( keyboards ) , Greg Lake ( bass ) and E. ( drums ) . - Starr also played the song live with and the , a band he formed to promote his 1998 studio album Man . A version recorded on 13 May that year at Sony Music Studios , New York , appeared on Starr 's VH1 live album and video , released in October 1998 . The personnel on this performance included Starr ( vocals ) , Joe Walsh and Mark Hudson ( guitars ) , Jack ( bass ) and Simon ( drums ) . Another live version with the , recorded for PBS Television 's in August 2005 , was issued on Starr : Live at ( 2007 ) . - - = = Personnel = = - - The following musicians played on the original version of " Back Off " : - Starr – vocals , drums , percussion , backing vocals - George Harrison – slide guitars , acoustic guitar - Gary Wright – piano - Klaus – bass , saxophone - Madeline Bell , Duncan , Jean Gilbert – backing vocals - - = = Chart performance = = - - - - = Where the Streets Have No Name = - - " Where the Streets Have No Name " is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It is the opening track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album 's third single in August 1987 . The song 's hook is a repeating guitar using a delay effect , played during the song 's introduction and again at the end . Lead vocalist Bono wrote the lyrics in response to the notion that it is possible to identify a person 's religion and income based on the street on which they lived , particularly in Belfast . During the band 's difficulties recording the song , producer Brian Eno considered the song 's tapes to have them start from scratch . - " Where the Streets Have No Name " was praised by critics and became a commercial success , peaking at number thirteen in the US , number fourteen in Canada , number ten in the Netherlands , and number four in the United Kingdom . The song has remained a staple of their live act since the song debuted in 1987 on The Joshua Tree Tour . The song was performed on a Los Angeles for the filming of its music video , which won a Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video . - - = = Writing and recording = = - - The music for " Where the Streets Have No Name " originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions . In an upstairs room at House — his newly purchased home — The Edge used a four @-@ track tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards , bass , guitar , and a drum machine . that the album sessions were approaching the end and that the band were short on exceptional live songs , The Edge wanted to " up the ultimate U2 live @-@ song " , so he imagined what he would like to hear at a future U2 show if he were a fan . After finishing the rough mix , he felt he had come up with " the most amazing guitar part and song of [ his ] life " . With no one in the house to share the demo with , The Edge recalls dancing around and punching the air in celebration . - Although the band liked the demo , it was difficult for them to record the song . Adam Clayton said , " At the time it sounded like a foreign language , whereas now we understand how it works " . The arrangement , with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes , was many times , but the group struggled to get a performance they liked . According to co @-@ producer Daniel Lanois , " that was the science project song . I remember having this massive schoolhouse , as we call them . I was holding a pointer , like a college professor , walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking . It was ridiculous . " Co @-@ producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the album sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of " Where the Streets Have No Name " . The band worked on a single take for weeks , but as Eno explained , that particular version had a lot of problems with it and the group continued trying to fix it up . Through all of their work , they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance . - So much time had been spent on " work " that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch . His idea was to " stage an accident " and have the song 's tapes erased . He said that this was not to force abandonment of the song , but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance . At one point , Eno had the tapes up and ready to be recorded over , but this never took place ; according to engineer Flood , fellow engineer Pat McCarthy returned to the control room and upon seeing Eno ready to erase the tapes , dropped the of tea he was carrying and physically restrained Eno . - The studio version of the song was compiled from several different takes . It was one of several songs mixed by Steve in the final months of recording The Joshua Tree . Drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. later said of the song , " It took so long to get that song right , it was difficult for us to make any sense of it . It only became a truly great song through playing live . On the record , musically , it 's not half the song it is live . " - - = = Composition = = - - " Where the Streets Have No Name " is played at a tempo of 126 beats per minute . The introduction and are played in a 3 / 4 time signature , while the remainder of the song is in a common 4 / 4 signature . The songs opens with an instrumental section , starting with @-@ like sustained notes . The guitar fades in after 42 seconds ; this part consists of a repeated " " six @-@ note . A " dotted eighth " delay effect is used to " play " each note in the twice , thus creating a rich sound . The bass and drums enter at 1 : 10 . - The introduction , following a I – IV – I – IV – vi – V – I chord progression , creates a " wall of sound " , as described by Mark Butler , against which the vocals emerge after nearly two minutes . The guitar part played for the remainder of the song features The Edge strumming sixteenth notes . The bass and drums continue in regular eighth and sixteenth notes , respectively , while Bono 's vocal performance , in contrast , varies greatly in its , ( " he ; he ; he ; he ; he allows his voice to crack " ) as well as timing by his usage of to slightly offset the notes he sings from the beat . - This development reaches a climax during the first chorus at the line " burning down love " ( A – G – F ♯ – D ) ; the melody progresses through a series of scale degrees that lead to the highest note in the song , the at " burning " . In later choruses , Bono sings " blown by the wind " with the same melody , stretching the same note even longer . After the third chorus , the song 's is played , the instrumentation reverting to the same state as it was in the introduction , with a six @-@ note guitar played against sustained notes . - - = = Lyrics = = - - The lyrics were inspired by a story that Bono heard about the streets of Belfast , Northern Ireland , where a person 's religion and income are evident by the street they live on . He contrasted this with the he felt when visiting Ethiopia , saying : " ... the guy in the song recognizes this contrast and thinks about a world where there aren 't such divisions , a place where the streets have no name . To me , that 's the way a great rock ' n ' roll concert should be : a place where everyone comes together ... Maybe that 's the dream of all art : to break down the barriers and the divisions between people and touch upon the things that matter the most to us all . " Bono wrote the lyrics while on a humanitarian visit to Ethiopia with his wife , Ali Hewson ; he first wrote them down on an bag while staying in a village . - According to him , the song is ostensibly about " , elevation , whatever you want to call it . " Bono , who compared many of his lyrics prior to The Joshua Tree to " sketches " , said that " ' Where the Streets Have No Name ' is more like the U2 of old than any of the other songs on the LP , because it 's a sketch — I was just trying to sketch a location , maybe a spiritual location , maybe a romantic location . I was trying to sketch a feeling . " - The open @-@ ended nature of the lyrics has led to many interpretations . Journalist Michael Campbell believed the lyrics send " a message of hope " and wish for a " world that is not divided by class , wealth , race , or any other arbitrary criterion " . With regard to the place Bono was referring to in the song , he said , " I 'm not sure , really , about that . I used to think it was Belfast ... " Journalist Niall Stokes believes the title was influenced by Bono 's and his wife Ali 's visit to Ethiopia as volunteer aid @-@ workers . Bono has expressed mixed opinions about the open @-@ ended lyrics : " I can look at it now and recognize that [ the song ] has one of the most couplets in the history of pop music . But it also contains some of the biggest ideas . In a curious way , that seems to work . If you get any way heavy about these things , you don 't communicate . But if you 're flip or about it , then you do . That 's one of the I 've come to terms with . " - - = = Release = = - - Originally , the third single from The Joshua Tree was meant to be the song " Red Hill Town " , but " Where the Streets Have No Name " was released instead , in August 1987 . The single was released on 7 @-@ inch , 12 @-@ inch , cassette and CD single formats . Three B @-@ sides were featured on the single , including " Race Against Time " , " Silver and Gold " , and " Thing " , except for the 7 @-@ inch release , which only featured the latter two tracks . The 12 @-@ inch single featured " Race Against Time " on side A of the record ( despite being a " B @-@ side " ) , and the cassette single featured all four tracks on both sides of the tape . Although not as successful as the album 's first two singles , the song did chart well . In the U.S. , the song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks charts . The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart , and it topped the Irish Singles Chart . - - = = = Music video = = = - - The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles , and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30 @,@ 000 people . Police show up to the set and inform the band 's crew of the security issue that the film shoot is causing , due to the large number of people who are coming to watch the performance . Two minutes into the video , U2 are seen on the roof of a liquor store at the corner of 7th and S. Main St. , and perform " Where the Streets Have No Name " to a large crowd of people standing in the streets surrounding the building . Towards the end of the song , the police tell the crew that the performance is about to be shut down , and eventually police walk onto the roof while the crowd are the police . - The video for " Where the Streets Have No Name " was directed by Avis and produced by Michael and Ben . The band attracted over 1 @,@ 000 people during the video 's filming , which took place on the of a liquor store in Downtown Los Angeles on 27 March 1987 . The band 's performance on a in a public place was a reference to The Beatles ' final concert , as depicted in the film Let It Be . - During the shoot U2 played an eight @-@ song set , which included four performances of " Where the Streets Have No Name " . Prior to filming , a week was spent reinforcing the roof of the liquor store to ensure it would not collapse if it were to be by a group of fans . A backup generator was put on the roof so the shooting could continue in the event that the authorities shut off the power on the primary generator , which happened during filming . - The depiction of the police attempting to shut down the video shoot due to safety concerns actually happened during filming , just as seen in the video . was almost arrested following a confrontation with the police . According to Avis , the events depicted in the video show what actually happened that day " almost in real time " , and that " getting was an integral part of the plan . " Band manager Paul McGuinness revealed in 2007 that much of the confrontation with the police was exaggerated ; the group were hoping to get shut down by the authorities in order to the music video , but the police continually gave them extensions for shooting the video . In the background of the video is a sign for The Million Dollar Hotel , which was rebuilt to create some interest , in case no one showed up at the film shoot . Although the video is of a live performance , the audio used is from the studio @-@ recorded version of the song . The video won the Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video at the 1989 Grammy Awards . - - = = = B @-@ sides = = = - - " Race Against Time " was released on the 12 @-@ inch , cassette , and CD versions of the single . The song developed from the band 's interest in urban funk , and was described by The Edge as " a kind of Afro @-@ rhythmic piece " and " a study in rhythm . " The bass riff in the song , inspired by the , was played by The Edge , but stemmed from some of Clayton 's unused bass parts . Mullen 's drum part was recorded in a single take . The song is primarily an instrumental piece but does contain some lyrics inspired by Bono 's trip to Ethiopia after Live Aid and his witnessing firsthand the famine in occurrence ; these lyrical references include Bono singing in an Ethiopian language and following it with the phrase " Race against time " . Bono said of the song , " It reminds me of the desert . The desert is so empty , but it with a strange kind of . " John Hutchinson of Musician magazine described the song as having an " African flavour " and as being reminiscent of Peter Gabriel . The track was used in the Miami Vice episode " Child 's Play " , and is the only one of the single 's B @-@ sides that was never played live . - " Silver and Gold " was written in support of the Artists United Against project , which protested the South African apartheid . In 1985 , Bono participated in Steven Van 's anti @-@ apartheid Sun City project and spent time with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones . When Richards and Jagger played blues , Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre , as most of U2 's musical knowledge began with punk rock in their youth in the mid @-@ 1970s . Bono realised that U2 " had no tradition " , and he felt as if they " were from outer space " . This inspired him to write the blues @-@ influenced song " Silver and Gold " , which he recorded with Richards and Ronnie Wood . It was re @-@ recorded by U2 for the " Where the Streets Have No Name " single while the band returned to Dublin during in May 1987 during a break between the first and second legs of The Joshua Tree Tour . The song was described by Musician as " tough and raw , with Bono in and confident voice , by a bass line , and with The Edge demonstrating his newfound prowess in blues @-@ based guitar . " " Silver and Gold " was played live on The Joshua Tree Tour several times , one performance of which was featured on the band 's 1988 album and , Rattle and Hum . Both the studio recording and the Sun City versions were later featured on the bonus disc of the 20th anniversary edition of The Joshua Tree . The studio version was also included on the limited edition B @-@ sides bonus disk of the band 's first compilation album , The Best of 1980 – 1990 . - " Thing " was written by Bono as an apology to his wife for forgetting her birthday . The song opens with a short piano piece before the rest of the band begins to play . Some of Bono 's lyrics have been described as reminiscent of John Lennon . The Edge described it as " a beautiful song ... which is pop as it should be — not produced out of existence , but pop produced with a real intimacy and purity " , also noting that " It 's very new for us . " It was re @-@ recorded with some lyrical alterations and released in 1998 as a single in its own right for The Best of 1980 – 1990 . Hot Press editor Niall Stokes stated that this track , along with " Race Against Time " , is " an indicator of what U2 might have made instead of The Joshua Tree . " - - = = Critical reception = = - - Upon the release of The Joshua Tree , critics praised " Where the Streets Have No Name " . Steve of The Boston Globe noted the " bell @-@ like tones from the Edge [ e ] a search for heaven " and along with the subsequent track on the album , " I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For " , these songs showed how the group were " pilgrims still on a quest ; not preachers who claim to have found answers " . The Bergen Record echoed these sentiments , saying the tracks demonstrated how the band was on a personal and spiritual quest . Rolling Stone called it " assertive rock " in their review of The Joshua Tree . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune said of " Where the Streets Have No Name " , " the music charges , like someone fleeing for life " . The Washington Post said the track is " a bit oblique lyrically , but the implications are clear in Bono 's resolute delivery , Dave ( the Edge ) Evan 's guitar , Adam Clayton 's cathedral bass and Larry Mullen 's rolling thunder drums " . - NME lauded the song as the opening track by saying the album " starts by spitting furiously " . The publication praised Bono 's impassioned singing and The Edge 's guitar playing , which transformed the instrument into " something more than an abused piece of wood " . The review commented that the " last ten seconds are beautiful " . The Rocket wrote that the song builds a " wall of sound " that Bono 's vocals cut through with a " of , as the lyrics the need for personal spirituality " . The reviewer compared the opening riff to ' " " . Reviewing The Joshua Tree , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song an " epic opener " . The service 's Steve Huey , in a review of the song , praised its " , propulsive rhythmic drive and chorus " , qualities he singled out for making it a fan favorite . He called the song the " perfect album @-@ opener " , the " slow build of its arrangement toward a climactic peak " . Huey also called Bono 's delivery " passionate and grandiose " and " his commitment to the material " . He believed the combination of his vocals and the band 's " sonic power " is what gave U2 its " tremendous force " . - - = = Live performances = = - - " Where the Streets Have No Name " made its concert debut on 2 April 1987 in , Arizona on the opening night of The Joshua Tree Tour . It has since been played at nearly every full @-@ length concert that U2 has , totaling over 700 performances as of 2011 . The song is widely regarded as one of the group 's most popular live songs . Bono said of it , " We can be in the middle of the worst gig in our lives , but when we go into that song , everything changes . The audience is on its feet , singing along with every word . It 's like God suddenly walks through the room . " - On The Joshua Tree Tour , " Where the Streets Have No Name " was most often used to open concerts . Fans and critics responded favourably to the song in a live setting . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune wrote that , " From the sonic opening strains of [ the song ] , this audience was up , and . " NME wrote that the song is one such occasion where " the power afforded their songs is scary " , noting that during the song 's opening , " the arena " . In other reviews , the song was called : " " , " " , and " powerful " . Out of the 109 shows during The Joshua Tree Tour , " Streets " was played at all except 12 of the concerts . During the Tour which took place in 1989 and the beginning of 1990 , " Streets " was only left out of the set list at one of the 47 concerts . - The song was performed at every show on the 1992 – 1993 Zoo TV Tour . Concerts from this tour were elaborate that Bono performed as a variety of characters , but for the end of the main set , the group reverted to playing classics , including " Where the Streets Have No Name " , straight . Some of these performances of the song were accompanied by footage of the group in the desert from The Joshua Tree 's photo shoot . The video was up for humorous effect — NME described the effect as giving it a " silly , Charlie quality " — and Bono often acknowledged his younger self on the video screens . This video would make a return during performances on the 2010 and 2011 legs of the U2 360 ° Tour . Some of the Zoo TV performances of the song had a more electronic dance music arrangement that bore a resemblance to the Pet Shop Boys ' synthpop cover of the song ( titled " Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Can 't Take My Eyes off You ) " ) . Bono parodied this by occasionally adopting the deadpan vocal style used in the Pet Shop Boys ' cover . Critics welcomed the song in the group 's setlist : The Independent said the song " instant euphoria , as U2 do what they 're best at , slipping into epic rock mode , playing music made for the arena " . In two other local newspaper reviews , critics praised the song 's inclusion in a sequence of greatest hits . - For the PopMart Tour of 1997 – 1998 , U2 returned to the electronic dance arrangement they occasionally played on the Zoo TV Tour . The set 's massive video screen displayed a video that Hot Press described as an " astonishing , 2001 @-@ style trip into the heart of a , psychedelic tunnel that sucks the audience in towards a horizontal " . Near the end of the song , peace were shown on the screen and bright beams of light flanking the set 's golden arch were projected upwards . Hot Press said the effect transformed the stadium into a " UFO landing site " . - Shortly before the third leg of the Tour , the September 11 attacks occurred in New York City and Washington D.C. During the band 's first show in New York City following the attacks , the band performed " Where the Streets Have No Name " , and when the stage lights illuminated the audience , the band saw tears streaming down the faces of many fans . The experience was one inspiration for the song " City of Lights " . The band paid tribute to the 9 / 11 victims during their performance of the song at the Super Bowl halftime show on 3 February 2002 . The performance featured the names of the September 11 victims projected onto a large white banner behind the band . U2 's appearance was later ranked number 1 on Sports Illustrated 's list of " Top 10 Super Bowl " . - For the Vertigo Tour , the group originally considered dropping the song from their , but Mullen and Clayton successfully argued against this . All 131 of the Vertigo Tour concerts featured a performance of the song , which were accompanied by the stage 's LED video displaying African flags . On the tour 's opening night , this reminded Bono that he had originally written the lyrics in an Ethiopian village . He thought this visual accompaniment made the song come full circle , saying , " And here it was , nearly twenty years later , coming back to Africa , all the stuff about lands and making sense for the first time . " The song was also played at the preview screening of the band 's concert film U2 3D at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival . At the Glastonbury Festival 2010 , The Edge accompanied rock band for a live cover version of the track , later playing it with U2 while headlining Glastonbury in 2011 . - Live performances of " Where the Streets Have No Name " appear in the concert video releases Rattle and Hum , Zoo TV : Live from Sydney , and PopMart : Live from Mexico City , as well as the respective audio releases of the latter two concerts , Zoo TV Live and Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City . A second version from the PopMart Tour was featured on Please : Live EP , and later on the U.S. " Please " single . A live recording from Boston during the Tour was featured in the concert film 2001 : Live from Boston , and on the " Walk On " and " Electrical Storm " singles . The concert video and album U2 Go Home : Live from Castle , Ireland featured another performance from the Tour , and later performances were featured in the concert films Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago and U2 3D ( Vertigo Tour ) , and U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl ( U2 360 ° Tour ) . The 2004 digital album , Live from the Point Depot , contains a performance from the Tour , only available as part of The Complete U2 digital box set . - - = = Legacy = = - - In 2002 , Q magazine named " Where the Streets Have No Name " the " most exciting tune ever " . The following year , Q ranked the song at number in a special edition titled " Best Songs Ever " . Three years later , the magazine 's readers voted the track the 43rd @-@ greatest song in history . Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 28 on its list of the " 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . " In a 2010 poll by fan site U2 , approximately 29 % of 4 @,@ 800 named " Where the Streets Have No Name " as their favourite song from The Joshua Tree , ranking it as the most popular song from the album . In 2010 , American sports network ESPN used the track , among other U2 songs , in commercials for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , with the South African Gospel Choir adding vocals to the song . The advertisement , titled " Island " , portrays South African political prisoners during the apartheid era forming a soccer team . There are plans to bring a recording of the @-@ supported performance to retail . Composer John used the introductory guitar theme in his 2009 piece for wind ensemble , Aurora . The song 's introduction was used by the Vancouver Canucks hockey team at the start each of their home games , when the players take to the ice . The Baltimore also use the song as they enter M & T Bank Stadium before home games . The Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball team uses this song in their entrance video before all home games at the Harris Bradley Center . The song is also used by the Wisconsin football team for their entrance video at Camp Randall Stadium prior to all home games . The Kansas men 's basketball team uses the song during their starting at Allen . - - = = Track listing = = - - - = = Personnel = = - - - = = Charts = = - - - - = reaction = - - The reaction ( often referred to as simply the ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of . The reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants , depending on the reagents and substrates employed . It was originally discovered by Ivan ( 1906 – 1957 ) in 1941 while studying the of vinyl . - As originally described , the involves the activation of a using a stoichiometric Lewis acid or acid promoter . The key step of the reaction mechanism involves a @-@ ring closure which forms the product ( See below ) . As the reaction has been developed , variants involving substrates other than and other than Lewis acids have been subsumed under the name provided that they follow a similar pathway . - The success of the as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and of as both motifs in natural products ( including , the , and a of ) and as useful synthetic for total synthesis . The reaction has been used in several total syntheses and several reviews have been published . - - = = = = - - The mechanism of the classical reaction was first demonstrated experimentally by to be an and is outlined below . of the by the acid catalyst generates a cation which undergoes a allowed as dictated by the Woodward @-@ Hoffman rules . This generates an cation which undergoes an elimination reaction to lose a β @-@ hydrogen . Subsequent of the produces the product . - As noted above , variants that deviate from this template are known ; what a in particular is the generation of the cation followed by ring closure to an cation . In order to achieve this transformation , the molecule must be in the s @-@ trans / s @-@ trans conformation , placing the vinyl groups in an appropriate orientation . The of the system to enter this conformation dramatically influences reaction rate , with α @-@ substituted substrates having an increased population of the due to strain . of an electron α @-@ by the catalyst can likewise increase the reaction rate by enforcing this conformation . - Similarly , β @-@ substitution directed inward the s @-@ trans conformation so severely that E @-@ Z has been shown to occur in advance of on a wide range of substrates , yielding the trans regardless of initial configuration . In this way , the is a rare example of a reaction , whereas most are . The example below uses hydride to trap the cation so that no elimination occurs . ( See below ) - Along this same vein , vinyl of the type studied extensively by Marcus of the University of Hawaii show dramatic rate acceleration due to the removal of β @-@ , a large amount of strain in the s @-@ . - - = = Classical = = - - Though following the general template above had been observed prior to 's involvement , it was his study of the of vinyl that marked the first major examination of this process . correctly reasoned that the in situ to form a before ring closure to the product . The reaction shown below involves an reaction to generate the . - Research involving the reaction was relatively quiet in subsequent years , until in the mid @-@ 1980s when several syntheses employing the were published . below are key steps in the syntheses of and Nor @-@ , the latter of which is thought to proceed via an unusual @-@ that generates the . - - = = = = = = - - The classical version of the suffers from several drawbacks which modern variants attempt to . The first two are not evident from the mechanism alone , but are indicative of the barriers to ; the last three stem from selectivity issues relating to elimination and of the intermediate . - Strong Lewis or acids are typically required for the reaction ( e.g. , , ) . These are not compatible with sensitive functional groups , limiting the substrate scope . - Despite the possibility for catalysis , multiple equivalents of the promoter are often required in order to effect the reaction . This limits the atom economy of the reaction . - The elimination step is not ; if multiple β @-@ are available for elimination , various products are often observed as mixtures . This is highly undesirable from an efficiency standpoint as separation is typically required . - destroys a potential , decreasing the potential usefulness of the reaction . - of the is sometimes not , meaning that products can be formed as mixtures of . - - = = Modern variants = = - - The shortcomings noted above limit the usefulness of the reaction in its canonical form . However , modifications to the reaction focused on its issues continue to be an active area of academic research . In particular , the research has focused on a few key areas : rendering the reaction catalytic in the promoter , the reaction with more mild to improve functional group tolerance , directing the of the elimination step , and improving the overall . These have been successful to varying degrees . - Additionally , modifications focused on altering the progress of the reaction , either by generating the cation in an unorthodox fashion or by having the cation " intercepted " in various ways . Furthermore , enantioselective variants of various kinds have been developed . The sheer volume of literature on the subject prevents a comprehensive examination of this field ; key examples are given below . - - = = = @-@ directed = = = - - The earliest efforts to improve the selectivity of the took advantage of the β @-@ silicon effect in order to direct the of the elimination step . This chemistry was developed most extensively by Professor Scott Denmark of the University of Illinois , @-@ in the mid @-@ 1980s and utilizes stoichiometric amounts of iron to promote the reaction . With products , the was selected for to varying degrees . - The silicon @-@ directed reaction was subsequently employed in the synthesis of the natural product , shown below . The takes place before elimination of the alcohol , so that the resulting of the newly formed ring arises from approach of the anti to the . - - = = = = = = - - Drawing on the effects compiled over various trials of the reaction , Professor Alison Frontier of the University of Rochester developed a paradigm for " polarized " in which electron and electron withdrawing groups are used to improve the overall selectivity of the reaction . Creation of an effective vinyl and vinyl in the substrate allows catalytic activation with copper and elimination . In addition , the electron withdrawing group increases the of the α @-@ proton , allowing selective formation of the trans @-@ α @-@ via . - It is often possible to achieve catalytic activation using a or withdrawing group alone , although the efficiency of the reaction ( yield , reaction time , etc . ) is typically lower . - - = = = Alternative cation generation = = = - - By extension , any cation regardless of its origin is capable of undergoing a . There have been a large number of examples published where the cation is arrived at by a variety of . One such example involves the silver ring opening of . The silver salt facilitates loss of chloride via precipitation of silver chloride . - In the total synthesis of , of a vinyl likewise generates a cation via ring opening of the resultant . - - = = = = = = - - Once the has occurred , an cation is formed . As discussed extensively above , the typical course for this intermediate is elimination followed by . However , these two steps can be interrupted by various and , respectively . cation trapping has been developed extensively by G. West of the University of Alberta and his review covers the field . The cation can be trapped with and carbon and can also undergo with various partners . below is a cascade reaction in which successive cation trapping generates a core in one step with complete diastereoselectivity . - trapping with various is less common . In one study , the is paired with a Michael reaction using an catalyst to initiate nucleophilic addition of the to β @-@ . In this tandem reaction the catalyst is required for both : it acts as the Lewis acid in the and in the next step the group of first coordinates to in a ligand exchange with the oxygen atom before the actual Michael addition takes place to the opposite face of the R @-@ group . - - = = = variants = = = - - The development of an enantioselective is a desirable addition to the repertoire of reactions . To that end , several variations have been developed utilizing and . are also known , in which extant direct the . Almost all of the attempts are based on the idea of ; selecting one direction for the vinyl groups to " " in turn sets the as shown below . - @-@ directed can exhibit induced diastereoselectivity in this way . In the example below , the @-@ group acts to direct the by preventing the distant from rotating " towards " it via unfavorable interaction . In this way the silicon acts as a auxiliary . ( The starting material is not but the retention of enantiomeric excess suggests that the auxiliary directs the . ) - 's substrates can exhibit axial to transfer if are used . The example below generates a in 64 % yield and 95 % enantiomeric excess . - has additionally developed a camphor @-@ based auxiliary for that was employed in the first asymmetric synthesis of . The key step employs an unusual mixture of @-@ 2 @-@ and as solvent . - The first Lewis acid promoted asymmetric was reported by Aggarwal and utilized copper ( II ) ligand complexes with up to 98 % ee . The enantiomeric excess was unaffected by use of 50 % of the copper complex but the yield was significantly decreased . - - = = Related Reactions = = - - of the are generally also subsumed under the same name . For example , an α @-@ β , γ @-@ can undergo a similar that is typically referred to as an @-@ reaction . Other such extensions have been given similar names , including @-@ and . - - = = = @-@ reaction = = = - - Because they the cation , β @-@ electron often severely impede . Building from this , several ring openings of β @-@ have been reported . These are typically referred to as retro @-@ reactions . - - = = = @-@ reaction = = = - - of the reaction ( known as @-@ reactions ) have few instances ; there is one example of a @-@ reported ( shown below ) , and several @-@ @-@ reactions in the literature . Even these tend to suffer from poor , poor yields , or narrow scope . The difficulty stems from the relative over @-@ stabilization of the cation by electron donation , . - - - = = - - is a 2011 American black comedy film directed by Seth Gordon , written by Michael , John Francis and Jonathan Goldstein , based on a story by . It stars Jason Bateman , Charlie Day , Jason Sudeikis , Jennifer Aniston , Colin Farrell , Kevin Spacey , and Jamie . The plot follows three friends , played by Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis , who decide to murder their respective overbearing , abusive bosses , portrayed by Spacey , Aniston and Farrell . - 's script was bought by New Line Cinema in 2005 and the film spent six years in various states of pre @-@ production , with a variety of actors attached to different roles . By 2010 , Goldstein and had rewritten the script , and the film finally went into production . - The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30 , 2011 , and received a wide release on July 8 , 2011 . The film exceeded financial expectations , over $ 28 million in the first three days , making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend , and going on to become the highest @-@ grossing black comedy film of all time in dollars , breaking the record previously set by The War of the Roses in 1990 . The film grossed over $ million worldwide during its theatrical run . - The film opened to positive critical reception , with several critics praising the ensemble cast , with each lead being singled out for their performances across reviews . The plot received a more mixed response ; some reviewers felt that its dark , humorous premise was explored well , while others felt the jokes were racist , , and . A sequel , 2 , was released on November 26 , 2014 . - - = = Plot = = - - Nick ( Bateman ) and Dale ( Day ) are friends who their bosses . Nick works at a financial firm for the sadistic David ( Spacey ) , who implies the possibility of a promotion for Nick for months , only to award it to himself . Dale is a assistant being sexually harassed by his boss , Dr. Julia Harris ( Aniston ) ; she threatens to tell his Stacy ( Lindsay ) that he had sex with her unless he actually has sex with her . Nick and Dale 's friend Kurt ( Sudeikis ) enjoys working for Jack ( Donald Sutherland ) at a chemical company , but after Jack unexpectedly dies of a heart attack , the company is taken over by Jack 's cocaine @-@ addicted son Bobby ( Farrell ) , whose apathy and incompetence threaten the future of the company . - At night , over drinks , Kurt suggests that their lives would be if their bosses were no longer around . Initially hesitant , they eventually agree to kill their employers . In search of a , the trio meet Dean " " Jones ( ) , an ex @-@ con who agrees to be their " murder consultant " . Jones suggests that Dale , Kurt and Nick kill each other 's bosses to hide their motive while making the deaths look like accidents . - The three Bobby 's house , and Kurt steals Bobby 's phone . They next go to 's house , where Kurt and Nick go inside while Dale in the car . returns home and confronts Dale for , but then has an allergy attack from the butter on the litter . Dale saves by stabbing him with an . Nick and Kurt think Dale is stabbing to death and flee , with Kurt accidentally dropping Bobby 's phone in 's bedroom . The next night , Kurt watches Julia 's home , but she and has sex with him . Nick and Dale wait outside Bobby 's and 's houses , respectively , to commit the murders , despite neither of them wanting to . discovers Bobby 's in his bedroom and uses it to find his address , his wife ( Julie Bowen ) is having an affair . He drives over and kills Bobby , with Nick as a secret witness . - Nick flees at high speed , setting off a traffic camera . The trio meet to discuss their reservations about continuing with their plan . They are arrested by the police , who believe the camera footage makes them suspects in Bobby 's murder . Lacking evidence , the police are forced to let the trio go free . The trio consult with Jones again , but learn that he never actually killed anyone , having been imprisoned for the film Snow Falling on . Jones suggests that they get to confess and secretly tape it . The three accidentally crash 's surprise birthday party , where Nick and Dale get to confess to the murder before realizing that Kurt , who has the audio recorder , is elsewhere having sex with . threatens to kill all three for attempting to blackmail him . They flee by car , but gives chase and repeatedly rams their vehicle . Believing they have committed a crime , the car 's navigation @-@ system operator Kurt 's car , allowing to catch and hold them at . shoots himself in the leg as he about his plan to frame them for murdering Bobby and attempting to kill him to get rid of the witness . - The police arrest Nick , Dale and Kurt , but the navigation @-@ system operator , Gregory , reveals that it is his companies policy to record all conversations for quality assurance . Gregory plays the tape that has he murdered . is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison , while the friends get their charges waived . Nick is promoted to president of the company under a sadistic CEO , Kurt retains his job under a new boss , and Dale blackmails Julia into ending her harassment by convincing her to sexually harass a supposedly unconscious patient , while Jones secretly records the act . - - = = Cast = = - - Jason Bateman as Nick - An executive at a financial firm who is manipulated into jumping through in order to get a promotion that his boss never intended to give him . wrote the role specifically for Bateman . - Charlie Day as Dale - A assistant who is sexually harassed by his boss . Described as a " romantic " in love with his fiancée . Ashton was in talks for the role at two different points in the lengthy production . Day was considered for the role following his co @-@ starring performance with Sudeikis in the 2010 film Going the — Reuters reported that industry believed his performance overshadowed the main stars . - Jason Sudeikis as Kurt - An account manager at a chemical company dealing with a new , drug @-@ addicted boss after his beloved former boss dies . Sudeikis was cast in May 2010 . - Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris , - based the character on a former boss , claiming she was " very sexually aggressive with everybody " . When writing the script , intended for the role to go to Aniston . He stated , " but [ the aforementioned boss ] looked more like de . It was like flirting with a . So I decided for the sake of the movie , let ’ s go with Jennifer Aniston . ” The actress insisted on wearing a brown wig for the role , wanting to look different from other characters she had played . - Colin Farrell as Bobby - Described as a " " and a " corrupt and incompetent who 's in charge of things but clearly has no idea what he 's doing . " Farrell explained the motivation he gave to the character , stating " This guy thinks he 's God 's gift to women , God 's gift to , to humor , to the club scene , to everything . It 's all part of his grandiose sense of self @-@ esteem , which is probably a deeper sense of being a disappointment to his father and being riddled with envy over the relationship his father had with Kurt , and all kinds of other things . With , Seth gave me complete license to act as up as possible . " Farrell contributed significantly to the appearance of his character , suggesting the comb over hairstyle , pot @-@ belly and an affinity for Chinese . - Kevin Spacey as David - President of Industries . Tom Cruise , Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeff Bridges had been approached by New Line Cinema to take the role , described as a master with an attractive wife . Spacey signed up for the role in June 2010 . The part was considered " integral " to the film . Gordon commented that the character was an amalgamation of several real bosses ( rather than one single person ) to avoid being sued . - Jamie as Dean " " Jones - The character had the more " colorful " name " Jones " , but it was changed at 's request , with producer Jay Stern commenting that felt it " was over the line " . The current name was said to be subject to further change , prior to the release of the film . contributed to his character 's appearance , suggesting full @-@ tattoos and a retro clothing style . described the appearance as " a guy who maybe went to jail for a minute and now he 's living in his own time capsule . When he got out he went right back to the clothes he thought were hot when he went in . " - During the six @-@ year development of the film , several actors were in negotiations to star , including Owen Wilson , Vince , Matthew , Ryan Reynolds , Dax Shepard , and Johnny . - Donald Sutherland portrays Jack , Bobby 's father and Kurt 's boss . On July 27 , 2010 , Isaiah was confirmed as joining the cast . was quoted as saying " It 's a smaller role " . He appears as Officer . Julie Bowen appears in the film as , 's wife . Bowen stated that her character " may or may not be a " , the character described as intentionally making her husband jealous . Gruffudd has a cameo as a male prostitute erroneously hired as a . Lindsay appears as Dale 's Stacy . P. J. plays Kenny , a former investment manager , now for drinks , while Wendell Pierce and Ron White play a pair of . Bob makes a cameo as sadistic CEO Louis Sherman . John Francis , a screenwriter on the film , cameos as Nick 's co @-@ worker Carter . - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Development = = = - - 's script for was sold at auction to New Line Cinema by 's production company Rat Entertainment in 2005 for a six @-@ figure amount . initially was interested in directing , but became occupied with directing the comedy Tower . Frank and David were in talks to direct . Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis rewrote the script in 2010 , and the project went into production with Seth Gordon directing . - - = = = Design = = = - - Production designer Shepherd specifically set out to create distinctly different environments for the three employees and their respective bosses ' homes and offices . Nick and 's workplace is the " " bullpen , which was designed to " enhance the discomfort and anxiety of lower @-@ level employees clustered in the center of the room where every movement is monitored by the boss from his corner office . " The design team met with financial and management companies to learn about the architecture of their office layouts to visually represent the experience of starting from a low @-@ ranking position in a and aspiring to an office . Costume designer Carol Ramsey worked with and set Jan to match 's suit to that of the surrounding " cold grey and blue " color palette of his office . 's home was described as " equally lacking in warmth " as the office but more lavishly decorated and " for show " , including an intentionally oversized portrait of him with his " trophy wife " . - Julia 's office was described as a " challenge " , a " sensual vibe " into a office . approached the design through Julia 's mentality , stating , " She 's a Type A professional at the top of her game , who likes to play cat @-@ and @-@ mouse , so it 's a completely controlled environment , with and views into other rooms so she always knows what 's going on " . " It 's highly designed , with rich and tones , artwork and subtle lighting — all very till you step into her private office . The close , the door locks and you think , ' It 's the Temple of Doom . ' " Similarly approaching the character 's home , the design allowed for wide windows which face onto a public street " which afford her the opportunity to put on the kind of show she couldn 't get away with at work . " - Bobby 's environments were designed with more contrast , the character being new to the work area . described the contrast as " the company reflects [ Jack 's ] human touch , whereas [ Bobby 's ] home is a shrine to himself and his . " continued , " It features a of anything he finds exotic and erotic , mostly Egyptian and Asian motifs with an ' 80s Studio 54 vibe , a makeshift , lots of mirrors and a table . " Some parts of the house design were provided by Farrell and Gordon 's interpretation of the character and his " infatuation " with martial arts and " his of prowess " . - - = = = Filming = = = - - Filming of took place in and around Los Angeles . The production team attempted to find locations " that people haven 't already seen a hundred times in movies and on TV " , aiming for the film to appear as if it could be taking place anywhere in America " where people are trying to pursue the American dream but getting stopped by a horrible boss . " " " was represented by an office building in , California , with the crew building the set on a vacant floor . For " Chemical " , the production team found a " perfect landscape of pipes and containers " in Santa Fe Springs , surrounding an unoccupied water cleaning and storage facility . To take advantage of the surrounding imagery , the warehouse required an extensive series of , including cutting windows into concrete walls and creating new to allow for visuals of the warehouse exterior and provide a setting for the final scene of Sutherland 's character . A Friday 's in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , was used as a bar frequented by Nick , Dale , and Kurt , while the bar scene where they meet with Jones was staged in downtown Los Angeles . - The film was shot digitally using the Genesis camera . Gordon encouraged the actors to improvise , though Aniston claimed to not have taken advantage of the offer as much as her co @-@ stars , stating , " My dialogue was just so beautifully choreographed that there wasn ’ t much that I needed to do ” . - - = = = Music = = = - - The soundtrack was composed by award @-@ winning composer Christopher , with music contributed by Mike of Pearl Jam , Stefan of Dave Matthews Band and Money Mark — a collaborator with the Boys . , , and Mark worked with musicians Matt Chamberlain , David , Aaron Kaplan , Victor , Chris , and DJ to develop the music . Major contributions were provided by Mark on keyboard , and on guitar , and on bass , on drums and DJ on . - recorded the soundtrack at The Village recording studio in West Los Angeles and Capitol Records . attempted to remain " authentic " to the characters ' progression from average worker to calculated killer . To achieve this aim , he decided against recording digitally , instead recording the tracks on two @-@ inch analog tape , intending each musical cue to sound as if it was emanating from a vinyl record . He explained , " The idea was to put together a band that would record the score together the same way that they would make an album . It isn 't over @-@ produced or and digital in any way . It 's , noisy , and full of and . I knew that if we could some of this sonic magic in the score , then the and confidence of the music would play against Bateman , Sudeikis , and Charlie Day to really emphasize and elevate the humor in the situations that . " continued , " We tracked through tape before Pro Tools to get that fat sound , and made every choice based on feel rather than perfection . We even used the same that Money Mark played on Beck 's classic ‘ Where It 's At ’ . At the end of the day , Seth [ Gordon ] and I wanted to produce a score that is as and full of attitude as the movie itself . I think we did it ... and most of all , everyone had a blast in the process . " - : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in physical and digital formats on July 5 , 2011 , by Music . The soundtrack consists of 33 tracks with a of 63 minutes . - - = = Release = = - - The world premiere of took place on June 30 , 2011 at 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood , California . - - = = = Box office = = = - - grossed $ 117 @.@ 5 million ( 56 @.@ 1 % ) in the North America and $ 92 @.@ 2 million ( 43 @.@ 9 % ) in other territories for a worldwide gross of $ @.@ 6 million , against its budget of $ 35 million . - North America - was released on July 8 , 2011 in the United States and Canada across 3 @,@ theaters . It grossed $ on the first day , giving it the second largest opening gross for an original R @-@ rated comedy of the summer , behind Bad ( $ ) . For the opening weekend , the film took in a total of $ 28 @,@ 302 @,@ 165 , an average of $ 9 @,@ 310 per theater , making it the number two film for the weekend , behind : Dark of the Moon ( $ ) , the second highest @-@ grossing opening weekend for an original R @-@ rated comedy , again behind Bad ( $ ) , and the highest @-@ grossing opening weekend ever for a dark / black comedy film , the 2004 The Wives ( $ ) . The opening weekend audience was 51 % male , and 64 % of the audience were over 25 years of age . The second weekend ( 15 – 17 July ) saw a further 94 theaters added , for a total of 3 @,@ 134 . Box office revenue dropped by a " respectable " 38 % , taking $ for a total gross of $ in ten days . The film ranked third for the weekend . It remained in the top five films during its third week , dropping 33 % and leaving thirty theaters from the previous weekend , to take in $ for a gross of $ in 17 days . On July 28 , 2011 , with $ after 20 days , surpassed The War of the Roses ( $ ) to become the highest grossing dark / black comedy film in dollars . - Other territories - was released on July 7 , 2011 , in the United Arab Emirates ( $ 258 @,@ 108 ) , and on July 8 in ( $ 24 @,@ ) , Latvia ( $ 15 @,@ 750 ) , Lebanon ( $ 36 @,@ 316 ) and Lithuania ( $ 13 @,@ 676 ) , grossing $ 348 @,@ 321 for the opening weekend and a total of $ @,@ in the first 17 days . On the weekend of July 21 – 24 , the film opened in the United Kingdom ( $ 3 @,@ 386 @,@ ) , Greece ( $ 367 @,@ ) , Israel ( $ 200 @,@ 372 ) , South Africa ( $ 193 @,@ ) , Norway ( $ 109 @,@ 252 ) and East Africa ( $ 7 @,@ ) . - - = = = Critical reception = = = - - received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 68 % , based on 208 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " It 's nasty , uneven , and far from original , but thanks to a assembled cast that makes the most of a solid premise , works . " Review aggregate Metacritic gave the film a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . - Roger gave the film three and a half stars out of four , calling it " well @-@ cast " and commending it for playing to each actor 's strengths . gave particular praise to Spacey , labeling him " superb " , and Aniston , her performance to be a " surprise " and a return to form , stating " she has acute comic timing and sexual " . called " cheerful and wicked " . Lisa of Entertainment Weekly reacted positively , calling the film " a , well @-@ built , nasty tale of resentment , , and revenge " and complimented the casting of the protagonists and antagonists . The A.V. Club 's Nathan also praised the cast , stating that the picture " succeeds almost entirely on the chemistry of its three leads , who remain likeable even while to " , adding the " acting more than for the film 's other failings . " singled out Day 's performance as " a potent illustration of how a brilliant character actor with a spark of madness can elevate a farce into a solid mainstream comedy through sheer force of . " Edward Douglas of credited director Seth Gordon with having assembled " the perfect cast " , claiming " the six leads kill in every scene " , but echoed Nathan 's sentiments that Day is the " real standout " . Douglas summarized the picture as " dark fun that works better than expected due to a well @-@ developed script , an cast and a director who knows how to put the two together " . A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated " the timing of the cast ... is " and appreciated that the script did not attempt " to cut its with a dose of or respectability " . The review concluded that " in the ways that count and even when it shouldn ’ t , works . " - USA Today 's Scott awarded the film three out of four stars , labeling it a " surprising comedy that rivals as the funniest film of the summer , if not the year . " added that " the characters are so likable " , giving particular credit to Sudeikis though also adding praise for the performances of Bateman and Day . The dialogue was also lauded by , which commented that " Seth Gordon has a touch with water @-@ cooler talk — even when the water cooler might be spiked with poison . " Leonard of considered Day to have had the " breakout role " and offered praise to the performances of the cast , but lamented the lack of screen time for Farrell 's character . concluded " the movie has just enough to identify it as a 2011 comedy , just enough to admire , and just the right among its three male stars , which turns out to be the movie ’ s greatest strength . " Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave to the " killer cast " , with specific credit given to Bateman and Day , but was critical of the movie , stating " it out on a sharp premise " and that it is a " hit @-@ and @-@ miss farce that leaves you wishing it was than it is " The Guardian 's Philip French called " a lumbering , affair " , but admitted " I laughed frequently , probably to the of my self @-@ respect . " Nicholas of The Independent gave a positive review , complimenting Gordon for not allowing the actors ' improvisation to be detrimental to the pacing , but felt the movie was not as " dark " as its premise required , saying " what the film does have comes instead from the quantity of , plus a of homophobia and . " - Salon 's Andrew O offered a mixed response , characterizing the film as a " lot in theory than in practice , but it won 't ruin your Saturday night " . Salon appreciated the " comic chemistry " between Sudeikis , Bateman and Day and singled out Bateman , Aniston and Spacey for their performances . O was however critical of the perceived homophobia , and racism . The Hollywood Reporter 's Kirk responded negatively , stating the jokes failed to be funny , stating " Seth Gordon shows no for turning the and characters in the script ... into anything more than a collection of moments in search of laughs . " of The Village Voice was critical of the premise , which she felt lacked any legitimate " rage " against the characters ' bosses , stating " ... there 's every sign that , even without these particular , Dale , Kurt and Nick would still be — for lack of a better word — total . " felt that the humor was " rarely actually laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny , and never truly dark or daring " . She particularly criticized the all @-@ white , male protagonists and a plot she deemed racist and filled with " stereotypes " . Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of the ensemble cast , but considered the plot to be " , vulgar and juvenile " . Chang echoed the sentiments of The Village Voice in lamenting that the film failed to pursue the premise to " darker , more daring territory " and faulted it for falling back on " over @-@ the @-@ top comic exaggeration " . - - = = = Accolades = = = - - The film received several award nominations , including a Award for Best Supporting Actor for Colin Farrell , and three nominations from the 2012 Comedy Awards , including Comedy Actor for Bateman , Comedy Actress for Aniston , and best Comedy Film . Farrell and Aniston were both nominated for Best On @-@ Screen Dirt at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards , with Aniston claiming the award . Farrell also received a nomination for Best On @-@ Screen . - - = = = Home media = = = - - On July 26 , 2011 , obtained the rights to the network premiere of the film . - was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on October 11 , 2011 . The DVD version sold an estimated 400 @,@ 682 units in the United States during its first week , earning approximately $ 6 @.@ 1 million . It was the number 2 best selling DVD of the week , finishing behind Green Lantern , and the number 3 Blu @-@ ray disc film behind Green Lantern and The Lion King . As of November 2012 , it has sold an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million units and earned $ 18 @.@ 3 million . - The DVD contains the theatrical cut of the film and deleted scenes . The Blu @-@ ray Disc edition contains the Blu @-@ ray Disc , the DVD and a digital version of the film in a single pack . The Blu @-@ ray Disc version is an , extended cut ( the " Edition " ) with a of 106 minutes compared to the theatrical 98 minutes . The Blu @-@ ray Disc contains deleted scenes and four : My Least Favorite Career , Surviving a Boss , Being Mean Is So Much Fun , and The Making of the Soundtrack . Both the theatrical and extended cuts are presented in the film 's original aspect ratio of 2 @.@ 39 : 1 with @-@ HD Master Audio sound . Beginning with the Blu @-@ ray Disc release of and Green Lantern , Warner Bros. included a code that allows the owner to access a version of the film via , a cloud storage service which allows streaming or downloading to a variety of devices . - - = = = = - - Seth Gordon confirmed in July 2011 that talks were underway for a sequel , after the financial success of the film in the United States , saying : " Yeah , we 've definitely discussed it . It 's done well in the States , the film has , so that 's becoming a more effort now , we 're trying to figure out what the sequel could be . " On January 4 , 2012 , it was confirmed that a sequel was moving forward , and that Goldstein and would be returning to write the script . New Line was reported to be negotiating with Gordon to return as director , with Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis also expected to return to their roles . On February 27 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Goldstein and were in the process of writing the new script . In March 2013 , Goldstein and confirmed that they had submitted multiple draft scripts for the sequel , and that production had moved towards the budget . Later in the same month Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis were confirmed to be reprising their roles , with negotiating to return . The film will again be produced by Brett and Jay Stern . In August 2013 , it was announced that Gordon would not be returning to direct because of scheduling conflicts and that the studio was actively searching for a replacement . In September 2013 , Sean Anders was announced as Gordon 's replacement , with John Morris joining the production as a producer . The pair had previously performed a rewrite on Goldstein 's and 's sequel script . Filming had been scheduled to begin in summer 2013 , but began in November 2013 . , Jennifer Aniston , and Kevin Spacey reprised their roles , with Christoph and Chris Pine joining the cast . - - - = 1985 assassination plot = - - The 1985 assassination plot was a conspiracy by a group of high @-@ ranking followers of ( later known as ) to assassinate Charles Turner , the then @-@ United States Attorney for the District of Oregon . 's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command , Ma Anand ( Silverman ) , assembled the group after Turner was appointed to investigate illegal activity at . Turner investigated charges of immigration fraud and marriages , and later headed the federal prosecution of the 1984 attack in The , Oregon . - The conspirators included : Ma Anand , @-@ Anne , Chief Financial Officer of ; Susan , head of security at , Catherine Jane , who bought weapons and and volunteered to be the actual murderer ; Ann McCarthy , fourth @-@ in @-@ command of ; and co @-@ conspirators Alma Potter , Carol Matthews , Caldwell and Richard Kevin . The conspirators obtained false identification to purchase out @-@ of @-@ state , Turner , and planned to murder him near his workplace in Portland , Oregon . The assassination plot was never carried out and was only discovered later , as a result of the investigation by federal law enforcement into the attack in The and other illegal acts by the leadership . - Prosecution of the conspirators began in 1990 , when a federal grand jury brought against several of the key players . Some had fled the country , and proceedings against the and subsequent prosecution and conviction was not completed for sixteen years . The final was convicted in 2006 , when Catherine Jane agreed to return to the United States from Germany in order to be allowed to visit her ill son in Australia . Eight received sentences ranging from five years to five years in federal prison and an additional member of the commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy . was never in relation to the conspiracy , and left the United States after pleading guilty to immigration fraud and agreeing not to the country without permission from the U.S. Attorney General . - - = = Planning = = - - - = = = Hit list = = = - - Seven followers ( called ) of charismatic leader ( now known as ) , were convicted of a 1985 conspiracy to assassinate Charles Turner , and an additional eighth member of the commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy . The were high @-@ ranking followers within the organization . in the case stated that the had planned to murder Turner after he was appointed to head an investigation into the group 's activities in , Oregon . Turner 's investigation focused on marriages organized by the group , as well as other illegal activities including immigration fraud , and he later headed the federal prosecution relating to the 1984 attack in The , Oregon . Oregon Attorney General Dave was also involved in investigations of the group , working alongside Turner . - In May 1985 , 's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command , Silverman ( Ma Anand ) , gathered the leader 's key followers and formed a group of conspirators in order to plan the assassination of Turner , as well as several dissidents among their organization . stated that Turner 's grand jury investigation " threatened the existence of the commune " , and exposed and several of his disciples to criminal prosecution . hoped that by murdering Turner they would be able to thwart the federal immigration investigation which could have resulted in of leaders . Three former leaders of the commune including Ma Anand , Yvonne ( Ma Anand ) , a registered nurse from the Philippines who managed the medical corporation , and former treasurer of Foundation International and Catherine Jane ( Ma ) of Australia , put together a hit list which included U.S. Attorney Charles Turner and Oregon Attorney General David . - Susan ( Ma Anand Su ) , a top official in the hierarchy , was also a participant in the assassination conspiracy . was in charge of the security force at , ran the Investment Corporation , and supervised construction on the commune . Other conspirators in the assassination plot included Ann McCarthy ( Ma ) , president of the commune , and Alma Potter ( Ma ) , Ma Anand 's bodyguard and traveling companion . Potter was manager of the Hotel in Portland , Oregon , and a member of the commune 's security force . The reported that nine people were on the hit list , including : Turner , , former assistant attorney general Karen H. Green , County planning director Daniel C. , County commissioner James L. , investigative journalist for The Leslie L. , former member Helen C. Byron ( Ma ) , who had been awarded US $ 1 @.@ 7 million in a lawsuit against Foundation International , her daughter Barbara J. Byron ( ) , and 's former secretary ( Ma ) . - - = = = Weapons = = = - - Catherine Jane volunteered to be the follower who would actually murder Turner , and bought guns and . was known to fellow followers as Ma , and was also one of the three " Big " in . @-@ Anne ( known by followers as Ma ) , an and the group 's Chief Financial Officer , provided money for the purchase of weapons related to the plot . Caldwell ( Ma Deva ) described in a federal how members of the murder conspiracy obtained , referring to Catherine Jane and @-@ Anne : " B went down to Jesus Grove , and gave us several thousand dollars to use to buy guns . " Jesus Grove referred to a group of trailers where all the leaders of the commune resided , except for . - Ma Anand and three other followers traveled to New York in the spring of 1985 to acquire false identification . According to a federal , the of the assassination plot used a false birth certificate to purchase guns . Two members of the group then traveled to Texas to purchase . Caldwell stated she and Catherine Jane flew to Texas to purchase guns there . They purchased five guns in Texas , but encountered difficulty purchasing in Texas with out @-@ of @-@ state identification and traveled to New Mexico instead . Caldwell said they called back to the commune but the women were instructed " not to come back without the guns " . - In New Mexico , they obtained false identification , and purchased several pistols . Their intention was to purchase guns which were difficult to trace . Caldwell said it was easy to obtain guns in New Mexico : " we found it was pretty easy to buy guns . All you had to do was show some identification and it was easy to get . " Caldwell said she and went to a university library to find the identity " of someone dying very young " , next went " to public records and asked for a copy of a birth certificate " and described how " we got a rent book and just made up a rent " . " And then we were able to go to several different gun shops in with those two bits of identification and buy five different guns and bullets , " said Caldwell . They were able to obtain one @-@ caliber revolver , and four @-@ caliber Security @-@ Six Magnum . The conspirators smuggled the guns into Oregon by packing them in luggage and putting the luggage on a Lines bus . Caldwell said that she and traveled by bus back to the commune so as to avoid airport metal detectors . - - = = = = = = - - After obtaining guns the conspirators returned to Portland , Oregon . They rented out an apartment in Portland to serve as their base of operations for the assassination of Turner . follower Carol Matthews ( Ma ) used a fake name during the planning of the assassination plot , in an attempt to obtain the home address of Charles Turner . According to federal prosecutors Matthews obtained a college of Turner 's , and learned his car 's license plate number and his parking location . Court records state that Matthews and an co @-@ gave registration officials fake identities and told officials they were conducting " a survey on President Reagan 's economic plan " , in order to obtain Turner 's route number and post office box number . The two tried repeating the story with members of the U.S. Postal Service , but the postal officials did not give them Turner 's address . They then drove around Turner 's neighborhood and were able to find his home by locating a sign in front of his residence that said " Turner " . Matthews had pictures of Turner 's residence developed ; these were later obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) during an investigation of the commune , and verified after being shown to Turner . - Members of the group of conspirators watched Turner 's office , home and car , and discussed methods to assassinate him , hoping that his death would hinder the efforts of the federal investigation into . Their plan was to shoot Turner in the garage of the federal office building where he worked , in Portland , Oregon , but the conspirators also debated whether to murder Turner in downtown Portland or closer to his home . After spending multiple nights watching Turner 's house , the conspirators decided on the parking garage because they felt it would be too risky to murder him on the drive to or from work , or in front of his home . Turner had a reserved parking spot in a federal garage underneath Terry Plaza in Portland , Oregon . In an given to the FBI , Alma described how the decided on the federal parking garage as the location : " [ Catherine Jane ] said this seems like a good place to bump this fellow off . " - The conspirators practiced different ways of murdering Turner . According to informant statements to law enforcement , one of the conspirators was to pretend there was car trouble , and the others would then approach Turner with their guns . later told law enforcement officials that the conspirators intended to hide out at an international network of if the plan was successful . According to The the were not carried out because Ma Anand became distracted by political power plays within the commune and other members of the organization who were trying to remove her from her position within the group . - - = = = = - - - = = = Investigation = = = - - On February 28 , 1985 , Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Representatives in which he asserted that the were involved in the attack in Oregon . At a series of press conferences in September 1985 , accused several of his recently departed lieutenants of involvement in this and other crimes , including the poisoning of Mike Sullivan , a Jefferson County district attorney , and asked state and federal authorities to investigate his allegations . The assassination plot was uncovered by federal law enforcement as a result of the ensuing investigation into activities at . Turner was never physically , and had retired by 1995 . - The was informed in October 1985 by federal law enforcement officials that Leslie L. , an investigative journalist who had written a 20 @-@ part series on the movement in Oregon , was on a " hit list " which also included Turner and Oregon Attorney General David . Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Weaver the case ; the charges were first detailed at an October 1985 bond hearing in North Carolina after and his followers were arrested at an airport in Charlotte . Weaver said in court that followers of had plotted to assassinate Turner and . He said these allegations were reasons why releasing and his followers from jail would be " a clear and present danger to public officials " . The guns purchased by the followers for the assassination plot had reportedly been dumped in a lake at Rancho ; the lake was searched by U.S. Navy divers . divers searched the lake for two days but did not find the guns . - Joseph Greene , a U.S. immigration agent , testified in court that FBI agents had learned of the assassination plot from a member of the organization who was in a witness protection program . Greene said that members involved in the assassination plot included Ma Anand , Yvonne , and Alma . The assassination plot was investigated by the FBI and the Oregon State Police . told law enforcement that Ma Anand hoped Turner 's death would prevent an Immigration and Service investigation which she thought could lead to 's arrest and from the United States . Weaver stated " These attempts to assassinate public officials were because they were presenting an immigration case that might result in imprisonment " of . " There were not simply plans , but at least one ( assassination ) attempt , " said Weaver at the hearing . - A grand jury investigation led by Turner brought charges of " widespread immigration fraud " against members of . crimes were discovered after Ma Anand had fled the commune in September 1985 . In December 1985 , 21 followers of were indicted on charges . - - = = = and convictions = = = - - Chief criminal assistant U.S. attorney Baron C. was assigned to the charges of federal , and a special team from the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division was tasked with the murder conspiracy charges . Four of the were arrested in September 1990 . Catherine Jane and Richard Kevin were arrested in West Germany , Ann McCarthy was arrested in South Africa , and Susan was arrested in England . In September 1990 , Alma pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder . , who had served as Ma Anand 's bodyguard and , agreed to testify against the other defendants in the murder conspiracy . Under the terms of 's plea agreement she received a sentence of two years in federal prison . Carol Matthews was arrested in Baden @-@ Baden , Germany in October 1990 on charges of and conspiracy to murder Turner , where she was held along with three other . At the time of her arrest , Matthews was found in possession of a false British passport , and had been traveling under the fake name of " " . were brought against Ma Anand and six other co @-@ conspirators by a federal grand jury in November 1990 . - In April 1991 , Carol Matthews and Richard Kevin ( ) were from Germany to the United States in order to appear in federal court in Portland , Oregon . Law enforcement officials from the United States Service traveled to Frankfurt , Germany and took custody of the Matthews and at Rhine Main Airport . On April 15 , 1991 , Matthews and appeared in federal court in Oregon , and both pleaded innocent to charges of conspiracy to commit murder and carrying out . On April 25 , 1991 , Richard Kevin pleaded guilty in federal court to participating in the murder conspiracy plot against Turner , and in exchange he received a sentence of five years in federal prison and the dismissal of other charges against him relating to firearms and . agreed to testify against the other members of the murder conspiracy . wrote on his plea agreement form : " In 1985 , meetings were held at the Rancho ... at which time the possible killing of the United States Attorney for Oregon was discussed . I participated in a number of these meetings and agreed with others to work toward that object . " Prosecutor Timothy J. III stated that had been a member of the commune in Oregon since it began in 1981 , and that the government was able to prove he joined the murder conspiracy at a point in time after May 25 , 1985 . said that was a member of a group called the " Circle of 38 " , which was the personal security force that guarded , and that he had served as a weapons instructor and policeman at the commune . told U.S. District Judge Malcom F. Marsh that he had suggested that guns for the murder conspiracy could be bought in Texas , instructed the about , took responsibility for the weapons while they were in the commune , and disposed of them when members of the murder conspiracy decided to flee the U.S. for Europe . In July 1991 , Carol Matthews entered a guilty plea and was convicted in federal court , she was sentenced to five years in prison . - Catherine Jane was convicted of the attempted murder of 's physician Dr. George Meredith ( ) in 1986 , and served almost three years in jail . After her release , agents from the FBI uncovered the plot to assassinate Turner , but had already fled to Germany . She was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1990 . In 1991 , the German government refused to back to the United States . In June 1991 , U.S. prosecutors filed in the murder conspiracy case with the Higher Regional Court in , Germany , as part of an attempt to Jane from Germany to the U.S. The stated that all of the members in the murder conspiracy plot also belonged to a group of followers at the Oregon commune known as " the 38 " , and were trained in " commando tactics using rifles and " . David Berry Knapp ( known to followers as Krishna Deva ) stated in an FBI that the murder conspiracy was motivated by Ma Anand 's " tremendous anger " towards Turner . - Ma Anand served 29 months in a minimum security federal prison for charges related to assault , attempted murder , , and the 1984 attack in The , and moved to Switzerland after her release from prison in 1988 . The assassination conspiracy was discovered after had left the United States , and as of 1999 she was still wanted by federal law enforcement for her role in the plot , and risked if she crossed the Swiss border . Switzerland declined an request from the United States , and instead tried her in a Swiss court . was found guilty of " criminal acts preparatory to the commission of murder " in 1999 , and sentenced to time already served . - @-@ Anne and Susan were from Britain in 1994 , and were convicted by a jury decision on July 28 , 1995 for their roles in the assassination plot . They had unsuccessfully attempted to appeal their from Britain to Home Secretary Michael Howard . During their trial the prosecution presented twenty @-@ nine witnesses , including former followers of who placed both women in planning meetings where they discussed murdering Turner . David Berry Knapp , the former mayor of , testified for the government in the case and implicated and in the assassination conspiracy . Ava Kay ( Ma Ava ) , a disciple , testified in the case and stated that she had been part of the conspirators that plotted to assassinate Turner . In addition to Knapp and , co @-@ conspirators Richard Kevin , Caldwell , and Alma testified in the case pursuant to conditional plea or immunity agreements . Both women were sentenced to five years in prison . and did not testify during their trial . " We over everything – evidence , notes , evidence , notes . I think we did an absolutely fabulous job , " said one of the jurors . At the sentencing for and , the federal Judge Malcolm Marsh described them as " people of obvious goodwill who had committed an extremely serious offense against the criminal justice system . " Prosecutor Tim called the conspiracy to commit assassination " a deadly serious crime aimed at the heart of the criminal justice system . " and were released from imprisonment at Dublin , California in April 1998 , and returned to Britain . - In December 2002 , Ann McCarthy pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder , and was sentenced to one year in jail and a fine of USD $ 10 @,@ 000 . McCarthy had served as fourth @-@ in @-@ command of , and was known by 's followers as Ma . Turner called the one @-@ year prison sentence " . " In court statements , McCarthy stated " I cannot forgive myself for not being at the time , " and called her time with the group " psychological torture . " - In February 2006 , became the last perpetrator sentenced in the political assassination plot , after ten months of negotiations with Oregon prosecutors . offered to turn herself in and return to the United States after learning of her son 's terminal brain tumor . Prior to sentencing , the court allowed her to travel to Australia to visit her son . In addition to charges of conspiracy to commit murder , also pleaded guilty to the purchase of weapons in violation of federal firearms law . An Oregon judge sentenced her to five years , and three months time already served in a German jail . Turner thought she should have received a sentence , and commented " This was a lying @-@ in @-@ wait conspiracy to murder me , a presidential appointee , and for a long time I slept with a loaded gun beside my bed . " Though could have faced life in prison , U.S. District Judge Judge Malcolm F. Marsh thought she had " seen the error of her ways . " A federal prosecutor in the case described as the " MVP " of the conspiracy , and said she was the designated assassin that was set to murder Turner . After her sentencing , stated : " I actually conspired to kill Mr. Turner , it is up to me alone to face this terrible truth ... No person has the right to do what I did . I 'm truly sorry . " returned to Germany after her sentencing . - In an , Timothy J. III , lead prosecutor for the United States Department of Justice in the case , stated Ma Anand had told members of the murder conspiracy that had personally authorized the " necessary " murder of specific enemies of the commune . paid a fine of US $ 400 @,@ 000 , agreed to plead guilty to immigration fraud , and was deported from the United States . He agreed to leave the United States and not return unless given permission first from the United States Attorney General . Joseph T. writes in Terrorism on American Soil " Nevertheless , he was never for any of the more serious crimes by cult members , including the poisoning . " - - = = = = = = - - to assassinate a United States Attorney - , and other charges , testified in assassination case - - - = Die Another Day = - - Die Another Day ( 2002 ) is the twentieth spy film in the James Bond series , and the fourth and final film to star Pierce as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . The film follows Bond as he leads a mission to North Korea , during which he is betrayed and , after seemingly killing a rogue North Korean colonel , is captured and imprisoned . Fourteen months later , Bond is released as part of a prisoner exchange . that someone within the British government betrayed him , he attempts to earn redemption by tracking down his and killing a North Korean agent he believes was involved in his torture . - Die Another Day , produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and directed by Lee , marked the James Bond franchise 's 40th anniversary . The series began in 1962 with Sean Connery starring as Bond in Dr. No . Die Another Day includes references to each of the preceding films . - The film received mixed reviews . Some critics praised the work of Lee , while others criticised the film 's heavy use of computer @-@ generated imagery , which they found and a distraction from the film 's plot . Nevertheless , Die Another Day was the highest @-@ grossing James Bond film up to that time if inflation is not taken into account . - - = = Plot = = - - MI6 officer James Bond — agent — infiltrates a North Korean military base , where Colonel Tan @-@ Sun Moon is illegally trading weapons for African blood . After Moon 's assistant discovers that Bond is a British agent , the colonel attempts to kill Bond and a chase , which ends with Moon 's apparent death . Bond survives , but is captured by North Korean soldiers and imprisoned by the Colonel 's father , General Moon . - After 14 months of captivity and torture , Bond is traded for in a prisoner exchange . He is and taken to meet M , who informs him that his status as a 00 Agent is suspended under suspicion of having leaked information under . Bond is convinced that he has been set up by a double agent in the British government and decides to avenge his betrayal . After escaping from the custody of MI6 , he discovers that he is in Hong Kong , where he learns from a Chinese agent that is in Cuba . - In Havana Bond meets agent ' Jinx ' Johnson and follows her to a gene therapy clinic , where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring . Bond locates inside the clinic and attempts to kill him , but escapes . He leaves behind a which leads Bond to a of , identified as conflict , but bearing the crest of the company owned by British billionaire Gustav Graves . - At Club in London Bond meets Graves , along with his assistant Miranda Frost , who is also an undercover MI6 agent . After a fencing exercise ( and a literal sword @-@ fight ) , Bond is invited by Graves to Iceland for a scientific demonstration . Shortly afterwards , M Bond 's Double @-@ 0 status and offers assistance in the investigation . - At his ice palace in Iceland Graves a new orbital mirror satellite , " Icarus " , which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year @-@ round sunshine for crop development . During the night , Jinx infiltrates Graves ' command centre , but is captured by Graves and . Bond rescues her and later discovers that Colonel Moon is still alive . Moon has used the gene therapy technology to change his appearance , assuming the identity of Gustav Graves . - Bond confronts Graves , but Frost arrives to reveal herself as the traitor who betrayed Bond in North Korea , forcing to escape from Graves ' facility . Bond then returns in his Aston Martin to rescue Jinx , who has been captured once again . pursues him in his own vehicle , both cars driving inside the rapidly melting ice palace . Bond kills by shooting an ice onto him , and then Jinx after she has drowned . - Bond and Jinx pursue Graves and Frost to the Korean peninsula and away on Graves ' cargo plane . Graves reveals his true identity to his father , and the purpose of the Icarus satellite : to cut a path through the Korean Zone with concentrated sunlight , allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and reunite the peninsula by force . , General Moon tries to stop the plan , but he is murdered by his own son . - Bond attempts to shoot Graves but he is prevented by one of the soldiers on board . In their struggle , a gunshot the fuselage , causing the plane to descend rapidly . Bond engages Graves in a fist fight , and Jinx attempts to regain control of the plane . Frost attacks Jinx , forcing her to defend herself in a sword duel . After the plane passes through the Icarus beam and is further damaged , Jinx kills Frost . Graves attempts to escape by parachute , but Bond opens the parachute , causing Graves to be pulled out of the plane and into one of its engines , killing him and the Icarus beam . Bond and Jinx then escape from the disintegrating plane in a helicopter from the cargo hold , carrying away Graves ' of in the process . - - = = Cast = = - - Pierce as James Bond , an MI6 agent . - Halle Berry as ' Jinx ' Johnson , an agent . - Toby Stephens as Gustav Graves , a British entrepreneur , alter ego of Colonel Moon . - Pike as Miranda Frost , undercover MI6 agent and double agent . - Rick as , a North Korean terrorist working for Moon . - Judi Dench as M , the head of MI6 . - Will Lee as Colonel Moon , a rogue North Korean army colonel , later uses his alter ego . - Kenneth as General Moon , Colonel Moon 's father . - John as Q , MI6 's and . - Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson , M 's Deputy Chief of Staff . - Ho as the Hotel manager and Chinese special agent Mr. Chang . In early drafts of the script , it was Lin ( Michelle Yeoh ) who aided Bond in Hong Kong , but the idea fell through and Chang was created to replace her . - Rachel Grant as of Desire , a Chinese agent working for Mr. Chang , undercover as a . - Emilio as Raoul , the manager of a Havana factory , and a British . - Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny , M 's secretary . - Michael as Vladimir , Gustav Graves ' personal scientist - Lawrence as Mr. , one of Gustav Graves ' henchmen . - Michael Madsen as Damian Falco , Jinx 's superior in the . - Vincent as General Li - Martinez as an elderly factory worker - Deborah Moore as an airline hostess ( Moore is the daughter of former Bond Roger Moore ) - Madonna as , a fencing instructor ( cameo ) - - = = Production = = - - - = = = Filming = = = - - Principal photography of Die Another Day began on 11 January 2002 at studios . The film was shot primarily in the United Kingdom , Iceland , and , Spain . Other locations included Studios ' Stage and Maui , Hawaii , in December 2001 . Laird Hamilton , Dave , and performed the pre @-@ title surfing scene at the surf break known as in , Maui , while the shore shots were taken near and , Cornwall . Scenes inside Graves ' diamond mine were also filmed in Cornwall , at the Eden Project . The scenes involving the Cuban locations of Havana and the fictional de Los were filmed at La , Spain . - The scenes featuring Berry in a bikini were shot in . The location was reportedly cold and , and footage has been released of Berry wrapped in thick between takes to avoid catching a . Berry was injured during filming when debris from a smoke grenade flew into her eye . The debris was removed in a 30 @-@ minute operation . - and other props from every previous Bond film and stored in Productions ' archives appear in Q 's warehouse in the London Underground . Examples include the in and Rosa 's poison @-@ tipped shoe in From Russia with Love . Q mentions that the watch he issues Bond is " your 20th , I believe " , a reference to Die Another Day being the 20th @-@ produced Bond film . In London , the Reform Club was used to shoot several places in the film , including the lobby and gallery at the Club , MI6 Headquarters , Buckingham Palace , Green Park , and Westminster . Svalbard , Norway and , Iceland were used for the car chase on the ice with additional scenes filmed at National Park , Norway and RAF Little , Gloucestershire ; Airport in Kent was used for the scenes involving the cargo plane scenes . The scene in which Bond the wave created by Icarus when Graves was attempting to kill Bond was shot on the blue screen . The waves , along with all the glaciers in the scene are computer @-@ generated . - The hangar interior of the " US Air Base in South Korea " , shown crowded with helicopters , was filmed at RAF in Hampshire , UK , as were the helicopter interior shots during the sequence . These latter scenes , though portrayed in the air , were actually filmed entirely on the ground with the sky background being added in post @-@ production using blue screen techniques . Although the base is portrayed in the film as a US base , all the aircraft and personnel in the scene are British in real life . In the film , ( one @-@ person gliders resembling fighter jets in shape ) are flown by Bond and Jinx to enter North Korea . The was based on a model called " " ( High Single Soldier Transport ) . Inc . ' s lead designer , Jack was impressed by director Lee 's way of conducting the scene and commented , " It 's brief , but realistic . The good guys get in , thanks to a fast cruise , good performance , and minimal radar signature . It 's a wonderful promotion for the . " - - = = = Music = = = - - The soundtrack was composed by David Arnold and released on Warner Bros. Records . He again made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score , and included two of the new themes created for The World Is Not Enough . The first , originally used as 's theme , is heard during the " " cue on the recording , and is written for piano . The second new theme , used in the " Christmas in Turkey " track of The World Is Not Enough , is reused in the " Going Down Together " track . - The title song for Die Another Day was co @-@ written and co @-@ produced by and performed by Madonna , who also had a cameo in the film as , a fencing instructor . This is the first Bond title sequence to directly reflect the film 's plot since Dr. No ; all the other previous Bond titles are stand @-@ alone set pieces . The concept of the title sequence is to represent Bond trying to survive 14 months of torture at the hands of the North Koreans . Critics ' opinions of the song were sharply divided — it was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording , but also for a Golden Award for Original Song of 2002 ( while Madonna herself won the Golden Award for Supporting Actress for her cameo ) . In a poll for the Channel 4 programme " James Bond 's Greatest Hits " , the song was voted 9th out of 22 , and also came in as an " overwhelming number one " favourite among those under the age of 24 . - - = = Marketing tie @-@ ins = = - - MGM and Productions granted Mattel the license to sell a line of Barbie dolls based around the franchise . Mattel announced that the Bond will be at her " stylish best " , clad in evening dress and red . created the dress , which is to the thigh to reveal a telephone to Barbie 's leg . The doll was sold in a gift set , with Barbie 's boyfriend Ken posing as Bond in a designed by the Italian fashion house . - also collaborated with the makers of Die Another Day to create a cosmetics line based around the character Jinx . The limited edition Colour Collection was launched on 7 November 2002 to coincide with the film 's release . The product names were loaded with puns and , with shades and textures ranging from the " warm " to " cool and " . - - = = Release and reception = = - - Die Another Day had its world premiere on 18 November 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip were guests of honour , making it the second Bond film premiere to be attended by the Queen , the first one being You Only Live Twice in 1967 . The Royal Albert Hall had a make @-@ over for the screening and had been transformed into an ice palace . from the , about £ 500 @,@ 000 , were donated to the Cinema and Television Fund of which the Queen is patron . On the first day , ticket sales reached £ 1 @.@ 2 million . Die Another Day was the highest grossing James Bond film until the release of Casino . It earned $ 432 million worldwide , becoming the sixth highest grossing film of 2002 . - Die Another Day became a controversial subject in eastern Asia . The North Korean government disliked the portrayal of their state as brutal and war @-@ hungry . The South Koreans boycotted 145 theatres where it was released on 31 December 2002 , as they were offended by the scene in which an American officer issues orders to the South Korean army in the defence of their homeland , and by a scene near a statue of the Buddha . The Buddhist Order issued a statement that the film was " to our religion and does not reflect our values and ethics " . The Washington Post reported growing resentment in the nation towards the United States . An official of the South Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism said that Die Another Day was " the wrong film at the wrong time . " - The amount of product placement in the film was a point of criticism , specifically from various news outlets such as the BBC , Time and Reuters who all used the pun " Buy Another Day " . Reportedly 20 companies , paying $ 70 million , had their products featured in the film , a record at the time , although USA Today reported that number to be as high as $ 100 million . By choice , the number of companies involved in product placement was dropped to eight for the next Bond film Casino in 2006 . - Rotten Tomatoes listed Die Another Day with a 58 % rating . Metacritic gave the film a 56 out of 100 rating , representing " mixed or average reviews . " Michael of Film praised the film as the best of the series to star Pierce and " the most satisfying installment of the franchise in recent memory . " Larry Carroll of praised Lee for having " balanced the film so that it keeps true to the Bond legend , makes reference to the classic films that preceded it , but also a new to it all . " Entertainment Weekly magazine also gave a positive reaction , saying that , " a true filmmaker " , has re @-@ established the series ' pop . Dana Stevens of The New York Times called the film the best of the James Bond series since The Spy Who Loved Me . Kyle Bell of Movie Freaks 365 stated in his review that the " first half of Die Another Day is classic Bond " , but that " Things start to go when the ice palace gets introduced . " - However , Die Another Day was strongly criticised by some reviewers who felt that the film relied too heavily on and special effects , with the plot being neglected . James of said , " This is a train wreck of an action film – a attempt by the filmmakers to force @-@ feed James Bond into the mindless mold and throw 40 years of cinematic history down the toilet in favor of bright flashes and loud . " Of the action sequences , he said , " Die Another Day is an exercise in loud explosions and bad special effects . The CGI work in this movie is an order of magnitude worse than anything I have seen in a major motion picture . Coupled with production design , Die Another Day looks like it was done on the cheap . Gary Brown of the Houston Community Newspapers also described the weak point of the film as " the seemingly non @-@ stop action sequences and loud explosions that appear to take centre stage while the Bond character is almost relegated to second string . " Roger Moore remarked , " I thought it just went too far – and that ’ s from me , the first Bond in space ! Invisible cars and dodgy CGI footage ? Please ! " - - = = = = - - Die Another Day was written into a novel by the then @-@ current official James Bond writer , Raymond Benson , based on the screenplay by Neal and Robert Wade . Fan reaction to it was above average . After its publication Benson retired as the official James Bond novelist and a new series featuring the secret agent 's adventures as a teenager , by Charlie , was launched in 2005 . As the was published after Benson 's final original novel , The Man with the Red , it was the final literary work featuring Bond as originally conceived by Ian Fleming until the publication of Devil May Care by Sebastian in 2008 to mark the 100th anniversary of Fleming 's birth . - - = = spin @-@ off = = - - arose in 2003 of a spin @-@ off film concentrating on Jinx , which was scheduled for a November / December 2004 release . It was originally reported that MGM was keen to set up a film series that would be a " winter " alternative to ' James Bond ' . In the late 1990s , MGM had originally considered developing a spin @-@ off film based on Michelle Yeoh 's character , Lin , in 1997 's Tomorrow Never Dies . However , despite much speculation of an imminent movie , on 26 October 2003 , Variety reported that MGM had completely pulled the on this project , to the dismay of Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson of Entertainment , who were reported to be " clearly furious " about the decision . MGM were keen to instead move on with the next film , Casino . - - - = = - - ( born May 1968 ) is a Welsh actress , best known for her role as Tyson in the BBC medical drama City . She first rose to prominence in the lead role of the 1993 screenplay Great in Aviation . has worked in theatre , film and television , appearing in a number of Shakespearean theatrical performances , Hollywood films The i Inside and , and British television shows including Soldier Soldier , , Sea of and Doctor Who . She appeared in City from its eighth to eleventh series , from 2006 to 2008 , and in 2009 starred in the musical comedy My Almost Famous Family . - is an advocate of increased ethnic representation in the entertainment industry , and in 2001 founded her own production company , producing the short film 's for the Cannes film festival in order to further her campaign . In 2006 , was shortlisted for the ' Female Performance in TV ' award in the Screen Nation Awards , receiving Honourable Mention in the same category in 2007 , and a further shortlisted nomination in 2008 . She is married to fellow actor Adam , with whom she has two daughters . - - = = Early life = = - - was born in Cardiff , Wales in May 1968 , to a Sierra mother and a father . She was raised by her mother 's cousin and his wife in Ely , Cardiff . 's heritage means she is by descent , although she does not speak the language . studied at Windsor Clive Primary and Ely High School , and was a member of the Youth Theatre , South Glamorgan Youth Theatre , South Glamorgan Youth Choir and the National Youth Theatre of Wales . She left high school before sitting her A Levels in order to pursue her ambition of becoming an actress . She explains : " I 've always wanted to act . I decided at 16 I wanted to make my living acting , but even if I couldn 't , I ’ d be in an amateur theatre company . " She then went on to attend the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama , studying for a three @-@ year acting . Her first acting role was for the Welsh when still at primary school , playing a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting at the court of King Arthur . has stated that it was Streisand 's performance in , ! that inspired her to act as a child , though credits her adoptive mother with encouraging her to act professionally . 's first job was selling on Road Market in Cardiff . She worked as a whilst attending drama school , and , six weeks prior to graduation , was offered a job with the ' Made in Wales ' theatre company which enabled her to obtain her union card . - - = = Career = = - - began her career in the theatre , performing in a number of Shakespearean plays including Twelfth Night , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , The Tempest , The of Venice and Macbeth . She states of this : " Shakespeare keeps coming my way . I love the fact that I get to play people who are much more articulate than I 'll ever be " . has performed in Twelfth Night in the lead roles of both Olivia and Viola . She explains : " The role of Viola didn 't sit that well with me for some reason but Olivia makes more sense . " She has also appeared in modern performances , assuming the title role of , Queen of at the Globe Theatre in London in 2003 , which she described as " a dream of a part " . She has deemed her dream role to be that of Isabella in Measure for Measure , as she once lost out on the part and would like to prove herself capable of playing it . - 's first film appearance was in the 1993 film Great in Aviation , written by , in which she starred alongside Jonathan Pryce and John Hurt . Variety magazine 's David said of her performance : " In the film 's most turn , is a constant pleasure to watch . and appealing , she often succeeds in pulling the fireworks momentarily back down to Earth . " recalls having been at the prospect of working alongside so many established names , but has deemed it to have been a " wonderful experience " . Her subsequent film credits are romantic comedy The Secret of Women , set in Nigeria and starring Colin Firth , thriller The i Inside , filmed in Sully Hospital , Cardiff , and starring Ryan , and , filmed in Morocco whilst was pregnant with her first child , starring Cruz . says of her film career : " I really like doing film [ but ] I 've not done enough big films though to really know the difference between film and television . " - 's first prolific television role was in the ITV drama Soldier Soldier , in which she starred throughout its third series in 1993 as soldier 's wife Bernie Roberts . credits her chemistry with co @-@ star , who played her on @-@ screen husband Luke Roberts , for winning her her audition . She went on to appear in Gone With the Wind sequel Scarlett , and star in Welsh soap opera Tiger Bay . She has spoken critically of the way the BBC treated the soap , moving it around the schedules and declining to commission a second series . She acted alongside Pauline in both and Being April , deeming to be a " fantastic " actress , and one she would work alongside again " like a shot " . In 1996 , appeared at the National Theatre in Helen 's adaptation of Leo 's War and Peace . In 2001 , she became a presenter of the BBC Wales arts programme Double Yellow , alongside poet Owen and performance artist Mark Rees . She posed nude but for a pair of yellow rubber gloves to promote the show 's launch , and was highly critical of the BBC when the show was cancelled midway through its second series . She has since concluded that " the kind of audience they would like to bring in with shows like Double Yellow aren 't really into watching TV " , but at the time was outspoken against the show 's cancellation , stating : - 's other notable television appearances include the BBC psychological thriller Green @-@ Eyed Monster ( 2001 ) , soap opera ( 2001 ) , Waking the Dead ( 2001 ) , London 's Burning ( 2001 ) , ( 2002 ) , Murder in Mind ( 2003 ) , The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) and Sea of ( 2004 ) . In 2008 , she starred in the Doctor Who episode " Midnight " , playing an alongside David Tennant 's Tenth Doctor . In 2009 , starred in the musical comedy My Almost Famous Family . She stated : " The script made me laugh out loud when I read it . [ ... ] I also like the fact that there were a lot of politically @-@ correct boxes being , but the writers and producer haven 't been restrained by that . " So , instead of to this altar , they 've said , ' Okay , we have this family that 's half @-@ black , half @-@ white , half @-@ American , half @-@ British . We have a mix of boys and girls , one character who 's mixed @-@ raced and – but we 're not going to be restrained by any of that . We 're not going to around Martha 's disability or anything . ' I liked that . It wasn 't some sort of hands @-@ off approach to what we 're presenting . " She has also been cast in the film . - - = = = City = = = - - From 7 February 2006 to 9 December 2008 , starred in BBC medical drama City as nurse Tyson . She had previously appeared in City 's sister show , and had made an appearance in City 's fifth series as patient Lawson . She was approached about returning to the show in a more permanent role by BBC casting director Julie . After a series of three meetings , a year after the birth of her first child , she agreed to assume the role of , despite being " nervous about signing such a long contract " , stating : " I 've been someone who 's loved the uncertainty of acting . I 've loved that one month it 's in Morocco and the next I 'm doing a stage play , then it 's a six @-@ part thing . But last summer I started thinking it would be really nice not to have to look for a job every couple of weeks . It would be nice just to stay put for a while . If I 'm going to be a working mum I 'd rather just be one rather than be one intermittently . And then came along , so I 'm very grateful " . - signed a three @-@ year contract to play , and described herself as " very similar " to her character , speaking positively about her working relationship with co @-@ stars Jaye and Sharon D. Clarke , as well as the " dream " storylines her character was given . She said of the show : - " I really love and I 'm surprised how much . What thrills me about is that you get back what you put in . The powers that be are only as interested in you as they think you are in the job . For me it 's about more than turning up and saying the lines . It 's about understanding it and trying to make it better . That 's actually a lot of fun . What 's great is nobody says , ' Just shut up . ' They want you to work at it . [ ... ] I surprise myself sometimes because after two and a half years sometimes I see friends on the side of a poster and I think , ' do I want to do something else ? ' but I really like this job , I never get that awful ‘ ’ feeling when you really don ’ t want to go into work . " - In October 2008 , announced that she would be departing from City in order to have a second child , stating : " I 've had a great time and I 'll miss it . I made the decision purely because I was pregnant , but I wasn 't really ready to put down the character of . I 'm very sorry to have to let her go . " - - = = = Race and charity work = = = - - Throughout her career , has been outspoken on the subject of racial discrimination in the entertainment industry . Describing her motivation , she states : " I am not an overtly political person . I just want fairness " . believes that black actors receive less recognition than their white counterparts , explaining ; " If you get a show with six stars and one is black you are more likely to see interviews with the five white actors . [ ... ] They are not being sold as a reason to watch . " She believes that her career would have taken her in a different direction were she not of ethnic origin , stating : " I could not have played any of the roles I have played on TV if I was white [ ... ] I am very aware of where the glass ceiling is and it 's still very low and expectations are still very low " . She has noted having casting directors accept the notion of characters being both black and Welsh to be a particular problem , explaining that : " I get offered a lot of very different roles , but they 're never Welsh . [ ... ] The one time I was asked to play a Welsh character on screen was in Tiger Bay for BBC Wales , but I know if that series had been called Park or Close I wouldn 't have been in it " . In 2001 , founded a production company and directed a short film entitled 's . She presented the film at the Cannes film festival , using it as part of her campaign for increased black representation in theatre , films and television . The project , however , was largely unsuccessful , with stating : " it just made me decide that if there 's anything I don 't want to do , it 's produce films , because I 'm rubbish at it . I was so bad with the budget that I just said yes to everything and then had to worry about how to pay for things at the end . " In 2008 , offered her support to the Action for Southern Africa campaign ! Period , aiming to provide affordable protection to women . - - = = = Awards = = = - - was nominated and shortlisted for the ' Female Performance in TV ' award in the 2006 Screen Nation Awards , for her role as Tyson in City . She received Honourable Mention for the same role the following year , and was shortlisted again in 2008 . In 2005 , voted the 29th woman in Wales , saying of her : " One of our favourite , she 's black , beautiful and the term " mummy " should have been made for her . " She placed 40th in 2008 , with the Western Mail noting : " the last 15 years have only seen become more beautiful and more successful " . placed 17th in the awards in 2009 . - - = = Personal life = = - - describes herself as " optimistic , cynical , lazy , naive [ and ] honest " . She spends her free time " watching television , the theatre , cinema , concerts , indoor wall climbing [ and ] keeping fit [ with ] [ and ] aerobics " . She has a collection of dolls which she keeps under her bath . has an interest in travel , and has visited Peru and Kenya among other destinations . She has expressed a desire to visit Brazil and Argentina , and has " a romantic notion of travelling around Europe in a van " . often speaks of her pride in her Welsh upbringing , describing herself as " an Ely girl through and through " . She was made a Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in 2003 . - During a 1998 production of Hamlet , met her future husband , fellow actor Adam – son of Love star Jack . They met again two years later , during a production of Twelfth Night , and went on to become a couple . The pair married in May 2004 , and gave birth to their first daughter in July that year . Their second daughter was born in January 2009 . - - = = Filmography = = - - has undertaken the following roles from her screen and debut in 1993 , to the present day . - - = = = Film roles = = = - - - = = = Television roles = = = - - diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/decompress.py b/others/GDAS/data/decompress.py deleted file mode 100644 index f2b6c43..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/decompress.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -# python ./data/decompress.py $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012-TAR/ ./data/data/ILSVRC2012 tar -# python ./data/decompress.py $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012-ZIP/ ./data/data/ILSVRC2012 zip -import os, gc, sys -from pathlib import Path -import multiprocessing - - -def execute(cmds, idx, num): - #print ('{:03d} :: {:03d} :: {:03d}'.format(idx, num, len(cmds))) - for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds): - if i % num == idx: - print ('{:03d} :: {:03d} :: {:03d}/{:03d} : {:}'.format(idx, num, i, len(cmds), cmd)) - os.system(cmd) - - -def command(prefix, cmd): - #print ('{:}{:}'.format(prefix, cmd)) - #if execute: os.system(cmd) - #xcmd = '(echo {:} $(date +\"%Y-%h-%d--%T\") \"PID:\"$$; {:}; sleep 0.1s)'.format(prefix, cmd) - #xcmd = '(echo {:} $(date +\"%Y-%h-%d--%T\") \"PID:\"$$; {:}; sleep 0.1s; pmap $$; echo \"\")'.format(prefix, cmd) - #xcmd = '(echo {:} $(date +\"%Y-%h-%d--%T\") \"PID:\"$$; {:}; sleep 0.1s; pmap $$; echo \"\")'.format(prefix, cmd) - xcmd = '(echo {:} $(date +\"%Y-%h-%d--%T\") \"PID:\"$$; {:}; sleep 0.1s)'.format(prefix, cmd) - return xcmd - - -def mkILSVRC2012(destination): - destination = destination.resolve() - destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - os.system('rm -rf {:}'.format(destination)) - destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - (destination/'train').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - -def main(source, destination, xtype): - assert source.exists(), '{:} does not exist'.format(source) - assert (source/'train' ).exists(), '{:}/train does not exist'.format(source) - if xtype == 'tar' : assert (source/'val.tar').exists(), '{:}/val does not exist'.format(source) - elif xtype == 'zip': assert (source/'val.zip').exists(), '{:}/val does not exist'.format(source) - else : raise ValueError('invalid unzip type : {:}'.format(xtype)) - #assert num_process > 0, 'invalid num_process : {:}'.format(num_process) - source = source.resolve() - mkILSVRC2012(destination) - - subdirs = list( (source / 'train').glob('n*') ) - all_commands = [] - assert len(subdirs) == 1000, 'ILSVRC2012 should contain 1000 classes instead of {:}.'.format( len(subdirs) ) - for idx, subdir in enumerate(subdirs): - name = subdir.name - if xtype == 'tar' : cmd = command('{:03d}/{:03d}-th: '.format(idx, len(subdirs)), 'tar -xf {:} -C {:}'.format(source/'train'/'{:}'.format(name), destination / 'train')) - elif xtype == 'zip': cmd = command('{:03d}/{:03d}-th: '.format(idx, len(subdirs)), 'unzip -qd {:} {:}'.format(destination / 'train', source/'train'/'{:}'.format(name))) - else : raise ValueError('invalid unzip type : {:}'.format(xtype)) - all_commands.append( cmd ) - if xtype == 'tar' : cmd = command('', 'tar -xf {:} -C {:}'.format(source/'val.tar', destination)) - elif xtype == 'zip': cmd = command('', 'unzip -qd {:} {:}'.format(destination, source/'val.zip')) - else : raise ValueError('invalid unzip type : {:}'.format(xtype)) - all_commands.append( cmd ) - #print ('Collect all commands done : {:} lines'.format( len(all_commands) )) - - for i, cmd in enumerate(all_commands): - print(cmd) - # os.system(cmd) - # print ('{:03d}/{:03d} : {:}'.format(i, len(all_commands), cmd)) - # gc.collect() - - """ - records = [] - for i in range(num_process): - process = multiprocessing.Process(target=execute, args=(all_commands, i, num_process)) - process.start() - records.append(process) - for process in records: - process.join() - """ - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - assert len(sys.argv) == 4, 'invalid argv : {:}'.format(sys.argv) - source, destination = Path(sys.argv[1]), Path(sys.argv[2]) - #num_process = int(sys.argv[3]) - if sys.argv[3] == 'wget': - with open(source) as f: - content = f.readlines() - content = [x.strip() for x in content] - assert len(content) == 1000, 'invalid lines={:} from {:}'.format( len(content), source ) - mkILSVRC2012(destination) - all_commands = [] - cmd = command('make-val', 'wget -q http://10.127.2.44:8000/ILSVRC2012-TAR/val.tar --directory-prefix={:} ; tar -xf {:} -C {:} ; rm {:}'.format(destination, destination / 'val.tar', destination, destination / 'val.tar')) - all_commands.append(cmd) - for idx, name in enumerate(content): - cmd = command('{:03d}/{:03d}-th: '.format(idx, len(content)), 'wget -q http://10.127.2.44:8000/ILSVRC2012-TAR/train/{:}.tar --directory-prefix={:} ; tar -xf {:}.tar -C {:} ; rm {:}.tar'.format(name, destination / 'train', destination / 'train' / name, destination / 'train', destination / 'train' / name)) - all_commands.append(cmd) - for i, cmd in enumerate(all_commands): print(cmd) - else: - main(source, destination, sys.argv[3]) diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/imagenet-results.png b/others/GDAS/data/imagenet-results.png deleted file mode 100755 index 6ce7c68b9bdd0c3ef48177bd32bfe564e0cba056..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 GIT binary patch literal 0 HcmV?d00001 literal 142274 zcmaI7Wk6g}mMx41cMo1z;Svb$?(PIHBv|1P+%>qnySuwXAV9DH!GpVNUZs29O!xby zKmOdRdwidLcCEAaB0@z;8V&h9G87aPnyie38Wa?q1{4(ZD&jlHn?0)OCnzZ7ZfkLI z6w3x-S0cxfg5qcNjz&q;6RPL<*Xl@5Mo7!PIdorV5A* zZsuUP(ZFy-U?6%RkOyDn9Uj*3M_l4NXe>Ne5~gL96$B;|i~H4e2j!m3=gIN*{T%0B z_v=?!s69q~YPm2xs4+~7$iY{E!+OU{mlp~Ve~vsTMdO*@G7?jDbrk+TZ(iJ=!Nejs z*Jx1@27lgO{kSAqln0=pki~f;7`M#xykSU{c>s>IP%=nIOGYX58Jk*3$-`Cwz!UW)b}xClLW8!N6-(x1Ea>gCrZ3 zoW%Hg^FW6J+k~4`0eZj5bn3}*i_$TVid0!D4;1PGm%GS6*F0~npd$Iwdo~yxwD8wK zI*XgBvm$1sqc?^^&G$_Up|b8z1A@=d)Q$iC)u^B7BPF~-oM?@qHM{x*(ydvfX z%`dxLgwu@@@F?{&BZT5U*bJImrcIzDW?C3W^#qC%)*;-bckQL)pm{K3Rb!&4J*2zP zerfb@Nr^M#4YRkg+kxvF63qUB`fEMC%P)?>WQ0x+!T-ZgMnKjj^BQ8`EHc!t_RNDq z2eis8RNl8lDm+WYM>ZS>9TAwT0|$S;@9&=a;B@j9c%cY3p}j?*5aHt~(3xOJ`Vfdj zP*ValjRnVG;f;xxk>o_-moYx~VS!OO1GK>C25{P<7;W%pLB4EohJjcY(9xop!C_^X zXlh|D6yjqf4IzYa#JjNYqFX8?Nr=TFVlv3pfgeTSRVX!(HN~30vwo*PAaNl&3ON&l z{myoS{{%zD2Co&`Y)rL`Y|*E{gBcS{FhGBy#zQXPe8*n^@bVUrMSt!YAi~tyM!sqHkkj&1(X>VZ5H=w=@hDzfaUU)O*G<5tO^M$((>DMFXOgB!~1d`G*mR? zG&O29bH2sbazUKICCb+Yj#k802v!7E;uAa|Gf;|Cg;T&4)*j0q79LGPdIW(nlk+`gi__`lPmvN@ww%WOmJ2 zVNOZUr*7HT{C84=3T8bc9ACTN6L1=S)5g@Pt#!<2 zYnw;wh$c6i?4>Wo)fK1t*%hCPe5AZ|!b)~ZsJ_$B@m5|3)`(fo%^%X-pg)Dzl+^Ur zXtb)e%DXGf=&;JMO4o{>=L^Z^=I2%!6>ZcAo93Be+SX0vO>gE<&c>OHaj$`vtsiE` zmVqNyg{q0O&SqR@DUL0U*_W_56%n1|YKaVqnI$~xq1G9PWb3-@W6TaTN~X~yZVDX!ef%ue?+Qm+i3x>u=Zw`T|R z75k(_$GeA3i{%T4jg3LhCD-ix!k?H7<_yr=1#&F~ zV!6-zxX{74G8fsUKaBY0q#Ew@$kc&HQpGHp&!U6#nkl=|?UfHEgob zAO%ALtA*eKrv^g>BM(cCkPaUaq!+lg>Ay+Zk0FLC9!#m2PmzSzL3Lx2=D0jpXSBcb zJM0^4<{!>AT5nAcOE_jz$D#aijQE^*eX4WmbP3tQpM`scI0ZI^!XqA|xFa{Cdc!p_ z-S11W=)!GcMn|PbwMS!FE_Cah`&9yc#0&>cLqd%p&_UYu(uq2d2X^XMgCOGk^i%`rK!KPVw32U`!s(EOB7VLil4kGhh0mCsH+GvEWD z<7&%OjEl)SmvAtI*T^as3CkcftTjwD2r)+)x_P&6J8fOrFivUN>RmFeazF1UrzK}4 zpH{kPR~vEFWwduVp*7K3D?aPJHn-b^Ek0IP>MHByw!F2H9A^z=-4mOBY})<2S2Ica z(tjS-Ay8Tfbxe6r`rN{oaZO>KWH)R^(uMV=m z=9(8wj(^#;*$vpWwstzy(rYkHv5>4`brsf!8zvdu`0j6Kr$+7LYo7p46V8rUkr=Fh z+0}Wip4Aq=%;|%2Kxlgzdzll$XIp3OJxgW|J|S9?qQj{^fj;gGuMEVM(G`*RJ9n0+ zeqSh_MD}N*b8RZQDo`qVNpZcNz-{~C_wm2KL_JNs zTL=v-+$_5}h%&o>=5-K8)}&8=-s zSuYD$OF`8g)u2*MB?m!qzCe+cSNzW*^m%|yEEU-X`7UaYH^B4C6?jj7Ykm14+p>AaF1Ho^8U4OX=fd=$_+W3j zvP&5E575u<>S-vK%+HWGf|TeBmG6f)w`=}ecZ7`@pADh+AD<4yN5bl3A9H^QFL+yc zpS@sT@2xC1)IQYGY$)_Ldt3lulgeS`LYC4-X4e=-;2I1{%tyJ=J-hB7%IIfORm=U;g!l}$LcEp>{| zRIyeQ5PCyji1tv2>bdhA8&;{Jif!O4=9otKxFm5qaygM%4TgW1{B-o?a&+1{DzpPl^Qek4H7 zW=_^%7i$N5iogAum^!$+2m%0q2m0^7f6f!+Vf{ZN**pK&vLFj&{aeDy&cep}-+e=x z3jBS`r(*2^vel8WwgcHaL&gwdXJ_LP_(y~PPtpGj`7cd%|EDP@H`l+m{FjpdYAL|_ zcLo2lqJNs}A8#S{5<(VW{cqa~AsczeTR}mIK*>soYIs1OWFxe_N?g8a!xJlh!Sba5 z&fy+*m%9{cmm5{cAc$7D6d}u;Yj$WrA9l;CN5V@=K&wiKo05{m*ybfuQ@9(+thZyTMV7`-rkAfXR+-(Z84dkFD3bw z%Kp7Y_-c%5Yn(0@mH)i!T4Z&Lj{F%h%V~n%Bwi99DT=k{VYzo%)g$Dl6o*y;abDrW zH=yn7vi()=+f6C>tbISl&^$;CG|jt@IABGFF?eTZ!pco4C?yDr))Vp}s?Fc$_)~<`djZ*af4ZlCHg9N<~!)!azAKY|; z2%hhI|B(Lj*g^Aq_o{lp55v6%4vIB+|eg3V?jTZ|Yr*Rrs0ZAN1&bQEd*6y2xj`9U)$Cecfl)q*=#y!+Ed@y;t z2ou(*ImgL;knj&QZkqVJi5C-$wLopzxA$*POTD4wuLsgw>bXxzYD`6=X3<+yA7)S+ zXN0_TJol34#RJSXUeDYIpN?xc;)D`}S-LI;pf;4#6$Ed8Kx-#M49m*YdC~w{5m?6} zOhk%;s4*FnlC1o1A7vRW(r>m=LmX_VwdWp!W{( z24WbwuZPF|y8B?5&`mzuy32fdp#Mwb6oEE8mDkq}70 z{zA`^OTBY)jOExzlSXe1rjKv;u}n6wa#?$+MnX*WL)cqqo#)dTZO1j8pI23LUXG3a zsKFmXHr7njtw3f+*OkZ%F^@1TZf(yGG5TcnpzPm|TeLi!N|~{b@kEjvMV?B!bxHb< z$bc@LHcZ_EuZ`zlZP{h{B>nIcN%YlhLy>z2g|YT^K&#~5Y4)G~l9HPB-+xxGHMy;T zQdP@U9#>|3@!gh9!o;{aanV_OU!3|tBT35SFPjJp&6W`BVuX=>DbsV=d_R2Knt-RJ zBg&kpGKMOr*WGEIq_dVe&39ZS$~8Z;Y6(}ThIa>R1ZC{8WO$Tzc_H%ppv+!Hj-7-5!HSNR~yc;1M_ZcKswA2I1 zQ@Hp~o7B}GE=qHK`Hb7IAXEP6{dS$}0E`??MzU9Gn=Z0;W9pTJhK*HW6iW0?kAD(; zy_x6ELhd0#)SCw@LzPVKp&aaHW&fHg!gpkFlfvfKMjfn!gU`pGTbNwe=2JjFf= zOt;VqIN5Y_8bG20-XpwFS4}wdzTQ!O3ZUz~1og%Dn`7Uo;!r_oWSFd*11X*1}T4KlSjEKaqrh_&fMM&$SbVKenVRVze@KaCJORB4H?&2azn z5MTe=K?4~68S*jTTL!)uj)l4^e8&PxdrC{+uGn5e;Yj5S97|y2eFJUbv%mz@`@A2wC2}ji`~5!jcxMqv$Q0p4p4#bbJBzIs11Oc6 z(+1ApKr1&LzOTndmc5?2+MirCn|HSiue)+w=430p2fiW`F#h8HrG7Mw2Oh@LMm2hz z&`ui5i1cW=stF-50E@Ok;?4l%l+?TkwvGEhy1{@%QU?#n@f*OBCc%Ono1T;P4U0^> zhL80@&-f`~!harT7Oukgkt<0a0<0S4sbIP)+Z+c-e^g-X{4#VL#_Ru;J)#%-km|yj zPU3yhuPPJYu+g&vfd=Q4b+?Q9qsO(qZ{2Vk|A;$zaL`0kl0*l|B)7XJq9S7|g$iz= z#k_?zq#P099FGST>m2dX917EK)Bpt&AK{07j0S;Sf_w6BbU07I#J7_)O!tuxd_7>K zqzLYwV#@S`7HxO@$H^j2`O+$|u=zf&*cuQ=RFGv6K7$3v<&{}3g()}A{&NQAZz)Gm zBu9Uw*mAiw_94yWl6{!-_uuvsTE4ekn*f~nfeH!w{4};jf?@F_*@~1Evsl6RSGiti z?UA_(N;{Axkln9X<^qwUm@sxI(tmu`Rke_e=)xuUeb_qjScw6bTBU#cxLUD|PLo2D;c5trvafSM*Bqr^nIj3hjeZOY;uLFWA)M!~yT@FgMR3&S8|LszB#~sWya+t$1B@kAldLmz z_$9Y$XI;*|0-fIB`Z3o}$%#PuA2}Zc4%`@^w%oBY;xvPN&x*QKv1M_%Ez|3eJl23<3 z9fKYI&wT}h`~=Z0{umJ)2xzqq9KwMBe2Cv@mnA`cFdwf`IXnxEE)ok#QGx`m6}VAc zhN7rpu@s?E66XVn3>Wn;Z0u%Ymav|*qKD?=w7yB~dq|1)^#>I6$n7PI${C7t!5HH6 zwocMQTimlq>vi-RDuhTY4!BY8Gs*+8!;z?$WnA9NYelOMV}Sy07H{2-8|${;aCMmCoM*c&AUPnBdsoVX z#H!M@m!i+fKSPHsiIWro+*TzMg!GuQ)&!4ogePBFVpfg)RIVaAPT?*6lZCC`{p%ef zR&z<=0VlLqO+asPirz$mYZS~>jL*X$`QpC+v%R%IEpYOLJ5ms*-hXUvIC3=McBSsc zc9=sk7we1?nVnyXIQ@ajv_7G@@CQ2OgKMLkDKh*STWbc!5;>0k-H*3 z24Ut9^bf=OlJe+m0!$bqS@wvqP;kDP{qfK$gAIVwqW#gaab}P~f3IAH^yAy$n1yp# zkU||7C&vpz@EfffhH4Gigi;LK-ui`7K%8XfF+uZ7H~Ly*(BV8onp0m7{VZ5Q}&o6>*F8;=2_>z?uI2tN?K=JPCvUq%KrwbmHkw z5bi+Uah?BhH!%pPc>`rH)MgS%qfOIrdjFX?M{r+-D93Ay+3{a+T_4r~7EHB_PtDOMg1l3QHC;V{KOhh%}?RZMO_2C~l&> zPZywtlI|3N#IWU^4&+e9M?t264}H$l4#bATUh2v-9!E+1Wd3mrjXptZG~I&=sC_li zz5Nrkpo^ynvY(aCxU0ejTZuA4M;gN30@BhJp{BUzX+yTdU zT@k3@Hdi27O9Q$t%LGC=5DQ{GQkUmia zl?x@Y?@`6DCgq+4QDdQ%S*1#3Q4K>r5)>sN9)wN?RoxS3`q|E?e5~haKG0e=l7aBV zqfx>8IK{T<1(6){irm==Awe{ehU(b(3*7JL4DvbNpCz>ZJLQm9i&!KFON*+5mL@6s zHq_=&7syCLA^Kp@FsM_Gd0BE4%+9zxO1kBSB*sSk_Bi9$lC}FCj+Rei*|;J288tpS z$MZMQ*AjIL`njkQ*7n_m?lRiS!78ab3I=R`d*p@!fz!FEy)qf=`3j~pMgeXGK>e>i zSHzG6@K5vM@HDd;I^FF*8|+c#N_e7=PfxGJk~ERL13;WB5_mW{{v^3|L@ibwoqQc^ zG8Ih=4$;x#qFga*N+#zzx&GnUd*pTq6yYl3T9hvQQ|>6qAs7jmF(NH4Dc-4#$tpgnlhWY-bqT*P{@&r*=MRuRZND2lWY2l1y< zBKRurK{yn&fj|SW$!3P*Dz{E6W7Z2Qq9N-gA=od@x5_yFx|9*m8%)U@TG&qSH#d=+l zSoLY^XwXN3H#Cr8CUH*jwR*x7YmnD5VsHQn6hB_q{k&LX@)J9OEQgjdM4JYX;sdVG zsLvxVIhI-7Moz{>+i?H4FhR%;cQLG7JT)ZnZNAnAsqm)=Lj?Voi9vr!inIa&`yrO!ADn{Z62IYYq%C^Chs)MM2u}<*lQ(< zRAIj7zU{=1Yr?qPS(VB9 zVtOT3#lR5Y{<|8%B+01`O3kq?IXG^_$Z!C=cCLMrsN}7d?4Trl z^396;yd61wkS@|zkC_(N-I-2LgWZaAkZaT>>E$n?4cUb+lhfKXqm#aeeWxq+|#bSkM%dyDw&e#;|QsAhVwN64n2<+%MkvD_{cv*=xg|Q zaGkU;;n<$+rLp$;@Mn$KjDrOpm_nF|}Jg%X15rojGDSaG3Gj z-4AtTc-m~#vcJgpGc_{L$4v~1ZFrxW^cy4K+gq%_m5ep)W@jH>z#G;*R-)S;n`kZs zPIB?v!#^fFYlShx#4PZRF>mlI^r&xfCq8#!`p{+*mL_@{&??k5v6*b!4)9ZKsRT)$ z$i}X~B_ok+~1?hFe)h5(5U!4Ye zF1vMzH*1X>0F=3~HCzxru0_uR%~5P8 z7Z1h^Nzt9Puf3iq^Zf)`q^Qc27FZQ=eVWSnxp+zxiULi9DNXsKVh#8xBJn6 z>claz`{XyRVzkRxa2y`7(V6D{q@ZHvxv)SkKw@Rvf|fr0Zw{-a>Ns*x`*Ya`i}B-2d#&kWtu<~*mICID;VO4XwSs+Nn~V8vBNfgEpLay=;m_i@ zAtHm9hA(-BHO)9!l3$V*UPF)f_00PzYamR-6O(>7c8N|cWw(VYiB!Z@{=G8oi>{zS ztqzoxr>@}i96h5JRAeGh_WfMBJZ-022M~*{V4a)4lqpaWiL1(U2t+jjNAZ{NQ`H*X zf!txqBrl6+0x;DrZZ%f0=I`6q-BvZnefQKa_CU8I;S$k#*{mnsW`#b4OI7mh$kJH34 zwnQILFeGt{!?u|s(@xqhnyfS%)JXR;Y-*T3C5b&vgX7$;&X8t;$o5}xKnhzQSfX+q z?^Y~hO^XXXKdzWV?s`w5_r(kC6E%}_{ej2U?i-RsSnZIkU03)Ob>ueJmBE}t_^`Z? z{9WcV8-#F?j$leG)?CMuRD_FFf{XU}J^wr=bY2O>YU-u0&`!csO|nzPwbD!3k3FZl zS3v|dKDDel$)5_hbEhm#4_{M7W`!O}&SKMGYib$d692@wvTNFp=t*b4f4$!zpLY-b zGW?0r>D;_Oe=9pr8GkQxdcSYwXP*|X&QFAS?m7&zDYTDkU~xgZ^H1CWJ?k#v+I|H}q0PO4tD~m?X4I)y+ADU&$n&S-0;?mPl9HePFLaSGz$#_MfmNE)r zr{GiOAm4YYra5aGDFJalOj2_BVpP<~Vs3`oWt{8y%7n0pH~RT75~vEcV*OrI5^7A? z$g^f_6qWm`S`R3(u}ecrcnrWP0$p>g)6ul455}z6^$b%_9UA$jp6R=~0`qGWl z8fbgPQn{+S_Wp*5qPxbWP^H|9Br$R+zX&BB75u_ie1$3(g#xfhuw6 zq$gSc``S%+omG&M1po@Hj6m85`LXxmt3VKnb!86;0h{wi-IMn!8T3H^KrE%)AKGm- zHf|Vw=k84+3ZLZ=-yoGnNxQv_uj&$7`wQ^Jz}!z%_FUCDf|J~+`e!&(ZU?Y&Y6UVV~vA=>`^3NPEF^D9>RxA2Agj{1p>v^r=N?~d~Yd9 z&P2k9eG>M*rv}Yc7Py98I^0}9BjgVYGDE$@AMFSrxfjAr#6F)SCCnkzt_!gl;XmHD zldJ*<5zUzXj5K?BSOkG7dzYt{9Gco`-%DVWMd${oSB4=;yr(FrHPX1m6v@z|yAyCF zrXCSXmVmTUtE-o%bRG+g#GxaEY zBL+Qe(r*zV3~Oj3#m*rRd}G7`A)XC+s~}zIh+1<4)6Ho7y(Iy^ySE@gb0Jy#(qXYK;!(vn3Br)=->e0zNwlHM{D>5~(peYz zi9p4N1E+KQ=`U}?jd&p>j*sL?JJ5+_V)B{2Un1+x50dtqRFcaLXh`-IovKMzz_CGY zjP$p{+#b=OFr>a3^4!lZg{!Libo1r&B)jgH@^6ZSrJL6ymZ}jOkI=0B)BgHv!)3{9yaN%>Wj1TKPE#4gL#D< z8;N~9w^8z{-<^@+9L1Ot^LW_ksr|RycnnjB;A-(KBRkBH4hjRW*7#gS||AO+y` zPQG+ENiI@iGvcI{5NtRy&cbV}Jdno`C6lIOxn2NvmAemAXH8F2DPa%r^ z?VgEUhK!jqwmnAclm%EUraiTqq$DuPGy>v)Ic8iou_>E(wR(Owrf)wyY%J9Nemj75 zx4nFGiGi_Ej~vdWKqmtGQ(i#$cU}#(A#cAb3N~yKhEP1XjJur15GXdhF=0wU&Uh<$ zA_RmNG{mBeq-5w$P}GHA@vT^$QZ5xsjcx}J-0V<@`GP_(j4kn%_9D7?qid3-a|(U9 z;&dGO23(4Rj>jhB7(kq_{+He)K9YkB^@cZ%u;ed0(G3$}#kgYI_^s)@RRC-y;y>OU zREA3iH9gEN0btZ=kz1{w%2z}3Co_L+n+ z79I8+Z&>JDHU=~&3`s75fDmRIz0ZJfF4%l@B(HHHZ=8qybVSv(s}?YcT^n2VF=f?z zCWABqI8oX?Q8FmBnP?C)qcVqwdJK9M+}I9>6XK>3l3xrG?L%(& z?{7AL+)G`0eG&E;fiUtd-VJXxKXV2KsIm|p^xhBPxigB9-0OiEIpoDuUCK07YP}ch zQ#>IFjvxEE_0TiWi?TX&9S{M9$US0_ecJlcUGMuf*II3vFM=^5=U8C$ib?ITHL zF+7LZ9ZHiNI%fVBuv*xvp=q0Q@#uPvC>;H`ME%8Z_h{7FT^Z!uqru&VvCqBn;!xWh zI3|=B4RV#j?47CKqmsj6FV{x}5$QWxwMs3@E-^q+@f%_npn<+s39%pqT3i{qtjx1j z=dXe1m!srMU2WyXEQr{?YV)tTkSvi)EEKF=z1TQ|*h-{6dLT?fux`6{?C?WQ+Ut8 z`2!V+%3q}Jq|VxQVpb&d9+;CPG}>5`P@6u>&taN-$I*;8FYZpxpv)D+@iEGXvHLx0>daP$1F|Q<>+K zrazndCa(w~(Grf-;wR`Gg3+FB+OENIjn=>~2Kj0s$Y&{#)N@g&yhZ*H++=TMO$P%c z;YgD5qpA95O2s1&v|Mge>~G$FMfnG_n-^dhI?twmAK@+}J%H2}wunW}y(n7A%ldHX zbIY##;iDwIf-Tr`bYQxe42G%Yo7VOh-CEk2bqqMEFKgdpZ3rt}Tb`%6fEptVh=bmr z#PCaJJyn7+tKsFb6?`w#YZ%HO*@He;!Gr7BwkR!k zHrQ2_5MT~l1Cr%Dnm4}_CZXzkRct~TX;!Fgt!C$4mTZs&^o86{czmwFJW`X`XTmWFJ${kMiILI7JWIXh^Ro)9O+;^DYs>bG2 z-UD46%3d;R!os@86{1c$`x|J^*iS0nRmq1lI*5gvX~iCeKMJdlyidHbBHSTdcfcD! zghw$VBRM-*wncYP*Yu}f+{Xl;@Mg+&bbYV6mgLiONGkKa>2gf!rB-oG-0o@dHZr#y z&RJtTrhbMUZ)mbw(o|41p zxD?HL^WfANwq%5(Xm!X14(aFL0phchXT%cxIeDU!>esl(1S-piVD_IF>)Vxa^GX(htsd0S*s!TSN> z{IsK_?gp?3@8Wx6c(xJw4ZJe%Knhcemyrt!Ps~mCJsYRxKG1l`;I9&(5B+vHsb7_b zoupI+ayN}o$`YbF{t$JdKF z?vZ-F(2qdA_Tx`{%^hsYHEK z|2vf}B19KLVZ~Gl9pMA!fh<(2W9J1DMBmN+>XwosytLjR9LLne*bv`b&4+0o2-6@W zXPyUyZDp!GZ;}=f9GsyB-L;-F7o4FP)AG@&vK1$0;-AamJ!<-|Awar<}BT=QTPRR05agR6$c+p97H8Hy=jGtpOD$~BhTAFLl za<138+FKn|u&fdroHYZcn2DgvSq76-4HeW<#-dITUo|~ZPSjOZ>A*{+OK_U^LSjoH z@JB)06=#t%Yn${yV`6dCLgXS%aJ#NvGO43$B!^0MLNjM<8@Xf;-r)mHuCB~9)l9jd zwlTL=d`LuF|2tv{U6q3h`U2Fb?MT&j^z{SU$HlhGfhmoKf&9cd%sZL6>De|gnzi}cb3KyUw*A`P#zM-JDO zprj_f8JdLP-DGd^LL_95pR)_e(>4 zhi?Ko(&^KA2vD(+=_X%b$Dk4D*XT0M8ikmTJ-m(k0bm*3%-V5x6zjU*ymBQKrlsmU!Y&f>OC=0G4`HT)h>Zpf~>H z0txS7r5sv^j*u{e-rcX!ISOppH0*4GQyX^Wc8A%S6cFUT)uWx~N z1?V_DT)V|{UMUe7wGBu>O9HYk#$7@rHPcEV09hu|h6XVw;>S>Sq&!xf9JbRLLZ-|n zo7lbM+ZN&wWIGd%uYrLPM3GES;*{;iwbU|^`*|_5C zPkWC$#QZWQfa$>MDkmF$X}$bFr+9byD!%u|o22lqO@GAbzj=qhIec$`NF7HY!bN#U zSpH{m+4Tqr(X>T|?5KHq(*o?t_grjO6f?YbNx{t~Me61hNyKl_ELRz-A$URAwQ zO=+3;$X1nY7jNHn!W}|U&8IF}C+>lAzCi96t24Hf_c`uB2mvRGugjYP5nHU=FfPS1 zZxHry4PY&*-a>R2h%ND~)RYdcm>O=syTn4gt&q+kBFL6XanuST4R+(bo%1;&7*{-o z?CfGg`W$G-=Li?2$A#G@TFzhHhN>dgIWXW7F9u(XG^1{q&k_F7Ny$-C zWB5xcaxJ7z_Dym3K)9z>x>$&By-faGrSnp?v_UN3+&dmxth3`My#{RpiYpNm3F zmd-Xyv7b*_4=9;q1u@v^cWtCj62?W1dX3z=>(yo=#(s)I%`q-407N<8~3+jO%6mSJEd{|hXxxOOfzePRA!LaM@b!`iNzFDk7fSa5T}t= zIzQBZW1HRL7M&DSru@PUORXE+8-k0Oz$241A;D?6LOF|T`TP%s+5bgqeO6-rnEk=_ zECAl7V@v`ynw{Vi)wRM5fR?UMOLS?tA)F{+HYr8NG$J%yd)t(FsF;trAdw8wV>nWV zpqXbZm>fO=X{a&!8^y6CyD0w^iiSeZaFT(zN|cxF2A%5T*r&zC2Ij~QKSRQsgRmtd z7a|i>3k}Q!BC$W>$@sMkGleoia!q=n;GYT=OS+cXv<=5iCv0ce0zdHTIeq}5dp!*! z!lgKw>kU*vjyV^ZQ<8%nRvKZTur6`4K zbV+X3aKjb1u8GQ3Xvt*;9z-aWCSAo-$5~{3*(R;C+zaB8u&0KN8rIW=*8md21ZNm)e_igm zGedFOsYaM|=2;X^KU+!)K~`1UcDm>DUO&vrdkTByCp1j=rO-EFW-6B2fIK1razRbb zQd*V=R6csUNEyF7b`-8T)kmFj*<2SXX61MBsREcQMsn!O4SD1zL@J} zEHmvs?on*L=M7EwqYHdyb&YPCRMyp>H1K5-o*`Sph$SK15o(^5BBoDO<}(^N{W+%Y zS<_y+8JrpYb)E8%^Ip2L*EY%v`h|jHYcf2fJZzu*tyrlTCzTup9KW9%PzuK)+$og4 z%xFaI?I)mKbWOUew;2#X9JwFs(#8d@6a&kKrDDVo$83qErdF^B|L}a+3bPy<=o<9o zg^&b4n8V!h2{&BV8d|X3_1BM?nEL#5IaORLI({uheXVBD6z7 zsSdJwKvAFwur&S#_bWI83f4N@?t1Mbc%ul`7BIsOl%6$(DTT)w1enw*zCl25&jEO{ zDPE4*?b#$z_6#G@v?lBsMHmC7N8+9;yDWkJmvwgaophoYJc)-? zL`o8JqT9&MW}n2Wgw_JrS4&jMr1%@0c9fIx8S|c+ykL{rWG_)t1>0+^?ux~g2r)^m z>)Wo2GTaDy;J2Y|Dz&$7+#6Go9OqknYGf33p#teQ_P7jg2~@EHYR40d z8a#CSW2|z8m{i%ao)tG7G(-jzBez4%Y!Rh?TivYKxZod_pvWuS;swpJrek?tY1T80 z`vpL#YoSWMVD%Z7fHZJX#k3S=h1H{EcEV%CW65Jg#dqae_5$OopotHwBwx`vq1h()U_bYe0{aJiyY`{Kh+VqdW-S7m3Ymg zcc}o?qXWl?>9oB>BuRRVuuoAy(}tJ9Cg(nA1UTJvG*i{@-ywXhc|!HQIPHfosI3Uj zjPVB|MBErJn46*Py$Th93I^|w-rERMb7=RiDEQ^!V9 z{G=~43Yu60QNs|+HV5zPRhj-+fOE%IJ%Ho+ASDN`?At>V8Ue7!2>sGt^TISZ-1Lb@ zvcVMFH9kiem66Wzd-GhsinT;XuP}^|;AgCge1^AF&)Gm(!cfhDQziR&gXU(pX=k8p zfU+d=Cosw+e);yUQ`l-Lb?#$ls6AvaG;u#jrt0xmpBVN+ZgZjoN|j#8I__LQIw7~< z!$ulanIJ;y1NI#DwGoezH09N6`UzH_x1j2JxANq|IJO+t?PLp8+!^1m0N0OHRddBoMQCXHV`=Va*) zhmy!mJ+Y}t+MG0X3=x+gfvH7AD4d5ViwZPUg8G}r+hdS=_W!W;mSItb(Ymm7N~a4_fZ?2a~# zPo^hG;UPSb@o4YyV&M91wkl54b#n?`p=R~gvO+n~Pe?|iSzeG^Zhh5zs5B+Cz*(j= z-*hU^pJi7mTCB(2TV6CrwgF9Kjrpt1*>sK<8*+nkRi}+Xddw@iAB6~Z z5A$JqZ)mI3qK&^JETwOrT`*6RzchX^vAg^J4|a+@;py@JzViR`M@k{^wYs z5PeMFAvIX5iEO;uezRYmih{%5pr#Gj#n|;(FK|+!@hbELlqN{=tTq%MO(jRLArrL0 zCv=!&M#F=k$*GX=`mzi6Abde=g&hrFEHTc4qj&h6PST!no!Fg$@y#auPt&+2+oQ0j|3COyj;Pjj zMw^$i#2QS(5RGvAE`Ko%=j0sJ5Da@tsTs=Pn*ui7)Yz}+_CI8l=}ge}#nKbE(6k;i z88>SgdhHag)O6$F$n;AR1{KK}gp=_Nv(;~7TiySn{V=7ed=5*kQRK{Kc|6L!L0aCJ zq$*_9U5lXEoS~ya^`gLyKuuD-r`oBVsEa#BMyjW;UE6#EOJ-IvO&nDePGxUa-_V~O zfCdj*C3N|c2xe!sT(dX-I?_6=I=`83t6JLEs@}IKKhK!#)7#S7*xS@DZ*R!*!hpSR zSfbG?#a;b$%HWL6-kDdTJ|kFOd5RzaxX}eSsZnLp)!lU-1eI|` zvx)FGH@R>?Bd)gAtf`80Z?~@~x14*0H3JV$?|sAQR!Q;c~-zc3R|FUTUyJLy}z|p=(jyqwnVxQuy;hAMs!R z`*9*9rhEdA_S@s(kgLNKd0L1v+CR@^n($!x8TR|r^fuiVrXg`%Iu2gle|`Mz`EbT3 z^8T0Nobf7(GVyG1L>p>Eb7=?N&Pdeb^K#{?6LasQEUa(^LisQmqls>o!K#f9fSBs~ z^U|EH%@&$a8yL*2Q8!&DV!oq16sCaNL_b2i-rFMI^@nv#b=E#vtr;en3OB1v-ZZBf zA()?RAxw@ZS{0&l>LFZEe_PHrByh-5|JPCrKJ9IPWjj~3sM%kMH!D6FRyM_}diJLT^?my}qW;TAZ74I!&!{13AYpgtO6n^LSEA^HrLxps%RTs!2 zyx)?ZzHKI-yl6;by$EwqBmAlQwPiT=t5gv#<$uFy9`vc(g2?3+b&+zB0Zj~?M9!KF zFA2;;wx0man6*SiKvb}k&$1s1H?tlKZe%UJz{v=2iniN9+r{@+W^_8eWzRVQ5AA(C zK~W~|2gQVJkJX6X_h$VRh4t1gpr41oX?!8|^D+NCm(tV0XW`N+lfFs}Epfrs8g+}V zJXjsrgggRxSM~p?iFScRq9r4loMR(vP7Vy;-Ly1OGwN#gWQK`odPR^;(rZRSY1 zsEapJ7^79lGeEa57b7+wHKC^3c$mEj7w{Z?#JpD=5Z^xzH1C#`*R35^f25cLOv!FA zsL3h1@D6h)Rj6hWEn$(XomA{)%b;CVL9=;=%CoKh*I=FfXET4R_u&_9YN&i6Sf7V(}wx`B4$=&nzwde~lSq1C)kQ!Onq0KEh?fSnde&8FCU7yvQei2_WuGkJGs>E6x4&`Ungu~!MfG@}a~lSooirUxL<@O0koyx@x%_XRht@1Gt5J{p+fonXO82@#OGp1J;X3gfr7(o87Ejcf(s%Nru|6@(K;HMI0!L^?koExzH&pSYgUcV8F~eRs>C2kP-(CQg z(SQzOvHs;_kf|5GER2|OR$Ej2E*(-!|8u1MvqrKGjO0M`v;Aw((?L*sKHogc z6@)pz{E>3s8O%(qRcfYo8Otyp3}msHv`47mRDnnW1w3OXF1!w^-tv_$hgDtR4@*fl zQ3ylPh77=@E6^=G(?v)kDimL;$Uvab6xrV|R6Nw4Fu|A$ z|KJ1jWQ0`6iTaL`u+<2uH*f)GdhGm`N!9$-!Uja2^Z%5HPza)$ zq4CbUFZn)sQ8IEX^rEB0+#E3GD#x;ZZVeY}F_q`+G8y@>?{J^LHNb_Bj?ma&#^9i5 zv+W(fAbE0#kK?OXL}?UoGw4Ciz)}_2{V?^p{G(25$>A*~TvFV1Nzl>-*SH2y9WEST64vy1`;8GMIYiqxL-QhEKP?HW zw@8i+|MwyRPz8b?wW0;nrIH@T4*g`2ImP70!aofCTQ|%xBnvC?fi2#h&%G|#lu+FT zQ$=&so?|Hn!yJGznqKh;x4*n5Lr6-NM)KGenm@mpOlWU3$bPN2z^9Xm6ZcI=uKiq~5q2Xq~KVa>y@#nsM){-;;NEWN)Hma$R9`UEGCc6)XK)qO>R zVz56Crlbi0QE!!MSo!NFH`i%@F%mgS$9bpzou2sJkSxg*6sg2aS=rrgD|z1(?l4TG;oZ^;TRtL8+x~aM0w%xA zEe1{hy+4eV&_!jVdN&vS%q$(;pFso!?rL?d1KMwk9gC7wUS@<|_7c&h)Ou9zoVk4+ z3y$eHqQCRel4l6*KKHx4v+{|QTfGNO524GyjsH;xEn@=ZwVcT@_l&>WNZ;(Uvp-I# zyL8J`tY?SE^Z!*Y{oh6x!RR=o5oy%V?Y%C6`1a2@c!Lsn0fu+GT8f$cnuC4LX@A7Q zulW%N)$eN9FjRp#$92Ss%@t`-jqGj({{w}A=LRXwg{y~qai(>d!hl`Q zp9dL=GSA?1>G3BHQjwiY_vie3?vo9!9g_LSJFhnQ2X<~{{ndQNAo665ZEc@mU%r`2!8t_HY5fKD?-^@J-X@&X$f<*LPl z&>Dm_r*tpyNy#mF{i(di)ofMya6OgBhk6b!M~&KG3tm*9KmA&By;~jz?%KITA7L3x zwwg}l6+{#VHUM!?2tE&GAtM7xaEshNt8}-Z`cV9lD>!}se+^t5Q56Y*LkkvH?%)4w zo&47(m7qj^%pq=`0X!odQFj>*$EEQ@I&L>OL(sHztctj0H6QE=!obDEoDC$>NN*}9 zI6eSvdp8(ileHhGRR3rp@mVqSSP2Q`d7$0~U2PutU3~SA;Ju-ci?CL-32No(q(J7ZEbII|LTK(!;}U`-2gq(>bUxY^7=olCzJw3+<{rl z523mqGYc@@f1G#yqom6$NhP%~^l)zJ{v~)TypOHUgIs_MOJ0SF=8*8|deZAgw-m3_ z3HdCKN3?o+z|5oDLhOXnCe-0sfK!yjv_lM1&y7#_WBy>n+g0*e8ZK2JE4Bg@+P&%z zcYpk!E&vJC6c^CYmU<5YL5t3(zcuE8!zPFbCTu0PS{bXUWtT6TnKoSj6E9!7($Iv< z-n303v*R5;wwSLy9)gDL6lYb*em`;xujSj<2Zk>+r(bKpxjcjJe?(^QCVumK?9}@U zfCy)*Oj}7yk8iiQ1p(6Hmfh9dnA2(azK2jg_^qlSqt9UwjqT7q=-PI*GraqLnSz&x zf2tr2d&?#e6$QodP)2uQjXPEh;qP-^=%8!Bl9>oa4E(M(Dz*V5gi`#x zHm(IbDsha{Pda#S38RdwSDD-RF!%#|JO z`4bSB>$QTVFD&*I_Z|V^KK1-C{sstM1)Nq zeQw%HoNY)#uCqn+@3J3~@Dc%0tvdlKoXCWBXW&dQ-FU*W2R36uYh|zyFn*X509A88 z5TO@p%s`S}j;4KJmihgoPH#feaSl+3qVPO*&`@PONe#XCK4S}tDp4Z;1U?KT_EB}+ z&x(Ft%{U@ovo2~}Q>t!x+74WTl#Le6}Lzi9)g zVtz+ahCjsiz+z$*9d#KKC8xZ>G)z5@IL$+B$M(~F@UhB3pdemFEM0wfZ{Xlc!ZL$3 z<`z!$^Sq>d+~ux7vVN_Jw&UN@zdOU$)kr8pCcI3yH+=KogR_O~1Q%j! zB(GxkB#)C>vHG(8qK$LE?PBptTBYMl8nmJ&u-#PlBKTg3r0yDY1;C}J3*w^>OOAmh zr>mUB$OJ;N*L+S!wY*rH)DjkldkMEOkdIfz$Hr&p5dZ2;oQTVy9T7(qtsZmNqjr$|Fn7q|7l z2r2r3_2&c2ig|;#*araGp?JCEbK+lwHFAPko(YiY8lA*LTS@CMw6_U0t3$h=mDd{_ zh|u!hB`L@dgoKI}Jg;#!o1tzc=TV#7iXw$;J_fQB4qyA);#G=r>=Cf%~G?0*otzfh}zN?gJy%nszeQvpBV;`uW_fZ**y6DML+=zj?G6Y`x z>RX^Cc!xM(DW`3Inz3kTB&Gs?r5o1`_@9s`E|d=My5LlJM%sF-t@`uGV%TmQ^Gt@ z{P5W{{sZT|*wAw2k85M#A{7mu{q03fjw-vl_UOh{7I>^qRk6Y^CH-%LyQKwBst9qQ zLs3v|k`0UQ+S7gj#t@kkr7-QZHxpWU?p_|neVBLDOMXTOC5VkU<`51|!L_Q8+X~^) z!|AVmZ^g)yKIK!%rf#-e{8PW7Y`Sc}&eR?_Mk#-GZBqLb`nFuJtx@gMNoBsi;q_$N zX&bRtUg*2oCP$#Lwt2;Q9bm3&9iu?4nP1DbyzmeB66mN`6g2qhmX1T7Hl@Hz2ZGhA zl}I2eKmDh%my9azcQKdjYo3geu_BZsp4!#~tab{Nz9nQ#(@`=qXTed<(d1p-2>m7% z5@mmJyA`mKWk)u7^SA!>y<@inoGqG&{e_~saoboO9DJEQs2+cz-?Pw17e(v%l` zqQC5sJubJxC|<2%^SBg_dB@bVOD)J&`4J1NsVU8V;DY;-J|{Yq1g4g3kluW^J(L44 z)t1X>4pv~wkP&<{B!y&(M$dGgqN!GC(AfI4f`HDvT*-^;N}iI7fUw<_NLv>b(USX|pB4!##S9hVkv!ENUSMM=rA zyFR#htVMsoWY?P2ax4gyXgwa;*^Xns^jPdc)0XZ@8;z+6l<&!D&S!1EZ~%5O52fbQ z$*_$usCwvzs)ukNBXateVeEPX;b&+`Xv*`nW30r-#+r&HJs21#i}Z9fOi9Y)TnU^{ z#*KfNsIR=z*(Tdh<6dS-EL-;v%^G`pe;NI%0OLzUneDFTKEiSdkq;;YRWW#qB8gMo*Dz9;XvL0B0Lr4M~LZJ=}9AwS;WLP`R z@d#HIV$8bX`HUCl=#Y_+d7o4zxPS4n!G8&<_;}AxF#iwn*ZD5h(RDsFb$4 z5fx-!TmOr_mc!NMXarBnRiH<+IxaCYIe_M#fAbKl~Of25N^Fv#bC{eKzV*?KxpUK5CYlTlj?K@^b^8QplAsqca7Fc63hX0XB z_q*QtEapTwE^;0hfI%bo9Z8!1X0`0&R#)|`=1<|??(a$VEB;1qL8|T#g?vNA0EFpK z-k&`Ivxo0zqP)*A1`V!};F99)bU9|`%|k^Ij`cp}Z>~i$oqryG7j4c~bB<9F{pN(q zZ;F~4p=bo~*KO^rXLz1|wcgl~;W42_>)5DH$OaGh55Od}PoXdJ+&=I)ha>gTP@5AD z(RqaSXp}W%(>S8`@gi5YzmQpzRO=y&DB^twA=bp+%0)(Pnjf27lfYVH`!Bur;xY9`975Y z7ATQhQGfx4v=LqD-@Df~@AA{R{{btkBqshn-k(Ocw_qxSdi{7)bi_FLuV8po)pwdq z?8lOUU{5SFc@X!}AjdaK{tb6VEIsj&kmNkuXZR5T6#5WlAMVj!KY7acZDUt_RuY=*rN19RnAZ3 zZ>yej9y0wB5H9X4?SyGYmq8+y6ngqz9J4-pHT9)bqn)obOpt^#Uc^*V-mo{=26T>N zY!;D2>I%|GxV604mdUM8VwfRu(bqeUD!$=>ts#|q8o0oQtX&xGPU!-yu9i2Ju(67oA?PoqNm^_^>{n~N8 zykt0628Cq9mAl8Lm4uJ9!ZXU*l#koq9mS)qv39kYv#}`y03Z4G#!vfU3wc?z z>OX8DItX8|n!@j+m0pS9d6i0WZ8T#O6Df843dLo7F5@%Iv}a5k=^YHsxW+MEVHhqV z_W~HWr(9D7E3yI|viQc%W@jb{oBMB;p%G|HikFVYXi4PXhs|OKJ1U*w)blB7@5bNP zTYriQo7QMF4-8S@7{aMAQPyVPdUA9{73|n{sa4?FPfpUICPt;~Jck7^GwE5{CVf9~ zF)xB;$`?zzG{{~>5V?=O_=%f$*~9$9E=~+HL@r^F z!xt}!nazU2Y$X>EwUeQ?-Ym`36J#W#dieHO+IwF>o7(x0p!B%%+cY_g3*Bc~jEe4E zY+@}sEv-M?PnUjFno^ux5Z4>GE+$wLo64ceiY(!ItUB6k+{h+F<_l`ySTbs2q-JT; z*I$N3@!ha-9mkm8?o2*ImifCD=k%V`*f=f3a6Y3PGiuaP^4neyJ^dZN={vo>P>p-? zIY({XtvzSdJ^^G11HoKf+rFf_MU)(23 z%FH(Jz8JS+rjqm1SBRuzP6QaMOej|5^5GXIq(9k;*c}Lxdel1s{0c=G)A-V;y1zB9 zvv&oZz7HIPWZJPAKe(?&Q{mqyv##LIO)u>@X}-FYb_`kV9xIH$34uyyeEda^%GfHv zVTzBmh;^@4ak%IPZT<^d8k1|={9o<fXa8{a%%kT>g?rU1m|FQj1fXDD>B?*DT83 zwaUf>!3Yv_<&Iz%XO(7!&kSvQT2H-Tz_1?D`UlgOis^_$Qm~Wj!s6&-*}g*Au$o~ zxn7M$I1HX!I74S;P#?P^vlbntPKbe8s8Laz^|3}GU#et8j95{u*wdYLSbS1+o9>&TE|7ar}!C3Nfjy zl0w7dA_+6qA8LQGX`p?c(|Ae`{h^s|%pU5-y0lQsbk}8Dv7&zARU;>Xm8bJg_gNH2 zOX+^*#`_6+YRXa+ma-rPfz)}3K81UWlx%+4U0g3In_3LbAZrabTcn*ODsY9Q>Rt`! z=C}H^j2`?k-FO8}=h6N|b#UXO*q3DSE73Bb(`R{hV?tUFW(Jyd+cSX-mt&-?44931 zLxkHTNPJzdzNXlmaPG+{BsgScT$_BFjNlrSq^)8n5?*9QsK5j#9ig41beu28Yh5*I zYOgzU(4hpE#Le_*AMBZ;Do!8U3^e60gNTI&^V#0%DdN$+FcVR z(J#%hJ&YEWgI}b5CzMFYWt|ePw)&gOc0Kc}sl;}rXOcx%gSP8k7fyedHVIh}?TXoP z95UzU(hV=+Z?KB<5Hmgj12qS|L#++JR>I1&&7_F#XTAH(uYLrSGmOE#0Jz_Y# zK0o1|Y(xUYSEjdJ%_+6GRa)kOjDmrTIBUe0Zyn2(A`YCm+aG+y8iZl@20ll<#asvG zXL0H+P<1(MEAcpnaWv#cA(^cnTC`CIR#!1suI61MYOF7Izk{PST3fT!bkg>urTVSk z8z>m}&)JPuqQ&ssqI)u;o7KKrY^~RCqYC3o>tOA|ro<-Ibe;&8MhM$>DY}#oGNJIX z*&IUOQ+~zlH1D~IKu)={Xa24HRytUOs4Ey7uNaM7k83>5sC_t6v;AOK zLpNN?#8jn{#r!iyZL?xrJ$<%n^a_W-OwenCY$=na%5W{f_vc+F! z`b|~WH6t})VEg-Ypu7twyoxKfd1|IxtJbNLZz(xWMoNj(^rn;xT`qE$R_79%&1&ja<;k~vnQL8J~ePsx@d0V!Uhg80-3)?MG^Rq-(5qvv~&96 z1WB1R-gRXaZ(U66ue}Q%_Ggi@-AGfb@Z{#TnRCv5e|S`|CY_Z-j{Yp&N%N@s`&vSE z`Lu&n!^Ee0YdO)1UrmXpPjoi^OxHFodO<}%WzIg>R@HIuW#|3X(WT8g=_fA*sL5rA-rIU@epz@Ov`jqygq;XNcT>^Wvz?o3H0Ct+z`lX{t# zclzdEP4n#Loc`%oeM2*j{!?L3B#b`O9cVtf|f}PAc&@oUZ#!a z`V!<~D**cS%A zfLDK;;NMQF;@|0MYNs;DDso>#ugTW*sfxYVu~Up&o-U?xNBD<4mHCsYDzH628pd^& zV=*2?gj|b{Oic7N+K4QS%nvmGZ=1-4^00`R%uuMANGm=XQPy=L<7}hGU_N!EILv3I zZw$%n4vtM$cvhTb^#fN-9kZ~B>(dfIHsQh4rfnsAObwLC8bazm9B(IuNl=^VIvq^f zYupZNT-1M?Wa414pEYHT!)O$tsJ+DIUW}G|O+;@#pE7)tAwi?`-~=wYMI}-U`1g=d zy}p;o!Q`O>2^Z+)cmt6@Tzlxp(`@DzMlc|=YQ>04Wq0T>r+M|3TvRW(EW8qu-}$+H zcqpH*cL6j1pOq}c^1vYD%gcT5Q+HtYnW9nsi;E!ad3Bx$`)@4YenJXo)LlQDWg)4F z%n$rmIn2%S+?~SVI0UA+#B6$wB^x(=CfGQP=NN)7tJ;)Z<)a$@L@gHwZa>{Ga7~Eh z#*b3f?wS1+Y7_dA+(z_i|Av#1t>s;=-HB)4wL>yXG->ViH*9)RNAt-xpgnjuc!(Nk z<(D6E#PQ3NF#&rfV_ENotAoz_*1ab0`vNgTM&H9^Er3WQ7?<4n(Uy3WJ$H;xDO79_sn%FT$O(huph77k$3?e(4Ct||=EfWun zi34^U0sYC2jqiJJ?)XMWE;)ZzK0HPF{B~F|xp;z;6w8i;qW}U`fm1rIOkIfltC}D$ zz5~1?3ysJ#MG@fEUeJtUNqwCzjVJg#62U**9gCY?FC^nh^bPdh{IOlrlkwHx@#+3f z`?aW2j@?ir`|xiI>kG;IAGAP(g{x_`>XIB{*luO|P!N!Co}(WQZ4fEMAtT=pj+sZW zWQK%;bcp&X#gaqDBlCmewymAiTFLVJl9lInegnv=$%AfLdO6R?(uyDxMy}b?H#_*U zbb7z~!;#?!PuHHpwYiw%khu8Skuh!lMTkzJK5S|OfGUr2w8(91gLY;;S30s5MFE) zdn%{6oYBWY6y2yaHGkd+&^{_1cqB&|-%k&1(k}p5iYj5JEA`}8u`%Rv6R%{amMw23G#%qIlz$Zv`O7ALqv8(3zAIvI+iqfgn7V|&ZC2X8C z5)EJToB>)>zCmDYx*@&j%6b@rl%pZe=6|T-z`Pu~^Wt4XaJ3!tyf|BKq+b1O%Gp|* z^rJ~LL|FK7#UDjad+n=@jM{B&H|R#&i=_D$^Dq|i;I>OWQ|jp7)ftc7XZrvOr*dWP zSnK>L?vb9R(e{kXS#3R$cKGq=HeiFQw!dfy<3`~qP5;vkQ{!u=P3F<0Tu6L3clL9E zr}*1$@4Uor>VcbIdlS%87wTY5F_XsRXmh!s8qI^ZZ{T2H_+&d+T${xNDxn(2zxZ7w<)BtB^=Z)^IC%^W{@3$YEq%CD;ne((7L)1sld1EHKMB#b*eISn@K^rlciZL! z?zuah?FL^NxRNm+Ch{vl0Xg2$5Fm@{y5sbJ`2hZ}&tB4i4;?XoBcv$7Y(6&2Ui9d& z{ePc~g{-PLM@-R1^#A=SLj-}i(fYq>Gi=L^UAie$%5(;ft z=L7C|2m&9r-rQ}~&>aEacL+b) z1@#?p9H;?-6tONOx5p1m0BmI3OLA?a09Lr@*ds!1%lwe82fz=h(a1F~Q<6!M6x8lU zdPiTE?y63(`{09dzJE=TLOv_`qQ1*8C!^_~3A5`_Yz42<7~pzTwI^2*WelC}RT|<8 zM)_~rbU>l_UjX(0;kf<>ZK3n>A!uXmV(}*Be;Q2w*9RoRF!`EqUA5&6BaP*BHa|Sj zLc{QVx23%nLBIuX>&^aG6}!vR67gpbrXaMXxW@NaTVsA&zw>W_vo%>2xRh#unl>0nI}7boJQMDfl9OiO#R9N19Jr<)9p;?gb9|9QiAyl~nsKz8fm=KVCNNskI@KR; z?+!lTUo3t2VEh?4$~sF6?G@yFTCc`(SqFy^`z`pwk6lK%<+Xvj9OWlWW7!R$#P{Rz zz8U7JSP!`o^?b_sUz&`BK|)6esKfY2fF$$x(e3v!zw`RTa>Khax+~5PS5fx{4sBU0ZHnKhM~c zE^l$*hVkP05+HD_0N_+U^(7FvTQ8}f z5GKO@X)^Uba0__4{^T6R=KyQ9EjR0K%x9B#w%-?^)@#`B5-%hkd!s)HcLgZYi!-PBbP`MQAiX!rSBS@DOeQT)np* z=${LuOpg5zgxeJ`FUPviDaAKm@b3Dx9QxEA)3KiC0B%*3(#1EW{MO6l`q?H_hQ@rP z4ZNW+@WStkuELHbl-HMo@MBAIy{r>?nil}SR(KIWov_=if=4AEc(&tsen;{64?Q_Q z?8fg0+$6zahM*CTvuQ2)3|li#pMJt^wEtvsO8RV+ZNVa!dK z&|L9cM5&)<3^?sVa^8G3dEDQN&ub5m=7i%`anQBcbRX5xAi{s#KICo)e7i)3ii>^@ZW58IXYW=1rp5 zSIOHC(R_=0n}nVHG90Zmz(GW_=H3CU<|30SMk1kAr3bOfeGPjJF5t(FTDN2T@dW_; zeL!q4U|%=LR0Ib;^@6?T)otgI2;0d&_mgSuB;rRAuVr9;$*EA`NA?eT{olr~9fJHJ z_4K~2N?VwE02#e*+iwlsOmypzen9L*@c5c}a)XLxPA+>5H^ilgx zA*7n)Ef29U?{!AQlW+b5vcKY`-zxJ;Y`F*)6j<`zVgY|zT)qz* zm`&Lxha^KHe?f-Qnn6wl-^f`OHXf~HvJ8x5q{sqqC&BnlsrJ_guEXCDFTfCC|6&Y< zx+X**1-+V(cu93aQ$QR5k{nF8pBQN6n~=w|qQwdC3n+0cM81$F8Lbc-b7fn=OnSN) zRfbI})Cx|-mqWX5-Bw>{eoRG3^|G4Oy?%Df{iTF~ofsYx_rN0?24=kn>y#k1>1*A~ zAw{|26E1~9mkm=pdYyB~3?Gc|1jZ)sT4zDyd|mnw?UDLBEz~ zelhupQ~yu`3lmSXSebi7kkaQNFDA1|IlrrZR3_4$m9+NBTgIt}pd!96lkHG-)^F;W zgAegf>SE(IA&TGxi(+amxWXDskf;8%gD-YzG-tD-8)D)H+^_5|(Ich{W}Lvu|GBcj z8eOYYUA9bci3_Uk5vsP!Z6Nz?Y?U<0C2NU$WnYG33Q@X6=^mmeiuz}fm`qT6eGX7T zo~i=pYz*1jmv4#`y!?CV$->_-5}^}9riS{EtgaH~Y0j`o4cH8j?ZN%H&Rk2WL8; zD-_}h2)N-{(bk_-;LkZ&i&S(#y3-S;$RbK5ypN>v+|vr3JCpmQ+#L$^SrZ()@AO7qGH>9%3T$*~Ha;z;eYS z{H7eK%&~@4V~=7pKc+K0R;p-K3$s0L&B1#asS_HSNkncB>cX zwO(bm`uT6ridIFsE7TsySJOH?OUHnvr<+&#V0G}JbkCt8_ot3cC4@s-2V>~MIMuiw zI9a}~AuAdi;LJ7ZedX0M9uyeefN&bX6aM?Le^NF_a;fP(c1pgxT36oC^M$5{+eXD) z0N;s?@y0mN>Nw$ z@pS$jM}TfuRVj4XiSksy$pQ^wp|_;mw>mz!S&kj*hW&zNVzRKm<9 z6{nW5%NZOaBN%J_F#2b;Tk!A})+=3JFP|0QCxn=8;3DAqkJPT6nR|e0EG|xLnQwV_e=SnD)GA2pS{tXz9;af6^xQFozc!=oXm(>+Aqmcm|L8Q< zL(ZT5;r>d9+sIjD7Hx#qB58V@_P$3_(>jYI!a_mQGG#=?Cq65-1k0qc)XhnpHjk87 zp;G+ylZ@1r-9!gr#x03!w^lJj9x2DD-X&qw!7M`L;_PzWu;-SjcV}rqLR56Gw+q9IksJF0PQS@EZc=6py z0;0T##t4@1<@t$j`&#%Jz7?fX!I+UA-xITKcJ&sd1bmdCNI+g?0#R{G6J^@$a*~}r ziLP0W5iBMI)X2U^9!~I_hvL#LkiHeWY=eZ?NB=R&64&Uk#QB5T*z&bXlEWV9Nk8p8 zWsAw^dWeP#deF|$6Wb}v!HHI)hvKTA4TV*5^w}|A=YIx`tL*l3Uo$|;NmvVJcMl5bAwa# zPn*0IOk;N80^#Lxpr$i<#iL#S9)uH3&F0|r1|0TT5-z&s(%l~`hBkah_%1pHzoLJj zCqJ$G=(_r>HxWYmozAbt>P@3V`PF>60nQ9MWZ9@@$-2BUvy530B~sD5DmX|M{=-T< z=v~^1q<<+oW>R9E1&bX!HY_>B)0klJWX#*pj4(`!>)-9>AISCS&Ctc86>n`>kMlj@ zWF1!xmaMU$jm&15og3w)e*cVnwUOx0hQxu_K7{}FFr%TULRWYXIZ!{j7eVx5^_nUf zE+q{w2Q5N>Vik_fx@L&5n?*M8iuP5qumxT%KO`lZ-Cd1;S5TIvnn#aH5ub>rEz+yK ze;rN~`s*fFyu3(Pe4Mpoqqi>R>Z&yU2eTE0g4K}&8SPoz0GUia4gdrV|4 zl;Hm+L9)1b81=bIEb!niDvshQrfb3UGyH*%Wv&?goM}3fgQl>8dVtHEt6a=G6_XtK ze#0}=h#`sOPc#HYV>EW`ixY?A=pO21u}_;EPwG}cjVryxz_Nf;*B8(<^Ap%Oi@j3l zEt9K`u_Q3jK#cmcy{cg6(7`Z7;OR2w+=zuYa@XBZtnwK=bW%_By zfF;R+d4ZOG!aVf3Za2k>23Jo=`XjJqg+HFWp`Ve-$>C!`QxdyKzZW81#J|)SdX*JZ z5?qJS9*sO^BZ7yyw(}z@24gn_)oHCmKS+{nDGD%avcpL3;rDgV7^*nd)M}kiUn5+9 zHjd}=v1V+1YH`C$DSJh_RdCQJzF6df>NT4GW+qW{iB15UlJi*XsJ|)GL78-A&h}0U z=GXU^Dh;gz(fxS}#FD-=g9jLIstrD25jIhHW?n0i_w?Fp(@{gvqi0BeOU-H-Wz$t8 z=sRFz>N#{Qh$f)v_6mqEHP#a-M0-C-KY&)X$d-0XPqa%QY-uVs9eRc~K3hExdO-yJRS}+|(6q%`-o%#UhcZF{`-nPUtGrvaZ;BqF zfeHO%ewQ$+FTM5P;_U>zo&N^f9KtWivjLtOm+EJVm^l3?VTtzhRe}+9vZ`0)vARP2)ATW$&EqRqZvsax zZaQ|xCDTb4Q0hRLvF?vP{kpQX>5nd#?NZfwvqJV(NkE>0ZwpH-!-(MupMFyZ=ryV{ zm8KL{uHQZ{Hsj9o91gm{$9{@F2=Tcj(6S5CXQt6!OR4ed?f0p!cJgp1 zKiPfCRNxO6sDJX(}FQ_`bI_dD{40KQ%vZb3S7@CTriEkchLlrdf1c)AL0gx+aViDU|w?LchBP)s>p`lM?8LE z`lL$_bv4F^kQ=K@?unbt2zdr3UADZ(EQd+mXz?RAQ@x@OwU@-~Z^Dc+M?(yrkF;gR zTuCF5k+c<{cFub);dci`mP*q)%~c zj>nz6x^efa`gHVJe~r1?5R(^mViPCoj_06fUWNb7aN$!$C-~cKCg@)LDEmw23@8s? zEmoSmt=`J&qkyll8v@9&%FrRwHPWBQBjGDgtr#(8hK7c{LmW<%C5n7i3ho4JgL0Y3 z3w2`M=^3_^JHZF{^Ljav?k5V#+S8qkt;$IWpZT+t*Ho4gJWs z^}HjZSt0rEapdF(lDg1i7~dCN*)$Ruy$MDq3O*$Gz|8$A9&PERveBeevH-`0Wq}?L zF-s29-Bk=6u-b7#4R2GpxFy%HVz8zQBi0%V*czPcZsk7a_u~0vQb_bX=Q`E(!8lqV zsHl-PbVdGd=6|456j$_TYMX!7)#N*Q`={%2OOiZ`Rt#iPs?bb{B1#>Ulk5oEu7LNL z>ZRO)iVf^5CzgD4B0-#HIfe0Op*;nv=2&^6m%>8p@zPRr%=m(hb+#|vjwme#p9Y9@ znUeK17&lm^I}RU31<04(x#^?pKk4+&=LW%rlqR_T%#?y*)zrbrLRg%ESbG>M@L-oa z<K?Z2e77;BVtg536p;7g z!a@D@Y-aBDFG#NF4Gl6|17TwLZ*6UxGK2}pVy2tv^8OXr2K^g6&@%lFUZOI+u~}Pmsx` z7YDmh(NXs?l_&%zkxBJsI(;&+-a=3Ukks80-xlqKAoJdH8`b@iuIZ98RO#lk79KJo z_%0->fPusgZ9mo*@FHs^Y|VC?fg3wL=^y;sPYEHqL|B)3UXeTw8#BwPiBB_#)7mH9 z`LO7H`c~k3F<~jK(FR|G$mjs#K*ah-X^n&zFwhVD#FpvAmYsQ&iMZmA3=48wM8i0= zj59hX`~T=V>$s@8ckKg?F!YQ_gQOtcFm$J+lz`GPD2*UU!_Xn!4FZBl2%^$0-3Ta+ zASImwzH6TMoZsnxGGgv^! zUn-lQvd-hsB%70sAC85+PiMu|)Khi@9nBr}>UyI8?Viz_T7=yXhq_$ZUqpPiWn=*c zrexC;LGPRkkF<98HfaQ(Twokr*rJ{rYb3>0EYJI1KM^r}Z@Ar)pbb)aWe`D%)S9IW ziqs4xOh$=rn&fI)liFwGrFj<0S-0sn>MD*uA|*E=oO4Do25;rZ+%6gJkq}JICAVoz zQO@csK2*qN*k1j?K|pX~t)ev-!DQum+f~6G-f@?(ygWzyw6WARVmsn3#@40ETZ>}* z4{vI1y1lo7?_;3e8ufnKdfBh`?HPrf@L)+4 zOxyvwIl1^KL6EHU12n(jjcxId1~tyfkMx$-W!?`i0bC7zF_&Do*~G1I1{6^cxMPPq!7xqU*5Zwg0I{I>i#ZNd7^- z?CT6==?5Qq8MwJq$l`mYECQrR(R{{9sT4ck?7C=XmQp1{{0)l(w4iyYL^-vD-ZxN` zl{HSTobu~iOZzRw+_4iZQiqn5S_t+fK|5x0T#@+6j%jx>iGZjF6Oq%ayeXCONbRby zab?N3V$MyUG)t!z6<1*7ba*qL1R^XFVIJ`{VWs{|=wQMg#bVG?#Cck90ucFEDu z@s%YBV5C*b7rE^-V7#T&Df-lWNMO=d_m(``odTZ(=BW#R(3SixSCsv(8h#&C7aLXe z+EzhaNs-FlkMnrqwDOzMMe_A;BShB))4O=h+=C6Nj~3G~hi#WQu#T zWa-O$#*c+LDD0D;vs=-w+Zhd8uO1&zP%ZYlj-T~cjjxhfk(7T!SSkHc*HnART6r-a zvsWe~`jGmOH)fN#vJm zwnxWhCof+8afFVB)lRdWV@%eQ85=kR+g!i3#ovwJ5YrO0u3!QeDW=_FT3|#YD|ZzK zzRQqXAuJhQ%=>q6h4MUFK|AY>zG-t$j>aswUZlPl^1j9z1o(qbbDB$5%~`|QS3bF} z()h#9zgqRg;6|$+nzPb0>f}J5T^?gm#1g2C3=v7M(cxP@IF)ZWnX-6vT!QaU+)40y5{6UV!jG1!zrbVze==@UywT4;0gb~ntQtrEV z$i1GIhvKB3>$NjHkfNxC4q@Kk8bRefb=+|);P)6+sD-k^aTSA7 zmNfdeS8dEXL5LZA*@VNRzV0VnCM4cp)knVK);-z)aWCH0TgHyZtePwK3W$WM?l@EG z?%pO1wxIw)3BM^y3*3BFC_RI7G zGOju_QZ;1f8I(X3(jO;3NWRQ>eh?WMN@UeKeB#y9go#N&&37=&FMgAblMsF>O)nKr z&r7ztt-O(gqNc>Mhb(PFuZ^m@6{szBWkjftDZ`)TTMPveDCNlJ?})Su#-C`s%H9wO zujI|svGnV|y3IOsK!wZ2C>kZ{a6ZH&mGdgh+ATGHM#9HFzi+R-3BK7t9*fUYdbw09 zc@=q!fd?PLBgLFpP76}RO(EE-G#RK@MlN2nm0BzNnzhvgt_o_KKNU!MPJfuPWSWxY zn|gLP6JVHT*S$KBhOhJ~AJ-<)9G(Mhc2BVzfl7Lf^zcfk^R6L0E4-7Dj4r49By@zj z58FK2uz5KbjT#y#o{2W^dKiM|s>r_;YT;#HX6nf-PqD|QJRRyjZ6mvBqeId0_I3IL z=Doz1OgF|77wiV(`OPy>mN7OhmaOF*8`lg}bgJA?W8{aqwRbNwn!>KE!zZG{0@HGw zd7|ZcO4+^O5zOAdG!n$V5-C3F1&`0(XlP3_%ee_bMCtEP1RxV#;Y#DiJG_F!{N_$7Nu7DGjt}AFH)FkYl=Y~^)iD}S9$L4YWc?_fW(rB@u=M| zS7j2{Ri)|a1q>`vZ|*q`QyK|uDMhI|qaJzqI;-ok5}92A;Y3=Ov<`ALne9fPiStI# zc)0?Z{A$Zqj}Ws50Y~XSba;z}wGzz~)3+N~w1r@%axK`KAWskH#TM8|?RLpq+bAr1IiqW-nP@{l1X=0u0gY!_P_`CKe6 zg5;UDRj z!&6l4AI`e7hp4{_5rvCy@5t411Q{satFItJRxN3TI8Sk*wj?z7glEh{oZdc~Dd^e3 z<3iag_$YLuq~e7Y?NdL_9(nq`aKZf_}O1$7|WU?w3}*t z2^*zv8@C|^h)*LmV&H=e%cO%BqsN0(CN41}*ATC?l9jr9gYuU_`?o@Ru&=93%63G? zUKP1Uc}gtewA#f^)9&AE5qA&hNp=$KlXEu^F4-Q;IQ9!4WRrfOCYAVz^){Qal0mrk zMkZBhjv*BX$!|^A`EqX|CHRW31rMCVj5tOHvPToA?wPQOYkq&f_uiX7a=?V1lnEhIAqC}sd)>d@*PTVX#vnd25Lb)e zqDDr(4aSQ;>HqqJp59#3zLMcTpZ0(K6149GQ3XYvE&QaNFyc3hc7h($Vogh5{!W_1 zr^KR_53HH&nTTuu{xRl4Y2UNx8Fc2;W5NbRN_{&;?D|=r|E2wr3KjWMGxM358u=h$V&J%8ukfqSL?BU2ZI7R=+PgMkbFeIa zRew@Zu_O4VURJSi#sly%xyZ&Wrx?ty>xmNI<5!=~d*m_eMeL0u-t4iwB5!DB$>GbsA9~j;2R*Jj#h%D1mF;s z;Pdiu{176y&M?AlC=`f{@5KSXV;(e?kRF-=C({olYRBYc50DGl z2x{Qn&7eY6@E+YxLoMy!WCH9)^FRpB>f&${aQg9yY9bs!$)+@bP0K^o%p`c1h8p|;q4C!g@aYVR^t>#XK+(3jCwtu_il|67M zJI#X)4o;J0I_Ms54!sgZe#l%T#u3lDr~MaTYx(hOtVmp{N5$($#V`wV@ z!5ILxs6V3H@&M@mG!Au3GcZg{A;PLsjXSjuZSR3mW$@JuqQUT9{YK81@~*&YgMc>V zfj=NUoUsDLTUiJ+$n8U^6ysey541%vhw?Q7&BVF&ap@EUVt?!Q*?LT(R^8v zcT)=tLhT;VYP$PhF1v$hP}_P~lL#?$dctI^D{ekxJI zz{rNQ6>O@#;m=-W5L^Hlp-^&F(^YC80e>B&}uRadT8nF1j z+JK)ahM8Tpy|J)(!n-4%zH5qs0W6m{bpbJ4XF!|hIxQ)}(O*sYMPE9f)fFH|PV@R- z#n%w{3jx=ZPmf+dN;wB8)vk4^d&~Ftm5L6bZB{n!RlXhf)Lp^YWLbUmgV-O~17GZZ z=d9_vV=BD!<-I>+HldY!4AWU{yRNR`Iy~mgl1ew^8kCGT!KItd{A47(BvN}pG5x@3 z1V=y}C2z5tYKTMgj@cS31%d}AzAac8qjo|L1KP`Y@g~jm3rj0Vl>7Q&DVU+gB?`Ak z{u8(HirwxfI|fE$n5qHV!~GY8Z^6k-(O$dV9 zqhWc>e~$^1c=|7UrEe1a_0C1G2vLfPk$q;D)IZ-`4>|iM5pWt|k+KwX`f4GTQS`j4 zPirCUt~X1v5+r3^Wyhy}99Ss;XC_>S!(wRU8`wwKK{Piwrc9TEalf(OR8UUt9NbIk zD7$&yx3)DQ^dc-M-nD@|WX%27$ZzUBxXLPwR04ehkZx2Go!?Vji?~D4ae9S8#{S|F z-#_0Mi7wV~^%SUCIg4S)p5vQ8dpHae=)@Ns@-HGmY7FUaOc^rw$um2M=eV@tm3RNv zSNRQ@0spkApknZ-jtJ&VSHk?_;FrGlwd7m~9^<+jU~%e;Nh1H6Z2`u@=^7@(@%ikC zKiQ>#9NDE)<5vj#R053}7U}v6>C3U#S7=PqnlpfjzGwETiu3xMJkPE@3#P(rY-)%2 zrLy!WVbvl0@r_ya3%~@qw+?mStetJY3apPsewysk`ith1QLof)es`Qy&mT9Ed?h>j z6-Lny1@{N3Y`rNNREYO$M<;E-)qy4pm!{|0v)sOpPK!t5Y#rHl??11r)hcuS1(8R% zt>|e0Rl(b~_IbxzeBqYRl@d`#B7{;Tea9Cd&OFiVk8G$|HnI&O)P{D~c+}_+r{bn} z4(798AEvdw;O7-p&xm>i|G+rNgPs=6Eg5bpvD}+{N|sRY*l1@uw&Tq;2_vsm95`Pl7VA1qWMTd%Yd5Y!E4v1_lU(J+#D}QyfM2%eY_axHJo_|ZFulxFJRd|URxl8;(l`@bdmVz~l zNfXi#Iux6kVlzS*WD7MH4vyrsods37ebCP-4j;xQ`Tp)AVx2p9*j$+4wD5p7Sh0Fr zVO!`E!kj1&mvQ~G5p!025Rb*MiAQBZ%AQQ9pHn_wts6m5K?H{IV0_t^sb;C%Yop{Q zAVYhMh>_A~@)1#QNLUs?Nb5ZY2UvNofH@4WgJz3C{Fg;xO58wURJVzKumv6SjoqBa zc_~a^iPe}nG{djylfz3t&ej`w89~Gkbh5Q6L4it9AAay_fI1xM#v;7~2xaeyWU-|l zAuEhfi*P<=H%qDH6NE_2DJP5EvM5$JqXHEw3x?IFH2JP|=^N%9fub)CZA2C?cr?4V zOna~hf})^HA<(~O?CN6<>CV*&m<-7=s)Bvl>CK|P6$}*ZXR1bbxV|Z*7uwGvE&+ZR z-Z619hVT@Ehy?{AHLwF-K=CN|Vt@f&0xP%8meHT|C_>|&FMc_%;wr<;BL=n1GbGKG zM2&1`W|?81px&#K0i$LgEKHgaIZlijp*i5he!kU=wt4=jw+PRmHKCE<0-?y7lR_l6 zq0>-tX;>UPI-+~&DrKJazGulyisiS|r_LS^P6Ga(1^fmr1jJ*b+OmNimK$JIKy0zY z*sI(i37i=W*}mgl=G}jEl(P+1UU~I5;Z24R2fq4f z*##JC+b&@PK8OB`m(vY`(fx+mhcz=cF1-BUJTa)~EtSYF6Vk5*xv&UHAQ5~u0_w&G z;be77>G{>wk&%(aau2=ajmBGyOX$jao@NLdoyZjt-U}(gOOlv^G=eHi2zJi7Z@-$Y zMOa(BEQZ|_)cAu6ZBc2xuK!7e*=K-sWI@KR$TZ^>1ZA?InvaJ7aPS+;FZB?sR`D9nR`1a)kD`9C$!|n#vQFANq_AfspnBt&uTdRiG3ui5c zBHue`DB^JoSMU4hxU#(}X9{)DXYp+pusA#@XSt z3=YBLF6}ap>Kqope{i2n9t!&iz|5?kQ4Hx%%MzHBzW}2l3#wui6}~cX-@*V&b3Q~j zZoSps{M&O|pqV}C;ogngA#{**lRrrigt(^7m^>5OexJ<}OvT&vmNEUo-2z6N$i2G_ zYl#oTcFeCX{S^ z6S?w7&201OP!aq%9wyZDm)zC0>>pGN)9s6UC%g+XmY zU6{-Wlg#4RRoZg>o<482V|$^_)w}d4j_kQ01Ii&xits1THH?6Vu!CT#&3sLNwbc7V#C}+ z&-Nvre<0lzKG2zU0i}tG=X+MAJnPBAN}az6gNz~Nh&T6fX!xSc;+K%B6hY)3S1xm} z)e+C|&v(+qoV!Iy;^-N&tNT{i)`Cck?!)U)yfn_;C?=!+MA`d9L`2-Ur7@g|PfOy7 zwC4F-@vt`)0+S#l$|!QvIDgF!7YWwrc9`K63-j_1mq$<{`V<#8#oVjN%o=Q;1uf6n z#Kj-UY!5vd<#IcYpC2NRZ9EN7DggoG8@;KqHjnG zj3QVYe;Wafj+jxqo2~LxTC}6-rwG}y8B!OK9-~?}6kOymwh$GPxkI zw?JqF@rD4$Q7v0g;Zyp9Q2K1SiFIPJU-@kf3g+ABzL3~lAN}x2Z%uol0%%k-)H~^w zfk&!_|9Y~4PNk<%Y2B1dv~K-(HplFjz9W&Q*>NGdzW4beRW9LHb(|8{CvNlwK@&Z`^Lblk`QWNa^;IV{c!_`ge#b{G*6#eI_549e`n-g_4_oQcrA& z9l#|?&+YfLU4CgDL+V&TkHMK;hQqXypXuKb95zvB`AFI!#=Ry#6p>CbvBxLf^DP58 z+^s6GH*3C3+=0u@63N-dd;eKD=p~oKVSr8GT=iJkJ_%EhXM|Su7gMsk@=aOXQxR9p z$NHEakuf4`;-P1XjDDfbvn{TPn>z zE5*|5clg@rhyXE<-XXHn=VSrG-hBD<-GXE!hG(DpO+wRZ;2pbIl@Z0*_Zti0v^<{q zCYjKFIB+On5H55Sstg);z<19X$G1o^B#$jlR|yfVWX1#E3r%WOVtruUJW_4ZNps^8b7NOD z!rb~!CbZ_U(EUH8%AN^u!7VoF1D`Ehq87bz6djA^rfhykM;WJUlejTAO-{Lga{u~R z<-u5w;=o7ndmm4e@~(MW>a=&km;Xq$Zs$KOzp6t*8#up@~W$`@pK@dKEsL-z0QLbHkzW_=kPC0Y%nP=QZ6 z4<=@aD(7EZ&s~3qufN;-5bc;PHO%?f2_NB(7& zjCy5iDPr@z8m5r@5Nii(* zNb~y-)8&5CXttZBPCv*J_ubWjXeP-OeVd|U$zz!ZKGq!SS}H9Tf9Z8_`vHqBz?vJrz zOFjo{sGuB%1`FwuO}ABUsQJAkxpKwes2>uv1EwEVJ);57#}{C!M09SlB_!DFv2AScu9{VX`E#tB8V1#`EmH zlGVek`3-quNx^NMJ7FKO{jf~iGaMsx?M9`~He?Rr z<(wW`V~>4yv3UG^f8+77V1b6<_PYv9SBIJCr^%`O^@kIUgkxbm2ghoTb?A|3VX_}d4ZkT2ACPg zVxu0_hp&h+ciNW;)gO#*$=ntri(!0Wo)F^5-$FQp`wU3h-EiUJZ%PNNNxd`m+;Z$~ zZ}K*W8%mN^iEo)LiL?|VB$;0)@2#DX)9jA7ijvA)6s&uIW@OY;bP@XB^=t||zF3+4 zh()Nc<}bRqa@QSE-}8M4_2i)uM$LD+5gv*U8S=cPqp^7FxKLrfpRzV)xVmz6iAKXr%P6oAi6yP8jY^RhUqK;{ zO7pK;qoDaM%0>IFZKVq$L&19ZN+&iKJd!p~o49N9IyYukG3`Gmaq$x&_(-ErPm^jv_ zq$#R=RrY+{NqJx_d_wAB!4pl!(-EU>mfQEcihNo7(MQhWCSDbuJ3pDt4$_vo?d0#^ zv@pg9N|2L4c#^nzO#dcrY*M?LZnU##DE2ePa`tpko=zHiPB%f5$Bm}0$>?~2{O+;r zjmiHw{0uIu^YrfQ)R~)LCHbEb2#FEo6(#bSOC(AETMhUpPY^)8x z4XBEm(unxLo5G}I&5}Z6(z+AL0~kY(O7@9aq3ZJKoQeEN zI?7|(NBgutX;(=4qDQ+1Ix1LVvt3fV;058Wpf5dXW1ntz>JSju-6NPfrrM6WEIjTg zJ1ZOw4xk33vGdb%)Oc7ay!-FUIywCvuQM`qo!Neyr6UAc+GT`Rq|Q9L4e25eC%3RO z8TA68%Rkm(Ufjh4CZ&D_!>mw_6v zm+=P)#b<@MONyV8y6nHjIwX6|_Bk1P%CpnKeJ?m$=6L9N?MR1~t!XUoeFVL%uV(j; z81*(Uza@uoNIVa6Dgb*;mL`-C?h)0r;L3L8`>1`sp5N);iua;p>i1!@5pM?qs&A$H zSXXM)nI^d~@z6jw18 zHV1>25YjLf0`Xt4#-Bs#8HZbq6lYZ}uP7|^U7c@up zaW9hOkr}PB_WB5HsE7}RX}P`-vR~G(L{vDVn0srA>_bX&bwnYfkJeOt>gfJtq|1*> zQ5^9ywU=7(z*_zw${4r3ezliNOJD{BfwFv#2^ws`<`bfy*3L;jGz;Qq1kSo@7myYq zk@+c((7M1tJl(Isk+>uQH**?gtNbe!4w zej;y94{M_%38>VT#?@_;tuyK{<4AvO40N+HMT}NuXfQRr<@;oS2~8EPFZ=Ka*!z}4 zdBYt9U%$)T(^kjP(v}XBKe&!=aX+g3UMOlL@sHs4iUN~nqrgUB6t$|w7ew{Tvhx4` z`+wFQk#NijZF{)PLnpMT`5J@h#N}i7k!1E&;X%^R=B6CyS737###A~M)9y{D>1QIE zS)1eWq3J&#;vXS1UlfZ)+deL#8~iOuN?C^H579aG`6m+Y{6$wQUnN<6sFxv<&kfWW<{cOm#+0x88f zG#g-RGxp4wwEJQ#g8n5Z|1aN)5Hy`Qg$l6~{=fX+zy012oHt0#J%%&v|9%NLip(2q zqCXb@MScI*w+@~!GVYLPniuVCyXOb1S*5iU|MzDiz=ZU~(Pmww3Sp&`=K0TYeO^m+ z0u+e87>A&+Hf^OPP;hqzd1Gql)cuH=M(Tf#{ZG*jL`Y0m0_k;#$s|Trerejo*&_f* z6hDC8Dvb2_^)vY8j0Mh1(02BnFOSQ&3xuvL%!59;-{>F#{LchA#h^hv4&4wv4;oX1 zUzmQ;aDD|kT)zNX$}AzBRFj6NvGA?}hX3V&+08g1weY)~Sz}X2nWb2f1s5R9Iy-5C zj|?QTsUbjua6-ojXqXd&5_D8sTFdc$5de%g`b$wx*tYN;_8G;7vz)7;@4($G4z`AMxy}i~rLd)XwXrf1^*Nm=~ zz>uIS#l`B2ZNQgy2R(GHCcyRI*~knpq@L7`^Z|H?Mj(_5PHu`XUc_ZtC#n`c9)1b{ z49lOf(K@|tXQjEX=Nn115~~rq{`Uz8ZgjskXaZ}^-(Vx>3Ld3-KHv{|aU(FD(**42 zk!T{?cR|%ZBco_s?F&d;UX;B2RpgXvWQ)70A`U`UP`-Re`Gg&-wMZ~8zQ-+b9#yvN z-`1)tLU$gEYafi4;$5NG$KZ^h`Q^J)OS(Fw$Y;IHaB1>f_= zFlz!as`IyqC18^`eD2=?CSm@ruDZ@9Vbo!uTE>}dq37wt&M%ULg@Yn&0#Xf)&h;CP z9BYguD<~qsqzM4ANB3KId%(=h!dMM9k=~Trtk{B|(KBhYx?IzXfqhoFyIS{vQJ|rj z6XOa<2YWULn}9RaD$-~FOX>!w?Nrr`;N)>=AV$fTV4Ce7z!IF4g@~E5L}r|P0yn}n znnnY21_Jr%3g^gxwXgtpkTNYuybCQyx0$=Gb`b+9gOf*&m`79d8ZG$~SEY6rkxSE> zlG&P)wYnbv@G(jb75fba%RTiA5|d-*8%n$Egr=&GCjF8i+%gIAiU}Xl+C%jmbtTCC zjnweT*xyyUzoW?IS3sZ)tL>_Bj~Hn@6Ys+sF#`#ip=P?-k1o*xa_#N_gK`WO*hPzA zI_aQml83mM`s$+)Mt&=3{haZ^LG7XN3I+ev0&`3;pNZw~6 z8C4F@8hP{SMN^AXAuyEmM&I(&YV`tsgJy&x;q_+VEuyl%4_{w{0W{|fJTr=gA8Ep! z-}$Wr>eKL$77AhtQMfT#yi6r$C=1wc$7zPDTzySoYF3xp9v>S%7xv|-IU-ujc19EH zrn?R3M<@HNz9zaMEWE{3G$aOPQ2e8J@?*Ubmp<4tW)Iu)csm- zgZuW%6Ui4WHa#1jrs>;44U?y*yr} zr+;FTqAy1?M)5HBHJ!B7+aoaOvw-ry17->fIk`WPs@dw;{tq$*WMxz&4F}X@`}K3a3|e1hmzb%iJDB8#UvJy*KF`U(vsv$4cREda{^wdf(Uz z7dt96TOygQYvRSLDc3E)Oq$MjvC$b2kvpH_rcw#Qb4Q>=VnX@aD>jRuD$$Q9?`aE; z)E>N&%^#2RpCx>pb}ihsXAq<|=KRRk*U4_NJlJDakVTs-aq-m%)_LWKX!DCuIq?X#T7Kb)%xc7| zbzHqsmE{ZY*z(gzd;;Q^HulvAi4u7|`y+Wuq*N(Hkg>295Op_=YWUM@4%IuRJ*KUI z>cLhRemt98sL$3k`_84!);Vx856jNKew;FDTh#pKcFtPwnQUkIQ^9yFQobO(y%e&$ z2i#DRWkrX?>SVm{ZCbhC1~G%V>_(y!#c~4p;>J2C~k39|IPd$J6&A`M_e>DJ<9)erxu1>!~YAqPfGhsmn zD-+mx)Bv;QqrwzjP8A@w8KZ#M0q%oVu>jdRS(Q5L>>ZWTq|imnk1L3Kp5Q?};QK!4 zoXlR~9OI5f6bVUTCb9{q>)>==eP}@oRa9_UNT_#4RY*$Ku^)6R(m=M&0xX1xZ{p;Z z?EYHAsV^D*^^JcLySB`~SR@!w@*pLwUh)Y)jiO8SFQ{$GJ|io5v|qv8@#O3)(`&t8 zIY0NOU_~gj*-o~|IlsX3oSpXis}E0Mn>)fya#w&;E!X?ITI0}Q^=qu}^E`yx)6~it z=v&~o!s4@Q$BGT$Tiu#5Qj^cOfmqr~JIqwa=bhKNsF%CSu{U06PM+nY<4h%YLn0#a z@$;|G78fH4{amDsNZ2lel2mmfUl!^wDctAbbSUiY<05fB*n|5E)L4%B0_PX=$Y+LZ zu^MPmE@Sh1?_uJxkFK@byGpO`?RHJFK?$vKKC_r6AP^^{Nm)zB$z7J7E1JNhwnki9 zuLgayVn;Qcf}67g4HsKo`q*!2wj-BQwi523n6uC~?D<5Yz=y?rso`YWq;b!0&xe8V z#9mzkS`iP z!ZGJ+cFLHCRgJ16*i;`Z<4B*&>as>c`<8AavQSH0`y@0fQL|dm=f}=qlYvWQ50*nR zq#B_xX7QY_!g0*Glv+2l;v-%6)ZD`BL01FLmvo{1V>jKXls~L2w(> zwIA$&6yTjM5fzGt0Yu-lKU<4Qu(`e~+)<3xHiD?YnP(jA_=ei3H`6#dQ)UR-`^1lU zicaZAN3Lrnp@hENHm#9|L5!>JttVVy=j;2Y?hauP1heLh_>5D^Xfi^#zuJfMSw?%- z)mBB-@2*tQ?5_u4l@L)bhp^igdUd$%)Z$mI70vS4G8uzOEppX_Z_IkRWU&~Dy~7!uVVG`yg9Zxrp$TSTx_1u` zm$KfjL*MU;gU)`_Sqph+qT-yAy`7pjD>Xf{RbpQsQ6+bFJ!hk)0!BL~ zmFAO_^k3V1pXRrZ-c_V0A$0VKUn7Qa?zBpMcBEH0-=Q;R&vr^+dCKd02fH-53uS)1 z^I?R@QJSdAtrfV1!zP^Wfdznz8j+mAIi^I&1P!9QEKOC26r>b~efc)Z>ngF`m8MxZ zRkpkdp?YuZw7DUFB9et+iT88#+=AxT!*gC%!y5SLfL?0a(R-wk%Stu^MHFnTDS9VB zdAXR0)L6I^b%BNTRFl-|9gL35;vK2(RP{yM%zQLzn#~dGNrroMO$Uv-`fkU1Qrv3u zxzoJChX3!h`7n>M%j9eHI;UmZgdhI!YxX#c_Dn2;cDPKVU)k4SDMb9*F@;BQgfqUR z&@DS}1abG#MSe0L z+~C+zgUb?dWw$hgzwsHys#+}hq~ccj%uB3ctOIJ2@1)VG4`X$|FuJN#Nl7cj7fcbS zf0bjH)EAUWba6t2s@6#-^6CVfc6FcXMDk|P+{P(invK~nV8jY$&g3Ku8KJK32*99V zcQuCIaMeb5`7*Vn++nSXe~tWu)Lu_H%XV(LkbAPS>Tt*B>>Y_TzrZ=C_QBv`L1J2* z*h;dNC;MR`^RnBqbD7mub7FYjJSb}jGS;_Fh2ve*HTqq5vSo9sVYMLKbqjgMSk8-x z)9%CN!s@c=C-KIl_G9HG5%ZiZv-PI{iKs`D?DN{n?(pkTft;MtTBvT!ar0&#AIs+q zI|<9s4?|f6_P>9yQ(iON32as^NpP{ZnyQAv*Ssix`3+CmD>RyPgQ`j5Ng%l5krK9H=8K z;}?qEvXe9JutU<8VdrC%?oTN)72%x{raDh=pt$fi4UEXex&pTVfdkxxbH*dA!% z?vm-fnw?c5HGEkv6bF42>Jn=PSJBvD5lJHjseBUv}U7=Lf@&e)W z2aH`rl3Vf5rPE~=hkx2qG)z34N}7Y)6)6pKjje?T z<`uSkfieQl2RilQr4PV*?)@41o7T20Cbo`FaCp?5OKy;L)Uvyj_y}i?)+%7`M}vy# zJX!c>m^4|Hc{U9_y$yyGLM%y=rx#>;|OHSnmH`~Lf??jL)l@8^iQ>6ZL$i{=9j(n3_L(Wd z9E)I?^|mg>4u1-I`(Ir>ak)j>j_vXOON4b|1RWf@jQ4D42&zlyv0v`0Bi<|fpd-1? zMP>C@N+iv?F|&f^~k zy>g+7amdIi>-X#Ckbc*1LL-^iGCxzL%N*w3HNjgtq+tf-X5^^2eL@zEUB*j1i9kh0 zsZ7}VKZaaFGjG$zeyXp&OWXZN$$33LnN;+1hdRiYxsyrLTv~1^JSpmd(!VQwYQb{b zY?qaNV8Hujj|wSg`?qLV$4k+1$>VFZVSJf_vL#p)MorbMc5c@x;Q)+?coH~C2A4Fe zBEG$4?$BfR)*YH>IYXak(N&Ez-Nk;>$`_|5kADNJpaO<8ITW@Z)ZR8|T|~ggHm<7L z^rynREM9T4Dk)Ns=q$f(!_Sw7mo1QwjDd_BmWeY%Vt2hM_gb|@Y|N$orG2}!wN&C73Fj0(XZW6C#8P{%8EMNw6Gpr2Mfft5nAo@={p{hVC^|Y(VNu;^ zMvmA}(5_anp#|b;6&?oB=zWO!!!8FuX?%2_%ciGmIQdj|?n4fGMni#xLM zfq~-06Q*5n33y&FYWcnHmTFwtIFR%=gkcrcL`n;z9-NC?h1?2oM*cWutT_+_1`}Sx z;D$E$8R)9y>|i@xihZER=>WgsRSA3(p$Km*_-~Qw&)bw5zpOyak+7yB z!@KmDHEE>%s_^~hag_z+ZqsyenQXkcQS@g@mhFrP3hJ}VJyIr1gJz5ts{XC{(RFuW^n@Rb-C}NvTMX>dIy67uBb|R>=Go47(sog`ixQD5mmJ~E z(c!{&Q)nw83a!|AXC;hnaXCSx!K(SU(0~5{>K@pM7?@;_g{k$o0{nlM1yy8{;~R9< zdd!w#F!oi33lYKFd?9~wLU|QJp{RkQ7rq@aR7`^Ah|dZoK8KYqN663f9++b>YF3f7;wi46)TyqlaAM}Y z<2+hG4^yX~1g>pqS}6G(gExM+t*!9g*HM1C)mVgd5Zs-(4_=W&m33QCHSGYUnGkyB z>t4Q;ofer*rewb7D|Mlqg_6IB7#9^Z@@iL7aaSYsJul%+Z&bghhZPBhDq#huy?eU< z!dJuY+cbO$;d)6khsXXzK?RgwU#Ird?6RNW$G?2xnL%)n(uGR_n-f(3G8*=roS{yE z`gIGOWIZ{Zow0hyrXw4+a$G35ym9N11U#(ZqBB@aBWOjiOBwchbO@;Gbv$*de}ek= z58s_l5e74QA%7et;_Fms7`GT@t6V?-2*LR|fUE8V zfScvs>a)L9?;MVXa zwc>mX@aOXY$MC!`KeEv3v()HNE+?149NVgD!f$9#jck42k2hd%I7X*D!%DG47;(zy-@%%h?$=3UsLTzX;A9$f zqpwpL?~;T5vG!!PD!{`}11=R*=pBEtWL^P_pf1e=SsdECbwn=A(FTgfDuFoysOwMM z9|h?=tKnZ|ke_+m3nj=j)f3l2wWk4WkDecku~u^4`HA>NwVP4*{}?;#s3^aF?E?-l zG(!tWGt?k0of0CQ(mjNdA}JtULn(rkqyo|n0wUc=N=hRL(x4#ayXW_u^Q?8=bI!Zo zwfqa$f|)({eb3(C>$*M{>r9!Lf2>mKC=I^tQAn;0L-mts^M!Y0PrJI)u%RuV#IWsg z86+J8W^-K%ie7a)O`Ji+#stTk-{qXpNs(r~i&5n$=@7WLEp}x;QSwgggl-aVs{DwY zS;gqdYj>n|T$d4q%V{JvBO3d~Sm7ALN+FI3U#0FMN)>xK@htq@aJIX){k~D*(dpn> z5^McW`nyrxzxk*!FLE`zCj*ldp|Dx6O@02hkc=R!&8TVGKnz~4Ve3OnQu6CN8h7c5 z7~R`3^G0`0z!*WcjvZ2-_R>0=ngC&hv0@wHrfHdE`&GngGvyd|{E|@yCzk9We3|t@ z<#yd6{Z8s8qk0ppu9$V?S+nb(@+;|s>y`H_sN0Nzx_EtUPoD*zd!O>L>z4_XNB_YY zJ&(_+sQd7~@Ml!1O^lV9hScPN((^uq5EYJXNrxSSd=r@qKBhGMNgT;1b)>I&(RuDj zOriBRxPV9xBi8yOb!c%r@e=tHomESsy+`w=t$vVYdH$~6hh_4#TXQ34hbHuUH3Pvb zg79I2ai}2?eRlOrx#yGjvDVK0EBEg8n&uFFe=-;3WaQIU|F3gbO9bJR7t|Y6m_}K?WNTA5YE3iu zO-D?3Q;%TqB|D=3aX6fVDCaC{QkW05li_=nWUj`iLdW6v*u3d+pdD=!VY5@;If5ixi_ z?0~QdjeQa1`n4v?0vTHC8|vhE_dWo&|E?fv*+ylj$Jj$xwk;lNBt;{)Ml+306X_^6f?82CRU>be4}eE_GlwejZOU1Mn_0lG zEyDdR>V{eo?h^yAmRY)gu_XP2WzSpZ8tnicDS4O|=WZAD+QUUOgPrN#$j-anKB z+!&P zNc%tg@#gTY{kn^WvPMwaZD@5au4gT6*wSgR^p>19z#uzOCy_m%;=a@<_DMhbsJ=|=tX|CHxi6Iw zjyv(^R&`iBA4YxOw0jFW>rSvqB=`V+^Pm}%+#4kz@-jrGRwB);Dr~@&eP`Lxe?^f( zh|0T5{3*o3P*Lnv=HS&5URk@>%vg~I5|-n5qsG7FC%$Ih%^WwJ@HT|=dH_&uj_Tax zaBONAoFouagQ2eI$4uJbYxav<^Fe8nUUWwZ=)AjaAA?|1@<r-G(_E!&1>pz;oXHFB?afAG@MM#v8p-SutN|pUs zAM9WCTuDhGI^B7$fUkfxeP6uxe_TT`#p__m;TF$g}i)kz4#|p?{}tl0XQL#w|)K7 zSZ>j|Rl-sK8vTYwpwZi^V-Mx&*iq2Fm%KrIagkJ5=xB3pEB`#?3gklmtI6a#IM}K9 zwChow4?jeZ)M_hrkwt%s-(c;B`c%6|MeHE0J?okqvriEhs~W+M2gKbmE`1uDzZS#s z$Q3Tz>C5^nOnEBXK=E4SimZeD=Zv?qanJh z$NeHsEcqF|PplmFa}Uivr;Ui9q!Q;IZyHR^=d=J9f%!k;BK8#9fjwPu@>mekOo*9q zGRb=FP8HP~izZF{H{65VPqdR~8qn?uL$c-C!?~o7(#u}`*A+mo8Y^@PsxO8Uzuu2d zp5!uMW;HzxNc-2X93fqC)LEw<(WbrHqTe(7{jRp7((7z0n7m8uc%oPW>k#ieLPr3y z6m+@g9{ZqrmWoHYz4tv${C-Q{=r^>O97tJ98{t8$@mHz@R=mQQ6eUb;>A8S zhEHnAe!2uf_{-gLoJ}uhGg_Lg(p14e8_6v|+o^y2RBc8cLbFBdbTI?fmoOq3`d|HF zgduJ6U`Yc{xb~F(n;Gpt>{C{`q*Z!BIQULH4*kshz=j+Z_;I47v?9al4E1RPSRr!9 zU;RW+)8Uzj7F0IKn!9#K!(8W`iZs?ln>+RoKtYH*kf};R%g6RVZj~EtzJF{KAPdj% zYB}(1Q6z{l)yM`<6v!~mWwIAPSbabl`&0xUFgk^m+{80-x-UBx#P94F3a`vLZ|b8KfnMzqIyQ+yG-kCfZi9h^QT213FXA*j+Sw z;%vJp2kumu_4J`AFdBpX2%$8js;CXjvA==s*#QIa>5N&3{m%L?2ni2Ri%^!yZykCG zM|90c;}S3}WQG;>oC4$A zM@mB@=2lPoFO5yW!14{Gj49jLi&}n_4$J|o*8W|vJncmenJ)K4A5U?j)#e^|{WiX? zAs%W$IXp|>Rc!F^{~u@+`u zTG7s<$g}TXLq4wXHhv@P?Exmfc^9CI5R)qb6P7-htox~s9$OhZvOil1!My;Wio1VY zM8O@!4+{a7*)KzEL12T|f;N>^f{)*qAOFQa^ap$o$R6M4tEYcKN?W=+Sv3*t^ecqc zhr)YMyg9O<`%o~a=+?5|)}7B24|)8mCDDrGC)u0x^=m-MSTD+WT#_^jycfxAB+{oz z%Wj{qUrC^XyHQ=e8y}bYH#&#%huuJR6!Sg+LC{pe96V@|+7)O63^j8EZb8W@@KZ^& zCaXg}sn2&c`hk?3XDzTg&0rA2)m`1BPtpeDbw5OS)=*b4R zq~rX-uKyDB!fOA)u4vxj=2M6pb3^BuUVvld1z?nnAJk21T7>6YK&XOZxe5=9z=g)S z4sMR$JQYng6Fy4)Yf3-1d+@By@7TTC7F}?zC4D12WA5{oItO9_&kX{)x!SQ2@FZLT zQTDr1(@&)zYdsB;ulZ0HNm~Gtwao__mia=H*+w#+RBW%NupAP36=j1NZ6=2+E6XS# zuyvr4W>CSRqTEvWX20j3@bPuRN1t~&091wrUuW94XMQ9PKKD?WZb|zRe zcxM|&A|h{5Nd)~c2zT;2a&lNvzYMO-^60&d`P}zek!rZ{4RHKzKNC>BLH{1#MsPbV zqQ=Cn9>^wXM6zjq&CG9YeSG7$eYfr0<}w}oDT4zzjx&-Uy3 z1>L73mB5*J12o5wBH1o2#lxS8Vr$XL0}o}x-n8GsiJc$uEcSshjK!RV^$AvP+jDna z)-2r*9}5B>5%Cph@YzzoXg?m}J3z8B^Qg{*55NnlxAhxLU0lBP39 zPImIu^s{`_F}vypo)%i*X_;ctHq2Fc3?cakBr%2tNzAJkSgJ$QPy1u=bR4huz_XKb zZ6HCfVvJog;xIe_HsAdW47Hz+%N!wECr;4?ULQ`-{Z*&y8=_w92ZkKAPbZXLIeeuX z$9YKQ4HDA!U!7a=^(TD4BhMEPf< ^|rQK;*}2XKhe_K-`dxuawQK&RXG$t=-k1 zIK&Xb4T{HH9QD*I^nGEs+Ba~laRU#)q(+lrKr@ND@0i)ld;Qg686Es9LeUbq?lStI z*8Oi}$1zm11;lLxHN{Xq<7ukd*PvgHXmta3R8Jx87IB7h9mlE8NQxi~=N}%0#|eZx zKc1XQ7s_g*@B@|P6fZIz9Y(N75-Il`XsH@3hyn8AUEsBox4NFpxtZ#FQSM%G}Zcz0b0ai+WE8iBSwCytRhdi&O3johKPeIWuu)c5J zl<{=7806~y&eZ>o{^U^s0p!IL@&ju$SlItKTTH!uKA*nli%`WTw}jj_?zVfWYAs~b z8S0IPdTmcD1ijsj;6&W35w=L%W$MtH1R`$6RQgj|r>-i3-gj->dGWQtQ1?h9``!Jn z`yTSOh1?(HumO!BykQjdybT@lp5HZQvo~C&%QZL!*QA5e2ZH*Hshnu+h13OUk*EVgBwi-lvv>E<{pCpVYkqScvX>melv(wTl&WF zK$yi6XCTig0FlTKA<7K~&iM*$@-%jVantK-xu9lGdX@HfIy)EIy!uYxNGdZ)M<#6U zw=3dGzH*Z8gM$SN*xX28%jwG)zcPoL4EQ|;#~f#VZy~P&x%a!G9|qNMl5we>$VVXD z_Udry;eOH|!dN!3YnvHQ?nVU)cxUC$={#cVOZB9;V(mP@>BEl24~&L~DHi{)nBa7T>z{rH2V)~1op z9Z_~)b-44;X4eJ9pJLm>;@Lv>2 zqe)9qom55k{aGVW9X`oI^gpRd?s>Hy?Gx}W3wX*zMo*)l;#p}iVgig4xeAX0Bw}K; zqc6c@;FCLTI$LDZd6<);pG<);QNwIf+HEK8r`VF?Sx&xX)?|K3u7@7C4mMkaC4ydV z9pcX!6SYcKHlLGqFp^8rGu{^PIE4qf9hPF{?BSA?XRfGl22qd4K1H{hDTvuRQ*w6> zm2ODVICbyxo-aML4LN|0OA#6P1JmM@lIaAG9g-L4_xtsPw;msF_BFQs;^ip0(uAmZ zjW$c?E=m<~lKk*ClQ8%UZlB74bGWTT#-Swks@rfeJr=S})xctcL~0ho{e3>A=N=j= z@aMbOxNS8b_wSAnmM?5WWWYxD@nFxANRuV8Pei zU8mbf{Ttm%O5*}ZLi^}0py*lk+1ELyCme_ee{cweS6-{+ORs=J%=8sGU1$H3eB&l& zQc}`dY7P^;jz6V}^RcO_I&Sj@YT;pWCpe=Iu0%V7JjBJYG?7lsycS1DGuWCAtQt{8wXc;9 zzNhYJWeOnAjukpYuw;4Q1Ml1h>N`NH9 zUH^_=={kkWZ{SMz5o_#)d1cfEvV8j~@>q0~tMisWQGxf@M#6(39wC$p=^G+>`pKFQ z2YvdGn&o%+eB0Cv&R8jHdxJK#SiH>bT(tRL7>`#JiR)wrlg@8@0E@WBm~Xq@=i+Zs z8zT^0?s65ZVa@Dw>JA@WU11KpA1qvWSGzcSA%3ODfBf2Z$(DS#PM$HXkzP-pB_$Z5>SJ3`EvBX2&fP=5v@7#U3$a2%#zVQGM8g-XwVb z%#^D@Pz-;q3q{4i1}+TUx;#_kbgyb{FbP!QrE5#)$-_zcQyLgmzS{%yej+ljRV zY^&}asQW3LxTIM9o+8NbPVqEeYAMeI=~&2JZ<}Rv|Gs+cMa`XtrDoISiJ8YRcCf>t}=+P5D{cP)91!P>9xXGuo*M^7R+i0uhx zVw953@g59gJUeO+#rt|7#lk>{ikSvGcbIpj&d`V;=HTFcO-B4*Y|?NQgk8pX+vPr; zxAh01meSo;P|=v0fT$N#VW(rIRU0&i`Hq59_|gi=LBtzQkJtCQ^Z8K1 zW+LG=Yo|6eD4$^!Qf=FZANv@diybZMTo}Y2A5Yx&al$%Ery6eWexaq?C1ys=JLohjH_2^C&b=@+0zR{?V{tO8uhpYQ zXtkIms7Jf6ukJ~k5+xx+%j#HQHCq1SaYpb#q&JxY-k`3R{js4nxfhUrS{~4cG>;dk zM4dfJ_N$-;9*7UJG|87@=(A%7E-*fUJ5QZ~cslSDS$@k=O+*0T(+}_UV?? zSI781z)n$Lmf0& zi-uX$i8ZHm%X^UC9#?j4>DYYA-V3K9#(gt?PJe?Jkvqu z>+kH>y+#%_jT`agZHKumdQg5@Di``5AzC8b! zy^&`v_WixoF#g0l6kb&qJqCG*VKg>7O6lDWwS}+sE6PnG(w1kmZ9wS=PZovFY<=U= zp}v~43JMVdX+aE#k+0C)lPI}}t2A|%*5rbauo%W`sy*so=89R$ic&lJsmgIQFyZPI zUiFNA)_X#nnK`{t%P&PUs2y9|lgA#)p>Twl#Bn4XyFVO|YKR&=qEBKC?h#h?3!BC! z$AC^!hHHwcPepv_jj22g3Ll4-uE;}|r-b8{jo+<8*Dq5x9_;fQ9wzLRM)|l1M~>M8 zwbnmX+Ei~_=z7a65}-FN(~^WC@(Nbyj7LiXRBueT|74it;n(q7;W})m(XdV@Z8)I zxd?M%gGVIkfxk)m>IIk)9ao$~9dKg0xdBDT5OF!mzX%Uwgz`btdV)GfZukA!0%C>q zGEWJz@W=jC+ps~Wy_B*hs(ZquE2l&dZm5L#jv)u9!7_vVw$#%dT$vaA2lstZmCO*> zTev#JkDA`8KsxjzCTiIbIw`(ehbCP>W9BdmN2|4!<*ETWtx;EfVPdT%{9yLM2t6}t zw`4J6aVx$%#a(jauXYpU2D9>`EJS@*B{?x?dWchLx_D-!pPz&qZvl0Ma~)Ir7R5Wn z<36znPwxw6S|`V%!ar(!ja`O*nk{~E)1vhF)=o>0zQ2WWvuF=wm>Lea6&I<37;Wo2 zM!zaN{Yd}BsE}HcOp!djt?}F_faMEnv8+ zQe7$2Me6ZSbbq+7t_TarC8O6XkmwQ?*SyX922soSHh>JbHcVKcLvFSj?EVWG*+0XA zgvo=MI6Fik3Iz!HNnrV<_kISXJL+(akz+Od(T^QCw3xb7)snGt4}J2|tyqdX-#}1C z!_^ZUG^^^=CHa_12Dk)210kd(HuLfeD{XO;J7tYUmR8w)uF`(vl^$#2q}?pU3>Z0i zqmzGUnH9~OxVN1|nprFUR0W5~mQV#~}*aJH9umrnU7^wQT|9g^IDv=nszbH`+NW<#Bq4 zw;@JxeU5RxE)=_tQQCZuvFpG^J#q^x>HeW*#+gBgoF8JoL%AH?*MRiJdlDvivOWD| z;SasZWXM6lbs6M-?iS3-u*Ho*`mSZ?|||*)yZIbyD4MsZ7AgIk~Gb{v|VbM)Q6sr2Ud= z>ri71t-g%YdZ!%TfOAcl#~}IapQ;Ne*seY&8fsocP(CC`7}vhvAI(qG;lV1S>>rL5 z|DgUy&G3f4b{JE=Dd#5MAl+$6%ezBB7mpLpN7sC3z3O$6f7mKS8|#SCy?Iwk#Wvw6 zY-`a5>-{g+GfL;faY{)SH+^Mea5$}W4eU+pJ4c0`BjRDhW4YYx6r1Ia;XUt6^2Kh{ z$-VO4ZjE?O9JOrwP-c4q=4Isi7r#XB<6zfLB-77VJ(qP?G*5_zS|*5{!b((MQjd0K zvVyXM!NXTU8(`b#wB!mRyxO-zz==TioX#3oAaQm8Y5jW1i(TeMGtJS#siON28dkB& zkzi#TWvV`9+>}T!UekLT9zjrqvzn6WFuU0oewe58HfBhmxcImT&y(r+9U=Ur8$gO} zLsNvc@DIg&cFvZ<{Py7_9|Rw-8vG4~HsrGS@J%Mn>Km>5A>z$^Vs z(l;A#$St;ti?;{6?!u+z812a@L-um12RP+8Hrim7hF8KjVJh?TzSH&2YlB{b)j5K8ySe9`zGG z4+b|7%+-FsC*+csy={R+LJms;Z436|jagnBtCC3g=Av{}F(sG8}l|Ejs9Sc_f8;tQqa3nk(UYo)FS z##T?hl5vYV&Q`}t-|^fB$CR}ge8dLHt#($&EW4`NMSw{GpE3>*o{}Py<+jiyJE{?S zyTM*kX`z4oWbNpF0Ms|#(QnS>7mHQ#^K4?$qBskPI+)!Yz_~l4A}9k{4ia#xbh&yazQ` z5an}3AH<~afRB8IEnzA8Ugn#gOzKM)ElWxb5v_Ea&>xcl4eqyM=tQ z4!9N0GIo*7sVi)qLsm+E3CUUR!}JesxKChMvuCLZ(Tzx9=GJz zP;jeTpCcMk!2_t^B@{-UOONQbE@-6zdxQoTvj~^ z&0l}*SReTZM=VC}ec>w>ZK4Ba1uZ^0h9ICE{i^w}u5`Z^Zc!?m#`y9;PUm(uYv)q1 z^i}cg??=J*+a`W@6$aGX<{xJ7Jv2={Lt66|9$4IC?Gz;~=j7|0=2sTbeCOxVva|Rl zpj&FPYqTX|Fo=A|{PmlSPwQ5PE3M7ltB0881wE_&vUsAMj<>2&vH1R}9PaUeIb&7K z61*c7bRQkvOOOvf>9?QfMB+R2rQLCua$#0~A?8hPa1=ph!kKlh1OHssvVMjy0pi@DTQab-nbL>`mGO<&*VB)!K%AHTL0X>J=(Av|AhdzQ$W zQ<|nwU)q+c^#p3=+N)~f=iP~Xs&XqlD7-}Q#;=4l5b;|;hdt31-LsHkL3;f@olDPR z(c??}i`(jD%@He<=Z5lyse@;R%EPA7RsDdKL;G6}J$N+QTO^U7VRnijM8*JRMi)n|jiN9s}Ibpt0_`XbBr z+p)*=!+Sr%YWST~zX!{zsKJu=3z&8*Ve7wGP>rV& zRDU-?yi+r{-y2~u&!}klX()VED-^roC9^gaX6yFJ48E5wK~2B2u!6O}?DXvM%aOLt^ z{$EgnTn#itLPO5v9$KbmgszCbf7_-PoBvAYxYVBk?HsyEAxgfnn`{HE@7V5VZN_1O>hXQNo2!0R3});eY2vCHRW$x(2!N zAHL$(X6+y!zHb2(j-a5PhPDNu`0dps47ogE4$PPv;`_Yo=%&0F(_U8lWyk0VjTa+U zoF|Zi99(-IXHDF#pVDt3P4$EBbCj7Ra zdJAPzw=TDy3WV~1`2+|IA1O;gi$*+>l`iB(vb9*<6 zjL1+(uwF`}G=Oq)31p5;MRTvO257Lr%d2TR{VN9F70l~&vqzSJUZQh$bLOX4C!;>B z%5m-hjp9P~c|87X$sF*x_tAWhf2cb4>B!Dy5MAE~t<}1XV9BF4&dJZgtTx@QzMD*~ z$+|0&{qwKQf<&38qTk%ZZqzG4VT4`Z*U#uExBBxFRd{-L;1SC585-KAoj%+t@xk$n z#>I6^17JS1I2ESDIU+ncvfLFoJ%P3MqsM6n&^}kuis%_|CE(UC07%O`sBHdQa#9~M zxMhRlEgaaDP=uWWZFL=JKQcalug_Xk7z2gtYQYn-|40-tA;hk-1Hqmlk5>Z(JOY8v z;q_pA25ee-GY-)`73g+s)miGcL+q#lK0iBHVLJh$O770*fpzl@`Sf#fkT$zrQ!`BT z9EkmQuH6gb?+wP^x(hTK_!+va0*z`A`t!sU9(INCb+wCFa`+Cw#(ezMi%W9FTnIcY zU&^aG@mJrjySMcK13HyD^Lgr%^7_|MW-0hG<%PE4p-JceWZ$Pxv=#<4$3;lRug*0qQ8yi7Wnm8ssi*`cRlr z0!RE*85gXb@b)w+mD)msbKF{wl=pcA`>ZOgPh}y4hiy{BX<_TsuRUOsUx-A%jRo#| z7OEsgJxV{c4CeMP zaNXM#`T~N$6$lUSf4=!u8RaXuee@3823kVvDE_YhA5k9pl;Zfd_*1)A8$d!k2AZj* zt^+LT9KEmhs}SwP_=Fg|0{nT>wYz|ujY;Q0Riq=~P3e$xlaIQ4Tw|oR1E!^>{)gtE zB?8oRU8413R8=RsQ{w$jHBhmmq|lujhZ^U1!6x6rl|iuB7q)Q@63>#N#3Xh#JB_n8 z1hQaI{s%-QXZ`}Pz2@4_vmzH4&~%b_1+pXvKUYz7ImFRFU85BQU)O_jI#H1+hD}Xz*A`$Cr zWvU26sQ;%%?@{NjC3(wXz7M2#HqmC3U}>r5Nw!YJ-$9oEeMPxKk$MwD!R?JG;IMt+j8qfmveHn|RF^?U=Yz zDKn3kONOe#Fl(Gvl{jCUhN5!PvkvKDKg7b%fes9JAx5+vt=)Ra?CmZ>u?~o@;7rwHi%n;NJ;g>J9%L?BFbwh zvm!I|bGyXBB_Y$-oX=Csc83L76!0}n980vFZbtuJ2h3bbf}JW7 zm%%sJf_%?cMS+sMSPFPpoKhmT_`MKozBk+b@^!LNTCb0=&cS9g#uTh}-IB4#QT%;yc9!`Z{4Xy*GB$9F%SL*bg-&K02sU#wSMs zCqQ4?El}1KncwSP&x+FM?ORWjZ96(Sd*wj};nwJD6QobOOaS``NBlP6jS<&tzvIyj zL-zEt1cLuJSZBMsyXg>9ytv_%h@bPV}2{N^J?9>S`d*8Dl<9mtELV;pr-c%2Xzz`rE>376~-3z=t7 zy_NORLin7@q*|tVu5S3I-Fq({ZTYZa(O~;>=V~G{$5pEdG?ARjsykkB$QFRg-p2vM zc%~5>0$DwH{U>?R%_No;(V-Cfgr~et*L&oGh4xTNr?)QLs6~Gqd^F`=Z}9ZXT+r|> zQ<2x!0m$K>;gP)BAHkKXuO0f8NsP)EgQazC(eTrY=gPIA!vv+yh!5mt#?p%nV8Q3S z7hG7?T^`z38GJCpzq9XY@)naLK9k?zo1UC8arEux_o~=dZry}24jkzp&P!~TF{7q@iv|kOo z5z*pgpkdYKPY{X+tPIzz?uS`^X&&P29-fb`^n%_q2J(FB%N_j*;oe7^2L@m?!dUr# z@YeQW(bA!e9GB@^G3SiVxJF7~qV$}UAdU%snxO%YDcO~0JC!fv4Q;xna3y+}Mb$8_ zX8Xw~f<;a@=SdLCFOX?p0Vd+)qa!|nX6P{O6UwK3szJQp?pFW6vQU%iOL$!f%$4SW zzkAH{>mJ)!Mi(mCJ^-SoxIE3|L~Bq73kW~t&cgFrS1`1KaGW0td7oI6%nx{7eNn0{vGp<5i(!8Xz{1-!cd^n^ox81B_K7?U zXdH?{x_6YZ$-^qWRUqxJJz{eGhZOP@bRd>#$Q)K%?V4REq=cD-B*M$PsP>tRh9?2>B7Km71yD52v?WI z+O;J1WSOR*)lR{PwW%IE3L|e%!k(lubhYK{USiO zxlxbYM4;n$vK50CAX8PL%{qod&uvz@sRU`+8U<@DpFtp)9?$V?QgS;idmx{w$S>?< zd<6oR20;xDcGaI)v|$Z-*n$`8s6Y}bE6R>lrSSGOSBWVCmx3;Iys(p{`eID30i0k= zb*igXZRr)Q3?pt07aKt$!Io6#)({z~k&OW*4iWO3ojN;>FYM(PsbmLN)Ul?5iB1x* z47C0QVU;G`2L`_b;>L%I0<>o^ayBvf*@#kf*eO~gCh z$kU>~M<1U-x&afazBco$zzvxa-w{Kg-@C%@OKy*YwcETNv_Hg@esQxf8Us zy(f5v0~h!>v*u;U4KG(|j)Rj}W8BJuN!rb_3{31s|H5l=ssg<%_}+TKtCg%&5m0wF zj3;uE@hNdl)es!hh5FDf>n&EOa_SvOw|-T{j`B>80dw?a@a7)HRtcSzYArZ<{Oo*l z=hYyzY)%KSQx|6yA4ONkX4AmHR{Y3VM=PfTT9rxCy)S04{6;=J1^*hMg_s|IfQotC zF2St@)nSL)%Y6JTit_Q+2=11y0A(Uob}v`PGTsQ}Qrk$`5cV{O$wUN)2EkqVFnQX+ zp`-cD4z5Y+;wPgkHPXYu%jkiYyH%-XPgN=XtzSlC5O$=GFdAa66NZzPMhikT!8}vhBQVJ} zp@|MBM(BOOSI%sgZ~Jotvoop-bJl2hA;Fr3g@mEE?y~yu!n3SzU@zzOw!<}x3}WP? zo;<>@e;f5G_zreF&RpXzLzh&u95T)E@{_$3mJ!bi4wmXz855>Gooy$}g8&a9Q4CY5 zDyz=ZmbiX^CYtPO2z0DuFI34R(AK$AbD7kTeB4A|o%Def$DppN?)DychRoAio26c&fSi_AR-@K&{p#bF2jYZK3DUB~&z;5t^j;mUU8_PV#;T3!)yFf!J zSe|a~rb?YaQweG@J3;kRxZ&}8Mk{HXRH1s&(*EGcBT&kw8v-jlJ@qUjAk|OcVV1HV zx8%4gypGGPS;&8^&lRPeafEes`}ys#_}Pbap#r=tYN7;r`BKSgkyfTQT0dI)u608L zaqzC@jtX+?dmkr%bb=>!tLusKZx%>&=2PXBak=gszcD}9$VPg_Nd#)!5>v@JZkLvY zD_`$+wZ7o6wM_O_rO(6Qi_I+QzB?se9s9^tcT0VEazJe0_c9cJwWC_0uP4?I|I8rf z{WQ*U?uFq(d}PuJRtj_QZlgOy7h)F`Wkt(Uc885$&;R2geI90KjDDK@9kKySUS(1v zeOM?CjuIZ{hq)vQTk%lCM!aeP6yPZwsz##l$kk|Bm=V zs=f)5&*`HkdHLpRk8O#&IdW*Mjm(%iogbbyf?7y}t&&0{T$~XrK=_xD zIE?yzLRwKZr%0Ze`Az=Mw@bCf2_C9H&(gwzUpGl>AcA|b!>k($Tz8*LP?>%4@JtRK z$hbp5xm2L%32DB~aXa}8Y+Iaz+5ptZ02cG!ALQ`eC>L#MobGDh#u*GEQDKtDIHR(O zsFJhB45f?befP?lx5!9}Ny@s~CVYA(bT}`s+_Q(-0!yBm9jm!{+Ujn6Jz-}mob7qP zgNa)>ru{_@9|}+At`a{1*|_9o7et$7m?ydS)1{I+m{a=_L!|lRYa$9BGaxz0y>K6x zXElH1yQ|)$!!-3+f$FnT!?5d6LT|WFpPl8|(gObT&MB7m&K@d0D3d>X-BYUI(K7uX zK2XI>oC0J=tSN(noY~*=it03`^CvJEYi#fvMDKa8asPU6pV16o=OD2UP2DbHw(4n^ zj;*zVRHz3lRh7{SGsaG8d&*fPffnuTj61Kbz6VF}X3mQnS2yX@?^Uz%RlKHO9$!&h zeo1%BAoJv)(nl^oo%Dw@GopOTOp!xI^_t~RgaYGw9QaVzng_-+g*q0D-D$TH6+TD& z_2gE`b>8LSJKCT`u;?IGTw}g6R=6LUBM#qYfW(m4fLR1fNz`6pRVh)B-C!3@>50l042LEo1b0?QqOLw>#zQ7VvHhZyi)t|0S zDwFGBU)>$bAP-5Fu)i|s#=@g!7g{w9{Pk6Y)UJ&%j1yA3ph%F-H|nO|gp|E(P-{q5 zS%@&h8pX+m?AZxQ1JL1f!Jnz+>;~(uGC#Z}QA8o^gfh+QH%($jq|L(6$`osuVy-Gx zQB8{342^MMP!o6 zh?)JHACuW5QVAIUIE2kfM$%!o&j!Pq(&T=)+a_)A0ZYxZ@T19xX)lEy9md^bI4Lvm zgf0_?${wmNqvB_bZj2;SBd)7x=-6+JL{^(^@za_c+B0**`5QZ$uassaKRM{!Sx>rG zED#kG*V%J%C?@r@sUgpC_h(&sz~!MECxnJ$c(HZT-(EN9HRs!eWX=~lS?F(gYZ<(x zcwO?wd*NJ04T5f&WIoz~PxKG^vAGKrmJTG>VOD}lufS2JqX+@V3X)+2#mTv!ohvlI7E2rQem_$a#MKvoKXW3VTfC7`yx<-<7v3jqTDAaLG+Q$ z=8nnS-y2v{16O)F#~4o%zfu! zQ3Li4eSPm&6TUKCo%7}*QT*BKoyHVn>BrFhJ=$f1HrJLuHhP^pQi2E?3yqi_ne+Fi zS@(F=+FbYNRIj^+C8Gs!d8MgZKU^;H=Qxoaq%dAK`{9JgLiJ;Phg^3ue+w?gB}3I# zCMWMebUFp$xuorTi(o+h!?YlP13aSGFMsr1|S>Q%w3VtAvzwMdG&2 z+*+np98@1lrK*2pTx*XsIHW6tZo6mCdO?*bI&e2Xav9X$w#HoGvi+{R@!NKo!_Qr^ zpBzPqkVrN6p1T4@>JZBoJnc*aCJy*4vkN%wKH&2TNLWFM@%q`k?6--DAjOn)X=L-( z3vF+Rc4rPPH1;$*{g!PQkD*}DCelXoMH0`%Twe&w=-bKIv>x?!22*wy6O~6CW}MKe z--QsZLRnKY`$9Rq@~e_uw^6KI&$qqiPb#uQ)wPe(>&F4fvQm-)wvK}{)zDbkEIXRm zf`Va*t$igePW8#8er^3V`WL}bP2t;iKFV2x5$5hX`PQ0}*Qqtk;-oA1oMA|E7>*_n?sMX9Ej-<8ZjLOsmC$o>sb zn`RZDob~G8cgQd-GnaTT$ei*uc`5VvZv`WK($Da}4un!BwiW3EGLkgRvz;W;j0Ozy zB!&o}GMn|ub3gaP;gh_9T79%jecbfneTN;&Byl<_?SVmfJ#b8vbJ8~FTh%!EA*SOd zJk@w4$Pko+XR2m5MrkaB%I;<&2|5gUa+K+m<}Y(6AR-`-n;+vF=j z<>W}Kcd^js5#LT%d1Wafs#rv*o)2|}EwbaPI%Hslu~ zQixnNjizR8usUvqzbA0%_!VPBqS60uf$$rGKFs;m50lk z8KZ07j^JxuR?a9PRY)?E>8vEp|Ay=J^gVogYZlS$y_<_vcbfvQ7CmD z+%6EN*4P>WT@TrVM}8EkHW>T?s$ZtnwvAFYl}LxuI#|ZP8ShFIc0*HL5Ot@jl4S1G z$|pc#8p-%_sbVB&wHtt-g)Be^j+>630|)!~0Y|B0r&blDJ3@rAn0dGhpFrO3vAxV{ z;=JC;s%X_iY>qXi)i&D~Y0I@5ZgW}vHaRlAje3er=f{CIi?Iu@b@XjW2LUd1&-@>G6TrL;(!Rfq{mghlP4!Y&mDl}*xqNV1{bY9sST>XhXdx971a4}#V zOjv!@C^>JD*1dCeefzsS6~FH&ir?XO%&6yU65-1|j)Y*=LpH2@^Z5Kveu8qSqwiL=rl_(s}hr=YiYJM@bWJm=^9-dS-9SDvN%{xS8+E*nQ zr=x|3Y79$p49je^;DCw%DzP(7rMfIS-w!3&q%?=eQu^o{Rz75PXy;W7S8NqWOSUX* zh|Z;!@HOw7ZhY23O%@&DNn>-H8-^aX&+Lq{Y>{#l9rr0*o=9yZ-Jh@6B4_I_lL>RC z%=pT?8KD#4T+sAealBVWz+=YYZYRRh^1`%^+Js}zO`+zxZj(As)!KXRh;xvbF7|`b zuHxLP%5qqf1Lfu$?Dx}sm);r9kZ!YkgKO`8Mv=xprx+^Xy!(7Ukp|c*D3HwL$ZCq7 zzfB&CEQezratO_bL(x?H$9GUE>eH3of@+g?)`mt2_a4g4a$-%C#X&U+5Ss;vR+B+~ z9D&p$4uwQt;Hq$#>G5ZeU9h#=U6WW3ac-fB!2EJN8)HWXuqA*{JkpO2uLkOP*j*v8s>3--EkL+wShngPY8zQ;@K zu!Ija?g=czTD3$QS>g#EPiWZoQ(}ouJ~Ztr!uXY7V=BhOXM4Y=coo{)zRtX3iMb?K znw?{N;=&NqNY!H_co|tX`d(#oFuz(Z{PiI9Skd4E1mEjr3=UYaV}r%Mv3E|%vvXD* zDg)&9&w9;Xdf0F7-*GBRY@HOJzNCrbljYg1Hc7-bY#hvO&prwlX-(l|rLe8OL9sZ0 z6_0h3ke%Kvs0 z@mSYu3NmD_fz7g`ca9@1-nYR&*d3=%!smEQ1OqrmUWnvGEq5DP?Q)eAaQ@Amm>tLbYya)( z#T?ZV4}9W$D>GAjT&O?zj{7B(wt%6UW-&Q&?PM(N(#~-jSA8wA|(w1iqaun0#Z`a-680^=lk^Ytl#>-Yq=JSaL&v* zXZGy9@9Vxkk@s`(@rbTqg?;ngo_UD|&-}CN9H@_MaKldN!s|Z|y)G#mJn>oXU$hbC z34cvfZBTXpL6%5t^QSZGrLb+hiswkl+X^Hu=tKQnceZBcHodMe_!}GPZbB&dlkPhX zO~>DUKdM7q(cBo*#v9e1U&sEihk$p~Wn^cJ>YG`s7lnFe&4r?HS5xzx=K#9GRUVi4 z>|O*OU(j0Ne2R4|E|Ps2W8Nk1lbmqvcy%Sz1a9{bY-g(=!srh`#3!*pY^Sl=y$=J z?lL9L3<^8pLQyu;&w5*1h|5oS${|?Y~|H2NC^o(&FOC26 zeE$A81CkIE2nWg*?zOOyjuR$R&7_^!iVBK&G%R)g&EbR^oCv-Zm@lY_cc99kD;^X+ zXwBze_9IZy0V_WSs$CaiEl%XC#>-f|zH*B+V)1ks1AlQ9P95OrC~)6*e%rz*W19CKh9G4KXvkvyd>HSZ)k}0y z3tpS70>t91CN%;TCu!|AEW!c#alIz`95j;p>o??H{Q3==hp0Dr97zbZ!*GKCet7C9 z14|gi_Szp-!NCb$Rjc`ev@^{8uTIxQRt>{|%qXa{=EitEW(Ky}|NGqk>q^k0&M_rv z;PQXn692jkvVstMmz2RLV&HieLCwH2bP1IxQe%VCnfi7M=DfVAC%I-mTp1n*<>KFb zvk$w>Q7!ibsALG=AICYVyoMJN-4puNmIkzC^&;g`WQbY2mPDaH1Yu?))rwf3~eM&_V}pDA`$H8Q41jQ7HnS z&puQV;BnWz_-$S21A3anQF*MN4y`n9F%0iZj^~7w~_JQ;6n(g07{jnE$^t@8W|)HJ4sxFN2j8ny!^|od;mHdrPQD9J;|kl z1HrZ|4dP^(yahQQa=fBB{T)FwmlTMcT0c7f1sZ<~pZT3m7!6zY1%~0Rz*kt--JgzU zwu7*HoqNsp5#2jKQ5~=M7K1U{0S#d~l{R@n&ygWuA2w!x>(}Lfb)53 z&I4E?YgB@Kt;V1jzdH{ADO!DF-s9Wu1K4FDb-f8-03DzY1MWTVHP!r0v`;M!?=M<` z?)Sm-CE-dx%?t1vDJ)J)jXnr(hTzZ^$LC&vcLcBGw(+ntXQmd4Js|-H$Ow2G=|rhD zZfG??yvW~5Olu9i@C1u(jpOWXZ-a+XMO;+bqHUzvP$b9mqEaR-e-_Hy-fAv0DF*CL#v>S zk0s&~kp@Gk5Xpd(4YwF(y~RXiClI~tLk-LmD;FTnM%oRS4s_C(${m0>pg%_C(dR}K z&*2J3SG}HH_?=?jKw{jfXq?A#mbv=169i;?Pz7Z*`pOFsDk2Wl z9EAY*xwetqsp`n*`ns%_d-aX&5LOr89xzqEiAi@6yfzPFgHEy!EI>1IOL9t5w6ydp zyH<4W?~@|+<3~%ZGMB0-jl?pii!!%n*Fstdj&MrrRSD_r>WTv6iA1T zEVNurRC>?*!agISoeFPK_LqUwJJXVz-!8!9E_7eN-&HbV5ks(uK*|T0G*|=jC1jfp3#gO zDA_PV1oJN#1LU_=f6VRfHWW!46XF?cy*} zQF2h7aLuc^xZ0B-Sa)&?XA_#+$)Gi{Z4>l6S*<6R$}D}XbyxcuA?Q)y9xPlBa9A8T zKLjo9EIE(+*khz@Prz=~YaNWz+gBpSH{hHYolK)nU5|tGae55HjchW$agLi-Yr;o^ z@E7xjqXr-Gcp7EbD=KcKk}d;x!i-Oc4k_lLy5*IwX>{Fi(dDigq(lc&<+>U}oVHMA z_H+(lRWUU_ue*`$6ntF7=$S_jU~4FKXq9nbeE$IuHSnyC$IP(Ee`0G-^949Y4-Q=b zA8NFM{cuXVdCs45rgh6}oRz&p^vm9-Z6)Jx$~vT-UF4RMF)u(xDPAy|STLsQ*-pmy z-T=jwrJ%9j?(1<2?5FO_31N)kw!GxqhC!%Qu{{1!)kP`O-&hJSW3P~}j0vCKLpXrI zF@q;gG0Z|DJ=WWJ`$>ozH|VW@Lmtu>N#$0&fWFXx%R7b>`BCnBTf=kNQI)d(d}O%e zm9q2^Or1xvUB8wnqFM`=0sr)f6;40ROrewJF=qTZwoAhsC{{PW^`tq3^Nmq(_8mMU zhn*`@Q~@r?S;`KB3{uQhK%`Ukjn}9To*ZTqM5;|PiUN1Yts;YhfA39z|-%1#fW03bhuI&V<62QB#Y4zDvGjJonGDe-C4lArbZ^r=CVVGF3Wm6 zI{V|Sz7cGvHw4rUB+f%6%HuCr_^>!c3f-D7*SH6(Jc!?@k=O*-#(f4PW9^O&0+wp_ zxEEClQY5wP$WtXL_8ezzBgJCAxN}I`Wy9ONZN6VqP%WA8UiRH)0HoMPt~kIaaBl|q zYD_M|h33t^Ei1FRDt$p{&ji1r$EHNn2M7GpU(>A>Ss&KF)`yQ_1jN?|-yN#Td)2MHq;re2Y&s)N1GfTtqzxeS+#`zA}CoYWMPhf6&w`VRa4lX|*3N z=AHJ<9gnQ;xaFdY*Mv6Y($cK!PIM* zL)2K0VQEbFQe(!#Jst8)Evz6a&( zqP^b$7z?3I23=>kMQybACk}ri&II~NIQkz;W9kp9%=cr{?l*Kkt=9N|kQNajlzSALpu-6V%Q2;lb@}wBA|!qW>XjyA%5(C|i5& z@VLlSE26^0XgZ=_z9jZY>&#GIDdiiwj~P7?-wjjCMU>^YqsZ3Hf$Di8ex=S(!6>Vi z%w<~xB`!H35oKDuHMMHViTW5k=Sh3mHFh;eZ(tE?&B3<|=}s3H`I@M)3&u_ptGIM* z#z36Alf|xyn12*=fd(aMw&ERbfN5tkQI}dq*}9G98)chnF{xd2Dbz znuTbzNUpR_I%Dz;8}Cwd&VCL?`hrfP(SC?4DS?Hl;V2LJEqx+1`Z^*yOM(C}RdR8j zo#iN2dGQ@zuC7;(>mEid{V1)&M`N_XS9uSC(;-neo%pbFpu#A-wNVaYK{`HETJ|&^ zfgd9LOOCG$P}I)f!90lb{fbnZehjmwmB-3YP)(w@U+Q~7bZww{qx_(9XGJXzML6-NItGYU&Z$Imlbh2!ze)n>I$DS=WYq8{4Grdr_@r zw{XJuY+w|f<~lv1-P|5G?D%*38hg`XMjE439CG9~1PJs=ACSw5?f(Jtt_o7!*HSXJ zLdWb2<3i9cxQ6k0AEFi&=rIhaU{)XEh&~Yy(4f20z#hKND@XCoFMP@FWLcC+aA1Xc zc_mzlKYQNVLloL1X)I%ZXo;xbl+}?zJnHjj*l3)8Us{p=s618LDfYtR$CO5EIY4R2a-DhkhZUkqwu7gPo-WVj{rmK+|1HWD$p*w zMxOIQl;dkKbNq!a4!n8ig}##2V1n9?vcnN-hYJMnAz zP731wDby2OGb%$cJ5V>HUzO8d&L0Us7mg)u+P({}7yjlb76<#Cz&$8F1$r6TBg~K& zGit%p-98UscRer!P|U{S{m@Mx%9n|_x0JSDD%0xh3Ktf!^zw2#Y(lvmSyw&8Y#8*E ziHkKq{6%eGM4=XQa?9@^C~(8Enn*-;P64AI8&|fl<^AvK)hb-CBl|sr)hiDIZZ_8k zHN}keyb-N&yS39bi8aY#y^2v0-qXD>6;x(r<%00)rq7F=+sQxV8@LtoI1e>U#KF*u9gS2U`Z8lw`eqp@j_XGjbS$6O$2}?EgeIBJiMG zr7EFC9AR!r1ZzK$33(H)@?1j$U06X&rN69y#K`ddjn^=avQnDETjF?d7u{pmb5VJk zlHnk=Ijko0Xn<%ElP?__%a^^D<&#j56W!el~LGc1{GSEMdC{xfr zx`xgNqk2$kU4~fi4p6`L@e=w$BC1v^ z$>A8u`kG!_lx{V4Q0C8dsiJISms$7+3AG7H&6$84;NtWC`*@}Tr7veTgvt#egBO)- z@k(k~_&k{Y4cQQWPXI~)#JnMSFCZRv0&Qk@Tqwi2H61Izob}cHfMO1u$XLQj0?cBd zoh%YB9t1URsw8{ajWzl-BxBD~r3~}`6VdQQ{)K3q-ri5R5b)anQeMTX!HvNs|L|}u zaX(|Rx`z4FvYjFDOhEEA!$xbYy0{4$=m&@vgyAG;xv50EOS2^x zOI1SW#8`9Nr}K$|azQbz=>Yvm+)!gZ$ajgV&q*S=rcJR4wPegsGr$%jJ{-NyIqh5f zgSTI-A6LXkCS*cQ`XrAXnpUiAVz&vU2Mog9g-slUhPYCYBTU+I#bJ~|WWZ2yinB&W zVt9QQ8Eb|kDNbm(HCVaMbAveZZr0Td zeD0E9pGjzgkLUJI7G$(rvd!!bgSAJ@FWm-;)$P*-u%V3S?)`P+xh$5@NCj~toB(F> z?23Dm7v5BSoBt@i*WdidiFi}!qW#zJ7)cs5nsfML;xR*%fZ%W?hx5j%BAKlaVN^r| zf+i0Dz@gv6Hx88@%BR^T1v^a0Jh{dSdQY1oGE?7ompfV2bls%ZWEp1vL^iqyoS4fn z(>Q&Vs1p4qOU1(7vD@e_3ii9YUAS&>(e$?mBIDwTgW!UVdubSj72F3bY={BZDxRPT zuWq8XCRJ~Vj?%R12=fLaUB(fG;{N4qeyFtp*{GI|tZ~r5`iB#zy`oEpp+8Di3zgE* zL~)nc@5m0{R;4Ji*VVeb`&K!ZfQ-g6irz@__$R#)kjYoptFm?MWY%#L8FkHfi0_=HG>O7DzU4+IZp=YG zD;B?M5UIAZ{0F`oRud#BO zYh*B9vlLDt&X4Oh6@wRhK@_4Vv41P%$-Fdo=-8#A`t_4&k`RBocGI#>?0HK^UY<}% zyc=vyhCOVr!b7iNKd{U2o+<=a?`z@<3QnRl4|pGxO$6*!eJYK7Otbd#9NE=cs~zTx z{X>(?Iva<{B}D_m8#!`B_VV3SR{#fxgsPKduC?`UMTP>!u*U+|tql!7$hmj?K8Iz) zye)A8n~An8QOA3BhB{0cyiYTAX2#OZv#Nwwc*76e`XyN<$ybEd~aICpa?Mhu4 z-v+j1m$#==mXJt)aGqIqKG~P9eJ+k{4|FXl367&SKe5Ep}-z{}cI~1)Ge=(T=~U5H=+ztrsX= z`YCmAe)HPSDM{e3i;!cI+6LYR39|0cs(T#A9!2&-%66tN7!71VbGw&mPmSTC$b$@$ z*w0;O;rs#TqjP#uqmv}2YnUm|=8ps2yt{SlV z_M$GRnLYFW*ei?H&s?i70Z28|&|bI{`iw((tU-9y%Rr?#X1Fk-?ZNobnv#mi)10;5 z+>T;-zc&88hg=#kY^Hnm{xcl%Y}yEWgwfq%AvuCcmlb)a+L3MKjR>A(x8oQx%K&zG zheGQ+_tz+gZuyspM_YUCUU26DIx{+QayA#AmP9LsxC$2Zj*p_g-~GSR!G_-LyXumE zgzBaR;S%LGsI2(65tK)1?~EkAuRm8p3tqiXBL6k|kyn<_lJgOD3Qiyf^Q{Hym@-CA zd7wjdM~Gd}0KpE3GF3^oc(FTEEMvde;`ZwS?Ka~E=%1vUcZHqzI}z`YNo`k+#jL$8 z^%sP{QHAT`ty&6dxv+iX^4VS|SRQ98HRo{96Z-a9qjn zV9aG%l|AGSSwwFii>P0``sOL&pz*7OWbL*lH(rCM9JYc&@EodJ{)8Gm z-og(NC@Y5_biaFbnf&=-+2S`!jO+nrs4a|7K&j}-y_AxNWg(_6YI>r%cu!JZrWGJA zH)A zsgWwZD=*XdszZ^&hOe7qG~oNzF;}Rvu|N^_O)RNDn&&D$>!&xGx5qTtC4*L9L zvDs`A*Bkys=Vk4{2=(pCcj10gd~h0{vT>H@4N<;Fq75#*%TDVT%r=ZGCZFp;K37Wq z1)XSxDTG%1c2t+D6XobVM6+%6tKO?JKIIG+yr}labvhXB&I`6#%Ua=uI`Cs1xCOTz zMHp8iR4O0hJ5UjOsz%z-^YuG|wi|PlLkTw_eYKjT+CG-pQ8Y%&n{>OG&Cu_umWN#2 zrN`GkeHvz~$^;SvKWq<8cA=6KBHuGfN~rTBb$3~>hBj=t|;yU7E+#2 z5*PL#*hdQbe_$W5-~Wz%=-gI>d5iR#WGXM0BVZN}7G9iwJW*L-zk{c!QWAjvtTawh z=gl?Bs)4B0xzAO8l5=7nEklBsej^zSHRvnd5~umCl8i7<-7lbDNqZ0<2j~3&E^P!XcniwL=lk#@Y3Kxzq={??-*DG;; z8rD-ues0vx72`Ok$rNHLCL@j^h>otY9!)it`1Rb*7baN)sF1RUI)70iX|EMjcBZ{a z^gJ}Qe^vXVzuEwOfeOM~mm*fop&~ezyQLK9j*S%lBYi&VjjWG&=blHIkHjnC$CG5R zQeOKztN*6-txQu{$#r*=zm&W#+--bDR7~-nxu_Qrob533J*CTe<7aOb+R`jbpiTon z&4#VPf(7d?<@3+TcB>nlH{6v^>^NKmZ?Z208jq|n?5EO5K*KU3wi1}7*PH@B(hWb1eA4)CpOq}v0`z}x)#Yxmo=)!2|g?S zn2+$gy)D*FS!T;!h-}HlowDX~ZJf%(jivJDxqF6L9aSY>&cs(h7(<`O&8g1Q{rEzF z>)9uoh8YgGwBXl_JhMod`ew zjo0k(luXaLZZg2W@OZ!1qsQeE>&`DMcY z8zIpvh)eJGOUNd=+z!{x;k3NXz#2nFsFJH(*tFnRrZezn;L#S{UqhS@jPz&^ihDLTx?G4;K&~X}S=oRjfKz zo5yrEnk#V|4NeIz>%ls}|0>YEa4%S^9fZE_CCl$5uKpKupg{l-lJpFtO+pln@P&~t zrkn=0h$2Y7h|Kr@4+GNr0`@31mjQFH0T3tuftLK^yO3UGKsO})xqXBCk01T_-&uWy z)+j>- zKh*lCg83E~x4Q9)?4bu=4(G+Z5`u@-vu#BNh^2FGlk5)d8Hn!v_1K=;zq)-U9}e$A z(T2tG8}=`lmWARI~vHa=+4P_}K%d`z;Dxea~uhv)|434hNpq9snQ7_dpTxAs`vI4#9$d zJzB;Ai~rO}(Cx}B3ChfbAXZ}bl<@cpC?(hec5LbTk3^&{QNTw<%kQfy(8cF~XdIpb zV8Q`lMNFTKd>mHeEdM54VcdnqdO`an7a+cTWngFhN^HFM#xjS=&b_AETD8; z;sc9jd#pd8zRs55Gw)@T1{zO0%8YB^z;o4ZK7}C;;IQK|2-jM00HmPnnG` zSN<7rkk;EC6u9U`(jS1rzevD&(*pOyesBaji}O!YAI!n+*wYU9TG-zIGALhuGV|hs z1jmH4ToiKj?pXj>t8jaTydex+p;~Zk;>8{I8+ziYkq!*^;#)x{m@{S*&wY8W#4b1J z_JP2;J@dy&VY|16DdWlz=;fi2J_sR%{CK0c4xIzijjf6%P-X`B=c5T4%N^y9Rm>YJ{*L4}ccNz*&@ zl@kRxgmM?$H-}Ghf0==rBY3|pszO9&9N)6F2eXnm4~1VQf_7`(m*Xc|@J^4L)2YN7 zibMglE~C%OWI7ZHjX$1lccCB&;SW-N#&BUBitP)4mYns1f{}4?CunJxjzLr2=lva| z1EKT)a7%m*U*a`;dtp#3md>z*s~m!xSc{Z}tNG8({&0?MG;>N6V_g*W zdYbKR&4s7i<+VrczKZFMCo|nt?$oF&scihsMZ)nMm?=_LU7sGkrMqG43*|i0P(pz- zE2w()hyF)}g91^e_080F9#o)MHqO?L^JM|xNI4Un_%3q~k~H%nWqo5AS=0dsZ6>ME zsC=l?GIOdKaS)(I9v~3DBz8-4X91b6^~R+34E;vl?Y_4`X`$i4o838=mYcKj?RKsP zvvax|xkZxP3&m@|n#_3FF`h)Vt8}BFlxfj}`i3u>3+o+(GIP3>(Bb7#WjY$mgHZBL z01r)El?Q_3#G#A|XH?NJV!)QUl`Dt8J46K+kS?i_E-4$H*U!39fh_E`KKED;`Lu6e zMO|(*Ayij4cn6Wo0}sFnd-Ko$h- z_>Pv=)F}JLTPPKm=~NGA&B&YCLxtTu~S*PoW1) zY8888`Y?LCfURB_RoH)7z5e^xej+NTr2b8+2VaS_#0?mXC=hvBH?$|JE#34ms3Hui zyk@22-38vq{LSDJ(mDSLF$!5oBekip`AlwSyuzZV1o7+J?rWC@|6=%rQBc*(eg7;c zK&C~bkelv`Xhyd9feDfQSshXlZr2DxRCJM7Jm$V17%LSg(GQrj$aTg)#rEA6j2C{+ z#;WeFTCfub5Dz&ZL6oIJAs%HI@G^X9fCm+EsU`wiYJo|E5R(A!6pXckzrm>I(yMo} z5+^t`a@E=QZZs4l1bXfesv3=Jez)god_)E=1X;}WX(OMTgb;&{N*3`d%itIcn8Gn@ z`ZyZuioWs|@LhHWdMlmtA)jVJ%?c?8202P>K_)mAa1<5TaF|@P!Kn{Xgaw5P+%t?m z=e2`67RTH=c+-zZxUk|$g0@wUeCZrA>pmb0ieQ`R@&!&L1boBByx?302w!>))fTQM z8}c2$2)SG2y@H2+1h`0y%AX;BvSOq0t~}kViJtLA-GJ#GcJ|p_adVrrJIjl zSALT`A!oW0Uq$)~!^VuoMok=CLyd)(f1%<+Pb6N;W*!3iDaPDcEar7=;4H{|$)60% zYlu=*r$w<%-GibFpH~G|okVx{Uw7-|VT@}n$N(aT@!nAxkM`z{CR3b^^{^yvprC4A z=nJ~G?y2Up4^e2Z-OYqLV=xy;FhUt^4toQF^Vh*3&e^A%(M=5 z(Sjkzx0Xp07pEJ<07HrrU!rC&gu}0ly#+X&>TnBG8n7N&aJC9FQ3#ejN5K+f^(Gc| zwmjPWLRbDfsj^tREzidN)*|4x=542m0Y8~u6SmsmwsE(Myd4f$6ErcLBjhd_<);yi zfjfw-(RY?Gdf1Kr0ul|1Sl@c^>HMkuj)#Np8|%tR*b1ArDqV{7Eo>fbRUN0m1O(m1 z;N6g0v8mr?V0CGU)p1yOYmt)C{uM*>NKDC-5rxbC4=u2EE8OS#Y|L=Oxnlr>y7Xg+ z4vueL0v_jvBCPY&)K8L>!cQIzOB#8L5XEbRdL5&1kc-xH5r(oatxtec#l3&1_K9m2 zwJ~u$hy6`TVtS&XDA>MpqyZ6u5l+RtG={rYjv*?Zdpfv8F8Q5IIKK zfma;Fc(3U(LS-M4*+8g)ALZTjp@TiICuOowV%lZun(O0`d-(9@UCY8>gDZX~X!a$o zqxdbN_+Wchkq+?bM0+3#ConQ4TNW?){f*JrsmU;zUL&&GzwKOtc{CCWru|O!>HPq* z99-gaG^yL$xs5(puvdV_FLZ0kDf|nMG-)&PkKX@R+6L0%uJh0{p;-9UeJeH4%5v1`{HqhTh=%Se1Zfr9@o9}qEDyC&xWJDbY#>v@4l=ACErM_Za z$?m+v9pt3+hh>kj@fjGs_n^-|og?fRi#Lmh(sPXEaU2)myrbPa>I!syMW4B55)}Ct-{auqB0q zJSH(q1kpJyf%mMp9I;{t92yv#*Aw;Y8JH{$z%3yIB)b9M0WTYR;bl^v!ej?^j$Fh> zN6-vG)>d=!DV<7+GU+q~5Q<%nfRyK3)udx7@EUTc#8!K@ibu-T(A`Df zt-AvkkL9jMzL53eo+RBF8dY@pN}pg=64l0;!S#_nOxRFbku3Mw+4KjRoyVSk&WZqY&D_HQf11oQFG+#sjSHX8b+ZUaCiZCa*f zo?uTc)@Ecb_~5B9W6W z-&%WGjFQO>0L%wcp&`Ai=Bo%yYHAbKtU2}J{F=C_4DhuYmv}dY^L+9zY*9gP-O6X` z5=sN=@M3RMpsb5`tqwy=T#Dqe>&?SJgV)5aNktnUqyAEk67&JlkgTMrDXFd~%h$9d zf$F|J`xNs;x<3~^6N=KZf=mqf|4=RPgkC;`xgqU z(Z82saeTa~C~M;k5t1aDtxC+G2qPL%yQZD5N$)alw)C1&A|X}HN~+Ii@eJ2_@)+!2 zKZT^pJc_pag=CtG(j;mZgWEw3kcw|SU-&}%=#anjnRuk2_tX8WGX}@+o=<=Q!oH2E zscQAj=t7EH%Cm@cdlkl%PNYajn3n>v<^5QLLCOaQes3v1Ay4@dk1e#fmhIz0Uo|Iu zkhG0_X`Sdoq}D6B+7ohrYiLS1p(UGyvZrC$HRB~zVRxUNDNWY~O6bsAh} z#`>xdKXo3d_Kj8z25ni)F4-u01jZ1@vA#)FEM5(BTw=a6RpG zDjkFAPcFnnT=bF($S!{^Tu$aP+t%++_VltX!mrGq?s#q}!!6R#JE&FZE#k)+C7xp8 z-p%fE*s9kd_BDwWXogX>L*MXu6w%{8cI^%H1gDi4l9mL5to9*weVbX%H!)(mq2)NF zjL0Vf!+DCq=kz>A23&XNG+-MFjbCfN3xuXx^J8n;Snl>v+?De@y&QBl47&SALq{*d zpLvU6=tZH$K8@vmCED+B z*vdGAQE_y^Gf-88Kx^ArNzZu}R?JreE+T=_8kZdmP&`RK0KALflEW*ju;jp$ZY&_{sKcKYCU{ z=2iKmL0CkPkelZXeVVA*#ci4E1KBM0Wr0x~{`iJ_dI%5PD-ZX|4p9Vm(b@5!fKh&);QM6N>)TCj zHrjUDeZ=^*%vG-TZC}zdabFSc4NN1QN&3)M6LCqZyGyTz`nPDm)t=N^kQbkjXjb;a zHqg=Ql$E&d>oQVs>n>d@Do7GQpZJ%N1EDhJjrl3z61Ep?+jhdh$UyzI99C&(X;>Oy zX=-A+Z-U$8AKxqy1|gZJ?RGowV2Z*ECN-gvTJ=+UZSu5lSysm-*D}7v=SBCTZFORC ze({;U1S`8DIm}V|wFvpNZg4d}8PDB%-;sm4O@9zxvN0t;wYStW$`Bk(hW)auj}421 zK6p{DUUt$~nHqQKGZ<=5v8XY$kDu8p4YXrEu`R2%%G$)^BF#qazEPvsecid^&~#lO zX4mg|<0PMWa%Tn4Fnyr1gv=qMXDFQ)w$oum53xh{hyU%13sO1^e$m$3o^*~V~zw2mN)sqxP0zIbV}3!4oIjFF{ii$TpdNST83 zBLZEHWu;TQ*aV+kUwe7K2|1eNybQRuzcvP&cBjJ?wM-0kAc@puOpz8yhDLrWbS85$ zj=?0o`rJt;giD+b_)%f2CJb;XOvBqqHhH8GRUyJpRY5zg+d3pyfdL^NDqZvgCae1V zpd*~!kg1(#&HgvNFV5Vdu|IN0x!=^A>wOc~pL+!|UetG%TtU;KIEEuH-y7T3Hg~ai zOo@`Z%%Ay$%!dC^z76#=*O6_k_?Lnnb;t$G<6Q^8i+NNt1}CCqBFt^sO!)OiG zuuyt$ura+4+rE4{CIDsP;}ublKe@9GNeXZDp|Ngj{{pss+uFl@Q*re z-j|iFaz9OZmtvyEOG3dtY&B!(?_KwF$FV|so-fz%InCimCALtnm@fNjmpcDcb8nrc zJ82!H>wf?l%`=#w6zKvX@XC;cj2$vbt*b)u9R|chMNRLLNikRB6ZsZk4Cn8+6m!{P zny}Rdvr`c^27(3{hz&L$_TrY22>em5IJ#ytwU16AIXK-0Bcp7Y&Qmuh?+5K+=%%h8CTgO7n1z+tr808yG)DT%(k!v!!7%S? z@iBu0;lN-@YX;T4FDHbbt4{cx?#+m9fR;j+l9+mV7U&W+iCs8pqcQ*GQI79(WE;}d zHzl9G%Ix{2&>Q?yF9p8OD7kk%`ti4uX{(1Had_x72dbJrwxm+hLB>2fynm{g`m|w@ z7oWu=Znx1>Dvu%V+7g9iOpo5`4qSb0G!$cMY0sMQxmPB`Df~+(ubjW5Eq=s!b>~%z z!7W=2Dy!h=CRwX~0rUdbsf?C}iPy9xc-Df-b2zR6D#seLVk=qJwmnY%-EuNotP9`s zW(CTwrrQz&?^{~)sI3!*DiTjwO_muOKY_xvteoIEC1|9g_-jHK{h7ux7+A?P$V|Ag znKpX`*}#{9j-9V2h$(IsO=78Thz`(L8_p#F}|`jU%q3?TQ2>4B)y`w zu8DI}mk#Nl;j%dsmvS=Z5mR;Az^~!d2sV-kxxS;AM=UXC>@oH1eKwNnMKm_JBwFH| z1u0JzzY=wsD;-DExhJ>r#(0IV!MOF4FQ|2d+Ki>@EQL&T%xp}ymT;Vwai}B2qT2Np zac{%z7UOF)O-Re-Nw;6KWmMHaw!Cv2AyW zAR)DbQ6PLtyUN+r$>r2Y}qbrHsC)8*4%Y6)Bfbv2-5Sss<`nu@f4qoHf z(Ur;OEr1>QAmbr(G&1~vpPc!&Zpw3#D~y{|5M<}Z&D5TrBKhSvQCsoyxQo;c7jKG+ zPQcJxXpxK~S^beP#7D`2zCNos0PggCy=g$?p)EAv=cG_OXn46Tf-k ztU3^mY2gcK^b|4TMc#2K)S%YoMmj{shL#rFOB@>{D%$W)`ne90Ea{Wl#V4d5STimr z0QtB@^6snIquU(lfgCbJx3?^AN>kl6=elP~IXg^9(RIREuj2U#6IU+2o$>uqM*`b< zKATP-51~}{?}xU}p<14U7<6VL2{8t~sCD4Uvo;0ta?>3K@$%We_^q#>WW&|pH3Z!< zf^abxj5|ulGKQGaqHqE-^f`4t>z;uhB^2m38H@H|5jf$I!LAckg{?n@>2L}fQ&{!v zmfp=!UGpk0)iC0zoN_BuJx^y(;i?G^s0rz%H1X@!uDjA4$Q;$MeiLpmQe3wyNp2|7 zNG^6tj?R_+sHbGcxvs_M+TFDg>y7GaHnDF;o=1|}4*W6LZ7 zyIsM70i92n;L!x4MUpzy0;#B>#35e8^KbCpe9Jw3r!QT-4=BCq`)N8f6 zdxqEozrm%fdQplsI<59^_5UdTkk)f#e@9R3SYe%0I3W>M>D~r&O!`=W_nV|oj}Atf|~kf~075ooFpW*Q;DNIOaAi#STdwRM~0Zp&K2?lSDZ2qnx^9ABuR(n;sT z8aJP-jq=g$R5bWNHLk*{oM#C=xM@2%5Z&you(}ol57YXHi2f|4%Z{UoDdy$p#}7=% zH0R^w*a?$+Uii{OOJhPe){n3DpF)n1wxq!V9VJ0fJ{F>kJlrMPIb1JYAJ)?Z#>$?* zCJb7jhVK}M27jXQY6s4j5MG}kn{KoAomjik$#irt#@J(g=UKng^4-KusD=OrDCkw11Vt@W@9hZk42OC}cYYknbMVttHK+2h{{FCb&=b!o z)W2Fd@1js-2EC+WuXGziuNd5s+qu~rN?`c<(BUXejK8AN?BqpJV-9cwu#i$PrdtRpdYY zyKnrU>NkFZEHCsLRHyM#rCMGCUt<(F!2ks%trqCQ<&cm4*YW#%wm*QeV5yE@zF7w>z%a*~QfPV!Xl9lKhV!IPq6@P$ITvWTH zin47;o{yzA*OA7gHKYpbmqNs>3_*Vf@}e-HD{=6u&{HeVLQ@ zuqY!0biX!4paj^8KDpPkjB!tU)hz@r2?g3&gDXMt`8QuXTw}5vRW&7-^}6iKO57!G zWFWJpP6KQ6NKergO;#x1@XeZN3p@9i%^Tf}exSejpR4&{g;5}Cu=QDxzO(}eu{ zcaD*=vHe=Lj5+nQclMzG)M<+4yaYGl?+V1Hnf)4s1loMpiJNhspjXsY5qEE1y zt8PU8>iNelvGpvH6wAO%S^Us|mJfX>f1P%{l;89{x#@M_vOqZ+;xjmXYF^*7g}PdR z31>O3t8&gZND2A0X8X`@;nxpxz!8XkSk3H)bf1Bmw?x1qCS5UgY|-KLZo2O|%4~wU zKz46Y&FC!NB>np3B`Vkjw*^$gKUf}o5%w|=2emYe=3|r*;&>wA)V&+6>KE80D1LSv zMt5yxz4H?2`01~IvdWYMz^~?Nb56_pB+VYg-9xo1&@w%HeHiKCIJRl|=gO#YBR{tN z9Oxrj#a4!a&;phN;1;2$Ld#BViLYTR>%{6@I^KRtMGIghjou9Np}5+8rOq=AqXlLL z+cXeP+`b&k`$I=;crFH|CB8$8Vh%e0$sDW(4EO_(qhAP{d1V7!>u+Q3h4z7oxc}q~ zUM&}aTh8il(un_$uD6bgDt`NRhhb=t9=f}`kr=wWLt2mqDM3oQyQNDSL|VGL1O${0 z>2CCFe$V^7=Z$mzWa(Ot!`|Px@9Vxk^xBU;kx&vNaHWqt^`P&I+e;)sRDT>(+9H4ry12s)6 zIr9dBS?vAIvo-aSu7|K75iDZf~4j4GZ1 z5eZqm*u(x^FhK`pC(yi(15&!}Ue+2yOp&8HMs(YhfwyCKF!2`-;LWjv!xG?fDB`R+ ze-XVH9;gOzszz|~%&ysC1~k+~WIHrOHYL}~K@l}Vde2|562r!0V?r*r+ZTq(A3%BR z+nrFT{bK(o6kt75wuNpvJSlQYDzjwvvrWttP5MSg zGkq;E-R}(?y9R+Gh3X#uZl!P`0Pr#R1Kp;YvE}RQ7a_!>!y-N&p4G{J69vp4aXV?$ zlsLY>R}wp1@$>^!H3R?%)3q1ffaY)Bj6geYWP_>XyG z2Tp|SG;=D=z=mkxIRsZVBSbE)@G9oNfP!l3oEM;gehB~yN*tf(^8OYd<`Mui?B@wm zuQYPS@_eQ*egFD@e}Y;&irRQ2 z*>D_c{5T|!eGIc51V^I)DM|}90(hhsBfmL zz(O&%nRwBdeRHb_G?Ig`Wy)F8uz$9Q;UX}1k?0`Zk&4e8`PdaN3oFBBQFxJ3vE`t;D6PgW`s`c^Un?9X)m>+HGC zthNXUapH=)HVyeVw)F_?GqUGGKw`;Z#h?xYft! z=j$Dr6m9MrF#eqzUd;;=V)z$JkN`W_{?2Vd4Cm@QqY~-hld1O>JFZFoES-z#IQB5j zbgV?^i2iu8hXk-19AD}*JwbV%8Fz~`#*>U@Yg;x^*`|uSLE5tVZV7up?2qGE1CY7F zf;;N*H)DP*VnC;DpLtBK4Mp45lI$a}2QH2zKK8xeL5am&?Eg`=gR`tQTR+J}U1bN1 z^Mu5d#o`3{qi7#JmSN&?ap>!5Ut{)x5RroDppLSG<6TcX9L+#J1Jryqx$C{FO(^z} z3kH=cek4oui|N6PPwKU8+hzae@rw*->c0?xywr0Hbek**glN3nc6qqKz*zfD|3ugi z&&l2xAFeJ!dKxsp1Nld(PH?Bv*I+!J>!+R0=ac48R49Xwl181x$`sE_I=sQki*SPR zgz@L;6$Alo;j4b!0`@}FeC!#entnB>+&=)<9Dj3ga0{RUG1;Pv0P?Z2pxcQ#I4^9@ zdyka_#XcqPfz$oemk;D>1eUaDGVS_hf1d^PIi()gTKS9i*%hPlMG~RT1U>V>mbO?? z`gT#j&+JDS-5)8;*C{1?YGGVmd#69gPX9~(kT?s3Y~X>ZTafQ2qY|i(fb&6WGq!@0 zK9Cd@Y%6AXQF4wvdzq#@65k+7jfHxrE@jb1+&{p;biMth1q0GVcf_#K$EM3F+2|Mg z1BU}lp=7Z1rPeDel5IPJK++hWC}&Oy7@Ssq4Yq#HL?Sr+MwulT%RmL2Q)G<@5BcZg z?^mGy<25r2TkEiHKNc5h2ocK&{(SBCt3qQexFl03OHh-;i=3$scuKKV0Z&4c{agwq z6k+a4Fg8zy^)oL=y~u?X7hZ&;rcB|qdR~A9V}wgS9Sc_*rA0da%%8G6@(3N;6GWNx zA^zA5>3&>G-_?`|A)2&`tdv0|>>lU3zgfF`#>P^-3qdU=I~?DhYkc202r&14YI57k zm3Tth2WU!Xd*-!-7RJT6yv+{=qgs)5%pHJqjV;D;(X)>zfilgfhZCDhcS=oEYiKGr zNQoKi@XJ|4`gc~Wu`q82;9qx?Oc9l2T>x7$?u^OVA#h10ClX zLm*`SnbJSx8z1@mY03Y%bR0XKxFbpx2;LN)qjP5Aw9|_Bcgi(=k0b^B>q1-Pw67p^1>+D^nMwsOKe+UM1v%C z(fVp(cYNXb0yVPz=Tc0#-~gD6dvFPrRV{TV3Haj$TV#9aB-ggw@DSLbiX8sZ zJQqtb=flAl$<_7C^ufQ){j4ZB0@Zb&p&@$4PG1ipacnfuCP*rN`bq<9mMW!TeZJ;^ zh6ZT4^tAGVo~Dg)p;5B&m^cPXJ{W-kk6da}#z-R`RY;xG!n-l6#PQ>_ZvR19spt(( z9bREq+Ich&M!JR=$48O@PMF;t`U2PHgBEdr79YA~4a%}I=$t!i@ctJ9v$gZe99a-K zwuEm`3epE!l{c(B;+b-u9v}XCjmwe zi_Se?I>GtT{eY`NufUdCnTiIDiFE@}K|ec_o;W(gDbs>C`sgN^a~{+{mlD@`o&Qb05ra-qY5=bAc;Al@z$ z8SR#k!6V5J85VciTHACYoZeSkKGBG!sOyWtac7Azio7V(SKtY#v!_M#fgX5#{NA_X zbAyOXxeYsu(V;vI@p1t&vsfr3yW~+y7)4TH`hAy^OK|e58S@XOtDn9e%?Wn3OVIg# z2j+mT2;k=GG+5YKtV8%?LN)$kqB!L)vFmT9;{CZ>`$C4!p#Y?A><8c%VSQg969fOOI~dzNvv5jCZc37Y%}{a%wl& zo2gB3OJbwNi)Q{ntwC3v3k5~{xPPmw7yk%T!VS2CnHy#4ZF)f>dy2Ajny_qw=(%L) zb;co{cK(rQP+IQ~`KyiCPw*Yc?DQTX?U*0!OHy?!#)wNl{!LpShD)bE>t;@npI%;B`G>9lqHmuoTyh*sR)JI@D6DpLuaDsa^3IsmberofaPkYwpk&MKKX zw6XKkjaavJ^b)XR+;IBjrc$;xml=`ZwnW5>f)7akdw zmLBQ%Uc>r71QX_AiINo1@$5e0*LsK2J-RAl)!hdUF=gS>61qa03rBJ!ViJH*6Us^@ zz_obN!enKueos=IMD=}*bIP@nE|HD1z=m6?S$&92;al_)*eJSMTN;7ZDqAP$rJS8NV+^i+kh84*-aFif&TpG!hgW+J+ ztY~d9ahrN9N$^YSm9i1?xlx~{s5?|2kFyO*qv%PXQEe~248D}5wCA;qNd}S{W4Wyw zV(k--3$LNjyaI~bOW{FyxK*i%i*j4lZZ^;%Ub&NMH~L3_5!F#)zT`A?9_1FGIuj^V z&G={>QW~q@F{a7`C#k8Cu=aE*2H>L`fD_%hV=3?EoCUixxz8+{~%zJqU5#S!c(W-#Q4}p0-RyK+d zA5yS|EalLH;QNsxocx1rLbba`I2@!hgXC+A`OF02AZ!L`8A@bIP^v*FW1i`&zLquK zo1L`ovHyBKa6z5$a>RxY7P9~iH+2f{nXAyPgoOiHnYt!{E==7MLz^-B_b)s22SsIq zT~;V=lTq#t(JhUkm9dvYdS2Vj=E}uK8s(ruUyWU>-K1RJ(B}AE|CNDjY;fK9b{mTEoT$H;C`3J_p>#vU zMszS~BAA2VyZGf{DRXYh&P_~Ez1?u@&sCg7Nl%@Y(=tYjnRF+c+#@}US7619GEW+h< zJzl1d({qUBos@vx%UA}xSR}?=iaxFRh(%D|;phw!O30W+i!JH9ht7i&o~XkXb}Y=^ z5T?eUw*wxizY#W2)B5zq_~82<5un&8{n|~&8 zpwTxFmR+c=NGbkz@ptuJ8O^4dz`ADQKiY-g1#Ac*AmUiSKJeyH!hTGei#d3NDT#QF z98uC!L?Zvw`q22z2RoK!@y1=5fYorg`I?@X`bXqm210`6ECxUR8ABYl)e+#C{u><_ z%W*}g?1H3_QA%(kOSCa!%I=}_!jUL^t%*nDFNuXl{1{j}%-Z15^;U9b_gu>mn|c8| z#gJ3~mGK27UMc_$Ys>l;JLd~>QLpn|axVlzIoE1j8@+6McIWIp#YSG%up_pI8Eirj zIAe*L)hwvz<^vS1IN7KKN|TY7mUw)jl@cCQHB9j9zyiAwxZeDn%8k$H;%N7i^sz!uWbur62H}l9omr@55*>Apk~0;HjFZVX#8+71T>Sy#HS=ULRnDey)YuAe}VDy>rR)HQZo%yf|Z%T(3VQ+qKHz0)0TB)Nr7ICK4%K8;Giz| z%hp@+F8_ZvuS#nzcivjnJL&J?4L~=^HalB^bYlI)w5{T))7L24AY6sY=U)K1!?v#d zY(^r&GIS1v2TwNS`9J(I2NsPgtNw;@|5+|DC+RvSPp@ve>L)2sX}o_h(0Wh@GXjG* z)s6zvwq`4=dlL>SQZOpoE*Z!t%h|O;(SF&UhoUH;VAP!WP8n;zP79eGp6UEQ&i>=Y z+4n$k!Uhbsldz92%o7vX-5pPlfkSqVyiDLujJbVDz19cvmOWNr!KNhjB|_5EiyfKl zTPT;@T;MuEU{-90m*Zc>AZrqx%!IwT)EX%1${&ED!P}od4DDuQ2pq8?Km@hD5rp%8 ziLvDYYxuLX?=o`7{@xY7Cr1B={=X5Kvg1WS#0b6^|I+MKhI@2`3?>Y5)miJ1>OsgU z;HcMv%ZV|b6RJcN{2bR?-MUXCtYBHGcP7DUU8AI%>x^u_^4_8U9s55rL;pD26IZfJ zvqmQ7f3M{-f~P51$~p$<*08}7FQX?c`r&*;BAJ#AQO~qef!@}D6kVO@9E0YGI>O5z z&GR>=^#ix`+6pqof2n}e8fe=yob(`&M1F!fWOz`F-iS_2#89`W^IQ~?i z;eRHuma}W}v>SOf8b>rB^cvu4S(GpWx;S|}+(E{1OFXm~#+5$nYaqHH%FY*WLjR^y zS_DcbCW(jQlBP!6uc1u$RkR@?(ju31V4OdyNpQ56rhV}BK$$R0wm3FR8sn$84i6>~ zZ<-c90%N(`mCVmvsR9*3)ue)IRiBiw|bvwqsBDxB$fYobgd)D zfZ+_vWq>*JkM=;H99gI+BkS$6UI@MhG(scftK;=3f3JoyWnl}kY-DWlb66)0u{W8K zv`9)S_F^X^EQ4{u+~C({Hu;;2q;zTXu=g<*{!QY$-q@XTgW)e_+RC5-$ASgn?TKJ&D-JRt#8EvPVy;ZbXo=LYm?;A zsC-{xm{28=g3Zx9_lD#YVF=3|H-U$)?Q|@Sc8jfD~&F$AEZKt44rGQdD%F?R67dY7`aG(wE0#3_CBUxjzk)L zBROTd7zVpFusY2BbI4>wDo&Vs{At|DJ_ft0uU;1Rk451KRF>%DFKnKau2Hz7t#$UF zMgYTB+IXQhN@QC%pIlMIyp82qf8dF8;%z8|)FztTFuPibnN|0#Ql_~)47DO#8@)Dtr8H)^#m`AiIxpXO3t%9ib{t$=>H2Uwd*xX;s9@7s10<0bT8JVz%%49P0~;8{*nKFqDFYUpy+o4Q6(=YBo7$x{NDH{ zEfY~J&kARSU6qXhqqsoP2*TQz3-*P#2@yH`hc~(OrtLP zzzWp=MCdLBext#!mO*&F$14aiYtYiV==n8b&khT;U4)*u?LRQijb?;Y@RzvaRb23W z=byae{fIcV_wwFClR00{t>>vFz|gb>QCXjJw}L=uZmT~J7`sT+v+~G}v*r`iGVS(| zHI_!3X`y~WUBVR)uYMk6iyFKXZ~cvwGw;DPiPntH+P z(;i2RQ>4CV%g*t4-Qr2nA)wgfM64$|%<0NHn1_eV7q97L?KKGh$7DB%2FIInr;C}5 zh1zE3vQ+-~{J(Y;|I^n6K^`m$U@{rC<`*1)hlx|7kdJ++nK_N7&DoRVCv$h{0?Fvr z9Lk~$-sEz&Zi#Jvt+vVDocdw&L4Nz~_`nj8^rmJA5FyU*0BFSDmA<_;@0CsO~IEZ>nojm|<*_Gpb` zA)X{s-vXccgl4hP&-^XQ`&MK|GvMFI9L^an3fjeHdZEha_@mcnp9Xom`{FY@GuTY7U!M*ufXJ&>7&WROJDdLy7w0FOK|#niMX@C z4r|%%4LY%%`{lY;fqNfHluv&A5~fgHjoOzUQu8~}gz;J-g9LF9K7dYN9tV#O#r?uB z&~Ic)3?-VL=>rUWCtJ{iPO2`}m8Rw&jH0fMf>z}m=m!_K^|UK29Z-&RCj3Ab6u*Pr z+x~5i`wvB+VM=N~6-wf?DR7UQgp9#RV@wIej#%nG+G`$*~dK6VJCq_GE-^xsle zT^LQ~AuUF&M*&*?V@>TST5)xFDLkkGcs=@IdoDX_Jvy+t*QmQ1l(KUV?qn=bOA4H- zw11z&$mm#El(N_RQFa|-1b1O?8yX++J`*=K<% zVQUYn`9E?Fvwx%#C6dy=N#{z3gmY7$0TaMxw+S51x$z?@H`IQv;E%bD7Df?H>ofRR zv(vRe+jF(Bld>C2JzXZ+bt7qU;Cp#xMBNb>KZGIW(>hXO*054YrhkYF^87P3Rg3GU zK`+CB<%|b_sV>t&7?7Lg-vDJ2+&y(Iu>^wOXqDl4LP6_lpHcTx%TUZ(KZP4pwjtaP zuZ6+#XTyvV1q3;NlOhL=j(h*5QqNp+M-3Y7zmxleRo=K|j;y_WUYQ{RVU}@<`F)C2 z9`l>$9D0pgj*cNEL!wO+fA)z5@q|*fB|ot9_f!d@GX8YnScos?`3ToF2XzY|W?W7y zt&8=+4z+DuLshdsK?;1U5Md$F(y%;?cQI~kHtHl0_-9kBNZojsJw;Fd9Db3+pvkazkXR zhUt;RzH51oyw8`cktCSdR6{+JE(}Q?N`sdht%{5`K3NwVDO##r>6{Nnw7=n2+gvV# zUH)tu)O0=^2>tVU6<5O^q*w3#^y>e8m;d)y+wv9gRSlfBY=n^*66%B?gs6)F!s=t3 znEUz8MRB0|I%zEbAq`3F0Rx{=;XzX>2HZOz;`Uv4T=EZeX z5~UtpA3PkNsgq0?jU*u-1I!28B39)!IG#F41B^Y0NqyAF3Of?`*PU^G=40lMHzMg* z`EUcwSBoSgsByJF%gS#CCtb+YPR*H^!T(m_fH8uhF|1Bi&w&^;ErA>|7jGlG%jDO) zhO0*&PzKRq`K5mOdB_2yRF4v>FGI%{D_AP18?U@YMdzsRc_cXJ@iFAaVFsU+a+5EJo~}1E6*`vhBn-Q&H##tk9feLV5xEMl#y;FgU3KcfUkXbN>Ai@0XC>B~Omxn< zrQ&X9Qa1unT9PGNswsKlI1mWP;pPm5%`>QsbFo-cBYkl%2sN+rl(B7<^Qi#S^KYddhJxBiPYMv~jG[=idl09;v_R z-Ns+2PvRfd)&I|J`M)3MWj8ZMFg`0HDP}*(Spnw9VUT8hPPc^&Rp@gPnMsBQor8?Jkg4klUtw1UE}E(5zO-hVA5I|e{9w&~cKf~`uL_yMA7_Yq3?qANg)woN$$ZWW=q zf5hi-$p4T3ulPoMdtwHNFly>&xE$Zd<7QvCDVku+yCcKZQa|+&ib}nL8lKhID9Cgb zOwMSwqO#_l+_DeAG7x;VZjnDnuVY3<{r_9Gj9$GrD{o{|_J`0ruLD@4~P<4nf{{Vpk58+>y;%{#^axMN|lgQRxbcf zL_gvN0^BF~^gQP^d2C>G#vQ>+sNv7)JqWv2kMGLqA#cfArApumG+lPnHr{9 z@4OSC5V+?5eE3En2Q&2dC@>ZF2|fQ8Al@0Sl8b^B0?CF;2jPn{fks0-u0e6u75CxS z7`k*P@Zoz(!@W`J34anS-A{FcS9h;plM)WL1pQ#N+|QrCdPZFO zZ0oJl2-K$Ecld5^e7B0RaXPtvrj|x3&TUQM11aL<^;MqmRoIOOw2U=~nVD$H_{HzE zX7HiTJg+VSoE4?ypQ#PQe# z6za^Z8He)tzbil?3ca6b3t&l{y|X)7Ss`6XA))3Tw)v`g0NQtXnDPTr$d!U2sF2V1T(uKDg_$&*j!%sdN?C-LhdA=I24VWIeNS57&UQO3HgYNTO8+Tu_oj|6 zrp+O>Z>D~t4Z5UfTTkk>VL(Z{sB%MUcxe3jwW9+Q2S#TQMr#1wxxbqU!8BAhBr?dL zZ8f4Z|Ed3svrX%WlLV0_^SC&XPe|tdv-2@b+%Umw+ujYf!dJjQvMdlE=y?47G}|?V z$Cf9d@tmuZIe2l}aI|?uV0{aIN-21y=HXkp0*)xXw}Pqp`O;+~WfRM(Ha#Pr&!$Lv z_uKWAcUpEIlRS(xQAEE@cFiYvy4sdP=IYwDqaxFUfE@; zvwF7XRN7r>3&Ckip@+d=;0^kGe|jc z&NbFxo8VGK%i^^$>tPqZZGj#B$IJT3WSnZ}PIGIssttdD)77##vKmh)X^efXa*N(5 z11_OOuu9_d!ilq720&=XU)-r{n7;T-7GVQf3SY`5mKH1Fa1QqDDVSz`t;sU&H7S?H z9Ic42y22Vi(mM_&HF>BJIO{8+**D$Xv_x#r>*gmBYS*s zfg6IE=yI4ey8+SM!WUnMPntIz`;eeT$QDuA6E(7oz=>rlv+0#$A5J+X9t_k^aoVp; zABx^QFb7ablb9hnorKBXvKhR{h>(W$=#=+Ijgz~Z>0@mse(a9;5%iwa-%whSrWof3 zuQw>qc4pP-WJ$O8Z_ak{gs={r2m4dKmz^FF9Pnbk9ri0=V`*}`_GD*kzNUgOrykj* z2s#9fat>lZu>4pU#Ssf6e>)RQ>aa;;ZBju50d>0DhWBR)1Z!0A`xLNh$C}%5BgR#} z<>Px~?K?yheN6^+^RJDcHs?Z z=Ddn!n|aiKe?D>utQTCGQ{%rf%BQZx(_$U9V5-mEB=dqJUrVTxY0F}X9ty$vdRKGq z3usu>92XM7KB|n|(bq=+Nd1QZBQ@0oqf$OYF$ndNsTc1~kM;(He4?()OEoAoXlih^ z`;$m5GY^|yuR8BCM(T+R7s9ME)M@GS|z{P4#9Qh7O!&hg-6ZFXdg ziv>{s4b_zUERmkYnv#r_nKzs3Ut=ic1A?@6TJwn|%J@MK`eY8AIz}RX6dDG=DC9TD zKram)^a!Dkiyg>sy#4L##rhtx8fhX~+=$g4k&d9e#ly6od_&6v#RZ$N?OTG8t40_C zpW!!d^HfB&`$`<;BCah%WbM%$dw((DS0Fuv0SVK`zcBt8_;ue-=~Ks=KC+t{E4wc? z)MmR9rySW}t%{+(f_ZL)A0@IFP zFh||P&VybjFVkKTySg3E4WD_!lsJ{TU2pY)sAHZ&c73tquODnVS@Ztj)Plg-cXcQ) zMhZmhHe!vyl|I&m`JB{06lBqg+0;gv0e}wZ<<0?E(lLMF+7&s7HOm65Dn2 zA}O}jBkKOrbKApUNK&?Zj)RF0p_XYHM->xj~CSI}^GkG5es&0I%zb$aD zQmJ;^p%Od3LbqH6iR=J2xA@R;NPv9r^ulNI?PvDQtE;vG-o0<>00SANoShV-K5uOZ zV8g5^4!m~BW9f1SIbwm8gLiAu9L7ilD5S(gB9#Zof{N?OaHt$`%5u=N_--h?UWs1$ zP#o;*x-=|kxfL}1!DX?6v(-j&u^O!b!sQURDcX&IlH?}Zcag!-V?xiug~kkG-^hoY z_RPa$!sR6XlyKW>c1nRKNkBGDG(P^|KenCB;)qx(jXjj`9@$tN`7e?+KR-XwW7b8* zV#jP_oa@x$d$C|O$Dt&CkN5|7p!!fQUO@C)42djF);#RiN^k<{JvNpMKR>Id0V|F6 zADOeWK=@ajfpYxltf>IM4# z+81!v_G^j2zONik^AY~^U$;jeK!0hETEp3D$MGU*dV(YeV=el8y0G)*c^qdZS_XxJ zQ%iYuPQ7$|{gU+%KqJ26HrNHpQvy03F)-q-geshNNZ~-!xiX9 z!w+&MG@XxS$e8Q+J+DC-6mQ@0+{E(al{TFI_bZ|G^HlN#ADk-L0=0f{3se!#a&5H4 zN<w6R;JB|U-FT_G!}5&zKubqKckiVUUPKLnXdXA8D`g? z)@z>Ia|=!1WHu5hEib&zd?r==B{Nl&305?6aDO5PZ)V!}LBcbEM!7HeLMc+jrwq;0|k=Iz} z3XzlComzOsR(PQV>IJjv6~9cy=yHJERpSc48K3zb5lxXK>h=)6!Ueo#a6}ys{~ST4 z8u)!<(RA4pKRTEqx+`ZM@{mwYV-ULS`W) z!+(U(u+jW2+4>$319XURsEN8z0yk^;@jH;my41daDHXcU=f|N#$m~~Z4A1ffwIi|I z&=@J^E1L>J7^)@79sWR*FP^xgw0${FUZ>x4P6>>MxfiXz| zcvoQ|MHk6F!@mc4dDW7cOS{8lJarQH4kq1ED$T1ginmBJ(9jTEf9P@P%5^Fo5HB1S zbz8f(w0HkN)`J#&8&ohGuk~Ep{69{Gx6a3B?vSvk&f@$(8z7wLi?yppE8df+w4c?Q zw%E&ZGPU)C1%JwE{F11uu#B~$5#^($3g2h?qG*~k%u&aRxqP||@8`qkVwTul;jrmtV73zY^jH^ozF5(%(WhKY6>*3v$&*y^k?A_L(VqwcG z+c=E<`9YkG+2&MVNU~-3syDEkSMO7+!J7Bump9nRRem}YN4Q^WtukF zZE|$M&Zo3D{*QMTTJsdG**G5EFe^HQ(xk)6$ui|;k6OrOVK_7(rrtbk{s61T9x#?3|-FJ{X^KJ~|vH zd#lwG)HGE*p+DPn@@3z7#W!S3%_vUh?|L_gw0i3N?<2CiE`*O&;&#Qk>j@JMqnChxGl||yn`XjwNXX{SEK=f* zScEC1j%|J)m%ew1%qxejttBp7L%cUOCKe$?f!i!qM_M>qlAmiptgfH{bA1s#d6lk6 zpCQ_-+Y-B!Qk#fhfyV(X917+mZ>Nm?dqd4XB$^E1yG43UE&O28jNz7z2_#yB#8=9J zn|8={B|c4a^n&7Z=l;G%Lc(b{PD-q5u*4qq)}&%|3V zr?2v2p@fZIlwgRAs4=dst&H0Q+Kot#md_Q;WNht|m$Btqb|iQH`DRP~`MRyXwo}?T z)8WS-Do4HcSFE+^)7ky2Q3jtINgAJR~G*q}nFV*@$Au{T8S!7|0S! zZXxgl4Z{7%epmNXp9`UDoszq{NY!~%uT`Gy5La-k$(&sBt4><@I!{_%& z277^t!D|Bgl-7lq`i?1FNTc^3KEum~+jPl0#6)yx(1z%&VxoQKz7Iou;|6-b;#EN` z$Q0iQ!EFE(BFybTY^1$2TrOIR(7F&_b=Ety{!qJ}Zs0f#eeNK@>K&lwVwXTx_2D?+ z|5bG6Kc~vNy_CYlTWPSym1beSBWU7~R=*0&B1w>_J9~4u|BEYa?KV0gUvR40^V|B7 zcpkvuSIeqgU(>e?%tOfCY;;74es(p_LCFpJv-3nOU`k2Y1Dn7XRC$c|z=N6t*8t}^ zYLk1=29mxHwa0rM;ZT&SqV5_g$-dPQVhD>mYZ%;m|7gZ_>K48ZU+nEGy7++j9noB| zlQp|c4u4a=oBMBqs+dU2V#)lL3M*}8;qbq_KIi=Sc>9r>PLQ*Sv^#5SzbJlEqUSBP z$zS)yRKSrm5l9_A!N^bK^k9NdHADbzp)|LH*{aFwBjUb81!I)A$OEQZw4)rXE@YzB z*z$?kI_@6yObi5KzYu2YXrc#~=D_Q$z{Q1MB(dbtrJEGVu*`j=sk$d)p||kE;1~>h zt;=<{XO$^zvx1)6wvk5zwlpr(dmE^(3`hth-<7w(?@uaG(&3HNMd!a}@D zyjA_k64Lp1DckAF;W?8Qlhn6OWn93<(T;hD3b~gKv{xek(5kw$+$eUCX-lSZ%6H^f zW#D2$y$N*}g6wmQ5(gGxhf(4k%cyi}8Iup{tS?4;`B#hH_l2z@*iU3A+&ZR&4m-Dgj0F4Y*+`zt zfKESs5LVywFq;->bBH@N0yZBqmArWGam0ivKDKP;O}%=t+Ha&OC5pO0*W+(xkJxA! z&Ut02@xajJC%fWl#d``}dKs8{@L*1a($3zf5EbJLvy_T4OOyxZ1<4^zh>mqHvAMg9 znVE(Oo{LW>_dn6sall6fiZ^~DA#2yeT06J6k}SQj@>hFr=YOAG%yoaqIOK<6QMU4f!w;p#=%~Q2Zi~}&oeI5w8(vC(YJ%Eu5_y(UD`?Ip746D zw^YXk)l2CuJGZj%*IM0Pt4xlaIwo@$B@OwgLp|$i+z^z+O+RSUQS+stu;^E%6LlRF z@}!Q%Y~3sShua)pzPnU@5_u<_*7(I&`;G*hs^Nn(6K6022W`E3dYQEP_S{zpDnJd9 z7+{lrhnB*w%~q^r;KpgZYCXD5g@J;E{F1Wl*?()GVRh8}PpUGOKEq|`8Ce+$A^9y} zZ0#aRiEf*?y86Q;<%t-K4WwOW-EvEm>|Kl1nX|SZn=yr;2;R{r*!$Ld+9|cLZ@imE zbC?yVW_74sO#7Xp-!68j-RWT$A2om3wQ;n z^tT?6T&ygOP9E0Rqr5SDX{Q@|DuY~8W7q}kls^uuzQ%>3bC{B(u7#K*)qXjc zVjCf(X^k^0COH2H|4OmNhv8`gd)FdT)AQPLwNE(g&?$6(XYkLketac8YOE{uF3GMl zX!ln`@8i^?rYGE${Q%7lT;dz+RGp|1dXOz~A?Yn49)-2Fv|K2S-{xpJbF@jPIP!o( zVx2Nujk`X_`QLNpQAO&ZW)c~+c8k2yORpbGd&f+d%X805o~Gw+u16C=rc=cgR=@N$ zQ=1)s>3As10hNW)Plv8k^&8!h47s*<#7-p|i>~7eRJ>%?m%dmR1#ZQJw+fzfu4Bak zf!|>R!>^=o&9{Q+zcOm~xNQJ8#kzg*I5@B;vcxxKY1YA+qk;`^ElB)5RJN1IC03CL zKGYWMu)kDX|0Qs`v`q%3ml(qCaAC6EBUJiR6`8`;nPVAHvM}?-v#NrQWiH{l#q)Ed zHK~cQYeZ2;a`Xk`WMY5&K6HJ|fo*C3R`xcM_lo8cfB1Hh*b!p@sEs;5BDMUxC)Ao0!JTrYF~jxR z&3wB%G31CK$&@AtvV@`(aQALpEcM<4g8{brs{>D4S0tTWHSr{bY?t(FNbV5ukIfcL zZ=o80cG`_c^BOBvCVyYlMJH&kH7U0-wvV_gje9g&r|T{bD_4{vJmdp#R;`@)(o!)Y z4I}I&hU-abpY{<4{TOOkTy!oj$~Rl}s0)}<5*{ro{D!4SQ+H5jVO`C4GVgg*x#f`< zZw3z=@M`yd4InZS*>7h(S?#pEPIcpkbsV$YlA0L)AWTec$pOu`GeRUla~oX@w^bh^ z*3~$zGHYfQ{+XAFfh~bW>1;wF!u)=?G9gSMd!5$)6Ro5~ZcVIPQUbM|rYfpyP6&h9 zVxz69U;DBxt@$_FduF3HD5t^#m%{Sf_FDd5k^FY&pSS1oAZZzprnK#-*&pl%BTL`y z&>T0_b`KSnOXE7`+0bH&5e$et!j$651d&Kwb3h;!%+@aU1EkPCCOhBHLLKr8B7WlY8Eo z-6sNXQ=BwOxz{=jvmfZ$D63<^Ny@Xtde%x8U8-)*qmM9={doS$)ce;O<`&iHQw7SR zA_qZl=c`q8lM-0$uuUf4Eq0uG$gyR#kJ@2d+$KcpE`F1@9fS)VRq0@Gv@6^S;}?po z58j(-9&A4ca*I9rr1B>fU@f$0_+v``c81BTkg8v}AG;9Bvl|um@BUf|*;po2=~TTY zrF*Z^i#4*6KcSS={q0aB6<;T*?q{b?C#K_S+XJtBaBrWX2ojS>BKNYNVICdmv|N^? zK8FA&m-aVJXJ2JaTLsOVb7>O8Y|Cx_6xx`tT>2z?{XDr2Nhn?x9fUGToCDrIFA)b8 zmlyn8wPSo7;(5dIFSj4A+r`-1VzfNUdjZBCg{07uo%Ga{Z&Hd#Mq1hv;y4S-ep63< z`tS|CD_?5Tcu%DNt6Aj za9PJm!ur5nH*vYLCNWVSo~AI$^g^eB!5KYM*Qf!*u`y~UE$KIf$^dHoX0pc*=UF~6 z9^9uir%y06wv=M+L!mg;;^RK%v9^qJKkf1f9y^hjjRNlufH+Ny;&#`AP5Fxeb^Y9Q z%L;Xn@4X-*k_``%OLli}Pv6btc4u&G;Fm6VnIG2(DguV=ygzsLC3d*=``3kocLAZ@ z#m*Bc8wNX~?MRMGbHQtAc*2lru|O%Uk}rb|NO=Ad=O0>k&6uRft87cNY1K#1o`;?* zE7WWs>y=^f7`fwhMcHSfjUcXZ5($h?%kCgO4&Ek}v*6`LF@L(ccQje}R7zxL9|(=t zMf%>wyKEN0Z~}>%P@N=NP+Mfox^4<$2ae-yCC$XH8dMMT^yUt2_cy34XUb=Qp$%t= z(>P52cgL4EAiP&K1nbvxlKO(&d7LLa0k=j3AeTweIBTUuT4PR8%1*7-rHna-Px|&| zcJMdT+BndDX@ZdTtK(rMx!b(VZ}lSEbN};XvPb>TfS! z`3Jnm#afkhC-W~R#uT?KJU6sP95YyL7XDHUUY!Q2mLJy(DZp zxN0b6vPz@nCw}OeCAFq`68agXL?;LZ3E}@HY<>XDmLlI9YQF!VgvumHr8I!sFb9~^ ze!u)cD)4_1N#ne)LdK?)eJy5w|K9-Of0GWSpWy)p>_!d?PiV= z<~fd(@%{8)_~QTZ7hZnM@O%X{SpfS=m-UN}qfy}hA?&TgqWt>3Z91fD=te-gq)P;8 z0VRg+5|EM-q)X{eX%P_VZjcT^k?!v9e%AQg``*vK_kP~@Pdz~AxMr?v)>_~5bADLJ zz&j{|eS3G{GYnJtM461{D1+vcr)4)g zgz8PQNQH)@ucQAFT>&X7n6yfmgQ^mrRP#tZN{UbyTU3!3`+-OC7a~@tf^DKbCxyA# ze*JM7r+K?iR6G>)=jCv)!=IvNTy`>9z*>oVQc-_hfs2quib}!>Lk%oa=qIWieYrot zv?w(8o1*DwseRWnlNBdqNtR*+U?RC%!nLCeF`3e`mU2Ww3(rzua!&g8ETcqA$w ztpP8h5C@$_Glf6l6-M&LQ2pO@=f7Q^tYAbu{`z3<7z&DHCG6WxSqUEb4Nw8m-`6yh zHvyAj@ZDTbv}O!}j}Z_F+wsTWw5Ne>F;^)DmDq;RaNqD9YW_DEKXA(@(Xy>k+MjW^ zYq_xzceDb~g&~l3X(=g!sftF&IRLRS1=aw9(d#$BHM7OVD(zek6hZH1ch=MFe{!^3 zF7E=Ji^e%jzC8mXQWak%?zSjBZjq9LfwxDZ5nyW-V2e7utpfrow-uCs8(c&O=wS6f zeHk~i8<4o=3qEHfl9g_tC`z*fD`&(Dq{<1{40Q^W3Y}-T=y_kQRdd7wd)SNa+E)xp z)+%CWe{6@IPV8RY!4xx7INpZ=yP$4W|J>){!e@$n{xEnKW~M1GB0aj9_dFOnpK~+B z&@iy1bp~Evm-^A!4;OP&pIA$hn|IAQcQ!Zdy-(6$)3pJZ7|DEqtx^dkD)X$^(q)x2 zDQ>5vk>dt@=nQA{*~$$;uhE!6COfe==n${~-dwfwxXfDy&vp!hXc+!6l@rD>UEn#` zz5x6pl`zWLRD1@c70HGy2M1u>S~o@4Z8<2GFjr(Nm(KN!bjpVrm8M`ard`nJ8@cVQiP{viLRdYY6keFOpc)sZ+XwhxIcMpgBRa>58h*oQtz{GyqDyO z$}Y3pne*!@qM&Y))Y&Bl6t(!6!|He{_i7hfl5JaO{>*8(tK+}&6F)0d`2vI8qVXlb z?FYZn2E0BoeA(Aqfsyv_N7H`m&L1bDk8#fhRg=o$>oG)_Z<$ixOpc^F0}w9{)*P?N z>7pnZ8@TsJqZRUW3npgwPg;#LYR`zeRcSoN7Fhx}guG?u2iMU{Kfh^`L zEE~+;bl9;4dN#nS>xs4T)b=@kRvwe+68cs_ZlnU}mJ*1CAXBbYmnrjzC=G)v6UYC> z)dxL27Kx7XO0fQV``ai`9A(tvi67O1mL;aEtc|N`^h(dqj@_j4Y1{)RUpPNJX{C~w zcJ_5!`eu0d=Eh%4LFwIWwCYgC9&84FrH5` zTQ!HjRqM!?Ka*-{1fTlllki zzz3F+mu0OtEX~t$@ZmrabRg|Z7bTxo*mbuQb<1sLG9=d?IfI6uzN_YrN30CSL7GIQ zDSS_G;{x~SN2%=PW-L3dzY4Bj+m9!kztMH8zg7RNXdPp4{X1!Vo`X&OG(Nx|@pT`( zT{o{?{9Ymy#mZDPp_Y2O875~+PE1+hLLWf0YpQ?={6%gLe+*SfA^7g*#l76Fi-6Eh z0e{!E5(eSuV9wrHa3#IUC;{9)9KvXRo>~m7b&b?VZpLli!}3H?{HT-Qq{6C99E2h* z4pA_u__oPHPj>FSn}CF6c+)urTkKSIw8_bE-v{W<%%{y#kv~B^T{$^(BQ$D2YG3ze zWI5MS6jaIZqQ9xgjS?5ueN*@arVVPZ$ZcN5@juXcH+66+APn14(*}KX*~Bosl*-4_ z+WBey*m!~AU>scK@llqDi_a2lg;k*y3;6M_vvKzOr=u#v1xar8U=uy+-K|uczAQGr zKFP*kR#sGDwxhA}PG1BFH!5LTF){mLULEl8;IUg3KK>4nXvz)1J-t2$DmM`@v)mm&i`KfLWHM$63_d^mZuWEfle}cS`1bWRF zjb+b2X*JP#4%rxtwv)dsGgYi!TP zv;zV7^i~n%i&r;JeA49zZ4L%PsvJL|BBp&rYN9~ z#_<1S0tkXImHd_UICM~C(ZJ}7Kk^wU6R|#-h!oj}YVrNH5gb`hF%o+ZnAmsC8;eyf zXW#Aj8lI;$G(L)YC8hQU9|8dK&VxlsCe&c_Z2urX6iD2Bj^pRPz!&N(DcbRvjnts1 zStT}1fn!a4HTwA*dq2jvbUHAZu!#Jjny$|rvfXC!2WYN(3?$aIIRb?OBLVb{wR{t1 zLnw2PnKJ8nS}QC`0A)Z|9Nf-J?zS)f=x(8r`nF_XucIU+=+P`mdazwK&o9U49JpJg z!|uUiy7T3rJ*L%Vqe`y7hl8yr6?a^<$=<1aGldd^_gF)_ptpL6t;OJGdct*#mNq-# z<}gHJ*5$i=hq`XTVY7)fpf_2y8^0AFl;KDF@{Vbj65a&mQvkq6lcD&9T+(6IUwFhK zn~v7W-$x_xaj4S0uC~7V81HVCv2H;zI6OjU?WZ#)3UVPn=mgpv-6pfv>M13s&%EDW zx75}!&}NUZ!z*a16>FBg`O$An!j}MHanddG27Pq~`pO#sWMJ3vbTwyT;6gC~Xk}1* z;e*gNgazE*Ec^0p=}?hG`7~G0NPPYz&WJx(%sK_&NE})xpFJ5`YPa)NeT%_-+cFzJ zt14CBAKb`Y@KSN6*4aZvbH}hQDs3dCu{+D@4|=1Ljpc2UHkvY4v?ww!dV0Ko^R2k3 z#$JaMHAfFF92IRh>?6J=pVj67^NQ6#C_XK%QV;vceJPmBP+F&Z0S#OQ9~%PS!8`q^ zz+WqE0Msda4di1Nlb#4a{Q|SUi}c@wjFISQR!zAqn3gYlFNAJ%Ef+`5;N!mU6}V1A_vQB>3+ymN8C#z_w_9&rg7;Y{FGuiu*^sWaA#hB7+o@saUs71K!43 z4{e~Wp#E4+A z2YA{VKbZ{qX`~^^>QB57Yd@M@U7i_JKm1hoX77yMla`CFEGN$MIivAcrk?UnzkE}} zLa29t<2S4i-un`5pZ)uH7+R@%-eXsJFb4Wc0QQKdSPk6WHP;FcZeNt=KCq^(V}iBy zIx220H77P)L+A}MIXR>e2)&9<>6GrcC%WAOr)iWp;Evd<_d z+@L!oxfdsl>q8)lc2?p{8N?wv_7g}Dhu zhYXIEpYU=Dm$w0kC6=58gQ^wA#heu>mlA>|YVrAD3xmaV zb=U7F_rg%msX0r~639!;?W+kN^j5K{()T-$ga-V`_02~I`+PjOeP08_7rN=M@tAop zDk9%VffRsIFdQM5{k&QRe2Mn6D95a!$qQ)VPeT{US+oc3lcp8QgH1MEOEK7NoCcbJ zoB}_*+!BSq8fJKFvNoS>Hz!6ej6nQ6iw6ORHkC`9Lh?sgVrT>#jBY4UIJ{%Wzt2@#mJV11XaiVdtB~t_5YoZ+ zC*GEZu?>M7uy=5XIF*^&+~ilJJwsT~KWsyrQw|%O@v9%DWOjVXXgo{9NXu{Tm?yS2 zpqaiU!#ODM$QQ;m`?7$$ZImIQ>43k>e~@-%z8>zNH{31Per`o8Iq9t-(D0KnI)bay zITh2N8k)XHesFhqqi!c&k3zj!YjZBjv1x(E z^nTwu{~Obv1ZXECF>p zr4Rf*_~gDN;l%S=$qPr@=Wy;S6)T(Bxj=7^2malLsd4@An)6{Ew6(r1N=_ZEl;rh~ zSEsGB08>f0n%SW+An^F)65ATqeB4vrBM9D7qw+3s$+zD5n>0B@nknH=%w_Cn8mMi? zLho4`$dH2-V#tp~1V{S(KAIF*ahu}VG-+Zn%9oI>PfW4Ck4C~xL~XUaC`_th@5`IX zX+o3c@QYexXb)MNK$wpkwA8~ue10%YaE3^MOxHPrt$OvD;Z%N_@2Zdzwnfuvu88a# zrF<^4-X)(_!w?oN9gjTxt&er-U^h?M@2ZUWL*YkPKf}gA#EhZH%Xa*|9&{>eHB-Aq zZ9@65_{j6utw@;iaaI}1QkkMGIBHVqp+9q%JZLb9=onQK3q&uYPeMwcwv0)ut8V@- zVHWdVXfUM=R^XOkK1aB(bo0F-=#vd=GD)0XKXE~8WGy4$BUvm7Ofq$i~ zj7uE_^w@nz0ujURL+r!(#nQRJ%Y0HM63+BC-t0(kK~^9OK>qHRZdq8sD9z`B9JqsIR zopxt*=t^dC-&oC0-zdF)7XPGQ(MlDh@0vSZ#?gOd6?Uo~o%g>V%h?es4Q&%(=FT6W z6xa}n8O{Ing7SIS)rkG>iC1%Eu{9~8N0i6g;-_DHcQwqWOC#ulKkIDTl-@e#Os2XlUfY-~*_qmUEzBYI4>Ps222HU*k#6(kaZbxem zoSIR&OZJk|_)vyHa2aw=>c+_CdzjGuDfm8DhC>%ad68d}(8o4IOti-Yjurm!Rh=Q{ zvJk;%bC91XW0q(>?yml|*p{^tT$^!$gXM&$5@N;GB=8R~VNl}EAWXR8*NEvb^j-ZD z;<@BSxI=m>kgCVm1SPS`olwKlaVtKh3F_Ug<7Z(yB)7#W-kru>VPM>T6 zA84e5#l5Z>GfaHf9aL0N`2@?2nr>(4d{ewRgLL26YP-CKS%;HHLaLZIbgM|50rs3;0MF^4*M@b)yq4&B zQ#{7m%lk!VUzQap!Hk*U$@L&R$&TbY9ovuxipHOs{UYIfkv+%JIo~=T2O|o>HpaB} zX3=C3If@c4+qXq%uSZ#&Mt>bY%{+t&5N>1bQyprb#HD4eRN@%_?6>%gPJLqd@LV$B zFeoA+ua9ypzFds!2dWKx$He5;29n8N}7s5RvF*r&h?MDUsVYx2;GE^k13|okLRDZ z`>`aFuL{_qDx%Y}XDfOjg2al_PESP-*HPCG0DPam^(#u2&8JZ(=Q(WiLTY_?C zM?WGZ_vTLz`_oPM=kp;8MZRcsG)CRx{?-9 zv|~3q%i`Y^Z-qx$$#AF$P52c4P=lX00N?1H)p=NFPFyd!GMa=7eMoDeLradAxj=uE;%^5GLeJN!ye21tMPP$Hb2Z9xy8S2!3Qr*s10EM)T*!7VnXm871;L`Xe$n zg=7)Q_2E!@#Uc$5A{2b zN=V>ju+yN$javd3w>(!;aKsF3%Co0c69`3mvSUIpOe55UcUUNlkKcIzg}O!y2No-V z66%y{R=aG$tD59&9Jc}CJal)vxep_o}gl9iMS-)O$4B-pJx6Om=E}?IE-Cf}1@e|LXtX-0Zx8TZi?!&j= zq?u*K?H!LW>beMjAzerTN&~sDX!hNga(5&-;sI&NmM|Y|=7HewQv(Rxy!R}}xEs%v_=8$_vU)fgP@P^k51-B~IX zR&=KK9nji9iml2ℑk@kkJm{K{Wm)-SO;1`MC>%T_ec@8>YMCE_vYN{d1k#mt=WA z9XVcSM7=-C+4G#w-#57U+;0Om019t=n!95WrQaJbv5v^-URGXm-uvYp{G!mS<57B1 zjt1ugSL77q7-vZQ_L7d0;D*H{PBL`KdliGPhkYqs?wK@>B--yNXtIX&5OWV*^nZ{W zrE%g$@GH|cDu8sQpBGnQrFNS%Mje&QPB@mJ+peM|eyJ90DXJa#81I14zlbMWjGhPn zmZj0c*jUxpwB9ydg&LJn`0e2yuJ;7}31JU~H@%e%6m4uNi-x(KE-=(&?KqtPg7*!* z;NwoTImNQX>}APDj%eqYtkYQZTI2~%6~vT&m99U29*LpH!tJ%NPaEqO~( z1luI*zW@$J^8W%j7&Cbteby-HR^1a2I`kdOe-_hsBj|l}SaHFaFfo{aZpEmBELfAK zyX4*q)vEXJ^4OY~rYOv`|AVY+2cly0$CCnb3vhekJTB7dwIi&mF@`u;hku|EInLKP+VhO-NFqRBkU2ogZS)G9P#WCo-*4Tf2|1-b`4vqHYnvrMsBSeLc}fL-KXJ`3fkrJ=rEf-4p27cx2%!N-j~z zk7v1EF!IPs*`xcDt?G=>VPM-T2CNI2cYnzatB*8+)Gv+P%8uIJRWqx@%fiSGE?b<1 z!vIPIRd#X;$cpXnUk-j+zSP2+WG$p^r$j8KS#bUR!I8?TjmcTcE@AkAPto)U{e_6# z9U`r32-0{_i_fZ#@ltJAM;qipEiL}OxjIm6nBOtBlW+yk2xc+ zXUvh0vD=bmqzb|v>IOZ366-lULtNunr~bNd7~%L~w#_O<;7S}9fkySrF_Zq%wCqu`FBo;AR0iQRC95g)d?AYS z{|APovZ3$A{u>yA^%h@T693R7mWD=Uf>BUjE~W}955SPs7UO?`A?!M_UXJYg_xbW+ zX$*Unb6RnVIm$X-OjoC0!NDx6bwGw$(ZYWxLj-9kJqmTnwqaxlsrkRikUZMG|Ah=; zf7#4fpBJPX+r|XaJ33b%o(eHu`MHg)p;tY_XnF?{VV<#+)qaXPl8oDD;&Npp2`Y#_ zKYh?iW6Lmww+n@122_8eFg?k6Wl+m^Cm)v2pctLkWtroHFZWn^RYT)XzWnQis?EKI zml9vJ%Ym-T8Y#|qJeL2b{G=e|RrO}|#uAXEDcnq|MH1AfPKq&{ZZ|;ChlFUN7a8{4 zPY@mkguoeST6!n6op(bw4vtTrWMT~4E-|(^3IE`GEA{Ux#(H#UV~~o;7J`Cu#ivac z75_uz*x8HY<3B$xSd5i^`;X5*EMG7UaFYj^eK$FCj30T5{+yxod0J9uqt<iItCeB797w!cbKq z^dfCK4=W&|J)Bl_rH?VifeAiU<=hUX$gqQOW$kRjP(t;pkfpQfr@J_2ESwnk#f^Zz zi&@68{m4Nd@9O7OkN)>v_m}zxwQ^9KlV&z@0#oIfywEc5LoAyUvmHWh!^he!gq6yd zwS&Fig<1*jDERS4+u8 zA!>V|w2nB5mVBN2bW6sn;g?f(pX?oDSc$@0g^9mBcKgJC)TPcQzwSZ`lk+C@oDY6wj`5 zh(ACyl9?WR@zL|VuZ-@`+RN@K7C-2LdMwP4cKFhpr0q<^aIE6<(2l1pfltXMS&VcS ziSqlEBga5@g^6 zNwVdQce_}q$1FWk!pvZLm<(KrMN@0@IO1A`@=tAmjRc7NhG8SnJ;`F{S-ZMflyQ8o z02wzOwvelQ?bl0me1qJ@UJnKvbr!}Em~|J-uV%_iKTXsPtss1y5j;3#j#PGOLUqGX zv@7m?5i~7IQ0!lpYNSN{IiI_eE(ac2L1^?ZrYoh$_mRXAFbd@bz(ky3t^ z2NivKG}iNOawz2U3c=^YZ3zFL;d~^mFW!N^Ch7%0pZX({Vf=CYfk=|Dfxnk5j*ScP z(nFgN>+yRtYDrh&uAa!hW?^Fx4|hihUs-(+a31D{^UQ%0VYUeq^c4)J&tNnbCc81- zy(sTAlqk|sq#^wLF{|nBT6lNIuBU~?VC6;7&ifGu*w`eCr0a2XE90O1ea16oz#D9g z2!5XZn)PD}}p7#ihw= zg`N=7dn&!yK##z%B1z;DF2g7`4{uT1^&Uu27&)?*u)=^T?iK;ArUid_g}yCzhEcA zNG!0{kP488XR5;oV1>Gaulp8kKG>BY_s@&_OmR7P;GG082#Fn~@XDB#HWi=i(Ou96 zbJtsKlh3ya;|aPOselEFgoz4l{@YneDr3QqWL8{(fZyPIvGo1pj4okU!KUo}x%$re64UA*qfDwGc^jP`30F)^ya+1n>?L8*E(8JJ46N1U;b6m= z^KRGnaw~j76u>|#TVPFzhtS0AbJk%F>hY;t+!GbWq5*O8=I+Lw5o+eM8y9=;QSj<@}GZn zf?aS+ncM&68vg4SN5T=E`3E5Nu)i>NS_E@GwR13u7WV`-BtnC4zBX|jqP76~Ag%uR zAN1r0`Qe-N#b3@DClnGxQNYx^PzeUgo>%n`?qlB!p0YD;CL{bl2Q52KZq_(`toNxn zy@7!Lo{LCyuWGacd)d|CI>y}WQ?XpV1!o4K7#Sj$vkPcVKaeDMAR&0o0)OY1w ziVeX=w~o8zJr*#DYMYn`kO)=$8-GH2U_kV}yqj!_!g=tQ<43o9n6zVD&v__g;Q)NQ zWZo^JN^s3aKHRiE3;_H@z--Zdkgoy6Au0iCA|P@)^1Kp&LEkE_wDesxP+G%aU*wjo zC3Pm}ps1lZ+1C34H1cFDowHRA@{o#lE4xr^HSCn^d<;W;*}h|N(V#t?3RYY6B7pAT zZ6TdC)6}v40@{Oapyz+SidWk&Jb-?*$y#?HIGl3p6PXB1esKQ^NDXRB&|+q2=RFPl zXpQS-j4lyU86eWlCIaT!H~i)Y%@-wlUr$-kqF`ld)57auS=#S9=Q3e?wU%_CVa8U< zodl)|3*|1fCqH2$_i-;Pp81-RcY}}kQlh*8M*$8mwZY)4l1Xe!o^rMk6j)V!D{Yw` zM=pkkRdMY)Mx`0^Qx{6YN?Lw{)?ZDzkD1_B^>sE1W3Q1j1k=&mcTzn9&0ES_?Dif5 zf!oRZ9n+W$=#OGwbmhrR{}1S7Rcl(~0fx1l0wPDEUGW$gI)-I^UGzPec$dHn)Vl5< zZi$9rSEm3GlK?qp%`FfZc?s?-%Q(h|Jb7Aq8Z*22ksSNi43hFH?i~cb)nq9XS^#jt zU}qrG59+Zv^%zW1XN{O3bRh4d>Ahk@7sUocu zH3Ue*@y=1M80ufj1qS5oVVpB_gLRVBQ_mV$H&;~SY0D|V&BWOOP9={pltKFVR1trk z!EXNe!X9{zRCMB9;^Sx@e+I=>)}WZV%4-_QRqrAW_6}~*Q(wvb?&kP#lD41}PJoX& z<<@raY)g0HTJ!xxKfy;*~Nd^6E%eClG`TBVXt-GQSjJE@xGZ^ z$OkwPhc%+zKjevAS=_(KlQ>*XbU`kkjdc626>>n~wA*u`KOPp^phy!4);=usC<#T*&xwvA2pFfgU zJ`{*_jPiHBf8k%k;Ag1=`msl0K-_k>AO9JD-wnuga()I6W#x*Oo>b^*woN{JHikB) zq$}$*f6SUF^XB`Q>5)xh4=s6$GE_e+Z{z}%R`tdO-J0w*Aj1-CWj^&*oln~^q4&iS zzWC@85D#A?VG<#sz)-e$3hVK!kvGoH!Q){T=v9U71^}Ylxv5_-_pjj@zaKxYCId52v7WvOeQDqedz1~oY zEM@soxcJt~yJ3O?ha zX~W#Ax@wUZBmT4NbYF2$Q#iloR5!VO`X1oU^1FJrQI*q>o~9s)PrXuPPuMH_ft`4V z%;`?{H2BYdx&WSaQzI=@Z&oZE*}oG6=UdMo5$r@G`KIvCeHZzf5cnakNf)YjR-rK3 zLBE2d$b!DTTZ{CC@?tej1PJ4Jx7YOdWxN)uGPy_Dzq&_N3-O0xu@x7wO}!rz(x0e0 z8YCfpk2h=uYZ^m{{A4+TJ_Ot749k9sU&s+tT9|4G{bEdJhM%YK|uvFh zCpCdWbK>PINed_qx5ZV{PaW!kx7}RDnwFSEGVI3LuU20G`QAGxBPfIgO42(!lvigZ zVZoD)H)doBdHiEPgzh2TF}3B-#|$1P=tv7TdW+|aGP+Fd7W!o2)liXIc2 zN(oRXWL(wBiKpDTuKl2sB%chFQHq(}mP`vVaf&VLEPg4B@8bUy@3#2&yErX^WPKcr z1fGrQ&p0zu=77FOa+Ke8Qgccpx_4>OEXHHdp z4unlgbc}XTfb_$i!SI$=8<0skC(lk&9$A21{XT|9h z&J$6ccmt#ojFwhqcJ-odDVu;`s@>0Y&C5iky)cxQW5K5C0oD%8{q634Bt+ay762#! z$NDb-W#n=(7w10uU-$``2A|qr{DenS;YjC50AlIF@GNhMTV4AE=J(OW{N4~4;i3^P zEeyfOzcmYgXuj+?3xeqM^0_s4@F_4S_T4?vbzcf{#^60*&K5wA`gBGGRa}v>dR87? zK*zqW{9O1oTT0RO2xo+w{{hl~44XPlv3Qs>g=VD2!lMH+XO4weMYZWhCGL}~yNfdh}n=aXr4i^+1EoR8m#>!ustuX0a8kkCIP_9IGH?1yg z0oCZ!Yz_fRd!~1B+|0A@#5<&p$4b3j9?Py;SU`_+aGgnjiV4ic7#Z9+tT-W;D-`{f;1s^^r27JO z1BB1?!@Q7?lv~E80BM{79xrb-wK)B-eXW(={EpNW;y-hdCWpgDges3SkS>1I=%foo zo`Kim~mE|G0FmT2q4M8%RcF^~$e;ubf^8BMkUMc0km*EMyO5x9K z-4M?jTe^3o#8P$YGB6lLOFxs{8Z8X0 zKZjjhLR>;dZ46FQixqsIe0Ke%g?H8YaMqad(J6D_pbC72URXI`K2nif$b7cOAu zceHavzA5NZZEJ0B5JeGFu#`;wu~5v)pE|Se!P&Rzj-M zywn(l={BT|+8}+;EdpGr4U_*Q(B7TT*w@0}0tD&fS=v3plrc!84~DhVQ`b!u(^ffr zH^?YlM!oCWAb11Hv#6VTO5Y_TNkHKY!7{@`qUpY9h-qRG@s8sSPO}n)Y}{Wwg{mw@ z&*bA{C9aRE__Ro=wk-$wf%#}YmLRlQ`&{}GVc4?bV*#6L!WZNY!dkfkd|@Tmnbh%N zXeeCzkUFQyYrkk>EXq5nT&zq|5t5a#&PkLp8SImHIgt?}*$y<@geQLlU#a!IA}kT) zRAoFY@$=zQGr99cfDgiy<||1FB|!K|vXjYzz>9+LwV2x2I7B9sU#x<#1AEO|UADo2hse<(`@Rvk03O{u4FIC=$;}Q?62?!in28XW|?3 z?k}XzWCU{CRG&D}1COe(5SJPzk+v+fldP1eRa)L=NTp2clm?xKEh>k`m3BIcKs1)7f4`@aIkqa6 za__4*y25X5%g+gxakvcDudUZU;xAWi<)`WBkYf^g{eIdulgZy`Fs2&mLc-G3j~twq zCj`I~SKK~X|5zA!a#_FJ!|wOmJflsu&`fcs)7ZEGQ}`_*IomTU*+8Co_<8c%>NMO1 zJ`k}8B5-H?1D_$u>14R+O~PVyt!hXV{Ahu7qD_I0MKXngT58{OP4UC&7VT9H1wUmK25d-@8UB!}Sv;oyOu>ig*&6oep#!;kTThws-Iz`+T zGoh%4AR)>P**0T2UCH2yJzIYwzqqD)nhr?I-Cr9Q5FW^?Hxw}|N>|5z(c|7}YyJA@ z`Iizu*!2HMMj^I=jdJVN`_CXGwzthbE})R8+rLtA7T!2 z(BWL`{YWjDaNiOof7f(&JnBIqgGsa@+j`Y|k`N``Y&P^{=k)eBB93UZ4}tjpD)Cvs z#_mc~Jb#zs=(z}&`l&QvG;`bFs|MdDNO?xL5qyU4;H-_D4c|wkzLZ=~)v;^9!gxj> zCX@8!#aDQGcqfcU-Ybu!rOD871c%U-pW^9{JgOT&vv9Y{Eq~Fj(ETvmfH2z3V{DEv zj&9MJe2TY+5+V3|FGqrZoJM+$IhCB?J4#ZZw~qSY{NvMV-CX4#=Gl=BZt(O-3l{bg zXN^9V8r0j{MG8H4?S=hVJ*CRyYT1@p4@eoN+`b8L?oSRIiI37h{;UAi!_fFl1CNzy zD+i+y#~->;kkE_j(60fdya!mn3P&i;=m%#=aR6yFs}N+5H__FX2cBD_IY`FFG;mvy zx=Y<55DXn~GAUdV(T{%HErUB`LvE7p)gv+=vn1Sp8DdUR68mx*Iz602T5Y(pc_P#5 zm<_eyzwe$4>3wgGwPm|&qmfw_4*VAvNH!`H_pwP&k?>;5;=3r{<#Yo{d?Q0 z6NB!*F*adThsyTbv2xT~l;jUmbsc5(g>=;F{S(_>T^}4wVqK4w3HJHToe17}ozv<` zLCwnHx(0tg;EvFE85<#`<;j_6BVau73eL_cWX&ezZq8R>J4T!9U&b)`OQaZ^!W+K| ze_}@z^V7m#IlMNLo}BC&&U;82jW+tVWBICe+=osiS73`3AcmV~Se|^{6<$ar;<miR|F(q39-%!2#kP!|=QSSpkCXI%dpDj>a&lSwS9bWK zGa^pXVGD10Y)7J*j5rwwA-;GdUgKMl_)$E|j@1-9{^U$pt5Jp(a*%I1X9{pS}tOkFH!}N(e4z^CuUl@fBuIg7! zhi6MG-G4|ykUn$JJXt?kfYQNQ7PdJdK=VyjO!oocG zPwIr)aRO-ra5Wj(uv3hFExuNnG6@zhlS68%sq?jVmZ(}-L(V$EMi(=(M&ojbG3h9% zWO(B|{Osh~VnX?L;H*sb2N{}!VwKpl+~I$mAszw_Q%?x?>7ia+j7Iy0mWBRhNEgC^ zndTjz(Q1W}c$#$Ip1t}hQ0&~zw7+y=Y#iZ93t`*$=PUNa%B6yY!EGh76NI@m&M=+8 zjXO7^4G2OiO3pT}p4lE2^^Sg9|6Fui$sHjCmu>t@;|>3LWsyo<{qak91$}Jg{tN#s zWENJjeizzXXLzG4omS`h4{WO>_Np0!@0_w<5pd}our3rLoyxOH=o6LE z4!+IH5*sYJzN#H3J9ii1@S?8DT)QeLq6(Y}7i*zrUSDclOyO3!(p#UfT%J7>wDGNrXKt1JMYsg^|KE2C>=5IQLauihV*@c$&8Gi%&SV$&*@mh%~gp zH!&)oB6T~2QaMyl($HSxzEZblspBNz+W)mr{paBGuqX&-E$d4nqfON9nOY7Ht~FNW-HS9aT<7IV&g& z*xs8|DIlkGNdAo8U#|cg75N!DgjPD2Icb9;n@*EJ^|NF*$IIV;aTWTaNdQLi%Da&^ z>2T$eP#4{6LXDBXk@&Gqv_IOEwT;Fz5-NX21Xob6ocR4wZvY1Ta6QMXj}yFUQFS+q ziJJUEnL{7)?V-8HFKPLV-^!ju`TN>mw;|#TiguvkDqKE1p zH9O-lA+>27&>Uo%a%#vBA0P8Bp*^TR!b2~6i}k}x5$So^=k!k}6*lwrnvtCwJA9l1 zZ)FWxa|T)C8Uu5)zJZ=n4$5mTbKDmy|n8qGj*$y}q zv}?Vi4&&j|ZK*pxEuv3mL*s9YyL=%oJ zNf=y(Ue7DELZM5Xf7~U{leqvBdC)KQ*+id>zn%TrYhh9(`|^w@Dtf2rvxLR3`z_*Z z>(G0Kx&^JOV5eS)TKE}`rOKGoHhkV*meBX{=o6y+I?ZkB`pk&f>IpZWeI~rw7Jdw; zg_~w1(M#$3QWC8V@^f|BJAcu_~pTg=XwJ3{IFMkwM)iS|t&IS3Op`Umil@`;q zefi^9i~Adl8G?hY+wqolrLA&$1N5^erzlolV$yiy@tQG;V-$y`478{DWt#gR91?jk z1*#4X;JQ0SHU`s$2xl$p;25{nVW>mDR=iX*<6TiXqL#8OXzFgq`ZE##gTg-SB64Al zq98S@zrKvY5^Gryz|^}~xOF_G3Fulf)gb5cUq_ZYHgTVo?(5qHR)lr61rtgFf|6vRO>J!@=ni7L~!Z4TbKMB$zyF zgX={J=@KL$31dEdbojhS;fDaC)tf9HlzvcqpH!X=p79)vR2*HdHSglw7{(sP<}BV_z($b=XpJ|_&4#zx12w-;&| zI`!qDeA3i$D7d)z@yYuY!4DM4n|1A;JtBT%FFx}}&6lG)?I2f;bIh(ze|DRR~Xc6?+93H!!EH^<(63r&dP15nHnJM3U{{eHt#Nk1he9-9%L{2TAED6c*L zTUJ~CvQBO5FA2x*ylK>52txA9D#YvrDox-Djh z?fAsta}8inK_DJP66p#GU%DZyeEsd9QmoB7&x3 zY@K-G$VL*RL7rUGs3?wqR32lsAK%MaXBH}c{KiT7w-p0CCnGw-@jE;JIQ~QVvn+-%R2E^ulQ1~rA^Pze~p-MjNfT4Arp{z3x>-}$OfW9bS zyV_4nrCr9MJhtW@i%DvD{Olz{s1lEjGQJsuF#-cRM=W0+rH9ZjDOPzB(=%)OBnEd- zGw$UW%OGsMl2oOpfPa|>8~e4E^4rR%W|uUG`te&K#_qS=yj7{l<#&)rK>9XuL(?v$ zC2qIqbg$SOT_w0%@U`!wURbOW!FT)L>r8&@)0uj7v4OATrxO^*pj7g^-)-yR?&812 z9m!xsF=$2RF{{aAL^Du?NABvZPM;ilPf&iFeyl~%7y@adbm^8C!A4^cv{oA_iFQ%} z@!>05lj6mclkf6ysa3rPZ$cms^5cr~5SFXj?i-d78Jk)NPa?-+C&RbUl4FM6Td}@V zG0tJJD}%@3@;Y!cjl*tx2buhu;}Ui?#p03p4UEC z>b4V_M|agmSi97w1z?boL~!jqx7o_p6BCPs&HXLjia-V9e-&BM*^h)9Z68<^xO|Wt zjp*Y@wM8}iJ`g5@36}&%ljB%OU$v+c{Z3l6<7v=2*FC0`RrRm8>efZ&yX~bZ%#6)? z#9T2lfF*ZkJdj<9$C?)k13@x{FC^p7DKx zWm`a;?=dQuM%UxwpA#+SE~c5EFYqED;$s?cZUH=KFczlB*Aw--bI#g`Q|^}^SZG>A zwP?FqoFzokk|ug>)wxM7uUZ>Y4Nx-?sm85o)5dv8uga1ahmYDBSEzmz#L1B?zK0(d zCqUbgUH4qiqBEZQXkNI&dX{P*wl;mgJ}-UkED&9@#v~%~mU&Te?0Z0&ba!e{b!;P* zifdYvH&=Dp3s)n173ykw8%nlJQVeaJv3mB3x28>L>?H%mICADyJIbV%U70&d}=;-!V{s! zV}@hrav0d*Jg8_G;v9iH87q?2Tf8w`qGT`9oGPDk{s49jE-Qm;r#5SGNT=-OnfQph5g`2~t?Isd3WixonY~+`{tit>E zBjR8rE$Ev_`YpAPu}TX2mFU<-4DLwPQqcpe_1sjrR>f0U!T7Q9wws>c_)$79iF)c%}70&fNFn`Bx>4`#m z1U@Qky0r__X}}`-;jbz!lys>8<_~LG2|es2a5sUa%FjWtlw-a~LOG2-L{W7N)m>jZhDytkr5LLSklOhhVqIwrcE7j-&Is$nlHPc{ z>pNh#_|ZLTDY`;R|EI|65k)e9get)lE-R4~Y`3TN9BIKj&V^kJSdOW*`P2Nx7k?Xn zHv9a@?VGrD0d7zMDi8L=PP)3b*4ku<_2cjEFItCdz-(;Gt{1cUW+{X^!>(Z~KU?i{ z+X<}Myb=b)9AWdXE>S;R_Ur;n1g7`XRW0tBzpJfC*wkN7DRP0n!;kaBmf{q+y8FBJ zAlVsO#hkiC(Wbc6NuY8%T4HKc@UENz|NrYFa=I=FEjV3Q(Zj;VOhCkuxOH#^rGn;G zrGJ$yFdfNxY*JIF64yqWeamhj!OPyi!s2}+=#Vjkaa1?+H-9-Hm{V-kb8g2# zYYN9*#{05MZ0i7)kiGE)-j&Z_Fm62sY-r|9+XW83aWLMc5u{;66qX;sHUFQ!-ZCu8 zw{7>9anPY-=x!vW8>CY@1w^_->W_2}NP~1qigrtB1(je_R=YHR3ttZyK z{KBSg%yrE<*PL-2`~KU1J2~$uf}#5R+8=D!vQ(ob$!%XsYsY#mTaY+j;5`83MC_VSE(g2*fk|Op-4lbJ0-c|MccKJ}~?E#){L|pb>o41U8gvemTvN^}B6e+NuXRNBt9wsQFY&;;6&nbC+W3vmPTHS6zn}9d&lIu+hlG8c0o@Fj|Jp-pMP!pl z1fVCT<;k6rslY=CvcY$Rl|oggikIwDNqw#d1UugGxxN&cM}`(LFXpSZeHdZq`UE0) zl&nLPLNzyu{zX_ZWMEvJMIgl#4C|_f0ashoHWD`refqQ#%M7E8dr1f?)iNbR%$Fu_ zfX`%){4Qy&pm4tvD96r#D2{dv?7@El$xHweeli6_ZBBnu9z3y=-rvwwKz*tXq(^@l z&;;D5dTs8#^njSkM8WCAU0s>ubI~&iRRSgW8$+-ao|1Y@IrFY+_s4waeZ#p-*Q%bx z-SkEos{?+z9sXL*mhVYYZgvL%fiORfV>`vpynKJ?$7~mx_y!2;;#lilYixRNSZH$_ zq>?NYa)f@3qd4_U0ou{*Jt_TQz1!OV*5G_{DrphkyaL!5^G&Qx&F}h}x^Gyg({o9d zm_ivQ6b&Pm+L+gU5^+V9ymA3tr-{MIp8Wd>;A^NFg6uaZiqo3+n+`w>#gNcFEYb{; z)(*0Au10N`%+z$YNv$`462;^RGB>y9}HgGkB7{Eaz&XcIiSUpNqFZ>0{vg+Dr!z$ii2k?mdz>S z7zpu963r{DN=wJS8t$N}dr8j=vV|EIhAZM)IH>OGgWCCt52$j4F^qnc_fUCJ{G#I| zMQM2CSBw8|fAHX;nM{`(pO^J@tbY|fRLKQ5?bu0M{eAe_X4q)ZsHfv&T#vLIud0TN zDUWcFE+i9^olN}XUA!fkQA<6UEOw%4eii=CaIReeG;D5l zo|XIt>-&7;fi7fZULpFn!^sh5y=(5fZ(PXJ6O)-DQ*gF{6cUZrONCR>=If(0ubk@e|Gel z7)JERD17&8wv3kyA;J#D}+@DCNyIiOtE@ zV>!IzF>46vkH=jcNo)DK^)-n>hg+F^H>p+i1(kY&L5soO+s3w0}&FEbF3-q5aMh-M{ z_pS{}_&lWvnL$IaJNOL+Qq;twF>B?MWi~k(-Nh)ir`Ooh<=jS{A1fVQ@QxLU7gA}} zdm;bYpXtNk$-`KJ#2>~8Y5~MQohp}w!&ZGq#>4ZAIfd`!3gzEt;`$P$(F`4#47cqX zlx)xu3EDFJqSq5>SCpo2Z3AinPb(Sx`2Ki=!K?W){4VK*z`u9D@vZp2=veXoMkjjO z%fJT%p_E>4Q%%#)6<#5~FGoT&^S$f30-^T1f-6&mTzNi|0QB}<1td8ebhW$vZc>?Q ztxV$5zQWcc){EWZS{p5|z{+#Wt>Nh2J$NSW)vqAM zxN_+hNWFQZXPF%81sq~4$zwGkMB{CN`U$~iGpSG5{#;j@n^sBQu{XD(%ZC``3;Hwp zajrcH?$lxEAcR#6iDZ^qRQ_RxvVM&OC!z3Bl+jqQnNu$(beFke_|yK7++kE{2|xNn zVVuZtlv0%acDt?zSIKuUSy|slC}Sa5OgP=@Oo#|zuZR0K{vn~gM2wm1THycu!@gSX z71yc>&mkH~4z$Sh0_xB#mq&l7M)SDSIN)$-r8;b&?13%bk)+k>vD>qLcgcG$g|`>r ztgVuHvazLfHD-PTtmfmEu|h283LlW0WfxNtiU+swlbQzoj~~y;ok>^sx~5zm@CJJR zHhD5lEa^^Dcjl+ij^OJ(XUT}BlTotMVojEp&9u!ckj@w6R7DIce<-3OBuum{NoJ4< z$F%Z8OQBT_*AV)9CmeXwv6Hj2d`uef$2-8c>ip*WuWa}6yOo>lx^XJeu_iN<>qbuQ z_F4dy3ZIkmb9Y6L6S?JAvdB>_3|D? zf_CKO>iKToW3VgMdJTc5W4*?>NPh-LK@i*e(V$t*lq9Lp=;AMz$(KZLp~xD=5#&$y z?xbB(gN9};i;{je*Hr7VpOfWEHtl1`>uc>x%iLFHnL4!}OJYqD8Dt23fVEBz9~0VSoCxGj8CMg( zvg}MyJRkf@3JDLQop=l#!bkb_jqE~c-0Ym@b?W+uo&WQH2Kjp&H^fJ?E_jPsVsF&&h3DW*4fGC?ZK8CwT%{N{CI@=2*n0;pA^^C8zuODWX-sj8Wu=150IkH?ku)GDG-^FpC z%s!q`NIQo#HZczPAXov{(s!v$`_(--D4ezp0qk9_#2~<7Wwo}}#>?SI6B0E-&k+hG z7%JkGSKNm`C=N|$gOuT^UHVgWEJ&N3hx@M1!tAjM-nN(hg|cvi zRyRQ4m=MxFhS2e>o4)HQ$oZ;PB`n|S2TpO{ z5H1%KGgzEHZ}X|YO6=#pzf;YGuLg|9Mg?-Atcln2gYGiZ)P@In6Txem8XR44$NEY6 z6-(+7!b?~!TyMSNknOzE);Im?-L*dryCPoEPhPi}b6MiD4gQvT!Dx>)UOdZE8pI*j z*FOC}%TFNdo{WlhoKa!J?5)`|>)iY2#fMPT^`0<{(^d52P>t=<{`=~?pAL67=M5Hf zoHC}1cp8GFIS)s|ct#$KZd}TgK&C@ket{~+w_nG)+6Yv%P!mPPdn73ID0yDG=BIo~ zs0QjlX^bhu#8=!l>@W3JCHkWa2 z2dI|Vz@FvRq6Oy#Bp4oFh7$ed>K+)p1_#-T9zqo+?a_yNa%8tvcBimTuPW7t+X7DW z!($wfM3(N4QckCcbX$;*L*`VbZy-Yx*~MC3vGEC|I>&M}rQ)A3w-~$K#DzDbay62- z(K-p|J*w6}A7FJ_7JXrWs}nueO=DNMS6U~Pmcn56T(tWbqw}%v#b=NN9(!kwloA@J^03RCz|mYHY57vDuW@1%9$vH$ zQxSkcuMTcX>h~e!QgbSyddtL*TB0RC?D>!E=95b0_0$D_XrTo=;8$N*eZ>8CzJw4m z;{Yj)iWc9sih};2?OJ~nYb-}MF8!$XU++&vug&^cCDR8PGOoqz+njbDL-YsMzrL`l zNtK4|mFk;jvD)ll28%#VoAD-i?|B*rx(7Ylwz3?OP_eon5Je;kEZEqT?hRHL*+}&k znAF`O#y>>iZm*=LC*d80lE40J#TR*1v%j(_KJKNM&0pbo`KCH1MDQC3&Te;;newsG zzxpS34DXa|Ga$##F%U3nPj62_mFjTtp~scODZAgzk>pY7kvNlvUFeGGLanE?;)5P^ znxI$UDY_F0?)nPTcG=nxMBFT~BPY@0Pm8?g5EP>MOZqx4P)c&Rg&NJ)h)BunzN*ZZ z`wXT+e{S(%0Gf0qp}PCpeXj;BeAQqDgkO?hGloM7SHn}Msu|NANrPz zqO&+RTR(Pptcby_=(7C;0_nrZF8?MPte^q(>BY-DKA1fJF!~eBn&ZYX27cgI$G=4p5n&p9Rb3!l| z6)0R~<$YG&zX}gN9;A~W7E9qCT?Mxi@940>)lG(4N0^=e12?|tNxzfS} zC2In*f3>5%pj7PFcqJ}@en#c#m6sjI-1@H0>^fYej=g!N2BD;$aA_}sN0@4}v@dZC zwX6iXv9#@6`ku0VwJ$PA$+UfjJ5*F3eD<&#A5+3mDx~(EI9H$4U8J_Z+I#w0e*G2T z0ehHMW8ITW;sjyIwjizvMt{@uuL%~7Hpmy18zvXpG>P#5bRE8wxCZQv4hRoOTmFGmgywBi$klzR3ELo2u?lqkpt^e-0;KG-ka z8~EG%a>$rU!%VFe*Yt=cYzJrBi^qQB>FMBMoFQ%P7RND58Wa|r&6{x};PzTEM`Cz- z{0Kv?(8HJ&^YCbJC&lG5YZKAzNzBll;K8q^g=@R2%(V{M{}>-G#Rf7VX2{u6m;x^) z=kfHZ0xs84x3xa`nx0rd1nWzRjP%USm9B1k@>2WF^EuLULCy6c9Dlx=!2Tr0@DVL; zDl^yEajv|P!d@>w5H^a-BR5YtP?FUh`ggTy{r>iC{b4C`ZC_tT;YfSDPdcLr2|!Fi zHJRo7Rr-jO4YpN94@Q+nEkM@NR8Rvmk$9g>=mZnI4r>J=^q4z;t!s;QMhK1|+KWk8 z{2FieUHq^dpMC2D0f9zYD17MXt+i1(CbP2I+4D|h=fbA&{_*Z1Zav5`gNkLc4nHER zgU8}M@nya>u1=n>cyAW^B*UV7@94Td{&RZO4nr{IdlinWn%^Xl@Gg8P*rww!&ygsr z@h!vU`y;vfBjtO)6f7xmwFPJPWDDVicL|HSj_*%2rVwlGLwZ_8Qse$ZkFssc{<}iRv0o z3(Lh*&c78CRoxks{($|MZo;(y`ctFMpYZa564_c`OScm1q4YyK%M&q;q4A=QUXC{T zb$NO*+-MzUy=r<#*MC%lKf*p{7wvr|4--tH>B?~)R=;;<4&(R3TBY?f80w9bt8^ys zXc%YUMt|Qda#0-Zv>N$D_|EXLxFADh>Biu6-MF}@*!x5EUL$5&>|2ryPm#qM64rdL z(F?3#ZW_rq6r`7Rl%C6zH`p74k)NMPDWH`oEaO%XC1k@>j6U%RsV69C5wn^p1uf7q zjTQ<2AQ6ObWb_@2!uX=}uwyCpSfMBMl6ET4pS@3IBR7G^c-f(`x@9e1vi=NpkCjmTv;l1aBD+>F zi~jOJhMkaJrVBUS1ZFxJF-u8`$M@=Ka2Y91(>HSrXRT+{xWb@@&7z1nVE2QO3#;y$yfp8e>bUU?Tok@&iY>AV`!+%kydTS$bc{O{^rJrUmB7_3?^$5A6^lZcD(nuUnIjmZTT|H|Q7fhhnG z)LXmVi?%(sO*~AR5VgV!SVT$z^>lwvzW-J@KS{3A)|l7Ooj%_O7>ZzJbj!r^lwX^| z8`k+lKV?$cYkH3KPsKIUiy&i#-z239Nkhz4vPR=w-wO)vC|@&XGdU~RkSgkGwFsO;^f4v3bpCJdayt+ca&CE@`Ide=Nq5B(VDxf zm4ewKvHgwOPeBU-2UJLO`H5iM_)OZ4!y*pEGwCSQnN7|*KT*0L9J(#!gNClio&}CJ zk+pae7Ej=g62|mZM>{}yRbd0^N-3SLxJe#KlC{U}8T&HP$(JI7XOv8&pWI%ULs%^q zTN>@oF;S2YDH9Y|A0Ay1S6$3UhK<5EWzYC>4j(;_l~E(k72TOy=nfScin9)UWXL1o!EkzPB2OGAUnbRg9U;c^rSU)J?L1IxvS6OH zOamWVm4S?iM&SP_^<%G3@K{JFKIyKQ1`D4l3@j!8|BtQ+TrP|hJQTYz@NbgOAVvQS zs47Bqtcu9{UPX}5sn(01fBIA2rzZMaC&QrBr2W+txt8N|F6rDy7s!k5e~>ECYEtE@4p5`7PbtE(hFcVqj=xY+d+GT>_)eOV#@X0r_x_Izqpa@LRHnk zn{S$z=$9CU*03PL(u~+edQ(3~-%%!mO<+lOzCb1#BsSIi^2-K!zs|5qWqJAv_FOq? zTtRFD??c${5L&KWJeuh*ppnRzOIvLt2oB2OFtM|IoH45N5(R#Cr~Ym9V1PFl_8pR; z;(5`OdwsJ40t0z7J~$G-dQARc>&pDz5|W-uT+1U2d$6+8yCqR#Tb3R^-`t!pA}M%HLm#VVS1u$aNYvM z16A`Z(wqDY^l#2Qs4u%7V;ecUg`}e(+y0FpP=b%;U~g|>S6;(JJ|rW|1EI$rrm*0>FXS@73~8sfsZ_Ov--*goV(MSepcTed-T*G_QILDm zzF(^DZ=a8?Zv?sSn%aurF}!l$ zQu){-_rq7Kc`JwD0wY}Qx;@Ts3S$MPWR}PvaGABkz`w1z#GvHtC~=^&Kk)1`-gqGB zE?T`Xa+SLPFaciQ1NYpl-=O99eme^^i#ivOSc?5n>RZzb@Gy>#TdZ5;ARFVLPDP$W z_HFRlKB)Cl3at*pM`w}ffm)>VEg1^+t$;Cy92@ZBiLSo)t1=3au{M8-rND(Wt&z0za6Nekv(7C z{{2jv2PU^5gXbBtL;rg)gd@)gnYbdb-8uWJD*I|gJ_jV%J>DYInM1*Rygo;BPljBf3>X zpdEmmh(A^ zTbI7)>2(fT~eRR!XNG^hm!)=JjpThOl`~NIm`xQg(YcIWW)z zsrKdav`gmCB}tr_lZ@}*AAdS#?#Yr)!sqO62j2wGo*07R=M?CFK*C6&hJXhRM4A~A z(^d&n%vR}mDCcd0RC~PVlI+-r=Nv)*E+qx|JhXZ%-0eB)j^urC^0@;(#ib`b{B!45 z=MPVRgKg>o;H)^m92-_A2}Yt@4hXBf`VohQfuaUKu27PqKV@Bvweb zt#DbQgtr>?Bz_s_ZVqIRe#qARV8{s(1x+u*<5y=dlDQ9n#GqsFXR@|h#ti+BKf!4Q zf2XC7QVU2hAC!K*IM?EN08AEXgboe zj;px(A(AhGhsOghc$tYP1Mr6FL>T*Um9aW6ZE*1%5R8H;&k&3v&3zb$U@Nnh*OOdL1tDLQ z@zRoqX@i8Apxav8?|zi&JqZl%AvSG<IIZPJ9`>9DEg!|5d|@}B_mP)hzEkB z>W>&hb`3OgIa@nO3hujw#ltK~Id(W@^qYZ5jUi!bR8}Nu@b6vpto8jQa2;ISQ#=o2 z>N7e8p;JRjQ(=CiW-5`WtT0UJHkPDoI9nJ~lasFX421A{s9+l)l`39L9L3V7Z+L6$ zBF5t&k5M0;(nO^q*-l{+1D$18LIE0=2;erZ;)-wkrRscwp3v+#zo~?-)0a83SqH=f z#4T(@$yDkHR@KNW{0}kuF zz)Rbc>LD};G4<@mB+8= z!1RZyEzfuz@v8~uR*Q@q_@s)jJ+64;$BEP~Fs1Tma25Ns_UP5CkS_3B)@TT=ZUym0 z^?2Pl^PS%=7IW1sfHglQGNC`q#mzYV&EH$Ux6KGM{HM`0pR`)~t+0p%YkE$Ya+~8L z6CCrz40c=?Hz?y0U2^f|zXjqntLkR_4ME#pkq_@;z@?$AV6W#Hc!4M8)6}7~+~oYH z>s+3_&96zeHQN&>O<`MTy9O-1H>9tFbQx0f0|JVk);xOpbeLky@97-pN`oY@4%Ci* zX@l2_IRZJ})m6s_vN7we3gg zS#x!AM6h%O9lp^xqE3;6{&o-#!4=e{Sy+ zS7GJ`C|1Nh@05XB7x_>y(k>fSn+6l_#?-!Y7{LX=nQe3g3$Dd?KSrYK=cWY&JiF}H zdoZhqI&T?W^V176cG8<7QSt)KzppRRY^UpEU*C1y!(V(;Sq^eHi@Hd>) zQsp9owh->ZOw@sh78!TuQru`;&TTj*lnHDaxL zjqSA|;|B%L%)@j~am+%2mKA;Fa7keZt+t`Dy+D;IX(@p{XRklWX)*XjQX{xdShUu^ z^4Th*<;5LI$d$TgJ}9?B=;ECE!r4$lKA(!O$y6tA8S7K(q5T>;SV}t`RemBwL+BRn zubmT;*C}5p6XdM4oaw*zv+|R97;9yc@i#dQ@4|Il+Y>eEayBmqMz2{HOf$-mlO`4J zD1PB6Y1i2)rebpkNJ^=f>f9GQ*&wM8g(J;ck=!;kg*v~}gY()D}K zBG~x`)8YkXV272LeJ@&Y`HO^S36ve1mw#$}ZjCK1bqpX<3**5t=l;x41*=oiO}?2v zr%085UKo2@S$I-c2pV*4kd0&`!ZT3e9EMi6imNqKC9o&q!2#^ zWU0&33McI2m^~*;7(Y=P$7=4R3yja7Io~B!r2xi|vi3AZ-+7ILss-|kzj2zO3;V_i zti)JLf>8O02N;%&Ml!=N_$x3;2dGbKR@kPExd2`9JNBxTk1PIaRN~eqK;yo0!UQ#KZ z>2)NC^c1TplMFi>?!^ruLhvja&o}m5JKZ4Gu$>I1CD1tbT9v$^QqBJBoSdX&Z7wlq zMMV~s%CyhvZRxtmour8$ML44c8W2I2t2nUgq3X`J*<#ev^e{8RRp@JoYa69W*FC5i zNOIzu9xwK#yj!hrDT*uK)SsLr)(V(2_#9J?Q)r(?^7x2O6}sAdL(`TR)DinSUKgFH zsEF_$9AJK4Jw$`ldxlHI`(T_S(Us%4 zqVTv{Oh=gTPkIh%_5$ws@P*|1&J}0FCH5scjo_J&?G+R|zdT8%q4Ik1Bk6|qc3jbl zop|``xnFn-y=P3DeALrL`CK$+*DAO68pV<<)sDJ-TRG->4?j5Nb}4VZn>kO}yDT1% zCFkl$)a>QugMDS#Q@3-3e~RZq>2QU$cr=Oe@Z9$RmH8 zs@dP#Z=3b?CGagUn@B@6dn{DQk13vDxZn-w8d{X*HJimDT!?wesDc4Lv4^u~Z+W8p z0AU`H?$y`9vPoFJyVO7jaauv!M7_NLM*9u&ZbnK*j^~>RWdWSiVk?=FjD91H&afC< z6py5QB_qoo71VX7iTxu_U`DXydWJl~h}t-7=A#;>Xr%YtRm)D0Q2GRtP}N_;JoJa~ zE9zp7f*F2N7}!pn(JL`c>;e79&QpS+GHp4<_xVf^LZUJDZ3{Z`#FqZP`D)X5XHCW= zVakuKn_<}IX6WapmzOft1>#e#zD{wjX;RUVoF4P2zL)K`ri;b?T|5X!^+KA(jhB*n z#E(y6mzaI-kp~x71#)4`No=V^Gp#R~L6R}fY)lC8+XhjtXO_5rLV23 zNtkMO^w=7ygpY>>C0QPuI_AooS9b5p*FD*|h>qq=)g-$O%&SMls{EcBNe2 z;Nc>?rkgQxsA*5K{xW_0C%RV&;TU^mC#4Q#R^$@f3Dqk>+$we#9_xrD9H}3>OuW!X zvd7H++=k=`Ia^m3;!?U;W;ljV*)AB^5|&e(`C7|@ZX5FO1TW6!cc$lXxHNN)1p$Q6 z!=roVGg}yk(wQAcXfY4kNqfNu*`LW%T0B?zH8Ph4mDaCv-}~4mRlfn%BM%;EsO3!1 zJ4)2`B-J)jm0%eyT52ipnwE{Gw-c|$;UQ8)I8LETJ$(I;rK_02XTF}$YI#d>9k!m@ zRNRxjHUmBD^wYAZ?;F=5j(H2SyF3)?Zu{mpEr_I_aBMVNxPE3Dv{W>|$J(sqFP;C$ z1BfOSxf0deVJ39e6mxNwapo(T;imomJ-oBT%fstQn_Yic>kF{;x<)7ayp>rh*K{x6 zu)NihXKD13nNX1D@hVi#&HvD5jP!49R>p^n}^2#ru@jQr;m2of`8M`^=Zflk!jWUHgR z1MWeJ&8)6#bitY{mD>PZM^aLVd*p*nc+GnnMAP&2jgr@x(;}}LV?=G0^X-he$_HKy zHZ$qdC=Mpdg;olbYU_r7F5&xT*V|p=ATp+W#v0E~z9|k4OrmAopdJGvxC?kyEUxJD^l<8U(cu4&Lr!F=s zt9}yAFLeWSE+O;OK}h;dT}jo+*qn+&FHGkwW4E!$QS7kol&9VTU}IC7+NAOb@U0{D zUzlce-E&0`A!|U7E#*!pQzniIrDSX4KQr{8V@14}XVUzpJ*QxGUd=%#5s_+hRtc2$p6fq{lP7Hm={m%a<(2d5cr%}<{GOW1|>tg29 z7zElTp+X^)|7y+oLSZ?T5W)dL#)f}>2-R2;e4~)JVb$`zA#&dbHdn>aOLfRCF?;RhB6+5-v*v8l`x-|?BX7=;MO)$^Gs3>h zY&wFhKI3)D0>vzOp5S4=4*tE<8JaE#X{_LD=H_xEzvKQ-p?P!_C3HklzP}q@gdftu z)hLuhOojk5+6Fwr88_LfC^NVntP&2_c%-?IF0Xf)G~74=dI^ntkT3 zZ?e~i@ef^`MH$AX%-@;^n)&c^ZWh^uTGMXG-#8bOQnwN5>9_sZTNXXDZ%Kr8i9}rA z&u|ADTp6bu{bW0Q*sU97y6e&)a{aULuFm%PsLsNr(R*P=X-=bJuH0BOl?+?YB!Ud? zb+>`0N))TB)QCy=%fB>z=*04_qOi9^M~F2hrsb)KyXoX=eC$g63DE z0#Ny2N!wVwm-ev*cj8S_73hdz7=KT4!>*o^BfBmIED4RBwVsE)W zAgcJ)%i(1dbr+y2!y2W9sYbjVFj0A;n63=G`%9Nv0WpwZfy|hUCw%F|q)j%#my`#9 zQ7RsQ&QWx{Jiv?3`AANeR6QC0U>qXQEB3I{q+>pP==vi>ia^D%cwew;zW0qrWf-?` zbr)Ic3yh`Q*}KL=hJoM)SdDK690*&4jeG*y^T*Klr)HYRtI<6K!L654)%`Pdxkx(uR~`Z{4-M09DZ4#?1{ z?}~oXS2F{%Jz6%f#yxaa!XN09!j&q1l#U6NBTMEsmi&QZP!rntcso6)+TJO|;He7c zxBg7ygTcOtE-WTShD8(%f1GBTck3vz4>`>C*=TJ`>vT3=b)^qr;_FHF>O<_P9UWk2 zlqlv>EZvS9Eps#Ws(Y$?soW&%JgN3YRyOSN%`p?H!f(BGEM5dhqicH^Z!dd^Vb&C3 zo;n$YpW^mFlBw;(uKwD5+>wxW3R$u+i%79nWS8}R6SDR(;&UR+6>Lnq&ojae`oh%6 z+Tfq=G_Du#uyBK0SuJr9?`jg{X6rc;r7>YW*fQ`g3XRZ|XF7G)Lsdoo;cN_lE5kIYY}M*r)u4{v-givBPgkoG*+a6SPfoYw3U|~;=!ODC4c{KB z@WBnOOhPjbcz?8%9AlwY!FAU>Xq1}ymXSVv5F(knnhtw*h23&ikHLpou_WRp0`~hXG8u+^0xrhRi4G`6cQEEDDIzL)IzljZux9YrVeu00;!WIpcRqsvJi!zhfCU~j`_m;CsF?|k^pb9F#) zL5)kJ#lKjqDchkSBW3isUZ6P&7p=7lF%pkS*WsHEv8V|~MI$1ITClk*vG`J{e6A_$ zA}ozZgrR0W@$V=T-^fG=U_Ujo)iTsoKxi7bhM|ezP3}dw*%EvvCQ>U)`BXlCCX)GT zagaZ}t6P6RCd%bE?F4r^zDx;5et)mqM>M@xi&f>lhe;3KK)*Q2G(U@c;9-9kyd<{A zmnJtI)9`Q(SN=C1jRrGGssUfUGxw`d@5g&Etk*fLx;yso%BJ7CH|v=@iOd_+l2p~C z60R%CKl;E!H;qM9Thodmb^JwR@HS3#f{XNS_+ab`6x4ei+7#a9SM7=ev>-ke%z=72 zJgYe>D4(4*iFbho)*63$3;5XxfosbNqu3UyXR!SKs6c(IGkhOZKtD)1E}=%_<&@ z=G7#~p8u_Uo>Ch&5xx9(JjsaKIYWn8fgs3}56~XMq)r1m0;b)bnX}KhilnNKP;SQ5 zAMG%C1{3Fu|C4)ldvvi6<|8g|sA6w)ph&9AWtlo#zAnQW6-#C-F3G5fS&FoVY3wPF z)3~zZgZr5OCSwRDfc%GwB)m%>PcqtLnC0UoO%?tUWAwx0xbtm#TMD@6at>^5er_w$ z)T8;i5(ShqAzwT=Xip0(K5q%`9Aes}yYPW&B|lt{p%r$3dixtRj7g;>k(;akte2pX z2RaCDx;KvC&OexwYd%C{!f+7|9LB*CY!qTk%GL{ z{NKJmNqm&({6s{*8ri?Srbb*4n$B=d4couJDF);K;1m5n#u3~K7=Xcn%KvkB|NSi{ d$gcf;5Qo<_FvXSo^#S;!B&Q}@DQz0^zW_FN&R75d diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/load_data_CUHK-PEDES.py b/others/GDAS/data/load_data_CUHK-PEDES.py deleted file mode 100755 index 3a74878..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/load_data_CUHK-PEDES.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -import json - -def main(): - xpath = 'caption_all.json' - with open(xpath, 'r') as cfile: - cap_data = json.load(cfile) - print ('There are {:} images'.format( len(cap_data) )) - IDs = set() - for idx, data in enumerate( cap_data ): - IDs.add( data['id'] ) - assert len( data['captions'] ) > 0, 'invalid {:}-th caption length : {:} {:}'.format(idx, data['captions'], len(data['captions'])) - print ('IDs :: min={:}, max={:}, num={:}'.format(min(IDs), max(IDs), len(IDs))) - -if __name__ == '__main__': - main() diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-F1-cifar10-cut-seed-6844.txt b/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-F1-cifar10-cut-seed-6844.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ba7d2e9..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-F1-cifar10-cut-seed-6844.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10831 +0,0 @@ -Save Path : ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844 -{'arch': 'GDAS_F1', 'data_path': '/home/dongxuanyi/.torch/cifar.python', 'dataset': 'cifar10', 'grad_clip': 5.0, 'init_channels': 36, 'layers': 20, 'manualSeed': 6844, 'model_config': './configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config', 'print_freq': 100, 'save_path': './output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844', 'workers': 6} -Random Seed : 6844 -Python version : 3.6.8 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Dec 30 2018, 01:22:34) [GCC 7.3.0] -Torch version : 1.0.1 -CUDA version : 9.2.148 -cuDNN version : 7301 -Num of GPUs : 1 -configuration : Configure(type='cosine', batch_size=96, epochs=600, momentum=0.9, decay=0.0003, LR=0.025, LR_MIN=0.0001, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, cutout=16, drop_path_prob=0.2) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.13), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15)], normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], reduce=None, reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5]) --------------------------------------- main-procedure -config : Configure(type='cosine', batch_size=96, epochs=600, momentum=0.9, decay=0.0003, LR=0.025, LR_MIN=0.0001, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, cutout=16, drop_path_prob=0.2) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.13), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15)], normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], reduce=None, reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5]) -init_channels : 36 -layers : 20 -class_num : 10 -Network => -NetworkCIFAR( - (stem): Sequential( - (0): Conv2d(3, 108, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(108, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (cells): ModuleList( - (0): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(108, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(108, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (1): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(108, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (2): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (3): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (4): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (5): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=36, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(36, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(36, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (6): Transition( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (ops1): ModuleList( - (0): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (1): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (ops2): ModuleList( - (0): Sequential( - (0): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (1): Sequential( - (0): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - (7): Cell( - (preprocess0): FactorizedReduce( - (relu): ReLU() - (conv_1): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (conv_2): Conv2d(144, 36, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (bn): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (pad): ConstantPad2d(padding=(0, 1, 0, 1), value=0) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (8): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (9): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (10): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (11): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (12): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=72, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(72, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(72, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (13): Transition( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(288, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (ops1): ModuleList( - (0): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (1): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (ops2): ModuleList( - (0): Sequential( - (0): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (1): Sequential( - (0): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - (14): Cell( - (preprocess0): FactorizedReduce( - (relu): ReLU() - (conv_1): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (conv_2): Conv2d(288, 72, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (bn): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (pad): ConstantPad2d(padding=(0, 1, 0, 1), value=0) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (15): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (16): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (17): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (18): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (19): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(576, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): Identity() - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): Identity() - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=144, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(144, 144, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(144, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (auxiliary_head): AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR( - (features): Sequential( - (0): ReLU(inplace) - (1): AvgPool2d(kernel_size=5, stride=3, padding=0) - (2): Conv2d(576, 128, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU(inplace) - (5): Conv2d(128, 768, kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): BatchNorm2d(768, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (7): ReLU(inplace) - ) - (classifier): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=10, bias=True) - ) - (global_pooling): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=1) - (classifier): Linear(in_features=576, out_features=10, bias=True) -) -Parameters : 3.01944 - 0.476426 = 2.543 MB -config : Configure(type='cosine', batch_size=96, epochs=600, momentum=0.9, decay=0.0003, LR=0.025, LR_MIN=0.0001, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, cutout=16, drop_path_prob=0.2) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.13), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15)], normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], reduce=None, reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5]) -args : Namespace(arch='GDAS_F1', data_path='/home/dongxuanyi/.torch/cifar.python', dataset='cifar10', grad_clip=5.0, init_channels=36, layers=20, manualSeed=6844, model_config='./configs/nas-cifar-cos-cut.config', print_freq=100, save_path='./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844', workers=6) -Train-Dataset : Dataset CIFAR10 - Number of datapoints: 50000 - Split: train - Root Location: /home/dongxuanyi/.torch/cifar.python - Transforms (if any): Compose( - RandomHorizontalFlip(p=0.5) - RandomCrop(size=(32, 32), padding=4) - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.4913725490196078, 0.4823529411764706, 0.4466666666666667], std=[0.24705882352941178, 0.24352941176470588, 0.2615686274509804]) - Cutout(length=16) - ) - Target Transforms (if any): None -Train-Trans : Compose( - RandomHorizontalFlip(p=0.5) - RandomCrop(size=(32, 32), padding=4) - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.4913725490196078, 0.4823529411764706, 0.4466666666666667], std=[0.24705882352941178, 0.24352941176470588, 0.2615686274509804]) - Cutout(length=16) -) -Test--Dataset : Dataset CIFAR10 - Number of datapoints: 10000 - Split: test - Root Location: /home/dongxuanyi/.torch/cifar.python - Transforms (if any): Compose( - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.4913725490196078, 0.4823529411764706, 0.4466666666666667], std=[0.24705882352941178, 0.24352941176470588, 0.2615686274509804]) - ) - Target Transforms (if any): None -Test--Trans : Compose( - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.4913725490196078, 0.4823529411764706, 0.4466666666666667], std=[0.24705882352941178, 0.24352941176470588, 0.2615686274509804]) -) -Train model from scratch without pre-trained model or snapshot - -==>>[2019-03-31-14:59:52] [Epoch=000/600] [Need: 00:00:00] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-14:59:58] Epoch: [000][000/521] Time 6.48 (6.48) Data 0.35 (0.35) Loss 3.224 (3.224) Prec@1 10.42 (10.42) Prec@5 61.46 (61.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:00:23] Epoch: [000][100/521] Time 0.22 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.652 (2.798) Prec@1 33.33 (24.42) Prec@5 85.42 (77.02) - train[2019-03-31-15:00:46] Epoch: [000][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.189 (2.615) Prec@1 40.62 (29.34) Prec@5 90.62 (82.09) - train[2019-03-31-15:01:09] Epoch: [000][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.165 (2.478) Prec@1 44.79 (33.42) Prec@5 90.62 (84.85) - train[2019-03-31-15:01:31] Epoch: [000][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.050 (2.369) Prec@1 52.08 (36.66) Prec@5 87.50 (86.68) - train[2019-03-31-15:01:54] Epoch: [000][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.017 (2.278) Prec@1 51.04 (39.40) Prec@5 94.79 (87.97) - train[2019-03-31-15:02:03] Epoch: [000][520/521] Time 5.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.817 (2.263) Prec@1 47.50 (39.86) Prec@5 95.00 (88.17) -[2019-03-31-15:02:04] **train** Prec@1 39.86 Prec@5 88.17 Error@1 60.14 Error@5 11.83 Loss:2.263 - test [2019-03-31-15:02:04] Epoch: [000][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 1.348 (1.348) Prec@1 48.96 (48.96) Prec@5 94.79 (94.79) - test [2019-03-31-15:02:08] Epoch: [000][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.292 (1.460) Prec@1 55.21 (49.75) Prec@5 96.88 (94.07) - test [2019-03-31-15:02:08] Epoch: [000][104/105] Time 0.11 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.978 (1.463) Prec@1 62.50 (49.65) Prec@5 93.75 (94.02) -[2019-03-31-15:02:08] **test** Prec@1 49.65 Prec@5 94.02 Error@1 50.35 Error@5 5.98 Loss:1.463 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=49.65, Acc@5=94.02, Error@1=50.35, Error@5=5.98 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:02:09] [Epoch=001/600] [Need: 22:43:40] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:02:12] Epoch: [001][000/521] Time 3.19 (3.19) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 2.103 (2.103) Prec@1 44.79 (44.79) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2019-03-31-15:02:36] Epoch: [001][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.668 (1.779) Prec@1 52.08 (54.09) Prec@5 95.83 (94.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:03:00] Epoch: [001][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.739 (1.722) Prec@1 51.04 (55.86) Prec@5 93.75 (94.81) - train[2019-03-31-15:03:23] Epoch: [001][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.511 (1.682) Prec@1 55.21 (56.94) Prec@5 96.88 (95.17) - train[2019-03-31-15:03:47] Epoch: [001][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.565 (1.646) Prec@1 59.37 (57.95) Prec@5 95.83 (95.38) - train[2019-03-31-15:04:11] Epoch: [001][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.575 (1.623) Prec@1 60.42 (58.70) Prec@5 91.67 (95.51) - train[2019-03-31-15:04:16] Epoch: [001][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.780 (1.615) Prec@1 57.50 (58.87) Prec@5 96.25 (95.54) -[2019-03-31-15:04:16] **train** Prec@1 58.87 Prec@5 95.54 Error@1 41.13 Error@5 4.46 Loss:1.615 - test [2019-03-31-15:04:16] Epoch: [001][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 1.343 (1.343) Prec@1 56.25 (56.25) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2019-03-31-15:04:20] Epoch: [001][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.301 (1.243) Prec@1 65.62 (59.30) Prec@5 92.71 (95.60) - test [2019-03-31-15:04:20] Epoch: [001][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.931 (1.242) Prec@1 68.75 (59.34) Prec@5 100.00 (95.59) -[2019-03-31-15:04:20] **test** Prec@1 59.34 Prec@5 95.59 Error@1 40.66 Error@5 4.41 Loss:1.242 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=59.34, Acc@5=95.59, Error@1=40.66, Error@5=4.41 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:04:21] [Epoch=002/600] [Need: 21:56:37] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:04:21] Epoch: [002][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 1.607 (1.607) Prec@1 52.08 (52.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:04:45] Epoch: [002][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.387 (1.428) Prec@1 60.42 (64.66) Prec@5 98.96 (96.63) - train[2019-03-31-15:05:09] Epoch: [002][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.221 (1.408) Prec@1 63.54 (64.75) Prec@5 98.96 (96.71) - train[2019-03-31-15:05:32] Epoch: [002][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.246 (1.377) Prec@1 69.79 (65.48) Prec@5 97.92 (96.93) - train[2019-03-31-15:05:56] Epoch: [002][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.211 (1.356) Prec@1 71.88 (66.21) Prec@5 97.92 (97.05) - train[2019-03-31-15:06:20] Epoch: [002][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.093 (1.332) Prec@1 75.00 (66.77) Prec@5 98.96 (97.18) - train[2019-03-31-15:06:24] Epoch: [002][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.269 (1.330) Prec@1 72.50 (66.89) Prec@5 95.00 (97.19) -[2019-03-31-15:06:24] **train** Prec@1 66.89 Prec@5 97.19 Error@1 33.11 Error@5 2.81 Loss:1.330 - test [2019-03-31-15:06:25] Epoch: [002][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 1.227 (1.227) Prec@1 64.58 (64.58) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2019-03-31-15:06:29] Epoch: [002][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.055 (1.089) Prec@1 67.71 (67.21) Prec@5 91.67 (95.90) - test [2019-03-31-15:06:29] Epoch: [002][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.409 (1.089) Prec@1 68.75 (67.11) Prec@5 100.00 (95.93) -[2019-03-31-15:06:29] **test** Prec@1 67.11 Prec@5 95.93 Error@1 32.89 Error@5 4.07 Loss:1.089 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.11, Acc@5=95.93, Error@1=32.89, Error@5=4.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:06:30] [Epoch=003/600] [Need: 21:22:19] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:06:30] Epoch: [003][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 1.233 (1.233) Prec@1 70.83 (70.83) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:06:54] Epoch: [003][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.166 (1.200) Prec@1 71.88 (70.65) Prec@5 100.00 (97.82) - train[2019-03-31-15:07:18] Epoch: [003][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.249 (1.203) Prec@1 70.83 (70.50) Prec@5 97.92 (97.80) - train[2019-03-31-15:07:42] Epoch: [003][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.222 (1.179) Prec@1 78.12 (71.10) Prec@5 97.92 (97.89) - train[2019-03-31-15:08:05] Epoch: [003][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.137 (1.160) Prec@1 77.08 (71.62) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-15:08:29] Epoch: [003][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.896 (1.151) Prec@1 79.17 (71.88) Prec@5 98.96 (97.97) - train[2019-03-31-15:08:34] Epoch: [003][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.211 (1.147) Prec@1 67.50 (71.97) Prec@5 98.75 (97.99) -[2019-03-31-15:08:34] **train** Prec@1 71.97 Prec@5 97.99 Error@1 28.03 Error@5 2.01 Loss:1.147 - test [2019-03-31-15:08:35] Epoch: [003][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.709 (0.709) Prec@1 72.92 (72.92) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:08:39] Epoch: [003][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.534 (0.714) Prec@1 80.21 (76.71) Prec@5 100.00 (98.29) - test [2019-03-31-15:08:39] Epoch: [003][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.404 (0.717) Prec@1 87.50 (76.57) Prec@5 100.00 (98.29) -[2019-03-31-15:08:39] **test** Prec@1 76.57 Prec@5 98.29 Error@1 23.43 Error@5 1.71 Loss:0.717 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=76.57, Acc@5=98.29, Error@1=23.43, Error@5=1.71 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:08:39] [Epoch=004/600] [Need: 21:28:37] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:08:40] Epoch: [004][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.819 (0.819) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:09:04] Epoch: [004][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.859 (1.058) Prec@1 80.21 (74.55) Prec@5 98.96 (98.21) - train[2019-03-31-15:09:28] Epoch: [004][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.055 (1.047) Prec@1 71.88 (74.72) Prec@5 100.00 (98.25) - train[2019-03-31-15:09:51] Epoch: [004][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.093 (1.045) Prec@1 70.83 (74.80) Prec@5 96.88 (98.32) - train[2019-03-31-15:10:15] Epoch: [004][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.221 (1.035) Prec@1 72.92 (75.04) Prec@5 98.96 (98.37) - train[2019-03-31-15:10:39] Epoch: [004][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.101 (1.033) Prec@1 77.08 (75.12) Prec@5 96.88 (98.35) - train[2019-03-31-15:10:44] Epoch: [004][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.823 (1.032) Prec@1 77.50 (75.17) Prec@5 98.75 (98.36) -[2019-03-31-15:10:44] **train** Prec@1 75.17 Prec@5 98.36 Error@1 24.83 Error@5 1.64 Loss:1.032 - test [2019-03-31-15:10:45] Epoch: [004][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.919 (0.919) Prec@1 73.96 (73.96) Prec@5 95.83 (95.83) - test [2019-03-31-15:10:49] Epoch: [004][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.630 (0.718) Prec@1 78.12 (76.46) Prec@5 96.88 (98.14) - test [2019-03-31-15:10:49] Epoch: [004][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.737 (0.720) Prec@1 81.25 (76.38) Prec@5 100.00 (98.13) -[2019-03-31-15:10:49] **test** Prec@1 76.38 Prec@5 98.13 Error@1 23.62 Error@5 1.87 Loss:0.720 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=76.57, Acc@5=98.29, Error@1=23.43, Error@5=1.71 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:10:49] [Epoch=005/600] [Need: 21:27:50] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:10:50] Epoch: [005][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.755 (0.755) Prec@1 82.29 (82.29) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:11:14] Epoch: [005][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.103 (0.978) Prec@1 75.00 (76.44) Prec@5 98.96 (98.67) - train[2019-03-31-15:11:37] Epoch: [005][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.143 (0.973) Prec@1 70.83 (76.23) Prec@5 97.92 (98.73) - train[2019-03-31-15:12:01] Epoch: [005][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.070 (0.960) Prec@1 73.96 (76.67) Prec@5 96.88 (98.68) - train[2019-03-31-15:12:25] Epoch: [005][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.255 (0.956) Prec@1 71.88 (76.88) Prec@5 97.92 (98.66) - train[2019-03-31-15:12:49] Epoch: [005][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.934 (0.946) Prec@1 78.12 (77.16) Prec@5 98.96 (98.70) - train[2019-03-31-15:12:53] Epoch: [005][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.895 (0.944) Prec@1 81.25 (77.24) Prec@5 100.00 (98.71) -[2019-03-31-15:12:54] **train** Prec@1 77.24 Prec@5 98.71 Error@1 22.76 Error@5 1.29 Loss:0.944 - test [2019-03-31-15:12:54] Epoch: [005][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.638 (0.638) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - test [2019-03-31-15:12:58] Epoch: [005][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.461 (0.611) Prec@1 87.50 (79.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.93) - test [2019-03-31-15:12:58] Epoch: [005][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.531 (0.613) Prec@1 75.00 (79.64) Prec@5 100.00 (98.93) -[2019-03-31-15:12:58] **test** Prec@1 79.64 Prec@5 98.93 Error@1 20.36 Error@5 1.07 Loss:0.613 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=79.64, Acc@5=98.93, Error@1=20.36, Error@5=1.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:12:59] [Epoch=006/600] [Need: 21:22:26] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:13:00] Epoch: [006][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 1.002 (1.002) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-15:13:23] Epoch: [006][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.721 (0.885) Prec@1 82.29 (78.62) Prec@5 100.00 (98.65) - train[2019-03-31-15:13:47] Epoch: [006][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.813 (0.885) Prec@1 79.17 (78.77) Prec@5 98.96 (98.70) - train[2019-03-31-15:14:11] Epoch: [006][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.606 (0.882) Prec@1 87.50 (78.90) Prec@5 98.96 (98.72) - train[2019-03-31-15:14:35] Epoch: [006][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.650 (0.883) Prec@1 84.38 (78.95) Prec@5 100.00 (98.73) - train[2019-03-31-15:14:58] Epoch: [006][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.116 (0.883) Prec@1 72.92 (78.97) Prec@5 97.92 (98.73) - train[2019-03-31-15:15:03] Epoch: [006][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.997 (0.882) Prec@1 73.75 (78.98) Prec@5 97.50 (98.73) -[2019-03-31-15:15:03] **train** Prec@1 78.98 Prec@5 98.73 Error@1 21.02 Error@5 1.27 Loss:0.882 - test [2019-03-31-15:15:04] Epoch: [006][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.470 (0.470) Prec@1 82.29 (82.29) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - test [2019-03-31-15:15:08] Epoch: [006][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.411 (0.549) Prec@1 84.38 (81.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.11) - test [2019-03-31-15:15:08] Epoch: [006][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.503 (0.549) Prec@1 87.50 (81.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.13) -[2019-03-31-15:15:08] **test** Prec@1 81.06 Prec@5 99.13 Error@1 18.94 Error@5 0.87 Loss:0.549 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=81.06, Acc@5=99.13, Error@1=18.94, Error@5=0.87 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:15:08] [Epoch=007/600] [Need: 21:18:38] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:15:09] Epoch: [007][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.953 (0.953) Prec@1 73.96 (73.96) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - train[2019-03-31-15:15:33] Epoch: [007][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.816 (0.844) Prec@1 76.04 (79.47) Prec@5 100.00 (98.93) - train[2019-03-31-15:15:58] Epoch: [007][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.939 (0.846) Prec@1 77.08 (79.63) Prec@5 98.96 (98.90) - train[2019-03-31-15:16:24] Epoch: [007][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.777 (0.843) Prec@1 79.17 (79.72) Prec@5 97.92 (98.93) - train[2019-03-31-15:16:51] Epoch: [007][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.741 (0.837) Prec@1 83.33 (79.90) Prec@5 97.92 (98.94) - train[2019-03-31-15:17:16] Epoch: [007][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.910 (0.834) Prec@1 80.21 (79.99) Prec@5 98.96 (98.98) - train[2019-03-31-15:17:20] Epoch: [007][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.795 (0.832) Prec@1 81.25 (80.02) Prec@5 98.75 (98.98) -[2019-03-31-15:17:21] **train** Prec@1 80.02 Prec@5 98.98 Error@1 19.98 Error@5 1.02 Loss:0.832 - test [2019-03-31-15:17:21] Epoch: [007][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.485 (0.485) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:17:25] Epoch: [007][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.456 (0.520) Prec@1 85.42 (82.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.23) - test [2019-03-31-15:17:25] Epoch: [007][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.517 (0.518) Prec@1 75.00 (82.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.24) -[2019-03-31-15:17:25] **test** Prec@1 82.21 Prec@5 99.24 Error@1 17.79 Error@5 0.76 Loss:0.518 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=82.21, Acc@5=99.24, Error@1=17.79, Error@5=0.76 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:17:26] [Epoch=008/600] [Need: 22:37:00] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:17:26] Epoch: [008][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.871 (0.871) Prec@1 73.96 (73.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:17:50] Epoch: [008][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.919 (0.809) Prec@1 76.04 (81.13) Prec@5 97.92 (99.02) - train[2019-03-31-15:18:14] Epoch: [008][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.843 (0.797) Prec@1 85.42 (81.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.10) - train[2019-03-31-15:18:37] Epoch: [008][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.583 (0.795) Prec@1 86.46 (81.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.08) - train[2019-03-31-15:19:01] Epoch: [008][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.904 (0.785) Prec@1 78.12 (81.33) Prec@5 97.92 (99.11) - train[2019-03-31-15:19:25] Epoch: [008][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.951 (0.787) Prec@1 75.00 (81.15) Prec@5 97.92 (99.13) - train[2019-03-31-15:19:30] Epoch: [008][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.799 (0.786) Prec@1 78.75 (81.20) Prec@5 98.75 (99.12) -[2019-03-31-15:19:30] **train** Prec@1 81.20 Prec@5 99.12 Error@1 18.80 Error@5 0.88 Loss:0.786 - test [2019-03-31-15:19:30] Epoch: [008][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.404 (0.404) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:19:34] Epoch: [008][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.429 (0.489) Prec@1 86.46 (83.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.38) - test [2019-03-31-15:19:34] Epoch: [008][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.546 (0.490) Prec@1 81.25 (83.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.40) -[2019-03-31-15:19:34] **test** Prec@1 83.56 Prec@5 99.40 Error@1 16.44 Error@5 0.60 Loss:0.490 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=83.56, Acc@5=99.40, Error@1=16.44, Error@5=0.60 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:19:35] [Epoch=009/600] [Need: 21:11:33] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:19:36] Epoch: [009][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.732 (0.732) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:19:59] Epoch: [009][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.684 (0.744) Prec@1 84.38 (82.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.16) - train[2019-03-31-15:20:24] Epoch: [009][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.589 (0.753) Prec@1 84.38 (82.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.14) - train[2019-03-31-15:20:47] Epoch: [009][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.764 (0.754) Prec@1 83.33 (82.09) Prec@5 97.92 (99.12) - train[2019-03-31-15:21:11] Epoch: [009][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.858 (0.759) Prec@1 80.21 (81.90) Prec@5 98.96 (99.09) - train[2019-03-31-15:21:35] Epoch: [009][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 1.065 (0.762) Prec@1 72.92 (81.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.11) - train[2019-03-31-15:21:39] Epoch: [009][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.838 (0.762) Prec@1 77.50 (81.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.12) -[2019-03-31-15:21:39] **train** Prec@1 81.78 Prec@5 99.12 Error@1 18.22 Error@5 0.88 Loss:0.762 - test [2019-03-31-15:21:40] Epoch: [009][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.612 (0.612) Prec@1 80.21 (80.21) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:21:44] Epoch: [009][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.262 (0.486) Prec@1 93.75 (83.93) Prec@5 98.96 (99.15) - test [2019-03-31-15:21:44] Epoch: [009][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.614 (0.486) Prec@1 75.00 (83.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.16) -[2019-03-31-15:21:44] **test** Prec@1 83.88 Prec@5 99.16 Error@1 16.12 Error@5 0.84 Loss:0.486 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=83.88, Acc@5=99.16, Error@1=16.12, Error@5=0.84 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:21:45] [Epoch=010/600] [Need: 21:17:21] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:21:45] Epoch: [010][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.537 (0.537) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:22:09] Epoch: [010][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.800 (0.724) Prec@1 81.25 (82.99) Prec@5 96.88 (99.20) - train[2019-03-31-15:22:33] Epoch: [010][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.516 (0.721) Prec@1 87.50 (82.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:22:57] Epoch: [010][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.793 (0.734) Prec@1 81.25 (82.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.24) - train[2019-03-31-15:23:20] Epoch: [010][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.787 (0.731) Prec@1 82.29 (82.73) Prec@5 98.96 (99.20) - train[2019-03-31-15:23:44] Epoch: [010][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.960 (0.732) Prec@1 78.12 (82.76) Prec@5 98.96 (99.19) - train[2019-03-31-15:23:49] Epoch: [010][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.599 (0.730) Prec@1 90.00 (82.83) Prec@5 98.75 (99.18) -[2019-03-31-15:23:49] **train** Prec@1 82.83 Prec@5 99.18 Error@1 17.17 Error@5 0.82 Loss:0.730 - test [2019-03-31-15:23:50] Epoch: [010][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.607 (0.607) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:23:54] Epoch: [010][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.375 (0.485) Prec@1 90.62 (83.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.36) - test [2019-03-31-15:23:54] Epoch: [010][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.484) Prec@1 93.75 (83.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.37) -[2019-03-31-15:23:54] **test** Prec@1 83.91 Prec@5 99.37 Error@1 16.09 Error@5 0.63 Loss:0.484 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=83.91, Acc@5=99.37, Error@1=16.09, Error@5=0.63 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:23:54] [Epoch=011/600] [Need: 21:10:25] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:23:55] Epoch: [011][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.672 (0.672) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:24:18] Epoch: [011][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.915 (0.718) Prec@1 78.12 (82.71) Prec@5 96.88 (99.38) - train[2019-03-31-15:24:42] Epoch: [011][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.666 (0.715) Prec@1 84.38 (82.78) Prec@5 98.96 (99.31) - train[2019-03-31-15:25:06] Epoch: [011][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.585 (0.708) Prec@1 85.42 (82.95) Prec@5 98.96 (99.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:25:30] Epoch: [011][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.608 (0.709) Prec@1 83.33 (82.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.31) - train[2019-03-31-15:25:53] Epoch: [011][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.675 (0.706) Prec@1 86.46 (83.07) Prec@5 98.96 (99.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:25:58] Epoch: [011][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.538 (0.708) Prec@1 90.00 (83.03) Prec@5 98.75 (99.30) -[2019-03-31-15:25:58] **train** Prec@1 83.03 Prec@5 99.30 Error@1 16.97 Error@5 0.70 Loss:0.708 - test [2019-03-31-15:25:58] Epoch: [011][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.544 (0.544) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:26:03] Epoch: [011][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.226 (0.442) Prec@1 93.75 (85.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.40) - test [2019-03-31-15:26:03] Epoch: [011][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.346 (0.442) Prec@1 75.00 (85.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.42) -[2019-03-31-15:26:03] **test** Prec@1 85.18 Prec@5 99.42 Error@1 14.82 Error@5 0.58 Loss:0.442 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=85.18, Acc@5=99.42, Error@1=14.82, Error@5=0.58 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:26:03] [Epoch=012/600] [Need: 21:03:43] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:26:04] Epoch: [012][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.753 (0.753) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:26:27] Epoch: [012][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.750 (0.645) Prec@1 78.12 (84.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.43) - train[2019-03-31-15:26:51] Epoch: [012][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.924 (0.667) Prec@1 76.04 (84.32) Prec@5 98.96 (99.37) - train[2019-03-31-15:27:15] Epoch: [012][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.613 (0.670) Prec@1 86.46 (84.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.33) - train[2019-03-31-15:27:39] Epoch: [012][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.766 (0.670) Prec@1 80.21 (84.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.32) - train[2019-03-31-15:28:03] Epoch: [012][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.761 (0.678) Prec@1 80.21 (84.06) Prec@5 97.92 (99.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:28:07] Epoch: [012][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.708 (0.678) Prec@1 82.50 (84.05) Prec@5 98.75 (99.31) -[2019-03-31-15:28:07] **train** Prec@1 84.05 Prec@5 99.31 Error@1 15.95 Error@5 0.69 Loss:0.678 - test [2019-03-31-15:28:08] Epoch: [012][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.351 (0.351) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:28:12] Epoch: [012][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.468) Prec@1 92.71 (84.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.36) - test [2019-03-31-15:28:12] Epoch: [012][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.457 (0.469) Prec@1 75.00 (84.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.38) -[2019-03-31-15:28:12] **test** Prec@1 84.34 Prec@5 99.38 Error@1 15.66 Error@5 0.62 Loss:0.469 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=85.18, Acc@5=99.42, Error@1=14.82, Error@5=0.58 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:28:12] [Epoch=013/600] [Need: 21:06:03] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:28:13] Epoch: [013][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.696 (0.696) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:28:37] Epoch: [013][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.870 (0.647) Prec@1 79.17 (84.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.41) - train[2019-03-31-15:29:01] Epoch: [013][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.630 (0.661) Prec@1 84.38 (84.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.41) - train[2019-03-31-15:29:25] Epoch: [013][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.644 (0.657) Prec@1 83.33 (84.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.40) - train[2019-03-31-15:29:49] Epoch: [013][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.558 (0.651) Prec@1 87.50 (84.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.37) - train[2019-03-31-15:30:13] Epoch: [013][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.698 (0.658) Prec@1 80.21 (84.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.36) - train[2019-03-31-15:30:17] Epoch: [013][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.647 (0.659) Prec@1 86.25 (84.25) Prec@5 97.50 (99.35) -[2019-03-31-15:30:18] **train** Prec@1 84.25 Prec@5 99.35 Error@1 15.75 Error@5 0.65 Loss:0.659 - test [2019-03-31-15:30:18] Epoch: [013][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.334 (0.334) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:30:22] Epoch: [013][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.402) Prec@1 86.46 (86.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) - test [2019-03-31-15:30:22] Epoch: [013][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.493 (0.402) Prec@1 87.50 (86.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) -[2019-03-31-15:30:22] **test** Prec@1 86.54 Prec@5 99.48 Error@1 13.46 Error@5 0.52 Loss:0.402 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=86.54, Acc@5=99.48, Error@1=13.46, Error@5=0.52 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:30:23] [Epoch=014/600] [Need: 21:11:42] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:30:23] Epoch: [014][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.519 (0.519) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:30:47] Epoch: [014][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.453 (0.620) Prec@1 86.46 (85.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.38) - train[2019-03-31-15:31:11] Epoch: [014][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.773 (0.635) Prec@1 82.29 (85.18) Prec@5 98.96 (99.31) - train[2019-03-31-15:31:35] Epoch: [014][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.753 (0.639) Prec@1 84.38 (85.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.30) - train[2019-03-31-15:31:59] Epoch: [014][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.600 (0.645) Prec@1 88.54 (84.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.32) - train[2019-03-31-15:32:22] Epoch: [014][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.621 (0.645) Prec@1 85.42 (84.87) Prec@5 98.96 (99.36) - train[2019-03-31-15:32:27] Epoch: [014][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.504 (0.644) Prec@1 90.00 (84.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.36) -[2019-03-31-15:32:27] **train** Prec@1 84.87 Prec@5 99.36 Error@1 15.13 Error@5 0.64 Loss:0.644 - test [2019-03-31-15:32:28] Epoch: [014][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.39 (0.39) Loss 0.481 (0.481) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-15:32:32] Epoch: [014][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.466) Prec@1 86.46 (85.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.33) - test [2019-03-31-15:32:32] Epoch: [014][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.465) Prec@1 93.75 (85.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.33) -[2019-03-31-15:32:32] **test** Prec@1 85.22 Prec@5 99.33 Error@1 14.78 Error@5 0.67 Loss:0.465 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=86.54, Acc@5=99.48, Error@1=13.46, Error@5=0.52 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:32:32] [Epoch=015/600] [Need: 21:02:23] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:32:33] Epoch: [015][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.640 (0.640) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:32:56] Epoch: [015][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.643 (0.633) Prec@1 83.33 (84.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.43) - train[2019-03-31-15:33:20] Epoch: [015][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.939 (0.639) Prec@1 81.25 (84.97) Prec@5 97.92 (99.31) - train[2019-03-31-15:33:44] Epoch: [015][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.579 (0.630) Prec@1 86.46 (85.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.35) - train[2019-03-31-15:34:07] Epoch: [015][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.713 (0.627) Prec@1 82.29 (85.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.39) - train[2019-03-31-15:34:31] Epoch: [015][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.534 (0.631) Prec@1 86.46 (85.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.39) - train[2019-03-31-15:34:36] Epoch: [015][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.737 (0.630) Prec@1 81.25 (85.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.40) -[2019-03-31-15:34:36] **train** Prec@1 85.24 Prec@5 99.40 Error@1 14.76 Error@5 0.60 Loss:0.630 - test [2019-03-31-15:34:36] Epoch: [015][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.436 (0.436) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:34:40] Epoch: [015][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.353) Prec@1 92.71 (87.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) - test [2019-03-31-15:34:40] Epoch: [015][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.353) Prec@1 93.75 (87.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) -[2019-03-31-15:34:41] **test** Prec@1 87.96 Prec@5 99.63 Error@1 12.04 Error@5 0.37 Loss:0.353 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=87.96, Acc@5=99.63, Error@1=12.04, Error@5=0.37 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:34:41] [Epoch=016/600] [Need: 20:52:49] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:34:41] Epoch: [016][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.546 (0.546) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:35:05] Epoch: [016][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.695 (0.591) Prec@1 82.29 (86.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-15:35:29] Epoch: [016][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.532 (0.601) Prec@1 88.54 (85.88) Prec@5 98.96 (99.51) - train[2019-03-31-15:35:52] Epoch: [016][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.627 (0.607) Prec@1 86.46 (85.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.49) - train[2019-03-31-15:36:16] Epoch: [016][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.632 (0.607) Prec@1 83.33 (85.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.47) - train[2019-03-31-15:36:40] Epoch: [016][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.494 (0.610) Prec@1 89.58 (85.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:36:45] Epoch: [016][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.713 (0.610) Prec@1 78.75 (85.62) Prec@5 98.75 (99.47) -[2019-03-31-15:36:45] **train** Prec@1 85.62 Prec@5 99.47 Error@1 14.38 Error@5 0.53 Loss:0.610 - test [2019-03-31-15:36:45] Epoch: [016][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.365 (0.365) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:36:49] Epoch: [016][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.383) Prec@1 91.67 (87.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - test [2019-03-31-15:36:49] Epoch: [016][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.321 (0.382) Prec@1 93.75 (87.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.47) -[2019-03-31-15:36:49] **test** Prec@1 87.25 Prec@5 99.47 Error@1 12.75 Error@5 0.53 Loss:0.382 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=87.96, Acc@5=99.63, Error@1=12.04, Error@5=0.37 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:36:50] [Epoch=017/600] [Need: 20:52:00] LR=0.0250 ~ 0.0250, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:36:50] Epoch: [017][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.573 (0.573) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:37:14] Epoch: [017][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.757 (0.600) Prec@1 85.42 (85.92) Prec@5 98.96 (99.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:37:38] Epoch: [017][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.699 (0.607) Prec@1 81.25 (85.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.49) - train[2019-03-31-15:38:02] Epoch: [017][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.466 (0.604) Prec@1 85.42 (85.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:38:25] Epoch: [017][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.596 (0.603) Prec@1 87.50 (85.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:38:49] Epoch: [017][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.542 (0.606) Prec@1 89.58 (85.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - train[2019-03-31-15:38:54] Epoch: [017][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.492 (0.605) Prec@1 87.50 (85.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.47) -[2019-03-31-15:38:54] **train** Prec@1 85.84 Prec@5 99.47 Error@1 14.16 Error@5 0.53 Loss:0.605 - test [2019-03-31-15:38:55] Epoch: [017][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.378 (0.378) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:38:59] Epoch: [017][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.347) Prec@1 93.75 (88.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.60) - test [2019-03-31-15:38:59] Epoch: [017][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.559 (0.347) Prec@1 87.50 (88.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) -[2019-03-31-15:38:59] **test** Prec@1 88.69 Prec@5 99.61 Error@1 11.31 Error@5 0.39 Loss:0.347 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:38:59] [Epoch=018/600] [Need: 20:55:30] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:39:00] Epoch: [018][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.372 (0.372) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:39:23] Epoch: [018][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.524 (0.568) Prec@1 87.50 (86.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.41) - train[2019-03-31-15:39:47] Epoch: [018][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.552 (0.577) Prec@1 89.58 (86.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) - train[2019-03-31-15:40:11] Epoch: [018][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.550 (0.584) Prec@1 86.46 (86.36) Prec@5 98.96 (99.49) - train[2019-03-31-15:40:35] Epoch: [018][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.578 (0.588) Prec@1 88.54 (86.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.49) - train[2019-03-31-15:40:59] Epoch: [018][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.539 (0.592) Prec@1 87.50 (86.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.48) - train[2019-03-31-15:41:04] Epoch: [018][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.748 (0.593) Prec@1 85.00 (86.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) -[2019-03-31-15:41:04] **train** Prec@1 86.18 Prec@5 99.48 Error@1 13.82 Error@5 0.52 Loss:0.593 - test [2019-03-31-15:41:04] Epoch: [018][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.336 (0.336) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:41:08] Epoch: [018][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.360) Prec@1 93.75 (87.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - test [2019-03-31-15:41:08] Epoch: [018][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.490 (0.360) Prec@1 81.25 (87.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-15:41:09] **test** Prec@1 87.87 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 12.13 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.360 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:41:09] [Epoch=019/600] [Need: 20:55:30] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:41:10] Epoch: [019][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.709 (0.709) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:41:33] Epoch: [019][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.498 (0.557) Prec@1 90.62 (86.78) Prec@5 98.96 (99.52) - train[2019-03-31-15:41:57] Epoch: [019][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.608 (0.569) Prec@1 86.46 (86.67) Prec@5 98.96 (99.52) - train[2019-03-31-15:42:21] Epoch: [019][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.599 (0.563) Prec@1 84.38 (86.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.53) - train[2019-03-31-15:42:44] Epoch: [019][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.633 (0.567) Prec@1 82.29 (86.68) Prec@5 98.96 (99.53) - train[2019-03-31-15:43:08] Epoch: [019][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.358 (0.574) Prec@1 92.71 (86.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.52) - train[2019-03-31-15:43:13] Epoch: [019][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.690 (0.575) Prec@1 86.25 (86.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.52) -[2019-03-31-15:43:13] **train** Prec@1 86.51 Prec@5 99.52 Error@1 13.49 Error@5 0.48 Loss:0.575 - test [2019-03-31-15:43:14] Epoch: [019][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:43:18] Epoch: [019][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.168 (0.338) Prec@1 93.75 (88.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) - test [2019-03-31-15:43:18] Epoch: [019][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.284 (0.337) Prec@1 87.50 (88.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) -[2019-03-31-15:43:18] **test** Prec@1 88.33 Prec@5 99.62 Error@1 11.67 Error@5 0.38 Loss:0.337 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:43:18] [Epoch=020/600] [Need: 20:49:56] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:43:19] Epoch: [020][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.701 (0.701) Prec@1 82.29 (82.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:43:43] Epoch: [020][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.581 (0.565) Prec@1 84.38 (86.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-15:44:07] Epoch: [020][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.747 (0.574) Prec@1 85.42 (86.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-15:44:32] Epoch: [020][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.664 (0.576) Prec@1 78.12 (86.19) Prec@5 97.92 (99.61) - train[2019-03-31-15:44:55] Epoch: [020][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.475 (0.573) Prec@1 90.62 (86.40) Prec@5 98.96 (99.57) - train[2019-03-31-15:45:20] Epoch: [020][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.641 (0.576) Prec@1 83.33 (86.42) Prec@5 98.96 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-15:45:25] Epoch: [020][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.575) Prec@1 88.75 (86.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.56) -[2019-03-31-15:45:26] **train** Prec@1 86.42 Prec@5 99.56 Error@1 13.58 Error@5 0.44 Loss:0.575 - test [2019-03-31-15:45:26] Epoch: [020][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.410 (0.410) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:45:30] Epoch: [020][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.389) Prec@1 93.75 (87.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-15:45:31] Epoch: [020][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.390) Prec@1 100.00 (87.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-15:45:31] **test** Prec@1 87.27 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 12.73 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.390 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:45:31] [Epoch=021/600] [Need: 21:21:20] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:45:32] Epoch: [021][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.566 (0.566) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:45:57] Epoch: [021][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.336 (0.556) Prec@1 92.71 (87.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) - train[2019-03-31-15:46:22] Epoch: [021][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.475 (0.569) Prec@1 89.58 (86.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.54) - train[2019-03-31-15:46:48] Epoch: [021][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.521 (0.564) Prec@1 91.67 (86.78) Prec@5 97.92 (99.52) - train[2019-03-31-15:47:14] Epoch: [021][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.481 (0.562) Prec@1 87.50 (86.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.50) - train[2019-03-31-15:47:39] Epoch: [021][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.597 (0.564) Prec@1 86.46 (86.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.49) - train[2019-03-31-15:47:45] Epoch: [021][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.560 (0.566) Prec@1 90.00 (86.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) -[2019-03-31-15:47:45] **train** Prec@1 86.76 Prec@5 99.48 Error@1 13.24 Error@5 0.52 Loss:0.566 - test [2019-03-31-15:47:45] Epoch: [021][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.281 (0.281) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:47:50] Epoch: [021][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.221 (0.423) Prec@1 88.54 (86.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.43) - test [2019-03-31-15:47:50] Epoch: [021][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.295 (0.422) Prec@1 81.25 (86.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.45) -[2019-03-31-15:47:50] **test** Prec@1 86.21 Prec@5 99.45 Error@1 13.79 Error@5 0.55 Loss:0.422 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:47:50] [Epoch=022/600] [Need: 22:23:00] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:47:51] Epoch: [022][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.702 (0.702) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:48:17] Epoch: [022][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.633 (0.557) Prec@1 83.33 (86.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) - train[2019-03-31-15:48:42] Epoch: [022][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.520 (0.556) Prec@1 87.50 (86.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) - train[2019-03-31-15:49:08] Epoch: [022][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.696 (0.558) Prec@1 83.33 (86.85) Prec@5 98.96 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-15:49:33] Epoch: [022][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.561 (0.558) Prec@1 87.50 (86.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.55) - train[2019-03-31-15:49:58] Epoch: [022][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.498 (0.560) Prec@1 90.62 (86.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.51) - train[2019-03-31-15:50:03] Epoch: [022][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.502 (0.560) Prec@1 88.75 (86.90) Prec@5 97.50 (99.51) -[2019-03-31-15:50:03] **train** Prec@1 86.90 Prec@5 99.51 Error@1 13.10 Error@5 0.49 Loss:0.560 - test [2019-03-31-15:50:04] Epoch: [022][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.356 (0.356) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:50:08] Epoch: [022][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.345) Prec@1 94.79 (88.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) - test [2019-03-31-15:50:08] Epoch: [022][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.345) Prec@1 93.75 (88.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) -[2019-03-31-15:50:08] **test** Prec@1 88.27 Prec@5 99.66 Error@1 11.73 Error@5 0.34 Loss:0.345 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:50:08] [Epoch=023/600] [Need: 22:08:48] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:50:09] Epoch: [023][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.475 (0.475) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:50:34] Epoch: [023][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.610 (0.554) Prec@1 84.38 (87.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-15:51:00] Epoch: [023][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.423 (0.553) Prec@1 90.62 (87.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.54) - train[2019-03-31-15:51:25] Epoch: [023][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.697 (0.549) Prec@1 87.50 (87.21) Prec@5 97.92 (99.55) - train[2019-03-31-15:51:50] Epoch: [023][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.654 (0.553) Prec@1 84.38 (86.99) Prec@5 98.96 (99.54) - train[2019-03-31-15:52:14] Epoch: [023][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.519 (0.552) Prec@1 90.62 (87.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) - train[2019-03-31-15:52:18] Epoch: [023][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.441 (0.552) Prec@1 92.50 (87.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) -[2019-03-31-15:52:18] **train** Prec@1 87.08 Prec@5 99.55 Error@1 12.92 Error@5 0.45 Loss:0.552 - test [2019-03-31-15:52:19] Epoch: [023][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.420 (0.420) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:52:23] Epoch: [023][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.455) Prec@1 94.79 (86.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-15:52:23] Epoch: [023][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.202 (0.454) Prec@1 75.00 (86.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-15:52:23] **test** Prec@1 86.32 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 13.68 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.454 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:52:23] [Epoch=024/600] [Need: 21:37:02] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:52:24] Epoch: [024][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.416 (0.416) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:52:48] Epoch: [024][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.535) Prec@1 88.54 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - train[2019-03-31-15:53:12] Epoch: [024][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.474 (0.541) Prec@1 87.50 (87.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - train[2019-03-31-15:53:36] Epoch: [024][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.518 (0.540) Prec@1 89.58 (87.40) Prec@5 97.92 (99.63) - train[2019-03-31-15:54:00] Epoch: [024][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.629 (0.542) Prec@1 84.38 (87.34) Prec@5 98.96 (99.62) - train[2019-03-31-15:54:24] Epoch: [024][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.665 (0.546) Prec@1 85.42 (87.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-15:54:29] Epoch: [024][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.678 (0.547) Prec@1 82.50 (87.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) -[2019-03-31-15:54:29] **train** Prec@1 87.17 Prec@5 99.59 Error@1 12.83 Error@5 0.41 Loss:0.547 - test [2019-03-31-15:54:29] Epoch: [024][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.525 (0.525) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - test [2019-03-31-15:54:33] Epoch: [024][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.322 (0.442) Prec@1 90.62 (86.34) Prec@5 98.96 (99.29) - test [2019-03-31-15:54:33] Epoch: [024][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.412 (0.443) Prec@1 81.25 (86.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.30) -[2019-03-31-15:54:34] **test** Prec@1 86.31 Prec@5 99.30 Error@1 13.69 Error@5 0.70 Loss:0.443 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:54:34] [Epoch=025/600] [Need: 20:47:47] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:54:35] Epoch: [025][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.730 (0.730) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:54:58] Epoch: [025][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.432 (0.521) Prec@1 89.58 (87.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) - train[2019-03-31-15:55:22] Epoch: [025][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.476 (0.530) Prec@1 85.42 (87.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-15:55:46] Epoch: [025][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.524 (0.533) Prec@1 87.50 (87.57) Prec@5 97.92 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-15:56:10] Epoch: [025][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.488 (0.536) Prec@1 85.42 (87.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-15:56:34] Epoch: [025][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.538 (0.536) Prec@1 83.33 (87.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.54) - train[2019-03-31-15:56:39] Epoch: [025][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.538 (0.534) Prec@1 85.00 (87.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) -[2019-03-31-15:56:39] **train** Prec@1 87.53 Prec@5 99.55 Error@1 12.47 Error@5 0.45 Loss:0.534 - test [2019-03-31-15:56:39] Epoch: [025][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.316 (0.316) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:56:43] Epoch: [025][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.214 (0.342) Prec@1 90.62 (88.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - test [2019-03-31-15:56:43] Epoch: [025][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.561 (0.341) Prec@1 81.25 (88.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) -[2019-03-31-15:56:44] **test** Prec@1 88.33 Prec@5 99.67 Error@1 11.67 Error@5 0.33 Loss:0.341 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:56:44] [Epoch=026/600] [Need: 20:43:52] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:56:45] Epoch: [026][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.584 (0.584) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-15:57:08] Epoch: [026][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.459 (0.512) Prec@1 90.62 (87.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-15:57:32] Epoch: [026][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.506 (0.530) Prec@1 87.50 (87.66) Prec@5 98.96 (99.54) - train[2019-03-31-15:57:56] Epoch: [026][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.575 (0.527) Prec@1 86.46 (87.71) Prec@5 98.96 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-15:58:20] Epoch: [026][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.584 (0.536) Prec@1 86.46 (87.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) - train[2019-03-31-15:58:44] Epoch: [026][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.699 (0.537) Prec@1 79.17 (87.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.53) - train[2019-03-31-15:58:48] Epoch: [026][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.789 (0.538) Prec@1 83.75 (87.36) Prec@5 98.75 (99.54) -[2019-03-31-15:58:49] **train** Prec@1 87.36 Prec@5 99.54 Error@1 12.64 Error@5 0.46 Loss:0.538 - test [2019-03-31-15:58:49] Epoch: [026][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.322 (0.322) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-15:58:53] Epoch: [026][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.330 (0.467) Prec@1 85.42 (85.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.56) - test [2019-03-31-15:58:53] Epoch: [026][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.678 (0.468) Prec@1 81.25 (85.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.57) -[2019-03-31-15:58:53] **test** Prec@1 85.17 Prec@5 99.57 Error@1 14.83 Error@5 0.43 Loss:0.468 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-15:58:54] [Epoch=027/600] [Need: 20:40:40] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-15:58:54] Epoch: [027][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.627 (0.627) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-15:59:18] Epoch: [027][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.382 (0.525) Prec@1 93.75 (88.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-15:59:42] Epoch: [027][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.663 (0.527) Prec@1 82.29 (87.82) Prec@5 98.96 (99.62) - train[2019-03-31-16:00:06] Epoch: [027][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.571 (0.526) Prec@1 85.42 (87.77) Prec@5 98.96 (99.63) - train[2019-03-31-16:00:30] Epoch: [027][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.524) Prec@1 92.71 (87.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - train[2019-03-31-16:00:54] Epoch: [027][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.533 (0.527) Prec@1 86.46 (87.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - train[2019-03-31-16:00:59] Epoch: [027][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.583 (0.527) Prec@1 88.75 (87.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) -[2019-03-31-16:00:59] **train** Prec@1 87.70 Prec@5 99.62 Error@1 12.30 Error@5 0.38 Loss:0.527 - test [2019-03-31-16:00:59] Epoch: [027][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.317 (0.317) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:01:03] Epoch: [027][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.370) Prec@1 90.62 (88.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-16:01:03] Epoch: [027][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.372) Prec@1 87.50 (88.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-16:01:04] **test** Prec@1 88.06 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 11.94 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.372 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=88.69, Acc@5=99.61, Error@1=11.31, Error@5=0.39 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:01:04] [Epoch=028/600] [Need: 20:40:09] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:01:05] Epoch: [028][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.736 (0.736) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:01:28] Epoch: [028][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.533 (0.483) Prec@1 86.46 (88.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:01:52] Epoch: [028][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.562 (0.503) Prec@1 84.38 (88.12) Prec@5 98.96 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:02:16] Epoch: [028][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.525 (0.507) Prec@1 85.42 (87.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:02:40] Epoch: [028][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.445 (0.511) Prec@1 86.46 (87.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-16:03:04] Epoch: [028][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.729 (0.512) Prec@1 84.38 (87.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-16:03:09] Epoch: [028][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.604 (0.512) Prec@1 86.25 (87.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) -[2019-03-31-16:03:09] **train** Prec@1 87.97 Prec@5 99.58 Error@1 12.03 Error@5 0.42 Loss:0.512 - test [2019-03-31-16:03:09] Epoch: [028][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.412 (0.412) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:03:13] Epoch: [028][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.187 (0.325) Prec@1 92.71 (89.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) - test [2019-03-31-16:03:14] Epoch: [028][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.484 (0.327) Prec@1 87.50 (89.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) -[2019-03-31-16:03:14] **test** Prec@1 89.20 Prec@5 99.62 Error@1 10.80 Error@5 0.38 Loss:0.327 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.20, Acc@5=99.62, Error@1=10.80, Error@5=0.38 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:03:14] [Epoch=029/600] [Need: 20:38:53] LR=0.0249 ~ 0.0249, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:03:15] Epoch: [029][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.415 (0.415) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:03:39] Epoch: [029][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.488 (0.502) Prec@1 87.50 (88.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:04:03] Epoch: [029][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.522) Prec@1 92.71 (87.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) - train[2019-03-31-16:04:27] Epoch: [029][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.468 (0.522) Prec@1 86.46 (87.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - train[2019-03-31-16:04:51] Epoch: [029][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.618 (0.520) Prec@1 85.42 (87.89) Prec@5 98.96 (99.61) - train[2019-03-31-16:05:15] Epoch: [029][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.494 (0.522) Prec@1 89.58 (87.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) - train[2019-03-31-16:05:19] Epoch: [029][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.324 (0.521) Prec@1 92.50 (87.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) -[2019-03-31-16:05:19] **train** Prec@1 87.86 Prec@5 99.60 Error@1 12.14 Error@5 0.40 Loss:0.521 - test [2019-03-31-16:05:20] Epoch: [029][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.222 (0.222) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:05:24] Epoch: [029][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.200 (0.326) Prec@1 93.75 (89.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - test [2019-03-31-16:05:24] Epoch: [029][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.335 (0.327) Prec@1 93.75 (89.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-16:05:24] **test** Prec@1 89.21 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.79 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.327 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:05:24] [Epoch=030/600] [Need: 20:40:00] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:05:25] Epoch: [030][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.538 (0.538) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:05:49] Epoch: [030][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.715 (0.515) Prec@1 82.29 (87.48) Prec@5 98.96 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-16:06:13] Epoch: [030][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.515) Prec@1 90.62 (87.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-16:06:37] Epoch: [030][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.523 (0.506) Prec@1 85.42 (87.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) - train[2019-03-31-16:07:01] Epoch: [030][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.396 (0.512) Prec@1 90.62 (87.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-16:07:25] Epoch: [030][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.648 (0.512) Prec@1 82.29 (87.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-16:07:30] Epoch: [030][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.391 (0.514) Prec@1 92.50 (87.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) -[2019-03-31-16:07:30] **train** Prec@1 87.88 Prec@5 99.59 Error@1 12.12 Error@5 0.41 Loss:0.514 - test [2019-03-31-16:07:30] Epoch: [030][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.355 (0.355) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:07:34] Epoch: [030][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.345) Prec@1 89.58 (88.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-16:07:34] Epoch: [030][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.344) Prec@1 87.50 (88.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:07:34] **test** Prec@1 88.40 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 11.60 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.344 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:07:35] [Epoch=031/600] [Need: 20:34:28] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:07:35] Epoch: [031][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.640 (0.640) Prec@1 82.29 (82.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:07:59] Epoch: [031][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.746 (0.485) Prec@1 87.50 (88.90) Prec@5 98.96 (99.65) - train[2019-03-31-16:08:23] Epoch: [031][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.497) Prec@1 89.58 (88.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:08:47] Epoch: [031][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.393 (0.495) Prec@1 89.58 (88.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:09:11] Epoch: [031][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.431 (0.499) Prec@1 88.54 (88.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:09:35] Epoch: [031][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.696 (0.505) Prec@1 81.25 (88.18) Prec@5 98.96 (99.65) - train[2019-03-31-16:09:40] Epoch: [031][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.588 (0.505) Prec@1 83.75 (88.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) -[2019-03-31-16:09:40] **train** Prec@1 88.18 Prec@5 99.65 Error@1 11.82 Error@5 0.35 Loss:0.505 - test [2019-03-31-16:09:41] Epoch: [031][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.285 (0.285) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:09:45] Epoch: [031][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.216 (0.337) Prec@1 92.71 (89.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) - test [2019-03-31-16:09:45] Epoch: [031][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.277 (0.337) Prec@1 87.50 (89.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) -[2019-03-31-16:09:45] **test** Prec@1 89.09 Prec@5 99.62 Error@1 10.91 Error@5 0.38 Loss:0.337 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:09:45] [Epoch=032/600] [Need: 20:36:48] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:09:46] Epoch: [032][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.332 (0.332) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:10:10] Epoch: [032][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.434 (0.470) Prec@1 89.58 (89.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:10:34] Epoch: [032][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.435 (0.489) Prec@1 87.50 (88.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:10:58] Epoch: [032][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.335 (0.494) Prec@1 93.75 (88.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:11:22] Epoch: [032][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.568 (0.495) Prec@1 86.46 (88.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:11:45] Epoch: [032][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.497) Prec@1 92.71 (88.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:11:50] Epoch: [032][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.457 (0.497) Prec@1 88.75 (88.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-16:11:50] **train** Prec@1 88.44 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 11.56 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.497 - test [2019-03-31-16:11:51] Epoch: [032][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.447 (0.447) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:11:55] Epoch: [032][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.356) Prec@1 91.67 (88.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) - test [2019-03-31-16:11:55] Epoch: [032][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.662 (0.356) Prec@1 81.25 (88.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) -[2019-03-31-16:11:55] **test** Prec@1 88.27 Prec@5 99.65 Error@1 11.73 Error@5 0.35 Loss:0.356 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:11:55] [Epoch=033/600] [Need: 20:29:10] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:11:56] Epoch: [033][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.501 (0.501) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:12:20] Epoch: [033][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.615 (0.498) Prec@1 86.46 (88.72) Prec@5 97.92 (99.57) - train[2019-03-31-16:12:45] Epoch: [033][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.523 (0.494) Prec@1 90.62 (88.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - train[2019-03-31-16:13:09] Epoch: [033][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.428 (0.498) Prec@1 89.58 (88.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - train[2019-03-31-16:13:33] Epoch: [033][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.665 (0.502) Prec@1 85.42 (88.40) Prec@5 97.92 (99.56) - train[2019-03-31-16:13:57] Epoch: [033][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.713 (0.504) Prec@1 85.42 (88.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.57) - train[2019-03-31-16:14:02] Epoch: [033][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.926 (0.505) Prec@1 80.00 (88.21) Prec@5 97.50 (99.56) -[2019-03-31-16:14:02] **train** Prec@1 88.21 Prec@5 99.56 Error@1 11.79 Error@5 0.44 Loss:0.505 - test [2019-03-31-16:14:02] Epoch: [033][000/105] Time 0.68 (0.68) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.323 (0.323) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:14:07] Epoch: [033][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.194 (0.346) Prec@1 90.62 (88.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-16:14:07] Epoch: [033][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.455 (0.344) Prec@1 93.75 (88.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:14:07] **test** Prec@1 88.45 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 11.55 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.344 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:14:07] [Epoch=034/600] [Need: 20:43:34] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:14:08] Epoch: [034][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.545 (0.545) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:14:33] Epoch: [034][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.583 (0.477) Prec@1 85.42 (88.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:14:56] Epoch: [034][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.638 (0.488) Prec@1 84.38 (88.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:15:21] Epoch: [034][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.488) Prec@1 91.67 (88.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:15:45] Epoch: [034][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.480 (0.491) Prec@1 88.54 (88.53) Prec@5 98.96 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:16:08] Epoch: [034][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.606 (0.494) Prec@1 85.42 (88.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:16:13] Epoch: [034][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.570 (0.496) Prec@1 90.00 (88.45) Prec@5 98.75 (99.66) -[2019-03-31-16:16:13] **train** Prec@1 88.45 Prec@5 99.66 Error@1 11.55 Error@5 0.34 Loss:0.496 - test [2019-03-31-16:16:14] Epoch: [034][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.281 (0.281) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:16:18] Epoch: [034][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.281 (0.386) Prec@1 89.58 (87.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.49) - test [2019-03-31-16:16:18] Epoch: [034][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.441 (0.386) Prec@1 81.25 (87.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.51) -[2019-03-31-16:16:18] **test** Prec@1 87.30 Prec@5 99.51 Error@1 12.70 Error@5 0.49 Loss:0.386 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=89.21, Acc@5=99.71, Error@1=10.79, Error@5=0.29 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:16:18] [Epoch=035/600] [Need: 20:33:42] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:16:19] Epoch: [035][000/521] Time 1.09 (1.09) Data 0.76 (0.76) Loss 0.634 (0.634) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:16:44] Epoch: [035][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.483 (0.487) Prec@1 92.71 (89.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:17:08] Epoch: [035][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.483) Prec@1 92.71 (89.04) Prec@5 98.96 (99.65) - train[2019-03-31-16:17:33] Epoch: [035][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.540 (0.481) Prec@1 86.46 (88.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:17:58] Epoch: [035][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.587 (0.489) Prec@1 88.54 (88.61) Prec@5 98.96 (99.64) - train[2019-03-31-16:18:23] Epoch: [035][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.544 (0.492) Prec@1 86.46 (88.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - train[2019-03-31-16:18:28] Epoch: [035][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.552 (0.493) Prec@1 87.50 (88.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) -[2019-03-31-16:18:28] **train** Prec@1 88.51 Prec@5 99.63 Error@1 11.49 Error@5 0.37 Loss:0.493 - test [2019-03-31-16:18:29] Epoch: [035][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.437 (0.437) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:18:33] Epoch: [035][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.291) Prec@1 94.79 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-16:18:33] Epoch: [035][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.291) Prec@1 93.75 (90.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-16:18:33] **test** Prec@1 90.54 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.46 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.291 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:18:33] [Epoch=036/600] [Need: 21:10:44] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:18:34] Epoch: [036][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.599 (0.599) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:18:59] Epoch: [036][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.543 (0.484) Prec@1 87.50 (88.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:19:25] Epoch: [036][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.445 (0.484) Prec@1 91.67 (88.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:19:50] Epoch: [036][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.479 (0.487) Prec@1 88.54 (88.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:20:15] Epoch: [036][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.546 (0.485) Prec@1 87.50 (88.57) Prec@5 98.96 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:20:40] Epoch: [036][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.652 (0.492) Prec@1 86.46 (88.35) Prec@5 98.96 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:20:45] Epoch: [036][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.532 (0.492) Prec@1 90.00 (88.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-16:20:45] **train** Prec@1 88.35 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 11.65 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.492 - test [2019-03-31-16:20:46] Epoch: [036][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.419 (0.419) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:20:50] Epoch: [036][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.422) Prec@1 91.67 (86.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.52) - test [2019-03-31-16:20:50] Epoch: [036][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.422) Prec@1 81.25 (86.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.52) -[2019-03-31-16:20:50] **test** Prec@1 86.93 Prec@5 99.52 Error@1 13.07 Error@5 0.48 Loss:0.422 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:20:50] [Epoch=037/600] [Need: 21:26:58] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:20:51] Epoch: [037][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.547 (0.547) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:21:16] Epoch: [037][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.403 (0.452) Prec@1 90.62 (89.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:21:41] Epoch: [037][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.591 (0.466) Prec@1 87.50 (89.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:22:06] Epoch: [037][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.556 (0.480) Prec@1 87.50 (88.88) Prec@5 98.96 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:22:31] Epoch: [037][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.388 (0.485) Prec@1 93.75 (88.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:22:57] Epoch: [037][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.383 (0.487) Prec@1 94.79 (88.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:23:02] Epoch: [037][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.434 (0.485) Prec@1 88.75 (88.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-16:23:02] **train** Prec@1 88.77 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 11.23 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.485 - test [2019-03-31-16:23:02] Epoch: [037][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.376 (0.376) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:23:06] Epoch: [037][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.340) Prec@1 97.92 (89.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.46) - test [2019-03-31-16:23:07] Epoch: [037][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.340) Prec@1 93.75 (89.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.48) -[2019-03-31-16:23:07] **test** Prec@1 89.47 Prec@5 99.48 Error@1 10.53 Error@5 0.52 Loss:0.340 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:23:07] [Epoch=038/600] [Need: 21:16:49] LR=0.0248 ~ 0.0248, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:23:08] Epoch: [038][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.284 (0.284) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:23:33] Epoch: [038][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.564 (0.474) Prec@1 82.29 (88.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:23:58] Epoch: [038][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.474) Prec@1 92.71 (88.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:24:22] Epoch: [038][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.558 (0.482) Prec@1 82.29 (88.52) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:24:46] Epoch: [038][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.547 (0.478) Prec@1 82.29 (88.68) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:25:10] Epoch: [038][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.643 (0.485) Prec@1 85.42 (88.50) Prec@5 98.96 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:25:14] Epoch: [038][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.686 (0.486) Prec@1 87.50 (88.49) Prec@5 98.75 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:25:14] **train** Prec@1 88.49 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 11.51 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.486 - test [2019-03-31-16:25:15] Epoch: [038][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.361 (0.361) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:25:19] Epoch: [038][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.179 (0.295) Prec@1 92.71 (90.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.68) - test [2019-03-31-16:25:19] Epoch: [038][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.435 (0.295) Prec@1 93.75 (90.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-16:25:19] **test** Prec@1 90.11 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 9.89 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.295 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:25:19] [Epoch=039/600] [Need: 20:40:14] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:25:20] Epoch: [039][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.638 (0.638) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:25:44] Epoch: [039][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.397 (0.450) Prec@1 92.71 (89.47) Prec@5 98.96 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:26:08] Epoch: [039][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.380 (0.471) Prec@1 92.71 (88.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-16:26:32] Epoch: [039][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.480 (0.474) Prec@1 88.54 (88.77) Prec@5 97.92 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:26:55] Epoch: [039][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.823 (0.474) Prec@1 81.25 (88.79) Prec@5 98.96 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:27:19] Epoch: [039][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.500 (0.476) Prec@1 87.50 (88.73) Prec@5 97.92 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:27:24] Epoch: [039][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.582 (0.478) Prec@1 85.00 (88.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) -[2019-03-31-16:27:24] **train** Prec@1 88.72 Prec@5 99.66 Error@1 11.28 Error@5 0.34 Loss:0.478 - test [2019-03-31-16:27:24] Epoch: [039][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:27:29] Epoch: [039][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.345) Prec@1 90.62 (88.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - test [2019-03-31-16:27:29] Epoch: [039][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.345) Prec@1 93.75 (88.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) -[2019-03-31-16:27:29] **test** Prec@1 88.70 Prec@5 99.67 Error@1 11.30 Error@5 0.33 Loss:0.345 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:27:29] [Epoch=040/600] [Need: 20:08:11] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:27:30] Epoch: [040][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.468 (0.468) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-16:27:53] Epoch: [040][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.543 (0.442) Prec@1 84.38 (89.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:28:17] Epoch: [040][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.413 (0.466) Prec@1 90.62 (89.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:28:41] Epoch: [040][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.544 (0.461) Prec@1 87.50 (89.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:29:05] Epoch: [040][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.372 (0.466) Prec@1 91.67 (89.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:29:29] Epoch: [040][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.472) Prec@1 91.67 (89.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:29:34] Epoch: [040][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.574 (0.473) Prec@1 88.75 (89.05) Prec@5 98.75 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:29:34] **train** Prec@1 89.05 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 10.95 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.473 - test [2019-03-31-16:29:34] Epoch: [040][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.324 (0.324) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:29:38] Epoch: [040][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.322) Prec@1 93.75 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - test [2019-03-31-16:29:39] Epoch: [040][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.322) Prec@1 87.50 (89.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-16:29:39] **test** Prec@1 89.57 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.43 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.322 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:29:39] [Epoch=041/600] [Need: 20:10:20] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:29:40] Epoch: [041][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.389 (0.389) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:30:03] Epoch: [041][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.472 (0.471) Prec@1 91.67 (88.83) Prec@5 98.96 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:30:27] Epoch: [041][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.439 (0.477) Prec@1 88.54 (88.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:30:51] Epoch: [041][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.462 (0.476) Prec@1 89.58 (88.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:31:14] Epoch: [041][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.475) Prec@1 89.58 (88.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:31:39] Epoch: [041][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.568 (0.477) Prec@1 87.50 (88.72) Prec@5 98.96 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:31:43] Epoch: [041][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.474) Prec@1 91.25 (88.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-16:31:43] **train** Prec@1 88.78 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 11.22 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.474 - test [2019-03-31-16:31:44] Epoch: [041][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.223 (0.223) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:31:48] Epoch: [041][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.141 (0.371) Prec@1 93.75 (88.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-16:31:48] Epoch: [041][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.370) Prec@1 87.50 (88.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:31:48] **test** Prec@1 88.36 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 11.64 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.370 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:31:48] [Epoch=042/600] [Need: 20:03:30] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:31:49] Epoch: [042][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.464 (0.464) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:32:13] Epoch: [042][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.602 (0.459) Prec@1 86.46 (88.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:32:37] Epoch: [042][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.459) Prec@1 94.79 (89.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:33:01] Epoch: [042][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.398 (0.459) Prec@1 89.58 (89.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:33:25] Epoch: [042][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.620 (0.461) Prec@1 86.46 (89.12) Prec@5 98.96 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:33:49] Epoch: [042][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.599 (0.469) Prec@1 89.58 (88.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:33:53] Epoch: [042][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.540 (0.470) Prec@1 87.50 (88.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:33:54] **train** Prec@1 88.88 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 11.12 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.470 - test [2019-03-31-16:33:54] Epoch: [042][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.304 (0.304) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:33:58] Epoch: [042][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.297) Prec@1 95.83 (90.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-03-31-16:33:58] Epoch: [042][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.297) Prec@1 87.50 (90.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-16:33:58] **test** Prec@1 90.10 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.90 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.297 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:33:58] [Epoch=043/600] [Need: 20:09:20] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:33:59] Epoch: [043][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.438 (0.438) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:34:23] Epoch: [043][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.464 (0.444) Prec@1 89.58 (89.71) Prec@5 98.96 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:34:47] Epoch: [043][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.455) Prec@1 90.62 (89.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:35:10] Epoch: [043][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.485 (0.456) Prec@1 86.46 (89.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:35:34] Epoch: [043][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.326 (0.454) Prec@1 94.79 (89.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:35:57] Epoch: [043][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.480 (0.463) Prec@1 90.62 (89.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:36:02] Epoch: [043][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.515 (0.464) Prec@1 88.75 (89.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-16:36:02] **train** Prec@1 89.23 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 10.77 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.464 - test [2019-03-31-16:36:03] Epoch: [043][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.322 (0.322) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:36:07] Epoch: [043][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.329) Prec@1 92.71 (89.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - test [2019-03-31-16:36:07] Epoch: [043][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.563 (0.329) Prec@1 87.50 (89.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) -[2019-03-31-16:36:07] **test** Prec@1 89.48 Prec@5 99.59 Error@1 10.52 Error@5 0.41 Loss:0.329 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:36:07] [Epoch=044/600] [Need: 19:53:43] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:36:08] Epoch: [044][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.327 (0.327) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:36:32] Epoch: [044][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.489 (0.449) Prec@1 87.50 (89.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:36:56] Epoch: [044][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.634 (0.468) Prec@1 83.33 (89.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:37:20] Epoch: [044][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.343 (0.468) Prec@1 91.67 (89.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:37:43] Epoch: [044][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.467) Prec@1 94.79 (89.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-16:38:07] Epoch: [044][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.599 (0.467) Prec@1 88.54 (89.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:38:12] Epoch: [044][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.465) Prec@1 90.00 (89.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-16:38:12] **train** Prec@1 89.19 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 10.81 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.465 - test [2019-03-31-16:38:12] Epoch: [044][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.274 (0.274) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:38:16] Epoch: [044][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.304) Prec@1 90.62 (89.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - test [2019-03-31-16:38:16] Epoch: [044][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.304) Prec@1 93.75 (89.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.65) -[2019-03-31-16:38:17] **test** Prec@1 89.98 Prec@5 99.65 Error@1 10.02 Error@5 0.35 Loss:0.304 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:38:17] [Epoch=045/600] [Need: 19:56:38] LR=0.0247 ~ 0.0247, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:38:17] Epoch: [045][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.407 (0.407) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:38:41] Epoch: [045][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.420 (0.437) Prec@1 87.50 (89.99) Prec@5 98.96 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:39:05] Epoch: [045][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.534 (0.460) Prec@1 86.46 (89.33) Prec@5 97.92 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:39:29] Epoch: [045][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.476 (0.459) Prec@1 90.62 (89.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:39:52] Epoch: [045][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.453) Prec@1 92.71 (89.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:40:16] Epoch: [045][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.512 (0.459) Prec@1 87.50 (89.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:40:21] Epoch: [045][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.729 (0.460) Prec@1 81.25 (89.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:40:21] **train** Prec@1 89.26 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 10.74 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.460 - test [2019-03-31-16:40:22] Epoch: [045][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.367 (0.367) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:40:26] Epoch: [045][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.315) Prec@1 92.71 (89.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - test [2019-03-31-16:40:26] Epoch: [045][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.293 (0.316) Prec@1 93.75 (89.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-16:40:26] **test** Prec@1 89.86 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 10.14 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.316 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.54, Acc@5=99.77, Error@1=9.46, Error@5=0.23 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:40:26] [Epoch=046/600] [Need: 19:54:17] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:40:27] Epoch: [046][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.423 (0.423) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:40:51] Epoch: [046][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.521 (0.450) Prec@1 88.54 (89.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:41:14] Epoch: [046][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.460) Prec@1 92.71 (89.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - train[2019-03-31-16:41:38] Epoch: [046][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.491 (0.460) Prec@1 89.58 (89.40) Prec@5 98.96 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:42:02] Epoch: [046][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.459) Prec@1 92.71 (89.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - train[2019-03-31-16:42:25] Epoch: [046][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.487 (0.458) Prec@1 88.54 (89.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:42:30] Epoch: [046][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.424 (0.459) Prec@1 87.50 (89.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-16:42:30] **train** Prec@1 89.28 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.72 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.459 - test [2019-03-31-16:42:31] Epoch: [046][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:42:35] Epoch: [046][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.217 (0.288) Prec@1 93.75 (90.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-16:42:35] Epoch: [046][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.082 (0.286) Prec@1 93.75 (90.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:42:35] **test** Prec@1 90.77 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.23 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.286 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.77, Acc@5=99.72, Error@1=9.23, Error@5=0.28 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:42:35] [Epoch=047/600] [Need: 19:49:09] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:42:36] Epoch: [047][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.357 (0.357) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:43:00] Epoch: [047][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.441 (0.455) Prec@1 89.58 (89.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:43:23] Epoch: [047][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.461 (0.464) Prec@1 90.62 (89.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-16:43:47] Epoch: [047][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.457) Prec@1 90.62 (89.33) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:44:11] Epoch: [047][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.858 (0.459) Prec@1 78.12 (89.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:44:35] Epoch: [047][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.483 (0.462) Prec@1 88.54 (89.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:44:39] Epoch: [047][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.461) Prec@1 93.75 (89.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-16:44:39] **train** Prec@1 89.22 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.78 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.461 - test [2019-03-31-16:44:40] Epoch: [047][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.413 (0.413) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:44:44] Epoch: [047][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.203 (0.294) Prec@1 94.79 (90.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-16:44:44] Epoch: [047][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.446 (0.295) Prec@1 81.25 (90.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-16:44:44] **test** Prec@1 90.39 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.61 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.295 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.77, Acc@5=99.72, Error@1=9.23, Error@5=0.28 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:44:44] [Epoch=048/600] [Need: 19:50:07] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:44:45] Epoch: [048][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.486 (0.486) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:45:09] Epoch: [048][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.428) Prec@1 91.67 (90.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-16:45:33] Epoch: [048][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.600 (0.429) Prec@1 89.58 (89.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:45:57] Epoch: [048][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.455 (0.440) Prec@1 87.50 (89.60) Prec@5 98.96 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:46:21] Epoch: [048][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.599 (0.443) Prec@1 87.50 (89.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:46:45] Epoch: [048][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.449) Prec@1 94.79 (89.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:46:50] Epoch: [048][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.487 (0.449) Prec@1 85.00 (89.38) Prec@5 97.50 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-16:46:50] **train** Prec@1 89.38 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 10.62 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.449 - test [2019-03-31-16:46:50] Epoch: [048][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.306 (0.306) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:46:54] Epoch: [048][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.213 (0.282) Prec@1 93.75 (90.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-16:46:55] Epoch: [048][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.273 (0.282) Prec@1 93.75 (90.93) Prec@5 93.75 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-16:46:55] **test** Prec@1 90.93 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 9.07 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.282 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:46:55] [Epoch=049/600] [Need: 19:57:36] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:46:56] Epoch: [049][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.527 (0.527) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-16:47:19] Epoch: [049][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.312 (0.434) Prec@1 91.67 (90.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:47:43] Epoch: [049][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.585 (0.436) Prec@1 89.58 (89.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-16:48:07] Epoch: [049][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.497 (0.442) Prec@1 91.67 (89.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:48:31] Epoch: [049][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.608 (0.443) Prec@1 86.46 (89.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:48:54] Epoch: [049][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.477 (0.450) Prec@1 85.42 (89.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-16:48:59] Epoch: [049][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.451) Prec@1 91.25 (89.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-16:48:59] **train** Prec@1 89.57 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 10.43 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.451 - test [2019-03-31-16:49:00] Epoch: [049][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:49:04] Epoch: [049][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.348) Prec@1 94.79 (89.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.56) - test [2019-03-31-16:49:04] Epoch: [049][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.348) Prec@1 81.25 (89.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.57) -[2019-03-31-16:49:04] **test** Prec@1 89.35 Prec@5 99.57 Error@1 10.65 Error@5 0.43 Loss:0.348 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:49:04] [Epoch=050/600] [Need: 19:46:01] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:49:05] Epoch: [050][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.410 (0.410) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-16:49:29] Epoch: [050][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.435 (0.433) Prec@1 87.50 (89.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-16:49:53] Epoch: [050][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.442) Prec@1 88.54 (89.48) Prec@5 98.96 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:50:16] Epoch: [050][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.398 (0.440) Prec@1 89.58 (89.56) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-16:50:40] Epoch: [050][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.733 (0.442) Prec@1 82.29 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:51:04] Epoch: [050][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.427 (0.442) Prec@1 88.54 (89.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:51:09] Epoch: [050][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.412 (0.442) Prec@1 91.25 (89.61) Prec@5 98.75 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-16:51:09] **train** Prec@1 89.61 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 10.39 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.442 - test [2019-03-31-16:51:09] Epoch: [050][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.218 (0.218) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:51:14] Epoch: [050][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.400) Prec@1 95.83 (88.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-16:51:14] Epoch: [050][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.478 (0.401) Prec@1 87.50 (88.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) -[2019-03-31-16:51:14] **test** Prec@1 88.04 Prec@5 99.63 Error@1 11.96 Error@5 0.37 Loss:0.401 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:51:14] [Epoch=051/600] [Need: 19:46:43] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:51:15] Epoch: [051][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.448 (0.448) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:51:38] Epoch: [051][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.636 (0.447) Prec@1 85.42 (89.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:52:03] Epoch: [051][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.530 (0.444) Prec@1 84.38 (89.50) Prec@5 98.96 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:52:26] Epoch: [051][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.443) Prec@1 93.75 (89.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-16:52:50] Epoch: [051][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.594 (0.444) Prec@1 85.42 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:53:14] Epoch: [051][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.474 (0.447) Prec@1 87.50 (89.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:53:18] Epoch: [051][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.446) Prec@1 90.00 (89.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-16:53:19] **train** Prec@1 89.60 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 10.40 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.446 - test [2019-03-31-16:53:19] Epoch: [051][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.305 (0.305) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:53:23] Epoch: [051][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.173 (0.306) Prec@1 91.67 (89.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-03-31-16:53:23] Epoch: [051][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.617 (0.308) Prec@1 87.50 (89.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:53:24] **test** Prec@1 89.75 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 10.25 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.308 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:53:24] [Epoch=052/600] [Need: 19:44:57] LR=0.0245 ~ 0.0245, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:53:24] Epoch: [052][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.513 (0.513) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:53:48] Epoch: [052][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.398 (0.431) Prec@1 92.71 (90.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:54:12] Epoch: [052][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.561 (0.430) Prec@1 86.46 (89.87) Prec@5 98.96 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:54:36] Epoch: [052][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.295 (0.427) Prec@1 91.67 (89.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:54:59] Epoch: [052][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.355 (0.428) Prec@1 92.71 (89.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:55:23] Epoch: [052][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.434 (0.435) Prec@1 87.50 (89.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:55:28] Epoch: [052][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.432 (0.437) Prec@1 93.75 (89.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:55:28] **train** Prec@1 89.82 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 10.18 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.437 - test [2019-03-31-16:55:28] Epoch: [052][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.372 (0.372) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:55:32] Epoch: [052][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.102 (0.301) Prec@1 95.83 (90.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-16:55:33] Epoch: [052][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.226 (0.301) Prec@1 87.50 (90.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) -[2019-03-31-16:55:33] **test** Prec@1 90.66 Prec@5 99.63 Error@1 9.34 Error@5 0.37 Loss:0.301 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:55:33] [Epoch=053/600] [Need: 19:37:36] LR=0.0245 ~ 0.0245, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:55:34] Epoch: [053][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.191 (0.191) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:55:57] Epoch: [053][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.412) Prec@1 91.67 (90.49) Prec@5 98.96 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-16:56:21] Epoch: [053][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.430) Prec@1 91.67 (89.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-16:56:45] Epoch: [053][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.783 (0.437) Prec@1 82.29 (89.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-16:57:09] Epoch: [053][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.663 (0.439) Prec@1 84.38 (89.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:57:33] Epoch: [053][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.434 (0.442) Prec@1 91.67 (89.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:57:38] Epoch: [053][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.526 (0.442) Prec@1 88.75 (89.57) Prec@5 98.75 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-16:57:38] **train** Prec@1 89.57 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.43 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.442 - test [2019-03-31-16:57:39] Epoch: [053][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.349 (0.349) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-16:57:43] Epoch: [053][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.331) Prec@1 94.79 (89.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-16:57:43] Epoch: [053][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.332) Prec@1 93.75 (89.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-16:57:43] **test** Prec@1 89.72 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 10.28 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.332 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:57:43] [Epoch=054/600] [Need: 19:47:31] LR=0.0245 ~ 0.0245, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-16:57:44] Epoch: [054][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.325 (0.325) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-16:58:08] Epoch: [054][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.571 (0.450) Prec@1 84.38 (89.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:58:33] Epoch: [054][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.432 (0.445) Prec@1 87.50 (89.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-16:58:58] Epoch: [054][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.519 (0.440) Prec@1 90.62 (89.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:59:24] Epoch: [054][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.505 (0.434) Prec@1 89.58 (89.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-16:59:49] Epoch: [054][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.439) Prec@1 89.58 (89.88) Prec@5 96.88 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-16:59:54] Epoch: [054][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.425 (0.440) Prec@1 90.00 (89.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-16:59:54] **train** Prec@1 89.85 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 10.15 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.440 - test [2019-03-31-16:59:54] Epoch: [054][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.340 (0.340) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-16:59:59] Epoch: [054][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.309) Prec@1 91.67 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) - test [2019-03-31-16:59:59] Epoch: [054][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.562 (0.310) Prec@1 75.00 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.61) -[2019-03-31-16:59:59] **test** Prec@1 90.12 Prec@5 99.61 Error@1 9.88 Error@5 0.39 Loss:0.310 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-16:59:59] [Epoch=055/600] [Need: 20:32:11] LR=0.0245 ~ 0.0245, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:00:00] Epoch: [055][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.533 (0.533) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:00:25] Epoch: [055][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.468 (0.431) Prec@1 87.50 (90.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:00:50] Epoch: [055][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.437) Prec@1 94.79 (90.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:01:15] Epoch: [055][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.530 (0.428) Prec@1 85.42 (90.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:01:41] Epoch: [055][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.549 (0.433) Prec@1 90.62 (90.07) Prec@5 97.92 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:02:06] Epoch: [055][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.472 (0.439) Prec@1 86.46 (89.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:02:11] Epoch: [055][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.438) Prec@1 90.00 (89.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-17:02:12] **train** Prec@1 89.86 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 10.14 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.438 - test [2019-03-31-17:02:12] Epoch: [055][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.272 (0.272) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-17:02:16] Epoch: [055][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.166 (0.295) Prec@1 96.88 (90.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-17:02:17] Epoch: [055][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.213 (0.295) Prec@1 87.50 (90.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:02:17] **test** Prec@1 90.38 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.62 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.295 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:02:17] [Epoch=056/600] [Need: 20:49:55] LR=0.0245 ~ 0.0245, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:02:18] Epoch: [056][000/521] Time 0.78 (0.78) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.430 (0.430) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:02:43] Epoch: [056][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.587 (0.420) Prec@1 87.50 (90.24) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:03:08] Epoch: [056][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.505 (0.422) Prec@1 87.50 (90.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:03:34] Epoch: [056][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.454 (0.428) Prec@1 89.58 (90.05) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:04:01] Epoch: [056][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.720 (0.430) Prec@1 88.54 (90.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:04:26] Epoch: [056][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.391 (0.437) Prec@1 92.71 (89.92) Prec@5 98.96 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:04:31] Epoch: [056][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.436) Prec@1 92.50 (89.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-17:04:31] **train** Prec@1 89.91 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 10.09 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.436 - test [2019-03-31-17:04:32] Epoch: [056][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.508 (0.508) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:04:36] Epoch: [056][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.107 (0.298) Prec@1 95.83 (90.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-17:04:36] Epoch: [056][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.370 (0.300) Prec@1 87.50 (90.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.62) -[2019-03-31-17:04:36] **test** Prec@1 90.91 Prec@5 99.62 Error@1 9.09 Error@5 0.38 Loss:0.300 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:04:36] [Epoch=057/600] [Need: 21:03:11] LR=0.0244 ~ 0.0244, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:04:37] Epoch: [057][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.281 (0.281) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:05:02] Epoch: [057][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.405 (0.414) Prec@1 88.54 (90.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:05:27] Epoch: [057][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.479 (0.418) Prec@1 88.54 (90.35) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:05:51] Epoch: [057][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.502 (0.424) Prec@1 88.54 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:06:15] Epoch: [057][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.420) Prec@1 88.54 (90.17) Prec@5 98.96 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:06:41] Epoch: [057][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.452 (0.429) Prec@1 91.67 (90.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:06:45] Epoch: [057][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.457 (0.430) Prec@1 87.50 (89.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-17:06:45] **train** Prec@1 89.97 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 10.03 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.430 - test [2019-03-31-17:06:46] Epoch: [057][000/105] Time 0.57 (0.57) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.315 (0.315) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-17:06:50] Epoch: [057][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.080 (0.290) Prec@1 96.88 (90.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-17:06:50] Epoch: [057][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.289) Prec@1 100.00 (90.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-17:06:50] **test** Prec@1 90.92 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.08 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.289 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=90.93, Acc@5=99.69, Error@1=9.07, Error@5=0.31 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:06:50] [Epoch=058/600] [Need: 20:10:29] LR=0.0244 ~ 0.0244, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:06:51] Epoch: [058][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.274 (0.274) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:07:15] Epoch: [058][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.418 (0.415) Prec@1 90.62 (90.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:07:40] Epoch: [058][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.404 (0.428) Prec@1 90.62 (90.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:08:04] Epoch: [058][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.422) Prec@1 90.62 (90.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:08:28] Epoch: [058][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.444 (0.417) Prec@1 89.58 (90.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-17:08:53] Epoch: [058][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.629 (0.427) Prec@1 86.46 (90.06) Prec@5 98.96 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:08:58] Epoch: [058][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.426) Prec@1 91.25 (90.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-17:08:58] **train** Prec@1 90.11 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 9.89 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.426 - test [2019-03-31-17:08:59] Epoch: [058][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.386 (0.386) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:09:03] Epoch: [058][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.084 (0.276) Prec@1 96.88 (91.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-17:09:03] Epoch: [058][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.168 (0.275) Prec@1 93.75 (91.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-17:09:04] **test** Prec@1 91.13 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.87 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.275 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:09:04] [Epoch=059/600] [Need: 20:03:00] LR=0.0244 ~ 0.0244, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:09:05] Epoch: [059][000/521] Time 0.79 (0.79) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.423 (0.423) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:09:30] Epoch: [059][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.416) Prec@1 89.58 (90.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:09:54] Epoch: [059][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.380 (0.420) Prec@1 92.71 (90.29) Prec@5 98.96 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:10:17] Epoch: [059][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.600 (0.418) Prec@1 87.50 (90.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:10:42] Epoch: [059][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.422) Prec@1 93.75 (90.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:11:06] Epoch: [059][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.546 (0.427) Prec@1 83.33 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:11:11] Epoch: [059][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.426) Prec@1 93.75 (90.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-17:11:11] **train** Prec@1 90.13 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.87 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.426 - test [2019-03-31-17:11:11] Epoch: [059][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.297 (0.297) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:11:15] Epoch: [059][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.112 (0.280) Prec@1 96.88 (91.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-17:11:16] Epoch: [059][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.278) Prec@1 100.00 (91.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-17:11:16] **test** Prec@1 91.12 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 8.88 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.278 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:11:16] [Epoch=060/600] [Need: 19:47:52] LR=0.0244 ~ 0.0244, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:11:17] Epoch: [060][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.393 (0.393) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-17:11:43] Epoch: [060][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.530 (0.410) Prec@1 85.42 (90.08) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:12:08] Epoch: [060][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.410) Prec@1 91.67 (90.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:12:33] Epoch: [060][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.418) Prec@1 85.42 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:12:57] Epoch: [060][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.441 (0.416) Prec@1 87.50 (90.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:13:21] Epoch: [060][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.420) Prec@1 91.67 (90.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:13:25] Epoch: [060][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.419 (0.420) Prec@1 91.25 (90.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-17:13:25] **train** Prec@1 90.10 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.90 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.420 - test [2019-03-31-17:13:26] Epoch: [060][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.380 (0.380) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:13:30] Epoch: [060][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.340) Prec@1 93.75 (89.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) - test [2019-03-31-17:13:30] Epoch: [060][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.338) Prec@1 87.50 (89.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) -[2019-03-31-17:13:30] **test** Prec@1 89.40 Prec@5 99.60 Error@1 10.60 Error@5 0.40 Loss:0.338 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:13:30] [Epoch=061/600] [Need: 20:07:45] LR=0.0244 ~ 0.0244, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:13:31] Epoch: [061][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.563 (0.563) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:13:55] Epoch: [061][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.470 (0.419) Prec@1 89.58 (90.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:14:19] Epoch: [061][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.466 (0.411) Prec@1 88.54 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:14:43] Epoch: [061][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.443 (0.416) Prec@1 91.67 (90.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:15:07] Epoch: [061][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.407 (0.416) Prec@1 91.67 (90.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-17:15:32] Epoch: [061][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.422) Prec@1 88.54 (90.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-17:15:36] Epoch: [061][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.518 (0.425) Prec@1 86.25 (90.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-17:15:36] **train** Prec@1 90.16 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.84 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.425 - test [2019-03-31-17:15:37] Epoch: [061][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.247 (0.247) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-17:15:41] Epoch: [061][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.153 (0.306) Prec@1 93.75 (90.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.54) - test [2019-03-31-17:15:41] Epoch: [061][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.166 (0.304) Prec@1 93.75 (90.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.55) -[2019-03-31-17:15:41] **test** Prec@1 90.19 Prec@5 99.55 Error@1 9.81 Error@5 0.45 Loss:0.304 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:15:41] [Epoch=062/600] [Need: 19:35:44] LR=0.0243 ~ 0.0243, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:15:42] Epoch: [062][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.362 (0.362) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:16:07] Epoch: [062][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.376 (0.392) Prec@1 89.58 (90.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:16:32] Epoch: [062][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.406) Prec@1 93.75 (90.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - train[2019-03-31-17:16:57] Epoch: [062][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.411) Prec@1 93.75 (90.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:17:24] Epoch: [062][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.483 (0.415) Prec@1 89.58 (90.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:17:49] Epoch: [062][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.588 (0.414) Prec@1 88.54 (90.34) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:17:54] Epoch: [062][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.415) Prec@1 90.00 (90.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-17:17:54] **train** Prec@1 90.32 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 9.68 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.415 - test [2019-03-31-17:17:54] Epoch: [062][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.278 (0.278) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:18:00] Epoch: [062][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.114 (0.286) Prec@1 95.83 (90.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-17:18:00] Epoch: [062][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.285) Prec@1 87.50 (90.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-17:18:00] **test** Prec@1 90.57 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.43 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.285 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:18:01] [Epoch=063/600] [Need: 20:46:27] LR=0.0243 ~ 0.0243, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:18:02] Epoch: [063][000/521] Time 0.97 (0.97) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.405 (0.405) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-17:18:27] Epoch: [063][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.418 (0.406) Prec@1 94.79 (90.70) Prec@5 98.96 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:18:52] Epoch: [063][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.511 (0.414) Prec@1 87.50 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:19:17] Epoch: [063][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.420) Prec@1 86.46 (90.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:19:42] Epoch: [063][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.454 (0.419) Prec@1 89.58 (90.44) Prec@5 97.92 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:20:07] Epoch: [063][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.427) Prec@1 91.67 (90.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:20:12] Epoch: [063][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.427) Prec@1 92.50 (90.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-17:20:12] **train** Prec@1 90.19 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 9.81 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.427 - test [2019-03-31-17:20:13] Epoch: [063][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.466 (0.466) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:20:17] Epoch: [063][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.122 (0.309) Prec@1 93.75 (90.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-17:20:17] Epoch: [063][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.237 (0.307) Prec@1 93.75 (90.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-17:20:17] **test** Prec@1 90.15 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.85 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.307 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:20:17] [Epoch=064/600] [Need: 20:20:02] LR=0.0243 ~ 0.0243, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:20:18] Epoch: [064][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.496 (0.496) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:20:43] Epoch: [064][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.684 (0.408) Prec@1 86.46 (90.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:21:08] Epoch: [064][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.405) Prec@1 89.58 (90.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:21:33] Epoch: [064][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.406 (0.406) Prec@1 91.67 (90.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:21:58] Epoch: [064][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.396 (0.406) Prec@1 89.58 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:22:24] Epoch: [064][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.411) Prec@1 94.79 (90.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:22:28] Epoch: [064][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.411) Prec@1 91.25 (90.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-17:22:29] **train** Prec@1 90.42 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.58 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.411 - test [2019-03-31-17:22:29] Epoch: [064][000/105] Time 0.66 (0.66) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.277 (0.277) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:22:34] Epoch: [064][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.112 (0.289) Prec@1 96.88 (90.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-17:22:34] Epoch: [064][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.102 (0.289) Prec@1 93.75 (90.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-17:22:34] **test** Prec@1 90.67 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 9.33 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.289 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:22:34] [Epoch=065/600] [Need: 20:19:50] LR=0.0243 ~ 0.0243, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:22:35] Epoch: [065][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.282 (0.282) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:23:01] Epoch: [065][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.407 (0.397) Prec@1 92.71 (90.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-17:23:26] Epoch: [065][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.358 (0.402) Prec@1 90.62 (90.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:23:52] Epoch: [065][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.684 (0.409) Prec@1 86.46 (90.55) Prec@5 98.96 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:24:17] Epoch: [065][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.510 (0.413) Prec@1 87.50 (90.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:24:42] Epoch: [065][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.415) Prec@1 88.54 (90.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:24:47] Epoch: [065][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.503 (0.417) Prec@1 88.75 (90.36) Prec@5 98.75 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-17:24:47] **train** Prec@1 90.36 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 9.64 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.417 - test [2019-03-31-17:24:48] Epoch: [065][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.262 (0.262) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:24:52] Epoch: [065][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.132 (0.284) Prec@1 94.79 (91.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-17:24:52] Epoch: [065][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.317 (0.283) Prec@1 87.50 (91.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-17:24:52] **test** Prec@1 91.02 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 8.98 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.283 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:24:53] [Epoch=066/600] [Need: 20:33:23] LR=0.0243 ~ 0.0243, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:24:53] Epoch: [066][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.593 (0.593) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 97.92 (97.92) - train[2019-03-31-17:25:19] Epoch: [066][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.423 (0.409) Prec@1 87.50 (90.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.67) - train[2019-03-31-17:25:44] Epoch: [066][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.316 (0.412) Prec@1 92.71 (90.44) Prec@5 98.96 (99.66) - train[2019-03-31-17:26:09] Epoch: [066][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.410) Prec@1 90.62 (90.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:26:36] Epoch: [066][400/521] Time 0.34 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.396 (0.412) Prec@1 89.58 (90.31) Prec@5 98.96 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:27:02] Epoch: [066][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.486 (0.417) Prec@1 88.54 (90.19) Prec@5 98.96 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-17:27:06] Epoch: [066][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.417) Prec@1 92.50 (90.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-17:27:07] **train** Prec@1 90.17 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 9.83 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.417 - test [2019-03-31-17:27:07] Epoch: [066][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.199 (0.199) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:27:12] Epoch: [066][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.203 (0.295) Prec@1 92.71 (90.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-17:27:12] Epoch: [066][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.701 (0.296) Prec@1 87.50 (90.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-17:27:12] **test** Prec@1 90.42 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.58 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.296 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.13, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.87, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:27:12] [Epoch=067/600] [Need: 20:37:58] LR=0.0242 ~ 0.0242, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:27:13] Epoch: [067][000/521] Time 0.81 (0.81) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.504 (0.504) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:27:38] Epoch: [067][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.338 (0.406) Prec@1 91.67 (90.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-17:28:05] Epoch: [067][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.437 (0.406) Prec@1 88.54 (90.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:28:30] Epoch: [067][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.410) Prec@1 91.67 (90.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:28:56] Epoch: [067][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.408) Prec@1 90.62 (90.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:29:21] Epoch: [067][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.412) Prec@1 92.71 (90.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:29:26] Epoch: [067][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.515 (0.411) Prec@1 85.00 (90.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-17:29:26] **train** Prec@1 90.44 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.56 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.411 - test [2019-03-31-17:29:27] Epoch: [067][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.272 (0.272) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:29:31] Epoch: [067][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.262) Prec@1 96.88 (91.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-17:29:31] Epoch: [067][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.262) Prec@1 100.00 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-17:29:31] **test** Prec@1 91.73 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.27 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.262 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:29:32] [Epoch=068/600] [Need: 20:38:12] LR=0.0242 ~ 0.0242, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:29:32] Epoch: [068][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.312 (0.312) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-17:29:57] Epoch: [068][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.458 (0.391) Prec@1 92.71 (90.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-17:30:23] Epoch: [068][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.682 (0.402) Prec@1 84.38 (90.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:30:48] Epoch: [068][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.398) Prec@1 90.62 (90.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:31:13] Epoch: [068][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.623 (0.399) Prec@1 86.46 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:31:39] Epoch: [068][500/521] Time 0.31 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.445 (0.406) Prec@1 88.54 (90.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:31:44] Epoch: [068][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.535 (0.407) Prec@1 86.25 (90.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-17:31:45] **train** Prec@1 90.46 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.54 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.407 - test [2019-03-31-17:31:45] Epoch: [068][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.328 (0.328) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:31:49] Epoch: [068][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.323) Prec@1 90.62 (89.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - test [2019-03-31-17:31:49] Epoch: [068][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.347 (0.325) Prec@1 93.75 (89.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-17:31:50] **test** Prec@1 89.57 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 10.43 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.325 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:31:50] [Epoch=069/600] [Need: 20:23:00] LR=0.0242 ~ 0.0242, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:31:51] Epoch: [069][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.456 (0.456) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:32:19] Epoch: [069][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.383) Prec@1 95.83 (91.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:32:43] Epoch: [069][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.397) Prec@1 90.62 (90.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:33:10] Epoch: [069][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.439 (0.404) Prec@1 87.50 (90.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:33:36] Epoch: [069][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.371 (0.407) Prec@1 90.62 (90.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:34:01] Epoch: [069][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.411) Prec@1 95.83 (90.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:34:06] Epoch: [069][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.505 (0.412) Prec@1 91.25 (90.41) Prec@5 98.75 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:34:06] **train** Prec@1 90.41 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.59 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.412 - test [2019-03-31-17:34:06] Epoch: [069][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.251 (0.251) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:34:11] Epoch: [069][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.065 (0.262) Prec@1 97.92 (91.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-17:34:11] Epoch: [069][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.285 (0.263) Prec@1 93.75 (91.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-17:34:11] **test** Prec@1 91.50 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 8.50 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.263 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:34:11] [Epoch=070/600] [Need: 20:47:54] LR=0.0242 ~ 0.0242, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:34:12] Epoch: [070][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.527 (0.527) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-17:34:37] Epoch: [070][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.351 (0.386) Prec@1 91.67 (90.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:35:01] Epoch: [070][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.513 (0.396) Prec@1 89.58 (90.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - train[2019-03-31-17:35:25] Epoch: [070][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.400) Prec@1 94.79 (90.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-17:35:49] Epoch: [070][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.402) Prec@1 94.79 (90.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:36:14] Epoch: [070][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.435 (0.400) Prec@1 89.58 (90.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:36:18] Epoch: [070][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.399) Prec@1 90.00 (90.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-17:36:19] **train** Prec@1 90.86 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 9.14 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.399 - test [2019-03-31-17:36:19] Epoch: [070][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.234 (0.234) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:36:23] Epoch: [070][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.146 (0.326) Prec@1 91.67 (89.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) - test [2019-03-31-17:36:24] Epoch: [070][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.326) Prec@1 100.00 (89.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-17:36:24] **test** Prec@1 89.98 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 10.02 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.326 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:36:24] [Epoch=071/600] [Need: 19:30:18] LR=0.0241 ~ 0.0241, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:36:25] Epoch: [071][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.334 (0.334) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:36:50] Epoch: [071][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.377 (0.386) Prec@1 91.67 (90.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:37:16] Epoch: [071][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.593 (0.405) Prec@1 87.50 (90.44) Prec@5 97.92 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:37:41] Epoch: [071][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.397) Prec@1 92.71 (90.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - train[2019-03-31-17:38:06] Epoch: [071][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.621 (0.401) Prec@1 88.54 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:38:31] Epoch: [071][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.405) Prec@1 90.62 (90.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:38:36] Epoch: [071][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.403) Prec@1 91.25 (90.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-17:38:36] **train** Prec@1 90.48 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 9.52 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.403 - test [2019-03-31-17:38:37] Epoch: [071][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.391 (0.391) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:38:41] Epoch: [071][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.214 (0.314) Prec@1 94.79 (90.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-17:38:41] Epoch: [071][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.034 (0.313) Prec@1 100.00 (90.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-17:38:41] **test** Prec@1 90.33 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 9.67 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.313 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:38:42] [Epoch=072/600] [Need: 20:11:59] LR=0.0241 ~ 0.0241, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:38:42] Epoch: [072][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.409 (0.409) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:39:08] Epoch: [072][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.385) Prec@1 95.83 (91.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-17:39:33] Epoch: [072][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.483 (0.391) Prec@1 87.50 (90.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:39:58] Epoch: [072][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.388) Prec@1 95.83 (91.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:40:24] Epoch: [072][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.394) Prec@1 91.67 (90.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:40:50] Epoch: [072][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.399) Prec@1 91.67 (90.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:40:55] Epoch: [072][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.400) Prec@1 96.25 (90.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:40:55] **train** Prec@1 90.73 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.27 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.400 - test [2019-03-31-17:40:55] Epoch: [072][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.270 (0.270) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-17:41:00] Epoch: [072][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.239 (0.298) Prec@1 92.71 (90.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - test [2019-03-31-17:41:00] Epoch: [072][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.300) Prec@1 93.75 (90.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-17:41:00] **test** Prec@1 90.81 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 9.19 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.300 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:41:00] [Epoch=073/600] [Need: 20:16:12] LR=0.0241 ~ 0.0241, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:41:01] Epoch: [073][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.521 (0.521) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:41:26] Epoch: [073][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.391 (0.399) Prec@1 92.71 (90.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:41:52] Epoch: [073][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.518 (0.398) Prec@1 89.58 (90.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:42:17] Epoch: [073][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.379 (0.407) Prec@1 92.71 (90.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-17:42:43] Epoch: [073][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.498 (0.409) Prec@1 90.62 (90.59) Prec@5 98.96 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:43:08] Epoch: [073][500/521] Time 0.31 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.492 (0.409) Prec@1 89.58 (90.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:43:14] Epoch: [073][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.408) Prec@1 96.25 (90.59) Prec@5 98.75 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:43:14] **train** Prec@1 90.59 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.41 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.408 - test [2019-03-31-17:43:15] Epoch: [073][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.305 (0.305) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:43:19] Epoch: [073][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.168 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (90.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - test [2019-03-31-17:43:19] Epoch: [073][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.296) Prec@1 93.75 (90.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-17:43:19] **test** Prec@1 90.34 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 9.66 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.296 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:43:19] [Epoch=074/600] [Need: 20:21:24] LR=0.0241 ~ 0.0241, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:43:20] Epoch: [074][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.597 (0.597) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:43:45] Epoch: [074][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.252 (0.375) Prec@1 95.83 (91.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:44:11] Epoch: [074][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.295 (0.384) Prec@1 93.75 (90.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:44:36] Epoch: [074][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.499 (0.396) Prec@1 88.54 (90.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:45:02] Epoch: [074][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.351 (0.399) Prec@1 89.58 (90.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:45:27] Epoch: [074][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.402) Prec@1 92.71 (90.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:45:32] Epoch: [074][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.402) Prec@1 92.50 (90.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-17:45:33] **train** Prec@1 90.67 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 9.33 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.402 - test [2019-03-31-17:45:33] Epoch: [074][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.211 (0.211) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:45:37] Epoch: [074][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.293) Prec@1 91.67 (90.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-17:45:38] Epoch: [074][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.502 (0.293) Prec@1 93.75 (90.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-17:45:38] **test** Prec@1 90.71 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 9.29 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.293 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:45:38] [Epoch=075/600] [Need: 20:12:06] LR=0.0241 ~ 0.0241, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:45:39] Epoch: [075][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.300 (0.300) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:46:04] Epoch: [075][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.527 (0.384) Prec@1 86.46 (90.90) Prec@5 97.92 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:46:30] Epoch: [075][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.442 (0.402) Prec@1 89.58 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:46:55] Epoch: [075][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.413 (0.400) Prec@1 90.62 (90.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-17:47:20] Epoch: [075][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.406) Prec@1 87.50 (90.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:47:46] Epoch: [075][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.508 (0.407) Prec@1 83.33 (90.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:47:51] Epoch: [075][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.405) Prec@1 92.50 (90.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-17:47:51] **train** Prec@1 90.53 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 9.47 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.405 - test [2019-03-31-17:47:52] Epoch: [075][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.302 (0.302) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:47:56] Epoch: [075][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.195 (0.325) Prec@1 91.67 (90.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) - test [2019-03-31-17:47:56] Epoch: [075][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.118 (0.325) Prec@1 100.00 (90.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.58) -[2019-03-31-17:47:56] **test** Prec@1 90.09 Prec@5 99.58 Error@1 9.91 Error@5 0.42 Loss:0.325 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:47:56] [Epoch=076/600] [Need: 20:09:08] LR=0.0240 ~ 0.0240, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:47:57] Epoch: [076][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.320 (0.320) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:48:22] Epoch: [076][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.273 (0.355) Prec@1 93.75 (91.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-17:48:45] Epoch: [076][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.567 (0.371) Prec@1 83.33 (91.44) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-17:49:09] Epoch: [076][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.601 (0.385) Prec@1 83.33 (91.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:49:33] Epoch: [076][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.389) Prec@1 91.67 (91.03) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:49:58] Epoch: [076][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.563 (0.393) Prec@1 83.33 (90.89) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-17:50:03] Epoch: [076][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.395) Prec@1 90.00 (90.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-17:50:03] **train** Prec@1 90.87 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 9.13 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.395 - test [2019-03-31-17:50:04] Epoch: [076][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.225 (0.225) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:50:08] Epoch: [076][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.271) Prec@1 94.79 (91.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-17:50:08] Epoch: [076][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.270) Prec@1 93.75 (91.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-17:50:08] **test** Prec@1 91.33 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.67 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.270 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=91.73, Acc@5=99.79, Error@1=8.27, Error@5=0.21 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:50:09] [Epoch=077/600] [Need: 19:12:30] LR=0.0240 ~ 0.0240, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:50:09] Epoch: [077][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.550 (0.550) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:50:34] Epoch: [077][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.327 (0.401) Prec@1 90.62 (90.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - train[2019-03-31-17:50:59] Epoch: [077][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.399) Prec@1 95.83 (90.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:51:24] Epoch: [077][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.395 (0.399) Prec@1 90.62 (90.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:51:48] Epoch: [077][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.482 (0.396) Prec@1 89.58 (90.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:52:12] Epoch: [077][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.398) Prec@1 92.71 (90.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:52:17] Epoch: [077][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.586 (0.398) Prec@1 83.75 (90.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-17:52:17] **train** Prec@1 90.70 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 9.30 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.398 - test [2019-03-31-17:52:18] Epoch: [077][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.297 (0.297) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:52:22] Epoch: [077][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.255) Prec@1 96.88 (92.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-17:52:22] Epoch: [077][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.255) Prec@1 100.00 (92.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-17:52:22] **test** Prec@1 92.16 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 7.84 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.255 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.16, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.84, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:52:22] [Epoch=078/600] [Need: 19:23:43] LR=0.0240 ~ 0.0240, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:52:23] Epoch: [078][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.416 (0.416) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-17:52:47] Epoch: [078][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.297 (0.388) Prec@1 94.79 (90.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:53:11] Epoch: [078][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.389) Prec@1 92.71 (90.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-17:53:34] Epoch: [078][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.387) Prec@1 92.71 (90.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-17:53:58] Epoch: [078][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.395) Prec@1 89.58 (90.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:54:22] Epoch: [078][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.396) Prec@1 95.83 (90.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:54:27] Epoch: [078][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.438 (0.398) Prec@1 87.50 (90.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-17:54:27] **train** Prec@1 90.72 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 9.28 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.398 - test [2019-03-31-17:54:28] Epoch: [078][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.286 (0.286) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:54:32] Epoch: [078][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.311) Prec@1 92.71 (90.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - test [2019-03-31-17:54:32] Epoch: [078][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.280 (0.311) Prec@1 93.75 (90.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) -[2019-03-31-17:54:32] **test** Prec@1 90.45 Prec@5 99.67 Error@1 9.55 Error@5 0.33 Loss:0.311 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.16, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.84, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:54:32] [Epoch=079/600] [Need: 18:48:31] LR=0.0239 ~ 0.0239, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:54:33] Epoch: [079][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.493 (0.493) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:54:57] Epoch: [079][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.305 (0.384) Prec@1 90.62 (91.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:55:21] Epoch: [079][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.463 (0.394) Prec@1 86.46 (90.87) Prec@5 98.96 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:55:45] Epoch: [079][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.441 (0.390) Prec@1 89.58 (90.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:56:08] Epoch: [079][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.390) Prec@1 90.62 (91.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:56:32] Epoch: [079][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.393) Prec@1 91.67 (90.91) Prec@5 98.96 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-17:56:37] Epoch: [079][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.485 (0.393) Prec@1 86.25 (90.90) Prec@5 98.75 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:56:37] **train** Prec@1 90.90 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 9.10 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.393 - test [2019-03-31-17:56:37] Epoch: [079][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.162 (0.162) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:56:41] Epoch: [079][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.146 (0.232) Prec@1 91.67 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-17:56:42] Epoch: [079][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.234) Prec@1 93.75 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-17:56:42] **test** Prec@1 92.46 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.54 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.234 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:56:42] [Epoch=080/600] [Need: 18:43:11] LR=0.0239 ~ 0.0239, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:56:43] Epoch: [080][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.332 (0.332) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:57:06] Epoch: [080][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.361 (0.388) Prec@1 92.71 (91.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-17:57:30] Epoch: [080][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.390) Prec@1 91.67 (90.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:57:54] Epoch: [080][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.387) Prec@1 93.75 (91.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:58:18] Epoch: [080][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.496 (0.391) Prec@1 85.42 (90.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:58:41] Epoch: [080][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.390) Prec@1 92.71 (90.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-17:58:46] Epoch: [080][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.321 (0.390) Prec@1 91.25 (90.93) Prec@5 98.75 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-17:58:46] **train** Prec@1 90.93 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.07 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.390 - test [2019-03-31-17:58:47] Epoch: [080][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.321 (0.321) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-17:58:51] Epoch: [080][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.280) Prec@1 92.71 (91.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-17:58:51] Epoch: [080][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.281) Prec@1 87.50 (91.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-17:58:51] **test** Prec@1 91.20 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 8.80 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.281 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-17:58:51] [Epoch=081/600] [Need: 18:39:06] LR=0.0239 ~ 0.0239, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-17:58:52] Epoch: [081][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.475 (0.475) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-17:59:17] Epoch: [081][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.350 (0.375) Prec@1 90.62 (91.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-17:59:40] Epoch: [081][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.619 (0.374) Prec@1 85.42 (91.30) Prec@5 97.92 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:00:04] Epoch: [081][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.371) Prec@1 93.75 (91.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:00:28] Epoch: [081][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.545 (0.385) Prec@1 86.46 (91.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:00:52] Epoch: [081][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.390) Prec@1 90.62 (90.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:00:56] Epoch: [081][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.433 (0.390) Prec@1 90.00 (90.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:00:57] **train** Prec@1 90.87 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 9.13 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.390 - test [2019-03-31-18:00:57] Epoch: [081][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.169 (0.169) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:01:01] Epoch: [081][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.259) Prec@1 93.75 (91.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:01:01] Epoch: [081][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.257) Prec@1 100.00 (91.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:01:01] **test** Prec@1 91.86 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.14 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.257 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:01:02] [Epoch=082/600] [Need: 18:44:34] LR=0.0239 ~ 0.0239, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:01:02] Epoch: [082][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.458 (0.458) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:01:26] Epoch: [082][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.419 (0.388) Prec@1 92.71 (90.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:01:50] Epoch: [082][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.452 (0.401) Prec@1 88.54 (90.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:02:14] Epoch: [082][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.395) Prec@1 86.46 (90.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:02:38] Epoch: [082][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.391) Prec@1 93.75 (90.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:03:02] Epoch: [082][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.393) Prec@1 93.75 (90.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:03:07] Epoch: [082][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.457 (0.394) Prec@1 83.75 (90.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:03:07] **train** Prec@1 90.76 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.24 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.394 - test [2019-03-31-18:03:07] Epoch: [082][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.339 (0.339) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:03:12] Epoch: [082][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.288) Prec@1 96.88 (90.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.59) - test [2019-03-31-18:03:12] Epoch: [082][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.289) Prec@1 93.75 (90.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.60) -[2019-03-31-18:03:12] **test** Prec@1 90.68 Prec@5 99.60 Error@1 9.32 Error@5 0.40 Loss:0.289 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:03:12] [Epoch=083/600] [Need: 18:43:59] LR=0.0238 ~ 0.0238, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:03:13] Epoch: [083][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.215 (0.215) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:03:38] Epoch: [083][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.380) Prec@1 85.42 (91.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:04:03] Epoch: [083][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.373) Prec@1 91.67 (91.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:04:28] Epoch: [083][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.454 (0.383) Prec@1 90.62 (91.10) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:04:51] Epoch: [083][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.483 (0.383) Prec@1 88.54 (91.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:05:15] Epoch: [083][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.460 (0.386) Prec@1 92.71 (91.08) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:05:20] Epoch: [083][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.387) Prec@1 91.25 (91.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-18:05:20] **train** Prec@1 91.10 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.90 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.387 - test [2019-03-31-18:05:20] Epoch: [083][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:05:25] Epoch: [083][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.093 (0.269) Prec@1 95.83 (91.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.63) - test [2019-03-31-18:05:25] Epoch: [083][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.184 (0.268) Prec@1 93.75 (91.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-18:05:25] **test** Prec@1 91.68 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 8.32 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.268 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:05:25] [Epoch=084/600] [Need: 19:03:37] LR=0.0238 ~ 0.0238, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:05:26] Epoch: [084][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:05:50] Epoch: [084][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.490 (0.370) Prec@1 87.50 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:06:14] Epoch: [084][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.442 (0.377) Prec@1 89.58 (91.40) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:06:39] Epoch: [084][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.379) Prec@1 90.62 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:07:04] Epoch: [084][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.377) Prec@1 94.79 (91.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:07:30] Epoch: [084][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.516 (0.382) Prec@1 89.58 (91.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:07:35] Epoch: [084][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.383) Prec@1 92.50 (91.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-18:07:35] **train** Prec@1 91.21 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.79 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.383 - test [2019-03-31-18:07:35] Epoch: [084][000/105] Time 0.58 (0.58) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.308 (0.308) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:07:40] Epoch: [084][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.148 (0.296) Prec@1 94.79 (90.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-18:07:40] Epoch: [084][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.259 (0.296) Prec@1 93.75 (90.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-18:07:40] **test** Prec@1 90.61 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.39 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.296 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:07:40] [Epoch=085/600] [Need: 19:20:02] LR=0.0238 ~ 0.0238, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:07:41] Epoch: [085][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.283 (0.283) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:08:06] Epoch: [085][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.275 (0.377) Prec@1 95.83 (91.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-18:08:31] Epoch: [085][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.466 (0.380) Prec@1 86.46 (91.06) Prec@5 98.96 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:08:57] Epoch: [085][300/521] Time 0.30 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.388) Prec@1 91.67 (90.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:09:22] Epoch: [085][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.388) Prec@1 93.75 (90.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:09:47] Epoch: [085][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.529 (0.387) Prec@1 87.50 (90.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-18:09:52] Epoch: [085][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.405 (0.388) Prec@1 90.00 (90.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:09:52] **train** Prec@1 90.94 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 9.06 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.388 - test [2019-03-31-18:09:52] Epoch: [085][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.370 (0.370) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:09:57] Epoch: [085][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.130 (0.314) Prec@1 95.83 (90.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-18:09:57] Epoch: [085][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.107 (0.314) Prec@1 100.00 (90.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-18:09:57] **test** Prec@1 90.64 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.36 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.314 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:09:57] [Epoch=086/600] [Need: 19:34:27] LR=0.0238 ~ 0.0238, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:09:58] Epoch: [086][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.265 (0.265) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:10:23] Epoch: [086][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.436 (0.369) Prec@1 88.54 (91.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-18:10:49] Epoch: [086][200/521] Time 0.30 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.372) Prec@1 90.62 (91.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-18:11:14] Epoch: [086][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.374) Prec@1 89.58 (91.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:11:39] Epoch: [086][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.391 (0.376) Prec@1 91.67 (91.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:12:04] Epoch: [086][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.569 (0.378) Prec@1 84.38 (91.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:12:09] Epoch: [086][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.569 (0.379) Prec@1 85.00 (91.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-18:12:09] **train** Prec@1 91.19 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.81 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.379 - test [2019-03-31-18:12:09] Epoch: [086][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.305 (0.305) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:12:14] Epoch: [086][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.252) Prec@1 96.88 (92.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - test [2019-03-31-18:12:14] Epoch: [086][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.254) Prec@1 87.50 (92.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-18:12:14] **test** Prec@1 92.07 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 7.93 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:12:14] [Epoch=087/600] [Need: 19:30:27] LR=0.0237 ~ 0.0237, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:12:15] Epoch: [087][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:12:40] Epoch: [087][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.445 (0.377) Prec@1 87.50 (91.19) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:13:05] Epoch: [087][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.377) Prec@1 91.67 (91.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:13:32] Epoch: [087][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.377) Prec@1 92.71 (91.29) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:13:57] Epoch: [087][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.516 (0.378) Prec@1 82.29 (91.15) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:14:23] Epoch: [087][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.402 (0.384) Prec@1 88.54 (91.06) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:14:28] Epoch: [087][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.384) Prec@1 93.75 (91.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:14:28] **train** Prec@1 91.05 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 8.95 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.384 - test [2019-03-31-18:14:29] Epoch: [087][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:14:33] Epoch: [087][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.207 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-18:14:33] Epoch: [087][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.277) Prec@1 93.75 (91.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:14:33] **test** Prec@1 91.75 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 8.25 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.277 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:14:33] [Epoch=088/600] [Need: 19:48:47] LR=0.0237 ~ 0.0237, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:14:34] Epoch: [088][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.718 (0.718) Prec@1 85.42 (85.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:14:59] Epoch: [088][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.405 (0.376) Prec@1 89.58 (91.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:15:24] Epoch: [088][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.434 (0.379) Prec@1 89.58 (91.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:15:50] Epoch: [088][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.376) Prec@1 93.75 (91.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:16:15] Epoch: [088][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.549 (0.385) Prec@1 86.46 (91.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:16:40] Epoch: [088][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.384) Prec@1 90.62 (91.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:16:45] Epoch: [088][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.549 (0.384) Prec@1 86.25 (91.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:16:45] **train** Prec@1 91.00 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 9.00 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.384 - test [2019-03-31-18:16:46] Epoch: [088][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.387 (0.387) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:16:50] Epoch: [088][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.089 (0.270) Prec@1 95.83 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-18:16:50] Epoch: [088][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.270) Prec@1 87.50 (91.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-18:16:50] **test** Prec@1 91.44 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 8.56 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.270 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:16:51] [Epoch=089/600] [Need: 19:28:21] LR=0.0237 ~ 0.0237, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:16:51] Epoch: [089][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.562 (0.562) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:17:16] Epoch: [089][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.373) Prec@1 95.83 (91.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:17:43] Epoch: [089][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.278 (0.384) Prec@1 94.79 (90.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:18:06] Epoch: [089][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.616 (0.382) Prec@1 88.54 (90.93) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:18:30] Epoch: [089][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.332 (0.379) Prec@1 91.67 (91.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:18:55] Epoch: [089][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.396 (0.383) Prec@1 91.67 (91.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:19:00] Epoch: [089][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.465 (0.384) Prec@1 92.50 (91.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:19:00] **train** Prec@1 91.00 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 9.00 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.384 - test [2019-03-31-18:19:00] Epoch: [089][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.234 (0.234) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:19:04] Epoch: [089][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.289) Prec@1 93.75 (90.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - test [2019-03-31-18:19:05] Epoch: [089][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.743 (0.290) Prec@1 81.25 (90.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:19:05] **test** Prec@1 90.93 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 9.07 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.290 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:19:05] [Epoch=090/600] [Need: 19:00:41] LR=0.0236 ~ 0.0236, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:19:06] Epoch: [090][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:19:29] Epoch: [090][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.274 (0.359) Prec@1 92.71 (91.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:19:54] Epoch: [090][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.336 (0.368) Prec@1 94.79 (91.45) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:20:19] Epoch: [090][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.375) Prec@1 89.58 (91.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:20:45] Epoch: [090][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.377) Prec@1 90.62 (91.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:21:10] Epoch: [090][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.560 (0.377) Prec@1 83.33 (91.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:21:15] Epoch: [090][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.383 (0.377) Prec@1 90.00 (91.26) Prec@5 97.50 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-18:21:15] **train** Prec@1 91.26 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.74 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.377 - test [2019-03-31-18:21:15] Epoch: [090][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.223 (0.223) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:21:20] Epoch: [090][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.183 (0.250) Prec@1 91.67 (92.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:21:20] Epoch: [090][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.251) Prec@1 100.00 (92.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:21:20] **test** Prec@1 92.14 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.86 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.251 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:21:20] [Epoch=091/600] [Need: 19:08:09] LR=0.0236 ~ 0.0236, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:21:21] Epoch: [091][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.453 (0.453) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:21:46] Epoch: [091][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.368) Prec@1 92.71 (91.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:22:11] Epoch: [091][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.370) Prec@1 94.79 (91.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:22:36] Epoch: [091][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.518 (0.367) Prec@1 86.46 (91.54) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-18:23:01] Epoch: [091][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.529 (0.364) Prec@1 89.58 (91.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-18:23:26] Epoch: [091][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.384 (0.368) Prec@1 92.71 (91.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:23:31] Epoch: [091][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.485 (0.370) Prec@1 88.75 (91.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-18:23:31] **train** Prec@1 91.46 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.54 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.370 - test [2019-03-31-18:23:32] Epoch: [091][000/105] Time 0.57 (0.57) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.450 (0.450) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:23:36] Epoch: [091][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.126 (0.318) Prec@1 96.88 (90.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.66) - test [2019-03-31-18:23:36] Epoch: [091][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.318) Prec@1 100.00 (90.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) -[2019-03-31-18:23:36] **test** Prec@1 90.36 Prec@5 99.67 Error@1 9.64 Error@5 0.33 Loss:0.318 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:23:37] [Epoch=092/600] [Need: 19:15:54] LR=0.0236 ~ 0.0236, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:23:37] Epoch: [092][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.285 (0.285) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:24:02] Epoch: [092][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.357) Prec@1 94.79 (91.72) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-18:24:28] Epoch: [092][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.433 (0.364) Prec@1 89.58 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-18:24:53] Epoch: [092][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.499 (0.370) Prec@1 86.46 (91.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:25:18] Epoch: [092][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.374) Prec@1 93.75 (91.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:25:43] Epoch: [092][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.430 (0.377) Prec@1 88.54 (91.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:25:48] Epoch: [092][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.377) Prec@1 95.00 (91.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-18:25:48] **train** Prec@1 91.12 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.88 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.377 - test [2019-03-31-18:25:49] Epoch: [092][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.391 (0.391) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:25:53] Epoch: [092][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.254) Prec@1 95.83 (91.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-18:25:53] Epoch: [092][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.255) Prec@1 87.50 (91.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-18:25:53] **test** Prec@1 91.58 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 8.42 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.255 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:25:53] [Epoch=093/600] [Need: 19:14:16] LR=0.0236 ~ 0.0236, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:25:54] Epoch: [093][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.243 (0.243) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:26:19] Epoch: [093][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.279 (0.352) Prec@1 94.79 (92.06) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:26:44] Epoch: [093][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.492 (0.356) Prec@1 87.50 (91.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:27:09] Epoch: [093][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.356) Prec@1 96.88 (91.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:27:35] Epoch: [093][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.364) Prec@1 91.67 (91.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:28:00] Epoch: [093][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.426 (0.366) Prec@1 92.71 (91.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:28:05] Epoch: [093][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.366) Prec@1 93.75 (91.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-18:28:05] **train** Prec@1 91.60 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.40 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.366 - test [2019-03-31-18:28:06] Epoch: [093][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.438 (0.438) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:28:10] Epoch: [093][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.231 (0.312) Prec@1 89.58 (90.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:28:10] Epoch: [093][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.464 (0.311) Prec@1 87.50 (90.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:28:10] **test** Prec@1 90.43 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 9.57 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.311 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:28:10] [Epoch=094/600] [Need: 19:14:28] LR=0.0235 ~ 0.0235, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:28:11] Epoch: [094][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.298 (0.298) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:28:36] Epoch: [094][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.224 (0.353) Prec@1 96.88 (92.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:29:01] Epoch: [094][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.419 (0.360) Prec@1 91.67 (91.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:29:26] Epoch: [094][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.506 (0.369) Prec@1 88.54 (91.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:29:52] Epoch: [094][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.475 (0.376) Prec@1 86.46 (91.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:30:17] Epoch: [094][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.375) Prec@1 90.62 (91.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:30:22] Epoch: [094][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.551 (0.377) Prec@1 88.75 (91.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:30:22] **train** Prec@1 91.26 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.74 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.377 - test [2019-03-31-18:30:22] Epoch: [094][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.262 (0.262) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:30:27] Epoch: [094][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.215 (0.275) Prec@1 95.83 (91.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-18:30:27] Epoch: [094][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.274) Prec@1 93.75 (91.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-18:30:27] **test** Prec@1 91.59 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 8.41 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.274 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:30:27] [Epoch=095/600] [Need: 19:12:57] LR=0.0235 ~ 0.0235, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:30:28] Epoch: [095][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.503 (0.503) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:30:53] Epoch: [095][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.303 (0.358) Prec@1 91.67 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) - train[2019-03-31-18:31:18] Epoch: [095][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.422 (0.381) Prec@1 85.42 (91.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:31:43] Epoch: [095][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.379) Prec@1 93.75 (91.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:32:09] Epoch: [095][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.546 (0.377) Prec@1 85.42 (91.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:32:34] Epoch: [095][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.378) Prec@1 89.58 (91.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:32:39] Epoch: [095][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.468 (0.379) Prec@1 87.50 (91.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:32:39] **train** Prec@1 91.27 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 8.73 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.379 - test [2019-03-31-18:32:40] Epoch: [095][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.309 (0.309) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-18:32:44] Epoch: [095][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.272 (0.300) Prec@1 90.62 (90.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-18:32:44] Epoch: [095][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.178 (0.298) Prec@1 87.50 (90.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-18:32:44] **test** Prec@1 90.69 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 9.31 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.298 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:32:44] [Epoch=096/600] [Need: 19:13:22] LR=0.0235 ~ 0.0235, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:32:45] Epoch: [096][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.372 (0.372) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:33:10] Epoch: [096][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.373 (0.388) Prec@1 89.58 (91.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:33:35] Epoch: [096][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.396 (0.380) Prec@1 90.62 (91.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-18:34:01] Epoch: [096][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.276 (0.376) Prec@1 93.75 (91.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:34:25] Epoch: [096][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.374) Prec@1 92.71 (91.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:34:50] Epoch: [096][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.374) Prec@1 91.67 (91.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:34:55] Epoch: [096][520/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.399 (0.374) Prec@1 87.50 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-18:34:55] **train** Prec@1 91.49 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.51 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.374 - test [2019-03-31-18:34:56] Epoch: [096][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.292 (0.292) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:35:00] Epoch: [096][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.243) Prec@1 94.79 (92.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:35:00] Epoch: [096][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.244) Prec@1 93.75 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:35:01] **test** Prec@1 92.34 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.66 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.244 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:35:01] [Epoch=097/600] [Need: 19:02:31] LR=0.0234 ~ 0.0234, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:35:02] Epoch: [097][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.279 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:35:27] Epoch: [097][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.480 (0.344) Prec@1 90.62 (91.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-18:35:52] Epoch: [097][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.355) Prec@1 90.62 (91.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-18:36:17] Epoch: [097][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.364) Prec@1 92.71 (91.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:36:42] Epoch: [097][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.399 (0.372) Prec@1 92.71 (91.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:37:07] Epoch: [097][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.603 (0.373) Prec@1 85.42 (91.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:37:12] Epoch: [097][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.374) Prec@1 92.50 (91.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:37:12] **train** Prec@1 91.31 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.69 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.374 - test [2019-03-31-18:37:13] Epoch: [097][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.329 (0.329) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-18:37:17] Epoch: [097][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.236 (0.279) Prec@1 90.62 (91.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-18:37:17] Epoch: [097][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.279) Prec@1 93.75 (91.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-18:37:17] **test** Prec@1 91.36 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 8.64 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.279 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:37:17] [Epoch=098/600] [Need: 19:03:28] LR=0.0234 ~ 0.0234, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:37:18] Epoch: [098][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.344 (0.344) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:37:43] Epoch: [098][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.263 (0.365) Prec@1 94.79 (91.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:38:08] Epoch: [098][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.369) Prec@1 93.75 (91.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:38:35] Epoch: [098][300/521] Time 0.29 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.370) Prec@1 94.79 (91.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:39:01] Epoch: [098][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.367) Prec@1 85.42 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:39:28] Epoch: [098][500/521] Time 0.29 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.368) Prec@1 96.88 (91.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:39:33] Epoch: [098][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.367) Prec@1 93.75 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:39:33] **train** Prec@1 91.49 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.51 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.367 - test [2019-03-31-18:39:33] Epoch: [098][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.329 (0.329) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:39:37] Epoch: [098][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.262) Prec@1 96.88 (91.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:39:38] Epoch: [098][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.260) Prec@1 93.75 (91.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:39:38] **test** Prec@1 91.63 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.37 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.260 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.46, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=7.54, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:39:38] [Epoch=099/600] [Need: 19:33:05] LR=0.0234 ~ 0.0234, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:39:39] Epoch: [099][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.275 (0.275) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:40:02] Epoch: [099][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.383 (0.353) Prec@1 92.71 (92.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:40:26] Epoch: [099][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.372) Prec@1 95.83 (91.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:40:50] Epoch: [099][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.374) Prec@1 93.75 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:41:14] Epoch: [099][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.373) Prec@1 92.71 (91.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:41:38] Epoch: [099][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.377) Prec@1 92.71 (91.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:41:42] Epoch: [099][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.400 (0.375) Prec@1 91.25 (91.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-18:41:42] **train** Prec@1 91.35 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.65 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.375 - test [2019-03-31-18:41:43] Epoch: [099][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.194 (0.194) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:41:47] Epoch: [099][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.235) Prec@1 94.79 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-18:41:47] Epoch: [099][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-18:41:47] **test** Prec@1 92.58 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.42 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.233 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:41:47] [Epoch=100/600] [Need: 17:59:32] LR=0.0233 ~ 0.0233, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:41:48] Epoch: [100][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.470 (0.470) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:42:14] Epoch: [100][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.277 (0.357) Prec@1 95.83 (91.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:42:41] Epoch: [100][200/521] Time 0.30 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.364) Prec@1 90.62 (91.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:43:07] Epoch: [100][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.477 (0.370) Prec@1 90.62 (91.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:43:33] Epoch: [100][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.368) Prec@1 90.62 (91.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:43:57] Epoch: [100][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.285 (0.370) Prec@1 93.75 (91.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-18:44:01] Epoch: [100][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.372) Prec@1 88.75 (91.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-18:44:02] **train** Prec@1 91.31 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 8.69 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.372 - test [2019-03-31-18:44:02] Epoch: [100][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.293 (0.293) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:44:06] Epoch: [100][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.328) Prec@1 94.79 (89.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-18:44:06] Epoch: [100][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.326) Prec@1 87.50 (90.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-18:44:06] **test** Prec@1 90.05 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 9.95 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.326 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:44:07] [Epoch=101/600] [Need: 19:16:50] LR=0.0233 ~ 0.0233, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:44:07] Epoch: [101][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.406 (0.406) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:44:31] Epoch: [101][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.385) Prec@1 94.79 (90.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:44:56] Epoch: [101][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.384 (0.376) Prec@1 89.58 (91.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:45:22] Epoch: [101][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.580 (0.375) Prec@1 87.50 (91.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:45:47] Epoch: [101][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.372) Prec@1 94.79 (91.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:46:12] Epoch: [101][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.446 (0.372) Prec@1 87.50 (91.31) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:46:17] Epoch: [101][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.436 (0.372) Prec@1 92.50 (91.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:46:17] **train** Prec@1 91.31 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.69 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.372 - test [2019-03-31-18:46:18] Epoch: [101][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:46:22] Epoch: [101][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.301) Prec@1 94.79 (90.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - test [2019-03-31-18:46:22] Epoch: [101][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.395 (0.300) Prec@1 93.75 (90.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-03-31-18:46:22] **test** Prec@1 90.46 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 9.54 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.300 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:46:22] [Epoch=102/600] [Need: 18:46:27] LR=0.0233 ~ 0.0233, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:46:23] Epoch: [102][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.433 (0.433) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:46:48] Epoch: [102][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.369) Prec@1 96.88 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-18:47:13] Epoch: [102][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.492 (0.365) Prec@1 88.54 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:47:38] Epoch: [102][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.446 (0.363) Prec@1 92.71 (91.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:48:03] Epoch: [102][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.367) Prec@1 96.88 (91.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:48:28] Epoch: [102][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.432 (0.372) Prec@1 88.54 (91.56) Prec@5 98.96 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:48:33] Epoch: [102][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.380 (0.371) Prec@1 91.25 (91.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:48:33] **train** Prec@1 91.57 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 8.43 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.371 - test [2019-03-31-18:48:34] Epoch: [102][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:48:38] Epoch: [102][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.212 (0.244) Prec@1 93.75 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) - test [2019-03-31-18:48:38] Epoch: [102][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.131 (0.244) Prec@1 100.00 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.69) -[2019-03-31-18:48:39] **test** Prec@1 92.41 Prec@5 99.69 Error@1 7.59 Error@5 0.31 Loss:0.244 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:48:39] [Epoch=103/600] [Need: 18:50:54] LR=0.0232 ~ 0.0232, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:48:40] Epoch: [103][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.346 (0.346) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:49:05] Epoch: [103][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.288 (0.347) Prec@1 94.79 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-18:49:30] Epoch: [103][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.361) Prec@1 90.62 (91.84) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:49:56] Epoch: [103][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 91.67 (91.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:50:21] Epoch: [103][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.362) Prec@1 90.62 (91.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:50:46] Epoch: [103][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.366) Prec@1 88.54 (91.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:50:51] Epoch: [103][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.285 (0.366) Prec@1 91.25 (91.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:50:51] **train** Prec@1 91.54 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 8.46 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.366 - test [2019-03-31-18:50:52] Epoch: [103][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.378 (0.378) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:50:56] Epoch: [103][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.108 (0.257) Prec@1 96.88 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-18:50:56] Epoch: [103][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.151 (0.256) Prec@1 93.75 (92.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-18:50:56] **test** Prec@1 92.09 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 7.91 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.256 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:50:56] [Epoch=104/600] [Need: 18:56:35] LR=0.0232 ~ 0.0232, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:50:57] Epoch: [104][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.454 (0.454) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:51:22] Epoch: [104][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.382) Prec@1 91.67 (91.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - train[2019-03-31-18:51:47] Epoch: [104][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.388 (0.370) Prec@1 92.71 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:52:13] Epoch: [104][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.370) Prec@1 95.83 (91.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:52:38] Epoch: [104][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.485 (0.372) Prec@1 89.58 (91.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:53:03] Epoch: [104][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.374) Prec@1 93.75 (91.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:53:08] Epoch: [104][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.489 (0.374) Prec@1 91.25 (91.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:53:08] **train** Prec@1 91.28 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.72 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.374 - test [2019-03-31-18:53:08] Epoch: [104][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.135 (0.135) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:53:13] Epoch: [104][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.264) Prec@1 97.92 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-03-31-18:53:13] Epoch: [104][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.264) Prec@1 93.75 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-18:53:13] **test** Prec@1 92.11 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 7.89 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.264 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:53:13] [Epoch=105/600] [Need: 18:48:48] LR=0.0232 ~ 0.0232, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:53:14] Epoch: [105][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.338 (0.338) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:53:39] Epoch: [105][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.183 (0.355) Prec@1 97.92 (91.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - train[2019-03-31-18:54:04] Epoch: [105][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.349) Prec@1 93.75 (91.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:54:29] Epoch: [105][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.355) Prec@1 95.83 (91.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:54:54] Epoch: [105][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.433 (0.358) Prec@1 89.58 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:55:19] Epoch: [105][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.361) Prec@1 89.58 (91.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:55:24] Epoch: [105][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.361) Prec@1 93.75 (91.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-18:55:25] **train** Prec@1 91.61 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 8.39 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.361 - test [2019-03-31-18:55:25] Epoch: [105][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.283 (0.283) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:55:29] Epoch: [105][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.242) Prec@1 95.83 (92.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-18:55:29] Epoch: [105][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.241) Prec@1 93.75 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-18:55:30] **test** Prec@1 92.23 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 7.77 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.241 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:55:30] [Epoch=106/600] [Need: 18:44:42] LR=0.0231 ~ 0.0231, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:55:30] Epoch: [106][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.252 (0.252) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-18:55:55] Epoch: [106][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.475 (0.364) Prec@1 90.62 (91.64) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:56:20] Epoch: [106][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.356) Prec@1 94.79 (91.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-18:56:45] Epoch: [106][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.352) Prec@1 89.58 (91.99) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:57:10] Epoch: [106][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.356) Prec@1 92.71 (91.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:57:35] Epoch: [106][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.420 (0.360) Prec@1 90.62 (91.78) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-18:57:40] Epoch: [106][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.360) Prec@1 100.00 (91.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:57:40] **train** Prec@1 91.77 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.23 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.360 - test [2019-03-31-18:57:41] Epoch: [106][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.303 (0.303) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-18:57:45] Epoch: [106][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.109 (0.270) Prec@1 92.71 (91.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-18:57:45] Epoch: [106][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.378 (0.269) Prec@1 93.75 (91.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-18:57:45] **test** Prec@1 91.77 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.23 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.269 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.58, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.42, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-18:57:45] [Epoch=107/600] [Need: 18:34:58] LR=0.0231 ~ 0.0231, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-18:57:46] Epoch: [107][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.475 (0.475) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-18:58:11] Epoch: [107][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.261 (0.349) Prec@1 94.79 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-18:58:36] Epoch: [107][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.465 (0.358) Prec@1 90.62 (91.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-18:59:01] Epoch: [107][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.359) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:59:27] Epoch: [107][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.360) Prec@1 90.62 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-18:59:52] Epoch: [107][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.366) Prec@1 90.62 (91.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-18:59:57] Epoch: [107][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.367) Prec@1 88.75 (91.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-18:59:57] **train** Prec@1 91.52 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 8.48 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.367 - test [2019-03-31-18:59:57] Epoch: [107][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.213 (0.213) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:00:01] Epoch: [107][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.228) Prec@1 94.79 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-19:00:02] Epoch: [107][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.227) Prec@1 100.00 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:00:02] **test** Prec@1 92.82 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.18 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.227 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:00:02] [Epoch=108/600] [Need: 18:39:35] LR=0.0231 ~ 0.0231, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:00:03] Epoch: [108][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.502 (0.502) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:00:28] Epoch: [108][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.375 (0.368) Prec@1 91.67 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-19:00:53] Epoch: [108][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.368) Prec@1 90.62 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - train[2019-03-31-19:01:18] Epoch: [108][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.523 (0.374) Prec@1 87.50 (91.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-19:01:43] Epoch: [108][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.600 (0.371) Prec@1 87.50 (91.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:02:08] Epoch: [108][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.370) Prec@1 92.71 (91.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-19:02:13] Epoch: [108][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.262 (0.369) Prec@1 93.75 (91.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-19:02:13] **train** Prec@1 91.56 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 8.44 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.369 - test [2019-03-31-19:02:13] Epoch: [108][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:02:18] Epoch: [108][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.162 (0.236) Prec@1 92.71 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - test [2019-03-31-19:02:18] Epoch: [108][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-19:02:18] **test** Prec@1 92.65 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 7.35 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.236 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:02:18] [Epoch=109/600] [Need: 18:33:33] LR=0.0230 ~ 0.0230, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:02:19] Epoch: [109][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.331 (0.331) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:02:44] Epoch: [109][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.345) Prec@1 94.79 (92.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:03:09] Epoch: [109][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.359) Prec@1 90.62 (91.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:03:34] Epoch: [109][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.360) Prec@1 88.54 (91.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:03:59] Epoch: [109][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.623 (0.358) Prec@1 82.29 (91.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:04:24] Epoch: [109][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.522 (0.365) Prec@1 86.46 (91.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:04:29] Epoch: [109][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.367) Prec@1 95.00 (91.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:04:29] **train** Prec@1 91.48 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.52 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.367 - test [2019-03-31-19:04:30] Epoch: [109][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.219 (0.219) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:04:34] Epoch: [109][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.104 (0.257) Prec@1 95.83 (92.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-19:04:34] Epoch: [109][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.140 (0.254) Prec@1 87.50 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-19:04:34] **test** Prec@1 92.11 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 7.89 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:04:34] [Epoch=110/600] [Need: 18:32:58] LR=0.0230 ~ 0.0230, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:04:35] Epoch: [110][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.455 (0.455) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:05:00] Epoch: [110][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.352) Prec@1 91.67 (92.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:05:25] Epoch: [110][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.350) Prec@1 89.58 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:05:50] Epoch: [110][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.424 (0.351) Prec@1 89.58 (91.85) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:06:15] Epoch: [110][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.668 (0.354) Prec@1 83.33 (91.87) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:06:41] Epoch: [110][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.356) Prec@1 90.62 (91.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:06:46] Epoch: [110][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.602 (0.357) Prec@1 83.75 (91.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:06:46] **train** Prec@1 91.83 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 8.17 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.357 - test [2019-03-31-19:06:46] Epoch: [110][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.246 (0.246) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-19:06:51] Epoch: [110][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.257) Prec@1 94.79 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-19:06:51] Epoch: [110][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.258) Prec@1 81.25 (92.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.70) -[2019-03-31-19:06:51] **test** Prec@1 92.36 Prec@5 99.70 Error@1 7.64 Error@5 0.30 Loss:0.258 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:06:51] [Epoch=111/600] [Need: 18:34:18] LR=0.0230 ~ 0.0230, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:06:52] Epoch: [111][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.258 (0.258) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:07:17] Epoch: [111][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.274 (0.343) Prec@1 92.71 (92.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:07:43] Epoch: [111][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.388 (0.349) Prec@1 89.58 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:08:08] Epoch: [111][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.350) Prec@1 94.79 (91.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:08:33] Epoch: [111][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.406 (0.354) Prec@1 89.58 (91.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:08:58] Epoch: [111][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.358) Prec@1 92.71 (91.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:09:03] Epoch: [111][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.406 (0.358) Prec@1 90.00 (91.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-19:09:03] **train** Prec@1 91.64 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 8.36 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.358 - test [2019-03-31-19:09:04] Epoch: [111][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.180 (0.180) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:09:08] Epoch: [111][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.101 (0.244) Prec@1 96.88 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-19:09:08] Epoch: [111][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.194 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (92.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-19:09:08] **test** Prec@1 92.52 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.48 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.242 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:09:08] [Epoch=112/600] [Need: 18:37:09] LR=0.0229 ~ 0.0229, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:09:09] Epoch: [112][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.435 (0.435) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:09:34] Epoch: [112][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.364) Prec@1 91.67 (91.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:09:59] Epoch: [112][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.438 (0.362) Prec@1 89.58 (91.47) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:10:24] Epoch: [112][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.460 (0.363) Prec@1 88.54 (91.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:10:50] Epoch: [112][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.531 (0.363) Prec@1 87.50 (91.48) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:11:15] Epoch: [112][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.490 (0.362) Prec@1 90.62 (91.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:11:20] Epoch: [112][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.361) Prec@1 92.50 (91.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-19:11:20] **train** Prec@1 91.56 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.44 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.361 - test [2019-03-31-19:11:21] Epoch: [112][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.209 (0.209) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:11:25] Epoch: [112][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (91.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-19:11:25] Epoch: [112][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.254) Prec@1 81.25 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-19:11:25] **test** Prec@1 91.92 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.08 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:11:25] [Epoch=113/600] [Need: 18:31:07] LR=0.0229 ~ 0.0229, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:11:26] Epoch: [113][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.461 (0.461) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:11:51] Epoch: [113][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.343 (0.351) Prec@1 90.62 (91.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:12:17] Epoch: [113][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.477 (0.346) Prec@1 85.42 (91.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:12:42] Epoch: [113][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.350) Prec@1 94.79 (91.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:13:07] Epoch: [113][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.356) Prec@1 88.54 (91.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-19:13:32] Epoch: [113][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.388 (0.359) Prec@1 89.58 (91.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-19:13:37] Epoch: [113][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.360) Prec@1 90.00 (91.63) Prec@5 98.75 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-19:13:37] **train** Prec@1 91.63 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 8.37 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.360 - test [2019-03-31-19:13:38] Epoch: [113][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.220 (0.220) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:13:42] Epoch: [113][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.240) Prec@1 92.71 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-19:13:42] Epoch: [113][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.240) Prec@1 100.00 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-19:13:42] **test** Prec@1 92.56 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 7.44 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.240 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.82, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=7.18, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:13:42] [Epoch=114/600] [Need: 18:31:38] LR=0.0228 ~ 0.0228, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:13:43] Epoch: [114][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.367 (0.367) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:14:08] Epoch: [114][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.297 (0.350) Prec@1 93.75 (91.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:14:33] Epoch: [114][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.360) Prec@1 92.71 (91.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:14:58] Epoch: [114][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.405 (0.357) Prec@1 89.58 (91.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:15:24] Epoch: [114][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.362) Prec@1 93.75 (91.73) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:15:49] Epoch: [114][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.365) Prec@1 91.67 (91.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-19:15:54] Epoch: [114][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.364) Prec@1 96.25 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-19:15:54] **train** Prec@1 91.67 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 8.33 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.364 - test [2019-03-31-19:15:54] Epoch: [114][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.204 (0.204) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:15:59] Epoch: [114][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.227) Prec@1 97.92 (92.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-19:15:59] Epoch: [114][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.121 (0.225) Prec@1 93.75 (92.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-19:15:59] **test** Prec@1 92.96 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 7.04 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.225 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.96, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.04, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:15:59] [Epoch=115/600] [Need: 18:24:04] LR=0.0228 ~ 0.0228, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:16:00] Epoch: [115][000/521] Time 0.81 (0.81) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:16:25] Epoch: [115][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.509 (0.371) Prec@1 90.62 (91.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:16:50] Epoch: [115][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.361) Prec@1 94.79 (91.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:17:15] Epoch: [115][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.352) Prec@1 96.88 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-19:17:40] Epoch: [115][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.574 (0.355) Prec@1 86.46 (91.82) Prec@5 97.92 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:18:05] Epoch: [115][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.458 (0.358) Prec@1 86.46 (91.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:18:10] Epoch: [115][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.524 (0.359) Prec@1 88.75 (91.69) Prec@5 98.75 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:18:10] **train** Prec@1 91.69 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.31 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.359 - test [2019-03-31-19:18:10] Epoch: [115][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.246 (0.246) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:18:14] Epoch: [115][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.172 (0.260) Prec@1 95.83 (92.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-19:18:15] Epoch: [115][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.095 (0.259) Prec@1 100.00 (92.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-19:18:15] **test** Prec@1 92.22 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 7.78 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.259 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.96, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.04, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:18:15] [Epoch=116/600] [Need: 18:15:41] LR=0.0228 ~ 0.0228, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:18:16] Epoch: [116][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:18:41] Epoch: [116][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.336) Prec@1 93.75 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:19:08] Epoch: [116][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.477 (0.341) Prec@1 90.62 (92.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:19:32] Epoch: [116][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.546 (0.350) Prec@1 84.38 (91.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:19:58] Epoch: [116][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.347 (0.349) Prec@1 89.58 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:20:23] Epoch: [116][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.358) Prec@1 92.71 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:20:28] Epoch: [116][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.392 (0.358) Prec@1 92.50 (91.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:20:28] **train** Prec@1 91.73 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.27 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.358 - test [2019-03-31-19:20:29] Epoch: [116][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:20:33] Epoch: [116][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.248) Prec@1 93.75 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-19:20:33] Epoch: [116][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.248) Prec@1 93.75 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:20:33] **test** Prec@1 92.54 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.46 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.248 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.96, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.04, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:20:34] [Epoch=117/600] [Need: 18:36:02] LR=0.0227 ~ 0.0227, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:20:34] Epoch: [117][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.272 (0.272) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:20:59] Epoch: [117][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.241 (0.332) Prec@1 95.83 (92.46) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-19:21:25] Epoch: [117][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.338) Prec@1 92.71 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:21:50] Epoch: [117][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.433 (0.343) Prec@1 89.58 (92.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:22:15] Epoch: [117][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.491 (0.346) Prec@1 89.58 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:22:40] Epoch: [117][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.350) Prec@1 92.71 (92.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:22:45] Epoch: [117][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.509 (0.350) Prec@1 86.25 (92.01) Prec@5 98.75 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-19:22:45] **train** Prec@1 92.01 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.99 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.350 - test [2019-03-31-19:22:46] Epoch: [117][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.315 (0.315) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:22:50] Epoch: [117][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.143 (0.307) Prec@1 94.79 (90.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-03-31-19:22:50] Epoch: [117][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.165 (0.306) Prec@1 87.50 (90.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-19:22:50] **test** Prec@1 90.83 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 9.17 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.306 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.96, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.04, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:22:50] [Epoch=118/600] [Need: 18:20:04] LR=0.0227 ~ 0.0227, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:22:51] Epoch: [118][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.522 (0.522) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-19:23:17] Epoch: [118][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.261 (0.330) Prec@1 91.67 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-19:23:41] Epoch: [118][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.342) Prec@1 94.79 (92.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:24:06] Epoch: [118][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.346) Prec@1 96.88 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:24:33] Epoch: [118][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.405 (0.349) Prec@1 91.67 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:24:59] Epoch: [118][500/521] Time 0.29 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.354) Prec@1 93.75 (91.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:25:05] Epoch: [118][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.354) Prec@1 93.75 (91.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-19:25:05] **train** Prec@1 91.82 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.18 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.354 - test [2019-03-31-19:25:05] Epoch: [118][000/105] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.64 (0.64) Loss 0.323 (0.323) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:25:10] Epoch: [118][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.189 (0.251) Prec@1 91.67 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-19:25:10] Epoch: [118][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.406 (0.251) Prec@1 81.25 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:25:10] **test** Prec@1 92.37 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.63 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.251 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=92.96, Acc@5=99.73, Error@1=7.04, Error@5=0.27 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:25:10] [Epoch=119/600] [Need: 18:40:47] LR=0.0227 ~ 0.0227, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:25:11] Epoch: [119][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.487 (0.487) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-19:25:38] Epoch: [119][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.281 (0.331) Prec@1 91.67 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:26:04] Epoch: [119][200/521] Time 0.29 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.310 (0.333) Prec@1 92.71 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:26:30] Epoch: [119][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.340) Prec@1 93.75 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:26:57] Epoch: [119][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.346) Prec@1 93.75 (92.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-19:27:23] Epoch: [119][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.358 (0.351) Prec@1 90.62 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:27:29] Epoch: [119][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.548 (0.350) Prec@1 87.50 (92.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:27:29] **train** Prec@1 92.04 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.96 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.350 - test [2019-03-31-19:27:30] Epoch: [119][000/105] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.67 (0.67) Loss 0.204 (0.204) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:27:34] Epoch: [119][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.141 (0.216) Prec@1 92.71 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-19:27:34] Epoch: [119][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.104 (0.215) Prec@1 100.00 (93.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:27:34] **test** Prec@1 93.29 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.71 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.215 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:27:34] [Epoch=120/600] [Need: 19:12:41] LR=0.0226 ~ 0.0226, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:27:35] Epoch: [120][000/521] Time 0.81 (0.81) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.424 (0.424) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-19:28:01] Epoch: [120][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.291 (0.338) Prec@1 94.79 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:28:28] Epoch: [120][200/521] Time 0.29 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.563 (0.353) Prec@1 84.38 (92.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - train[2019-03-31-19:28:54] Epoch: [120][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.350) Prec@1 92.71 (92.12) Prec@5 98.96 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:29:21] Epoch: [120][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.302 (0.354) Prec@1 91.67 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:29:48] Epoch: [120][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.357) Prec@1 91.67 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-19:29:53] Epoch: [120][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.358) Prec@1 93.75 (91.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-19:29:53] **train** Prec@1 91.87 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.13 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.358 - test [2019-03-31-19:29:54] Epoch: [120][000/105] Time 0.69 (0.69) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.218 (0.218) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:29:58] Epoch: [120][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.173 (0.247) Prec@1 92.71 (92.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-19:29:58] Epoch: [120][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.115 (0.248) Prec@1 93.75 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-19:29:58] **test** Prec@1 92.58 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.42 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.248 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:29:58] [Epoch=121/600] [Need: 19:10:23] LR=0.0226 ~ 0.0226, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:29:59] Epoch: [121][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.289 (0.289) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:30:26] Epoch: [121][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.367 (0.356) Prec@1 88.54 (91.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:30:52] Epoch: [121][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.324 (0.349) Prec@1 92.71 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:31:16] Epoch: [121][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.346) Prec@1 97.92 (92.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:31:39] Epoch: [121][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.351) Prec@1 93.75 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:32:03] Epoch: [121][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.283 (0.351) Prec@1 95.83 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:32:08] Epoch: [121][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.435 (0.350) Prec@1 88.75 (91.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-19:32:08] **train** Prec@1 91.90 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.10 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.350 - test [2019-03-31-19:32:08] Epoch: [121][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.259 (0.259) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:32:12] Epoch: [121][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.173 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (92.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-19:32:13] Epoch: [121][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.237) Prec@1 87.50 (92.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-19:32:13] **test** Prec@1 92.95 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 7.05 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.237 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:32:13] [Epoch=122/600] [Need: 17:49:56] LR=0.0225 ~ 0.0225, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:32:14] Epoch: [122][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.450 (0.450) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:32:37] Epoch: [122][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.327) Prec@1 93.75 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:33:01] Epoch: [122][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.346 (0.341) Prec@1 90.62 (92.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:33:25] Epoch: [122][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.343) Prec@1 93.75 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:33:49] Epoch: [122][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.351) Prec@1 93.75 (91.91) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:34:13] Epoch: [122][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.580 (0.353) Prec@1 91.67 (91.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:34:17] Epoch: [122][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.353) Prec@1 92.50 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:34:17] **train** Prec@1 91.88 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.12 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.353 - test [2019-03-31-19:34:18] Epoch: [122][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.327 (0.327) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-19:34:22] Epoch: [122][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.273) Prec@1 93.75 (91.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-19:34:22] Epoch: [122][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.272) Prec@1 93.75 (91.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) -[2019-03-31-19:34:22] **test** Prec@1 91.74 Prec@5 99.71 Error@1 8.26 Error@5 0.29 Loss:0.272 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:34:22] [Epoch=123/600] [Need: 17:10:42] LR=0.0225 ~ 0.0225, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:34:23] Epoch: [123][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.367 (0.367) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:34:47] Epoch: [123][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.224 (0.347) Prec@1 94.79 (92.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:35:11] Epoch: [123][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.344) Prec@1 91.67 (92.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:35:35] Epoch: [123][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.343) Prec@1 95.83 (92.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-19:35:58] Epoch: [123][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.347) Prec@1 90.62 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:36:22] Epoch: [123][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.348) Prec@1 92.71 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:36:27] Epoch: [123][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.347) Prec@1 93.75 (92.09) Prec@5 98.75 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:36:27] **train** Prec@1 92.09 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 7.91 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.347 - test [2019-03-31-19:36:27] Epoch: [123][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.326 (0.326) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-19:36:31] Epoch: [123][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.210) Prec@1 97.92 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-19:36:32] Epoch: [123][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.209) Prec@1 87.50 (93.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-19:36:32] **test** Prec@1 93.11 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.89 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.209 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:36:32] [Epoch=124/600] [Need: 17:06:27] LR=0.0225 ~ 0.0225, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:36:33] Epoch: [124][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.329 (0.329) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:36:56] Epoch: [124][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.262 (0.331) Prec@1 94.79 (92.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - train[2019-03-31-19:37:20] Epoch: [124][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.456 (0.344) Prec@1 88.54 (92.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:37:44] Epoch: [124][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.380 (0.348) Prec@1 88.54 (92.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:38:08] Epoch: [124][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.401 (0.350) Prec@1 90.62 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:38:32] Epoch: [124][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.351) Prec@1 94.79 (91.86) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:38:36] Epoch: [124][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.351) Prec@1 95.00 (91.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:38:36] **train** Prec@1 91.85 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.15 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.351 - test [2019-03-31-19:38:37] Epoch: [124][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.319 (0.319) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:38:41] Epoch: [124][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.172 (0.225) Prec@1 94.79 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-19:38:41] Epoch: [124][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.225) Prec@1 100.00 (93.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:38:41] **test** Prec@1 93.03 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 6.97 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.225 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:38:42] [Epoch=125/600] [Need: 17:07:28] LR=0.0224 ~ 0.0224, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:38:42] Epoch: [125][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.307 (0.307) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:39:06] Epoch: [125][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.457 (0.338) Prec@1 87.50 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-19:39:30] Epoch: [125][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.250 (0.344) Prec@1 95.83 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:39:54] Epoch: [125][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.339) Prec@1 94.79 (92.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:40:18] Epoch: [125][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.346 (0.341) Prec@1 93.75 (92.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:40:41] Epoch: [125][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.343) Prec@1 96.88 (92.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:40:46] Epoch: [125][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.276 (0.345) Prec@1 96.25 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:40:46] **train** Prec@1 92.12 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.88 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.345 - test [2019-03-31-19:40:47] Epoch: [125][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.359 (0.359) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:40:51] Epoch: [125][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.144 (0.244) Prec@1 95.83 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-03-31-19:40:51] Epoch: [125][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.286 (0.244) Prec@1 87.50 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-19:40:51] **test** Prec@1 91.92 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 8.08 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.244 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:40:51] [Epoch=126/600] [Need: 17:04:35] LR=0.0224 ~ 0.0224, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:40:52] Epoch: [126][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.454 (0.454) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-19:41:16] Epoch: [126][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.313 (0.344) Prec@1 91.67 (91.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-19:41:40] Epoch: [126][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.354) Prec@1 92.71 (91.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:42:03] Epoch: [126][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.348) Prec@1 94.79 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:42:26] Epoch: [126][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.283 (0.346) Prec@1 95.83 (91.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:42:50] Epoch: [126][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.348) Prec@1 95.83 (91.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:42:55] Epoch: [126][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.349) Prec@1 90.00 (91.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:42:55] **train** Prec@1 91.98 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.02 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.349 - test [2019-03-31-19:42:55] Epoch: [126][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.200 (0.200) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:42:59] Epoch: [126][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.258) Prec@1 95.83 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-19:42:59] Epoch: [126][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.695 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:42:59] **test** Prec@1 92.40 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.60 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.261 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:43:00] [Epoch=127/600] [Need: 16:51:24] LR=0.0223 ~ 0.0223, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:43:00] Epoch: [127][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.357 (0.357) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:43:24] Epoch: [127][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.380 (0.332) Prec@1 90.62 (92.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-19:43:48] Epoch: [127][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.334) Prec@1 88.54 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-19:44:12] Epoch: [127][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.565 (0.336) Prec@1 87.50 (92.17) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:44:35] Epoch: [127][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.341) Prec@1 93.75 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-19:44:59] Epoch: [127][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.558 (0.343) Prec@1 85.42 (92.11) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:45:04] Epoch: [127][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.490 (0.344) Prec@1 88.75 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-19:45:04] **train** Prec@1 92.08 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.92 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.344 - test [2019-03-31-19:45:04] Epoch: [127][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.317 (0.317) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:45:09] Epoch: [127][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.253) Prec@1 95.83 (92.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-19:45:09] Epoch: [127][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.253) Prec@1 87.50 (92.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:45:09] **test** Prec@1 92.20 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.80 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.253 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.29, Acc@5=99.82, Error@1=6.71, Error@5=0.18 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:45:09] [Epoch=128/600] [Need: 16:57:26] LR=0.0223 ~ 0.0223, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:45:10] Epoch: [128][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:45:33] Epoch: [128][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.462 (0.338) Prec@1 86.46 (92.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-19:45:57] Epoch: [128][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.467 (0.335) Prec@1 88.54 (92.24) Prec@5 98.96 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:46:21] Epoch: [128][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.624 (0.340) Prec@1 86.46 (92.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:46:45] Epoch: [128][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.346) Prec@1 92.71 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:47:09] Epoch: [128][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.347) Prec@1 92.71 (91.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:47:14] Epoch: [128][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.347) Prec@1 92.50 (91.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-19:47:14] **train** Prec@1 91.98 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.02 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.347 - test [2019-03-31-19:47:14] Epoch: [128][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.257 (0.257) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:47:18] Epoch: [128][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.212) Prec@1 96.88 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-19:47:19] Epoch: [128][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.212) Prec@1 93.75 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:47:19] **test** Prec@1 93.34 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.66 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.212 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.34, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.66, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:47:19] [Epoch=129/600] [Need: 17:00:33] LR=0.0223 ~ 0.0223, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:47:20] Epoch: [129][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.541 (0.541) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:47:43] Epoch: [129][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.352) Prec@1 94.79 (92.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-19:48:08] Epoch: [129][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.344) Prec@1 90.62 (92.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:48:31] Epoch: [129][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.339) Prec@1 90.62 (92.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-19:48:55] Epoch: [129][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.345 (0.340) Prec@1 94.79 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:49:19] Epoch: [129][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.351) Prec@1 91.67 (92.02) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-19:49:24] Epoch: [129][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.352) Prec@1 97.50 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-19:49:24] **train** Prec@1 92.00 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 8.00 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.352 - test [2019-03-31-19:49:24] Epoch: [129][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.330 (0.330) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:49:28] Epoch: [129][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.265) Prec@1 93.75 (91.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-19:49:28] Epoch: [129][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.264) Prec@1 81.25 (91.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-19:49:28] **test** Prec@1 91.76 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 8.24 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.264 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.34, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.66, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:49:29] [Epoch=130/600] [Need: 16:55:29] LR=0.0222 ~ 0.0222, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:49:29] Epoch: [130][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.266 (0.266) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:49:53] Epoch: [130][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.351) Prec@1 93.75 (91.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-19:50:17] Epoch: [130][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.339) Prec@1 92.71 (92.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:50:40] Epoch: [130][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.333) Prec@1 95.83 (92.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:51:04] Epoch: [130][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.335) Prec@1 95.83 (92.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:51:30] Epoch: [130][500/521] Time 0.71 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.389 (0.339) Prec@1 93.75 (92.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:51:42] Epoch: [130][520/521] Time 0.35 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.340) Prec@1 90.00 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-19:51:43] **train** Prec@1 92.11 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.89 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.340 - test [2019-03-31-19:51:45] Epoch: [130][000/105] Time 1.91 (1.91) Data 1.72 (1.72) Loss 0.260 (0.260) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-19:51:57] Epoch: [130][100/105] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.087 (0.242) Prec@1 97.92 (92.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-19:51:58] Epoch: [130][104/105] Time 0.11 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.207 (0.242) Prec@1 87.50 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-19:51:58] **test** Prec@1 92.37 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.63 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.242 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.34, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.66, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:51:59] [Epoch=131/600] [Need: 19:37:34] LR=0.0222 ~ 0.0222, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:52:02] Epoch: [131][000/521] Time 2.37 (2.37) Data 1.56 (1.56) Loss 0.330 (0.330) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:53:01] Epoch: [131][100/521] Time 0.68 (0.62) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.346 (0.331) Prec@1 89.58 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-19:53:41] Epoch: [131][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.50) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.344) Prec@1 96.88 (92.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:54:04] Epoch: [131][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.42) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.439 (0.342) Prec@1 91.67 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-19:54:28] Epoch: [131][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.37) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.243 (0.346) Prec@1 94.79 (92.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:54:52] Epoch: [131][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.624 (0.351) Prec@1 88.54 (91.97) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:54:57] Epoch: [131][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.352) Prec@1 92.50 (91.95) Prec@5 98.75 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-19:54:57] **train** Prec@1 91.95 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 8.05 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.352 - test [2019-03-31-19:54:57] Epoch: [131][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.151 (0.151) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-19:55:02] Epoch: [131][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.073 (0.226) Prec@1 97.92 (93.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-19:55:02] Epoch: [131][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.310 (0.226) Prec@1 87.50 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-19:55:02] **test** Prec@1 93.18 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.82 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.226 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.34, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.66, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-19:55:02] [Epoch=132/600] [Need: 23:45:04] LR=0.0221 ~ 0.0221, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-19:55:03] Epoch: [132][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.325 (0.325) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-19:55:46] Epoch: [132][100/521] Time 0.63 (0.43) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.300 (0.327) Prec@1 90.62 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-19:56:49] Epoch: [132][200/521] Time 0.82 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.329) Prec@1 95.83 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-19:57:51] Epoch: [132][300/521] Time 0.61 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.332) Prec@1 91.67 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-19:58:53] Epoch: [132][400/521] Time 0.72 (0.58) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.336) Prec@1 96.88 (92.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-19:59:57] Epoch: [132][500/521] Time 0.71 (0.59) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.338) Prec@1 93.75 (92.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:00:09] Epoch: [132][520/521] Time 0.43 (0.59) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.338) Prec@1 91.25 (92.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:00:09] **train** Prec@1 92.31 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.69 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.338 - test [2019-03-31-20:00:11] Epoch: [132][000/105] Time 1.83 (1.83) Data 1.61 (1.61) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:00:25] Epoch: [132][100/105] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.051 (0.222) Prec@1 97.92 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:00:26] Epoch: [132][104/105] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.496 (0.223) Prec@1 87.50 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:00:27] **test** Prec@1 93.36 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.64 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.223 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.36, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.64, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:00:27] [Epoch=133/600] [Need: 42:12:34] LR=0.0221 ~ 0.0221, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:00:31] Epoch: [133][000/521] Time 3.75 (3.75) Data 3.01 (3.01) Loss 0.393 (0.393) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:01:04] Epoch: [133][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 0.465 (0.343) Prec@1 90.62 (91.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:01:28] Epoch: [133][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 0.444 (0.341) Prec@1 90.62 (92.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:01:51] Epoch: [133][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.372 (0.343) Prec@1 89.58 (92.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:02:15] Epoch: [133][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.287 (0.344) Prec@1 94.79 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:02:39] Epoch: [133][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.358 (0.349) Prec@1 92.71 (91.90) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:02:44] Epoch: [133][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.418 (0.350) Prec@1 90.00 (91.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-20:02:44] **train** Prec@1 91.88 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 8.12 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.350 - test [2019-03-31-20:02:44] Epoch: [133][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:02:49] Epoch: [133][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.141 (0.246) Prec@1 92.71 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-20:02:49] Epoch: [133][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.275 (0.247) Prec@1 87.50 (92.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-20:02:49] **test** Prec@1 92.45 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 7.55 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.247 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.36, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.64, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:02:49] [Epoch=134/600] [Need: 18:20:02] LR=0.0221 ~ 0.0221, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:02:50] Epoch: [134][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.380 (0.380) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:03:14] Epoch: [134][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.261 (0.328) Prec@1 93.75 (92.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:03:49] Epoch: [134][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.337) Prec@1 89.58 (92.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:04:13] Epoch: [134][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.337) Prec@1 93.75 (92.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:04:37] Epoch: [134][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.339) Prec@1 94.79 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:05:01] Epoch: [134][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.514 (0.341) Prec@1 87.50 (92.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:05:05] Epoch: [134][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.341) Prec@1 95.00 (92.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-20:05:05] **train** Prec@1 92.29 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.71 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.341 - test [2019-03-31-20:05:06] Epoch: [134][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:05:10] Epoch: [134][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.118 (0.249) Prec@1 97.92 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-20:05:10] Epoch: [134][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.345 (0.247) Prec@1 93.75 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-20:05:10] **test** Prec@1 92.44 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 7.56 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.247 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.36, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.64, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:05:10] [Epoch=135/600] [Need: 18:16:39] LR=0.0220 ~ 0.0220, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:05:11] Epoch: [135][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.365 (0.365) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:05:35] Epoch: [135][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.196 (0.333) Prec@1 93.75 (92.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:06:00] Epoch: [135][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.327) Prec@1 95.83 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:06:24] Epoch: [135][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.335 (0.332) Prec@1 91.67 (92.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:07:00] Epoch: [135][400/521] Time 0.47 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.462 (0.337) Prec@1 91.67 (92.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:07:40] Epoch: [135][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.337) Prec@1 95.83 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:07:44] Epoch: [135][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.338) Prec@1 96.25 (92.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:07:44] **train** Prec@1 92.18 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.82 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.338 - test [2019-03-31-20:07:45] Epoch: [135][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.274 (0.274) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:07:49] Epoch: [135][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.227 (0.257) Prec@1 93.75 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - test [2019-03-31-20:07:49] Epoch: [135][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.097 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-20:07:49] **test** Prec@1 92.71 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 7.29 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.36, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.64, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:07:50] [Epoch=136/600] [Need: 20:30:13] LR=0.0220 ~ 0.0220, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:07:50] Epoch: [136][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.399 (0.399) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:08:14] Epoch: [136][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.386 (0.339) Prec@1 89.58 (92.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:08:38] Epoch: [136][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.341) Prec@1 92.71 (92.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:09:01] Epoch: [136][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.342) Prec@1 92.71 (92.05) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:09:26] Epoch: [136][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.439 (0.345) Prec@1 92.71 (92.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:09:50] Epoch: [136][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.464 (0.347) Prec@1 89.58 (91.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:09:55] Epoch: [136][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.347) Prec@1 93.75 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:09:55] **train** Prec@1 91.99 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.01 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.347 - test [2019-03-31-20:09:56] Epoch: [136][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.273 (0.273) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:10:00] Epoch: [136][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.234) Prec@1 95.83 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-20:10:00] Epoch: [136][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.014 (0.233) Prec@1 100.00 (93.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-20:10:00] **test** Prec@1 93.06 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 6.94 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.233 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.36, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.64, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:10:00] [Epoch=137/600] [Need: 16:48:39] LR=0.0219 ~ 0.0219, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:10:01] Epoch: [137][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.315 (0.315) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:10:25] Epoch: [137][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.284 (0.320) Prec@1 94.79 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-20:11:01] Epoch: [137][200/521] Time 0.35 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.330) Prec@1 91.67 (92.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:11:26] Epoch: [137][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.378 (0.333) Prec@1 91.67 (92.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:11:54] Epoch: [137][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.375 (0.329) Prec@1 93.75 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:12:19] Epoch: [137][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.335) Prec@1 93.75 (92.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:12:24] Epoch: [137][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.334) Prec@1 92.50 (92.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-20:12:24] **train** Prec@1 92.30 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.70 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.334 - test [2019-03-31-20:12:25] Epoch: [137][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.190 (0.190) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:12:29] Epoch: [137][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.213) Prec@1 97.92 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-20:12:29] Epoch: [137][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.215) Prec@1 93.75 (93.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:12:29] **test** Prec@1 93.52 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.48 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.215 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:12:29] [Epoch=138/600] [Need: 19:06:23] LR=0.0219 ~ 0.0219, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:12:30] Epoch: [138][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.273 (0.273) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:12:54] Epoch: [138][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.370 (0.331) Prec@1 87.50 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-20:13:18] Epoch: [138][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.375 (0.334) Prec@1 90.62 (92.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:14:34] Epoch: [138][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.42) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.335) Prec@1 92.71 (92.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:14:58] Epoch: [138][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.37) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.441 (0.340) Prec@1 91.67 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:15:22] Epoch: [138][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.341) Prec@1 94.79 (92.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:15:27] Epoch: [138][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.342) Prec@1 93.75 (92.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:15:27] **train** Prec@1 92.06 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.94 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.342 - test [2019-03-31-20:15:28] Epoch: [138][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.257 (0.257) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:15:32] Epoch: [138][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.093 (0.214) Prec@1 95.83 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:15:32] Epoch: [138][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.213) Prec@1 93.75 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-20:15:32] **test** Prec@1 93.24 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.76 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.213 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:15:32] [Epoch=139/600] [Need: 23:26:03] LR=0.0218 ~ 0.0218, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:15:33] Epoch: [139][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.264 (0.264) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:16:06] Epoch: [139][100/521] Time 0.58 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.391 (0.328) Prec@1 89.58 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:16:50] Epoch: [139][200/521] Time 0.38 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.332) Prec@1 90.62 (92.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:17:36] Epoch: [139][300/521] Time 0.44 (0.41) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.337) Prec@1 92.71 (92.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:18:17] Epoch: [139][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.41) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.355 (0.342) Prec@1 90.62 (92.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:18:46] Epoch: [139][500/521] Time 0.36 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.343) Prec@1 89.58 (91.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:18:51] Epoch: [139][520/521] Time 0.31 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.516 (0.344) Prec@1 87.50 (91.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:18:51] **train** Prec@1 91.95 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 8.05 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.344 - test [2019-03-31-20:18:52] Epoch: [139][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.313 (0.313) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:18:56] Epoch: [139][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.119 (0.248) Prec@1 94.79 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:18:56] Epoch: [139][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.185 (0.247) Prec@1 93.75 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:18:57] **test** Prec@1 92.42 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.58 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.247 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:18:57] [Epoch=140/600] [Need: 26:08:41] LR=0.0218 ~ 0.0218, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:18:58] Epoch: [140][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.295 (0.295) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:19:21] Epoch: [140][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.436 (0.326) Prec@1 88.54 (92.58) Prec@5 98.96 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-20:19:54] Epoch: [140][200/521] Time 0.47 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.361 (0.333) Prec@1 89.58 (92.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:20:43] Epoch: [140][300/521] Time 0.35 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.330) Prec@1 90.62 (92.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:21:31] Epoch: [140][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.382 (0.331) Prec@1 90.62 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:21:55] Epoch: [140][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.484 (0.335) Prec@1 89.58 (92.43) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:22:00] Epoch: [140][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.361 (0.337) Prec@1 91.25 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:22:00] **train** Prec@1 92.40 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.60 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.337 - test [2019-03-31-20:22:00] Epoch: [140][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.157 (0.157) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:22:04] Epoch: [140][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.202) Prec@1 95.83 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:22:04] Epoch: [140][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.202) Prec@1 93.75 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:22:05] **test** Prec@1 93.45 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.55 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.202 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:22:05] [Epoch=141/600] [Need: 23:58:11] LR=0.0218 ~ 0.0218, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:22:06] Epoch: [141][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.201 (0.201) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:22:29] Epoch: [141][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.393 (0.307) Prec@1 90.62 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:22:53] Epoch: [141][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.395 (0.313) Prec@1 89.58 (92.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:23:17] Epoch: [141][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.320) Prec@1 89.58 (92.77) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:23:41] Epoch: [141][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.330) Prec@1 90.62 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:24:04] Epoch: [141][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.338) Prec@1 91.67 (92.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:24:09] Epoch: [141][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.346 (0.339) Prec@1 95.00 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:24:09] **train** Prec@1 92.28 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.72 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.339 - test [2019-03-31-20:24:09] Epoch: [141][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.231 (0.231) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:24:14] Epoch: [141][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.265) Prec@1 97.92 (91.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-20:24:14] Epoch: [141][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.263) Prec@1 93.75 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-20:24:14] **test** Prec@1 91.99 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 8.01 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.263 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:24:14] [Epoch=142/600] [Need: 16:26:08] LR=0.0217 ~ 0.0217, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:24:15] Epoch: [142][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.418 (0.418) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:24:38] Epoch: [142][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.331) Prec@1 88.54 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:25:02] Epoch: [142][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.204 (0.337) Prec@1 94.79 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:25:26] Epoch: [142][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.336) Prec@1 94.79 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:25:49] Epoch: [142][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.407 (0.335) Prec@1 89.58 (92.27) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:26:13] Epoch: [142][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.455 (0.339) Prec@1 90.62 (92.19) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:26:18] Epoch: [142][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.341) Prec@1 95.00 (92.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:26:18] **train** Prec@1 92.17 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.83 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.341 - test [2019-03-31-20:26:18] Epoch: [142][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.328 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:26:23] Epoch: [142][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.234) Prec@1 96.88 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:26:23] Epoch: [142][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.232 (0.234) Prec@1 87.50 (92.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:26:23] **test** Prec@1 92.62 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.38 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.234 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:26:23] [Epoch=143/600] [Need: 16:22:41] LR=0.0217 ~ 0.0217, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:26:24] Epoch: [143][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.465 (0.465) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:26:47] Epoch: [143][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-20:27:11] Epoch: [143][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.327) Prec@1 91.67 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:27:35] Epoch: [143][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:27:59] Epoch: [143][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.327) Prec@1 93.75 (92.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:28:22] Epoch: [143][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.336) Prec@1 93.75 (92.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:28:27] Epoch: [143][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.324 (0.337) Prec@1 93.75 (92.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:28:27] **train** Prec@1 92.31 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.69 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.337 - test [2019-03-31-20:28:27] Epoch: [143][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.432 (0.432) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-20:28:32] Epoch: [143][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.333) Prec@1 90.62 (90.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-20:28:32] Epoch: [143][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.141 (0.332) Prec@1 93.75 (90.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-20:28:32] **test** Prec@1 90.24 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 9.76 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.332 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:28:32] [Epoch=144/600] [Need: 16:20:19] LR=0.0216 ~ 0.0216, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:28:33] Epoch: [144][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:28:56] Epoch: [144][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.333) Prec@1 94.79 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:29:20] Epoch: [144][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.333) Prec@1 94.79 (92.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:29:44] Epoch: [144][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.398 (0.328) Prec@1 90.62 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:30:07] Epoch: [144][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.332) Prec@1 91.67 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:30:31] Epoch: [144][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.336) Prec@1 91.67 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:30:36] Epoch: [144][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.459 (0.336) Prec@1 86.25 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-20:30:36] **train** Prec@1 92.28 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.72 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.336 - test [2019-03-31-20:30:36] Epoch: [144][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.228 (0.228) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:30:41] Epoch: [144][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.265) Prec@1 94.79 (91.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) - test [2019-03-31-20:30:41] Epoch: [144][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.264) Prec@1 100.00 (91.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) -[2019-03-31-20:30:41] **test** Prec@1 91.87 Prec@5 99.74 Error@1 8.13 Error@5 0.26 Loss:0.264 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:30:41] [Epoch=145/600] [Need: 16:18:20] LR=0.0216 ~ 0.0216, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:30:42] Epoch: [145][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.330 (0.330) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:31:05] Epoch: [145][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.430 (0.315) Prec@1 87.50 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:31:29] Epoch: [145][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.454 (0.327) Prec@1 88.54 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:31:53] Epoch: [145][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.43) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:32:17] Epoch: [145][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.332) Prec@1 91.67 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:32:40] Epoch: [145][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.336) Prec@1 90.62 (92.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:32:45] Epoch: [145][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.427 (0.337) Prec@1 90.00 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-20:32:45] **train** Prec@1 92.28 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.72 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.337 - test [2019-03-31-20:32:46] Epoch: [145][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.146 (0.146) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:32:50] Epoch: [145][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.241) Prec@1 96.88 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-20:32:50] Epoch: [145][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.240) Prec@1 93.75 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-20:32:50] **test** Prec@1 92.79 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.21 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.240 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:32:50] [Epoch=146/600] [Need: 16:17:00] LR=0.0215 ~ 0.0215, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:32:51] Epoch: [146][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.190 (0.190) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:33:15] Epoch: [146][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.332) Prec@1 96.88 (92.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:33:38] Epoch: [146][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.337) Prec@1 93.75 (92.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:34:02] Epoch: [146][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.422 (0.340) Prec@1 90.62 (92.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:34:26] Epoch: [146][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.336) Prec@1 92.71 (92.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:34:49] Epoch: [146][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.339) Prec@1 93.75 (92.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:34:54] Epoch: [146][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.338) Prec@1 92.50 (92.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-20:34:54] **train** Prec@1 92.29 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.71 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.338 - test [2019-03-31-20:34:55] Epoch: [146][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.256 (0.256) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:34:59] Epoch: [146][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.101 (0.245) Prec@1 97.92 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) - test [2019-03-31-20:34:59] Epoch: [146][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.370 (0.244) Prec@1 87.50 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.64) -[2019-03-31-20:34:59] **test** Prec@1 92.39 Prec@5 99.64 Error@1 7.61 Error@5 0.36 Loss:0.244 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:34:59] [Epoch=147/600] [Need: 16:14:37] LR=0.0215 ~ 0.0215, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:35:00] Epoch: [147][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.286 (0.286) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:35:24] Epoch: [147][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.336 (0.325) Prec@1 91.67 (92.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-20:35:47] Epoch: [147][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.329) Prec@1 95.83 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:36:11] Epoch: [147][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.331) Prec@1 92.71 (92.33) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:36:36] Epoch: [147][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.333) Prec@1 96.88 (92.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:36:59] Epoch: [147][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.337) Prec@1 92.71 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:37:04] Epoch: [147][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.382 (0.336) Prec@1 95.00 (92.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-20:37:04] **train** Prec@1 92.10 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.90 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.336 - test [2019-03-31-20:37:05] Epoch: [147][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.232 (0.232) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:37:09] Epoch: [147][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.212) Prec@1 93.75 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-20:37:09] Epoch: [147][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.213) Prec@1 100.00 (93.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-20:37:09] **test** Prec@1 93.41 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.59 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.213 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:37:09] [Epoch=148/600] [Need: 16:18:51] LR=0.0214 ~ 0.0214, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:37:10] Epoch: [148][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.218 (0.218) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:37:34] Epoch: [148][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.332) Prec@1 93.75 (92.40) Prec@5 97.92 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:37:57] Epoch: [148][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.323) Prec@1 90.62 (92.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:38:21] Epoch: [148][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.322) Prec@1 94.79 (92.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:38:44] Epoch: [148][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.429 (0.326) Prec@1 87.50 (92.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:39:08] Epoch: [148][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.330) Prec@1 91.67 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:39:13] Epoch: [148][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.329) Prec@1 91.25 (92.50) Prec@5 98.75 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:39:13] **train** Prec@1 92.50 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.50 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.329 - test [2019-03-31-20:39:13] Epoch: [148][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.220 (0.220) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:39:17] Epoch: [148][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.158 (0.239) Prec@1 94.79 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-20:39:18] Epoch: [148][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.362 (0.239) Prec@1 87.50 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-20:39:18] **test** Prec@1 92.56 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.44 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.239 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:39:18] [Epoch=149/600] [Need: 16:07:50] LR=0.0214 ~ 0.0214, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:39:19] Epoch: [149][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.225 (0.225) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:39:42] Epoch: [149][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.334) Prec@1 95.83 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-20:40:06] Epoch: [149][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.347 (0.337) Prec@1 92.71 (92.45) Prec@5 98.96 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-20:40:30] Epoch: [149][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.295 (0.340) Prec@1 94.79 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-20:40:53] Epoch: [149][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.334) Prec@1 94.79 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:41:17] Epoch: [149][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.336) Prec@1 90.62 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:41:22] Epoch: [149][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.388 (0.336) Prec@1 92.50 (92.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-20:41:22] **train** Prec@1 92.36 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.64 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.336 - test [2019-03-31-20:41:22] Epoch: [149][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.290 (0.290) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:41:26] Epoch: [149][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.235) Prec@1 95.83 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-20:41:26] Epoch: [149][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.505 (0.236) Prec@1 87.50 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-20:41:27] **test** Prec@1 92.49 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 7.51 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.236 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:41:27] [Epoch=150/600] [Need: 16:06:15] LR=0.0214 ~ 0.0214, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:41:28] Epoch: [150][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.310 (0.310) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:41:51] Epoch: [150][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.339 (0.320) Prec@1 92.71 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:42:15] Epoch: [150][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.302 (0.333) Prec@1 93.75 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-20:42:39] Epoch: [150][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.340) Prec@1 96.88 (92.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-20:43:02] Epoch: [150][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.399 (0.338) Prec@1 93.75 (92.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-20:43:26] Epoch: [150][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.364 (0.337) Prec@1 88.54 (92.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-20:43:31] Epoch: [150][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.222 (0.337) Prec@1 93.75 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-20:43:31] **train** Prec@1 92.34 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 7.66 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.337 - test [2019-03-31-20:43:31] Epoch: [150][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.266 (0.266) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:43:35] Epoch: [150][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.266) Prec@1 95.83 (92.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-20:43:36] Epoch: [150][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.265) Prec@1 93.75 (92.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-20:43:36] **test** Prec@1 92.13 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 7.87 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.265 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:43:36] [Epoch=151/600] [Need: 16:06:23] LR=0.0213 ~ 0.0213, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:43:37] Epoch: [151][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.262 (0.262) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:44:00] Epoch: [151][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.349 (0.320) Prec@1 92.71 (92.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-20:44:24] Epoch: [151][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.355 (0.333) Prec@1 92.71 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:44:49] Epoch: [151][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.254 (0.331) Prec@1 94.79 (92.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:45:12] Epoch: [151][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.334) Prec@1 91.67 (92.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:45:36] Epoch: [151][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.338) Prec@1 91.67 (92.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:45:41] Epoch: [151][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.337) Prec@1 96.25 (92.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-20:45:41] **train** Prec@1 92.18 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.82 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.337 - test [2019-03-31-20:45:41] Epoch: [151][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.312 (0.312) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-20:45:45] Epoch: [151][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.235) Prec@1 96.88 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-20:45:46] Epoch: [151][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.235) Prec@1 100.00 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-20:45:46] **test** Prec@1 92.68 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 7.32 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.235 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:45:46] [Epoch=152/600] [Need: 16:10:42] LR=0.0213 ~ 0.0213, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:45:47] Epoch: [152][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.241 (0.241) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:46:10] Epoch: [152][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.325) Prec@1 94.79 (92.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-20:46:34] Epoch: [152][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.325) Prec@1 96.88 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:46:58] Epoch: [152][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.319) Prec@1 96.88 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:47:21] Epoch: [152][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.493 (0.319) Prec@1 88.54 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:47:45] Epoch: [152][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.243 (0.328) Prec@1 94.79 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:47:50] Epoch: [152][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.329) Prec@1 87.50 (92.56) Prec@5 98.75 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-20:47:50] **train** Prec@1 92.56 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.44 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.329 - test [2019-03-31-20:47:51] Epoch: [152][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:47:55] Epoch: [152][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-20:47:55] Epoch: [152][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.255) Prec@1 100.00 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-20:47:55] **test** Prec@1 92.39 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.61 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.255 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:47:55] [Epoch=153/600] [Need: 16:02:52] LR=0.0212 ~ 0.0212, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:47:56] Epoch: [153][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.281 (0.281) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:48:20] Epoch: [153][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.382 (0.317) Prec@1 90.62 (93.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:48:44] Epoch: [153][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.330) Prec@1 93.75 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-20:49:08] Epoch: [153][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.327) Prec@1 90.62 (92.70) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-20:49:32] Epoch: [153][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.176 (0.334) Prec@1 96.88 (92.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:49:56] Epoch: [153][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.373 (0.335) Prec@1 91.67 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:50:00] Epoch: [153][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.335) Prec@1 95.00 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-20:50:00] **train** Prec@1 92.41 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.59 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.335 - test [2019-03-31-20:50:01] Epoch: [153][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:50:05] Epoch: [153][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.223) Prec@1 96.88 (93.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-20:50:05] Epoch: [153][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.197 (0.224) Prec@1 87.50 (93.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-20:50:05] **test** Prec@1 93.09 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 6.91 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.224 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.52, Acc@5=99.84, Error@1=6.48, Error@5=0.16 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:50:05] [Epoch=154/600] [Need: 16:08:12] LR=0.0212 ~ 0.0212, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:50:06] Epoch: [154][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.376 (0.376) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:50:30] Epoch: [154][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.360 (0.321) Prec@1 93.75 (92.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-20:50:54] Epoch: [154][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.325) Prec@1 98.96 (92.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:51:17] Epoch: [154][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.324 (0.331) Prec@1 91.67 (92.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:51:41] Epoch: [154][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.328) Prec@1 93.75 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:52:05] Epoch: [154][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.395 (0.333) Prec@1 90.62 (92.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:52:09] Epoch: [154][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.332) Prec@1 92.50 (92.50) Prec@5 98.75 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-20:52:09] **train** Prec@1 92.50 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.50 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.332 - test [2019-03-31-20:52:10] Epoch: [154][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.172 (0.172) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-20:52:14] Epoch: [154][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.203) Prec@1 96.88 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:52:14] Epoch: [154][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.204) Prec@1 93.75 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:52:14] **test** Prec@1 93.70 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.30 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.204 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:52:14] [Epoch=155/600] [Need: 15:57:22] LR=0.0211 ~ 0.0211, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:52:15] Epoch: [155][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.332 (0.332) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:52:39] Epoch: [155][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.316) Prec@1 91.67 (92.46) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:53:03] Epoch: [155][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:53:26] Epoch: [155][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.295 (0.324) Prec@1 91.67 (92.52) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:53:51] Epoch: [155][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.325) Prec@1 87.50 (92.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:54:14] Epoch: [155][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.330) Prec@1 93.75 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:54:19] Epoch: [155][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.373 (0.331) Prec@1 93.75 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:54:19] **train** Prec@1 92.41 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.59 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.331 - test [2019-03-31-20:54:19] Epoch: [155][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.101 (0.101) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:54:23] Epoch: [155][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.246) Prec@1 96.88 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.71) - test [2019-03-31-20:54:24] Epoch: [155][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.247) Prec@1 93.75 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-20:54:24] **test** Prec@1 92.44 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 7.56 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.247 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:54:24] [Epoch=156/600] [Need: 15:57:39] LR=0.0211 ~ 0.0211, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:54:25] Epoch: [156][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.319 (0.319) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:54:48] Epoch: [156][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.217 (0.303) Prec@1 95.83 (92.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:55:12] Epoch: [156][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.316) Prec@1 91.67 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-20:55:36] Epoch: [156][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.314) Prec@1 90.62 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:56:00] Epoch: [156][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.322) Prec@1 92.71 (92.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:56:24] Epoch: [156][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.461 (0.327) Prec@1 89.58 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:56:28] Epoch: [156][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.572 (0.328) Prec@1 87.50 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-20:56:29] **train** Prec@1 92.48 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.52 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.328 - test [2019-03-31-20:56:29] Epoch: [156][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.277 (0.277) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:56:33] Epoch: [156][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.234) Prec@1 95.83 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-20:56:33] Epoch: [156][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.234) Prec@1 93.75 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-20:56:33] **test** Prec@1 92.66 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.34 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.234 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:56:34] [Epoch=157/600] [Need: 15:57:32] LR=0.0210 ~ 0.0210, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:56:34] Epoch: [157][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:56:58] Epoch: [157][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.284 (0.323) Prec@1 91.67 (92.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-20:57:22] Epoch: [157][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.328) Prec@1 90.62 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-20:57:45] Epoch: [157][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.325) Prec@1 94.79 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-20:58:09] Epoch: [157][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.473 (0.326) Prec@1 86.46 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:58:33] Epoch: [157][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.328) Prec@1 92.71 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-20:58:37] Epoch: [157][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.433 (0.330) Prec@1 90.00 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:58:38] **train** Prec@1 92.46 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.54 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.330 - test [2019-03-31-20:58:38] Epoch: [157][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.200 (0.200) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-20:58:42] Epoch: [157][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.270) Prec@1 100.00 (92.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-20:58:42] Epoch: [157][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.093 (0.269) Prec@1 93.75 (92.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-20:58:42] **test** Prec@1 92.02 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.98 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.269 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-20:58:43] [Epoch=158/600] [Need: 15:51:16] LR=0.0210 ~ 0.0210, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-20:58:43] Epoch: [158][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.476 (0.476) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-20:59:07] Epoch: [158][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.306) Prec@1 95.83 (93.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-03-31-20:59:31] Epoch: [158][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.318) Prec@1 91.67 (92.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-20:59:55] Epoch: [158][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.322) Prec@1 93.75 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:00:19] Epoch: [158][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.393 (0.329) Prec@1 91.67 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:00:43] Epoch: [158][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.456 (0.332) Prec@1 87.50 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:00:47] Epoch: [158][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.379 (0.331) Prec@1 88.75 (92.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:00:47] **train** Prec@1 92.47 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.53 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.331 - test [2019-03-31-21:00:48] Epoch: [158][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.215 (0.215) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:00:52] Epoch: [158][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.228) Prec@1 95.83 (92.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-21:00:52] Epoch: [158][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.398 (0.226) Prec@1 87.50 (93.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-21:00:52] **test** Prec@1 93.00 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 7.00 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.226 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:00:52] [Epoch=159/600] [Need: 15:52:15] LR=0.0209 ~ 0.0209, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:00:53] Epoch: [159][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.339 (0.339) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:01:16] Epoch: [159][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.454 (0.316) Prec@1 88.54 (92.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:01:40] Epoch: [159][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.462 (0.313) Prec@1 90.62 (93.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:02:03] Epoch: [159][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.323) Prec@1 89.58 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:02:28] Epoch: [159][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.249 (0.323) Prec@1 93.75 (92.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:02:52] Epoch: [159][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.326) Prec@1 91.67 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:02:56] Epoch: [159][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.493 (0.326) Prec@1 91.25 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:02:56] **train** Prec@1 92.56 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.44 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.326 - test [2019-03-31-21:02:57] Epoch: [159][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.220 (0.220) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:03:01] Epoch: [159][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.235) Prec@1 95.83 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-21:03:01] Epoch: [159][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.233) Prec@1 100.00 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:03:01] **test** Prec@1 92.79 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.21 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.233 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:03:01] [Epoch=160/600] [Need: 15:46:59] LR=0.0209 ~ 0.0209, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:03:02] Epoch: [160][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.472 (0.472) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:03:26] Epoch: [160][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.325) Prec@1 90.62 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:03:49] Epoch: [160][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.324) Prec@1 93.75 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:04:13] Epoch: [160][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.323) Prec@1 94.79 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:04:37] Epoch: [160][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.327) Prec@1 93.75 (92.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:05:00] Epoch: [160][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.332) Prec@1 93.75 (92.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:05:05] Epoch: [160][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.321 (0.332) Prec@1 91.25 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:05:05] **train** Prec@1 92.34 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.66 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.332 - test [2019-03-31-21:05:06] Epoch: [160][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.339 (0.339) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:05:10] Epoch: [160][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.090 (0.232) Prec@1 96.88 (92.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-21:05:10] Epoch: [160][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.093 (0.232) Prec@1 93.75 (92.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-21:05:10] **test** Prec@1 92.84 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 7.16 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.232 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:05:10] [Epoch=161/600] [Need: 15:43:20] LR=0.0208 ~ 0.0208, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:05:11] Epoch: [161][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.349 (0.349) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:05:35] Epoch: [161][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.170 (0.300) Prec@1 97.92 (93.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:05:58] Epoch: [161][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.318) Prec@1 92.71 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:06:22] Epoch: [161][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.315) Prec@1 94.79 (92.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:06:46] Epoch: [161][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.155 (0.316) Prec@1 95.83 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:07:09] Epoch: [161][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.496 (0.324) Prec@1 88.54 (92.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:07:14] Epoch: [161][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.324) Prec@1 96.25 (92.62) Prec@5 98.75 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:07:14] **train** Prec@1 92.62 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.38 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.324 - test [2019-03-31-21:07:15] Epoch: [161][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:07:19] Epoch: [161][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.180 (0.211) Prec@1 91.67 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-21:07:19] Epoch: [161][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.033 (0.210) Prec@1 100.00 (93.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:07:19] **test** Prec@1 93.23 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.77 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.210 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:07:19] [Epoch=162/600] [Need: 15:41:40] LR=0.0208 ~ 0.0208, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:07:20] Epoch: [162][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.312 (0.312) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:07:44] Epoch: [162][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.312) Prec@1 94.79 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-21:08:07] Epoch: [162][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.554 (0.322) Prec@1 89.58 (92.64) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-21:08:31] Epoch: [162][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.324) Prec@1 90.62 (92.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:08:55] Epoch: [162][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.290 (0.323) Prec@1 94.79 (92.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:09:19] Epoch: [162][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.460 (0.324) Prec@1 89.58 (92.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:09:23] Epoch: [162][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.569 (0.324) Prec@1 88.75 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:09:24] **train** Prec@1 92.66 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.34 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.324 - test [2019-03-31-21:09:24] Epoch: [162][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:09:28] Epoch: [162][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (93.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-21:09:28] Epoch: [162][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.238) Prec@1 93.75 (93.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-21:09:28] **test** Prec@1 93.03 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.97 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.238 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:09:28] [Epoch=163/600] [Need: 15:41:08] LR=0.0207 ~ 0.0207, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:09:29] Epoch: [163][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.424 (0.424) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:09:53] Epoch: [163][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.373 (0.316) Prec@1 90.62 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:10:17] Epoch: [163][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.285 (0.323) Prec@1 91.67 (92.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:10:41] Epoch: [163][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.323) Prec@1 95.83 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:11:04] Epoch: [163][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.325) Prec@1 93.75 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:11:28] Epoch: [163][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.328) Prec@1 95.83 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:11:33] Epoch: [163][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.329) Prec@1 95.00 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-21:11:33] **train** Prec@1 92.42 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.58 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.329 - test [2019-03-31-21:11:33] Epoch: [163][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.159 (0.159) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:11:37] Epoch: [163][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.215) Prec@1 96.88 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-21:11:38] Epoch: [163][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.215) Prec@1 100.00 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-21:11:38] **test** Prec@1 93.44 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.56 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.215 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:11:38] [Epoch=164/600] [Need: 15:40:03] LR=0.0207 ~ 0.0207, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:11:39] Epoch: [164][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.326 (0.326) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:12:02] Epoch: [164][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.172 (0.312) Prec@1 95.83 (92.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:12:26] Epoch: [164][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.310) Prec@1 91.67 (92.79) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:12:50] Epoch: [164][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.351 (0.313) Prec@1 92.71 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:13:13] Epoch: [164][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.366 (0.313) Prec@1 93.75 (92.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:13:37] Epoch: [164][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.314) Prec@1 93.75 (92.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:13:41] Epoch: [164][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.314) Prec@1 96.25 (92.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:13:41] **train** Prec@1 92.70 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.30 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.314 - test [2019-03-31-21:13:42] Epoch: [164][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.167 (0.167) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:13:46] Epoch: [164][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.209) Prec@1 96.88 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-21:13:46] Epoch: [164][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.228 (0.209) Prec@1 93.75 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-21:13:46] **test** Prec@1 93.40 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.60 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.209 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=93.70, Acc@5=99.83, Error@1=6.30, Error@5=0.17 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:13:47] [Epoch=165/600] [Need: 15:33:07] LR=0.0206 ~ 0.0206, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:13:47] Epoch: [165][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:14:11] Epoch: [165][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.310) Prec@1 93.75 (92.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-21:14:35] Epoch: [165][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.323) Prec@1 90.62 (92.56) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:14:59] Epoch: [165][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.400 (0.328) Prec@1 90.62 (92.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:15:23] Epoch: [165][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.327) Prec@1 95.83 (92.53) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:15:47] Epoch: [165][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.328) Prec@1 94.79 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:15:51] Epoch: [165][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.327) Prec@1 93.75 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-21:15:51] **train** Prec@1 92.54 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.46 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.327 - test [2019-03-31-21:15:52] Epoch: [165][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:15:56] Epoch: [165][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.194) Prec@1 97.92 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-21:15:56] Epoch: [165][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.192 (0.194) Prec@1 87.50 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-21:15:56] **test** Prec@1 94.01 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 5.99 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.194 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:15:57] [Epoch=166/600] [Need: 15:40:31] LR=0.0206 ~ 0.0206, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:15:57] Epoch: [166][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.285 (0.285) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:16:21] Epoch: [166][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.312) Prec@1 93.75 (92.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:16:45] Epoch: [166][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.442 (0.324) Prec@1 91.67 (92.60) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:17:09] Epoch: [166][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.322) Prec@1 95.83 (92.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:17:33] Epoch: [166][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.325) Prec@1 89.58 (92.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:17:56] Epoch: [166][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.328) Prec@1 91.67 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:18:01] Epoch: [166][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.412 (0.328) Prec@1 88.75 (92.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:18:01] **train** Prec@1 92.44 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.56 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.328 - test [2019-03-31-21:18:02] Epoch: [166][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.166 (0.166) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:18:06] Epoch: [166][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.220 (0.258) Prec@1 91.67 (92.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) - test [2019-03-31-21:18:06] Epoch: [166][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.415 (0.257) Prec@1 87.50 (92.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) -[2019-03-31-21:18:06] **test** Prec@1 92.08 Prec@5 99.79 Error@1 7.92 Error@5 0.21 Loss:0.257 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:18:06] [Epoch=167/600] [Need: 15:34:51] LR=0.0205 ~ 0.0205, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:18:07] Epoch: [167][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.418 (0.418) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:18:31] Epoch: [167][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.386 (0.321) Prec@1 89.58 (92.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:18:55] Epoch: [167][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.320) Prec@1 93.75 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:19:19] Epoch: [167][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.319) Prec@1 94.79 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:19:43] Epoch: [167][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.325) Prec@1 91.67 (92.69) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:20:06] Epoch: [167][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.500 (0.325) Prec@1 87.50 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:20:11] Epoch: [167][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.325) Prec@1 92.50 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:20:11] **train** Prec@1 92.65 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.35 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.325 - test [2019-03-31-21:20:11] Epoch: [167][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.263 (0.263) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:20:15] Epoch: [167][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.248) Prec@1 94.79 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-21:20:16] Epoch: [167][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.248) Prec@1 93.75 (92.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-21:20:16] **test** Prec@1 92.89 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.11 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.248 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:20:16] [Epoch=168/600] [Need: 15:34:00] LR=0.0205 ~ 0.0205, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:20:17] Epoch: [168][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.355 (0.355) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:20:40] Epoch: [168][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.300) Prec@1 90.62 (93.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-21:21:04] Epoch: [168][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.312) Prec@1 94.79 (93.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:21:27] Epoch: [168][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.320) Prec@1 96.88 (92.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:21:51] Epoch: [168][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.326) Prec@1 94.79 (92.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:22:15] Epoch: [168][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.328) Prec@1 93.75 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:22:20] Epoch: [168][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.325 (0.328) Prec@1 95.00 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-21:22:20] **train** Prec@1 92.65 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.35 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.328 - test [2019-03-31-21:22:20] Epoch: [168][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.203 (0.203) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:22:24] Epoch: [168][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.209) Prec@1 95.83 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-21:22:24] Epoch: [168][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.243 (0.208) Prec@1 93.75 (93.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:22:24] **test** Prec@1 93.65 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.35 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.208 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:22:25] [Epoch=169/600] [Need: 15:24:46] LR=0.0204 ~ 0.0204, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:22:25] Epoch: [169][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.231 (0.231) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:22:49] Epoch: [169][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.302 (0.306) Prec@1 93.75 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:23:13] Epoch: [169][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.307) Prec@1 93.75 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:23:36] Epoch: [169][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.317) Prec@1 96.88 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:24:00] Epoch: [169][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.319) Prec@1 91.67 (92.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:24:24] Epoch: [169][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.338 (0.323) Prec@1 89.58 (92.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:24:28] Epoch: [169][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.204 (0.323) Prec@1 95.00 (92.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-21:24:29] **train** Prec@1 92.64 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 7.36 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.323 - test [2019-03-31-21:24:29] Epoch: [169][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.252 (0.252) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:24:33] Epoch: [169][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.249) Prec@1 95.83 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - test [2019-03-31-21:24:33] Epoch: [169][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.381 (0.250) Prec@1 93.75 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-21:24:33] **test** Prec@1 92.46 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 7.54 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.250 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:24:34] [Epoch=170/600] [Need: 15:23:56] LR=0.0204 ~ 0.0204, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:24:34] Epoch: [170][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.473 (0.473) Prec@1 86.46 (86.46) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:24:58] Epoch: [170][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.330 (0.321) Prec@1 92.71 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - train[2019-03-31-21:25:22] Epoch: [170][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.371 (0.317) Prec@1 90.62 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:25:46] Epoch: [170][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.312) Prec@1 97.92 (92.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:26:09] Epoch: [170][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.395 (0.314) Prec@1 90.62 (92.76) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:26:33] Epoch: [170][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.318) Prec@1 93.75 (92.73) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:26:38] Epoch: [170][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.318) Prec@1 97.50 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:26:38] **train** Prec@1 92.73 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.27 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.318 - test [2019-03-31-21:26:38] Epoch: [170][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.215 (0.215) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:26:42] Epoch: [170][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.109 (0.241) Prec@1 95.83 (92.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-21:26:43] Epoch: [170][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.049 (0.239) Prec@1 100.00 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-21:26:43] **test** Prec@1 92.78 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 7.22 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.239 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:26:43] [Epoch=171/600] [Need: 15:24:43] LR=0.0203 ~ 0.0203, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:26:44] Epoch: [171][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.389 (0.389) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:27:07] Epoch: [171][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.320 (0.330) Prec@1 89.58 (92.43) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:27:32] Epoch: [171][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.508 (0.325) Prec@1 89.58 (92.45) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:27:56] Epoch: [171][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.324) Prec@1 94.79 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:28:20] Epoch: [171][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.322) Prec@1 90.62 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:28:44] Epoch: [171][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.372 (0.327) Prec@1 92.71 (92.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:28:48] Epoch: [171][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.401 (0.327) Prec@1 92.50 (92.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:28:48] **train** Prec@1 92.42 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.58 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.327 - test [2019-03-31-21:28:49] Epoch: [171][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.319 (0.319) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:28:53] Epoch: [171][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.262) Prec@1 97.92 (92.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) - test [2019-03-31-21:28:53] Epoch: [171][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.686 (0.261) Prec@1 87.50 (92.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.72) -[2019-03-31-21:28:53] **test** Prec@1 92.30 Prec@5 99.72 Error@1 7.70 Error@5 0.28 Loss:0.261 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:28:53] [Epoch=172/600] [Need: 15:31:28] LR=0.0203 ~ 0.0203, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:28:54] Epoch: [172][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.381 (0.381) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:29:17] Epoch: [172][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.239 (0.319) Prec@1 96.88 (92.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:29:41] Epoch: [172][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.310) Prec@1 92.71 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:30:05] Epoch: [172][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.312) Prec@1 94.79 (92.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:30:29] Epoch: [172][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.314) Prec@1 96.88 (92.82) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:30:52] Epoch: [172][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.611 (0.322) Prec@1 84.38 (92.64) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:30:57] Epoch: [172][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.321) Prec@1 96.25 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:30:57] **train** Prec@1 92.67 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.33 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.321 - test [2019-03-31-21:30:58] Epoch: [172][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.170 (0.170) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:31:02] Epoch: [172][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.204) Prec@1 97.92 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-21:31:02] Epoch: [172][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.204) Prec@1 93.75 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-21:31:02] **test** Prec@1 93.34 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.66 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.204 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:31:02] [Epoch=173/600] [Need: 15:15:55] LR=0.0202 ~ 0.0202, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:31:03] Epoch: [173][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.385 (0.385) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:31:27] Epoch: [173][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.256 (0.299) Prec@1 95.83 (93.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:31:50] Epoch: [173][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.310) Prec@1 93.75 (92.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:32:14] Epoch: [173][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.407 (0.323) Prec@1 87.50 (92.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:32:38] Epoch: [173][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.322) Prec@1 92.71 (92.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:33:02] Epoch: [173][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.459 (0.323) Prec@1 91.67 (92.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:33:06] Epoch: [173][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.323) Prec@1 92.50 (92.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:33:06] **train** Prec@1 92.61 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.39 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.323 - test [2019-03-31-21:33:07] Epoch: [173][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.240 (0.240) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:33:11] Epoch: [173][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.221) Prec@1 94.79 (93.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-21:33:11] Epoch: [173][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.221) Prec@1 87.50 (93.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-21:33:11] **test** Prec@1 93.38 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.62 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.221 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:33:11] [Epoch=174/600] [Need: 15:17:33] LR=0.0202 ~ 0.0202, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:33:12] Epoch: [174][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.309 (0.309) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:33:36] Epoch: [174][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.293) Prec@1 93.75 (93.45) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-21:33:59] Epoch: [174][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.304) Prec@1 90.62 (93.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:34:23] Epoch: [174][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.307) Prec@1 93.75 (92.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:34:47] Epoch: [174][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.266 (0.311) Prec@1 93.75 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:35:10] Epoch: [174][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.316) Prec@1 91.67 (92.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:35:15] Epoch: [174][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.395 (0.317) Prec@1 91.25 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:35:15] **train** Prec@1 92.73 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.27 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.317 - test [2019-03-31-21:35:16] Epoch: [174][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:35:20] Epoch: [174][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.253) Prec@1 96.88 (92.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - test [2019-03-31-21:35:20] Epoch: [174][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (92.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-21:35:20] **test** Prec@1 92.32 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 7.68 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:35:20] [Epoch=175/600] [Need: 15:11:19] LR=0.0201 ~ 0.0201, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:35:21] Epoch: [175][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.334 (0.334) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:35:45] Epoch: [175][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.317) Prec@1 93.75 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:36:08] Epoch: [175][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.321) Prec@1 96.88 (92.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:36:32] Epoch: [175][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.364 (0.325) Prec@1 91.67 (92.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:36:56] Epoch: [175][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.327) Prec@1 90.62 (92.63) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:37:19] Epoch: [175][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.382 (0.327) Prec@1 90.62 (92.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:37:24] Epoch: [175][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.326) Prec@1 95.00 (92.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:37:24] **train** Prec@1 92.63 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.37 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.326 - test [2019-03-31-21:37:25] Epoch: [175][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.211 (0.211) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:37:29] Epoch: [175][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.075 (0.217) Prec@1 97.92 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-21:37:29] Epoch: [175][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.233 (0.217) Prec@1 87.50 (93.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:37:29] **test** Prec@1 93.16 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.84 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:37:29] [Epoch=176/600] [Need: 15:11:11] LR=0.0201 ~ 0.0201, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:37:30] Epoch: [176][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.404 (0.404) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:37:53] Epoch: [176][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.263 (0.322) Prec@1 96.88 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:38:17] Epoch: [176][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.327) Prec@1 92.71 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:38:41] Epoch: [176][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.318) Prec@1 95.83 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:39:05] Epoch: [176][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.320) Prec@1 94.79 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:39:28] Epoch: [176][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.324) Prec@1 91.67 (92.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:39:33] Epoch: [176][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.326) Prec@1 90.00 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:39:33] **train** Prec@1 92.68 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 7.32 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.326 - test [2019-03-31-21:39:34] Epoch: [176][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.244 (0.244) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:39:38] Epoch: [176][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.129 (0.210) Prec@1 93.75 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-21:39:38] Epoch: [176][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.231 (0.210) Prec@1 93.75 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:39:38] **test** Prec@1 93.48 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.52 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.210 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:39:38] [Epoch=177/600] [Need: 15:12:07] LR=0.0200 ~ 0.0200, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:39:39] Epoch: [177][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.411 (0.411) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:40:03] Epoch: [177][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.270 (0.298) Prec@1 93.75 (93.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:40:28] Epoch: [177][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.313) Prec@1 96.88 (92.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:40:51] Epoch: [177][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.310) Prec@1 91.67 (92.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:41:15] Epoch: [177][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.313) Prec@1 93.75 (92.86) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:41:39] Epoch: [177][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.239 (0.314) Prec@1 92.71 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:41:44] Epoch: [177][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.314) Prec@1 95.00 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:41:44] **train** Prec@1 92.82 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.18 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.314 - test [2019-03-31-21:41:44] Epoch: [177][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.187 (0.187) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:41:48] Epoch: [177][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.222) Prec@1 98.96 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-21:41:48] Epoch: [177][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.222) Prec@1 87.50 (93.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-21:41:48] **test** Prec@1 93.41 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.59 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.222 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:41:49] [Epoch=178/600] [Need: 15:15:40] LR=0.0200 ~ 0.0200, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:41:49] Epoch: [178][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.351 (0.351) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-21:42:13] Epoch: [178][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.281 (0.305) Prec@1 96.88 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - train[2019-03-31-21:42:37] Epoch: [178][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.764 (0.311) Prec@1 80.21 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-21:43:01] Epoch: [178][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.311) Prec@1 93.75 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:43:24] Epoch: [178][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.314) Prec@1 91.67 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:43:48] Epoch: [178][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.319) Prec@1 91.67 (92.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:43:53] Epoch: [178][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.358 (0.319) Prec@1 90.00 (92.72) Prec@5 98.75 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:43:53] **train** Prec@1 92.72 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.28 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.319 - test [2019-03-31-21:43:54] Epoch: [178][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.444 (0.444) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:43:58] Epoch: [178][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.125 (0.330) Prec@1 92.71 (90.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-21:43:58] Epoch: [178][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.032 (0.331) Prec@1 100.00 (90.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-03-31-21:43:58] **test** Prec@1 90.61 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 9.39 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.331 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:43:58] [Epoch=179/600] [Need: 15:08:36] LR=0.0199 ~ 0.0199, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:43:59] Epoch: [179][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.304 (0.304) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:44:22] Epoch: [179][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.298) Prec@1 95.83 (93.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-21:44:46] Epoch: [179][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.294) Prec@1 91.67 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:45:10] Epoch: [179][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.434 (0.305) Prec@1 89.58 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:45:33] Epoch: [179][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.494 (0.308) Prec@1 88.54 (93.11) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:45:57] Epoch: [179][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.310) Prec@1 94.79 (93.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:46:02] Epoch: [179][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.311) Prec@1 92.50 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:46:03] **train** Prec@1 93.01 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.99 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.311 - test [2019-03-31-21:46:03] Epoch: [179][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.292 (0.292) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:46:07] Epoch: [179][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.243) Prec@1 94.79 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-21:46:07] Epoch: [179][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.240) Prec@1 100.00 (92.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:46:07] **test** Prec@1 92.96 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.04 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.240 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:46:08] [Epoch=180/600] [Need: 15:06:51] LR=0.0199 ~ 0.0199, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:46:08] Epoch: [180][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.328 (0.328) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:46:32] Epoch: [180][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.283 (0.298) Prec@1 94.79 (93.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:46:56] Epoch: [180][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.366 (0.311) Prec@1 88.54 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:47:19] Epoch: [180][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.309) Prec@1 95.83 (92.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:47:43] Epoch: [180][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.431 (0.312) Prec@1 93.75 (92.85) Prec@5 98.96 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-21:48:07] Epoch: [180][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.422 (0.315) Prec@1 93.75 (92.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-21:48:12] Epoch: [180][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.412 (0.316) Prec@1 91.25 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-21:48:12] **train** Prec@1 92.80 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 7.20 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.316 - test [2019-03-31-21:48:12] Epoch: [180][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.331 (0.331) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:48:16] Epoch: [180][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.139 (0.241) Prec@1 95.83 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-21:48:17] Epoch: [180][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.089 (0.241) Prec@1 93.75 (92.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-21:48:17] **test** Prec@1 92.72 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 7.28 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.241 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:48:17] [Epoch=181/600] [Need: 15:02:17] LR=0.0198 ~ 0.0198, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:48:18] Epoch: [181][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.222 (0.222) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:48:41] Epoch: [181][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.508 (0.303) Prec@1 86.46 (93.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:49:05] Epoch: [181][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.309) Prec@1 93.75 (93.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:49:29] Epoch: [181][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.314) Prec@1 93.75 (92.95) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:49:52] Epoch: [181][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.208 (0.314) Prec@1 94.79 (92.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:50:16] Epoch: [181][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.311) Prec@1 89.58 (92.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:50:21] Epoch: [181][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.345 (0.312) Prec@1 93.75 (92.88) Prec@5 98.75 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:50:21] **train** Prec@1 92.88 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.12 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.312 - test [2019-03-31-21:50:22] Epoch: [181][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:50:26] Epoch: [181][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.234) Prec@1 95.83 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-21:50:26] Epoch: [181][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.235) Prec@1 93.75 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:50:26] **test** Prec@1 92.79 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 7.21 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.235 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:50:26] [Epoch=182/600] [Need: 15:00:11] LR=0.0198 ~ 0.0198, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:50:27] Epoch: [182][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.301 (0.301) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-21:50:51] Epoch: [182][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.224 (0.300) Prec@1 94.79 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-21:51:15] Epoch: [182][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.239 (0.306) Prec@1 94.79 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:51:39] Epoch: [182][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.307) Prec@1 95.83 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:52:02] Epoch: [182][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.312) Prec@1 93.75 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:52:26] Epoch: [182][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.314) Prec@1 94.79 (92.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:52:31] Epoch: [182][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.313) Prec@1 92.50 (92.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-21:52:31] **train** Prec@1 92.99 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.01 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.313 - test [2019-03-31-21:52:31] Epoch: [182][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.234 (0.234) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:52:36] Epoch: [182][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.239) Prec@1 97.92 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-21:52:36] Epoch: [182][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.037 (0.241) Prec@1 100.00 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-21:52:36] **test** Prec@1 92.85 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.15 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.241 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:52:36] [Epoch=183/600] [Need: 15:03:08] LR=0.0197 ~ 0.0197, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:52:37] Epoch: [183][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.170 (0.170) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:53:00] Epoch: [183][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.373 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-21:53:24] Epoch: [183][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.313) Prec@1 95.83 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:53:48] Epoch: [183][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.310) Prec@1 95.83 (92.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:54:11] Epoch: [183][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.364 (0.309) Prec@1 93.75 (92.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-21:54:36] Epoch: [183][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.406 (0.311) Prec@1 88.54 (92.94) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:54:40] Epoch: [183][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.512 (0.312) Prec@1 87.50 (92.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-21:54:40] **train** Prec@1 92.93 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 7.07 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.312 - test [2019-03-31-21:54:41] Epoch: [183][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:54:45] Epoch: [183][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.215) Prec@1 97.92 (93.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-21:54:45] Epoch: [183][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.266 (0.216) Prec@1 87.50 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:54:45] **test** Prec@1 93.40 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.60 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.216 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:54:45] [Epoch=184/600] [Need: 14:57:47] LR=0.0197 ~ 0.0197, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:54:46] Epoch: [184][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.345 (0.345) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:55:10] Epoch: [184][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.305) Prec@1 94.79 (93.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:55:34] Epoch: [184][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.468 (0.312) Prec@1 89.58 (92.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-21:55:58] Epoch: [184][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.314) Prec@1 89.58 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:56:21] Epoch: [184][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.318) Prec@1 90.62 (92.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:56:45] Epoch: [184][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.319) Prec@1 87.50 (92.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:56:50] Epoch: [184][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.319) Prec@1 93.75 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-21:56:50] **train** Prec@1 92.71 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.29 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.319 - test [2019-03-31-21:56:50] Epoch: [184][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.122 (0.122) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:56:54] Epoch: [184][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.248) Prec@1 96.88 (92.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - test [2019-03-31-21:56:54] Epoch: [184][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.249) Prec@1 93.75 (92.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-21:56:54] **test** Prec@1 92.65 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 7.35 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.249 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:56:54] [Epoch=185/600] [Need: 14:52:41] LR=0.0196 ~ 0.0196, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:56:55] Epoch: [185][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:57:19] Epoch: [185][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.313) Prec@1 92.71 (92.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-21:57:43] Epoch: [185][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.315) Prec@1 91.67 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:58:06] Epoch: [185][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.308) Prec@1 94.79 (93.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:58:30] Epoch: [185][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.306) Prec@1 96.88 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-21:58:54] Epoch: [185][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.273 (0.307) Prec@1 92.71 (93.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-21:58:58] Epoch: [185][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.307) Prec@1 93.75 (93.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-21:58:58] **train** Prec@1 93.13 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.87 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.307 - test [2019-03-31-21:58:59] Epoch: [185][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.245 (0.245) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-21:59:03] Epoch: [185][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.208) Prec@1 94.79 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-21:59:03] Epoch: [185][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.350 (0.207) Prec@1 93.75 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-21:59:03] **test** Prec@1 93.49 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.51 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.207 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-21:59:03] [Epoch=186/600] [Need: 14:49:20] LR=0.0195 ~ 0.0195, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-21:59:04] Epoch: [186][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.379 (0.379) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-21:59:28] Epoch: [186][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.342 (0.313) Prec@1 89.58 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-21:59:51] Epoch: [186][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.315) Prec@1 90.62 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:00:15] Epoch: [186][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.313) Prec@1 94.79 (92.84) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:00:39] Epoch: [186][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.310) Prec@1 91.67 (92.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:01:03] Epoch: [186][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.310 (0.312) Prec@1 90.62 (92.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:01:08] Epoch: [186][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.313) Prec@1 92.50 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:01:08] **train** Prec@1 92.86 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.14 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.313 - test [2019-03-31-22:01:08] Epoch: [186][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.333 (0.333) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:01:12] Epoch: [186][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.142 (0.267) Prec@1 93.75 (91.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) - test [2019-03-31-22:01:12] Epoch: [186][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.219 (0.266) Prec@1 93.75 (92.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-03-31-22:01:13] **test** Prec@1 92.05 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 7.95 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.266 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:01:13] [Epoch=187/600] [Need: 14:50:11] LR=0.0195 ~ 0.0195, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:01:13] Epoch: [187][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.308 (0.308) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:01:37] Epoch: [187][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.307) Prec@1 90.62 (92.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:02:01] Epoch: [187][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.316) Prec@1 90.62 (92.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:02:25] Epoch: [187][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.175 (0.317) Prec@1 96.88 (92.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:02:49] Epoch: [187][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.317) Prec@1 91.67 (92.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:03:12] Epoch: [187][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.404 (0.320) Prec@1 91.67 (92.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:03:17] Epoch: [187][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.321) Prec@1 92.50 (92.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:03:17] **train** Prec@1 92.60 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.40 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.321 - test [2019-03-31-22:03:18] Epoch: [187][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.334 (0.334) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:03:22] Epoch: [187][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.208 (0.243) Prec@1 92.71 (92.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-22:03:22] Epoch: [187][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.019 (0.242) Prec@1 100.00 (92.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-22:03:22] **test** Prec@1 92.62 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 7.38 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.242 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:03:22] [Epoch=188/600] [Need: 14:49:49] LR=0.0194 ~ 0.0194, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:03:23] Epoch: [188][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.433 (0.433) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:03:47] Epoch: [188][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.237 (0.288) Prec@1 94.79 (93.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-22:04:11] Epoch: [188][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.247 (0.301) Prec@1 94.79 (93.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:04:34] Epoch: [188][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.299) Prec@1 96.88 (93.25) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:04:58] Epoch: [188][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.303) Prec@1 90.62 (93.16) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:05:22] Epoch: [188][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.494 (0.311) Prec@1 90.62 (92.98) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:05:27] Epoch: [188][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.173 (0.311) Prec@1 98.75 (92.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:05:27] **train** Prec@1 92.97 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.03 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.311 - test [2019-03-31-22:05:27] Epoch: [188][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.347 (0.347) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-03-31-22:05:31] Epoch: [188][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.200) Prec@1 93.75 (93.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.79) - test [2019-03-31-22:05:31] Epoch: [188][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.200) Prec@1 87.50 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-03-31-22:05:32] **test** Prec@1 93.68 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 6.32 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.200 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:05:32] [Epoch=189/600] [Need: 14:46:15] LR=0.0194 ~ 0.0194, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:05:32] Epoch: [189][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.329 (0.329) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:05:56] Epoch: [189][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.286) Prec@1 93.75 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:06:20] Epoch: [189][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.299) Prec@1 91.67 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:06:45] Epoch: [189][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.299) Prec@1 91.67 (93.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:07:08] Epoch: [189][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.304) Prec@1 96.88 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:07:32] Epoch: [189][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.308) Prec@1 91.67 (93.12) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:07:37] Epoch: [189][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.344 (0.308) Prec@1 90.00 (93.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:07:37] **train** Prec@1 93.10 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.90 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.308 - test [2019-03-31-22:07:37] Epoch: [189][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.137 (0.137) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:07:41] Epoch: [189][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.224) Prec@1 97.92 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-22:07:42] Epoch: [189][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.224) Prec@1 93.75 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:07:42] **test** Prec@1 93.45 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.55 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.224 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:07:42] [Epoch=190/600] [Need: 14:49:32] LR=0.0193 ~ 0.0193, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:07:43] Epoch: [190][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.274 (0.274) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:08:06] Epoch: [190][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.299 (0.290) Prec@1 92.71 (93.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-22:08:30] Epoch: [190][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.291) Prec@1 95.83 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:08:54] Epoch: [190][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.294) Prec@1 92.71 (93.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:09:18] Epoch: [190][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.332 (0.297) Prec@1 91.67 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:09:41] Epoch: [190][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.429 (0.304) Prec@1 90.62 (93.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:09:46] Epoch: [190][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.303) Prec@1 91.25 (93.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:09:46] **train** Prec@1 93.17 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.83 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.303 - test [2019-03-31-22:09:47] Epoch: [190][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.193 (0.193) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:09:51] Epoch: [190][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.218) Prec@1 96.88 (93.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-22:09:51] Epoch: [190][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.548 (0.218) Prec@1 87.50 (93.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-22:09:51] **test** Prec@1 93.58 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.42 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.218 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:09:51] [Epoch=191/600] [Need: 14:40:54] LR=0.0193 ~ 0.0193, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:09:52] Epoch: [191][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.201 (0.201) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:10:16] Epoch: [191][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.388 (0.303) Prec@1 92.71 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:10:39] Epoch: [191][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.306) Prec@1 93.75 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-22:11:03] Epoch: [191][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.302) Prec@1 96.88 (93.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:11:27] Epoch: [191][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.306) Prec@1 92.71 (93.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:11:51] Epoch: [191][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.309) Prec@1 90.62 (93.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:11:55] Epoch: [191][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.308) Prec@1 88.75 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:11:55] **train** Prec@1 93.08 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.92 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.308 - test [2019-03-31-22:11:56] Epoch: [191][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.300 (0.300) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:12:00] Epoch: [191][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.225) Prec@1 96.88 (93.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-22:12:00] Epoch: [191][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.036 (0.224) Prec@1 100.00 (93.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-22:12:00] **test** Prec@1 93.15 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.85 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.224 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:12:00] [Epoch=192/600] [Need: 14:39:49] LR=0.0192 ~ 0.0192, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:12:01] Epoch: [192][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.284 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:12:25] Epoch: [192][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.314) Prec@1 97.92 (93.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:12:49] Epoch: [192][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.398 (0.319) Prec@1 90.62 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-22:13:12] Epoch: [192][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.266 (0.307) Prec@1 91.67 (93.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:13:36] Epoch: [192][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.308) Prec@1 93.75 (93.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:14:00] Epoch: [192][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.481 (0.313) Prec@1 88.54 (92.90) Prec@5 97.92 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:14:05] Epoch: [192][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.313) Prec@1 92.50 (92.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:14:05] **train** Prec@1 92.92 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.08 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.313 - test [2019-03-31-22:14:05] Epoch: [192][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.169 (0.169) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:14:09] Epoch: [192][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.203) Prec@1 97.92 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-03-31-22:14:09] Epoch: [192][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.203) Prec@1 100.00 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-03-31-22:14:10] **test** Prec@1 93.76 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.24 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.203 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:14:10] [Epoch=193/600] [Need: 14:36:49] LR=0.0192 ~ 0.0192, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:14:10] Epoch: [193][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.332 (0.332) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:14:34] Epoch: [193][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.291) Prec@1 91.67 (93.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:14:58] Epoch: [193][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:15:21] Epoch: [193][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.303) Prec@1 93.75 (93.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:15:45] Epoch: [193][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.308) Prec@1 93.75 (92.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:16:10] Epoch: [193][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.310) Prec@1 93.75 (92.87) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:16:15] Epoch: [193][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.311) Prec@1 97.50 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:16:15] **train** Prec@1 92.88 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.12 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.311 - test [2019-03-31-22:16:15] Epoch: [193][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.220 (0.220) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:16:19] Epoch: [193][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.113 (0.255) Prec@1 95.83 (92.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-03-31-22:16:20] Epoch: [193][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.035 (0.252) Prec@1 100.00 (92.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-03-31-22:16:20] **test** Prec@1 92.32 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 7.68 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.252 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:16:20] [Epoch=194/600] [Need: 14:40:00] LR=0.0191 ~ 0.0191, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:16:20] Epoch: [194][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.427 (0.427) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-22:16:45] Epoch: [194][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.299) Prec@1 93.75 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:17:08] Epoch: [194][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.297) Prec@1 94.79 (93.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:17:32] Epoch: [194][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:17:56] Epoch: [194][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.303) Prec@1 93.75 (93.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:18:19] Epoch: [194][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.309) Prec@1 94.79 (93.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:18:24] Epoch: [194][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.310) Prec@1 87.50 (93.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:18:24] **train** Prec@1 93.11 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.89 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.310 - test [2019-03-31-22:18:25] Epoch: [194][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:18:29] Epoch: [194][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (92.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-22:18:29] Epoch: [194][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.243) Prec@1 93.75 (92.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:18:29] **test** Prec@1 92.37 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.63 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.243 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:18:29] [Epoch=195/600] [Need: 14:33:21] LR=0.0191 ~ 0.0191, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:18:30] Epoch: [195][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.394 (0.394) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:18:54] Epoch: [195][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.300) Prec@1 95.83 (93.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:19:17] Epoch: [195][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:19:41] Epoch: [195][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.300) Prec@1 91.67 (93.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:20:05] Epoch: [195][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.400 (0.300) Prec@1 89.58 (93.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:20:28] Epoch: [195][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.358 (0.309) Prec@1 91.67 (93.01) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:20:33] Epoch: [195][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.309) Prec@1 88.75 (92.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-22:20:33] **train** Prec@1 92.99 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 7.01 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.309 - test [2019-03-31-22:20:34] Epoch: [195][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.184 (0.184) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:20:38] Epoch: [195][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.233) Prec@1 95.83 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-22:20:38] Epoch: [195][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (92.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:20:38] **test** Prec@1 92.73 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.27 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.233 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:20:38] [Epoch=196/600] [Need: 14:28:30] LR=0.0190 ~ 0.0190, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:20:39] Epoch: [196][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:21:03] Epoch: [196][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:21:26] Epoch: [196][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.306) Prec@1 91.67 (93.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:21:50] Epoch: [196][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.305) Prec@1 90.62 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:22:14] Epoch: [196][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.309) Prec@1 93.75 (93.11) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:22:38] Epoch: [196][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.307) Prec@1 94.79 (93.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:22:42] Epoch: [196][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.309) Prec@1 91.25 (93.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:22:42] **train** Prec@1 93.06 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.94 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.309 - test [2019-03-31-22:22:43] Epoch: [196][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.203 (0.203) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:22:47] Epoch: [196][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.179 (0.232) Prec@1 96.88 (92.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-22:22:47] Epoch: [196][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.162 (0.230) Prec@1 87.50 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:22:47] **test** Prec@1 92.88 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.12 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.230 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.01, Acc@5=99.81, Error@1=5.99, Error@5=0.19 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:22:47] [Epoch=197/600] [Need: 14:28:02] LR=0.0189 ~ 0.0189, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:22:48] Epoch: [197][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.357 (0.357) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:23:12] Epoch: [197][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.303) Prec@1 94.79 (93.30) Prec@5 98.96 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-22:23:35] Epoch: [197][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.298) Prec@1 91.67 (93.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-22:23:59] Epoch: [197][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.305) Prec@1 90.62 (93.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-22:24:23] Epoch: [197][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.309) Prec@1 94.79 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-22:24:47] Epoch: [197][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.308) Prec@1 95.83 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:24:51] Epoch: [197][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.309) Prec@1 96.25 (92.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:24:51] **train** Prec@1 92.99 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.01 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.309 - test [2019-03-31-22:24:52] Epoch: [197][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:24:56] Epoch: [197][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.200) Prec@1 95.83 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-22:24:56] Epoch: [197][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.199) Prec@1 100.00 (94.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-22:24:56] **test** Prec@1 94.04 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 5.96 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.199 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:24:56] [Epoch=198/600] [Need: 14:24:03] LR=0.0189 ~ 0.0189, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:24:57] Epoch: [198][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.316 (0.316) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:25:21] Epoch: [198][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.201 (0.289) Prec@1 94.79 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:25:45] Epoch: [198][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.355 (0.300) Prec@1 94.79 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:26:08] Epoch: [198][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.302) Prec@1 95.83 (93.34) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:26:32] Epoch: [198][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.442 (0.303) Prec@1 90.62 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:26:56] Epoch: [198][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.304) Prec@1 93.75 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:27:01] Epoch: [198][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.304) Prec@1 96.25 (93.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:27:01] **train** Prec@1 93.20 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.80 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.304 - test [2019-03-31-22:27:01] Epoch: [198][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.120 (0.120) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:27:05] Epoch: [198][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.222) Prec@1 96.88 (93.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-22:27:05] Epoch: [198][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.223) Prec@1 100.00 (93.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-22:27:05] **test** Prec@1 93.32 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.68 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.223 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:27:05] [Epoch=199/600] [Need: 14:22:52] LR=0.0188 ~ 0.0188, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:27:06] Epoch: [199][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.404 (0.404) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-22:27:31] Epoch: [199][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.303) Prec@1 95.83 (93.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-22:27:54] Epoch: [199][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.300) Prec@1 93.75 (93.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:28:18] Epoch: [199][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.343 (0.303) Prec@1 89.58 (93.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:28:42] Epoch: [199][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.384 (0.308) Prec@1 91.67 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:29:06] Epoch: [199][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.309) Prec@1 89.58 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:29:10] Epoch: [199][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.308) Prec@1 96.25 (93.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:29:11] **train** Prec@1 93.01 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.99 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.308 - test [2019-03-31-22:29:11] Epoch: [199][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.39 (0.39) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:29:15] Epoch: [199][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.279) Prec@1 95.83 (91.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-03-31-22:29:15] Epoch: [199][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.277) Prec@1 81.25 (91.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-22:29:15] **test** Prec@1 91.84 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 8.16 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.277 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:29:15] [Epoch=200/600] [Need: 14:26:31] LR=0.0188 ~ 0.0188, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:29:16] Epoch: [200][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.373 (0.373) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-22:29:40] Epoch: [200][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.389 (0.298) Prec@1 94.79 (93.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-22:30:04] Epoch: [200][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.301) Prec@1 92.71 (92.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:30:27] Epoch: [200][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.406 (0.304) Prec@1 91.67 (92.89) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:30:51] Epoch: [200][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.302) Prec@1 93.75 (92.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:31:15] Epoch: [200][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.550 (0.310) Prec@1 87.50 (92.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:31:20] Epoch: [200][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.310) Prec@1 96.25 (92.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:31:20] **train** Prec@1 92.77 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.23 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.310 - test [2019-03-31-22:31:20] Epoch: [200][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:31:24] Epoch: [200][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.229) Prec@1 94.79 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-22:31:24] Epoch: [200][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:31:24] **test** Prec@1 93.21 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.79 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.228 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:31:25] [Epoch=201/600] [Need: 14:18:47] LR=0.0187 ~ 0.0187, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:31:25] Epoch: [201][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.295 (0.295) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:31:50] Epoch: [201][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.298) Prec@1 92.71 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:32:13] Epoch: [201][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.293) Prec@1 95.83 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:32:37] Epoch: [201][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.300) Prec@1 95.83 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:33:01] Epoch: [201][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.243 (0.304) Prec@1 92.71 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:33:24] Epoch: [201][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.357 (0.305) Prec@1 91.67 (93.14) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:33:29] Epoch: [201][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.305) Prec@1 97.50 (93.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:33:29] **train** Prec@1 93.14 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.86 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.305 - test [2019-03-31-22:33:30] Epoch: [201][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.258 (0.258) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:33:34] Epoch: [201][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (93.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-22:33:34] Epoch: [201][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.232) Prec@1 100.00 (93.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:33:34] **test** Prec@1 93.11 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.89 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.232 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:33:34] [Epoch=202/600] [Need: 14:19:19] LR=0.0187 ~ 0.0187, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:33:35] Epoch: [202][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.310 (0.310) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:33:58] Epoch: [202][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.306) Prec@1 92.71 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:34:22] Epoch: [202][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.204 (0.300) Prec@1 93.75 (93.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:34:46] Epoch: [202][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.256 (0.297) Prec@1 94.79 (93.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:35:09] Epoch: [202][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.297) Prec@1 93.75 (93.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-22:35:33] Epoch: [202][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.301) Prec@1 90.62 (93.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:35:38] Epoch: [202][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.302) Prec@1 92.50 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:35:38] **train** Prec@1 93.21 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.79 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.302 - test [2019-03-31-22:35:39] Epoch: [202][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.279 (0.279) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:35:43] Epoch: [202][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.216) Prec@1 98.96 (93.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-22:35:43] Epoch: [202][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.387 (0.219) Prec@1 87.50 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-03-31-22:35:43] **test** Prec@1 93.49 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.51 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.219 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:35:43] [Epoch=203/600] [Need: 14:13:38] LR=0.0186 ~ 0.0186, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:35:44] Epoch: [203][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.223 (0.223) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:36:08] Epoch: [203][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.321 (0.301) Prec@1 93.75 (93.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:36:31] Epoch: [203][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.393 (0.311) Prec@1 91.67 (92.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:36:55] Epoch: [203][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.309) Prec@1 97.92 (92.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:37:19] Epoch: [203][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.266 (0.316) Prec@1 93.75 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:37:42] Epoch: [203][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.198 (0.315) Prec@1 96.88 (92.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:37:47] Epoch: [203][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.314) Prec@1 93.75 (92.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:37:47] **train** Prec@1 92.76 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.24 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.314 - test [2019-03-31-22:37:48] Epoch: [203][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.178 (0.178) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:37:52] Epoch: [203][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.267 (0.239) Prec@1 95.83 (93.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-22:37:52] Epoch: [203][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.239) Prec@1 93.75 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:37:52] **test** Prec@1 93.25 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.75 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.239 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:37:52] [Epoch=204/600] [Need: 14:12:38] LR=0.0185 ~ 0.0185, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:37:53] Epoch: [204][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.269 (0.269) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:38:17] Epoch: [204][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.342 (0.291) Prec@1 93.75 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:38:41] Epoch: [204][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.293) Prec@1 96.88 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:39:04] Epoch: [204][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.293) Prec@1 91.67 (93.44) Prec@5 98.96 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:39:28] Epoch: [204][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.298) Prec@1 92.71 (93.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-22:39:52] Epoch: [204][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.298) Prec@1 95.83 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-22:39:57] Epoch: [204][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.459 (0.299) Prec@1 88.75 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-22:39:57] **train** Prec@1 93.24 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.76 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.299 - test [2019-03-31-22:39:57] Epoch: [204][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.126 (0.126) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:40:01] Epoch: [204][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.144 (0.227) Prec@1 94.79 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) - test [2019-03-31-22:40:02] Epoch: [204][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.018 (0.228) Prec@1 100.00 (93.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.76) -[2019-03-31-22:40:02] **test** Prec@1 93.08 Prec@5 99.76 Error@1 6.92 Error@5 0.24 Loss:0.228 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:40:02] [Epoch=205/600] [Need: 14:12:18] LR=0.0185 ~ 0.0185, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:40:03] Epoch: [205][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.275 (0.275) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:40:26] Epoch: [205][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.373 (0.300) Prec@1 89.58 (92.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-22:40:50] Epoch: [205][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.300) Prec@1 94.79 (93.01) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:41:14] Epoch: [205][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.296) Prec@1 90.62 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:41:39] Epoch: [205][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.297) Prec@1 89.58 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:42:03] Epoch: [205][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.302) Prec@1 93.75 (93.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:42:07] Epoch: [205][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.301) Prec@1 98.75 (93.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:42:08] **train** Prec@1 93.17 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.83 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.301 - test [2019-03-31-22:42:08] Epoch: [205][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.246 (0.246) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:42:12] Epoch: [205][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.048 (0.221) Prec@1 97.92 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-22:42:12] Epoch: [205][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.247 (0.221) Prec@1 93.75 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:42:13] **test** Prec@1 93.53 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.47 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.221 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:42:13] [Epoch=206/600] [Need: 14:19:23] LR=0.0184 ~ 0.0184, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:42:14] Epoch: [206][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.254 (0.254) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:42:37] Epoch: [206][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.352 (0.296) Prec@1 94.79 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-22:43:01] Epoch: [206][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.294) Prec@1 93.75 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:43:25] Epoch: [206][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.301) Prec@1 93.75 (93.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:43:48] Epoch: [206][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.303) Prec@1 95.83 (93.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:44:12] Epoch: [206][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.305) Prec@1 95.83 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:44:17] Epoch: [206][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.305) Prec@1 98.75 (93.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:44:17] **train** Prec@1 93.17 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.83 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.305 - test [2019-03-31-22:44:17] Epoch: [206][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.254 (0.254) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:44:22] Epoch: [206][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.247) Prec@1 96.88 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-22:44:22] Epoch: [206][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.246) Prec@1 93.75 (92.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:44:22] **test** Prec@1 92.50 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 7.50 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.246 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:44:22] [Epoch=207/600] [Need: 14:06:34] LR=0.0184 ~ 0.0184, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:44:23] Epoch: [207][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.229 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:44:46] Epoch: [207][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.271 (0.293) Prec@1 93.75 (93.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:45:10] Epoch: [207][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.292) Prec@1 91.67 (93.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:45:34] Epoch: [207][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.293) Prec@1 95.83 (93.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:45:58] Epoch: [207][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.298) Prec@1 88.54 (93.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:46:21] Epoch: [207][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.300) Prec@1 96.88 (93.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:46:26] Epoch: [207][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.300) Prec@1 97.50 (93.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:46:26] **train** Prec@1 93.15 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.85 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.300 - test [2019-03-31-22:46:27] Epoch: [207][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.202 (0.202) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:46:31] Epoch: [207][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.089 (0.220) Prec@1 95.83 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-22:46:31] Epoch: [207][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.618 (0.221) Prec@1 87.50 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-22:46:31] **test** Prec@1 93.44 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.56 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.221 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:46:31] [Epoch=208/600] [Need: 14:05:14] LR=0.0183 ~ 0.0183, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:46:32] Epoch: [208][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.328 (0.328) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-22:46:56] Epoch: [208][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.289) Prec@1 91.67 (93.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-22:47:19] Epoch: [208][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.429 (0.294) Prec@1 89.58 (93.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - train[2019-03-31-22:47:43] Epoch: [208][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.295) Prec@1 90.62 (93.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) - train[2019-03-31-22:48:07] Epoch: [208][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.299) Prec@1 94.79 (93.26) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-22:48:30] Epoch: [208][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.315 (0.299) Prec@1 92.71 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-22:48:35] Epoch: [208][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.300) Prec@1 90.00 (93.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-22:48:35] **train** Prec@1 93.22 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.78 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.300 - test [2019-03-31-22:48:36] Epoch: [208][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.140 (0.140) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:48:40] Epoch: [208][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.053 (0.208) Prec@1 97.92 (93.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-22:48:40] Epoch: [208][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.240 (0.209) Prec@1 93.75 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-22:48:40] **test** Prec@1 93.91 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.09 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.209 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:48:40] [Epoch=209/600] [Need: 13:59:35] LR=0.0183 ~ 0.0183, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:48:41] Epoch: [209][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.282 (0.282) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:49:05] Epoch: [209][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.247 (0.281) Prec@1 95.83 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:49:28] Epoch: [209][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.292) Prec@1 94.79 (93.58) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:49:52] Epoch: [209][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.290) Prec@1 90.62 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:50:16] Epoch: [209][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.343 (0.297) Prec@1 91.67 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:50:40] Epoch: [209][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.297) Prec@1 94.79 (93.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:50:45] Epoch: [209][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.298) Prec@1 96.25 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:50:45] **train** Prec@1 93.34 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.66 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.298 - test [2019-03-31-22:50:45] Epoch: [209][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.208 (0.208) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:50:49] Epoch: [209][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.255) Prec@1 95.83 (92.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-22:50:50] Epoch: [209][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.256) Prec@1 93.75 (92.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:50:50] **test** Prec@1 92.59 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 7.41 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.256 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:50:50] [Epoch=210/600] [Need: 14:02:40] LR=0.0182 ~ 0.0182, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:50:51] Epoch: [210][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.444 (0.444) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-22:51:14] Epoch: [210][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.281) Prec@1 92.71 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:51:38] Epoch: [210][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.324 (0.289) Prec@1 91.67 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:52:02] Epoch: [210][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.290) Prec@1 95.83 (93.56) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:52:26] Epoch: [210][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.294) Prec@1 93.75 (93.47) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:52:49] Epoch: [210][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.290 (0.299) Prec@1 96.88 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:52:54] Epoch: [210][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.299) Prec@1 93.75 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:52:54] **train** Prec@1 93.34 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.66 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.299 - test [2019-03-31-22:52:54] Epoch: [210][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.134 (0.134) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:52:58] Epoch: [210][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.217) Prec@1 95.83 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-22:52:59] Epoch: [210][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.215) Prec@1 93.75 (93.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-22:52:59] **test** Prec@1 93.81 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 6.19 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.215 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:52:59] [Epoch=211/600] [Need: 13:57:01] LR=0.0181 ~ 0.0181, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:53:00] Epoch: [211][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.281 (0.281) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:53:23] Epoch: [211][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.284 (0.292) Prec@1 89.58 (93.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:53:47] Epoch: [211][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.297) Prec@1 90.62 (93.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:54:11] Epoch: [211][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.297) Prec@1 87.50 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:54:34] Epoch: [211][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.295) Prec@1 90.62 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:54:58] Epoch: [211][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.471 (0.301) Prec@1 90.62 (93.06) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:55:03] Epoch: [211][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.415 (0.301) Prec@1 93.75 (93.03) Prec@5 98.75 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:55:03] **train** Prec@1 93.03 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.97 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.301 - test [2019-03-31-22:55:03] Epoch: [211][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.158 (0.158) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:55:07] Epoch: [211][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.215) Prec@1 94.79 (93.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-22:55:08] Epoch: [211][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.261 (0.216) Prec@1 93.75 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-22:55:08] **test** Prec@1 93.39 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.61 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.216 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:55:08] [Epoch=212/600] [Need: 13:53:18] LR=0.0181 ~ 0.0181, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:55:09] Epoch: [212][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.390 (0.390) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:55:32] Epoch: [212][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.321 (0.280) Prec@1 91.67 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-22:55:56] Epoch: [212][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.292) Prec@1 90.62 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-22:56:20] Epoch: [212][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.378 (0.293) Prec@1 89.58 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:56:43] Epoch: [212][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.447 (0.300) Prec@1 90.62 (93.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-22:57:07] Epoch: [212][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.461 (0.304) Prec@1 92.71 (93.20) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:57:12] Epoch: [212][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.304) Prec@1 95.00 (93.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-22:57:12] **train** Prec@1 93.21 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.79 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.304 - test [2019-03-31-22:57:13] Epoch: [212][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.150 (0.150) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:57:17] Epoch: [212][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.236) Prec@1 91.67 (92.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-22:57:17] Epoch: [212][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.122 (0.235) Prec@1 93.75 (92.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-22:57:17] **test** Prec@1 92.62 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.38 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.235 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:57:17] [Epoch=213/600] [Need: 13:54:08] LR=0.0180 ~ 0.0180, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:57:18] Epoch: [213][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.324 (0.324) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:57:42] Epoch: [213][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.372 (0.291) Prec@1 90.62 (93.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-22:58:06] Epoch: [213][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.281) Prec@1 95.83 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-22:58:29] Epoch: [213][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.282) Prec@1 93.75 (93.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:58:53] Epoch: [213][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (93.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:59:16] Epoch: [213][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.352 (0.292) Prec@1 91.67 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-22:59:21] Epoch: [213][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.293) Prec@1 98.75 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-22:59:21] **train** Prec@1 93.35 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.65 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.293 - test [2019-03-31-22:59:22] Epoch: [213][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.181 (0.181) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-22:59:26] Epoch: [213][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.199) Prec@1 97.92 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-22:59:26] Epoch: [213][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.167 (0.199) Prec@1 87.50 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-22:59:26] **test** Prec@1 93.75 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.25 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.199 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-22:59:26] [Epoch=214/600] [Need: 13:50:59] LR=0.0180 ~ 0.0180, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-22:59:27] Epoch: [214][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.271 (0.271) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-22:59:51] Epoch: [214][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.217 (0.298) Prec@1 95.83 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:00:15] Epoch: [214][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.463 (0.299) Prec@1 90.62 (93.29) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:00:38] Epoch: [214][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.295) Prec@1 93.75 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:01:02] Epoch: [214][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.295) Prec@1 97.92 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:01:26] Epoch: [214][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.296) Prec@1 94.79 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:01:30] Epoch: [214][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.281 (0.296) Prec@1 95.00 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-23:01:30] **train** Prec@1 93.48 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.52 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.296 - test [2019-03-31-23:01:31] Epoch: [214][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.195 (0.195) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:01:35] Epoch: [214][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.210) Prec@1 95.83 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-23:01:35] Epoch: [214][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.210) Prec@1 93.75 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:01:35] **test** Prec@1 93.70 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.30 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.210 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:01:35] [Epoch=215/600] [Need: 13:48:46] LR=0.0179 ~ 0.0179, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:01:36] Epoch: [215][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.208 (0.208) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:02:00] Epoch: [215][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.316 (0.280) Prec@1 91.67 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-23:02:24] Epoch: [215][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.289) Prec@1 91.67 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:02:47] Epoch: [215][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.293) Prec@1 92.71 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:03:11] Epoch: [215][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.487 (0.297) Prec@1 86.46 (93.27) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:03:35] Epoch: [215][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.300) Prec@1 94.79 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:03:40] Epoch: [215][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.301) Prec@1 92.50 (93.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:03:40] **train** Prec@1 93.16 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.84 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.301 - test [2019-03-31-23:03:40] Epoch: [215][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:03:45] Epoch: [215][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.251) Prec@1 94.79 (92.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-03-31-23:03:45] Epoch: [215][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.250) Prec@1 93.75 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:03:45] **test** Prec@1 92.46 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 7.54 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.250 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:03:45] [Epoch=216/600] [Need: 13:48:52] LR=0.0179 ~ 0.0179, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:03:46] Epoch: [216][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.611 (0.611) Prec@1 83.33 (83.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:04:09] Epoch: [216][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.543 (0.288) Prec@1 89.58 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-23:04:33] Epoch: [216][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.299) Prec@1 94.79 (93.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:04:57] Epoch: [216][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.294) Prec@1 92.71 (93.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:05:20] Epoch: [216][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.298) Prec@1 89.58 (93.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:05:44] Epoch: [216][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.297) Prec@1 92.71 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:05:49] Epoch: [216][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.302 (0.297) Prec@1 92.50 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:05:49] **train** Prec@1 93.25 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.75 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.297 - test [2019-03-31-23:05:49] Epoch: [216][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.175 (0.175) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:05:53] Epoch: [216][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.097 (0.206) Prec@1 95.83 (94.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-23:05:53] Epoch: [216][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.139 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (93.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:05:54] **test** Prec@1 93.99 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.01 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.206 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:05:54] [Epoch=217/600] [Need: 13:42:22] LR=0.0178 ~ 0.0178, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:05:55] Epoch: [217][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.247 (0.247) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:06:18] Epoch: [217][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.333 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:06:42] Epoch: [217][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.293) Prec@1 94.79 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:07:06] Epoch: [217][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.291) Prec@1 97.92 (93.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:07:30] Epoch: [217][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.552 (0.292) Prec@1 89.58 (93.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:07:53] Epoch: [217][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.295) Prec@1 92.71 (93.39) Prec@5 98.96 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:07:58] Epoch: [217][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.500 (0.296) Prec@1 91.25 (93.37) Prec@5 98.75 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:07:58] **train** Prec@1 93.37 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.63 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.296 - test [2019-03-31-23:07:59] Epoch: [217][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.087 (0.087) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:08:03] Epoch: [217][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-03-31-23:08:03] Epoch: [217][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:08:03] **test** Prec@1 93.70 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.30 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.206 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:08:03] [Epoch=218/600] [Need: 13:43:30] LR=0.0177 ~ 0.0177, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:08:04] Epoch: [218][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.238 (0.238) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:08:27] Epoch: [218][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.290) Prec@1 92.71 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:08:51] Epoch: [218][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.290) Prec@1 95.83 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:09:14] Epoch: [218][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.336 (0.294) Prec@1 92.71 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:09:38] Epoch: [218][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.296) Prec@1 93.75 (93.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:10:01] Epoch: [218][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.299) Prec@1 94.79 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:10:06] Epoch: [218][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.299) Prec@1 92.50 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:10:06] **train** Prec@1 93.18 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.82 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.299 - test [2019-03-31-23:10:07] Epoch: [218][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.267 (0.267) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:10:11] Epoch: [218][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.212) Prec@1 95.83 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-23:10:11] Epoch: [218][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.210) Prec@1 93.75 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:10:11] **test** Prec@1 93.66 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.34 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.210 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:10:11] [Epoch=219/600] [Need: 13:32:56] LR=0.0177 ~ 0.0177, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:10:12] Epoch: [219][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.197 (0.197) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:10:36] Epoch: [219][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.229 (0.271) Prec@1 95.83 (94.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:10:59] Epoch: [219][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.285) Prec@1 93.75 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:11:23] Epoch: [219][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.390 (0.292) Prec@1 94.79 (93.49) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:11:47] Epoch: [219][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.292) Prec@1 94.79 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:12:10] Epoch: [219][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.295) Prec@1 94.79 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:12:15] Epoch: [219][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.296) Prec@1 96.25 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:12:15] **train** Prec@1 93.44 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.56 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.296 - test [2019-03-31-23:12:16] Epoch: [219][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:12:20] Epoch: [219][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.047 (0.191) Prec@1 98.96 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-03-31-23:12:20] Epoch: [219][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.090 (0.192) Prec@1 93.75 (94.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:12:20] **test** Prec@1 94.04 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.96 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.192 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:12:20] [Epoch=220/600] [Need: 13:36:45] LR=0.0176 ~ 0.0176, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:12:21] Epoch: [220][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.250 (0.250) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:12:45] Epoch: [220][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.338 (0.301) Prec@1 90.62 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:13:08] Epoch: [220][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.289) Prec@1 92.71 (93.58) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:13:32] Epoch: [220][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.288) Prec@1 91.67 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:13:56] Epoch: [220][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.287) Prec@1 97.92 (93.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:14:20] Epoch: [220][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.400 (0.294) Prec@1 91.67 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:14:24] Epoch: [220][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.533 (0.295) Prec@1 90.00 (93.36) Prec@5 98.75 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:14:24] **train** Prec@1 93.36 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.64 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.295 - test [2019-03-31-23:14:25] Epoch: [220][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.265 (0.265) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:14:29] Epoch: [220][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.202) Prec@1 96.88 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-03-31-23:14:29] Epoch: [220][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.204) Prec@1 93.75 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:14:29] **test** Prec@1 93.76 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.24 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.204 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:14:29] [Epoch=221/600] [Need: 13:35:57] LR=0.0176 ~ 0.0176, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:14:30] Epoch: [221][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.191 (0.191) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:14:54] Epoch: [221][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.288) Prec@1 96.88 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:15:17] Epoch: [221][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:15:41] Epoch: [221][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.280) Prec@1 91.67 (93.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:16:05] Epoch: [221][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.291 (0.288) Prec@1 93.75 (93.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:16:28] Epoch: [221][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.278 (0.292) Prec@1 95.83 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:16:33] Epoch: [221][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.293) Prec@1 95.00 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:16:33] **train** Prec@1 93.48 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.52 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.293 - test [2019-03-31-23:16:34] Epoch: [221][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:16:38] Epoch: [221][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.202) Prec@1 97.92 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-03-31-23:16:38] Epoch: [221][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.202) Prec@1 100.00 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:16:38] **test** Prec@1 93.98 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.02 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.202 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:16:38] [Epoch=222/600] [Need: 13:32:29] LR=0.0175 ~ 0.0175, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:16:39] Epoch: [222][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.384 (0.384) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:17:03] Epoch: [222][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.240 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:17:26] Epoch: [222][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.290) Prec@1 92.71 (93.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:17:50] Epoch: [222][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.375 (0.288) Prec@1 92.71 (93.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:18:14] Epoch: [222][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.293) Prec@1 92.71 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:18:38] Epoch: [222][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.276 (0.297) Prec@1 96.88 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:18:42] Epoch: [222][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.453 (0.298) Prec@1 92.50 (93.42) Prec@5 97.50 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:18:42] **train** Prec@1 93.42 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.58 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.298 - test [2019-03-31-23:18:43] Epoch: [222][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.212 (0.212) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:18:47] Epoch: [222][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.075 (0.230) Prec@1 96.88 (93.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-23:18:47] Epoch: [222][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.014 (0.229) Prec@1 100.00 (93.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:18:47] **test** Prec@1 93.18 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.82 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.229 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:18:48] [Epoch=223/600] [Need: 13:32:28] LR=0.0174 ~ 0.0174, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:18:48] Epoch: [223][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.215 (0.215) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:19:12] Epoch: [223][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.477 (0.300) Prec@1 89.58 (93.04) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-23:19:36] Epoch: [223][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.292) Prec@1 94.79 (93.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:20:00] Epoch: [223][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.356 (0.290) Prec@1 93.75 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:20:24] Epoch: [223][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.289) Prec@1 93.75 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:20:47] Epoch: [223][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.295) Prec@1 94.79 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:20:52] Epoch: [223][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.295) Prec@1 88.75 (93.44) Prec@5 98.75 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:20:52] **train** Prec@1 93.44 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.56 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.295 - test [2019-03-31-23:20:52] Epoch: [223][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:20:57] Epoch: [223][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.217) Prec@1 95.83 (93.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-23:20:57] Epoch: [223][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.495 (0.217) Prec@1 93.75 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-23:20:57] **test** Prec@1 93.40 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.60 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.04, Acc@5=99.85, Error@1=5.96, Error@5=0.15 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:20:57] [Epoch=224/600] [Need: 13:31:11] LR=0.0174 ~ 0.0174, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:20:58] Epoch: [224][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.231 (0.231) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:21:21] Epoch: [224][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.292) Prec@1 98.96 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:21:45] Epoch: [224][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.292) Prec@1 96.88 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:22:08] Epoch: [224][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.284) Prec@1 94.79 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:22:32] Epoch: [224][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.285) Prec@1 94.79 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:22:56] Epoch: [224][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.290) Prec@1 92.71 (93.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:23:01] Epoch: [224][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.289) Prec@1 95.00 (93.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:23:01] **train** Prec@1 93.51 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.49 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.289 - test [2019-03-31-23:23:01] Epoch: [224][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.142 (0.142) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:23:06] Epoch: [224][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.187) Prec@1 98.96 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-23:23:06] Epoch: [224][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.056 (0.186) Prec@1 100.00 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:23:06] **test** Prec@1 94.30 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.70 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.186 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:23:06] [Epoch=225/600] [Need: 13:26:19] LR=0.0173 ~ 0.0173, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:23:07] Epoch: [225][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:23:31] Epoch: [225][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.495 (0.285) Prec@1 89.58 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:23:54] Epoch: [225][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.295 (0.296) Prec@1 92.71 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:24:18] Epoch: [225][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.283 (0.292) Prec@1 95.83 (93.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:24:42] Epoch: [225][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.386 (0.290) Prec@1 92.71 (93.49) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:25:05] Epoch: [225][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.293) Prec@1 95.83 (93.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:25:10] Epoch: [225][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.293) Prec@1 92.50 (93.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:25:10] **train** Prec@1 93.41 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.59 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.293 - test [2019-03-31-23:25:11] Epoch: [225][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.219 (0.219) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:25:15] Epoch: [225][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.204) Prec@1 96.88 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-03-31-23:25:15] Epoch: [225][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.058 (0.203) Prec@1 93.75 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:25:15] **test** Prec@1 93.78 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.22 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.203 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:25:15] [Epoch=226/600] [Need: 13:26:15] LR=0.0173 ~ 0.0173, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:25:16] Epoch: [226][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.301 (0.301) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:25:40] Epoch: [226][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.295) Prec@1 90.62 (93.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:26:04] Epoch: [226][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.283 (0.298) Prec@1 93.75 (93.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:26:27] Epoch: [226][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.292) Prec@1 93.75 (93.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:26:51] Epoch: [226][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.294) Prec@1 94.79 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:27:14] Epoch: [226][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.296) Prec@1 96.88 (93.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:27:19] Epoch: [226][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.295) Prec@1 97.50 (93.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:27:19] **train** Prec@1 93.35 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.65 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.295 - test [2019-03-31-23:27:20] Epoch: [226][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.114 (0.114) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:27:24] Epoch: [226][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.088 (0.193) Prec@1 96.88 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-23:27:24] Epoch: [226][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.301 (0.193) Prec@1 93.75 (94.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:27:24] **test** Prec@1 94.23 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.77 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.193 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:27:24] [Epoch=227/600] [Need: 13:21:23] LR=0.0172 ~ 0.0172, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:27:25] Epoch: [227][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:27:49] Epoch: [227][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.277) Prec@1 92.71 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-23:28:12] Epoch: [227][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.285) Prec@1 95.83 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:28:36] Epoch: [227][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.281) Prec@1 97.92 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:28:59] Epoch: [227][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.283) Prec@1 94.79 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:29:23] Epoch: [227][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.288) Prec@1 93.75 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:29:28] Epoch: [227][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.288) Prec@1 91.25 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:29:28] **train** Prec@1 93.60 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.40 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.288 - test [2019-03-31-23:29:28] Epoch: [227][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.253 (0.253) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:29:32] Epoch: [227][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.228) Prec@1 96.88 (93.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-03-31-23:29:33] Epoch: [227][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.228) Prec@1 100.00 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-03-31-23:29:33] **test** Prec@1 93.44 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 6.56 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.228 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:29:33] [Epoch=228/600] [Need: 13:17:30] LR=0.0171 ~ 0.0171, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:29:34] Epoch: [228][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.232 (0.232) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:29:57] Epoch: [228][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.514 (0.297) Prec@1 83.33 (93.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:30:21] Epoch: [228][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.293) Prec@1 95.83 (93.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:30:45] Epoch: [228][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.290) Prec@1 93.75 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:31:08] Epoch: [228][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.289) Prec@1 92.71 (93.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:31:32] Epoch: [228][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.291) Prec@1 93.75 (93.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:31:37] Epoch: [228][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.290) Prec@1 95.00 (93.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:31:37] **train** Prec@1 93.48 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.52 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.290 - test [2019-03-31-23:31:37] Epoch: [228][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.131 (0.131) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:31:41] Epoch: [228][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.195) Prec@1 95.83 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-03-31-23:31:42] Epoch: [228][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.196) Prec@1 93.75 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-03-31-23:31:42] **test** Prec@1 94.29 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 5.71 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:31:42] [Epoch=229/600] [Need: 13:17:05] LR=0.0171 ~ 0.0171, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:31:42] Epoch: [229][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.175 (0.175) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:32:06] Epoch: [229][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.277) Prec@1 91.67 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-23:32:30] Epoch: [229][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.277) Prec@1 95.83 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-23:32:54] Epoch: [229][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.524 (0.282) Prec@1 87.50 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-03-31-23:33:18] Epoch: [229][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:33:42] Epoch: [229][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.283) Prec@1 90.62 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:33:47] Epoch: [229][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.284) Prec@1 92.50 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-03-31-23:33:47] **train** Prec@1 93.61 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.39 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.284 - test [2019-03-31-23:33:47] Epoch: [229][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.161 (0.161) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:33:51] Epoch: [229][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.242) Prec@1 96.88 (92.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-23:33:51] Epoch: [229][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.244) Prec@1 100.00 (92.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:33:51] **test** Prec@1 92.82 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 7.18 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.244 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:33:52] [Epoch=230/600] [Need: 13:20:44] LR=0.0170 ~ 0.0170, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:33:52] Epoch: [230][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.399 (0.399) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:34:16] Epoch: [230][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.286) Prec@1 94.79 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:34:40] Epoch: [230][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.289) Prec@1 96.88 (93.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:35:03] Epoch: [230][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:35:27] Epoch: [230][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.338 (0.288) Prec@1 93.75 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:35:51] Epoch: [230][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.293) Prec@1 90.62 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:35:56] Epoch: [230][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.294) Prec@1 95.00 (93.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:35:56] **train** Prec@1 93.46 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.54 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.294 - test [2019-03-31-23:35:56] Epoch: [230][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.144 (0.144) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:36:01] Epoch: [230][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.112 (0.251) Prec@1 94.79 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-03-31-23:36:01] Epoch: [230][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.251) Prec@1 100.00 (92.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.73) -[2019-03-31-23:36:01] **test** Prec@1 92.68 Prec@5 99.73 Error@1 7.32 Error@5 0.27 Loss:0.251 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:36:01] [Epoch=231/600] [Need: 13:15:07] LR=0.0170 ~ 0.0170, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:36:02] Epoch: [231][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.184 (0.184) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:36:26] Epoch: [231][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.246 (0.277) Prec@1 91.67 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:36:50] Epoch: [231][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (93.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:37:14] Epoch: [231][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.281) Prec@1 92.71 (93.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:37:38] Epoch: [231][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.431 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (93.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:38:01] Epoch: [231][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.443 (0.287) Prec@1 87.50 (93.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:38:06] Epoch: [231][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.286) Prec@1 97.50 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:38:06] **train** Prec@1 93.53 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.47 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.286 - test [2019-03-31-23:38:07] Epoch: [231][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.156 (0.156) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:38:11] Epoch: [231][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.226) Prec@1 97.92 (93.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-23:38:11] Epoch: [231][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.225) Prec@1 100.00 (93.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:38:11] **test** Prec@1 93.31 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.69 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.225 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:38:11] [Epoch=232/600] [Need: 13:18:27] LR=0.0169 ~ 0.0169, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:38:12] Epoch: [232][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:38:36] Epoch: [232][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.280) Prec@1 90.62 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:38:59] Epoch: [232][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.417 (0.280) Prec@1 90.62 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:39:23] Epoch: [232][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.278) Prec@1 92.71 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:39:47] Epoch: [232][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:40:11] Epoch: [232][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.282) Prec@1 95.83 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:40:16] Epoch: [232][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.283) Prec@1 91.25 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:40:16] **train** Prec@1 93.61 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.39 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.283 - test [2019-03-31-23:40:17] Epoch: [232][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.118 (0.118) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:40:21] Epoch: [232][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.181) Prec@1 98.96 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-23:40:21] Epoch: [232][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.155 (0.182) Prec@1 93.75 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:40:21] **test** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.182 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:40:21] [Epoch=233/600] [Need: 13:16:02] LR=0.0168 ~ 0.0168, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:40:22] Epoch: [233][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.316 (0.316) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:40:46] Epoch: [233][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.272) Prec@1 95.83 (94.19) Prec@5 98.96 (99.83) - train[2019-03-31-23:41:09] Epoch: [233][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.279) Prec@1 95.83 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-03-31-23:41:33] Epoch: [233][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:41:57] Epoch: [233][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.281) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:42:21] Epoch: [233][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.284) Prec@1 91.67 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:42:25] Epoch: [233][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.285) Prec@1 92.50 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:42:25] **train** Prec@1 93.60 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.40 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.285 - test [2019-03-31-23:42:26] Epoch: [233][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.283 (0.283) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:42:30] Epoch: [233][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.221) Prec@1 96.88 (93.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-23:42:30] Epoch: [233][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:42:30] **test** Prec@1 93.55 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.45 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.222 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:42:30] [Epoch=234/600] [Need: 13:07:28] LR=0.0168 ~ 0.0168, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:42:31] Epoch: [234][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.320 (0.320) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:42:55] Epoch: [234][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.323 (0.284) Prec@1 92.71 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-03-31-23:43:19] Epoch: [234][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.286) Prec@1 89.58 (93.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:43:43] Epoch: [234][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.286) Prec@1 94.79 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-03-31-23:44:06] Epoch: [234][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.412 (0.287) Prec@1 89.58 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:44:30] Epoch: [234][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.286) Prec@1 95.83 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:44:35] Epoch: [234][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.355 (0.285) Prec@1 93.75 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:44:35] **train** Prec@1 93.68 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.32 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.285 - test [2019-03-31-23:44:35] Epoch: [234][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.087 (0.087) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:44:40] Epoch: [234][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.198) Prec@1 96.88 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-03-31-23:44:40] Epoch: [234][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.021 (0.197) Prec@1 100.00 (93.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-03-31-23:44:40] **test** Prec@1 93.80 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 6.20 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.197 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:44:40] [Epoch=235/600] [Need: 13:08:29] LR=0.0167 ~ 0.0167, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:44:41] Epoch: [235][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.407 (0.407) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:45:05] Epoch: [235][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.295 (0.283) Prec@1 92.71 (93.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:45:29] Epoch: [235][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.284) Prec@1 96.88 (93.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:45:52] Epoch: [235][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.284) Prec@1 96.88 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:46:16] Epoch: [235][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.287) Prec@1 95.83 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:46:40] Epoch: [235][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.287) Prec@1 94.79 (93.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:46:44] Epoch: [235][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.287) Prec@1 96.25 (93.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:46:45] **train** Prec@1 93.59 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.41 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.287 - test [2019-03-31-23:46:45] Epoch: [235][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.162 (0.162) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:46:49] Epoch: [235][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.212 (0.244) Prec@1 94.79 (92.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-03-31-23:46:49] Epoch: [235][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.174 (0.243) Prec@1 93.75 (92.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:46:49] **test** Prec@1 92.67 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 7.33 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.243 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:46:50] [Epoch=236/600] [Need: 13:06:20] LR=0.0166 ~ 0.0166, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:46:50] Epoch: [236][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.191 (0.191) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:47:14] Epoch: [236][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.257) Prec@1 95.83 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:47:38] Epoch: [236][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.374 (0.263) Prec@1 91.67 (94.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:48:02] Epoch: [236][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.269) Prec@1 95.83 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:48:25] Epoch: [236][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.279) Prec@1 93.75 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:48:49] Epoch: [236][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.283) Prec@1 91.67 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:48:54] Epoch: [236][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.283) Prec@1 96.25 (93.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:48:54] **train** Prec@1 93.73 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.27 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.283 - test [2019-03-31-23:48:54] Epoch: [236][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.146 (0.146) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:48:58] Epoch: [236][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.199) Prec@1 95.83 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-03-31-23:48:59] Epoch: [236][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.208 (0.196) Prec@1 93.75 (93.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-03-31-23:48:59] **test** Prec@1 93.84 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.16 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:48:59] [Epoch=237/600] [Need: 13:01:43] LR=0.0166 ~ 0.0166, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:49:00] Epoch: [237][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.338 (0.338) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:49:23] Epoch: [237][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.176 (0.269) Prec@1 96.88 (93.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:49:47] Epoch: [237][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.450 (0.283) Prec@1 90.62 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:50:11] Epoch: [237][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.183 (0.278) Prec@1 94.79 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:50:34] Epoch: [237][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.280) Prec@1 94.79 (93.81) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:50:58] Epoch: [237][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.284) Prec@1 93.75 (93.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:51:03] Epoch: [237][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.284) Prec@1 93.75 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:51:03] **train** Prec@1 93.66 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.34 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.284 - test [2019-03-31-23:51:03] Epoch: [237][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.240 (0.240) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:51:07] Epoch: [237][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.196) Prec@1 96.88 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-23:51:08] Epoch: [237][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.196) Prec@1 100.00 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:51:08] **test** Prec@1 94.18 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.82 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.86, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.14 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:51:08] [Epoch=238/600] [Need: 12:58:11] LR=0.0165 ~ 0.0165, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:51:08] Epoch: [238][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.382 (0.382) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:51:32] Epoch: [238][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.407 (0.279) Prec@1 88.54 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-03-31-23:51:56] Epoch: [238][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.283) Prec@1 96.88 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-03-31-23:52:19] Epoch: [238][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.277) Prec@1 96.88 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:52:43] Epoch: [238][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.281) Prec@1 97.92 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:53:07] Epoch: [238][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.285) Prec@1 95.83 (93.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:53:12] Epoch: [238][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.285) Prec@1 92.50 (93.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-03-31-23:53:12] **train** Prec@1 93.59 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.41 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.285 - test [2019-03-31-23:53:12] Epoch: [238][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.153 (0.153) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:53:16] Epoch: [238][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.190) Prec@1 98.96 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-03-31-23:53:16] Epoch: [238][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.117 (0.188) Prec@1 93.75 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-03-31-23:53:17] **test** Prec@1 94.30 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.70 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:53:17] [Epoch=239/600] [Need: 12:56:12] LR=0.0165 ~ 0.0165, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:53:18] Epoch: [239][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.308 (0.308) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:53:41] Epoch: [239][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.263 (0.263) Prec@1 94.79 (94.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-03-31-23:54:05] Epoch: [239][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.274) Prec@1 93.75 (93.81) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:54:29] Epoch: [239][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.276) Prec@1 93.75 (93.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:54:52] Epoch: [239][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.282) Prec@1 93.75 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:55:16] Epoch: [239][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.392 (0.282) Prec@1 90.62 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:55:21] Epoch: [239][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.376 (0.281) Prec@1 91.25 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:55:21] **train** Prec@1 93.68 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.32 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.281 - test [2019-03-31-23:55:22] Epoch: [239][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.128 (0.128) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:55:26] Epoch: [239][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.059 (0.211) Prec@1 97.92 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-03-31-23:55:26] Epoch: [239][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.212) Prec@1 100.00 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:55:26] **test** Prec@1 93.66 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.34 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.212 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:55:26] [Epoch=240/600] [Need: 12:55:23] LR=0.0164 ~ 0.0164, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:55:27] Epoch: [240][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.411 (0.411) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:55:51] Epoch: [240][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.234 (0.265) Prec@1 94.79 (94.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:56:15] Epoch: [240][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.152 (0.280) Prec@1 95.83 (93.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:56:39] Epoch: [240][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (93.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:57:02] Epoch: [240][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.290 (0.277) Prec@1 92.71 (93.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:57:26] Epoch: [240][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.279) Prec@1 93.75 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:57:31] Epoch: [240][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.155 (0.279) Prec@1 98.75 (93.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:57:31] **train** Prec@1 93.79 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.21 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.279 - test [2019-03-31-23:57:32] Epoch: [240][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.209 (0.209) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:57:36] Epoch: [240][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.217) Prec@1 96.88 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-03-31-23:57:36] Epoch: [240][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.217) Prec@1 100.00 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-03-31-23:57:36] **test** Prec@1 93.53 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.47 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:57:36] [Epoch=241/600] [Need: 12:57:37] LR=0.0163 ~ 0.0163, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:57:37] Epoch: [241][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-03-31-23:58:00] Epoch: [241][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.270) Prec@1 96.88 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-03-31-23:58:24] Epoch: [241][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.276) Prec@1 97.92 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-03-31-23:58:48] Epoch: [241][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.275) Prec@1 94.79 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-03-31-23:59:12] Epoch: [241][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-03-31-23:59:35] Epoch: [241][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.547 (0.282) Prec@1 88.54 (93.70) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-03-31-23:59:40] Epoch: [241][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.283) Prec@1 95.00 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-03-31-23:59:40] **train** Prec@1 93.67 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.33 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.283 - test [2019-03-31-23:59:41] Epoch: [241][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.181 (0.181) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-03-31-23:59:45] Epoch: [241][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.141 (0.226) Prec@1 95.83 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-03-31-23:59:45] Epoch: [241][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.226) Prec@1 100.00 (93.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-03-31-23:59:45] **test** Prec@1 93.39 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.61 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.226 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-03-31-23:59:45] [Epoch=242/600] [Need: 12:52:01] LR=0.0163 ~ 0.0163, Batch=96 - train[2019-03-31-23:59:46] Epoch: [242][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:00:10] Epoch: [242][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.271) Prec@1 96.88 (93.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:00:34] Epoch: [242][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.277) Prec@1 96.88 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:00:58] Epoch: [242][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.353 (0.274) Prec@1 90.62 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:01:21] Epoch: [242][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.281) Prec@1 96.88 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:01:45] Epoch: [242][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.283) Prec@1 92.71 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:01:49] Epoch: [242][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.284) Prec@1 93.75 (93.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:01:50] **train** Prec@1 93.59 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.41 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.284 - test [2019-04-01-00:01:50] Epoch: [242][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.160 (0.160) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:01:54] Epoch: [242][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.060 (0.201) Prec@1 97.92 (93.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-00:01:54] Epoch: [242][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.039 (0.202) Prec@1 100.00 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-00:01:55] **test** Prec@1 93.83 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.17 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.202 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:01:55] [Epoch=243/600] [Need: 12:49:14] LR=0.0162 ~ 0.0162, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:01:55] Epoch: [243][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.203 (0.203) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:02:19] Epoch: [243][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.525 (0.264) Prec@1 87.50 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:02:43] Epoch: [243][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.330 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:03:07] Epoch: [243][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.275) Prec@1 96.88 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:03:30] Epoch: [243][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.249 (0.277) Prec@1 94.79 (93.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:03:54] Epoch: [243][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.281) Prec@1 94.79 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:03:59] Epoch: [243][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.280) Prec@1 93.75 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:03:59] **train** Prec@1 93.72 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.28 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.280 - test [2019-04-01-00:03:59] Epoch: [243][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.246 (0.246) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:04:03] Epoch: [243][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.197) Prec@1 95.83 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-00:04:03] Epoch: [243][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.197) Prec@1 93.75 (94.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-04-01-00:04:03] **test** Prec@1 94.04 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 5.96 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.197 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.30, Acc@5=99.87, Error@1=5.70, Error@5=0.13 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:04:04] [Epoch=244/600] [Need: 12:45:04] LR=0.0161 ~ 0.0161, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:04:04] Epoch: [244][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.409 (0.409) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:04:28] Epoch: [244][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.342 (0.281) Prec@1 90.62 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:04:52] Epoch: [244][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.198 (0.281) Prec@1 95.83 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:05:16] Epoch: [244][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.279) Prec@1 94.79 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:05:39] Epoch: [244][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.277) Prec@1 91.67 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:06:03] Epoch: [244][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.247 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:06:08] Epoch: [244][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.279) Prec@1 92.50 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:06:08] **train** Prec@1 93.66 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.34 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.279 - test [2019-04-01-00:06:08] Epoch: [244][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.142 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:06:12] Epoch: [244][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.184) Prec@1 94.79 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-00:06:12] Epoch: [244][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.183) Prec@1 93.75 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:06:13] **test** Prec@1 94.66 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.34 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.183 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:06:13] [Epoch=245/600] [Need: 12:43:51] LR=0.0161 ~ 0.0161, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:06:14] Epoch: [245][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.264 (0.264) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:06:37] Epoch: [245][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.394 (0.265) Prec@1 93.75 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:07:01] Epoch: [245][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.270) Prec@1 95.83 (94.08) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:07:24] Epoch: [245][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.262) Prec@1 96.88 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:07:48] Epoch: [245][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.264) Prec@1 89.58 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:08:12] Epoch: [245][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.269) Prec@1 95.83 (94.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:08:17] Epoch: [245][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.321 (0.270) Prec@1 91.25 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:08:17] **train** Prec@1 94.05 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.95 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.270 - test [2019-04-01-00:08:17] Epoch: [245][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.100 (0.100) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:08:21] Epoch: [245][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.201) Prec@1 97.92 (93.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-00:08:21] Epoch: [245][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.200) Prec@1 100.00 (94.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-00:08:21] **test** Prec@1 94.02 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.98 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.200 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:08:22] [Epoch=246/600] [Need: 12:40:23] LR=0.0160 ~ 0.0160, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:08:22] Epoch: [246][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.351 (0.351) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:08:46] Epoch: [246][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.272) Prec@1 96.88 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:09:10] Epoch: [246][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.247 (0.278) Prec@1 93.75 (93.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:09:33] Epoch: [246][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.269) Prec@1 94.79 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:09:57] Epoch: [246][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.310 (0.272) Prec@1 88.54 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:10:21] Epoch: [246][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.275) Prec@1 93.75 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:10:26] Epoch: [246][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.277) Prec@1 93.75 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-00:10:26] **train** Prec@1 93.83 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 6.17 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.277 - test [2019-04-01-00:10:26] Epoch: [246][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:10:30] Epoch: [246][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.220) Prec@1 97.92 (93.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-00:10:30] Epoch: [246][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.219) Prec@1 93.75 (93.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-04-01-00:10:30] **test** Prec@1 93.66 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 6.34 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.219 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:10:31] [Epoch=247/600] [Need: 12:39:01] LR=0.0160 ~ 0.0160, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:10:31] Epoch: [247][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.268 (0.268) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:10:55] Epoch: [247][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.258) Prec@1 94.79 (94.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-00:11:19] Epoch: [247][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.207 (0.267) Prec@1 96.88 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:11:42] Epoch: [247][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.501 (0.268) Prec@1 84.38 (94.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-00:12:06] Epoch: [247][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.271) Prec@1 98.96 (94.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:12:30] Epoch: [247][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.443 (0.275) Prec@1 89.58 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:12:34] Epoch: [247][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.276) Prec@1 91.25 (93.95) Prec@5 98.75 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-00:12:35] **train** Prec@1 93.95 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 6.05 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.276 - test [2019-04-01-00:12:35] Epoch: [247][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.254 (0.254) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:12:39] Epoch: [247][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.225) Prec@1 94.79 (93.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-00:12:39] Epoch: [247][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.052 (0.224) Prec@1 100.00 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:12:39] **test** Prec@1 93.61 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.39 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.224 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:12:40] [Epoch=248/600] [Need: 12:36:49] LR=0.0159 ~ 0.0159, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:12:40] Epoch: [248][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.243 (0.243) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:13:04] Epoch: [248][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.465 (0.279) Prec@1 89.58 (93.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:13:29] Epoch: [248][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.282) Prec@1 89.58 (93.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:13:52] Epoch: [248][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.193 (0.276) Prec@1 96.88 (93.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:14:16] Epoch: [248][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.277) Prec@1 90.62 (93.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:14:40] Epoch: [248][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - train[2019-04-01-00:14:45] Epoch: [248][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.170 (0.280) Prec@1 98.75 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-00:14:45] **train** Prec@1 93.78 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.22 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.280 - test [2019-04-01-00:14:46] Epoch: [248][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:14:50] Epoch: [248][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.201) Prec@1 95.83 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-00:14:50] Epoch: [248][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.011 (0.200) Prec@1 100.00 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-00:14:50] **test** Prec@1 93.92 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.08 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.200 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:14:50] [Epoch=249/600] [Need: 12:42:57] LR=0.0158 ~ 0.0158, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:14:51] Epoch: [249][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.212 (0.212) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:15:14] Epoch: [249][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.302 (0.266) Prec@1 90.62 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:15:38] Epoch: [249][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.377 (0.278) Prec@1 93.75 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:16:02] Epoch: [249][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.279) Prec@1 95.83 (93.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:16:26] Epoch: [249][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.347 (0.281) Prec@1 91.67 (93.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:16:49] Epoch: [249][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.284) Prec@1 89.58 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:16:54] Epoch: [249][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.284) Prec@1 97.50 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:16:54] **train** Prec@1 93.55 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.45 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.284 - test [2019-04-01-00:16:55] Epoch: [249][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.273 (0.273) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:16:59] Epoch: [249][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.137 (0.201) Prec@1 94.79 (93.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-00:16:59] Epoch: [249][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.481 (0.203) Prec@1 87.50 (93.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-00:16:59] **test** Prec@1 93.88 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.12 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.203 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.66, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=5.34, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:16:59] [Epoch=250/600] [Need: 12:33:09] LR=0.0158 ~ 0.0158, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:17:00] Epoch: [250][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.226 (0.226) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:17:23] Epoch: [250][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.269) Prec@1 95.83 (94.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-00:17:48] Epoch: [250][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.269) Prec@1 92.71 (94.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-00:18:12] Epoch: [250][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.417 (0.269) Prec@1 89.58 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:18:35] Epoch: [250][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.247 (0.272) Prec@1 94.79 (93.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:18:59] Epoch: [250][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.276) Prec@1 92.71 (93.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:19:04] Epoch: [250][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.276) Prec@1 93.75 (93.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-00:19:04] **train** Prec@1 93.86 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 6.14 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.276 - test [2019-04-01-00:19:05] Epoch: [250][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.202 (0.202) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:19:09] Epoch: [250][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.166) Prec@1 97.92 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-00:19:09] Epoch: [250][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.166) Prec@1 100.00 (94.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:19:09] **test** Prec@1 94.90 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.10 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:19:09] [Epoch=251/600] [Need: 12:36:03] LR=0.0157 ~ 0.0157, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:19:10] Epoch: [251][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.262 (0.262) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:19:34] Epoch: [251][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.268) Prec@1 96.88 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-00:19:57] Epoch: [251][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.283) Prec@1 92.71 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:20:21] Epoch: [251][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.275) Prec@1 91.67 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:20:45] Epoch: [251][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.279) Prec@1 97.92 (93.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:21:08] Epoch: [251][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.279) Prec@1 96.88 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:21:13] Epoch: [251][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.217 (0.279) Prec@1 95.00 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:21:13] **train** Prec@1 93.69 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.31 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.279 - test [2019-04-01-00:21:14] Epoch: [251][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.377 (0.377) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:21:18] Epoch: [251][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.112 (0.243) Prec@1 97.92 (93.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.67) - test [2019-04-01-00:21:18] Epoch: [251][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.491 (0.245) Prec@1 93.75 (93.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.68) -[2019-04-01-00:21:18] **test** Prec@1 93.04 Prec@5 99.68 Error@1 6.96 Error@5 0.32 Loss:0.245 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:21:18] [Epoch=252/600] [Need: 12:29:04] LR=0.0156 ~ 0.0156, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:21:19] Epoch: [252][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.339 (0.339) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:21:43] Epoch: [252][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.146 (0.259) Prec@1 95.83 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:22:07] Epoch: [252][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.341 (0.265) Prec@1 91.67 (94.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:22:30] Epoch: [252][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.267) Prec@1 93.75 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:22:54] Epoch: [252][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.267) Prec@1 95.83 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:23:18] Epoch: [252][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.268) Prec@1 95.83 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:23:22] Epoch: [252][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.269) Prec@1 95.00 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:23:22] **train** Prec@1 94.05 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.95 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.269 - test [2019-04-01-00:23:23] Epoch: [252][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:23:27] Epoch: [252][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.192) Prec@1 97.92 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-00:23:27] Epoch: [252][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.191) Prec@1 87.50 (94.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:23:27] **test** Prec@1 94.32 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.68 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.191 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:23:27] [Epoch=253/600] [Need: 12:27:04] LR=0.0156 ~ 0.0156, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:23:28] Epoch: [253][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:23:52] Epoch: [253][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.264) Prec@1 93.75 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:24:16] Epoch: [253][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.268) Prec@1 94.79 (94.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:24:40] Epoch: [253][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.271) Prec@1 89.58 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:25:04] Epoch: [253][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.277) Prec@1 94.79 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:25:27] Epoch: [253][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.275) Prec@1 92.71 (93.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:25:32] Epoch: [253][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.274) Prec@1 93.75 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:25:32] **train** Prec@1 93.92 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.08 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.274 - test [2019-04-01-00:25:33] Epoch: [253][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.163 (0.163) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:25:37] Epoch: [253][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.136 (0.216) Prec@1 95.83 (93.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-00:25:37] Epoch: [253][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.215) Prec@1 100.00 (93.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-00:25:37] **test** Prec@1 93.58 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.42 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.215 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:25:37] [Epoch=254/600] [Need: 12:27:48] LR=0.0155 ~ 0.0155, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:25:38] Epoch: [254][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.265 (0.265) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:26:01] Epoch: [254][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.277) Prec@1 93.75 (93.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:26:25] Epoch: [254][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.273) Prec@1 97.92 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:26:49] Epoch: [254][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.271) Prec@1 95.83 (94.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:27:13] Epoch: [254][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.270) Prec@1 96.88 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:27:36] Epoch: [254][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.272) Prec@1 94.79 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:27:41] Epoch: [254][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.172 (0.271) Prec@1 96.25 (93.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:27:41] **train** Prec@1 93.98 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.02 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.271 - test [2019-04-01-00:27:42] Epoch: [254][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.133 (0.133) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:27:46] Epoch: [254][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.191) Prec@1 94.79 (93.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-00:27:46] Epoch: [254][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.193) Prec@1 93.75 (93.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-00:27:46] **test** Prec@1 93.93 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.07 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.193 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:27:46] [Epoch=255/600] [Need: 12:21:55] LR=0.0155 ~ 0.0155, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:27:47] Epoch: [255][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.158 (0.158) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:28:11] Epoch: [255][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.215 (0.258) Prec@1 93.75 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-00:28:35] Epoch: [255][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.271) Prec@1 89.58 (93.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:28:58] Epoch: [255][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.277) Prec@1 95.83 (93.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:29:22] Epoch: [255][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (93.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:29:46] Epoch: [255][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.281) Prec@1 93.75 (93.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:29:50] Epoch: [255][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.282) Prec@1 96.25 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:29:50] **train** Prec@1 93.68 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.32 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.282 - test [2019-04-01-00:29:51] Epoch: [255][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:29:55] Epoch: [255][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.044 (0.208) Prec@1 97.92 (94.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-00:29:55] Epoch: [255][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.024 (0.206) Prec@1 100.00 (94.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-00:29:55] **test** Prec@1 94.03 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.97 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.206 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:29:56] [Epoch=256/600] [Need: 12:21:52] LR=0.0154 ~ 0.0154, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:29:56] Epoch: [256][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.248 (0.248) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:30:20] Epoch: [256][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.267) Prec@1 91.67 (94.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:30:44] Epoch: [256][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.265) Prec@1 98.96 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:31:07] Epoch: [256][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.262) Prec@1 94.79 (94.17) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:31:31] Epoch: [256][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.346 (0.262) Prec@1 91.67 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:31:54] Epoch: [256][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.424 (0.266) Prec@1 90.62 (94.16) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-00:31:59] Epoch: [256][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.370 (0.267) Prec@1 91.25 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-00:31:59] **train** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.267 - test [2019-04-01-00:32:00] Epoch: [256][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.152 (0.152) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:32:04] Epoch: [256][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.204) Prec@1 98.96 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-00:32:04] Epoch: [256][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.571 (0.205) Prec@1 81.25 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-04-01-00:32:04] **test** Prec@1 93.92 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.08 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.205 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:32:04] [Epoch=257/600] [Need: 12:15:03] LR=0.0153 ~ 0.0153, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:32:05] Epoch: [257][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:32:29] Epoch: [257][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.163 (0.258) Prec@1 97.92 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:32:52] Epoch: [257][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.266) Prec@1 97.92 (93.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:33:16] Epoch: [257][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.269) Prec@1 97.92 (93.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:33:40] Epoch: [257][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.274) Prec@1 95.83 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:34:04] Epoch: [257][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.278) Prec@1 93.75 (93.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:34:08] Epoch: [257][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.392 (0.277) Prec@1 91.25 (93.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:34:08] **train** Prec@1 93.69 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.31 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.277 - test [2019-04-01-00:34:09] Epoch: [257][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.127 (0.127) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:34:13] Epoch: [257][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.182) Prec@1 97.92 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-00:34:13] Epoch: [257][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.133 (0.182) Prec@1 93.75 (94.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-00:34:13] **test** Prec@1 94.28 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.72 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.182 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:34:13] [Epoch=258/600] [Need: 12:16:50] LR=0.0153 ~ 0.0153, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:34:14] Epoch: [258][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.231 (0.231) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:34:38] Epoch: [258][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.164 (0.256) Prec@1 95.83 (94.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-00:35:02] Epoch: [258][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.263) Prec@1 90.62 (94.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:35:26] Epoch: [258][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.265) Prec@1 95.83 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:35:50] Epoch: [258][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.265) Prec@1 97.92 (94.17) Prec@5 98.96 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:36:13] Epoch: [258][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.267) Prec@1 93.75 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:36:18] Epoch: [258][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.267) Prec@1 90.00 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:36:18] **train** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.267 - test [2019-04-01-00:36:18] Epoch: [258][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.140 (0.140) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:36:22] Epoch: [258][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.205) Prec@1 94.79 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-04-01-00:36:23] Epoch: [258][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.408 (0.207) Prec@1 93.75 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-04-01-00:36:23] **test** Prec@1 94.00 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 6.00 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.207 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:36:23] [Epoch=259/600] [Need: 12:15:13] LR=0.0152 ~ 0.0152, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:36:23] Epoch: [259][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.373 (0.373) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:36:48] Epoch: [259][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.271) Prec@1 93.75 (93.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-00:37:12] Epoch: [259][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.272) Prec@1 94.79 (93.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-00:37:36] Epoch: [259][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.264) Prec@1 96.88 (94.10) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:37:59] Epoch: [259][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.266) Prec@1 89.58 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:38:23] Epoch: [259][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.316 (0.273) Prec@1 93.75 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:38:28] Epoch: [259][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.273) Prec@1 93.75 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-00:38:28] **train** Prec@1 93.89 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 6.11 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.273 - test [2019-04-01-00:38:28] Epoch: [259][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:38:32] Epoch: [259][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.188) Prec@1 96.88 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-00:38:32] Epoch: [259][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.188) Prec@1 93.75 (94.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-00:38:33] **test** Prec@1 94.47 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.53 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:38:33] [Epoch=260/600] [Need: 12:16:32] LR=0.0151 ~ 0.0151, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:38:34] Epoch: [260][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.307 (0.307) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:38:57] Epoch: [260][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.218 (0.273) Prec@1 93.75 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - train[2019-04-01-00:39:21] Epoch: [260][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (93.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-04-01-00:39:45] Epoch: [260][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.307 (0.271) Prec@1 91.67 (93.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:40:08] Epoch: [260][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.472 (0.272) Prec@1 87.50 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:40:32] Epoch: [260][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.275) Prec@1 94.79 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:40:37] Epoch: [260][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.276) Prec@1 97.50 (93.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:40:37] **train** Prec@1 93.86 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.14 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.276 - test [2019-04-01-00:40:37] Epoch: [260][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.170 (0.170) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:40:41] Epoch: [260][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.097 (0.222) Prec@1 96.88 (93.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-00:40:41] Epoch: [260][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.038 (0.223) Prec@1 100.00 (93.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-00:40:42] **test** Prec@1 93.20 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.80 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.223 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:40:42] [Epoch=261/600] [Need: 12:08:41] LR=0.0151 ~ 0.0151, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:40:42] Epoch: [261][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.265 (0.265) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:41:06] Epoch: [261][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.256) Prec@1 94.79 (94.51) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:41:30] Epoch: [261][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.331 (0.263) Prec@1 91.67 (94.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:41:54] Epoch: [261][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.261) Prec@1 92.71 (94.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:42:17] Epoch: [261][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.262) Prec@1 95.83 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:42:41] Epoch: [261][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.418 (0.267) Prec@1 90.62 (94.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:42:46] Epoch: [261][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.269) Prec@1 95.00 (94.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:42:46] **train** Prec@1 94.07 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.93 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.269 - test [2019-04-01-00:42:46] Epoch: [261][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.256 (0.256) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:42:50] Epoch: [261][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.261) Prec@1 96.88 (92.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-04-01-00:42:51] Epoch: [261][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.260) Prec@1 93.75 (92.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-04-01-00:42:51] **test** Prec@1 92.45 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 7.55 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.260 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:42:51] [Epoch=262/600] [Need: 12:07:02] LR=0.0150 ~ 0.0150, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:42:51] Epoch: [262][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.350 (0.350) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:43:15] Epoch: [262][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.276) Prec@1 95.83 (94.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - train[2019-04-01-00:43:39] Epoch: [262][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.272) Prec@1 97.92 (93.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:44:03] Epoch: [262][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.270) Prec@1 94.79 (93.89) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:44:26] Epoch: [262][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.266) Prec@1 94.79 (94.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:44:50] Epoch: [262][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.267) Prec@1 93.75 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:44:55] Epoch: [262][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.267) Prec@1 98.75 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:44:55] **train** Prec@1 94.01 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.99 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.267 - test [2019-04-01-00:44:55] Epoch: [262][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.215 (0.215) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:45:00] Epoch: [262][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.058 (0.214) Prec@1 98.96 (93.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-00:45:00] Epoch: [262][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.216) Prec@1 100.00 (93.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-00:45:00] **test** Prec@1 93.62 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 6.38 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.216 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:45:00] [Epoch=263/600] [Need: 12:05:22] LR=0.0149 ~ 0.0149, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:45:01] Epoch: [263][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.211 (0.211) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:45:24] Epoch: [263][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.227 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-00:45:48] Epoch: [263][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.260) Prec@1 93.75 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:46:12] Epoch: [263][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.257) Prec@1 91.67 (94.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:46:36] Epoch: [263][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.254) Prec@1 96.88 (94.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:46:59] Epoch: [263][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.258) Prec@1 96.88 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:47:04] Epoch: [263][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.258) Prec@1 91.25 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-00:47:04] **train** Prec@1 94.29 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.71 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.258 - test [2019-04-01-00:47:05] Epoch: [263][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:47:09] Epoch: [263][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.209) Prec@1 98.96 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-00:47:09] Epoch: [263][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.210) Prec@1 100.00 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-00:47:09] **test** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.210 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:47:09] [Epoch=264/600] [Need: 12:03:33] LR=0.0149 ~ 0.0149, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:47:10] Epoch: [264][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.333 (0.333) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:47:33] Epoch: [264][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.378 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (94.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.85) - train[2019-04-01-00:47:57] Epoch: [264][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.316 (0.264) Prec@1 91.67 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:48:21] Epoch: [264][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.262) Prec@1 95.83 (94.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:48:44] Epoch: [264][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.262) Prec@1 89.58 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:49:08] Epoch: [264][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.250 (0.268) Prec@1 94.79 (94.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:49:13] Epoch: [264][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.269) Prec@1 95.00 (94.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:49:13] **train** Prec@1 94.01 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.99 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.269 - test [2019-04-01-00:49:13] Epoch: [264][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:49:18] Epoch: [264][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.197) Prec@1 96.88 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-00:49:18] Epoch: [264][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.199) Prec@1 93.75 (94.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:49:18] **test** Prec@1 94.15 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.85 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.199 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:49:18] [Epoch=265/600] [Need: 11:59:03] LR=0.0148 ~ 0.0148, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:49:19] Epoch: [265][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.232 (0.232) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:49:43] Epoch: [265][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.411 (0.250) Prec@1 91.67 (94.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:50:07] Epoch: [265][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.257) Prec@1 92.71 (94.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:50:30] Epoch: [265][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.263) Prec@1 91.67 (94.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-00:50:54] Epoch: [265][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.262) Prec@1 96.88 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-00:51:18] Epoch: [265][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.267) Prec@1 93.75 (94.03) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:51:23] Epoch: [265][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.443 (0.268) Prec@1 92.50 (94.00) Prec@5 98.75 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-00:51:23] **train** Prec@1 94.00 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 6.00 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.268 - test [2019-04-01-00:51:23] Epoch: [265][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.143 (0.143) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:51:27] Epoch: [265][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.185) Prec@1 96.88 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-00:51:28] Epoch: [265][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.006 (0.185) Prec@1 100.00 (94.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-00:51:28] **test** Prec@1 94.49 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.51 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.185 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:51:28] [Epoch=266/600] [Need: 12:03:21] LR=0.0148 ~ 0.0148, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:51:29] Epoch: [266][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.416 (0.416) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:51:52] Epoch: [266][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.263 (0.253) Prec@1 94.79 (94.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:52:16] Epoch: [266][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.266) Prec@1 91.67 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:52:40] Epoch: [266][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.264) Prec@1 92.71 (94.14) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:53:03] Epoch: [266][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.266) Prec@1 97.92 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:53:27] Epoch: [266][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.267) Prec@1 92.71 (94.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:53:32] Epoch: [266][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.266) Prec@1 93.75 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-00:53:32] **train** Prec@1 94.06 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.94 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.266 - test [2019-04-01-00:53:32] Epoch: [266][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:53:36] Epoch: [266][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.178) Prec@1 96.88 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-00:53:36] Epoch: [266][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.178) Prec@1 93.75 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-00:53:36] **test** Prec@1 94.67 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.33 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.178 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:53:37] [Epoch=267/600] [Need: 11:54:22] LR=0.0147 ~ 0.0147, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:53:37] Epoch: [267][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.233 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:54:01] Epoch: [267][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.327 (0.269) Prec@1 92.71 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:54:25] Epoch: [267][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.428 (0.278) Prec@1 91.67 (93.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-00:54:49] Epoch: [267][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.271) Prec@1 90.62 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:55:12] Epoch: [267][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.168 (0.269) Prec@1 97.92 (94.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:55:36] Epoch: [267][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.270) Prec@1 96.88 (93.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-00:55:41] Epoch: [267][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.271) Prec@1 98.75 (93.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:55:41] **train** Prec@1 93.97 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.03 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.271 - test [2019-04-01-00:55:41] Epoch: [267][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:55:45] Epoch: [267][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.216) Prec@1 95.83 (93.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.74) - test [2019-04-01-00:55:46] Epoch: [267][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.216) Prec@1 93.75 (93.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.75) -[2019-04-01-00:55:46] **test** Prec@1 93.53 Prec@5 99.75 Error@1 6.47 Error@5 0.25 Loss:0.216 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:55:46] [Epoch=268/600] [Need: 11:55:24] LR=0.0146 ~ 0.0146, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:55:47] Epoch: [268][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.326 (0.326) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:56:10] Epoch: [268][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.255) Prec@1 89.58 (94.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:56:34] Epoch: [268][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.263) Prec@1 94.79 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:56:58] Epoch: [268][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.261) Prec@1 95.83 (94.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:57:22] Epoch: [268][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.259) Prec@1 91.67 (94.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-00:57:45] Epoch: [268][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.269) Prec@1 98.96 (93.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-00:57:50] Epoch: [268][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.271) Prec@1 95.00 (93.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-00:57:50] **train** Prec@1 93.91 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 6.09 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.271 - test [2019-04-01-00:57:51] Epoch: [268][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.151 (0.151) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-00:57:55] Epoch: [268][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.217) Prec@1 98.96 (93.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-00:57:55] Epoch: [268][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.084 (0.220) Prec@1 93.75 (93.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-00:57:55] **test** Prec@1 93.42 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.58 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.220 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-00:57:55] [Epoch=269/600] [Need: 11:52:45] LR=0.0146 ~ 0.0146, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-00:57:56] Epoch: [269][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-00:58:20] Epoch: [269][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.289 (0.258) Prec@1 91.67 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:58:44] Epoch: [269][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.254) Prec@1 92.71 (94.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-00:59:08] Epoch: [269][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-00:59:32] Epoch: [269][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.261) Prec@1 95.83 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-00:59:55] Epoch: [269][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.263) Prec@1 95.83 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:00:00] Epoch: [269][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.262) Prec@1 100.00 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-01:00:00] **train** Prec@1 94.14 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.86 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.262 - test [2019-04-01-01:00:01] Epoch: [269][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.187 (0.187) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:00:05] Epoch: [269][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.222) Prec@1 94.79 (93.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-04-01-01:00:05] Epoch: [269][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (93.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) -[2019-04-01-01:00:05] **test** Prec@1 93.74 Prec@5 99.77 Error@1 6.26 Error@5 0.23 Loss:0.222 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:00:05] [Epoch=270/600] [Need: 11:55:00] LR=0.0145 ~ 0.0145, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:00:06] Epoch: [270][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.208 (0.208) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:00:30] Epoch: [270][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.326 (0.259) Prec@1 93.75 (94.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-01:00:53] Epoch: [270][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.183 (0.260) Prec@1 95.83 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:01:17] Epoch: [270][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.176 (0.260) Prec@1 96.88 (94.28) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:01:41] Epoch: [270][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.259) Prec@1 92.71 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:02:04] Epoch: [270][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.260) Prec@1 92.71 (94.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:02:09] Epoch: [270][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.262) Prec@1 97.50 (94.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-01:02:09] **train** Prec@1 94.19 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.81 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.262 - test [2019-04-01-01:02:10] Epoch: [270][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:02:14] Epoch: [270][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.126 (0.207) Prec@1 95.83 (93.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-01:02:14] Epoch: [270][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.243 (0.207) Prec@1 87.50 (93.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-01:02:14] **test** Prec@1 93.85 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 6.15 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.207 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:02:14] [Epoch=271/600] [Need: 11:48:37] LR=0.0144 ~ 0.0144, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:02:15] Epoch: [271][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:02:39] Epoch: [271][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.251 (0.262) Prec@1 93.75 (94.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:03:02] Epoch: [271][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.263) Prec@1 96.88 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:03:26] Epoch: [271][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.262) Prec@1 92.71 (94.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:03:50] Epoch: [271][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.264) Prec@1 93.75 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:04:14] Epoch: [271][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.265) Prec@1 100.00 (94.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:04:19] Epoch: [271][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.265) Prec@1 92.50 (94.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:04:19] **train** Prec@1 94.09 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.91 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.265 - test [2019-04-01-01:04:20] Epoch: [271][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.154 (0.154) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:04:24] Epoch: [271][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.082 (0.184) Prec@1 95.83 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-01:04:24] Epoch: [271][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.425 (0.185) Prec@1 93.75 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-01:04:24] **test** Prec@1 94.31 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.69 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.185 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:04:24] [Epoch=272/600] [Need: 11:48:54] LR=0.0144 ~ 0.0144, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:04:25] Epoch: [272][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.199 (0.199) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:04:49] Epoch: [272][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.312 (0.248) Prec@1 94.79 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - train[2019-04-01-01:05:12] Epoch: [272][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.259) Prec@1 97.92 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:05:36] Epoch: [272][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.258) Prec@1 96.88 (94.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:06:00] Epoch: [272][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.382 (0.260) Prec@1 89.58 (94.35) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:06:23] Epoch: [272][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.254 (0.261) Prec@1 94.79 (94.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:06:28] Epoch: [272][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.260) Prec@1 93.75 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:06:28] **train** Prec@1 94.30 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.70 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.260 - test [2019-04-01-01:06:28] Epoch: [272][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:06:33] Epoch: [272][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.217) Prec@1 96.88 (93.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-01:06:33] Epoch: [272][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.019 (0.217) Prec@1 100.00 (93.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-04-01-01:06:33] **test** Prec@1 93.81 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 6.19 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:06:33] [Epoch=273/600] [Need: 11:42:44] LR=0.0143 ~ 0.0143, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:06:34] Epoch: [273][000/521] Time 0.69 (0.69) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.239 (0.239) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:06:58] Epoch: [273][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.173 (0.255) Prec@1 94.79 (94.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-01:07:21] Epoch: [273][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:07:45] Epoch: [273][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.256) Prec@1 94.79 (94.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:08:10] Epoch: [273][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.256) Prec@1 96.88 (94.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:08:33] Epoch: [273][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.261) Prec@1 91.67 (94.30) Prec@5 98.96 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:08:38] Epoch: [273][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.261) Prec@1 97.50 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:08:38] **train** Prec@1 94.29 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.71 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.261 - test [2019-04-01-01:08:39] Epoch: [273][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.107 (0.107) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:08:43] Epoch: [273][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.109 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (94.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-01:08:43] Epoch: [273][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.085 (0.189) Prec@1 93.75 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) -[2019-04-01-01:08:43] **test** Prec@1 94.34 Prec@5 99.80 Error@1 5.66 Error@5 0.20 Loss:0.189 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:08:43] [Epoch=274/600] [Need: 11:47:30] LR=0.0142 ~ 0.0142, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:08:44] Epoch: [274][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.226 (0.226) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:09:08] Epoch: [274][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.409 (0.244) Prec@1 90.62 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:09:31] Epoch: [274][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.254) Prec@1 97.92 (94.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:09:55] Epoch: [274][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.260) Prec@1 93.75 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:10:19] Epoch: [274][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.217 (0.255) Prec@1 93.75 (94.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:10:43] Epoch: [274][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.263) Prec@1 93.75 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:10:47] Epoch: [274][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.266 (0.264) Prec@1 92.50 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:10:48] **train** Prec@1 94.26 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.74 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.264 - test [2019-04-01-01:10:48] Epoch: [274][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:10:52] Epoch: [274][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.189) Prec@1 97.92 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-01:10:52] Epoch: [274][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.189) Prec@1 100.00 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-01:10:52] **test** Prec@1 94.33 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.67 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.189 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:10:52] [Epoch=275/600] [Need: 11:40:19] LR=0.0142 ~ 0.0142, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:10:53] Epoch: [275][000/521] Time 0.69 (0.69) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.158 (0.158) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:11:18] Epoch: [275][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.262) Prec@1 95.83 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:11:41] Epoch: [275][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.258) Prec@1 97.92 (94.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:12:05] Epoch: [275][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.253) Prec@1 97.92 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:12:29] Epoch: [275][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.255) Prec@1 95.83 (94.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:12:53] Epoch: [275][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.257) Prec@1 93.75 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:12:58] Epoch: [275][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.258) Prec@1 96.25 (94.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:12:58] **train** Prec@1 94.32 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.68 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.258 - test [2019-04-01-01:12:58] Epoch: [275][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:13:02] Epoch: [275][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.193) Prec@1 96.88 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-01:13:02] Epoch: [275][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.194) Prec@1 100.00 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-01:13:03] **test** Prec@1 94.13 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.87 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.194 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:13:03] [Epoch=276/600] [Need: 11:43:29] LR=0.0141 ~ 0.0141, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:13:03] Epoch: [276][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.274 (0.274) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:13:27] Epoch: [276][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.247) Prec@1 91.67 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-01:13:51] Epoch: [276][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.250) Prec@1 96.88 (94.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-01:14:15] Epoch: [276][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.249) Prec@1 95.83 (94.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:14:39] Epoch: [276][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.266 (0.256) Prec@1 93.75 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:15:03] Epoch: [276][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.257) Prec@1 92.71 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:15:07] Epoch: [276][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.257) Prec@1 95.00 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:15:08] **train** Prec@1 94.30 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.70 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.257 - test [2019-04-01-01:15:08] Epoch: [276][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.206 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:15:12] Epoch: [276][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (94.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-01:15:12] Epoch: [276][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.185) Prec@1 100.00 (94.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:15:12] **test** Prec@1 94.45 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.55 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.185 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:15:13] [Epoch=277/600] [Need: 11:39:08] LR=0.0140 ~ 0.0140, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:15:13] Epoch: [277][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.280 (0.280) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:15:37] Epoch: [277][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.162 (0.250) Prec@1 95.83 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:16:01] Epoch: [277][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.253) Prec@1 95.83 (94.42) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:16:24] Epoch: [277][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.254) Prec@1 97.92 (94.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:16:48] Epoch: [277][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.257) Prec@1 94.79 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:17:12] Epoch: [277][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.261) Prec@1 94.79 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:17:17] Epoch: [277][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.262) Prec@1 97.50 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-01:17:17] **train** Prec@1 94.30 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.70 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.262 - test [2019-04-01-01:17:17] Epoch: [277][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.154 (0.154) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:17:21] Epoch: [277][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.208) Prec@1 95.83 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-01:17:21] Epoch: [277][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.209) Prec@1 100.00 (94.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-01:17:22] **test** Prec@1 94.06 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.94 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.209 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:17:22] [Epoch=278/600] [Need: 11:33:09] LR=0.0140 ~ 0.0140, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:17:22] Epoch: [278][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:17:46] Epoch: [278][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.271) Prec@1 94.79 (94.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:18:10] Epoch: [278][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-01:18:34] Epoch: [278][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.255) Prec@1 95.83 (94.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:18:58] Epoch: [278][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.359 (0.258) Prec@1 90.62 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:19:22] Epoch: [278][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.469 (0.260) Prec@1 88.54 (94.25) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:19:26] Epoch: [278][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.356 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:19:26] **train** Prec@1 94.27 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.73 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.261 - test [2019-04-01-01:19:27] Epoch: [278][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:19:31] Epoch: [278][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.212) Prec@1 98.96 (94.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-01:19:31] Epoch: [278][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.211) Prec@1 93.75 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-01:19:31] **test** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.211 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:19:31] [Epoch=279/600] [Need: 11:33:43] LR=0.0139 ~ 0.0139, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:19:32] Epoch: [279][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:19:56] Epoch: [279][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.240) Prec@1 97.92 (94.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:20:20] Epoch: [279][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.257) Prec@1 91.67 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:20:43] Epoch: [279][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.257) Prec@1 94.79 (94.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:21:07] Epoch: [279][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.258) Prec@1 94.79 (94.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:21:31] Epoch: [279][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:21:36] Epoch: [279][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:21:36] **train** Prec@1 94.13 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.87 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.261 - test [2019-04-01-01:21:37] Epoch: [279][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:21:41] Epoch: [279][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.082 (0.211) Prec@1 95.83 (93.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-01:21:41] Epoch: [279][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.103 (0.212) Prec@1 93.75 (93.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:21:41] **test** Prec@1 93.79 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 6.21 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.212 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:21:41] [Epoch=280/600] [Need: 11:32:30] LR=0.0139 ~ 0.0139, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:21:42] Epoch: [280][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.192 (0.192) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:22:06] Epoch: [280][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.262) Prec@1 92.71 (94.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:22:30] Epoch: [280][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.258) Prec@1 94.79 (94.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:22:54] Epoch: [280][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.407 (0.256) Prec@1 90.62 (94.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:23:18] Epoch: [280][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.255) Prec@1 97.92 (94.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:23:42] Epoch: [280][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.427 (0.257) Prec@1 88.54 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:23:46] Epoch: [280][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.257) Prec@1 92.50 (94.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-01:23:47] **train** Prec@1 94.24 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.76 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.257 - test [2019-04-01-01:23:47] Epoch: [280][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.172 (0.172) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:23:51] Epoch: [280][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.037 (0.207) Prec@1 97.92 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-01:23:51] Epoch: [280][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.006 (0.208) Prec@1 100.00 (93.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-01:23:51] **test** Prec@1 93.96 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 6.04 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.208 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:23:52] [Epoch=281/600] [Need: 11:33:08] LR=0.0138 ~ 0.0138, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:23:52] Epoch: [281][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.191 (0.191) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:24:16] Epoch: [281][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.273 (0.262) Prec@1 91.67 (94.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:24:40] Epoch: [281][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.262) Prec@1 95.83 (94.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:25:04] Epoch: [281][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.291 (0.259) Prec@1 93.75 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:25:28] Epoch: [281][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:25:51] Epoch: [281][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.289 (0.262) Prec@1 90.62 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:25:56] Epoch: [281][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.262) Prec@1 93.75 (94.09) Prec@5 98.75 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:25:56] **train** Prec@1 94.09 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.91 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.262 - test [2019-04-01-01:25:57] Epoch: [281][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.138 (0.138) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:26:01] Epoch: [281][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.196) Prec@1 96.88 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-01:26:01] Epoch: [281][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.196) Prec@1 100.00 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-01:26:01] **test** Prec@1 94.21 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.79 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:26:01] [Epoch=282/600] [Need: 11:26:51] LR=0.0137 ~ 0.0137, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:26:02] Epoch: [282][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:26:26] Epoch: [282][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.291 (0.250) Prec@1 93.75 (94.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:26:49] Epoch: [282][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.172 (0.256) Prec@1 96.88 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:27:13] Epoch: [282][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.253) Prec@1 93.75 (94.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:27:37] Epoch: [282][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.256) Prec@1 91.67 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:28:01] Epoch: [282][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.256) Prec@1 92.71 (94.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:28:06] Epoch: [282][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.257) Prec@1 92.50 (94.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:28:06] **train** Prec@1 94.28 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.72 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.257 - test [2019-04-01-01:28:06] Epoch: [282][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.202 (0.202) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:28:10] Epoch: [282][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.204) Prec@1 95.83 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-01:28:10] Epoch: [282][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.203) Prec@1 93.75 (93.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-01:28:11] **test** Prec@1 93.92 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 6.08 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.203 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:28:11] [Epoch=283/600] [Need: 11:23:54] LR=0.0137 ~ 0.0137, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:28:11] Epoch: [283][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.184 (0.184) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:28:35] Epoch: [283][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.234 (0.260) Prec@1 94.79 (94.04) Prec@5 98.96 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-01:28:59] Epoch: [283][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.253) Prec@1 96.88 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:29:23] Epoch: [283][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.254) Prec@1 92.71 (94.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:29:47] Epoch: [283][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.253) Prec@1 98.96 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-01:30:10] Epoch: [283][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.322 (0.256) Prec@1 92.71 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:30:15] Epoch: [283][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.421 (0.257) Prec@1 92.50 (94.41) Prec@5 98.75 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:30:15] **train** Prec@1 94.41 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.59 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.257 - test [2019-04-01-01:30:16] Epoch: [283][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.188 (0.188) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:30:20] Epoch: [283][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.026 (0.198) Prec@1 98.96 (94.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-01:30:20] Epoch: [283][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.046 (0.198) Prec@1 100.00 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-01:30:20] **test** Prec@1 94.18 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.82 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.198 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:30:20] [Epoch=284/600] [Need: 11:21:51] LR=0.0136 ~ 0.0136, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:30:21] Epoch: [284][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:30:45] Epoch: [284][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.182 (0.240) Prec@1 96.88 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:31:08] Epoch: [284][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.419 (0.250) Prec@1 89.58 (94.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:31:32] Epoch: [284][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.256 (0.254) Prec@1 93.75 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:31:56] Epoch: [284][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.254) Prec@1 95.83 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:32:20] Epoch: [284][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.283 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:32:25] Epoch: [284][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.260) Prec@1 92.50 (94.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:32:25] **train** Prec@1 94.19 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.81 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.260 - test [2019-04-01-01:32:25] Epoch: [284][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.156 (0.156) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:32:29] Epoch: [284][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.177) Prec@1 97.92 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-01:32:29] Epoch: [284][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.176) Prec@1 100.00 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:32:30] **test** Prec@1 94.86 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.14 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.176 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=94.90, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=5.10, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:32:30] [Epoch=285/600] [Need: 11:20:00] LR=0.0135 ~ 0.0135, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:32:30] Epoch: [285][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.223 (0.223) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:32:54] Epoch: [285][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.244) Prec@1 92.71 (94.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:33:18] Epoch: [285][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.361 (0.250) Prec@1 91.67 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:33:41] Epoch: [285][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.325 (0.248) Prec@1 90.62 (94.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:34:05] Epoch: [285][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.152 (0.251) Prec@1 97.92 (94.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:34:29] Epoch: [285][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.250 (0.253) Prec@1 92.71 (94.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:34:34] Epoch: [285][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.252) Prec@1 92.50 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:34:34] **train** Prec@1 94.41 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.59 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.252 - test [2019-04-01-01:34:35] Epoch: [285][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:34:39] Epoch: [285][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.060 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-01:34:39] Epoch: [285][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.006 (0.173) Prec@1 100.00 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-01:34:39] **test** Prec@1 95.00 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.00 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:34:39] [Epoch=286/600] [Need: 11:16:53] LR=0.0135 ~ 0.0135, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:34:40] Epoch: [286][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:35:04] Epoch: [286][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.260) Prec@1 95.83 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:35:28] Epoch: [286][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.260) Prec@1 97.92 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:35:52] Epoch: [286][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.256) Prec@1 93.75 (94.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:36:16] Epoch: [286][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.259) Prec@1 93.75 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:36:40] Epoch: [286][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:36:44] Epoch: [286][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.259) Prec@1 96.25 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-01:36:44] **train** Prec@1 94.21 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.79 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.259 - test [2019-04-01-01:36:45] Epoch: [286][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.138 (0.138) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:36:49] Epoch: [286][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.225) Prec@1 96.88 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-01:36:49] Epoch: [286][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.225) Prec@1 100.00 (94.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-04-01-01:36:49] **test** Prec@1 94.15 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 5.85 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.225 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:36:49] [Epoch=287/600] [Need: 11:19:31] LR=0.0134 ~ 0.0134, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:36:50] Epoch: [287][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.224 (0.224) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:37:14] Epoch: [287][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.280 (0.229) Prec@1 94.79 (95.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:37:37] Epoch: [287][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.241) Prec@1 96.88 (94.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:38:01] Epoch: [287][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.245) Prec@1 94.79 (94.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:38:25] Epoch: [287][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.244) Prec@1 91.67 (94.56) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:38:49] Epoch: [287][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.470 (0.247) Prec@1 89.58 (94.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:38:53] Epoch: [287][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.249) Prec@1 92.50 (94.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:38:53] **train** Prec@1 94.45 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.55 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.249 - test [2019-04-01-01:38:54] Epoch: [287][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:38:58] Epoch: [287][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.194 (0.217) Prec@1 95.83 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-01:38:58] Epoch: [287][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.131 (0.217) Prec@1 93.75 (93.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-04-01-01:38:58] **test** Prec@1 93.86 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 6.14 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:38:59] [Epoch=288/600] [Need: 11:12:05] LR=0.0133 ~ 0.0133, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:38:59] Epoch: [288][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.179 (0.179) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:39:23] Epoch: [288][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.246 (0.253) Prec@1 94.79 (94.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:39:47] Epoch: [288][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.248) Prec@1 95.83 (94.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:40:11] Epoch: [288][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.162 (0.250) Prec@1 96.88 (94.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:40:34] Epoch: [288][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.367 (0.253) Prec@1 92.71 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:40:58] Epoch: [288][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.459 (0.254) Prec@1 91.67 (94.34) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:41:03] Epoch: [288][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.254) Prec@1 97.50 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-01:41:03] **train** Prec@1 94.34 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.66 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.254 - test [2019-04-01-01:41:03] Epoch: [288][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.193 (0.193) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:41:07] Epoch: [288][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.218) Prec@1 95.83 (93.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-01:41:07] Epoch: [288][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.218) Prec@1 93.75 (93.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-01:41:08] **test** Prec@1 93.60 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.40 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.218 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:41:08] [Epoch=289/600] [Need: 11:09:50] LR=0.0133 ~ 0.0133, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:41:08] Epoch: [289][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.279 (0.279) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:41:32] Epoch: [289][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.252) Prec@1 95.83 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:41:56] Epoch: [289][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.249) Prec@1 94.79 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:42:20] Epoch: [289][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.249) Prec@1 98.96 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:42:43] Epoch: [289][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.248) Prec@1 94.79 (94.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:43:07] Epoch: [289][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.309 (0.249) Prec@1 93.75 (94.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:43:12] Epoch: [289][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.248) Prec@1 92.50 (94.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-01:43:12] **train** Prec@1 94.56 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.44 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.248 - test [2019-04-01-01:43:13] Epoch: [289][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.134 (0.134) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:43:17] Epoch: [289][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.184) Prec@1 97.92 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-01:43:17] Epoch: [289][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.184) Prec@1 100.00 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-01:43:17] **test** Prec@1 94.99 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.01 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.184 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:43:17] [Epoch=290/600] [Need: 11:07:49] LR=0.0132 ~ 0.0132, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:43:18] Epoch: [290][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.288 (0.288) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:43:41] Epoch: [290][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.268 (0.243) Prec@1 94.79 (94.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-01:44:05] Epoch: [290][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.241) Prec@1 97.92 (94.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:44:29] Epoch: [290][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.391 (0.245) Prec@1 90.62 (94.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:44:53] Epoch: [290][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.241) Prec@1 94.79 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:45:16] Epoch: [290][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.244) Prec@1 96.88 (94.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:45:21] Epoch: [290][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.244) Prec@1 97.50 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-01:45:21] **train** Prec@1 94.66 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.34 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.244 - test [2019-04-01-01:45:22] Epoch: [290][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.135 (0.135) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:45:26] Epoch: [290][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.202) Prec@1 97.92 (94.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-01:45:26] Epoch: [290][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.371 (0.204) Prec@1 81.25 (94.39) Prec@5 93.75 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-01:45:26] **test** Prec@1 94.39 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.61 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.204 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:45:26] [Epoch=291/600] [Need: 11:04:14] LR=0.0131 ~ 0.0131, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:45:27] Epoch: [291][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.161 (0.161) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:45:50] Epoch: [291][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.245) Prec@1 92.71 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-01:46:14] Epoch: [291][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (94.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:46:38] Epoch: [291][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.247) Prec@1 94.79 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:47:02] Epoch: [291][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.122 (0.247) Prec@1 97.92 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:47:26] Epoch: [291][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.301 (0.247) Prec@1 91.67 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:47:31] Epoch: [291][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.248) Prec@1 98.75 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-01:47:31] **train** Prec@1 94.64 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.36 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.248 - test [2019-04-01-01:47:31] Epoch: [291][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.237 (0.237) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:47:35] Epoch: [291][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.206) Prec@1 98.96 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-01:47:35] Epoch: [291][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (94.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-01:47:36] **test** Prec@1 94.11 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.89 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.206 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:47:36] [Epoch=292/600] [Need: 11:05:49] LR=0.0131 ~ 0.0131, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:47:36] Epoch: [292][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:48:00] Epoch: [292][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.316 (0.251) Prec@1 96.88 (94.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:48:24] Epoch: [292][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.247) Prec@1 95.83 (94.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:48:48] Epoch: [292][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.245) Prec@1 92.71 (94.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:49:12] Epoch: [292][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.363 (0.250) Prec@1 92.71 (94.36) Prec@5 98.96 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:49:36] Epoch: [292][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.175 (0.250) Prec@1 95.83 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:49:40] Epoch: [292][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.339 (0.251) Prec@1 91.25 (94.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:49:41] **train** Prec@1 94.37 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.63 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.251 - test [2019-04-01-01:49:41] Epoch: [292][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.301 (0.301) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - test [2019-04-01-01:49:45] Epoch: [292][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.200) Prec@1 97.92 (93.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-01:49:45] Epoch: [292][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.200) Prec@1 93.75 (93.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-01:49:45] **test** Prec@1 93.89 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.11 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.200 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:49:46] [Epoch=293/600] [Need: 11:04:20] LR=0.0130 ~ 0.0130, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:49:46] Epoch: [293][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.245 (0.245) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:50:10] Epoch: [293][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.246) Prec@1 96.88 (94.37) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:50:33] Epoch: [293][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.253) Prec@1 94.79 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:50:57] Epoch: [293][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.247) Prec@1 94.79 (94.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:51:21] Epoch: [293][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.250) Prec@1 96.88 (94.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:51:44] Epoch: [293][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.250) Prec@1 96.88 (94.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:51:49] Epoch: [293][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.176 (0.250) Prec@1 97.50 (94.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:51:49] **train** Prec@1 94.41 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.59 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.250 - test [2019-04-01-01:51:50] Epoch: [293][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.292 (0.292) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:51:54] Epoch: [293][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.028 (0.192) Prec@1 98.96 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-01:51:54] Epoch: [293][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.042 (0.192) Prec@1 100.00 (94.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-01:51:54] **test** Prec@1 94.43 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.57 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.192 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:51:54] [Epoch=294/600] [Need: 10:56:27] LR=0.0129 ~ 0.0129, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:51:55] Epoch: [294][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:52:19] Epoch: [294][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-01:52:42] Epoch: [294][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.236) Prec@1 90.62 (94.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-01:53:06] Epoch: [294][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.236) Prec@1 90.62 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:53:30] Epoch: [294][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.242) Prec@1 94.79 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:53:54] Epoch: [294][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.373 (0.246) Prec@1 93.75 (94.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:53:59] Epoch: [294][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.243 (0.245) Prec@1 95.00 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:53:59] **train** Prec@1 94.68 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.32 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.245 - test [2019-04-01-01:53:59] Epoch: [294][000/105] Time 0.58 (0.58) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.247 (0.247) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:54:03] Epoch: [294][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.199) Prec@1 97.92 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-01:54:04] Epoch: [294][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.088 (0.198) Prec@1 100.00 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-01:54:04] **test** Prec@1 94.14 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.86 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.198 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:54:04] [Epoch=295/600] [Need: 10:58:33] LR=0.0129 ~ 0.0129, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:54:05] Epoch: [295][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.209 (0.209) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:54:28] Epoch: [295][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.203 (0.241) Prec@1 93.75 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:54:52] Epoch: [295][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.243) Prec@1 95.83 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-01:55:16] Epoch: [295][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.238) Prec@1 93.75 (94.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:55:39] Epoch: [295][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.313 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:56:03] Epoch: [295][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.333 (0.243) Prec@1 93.75 (94.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:56:07] Epoch: [295][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.387 (0.244) Prec@1 91.25 (94.68) Prec@5 98.75 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-01:56:07] **train** Prec@1 94.68 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.32 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.244 - test [2019-04-01-01:56:08] Epoch: [295][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.168 (0.168) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:56:12] Epoch: [295][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.195) Prec@1 97.92 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-01:56:12] Epoch: [295][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.195) Prec@1 100.00 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-01:56:12] **test** Prec@1 94.21 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 5.79 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.195 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:56:12] [Epoch=296/600] [Need: 10:51:06] LR=0.0128 ~ 0.0128, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:56:13] Epoch: [296][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.225 (0.225) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:56:37] Epoch: [296][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.220 (0.243) Prec@1 97.92 (94.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-01:57:00] Epoch: [296][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.243) Prec@1 97.92 (94.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:57:23] Epoch: [296][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.385 (0.246) Prec@1 92.71 (94.56) Prec@5 97.92 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:57:47] Epoch: [296][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.245) Prec@1 92.71 (94.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:58:10] Epoch: [296][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.248) Prec@1 97.92 (94.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-01:58:15] Epoch: [296][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.250) Prec@1 95.00 (94.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-01:58:15] **train** Prec@1 94.45 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.55 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.250 - test [2019-04-01-01:58:16] Epoch: [296][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.271 (0.271) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-01:58:20] Epoch: [296][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.200) Prec@1 96.88 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-01:58:20] Epoch: [296][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.199) Prec@1 100.00 (94.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-01:58:20] **test** Prec@1 94.14 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.86 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.199 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-01:58:20] [Epoch=297/600] [Need: 10:45:28] LR=0.0127 ~ 0.0127, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-01:58:21] Epoch: [297][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.369 (0.369) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-01:58:44] Epoch: [297][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.298 (0.247) Prec@1 92.71 (94.61) Prec@5 98.96 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:59:08] Epoch: [297][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.332 (0.256) Prec@1 93.75 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-01:59:32] Epoch: [297][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.285 (0.253) Prec@1 91.67 (94.41) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-01:59:55] Epoch: [297][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.252) Prec@1 97.92 (94.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:00:19] Epoch: [297][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.416 (0.251) Prec@1 90.62 (94.39) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:00:24] Epoch: [297][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.410 (0.251) Prec@1 92.50 (94.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:00:24] **train** Prec@1 94.42 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.58 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.251 - test [2019-04-01-02:00:24] Epoch: [297][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.225 (0.225) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:00:28] Epoch: [297][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.092 (0.205) Prec@1 97.92 (94.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-02:00:29] Epoch: [297][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.207) Prec@1 100.00 (94.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-02:00:29] **test** Prec@1 94.17 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 5.83 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.207 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.00, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=5.00, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:00:29] [Epoch=298/600] [Need: 10:47:35] LR=0.0127 ~ 0.0127, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:00:30] Epoch: [298][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.313 (0.313) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:00:53] Epoch: [298][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.299 (0.234) Prec@1 94.79 (94.92) Prec@5 98.96 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:01:17] Epoch: [298][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.233) Prec@1 94.79 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:01:41] Epoch: [298][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.364 (0.232) Prec@1 91.67 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:02:04] Epoch: [298][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.235) Prec@1 95.83 (94.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:02:28] Epoch: [298][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.239) Prec@1 95.83 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:02:33] Epoch: [298][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.240) Prec@1 96.25 (94.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:02:33] **train** Prec@1 94.69 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.31 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.240 - test [2019-04-01-02:02:33] Epoch: [298][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.172 (0.172) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:02:38] Epoch: [298][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.170) Prec@1 93.75 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-02:02:38] Epoch: [298][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.171) Prec@1 87.50 (95.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-02:02:38] **test** Prec@1 95.03 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.97 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:02:38] [Epoch=299/600] [Need: 10:48:18] LR=0.0126 ~ 0.0126, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:02:39] Epoch: [299][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.231 (0.231) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:03:03] Epoch: [299][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.236) Prec@1 94.79 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:03:27] Epoch: [299][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.241) Prec@1 96.88 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:03:50] Epoch: [299][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.237) Prec@1 96.88 (94.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:04:14] Epoch: [299][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.238) Prec@1 94.79 (94.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:04:38] Epoch: [299][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.242) Prec@1 100.00 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:04:42] Epoch: [299][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.243) Prec@1 97.50 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:04:43] **train** Prec@1 94.68 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.32 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.243 - test [2019-04-01-02:04:43] Epoch: [299][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.164 (0.164) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:04:47] Epoch: [299][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.088 (0.180) Prec@1 94.79 (94.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-04-01-02:04:47] Epoch: [299][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.179) Prec@1 100.00 (94.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-04-01-02:04:47] **test** Prec@1 94.80 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 5.20 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.179 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:04:48] [Epoch=300/600] [Need: 10:48:09] LR=0.0126 ~ 0.0126, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:04:48] Epoch: [300][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.280 (0.280) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:05:12] Epoch: [300][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.228) Prec@1 97.92 (95.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:05:36] Epoch: [300][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.238) Prec@1 95.83 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:06:00] Epoch: [300][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.323 (0.238) Prec@1 91.67 (94.84) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:06:24] Epoch: [300][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.397 (0.241) Prec@1 92.71 (94.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:06:48] Epoch: [300][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.244) Prec@1 95.83 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:06:53] Epoch: [300][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.261 (0.244) Prec@1 93.75 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:06:53] **train** Prec@1 94.66 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.34 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.244 - test [2019-04-01-02:06:53] Epoch: [300][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.235 (0.235) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:06:57] Epoch: [300][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.202) Prec@1 95.83 (94.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-02:06:57] Epoch: [300][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.201) Prec@1 100.00 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-02:06:57] **test** Prec@1 94.20 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.80 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.201 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:06:58] [Epoch=301/600] [Need: 10:47:51] LR=0.0125 ~ 0.0125, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:06:58] Epoch: [301][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.132 (0.132) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:07:22] Epoch: [301][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.225) Prec@1 92.71 (95.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:07:46] Epoch: [301][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.235) Prec@1 96.88 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:08:10] Epoch: [301][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.235) Prec@1 92.71 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:08:34] Epoch: [301][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.234) Prec@1 97.92 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:08:57] Epoch: [301][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.237) Prec@1 96.88 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:09:02] Epoch: [301][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.236) Prec@1 95.00 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:09:02] **train** Prec@1 94.81 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.19 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.236 - test [2019-04-01-02:09:03] Epoch: [301][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.102 (0.102) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:09:07] Epoch: [301][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.190) Prec@1 97.92 (94.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-02:09:07] Epoch: [301][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.190) Prec@1 93.75 (94.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-02:09:07] **test** Prec@1 94.36 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 5.64 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.190 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:09:07] [Epoch=302/600] [Need: 10:42:16] LR=0.0124 ~ 0.0124, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:09:08] Epoch: [302][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.387 (0.387) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:09:31] Epoch: [302][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.344 (0.237) Prec@1 89.58 (94.83) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:09:55] Epoch: [302][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.256 (0.237) Prec@1 92.71 (94.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:10:19] Epoch: [302][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.233) Prec@1 95.83 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:10:43] Epoch: [302][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.368 (0.235) Prec@1 93.75 (94.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:11:07] Epoch: [302][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.334 (0.237) Prec@1 92.71 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:11:12] Epoch: [302][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.238) Prec@1 96.25 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:11:12] **train** Prec@1 94.77 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.23 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.238 - test [2019-04-01-02:11:12] Epoch: [302][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:11:16] Epoch: [302][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.064 (0.188) Prec@1 97.92 (94.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-02:11:16] Epoch: [302][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.187) Prec@1 93.75 (94.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-02:11:17] **test** Prec@1 94.76 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.24 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.187 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:11:17] [Epoch=303/600] [Need: 10:42:25] LR=0.0124 ~ 0.0124, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:11:17] Epoch: [303][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.342 (0.342) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:11:41] Epoch: [303][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.239) Prec@1 95.83 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:12:05] Epoch: [303][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.244) Prec@1 96.88 (94.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:12:29] Epoch: [303][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.243) Prec@1 94.79 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:12:52] Epoch: [303][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.239) Prec@1 96.88 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:13:16] Epoch: [303][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.302 (0.244) Prec@1 93.75 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:13:21] Epoch: [303][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.244) Prec@1 97.50 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:13:21] **train** Prec@1 94.68 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.32 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.244 - test [2019-04-01-02:13:21] Epoch: [303][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.213 (0.213) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:13:25] Epoch: [303][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.177) Prec@1 96.88 (94.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-02:13:26] Epoch: [303][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.178) Prec@1 87.50 (94.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-02:13:26] **test** Prec@1 94.57 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 5.43 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.178 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:13:26] [Epoch=304/600] [Need: 10:36:54] LR=0.0123 ~ 0.0123, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:13:27] Epoch: [304][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:13:50] Epoch: [304][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.170 (0.241) Prec@1 94.79 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:14:14] Epoch: [304][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.239) Prec@1 94.79 (94.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:14:38] Epoch: [304][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.235) Prec@1 95.83 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:15:02] Epoch: [304][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.238) Prec@1 94.79 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:15:26] Epoch: [304][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.240) Prec@1 96.88 (94.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:15:30] Epoch: [304][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.241) Prec@1 98.75 (94.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:15:30] **train** Prec@1 94.80 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.20 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.241 - test [2019-04-01-02:15:31] Epoch: [304][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.207 (0.207) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:15:35] Epoch: [304][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.249) Prec@1 96.88 (93.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.77) - test [2019-04-01-02:15:35] Epoch: [304][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.426 (0.249) Prec@1 87.50 (93.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.78) -[2019-04-01-02:15:35] **test** Prec@1 93.31 Prec@5 99.78 Error@1 6.69 Error@5 0.22 Loss:0.249 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:15:35] [Epoch=305/600] [Need: 10:36:39] LR=0.0122 ~ 0.0122, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:15:36] Epoch: [305][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.197 (0.197) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:16:00] Epoch: [305][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:16:24] Epoch: [305][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.236) Prec@1 96.88 (95.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:16:48] Epoch: [305][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.233) Prec@1 90.62 (95.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:17:12] Epoch: [305][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.233) Prec@1 95.83 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:17:36] Epoch: [305][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.440 (0.233) Prec@1 92.71 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:17:40] Epoch: [305][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.233) Prec@1 97.50 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:17:40] **train** Prec@1 95.01 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.99 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.233 - test [2019-04-01-02:17:41] Epoch: [305][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.304 (0.304) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:17:45] Epoch: [305][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.226) Prec@1 97.92 (94.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-02:17:45] Epoch: [305][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (94.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-02:17:45] **test** Prec@1 94.10 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.90 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.227 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.03, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.97, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:17:45] [Epoch=306/600] [Need: 10:36:44] LR=0.0122 ~ 0.0122, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:17:46] Epoch: [306][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.380 (0.380) Prec@1 88.54 (88.54) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:18:10] Epoch: [306][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.217 (0.232) Prec@1 95.83 (94.94) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:18:34] Epoch: [306][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.237) Prec@1 96.88 (94.94) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:18:57] Epoch: [306][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (94.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:19:21] Epoch: [306][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.239) Prec@1 98.96 (94.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:19:45] Epoch: [306][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.241) Prec@1 96.88 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:19:50] Epoch: [306][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.242) Prec@1 100.00 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:19:50] **train** Prec@1 94.72 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.28 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.242 - test [2019-04-01-02:19:50] Epoch: [306][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:19:54] Epoch: [306][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.172) Prec@1 94.79 (95.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-02:19:54] Epoch: [306][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.170) Prec@1 100.00 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:19:55] **test** Prec@1 95.25 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.75 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.170 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:19:55] [Epoch=307/600] [Need: 10:32:08] LR=0.0121 ~ 0.0121, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:19:56] Epoch: [307][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.259 (0.259) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:20:19] Epoch: [307][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.154 (0.223) Prec@1 96.88 (95.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:20:43] Epoch: [307][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.239) Prec@1 97.92 (94.63) Prec@5 98.96 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:21:07] Epoch: [307][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.239) Prec@1 95.83 (94.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:21:31] Epoch: [307][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.241) Prec@1 96.88 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:21:55] Epoch: [307][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.276 (0.240) Prec@1 91.67 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:21:59] Epoch: [307][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.241) Prec@1 100.00 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:21:59] **train** Prec@1 94.70 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.30 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.241 - test [2019-04-01-02:22:00] Epoch: [307][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:22:04] Epoch: [307][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.183) Prec@1 98.96 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-02:22:04] Epoch: [307][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.024 (0.183) Prec@1 100.00 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:22:04] **test** Prec@1 94.67 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.33 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.183 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:22:04] [Epoch=308/600] [Need: 10:30:51] LR=0.0120 ~ 0.0120, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:22:05] Epoch: [308][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.250 (0.250) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:22:29] Epoch: [308][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.206 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (95.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:22:53] Epoch: [308][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.231) Prec@1 93.75 (95.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:23:16] Epoch: [308][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.234) Prec@1 97.92 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:23:40] Epoch: [308][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.290 (0.239) Prec@1 92.71 (94.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:24:04] Epoch: [308][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.204 (0.240) Prec@1 95.83 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:24:08] Epoch: [308][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.239) Prec@1 93.75 (94.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:24:09] **train** Prec@1 94.83 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.17 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.239 - test [2019-04-01-02:24:09] Epoch: [308][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.185 (0.185) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:24:13] Epoch: [308][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.076 (0.176) Prec@1 97.92 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-02:24:13] Epoch: [308][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.348 (0.176) Prec@1 93.75 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:24:13] **test** Prec@1 94.95 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.05 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.176 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:24:14] [Epoch=309/600] [Need: 10:26:53] LR=0.0120 ~ 0.0120, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:24:14] Epoch: [309][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.241 (0.241) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:24:38] Epoch: [309][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.308 (0.236) Prec@1 93.75 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:25:02] Epoch: [309][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.239) Prec@1 94.79 (94.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:25:26] Epoch: [309][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.237) Prec@1 94.79 (94.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:25:49] Epoch: [309][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.240) Prec@1 95.83 (94.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:26:13] Epoch: [309][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.281 (0.241) Prec@1 95.83 (94.66) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:26:18] Epoch: [309][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.208 (0.240) Prec@1 96.25 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:26:18] **train** Prec@1 94.70 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.30 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.240 - test [2019-04-01-02:26:18] Epoch: [309][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.129 (0.129) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:26:22] Epoch: [309][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.175) Prec@1 98.96 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-02:26:23] Epoch: [309][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.015 (0.174) Prec@1 100.00 (94.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-02:26:23] **test** Prec@1 94.93 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.07 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:26:23] [Epoch=310/600] [Need: 10:24:21] LR=0.0119 ~ 0.0119, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:26:23] Epoch: [310][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:26:47] Epoch: [310][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (94.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:27:11] Epoch: [310][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.238) Prec@1 98.96 (94.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:27:34] Epoch: [310][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.232) Prec@1 89.58 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:27:58] Epoch: [310][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.237) Prec@1 94.79 (94.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:28:22] Epoch: [310][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.240) Prec@1 95.83 (94.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:28:27] Epoch: [310][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.240) Prec@1 98.75 (94.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:28:27] **train** Prec@1 94.80 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.20 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.240 - test [2019-04-01-02:28:27] Epoch: [310][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.058 (0.058) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:28:31] Epoch: [310][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.182) Prec@1 96.88 (94.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-02:28:31] Epoch: [310][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.181) Prec@1 93.75 (94.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-02:28:32] **test** Prec@1 94.58 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.42 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.181 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:28:32] [Epoch=311/600] [Need: 10:20:49] LR=0.0118 ~ 0.0118, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:28:32] Epoch: [311][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.205 (0.205) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:28:56] Epoch: [311][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.223) Prec@1 97.92 (95.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:29:20] Epoch: [311][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.228) Prec@1 97.92 (95.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:29:43] Epoch: [311][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.226) Prec@1 92.71 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:30:07] Epoch: [311][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.229) Prec@1 94.79 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:30:31] Epoch: [311][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.231) Prec@1 94.79 (94.99) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:30:36] Epoch: [311][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.231) Prec@1 95.00 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:30:36] **train** Prec@1 94.95 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.05 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.231 - test [2019-04-01-02:30:36] Epoch: [311][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.137 (0.137) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:30:40] Epoch: [311][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.030 (0.176) Prec@1 97.92 (94.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-02:30:40] Epoch: [311][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.175 (0.175) Prec@1 93.75 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:30:41] **test** Prec@1 94.87 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.13 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:30:41] [Epoch=312/600] [Need: 10:19:26] LR=0.0118 ~ 0.0118, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:30:41] Epoch: [312][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.194 (0.194) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:31:05] Epoch: [312][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.214) Prec@1 95.83 (95.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:31:29] Epoch: [312][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:31:53] Epoch: [312][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.217 (0.223) Prec@1 96.88 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:32:16] Epoch: [312][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.225) Prec@1 95.83 (95.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:32:41] Epoch: [312][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:32:45] Epoch: [312][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.259 (0.230) Prec@1 96.25 (94.91) Prec@5 98.75 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:32:46] **train** Prec@1 94.91 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.09 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.230 - test [2019-04-01-02:32:46] Epoch: [312][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.199 (0.199) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:32:50] Epoch: [312][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.195) Prec@1 95.83 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-02:32:50] Epoch: [312][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.194) Prec@1 93.75 (94.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-02:32:50] **test** Prec@1 94.27 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.73 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.194 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.25, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.75, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:32:51] [Epoch=313/600] [Need: 10:20:55] LR=0.0117 ~ 0.0117, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:32:51] Epoch: [313][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.275 (0.275) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:33:15] Epoch: [313][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.112 (0.224) Prec@1 98.96 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:33:39] Epoch: [313][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.299 (0.229) Prec@1 94.79 (94.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:34:03] Epoch: [313][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (94.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:34:26] Epoch: [313][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.232) Prec@1 96.88 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:34:50] Epoch: [313][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.235) Prec@1 94.79 (94.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:34:55] Epoch: [313][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.250 (0.234) Prec@1 95.00 (94.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:34:55] **train** Prec@1 94.93 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.07 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.234 - test [2019-04-01-02:34:55] Epoch: [313][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.173 (0.173) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:35:00] Epoch: [313][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.082 (0.159) Prec@1 96.88 (95.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-02:35:00] Epoch: [313][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.053 (0.158) Prec@1 93.75 (95.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-02:35:00] **test** Prec@1 95.38 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.62 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:35:00] [Epoch=314/600] [Need: 10:17:08] LR=0.0116 ~ 0.0116, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:35:01] Epoch: [314][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.451 (0.451) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:35:24] Epoch: [314][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.325 (0.234) Prec@1 89.58 (94.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:35:48] Epoch: [314][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.228) Prec@1 95.83 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:36:12] Epoch: [314][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.217 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (94.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:36:36] Epoch: [314][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:36:59] Epoch: [314][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:37:04] Epoch: [314][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.230) Prec@1 97.50 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-02:37:04] **train** Prec@1 94.91 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 5.09 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.230 - test [2019-04-01-02:37:04] Epoch: [314][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.200 (0.200) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:37:08] Epoch: [314][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.188) Prec@1 98.96 (94.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.80) - test [2019-04-01-02:37:09] Epoch: [314][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.186) Prec@1 93.75 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) -[2019-04-01-02:37:09] **test** Prec@1 94.62 Prec@5 99.81 Error@1 5.38 Error@5 0.19 Loss:0.186 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:37:09] [Epoch=315/600] [Need: 10:11:52] LR=0.0116 ~ 0.0116, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:37:10] Epoch: [315][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.291 (0.291) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:37:33] Epoch: [315][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.193 (0.225) Prec@1 96.88 (95.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:37:57] Epoch: [315][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.235) Prec@1 96.88 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - train[2019-04-01-02:38:21] Epoch: [315][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.230) Prec@1 96.88 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:38:44] Epoch: [315][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.232) Prec@1 98.96 (95.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:39:08] Epoch: [315][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.230) Prec@1 97.92 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:39:13] Epoch: [315][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.231) Prec@1 96.25 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:39:13] **train** Prec@1 95.07 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.93 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.231 - test [2019-04-01-02:39:13] Epoch: [315][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.164 (0.164) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:39:18] Epoch: [315][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.184) Prec@1 96.88 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-02:39:18] Epoch: [315][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.184) Prec@1 93.75 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:39:18] **test** Prec@1 94.91 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.09 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.184 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:39:18] [Epoch=316/600] [Need: 10:11:13] LR=0.0115 ~ 0.0115, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:39:19] Epoch: [316][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.125 (0.125) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:39:43] Epoch: [316][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.153 (0.224) Prec@1 96.88 (95.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:40:06] Epoch: [316][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.278 (0.227) Prec@1 92.71 (94.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:40:30] Epoch: [316][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (94.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:40:54] Epoch: [316][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.232) Prec@1 92.71 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:41:18] Epoch: [316][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.234) Prec@1 94.79 (94.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:41:23] Epoch: [316][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.234) Prec@1 98.75 (94.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:41:23] **train** Prec@1 94.82 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.18 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.234 - test [2019-04-01-02:41:23] Epoch: [316][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.166 (0.166) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:41:27] Epoch: [316][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.188) Prec@1 97.92 (94.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-02:41:27] Epoch: [316][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.189) Prec@1 100.00 (94.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-02:41:28] **test** Prec@1 94.57 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.43 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.189 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:41:28] [Epoch=317/600] [Need: 10:12:22] LR=0.0114 ~ 0.0114, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:41:29] Epoch: [317][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.111 (0.111) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:41:52] Epoch: [317][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.153 (0.221) Prec@1 96.88 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:42:16] Epoch: [317][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.293 (0.224) Prec@1 92.71 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:42:40] Epoch: [317][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.227) Prec@1 96.88 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:43:04] Epoch: [317][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.225) Prec@1 91.67 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:43:27] Epoch: [317][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:43:32] Epoch: [317][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.228) Prec@1 98.75 (95.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:43:32] **train** Prec@1 95.02 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.98 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.228 - test [2019-04-01-02:43:33] Epoch: [317][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.269 (0.269) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:43:37] Epoch: [317][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (94.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-02:43:37] Epoch: [317][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.189) Prec@1 93.75 (94.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-02:43:37] **test** Prec@1 94.49 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.51 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.189 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:43:37] [Epoch=318/600] [Need: 10:08:01] LR=0.0114 ~ 0.0114, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:43:38] Epoch: [318][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:44:01] Epoch: [318][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.222 (0.218) Prec@1 97.92 (95.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:44:25] Epoch: [318][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.300 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (95.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:44:49] Epoch: [318][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.226) Prec@1 87.50 (95.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:45:13] Epoch: [318][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.229) Prec@1 96.88 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:45:36] Epoch: [318][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.231) Prec@1 91.67 (94.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:45:41] Epoch: [318][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.231) Prec@1 96.25 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:45:41] **train** Prec@1 94.97 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.03 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.231 - test [2019-04-01-02:45:42] Epoch: [318][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:45:46] Epoch: [318][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.186) Prec@1 97.92 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-02:45:46] Epoch: [318][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.188) Prec@1 100.00 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-02:45:46] **test** Prec@1 94.62 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.38 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:45:46] [Epoch=319/600] [Need: 10:03:34] LR=0.0113 ~ 0.0113, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:45:47] Epoch: [319][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.213 (0.213) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:46:11] Epoch: [319][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.254 (0.223) Prec@1 94.79 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:46:35] Epoch: [319][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.222) Prec@1 92.71 (95.17) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:46:58] Epoch: [319][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.221) Prec@1 96.88 (95.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:47:22] Epoch: [319][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.369 (0.228) Prec@1 90.62 (95.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:47:46] Epoch: [319][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.231) Prec@1 95.83 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:47:51] Epoch: [319][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.233) Prec@1 93.75 (94.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:47:51] **train** Prec@1 94.87 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.13 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.233 - test [2019-04-01-02:47:51] Epoch: [319][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.179 (0.179) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:47:55] Epoch: [319][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.194) Prec@1 96.88 (94.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-02:47:55] Epoch: [319][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.195) Prec@1 100.00 (94.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-02:47:55] **test** Prec@1 94.50 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.50 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.195 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:47:56] [Epoch=320/600] [Need: 10:04:29] LR=0.0112 ~ 0.0112, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:47:56] Epoch: [320][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.217 (0.217) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:48:20] Epoch: [320][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.252 (0.221) Prec@1 95.83 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:48:44] Epoch: [320][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.227) Prec@1 95.83 (95.32) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:49:08] Epoch: [320][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.224) Prec@1 98.96 (95.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:49:32] Epoch: [320][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.221) Prec@1 98.96 (95.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:49:56] Epoch: [320][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.225) Prec@1 92.71 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:50:01] Epoch: [320][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.225) Prec@1 97.50 (95.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:50:01] **train** Prec@1 95.27 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.73 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.225 - test [2019-04-01-02:50:01] Epoch: [320][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.073 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:50:05] Epoch: [320][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.167) Prec@1 96.88 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-02:50:05] Epoch: [320][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.168) Prec@1 100.00 (95.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:50:05] **test** Prec@1 95.27 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.73 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:50:06] [Epoch=321/600] [Need: 10:04:48] LR=0.0112 ~ 0.0112, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:50:06] Epoch: [321][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:50:30] Epoch: [321][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.271 (0.207) Prec@1 93.75 (95.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:50:54] Epoch: [321][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.224) Prec@1 97.92 (95.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:51:18] Epoch: [321][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.217) Prec@1 94.79 (95.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:51:42] Epoch: [321][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.220) Prec@1 96.88 (95.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:52:06] Epoch: [321][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.262 (0.224) Prec@1 92.71 (95.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:52:10] Epoch: [321][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.225) Prec@1 95.00 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:52:10] **train** Prec@1 95.20 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.80 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.225 - test [2019-04-01-02:52:11] Epoch: [321][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:52:15] Epoch: [321][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.119 (0.162) Prec@1 95.83 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-02:52:15] Epoch: [321][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:52:15] **test** Prec@1 95.20 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.80 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:52:15] [Epoch=322/600] [Need: 10:01:01] LR=0.0111 ~ 0.0111, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:52:16] Epoch: [322][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.214 (0.214) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:52:40] Epoch: [322][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.238 (0.212) Prec@1 94.79 (95.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:53:04] Epoch: [322][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.224) Prec@1 98.96 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:53:27] Epoch: [322][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.225) Prec@1 96.88 (95.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:53:51] Epoch: [322][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.228) Prec@1 96.88 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:54:15] Epoch: [322][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.229) Prec@1 97.92 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-02:54:19] Epoch: [322][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-02:54:19] **train** Prec@1 95.00 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.00 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.228 - test [2019-04-01-02:54:20] Epoch: [322][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.213 (0.213) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:54:24] Epoch: [322][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.070 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (95.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-02:54:24] Epoch: [322][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.174) Prec@1 100.00 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-02:54:24] **test** Prec@1 95.13 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.87 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:54:25] [Epoch=323/600] [Need: 09:56:21] LR=0.0111 ~ 0.0111, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:54:25] Epoch: [323][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.176 (0.176) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:54:49] Epoch: [323][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.222 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:55:13] Epoch: [323][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.228) Prec@1 94.79 (94.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:55:37] Epoch: [323][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.228) Prec@1 96.88 (95.04) Prec@5 98.96 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:56:01] Epoch: [323][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.291 (0.228) Prec@1 91.67 (95.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:56:25] Epoch: [323][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.172 (0.231) Prec@1 95.83 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:56:30] Epoch: [323][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.232) Prec@1 92.50 (94.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-02:56:30] **train** Prec@1 94.94 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.06 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.232 - test [2019-04-01-02:56:30] Epoch: [323][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.178 (0.178) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:56:34] Epoch: [323][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.184) Prec@1 98.96 (94.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-02:56:34] Epoch: [323][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.185) Prec@1 100.00 (94.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-02:56:34] **test** Prec@1 94.85 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.15 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.185 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:56:34] [Epoch=324/600] [Need: 09:57:49] LR=0.0110 ~ 0.0110, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:56:35] Epoch: [324][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.142 (0.142) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-02:56:59] Epoch: [324][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.193 (0.215) Prec@1 97.92 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-02:57:23] Epoch: [324][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.141 (0.225) Prec@1 95.83 (94.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-02:57:46] Epoch: [324][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.224) Prec@1 95.83 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-02:58:10] Epoch: [324][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.285 (0.229) Prec@1 90.62 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:58:34] Epoch: [324][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.372 (0.231) Prec@1 90.62 (94.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-02:58:39] Epoch: [324][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.230) Prec@1 97.50 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-02:58:39] **train** Prec@1 94.96 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.04 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.230 - test [2019-04-01-02:58:39] Epoch: [324][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.136 (0.136) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-02:58:43] Epoch: [324][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.057 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-02:58:44] Epoch: [324][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.174) Prec@1 93.75 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-02:58:44] **test** Prec@1 95.07 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.93 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-02:58:44] [Epoch=325/600] [Need: 09:52:40] LR=0.0109 ~ 0.0109, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-02:58:45] Epoch: [325][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.219 (0.219) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-02:59:08] Epoch: [325][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.228) Prec@1 92.71 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-02:59:32] Epoch: [325][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.221) Prec@1 96.88 (95.28) Prec@5 98.96 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-02:59:56] Epoch: [325][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.219) Prec@1 96.88 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:00:19] Epoch: [325][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.221) Prec@1 92.71 (95.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:00:43] Epoch: [325][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.224) Prec@1 93.75 (95.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:00:48] Epoch: [325][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.225) Prec@1 95.00 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-03:00:48] **train** Prec@1 95.22 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.78 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.225 - test [2019-04-01-03:00:48] Epoch: [325][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.119 (0.119) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:00:53] Epoch: [325][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.189) Prec@1 98.96 (94.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-03:00:53] Epoch: [325][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.190) Prec@1 93.75 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-03:00:53] **test** Prec@1 94.70 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 5.30 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.190 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:00:53] [Epoch=326/600] [Need: 09:49:35] LR=0.0109 ~ 0.0109, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:00:54] Epoch: [326][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.195 (0.195) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:01:17] Epoch: [326][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.213 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - train[2019-04-01-03:01:41] Epoch: [326][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.227) Prec@1 95.83 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:02:05] Epoch: [326][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.279 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:02:29] Epoch: [326][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.227) Prec@1 96.88 (95.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:02:53] Epoch: [326][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:02:57] Epoch: [326][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.230) Prec@1 96.25 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-03:02:57] **train** Prec@1 95.01 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.99 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.230 - test [2019-04-01-03:02:58] Epoch: [326][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:03:02] Epoch: [326][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.188) Prec@1 95.83 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-03:03:02] Epoch: [326][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.188) Prec@1 93.75 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-03:03:02] **test** Prec@1 94.64 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.36 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:03:02] [Epoch=327/600] [Need: 09:48:58] LR=0.0108 ~ 0.0108, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:03:03] Epoch: [327][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:03:27] Epoch: [327][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.140 (0.216) Prec@1 96.88 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-03:03:51] Epoch: [327][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.229) Prec@1 91.67 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:04:14] Epoch: [327][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.226) Prec@1 93.75 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:04:38] Epoch: [327][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.227) Prec@1 92.71 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:05:02] Epoch: [327][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.208 (0.227) Prec@1 97.92 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:05:07] Epoch: [327][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.411 (0.228) Prec@1 92.50 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-03:05:07] **train** Prec@1 94.96 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 5.04 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.228 - test [2019-04-01-03:05:07] Epoch: [327][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.245 (0.245) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:05:11] Epoch: [327][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.190) Prec@1 96.88 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-03:05:12] Epoch: [327][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.192) Prec@1 100.00 (94.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-03:05:12] **test** Prec@1 94.46 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.54 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.192 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:05:12] [Epoch=328/600] [Need: 09:46:46] LR=0.0107 ~ 0.0107, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:05:13] Epoch: [328][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.285 (0.285) Prec@1 89.58 (89.58) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:05:36] Epoch: [328][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.274 (0.218) Prec@1 95.83 (95.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:06:00] Epoch: [328][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.223) Prec@1 92.71 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:06:24] Epoch: [328][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.224) Prec@1 95.83 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:06:48] Epoch: [328][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.304 (0.225) Prec@1 91.67 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:07:11] Epoch: [328][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.226) Prec@1 97.92 (95.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:07:16] Epoch: [328][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (95.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:07:16] **train** Prec@1 95.02 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.98 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.227 - test [2019-04-01-03:07:17] Epoch: [328][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.196 (0.196) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:07:21] Epoch: [328][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.210) Prec@1 96.88 (94.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-03:07:21] Epoch: [328][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.211) Prec@1 93.75 (94.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-03:07:21] **test** Prec@1 94.29 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 5.71 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.211 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:07:21] [Epoch=329/600] [Need: 09:43:49] LR=0.0107 ~ 0.0107, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:07:22] Epoch: [329][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.146 (0.146) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:07:46] Epoch: [329][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 93.75 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:08:10] Epoch: [329][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.325 (0.224) Prec@1 92.71 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:08:34] Epoch: [329][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.311 (0.223) Prec@1 92.71 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:08:57] Epoch: [329][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.170 (0.228) Prec@1 96.88 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:09:21] Epoch: [329][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.227) Prec@1 97.92 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:09:26] Epoch: [329][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.228) Prec@1 95.00 (94.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:09:26] **train** Prec@1 94.97 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 5.03 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.228 - test [2019-04-01-03:09:27] Epoch: [329][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.253 (0.253) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:09:31] Epoch: [329][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.093 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (94.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-03:09:31] Epoch: [329][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.155 (0.190) Prec@1 93.75 (94.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-03:09:31] **test** Prec@1 94.70 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.30 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.190 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:09:31] [Epoch=330/600] [Need: 09:45:00] LR=0.0106 ~ 0.0106, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:09:32] Epoch: [330][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.313 (0.313) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:09:56] Epoch: [330][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.316 (0.205) Prec@1 91.67 (95.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:10:20] Epoch: [330][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.215) Prec@1 94.79 (95.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:10:44] Epoch: [330][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.214) Prec@1 94.79 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:11:08] Epoch: [330][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.212) Prec@1 95.83 (95.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:11:32] Epoch: [330][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.211) Prec@1 96.88 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:11:36] Epoch: [330][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.212) Prec@1 93.75 (95.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:11:36] **train** Prec@1 95.34 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.66 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.212 - test [2019-04-01-03:11:37] Epoch: [330][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.196 (0.196) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:11:41] Epoch: [330][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (93.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-03:11:41] Epoch: [330][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (93.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-03:11:41] **test** Prec@1 93.94 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 6.06 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.229 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:11:41] [Epoch=331/600] [Need: 09:43:54] LR=0.0105 ~ 0.0105, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:11:42] Epoch: [331][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.193 (0.193) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:12:06] Epoch: [331][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.254 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:12:30] Epoch: [331][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.225) Prec@1 94.79 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:12:54] Epoch: [331][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.267 (0.220) Prec@1 95.83 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:13:17] Epoch: [331][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.219) Prec@1 100.00 (95.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:13:41] Epoch: [331][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.365 (0.222) Prec@1 88.54 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:13:46] Epoch: [331][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.222) Prec@1 97.50 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-03:13:46] **train** Prec@1 95.20 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.80 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.222 - test [2019-04-01-03:13:47] Epoch: [331][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.251 (0.251) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:13:51] Epoch: [331][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.105 (0.218) Prec@1 97.92 (94.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-03:13:51] Epoch: [331][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.038 (0.217) Prec@1 100.00 (94.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-03:13:51] **test** Prec@1 94.20 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.80 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:13:51] [Epoch=332/600] [Need: 09:40:22] LR=0.0105 ~ 0.0105, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:13:52] Epoch: [332][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:14:16] Epoch: [332][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.174 (0.212) Prec@1 97.92 (95.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-03:14:40] Epoch: [332][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.249 (0.226) Prec@1 94.79 (94.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:15:04] Epoch: [332][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.223) Prec@1 94.79 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:15:27] Epoch: [332][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.224) Prec@1 94.79 (95.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:15:51] Epoch: [332][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.226) Prec@1 95.83 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:15:56] Epoch: [332][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.225) Prec@1 93.75 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-03:15:56] **train** Prec@1 95.08 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.92 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.225 - test [2019-04-01-03:15:56] Epoch: [332][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.186 (0.186) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:16:00] Epoch: [332][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.082 (0.218) Prec@1 96.88 (94.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-03:16:01] Epoch: [332][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.010 (0.218) Prec@1 100.00 (94.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-03:16:01] **test** Prec@1 94.10 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 5.90 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.218 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:16:01] [Epoch=333/600] [Need: 09:36:49] LR=0.0104 ~ 0.0104, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:16:02] Epoch: [333][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.293 (0.293) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:16:25] Epoch: [333][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.223 (0.229) Prec@1 94.79 (94.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:16:49] Epoch: [333][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.229) Prec@1 93.75 (94.97) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:17:13] Epoch: [333][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.224) Prec@1 96.88 (95.11) Prec@5 98.96 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:17:37] Epoch: [333][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.220) Prec@1 92.71 (95.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:18:01] Epoch: [333][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.224) Prec@1 93.75 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:18:05] Epoch: [333][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.223) Prec@1 95.00 (95.16) Prec@5 98.75 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:18:05] **train** Prec@1 95.16 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.84 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.223 - test [2019-04-01-03:18:06] Epoch: [333][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:18:10] Epoch: [333][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.178) Prec@1 96.88 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-03:18:10] Epoch: [333][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.178) Prec@1 93.75 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-03:18:10] **test** Prec@1 95.07 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.93 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.178 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:18:10] [Epoch=334/600] [Need: 09:34:13] LR=0.0103 ~ 0.0103, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:18:11] Epoch: [334][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.261 (0.261) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:18:35] Epoch: [334][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.204 (0.219) Prec@1 93.75 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-03:18:59] Epoch: [334][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.173 (0.217) Prec@1 95.83 (95.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:19:23] Epoch: [334][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.215) Prec@1 93.75 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:19:46] Epoch: [334][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.226 (0.216) Prec@1 96.88 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:20:10] Epoch: [334][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.218) Prec@1 94.79 (95.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:20:15] Epoch: [334][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.219) Prec@1 97.50 (95.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:20:15] **train** Prec@1 95.35 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.65 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.219 - test [2019-04-01-03:20:15] Epoch: [334][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:20:20] Epoch: [334][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.193) Prec@1 95.83 (94.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-03:20:20] Epoch: [334][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.191) Prec@1 100.00 (94.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-03:20:20] **test** Prec@1 94.88 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.12 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.191 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:20:20] [Epoch=335/600] [Need: 09:32:05] LR=0.0103 ~ 0.0103, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:20:21] Epoch: [335][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.212 (0.212) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:20:44] Epoch: [335][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.112 (0.214) Prec@1 97.92 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-03:21:08] Epoch: [335][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.224) Prec@1 91.67 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-03:21:32] Epoch: [335][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.218) Prec@1 94.79 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:21:56] Epoch: [335][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.217) Prec@1 96.88 (95.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:22:20] Epoch: [335][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (94.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:22:25] Epoch: [335][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.223) Prec@1 97.50 (95.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-03:22:25] **train** Prec@1 95.00 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 5.00 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.223 - test [2019-04-01-03:22:25] Epoch: [335][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.211 (0.211) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:22:29] Epoch: [335][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.073 (0.174) Prec@1 98.96 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-03:22:30] Epoch: [335][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.073 (0.175) Prec@1 93.75 (94.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-03:22:30] **test** Prec@1 94.96 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.04 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:22:30] [Epoch=336/600] [Need: 09:31:55] LR=0.0102 ~ 0.0102, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:22:31] Epoch: [336][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.175 (0.175) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:22:54] Epoch: [336][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.189 (0.220) Prec@1 97.92 (95.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:23:18] Epoch: [336][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.215) Prec@1 94.79 (95.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:23:42] Epoch: [336][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.212) Prec@1 100.00 (95.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:24:06] Epoch: [336][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.213) Prec@1 94.79 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:24:30] Epoch: [336][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.219) Prec@1 92.71 (95.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:24:34] Epoch: [336][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.218) Prec@1 98.75 (95.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-03:24:35] **train** Prec@1 95.30 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.70 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.218 - test [2019-04-01-03:24:35] Epoch: [336][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.068 (0.068) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:24:39] Epoch: [336][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.167) Prec@1 98.96 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-03:24:39] Epoch: [336][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.332 (0.169) Prec@1 93.75 (95.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-03:24:39] **test** Prec@1 95.21 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.79 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:24:39] [Epoch=337/600] [Need: 09:28:08] LR=0.0102 ~ 0.0102, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:24:40] Epoch: [337][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.181 (0.181) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:25:04] Epoch: [337][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.208) Prec@1 95.83 (95.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:25:28] Epoch: [337][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.209) Prec@1 93.75 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:25:52] Epoch: [337][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.211) Prec@1 95.83 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:26:20] Epoch: [337][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.207) Prec@1 94.79 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:26:44] Epoch: [337][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.212) Prec@1 92.71 (95.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:26:49] Epoch: [337][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.212) Prec@1 100.00 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-03:26:49] **train** Prec@1 95.42 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.58 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.212 - test [2019-04-01-03:26:50] Epoch: [337][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.223 (0.223) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:26:54] Epoch: [337][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.116 (0.203) Prec@1 95.83 (94.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-03:26:54] Epoch: [337][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.202) Prec@1 93.75 (94.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-03:26:54] **test** Prec@1 94.08 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.92 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.202 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:26:54] [Epoch=338/600] [Need: 09:48:26] LR=0.0101 ~ 0.0101, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:26:55] Epoch: [338][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.203 (0.203) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:27:20] Epoch: [338][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.297 (0.205) Prec@1 91.67 (95.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:27:44] Epoch: [338][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.232 (0.207) Prec@1 94.79 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:28:08] Epoch: [338][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.211) Prec@1 97.92 (95.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:28:33] Epoch: [338][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.326 (0.214) Prec@1 93.75 (95.45) Prec@5 98.96 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:28:57] Epoch: [338][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.319 (0.222) Prec@1 93.75 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:29:02] Epoch: [338][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.222) Prec@1 96.25 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:29:02] **train** Prec@1 95.28 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.72 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.222 - test [2019-04-01-03:29:03] Epoch: [338][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.091 (0.091) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:29:07] Epoch: [338][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.190) Prec@1 96.88 (94.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) - test [2019-04-01-03:29:07] Epoch: [338][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.208 (0.193) Prec@1 93.75 (94.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) -[2019-04-01-03:29:07] **test** Prec@1 94.59 Prec@5 99.83 Error@1 5.41 Error@5 0.17 Loss:0.193 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:29:07] [Epoch=339/600] [Need: 09:39:03] LR=0.0100 ~ 0.0100, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:29:08] Epoch: [339][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:29:32] Epoch: [339][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.204) Prec@1 97.92 (95.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:29:57] Epoch: [339][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.209) Prec@1 93.75 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:30:21] Epoch: [339][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.214) Prec@1 97.92 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:30:45] Epoch: [339][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.218) Prec@1 92.71 (95.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:31:09] Epoch: [339][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.224) Prec@1 95.83 (95.14) Prec@5 97.92 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:31:14] Epoch: [339][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.224) Prec@1 95.00 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-03:31:14] **train** Prec@1 95.13 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.87 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.224 - test [2019-04-01-03:31:14] Epoch: [339][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.128 (0.128) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:31:18] Epoch: [339][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.183) Prec@1 98.96 (94.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-03:31:18] Epoch: [339][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.429 (0.188) Prec@1 93.75 (94.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-03:31:18] **test** Prec@1 94.57 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.43 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:31:19] [Epoch=340/600] [Need: 09:28:33] LR=0.0100 ~ 0.0100, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:31:19] Epoch: [340][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.327 (0.327) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:31:43] Epoch: [340][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.168 (0.218) Prec@1 96.88 (95.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:32:10] Epoch: [340][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.215) Prec@1 93.75 (95.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:32:35] Epoch: [340][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.211) Prec@1 93.75 (95.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:33:00] Epoch: [340][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.212) Prec@1 95.83 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:33:24] Epoch: [340][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.297 (0.215) Prec@1 92.71 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:33:29] Epoch: [340][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.216) Prec@1 96.25 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:33:29] **train** Prec@1 95.39 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.61 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.216 - test [2019-04-01-03:33:30] Epoch: [340][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.128 (0.128) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:33:34] Epoch: [340][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.174) Prec@1 95.83 (94.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-03:33:34] Epoch: [340][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.175) Prec@1 87.50 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-03:33:34] **test** Prec@1 94.72 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.28 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:33:34] [Epoch=341/600] [Need: 09:45:05] LR=0.0099 ~ 0.0099, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:33:35] Epoch: [341][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.155 (0.155) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:33:59] Epoch: [341][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.207) Prec@1 95.83 (95.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:34:23] Epoch: [341][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.242 (0.207) Prec@1 95.83 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:34:47] Epoch: [341][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.394 (0.212) Prec@1 91.67 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:35:11] Epoch: [341][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.337 (0.213) Prec@1 93.75 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:35:35] Epoch: [341][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.431 (0.217) Prec@1 92.71 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:35:39] Epoch: [341][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.207 (0.218) Prec@1 93.75 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:35:39] **train** Prec@1 95.25 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.75 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.218 - test [2019-04-01-03:35:40] Epoch: [341][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:35:44] Epoch: [341][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.187) Prec@1 96.88 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-03:35:44] Epoch: [341][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.064 (0.187) Prec@1 100.00 (94.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-03:35:44] **test** Prec@1 94.62 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 5.38 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.187 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:35:44] [Epoch=342/600] [Need: 09:19:43] LR=0.0098 ~ 0.0098, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:35:45] Epoch: [342][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:36:09] Epoch: [342][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.222 (0.205) Prec@1 92.71 (95.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:36:33] Epoch: [342][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.213) Prec@1 95.83 (95.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:36:57] Epoch: [342][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.213) Prec@1 100.00 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:37:20] Epoch: [342][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.361 (0.212) Prec@1 89.58 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:37:44] Epoch: [342][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.214) Prec@1 95.83 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:37:49] Epoch: [342][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.214) Prec@1 100.00 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:37:49] **train** Prec@1 95.40 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.60 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.214 - test [2019-04-01-03:37:50] Epoch: [342][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:37:54] Epoch: [342][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.154) Prec@1 97.92 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-03:37:54] Epoch: [342][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.155) Prec@1 93.75 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-03:37:54] **test** Prec@1 95.36 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.64 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:37:54] [Epoch=343/600] [Need: 09:15:53] LR=0.0098 ~ 0.0098, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:37:55] Epoch: [343][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.125 (0.125) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:38:19] Epoch: [343][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.244 (0.211) Prec@1 94.79 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-03:38:43] Epoch: [343][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.208) Prec@1 92.71 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:39:07] Epoch: [343][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.214) Prec@1 96.88 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:39:31] Epoch: [343][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.354 (0.213) Prec@1 93.75 (95.39) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:39:56] Epoch: [343][500/521] Time 0.29 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.215) Prec@1 94.79 (95.38) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:40:01] Epoch: [343][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.215) Prec@1 95.00 (95.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-03:40:01] **train** Prec@1 95.38 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.62 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.215 - test [2019-04-01-03:40:02] Epoch: [343][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.252 (0.252) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:40:06] Epoch: [343][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (95.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-03:40:06] Epoch: [343][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.182) Prec@1 93.75 (94.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-03:40:06] **test** Prec@1 94.94 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.06 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.182 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:40:06] [Epoch=344/600] [Need: 09:24:13] LR=0.0097 ~ 0.0097, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:40:07] Epoch: [344][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.126 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:40:31] Epoch: [344][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.186 (0.196) Prec@1 97.92 (95.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:40:56] Epoch: [344][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:41:21] Epoch: [344][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.200) Prec@1 95.83 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:41:46] Epoch: [344][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.328 (0.200) Prec@1 94.79 (95.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:42:09] Epoch: [344][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (95.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:42:14] Epoch: [344][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.206) Prec@1 97.50 (95.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-03:42:14] **train** Prec@1 95.53 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.47 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.206 - test [2019-04-01-03:42:14] Epoch: [344][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.158 (0.158) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:42:19] Epoch: [344][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.171) Prec@1 97.92 (95.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-03:42:19] Epoch: [344][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.172) Prec@1 93.75 (95.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-03:42:19] **test** Prec@1 95.30 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 4.70 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.172 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:42:19] [Epoch=345/600] [Need: 09:23:49] LR=0.0096 ~ 0.0096, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:42:20] Epoch: [345][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.228 (0.228) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:42:44] Epoch: [345][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.233 (0.198) Prec@1 96.88 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:43:07] Epoch: [345][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.210) Prec@1 92.71 (95.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:43:32] Epoch: [345][300/521] Time 0.39 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.210) Prec@1 94.79 (95.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:43:58] Epoch: [345][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.209) Prec@1 96.88 (95.58) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:44:21] Epoch: [345][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.210) Prec@1 97.92 (95.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:44:26] Epoch: [345][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.210) Prec@1 97.50 (95.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:44:26] **train** Prec@1 95.53 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.47 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.210 - test [2019-04-01-03:44:27] Epoch: [345][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:44:31] Epoch: [345][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.182) Prec@1 94.79 (94.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-03:44:31] Epoch: [345][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.182) Prec@1 93.75 (94.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-03:44:31] **test** Prec@1 94.65 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.35 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.182 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.38, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=4.62, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:44:32] [Epoch=346/600] [Need: 09:21:36] LR=0.0096 ~ 0.0096, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:44:32] Epoch: [346][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.191 (0.191) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:44:58] Epoch: [346][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.194) Prec@1 93.75 (95.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:45:23] Epoch: [346][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.317 (0.201) Prec@1 94.79 (95.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:45:48] Epoch: [346][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.203) Prec@1 94.79 (95.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:46:13] Epoch: [346][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.206) Prec@1 92.71 (95.60) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:46:38] Epoch: [346][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.208) Prec@1 95.83 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:46:43] Epoch: [346][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.209) Prec@1 95.00 (95.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:46:43] **train** Prec@1 95.56 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.44 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.209 - test [2019-04-01-03:46:44] Epoch: [346][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.159 (0.159) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:46:48] Epoch: [346][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.161) Prec@1 95.83 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-03:46:48] Epoch: [346][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.162) Prec@1 93.75 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-03:46:48] **test** Prec@1 95.44 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.56 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:46:48] [Epoch=347/600] [Need: 09:36:20] LR=0.0095 ~ 0.0095, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:46:49] Epoch: [347][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.179 (0.179) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:47:14] Epoch: [347][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.203 (0.219) Prec@1 94.79 (95.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-03:47:39] Epoch: [347][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.219) Prec@1 96.88 (95.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:48:04] Epoch: [347][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.211) Prec@1 95.83 (95.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:48:29] Epoch: [347][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.209) Prec@1 98.96 (95.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:48:54] Epoch: [347][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 95.83 (95.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:48:59] Epoch: [347][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.209) Prec@1 95.00 (95.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:48:59] **train** Prec@1 95.49 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.51 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.209 - test [2019-04-01-03:49:00] Epoch: [347][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:49:04] Epoch: [347][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.080 (0.170) Prec@1 94.79 (95.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-03:49:04] Epoch: [347][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (95.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-03:49:04] **test** Prec@1 95.05 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 4.95 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:49:05] [Epoch=348/600] [Need: 09:32:31] LR=0.0095 ~ 0.0095, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:49:05] Epoch: [348][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:49:30] Epoch: [348][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.273 (0.208) Prec@1 92.71 (95.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:49:55] Epoch: [348][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:50:20] Epoch: [348][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:50:46] Epoch: [348][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.204) Prec@1 96.88 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:51:11] Epoch: [348][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.310 (0.207) Prec@1 91.67 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:51:16] Epoch: [348][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.207) Prec@1 97.50 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:51:16] **train** Prec@1 95.59 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.41 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.207 - test [2019-04-01-03:51:16] Epoch: [348][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.138 (0.138) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:51:20] Epoch: [348][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.181) Prec@1 95.83 (94.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-03:51:20] Epoch: [348][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.021 (0.181) Prec@1 100.00 (94.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-03:51:21] **test** Prec@1 94.89 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 5.11 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.181 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:51:21] [Epoch=349/600] [Need: 09:29:04] LR=0.0094 ~ 0.0094, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:51:21] Epoch: [349][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.199 (0.199) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:51:45] Epoch: [349][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.213) Prec@1 95.83 (95.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:52:09] Epoch: [349][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.210) Prec@1 96.88 (95.38) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:52:33] Epoch: [349][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.292 (0.205) Prec@1 93.75 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:52:57] Epoch: [349][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.206) Prec@1 93.75 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:53:21] Epoch: [349][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.273 (0.206) Prec@1 94.79 (95.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:53:25] Epoch: [349][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.206) Prec@1 97.50 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-03:53:25] **train** Prec@1 95.57 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.43 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.206 - test [2019-04-01-03:53:26] Epoch: [349][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:53:30] Epoch: [349][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.169) Prec@1 97.92 (95.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-03:53:30] Epoch: [349][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.014 (0.169) Prec@1 100.00 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-03:53:30] **test** Prec@1 95.25 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 4.75 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:53:30] [Epoch=350/600] [Need: 09:00:48] LR=0.0093 ~ 0.0093, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:53:31] Epoch: [350][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.219 (0.219) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:53:55] Epoch: [350][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.210) Prec@1 96.88 (95.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - train[2019-04-01-03:54:19] Epoch: [350][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.214) Prec@1 97.92 (95.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:54:42] Epoch: [350][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.211) Prec@1 94.79 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-03:55:06] Epoch: [350][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.294 (0.209) Prec@1 93.75 (95.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:55:30] Epoch: [350][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.327 (0.212) Prec@1 92.71 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-03:55:35] Epoch: [350][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.262 (0.212) Prec@1 95.00 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-03:55:35] **train** Prec@1 95.44 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.56 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.212 - test [2019-04-01-03:55:35] Epoch: [350][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.044 (0.044) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:55:40] Epoch: [350][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.159) Prec@1 96.88 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-03:55:40] Epoch: [350][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.121 (0.160) Prec@1 93.75 (95.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-03:55:40] **test** Prec@1 95.34 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.66 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:55:40] [Epoch=351/600] [Need: 08:59:36] LR=0.0093 ~ 0.0093, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:55:42] Epoch: [351][000/521] Time 1.24 (1.24) Data 0.74 (0.74) Loss 0.166 (0.166) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:56:09] Epoch: [351][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.280 (0.193) Prec@1 91.67 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-03:56:33] Epoch: [351][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.271 (0.198) Prec@1 93.75 (95.81) Prec@5 98.96 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:56:56] Epoch: [351][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.202) Prec@1 97.92 (95.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:57:20] Epoch: [351][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.149 (0.204) Prec@1 95.83 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:57:44] Epoch: [351][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.208) Prec@1 91.67 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:57:49] Epoch: [351][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.208) Prec@1 98.75 (95.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:57:49] **train** Prec@1 95.61 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.39 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.208 - test [2019-04-01-03:57:49] Epoch: [351][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-03:57:53] Epoch: [351][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.156 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-03:57:54] Epoch: [351][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.016 (0.171) Prec@1 100.00 (95.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-03:57:54] **test** Prec@1 95.14 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.86 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-03:57:54] [Epoch=352/600] [Need: 09:10:54] LR=0.0092 ~ 0.0092, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-03:57:55] Epoch: [352][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-03:58:18] Epoch: [352][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.165 (0.211) Prec@1 96.88 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:58:42] Epoch: [352][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.204) Prec@1 98.96 (95.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:59:06] Epoch: [352][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.201) Prec@1 97.92 (95.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:59:29] Epoch: [352][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.200) Prec@1 95.83 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-03:59:53] Epoch: [352][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.205) Prec@1 98.96 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-03:59:58] Epoch: [352][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.205) Prec@1 95.00 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-03:59:58] **train** Prec@1 95.60 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.40 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.205 - test [2019-04-01-03:59:59] Epoch: [352][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.189 (0.189) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:00:03] Epoch: [352][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.190) Prec@1 95.83 (94.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-04:00:03] Epoch: [352][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.190) Prec@1 93.75 (94.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-04:00:03] **test** Prec@1 94.75 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 5.25 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.190 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:00:03] [Epoch=353/600] [Need: 08:52:24] LR=0.0091 ~ 0.0091, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:00:04] Epoch: [353][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:00:28] Epoch: [353][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.231 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (95.93) Prec@5 98.96 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:00:51] Epoch: [353][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.201) Prec@1 96.88 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:01:16] Epoch: [353][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.194) Prec@1 96.88 (95.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:01:41] Epoch: [353][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.194) Prec@1 97.92 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:02:05] Epoch: [353][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:02:10] Epoch: [353][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.272 (0.199) Prec@1 95.00 (95.82) Prec@5 98.75 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:02:10] **train** Prec@1 95.82 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.18 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.199 - test [2019-04-01-04:02:11] Epoch: [353][000/105] Time 0.69 (0.69) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:02:15] Epoch: [353][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.162) Prec@1 97.92 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-04:02:16] Epoch: [353][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.003 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:02:16] **test** Prec@1 95.39 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.61 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.44, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.56, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:02:16] [Epoch=354/600] [Need: 09:03:52] LR=0.0091 ~ 0.0091, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:02:17] Epoch: [354][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.190 (0.190) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:02:41] Epoch: [354][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.170 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (95.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-04:03:06] Epoch: [354][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.235 (0.204) Prec@1 92.71 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:03:31] Epoch: [354][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.202) Prec@1 95.83 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:03:55] Epoch: [354][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.203) Prec@1 95.83 (95.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:04:20] Epoch: [354][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.203) Prec@1 96.88 (95.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:04:25] Epoch: [354][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.203) Prec@1 100.00 (95.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-04:04:25] **train** Prec@1 95.56 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.44 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.203 - test [2019-04-01-04:04:26] Epoch: [354][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:04:30] Epoch: [354][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.156) Prec@1 97.92 (95.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-04:04:30] Epoch: [354][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.012 (0.156) Prec@1 100.00 (95.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-04:04:30] **test** Prec@1 95.76 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.24 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:04:30] [Epoch=355/600] [Need: 09:08:50] LR=0.0090 ~ 0.0090, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:04:31] Epoch: [355][000/521] Time 0.92 (0.92) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.189 (0.189) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:04:56] Epoch: [355][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.121 (0.197) Prec@1 98.96 (95.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:05:20] Epoch: [355][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.206) Prec@1 96.88 (95.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:05:45] Epoch: [355][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.203) Prec@1 96.88 (95.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:06:09] Epoch: [355][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.204) Prec@1 96.88 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:06:34] Epoch: [355][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:06:39] Epoch: [355][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.206) Prec@1 97.50 (95.68) Prec@5 98.75 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:06:39] **train** Prec@1 95.68 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.32 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.206 - test [2019-04-01-04:06:40] Epoch: [355][000/105] Time 0.66 (0.66) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:06:44] Epoch: [355][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.107 (0.152) Prec@1 97.92 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-04:06:44] Epoch: [355][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.218 (0.153) Prec@1 93.75 (95.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-04:06:44] **test** Prec@1 95.68 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.32 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:06:45] [Epoch=356/600] [Need: 09:06:39] LR=0.0090 ~ 0.0090, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:06:45] Epoch: [356][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.109 (0.109) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:07:10] Epoch: [356][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.145 (0.199) Prec@1 95.83 (95.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:07:35] Epoch: [356][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.199) Prec@1 94.79 (95.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:08:00] Epoch: [356][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.200) Prec@1 95.83 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:08:25] Epoch: [356][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.200) Prec@1 94.79 (95.67) Prec@5 98.96 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:08:50] Epoch: [356][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.336 (0.202) Prec@1 92.71 (95.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:08:55] Epoch: [356][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.170 (0.203) Prec@1 96.25 (95.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:08:55] **train** Prec@1 95.61 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.39 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.203 - test [2019-04-01-04:08:55] Epoch: [356][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.136 (0.136) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:08:59] Epoch: [356][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.181) Prec@1 98.96 (95.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:09:00] Epoch: [356][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.182) Prec@1 93.75 (95.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:09:00] **test** Prec@1 95.14 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.86 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.182 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:09:00] [Epoch=357/600] [Need: 09:08:01] LR=0.0089 ~ 0.0089, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:09:01] Epoch: [357][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.133 (0.133) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:09:25] Epoch: [357][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.204) Prec@1 94.79 (95.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:09:50] Epoch: [357][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.205) Prec@1 96.88 (95.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:10:15] Epoch: [357][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.200) Prec@1 93.75 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:10:39] Epoch: [357][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.201) Prec@1 94.79 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:11:04] Epoch: [357][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.131 (0.201) Prec@1 96.88 (95.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:11:09] Epoch: [357][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.201) Prec@1 96.25 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-04:11:09] **train** Prec@1 95.69 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.31 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.201 - test [2019-04-01-04:11:10] Epoch: [357][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.128 (0.128) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:11:14] Epoch: [357][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:11:14] Epoch: [357][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.171) Prec@1 100.00 (95.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:11:14] **test** Prec@1 95.09 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.91 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:11:15] [Epoch=358/600] [Need: 09:03:15] LR=0.0088 ~ 0.0088, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:11:15] Epoch: [358][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.164 (0.164) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:11:40] Epoch: [358][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.145 (0.194) Prec@1 95.83 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:12:05] Epoch: [358][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.196) Prec@1 95.83 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:12:30] Epoch: [358][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.200) Prec@1 94.79 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-04:12:54] Epoch: [358][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.200) Prec@1 93.75 (95.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:13:19] Epoch: [358][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.303 (0.204) Prec@1 91.67 (95.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:13:24] Epoch: [358][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.204) Prec@1 91.25 (95.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:13:24] **train** Prec@1 95.61 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.39 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.204 - test [2019-04-01-04:13:24] Epoch: [358][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.284 (0.284) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:13:28] Epoch: [358][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.163) Prec@1 98.96 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-04:13:29] Epoch: [358][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-04:13:29] **test** Prec@1 95.56 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.44 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:13:29] [Epoch=359/600] [Need: 08:58:56] LR=0.0088 ~ 0.0088, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:13:30] Epoch: [359][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.202 (0.202) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:13:54] Epoch: [359][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.197) Prec@1 97.92 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:14:19] Epoch: [359][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.199) Prec@1 95.83 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:14:43] Epoch: [359][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.199) Prec@1 98.96 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:15:09] Epoch: [359][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.199) Prec@1 93.75 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:15:35] Epoch: [359][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.201) Prec@1 96.88 (95.66) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:15:40] Epoch: [359][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.200) Prec@1 95.00 (95.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-04:15:40] **train** Prec@1 95.68 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.32 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.200 - test [2019-04-01-04:15:40] Epoch: [359][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.112 (0.112) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:15:44] Epoch: [359][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.048 (0.163) Prec@1 98.96 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-04:15:45] Epoch: [359][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.132 (0.161) Prec@1 93.75 (95.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-04:15:45] **test** Prec@1 95.46 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 4.54 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:15:45] [Epoch=360/600] [Need: 09:04:19] LR=0.0087 ~ 0.0087, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:15:46] Epoch: [360][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.320 (0.320) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:16:10] Epoch: [360][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.307 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:16:35] Epoch: [360][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.256 (0.198) Prec@1 93.75 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:17:00] Epoch: [360][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.196) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:17:24] Epoch: [360][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.193) Prec@1 92.71 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:17:49] Epoch: [360][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.349 (0.198) Prec@1 90.62 (95.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:17:54] Epoch: [360][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.199) Prec@1 92.50 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:17:54] **train** Prec@1 95.73 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.27 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.199 - test [2019-04-01-04:17:54] Epoch: [360][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:17:58] Epoch: [360][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.170) Prec@1 97.92 (95.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.83) - test [2019-04-01-04:17:58] Epoch: [360][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.171) Prec@1 93.75 (95.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.84) -[2019-04-01-04:17:59] **test** Prec@1 95.19 Prec@5 99.84 Error@1 4.81 Error@5 0.16 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:17:59] [Epoch=361/600] [Need: 08:53:13] LR=0.0086 ~ 0.0086, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:18:00] Epoch: [361][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.240 (0.240) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:18:24] Epoch: [361][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.209 (0.201) Prec@1 92.71 (95.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:18:48] Epoch: [361][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.201) Prec@1 97.92 (95.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:19:13] Epoch: [361][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.449 (0.197) Prec@1 88.54 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:19:38] Epoch: [361][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.254 (0.194) Prec@1 94.79 (95.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:20:03] Epoch: [361][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.194) Prec@1 97.92 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:20:08] Epoch: [361][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.194) Prec@1 98.75 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:20:08] **train** Prec@1 95.93 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.07 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.194 - test [2019-04-01-04:20:09] Epoch: [361][000/105] Time 0.66 (0.66) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.113 (0.113) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:20:13] Epoch: [361][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.076 (0.165) Prec@1 98.96 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-04:20:13] Epoch: [361][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.213 (0.166) Prec@1 93.75 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-04:20:13] **test** Prec@1 95.18 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.82 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:20:13] [Epoch=362/600] [Need: 08:52:41] LR=0.0086 ~ 0.0086, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:20:14] Epoch: [362][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.134 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:20:38] Epoch: [362][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.177 (0.185) Prec@1 94.79 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - train[2019-04-01-04:21:03] Epoch: [362][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.186) Prec@1 94.79 (96.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:21:28] Epoch: [362][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.185) Prec@1 96.88 (96.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:21:53] Epoch: [362][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (96.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:22:17] Epoch: [362][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.189) Prec@1 94.79 (96.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:22:23] Epoch: [362][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.189) Prec@1 96.25 (96.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:22:23] **train** Prec@1 96.01 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.99 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.189 - test [2019-04-01-04:22:23] Epoch: [362][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.084 (0.084) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:22:27] Epoch: [362][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.063 (0.159) Prec@1 96.88 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-04:22:28] Epoch: [362][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.158) Prec@1 93.75 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:22:28] **test** Prec@1 95.44 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.56 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:22:28] [Epoch=363/600] [Need: 08:52:43] LR=0.0085 ~ 0.0085, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:22:29] Epoch: [363][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.309 (0.309) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:22:53] Epoch: [363][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.121 (0.184) Prec@1 97.92 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:23:18] Epoch: [363][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.243 (0.192) Prec@1 94.79 (96.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:23:43] Epoch: [363][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.346 (0.198) Prec@1 92.71 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:24:08] Epoch: [363][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.197) Prec@1 95.83 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:24:33] Epoch: [363][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.198) Prec@1 94.79 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:24:38] Epoch: [363][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.198) Prec@1 97.50 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:24:38] **train** Prec@1 95.81 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.19 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.198 - test [2019-04-01-04:24:39] Epoch: [363][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.285 (0.285) Prec@1 91.67 (91.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:24:43] Epoch: [363][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.166) Prec@1 98.96 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-04:24:43] Epoch: [363][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.165) Prec@1 100.00 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:24:43] **test** Prec@1 95.28 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.72 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:24:43] [Epoch=364/600] [Need: 08:51:58] LR=0.0085 ~ 0.0085, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:24:44] Epoch: [364][000/521] Time 0.93 (0.93) Data 0.64 (0.64) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:25:09] Epoch: [364][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.132 (0.202) Prec@1 97.92 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:25:34] Epoch: [364][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.263 (0.197) Prec@1 92.71 (95.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:25:58] Epoch: [364][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.197) Prec@1 96.88 (95.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:26:23] Epoch: [364][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.199) Prec@1 98.96 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:26:48] Epoch: [364][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.199) Prec@1 97.92 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:26:52] Epoch: [364][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.200) Prec@1 96.25 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-04:26:53] **train** Prec@1 95.79 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.21 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.200 - test [2019-04-01-04:26:53] Epoch: [364][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:26:57] Epoch: [364][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.081 (0.167) Prec@1 98.96 (95.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.81) - test [2019-04-01-04:26:57] Epoch: [364][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.007 (0.167) Prec@1 100.00 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.82) -[2019-04-01-04:26:58] **test** Prec@1 95.42 Prec@5 99.82 Error@1 4.58 Error@5 0.18 Loss:0.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:26:58] [Epoch=365/600] [Need: 08:46:58] LR=0.0084 ~ 0.0084, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:26:59] Epoch: [365][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.088 (0.088) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:27:24] Epoch: [365][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.166 (0.179) Prec@1 96.88 (96.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-04:27:48] Epoch: [365][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.193 (0.188) Prec@1 95.83 (96.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:28:13] Epoch: [365][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.190) Prec@1 97.92 (95.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:28:37] Epoch: [365][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.244 (0.193) Prec@1 94.79 (95.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:29:02] Epoch: [365][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.289 (0.193) Prec@1 92.71 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:29:07] Epoch: [365][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.262 (0.195) Prec@1 93.75 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:29:07] **train** Prec@1 95.83 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.17 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.195 - test [2019-04-01-04:29:07] Epoch: [365][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.073 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:29:11] Epoch: [365][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.159) Prec@1 98.96 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-04-01-04:29:12] Epoch: [365][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.159) Prec@1 93.75 (95.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-04-01-04:29:12] **test** Prec@1 95.70 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 4.30 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.159 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:29:12] [Epoch=366/600] [Need: 08:43:19] LR=0.0083 ~ 0.0083, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:29:13] Epoch: [366][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.228 (0.228) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:29:37] Epoch: [366][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.182) Prec@1 95.83 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:30:01] Epoch: [366][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (96.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:30:25] Epoch: [366][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.268 (0.193) Prec@1 94.79 (95.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:30:48] Epoch: [366][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.305 (0.193) Prec@1 91.67 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:31:12] Epoch: [366][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.194) Prec@1 98.96 (95.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:31:17] Epoch: [366][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.196) Prec@1 98.75 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-04:31:17] **train** Prec@1 95.79 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.21 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.196 - test [2019-04-01-04:31:18] Epoch: [366][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:31:22] Epoch: [366][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.165) Prec@1 96.88 (95.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-04:31:22] Epoch: [366][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.164) Prec@1 100.00 (95.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-04:31:22] **test** Prec@1 95.18 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.82 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:31:22] [Epoch=367/600] [Need: 08:26:21] LR=0.0083 ~ 0.0083, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:31:23] Epoch: [367][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.186 (0.186) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:31:47] Epoch: [367][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.198) Prec@1 91.67 (95.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-04:32:11] Epoch: [367][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.225 (0.200) Prec@1 94.79 (95.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:32:37] Epoch: [367][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.198) Prec@1 97.92 (95.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:33:01] Epoch: [367][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.197) Prec@1 96.88 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:33:25] Epoch: [367][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.197) Prec@1 94.79 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:33:30] Epoch: [367][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.197) Prec@1 97.50 (95.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-04:33:30] **train** Prec@1 95.76 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.24 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.197 - test [2019-04-01-04:33:30] Epoch: [367][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:33:35] Epoch: [367][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.085 (0.172) Prec@1 95.83 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-04:33:35] Epoch: [367][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.177 (0.173) Prec@1 93.75 (95.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:33:35] **test** Prec@1 95.23 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.77 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:33:35] [Epoch=368/600] [Need: 08:33:44] LR=0.0082 ~ 0.0082, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:33:36] Epoch: [368][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:34:01] Epoch: [368][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.197 (0.200) Prec@1 95.83 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-04:34:26] Epoch: [368][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.175 (0.200) Prec@1 96.88 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - train[2019-04-01-04:34:51] Epoch: [368][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.196) Prec@1 95.83 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:35:16] Epoch: [368][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.195) Prec@1 94.79 (95.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:35:42] Epoch: [368][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.198) Prec@1 100.00 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - train[2019-04-01-04:35:47] Epoch: [368][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.197) Prec@1 96.25 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-04:35:47] **train** Prec@1 95.81 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.19 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.197 - test [2019-04-01-04:35:47] Epoch: [368][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.142 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:35:52] Epoch: [368][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.175) Prec@1 97.92 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:35:52] Epoch: [368][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.363 (0.175) Prec@1 93.75 (95.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:35:52] **test** Prec@1 95.06 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.94 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:35:52] [Epoch=369/600] [Need: 08:46:46] LR=0.0081 ~ 0.0081, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:35:53] Epoch: [369][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:36:18] Epoch: [369][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.175 (0.190) Prec@1 96.88 (96.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:36:43] Epoch: [369][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.195) Prec@1 92.71 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:37:08] Epoch: [369][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.308 (0.188) Prec@1 93.75 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:37:33] Epoch: [369][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.240 (0.186) Prec@1 93.75 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:37:58] Epoch: [369][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.187) Prec@1 93.75 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:38:03] Epoch: [369][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.152 (0.187) Prec@1 95.00 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-04:38:03] **train** Prec@1 96.05 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.95 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.187 - test [2019-04-01-04:38:04] Epoch: [369][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.101 (0.101) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:38:08] Epoch: [369][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.163) Prec@1 97.92 (95.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-04:38:08] Epoch: [369][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.288 (0.163) Prec@1 93.75 (95.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-04:38:08] **test** Prec@1 95.42 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.58 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:38:09] [Epoch=370/600] [Need: 08:43:49] LR=0.0081 ~ 0.0081, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:38:09] Epoch: [370][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:38:34] Epoch: [370][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.203) Prec@1 92.71 (95.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:39:00] Epoch: [370][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.211) Prec@1 94.79 (95.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:39:25] Epoch: [370][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.173 (0.202) Prec@1 96.88 (95.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:39:50] Epoch: [370][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.201) Prec@1 95.83 (95.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:40:16] Epoch: [370][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.200) Prec@1 100.00 (95.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:40:21] Epoch: [370][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.200) Prec@1 95.00 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:40:21] **train** Prec@1 95.69 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.31 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.200 - test [2019-04-01-04:40:22] Epoch: [370][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.035 (0.035) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:40:26] Epoch: [370][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.170) Prec@1 96.88 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-04:40:26] Epoch: [370][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.169) Prec@1 93.75 (95.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-04:40:26] **test** Prec@1 95.26 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.74 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:40:26] [Epoch=371/600] [Need: 08:45:47] LR=0.0080 ~ 0.0080, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:40:27] Epoch: [371][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:40:52] Epoch: [371][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.117 (0.184) Prec@1 96.88 (96.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:41:17] Epoch: [371][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.188) Prec@1 92.71 (96.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:41:41] Epoch: [371][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.185) Prec@1 97.92 (96.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:42:06] Epoch: [371][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.187) Prec@1 93.75 (96.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:42:30] Epoch: [371][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.342 (0.190) Prec@1 91.67 (95.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:42:35] Epoch: [371][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.190) Prec@1 95.00 (95.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:42:35] **train** Prec@1 95.95 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.05 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.190 - test [2019-04-01-04:42:36] Epoch: [371][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.165 (0.165) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:42:40] Epoch: [371][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (95.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:42:40] Epoch: [371][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:42:40] **test** Prec@1 95.43 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.57 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:42:41] [Epoch=372/600] [Need: 08:29:52] LR=0.0080 ~ 0.0080, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:42:41] Epoch: [372][000/521] Time 0.90 (0.90) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:43:06] Epoch: [372][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.245 (0.184) Prec@1 92.71 (96.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:43:31] Epoch: [372][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.187) Prec@1 97.92 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:43:55] Epoch: [372][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.186) Prec@1 98.96 (96.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:44:20] Epoch: [372][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.190) Prec@1 92.71 (96.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:44:47] Epoch: [372][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.192) Prec@1 96.88 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:44:52] Epoch: [372][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.286 (0.192) Prec@1 93.75 (96.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-04:44:52] **train** Prec@1 96.04 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.96 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.192 - test [2019-04-01-04:44:52] Epoch: [372][000/105] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.109 (0.109) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:44:57] Epoch: [372][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.197) Prec@1 97.92 (94.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) - test [2019-04-01-04:44:57] Epoch: [372][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.296 (0.196) Prec@1 93.75 (94.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-04:44:57] **test** Prec@1 94.74 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 5.26 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:44:57] [Epoch=373/600] [Need: 08:36:00] LR=0.0079 ~ 0.0079, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:44:58] Epoch: [373][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.232 (0.232) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:45:23] Epoch: [373][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.256 (0.177) Prec@1 93.75 (96.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:45:54] Epoch: [373][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.183) Prec@1 96.88 (96.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:46:19] Epoch: [373][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.265 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (96.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:46:45] Epoch: [373][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.190) Prec@1 96.88 (95.96) Prec@5 98.96 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-04:47:10] Epoch: [373][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.192) Prec@1 95.83 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:47:15] Epoch: [373][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.192) Prec@1 97.50 (95.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-04:47:15] **train** Prec@1 95.95 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.05 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.192 - test [2019-04-01-04:47:16] Epoch: [373][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.127 (0.127) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:47:20] Epoch: [373][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.174) Prec@1 98.96 (95.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-04:47:20] Epoch: [373][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.221 (0.175) Prec@1 93.75 (95.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-04:47:20] **test** Prec@1 95.24 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.76 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:47:21] [Epoch=374/600] [Need: 09:01:09] LR=0.0078 ~ 0.0078, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:47:21] Epoch: [374][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.195 (0.195) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:47:47] Epoch: [374][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.117 (0.178) Prec@1 97.92 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:48:11] Epoch: [374][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.178) Prec@1 97.92 (96.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:48:36] Epoch: [374][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.178) Prec@1 95.83 (96.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:49:00] Epoch: [374][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.180) Prec@1 95.83 (96.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:49:24] Epoch: [374][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.399 (0.185) Prec@1 92.71 (96.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:49:29] Epoch: [374][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.185) Prec@1 98.75 (96.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:49:29] **train** Prec@1 96.14 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.86 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.185 - test [2019-04-01-04:49:29] Epoch: [374][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.124 (0.124) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:49:33] Epoch: [374][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.174) Prec@1 98.96 (95.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) - test [2019-04-01-04:49:33] Epoch: [374][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.174) Prec@1 100.00 (95.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.85) -[2019-04-01-04:49:33] **test** Prec@1 95.45 Prec@5 99.85 Error@1 4.55 Error@5 0.15 Loss:0.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:49:34] [Epoch=375/600] [Need: 08:18:50] LR=0.0078 ~ 0.0078, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:49:34] Epoch: [375][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.182 (0.182) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:49:58] Epoch: [375][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.148 (0.185) Prec@1 96.88 (96.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:50:24] Epoch: [375][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.238 (0.182) Prec@1 95.83 (96.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:50:48] Epoch: [375][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.187) Prec@1 97.92 (96.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:51:12] Epoch: [375][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.189) Prec@1 96.88 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:51:37] Epoch: [375][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.190) Prec@1 95.83 (95.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:51:42] Epoch: [375][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.258 (0.190) Prec@1 93.75 (95.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:51:42] **train** Prec@1 95.96 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.04 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.190 - test [2019-04-01-04:51:43] Epoch: [375][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.217 (0.217) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:51:47] Epoch: [375][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.194) Prec@1 97.92 (94.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-04:51:47] Epoch: [375][104/105] Time 0.07 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.340 (0.195) Prec@1 93.75 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-04:51:47] **test** Prec@1 94.79 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 5.21 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.195 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:51:48] [Epoch=376/600] [Need: 08:20:19] LR=0.0077 ~ 0.0077, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:51:48] Epoch: [376][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.189 (0.189) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:52:14] Epoch: [376][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (95.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:52:39] Epoch: [376][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.193 (0.184) Prec@1 95.83 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:53:04] Epoch: [376][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.187) Prec@1 96.88 (95.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:53:28] Epoch: [376][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:53:52] Epoch: [376][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.187) Prec@1 96.88 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:53:57] Epoch: [376][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.187) Prec@1 97.50 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:53:57] **train** Prec@1 96.05 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.95 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.187 - test [2019-04-01-04:53:58] Epoch: [376][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.162 (0.162) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:54:02] Epoch: [376][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.160) Prec@1 97.92 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:54:02] Epoch: [376][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.160) Prec@1 93.75 (95.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:54:02] **test** Prec@1 95.68 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.32 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:54:02] [Epoch=377/600] [Need: 08:19:40] LR=0.0077 ~ 0.0077, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:54:03] Epoch: [377][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.183 (0.183) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:54:26] Epoch: [377][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.181) Prec@1 98.96 (96.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:54:50] Epoch: [377][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.178) Prec@1 97.92 (96.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-04:55:14] Epoch: [377][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.212 (0.180) Prec@1 95.83 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:55:38] Epoch: [377][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.320 (0.182) Prec@1 92.71 (96.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:56:02] Epoch: [377][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.186) Prec@1 93.75 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:56:06] Epoch: [377][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.187) Prec@1 97.50 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-04:56:07] **train** Prec@1 96.05 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.95 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.187 - test [2019-04-01-04:56:07] Epoch: [377][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.152 (0.152) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:56:11] Epoch: [377][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.067 (0.196) Prec@1 97.92 (95.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-04:56:11] Epoch: [377][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.003 (0.196) Prec@1 100.00 (95.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-04:56:12] **test** Prec@1 95.10 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.90 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:56:12] [Epoch=378/600] [Need: 07:59:34] LR=0.0076 ~ 0.0076, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:56:13] Epoch: [378][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.172 (0.172) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:56:36] Epoch: [378][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.177 (0.190) Prec@1 94.79 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:57:00] Epoch: [378][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.182) Prec@1 95.83 (96.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-04:57:24] Epoch: [378][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.181) Prec@1 97.92 (96.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:57:48] Epoch: [378][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.188 (0.184) Prec@1 96.88 (96.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:58:12] Epoch: [378][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.184) Prec@1 98.96 (96.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-04:58:17] Epoch: [378][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.131 (0.184) Prec@1 96.25 (96.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-04:58:17] **train** Prec@1 96.11 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.89 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.184 - test [2019-04-01-04:58:18] Epoch: [378][000/105] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.207 (0.207) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-04:58:22] Epoch: [378][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.050 (0.169) Prec@1 98.96 (95.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-04:58:22] Epoch: [378][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.371 (0.171) Prec@1 87.50 (95.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-04:58:22] **test** Prec@1 95.44 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.56 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-04:58:23] [Epoch=379/600] [Need: 08:01:52] LR=0.0075 ~ 0.0075, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-04:58:23] Epoch: [379][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.204 (0.204) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-04:58:47] Epoch: [379][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.174) Prec@1 94.79 (96.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:59:12] Epoch: [379][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.181) Prec@1 96.88 (96.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-04:59:37] Epoch: [379][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.179) Prec@1 92.71 (96.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:00:03] Epoch: [379][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.179) Prec@1 96.88 (96.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:00:28] Epoch: [379][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.180) Prec@1 97.92 (96.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:00:33] Epoch: [379][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.289 (0.182) Prec@1 95.00 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:00:33] **train** Prec@1 96.28 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.72 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.182 - test [2019-04-01-05:00:34] Epoch: [379][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.148 (0.148) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:00:38] Epoch: [379][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.039 (0.166) Prec@1 97.92 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-05:00:38] Epoch: [379][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.352 (0.166) Prec@1 93.75 (95.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-05:00:38] **test** Prec@1 95.22 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.78 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:00:38] [Epoch=380/600] [Need: 08:18:14] LR=0.0075 ~ 0.0075, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:00:39] Epoch: [380][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:01:04] Epoch: [380][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.171) Prec@1 94.79 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:01:29] Epoch: [380][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.178) Prec@1 98.96 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:01:54] Epoch: [380][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.172) Prec@1 97.92 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:02:20] Epoch: [380][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.156 (0.175) Prec@1 96.88 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:02:45] Epoch: [380][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.360 (0.180) Prec@1 90.62 (96.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:02:50] Epoch: [380][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.182) Prec@1 98.75 (96.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:02:50] **train** Prec@1 96.16 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.84 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.182 - test [2019-04-01-05:02:50] Epoch: [380][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.301 (0.301) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:02:54] Epoch: [380][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.168) Prec@1 98.96 (95.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:02:55] Epoch: [380][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.167) Prec@1 93.75 (95.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:02:55] **test** Prec@1 95.34 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.66 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:02:55] [Epoch=381/600] [Need: 08:17:50] LR=0.0074 ~ 0.0074, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:02:56] Epoch: [381][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.234 (0.234) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:03:21] Epoch: [381][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.130 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:03:46] Epoch: [381][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.181) Prec@1 96.88 (96.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:04:11] Epoch: [381][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.183) Prec@1 97.92 (96.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:04:36] Epoch: [381][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.329 (0.185) Prec@1 91.67 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:05:02] Epoch: [381][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.187) Prec@1 95.83 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:05:07] Epoch: [381][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.187) Prec@1 95.00 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:05:07] **train** Prec@1 96.03 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.97 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.187 - test [2019-04-01-05:05:07] Epoch: [381][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.075 (0.075) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:05:12] Epoch: [381][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (95.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-05:05:12] Epoch: [381][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.162) Prec@1 93.75 (95.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:05:12] **test** Prec@1 95.64 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.36 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:05:12] [Epoch=382/600] [Need: 08:18:55] LR=0.0074 ~ 0.0074, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:05:13] Epoch: [382][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.173 (0.173) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:05:38] Epoch: [382][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.173) Prec@1 97.92 (96.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:06:03] Epoch: [382][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.282 (0.172) Prec@1 94.79 (96.50) Prec@5 98.96 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:06:28] Epoch: [382][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.172) Prec@1 98.96 (96.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:06:53] Epoch: [382][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.177) Prec@1 95.83 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:07:18] Epoch: [382][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.223 (0.179) Prec@1 94.79 (96.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:07:23] Epoch: [382][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.180) Prec@1 97.50 (96.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:07:23] **train** Prec@1 96.29 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.71 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.180 - test [2019-04-01-05:07:24] Epoch: [382][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.143 (0.143) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:07:28] Epoch: [382][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.170) Prec@1 96.88 (95.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-05:07:28] Epoch: [382][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.169) Prec@1 93.75 (95.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-05:07:28] **test** Prec@1 95.20 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.80 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:07:28] [Epoch=383/600] [Need: 08:12:27] LR=0.0073 ~ 0.0073, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:07:29] Epoch: [383][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.150 (0.150) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:07:54] Epoch: [383][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.169) Prec@1 98.96 (96.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:08:19] Epoch: [383][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.169) Prec@1 100.00 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:08:44] Epoch: [383][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.176) Prec@1 95.83 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:09:10] Epoch: [383][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:09:35] Epoch: [383][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.183) Prec@1 96.88 (96.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:09:40] Epoch: [383][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.362 (0.183) Prec@1 92.50 (96.19) Prec@5 98.75 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:09:40] **train** Prec@1 96.19 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.81 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.183 - test [2019-04-01-05:09:40] Epoch: [383][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.079 (0.079) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:09:45] Epoch: [383][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.099 (0.174) Prec@1 96.88 (95.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:09:45] Epoch: [383][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.200 (0.173) Prec@1 93.75 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:09:45] **test** Prec@1 95.36 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.64 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:09:45] [Epoch=384/600] [Need: 08:12:46] LR=0.0072 ~ 0.0072, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:09:46] Epoch: [384][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.241 (0.241) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:10:11] Epoch: [384][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.230 (0.164) Prec@1 93.75 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:10:36] Epoch: [384][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.172 (0.183) Prec@1 95.83 (96.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:11:01] Epoch: [384][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.181) Prec@1 94.79 (96.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:11:26] Epoch: [384][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:11:51] Epoch: [384][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.181) Prec@1 96.88 (96.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:11:56] Epoch: [384][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.198 (0.180) Prec@1 93.75 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:11:56] **train** Prec@1 96.24 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.76 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.180 - test [2019-04-01-05:11:57] Epoch: [384][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.079 (0.079) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:12:01] Epoch: [384][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (95.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:12:02] Epoch: [384][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.333 (0.163) Prec@1 93.75 (95.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:12:02] **test** Prec@1 95.46 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.54 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:12:02] [Epoch=385/600] [Need: 08:09:26] LR=0.0072 ~ 0.0072, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:12:02] Epoch: [385][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.132 (0.132) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:12:28] Epoch: [385][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.176) Prec@1 97.92 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:12:53] Epoch: [385][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.182) Prec@1 95.83 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:13:18] Epoch: [385][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.179) Prec@1 96.88 (96.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:13:43] Epoch: [385][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.178) Prec@1 97.92 (96.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:14:08] Epoch: [385][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.178) Prec@1 95.83 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:14:13] Epoch: [385][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.178) Prec@1 98.75 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:14:13] **train** Prec@1 96.24 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.76 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.178 - test [2019-04-01-05:14:14] Epoch: [385][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.186 (0.186) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:14:18] Epoch: [385][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.174) Prec@1 97.92 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-05:14:18] Epoch: [385][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.019 (0.175) Prec@1 100.00 (95.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-05:14:18] **test** Prec@1 95.46 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.54 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:14:18] [Epoch=386/600] [Need: 08:07:38] LR=0.0071 ~ 0.0071, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:14:19] Epoch: [386][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.259 (0.259) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:14:44] Epoch: [386][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.185) Prec@1 98.96 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:15:10] Epoch: [386][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.186) Prec@1 97.92 (96.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:15:35] Epoch: [386][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (96.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:16:00] Epoch: [386][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:16:25] Epoch: [386][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.229 (0.181) Prec@1 93.75 (96.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:16:30] Epoch: [386][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.183) Prec@1 96.25 (96.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:16:30] **train** Prec@1 96.23 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.77 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.183 - test [2019-04-01-05:16:31] Epoch: [386][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:16:35] Epoch: [386][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-05:16:35] Epoch: [386][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.015 (0.164) Prec@1 100.00 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-05:16:35] **test** Prec@1 95.36 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.64 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:16:35] [Epoch=387/600] [Need: 08:05:45] LR=0.0071 ~ 0.0071, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:16:36] Epoch: [387][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.101 (0.101) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:17:01] Epoch: [387][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.110 (0.172) Prec@1 98.96 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:17:27] Epoch: [387][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.176) Prec@1 98.96 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:17:52] Epoch: [387][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.175) Prec@1 97.92 (96.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:18:17] Epoch: [387][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.275 (0.177) Prec@1 92.71 (96.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:18:42] Epoch: [387][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.175) Prec@1 97.92 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:18:47] Epoch: [387][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.175) Prec@1 98.75 (96.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:18:47] **train** Prec@1 96.35 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.65 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.175 - test [2019-04-01-05:18:47] Epoch: [387][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.166 (0.166) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:18:52] Epoch: [387][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.095 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-05:18:52] Epoch: [387][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.144 (0.179) Prec@1 93.75 (95.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-05:18:52] **test** Prec@1 95.40 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.60 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.179 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:18:52] [Epoch=388/600] [Need: 08:03:28] LR=0.0070 ~ 0.0070, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:18:53] Epoch: [388][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.204 (0.204) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:19:18] Epoch: [388][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.178) Prec@1 94.79 (96.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:19:43] Epoch: [388][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.173) Prec@1 96.88 (96.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:20:08] Epoch: [388][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.171) Prec@1 94.79 (96.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:20:34] Epoch: [388][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.174) Prec@1 98.96 (96.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:20:59] Epoch: [388][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.236 (0.178) Prec@1 94.79 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:21:04] Epoch: [388][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.175 (0.178) Prec@1 96.25 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:21:04] **train** Prec@1 96.25 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.75 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.178 - test [2019-04-01-05:21:05] Epoch: [388][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.200 (0.200) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:21:09] Epoch: [388][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.172) Prec@1 97.92 (95.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:21:09] Epoch: [388][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.007 (0.172) Prec@1 100.00 (95.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:21:09] **test** Prec@1 95.37 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.63 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.172 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:21:10] [Epoch=389/600] [Need: 08:03:16] LR=0.0070 ~ 0.0070, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:21:10] Epoch: [389][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.182 (0.182) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:21:36] Epoch: [389][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.125 (0.182) Prec@1 97.92 (96.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:22:01] Epoch: [389][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.216 (0.180) Prec@1 95.83 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:22:26] Epoch: [389][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.177) Prec@1 98.96 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:22:51] Epoch: [389][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.175) Prec@1 94.79 (96.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:23:16] Epoch: [389][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.168 (0.180) Prec@1 95.83 (96.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:23:21] Epoch: [389][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.181) Prec@1 95.00 (96.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:23:22] **train** Prec@1 96.19 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.81 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.181 - test [2019-04-01-05:23:22] Epoch: [389][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.065 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:23:26] Epoch: [389][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.042 (0.173) Prec@1 98.96 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-05:23:27] Epoch: [389][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.173) Prec@1 100.00 (95.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-05:23:27] **test** Prec@1 95.38 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.62 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:23:27] [Epoch=390/600] [Need: 08:00:18] LR=0.0069 ~ 0.0069, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:23:28] Epoch: [390][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.141 (0.141) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:23:53] Epoch: [390][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.177 (0.175) Prec@1 95.83 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:24:18] Epoch: [390][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.174 (0.171) Prec@1 95.83 (96.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-05:24:43] Epoch: [390][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.171) Prec@1 95.83 (96.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:25:08] Epoch: [390][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.174) Prec@1 100.00 (96.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:25:33] Epoch: [390][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.175) Prec@1 97.92 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:25:38] Epoch: [390][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.175) Prec@1 98.75 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:25:39] **train** Prec@1 96.43 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.57 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.175 - test [2019-04-01-05:25:39] Epoch: [390][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.082 (0.082) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:25:43] Epoch: [390][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.170) Prec@1 97.92 (95.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:25:44] Epoch: [390][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.239 (0.171) Prec@1 87.50 (95.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:25:44] **test** Prec@1 95.37 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.63 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:25:44] [Epoch=391/600] [Need: 07:57:12] LR=0.0068 ~ 0.0068, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:25:45] Epoch: [391][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:26:10] Epoch: [391][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.104 (0.161) Prec@1 97.92 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:26:35] Epoch: [391][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.167) Prec@1 98.96 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:27:00] Epoch: [391][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.169) Prec@1 96.88 (96.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:27:25] Epoch: [391][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.170) Prec@1 96.88 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:27:51] Epoch: [391][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.172) Prec@1 95.83 (96.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:27:56] Epoch: [391][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.172) Prec@1 97.50 (96.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:27:56] **train** Prec@1 96.47 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.53 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.172 - test [2019-04-01-05:27:56] Epoch: [391][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.146 (0.146) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:28:01] Epoch: [391][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.034 (0.155) Prec@1 98.96 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-05:28:01] Epoch: [391][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.130 (0.156) Prec@1 93.75 (95.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-05:28:01] **test** Prec@1 95.63 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.37 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:28:01] [Epoch=392/600] [Need: 07:55:29] LR=0.0068 ~ 0.0068, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:28:02] Epoch: [392][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.316 (0.316) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:28:27] Epoch: [392][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.152) Prec@1 95.83 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:28:52] Epoch: [392][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (96.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:29:17] Epoch: [392][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.246 (0.158) Prec@1 94.79 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:29:42] Epoch: [392][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.160) Prec@1 96.88 (96.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:30:08] Epoch: [392][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (96.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:30:13] Epoch: [392][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.217 (0.162) Prec@1 93.75 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:30:13] **train** Prec@1 96.77 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.23 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-05:30:13] Epoch: [392][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.082 (0.082) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:30:18] Epoch: [392][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.089 (0.154) Prec@1 95.83 (95.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-05:30:18] Epoch: [392][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.101 (0.155) Prec@1 93.75 (95.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:30:18] **test** Prec@1 95.63 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.37 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.76, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=4.24, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:30:18] [Epoch=393/600] [Need: 07:53:12] LR=0.0067 ~ 0.0067, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:30:19] Epoch: [393][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.171 (0.171) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:30:44] Epoch: [393][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.171 (0.158) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:31:09] Epoch: [393][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.168) Prec@1 97.92 (96.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:31:35] Epoch: [393][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.169) Prec@1 98.96 (96.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:32:00] Epoch: [393][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.269 (0.170) Prec@1 94.79 (96.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:32:25] Epoch: [393][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.168) Prec@1 95.83 (96.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:32:30] Epoch: [393][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.168) Prec@1 93.75 (96.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:32:30] **train** Prec@1 96.52 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.48 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.168 - test [2019-04-01-05:32:31] Epoch: [393][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.127 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:32:35] Epoch: [393][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.021 (0.157) Prec@1 100.00 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-05:32:35] Epoch: [393][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.011 (0.158) Prec@1 100.00 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-05:32:35] **test** Prec@1 95.81 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.19 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.81, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=4.19, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:32:35] [Epoch=394/600] [Need: 07:51:16] LR=0.0067 ~ 0.0067, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:32:36] Epoch: [394][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.209 (0.209) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:33:02] Epoch: [394][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.179) Prec@1 97.92 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:33:27] Epoch: [394][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.180) Prec@1 96.88 (96.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:33:52] Epoch: [394][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.175) Prec@1 94.79 (96.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:34:17] Epoch: [394][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.218 (0.176) Prec@1 95.83 (96.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:34:42] Epoch: [394][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.249 (0.177) Prec@1 94.79 (96.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:34:47] Epoch: [394][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.306 (0.176) Prec@1 92.50 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:34:47] **train** Prec@1 96.36 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.64 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.176 - test [2019-04-01-05:34:48] Epoch: [394][000/105] Time 0.65 (0.65) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.027 (0.027) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:34:52] Epoch: [394][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.157) Prec@1 97.92 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-05:34:52] Epoch: [394][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.157) Prec@1 100.00 (95.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-05:34:52] **test** Prec@1 95.87 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.13 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:34:53] [Epoch=395/600] [Need: 07:48:57] LR=0.0066 ~ 0.0066, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:34:54] Epoch: [395][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.218 (0.218) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:35:19] Epoch: [395][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.183 (0.161) Prec@1 95.83 (96.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:35:44] Epoch: [395][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.169) Prec@1 94.79 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:36:09] Epoch: [395][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.253 (0.163) Prec@1 91.67 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:36:34] Epoch: [395][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.164) Prec@1 92.71 (96.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:37:00] Epoch: [395][500/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.169) Prec@1 96.88 (96.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:37:05] Epoch: [395][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.169) Prec@1 97.50 (96.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-05:37:05] **train** Prec@1 96.59 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.41 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.169 - test [2019-04-01-05:37:06] Epoch: [395][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.214 (0.214) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:37:10] Epoch: [395][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.032 (0.169) Prec@1 98.96 (95.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-05:37:10] Epoch: [395][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.010 (0.168) Prec@1 100.00 (95.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-05:37:10] **test** Prec@1 95.71 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 4.29 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:37:10] [Epoch=396/600] [Need: 07:47:47] LR=0.0066 ~ 0.0066, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:37:11] Epoch: [396][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:37:36] Epoch: [396][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.106 (0.167) Prec@1 96.88 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:38:01] Epoch: [396][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.166) Prec@1 96.88 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:38:26] Epoch: [396][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.163) Prec@1 95.83 (96.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:38:51] Epoch: [396][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.185 (0.161) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:39:16] Epoch: [396][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.224 (0.162) Prec@1 95.83 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:39:21] Epoch: [396][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.164) Prec@1 96.25 (96.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-05:39:21] **train** Prec@1 96.75 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.25 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.164 - test [2019-04-01-05:39:22] Epoch: [396][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.294 (0.294) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:39:26] Epoch: [396][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.172) Prec@1 97.92 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-05:39:26] Epoch: [396][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.173) Prec@1 100.00 (95.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-05:39:26] **test** Prec@1 95.76 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 4.24 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:39:27] [Epoch=397/600] [Need: 07:41:11] LR=0.0065 ~ 0.0065, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:39:27] Epoch: [397][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:39:53] Epoch: [397][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.168 (0.161) Prec@1 97.92 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:40:18] Epoch: [397][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.163) Prec@1 96.88 (96.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:40:43] Epoch: [397][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.159) Prec@1 96.88 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:41:08] Epoch: [397][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.161) Prec@1 97.92 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:41:34] Epoch: [397][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.163) Prec@1 91.67 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:41:39] Epoch: [397][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.163) Prec@1 93.75 (96.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:41:39] **train** Prec@1 96.74 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.26 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.163 - test [2019-04-01-05:41:39] Epoch: [397][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.102 (0.102) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:41:44] Epoch: [397][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.174) Prec@1 95.83 (95.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-05:41:44] Epoch: [397][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.175) Prec@1 100.00 (95.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-05:41:44] **test** Prec@1 95.24 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.76 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:41:44] [Epoch=398/600] [Need: 07:42:55] LR=0.0064 ~ 0.0064, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:41:45] Epoch: [398][000/521] Time 0.91 (0.91) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.216 (0.216) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:42:10] Epoch: [398][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.108 (0.168) Prec@1 98.96 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:42:35] Epoch: [398][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.152 (0.161) Prec@1 96.88 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:43:00] Epoch: [398][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.249 (0.158) Prec@1 94.79 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:43:26] Epoch: [398][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.160) Prec@1 95.83 (96.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:43:51] Epoch: [398][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.166) Prec@1 96.88 (96.60) Prec@5 98.96 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:43:56] Epoch: [398][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.166) Prec@1 97.50 (96.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:43:56] **train** Prec@1 96.58 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.42 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.166 - test [2019-04-01-05:43:56] Epoch: [398][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.045 (0.045) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:44:01] Epoch: [398][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.074 (0.156) Prec@1 95.83 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-05:44:01] Epoch: [398][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.227 (0.157) Prec@1 93.75 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-05:44:01] **test** Prec@1 95.75 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.25 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:44:01] [Epoch=399/600] [Need: 07:39:22] LR=0.0064 ~ 0.0064, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:44:02] Epoch: [399][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.242 (0.242) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:44:27] Epoch: [399][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.150) Prec@1 96.88 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:44:52] Epoch: [399][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.131 (0.160) Prec@1 98.96 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:45:17] Epoch: [399][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.162) Prec@1 97.92 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:45:42] Epoch: [399][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.160) Prec@1 97.92 (96.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:46:07] Epoch: [399][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:46:12] Epoch: [399][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.161) Prec@1 96.25 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:46:12] **train** Prec@1 96.64 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.36 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.161 - test [2019-04-01-05:46:13] Epoch: [399][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.193 (0.193) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:46:17] Epoch: [399][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.168) Prec@1 97.92 (95.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-05:46:17] Epoch: [399][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.420 (0.169) Prec@1 93.75 (95.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-05:46:17] **test** Prec@1 95.25 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.75 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:46:18] [Epoch=400/600] [Need: 07:34:33] LR=0.0063 ~ 0.0063, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:46:18] Epoch: [400][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.347 (0.347) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:46:43] Epoch: [400][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.181) Prec@1 97.92 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-05:47:09] Epoch: [400][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.199 (0.168) Prec@1 95.83 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:47:34] Epoch: [400][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.165) Prec@1 96.88 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:48:00] Epoch: [400][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.165) Prec@1 97.92 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:48:25] Epoch: [400][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.168) Prec@1 96.88 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:48:30] Epoch: [400][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.168) Prec@1 97.50 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:48:30] **train** Prec@1 96.64 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.36 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.168 - test [2019-04-01-05:48:30] Epoch: [400][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.149 (0.149) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:48:35] Epoch: [400][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.176) Prec@1 98.96 (95.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-05:48:35] Epoch: [400][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.177) Prec@1 100.00 (95.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-05:48:35] **test** Prec@1 95.30 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.70 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:48:35] [Epoch=401/600] [Need: 07:36:07] LR=0.0063 ~ 0.0063, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:48:36] Epoch: [401][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.125 (0.125) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:49:01] Epoch: [401][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.155) Prec@1 96.88 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:49:26] Epoch: [401][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.164) Prec@1 98.96 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:49:51] Epoch: [401][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.167) Prec@1 98.96 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:50:16] Epoch: [401][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.169) Prec@1 97.92 (96.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:50:41] Epoch: [401][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.170) Prec@1 97.92 (96.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:50:46] Epoch: [401][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.170) Prec@1 93.75 (96.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:50:47] **train** Prec@1 96.55 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.45 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.170 - test [2019-04-01-05:50:47] Epoch: [401][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:50:51] Epoch: [401][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.157) Prec@1 95.83 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-05:50:52] Epoch: [401][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.160) Prec@1 93.75 (95.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-05:50:52] **test** Prec@1 95.75 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.25 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:50:52] [Epoch=402/600] [Need: 07:31:12] LR=0.0062 ~ 0.0062, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:50:53] Epoch: [402][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.132 (0.132) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:51:18] Epoch: [402][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.167) Prec@1 97.92 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:51:43] Epoch: [402][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.164) Prec@1 98.96 (96.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:52:08] Epoch: [402][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.158) Prec@1 96.88 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:52:34] Epoch: [402][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.158) Prec@1 98.96 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:52:58] Epoch: [402][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.176 (0.160) Prec@1 96.88 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:53:03] Epoch: [402][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.160) Prec@1 97.50 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-05:53:03] **train** Prec@1 96.69 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.31 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.160 - test [2019-04-01-05:53:04] Epoch: [402][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.137 (0.137) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:53:08] Epoch: [402][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.105 (0.161) Prec@1 96.88 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-05:53:08] Epoch: [402][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.014 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-05:53:08] **test** Prec@1 95.78 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.22 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:53:09] [Epoch=403/600] [Need: 07:29:18] LR=0.0062 ~ 0.0062, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:53:09] Epoch: [403][000/521] Time 0.78 (0.78) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.181 (0.181) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:53:35] Epoch: [403][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.237 (0.166) Prec@1 95.83 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:54:00] Epoch: [403][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.159) Prec@1 97.92 (96.75) Prec@5 98.96 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:54:25] Epoch: [403][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.161) Prec@1 98.96 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:54:50] Epoch: [403][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.160) Prec@1 98.96 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:55:15] Epoch: [403][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.163) Prec@1 98.96 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:55:20] Epoch: [403][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.162) Prec@1 95.00 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-05:55:20] **train** Prec@1 96.68 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.32 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-05:55:21] Epoch: [403][000/105] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.66 (0.66) Loss 0.114 (0.114) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:55:25] Epoch: [403][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.163) Prec@1 98.96 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-05:55:25] Epoch: [403][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.163) Prec@1 100.00 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-05:55:25] **test** Prec@1 95.79 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.21 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.87, Acc@5=99.88, Error@1=4.13, Error@5=0.12 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:55:26] [Epoch=404/600] [Need: 07:27:16] LR=0.0061 ~ 0.0061, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:55:26] Epoch: [404][000/521] Time 0.79 (0.79) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.159 (0.159) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:55:51] Epoch: [404][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.144 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (96.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:56:17] Epoch: [404][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.160) Prec@1 100.00 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:56:42] Epoch: [404][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.277 (0.163) Prec@1 92.71 (96.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-05:57:07] Epoch: [404][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.163) Prec@1 95.83 (96.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:57:32] Epoch: [404][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.164) Prec@1 94.79 (96.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-05:57:37] Epoch: [404][520/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.270 (0.164) Prec@1 95.00 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-05:57:37] **train** Prec@1 96.56 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.44 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.164 - test [2019-04-01-05:57:38] Epoch: [404][000/105] Time 0.69 (0.69) Data 0.62 (0.62) Loss 0.153 (0.153) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:57:42] Epoch: [404][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.164) Prec@1 98.96 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-05:57:43] Epoch: [404][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.018 (0.164) Prec@1 100.00 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-05:57:43] **test** Prec@1 95.90 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.10 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:57:43] [Epoch=405/600] [Need: 07:26:10] LR=0.0060 ~ 0.0060, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:57:44] Epoch: [405][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.197 (0.197) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-05:58:07] Epoch: [405][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.156) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:58:31] Epoch: [405][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.158) Prec@1 96.88 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:58:55] Epoch: [405][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.159) Prec@1 95.83 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-05:59:19] Epoch: [405][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-05:59:43] Epoch: [405][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.163) Prec@1 97.92 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-05:59:47] Epoch: [405][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.164) Prec@1 93.75 (96.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-05:59:48] **train** Prec@1 96.66 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.34 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.164 - test [2019-04-01-05:59:48] Epoch: [405][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.239 (0.239) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-05:59:52] Epoch: [405][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.156) Prec@1 98.96 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-05:59:52] Epoch: [405][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.155) Prec@1 93.75 (95.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-05:59:52] **test** Prec@1 95.76 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.24 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-05:59:53] [Epoch=406/600] [Need: 06:59:24] LR=0.0060 ~ 0.0060, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-05:59:53] Epoch: [406][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.150 (0.150) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:00:17] Epoch: [406][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.096 (0.159) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:00:41] Epoch: [406][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.161) Prec@1 98.96 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:01:05] Epoch: [406][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.162) Prec@1 97.92 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:01:29] Epoch: [406][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.414 (0.162) Prec@1 91.67 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:01:53] Epoch: [406][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.108 (0.164) Prec@1 97.92 (96.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:01:57] Epoch: [406][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.164) Prec@1 95.00 (96.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:01:57] **train** Prec@1 96.71 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.29 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.164 - test [2019-04-01-06:01:58] Epoch: [406][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.121 (0.121) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:02:02] Epoch: [406][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.165) Prec@1 97.92 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-06:02:02] Epoch: [406][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.166) Prec@1 93.75 (95.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:02:02] **test** Prec@1 95.55 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.45 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:02:02] [Epoch=407/600] [Need: 06:57:21] LR=0.0059 ~ 0.0059, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:02:03] Epoch: [407][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.227 (0.227) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 98.96 (98.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:02:27] Epoch: [407][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.103 (0.153) Prec@1 97.92 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:02:51] Epoch: [407][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.405 (0.156) Prec@1 92.71 (96.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:03:15] Epoch: [407][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.153) Prec@1 95.83 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:03:38] Epoch: [407][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.155) Prec@1 95.83 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:04:02] Epoch: [407][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.392 (0.155) Prec@1 91.67 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:04:07] Epoch: [407][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.155) Prec@1 96.25 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:04:07] **train** Prec@1 96.88 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.12 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.155 - test [2019-04-01-06:04:07] Epoch: [407][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:04:12] Epoch: [407][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.171) Prec@1 96.88 (95.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-06:04:12] Epoch: [407][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.174) Prec@1 93.75 (95.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) -[2019-04-01-06:04:12] **test** Prec@1 95.49 Prec@5 99.88 Error@1 4.51 Error@5 0.12 Loss:0.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:04:12] [Epoch=408/600] [Need: 06:54:42] LR=0.0059 ~ 0.0059, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:04:13] Epoch: [408][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.195 (0.195) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:04:36] Epoch: [408][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.255 (0.161) Prec@1 96.88 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:05:00] Epoch: [408][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.287 (0.166) Prec@1 91.67 (96.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:05:24] Epoch: [408][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.166) Prec@1 97.92 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:05:47] Epoch: [408][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:06:11] Epoch: [408][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:06:16] Epoch: [408][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:06:16] **train** Prec@1 96.65 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.35 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-06:06:17] Epoch: [408][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:06:21] Epoch: [408][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.035 (0.163) Prec@1 98.96 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:06:21] Epoch: [408][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.010 (0.163) Prec@1 100.00 (95.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:06:21] **test** Prec@1 95.86 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.14 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:06:21] [Epoch=409/600] [Need: 06:51:02] LR=0.0058 ~ 0.0058, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:06:22] Epoch: [409][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.145 (0.145) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:06:46] Epoch: [409][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.180 (0.154) Prec@1 95.83 (96.74) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:07:10] Epoch: [409][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.160) Prec@1 96.88 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:07:33] Epoch: [409][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.348 (0.164) Prec@1 92.71 (96.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:07:57] Epoch: [409][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.163) Prec@1 96.88 (96.64) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:08:21] Epoch: [409][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.168 (0.162) Prec@1 95.83 (96.64) Prec@5 98.96 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:08:25] Epoch: [409][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.162) Prec@1 98.75 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:08:25] **train** Prec@1 96.65 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.35 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-06:08:26] Epoch: [409][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:08:30] Epoch: [409][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.155) Prec@1 98.96 (95.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:08:30] Epoch: [409][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.155) Prec@1 93.75 (95.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-06:08:30] **test** Prec@1 95.73 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.27 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=95.90, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=4.10, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:08:31] [Epoch=410/600] [Need: 06:50:09] LR=0.0058 ~ 0.0058, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:08:31] Epoch: [410][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:08:55] Epoch: [410][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.124 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:09:19] Epoch: [410][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.160) Prec@1 97.92 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:09:43] Epoch: [410][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.160) Prec@1 98.96 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:10:06] Epoch: [410][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.161) Prec@1 93.75 (96.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:10:30] Epoch: [410][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.162) Prec@1 97.92 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:10:35] Epoch: [410][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.162) Prec@1 97.50 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:10:35] **train** Prec@1 96.69 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.31 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-06:10:35] Epoch: [410][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.088 (0.088) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:10:39] Epoch: [410][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.144) Prec@1 98.96 (96.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-06:10:40] Epoch: [410][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (96.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:10:40] **test** Prec@1 96.11 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.89 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.11, Acc@5=99.96, Error@1=3.89, Error@5=0.04 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:10:40] [Epoch=411/600] [Need: 06:47:37] LR=0.0057 ~ 0.0057, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:10:41] Epoch: [411][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:11:04] Epoch: [411][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.154) Prec@1 94.79 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:11:28] Epoch: [411][200/521] Time 0.32 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.182 (0.161) Prec@1 96.88 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:11:58] Epoch: [411][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.162) Prec@1 96.88 (96.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:12:29] Epoch: [411][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.164) Prec@1 93.75 (96.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:12:58] Epoch: [411][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.163) Prec@1 97.92 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:13:03] Epoch: [411][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.162) Prec@1 95.00 (96.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:13:03] **train** Prec@1 96.71 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.29 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.162 - test [2019-04-01-06:13:04] Epoch: [411][000/105] Time 0.94 (0.94) Data 0.81 (0.81) Loss 0.221 (0.221) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:13:10] Epoch: [411][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.149) Prec@1 98.96 (95.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-06:13:11] Epoch: [411][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.049 (0.150) Prec@1 93.75 (95.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-06:13:11] **test** Prec@1 95.94 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.06 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.150 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.11, Acc@5=99.96, Error@1=3.89, Error@5=0.04 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:13:11] [Epoch=412/600] [Need: 07:53:17] LR=0.0057 ~ 0.0057, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:13:12] Epoch: [412][000/521] Time 1.17 (1.17) Data 0.78 (0.78) Loss 0.275 (0.275) Prec@1 92.71 (92.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:13:43] Epoch: [412][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.129 (0.156) Prec@1 96.88 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:14:08] Epoch: [412][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.155) Prec@1 96.88 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:14:41] Epoch: [412][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.153) Prec@1 96.88 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:15:11] Epoch: [412][400/521] Time 0.32 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.153) Prec@1 97.92 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:15:42] Epoch: [412][500/521] Time 0.28 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.156) Prec@1 95.83 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:15:48] Epoch: [412][520/521] Time 0.30 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.156) Prec@1 98.75 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:15:48] **train** Prec@1 96.85 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.15 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.156 - test [2019-04-01-06:15:49] Epoch: [412][000/105] Time 1.02 (1.02) Data 0.88 (0.88) Loss 0.134 (0.134) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:15:55] Epoch: [412][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.063 (0.151) Prec@1 98.96 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-06:15:55] Epoch: [412][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.042 (0.150) Prec@1 100.00 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-06:15:55] **test** Prec@1 96.17 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.83 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.150 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.17, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=3.83, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:15:55] [Epoch=413/600] [Need: 08:31:46] LR=0.0056 ~ 0.0056, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:15:57] Epoch: [413][000/521] Time 1.35 (1.35) Data 0.91 (0.91) Loss 0.112 (0.112) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:16:28] Epoch: [413][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.164 (0.150) Prec@1 97.92 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:17:00] Epoch: [413][200/521] Time 0.30 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.151) Prec@1 96.88 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:17:29] Epoch: [413][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.150) Prec@1 95.83 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:17:53] Epoch: [413][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.151) Prec@1 94.79 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:18:16] Epoch: [413][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.154) Prec@1 96.88 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:18:21] Epoch: [413][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.154) Prec@1 96.25 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:18:21] **train** Prec@1 96.96 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.04 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.154 - test [2019-04-01-06:18:22] Epoch: [413][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.117 (0.117) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:18:26] Epoch: [413][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.155) Prec@1 98.96 (95.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-06:18:26] Epoch: [413][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.154) Prec@1 100.00 (95.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-06:18:26] **test** Prec@1 95.97 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.03 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.17, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=3.83, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:18:26] [Epoch=414/600] [Need: 07:47:27] LR=0.0056 ~ 0.0056, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:18:27] Epoch: [414][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.133 (0.133) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:18:51] Epoch: [414][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.172 (0.155) Prec@1 95.83 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:19:14] Epoch: [414][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.278 (0.162) Prec@1 93.75 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:19:38] Epoch: [414][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.158) Prec@1 95.83 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:20:02] Epoch: [414][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.245 (0.155) Prec@1 96.88 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:20:25] Epoch: [414][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.153 (0.158) Prec@1 95.83 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:20:30] Epoch: [414][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.158) Prec@1 98.75 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:20:30] **train** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.158 - test [2019-04-01-06:20:31] Epoch: [414][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:20:35] Epoch: [414][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.155) Prec@1 98.96 (95.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - test [2019-04-01-06:20:35] Epoch: [414][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.154) Prec@1 100.00 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:20:35] **test** Prec@1 95.90 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 4.10 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.17, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=3.83, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:20:35] [Epoch=415/600] [Need: 06:38:41] LR=0.0055 ~ 0.0055, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:20:36] Epoch: [415][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:21:00] Epoch: [415][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.151) Prec@1 96.88 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:21:24] Epoch: [415][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.156) Prec@1 96.88 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:21:48] Epoch: [415][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.152) Prec@1 95.83 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:22:12] Epoch: [415][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.151) Prec@1 96.88 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:22:36] Epoch: [415][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.153) Prec@1 98.96 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:22:41] Epoch: [415][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.153) Prec@1 96.25 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:22:41] **train** Prec@1 96.96 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.04 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.153 - test [2019-04-01-06:22:42] Epoch: [415][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.082 (0.082) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:22:46] Epoch: [415][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.056 (0.155) Prec@1 97.92 (95.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-06:22:46] Epoch: [415][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.020 (0.156) Prec@1 100.00 (95.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-06:22:46] **test** Prec@1 95.82 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 4.18 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.17, Acc@5=99.90, Error@1=3.83, Error@5=0.10 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:22:46] [Epoch=416/600] [Need: 06:41:02] LR=0.0054 ~ 0.0054, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:22:47] Epoch: [416][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.136 (0.136) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:23:11] Epoch: [416][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.141) Prec@1 95.83 (97.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:23:34] Epoch: [416][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.146) Prec@1 97.92 (97.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:23:58] Epoch: [416][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.148) Prec@1 96.88 (97.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:24:22] Epoch: [416][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.150) Prec@1 96.88 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:24:46] Epoch: [416][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.228 (0.152) Prec@1 94.79 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:24:50] Epoch: [416][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.152) Prec@1 98.75 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:24:51] **train** Prec@1 96.97 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.03 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.152 - test [2019-04-01-06:24:51] Epoch: [416][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.061 (0.061) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:24:55] Epoch: [416][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.154) Prec@1 97.92 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-06:24:55] Epoch: [416][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.205 (0.155) Prec@1 93.75 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-06:24:55] **test** Prec@1 96.25 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 3.75 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:24:56] [Epoch=417/600] [Need: 06:34:48] LR=0.0054 ~ 0.0054, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:24:56] Epoch: [417][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.116 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:25:27] Epoch: [417][100/521] Time 0.36 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.157 (0.151) Prec@1 93.75 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:25:57] Epoch: [417][200/521] Time 0.30 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.157) Prec@1 95.83 (96.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-06:26:27] Epoch: [417][300/521] Time 0.30 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.156) Prec@1 95.83 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-06:26:58] Epoch: [417][400/521] Time 0.31 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.152) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:27:24] Epoch: [417][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.154) Prec@1 95.83 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:27:29] Epoch: [417][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.153) Prec@1 98.75 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:27:29] **train** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.153 - test [2019-04-01-06:27:30] Epoch: [417][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.099 (0.099) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:27:34] Epoch: [417][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.144) Prec@1 98.96 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-06:27:35] Epoch: [417][104/105] Time 0.06 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-06:27:35] **test** Prec@1 96.07 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.93 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:27:35] [Epoch=418/600] [Need: 08:03:29] LR=0.0053 ~ 0.0053, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:27:36] Epoch: [418][000/521] Time 1.05 (1.05) Data 0.64 (0.64) Loss 0.373 (0.373) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:28:08] Epoch: [418][100/521] Time 0.32 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.184 (0.151) Prec@1 96.88 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:28:40] Epoch: [418][200/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.154) Prec@1 95.83 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:29:11] Epoch: [418][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.152) Prec@1 97.92 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:29:42] Epoch: [418][400/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.153) Prec@1 95.83 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:30:16] Epoch: [418][500/521] Time 0.49 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.154) Prec@1 97.92 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:30:24] Epoch: [418][520/521] Time 0.49 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.155) Prec@1 96.25 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:30:24] **train** Prec@1 96.87 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.13 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.155 - test [2019-04-01-06:30:25] Epoch: [418][000/105] Time 1.04 (1.04) Data 0.92 (0.92) Loss 0.142 (0.142) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:30:31] Epoch: [418][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.143) Prec@1 98.96 (96.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-06:30:31] Epoch: [418][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.143) Prec@1 100.00 (96.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:30:32] **test** Prec@1 96.00 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.00 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.143 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:30:32] [Epoch=419/600] [Need: 08:53:29] LR=0.0053 ~ 0.0053, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:30:33] Epoch: [419][000/521] Time 1.61 (1.61) Data 1.02 (1.02) Loss 0.167 (0.167) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:31:11] Epoch: [419][100/521] Time 0.47 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.117 (0.145) Prec@1 96.88 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:31:49] Epoch: [419][200/521] Time 0.35 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (97.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:32:27] Epoch: [419][300/521] Time 0.33 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:33:08] Epoch: [419][400/521] Time 0.38 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.146) Prec@1 94.79 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:33:41] Epoch: [419][500/521] Time 0.30 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.149) Prec@1 96.88 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:33:48] Epoch: [419][520/521] Time 0.39 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.149) Prec@1 93.75 (96.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:33:48] **train** Prec@1 96.98 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.02 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.149 - test [2019-04-01-06:33:49] Epoch: [419][000/105] Time 0.90 (0.90) Data 0.77 (0.77) Loss 0.126 (0.126) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:33:55] Epoch: [419][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.052 (0.146) Prec@1 98.96 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-06:33:55] Epoch: [419][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (96.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-06:33:56] **test** Prec@1 96.08 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.92 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:33:56] [Epoch=420/600] [Need: 10:12:06] LR=0.0052 ~ 0.0052, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:33:58] Epoch: [420][000/521] Time 1.77 (1.77) Data 1.41 (1.41) Loss 0.138 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:34:30] Epoch: [420][100/521] Time 0.36 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.119 (0.138) Prec@1 97.92 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-06:35:02] Epoch: [420][200/521] Time 0.36 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.138 (0.140) Prec@1 96.88 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:35:34] Epoch: [420][300/521] Time 0.31 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.162 (0.141) Prec@1 94.79 (97.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:36:05] Epoch: [420][400/521] Time 0.37 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.144) Prec@1 93.75 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:36:36] Epoch: [420][500/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.147) Prec@1 97.92 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:36:43] Epoch: [420][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.147) Prec@1 100.00 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:36:43] **train** Prec@1 96.99 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.01 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.147 - test [2019-04-01-06:36:44] Epoch: [420][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.111 (0.111) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:36:50] Epoch: [420][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.046 (0.153) Prec@1 98.96 (96.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-06:36:50] Epoch: [420][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.030 (0.154) Prec@1 100.00 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:36:50] **test** Prec@1 96.06 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.94 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:36:50] [Epoch=421/600] [Need: 08:40:01] LR=0.0052 ~ 0.0052, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:36:51] Epoch: [421][000/521] Time 0.94 (0.94) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.064 (0.064) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:37:22] Epoch: [421][100/521] Time 0.39 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.169 (0.152) Prec@1 95.83 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:37:54] Epoch: [421][200/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.153) Prec@1 100.00 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:38:26] Epoch: [421][300/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.151) Prec@1 96.88 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:38:56] Epoch: [421][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.147) Prec@1 97.92 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:39:28] Epoch: [421][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:39:33] Epoch: [421][520/521] Time 0.29 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.144) Prec@1 97.50 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:39:33] **train** Prec@1 97.24 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.76 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.144 - test [2019-04-01-06:39:34] Epoch: [421][000/105] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.77 (0.77) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:39:40] Epoch: [421][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.146) Prec@1 96.88 (96.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:39:40] Epoch: [421][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.147) Prec@1 100.00 (96.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-06:39:40] **test** Prec@1 96.10 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.90 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.147 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:39:40] [Epoch=422/600] [Need: 08:24:28] LR=0.0051 ~ 0.0051, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:39:41] Epoch: [422][000/521] Time 0.93 (0.93) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.140 (0.140) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:40:12] Epoch: [422][100/521] Time 0.38 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.141) Prec@1 97.92 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:40:43] Epoch: [422][200/521] Time 0.35 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.146) Prec@1 95.83 (97.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:41:13] Epoch: [422][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.142) Prec@1 97.92 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:41:45] Epoch: [422][400/521] Time 0.33 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.141) Prec@1 98.96 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:42:16] Epoch: [422][500/521] Time 0.39 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.147) Prec@1 96.88 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:42:22] Epoch: [422][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.146) Prec@1 98.75 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:42:22] **train** Prec@1 97.06 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.94 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.146 - test [2019-04-01-06:42:23] Epoch: [422][000/105] Time 0.94 (0.94) Data 0.82 (0.82) Loss 0.100 (0.100) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:42:29] Epoch: [422][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.151) Prec@1 98.96 (96.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-06:42:29] Epoch: [422][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.016 (0.151) Prec@1 100.00 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:42:29] **test** Prec@1 96.07 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.93 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.151 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:42:30] [Epoch=423/600] [Need: 08:19:45] LR=0.0051 ~ 0.0051, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:42:31] Epoch: [423][000/521] Time 1.07 (1.07) Data 0.70 (0.70) Loss 0.165 (0.165) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:43:03] Epoch: [423][100/521] Time 0.36 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.130 (0.152) Prec@1 98.96 (96.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-06:43:34] Epoch: [423][200/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.152) Prec@1 95.83 (96.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:44:05] Epoch: [423][300/521] Time 0.33 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (97.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:44:37] Epoch: [423][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.143) Prec@1 96.88 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:45:09] Epoch: [423][500/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:45:15] Epoch: [423][520/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.209 (0.146) Prec@1 93.75 (97.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:45:15] **train** Prec@1 97.13 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.87 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.146 - test [2019-04-01-06:45:16] Epoch: [423][000/105] Time 0.94 (0.94) Data 0.76 (0.76) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:45:22] Epoch: [423][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.166) Prec@1 97.92 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) - test [2019-04-01-06:45:22] Epoch: [423][104/105] Time 0.07 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.084 (0.167) Prec@1 93.75 (95.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.86) -[2019-04-01-06:45:22] **test** Prec@1 95.80 Prec@5 99.86 Error@1 4.20 Error@5 0.14 Loss:0.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:45:22] [Epoch=424/600] [Need: 08:26:54] LR=0.0050 ~ 0.0050, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:45:24] Epoch: [424][000/521] Time 1.23 (1.23) Data 0.85 (0.85) Loss 0.190 (0.190) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:45:54] Epoch: [424][100/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.210 (0.147) Prec@1 96.88 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:46:26] Epoch: [424][200/521] Time 0.36 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.222 (0.152) Prec@1 93.75 (96.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:46:57] Epoch: [424][300/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.151) Prec@1 98.96 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:47:30] Epoch: [424][400/521] Time 0.35 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.150) Prec@1 97.92 (96.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:48:02] Epoch: [424][500/521] Time 0.51 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.284 (0.151) Prec@1 93.75 (96.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:48:09] Epoch: [424][520/521] Time 0.42 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.151) Prec@1 96.25 (96.89) Prec@5 98.75 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:48:09] **train** Prec@1 96.89 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.11 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.151 - test [2019-04-01-06:48:10] Epoch: [424][000/105] Time 1.05 (1.05) Data 0.98 (0.98) Loss 0.123 (0.123) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:48:16] Epoch: [424][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.154 (0.172) Prec@1 96.88 (95.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:48:16] Epoch: [424][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.171) Prec@1 100.00 (95.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-06:48:17] **test** Prec@1 95.57 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.43 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:48:17] [Epoch=425/600] [Need: 08:28:38] LR=0.0050 ~ 0.0050, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:48:18] Epoch: [425][000/521] Time 1.27 (1.27) Data 0.83 (0.83) Loss 0.088 (0.088) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:48:50] Epoch: [425][100/521] Time 0.39 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.159 (0.146) Prec@1 97.92 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:49:22] Epoch: [425][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (97.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:49:53] Epoch: [425][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (97.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:50:22] Epoch: [425][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.140) Prec@1 100.00 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:50:54] Epoch: [425][500/521] Time 0.32 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:51:00] Epoch: [425][520/521] Time 0.29 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.144) Prec@1 97.50 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:51:00] **train** Prec@1 97.16 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 2.84 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.144 - test [2019-04-01-06:51:01] Epoch: [425][000/105] Time 0.90 (0.90) Data 0.80 (0.80) Loss 0.149 (0.149) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:51:07] Epoch: [425][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.092 (0.153) Prec@1 97.92 (95.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-06:51:07] Epoch: [425][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.030 (0.152) Prec@1 100.00 (95.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-06:51:07] **test** Prec@1 95.92 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.08 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.152 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:51:07] [Epoch=426/600] [Need: 08:13:55] LR=0.0049 ~ 0.0049, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:51:08] Epoch: [426][000/521] Time 1.06 (1.06) Data 0.65 (0.65) Loss 0.100 (0.100) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:51:33] Epoch: [426][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.101 (0.148) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:51:57] Epoch: [426][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.146) Prec@1 94.79 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:52:23] Epoch: [426][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.145) Prec@1 98.96 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:52:47] Epoch: [426][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:53:11] Epoch: [426][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.147) Prec@1 98.96 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:53:15] Epoch: [426][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.147) Prec@1 97.50 (97.05) Prec@5 98.75 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-06:53:16] **train** Prec@1 97.05 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.95 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.147 - test [2019-04-01-06:53:16] Epoch: [426][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.113 (0.113) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:53:20] Epoch: [426][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.067 (0.154) Prec@1 98.96 (96.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:53:20] Epoch: [426][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.153) Prec@1 100.00 (96.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-06:53:21] **test** Prec@1 96.14 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.86 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:53:21] [Epoch=427/600] [Need: 06:25:15] LR=0.0049 ~ 0.0049, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:53:21] Epoch: [427][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.212 (0.212) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:53:45] Epoch: [427][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:54:09] Epoch: [427][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.145) Prec@1 95.83 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:54:33] Epoch: [427][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.155 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (97.09) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:54:57] Epoch: [427][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:55:21] Epoch: [427][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (97.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:55:25] Epoch: [427][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.142) Prec@1 97.50 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-06:55:25] **train** Prec@1 97.17 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.83 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.142 - test [2019-04-01-06:55:26] Epoch: [427][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.089 (0.089) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:55:30] Epoch: [427][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.157) Prec@1 96.88 (96.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-06:55:30] Epoch: [427][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.157) Prec@1 100.00 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-06:55:30] **test** Prec@1 96.15 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.85 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:55:30] [Epoch=428/600] [Need: 06:11:39] LR=0.0048 ~ 0.0048, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:55:31] Epoch: [428][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.178 (0.178) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:55:55] Epoch: [428][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:56:19] Epoch: [428][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.137) Prec@1 98.96 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:56:43] Epoch: [428][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.138) Prec@1 97.92 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:57:06] Epoch: [428][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.139) Prec@1 100.00 (97.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-06:57:30] Epoch: [428][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.140) Prec@1 100.00 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-06:57:35] Epoch: [428][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.220 (0.140) Prec@1 96.25 (97.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-06:57:35] **train** Prec@1 97.19 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.81 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.140 - test [2019-04-01-06:57:36] Epoch: [428][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.050 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:57:40] Epoch: [428][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.065 (0.167) Prec@1 97.92 (95.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-06:57:40] Epoch: [428][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.013 (0.166) Prec@1 100.00 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-06:57:40] **test** Prec@1 95.90 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 4.10 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:57:40] [Epoch=429/600] [Need: 06:09:38] LR=0.0048 ~ 0.0048, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:57:41] Epoch: [429][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.121 (0.121) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-06:58:05] Epoch: [429][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.126 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (97.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-06:58:28] Epoch: [429][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.140) Prec@1 98.96 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:58:52] Epoch: [429][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.142) Prec@1 97.92 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-06:59:16] Epoch: [429][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.142) Prec@1 95.83 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-06:59:40] Epoch: [429][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.144) Prec@1 97.92 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-06:59:44] Epoch: [429][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.144) Prec@1 97.50 (97.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-06:59:44] **train** Prec@1 97.15 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 2.85 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.144 - test [2019-04-01-06:59:45] Epoch: [429][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.109 (0.109) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-06:59:49] Epoch: [429][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.149) Prec@1 96.88 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-06:59:49] Epoch: [429][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.149) Prec@1 93.75 (96.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-06:59:49] **test** Prec@1 96.04 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.96 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.149 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.25, Acc@5=99.89, Error@1=3.75, Error@5=0.11 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-06:59:49] [Epoch=430/600] [Need: 06:06:33] LR=0.0047 ~ 0.0047, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-06:59:50] Epoch: [430][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.243 (0.243) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:00:14] Epoch: [430][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.171 (0.134) Prec@1 95.83 (97.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:00:38] Epoch: [430][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:01:02] Epoch: [430][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.139) Prec@1 98.96 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:01:25] Epoch: [430][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (97.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:01:49] Epoch: [430][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.252 (0.142) Prec@1 93.75 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:01:54] Epoch: [430][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.142) Prec@1 98.75 (97.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:01:54] **train** Prec@1 97.21 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.79 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.142 - test [2019-04-01-07:01:55] Epoch: [430][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:01:59] Epoch: [430][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.032 (0.148) Prec@1 98.96 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:01:59] Epoch: [430][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.090 (0.149) Prec@1 93.75 (96.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:01:59] **test** Prec@1 96.39 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.61 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.149 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.39, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.61, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:01:59] [Epoch=431/600] [Need: 06:05:12] LR=0.0047 ~ 0.0047, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:02:00] Epoch: [431][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.141 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:02:24] Epoch: [431][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.046 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (97.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:02:48] Epoch: [431][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:03:12] Epoch: [431][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.181 (0.137) Prec@1 95.83 (97.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:03:36] Epoch: [431][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.139) Prec@1 95.83 (97.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:04:00] Epoch: [431][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.139) Prec@1 96.88 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:04:05] Epoch: [431][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.264 (0.140) Prec@1 95.00 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:04:05] **train** Prec@1 97.16 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.84 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.140 - test [2019-04-01-07:04:05] Epoch: [431][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:04:09] Epoch: [431][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.158) Prec@1 96.88 (95.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:04:09] Epoch: [431][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.158) Prec@1 100.00 (95.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-07:04:10] **test** Prec@1 95.90 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 4.10 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.39, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.61, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:04:10] [Epoch=432/600] [Need: 06:05:38] LR=0.0046 ~ 0.0046, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:04:10] Epoch: [432][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.144 (0.144) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:04:34] Epoch: [432][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.162 (0.144) Prec@1 96.88 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:04:58] Epoch: [432][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.145) Prec@1 98.96 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:05:22] Epoch: [432][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.260 (0.141) Prec@1 94.79 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:05:46] Epoch: [432][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:06:09] Epoch: [432][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.140) Prec@1 96.88 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:06:14] Epoch: [432][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.139) Prec@1 96.25 (97.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:06:14] **train** Prec@1 97.28 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.72 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.139 - test [2019-04-01-07:06:15] Epoch: [432][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:06:19] Epoch: [432][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.145) Prec@1 98.96 (96.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-07:06:19] Epoch: [432][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.144) Prec@1 93.75 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-07:06:19] **test** Prec@1 96.36 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.64 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.39, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.61, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:06:19] [Epoch=433/600] [Need: 06:00:06] LR=0.0046 ~ 0.0046, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:06:20] Epoch: [433][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:06:43] Epoch: [433][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.150) Prec@1 94.79 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:07:07] Epoch: [433][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.201 (0.146) Prec@1 95.83 (97.12) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:07:31] Epoch: [433][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.142) Prec@1 96.88 (97.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:07:55] Epoch: [433][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.141) Prec@1 95.83 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:08:19] Epoch: [433][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.122 (0.142) Prec@1 96.88 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:08:23] Epoch: [433][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.141) Prec@1 98.75 (97.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:08:23] **train** Prec@1 97.25 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.75 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.141 - test [2019-04-01-07:08:24] Epoch: [433][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.099 (0.099) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:08:28] Epoch: [433][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.159) Prec@1 96.88 (95.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-07:08:28] Epoch: [433][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.158) Prec@1 100.00 (95.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-07:08:28] **test** Prec@1 95.85 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.15 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.39, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.61, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:08:28] [Epoch=434/600] [Need: 05:57:57] LR=0.0045 ~ 0.0045, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:08:29] Epoch: [434][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:08:53] Epoch: [434][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.143) Prec@1 98.96 (97.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:09:17] Epoch: [434][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.135) Prec@1 97.92 (97.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:09:41] Epoch: [434][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.186 (0.135) Prec@1 94.79 (97.42) Prec@5 98.96 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:10:04] Epoch: [434][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.139) Prec@1 95.83 (97.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:10:28] Epoch: [434][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.139) Prec@1 100.00 (97.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:10:33] Epoch: [434][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.139) Prec@1 95.00 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:10:33] **train** Prec@1 97.27 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.73 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.139 - test [2019-04-01-07:10:34] Epoch: [434][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.124 (0.124) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:10:38] Epoch: [434][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.144) Prec@1 98.96 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-07:10:38] Epoch: [434][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.143) Prec@1 100.00 (96.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-07:10:38] **test** Prec@1 96.08 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.92 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.143 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.39, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.61, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:10:38] [Epoch=435/600] [Need: 05:56:53] LR=0.0045 ~ 0.0045, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:10:39] Epoch: [435][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.144 (0.144) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:11:03] Epoch: [435][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.130) Prec@1 96.88 (97.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:11:27] Epoch: [435][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.202 (0.136) Prec@1 94.79 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:11:51] Epoch: [435][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.136) Prec@1 96.88 (97.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:12:15] Epoch: [435][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.257 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (97.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:12:38] Epoch: [435][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:12:43] Epoch: [435][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.138) Prec@1 98.75 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:12:43] **train** Prec@1 97.27 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.73 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.138 - test [2019-04-01-07:12:44] Epoch: [435][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:12:48] Epoch: [435][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.014 (0.138) Prec@1 98.96 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:12:48] Epoch: [435][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.036 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (96.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-07:12:48] **test** Prec@1 96.44 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.56 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.138 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:12:48] [Epoch=436/600] [Need: 05:56:00] LR=0.0044 ~ 0.0044, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:12:49] Epoch: [436][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.077 (0.077) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:13:20] Epoch: [436][100/521] Time 0.31 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.119) Prec@1 98.96 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:13:50] Epoch: [436][200/521] Time 0.34 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.125) Prec@1 97.92 (97.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:14:20] Epoch: [436][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.126) Prec@1 96.88 (97.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:14:51] Epoch: [436][400/521] Time 0.33 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.197 (0.128) Prec@1 96.88 (97.49) Prec@5 98.96 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:15:17] Epoch: [436][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.219 (0.131) Prec@1 94.79 (97.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:15:22] Epoch: [436][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:15:22] **train** Prec@1 97.38 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.62 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.131 - test [2019-04-01-07:15:23] Epoch: [436][000/105] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.81 (0.81) Loss 0.153 (0.153) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:15:29] Epoch: [436][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.156) Prec@1 97.92 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:15:29] Epoch: [436][104/105] Time 0.05 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.006 (0.157) Prec@1 100.00 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-07:15:29] **test** Prec@1 96.05 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.95 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:15:29] [Epoch=437/600] [Need: 07:17:22] LR=0.0044 ~ 0.0044, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:15:31] Epoch: [437][000/521] Time 1.11 (1.11) Data 0.65 (0.65) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:16:03] Epoch: [437][100/521] Time 0.41 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.170 (0.135) Prec@1 96.88 (97.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:16:35] Epoch: [437][200/521] Time 0.31 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.136) Prec@1 100.00 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:17:07] Epoch: [437][300/521] Time 0.30 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.135) Prec@1 97.92 (97.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:17:40] Epoch: [437][400/521] Time 0.34 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.151 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (97.29) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:18:07] Epoch: [437][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (97.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:18:12] Epoch: [437][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.136) Prec@1 98.75 (97.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:18:13] **train** Prec@1 97.29 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.71 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.136 - test [2019-04-01-07:18:13] Epoch: [437][000/105] Time 0.66 (0.66) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.108 (0.108) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:18:18] Epoch: [437][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.064 (0.154) Prec@1 96.88 (96.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-07:18:18] Epoch: [437][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.153) Prec@1 100.00 (96.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-07:18:18] **test** Prec@1 96.03 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.97 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:18:18] [Epoch=438/600] [Need: 07:35:22] LR=0.0043 ~ 0.0043, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:18:19] Epoch: [438][000/521] Time 1.06 (1.06) Data 0.64 (0.64) Loss 0.169 (0.169) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:18:45] Epoch: [438][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.249 (0.141) Prec@1 95.83 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:19:09] Epoch: [438][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.137) Prec@1 97.92 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:19:38] Epoch: [438][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.135) Prec@1 98.96 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:20:08] Epoch: [438][400/521] Time 0.29 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.137) Prec@1 98.96 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:20:39] Epoch: [438][500/521] Time 0.30 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.210 (0.138) Prec@1 95.83 (97.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:20:45] Epoch: [438][520/521] Time 0.31 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.138) Prec@1 97.50 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:20:45] **train** Prec@1 97.26 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.74 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.138 - test [2019-04-01-07:20:46] Epoch: [438][000/105] Time 0.95 (0.95) Data 0.84 (0.84) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:20:51] Epoch: [438][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.044 (0.146) Prec@1 97.92 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:20:51] Epoch: [438][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.018 (0.147) Prec@1 100.00 (96.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:20:51] **test** Prec@1 96.27 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.73 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.147 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:20:51] [Epoch=439/600] [Need: 06:51:17] LR=0.0043 ~ 0.0043, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:20:52] Epoch: [439][000/521] Time 1.05 (1.05) Data 0.70 (0.70) Loss 0.143 (0.143) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:21:23] Epoch: [439][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.124) Prec@1 100.00 (97.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:21:48] Epoch: [439][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (97.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:22:18] Epoch: [439][300/521] Time 0.33 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.195 (0.131) Prec@1 94.79 (97.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:22:50] Epoch: [439][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:23:21] Epoch: [439][500/521] Time 0.32 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.128) Prec@1 95.83 (97.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:23:26] Epoch: [439][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:23:27] **train** Prec@1 97.49 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.51 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.128 - test [2019-04-01-07:23:27] Epoch: [439][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.073 (0.073) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:23:31] Epoch: [439][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.094 (0.165) Prec@1 95.83 (95.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-07:23:31] Epoch: [439][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.165) Prec@1 100.00 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-07:23:31] **test** Prec@1 95.81 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 4.19 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:23:32] [Epoch=440/600] [Need: 07:07:10] LR=0.0042 ~ 0.0042, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:23:32] Epoch: [440][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.197 (0.197) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:23:56] Epoch: [440][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.137) Prec@1 97.92 (97.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:24:20] Epoch: [440][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (97.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:24:44] Epoch: [440][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.135) Prec@1 97.92 (97.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:25:07] Epoch: [440][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.132) Prec@1 97.92 (97.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:25:31] Epoch: [440][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.171 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (97.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:25:36] Epoch: [440][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.134) Prec@1 96.25 (97.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:25:36] **train** Prec@1 97.38 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.62 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.134 - test [2019-04-01-07:25:37] Epoch: [440][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.166 (0.166) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:25:41] Epoch: [440][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.150) Prec@1 97.92 (96.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:25:41] Epoch: [440][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.151) Prec@1 100.00 (96.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:25:41] **test** Prec@1 96.11 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.89 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.151 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:25:41] [Epoch=441/600] [Need: 05:43:26] LR=0.0042 ~ 0.0042, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:25:42] Epoch: [441][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.066 (0.066) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:26:06] Epoch: [441][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.134 (0.150) Prec@1 97.92 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - train[2019-04-01-07:26:30] Epoch: [441][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-07:26:54] Epoch: [441][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.261 (0.137) Prec@1 94.79 (97.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:27:17] Epoch: [441][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (97.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:27:41] Epoch: [441][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (97.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:27:46] Epoch: [441][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.133) Prec@1 97.50 (97.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:27:46] **train** Prec@1 97.40 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.60 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.133 - test [2019-04-01-07:27:47] Epoch: [441][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.124 (0.124) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:27:51] Epoch: [441][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.129 (0.162) Prec@1 98.96 (95.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-07:27:51] Epoch: [441][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.162) Prec@1 100.00 (95.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-07:27:51] **test** Prec@1 95.98 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 4.02 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:27:51] [Epoch=442/600] [Need: 05:41:56] LR=0.0041 ~ 0.0041, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:27:52] Epoch: [442][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.123 (0.123) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:28:15] Epoch: [442][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.118) Prec@1 96.88 (97.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:28:39] Epoch: [442][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.123) Prec@1 97.92 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:29:03] Epoch: [442][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:29:27] Epoch: [442][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.128) Prec@1 95.83 (97.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:29:51] Epoch: [442][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.130) Prec@1 94.79 (97.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:29:56] Epoch: [442][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.129) Prec@1 95.00 (97.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:29:56] **train** Prec@1 97.47 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.53 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.129 - test [2019-04-01-07:29:56] Epoch: [442][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:30:00] Epoch: [442][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.164) Prec@1 97.92 (95.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-07:30:01] Epoch: [442][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.166) Prec@1 100.00 (95.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-07:30:01] **test** Prec@1 95.99 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 4.01 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:30:01] [Epoch=443/600] [Need: 05:39:38] LR=0.0041 ~ 0.0041, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:30:02] Epoch: [443][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.050 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:30:25] Epoch: [443][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.169 (0.119) Prec@1 97.92 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:30:49] Epoch: [443][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.116) Prec@1 96.88 (97.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:31:13] Epoch: [443][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.161 (0.119) Prec@1 97.92 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:31:37] Epoch: [443][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.122) Prec@1 96.88 (97.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:32:01] Epoch: [443][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.126) Prec@1 96.88 (97.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:32:05] Epoch: [443][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.125) Prec@1 98.75 (97.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:32:05] **train** Prec@1 97.56 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.44 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.125 - test [2019-04-01-07:32:06] Epoch: [443][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.132 (0.132) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:32:10] Epoch: [443][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.153) Prec@1 98.96 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:32:10] Epoch: [443][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.014 (0.152) Prec@1 100.00 (96.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-07:32:10] **test** Prec@1 96.07 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.93 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.152 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:32:10] [Epoch=444/600] [Need: 05:37:07] LR=0.0040 ~ 0.0040, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:32:11] Epoch: [444][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:32:35] Epoch: [444][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.118) Prec@1 98.96 (97.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:32:59] Epoch: [444][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.213 (0.115) Prec@1 96.88 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:33:23] Epoch: [444][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.117) Prec@1 97.92 (97.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:33:46] Epoch: [444][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.203 (0.121) Prec@1 96.88 (97.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:34:10] Epoch: [444][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.123) Prec@1 98.96 (97.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:34:15] Epoch: [444][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.124) Prec@1 97.50 (97.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:34:15] **train** Prec@1 97.64 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.36 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.124 - test [2019-04-01-07:34:16] Epoch: [444][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.102 (0.102) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:34:20] Epoch: [444][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.067 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (96.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-07:34:20] Epoch: [444][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.143) Prec@1 100.00 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-07:34:20] **test** Prec@1 96.42 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 3.58 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.143 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.44, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.56, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:34:20] [Epoch=445/600] [Need: 05:34:57] LR=0.0040 ~ 0.0040, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:34:21] Epoch: [445][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:34:45] Epoch: [445][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.265 (0.122) Prec@1 96.88 (97.63) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:35:09] Epoch: [445][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.127) Prec@1 98.96 (97.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:35:33] Epoch: [445][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:35:56] Epoch: [445][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.125) Prec@1 97.92 (97.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:36:21] Epoch: [445][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.166 (0.125) Prec@1 97.92 (97.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:36:26] Epoch: [445][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.157 (0.124) Prec@1 97.50 (97.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:36:26] **train** Prec@1 97.65 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.35 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.124 - test [2019-04-01-07:36:27] Epoch: [445][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.099 (0.099) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:36:31] Epoch: [445][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.066 (0.145) Prec@1 98.96 (96.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:36:31] Epoch: [445][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.145) Prec@1 100.00 (96.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:36:31] **test** Prec@1 96.58 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.42 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.145 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:36:31] [Epoch=446/600] [Need: 05:36:40] LR=0.0039 ~ 0.0039, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:36:32] Epoch: [446][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.068 (0.068) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:36:56] Epoch: [446][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.299 (0.134) Prec@1 93.75 (97.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:37:20] Epoch: [446][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.131) Prec@1 98.96 (97.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:37:44] Epoch: [446][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:38:08] Epoch: [446][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.124) Prec@1 97.92 (97.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:38:32] Epoch: [446][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.124) Prec@1 100.00 (97.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:38:36] Epoch: [446][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.125) Prec@1 98.75 (97.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-07:38:36] **train** Prec@1 97.61 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 2.39 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.125 - test [2019-04-01-07:38:37] Epoch: [446][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.117 (0.117) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:38:41] Epoch: [446][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.102 (0.151) Prec@1 97.92 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:38:41] Epoch: [446][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.152) Prec@1 100.00 (96.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:38:41] **test** Prec@1 96.37 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.63 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.152 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:38:42] [Epoch=447/600] [Need: 05:32:00] LR=0.0039 ~ 0.0039, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:38:42] Epoch: [447][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:39:06] Epoch: [447][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.133 (0.118) Prec@1 97.92 (97.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - train[2019-04-01-07:39:30] Epoch: [447][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.122) Prec@1 96.88 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:39:54] Epoch: [447][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:40:18] Epoch: [447][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.121) Prec@1 96.88 (97.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:40:43] Epoch: [447][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.123) Prec@1 96.88 (97.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:40:48] Epoch: [447][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.123) Prec@1 98.75 (97.64) Prec@5 98.75 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:40:48] **train** Prec@1 97.64 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.36 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.123 - test [2019-04-01-07:40:48] Epoch: [447][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.122 (0.122) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:40:52] Epoch: [447][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.149) Prec@1 96.88 (96.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-07:40:53] Epoch: [447][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.148) Prec@1 100.00 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-07:40:53] **test** Prec@1 96.17 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.83 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.148 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:40:53] [Epoch=448/600] [Need: 05:32:38] LR=0.0038 ~ 0.0038, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:40:54] Epoch: [448][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.204 (0.204) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:41:17] Epoch: [448][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.124) Prec@1 96.88 (97.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:41:41] Epoch: [448][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.126) Prec@1 98.96 (97.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:42:05] Epoch: [448][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.126) Prec@1 94.79 (97.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:42:29] Epoch: [448][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.125) Prec@1 98.96 (97.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:42:53] Epoch: [448][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.168 (0.125) Prec@1 96.88 (97.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:42:58] Epoch: [448][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.124) Prec@1 100.00 (97.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:42:58] **train** Prec@1 97.58 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.42 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.124 - test [2019-04-01-07:42:59] Epoch: [448][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:43:03] Epoch: [448][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.158) Prec@1 96.88 (96.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:43:03] Epoch: [448][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.159) Prec@1 100.00 (96.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:43:03] **test** Prec@1 96.34 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.66 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.159 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:43:03] [Epoch=449/600] [Need: 05:27:52] LR=0.0038 ~ 0.0038, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:43:04] Epoch: [449][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:43:28] Epoch: [449][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.122) Prec@1 98.96 (97.61) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:43:52] Epoch: [449][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.121) Prec@1 98.96 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:44:16] Epoch: [449][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:44:41] Epoch: [449][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.248 (0.119) Prec@1 95.83 (97.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:45:04] Epoch: [449][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.180 (0.120) Prec@1 96.88 (97.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:45:09] Epoch: [449][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.175 (0.121) Prec@1 96.25 (97.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:45:09] **train** Prec@1 97.71 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.29 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.121 - test [2019-04-01-07:45:10] Epoch: [449][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.076 (0.076) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:45:14] Epoch: [449][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.159) Prec@1 95.83 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-07:45:14] Epoch: [449][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.158) Prec@1 100.00 (95.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-07:45:14] **test** Prec@1 95.81 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 4.19 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:45:14] [Epoch=450/600] [Need: 05:28:13] LR=0.0037 ~ 0.0037, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:45:15] Epoch: [450][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.214 (0.214) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:45:39] Epoch: [450][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.116) Prec@1 96.88 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:46:03] Epoch: [450][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.117) Prec@1 98.96 (97.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:46:27] Epoch: [450][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.119) Prec@1 100.00 (97.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:46:51] Epoch: [450][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.206 (0.121) Prec@1 93.75 (97.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:47:15] Epoch: [450][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.178 (0.122) Prec@1 96.88 (97.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:47:20] Epoch: [450][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.214 (0.123) Prec@1 95.00 (97.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:47:20] **train** Prec@1 97.61 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.39 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.123 - test [2019-04-01-07:47:20] Epoch: [450][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.195 (0.195) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:47:24] Epoch: [450][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.145) Prec@1 98.96 (96.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:47:24] Epoch: [450][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.145) Prec@1 100.00 (96.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:47:24] **test** Prec@1 96.52 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.48 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.145 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:47:25] [Epoch=451/600] [Need: 05:23:14] LR=0.0037 ~ 0.0037, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:47:25] Epoch: [451][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.085 (0.085) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:47:49] Epoch: [451][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.124) Prec@1 97.92 (97.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:48:13] Epoch: [451][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:48:37] Epoch: [451][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.119) Prec@1 98.96 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:49:01] Epoch: [451][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.119) Prec@1 97.92 (97.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:49:24] Epoch: [451][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.118) Prec@1 97.92 (97.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:49:29] Epoch: [451][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.118) Prec@1 98.75 (97.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:49:29] **train** Prec@1 97.73 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.27 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.118 - test [2019-04-01-07:49:30] Epoch: [451][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.111 (0.111) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:49:34] Epoch: [451][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (96.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:49:34] Epoch: [451][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:49:34] **test** Prec@1 96.42 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.58 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:49:34] [Epoch=452/600] [Need: 05:19:50] LR=0.0037 ~ 0.0037, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:49:35] Epoch: [452][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.165 (0.165) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:49:59] Epoch: [452][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.059 (0.112) Prec@1 100.00 (97.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:50:23] Epoch: [452][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.241 (0.122) Prec@1 94.79 (97.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:50:47] Epoch: [452][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:51:11] Epoch: [452][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.233 (0.117) Prec@1 94.79 (97.80) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:51:35] Epoch: [452][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.191 (0.118) Prec@1 94.79 (97.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:51:40] Epoch: [452][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.118) Prec@1 98.75 (97.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-07:51:40] **train** Prec@1 97.81 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.19 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.118 - test [2019-04-01-07:51:41] Epoch: [452][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.150 (0.150) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:51:45] Epoch: [452][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.152) Prec@1 96.88 (96.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-07:51:45] Epoch: [452][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.153) Prec@1 100.00 (96.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-07:51:45] **test** Prec@1 96.13 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.87 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:51:45] [Epoch=453/600] [Need: 05:20:32] LR=0.0036 ~ 0.0036, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:51:46] Epoch: [453][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.174 (0.174) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:52:10] Epoch: [453][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.118) Prec@1 95.83 (97.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-07:52:33] Epoch: [453][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.135 (0.114) Prec@1 95.83 (97.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-07:52:57] Epoch: [453][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.115) Prec@1 98.96 (97.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:53:21] Epoch: [453][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.116) Prec@1 94.79 (97.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-07:53:45] Epoch: [453][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:53:50] Epoch: [453][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.164 (0.121) Prec@1 96.25 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:53:50] **train** Prec@1 97.70 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.30 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.121 - test [2019-04-01-07:53:51] Epoch: [453][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.127 (0.127) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:53:55] Epoch: [453][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.144) Prec@1 96.88 (96.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-07:53:55] Epoch: [453][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.021 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-07:53:55] **test** Prec@1 96.31 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.69 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:53:55] [Epoch=454/600] [Need: 05:16:34] LR=0.0036 ~ 0.0036, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:53:56] Epoch: [454][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.089 (0.089) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:54:20] Epoch: [454][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.110 (0.120) Prec@1 98.96 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:54:44] Epoch: [454][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.118) Prec@1 100.00 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:55:08] Epoch: [454][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.117) Prec@1 100.00 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:55:32] Epoch: [454][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.118) Prec@1 100.00 (97.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:55:56] Epoch: [454][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.143 (0.119) Prec@1 97.92 (97.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:56:01] Epoch: [454][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.120) Prec@1 96.25 (97.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:56:01] **train** Prec@1 97.79 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.21 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.120 - test [2019-04-01-07:56:01] Epoch: [454][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.113 (0.113) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:56:06] Epoch: [454][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.155) Prec@1 96.88 (96.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-07:56:06] Epoch: [454][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.314 (0.156) Prec@1 93.75 (96.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-07:56:06] **test** Prec@1 96.06 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.94 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:56:06] [Epoch=455/600] [Need: 05:16:12] LR=0.0035 ~ 0.0035, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:56:07] Epoch: [455][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.198 (0.198) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:56:31] Epoch: [455][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.116) Prec@1 98.96 (97.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:56:55] Epoch: [455][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.115) Prec@1 100.00 (97.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:57:19] Epoch: [455][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.117) Prec@1 97.92 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:57:43] Epoch: [455][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.117) Prec@1 97.92 (97.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:58:07] Epoch: [455][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.115) Prec@1 98.96 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:58:12] Epoch: [455][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.115) Prec@1 96.25 (97.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-07:58:12] **train** Prec@1 97.78 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.22 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.115 - test [2019-04-01-07:58:12] Epoch: [455][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.092 (0.092) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-07:58:16] Epoch: [455][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.075 (0.146) Prec@1 96.88 (96.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-07:58:16] Epoch: [455][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.007 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-07:58:17] **test** Prec@1 96.28 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.72 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-07:58:17] [Epoch=456/600] [Need: 05:13:55] LR=0.0035 ~ 0.0035, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-07:58:18] Epoch: [456][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-07:58:42] Epoch: [456][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.136 (0.120) Prec@1 96.88 (97.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:59:06] Epoch: [456][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.221 (0.121) Prec@1 93.75 (97.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:59:32] Epoch: [456][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.118) Prec@1 95.83 (97.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-07:59:58] Epoch: [456][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.117) Prec@1 98.96 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:00:22] Epoch: [456][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.122 (0.118) Prec@1 98.96 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:00:27] Epoch: [456][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.119) Prec@1 97.50 (97.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:00:27] **train** Prec@1 97.69 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.31 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.119 - test [2019-04-01-08:00:28] Epoch: [456][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:00:32] Epoch: [456][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.094 (0.141) Prec@1 97.92 (96.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:00:32] Epoch: [456][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:00:32] **test** Prec@1 96.56 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.44 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:00:32] [Epoch=457/600] [Need: 05:22:12] LR=0.0034 ~ 0.0034, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:00:33] Epoch: [457][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:00:57] Epoch: [457][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.043 (0.117) Prec@1 98.96 (97.59) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:01:20] Epoch: [457][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.118) Prec@1 98.96 (97.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:01:44] Epoch: [457][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.251 (0.116) Prec@1 93.75 (97.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:02:08] Epoch: [457][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:02:32] Epoch: [457][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.116) Prec@1 100.00 (97.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:02:37] Epoch: [457][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.116) Prec@1 98.75 (97.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:02:37] **train** Prec@1 97.75 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.25 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.116 - test [2019-04-01-08:02:37] Epoch: [457][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:02:42] Epoch: [457][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:02:42] Epoch: [457][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.140) Prec@1 100.00 (96.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:02:42] **test** Prec@1 96.52 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.48 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.140 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:02:42] [Epoch=458/600] [Need: 05:07:45] LR=0.0034 ~ 0.0034, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:02:43] Epoch: [458][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.163 (0.163) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:03:07] Epoch: [458][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.046 (0.110) Prec@1 100.00 (97.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-08:03:31] Epoch: [458][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.117) Prec@1 98.96 (97.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-08:03:54] Epoch: [458][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.103 (0.117) Prec@1 96.88 (97.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:04:18] Epoch: [458][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:04:42] Epoch: [458][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.208 (0.117) Prec@1 95.83 (97.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:04:47] Epoch: [458][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.179 (0.117) Prec@1 97.50 (97.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:04:47] **train** Prec@1 97.70 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.30 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.117 - test [2019-04-01-08:04:47] Epoch: [458][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.116 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:04:52] Epoch: [458][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.147) Prec@1 96.88 (96.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:04:52] Epoch: [458][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.005 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (96.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:04:52] **test** Prec@1 96.33 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.67 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:04:52] [Epoch=459/600] [Need: 05:05:15] LR=0.0033 ~ 0.0033, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:04:53] Epoch: [459][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.124 (0.124) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:05:16] Epoch: [459][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.123) Prec@1 96.88 (97.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:05:40] Epoch: [459][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.120) Prec@1 100.00 (97.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:06:04] Epoch: [459][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.114) Prec@1 100.00 (97.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:06:28] Epoch: [459][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.160 (0.112) Prec@1 96.88 (97.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:06:52] Epoch: [459][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.114) Prec@1 96.88 (97.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:06:56] Epoch: [459][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.114) Prec@1 100.00 (97.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:06:56] **train** Prec@1 97.87 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.13 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.114 - test [2019-04-01-08:06:57] Epoch: [459][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.168 (0.168) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:07:01] Epoch: [459][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.141) Prec@1 98.96 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:07:01] Epoch: [459][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:07:01] **test** Prec@1 96.43 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.57 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:07:01] [Epoch=460/600] [Need: 05:02:06] LR=0.0033 ~ 0.0033, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:07:02] Epoch: [460][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.133 (0.133) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:07:26] Epoch: [460][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.196 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (97.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:07:50] Epoch: [460][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.112) Prec@1 98.96 (97.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:08:14] Epoch: [460][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.211 (0.110) Prec@1 94.79 (97.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:08:37] Epoch: [460][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.227 (0.110) Prec@1 93.75 (97.89) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:09:01] Epoch: [460][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.110) Prec@1 98.96 (97.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:09:06] Epoch: [460][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.111) Prec@1 97.50 (97.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:09:06] **train** Prec@1 97.91 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.09 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.111 - test [2019-04-01-08:09:07] Epoch: [460][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:09:11] Epoch: [460][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.144) Prec@1 98.96 (96.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-08:09:11] Epoch: [460][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.016 (0.145) Prec@1 100.00 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-08:09:11] **test** Prec@1 96.49 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.51 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.145 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:09:11] [Epoch=461/600] [Need: 05:00:31] LR=0.0033 ~ 0.0033, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:09:12] Epoch: [461][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.211 (0.211) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:09:36] Epoch: [461][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.106) Prec@1 100.00 (98.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:10:00] Epoch: [461][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.108 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (98.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:10:24] Epoch: [461][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.103) Prec@1 98.96 (98.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:10:49] Epoch: [461][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:11:14] Epoch: [461][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.108) Prec@1 100.00 (97.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:11:19] Epoch: [461][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.108) Prec@1 98.75 (97.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:11:19] **train** Prec@1 97.94 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.06 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.108 - test [2019-04-01-08:11:20] Epoch: [461][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.185 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:11:24] Epoch: [461][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.045 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (96.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:11:24] Epoch: [461][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.008 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:11:24] **test** Prec@1 96.48 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.52 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:11:24] [Epoch=462/600] [Need: 05:06:36] LR=0.0032 ~ 0.0032, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:11:25] Epoch: [462][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.098 (0.098) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:11:50] Epoch: [462][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.112) Prec@1 95.83 (98.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:12:14] Epoch: [462][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.113) Prec@1 98.96 (98.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:12:38] Epoch: [462][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.112) Prec@1 96.88 (97.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:13:02] Epoch: [462][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.111) Prec@1 98.96 (97.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:13:26] Epoch: [462][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.170 (0.112) Prec@1 96.88 (97.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:13:31] Epoch: [462][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.113) Prec@1 96.25 (97.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:13:31] **train** Prec@1 97.91 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.09 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.113 - test [2019-04-01-08:13:31] Epoch: [462][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.098 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:13:35] Epoch: [462][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.150) Prec@1 96.88 (96.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-08:13:35] Epoch: [462][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.148) Prec@1 100.00 (96.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-08:13:35] **test** Prec@1 96.49 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.51 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.148 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:13:36] [Epoch=463/600] [Need: 04:59:30] LR=0.0032 ~ 0.0032, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:13:36] Epoch: [463][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.102 (0.102) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:14:00] Epoch: [463][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.111) Prec@1 97.92 (97.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:14:24] Epoch: [463][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.112) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:14:48] Epoch: [463][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.109) Prec@1 98.96 (98.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:15:12] Epoch: [463][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.107) Prec@1 98.96 (98.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:15:35] Epoch: [463][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.109) Prec@1 100.00 (97.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:15:40] Epoch: [463][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.109) Prec@1 96.25 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:15:40] **train** Prec@1 97.98 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.02 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.109 - test [2019-04-01-08:15:41] Epoch: [463][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.116 (0.116) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:15:45] Epoch: [463][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.141) Prec@1 95.83 (96.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:15:45] Epoch: [463][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.141) Prec@1 93.75 (96.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:15:45] **test** Prec@1 96.38 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.62 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:15:45] [Epoch=464/600] [Need: 04:53:46] LR=0.0031 ~ 0.0031, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:15:46] Epoch: [464][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:16:10] Epoch: [464][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.105) Prec@1 96.88 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:16:34] Epoch: [464][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (98.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:16:58] Epoch: [464][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.104) Prec@1 94.79 (98.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:17:21] Epoch: [464][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.167 (0.107) Prec@1 96.88 (97.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:17:45] Epoch: [464][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.109) Prec@1 96.88 (97.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:17:50] Epoch: [464][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.109) Prec@1 97.50 (97.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:17:50] **train** Prec@1 97.90 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.10 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.109 - test [2019-04-01-08:17:51] Epoch: [464][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:17:55] Epoch: [464][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.138) Prec@1 98.96 (96.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:17:55] Epoch: [464][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-08:17:55] **test** Prec@1 96.42 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.58 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:17:55] [Epoch=465/600] [Need: 04:52:02] LR=0.0031 ~ 0.0031, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:17:56] Epoch: [465][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:18:20] Epoch: [465][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.105) Prec@1 100.00 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:18:44] Epoch: [465][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.108) Prec@1 97.92 (98.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:19:08] Epoch: [465][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.145 (0.104) Prec@1 96.88 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:19:32] Epoch: [465][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.106) Prec@1 96.88 (98.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:19:56] Epoch: [465][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.109) Prec@1 97.92 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:20:01] Epoch: [465][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.109) Prec@1 98.75 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:20:01] **train** Prec@1 97.98 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.02 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.109 - test [2019-04-01-08:20:02] Epoch: [465][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.121 (0.121) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:20:06] Epoch: [465][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.153) Prec@1 97.92 (96.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-08:20:06] Epoch: [465][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.152) Prec@1 100.00 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-08:20:06] **test** Prec@1 96.28 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.72 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.152 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:20:06] [Epoch=466/600] [Need: 04:52:43] LR=0.0030 ~ 0.0030, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:20:07] Epoch: [466][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:20:31] Epoch: [466][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.092 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:20:55] Epoch: [466][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.111) Prec@1 100.00 (97.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:21:19] Epoch: [466][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.108) Prec@1 95.83 (98.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:21:43] Epoch: [466][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.189 (0.110) Prec@1 94.79 (97.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:22:07] Epoch: [466][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (97.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:22:12] Epoch: [466][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.110) Prec@1 96.25 (97.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:22:12] **train** Prec@1 97.96 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.04 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.110 - test [2019-04-01-08:22:13] Epoch: [466][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.157 (0.157) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:22:17] Epoch: [466][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.152) Prec@1 97.92 (96.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.88) - test [2019-04-01-08:22:17] Epoch: [466][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.153) Prec@1 100.00 (96.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.87) -[2019-04-01-08:22:17] **test** Prec@1 96.30 Prec@5 99.87 Error@1 3.70 Error@5 0.13 Loss:0.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:22:17] [Epoch=467/600] [Need: 04:50:35] LR=0.0030 ~ 0.0030, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:22:18] Epoch: [467][000/521] Time 0.79 (0.79) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.147 (0.147) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:22:42] Epoch: [467][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.112) Prec@1 98.96 (97.74) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:23:06] Epoch: [467][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.112) Prec@1 98.96 (97.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:23:30] Epoch: [467][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.110) Prec@1 98.96 (97.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:23:54] Epoch: [467][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.107) Prec@1 98.96 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:24:18] Epoch: [467][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.200 (0.107) Prec@1 94.79 (97.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:24:23] Epoch: [467][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.107) Prec@1 98.75 (97.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:24:23] **train** Prec@1 97.96 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 2.04 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.107 - test [2019-04-01-08:24:24] Epoch: [467][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.074 (0.074) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:24:28] Epoch: [467][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.150) Prec@1 97.92 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - test [2019-04-01-08:24:28] Epoch: [467][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.024 (0.149) Prec@1 100.00 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:24:28] **test** Prec@1 96.24 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.76 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.149 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:24:28] [Epoch=468/600] [Need: 04:48:35] LR=0.0030 ~ 0.0030, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:24:29] Epoch: [468][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:24:53] Epoch: [468][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.079 (0.109) Prec@1 98.96 (97.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:25:17] Epoch: [468][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.152 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (98.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-08:25:41] Epoch: [468][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.105) Prec@1 100.00 (98.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-08:26:06] Epoch: [468][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.103) Prec@1 97.92 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:26:30] Epoch: [468][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.106) Prec@1 96.88 (98.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:26:34] Epoch: [468][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.105) Prec@1 100.00 (98.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:26:34] **train** Prec@1 98.00 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.00 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.105 - test [2019-04-01-08:26:35] Epoch: [468][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:26:39] Epoch: [468][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.056 (0.144) Prec@1 97.92 (96.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-08:26:39] Epoch: [468][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.019 (0.143) Prec@1 100.00 (96.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-08:26:39] **test** Prec@1 96.38 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.62 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.143 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:26:40] [Epoch=469/600] [Need: 04:46:26] LR=0.0029 ~ 0.0029, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:26:40] Epoch: [469][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.030 (0.030) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:27:04] Epoch: [469][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.108) Prec@1 97.92 (97.99) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:27:28] Epoch: [469][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.105) Prec@1 98.96 (98.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:27:53] Epoch: [469][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.163 (0.101) Prec@1 94.79 (98.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:28:17] Epoch: [469][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.099) Prec@1 97.92 (98.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:28:41] Epoch: [469][500/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.102) Prec@1 98.96 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:28:46] Epoch: [469][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.103) Prec@1 96.25 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:28:46] **train** Prec@1 98.11 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.89 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.103 - test [2019-04-01-08:28:46] Epoch: [469][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.135 (0.135) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:28:51] Epoch: [469][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.158) Prec@1 98.96 (96.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:28:51] Epoch: [469][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.158) Prec@1 100.00 (96.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-08:28:51] **test** Prec@1 96.25 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.75 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:28:51] [Epoch=470/600] [Need: 04:44:35] LR=0.0029 ~ 0.0029, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:28:52] Epoch: [470][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.074 (0.074) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:29:16] Epoch: [470][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.160 (0.099) Prec@1 96.88 (98.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:29:40] Epoch: [470][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.103) Prec@1 97.92 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:30:04] Epoch: [470][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.122 (0.100) Prec@1 97.92 (98.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:30:28] Epoch: [470][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.101) Prec@1 96.88 (98.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:30:53] Epoch: [470][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.101) Prec@1 97.92 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:30:57] Epoch: [470][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.187 (0.101) Prec@1 95.00 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:30:58] **train** Prec@1 98.12 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.88 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.101 - test [2019-04-01-08:30:58] Epoch: [470][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.080 (0.080) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:31:02] Epoch: [470][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.142) Prec@1 97.92 (96.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-08:31:02] Epoch: [470][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.142) Prec@1 100.00 (96.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-08:31:02] **test** Prec@1 96.34 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.66 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.142 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:31:03] [Epoch=471/600] [Need: 04:43:07] LR=0.0028 ~ 0.0028, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:31:03] Epoch: [471][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.120 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:31:28] Epoch: [471][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.079 (0.097) Prec@1 97.92 (98.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:31:52] Epoch: [471][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (98.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:32:16] Epoch: [471][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.102) Prec@1 100.00 (98.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:32:41] Epoch: [471][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.103) Prec@1 97.92 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:33:05] Epoch: [471][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.104) Prec@1 97.92 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:33:09] Epoch: [471][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.105) Prec@1 97.50 (98.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:33:10] **train** Prec@1 98.06 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.94 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.105 - test [2019-04-01-08:33:10] Epoch: [471][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.188 (0.188) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:33:14] Epoch: [471][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.140) Prec@1 96.88 (96.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-08:33:14] Epoch: [471][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.139) Prec@1 100.00 (96.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-08:33:14] **test** Prec@1 96.52 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.48 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.139 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.58, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.42, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:33:14] [Epoch=472/600] [Need: 04:41:23] LR=0.0028 ~ 0.0028, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:33:15] Epoch: [472][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.068 (0.068) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:33:39] Epoch: [472][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.096) Prec@1 100.00 (98.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:34:03] Epoch: [472][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.142 (0.104) Prec@1 96.88 (98.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:34:27] Epoch: [472][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (97.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:34:51] Epoch: [472][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (97.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:35:15] Epoch: [472][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.107) Prec@1 97.92 (97.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:35:20] Epoch: [472][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.121 (0.107) Prec@1 97.50 (97.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:35:20] **train** Prec@1 97.94 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 2.06 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.107 - test [2019-04-01-08:35:21] Epoch: [472][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:35:25] Epoch: [472][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.138) Prec@1 97.92 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:35:25] Epoch: [472][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.139) Prec@1 100.00 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-08:35:25] **test** Prec@1 96.63 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.37 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.139 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:35:25] [Epoch=473/600] [Need: 04:36:40] LR=0.0028 ~ 0.0028, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:35:26] Epoch: [473][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.132 (0.132) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:35:51] Epoch: [473][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.186 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (98.23) Prec@5 98.96 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:36:15] Epoch: [473][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (98.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:36:39] Epoch: [473][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.098) Prec@1 98.96 (98.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:37:03] Epoch: [473][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.098) Prec@1 96.88 (98.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:37:27] Epoch: [473][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.099) Prec@1 98.96 (98.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:37:31] Epoch: [473][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.100) Prec@1 98.75 (98.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:37:31] **train** Prec@1 98.20 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.80 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.100 - test [2019-04-01-08:37:32] Epoch: [473][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:37:36] Epoch: [473][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.144) Prec@1 98.96 (96.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-08:37:36] Epoch: [473][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.021 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-08:37:36] **test** Prec@1 96.54 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.46 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:37:37] [Epoch=474/600] [Need: 04:35:43] LR=0.0027 ~ 0.0027, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:37:37] Epoch: [474][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:38:02] Epoch: [474][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.184 (0.099) Prec@1 95.83 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:38:26] Epoch: [474][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.101) Prec@1 98.96 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:38:50] Epoch: [474][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.101) Prec@1 98.96 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:39:14] Epoch: [474][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.101) Prec@1 98.96 (98.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:39:39] Epoch: [474][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.101) Prec@1 97.92 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:39:43] Epoch: [474][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.101) Prec@1 98.75 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:39:44] **train** Prec@1 98.10 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.90 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.101 - test [2019-04-01-08:39:44] Epoch: [474][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.098 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:39:48] Epoch: [474][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.057 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (96.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - test [2019-04-01-08:39:48] Epoch: [474][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.008 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) -[2019-04-01-08:39:48] **test** Prec@1 96.40 Prec@5 99.97 Error@1 3.60 Error@5 0.03 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:39:49] [Epoch=475/600] [Need: 04:35:10] LR=0.0027 ~ 0.0027, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:39:49] Epoch: [475][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:40:13] Epoch: [475][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.102) Prec@1 98.96 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:40:38] Epoch: [475][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.190 (0.103) Prec@1 97.92 (98.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:41:02] Epoch: [475][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.102) Prec@1 98.96 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:41:26] Epoch: [475][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.100) Prec@1 98.96 (98.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:41:51] Epoch: [475][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.102) Prec@1 98.96 (98.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:41:56] Epoch: [475][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.158 (0.102) Prec@1 98.75 (98.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:41:56] **train** Prec@1 98.07 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.93 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.102 - test [2019-04-01-08:41:56] Epoch: [475][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.176 (0.176) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:42:00] Epoch: [475][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.148) Prec@1 97.92 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:42:01] Epoch: [475][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.149) Prec@1 100.00 (96.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-08:42:01] **test** Prec@1 96.36 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.64 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.149 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:42:01] [Epoch=476/600] [Need: 04:33:18] LR=0.0026 ~ 0.0026, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:42:02] Epoch: [476][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:42:26] Epoch: [476][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.057 (0.101) Prec@1 100.00 (98.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-08:42:50] Epoch: [476][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (98.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-08:43:14] Epoch: [476][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.103) Prec@1 100.00 (98.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:43:38] Epoch: [476][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.103) Prec@1 97.92 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:44:02] Epoch: [476][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.134 (0.104) Prec@1 96.88 (98.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:44:07] Epoch: [476][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.104) Prec@1 96.25 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-08:44:07] **train** Prec@1 98.10 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 1.90 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.104 - test [2019-04-01-08:44:08] Epoch: [476][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.119 (0.119) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:44:12] Epoch: [476][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (96.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-08:44:12] Epoch: [476][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.142) Prec@1 100.00 (96.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-08:44:12] **test** Prec@1 96.57 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.43 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.142 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:44:12] [Epoch=477/600] [Need: 04:29:02] LR=0.0026 ~ 0.0026, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:44:13] Epoch: [477][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.104 (0.104) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:44:37] Epoch: [477][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.059 (0.093) Prec@1 100.00 (98.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:45:01] Epoch: [477][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.097) Prec@1 100.00 (98.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:45:25] Epoch: [477][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.097) Prec@1 100.00 (98.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:45:49] Epoch: [477][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.098) Prec@1 97.92 (98.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:46:13] Epoch: [477][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.100) Prec@1 98.96 (98.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:46:18] Epoch: [477][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.099) Prec@1 98.75 (98.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:46:18] **train** Prec@1 98.14 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.86 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.099 - test [2019-04-01-08:46:18] Epoch: [477][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.140 (0.140) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:46:22] Epoch: [477][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.146) Prec@1 98.96 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-08:46:23] Epoch: [477][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.147) Prec@1 100.00 (96.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-08:46:23] **test** Prec@1 96.42 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.58 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.147 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:46:23] [Epoch=478/600] [Need: 04:25:49] LR=0.0026 ~ 0.0026, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:46:24] Epoch: [478][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.210 (0.210) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:46:48] Epoch: [478][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.099) Prec@1 97.92 (98.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:47:12] Epoch: [478][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.096) Prec@1 98.96 (98.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:47:36] Epoch: [478][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.094) Prec@1 100.00 (98.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:48:00] Epoch: [478][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.096) Prec@1 96.88 (98.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:48:24] Epoch: [478][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.096) Prec@1 98.96 (98.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:48:29] Epoch: [478][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.096) Prec@1 95.00 (98.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:48:29] **train** Prec@1 98.21 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.79 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.096 - test [2019-04-01-08:48:29] Epoch: [478][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.111 (0.111) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:48:33] Epoch: [478][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.092 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (96.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:48:34] Epoch: [478][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-08:48:34] **test** Prec@1 96.63 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.37 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:48:34] [Epoch=479/600] [Need: 04:24:20] LR=0.0025 ~ 0.0025, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:48:35] Epoch: [479][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:48:59] Epoch: [479][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.070 (0.095) Prec@1 98.96 (98.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:49:23] Epoch: [479][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.097) Prec@1 98.96 (98.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:49:46] Epoch: [479][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.095) Prec@1 98.96 (98.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:50:11] Epoch: [479][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.096) Prec@1 97.92 (98.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:50:35] Epoch: [479][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.097) Prec@1 97.92 (98.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:50:39] Epoch: [479][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.318 (0.097) Prec@1 93.75 (98.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:50:39] **train** Prec@1 98.22 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.78 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.097 - test [2019-04-01-08:50:40] Epoch: [479][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.141 (0.141) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:50:44] Epoch: [479][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.145) Prec@1 97.92 (96.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-08:50:44] Epoch: [479][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.024 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-08:50:44] **test** Prec@1 96.60 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.40 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.63, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=3.37, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:50:44] [Epoch=480/600] [Need: 04:21:10] LR=0.0025 ~ 0.0025, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:50:45] Epoch: [480][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.120 (0.120) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:51:09] Epoch: [480][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.095 (0.097) Prec@1 98.96 (98.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:51:33] Epoch: [480][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.098) Prec@1 100.00 (98.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:51:57] Epoch: [480][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.097) Prec@1 97.92 (98.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:52:21] Epoch: [480][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.097) Prec@1 100.00 (98.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:52:45] Epoch: [480][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.019 (0.096) Prec@1 100.00 (98.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:52:50] Epoch: [480][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.096) Prec@1 100.00 (98.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-08:52:50] **train** Prec@1 98.28 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.72 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.096 - test [2019-04-01-08:52:51] Epoch: [480][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.099 (0.099) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:52:55] Epoch: [480][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.139) Prec@1 98.96 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-08:52:55] Epoch: [480][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.008 (0.139) Prec@1 100.00 (96.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-08:52:55] **test** Prec@1 96.83 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.17 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.139 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:52:55] [Epoch=481/600] [Need: 04:18:53] LR=0.0024 ~ 0.0024, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:52:56] Epoch: [481][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:53:20] Epoch: [481][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.095) Prec@1 97.92 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:53:44] Epoch: [481][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.093) Prec@1 98.96 (98.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:54:08] Epoch: [481][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.093) Prec@1 98.96 (98.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:54:32] Epoch: [481][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.234 (0.094) Prec@1 95.83 (98.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:54:56] Epoch: [481][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.094) Prec@1 95.83 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:55:01] Epoch: [481][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.094) Prec@1 98.75 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:55:01] **train** Prec@1 98.36 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.64 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.094 - test [2019-04-01-08:55:02] Epoch: [481][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.177 (0.177) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:55:06] Epoch: [481][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.056 (0.144) Prec@1 97.92 (96.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-08:55:06] Epoch: [481][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.144) Prec@1 100.00 (96.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-08:55:06] **test** Prec@1 96.66 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.34 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:55:06] [Epoch=482/600] [Need: 04:18:04] LR=0.0024 ~ 0.0024, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:55:07] Epoch: [482][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.154 (0.154) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:55:31] Epoch: [482][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.095) Prec@1 100.00 (98.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:55:55] Epoch: [482][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.140 (0.090) Prec@1 97.92 (98.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:56:19] Epoch: [482][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.088) Prec@1 98.96 (98.51) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:56:43] Epoch: [482][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.089) Prec@1 98.96 (98.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:57:07] Epoch: [482][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:57:12] Epoch: [482][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.090) Prec@1 98.75 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:57:12] **train** Prec@1 98.47 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.53 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.090 - test [2019-04-01-08:57:13] Epoch: [482][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.123 (0.123) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:57:17] Epoch: [482][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.016 (0.143) Prec@1 98.96 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-08:57:17] Epoch: [482][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.143) Prec@1 100.00 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-08:57:17] **test** Prec@1 96.70 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.30 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.143 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:57:17] [Epoch=483/600] [Need: 04:15:34] LR=0.0024 ~ 0.0024, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:57:18] Epoch: [483][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.141 (0.141) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:57:43] Epoch: [483][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.093) Prec@1 97.92 (98.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - train[2019-04-01-08:58:07] Epoch: [483][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.097) Prec@1 97.92 (98.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.97) - train[2019-04-01-08:58:31] Epoch: [483][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.096) Prec@1 97.92 (98.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:58:55] Epoch: [483][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.154 (0.096) Prec@1 94.79 (98.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-08:59:19] Epoch: [483][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.096) Prec@1 95.83 (98.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-08:59:24] Epoch: [483][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.096) Prec@1 97.50 (98.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-08:59:24] **train** Prec@1 98.19 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.81 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.096 - test [2019-04-01-08:59:25] Epoch: [483][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.119 (0.119) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-08:59:29] Epoch: [483][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.141) Prec@1 98.96 (96.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-08:59:29] Epoch: [483][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-08:59:29] **test** Prec@1 96.69 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.31 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-08:59:29] [Epoch=484/600] [Need: 04:15:10] LR=0.0023 ~ 0.0023, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-08:59:30] Epoch: [484][000/521] Time 0.81 (0.81) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.026 (0.026) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-08:59:54] Epoch: [484][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.126 (0.091) Prec@1 97.92 (98.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:00:18] Epoch: [484][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.087) Prec@1 97.92 (98.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:00:42] Epoch: [484][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.088) Prec@1 100.00 (98.48) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:01:07] Epoch: [484][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.088) Prec@1 98.96 (98.50) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:01:31] Epoch: [484][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.48) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:01:36] Epoch: [484][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.090) Prec@1 97.50 (98.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:01:36] **train** Prec@1 98.46 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.54 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.090 - test [2019-04-01-09:01:37] Epoch: [484][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.082 (0.082) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:01:41] Epoch: [484][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.053 (0.146) Prec@1 98.96 (96.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-09:01:41] Epoch: [484][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.146) Prec@1 100.00 (96.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-09:01:41] **test** Prec@1 96.50 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.50 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:01:41] [Epoch=485/600] [Need: 04:13:17] LR=0.0023 ~ 0.0023, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:01:42] Epoch: [485][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.070 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:02:07] Epoch: [485][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.086) Prec@1 97.92 (98.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:02:31] Epoch: [485][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.092) Prec@1 100.00 (98.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:02:55] Epoch: [485][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.092) Prec@1 98.96 (98.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:03:19] Epoch: [485][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.130 (0.092) Prec@1 96.88 (98.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:03:44] Epoch: [485][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.194 (0.094) Prec@1 95.83 (98.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:03:49] Epoch: [485][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.094) Prec@1 96.25 (98.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:03:49] **train** Prec@1 98.26 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.74 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.094 - test [2019-04-01-09:03:49] Epoch: [485][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:03:53] Epoch: [485][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.026 (0.141) Prec@1 98.96 (96.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-09:03:54] Epoch: [485][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.141) Prec@1 93.75 (96.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-09:03:54] **test** Prec@1 96.53 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.47 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:03:54] [Epoch=486/600] [Need: 04:11:33] LR=0.0023 ~ 0.0023, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:03:55] Epoch: [486][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.188 (0.188) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:04:19] Epoch: [486][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.119 (0.092) Prec@1 97.92 (98.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:04:43] Epoch: [486][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.091) Prec@1 98.96 (98.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:05:07] Epoch: [486][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.131 (0.091) Prec@1 97.92 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:05:31] Epoch: [486][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.092) Prec@1 97.92 (98.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:05:55] Epoch: [486][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.093) Prec@1 98.96 (98.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:06:00] Epoch: [486][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.092) Prec@1 100.00 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:06:00] **train** Prec@1 98.36 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.64 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.092 - test [2019-04-01-09:06:01] Epoch: [486][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.150 (0.150) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:06:05] Epoch: [486][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.132) Prec@1 98.96 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:06:05] Epoch: [486][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.005 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:06:05] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:06:05] [Epoch=487/600] [Need: 04:06:59] LR=0.0022 ~ 0.0022, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:06:06] Epoch: [487][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:06:30] Epoch: [487][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.089) Prec@1 97.92 (98.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:06:54] Epoch: [487][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.089) Prec@1 96.88 (98.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:07:18] Epoch: [487][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.089) Prec@1 100.00 (98.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:07:42] Epoch: [487][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.177 (0.090) Prec@1 96.88 (98.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:08:07] Epoch: [487][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.090) Prec@1 97.92 (98.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:08:11] Epoch: [487][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.090) Prec@1 98.75 (98.38) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:08:11] **train** Prec@1 98.38 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.62 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.090 - test [2019-04-01-09:08:12] Epoch: [487][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:08:16] Epoch: [487][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.039 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (96.77) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:08:16] Epoch: [487][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.053 (0.132) Prec@1 93.75 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:08:16] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.83, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.17, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:08:17] [Epoch=488/600] [Need: 04:05:33] LR=0.0022 ~ 0.0022, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:08:17] Epoch: [488][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.077 (0.077) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:08:42] Epoch: [488][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.050 (0.088) Prec@1 100.00 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:09:06] Epoch: [488][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.091) Prec@1 97.92 (98.45) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:09:30] Epoch: [488][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.088) Prec@1 97.92 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:09:55] Epoch: [488][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.089) Prec@1 96.88 (98.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:10:19] Epoch: [488][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.089) Prec@1 100.00 (98.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:10:23] Epoch: [488][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.089) Prec@1 96.25 (98.50) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:10:24] **train** Prec@1 98.50 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.50 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.089 - test [2019-04-01-09:10:24] Epoch: [488][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.113 (0.113) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:10:28] Epoch: [488][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:10:28] Epoch: [488][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:10:28] **test** Prec@1 96.84 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.16 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:10:29] [Epoch=489/600] [Need: 04:04:22] LR=0.0021 ~ 0.0021, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:10:29] Epoch: [489][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.080 (0.080) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:10:54] Epoch: [489][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.117 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:11:18] Epoch: [489][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.087) Prec@1 100.00 (98.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:11:42] Epoch: [489][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.113 (0.087) Prec@1 98.96 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:12:06] Epoch: [489][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.087) Prec@1 97.92 (98.50) Prec@5 98.96 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:12:30] Epoch: [489][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.089) Prec@1 98.96 (98.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:12:35] Epoch: [489][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.215 (0.090) Prec@1 95.00 (98.42) Prec@5 98.75 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:12:35] **train** Prec@1 98.42 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.58 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.090 - test [2019-04-01-09:12:36] Epoch: [489][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.138 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:12:40] Epoch: [489][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.137) Prec@1 96.88 (96.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:12:40] Epoch: [489][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.068 (0.139) Prec@1 93.75 (96.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:12:40] **test** Prec@1 96.55 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.45 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.139 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:12:40] [Epoch=490/600] [Need: 04:01:37] LR=0.0021 ~ 0.0021, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:12:41] Epoch: [490][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.086 (0.086) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:13:05] Epoch: [490][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.060 (0.087) Prec@1 98.96 (98.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:13:29] Epoch: [490][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.087) Prec@1 98.96 (98.41) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-09:13:53] Epoch: [490][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.015 (0.084) Prec@1 100.00 (98.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:14:18] Epoch: [490][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.083) Prec@1 95.83 (98.55) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:14:42] Epoch: [490][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:14:46] Epoch: [490][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.085) Prec@1 100.00 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:14:46] **train** Prec@1 98.53 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.47 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.085 - test [2019-04-01-09:14:47] Epoch: [490][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:14:51] Epoch: [490][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-09:14:51] Epoch: [490][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-09:14:51] **test** Prec@1 96.80 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.20 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:14:51] [Epoch=491/600] [Need: 03:58:01] LR=0.0021 ~ 0.0021, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:14:52] Epoch: [491][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.164 (0.164) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:15:16] Epoch: [491][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.119 (0.083) Prec@1 97.92 (98.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:15:41] Epoch: [491][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.085) Prec@1 98.96 (98.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:16:05] Epoch: [491][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.192 (0.087) Prec@1 96.88 (98.46) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:16:29] Epoch: [491][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.085) Prec@1 97.92 (98.49) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:16:53] Epoch: [491][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.085) Prec@1 100.00 (98.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:16:58] Epoch: [491][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.085) Prec@1 98.75 (98.52) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:16:58] **train** Prec@1 98.52 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.48 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.085 - test [2019-04-01-09:16:58] Epoch: [491][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.185 (0.185) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:17:02] Epoch: [491][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.135) Prec@1 98.96 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-09:17:02] Epoch: [491][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-09:17:03] **test** Prec@1 96.72 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.28 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:17:03] [Epoch=492/600] [Need: 03:56:18] LR=0.0020 ~ 0.0020, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:17:04] Epoch: [492][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.092 (0.092) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:17:28] Epoch: [492][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:17:51] Epoch: [492][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.086) Prec@1 96.88 (98.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:18:16] Epoch: [492][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.087) Prec@1 100.00 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:18:40] Epoch: [492][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (98.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:19:04] Epoch: [492][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.084) Prec@1 100.00 (98.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:19:09] Epoch: [492][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.085) Prec@1 100.00 (98.57) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:19:09] **train** Prec@1 98.57 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.43 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.085 - test [2019-04-01-09:19:09] Epoch: [492][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.116 (0.116) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:19:13] Epoch: [492][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.139) Prec@1 98.96 (96.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:19:14] Epoch: [492][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.140) Prec@1 100.00 (96.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:19:14] **test** Prec@1 96.59 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.41 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.140 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:19:14] [Epoch=493/600] [Need: 03:53:47] LR=0.0020 ~ 0.0020, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:19:15] Epoch: [493][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.117 (0.117) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:19:39] Epoch: [493][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.086) Prec@1 97.92 (98.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:20:03] Epoch: [493][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.087) Prec@1 97.92 (98.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:20:27] Epoch: [493][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.085) Prec@1 98.96 (98.49) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:20:51] Epoch: [493][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.085) Prec@1 98.96 (98.49) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:21:15] Epoch: [493][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.165 (0.086) Prec@1 95.83 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:21:20] Epoch: [493][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.087) Prec@1 100.00 (98.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:21:20] **train** Prec@1 98.44 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.56 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.087 - test [2019-04-01-09:21:21] Epoch: [493][000/105] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.124 (0.124) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:21:25] Epoch: [493][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.142) Prec@1 100.00 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) - test [2019-04-01-09:21:25] Epoch: [493][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.142) Prec@1 100.00 (96.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.89) -[2019-04-01-09:21:25] **test** Prec@1 96.63 Prec@5 99.89 Error@1 3.37 Error@5 0.11 Loss:0.142 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:21:25] [Epoch=494/600] [Need: 03:52:22] LR=0.0020 ~ 0.0020, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:21:26] Epoch: [494][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.131 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:21:50] Epoch: [494][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.082) Prec@1 100.00 (98.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:22:15] Epoch: [494][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.108 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (98.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:22:39] Epoch: [494][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.132 (0.084) Prec@1 95.83 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:23:03] Epoch: [494][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.086) Prec@1 97.92 (98.44) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:23:27] Epoch: [494][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.086) Prec@1 97.92 (98.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:23:32] Epoch: [494][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.086) Prec@1 100.00 (98.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:23:32] **train** Prec@1 98.43 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.57 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.086 - test [2019-04-01-09:23:33] Epoch: [494][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.161 (0.161) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:23:37] Epoch: [494][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.141) Prec@1 98.96 (96.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:23:37] Epoch: [494][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.51) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:23:37] **test** Prec@1 96.51 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.49 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:23:37] [Epoch=495/600] [Need: 03:50:52] LR=0.0019 ~ 0.0019, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:23:38] Epoch: [495][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.039 (0.039) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:24:02] Epoch: [495][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.079 (0.091) Prec@1 98.96 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-09:24:27] Epoch: [495][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.089) Prec@1 98.96 (98.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:24:51] Epoch: [495][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.085) Prec@1 97.92 (98.43) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:25:15] Epoch: [495][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (98.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:25:40] Epoch: [495][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.085) Prec@1 100.00 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:25:44] Epoch: [495][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.085) Prec@1 97.50 (98.47) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:25:45] **train** Prec@1 98.47 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.53 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.085 - test [2019-04-01-09:25:45] Epoch: [495][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.099 (0.099) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:25:49] Epoch: [495][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (96.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:25:49] Epoch: [495][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.005 (0.136) Prec@1 100.00 (96.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:25:49] **test** Prec@1 96.66 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.34 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.136 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:25:50] [Epoch=496/600] [Need: 03:49:15] LR=0.0019 ~ 0.0019, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:25:50] Epoch: [496][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.079 (0.079) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:26:14] Epoch: [496][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.61) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:26:39] Epoch: [496][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.080) Prec@1 100.00 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:27:03] Epoch: [496][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:27:27] Epoch: [496][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:27:52] Epoch: [496][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.080) Prec@1 98.96 (98.70) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:27:56] Epoch: [496][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.080) Prec@1 98.75 (98.70) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:27:56] **train** Prec@1 98.70 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.30 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.080 - test [2019-04-01-09:27:57] Epoch: [496][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:28:01] Epoch: [496][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.137) Prec@1 98.96 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-09:28:01] Epoch: [496][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.027 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-09:28:01] **test** Prec@1 96.73 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.27 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.84, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.16, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:28:01] [Epoch=497/600] [Need: 03:46:24] LR=0.0019 ~ 0.0019, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:28:02] Epoch: [497][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:28:26] Epoch: [497][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.079) Prec@1 98.96 (98.44) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:28:51] Epoch: [497][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.085) Prec@1 97.92 (98.45) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:29:15] Epoch: [497][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.141 (0.082) Prec@1 96.88 (98.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:29:39] Epoch: [497][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.081) Prec@1 98.96 (98.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:30:03] Epoch: [497][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.54) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:30:08] Epoch: [497][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.082) Prec@1 98.75 (98.56) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:30:08] **train** Prec@1 98.56 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.44 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.082 - test [2019-04-01-09:30:09] Epoch: [497][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.058 (0.058) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:30:13] Epoch: [497][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.131) Prec@1 98.96 (96.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:30:13] Epoch: [497][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (96.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:30:13] **test** Prec@1 96.86 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.14 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.86, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=3.14, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:30:13] [Epoch=498/600] [Need: 03:43:45] LR=0.0018 ~ 0.0018, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:30:14] Epoch: [498][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.091 (0.091) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:30:38] Epoch: [498][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.082) Prec@1 100.00 (98.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:31:02] Epoch: [498][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.082) Prec@1 98.96 (98.60) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:31:27] Epoch: [498][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.080) Prec@1 98.96 (98.61) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:31:51] Epoch: [498][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.081) Prec@1 98.96 (98.60) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:32:15] Epoch: [498][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.082) Prec@1 98.96 (98.59) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:32:20] Epoch: [498][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.082) Prec@1 97.50 (98.59) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:32:20] **train** Prec@1 98.59 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.41 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.082 - test [2019-04-01-09:32:20] Epoch: [498][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:32:24] Epoch: [498][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.125) Prec@1 98.96 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:32:25] Epoch: [498][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.006 (0.126) Prec@1 100.00 (96.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:32:25] **test** Prec@1 96.86 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.14 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.126 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.86, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.14, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:32:25] [Epoch=499/600] [Need: 03:42:03] LR=0.0018 ~ 0.0018, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:32:26] Epoch: [499][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:32:50] Epoch: [499][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.082) Prec@1 100.00 (98.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:33:14] Epoch: [499][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.080) Prec@1 98.96 (98.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:33:38] Epoch: [499][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.078) Prec@1 98.96 (98.70) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:34:02] Epoch: [499][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.079) Prec@1 97.92 (98.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:34:26] Epoch: [499][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.079) Prec@1 100.00 (98.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:34:31] Epoch: [499][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.079) Prec@1 100.00 (98.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:34:31] **train** Prec@1 98.63 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.37 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.079 - test [2019-04-01-09:34:32] Epoch: [499][000/105] Time 0.57 (0.57) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:34:36] Epoch: [499][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.129 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:34:36] Epoch: [499][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:34:36] **test** Prec@1 96.84 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.16 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.86, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.14, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:34:36] [Epoch=500/600] [Need: 03:38:49] LR=0.0018 ~ 0.0018, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:34:37] Epoch: [500][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.032 (0.032) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:35:01] Epoch: [500][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.054 (0.075) Prec@1 100.00 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:35:25] Epoch: [500][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.079) Prec@1 97.92 (98.67) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:35:49] Epoch: [500][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.078) Prec@1 98.96 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:36:13] Epoch: [500][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.077) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:36:37] Epoch: [500][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.077) Prec@1 100.00 (98.70) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:36:42] Epoch: [500][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.077) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:36:42] **train** Prec@1 98.71 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.29 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.077 - test [2019-04-01-09:36:43] Epoch: [500][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.051 (0.051) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:36:47] Epoch: [500][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (96.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:36:47] Epoch: [500][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:36:47] **test** Prec@1 96.88 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.12 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.138 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.88, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.12, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:36:47] [Epoch=501/600] [Need: 03:35:49] LR=0.0017 ~ 0.0017, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:36:48] Epoch: [501][000/521] Time 0.92 (0.92) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.018 (0.018) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:37:12] Epoch: [501][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.073) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:37:36] Epoch: [501][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.076) Prec@1 98.96 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:38:00] Epoch: [501][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.075) Prec@1 97.92 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:38:24] Epoch: [501][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.150 (0.077) Prec@1 95.83 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:38:48] Epoch: [501][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.079) Prec@1 96.88 (98.65) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:38:53] Epoch: [501][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.079) Prec@1 100.00 (98.63) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:38:53] **train** Prec@1 98.63 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.37 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.079 - test [2019-04-01-09:38:54] Epoch: [501][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.091 (0.091) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:38:58] Epoch: [501][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.019 (0.133) Prec@1 98.96 (96.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:38:58] Epoch: [501][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:38:58] **test** Prec@1 96.87 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.13 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.88, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=3.12, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:38:58] [Epoch=502/600] [Need: 03:34:15] LR=0.0017 ~ 0.0017, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:38:59] Epoch: [502][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.230 (0.230) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:39:23] Epoch: [502][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:39:47] Epoch: [502][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.083) Prec@1 100.00 (98.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:40:11] Epoch: [502][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.081) Prec@1 100.00 (98.59) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:40:36] Epoch: [502][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.078) Prec@1 98.96 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:40:59] Epoch: [502][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:41:04] Epoch: [502][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:41:05] **train** Prec@1 98.72 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.28 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.078 - test [2019-04-01-09:41:05] Epoch: [502][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:41:09] Epoch: [502][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.130) Prec@1 98.96 (96.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-09:41:09] Epoch: [502][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-09:41:09] **test** Prec@1 96.91 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.09 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:41:10] [Epoch=503/600] [Need: 03:32:13] LR=0.0017 ~ 0.0017, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:41:10] Epoch: [503][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.038 (0.038) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:41:35] Epoch: [503][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.079) Prec@1 98.96 (98.62) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:41:59] Epoch: [503][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.079) Prec@1 98.96 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:42:23] Epoch: [503][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.274 (0.078) Prec@1 93.75 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:42:47] Epoch: [503][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.077) Prec@1 96.88 (98.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:43:11] Epoch: [503][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.078) Prec@1 97.92 (98.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:43:16] Epoch: [503][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.078) Prec@1 97.50 (98.66) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:43:16] **train** Prec@1 98.66 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.34 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.078 - test [2019-04-01-09:43:16] Epoch: [503][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:43:21] Epoch: [503][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.140) Prec@1 98.96 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:43:21] Epoch: [503][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.016 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:43:21] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:43:21] [Epoch=504/600] [Need: 03:30:12] LR=0.0016 ~ 0.0016, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:43:22] Epoch: [504][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:43:46] Epoch: [504][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.082) Prec@1 98.96 (98.59) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:44:10] Epoch: [504][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.081) Prec@1 98.96 (98.62) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:44:34] Epoch: [504][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.078) Prec@1 100.00 (98.67) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:44:58] Epoch: [504][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.125 (0.079) Prec@1 96.88 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:45:22] Epoch: [504][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.079) Prec@1 100.00 (98.66) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:45:27] Epoch: [504][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.079) Prec@1 98.75 (98.66) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:45:27] **train** Prec@1 98.66 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.34 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.079 - test [2019-04-01-09:45:28] Epoch: [504][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.101 (0.101) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:45:32] Epoch: [504][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.044 (0.135) Prec@1 98.96 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-09:45:32] Epoch: [504][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-09:45:32] **test** Prec@1 96.72 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.28 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:45:32] [Epoch=505/600] [Need: 03:27:44] LR=0.0016 ~ 0.0016, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:45:33] Epoch: [505][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:45:57] Epoch: [505][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.131 (0.085) Prec@1 95.83 (98.53) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-09:46:21] Epoch: [505][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.159 (0.083) Prec@1 94.79 (98.58) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:46:45] Epoch: [505][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.082) Prec@1 100.00 (98.60) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:47:09] Epoch: [505][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.079) Prec@1 95.83 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:47:33] Epoch: [505][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.080) Prec@1 98.96 (98.63) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:47:38] Epoch: [505][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.080) Prec@1 100.00 (98.64) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:47:38] **train** Prec@1 98.64 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.36 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.080 - test [2019-04-01-09:47:39] Epoch: [505][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.49 (0.49) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:47:43] Epoch: [505][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (96.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-09:47:43] Epoch: [505][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-09:47:43] **test** Prec@1 96.79 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.21 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:47:43] [Epoch=506/600] [Need: 03:25:18] LR=0.0016 ~ 0.0016, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:47:44] Epoch: [506][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:48:08] Epoch: [506][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.075) Prec@1 100.00 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:48:33] Epoch: [506][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.127 (0.076) Prec@1 98.96 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:48:57] Epoch: [506][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.073) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:49:21] Epoch: [506][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.074) Prec@1 98.96 (98.76) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:49:45] Epoch: [506][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.076) Prec@1 100.00 (98.72) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:49:50] Epoch: [506][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.076) Prec@1 100.00 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:49:50] **train** Prec@1 98.73 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.27 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.076 - test [2019-04-01-09:49:51] Epoch: [506][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.094 (0.094) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:49:55] Epoch: [506][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:49:55] Epoch: [506][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.019 (0.136) Prec@1 100.00 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:49:55] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.136 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:49:55] [Epoch=507/600] [Need: 03:24:23] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:49:56] Epoch: [507][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.076 (0.076) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:50:20] Epoch: [507][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.075) Prec@1 97.92 (98.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:50:44] Epoch: [507][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.075) Prec@1 98.96 (98.69) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:51:08] Epoch: [507][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.074) Prec@1 97.92 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:51:33] Epoch: [507][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.074) Prec@1 98.96 (98.72) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:51:57] Epoch: [507][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.075) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:52:02] Epoch: [507][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.075) Prec@1 100.00 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:52:02] **train** Prec@1 98.71 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.29 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.075 - test [2019-04-01-09:52:02] Epoch: [507][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:52:06] Epoch: [507][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-09:52:06] Epoch: [507][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (96.84) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-09:52:06] **test** Prec@1 96.84 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.16 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:52:07] [Epoch=508/600] [Need: 03:21:48] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:52:08] Epoch: [508][000/521] Time 0.87 (0.87) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:52:32] Epoch: [508][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.038 (0.073) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:52:56] Epoch: [508][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.074) Prec@1 98.96 (98.77) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:53:20] Epoch: [508][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.80) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:53:44] Epoch: [508][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.074) Prec@1 100.00 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:54:09] Epoch: [508][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.155 (0.076) Prec@1 96.88 (98.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:54:13] Epoch: [508][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.076) Prec@1 100.00 (98.74) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-09:54:14] **train** Prec@1 98.74 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.26 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.076 - test [2019-04-01-09:54:14] Epoch: [508][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.102 (0.102) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:54:18] Epoch: [508][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.143) Prec@1 97.92 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-09:54:18] Epoch: [508][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.144) Prec@1 93.75 (96.65) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-09:54:18] **test** Prec@1 96.65 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.35 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.144 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:54:19] [Epoch=509/600] [Need: 03:20:02] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:54:19] Epoch: [509][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.116 (0.116) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:54:44] Epoch: [509][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.064 (0.077) Prec@1 98.96 (98.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:55:08] Epoch: [509][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.126 (0.076) Prec@1 98.96 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:55:32] Epoch: [509][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.077) Prec@1 98.96 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:55:56] Epoch: [509][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.076) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:56:20] Epoch: [509][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.076) Prec@1 100.00 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:56:25] Epoch: [509][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.077) Prec@1 100.00 (98.78) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:56:25] **train** Prec@1 98.78 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.22 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.077 - test [2019-04-01-09:56:26] Epoch: [509][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:56:30] Epoch: [509][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.140) Prec@1 96.88 (96.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-09:56:30] Epoch: [509][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.141) Prec@1 100.00 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-09:56:30] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.141 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:56:30] [Epoch=510/600] [Need: 03:17:45] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:56:31] Epoch: [510][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.066 (0.066) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:56:55] Epoch: [510][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:57:19] Epoch: [510][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:57:43] Epoch: [510][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.072) Prec@1 100.00 (98.76) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:58:07] Epoch: [510][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.77) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:58:31] Epoch: [510][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.073) Prec@1 96.88 (98.74) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:58:36] Epoch: [510][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.073) Prec@1 98.75 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-09:58:36] **train** Prec@1 98.73 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.27 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.073 - test [2019-04-01-09:58:36] Epoch: [510][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.080 (0.080) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-09:58:41] Epoch: [510][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.135) Prec@1 96.88 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-09:58:41] Epoch: [510][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.73) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-09:58:41] **test** Prec@1 96.73 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.27 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-09:58:41] [Epoch=511/600] [Need: 03:13:40] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-09:58:42] Epoch: [511][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.117 (0.117) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-09:59:06] Epoch: [511][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.075) Prec@1 100.00 (98.68) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:59:30] Epoch: [511][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.072) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-09:59:54] Epoch: [511][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:00:18] Epoch: [511][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.070) Prec@1 100.00 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:00:42] Epoch: [511][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.072) Prec@1 98.96 (98.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:00:47] Epoch: [511][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.071) Prec@1 98.75 (98.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:00:47] **train** Prec@1 98.85 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.15 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.071 - test [2019-04-01-10:00:47] Epoch: [511][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:00:51] Epoch: [511][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.135) Prec@1 95.83 (96.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:00:51] Epoch: [511][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.136) Prec@1 100.00 (96.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:00:52] **test** Prec@1 96.81 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.19 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.136 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=96.91, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=3.09, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:00:52] [Epoch=512/600] [Need: 03:11:48] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:00:53] Epoch: [512][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.153 (0.153) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:01:16] Epoch: [512][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.083 (0.069) Prec@1 97.92 (98.87) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:01:41] Epoch: [512][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.070) Prec@1 100.00 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:02:05] Epoch: [512][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.84) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:02:29] Epoch: [512][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:02:53] Epoch: [512][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.80) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:02:58] Epoch: [512][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.071) Prec@1 98.75 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:02:58] **train** Prec@1 98.81 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.19 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.071 - test [2019-04-01-10:02:58] Epoch: [512][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.096 (0.096) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:03:03] Epoch: [512][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.132) Prec@1 97.92 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-10:03:03] Epoch: [512][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-10:03:03] **test** Prec@1 97.02 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.98 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:03:03] [Epoch=513/600] [Need: 03:10:21] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:03:04] Epoch: [513][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.038 (0.038) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:03:28] Epoch: [513][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.128 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (98.77) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:03:52] Epoch: [513][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:04:16] Epoch: [513][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:04:40] Epoch: [513][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:05:04] Epoch: [513][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.071) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:05:09] Epoch: [513][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.071) Prec@1 97.50 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:05:09] **train** Prec@1 98.81 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.19 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.071 - test [2019-04-01-10:05:10] Epoch: [513][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.117 (0.117) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:05:14] Epoch: [513][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (96.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-10:05:14] Epoch: [513][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-10:05:14] **test** Prec@1 96.82 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.18 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:05:14] [Epoch=514/600] [Need: 03:08:00] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:05:15] Epoch: [514][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.067 (0.067) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:05:39] Epoch: [514][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.072) Prec@1 98.96 (98.86) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:06:03] Epoch: [514][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.071) Prec@1 96.88 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:06:28] Epoch: [514][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.072) Prec@1 98.96 (98.78) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:06:52] Epoch: [514][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:07:16] Epoch: [514][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.072) Prec@1 97.92 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:07:21] Epoch: [514][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.071) Prec@1 100.00 (98.80) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:07:21] **train** Prec@1 98.80 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.20 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.071 - test [2019-04-01-10:07:22] Epoch: [514][000/105] Time 0.59 (0.59) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.066 (0.066) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:07:26] Epoch: [514][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.137) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:07:26] Epoch: [514][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.007 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:07:26] **test** Prec@1 96.85 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.15 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:07:26] [Epoch=515/600] [Need: 03:07:12] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:07:27] Epoch: [515][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.043 (0.043) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:07:51] Epoch: [515][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (98.87) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:08:15] Epoch: [515][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.072) Prec@1 96.88 (98.75) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:08:39] Epoch: [515][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.069) Prec@1 100.00 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:09:03] Epoch: [515][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:09:28] Epoch: [515][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.072) Prec@1 100.00 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:09:32] Epoch: [515][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.072) Prec@1 97.50 (98.79) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:09:32] **train** Prec@1 98.79 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.21 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.072 - test [2019-04-01-10:09:33] Epoch: [515][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.092 (0.092) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:09:37] Epoch: [515][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.132) Prec@1 98.96 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-10:09:37] Epoch: [515][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.006 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-10:09:37] **test** Prec@1 96.90 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.10 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:09:37] [Epoch=516/600] [Need: 03:03:31] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:09:38] Epoch: [516][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.074 (0.074) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:10:02] Epoch: [516][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.067 (0.068) Prec@1 98.96 (98.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-10:10:27] Epoch: [516][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:10:51] Epoch: [516][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.070) Prec@1 100.00 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:11:15] Epoch: [516][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (98.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:11:39] Epoch: [516][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:11:44] Epoch: [516][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.070) Prec@1 98.75 (98.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:11:44] **train** Prec@1 98.83 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.17 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.070 - test [2019-04-01-10:11:45] Epoch: [516][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:11:49] Epoch: [516][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.131) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:11:49] Epoch: [516][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.132) Prec@1 93.75 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:11:49] **test** Prec@1 97.00 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.00 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:11:49] [Epoch=517/600] [Need: 03:02:01] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:11:50] Epoch: [517][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.067 (0.067) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:12:14] Epoch: [517][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (98.86) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:12:38] Epoch: [517][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.069) Prec@1 97.92 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:13:02] Epoch: [517][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.068) Prec@1 98.96 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:13:26] Epoch: [517][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.069) Prec@1 94.79 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:13:51] Epoch: [517][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.069) Prec@1 98.96 (98.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:13:55] Epoch: [517][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.069) Prec@1 98.75 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:13:55] **train** Prec@1 98.81 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.19 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.069 - test [2019-04-01-10:13:56] Epoch: [517][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.025 (0.025) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:14:00] Epoch: [517][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.142) Prec@1 97.92 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-10:14:00] Epoch: [517][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.142) Prec@1 100.00 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-10:14:00] **test** Prec@1 96.78 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.22 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.142 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:14:00] [Epoch=518/600] [Need: 02:59:31] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:14:01] Epoch: [518][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.068 (0.068) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:14:25] Epoch: [518][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.071) Prec@1 96.88 (98.74) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:14:49] Epoch: [518][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.070) Prec@1 100.00 (98.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:15:14] Epoch: [518][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.069) Prec@1 96.88 (98.86) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:15:37] Epoch: [518][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.067) Prec@1 98.96 (98.86) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:16:02] Epoch: [518][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.120 (0.067) Prec@1 96.88 (98.87) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:16:06] Epoch: [518][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.068) Prec@1 100.00 (98.87) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:16:06] **train** Prec@1 98.87 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.13 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.068 - test [2019-04-01-10:16:07] Epoch: [518][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:16:11] Epoch: [518][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.132) Prec@1 97.92 (96.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-10:16:11] Epoch: [518][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (96.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-10:16:11] **test** Prec@1 96.86 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.14 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:16:12] [Epoch=519/600] [Need: 02:57:03] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:16:12] Epoch: [519][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.031 (0.031) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:16:37] Epoch: [519][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (99.15) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:17:01] Epoch: [519][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.064) Prec@1 97.92 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:17:25] Epoch: [519][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:17:49] Epoch: [519][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.062) Prec@1 100.00 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:18:13] Epoch: [519][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.064) Prec@1 97.92 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:18:18] Epoch: [519][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.063) Prec@1 98.75 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:18:18] **train** Prec@1 99.02 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.98 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.063 - test [2019-04-01-10:18:18] Epoch: [519][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:18:22] Epoch: [519][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.052 (0.131) Prec@1 98.96 (96.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-10:18:23] Epoch: [519][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (96.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-10:18:23] **test** Prec@1 96.95 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.05 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:18:23] [Epoch=520/600] [Need: 02:55:07] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:18:24] Epoch: [520][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.110 (0.110) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:18:48] Epoch: [520][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.070) Prec@1 96.88 (98.80) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:19:12] Epoch: [520][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.067) Prec@1 98.96 (98.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:19:36] Epoch: [520][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.067) Prec@1 100.00 (98.91) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:20:00] Epoch: [520][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.065) Prec@1 100.00 (98.94) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:20:25] Epoch: [520][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.066) Prec@1 98.96 (98.95) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:20:29] Epoch: [520][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.066) Prec@1 98.75 (98.94) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:20:30] **train** Prec@1 98.94 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.06 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.066 - test [2019-04-01-10:20:30] Epoch: [520][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.077 (0.077) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:20:34] Epoch: [520][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-10:20:34] Epoch: [520][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.007 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (96.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-10:20:34] **test** Prec@1 96.83 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.17 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:20:35] [Epoch=521/600] [Need: 02:53:24] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:20:35] Epoch: [521][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.042 (0.042) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:20:59] Epoch: [521][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.067) Prec@1 100.00 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:21:23] Epoch: [521][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.069) Prec@1 100.00 (98.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:21:48] Epoch: [521][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.066) Prec@1 98.96 (98.93) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:22:12] Epoch: [521][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.95) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:22:36] Epoch: [521][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.133 (0.065) Prec@1 96.88 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:22:41] Epoch: [521][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.065) Prec@1 98.75 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:22:41] **train** Prec@1 98.96 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.04 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.065 - test [2019-04-01-10:22:41] Epoch: [521][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.092 (0.092) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:22:45] Epoch: [521][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.076 (0.138) Prec@1 96.88 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:22:46] Epoch: [521][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:22:46] **test** Prec@1 96.88 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.12 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.138 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.02, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.98, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:22:46] [Epoch=522/600] [Need: 02:50:43] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:22:47] Epoch: [522][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.045 (0.045) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:23:11] Epoch: [522][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.057 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:23:35] Epoch: [522][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.146 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (99.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:23:59] Epoch: [522][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (98.97) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:24:23] Epoch: [522][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:24:47] Epoch: [522][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (98.97) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:24:52] Epoch: [522][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.062) Prec@1 100.00 (98.97) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:24:52] **train** Prec@1 98.97 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.03 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.062 - test [2019-04-01-10:24:53] Epoch: [522][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.111 (0.111) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:24:57] Epoch: [522][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.062 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:24:57] Epoch: [522][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:24:57] **test** Prec@1 97.07 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.93 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:24:57] [Epoch=523/600] [Need: 02:48:48] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:24:58] Epoch: [523][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:25:23] Epoch: [523][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.032 (0.068) Prec@1 100.00 (98.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-10:25:47] Epoch: [523][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.066) Prec@1 100.00 (98.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:26:11] Epoch: [523][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.067) Prec@1 100.00 (98.86) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:26:35] Epoch: [523][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.067) Prec@1 98.96 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:27:00] Epoch: [523][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.116 (0.066) Prec@1 95.83 (98.89) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:27:04] Epoch: [523][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.066) Prec@1 100.00 (98.89) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:27:04] **train** Prec@1 98.89 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.11 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.066 - test [2019-04-01-10:27:05] Epoch: [523][000/105] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.087 (0.087) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:27:09] Epoch: [523][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.138) Prec@1 97.92 (96.71) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-10:27:09] Epoch: [523][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (96.70) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-10:27:09] **test** Prec@1 96.70 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.30 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.138 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:27:09] [Epoch=524/600] [Need: 02:47:10] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:27:10] Epoch: [524][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:27:34] Epoch: [524][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.052 (0.062) Prec@1 100.00 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:27:59] Epoch: [524][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:28:23] Epoch: [524][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:28:47] Epoch: [524][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.063) Prec@1 97.92 (99.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:29:11] Epoch: [524][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:29:16] Epoch: [524][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.065) Prec@1 100.00 (98.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:29:16] **train** Prec@1 98.92 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.08 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.065 - test [2019-04-01-10:29:16] Epoch: [524][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:29:20] Epoch: [524][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.058 (0.133) Prec@1 98.96 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:29:21] Epoch: [524][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:29:21] **test** Prec@1 97.00 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.00 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:29:21] [Epoch=525/600] [Need: 02:44:21] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:29:22] Epoch: [525][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.100 (0.100) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:29:46] Epoch: [525][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.084 (0.071) Prec@1 98.96 (98.73) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:30:10] Epoch: [525][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.072) Prec@1 100.00 (98.78) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:30:34] Epoch: [525][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.069) Prec@1 100.00 (98.81) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:30:58] Epoch: [525][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.067) Prec@1 100.00 (98.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:31:22] Epoch: [525][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.066) Prec@1 97.92 (98.93) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:31:27] Epoch: [525][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.066) Prec@1 98.75 (98.93) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:31:27] **train** Prec@1 98.93 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.07 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.066 - test [2019-04-01-10:31:28] Epoch: [525][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.119 (0.119) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:31:32] Epoch: [525][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.056 (0.134) Prec@1 97.92 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-10:31:32] Epoch: [525][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.003 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-10:31:32] **test** Prec@1 96.92 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.08 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:31:32] [Epoch=526/600] [Need: 02:41:51] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:31:33] Epoch: [526][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.113 (0.113) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:31:57] Epoch: [526][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.063) Prec@1 98.96 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:32:21] Epoch: [526][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:32:45] Epoch: [526][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:33:09] Epoch: [526][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:33:33] Epoch: [526][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.064) Prec@1 100.00 (98.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:33:38] Epoch: [526][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.064) Prec@1 100.00 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:33:38] **train** Prec@1 98.98 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.02 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.064 - test [2019-04-01-10:33:39] Epoch: [526][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:33:43] Epoch: [526][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.036 (0.136) Prec@1 98.96 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) - test [2019-04-01-10:33:43] Epoch: [526][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.138) Prec@1 100.00 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-10:33:43] **test** Prec@1 96.82 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.18 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.138 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:33:43] [Epoch=527/600] [Need: 02:39:38] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:33:44] Epoch: [527][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.037 (0.037) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:34:08] Epoch: [527][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.063) Prec@1 97.92 (98.95) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:34:32] Epoch: [527][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.065) Prec@1 97.92 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:34:57] Epoch: [527][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:35:21] Epoch: [527][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.119 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:35:45] Epoch: [527][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.064) Prec@1 100.00 (98.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:35:50] Epoch: [527][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.064) Prec@1 97.50 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:35:50] **train** Prec@1 98.98 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.02 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.064 - test [2019-04-01-10:35:51] Epoch: [527][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.101 (0.101) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:35:55] Epoch: [527][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.064 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-10:35:55] Epoch: [527][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-10:35:55] **test** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:35:55] [Epoch=528/600] [Need: 02:38:00] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:35:56] Epoch: [528][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:36:20] Epoch: [528][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:36:44] Epoch: [528][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (99.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:37:14] Epoch: [528][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:37:46] Epoch: [528][400/521] Time 0.30 (0.28) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.063) Prec@1 98.96 (99.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:38:18] Epoch: [528][500/521] Time 0.34 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.169 (0.064) Prec@1 97.92 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:38:24] Epoch: [528][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.064) Prec@1 98.75 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:38:25] **train** Prec@1 98.98 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.02 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.064 - test [2019-04-01-10:38:26] Epoch: [528][000/105] Time 0.96 (0.96) Data 0.87 (0.87) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:38:32] Epoch: [528][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.051 (0.133) Prec@1 98.96 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-10:38:32] Epoch: [528][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.07) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.017 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.76) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-10:38:32] **test** Prec@1 96.76 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.24 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:38:32] [Epoch=529/600] [Need: 03:06:05] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:38:33] Epoch: [529][000/521] Time 1.04 (1.04) Data 0.69 (0.69) Loss 0.114 (0.114) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:39:03] Epoch: [529][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.086 (0.063) Prec@1 96.88 (99.05) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:39:36] Epoch: [529][200/521] Time 0.32 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.110 (0.064) Prec@1 98.96 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:40:11] Epoch: [529][300/521] Time 0.29 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.063) Prec@1 98.96 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:40:44] Epoch: [529][400/521] Time 0.36 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.063) Prec@1 98.96 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:41:14] Epoch: [529][500/521] Time 0.37 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.112 (0.064) Prec@1 96.88 (98.98) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:41:20] Epoch: [529][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.064) Prec@1 97.50 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:41:21] **train** Prec@1 98.99 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 1.01 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.064 - test [2019-04-01-10:41:21] Epoch: [529][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:41:25] Epoch: [529][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.086 (0.132) Prec@1 97.92 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-10:41:25] Epoch: [529][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.015 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-10:41:25] **test** Prec@1 96.97 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.03 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:41:26] [Epoch=530/600] [Need: 03:22:09] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:41:26] Epoch: [530][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.044 (0.044) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:41:53] Epoch: [530][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.27) Data 0.01 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:42:27] Epoch: [530][200/521] Time 0.39 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:42:59] Epoch: [530][300/521] Time 0.32 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:43:30] Epoch: [530][400/521] Time 0.35 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:43:58] Epoch: [530][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:44:03] Epoch: [530][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.062) Prec@1 98.75 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:44:04] **train** Prec@1 99.02 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.98 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.062 - test [2019-04-01-10:44:04] Epoch: [530][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.119 (0.119) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:44:08] Epoch: [530][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (96.93) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-10:44:08] Epoch: [530][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-10:44:08] **test** Prec@1 96.91 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.09 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:44:09] [Epoch=531/600] [Need: 03:07:29] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:44:09] Epoch: [531][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.58 (0.58) Loss 0.080 (0.080) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:44:44] Epoch: [531][100/521] Time 0.28 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:45:21] Epoch: [531][200/521] Time 0.37 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.122 (0.066) Prec@1 96.88 (98.94) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:45:58] Epoch: [531][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.064) Prec@1 98.96 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:46:31] Epoch: [531][400/521] Time 0.45 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.063) Prec@1 98.96 (99.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:47:03] Epoch: [531][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.063) Prec@1 96.88 (99.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:47:08] Epoch: [531][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (99.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:47:08] **train** Prec@1 99.00 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 1.00 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.063 - test [2019-04-01-10:47:09] Epoch: [531][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.067 (0.067) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:47:13] Epoch: [531][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.079 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-10:47:14] Epoch: [531][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (96.89) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-10:47:14] **test** Prec@1 96.89 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.11 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:47:14] [Epoch=532/600] [Need: 03:30:10] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:47:15] Epoch: [532][000/521] Time 1.22 (1.22) Data 0.81 (0.81) Loss 0.062 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:47:49] Epoch: [532][100/521] Time 0.34 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:48:25] Epoch: [532][200/521] Time 0.31 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:49:00] Epoch: [532][300/521] Time 0.33 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:49:35] Epoch: [532][400/521] Time 0.41 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:50:09] Epoch: [532][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:50:14] Epoch: [532][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.088 (0.061) Prec@1 97.50 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:50:14] **train** Prec@1 99.06 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.94 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.061 - test [2019-04-01-10:50:14] Epoch: [532][000/105] Time 0.46 (0.46) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:50:18] Epoch: [532][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-10:50:19] Epoch: [532][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-10:50:19] **test** Prec@1 96.90 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.10 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.07, Acc@5=99.94, Error@1=2.93, Error@5=0.06 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:50:19] [Epoch=533/600] [Need: 03:26:16] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:50:20] Epoch: [533][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.035 (0.035) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:50:48] Epoch: [533][100/521] Time 0.29 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.058 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:51:21] Epoch: [533][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:51:51] Epoch: [533][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:52:27] Epoch: [533][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (99.03) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:53:05] Epoch: [533][500/521] Time 0.44 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.058 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:53:12] Epoch: [533][520/521] Time 0.46 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.060) Prec@1 98.75 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:53:13] **train** Prec@1 99.02 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.98 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.060 - test [2019-04-01-10:53:14] Epoch: [533][000/105] Time 0.97 (0.97) Data 0.86 (0.86) Loss 0.076 (0.076) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:53:21] Epoch: [533][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.08) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.089 (0.133) Prec@1 96.88 (97.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-10:53:21] Epoch: [533][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.08) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (97.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-10:53:22] **test** Prec@1 97.13 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.87 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:53:22] [Epoch=534/600] [Need: 03:21:33] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:53:24] Epoch: [534][000/521] Time 1.78 (1.78) Data 1.31 (1.31) Loss 0.027 (0.027) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:54:02] Epoch: [534][100/521] Time 0.58 (0.40) Data 0.01 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.066) Prec@1 98.96 (98.95) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:54:40] Epoch: [534][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.39) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:55:17] Epoch: [534][300/521] Time 0.42 (0.38) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:55:46] Epoch: [534][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:56:11] Epoch: [534][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.091 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:56:15] Epoch: [534][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.061) Prec@1 98.75 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-10:56:16] **train** Prec@1 99.04 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.96 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.061 - test [2019-04-01-10:56:16] Epoch: [534][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:56:20] Epoch: [534][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.098 (0.133) Prec@1 96.88 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-10:56:20] Epoch: [534][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-10:56:20] **test** Prec@1 96.92 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.08 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:56:21] [Epoch=535/600] [Need: 03:13:31] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:56:21] Epoch: [535][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.031 (0.031) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:56:46] Epoch: [535][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.11) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:57:10] Epoch: [535][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.016 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:57:34] Epoch: [535][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.058) Prec@1 97.92 (99.11) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:57:58] Epoch: [535][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:58:22] Epoch: [535][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.058) Prec@1 97.92 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:58:26] Epoch: [535][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.030 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.09) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-10:58:27] **train** Prec@1 99.09 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.91 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.057 - test [2019-04-01-10:58:27] Epoch: [535][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.084 (0.084) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-10:58:31] Epoch: [535][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.040 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (96.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - test [2019-04-01-10:58:31] Epoch: [535][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (96.83) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) -[2019-04-01-10:58:31] **test** Prec@1 96.83 Prec@5 99.98 Error@1 3.17 Error@5 0.02 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-10:58:32] [Epoch=536/600] [Need: 02:19:44] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-10:58:32] Epoch: [536][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.095 (0.095) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-10:58:56] Epoch: [536][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.148 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:59:21] Epoch: [536][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (99.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-10:59:45] Epoch: [536][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:00:09] Epoch: [536][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:00:33] Epoch: [536][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.144 (0.058) Prec@1 96.88 (99.07) Prec@5 98.96 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:00:38] Epoch: [536][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.058) Prec@1 98.75 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:00:38] **train** Prec@1 99.08 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.92 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.058 - test [2019-04-01-11:00:38] Epoch: [536][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.091 (0.091) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:00:42] Epoch: [536][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:00:42] Epoch: [536][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:00:43] **test** Prec@1 96.97 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.03 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:00:43] [Epoch=537/600] [Need: 02:17:34] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:00:43] Epoch: [537][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.070 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:01:07] Epoch: [537][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:01:31] Epoch: [537][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:01:56] Epoch: [537][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (99.11) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:02:19] Epoch: [537][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:02:44] Epoch: [537][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:02:48] Epoch: [537][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:02:49] **train** Prec@1 99.07 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.93 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.060 - test [2019-04-01-11:02:49] Epoch: [537][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:02:53] Epoch: [537][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-11:02:53] Epoch: [537][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-11:02:53] **test** Prec@1 96.87 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.13 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:02:54] [Epoch=538/600] [Need: 02:15:12] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:02:54] Epoch: [538][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:03:19] Epoch: [538][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.137 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:03:43] Epoch: [538][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:04:07] Epoch: [538][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:04:32] Epoch: [538][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (99.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:04:56] Epoch: [538][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:05:01] Epoch: [538][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.057) Prec@1 98.75 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:05:01] **train** Prec@1 99.18 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.82 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.057 - test [2019-04-01-11:05:01] Epoch: [538][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.085 (0.085) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:05:05] Epoch: [538][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.070 (0.135) Prec@1 98.96 (96.97) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) - test [2019-04-01-11:05:06] Epoch: [538][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.96) -[2019-04-01-11:05:06] **test** Prec@1 96.96 Prec@5 99.96 Error@1 3.04 Error@5 0.04 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:05:06] [Epoch=539/600] [Need: 02:14:34] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:05:07] Epoch: [539][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.086 (0.086) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:05:31] Epoch: [539][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.058) Prec@1 97.92 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:05:55] Epoch: [539][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:06:20] Epoch: [539][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:06:44] Epoch: [539][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.057) Prec@1 97.92 (99.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:07:08] Epoch: [539][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:07:13] Epoch: [539][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.109 (0.056) Prec@1 97.50 (99.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:07:13] **train** Prec@1 99.14 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.86 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.056 - test [2019-04-01-11:07:14] Epoch: [539][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.098 (0.098) Prec@1 94.79 (94.79) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:07:18] Epoch: [539][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.070 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (96.91) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-11:07:18] Epoch: [539][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.135) Prec@1 100.00 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-11:07:18] **test** Prec@1 96.90 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.10 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.135 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:07:18] [Epoch=540/600] [Need: 02:12:13] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:07:19] Epoch: [540][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.067 (0.067) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:07:43] Epoch: [540][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:08:07] Epoch: [540][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:08:31] Epoch: [540][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (99.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:08:56] Epoch: [540][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:09:20] Epoch: [540][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:09:25] Epoch: [540][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:09:25] **train** Prec@1 99.08 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.92 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.059 - test [2019-04-01-11:09:25] Epoch: [540][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.076 (0.076) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:09:29] Epoch: [540][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:09:30] Epoch: [540][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (96.90) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:09:30] **test** Prec@1 96.90 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.10 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:09:30] [Epoch=541/600] [Need: 02:09:34] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:09:31] Epoch: [541][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.043 (0.043) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:09:55] Epoch: [541][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.063) Prec@1 100.00 (98.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:10:19] Epoch: [541][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.008 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:10:44] Epoch: [541][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:11:09] Epoch: [541][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:11:33] Epoch: [541][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:11:38] Epoch: [541][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:11:38] **train** Prec@1 99.18 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.82 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.055 - test [2019-04-01-11:11:39] Epoch: [541][000/105] Time 0.50 (0.50) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:11:43] Epoch: [541][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-11:11:43] Epoch: [541][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.92) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-11:11:43] **test** Prec@1 96.92 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.08 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:11:43] [Epoch=542/600] [Need: 02:09:01] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:11:44] Epoch: [542][000/521] Time 0.78 (0.78) Data 0.50 (0.50) Loss 0.089 (0.089) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:12:09] Epoch: [542][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.033 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:12:33] Epoch: [542][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.056) Prec@1 98.96 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:12:57] Epoch: [542][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:13:22] Epoch: [542][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:13:46] Epoch: [542][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:13:51] Epoch: [542][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.056) Prec@1 98.75 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:13:51] **train** Prec@1 99.17 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.83 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.056 - test [2019-04-01-11:13:51] Epoch: [542][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.118 (0.118) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:13:56] Epoch: [542][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.134) Prec@1 98.96 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-11:13:56] Epoch: [542][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.134) Prec@1 100.00 (96.87) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-11:13:56] **test** Prec@1 96.87 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 3.13 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.134 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:13:56] [Epoch=543/600] [Need: 02:06:00] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:13:57] Epoch: [543][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.048 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:14:21] Epoch: [543][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.058) Prec@1 96.88 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:14:45] Epoch: [543][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.107 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:15:10] Epoch: [543][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:15:34] Epoch: [543][400/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.106 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:15:58] Epoch: [543][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:16:03] Epoch: [543][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:16:03] **train** Prec@1 99.17 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.83 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.056 - test [2019-04-01-11:16:04] Epoch: [543][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.078 (0.078) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:16:08] Epoch: [543][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.133) Prec@1 97.92 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:16:08] Epoch: [543][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.132) Prec@1 100.00 (96.85) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:16:08] **test** Prec@1 96.85 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.15 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.132 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:16:08] [Epoch=544/600] [Need: 02:03:14] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:16:09] Epoch: [544][000/521] Time 0.75 (0.75) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.091 (0.091) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:16:33] Epoch: [544][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:16:57] Epoch: [544][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.14) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:17:21] Epoch: [544][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.138 (0.056) Prec@1 95.83 (99.12) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:17:46] Epoch: [544][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:18:10] Epoch: [544][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.015 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:18:15] Epoch: [544][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.131 (0.058) Prec@1 96.25 (99.06) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:18:15] **train** Prec@1 99.06 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.94 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.058 - test [2019-04-01-11:18:16] Epoch: [544][000/105] Time 0.64 (0.64) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:18:20] Epoch: [544][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.094 (0.133) Prec@1 96.88 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:18:20] Epoch: [544][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.133) Prec@1 100.00 (96.82) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:18:20] **test** Prec@1 96.82 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.18 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.133 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:18:20] [Epoch=545/600] [Need: 02:01:16] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:18:21] Epoch: [545][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.061 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:18:45] Epoch: [545][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:19:10] Epoch: [545][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.054) Prec@1 98.96 (99.15) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:19:34] Epoch: [545][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:19:58] Epoch: [545][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:20:31] Epoch: [545][500/521] Time 0.35 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:20:38] Epoch: [545][520/521] Time 0.37 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.054) Prec@1 98.75 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:20:38] **train** Prec@1 99.16 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.84 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:20:39] Epoch: [545][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:20:45] Epoch: [545][100/105] Time 0.06 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.087 (0.136) Prec@1 97.92 (96.80) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:20:45] Epoch: [545][104/105] Time 0.06 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.137) Prec@1 100.00 (96.78) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:20:45] **test** Prec@1 96.78 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.22 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.137 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:20:45] [Epoch=546/600] [Need: 02:10:15] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:20:46] Epoch: [546][000/521] Time 1.12 (1.12) Data 0.81 (0.81) Loss 0.035 (0.035) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:21:19] Epoch: [546][100/521] Time 0.32 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.061) Prec@1 100.00 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:21:54] Epoch: [546][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.021 (0.060) Prec@1 100.00 (99.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:22:28] Epoch: [546][300/521] Time 0.49 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:23:03] Epoch: [546][400/521] Time 0.31 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:23:35] Epoch: [546][500/521] Time 0.37 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.08) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:23:42] Epoch: [546][520/521] Time 0.37 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.057) Prec@1 100.00 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:23:42] **train** Prec@1 99.10 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.90 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.057 - test [2019-04-01-11:23:43] Epoch: [546][000/105] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.66 (0.66) Loss 0.097 (0.097) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:23:48] Epoch: [546][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.072 (0.130) Prec@1 98.96 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-11:23:48] Epoch: [546][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-11:23:48] **test** Prec@1 97.02 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.98 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:23:49] [Epoch=547/600] [Need: 02:42:06] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:23:50] Epoch: [547][000/521] Time 1.16 (1.16) Data 0.78 (0.78) Loss 0.023 (0.023) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:24:24] Epoch: [547][100/521] Time 0.36 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.10) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:24:59] Epoch: [547][200/521] Time 0.36 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.115 (0.054) Prec@1 96.88 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:25:32] Epoch: [547][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:26:05] Epoch: [547][400/521] Time 0.37 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:26:39] Epoch: [547][500/521] Time 0.33 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:26:45] Epoch: [547][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.055) Prec@1 98.75 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:26:45] **train** Prec@1 99.19 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.81 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.055 - test [2019-04-01-11:26:46] Epoch: [547][000/105] Time 0.94 (0.94) Data 0.86 (0.86) Loss 0.080 (0.080) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:26:51] Epoch: [547][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.131) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:26:51] Epoch: [547][104/105] Time 0.05 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:26:52] **test** Prec@1 97.03 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.97 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:26:52] [Epoch=548/600] [Need: 02:38:50] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:26:53] Epoch: [548][000/521] Time 1.33 (1.33) Data 0.94 (0.94) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:27:28] Epoch: [548][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.091 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.11) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:28:00] Epoch: [548][200/521] Time 0.30 (0.34) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.031 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:28:33] Epoch: [548][300/521] Time 0.33 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:29:01] Epoch: [548][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.32) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (99.12) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:29:35] Epoch: [548][500/521] Time 0.35 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.12) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:29:42] Epoch: [548][520/521] Time 0.32 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:29:42] **train** Prec@1 99.13 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.87 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:29:43] Epoch: [548][000/105] Time 1.22 (1.22) Data 1.14 (1.14) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:29:48] Epoch: [548][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.111 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:29:48] Epoch: [548][104/105] Time 0.05 (0.06) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:29:49] **test** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:29:49] [Epoch=549/600] [Need: 02:30:22] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:29:50] Epoch: [549][000/521] Time 1.01 (1.01) Data 0.70 (0.70) Loss 0.043 (0.043) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:30:24] Epoch: [549][100/521] Time 0.40 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.114 (0.052) Prec@1 97.92 (99.15) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:31:00] Epoch: [549][200/521] Time 0.35 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:31:34] Epoch: [549][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:32:07] Epoch: [549][400/521] Time 0.36 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:32:32] Epoch: [549][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:32:39] Epoch: [549][520/521] Time 0.30 (0.33) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.102 (0.053) Prec@1 98.75 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:32:39] **train** Prec@1 99.23 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.77 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.053 - test [2019-04-01-11:32:40] Epoch: [549][000/105] Time 1.19 (1.19) Data 1.06 (1.06) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:32:47] Epoch: [549][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.08) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.086 (0.130) Prec@1 97.92 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:32:47] Epoch: [549][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.08) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.003 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:32:47] **test** Prec@1 97.01 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.99 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:32:47] [Epoch=550/600] [Need: 02:28:49] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:32:48] Epoch: [550][000/521] Time 1.03 (1.03) Data 0.63 (0.63) Loss 0.033 (0.033) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:33:24] Epoch: [550][100/521] Time 0.32 (0.36) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.092 (0.052) Prec@1 97.92 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:33:57] Epoch: [550][200/521] Time 0.27 (0.35) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:34:22] Epoch: [550][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.31) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:34:48] Epoch: [550][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.30) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.101 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:35:14] Epoch: [550][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:35:18] Epoch: [550][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.29) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.014 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:35:19] **train** Prec@1 99.20 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.80 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.053 - test [2019-04-01-11:35:19] Epoch: [550][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:35:24] Epoch: [550][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.065 (0.130) Prec@1 98.96 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:35:24] Epoch: [550][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:35:24] **test** Prec@1 96.99 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 3.01 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:35:24] [Epoch=551/600] [Need: 02:08:04] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:35:25] Epoch: [551][000/521] Time 0.81 (0.81) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.093 (0.093) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:35:52] Epoch: [551][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.059) Prec@1 100.00 (99.02) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:36:18] Epoch: [551][200/521] Time 0.28 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (99.05) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:36:44] Epoch: [551][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:37:12] Epoch: [551][400/521] Time 0.32 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.087 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:37:38] Epoch: [551][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:37:43] Epoch: [551][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.054) Prec@1 98.75 (99.16) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:37:43] **train** Prec@1 99.16 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.84 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:37:43] Epoch: [551][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.085 (0.085) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:37:48] Epoch: [551][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:37:48] Epoch: [551][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:37:48] **test** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:37:48] [Epoch=552/600] [Need: 01:55:00] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:37:49] Epoch: [552][000/521] Time 0.80 (0.80) Data 0.52 (0.52) Loss 0.075 (0.075) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:38:15] Epoch: [552][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.108 (0.055) Prec@1 96.88 (99.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:38:41] Epoch: [552][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:39:07] Epoch: [552][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:39:33] Epoch: [552][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.129 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:39:58] Epoch: [552][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.054) Prec@1 98.96 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:40:03] Epoch: [552][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:40:03] **train** Prec@1 99.21 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.79 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:40:04] Epoch: [552][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.106 (0.106) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:40:08] Epoch: [552][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.066 (0.127) Prec@1 98.96 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-11:40:09] Epoch: [552][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-11:40:09] **test** Prec@1 97.12 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.88 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:40:09] [Epoch=553/600] [Need: 01:50:22] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:40:10] Epoch: [553][000/521] Time 0.82 (0.82) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.058 (0.058) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:40:35] Epoch: [553][100/521] Time 0.29 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.039 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:41:00] Epoch: [553][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-11:41:26] Epoch: [553][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:41:51] Epoch: [553][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:42:17] Epoch: [553][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.093 (0.054) Prec@1 96.88 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:42:23] Epoch: [553][520/521] Time 0.34 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.054) Prec@1 97.50 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:42:23] **train** Prec@1 99.17 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.83 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:42:23] Epoch: [553][000/105] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.62 (0.62) Loss 0.067 (0.067) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:42:28] Epoch: [553][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:42:28] Epoch: [553][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:42:28] **test** Prec@1 97.06 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.94 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:42:28] [Epoch=554/600] [Need: 01:47:02] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:42:29] Epoch: [554][000/521] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.035 (0.035) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:42:55] Epoch: [554][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.053) Prec@1 96.88 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:43:22] Epoch: [554][200/521] Time 0.38 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:43:47] Epoch: [554][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:44:13] Epoch: [554][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.075 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:44:39] Epoch: [554][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:44:44] Epoch: [554][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:44:44] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-11:44:44] Epoch: [554][000/105] Time 0.67 (0.67) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.064 (0.064) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:44:49] Epoch: [554][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.070 (0.131) Prec@1 97.92 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-11:44:49] Epoch: [554][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-11:44:49] **test** Prec@1 97.03 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.97 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:44:49] [Epoch=555/600] [Need: 01:45:40] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:44:50] Epoch: [555][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.030 (0.030) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:45:16] Epoch: [555][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.041 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:45:42] Epoch: [555][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:46:08] Epoch: [555][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.052) Prec@1 97.92 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:46:33] Epoch: [555][400/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:47:00] Epoch: [555][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:47:05] Epoch: [555][520/521] Time 0.30 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:47:05] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-11:47:06] Epoch: [555][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:47:10] Epoch: [555][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.126) Prec@1 98.96 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-11:47:10] Epoch: [555][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.013 (0.126) Prec@1 100.00 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-11:47:10] **test** Prec@1 97.09 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 2.91 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.126 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:47:10] [Epoch=556/600] [Need: 01:43:19] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:47:11] Epoch: [556][000/521] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.058 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:47:36] Epoch: [556][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:48:02] Epoch: [556][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.056) Prec@1 98.96 (99.13) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:48:28] Epoch: [556][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.136 (0.055) Prec@1 96.88 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:48:54] Epoch: [556][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:49:19] Epoch: [556][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:49:24] Epoch: [556][520/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.053) Prec@1 97.50 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:49:25] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.053 - test [2019-04-01-11:49:25] Epoch: [556][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.063 (0.063) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:49:29] Epoch: [556][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-11:49:30] Epoch: [556][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:49:30] **test** Prec@1 97.06 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.94 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:49:30] [Epoch=557/600] [Need: 01:40:05] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:49:31] Epoch: [557][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.049 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:49:57] Epoch: [557][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.022 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:50:23] Epoch: [557][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.072 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (99.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:50:48] Epoch: [557][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:51:14] Epoch: [557][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.20) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:51:40] Epoch: [557][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:51:45] Epoch: [557][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.052) Prec@1 98.75 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:51:45] **train** Prec@1 99.22 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.78 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.052 - test [2019-04-01-11:51:45] Epoch: [557][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.069 (0.069) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:51:50] Epoch: [557][100/105] Time 0.05 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.083 (0.126) Prec@1 98.96 (97.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:51:50] Epoch: [557][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:51:50] **test** Prec@1 97.09 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.91 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.13, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.87, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:51:50] [Epoch=558/600] [Need: 01:38:02] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:51:51] Epoch: [558][000/521] Time 0.89 (0.89) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.066 (0.066) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:52:16] Epoch: [558][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.090 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:52:43] Epoch: [558][200/521] Time 0.32 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:53:08] Epoch: [558][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:53:34] Epoch: [558][400/521] Time 0.33 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:54:00] Epoch: [558][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:54:05] Epoch: [558][520/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-11:54:05] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.053 - test [2019-04-01-11:54:06] Epoch: [558][000/105] Time 0.77 (0.77) Data 0.71 (0.71) Loss 0.075 (0.075) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:54:10] Epoch: [558][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.081 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-11:54:10] Epoch: [558][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-11:54:11] **test** Prec@1 97.18 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.82 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.18, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.82, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:54:11] [Epoch=559/600] [Need: 01:36:16] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:54:12] Epoch: [559][000/521] Time 0.98 (0.98) Data 0.64 (0.64) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:54:38] Epoch: [559][100/521] Time 0.32 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.025 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:55:04] Epoch: [559][200/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:55:29] Epoch: [559][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:55:55] Epoch: [559][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:56:21] Epoch: [559][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.016 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:56:26] Epoch: [559][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:56:27] **train** Prec@1 99.29 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.71 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-11:56:27] Epoch: [559][000/105] Time 0.76 (0.76) Data 0.68 (0.68) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:56:32] Epoch: [559][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.076 (0.130) Prec@1 98.96 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:56:32] Epoch: [559][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-11:56:32] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.18, Acc@5=99.92, Error@1=2.82, Error@5=0.08 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:56:32] [Epoch=560/600] [Need: 01:34:06] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:56:33] Epoch: [560][000/521] Time 1.08 (1.08) Data 0.78 (0.78) Loss 0.058 (0.058) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:56:59] Epoch: [560][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.038 (0.046) Prec@1 97.92 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:57:25] Epoch: [560][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.27) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.053) Prec@1 96.88 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-11:57:52] Epoch: [560][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:58:17] Epoch: [560][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:58:43] Epoch: [560][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.147 (0.054) Prec@1 96.88 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:58:48] Epoch: [560][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.054) Prec@1 98.75 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-11:58:48] **train** Prec@1 99.21 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.79 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.054 - test [2019-04-01-11:58:49] Epoch: [560][000/105] Time 0.66 (0.66) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-11:58:53] Epoch: [560][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.123) Prec@1 97.92 (97.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-11:58:53] Epoch: [560][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.124) Prec@1 100.00 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-11:58:54] **test** Prec@1 97.22 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.78 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.124 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.22, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=2.78, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-11:58:54] [Epoch=561/600] [Need: 01:32:05] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-11:58:55] Epoch: [561][000/521] Time 1.01 (1.01) Data 0.73 (0.73) Loss 0.046 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:59:20] Epoch: [561][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.047) Prec@1 97.92 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-11:59:46] Epoch: [561][200/521] Time 0.29 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:00:12] Epoch: [561][300/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:00:38] Epoch: [561][400/521] Time 0.28 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.111 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:01:03] Epoch: [561][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:01:08] Epoch: [561][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:01:08] **train** Prec@1 99.31 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.69 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:01:09] Epoch: [561][000/105] Time 0.57 (0.57) Data 0.48 (0.48) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:01:13] Epoch: [561][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) - test [2019-04-01-12:01:13] Epoch: [561][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.126) Prec@1 100.00 (97.19) Prec@5 100.00 (99.95) -[2019-04-01-12:01:14] **test** Prec@1 97.19 Prec@5 99.95 Error@1 2.81 Error@5 0.05 Loss:0.126 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.22, Acc@5=99.93, Error@1=2.78, Error@5=0.07 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:01:14] [Epoch=562/600] [Need: 01:28:38] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:01:14] Epoch: [562][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.063 (0.063) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:01:40] Epoch: [562][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:02:06] Epoch: [562][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:02:32] Epoch: [562][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:02:57] Epoch: [562][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.26) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:03:21] Epoch: [562][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:03:26] Epoch: [562][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-12:03:26] **train** Prec@1 99.28 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.72 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-12:03:27] Epoch: [562][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.048 (0.048) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:03:31] Epoch: [562][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.124) Prec@1 98.96 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-12:03:31] Epoch: [562][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-12:03:31] **test** Prec@1 97.23 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.77 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.125 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:03:31] [Epoch=563/600] [Need: 01:24:46] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:03:32] Epoch: [563][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.130 (0.130) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:03:57] Epoch: [563][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:04:21] Epoch: [563][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:04:45] Epoch: [563][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.035 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:05:09] Epoch: [563][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:05:33] Epoch: [563][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:05:38] Epoch: [563][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:05:38] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.052 - test [2019-04-01-12:05:39] Epoch: [563][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.062 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:05:43] Epoch: [563][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.087 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.21) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:05:43] Epoch: [563][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.17) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:05:43] **test** Prec@1 97.17 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.83 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:05:43] [Epoch=564/600] [Need: 01:19:07] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:05:44] Epoch: [564][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.061 (0.061) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:06:08] Epoch: [564][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.15) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:06:32] Epoch: [564][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:06:56] Epoch: [564][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:07:20] Epoch: [564][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:07:44] Epoch: [564][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:07:49] Epoch: [564][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:07:49] **train** Prec@1 99.26 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.74 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-12:07:50] Epoch: [564][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.073 (0.073) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:07:54] Epoch: [564][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.066 (0.125) Prec@1 97.92 (97.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:07:54] Epoch: [564][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:07:54] **test** Prec@1 97.22 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.78 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.125 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:07:54] [Epoch=565/600] [Need: 01:16:36] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:07:55] Epoch: [565][000/521] Time 0.86 (0.86) Data 0.59 (0.59) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:08:19] Epoch: [565][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.023 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:08:43] Epoch: [565][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:09:07] Epoch: [565][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:09:32] Epoch: [565][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:09:56] Epoch: [565][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:10:01] Epoch: [565][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:10:01] **train** Prec@1 99.26 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.74 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-12:10:01] Epoch: [565][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.070 (0.070) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:10:05] Epoch: [565][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.079 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.18) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-12:10:06] Epoch: [565][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-12:10:06] **test** Prec@1 97.16 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.84 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:10:06] [Epoch=566/600] [Need: 01:14:31] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:10:07] Epoch: [566][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.103 (0.103) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:10:31] Epoch: [566][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:10:55] Epoch: [566][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:11:19] Epoch: [566][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:11:44] Epoch: [566][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.118 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:12:08] Epoch: [566][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:12:13] Epoch: [566][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:12:13] **train** Prec@1 99.29 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.71 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-12:12:13] Epoch: [566][000/105] Time 0.51 (0.51) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:12:17] Epoch: [566][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:12:17] Epoch: [566][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.000 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:12:18] **test** Prec@1 97.06 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.94 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:12:18] [Epoch=567/600] [Need: 01:12:29] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:12:18] Epoch: [567][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.026 (0.026) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:12:43] Epoch: [567][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.014 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:13:07] Epoch: [567][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.21) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:13:31] Epoch: [567][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:13:55] Epoch: [567][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.094 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:14:20] Epoch: [567][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.112 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:14:24] Epoch: [567][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.050) Prec@1 98.75 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:14:25] **train** Prec@1 99.26 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.74 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:14:25] Epoch: [567][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 95.83 (95.83) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:14:29] Epoch: [567][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.073 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-12:14:29] Epoch: [567][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-12:14:29] **test** Prec@1 97.09 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.91 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:14:29] [Epoch=568/600] [Need: 01:10:18] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:14:30] Epoch: [568][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.115 (0.115) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:14:54] Epoch: [568][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.045 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:15:18] Epoch: [568][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:15:42] Epoch: [568][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:16:07] Epoch: [568][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:16:31] Epoch: [568][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:16:35] Epoch: [568][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.051) Prec@1 98.75 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:16:36] **train** Prec@1 99.26 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.74 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-12:16:36] Epoch: [568][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.068 (0.068) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:16:40] Epoch: [568][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:16:40] Epoch: [568][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:16:40] **test** Prec@1 97.09 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.91 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:16:40] [Epoch=569/600] [Need: 01:07:40] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:16:41] Epoch: [569][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:17:05] Epoch: [569][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:17:30] Epoch: [569][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:17:54] Epoch: [569][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:18:18] Epoch: [569][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:18:42] Epoch: [569][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.139 (0.050) Prec@1 95.83 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:18:47] Epoch: [569][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:18:47] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:18:47] Epoch: [569][000/105] Time 0.62 (0.62) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.046 (0.046) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:18:52] Epoch: [569][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.074 (0.128) Prec@1 96.88 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-12:18:52] Epoch: [569][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.003 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:18:52] **test** Prec@1 96.99 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 3.01 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:18:52] [Epoch=570/600] [Need: 01:05:44] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:18:53] Epoch: [570][000/521] Time 0.88 (0.88) Data 0.60 (0.60) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:19:17] Epoch: [570][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.080 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.42) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-12:19:41] Epoch: [570][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:20:06] Epoch: [570][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.044 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:20:30] Epoch: [570][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:20:54] Epoch: [570][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:20:59] Epoch: [570][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.049) Prec@1 98.75 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-12:20:59] **train** Prec@1 99.33 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.67 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:20:59] Epoch: [570][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.063 (0.063) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:21:03] Epoch: [570][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.059 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-12:21:04] Epoch: [570][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-12:21:04] **test** Prec@1 97.12 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.88 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:21:04] [Epoch=571/600] [Need: 01:03:45] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:21:05] Epoch: [571][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.049 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:21:29] Epoch: [571][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.019 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.24) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:21:53] Epoch: [571][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.071 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:22:17] Epoch: [571][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.048) Prec@1 97.92 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:22:41] Epoch: [571][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:23:06] Epoch: [571][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:23:11] Epoch: [571][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:23:11] **train** Prec@1 99.32 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.68 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:23:11] Epoch: [571][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:23:15] Epoch: [571][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.095 (0.127) Prec@1 96.88 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-12:23:16] Epoch: [571][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.004 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-12:23:16] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:23:16] [Epoch=572/600] [Need: 01:01:33] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:23:17] Epoch: [572][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.070 (0.070) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:23:41] Epoch: [572][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:24:05] Epoch: [572][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:24:29] Epoch: [572][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:24:53] Epoch: [572][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.081 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:25:17] Epoch: [572][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:25:22] Epoch: [572][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.050) Prec@1 98.75 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:25:22] **train** Prec@1 99.25 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.75 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:25:23] Epoch: [572][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:25:27] Epoch: [572][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.061 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:25:27] Epoch: [572][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.005 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:25:27] **test** Prec@1 97.05 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.95 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:25:27] [Epoch=573/600] [Need: 00:59:15] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:25:28] Epoch: [573][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.079 (0.079) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:25:52] Epoch: [573][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.056) Prec@1 100.00 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:26:17] Epoch: [573][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:26:41] Epoch: [573][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.051 (0.052) Prec@1 98.96 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:27:05] Epoch: [573][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:27:29] Epoch: [573][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:27:34] Epoch: [573][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:27:34] **train** Prec@1 99.34 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.66 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:27:34] Epoch: [573][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.049 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:27:38] Epoch: [573][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:27:39] Epoch: [573][104/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:27:39] **test** Prec@1 97.03 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.97 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:27:39] [Epoch=574/600] [Need: 00:56:57] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:27:40] Epoch: [574][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.070 (0.070) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:28:04] Epoch: [574][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.055) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:28:28] Epoch: [574][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.052) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:28:52] Epoch: [574][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.099 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:29:16] Epoch: [574][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:29:41] Epoch: [574][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.053 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:29:45] Epoch: [574][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:29:45] **train** Prec@1 99.28 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.72 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:29:46] Epoch: [574][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:29:50] Epoch: [574][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:29:50] Epoch: [574][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:29:50] **test** Prec@1 97.07 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.93 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:29:50] [Epoch=575/600] [Need: 00:54:47] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:29:51] Epoch: [575][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:30:15] Epoch: [575][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.021 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.22) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:30:39] Epoch: [575][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.096 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:31:03] Epoch: [575][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:31:27] Epoch: [575][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:31:51] Epoch: [575][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:31:56] Epoch: [575][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.048) Prec@1 98.75 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:31:56] **train** Prec@1 99.30 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.70 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-12:31:57] Epoch: [575][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:32:01] Epoch: [575][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.16) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:32:01] Epoch: [575][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:32:01] **test** Prec@1 97.11 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.89 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:32:01] [Epoch=576/600] [Need: 00:52:15] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:32:02] Epoch: [576][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.036 (0.036) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:32:26] Epoch: [576][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.055 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:32:50] Epoch: [576][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:33:14] Epoch: [576][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:33:38] Epoch: [576][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:34:02] Epoch: [576][500/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:34:07] Epoch: [576][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.049) Prec@1 98.75 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-12:34:07] **train** Prec@1 99.34 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.66 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:34:08] Epoch: [576][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.072 (0.072) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:34:12] Epoch: [576][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.126) Prec@1 98.96 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:34:12] Epoch: [576][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:34:12] **test** Prec@1 97.06 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.94 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:34:12] [Epoch=577/600] [Need: 00:50:16] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:34:13] Epoch: [577][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:34:37] Epoch: [577][100/521] Time 0.26 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:35:01] Epoch: [577][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:35:26] Epoch: [577][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.089 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:35:51] Epoch: [577][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.084 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:36:15] Epoch: [577][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.068 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:36:19] Epoch: [577][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.052 (0.050) Prec@1 98.75 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:36:19] **train** Prec@1 99.28 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.72 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:36:20] Epoch: [577][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:36:24] Epoch: [577][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.12) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:36:24] Epoch: [577][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.126) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:36:24] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.126 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:36:24] [Epoch=578/600] [Need: 00:48:27] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:36:25] Epoch: [578][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.046 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:36:49] Epoch: [578][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:37:13] Epoch: [578][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.010 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:37:37] Epoch: [578][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:38:02] Epoch: [578][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:38:26] Epoch: [578][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:38:31] Epoch: [578][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-12:38:31] **train** Prec@1 99.29 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.71 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:38:31] Epoch: [578][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.044 (0.044) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:38:35] Epoch: [578][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.069 (0.125) Prec@1 96.88 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:38:36] Epoch: [578][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:38:36] **test** Prec@1 97.07 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.93 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.125 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:38:36] [Epoch=579/600] [Need: 00:46:02] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:38:37] Epoch: [579][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.040 (0.040) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:39:01] Epoch: [579][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.029 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:39:25] Epoch: [579][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:39:50] Epoch: [579][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.033 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:40:14] Epoch: [579][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:40:38] Epoch: [579][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.26) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:40:43] Epoch: [579][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:40:43] **train** Prec@1 99.28 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.72 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:40:44] Epoch: [579][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:40:48] Epoch: [579][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.062 (0.128) Prec@1 98.96 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:40:48] Epoch: [579][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:40:48] **test** Prec@1 96.99 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 3.01 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:40:48] [Epoch=580/600] [Need: 00:44:09] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:40:49] Epoch: [580][000/521] Time 0.79 (0.79) Data 0.51 (0.51) Loss 0.040 (0.040) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:41:13] Epoch: [580][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.028 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:41:37] Epoch: [580][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:42:02] Epoch: [580][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.029 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:42:26] Epoch: [580][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:42:50] Epoch: [580][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:42:55] Epoch: [580][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.090 (0.049) Prec@1 97.50 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:42:55] **train** Prec@1 99.31 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.69 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-12:42:56] Epoch: [580][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.049 (0.049) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:43:00] Epoch: [580][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.124) Prec@1 98.96 (97.06) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:43:00] Epoch: [580][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.004 (0.125) Prec@1 100.00 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-12:43:00] **test** Prec@1 97.03 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.97 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.125 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:43:00] [Epoch=581/600] [Need: 00:41:40] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:43:01] Epoch: [581][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.055 (0.055) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:43:25] Epoch: [581][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.232 (0.059) Prec@1 97.92 (99.11) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:43:50] Epoch: [581][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.054) Prec@1 98.96 (99.23) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:44:14] Epoch: [581][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:44:38] Epoch: [581][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:45:02] Epoch: [581][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:45:07] Epoch: [581][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.051) Prec@1 97.50 (99.30) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:45:07] **train** Prec@1 99.30 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.70 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.051 - test [2019-04-01-12:45:08] Epoch: [581][000/105] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.055 (0.055) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:45:12] Epoch: [581][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.063 (0.127) Prec@1 98.96 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-12:45:12] Epoch: [581][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.09) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-12:45:12] **test** Prec@1 97.09 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 2.91 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:45:12] [Epoch=582/600] [Need: 00:39:38] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:45:13] Epoch: [582][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.065 (0.065) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:45:38] Epoch: [582][100/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.046) Prec@1 96.88 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:46:02] Epoch: [582][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:46:27] Epoch: [582][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:46:51] Epoch: [582][400/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.031 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:47:15] Epoch: [582][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:47:20] Epoch: [582][520/521] Time 0.21 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.017 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:47:20] **train** Prec@1 99.38 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.62 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.046 - test [2019-04-01-12:47:21] Epoch: [582][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:47:25] Epoch: [582][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.13) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-12:47:25] Epoch: [582][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-12:47:25] **test** Prec@1 97.11 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 2.89 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:47:25] [Epoch=583/600] [Need: 00:37:39] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:47:26] Epoch: [583][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.045 (0.045) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:47:50] Epoch: [583][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.024 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:48:14] Epoch: [583][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:48:39] Epoch: [583][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:49:03] Epoch: [583][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.049 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:49:28] Epoch: [583][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.124 (0.047) Prec@1 96.88 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:49:32] Epoch: [583][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:49:33] **train** Prec@1 99.36 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.64 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.047 - test [2019-04-01-12:49:33] Epoch: [583][000/105] Time 0.63 (0.63) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:49:37] Epoch: [583][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.077 (0.128) Prec@1 96.88 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:49:37] Epoch: [583][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.02) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:49:37] **test** Prec@1 97.02 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.98 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:49:38] [Epoch=584/600] [Need: 00:35:20] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:49:38] Epoch: [584][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.46 (0.46) Loss 0.036 (0.036) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:50:03] Epoch: [584][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.046) Prec@1 97.92 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:50:27] Epoch: [584][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:50:51] Epoch: [584][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.056 (0.046) Prec@1 98.96 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:51:15] Epoch: [584][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.105 (0.046) Prec@1 98.96 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:51:39] Epoch: [584][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.060 (0.046) Prec@1 98.96 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:51:43] Epoch: [584][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.104 (0.046) Prec@1 97.50 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:51:43] **train** Prec@1 99.34 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.66 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.046 - test [2019-04-01-12:51:44] Epoch: [584][000/105] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.47 (0.47) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:51:48] Epoch: [584][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.069 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-12:51:48] Epoch: [584][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-12:51:48] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:51:48] [Epoch=585/600] [Need: 00:32:43] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:51:49] Epoch: [585][000/521] Time 0.90 (0.90) Data 0.61 (0.61) Loss 0.045 (0.045) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:52:13] Epoch: [585][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.028 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:52:38] Epoch: [585][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:53:02] Epoch: [585][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:53:26] Epoch: [585][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.045) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:53:50] Epoch: [585][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.016 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:53:55] Epoch: [585][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.048) Prec@1 98.75 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-12:53:55] **train** Prec@1 99.35 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.65 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-12:53:55] Epoch: [585][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.071 (0.071) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:54:00] Epoch: [585][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.064 (0.130) Prec@1 98.96 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:54:00] Epoch: [585][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.131) Prec@1 100.00 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-12:54:00] **test** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.131 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:54:00] [Epoch=586/600] [Need: 00:30:39] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:54:01] Epoch: [586][000/521] Time 0.85 (0.85) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:54:25] Epoch: [586][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.009 (0.054) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:54:49] Epoch: [586][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.080 (0.052) Prec@1 97.92 (99.19) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:55:14] Epoch: [586][300/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.067 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:55:38] Epoch: [586][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:56:01] Epoch: [586][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:56:06] Epoch: [586][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.046 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:56:06] **train** Prec@1 99.28 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.72 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.050 - test [2019-04-01-12:56:07] Epoch: [586][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.054 (0.054) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:56:11] Epoch: [586][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.071 (0.127) Prec@1 97.92 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-12:56:11] Epoch: [586][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.000 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.00) Prec@5 100.00 (99.90) -[2019-04-01-12:56:11] **test** Prec@1 97.00 Prec@5 99.90 Error@1 3.00 Error@5 0.10 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:56:11] [Epoch=587/600] [Need: 00:28:28] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:56:12] Epoch: [587][000/521] Time 0.83 (0.83) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.041 (0.041) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:56:36] Epoch: [587][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.036 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:57:00] Epoch: [587][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.085 (0.047) Prec@1 97.92 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-12:57:24] Epoch: [587][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:57:48] Epoch: [587][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:58:12] Epoch: [587][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.114 (0.047) Prec@1 96.88 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:58:17] Epoch: [587][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.047) Prec@1 98.75 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-12:58:17] **train** Prec@1 99.33 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.67 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.047 - test [2019-04-01-12:58:18] Epoch: [587][000/105] Time 0.60 (0.60) Data 0.53 (0.53) Loss 0.062 (0.062) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-12:58:22] Epoch: [587][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.057 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-12:58:22] Epoch: [587][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.001 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-12:58:22] **test** Prec@1 97.07 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.93 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-12:58:22] [Epoch=588/600] [Need: 00:26:08] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-12:58:23] Epoch: [588][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.081 (0.081) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:58:47] Epoch: [588][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:59:11] Epoch: [588][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:59:35] Epoch: [588][300/521] Time 0.26 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.046) Prec@1 98.96 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-12:59:59] Epoch: [588][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:00:23] Epoch: [588][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.095 (0.048) Prec@1 97.92 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:00:28] Epoch: [588][520/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.048) Prec@1 98.75 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:00:28] **train** Prec@1 99.33 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.67 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-13:00:28] Epoch: [588][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.42 (0.42) Loss 0.057 (0.057) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:00:33] Epoch: [588][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.050 (0.129) Prec@1 98.96 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-13:00:33] Epoch: [588][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-13:00:33] **test** Prec@1 97.01 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.99 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:00:33] [Epoch=589/600] [Need: 00:24:00] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:00:34] Epoch: [589][000/521] Time 0.74 (0.74) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.060 (0.060) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:00:58] Epoch: [589][100/521] Time 0.27 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.015 (0.053) Prec@1 100.00 (99.17) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:01:22] Epoch: [589][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.051) Prec@1 100.00 (99.25) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:01:46] Epoch: [589][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:02:10] Epoch: [589][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:02:34] Epoch: [589][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:02:39] Epoch: [589][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.047) Prec@1 98.75 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:02:39] **train** Prec@1 99.36 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.64 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.047 - test [2019-04-01-13:02:40] Epoch: [589][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.055 (0.055) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:02:44] Epoch: [589][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.128) Prec@1 98.96 (97.03) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-13:02:44] Epoch: [589][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:02:44] **test** Prec@1 96.99 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.01 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:02:44] [Epoch=590/600] [Need: 00:21:51] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:02:45] Epoch: [590][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.090 (0.090) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:03:09] Epoch: [590][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:03:33] Epoch: [590][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:03:57] Epoch: [590][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.047) Prec@1 97.92 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:04:21] Epoch: [590][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.055 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:04:45] Epoch: [590][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:04:49] Epoch: [590][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) -[2019-04-01-13:04:50] **train** Prec@1 99.36 Prec@5 99.99 Error@1 0.64 Error@5 0.01 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-13:04:50] Epoch: [590][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.55 (0.55) Loss 0.044 (0.044) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:04:54] Epoch: [590][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.078 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-13:04:54] Epoch: [590][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:04:54] **test** Prec@1 97.05 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.95 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:04:55] [Epoch=591/600] [Need: 00:19:34] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:04:55] Epoch: [591][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.083 (0.083) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:05:20] Epoch: [591][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.059 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:05:44] Epoch: [591][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.051) Prec@1 98.96 (99.29) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:06:08] Epoch: [591][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:06:32] Epoch: [591][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.022 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:06:56] Epoch: [591][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:07:01] Epoch: [591][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.065 (0.048) Prec@1 98.75 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:07:01] **train** Prec@1 99.33 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.67 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-13:07:01] Epoch: [591][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.053 (0.053) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:07:05] Epoch: [591][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-13:07:06] Epoch: [591][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:07:06] **test** Prec@1 97.04 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.96 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:07:06] [Epoch=592/600] [Need: 00:17:29] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:07:07] Epoch: [592][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.062 (0.062) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:07:30] Epoch: [592][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.044) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:07:54] Epoch: [592][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.012 (0.044) Prec@1 100.00 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:08:18] Epoch: [592][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.045) Prec@1 100.00 (99.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:08:42] Epoch: [592][400/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.078 (0.044) Prec@1 98.96 (99.45) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:09:06] Epoch: [592][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.082 (0.045) Prec@1 97.92 (99.42) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:09:11] Epoch: [592][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.045) Prec@1 98.75 (99.41) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:09:11] **train** Prec@1 99.41 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.59 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.045 - test [2019-04-01-13:09:11] Epoch: [592][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.050 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:09:15] Epoch: [592][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-13:09:16] Epoch: [592][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) -[2019-04-01-13:09:16] **test** Prec@1 97.05 Prec@5 99.92 Error@1 2.95 Error@5 0.08 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:09:16] [Epoch=593/600] [Need: 00:15:09] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:09:17] Epoch: [593][000/521] Time 0.70 (0.70) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.039 (0.039) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:09:40] Epoch: [593][100/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.100 (0.046) Prec@1 97.92 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:10:04] Epoch: [593][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:10:28] Epoch: [593][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:10:52] Epoch: [593][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.097 (0.046) Prec@1 97.92 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:11:16] Epoch: [593][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:11:21] Epoch: [593][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.046) Prec@1 98.75 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:11:21] **train** Prec@1 99.37 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.63 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.046 - test [2019-04-01-13:11:21] Epoch: [593][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.059 (0.059) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:11:25] Epoch: [593][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.128) Prec@1 98.96 (96.99) Prec@5 100.00 (99.92) - test [2019-04-01-13:11:26] Epoch: [593][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.129) Prec@1 100.00 (96.96) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:11:26] **test** Prec@1 96.96 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 3.04 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.129 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:11:26] [Epoch=594/600] [Need: 00:13:00] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:11:27] Epoch: [594][000/521] Time 0.71 (0.71) Data 0.43 (0.43) Loss 0.035 (0.035) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:11:51] Epoch: [594][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.020 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.98) - train[2019-04-01-13:12:14] Epoch: [594][200/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.074 (0.052) Prec@1 96.88 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:12:38] Epoch: [594][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.037 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:13:02] Epoch: [594][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:13:26] Epoch: [594][500/521] Time 0.27 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.027 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:13:31] Epoch: [594][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.079 (0.049) Prec@1 98.75 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:13:31] **train** Prec@1 99.32 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.68 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.049 - test [2019-04-01-13:13:32] Epoch: [594][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.056 (0.056) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:13:36] Epoch: [594][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.076 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.10) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-13:13:36] Epoch: [594][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.002 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:13:36] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:13:36] [Epoch=595/600] [Need: 00:10:51] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:13:37] Epoch: [595][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.56 (0.56) Loss 0.114 (0.114) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:14:01] Epoch: [595][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.022 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:14:25] Epoch: [595][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.028 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:14:49] Epoch: [595][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.040 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:15:13] Epoch: [595][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.018 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:15:37] Epoch: [595][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.011 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:15:41] Epoch: [595][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.039 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.40) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:15:41] **train** Prec@1 99.40 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.60 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.046 - test [2019-04-01-13:15:42] Epoch: [595][000/105] Time 0.47 (0.47) Data 0.40 (0.40) Loss 0.050 (0.050) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:15:46] Epoch: [595][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.129) Prec@1 97.92 (97.07) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-13:15:46] Epoch: [595][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.003 (0.130) Prec@1 100.00 (97.05) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-13:15:46] **test** Prec@1 97.05 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.95 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.130 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:15:46] [Epoch=596/600] [Need: 00:08:40] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:15:47] Epoch: [596][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.021 (0.021) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:16:12] Epoch: [596][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.034 (0.044) Prec@1 100.00 (99.44) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:16:36] Epoch: [596][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.032 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:17:00] Epoch: [596][300/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:17:24] Epoch: [596][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:17:48] Epoch: [596][500/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.025 (0.049) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:17:52] Epoch: [596][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.043 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.31) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:17:52] **train** Prec@1 99.31 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.69 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-13:17:53] Epoch: [596][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.049 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:17:57] Epoch: [596][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.063 (0.128) Prec@1 97.92 (97.04) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) - test [2019-04-01-13:17:57] Epoch: [596][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.01) Prec@5 100.00 (99.91) -[2019-04-01-13:17:57] **test** Prec@1 97.01 Prec@5 99.91 Error@1 2.99 Error@5 0.09 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:17:57] [Epoch=597/600] [Need: 00:06:33] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:17:58] Epoch: [597][000/521] Time 0.73 (0.73) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.105 (0.105) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:18:22] Epoch: [597][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.061 (0.051) Prec@1 97.92 (99.27) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:18:46] Epoch: [597][200/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.026 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:19:10] Epoch: [597][300/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.092 (0.047) Prec@1 96.88 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:19:34] Epoch: [597][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.038 (0.046) Prec@1 98.96 (99.39) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:19:58] Epoch: [597][500/521] Time 0.25 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.098 (0.047) Prec@1 96.88 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:20:02] Epoch: [597][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.036 (0.047) Prec@1 98.75 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:20:03] **train** Prec@1 99.38 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.62 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.047 - test [2019-04-01-13:20:03] Epoch: [597][000/105] Time 0.61 (0.61) Data 0.54 (0.54) Loss 0.063 (0.063) Prec@1 96.88 (96.88) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:20:07] Epoch: [597][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.059 (0.127) Prec@1 98.96 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-13:20:07] Epoch: [597][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.002 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.08) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-13:20:07] **test** Prec@1 97.08 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.92 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:20:08] [Epoch=598/600] [Need: 00:04:20] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:20:09] Epoch: [598][000/521] Time 0.84 (0.84) Data 0.57 (0.57) Loss 0.050 (0.050) Prec@1 98.96 (98.96) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:20:33] Epoch: [598][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.25) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 0.052 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.34) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:20:56] Epoch: [598][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.041 (0.050) Prec@1 100.00 (99.28) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:21:20] Epoch: [598][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.048 (0.049) Prec@1 98.96 (99.33) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:21:44] Epoch: [598][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.009 (0.048) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:22:08] Epoch: [598][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.042 (0.048) Prec@1 98.96 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:22:13] Epoch: [598][520/521] Time 0.23 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.123 (0.048) Prec@1 98.75 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:22:13] **train** Prec@1 99.37 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.63 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.048 - test [2019-04-01-13:22:13] Epoch: [598][000/105] Time 0.48 (0.48) Data 0.41 (0.41) Loss 0.077 (0.077) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:22:18] Epoch: [598][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.127) Prec@1 98.96 (97.14) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) - test [2019-04-01-13:22:18] Epoch: [598][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.128) Prec@1 100.00 (97.11) Prec@5 100.00 (99.93) -[2019-04-01-13:22:18] **test** Prec@1 97.11 Prec@5 99.93 Error@1 2.89 Error@5 0.07 Loss:0.128 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth - -==>>[2019-04-01-13:22:18] [Epoch=599/600] [Need: 00:02:10] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=96 - train[2019-04-01-13:22:19] Epoch: [599][000/521] Time 0.72 (0.72) Data 0.45 (0.45) Loss 0.014 (0.014) Prec@1 100.00 (100.00) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:22:43] Epoch: [599][100/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.047 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.35) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:23:07] Epoch: [599][200/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.054 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.32) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:23:30] Epoch: [599][300/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.077 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.38) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:23:54] Epoch: [599][400/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.023 (0.047) Prec@1 100.00 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (99.99) - train[2019-04-01-13:24:18] Epoch: [599][500/521] Time 0.24 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.057 (0.047) Prec@1 98.96 (99.36) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - train[2019-04-01-13:24:23] Epoch: [599][520/521] Time 0.22 (0.24) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.014 (0.046) Prec@1 100.00 (99.37) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) -[2019-04-01-13:24:23] **train** Prec@1 99.37 Prec@5 100.00 Error@1 0.63 Error@5 0.00 Loss:0.046 - test [2019-04-01-13:24:23] Epoch: [599][000/105] Time 0.49 (0.49) Data 0.44 (0.44) Loss 0.069 (0.069) Prec@1 97.92 (97.92) Prec@5 100.00 (100.00) - test [2019-04-01-13:24:28] Epoch: [599][100/105] Time 0.04 (0.05) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.066 (0.126) Prec@1 97.92 (97.23) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) - test [2019-04-01-13:24:28] Epoch: [599][104/105] Time 0.03 (0.04) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 0.001 (0.127) Prec@1 100.00 (97.20) Prec@5 100.00 (99.94) -[2019-04-01-13:24:28] **test** Prec@1 97.20 Prec@5 99.94 Error@1 2.80 Error@5 0.06 Loss:0.127 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=97.23, Acc@5=99.91, Error@1=2.77, Error@5=0.09 -----> Save into ./output/NAS-CNN/GDAS_F1-cifar10-cut-E600/seed-6844/checkpoint-cifar10-model.pth diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-V1-imagenet-seed-3993.txt b/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-V1-imagenet-seed-3993.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2f8f8e1..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/logs/GDAS-V1-imagenet-seed-3993.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15895 +0,0 @@ -save path : ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993 -{'arch': 'DMS_V1', 'data_path': '/home/dxy/.torch/ILSVRC2012', 'dataset': 'imagenet', 'grad_clip': 5.0, 'init_channels': 50, 'layers': 14, 'manualSeed': 3993, 'model_config': './configs/nas-imagenet.config', 'print_freq': 200, 'save_path': './snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993', 'workers': 20} -Random Seed: 3993 -Python version : 3.6.5 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Apr 29 2018, 16:14:56) [GCC 7.2.0] -Torch version : 0.4.1 -CUDA version : 9.0.176 -cuDNN version : 7102 -Num of GPUs : 1 -configuration : Configure(type='steplr', batch_size=128, epochs=250, decay_period=1, gamma=0.97, momentum=0.9, decay=3e-05, LR=0.1, label_smooth=0.1, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, drop_path_prob=0.0) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.13017432391643524), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.12947972118854523), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.13062666356563568), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12980839610099792), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.12923765182495117), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.12901571393013), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 0.12938997149467468), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.1289220005273819)], normal_concat=range(2, 6), reduce=[('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12862831354141235), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12783904373645782), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12725995481014252), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12705285847187042), ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12797553837299347), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12737272679805756), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12833961844444275), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12758426368236542)], reduce_concat=range(2, 6)) --------------------------------------- main-procedure -config : Configure(type='steplr', batch_size=128, epochs=250, decay_period=1, gamma=0.97, momentum=0.9, decay=3e-05, LR=0.1, label_smooth=0.1, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, drop_path_prob=0.0) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.13017432391643524), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.12947972118854523), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.13062666356563568), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12980839610099792), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.12923765182495117), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.12901571393013), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 0.12938997149467468), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.1289220005273819)], normal_concat=range(2, 6), reduce=[('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12862831354141235), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12783904373645782), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12725995481014252), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12705285847187042), ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12797553837299347), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12737272679805756), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12833961844444275), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12758426368236542)], reduce_concat=range(2, 6)) -init_channels : 50 -layers : 14 -class_num : 1000 -Network => -NetworkImageNet( - (stem0): Sequential( - (0): Conv2d(3, 25, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False) - (1): BatchNorm2d(25, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (2): ReLU(inplace) - (3): Conv2d(25, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False) - (4): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (stem1): Sequential( - (0): ReLU(inplace) - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - (cells): ModuleList( - (0): Cell( - (preprocess0): FactorizedReduce( - (relu): ReLU() - (conv_1): Conv2d(50, 25, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (conv_2): Conv2d(50, 25, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (bn): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (pad): ConstantPad2d(padding=(0, 1, 0, 1), value=0) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (1): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (2): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (3): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=50, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(50, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(50, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (4): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (1): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (2): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): DilConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(4, 4), dilation=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (5): Cell( - (preprocess0): FactorizedReduce( - (relu): ReLU() - (conv_1): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (conv_2): Conv2d(200, 50, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (bn): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (pad): ConstantPad2d(padding=(0, 1, 0, 1), value=0) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (6): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (7): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (8): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=100, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(100, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(100, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (9): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(400, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (1): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (2): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): DilConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(4, 4), dilation=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(2, 2), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (10): Cell( - (preprocess0): FactorizedReduce( - (relu): ReLU() - (conv_1): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (conv_2): Conv2d(400, 100, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False) - (bn): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (pad): ConstantPad2d(padding=(0, 1, 0, 1), value=0) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (11): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (12): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (13): Cell( - (preprocess0): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (preprocess1): ReLUConvBN( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(800, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (2): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (_ops): ModuleList( - (0): Identity() - (1): Identity() - (2): Identity() - (3): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (4): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (5): Identity() - (6): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1), padding=(2, 2), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - (7): SepConv( - (op): Sequential( - (0): ReLU() - (1): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (2): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU() - (5): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), groups=200, bias=False) - (6): Conv2d(200, 200, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (7): BatchNorm2d(200, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - ) - ) - ) - ) - ) - (auxiliary_head): AuxiliaryHeadImageNet( - (features): Sequential( - (0): ReLU(inplace) - (1): AvgPool2d(kernel_size=5, stride=2, padding=0) - (2): Conv2d(800, 128, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (3): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True) - (4): ReLU(inplace) - (5): Conv2d(128, 768, kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(1, 1), bias=False) - (6): ReLU(inplace) - ) - (classifier): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=1000, bias=True) - ) - (global_pooling): AvgPool2d(kernel_size=7, stride=7, padding=0) - (classifier): Linear(in_features=800, out_features=1000, bias=True) -) -Parameters : 6.609947 - 1.264872 = 5.345 MB -config : Configure(type='steplr', batch_size=128, epochs=250, decay_period=1, gamma=0.97, momentum=0.9, decay=3e-05, LR=0.1, label_smooth=0.1, auxiliary=True, auxiliary_weight=0.4, grad_clip=5.0, drop_path_prob=0.0) -genotype : Genotype(normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.13017432391643524), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.12947972118854523), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.13062666356563568), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12980839610099792), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.12923765182495117), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.12901571393013), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 0.12938997149467468), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.1289220005273819)], normal_concat=range(2, 6), reduce=[('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12862831354141235), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12783904373645782), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12725995481014252), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12705285847187042), ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12797553837299347), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12737272679805756), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12833961844444275), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12758426368236542)], reduce_concat=range(2, 6)) -Train-Dataset : Dataset ImageFolder - Number of datapoints: 1281167 - Root Location: /home/dxy/.torch/ILSVRC2012/train - Transforms (if any): Compose( - RandomResizedCrop(size=(224, 224), scale=(0.08, 1.0), ratio=(0.75, 1.3333), interpolation=PIL.Image.BILINEAR) - RandomHorizontalFlip(p=0.5) - ColorJitter(brightness=0.4, contrast=0.4, saturation=0.4, hue=0.2) - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) - ) - Target Transforms (if any): None -Valid--Dataset : Dataset ImageFolder - Number of datapoints: 50000 - Root Location: /home/dxy/.torch/ILSVRC2012/val - Transforms (if any): Compose( - Resize(size=256, interpolation=PIL.Image.BILINEAR) - CenterCrop(size=(224, 224)) - ToTensor() - Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) - ) - Target Transforms (if any): None -Args : Namespace(arch='DMS_V1', data_path='/home/dxy/.torch/ILSVRC2012', dataset='imagenet', grad_clip=5.0, init_channels=50, layers=14, manualSeed=3993, model_config='./configs/nas-imagenet.config', print_freq=200, save_path='./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993', workers=20) -Load checkpoint from ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth with start-epoch = 8 - -==>>[2018-10-11-03:34:36] [Epoch=008/250] [Need: 00:00:00] LR=0.0784 ~ 0.0784, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-03:34:44] Epoch: [008][000/10010] Time 7.89 (7.89) Data 4.54 (4.54) Loss 4.907 (4.907) Prec@1 42.97 (42.97) Prec@5 65.62 (65.62) - train[2018-10-11-03:36:29] Epoch: [008][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.856 (4.716) Prec@1 41.41 (45.79) Prec@5 66.41 (69.76) - train[2018-10-11-03:38:13] Epoch: [008][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.507 (4.687) Prec@1 49.22 (46.17) Prec@5 74.22 (70.38) - train[2018-10-11-03:39:56] Epoch: [008][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.980 (4.689) Prec@1 43.75 (46.10) Prec@5 71.09 (70.37) - train[2018-10-11-03:41:41] Epoch: [008][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.767 (4.687) Prec@1 42.19 (46.21) Prec@5 66.41 (70.42) - train[2018-10-11-03:43:24] Epoch: [008][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.294 (4.688) Prec@1 51.56 (46.19) Prec@5 74.22 (70.34) - train[2018-10-11-03:45:09] Epoch: [008][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.390 (4.687) Prec@1 48.44 (46.18) Prec@5 75.78 (70.37) - train[2018-10-11-03:46:53] Epoch: [008][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.939 (4.692) Prec@1 39.06 (46.06) Prec@5 66.41 (70.27) - train[2018-10-11-03:48:36] Epoch: [008][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.031 (4.693) Prec@1 37.50 (46.00) Prec@5 69.53 (70.28) - train[2018-10-11-03:50:20] Epoch: [008][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.683 (4.695) Prec@1 43.75 (45.96) Prec@5 68.75 (70.23) - train[2018-10-11-03:52:04] Epoch: [008][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.866 (4.697) Prec@1 42.97 (45.92) Prec@5 68.75 (70.18) - train[2018-10-11-03:53:48] Epoch: [008][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.292 (4.698) Prec@1 51.56 (45.92) Prec@5 74.22 (70.18) - train[2018-10-11-03:55:31] Epoch: [008][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.507 (4.699) Prec@1 50.78 (45.87) Prec@5 75.78 (70.17) - train[2018-10-11-03:57:14] Epoch: [008][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.583 (4.701) Prec@1 47.66 (45.85) Prec@5 72.66 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-03:58:59] Epoch: [008][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.594 (4.701) Prec@1 50.00 (45.82) Prec@5 71.88 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-04:00:42] Epoch: [008][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.341 (4.700) Prec@1 52.34 (45.82) Prec@5 74.22 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:02:27] Epoch: [008][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.636 (4.698) Prec@1 42.97 (45.82) Prec@5 69.53 (70.16) - train[2018-10-11-04:04:10] Epoch: [008][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.668 (4.699) Prec@1 46.09 (45.81) Prec@5 71.88 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:05:54] Epoch: [008][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.728 (4.700) Prec@1 42.97 (45.80) Prec@5 67.19 (70.13) - train[2018-10-11-04:07:38] Epoch: [008][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.709 (4.701) Prec@1 46.09 (45.78) Prec@5 71.88 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:09:22] Epoch: [008][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.700 (4.699) Prec@1 48.44 (45.81) Prec@5 71.09 (70.16) - train[2018-10-11-04:11:06] Epoch: [008][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.523 (4.698) Prec@1 51.56 (45.81) Prec@5 74.22 (70.16) - train[2018-10-11-04:12:50] Epoch: [008][4400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.759 (4.700) Prec@1 43.75 (45.78) Prec@5 68.75 (70.13) - train[2018-10-11-04:14:33] Epoch: [008][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.456 (4.700) Prec@1 47.66 (45.77) Prec@5 78.12 (70.13) - train[2018-10-11-04:16:17] Epoch: [008][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.965 (4.700) Prec@1 42.19 (45.76) Prec@5 65.62 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-04:18:01] Epoch: [008][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.760 (4.701) Prec@1 42.97 (45.75) Prec@5 67.19 (70.13) - train[2018-10-11-04:19:46] Epoch: [008][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.880 (4.702) Prec@1 38.28 (45.74) Prec@5 66.41 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:21:30] Epoch: [008][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.519 (4.702) Prec@1 47.66 (45.73) Prec@5 75.00 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:23:14] Epoch: [008][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.686 (4.703) Prec@1 43.75 (45.72) Prec@5 70.31 (70.10) - train[2018-10-11-04:24:58] Epoch: [008][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.367 (4.703) Prec@1 47.66 (45.72) Prec@5 78.12 (70.10) - train[2018-10-11-04:26:42] Epoch: [008][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.972 (4.702) Prec@1 42.19 (45.72) Prec@5 64.06 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:28:26] Epoch: [008][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.793 (4.703) Prec@1 47.66 (45.71) Prec@5 71.09 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:30:09] Epoch: [008][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.441 (4.702) Prec@1 49.22 (45.72) Prec@5 71.09 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:31:53] Epoch: [008][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.551 (4.702) Prec@1 49.22 (45.74) Prec@5 71.88 (70.12) - train[2018-10-11-04:33:37] Epoch: [008][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.533 (4.702) Prec@1 48.44 (45.72) Prec@5 67.97 (70.12) - train[2018-10-11-04:35:20] Epoch: [008][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.213 (4.701) Prec@1 51.56 (45.74) Prec@5 78.91 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:37:05] Epoch: [008][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.034 (4.701) Prec@1 44.53 (45.74) Prec@5 67.97 (70.11) - train[2018-10-11-04:38:49] Epoch: [008][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.700) Prec@1 48.44 (45.74) Prec@5 71.88 (70.12) - train[2018-10-11-04:40:33] Epoch: [008][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.420 (4.700) Prec@1 48.44 (45.74) Prec@5 70.31 (70.12) - train[2018-10-11-04:42:17] Epoch: [008][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.859 (4.700) Prec@1 44.53 (45.75) Prec@5 69.53 (70.13) - train[2018-10-11-04:44:01] Epoch: [008][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.676 (4.700) Prec@1 39.84 (45.75) Prec@5 67.19 (70.12) - train[2018-10-11-04:45:45] Epoch: [008][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.694 (4.700) Prec@1 44.53 (45.76) Prec@5 68.75 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-04:47:28] Epoch: [008][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.665 (4.699) Prec@1 49.22 (45.76) Prec@5 71.88 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-04:49:12] Epoch: [008][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.783 (4.699) Prec@1 44.53 (45.76) Prec@5 74.22 (70.14) - train[2018-10-11-04:50:56] Epoch: [008][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.039 (4.699) Prec@1 37.50 (45.77) Prec@5 66.41 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:52:40] Epoch: [008][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.557 (4.698) Prec@1 47.66 (45.76) Prec@5 74.22 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:54:23] Epoch: [008][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.003 (4.698) Prec@1 32.81 (45.76) Prec@5 62.50 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:56:07] Epoch: [008][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.599 (4.698) Prec@1 48.44 (45.75) Prec@5 70.31 (70.15) - train[2018-10-11-04:57:51] Epoch: [008][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.609 (4.698) Prec@1 43.75 (45.76) Prec@5 71.09 (70.16) - train[2018-10-11-04:59:35] Epoch: [008][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.066 (4.697) Prec@1 42.97 (45.76) Prec@5 62.50 (70.17) - train[2018-10-11-05:01:19] Epoch: [008][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.747 (4.697) Prec@1 46.09 (45.77) Prec@5 68.75 (70.18) - train[2018-10-11-05:01:24] Epoch: [008][10009/10010] Time 1.04 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.733 (4.697) Prec@1 53.33 (45.77) Prec@5 73.33 (70.18) -[2018-10-11-05:01:24] **train** Prec@1 45.77 Prec@5 70.18 Error@1 54.23 Error@5 29.82 Loss:4.697 - test [2018-10-11-05:01:29] Epoch: [008][000/391] Time 4.76 (4.76) Data 4.61 (4.61) Loss 1.339 (1.339) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - test [2018-10-11-05:01:56] Epoch: [008][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.775 (1.973) Prec@1 39.84 (54.42) Prec@5 66.41 (80.42) - test [2018-10-11-05:02:21] Epoch: [008][390/391] Time 0.32 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.668 (2.177) Prec@1 32.50 (51.26) Prec@5 51.25 (76.80) -[2018-10-11-05:02:21] **test** Prec@1 51.26 Prec@5 76.80 Error@1 48.74 Error@5 23.20 Loss:2.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=51.26, Acc@5=76.80, Error@1=48.74, Error@5=23.20 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-05:02:21] [Epoch=009/250] [Need: 352:28:11] LR=0.0760 ~ 0.0760, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-05:02:27] Epoch: [009][000/10010] Time 5.58 (5.58) Data 4.48 (4.48) Loss 4.504 (4.504) Prec@1 48.44 (48.44) Prec@5 73.44 (73.44) - train[2018-10-11-05:04:11] Epoch: [009][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.718 (4.635) Prec@1 45.31 (46.84) Prec@5 70.31 (71.18) - train[2018-10-11-05:05:55] Epoch: [009][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.634 (4.626) Prec@1 44.53 (46.85) Prec@5 71.88 (71.20) - train[2018-10-11-05:07:39] Epoch: [009][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.232 (4.617) Prec@1 53.12 (46.97) Prec@5 76.56 (71.34) - train[2018-10-11-05:09:24] Epoch: [009][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.518 (4.623) Prec@1 51.56 (46.90) Prec@5 72.66 (71.27) - train[2018-10-11-05:11:07] Epoch: [009][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.687 (4.629) Prec@1 43.75 (46.74) Prec@5 75.00 (71.19) - train[2018-10-11-05:12:51] Epoch: [009][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.758 (4.630) Prec@1 42.19 (46.68) Prec@5 70.31 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:14:34] Epoch: [009][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.836 (4.630) Prec@1 40.62 (46.68) Prec@5 69.53 (71.10) - train[2018-10-11-05:16:18] Epoch: [009][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.411 (4.629) Prec@1 49.22 (46.74) Prec@5 71.88 (71.12) - train[2018-10-11-05:18:02] Epoch: [009][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.941 (4.628) Prec@1 38.28 (46.72) Prec@5 63.28 (71.12) - train[2018-10-11-05:19:46] Epoch: [009][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.489 (4.627) Prec@1 51.56 (46.74) Prec@5 71.88 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-05:21:30] Epoch: [009][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.921 (4.626) Prec@1 40.62 (46.80) Prec@5 64.84 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-05:23:14] Epoch: [009][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.481 (4.623) Prec@1 49.22 (46.83) Prec@5 73.44 (71.19) - train[2018-10-11-05:24:58] Epoch: [009][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.264 (4.622) Prec@1 51.56 (46.87) Prec@5 79.69 (71.23) - train[2018-10-11-05:26:41] Epoch: [009][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.453 (4.623) Prec@1 50.78 (46.81) Prec@5 70.31 (71.21) - train[2018-10-11-05:28:25] Epoch: [009][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.171 (4.623) Prec@1 42.97 (46.80) Prec@5 69.53 (71.23) - train[2018-10-11-05:30:09] Epoch: [009][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.058 (4.623) Prec@1 41.41 (46.80) Prec@5 65.62 (71.24) - train[2018-10-11-05:31:52] Epoch: [009][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.384 (4.623) Prec@1 48.44 (46.78) Prec@5 71.88 (71.22) - train[2018-10-11-05:33:35] Epoch: [009][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.724 (4.624) Prec@1 47.66 (46.75) Prec@5 68.75 (71.21) - train[2018-10-11-05:35:19] Epoch: [009][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.778 (4.623) Prec@1 48.44 (46.77) Prec@5 68.75 (71.20) - train[2018-10-11-05:37:03] Epoch: [009][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.969 (4.625) Prec@1 42.19 (46.74) Prec@5 71.09 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-05:38:48] Epoch: [009][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.419 (4.626) Prec@1 49.22 (46.73) Prec@5 72.66 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-05:40:31] Epoch: [009][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.538 (4.626) Prec@1 47.66 (46.75) Prec@5 72.66 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-05:42:15] Epoch: [009][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.159 (4.628) Prec@1 53.91 (46.73) Prec@5 77.34 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-05:43:59] Epoch: [009][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.011 (4.628) Prec@1 39.06 (46.73) Prec@5 64.06 (71.13) - train[2018-10-11-05:45:43] Epoch: [009][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.587 (4.628) Prec@1 45.31 (46.73) Prec@5 71.09 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:47:27] Epoch: [009][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.534 (4.628) Prec@1 52.34 (46.74) Prec@5 75.00 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:49:11] Epoch: [009][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.699 (4.628) Prec@1 42.19 (46.73) Prec@5 70.31 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:50:56] Epoch: [009][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.264 (4.628) Prec@1 50.00 (46.74) Prec@5 78.12 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-05:52:39] Epoch: [009][5800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.820 (4.629) Prec@1 42.97 (46.71) Prec@5 68.75 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:54:23] Epoch: [009][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.774 (4.628) Prec@1 42.97 (46.72) Prec@5 68.75 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-05:56:07] Epoch: [009][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.769 (4.629) Prec@1 46.88 (46.73) Prec@5 69.53 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-05:57:51] Epoch: [009][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.575 (4.629) Prec@1 47.66 (46.74) Prec@5 71.09 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-05:59:35] Epoch: [009][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.821 (4.629) Prec@1 46.09 (46.73) Prec@5 67.19 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-06:01:19] Epoch: [009][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.417 (4.629) Prec@1 50.78 (46.75) Prec@5 75.78 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-06:03:03] Epoch: [009][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.655 (4.629) Prec@1 46.88 (46.75) Prec@5 70.31 (71.14) - train[2018-10-11-06:04:47] Epoch: [009][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.796 (4.628) Prec@1 42.97 (46.76) Prec@5 67.97 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:06:30] Epoch: [009][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.814 (4.628) Prec@1 39.84 (46.76) Prec@5 70.31 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:08:14] Epoch: [009][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.665 (4.629) Prec@1 47.66 (46.76) Prec@5 68.75 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:09:57] Epoch: [009][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.783 (4.628) Prec@1 46.88 (46.78) Prec@5 64.84 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:11:41] Epoch: [009][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.478 (4.628) Prec@1 43.75 (46.79) Prec@5 71.09 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:13:25] Epoch: [009][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.313 (4.627) Prec@1 50.00 (46.80) Prec@5 82.03 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:15:09] Epoch: [009][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.776 (4.628) Prec@1 50.78 (46.79) Prec@5 68.75 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:16:52] Epoch: [009][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.661 (4.627) Prec@1 46.88 (46.80) Prec@5 68.75 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:18:36] Epoch: [009][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.124 (4.627) Prec@1 37.50 (46.81) Prec@5 65.62 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:20:19] Epoch: [009][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.340 (4.627) Prec@1 49.22 (46.82) Prec@5 76.56 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:22:03] Epoch: [009][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.830 (4.627) Prec@1 43.75 (46.82) Prec@5 67.97 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:23:47] Epoch: [009][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.758 (4.627) Prec@1 45.31 (46.82) Prec@5 70.31 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:25:31] Epoch: [009][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.778 (4.627) Prec@1 48.44 (46.82) Prec@5 68.75 (71.16) - train[2018-10-11-06:27:15] Epoch: [009][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.914 (4.627) Prec@1 45.31 (46.82) Prec@5 64.06 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:28:58] Epoch: [009][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.400 (4.627) Prec@1 47.66 (46.81) Prec@5 74.22 (71.15) - train[2018-10-11-06:29:02] Epoch: [009][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.647 (4.627) Prec@1 40.00 (46.81) Prec@5 60.00 (71.14) -[2018-10-11-06:29:02] **train** Prec@1 46.81 Prec@5 71.14 Error@1 53.19 Error@5 28.86 Loss:4.627 - test [2018-10-11-06:29:06] Epoch: [009][000/391] Time 3.57 (3.57) Data 3.43 (3.43) Loss 1.257 (1.257) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-11-06:29:34] Epoch: [009][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.122 (1.863) Prec@1 34.38 (56.50) Prec@5 62.50 (82.01) - test [2018-10-11-06:29:59] Epoch: [009][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.208 (2.117) Prec@1 36.25 (52.55) Prec@5 57.50 (77.71) -[2018-10-11-06:29:59] **test** Prec@1 52.55 Prec@5 77.71 Error@1 47.45 Error@5 22.29 Loss:2.117 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=52.55, Acc@5=77.71, Error@1=47.45, Error@5=22.29 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-06:29:59] [Epoch=010/250] [Need: 350:30:29] LR=0.0737 ~ 0.0737, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-06:30:03] Epoch: [010][000/10010] Time 4.34 (4.34) Data 3.72 (3.72) Loss 4.785 (4.785) Prec@1 42.19 (42.19) Prec@5 71.09 (71.09) - train[2018-10-11-06:31:47] Epoch: [010][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.826 (4.556) Prec@1 43.75 (47.97) Prec@5 67.19 (72.24) - train[2018-10-11-06:33:32] Epoch: [010][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.799 (4.550) Prec@1 46.88 (48.06) Prec@5 66.41 (72.21) - train[2018-10-11-06:35:15] Epoch: [010][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.664 (4.554) Prec@1 50.78 (48.07) Prec@5 71.88 (72.13) - train[2018-10-11-06:36:59] Epoch: [010][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.230 (4.548) Prec@1 50.00 (48.06) Prec@5 74.22 (72.22) - train[2018-10-11-06:38:44] Epoch: [010][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.598 (4.559) Prec@1 48.44 (47.95) Prec@5 69.53 (72.08) - train[2018-10-11-06:40:28] Epoch: [010][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.771 (4.561) Prec@1 43.75 (47.91) Prec@5 67.19 (72.01) - train[2018-10-11-06:42:12] Epoch: [010][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.664 (4.562) Prec@1 46.09 (47.89) Prec@5 70.31 (71.97) - train[2018-10-11-06:43:56] Epoch: [010][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.097 (4.562) Prec@1 42.97 (47.89) Prec@5 61.72 (71.98) - train[2018-10-11-06:45:40] Epoch: [010][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.588 (4.564) Prec@1 44.53 (47.84) Prec@5 68.75 (71.95) - train[2018-10-11-06:47:24] Epoch: [010][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.540 (4.566) Prec@1 40.62 (47.79) Prec@5 75.78 (71.93) - train[2018-10-11-06:49:07] Epoch: [010][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.631 (4.565) Prec@1 40.62 (47.79) Prec@5 73.44 (71.93) - train[2018-10-11-06:50:51] Epoch: [010][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.589 (4.566) Prec@1 51.56 (47.76) Prec@5 74.22 (71.91) - train[2018-10-11-06:52:35] Epoch: [010][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.107 (4.566) Prec@1 56.25 (47.75) Prec@5 78.12 (71.92) - train[2018-10-11-06:54:19] Epoch: [010][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.729 (4.568) Prec@1 50.78 (47.75) Prec@5 65.62 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-06:56:03] Epoch: [010][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.776 (4.569) Prec@1 39.84 (47.72) Prec@5 71.09 (71.87) - train[2018-10-11-06:57:47] Epoch: [010][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.217 (4.569) Prec@1 53.12 (47.71) Prec@5 78.91 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-06:59:31] Epoch: [010][3400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.766 (4.569) Prec@1 46.09 (47.73) Prec@5 66.41 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:01:15] Epoch: [010][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.874 (4.568) Prec@1 45.31 (47.73) Prec@5 71.09 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:02:59] Epoch: [010][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.489 (4.569) Prec@1 48.44 (47.72) Prec@5 71.88 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:04:43] Epoch: [010][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.957 (4.568) Prec@1 46.09 (47.72) Prec@5 70.31 (71.90) - train[2018-10-11-07:06:28] Epoch: [010][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (4.568) Prec@1 48.44 (47.72) Prec@5 76.56 (71.90) - train[2018-10-11-07:08:12] Epoch: [010][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.210 (4.568) Prec@1 51.56 (47.71) Prec@5 78.12 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:09:56] Epoch: [010][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.760 (4.569) Prec@1 44.53 (47.70) Prec@5 72.66 (71.90) - train[2018-10-11-07:11:40] Epoch: [010][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.843 (4.569) Prec@1 42.97 (47.70) Prec@5 67.97 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:13:24] Epoch: [010][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.623 (4.569) Prec@1 49.22 (47.71) Prec@5 71.88 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:15:08] Epoch: [010][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.710 (4.569) Prec@1 42.97 (47.68) Prec@5 72.66 (71.89) - train[2018-10-11-07:16:53] Epoch: [010][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.311 (4.570) Prec@1 53.91 (47.68) Prec@5 77.34 (71.88) - train[2018-10-11-07:18:37] Epoch: [010][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.670 (4.570) Prec@1 43.75 (47.68) Prec@5 67.97 (71.87) - train[2018-10-11-07:20:21] Epoch: [010][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.410 (4.571) Prec@1 48.44 (47.66) Prec@5 75.78 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:22:04] Epoch: [010][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.430 (4.572) Prec@1 51.56 (47.63) Prec@5 72.66 (71.84) - train[2018-10-11-07:23:49] Epoch: [010][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.518 (4.573) Prec@1 48.44 (47.60) Prec@5 72.66 (71.82) - train[2018-10-11-07:25:32] Epoch: [010][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.662 (4.574) Prec@1 46.88 (47.60) Prec@5 74.22 (71.82) - train[2018-10-11-07:27:16] Epoch: [010][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.313 (4.574) Prec@1 50.78 (47.60) Prec@5 75.78 (71.81) - train[2018-10-11-07:29:01] Epoch: [010][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.898 (4.574) Prec@1 42.97 (47.60) Prec@5 66.41 (71.82) - train[2018-10-11-07:30:44] Epoch: [010][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.549 (4.575) Prec@1 46.88 (47.59) Prec@5 74.22 (71.81) - train[2018-10-11-07:32:27] Epoch: [010][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.622 (4.574) Prec@1 50.00 (47.60) Prec@5 67.97 (71.82) - train[2018-10-11-07:34:11] Epoch: [010][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.608 (4.574) Prec@1 39.06 (47.60) Prec@5 68.75 (71.82) - train[2018-10-11-07:35:55] Epoch: [010][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.462 (4.574) Prec@1 49.22 (47.61) Prec@5 75.00 (71.83) - train[2018-10-11-07:37:39] Epoch: [010][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.429 (4.574) Prec@1 53.12 (47.61) Prec@5 75.00 (71.83) - train[2018-10-11-07:39:22] Epoch: [010][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.977 (4.573) Prec@1 47.66 (47.62) Prec@5 60.94 (71.84) - train[2018-10-11-07:41:06] Epoch: [010][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.852 (4.572) Prec@1 46.09 (47.63) Prec@5 67.97 (71.85) - train[2018-10-11-07:42:50] Epoch: [010][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.687 (4.573) Prec@1 47.66 (47.63) Prec@5 72.66 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:44:34] Epoch: [010][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.484 (4.572) Prec@1 53.12 (47.63) Prec@5 74.22 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:46:18] Epoch: [010][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.561 (4.572) Prec@1 51.56 (47.65) Prec@5 68.75 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:48:02] Epoch: [010][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.872 (4.572) Prec@1 46.09 (47.64) Prec@5 67.19 (71.85) - train[2018-10-11-07:49:46] Epoch: [010][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.860 (4.572) Prec@1 46.09 (47.64) Prec@5 70.31 (71.85) - train[2018-10-11-07:51:30] Epoch: [010][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.839 (4.572) Prec@1 41.41 (47.64) Prec@5 71.09 (71.85) - train[2018-10-11-07:53:13] Epoch: [010][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.359 (4.572) Prec@1 47.66 (47.63) Prec@5 75.78 (71.85) - train[2018-10-11-07:54:57] Epoch: [010][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.604 (4.572) Prec@1 49.22 (47.63) Prec@5 75.00 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:56:41] Epoch: [010][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.157 (4.572) Prec@1 53.91 (47.64) Prec@5 77.34 (71.86) - train[2018-10-11-07:56:46] Epoch: [010][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (4.572) Prec@1 66.67 (47.64) Prec@5 73.33 (71.86) -[2018-10-11-07:56:46] **train** Prec@1 47.64 Prec@5 71.86 Error@1 52.36 Error@5 28.14 Loss:4.572 - test [2018-10-11-07:56:49] Epoch: [010][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.55 (3.55) Loss 1.603 (1.603) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - test [2018-10-11-07:57:17] Epoch: [010][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.402 (1.871) Prec@1 45.31 (57.58) Prec@5 79.69 (82.50) - test [2018-10-11-07:57:42] Epoch: [010][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.373 (2.085) Prec@1 30.00 (53.81) Prec@5 58.75 (78.69) -[2018-10-11-07:57:42] **test** Prec@1 53.81 Prec@5 78.69 Error@1 46.19 Error@5 21.31 Loss:2.085 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=53.81, Acc@5=78.69, Error@1=46.19, Error@5=21.31 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-07:57:42] [Epoch=011/250] [Need: 349:25:17] LR=0.0715 ~ 0.0715, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-07:57:47] Epoch: [011][000/10010] Time 4.35 (4.35) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 4.186 (4.186) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 76.56 (76.56) - train[2018-10-11-07:59:31] Epoch: [011][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.618 (4.536) Prec@1 50.78 (48.13) Prec@5 70.31 (72.16) - train[2018-10-11-08:01:15] Epoch: [011][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.174 (4.503) Prec@1 58.59 (48.80) Prec@5 76.56 (72.56) - train[2018-10-11-08:03:00] Epoch: [011][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.358 (4.502) Prec@1 52.34 (48.74) Prec@5 75.78 (72.56) - train[2018-10-11-08:04:43] Epoch: [011][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.407 (4.506) Prec@1 53.91 (48.64) Prec@5 75.78 (72.63) - train[2018-10-11-08:06:26] Epoch: [011][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.824 (4.503) Prec@1 48.44 (48.70) Prec@5 64.06 (72.73) - train[2018-10-11-08:08:10] Epoch: [011][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.392 (4.506) Prec@1 50.00 (48.64) Prec@5 71.88 (72.72) - train[2018-10-11-08:09:54] Epoch: [011][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.194 (4.508) Prec@1 51.56 (48.65) Prec@5 78.12 (72.69) - train[2018-10-11-08:11:38] Epoch: [011][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.849 (4.510) Prec@1 41.41 (48.59) Prec@5 69.53 (72.69) - train[2018-10-11-08:13:21] Epoch: [011][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.617 (4.511) Prec@1 52.34 (48.57) Prec@5 66.41 (72.70) - train[2018-10-11-08:15:05] Epoch: [011][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.311 (4.509) Prec@1 52.34 (48.62) Prec@5 73.44 (72.73) - train[2018-10-11-08:16:49] Epoch: [011][2200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.645 (4.509) Prec@1 46.09 (48.65) Prec@5 71.09 (72.73) - train[2018-10-11-08:18:32] Epoch: [011][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.579 (4.509) Prec@1 51.56 (48.66) Prec@5 74.22 (72.71) - train[2018-10-11-08:20:14] Epoch: [011][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.215 (4.511) Prec@1 54.69 (48.63) Prec@5 76.56 (72.68) - train[2018-10-11-08:21:58] Epoch: [011][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.373 (4.512) Prec@1 50.00 (48.59) Prec@5 71.09 (72.67) - train[2018-10-11-08:23:42] Epoch: [011][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.436 (4.512) Prec@1 55.47 (48.61) Prec@5 78.91 (72.69) - train[2018-10-11-08:25:25] Epoch: [011][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.693 (4.513) Prec@1 46.09 (48.58) Prec@5 71.09 (72.68) - train[2018-10-11-08:27:09] Epoch: [011][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.156 (4.514) Prec@1 55.47 (48.55) Prec@5 78.12 (72.68) - train[2018-10-11-08:28:54] Epoch: [011][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.616 (4.515) Prec@1 45.31 (48.53) Prec@5 72.66 (72.65) - train[2018-10-11-08:30:38] Epoch: [011][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.449 (4.516) Prec@1 42.97 (48.52) Prec@5 72.66 (72.63) - train[2018-10-11-08:32:21] Epoch: [011][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.457 (4.516) Prec@1 53.12 (48.53) Prec@5 74.22 (72.63) - train[2018-10-11-08:34:05] Epoch: [011][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.325 (4.516) Prec@1 51.56 (48.54) Prec@5 75.00 (72.63) - train[2018-10-11-08:35:50] Epoch: [011][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.396 (4.517) Prec@1 50.00 (48.52) Prec@5 71.88 (72.61) - train[2018-10-11-08:37:34] Epoch: [011][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.443 (4.517) Prec@1 46.88 (48.51) Prec@5 70.31 (72.61) - train[2018-10-11-08:39:18] Epoch: [011][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.661 (4.518) Prec@1 42.97 (48.50) Prec@5 66.41 (72.59) - train[2018-10-11-08:41:02] Epoch: [011][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.603 (4.518) Prec@1 45.31 (48.50) Prec@5 73.44 (72.58) - train[2018-10-11-08:42:47] Epoch: [011][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.429 (4.519) Prec@1 50.00 (48.49) Prec@5 71.09 (72.58) - train[2018-10-11-08:44:31] Epoch: [011][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.383 (4.519) Prec@1 50.00 (48.47) Prec@5 78.12 (72.59) - train[2018-10-11-08:46:15] Epoch: [011][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.274 (4.519) Prec@1 46.09 (48.47) Prec@5 77.34 (72.59) - train[2018-10-11-08:47:59] Epoch: [011][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.481 (4.520) Prec@1 49.22 (48.46) Prec@5 75.00 (72.58) - train[2018-10-11-08:49:42] Epoch: [011][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.529 (4.520) Prec@1 45.31 (48.46) Prec@5 71.09 (72.57) - train[2018-10-11-08:51:25] Epoch: [011][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.418 (4.520) Prec@1 47.66 (48.46) Prec@5 78.91 (72.56) - train[2018-10-11-08:53:09] Epoch: [011][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.379 (4.520) Prec@1 54.69 (48.46) Prec@5 71.09 (72.55) - train[2018-10-11-08:54:53] Epoch: [011][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.579 (4.519) Prec@1 50.78 (48.46) Prec@5 69.53 (72.56) - train[2018-10-11-08:56:36] Epoch: [011][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.723 (4.520) Prec@1 49.22 (48.46) Prec@5 67.19 (72.55) - train[2018-10-11-08:58:20] Epoch: [011][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.409 (4.519) Prec@1 50.78 (48.48) Prec@5 75.00 (72.54) - train[2018-10-11-09:00:04] Epoch: [011][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.715 (4.521) Prec@1 46.09 (48.45) Prec@5 65.62 (72.52) - train[2018-10-11-09:01:47] Epoch: [011][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.444 (4.521) Prec@1 50.00 (48.44) Prec@5 75.00 (72.51) - train[2018-10-11-09:03:31] Epoch: [011][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.587 (4.521) Prec@1 48.44 (48.45) Prec@5 71.09 (72.51) - train[2018-10-11-09:05:15] Epoch: [011][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (4.520) Prec@1 46.09 (48.46) Prec@5 77.34 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:06:59] Epoch: [011][8000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.445 (4.520) Prec@1 51.56 (48.46) Prec@5 72.66 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:08:42] Epoch: [011][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.494 (4.520) Prec@1 51.56 (48.48) Prec@5 73.44 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:10:26] Epoch: [011][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.731 (4.520) Prec@1 42.97 (48.48) Prec@5 71.88 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:12:09] Epoch: [011][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.328 (4.520) Prec@1 51.56 (48.47) Prec@5 76.56 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:13:53] Epoch: [011][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.495 (4.520) Prec@1 50.00 (48.48) Prec@5 70.31 (72.54) - train[2018-10-11-09:15:36] Epoch: [011][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.392 (4.520) Prec@1 47.66 (48.48) Prec@5 74.22 (72.54) - train[2018-10-11-09:17:20] Epoch: [011][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.562 (4.520) Prec@1 50.78 (48.48) Prec@5 71.88 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:19:04] Epoch: [011][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.427 (4.520) Prec@1 47.66 (48.47) Prec@5 75.00 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:20:48] Epoch: [011][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.518 (4.520) Prec@1 50.78 (48.47) Prec@5 76.56 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:22:32] Epoch: [011][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.658 (4.520) Prec@1 39.06 (48.46) Prec@5 77.34 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:24:15] Epoch: [011][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.367 (4.520) Prec@1 51.56 (48.47) Prec@5 75.00 (72.53) - train[2018-10-11-09:24:20] Epoch: [011][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.211 (4.520) Prec@1 40.00 (48.47) Prec@5 46.67 (72.53) -[2018-10-11-09:24:20] **train** Prec@1 48.47 Prec@5 72.53 Error@1 51.53 Error@5 27.47 Loss:4.520 - test [2018-10-11-09:24:24] Epoch: [011][000/391] Time 4.39 (4.39) Data 4.25 (4.25) Loss 1.206 (1.206) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-11-09:24:51] Epoch: [011][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.174 (1.844) Prec@1 44.53 (57.42) Prec@5 75.00 (82.42) - test [2018-10-11-09:25:16] Epoch: [011][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.425 (2.054) Prec@1 21.25 (53.92) Prec@5 53.75 (78.61) -[2018-10-11-09:25:16] **test** Prec@1 53.92 Prec@5 78.61 Error@1 46.08 Error@5 21.39 Loss:2.054 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=53.92, Acc@5=78.61, Error@1=46.08, Error@5=21.39 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-09:25:16] [Epoch=012/250] [Need: 347:21:25] LR=0.0694 ~ 0.0694, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-09:25:22] Epoch: [012][000/10010] Time 5.65 (5.65) Data 5.04 (5.04) Loss 4.513 (4.513) Prec@1 50.00 (50.00) Prec@5 72.66 (72.66) - train[2018-10-11-09:27:06] Epoch: [012][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 4.138 (4.483) Prec@1 52.34 (49.22) Prec@5 82.81 (72.91) - train[2018-10-11-09:28:49] Epoch: [012][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.220 (4.468) Prec@1 53.91 (49.22) Prec@5 72.66 (73.10) - train[2018-10-11-09:30:33] Epoch: [012][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.422 (4.460) Prec@1 51.56 (49.30) Prec@5 74.22 (73.17) - train[2018-10-11-09:32:17] Epoch: [012][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.532 (4.465) Prec@1 53.12 (49.26) Prec@5 71.88 (73.12) - train[2018-10-11-09:34:01] Epoch: [012][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.550 (4.465) Prec@1 45.31 (49.24) Prec@5 68.75 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-09:35:44] Epoch: [012][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.271 (4.466) Prec@1 48.44 (49.20) Prec@5 77.34 (73.15) - train[2018-10-11-09:37:28] Epoch: [012][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.690 (4.465) Prec@1 45.31 (49.23) Prec@5 68.75 (73.21) - train[2018-10-11-09:39:12] Epoch: [012][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.419 (4.470) Prec@1 51.56 (49.18) Prec@5 71.88 (73.13) - train[2018-10-11-09:40:56] Epoch: [012][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.474 (4.468) Prec@1 51.56 (49.23) Prec@5 75.78 (73.15) - train[2018-10-11-09:42:41] Epoch: [012][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.357 (4.470) Prec@1 49.22 (49.17) Prec@5 70.31 (73.15) - train[2018-10-11-09:44:25] Epoch: [012][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.550 (4.471) Prec@1 47.66 (49.14) Prec@5 72.66 (73.15) - train[2018-10-11-09:46:09] Epoch: [012][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.462 (4.470) Prec@1 45.31 (49.16) Prec@5 74.22 (73.20) - train[2018-10-11-09:47:53] Epoch: [012][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.335 (4.470) Prec@1 45.31 (49.18) Prec@5 78.91 (73.22) - train[2018-10-11-09:49:36] Epoch: [012][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.291 (4.470) Prec@1 49.22 (49.18) Prec@5 74.22 (73.20) - train[2018-10-11-09:51:20] Epoch: [012][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.316 (4.472) Prec@1 50.78 (49.18) Prec@5 75.00 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-09:53:04] Epoch: [012][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (4.471) Prec@1 60.94 (49.18) Prec@5 79.69 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-09:54:48] Epoch: [012][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.678 (4.471) Prec@1 46.09 (49.20) Prec@5 72.66 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-09:56:32] Epoch: [012][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.365 (4.469) Prec@1 53.91 (49.22) Prec@5 75.00 (73.21) - train[2018-10-11-09:58:15] Epoch: [012][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.637 (4.468) Prec@1 42.19 (49.24) Prec@5 71.88 (73.23) - train[2018-10-11-09:59:59] Epoch: [012][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.267 (4.466) Prec@1 50.00 (49.25) Prec@5 77.34 (73.25) - train[2018-10-11-10:01:42] Epoch: [012][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.415 (4.466) Prec@1 48.44 (49.27) Prec@5 73.44 (73.25) - train[2018-10-11-10:03:26] Epoch: [012][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.622 (4.468) Prec@1 47.66 (49.25) Prec@5 69.53 (73.23) - train[2018-10-11-10:05:11] Epoch: [012][4600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.643 (4.468) Prec@1 44.53 (49.25) Prec@5 69.53 (73.23) - train[2018-10-11-10:06:54] Epoch: [012][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.983 (4.468) Prec@1 46.09 (49.25) Prec@5 65.62 (73.24) - train[2018-10-11-10:08:39] Epoch: [012][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.448 (4.469) Prec@1 51.56 (49.25) Prec@5 73.44 (73.24) - train[2018-10-11-10:10:22] Epoch: [012][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.099 (4.469) Prec@1 56.25 (49.23) Prec@5 75.78 (73.23) - train[2018-10-11-10:12:07] Epoch: [012][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.370 (4.469) Prec@1 53.12 (49.23) Prec@5 74.22 (73.25) - train[2018-10-11-10:13:51] Epoch: [012][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.860 (4.469) Prec@1 42.97 (49.23) Prec@5 66.41 (73.23) - train[2018-10-11-10:15:35] Epoch: [012][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.269 (4.470) Prec@1 54.69 (49.23) Prec@5 76.56 (73.22) - train[2018-10-11-10:17:19] Epoch: [012][6000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.360 (4.470) Prec@1 54.69 (49.23) Prec@5 76.56 (73.22) - train[2018-10-11-10:19:03] Epoch: [012][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.469) Prec@1 46.09 (49.24) Prec@5 69.53 (73.22) - train[2018-10-11-10:20:47] Epoch: [012][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.724 (4.470) Prec@1 46.09 (49.22) Prec@5 69.53 (73.21) - train[2018-10-11-10:22:31] Epoch: [012][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.584 (4.470) Prec@1 48.44 (49.23) Prec@5 76.56 (73.21) - train[2018-10-11-10:24:15] Epoch: [012][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.155 (4.470) Prec@1 50.00 (49.23) Prec@5 78.12 (73.20) - train[2018-10-11-10:25:59] Epoch: [012][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.314 (4.471) Prec@1 57.03 (49.21) Prec@5 75.00 (73.19) - train[2018-10-11-10:27:44] Epoch: [012][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.638 (4.471) Prec@1 47.66 (49.20) Prec@5 74.22 (73.19) - train[2018-10-11-10:29:28] Epoch: [012][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.390 (4.472) Prec@1 49.22 (49.19) Prec@5 80.47 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-10:31:11] Epoch: [012][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.278 (4.472) Prec@1 53.91 (49.18) Prec@5 80.47 (73.18) - train[2018-10-11-10:32:55] Epoch: [012][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (4.473) Prec@1 50.78 (49.16) Prec@5 75.00 (73.16) - train[2018-10-11-10:34:38] Epoch: [012][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.648 (4.475) Prec@1 44.53 (49.13) Prec@5 67.97 (73.14) - train[2018-10-11-10:36:23] Epoch: [012][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.441 (4.475) Prec@1 47.66 (49.13) Prec@5 71.88 (73.13) - train[2018-10-11-10:38:07] Epoch: [012][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.959 (4.475) Prec@1 57.81 (49.13) Prec@5 81.25 (73.13) - train[2018-10-11-10:39:50] Epoch: [012][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.738 (4.475) Prec@1 46.09 (49.13) Prec@5 68.75 (73.12) - train[2018-10-11-10:41:34] Epoch: [012][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.253 (4.475) Prec@1 56.25 (49.13) Prec@5 75.00 (73.12) - train[2018-10-11-10:43:17] Epoch: [012][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.335 (4.476) Prec@1 50.00 (49.11) Prec@5 73.44 (73.11) - train[2018-10-11-10:45:01] Epoch: [012][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.949 (4.476) Prec@1 42.97 (49.12) Prec@5 66.41 (73.10) - train[2018-10-11-10:46:45] Epoch: [012][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.578 (4.475) Prec@1 50.00 (49.11) Prec@5 71.88 (73.11) - train[2018-10-11-10:48:28] Epoch: [012][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.520 (4.476) Prec@1 46.88 (49.12) Prec@5 72.66 (73.10) - train[2018-10-11-10:50:12] Epoch: [012][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.661 (4.476) Prec@1 49.22 (49.11) Prec@5 71.09 (73.10) - train[2018-10-11-10:51:56] Epoch: [012][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.364 (4.476) Prec@1 46.88 (49.10) Prec@5 75.00 (73.10) - train[2018-10-11-10:52:00] Epoch: [012][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.881 (4.476) Prec@1 46.67 (49.10) Prec@5 73.33 (73.10) -[2018-10-11-10:52:00] **train** Prec@1 49.10 Prec@5 73.10 Error@1 50.90 Error@5 26.90 Loss:4.476 - test [2018-10-11-10:52:05] Epoch: [012][000/391] Time 4.56 (4.56) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 1.226 (1.226) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - test [2018-10-11-10:52:31] Epoch: [012][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.688 (1.804) Prec@1 43.75 (58.60) Prec@5 69.53 (83.24) - test [2018-10-11-10:52:57] Epoch: [012][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.281 (2.012) Prec@1 23.75 (54.93) Prec@5 58.75 (79.67) -[2018-10-11-10:52:57] **test** Prec@1 54.93 Prec@5 79.67 Error@1 45.07 Error@5 20.33 Loss:2.012 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=54.93, Acc@5=79.67, Error@1=45.07, Error@5=20.33 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-10:52:57] [Epoch=013/250] [Need: 346:19:07] LR=0.0673 ~ 0.0673, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-10:53:01] Epoch: [013][000/10010] Time 4.36 (4.36) Data 3.75 (3.75) Loss 4.102 (4.102) Prec@1 49.22 (49.22) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-11-10:54:46] Epoch: [013][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.721 (4.406) Prec@1 43.75 (50.04) Prec@5 67.97 (74.28) - train[2018-10-11-10:56:30] Epoch: [013][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.470 (4.395) Prec@1 50.78 (50.27) Prec@5 75.00 (74.33) - train[2018-10-11-10:58:14] Epoch: [013][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.507 (4.396) Prec@1 46.88 (50.15) Prec@5 72.66 (74.36) - train[2018-10-11-10:59:57] Epoch: [013][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.208 (4.398) Prec@1 54.69 (50.25) Prec@5 73.44 (74.16) - train[2018-10-11-11:01:41] Epoch: [013][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.481 (4.401) Prec@1 47.66 (50.20) Prec@5 74.22 (74.10) - train[2018-10-11-11:03:25] Epoch: [013][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.013 (4.408) Prec@1 56.25 (50.10) Prec@5 78.12 (74.04) - train[2018-10-11-11:05:09] Epoch: [013][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.646 (4.411) Prec@1 45.31 (50.07) Prec@5 71.88 (73.99) - train[2018-10-11-11:06:53] Epoch: [013][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.475 (4.417) Prec@1 45.31 (50.02) Prec@5 72.66 (73.94) - train[2018-10-11-11:08:37] Epoch: [013][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.196 (4.418) Prec@1 55.47 (50.02) Prec@5 78.91 (73.92) - train[2018-10-11-11:10:20] Epoch: [013][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.995 (4.416) Prec@1 54.69 (50.05) Prec@5 79.69 (73.95) - train[2018-10-11-11:12:05] Epoch: [013][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.008 (4.415) Prec@1 55.47 (50.07) Prec@5 78.12 (73.96) - train[2018-10-11-11:13:49] Epoch: [013][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.713 (4.415) Prec@1 41.41 (50.08) Prec@5 70.31 (73.97) - train[2018-10-11-11:15:32] Epoch: [013][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.698 (4.416) Prec@1 42.97 (50.04) Prec@5 69.53 (73.95) - train[2018-10-11-11:17:16] Epoch: [013][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.812 (4.419) Prec@1 46.09 (50.01) Prec@5 67.97 (73.90) - train[2018-10-11-11:19:00] Epoch: [013][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.290 (4.422) Prec@1 52.34 (49.96) Prec@5 77.34 (73.85) - train[2018-10-11-11:20:44] Epoch: [013][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.420 (4.423) Prec@1 53.91 (49.93) Prec@5 72.66 (73.83) - train[2018-10-11-11:22:28] Epoch: [013][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.344 (4.423) Prec@1 51.56 (49.91) Prec@5 71.09 (73.83) - train[2018-10-11-11:24:12] Epoch: [013][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.344 (4.424) Prec@1 47.66 (49.89) Prec@5 71.09 (73.81) - train[2018-10-11-11:25:56] Epoch: [013][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.193 (4.424) Prec@1 57.81 (49.88) Prec@5 74.22 (73.79) - train[2018-10-11-11:27:41] Epoch: [013][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.250 (4.424) Prec@1 49.22 (49.88) Prec@5 74.22 (73.79) - train[2018-10-11-11:29:25] Epoch: [013][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.319 (4.425) Prec@1 53.12 (49.84) Prec@5 73.44 (73.78) - train[2018-10-11-11:31:08] Epoch: [013][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.425) Prec@1 50.78 (49.83) Prec@5 81.25 (73.79) - train[2018-10-11-11:32:52] Epoch: [013][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.481 (4.427) Prec@1 46.09 (49.79) Prec@5 76.56 (73.77) - train[2018-10-11-11:34:36] Epoch: [013][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.339 (4.427) Prec@1 48.44 (49.80) Prec@5 74.22 (73.78) - train[2018-10-11-11:36:20] Epoch: [013][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.664 (4.427) Prec@1 46.88 (49.80) Prec@5 67.97 (73.77) - train[2018-10-11-11:38:04] Epoch: [013][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.829 (4.428) Prec@1 33.59 (49.80) Prec@5 71.09 (73.76) - train[2018-10-11-11:39:48] Epoch: [013][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.420 (4.428) Prec@1 51.56 (49.80) Prec@5 74.22 (73.75) - train[2018-10-11-11:41:32] Epoch: [013][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.427) Prec@1 50.78 (49.82) Prec@5 73.44 (73.76) - train[2018-10-11-11:43:16] Epoch: [013][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.380 (4.427) Prec@1 57.03 (49.81) Prec@5 75.00 (73.77) - train[2018-10-11-11:45:00] Epoch: [013][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.427 (4.427) Prec@1 56.25 (49.82) Prec@5 78.12 (73.78) - train[2018-10-11-11:46:44] Epoch: [013][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.463 (4.427) Prec@1 51.56 (49.82) Prec@5 78.12 (73.78) - train[2018-10-11-11:48:29] Epoch: [013][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.449 (4.428) Prec@1 53.12 (49.81) Prec@5 72.66 (73.77) - train[2018-10-11-11:50:13] Epoch: [013][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.309 (4.429) Prec@1 40.62 (49.81) Prec@5 57.81 (73.75) - train[2018-10-11-11:51:57] Epoch: [013][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.320 (4.429) Prec@1 51.56 (49.80) Prec@5 78.12 (73.75) - train[2018-10-11-11:53:40] Epoch: [013][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.647 (4.430) Prec@1 50.78 (49.79) Prec@5 69.53 (73.74) - train[2018-10-11-11:55:25] Epoch: [013][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.431) Prec@1 50.00 (49.79) Prec@5 80.47 (73.73) - train[2018-10-11-11:57:08] Epoch: [013][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.284 (4.431) Prec@1 52.34 (49.80) Prec@5 75.00 (73.72) - train[2018-10-11-11:58:52] Epoch: [013][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.036 (4.431) Prec@1 38.28 (49.79) Prec@5 64.06 (73.71) - train[2018-10-11-12:00:36] Epoch: [013][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.050 (4.431) Prec@1 55.47 (49.79) Prec@5 78.91 (73.71) - train[2018-10-11-12:02:20] Epoch: [013][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.332 (4.432) Prec@1 49.22 (49.79) Prec@5 77.34 (73.70) - train[2018-10-11-12:04:04] Epoch: [013][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.422 (4.433) Prec@1 50.78 (49.77) Prec@5 75.78 (73.70) - train[2018-10-11-12:05:48] Epoch: [013][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.337 (4.433) Prec@1 48.44 (49.78) Prec@5 75.78 (73.70) - train[2018-10-11-12:07:32] Epoch: [013][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.310 (4.433) Prec@1 50.78 (49.77) Prec@5 77.34 (73.69) - train[2018-10-11-12:09:16] Epoch: [013][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.170 (4.433) Prec@1 53.91 (49.77) Prec@5 79.69 (73.69) - train[2018-10-11-12:11:00] Epoch: [013][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.137 (4.434) Prec@1 58.59 (49.76) Prec@5 74.22 (73.68) - train[2018-10-11-12:12:45] Epoch: [013][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.318 (4.434) Prec@1 53.12 (49.76) Prec@5 75.78 (73.68) - train[2018-10-11-12:14:29] Epoch: [013][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.749 (4.434) Prec@1 48.44 (49.75) Prec@5 72.66 (73.68) - train[2018-10-11-12:16:13] Epoch: [013][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.309 (4.434) Prec@1 49.22 (49.74) Prec@5 75.00 (73.68) - train[2018-10-11-12:17:57] Epoch: [013][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.410 (4.434) Prec@1 51.56 (49.75) Prec@5 75.78 (73.68) - train[2018-10-11-12:19:40] Epoch: [013][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.416 (4.435) Prec@1 46.09 (49.74) Prec@5 70.31 (73.67) - train[2018-10-11-12:19:44] Epoch: [013][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.502 (4.435) Prec@1 40.00 (49.74) Prec@5 66.67 (73.67) -[2018-10-11-12:19:44] **train** Prec@1 49.74 Prec@5 73.67 Error@1 50.26 Error@5 26.33 Loss:4.435 - test [2018-10-11-12:19:48] Epoch: [013][000/391] Time 3.74 (3.74) Data 3.60 (3.60) Loss 1.027 (1.027) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-11-12:20:16] Epoch: [013][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.723 (1.780) Prec@1 35.16 (58.78) Prec@5 67.97 (83.00) - test [2018-10-11-12:20:41] Epoch: [013][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.024 (2.010) Prec@1 16.25 (55.02) Prec@5 47.50 (79.24) -[2018-10-11-12:20:41] **test** Prec@1 55.02 Prec@5 79.24 Error@1 44.98 Error@5 20.76 Loss:2.010 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=55.02, Acc@5=79.24, Error@1=44.98, Error@5=20.76 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-12:20:41] [Epoch=014/250] [Need: 345:06:07] LR=0.0653 ~ 0.0653, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-12:20:45] Epoch: [014][000/10010] Time 4.22 (4.22) Data 3.64 (3.64) Loss 4.143 (4.143) Prec@1 50.00 (50.00) Prec@5 79.69 (79.69) - train[2018-10-11-12:22:31] Epoch: [014][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.331 (4.362) Prec@1 50.00 (50.77) Prec@5 74.22 (74.76) - train[2018-10-11-12:24:14] Epoch: [014][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.540 (4.367) Prec@1 46.09 (50.78) Prec@5 69.53 (74.59) - train[2018-10-11-12:25:58] Epoch: [014][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.466 (4.370) Prec@1 44.53 (50.79) Prec@5 78.12 (74.55) - train[2018-10-11-12:27:42] Epoch: [014][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.841 (4.367) Prec@1 46.09 (50.81) Prec@5 67.19 (74.67) - train[2018-10-11-12:29:26] Epoch: [014][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.409 (4.366) Prec@1 52.34 (50.85) Prec@5 73.44 (74.63) - train[2018-10-11-12:31:10] Epoch: [014][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.525 (4.366) Prec@1 44.53 (50.79) Prec@5 70.31 (74.61) - train[2018-10-11-12:32:53] Epoch: [014][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.373 (4.362) Prec@1 51.56 (50.87) Prec@5 76.56 (74.66) - train[2018-10-11-12:34:37] Epoch: [014][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.136 (4.364) Prec@1 52.34 (50.82) Prec@5 79.69 (74.61) - train[2018-10-11-12:36:21] Epoch: [014][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.424 (4.368) Prec@1 53.91 (50.77) Prec@5 75.00 (74.56) - train[2018-10-11-12:38:05] Epoch: [014][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.475 (4.370) Prec@1 44.53 (50.72) Prec@5 70.31 (74.55) - train[2018-10-11-12:39:49] Epoch: [014][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.193 (4.373) Prec@1 58.59 (50.63) Prec@5 79.69 (74.50) - train[2018-10-11-12:41:32] Epoch: [014][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.597 (4.376) Prec@1 42.97 (50.56) Prec@5 71.88 (74.43) - train[2018-10-11-12:43:17] Epoch: [014][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.412 (4.376) Prec@1 49.22 (50.55) Prec@5 73.44 (74.43) - train[2018-10-11-12:45:01] Epoch: [014][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.166 (4.379) Prec@1 51.56 (50.53) Prec@5 78.12 (74.41) - train[2018-10-11-12:46:45] Epoch: [014][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.496 (4.381) Prec@1 46.88 (50.49) Prec@5 73.44 (74.38) - train[2018-10-11-12:48:29] Epoch: [014][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.404 (4.382) Prec@1 49.22 (50.50) Prec@5 71.88 (74.37) - train[2018-10-11-12:50:13] Epoch: [014][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.110 (4.381) Prec@1 52.34 (50.52) Prec@5 82.81 (74.36) - train[2018-10-11-12:51:57] Epoch: [014][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.204 (4.382) Prec@1 50.78 (50.51) Prec@5 78.91 (74.36) - train[2018-10-11-12:53:41] Epoch: [014][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.431 (4.382) Prec@1 50.78 (50.51) Prec@5 75.00 (74.37) - train[2018-10-11-12:55:25] Epoch: [014][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.814 (4.384) Prec@1 41.41 (50.48) Prec@5 64.84 (74.34) - train[2018-10-11-12:57:09] Epoch: [014][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (4.385) Prec@1 45.31 (50.47) Prec@5 78.91 (74.31) - train[2018-10-11-12:58:51] Epoch: [014][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.516 (4.386) Prec@1 50.00 (50.44) Prec@5 73.44 (74.29) - train[2018-10-11-13:00:35] Epoch: [014][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.256 (4.386) Prec@1 45.31 (50.43) Prec@5 76.56 (74.30) - train[2018-10-11-13:02:19] Epoch: [014][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.219 (4.387) Prec@1 52.34 (50.42) Prec@5 78.91 (74.29) - train[2018-10-11-13:04:03] Epoch: [014][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.360 (4.388) Prec@1 50.00 (50.42) Prec@5 74.22 (74.29) - train[2018-10-11-13:05:46] Epoch: [014][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.298 (4.388) Prec@1 53.12 (50.41) Prec@5 74.22 (74.30) - train[2018-10-11-13:07:30] Epoch: [014][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.207 (4.389) Prec@1 53.12 (50.40) Prec@5 78.91 (74.30) - train[2018-10-11-13:09:15] Epoch: [014][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.424 (4.389) Prec@1 53.91 (50.41) Prec@5 75.00 (74.31) - train[2018-10-11-13:10:59] Epoch: [014][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.527 (4.389) Prec@1 48.44 (50.39) Prec@5 74.22 (74.30) - train[2018-10-11-13:12:42] Epoch: [014][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.203 (4.390) Prec@1 52.34 (50.39) Prec@5 75.78 (74.29) - train[2018-10-11-13:14:26] Epoch: [014][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.574 (4.390) Prec@1 47.66 (50.37) Prec@5 69.53 (74.28) - train[2018-10-11-13:16:09] Epoch: [014][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.395 (4.390) Prec@1 51.56 (50.37) Prec@5 74.22 (74.27) - train[2018-10-11-13:17:54] Epoch: [014][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.240 (4.390) Prec@1 57.81 (50.37) Prec@5 75.00 (74.27) - train[2018-10-11-13:19:38] Epoch: [014][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.656 (4.391) Prec@1 45.31 (50.36) Prec@5 70.31 (74.26) - train[2018-10-11-13:21:22] Epoch: [014][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.099 (4.392) Prec@1 56.25 (50.35) Prec@5 76.56 (74.25) - train[2018-10-11-13:23:06] Epoch: [014][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.947 (4.392) Prec@1 57.03 (50.35) Prec@5 80.47 (74.24) - train[2018-10-11-13:24:50] Epoch: [014][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.213 (4.393) Prec@1 51.56 (50.33) Prec@5 74.22 (74.22) - train[2018-10-11-13:26:34] Epoch: [014][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.470 (4.393) Prec@1 50.78 (50.34) Prec@5 72.66 (74.22) - train[2018-10-11-13:28:18] Epoch: [014][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.544 (4.394) Prec@1 46.88 (50.33) Prec@5 72.66 (74.22) - train[2018-10-11-13:30:02] Epoch: [014][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.324 (4.393) Prec@1 53.12 (50.33) Prec@5 75.00 (74.22) - train[2018-10-11-13:31:46] Epoch: [014][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (4.394) Prec@1 46.09 (50.32) Prec@5 80.47 (74.21) - train[2018-10-11-13:33:29] Epoch: [014][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.470 (4.394) Prec@1 50.78 (50.32) Prec@5 72.66 (74.21) - train[2018-10-11-13:35:14] Epoch: [014][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.336 (4.394) Prec@1 53.12 (50.33) Prec@5 75.78 (74.21) - train[2018-10-11-13:36:58] Epoch: [014][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.439 (4.394) Prec@1 53.12 (50.33) Prec@5 71.09 (74.21) - train[2018-10-11-13:38:42] Epoch: [014][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.394) Prec@1 50.00 (50.32) Prec@5 69.53 (74.21) - train[2018-10-11-13:40:25] Epoch: [014][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.979 (4.395) Prec@1 56.25 (50.31) Prec@5 82.03 (74.20) - train[2018-10-11-13:42:09] Epoch: [014][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.355 (4.395) Prec@1 47.66 (50.31) Prec@5 77.34 (74.19) - train[2018-10-11-13:43:53] Epoch: [014][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.374 (4.396) Prec@1 51.56 (50.30) Prec@5 74.22 (74.17) - train[2018-10-11-13:45:38] Epoch: [014][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.636 (4.396) Prec@1 46.09 (50.30) Prec@5 74.22 (74.17) - train[2018-10-11-13:47:21] Epoch: [014][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.719 (4.396) Prec@1 48.44 (50.29) Prec@5 72.66 (74.17) - train[2018-10-11-13:47:26] Epoch: [014][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 6.183 (4.396) Prec@1 26.67 (50.29) Prec@5 53.33 (74.17) -[2018-10-11-13:47:26] **train** Prec@1 50.29 Prec@5 74.17 Error@1 49.71 Error@5 25.83 Loss:4.396 - test [2018-10-11-13:47:30] Epoch: [014][000/391] Time 4.01 (4.01) Data 3.87 (3.87) Loss 1.023 (1.023) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-11-13:47:57] Epoch: [014][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.193 (1.695) Prec@1 46.09 (60.44) Prec@5 79.69 (85.00) - test [2018-10-11-13:48:22] Epoch: [014][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.903 (1.935) Prec@1 27.50 (56.44) Prec@5 46.25 (80.86) -[2018-10-11-13:48:22] **test** Prec@1 56.44 Prec@5 80.86 Error@1 43.56 Error@5 19.14 Loss:1.935 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=56.44, Acc@5=80.86, Error@1=43.56, Error@5=19.14 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-13:48:22] [Epoch=015/250] [Need: 343:25:05] LR=0.0633 ~ 0.0633, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-13:48:28] Epoch: [015][000/10010] Time 5.65 (5.65) Data 4.99 (4.99) Loss 4.544 (4.544) Prec@1 47.66 (47.66) Prec@5 69.53 (69.53) - train[2018-10-11-13:50:13] Epoch: [015][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.998 (4.333) Prec@1 60.94 (51.47) Prec@5 75.78 (74.79) - train[2018-10-11-13:51:56] Epoch: [015][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.226 (4.325) Prec@1 53.12 (51.21) Prec@5 73.44 (75.08) - train[2018-10-11-13:53:41] Epoch: [015][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.367 (4.341) Prec@1 51.56 (51.07) Prec@5 70.31 (74.85) - train[2018-10-11-13:55:25] Epoch: [015][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.224 (4.340) Prec@1 52.34 (51.05) Prec@5 77.34 (74.91) - train[2018-10-11-13:57:09] Epoch: [015][1000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.571 (4.343) Prec@1 50.78 (51.03) Prec@5 73.44 (74.92) - train[2018-10-11-13:58:53] Epoch: [015][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.768 (4.343) Prec@1 46.09 (51.08) Prec@5 68.75 (74.94) - train[2018-10-11-14:00:37] Epoch: [015][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.471 (4.344) Prec@1 46.09 (51.00) Prec@5 72.66 (74.88) - train[2018-10-11-14:02:22] Epoch: [015][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.305 (4.346) Prec@1 46.88 (50.97) Prec@5 72.66 (74.88) - train[2018-10-11-14:04:05] Epoch: [015][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.318 (4.342) Prec@1 47.66 (51.02) Prec@5 75.78 (74.91) - train[2018-10-11-14:05:49] Epoch: [015][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.100 (4.342) Prec@1 54.69 (51.09) Prec@5 78.91 (74.94) - train[2018-10-11-14:07:33] Epoch: [015][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.307 (4.346) Prec@1 46.88 (51.03) Prec@5 78.91 (74.87) - train[2018-10-11-14:09:17] Epoch: [015][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.234 (4.346) Prec@1 53.12 (51.04) Prec@5 75.78 (74.86) - train[2018-10-11-14:11:01] Epoch: [015][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (4.343) Prec@1 57.03 (51.10) Prec@5 77.34 (74.91) - train[2018-10-11-14:12:45] Epoch: [015][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.462 (4.342) Prec@1 49.22 (51.13) Prec@5 71.88 (74.93) - train[2018-10-11-14:14:30] Epoch: [015][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.275 (4.341) Prec@1 52.34 (51.16) Prec@5 78.12 (74.94) - train[2018-10-11-14:16:14] Epoch: [015][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.528 (4.341) Prec@1 46.88 (51.15) Prec@5 74.22 (74.94) - train[2018-10-11-14:17:59] Epoch: [015][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.276 (4.341) Prec@1 47.66 (51.16) Prec@5 74.22 (74.93) - train[2018-10-11-14:19:42] Epoch: [015][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.111 (4.342) Prec@1 54.69 (51.14) Prec@5 75.00 (74.91) - train[2018-10-11-14:21:26] Epoch: [015][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.104 (4.345) Prec@1 60.94 (51.11) Prec@5 78.91 (74.87) - train[2018-10-11-14:23:11] Epoch: [015][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.425 (4.346) Prec@1 48.44 (51.07) Prec@5 71.88 (74.84) - train[2018-10-11-14:24:55] Epoch: [015][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.364 (4.346) Prec@1 46.09 (51.07) Prec@5 72.66 (74.83) - train[2018-10-11-14:26:39] Epoch: [015][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.517 (4.349) Prec@1 53.12 (51.03) Prec@5 74.22 (74.80) - train[2018-10-11-14:28:23] Epoch: [015][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.484 (4.349) Prec@1 47.66 (51.03) Prec@5 74.22 (74.81) - train[2018-10-11-14:30:07] Epoch: [015][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.894 (4.350) Prec@1 58.59 (51.02) Prec@5 81.25 (74.78) - train[2018-10-11-14:31:51] Epoch: [015][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.123 (4.350) Prec@1 57.03 (51.01) Prec@5 77.34 (74.78) - train[2018-10-11-14:33:35] Epoch: [015][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.491 (4.351) Prec@1 49.22 (50.99) Prec@5 71.09 (74.76) - train[2018-10-11-14:35:19] Epoch: [015][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.166 (4.352) Prec@1 54.69 (50.97) Prec@5 78.91 (74.73) - train[2018-10-11-14:37:03] Epoch: [015][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.485 (4.353) Prec@1 42.97 (50.95) Prec@5 73.44 (74.72) - train[2018-10-11-14:38:48] Epoch: [015][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.164 (4.354) Prec@1 55.47 (50.93) Prec@5 76.56 (74.71) - train[2018-10-11-14:40:31] Epoch: [015][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.374 (4.354) Prec@1 52.34 (50.93) Prec@5 77.34 (74.70) - train[2018-10-11-14:42:15] Epoch: [015][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.278 (4.354) Prec@1 51.56 (50.92) Prec@5 74.22 (74.70) - train[2018-10-11-14:43:59] Epoch: [015][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.658 (4.355) Prec@1 44.53 (50.92) Prec@5 71.09 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:45:43] Epoch: [015][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.528 (4.355) Prec@1 48.44 (50.91) Prec@5 73.44 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:47:27] Epoch: [015][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.425 (4.355) Prec@1 46.88 (50.91) Prec@5 75.78 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:49:11] Epoch: [015][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.277 (4.355) Prec@1 53.12 (50.91) Prec@5 78.12 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:50:54] Epoch: [015][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.334 (4.354) Prec@1 51.56 (50.93) Prec@5 78.91 (74.71) - train[2018-10-11-14:52:38] Epoch: [015][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.912 (4.355) Prec@1 41.41 (50.91) Prec@5 66.41 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:54:21] Epoch: [015][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.029 (4.356) Prec@1 55.47 (50.90) Prec@5 78.12 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:56:05] Epoch: [015][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.227 (4.356) Prec@1 50.00 (50.90) Prec@5 76.56 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-14:57:50] Epoch: [015][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.255 (4.357) Prec@1 53.12 (50.89) Prec@5 75.00 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-14:59:33] Epoch: [015][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.254 (4.357) Prec@1 53.91 (50.89) Prec@5 78.12 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-15:01:17] Epoch: [015][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.491 (4.356) Prec@1 51.56 (50.90) Prec@5 75.78 (74.69) - train[2018-10-11-15:03:01] Epoch: [015][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.113 (4.357) Prec@1 57.81 (50.88) Prec@5 75.78 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-15:04:45] Epoch: [015][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.679 (4.358) Prec@1 46.88 (50.87) Prec@5 74.22 (74.67) - train[2018-10-11-15:06:29] Epoch: [015][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.384 (4.358) Prec@1 47.66 (50.87) Prec@5 74.22 (74.67) - train[2018-10-11-15:08:13] Epoch: [015][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.112 (4.357) Prec@1 50.00 (50.88) Prec@5 81.25 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-15:09:56] Epoch: [015][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.189 (4.358) Prec@1 53.12 (50.87) Prec@5 78.12 (74.67) - train[2018-10-11-15:11:40] Epoch: [015][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.079 (4.358) Prec@1 53.91 (50.87) Prec@5 79.69 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-15:13:24] Epoch: [015][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.061 (4.358) Prec@1 51.56 (50.87) Prec@5 79.69 (74.68) - train[2018-10-11-15:15:08] Epoch: [015][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.529 (4.358) Prec@1 50.78 (50.86) Prec@5 69.53 (74.67) - train[2018-10-11-15:15:12] Epoch: [015][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (4.358) Prec@1 46.67 (50.86) Prec@5 73.33 (74.67) -[2018-10-11-15:15:12] **train** Prec@1 50.86 Prec@5 74.67 Error@1 49.14 Error@5 25.33 Loss:4.358 - test [2018-10-11-15:15:16] Epoch: [015][000/391] Time 3.55 (3.55) Data 3.41 (3.41) Loss 1.095 (1.095) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-11-15:15:44] Epoch: [015][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.189 (1.718) Prec@1 46.09 (60.10) Prec@5 75.78 (84.47) - test [2018-10-11-15:16:09] Epoch: [015][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.353 (1.933) Prec@1 25.00 (56.42) Prec@5 57.50 (80.93) -[2018-10-11-15:16:09] **test** Prec@1 56.42 Prec@5 80.93 Error@1 43.58 Error@5 19.07 Loss:1.933 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=56.44, Acc@5=80.86, Error@1=43.56, Error@5=19.14 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-15:16:09] [Epoch=016/250] [Need: 342:21:20] LR=0.0614 ~ 0.0614, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-15:16:14] Epoch: [016][000/10010] Time 4.83 (4.83) Data 4.22 (4.22) Loss 4.682 (4.682) Prec@1 46.09 (46.09) Prec@5 69.53 (69.53) - train[2018-10-11-15:17:58] Epoch: [016][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.282 (4.331) Prec@1 57.81 (51.78) Prec@5 74.22 (75.35) - train[2018-10-11-15:19:43] Epoch: [016][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.347 (4.302) Prec@1 52.34 (52.08) Prec@5 75.78 (75.60) - train[2018-10-11-15:21:28] Epoch: [016][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.896 (4.308) Prec@1 42.19 (52.00) Prec@5 67.97 (75.48) - train[2018-10-11-15:23:12] Epoch: [016][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.111 (4.312) Prec@1 53.91 (51.88) Prec@5 75.00 (75.34) - train[2018-10-11-15:24:56] Epoch: [016][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.351 (4.312) Prec@1 55.47 (51.81) Prec@5 75.00 (75.37) - train[2018-10-11-15:26:40] Epoch: [016][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.353 (4.312) Prec@1 45.31 (51.77) Prec@5 78.12 (75.30) - train[2018-10-11-15:28:24] Epoch: [016][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.190 (4.313) Prec@1 52.34 (51.70) Prec@5 75.78 (75.26) - train[2018-10-11-15:30:08] Epoch: [016][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.601 (4.310) Prec@1 49.22 (51.76) Prec@5 69.53 (75.31) - train[2018-10-11-15:31:52] Epoch: [016][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.695 (4.310) Prec@1 50.78 (51.77) Prec@5 71.09 (75.30) - train[2018-10-11-15:33:37] Epoch: [016][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.673 (4.310) Prec@1 42.97 (51.77) Prec@5 69.53 (75.27) - train[2018-10-11-15:35:20] Epoch: [016][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.932 (4.310) Prec@1 55.47 (51.77) Prec@5 80.47 (75.28) - train[2018-10-11-15:37:04] Epoch: [016][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.357 (4.311) Prec@1 53.91 (51.76) Prec@5 75.00 (75.26) - train[2018-10-11-15:38:48] Epoch: [016][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.440 (4.313) Prec@1 50.78 (51.73) Prec@5 72.66 (75.20) - train[2018-10-11-15:40:31] Epoch: [016][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.384 (4.314) Prec@1 50.78 (51.70) Prec@5 75.00 (75.17) - train[2018-10-11-15:42:17] Epoch: [016][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.845 (4.316) Prec@1 43.75 (51.67) Prec@5 71.09 (75.15) - train[2018-10-11-15:44:00] Epoch: [016][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.437 (4.317) Prec@1 51.56 (51.64) Prec@5 75.00 (75.13) - train[2018-10-11-15:45:44] Epoch: [016][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.214 (4.319) Prec@1 50.00 (51.62) Prec@5 74.22 (75.11) - train[2018-10-11-15:47:28] Epoch: [016][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.467 (4.319) Prec@1 49.22 (51.61) Prec@5 69.53 (75.11) - train[2018-10-11-15:49:12] Epoch: [016][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.172 (4.320) Prec@1 53.12 (51.58) Prec@5 78.12 (75.09) - train[2018-10-11-15:50:56] Epoch: [016][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.853 (4.321) Prec@1 45.31 (51.56) Prec@5 64.06 (75.09) - train[2018-10-11-15:52:40] Epoch: [016][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.152 (4.321) Prec@1 57.81 (51.55) Prec@5 78.91 (75.08) - train[2018-10-11-15:54:25] Epoch: [016][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.161 (4.321) Prec@1 50.00 (51.54) Prec@5 78.12 (75.07) - train[2018-10-11-15:56:09] Epoch: [016][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.370 (4.323) Prec@1 52.34 (51.51) Prec@5 75.78 (75.05) - train[2018-10-11-15:57:53] Epoch: [016][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.419 (4.325) Prec@1 50.00 (51.48) Prec@5 74.22 (75.03) - train[2018-10-11-15:59:36] Epoch: [016][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.250 (4.326) Prec@1 53.12 (51.47) Prec@5 74.22 (75.03) - train[2018-10-11-16:01:20] Epoch: [016][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.256 (4.326) Prec@1 50.78 (51.47) Prec@5 77.34 (75.03) - train[2018-10-11-16:03:05] Epoch: [016][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.977 (4.326) Prec@1 55.47 (51.46) Prec@5 82.03 (75.03) - train[2018-10-11-16:04:49] Epoch: [016][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.884 (4.326) Prec@1 59.38 (51.47) Prec@5 78.12 (75.04) - train[2018-10-11-16:06:34] Epoch: [016][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.964 (4.325) Prec@1 59.38 (51.47) Prec@5 77.34 (75.05) - train[2018-10-11-16:08:17] Epoch: [016][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (4.326) Prec@1 57.81 (51.46) Prec@5 82.03 (75.04) - train[2018-10-11-16:10:02] Epoch: [016][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.319 (4.326) Prec@1 54.69 (51.46) Prec@5 77.34 (75.04) - train[2018-10-11-16:11:46] Epoch: [016][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.353 (4.327) Prec@1 53.91 (51.45) Prec@5 71.88 (75.03) - train[2018-10-11-16:13:30] Epoch: [016][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.079 (4.328) Prec@1 59.38 (51.44) Prec@5 77.34 (75.02) - train[2018-10-11-16:15:15] Epoch: [016][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.328) Prec@1 48.44 (51.43) Prec@5 75.78 (75.01) - train[2018-10-11-16:16:58] Epoch: [016][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.169 (4.328) Prec@1 52.34 (51.43) Prec@5 77.34 (75.01) - train[2018-10-11-16:18:42] Epoch: [016][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.237 (4.328) Prec@1 56.25 (51.44) Prec@5 79.69 (75.01) - train[2018-10-11-16:20:26] Epoch: [016][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.644 (4.328) Prec@1 49.22 (51.43) Prec@5 69.53 (75.02) - train[2018-10-11-16:22:09] Epoch: [016][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.065 (4.329) Prec@1 59.38 (51.42) Prec@5 76.56 (75.01) - train[2018-10-11-16:23:53] Epoch: [016][7800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.511 (4.329) Prec@1 46.88 (51.42) Prec@5 71.88 (74.99) - train[2018-10-11-16:25:37] Epoch: [016][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.492 (4.330) Prec@1 41.41 (51.41) Prec@5 75.00 (74.99) - train[2018-10-11-16:27:22] Epoch: [016][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.989 (4.330) Prec@1 40.62 (51.40) Prec@5 64.84 (74.98) - train[2018-10-11-16:29:05] Epoch: [016][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.554 (4.331) Prec@1 50.78 (51.38) Prec@5 69.53 (74.97) - train[2018-10-11-16:30:49] Epoch: [016][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.954 (4.331) Prec@1 56.25 (51.37) Prec@5 78.91 (74.97) - train[2018-10-11-16:32:33] Epoch: [016][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.190 (4.331) Prec@1 51.56 (51.36) Prec@5 83.59 (74.98) - train[2018-10-11-16:34:16] Epoch: [016][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.486 (4.331) Prec@1 50.78 (51.37) Prec@5 73.44 (74.97) - train[2018-10-11-16:36:00] Epoch: [016][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.222 (4.331) Prec@1 54.69 (51.36) Prec@5 76.56 (74.96) - train[2018-10-11-16:37:44] Epoch: [016][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.453 (4.330) Prec@1 51.56 (51.37) Prec@5 71.88 (74.97) - train[2018-10-11-16:39:27] Epoch: [016][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.656 (4.331) Prec@1 52.34 (51.36) Prec@5 69.53 (74.97) - train[2018-10-11-16:41:10] Epoch: [016][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.338 (4.331) Prec@1 53.91 (51.36) Prec@5 75.00 (74.96) - train[2018-10-11-16:42:54] Epoch: [016][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.110 (4.332) Prec@1 57.03 (51.35) Prec@5 82.03 (74.94) - train[2018-10-11-16:42:58] Epoch: [016][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.463 (4.332) Prec@1 60.00 (51.35) Prec@5 73.33 (74.94) -[2018-10-11-16:42:58] **train** Prec@1 51.35 Prec@5 74.94 Error@1 48.65 Error@5 25.06 Loss:4.332 - test [2018-10-11-16:43:03] Epoch: [016][000/391] Time 4.58 (4.58) Data 4.45 (4.45) Loss 1.034 (1.034) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-11-16:43:30] Epoch: [016][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.195 (1.694) Prec@1 48.44 (60.73) Prec@5 78.12 (84.49) - test [2018-10-11-16:43:55] Epoch: [016][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.855 (1.929) Prec@1 23.75 (56.71) Prec@5 72.50 (80.65) -[2018-10-11-16:43:55] **test** Prec@1 56.71 Prec@5 80.65 Error@1 43.29 Error@5 19.35 Loss:1.929 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=56.71, Acc@5=80.65, Error@1=43.29, Error@5=19.35 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-16:43:55] [Epoch=017/250] [Need: 340:50:23] LR=0.0596 ~ 0.0596, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-16:44:01] Epoch: [017][000/10010] Time 5.47 (5.47) Data 4.92 (4.92) Loss 4.487 (4.487) Prec@1 50.78 (50.78) Prec@5 74.22 (74.22) - train[2018-10-11-16:45:45] Epoch: [017][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.098 (4.276) Prec@1 57.81 (52.09) Prec@5 80.47 (75.82) - train[2018-10-11-16:47:29] Epoch: [017][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.472 (4.278) Prec@1 46.88 (52.16) Prec@5 71.88 (75.74) - train[2018-10-11-16:49:13] Epoch: [017][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.056 (4.289) Prec@1 59.38 (51.95) Prec@5 81.25 (75.55) - train[2018-10-11-16:50:56] Epoch: [017][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.200 (4.283) Prec@1 50.00 (52.02) Prec@5 76.56 (75.63) - train[2018-10-11-16:52:41] Epoch: [017][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.351 (4.285) Prec@1 57.03 (52.01) Prec@5 74.22 (75.65) - train[2018-10-11-16:54:24] Epoch: [017][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.097 (4.283) Prec@1 53.12 (52.02) Prec@5 77.34 (75.66) - train[2018-10-11-16:56:09] Epoch: [017][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.581 (4.285) Prec@1 50.78 (51.95) Prec@5 66.41 (75.63) - train[2018-10-11-16:57:53] Epoch: [017][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.238 (4.282) Prec@1 53.91 (51.98) Prec@5 77.34 (75.67) - train[2018-10-11-16:59:37] Epoch: [017][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.059 (4.279) Prec@1 59.38 (52.03) Prec@5 78.91 (75.72) - train[2018-10-11-17:01:21] Epoch: [017][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.429 (4.283) Prec@1 53.12 (51.95) Prec@5 74.22 (75.64) - train[2018-10-11-17:03:05] Epoch: [017][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.487 (4.282) Prec@1 49.22 (51.95) Prec@5 71.09 (75.64) - train[2018-10-11-17:04:50] Epoch: [017][2400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.116 (4.284) Prec@1 60.94 (51.93) Prec@5 78.12 (75.61) - train[2018-10-11-17:06:34] Epoch: [017][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.297 (4.285) Prec@1 56.25 (51.96) Prec@5 75.78 (75.61) - train[2018-10-11-17:08:18] Epoch: [017][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.430 (4.285) Prec@1 53.91 (51.96) Prec@5 72.66 (75.60) - train[2018-10-11-17:10:02] Epoch: [017][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.294 (4.285) Prec@1 53.12 (51.96) Prec@5 74.22 (75.60) - train[2018-10-11-17:11:47] Epoch: [017][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.652 (4.286) Prec@1 50.78 (51.96) Prec@5 71.09 (75.59) - train[2018-10-11-17:13:31] Epoch: [017][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.230 (4.287) Prec@1 53.12 (51.96) Prec@5 78.91 (75.57) - train[2018-10-11-17:15:16] Epoch: [017][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.482 (4.288) Prec@1 46.88 (51.95) Prec@5 73.44 (75.57) - train[2018-10-11-17:16:59] Epoch: [017][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.522 (4.289) Prec@1 50.78 (51.96) Prec@5 70.31 (75.55) - train[2018-10-11-17:18:43] Epoch: [017][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.520 (4.289) Prec@1 47.66 (51.96) Prec@5 75.78 (75.56) - train[2018-10-11-17:20:28] Epoch: [017][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.009 (4.289) Prec@1 57.81 (51.95) Prec@5 76.56 (75.55) - train[2018-10-11-17:22:12] Epoch: [017][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.255 (4.290) Prec@1 48.44 (51.94) Prec@5 76.56 (75.55) - train[2018-10-11-17:23:57] Epoch: [017][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.519 (4.290) Prec@1 48.44 (51.94) Prec@5 71.09 (75.53) - train[2018-10-11-17:25:41] Epoch: [017][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.103 (4.290) Prec@1 53.91 (51.95) Prec@5 80.47 (75.53) - train[2018-10-11-17:27:25] Epoch: [017][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.389 (4.292) Prec@1 44.53 (51.92) Prec@5 71.09 (75.50) - train[2018-10-11-17:29:10] Epoch: [017][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.365 (4.291) Prec@1 47.66 (51.92) Prec@5 78.12 (75.52) - train[2018-10-11-17:30:54] Epoch: [017][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.282 (4.292) Prec@1 45.31 (51.92) Prec@5 75.78 (75.50) - train[2018-10-11-17:32:38] Epoch: [017][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.201 (4.292) Prec@1 51.56 (51.92) Prec@5 78.91 (75.50) - train[2018-10-11-17:34:23] Epoch: [017][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.365 (4.293) Prec@1 53.91 (51.92) Prec@5 77.34 (75.49) - train[2018-10-11-17:36:08] Epoch: [017][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.405 (4.293) Prec@1 50.00 (51.92) Prec@5 76.56 (75.49) - train[2018-10-11-17:37:52] Epoch: [017][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.480 (4.293) Prec@1 49.22 (51.92) Prec@5 71.88 (75.49) - train[2018-10-11-17:39:36] Epoch: [017][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.536 (4.293) Prec@1 48.44 (51.91) Prec@5 70.31 (75.50) - train[2018-10-11-17:41:20] Epoch: [017][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.639 (4.295) Prec@1 41.41 (51.88) Prec@5 69.53 (75.47) - train[2018-10-11-17:43:05] Epoch: [017][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.175 (4.295) Prec@1 56.25 (51.87) Prec@5 78.12 (75.46) - train[2018-10-11-17:44:49] Epoch: [017][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.918 (4.296) Prec@1 57.03 (51.86) Prec@5 80.47 (75.45) - train[2018-10-11-17:46:33] Epoch: [017][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.285 (4.296) Prec@1 49.22 (51.86) Prec@5 75.78 (75.44) - train[2018-10-11-17:48:18] Epoch: [017][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.575 (4.297) Prec@1 45.31 (51.85) Prec@5 70.31 (75.43) - train[2018-10-11-17:50:02] Epoch: [017][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.416 (4.297) Prec@1 50.78 (51.85) Prec@5 71.88 (75.43) - train[2018-10-11-17:51:46] Epoch: [017][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (4.296) Prec@1 53.12 (51.86) Prec@5 75.78 (75.44) - train[2018-10-11-17:53:30] Epoch: [017][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.347 (4.297) Prec@1 51.56 (51.84) Prec@5 75.00 (75.43) - train[2018-10-11-17:55:14] Epoch: [017][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.199 (4.298) Prec@1 54.69 (51.83) Prec@5 76.56 (75.41) - train[2018-10-11-17:56:58] Epoch: [017][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.296 (4.298) Prec@1 50.00 (51.83) Prec@5 75.78 (75.40) - train[2018-10-11-17:58:42] Epoch: [017][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.518 (4.298) Prec@1 50.00 (51.83) Prec@5 70.31 (75.39) - train[2018-10-11-18:00:26] Epoch: [017][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.205 (4.299) Prec@1 56.25 (51.81) Prec@5 74.22 (75.38) - train[2018-10-11-18:02:10] Epoch: [017][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.171 (4.299) Prec@1 53.12 (51.81) Prec@5 77.34 (75.37) - train[2018-10-11-18:03:54] Epoch: [017][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.277 (4.300) Prec@1 54.69 (51.80) Prec@5 75.00 (75.36) - train[2018-10-11-18:05:38] Epoch: [017][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.899 (4.300) Prec@1 39.06 (51.79) Prec@5 69.53 (75.36) - train[2018-10-11-18:07:22] Epoch: [017][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.551 (4.300) Prec@1 47.66 (51.79) Prec@5 71.88 (75.35) - train[2018-10-11-18:09:06] Epoch: [017][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.007 (4.300) Prec@1 52.34 (51.79) Prec@5 81.25 (75.34) - train[2018-10-11-18:10:51] Epoch: [017][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.101 (4.301) Prec@1 52.34 (51.77) Prec@5 80.47 (75.33) - train[2018-10-11-18:10:55] Epoch: [017][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.926 (4.301) Prec@1 73.33 (51.77) Prec@5 80.00 (75.33) -[2018-10-11-18:10:55] **train** Prec@1 51.77 Prec@5 75.33 Error@1 48.23 Error@5 24.67 Loss:4.301 - test [2018-10-11-18:10:59] Epoch: [017][000/391] Time 3.43 (3.43) Data 3.28 (3.28) Loss 1.115 (1.115) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-11-18:11:27] Epoch: [017][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.171 (1.660) Prec@1 51.56 (61.45) Prec@5 78.91 (85.21) - test [2018-10-11-18:11:52] Epoch: [017][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.224 (1.882) Prec@1 26.25 (57.53) Prec@5 65.00 (81.41) -[2018-10-11-18:11:52] **test** Prec@1 57.53 Prec@5 81.41 Error@1 42.47 Error@5 18.59 Loss:1.882 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=57.53, Acc@5=81.41, Error@1=42.47, Error@5=18.59 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-18:11:52] [Epoch=018/250] [Need: 340:02:36] LR=0.0578 ~ 0.0578, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-18:11:57] Epoch: [018][000/10010] Time 4.71 (4.71) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 4.555 (4.555) Prec@1 48.44 (48.44) Prec@5 71.09 (71.09) - train[2018-10-11-18:13:40] Epoch: [018][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.245 (4.253) Prec@1 50.00 (52.24) Prec@5 75.78 (76.11) - train[2018-10-11-18:15:24] Epoch: [018][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.227 (4.240) Prec@1 57.03 (52.60) Prec@5 78.12 (76.21) - train[2018-10-11-18:17:07] Epoch: [018][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.102 (4.236) Prec@1 57.81 (52.83) Prec@5 78.91 (76.24) - train[2018-10-11-18:18:51] Epoch: [018][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.626 (4.240) Prec@1 47.66 (52.74) Prec@5 67.19 (76.12) - train[2018-10-11-18:20:35] Epoch: [018][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.049 (4.244) Prec@1 54.69 (52.74) Prec@5 77.34 (76.07) - train[2018-10-11-18:22:18] Epoch: [018][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.246) Prec@1 52.34 (52.71) Prec@5 77.34 (76.08) - train[2018-10-11-18:24:02] Epoch: [018][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.494 (4.249) Prec@1 50.78 (52.66) Prec@5 71.09 (75.99) - train[2018-10-11-18:25:47] Epoch: [018][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.474 (4.250) Prec@1 53.91 (52.63) Prec@5 71.09 (76.00) - train[2018-10-11-18:27:30] Epoch: [018][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (4.250) Prec@1 48.44 (52.65) Prec@5 74.22 (75.99) - train[2018-10-11-18:29:14] Epoch: [018][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.590 (4.251) Prec@1 48.44 (52.61) Prec@5 68.75 (75.95) - train[2018-10-11-18:30:57] Epoch: [018][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.606 (4.252) Prec@1 43.75 (52.58) Prec@5 67.19 (75.93) - train[2018-10-11-18:32:42] Epoch: [018][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.582 (4.253) Prec@1 52.34 (52.55) Prec@5 71.88 (75.92) - train[2018-10-11-18:34:26] Epoch: [018][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.051 (4.255) Prec@1 53.12 (52.51) Prec@5 80.47 (75.89) - train[2018-10-11-18:36:10] Epoch: [018][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.347 (4.256) Prec@1 51.56 (52.51) Prec@5 72.66 (75.86) - train[2018-10-11-18:37:53] Epoch: [018][3000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.168 (4.256) Prec@1 50.78 (52.53) Prec@5 75.78 (75.86) - train[2018-10-11-18:39:37] Epoch: [018][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.253 (4.258) Prec@1 58.59 (52.49) Prec@5 76.56 (75.86) - train[2018-10-11-18:41:21] Epoch: [018][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.694 (4.260) Prec@1 42.97 (52.44) Prec@5 67.19 (75.84) - train[2018-10-11-18:43:05] Epoch: [018][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.354 (4.262) Prec@1 51.56 (52.43) Prec@5 76.56 (75.81) - train[2018-10-11-18:44:48] Epoch: [018][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.379 (4.263) Prec@1 49.22 (52.43) Prec@5 75.00 (75.80) - train[2018-10-11-18:46:32] Epoch: [018][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.502 (4.264) Prec@1 48.44 (52.41) Prec@5 70.31 (75.79) - train[2018-10-11-18:48:17] Epoch: [018][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.556 (4.265) Prec@1 42.97 (52.39) Prec@5 74.22 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-18:50:01] Epoch: [018][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.343 (4.265) Prec@1 50.00 (52.38) Prec@5 78.91 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-18:51:45] Epoch: [018][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (4.266) Prec@1 57.03 (52.37) Prec@5 80.47 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-18:53:29] Epoch: [018][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.466 (4.267) Prec@1 50.00 (52.35) Prec@5 71.88 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-18:55:12] Epoch: [018][5000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.291 (4.268) Prec@1 54.69 (52.33) Prec@5 72.66 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-18:56:57] Epoch: [018][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.863 (4.267) Prec@1 60.94 (52.35) Prec@5 77.34 (75.79) - train[2018-10-11-18:58:41] Epoch: [018][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.273 (4.267) Prec@1 49.22 (52.37) Prec@5 71.88 (75.79) - train[2018-10-11-19:00:26] Epoch: [018][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.540 (4.267) Prec@1 47.66 (52.37) Prec@5 71.09 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-19:02:09] Epoch: [018][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.954 (4.268) Prec@1 54.69 (52.36) Prec@5 78.12 (75.78) - train[2018-10-11-19:03:53] Epoch: [018][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.077 (4.268) Prec@1 57.81 (52.35) Prec@5 78.12 (75.77) - train[2018-10-11-19:05:37] Epoch: [018][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.360 (4.269) Prec@1 50.78 (52.32) Prec@5 82.03 (75.76) - train[2018-10-11-19:07:21] Epoch: [018][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.211 (4.269) Prec@1 56.25 (52.31) Prec@5 75.00 (75.75) - train[2018-10-11-19:09:05] Epoch: [018][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.014 (4.269) Prec@1 51.56 (52.30) Prec@5 82.03 (75.75) - train[2018-10-11-19:10:49] Epoch: [018][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.906 (4.269) Prec@1 56.25 (52.31) Prec@5 79.69 (75.75) - train[2018-10-11-19:12:33] Epoch: [018][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.262 (4.270) Prec@1 50.78 (52.30) Prec@5 80.47 (75.74) - train[2018-10-11-19:14:17] Epoch: [018][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.319 (4.271) Prec@1 51.56 (52.29) Prec@5 73.44 (75.72) - train[2018-10-11-19:16:01] Epoch: [018][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.655 (4.272) Prec@1 47.66 (52.27) Prec@5 67.97 (75.71) - train[2018-10-11-19:17:45] Epoch: [018][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.336 (4.272) Prec@1 50.00 (52.26) Prec@5 74.22 (75.70) - train[2018-10-11-19:19:28] Epoch: [018][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.327 (4.272) Prec@1 49.22 (52.27) Prec@5 75.78 (75.70) - train[2018-10-11-19:21:13] Epoch: [018][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (4.272) Prec@1 50.00 (52.27) Prec@5 77.34 (75.70) - train[2018-10-11-19:22:56] Epoch: [018][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.131 (4.273) Prec@1 54.69 (52.26) Prec@5 78.91 (75.70) - train[2018-10-11-19:24:41] Epoch: [018][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.874 (4.273) Prec@1 43.75 (52.25) Prec@5 67.97 (75.70) - train[2018-10-11-19:26:25] Epoch: [018][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.543 (4.273) Prec@1 50.00 (52.24) Prec@5 70.31 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:28:09] Epoch: [018][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.396 (4.274) Prec@1 48.44 (52.23) Prec@5 73.44 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:29:53] Epoch: [018][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.331 (4.274) Prec@1 52.34 (52.22) Prec@5 75.00 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:31:37] Epoch: [018][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.332 (4.274) Prec@1 50.00 (52.22) Prec@5 71.88 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:33:21] Epoch: [018][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.190 (4.274) Prec@1 48.44 (52.22) Prec@5 75.78 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:35:04] Epoch: [018][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.377 (4.274) Prec@1 44.53 (52.22) Prec@5 81.25 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:36:47] Epoch: [018][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.022 (4.274) Prec@1 55.47 (52.21) Prec@5 77.34 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:38:31] Epoch: [018][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.980 (4.274) Prec@1 55.47 (52.21) Prec@5 82.03 (75.69) - train[2018-10-11-19:38:35] Epoch: [018][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.753 (4.274) Prec@1 60.00 (52.21) Prec@5 80.00 (75.69) -[2018-10-11-19:38:35] **train** Prec@1 52.21 Prec@5 75.69 Error@1 47.79 Error@5 24.31 Loss:4.274 - test [2018-10-11-19:38:39] Epoch: [018][000/391] Time 3.86 (3.86) Data 3.73 (3.73) Loss 0.994 (0.994) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-11-19:39:07] Epoch: [018][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.748 (1.656) Prec@1 39.06 (61.66) Prec@5 66.41 (85.41) - test [2018-10-11-19:39:32] Epoch: [018][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.974 (1.878) Prec@1 31.25 (57.77) Prec@5 66.25 (81.49) -[2018-10-11-19:39:32] **test** Prec@1 57.77 Prec@5 81.49 Error@1 42.23 Error@5 18.51 Loss:1.878 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=57.77, Acc@5=81.49, Error@1=42.23, Error@5=18.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-19:39:33] [Epoch=019/250] [Need: 337:34:10] LR=0.0561 ~ 0.0561, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-19:39:37] Epoch: [019][000/10010] Time 4.37 (4.37) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 3.978 (3.978) Prec@1 52.34 (52.34) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-11-19:41:22] Epoch: [019][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.956 (4.243) Prec@1 53.12 (52.69) Prec@5 80.47 (76.23) - train[2018-10-11-19:43:05] Epoch: [019][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.397 (4.230) Prec@1 54.69 (53.02) Prec@5 72.66 (76.45) - train[2018-10-11-19:44:48] Epoch: [019][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.070 (4.231) Prec@1 54.69 (52.98) Prec@5 79.69 (76.44) - train[2018-10-11-19:46:33] Epoch: [019][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.298 (4.226) Prec@1 52.34 (53.06) Prec@5 72.66 (76.46) - train[2018-10-11-19:48:17] Epoch: [019][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.722 (4.224) Prec@1 42.97 (53.09) Prec@5 67.19 (76.39) - train[2018-10-11-19:50:01] Epoch: [019][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.263 (4.224) Prec@1 49.22 (53.15) Prec@5 81.25 (76.38) - train[2018-10-11-19:51:44] Epoch: [019][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.459 (4.225) Prec@1 48.44 (53.09) Prec@5 76.56 (76.34) - train[2018-10-11-19:53:27] Epoch: [019][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.146 (4.225) Prec@1 52.34 (53.07) Prec@5 80.47 (76.34) - train[2018-10-11-19:55:11] Epoch: [019][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.083 (4.226) Prec@1 52.34 (53.06) Prec@5 77.34 (76.33) - train[2018-10-11-19:56:55] Epoch: [019][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (4.226) Prec@1 56.25 (53.00) Prec@5 82.03 (76.32) - train[2018-10-11-19:58:39] Epoch: [019][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.469 (4.227) Prec@1 51.56 (52.98) Prec@5 71.09 (76.33) - train[2018-10-11-20:00:23] Epoch: [019][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.307 (4.228) Prec@1 50.00 (52.96) Prec@5 79.69 (76.32) - train[2018-10-11-20:02:07] Epoch: [019][2600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.273 (4.228) Prec@1 50.00 (52.98) Prec@5 75.78 (76.34) - train[2018-10-11-20:03:52] Epoch: [019][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.884 (4.227) Prec@1 57.81 (52.97) Prec@5 78.91 (76.35) - train[2018-10-11-20:05:36] Epoch: [019][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.232 (4.228) Prec@1 44.53 (52.95) Prec@5 79.69 (76.34) - train[2018-10-11-20:07:20] Epoch: [019][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.471 (4.229) Prec@1 48.44 (52.91) Prec@5 71.09 (76.33) - train[2018-10-11-20:09:04] Epoch: [019][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (4.230) Prec@1 55.47 (52.91) Prec@5 74.22 (76.32) - train[2018-10-11-20:10:48] Epoch: [019][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.931 (4.231) Prec@1 57.81 (52.87) Prec@5 81.25 (76.31) - train[2018-10-11-20:12:32] Epoch: [019][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.458 (4.233) Prec@1 50.78 (52.84) Prec@5 70.31 (76.28) - train[2018-10-11-20:14:16] Epoch: [019][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.633 (4.232) Prec@1 47.66 (52.87) Prec@5 74.22 (76.28) - train[2018-10-11-20:15:59] Epoch: [019][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.478 (4.234) Prec@1 47.66 (52.83) Prec@5 72.66 (76.26) - train[2018-10-11-20:17:43] Epoch: [019][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.315 (4.235) Prec@1 53.12 (52.80) Prec@5 72.66 (76.24) - train[2018-10-11-20:19:27] Epoch: [019][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (4.234) Prec@1 46.88 (52.83) Prec@5 78.91 (76.27) - train[2018-10-11-20:21:11] Epoch: [019][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.351 (4.233) Prec@1 50.78 (52.83) Prec@5 72.66 (76.27) - train[2018-10-11-20:22:55] Epoch: [019][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.719 (4.234) Prec@1 46.09 (52.82) Prec@5 67.97 (76.27) - train[2018-10-11-20:24:39] Epoch: [019][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.457 (4.234) Prec@1 46.88 (52.81) Prec@5 71.09 (76.25) - train[2018-10-11-20:26:22] Epoch: [019][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.478 (4.235) Prec@1 49.22 (52.80) Prec@5 71.88 (76.24) - train[2018-10-11-20:28:06] Epoch: [019][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.400 (4.236) Prec@1 52.34 (52.78) Prec@5 74.22 (76.23) - train[2018-10-11-20:29:50] Epoch: [019][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.313 (4.236) Prec@1 54.69 (52.79) Prec@5 72.66 (76.22) - train[2018-10-11-20:31:33] Epoch: [019][6000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.049 (4.236) Prec@1 54.69 (52.79) Prec@5 78.91 (76.21) - train[2018-10-11-20:33:17] Epoch: [019][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.288 (4.237) Prec@1 52.34 (52.77) Prec@5 80.47 (76.20) - train[2018-10-11-20:35:00] Epoch: [019][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.559 (4.238) Prec@1 49.22 (52.77) Prec@5 67.19 (76.19) - train[2018-10-11-20:36:44] Epoch: [019][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.939 (4.238) Prec@1 60.16 (52.77) Prec@5 80.47 (76.19) - train[2018-10-11-20:38:28] Epoch: [019][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.132 (4.239) Prec@1 57.03 (52.76) Prec@5 74.22 (76.17) - train[2018-10-11-20:40:13] Epoch: [019][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.356 (4.240) Prec@1 50.78 (52.74) Prec@5 73.44 (76.15) - train[2018-10-11-20:41:57] Epoch: [019][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.181 (4.240) Prec@1 58.59 (52.74) Prec@5 75.78 (76.16) - train[2018-10-11-20:43:41] Epoch: [019][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.409 (4.241) Prec@1 46.09 (52.73) Prec@5 71.88 (76.14) - train[2018-10-11-20:45:25] Epoch: [019][7600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.580 (4.241) Prec@1 51.56 (52.72) Prec@5 71.88 (76.13) - train[2018-10-11-20:47:09] Epoch: [019][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.215 (4.242) Prec@1 54.69 (52.71) Prec@5 78.12 (76.12) - train[2018-10-11-20:48:53] Epoch: [019][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.559 (4.242) Prec@1 50.00 (52.71) Prec@5 71.09 (76.11) - train[2018-10-11-20:50:36] Epoch: [019][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.268 (4.243) Prec@1 53.12 (52.70) Prec@5 75.00 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-20:52:20] Epoch: [019][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.061 (4.243) Prec@1 57.81 (52.70) Prec@5 75.78 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-20:54:03] Epoch: [019][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.199 (4.243) Prec@1 50.00 (52.69) Prec@5 78.12 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-20:55:47] Epoch: [019][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.137 (4.243) Prec@1 51.56 (52.69) Prec@5 76.56 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-20:57:30] Epoch: [019][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.314 (4.243) Prec@1 48.44 (52.69) Prec@5 70.31 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-20:59:14] Epoch: [019][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.720 (4.243) Prec@1 45.31 (52.69) Prec@5 68.75 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-21:00:57] Epoch: [019][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.413 (4.244) Prec@1 46.88 (52.68) Prec@5 70.31 (76.09) - train[2018-10-11-21:02:41] Epoch: [019][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.099 (4.244) Prec@1 53.91 (52.68) Prec@5 74.22 (76.10) - train[2018-10-11-21:04:24] Epoch: [019][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.571 (4.244) Prec@1 46.09 (52.66) Prec@5 71.09 (76.09) - train[2018-10-11-21:06:08] Epoch: [019][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.245) Prec@1 54.69 (52.65) Prec@5 71.88 (76.09) - train[2018-10-11-21:06:12] Epoch: [019][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.988 (4.245) Prec@1 66.67 (52.65) Prec@5 86.67 (76.09) -[2018-10-11-21:06:13] **train** Prec@1 52.65 Prec@5 76.09 Error@1 47.35 Error@5 23.91 Loss:4.245 - test [2018-10-11-21:06:16] Epoch: [019][000/391] Time 3.91 (3.91) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 1.127 (1.127) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-11-21:06:44] Epoch: [019][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.984 (1.665) Prec@1 29.69 (61.23) Prec@5 59.38 (85.15) - test [2018-10-11-21:07:10] Epoch: [019][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.835 (1.890) Prec@1 30.00 (57.51) Prec@5 71.25 (81.50) -[2018-10-11-21:07:10] **test** Prec@1 57.51 Prec@5 81.50 Error@1 42.49 Error@5 18.50 Loss:1.890 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=57.77, Acc@5=81.49, Error@1=42.23, Error@5=18.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-21:07:10] [Epoch=020/250] [Need: 335:52:52] LR=0.0544 ~ 0.0544, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-21:07:15] Epoch: [020][000/10010] Time 4.95 (4.95) Data 4.35 (4.35) Loss 4.011 (4.011) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 76.56 (76.56) - train[2018-10-11-21:08:59] Epoch: [020][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.332 (4.211) Prec@1 50.00 (53.20) Prec@5 75.78 (76.78) - train[2018-10-11-21:10:43] Epoch: [020][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.217 (4.202) Prec@1 57.03 (53.37) Prec@5 78.12 (76.77) - train[2018-10-11-21:12:26] Epoch: [020][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.400 (4.195) Prec@1 48.44 (53.40) Prec@5 75.78 (76.83) - train[2018-10-11-21:14:10] Epoch: [020][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.865 (4.196) Prec@1 61.72 (53.55) Prec@5 80.47 (76.79) - train[2018-10-11-21:15:53] Epoch: [020][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.287 (4.196) Prec@1 53.91 (53.54) Prec@5 75.00 (76.73) - train[2018-10-11-21:17:37] Epoch: [020][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.275 (4.196) Prec@1 47.66 (53.48) Prec@5 78.12 (76.71) - train[2018-10-11-21:19:20] Epoch: [020][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.164 (4.193) Prec@1 55.47 (53.54) Prec@5 77.34 (76.78) - train[2018-10-11-21:21:04] Epoch: [020][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.171 (4.194) Prec@1 50.00 (53.55) Prec@5 75.78 (76.77) - train[2018-10-11-21:22:48] Epoch: [020][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.152 (4.196) Prec@1 56.25 (53.53) Prec@5 74.22 (76.75) - train[2018-10-11-21:24:32] Epoch: [020][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.084 (4.198) Prec@1 62.50 (53.49) Prec@5 77.34 (76.73) - train[2018-10-11-21:26:15] Epoch: [020][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.526 (4.199) Prec@1 48.44 (53.49) Prec@5 69.53 (76.71) - train[2018-10-11-21:27:59] Epoch: [020][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.882 (4.200) Prec@1 57.81 (53.46) Prec@5 79.69 (76.68) - train[2018-10-11-21:29:42] Epoch: [020][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.380 (4.202) Prec@1 53.91 (53.42) Prec@5 76.56 (76.66) - train[2018-10-11-21:31:26] Epoch: [020][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.195 (4.199) Prec@1 57.03 (53.45) Prec@5 78.91 (76.71) - train[2018-10-11-21:33:09] Epoch: [020][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.563 (4.199) Prec@1 51.56 (53.46) Prec@5 71.09 (76.68) - train[2018-10-11-21:34:53] Epoch: [020][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.340 (4.201) Prec@1 50.00 (53.41) Prec@5 78.12 (76.66) - train[2018-10-11-21:36:36] Epoch: [020][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.121 (4.204) Prec@1 52.34 (53.35) Prec@5 76.56 (76.61) - train[2018-10-11-21:38:20] Epoch: [020][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.930 (4.203) Prec@1 53.91 (53.37) Prec@5 78.91 (76.61) - train[2018-10-11-21:40:04] Epoch: [020][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.843 (4.204) Prec@1 57.81 (53.34) Prec@5 81.25 (76.60) - train[2018-10-11-21:41:48] Epoch: [020][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.703 (4.205) Prec@1 64.06 (53.32) Prec@5 81.25 (76.60) - train[2018-10-11-21:43:32] Epoch: [020][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.481 (4.206) Prec@1 49.22 (53.31) Prec@5 70.31 (76.59) - train[2018-10-11-21:45:15] Epoch: [020][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.208) Prec@1 57.81 (53.27) Prec@5 75.00 (76.57) - train[2018-10-11-21:46:59] Epoch: [020][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.809 (4.208) Prec@1 57.03 (53.27) Prec@5 79.69 (76.56) - train[2018-10-11-21:48:43] Epoch: [020][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.023 (4.210) Prec@1 50.78 (53.23) Prec@5 76.56 (76.53) - train[2018-10-11-21:50:27] Epoch: [020][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.240 (4.210) Prec@1 52.34 (53.23) Prec@5 74.22 (76.53) - train[2018-10-11-21:52:12] Epoch: [020][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (4.211) Prec@1 56.25 (53.20) Prec@5 79.69 (76.53) - train[2018-10-11-21:53:56] Epoch: [020][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.074 (4.211) Prec@1 57.81 (53.19) Prec@5 77.34 (76.53) - train[2018-10-11-21:55:40] Epoch: [020][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.125 (4.211) Prec@1 56.25 (53.21) Prec@5 76.56 (76.53) - train[2018-10-11-21:57:23] Epoch: [020][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (4.211) Prec@1 53.91 (53.21) Prec@5 81.25 (76.52) - train[2018-10-11-21:59:07] Epoch: [020][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.324 (4.213) Prec@1 51.56 (53.18) Prec@5 73.44 (76.50) - train[2018-10-11-22:00:51] Epoch: [020][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.254 (4.213) Prec@1 50.78 (53.18) Prec@5 74.22 (76.50) - train[2018-10-11-22:02:35] Epoch: [020][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.264 (4.213) Prec@1 51.56 (53.18) Prec@5 78.91 (76.50) - train[2018-10-11-22:04:18] Epoch: [020][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.701 (4.214) Prec@1 46.09 (53.16) Prec@5 71.88 (76.49) - train[2018-10-11-22:06:01] Epoch: [020][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.145 (4.214) Prec@1 54.69 (53.16) Prec@5 77.34 (76.49) - train[2018-10-11-22:07:45] Epoch: [020][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.996 (4.214) Prec@1 57.03 (53.16) Prec@5 76.56 (76.49) - train[2018-10-11-22:09:28] Epoch: [020][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.292 (4.214) Prec@1 55.47 (53.15) Prec@5 75.78 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:11:12] Epoch: [020][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.033 (4.215) Prec@1 57.03 (53.13) Prec@5 76.56 (76.47) - train[2018-10-11-22:12:56] Epoch: [020][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.940 (4.215) Prec@1 61.72 (53.13) Prec@5 79.69 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:14:39] Epoch: [020][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.076 (4.215) Prec@1 53.91 (53.13) Prec@5 78.91 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:16:23] Epoch: [020][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.055 (4.215) Prec@1 58.59 (53.13) Prec@5 81.25 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:18:07] Epoch: [020][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.518 (4.215) Prec@1 47.66 (53.12) Prec@5 72.66 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:19:51] Epoch: [020][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.070 (4.215) Prec@1 53.91 (53.12) Prec@5 73.44 (76.48) - train[2018-10-11-22:21:35] Epoch: [020][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.328 (4.216) Prec@1 52.34 (53.12) Prec@5 75.00 (76.47) - train[2018-10-11-22:23:19] Epoch: [020][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.035 (4.216) Prec@1 55.47 (53.11) Prec@5 75.00 (76.47) - train[2018-10-11-22:25:02] Epoch: [020][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.820 (4.216) Prec@1 58.59 (53.11) Prec@5 82.03 (76.47) - train[2018-10-11-22:26:46] Epoch: [020][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.237 (4.216) Prec@1 56.25 (53.10) Prec@5 79.69 (76.46) - train[2018-10-11-22:28:30] Epoch: [020][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.125 (4.217) Prec@1 53.12 (53.09) Prec@5 75.78 (76.45) - train[2018-10-11-22:30:13] Epoch: [020][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.275 (4.218) Prec@1 46.09 (53.08) Prec@5 75.00 (76.43) - train[2018-10-11-22:31:57] Epoch: [020][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.336 (4.218) Prec@1 50.78 (53.08) Prec@5 71.88 (76.43) - train[2018-10-11-22:33:41] Epoch: [020][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.456 (4.219) Prec@1 47.66 (53.07) Prec@5 70.31 (76.42) - train[2018-10-11-22:33:45] Epoch: [020][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.641 (4.219) Prec@1 66.67 (53.06) Prec@5 73.33 (76.42) -[2018-10-11-22:33:45] **train** Prec@1 53.06 Prec@5 76.42 Error@1 46.94 Error@5 23.58 Loss:4.219 - test [2018-10-11-22:33:49] Epoch: [020][000/391] Time 4.07 (4.07) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 1.331 (1.331) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - test [2018-10-11-22:34:17] Epoch: [020][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.943 (1.616) Prec@1 45.31 (62.10) Prec@5 82.81 (85.64) - test [2018-10-11-22:34:42] Epoch: [020][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.823 (1.842) Prec@1 30.00 (58.13) Prec@5 68.75 (81.92) -[2018-10-11-22:34:42] **test** Prec@1 58.13 Prec@5 81.92 Error@1 41.87 Error@5 18.08 Loss:1.842 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=58.13, Acc@5=81.92, Error@1=41.87, Error@5=18.08 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-11-22:34:42] [Epoch=021/250] [Need: 334:05:25] LR=0.0527 ~ 0.0527, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-11-22:34:46] Epoch: [021][000/10010] Time 4.04 (4.04) Data 3.38 (3.38) Loss 4.161 (4.161) Prec@1 53.91 (53.91) Prec@5 78.91 (78.91) - train[2018-10-11-22:36:31] Epoch: [021][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.315 (4.155) Prec@1 51.56 (54.05) Prec@5 75.00 (77.13) - train[2018-10-11-22:38:15] Epoch: [021][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.989 (4.166) Prec@1 60.94 (53.67) Prec@5 79.69 (77.04) - train[2018-10-11-22:39:59] Epoch: [021][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.370 (4.169) Prec@1 52.34 (53.73) Prec@5 71.09 (77.04) - train[2018-10-11-22:41:44] Epoch: [021][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.079 (4.168) Prec@1 50.78 (53.80) Prec@5 81.25 (77.10) - train[2018-10-11-22:43:27] Epoch: [021][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.160 (4.167) Prec@1 53.12 (53.78) Prec@5 75.78 (77.14) - train[2018-10-11-22:45:12] Epoch: [021][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.445 (4.170) Prec@1 50.78 (53.75) Prec@5 72.66 (77.13) - train[2018-10-11-22:46:56] Epoch: [021][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.386 (4.171) Prec@1 46.88 (53.76) Prec@5 72.66 (77.10) - train[2018-10-11-22:48:40] Epoch: [021][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.390 (4.174) Prec@1 49.22 (53.74) Prec@5 74.22 (77.04) - train[2018-10-11-22:50:23] Epoch: [021][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.727 (4.176) Prec@1 63.28 (53.72) Prec@5 81.25 (77.02) - train[2018-10-11-22:52:07] Epoch: [021][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.995 (4.178) Prec@1 57.81 (53.68) Prec@5 78.12 (76.97) - train[2018-10-11-22:53:51] Epoch: [021][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.327 (4.180) Prec@1 52.34 (53.67) Prec@5 74.22 (76.96) - train[2018-10-11-22:55:34] Epoch: [021][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.208 (4.177) Prec@1 53.91 (53.70) Prec@5 75.00 (76.99) - train[2018-10-11-22:57:18] Epoch: [021][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.137 (4.176) Prec@1 52.34 (53.71) Prec@5 81.25 (77.00) - train[2018-10-11-22:59:02] Epoch: [021][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.647 (4.175) Prec@1 51.56 (53.72) Prec@5 74.22 (77.00) - train[2018-10-11-23:00:46] Epoch: [021][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.510 (4.176) Prec@1 53.12 (53.70) Prec@5 75.78 (76.99) - train[2018-10-11-23:02:30] Epoch: [021][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.015 (4.178) Prec@1 57.81 (53.66) Prec@5 78.12 (76.98) - train[2018-10-11-23:04:14] Epoch: [021][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.808 (4.179) Prec@1 60.16 (53.65) Prec@5 79.69 (76.97) - train[2018-10-11-23:05:57] Epoch: [021][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.025 (4.180) Prec@1 57.81 (53.65) Prec@5 80.47 (76.95) - train[2018-10-11-23:07:42] Epoch: [021][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.679 (4.181) Prec@1 62.50 (53.64) Prec@5 84.38 (76.94) - train[2018-10-11-23:09:25] Epoch: [021][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.830 (4.181) Prec@1 59.38 (53.64) Prec@5 81.25 (76.93) - train[2018-10-11-23:11:08] Epoch: [021][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.294 (4.180) Prec@1 53.12 (53.66) Prec@5 77.34 (76.93) - train[2018-10-11-23:12:52] Epoch: [021][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.295 (4.181) Prec@1 53.12 (53.65) Prec@5 71.88 (76.92) - train[2018-10-11-23:14:35] Epoch: [021][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.159 (4.181) Prec@1 53.12 (53.64) Prec@5 80.47 (76.93) - train[2018-10-11-23:16:19] Epoch: [021][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.230 (4.181) Prec@1 48.44 (53.64) Prec@5 78.91 (76.92) - train[2018-10-11-23:18:02] Epoch: [021][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.287 (4.181) Prec@1 52.34 (53.64) Prec@5 75.00 (76.92) - train[2018-10-11-23:19:46] Epoch: [021][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.227 (4.181) Prec@1 56.25 (53.64) Prec@5 75.78 (76.93) - train[2018-10-11-23:21:29] Epoch: [021][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.455 (4.181) Prec@1 44.53 (53.64) Prec@5 72.66 (76.93) - train[2018-10-11-23:23:12] Epoch: [021][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.058 (4.181) Prec@1 58.59 (53.63) Prec@5 78.12 (76.92) - train[2018-10-11-23:24:55] Epoch: [021][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.228 (4.181) Prec@1 50.00 (53.65) Prec@5 75.78 (76.91) - train[2018-10-11-23:26:39] Epoch: [021][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.043 (4.182) Prec@1 54.69 (53.63) Prec@5 79.69 (76.89) - train[2018-10-11-23:28:22] Epoch: [021][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.393 (4.181) Prec@1 50.00 (53.61) Prec@5 69.53 (76.90) - train[2018-10-11-23:30:06] Epoch: [021][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.070 (4.181) Prec@1 58.59 (53.61) Prec@5 75.00 (76.89) - train[2018-10-11-23:31:50] Epoch: [021][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.216 (4.182) Prec@1 50.78 (53.61) Prec@5 77.34 (76.88) - train[2018-10-11-23:33:34] Epoch: [021][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.203 (4.183) Prec@1 53.91 (53.60) Prec@5 74.22 (76.87) - train[2018-10-11-23:35:17] Epoch: [021][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.332 (4.184) Prec@1 52.34 (53.58) Prec@5 75.78 (76.86) - train[2018-10-11-23:37:01] Epoch: [021][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.046 (4.184) Prec@1 55.47 (53.57) Prec@5 81.25 (76.85) - train[2018-10-11-23:38:45] Epoch: [021][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.409 (4.185) Prec@1 49.22 (53.56) Prec@5 76.56 (76.84) - train[2018-10-11-23:40:28] Epoch: [021][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.548 (4.185) Prec@1 44.53 (53.55) Prec@5 71.88 (76.83) - train[2018-10-11-23:42:12] Epoch: [021][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.385 (4.186) Prec@1 52.34 (53.54) Prec@5 72.66 (76.82) - train[2018-10-11-23:43:56] Epoch: [021][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.040 (4.186) Prec@1 51.56 (53.53) Prec@5 78.91 (76.81) - train[2018-10-11-23:45:39] Epoch: [021][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.172 (4.187) Prec@1 50.00 (53.52) Prec@5 75.00 (76.80) - train[2018-10-11-23:47:23] Epoch: [021][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (4.187) Prec@1 57.03 (53.52) Prec@5 78.91 (76.80) - train[2018-10-11-23:49:07] Epoch: [021][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.440 (4.187) Prec@1 53.12 (53.52) Prec@5 71.09 (76.79) - train[2018-10-11-23:50:50] Epoch: [021][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.015 (4.187) Prec@1 57.03 (53.52) Prec@5 81.25 (76.79) - train[2018-10-11-23:52:33] Epoch: [021][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.881 (4.187) Prec@1 57.03 (53.51) Prec@5 81.25 (76.79) - train[2018-10-11-23:54:18] Epoch: [021][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.192 (4.188) Prec@1 53.91 (53.51) Prec@5 78.91 (76.79) - train[2018-10-11-23:56:01] Epoch: [021][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.989 (4.188) Prec@1 60.94 (53.50) Prec@5 78.91 (76.78) - train[2018-10-11-23:57:45] Epoch: [021][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.545 (4.189) Prec@1 40.62 (53.49) Prec@5 75.78 (76.77) - train[2018-10-11-23:59:30] Epoch: [021][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (4.189) Prec@1 51.56 (53.49) Prec@5 79.69 (76.76) - train[2018-10-12-00:01:14] Epoch: [021][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.379 (4.190) Prec@1 50.00 (53.48) Prec@5 75.00 (76.75) - train[2018-10-12-00:01:18] Epoch: [021][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.073 (4.190) Prec@1 46.67 (53.48) Prec@5 66.67 (76.75) -[2018-10-12-00:01:18] **train** Prec@1 53.48 Prec@5 76.75 Error@1 46.52 Error@5 23.25 Loss:4.190 - test [2018-10-12-00:01:21] Epoch: [021][000/391] Time 3.37 (3.37) Data 3.22 (3.22) Loss 1.121 (1.121) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-12-00:01:49] Epoch: [021][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.330 (1.634) Prec@1 43.75 (62.36) Prec@5 75.78 (85.63) - test [2018-10-12-00:02:14] Epoch: [021][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.226 (1.838) Prec@1 26.25 (58.66) Prec@5 62.50 (82.16) -[2018-10-12-00:02:14] **test** Prec@1 58.66 Prec@5 82.16 Error@1 41.34 Error@5 17.84 Loss:1.838 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=58.66, Acc@5=82.16, Error@1=41.34, Error@5=17.84 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-00:02:15] [Epoch=022/250] [Need: 332:39:57] LR=0.0512 ~ 0.0512, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-00:02:19] Epoch: [022][000/10010] Time 4.35 (4.35) Data 3.69 (3.69) Loss 3.936 (3.936) Prec@1 53.12 (53.12) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-12-00:04:04] Epoch: [022][200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.162 (4.137) Prec@1 53.91 (54.52) Prec@5 76.56 (77.59) - train[2018-10-12-00:05:47] Epoch: [022][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.153 (4.145) Prec@1 54.69 (54.20) Prec@5 76.56 (77.41) - train[2018-10-12-00:07:31] Epoch: [022][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.251 (4.153) Prec@1 55.47 (54.13) Prec@5 77.34 (77.23) - train[2018-10-12-00:09:14] Epoch: [022][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.435 (4.145) Prec@1 44.53 (54.23) Prec@5 72.66 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-00:10:58] Epoch: [022][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.482 (4.149) Prec@1 48.44 (54.19) Prec@5 74.22 (77.24) - train[2018-10-12-00:12:42] Epoch: [022][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.108 (4.145) Prec@1 57.03 (54.25) Prec@5 75.00 (77.32) - train[2018-10-12-00:14:26] Epoch: [022][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.245 (4.144) Prec@1 52.34 (54.26) Prec@5 77.34 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-00:16:09] Epoch: [022][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.056 (4.147) Prec@1 56.25 (54.24) Prec@5 77.34 (77.30) - train[2018-10-12-00:17:53] Epoch: [022][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.352 (4.147) Prec@1 50.00 (54.23) Prec@5 71.88 (77.29) - train[2018-10-12-00:19:37] Epoch: [022][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.941 (4.149) Prec@1 57.81 (54.20) Prec@5 79.69 (77.27) - train[2018-10-12-00:21:21] Epoch: [022][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.390 (4.148) Prec@1 57.81 (54.22) Prec@5 74.22 (77.29) - train[2018-10-12-00:23:04] Epoch: [022][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.267 (4.145) Prec@1 54.69 (54.29) Prec@5 71.88 (77.32) - train[2018-10-12-00:24:48] Epoch: [022][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.157 (4.145) Prec@1 50.78 (54.27) Prec@5 77.34 (77.31) - train[2018-10-12-00:26:32] Epoch: [022][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.141 (4.147) Prec@1 55.47 (54.25) Prec@5 73.44 (77.29) - train[2018-10-12-00:28:16] Epoch: [022][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.289 (4.149) Prec@1 57.81 (54.22) Prec@5 73.44 (77.26) - train[2018-10-12-00:30:00] Epoch: [022][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.996 (4.150) Prec@1 59.38 (54.18) Prec@5 78.91 (77.24) - train[2018-10-12-00:31:44] Epoch: [022][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.106 (4.152) Prec@1 51.56 (54.16) Prec@5 78.91 (77.23) - train[2018-10-12-00:33:28] Epoch: [022][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.111 (4.151) Prec@1 50.78 (54.16) Prec@5 77.34 (77.24) - train[2018-10-12-00:35:12] Epoch: [022][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.136 (4.152) Prec@1 49.22 (54.13) Prec@5 76.56 (77.23) - train[2018-10-12-00:36:55] Epoch: [022][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.195 (4.152) Prec@1 54.69 (54.11) Prec@5 75.78 (77.24) - train[2018-10-12-00:38:39] Epoch: [022][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.458 (4.153) Prec@1 44.53 (54.09) Prec@5 78.12 (77.23) - train[2018-10-12-00:40:23] Epoch: [022][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.039 (4.154) Prec@1 51.56 (54.08) Prec@5 77.34 (77.21) - train[2018-10-12-00:42:06] Epoch: [022][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.285 (4.156) Prec@1 55.47 (54.05) Prec@5 77.34 (77.19) - train[2018-10-12-00:43:49] Epoch: [022][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.282 (4.157) Prec@1 49.22 (54.02) Prec@5 74.22 (77.19) - train[2018-10-12-00:45:34] Epoch: [022][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.271 (4.157) Prec@1 52.34 (54.01) Prec@5 79.69 (77.19) - train[2018-10-12-00:47:18] Epoch: [022][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.982 (4.156) Prec@1 54.69 (54.03) Prec@5 74.22 (77.19) - train[2018-10-12-00:49:02] Epoch: [022][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.311 (4.157) Prec@1 54.69 (54.00) Prec@5 71.88 (77.17) - train[2018-10-12-00:50:46] Epoch: [022][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.097 (4.159) Prec@1 49.22 (53.99) Prec@5 78.12 (77.15) - train[2018-10-12-00:52:29] Epoch: [022][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.189 (4.159) Prec@1 55.47 (53.98) Prec@5 80.47 (77.17) - train[2018-10-12-00:54:13] Epoch: [022][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.098 (4.159) Prec@1 52.34 (53.99) Prec@5 77.34 (77.16) - train[2018-10-12-00:55:57] Epoch: [022][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.228 (4.159) Prec@1 52.34 (53.98) Prec@5 76.56 (77.16) - train[2018-10-12-00:57:40] Epoch: [022][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (4.160) Prec@1 59.38 (53.95) Prec@5 81.25 (77.14) - train[2018-10-12-00:59:24] Epoch: [022][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.031 (4.161) Prec@1 56.25 (53.95) Prec@5 80.47 (77.13) - train[2018-10-12-01:01:07] Epoch: [022][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.899 (4.161) Prec@1 60.94 (53.94) Prec@5 78.91 (77.13) - train[2018-10-12-01:02:51] Epoch: [022][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.067 (4.162) Prec@1 53.12 (53.93) Prec@5 77.34 (77.11) - train[2018-10-12-01:04:35] Epoch: [022][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.442 (4.162) Prec@1 47.66 (53.91) Prec@5 75.00 (77.10) - train[2018-10-12-01:06:18] Epoch: [022][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.375 (4.163) Prec@1 51.56 (53.91) Prec@5 74.22 (77.10) - train[2018-10-12-01:08:03] Epoch: [022][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.490 (4.163) Prec@1 50.00 (53.91) Prec@5 72.66 (77.09) - train[2018-10-12-01:09:47] Epoch: [022][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.367 (4.163) Prec@1 49.22 (53.90) Prec@5 75.78 (77.09) - train[2018-10-12-01:11:30] Epoch: [022][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.060 (4.163) Prec@1 58.59 (53.90) Prec@5 77.34 (77.09) - train[2018-10-12-01:13:14] Epoch: [022][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.967 (4.163) Prec@1 58.59 (53.91) Prec@5 82.03 (77.09) - train[2018-10-12-01:14:58] Epoch: [022][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (4.163) Prec@1 58.59 (53.91) Prec@5 84.38 (77.09) - train[2018-10-12-01:16:42] Epoch: [022][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.309 (4.164) Prec@1 52.34 (53.91) Prec@5 75.00 (77.08) - train[2018-10-12-01:18:25] Epoch: [022][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.246 (4.165) Prec@1 51.56 (53.89) Prec@5 78.12 (77.07) - train[2018-10-12-01:20:09] Epoch: [022][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.197 (4.165) Prec@1 50.00 (53.89) Prec@5 80.47 (77.07) - train[2018-10-12-01:21:53] Epoch: [022][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.129 (4.165) Prec@1 50.00 (53.89) Prec@5 74.22 (77.07) - train[2018-10-12-01:23:37] Epoch: [022][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.171 (4.165) Prec@1 56.25 (53.89) Prec@5 75.00 (77.07) - train[2018-10-12-01:25:20] Epoch: [022][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.048 (4.166) Prec@1 58.59 (53.88) Prec@5 78.12 (77.05) - train[2018-10-12-01:27:04] Epoch: [022][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.095 (4.166) Prec@1 52.34 (53.88) Prec@5 76.56 (77.05) - train[2018-10-12-01:28:48] Epoch: [022][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.108 (4.166) Prec@1 58.59 (53.89) Prec@5 75.00 (77.05) - train[2018-10-12-01:28:52] Epoch: [022][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.732 (4.166) Prec@1 33.33 (53.89) Prec@5 53.33 (77.05) -[2018-10-12-01:28:52] **train** Prec@1 53.89 Prec@5 77.05 Error@1 46.11 Error@5 22.95 Loss:4.166 - test [2018-10-12-01:28:56] Epoch: [022][000/391] Time 4.46 (4.46) Data 4.32 (4.32) Loss 1.194 (1.194) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-12-01:29:24] Epoch: [022][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.511 (1.610) Prec@1 43.75 (63.05) Prec@5 67.19 (86.28) - test [2018-10-12-01:29:48] Epoch: [022][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.690 (1.804) Prec@1 33.75 (59.57) Prec@5 72.50 (82.93) -[2018-10-12-01:29:49] **test** Prec@1 59.57 Prec@5 82.93 Error@1 40.43 Error@5 17.07 Loss:1.804 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=59.57, Acc@5=82.93, Error@1=40.43, Error@5=17.07 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-01:29:49] [Epoch=023/250] [Need: 331:17:44] LR=0.0496 ~ 0.0496, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-01:29:54] Epoch: [023][000/10010] Time 5.26 (5.26) Data 4.69 (4.69) Loss 3.749 (3.749) Prec@1 61.72 (61.72) Prec@5 82.81 (82.81) - train[2018-10-12-01:31:38] Epoch: [023][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.936 (4.099) Prec@1 57.03 (54.78) Prec@5 82.03 (77.86) - train[2018-10-12-01:33:22] Epoch: [023][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.723 (4.105) Prec@1 42.19 (54.83) Prec@5 72.66 (77.82) - train[2018-10-12-01:35:05] Epoch: [023][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.401 (4.106) Prec@1 50.78 (54.82) Prec@5 71.88 (77.82) - train[2018-10-12-01:36:49] Epoch: [023][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.273 (4.108) Prec@1 51.56 (54.87) Prec@5 76.56 (77.80) - train[2018-10-12-01:38:33] Epoch: [023][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.315 (4.113) Prec@1 49.22 (54.76) Prec@5 77.34 (77.71) - train[2018-10-12-01:40:17] Epoch: [023][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.243 (4.114) Prec@1 52.34 (54.74) Prec@5 71.88 (77.70) - train[2018-10-12-01:42:01] Epoch: [023][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.017 (4.113) Prec@1 50.78 (54.75) Prec@5 78.12 (77.70) - train[2018-10-12-01:43:45] Epoch: [023][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.880 (4.116) Prec@1 58.59 (54.71) Prec@5 81.25 (77.66) - train[2018-10-12-01:45:28] Epoch: [023][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.193 (4.116) Prec@1 57.81 (54.73) Prec@5 78.91 (77.68) - train[2018-10-12-01:47:11] Epoch: [023][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.658 (4.116) Prec@1 62.50 (54.74) Prec@5 81.25 (77.69) - train[2018-10-12-01:48:55] Epoch: [023][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.147 (4.118) Prec@1 56.25 (54.67) Prec@5 78.91 (77.67) - train[2018-10-12-01:50:39] Epoch: [023][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.509 (4.120) Prec@1 51.56 (54.61) Prec@5 70.31 (77.65) - train[2018-10-12-01:52:23] Epoch: [023][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.900 (4.123) Prec@1 54.69 (54.54) Prec@5 81.25 (77.62) - train[2018-10-12-01:54:06] Epoch: [023][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.109 (4.124) Prec@1 52.34 (54.54) Prec@5 76.56 (77.62) - train[2018-10-12-01:55:50] Epoch: [023][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.150 (4.125) Prec@1 53.12 (54.50) Prec@5 75.78 (77.61) - train[2018-10-12-01:57:34] Epoch: [023][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.886 (4.126) Prec@1 56.25 (54.47) Prec@5 80.47 (77.58) - train[2018-10-12-01:59:17] Epoch: [023][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.106 (4.127) Prec@1 56.25 (54.45) Prec@5 76.56 (77.56) - train[2018-10-12-02:01:00] Epoch: [023][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.295 (4.129) Prec@1 48.44 (54.42) Prec@5 77.34 (77.54) - train[2018-10-12-02:02:44] Epoch: [023][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.225 (4.130) Prec@1 46.88 (54.41) Prec@5 75.78 (77.53) - train[2018-10-12-02:04:27] Epoch: [023][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.237 (4.130) Prec@1 55.47 (54.40) Prec@5 75.78 (77.51) - train[2018-10-12-02:06:11] Epoch: [023][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.998 (4.130) Prec@1 57.03 (54.39) Prec@5 80.47 (77.51) - train[2018-10-12-02:07:54] Epoch: [023][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (4.131) Prec@1 57.03 (54.37) Prec@5 79.69 (77.51) - train[2018-10-12-02:09:38] Epoch: [023][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (4.132) Prec@1 64.84 (54.37) Prec@5 82.03 (77.50) - train[2018-10-12-02:11:21] Epoch: [023][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.259 (4.132) Prec@1 50.78 (54.38) Prec@5 75.78 (77.50) - train[2018-10-12-02:13:05] Epoch: [023][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.068 (4.133) Prec@1 53.12 (54.38) Prec@5 79.69 (77.48) - train[2018-10-12-02:14:48] Epoch: [023][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.329 (4.133) Prec@1 52.34 (54.38) Prec@5 72.66 (77.48) - train[2018-10-12-02:16:32] Epoch: [023][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.516 (4.134) Prec@1 47.66 (54.37) Prec@5 73.44 (77.47) - train[2018-10-12-02:18:15] Epoch: [023][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.032 (4.134) Prec@1 54.69 (54.37) Prec@5 79.69 (77.47) - train[2018-10-12-02:19:58] Epoch: [023][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.234 (4.135) Prec@1 52.34 (54.36) Prec@5 76.56 (77.46) - train[2018-10-12-02:21:42] Epoch: [023][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.184 (4.135) Prec@1 51.56 (54.33) Prec@5 75.00 (77.45) - train[2018-10-12-02:23:26] Epoch: [023][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.169 (4.136) Prec@1 51.56 (54.32) Prec@5 76.56 (77.43) - train[2018-10-12-02:25:10] Epoch: [023][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.012 (4.137) Prec@1 57.03 (54.31) Prec@5 82.03 (77.43) - train[2018-10-12-02:26:55] Epoch: [023][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.255 (4.137) Prec@1 50.78 (54.31) Prec@5 77.34 (77.42) - train[2018-10-12-02:28:38] Epoch: [023][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.220 (4.137) Prec@1 51.56 (54.31) Prec@5 78.91 (77.41) - train[2018-10-12-02:30:22] Epoch: [023][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.791 (4.139) Prec@1 53.12 (54.29) Prec@5 85.16 (77.40) - train[2018-10-12-02:32:06] Epoch: [023][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.195 (4.139) Prec@1 55.47 (54.29) Prec@5 77.34 (77.40) - train[2018-10-12-02:33:50] Epoch: [023][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.789 (4.138) Prec@1 55.47 (54.29) Prec@5 85.16 (77.41) - train[2018-10-12-02:35:33] Epoch: [023][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.927 (4.138) Prec@1 53.91 (54.28) Prec@5 82.81 (77.41) - train[2018-10-12-02:37:16] Epoch: [023][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.056 (4.138) Prec@1 52.34 (54.28) Prec@5 78.91 (77.42) - train[2018-10-12-02:39:00] Epoch: [023][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.089 (4.139) Prec@1 55.47 (54.28) Prec@5 78.12 (77.41) - train[2018-10-12-02:40:44] Epoch: [023][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (4.140) Prec@1 60.94 (54.26) Prec@5 85.94 (77.39) - train[2018-10-12-02:42:28] Epoch: [023][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.175 (4.140) Prec@1 58.59 (54.26) Prec@5 75.78 (77.39) - train[2018-10-12-02:44:12] Epoch: [023][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.856 (4.140) Prec@1 57.03 (54.26) Prec@5 86.72 (77.39) - train[2018-10-12-02:45:55] Epoch: [023][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.119 (4.141) Prec@1 53.12 (54.25) Prec@5 73.44 (77.38) - train[2018-10-12-02:47:39] Epoch: [023][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.299 (4.141) Prec@1 50.00 (54.23) Prec@5 75.78 (77.37) - train[2018-10-12-02:49:22] Epoch: [023][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.106 (4.141) Prec@1 53.12 (54.23) Prec@5 77.34 (77.37) - train[2018-10-12-02:51:06] Epoch: [023][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.199 (4.142) Prec@1 53.91 (54.22) Prec@5 74.22 (77.36) - train[2018-10-12-02:52:49] Epoch: [023][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.141 (4.143) Prec@1 53.12 (54.20) Prec@5 75.78 (77.35) - train[2018-10-12-02:54:32] Epoch: [023][9800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.960 (4.143) Prec@1 57.81 (54.20) Prec@5 78.91 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-02:56:16] Epoch: [023][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (4.144) Prec@1 60.94 (54.19) Prec@5 75.78 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-02:56:20] Epoch: [023][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.771 (4.144) Prec@1 53.33 (54.19) Prec@5 93.33 (77.34) -[2018-10-12-02:56:20] **train** Prec@1 54.19 Prec@5 77.34 Error@1 45.81 Error@5 22.66 Loss:4.144 - test [2018-10-12-02:56:25] Epoch: [023][000/391] Time 4.29 (4.29) Data 4.16 (4.16) Loss 1.233 (1.233) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-12-02:56:52] Epoch: [023][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.218 (1.561) Prec@1 42.97 (63.70) Prec@5 77.34 (86.59) - test [2018-10-12-02:57:18] Epoch: [023][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.950 (1.767) Prec@1 35.00 (59.82) Prec@5 68.75 (83.08) -[2018-10-12-02:57:18] **test** Prec@1 59.82 Prec@5 83.08 Error@1 40.18 Error@5 16.92 Loss:1.767 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=59.82, Acc@5=83.08, Error@1=40.18, Error@5=16.92 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-02:57:18] [Epoch=024/250] [Need: 329:32:42] LR=0.0481 ~ 0.0481, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-02:57:24] Epoch: [024][000/10010] Time 5.91 (5.91) Data 5.32 (5.32) Loss 4.230 (4.230) Prec@1 55.47 (55.47) Prec@5 76.56 (76.56) - train[2018-10-12-02:59:08] Epoch: [024][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.703 (4.065) Prec@1 57.03 (55.61) Prec@5 84.38 (78.23) - train[2018-10-12-03:00:52] Epoch: [024][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.100 (4.077) Prec@1 57.03 (55.24) Prec@5 75.78 (78.20) - train[2018-10-12-03:02:35] Epoch: [024][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.138 (4.073) Prec@1 53.91 (55.26) Prec@5 78.12 (78.22) - train[2018-10-12-03:04:19] Epoch: [024][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.362 (4.074) Prec@1 51.56 (55.26) Prec@5 72.66 (78.26) - train[2018-10-12-03:06:02] Epoch: [024][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.702 (4.077) Prec@1 64.06 (55.20) Prec@5 84.38 (78.24) - train[2018-10-12-03:07:46] Epoch: [024][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.115 (4.079) Prec@1 56.25 (55.23) Prec@5 78.12 (78.20) - train[2018-10-12-03:09:30] Epoch: [024][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.718 (4.084) Prec@1 60.16 (55.13) Prec@5 85.94 (78.16) - train[2018-10-12-03:11:13] Epoch: [024][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.095 (4.087) Prec@1 56.25 (55.06) Prec@5 75.78 (78.09) - train[2018-10-12-03:12:57] Epoch: [024][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.172 (4.090) Prec@1 51.56 (54.99) Prec@5 78.91 (78.07) - train[2018-10-12-03:14:41] Epoch: [024][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.882 (4.092) Prec@1 58.59 (54.95) Prec@5 82.03 (78.02) - train[2018-10-12-03:16:25] Epoch: [024][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.574 (4.093) Prec@1 47.66 (54.97) Prec@5 73.44 (77.98) - train[2018-10-12-03:18:08] Epoch: [024][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.061 (4.096) Prec@1 59.38 (54.91) Prec@5 75.00 (77.93) - train[2018-10-12-03:19:51] Epoch: [024][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.038 (4.096) Prec@1 58.59 (54.92) Prec@5 78.12 (77.93) - train[2018-10-12-03:21:35] Epoch: [024][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.085 (4.099) Prec@1 53.12 (54.86) Prec@5 76.56 (77.89) - train[2018-10-12-03:23:19] Epoch: [024][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.210 (4.098) Prec@1 56.25 (54.89) Prec@5 77.34 (77.89) - train[2018-10-12-03:25:03] Epoch: [024][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.127 (4.101) Prec@1 56.25 (54.87) Prec@5 78.91 (77.84) - train[2018-10-12-03:26:47] Epoch: [024][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.202 (4.102) Prec@1 54.69 (54.87) Prec@5 71.88 (77.84) - train[2018-10-12-03:28:31] Epoch: [024][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.891 (4.105) Prec@1 60.16 (54.84) Prec@5 82.03 (77.80) - train[2018-10-12-03:30:15] Epoch: [024][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (4.106) Prec@1 60.94 (54.81) Prec@5 79.69 (77.77) - train[2018-10-12-03:31:58] Epoch: [024][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.822 (4.106) Prec@1 61.72 (54.79) Prec@5 85.16 (77.76) - train[2018-10-12-03:33:42] Epoch: [024][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.026 (4.108) Prec@1 56.25 (54.78) Prec@5 78.12 (77.75) - train[2018-10-12-03:35:25] Epoch: [024][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.064 (4.108) Prec@1 57.03 (54.78) Prec@5 78.12 (77.74) - train[2018-10-12-03:37:09] Epoch: [024][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.012 (4.108) Prec@1 57.81 (54.77) Prec@5 77.34 (77.74) - train[2018-10-12-03:38:52] Epoch: [024][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.277 (4.110) Prec@1 53.12 (54.74) Prec@5 72.66 (77.73) - train[2018-10-12-03:40:36] Epoch: [024][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.139 (4.110) Prec@1 53.12 (54.73) Prec@5 76.56 (77.72) - train[2018-10-12-03:42:20] Epoch: [024][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.964 (4.111) Prec@1 61.72 (54.72) Prec@5 78.91 (77.71) - train[2018-10-12-03:44:04] Epoch: [024][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (4.112) Prec@1 54.69 (54.71) Prec@5 80.47 (77.70) - train[2018-10-12-03:45:48] Epoch: [024][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.908 (4.111) Prec@1 57.03 (54.72) Prec@5 85.16 (77.72) - train[2018-10-12-03:47:32] Epoch: [024][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.940 (4.112) Prec@1 53.91 (54.71) Prec@5 78.91 (77.71) - train[2018-10-12-03:49:17] Epoch: [024][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.630 (4.112) Prec@1 49.22 (54.69) Prec@5 70.31 (77.71) - train[2018-10-12-03:51:00] Epoch: [024][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.126 (4.113) Prec@1 52.34 (54.68) Prec@5 79.69 (77.70) - train[2018-10-12-03:52:44] Epoch: [024][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.171 (4.114) Prec@1 54.69 (54.67) Prec@5 76.56 (77.68) - train[2018-10-12-03:54:28] Epoch: [024][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.219 (4.115) Prec@1 56.25 (54.65) Prec@5 77.34 (77.67) - train[2018-10-12-03:56:12] Epoch: [024][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.077 (4.116) Prec@1 59.38 (54.64) Prec@5 76.56 (77.66) - train[2018-10-12-03:57:55] Epoch: [024][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.180 (4.116) Prec@1 63.28 (54.63) Prec@5 78.12 (77.65) - train[2018-10-12-03:59:39] Epoch: [024][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.079 (4.117) Prec@1 57.81 (54.62) Prec@5 75.00 (77.64) - train[2018-10-12-04:01:23] Epoch: [024][7400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.259 (4.118) Prec@1 51.56 (54.60) Prec@5 75.00 (77.62) - train[2018-10-12-04:03:06] Epoch: [024][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.094 (4.119) Prec@1 52.34 (54.59) Prec@5 77.34 (77.61) - train[2018-10-12-04:04:49] Epoch: [024][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (4.119) Prec@1 61.72 (54.59) Prec@5 89.06 (77.60) - train[2018-10-12-04:06:33] Epoch: [024][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.426 (4.120) Prec@1 50.00 (54.57) Prec@5 77.34 (77.59) - train[2018-10-12-04:08:16] Epoch: [024][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.185 (4.121) Prec@1 52.34 (54.56) Prec@5 77.34 (77.58) - train[2018-10-12-04:10:01] Epoch: [024][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.310 (4.122) Prec@1 50.00 (54.54) Prec@5 73.44 (77.57) - train[2018-10-12-04:11:45] Epoch: [024][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.081 (4.122) Prec@1 53.91 (54.54) Prec@5 80.47 (77.56) - train[2018-10-12-04:13:29] Epoch: [024][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.604 (4.123) Prec@1 42.19 (54.53) Prec@5 72.66 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:15:13] Epoch: [024][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.145 (4.122) Prec@1 55.47 (54.54) Prec@5 77.34 (77.56) - train[2018-10-12-04:16:56] Epoch: [024][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.991 (4.123) Prec@1 60.16 (54.53) Prec@5 80.47 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:18:40] Epoch: [024][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.230 (4.123) Prec@1 53.91 (54.53) Prec@5 80.47 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:20:24] Epoch: [024][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.796 (4.123) Prec@1 60.16 (54.54) Prec@5 83.59 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:22:08] Epoch: [024][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.024 (4.123) Prec@1 55.47 (54.53) Prec@5 80.47 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:23:52] Epoch: [024][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.121 (4.123) Prec@1 54.69 (54.54) Prec@5 77.34 (77.55) - train[2018-10-12-04:23:56] Epoch: [024][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.790 (4.123) Prec@1 40.00 (54.54) Prec@5 80.00 (77.55) -[2018-10-12-04:23:56] **train** Prec@1 54.54 Prec@5 77.55 Error@1 45.46 Error@5 22.45 Loss:4.123 - test [2018-10-12-04:24:00] Epoch: [024][000/391] Time 3.97 (3.97) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 1.086 (1.086) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - test [2018-10-12-04:24:28] Epoch: [024][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.916 (1.524) Prec@1 49.22 (63.72) Prec@5 80.47 (86.88) - test [2018-10-12-04:24:53] Epoch: [024][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.099 (1.752) Prec@1 27.50 (59.78) Prec@5 66.25 (83.27) -[2018-10-12-04:24:53] **test** Prec@1 59.78 Prec@5 83.27 Error@1 40.22 Error@5 16.73 Loss:1.752 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=59.82, Acc@5=83.08, Error@1=40.18, Error@5=16.92 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-04:24:54] [Epoch=025/250] [Need: 328:28:21] LR=0.0467 ~ 0.0467, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-04:24:59] Epoch: [025][000/10010] Time 5.34 (5.34) Data 4.73 (4.73) Loss 3.969 (3.969) Prec@1 57.81 (57.81) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-12-04:26:43] Epoch: [025][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.255 (4.067) Prec@1 50.00 (55.66) Prec@5 75.78 (78.32) - train[2018-10-12-04:28:27] Epoch: [025][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.934 (4.072) Prec@1 60.94 (55.42) Prec@5 83.59 (78.25) - train[2018-10-12-04:30:11] Epoch: [025][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.082 (4.065) Prec@1 55.47 (55.45) Prec@5 82.03 (78.40) - train[2018-10-12-04:31:54] Epoch: [025][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.374 (4.072) Prec@1 54.69 (55.40) Prec@5 71.88 (78.27) - train[2018-10-12-04:33:38] Epoch: [025][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (4.068) Prec@1 62.50 (55.47) Prec@5 82.03 (78.35) - train[2018-10-12-04:35:22] Epoch: [025][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.870 (4.067) Prec@1 57.81 (55.49) Prec@5 81.25 (78.35) - train[2018-10-12-04:37:05] Epoch: [025][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.192 (4.070) Prec@1 53.91 (55.43) Prec@5 81.25 (78.27) - train[2018-10-12-04:38:49] Epoch: [025][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.907 (4.073) Prec@1 59.38 (55.43) Prec@5 78.91 (78.24) - train[2018-10-12-04:40:33] Epoch: [025][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.112 (4.074) Prec@1 52.34 (55.42) Prec@5 75.00 (78.22) - train[2018-10-12-04:42:16] Epoch: [025][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.875 (4.073) Prec@1 58.59 (55.39) Prec@5 79.69 (78.23) - train[2018-10-12-04:44:01] Epoch: [025][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.865 (4.074) Prec@1 59.38 (55.38) Prec@5 82.03 (78.21) - train[2018-10-12-04:45:44] Epoch: [025][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.701 (4.074) Prec@1 62.50 (55.37) Prec@5 82.81 (78.20) - train[2018-10-12-04:47:28] Epoch: [025][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.756 (4.076) Prec@1 46.09 (55.33) Prec@5 66.41 (78.18) - train[2018-10-12-04:49:12] Epoch: [025][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.291 (4.077) Prec@1 52.34 (55.33) Prec@5 75.78 (78.16) - train[2018-10-12-04:50:55] Epoch: [025][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.024 (4.078) Prec@1 54.69 (55.31) Prec@5 80.47 (78.15) - train[2018-10-12-04:52:39] Epoch: [025][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.196 (4.078) Prec@1 51.56 (55.32) Prec@5 77.34 (78.16) - train[2018-10-12-04:54:23] Epoch: [025][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.015 (4.078) Prec@1 54.69 (55.34) Prec@5 82.03 (78.15) - train[2018-10-12-04:56:07] Epoch: [025][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.073 (4.078) Prec@1 55.47 (55.33) Prec@5 72.66 (78.17) - train[2018-10-12-04:57:51] Epoch: [025][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.102 (4.080) Prec@1 58.59 (55.30) Prec@5 80.47 (78.15) - train[2018-10-12-04:59:35] Epoch: [025][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.033 (4.081) Prec@1 53.12 (55.26) Prec@5 82.03 (78.14) - train[2018-10-12-05:01:18] Epoch: [025][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (4.083) Prec@1 63.28 (55.23) Prec@5 83.59 (78.11) - train[2018-10-12-05:03:03] Epoch: [025][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.208 (4.083) Prec@1 51.56 (55.21) Prec@5 76.56 (78.11) - train[2018-10-12-05:04:46] Epoch: [025][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.026 (4.084) Prec@1 57.03 (55.19) Prec@5 82.03 (78.10) - train[2018-10-12-05:06:30] Epoch: [025][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.196 (4.085) Prec@1 47.66 (55.18) Prec@5 78.12 (78.08) - train[2018-10-12-05:08:14] Epoch: [025][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.308 (4.086) Prec@1 47.66 (55.16) Prec@5 75.78 (78.06) - train[2018-10-12-05:09:58] Epoch: [025][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.151 (4.086) Prec@1 53.12 (55.14) Prec@5 75.78 (78.06) - train[2018-10-12-05:11:41] Epoch: [025][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.882 (4.088) Prec@1 61.72 (55.11) Prec@5 78.12 (78.05) - train[2018-10-12-05:13:24] Epoch: [025][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.960 (4.088) Prec@1 57.03 (55.11) Prec@5 80.47 (78.04) - train[2018-10-12-05:15:08] Epoch: [025][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.656 (4.089) Prec@1 44.53 (55.08) Prec@5 73.44 (78.03) - train[2018-10-12-05:16:52] Epoch: [025][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.164 (4.091) Prec@1 55.47 (55.07) Prec@5 78.91 (78.00) - train[2018-10-12-05:18:35] Epoch: [025][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.134 (4.092) Prec@1 50.78 (55.05) Prec@5 83.59 (77.99) - train[2018-10-12-05:20:19] Epoch: [025][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.204 (4.091) Prec@1 51.56 (55.04) Prec@5 76.56 (77.99) - train[2018-10-12-05:22:02] Epoch: [025][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.946 (4.092) Prec@1 60.16 (55.04) Prec@5 80.47 (77.98) - train[2018-10-12-05:23:46] Epoch: [025][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.210 (4.092) Prec@1 57.03 (55.04) Prec@5 74.22 (77.98) - train[2018-10-12-05:25:30] Epoch: [025][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.920 (4.093) Prec@1 53.91 (55.03) Prec@5 82.03 (77.98) - train[2018-10-12-05:27:13] Epoch: [025][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.497 (4.093) Prec@1 47.66 (55.02) Prec@5 69.53 (77.97) - train[2018-10-12-05:28:57] Epoch: [025][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.885 (4.094) Prec@1 59.38 (55.01) Prec@5 78.91 (77.96) - train[2018-10-12-05:30:40] Epoch: [025][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.417 (4.095) Prec@1 48.44 (54.99) Prec@5 73.44 (77.94) - train[2018-10-12-05:32:25] Epoch: [025][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (4.095) Prec@1 60.94 (54.97) Prec@5 84.38 (77.94) - train[2018-10-12-05:34:08] Epoch: [025][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.054 (4.096) Prec@1 52.34 (54.96) Prec@5 78.91 (77.93) - train[2018-10-12-05:35:52] Epoch: [025][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.268 (4.096) Prec@1 52.34 (54.96) Prec@5 73.44 (77.92) - train[2018-10-12-05:37:37] Epoch: [025][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.073 (4.096) Prec@1 55.47 (54.96) Prec@5 74.22 (77.92) - train[2018-10-12-05:39:20] Epoch: [025][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.938 (4.097) Prec@1 56.25 (54.95) Prec@5 78.12 (77.92) - train[2018-10-12-05:41:04] Epoch: [025][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.886 (4.097) Prec@1 61.72 (54.94) Prec@5 82.81 (77.91) - train[2018-10-12-05:42:48] Epoch: [025][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (4.097) Prec@1 50.78 (54.93) Prec@5 76.56 (77.90) - train[2018-10-12-05:44:31] Epoch: [025][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.384 (4.098) Prec@1 49.22 (54.93) Prec@5 73.44 (77.90) - train[2018-10-12-05:46:14] Epoch: [025][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.158 (4.098) Prec@1 53.91 (54.92) Prec@5 78.91 (77.89) - train[2018-10-12-05:47:57] Epoch: [025][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.187 (4.098) Prec@1 52.34 (54.92) Prec@5 73.44 (77.89) - train[2018-10-12-05:49:41] Epoch: [025][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.132 (4.099) Prec@1 50.00 (54.91) Prec@5 74.22 (77.88) - train[2018-10-12-05:51:25] Epoch: [025][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.014 (4.099) Prec@1 55.47 (54.91) Prec@5 78.12 (77.88) - train[2018-10-12-05:51:29] Epoch: [025][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 6.295 (4.099) Prec@1 33.33 (54.91) Prec@5 53.33 (77.87) -[2018-10-12-05:51:29] **train** Prec@1 54.91 Prec@5 77.87 Error@1 45.09 Error@5 22.13 Loss:4.099 - test [2018-10-12-05:51:33] Epoch: [025][000/391] Time 4.43 (4.43) Data 4.28 (4.28) Loss 0.988 (0.988) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - test [2018-10-12-05:52:00] Epoch: [025][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.064 (1.549) Prec@1 46.88 (64.26) Prec@5 75.78 (87.14) - test [2018-10-12-05:52:25] Epoch: [025][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.159 (1.758) Prec@1 32.50 (60.35) Prec@5 60.00 (83.63) -[2018-10-12-05:52:25] **test** Prec@1 60.35 Prec@5 83.63 Error@1 39.65 Error@5 16.37 Loss:1.758 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=60.35, Acc@5=83.63, Error@1=39.65, Error@5=16.37 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-05:52:26] [Epoch=026/250] [Need: 326:47:09] LR=0.0453 ~ 0.0453, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-05:52:30] Epoch: [026][000/10010] Time 4.12 (4.12) Data 3.51 (3.51) Loss 3.992 (3.992) Prec@1 53.91 (53.91) Prec@5 78.91 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-05:54:13] Epoch: [026][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.784 (4.032) Prec@1 58.59 (56.09) Prec@5 81.25 (78.71) - train[2018-10-12-05:55:56] Epoch: [026][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.008 (4.033) Prec@1 55.47 (55.99) Prec@5 81.25 (78.81) - train[2018-10-12-05:57:40] Epoch: [026][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.925 (4.038) Prec@1 58.59 (56.01) Prec@5 82.03 (78.75) - train[2018-10-12-05:59:25] Epoch: [026][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.025 (4.041) Prec@1 54.69 (55.92) Prec@5 79.69 (78.68) - train[2018-10-12-06:01:08] Epoch: [026][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.752 (4.040) Prec@1 57.81 (55.89) Prec@5 84.38 (78.65) - train[2018-10-12-06:02:51] Epoch: [026][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.180 (4.043) Prec@1 50.78 (55.84) Prec@5 77.34 (78.56) - train[2018-10-12-06:04:35] Epoch: [026][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.398 (4.044) Prec@1 49.22 (55.78) Prec@5 71.09 (78.60) - train[2018-10-12-06:06:18] Epoch: [026][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.007 (4.051) Prec@1 55.47 (55.71) Prec@5 74.22 (78.51) - train[2018-10-12-06:08:03] Epoch: [026][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.208 (4.054) Prec@1 53.91 (55.65) Prec@5 71.88 (78.47) - train[2018-10-12-06:09:46] Epoch: [026][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.984 (4.054) Prec@1 53.12 (55.63) Prec@5 78.12 (78.45) - train[2018-10-12-06:11:30] Epoch: [026][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (4.055) Prec@1 64.06 (55.60) Prec@5 83.59 (78.43) - train[2018-10-12-06:13:13] Epoch: [026][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.808 (4.056) Prec@1 57.81 (55.59) Prec@5 81.25 (78.42) - train[2018-10-12-06:14:57] Epoch: [026][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (4.057) Prec@1 51.56 (55.57) Prec@5 74.22 (78.41) - train[2018-10-12-06:16:40] Epoch: [026][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.822 (4.057) Prec@1 62.50 (55.54) Prec@5 79.69 (78.42) - train[2018-10-12-06:18:24] Epoch: [026][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.055 (4.058) Prec@1 53.91 (55.54) Prec@5 82.03 (78.42) - train[2018-10-12-06:20:07] Epoch: [026][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.138 (4.057) Prec@1 53.91 (55.57) Prec@5 80.47 (78.42) - train[2018-10-12-06:21:51] Epoch: [026][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (4.058) Prec@1 60.16 (55.54) Prec@5 78.12 (78.39) - train[2018-10-12-06:23:34] Epoch: [026][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.433 (4.059) Prec@1 52.34 (55.55) Prec@5 78.12 (78.38) - train[2018-10-12-06:25:18] Epoch: [026][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.150 (4.059) Prec@1 54.69 (55.54) Prec@5 82.81 (78.39) - train[2018-10-12-06:27:01] Epoch: [026][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.864 (4.060) Prec@1 57.03 (55.53) Prec@5 82.03 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-06:28:44] Epoch: [026][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.309 (4.062) Prec@1 50.00 (55.48) Prec@5 74.22 (78.34) - train[2018-10-12-06:30:28] Epoch: [026][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.813 (4.063) Prec@1 60.94 (55.47) Prec@5 78.91 (78.33) - train[2018-10-12-06:32:11] Epoch: [026][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.117 (4.065) Prec@1 55.47 (55.43) Prec@5 75.78 (78.31) - train[2018-10-12-06:33:55] Epoch: [026][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.427 (4.066) Prec@1 48.44 (55.42) Prec@5 75.00 (78.30) - train[2018-10-12-06:35:39] Epoch: [026][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.176 (4.066) Prec@1 60.94 (55.40) Prec@5 77.34 (78.28) - train[2018-10-12-06:37:23] Epoch: [026][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.870 (4.066) Prec@1 62.50 (55.40) Prec@5 79.69 (78.29) - train[2018-10-12-06:39:07] Epoch: [026][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.998 (4.066) Prec@1 54.69 (55.39) Prec@5 73.44 (78.30) - train[2018-10-12-06:40:50] Epoch: [026][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.772 (4.067) Prec@1 59.38 (55.39) Prec@5 81.25 (78.29) - train[2018-10-12-06:42:35] Epoch: [026][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.151 (4.067) Prec@1 50.78 (55.39) Prec@5 79.69 (78.28) - train[2018-10-12-06:44:19] Epoch: [026][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.967 (4.068) Prec@1 55.47 (55.39) Prec@5 80.47 (78.26) - train[2018-10-12-06:46:02] Epoch: [026][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.263 (4.068) Prec@1 59.38 (55.40) Prec@5 76.56 (78.27) - train[2018-10-12-06:47:47] Epoch: [026][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.879 (4.068) Prec@1 60.16 (55.39) Prec@5 81.25 (78.27) - train[2018-10-12-06:49:31] Epoch: [026][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.949 (4.068) Prec@1 54.69 (55.38) Prec@5 79.69 (78.26) - train[2018-10-12-06:51:14] Epoch: [026][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.049 (4.068) Prec@1 54.69 (55.38) Prec@5 79.69 (78.25) - train[2018-10-12-06:52:59] Epoch: [026][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.961 (4.069) Prec@1 57.81 (55.38) Prec@5 80.47 (78.25) - train[2018-10-12-06:54:42] Epoch: [026][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.117 (4.070) Prec@1 50.00 (55.37) Prec@5 78.91 (78.24) - train[2018-10-12-06:56:26] Epoch: [026][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.434 (4.071) Prec@1 49.22 (55.35) Prec@5 75.00 (78.23) - train[2018-10-12-06:58:10] Epoch: [026][7600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.013 (4.071) Prec@1 57.81 (55.34) Prec@5 78.12 (78.21) - train[2018-10-12-06:59:54] Epoch: [026][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.923 (4.072) Prec@1 57.81 (55.34) Prec@5 75.78 (78.21) - train[2018-10-12-07:01:37] Epoch: [026][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.892 (4.073) Prec@1 50.00 (55.32) Prec@5 82.03 (78.19) - train[2018-10-12-07:03:21] Epoch: [026][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.155 (4.074) Prec@1 53.12 (55.31) Prec@5 77.34 (78.18) - train[2018-10-12-07:05:05] Epoch: [026][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.816 (4.074) Prec@1 58.59 (55.30) Prec@5 78.91 (78.17) - train[2018-10-12-07:06:49] Epoch: [026][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.283 (4.075) Prec@1 55.47 (55.29) Prec@5 74.22 (78.15) - train[2018-10-12-07:08:32] Epoch: [026][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.063 (4.075) Prec@1 57.03 (55.29) Prec@5 75.78 (78.14) - train[2018-10-12-07:10:16] Epoch: [026][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.854 (4.076) Prec@1 53.12 (55.28) Prec@5 80.47 (78.13) - train[2018-10-12-07:12:00] Epoch: [026][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.132 (4.076) Prec@1 59.38 (55.29) Prec@5 77.34 (78.13) - train[2018-10-12-07:13:43] Epoch: [026][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.139 (4.076) Prec@1 55.47 (55.28) Prec@5 75.78 (78.13) - train[2018-10-12-07:15:27] Epoch: [026][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.358 (4.076) Prec@1 50.00 (55.29) Prec@5 72.66 (78.13) - train[2018-10-12-07:17:10] Epoch: [026][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.109 (4.075) Prec@1 53.91 (55.29) Prec@5 78.91 (78.14) - train[2018-10-12-07:18:54] Epoch: [026][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.009 (4.076) Prec@1 54.69 (55.28) Prec@5 78.12 (78.13) - train[2018-10-12-07:18:58] Epoch: [026][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.025 (4.076) Prec@1 40.00 (55.28) Prec@5 73.33 (78.14) -[2018-10-12-07:18:58] **train** Prec@1 55.28 Prec@5 78.14 Error@1 44.72 Error@5 21.86 Loss:4.076 - test [2018-10-12-07:19:02] Epoch: [026][000/391] Time 4.23 (4.23) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 0.881 (0.881) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-12-07:19:30] Epoch: [026][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.910 (1.511) Prec@1 48.44 (64.79) Prec@5 80.47 (86.93) - test [2018-10-12-07:19:55] Epoch: [026][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.035 (1.730) Prec@1 31.25 (60.74) Prec@5 63.75 (83.62) -[2018-10-12-07:19:55] **test** Prec@1 60.74 Prec@5 83.62 Error@1 39.26 Error@5 16.38 Loss:1.730 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=60.74, Acc@5=83.62, Error@1=39.26, Error@5=16.38 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-07:19:55] [Epoch=027/250] [Need: 325:09:51] LR=0.0439 ~ 0.0439, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-07:20:00] Epoch: [027][000/10010] Time 5.40 (5.40) Data 4.83 (4.83) Loss 4.138 (4.138) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 78.91 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-07:21:44] Epoch: [027][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.882 (4.033) Prec@1 57.03 (55.82) Prec@5 80.47 (78.85) - train[2018-10-12-07:23:28] Epoch: [027][400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.809 (4.027) Prec@1 63.28 (55.99) Prec@5 78.12 (78.90) - train[2018-10-12-07:25:12] Epoch: [027][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.170 (4.018) Prec@1 51.56 (56.21) Prec@5 75.78 (79.01) - train[2018-10-12-07:26:55] Epoch: [027][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.955 (4.013) Prec@1 57.03 (56.33) Prec@5 80.47 (79.11) - train[2018-10-12-07:28:38] Epoch: [027][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.353 (4.019) Prec@1 55.47 (56.20) Prec@5 75.00 (78.92) - train[2018-10-12-07:30:22] Epoch: [027][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.068 (4.024) Prec@1 55.47 (56.11) Prec@5 78.12 (78.86) - train[2018-10-12-07:32:05] Epoch: [027][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.465 (4.028) Prec@1 52.34 (56.04) Prec@5 74.22 (78.78) - train[2018-10-12-07:33:49] Epoch: [027][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.252 (4.030) Prec@1 53.12 (56.04) Prec@5 80.47 (78.76) - train[2018-10-12-07:35:33] Epoch: [027][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.143 (4.033) Prec@1 57.03 (56.00) Prec@5 77.34 (78.73) - train[2018-10-12-07:37:16] Epoch: [027][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (4.034) Prec@1 49.22 (55.94) Prec@5 75.00 (78.71) - train[2018-10-12-07:38:59] Epoch: [027][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.101 (4.036) Prec@1 55.47 (55.90) Prec@5 77.34 (78.68) - train[2018-10-12-07:40:43] Epoch: [027][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.797 (4.035) Prec@1 60.16 (55.94) Prec@5 79.69 (78.70) - train[2018-10-12-07:42:27] Epoch: [027][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.022 (4.037) Prec@1 57.03 (55.94) Prec@5 80.47 (78.67) - train[2018-10-12-07:44:10] Epoch: [027][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.989 (4.038) Prec@1 53.91 (55.91) Prec@5 77.34 (78.63) - train[2018-10-12-07:45:53] Epoch: [027][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.720 (4.039) Prec@1 63.28 (55.92) Prec@5 82.03 (78.62) - train[2018-10-12-07:47:37] Epoch: [027][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.111 (4.039) Prec@1 54.69 (55.90) Prec@5 76.56 (78.63) - train[2018-10-12-07:49:21] Epoch: [027][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.259 (4.040) Prec@1 56.25 (55.89) Prec@5 75.78 (78.62) - train[2018-10-12-07:51:05] Epoch: [027][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (4.041) Prec@1 58.59 (55.86) Prec@5 83.59 (78.61) - train[2018-10-12-07:52:48] Epoch: [027][3800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.846 (4.041) Prec@1 57.81 (55.86) Prec@5 82.81 (78.60) - train[2018-10-12-07:54:32] Epoch: [027][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (4.041) Prec@1 53.12 (55.84) Prec@5 82.81 (78.60) - train[2018-10-12-07:56:16] Epoch: [027][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.849 (4.043) Prec@1 59.38 (55.82) Prec@5 82.81 (78.57) - train[2018-10-12-07:58:00] Epoch: [027][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.221 (4.044) Prec@1 54.69 (55.79) Prec@5 73.44 (78.54) - train[2018-10-12-07:59:44] Epoch: [027][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.107 (4.045) Prec@1 57.81 (55.78) Prec@5 78.12 (78.52) - train[2018-10-12-08:01:29] Epoch: [027][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.143 (4.046) Prec@1 53.91 (55.78) Prec@5 78.12 (78.52) - train[2018-10-12-08:03:12] Epoch: [027][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.984 (4.046) Prec@1 58.59 (55.77) Prec@5 82.03 (78.50) - train[2018-10-12-08:04:56] Epoch: [027][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.358 (4.047) Prec@1 51.56 (55.75) Prec@5 74.22 (78.49) - train[2018-10-12-08:06:40] Epoch: [027][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (4.048) Prec@1 52.34 (55.75) Prec@5 84.38 (78.48) - train[2018-10-12-08:08:24] Epoch: [027][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (4.048) Prec@1 53.91 (55.75) Prec@5 81.25 (78.48) - train[2018-10-12-08:10:08] Epoch: [027][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.288 (4.049) Prec@1 55.47 (55.73) Prec@5 74.22 (78.46) - train[2018-10-12-08:11:52] Epoch: [027][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.863 (4.051) Prec@1 59.38 (55.70) Prec@5 78.91 (78.44) - train[2018-10-12-08:13:36] Epoch: [027][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.948 (4.051) Prec@1 50.78 (55.70) Prec@5 82.81 (78.44) - train[2018-10-12-08:15:19] Epoch: [027][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.850 (4.052) Prec@1 54.69 (55.68) Prec@5 85.16 (78.41) - train[2018-10-12-08:17:02] Epoch: [027][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.213 (4.053) Prec@1 52.34 (55.68) Prec@5 76.56 (78.41) - train[2018-10-12-08:18:46] Epoch: [027][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.259 (4.054) Prec@1 50.00 (55.67) Prec@5 76.56 (78.39) - train[2018-10-12-08:20:30] Epoch: [027][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.348 (4.054) Prec@1 52.34 (55.66) Prec@5 78.91 (78.39) - train[2018-10-12-08:22:14] Epoch: [027][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.901 (4.054) Prec@1 57.03 (55.66) Prec@5 81.25 (78.41) - train[2018-10-12-08:23:58] Epoch: [027][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.794 (4.054) Prec@1 55.47 (55.65) Prec@5 78.91 (78.41) - train[2018-10-12-08:25:42] Epoch: [027][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.148 (4.054) Prec@1 52.34 (55.64) Prec@5 74.22 (78.40) - train[2018-10-12-08:27:26] Epoch: [027][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.977 (4.055) Prec@1 52.34 (55.63) Prec@5 85.16 (78.38) - train[2018-10-12-08:29:09] Epoch: [027][8000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.015 (4.056) Prec@1 60.94 (55.61) Prec@5 78.91 (78.38) - train[2018-10-12-08:30:53] Epoch: [027][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.826 (4.056) Prec@1 60.94 (55.60) Prec@5 81.25 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-08:32:37] Epoch: [027][8400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.632 (4.056) Prec@1 49.22 (55.59) Prec@5 71.09 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-08:34:20] Epoch: [027][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.149 (4.055) Prec@1 57.03 (55.60) Prec@5 79.69 (78.38) - train[2018-10-12-08:36:04] Epoch: [027][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.593 (4.056) Prec@1 50.78 (55.58) Prec@5 77.34 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-08:37:48] Epoch: [027][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.813 (4.057) Prec@1 57.81 (55.58) Prec@5 81.25 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-08:39:32] Epoch: [027][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.423 (4.057) Prec@1 50.78 (55.58) Prec@5 71.88 (78.37) - train[2018-10-12-08:41:16] Epoch: [027][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.853 (4.057) Prec@1 59.38 (55.57) Prec@5 81.25 (78.36) - train[2018-10-12-08:43:00] Epoch: [027][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.098 (4.058) Prec@1 50.78 (55.55) Prec@5 76.56 (78.36) - train[2018-10-12-08:44:44] Epoch: [027][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.745 (4.059) Prec@1 57.03 (55.54) Prec@5 83.59 (78.35) - train[2018-10-12-08:46:27] Epoch: [027][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.785 (4.059) Prec@1 56.25 (55.53) Prec@5 78.91 (78.34) - train[2018-10-12-08:46:31] Epoch: [027][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.660 (4.059) Prec@1 40.00 (55.53) Prec@5 73.33 (78.34) -[2018-10-12-08:46:31] **train** Prec@1 55.53 Prec@5 78.34 Error@1 44.47 Error@5 21.66 Loss:4.059 - test [2018-10-12-08:46:35] Epoch: [027][000/391] Time 3.77 (3.77) Data 3.64 (3.64) Loss 1.014 (1.014) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-12-08:47:04] Epoch: [027][200/391] Time 0.17 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.957 (1.491) Prec@1 53.91 (65.41) Prec@5 82.03 (87.66) - test [2018-10-12-08:47:29] Epoch: [027][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.909 (1.704) Prec@1 22.50 (61.34) Prec@5 71.25 (84.07) -[2018-10-12-08:47:29] **test** Prec@1 61.34 Prec@5 84.07 Error@1 38.66 Error@5 15.93 Loss:1.704 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=61.34, Acc@5=84.07, Error@1=38.66, Error@5=15.93 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-08:47:29] [Epoch=028/250] [Need: 324:01:18] LR=0.0426 ~ 0.0426, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-08:47:34] Epoch: [028][000/10010] Time 5.14 (5.14) Data 4.58 (4.58) Loss 4.067 (4.067) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 75.00 (75.00) - train[2018-10-12-08:49:18] Epoch: [028][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.182 (3.983) Prec@1 47.66 (56.51) Prec@5 75.78 (79.34) - train[2018-10-12-08:51:02] Epoch: [028][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.082 (3.991) Prec@1 53.12 (56.49) Prec@5 81.25 (79.24) - train[2018-10-12-08:52:45] Epoch: [028][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.745 (3.990) Prec@1 60.94 (56.67) Prec@5 86.72 (79.23) - train[2018-10-12-08:54:29] Epoch: [028][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.075 (3.990) Prec@1 59.38 (56.74) Prec@5 77.34 (79.27) - train[2018-10-12-08:56:12] Epoch: [028][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.073 (3.998) Prec@1 54.69 (56.51) Prec@5 79.69 (79.16) - train[2018-10-12-08:57:56] Epoch: [028][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.926 (4.005) Prec@1 56.25 (56.41) Prec@5 78.12 (79.12) - train[2018-10-12-08:59:39] Epoch: [028][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.277 (4.005) Prec@1 55.47 (56.39) Prec@5 75.00 (79.13) - train[2018-10-12-09:01:23] Epoch: [028][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.247 (4.005) Prec@1 53.91 (56.40) Prec@5 71.88 (79.10) - train[2018-10-12-09:03:07] Epoch: [028][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.052 (4.008) Prec@1 53.12 (56.36) Prec@5 78.12 (79.07) - train[2018-10-12-09:04:50] Epoch: [028][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.756 (4.011) Prec@1 60.94 (56.34) Prec@5 83.59 (79.03) - train[2018-10-12-09:06:34] Epoch: [028][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.876 (4.012) Prec@1 62.50 (56.28) Prec@5 81.25 (79.01) - train[2018-10-12-09:08:18] Epoch: [028][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.721 (4.014) Prec@1 58.59 (56.22) Prec@5 82.81 (78.99) - train[2018-10-12-09:10:01] Epoch: [028][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.170 (4.016) Prec@1 50.78 (56.20) Prec@5 77.34 (78.97) - train[2018-10-12-09:11:44] Epoch: [028][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.914 (4.016) Prec@1 56.25 (56.21) Prec@5 79.69 (78.97) - train[2018-10-12-09:13:28] Epoch: [028][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.884 (4.017) Prec@1 60.16 (56.21) Prec@5 78.91 (78.97) - train[2018-10-12-09:15:12] Epoch: [028][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.280 (4.018) Prec@1 48.44 (56.16) Prec@5 76.56 (78.94) - train[2018-10-12-09:16:56] Epoch: [028][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.188 (4.020) Prec@1 51.56 (56.14) Prec@5 80.47 (78.92) - train[2018-10-12-09:18:40] Epoch: [028][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.926 (4.022) Prec@1 55.47 (56.13) Prec@5 80.47 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-09:20:24] Epoch: [028][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.002 (4.022) Prec@1 59.38 (56.12) Prec@5 78.91 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-09:22:08] Epoch: [028][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.132 (4.022) Prec@1 58.59 (56.13) Prec@5 78.91 (78.89) - train[2018-10-12-09:23:52] Epoch: [028][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.846 (4.023) Prec@1 54.69 (56.11) Prec@5 78.91 (78.87) - train[2018-10-12-09:25:36] Epoch: [028][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.064 (4.024) Prec@1 57.81 (56.10) Prec@5 79.69 (78.85) - train[2018-10-12-09:27:20] Epoch: [028][4600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.297 (4.025) Prec@1 50.78 (56.09) Prec@5 78.12 (78.85) - train[2018-10-12-09:29:04] Epoch: [028][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.196 (4.027) Prec@1 55.47 (56.06) Prec@5 75.00 (78.81) - train[2018-10-12-09:30:48] Epoch: [028][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.299 (4.029) Prec@1 52.34 (56.05) Prec@5 76.56 (78.78) - train[2018-10-12-09:32:32] Epoch: [028][5200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.869 (4.029) Prec@1 60.16 (56.03) Prec@5 84.38 (78.78) - train[2018-10-12-09:34:15] Epoch: [028][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.222 (4.028) Prec@1 53.12 (56.05) Prec@5 76.56 (78.79) - train[2018-10-12-09:35:59] Epoch: [028][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (4.029) Prec@1 60.16 (56.05) Prec@5 82.03 (78.78) - train[2018-10-12-09:37:42] Epoch: [028][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.135 (4.029) Prec@1 57.03 (56.05) Prec@5 76.56 (78.78) - train[2018-10-12-09:39:26] Epoch: [028][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.338 (4.030) Prec@1 50.00 (56.03) Prec@5 71.09 (78.76) - train[2018-10-12-09:41:10] Epoch: [028][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.915 (4.031) Prec@1 59.38 (56.00) Prec@5 80.47 (78.74) - train[2018-10-12-09:42:54] Epoch: [028][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (4.032) Prec@1 60.16 (55.98) Prec@5 82.81 (78.73) - train[2018-10-12-09:44:37] Epoch: [028][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.827 (4.033) Prec@1 59.38 (55.98) Prec@5 79.69 (78.72) - train[2018-10-12-09:46:21] Epoch: [028][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.514 (4.033) Prec@1 47.66 (55.96) Prec@5 72.66 (78.71) - train[2018-10-12-09:48:05] Epoch: [028][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.268 (4.033) Prec@1 45.31 (55.96) Prec@5 73.44 (78.70) - train[2018-10-12-09:49:48] Epoch: [028][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.246 (4.034) Prec@1 54.69 (55.95) Prec@5 74.22 (78.69) - train[2018-10-12-09:51:32] Epoch: [028][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.800 (4.034) Prec@1 59.38 (55.94) Prec@5 82.03 (78.69) - train[2018-10-12-09:53:15] Epoch: [028][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.935 (4.035) Prec@1 60.94 (55.93) Prec@5 76.56 (78.68) - train[2018-10-12-09:54:59] Epoch: [028][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (4.035) Prec@1 62.50 (55.91) Prec@5 85.16 (78.67) - train[2018-10-12-09:56:43] Epoch: [028][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (4.036) Prec@1 62.50 (55.91) Prec@5 82.03 (78.66) - train[2018-10-12-09:58:26] Epoch: [028][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.833 (4.036) Prec@1 61.72 (55.90) Prec@5 82.03 (78.65) - train[2018-10-12-10:00:09] Epoch: [028][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.142 (4.037) Prec@1 58.59 (55.88) Prec@5 75.78 (78.64) - train[2018-10-12-10:01:53] Epoch: [028][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.986 (4.037) Prec@1 59.38 (55.88) Prec@5 80.47 (78.65) - train[2018-10-12-10:03:37] Epoch: [028][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (4.038) Prec@1 52.34 (55.87) Prec@5 77.34 (78.64) - train[2018-10-12-10:05:21] Epoch: [028][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.756 (4.038) Prec@1 64.84 (55.86) Prec@5 80.47 (78.62) - train[2018-10-12-10:07:04] Epoch: [028][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.084 (4.038) Prec@1 53.12 (55.86) Prec@5 79.69 (78.63) - train[2018-10-12-10:08:48] Epoch: [028][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.422 (4.039) Prec@1 48.44 (55.85) Prec@5 75.00 (78.62) - train[2018-10-12-10:10:32] Epoch: [028][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.038 (4.039) Prec@1 59.38 (55.85) Prec@5 75.78 (78.62) - train[2018-10-12-10:12:15] Epoch: [028][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.302 (4.039) Prec@1 55.47 (55.84) Prec@5 73.44 (78.61) - train[2018-10-12-10:13:59] Epoch: [028][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.169 (4.040) Prec@1 50.00 (55.84) Prec@5 75.78 (78.60) - train[2018-10-12-10:14:03] Epoch: [028][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.022 (4.040) Prec@1 73.33 (55.84) Prec@5 86.67 (78.60) -[2018-10-12-10:14:03] **train** Prec@1 55.84 Prec@5 78.60 Error@1 44.16 Error@5 21.40 Loss:4.040 - test [2018-10-12-10:14:08] Epoch: [028][000/391] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 4.39 (4.39) Loss 0.821 (0.821) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-12-10:14:36] Epoch: [028][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.438 (1.489) Prec@1 44.53 (65.02) Prec@5 68.75 (87.50) - test [2018-10-12-10:15:02] Epoch: [028][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.430 (1.703) Prec@1 40.00 (61.17) Prec@5 76.25 (83.94) -[2018-10-12-10:15:02] **test** Prec@1 61.17 Prec@5 83.94 Error@1 38.83 Error@5 16.06 Loss:1.703 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=61.34, Acc@5=84.07, Error@1=38.66, Error@5=15.93 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-10:15:02] [Epoch=029/250] [Need: 322:27:06] LR=0.0413 ~ 0.0413, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-10:15:07] Epoch: [029][000/10010] Time 4.94 (4.94) Data 4.35 (4.35) Loss 3.967 (3.967) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-12-10:16:51] Epoch: [029][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.160 (3.961) Prec@1 49.22 (57.30) Prec@5 74.22 (79.56) - train[2018-10-12-10:18:35] Epoch: [029][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.909 (3.967) Prec@1 54.69 (57.11) Prec@5 75.78 (79.57) - train[2018-10-12-10:20:19] Epoch: [029][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.015 (3.977) Prec@1 52.34 (56.87) Prec@5 75.00 (79.41) - train[2018-10-12-10:22:03] Epoch: [029][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.001 (3.979) Prec@1 60.94 (56.86) Prec@5 79.69 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-10:23:47] Epoch: [029][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.731 (3.982) Prec@1 64.06 (56.84) Prec@5 82.03 (79.42) - train[2018-10-12-10:25:31] Epoch: [029][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.047 (3.989) Prec@1 55.47 (56.67) Prec@5 78.12 (79.32) - train[2018-10-12-10:27:15] Epoch: [029][1400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.226 (3.990) Prec@1 56.25 (56.66) Prec@5 76.56 (79.31) - train[2018-10-12-10:28:59] Epoch: [029][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.341 (3.991) Prec@1 51.56 (56.66) Prec@5 77.34 (79.30) - train[2018-10-12-10:30:43] Epoch: [029][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.777 (3.994) Prec@1 58.59 (56.60) Prec@5 82.03 (79.26) - train[2018-10-12-10:32:27] Epoch: [029][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.995) Prec@1 63.28 (56.56) Prec@5 82.81 (79.26) - train[2018-10-12-10:34:10] Epoch: [029][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.450 (3.998) Prec@1 50.78 (56.50) Prec@5 69.53 (79.17) - train[2018-10-12-10:35:53] Epoch: [029][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.844 (4.000) Prec@1 63.28 (56.51) Prec@5 82.81 (79.13) - train[2018-10-12-10:37:37] Epoch: [029][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.892 (4.002) Prec@1 57.03 (56.46) Prec@5 78.91 (79.12) - train[2018-10-12-10:39:20] Epoch: [029][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (4.004) Prec@1 67.19 (56.46) Prec@5 82.03 (79.09) - train[2018-10-12-10:41:04] Epoch: [029][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.307 (4.007) Prec@1 50.00 (56.41) Prec@5 75.00 (79.05) - train[2018-10-12-10:42:48] Epoch: [029][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.731 (4.007) Prec@1 57.03 (56.41) Prec@5 86.72 (79.06) - train[2018-10-12-10:44:32] Epoch: [029][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (4.007) Prec@1 52.34 (56.41) Prec@5 75.78 (79.05) - train[2018-10-12-10:46:16] Epoch: [029][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.786 (4.008) Prec@1 55.47 (56.41) Prec@5 81.25 (79.04) - train[2018-10-12-10:47:59] Epoch: [029][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.146 (4.007) Prec@1 57.03 (56.42) Prec@5 78.12 (79.03) - train[2018-10-12-10:49:42] Epoch: [029][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.265 (4.007) Prec@1 50.78 (56.42) Prec@5 72.66 (79.03) - train[2018-10-12-10:51:25] Epoch: [029][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (4.009) Prec@1 61.72 (56.39) Prec@5 85.16 (79.01) - train[2018-10-12-10:53:09] Epoch: [029][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.085 (4.010) Prec@1 50.78 (56.37) Prec@5 82.81 (78.99) - train[2018-10-12-10:54:53] Epoch: [029][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (4.009) Prec@1 61.72 (56.36) Prec@5 80.47 (79.00) - train[2018-10-12-10:56:37] Epoch: [029][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.126 (4.010) Prec@1 56.25 (56.35) Prec@5 78.12 (78.98) - train[2018-10-12-10:58:20] Epoch: [029][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.188 (4.009) Prec@1 48.44 (56.36) Prec@5 74.22 (78.99) - train[2018-10-12-11:00:03] Epoch: [029][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.251 (4.011) Prec@1 49.22 (56.33) Prec@5 78.91 (78.97) - train[2018-10-12-11:01:47] Epoch: [029][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.096 (4.011) Prec@1 60.16 (56.34) Prec@5 77.34 (78.97) - train[2018-10-12-11:03:31] Epoch: [029][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.062 (4.012) Prec@1 59.38 (56.33) Prec@5 78.12 (78.95) - train[2018-10-12-11:05:15] Epoch: [029][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.323 (4.012) Prec@1 53.12 (56.33) Prec@5 75.78 (78.94) - train[2018-10-12-11:06:59] Epoch: [029][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.104 (4.012) Prec@1 54.69 (56.33) Prec@5 78.12 (78.93) - train[2018-10-12-11:08:43] Epoch: [029][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.195 (4.013) Prec@1 50.78 (56.31) Prec@5 73.44 (78.92) - train[2018-10-12-11:10:27] Epoch: [029][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.442 (4.013) Prec@1 50.00 (56.30) Prec@5 71.09 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-11:12:10] Epoch: [029][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.839 (4.013) Prec@1 58.59 (56.30) Prec@5 78.12 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-11:13:53] Epoch: [029][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.301 (4.014) Prec@1 55.47 (56.29) Prec@5 73.44 (78.89) - train[2018-10-12-11:15:37] Epoch: [029][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (4.015) Prec@1 55.47 (56.28) Prec@5 81.25 (78.88) - train[2018-10-12-11:17:21] Epoch: [029][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (4.015) Prec@1 50.78 (56.27) Prec@5 78.91 (78.87) - train[2018-10-12-11:19:05] Epoch: [029][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.918 (4.016) Prec@1 58.59 (56.25) Prec@5 78.91 (78.86) - train[2018-10-12-11:20:49] Epoch: [029][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.187 (4.017) Prec@1 54.69 (56.24) Prec@5 74.22 (78.85) - train[2018-10-12-11:22:33] Epoch: [029][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.891 (4.017) Prec@1 57.81 (56.22) Prec@5 80.47 (78.85) - train[2018-10-12-11:24:16] Epoch: [029][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.773 (4.018) Prec@1 59.38 (56.22) Prec@5 80.47 (78.84) - train[2018-10-12-11:26:00] Epoch: [029][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.352 (4.019) Prec@1 45.31 (56.21) Prec@5 76.56 (78.82) - train[2018-10-12-11:27:43] Epoch: [029][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.990 (4.019) Prec@1 57.03 (56.20) Prec@5 82.81 (78.82) - train[2018-10-12-11:29:27] Epoch: [029][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.328 (4.019) Prec@1 55.47 (56.21) Prec@5 75.00 (78.83) - train[2018-10-12-11:31:11] Epoch: [029][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.964 (4.018) Prec@1 57.81 (56.20) Prec@5 76.56 (78.83) - train[2018-10-12-11:32:54] Epoch: [029][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (4.018) Prec@1 64.84 (56.21) Prec@5 83.59 (78.84) - train[2018-10-12-11:34:38] Epoch: [029][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.133 (4.018) Prec@1 52.34 (56.20) Prec@5 76.56 (78.84) - train[2018-10-12-11:36:21] Epoch: [029][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.828 (4.019) Prec@1 57.81 (56.18) Prec@5 78.91 (78.83) - train[2018-10-12-11:38:04] Epoch: [029][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.267 (4.019) Prec@1 50.00 (56.18) Prec@5 78.91 (78.84) - train[2018-10-12-11:39:48] Epoch: [029][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.002 (4.020) Prec@1 63.28 (56.17) Prec@5 78.91 (78.82) - train[2018-10-12-11:41:31] Epoch: [029][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.916 (4.020) Prec@1 56.25 (56.17) Prec@5 78.91 (78.82) - train[2018-10-12-11:41:35] Epoch: [029][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.465 (4.020) Prec@1 53.33 (56.16) Prec@5 73.33 (78.82) -[2018-10-12-11:41:35] **train** Prec@1 56.16 Prec@5 78.82 Error@1 43.84 Error@5 21.18 Loss:4.020 - test [2018-10-12-11:41:39] Epoch: [029][000/391] Time 4.09 (4.09) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 0.953 (0.953) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-12-11:42:06] Epoch: [029][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.964 (1.491) Prec@1 51.56 (65.19) Prec@5 78.12 (87.40) - test [2018-10-12-11:42:31] Epoch: [029][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.002 (1.694) Prec@1 22.50 (61.49) Prec@5 67.50 (84.12) -[2018-10-12-11:42:31] **test** Prec@1 61.49 Prec@5 84.12 Error@1 38.51 Error@5 15.88 Loss:1.694 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=61.49, Acc@5=84.12, Error@1=38.51, Error@5=15.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-11:42:31] [Epoch=030/250] [Need: 320:48:00] LR=0.0401 ~ 0.0401, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-11:42:36] Epoch: [030][000/10010] Time 4.62 (4.62) Data 4.05 (4.05) Loss 3.919 (3.919) Prec@1 60.16 (60.16) Prec@5 78.12 (78.12) - train[2018-10-12-11:44:20] Epoch: [030][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.930 (3.969) Prec@1 57.81 (56.85) Prec@5 75.78 (79.37) - train[2018-10-12-11:46:03] Epoch: [030][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.771 (3.962) Prec@1 65.62 (57.40) Prec@5 78.91 (79.55) - train[2018-10-12-11:47:47] Epoch: [030][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.902 (3.967) Prec@1 57.03 (57.26) Prec@5 78.12 (79.50) - train[2018-10-12-11:49:30] Epoch: [030][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.836 (3.970) Prec@1 60.16 (57.13) Prec@5 82.03 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-11:51:14] Epoch: [030][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.016 (3.972) Prec@1 60.16 (57.04) Prec@5 79.69 (79.47) - train[2018-10-12-11:52:57] Epoch: [030][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.262 (3.975) Prec@1 54.69 (56.99) Prec@5 73.44 (79.44) - train[2018-10-12-11:54:41] Epoch: [030][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.695 (3.978) Prec@1 62.50 (56.98) Prec@5 82.03 (79.41) - train[2018-10-12-11:56:26] Epoch: [030][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.790 (3.979) Prec@1 53.91 (56.94) Prec@5 82.03 (79.39) - train[2018-10-12-11:58:09] Epoch: [030][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.241 (3.982) Prec@1 53.12 (56.85) Prec@5 74.22 (79.35) - train[2018-10-12-11:59:52] Epoch: [030][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.203 (3.982) Prec@1 53.12 (56.82) Prec@5 74.22 (79.34) - train[2018-10-12-12:01:37] Epoch: [030][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.989 (3.985) Prec@1 53.12 (56.76) Prec@5 82.03 (79.31) - train[2018-10-12-12:03:21] Epoch: [030][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.985) Prec@1 61.72 (56.77) Prec@5 85.16 (79.30) - train[2018-10-12-12:05:04] Epoch: [030][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (3.983) Prec@1 53.91 (56.78) Prec@5 82.03 (79.34) - train[2018-10-12-12:06:49] Epoch: [030][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.204 (3.983) Prec@1 49.22 (56.77) Prec@5 77.34 (79.34) - train[2018-10-12-12:08:32] Epoch: [030][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.159 (3.984) Prec@1 52.34 (56.76) Prec@5 76.56 (79.33) - train[2018-10-12-12:10:16] Epoch: [030][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.147 (3.985) Prec@1 57.03 (56.75) Prec@5 79.69 (79.34) - train[2018-10-12-12:12:00] Epoch: [030][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.090 (3.987) Prec@1 52.34 (56.71) Prec@5 75.00 (79.29) - train[2018-10-12-12:13:43] Epoch: [030][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.708 (3.988) Prec@1 59.38 (56.70) Prec@5 88.28 (79.27) - train[2018-10-12-12:15:28] Epoch: [030][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.562 (3.988) Prec@1 48.44 (56.69) Prec@5 68.75 (79.27) - train[2018-10-12-12:17:11] Epoch: [030][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.640 (3.987) Prec@1 64.84 (56.68) Prec@5 85.94 (79.28) - train[2018-10-12-12:18:55] Epoch: [030][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.191 (3.990) Prec@1 53.12 (56.64) Prec@5 73.44 (79.24) - train[2018-10-12-12:20:38] Epoch: [030][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.653 (3.990) Prec@1 62.50 (56.65) Prec@5 84.38 (79.23) - train[2018-10-12-12:22:22] Epoch: [030][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (3.992) Prec@1 56.25 (56.62) Prec@5 75.78 (79.22) - train[2018-10-12-12:24:07] Epoch: [030][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.935 (3.992) Prec@1 53.91 (56.61) Prec@5 82.03 (79.21) - train[2018-10-12-12:25:50] Epoch: [030][5000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.045 (3.992) Prec@1 56.25 (56.61) Prec@5 82.03 (79.20) - train[2018-10-12-12:27:34] Epoch: [030][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.259 (3.992) Prec@1 48.44 (56.61) Prec@5 74.22 (79.21) - train[2018-10-12-12:29:17] Epoch: [030][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.191 (3.993) Prec@1 52.34 (56.62) Prec@5 80.47 (79.19) - train[2018-10-12-12:31:01] Epoch: [030][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.160 (3.993) Prec@1 49.22 (56.62) Prec@5 82.03 (79.19) - train[2018-10-12-12:32:45] Epoch: [030][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.931 (3.993) Prec@1 58.59 (56.62) Prec@5 80.47 (79.19) - train[2018-10-12-12:34:29] Epoch: [030][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.351 (3.994) Prec@1 53.91 (56.60) Prec@5 72.66 (79.17) - train[2018-10-12-12:36:13] Epoch: [030][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.995) Prec@1 61.72 (56.60) Prec@5 80.47 (79.17) - train[2018-10-12-12:37:56] Epoch: [030][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.812 (3.995) Prec@1 55.47 (56.59) Prec@5 82.03 (79.16) - train[2018-10-12-12:39:40] Epoch: [030][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.995) Prec@1 64.84 (56.58) Prec@5 80.47 (79.16) - train[2018-10-12-12:41:24] Epoch: [030][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.947 (3.996) Prec@1 55.47 (56.56) Prec@5 78.12 (79.15) - train[2018-10-12-12:43:07] Epoch: [030][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (3.997) Prec@1 53.12 (56.55) Prec@5 76.56 (79.14) - train[2018-10-12-12:44:50] Epoch: [030][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.988 (3.997) Prec@1 53.91 (56.55) Prec@5 80.47 (79.14) - train[2018-10-12-12:46:34] Epoch: [030][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.039 (3.997) Prec@1 58.59 (56.54) Prec@5 79.69 (79.14) - train[2018-10-12-12:48:18] Epoch: [030][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.162 (3.998) Prec@1 53.12 (56.52) Prec@5 75.78 (79.13) - train[2018-10-12-12:50:02] Epoch: [030][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.879 (3.998) Prec@1 53.12 (56.52) Prec@5 77.34 (79.12) - train[2018-10-12-12:51:45] Epoch: [030][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.329 (3.999) Prec@1 50.00 (56.50) Prec@5 77.34 (79.10) - train[2018-10-12-12:53:29] Epoch: [030][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.902 (3.999) Prec@1 56.25 (56.50) Prec@5 79.69 (79.10) - train[2018-10-12-12:55:13] Epoch: [030][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.026 (4.000) Prec@1 52.34 (56.48) Prec@5 75.78 (79.09) - train[2018-10-12-12:56:56] Epoch: [030][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.213 (4.000) Prec@1 56.25 (56.47) Prec@5 77.34 (79.08) - train[2018-10-12-12:58:40] Epoch: [030][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.688 (4.000) Prec@1 61.72 (56.47) Prec@5 82.03 (79.09) - train[2018-10-12-13:00:24] Epoch: [030][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.929 (4.000) Prec@1 53.91 (56.46) Prec@5 79.69 (79.09) - train[2018-10-12-13:02:08] Epoch: [030][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.192 (4.000) Prec@1 50.78 (56.46) Prec@5 76.56 (79.09) - train[2018-10-12-13:03:51] Epoch: [030][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.995 (4.001) Prec@1 57.81 (56.45) Prec@5 81.25 (79.08) - train[2018-10-12-13:05:35] Epoch: [030][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (4.001) Prec@1 49.22 (56.44) Prec@5 74.22 (79.08) - train[2018-10-12-13:07:18] Epoch: [030][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.199 (4.001) Prec@1 52.34 (56.44) Prec@5 78.12 (79.07) - train[2018-10-12-13:09:02] Epoch: [030][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.304 (4.002) Prec@1 53.91 (56.43) Prec@5 79.69 (79.06) - train[2018-10-12-13:09:06] Epoch: [030][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.131 (4.002) Prec@1 53.33 (56.42) Prec@5 60.00 (79.06) -[2018-10-12-13:09:06] **train** Prec@1 56.42 Prec@5 79.06 Error@1 43.58 Error@5 20.94 Loss:4.002 - test [2018-10-12-13:09:10] Epoch: [030][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.56 (3.56) Loss 0.833 (0.833) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-12-13:09:38] Epoch: [030][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.466 (1.483) Prec@1 42.19 (65.57) Prec@5 71.09 (87.26) - test [2018-10-12-13:10:03] Epoch: [030][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.995 (1.695) Prec@1 31.25 (61.57) Prec@5 66.25 (84.02) -[2018-10-12-13:10:03] **test** Prec@1 61.57 Prec@5 84.02 Error@1 38.43 Error@5 15.98 Loss:1.695 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=61.57, Acc@5=84.02, Error@1=38.43, Error@5=15.98 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-13:10:03] [Epoch=031/250] [Need: 319:28:18] LR=0.0389 ~ 0.0389, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-13:10:09] Epoch: [031][000/10010] Time 5.86 (5.86) Data 5.30 (5.30) Loss 3.633 (3.633) Prec@1 57.81 (57.81) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-12-13:11:52] Epoch: [031][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 4.173 (3.950) Prec@1 52.34 (57.31) Prec@5 76.56 (79.67) - train[2018-10-12-13:13:36] Epoch: [031][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.895 (3.946) Prec@1 57.03 (57.50) Prec@5 76.56 (79.77) - train[2018-10-12-13:15:19] Epoch: [031][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.145 (3.945) Prec@1 57.03 (57.48) Prec@5 77.34 (79.79) - train[2018-10-12-13:17:03] Epoch: [031][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.637 (3.938) Prec@1 61.72 (57.48) Prec@5 83.59 (79.94) - train[2018-10-12-13:18:47] Epoch: [031][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.424 (3.942) Prec@1 50.78 (57.39) Prec@5 70.31 (79.90) - train[2018-10-12-13:20:30] Epoch: [031][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.150 (3.948) Prec@1 51.56 (57.33) Prec@5 78.91 (79.80) - train[2018-10-12-13:22:14] Epoch: [031][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.130 (3.947) Prec@1 52.34 (57.37) Prec@5 80.47 (79.79) - train[2018-10-12-13:23:57] Epoch: [031][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.967 (3.948) Prec@1 59.38 (57.33) Prec@5 77.34 (79.78) - train[2018-10-12-13:25:41] Epoch: [031][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.155 (3.952) Prec@1 57.81 (57.27) Prec@5 74.22 (79.72) - train[2018-10-12-13:27:25] Epoch: [031][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.952) Prec@1 60.94 (57.29) Prec@5 84.38 (79.69) - train[2018-10-12-13:29:09] Epoch: [031][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.737 (3.953) Prec@1 58.59 (57.31) Prec@5 80.47 (79.69) - train[2018-10-12-13:30:52] Epoch: [031][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.002 (3.954) Prec@1 57.81 (57.27) Prec@5 82.81 (79.68) - train[2018-10-12-13:32:36] Epoch: [031][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (3.955) Prec@1 52.34 (57.24) Prec@5 76.56 (79.66) - train[2018-10-12-13:34:20] Epoch: [031][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.035 (3.957) Prec@1 53.12 (57.20) Prec@5 80.47 (79.63) - train[2018-10-12-13:36:03] Epoch: [031][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.761 (3.959) Prec@1 57.81 (57.17) Prec@5 81.25 (79.61) - train[2018-10-12-13:37:48] Epoch: [031][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.909 (3.961) Prec@1 59.38 (57.15) Prec@5 82.81 (79.59) - train[2018-10-12-13:39:31] Epoch: [031][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.179 (3.961) Prec@1 45.31 (57.14) Prec@5 77.34 (79.57) - train[2018-10-12-13:41:15] Epoch: [031][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.961) Prec@1 62.50 (57.15) Prec@5 83.59 (79.59) - train[2018-10-12-13:42:59] Epoch: [031][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.824 (3.962) Prec@1 59.38 (57.13) Prec@5 84.38 (79.59) - train[2018-10-12-13:44:43] Epoch: [031][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.923 (3.963) Prec@1 53.91 (57.11) Prec@5 79.69 (79.58) - train[2018-10-12-13:46:27] Epoch: [031][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.963) Prec@1 56.25 (57.10) Prec@5 76.56 (79.56) - train[2018-10-12-13:48:11] Epoch: [031][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.398 (3.966) Prec@1 50.78 (57.05) Prec@5 75.78 (79.55) - train[2018-10-12-13:49:54] Epoch: [031][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.769 (3.967) Prec@1 61.72 (57.05) Prec@5 82.03 (79.53) - train[2018-10-12-13:51:38] Epoch: [031][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.763 (3.967) Prec@1 57.03 (57.06) Prec@5 83.59 (79.53) - train[2018-10-12-13:53:22] Epoch: [031][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.724 (3.968) Prec@1 55.47 (57.03) Prec@5 83.59 (79.52) - train[2018-10-12-13:55:06] Epoch: [031][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.233 (3.969) Prec@1 53.91 (57.02) Prec@5 73.44 (79.51) - train[2018-10-12-13:56:49] Epoch: [031][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.891 (3.969) Prec@1 60.94 (57.01) Prec@5 78.91 (79.51) - train[2018-10-12-13:58:33] Epoch: [031][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.299 (3.970) Prec@1 55.47 (57.01) Prec@5 78.12 (79.50) - train[2018-10-12-14:00:16] Epoch: [031][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.486 (3.970) Prec@1 47.66 (57.00) Prec@5 71.88 (79.48) - train[2018-10-12-14:02:01] Epoch: [031][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.113 (3.970) Prec@1 54.69 (56.99) Prec@5 76.56 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-14:03:44] Epoch: [031][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.033 (3.971) Prec@1 57.03 (56.98) Prec@5 78.12 (79.48) - train[2018-10-12-14:05:27] Epoch: [031][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.027 (3.971) Prec@1 58.59 (56.98) Prec@5 77.34 (79.47) - train[2018-10-12-14:07:11] Epoch: [031][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.999 (3.972) Prec@1 57.03 (56.96) Prec@5 78.91 (79.46) - train[2018-10-12-14:08:55] Epoch: [031][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.101 (3.973) Prec@1 50.78 (56.94) Prec@5 78.12 (79.44) - train[2018-10-12-14:10:39] Epoch: [031][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.018 (3.974) Prec@1 55.47 (56.92) Prec@5 79.69 (79.42) - train[2018-10-12-14:12:22] Epoch: [031][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.779 (3.975) Prec@1 62.50 (56.92) Prec@5 82.81 (79.42) - train[2018-10-12-14:14:05] Epoch: [031][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.106 (3.975) Prec@1 57.81 (56.90) Prec@5 78.12 (79.42) - train[2018-10-12-14:15:49] Epoch: [031][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.831 (3.975) Prec@1 60.94 (56.90) Prec@5 83.59 (79.41) - train[2018-10-12-14:17:33] Epoch: [031][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.850 (3.976) Prec@1 59.38 (56.89) Prec@5 83.59 (79.40) - train[2018-10-12-14:19:17] Epoch: [031][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.918 (3.976) Prec@1 58.59 (56.88) Prec@5 79.69 (79.40) - train[2018-10-12-14:21:01] Epoch: [031][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.258 (3.977) Prec@1 55.47 (56.87) Prec@5 76.56 (79.39) - train[2018-10-12-14:22:44] Epoch: [031][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.192 (3.978) Prec@1 52.34 (56.86) Prec@5 79.69 (79.38) - train[2018-10-12-14:24:28] Epoch: [031][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.023 (3.978) Prec@1 49.22 (56.85) Prec@5 79.69 (79.37) - train[2018-10-12-14:26:11] Epoch: [031][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.441 (3.979) Prec@1 48.44 (56.84) Prec@5 73.44 (79.36) - train[2018-10-12-14:27:55] Epoch: [031][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.904 (3.979) Prec@1 60.94 (56.83) Prec@5 80.47 (79.35) - train[2018-10-12-14:29:39] Epoch: [031][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.878 (3.980) Prec@1 60.16 (56.81) Prec@5 78.91 (79.35) - train[2018-10-12-14:31:23] Epoch: [031][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.027 (3.981) Prec@1 55.47 (56.80) Prec@5 79.69 (79.33) - train[2018-10-12-14:33:07] Epoch: [031][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.058 (3.981) Prec@1 52.34 (56.79) Prec@5 77.34 (79.32) - train[2018-10-12-14:34:50] Epoch: [031][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.954 (3.982) Prec@1 55.47 (56.77) Prec@5 76.56 (79.31) - train[2018-10-12-14:36:34] Epoch: [031][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.196 (3.982) Prec@1 59.38 (56.76) Prec@5 71.09 (79.30) - train[2018-10-12-14:36:38] Epoch: [031][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.032 (3.982) Prec@1 53.33 (56.76) Prec@5 60.00 (79.30) -[2018-10-12-14:36:38] **train** Prec@1 56.76 Prec@5 79.30 Error@1 43.24 Error@5 20.70 Loss:3.982 - test [2018-10-12-14:36:42] Epoch: [031][000/391] Time 3.52 (3.52) Data 3.38 (3.38) Loss 0.867 (0.867) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-12-14:37:10] Epoch: [031][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.924 (1.437) Prec@1 53.12 (65.95) Prec@5 84.38 (87.97) - test [2018-10-12-14:37:35] Epoch: [031][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.867 (1.652) Prec@1 30.00 (62.28) Prec@5 70.00 (84.66) -[2018-10-12-14:37:35] **test** Prec@1 62.28 Prec@5 84.66 Error@1 37.72 Error@5 15.34 Loss:1.652 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=62.28, Acc@5=84.66, Error@1=37.72, Error@5=15.34 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-14:37:35] [Epoch=032/250] [Need: 318:02:51] LR=0.0377 ~ 0.0377, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-14:37:39] Epoch: [032][000/10010] Time 4.41 (4.41) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 4.117 (4.117) Prec@1 52.34 (52.34) Prec@5 77.34 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-14:39:24] Epoch: [032][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.000 (3.926) Prec@1 59.38 (57.76) Prec@5 80.47 (80.03) - train[2018-10-12-14:41:08] Epoch: [032][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.970 (3.929) Prec@1 57.81 (57.77) Prec@5 76.56 (79.97) - train[2018-10-12-14:42:51] Epoch: [032][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.607 (3.924) Prec@1 57.81 (57.85) Prec@5 85.94 (80.07) - train[2018-10-12-14:44:35] Epoch: [032][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (3.931) Prec@1 53.91 (57.71) Prec@5 83.59 (80.00) - train[2018-10-12-14:46:19] Epoch: [032][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.039 (3.937) Prec@1 55.47 (57.60) Prec@5 76.56 (79.89) - train[2018-10-12-14:48:03] Epoch: [032][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.884 (3.937) Prec@1 57.81 (57.58) Prec@5 81.25 (79.86) - train[2018-10-12-14:49:47] Epoch: [032][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.064 (3.938) Prec@1 54.69 (57.54) Prec@5 77.34 (79.84) - train[2018-10-12-14:51:30] Epoch: [032][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.036 (3.943) Prec@1 57.81 (57.49) Prec@5 75.78 (79.78) - train[2018-10-12-14:53:14] Epoch: [032][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.773 (3.945) Prec@1 60.16 (57.47) Prec@5 82.03 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-14:54:58] Epoch: [032][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.724 (3.945) Prec@1 60.94 (57.48) Prec@5 83.59 (79.77) - train[2018-10-12-14:56:41] Epoch: [032][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.630 (3.947) Prec@1 60.16 (57.44) Prec@5 83.59 (79.74) - train[2018-10-12-14:58:25] Epoch: [032][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.388 (3.946) Prec@1 46.88 (57.44) Prec@5 75.78 (79.75) - train[2018-10-12-15:00:09] Epoch: [032][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.964 (3.945) Prec@1 60.16 (57.43) Prec@5 78.12 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-15:01:53] Epoch: [032][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.192 (3.945) Prec@1 52.34 (57.39) Prec@5 75.00 (79.78) - train[2018-10-12-15:03:37] Epoch: [032][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.976 (3.947) Prec@1 57.03 (57.39) Prec@5 77.34 (79.75) - train[2018-10-12-15:05:21] Epoch: [032][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.947) Prec@1 62.50 (57.38) Prec@5 83.59 (79.73) - train[2018-10-12-15:07:05] Epoch: [032][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.819 (3.949) Prec@1 56.25 (57.34) Prec@5 81.25 (79.71) - train[2018-10-12-15:08:49] Epoch: [032][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.861 (3.951) Prec@1 63.28 (57.30) Prec@5 78.91 (79.68) - train[2018-10-12-15:10:33] Epoch: [032][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.744 (3.952) Prec@1 59.38 (57.27) Prec@5 80.47 (79.67) - train[2018-10-12-15:12:17] Epoch: [032][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (3.952) Prec@1 58.59 (57.28) Prec@5 83.59 (79.68) - train[2018-10-12-15:14:01] Epoch: [032][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.134 (3.953) Prec@1 53.91 (57.26) Prec@5 81.25 (79.66) - train[2018-10-12-15:15:46] Epoch: [032][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.532 (3.953) Prec@1 63.28 (57.26) Prec@5 86.72 (79.65) - train[2018-10-12-15:17:29] Epoch: [032][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.144 (3.953) Prec@1 54.69 (57.26) Prec@5 78.91 (79.64) - train[2018-10-12-15:19:14] Epoch: [032][4800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.670 (3.955) Prec@1 48.44 (57.22) Prec@5 72.66 (79.62) - train[2018-10-12-15:20:58] Epoch: [032][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.738 (3.954) Prec@1 58.59 (57.24) Prec@5 81.25 (79.62) - train[2018-10-12-15:22:42] Epoch: [032][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.116 (3.954) Prec@1 53.12 (57.24) Prec@5 77.34 (79.63) - train[2018-10-12-15:24:25] Epoch: [032][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.954) Prec@1 61.72 (57.24) Prec@5 81.25 (79.61) - train[2018-10-12-15:26:09] Epoch: [032][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.955) Prec@1 62.50 (57.23) Prec@5 83.59 (79.60) - train[2018-10-12-15:27:53] Epoch: [032][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.956) Prec@1 56.25 (57.21) Prec@5 80.47 (79.58) - train[2018-10-12-15:29:37] Epoch: [032][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.909 (3.956) Prec@1 59.38 (57.21) Prec@5 78.91 (79.58) - train[2018-10-12-15:31:21] Epoch: [032][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.957) Prec@1 61.72 (57.18) Prec@5 83.59 (79.57) - train[2018-10-12-15:33:04] Epoch: [032][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (3.958) Prec@1 57.03 (57.18) Prec@5 80.47 (79.57) - train[2018-10-12-15:34:48] Epoch: [032][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.146 (3.958) Prec@1 60.94 (57.16) Prec@5 74.22 (79.57) - train[2018-10-12-15:36:33] Epoch: [032][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.967 (3.959) Prec@1 57.03 (57.16) Prec@5 78.91 (79.56) - train[2018-10-12-15:38:17] Epoch: [032][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.959) Prec@1 50.00 (57.15) Prec@5 82.03 (79.56) - train[2018-10-12-15:40:01] Epoch: [032][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.904 (3.960) Prec@1 57.03 (57.13) Prec@5 79.69 (79.55) - train[2018-10-12-15:41:45] Epoch: [032][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.960) Prec@1 62.50 (57.13) Prec@5 80.47 (79.55) - train[2018-10-12-15:43:30] Epoch: [032][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.099 (3.961) Prec@1 55.47 (57.12) Prec@5 78.91 (79.54) - train[2018-10-12-15:45:13] Epoch: [032][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.931 (3.962) Prec@1 60.16 (57.10) Prec@5 76.56 (79.53) - train[2018-10-12-15:46:57] Epoch: [032][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.962) Prec@1 56.25 (57.10) Prec@5 82.81 (79.52) - train[2018-10-12-15:48:41] Epoch: [032][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.145 (3.962) Prec@1 53.91 (57.08) Prec@5 76.56 (79.51) - train[2018-10-12-15:50:25] Epoch: [032][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.055 (3.963) Prec@1 55.47 (57.06) Prec@5 75.78 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-15:52:09] Epoch: [032][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.129 (3.963) Prec@1 57.81 (57.06) Prec@5 78.12 (79.50) - train[2018-10-12-15:53:53] Epoch: [032][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.906 (3.963) Prec@1 59.38 (57.07) Prec@5 79.69 (79.50) - train[2018-10-12-15:55:37] Epoch: [032][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.471 (3.964) Prec@1 52.34 (57.07) Prec@5 77.34 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-15:57:21] Epoch: [032][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.235 (3.964) Prec@1 55.47 (57.07) Prec@5 76.56 (79.50) - train[2018-10-12-15:59:05] Epoch: [032][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.853 (3.964) Prec@1 58.59 (57.06) Prec@5 81.25 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-16:00:49] Epoch: [032][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.934 (3.965) Prec@1 56.25 (57.05) Prec@5 81.25 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-16:02:33] Epoch: [032][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.965) Prec@1 64.84 (57.04) Prec@5 83.59 (79.49) - train[2018-10-12-16:04:16] Epoch: [032][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.150 (3.965) Prec@1 53.12 (57.03) Prec@5 75.78 (79.48) - train[2018-10-12-16:04:21] Epoch: [032][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.546 (3.965) Prec@1 40.00 (57.04) Prec@5 80.00 (79.48) -[2018-10-12-16:04:21] **train** Prec@1 57.04 Prec@5 79.48 Error@1 42.96 Error@5 20.52 Loss:3.965 - test [2018-10-12-16:04:25] Epoch: [032][000/391] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 4.11 (4.11) Loss 0.846 (0.846) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-12-16:04:52] Epoch: [032][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.882 (1.460) Prec@1 59.38 (66.05) Prec@5 80.47 (87.84) - test [2018-10-12-16:05:17] Epoch: [032][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.592 (1.653) Prec@1 38.75 (62.43) Prec@5 76.25 (84.73) -[2018-10-12-16:05:17] **test** Prec@1 62.43 Prec@5 84.73 Error@1 37.57 Error@5 15.27 Loss:1.653 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=62.43, Acc@5=84.73, Error@1=37.57, Error@5=15.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-16:05:17] [Epoch=033/250] [Need: 317:12:27] LR=0.0366 ~ 0.0366, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-16:05:23] Epoch: [033][000/10010] Time 5.08 (5.08) Data 4.46 (4.46) Loss 4.313 (4.313) Prec@1 50.78 (50.78) Prec@5 76.56 (76.56) - train[2018-10-12-16:07:06] Epoch: [033][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.880 (3.938) Prec@1 57.81 (58.00) Prec@5 80.47 (79.64) - train[2018-10-12-16:08:50] Epoch: [033][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.930 (3.926) Prec@1 57.81 (57.88) Prec@5 77.34 (79.84) - train[2018-10-12-16:10:34] Epoch: [033][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.268 (3.931) Prec@1 54.69 (57.77) Prec@5 77.34 (79.86) - train[2018-10-12-16:12:17] Epoch: [033][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.686 (3.924) Prec@1 59.38 (57.76) Prec@5 84.38 (80.00) - train[2018-10-12-16:14:01] Epoch: [033][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.925 (3.918) Prec@1 60.16 (57.84) Prec@5 77.34 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-16:15:44] Epoch: [033][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.027 (3.916) Prec@1 58.59 (57.89) Prec@5 78.91 (80.11) - train[2018-10-12-16:17:28] Epoch: [033][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.918) Prec@1 57.81 (57.86) Prec@5 80.47 (80.09) - train[2018-10-12-16:19:12] Epoch: [033][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.277 (3.916) Prec@1 51.56 (57.85) Prec@5 77.34 (80.13) - train[2018-10-12-16:20:55] Epoch: [033][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.737 (3.917) Prec@1 61.72 (57.83) Prec@5 78.91 (80.13) - train[2018-10-12-16:22:39] Epoch: [033][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.132 (3.918) Prec@1 56.25 (57.80) Prec@5 78.91 (80.13) - train[2018-10-12-16:24:23] Epoch: [033][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.644 (3.920) Prec@1 63.28 (57.74) Prec@5 84.38 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-16:26:07] Epoch: [033][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.900 (3.924) Prec@1 53.91 (57.71) Prec@5 78.91 (80.05) - train[2018-10-12-16:27:51] Epoch: [033][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.925) Prec@1 57.81 (57.69) Prec@5 82.03 (80.04) - train[2018-10-12-16:29:34] Epoch: [033][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.286 (3.926) Prec@1 54.69 (57.69) Prec@5 78.12 (80.03) - train[2018-10-12-16:31:18] Epoch: [033][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.047 (3.926) Prec@1 57.81 (57.70) Prec@5 80.47 (80.01) - train[2018-10-12-16:33:02] Epoch: [033][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.002 (3.927) Prec@1 58.59 (57.67) Prec@5 78.12 (79.99) - train[2018-10-12-16:34:45] Epoch: [033][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.055 (3.931) Prec@1 53.12 (57.63) Prec@5 82.03 (79.96) - train[2018-10-12-16:36:29] Epoch: [033][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.142 (3.932) Prec@1 57.03 (57.60) Prec@5 77.34 (79.94) - train[2018-10-12-16:38:13] Epoch: [033][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.641 (3.933) Prec@1 58.59 (57.57) Prec@5 85.16 (79.91) - train[2018-10-12-16:39:57] Epoch: [033][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.616 (3.932) Prec@1 62.50 (57.58) Prec@5 84.38 (79.93) - train[2018-10-12-16:41:41] Epoch: [033][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.758 (3.933) Prec@1 61.72 (57.55) Prec@5 80.47 (79.91) - train[2018-10-12-16:43:24] Epoch: [033][4400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.837 (3.935) Prec@1 57.81 (57.53) Prec@5 82.03 (79.90) - train[2018-10-12-16:45:08] Epoch: [033][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.999 (3.935) Prec@1 56.25 (57.53) Prec@5 79.69 (79.88) - train[2018-10-12-16:46:51] Epoch: [033][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.935) Prec@1 59.38 (57.52) Prec@5 85.94 (79.88) - train[2018-10-12-16:48:35] Epoch: [033][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.544 (3.936) Prec@1 64.06 (57.51) Prec@5 84.38 (79.87) - train[2018-10-12-16:50:18] Epoch: [033][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.949 (3.936) Prec@1 57.81 (57.51) Prec@5 79.69 (79.87) - train[2018-10-12-16:52:02] Epoch: [033][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.154 (3.936) Prec@1 51.56 (57.51) Prec@5 78.12 (79.86) - train[2018-10-12-16:53:46] Epoch: [033][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.127 (3.937) Prec@1 51.56 (57.50) Prec@5 78.91 (79.86) - train[2018-10-12-16:55:30] Epoch: [033][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.651 (3.938) Prec@1 63.28 (57.49) Prec@5 84.38 (79.85) - train[2018-10-12-16:57:14] Epoch: [033][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.728 (3.938) Prec@1 62.50 (57.48) Prec@5 82.81 (79.85) - train[2018-10-12-16:58:57] Epoch: [033][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.990 (3.938) Prec@1 57.81 (57.48) Prec@5 80.47 (79.85) - train[2018-10-12-17:00:41] Epoch: [033][6400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.234 (3.939) Prec@1 55.47 (57.47) Prec@5 76.56 (79.85) - train[2018-10-12-17:02:25] Epoch: [033][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.565 (3.940) Prec@1 62.50 (57.45) Prec@5 85.16 (79.84) - train[2018-10-12-17:04:09] Epoch: [033][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.056 (3.940) Prec@1 51.56 (57.46) Prec@5 74.22 (79.85) - train[2018-10-12-17:05:52] Epoch: [033][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.837 (3.940) Prec@1 59.38 (57.46) Prec@5 80.47 (79.84) - train[2018-10-12-17:07:37] Epoch: [033][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.941) Prec@1 56.25 (57.45) Prec@5 79.69 (79.82) - train[2018-10-12-17:09:21] Epoch: [033][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (3.942) Prec@1 46.88 (57.44) Prec@5 77.34 (79.81) - train[2018-10-12-17:11:05] Epoch: [033][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.983 (3.942) Prec@1 57.03 (57.43) Prec@5 78.91 (79.81) - train[2018-10-12-17:12:49] Epoch: [033][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.854 (3.942) Prec@1 51.56 (57.42) Prec@5 82.81 (79.80) - train[2018-10-12-17:14:33] Epoch: [033][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.098 (3.942) Prec@1 52.34 (57.42) Prec@5 77.34 (79.79) - train[2018-10-12-17:16:16] Epoch: [033][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.092 (3.942) Prec@1 60.16 (57.42) Prec@5 78.12 (79.80) - train[2018-10-12-17:18:00] Epoch: [033][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.791 (3.943) Prec@1 57.03 (57.41) Prec@5 81.25 (79.79) - train[2018-10-12-17:19:43] Epoch: [033][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.780 (3.943) Prec@1 56.25 (57.41) Prec@5 83.59 (79.79) - train[2018-10-12-17:21:27] Epoch: [033][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.156 (3.944) Prec@1 53.12 (57.39) Prec@5 80.47 (79.78) - train[2018-10-12-17:23:11] Epoch: [033][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.308 (3.944) Prec@1 46.09 (57.39) Prec@5 75.00 (79.77) - train[2018-10-12-17:24:55] Epoch: [033][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.739 (3.945) Prec@1 60.16 (57.39) Prec@5 83.59 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-17:26:39] Epoch: [033][9400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.288 (3.945) Prec@1 53.12 (57.38) Prec@5 73.44 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-17:28:22] Epoch: [033][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.059 (3.945) Prec@1 53.91 (57.38) Prec@5 80.47 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-17:30:07] Epoch: [033][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.057 (3.946) Prec@1 53.12 (57.37) Prec@5 76.56 (79.76) - train[2018-10-12-17:31:50] Epoch: [033][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.065 (3.946) Prec@1 57.03 (57.35) Prec@5 80.47 (79.74) - train[2018-10-12-17:31:54] Epoch: [033][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (3.946) Prec@1 60.00 (57.36) Prec@5 86.67 (79.74) -[2018-10-12-17:31:54] **train** Prec@1 57.36 Prec@5 79.74 Error@1 42.64 Error@5 20.26 Loss:3.946 - test [2018-10-12-17:31:58] Epoch: [033][000/391] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 0.818 (0.818) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-12-17:32:26] Epoch: [033][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.099 (1.442) Prec@1 50.00 (66.29) Prec@5 78.12 (88.30) - test [2018-10-12-17:32:50] Epoch: [033][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.985 (1.642) Prec@1 32.50 (62.46) Prec@5 70.00 (85.12) -[2018-10-12-17:32:50] **test** Prec@1 62.46 Prec@5 85.12 Error@1 37.54 Error@5 14.88 Loss:1.642 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=62.46, Acc@5=85.12, Error@1=37.54, Error@5=14.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-17:32:51] [Epoch=034/250] [Need: 315:11:12] LR=0.0355 ~ 0.0355, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-17:32:56] Epoch: [034][000/10010] Time 5.22 (5.22) Data 4.66 (4.66) Loss 3.907 (3.907) Prec@1 55.47 (55.47) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-12-17:34:40] Epoch: [034][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 4.018 (3.906) Prec@1 59.38 (57.70) Prec@5 79.69 (80.61) - train[2018-10-12-17:36:23] Epoch: [034][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.696 (3.902) Prec@1 64.06 (58.00) Prec@5 83.59 (80.50) - train[2018-10-12-17:38:07] Epoch: [034][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.702 (3.900) Prec@1 58.59 (58.19) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-12-17:39:51] Epoch: [034][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.058 (3.902) Prec@1 50.00 (58.16) Prec@5 75.78 (80.41) - train[2018-10-12-17:41:35] Epoch: [034][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.540 (3.901) Prec@1 62.50 (58.17) Prec@5 86.72 (80.35) - train[2018-10-12-17:43:18] Epoch: [034][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.900) Prec@1 57.81 (58.14) Prec@5 78.12 (80.38) - train[2018-10-12-17:45:02] Epoch: [034][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.152 (3.903) Prec@1 57.81 (58.11) Prec@5 78.12 (80.33) - train[2018-10-12-17:46:46] Epoch: [034][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.750 (3.903) Prec@1 57.03 (58.09) Prec@5 85.94 (80.34) - train[2018-10-12-17:48:30] Epoch: [034][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (3.906) Prec@1 53.91 (58.08) Prec@5 82.81 (80.33) - train[2018-10-12-17:50:14] Epoch: [034][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.486 (3.910) Prec@1 52.34 (58.06) Prec@5 73.44 (80.23) - train[2018-10-12-17:51:58] Epoch: [034][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.014 (3.911) Prec@1 56.25 (58.02) Prec@5 78.91 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-17:53:42] Epoch: [034][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.323 (3.911) Prec@1 52.34 (58.04) Prec@5 76.56 (80.23) - train[2018-10-12-17:55:26] Epoch: [034][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.976 (3.911) Prec@1 58.59 (58.03) Prec@5 74.22 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-17:57:10] Epoch: [034][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.911) Prec@1 62.50 (58.02) Prec@5 78.91 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-17:58:54] Epoch: [034][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.884 (3.911) Prec@1 54.69 (58.01) Prec@5 82.03 (80.20) - train[2018-10-12-18:00:39] Epoch: [034][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.690 (3.911) Prec@1 60.94 (57.99) Prec@5 85.94 (80.19) - train[2018-10-12-18:02:23] Epoch: [034][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.821 (3.914) Prec@1 54.69 (57.96) Prec@5 82.81 (80.16) - train[2018-10-12-18:04:07] Epoch: [034][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.162 (3.917) Prec@1 53.91 (57.91) Prec@5 76.56 (80.14) - train[2018-10-12-18:05:51] Epoch: [034][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.918) Prec@1 57.03 (57.87) Prec@5 78.91 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-18:07:35] Epoch: [034][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.907 (3.919) Prec@1 56.25 (57.86) Prec@5 82.81 (80.09) - train[2018-10-12-18:09:19] Epoch: [034][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.143 (3.919) Prec@1 56.25 (57.88) Prec@5 75.78 (80.10) - train[2018-10-12-18:11:03] Epoch: [034][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (3.920) Prec@1 54.69 (57.84) Prec@5 81.25 (80.08) - train[2018-10-12-18:12:47] Epoch: [034][4600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.870 (3.920) Prec@1 51.56 (57.83) Prec@5 79.69 (80.09) - train[2018-10-12-18:14:31] Epoch: [034][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.947 (3.920) Prec@1 54.69 (57.81) Prec@5 82.03 (80.08) - train[2018-10-12-18:16:15] Epoch: [034][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.511 (3.921) Prec@1 62.50 (57.81) Prec@5 86.72 (80.07) - train[2018-10-12-18:17:59] Epoch: [034][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.025 (3.921) Prec@1 52.34 (57.80) Prec@5 81.25 (80.07) - train[2018-10-12-18:19:44] Epoch: [034][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.922) Prec@1 60.94 (57.78) Prec@5 82.81 (80.07) - train[2018-10-12-18:21:27] Epoch: [034][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.289 (3.921) Prec@1 50.78 (57.79) Prec@5 75.78 (80.07) - train[2018-10-12-18:23:12] Epoch: [034][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.053 (3.922) Prec@1 60.16 (57.78) Prec@5 75.78 (80.05) - train[2018-10-12-18:24:55] Epoch: [034][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.922) Prec@1 57.03 (57.78) Prec@5 76.56 (80.05) - train[2018-10-12-18:26:39] Epoch: [034][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.924) Prec@1 59.38 (57.77) Prec@5 82.03 (80.03) - train[2018-10-12-18:28:22] Epoch: [034][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.129 (3.924) Prec@1 53.12 (57.75) Prec@5 74.22 (80.03) - train[2018-10-12-18:30:06] Epoch: [034][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.780 (3.925) Prec@1 55.47 (57.72) Prec@5 78.91 (80.01) - train[2018-10-12-18:31:50] Epoch: [034][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.015 (3.925) Prec@1 53.12 (57.71) Prec@5 80.47 (80.01) - train[2018-10-12-18:33:34] Epoch: [034][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.006 (3.926) Prec@1 54.69 (57.70) Prec@5 80.47 (80.00) - train[2018-10-12-18:35:18] Epoch: [034][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.927) Prec@1 56.25 (57.67) Prec@5 79.69 (79.99) - train[2018-10-12-18:37:01] Epoch: [034][7400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.114 (3.927) Prec@1 55.47 (57.66) Prec@5 81.25 (79.98) - train[2018-10-12-18:38:45] Epoch: [034][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.245 (3.928) Prec@1 53.91 (57.66) Prec@5 71.88 (79.97) - train[2018-10-12-18:40:29] Epoch: [034][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.979 (3.928) Prec@1 60.16 (57.64) Prec@5 80.47 (79.96) - train[2018-10-12-18:42:13] Epoch: [034][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.029 (3.929) Prec@1 56.25 (57.63) Prec@5 75.00 (79.96) - train[2018-10-12-18:43:57] Epoch: [034][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.897 (3.929) Prec@1 57.03 (57.62) Prec@5 80.47 (79.96) - train[2018-10-12-18:45:41] Epoch: [034][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.978 (3.929) Prec@1 53.91 (57.63) Prec@5 79.69 (79.96) - train[2018-10-12-18:47:25] Epoch: [034][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.003 (3.929) Prec@1 55.47 (57.62) Prec@5 78.12 (79.95) - train[2018-10-12-18:49:09] Epoch: [034][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.800 (3.930) Prec@1 64.84 (57.62) Prec@5 83.59 (79.95) - train[2018-10-12-18:50:52] Epoch: [034][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.123 (3.930) Prec@1 54.69 (57.62) Prec@5 77.34 (79.95) - train[2018-10-12-18:52:36] Epoch: [034][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.958 (3.930) Prec@1 55.47 (57.61) Prec@5 78.12 (79.94) - train[2018-10-12-18:54:20] Epoch: [034][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.931) Prec@1 64.84 (57.60) Prec@5 85.94 (79.93) - train[2018-10-12-18:56:04] Epoch: [034][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.094 (3.931) Prec@1 56.25 (57.60) Prec@5 77.34 (79.93) - train[2018-10-12-18:57:47] Epoch: [034][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.042 (3.931) Prec@1 50.00 (57.59) Prec@5 72.66 (79.92) - train[2018-10-12-18:59:32] Epoch: [034][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.751 (3.931) Prec@1 63.28 (57.59) Prec@5 82.81 (79.92) - train[2018-10-12-18:59:36] Epoch: [034][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.241 (3.931) Prec@1 33.33 (57.59) Prec@5 60.00 (79.92) -[2018-10-12-18:59:36] **train** Prec@1 57.59 Prec@5 79.92 Error@1 42.41 Error@5 20.08 Loss:3.931 - test [2018-10-12-18:59:40] Epoch: [034][000/391] Time 3.86 (3.86) Data 3.73 (3.73) Loss 1.046 (1.046) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-12-19:00:08] Epoch: [034][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.153 (1.413) Prec@1 50.78 (67.00) Prec@5 78.12 (88.60) - test [2018-10-12-19:00:33] Epoch: [034][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.696 (1.621) Prec@1 26.25 (62.90) Prec@5 70.00 (85.31) -[2018-10-12-19:00:33] **test** Prec@1 62.90 Prec@5 85.31 Error@1 37.10 Error@5 14.69 Loss:1.621 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=62.90, Acc@5=85.31, Error@1=37.10, Error@5=14.69 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-19:00:33] [Epoch=035/250] [Need: 314:18:14] LR=0.0344 ~ 0.0344, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-19:00:39] Epoch: [035][000/10010] Time 5.51 (5.51) Data 4.95 (4.95) Loss 4.081 (4.081) Prec@1 52.34 (52.34) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-12-19:02:23] Epoch: [035][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.675 (3.900) Prec@1 63.28 (58.03) Prec@5 84.38 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-19:04:07] Epoch: [035][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.056 (3.875) Prec@1 57.03 (58.29) Prec@5 75.78 (80.61) - train[2018-10-12-19:05:51] Epoch: [035][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.085 (3.883) Prec@1 54.69 (58.19) Prec@5 78.12 (80.48) - train[2018-10-12-19:07:34] Epoch: [035][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.791 (3.888) Prec@1 59.38 (58.17) Prec@5 84.38 (80.46) - train[2018-10-12-19:09:18] Epoch: [035][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.638 (3.885) Prec@1 61.72 (58.21) Prec@5 82.81 (80.51) - train[2018-10-12-19:11:02] Epoch: [035][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.186 (3.886) Prec@1 55.47 (58.20) Prec@5 76.56 (80.52) - train[2018-10-12-19:12:45] Epoch: [035][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.859 (3.888) Prec@1 61.72 (58.15) Prec@5 78.12 (80.49) - train[2018-10-12-19:14:29] Epoch: [035][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.911 (3.887) Prec@1 63.28 (58.22) Prec@5 80.47 (80.50) - train[2018-10-12-19:16:13] Epoch: [035][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.496 (3.887) Prec@1 50.00 (58.23) Prec@5 70.31 (80.50) - train[2018-10-12-19:17:57] Epoch: [035][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.889) Prec@1 66.41 (58.18) Prec@5 84.38 (80.47) - train[2018-10-12-19:19:41] Epoch: [035][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.239 (3.891) Prec@1 46.88 (58.19) Prec@5 77.34 (80.46) - train[2018-10-12-19:21:24] Epoch: [035][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.127 (3.890) Prec@1 56.25 (58.20) Prec@5 75.00 (80.47) - train[2018-10-12-19:23:08] Epoch: [035][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.892) Prec@1 63.28 (58.18) Prec@5 84.38 (80.44) - train[2018-10-12-19:24:52] Epoch: [035][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.893) Prec@1 67.19 (58.19) Prec@5 86.72 (80.43) - train[2018-10-12-19:26:35] Epoch: [035][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.719 (3.895) Prec@1 58.59 (58.13) Prec@5 82.81 (80.40) - train[2018-10-12-19:28:19] Epoch: [035][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.280 (3.895) Prec@1 56.25 (58.13) Prec@5 75.00 (80.40) - train[2018-10-12-19:30:03] Epoch: [035][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.895) Prec@1 57.81 (58.14) Prec@5 82.81 (80.40) - train[2018-10-12-19:31:46] Epoch: [035][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.812 (3.896) Prec@1 57.81 (58.12) Prec@5 82.03 (80.40) - train[2018-10-12-19:33:30] Epoch: [035][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.138 (3.896) Prec@1 56.25 (58.16) Prec@5 75.78 (80.39) - train[2018-10-12-19:35:14] Epoch: [035][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.848 (3.896) Prec@1 59.38 (58.16) Prec@5 82.03 (80.37) - train[2018-10-12-19:36:58] Epoch: [035][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.615 (3.897) Prec@1 63.28 (58.13) Prec@5 83.59 (80.36) - train[2018-10-12-19:38:41] Epoch: [035][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.190 (3.897) Prec@1 56.25 (58.12) Prec@5 76.56 (80.35) - train[2018-10-12-19:40:26] Epoch: [035][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.089 (3.898) Prec@1 54.69 (58.11) Prec@5 80.47 (80.34) - train[2018-10-12-19:42:09] Epoch: [035][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.740 (3.899) Prec@1 64.84 (58.09) Prec@5 81.25 (80.32) - train[2018-10-12-19:43:53] Epoch: [035][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.537 (3.899) Prec@1 61.72 (58.09) Prec@5 84.38 (80.32) - train[2018-10-12-19:45:37] Epoch: [035][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.001 (3.900) Prec@1 50.78 (58.06) Prec@5 83.59 (80.31) - train[2018-10-12-19:47:21] Epoch: [035][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.189 (3.901) Prec@1 54.69 (58.06) Prec@5 75.78 (80.30) - train[2018-10-12-19:49:05] Epoch: [035][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.888 (3.902) Prec@1 58.59 (58.05) Prec@5 80.47 (80.28) - train[2018-10-12-19:50:49] Epoch: [035][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.747 (3.903) Prec@1 60.94 (58.06) Prec@5 78.91 (80.26) - train[2018-10-12-19:52:32] Epoch: [035][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.995 (3.903) Prec@1 57.81 (58.04) Prec@5 78.91 (80.25) - train[2018-10-12-19:54:16] Epoch: [035][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.445 (3.904) Prec@1 45.31 (58.03) Prec@5 70.31 (80.25) - train[2018-10-12-19:56:00] Epoch: [035][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.067 (3.905) Prec@1 54.69 (58.02) Prec@5 79.69 (80.24) - train[2018-10-12-19:57:44] Epoch: [035][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.084 (3.906) Prec@1 56.25 (57.99) Prec@5 78.12 (80.22) - train[2018-10-12-19:59:28] Epoch: [035][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.127 (3.906) Prec@1 59.38 (57.99) Prec@5 78.91 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-20:01:12] Epoch: [035][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.926 (3.906) Prec@1 54.69 (57.99) Prec@5 79.69 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-20:02:56] Epoch: [035][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.906) Prec@1 67.97 (57.99) Prec@5 88.28 (80.21) - train[2018-10-12-20:04:40] Epoch: [035][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.514 (3.907) Prec@1 63.28 (57.97) Prec@5 85.94 (80.20) - train[2018-10-12-20:06:24] Epoch: [035][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.918 (3.907) Prec@1 57.03 (57.97) Prec@5 79.69 (80.20) - train[2018-10-12-20:08:08] Epoch: [035][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.859 (3.907) Prec@1 56.25 (57.96) Prec@5 79.69 (80.20) - train[2018-10-12-20:09:52] Epoch: [035][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.088 (3.908) Prec@1 57.03 (57.94) Prec@5 78.12 (80.19) - train[2018-10-12-20:11:36] Epoch: [035][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.730 (3.909) Prec@1 58.59 (57.92) Prec@5 82.81 (80.18) - train[2018-10-12-20:13:20] Epoch: [035][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.120 (3.909) Prec@1 50.78 (57.93) Prec@5 78.12 (80.18) - train[2018-10-12-20:15:05] Epoch: [035][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.913 (3.909) Prec@1 60.94 (57.91) Prec@5 77.34 (80.17) - train[2018-10-12-20:16:49] Epoch: [035][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.686 (3.910) Prec@1 60.94 (57.90) Prec@5 85.94 (80.16) - train[2018-10-12-20:18:32] Epoch: [035][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.910) Prec@1 57.03 (57.89) Prec@5 78.91 (80.16) - train[2018-10-12-20:20:17] Epoch: [035][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.067 (3.911) Prec@1 56.25 (57.88) Prec@5 80.47 (80.15) - train[2018-10-12-20:22:00] Epoch: [035][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.106 (3.911) Prec@1 59.38 (57.88) Prec@5 74.22 (80.14) - train[2018-10-12-20:23:44] Epoch: [035][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.832 (3.912) Prec@1 61.72 (57.86) Prec@5 82.03 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-20:25:28] Epoch: [035][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.861 (3.913) Prec@1 60.94 (57.85) Prec@5 82.03 (80.12) - train[2018-10-12-20:27:11] Epoch: [035][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.883 (3.913) Prec@1 50.78 (57.84) Prec@5 80.47 (80.10) - train[2018-10-12-20:27:16] Epoch: [035][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.721 (3.913) Prec@1 66.67 (57.84) Prec@5 86.67 (80.10) -[2018-10-12-20:27:16] **train** Prec@1 57.84 Prec@5 80.10 Error@1 42.16 Error@5 19.90 Loss:3.913 - test [2018-10-12-20:27:20] Epoch: [035][000/391] Time 4.38 (4.38) Data 4.24 (4.24) Loss 0.935 (0.935) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - test [2018-10-12-20:27:47] Epoch: [035][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.943 (1.400) Prec@1 50.78 (67.34) Prec@5 80.47 (88.66) - test [2018-10-12-20:28:12] Epoch: [035][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.084 (1.608) Prec@1 21.25 (63.19) Prec@5 66.25 (85.34) -[2018-10-12-20:28:12] **test** Prec@1 63.19 Prec@5 85.34 Error@1 36.81 Error@5 14.66 Loss:1.608 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=63.19, Acc@5=85.34, Error@1=36.81, Error@5=14.66 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-20:28:13] [Epoch=036/250] [Need: 312:37:40] LR=0.0334 ~ 0.0334, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-20:28:18] Epoch: [036][000/10010] Time 5.42 (5.42) Data 4.86 (4.86) Loss 3.975 (3.975) Prec@1 57.03 (57.03) Prec@5 78.91 (78.91) - train[2018-10-12-20:30:02] Epoch: [036][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.996 (3.847) Prec@1 57.03 (58.98) Prec@5 78.91 (81.10) - train[2018-10-12-20:31:46] Epoch: [036][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.067 (3.860) Prec@1 54.69 (58.87) Prec@5 77.34 (80.86) - train[2018-10-12-20:33:30] Epoch: [036][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.727 (3.870) Prec@1 58.59 (58.73) Prec@5 78.91 (80.74) - train[2018-10-12-20:35:14] Epoch: [036][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.093 (3.864) Prec@1 60.16 (58.76) Prec@5 78.91 (80.81) - train[2018-10-12-20:36:57] Epoch: [036][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.924 (3.860) Prec@1 60.16 (58.81) Prec@5 81.25 (80.89) - train[2018-10-12-20:38:41] Epoch: [036][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.194 (3.865) Prec@1 53.91 (58.70) Prec@5 79.69 (80.82) - train[2018-10-12-20:40:25] Epoch: [036][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (3.870) Prec@1 52.34 (58.60) Prec@5 78.12 (80.71) - train[2018-10-12-20:42:09] Epoch: [036][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.873) Prec@1 60.94 (58.55) Prec@5 76.56 (80.67) - train[2018-10-12-20:43:54] Epoch: [036][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.934 (3.871) Prec@1 50.00 (58.56) Prec@5 79.69 (80.70) - train[2018-10-12-20:45:38] Epoch: [036][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.003 (3.873) Prec@1 53.91 (58.52) Prec@5 78.91 (80.66) - train[2018-10-12-20:47:22] Epoch: [036][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.061 (3.877) Prec@1 54.69 (58.46) Prec@5 78.12 (80.62) - train[2018-10-12-20:49:05] Epoch: [036][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.876) Prec@1 61.72 (58.44) Prec@5 84.38 (80.61) - train[2018-10-12-20:50:49] Epoch: [036][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.070 (3.877) Prec@1 60.94 (58.41) Prec@5 76.56 (80.60) - train[2018-10-12-20:52:32] Epoch: [036][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.879) Prec@1 60.16 (58.37) Prec@5 80.47 (80.55) - train[2018-10-12-20:54:17] Epoch: [036][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.959 (3.880) Prec@1 53.91 (58.37) Prec@5 81.25 (80.55) - train[2018-10-12-20:56:01] Epoch: [036][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.077 (3.879) Prec@1 54.69 (58.39) Prec@5 78.12 (80.58) - train[2018-10-12-20:57:45] Epoch: [036][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.030 (3.880) Prec@1 57.03 (58.37) Prec@5 79.69 (80.56) - train[2018-10-12-20:59:29] Epoch: [036][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.779 (3.881) Prec@1 61.72 (58.36) Prec@5 83.59 (80.56) - train[2018-10-12-21:01:13] Epoch: [036][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.187 (3.882) Prec@1 54.69 (58.35) Prec@5 76.56 (80.53) - train[2018-10-12-21:02:56] Epoch: [036][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.064 (3.883) Prec@1 51.56 (58.34) Prec@5 78.91 (80.51) - train[2018-10-12-21:04:40] Epoch: [036][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.884) Prec@1 60.16 (58.33) Prec@5 84.38 (80.50) - train[2018-10-12-21:06:23] Epoch: [036][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.154 (3.884) Prec@1 53.91 (58.31) Prec@5 78.91 (80.48) - train[2018-10-12-21:08:07] Epoch: [036][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.040 (3.884) Prec@1 61.72 (58.32) Prec@5 78.91 (80.49) - train[2018-10-12-21:09:52] Epoch: [036][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.888 (3.884) Prec@1 54.69 (58.32) Prec@5 80.47 (80.49) - train[2018-10-12-21:11:35] Epoch: [036][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.788 (3.884) Prec@1 59.38 (58.32) Prec@5 80.47 (80.48) - train[2018-10-12-21:13:19] Epoch: [036][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.760 (3.883) Prec@1 55.47 (58.33) Prec@5 82.03 (80.48) - train[2018-10-12-21:15:03] Epoch: [036][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.824 (3.883) Prec@1 57.81 (58.34) Prec@5 82.03 (80.49) - train[2018-10-12-21:16:47] Epoch: [036][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.109 (3.884) Prec@1 55.47 (58.31) Prec@5 75.78 (80.48) - train[2018-10-12-21:18:30] Epoch: [036][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.249 (3.883) Prec@1 50.78 (58.32) Prec@5 75.78 (80.49) - train[2018-10-12-21:20:14] Epoch: [036][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.868 (3.884) Prec@1 62.50 (58.30) Prec@5 79.69 (80.47) - train[2018-10-12-21:21:58] Epoch: [036][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.872 (3.886) Prec@1 59.38 (58.28) Prec@5 81.25 (80.45) - train[2018-10-12-21:23:41] Epoch: [036][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.887) Prec@1 64.84 (58.26) Prec@5 82.81 (80.45) - train[2018-10-12-21:25:25] Epoch: [036][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.995 (3.888) Prec@1 50.00 (58.25) Prec@5 82.03 (80.43) - train[2018-10-12-21:27:08] Epoch: [036][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.889) Prec@1 59.38 (58.24) Prec@5 80.47 (80.41) - train[2018-10-12-21:28:52] Epoch: [036][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.834 (3.890) Prec@1 59.38 (58.23) Prec@5 82.03 (80.39) - train[2018-10-12-21:30:36] Epoch: [036][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.118 (3.890) Prec@1 53.12 (58.22) Prec@5 80.47 (80.39) - train[2018-10-12-21:32:20] Epoch: [036][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.808 (3.891) Prec@1 58.59 (58.21) Prec@5 83.59 (80.38) - train[2018-10-12-21:34:04] Epoch: [036][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.580 (3.891) Prec@1 64.06 (58.20) Prec@5 85.16 (80.38) - train[2018-10-12-21:35:48] Epoch: [036][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.661 (3.891) Prec@1 59.38 (58.19) Prec@5 84.38 (80.38) - train[2018-10-12-21:37:32] Epoch: [036][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.892) Prec@1 62.50 (58.18) Prec@5 80.47 (80.37) - train[2018-10-12-21:39:16] Epoch: [036][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.893) Prec@1 67.97 (58.18) Prec@5 84.38 (80.36) - train[2018-10-12-21:41:00] Epoch: [036][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.950 (3.892) Prec@1 54.69 (58.18) Prec@5 82.03 (80.36) - train[2018-10-12-21:42:44] Epoch: [036][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (3.893) Prec@1 58.59 (58.18) Prec@5 76.56 (80.37) - train[2018-10-12-21:44:27] Epoch: [036][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.450 (3.893) Prec@1 52.34 (58.17) Prec@5 75.00 (80.36) - train[2018-10-12-21:46:11] Epoch: [036][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (3.894) Prec@1 57.03 (58.16) Prec@5 75.78 (80.35) - train[2018-10-12-21:47:56] Epoch: [036][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.006 (3.894) Prec@1 61.72 (58.15) Prec@5 73.44 (80.35) - train[2018-10-12-21:49:40] Epoch: [036][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.271 (3.894) Prec@1 57.03 (58.15) Prec@5 76.56 (80.34) - train[2018-10-12-21:51:24] Epoch: [036][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.770 (3.896) Prec@1 57.03 (58.14) Prec@5 82.81 (80.34) - train[2018-10-12-21:53:07] Epoch: [036][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.038 (3.896) Prec@1 60.16 (58.13) Prec@5 74.22 (80.33) - train[2018-10-12-21:54:51] Epoch: [036][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.897) Prec@1 52.34 (58.12) Prec@5 81.25 (80.32) - train[2018-10-12-21:54:56] Epoch: [036][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.127 (3.897) Prec@1 60.00 (58.12) Prec@5 80.00 (80.32) -[2018-10-12-21:54:56] **train** Prec@1 58.12 Prec@5 80.32 Error@1 41.88 Error@5 19.68 Loss:3.897 - test [2018-10-12-21:55:00] Epoch: [036][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 1.050 (1.050) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-12-21:55:27] Epoch: [036][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.894 (1.391) Prec@1 57.03 (67.50) Prec@5 81.25 (88.94) - test [2018-10-12-21:55:52] Epoch: [036][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.779 (1.596) Prec@1 35.00 (63.59) Prec@5 70.00 (85.70) -[2018-10-12-21:55:52] **test** Prec@1 63.59 Prec@5 85.70 Error@1 36.41 Error@5 14.30 Loss:1.596 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=63.59, Acc@5=85.70, Error@1=36.41, Error@5=14.30 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-21:55:53] [Epoch=037/250] [Need: 311:12:55] LR=0.0324 ~ 0.0324, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-21:55:58] Epoch: [037][000/10010] Time 5.01 (5.01) Data 4.44 (4.44) Loss 3.854 (3.854) Prec@1 61.72 (61.72) Prec@5 77.34 (77.34) - train[2018-10-12-21:57:42] Epoch: [037][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.849 (3.843) Prec@1 59.38 (58.83) Prec@5 79.69 (80.98) - train[2018-10-12-21:59:25] Epoch: [037][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.154 (3.843) Prec@1 52.34 (59.06) Prec@5 77.34 (81.12) - train[2018-10-12-22:01:09] Epoch: [037][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.498 (3.832) Prec@1 64.84 (59.16) Prec@5 85.94 (81.28) - train[2018-10-12-22:02:53] Epoch: [037][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.887 (3.835) Prec@1 60.16 (59.04) Prec@5 81.25 (81.18) - train[2018-10-12-22:04:36] Epoch: [037][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.946 (3.838) Prec@1 60.16 (59.04) Prec@5 78.91 (81.14) - train[2018-10-12-22:06:20] Epoch: [037][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.240 (3.837) Prec@1 52.34 (59.13) Prec@5 76.56 (81.16) - train[2018-10-12-22:08:03] Epoch: [037][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.994 (3.844) Prec@1 57.03 (59.05) Prec@5 81.25 (81.03) - train[2018-10-12-22:09:47] Epoch: [037][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.062 (3.845) Prec@1 52.34 (59.06) Prec@5 77.34 (81.01) - train[2018-10-12-22:11:31] Epoch: [037][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.846) Prec@1 73.44 (59.01) Prec@5 87.50 (81.01) - train[2018-10-12-22:13:15] Epoch: [037][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.572 (3.847) Prec@1 60.94 (59.00) Prec@5 85.94 (81.01) - train[2018-10-12-22:14:59] Epoch: [037][2200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.217 (3.850) Prec@1 50.78 (58.94) Prec@5 72.66 (80.95) - train[2018-10-12-22:16:43] Epoch: [037][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.852) Prec@1 66.41 (58.92) Prec@5 85.94 (80.93) - train[2018-10-12-22:18:27] Epoch: [037][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.657 (3.851) Prec@1 63.28 (58.93) Prec@5 81.25 (80.92) - train[2018-10-12-22:20:10] Epoch: [037][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.678 (3.852) Prec@1 64.84 (58.91) Prec@5 82.03 (80.91) - train[2018-10-12-22:21:54] Epoch: [037][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.092 (3.854) Prec@1 52.34 (58.87) Prec@5 77.34 (80.89) - train[2018-10-12-22:23:37] Epoch: [037][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.991 (3.854) Prec@1 53.12 (58.88) Prec@5 78.12 (80.88) - train[2018-10-12-22:25:22] Epoch: [037][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.982 (3.854) Prec@1 51.56 (58.88) Prec@5 78.91 (80.89) - train[2018-10-12-22:27:05] Epoch: [037][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.687 (3.855) Prec@1 60.94 (58.86) Prec@5 83.59 (80.88) - train[2018-10-12-22:28:49] Epoch: [037][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.661 (3.857) Prec@1 58.59 (58.83) Prec@5 82.03 (80.86) - train[2018-10-12-22:30:32] Epoch: [037][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.760 (3.858) Prec@1 58.59 (58.80) Prec@5 84.38 (80.84) - train[2018-10-12-22:32:16] Epoch: [037][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.860) Prec@1 63.28 (58.78) Prec@5 85.94 (80.81) - train[2018-10-12-22:34:00] Epoch: [037][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.830 (3.861) Prec@1 60.94 (58.76) Prec@5 79.69 (80.79) - train[2018-10-12-22:35:43] Epoch: [037][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.902 (3.861) Prec@1 60.16 (58.74) Prec@5 78.12 (80.79) - train[2018-10-12-22:37:27] Epoch: [037][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.088 (3.863) Prec@1 50.78 (58.71) Prec@5 81.25 (80.77) - train[2018-10-12-22:39:11] Epoch: [037][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.919 (3.863) Prec@1 57.03 (58.72) Prec@5 80.47 (80.75) - train[2018-10-12-22:40:55] Epoch: [037][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.366 (3.863) Prec@1 48.44 (58.72) Prec@5 70.31 (80.75) - train[2018-10-12-22:42:38] Epoch: [037][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.401 (3.863) Prec@1 67.97 (58.71) Prec@5 85.94 (80.74) - train[2018-10-12-22:44:22] Epoch: [037][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.428 (3.865) Prec@1 48.44 (58.68) Prec@5 72.66 (80.72) - train[2018-10-12-22:46:05] Epoch: [037][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.964 (3.866) Prec@1 53.12 (58.67) Prec@5 79.69 (80.71) - train[2018-10-12-22:47:50] Epoch: [037][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.194 (3.867) Prec@1 55.47 (58.65) Prec@5 74.22 (80.70) - train[2018-10-12-22:49:34] Epoch: [037][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.026 (3.867) Prec@1 59.38 (58.64) Prec@5 78.12 (80.69) - train[2018-10-12-22:51:18] Epoch: [037][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.760 (3.868) Prec@1 60.16 (58.62) Prec@5 83.59 (80.68) - train[2018-10-12-22:53:02] Epoch: [037][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.056 (3.868) Prec@1 51.56 (58.63) Prec@5 76.56 (80.68) - train[2018-10-12-22:54:47] Epoch: [037][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.978 (3.869) Prec@1 58.59 (58.60) Prec@5 78.91 (80.67) - train[2018-10-12-22:56:30] Epoch: [037][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.870) Prec@1 61.72 (58.59) Prec@5 82.03 (80.66) - train[2018-10-12-22:58:13] Epoch: [037][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.870) Prec@1 62.50 (58.59) Prec@5 81.25 (80.66) - train[2018-10-12-22:59:57] Epoch: [037][7400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.939 (3.871) Prec@1 54.69 (58.57) Prec@5 79.69 (80.64) - train[2018-10-12-23:01:41] Epoch: [037][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.838 (3.872) Prec@1 59.38 (58.56) Prec@5 78.12 (80.63) - train[2018-10-12-23:03:25] Epoch: [037][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.893 (3.872) Prec@1 60.94 (58.55) Prec@5 83.59 (80.63) - train[2018-10-12-23:05:09] Epoch: [037][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.649 (3.873) Prec@1 45.31 (58.53) Prec@5 66.41 (80.61) - train[2018-10-12-23:06:53] Epoch: [037][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.869 (3.874) Prec@1 57.81 (58.51) Prec@5 82.03 (80.60) - train[2018-10-12-23:08:36] Epoch: [037][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.219 (3.875) Prec@1 48.44 (58.50) Prec@5 76.56 (80.58) - train[2018-10-12-23:10:20] Epoch: [037][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.876) Prec@1 64.84 (58.49) Prec@5 84.38 (80.57) - train[2018-10-12-23:12:04] Epoch: [037][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.862 (3.877) Prec@1 57.81 (58.47) Prec@5 78.12 (80.55) - train[2018-10-12-23:13:48] Epoch: [037][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.054 (3.877) Prec@1 54.69 (58.46) Prec@5 78.12 (80.55) - train[2018-10-12-23:15:32] Epoch: [037][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.005 (3.878) Prec@1 53.91 (58.44) Prec@5 77.34 (80.54) - train[2018-10-12-23:17:16] Epoch: [037][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.123 (3.878) Prec@1 53.12 (58.44) Prec@5 78.91 (80.53) - train[2018-10-12-23:18:59] Epoch: [037][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.904 (3.879) Prec@1 60.16 (58.43) Prec@5 83.59 (80.53) - train[2018-10-12-23:20:42] Epoch: [037][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.005 (3.879) Prec@1 56.25 (58.42) Prec@5 81.25 (80.53) - train[2018-10-12-23:22:26] Epoch: [037][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.880) Prec@1 62.50 (58.40) Prec@5 80.47 (80.51) - train[2018-10-12-23:22:31] Epoch: [037][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.880) Prec@1 66.67 (58.41) Prec@5 93.33 (80.51) -[2018-10-12-23:22:31] **train** Prec@1 58.41 Prec@5 80.51 Error@1 41.59 Error@5 19.49 Loss:3.880 - test [2018-10-12-23:22:34] Epoch: [037][000/391] Time 3.40 (3.40) Data 3.25 (3.25) Loss 0.867 (0.867) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-12-23:23:02] Epoch: [037][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.696 (1.399) Prec@1 60.94 (67.59) Prec@5 82.81 (88.72) - test [2018-10-12-23:23:27] Epoch: [037][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.411 (1.597) Prec@1 33.75 (63.67) Prec@5 78.75 (85.54) -[2018-10-12-23:23:28] **test** Prec@1 63.67 Prec@5 85.54 Error@1 36.33 Error@5 14.46 Loss:1.597 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=63.67, Acc@5=85.54, Error@1=36.33, Error@5=14.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-12-23:23:28] [Epoch=038/250] [Need: 309:28:17] LR=0.0314 ~ 0.0314, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-12-23:23:33] Epoch: [038][000/10010] Time 5.14 (5.14) Data 4.50 (4.50) Loss 3.756 (3.756) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-12-23:25:16] Epoch: [038][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.856 (3.843) Prec@1 59.38 (58.83) Prec@5 82.81 (81.01) - train[2018-10-12-23:27:01] Epoch: [038][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.164 (3.833) Prec@1 56.25 (59.15) Prec@5 75.78 (81.05) - train[2018-10-12-23:28:44] Epoch: [038][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.892 (3.827) Prec@1 59.38 (59.22) Prec@5 82.03 (81.18) - train[2018-10-12-23:30:29] Epoch: [038][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.672 (3.830) Prec@1 60.16 (59.21) Prec@5 82.81 (81.14) - train[2018-10-12-23:32:12] Epoch: [038][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.910 (3.834) Prec@1 56.25 (59.13) Prec@5 82.81 (81.09) - train[2018-10-12-23:33:56] Epoch: [038][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.901 (3.831) Prec@1 54.69 (59.21) Prec@5 81.25 (81.14) - train[2018-10-12-23:35:40] Epoch: [038][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.691 (3.836) Prec@1 64.06 (59.15) Prec@5 82.81 (81.08) - train[2018-10-12-23:37:23] Epoch: [038][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.839) Prec@1 57.81 (59.07) Prec@5 78.91 (81.04) - train[2018-10-12-23:39:07] Epoch: [038][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.840) Prec@1 62.50 (59.10) Prec@5 82.81 (81.02) - train[2018-10-12-23:40:51] Epoch: [038][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.841) Prec@1 65.62 (59.05) Prec@5 78.91 (81.01) - train[2018-10-12-23:42:35] Epoch: [038][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.840) Prec@1 61.72 (59.06) Prec@5 83.59 (81.02) - train[2018-10-12-23:44:19] Epoch: [038][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.124 (3.840) Prec@1 54.69 (59.03) Prec@5 75.00 (81.04) - train[2018-10-12-23:46:02] Epoch: [038][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (3.841) Prec@1 57.81 (59.03) Prec@5 79.69 (81.04) - train[2018-10-12-23:47:46] Epoch: [038][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.174 (3.841) Prec@1 54.69 (59.03) Prec@5 76.56 (81.02) - train[2018-10-12-23:49:30] Epoch: [038][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.840) Prec@1 60.16 (59.04) Prec@5 83.59 (81.02) - train[2018-10-12-23:51:13] Epoch: [038][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.749 (3.840) Prec@1 59.38 (59.03) Prec@5 82.81 (81.03) - train[2018-10-12-23:52:57] Epoch: [038][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.841) Prec@1 64.06 (59.03) Prec@5 85.16 (81.03) - train[2018-10-12-23:54:41] Epoch: [038][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.968 (3.842) Prec@1 60.16 (59.02) Prec@5 81.25 (81.03) - train[2018-10-12-23:56:25] Epoch: [038][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.843) Prec@1 62.50 (59.01) Prec@5 84.38 (81.00) - train[2018-10-12-23:58:10] Epoch: [038][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.235 (3.845) Prec@1 52.34 (58.99) Prec@5 74.22 (80.98) - train[2018-10-12-23:59:54] Epoch: [038][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.900 (3.846) Prec@1 64.84 (58.97) Prec@5 82.81 (80.96) - train[2018-10-13-00:01:37] Epoch: [038][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.847) Prec@1 57.81 (58.93) Prec@5 79.69 (80.94) - train[2018-10-13-00:03:21] Epoch: [038][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.597 (3.848) Prec@1 63.28 (58.91) Prec@5 85.16 (80.93) - train[2018-10-13-00:05:05] Epoch: [038][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.890 (3.847) Prec@1 53.91 (58.92) Prec@5 82.03 (80.93) - train[2018-10-13-00:06:49] Epoch: [038][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.850) Prec@1 60.16 (58.89) Prec@5 82.03 (80.90) - train[2018-10-13-00:08:33] Epoch: [038][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.643 (3.852) Prec@1 64.06 (58.87) Prec@5 82.03 (80.86) - train[2018-10-13-00:10:17] Epoch: [038][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.834 (3.853) Prec@1 60.94 (58.87) Prec@5 79.69 (80.85) - train[2018-10-13-00:12:00] Epoch: [038][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.969 (3.853) Prec@1 55.47 (58.86) Prec@5 84.38 (80.84) - train[2018-10-13-00:13:43] Epoch: [038][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.043 (3.854) Prec@1 60.16 (58.85) Prec@5 76.56 (80.83) - train[2018-10-13-00:15:27] Epoch: [038][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.859 (3.855) Prec@1 58.59 (58.84) Prec@5 80.47 (80.82) - train[2018-10-13-00:17:11] Epoch: [038][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.655 (3.856) Prec@1 64.06 (58.81) Prec@5 85.16 (80.80) - train[2018-10-13-00:18:54] Epoch: [038][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.846 (3.857) Prec@1 54.69 (58.79) Prec@5 83.59 (80.80) - train[2018-10-13-00:20:38] Epoch: [038][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.927 (3.857) Prec@1 57.03 (58.79) Prec@5 82.03 (80.80) - train[2018-10-13-00:22:22] Epoch: [038][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.858) Prec@1 60.94 (58.78) Prec@5 82.03 (80.78) - train[2018-10-13-00:24:05] Epoch: [038][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.176 (3.858) Prec@1 57.81 (58.78) Prec@5 76.56 (80.78) - train[2018-10-13-00:25:50] Epoch: [038][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.859) Prec@1 65.62 (58.78) Prec@5 85.94 (80.78) - train[2018-10-13-00:27:34] Epoch: [038][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.788 (3.859) Prec@1 53.91 (58.78) Prec@5 82.81 (80.77) - train[2018-10-13-00:29:18] Epoch: [038][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.859) Prec@1 60.16 (58.77) Prec@5 85.94 (80.77) - train[2018-10-13-00:31:02] Epoch: [038][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.462 (3.860) Prec@1 66.41 (58.77) Prec@5 82.81 (80.76) - train[2018-10-13-00:32:47] Epoch: [038][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.033 (3.860) Prec@1 53.91 (58.75) Prec@5 77.34 (80.76) - train[2018-10-13-00:34:30] Epoch: [038][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.860) Prec@1 52.34 (58.75) Prec@5 79.69 (80.75) - train[2018-10-13-00:36:14] Epoch: [038][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.714 (3.861) Prec@1 63.28 (58.75) Prec@5 82.81 (80.74) - train[2018-10-13-00:37:58] Epoch: [038][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.263 (3.861) Prec@1 49.22 (58.75) Prec@5 74.22 (80.74) - train[2018-10-13-00:39:42] Epoch: [038][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.525 (3.861) Prec@1 63.28 (58.75) Prec@5 83.59 (80.75) - train[2018-10-13-00:41:26] Epoch: [038][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.854 (3.861) Prec@1 54.69 (58.74) Prec@5 82.81 (80.74) - train[2018-10-13-00:43:09] Epoch: [038][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (3.862) Prec@1 50.78 (58.73) Prec@5 76.56 (80.74) - train[2018-10-13-00:44:53] Epoch: [038][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.950 (3.862) Prec@1 59.38 (58.72) Prec@5 80.47 (80.73) - train[2018-10-13-00:46:37] Epoch: [038][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.731 (3.863) Prec@1 60.16 (58.71) Prec@5 82.03 (80.72) - train[2018-10-13-00:48:21] Epoch: [038][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (3.863) Prec@1 56.25 (58.69) Prec@5 82.81 (80.71) - train[2018-10-13-00:50:04] Epoch: [038][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.934 (3.864) Prec@1 55.47 (58.68) Prec@5 76.56 (80.71) - train[2018-10-13-00:50:09] Epoch: [038][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.709 (3.864) Prec@1 33.33 (58.68) Prec@5 73.33 (80.71) -[2018-10-13-00:50:09] **train** Prec@1 58.68 Prec@5 80.71 Error@1 41.32 Error@5 19.29 Loss:3.864 - test [2018-10-13-00:50:13] Epoch: [038][000/391] Time 4.51 (4.51) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 0.946 (0.946) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-13-00:50:40] Epoch: [038][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.02 (0.02) Loss 1.837 (1.386) Prec@1 53.12 (67.56) Prec@5 84.38 (88.78) - test [2018-10-13-00:51:05] Epoch: [038][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.715 (1.590) Prec@1 35.00 (63.57) Prec@5 75.00 (85.66) -[2018-10-13-00:51:05] **test** Prec@1 63.57 Prec@5 85.66 Error@1 36.43 Error@5 14.34 Loss:1.590 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=63.67, Acc@5=85.54, Error@1=36.33, Error@5=14.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-00:51:05] [Epoch=039/250] [Need: 308:08:30] LR=0.0305 ~ 0.0305, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-00:51:10] Epoch: [039][000/10010] Time 5.06 (5.06) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 3.559 (3.559) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 83.59 (83.59) - train[2018-10-13-00:52:54] Epoch: [039][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.854 (3.803) Prec@1 56.25 (59.85) Prec@5 77.34 (81.39) - train[2018-10-13-00:54:38] Epoch: [039][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.875 (3.814) Prec@1 56.25 (59.57) Prec@5 78.12 (81.20) - train[2018-10-13-00:56:21] Epoch: [039][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.469 (3.822) Prec@1 66.41 (59.45) Prec@5 86.72 (81.08) - train[2018-10-13-00:58:06] Epoch: [039][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.905 (3.819) Prec@1 55.47 (59.49) Prec@5 78.91 (81.10) - train[2018-10-13-00:59:51] Epoch: [039][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.821) Prec@1 66.41 (59.45) Prec@5 82.03 (81.14) - train[2018-10-13-01:01:34] Epoch: [039][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.820) Prec@1 58.59 (59.51) Prec@5 82.03 (81.20) - train[2018-10-13-01:03:18] Epoch: [039][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.856 (3.822) Prec@1 60.94 (59.47) Prec@5 77.34 (81.20) - train[2018-10-13-01:05:02] Epoch: [039][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.824) Prec@1 62.50 (59.47) Prec@5 80.47 (81.21) - train[2018-10-13-01:06:45] Epoch: [039][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.087 (3.825) Prec@1 53.12 (59.40) Prec@5 81.25 (81.16) - train[2018-10-13-01:08:29] Epoch: [039][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.220 (3.827) Prec@1 53.91 (59.34) Prec@5 78.91 (81.10) - train[2018-10-13-01:10:12] Epoch: [039][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.062 (3.829) Prec@1 53.91 (59.33) Prec@5 78.91 (81.10) - train[2018-10-13-01:11:56] Epoch: [039][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.063 (3.831) Prec@1 59.38 (59.29) Prec@5 79.69 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-01:13:40] Epoch: [039][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.959 (3.830) Prec@1 60.16 (59.29) Prec@5 78.91 (81.09) - train[2018-10-13-01:15:24] Epoch: [039][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.494 (3.830) Prec@1 63.28 (59.27) Prec@5 82.81 (81.10) - train[2018-10-13-01:17:07] Epoch: [039][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.347 (3.831) Prec@1 53.12 (59.23) Prec@5 75.00 (81.09) - train[2018-10-13-01:18:50] Epoch: [039][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.438 (3.833) Prec@1 67.19 (59.22) Prec@5 86.72 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-01:20:34] Epoch: [039][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.182 (3.834) Prec@1 54.69 (59.19) Prec@5 75.78 (81.06) - train[2018-10-13-01:22:17] Epoch: [039][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.247 (3.834) Prec@1 55.47 (59.19) Prec@5 74.22 (81.06) - train[2018-10-13-01:24:00] Epoch: [039][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.865 (3.835) Prec@1 59.38 (59.17) Prec@5 81.25 (81.04) - train[2018-10-13-01:25:44] Epoch: [039][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.818 (3.836) Prec@1 60.94 (59.18) Prec@5 80.47 (81.02) - train[2018-10-13-01:27:28] Epoch: [039][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.837) Prec@1 64.84 (59.16) Prec@5 81.25 (81.01) - train[2018-10-13-01:29:12] Epoch: [039][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.525 (3.838) Prec@1 64.84 (59.15) Prec@5 82.03 (80.99) - train[2018-10-13-01:30:56] Epoch: [039][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.734 (3.837) Prec@1 58.59 (59.15) Prec@5 82.03 (81.01) - train[2018-10-13-01:32:40] Epoch: [039][4800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.149 (3.838) Prec@1 60.16 (59.13) Prec@5 75.78 (80.99) - train[2018-10-13-01:34:24] Epoch: [039][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.839) Prec@1 60.16 (59.11) Prec@5 80.47 (80.99) - train[2018-10-13-01:36:09] Epoch: [039][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.741 (3.840) Prec@1 56.25 (59.09) Prec@5 85.94 (80.99) - train[2018-10-13-01:37:52] Epoch: [039][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.823 (3.840) Prec@1 58.59 (59.08) Prec@5 83.59 (80.98) - train[2018-10-13-01:39:36] Epoch: [039][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (3.841) Prec@1 66.41 (59.06) Prec@5 86.72 (80.96) - train[2018-10-13-01:41:19] Epoch: [039][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.879 (3.841) Prec@1 58.59 (59.05) Prec@5 80.47 (80.96) - train[2018-10-13-01:43:03] Epoch: [039][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.894 (3.842) Prec@1 58.59 (59.04) Prec@5 83.59 (80.95) - train[2018-10-13-01:44:47] Epoch: [039][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.849 (3.842) Prec@1 58.59 (59.03) Prec@5 78.12 (80.95) - train[2018-10-13-01:46:31] Epoch: [039][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.006 (3.843) Prec@1 57.03 (59.01) Prec@5 76.56 (80.95) - train[2018-10-13-01:48:15] Epoch: [039][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.820 (3.844) Prec@1 61.72 (59.00) Prec@5 82.81 (80.94) - train[2018-10-13-01:49:58] Epoch: [039][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.113 (3.844) Prec@1 53.91 (59.00) Prec@5 79.69 (80.94) - train[2018-10-13-01:51:42] Epoch: [039][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.882 (3.844) Prec@1 54.69 (58.99) Prec@5 82.03 (80.94) - train[2018-10-13-01:53:26] Epoch: [039][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.460 (3.844) Prec@1 64.84 (58.98) Prec@5 87.50 (80.95) - train[2018-10-13-01:55:09] Epoch: [039][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.782 (3.844) Prec@1 58.59 (58.97) Prec@5 81.25 (80.94) - train[2018-10-13-01:56:54] Epoch: [039][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.008 (3.845) Prec@1 57.81 (58.96) Prec@5 82.81 (80.93) - train[2018-10-13-01:58:38] Epoch: [039][7800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.953 (3.845) Prec@1 58.59 (58.96) Prec@5 80.47 (80.93) - train[2018-10-13-02:00:21] Epoch: [039][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.037 (3.846) Prec@1 58.59 (58.94) Prec@5 78.91 (80.91) - train[2018-10-13-02:02:05] Epoch: [039][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.818 (3.846) Prec@1 57.03 (58.94) Prec@5 84.38 (80.91) - train[2018-10-13-02:03:49] Epoch: [039][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.815 (3.848) Prec@1 55.47 (58.91) Prec@5 82.03 (80.89) - train[2018-10-13-02:05:33] Epoch: [039][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.399 (3.848) Prec@1 48.44 (58.90) Prec@5 71.88 (80.88) - train[2018-10-13-02:07:16] Epoch: [039][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.582 (3.848) Prec@1 57.81 (58.90) Prec@5 83.59 (80.88) - train[2018-10-13-02:09:00] Epoch: [039][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.638 (3.849) Prec@1 65.62 (58.89) Prec@5 83.59 (80.87) - train[2018-10-13-02:10:43] Epoch: [039][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.720 (3.850) Prec@1 60.94 (58.88) Prec@5 82.81 (80.86) - train[2018-10-13-02:12:27] Epoch: [039][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.432 (3.850) Prec@1 66.41 (58.88) Prec@5 84.38 (80.86) - train[2018-10-13-02:14:11] Epoch: [039][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.949 (3.850) Prec@1 59.38 (58.87) Prec@5 76.56 (80.85) - train[2018-10-13-02:15:55] Epoch: [039][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.850) Prec@1 64.06 (58.87) Prec@5 88.28 (80.85) - train[2018-10-13-02:17:38] Epoch: [039][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.914 (3.851) Prec@1 53.12 (58.86) Prec@5 80.47 (80.83) - train[2018-10-13-02:17:43] Epoch: [039][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.044 (3.851) Prec@1 66.67 (58.86) Prec@5 80.00 (80.84) -[2018-10-13-02:17:43] **train** Prec@1 58.86 Prec@5 80.84 Error@1 41.14 Error@5 19.16 Loss:3.851 - test [2018-10-13-02:17:47] Epoch: [039][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.980 (0.980) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - test [2018-10-13-02:18:14] Epoch: [039][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.949 (1.375) Prec@1 50.00 (67.82) Prec@5 79.69 (88.90) - test [2018-10-13-02:18:39] Epoch: [039][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.901 (1.579) Prec@1 33.75 (64.03) Prec@5 63.75 (85.83) -[2018-10-13-02:18:39] **test** Prec@1 64.03 Prec@5 85.83 Error@1 35.97 Error@5 14.17 Loss:1.579 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=64.03, Acc@5=85.83, Error@1=35.97, Error@5=14.17 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-02:18:40] [Epoch=040/250] [Need: 306:30:33] LR=0.0296 ~ 0.0296, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-02:18:45] Epoch: [040][000/10010] Time 5.62 (5.62) Data 4.96 (4.96) Loss 4.081 (4.081) Prec@1 58.59 (58.59) Prec@5 78.12 (78.12) - train[2018-10-13-02:20:29] Epoch: [040][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.820 (3.795) Prec@1 57.03 (60.23) Prec@5 79.69 (81.50) - train[2018-10-13-02:22:14] Epoch: [040][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.726 (3.793) Prec@1 58.59 (60.06) Prec@5 83.59 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-02:23:58] Epoch: [040][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.133 (3.794) Prec@1 57.03 (59.98) Prec@5 76.56 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-02:25:41] Epoch: [040][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.954 (3.796) Prec@1 60.16 (59.97) Prec@5 80.47 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-02:27:25] Epoch: [040][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.149 (3.800) Prec@1 53.12 (59.86) Prec@5 75.00 (81.53) - train[2018-10-13-02:29:09] Epoch: [040][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.682 (3.802) Prec@1 65.62 (59.79) Prec@5 87.50 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-02:30:52] Epoch: [040][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.873 (3.804) Prec@1 63.28 (59.75) Prec@5 83.59 (81.53) - train[2018-10-13-02:32:37] Epoch: [040][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.546 (3.806) Prec@1 64.84 (59.74) Prec@5 86.72 (81.47) - train[2018-10-13-02:34:21] Epoch: [040][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.807) Prec@1 57.81 (59.74) Prec@5 82.81 (81.47) - train[2018-10-13-02:36:05] Epoch: [040][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.128 (3.808) Prec@1 58.59 (59.74) Prec@5 78.91 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-02:37:49] Epoch: [040][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.838 (3.809) Prec@1 62.50 (59.71) Prec@5 81.25 (81.46) - train[2018-10-13-02:39:32] Epoch: [040][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.782 (3.811) Prec@1 59.38 (59.66) Prec@5 83.59 (81.43) - train[2018-10-13-02:41:16] Epoch: [040][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.550 (3.812) Prec@1 57.81 (59.64) Prec@5 84.38 (81.42) - train[2018-10-13-02:43:00] Epoch: [040][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.041 (3.812) Prec@1 60.16 (59.63) Prec@5 78.12 (81.42) - train[2018-10-13-02:44:44] Epoch: [040][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.813) Prec@1 53.12 (59.60) Prec@5 84.38 (81.41) - train[2018-10-13-02:46:29] Epoch: [040][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.814) Prec@1 64.06 (59.58) Prec@5 85.94 (81.39) - train[2018-10-13-02:48:13] Epoch: [040][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (3.816) Prec@1 59.38 (59.54) Prec@5 85.16 (81.36) - train[2018-10-13-02:49:57] Epoch: [040][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.721 (3.815) Prec@1 60.16 (59.54) Prec@5 83.59 (81.35) - train[2018-10-13-02:51:41] Epoch: [040][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.828 (3.816) Prec@1 61.72 (59.52) Prec@5 83.59 (81.34) - train[2018-10-13-02:53:25] Epoch: [040][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.710 (3.817) Prec@1 65.62 (59.51) Prec@5 81.25 (81.33) - train[2018-10-13-02:55:09] Epoch: [040][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.960 (3.816) Prec@1 53.12 (59.51) Prec@5 80.47 (81.34) - train[2018-10-13-02:56:52] Epoch: [040][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.203 (3.817) Prec@1 53.91 (59.48) Prec@5 76.56 (81.33) - train[2018-10-13-02:58:36] Epoch: [040][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.752 (3.818) Prec@1 60.94 (59.45) Prec@5 82.03 (81.30) - train[2018-10-13-03:00:20] Epoch: [040][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.820) Prec@1 60.16 (59.43) Prec@5 85.16 (81.28) - train[2018-10-13-03:02:05] Epoch: [040][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.211 (3.820) Prec@1 50.78 (59.41) Prec@5 74.22 (81.27) - train[2018-10-13-03:03:48] Epoch: [040][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.747 (3.821) Prec@1 58.59 (59.40) Prec@5 79.69 (81.26) - train[2018-10-13-03:05:32] Epoch: [040][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.822) Prec@1 64.06 (59.39) Prec@5 84.38 (81.26) - train[2018-10-13-03:07:17] Epoch: [040][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.835 (3.823) Prec@1 54.69 (59.37) Prec@5 77.34 (81.25) - train[2018-10-13-03:09:00] Epoch: [040][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.853 (3.823) Prec@1 57.03 (59.36) Prec@5 84.38 (81.24) - train[2018-10-13-03:10:44] Epoch: [040][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.824) Prec@1 62.50 (59.34) Prec@5 82.81 (81.24) - train[2018-10-13-03:12:28] Epoch: [040][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.547 (3.826) Prec@1 65.62 (59.31) Prec@5 82.81 (81.22) - train[2018-10-13-03:14:13] Epoch: [040][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.830 (3.826) Prec@1 57.03 (59.30) Prec@5 77.34 (81.21) - train[2018-10-13-03:15:57] Epoch: [040][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.972 (3.827) Prec@1 58.59 (59.29) Prec@5 78.91 (81.19) - train[2018-10-13-03:17:41] Epoch: [040][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.773 (3.828) Prec@1 59.38 (59.28) Prec@5 82.03 (81.19) - train[2018-10-13-03:19:25] Epoch: [040][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (3.827) Prec@1 60.94 (59.28) Prec@5 82.81 (81.19) - train[2018-10-13-03:21:09] Epoch: [040][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.642 (3.827) Prec@1 47.66 (59.28) Prec@5 68.75 (81.19) - train[2018-10-13-03:22:53] Epoch: [040][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.711 (3.828) Prec@1 59.38 (59.27) Prec@5 86.72 (81.17) - train[2018-10-13-03:24:37] Epoch: [040][7600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.829) Prec@1 61.72 (59.27) Prec@5 82.81 (81.16) - train[2018-10-13-03:26:21] Epoch: [040][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.796 (3.829) Prec@1 62.50 (59.26) Prec@5 78.91 (81.17) - train[2018-10-13-03:28:04] Epoch: [040][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.739 (3.830) Prec@1 60.94 (59.24) Prec@5 82.03 (81.15) - train[2018-10-13-03:29:48] Epoch: [040][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.974 (3.830) Prec@1 59.38 (59.24) Prec@5 78.91 (81.14) - train[2018-10-13-03:31:32] Epoch: [040][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.074 (3.830) Prec@1 53.91 (59.23) Prec@5 75.00 (81.13) - train[2018-10-13-03:33:16] Epoch: [040][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.831) Prec@1 63.28 (59.21) Prec@5 83.59 (81.12) - train[2018-10-13-03:34:59] Epoch: [040][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.852 (3.832) Prec@1 55.47 (59.19) Prec@5 82.81 (81.11) - train[2018-10-13-03:36:43] Epoch: [040][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (3.832) Prec@1 66.41 (59.18) Prec@5 79.69 (81.10) - train[2018-10-13-03:38:26] Epoch: [040][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.853 (3.833) Prec@1 55.47 (59.17) Prec@5 80.47 (81.09) - train[2018-10-13-03:40:11] Epoch: [040][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.834) Prec@1 55.47 (59.16) Prec@5 79.69 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-03:41:54] Epoch: [040][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.914 (3.834) Prec@1 53.91 (59.15) Prec@5 75.00 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-03:43:39] Epoch: [040][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.971 (3.834) Prec@1 63.28 (59.15) Prec@5 80.47 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-03:45:23] Epoch: [040][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.834) Prec@1 58.59 (59.15) Prec@5 75.78 (81.07) - train[2018-10-13-03:45:27] Epoch: [040][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.830 (3.834) Prec@1 40.00 (59.15) Prec@5 73.33 (81.07) -[2018-10-13-03:45:27] **train** Prec@1 59.15 Prec@5 81.07 Error@1 40.85 Error@5 18.93 Loss:3.834 - test [2018-10-13-03:45:31] Epoch: [040][000/391] Time 3.76 (3.76) Data 3.62 (3.62) Loss 0.946 (0.946) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-13-03:45:59] Epoch: [040][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.936 (1.395) Prec@1 48.44 (67.44) Prec@5 82.03 (88.95) - test [2018-10-13-03:46:24] Epoch: [040][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.927 (1.576) Prec@1 25.00 (63.85) Prec@5 67.50 (85.95) -[2018-10-13-03:46:24] **test** Prec@1 63.85 Prec@5 85.95 Error@1 36.15 Error@5 14.05 Loss:1.576 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=64.03, Acc@5=85.83, Error@1=35.97, Error@5=14.17 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-03:46:24] [Epoch=041/250] [Need: 305:38:57] LR=0.0287 ~ 0.0287, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-03:46:30] Epoch: [041][000/10010] Time 5.43 (5.43) Data 4.81 (4.81) Loss 4.090 (4.090) Prec@1 57.03 (57.03) Prec@5 79.69 (79.69) - train[2018-10-13-03:48:14] Epoch: [041][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.333 (3.794) Prec@1 67.97 (60.12) Prec@5 85.94 (81.62) - train[2018-10-13-03:49:58] Epoch: [041][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.870 (3.783) Prec@1 56.25 (60.10) Prec@5 78.12 (81.64) - train[2018-10-13-03:51:41] Epoch: [041][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.975 (3.786) Prec@1 57.81 (60.00) Prec@5 78.12 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-03:53:25] Epoch: [041][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.438 (3.782) Prec@1 67.19 (60.01) Prec@5 86.72 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-03:55:09] Epoch: [041][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.856 (3.786) Prec@1 62.50 (60.05) Prec@5 80.47 (81.65) - train[2018-10-13-03:56:54] Epoch: [041][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.150 (3.787) Prec@1 57.81 (60.02) Prec@5 78.12 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-03:58:38] Epoch: [041][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.789) Prec@1 56.25 (59.96) Prec@5 85.94 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-04:00:22] Epoch: [041][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.930 (3.791) Prec@1 58.59 (59.90) Prec@5 82.81 (81.59) - train[2018-10-13-04:02:06] Epoch: [041][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.902 (3.790) Prec@1 62.50 (59.94) Prec@5 77.34 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-04:03:49] Epoch: [041][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.727 (3.795) Prec@1 63.28 (59.85) Prec@5 81.25 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-04:05:33] Epoch: [041][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.885 (3.794) Prec@1 57.81 (59.91) Prec@5 78.91 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-04:07:17] Epoch: [041][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.739 (3.793) Prec@1 62.50 (59.92) Prec@5 82.03 (81.59) - train[2018-10-13-04:09:01] Epoch: [041][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.267 (3.794) Prec@1 51.56 (59.89) Prec@5 74.22 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-04:10:45] Epoch: [041][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.890 (3.793) Prec@1 53.91 (59.91) Prec@5 81.25 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-04:12:29] Epoch: [041][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.079 (3.795) Prec@1 57.03 (59.87) Prec@5 78.91 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-04:14:13] Epoch: [041][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.784 (3.796) Prec@1 61.72 (59.85) Prec@5 81.25 (81.56) - train[2018-10-13-04:15:57] Epoch: [041][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.760 (3.797) Prec@1 62.50 (59.83) Prec@5 80.47 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-04:17:42] Epoch: [041][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.028 (3.797) Prec@1 56.25 (59.82) Prec@5 77.34 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-04:19:26] Epoch: [041][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.880 (3.799) Prec@1 60.94 (59.79) Prec@5 78.12 (81.50) - train[2018-10-13-04:21:11] Epoch: [041][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.904 (3.800) Prec@1 56.25 (59.78) Prec@5 78.91 (81.48) - train[2018-10-13-04:22:55] Epoch: [041][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.815 (3.802) Prec@1 62.50 (59.76) Prec@5 81.25 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-04:24:39] Epoch: [041][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.001 (3.802) Prec@1 58.59 (59.76) Prec@5 77.34 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-04:26:23] Epoch: [041][4600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.236 (3.802) Prec@1 53.91 (59.75) Prec@5 75.00 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-04:28:07] Epoch: [041][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.938 (3.803) Prec@1 57.81 (59.73) Prec@5 78.12 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-04:29:51] Epoch: [041][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.896 (3.804) Prec@1 57.03 (59.72) Prec@5 80.47 (81.44) - train[2018-10-13-04:31:35] Epoch: [041][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.805) Prec@1 58.59 (59.69) Prec@5 82.03 (81.41) - train[2018-10-13-04:33:18] Epoch: [041][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.808) Prec@1 58.59 (59.66) Prec@5 82.03 (81.38) - train[2018-10-13-04:35:02] Epoch: [041][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.809) Prec@1 57.03 (59.62) Prec@5 82.03 (81.35) - train[2018-10-13-04:36:46] Epoch: [041][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.202 (3.809) Prec@1 57.03 (59.64) Prec@5 71.88 (81.36) - train[2018-10-13-04:38:31] Epoch: [041][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.797 (3.809) Prec@1 57.03 (59.63) Prec@5 80.47 (81.36) - train[2018-10-13-04:40:15] Epoch: [041][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.809) Prec@1 60.94 (59.61) Prec@5 87.50 (81.35) - train[2018-10-13-04:41:59] Epoch: [041][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.810) Prec@1 59.38 (59.60) Prec@5 85.94 (81.34) - train[2018-10-13-04:43:43] Epoch: [041][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.858 (3.811) Prec@1 57.03 (59.59) Prec@5 80.47 (81.33) - train[2018-10-13-04:45:27] Epoch: [041][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.057 (3.811) Prec@1 52.34 (59.58) Prec@5 77.34 (81.33) - train[2018-10-13-04:47:11] Epoch: [041][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.939 (3.812) Prec@1 51.56 (59.57) Prec@5 80.47 (81.32) - train[2018-10-13-04:48:55] Epoch: [041][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.777 (3.813) Prec@1 57.03 (59.57) Prec@5 82.03 (81.31) - train[2018-10-13-04:50:39] Epoch: [041][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.814) Prec@1 61.72 (59.55) Prec@5 82.81 (81.29) - train[2018-10-13-04:52:24] Epoch: [041][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.759 (3.814) Prec@1 64.06 (59.54) Prec@5 82.03 (81.29) - train[2018-10-13-04:54:08] Epoch: [041][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.831 (3.814) Prec@1 55.47 (59.54) Prec@5 83.59 (81.28) - train[2018-10-13-04:55:51] Epoch: [041][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.762 (3.815) Prec@1 58.59 (59.53) Prec@5 83.59 (81.28) - train[2018-10-13-04:57:36] Epoch: [041][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.878 (3.815) Prec@1 63.28 (59.52) Prec@5 82.03 (81.27) - train[2018-10-13-04:59:20] Epoch: [041][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.816) Prec@1 59.38 (59.50) Prec@5 82.03 (81.25) - train[2018-10-13-05:01:04] Epoch: [041][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.971 (3.817) Prec@1 60.16 (59.49) Prec@5 76.56 (81.25) - train[2018-10-13-05:02:47] Epoch: [041][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.756 (3.817) Prec@1 64.84 (59.48) Prec@5 83.59 (81.24) - train[2018-10-13-05:04:31] Epoch: [041][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.818) Prec@1 67.97 (59.47) Prec@5 84.38 (81.22) - train[2018-10-13-05:06:15] Epoch: [041][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.924 (3.819) Prec@1 54.69 (59.45) Prec@5 80.47 (81.20) - train[2018-10-13-05:07:59] Epoch: [041][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.820) Prec@1 64.06 (59.43) Prec@5 85.94 (81.20) - train[2018-10-13-05:09:44] Epoch: [041][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.468 (3.821) Prec@1 64.84 (59.42) Prec@5 83.59 (81.18) - train[2018-10-13-05:11:28] Epoch: [041][9800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.810 (3.821) Prec@1 59.38 (59.41) Prec@5 82.03 (81.18) - train[2018-10-13-05:13:11] Epoch: [041][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.786 (3.822) Prec@1 61.72 (59.40) Prec@5 78.91 (81.17) - train[2018-10-13-05:13:15] Epoch: [041][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.739 (3.822) Prec@1 53.33 (59.40) Prec@5 66.67 (81.17) -[2018-10-13-05:13:15] **train** Prec@1 59.40 Prec@5 81.17 Error@1 40.60 Error@5 18.83 Loss:3.822 - test [2018-10-13-05:13:20] Epoch: [041][000/391] Time 4.04 (4.04) Data 3.90 (3.90) Loss 0.927 (0.927) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-13-05:13:47] Epoch: [041][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.715 (1.360) Prec@1 58.59 (68.31) Prec@5 86.72 (89.25) - test [2018-10-13-05:14:12] Epoch: [041][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.923 (1.564) Prec@1 32.50 (64.33) Prec@5 66.25 (86.07) -[2018-10-13-05:14:12] **test** Prec@1 64.33 Prec@5 86.07 Error@1 35.67 Error@5 13.93 Loss:1.564 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=64.33, Acc@5=86.07, Error@1=35.67, Error@5=13.93 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-05:14:12] [Epoch=042/250] [Need: 304:22:53] LR=0.0278 ~ 0.0278, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-05:14:18] Epoch: [042][000/10010] Time 5.64 (5.64) Data 5.09 (5.09) Loss 3.750 (3.750) Prec@1 64.06 (64.06) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-05:16:02] Epoch: [042][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.811 (3.753) Prec@1 56.25 (60.76) Prec@5 81.25 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-05:17:46] Epoch: [042][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.941 (3.750) Prec@1 54.69 (60.68) Prec@5 82.03 (82.28) - train[2018-10-13-05:19:30] Epoch: [042][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.526 (3.750) Prec@1 64.06 (60.69) Prec@5 86.72 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-05:21:14] Epoch: [042][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.031 (3.762) Prec@1 53.91 (60.46) Prec@5 78.91 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-05:22:57] Epoch: [042][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.749 (3.764) Prec@1 62.50 (60.41) Prec@5 85.16 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-05:24:41] Epoch: [042][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.766) Prec@1 57.81 (60.33) Prec@5 87.50 (81.99) - train[2018-10-13-05:26:25] Epoch: [042][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.002 (3.767) Prec@1 61.72 (60.36) Prec@5 80.47 (81.99) - train[2018-10-13-05:28:08] Epoch: [042][1600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (3.770) Prec@1 57.81 (60.25) Prec@5 80.47 (81.95) - train[2018-10-13-05:29:53] Epoch: [042][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.685 (3.774) Prec@1 60.94 (60.18) Prec@5 82.81 (81.89) - train[2018-10-13-05:31:36] Epoch: [042][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.123 (3.776) Prec@1 55.47 (60.14) Prec@5 75.78 (81.87) - train[2018-10-13-05:33:21] Epoch: [042][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.694 (3.776) Prec@1 61.72 (60.13) Prec@5 83.59 (81.88) - train[2018-10-13-05:35:05] Epoch: [042][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.777) Prec@1 64.84 (60.10) Prec@5 89.06 (81.84) - train[2018-10-13-05:36:48] Epoch: [042][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.928 (3.777) Prec@1 56.25 (60.10) Prec@5 81.25 (81.82) - train[2018-10-13-05:38:33] Epoch: [042][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (3.781) Prec@1 64.06 (60.04) Prec@5 81.25 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-05:40:17] Epoch: [042][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.987 (3.782) Prec@1 60.94 (60.03) Prec@5 77.34 (81.76) - train[2018-10-13-05:42:00] Epoch: [042][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.697 (3.782) Prec@1 60.16 (60.04) Prec@5 83.59 (81.75) - train[2018-10-13-05:43:44] Epoch: [042][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.019 (3.783) Prec@1 56.25 (60.05) Prec@5 75.78 (81.75) - train[2018-10-13-05:45:28] Epoch: [042][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.870 (3.784) Prec@1 53.91 (60.03) Prec@5 83.59 (81.72) - train[2018-10-13-05:47:12] Epoch: [042][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.207 (3.785) Prec@1 50.78 (60.03) Prec@5 76.56 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-05:48:56] Epoch: [042][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.993 (3.787) Prec@1 53.91 (59.99) Prec@5 78.91 (81.65) - train[2018-10-13-05:50:40] Epoch: [042][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.984 (3.788) Prec@1 53.91 (59.97) Prec@5 78.91 (81.64) - train[2018-10-13-05:52:24] Epoch: [042][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.675 (3.788) Prec@1 63.28 (59.97) Prec@5 83.59 (81.63) - train[2018-10-13-05:54:08] Epoch: [042][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.789) Prec@1 64.06 (59.96) Prec@5 84.38 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-05:55:51] Epoch: [042][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.993 (3.790) Prec@1 59.38 (59.95) Prec@5 81.25 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-05:57:35] Epoch: [042][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.654 (3.789) Prec@1 60.16 (59.95) Prec@5 83.59 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-05:59:19] Epoch: [042][5200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.586 (3.791) Prec@1 62.50 (59.94) Prec@5 83.59 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-06:01:03] Epoch: [042][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.876 (3.792) Prec@1 60.16 (59.91) Prec@5 82.81 (81.57) - train[2018-10-13-06:02:46] Epoch: [042][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.794) Prec@1 64.06 (59.87) Prec@5 84.38 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-06:04:30] Epoch: [042][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.769 (3.795) Prec@1 60.94 (59.86) Prec@5 78.91 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-06:06:15] Epoch: [042][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.893 (3.795) Prec@1 58.59 (59.85) Prec@5 75.78 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-06:07:58] Epoch: [042][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.796) Prec@1 67.19 (59.84) Prec@5 88.28 (81.53) - train[2018-10-13-06:09:43] Epoch: [042][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.797) Prec@1 65.62 (59.83) Prec@5 85.94 (81.53) - train[2018-10-13-06:11:26] Epoch: [042][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.402 (3.796) Prec@1 53.91 (59.83) Prec@5 71.09 (81.52) - train[2018-10-13-06:13:10] Epoch: [042][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.654 (3.797) Prec@1 58.59 (59.82) Prec@5 84.38 (81.52) - train[2018-10-13-06:14:54] Epoch: [042][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.785 (3.797) Prec@1 62.50 (59.83) Prec@5 80.47 (81.52) - train[2018-10-13-06:16:38] Epoch: [042][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.799 (3.797) Prec@1 60.94 (59.83) Prec@5 82.03 (81.51) - train[2018-10-13-06:18:22] Epoch: [042][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.039 (3.798) Prec@1 57.81 (59.81) Prec@5 75.78 (81.50) - train[2018-10-13-06:20:06] Epoch: [042][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.140 (3.799) Prec@1 57.81 (59.79) Prec@5 78.91 (81.49) - train[2018-10-13-06:21:50] Epoch: [042][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.521 (3.800) Prec@1 64.06 (59.76) Prec@5 83.59 (81.48) - train[2018-10-13-06:23:34] Epoch: [042][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.961 (3.801) Prec@1 57.81 (59.75) Prec@5 77.34 (81.48) - train[2018-10-13-06:25:18] Epoch: [042][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.067 (3.802) Prec@1 57.81 (59.74) Prec@5 73.44 (81.47) - train[2018-10-13-06:27:02] Epoch: [042][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.801 (3.802) Prec@1 56.25 (59.73) Prec@5 81.25 (81.46) - train[2018-10-13-06:28:46] Epoch: [042][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.802) Prec@1 66.41 (59.72) Prec@5 89.84 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-06:30:30] Epoch: [042][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.191 (3.803) Prec@1 53.91 (59.72) Prec@5 71.88 (81.45) - train[2018-10-13-06:32:14] Epoch: [042][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.114 (3.804) Prec@1 46.88 (59.70) Prec@5 79.69 (81.43) - train[2018-10-13-06:33:58] Epoch: [042][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.742 (3.804) Prec@1 63.28 (59.69) Prec@5 82.03 (81.43) - train[2018-10-13-06:35:41] Epoch: [042][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.898 (3.805) Prec@1 56.25 (59.67) Prec@5 80.47 (81.41) - train[2018-10-13-06:37:25] Epoch: [042][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.846 (3.805) Prec@1 60.16 (59.67) Prec@5 82.03 (81.41) - train[2018-10-13-06:39:08] Epoch: [042][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.933 (3.805) Prec@1 57.03 (59.67) Prec@5 79.69 (81.41) - train[2018-10-13-06:40:51] Epoch: [042][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.016 (3.805) Prec@1 57.03 (59.65) Prec@5 83.59 (81.40) - train[2018-10-13-06:40:56] Epoch: [042][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.888 (3.805) Prec@1 53.33 (59.65) Prec@5 80.00 (81.40) -[2018-10-13-06:40:56] **train** Prec@1 59.65 Prec@5 81.40 Error@1 40.35 Error@5 18.60 Loss:3.805 - test [2018-10-13-06:41:00] Epoch: [042][000/391] Time 4.20 (4.20) Data 4.05 (4.05) Loss 0.853 (0.853) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-13-06:41:27] Epoch: [042][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.895 (1.318) Prec@1 58.59 (68.68) Prec@5 78.12 (89.55) - test [2018-10-13-06:41:52] Epoch: [042][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.523 (1.521) Prec@1 40.00 (64.76) Prec@5 71.25 (86.37) -[2018-10-13-06:41:52] **test** Prec@1 64.76 Prec@5 86.37 Error@1 35.24 Error@5 13.63 Loss:1.521 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=64.76, Acc@5=86.37, Error@1=35.24, Error@5=13.63 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-06:41:52] [Epoch=043/250] [Need: 302:26:23] LR=0.0270 ~ 0.0270, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-06:41:58] Epoch: [043][000/10010] Time 5.77 (5.77) Data 5.21 (5.21) Loss 3.820 (3.820) Prec@1 60.16 (60.16) Prec@5 77.34 (77.34) - train[2018-10-13-06:43:42] Epoch: [043][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 4.262 (3.741) Prec@1 51.56 (60.37) Prec@5 77.34 (82.29) - train[2018-10-13-06:45:25] Epoch: [043][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.825 (3.748) Prec@1 57.81 (60.34) Prec@5 81.25 (82.09) - train[2018-10-13-06:47:09] Epoch: [043][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.530 (3.757) Prec@1 63.28 (60.32) Prec@5 81.25 (82.04) - train[2018-10-13-06:48:53] Epoch: [043][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.359 (3.753) Prec@1 64.84 (60.42) Prec@5 88.28 (82.09) - train[2018-10-13-06:50:37] Epoch: [043][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.013 (3.749) Prec@1 53.91 (60.50) Prec@5 80.47 (82.16) - train[2018-10-13-06:52:20] Epoch: [043][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.137 (3.755) Prec@1 57.03 (60.38) Prec@5 79.69 (82.16) - train[2018-10-13-06:54:04] Epoch: [043][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.030 (3.760) Prec@1 53.12 (60.29) Prec@5 77.34 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-06:55:47] Epoch: [043][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.763) Prec@1 66.41 (60.27) Prec@5 80.47 (81.97) - train[2018-10-13-06:57:31] Epoch: [043][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.766) Prec@1 70.31 (60.20) Prec@5 88.28 (81.94) - train[2018-10-13-06:59:15] Epoch: [043][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.767) Prec@1 64.06 (60.23) Prec@5 78.12 (81.91) - train[2018-10-13-07:00:58] Epoch: [043][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.681 (3.768) Prec@1 60.94 (60.21) Prec@5 84.38 (81.91) - train[2018-10-13-07:02:42] Epoch: [043][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.713 (3.769) Prec@1 59.38 (60.21) Prec@5 82.03 (81.88) - train[2018-10-13-07:04:26] Epoch: [043][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.030 (3.772) Prec@1 60.94 (60.18) Prec@5 78.12 (81.85) - train[2018-10-13-07:06:10] Epoch: [043][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.768 (3.774) Prec@1 57.03 (60.16) Prec@5 78.12 (81.82) - train[2018-10-13-07:07:54] Epoch: [043][3000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.558 (3.774) Prec@1 64.06 (60.16) Prec@5 86.72 (81.81) - train[2018-10-13-07:09:38] Epoch: [043][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.137 (3.776) Prec@1 57.81 (60.10) Prec@5 78.91 (81.78) - train[2018-10-13-07:11:21] Epoch: [043][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.777) Prec@1 57.81 (60.07) Prec@5 82.81 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-07:13:05] Epoch: [043][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.777) Prec@1 68.75 (60.06) Prec@5 85.16 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-07:14:49] Epoch: [043][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.727 (3.778) Prec@1 62.50 (60.03) Prec@5 80.47 (81.76) - train[2018-10-13-07:16:32] Epoch: [043][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.897 (3.778) Prec@1 53.91 (60.04) Prec@5 82.81 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-07:18:16] Epoch: [043][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.888 (3.778) Prec@1 62.50 (60.06) Prec@5 78.91 (81.76) - train[2018-10-13-07:20:00] Epoch: [043][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.654 (3.780) Prec@1 65.62 (60.02) Prec@5 84.38 (81.74) - train[2018-10-13-07:21:43] Epoch: [043][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (3.780) Prec@1 67.97 (60.02) Prec@5 87.50 (81.74) - train[2018-10-13-07:23:27] Epoch: [043][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.228 (3.780) Prec@1 51.56 (60.01) Prec@5 77.34 (81.74) - train[2018-10-13-07:25:10] Epoch: [043][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.781) Prec@1 58.59 (60.01) Prec@5 81.25 (81.73) - train[2018-10-13-07:26:54] Epoch: [043][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.783) Prec@1 65.62 (59.98) Prec@5 82.81 (81.71) - train[2018-10-13-07:28:38] Epoch: [043][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (3.782) Prec@1 70.31 (59.98) Prec@5 84.38 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-07:30:22] Epoch: [043][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.821 (3.782) Prec@1 61.72 (59.98) Prec@5 78.91 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-07:32:06] Epoch: [043][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.982 (3.784) Prec@1 53.91 (59.96) Prec@5 76.56 (81.68) - train[2018-10-13-07:33:49] Epoch: [043][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.827 (3.784) Prec@1 60.94 (59.96) Prec@5 78.91 (81.67) - train[2018-10-13-07:35:33] Epoch: [043][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.568 (3.785) Prec@1 62.50 (59.96) Prec@5 83.59 (81.67) - train[2018-10-13-07:37:18] Epoch: [043][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.835 (3.786) Prec@1 57.81 (59.94) Prec@5 82.03 (81.65) - train[2018-10-13-07:39:01] Epoch: [043][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.794 (3.786) Prec@1 60.94 (59.92) Prec@5 83.59 (81.65) - train[2018-10-13-07:40:45] Epoch: [043][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.815 (3.787) Prec@1 60.94 (59.90) Prec@5 80.47 (81.64) - train[2018-10-13-07:42:29] Epoch: [043][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.787) Prec@1 64.06 (59.90) Prec@5 82.81 (81.63) - train[2018-10-13-07:44:13] Epoch: [043][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.643 (3.787) Prec@1 60.94 (59.91) Prec@5 82.81 (81.63) - train[2018-10-13-07:45:57] Epoch: [043][7400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.909 (3.788) Prec@1 62.50 (59.90) Prec@5 77.34 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-07:47:41] Epoch: [043][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.632 (3.788) Prec@1 64.06 (59.90) Prec@5 85.94 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-07:49:25] Epoch: [043][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.788) Prec@1 58.59 (59.89) Prec@5 85.94 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-07:51:08] Epoch: [043][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.789) Prec@1 60.16 (59.89) Prec@5 83.59 (81.61) - train[2018-10-13-07:52:53] Epoch: [043][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.789) Prec@1 63.28 (59.87) Prec@5 83.59 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-07:54:36] Epoch: [043][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.790 (3.790) Prec@1 59.38 (59.86) Prec@5 82.03 (81.60) - train[2018-10-13-07:56:21] Epoch: [043][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.033 (3.790) Prec@1 51.56 (59.86) Prec@5 80.47 (81.59) - train[2018-10-13-07:58:05] Epoch: [043][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.706 (3.791) Prec@1 59.38 (59.85) Prec@5 82.81 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-07:59:49] Epoch: [043][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.838 (3.791) Prec@1 57.81 (59.83) Prec@5 78.91 (81.58) - train[2018-10-13-08:01:33] Epoch: [043][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.792) Prec@1 67.19 (59.82) Prec@5 84.38 (81.57) - train[2018-10-13-08:03:17] Epoch: [043][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.784 (3.793) Prec@1 58.59 (59.82) Prec@5 81.25 (81.56) - train[2018-10-13-08:05:01] Epoch: [043][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.629 (3.793) Prec@1 60.94 (59.81) Prec@5 85.16 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-08:06:45] Epoch: [043][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.887 (3.794) Prec@1 62.50 (59.80) Prec@5 77.34 (81.54) - train[2018-10-13-08:08:28] Epoch: [043][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.793) Prec@1 56.25 (59.80) Prec@5 78.12 (81.55) - train[2018-10-13-08:08:32] Epoch: [043][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.300 (3.793) Prec@1 60.00 (59.80) Prec@5 86.67 (81.55) -[2018-10-13-08:08:32] **train** Prec@1 59.80 Prec@5 81.55 Error@1 40.20 Error@5 18.45 Loss:3.793 - test [2018-10-13-08:08:37] Epoch: [043][000/391] Time 4.15 (4.15) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 1.031 (1.031) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-13-08:09:04] Epoch: [043][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.178 (1.391) Prec@1 42.19 (67.41) Prec@5 77.34 (88.63) - test [2018-10-13-08:09:29] Epoch: [043][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.702 (1.573) Prec@1 36.25 (64.07) Prec@5 75.00 (85.92) -[2018-10-13-08:09:29] **test** Prec@1 64.07 Prec@5 85.92 Error@1 35.93 Error@5 14.08 Loss:1.573 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=64.76, Acc@5=86.37, Error@1=35.24, Error@5=13.63 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-08:09:29] [Epoch=044/250] [Need: 300:48:46] LR=0.0262 ~ 0.0262, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-08:09:34] Epoch: [044][000/10010] Time 4.69 (4.69) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 3.543 (3.543) Prec@1 60.16 (60.16) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-13-08:11:18] Epoch: [044][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.565 (3.721) Prec@1 66.41 (60.86) Prec@5 85.16 (82.47) - train[2018-10-13-08:13:02] Epoch: [044][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.739 (3.738) Prec@1 58.59 (60.64) Prec@5 82.03 (82.22) - train[2018-10-13-08:14:46] Epoch: [044][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.944 (3.751) Prec@1 57.03 (60.49) Prec@5 75.78 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-08:16:31] Epoch: [044][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.203 (3.751) Prec@1 53.12 (60.54) Prec@5 74.22 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-08:18:14] Epoch: [044][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.670 (3.754) Prec@1 63.28 (60.47) Prec@5 83.59 (81.99) - train[2018-10-13-08:19:59] Epoch: [044][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.752) Prec@1 60.94 (60.45) Prec@5 86.72 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-08:21:42] Epoch: [044][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.687 (3.752) Prec@1 63.28 (60.47) Prec@5 82.81 (82.01) - train[2018-10-13-08:23:26] Epoch: [044][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.501 (3.751) Prec@1 67.97 (60.49) Prec@5 83.59 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-08:25:10] Epoch: [044][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.672 (3.753) Prec@1 61.72 (60.48) Prec@5 85.16 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-08:26:54] Epoch: [044][2000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.201 (3.753) Prec@1 53.91 (60.50) Prec@5 75.78 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-08:28:37] Epoch: [044][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.090 (3.756) Prec@1 53.12 (60.44) Prec@5 73.44 (82.00) - train[2018-10-13-08:30:22] Epoch: [044][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.758) Prec@1 62.50 (60.39) Prec@5 82.81 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-08:32:05] Epoch: [044][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (3.760) Prec@1 70.31 (60.40) Prec@5 89.06 (81.94) - train[2018-10-13-08:33:49] Epoch: [044][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.761) Prec@1 60.94 (60.37) Prec@5 85.16 (81.94) - train[2018-10-13-08:35:33] Epoch: [044][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.149 (3.761) Prec@1 55.47 (60.35) Prec@5 75.00 (81.91) - train[2018-10-13-08:37:18] Epoch: [044][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.643 (3.762) Prec@1 67.19 (60.34) Prec@5 85.16 (81.91) - train[2018-10-13-08:39:01] Epoch: [044][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.051 (3.763) Prec@1 52.34 (60.33) Prec@5 78.91 (81.91) - train[2018-10-13-08:40:45] Epoch: [044][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.862 (3.763) Prec@1 60.16 (60.31) Prec@5 80.47 (81.89) - train[2018-10-13-08:42:29] Epoch: [044][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.624 (3.763) Prec@1 57.03 (60.32) Prec@5 82.81 (81.90) - train[2018-10-13-08:44:13] Epoch: [044][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.082 (3.764) Prec@1 57.81 (60.30) Prec@5 75.00 (81.89) - train[2018-10-13-08:45:57] Epoch: [044][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.224 (3.765) Prec@1 59.38 (60.27) Prec@5 72.66 (81.87) - train[2018-10-13-08:47:40] Epoch: [044][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.955 (3.766) Prec@1 53.12 (60.25) Prec@5 82.81 (81.85) - train[2018-10-13-08:49:24] Epoch: [044][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.678 (3.766) Prec@1 61.72 (60.25) Prec@5 81.25 (81.85) - train[2018-10-13-08:51:08] Epoch: [044][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.852 (3.767) Prec@1 59.38 (60.23) Prec@5 83.59 (81.84) - train[2018-10-13-08:52:52] Epoch: [044][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.573 (3.767) Prec@1 65.62 (60.24) Prec@5 82.81 (81.84) - train[2018-10-13-08:54:36] Epoch: [044][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.020 (3.768) Prec@1 60.16 (60.22) Prec@5 76.56 (81.83) - train[2018-10-13-08:56:19] Epoch: [044][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.669 (3.769) Prec@1 61.72 (60.20) Prec@5 85.16 (81.82) - train[2018-10-13-08:58:03] Epoch: [044][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.794 (3.770) Prec@1 56.25 (60.20) Prec@5 80.47 (81.81) - train[2018-10-13-08:59:47] Epoch: [044][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.770) Prec@1 65.62 (60.18) Prec@5 85.94 (81.80) - train[2018-10-13-09:01:31] Epoch: [044][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.771) Prec@1 59.38 (60.18) Prec@5 85.16 (81.79) - train[2018-10-13-09:03:15] Epoch: [044][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.863 (3.771) Prec@1 58.59 (60.18) Prec@5 81.25 (81.78) - train[2018-10-13-09:04:59] Epoch: [044][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.770) Prec@1 60.16 (60.18) Prec@5 85.94 (81.78) - train[2018-10-13-09:06:43] Epoch: [044][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.951 (3.771) Prec@1 58.59 (60.17) Prec@5 75.78 (81.78) - train[2018-10-13-09:08:27] Epoch: [044][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.946 (3.771) Prec@1 60.94 (60.17) Prec@5 81.25 (81.78) - train[2018-10-13-09:10:10] Epoch: [044][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.772) Prec@1 60.16 (60.16) Prec@5 85.16 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-09:11:54] Epoch: [044][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.624 (3.772) Prec@1 61.72 (60.15) Prec@5 80.47 (81.77) - train[2018-10-13-09:13:38] Epoch: [044][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.740 (3.773) Prec@1 62.50 (60.14) Prec@5 82.03 (81.76) - train[2018-10-13-09:15:22] Epoch: [044][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.575 (3.773) Prec@1 60.16 (60.12) Prec@5 87.50 (81.75) - train[2018-10-13-09:17:06] Epoch: [044][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (3.774) Prec@1 68.75 (60.12) Prec@5 87.50 (81.75) - train[2018-10-13-09:18:50] Epoch: [044][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.551 (3.775) Prec@1 63.28 (60.10) Prec@5 82.03 (81.73) - train[2018-10-13-09:20:34] Epoch: [044][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.671 (3.776) Prec@1 64.84 (60.09) Prec@5 82.81 (81.73) - train[2018-10-13-09:22:18] Epoch: [044][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.077 (3.776) Prec@1 57.03 (60.08) Prec@5 75.78 (81.72) - train[2018-10-13-09:24:02] Epoch: [044][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.706 (3.776) Prec@1 64.06 (60.07) Prec@5 85.16 (81.72) - train[2018-10-13-09:25:46] Epoch: [044][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.241 (3.776) Prec@1 53.91 (60.07) Prec@5 75.78 (81.71) - train[2018-10-13-09:27:29] Epoch: [044][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.837 (3.777) Prec@1 60.16 (60.05) Prec@5 78.12 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-09:29:13] Epoch: [044][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.778) Prec@1 57.03 (60.05) Prec@5 82.03 (81.70) - train[2018-10-13-09:30:56] Epoch: [044][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.042 (3.778) Prec@1 55.47 (60.04) Prec@5 77.34 (81.69) - train[2018-10-13-09:32:41] Epoch: [044][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.852 (3.779) Prec@1 57.03 (60.03) Prec@5 84.38 (81.68) - train[2018-10-13-09:34:25] Epoch: [044][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.966 (3.779) Prec@1 57.03 (60.02) Prec@5 77.34 (81.68) - train[2018-10-13-09:36:09] Epoch: [044][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.645 (3.780) Prec@1 63.28 (60.02) Prec@5 84.38 (81.68) - train[2018-10-13-09:36:13] Epoch: [044][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.688 (3.780) Prec@1 40.00 (60.02) Prec@5 86.67 (81.68) -[2018-10-13-09:36:13] **train** Prec@1 60.02 Prec@5 81.68 Error@1 39.98 Error@5 18.32 Loss:3.780 - test [2018-10-13-09:36:17] Epoch: [044][000/391] Time 3.96 (3.96) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 0.852 (0.852) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-13-09:36:45] Epoch: [044][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.742 (1.337) Prec@1 57.03 (68.86) Prec@5 82.03 (89.36) - test [2018-10-13-09:37:10] Epoch: [044][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.718 (1.525) Prec@1 30.00 (65.05) Prec@5 75.00 (86.38) -[2018-10-13-09:37:10] **test** Prec@1 65.05 Prec@5 86.38 Error@1 34.95 Error@5 13.62 Loss:1.525 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.05, Acc@5=86.38, Error@1=34.95, Error@5=13.62 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-09:37:10] [Epoch=045/250] [Need: 299:33:46] LR=0.0254 ~ 0.0254, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-09:37:14] Epoch: [045][000/10010] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 3.93 (3.93) Loss 3.947 (3.947) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-09:38:58] Epoch: [045][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.380 (3.724) Prec@1 66.41 (60.67) Prec@5 88.28 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-09:40:41] Epoch: [045][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.662 (3.723) Prec@1 64.84 (60.82) Prec@5 82.81 (82.34) - train[2018-10-13-09:42:25] Epoch: [045][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.203 (3.724) Prec@1 53.12 (60.85) Prec@5 74.22 (82.36) - train[2018-10-13-09:44:09] Epoch: [045][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.882 (3.722) Prec@1 61.72 (60.87) Prec@5 78.91 (82.41) - train[2018-10-13-09:45:52] Epoch: [045][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.850 (3.722) Prec@1 57.03 (60.91) Prec@5 80.47 (82.45) - train[2018-10-13-09:47:36] Epoch: [045][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.806 (3.730) Prec@1 54.69 (60.83) Prec@5 81.25 (82.31) - train[2018-10-13-09:49:19] Epoch: [045][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.725) Prec@1 59.38 (60.92) Prec@5 82.03 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-09:51:03] Epoch: [045][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.627 (3.727) Prec@1 64.06 (60.89) Prec@5 83.59 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-09:52:46] Epoch: [045][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.729) Prec@1 63.28 (60.88) Prec@5 89.84 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-09:54:30] Epoch: [045][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.717 (3.732) Prec@1 66.41 (60.83) Prec@5 81.25 (82.27) - train[2018-10-13-09:56:14] Epoch: [045][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (3.736) Prec@1 68.75 (60.76) Prec@5 86.72 (82.22) - train[2018-10-13-09:57:58] Epoch: [045][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.339 (3.736) Prec@1 70.31 (60.76) Prec@5 87.50 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-09:59:41] Epoch: [045][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.906 (3.739) Prec@1 62.50 (60.74) Prec@5 78.12 (82.20) - train[2018-10-13-10:01:25] Epoch: [045][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.622 (3.741) Prec@1 64.06 (60.72) Prec@5 84.38 (82.17) - train[2018-10-13-10:03:09] Epoch: [045][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.730 (3.742) Prec@1 58.59 (60.68) Prec@5 83.59 (82.15) - train[2018-10-13-10:04:54] Epoch: [045][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.857 (3.744) Prec@1 60.16 (60.67) Prec@5 78.91 (82.13) - train[2018-10-13-10:06:38] Epoch: [045][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.719 (3.744) Prec@1 67.19 (60.66) Prec@5 80.47 (82.13) - train[2018-10-13-10:08:22] Epoch: [045][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.940 (3.744) Prec@1 60.94 (60.67) Prec@5 80.47 (82.14) - train[2018-10-13-10:10:07] Epoch: [045][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.719 (3.745) Prec@1 58.59 (60.64) Prec@5 82.81 (82.13) - train[2018-10-13-10:11:51] Epoch: [045][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.797 (3.747) Prec@1 64.06 (60.60) Prec@5 81.25 (82.10) - train[2018-10-13-10:13:36] Epoch: [045][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.748) Prec@1 63.28 (60.58) Prec@5 81.25 (82.10) - train[2018-10-13-10:15:20] Epoch: [045][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.031 (3.748) Prec@1 56.25 (60.57) Prec@5 78.91 (82.09) - train[2018-10-13-10:17:04] Epoch: [045][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.711 (3.749) Prec@1 59.38 (60.56) Prec@5 84.38 (82.07) - train[2018-10-13-10:18:48] Epoch: [045][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.600 (3.749) Prec@1 59.38 (60.55) Prec@5 83.59 (82.07) - train[2018-10-13-10:20:32] Epoch: [045][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.038 (3.750) Prec@1 53.91 (60.54) Prec@5 75.00 (82.07) - train[2018-10-13-10:22:17] Epoch: [045][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.750) Prec@1 62.50 (60.54) Prec@5 89.06 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-10:24:00] Epoch: [045][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.751) Prec@1 62.50 (60.53) Prec@5 84.38 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-10:25:44] Epoch: [045][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.751) Prec@1 67.19 (60.53) Prec@5 86.72 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-10:27:28] Epoch: [045][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.974 (3.751) Prec@1 58.59 (60.51) Prec@5 82.03 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-10:29:12] Epoch: [045][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.900 (3.753) Prec@1 54.69 (60.49) Prec@5 81.25 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-10:30:56] Epoch: [045][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.754) Prec@1 67.97 (60.47) Prec@5 87.50 (82.04) - train[2018-10-13-10:32:40] Epoch: [045][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.620 (3.754) Prec@1 64.06 (60.46) Prec@5 79.69 (82.04) - train[2018-10-13-10:34:25] Epoch: [045][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.694 (3.755) Prec@1 58.59 (60.45) Prec@5 79.69 (82.02) - train[2018-10-13-10:36:09] Epoch: [045][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.841 (3.755) Prec@1 57.81 (60.45) Prec@5 80.47 (82.02) - train[2018-10-13-10:37:53] Epoch: [045][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.879 (3.756) Prec@1 57.81 (60.44) Prec@5 78.91 (82.00) - train[2018-10-13-10:39:38] Epoch: [045][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.757) Prec@1 60.16 (60.43) Prec@5 82.03 (82.00) - train[2018-10-13-10:41:21] Epoch: [045][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.882 (3.757) Prec@1 60.94 (60.42) Prec@5 78.12 (81.99) - train[2018-10-13-10:43:05] Epoch: [045][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.888 (3.758) Prec@1 59.38 (60.42) Prec@5 76.56 (81.98) - train[2018-10-13-10:44:49] Epoch: [045][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.758) Prec@1 58.59 (60.40) Prec@5 82.03 (81.98) - train[2018-10-13-10:46:33] Epoch: [045][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.989 (3.758) Prec@1 54.69 (60.40) Prec@5 80.47 (81.97) - train[2018-10-13-10:48:17] Epoch: [045][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.491 (3.759) Prec@1 68.75 (60.40) Prec@5 85.16 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-10:50:01] Epoch: [045][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.906 (3.759) Prec@1 53.91 (60.39) Prec@5 80.47 (81.97) - train[2018-10-13-10:51:45] Epoch: [045][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.759) Prec@1 57.81 (60.38) Prec@5 82.03 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-10:53:30] Epoch: [045][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.001 (3.759) Prec@1 53.91 (60.38) Prec@5 80.47 (81.97) - train[2018-10-13-10:55:14] Epoch: [045][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.264 (3.760) Prec@1 69.53 (60.37) Prec@5 89.84 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-10:56:57] Epoch: [045][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.760) Prec@1 60.94 (60.36) Prec@5 78.12 (81.97) - train[2018-10-13-10:58:41] Epoch: [045][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.760) Prec@1 63.28 (60.36) Prec@5 80.47 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-11:00:26] Epoch: [045][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.946 (3.760) Prec@1 55.47 (60.35) Prec@5 80.47 (81.96) - train[2018-10-13-11:02:10] Epoch: [045][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.191 (3.761) Prec@1 53.91 (60.34) Prec@5 75.00 (81.95) - train[2018-10-13-11:03:54] Epoch: [045][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.772 (3.762) Prec@1 63.28 (60.33) Prec@5 82.03 (81.94) - train[2018-10-13-11:03:59] Epoch: [045][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.446 (3.762) Prec@1 80.00 (60.33) Prec@5 86.67 (81.94) -[2018-10-13-11:03:59] **train** Prec@1 60.33 Prec@5 81.94 Error@1 39.67 Error@5 18.06 Loss:3.762 - test [2018-10-13-11:04:03] Epoch: [045][000/391] Time 4.67 (4.67) Data 4.53 (4.53) Loss 0.970 (0.970) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-13-11:04:31] Epoch: [045][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.523 (1.315) Prec@1 62.50 (69.20) Prec@5 86.72 (89.92) - test [2018-10-13-11:04:56] Epoch: [045][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.755 (1.526) Prec@1 37.50 (65.01) Prec@5 70.00 (86.68) -[2018-10-13-11:04:56] **test** Prec@1 65.01 Prec@5 86.68 Error@1 34.99 Error@5 13.32 Loss:1.526 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.05, Acc@5=86.38, Error@1=34.95, Error@5=13.62 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-11:04:56] [Epoch=046/250] [Need: 298:24:35] LR=0.0246 ~ 0.0246, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-11:05:01] Epoch: [046][000/10010] Time 5.59 (5.59) Data 5.05 (5.05) Loss 4.047 (4.047) Prec@1 53.91 (53.91) Prec@5 79.69 (79.69) - train[2018-10-13-11:06:45] Epoch: [046][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 4.325 (3.711) Prec@1 49.22 (61.36) Prec@5 71.88 (82.42) - train[2018-10-13-11:08:29] Epoch: [046][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.724 (3.703) Prec@1 60.16 (61.56) Prec@5 81.25 (82.62) - train[2018-10-13-11:10:13] Epoch: [046][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.898 (3.718) Prec@1 57.03 (61.22) Prec@5 79.69 (82.41) - train[2018-10-13-11:11:57] Epoch: [046][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.853 (3.709) Prec@1 65.62 (61.35) Prec@5 80.47 (82.53) - train[2018-10-13-11:13:41] Epoch: [046][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.151 (3.712) Prec@1 53.12 (61.23) Prec@5 77.34 (82.54) - train[2018-10-13-11:15:25] Epoch: [046][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.840 (3.710) Prec@1 61.72 (61.20) Prec@5 82.03 (82.58) - train[2018-10-13-11:17:09] Epoch: [046][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.880 (3.712) Prec@1 58.59 (61.17) Prec@5 80.47 (82.55) - train[2018-10-13-11:18:53] Epoch: [046][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.961 (3.715) Prec@1 55.47 (61.11) Prec@5 82.03 (82.52) - train[2018-10-13-11:20:36] Epoch: [046][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.717) Prec@1 58.59 (61.04) Prec@5 78.91 (82.50) - train[2018-10-13-11:22:20] Epoch: [046][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.843 (3.716) Prec@1 58.59 (61.10) Prec@5 81.25 (82.51) - train[2018-10-13-11:24:04] Epoch: [046][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.351 (3.715) Prec@1 66.41 (61.11) Prec@5 86.72 (82.53) - train[2018-10-13-11:25:48] Epoch: [046][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.710 (3.718) Prec@1 60.94 (61.09) Prec@5 84.38 (82.50) - train[2018-10-13-11:27:32] Epoch: [046][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.129 (3.721) Prec@1 52.34 (61.04) Prec@5 78.12 (82.48) - train[2018-10-13-11:29:15] Epoch: [046][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.521 (3.721) Prec@1 64.06 (61.04) Prec@5 82.81 (82.47) - train[2018-10-13-11:30:59] Epoch: [046][3000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.156 (3.724) Prec@1 57.03 (60.98) Prec@5 75.78 (82.42) - train[2018-10-13-11:32:43] Epoch: [046][3200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.582 (3.726) Prec@1 62.50 (60.96) Prec@5 83.59 (82.40) - train[2018-10-13-11:34:27] Epoch: [046][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.793 (3.727) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 80.47 (82.38) - train[2018-10-13-11:36:10] Epoch: [046][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.437 (3.728) Prec@1 52.34 (60.89) Prec@5 71.88 (82.35) - train[2018-10-13-11:37:53] Epoch: [046][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.729) Prec@1 57.81 (60.88) Prec@5 85.16 (82.35) - train[2018-10-13-11:39:37] Epoch: [046][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.298 (3.730) Prec@1 65.62 (60.85) Prec@5 87.50 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-11:41:20] Epoch: [046][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.971 (3.731) Prec@1 57.81 (60.83) Prec@5 81.25 (82.31) - train[2018-10-13-11:43:04] Epoch: [046][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (3.733) Prec@1 58.59 (60.82) Prec@5 78.12 (82.29) - train[2018-10-13-11:44:48] Epoch: [046][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.734) Prec@1 64.06 (60.79) Prec@5 85.16 (82.27) - train[2018-10-13-11:46:32] Epoch: [046][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.614 (3.735) Prec@1 60.94 (60.77) Prec@5 85.16 (82.25) - train[2018-10-13-11:48:16] Epoch: [046][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.644 (3.736) Prec@1 60.94 (60.77) Prec@5 82.03 (82.24) - train[2018-10-13-11:50:00] Epoch: [046][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.738) Prec@1 67.19 (60.74) Prec@5 85.16 (82.22) - train[2018-10-13-11:51:43] Epoch: [046][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.595 (3.738) Prec@1 59.38 (60.74) Prec@5 83.59 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-11:53:27] Epoch: [046][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.940 (3.738) Prec@1 53.12 (60.75) Prec@5 79.69 (82.22) - train[2018-10-13-11:55:11] Epoch: [046][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.010 (3.739) Prec@1 57.81 (60.74) Prec@5 78.91 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-11:56:55] Epoch: [046][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.739) Prec@1 64.84 (60.73) Prec@5 85.16 (82.19) - train[2018-10-13-11:58:39] Epoch: [046][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.836 (3.740) Prec@1 60.16 (60.70) Prec@5 79.69 (82.18) - train[2018-10-13-12:00:23] Epoch: [046][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.674 (3.740) Prec@1 60.94 (60.69) Prec@5 82.81 (82.18) - train[2018-10-13-12:02:07] Epoch: [046][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.820 (3.742) Prec@1 64.84 (60.67) Prec@5 82.81 (82.17) - train[2018-10-13-12:03:51] Epoch: [046][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.724 (3.742) Prec@1 60.16 (60.67) Prec@5 82.81 (82.17) - train[2018-10-13-12:05:34] Epoch: [046][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.823 (3.743) Prec@1 57.81 (60.65) Prec@5 81.25 (82.15) - train[2018-10-13-12:07:18] Epoch: [046][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.098 (3.744) Prec@1 57.03 (60.65) Prec@5 76.56 (82.14) - train[2018-10-13-12:09:02] Epoch: [046][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.745) Prec@1 69.53 (60.63) Prec@5 83.59 (82.12) - train[2018-10-13-12:10:46] Epoch: [046][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.627 (3.745) Prec@1 60.94 (60.62) Prec@5 80.47 (82.11) - train[2018-10-13-12:12:29] Epoch: [046][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.918 (3.746) Prec@1 59.38 (60.59) Prec@5 78.12 (82.10) - train[2018-10-13-12:14:13] Epoch: [046][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.928 (3.746) Prec@1 57.03 (60.58) Prec@5 78.91 (82.10) - train[2018-10-13-12:15:56] Epoch: [046][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.233 (3.747) Prec@1 53.91 (60.58) Prec@5 74.22 (82.08) - train[2018-10-13-12:17:41] Epoch: [046][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.748) Prec@1 64.84 (60.57) Prec@5 85.16 (82.07) - train[2018-10-13-12:19:25] Epoch: [046][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.950 (3.748) Prec@1 56.25 (60.56) Prec@5 77.34 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-12:21:08] Epoch: [046][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.679 (3.748) Prec@1 62.50 (60.57) Prec@5 85.16 (82.06) - train[2018-10-13-12:22:52] Epoch: [046][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.749) Prec@1 64.84 (60.55) Prec@5 88.28 (82.05) - train[2018-10-13-12:24:36] Epoch: [046][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.205 (3.750) Prec@1 57.03 (60.54) Prec@5 75.78 (82.04) - train[2018-10-13-12:26:20] Epoch: [046][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.897 (3.750) Prec@1 60.16 (60.53) Prec@5 78.91 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-12:28:04] Epoch: [046][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.928 (3.751) Prec@1 56.25 (60.53) Prec@5 81.25 (82.02) - train[2018-10-13-12:29:48] Epoch: [046][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.752) Prec@1 59.38 (60.51) Prec@5 83.59 (82.00) - train[2018-10-13-12:31:31] Epoch: [046][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.772 (3.753) Prec@1 52.34 (60.50) Prec@5 84.38 (82.00) - train[2018-10-13-12:31:36] Epoch: [046][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.769 (3.753) Prec@1 46.67 (60.50) Prec@5 66.67 (82.00) -[2018-10-13-12:31:36] **train** Prec@1 60.50 Prec@5 82.00 Error@1 39.50 Error@5 18.00 Loss:3.753 - test [2018-10-13-12:31:40] Epoch: [046][000/391] Time 4.27 (4.27) Data 4.13 (4.13) Loss 0.827 (0.827) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-13-12:32:07] Epoch: [046][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.583 (1.333) Prec@1 65.62 (68.82) Prec@5 84.38 (89.62) - test [2018-10-13-12:32:32] Epoch: [046][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.551 (1.529) Prec@1 36.25 (65.07) Prec@5 78.75 (86.68) -[2018-10-13-12:32:32] **test** Prec@1 65.07 Prec@5 86.68 Error@1 34.93 Error@5 13.32 Loss:1.529 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.07, Acc@5=86.68, Error@1=34.93, Error@5=13.32 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-12:32:32] [Epoch=047/250] [Need: 296:23:24] LR=0.0239 ~ 0.0239, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-12:32:38] Epoch: [047][000/10010] Time 5.75 (5.75) Data 5.19 (5.19) Loss 3.699 (3.699) Prec@1 63.28 (63.28) Prec@5 82.81 (82.81) - train[2018-10-13-12:34:22] Epoch: [047][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.583 (3.704) Prec@1 59.38 (61.42) Prec@5 83.59 (82.80) - train[2018-10-13-12:36:06] Epoch: [047][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.484 (3.691) Prec@1 62.50 (61.66) Prec@5 87.50 (82.91) - train[2018-10-13-12:37:50] Epoch: [047][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.486 (3.689) Prec@1 68.75 (61.52) Prec@5 85.94 (82.97) - train[2018-10-13-12:39:33] Epoch: [047][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.648 (3.700) Prec@1 64.06 (61.39) Prec@5 80.47 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-12:41:16] Epoch: [047][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.615 (3.700) Prec@1 62.50 (61.36) Prec@5 79.69 (82.72) - train[2018-10-13-12:43:00] Epoch: [047][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.704) Prec@1 57.03 (61.29) Prec@5 85.16 (82.67) - train[2018-10-13-12:44:44] Epoch: [047][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (3.708) Prec@1 63.28 (61.24) Prec@5 83.59 (82.58) - train[2018-10-13-12:46:28] Epoch: [047][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.794 (3.713) Prec@1 57.81 (61.21) Prec@5 77.34 (82.52) - train[2018-10-13-12:48:12] Epoch: [047][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.714) Prec@1 59.38 (61.18) Prec@5 84.38 (82.51) - train[2018-10-13-12:49:55] Epoch: [047][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.706 (3.715) Prec@1 62.50 (61.16) Prec@5 82.03 (82.49) - train[2018-10-13-12:51:39] Epoch: [047][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.717) Prec@1 59.38 (61.11) Prec@5 75.78 (82.46) - train[2018-10-13-12:53:23] Epoch: [047][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (3.719) Prec@1 56.25 (61.11) Prec@5 82.81 (82.42) - train[2018-10-13-12:55:06] Epoch: [047][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.718) Prec@1 59.38 (61.10) Prec@5 85.16 (82.42) - train[2018-10-13-12:56:50] Epoch: [047][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.944 (3.719) Prec@1 57.03 (61.11) Prec@5 79.69 (82.41) - train[2018-10-13-12:58:33] Epoch: [047][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.718) Prec@1 71.88 (61.10) Prec@5 84.38 (82.43) - train[2018-10-13-13:00:17] Epoch: [047][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.718) Prec@1 64.84 (61.10) Prec@5 87.50 (82.43) - train[2018-10-13-13:02:01] Epoch: [047][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.868 (3.718) Prec@1 58.59 (61.11) Prec@5 76.56 (82.41) - train[2018-10-13-13:03:45] Epoch: [047][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (3.720) Prec@1 65.62 (61.06) Prec@5 87.50 (82.39) - train[2018-10-13-13:05:29] Epoch: [047][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.109 (3.720) Prec@1 52.34 (61.07) Prec@5 74.22 (82.38) - train[2018-10-13-13:07:12] Epoch: [047][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.910 (3.721) Prec@1 58.59 (61.03) Prec@5 77.34 (82.35) - train[2018-10-13-13:08:56] Epoch: [047][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.723) Prec@1 60.16 (61.00) Prec@5 78.12 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-13:10:39] Epoch: [047][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.770 (3.723) Prec@1 62.50 (61.00) Prec@5 85.94 (82.34) - train[2018-10-13-13:12:23] Epoch: [047][4600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.724) Prec@1 60.94 (60.96) Prec@5 79.69 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-13:14:07] Epoch: [047][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.541 (3.725) Prec@1 62.50 (60.94) Prec@5 83.59 (82.31) - train[2018-10-13-13:15:51] Epoch: [047][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.451 (3.726) Prec@1 67.97 (60.92) Prec@5 85.94 (82.29) - train[2018-10-13-13:17:35] Epoch: [047][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.987 (3.727) Prec@1 62.50 (60.90) Prec@5 77.34 (82.28) - train[2018-10-13-13:19:19] Epoch: [047][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.728) Prec@1 67.19 (60.89) Prec@5 86.72 (82.28) - train[2018-10-13-13:21:02] Epoch: [047][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.728) Prec@1 66.41 (60.90) Prec@5 85.16 (82.28) - train[2018-10-13-13:22:46] Epoch: [047][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.749 (3.729) Prec@1 64.06 (60.89) Prec@5 83.59 (82.27) - train[2018-10-13-13:24:30] Epoch: [047][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.730) Prec@1 68.75 (60.86) Prec@5 85.16 (82.26) - train[2018-10-13-13:26:13] Epoch: [047][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.048 (3.730) Prec@1 55.47 (60.87) Prec@5 77.34 (82.25) - train[2018-10-13-13:27:56] Epoch: [047][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.730 (3.730) Prec@1 60.94 (60.86) Prec@5 85.16 (82.25) - train[2018-10-13-13:29:40] Epoch: [047][6600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.731) Prec@1 64.84 (60.85) Prec@5 85.16 (82.24) - train[2018-10-13-13:31:23] Epoch: [047][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.731) Prec@1 60.94 (60.84) Prec@5 85.16 (82.24) - train[2018-10-13-13:33:07] Epoch: [047][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.732) Prec@1 61.72 (60.82) Prec@5 81.25 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-13:34:50] Epoch: [047][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.732) Prec@1 66.41 (60.82) Prec@5 85.94 (82.24) - train[2018-10-13-13:36:34] Epoch: [047][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.732) Prec@1 64.06 (60.80) Prec@5 85.94 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-13:38:17] Epoch: [047][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.733) Prec@1 65.62 (60.80) Prec@5 82.03 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-13:40:01] Epoch: [047][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.757 (3.732) Prec@1 57.81 (60.81) Prec@5 81.25 (82.23) - train[2018-10-13-13:41:44] Epoch: [047][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.733) Prec@1 60.16 (60.80) Prec@5 84.38 (82.22) - train[2018-10-13-13:43:29] Epoch: [047][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.849 (3.734) Prec@1 60.94 (60.79) Prec@5 82.81 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-13:45:12] Epoch: [047][8400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.734) Prec@1 66.41 (60.79) Prec@5 84.38 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-13:46:56] Epoch: [047][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.674 (3.734) Prec@1 60.16 (60.78) Prec@5 82.81 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-13:48:40] Epoch: [047][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.151 (3.734) Prec@1 53.12 (60.77) Prec@5 75.78 (82.21) - train[2018-10-13-13:50:23] Epoch: [047][9000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.735) Prec@1 60.94 (60.77) Prec@5 82.81 (82.20) - train[2018-10-13-13:52:07] Epoch: [047][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.888 (3.735) Prec@1 59.38 (60.76) Prec@5 82.03 (82.20) - train[2018-10-13-13:53:51] Epoch: [047][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.972 (3.736) Prec@1 57.81 (60.74) Prec@5 79.69 (82.19) - train[2018-10-13-13:55:34] Epoch: [047][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.959 (3.737) Prec@1 59.38 (60.73) Prec@5 82.81 (82.18) - train[2018-10-13-13:57:18] Epoch: [047][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.803 (3.737) Prec@1 58.59 (60.72) Prec@5 82.03 (82.18) - train[2018-10-13-13:59:02] Epoch: [047][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.647 (3.738) Prec@1 65.62 (60.72) Prec@5 82.03 (82.18) - train[2018-10-13-13:59:06] Epoch: [047][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.932 (3.738) Prec@1 53.33 (60.72) Prec@5 86.67 (82.18) -[2018-10-13-13:59:06] **train** Prec@1 60.72 Prec@5 82.18 Error@1 39.28 Error@5 17.82 Loss:3.738 - test [2018-10-13-13:59:10] Epoch: [047][000/391] Time 3.56 (3.56) Data 3.43 (3.43) Loss 0.769 (0.769) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-13-13:59:38] Epoch: [047][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.608 (1.320) Prec@1 58.59 (69.02) Prec@5 85.94 (89.75) - test [2018-10-13-14:00:03] Epoch: [047][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.702 (1.508) Prec@1 32.50 (65.52) Prec@5 72.50 (86.81) -[2018-10-13-14:00:03] **test** Prec@1 65.52 Prec@5 86.81 Error@1 34.48 Error@5 13.19 Loss:1.508 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.52, Acc@5=86.81, Error@1=34.48, Error@5=13.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-14:00:03] [Epoch=048/250] [Need: 294:37:50] LR=0.0232 ~ 0.0232, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-14:00:07] Epoch: [048][000/10010] Time 4.31 (4.31) Data 3.70 (3.70) Loss 3.754 (3.754) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-13-14:01:51] Epoch: [048][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.745 (3.677) Prec@1 60.16 (62.19) Prec@5 79.69 (82.91) - train[2018-10-13-14:03:35] Epoch: [048][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.871 (3.673) Prec@1 57.81 (62.00) Prec@5 82.03 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-14:05:20] Epoch: [048][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.592 (3.674) Prec@1 62.50 (61.90) Prec@5 84.38 (82.98) - train[2018-10-13-14:07:03] Epoch: [048][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.530 (3.679) Prec@1 59.38 (61.79) Prec@5 82.03 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-14:08:47] Epoch: [048][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.677) Prec@1 67.19 (61.84) Prec@5 83.59 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-14:10:30] Epoch: [048][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.598 (3.687) Prec@1 64.06 (61.63) Prec@5 82.03 (82.78) - train[2018-10-13-14:12:15] Epoch: [048][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.218 (3.689) Prec@1 49.22 (61.58) Prec@5 77.34 (82.73) - train[2018-10-13-14:13:58] Epoch: [048][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.694) Prec@1 55.47 (61.50) Prec@5 79.69 (82.69) - train[2018-10-13-14:15:42] Epoch: [048][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.593 (3.696) Prec@1 59.38 (61.44) Prec@5 83.59 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-14:17:25] Epoch: [048][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.881 (3.695) Prec@1 58.59 (61.44) Prec@5 78.12 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-14:19:10] Epoch: [048][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.764 (3.694) Prec@1 62.50 (61.44) Prec@5 81.25 (82.71) - train[2018-10-13-14:20:54] Epoch: [048][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.696) Prec@1 59.38 (61.39) Prec@5 82.03 (82.67) - train[2018-10-13-14:22:37] Epoch: [048][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.629 (3.696) Prec@1 63.28 (61.39) Prec@5 83.59 (82.67) - train[2018-10-13-14:24:21] Epoch: [048][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.530 (3.698) Prec@1 67.97 (61.34) Prec@5 85.94 (82.65) - train[2018-10-13-14:26:04] Epoch: [048][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.827 (3.701) Prec@1 57.81 (61.30) Prec@5 79.69 (82.62) - train[2018-10-13-14:27:48] Epoch: [048][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.777 (3.702) Prec@1 60.94 (61.30) Prec@5 82.03 (82.61) - train[2018-10-13-14:29:32] Epoch: [048][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.678 (3.703) Prec@1 60.94 (61.27) Prec@5 85.16 (82.59) - train[2018-10-13-14:31:16] Epoch: [048][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.726 (3.705) Prec@1 64.06 (61.26) Prec@5 81.25 (82.59) - train[2018-10-13-14:33:00] Epoch: [048][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.811 (3.706) Prec@1 58.59 (61.25) Prec@5 80.47 (82.57) - train[2018-10-13-14:34:43] Epoch: [048][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.839 (3.707) Prec@1 58.59 (61.23) Prec@5 86.72 (82.55) - train[2018-10-13-14:36:27] Epoch: [048][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.709) Prec@1 63.28 (61.19) Prec@5 85.16 (82.53) - train[2018-10-13-14:38:11] Epoch: [048][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.548 (3.709) Prec@1 62.50 (61.19) Prec@5 82.03 (82.52) - train[2018-10-13-14:39:55] Epoch: [048][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.663 (3.710) Prec@1 60.94 (61.17) Prec@5 82.03 (82.51) - train[2018-10-13-14:41:39] Epoch: [048][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.712) Prec@1 65.62 (61.13) Prec@5 91.41 (82.50) - train[2018-10-13-14:43:23] Epoch: [048][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.713) Prec@1 60.94 (61.12) Prec@5 85.16 (82.49) - train[2018-10-13-14:45:07] Epoch: [048][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.867 (3.715) Prec@1 59.38 (61.10) Prec@5 77.34 (82.45) - train[2018-10-13-14:46:52] Epoch: [048][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.450 (3.715) Prec@1 68.75 (61.08) Prec@5 82.81 (82.45) - train[2018-10-13-14:48:36] Epoch: [048][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.852 (3.716) Prec@1 61.72 (61.08) Prec@5 79.69 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-14:50:20] Epoch: [048][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.570 (3.716) Prec@1 67.19 (61.09) Prec@5 82.81 (82.45) - train[2018-10-13-14:52:03] Epoch: [048][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (3.716) Prec@1 57.81 (61.09) Prec@5 82.03 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-14:53:47] Epoch: [048][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.880 (3.716) Prec@1 59.38 (61.08) Prec@5 80.47 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-14:55:31] Epoch: [048][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.140 (3.716) Prec@1 57.81 (61.07) Prec@5 78.12 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-14:57:14] Epoch: [048][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.462 (3.716) Prec@1 64.06 (61.07) Prec@5 85.94 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-14:58:58] Epoch: [048][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.962 (3.717) Prec@1 58.59 (61.05) Prec@5 77.34 (82.43) - train[2018-10-13-15:00:42] Epoch: [048][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.829 (3.719) Prec@1 57.03 (61.03) Prec@5 80.47 (82.41) - train[2018-10-13-15:02:26] Epoch: [048][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.719) Prec@1 61.72 (61.02) Prec@5 87.50 (82.40) - train[2018-10-13-15:04:10] Epoch: [048][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.720) Prec@1 62.50 (61.01) Prec@5 81.25 (82.39) - train[2018-10-13-15:05:53] Epoch: [048][7600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.720) Prec@1 63.28 (61.00) Prec@5 84.38 (82.39) - train[2018-10-13-15:07:37] Epoch: [048][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.773 (3.720) Prec@1 59.38 (61.01) Prec@5 80.47 (82.39) - train[2018-10-13-15:09:21] Epoch: [048][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.859 (3.720) Prec@1 57.03 (61.00) Prec@5 82.81 (82.38) - train[2018-10-13-15:11:05] Epoch: [048][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.926 (3.721) Prec@1 57.81 (60.99) Prec@5 80.47 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-15:12:50] Epoch: [048][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.802 (3.720) Prec@1 53.91 (61.00) Prec@5 79.69 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-15:14:33] Epoch: [048][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.770 (3.721) Prec@1 62.50 (60.99) Prec@5 78.91 (82.37) - train[2018-10-13-15:16:17] Epoch: [048][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.722) Prec@1 61.72 (60.98) Prec@5 80.47 (82.36) - train[2018-10-13-15:18:01] Epoch: [048][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.960 (3.722) Prec@1 59.38 (60.99) Prec@5 76.56 (82.36) - train[2018-10-13-15:19:44] Epoch: [048][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.687 (3.722) Prec@1 60.94 (60.99) Prec@5 82.03 (82.36) - train[2018-10-13-15:21:28] Epoch: [048][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.806 (3.722) Prec@1 61.72 (60.99) Prec@5 82.03 (82.35) - train[2018-10-13-15:23:12] Epoch: [048][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.991 (3.722) Prec@1 56.25 (60.99) Prec@5 78.12 (82.35) - train[2018-10-13-15:24:56] Epoch: [048][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.811 (3.723) Prec@1 59.38 (60.97) Prec@5 81.25 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-15:26:40] Epoch: [048][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.686 (3.723) Prec@1 66.41 (60.97) Prec@5 84.38 (82.33) - train[2018-10-13-15:26:44] Epoch: [048][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.284 (3.723) Prec@1 40.00 (60.97) Prec@5 66.67 (82.33) -[2018-10-13-15:26:44] **train** Prec@1 60.97 Prec@5 82.33 Error@1 39.03 Error@5 17.67 Loss:3.723 - test [2018-10-13-15:26:48] Epoch: [048][000/391] Time 3.85 (3.85) Data 3.72 (3.72) Loss 1.130 (1.130) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-13-15:27:16] Epoch: [048][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.469 (1.331) Prec@1 67.19 (69.31) Prec@5 89.06 (89.63) - test [2018-10-13-15:27:41] Epoch: [048][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.836 (1.523) Prec@1 30.00 (65.54) Prec@5 71.25 (86.62) -[2018-10-13-15:27:41] **test** Prec@1 65.54 Prec@5 86.62 Error@1 34.46 Error@5 13.38 Loss:1.523 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.54, Acc@5=86.62, Error@1=34.46, Error@5=13.38 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-15:27:42] [Epoch=049/250] [Need: 293:36:44] LR=0.0225 ~ 0.0225, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-15:27:46] Epoch: [049][000/10010] Time 4.72 (4.72) Data 4.06 (4.06) Loss 3.721 (3.721) Prec@1 57.03 (57.03) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-13-15:29:30] Epoch: [049][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.530 (3.664) Prec@1 66.41 (62.26) Prec@5 84.38 (82.89) - train[2018-10-13-15:31:14] Epoch: [049][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.933 (3.661) Prec@1 57.03 (62.27) Prec@5 80.47 (83.08) - train[2018-10-13-15:32:58] Epoch: [049][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.148 (3.674) Prec@1 58.59 (62.04) Prec@5 78.12 (82.91) - train[2018-10-13-15:34:41] Epoch: [049][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.672 (3.676) Prec@1 59.38 (61.92) Prec@5 87.50 (82.90) - train[2018-10-13-15:36:25] Epoch: [049][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.761 (3.676) Prec@1 61.72 (61.86) Prec@5 82.81 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-15:38:09] Epoch: [049][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.680) Prec@1 59.38 (61.76) Prec@5 81.25 (82.90) - train[2018-10-13-15:39:52] Epoch: [049][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.841 (3.681) Prec@1 56.25 (61.73) Prec@5 81.25 (82.90) - train[2018-10-13-15:41:36] Epoch: [049][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.737 (3.682) Prec@1 59.38 (61.72) Prec@5 86.72 (82.90) - train[2018-10-13-15:43:20] Epoch: [049][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.936 (3.683) Prec@1 59.38 (61.67) Prec@5 81.25 (82.87) - train[2018-10-13-15:45:04] Epoch: [049][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.685) Prec@1 57.03 (61.66) Prec@5 80.47 (82.84) - train[2018-10-13-15:46:48] Epoch: [049][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.685) Prec@1 63.28 (61.65) Prec@5 82.81 (82.84) - train[2018-10-13-15:48:32] Epoch: [049][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.685) Prec@1 64.84 (61.63) Prec@5 82.81 (82.85) - train[2018-10-13-15:50:15] Epoch: [049][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.606 (3.687) Prec@1 60.16 (61.60) Prec@5 83.59 (82.82) - train[2018-10-13-15:51:59] Epoch: [049][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.019 (3.690) Prec@1 63.28 (61.57) Prec@5 73.44 (82.79) - train[2018-10-13-15:53:43] Epoch: [049][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.691) Prec@1 67.97 (61.54) Prec@5 89.84 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-15:55:27] Epoch: [049][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.860 (3.692) Prec@1 61.72 (61.52) Prec@5 79.69 (82.74) - train[2018-10-13-15:57:11] Epoch: [049][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.564 (3.693) Prec@1 64.06 (61.51) Prec@5 83.59 (82.73) - train[2018-10-13-15:58:55] Epoch: [049][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.742 (3.694) Prec@1 63.28 (61.49) Prec@5 82.03 (82.73) - train[2018-10-13-16:00:40] Epoch: [049][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.017 (3.695) Prec@1 55.47 (61.46) Prec@5 81.25 (82.71) - train[2018-10-13-16:02:24] Epoch: [049][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.695) Prec@1 64.84 (61.45) Prec@5 90.62 (82.70) - train[2018-10-13-16:04:08] Epoch: [049][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.028 (3.697) Prec@1 50.00 (61.41) Prec@5 80.47 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-16:05:52] Epoch: [049][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.875 (3.698) Prec@1 57.03 (61.41) Prec@5 79.69 (82.67) - train[2018-10-13-16:07:36] Epoch: [049][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.699) Prec@1 57.81 (61.39) Prec@5 82.81 (82.66) - train[2018-10-13-16:09:20] Epoch: [049][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.986 (3.700) Prec@1 53.12 (61.37) Prec@5 80.47 (82.64) - train[2018-10-13-16:11:05] Epoch: [049][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.594 (3.700) Prec@1 64.84 (61.36) Prec@5 85.16 (82.64) - train[2018-10-13-16:12:48] Epoch: [049][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.856 (3.701) Prec@1 60.16 (61.36) Prec@5 78.12 (82.62) - train[2018-10-13-16:14:32] Epoch: [049][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.701) Prec@1 59.38 (61.34) Prec@5 85.16 (82.62) - train[2018-10-13-16:16:17] Epoch: [049][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.718 (3.701) Prec@1 57.81 (61.35) Prec@5 85.16 (82.61) - train[2018-10-13-16:18:01] Epoch: [049][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.701) Prec@1 59.38 (61.35) Prec@5 77.34 (82.61) - train[2018-10-13-16:19:45] Epoch: [049][6000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.819 (3.702) Prec@1 57.03 (61.34) Prec@5 79.69 (82.61) - train[2018-10-13-16:21:29] Epoch: [049][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.957 (3.703) Prec@1 55.47 (61.31) Prec@5 77.34 (82.59) - train[2018-10-13-16:23:13] Epoch: [049][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.703) Prec@1 58.59 (61.29) Prec@5 78.12 (82.58) - train[2018-10-13-16:24:57] Epoch: [049][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.917 (3.704) Prec@1 56.25 (61.29) Prec@5 76.56 (82.57) - train[2018-10-13-16:26:40] Epoch: [049][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.775 (3.705) Prec@1 57.81 (61.28) Prec@5 82.03 (82.56) - train[2018-10-13-16:28:24] Epoch: [049][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.499 (3.705) Prec@1 62.50 (61.28) Prec@5 84.38 (82.56) - train[2018-10-13-16:30:08] Epoch: [049][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (3.705) Prec@1 66.41 (61.28) Prec@5 85.94 (82.55) - train[2018-10-13-16:31:52] Epoch: [049][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.858 (3.705) Prec@1 61.72 (61.28) Prec@5 76.56 (82.54) - train[2018-10-13-16:33:36] Epoch: [049][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.707) Prec@1 63.28 (61.26) Prec@5 81.25 (82.53) - train[2018-10-13-16:35:20] Epoch: [049][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.943 (3.707) Prec@1 53.91 (61.24) Prec@5 80.47 (82.52) - train[2018-10-13-16:37:04] Epoch: [049][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.670 (3.708) Prec@1 65.62 (61.24) Prec@5 84.38 (82.51) - train[2018-10-13-16:38:47] Epoch: [049][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.858 (3.709) Prec@1 57.03 (61.22) Prec@5 80.47 (82.49) - train[2018-10-13-16:40:31] Epoch: [049][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.270 (3.709) Prec@1 53.91 (61.22) Prec@5 74.22 (82.48) - train[2018-10-13-16:42:15] Epoch: [049][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.710) Prec@1 62.50 (61.21) Prec@5 85.16 (82.48) - train[2018-10-13-16:43:59] Epoch: [049][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.710) Prec@1 64.06 (61.21) Prec@5 84.38 (82.48) - train[2018-10-13-16:45:43] Epoch: [049][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.697 (3.710) Prec@1 61.72 (61.21) Prec@5 81.25 (82.47) - train[2018-10-13-16:47:27] Epoch: [049][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.557 (3.711) Prec@1 64.06 (61.20) Prec@5 82.03 (82.47) - train[2018-10-13-16:49:12] Epoch: [049][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.828 (3.712) Prec@1 60.94 (61.18) Prec@5 80.47 (82.46) - train[2018-10-13-16:50:55] Epoch: [049][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.712) Prec@1 56.25 (61.17) Prec@5 78.12 (82.46) - train[2018-10-13-16:52:40] Epoch: [049][9800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.493 (3.712) Prec@1 65.62 (61.16) Prec@5 84.38 (82.45) - train[2018-10-13-16:54:23] Epoch: [049][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.651 (3.713) Prec@1 59.38 (61.15) Prec@5 87.50 (82.44) - train[2018-10-13-16:54:27] Epoch: [049][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.469 (3.713) Prec@1 46.67 (61.14) Prec@5 66.67 (82.44) -[2018-10-13-16:54:28] **train** Prec@1 61.14 Prec@5 82.44 Error@1 38.86 Error@5 17.56 Loss:3.713 - test [2018-10-13-16:54:31] Epoch: [049][000/391] Time 3.55 (3.55) Data 3.41 (3.41) Loss 0.864 (0.864) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - test [2018-10-13-16:54:59] Epoch: [049][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.780 (1.294) Prec@1 53.91 (69.35) Prec@5 85.16 (90.17) - test [2018-10-13-16:55:24] Epoch: [049][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.751 (1.503) Prec@1 33.75 (65.40) Prec@5 73.75 (86.92) -[2018-10-13-16:55:24] **test** Prec@1 65.40 Prec@5 86.92 Error@1 34.60 Error@5 13.08 Loss:1.503 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=65.54, Acc@5=86.62, Error@1=34.46, Error@5=13.38 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-16:55:24] [Epoch=050/250] [Need: 292:21:30] LR=0.0218 ~ 0.0218, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-16:55:28] Epoch: [050][000/10010] Time 4.38 (4.38) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 3.698 (3.698) Prec@1 64.06 (64.06) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-13-16:57:13] Epoch: [050][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.823 (3.685) Prec@1 60.94 (61.99) Prec@5 82.81 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-16:58:57] Epoch: [050][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.536 (3.655) Prec@1 67.19 (62.37) Prec@5 85.94 (83.12) - train[2018-10-13-17:00:40] Epoch: [050][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.500 (3.655) Prec@1 66.41 (62.27) Prec@5 84.38 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-17:02:24] Epoch: [050][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.751 (3.668) Prec@1 60.94 (61.98) Prec@5 80.47 (83.05) - train[2018-10-13-17:04:07] Epoch: [050][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.860 (3.669) Prec@1 60.94 (61.93) Prec@5 80.47 (82.98) - train[2018-10-13-17:05:51] Epoch: [050][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.131 (3.670) Prec@1 49.22 (61.93) Prec@5 75.00 (82.95) - train[2018-10-13-17:07:35] Epoch: [050][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.494 (3.668) Prec@1 63.28 (61.94) Prec@5 85.94 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-17:09:19] Epoch: [050][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.892 (3.669) Prec@1 58.59 (61.91) Prec@5 79.69 (83.00) - train[2018-10-13-17:11:03] Epoch: [050][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.701 (3.669) Prec@1 64.06 (61.86) Prec@5 79.69 (82.98) - train[2018-10-13-17:12:46] Epoch: [050][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.497 (3.669) Prec@1 63.28 (61.86) Prec@5 88.28 (82.98) - train[2018-10-13-17:14:29] Epoch: [050][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.698 (3.669) Prec@1 62.50 (61.88) Prec@5 82.81 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-17:16:13] Epoch: [050][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.674 (3.669) Prec@1 65.62 (61.88) Prec@5 83.59 (83.00) - train[2018-10-13-17:17:57] Epoch: [050][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.813 (3.672) Prec@1 57.81 (61.83) Prec@5 79.69 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-17:19:41] Epoch: [050][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.891 (3.671) Prec@1 58.59 (61.83) Prec@5 80.47 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-17:21:25] Epoch: [050][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.672) Prec@1 60.16 (61.81) Prec@5 82.03 (82.95) - train[2018-10-13-17:23:08] Epoch: [050][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (3.675) Prec@1 67.97 (61.79) Prec@5 83.59 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-17:24:52] Epoch: [050][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.892 (3.675) Prec@1 62.50 (61.79) Prec@5 82.03 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-17:26:35] Epoch: [050][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.789 (3.676) Prec@1 60.94 (61.78) Prec@5 83.59 (82.92) - train[2018-10-13-17:28:19] Epoch: [050][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.678) Prec@1 65.62 (61.75) Prec@5 84.38 (82.88) - train[2018-10-13-17:30:03] Epoch: [050][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.808 (3.680) Prec@1 56.25 (61.71) Prec@5 82.03 (82.85) - train[2018-10-13-17:31:47] Epoch: [050][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.791 (3.682) Prec@1 53.91 (61.66) Prec@5 83.59 (82.84) - train[2018-10-13-17:33:31] Epoch: [050][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.547 (3.683) Prec@1 62.50 (61.66) Prec@5 88.28 (82.83) - train[2018-10-13-17:35:14] Epoch: [050][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.796 (3.684) Prec@1 57.03 (61.64) Prec@5 80.47 (82.80) - train[2018-10-13-17:36:59] Epoch: [050][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.930 (3.685) Prec@1 61.72 (61.61) Prec@5 84.38 (82.81) - train[2018-10-13-17:38:43] Epoch: [050][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.848 (3.685) Prec@1 60.94 (61.61) Prec@5 81.25 (82.81) - train[2018-10-13-17:40:27] Epoch: [050][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.729 (3.686) Prec@1 62.50 (61.59) Prec@5 83.59 (82.80) - train[2018-10-13-17:42:11] Epoch: [050][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (3.685) Prec@1 64.84 (61.60) Prec@5 88.28 (82.81) - train[2018-10-13-17:43:55] Epoch: [050][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.806 (3.686) Prec@1 55.47 (61.59) Prec@5 82.03 (82.80) - train[2018-10-13-17:45:39] Epoch: [050][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.687) Prec@1 66.41 (61.57) Prec@5 82.81 (82.79) - train[2018-10-13-17:47:23] Epoch: [050][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.503 (3.687) Prec@1 70.31 (61.56) Prec@5 84.38 (82.78) - train[2018-10-13-17:49:06] Epoch: [050][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.736 (3.687) Prec@1 56.25 (61.56) Prec@5 81.25 (82.78) - train[2018-10-13-17:50:51] Epoch: [050][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.687) Prec@1 66.41 (61.55) Prec@5 85.16 (82.78) - train[2018-10-13-17:52:34] Epoch: [050][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.819 (3.688) Prec@1 58.59 (61.54) Prec@5 81.25 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-17:54:17] Epoch: [050][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (3.688) Prec@1 67.19 (61.54) Prec@5 86.72 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-17:56:01] Epoch: [050][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.680 (3.689) Prec@1 63.28 (61.53) Prec@5 82.03 (82.77) - train[2018-10-13-17:57:46] Epoch: [050][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.362 (3.689) Prec@1 66.41 (61.52) Prec@5 85.94 (82.76) - train[2018-10-13-17:59:29] Epoch: [050][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.844 (3.689) Prec@1 57.03 (61.53) Prec@5 81.25 (82.75) - train[2018-10-13-18:01:13] Epoch: [050][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.683 (3.691) Prec@1 60.16 (61.51) Prec@5 82.81 (82.73) - train[2018-10-13-18:02:57] Epoch: [050][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.750 (3.692) Prec@1 61.72 (61.48) Prec@5 78.91 (82.72) - train[2018-10-13-18:04:41] Epoch: [050][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.671 (3.692) Prec@1 61.72 (61.48) Prec@5 82.81 (82.72) - train[2018-10-13-18:06:25] Epoch: [050][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.747 (3.693) Prec@1 57.03 (61.47) Prec@5 84.38 (82.71) - train[2018-10-13-18:08:09] Epoch: [050][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.693) Prec@1 60.94 (61.46) Prec@5 78.91 (82.70) - train[2018-10-13-18:09:53] Epoch: [050][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.434 (3.693) Prec@1 66.41 (61.46) Prec@5 89.84 (82.70) - train[2018-10-13-18:11:36] Epoch: [050][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.522 (3.693) Prec@1 67.97 (61.45) Prec@5 86.72 (82.70) - train[2018-10-13-18:13:20] Epoch: [050][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (3.694) Prec@1 58.59 (61.44) Prec@5 85.16 (82.70) - train[2018-10-13-18:15:04] Epoch: [050][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.021 (3.695) Prec@1 57.81 (61.43) Prec@5 80.47 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-18:16:48] Epoch: [050][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.545 (3.695) Prec@1 67.97 (61.42) Prec@5 84.38 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-18:18:31] Epoch: [050][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.657 (3.695) Prec@1 59.38 (61.43) Prec@5 84.38 (82.68) - train[2018-10-13-18:20:15] Epoch: [050][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.696) Prec@1 64.84 (61.42) Prec@5 83.59 (82.67) - train[2018-10-13-18:21:59] Epoch: [050][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.818 (3.696) Prec@1 55.47 (61.41) Prec@5 78.12 (82.66) - train[2018-10-13-18:22:04] Epoch: [050][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.632 (3.696) Prec@1 33.33 (61.41) Prec@5 53.33 (82.66) -[2018-10-13-18:22:04] **train** Prec@1 61.41 Prec@5 82.66 Error@1 38.59 Error@5 17.34 Loss:3.696 - test [2018-10-13-18:22:08] Epoch: [050][000/391] Time 4.15 (4.15) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 0.868 (0.868) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-13-18:22:35] Epoch: [050][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.352 (1.299) Prec@1 68.75 (69.71) Prec@5 91.41 (90.28) - test [2018-10-13-18:23:00] Epoch: [050][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.810 (1.487) Prec@1 32.50 (66.06) Prec@5 73.75 (87.21) -[2018-10-13-18:23:01] **test** Prec@1 66.06 Prec@5 87.21 Error@1 33.94 Error@5 12.79 Loss:1.487 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.06, Acc@5=87.21, Error@1=33.94, Error@5=12.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-18:23:01] [Epoch=051/250] [Need: 290:34:25] LR=0.0212 ~ 0.0212, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-18:23:06] Epoch: [051][000/10010] Time 5.54 (5.54) Data 4.99 (4.99) Loss 3.863 (3.863) Prec@1 60.16 (60.16) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-13-18:24:50] Epoch: [051][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.413 (3.647) Prec@1 64.84 (62.40) Prec@5 85.94 (83.31) - train[2018-10-13-18:26:34] Epoch: [051][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.694 (3.651) Prec@1 64.06 (62.40) Prec@5 84.38 (83.23) - train[2018-10-13-18:28:17] Epoch: [051][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.396 (3.653) Prec@1 64.84 (62.24) Prec@5 85.16 (83.24) - train[2018-10-13-18:30:00] Epoch: [051][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.581 (3.659) Prec@1 61.72 (62.14) Prec@5 82.81 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-18:31:44] Epoch: [051][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.725 (3.660) Prec@1 63.28 (62.09) Prec@5 81.25 (83.16) - train[2018-10-13-18:33:28] Epoch: [051][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.660) Prec@1 66.41 (62.12) Prec@5 84.38 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-18:35:12] Epoch: [051][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.658) Prec@1 61.72 (62.13) Prec@5 85.94 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-18:36:56] Epoch: [051][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.658) Prec@1 68.75 (62.13) Prec@5 85.16 (83.16) - train[2018-10-13-18:38:40] Epoch: [051][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.660) Prec@1 64.84 (62.08) Prec@5 85.94 (83.14) - train[2018-10-13-18:40:24] Epoch: [051][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.504 (3.659) Prec@1 63.28 (62.05) Prec@5 82.81 (83.15) - train[2018-10-13-18:42:08] Epoch: [051][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.524 (3.659) Prec@1 62.50 (62.04) Prec@5 85.16 (83.14) - train[2018-10-13-18:43:53] Epoch: [051][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.913 (3.659) Prec@1 57.81 (62.07) Prec@5 81.25 (83.14) - train[2018-10-13-18:45:36] Epoch: [051][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.758 (3.660) Prec@1 60.94 (62.07) Prec@5 83.59 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-18:47:20] Epoch: [051][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.511 (3.661) Prec@1 64.84 (62.05) Prec@5 84.38 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-18:49:04] Epoch: [051][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.318 (3.661) Prec@1 47.66 (62.04) Prec@5 72.66 (83.09) - train[2018-10-13-18:50:48] Epoch: [051][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.663) Prec@1 65.62 (62.00) Prec@5 88.28 (83.05) - train[2018-10-13-18:52:32] Epoch: [051][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.206 (3.664) Prec@1 57.03 (61.98) Prec@5 77.34 (83.04) - train[2018-10-13-18:54:16] Epoch: [051][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.928 (3.665) Prec@1 61.72 (61.94) Prec@5 83.59 (83.03) - train[2018-10-13-18:56:00] Epoch: [051][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (3.665) Prec@1 71.88 (61.95) Prec@5 92.19 (83.03) - train[2018-10-13-18:57:44] Epoch: [051][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.286 (3.666) Prec@1 55.47 (61.93) Prec@5 74.22 (83.02) - train[2018-10-13-18:59:28] Epoch: [051][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.668) Prec@1 70.31 (61.89) Prec@5 87.50 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-19:01:13] Epoch: [051][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.040 (3.669) Prec@1 56.25 (61.89) Prec@5 81.25 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-19:02:57] Epoch: [051][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.669) Prec@1 63.28 (61.89) Prec@5 83.59 (83.00) - train[2018-10-13-19:04:41] Epoch: [051][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.000 (3.670) Prec@1 52.34 (61.85) Prec@5 78.12 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-19:06:25] Epoch: [051][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (3.671) Prec@1 63.28 (61.83) Prec@5 85.94 (82.97) - train[2018-10-13-19:08:09] Epoch: [051][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.760 (3.672) Prec@1 60.94 (61.82) Prec@5 81.25 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-19:09:53] Epoch: [051][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (3.672) Prec@1 65.62 (61.82) Prec@5 85.16 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-19:11:38] Epoch: [051][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.672) Prec@1 60.16 (61.81) Prec@5 82.03 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-19:13:22] Epoch: [051][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.856 (3.673) Prec@1 60.94 (61.81) Prec@5 78.12 (82.95) - train[2018-10-13-19:15:06] Epoch: [051][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.701 (3.674) Prec@1 63.28 (61.81) Prec@5 81.25 (82.94) - train[2018-10-13-19:16:51] Epoch: [051][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.674) Prec@1 57.03 (61.80) Prec@5 84.38 (82.94) - train[2018-10-13-19:18:35] Epoch: [051][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.761 (3.675) Prec@1 62.50 (61.80) Prec@5 81.25 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-19:20:19] Epoch: [051][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.645 (3.675) Prec@1 62.50 (61.79) Prec@5 82.81 (82.92) - train[2018-10-13-19:22:03] Epoch: [051][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.675) Prec@1 59.38 (61.79) Prec@5 85.94 (82.92) - train[2018-10-13-19:23:47] Epoch: [051][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.676) Prec@1 66.41 (61.77) Prec@5 84.38 (82.91) - train[2018-10-13-19:25:31] Epoch: [051][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.799 (3.678) Prec@1 57.81 (61.74) Prec@5 81.25 (82.89) - train[2018-10-13-19:27:15] Epoch: [051][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (3.678) Prec@1 65.62 (61.73) Prec@5 84.38 (82.88) - train[2018-10-13-19:29:00] Epoch: [051][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.181 (3.678) Prec@1 53.12 (61.71) Prec@5 77.34 (82.88) - train[2018-10-13-19:30:43] Epoch: [051][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.737 (3.678) Prec@1 62.50 (61.71) Prec@5 80.47 (82.88) - train[2018-10-13-19:32:27] Epoch: [051][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.679) Prec@1 58.59 (61.70) Prec@5 85.16 (82.88) - train[2018-10-13-19:34:11] Epoch: [051][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.536 (3.680) Prec@1 67.97 (61.69) Prec@5 81.25 (82.86) - train[2018-10-13-19:35:55] Epoch: [051][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.796 (3.680) Prec@1 60.94 (61.69) Prec@5 82.81 (82.86) - train[2018-10-13-19:37:39] Epoch: [051][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.538 (3.680) Prec@1 63.28 (61.69) Prec@5 83.59 (82.86) - train[2018-10-13-19:39:23] Epoch: [051][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.068 (3.681) Prec@1 55.47 (61.67) Prec@5 76.56 (82.85) - train[2018-10-13-19:41:08] Epoch: [051][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.862 (3.681) Prec@1 60.16 (61.67) Prec@5 80.47 (82.84) - train[2018-10-13-19:42:52] Epoch: [051][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.270 (3.683) Prec@1 53.91 (61.65) Prec@5 74.22 (82.82) - train[2018-10-13-19:44:35] Epoch: [051][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (3.683) Prec@1 64.06 (61.64) Prec@5 82.03 (82.81) - train[2018-10-13-19:46:20] Epoch: [051][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.679 (3.684) Prec@1 64.06 (61.63) Prec@5 80.47 (82.80) - train[2018-10-13-19:48:03] Epoch: [051][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.908 (3.685) Prec@1 55.47 (61.62) Prec@5 82.03 (82.79) - train[2018-10-13-19:49:47] Epoch: [051][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.686) Prec@1 59.38 (61.60) Prec@5 82.03 (82.78) - train[2018-10-13-19:49:52] Epoch: [051][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.470 (3.686) Prec@1 33.33 (61.60) Prec@5 53.33 (82.78) -[2018-10-13-19:49:52] **train** Prec@1 61.60 Prec@5 82.78 Error@1 38.40 Error@5 17.22 Loss:3.686 - test [2018-10-13-19:49:56] Epoch: [051][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.797 (0.797) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-13-19:50:24] Epoch: [051][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.771 (1.311) Prec@1 57.81 (69.43) Prec@5 86.72 (89.96) - test [2018-10-13-19:50:50] Epoch: [051][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.851 (1.505) Prec@1 33.75 (65.56) Prec@5 76.25 (87.09) -[2018-10-13-19:50:50] **test** Prec@1 65.56 Prec@5 87.09 Error@1 34.44 Error@5 12.91 Loss:1.505 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.06, Acc@5=87.21, Error@1=33.94, Error@5=12.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-19:50:50] [Epoch=052/250] [Need: 289:49:56] LR=0.0205 ~ 0.0205, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-19:50:55] Epoch: [052][000/10010] Time 4.91 (4.91) Data 4.30 (4.30) Loss 3.668 (3.668) Prec@1 63.28 (63.28) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-13-19:52:40] Epoch: [052][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.762 (3.643) Prec@1 57.81 (62.49) Prec@5 85.16 (83.31) - train[2018-10-13-19:54:25] Epoch: [052][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.650 (3.654) Prec@1 60.94 (62.28) Prec@5 84.38 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-19:56:08] Epoch: [052][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.302 (3.642) Prec@1 63.28 (62.39) Prec@5 88.28 (83.26) - train[2018-10-13-19:57:52] Epoch: [052][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.959 (3.644) Prec@1 55.47 (62.36) Prec@5 81.25 (83.25) - train[2018-10-13-19:59:36] Epoch: [052][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.481 (3.644) Prec@1 67.19 (62.38) Prec@5 85.94 (83.30) - train[2018-10-13-20:01:20] Epoch: [052][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.992 (3.647) Prec@1 53.12 (62.30) Prec@5 78.12 (83.28) - train[2018-10-13-20:03:03] Epoch: [052][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.125 (3.648) Prec@1 53.12 (62.24) Prec@5 77.34 (83.26) - train[2018-10-13-20:04:48] Epoch: [052][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.649) Prec@1 69.53 (62.23) Prec@5 87.50 (83.23) - train[2018-10-13-20:06:31] Epoch: [052][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.311 (3.646) Prec@1 71.09 (62.31) Prec@5 85.94 (83.27) - train[2018-10-13-20:08:15] Epoch: [052][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.619 (3.649) Prec@1 65.62 (62.28) Prec@5 84.38 (83.24) - train[2018-10-13-20:09:58] Epoch: [052][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.651) Prec@1 64.06 (62.24) Prec@5 88.28 (83.23) - train[2018-10-13-20:11:41] Epoch: [052][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.808 (3.651) Prec@1 58.59 (62.24) Prec@5 85.94 (83.20) - train[2018-10-13-20:13:25] Epoch: [052][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.357 (3.653) Prec@1 65.62 (62.21) Prec@5 87.50 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-20:15:09] Epoch: [052][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.783 (3.653) Prec@1 63.28 (62.17) Prec@5 84.38 (83.16) - train[2018-10-13-20:16:53] Epoch: [052][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.895 (3.654) Prec@1 54.69 (62.18) Prec@5 77.34 (83.15) - train[2018-10-13-20:18:37] Epoch: [052][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.807 (3.655) Prec@1 55.47 (62.17) Prec@5 85.16 (83.15) - train[2018-10-13-20:20:20] Epoch: [052][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.894 (3.657) Prec@1 53.91 (62.13) Prec@5 80.47 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-20:22:05] Epoch: [052][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.817 (3.659) Prec@1 58.59 (62.11) Prec@5 82.03 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-20:23:48] Epoch: [052][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.669 (3.659) Prec@1 60.16 (62.10) Prec@5 84.38 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-20:25:32] Epoch: [052][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.949 (3.660) Prec@1 53.91 (62.07) Prec@5 76.56 (83.09) - train[2018-10-13-20:27:16] Epoch: [052][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.738 (3.659) Prec@1 64.06 (62.08) Prec@5 82.03 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-20:28:59] Epoch: [052][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (3.659) Prec@1 53.91 (62.07) Prec@5 76.56 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-20:30:43] Epoch: [052][4600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.977 (3.659) Prec@1 57.81 (62.07) Prec@5 78.12 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-20:32:27] Epoch: [052][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.493 (3.659) Prec@1 63.28 (62.07) Prec@5 85.16 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-20:34:11] Epoch: [052][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.659) Prec@1 64.06 (62.06) Prec@5 87.50 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-20:35:54] Epoch: [052][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.508 (3.660) Prec@1 64.06 (62.04) Prec@5 85.16 (83.12) - train[2018-10-13-20:37:38] Epoch: [052][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.905 (3.661) Prec@1 61.72 (62.01) Prec@5 77.34 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-20:39:22] Epoch: [052][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.662) Prec@1 58.59 (62.00) Prec@5 87.50 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-20:41:06] Epoch: [052][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.444 (3.663) Prec@1 62.50 (61.98) Prec@5 87.50 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-20:42:50] Epoch: [052][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (3.663) Prec@1 62.50 (61.98) Prec@5 82.03 (83.08) - train[2018-10-13-20:44:33] Epoch: [052][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.451 (3.664) Prec@1 63.28 (61.96) Prec@5 85.16 (83.06) - train[2018-10-13-20:46:17] Epoch: [052][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.720 (3.664) Prec@1 55.47 (61.96) Prec@5 86.72 (83.06) - train[2018-10-13-20:48:01] Epoch: [052][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.516 (3.665) Prec@1 60.94 (61.95) Prec@5 85.94 (83.05) - train[2018-10-13-20:49:45] Epoch: [052][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.718 (3.666) Prec@1 57.03 (61.93) Prec@5 85.16 (83.03) - train[2018-10-13-20:51:30] Epoch: [052][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.666) Prec@1 64.06 (61.91) Prec@5 87.50 (83.03) - train[2018-10-13-20:53:13] Epoch: [052][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (3.666) Prec@1 64.84 (61.91) Prec@5 82.81 (83.02) - train[2018-10-13-20:54:57] Epoch: [052][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.462 (3.667) Prec@1 69.53 (61.91) Prec@5 84.38 (83.02) - train[2018-10-13-20:56:41] Epoch: [052][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.813 (3.667) Prec@1 55.47 (61.90) Prec@5 84.38 (83.01) - train[2018-10-13-20:58:25] Epoch: [052][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.693 (3.668) Prec@1 58.59 (61.89) Prec@5 85.16 (83.01) - train[2018-10-13-21:00:09] Epoch: [052][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.561 (3.668) Prec@1 61.72 (61.89) Prec@5 84.38 (83.01) - train[2018-10-13-21:01:52] Epoch: [052][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.728 (3.668) Prec@1 65.62 (61.88) Prec@5 80.47 (83.00) - train[2018-10-13-21:03:36] Epoch: [052][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.606 (3.669) Prec@1 67.19 (61.87) Prec@5 82.81 (82.99) - train[2018-10-13-21:05:20] Epoch: [052][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.522 (3.670) Prec@1 68.75 (61.85) Prec@5 86.72 (82.97) - train[2018-10-13-21:07:04] Epoch: [052][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.671) Prec@1 70.31 (61.84) Prec@5 82.81 (82.96) - train[2018-10-13-21:08:47] Epoch: [052][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.671) Prec@1 65.62 (61.83) Prec@5 84.38 (82.95) - train[2018-10-13-21:10:31] Epoch: [052][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.809 (3.672) Prec@1 60.94 (61.82) Prec@5 81.25 (82.95) - train[2018-10-13-21:12:15] Epoch: [052][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.672) Prec@1 57.03 (61.82) Prec@5 80.47 (82.94) - train[2018-10-13-21:13:58] Epoch: [052][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (3.673) Prec@1 67.19 (61.80) Prec@5 87.50 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-21:15:41] Epoch: [052][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.697 (3.673) Prec@1 58.59 (61.80) Prec@5 82.81 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-21:17:24] Epoch: [052][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.435 (3.673) Prec@1 68.75 (61.79) Prec@5 87.50 (82.93) - train[2018-10-13-21:17:28] Epoch: [052][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.498 (3.673) Prec@1 33.33 (61.78) Prec@5 53.33 (82.93) -[2018-10-13-21:17:28] **train** Prec@1 61.78 Prec@5 82.93 Error@1 38.22 Error@5 17.07 Loss:3.673 - test [2018-10-13-21:17:32] Epoch: [052][000/391] Time 4.19 (4.19) Data 4.05 (4.05) Loss 0.981 (0.981) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - test [2018-10-13-21:18:00] Epoch: [052][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.01 (0.02) Loss 1.554 (1.272) Prec@1 56.25 (70.16) Prec@5 89.06 (90.30) - test [2018-10-13-21:18:26] Epoch: [052][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.701 (1.469) Prec@1 33.75 (66.25) Prec@5 73.75 (87.36) -[2018-10-13-21:18:26] **test** Prec@1 66.25 Prec@5 87.36 Error@1 33.75 Error@5 12.64 Loss:1.469 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.25, Acc@5=87.36, Error@1=33.75, Error@5=12.64 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-21:18:26] [Epoch=053/250] [Need: 287:35:17] LR=0.0199 ~ 0.0199, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-21:18:31] Epoch: [053][000/10010] Time 4.89 (4.89) Data 4.25 (4.25) Loss 3.757 (3.757) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-13-21:20:15] Epoch: [053][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.488 (3.642) Prec@1 62.50 (62.29) Prec@5 85.94 (83.55) - train[2018-10-13-21:21:59] Epoch: [053][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.840 (3.640) Prec@1 57.03 (62.47) Prec@5 84.38 (83.53) - train[2018-10-13-21:23:42] Epoch: [053][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.476 (3.640) Prec@1 63.28 (62.44) Prec@5 83.59 (83.48) - train[2018-10-13-21:25:26] Epoch: [053][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.518 (3.638) Prec@1 63.28 (62.43) Prec@5 84.38 (83.43) - train[2018-10-13-21:27:09] Epoch: [053][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.510 (3.640) Prec@1 64.84 (62.40) Prec@5 83.59 (83.40) - train[2018-10-13-21:28:53] Epoch: [053][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.640) Prec@1 65.62 (62.35) Prec@5 89.06 (83.40) - train[2018-10-13-21:30:36] Epoch: [053][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.642) Prec@1 64.06 (62.33) Prec@5 87.50 (83.39) - train[2018-10-13-21:32:20] Epoch: [053][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.310 (3.642) Prec@1 68.75 (62.32) Prec@5 85.94 (83.37) - train[2018-10-13-21:34:05] Epoch: [053][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.639) Prec@1 61.72 (62.39) Prec@5 88.28 (83.39) - train[2018-10-13-21:35:48] Epoch: [053][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.947 (3.639) Prec@1 60.94 (62.38) Prec@5 78.12 (83.40) - train[2018-10-13-21:37:32] Epoch: [053][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (3.639) Prec@1 60.94 (62.40) Prec@5 81.25 (83.38) - train[2018-10-13-21:39:16] Epoch: [053][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.689 (3.639) Prec@1 57.81 (62.41) Prec@5 82.81 (83.40) - train[2018-10-13-21:40:59] Epoch: [053][2600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.639) Prec@1 67.97 (62.41) Prec@5 84.38 (83.37) - train[2018-10-13-21:42:43] Epoch: [053][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.564 (3.640) Prec@1 63.28 (62.41) Prec@5 82.81 (83.33) - train[2018-10-13-21:44:28] Epoch: [053][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (3.641) Prec@1 62.50 (62.38) Prec@5 82.81 (83.34) - train[2018-10-13-21:46:11] Epoch: [053][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.616 (3.642) Prec@1 67.19 (62.35) Prec@5 82.81 (83.31) - train[2018-10-13-21:47:55] Epoch: [053][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.694 (3.642) Prec@1 61.72 (62.35) Prec@5 82.81 (83.31) - train[2018-10-13-21:49:39] Epoch: [053][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.642) Prec@1 66.41 (62.34) Prec@5 81.25 (83.32) - train[2018-10-13-21:51:23] Epoch: [053][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.719 (3.643) Prec@1 61.72 (62.32) Prec@5 80.47 (83.31) - train[2018-10-13-21:53:07] Epoch: [053][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.622 (3.645) Prec@1 61.72 (62.30) Prec@5 84.38 (83.29) - train[2018-10-13-21:54:51] Epoch: [053][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.646) Prec@1 62.50 (62.29) Prec@5 84.38 (83.28) - train[2018-10-13-21:56:34] Epoch: [053][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.849 (3.648) Prec@1 60.16 (62.26) Prec@5 79.69 (83.24) - train[2018-10-13-21:58:18] Epoch: [053][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.121 (3.648) Prec@1 56.25 (62.23) Prec@5 75.78 (83.24) - train[2018-10-13-22:00:02] Epoch: [053][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.650) Prec@1 60.94 (62.21) Prec@5 78.91 (83.22) - train[2018-10-13-22:01:46] Epoch: [053][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.650) Prec@1 61.72 (62.21) Prec@5 79.69 (83.22) - train[2018-10-13-22:03:29] Epoch: [053][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.734 (3.651) Prec@1 54.69 (62.18) Prec@5 84.38 (83.21) - train[2018-10-13-22:05:13] Epoch: [053][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.656 (3.650) Prec@1 58.59 (62.19) Prec@5 84.38 (83.21) - train[2018-10-13-22:06:56] Epoch: [053][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.853 (3.651) Prec@1 59.38 (62.18) Prec@5 84.38 (83.20) - train[2018-10-13-22:08:40] Epoch: [053][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.621 (3.651) Prec@1 62.50 (62.17) Prec@5 82.81 (83.19) - train[2018-10-13-22:10:24] Epoch: [053][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.682 (3.652) Prec@1 61.72 (62.16) Prec@5 80.47 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-22:12:07] Epoch: [053][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.652) Prec@1 67.19 (62.16) Prec@5 85.94 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-22:13:51] Epoch: [053][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.942 (3.653) Prec@1 57.03 (62.13) Prec@5 82.81 (83.17) - train[2018-10-13-22:15:35] Epoch: [053][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.701 (3.653) Prec@1 59.38 (62.13) Prec@5 80.47 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-22:17:19] Epoch: [053][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.686 (3.652) Prec@1 60.94 (62.14) Prec@5 82.03 (83.18) - train[2018-10-13-22:19:03] Epoch: [053][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.653) Prec@1 57.03 (62.14) Prec@5 82.81 (83.17) - train[2018-10-13-22:20:47] Epoch: [053][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.654) Prec@1 60.16 (62.11) Prec@5 84.38 (83.17) - train[2018-10-13-22:22:30] Epoch: [053][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.656) Prec@1 61.72 (62.09) Prec@5 82.81 (83.15) - train[2018-10-13-22:24:14] Epoch: [053][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.893 (3.657) Prec@1 57.03 (62.07) Prec@5 78.91 (83.14) - train[2018-10-13-22:25:58] Epoch: [053][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.298 (3.657) Prec@1 70.31 (62.07) Prec@5 89.06 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-22:27:42] Epoch: [053][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.716 (3.657) Prec@1 64.84 (62.06) Prec@5 86.72 (83.13) - train[2018-10-13-22:29:26] Epoch: [053][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.770 (3.658) Prec@1 62.50 (62.05) Prec@5 82.03 (83.12) - train[2018-10-13-22:31:09] Epoch: [053][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.660) Prec@1 68.75 (62.03) Prec@5 84.38 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-22:32:54] Epoch: [053][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.658 (3.659) Prec@1 64.84 (62.03) Prec@5 82.03 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-22:34:37] Epoch: [053][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.563 (3.659) Prec@1 68.75 (62.03) Prec@5 84.38 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-22:36:21] Epoch: [053][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.660) Prec@1 58.59 (62.02) Prec@5 82.03 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-22:38:05] Epoch: [053][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.660) Prec@1 67.97 (62.01) Prec@5 85.94 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-22:39:49] Epoch: [053][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.660) Prec@1 64.06 (62.02) Prec@5 84.38 (83.11) - train[2018-10-13-22:41:33] Epoch: [053][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.660) Prec@1 64.06 (62.01) Prec@5 82.81 (83.10) - train[2018-10-13-22:43:16] Epoch: [053][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.742 (3.661) Prec@1 57.81 (62.00) Prec@5 84.38 (83.09) - train[2018-10-13-22:45:00] Epoch: [053][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.661) Prec@1 57.81 (61.99) Prec@5 78.12 (83.08) - train[2018-10-13-22:45:04] Epoch: [053][10009/10010] Time 0.23 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.661) Prec@1 66.67 (61.99) Prec@5 86.67 (83.08) -[2018-10-13-22:45:05] **train** Prec@1 61.99 Prec@5 83.08 Error@1 38.01 Error@5 16.92 Loss:3.661 - test [2018-10-13-22:45:08] Epoch: [053][000/391] Time 3.80 (3.80) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 0.971 (0.971) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-13-22:45:36] Epoch: [053][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.436 (1.260) Prec@1 64.84 (70.19) Prec@5 89.84 (90.40) - test [2018-10-13-22:46:01] Epoch: [053][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.632 (1.448) Prec@1 37.50 (66.61) Prec@5 73.75 (87.54) -[2018-10-13-22:46:01] **test** Prec@1 66.61 Prec@5 87.54 Error@1 33.39 Error@5 12.46 Loss:1.448 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.61, Acc@5=87.54, Error@1=33.39, Error@5=12.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-13-22:46:01] [Epoch=054/250] [Need: 286:08:21] LR=0.0193 ~ 0.0193, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-13-22:46:06] Epoch: [054][000/10010] Time 4.95 (4.95) Data 4.36 (4.36) Loss 3.326 (3.326) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-13-22:47:52] Epoch: [054][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.651 (3.589) Prec@1 60.94 (63.20) Prec@5 83.59 (83.94) - train[2018-10-13-22:49:37] Epoch: [054][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.846 (3.595) Prec@1 63.28 (63.08) Prec@5 82.03 (83.99) - train[2018-10-13-22:51:21] Epoch: [054][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.276 (3.605) Prec@1 48.44 (63.03) Prec@5 75.00 (83.85) - train[2018-10-13-22:53:06] Epoch: [054][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.709 (3.613) Prec@1 62.50 (62.90) Prec@5 81.25 (83.72) - train[2018-10-13-22:54:51] Epoch: [054][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.779 (3.611) Prec@1 60.16 (62.92) Prec@5 84.38 (83.73) - train[2018-10-13-22:56:36] Epoch: [054][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.615) Prec@1 66.41 (62.81) Prec@5 86.72 (83.67) - train[2018-10-13-22:58:21] Epoch: [054][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.616) Prec@1 64.84 (62.77) Prec@5 87.50 (83.64) - train[2018-10-13-23:00:06] Epoch: [054][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.939 (3.619) Prec@1 57.03 (62.70) Prec@5 80.47 (83.61) - train[2018-10-13-23:01:51] Epoch: [054][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.847 (3.622) Prec@1 64.84 (62.65) Prec@5 82.81 (83.58) - train[2018-10-13-23:03:35] Epoch: [054][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.733 (3.623) Prec@1 63.28 (62.64) Prec@5 85.16 (83.57) - train[2018-10-13-23:05:20] Epoch: [054][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.481 (3.623) Prec@1 65.62 (62.63) Prec@5 87.50 (83.59) - train[2018-10-13-23:07:05] Epoch: [054][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.621 (3.626) Prec@1 67.19 (62.60) Prec@5 84.38 (83.58) - train[2018-10-13-23:08:52] Epoch: [054][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.625) Prec@1 65.62 (62.59) Prec@5 89.84 (83.59) - train[2018-10-13-23:10:37] Epoch: [054][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.626) Prec@1 71.09 (62.59) Prec@5 85.94 (83.58) - train[2018-10-13-23:12:23] Epoch: [054][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.753 (3.627) Prec@1 61.72 (62.57) Prec@5 82.81 (83.56) - train[2018-10-13-23:14:09] Epoch: [054][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.582 (3.627) Prec@1 64.84 (62.56) Prec@5 80.47 (83.55) - train[2018-10-13-23:15:54] Epoch: [054][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.627) Prec@1 64.06 (62.56) Prec@5 83.59 (83.54) - train[2018-10-13-23:17:40] Epoch: [054][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.628) Prec@1 60.94 (62.54) Prec@5 83.59 (83.53) - train[2018-10-13-23:19:25] Epoch: [054][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.531 (3.630) Prec@1 64.84 (62.52) Prec@5 87.50 (83.50) - train[2018-10-13-23:21:09] Epoch: [054][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.629) Prec@1 66.41 (62.53) Prec@5 86.72 (83.49) - train[2018-10-13-23:22:55] Epoch: [054][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.630) Prec@1 67.19 (62.52) Prec@5 84.38 (83.48) - train[2018-10-13-23:24:40] Epoch: [054][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.936 (3.630) Prec@1 56.25 (62.52) Prec@5 78.91 (83.46) - train[2018-10-13-23:26:25] Epoch: [054][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.696 (3.630) Prec@1 60.16 (62.53) Prec@5 84.38 (83.47) - train[2018-10-13-23:28:09] Epoch: [054][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.782 (3.632) Prec@1 69.53 (62.51) Prec@5 82.03 (83.45) - train[2018-10-13-23:29:54] Epoch: [054][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.880 (3.632) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 80.47 (83.45) - train[2018-10-13-23:31:39] Epoch: [054][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.922 (3.634) Prec@1 57.81 (62.47) Prec@5 83.59 (83.43) - train[2018-10-13-23:33:23] Epoch: [054][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.670 (3.634) Prec@1 61.72 (62.46) Prec@5 81.25 (83.44) - train[2018-10-13-23:35:08] Epoch: [054][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.615 (3.635) Prec@1 60.16 (62.46) Prec@5 84.38 (83.43) - train[2018-10-13-23:36:52] Epoch: [054][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.622 (3.635) Prec@1 61.72 (62.44) Prec@5 83.59 (83.41) - train[2018-10-13-23:38:37] Epoch: [054][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.669 (3.637) Prec@1 60.16 (62.41) Prec@5 82.03 (83.39) - train[2018-10-13-23:40:21] Epoch: [054][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.638) Prec@1 60.94 (62.40) Prec@5 85.94 (83.38) - train[2018-10-13-23:42:05] Epoch: [054][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.614 (3.639) Prec@1 61.72 (62.39) Prec@5 85.94 (83.37) - train[2018-10-13-23:43:51] Epoch: [054][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.578 (3.640) Prec@1 67.19 (62.37) Prec@5 82.03 (83.34) - train[2018-10-13-23:45:35] Epoch: [054][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.589 (3.640) Prec@1 61.72 (62.36) Prec@5 85.94 (83.34) - train[2018-10-13-23:47:20] Epoch: [054][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.642) Prec@1 65.62 (62.32) Prec@5 85.16 (83.30) - train[2018-10-13-23:49:05] Epoch: [054][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.027 (3.643) Prec@1 57.81 (62.32) Prec@5 75.00 (83.29) - train[2018-10-13-23:50:49] Epoch: [054][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.954 (3.643) Prec@1 55.47 (62.31) Prec@5 78.12 (83.28) - train[2018-10-13-23:52:34] Epoch: [054][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.644) Prec@1 64.06 (62.30) Prec@5 84.38 (83.28) - train[2018-10-13-23:54:19] Epoch: [054][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.644) Prec@1 65.62 (62.30) Prec@5 84.38 (83.27) - train[2018-10-13-23:56:05] Epoch: [054][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.644) Prec@1 63.28 (62.29) Prec@5 85.16 (83.26) - train[2018-10-13-23:57:52] Epoch: [054][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.496 (3.644) Prec@1 63.28 (62.28) Prec@5 86.72 (83.26) - train[2018-10-13-23:59:37] Epoch: [054][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.054 (3.645) Prec@1 55.47 (62.27) Prec@5 79.69 (83.27) - train[2018-10-14-00:01:24] Epoch: [054][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.604 (3.646) Prec@1 60.94 (62.25) Prec@5 84.38 (83.25) - train[2018-10-14-00:03:11] Epoch: [054][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.647) Prec@1 71.88 (62.25) Prec@5 88.28 (83.24) - train[2018-10-14-00:04:58] Epoch: [054][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.647) Prec@1 59.38 (62.24) Prec@5 79.69 (83.24) - train[2018-10-14-00:06:43] Epoch: [054][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.695 (3.648) Prec@1 60.16 (62.23) Prec@5 80.47 (83.23) - train[2018-10-14-00:08:29] Epoch: [054][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.649) Prec@1 63.28 (62.22) Prec@5 85.94 (83.22) - train[2018-10-14-00:10:13] Epoch: [054][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.649) Prec@1 63.28 (62.20) Prec@5 85.16 (83.21) - train[2018-10-14-00:11:59] Epoch: [054][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.650) Prec@1 59.38 (62.18) Prec@5 85.16 (83.20) - train[2018-10-14-00:13:43] Epoch: [054][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.623 (3.651) Prec@1 64.84 (62.16) Prec@5 86.72 (83.19) - train[2018-10-14-00:13:48] Epoch: [054][10009/10010] Time 0.22 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.225 (3.651) Prec@1 53.33 (62.16) Prec@5 80.00 (83.19) -[2018-10-14-00:13:48] **train** Prec@1 62.16 Prec@5 83.19 Error@1 37.84 Error@5 16.81 Loss:3.651 - test [2018-10-14-00:13:52] Epoch: [054][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.783 (0.783) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-14-00:14:19] Epoch: [054][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.840 (1.281) Prec@1 55.47 (70.05) Prec@5 83.59 (90.52) - test [2018-10-14-00:14:45] Epoch: [054][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.564 (1.461) Prec@1 36.25 (66.55) Prec@5 73.75 (87.75) -[2018-10-14-00:14:45] **test** Prec@1 66.55 Prec@5 87.75 Error@1 33.45 Error@5 12.25 Loss:1.461 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.61, Acc@5=87.54, Error@1=33.39, Error@5=12.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-00:14:45] [Epoch=055/250] [Need: 288:20:51] LR=0.0187 ~ 0.0187, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-00:14:49] Epoch: [055][000/10010] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.51 (3.51) Loss 3.759 (3.759) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-14-00:16:33] Epoch: [055][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.938 (3.610) Prec@1 58.59 (63.25) Prec@5 78.12 (83.71) - train[2018-10-14-00:18:18] Epoch: [055][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 4.074 (3.611) Prec@1 59.38 (63.08) Prec@5 78.91 (83.73) - train[2018-10-14-00:20:02] Epoch: [055][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.736 (3.605) Prec@1 58.59 (63.15) Prec@5 82.81 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-00:21:48] Epoch: [055][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.622 (3.608) Prec@1 63.28 (63.07) Prec@5 83.59 (83.72) - train[2018-10-14-00:23:32] Epoch: [055][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.609) Prec@1 65.62 (63.03) Prec@5 80.47 (83.72) - train[2018-10-14-00:25:18] Epoch: [055][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.606) Prec@1 65.62 (62.96) Prec@5 87.50 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-00:27:03] Epoch: [055][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.610) Prec@1 64.84 (62.89) Prec@5 87.50 (83.75) - train[2018-10-14-00:28:48] Epoch: [055][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.619 (3.612) Prec@1 60.16 (62.80) Prec@5 81.25 (83.69) - train[2018-10-14-00:30:33] Epoch: [055][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.794 (3.616) Prec@1 61.72 (62.76) Prec@5 81.25 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-00:32:17] Epoch: [055][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.563 (3.615) Prec@1 62.50 (62.80) Prec@5 84.38 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-00:34:02] Epoch: [055][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.514 (3.615) Prec@1 60.16 (62.82) Prec@5 86.72 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-00:35:50] Epoch: [055][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.615) Prec@1 64.84 (62.78) Prec@5 85.94 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-00:37:36] Epoch: [055][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.617) Prec@1 68.75 (62.75) Prec@5 87.50 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-00:39:23] Epoch: [055][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.617) Prec@1 64.84 (62.76) Prec@5 85.16 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-00:41:10] Epoch: [055][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.730 (3.619) Prec@1 61.72 (62.75) Prec@5 81.25 (83.56) - train[2018-10-14-00:42:55] Epoch: [055][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.619) Prec@1 57.03 (62.74) Prec@5 78.12 (83.57) - train[2018-10-14-00:44:40] Epoch: [055][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.946 (3.619) Prec@1 61.72 (62.73) Prec@5 79.69 (83.58) - train[2018-10-14-00:46:27] Epoch: [055][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.619) Prec@1 60.94 (62.73) Prec@5 85.16 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-00:48:14] Epoch: [055][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.834 (3.619) Prec@1 60.94 (62.70) Prec@5 85.16 (83.58) - train[2018-10-14-00:50:01] Epoch: [055][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.701 (3.620) Prec@1 62.50 (62.69) Prec@5 83.59 (83.57) - train[2018-10-14-00:51:48] Epoch: [055][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.621) Prec@1 60.94 (62.67) Prec@5 89.84 (83.55) - train[2018-10-14-00:53:35] Epoch: [055][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.623) Prec@1 64.84 (62.64) Prec@5 88.28 (83.54) - train[2018-10-14-00:55:23] Epoch: [055][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.624) Prec@1 56.25 (62.63) Prec@5 82.03 (83.53) - train[2018-10-14-00:57:10] Epoch: [055][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.624) Prec@1 66.41 (62.63) Prec@5 84.38 (83.52) - train[2018-10-14-00:58:55] Epoch: [055][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.011 (3.625) Prec@1 53.91 (62.61) Prec@5 80.47 (83.50) - train[2018-10-14-01:00:39] Epoch: [055][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.626) Prec@1 62.50 (62.60) Prec@5 89.84 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-01:02:24] Epoch: [055][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.484 (3.627) Prec@1 65.62 (62.60) Prec@5 84.38 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-01:04:09] Epoch: [055][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.554 (3.627) Prec@1 64.84 (62.59) Prec@5 83.59 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-01:05:54] Epoch: [055][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.628) Prec@1 59.38 (62.57) Prec@5 82.03 (83.46) - train[2018-10-14-01:07:39] Epoch: [055][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.629) Prec@1 59.38 (62.57) Prec@5 82.03 (83.45) - train[2018-10-14-01:09:24] Epoch: [055][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.573 (3.629) Prec@1 62.50 (62.57) Prec@5 82.81 (83.45) - train[2018-10-14-01:11:09] Epoch: [055][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.607 (3.629) Prec@1 60.16 (62.56) Prec@5 83.59 (83.44) - train[2018-10-14-01:12:56] Epoch: [055][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.493 (3.630) Prec@1 63.28 (62.54) Prec@5 85.16 (83.43) - train[2018-10-14-01:14:40] Epoch: [055][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.250 (3.630) Prec@1 71.88 (62.54) Prec@5 89.06 (83.43) - train[2018-10-14-01:16:24] Epoch: [055][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.479 (3.631) Prec@1 63.28 (62.53) Prec@5 84.38 (83.42) - train[2018-10-14-01:18:08] Epoch: [055][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.505 (3.631) Prec@1 62.50 (62.53) Prec@5 84.38 (83.42) - train[2018-10-14-01:19:52] Epoch: [055][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (3.631) Prec@1 63.28 (62.53) Prec@5 83.59 (83.43) - train[2018-10-14-01:21:37] Epoch: [055][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.400 (3.632) Prec@1 68.75 (62.53) Prec@5 84.38 (83.42) - train[2018-10-14-01:23:23] Epoch: [055][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.632) Prec@1 61.72 (62.52) Prec@5 83.59 (83.42) - train[2018-10-14-01:25:09] Epoch: [055][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.703 (3.633) Prec@1 64.84 (62.51) Prec@5 85.16 (83.41) - train[2018-10-14-01:26:55] Epoch: [055][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.876 (3.634) Prec@1 59.38 (62.49) Prec@5 83.59 (83.39) - train[2018-10-14-01:28:42] Epoch: [055][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.806 (3.634) Prec@1 56.25 (62.48) Prec@5 81.25 (83.39) - train[2018-10-14-01:30:29] Epoch: [055][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.635) Prec@1 63.28 (62.46) Prec@5 85.16 (83.38) - train[2018-10-14-01:32:16] Epoch: [055][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.721 (3.636) Prec@1 57.81 (62.45) Prec@5 80.47 (83.37) - train[2018-10-14-01:34:02] Epoch: [055][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.538 (3.636) Prec@1 67.19 (62.45) Prec@5 85.16 (83.36) - train[2018-10-14-01:35:49] Epoch: [055][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.636) Prec@1 64.06 (62.44) Prec@5 84.38 (83.36) - train[2018-10-14-01:37:35] Epoch: [055][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.637) Prec@1 61.72 (62.43) Prec@5 84.38 (83.36) - train[2018-10-14-01:39:22] Epoch: [055][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.638) Prec@1 70.31 (62.42) Prec@5 87.50 (83.35) - train[2018-10-14-01:41:08] Epoch: [055][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.934 (3.638) Prec@1 56.25 (62.41) Prec@5 78.91 (83.34) - train[2018-10-14-01:42:56] Epoch: [055][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.490 (3.639) Prec@1 61.72 (62.40) Prec@5 88.28 (83.33) - train[2018-10-14-01:43:00] Epoch: [055][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (3.639) Prec@1 66.67 (62.40) Prec@5 93.33 (83.33) -[2018-10-14-01:43:00] **train** Prec@1 62.40 Prec@5 83.33 Error@1 37.60 Error@5 16.67 Loss:3.639 - test [2018-10-14-01:43:05] Epoch: [055][000/391] Time 4.24 (4.24) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 0.882 (0.882) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-14-01:43:32] Epoch: [055][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.537 (1.263) Prec@1 64.06 (70.48) Prec@5 89.06 (90.32) - test [2018-10-14-01:43:57] Epoch: [055][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.608 (1.456) Prec@1 33.75 (66.60) Prec@5 75.00 (87.50) -[2018-10-14-01:43:57] **test** Prec@1 66.60 Prec@5 87.50 Error@1 33.40 Error@5 12.50 Loss:1.456 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.61, Acc@5=87.54, Error@1=33.39, Error@5=12.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-01:43:58] [Epoch=056/250] [Need: 288:27:19] LR=0.0182 ~ 0.0182, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-01:44:04] Epoch: [056][000/10010] Time 6.08 (6.08) Data 5.52 (5.52) Loss 3.468 (3.468) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-14-01:45:47] Epoch: [056][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.652 (3.606) Prec@1 60.94 (62.99) Prec@5 82.81 (83.66) - train[2018-10-14-01:47:31] Epoch: [056][400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.445 (3.609) Prec@1 66.41 (63.06) Prec@5 83.59 (83.66) - train[2018-10-14-01:49:16] Epoch: [056][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.787 (3.602) Prec@1 62.50 (63.20) Prec@5 81.25 (83.73) - train[2018-10-14-01:51:01] Epoch: [056][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.175 (3.597) Prec@1 71.09 (63.25) Prec@5 91.41 (83.81) - train[2018-10-14-01:52:46] Epoch: [056][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.902 (3.594) Prec@1 61.72 (63.27) Prec@5 77.34 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-01:54:31] Epoch: [056][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.743 (3.593) Prec@1 57.81 (63.28) Prec@5 82.81 (83.87) - train[2018-10-14-01:56:16] Epoch: [056][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.594) Prec@1 61.72 (63.22) Prec@5 83.59 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-01:58:01] Epoch: [056][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.598) Prec@1 64.06 (63.15) Prec@5 80.47 (83.82) - train[2018-10-14-01:59:46] Epoch: [056][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.953 (3.601) Prec@1 62.50 (63.10) Prec@5 78.91 (83.77) - train[2018-10-14-02:01:30] Epoch: [056][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.791 (3.602) Prec@1 63.28 (63.10) Prec@5 82.03 (83.77) - train[2018-10-14-02:03:15] Epoch: [056][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.601) Prec@1 66.41 (63.11) Prec@5 84.38 (83.79) - train[2018-10-14-02:05:00] Epoch: [056][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.726 (3.605) Prec@1 64.06 (63.05) Prec@5 83.59 (83.74) - train[2018-10-14-02:06:45] Epoch: [056][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.608) Prec@1 66.41 (62.98) Prec@5 90.62 (83.74) - train[2018-10-14-02:08:31] Epoch: [056][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.903 (3.609) Prec@1 57.81 (62.95) Prec@5 82.03 (83.74) - train[2018-10-14-02:10:17] Epoch: [056][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.034 (3.609) Prec@1 60.94 (62.96) Prec@5 77.34 (83.74) - train[2018-10-14-02:12:03] Epoch: [056][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.113 (3.609) Prec@1 52.34 (62.96) Prec@5 78.12 (83.72) - train[2018-10-14-02:13:50] Epoch: [056][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.590 (3.611) Prec@1 64.06 (62.93) Prec@5 84.38 (83.70) - train[2018-10-14-02:15:36] Epoch: [056][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.886 (3.612) Prec@1 57.81 (62.92) Prec@5 85.94 (83.68) - train[2018-10-14-02:17:23] Epoch: [056][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.620 (3.612) Prec@1 64.84 (62.91) Prec@5 82.03 (83.67) - train[2018-10-14-02:19:09] Epoch: [056][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.613) Prec@1 67.19 (62.90) Prec@5 85.16 (83.67) - train[2018-10-14-02:20:56] Epoch: [056][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.685 (3.614) Prec@1 60.16 (62.87) Prec@5 84.38 (83.66) - train[2018-10-14-02:22:43] Epoch: [056][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.897 (3.613) Prec@1 57.81 (62.87) Prec@5 78.12 (83.67) - train[2018-10-14-02:24:31] Epoch: [056][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.440 (3.614) Prec@1 67.97 (62.85) Prec@5 85.94 (83.65) - train[2018-10-14-02:26:18] Epoch: [056][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.085 (3.615) Prec@1 51.56 (62.84) Prec@5 76.56 (83.66) - train[2018-10-14-02:28:05] Epoch: [056][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.615) Prec@1 65.62 (62.83) Prec@5 83.59 (83.64) - train[2018-10-14-02:29:52] Epoch: [056][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.566 (3.617) Prec@1 65.62 (62.79) Prec@5 87.50 (83.62) - train[2018-10-14-02:31:40] Epoch: [056][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.505 (3.618) Prec@1 64.84 (62.78) Prec@5 88.28 (83.62) - train[2018-10-14-02:33:27] Epoch: [056][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.885 (3.618) Prec@1 56.25 (62.77) Prec@5 83.59 (83.61) - train[2018-10-14-02:35:14] Epoch: [056][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.619) Prec@1 69.53 (62.77) Prec@5 88.28 (83.61) - train[2018-10-14-02:37:01] Epoch: [056][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.619) Prec@1 67.97 (62.78) Prec@5 87.50 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-02:38:48] Epoch: [056][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.743 (3.619) Prec@1 63.28 (62.77) Prec@5 83.59 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-02:40:35] Epoch: [056][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.619) Prec@1 58.59 (62.77) Prec@5 85.16 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-02:42:22] Epoch: [056][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.736 (3.619) Prec@1 65.62 (62.76) Prec@5 78.12 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-02:44:08] Epoch: [056][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.787 (3.620) Prec@1 59.38 (62.75) Prec@5 81.25 (83.57) - train[2018-10-14-02:45:55] Epoch: [056][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.489 (3.621) Prec@1 61.72 (62.73) Prec@5 88.28 (83.56) - train[2018-10-14-02:47:41] Epoch: [056][7200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.378 (3.622) Prec@1 71.88 (62.70) Prec@5 88.28 (83.55) - train[2018-10-14-02:49:27] Epoch: [056][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.741 (3.623) Prec@1 62.50 (62.69) Prec@5 78.91 (83.54) - train[2018-10-14-02:51:14] Epoch: [056][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.481 (3.623) Prec@1 64.06 (62.67) Prec@5 88.28 (83.53) - train[2018-10-14-02:53:02] Epoch: [056][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.657 (3.624) Prec@1 59.38 (62.66) Prec@5 79.69 (83.52) - train[2018-10-14-02:54:50] Epoch: [056][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.727 (3.624) Prec@1 60.16 (62.66) Prec@5 82.03 (83.51) - train[2018-10-14-02:56:37] Epoch: [056][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.687 (3.625) Prec@1 60.16 (62.65) Prec@5 85.94 (83.50) - train[2018-10-14-02:58:25] Epoch: [056][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.526 (3.625) Prec@1 65.62 (62.66) Prec@5 84.38 (83.50) - train[2018-10-14-03:00:11] Epoch: [056][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.625) Prec@1 60.94 (62.64) Prec@5 79.69 (83.49) - train[2018-10-14-03:01:58] Epoch: [056][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.670 (3.625) Prec@1 62.50 (62.63) Prec@5 81.25 (83.50) - train[2018-10-14-03:03:46] Epoch: [056][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.593 (3.626) Prec@1 61.72 (62.63) Prec@5 86.72 (83.49) - train[2018-10-14-03:05:33] Epoch: [056][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.508 (3.627) Prec@1 67.97 (62.61) Prec@5 80.47 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-03:07:20] Epoch: [056][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.505 (3.627) Prec@1 64.06 (62.61) Prec@5 87.50 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-03:09:07] Epoch: [056][9600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.675 (3.627) Prec@1 61.72 (62.60) Prec@5 82.81 (83.48) - train[2018-10-14-03:10:55] Epoch: [056][9800/10010] Time 0.65 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.749 (3.628) Prec@1 62.50 (62.59) Prec@5 80.47 (83.47) - train[2018-10-14-03:12:41] Epoch: [056][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.803 (3.628) Prec@1 56.25 (62.58) Prec@5 78.91 (83.46) - train[2018-10-14-03:12:45] Epoch: [056][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.874 (3.628) Prec@1 60.00 (62.58) Prec@5 80.00 (83.46) -[2018-10-14-03:12:45] **train** Prec@1 62.58 Prec@5 83.46 Error@1 37.42 Error@5 16.54 Loss:3.628 - test [2018-10-14-03:12:50] Epoch: [056][000/391] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 0.710 (0.710) Prec@1 86.72 (86.72) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-14-03:13:19] Epoch: [056][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.551 (1.237) Prec@1 64.06 (70.95) Prec@5 89.06 (90.73) - test [2018-10-14-03:13:45] Epoch: [056][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.729 (1.433) Prec@1 32.50 (66.93) Prec@5 71.25 (87.76) -[2018-10-14-03:13:45] **test** Prec@1 66.93 Prec@5 87.76 Error@1 33.07 Error@5 12.24 Loss:1.433 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=66.93, Acc@5=87.76, Error@1=33.07, Error@5=12.24 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-03:13:45] [Epoch=057/250] [Need: 288:50:22] LR=0.0176 ~ 0.0176, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-03:13:50] Epoch: [057][000/10010] Time 4.65 (4.65) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 3.443 (3.443) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-14-03:15:35] Epoch: [057][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.804 (3.590) Prec@1 57.81 (63.24) Prec@5 82.03 (83.71) - train[2018-10-14-03:17:21] Epoch: [057][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.412 (3.592) Prec@1 60.16 (63.16) Prec@5 82.03 (83.90) - train[2018-10-14-03:19:04] Epoch: [057][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.789 (3.583) Prec@1 60.94 (63.23) Prec@5 81.25 (84.07) - train[2018-10-14-03:20:47] Epoch: [057][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.682 (3.583) Prec@1 63.28 (63.27) Prec@5 82.03 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-03:22:31] Epoch: [057][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.411 (3.584) Prec@1 66.41 (63.31) Prec@5 85.16 (83.93) - train[2018-10-14-03:24:14] Epoch: [057][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.703 (3.585) Prec@1 64.84 (63.29) Prec@5 82.03 (83.92) - train[2018-10-14-03:25:57] Epoch: [057][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.758 (3.588) Prec@1 56.25 (63.25) Prec@5 82.81 (83.89) - train[2018-10-14-03:27:41] Epoch: [057][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.589) Prec@1 61.72 (63.20) Prec@5 82.81 (83.90) - train[2018-10-14-03:29:25] Epoch: [057][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.590) Prec@1 66.41 (63.15) Prec@5 88.28 (83.89) - train[2018-10-14-03:31:09] Epoch: [057][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.592) Prec@1 67.97 (63.13) Prec@5 85.16 (83.87) - train[2018-10-14-03:32:53] Epoch: [057][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.592) Prec@1 66.41 (63.13) Prec@5 87.50 (83.87) - train[2018-10-14-03:34:36] Epoch: [057][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.594) Prec@1 63.28 (63.11) Prec@5 89.06 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-03:36:21] Epoch: [057][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.632 (3.596) Prec@1 62.50 (63.07) Prec@5 81.25 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-03:38:05] Epoch: [057][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.593) Prec@1 63.28 (63.10) Prec@5 85.16 (83.88) - train[2018-10-14-03:39:49] Epoch: [057][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.592) Prec@1 68.75 (63.10) Prec@5 89.06 (83.88) - train[2018-10-14-03:41:33] Epoch: [057][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.593) Prec@1 62.50 (63.09) Prec@5 80.47 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-03:43:17] Epoch: [057][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.595) Prec@1 64.06 (63.07) Prec@5 86.72 (83.82) - train[2018-10-14-03:45:02] Epoch: [057][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.456 (3.595) Prec@1 67.19 (63.07) Prec@5 84.38 (83.81) - train[2018-10-14-03:46:47] Epoch: [057][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.597) Prec@1 67.19 (63.05) Prec@5 84.38 (83.79) - train[2018-10-14-03:48:30] Epoch: [057][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.858 (3.598) Prec@1 57.81 (63.03) Prec@5 82.03 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-03:50:14] Epoch: [057][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.554 (3.598) Prec@1 64.06 (63.02) Prec@5 82.03 (83.77) - train[2018-10-14-03:51:58] Epoch: [057][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.736 (3.598) Prec@1 61.72 (63.02) Prec@5 84.38 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-03:53:42] Epoch: [057][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.598) Prec@1 56.25 (63.01) Prec@5 85.16 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-03:55:27] Epoch: [057][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.599) Prec@1 61.72 (62.99) Prec@5 82.81 (83.77) - train[2018-10-14-03:57:11] Epoch: [057][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.740 (3.601) Prec@1 60.94 (62.98) Prec@5 82.03 (83.76) - train[2018-10-14-03:58:55] Epoch: [057][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.600) Prec@1 64.84 (62.99) Prec@5 85.16 (83.76) - train[2018-10-14-04:00:39] Epoch: [057][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.601) Prec@1 62.50 (62.98) Prec@5 81.25 (83.74) - train[2018-10-14-04:02:24] Epoch: [057][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.603) Prec@1 58.59 (62.94) Prec@5 81.25 (83.73) - train[2018-10-14-04:04:08] Epoch: [057][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.474 (3.604) Prec@1 63.28 (62.92) Prec@5 87.50 (83.71) - train[2018-10-14-04:05:51] Epoch: [057][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.498 (3.604) Prec@1 63.28 (62.93) Prec@5 85.94 (83.71) - train[2018-10-14-04:07:36] Epoch: [057][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.976 (3.605) Prec@1 59.38 (62.91) Prec@5 79.69 (83.69) - train[2018-10-14-04:09:21] Epoch: [057][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.571 (3.605) Prec@1 61.72 (62.91) Prec@5 84.38 (83.69) - train[2018-10-14-04:11:05] Epoch: [057][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.640 (3.606) Prec@1 60.94 (62.90) Prec@5 83.59 (83.69) - train[2018-10-14-04:12:49] Epoch: [057][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.606) Prec@1 61.72 (62.90) Prec@5 79.69 (83.69) - train[2018-10-14-04:14:33] Epoch: [057][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.689 (3.606) Prec@1 59.38 (62.90) Prec@5 86.72 (83.68) - train[2018-10-14-04:16:18] Epoch: [057][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.607) Prec@1 67.97 (62.89) Prec@5 88.28 (83.68) - train[2018-10-14-04:18:01] Epoch: [057][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.546 (3.608) Prec@1 64.06 (62.88) Prec@5 84.38 (83.67) - train[2018-10-14-04:19:45] Epoch: [057][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.726 (3.608) Prec@1 58.59 (62.87) Prec@5 84.38 (83.66) - train[2018-10-14-04:21:30] Epoch: [057][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.682 (3.609) Prec@1 64.06 (62.86) Prec@5 83.59 (83.64) - train[2018-10-14-04:23:14] Epoch: [057][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.610) Prec@1 67.97 (62.85) Prec@5 78.91 (83.64) - train[2018-10-14-04:24:58] Epoch: [057][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.071 (3.611) Prec@1 58.59 (62.84) Prec@5 76.56 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-04:26:42] Epoch: [057][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.611) Prec@1 58.59 (62.83) Prec@5 84.38 (83.63) - train[2018-10-14-04:28:25] Epoch: [057][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.489 (3.612) Prec@1 62.50 (62.83) Prec@5 84.38 (83.61) - train[2018-10-14-04:30:09] Epoch: [057][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.613) Prec@1 61.72 (62.81) Prec@5 79.69 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-04:31:53] Epoch: [057][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.654 (3.613) Prec@1 60.16 (62.80) Prec@5 85.16 (83.60) - train[2018-10-14-04:33:37] Epoch: [057][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.820 (3.614) Prec@1 63.28 (62.80) Prec@5 81.25 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-04:35:22] Epoch: [057][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.772 (3.614) Prec@1 57.03 (62.80) Prec@5 83.59 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-04:37:05] Epoch: [057][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.497 (3.614) Prec@1 60.94 (62.80) Prec@5 82.81 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-04:38:50] Epoch: [057][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.887 (3.614) Prec@1 59.38 (62.79) Prec@5 75.78 (83.58) - train[2018-10-14-04:40:33] Epoch: [057][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.615) Prec@1 62.50 (62.78) Prec@5 83.59 (83.58) - train[2018-10-14-04:40:38] Epoch: [057][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.156 (3.615) Prec@1 46.67 (62.78) Prec@5 73.33 (83.58) -[2018-10-14-04:40:38] **train** Prec@1 62.78 Prec@5 83.58 Error@1 37.22 Error@5 16.42 Loss:3.615 - test [2018-10-14-04:40:42] Epoch: [057][000/391] Time 4.40 (4.40) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 0.749 (0.749) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-14-04:41:09] Epoch: [057][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.605 (1.236) Prec@1 62.50 (71.23) Prec@5 85.16 (90.83) - test [2018-10-14-04:41:33] Epoch: [057][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.498 (1.422) Prec@1 42.50 (67.46) Prec@5 80.00 (87.94) -[2018-10-14-04:41:33] **test** Prec@1 67.46 Prec@5 87.94 Error@1 32.54 Error@5 12.06 Loss:1.422 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.46, Acc@5=87.94, Error@1=32.54, Error@5=12.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-04:41:33] [Epoch=058/250] [Need: 280:57:47] LR=0.0171 ~ 0.0171, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-04:41:38] Epoch: [058][000/10010] Time 4.45 (4.45) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 3.384 (3.384) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-14-04:43:22] Epoch: [058][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.994 (3.553) Prec@1 75.00 (64.07) Prec@5 90.62 (84.66) - train[2018-10-14-04:45:07] Epoch: [058][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.478 (3.561) Prec@1 64.06 (63.82) Prec@5 85.94 (84.40) - train[2018-10-14-04:46:51] Epoch: [058][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.650 (3.563) Prec@1 63.28 (63.75) Prec@5 82.03 (84.31) - train[2018-10-14-04:48:35] Epoch: [058][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.674 (3.572) Prec@1 64.06 (63.59) Prec@5 81.25 (84.13) - train[2018-10-14-04:50:19] Epoch: [058][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.571) Prec@1 60.16 (63.63) Prec@5 78.91 (84.16) - train[2018-10-14-04:52:02] Epoch: [058][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.389 (3.573) Prec@1 64.84 (63.60) Prec@5 87.50 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-04:53:46] Epoch: [058][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.572) Prec@1 70.31 (63.58) Prec@5 82.81 (84.18) - train[2018-10-14-04:55:31] Epoch: [058][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.572) Prec@1 59.38 (63.52) Prec@5 80.47 (84.17) - train[2018-10-14-04:57:15] Epoch: [058][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (3.571) Prec@1 67.19 (63.51) Prec@5 86.72 (84.17) - train[2018-10-14-04:58:59] Epoch: [058][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (3.575) Prec@1 69.53 (63.46) Prec@5 87.50 (84.12) - train[2018-10-14-05:00:43] Epoch: [058][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.577) Prec@1 58.59 (63.43) Prec@5 82.81 (84.09) - train[2018-10-14-05:02:27] Epoch: [058][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.580) Prec@1 61.72 (63.42) Prec@5 85.16 (84.07) - train[2018-10-14-05:04:12] Epoch: [058][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.580) Prec@1 68.75 (63.42) Prec@5 86.72 (84.07) - train[2018-10-14-05:05:56] Epoch: [058][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.580) Prec@1 65.62 (63.42) Prec@5 80.47 (84.05) - train[2018-10-14-05:07:40] Epoch: [058][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.581) Prec@1 64.84 (63.40) Prec@5 82.81 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-05:09:24] Epoch: [058][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.594 (3.582) Prec@1 64.06 (63.40) Prec@5 85.16 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-05:11:08] Epoch: [058][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.560 (3.583) Prec@1 62.50 (63.39) Prec@5 87.50 (84.01) - train[2018-10-14-05:12:52] Epoch: [058][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.580 (3.584) Prec@1 65.62 (63.36) Prec@5 82.03 (84.00) - train[2018-10-14-05:14:36] Epoch: [058][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.640 (3.586) Prec@1 64.84 (63.32) Prec@5 85.94 (83.98) - train[2018-10-14-05:16:20] Epoch: [058][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.587) Prec@1 60.94 (63.30) Prec@5 83.59 (83.96) - train[2018-10-14-05:18:05] Epoch: [058][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.587) Prec@1 64.84 (63.30) Prec@5 86.72 (83.97) - train[2018-10-14-05:19:49] Epoch: [058][4400/10010] Time 0.63 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.539 (3.586) Prec@1 62.50 (63.30) Prec@5 85.94 (83.98) - train[2018-10-14-05:21:34] Epoch: [058][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.587) Prec@1 64.84 (63.28) Prec@5 85.94 (83.97) - train[2018-10-14-05:23:18] Epoch: [058][4800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.291 (3.589) Prec@1 50.78 (63.24) Prec@5 71.88 (83.93) - train[2018-10-14-05:25:02] Epoch: [058][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.654 (3.590) Prec@1 61.72 (63.23) Prec@5 83.59 (83.92) - train[2018-10-14-05:26:47] Epoch: [058][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.590) Prec@1 66.41 (63.22) Prec@5 88.28 (83.92) - train[2018-10-14-05:28:31] Epoch: [058][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (3.591) Prec@1 70.31 (63.21) Prec@5 86.72 (83.91) - train[2018-10-14-05:30:16] Epoch: [058][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.793 (3.592) Prec@1 59.38 (63.19) Prec@5 79.69 (83.89) - train[2018-10-14-05:32:00] Epoch: [058][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.593) Prec@1 59.38 (63.17) Prec@5 82.81 (83.88) - train[2018-10-14-05:33:44] Epoch: [058][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.594) Prec@1 60.16 (63.15) Prec@5 78.91 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-05:35:28] Epoch: [058][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (3.594) Prec@1 68.75 (63.14) Prec@5 84.38 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-05:37:12] Epoch: [058][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (3.595) Prec@1 60.94 (63.13) Prec@5 82.81 (83.84) - train[2018-10-14-05:38:56] Epoch: [058][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.728 (3.595) Prec@1 60.94 (63.12) Prec@5 80.47 (83.84) - train[2018-10-14-05:40:40] Epoch: [058][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.732 (3.596) Prec@1 59.38 (63.09) Prec@5 80.47 (83.83) - train[2018-10-14-05:42:24] Epoch: [058][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.310 (3.597) Prec@1 64.84 (63.08) Prec@5 89.84 (83.82) - train[2018-10-14-05:44:08] Epoch: [058][7200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.206 (3.596) Prec@1 51.56 (63.10) Prec@5 76.56 (83.83) - train[2018-10-14-05:45:52] Epoch: [058][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.597) Prec@1 71.09 (63.08) Prec@5 87.50 (83.82) - train[2018-10-14-05:47:36] Epoch: [058][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.745 (3.598) Prec@1 57.81 (63.07) Prec@5 83.59 (83.80) - train[2018-10-14-05:49:21] Epoch: [058][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.985 (3.598) Prec@1 56.25 (63.06) Prec@5 78.12 (83.80) - train[2018-10-14-05:51:06] Epoch: [058][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.431 (3.599) Prec@1 60.94 (63.06) Prec@5 83.59 (83.79) - train[2018-10-14-05:52:50] Epoch: [058][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.691 (3.598) Prec@1 64.06 (63.06) Prec@5 83.59 (83.79) - train[2018-10-14-05:54:34] Epoch: [058][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.599) Prec@1 65.62 (63.05) Prec@5 85.16 (83.79) - train[2018-10-14-05:56:18] Epoch: [058][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.846 (3.599) Prec@1 59.38 (63.05) Prec@5 77.34 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-05:58:03] Epoch: [058][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.600) Prec@1 67.97 (63.03) Prec@5 84.38 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-05:59:47] Epoch: [058][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.799 (3.600) Prec@1 63.28 (63.03) Prec@5 80.47 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-06:01:32] Epoch: [058][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.661 (3.600) Prec@1 64.84 (63.03) Prec@5 82.81 (83.78) - train[2018-10-14-06:03:15] Epoch: [058][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.634 (3.600) Prec@1 57.03 (63.02) Prec@5 85.94 (83.77) - train[2018-10-14-06:05:00] Epoch: [058][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.913 (3.601) Prec@1 62.50 (63.01) Prec@5 79.69 (83.76) - train[2018-10-14-06:06:43] Epoch: [058][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.792 (3.601) Prec@1 60.16 (63.00) Prec@5 82.81 (83.76) - train[2018-10-14-06:08:28] Epoch: [058][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.601) Prec@1 75.00 (62.99) Prec@5 87.50 (83.76) - train[2018-10-14-06:08:33] Epoch: [058][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.640 (3.601) Prec@1 53.33 (62.99) Prec@5 66.67 (83.76) -[2018-10-14-06:08:33] **train** Prec@1 62.99 Prec@5 83.76 Error@1 37.01 Error@5 16.24 Loss:3.601 - test [2018-10-14-06:08:37] Epoch: [058][000/391] Time 4.04 (4.04) Data 3.90 (3.90) Loss 0.751 (0.751) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-14-06:09:03] Epoch: [058][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.493 (1.239) Prec@1 58.59 (70.91) Prec@5 87.50 (90.59) - test [2018-10-14-06:09:28] Epoch: [058][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.028 (1.431) Prec@1 28.75 (67.07) Prec@5 70.00 (87.78) -[2018-10-14-06:09:28] **test** Prec@1 67.07 Prec@5 87.78 Error@1 32.93 Error@5 12.22 Loss:1.431 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.46, Acc@5=87.94, Error@1=32.54, Error@5=12.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-06:09:28] [Epoch=059/250] [Need: 279:52:45] LR=0.0166 ~ 0.0166, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-06:09:34] Epoch: [059][000/10010] Time 5.32 (5.32) Data 4.73 (4.73) Loss 3.934 (3.934) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 79.69 (79.69) - train[2018-10-14-06:11:18] Epoch: [059][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.797 (3.555) Prec@1 58.59 (63.74) Prec@5 83.59 (84.45) - train[2018-10-14-06:13:03] Epoch: [059][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.386 (3.555) Prec@1 68.75 (63.78) Prec@5 88.28 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-06:14:46] Epoch: [059][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.706 (3.555) Prec@1 57.81 (63.87) Prec@5 84.38 (84.32) - train[2018-10-14-06:16:31] Epoch: [059][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.822 (3.554) Prec@1 57.03 (63.91) Prec@5 85.16 (84.32) - train[2018-10-14-06:18:16] Epoch: [059][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.444 (3.560) Prec@1 65.62 (63.78) Prec@5 92.97 (84.25) - train[2018-10-14-06:19:59] Epoch: [059][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.561) Prec@1 53.91 (63.74) Prec@5 84.38 (84.26) - train[2018-10-14-06:21:43] Epoch: [059][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (3.564) Prec@1 64.84 (63.64) Prec@5 88.28 (84.23) - train[2018-10-14-06:23:26] Epoch: [059][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.788 (3.563) Prec@1 57.81 (63.70) Prec@5 82.81 (84.23) - train[2018-10-14-06:25:10] Epoch: [059][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.565) Prec@1 67.97 (63.66) Prec@5 88.28 (84.20) - train[2018-10-14-06:26:54] Epoch: [059][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.565) Prec@1 66.41 (63.73) Prec@5 86.72 (84.20) - train[2018-10-14-06:28:37] Epoch: [059][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.592 (3.565) Prec@1 57.03 (63.72) Prec@5 84.38 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-06:30:21] Epoch: [059][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.694 (3.565) Prec@1 64.84 (63.69) Prec@5 80.47 (84.20) - train[2018-10-14-06:32:05] Epoch: [059][2600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.705 (3.566) Prec@1 65.62 (63.68) Prec@5 84.38 (84.20) - train[2018-10-14-06:33:50] Epoch: [059][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.158 (3.566) Prec@1 55.47 (63.67) Prec@5 75.78 (84.18) - train[2018-10-14-06:35:33] Epoch: [059][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.567) Prec@1 61.72 (63.66) Prec@5 84.38 (84.18) - train[2018-10-14-06:37:18] Epoch: [059][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.780 (3.568) Prec@1 60.94 (63.64) Prec@5 86.72 (84.17) - train[2018-10-14-06:39:02] Epoch: [059][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.538 (3.568) Prec@1 66.41 (63.64) Prec@5 85.16 (84.16) - train[2018-10-14-06:40:46] Epoch: [059][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.624 (3.571) Prec@1 60.94 (63.62) Prec@5 84.38 (84.13) - train[2018-10-14-06:42:30] Epoch: [059][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.761 (3.571) Prec@1 58.59 (63.61) Prec@5 86.72 (84.14) - train[2018-10-14-06:44:15] Epoch: [059][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.432 (3.572) Prec@1 64.06 (63.57) Prec@5 86.72 (84.12) - train[2018-10-14-06:45:58] Epoch: [059][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.571) Prec@1 70.31 (63.58) Prec@5 83.59 (84.12) - train[2018-10-14-06:47:43] Epoch: [059][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.490 (3.571) Prec@1 67.19 (63.57) Prec@5 83.59 (84.12) - train[2018-10-14-06:49:27] Epoch: [059][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.573) Prec@1 67.97 (63.55) Prec@5 84.38 (84.10) - train[2018-10-14-06:51:11] Epoch: [059][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.573) Prec@1 64.06 (63.55) Prec@5 82.03 (84.09) - train[2018-10-14-06:52:55] Epoch: [059][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.497 (3.574) Prec@1 59.38 (63.54) Prec@5 86.72 (84.09) - train[2018-10-14-06:54:39] Epoch: [059][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.576) Prec@1 59.38 (63.50) Prec@5 86.72 (84.06) - train[2018-10-14-06:56:24] Epoch: [059][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.635 (3.577) Prec@1 59.38 (63.46) Prec@5 82.81 (84.04) - train[2018-10-14-06:58:08] Epoch: [059][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.733 (3.578) Prec@1 61.72 (63.44) Prec@5 83.59 (84.04) - train[2018-10-14-06:59:53] Epoch: [059][5800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.500 (3.579) Prec@1 60.16 (63.43) Prec@5 85.94 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-07:01:36] Epoch: [059][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.580) Prec@1 67.97 (63.42) Prec@5 89.06 (84.01) - train[2018-10-14-07:03:20] Epoch: [059][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.580) Prec@1 63.28 (63.41) Prec@5 83.59 (84.01) - train[2018-10-14-07:05:04] Epoch: [059][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.805 (3.581) Prec@1 57.03 (63.40) Prec@5 82.03 (83.99) - train[2018-10-14-07:06:48] Epoch: [059][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.581) Prec@1 64.06 (63.39) Prec@5 82.81 (83.98) - train[2018-10-14-07:08:33] Epoch: [059][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.781 (3.582) Prec@1 56.25 (63.38) Prec@5 81.25 (83.96) - train[2018-10-14-07:10:18] Epoch: [059][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.715 (3.583) Prec@1 66.41 (63.37) Prec@5 82.03 (83.96) - train[2018-10-14-07:12:01] Epoch: [059][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.659 (3.583) Prec@1 57.03 (63.36) Prec@5 82.03 (83.96) - train[2018-10-14-07:13:46] Epoch: [059][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.411 (3.584) Prec@1 63.28 (63.34) Prec@5 86.72 (83.95) - train[2018-10-14-07:15:30] Epoch: [059][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.592 (3.585) Prec@1 66.41 (63.32) Prec@5 85.16 (83.93) - train[2018-10-14-07:17:15] Epoch: [059][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.055 (3.586) Prec@1 51.56 (63.30) Prec@5 78.91 (83.93) - train[2018-10-14-07:19:00] Epoch: [059][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.769 (3.587) Prec@1 60.16 (63.28) Prec@5 82.81 (83.91) - train[2018-10-14-07:20:44] Epoch: [059][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (3.587) Prec@1 64.84 (63.28) Prec@5 85.94 (83.91) - train[2018-10-14-07:22:28] Epoch: [059][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.745 (3.587) Prec@1 59.38 (63.26) Prec@5 82.03 (83.90) - train[2018-10-14-07:24:14] Epoch: [059][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.588) Prec@1 71.09 (63.24) Prec@5 89.84 (83.89) - train[2018-10-14-07:26:00] Epoch: [059][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (3.589) Prec@1 65.62 (63.23) Prec@5 89.06 (83.88) - train[2018-10-14-07:27:45] Epoch: [059][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (3.589) Prec@1 69.53 (63.23) Prec@5 85.94 (83.88) - train[2018-10-14-07:29:31] Epoch: [059][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.436 (3.590) Prec@1 64.84 (63.20) Prec@5 87.50 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-07:31:16] Epoch: [059][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (3.591) Prec@1 65.62 (63.20) Prec@5 85.16 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-07:33:01] Epoch: [059][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.683 (3.591) Prec@1 58.59 (63.19) Prec@5 82.81 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-07:34:47] Epoch: [059][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (3.591) Prec@1 71.09 (63.18) Prec@5 85.16 (83.86) - train[2018-10-14-07:36:32] Epoch: [059][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (3.592) Prec@1 69.53 (63.17) Prec@5 88.28 (83.85) - train[2018-10-14-07:36:36] Epoch: [059][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.773 (3.592) Prec@1 40.00 (63.17) Prec@5 66.67 (83.85) -[2018-10-14-07:36:36] **train** Prec@1 63.17 Prec@5 83.85 Error@1 36.83 Error@5 16.15 Loss:3.592 - test [2018-10-14-07:36:41] Epoch: [059][000/391] Time 4.25 (4.25) Data 4.11 (4.11) Loss 0.838 (0.838) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - test [2018-10-14-07:37:07] Epoch: [059][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.654 (1.246) Prec@1 54.69 (70.92) Prec@5 87.50 (90.74) - test [2018-10-14-07:37:32] Epoch: [059][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.563 (1.427) Prec@1 37.50 (67.18) Prec@5 77.50 (87.95) -[2018-10-14-07:37:32] **test** Prec@1 67.18 Prec@5 87.95 Error@1 32.82 Error@5 12.05 Loss:1.427 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.46, Acc@5=87.94, Error@1=32.54, Error@5=12.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-07:37:32] [Epoch=060/250] [Need: 278:51:01] LR=0.0161 ~ 0.0161, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-07:37:37] Epoch: [060][000/10010] Time 4.82 (4.82) Data 4.17 (4.17) Loss 4.048 (4.048) Prec@1 53.91 (53.91) Prec@5 76.56 (76.56) - train[2018-10-14-07:39:21] Epoch: [060][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.788 (3.516) Prec@1 59.38 (64.53) Prec@5 82.81 (85.15) - train[2018-10-14-07:41:05] Epoch: [060][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.265 (3.527) Prec@1 75.00 (64.30) Prec@5 88.28 (84.94) - train[2018-10-14-07:42:50] Epoch: [060][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.185 (3.534) Prec@1 71.88 (64.27) Prec@5 88.28 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-07:44:34] Epoch: [060][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.360 (3.532) Prec@1 65.62 (64.28) Prec@5 86.72 (84.72) - train[2018-10-14-07:46:17] Epoch: [060][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.474 (3.540) Prec@1 66.41 (64.06) Prec@5 85.94 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-07:48:01] Epoch: [060][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.931 (3.542) Prec@1 58.59 (64.08) Prec@5 78.12 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-07:49:45] Epoch: [060][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.543) Prec@1 68.75 (64.02) Prec@5 87.50 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-07:51:29] Epoch: [060][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.542) Prec@1 61.72 (64.06) Prec@5 85.16 (84.57) - train[2018-10-14-07:53:13] Epoch: [060][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.546) Prec@1 63.28 (63.99) Prec@5 87.50 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-07:54:58] Epoch: [060][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.350 (3.548) Prec@1 67.19 (63.97) Prec@5 88.28 (84.45) - train[2018-10-14-07:56:42] Epoch: [060][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.430 (3.550) Prec@1 61.72 (63.94) Prec@5 86.72 (84.42) - train[2018-10-14-07:58:25] Epoch: [060][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.657 (3.552) Prec@1 57.81 (63.91) Prec@5 85.16 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-08:00:09] Epoch: [060][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.449 (3.553) Prec@1 65.62 (63.90) Prec@5 86.72 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-08:01:54] Epoch: [060][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.554) Prec@1 60.16 (63.87) Prec@5 81.25 (84.36) - train[2018-10-14-08:03:40] Epoch: [060][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.462 (3.556) Prec@1 65.62 (63.84) Prec@5 86.72 (84.33) - train[2018-10-14-08:05:26] Epoch: [060][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.629 (3.557) Prec@1 61.72 (63.81) Prec@5 83.59 (84.32) - train[2018-10-14-08:07:11] Epoch: [060][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.559) Prec@1 62.50 (63.77) Prec@5 85.16 (84.31) - train[2018-10-14-08:08:58] Epoch: [060][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.561) Prec@1 59.38 (63.71) Prec@5 83.59 (84.28) - train[2018-10-14-08:10:43] Epoch: [060][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.218 (3.562) Prec@1 69.53 (63.70) Prec@5 88.28 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-08:12:30] Epoch: [060][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.563) Prec@1 67.19 (63.70) Prec@5 85.16 (84.25) - train[2018-10-14-08:14:16] Epoch: [060][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.564) Prec@1 60.16 (63.69) Prec@5 82.81 (84.25) - train[2018-10-14-08:16:03] Epoch: [060][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.743 (3.565) Prec@1 67.97 (63.69) Prec@5 83.59 (84.22) - train[2018-10-14-08:17:50] Epoch: [060][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.814 (3.566) Prec@1 53.91 (63.66) Prec@5 82.81 (84.21) - train[2018-10-14-08:19:36] Epoch: [060][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.594 (3.567) Prec@1 65.62 (63.63) Prec@5 84.38 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-08:21:21] Epoch: [060][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.378 (3.567) Prec@1 69.53 (63.63) Prec@5 85.16 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-08:23:07] Epoch: [060][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.566) Prec@1 62.50 (63.64) Prec@5 89.06 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-08:24:52] Epoch: [060][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.567) Prec@1 64.84 (63.63) Prec@5 84.38 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-08:26:37] Epoch: [060][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.677 (3.569) Prec@1 54.69 (63.60) Prec@5 83.59 (84.17) - train[2018-10-14-08:28:21] Epoch: [060][5800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.645 (3.569) Prec@1 57.81 (63.58) Prec@5 84.38 (84.16) - train[2018-10-14-08:30:05] Epoch: [060][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.570) Prec@1 58.59 (63.56) Prec@5 84.38 (84.14) - train[2018-10-14-08:31:51] Epoch: [060][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (3.570) Prec@1 64.84 (63.58) Prec@5 83.59 (84.15) - train[2018-10-14-08:33:35] Epoch: [060][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.389 (3.570) Prec@1 67.19 (63.57) Prec@5 83.59 (84.15) - train[2018-10-14-08:35:19] Epoch: [060][6600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.473 (3.570) Prec@1 64.06 (63.55) Prec@5 85.16 (84.14) - train[2018-10-14-08:37:03] Epoch: [060][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (3.571) Prec@1 67.97 (63.55) Prec@5 83.59 (84.13) - train[2018-10-14-08:38:47] Epoch: [060][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.505 (3.571) Prec@1 64.06 (63.53) Prec@5 86.72 (84.12) - train[2018-10-14-08:40:33] Epoch: [060][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.664 (3.572) Prec@1 60.16 (63.52) Prec@5 85.16 (84.11) - train[2018-10-14-08:42:18] Epoch: [060][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.778 (3.573) Prec@1 60.16 (63.51) Prec@5 82.81 (84.10) - train[2018-10-14-08:44:03] Epoch: [060][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.573) Prec@1 60.94 (63.50) Prec@5 79.69 (84.09) - train[2018-10-14-08:45:47] Epoch: [060][7800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.574) Prec@1 67.97 (63.49) Prec@5 87.50 (84.08) - train[2018-10-14-08:47:31] Epoch: [060][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.630 (3.575) Prec@1 60.94 (63.47) Prec@5 80.47 (84.07) - train[2018-10-14-08:49:15] Epoch: [060][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.468 (3.575) Prec@1 65.62 (63.47) Prec@5 86.72 (84.07) - train[2018-10-14-08:51:01] Epoch: [060][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.646 (3.575) Prec@1 65.62 (63.46) Prec@5 83.59 (84.06) - train[2018-10-14-08:52:47] Epoch: [060][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.867 (3.576) Prec@1 53.91 (63.46) Prec@5 78.91 (84.05) - train[2018-10-14-08:54:33] Epoch: [060][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.576) Prec@1 67.19 (63.45) Prec@5 84.38 (84.04) - train[2018-10-14-08:56:19] Epoch: [060][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.432 (3.577) Prec@1 67.19 (63.43) Prec@5 87.50 (84.03) - train[2018-10-14-08:58:02] Epoch: [060][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.605 (3.577) Prec@1 65.62 (63.42) Prec@5 85.16 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-08:59:48] Epoch: [060][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.572 (3.578) Prec@1 65.62 (63.42) Prec@5 82.81 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-09:01:34] Epoch: [060][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (3.578) Prec@1 65.62 (63.41) Prec@5 89.84 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-09:03:21] Epoch: [060][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.559 (3.578) Prec@1 65.62 (63.40) Prec@5 86.72 (84.02) - train[2018-10-14-09:05:07] Epoch: [060][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.579) Prec@1 61.72 (63.39) Prec@5 90.62 (84.01) - train[2018-10-14-09:05:11] Epoch: [060][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.233 (3.579) Prec@1 60.00 (63.39) Prec@5 73.33 (84.01) -[2018-10-14-09:05:11] **train** Prec@1 63.39 Prec@5 84.01 Error@1 36.61 Error@5 15.99 Loss:3.579 - test [2018-10-14-09:05:15] Epoch: [060][000/391] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 4.15 (4.15) Loss 0.782 (0.782) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-14-09:05:41] Epoch: [060][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.477 (1.239) Prec@1 59.38 (70.91) Prec@5 90.62 (90.64) - test [2018-10-14-09:06:05] Epoch: [060][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.441 (1.416) Prec@1 38.75 (67.35) Prec@5 76.25 (87.90) -[2018-10-14-09:06:05] **test** Prec@1 67.35 Prec@5 87.90 Error@1 32.65 Error@5 12.10 Loss:1.416 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.46, Acc@5=87.94, Error@1=32.54, Error@5=12.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-09:06:06] [Epoch=061/250] [Need: 278:57:50] LR=0.0156 ~ 0.0156, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-09:06:11] Epoch: [061][000/10010] Time 5.27 (5.27) Data 4.67 (4.67) Loss 3.270 (3.270) Prec@1 68.75 (68.75) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-14-09:07:55] Epoch: [061][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.407 (3.519) Prec@1 61.72 (64.47) Prec@5 87.50 (84.79) - train[2018-10-14-09:09:40] Epoch: [061][400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.634 (3.529) Prec@1 54.69 (64.28) Prec@5 83.59 (84.52) - train[2018-10-14-09:11:23] Epoch: [061][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.790 (3.532) Prec@1 57.81 (64.34) Prec@5 82.81 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-09:13:07] Epoch: [061][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.440 (3.535) Prec@1 64.06 (64.32) Prec@5 85.94 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-09:14:51] Epoch: [061][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.538) Prec@1 67.97 (64.27) Prec@5 87.50 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-09:16:37] Epoch: [061][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.649 (3.538) Prec@1 60.94 (64.30) Prec@5 78.12 (84.40) - train[2018-10-14-09:18:21] Epoch: [061][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.819 (3.537) Prec@1 56.25 (64.28) Prec@5 83.59 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-09:20:05] Epoch: [061][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.536) Prec@1 59.38 (64.31) Prec@5 85.16 (84.54) - train[2018-10-14-09:21:49] Epoch: [061][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.371 (3.539) Prec@1 63.28 (64.21) Prec@5 86.72 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-09:23:33] Epoch: [061][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.597 (3.539) Prec@1 61.72 (64.20) Prec@5 79.69 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-09:25:17] Epoch: [061][2200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.539) Prec@1 62.50 (64.20) Prec@5 82.81 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-09:27:01] Epoch: [061][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.651 (3.540) Prec@1 58.59 (64.16) Prec@5 83.59 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-09:28:46] Epoch: [061][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.738 (3.542) Prec@1 64.84 (64.10) Prec@5 80.47 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-09:30:30] Epoch: [061][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.648 (3.543) Prec@1 57.81 (64.11) Prec@5 81.25 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-09:32:14] Epoch: [061][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.683 (3.544) Prec@1 62.50 (64.06) Prec@5 82.03 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-09:33:59] Epoch: [061][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.545) Prec@1 70.31 (64.06) Prec@5 86.72 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-09:35:44] Epoch: [061][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.693 (3.546) Prec@1 60.94 (64.02) Prec@5 82.81 (84.43) - train[2018-10-14-09:37:28] Epoch: [061][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.546) Prec@1 60.16 (64.04) Prec@5 83.59 (84.43) - train[2018-10-14-09:39:12] Epoch: [061][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.885 (3.548) Prec@1 58.59 (64.00) Prec@5 77.34 (84.41) - train[2018-10-14-09:40:57] Epoch: [061][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.549) Prec@1 63.28 (63.97) Prec@5 83.59 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-09:42:41] Epoch: [061][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (3.549) Prec@1 62.50 (63.99) Prec@5 85.16 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-09:44:24] Epoch: [061][4400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.770 (3.551) Prec@1 61.72 (63.96) Prec@5 81.25 (84.38) - train[2018-10-14-09:46:09] Epoch: [061][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.552) Prec@1 64.06 (63.95) Prec@5 80.47 (84.37) - train[2018-10-14-09:47:54] Epoch: [061][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.678 (3.552) Prec@1 63.28 (63.94) Prec@5 83.59 (84.37) - train[2018-10-14-09:49:38] Epoch: [061][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.552) Prec@1 60.16 (63.93) Prec@5 83.59 (84.36) - train[2018-10-14-09:51:22] Epoch: [061][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.929 (3.553) Prec@1 59.38 (63.91) Prec@5 78.12 (84.35) - train[2018-10-14-09:53:07] Epoch: [061][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.554) Prec@1 66.41 (63.89) Prec@5 85.94 (84.34) - train[2018-10-14-09:54:52] Epoch: [061][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.571 (3.555) Prec@1 62.50 (63.87) Prec@5 85.16 (84.33) - train[2018-10-14-09:56:35] Epoch: [061][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.555) Prec@1 74.22 (63.87) Prec@5 85.16 (84.32) - train[2018-10-14-09:58:19] Epoch: [061][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.556) Prec@1 70.31 (63.85) Prec@5 89.84 (84.31) - train[2018-10-14-10:00:03] Epoch: [061][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.556) Prec@1 61.72 (63.84) Prec@5 85.16 (84.30) - train[2018-10-14-10:01:47] Epoch: [061][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.633 (3.557) Prec@1 65.62 (63.83) Prec@5 82.81 (84.29) - train[2018-10-14-10:03:31] Epoch: [061][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.558) Prec@1 69.53 (63.81) Prec@5 90.62 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-10:05:15] Epoch: [061][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.592 (3.558) Prec@1 63.28 (63.81) Prec@5 82.81 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-10:06:59] Epoch: [061][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.559) Prec@1 72.66 (63.79) Prec@5 89.84 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-10:08:44] Epoch: [061][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.669 (3.559) Prec@1 58.59 (63.79) Prec@5 82.81 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-10:10:28] Epoch: [061][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.560) Prec@1 64.84 (63.77) Prec@5 82.03 (84.26) - train[2018-10-14-10:12:13] Epoch: [061][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.838 (3.561) Prec@1 60.94 (63.75) Prec@5 78.91 (84.24) - train[2018-10-14-10:13:57] Epoch: [061][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.572 (3.562) Prec@1 62.50 (63.73) Prec@5 82.81 (84.24) - train[2018-10-14-10:15:41] Epoch: [061][8000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.380 (3.563) Prec@1 64.84 (63.72) Prec@5 85.16 (84.22) - train[2018-10-14-10:17:25] Epoch: [061][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (3.564) Prec@1 70.31 (63.70) Prec@5 85.94 (84.22) - train[2018-10-14-10:19:09] Epoch: [061][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (3.564) Prec@1 63.28 (63.69) Prec@5 81.25 (84.22) - train[2018-10-14-10:20:52] Epoch: [061][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.501 (3.565) Prec@1 62.50 (63.67) Prec@5 84.38 (84.21) - train[2018-10-14-10:22:36] Epoch: [061][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.468 (3.565) Prec@1 62.50 (63.67) Prec@5 84.38 (84.21) - train[2018-10-14-10:24:20] Epoch: [061][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.566) Prec@1 70.31 (63.66) Prec@5 85.94 (84.20) - train[2018-10-14-10:26:04] Epoch: [061][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.821 (3.567) Prec@1 54.69 (63.64) Prec@5 81.25 (84.19) - train[2018-10-14-10:27:51] Epoch: [061][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.891 (3.567) Prec@1 57.81 (63.62) Prec@5 77.34 (84.18) - train[2018-10-14-10:29:37] Epoch: [061][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.749 (3.567) Prec@1 62.50 (63.62) Prec@5 83.59 (84.18) - train[2018-10-14-10:31:24] Epoch: [061][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.952 (3.568) Prec@1 58.59 (63.61) Prec@5 80.47 (84.17) - train[2018-10-14-10:33:10] Epoch: [061][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.568) Prec@1 71.88 (63.59) Prec@5 85.16 (84.16) - train[2018-10-14-10:33:14] Epoch: [061][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.583 (3.568) Prec@1 46.67 (63.59) Prec@5 73.33 (84.15) -[2018-10-14-10:33:14] **train** Prec@1 63.59 Prec@5 84.15 Error@1 36.41 Error@5 15.85 Loss:3.568 - test [2018-10-14-10:33:18] Epoch: [061][000/391] Time 3.61 (3.61) Data 3.47 (3.47) Loss 0.862 (0.862) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-14-10:33:45] Epoch: [061][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.574 (1.220) Prec@1 54.69 (71.61) Prec@5 90.62 (90.96) - test [2018-10-14-10:34:09] Epoch: [061][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.494 (1.410) Prec@1 42.50 (67.67) Prec@5 75.00 (88.12) -[2018-10-14-10:34:10] **test** Prec@1 67.67 Prec@5 88.12 Error@1 32.33 Error@5 11.88 Loss:1.410 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.67, Acc@5=88.12, Error@1=32.33, Error@5=11.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-10:34:10] [Epoch=062/250] [Need: 275:56:56] LR=0.0151 ~ 0.0151, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-10:34:14] Epoch: [062][000/10010] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 3.440 (3.440) Prec@1 64.06 (64.06) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-14-10:35:59] Epoch: [062][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.800 (3.519) Prec@1 60.16 (64.57) Prec@5 83.59 (84.81) - train[2018-10-14-10:37:43] Epoch: [062][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.769 (3.519) Prec@1 63.28 (64.64) Prec@5 81.25 (84.78) - train[2018-10-14-10:39:27] Epoch: [062][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.574 (3.519) Prec@1 66.41 (64.54) Prec@5 84.38 (84.78) - train[2018-10-14-10:41:11] Epoch: [062][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.595 (3.528) Prec@1 63.28 (64.43) Prec@5 81.25 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-10:42:55] Epoch: [062][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.532) Prec@1 67.97 (64.36) Prec@5 84.38 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-10:44:39] Epoch: [062][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.534) Prec@1 67.19 (64.32) Prec@5 89.84 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-10:46:22] Epoch: [062][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.799 (3.535) Prec@1 60.16 (64.29) Prec@5 83.59 (84.54) - train[2018-10-14-10:48:06] Epoch: [062][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.450 (3.535) Prec@1 67.19 (64.30) Prec@5 83.59 (84.53) - train[2018-10-14-10:49:49] Epoch: [062][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (3.540) Prec@1 58.59 (64.21) Prec@5 82.81 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-10:51:33] Epoch: [062][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (3.541) Prec@1 62.50 (64.17) Prec@5 86.72 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-10:53:17] Epoch: [062][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.542) Prec@1 57.81 (64.15) Prec@5 85.16 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-10:55:02] Epoch: [062][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.542) Prec@1 68.75 (64.17) Prec@5 88.28 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-10:56:46] Epoch: [062][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.543) Prec@1 60.16 (64.13) Prec@5 85.16 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-10:58:30] Epoch: [062][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.318 (3.543) Prec@1 60.94 (64.13) Prec@5 89.84 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-11:00:14] Epoch: [062][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.543) Prec@1 64.06 (64.12) Prec@5 83.59 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-11:01:58] Epoch: [062][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.685 (3.544) Prec@1 61.72 (64.11) Prec@5 83.59 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-11:03:42] Epoch: [062][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.545) Prec@1 69.53 (64.08) Prec@5 83.59 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-11:05:26] Epoch: [062][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.595 (3.545) Prec@1 65.62 (64.06) Prec@5 80.47 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-11:07:10] Epoch: [062][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.482 (3.546) Prec@1 61.72 (64.05) Prec@5 84.38 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-11:08:54] Epoch: [062][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.990 (3.545) Prec@1 57.81 (64.06) Prec@5 77.34 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-11:10:38] Epoch: [062][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.545) Prec@1 64.84 (64.05) Prec@5 82.81 (84.45) - train[2018-10-14-11:12:23] Epoch: [062][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.544) Prec@1 64.06 (64.07) Prec@5 79.69 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-11:14:07] Epoch: [062][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.875 (3.545) Prec@1 58.59 (64.04) Prec@5 77.34 (84.45) - train[2018-10-14-11:15:52] Epoch: [062][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.633 (3.546) Prec@1 65.62 (64.04) Prec@5 82.81 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-11:17:36] Epoch: [062][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (3.545) Prec@1 66.41 (64.06) Prec@5 82.81 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-11:19:21] Epoch: [062][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (3.546) Prec@1 70.31 (64.03) Prec@5 88.28 (84.42) - train[2018-10-14-11:21:05] Epoch: [062][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.697 (3.547) Prec@1 62.50 (64.00) Prec@5 78.12 (84.41) - train[2018-10-14-11:22:49] Epoch: [062][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.792 (3.547) Prec@1 60.16 (64.00) Prec@5 81.25 (84.41) - train[2018-10-14-11:24:33] Epoch: [062][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.578 (3.548) Prec@1 61.72 (63.99) Prec@5 82.81 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-11:26:17] Epoch: [062][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.652 (3.549) Prec@1 63.28 (63.97) Prec@5 81.25 (84.36) - train[2018-10-14-11:28:01] Epoch: [062][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.395 (3.549) Prec@1 64.06 (63.95) Prec@5 85.16 (84.36) - train[2018-10-14-11:29:45] Epoch: [062][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.831 (3.550) Prec@1 55.47 (63.94) Prec@5 82.81 (84.36) - train[2018-10-14-11:31:30] Epoch: [062][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.498 (3.551) Prec@1 62.50 (63.91) Prec@5 85.94 (84.35) - train[2018-10-14-11:33:14] Epoch: [062][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.553 (3.550) Prec@1 64.06 (63.91) Prec@5 83.59 (84.35) - train[2018-10-14-11:34:59] Epoch: [062][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.804 (3.551) Prec@1 55.47 (63.89) Prec@5 83.59 (84.34) - train[2018-10-14-11:36:43] Epoch: [062][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (3.552) Prec@1 61.72 (63.87) Prec@5 80.47 (84.33) - train[2018-10-14-11:38:27] Epoch: [062][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.756 (3.552) Prec@1 61.72 (63.87) Prec@5 80.47 (84.33) - train[2018-10-14-11:40:11] Epoch: [062][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.318 (3.554) Prec@1 65.62 (63.85) Prec@5 89.84 (84.32) - train[2018-10-14-11:41:58] Epoch: [062][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.554) Prec@1 71.09 (63.84) Prec@5 85.94 (84.31) - train[2018-10-14-11:43:42] Epoch: [062][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.555) Prec@1 66.41 (63.83) Prec@5 83.59 (84.30) - train[2018-10-14-11:45:28] Epoch: [062][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.311 (3.555) Prec@1 70.31 (63.83) Prec@5 87.50 (84.30) - train[2018-10-14-11:47:13] Epoch: [062][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.483 (3.554) Prec@1 66.41 (63.84) Prec@5 82.03 (84.31) - train[2018-10-14-11:48:58] Epoch: [062][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.555) Prec@1 64.06 (63.83) Prec@5 83.59 (84.30) - train[2018-10-14-11:50:44] Epoch: [062][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.594 (3.555) Prec@1 59.38 (63.82) Prec@5 83.59 (84.29) - train[2018-10-14-11:52:31] Epoch: [062][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.470 (3.555) Prec@1 67.97 (63.80) Prec@5 85.94 (84.29) - train[2018-10-14-11:54:18] Epoch: [062][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.756 (3.556) Prec@1 64.84 (63.79) Prec@5 79.69 (84.28) - train[2018-10-14-11:56:04] Epoch: [062][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.757 (3.556) Prec@1 61.72 (63.79) Prec@5 80.47 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-11:57:49] Epoch: [062][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.557 (3.556) Prec@1 64.06 (63.78) Prec@5 83.59 (84.27) - train[2018-10-14-11:59:35] Epoch: [062][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.559 (3.557) Prec@1 65.62 (63.77) Prec@5 84.38 (84.26) - train[2018-10-14-12:01:20] Epoch: [062][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.802 (3.557) Prec@1 58.59 (63.77) Prec@5 78.91 (84.26) - train[2018-10-14-12:01:24] Epoch: [062][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.681 (3.557) Prec@1 46.67 (63.77) Prec@5 86.67 (84.26) -[2018-10-14-12:01:24] **train** Prec@1 63.77 Prec@5 84.26 Error@1 36.23 Error@5 15.74 Loss:3.557 - test [2018-10-14-12:01:28] Epoch: [062][000/391] Time 3.90 (3.90) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 0.656 (0.656) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-14-12:01:55] Epoch: [062][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.581 (1.221) Prec@1 57.81 (71.25) Prec@5 85.94 (91.01) - test [2018-10-14-12:02:20] Epoch: [062][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.556 (1.403) Prec@1 38.75 (67.60) Prec@5 72.50 (88.21) -[2018-10-14-12:02:20] **test** Prec@1 67.60 Prec@5 88.21 Error@1 32.40 Error@5 11.79 Loss:1.403 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.67, Acc@5=88.12, Error@1=32.33, Error@5=11.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-12:02:20] [Epoch=063/250] [Need: 274:47:57] LR=0.0147 ~ 0.0147, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-12:02:24] Epoch: [063][000/10010] Time 4.22 (4.22) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 3.606 (3.606) Prec@1 61.72 (61.72) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-14-12:04:10] Epoch: [063][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.338 (3.507) Prec@1 69.53 (64.81) Prec@5 90.62 (84.83) - train[2018-10-14-12:05:55] Epoch: [063][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.545 (3.500) Prec@1 61.72 (64.94) Prec@5 86.72 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-12:07:39] Epoch: [063][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.693 (3.504) Prec@1 57.81 (64.74) Prec@5 82.03 (84.83) - train[2018-10-14-12:09:22] Epoch: [063][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.716 (3.511) Prec@1 64.84 (64.62) Prec@5 80.47 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-12:11:07] Epoch: [063][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.515) Prec@1 59.38 (64.57) Prec@5 80.47 (84.67) - train[2018-10-14-12:12:52] Epoch: [063][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.517) Prec@1 64.84 (64.50) Prec@5 86.72 (84.68) - train[2018-10-14-12:14:35] Epoch: [063][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.649 (3.518) Prec@1 60.94 (64.50) Prec@5 82.81 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-12:16:20] Epoch: [063][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.518) Prec@1 73.44 (64.51) Prec@5 89.84 (84.72) - train[2018-10-14-12:18:04] Epoch: [063][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.525 (3.519) Prec@1 64.84 (64.49) Prec@5 82.81 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-12:19:48] Epoch: [063][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.892 (3.522) Prec@1 58.59 (64.42) Prec@5 77.34 (84.67) - train[2018-10-14-12:21:32] Epoch: [063][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.662 (3.525) Prec@1 60.16 (64.37) Prec@5 82.81 (84.62) - train[2018-10-14-12:23:16] Epoch: [063][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.527) Prec@1 59.38 (64.35) Prec@5 84.38 (84.60) - train[2018-10-14-12:25:00] Epoch: [063][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.764 (3.529) Prec@1 63.28 (64.31) Prec@5 80.47 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-12:26:45] Epoch: [063][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.530) Prec@1 64.06 (64.29) Prec@5 78.91 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-12:28:29] Epoch: [063][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.530) Prec@1 70.31 (64.25) Prec@5 89.84 (84.57) - train[2018-10-14-12:30:13] Epoch: [063][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.531) Prec@1 69.53 (64.25) Prec@5 89.84 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-12:31:58] Epoch: [063][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.822 (3.533) Prec@1 62.50 (64.25) Prec@5 82.03 (84.53) - train[2018-10-14-12:33:43] Epoch: [063][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.533) Prec@1 65.62 (64.24) Prec@5 85.16 (84.52) - train[2018-10-14-12:35:27] Epoch: [063][3800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.534) Prec@1 64.06 (64.23) Prec@5 83.59 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-12:37:10] Epoch: [063][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.671 (3.534) Prec@1 63.28 (64.21) Prec@5 82.03 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-12:38:54] Epoch: [063][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.535) Prec@1 68.75 (64.21) Prec@5 91.41 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-12:40:39] Epoch: [063][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.164 (3.534) Prec@1 69.53 (64.22) Prec@5 89.06 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-12:42:22] Epoch: [063][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.652 (3.535) Prec@1 67.19 (64.21) Prec@5 86.72 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-12:44:07] Epoch: [063][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.535) Prec@1 68.75 (64.20) Prec@5 86.72 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-12:45:51] Epoch: [063][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.536) Prec@1 58.59 (64.19) Prec@5 84.38 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-12:47:35] Epoch: [063][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.764 (3.535) Prec@1 57.03 (64.20) Prec@5 81.25 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-12:49:19] Epoch: [063][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.535) Prec@1 67.19 (64.20) Prec@5 89.84 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-12:51:04] Epoch: [063][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.653 (3.535) Prec@1 61.72 (64.20) Prec@5 85.16 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-12:52:48] Epoch: [063][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.536) Prec@1 66.41 (64.18) Prec@5 81.25 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-12:54:33] Epoch: [063][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.877 (3.537) Prec@1 57.81 (64.17) Prec@5 79.69 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-12:56:16] Epoch: [063][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.538) Prec@1 63.28 (64.15) Prec@5 85.16 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-12:58:00] Epoch: [063][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.538) Prec@1 67.19 (64.15) Prec@5 84.38 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-12:59:44] Epoch: [063][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.538) Prec@1 67.97 (64.14) Prec@5 89.06 (84.47) - train[2018-10-14-13:01:28] Epoch: [063][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.538) Prec@1 62.50 (64.16) Prec@5 82.03 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-13:03:12] Epoch: [063][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.648 (3.538) Prec@1 62.50 (64.14) Prec@5 83.59 (84.46) - train[2018-10-14-13:04:56] Epoch: [063][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.593 (3.539) Prec@1 64.06 (64.12) Prec@5 87.50 (84.45) - train[2018-10-14-13:06:40] Epoch: [063][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.397 (3.540) Prec@1 60.94 (64.10) Prec@5 87.50 (84.44) - train[2018-10-14-13:08:26] Epoch: [063][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.540) Prec@1 68.75 (64.08) Prec@5 82.81 (84.43) - train[2018-10-14-13:10:10] Epoch: [063][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.541) Prec@1 61.72 (64.06) Prec@5 85.16 (84.43) - train[2018-10-14-13:11:55] Epoch: [063][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.851 (3.542) Prec@1 60.94 (64.05) Prec@5 80.47 (84.41) - train[2018-10-14-13:13:38] Epoch: [063][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.547 (3.542) Prec@1 64.84 (64.05) Prec@5 85.94 (84.40) - train[2018-10-14-13:15:23] Epoch: [063][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.790 (3.543) Prec@1 62.50 (64.05) Prec@5 84.38 (84.40) - train[2018-10-14-13:17:08] Epoch: [063][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (3.543) Prec@1 59.38 (64.03) Prec@5 84.38 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-13:18:54] Epoch: [063][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.544) Prec@1 65.62 (64.03) Prec@5 82.03 (84.38) - train[2018-10-14-13:20:40] Epoch: [063][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.729 (3.543) Prec@1 57.81 (64.03) Prec@5 82.81 (84.39) - train[2018-10-14-13:22:26] Epoch: [063][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.543) Prec@1 58.59 (64.02) Prec@5 78.91 (84.38) - train[2018-10-14-13:24:11] Epoch: [063][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.544) Prec@1 60.94 (64.00) Prec@5 81.25 (84.37) - train[2018-10-14-13:25:56] Epoch: [063][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.535 (3.545) Prec@1 65.62 (64.00) Prec@5 82.03 (84.37) - train[2018-10-14-13:27:40] Epoch: [063][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.633 (3.545) Prec@1 57.81 (63.99) Prec@5 87.50 (84.38) - train[2018-10-14-13:29:24] Epoch: [063][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.899 (3.546) Prec@1 58.59 (63.98) Prec@5 81.25 (84.37) - train[2018-10-14-13:29:28] Epoch: [063][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.136 (3.546) Prec@1 46.67 (63.98) Prec@5 73.33 (84.37) -[2018-10-14-13:29:28] **train** Prec@1 63.98 Prec@5 84.37 Error@1 36.02 Error@5 15.63 Loss:3.546 - test [2018-10-14-13:29:32] Epoch: [063][000/391] Time 4.01 (4.01) Data 3.88 (3.88) Loss 0.755 (0.755) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - test [2018-10-14-13:29:58] Epoch: [063][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.752 (1.213) Prec@1 55.47 (71.78) Prec@5 85.94 (91.06) - test [2018-10-14-13:30:23] Epoch: [063][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.565 (1.404) Prec@1 38.75 (67.83) Prec@5 73.75 (88.31) -[2018-10-14-13:30:23] **test** Prec@1 67.83 Prec@5 88.31 Error@1 32.17 Error@5 11.69 Loss:1.404 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.83, Acc@5=88.31, Error@1=32.17, Error@5=11.69 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-13:30:23] [Epoch=064/250] [Need: 272:58:54] LR=0.0142 ~ 0.0142, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-13:30:28] Epoch: [064][000/10010] Time 4.48 (4.48) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 3.700 (3.700) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-14-13:32:12] Epoch: [064][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.663 (3.489) Prec@1 63.28 (64.90) Prec@5 78.91 (85.20) - train[2018-10-14-13:33:55] Epoch: [064][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.795 (3.498) Prec@1 63.28 (64.71) Prec@5 82.81 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-13:35:40] Epoch: [064][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.389 (3.507) Prec@1 62.50 (64.66) Prec@5 89.84 (84.82) - train[2018-10-14-13:37:24] Epoch: [064][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.256 (3.509) Prec@1 70.31 (64.66) Prec@5 86.72 (84.79) - train[2018-10-14-13:39:08] Epoch: [064][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.503) Prec@1 71.88 (64.75) Prec@5 87.50 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-13:40:51] Epoch: [064][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.371 (3.504) Prec@1 65.62 (64.71) Prec@5 84.38 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-13:42:35] Epoch: [064][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.504) Prec@1 64.06 (64.70) Prec@5 85.94 (84.87) - train[2018-10-14-13:44:20] Epoch: [064][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.508) Prec@1 67.97 (64.61) Prec@5 82.81 (84.85) - train[2018-10-14-13:46:03] Epoch: [064][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.479 (3.513) Prec@1 64.06 (64.51) Prec@5 86.72 (84.80) - train[2018-10-14-13:47:47] Epoch: [064][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.513) Prec@1 57.81 (64.51) Prec@5 85.16 (84.80) - train[2018-10-14-13:49:32] Epoch: [064][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (3.513) Prec@1 75.78 (64.52) Prec@5 92.97 (84.79) - train[2018-10-14-13:51:16] Epoch: [064][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.512) Prec@1 61.72 (64.53) Prec@5 85.16 (84.79) - train[2018-10-14-13:53:00] Epoch: [064][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.513) Prec@1 64.06 (64.51) Prec@5 82.81 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-13:54:45] Epoch: [064][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.847 (3.514) Prec@1 58.59 (64.50) Prec@5 80.47 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-13:56:28] Epoch: [064][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (3.514) Prec@1 69.53 (64.48) Prec@5 86.72 (84.76) - train[2018-10-14-13:58:13] Epoch: [064][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.112 (3.514) Prec@1 56.25 (64.48) Prec@5 78.91 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-13:59:58] Epoch: [064][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (3.515) Prec@1 73.44 (64.44) Prec@5 83.59 (84.76) - train[2018-10-14-14:01:44] Epoch: [064][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.790 (3.517) Prec@1 59.38 (64.43) Prec@5 81.25 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-14:03:28] Epoch: [064][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.607 (3.517) Prec@1 64.84 (64.43) Prec@5 83.59 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-14:05:12] Epoch: [064][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.738 (3.519) Prec@1 59.38 (64.39) Prec@5 86.72 (84.71) - train[2018-10-14-14:06:56] Epoch: [064][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.521) Prec@1 67.97 (64.37) Prec@5 87.50 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-14:08:42] Epoch: [064][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.732 (3.521) Prec@1 60.94 (64.36) Prec@5 81.25 (84.68) - train[2018-10-14-14:10:27] Epoch: [064][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.824 (3.523) Prec@1 59.38 (64.34) Prec@5 80.47 (84.66) - train[2018-10-14-14:12:12] Epoch: [064][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.523) Prec@1 62.50 (64.33) Prec@5 86.72 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-14:13:58] Epoch: [064][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.523) Prec@1 68.75 (64.33) Prec@5 91.41 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-14:15:44] Epoch: [064][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.524) Prec@1 66.41 (64.31) Prec@5 88.28 (84.63) - train[2018-10-14-14:17:31] Epoch: [064][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.525) Prec@1 68.75 (64.30) Prec@5 86.72 (84.63) - train[2018-10-14-14:19:18] Epoch: [064][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.526) Prec@1 68.75 (64.29) Prec@5 85.16 (84.62) - train[2018-10-14-14:21:03] Epoch: [064][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.526) Prec@1 59.38 (64.28) Prec@5 83.59 (84.62) - train[2018-10-14-14:22:50] Epoch: [064][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.473 (3.527) Prec@1 66.41 (64.28) Prec@5 82.81 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-14:24:35] Epoch: [064][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.526) Prec@1 65.62 (64.30) Prec@5 82.81 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-14:26:21] Epoch: [064][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.647 (3.527) Prec@1 67.97 (64.29) Prec@5 82.81 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-14:28:07] Epoch: [064][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.832 (3.528) Prec@1 58.59 (64.27) Prec@5 82.81 (84.60) - train[2018-10-14-14:29:53] Epoch: [064][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.514 (3.529) Prec@1 61.72 (64.25) Prec@5 84.38 (84.59) - train[2018-10-14-14:31:39] Epoch: [064][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.399 (3.529) Prec@1 67.19 (64.23) Prec@5 84.38 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-14:33:24] Epoch: [064][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (3.531) Prec@1 67.97 (64.21) Prec@5 89.06 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-14:35:10] Epoch: [064][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.531) Prec@1 67.19 (64.20) Prec@5 85.94 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-14:36:55] Epoch: [064][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.531) Prec@1 70.31 (64.19) Prec@5 84.38 (84.55) - train[2018-10-14-14:38:41] Epoch: [064][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.845 (3.532) Prec@1 60.94 (64.19) Prec@5 84.38 (84.55) - train[2018-10-14-14:40:25] Epoch: [064][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.745 (3.532) Prec@1 56.25 (64.19) Prec@5 80.47 (84.54) - train[2018-10-14-14:42:09] Epoch: [064][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.059 (3.533) Prec@1 56.25 (64.17) Prec@5 77.34 (84.53) - train[2018-10-14-14:43:53] Epoch: [064][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.470 (3.534) Prec@1 68.75 (64.16) Prec@5 83.59 (84.52) - train[2018-10-14-14:45:39] Epoch: [064][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.534) Prec@1 62.50 (64.15) Prec@5 80.47 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-14:47:23] Epoch: [064][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.086 (3.534) Prec@1 56.25 (64.15) Prec@5 76.56 (84.51) - train[2018-10-14-14:49:08] Epoch: [064][9000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.477 (3.535) Prec@1 57.03 (64.13) Prec@5 85.16 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-14:50:53] Epoch: [064][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.535) Prec@1 67.19 (64.13) Prec@5 88.28 (84.50) - train[2018-10-14-14:52:38] Epoch: [064][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.703 (3.536) Prec@1 60.16 (64.12) Prec@5 81.25 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-14:54:23] Epoch: [064][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (3.536) Prec@1 61.72 (64.12) Prec@5 84.38 (84.49) - train[2018-10-14-14:56:08] Epoch: [064][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.536) Prec@1 67.97 (64.11) Prec@5 85.16 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-14:57:52] Epoch: [064][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.417 (3.537) Prec@1 67.19 (64.11) Prec@5 85.94 (84.48) - train[2018-10-14-14:57:56] Epoch: [064][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.237 (3.537) Prec@1 46.67 (64.11) Prec@5 73.33 (84.48) -[2018-10-14-14:57:56] **train** Prec@1 64.11 Prec@5 84.48 Error@1 35.89 Error@5 15.52 Loss:3.537 - test [2018-10-14-14:58:00] Epoch: [064][000/391] Time 4.07 (4.07) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.738 (0.738) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-14-14:58:26] Epoch: [064][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.539 (1.239) Prec@1 57.81 (71.75) Prec@5 86.72 (90.80) - test [2018-10-14-14:58:51] Epoch: [064][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.659 (1.420) Prec@1 41.25 (67.90) Prec@5 68.75 (88.20) -[2018-10-14-14:58:51] **test** Prec@1 67.90 Prec@5 88.20 Error@1 32.10 Error@5 11.80 Loss:1.420 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.90, Acc@5=88.20, Error@1=32.10, Error@5=11.80 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-14:58:51] [Epoch=065/250] [Need: 272:44:45] LR=0.0138 ~ 0.0138, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-14:58:55] Epoch: [065][000/10010] Time 4.43 (4.43) Data 3.85 (3.85) Loss 3.389 (3.389) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-14-15:00:40] Epoch: [065][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.677 (3.494) Prec@1 60.16 (64.75) Prec@5 85.16 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-15:02:24] Epoch: [065][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.265 (3.499) Prec@1 67.97 (64.85) Prec@5 87.50 (84.96) - train[2018-10-14-15:04:08] Epoch: [065][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.611 (3.503) Prec@1 63.28 (64.61) Prec@5 83.59 (84.94) - train[2018-10-14-15:05:51] Epoch: [065][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (3.495) Prec@1 64.84 (64.78) Prec@5 84.38 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-15:07:35] Epoch: [065][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.080 (3.500) Prec@1 52.34 (64.74) Prec@5 77.34 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-15:09:19] Epoch: [065][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.503) Prec@1 68.75 (64.73) Prec@5 90.62 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-15:11:03] Epoch: [065][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.501) Prec@1 66.41 (64.75) Prec@5 86.72 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-15:12:47] Epoch: [065][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.564 (3.503) Prec@1 65.62 (64.69) Prec@5 85.94 (84.96) - train[2018-10-14-15:14:32] Epoch: [065][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.504) Prec@1 64.06 (64.69) Prec@5 86.72 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-15:16:16] Epoch: [065][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.503) Prec@1 67.19 (64.73) Prec@5 86.72 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-15:17:59] Epoch: [065][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.504) Prec@1 70.31 (64.73) Prec@5 84.38 (84.92) - train[2018-10-14-15:19:43] Epoch: [065][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.730 (3.504) Prec@1 61.72 (64.72) Prec@5 81.25 (84.91) - train[2018-10-14-15:21:27] Epoch: [065][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.735 (3.504) Prec@1 61.72 (64.73) Prec@5 82.03 (84.91) - train[2018-10-14-15:23:11] Epoch: [065][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (3.504) Prec@1 67.19 (64.73) Prec@5 87.50 (84.91) - train[2018-10-14-15:24:56] Epoch: [065][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.643 (3.506) Prec@1 57.03 (64.69) Prec@5 85.16 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-15:26:41] Epoch: [065][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.720 (3.509) Prec@1 57.81 (64.65) Prec@5 82.81 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-15:28:25] Epoch: [065][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (3.509) Prec@1 64.84 (64.65) Prec@5 81.25 (84.83) - train[2018-10-14-15:30:09] Epoch: [065][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.511) Prec@1 68.75 (64.62) Prec@5 86.72 (84.82) - train[2018-10-14-15:31:53] Epoch: [065][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.512) Prec@1 65.62 (64.58) Prec@5 89.84 (84.79) - train[2018-10-14-15:33:37] Epoch: [065][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (3.513) Prec@1 61.72 (64.60) Prec@5 83.59 (84.78) - train[2018-10-14-15:35:20] Epoch: [065][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.513) Prec@1 66.41 (64.60) Prec@5 86.72 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-15:37:05] Epoch: [065][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.513) Prec@1 67.19 (64.60) Prec@5 80.47 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-15:38:49] Epoch: [065][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.694 (3.514) Prec@1 63.28 (64.57) Prec@5 80.47 (84.75) - train[2018-10-14-15:40:33] Epoch: [065][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.659 (3.515) Prec@1 63.28 (64.57) Prec@5 82.81 (84.75) - train[2018-10-14-15:42:17] Epoch: [065][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.515) Prec@1 67.19 (64.57) Prec@5 85.16 (84.74) - train[2018-10-14-15:44:02] Epoch: [065][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.516) Prec@1 64.06 (64.57) Prec@5 84.38 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-15:45:46] Epoch: [065][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.516) Prec@1 64.84 (64.56) Prec@5 86.72 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-15:47:30] Epoch: [065][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.517) Prec@1 57.03 (64.55) Prec@5 84.38 (84.71) - train[2018-10-14-15:49:13] Epoch: [065][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.518) Prec@1 71.88 (64.53) Prec@5 88.28 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-15:50:57] Epoch: [065][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.799 (3.518) Prec@1 55.47 (64.53) Prec@5 81.25 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-15:52:42] Epoch: [065][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.518) Prec@1 64.84 (64.53) Prec@5 84.38 (84.69) - train[2018-10-14-15:54:26] Epoch: [065][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.715 (3.520) Prec@1 57.81 (64.50) Prec@5 75.78 (84.67) - train[2018-10-14-15:56:10] Epoch: [065][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.520) Prec@1 63.28 (64.50) Prec@5 84.38 (84.67) - train[2018-10-14-15:57:54] Epoch: [065][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.520) Prec@1 66.41 (64.49) Prec@5 85.94 (84.66) - train[2018-10-14-15:59:38] Epoch: [065][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.524 (3.521) Prec@1 64.06 (64.46) Prec@5 85.16 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-16:01:21] Epoch: [065][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.521) Prec@1 73.44 (64.44) Prec@5 86.72 (84.65) - train[2018-10-14-16:03:07] Epoch: [065][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.522) Prec@1 65.62 (64.44) Prec@5 86.72 (84.64) - train[2018-10-14-16:04:53] Epoch: [065][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.523) Prec@1 64.06 (64.42) Prec@5 86.72 (84.63) - train[2018-10-14-16:06:39] Epoch: [065][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.524) Prec@1 64.84 (64.40) Prec@5 78.91 (84.62) - train[2018-10-14-16:08:22] Epoch: [065][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.524) Prec@1 64.06 (64.38) Prec@5 86.72 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-16:10:07] Epoch: [065][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.525) Prec@1 65.62 (64.38) Prec@5 86.72 (84.61) - train[2018-10-14-16:11:51] Epoch: [065][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.526) Prec@1 65.62 (64.36) Prec@5 84.38 (84.60) - train[2018-10-14-16:13:34] Epoch: [065][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.508 (3.526) Prec@1 60.94 (64.35) Prec@5 85.16 (84.60) - train[2018-10-14-16:15:18] Epoch: [065][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.715 (3.526) Prec@1 62.50 (64.35) Prec@5 82.03 (84.59) - train[2018-10-14-16:17:02] Epoch: [065][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.663 (3.527) Prec@1 61.72 (64.34) Prec@5 82.81 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-16:18:46] Epoch: [065][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.527) Prec@1 65.62 (64.33) Prec@5 85.94 (84.58) - train[2018-10-14-16:20:30] Epoch: [065][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.528) Prec@1 63.28 (64.32) Prec@5 86.72 (84.57) - train[2018-10-14-16:22:13] Epoch: [065][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.889 (3.528) Prec@1 53.91 (64.32) Prec@5 77.34 (84.57) - train[2018-10-14-16:23:57] Epoch: [065][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.859 (3.529) Prec@1 57.03 (64.31) Prec@5 81.25 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-16:25:41] Epoch: [065][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.529) Prec@1 71.88 (64.30) Prec@5 83.59 (84.56) - train[2018-10-14-16:25:45] Epoch: [065][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.056 (3.529) Prec@1 46.67 (64.30) Prec@5 60.00 (84.56) -[2018-10-14-16:25:45] **train** Prec@1 64.30 Prec@5 84.56 Error@1 35.70 Error@5 15.44 Loss:3.529 - test [2018-10-14-16:25:49] Epoch: [065][000/391] Time 3.85 (3.85) Data 3.72 (3.72) Loss 0.780 (0.780) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-14-16:26:15] Epoch: [065][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.471 (1.199) Prec@1 62.50 (71.90) Prec@5 89.06 (91.19) - test [2018-10-14-16:26:40] Epoch: [065][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.379 (1.392) Prec@1 41.25 (67.87) Prec@5 77.50 (88.35) -[2018-10-14-16:26:40] **test** Prec@1 67.87 Prec@5 88.35 Error@1 32.13 Error@5 11.65 Loss:1.392 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=67.90, Acc@5=88.20, Error@1=32.10, Error@5=11.80 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-16:26:40] [Epoch=066/250] [Need: 269:19:30] LR=0.0134 ~ 0.0134, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-16:26:44] Epoch: [066][000/10010] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.40 (3.40) Loss 3.514 (3.514) Prec@1 64.84 (64.84) Prec@5 84.38 (84.38) - train[2018-10-14-16:28:28] Epoch: [066][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.375 (3.494) Prec@1 68.75 (64.80) Prec@5 89.06 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-16:30:13] Epoch: [066][400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.441 (3.489) Prec@1 67.97 (64.89) Prec@5 85.94 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-16:31:57] Epoch: [066][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.884 (3.484) Prec@1 55.47 (64.94) Prec@5 79.69 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-16:33:42] Epoch: [066][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.629 (3.490) Prec@1 63.28 (64.83) Prec@5 82.81 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-16:35:26] Epoch: [066][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.732 (3.489) Prec@1 61.72 (64.89) Prec@5 82.81 (85.03) - train[2018-10-14-16:37:10] Epoch: [066][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.768 (3.494) Prec@1 60.16 (64.84) Prec@5 81.25 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-16:38:54] Epoch: [066][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.411 (3.491) Prec@1 70.31 (64.95) Prec@5 84.38 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-16:40:38] Epoch: [066][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (3.489) Prec@1 66.41 (64.97) Prec@5 87.50 (85.03) - train[2018-10-14-16:42:22] Epoch: [066][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.377 (3.492) Prec@1 68.75 (64.96) Prec@5 86.72 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-16:44:07] Epoch: [066][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.389 (3.491) Prec@1 66.41 (64.96) Prec@5 87.50 (85.02) - train[2018-10-14-16:45:50] Epoch: [066][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.789 (3.491) Prec@1 57.03 (64.96) Prec@5 78.12 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-16:47:35] Epoch: [066][2400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.075 (3.491) Prec@1 57.81 (64.95) Prec@5 77.34 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-16:49:18] Epoch: [066][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.598 (3.493) Prec@1 60.16 (64.92) Prec@5 87.50 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-16:51:02] Epoch: [066][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.492) Prec@1 66.41 (64.92) Prec@5 88.28 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-16:52:47] Epoch: [066][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.493) Prec@1 59.38 (64.91) Prec@5 83.59 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-16:54:30] Epoch: [066][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.913 (3.493) Prec@1 61.72 (64.89) Prec@5 77.34 (84.99) - train[2018-10-14-16:56:15] Epoch: [066][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.494) Prec@1 64.84 (64.90) Prec@5 84.38 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-16:57:59] Epoch: [066][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.343 (3.494) Prec@1 69.53 (64.90) Prec@5 83.59 (84.99) - train[2018-10-14-16:59:44] Epoch: [066][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.491 (3.495) Prec@1 65.62 (64.87) Prec@5 85.16 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-17:01:29] Epoch: [066][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.496) Prec@1 67.19 (64.86) Prec@5 85.94 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-17:03:14] Epoch: [066][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.496) Prec@1 64.06 (64.84) Prec@5 87.50 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-17:04:59] Epoch: [066][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.497) Prec@1 70.31 (64.82) Prec@5 86.72 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-17:06:43] Epoch: [066][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.498) Prec@1 65.62 (64.80) Prec@5 85.94 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-17:08:27] Epoch: [066][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.672 (3.498) Prec@1 60.16 (64.79) Prec@5 83.59 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-17:10:12] Epoch: [066][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (3.498) Prec@1 74.22 (64.78) Prec@5 89.84 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-17:11:56] Epoch: [066][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.687 (3.499) Prec@1 62.50 (64.77) Prec@5 84.38 (84.93) - train[2018-10-14-17:13:41] Epoch: [066][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.839 (3.500) Prec@1 57.03 (64.75) Prec@5 81.25 (84.92) - train[2018-10-14-17:15:25] Epoch: [066][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.766 (3.501) Prec@1 57.81 (64.73) Prec@5 84.38 (84.89) - train[2018-10-14-17:17:10] Epoch: [066][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.502) Prec@1 62.50 (64.71) Prec@5 85.16 (84.89) - train[2018-10-14-17:18:53] Epoch: [066][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.503) Prec@1 67.97 (64.70) Prec@5 84.38 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-17:20:38] Epoch: [066][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.504) Prec@1 58.59 (64.69) Prec@5 83.59 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-17:22:23] Epoch: [066][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.481 (3.504) Prec@1 64.84 (64.67) Prec@5 82.81 (84.87) - train[2018-10-14-17:24:07] Epoch: [066][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.717 (3.504) Prec@1 63.28 (64.67) Prec@5 79.69 (84.87) - train[2018-10-14-17:25:51] Epoch: [066][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.505) Prec@1 70.31 (64.65) Prec@5 89.06 (84.86) - train[2018-10-14-17:27:35] Epoch: [066][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.506) Prec@1 66.41 (64.63) Prec@5 83.59 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-17:29:19] Epoch: [066][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.507) Prec@1 71.09 (64.62) Prec@5 83.59 (84.83) - train[2018-10-14-17:31:03] Epoch: [066][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.630 (3.507) Prec@1 64.06 (64.62) Prec@5 82.81 (84.81) - train[2018-10-14-17:32:46] Epoch: [066][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.695 (3.509) Prec@1 63.28 (64.59) Prec@5 85.16 (84.80) - train[2018-10-14-17:34:31] Epoch: [066][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.510) Prec@1 69.53 (64.58) Prec@5 83.59 (84.77) - train[2018-10-14-17:36:15] Epoch: [066][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (3.511) Prec@1 60.94 (64.57) Prec@5 83.59 (84.76) - train[2018-10-14-17:37:59] Epoch: [066][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.512) Prec@1 64.06 (64.55) Prec@5 86.72 (84.74) - train[2018-10-14-17:39:43] Epoch: [066][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.512) Prec@1 65.62 (64.55) Prec@5 91.41 (84.75) - train[2018-10-14-17:41:26] Epoch: [066][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.497 (3.513) Prec@1 67.97 (64.53) Prec@5 85.94 (84.73) - train[2018-10-14-17:43:10] Epoch: [066][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (3.514) Prec@1 66.41 (64.53) Prec@5 85.16 (84.72) - train[2018-10-14-17:44:55] Epoch: [066][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.944 (3.515) Prec@1 60.16 (64.50) Prec@5 81.25 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-17:46:40] Epoch: [066][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.515) Prec@1 63.28 (64.50) Prec@5 88.28 (84.71) - train[2018-10-14-17:48:25] Epoch: [066][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.515) Prec@1 62.50 (64.48) Prec@5 85.16 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-17:50:10] Epoch: [066][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (3.516) Prec@1 64.84 (64.46) Prec@5 88.28 (84.70) - train[2018-10-14-17:51:55] Epoch: [066][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.516) Prec@1 65.62 (64.45) Prec@5 85.94 (84.69) - train[2018-10-14-17:53:39] Epoch: [066][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.516) Prec@1 64.06 (64.45) Prec@5 86.72 (84.69) - train[2018-10-14-17:53:44] Epoch: [066][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.516) Prec@1 66.67 (64.45) Prec@5 93.33 (84.69) -[2018-10-14-17:53:44] **train** Prec@1 64.45 Prec@5 84.69 Error@1 35.55 Error@5 15.31 Loss:3.516 - test [2018-10-14-17:53:48] Epoch: [066][000/391] Time 3.90 (3.90) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 0.784 (0.784) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-14-17:54:14] Epoch: [066][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.473 (1.204) Prec@1 65.62 (72.28) Prec@5 89.06 (91.31) - test [2018-10-14-17:54:38] Epoch: [066][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.658 (1.391) Prec@1 41.25 (68.28) Prec@5 70.00 (88.64) -[2018-10-14-17:54:38] **test** Prec@1 68.28 Prec@5 88.64 Error@1 31.72 Error@5 11.36 Loss:1.391 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.28, Acc@5=88.64, Error@1=31.72, Error@5=11.36 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-17:54:38] [Epoch=067/250] [Need: 268:18:12] LR=0.0130 ~ 0.0130, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-17:54:44] Epoch: [067][000/10010] Time 5.70 (5.70) Data 5.14 (5.14) Loss 3.669 (3.669) Prec@1 60.94 (60.94) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-14-17:56:28] Epoch: [067][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.560 (3.473) Prec@1 65.62 (65.33) Prec@5 87.50 (85.47) - train[2018-10-14-17:58:12] Epoch: [067][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.643 (3.485) Prec@1 60.16 (65.15) Prec@5 85.16 (85.29) - train[2018-10-14-17:59:57] Epoch: [067][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.517 (3.481) Prec@1 61.72 (65.16) Prec@5 86.72 (85.31) - train[2018-10-14-18:01:40] Epoch: [067][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.457 (3.481) Prec@1 61.72 (65.17) Prec@5 88.28 (85.28) - train[2018-10-14-18:03:25] Epoch: [067][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.541 (3.480) Prec@1 64.84 (65.15) Prec@5 82.81 (85.25) - train[2018-10-14-18:05:09] Epoch: [067][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.698 (3.477) Prec@1 66.41 (65.22) Prec@5 82.03 (85.32) - train[2018-10-14-18:06:53] Epoch: [067][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.478) Prec@1 62.50 (65.19) Prec@5 85.94 (85.27) - train[2018-10-14-18:08:37] Epoch: [067][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.496 (3.478) Prec@1 63.28 (65.18) Prec@5 86.72 (85.25) - train[2018-10-14-18:10:21] Epoch: [067][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (3.480) Prec@1 64.84 (65.15) Prec@5 82.81 (85.23) - train[2018-10-14-18:12:05] Epoch: [067][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (3.481) Prec@1 71.88 (65.14) Prec@5 87.50 (85.20) - train[2018-10-14-18:13:50] Epoch: [067][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.624 (3.482) Prec@1 61.72 (65.13) Prec@5 86.72 (85.16) - train[2018-10-14-18:15:34] Epoch: [067][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.483) Prec@1 63.28 (65.11) Prec@5 82.03 (85.14) - train[2018-10-14-18:17:18] Epoch: [067][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.483) Prec@1 71.09 (65.10) Prec@5 88.28 (85.13) - train[2018-10-14-18:19:02] Epoch: [067][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.516 (3.484) Prec@1 66.41 (65.11) Prec@5 82.81 (85.11) - train[2018-10-14-18:20:46] Epoch: [067][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.250 (3.485) Prec@1 71.88 (65.09) Prec@5 87.50 (85.11) - train[2018-10-14-18:22:29] Epoch: [067][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (3.484) Prec@1 68.75 (65.11) Prec@5 88.28 (85.12) - train[2018-10-14-18:24:13] Epoch: [067][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.484) Prec@1 64.06 (65.11) Prec@5 89.06 (85.10) - train[2018-10-14-18:25:57] Epoch: [067][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.647 (3.485) Prec@1 65.62 (65.11) Prec@5 85.16 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-18:27:42] Epoch: [067][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.485) Prec@1 63.28 (65.10) Prec@5 87.50 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-18:29:26] Epoch: [067][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (3.485) Prec@1 67.97 (65.09) Prec@5 86.72 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-18:31:11] Epoch: [067][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.470 (3.487) Prec@1 60.16 (65.07) Prec@5 85.16 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-18:32:55] Epoch: [067][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.488) Prec@1 70.31 (65.04) Prec@5 84.38 (85.05) - train[2018-10-14-18:34:40] Epoch: [067][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.435 (3.489) Prec@1 67.19 (65.02) Prec@5 83.59 (85.04) - train[2018-10-14-18:36:25] Epoch: [067][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.490) Prec@1 66.41 (64.98) Prec@5 81.25 (85.03) - train[2018-10-14-18:38:09] Epoch: [067][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.978 (3.491) Prec@1 53.12 (64.97) Prec@5 83.59 (85.02) - train[2018-10-14-18:39:54] Epoch: [067][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (3.491) Prec@1 68.75 (64.98) Prec@5 87.50 (85.02) - train[2018-10-14-18:41:38] Epoch: [067][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.491) Prec@1 70.31 (64.97) Prec@5 86.72 (85.01) - train[2018-10-14-18:43:22] Epoch: [067][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.407 (3.492) Prec@1 67.19 (64.95) Prec@5 87.50 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-18:45:06] Epoch: [067][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.718 (3.493) Prec@1 61.72 (64.93) Prec@5 84.38 (85.00) - train[2018-10-14-18:46:51] Epoch: [067][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.494) Prec@1 67.97 (64.91) Prec@5 86.72 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-18:48:35] Epoch: [067][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.495) Prec@1 64.84 (64.89) Prec@5 89.06 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-18:50:18] Epoch: [067][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (3.495) Prec@1 67.19 (64.89) Prec@5 85.16 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-18:52:02] Epoch: [067][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.713 (3.497) Prec@1 59.38 (64.86) Prec@5 83.59 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-18:53:46] Epoch: [067][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (3.498) Prec@1 73.44 (64.84) Prec@5 91.41 (84.94) - train[2018-10-14-18:55:31] Epoch: [067][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.499) Prec@1 59.38 (64.82) Prec@5 89.06 (84.93) - train[2018-10-14-18:57:15] Epoch: [067][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.499) Prec@1 73.44 (64.81) Prec@5 89.06 (84.92) - train[2018-10-14-18:59:01] Epoch: [067][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.500) Prec@1 67.97 (64.79) Prec@5 90.62 (84.91) - train[2018-10-14-19:00:47] Epoch: [067][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.450 (3.500) Prec@1 64.84 (64.78) Prec@5 85.16 (84.90) - train[2018-10-14-19:02:31] Epoch: [067][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.468 (3.501) Prec@1 64.06 (64.77) Prec@5 85.16 (84.89) - train[2018-10-14-19:04:15] Epoch: [067][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.501) Prec@1 71.88 (64.75) Prec@5 89.06 (84.89) - train[2018-10-14-19:06:00] Epoch: [067][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.501) Prec@1 72.66 (64.75) Prec@5 89.84 (84.89) - train[2018-10-14-19:07:44] Epoch: [067][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.501) Prec@1 64.84 (64.75) Prec@5 86.72 (84.88) - train[2018-10-14-19:09:28] Epoch: [067][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.502) Prec@1 61.72 (64.74) Prec@5 86.72 (84.87) - train[2018-10-14-19:11:12] Epoch: [067][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.548 (3.504) Prec@1 60.94 (64.71) Prec@5 85.94 (84.85) - train[2018-10-14-19:12:56] Epoch: [067][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.521 (3.504) Prec@1 62.50 (64.71) Prec@5 86.72 (84.85) - train[2018-10-14-19:14:40] Epoch: [067][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.504) Prec@1 64.06 (64.70) Prec@5 88.28 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-19:16:25] Epoch: [067][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.505) Prec@1 64.06 (64.69) Prec@5 82.81 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-19:18:09] Epoch: [067][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.505) Prec@1 62.50 (64.70) Prec@5 82.81 (84.85) - train[2018-10-14-19:19:53] Epoch: [067][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.620 (3.505) Prec@1 62.50 (64.69) Prec@5 82.03 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-19:21:37] Epoch: [067][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.505) Prec@1 62.50 (64.68) Prec@5 83.59 (84.84) - train[2018-10-14-19:21:41] Epoch: [067][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.009 (3.505) Prec@1 66.67 (64.68) Prec@5 73.33 (84.84) -[2018-10-14-19:21:41] **train** Prec@1 64.68 Prec@5 84.84 Error@1 35.32 Error@5 15.16 Loss:3.505 - test [2018-10-14-19:21:45] Epoch: [067][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 0.831 (0.831) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-14-19:22:12] Epoch: [067][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.517 (1.227) Prec@1 63.28 (71.88) Prec@5 85.16 (91.06) - test [2018-10-14-19:22:37] Epoch: [067][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.289 (1.400) Prec@1 32.50 (68.13) Prec@5 80.00 (88.52) -[2018-10-14-19:22:37] **test** Prec@1 68.13 Prec@5 88.52 Error@1 31.87 Error@5 11.48 Loss:1.400 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.28, Acc@5=88.64, Error@1=31.72, Error@5=11.36 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-19:22:37] [Epoch=068/250] [Need: 266:51:26] LR=0.0126 ~ 0.0126, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-19:22:41] Epoch: [068][000/10010] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 3.68 (3.68) Loss 3.422 (3.422) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-14-19:24:26] Epoch: [068][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.347 (3.445) Prec@1 69.53 (65.68) Prec@5 88.28 (85.61) - train[2018-10-14-19:26:10] Epoch: [068][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.500 (3.457) Prec@1 68.75 (65.71) Prec@5 85.16 (85.40) - train[2018-10-14-19:27:54] Epoch: [068][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.560 (3.466) Prec@1 65.62 (65.57) Prec@5 85.94 (85.31) - train[2018-10-14-19:29:38] Epoch: [068][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.266 (3.465) Prec@1 68.75 (65.55) Prec@5 89.06 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-19:31:22] Epoch: [068][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.466) Prec@1 62.50 (65.45) Prec@5 83.59 (85.31) - train[2018-10-14-19:33:06] Epoch: [068][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.467) Prec@1 66.41 (65.44) Prec@5 85.16 (85.34) - train[2018-10-14-19:34:50] Epoch: [068][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.472) Prec@1 70.31 (65.33) Prec@5 88.28 (85.29) - train[2018-10-14-19:36:35] Epoch: [068][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.472) Prec@1 67.97 (65.34) Prec@5 87.50 (85.29) - train[2018-10-14-19:38:19] Epoch: [068][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.471) Prec@1 67.19 (65.31) Prec@5 87.50 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-19:40:02] Epoch: [068][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.473) Prec@1 60.16 (65.29) Prec@5 87.50 (85.28) - train[2018-10-14-19:41:47] Epoch: [068][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.386 (3.476) Prec@1 67.97 (65.25) Prec@5 85.16 (85.27) - train[2018-10-14-19:43:31] Epoch: [068][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.499 (3.475) Prec@1 67.19 (65.29) Prec@5 85.94 (85.28) - train[2018-10-14-19:45:16] Epoch: [068][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.622 (3.476) Prec@1 61.72 (65.23) Prec@5 82.81 (85.27) - train[2018-10-14-19:47:02] Epoch: [068][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.503 (3.478) Prec@1 60.94 (65.21) Prec@5 83.59 (85.24) - train[2018-10-14-19:48:47] Epoch: [068][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.478) Prec@1 61.72 (65.20) Prec@5 82.03 (85.24) - train[2018-10-14-19:50:32] Epoch: [068][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.568 (3.478) Prec@1 61.72 (65.18) Prec@5 85.16 (85.22) - train[2018-10-14-19:52:17] Epoch: [068][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.777 (3.480) Prec@1 67.19 (65.17) Prec@5 82.81 (85.21) - train[2018-10-14-19:54:01] Epoch: [068][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.480) Prec@1 65.62 (65.14) Prec@5 86.72 (85.20) - train[2018-10-14-19:55:46] Epoch: [068][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.575 (3.480) Prec@1 63.28 (65.12) Prec@5 87.50 (85.19) - train[2018-10-14-19:57:30] Epoch: [068][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (3.481) Prec@1 66.41 (65.13) Prec@5 85.94 (85.17) - train[2018-10-14-19:59:14] Epoch: [068][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (3.482) Prec@1 64.84 (65.11) Prec@5 82.81 (85.16) - train[2018-10-14-20:00:58] Epoch: [068][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.398 (3.483) Prec@1 66.41 (65.09) Prec@5 85.16 (85.15) - train[2018-10-14-20:02:43] Epoch: [068][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.627 (3.483) Prec@1 55.47 (65.08) Prec@5 84.38 (85.15) - train[2018-10-14-20:04:27] Epoch: [068][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.126 (3.483) Prec@1 54.69 (65.09) Prec@5 76.56 (85.15) - train[2018-10-14-20:06:12] Epoch: [068][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.396 (3.484) Prec@1 64.84 (65.07) Prec@5 82.81 (85.14) - train[2018-10-14-20:07:56] Epoch: [068][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.541 (3.485) Prec@1 62.50 (65.05) Prec@5 80.47 (85.12) - train[2018-10-14-20:09:40] Epoch: [068][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.572 (3.485) Prec@1 65.62 (65.04) Prec@5 85.16 (85.13) - train[2018-10-14-20:11:24] Epoch: [068][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.485) Prec@1 64.06 (65.06) Prec@5 85.16 (85.12) - train[2018-10-14-20:13:08] Epoch: [068][5800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.666 (3.486) Prec@1 57.03 (65.03) Prec@5 82.03 (85.10) - train[2018-10-14-20:14:53] Epoch: [068][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.593 (3.486) Prec@1 63.28 (65.04) Prec@5 78.91 (85.10) - train[2018-10-14-20:16:37] Epoch: [068][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.633 (3.487) Prec@1 59.38 (65.01) Prec@5 81.25 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-20:18:22] Epoch: [068][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.419 (3.487) Prec@1 69.53 (64.99) Prec@5 84.38 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-20:20:06] Epoch: [068][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.488) Prec@1 60.16 (64.97) Prec@5 80.47 (85.06) - train[2018-10-14-20:21:50] Epoch: [068][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.489) Prec@1 65.62 (64.96) Prec@5 85.16 (85.06) - train[2018-10-14-20:23:34] Epoch: [068][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.395 (3.489) Prec@1 67.19 (64.96) Prec@5 85.16 (85.06) - train[2018-10-14-20:25:18] Epoch: [068][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (3.490) Prec@1 71.88 (64.94) Prec@5 89.06 (85.05) - train[2018-10-14-20:27:03] Epoch: [068][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.561 (3.490) Prec@1 64.06 (64.93) Prec@5 84.38 (85.04) - train[2018-10-14-20:28:46] Epoch: [068][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.490) Prec@1 63.28 (64.92) Prec@5 85.16 (85.04) - train[2018-10-14-20:30:31] Epoch: [068][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.491) Prec@1 65.62 (64.92) Prec@5 84.38 (85.03) - train[2018-10-14-20:32:16] Epoch: [068][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.491) Prec@1 67.97 (64.91) Prec@5 86.72 (85.02) - train[2018-10-14-20:34:01] Epoch: [068][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.491) Prec@1 71.88 (64.91) Prec@5 88.28 (85.02) - train[2018-10-14-20:35:45] Epoch: [068][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.712 (3.493) Prec@1 56.25 (64.88) Prec@5 80.47 (84.99) - train[2018-10-14-20:37:29] Epoch: [068][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.493) Prec@1 68.75 (64.86) Prec@5 90.62 (84.99) - train[2018-10-14-20:39:13] Epoch: [068][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.494) Prec@1 67.19 (64.85) Prec@5 84.38 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-20:40:57] Epoch: [068][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.551 (3.494) Prec@1 57.03 (64.84) Prec@5 85.94 (84.98) - train[2018-10-14-20:42:41] Epoch: [068][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.495) Prec@1 64.06 (64.82) Prec@5 82.81 (84.97) - train[2018-10-14-20:44:26] Epoch: [068][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.536 (3.495) Prec@1 62.50 (64.82) Prec@5 82.81 (84.96) - train[2018-10-14-20:46:10] Epoch: [068][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.649 (3.496) Prec@1 64.06 (64.81) Prec@5 81.25 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-20:47:54] Epoch: [068][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.677 (3.497) Prec@1 59.38 (64.80) Prec@5 85.94 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-20:49:39] Epoch: [068][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.497) Prec@1 60.94 (64.78) Prec@5 85.16 (84.95) - train[2018-10-14-20:49:43] Epoch: [068][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (3.497) Prec@1 66.67 (64.78) Prec@5 86.67 (84.95) -[2018-10-14-20:49:43] **train** Prec@1 64.78 Prec@5 84.95 Error@1 35.22 Error@5 15.05 Loss:3.497 - test [2018-10-14-20:49:47] Epoch: [068][000/391] Time 4.15 (4.15) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 0.765 (0.765) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-14-20:50:14] Epoch: [068][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.542 (1.187) Prec@1 59.38 (72.10) Prec@5 85.94 (91.22) - test [2018-10-14-20:50:38] Epoch: [068][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.304 (1.367) Prec@1 41.25 (68.45) Prec@5 78.75 (88.52) -[2018-10-14-20:50:38] **test** Prec@1 68.45 Prec@5 88.52 Error@1 31.55 Error@5 11.48 Loss:1.367 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.45, Acc@5=88.52, Error@1=31.55, Error@5=11.48 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-20:50:38] [Epoch=069/250] [Need: 265:31:52] LR=0.0122 ~ 0.0122, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-20:50:43] Epoch: [069][000/10010] Time 4.51 (4.51) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 3.522 (3.522) Prec@1 61.72 (61.72) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-14-20:52:27] Epoch: [069][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.690 (3.437) Prec@1 57.03 (65.81) Prec@5 82.03 (85.69) - train[2018-10-14-20:54:12] Epoch: [069][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.548 (3.452) Prec@1 61.72 (65.50) Prec@5 86.72 (85.53) - train[2018-10-14-20:55:56] Epoch: [069][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.392 (3.451) Prec@1 64.06 (65.49) Prec@5 89.06 (85.55) - train[2018-10-14-20:57:40] Epoch: [069][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.532 (3.455) Prec@1 64.06 (65.42) Prec@5 85.16 (85.51) - train[2018-10-14-20:59:24] Epoch: [069][1000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.273 (3.453) Prec@1 69.53 (65.50) Prec@5 86.72 (85.51) - train[2018-10-14-21:01:08] Epoch: [069][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.452) Prec@1 66.41 (65.51) Prec@5 87.50 (85.53) - train[2018-10-14-21:02:53] Epoch: [069][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.604 (3.455) Prec@1 62.50 (65.44) Prec@5 85.16 (85.49) - train[2018-10-14-21:04:38] Epoch: [069][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.458) Prec@1 68.75 (65.40) Prec@5 85.16 (85.43) - train[2018-10-14-21:06:22] Epoch: [069][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.461) Prec@1 65.62 (65.39) Prec@5 82.81 (85.38) - train[2018-10-14-21:08:06] Epoch: [069][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.462) Prec@1 67.19 (65.37) Prec@5 89.06 (85.37) - train[2018-10-14-21:09:50] Epoch: [069][2200/10010] Time 0.62 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.743 (3.464) Prec@1 63.28 (65.32) Prec@5 83.59 (85.32) - train[2018-10-14-21:11:36] Epoch: [069][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.466) Prec@1 69.53 (65.32) Prec@5 90.62 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-21:13:21] Epoch: [069][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.343 (3.468) Prec@1 70.31 (65.33) Prec@5 86.72 (85.26) - train[2018-10-14-21:15:05] Epoch: [069][2800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.693 (3.467) Prec@1 57.81 (65.33) Prec@5 84.38 (85.26) - train[2018-10-14-21:16:49] Epoch: [069][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (3.467) Prec@1 69.53 (65.34) Prec@5 89.06 (85.27) - train[2018-10-14-21:18:34] Epoch: [069][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.693 (3.469) Prec@1 63.28 (65.32) Prec@5 82.81 (85.24) - train[2018-10-14-21:20:17] Epoch: [069][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.470) Prec@1 67.19 (65.31) Prec@5 82.81 (85.24) - train[2018-10-14-21:22:03] Epoch: [069][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.471) Prec@1 61.72 (65.28) Prec@5 85.94 (85.23) - train[2018-10-14-21:23:48] Epoch: [069][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.932 (3.471) Prec@1 56.25 (65.28) Prec@5 77.34 (85.23) - train[2018-10-14-21:25:32] Epoch: [069][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.472) Prec@1 65.62 (65.25) Prec@5 82.03 (85.21) - train[2018-10-14-21:27:17] Epoch: [069][4200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.595 (3.472) Prec@1 66.41 (65.24) Prec@5 82.03 (85.22) - train[2018-10-14-21:29:01] Epoch: [069][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.473) Prec@1 77.34 (65.25) Prec@5 89.84 (85.22) - train[2018-10-14-21:30:46] Epoch: [069][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.473) Prec@1 61.72 (65.24) Prec@5 83.59 (85.21) - train[2018-10-14-21:32:31] Epoch: [069][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.620 (3.474) Prec@1 59.38 (65.22) Prec@5 83.59 (85.19) - train[2018-10-14-21:34:15] Epoch: [069][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.752 (3.475) Prec@1 61.72 (65.22) Prec@5 84.38 (85.18) - train[2018-10-14-21:35:59] Epoch: [069][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.642 (3.475) Prec@1 59.38 (65.21) Prec@5 84.38 (85.17) - train[2018-10-14-21:37:44] Epoch: [069][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.547 (3.475) Prec@1 60.16 (65.20) Prec@5 86.72 (85.17) - train[2018-10-14-21:39:28] Epoch: [069][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (3.475) Prec@1 67.97 (65.21) Prec@5 87.50 (85.18) - train[2018-10-14-21:41:13] Epoch: [069][5800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (3.476) Prec@1 67.19 (65.19) Prec@5 87.50 (85.18) - train[2018-10-14-21:42:57] Epoch: [069][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.647 (3.477) Prec@1 65.62 (65.16) Prec@5 83.59 (85.15) - train[2018-10-14-21:44:43] Epoch: [069][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.718 (3.478) Prec@1 60.94 (65.17) Prec@5 82.81 (85.14) - train[2018-10-14-21:46:27] Epoch: [069][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.478) Prec@1 70.31 (65.17) Prec@5 91.41 (85.14) - train[2018-10-14-21:48:11] Epoch: [069][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.479) Prec@1 68.75 (65.14) Prec@5 86.72 (85.14) - train[2018-10-14-21:49:56] Epoch: [069][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.557 (3.479) Prec@1 67.19 (65.14) Prec@5 83.59 (85.12) - train[2018-10-14-21:51:39] Epoch: [069][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.562 (3.480) Prec@1 68.75 (65.11) Prec@5 83.59 (85.11) - train[2018-10-14-21:53:25] Epoch: [069][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (3.481) Prec@1 58.59 (65.10) Prec@5 76.56 (85.10) - train[2018-10-14-21:55:11] Epoch: [069][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.481) Prec@1 64.06 (65.09) Prec@5 87.50 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-21:56:57] Epoch: [069][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.425 (3.481) Prec@1 61.72 (65.09) Prec@5 85.16 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-21:58:43] Epoch: [069][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.482) Prec@1 61.72 (65.08) Prec@5 87.50 (85.09) - train[2018-10-14-22:00:30] Epoch: [069][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.733 (3.482) Prec@1 59.38 (65.06) Prec@5 82.03 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-22:02:16] Epoch: [069][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.483) Prec@1 64.06 (65.06) Prec@5 81.25 (85.08) - train[2018-10-14-22:04:03] Epoch: [069][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (3.484) Prec@1 68.75 (65.04) Prec@5 85.94 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-22:05:49] Epoch: [069][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.421 (3.484) Prec@1 64.84 (65.03) Prec@5 84.38 (85.06) - train[2018-10-14-22:07:36] Epoch: [069][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.483) Prec@1 60.94 (65.03) Prec@5 86.72 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-22:09:23] Epoch: [069][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.444 (3.484) Prec@1 62.50 (65.02) Prec@5 87.50 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-22:11:09] Epoch: [069][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.484) Prec@1 66.41 (65.01) Prec@5 85.16 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-22:12:55] Epoch: [069][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.484) Prec@1 62.50 (65.01) Prec@5 82.03 (85.07) - train[2018-10-14-22:14:41] Epoch: [069][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.548 (3.485) Prec@1 64.06 (64.99) Prec@5 83.59 (85.06) - train[2018-10-14-22:16:28] Epoch: [069][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (3.486) Prec@1 66.41 (64.98) Prec@5 88.28 (85.05) - train[2018-10-14-22:18:15] Epoch: [069][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.486) Prec@1 63.28 (64.97) Prec@5 87.50 (85.05) - train[2018-10-14-22:18:20] Epoch: [069][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.486) Prec@1 66.67 (64.97) Prec@5 86.67 (85.05) -[2018-10-14-22:18:20] **train** Prec@1 64.97 Prec@5 85.05 Error@1 35.03 Error@5 14.95 Loss:3.486 - test [2018-10-14-22:18:24] Epoch: [069][000/391] Time 3.95 (3.95) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 0.868 (0.868) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - test [2018-10-14-22:18:50] Epoch: [069][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.529 (1.180) Prec@1 60.94 (72.63) Prec@5 86.72 (91.26) - test [2018-10-14-22:19:15] Epoch: [069][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.563 (1.365) Prec@1 37.50 (68.52) Prec@5 75.00 (88.53) -[2018-10-14-22:19:15] **test** Prec@1 68.52 Prec@5 88.53 Error@1 31.48 Error@5 11.47 Loss:1.365 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.52, Acc@5=88.53, Error@1=31.48, Error@5=11.47 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-22:19:15] [Epoch=070/250] [Need: 265:51:39] LR=0.0119 ~ 0.0119, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-22:19:21] Epoch: [070][000/10010] Time 5.56 (5.56) Data 4.95 (4.95) Loss 3.431 (3.431) Prec@1 64.84 (64.84) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-14-22:21:05] Epoch: [070][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.547 (3.442) Prec@1 64.06 (65.82) Prec@5 82.81 (85.70) - train[2018-10-14-22:22:49] Epoch: [070][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.290 (3.447) Prec@1 69.53 (65.70) Prec@5 87.50 (85.48) - train[2018-10-14-22:24:34] Epoch: [070][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.294 (3.448) Prec@1 66.41 (65.77) Prec@5 91.41 (85.54) - train[2018-10-14-22:26:18] Epoch: [070][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.638 (3.449) Prec@1 62.50 (65.78) Prec@5 81.25 (85.57) - train[2018-10-14-22:28:02] Epoch: [070][1000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.199 (3.447) Prec@1 71.09 (65.80) Prec@5 89.06 (85.61) - train[2018-10-14-22:29:46] Epoch: [070][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.735 (3.448) Prec@1 65.62 (65.80) Prec@5 82.81 (85.60) - train[2018-10-14-22:31:30] Epoch: [070][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.449) Prec@1 67.19 (65.79) Prec@5 85.94 (85.56) - train[2018-10-14-22:33:14] Epoch: [070][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.715 (3.453) Prec@1 64.06 (65.73) Prec@5 78.91 (85.51) - train[2018-10-14-22:34:58] Epoch: [070][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.454) Prec@1 68.75 (65.66) Prec@5 85.16 (85.48) - train[2018-10-14-22:36:43] Epoch: [070][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.451) Prec@1 68.75 (65.74) Prec@5 84.38 (85.49) - train[2018-10-14-22:38:27] Epoch: [070][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.598 (3.451) Prec@1 56.25 (65.71) Prec@5 89.84 (85.50) - train[2018-10-14-22:40:11] Epoch: [070][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.801 (3.452) Prec@1 60.94 (65.68) Prec@5 82.03 (85.47) - train[2018-10-14-22:41:56] Epoch: [070][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.744 (3.452) Prec@1 58.59 (65.65) Prec@5 81.25 (85.47) - train[2018-10-14-22:43:41] Epoch: [070][2800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.452) Prec@1 63.28 (65.65) Prec@5 83.59 (85.46) - train[2018-10-14-22:45:27] Epoch: [070][3000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.431 (3.453) Prec@1 66.41 (65.62) Prec@5 82.81 (85.45) - train[2018-10-14-22:47:12] Epoch: [070][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.453) Prec@1 67.19 (65.61) Prec@5 89.84 (85.45) - train[2018-10-14-22:48:58] Epoch: [070][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.823 (3.453) Prec@1 54.69 (65.57) Prec@5 82.03 (85.45) - train[2018-10-14-22:50:43] Epoch: [070][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.398 (3.455) Prec@1 68.75 (65.54) Prec@5 82.81 (85.41) - train[2018-10-14-22:52:30] Epoch: [070][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.817 (3.455) Prec@1 57.81 (65.53) Prec@5 80.47 (85.41) - train[2018-10-14-22:54:14] Epoch: [070][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.815 (3.456) Prec@1 60.94 (65.52) Prec@5 85.16 (85.40) - train[2018-10-14-22:55:58] Epoch: [070][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.397 (3.456) Prec@1 63.28 (65.51) Prec@5 88.28 (85.41) - train[2018-10-14-22:57:44] Epoch: [070][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.252 (3.457) Prec@1 65.62 (65.49) Prec@5 89.06 (85.40) - train[2018-10-14-22:59:30] Epoch: [070][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.458) Prec@1 71.88 (65.49) Prec@5 87.50 (85.39) - train[2018-10-14-23:01:15] Epoch: [070][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.508 (3.459) Prec@1 60.16 (65.46) Prec@5 88.28 (85.37) - train[2018-10-14-23:03:01] Epoch: [070][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.459) Prec@1 67.19 (65.46) Prec@5 81.25 (85.37) - train[2018-10-14-23:04:46] Epoch: [070][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.460) Prec@1 71.09 (65.44) Prec@5 89.06 (85.37) - train[2018-10-14-23:06:30] Epoch: [070][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.759 (3.461) Prec@1 60.94 (65.42) Prec@5 81.25 (85.35) - train[2018-10-14-23:08:14] Epoch: [070][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.461) Prec@1 71.88 (65.41) Prec@5 89.06 (85.34) - train[2018-10-14-23:09:59] Epoch: [070][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.462) Prec@1 64.84 (65.40) Prec@5 85.94 (85.34) - train[2018-10-14-23:11:42] Epoch: [070][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.462) Prec@1 68.75 (65.41) Prec@5 87.50 (85.33) - train[2018-10-14-23:13:25] Epoch: [070][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.462) Prec@1 67.19 (65.41) Prec@5 87.50 (85.32) - train[2018-10-14-23:15:09] Epoch: [070][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.438 (3.463) Prec@1 62.50 (65.39) Prec@5 86.72 (85.32) - train[2018-10-14-23:16:54] Epoch: [070][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.463) Prec@1 67.19 (65.37) Prec@5 84.38 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-23:18:38] Epoch: [070][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.690 (3.463) Prec@1 64.84 (65.37) Prec@5 78.91 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-23:20:22] Epoch: [070][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.463) Prec@1 67.97 (65.36) Prec@5 89.06 (85.30) - train[2018-10-14-23:22:05] Epoch: [070][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.464) Prec@1 63.28 (65.35) Prec@5 84.38 (85.29) - train[2018-10-14-23:23:49] Epoch: [070][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.465) Prec@1 67.97 (65.34) Prec@5 85.16 (85.29) - train[2018-10-14-23:25:34] Epoch: [070][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.267 (3.466) Prec@1 64.84 (65.32) Prec@5 93.75 (85.28) - train[2018-10-14-23:27:18] Epoch: [070][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.518 (3.466) Prec@1 61.72 (65.31) Prec@5 86.72 (85.27) - train[2018-10-14-23:29:02] Epoch: [070][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.467) Prec@1 71.88 (65.30) Prec@5 93.75 (85.26) - train[2018-10-14-23:30:47] Epoch: [070][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.468) Prec@1 65.62 (65.28) Prec@5 84.38 (85.25) - train[2018-10-14-23:32:31] Epoch: [070][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.469) Prec@1 71.88 (65.26) Prec@5 85.94 (85.23) - train[2018-10-14-23:34:16] Epoch: [070][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.470) Prec@1 63.28 (65.25) Prec@5 83.59 (85.23) - train[2018-10-14-23:36:00] Epoch: [070][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (3.470) Prec@1 67.19 (65.24) Prec@5 81.25 (85.22) - train[2018-10-14-23:37:44] Epoch: [070][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.775 (3.471) Prec@1 59.38 (65.24) Prec@5 81.25 (85.21) - train[2018-10-14-23:39:27] Epoch: [070][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.685 (3.471) Prec@1 58.59 (65.22) Prec@5 82.03 (85.20) - train[2018-10-14-23:41:11] Epoch: [070][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (3.472) Prec@1 70.31 (65.21) Prec@5 88.28 (85.19) - train[2018-10-14-23:42:56] Epoch: [070][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.473) Prec@1 64.84 (65.19) Prec@5 86.72 (85.18) - train[2018-10-14-23:44:41] Epoch: [070][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.474) Prec@1 67.19 (65.18) Prec@5 85.16 (85.17) - train[2018-10-14-23:46:25] Epoch: [070][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.474) Prec@1 64.84 (65.18) Prec@5 85.94 (85.17) - train[2018-10-14-23:46:29] Epoch: [070][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.539 (3.475) Prec@1 46.67 (65.17) Prec@5 66.67 (85.17) -[2018-10-14-23:46:29] **train** Prec@1 65.17 Prec@5 85.17 Error@1 34.83 Error@5 14.83 Loss:3.475 - test [2018-10-14-23:46:33] Epoch: [070][000/391] Time 3.78 (3.78) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 0.894 (0.894) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-14-23:46:59] Epoch: [070][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.744 (1.196) Prec@1 57.03 (72.54) Prec@5 87.50 (91.38) - test [2018-10-14-23:47:23] Epoch: [070][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.380 (1.368) Prec@1 41.25 (68.99) Prec@5 81.25 (88.83) -[2018-10-14-23:47:23] **test** Prec@1 68.99 Prec@5 88.83 Error@1 31.01 Error@5 11.17 Loss:1.368 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.99, Acc@5=88.83, Error@1=31.01, Error@5=11.17 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-14-23:47:24] [Epoch=071/250] [Need: 262:56:31] LR=0.0115 ~ 0.0115, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-14-23:47:29] Epoch: [071][000/10010] Time 5.54 (5.54) Data 4.97 (4.97) Loss 3.402 (3.402) Prec@1 63.28 (63.28) Prec@5 83.59 (83.59) - train[2018-10-14-23:49:14] Epoch: [071][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.562 (3.443) Prec@1 62.50 (66.18) Prec@5 82.81 (85.74) - train[2018-10-14-23:50:58] Epoch: [071][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.268 (3.438) Prec@1 67.97 (66.07) Prec@5 89.06 (85.79) - train[2018-10-14-23:52:41] Epoch: [071][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.096 (3.429) Prec@1 67.97 (66.13) Prec@5 88.28 (85.84) - train[2018-10-14-23:54:26] Epoch: [071][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.557 (3.433) Prec@1 65.62 (66.00) Prec@5 83.59 (85.77) - train[2018-10-14-23:56:10] Epoch: [071][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.458 (3.436) Prec@1 66.41 (65.96) Prec@5 86.72 (85.72) - train[2018-10-14-23:57:54] Epoch: [071][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.439) Prec@1 62.50 (65.93) Prec@5 87.50 (85.68) - train[2018-10-14-23:59:38] Epoch: [071][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.685 (3.441) Prec@1 58.59 (65.92) Prec@5 85.16 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-00:01:23] Epoch: [071][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.440) Prec@1 67.19 (65.88) Prec@5 86.72 (85.68) - train[2018-10-15-00:03:07] Epoch: [071][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.432 (3.443) Prec@1 71.09 (65.81) Prec@5 84.38 (85.62) - train[2018-10-15-00:04:51] Epoch: [071][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.620 (3.443) Prec@1 57.81 (65.81) Prec@5 85.94 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-00:06:35] Epoch: [071][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.444) Prec@1 65.62 (65.81) Prec@5 85.94 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-00:08:20] Epoch: [071][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.446) Prec@1 75.78 (65.79) Prec@5 89.84 (85.56) - train[2018-10-15-00:10:06] Epoch: [071][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.445) Prec@1 66.41 (65.79) Prec@5 87.50 (85.58) - train[2018-10-15-00:11:50] Epoch: [071][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.648 (3.448) Prec@1 63.28 (65.73) Prec@5 82.81 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-00:13:34] Epoch: [071][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.449) Prec@1 69.53 (65.71) Prec@5 85.16 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-00:15:18] Epoch: [071][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (3.449) Prec@1 67.19 (65.71) Prec@5 89.06 (85.49) - train[2018-10-15-00:17:02] Epoch: [071][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.450) Prec@1 67.97 (65.71) Prec@5 84.38 (85.48) - train[2018-10-15-00:18:45] Epoch: [071][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.578 (3.450) Prec@1 61.72 (65.72) Prec@5 82.81 (85.48) - train[2018-10-15-00:20:29] Epoch: [071][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.451) Prec@1 68.75 (65.70) Prec@5 83.59 (85.47) - train[2018-10-15-00:22:14] Epoch: [071][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.754 (3.450) Prec@1 56.25 (65.71) Prec@5 82.81 (85.47) - train[2018-10-15-00:23:58] Epoch: [071][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.452) Prec@1 67.19 (65.68) Prec@5 85.16 (85.45) - train[2018-10-15-00:25:42] Epoch: [071][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.346 (3.453) Prec@1 67.19 (65.65) Prec@5 85.16 (85.44) - train[2018-10-15-00:27:27] Epoch: [071][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.698 (3.453) Prec@1 62.50 (65.66) Prec@5 78.91 (85.45) - train[2018-10-15-00:29:11] Epoch: [071][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.453) Prec@1 64.84 (65.64) Prec@5 88.28 (85.45) - train[2018-10-15-00:30:55] Epoch: [071][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.454) Prec@1 62.50 (65.61) Prec@5 85.16 (85.44) - train[2018-10-15-00:32:39] Epoch: [071][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.841 (3.455) Prec@1 58.59 (65.58) Prec@5 80.47 (85.44) - train[2018-10-15-00:34:23] Epoch: [071][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.510 (3.456) Prec@1 67.97 (65.56) Prec@5 84.38 (85.42) - train[2018-10-15-00:36:07] Epoch: [071][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.457) Prec@1 68.75 (65.54) Prec@5 84.38 (85.41) - train[2018-10-15-00:37:51] Epoch: [071][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.458) Prec@1 71.88 (65.51) Prec@5 87.50 (85.41) - train[2018-10-15-00:39:35] Epoch: [071][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.459) Prec@1 72.66 (65.49) Prec@5 86.72 (85.41) - train[2018-10-15-00:41:20] Epoch: [071][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.460) Prec@1 66.41 (65.47) Prec@5 88.28 (85.40) - train[2018-10-15-00:43:04] Epoch: [071][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.460) Prec@1 66.41 (65.46) Prec@5 82.81 (85.40) - train[2018-10-15-00:44:48] Epoch: [071][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.782 (3.460) Prec@1 60.16 (65.45) Prec@5 83.59 (85.39) - train[2018-10-15-00:46:33] Epoch: [071][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.524 (3.462) Prec@1 62.50 (65.43) Prec@5 82.81 (85.36) - train[2018-10-15-00:48:17] Epoch: [071][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.462) Prec@1 71.09 (65.43) Prec@5 90.62 (85.36) - train[2018-10-15-00:50:00] Epoch: [071][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.462) Prec@1 63.28 (65.44) Prec@5 85.94 (85.36) - train[2018-10-15-00:51:45] Epoch: [071][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.532 (3.462) Prec@1 60.16 (65.44) Prec@5 84.38 (85.35) - train[2018-10-15-00:53:30] Epoch: [071][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.677 (3.463) Prec@1 63.28 (65.42) Prec@5 82.03 (85.34) - train[2018-10-15-00:55:15] Epoch: [071][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (3.463) Prec@1 63.28 (65.40) Prec@5 89.84 (85.34) - train[2018-10-15-00:57:00] Epoch: [071][8000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (3.464) Prec@1 64.84 (65.39) Prec@5 83.59 (85.33) - train[2018-10-15-00:58:45] Epoch: [071][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.676 (3.465) Prec@1 60.16 (65.38) Prec@5 84.38 (85.32) - train[2018-10-15-01:00:29] Epoch: [071][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.724 (3.465) Prec@1 63.28 (65.36) Prec@5 81.25 (85.32) - train[2018-10-15-01:02:13] Epoch: [071][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.466) Prec@1 71.09 (65.35) Prec@5 89.84 (85.31) - train[2018-10-15-01:03:58] Epoch: [071][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.466) Prec@1 66.41 (65.34) Prec@5 85.94 (85.30) - train[2018-10-15-01:05:42] Epoch: [071][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.717 (3.467) Prec@1 61.72 (65.33) Prec@5 85.16 (85.29) - train[2018-10-15-01:07:26] Epoch: [071][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.467) Prec@1 65.62 (65.33) Prec@5 86.72 (85.28) - train[2018-10-15-01:09:10] Epoch: [071][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.468) Prec@1 67.97 (65.31) Prec@5 87.50 (85.27) - train[2018-10-15-01:10:55] Epoch: [071][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.531 (3.468) Prec@1 63.28 (65.31) Prec@5 82.81 (85.26) - train[2018-10-15-01:12:40] Epoch: [071][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.469) Prec@1 67.19 (65.30) Prec@5 87.50 (85.26) - train[2018-10-15-01:14:25] Epoch: [071][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.606 (3.469) Prec@1 60.94 (65.30) Prec@5 82.81 (85.25) - train[2018-10-15-01:14:29] Epoch: [071][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.528 (3.469) Prec@1 60.00 (65.30) Prec@5 73.33 (85.25) -[2018-10-15-01:14:29] **train** Prec@1 65.30 Prec@5 85.25 Error@1 34.70 Error@5 14.75 Loss:3.469 - test [2018-10-15-01:14:34] Epoch: [071][000/391] Time 4.24 (4.24) Data 4.11 (4.11) Loss 0.862 (0.862) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-15-01:15:00] Epoch: [071][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.378 (1.197) Prec@1 64.84 (72.35) Prec@5 89.84 (91.35) - test [2018-10-15-01:15:24] Epoch: [071][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.360 (1.368) Prec@1 31.25 (68.74) Prec@5 81.25 (88.78) -[2018-10-15-01:15:24] **test** Prec@1 68.74 Prec@5 88.78 Error@1 31.26 Error@5 11.22 Loss:1.368 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=68.99, Acc@5=88.83, Error@1=31.01, Error@5=11.17 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-01:15:25] [Epoch=072/250] [Need: 261:06:41] LR=0.0112 ~ 0.0112, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-01:15:30] Epoch: [072][000/10010] Time 5.08 (5.08) Data 4.46 (4.46) Loss 3.478 (3.478) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-15-01:17:14] Epoch: [072][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.685 (3.446) Prec@1 62.50 (65.62) Prec@5 85.16 (85.57) - train[2018-10-15-01:18:59] Epoch: [072][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.062 (3.447) Prec@1 71.09 (65.68) Prec@5 89.84 (85.49) - train[2018-10-15-01:20:43] Epoch: [072][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.118 (3.432) Prec@1 75.00 (65.81) Prec@5 87.50 (85.76) - train[2018-10-15-01:22:26] Epoch: [072][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.505 (3.432) Prec@1 64.06 (65.83) Prec@5 87.50 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-01:24:10] Epoch: [072][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.433) Prec@1 69.53 (65.91) Prec@5 89.06 (85.68) - train[2018-10-15-01:25:54] Epoch: [072][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.311 (3.433) Prec@1 67.19 (65.93) Prec@5 90.62 (85.70) - train[2018-10-15-01:27:38] Epoch: [072][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.446 (3.433) Prec@1 66.41 (65.93) Prec@5 82.81 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-01:29:22] Epoch: [072][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (3.434) Prec@1 75.78 (65.91) Prec@5 89.84 (85.70) - train[2018-10-15-01:31:06] Epoch: [072][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.436) Prec@1 67.19 (65.88) Prec@5 87.50 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-01:32:50] Epoch: [072][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.435) Prec@1 63.28 (65.88) Prec@5 84.38 (85.68) - train[2018-10-15-01:34:34] Epoch: [072][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (3.435) Prec@1 71.09 (65.90) Prec@5 89.06 (85.68) - train[2018-10-15-01:36:17] Epoch: [072][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.438) Prec@1 68.75 (65.85) Prec@5 84.38 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-01:38:02] Epoch: [072][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (3.437) Prec@1 64.84 (65.87) Prec@5 88.28 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-01:39:46] Epoch: [072][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.335 (3.436) Prec@1 65.62 (65.88) Prec@5 86.72 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-01:41:31] Epoch: [072][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (3.438) Prec@1 68.75 (65.85) Prec@5 87.50 (85.64) - train[2018-10-15-01:43:15] Epoch: [072][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.716 (3.437) Prec@1 62.50 (65.86) Prec@5 79.69 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-01:44:59] Epoch: [072][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.438) Prec@1 60.16 (65.86) Prec@5 82.03 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-01:46:43] Epoch: [072][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.418 (3.438) Prec@1 67.19 (65.84) Prec@5 85.16 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-01:48:27] Epoch: [072][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.439) Prec@1 64.06 (65.82) Prec@5 88.28 (85.62) - train[2018-10-15-01:50:12] Epoch: [072][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.440) Prec@1 64.06 (65.81) Prec@5 85.16 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-01:51:56] Epoch: [072][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.607 (3.440) Prec@1 63.28 (65.79) Prec@5 81.25 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-01:53:39] Epoch: [072][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.442) Prec@1 63.28 (65.77) Prec@5 82.81 (85.58) - train[2018-10-15-01:55:24] Epoch: [072][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (3.443) Prec@1 75.78 (65.73) Prec@5 90.62 (85.56) - train[2018-10-15-01:57:08] Epoch: [072][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (3.444) Prec@1 65.62 (65.72) Prec@5 87.50 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-01:58:52] Epoch: [072][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.401 (3.444) Prec@1 67.97 (65.72) Prec@5 88.28 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-02:00:35] Epoch: [072][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.445) Prec@1 63.28 (65.72) Prec@5 85.16 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-02:02:20] Epoch: [072][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.252 (3.444) Prec@1 68.75 (65.71) Prec@5 86.72 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-02:04:04] Epoch: [072][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.445) Prec@1 69.53 (65.71) Prec@5 88.28 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-02:05:49] Epoch: [072][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.431 (3.445) Prec@1 64.06 (65.70) Prec@5 88.28 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-02:07:35] Epoch: [072][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (3.446) Prec@1 68.75 (65.69) Prec@5 90.62 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-02:09:21] Epoch: [072][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.582 (3.447) Prec@1 66.41 (65.67) Prec@5 84.38 (85.52) - train[2018-10-15-02:11:06] Epoch: [072][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.448) Prec@1 65.62 (65.66) Prec@5 85.16 (85.52) - train[2018-10-15-02:12:51] Epoch: [072][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.448) Prec@1 66.41 (65.66) Prec@5 84.38 (85.51) - train[2018-10-15-02:14:36] Epoch: [072][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.448) Prec@1 69.53 (65.65) Prec@5 87.50 (85.51) - train[2018-10-15-02:16:22] Epoch: [072][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.494 (3.448) Prec@1 65.62 (65.64) Prec@5 84.38 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-02:18:08] Epoch: [072][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.809 (3.449) Prec@1 61.72 (65.63) Prec@5 85.16 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-02:19:53] Epoch: [072][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.742 (3.449) Prec@1 55.47 (65.62) Prec@5 85.16 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-02:21:38] Epoch: [072][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.577 (3.450) Prec@1 63.28 (65.61) Prec@5 83.59 (85.49) - train[2018-10-15-02:23:23] Epoch: [072][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.450) Prec@1 65.62 (65.60) Prec@5 83.59 (85.48) - train[2018-10-15-02:25:09] Epoch: [072][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.451) Prec@1 72.66 (65.60) Prec@5 87.50 (85.47) - train[2018-10-15-02:26:54] Epoch: [072][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.451) Prec@1 67.97 (65.59) Prec@5 91.41 (85.46) - train[2018-10-15-02:28:41] Epoch: [072][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.558 (3.452) Prec@1 65.62 (65.58) Prec@5 82.81 (85.45) - train[2018-10-15-02:30:27] Epoch: [072][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.499 (3.453) Prec@1 66.41 (65.56) Prec@5 82.81 (85.44) - train[2018-10-15-02:32:13] Epoch: [072][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.453) Prec@1 71.09 (65.55) Prec@5 90.62 (85.43) - train[2018-10-15-02:33:59] Epoch: [072][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.040 (3.454) Prec@1 57.03 (65.54) Prec@5 78.12 (85.41) - train[2018-10-15-02:35:46] Epoch: [072][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.557 (3.455) Prec@1 61.72 (65.53) Prec@5 83.59 (85.41) - train[2018-10-15-02:37:32] Epoch: [072][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (3.455) Prec@1 71.88 (65.52) Prec@5 87.50 (85.40) - train[2018-10-15-02:39:18] Epoch: [072][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.765 (3.456) Prec@1 64.06 (65.50) Prec@5 82.81 (85.38) - train[2018-10-15-02:41:03] Epoch: [072][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.578 (3.456) Prec@1 62.50 (65.50) Prec@5 83.59 (85.39) - train[2018-10-15-02:42:49] Epoch: [072][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.456) Prec@1 67.19 (65.48) Prec@5 86.72 (85.38) - train[2018-10-15-02:42:54] Epoch: [072][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (3.456) Prec@1 73.33 (65.48) Prec@5 86.67 (85.38) -[2018-10-15-02:42:54] **train** Prec@1 65.48 Prec@5 85.38 Error@1 34.52 Error@5 14.62 Loss:3.456 - test [2018-10-15-02:42:58] Epoch: [072][000/391] Time 3.98 (3.98) Data 3.85 (3.85) Loss 0.616 (0.616) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-15-02:43:24] Epoch: [072][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.404 (1.156) Prec@1 62.50 (73.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - test [2018-10-15-02:43:49] Epoch: [072][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.378 (1.341) Prec@1 36.25 (69.24) Prec@5 80.00 (89.06) -[2018-10-15-02:43:49] **test** Prec@1 69.24 Prec@5 89.06 Error@1 30.76 Error@5 10.94 Loss:1.341 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.24, Acc@5=89.06, Error@1=30.76, Error@5=10.94 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-02:43:49] [Epoch=073/250] [Need: 260:48:53] LR=0.0108 ~ 0.0108, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-02:43:54] Epoch: [073][000/10010] Time 4.67 (4.67) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 3.558 (3.558) Prec@1 67.97 (67.97) Prec@5 79.69 (79.69) - train[2018-10-15-02:45:38] Epoch: [073][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.379 (3.396) Prec@1 63.28 (66.51) Prec@5 87.50 (86.23) - train[2018-10-15-02:47:22] Epoch: [073][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.638 (3.417) Prec@1 60.94 (66.09) Prec@5 82.81 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-02:49:06] Epoch: [073][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.603 (3.414) Prec@1 60.94 (66.38) Prec@5 80.47 (85.98) - train[2018-10-15-02:50:50] Epoch: [073][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.750 (3.418) Prec@1 61.72 (66.33) Prec@5 78.91 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-02:52:34] Epoch: [073][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.665 (3.421) Prec@1 62.50 (66.33) Prec@5 80.47 (85.82) - train[2018-10-15-02:54:18] Epoch: [073][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.421) Prec@1 68.75 (66.31) Prec@5 84.38 (85.80) - train[2018-10-15-02:56:02] Epoch: [073][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.665 (3.420) Prec@1 64.06 (66.35) Prec@5 83.59 (85.81) - train[2018-10-15-02:57:45] Epoch: [073][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.592 (3.423) Prec@1 62.50 (66.28) Prec@5 82.81 (85.76) - train[2018-10-15-02:59:29] Epoch: [073][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.428) Prec@1 65.62 (66.19) Prec@5 86.72 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-03:01:13] Epoch: [073][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.427) Prec@1 77.34 (66.20) Prec@5 92.19 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-03:02:57] Epoch: [073][2200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.427) Prec@1 65.62 (66.18) Prec@5 86.72 (85.73) - train[2018-10-15-03:04:42] Epoch: [073][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.428) Prec@1 67.19 (66.17) Prec@5 89.84 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-03:06:28] Epoch: [073][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.418 (3.427) Prec@1 67.97 (66.16) Prec@5 88.28 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-03:08:11] Epoch: [073][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.427) Prec@1 67.97 (66.15) Prec@5 85.94 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-03:09:56] Epoch: [073][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.427) Prec@1 64.84 (66.14) Prec@5 84.38 (85.73) - train[2018-10-15-03:11:42] Epoch: [073][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.427) Prec@1 66.41 (66.11) Prec@5 88.28 (85.74) - train[2018-10-15-03:13:26] Epoch: [073][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.483 (3.430) Prec@1 63.28 (66.07) Prec@5 83.59 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-03:15:09] Epoch: [073][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.431) Prec@1 61.72 (66.04) Prec@5 81.25 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-03:16:53] Epoch: [073][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.751 (3.430) Prec@1 62.50 (66.04) Prec@5 78.91 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-03:18:37] Epoch: [073][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (3.431) Prec@1 68.75 (66.01) Prec@5 82.81 (85.67) - train[2018-10-15-03:20:21] Epoch: [073][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (3.433) Prec@1 74.22 (65.97) Prec@5 92.97 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-03:22:05] Epoch: [073][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.725 (3.434) Prec@1 57.03 (65.96) Prec@5 82.81 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-03:23:49] Epoch: [073][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (3.434) Prec@1 69.53 (65.93) Prec@5 88.28 (85.66) - train[2018-10-15-03:25:34] Epoch: [073][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.722 (3.436) Prec@1 61.72 (65.92) Prec@5 83.59 (85.64) - train[2018-10-15-03:27:18] Epoch: [073][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.443 (3.437) Prec@1 66.41 (65.90) Prec@5 85.16 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-03:29:03] Epoch: [073][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.511 (3.438) Prec@1 67.97 (65.88) Prec@5 82.81 (85.60) - train[2018-10-15-03:30:47] Epoch: [073][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.438) Prec@1 70.31 (65.86) Prec@5 86.72 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-03:32:30] Epoch: [073][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.438) Prec@1 73.44 (65.87) Prec@5 89.06 (85.62) - train[2018-10-15-03:34:15] Epoch: [073][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.941 (3.439) Prec@1 54.69 (65.84) Prec@5 82.81 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-03:35:58] Epoch: [073][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.351 (3.440) Prec@1 67.19 (65.82) Prec@5 87.50 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-03:37:43] Epoch: [073][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.441) Prec@1 65.62 (65.80) Prec@5 85.16 (85.59) - train[2018-10-15-03:39:26] Epoch: [073][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.441) Prec@1 65.62 (65.80) Prec@5 89.06 (85.59) - train[2018-10-15-03:41:10] Epoch: [073][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.782 (3.442) Prec@1 59.38 (65.77) Prec@5 82.81 (85.58) - train[2018-10-15-03:42:54] Epoch: [073][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.443) Prec@1 67.19 (65.75) Prec@5 87.50 (85.57) - train[2018-10-15-03:44:38] Epoch: [073][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.444) Prec@1 68.75 (65.74) Prec@5 87.50 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-03:46:24] Epoch: [073][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.444) Prec@1 68.75 (65.74) Prec@5 85.94 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-03:48:09] Epoch: [073][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.444) Prec@1 64.84 (65.74) Prec@5 89.06 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-03:49:52] Epoch: [073][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.444) Prec@1 65.62 (65.74) Prec@5 85.94 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-03:51:38] Epoch: [073][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.445) Prec@1 64.06 (65.73) Prec@5 85.16 (85.55) - train[2018-10-15-03:53:22] Epoch: [073][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (3.445) Prec@1 72.66 (65.73) Prec@5 87.50 (85.54) - train[2018-10-15-03:55:07] Epoch: [073][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.446) Prec@1 66.41 (65.72) Prec@5 83.59 (85.53) - train[2018-10-15-03:56:52] Epoch: [073][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.447) Prec@1 68.75 (65.71) Prec@5 87.50 (85.51) - train[2018-10-15-03:58:36] Epoch: [073][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.447) Prec@1 64.84 (65.70) Prec@5 85.16 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-04:00:20] Epoch: [073][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.614 (3.447) Prec@1 63.28 (65.70) Prec@5 81.25 (85.51) - train[2018-10-15-04:02:05] Epoch: [073][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.448) Prec@1 70.31 (65.69) Prec@5 92.19 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-04:03:48] Epoch: [073][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (3.448) Prec@1 63.28 (65.69) Prec@5 88.28 (85.50) - train[2018-10-15-04:05:32] Epoch: [073][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.774 (3.448) Prec@1 56.25 (65.68) Prec@5 81.25 (85.49) - train[2018-10-15-04:07:17] Epoch: [073][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.448) Prec@1 66.41 (65.68) Prec@5 89.84 (85.49) - train[2018-10-15-04:09:01] Epoch: [073][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.449) Prec@1 60.16 (65.66) Prec@5 82.81 (85.48) - train[2018-10-15-04:10:44] Epoch: [073][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.449) Prec@1 60.94 (65.65) Prec@5 84.38 (85.48) - train[2018-10-15-04:10:49] Epoch: [073][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.021 (3.449) Prec@1 46.67 (65.65) Prec@5 86.67 (85.48) -[2018-10-15-04:10:49] **train** Prec@1 65.65 Prec@5 85.48 Error@1 34.35 Error@5 14.52 Loss:3.449 - test [2018-10-15-04:10:53] Epoch: [073][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 0.651 (0.651) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-15-04:11:20] Epoch: [073][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.186 (1.181) Prec@1 73.44 (72.85) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - test [2018-10-15-04:11:44] Epoch: [073][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.281 (1.365) Prec@1 42.50 (69.04) Prec@5 77.50 (89.04) -[2018-10-15-04:11:44] **test** Prec@1 69.04 Prec@5 89.04 Error@1 30.96 Error@5 10.96 Loss:1.365 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.24, Acc@5=89.06, Error@1=30.76, Error@5=10.94 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-04:11:44] [Epoch=074/250] [Need: 257:52:03] LR=0.0105 ~ 0.0105, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-04:11:49] Epoch: [074][000/10010] Time 5.63 (5.63) Data 5.06 (5.06) Loss 3.405 (3.405) Prec@1 64.84 (64.84) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-15-04:13:33] Epoch: [074][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.410 (3.396) Prec@1 63.28 (66.73) Prec@5 85.94 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-04:15:17] Epoch: [074][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.038 (3.406) Prec@1 74.22 (66.53) Prec@5 92.19 (86.07) - train[2018-10-15-04:17:01] Epoch: [074][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.429 (3.404) Prec@1 64.06 (66.50) Prec@5 87.50 (86.05) - train[2018-10-15-04:18:45] Epoch: [074][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.284 (3.409) Prec@1 71.09 (66.44) Prec@5 85.94 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-04:20:28] Epoch: [074][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.512 (3.411) Prec@1 62.50 (66.39) Prec@5 85.16 (86.01) - train[2018-10-15-04:22:11] Epoch: [074][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (3.415) Prec@1 70.31 (66.29) Prec@5 89.06 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-04:23:55] Epoch: [074][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.416) Prec@1 66.41 (66.28) Prec@5 89.84 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-04:25:39] Epoch: [074][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.651 (3.418) Prec@1 64.84 (66.25) Prec@5 82.81 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-04:27:24] Epoch: [074][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (3.420) Prec@1 76.56 (66.22) Prec@5 89.06 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-04:29:08] Epoch: [074][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.418) Prec@1 66.41 (66.28) Prec@5 85.16 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-04:30:52] Epoch: [074][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.085 (3.417) Prec@1 71.09 (66.29) Prec@5 89.84 (85.90) - train[2018-10-15-04:32:36] Epoch: [074][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.310 (3.418) Prec@1 71.88 (66.25) Prec@5 89.84 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-04:34:20] Epoch: [074][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.852 (3.419) Prec@1 58.59 (66.22) Prec@5 82.81 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-04:36:03] Epoch: [074][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.366 (3.420) Prec@1 67.97 (66.22) Prec@5 81.25 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-04:37:47] Epoch: [074][3000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.596 (3.421) Prec@1 57.81 (66.18) Prec@5 83.59 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-04:39:31] Epoch: [074][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (3.420) Prec@1 66.41 (66.21) Prec@5 82.03 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-04:41:16] Epoch: [074][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.560 (3.420) Prec@1 66.41 (66.19) Prec@5 82.81 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-04:43:00] Epoch: [074][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (3.421) Prec@1 75.00 (66.16) Prec@5 89.84 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-04:44:45] Epoch: [074][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.434 (3.422) Prec@1 66.41 (66.13) Prec@5 82.81 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-04:46:29] Epoch: [074][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.377 (3.422) Prec@1 65.62 (66.12) Prec@5 88.28 (85.84) - train[2018-10-15-04:48:13] Epoch: [074][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.423) Prec@1 64.84 (66.10) Prec@5 89.06 (85.82) - train[2018-10-15-04:49:57] Epoch: [074][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.424) Prec@1 67.97 (66.11) Prec@5 87.50 (85.81) - train[2018-10-15-04:51:42] Epoch: [074][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.598 (3.426) Prec@1 69.53 (66.08) Prec@5 83.59 (85.79) - train[2018-10-15-04:53:26] Epoch: [074][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.647 (3.426) Prec@1 59.38 (66.07) Prec@5 82.03 (85.79) - train[2018-10-15-04:55:10] Epoch: [074][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.370 (3.426) Prec@1 62.50 (66.05) Prec@5 86.72 (85.79) - train[2018-10-15-04:56:55] Epoch: [074][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.427) Prec@1 60.94 (66.03) Prec@5 83.59 (85.77) - train[2018-10-15-04:58:39] Epoch: [074][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.429) Prec@1 64.06 (65.99) Prec@5 85.94 (85.74) - train[2018-10-15-05:00:24] Epoch: [074][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.430) Prec@1 70.31 (65.98) Prec@5 89.06 (85.74) - train[2018-10-15-05:02:08] Epoch: [074][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.431) Prec@1 67.19 (65.96) Prec@5 89.84 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-05:03:52] Epoch: [074][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.431) Prec@1 64.06 (65.96) Prec@5 85.16 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-05:05:36] Epoch: [074][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.568 (3.431) Prec@1 62.50 (65.95) Prec@5 83.59 (85.70) - train[2018-10-15-05:07:20] Epoch: [074][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.535 (3.432) Prec@1 61.72 (65.94) Prec@5 87.50 (85.70) - train[2018-10-15-05:09:05] Epoch: [074][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.470 (3.432) Prec@1 70.31 (65.94) Prec@5 83.59 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-05:10:49] Epoch: [074][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.384 (3.432) Prec@1 64.06 (65.92) Prec@5 84.38 (85.70) - train[2018-10-15-05:12:33] Epoch: [074][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.273 (3.432) Prec@1 65.62 (65.91) Prec@5 89.06 (85.69) - train[2018-10-15-05:14:17] Epoch: [074][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.417 (3.433) Prec@1 66.41 (65.91) Prec@5 85.16 (85.68) - train[2018-10-15-05:16:02] Epoch: [074][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.501 (3.434) Prec@1 66.41 (65.89) Prec@5 85.16 (85.67) - train[2018-10-15-05:17:46] Epoch: [074][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.435 (3.435) Prec@1 65.62 (65.86) Prec@5 83.59 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-05:19:30] Epoch: [074][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.435) Prec@1 66.41 (65.85) Prec@5 78.91 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-05:21:13] Epoch: [074][8000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.435) Prec@1 63.28 (65.85) Prec@5 85.16 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-05:22:57] Epoch: [074][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (3.435) Prec@1 69.53 (65.85) Prec@5 91.41 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-05:24:41] Epoch: [074][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.435) Prec@1 62.50 (65.86) Prec@5 85.16 (85.64) - train[2018-10-15-05:26:25] Epoch: [074][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.435) Prec@1 65.62 (65.86) Prec@5 84.38 (85.65) - train[2018-10-15-05:28:09] Epoch: [074][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.610 (3.436) Prec@1 62.50 (65.84) Prec@5 82.03 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-05:29:53] Epoch: [074][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.436) Prec@1 67.97 (65.83) Prec@5 89.06 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-05:31:38] Epoch: [074][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.436) Prec@1 64.06 (65.83) Prec@5 82.03 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-05:33:25] Epoch: [074][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.614 (3.436) Prec@1 64.06 (65.83) Prec@5 84.38 (85.63) - train[2018-10-15-05:35:11] Epoch: [074][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.437) Prec@1 64.84 (65.82) Prec@5 86.72 (85.62) - train[2018-10-15-05:36:58] Epoch: [074][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.538 (3.438) Prec@1 64.06 (65.81) Prec@5 82.81 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-05:38:44] Epoch: [074][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.437) Prec@1 68.75 (65.80) Prec@5 85.16 (85.61) - train[2018-10-15-05:38:49] Epoch: [074][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.437) Prec@1 60.00 (65.80) Prec@5 86.67 (85.61) -[2018-10-15-05:38:49] **train** Prec@1 65.80 Prec@5 85.61 Error@1 34.20 Error@5 14.39 Loss:3.437 - test [2018-10-15-05:38:53] Epoch: [074][000/391] Time 4.09 (4.09) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 0.799 (0.799) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-15-05:39:19] Epoch: [074][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.424 (1.174) Prec@1 64.06 (72.81) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - test [2018-10-15-05:39:44] Epoch: [074][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.288 (1.355) Prec@1 38.75 (69.09) Prec@5 83.75 (88.97) -[2018-10-15-05:39:44] **test** Prec@1 69.09 Prec@5 88.97 Error@1 30.91 Error@5 11.03 Loss:1.355 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.24, Acc@5=89.06, Error@1=30.76, Error@5=10.94 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-05:39:44] [Epoch=075/250] [Need: 256:39:57] LR=0.0102 ~ 0.0102, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-05:39:48] Epoch: [075][000/10010] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.46 (3.46) Loss 3.740 (3.740) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 80.47 (80.47) - train[2018-10-15-05:41:33] Epoch: [075][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.991 (3.375) Prec@1 73.44 (67.05) Prec@5 92.19 (86.40) - train[2018-10-15-05:43:17] Epoch: [075][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.215 (3.391) Prec@1 67.97 (66.75) Prec@5 90.62 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-05:45:00] Epoch: [075][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.494 (3.393) Prec@1 67.97 (66.70) Prec@5 84.38 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-05:46:45] Epoch: [075][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.843 (3.400) Prec@1 63.28 (66.60) Prec@5 82.81 (86.09) - train[2018-10-15-05:48:28] Epoch: [075][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.403) Prec@1 66.41 (66.54) Prec@5 82.03 (86.07) - train[2018-10-15-05:50:12] Epoch: [075][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.407 (3.407) Prec@1 70.31 (66.43) Prec@5 82.81 (86.03) - train[2018-10-15-05:51:55] Epoch: [075][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (3.407) Prec@1 68.75 (66.41) Prec@5 87.50 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-05:53:39] Epoch: [075][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.600 (3.406) Prec@1 61.72 (66.45) Prec@5 86.72 (86.01) - train[2018-10-15-05:55:23] Epoch: [075][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.524 (3.409) Prec@1 63.28 (66.41) Prec@5 85.94 (85.98) - train[2018-10-15-05:57:06] Epoch: [075][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.410) Prec@1 73.44 (66.35) Prec@5 85.16 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-05:58:51] Epoch: [075][2200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.410) Prec@1 64.84 (66.35) Prec@5 87.50 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-06:00:35] Epoch: [075][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.411) Prec@1 65.62 (66.33) Prec@5 87.50 (85.95) - train[2018-10-15-06:02:21] Epoch: [075][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.412) Prec@1 73.44 (66.31) Prec@5 90.62 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-06:04:04] Epoch: [075][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.412) Prec@1 71.88 (66.31) Prec@5 87.50 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-06:05:48] Epoch: [075][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.413) Prec@1 65.62 (66.32) Prec@5 85.94 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-06:07:33] Epoch: [075][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.412) Prec@1 74.22 (66.33) Prec@5 85.94 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-06:09:18] Epoch: [075][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.412) Prec@1 66.41 (66.33) Prec@5 87.50 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-06:11:03] Epoch: [075][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.411) Prec@1 65.62 (66.34) Prec@5 88.28 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-06:12:47] Epoch: [075][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.413) Prec@1 70.31 (66.30) Prec@5 86.72 (85.90) - train[2018-10-15-06:14:31] Epoch: [075][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (3.414) Prec@1 64.06 (66.29) Prec@5 88.28 (85.90) - train[2018-10-15-06:16:17] Epoch: [075][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.515 (3.415) Prec@1 60.94 (66.26) Prec@5 84.38 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-06:18:02] Epoch: [075][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.414) Prec@1 67.19 (66.25) Prec@5 85.16 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-06:19:46] Epoch: [075][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (3.415) Prec@1 70.31 (66.24) Prec@5 85.94 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-06:21:30] Epoch: [075][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.416) Prec@1 71.09 (66.24) Prec@5 86.72 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-06:23:14] Epoch: [075][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.416) Prec@1 67.19 (66.22) Prec@5 88.28 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-06:24:58] Epoch: [075][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.570 (3.417) Prec@1 64.84 (66.20) Prec@5 82.03 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-06:26:42] Epoch: [075][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.788 (3.417) Prec@1 61.72 (66.19) Prec@5 79.69 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-06:28:26] Epoch: [075][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.565 (3.418) Prec@1 63.28 (66.16) Prec@5 82.03 (85.84) - train[2018-10-15-06:30:11] Epoch: [075][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.721 (3.420) Prec@1 60.94 (66.14) Prec@5 82.81 (85.83) - train[2018-10-15-06:31:55] Epoch: [075][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.443 (3.420) Prec@1 66.41 (66.14) Prec@5 86.72 (85.82) - train[2018-10-15-06:33:39] Epoch: [075][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.420) Prec@1 60.16 (66.13) Prec@5 81.25 (85.82) - train[2018-10-15-06:35:22] Epoch: [075][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.458 (3.421) Prec@1 64.84 (66.13) Prec@5 87.50 (85.81) - train[2018-10-15-06:37:06] Epoch: [075][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.734 (3.422) Prec@1 61.72 (66.10) Prec@5 82.81 (85.79) - train[2018-10-15-06:38:51] Epoch: [075][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.436 (3.422) Prec@1 62.50 (66.09) Prec@5 88.28 (85.79) - train[2018-10-15-06:40:34] Epoch: [075][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.423) Prec@1 64.84 (66.07) Prec@5 85.16 (85.78) - train[2018-10-15-06:42:19] Epoch: [075][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.450 (3.424) Prec@1 70.31 (66.06) Prec@5 84.38 (85.77) - train[2018-10-15-06:44:04] Epoch: [075][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.424) Prec@1 67.19 (66.06) Prec@5 86.72 (85.77) - train[2018-10-15-06:45:48] Epoch: [075][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.547 (3.424) Prec@1 62.50 (66.05) Prec@5 85.94 (85.76) - train[2018-10-15-06:47:33] Epoch: [075][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.411 (3.425) Prec@1 69.53 (66.04) Prec@5 82.81 (85.77) - train[2018-10-15-06:49:16] Epoch: [075][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.656 (3.425) Prec@1 62.50 (66.02) Prec@5 85.16 (85.76) - train[2018-10-15-06:51:02] Epoch: [075][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.426) Prec@1 71.88 (66.01) Prec@5 88.28 (85.75) - train[2018-10-15-06:52:46] Epoch: [075][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.426) Prec@1 63.28 (66.01) Prec@5 82.81 (85.75) - train[2018-10-15-06:54:30] Epoch: [075][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.689 (3.426) Prec@1 59.38 (66.01) Prec@5 81.25 (85.74) - train[2018-10-15-06:56:14] Epoch: [075][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.427) Prec@1 60.94 (66.00) Prec@5 85.94 (85.73) - train[2018-10-15-06:57:58] Epoch: [075][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (3.427) Prec@1 75.00 (66.00) Prec@5 89.84 (85.73) - train[2018-10-15-06:59:41] Epoch: [075][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.427) Prec@1 74.22 (66.00) Prec@5 88.28 (85.72) - train[2018-10-15-07:01:24] Epoch: [075][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.376 (3.428) Prec@1 69.53 (65.99) Prec@5 87.50 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-07:03:09] Epoch: [075][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.428) Prec@1 67.19 (65.99) Prec@5 84.38 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-07:04:54] Epoch: [075][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.428) Prec@1 63.28 (65.99) Prec@5 89.06 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-07:06:38] Epoch: [075][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.428) Prec@1 65.62 (65.99) Prec@5 82.03 (85.71) - train[2018-10-15-07:06:42] Epoch: [075][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.873 (3.428) Prec@1 66.67 (65.99) Prec@5 73.33 (85.71) -[2018-10-15-07:06:42] **train** Prec@1 65.99 Prec@5 85.71 Error@1 34.01 Error@5 14.29 Loss:3.428 - test [2018-10-15-07:06:46] Epoch: [075][000/391] Time 4.19 (4.19) Data 4.04 (4.04) Loss 0.771 (0.771) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-15-07:07:13] Epoch: [075][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.389 (1.163) Prec@1 68.75 (72.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.76) - test [2018-10-15-07:07:38] Epoch: [075][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.320 (1.342) Prec@1 40.00 (69.04) Prec@5 80.00 (89.08) -[2018-10-15-07:07:38] **test** Prec@1 69.04 Prec@5 89.08 Error@1 30.96 Error@5 10.92 Loss:1.342 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.24, Acc@5=89.06, Error@1=30.76, Error@5=10.94 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-07:07:38] [Epoch=076/250] [Need: 254:55:19] LR=0.0099 ~ 0.0099, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-07:07:43] Epoch: [076][000/10010] Time 4.66 (4.66) Data 4.06 (4.06) Loss 3.351 (3.351) Prec@1 67.97 (67.97) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-07:09:27] Epoch: [076][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.029 (3.372) Prec@1 78.91 (67.28) Prec@5 89.84 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-07:11:11] Epoch: [076][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.673 (3.389) Prec@1 60.16 (66.91) Prec@5 82.03 (86.08) - train[2018-10-15-07:12:56] Epoch: [076][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.516 (3.395) Prec@1 65.62 (66.67) Prec@5 85.16 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-07:14:40] Epoch: [076][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.196 (3.396) Prec@1 67.97 (66.60) Prec@5 87.50 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-07:16:25] Epoch: [076][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.391) Prec@1 75.00 (66.71) Prec@5 91.41 (86.18) - train[2018-10-15-07:18:08] Epoch: [076][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.310 (3.396) Prec@1 70.31 (66.62) Prec@5 85.16 (86.15) - train[2018-10-15-07:19:53] Epoch: [076][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.396) Prec@1 70.31 (66.62) Prec@5 86.72 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-07:21:37] Epoch: [076][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (3.396) Prec@1 71.09 (66.62) Prec@5 86.72 (86.15) - train[2018-10-15-07:23:21] Epoch: [076][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (3.396) Prec@1 76.56 (66.59) Prec@5 92.19 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-07:25:05] Epoch: [076][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.397) Prec@1 67.97 (66.58) Prec@5 82.03 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-07:26:49] Epoch: [076][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.396) Prec@1 68.75 (66.61) Prec@5 89.84 (86.10) - train[2018-10-15-07:28:33] Epoch: [076][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.396) Prec@1 65.62 (66.62) Prec@5 86.72 (86.07) - train[2018-10-15-07:30:17] Epoch: [076][2600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.398) Prec@1 72.66 (66.58) Prec@5 89.84 (86.05) - train[2018-10-15-07:32:01] Epoch: [076][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.400) Prec@1 70.31 (66.54) Prec@5 85.94 (86.03) - train[2018-10-15-07:33:45] Epoch: [076][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.544 (3.399) Prec@1 65.62 (66.57) Prec@5 81.25 (86.05) - train[2018-10-15-07:35:29] Epoch: [076][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.400) Prec@1 71.09 (66.55) Prec@5 86.72 (86.03) - train[2018-10-15-07:37:14] Epoch: [076][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.401) Prec@1 67.97 (66.54) Prec@5 89.84 (86.03) - train[2018-10-15-07:38:59] Epoch: [076][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.322 (3.401) Prec@1 69.53 (66.51) Prec@5 89.84 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-07:40:45] Epoch: [076][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.402) Prec@1 63.28 (66.50) Prec@5 85.16 (86.00) - train[2018-10-15-07:42:30] Epoch: [076][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.405) Prec@1 67.19 (66.46) Prec@5 82.03 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-07:44:15] Epoch: [076][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.405) Prec@1 70.31 (66.46) Prec@5 86.72 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-07:46:00] Epoch: [076][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.406) Prec@1 60.94 (66.44) Prec@5 86.72 (85.96) - train[2018-10-15-07:47:44] Epoch: [076][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.406) Prec@1 68.75 (66.42) Prec@5 90.62 (85.96) - train[2018-10-15-07:49:28] Epoch: [076][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.435 (3.406) Prec@1 67.19 (66.43) Prec@5 84.38 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-07:51:12] Epoch: [076][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.411 (3.407) Prec@1 67.19 (66.41) Prec@5 83.59 (85.95) - train[2018-10-15-07:52:55] Epoch: [076][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (3.408) Prec@1 69.53 (66.40) Prec@5 88.28 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-07:54:39] Epoch: [076][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.410) Prec@1 63.28 (66.37) Prec@5 84.38 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-07:56:24] Epoch: [076][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.518 (3.409) Prec@1 63.28 (66.36) Prec@5 85.16 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-07:58:08] Epoch: [076][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.410) Prec@1 64.06 (66.35) Prec@5 78.91 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-07:59:51] Epoch: [076][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.359 (3.411) Prec@1 66.41 (66.34) Prec@5 85.16 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-08:01:35] Epoch: [076][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.386 (3.411) Prec@1 60.16 (66.31) Prec@5 91.41 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-08:03:18] Epoch: [076][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.412) Prec@1 68.75 (66.29) Prec@5 87.50 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-08:05:02] Epoch: [076][6600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.413) Prec@1 62.50 (66.27) Prec@5 85.94 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-08:06:46] Epoch: [076][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.413) Prec@1 71.09 (66.28) Prec@5 89.06 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-08:08:30] Epoch: [076][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.500 (3.414) Prec@1 62.50 (66.27) Prec@5 82.81 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-08:10:14] Epoch: [076][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.421 (3.415) Prec@1 72.66 (66.25) Prec@5 87.50 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-08:11:58] Epoch: [076][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.415) Prec@1 62.50 (66.24) Prec@5 86.72 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-08:13:42] Epoch: [076][7600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (3.416) Prec@1 75.78 (66.22) Prec@5 89.84 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-08:15:26] Epoch: [076][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.416) Prec@1 64.06 (66.21) Prec@5 87.50 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-08:17:11] Epoch: [076][8000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (3.416) Prec@1 68.75 (66.21) Prec@5 91.41 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-08:18:56] Epoch: [076][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.605 (3.416) Prec@1 64.84 (66.21) Prec@5 82.03 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-08:20:41] Epoch: [076][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.416) Prec@1 63.28 (66.20) Prec@5 85.94 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-08:22:25] Epoch: [076][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.851 (3.417) Prec@1 60.16 (66.19) Prec@5 79.69 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-08:24:10] Epoch: [076][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.242 (3.417) Prec@1 68.75 (66.19) Prec@5 92.19 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-08:25:55] Epoch: [076][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.417) Prec@1 64.84 (66.18) Prec@5 86.72 (85.86) - train[2018-10-15-08:27:40] Epoch: [076][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.417) Prec@1 75.78 (66.16) Prec@5 86.72 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-08:29:25] Epoch: [076][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.604 (3.418) Prec@1 61.72 (66.15) Prec@5 85.16 (85.85) - train[2018-10-15-08:31:11] Epoch: [076][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (3.418) Prec@1 66.41 (66.15) Prec@5 92.97 (85.84) - train[2018-10-15-08:32:55] Epoch: [076][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (3.419) Prec@1 67.19 (66.15) Prec@5 85.16 (85.83) - train[2018-10-15-08:34:39] Epoch: [076][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (3.420) Prec@1 70.31 (66.13) Prec@5 91.41 (85.83) - train[2018-10-15-08:34:44] Epoch: [076][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.070 (3.420) Prec@1 46.67 (66.13) Prec@5 73.33 (85.83) -[2018-10-15-08:34:44] **train** Prec@1 66.13 Prec@5 85.83 Error@1 33.87 Error@5 14.17 Loss:3.420 - test [2018-10-15-08:34:48] Epoch: [076][000/391] Time 3.91 (3.91) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 0.777 (0.777) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-15-08:35:14] Epoch: [076][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.613 (1.154) Prec@1 57.03 (72.87) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - test [2018-10-15-08:35:40] Epoch: [076][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.268 (1.342) Prec@1 42.50 (69.10) Prec@5 77.50 (88.94) -[2018-10-15-08:35:40] **test** Prec@1 69.10 Prec@5 88.94 Error@1 30.90 Error@5 11.06 Loss:1.342 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.24, Acc@5=89.06, Error@1=30.76, Error@5=10.94 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-08:35:40] [Epoch=077/250] [Need: 253:50:22] LR=0.0096 ~ 0.0096, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-08:35:46] Epoch: [077][000/10010] Time 5.50 (5.50) Data 4.89 (4.89) Loss 3.298 (3.298) Prec@1 63.28 (63.28) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-15-08:37:30] Epoch: [077][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.426 (3.375) Prec@1 61.72 (66.70) Prec@5 89.06 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-08:39:14] Epoch: [077][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.536 (3.381) Prec@1 62.50 (66.80) Prec@5 82.81 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-08:40:58] Epoch: [077][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.321 (3.376) Prec@1 64.06 (66.89) Prec@5 89.84 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-08:42:42] Epoch: [077][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.314 (3.379) Prec@1 67.97 (66.87) Prec@5 85.16 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-08:44:25] Epoch: [077][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.392 (3.383) Prec@1 67.19 (66.83) Prec@5 84.38 (86.18) - train[2018-10-15-08:46:09] Epoch: [077][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (3.380) Prec@1 69.53 (66.97) Prec@5 89.84 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-08:47:53] Epoch: [077][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (3.381) Prec@1 75.78 (66.94) Prec@5 89.06 (86.23) - train[2018-10-15-08:49:37] Epoch: [077][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.385) Prec@1 66.41 (66.90) Prec@5 89.84 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-08:51:22] Epoch: [077][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.384) Prec@1 64.84 (66.90) Prec@5 82.81 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-08:53:07] Epoch: [077][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.362 (3.387) Prec@1 67.97 (66.84) Prec@5 83.59 (86.13) - train[2018-10-15-08:54:51] Epoch: [077][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.386) Prec@1 64.84 (66.82) Prec@5 90.62 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-08:56:35] Epoch: [077][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.386) Prec@1 60.94 (66.80) Prec@5 84.38 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-08:58:19] Epoch: [077][2600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (3.387) Prec@1 65.62 (66.78) Prec@5 86.72 (86.14) - train[2018-10-15-09:00:03] Epoch: [077][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.923 (3.389) Prec@1 61.72 (66.74) Prec@5 75.78 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-09:01:46] Epoch: [077][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.697 (3.390) Prec@1 63.28 (66.72) Prec@5 83.59 (86.10) - train[2018-10-15-09:03:31] Epoch: [077][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.391) Prec@1 64.84 (66.70) Prec@5 89.06 (86.10) - train[2018-10-15-09:05:16] Epoch: [077][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (3.391) Prec@1 69.53 (66.68) Prec@5 85.94 (86.10) - train[2018-10-15-09:07:00] Epoch: [077][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.732 (3.392) Prec@1 59.38 (66.66) Prec@5 80.47 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-09:08:44] Epoch: [077][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (3.393) Prec@1 72.66 (66.65) Prec@5 88.28 (86.09) - train[2018-10-15-09:10:28] Epoch: [077][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.644 (3.396) Prec@1 59.38 (66.60) Prec@5 82.81 (86.06) - train[2018-10-15-09:12:14] Epoch: [077][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.398) Prec@1 66.41 (66.57) Prec@5 91.41 (86.05) - train[2018-10-15-09:14:00] Epoch: [077][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.399) Prec@1 65.62 (66.54) Prec@5 85.94 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-09:15:44] Epoch: [077][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.400) Prec@1 67.19 (66.53) Prec@5 87.50 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-09:17:29] Epoch: [077][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.699 (3.401) Prec@1 65.62 (66.52) Prec@5 82.81 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-09:19:13] Epoch: [077][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.401) Prec@1 67.97 (66.51) Prec@5 82.03 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-09:20:57] Epoch: [077][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.491 (3.402) Prec@1 66.41 (66.48) Prec@5 84.38 (86.01) - train[2018-10-15-09:22:42] Epoch: [077][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.404) Prec@1 62.50 (66.44) Prec@5 87.50 (85.98) - train[2018-10-15-09:24:26] Epoch: [077][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.403) Prec@1 70.31 (66.45) Prec@5 88.28 (85.99) - train[2018-10-15-09:26:09] Epoch: [077][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.404) Prec@1 66.41 (66.42) Prec@5 87.50 (85.98) - train[2018-10-15-09:27:53] Epoch: [077][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.405) Prec@1 65.62 (66.40) Prec@5 84.38 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-09:29:37] Epoch: [077][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.539 (3.405) Prec@1 64.84 (66.40) Prec@5 83.59 (85.98) - train[2018-10-15-09:31:22] Epoch: [077][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.190 (3.405) Prec@1 71.88 (66.40) Prec@5 86.72 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-09:33:06] Epoch: [077][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.408 (3.405) Prec@1 67.97 (66.41) Prec@5 84.38 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-09:34:50] Epoch: [077][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (3.405) Prec@1 71.09 (66.41) Prec@5 88.28 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-09:36:33] Epoch: [077][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.405) Prec@1 66.41 (66.40) Prec@5 89.06 (85.97) - train[2018-10-15-09:38:18] Epoch: [077][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.567 (3.406) Prec@1 62.50 (66.40) Prec@5 83.59 (85.96) - train[2018-10-15-09:40:02] Epoch: [077][7400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.407) Prec@1 62.50 (66.38) Prec@5 85.94 (85.95) - train[2018-10-15-09:41:46] Epoch: [077][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.407) Prec@1 64.06 (66.38) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-09:43:30] Epoch: [077][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.408 (3.407) Prec@1 66.41 (66.38) Prec@5 86.72 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-09:45:13] Epoch: [077][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.408) Prec@1 67.97 (66.38) Prec@5 87.50 (85.93) - train[2018-10-15-09:46:57] Epoch: [077][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (3.408) Prec@1 64.84 (66.37) Prec@5 86.72 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-09:48:42] Epoch: [077][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.555 (3.408) Prec@1 60.16 (66.36) Prec@5 84.38 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-09:50:26] Epoch: [077][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.409) Prec@1 64.84 (66.35) Prec@5 89.06 (85.92) - train[2018-10-15-09:52:11] Epoch: [077][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.586 (3.409) Prec@1 62.50 (66.33) Prec@5 85.16 (85.91) - train[2018-10-15-09:53:55] Epoch: [077][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (3.410) Prec@1 59.38 (66.31) Prec@5 81.25 (85.90) - train[2018-10-15-09:55:41] Epoch: [077][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.411) Prec@1 73.44 (66.30) Prec@5 92.97 (85.89) - train[2018-10-15-09:57:27] Epoch: [077][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.484 (3.412) Prec@1 65.62 (66.29) Prec@5 88.28 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-09:59:13] Epoch: [077][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.118 (3.412) Prec@1 71.88 (66.28) Prec@5 87.50 (85.88) - train[2018-10-15-10:00:59] Epoch: [077][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.413) Prec@1 62.50 (66.26) Prec@5 88.28 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-10:02:43] Epoch: [077][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (3.413) Prec@1 69.53 (66.26) Prec@5 92.19 (85.87) - train[2018-10-15-10:02:47] Epoch: [077][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (3.413) Prec@1 73.33 (66.26) Prec@5 93.33 (85.87) -[2018-10-15-10:02:47] **train** Prec@1 66.26 Prec@5 85.87 Error@1 33.74 Error@5 14.13 Loss:3.413 - test [2018-10-15-10:02:51] Epoch: [077][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.759 (0.759) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-15-10:03:18] Epoch: [077][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.594 (1.164) Prec@1 57.03 (72.99) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - test [2018-10-15-10:03:43] Epoch: [077][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.526 (1.345) Prec@1 33.75 (69.25) Prec@5 76.25 (89.13) -[2018-10-15-10:03:43] **test** Prec@1 69.25 Prec@5 89.13 Error@1 30.75 Error@5 10.87 Loss:1.345 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.25, Acc@5=89.13, Error@1=30.75, Error@5=10.87 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-10:03:43] [Epoch=078/250] [Need: 252:23:19] LR=0.0093 ~ 0.0093, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-10:03:48] Epoch: [078][000/10010] Time 5.14 (5.14) Data 4.59 (4.59) Loss 3.300 (3.300) Prec@1 66.41 (66.41) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-15-10:05:33] Epoch: [078][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.184 (3.382) Prec@1 71.09 (67.08) Prec@5 89.06 (85.94) - train[2018-10-15-10:07:17] Epoch: [078][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.304 (3.379) Prec@1 70.31 (67.09) Prec@5 86.72 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-10:09:01] Epoch: [078][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.463 (3.375) Prec@1 64.84 (67.17) Prec@5 83.59 (86.09) - train[2018-10-15-10:10:45] Epoch: [078][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.419 (3.374) Prec@1 71.09 (67.14) Prec@5 83.59 (86.18) - train[2018-10-15-10:12:29] Epoch: [078][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (3.376) Prec@1 71.88 (67.04) Prec@5 89.84 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:14:12] Epoch: [078][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.310 (3.378) Prec@1 72.66 (66.96) Prec@5 89.06 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-10:15:57] Epoch: [078][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.379) Prec@1 72.66 (67.00) Prec@5 85.94 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-10:17:41] Epoch: [078][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.382) Prec@1 69.53 (66.94) Prec@5 92.19 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:19:25] Epoch: [078][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.380) Prec@1 72.66 (66.94) Prec@5 88.28 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-10:21:10] Epoch: [078][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.380) Prec@1 68.75 (66.93) Prec@5 83.59 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-10:22:54] Epoch: [078][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.499 (3.379) Prec@1 66.41 (66.93) Prec@5 85.94 (86.26) - train[2018-10-15-10:24:38] Epoch: [078][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.380) Prec@1 65.62 (66.91) Prec@5 83.59 (86.26) - train[2018-10-15-10:26:24] Epoch: [078][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.379) Prec@1 69.53 (66.89) Prec@5 88.28 (86.27) - train[2018-10-15-10:28:09] Epoch: [078][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.085 (3.383) Prec@1 68.75 (66.83) Prec@5 89.84 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-10:29:55] Epoch: [078][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.459 (3.381) Prec@1 68.75 (66.86) Prec@5 82.81 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-10:31:40] Epoch: [078][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.448 (3.382) Prec@1 64.06 (66.83) Prec@5 85.94 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-10:33:25] Epoch: [078][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.218 (3.384) Prec@1 67.19 (66.79) Prec@5 86.72 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:35:10] Epoch: [078][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.384) Prec@1 63.28 (66.79) Prec@5 82.03 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-10:36:56] Epoch: [078][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.384 (3.384) Prec@1 66.41 (66.77) Prec@5 89.84 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-10:38:40] Epoch: [078][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.384) Prec@1 71.09 (66.77) Prec@5 86.72 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:40:25] Epoch: [078][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.385) Prec@1 67.19 (66.76) Prec@5 88.28 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-10:42:10] Epoch: [078][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.385) Prec@1 68.75 (66.76) Prec@5 87.50 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:43:55] Epoch: [078][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.472 (3.386) Prec@1 63.28 (66.74) Prec@5 86.72 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-10:45:38] Epoch: [078][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.625 (3.388) Prec@1 66.41 (66.73) Prec@5 85.16 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-10:47:23] Epoch: [078][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.389) Prec@1 67.19 (66.70) Prec@5 86.72 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-10:49:07] Epoch: [078][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.389) Prec@1 60.94 (66.67) Prec@5 87.50 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-10:50:51] Epoch: [078][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.390) Prec@1 69.53 (66.67) Prec@5 87.50 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-10:52:36] Epoch: [078][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.540 (3.390) Prec@1 65.62 (66.66) Prec@5 84.38 (86.15) - train[2018-10-15-10:54:19] Epoch: [078][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.391) Prec@1 73.44 (66.65) Prec@5 88.28 (86.14) - train[2018-10-15-10:56:03] Epoch: [078][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.391) Prec@1 67.19 (66.64) Prec@5 90.62 (86.13) - train[2018-10-15-10:57:48] Epoch: [078][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.392) Prec@1 64.84 (66.62) Prec@5 88.28 (86.13) - train[2018-10-15-10:59:32] Epoch: [078][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.393) Prec@1 69.53 (66.60) Prec@5 88.28 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-11:01:15] Epoch: [078][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.350 (3.394) Prec@1 66.41 (66.59) Prec@5 90.62 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-11:02:59] Epoch: [078][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (3.394) Prec@1 73.44 (66.59) Prec@5 87.50 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-11:04:44] Epoch: [078][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.395) Prec@1 68.75 (66.59) Prec@5 87.50 (86.10) - train[2018-10-15-11:06:28] Epoch: [078][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.883 (3.395) Prec@1 56.25 (66.57) Prec@5 83.59 (86.09) - train[2018-10-15-11:08:13] Epoch: [078][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.522 (3.395) Prec@1 64.84 (66.57) Prec@5 85.16 (86.09) - train[2018-10-15-11:09:57] Epoch: [078][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.755 (3.396) Prec@1 56.25 (66.56) Prec@5 82.81 (86.07) - train[2018-10-15-11:11:42] Epoch: [078][7800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.397) Prec@1 66.41 (66.56) Prec@5 80.47 (86.06) - train[2018-10-15-11:13:25] Epoch: [078][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.397) Prec@1 69.53 (66.55) Prec@5 82.81 (86.05) - train[2018-10-15-11:15:09] Epoch: [078][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.398) Prec@1 70.31 (66.53) Prec@5 86.72 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-11:16:53] Epoch: [078][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.053 (3.398) Prec@1 73.44 (66.53) Prec@5 91.41 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-11:18:37] Epoch: [078][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.339 (3.399) Prec@1 67.19 (66.51) Prec@5 87.50 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-11:20:23] Epoch: [078][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.632 (3.399) Prec@1 62.50 (66.51) Prec@5 85.16 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-11:22:09] Epoch: [078][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.399) Prec@1 70.31 (66.50) Prec@5 86.72 (86.04) - train[2018-10-15-11:23:55] Epoch: [078][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.400) Prec@1 64.06 (66.49) Prec@5 86.72 (86.03) - train[2018-10-15-11:25:39] Epoch: [078][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.398 (3.400) Prec@1 69.53 (66.48) Prec@5 89.06 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-11:27:24] Epoch: [078][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.517 (3.401) Prec@1 64.06 (66.47) Prec@5 82.81 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-11:29:08] Epoch: [078][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (3.401) Prec@1 67.97 (66.46) Prec@5 90.62 (86.02) - train[2018-10-15-11:30:51] Epoch: [078][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.491 (3.401) Prec@1 67.19 (66.45) Prec@5 84.38 (86.01) - train[2018-10-15-11:30:56] Epoch: [078][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.401) Prec@1 73.33 (66.45) Prec@5 80.00 (86.01) -[2018-10-15-11:30:56] **train** Prec@1 66.45 Prec@5 86.01 Error@1 33.55 Error@5 13.99 Loss:3.401 - test [2018-10-15-11:31:00] Epoch: [078][000/391] Time 3.82 (3.82) Data 3.66 (3.66) Loss 0.778 (0.778) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-15-11:31:26] Epoch: [078][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.596 (1.140) Prec@1 58.59 (73.22) Prec@5 85.16 (91.79) - test [2018-10-15-11:31:51] Epoch: [078][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.396 (1.317) Prec@1 50.00 (69.58) Prec@5 73.75 (89.35) -[2018-10-15-11:31:51] **test** Prec@1 69.58 Prec@5 89.35 Error@1 30.42 Error@5 10.65 Loss:1.317 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.58, Acc@5=89.35, Error@1=30.42, Error@5=10.65 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-11:31:51] [Epoch=079/250] [Need: 251:12:05] LR=0.0090 ~ 0.0090, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-11:31:57] Epoch: [079][000/10010] Time 5.32 (5.32) Data 4.71 (4.71) Loss 3.139 (3.139) Prec@1 69.53 (69.53) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-15-11:33:41] Epoch: [079][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.395 (3.369) Prec@1 60.16 (67.15) Prec@5 87.50 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-11:35:25] Epoch: [079][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.426 (3.365) Prec@1 62.50 (67.24) Prec@5 86.72 (86.41) - train[2018-10-15-11:37:09] Epoch: [079][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.472 (3.371) Prec@1 67.19 (67.21) Prec@5 85.94 (86.31) - train[2018-10-15-11:38:54] Epoch: [079][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.268 (3.366) Prec@1 68.75 (67.23) Prec@5 89.84 (86.40) - train[2018-10-15-11:40:39] Epoch: [079][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (3.366) Prec@1 67.97 (67.25) Prec@5 86.72 (86.43) - train[2018-10-15-11:42:24] Epoch: [079][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.365) Prec@1 67.19 (67.28) Prec@5 88.28 (86.43) - train[2018-10-15-11:44:08] Epoch: [079][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.366) Prec@1 64.06 (67.22) Prec@5 87.50 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-11:45:51] Epoch: [079][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.363) Prec@1 68.75 (67.22) Prec@5 92.97 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-11:47:36] Epoch: [079][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.362) Prec@1 71.09 (67.19) Prec@5 90.62 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-11:49:19] Epoch: [079][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.361) Prec@1 71.09 (67.20) Prec@5 86.72 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-11:51:04] Epoch: [079][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (3.361) Prec@1 73.44 (67.18) Prec@5 90.62 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-11:52:48] Epoch: [079][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.363) Prec@1 71.09 (67.16) Prec@5 87.50 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-11:54:34] Epoch: [079][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.350 (3.364) Prec@1 64.06 (67.13) Prec@5 85.16 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-11:56:19] Epoch: [079][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.665 (3.367) Prec@1 63.28 (67.07) Prec@5 83.59 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-11:58:05] Epoch: [079][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.370) Prec@1 62.50 (67.04) Prec@5 80.47 (86.37) - train[2018-10-15-11:59:49] Epoch: [079][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.371) Prec@1 63.28 (67.01) Prec@5 85.94 (86.35) - train[2018-10-15-12:01:35] Epoch: [079][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.373) Prec@1 71.09 (66.99) Prec@5 91.41 (86.34) - train[2018-10-15-12:03:21] Epoch: [079][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.373) Prec@1 65.62 (67.00) Prec@5 82.81 (86.33) - train[2018-10-15-12:05:07] Epoch: [079][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.374) Prec@1 70.31 (66.97) Prec@5 85.94 (86.32) - train[2018-10-15-12:06:51] Epoch: [079][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.190 (3.375) Prec@1 74.22 (66.95) Prec@5 89.84 (86.30) - train[2018-10-15-12:08:36] Epoch: [079][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.376) Prec@1 65.62 (66.93) Prec@5 85.16 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-12:10:22] Epoch: [079][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.377) Prec@1 66.41 (66.91) Prec@5 89.06 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-12:12:07] Epoch: [079][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.626 (3.377) Prec@1 64.84 (66.91) Prec@5 83.59 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-12:13:53] Epoch: [079][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.378) Prec@1 68.75 (66.89) Prec@5 87.50 (86.26) - train[2018-10-15-12:15:39] Epoch: [079][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.379) Prec@1 64.84 (66.87) Prec@5 84.38 (86.25) - train[2018-10-15-12:17:25] Epoch: [079][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.380) Prec@1 69.53 (66.85) Prec@5 85.16 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-12:19:11] Epoch: [079][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.395 (3.380) Prec@1 64.84 (66.84) Prec@5 85.94 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-12:20:58] Epoch: [079][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.380) Prec@1 67.97 (66.83) Prec@5 82.81 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-12:22:45] Epoch: [079][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.381) Prec@1 66.41 (66.82) Prec@5 88.28 (86.23) - train[2018-10-15-12:24:31] Epoch: [079][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (3.381) Prec@1 67.97 (66.82) Prec@5 89.06 (86.23) - train[2018-10-15-12:26:18] Epoch: [079][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.881 (3.383) Prec@1 59.38 (66.79) Prec@5 78.91 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-12:28:03] Epoch: [079][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (3.384) Prec@1 71.88 (66.78) Prec@5 90.62 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-12:29:49] Epoch: [079][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.864 (3.385) Prec@1 60.16 (66.75) Prec@5 78.91 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-12:31:35] Epoch: [079][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (3.386) Prec@1 74.22 (66.74) Prec@5 90.62 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-12:33:22] Epoch: [079][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.386) Prec@1 59.38 (66.72) Prec@5 87.50 (86.18) - train[2018-10-15-12:35:07] Epoch: [079][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (3.386) Prec@1 71.09 (66.72) Prec@5 88.28 (86.18) - train[2018-10-15-12:36:53] Epoch: [079][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.387) Prec@1 66.41 (66.71) Prec@5 87.50 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-12:38:38] Epoch: [079][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.387) Prec@1 64.84 (66.70) Prec@5 85.94 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-12:40:23] Epoch: [079][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.434 (3.388) Prec@1 62.50 (66.68) Prec@5 85.94 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-12:42:08] Epoch: [079][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.660 (3.388) Prec@1 61.72 (66.68) Prec@5 86.72 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-12:43:54] Epoch: [079][8200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.388) Prec@1 67.97 (66.68) Prec@5 87.50 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-12:45:38] Epoch: [079][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.507 (3.388) Prec@1 68.75 (66.67) Prec@5 85.16 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-12:47:23] Epoch: [079][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.389) Prec@1 71.09 (66.65) Prec@5 89.06 (86.15) - train[2018-10-15-12:49:07] Epoch: [079][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.648 (3.390) Prec@1 62.50 (66.64) Prec@5 82.03 (86.14) - train[2018-10-15-12:50:53] Epoch: [079][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.390) Prec@1 68.75 (66.64) Prec@5 82.81 (86.13) - train[2018-10-15-12:52:38] Epoch: [079][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.390) Prec@1 67.19 (66.64) Prec@5 88.28 (86.13) - train[2018-10-15-12:54:24] Epoch: [079][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.522 (3.391) Prec@1 67.19 (66.63) Prec@5 87.50 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-12:56:09] Epoch: [079][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (3.391) Prec@1 61.72 (66.64) Prec@5 85.94 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-12:57:55] Epoch: [079][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.391) Prec@1 66.41 (66.63) Prec@5 87.50 (86.11) - train[2018-10-15-12:59:40] Epoch: [079][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (3.391) Prec@1 71.88 (66.63) Prec@5 88.28 (86.12) - train[2018-10-15-12:59:44] Epoch: [079][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.391) Prec@1 66.67 (66.63) Prec@5 86.67 (86.12) -[2018-10-15-12:59:44] **train** Prec@1 66.63 Prec@5 86.12 Error@1 33.37 Error@5 13.88 Loss:3.391 - test [2018-10-15-12:59:48] Epoch: [079][000/391] Time 3.75 (3.75) Data 3.60 (3.60) Loss 0.782 (0.782) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-15-13:00:15] Epoch: [079][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.584 (1.145) Prec@1 64.84 (73.34) Prec@5 85.94 (91.99) - test [2018-10-15-13:00:41] Epoch: [079][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.274 (1.325) Prec@1 45.00 (69.67) Prec@5 80.00 (89.36) -[2018-10-15-13:00:41] **test** Prec@1 69.67 Prec@5 89.36 Error@1 30.33 Error@5 10.64 Loss:1.325 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.67, Acc@5=89.36, Error@1=30.33, Error@5=10.64 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-13:00:41] [Epoch=080/250] [Need: 251:40:15] LR=0.0087 ~ 0.0087, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-13:00:46] Epoch: [080][000/10010] Time 4.77 (4.77) Data 4.20 (4.20) Loss 3.087 (3.087) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-15-13:02:31] Epoch: [080][200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.433 (3.361) Prec@1 67.19 (67.49) Prec@5 84.38 (86.34) - train[2018-10-15-13:04:14] Epoch: [080][400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.418 (3.356) Prec@1 68.75 (67.45) Prec@5 85.16 (86.43) - train[2018-10-15-13:05:59] Epoch: [080][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.256 (3.351) Prec@1 70.31 (67.43) Prec@5 87.50 (86.54) - train[2018-10-15-13:07:43] Epoch: [080][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.979 (3.355) Prec@1 71.88 (67.30) Prec@5 90.62 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-13:09:27] Epoch: [080][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.478 (3.355) Prec@1 61.72 (67.23) Prec@5 87.50 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-13:11:11] Epoch: [080][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.356) Prec@1 68.75 (67.17) Prec@5 82.03 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-13:12:54] Epoch: [080][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.356) Prec@1 67.97 (67.17) Prec@5 88.28 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-13:14:39] Epoch: [080][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.636 (3.361) Prec@1 62.50 (67.09) Prec@5 84.38 (86.45) - train[2018-10-15-13:16:22] Epoch: [080][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.363) Prec@1 64.84 (67.07) Prec@5 87.50 (86.41) - train[2018-10-15-13:18:06] Epoch: [080][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.363) Prec@1 63.28 (67.11) Prec@5 85.16 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-13:19:50] Epoch: [080][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.658 (3.367) Prec@1 62.50 (67.02) Prec@5 80.47 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-13:21:34] Epoch: [080][2400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.369) Prec@1 75.00 (67.01) Prec@5 89.06 (86.35) - train[2018-10-15-13:23:19] Epoch: [080][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.367) Prec@1 64.84 (67.04) Prec@5 87.50 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-13:25:03] Epoch: [080][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.367) Prec@1 67.97 (67.06) Prec@5 86.72 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-13:26:47] Epoch: [080][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.367) Prec@1 67.19 (67.08) Prec@5 87.50 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-13:28:31] Epoch: [080][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.367) Prec@1 76.56 (67.07) Prec@5 88.28 (86.38) - train[2018-10-15-13:30:15] Epoch: [080][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (3.369) Prec@1 64.84 (67.04) Prec@5 88.28 (86.35) - train[2018-10-15-13:31:59] Epoch: [080][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.343 (3.369) Prec@1 64.84 (67.02) Prec@5 85.94 (86.35) - train[2018-10-15-13:33:44] Epoch: [080][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.370) Prec@1 64.84 (66.99) Prec@5 83.59 (86.33) - train[2018-10-15-13:35:29] Epoch: [080][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.372) Prec@1 64.84 (66.97) Prec@5 82.81 (86.31) - train[2018-10-15-13:37:14] Epoch: [080][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (3.374) Prec@1 67.19 (66.93) Prec@5 85.94 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-13:38:58] Epoch: [080][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.374) Prec@1 65.62 (66.90) Prec@5 85.94 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-13:40:42] Epoch: [080][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.374) Prec@1 70.31 (66.92) Prec@5 87.50 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-13:42:26] Epoch: [080][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.374) Prec@1 62.50 (66.92) Prec@5 82.03 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-13:44:10] Epoch: [080][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.374) Prec@1 65.62 (66.93) Prec@5 84.38 (86.29) - train[2018-10-15-13:45:55] Epoch: [080][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.375) Prec@1 74.22 (66.91) Prec@5 89.06 (86.27) - train[2018-10-15-13:47:39] Epoch: [080][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (3.375) Prec@1 70.31 (66.90) Prec@5 85.16 (86.27) - train[2018-10-15-13:49:22] Epoch: [080][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.552 (3.376) Prec@1 61.72 (66.90) Prec@5 87.50 (86.28) - train[2018-10-15-13:51:06] Epoch: [080][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.376) Prec@1 70.31 (66.91) Prec@5 89.84 (86.27) - train[2018-10-15-13:52:49] Epoch: [080][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.377) Prec@1 64.06 (66.87) Prec@5 81.25 (86.25) - train[2018-10-15-13:54:33] Epoch: [080][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.435 (3.377) Prec@1 66.41 (66.87) Prec@5 84.38 (86.25) - train[2018-10-15-13:56:17] Epoch: [080][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.586 (3.377) Prec@1 64.84 (66.87) Prec@5 79.69 (86.26) - train[2018-10-15-13:58:03] Epoch: [080][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.377) Prec@1 61.72 (66.87) Prec@5 84.38 (86.26) - train[2018-10-15-13:59:48] Epoch: [080][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.407 (3.377) Prec@1 71.88 (66.86) Prec@5 83.59 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-14:01:34] Epoch: [080][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.377) Prec@1 71.88 (66.86) Prec@5 85.16 (86.24) - train[2018-10-15-14:03:19] Epoch: [080][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.378) Prec@1 67.97 (66.86) Prec@5 87.50 (86.23) - train[2018-10-15-14:05:03] Epoch: [080][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.843 (3.379) Prec@1 59.38 (66.84) Prec@5 78.91 (86.22) - train[2018-10-15-14:06:48] Epoch: [080][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.369 (3.380) Prec@1 63.28 (66.82) Prec@5 87.50 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-14:08:34] Epoch: [080][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.380) Prec@1 71.09 (66.82) Prec@5 88.28 (86.21) - train[2018-10-15-14:10:20] Epoch: [080][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.551 (3.381) Prec@1 61.72 (66.80) Prec@5 83.59 (86.20) - train[2018-10-15-14:12:03] Epoch: [080][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.003 (3.381) Prec@1 59.38 (66.80) Prec@5 78.12 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-14:13:47] Epoch: [080][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.381) Prec@1 66.41 (66.81) Prec@5 87.50 (86.19) - train[2018-10-15-14:15:33] Epoch: [080][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.382) Prec@1 65.62 (66.80) Prec@5 82.03 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-14:17:17] Epoch: [080][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.581 (3.382) Prec@1 61.72 (66.80) Prec@5 84.38 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-14:19:01] Epoch: [080][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.517 (3.383) Prec@1 61.72 (66.80) Prec@5 85.94 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-14:20:46] Epoch: [080][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.429 (3.383) Prec@1 67.19 (66.80) Prec@5 87.50 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-14:22:31] Epoch: [080][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.456 (3.383) Prec@1 66.41 (66.79) Prec@5 87.50 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-14:24:15] Epoch: [080][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.200 (3.383) Prec@1 71.09 (66.79) Prec@5 88.28 (86.17) - train[2018-10-15-14:25:58] Epoch: [080][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.384) Prec@1 67.97 (66.78) Prec@5 85.16 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-14:27:42] Epoch: [080][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.890 (3.385) Prec@1 59.38 (66.77) Prec@5 78.12 (86.16) - train[2018-10-15-14:27:46] Epoch: [080][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (3.385) Prec@1 80.00 (66.77) Prec@5 86.67 (86.16) -[2018-10-15-14:27:46] **train** Prec@1 66.77 Prec@5 86.16 Error@1 33.23 Error@5 13.84 Loss:3.385 - test [2018-10-15-14:27:50] Epoch: [080][000/391] Time 3.21 (3.21) Data 3.07 (3.07) Loss 0.702 (0.702) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-15-14:28:17] Epoch: [080][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.413 (1.129) Prec@1 67.19 (73.52) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - test [2018-10-15-14:28:41] Epoch: [080][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.634 (1.310) Prec@1 28.75 (69.59) Prec@5 73.75 (89.16) -[2018-10-15-14:28:41] **test** Prec@1 69.59 Prec@5 89.16 Error@1 30.41 Error@5 10.84 Loss:1.310 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.67, Acc@5=89.36, Error@1=30.33, Error@5=10.64 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-14:28:41] [Epoch=081/250] [Need: 247:52:59] LR=0.0085 ~ 0.0085, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-14:28:46] Epoch: [081][000/10010] Time 4.74 (4.74) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 3.662 (3.662) Prec@1 54.69 (54.69) Prec@5 84.38 (84.38) - train[2018-10-15-14:30:30] Epoch: [081][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.452 (3.356) Prec@1 64.84 (67.67) Prec@5 82.81 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-14:32:14] Epoch: [081][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.396 (3.355) Prec@1 67.19 (67.51) Prec@5 88.28 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-14:33:58] Epoch: [081][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.838 (3.357) Prec@1 61.72 (67.45) Prec@5 84.38 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-14:35:42] Epoch: [081][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.197 (3.355) Prec@1 68.75 (67.45) Prec@5 89.06 (86.53) - train[2018-10-15-14:37:26] Epoch: [081][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.351) Prec@1 68.75 (67.49) Prec@5 87.50 (86.60) - train[2018-10-15-14:39:10] Epoch: [081][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.957 (3.348) Prec@1 58.59 (67.56) Prec@5 79.69 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-14:40:55] Epoch: [081][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.214 (3.350) Prec@1 70.31 (67.51) Prec@5 90.62 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-14:42:40] Epoch: [081][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.349) Prec@1 71.09 (67.54) Prec@5 90.62 (86.66) - train[2018-10-15-14:44:23] Epoch: [081][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (3.351) Prec@1 70.31 (67.52) Prec@5 84.38 (86.63) - train[2018-10-15-14:46:07] Epoch: [081][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.569 (3.353) Prec@1 66.41 (67.44) Prec@5 85.94 (86.60) - train[2018-10-15-14:47:51] Epoch: [081][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.353) Prec@1 69.53 (67.45) Prec@5 86.72 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-14:49:35] Epoch: [081][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.355) Prec@1 71.88 (67.44) Prec@5 82.81 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-14:51:19] Epoch: [081][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.355) Prec@1 69.53 (67.44) Prec@5 85.94 (86.58) - train[2018-10-15-14:53:04] Epoch: [081][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (3.355) Prec@1 70.31 (67.42) Prec@5 87.50 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-14:54:47] Epoch: [081][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.293 (3.354) Prec@1 71.88 (67.41) Prec@5 85.94 (86.58) - train[2018-10-15-14:56:33] Epoch: [081][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.356) Prec@1 67.19 (67.37) Prec@5 86.72 (86.55) - train[2018-10-15-14:58:19] Epoch: [081][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.357) Prec@1 65.62 (67.35) Prec@5 82.03 (86.53) - train[2018-10-15-15:00:05] Epoch: [081][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (3.358) Prec@1 74.22 (67.33) Prec@5 92.97 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-15:01:50] Epoch: [081][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (3.359) Prec@1 75.00 (67.31) Prec@5 91.41 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-15:03:34] Epoch: [081][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.443 (3.359) Prec@1 67.19 (67.32) Prec@5 86.72 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-15:05:18] Epoch: [081][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.359) Prec@1 67.97 (67.30) Prec@5 82.81 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-15:07:02] Epoch: [081][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.571 (3.360) Prec@1 67.97 (67.29) Prec@5 82.81 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-15:08:46] Epoch: [081][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.360) Prec@1 71.88 (67.29) Prec@5 89.06 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-15:10:31] Epoch: [081][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.360) Prec@1 61.72 (67.27) Prec@5 86.72 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-15:12:16] Epoch: [081][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.524 (3.361) Prec@1 61.72 (67.24) Prec@5 85.94 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-15:14:01] Epoch: [081][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.693 (3.363) Prec@1 62.50 (67.21) Prec@5 83.59 (86.44) - train[2018-10-15-15:15:46] Epoch: [081][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.528 (3.364) Prec@1 65.62 (67.19) Prec@5 82.03 (86.43) - train[2018-10-15-15:17:32] Epoch: [081][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.365) Prec@1 68.75 (67.17) Prec@5 85.16 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-15:19:18] Epoch: [081][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.396 (3.366) Prec@1 64.06 (67.16) Prec@5 87.50 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-15:21:03] Epoch: [081][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.366) Prec@1 63.28 (67.15) Prec@5 83.59 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-15:22:48] Epoch: [081][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.366) Prec@1 71.88 (67.15) Prec@5 85.94 (86.41) - train[2018-10-15-15:24:34] Epoch: [081][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.366) Prec@1 70.31 (67.14) Prec@5 88.28 (86.41) - train[2018-10-15-15:26:20] Epoch: [081][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.619 (3.365) Prec@1 68.75 (67.15) Prec@5 82.81 (86.43) - train[2018-10-15-15:28:06] Epoch: [081][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.251 (3.365) Prec@1 72.66 (67.15) Prec@5 87.50 (86.44) - train[2018-10-15-15:29:51] Epoch: [081][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.446 (3.367) Prec@1 67.19 (67.13) Prec@5 86.72 (86.42) - train[2018-10-15-15:31:36] Epoch: [081][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.367) Prec@1 64.06 (67.11) Prec@5 84.38 (86.41) - train[2018-10-15-15:33:22] Epoch: [081][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.367) Prec@1 63.28 (67.10) Prec@5 86.72 (86.40) - train[2018-10-15-15:35:06] Epoch: [081][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.484 (3.369) Prec@1 67.97 (67.08) Prec@5 85.16 (86.39) - train[2018-10-15-15:36:52] Epoch: [081][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.369) Prec@1 67.97 (67.08) Prec@5 87.50 (86.39) - train[2018-10-15-15:38:37] Epoch: [081][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.546 (3.369) Prec@1 65.62 (67.08) Prec@5 83.59 (86.39) - train[2018-10-15-15:40:23] Epoch: [081][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.370) Prec@1 66.41 (67.05) Prec@5 92.97 (86.37) - train[2018-10-15-15:42:09] Epoch: [081][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.370) Prec@1 69.53 (67.04) Prec@5 85.16 (86.37) - train[2018-10-15-15:43:55] Epoch: [081][8600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.581 (3.371) Prec@1 63.28 (67.03) Prec@5 88.28 (86.37) - train[2018-10-15-15:45:40] Epoch: [081][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.488 (3.372) Prec@1 64.84 (67.01) Prec@5 85.94 (86.36) - train[2018-10-15-15:47:26] Epoch: [081][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.372) Prec@1 71.09 (67.01) Prec@5 89.84 (86.35) - train[2018-10-15-15:49:11] Epoch: [081][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.373) Prec@1 70.31 (67.00) Prec@5 90.62 (86.34) - train[2018-10-15-15:50:56] Epoch: [081][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.503 (3.373) Prec@1 63.28 (66.99) Prec@5 84.38 (86.34) - train[2018-10-15-15:52:41] Epoch: [081][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.708 (3.374) Prec@1 60.94 (66.98) Prec@5 79.69 (86.33) - train[2018-10-15-15:54:27] Epoch: [081][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.374) Prec@1 74.22 (66.98) Prec@5 87.50 (86.33) - train[2018-10-15-15:56:12] Epoch: [081][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.375) Prec@1 70.31 (66.96) Prec@5 87.50 (86.32) - train[2018-10-15-15:56:17] Epoch: [081][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.708 (3.375) Prec@1 60.00 (66.96) Prec@5 93.33 (86.32) -[2018-10-15-15:56:17] **train** Prec@1 66.96 Prec@5 86.32 Error@1 33.04 Error@5 13.68 Loss:3.375 - test [2018-10-15-15:56:20] Epoch: [081][000/391] Time 3.80 (3.80) Data 3.67 (3.67) Loss 0.818 (0.818) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-15-15:56:47] Epoch: [081][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.227 (1.155) Prec@1 73.44 (73.22) Prec@5 91.41 (91.94) - test [2018-10-15-15:57:12] Epoch: [081][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.337 (1.320) Prec@1 36.25 (69.72) Prec@5 80.00 (89.42) -[2018-10-15-15:57:12] **test** Prec@1 69.72 Prec@5 89.42 Error@1 30.28 Error@5 10.58 Loss:1.320 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.72, Acc@5=89.42, Error@1=30.28, Error@5=10.58 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-15:57:12] [Epoch=082/250] [Need: 247:49:23] LR=0.0082 ~ 0.0082, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-15:57:16] Epoch: [082][000/10010] Time 4.65 (4.65) Data 4.04 (4.04) Loss 3.078 (3.078) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-15-15:59:01] Epoch: [082][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.061 (3.322) Prec@1 71.09 (67.79) Prec@5 89.06 (86.86) - train[2018-10-15-16:00:45] Epoch: [082][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.376 (3.327) Prec@1 67.19 (67.91) Prec@5 86.72 (86.80) - train[2018-10-15-16:02:28] Epoch: [082][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.098 (3.325) Prec@1 74.22 (67.99) Prec@5 85.94 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-16:04:12] Epoch: [082][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.088 (3.329) Prec@1 72.66 (67.87) Prec@5 89.06 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-16:05:57] Epoch: [082][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.324) Prec@1 69.53 (67.87) Prec@5 89.84 (86.92) - train[2018-10-15-16:07:42] Epoch: [082][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.437 (3.325) Prec@1 62.50 (67.86) Prec@5 83.59 (86.92) - train[2018-10-15-16:09:27] Epoch: [082][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.330) Prec@1 68.75 (67.74) Prec@5 85.94 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-16:11:12] Epoch: [082][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (3.334) Prec@1 71.09 (67.64) Prec@5 86.72 (86.80) - train[2018-10-15-16:12:58] Epoch: [082][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.340) Prec@1 64.06 (67.52) Prec@5 86.72 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-16:14:44] Epoch: [082][2000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.339) Prec@1 75.00 (67.53) Prec@5 88.28 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-16:16:28] Epoch: [082][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.339) Prec@1 64.84 (67.52) Prec@5 86.72 (86.75) - train[2018-10-15-16:18:12] Epoch: [082][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (3.338) Prec@1 75.78 (67.56) Prec@5 88.28 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-16:19:56] Epoch: [082][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.293 (3.338) Prec@1 67.97 (67.54) Prec@5 89.06 (86.78) - train[2018-10-15-16:21:40] Epoch: [082][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.339) Prec@1 63.28 (67.50) Prec@5 86.72 (86.77) - train[2018-10-15-16:23:24] Epoch: [082][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.343) Prec@1 69.53 (67.43) Prec@5 85.94 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-16:25:08] Epoch: [082][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.345) Prec@1 72.66 (67.38) Prec@5 89.84 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-16:26:53] Epoch: [082][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.346) Prec@1 75.78 (67.36) Prec@5 87.50 (86.70) - train[2018-10-15-16:28:37] Epoch: [082][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.346) Prec@1 65.62 (67.37) Prec@5 85.16 (86.70) - train[2018-10-15-16:30:21] Epoch: [082][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.347) Prec@1 69.53 (67.33) Prec@5 85.94 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-16:32:06] Epoch: [082][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.590 (3.349) Prec@1 66.41 (67.30) Prec@5 86.72 (86.66) - train[2018-10-15-16:33:50] Epoch: [082][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.349) Prec@1 72.66 (67.30) Prec@5 89.84 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-16:35:33] Epoch: [082][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (3.350) Prec@1 73.44 (67.29) Prec@5 89.06 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-16:37:18] Epoch: [082][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.350) Prec@1 64.06 (67.28) Prec@5 82.03 (86.64) - train[2018-10-15-16:39:03] Epoch: [082][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (3.352) Prec@1 75.78 (67.26) Prec@5 89.06 (86.63) - train[2018-10-15-16:40:47] Epoch: [082][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.479 (3.352) Prec@1 63.28 (67.26) Prec@5 85.16 (86.62) - train[2018-10-15-16:42:31] Epoch: [082][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.472 (3.353) Prec@1 64.06 (67.25) Prec@5 84.38 (86.61) - train[2018-10-15-16:44:16] Epoch: [082][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (3.354) Prec@1 69.53 (67.23) Prec@5 91.41 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-16:46:01] Epoch: [082][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.355) Prec@1 63.28 (67.19) Prec@5 82.81 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-16:47:45] Epoch: [082][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.356) Prec@1 65.62 (67.19) Prec@5 84.38 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-16:49:30] Epoch: [082][6000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.356) Prec@1 73.44 (67.20) Prec@5 91.41 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-16:51:14] Epoch: [082][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.421 (3.356) Prec@1 64.06 (67.19) Prec@5 88.28 (86.55) - train[2018-10-15-16:52:58] Epoch: [082][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.460 (3.357) Prec@1 63.28 (67.18) Prec@5 85.94 (86.54) - train[2018-10-15-16:54:43] Epoch: [082][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.357) Prec@1 67.97 (67.18) Prec@5 82.03 (86.54) - train[2018-10-15-16:56:27] Epoch: [082][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.437 (3.358) Prec@1 66.41 (67.16) Prec@5 85.94 (86.53) - train[2018-10-15-16:58:11] Epoch: [082][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.359) Prec@1 64.84 (67.15) Prec@5 85.16 (86.53) - train[2018-10-15-16:59:55] Epoch: [082][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.886 (3.359) Prec@1 55.47 (67.14) Prec@5 82.03 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-17:01:39] Epoch: [082][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.817 (3.360) Prec@1 58.59 (67.14) Prec@5 80.47 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-17:03:25] Epoch: [082][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.443 (3.359) Prec@1 64.84 (67.15) Prec@5 85.94 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-17:05:09] Epoch: [082][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.449 (3.360) Prec@1 64.84 (67.14) Prec@5 84.38 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-17:06:54] Epoch: [082][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.474 (3.360) Prec@1 67.19 (67.14) Prec@5 85.16 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-17:08:39] Epoch: [082][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.360) Prec@1 61.72 (67.13) Prec@5 86.72 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-17:10:24] Epoch: [082][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.361) Prec@1 69.53 (67.13) Prec@5 91.41 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-17:12:09] Epoch: [082][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.441 (3.361) Prec@1 64.06 (67.13) Prec@5 83.59 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-17:13:54] Epoch: [082][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.273 (3.362) Prec@1 69.53 (67.12) Prec@5 89.06 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-17:15:39] Epoch: [082][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (3.362) Prec@1 65.62 (67.11) Prec@5 85.94 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-17:17:25] Epoch: [082][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (3.363) Prec@1 69.53 (67.10) Prec@5 86.72 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-17:19:10] Epoch: [082][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (3.363) Prec@1 61.72 (67.09) Prec@5 88.28 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-17:20:55] Epoch: [082][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.363) Prec@1 68.75 (67.09) Prec@5 86.72 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-17:22:39] Epoch: [082][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (3.364) Prec@1 68.75 (67.08) Prec@5 86.72 (86.45) - train[2018-10-15-17:24:24] Epoch: [082][10000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (3.365) Prec@1 67.19 (67.08) Prec@5 89.84 (86.44) - train[2018-10-15-17:24:29] Epoch: [082][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.270 (3.365) Prec@1 46.67 (67.08) Prec@5 53.33 (86.44) -[2018-10-15-17:24:29] **train** Prec@1 67.08 Prec@5 86.44 Error@1 32.92 Error@5 13.56 Loss:3.365 - test [2018-10-15-17:24:33] Epoch: [082][000/391] Time 3.95 (3.95) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 0.664 (0.664) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-15-17:24:59] Epoch: [082][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.534 (1.163) Prec@1 58.59 (73.10) Prec@5 89.06 (91.95) - test [2018-10-15-17:25:24] Epoch: [082][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.223 (1.322) Prec@1 43.75 (69.78) Prec@5 78.75 (89.43) -[2018-10-15-17:25:24] **test** Prec@1 69.78 Prec@5 89.43 Error@1 30.22 Error@5 10.57 Loss:1.322 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.78, Acc@5=89.43, Error@1=30.22, Error@5=10.57 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-17:25:25] [Epoch=083/250] [Need: 245:31:52] LR=0.0080 ~ 0.0080, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-17:25:29] Epoch: [083][000/10010] Time 4.42 (4.42) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 3.598 (3.598) Prec@1 64.84 (64.84) Prec@5 81.25 (81.25) - train[2018-10-15-17:27:13] Epoch: [083][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.391 (3.336) Prec@1 71.88 (67.70) Prec@5 86.72 (86.88) - train[2018-10-15-17:28:57] Epoch: [083][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.359 (3.338) Prec@1 67.19 (67.69) Prec@5 82.81 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-17:30:42] Epoch: [083][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.531 (3.337) Prec@1 65.62 (67.64) Prec@5 85.94 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-17:32:27] Epoch: [083][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.614 (3.332) Prec@1 65.62 (67.76) Prec@5 83.59 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-17:34:11] Epoch: [083][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.332) Prec@1 68.75 (67.82) Prec@5 90.62 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-17:35:55] Epoch: [083][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (3.335) Prec@1 69.53 (67.73) Prec@5 88.28 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-17:37:38] Epoch: [083][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.338) Prec@1 73.44 (67.69) Prec@5 88.28 (86.72) - train[2018-10-15-17:39:22] Epoch: [083][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.662 (3.338) Prec@1 61.72 (67.69) Prec@5 81.25 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-17:41:06] Epoch: [083][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.338) Prec@1 67.19 (67.69) Prec@5 87.50 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-17:42:50] Epoch: [083][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.337) Prec@1 65.62 (67.72) Prec@5 84.38 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-17:44:34] Epoch: [083][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.640 (3.336) Prec@1 59.38 (67.75) Prec@5 84.38 (86.75) - train[2018-10-15-17:46:17] Epoch: [083][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.337) Prec@1 64.06 (67.71) Prec@5 86.72 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-17:48:01] Epoch: [083][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.444 (3.339) Prec@1 64.84 (67.66) Prec@5 85.16 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-17:49:46] Epoch: [083][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.341) Prec@1 66.41 (67.61) Prec@5 85.94 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-17:51:30] Epoch: [083][3000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.342) Prec@1 62.50 (67.60) Prec@5 89.84 (86.67) - train[2018-10-15-17:53:14] Epoch: [083][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (3.343) Prec@1 69.53 (67.58) Prec@5 92.97 (86.67) - train[2018-10-15-17:54:59] Epoch: [083][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.342) Prec@1 74.22 (67.59) Prec@5 89.06 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-17:56:46] Epoch: [083][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.476 (3.343) Prec@1 66.41 (67.58) Prec@5 84.38 (86.67) - train[2018-10-15-17:58:30] Epoch: [083][3800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.498 (3.343) Prec@1 67.97 (67.56) Prec@5 86.72 (86.67) - train[2018-10-15-18:00:16] Epoch: [083][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.345) Prec@1 67.97 (67.54) Prec@5 87.50 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-18:02:02] Epoch: [083][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.346) Prec@1 71.09 (67.50) Prec@5 87.50 (86.63) - train[2018-10-15-18:03:48] Epoch: [083][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.347) Prec@1 67.19 (67.48) Prec@5 78.91 (86.62) - train[2018-10-15-18:05:34] Epoch: [083][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.348) Prec@1 64.06 (67.46) Prec@5 89.06 (86.61) - train[2018-10-15-18:07:20] Epoch: [083][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.349) Prec@1 67.19 (67.43) Prec@5 86.72 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-18:09:05] Epoch: [083][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.349) Prec@1 71.88 (67.42) Prec@5 89.84 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-18:10:51] Epoch: [083][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (3.351) Prec@1 67.97 (67.40) Prec@5 82.81 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-18:12:36] Epoch: [083][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.430 (3.351) Prec@1 64.84 (67.40) Prec@5 86.72 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-18:14:23] Epoch: [083][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.351) Prec@1 61.72 (67.38) Prec@5 81.25 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-18:16:08] Epoch: [083][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.352) Prec@1 64.84 (67.38) Prec@5 88.28 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-18:17:54] Epoch: [083][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (3.352) Prec@1 64.06 (67.39) Prec@5 83.59 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-18:19:39] Epoch: [083][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (3.351) Prec@1 68.75 (67.38) Prec@5 88.28 (86.58) - train[2018-10-15-18:21:25] Epoch: [083][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.564 (3.351) Prec@1 64.06 (67.38) Prec@5 85.16 (86.58) - train[2018-10-15-18:23:11] Epoch: [083][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.787 (3.352) Prec@1 53.12 (67.36) Prec@5 80.47 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-18:24:58] Epoch: [083][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.352) Prec@1 66.41 (67.36) Prec@5 88.28 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-18:26:43] Epoch: [083][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.353) Prec@1 68.75 (67.35) Prec@5 84.38 (86.56) - train[2018-10-15-18:28:30] Epoch: [083][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (3.354) Prec@1 67.97 (67.34) Prec@5 86.72 (86.55) - train[2018-10-15-18:30:15] Epoch: [083][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.354) Prec@1 62.50 (67.32) Prec@5 81.25 (86.55) - train[2018-10-15-18:32:00] Epoch: [083][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.354) Prec@1 69.53 (67.31) Prec@5 88.28 (86.55) - train[2018-10-15-18:33:46] Epoch: [083][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.354) Prec@1 71.09 (67.30) Prec@5 89.84 (86.54) - train[2018-10-15-18:35:32] Epoch: [083][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.354) Prec@1 72.66 (67.30) Prec@5 89.06 (86.54) - train[2018-10-15-18:37:18] Epoch: [083][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.355) Prec@1 65.62 (67.28) Prec@5 88.28 (86.53) - train[2018-10-15-18:39:03] Epoch: [083][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.355) Prec@1 70.31 (67.27) Prec@5 86.72 (86.52) - train[2018-10-15-18:40:48] Epoch: [083][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.779 (3.357) Prec@1 56.25 (67.24) Prec@5 78.91 (86.51) - train[2018-10-15-18:42:33] Epoch: [083][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.573 (3.357) Prec@1 64.84 (67.23) Prec@5 81.25 (86.50) - train[2018-10-15-18:44:19] Epoch: [083][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (3.358) Prec@1 72.66 (67.22) Prec@5 85.94 (86.49) - train[2018-10-15-18:46:04] Epoch: [083][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.358) Prec@1 71.09 (67.21) Prec@5 85.94 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-18:47:51] Epoch: [083][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.359) Prec@1 74.22 (67.20) Prec@5 92.19 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-18:49:36] Epoch: [083][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.359) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 86.72 (86.48) - train[2018-10-15-18:51:23] Epoch: [083][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.360) Prec@1 64.84 (67.18) Prec@5 86.72 (86.47) - train[2018-10-15-18:53:08] Epoch: [083][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.366 (3.360) Prec@1 72.66 (67.17) Prec@5 87.50 (86.46) - train[2018-10-15-18:53:12] Epoch: [083][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (3.360) Prec@1 66.67 (67.17) Prec@5 100.00 (86.46) -[2018-10-15-18:53:12] **train** Prec@1 67.17 Prec@5 86.46 Error@1 32.83 Error@5 13.54 Loss:3.360 - test [2018-10-15-18:53:16] Epoch: [083][000/391] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 4.10 (4.10) Loss 0.802 (0.802) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - test [2018-10-15-18:53:43] Epoch: [083][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.351 (1.130) Prec@1 64.06 (73.40) Prec@5 92.97 (91.89) - test [2018-10-15-18:54:08] Epoch: [083][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.389 (1.313) Prec@1 38.75 (69.70) Prec@5 76.25 (89.23) -[2018-10-15-18:54:08] **test** Prec@1 69.70 Prec@5 89.23 Error@1 30.30 Error@5 10.77 Loss:1.313 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=69.78, Acc@5=89.43, Error@1=30.22, Error@5=10.57 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-18:54:09] [Epoch=084/250] [Need: 245:29:57] LR=0.0077 ~ 0.0077, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-18:54:14] Epoch: [084][000/10010] Time 5.29 (5.29) Data 4.74 (4.74) Loss 3.384 (3.384) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-15-18:55:58] Epoch: [084][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.269 (3.315) Prec@1 70.31 (68.19) Prec@5 85.16 (86.91) - train[2018-10-15-18:57:42] Epoch: [084][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.026 (3.316) Prec@1 75.00 (68.03) Prec@5 88.28 (86.95) - train[2018-10-15-18:59:27] Epoch: [084][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.353 (3.320) Prec@1 65.62 (67.96) Prec@5 88.28 (86.88) - train[2018-10-15-19:01:10] Epoch: [084][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.926 (3.323) Prec@1 69.53 (67.85) Prec@5 93.75 (86.88) - train[2018-10-15-19:02:55] Epoch: [084][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.322) Prec@1 72.66 (67.93) Prec@5 87.50 (86.90) - train[2018-10-15-19:04:39] Epoch: [084][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.518 (3.323) Prec@1 66.41 (67.96) Prec@5 84.38 (86.90) - train[2018-10-15-19:06:23] Epoch: [084][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.750 (3.323) Prec@1 64.84 (68.00) Prec@5 82.81 (86.93) - train[2018-10-15-19:08:07] Epoch: [084][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.324) Prec@1 70.31 (67.94) Prec@5 87.50 (86.90) - train[2018-10-15-19:09:51] Epoch: [084][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.326) Prec@1 73.44 (67.91) Prec@5 89.84 (86.90) - train[2018-10-15-19:11:35] Epoch: [084][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.327) Prec@1 67.19 (67.90) Prec@5 85.16 (86.89) - train[2018-10-15-19:13:18] Epoch: [084][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.328) Prec@1 63.28 (67.83) Prec@5 86.72 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-19:15:03] Epoch: [084][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.328) Prec@1 64.06 (67.81) Prec@5 88.28 (86.86) - train[2018-10-15-19:16:48] Epoch: [084][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.330) Prec@1 64.06 (67.76) Prec@5 84.38 (86.85) - train[2018-10-15-19:18:32] Epoch: [084][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.330) Prec@1 71.88 (67.76) Prec@5 88.28 (86.85) - train[2018-10-15-19:20:16] Epoch: [084][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (3.331) Prec@1 67.19 (67.72) Prec@5 83.59 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-19:22:00] Epoch: [084][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.333) Prec@1 70.31 (67.68) Prec@5 86.72 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-19:23:46] Epoch: [084][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.711 (3.333) Prec@1 60.16 (67.69) Prec@5 81.25 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-19:25:30] Epoch: [084][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (3.334) Prec@1 73.44 (67.67) Prec@5 93.75 (86.78) - train[2018-10-15-19:27:14] Epoch: [084][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.334) Prec@1 74.22 (67.66) Prec@5 89.84 (86.78) - train[2018-10-15-19:28:59] Epoch: [084][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.334) Prec@1 67.97 (67.66) Prec@5 86.72 (86.77) - train[2018-10-15-19:30:42] Epoch: [084][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (3.335) Prec@1 67.97 (67.65) Prec@5 89.84 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-19:32:27] Epoch: [084][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.945 (3.336) Prec@1 60.94 (67.64) Prec@5 76.56 (86.75) - train[2018-10-15-19:34:11] Epoch: [084][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.336) Prec@1 67.19 (67.63) Prec@5 87.50 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-19:35:55] Epoch: [084][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.377 (3.335) Prec@1 71.09 (67.64) Prec@5 84.38 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-19:37:40] Epoch: [084][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.335) Prec@1 68.75 (67.65) Prec@5 87.50 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-19:39:24] Epoch: [084][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.337) Prec@1 67.19 (67.62) Prec@5 84.38 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-19:41:08] Epoch: [084][5400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.337) Prec@1 67.97 (67.62) Prec@5 86.72 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-19:42:52] Epoch: [084][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.668 (3.338) Prec@1 62.50 (67.60) Prec@5 82.03 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-19:44:36] Epoch: [084][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.339) Prec@1 72.66 (67.57) Prec@5 88.28 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-19:46:20] Epoch: [084][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.386 (3.339) Prec@1 64.06 (67.56) Prec@5 82.03 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-19:48:04] Epoch: [084][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.340) Prec@1 64.06 (67.55) Prec@5 86.72 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-19:49:49] Epoch: [084][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.340) Prec@1 68.75 (67.54) Prec@5 88.28 (86.70) - train[2018-10-15-19:51:33] Epoch: [084][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (3.341) Prec@1 74.22 (67.53) Prec@5 90.62 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-19:53:17] Epoch: [084][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (3.342) Prec@1 71.09 (67.51) Prec@5 90.62 (86.68) - train[2018-10-15-19:55:01] Epoch: [084][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (3.342) Prec@1 71.09 (67.51) Prec@5 85.16 (86.68) - train[2018-10-15-19:56:44] Epoch: [084][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (3.342) Prec@1 70.31 (67.51) Prec@5 85.94 (86.68) - train[2018-10-15-19:58:29] Epoch: [084][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (3.342) Prec@1 63.28 (67.49) Prec@5 85.16 (86.68) - train[2018-10-15-20:00:13] Epoch: [084][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (3.343) Prec@1 75.78 (67.49) Prec@5 92.97 (86.67) - train[2018-10-15-20:01:57] Epoch: [084][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.683 (3.344) Prec@1 57.81 (67.47) Prec@5 82.81 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-20:03:41] Epoch: [084][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (3.344) Prec@1 67.19 (67.47) Prec@5 85.94 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-20:05:25] Epoch: [084][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.145 (3.344) Prec@1 70.31 (67.47) Prec@5 93.75 (86.66) - train[2018-10-15-20:07:10] Epoch: [084][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.446 (3.344) Prec@1 69.53 (67.46) Prec@5 84.38 (86.65) - train[2018-10-15-20:08:54] Epoch: [084][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.345) Prec@1 71.09 (67.45) Prec@5 87.50 (86.64) - train[2018-10-15-20:10:38] Epoch: [084][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.421 (3.346) Prec@1 67.97 (67.42) Prec@5 84.38 (86.62) - train[2018-10-15-20:12:23] Epoch: [084][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.565 (3.347) Prec@1 64.06 (67.41) Prec@5 85.94 (86.60) - train[2018-10-15-20:14:07] Epoch: [084][9200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.347) Prec@1 66.41 (67.39) Prec@5 87.50 (86.60) - train[2018-10-15-20:15:51] Epoch: [084][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (3.348) Prec@1 71.09 (67.38) Prec@5 92.19 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-20:17:36] Epoch: [084][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.348) Prec@1 64.06 (67.37) Prec@5 84.38 (86.59) - train[2018-10-15-20:19:20] Epoch: [084][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.535 (3.348) Prec@1 57.81 (67.37) Prec@5 85.94 (86.58) - train[2018-10-15-20:21:05] Epoch: [084][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.348) Prec@1 67.97 (67.37) Prec@5 87.50 (86.57) - train[2018-10-15-20:21:09] Epoch: [084][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.585 (3.349) Prec@1 40.00 (67.37) Prec@5 60.00 (86.57) -[2018-10-15-20:21:09] **train** Prec@1 67.37 Prec@5 86.57 Error@1 32.63 Error@5 13.43 Loss:3.349 - test [2018-10-15-20:21:13] Epoch: [084][000/391] Time 3.71 (3.71) Data 3.58 (3.58) Loss 0.753 (0.753) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-15-20:21:40] Epoch: [084][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.484 (1.133) Prec@1 62.50 (73.59) Prec@5 90.62 (92.00) - test [2018-10-15-20:22:05] Epoch: [084][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.525 (1.301) Prec@1 31.25 (70.00) Prec@5 73.75 (89.53) -[2018-10-15-20:22:05] **test** Prec@1 70.00 Prec@5 89.53 Error@1 30.00 Error@5 10.47 Loss:1.301 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.00, Acc@5=89.53, Error@1=30.00, Error@5=10.47 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-20:22:05] [Epoch=085/250] [Need: 241:50:31] LR=0.0075 ~ 0.0075, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-20:22:10] Epoch: [085][000/10010] Time 5.25 (5.25) Data 4.67 (4.67) Loss 3.214 (3.214) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-15-20:23:54] Epoch: [085][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.458 (3.292) Prec@1 71.09 (68.57) Prec@5 87.50 (87.19) - train[2018-10-15-20:25:38] Epoch: [085][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.205 (3.313) Prec@1 71.88 (68.33) Prec@5 90.62 (86.98) - train[2018-10-15-20:27:22] Epoch: [085][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.057 (3.313) Prec@1 70.31 (68.24) Prec@5 91.41 (87.04) - train[2018-10-15-20:29:06] Epoch: [085][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.174 (3.313) Prec@1 74.22 (68.27) Prec@5 88.28 (86.95) - train[2018-10-15-20:30:49] Epoch: [085][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.310) Prec@1 66.41 (68.26) Prec@5 89.06 (87.03) - train[2018-10-15-20:32:33] Epoch: [085][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.305) Prec@1 62.50 (68.30) Prec@5 84.38 (87.09) - train[2018-10-15-20:34:17] Epoch: [085][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.451 (3.307) Prec@1 67.19 (68.33) Prec@5 88.28 (87.05) - train[2018-10-15-20:36:01] Epoch: [085][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.308) Prec@1 67.19 (68.27) Prec@5 89.06 (87.03) - train[2018-10-15-20:37:45] Epoch: [085][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.608 (3.309) Prec@1 57.81 (68.22) Prec@5 81.25 (87.04) - train[2018-10-15-20:39:29] Epoch: [085][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.310) Prec@1 64.84 (68.18) Prec@5 87.50 (87.02) - train[2018-10-15-20:41:13] Epoch: [085][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.313) Prec@1 71.88 (68.12) Prec@5 88.28 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-20:42:58] Epoch: [085][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.312) Prec@1 66.41 (68.10) Prec@5 89.06 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-20:44:44] Epoch: [085][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (3.313) Prec@1 72.66 (68.05) Prec@5 88.28 (87.00) - train[2018-10-15-20:46:30] Epoch: [085][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.509 (3.314) Prec@1 63.28 (68.05) Prec@5 83.59 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-20:48:17] Epoch: [085][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.346 (3.316) Prec@1 70.31 (68.00) Prec@5 87.50 (86.96) - train[2018-10-15-20:50:04] Epoch: [085][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (3.317) Prec@1 67.19 (67.98) Prec@5 85.94 (86.97) - train[2018-10-15-20:51:50] Epoch: [085][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.727 (3.321) Prec@1 63.28 (67.89) Prec@5 84.38 (86.92) - train[2018-10-15-20:53:36] Epoch: [085][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.322) Prec@1 73.44 (67.88) Prec@5 89.06 (86.91) - train[2018-10-15-20:55:24] Epoch: [085][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.323) Prec@1 68.75 (67.87) Prec@5 89.06 (86.91) - train[2018-10-15-20:57:11] Epoch: [085][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.324) Prec@1 65.62 (67.83) Prec@5 88.28 (86.89) - train[2018-10-15-20:58:58] Epoch: [085][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (3.325) Prec@1 66.41 (67.82) Prec@5 89.06 (86.88) - train[2018-10-15-21:00:44] Epoch: [085][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.326) Prec@1 63.28 (67.79) Prec@5 90.62 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-21:02:30] Epoch: [085][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.327) Prec@1 70.31 (67.79) Prec@5 88.28 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-21:04:16] Epoch: [085][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.326) Prec@1 65.62 (67.78) Prec@5 88.28 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-21:06:02] Epoch: [085][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.326) Prec@1 64.06 (67.78) Prec@5 85.94 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-21:07:48] Epoch: [085][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.521 (3.328) Prec@1 62.50 (67.75) Prec@5 84.38 (86.85) - train[2018-10-15-21:09:34] Epoch: [085][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.329) Prec@1 63.28 (67.74) Prec@5 86.72 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-21:11:19] Epoch: [085][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.496 (3.330) Prec@1 60.94 (67.72) Prec@5 83.59 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-21:13:05] Epoch: [085][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (3.331) Prec@1 72.66 (67.71) Prec@5 92.19 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-21:14:51] Epoch: [085][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.017 (3.331) Prec@1 77.34 (67.70) Prec@5 90.62 (86.80) - train[2018-10-15-21:16:37] Epoch: [085][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.741 (3.332) Prec@1 60.16 (67.69) Prec@5 78.12 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-21:18:22] Epoch: [085][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.436 (3.332) Prec@1 66.41 (67.68) Prec@5 84.38 (86.77) - train[2018-10-15-21:20:08] Epoch: [085][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.333) Prec@1 66.41 (67.66) Prec@5 83.59 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-21:21:54] Epoch: [085][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (3.334) Prec@1 67.97 (67.64) Prec@5 87.50 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-21:23:39] Epoch: [085][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.334) Prec@1 74.22 (67.64) Prec@5 85.94 (86.76) - train[2018-10-15-21:25:23] Epoch: [085][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (3.335) Prec@1 68.75 (67.62) Prec@5 87.50 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-21:27:08] Epoch: [085][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (3.336) Prec@1 68.75 (67.60) Prec@5 86.72 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-21:28:54] Epoch: [085][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.335) Prec@1 72.66 (67.61) Prec@5 83.59 (86.74) - train[2018-10-15-21:30:39] Epoch: [085][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.336) Prec@1 71.88 (67.59) Prec@5 89.84 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-21:32:24] Epoch: [085][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (3.336) Prec@1 71.09 (67.59) Prec@5 90.62 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-21:34:10] Epoch: [085][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.337) Prec@1 70.31 (67.58) Prec@5 88.28 (86.72) - train[2018-10-15-21:35:56] Epoch: [085][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (3.337) Prec@1 64.84 (67.58) Prec@5 91.41 (86.72) - train[2018-10-15-21:37:43] Epoch: [085][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.776 (3.337) Prec@1 60.16 (67.57) Prec@5 77.34 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-21:39:29] Epoch: [085][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.337) Prec@1 71.09 (67.57) Prec@5 86.72 (86.73) - train[2018-10-15-21:41:16] Epoch: [085][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.338) Prec@1 71.09 (67.55) Prec@5 92.19 (86.72) - train[2018-10-15-21:43:02] Epoch: [085][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.263 (3.339) Prec@1 66.41 (67.53) Prec@5 88.28 (86.71) - train[2018-10-15-21:44:48] Epoch: [085][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.339) Prec@1 69.53 (67.53) Prec@5 85.94 (86.70) - train[2018-10-15-21:46:34] Epoch: [085][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.340) Prec@1 74.22 (67.51) Prec@5 87.50 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-21:48:22] Epoch: [085][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.494 (3.340) Prec@1 68.75 (67.51) Prec@5 85.16 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-21:50:08] Epoch: [085][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.341) Prec@1 64.06 (67.50) Prec@5 84.38 (86.69) - train[2018-10-15-21:50:12] Epoch: [085][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.341) Prec@1 66.67 (67.50) Prec@5 93.33 (86.69) -[2018-10-15-21:50:12] **train** Prec@1 67.50 Prec@5 86.69 Error@1 32.50 Error@5 13.31 Loss:3.341 - test [2018-10-15-21:50:16] Epoch: [085][000/391] Time 4.17 (4.17) Data 4.04 (4.04) Loss 0.725 (0.725) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-15-21:50:45] Epoch: [085][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.477 (1.122) Prec@1 60.94 (73.80) Prec@5 88.28 (92.15) - test [2018-10-15-21:51:09] Epoch: [085][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.483 (1.296) Prec@1 33.75 (70.21) Prec@5 73.75 (89.62) -[2018-10-15-21:51:09] **test** Prec@1 70.21 Prec@5 89.62 Error@1 29.79 Error@5 10.38 Loss:1.296 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.21, Acc@5=89.62, Error@1=29.79, Error@5=10.38 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-21:51:10] [Epoch=086/250] [Need: 243:27:50] LR=0.0073 ~ 0.0073, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-21:51:14] Epoch: [086][000/10010] Time 4.30 (4.30) Data 3.68 (3.68) Loss 3.423 (3.423) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-15-21:52:58] Epoch: [086][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.226 (3.306) Prec@1 67.19 (68.23) Prec@5 85.16 (87.04) - train[2018-10-15-21:54:43] Epoch: [086][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.557 (3.301) Prec@1 69.53 (68.37) Prec@5 84.38 (87.11) - train[2018-10-15-21:56:26] Epoch: [086][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.264 (3.308) Prec@1 69.53 (68.22) Prec@5 86.72 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-21:58:10] Epoch: [086][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.314) Prec@1 65.62 (68.11) Prec@5 90.62 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-21:59:55] Epoch: [086][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.319) Prec@1 68.75 (68.01) Prec@5 88.28 (86.89) - train[2018-10-15-22:01:38] Epoch: [086][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.313) Prec@1 71.88 (68.11) Prec@5 91.41 (86.98) - train[2018-10-15-22:03:21] Epoch: [086][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.311) Prec@1 66.41 (68.11) Prec@5 85.16 (87.02) - train[2018-10-15-22:05:05] Epoch: [086][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.312) Prec@1 71.09 (68.14) Prec@5 88.28 (86.98) - train[2018-10-15-22:06:49] Epoch: [086][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.586 (3.311) Prec@1 67.19 (68.15) Prec@5 81.25 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-22:08:34] Epoch: [086][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.309) Prec@1 71.09 (68.19) Prec@5 85.16 (87.00) - train[2018-10-15-22:10:18] Epoch: [086][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.311) Prec@1 66.41 (68.15) Prec@5 88.28 (86.98) - train[2018-10-15-22:12:04] Epoch: [086][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.256 (3.312) Prec@1 66.41 (68.10) Prec@5 89.06 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-22:13:50] Epoch: [086][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (3.311) Prec@1 72.66 (68.09) Prec@5 89.84 (87.03) - train[2018-10-15-22:15:35] Epoch: [086][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.570 (3.311) Prec@1 60.94 (68.08) Prec@5 82.81 (87.03) - train[2018-10-15-22:17:20] Epoch: [086][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.311) Prec@1 65.62 (68.08) Prec@5 89.06 (87.02) - train[2018-10-15-22:19:05] Epoch: [086][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.312) Prec@1 70.31 (68.06) Prec@5 84.38 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-22:20:51] Epoch: [086][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.312) Prec@1 68.75 (68.05) Prec@5 89.06 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-22:22:36] Epoch: [086][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (3.313) Prec@1 65.62 (68.03) Prec@5 84.38 (87.01) - train[2018-10-15-22:24:21] Epoch: [086][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.751 (3.315) Prec@1 63.28 (68.00) Prec@5 81.25 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-22:26:05] Epoch: [086][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.637 (3.317) Prec@1 63.28 (67.96) Prec@5 82.03 (86.97) - train[2018-10-15-22:27:51] Epoch: [086][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.516 (3.318) Prec@1 67.97 (67.92) Prec@5 82.03 (86.95) - train[2018-10-15-22:29:36] Epoch: [086][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.319) Prec@1 68.75 (67.90) Prec@5 85.16 (86.94) - train[2018-10-15-22:31:23] Epoch: [086][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.320) Prec@1 71.88 (67.89) Prec@5 89.06 (86.93) - train[2018-10-15-22:33:09] Epoch: [086][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (3.322) Prec@1 69.53 (67.86) Prec@5 87.50 (86.91) - train[2018-10-15-22:34:54] Epoch: [086][5000/10010] Time 0.62 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.322) Prec@1 68.75 (67.84) Prec@5 89.06 (86.90) - train[2018-10-15-22:36:41] Epoch: [086][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.324) Prec@1 68.75 (67.83) Prec@5 89.06 (86.89) - train[2018-10-15-22:38:28] Epoch: [086][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.437 (3.324) Prec@1 67.19 (67.83) Prec@5 86.72 (86.89) - train[2018-10-15-22:40:14] Epoch: [086][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.253 (3.325) Prec@1 71.09 (67.81) Prec@5 85.94 (86.87) - train[2018-10-15-22:42:00] Epoch: [086][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (3.326) Prec@1 77.34 (67.79) Prec@5 89.84 (86.86) - train[2018-10-15-22:43:45] Epoch: [086][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (3.326) Prec@1 65.62 (67.78) Prec@5 86.72 (86.86) - train[2018-10-15-22:45:31] Epoch: [086][6200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.326) Prec@1 66.41 (67.77) Prec@5 85.16 (86.86) - train[2018-10-15-22:47:17] Epoch: [086][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.327) Prec@1 64.84 (67.77) Prec@5 87.50 (86.85) - train[2018-10-15-22:49:03] Epoch: [086][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (3.328) Prec@1 71.88 (67.76) Prec@5 88.28 (86.84) - train[2018-10-15-22:50:48] Epoch: [086][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.327) Prec@1 69.53 (67.76) Prec@5 87.50 (86.84) - train[2018-10-15-22:52:34] Epoch: [086][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.771 (3.328) Prec@1 60.16 (67.74) Prec@5 82.81 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-22:54:19] Epoch: [086][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.247 (3.329) Prec@1 73.44 (67.73) Prec@5 85.16 (86.83) - train[2018-10-15-22:56:04] Epoch: [086][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (3.329) Prec@1 68.75 (67.71) Prec@5 85.16 (86.82) - train[2018-10-15-22:57:49] Epoch: [086][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.329) Prec@1 66.41 (67.71) Prec@5 82.03 (86.82) - train[2018-10-15-22:59:35] Epoch: [086][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.330) Prec@1 71.09 (67.70) Prec@5 90.62 (86.82) - train[2018-10-15-23:01:20] Epoch: [086][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.330) Prec@1 71.09 (67.70) Prec@5 88.28 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-23:03:05] Epoch: [086][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.249 (3.331) Prec@1 64.84 (67.68) Prec@5 88.28 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-23:04:51] Epoch: [086][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.331) Prec@1 68.75 (67.68) Prec@5 87.50 (86.81) - train[2018-10-15-23:06:37] Epoch: [086][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (3.332) Prec@1 71.09 (67.66) Prec@5 89.06 (86.80) - train[2018-10-15-23:08:23] Epoch: [086][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.528 (3.332) Prec@1 67.97 (67.65) Prec@5 85.16 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-23:10:09] Epoch: [086][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.331) Prec@1 72.66 (67.66) Prec@5 89.06 (86.80) - train[2018-10-15-23:11:55] Epoch: [086][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.332) Prec@1 70.31 (67.65) Prec@5 89.84 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-23:13:41] Epoch: [086][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.332) Prec@1 66.41 (67.65) Prec@5 91.41 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-23:15:26] Epoch: [086][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.332) Prec@1 71.09 (67.65) Prec@5 85.94 (86.79) - train[2018-10-15-23:17:11] Epoch: [086][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.569 (3.333) Prec@1 61.72 (67.64) Prec@5 83.59 (86.78) - train[2018-10-15-23:18:57] Epoch: [086][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.333) Prec@1 61.72 (67.63) Prec@5 91.41 (86.77) - train[2018-10-15-23:19:03] Epoch: [086][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.012 (3.333) Prec@1 46.67 (67.63) Prec@5 73.33 (86.77) -[2018-10-15-23:19:03] **train** Prec@1 67.63 Prec@5 86.77 Error@1 32.37 Error@5 13.23 Loss:3.333 - test [2018-10-15-23:19:07] Epoch: [086][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 0.625 (0.625) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-15-23:19:34] Epoch: [086][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.555 (1.143) Prec@1 64.84 (73.94) Prec@5 85.94 (92.07) - test [2018-10-15-23:19:59] Epoch: [086][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.078 (1.315) Prec@1 46.25 (70.31) Prec@5 80.00 (89.60) -[2018-10-15-23:19:59] **test** Prec@1 70.31 Prec@5 89.60 Error@1 29.69 Error@5 10.40 Loss:1.315 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.31, Acc@5=89.60, Error@1=29.69, Error@5=10.40 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-15-23:19:59] [Epoch=087/250] [Need: 241:18:21] LR=0.0071 ~ 0.0071, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-15-23:20:04] Epoch: [087][000/10010] Time 5.02 (5.02) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 3.695 (3.695) Prec@1 61.72 (61.72) Prec@5 82.81 (82.81) - train[2018-10-15-23:21:48] Epoch: [087][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.302 (3.304) Prec@1 71.09 (68.99) Prec@5 88.28 (87.11) - train[2018-10-15-23:23:32] Epoch: [087][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.456 (3.308) Prec@1 67.19 (68.73) Prec@5 85.94 (87.08) - train[2018-10-15-23:25:15] Epoch: [087][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.334 (3.300) Prec@1 70.31 (68.72) Prec@5 89.06 (87.18) - train[2018-10-15-23:27:00] Epoch: [087][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.220 (3.302) Prec@1 65.62 (68.54) Prec@5 88.28 (87.15) - train[2018-10-15-23:28:43] Epoch: [087][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.303) Prec@1 68.75 (68.52) Prec@5 85.16 (87.15) - train[2018-10-15-23:30:28] Epoch: [087][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.303) Prec@1 68.75 (68.42) Prec@5 84.38 (87.13) - train[2018-10-15-23:32:12] Epoch: [087][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.608 (3.305) Prec@1 62.50 (68.37) Prec@5 81.25 (87.11) - train[2018-10-15-23:33:55] Epoch: [087][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (3.310) Prec@1 70.31 (68.26) Prec@5 89.06 (87.06) - train[2018-10-15-23:35:39] Epoch: [087][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (3.307) Prec@1 71.09 (68.30) Prec@5 86.72 (87.08) - train[2018-10-15-23:37:23] Epoch: [087][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.306) Prec@1 65.62 (68.32) Prec@5 89.84 (87.09) - train[2018-10-15-23:39:07] Epoch: [087][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.306) Prec@1 66.41 (68.33) Prec@5 86.72 (87.08) - train[2018-10-15-23:40:51] Epoch: [087][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (3.306) Prec@1 64.06 (68.33) Prec@5 81.25 (87.06) - train[2018-10-15-23:42:36] Epoch: [087][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.519 (3.307) Prec@1 61.72 (68.34) Prec@5 82.81 (87.04) - train[2018-10-15-23:44:20] Epoch: [087][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (3.307) Prec@1 75.78 (68.33) Prec@5 91.41 (87.04) - train[2018-10-15-23:46:05] Epoch: [087][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.596 (3.308) Prec@1 63.28 (68.32) Prec@5 84.38 (87.03) - train[2018-10-15-23:47:51] Epoch: [087][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.308) Prec@1 72.66 (68.29) Prec@5 87.50 (87.02) - train[2018-10-15-23:49:36] Epoch: [087][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.309) Prec@1 61.72 (68.28) Prec@5 86.72 (87.02) - train[2018-10-15-23:51:22] Epoch: [087][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.743 (3.310) Prec@1 60.16 (68.26) Prec@5 78.91 (87.00) - train[2018-10-15-23:53:07] Epoch: [087][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.380 (3.310) Prec@1 66.41 (68.24) Prec@5 85.16 (87.00) - train[2018-10-15-23:54:53] Epoch: [087][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.310) Prec@1 70.31 (68.20) Prec@5 89.84 (86.99) - train[2018-10-15-23:56:38] Epoch: [087][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (3.312) Prec@1 59.38 (68.17) Prec@5 83.59 (86.97) - train[2018-10-15-23:58:24] Epoch: [087][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.313) Prec@1 70.31 (68.16) Prec@5 85.16 (86.98) - train[2018-10-16-00:00:10] Epoch: [087][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.400 (3.313) Prec@1 66.41 (68.15) Prec@5 85.16 (86.98) - train[2018-10-16-00:01:55] Epoch: [087][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.314) Prec@1 67.19 (68.13) Prec@5 88.28 (86.98) - train[2018-10-16-00:03:39] Epoch: [087][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.315) Prec@1 69.53 (68.10) Prec@5 89.06 (86.96) - train[2018-10-16-00:05:25] Epoch: [087][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (3.316) Prec@1 67.19 (68.08) Prec@5 83.59 (86.96) - train[2018-10-16-00:07:11] Epoch: [087][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.316) Prec@1 72.66 (68.05) Prec@5 88.28 (86.95) - train[2018-10-16-00:08:56] Epoch: [087][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.316) Prec@1 69.53 (68.05) Prec@5 85.16 (86.95) - train[2018-10-16-00:10:41] Epoch: [087][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.317) Prec@1 71.88 (68.05) Prec@5 88.28 (86.94) - train[2018-10-16-00:12:25] Epoch: [087][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.158 (3.318) Prec@1 67.97 (68.03) Prec@5 89.84 (86.92) - train[2018-10-16-00:14:09] Epoch: [087][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (3.319) Prec@1 63.28 (68.00) Prec@5 86.72 (86.92) - train[2018-10-16-00:15:54] Epoch: [087][6400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.320) Prec@1 67.19 (67.99) Prec@5 87.50 (86.91) - train[2018-10-16-00:17:37] Epoch: [087][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.320) Prec@1 58.59 (68.00) Prec@5 90.62 (86.92) - train[2018-10-16-00:19:21] Epoch: [087][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.978 (3.320) Prec@1 58.59 (67.99) Prec@5 80.47 (86.91) - train[2018-10-16-00:21:06] Epoch: [087][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.321) Prec@1 62.50 (67.97) Prec@5 86.72 (86.90) - train[2018-10-16-00:22:51] Epoch: [087][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.321) Prec@1 65.62 (67.96) Prec@5 84.38 (86.90) - train[2018-10-16-00:24:35] Epoch: [087][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.321) Prec@1 76.56 (67.97) Prec@5 87.50 (86.89) - train[2018-10-16-00:26:19] Epoch: [087][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (3.322) Prec@1 66.41 (67.95) Prec@5 88.28 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:28:04] Epoch: [087][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (3.322) Prec@1 67.19 (67.94) Prec@5 85.94 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:29:50] Epoch: [087][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.322) Prec@1 71.09 (67.94) Prec@5 89.84 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:31:35] Epoch: [087][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.665 (3.322) Prec@1 66.41 (67.94) Prec@5 82.81 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:33:20] Epoch: [087][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.323) Prec@1 60.16 (67.92) Prec@5 86.72 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:35:05] Epoch: [087][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.408 (3.322) Prec@1 65.62 (67.92) Prec@5 88.28 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:36:51] Epoch: [087][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.322) Prec@1 65.62 (67.91) Prec@5 85.16 (86.88) - train[2018-10-16-00:38:38] Epoch: [087][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (3.323) Prec@1 61.72 (67.91) Prec@5 85.94 (86.87) - train[2018-10-16-00:40:23] Epoch: [087][9200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.323) Prec@1 60.16 (67.90) Prec@5 86.72 (86.86) - train[2018-10-16-00:42:08] Epoch: [087][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.663 (3.324) Prec@1 61.72 (67.89) Prec@5 85.16 (86.86) - train[2018-10-16-00:43:53] Epoch: [087][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.324) Prec@1 60.16 (67.88) Prec@5 85.94 (86.86) - train[2018-10-16-00:45:39] Epoch: [087][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.324) Prec@1 73.44 (67.88) Prec@5 89.06 (86.86) - train[2018-10-16-00:47:24] Epoch: [087][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.639 (3.325) Prec@1 61.72 (67.86) Prec@5 82.81 (86.85) - train[2018-10-16-00:47:28] Epoch: [087][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.602 (3.325) Prec@1 60.00 (67.86) Prec@5 86.67 (86.85) -[2018-10-16-00:47:29] **train** Prec@1 67.86 Prec@5 86.85 Error@1 32.14 Error@5 13.15 Loss:3.325 - test [2018-10-16-00:47:33] Epoch: [087][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 0.789 (0.789) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-16-00:47:59] Epoch: [087][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.388 (1.123) Prec@1 68.75 (73.82) Prec@5 90.62 (92.26) - test [2018-10-16-00:48:24] Epoch: [087][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.290 (1.298) Prec@1 41.25 (70.23) Prec@5 80.00 (89.74) -[2018-10-16-00:48:24] **test** Prec@1 70.23 Prec@5 89.74 Error@1 29.77 Error@5 10.26 Loss:1.298 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.31, Acc@5=89.60, Error@1=29.69, Error@5=10.40 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-00:48:24] [Epoch=088/250] [Need: 238:44:16] LR=0.0069 ~ 0.0069, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-00:48:29] Epoch: [088][000/10010] Time 4.72 (4.72) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 3.337 (3.337) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-16-00:50:13] Epoch: [088][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.348 (3.292) Prec@1 65.62 (68.40) Prec@5 88.28 (87.46) - train[2018-10-16-00:51:57] Epoch: [088][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.279 (3.287) Prec@1 75.78 (68.60) Prec@5 85.16 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-00:53:41] Epoch: [088][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.075 (3.289) Prec@1 69.53 (68.57) Prec@5 90.62 (87.40) - train[2018-10-16-00:55:24] Epoch: [088][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.950 (3.284) Prec@1 71.09 (68.71) Prec@5 93.75 (87.46) - train[2018-10-16-00:57:08] Epoch: [088][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (3.288) Prec@1 75.78 (68.57) Prec@5 94.53 (87.44) - train[2018-10-16-00:58:52] Epoch: [088][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.288) Prec@1 66.41 (68.56) Prec@5 87.50 (87.38) - train[2018-10-16-01:00:37] Epoch: [088][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.589 (3.289) Prec@1 62.50 (68.56) Prec@5 80.47 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-01:02:21] Epoch: [088][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.290) Prec@1 70.31 (68.56) Prec@5 90.62 (87.33) - train[2018-10-16-01:04:05] Epoch: [088][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.296) Prec@1 72.66 (68.43) Prec@5 85.94 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-01:05:49] Epoch: [088][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.294) Prec@1 72.66 (68.47) Prec@5 89.06 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-01:07:33] Epoch: [088][2200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (3.296) Prec@1 76.56 (68.44) Prec@5 89.84 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-01:09:17] Epoch: [088][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (3.297) Prec@1 68.75 (68.43) Prec@5 85.16 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-01:11:02] Epoch: [088][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (3.296) Prec@1 73.44 (68.44) Prec@5 86.72 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-01:12:47] Epoch: [088][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.612 (3.297) Prec@1 60.94 (68.41) Prec@5 83.59 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-01:14:33] Epoch: [088][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (3.297) Prec@1 69.53 (68.39) Prec@5 90.62 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-01:16:17] Epoch: [088][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.297) Prec@1 66.41 (68.38) Prec@5 88.28 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-01:18:01] Epoch: [088][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.297) Prec@1 67.97 (68.37) Prec@5 85.94 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-01:19:46] Epoch: [088][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.300) Prec@1 64.84 (68.33) Prec@5 87.50 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-01:21:32] Epoch: [088][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.260 (3.301) Prec@1 68.75 (68.30) Prec@5 86.72 (87.16) - train[2018-10-16-01:23:17] Epoch: [088][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.301) Prec@1 67.97 (68.28) Prec@5 86.72 (87.15) - train[2018-10-16-01:25:03] Epoch: [088][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.300) Prec@1 70.31 (68.30) Prec@5 88.28 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-01:26:48] Epoch: [088][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (3.300) Prec@1 70.31 (68.28) Prec@5 89.06 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-01:28:33] Epoch: [088][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (3.301) Prec@1 71.09 (68.25) Prec@5 89.84 (87.15) - train[2018-10-16-01:30:18] Epoch: [088][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.302) Prec@1 68.75 (68.24) Prec@5 91.41 (87.15) - train[2018-10-16-01:32:03] Epoch: [088][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.302) Prec@1 72.66 (68.24) Prec@5 92.19 (87.14) - train[2018-10-16-01:33:48] Epoch: [088][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.303) Prec@1 59.38 (68.24) Prec@5 82.81 (87.14) - train[2018-10-16-01:35:34] Epoch: [088][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (3.304) Prec@1 69.53 (68.21) Prec@5 85.16 (87.12) - train[2018-10-16-01:37:20] Epoch: [088][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.304) Prec@1 63.28 (68.21) Prec@5 85.94 (87.12) - train[2018-10-16-01:39:06] Epoch: [088][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.304) Prec@1 66.41 (68.20) Prec@5 85.94 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-01:40:53] Epoch: [088][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.960 (3.305) Prec@1 55.47 (68.19) Prec@5 83.59 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-01:42:39] Epoch: [088][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.305) Prec@1 71.88 (68.19) Prec@5 86.72 (87.10) - train[2018-10-16-01:44:24] Epoch: [088][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.529 (3.306) Prec@1 64.84 (68.17) Prec@5 84.38 (87.08) - train[2018-10-16-01:46:11] Epoch: [088][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.307) Prec@1 67.97 (68.15) Prec@5 85.16 (87.06) - train[2018-10-16-01:47:57] Epoch: [088][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (3.307) Prec@1 69.53 (68.15) Prec@5 90.62 (87.07) - train[2018-10-16-01:49:43] Epoch: [088][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (3.308) Prec@1 67.19 (68.14) Prec@5 92.19 (87.05) - train[2018-10-16-01:51:28] Epoch: [088][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.308) Prec@1 62.50 (68.13) Prec@5 86.72 (87.05) - train[2018-10-16-01:53:14] Epoch: [088][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (3.308) Prec@1 69.53 (68.12) Prec@5 85.16 (87.04) - train[2018-10-16-01:55:00] Epoch: [088][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (3.309) Prec@1 71.09 (68.11) Prec@5 89.84 (87.03) - train[2018-10-16-01:56:45] Epoch: [088][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.537 (3.310) Prec@1 65.62 (68.08) Prec@5 84.38 (87.02) - train[2018-10-16-01:58:30] Epoch: [088][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.359 (3.310) Prec@1 65.62 (68.08) Prec@5 88.28 (87.01) - train[2018-10-16-02:00:15] Epoch: [088][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.444 (3.311) Prec@1 67.19 (68.07) Prec@5 85.94 (87.00) - train[2018-10-16-02:02:00] Epoch: [088][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.451 (3.312) Prec@1 67.19 (68.05) Prec@5 85.94 (86.99) - train[2018-10-16-02:03:44] Epoch: [088][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.313) Prec@1 70.31 (68.03) Prec@5 86.72 (86.98) - train[2018-10-16-02:05:29] Epoch: [088][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.611 (3.313) Prec@1 64.84 (68.03) Prec@5 82.03 (86.98) - train[2018-10-16-02:07:14] Epoch: [088][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.314) Prec@1 66.41 (68.02) Prec@5 85.16 (86.96) - train[2018-10-16-02:08:59] Epoch: [088][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (3.314) Prec@1 71.88 (68.01) Prec@5 87.50 (86.97) - train[2018-10-16-02:10:43] Epoch: [088][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.430 (3.314) Prec@1 66.41 (68.01) Prec@5 85.94 (86.96) - train[2018-10-16-02:12:29] Epoch: [088][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.700 (3.315) Prec@1 65.62 (68.00) Prec@5 84.38 (86.95) - train[2018-10-16-02:14:14] Epoch: [088][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.316) Prec@1 67.97 (67.99) Prec@5 89.84 (86.95) - train[2018-10-16-02:16:00] Epoch: [088][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.316) Prec@1 68.75 (67.97) Prec@5 86.72 (86.95) - train[2018-10-16-02:16:04] Epoch: [088][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.834 (3.316) Prec@1 33.33 (67.97) Prec@5 46.67 (86.94) -[2018-10-16-02:16:04] **train** Prec@1 67.97 Prec@5 86.94 Error@1 32.03 Error@5 13.06 Loss:3.316 - test [2018-10-16-02:16:08] Epoch: [088][000/391] Time 3.97 (3.97) Data 3.83 (3.83) Loss 0.670 (0.670) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-16-02:16:34] Epoch: [088][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.278 (1.100) Prec@1 66.41 (74.20) Prec@5 92.19 (92.45) - test [2018-10-16-02:17:00] Epoch: [088][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.392 (1.275) Prec@1 45.00 (70.73) Prec@5 80.00 (89.94) -[2018-10-16-02:17:00] **test** Prec@1 70.73 Prec@5 89.94 Error@1 29.27 Error@5 10.06 Loss:1.275 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.73, Acc@5=89.94, Error@1=29.27, Error@5=10.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-02:17:00] [Epoch=089/250] [Need: 237:43:49] LR=0.0066 ~ 0.0066, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-02:17:04] Epoch: [089][000/10010] Time 4.30 (4.30) Data 3.64 (3.64) Loss 3.364 (3.364) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-02:18:50] Epoch: [089][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.355 (3.285) Prec@1 67.97 (68.86) Prec@5 86.72 (87.52) - train[2018-10-16-02:20:34] Epoch: [089][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.952 (3.275) Prec@1 65.62 (68.85) Prec@5 92.97 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-02:22:19] Epoch: [089][600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.248 (3.275) Prec@1 69.53 (68.95) Prec@5 91.41 (87.53) - train[2018-10-16-02:24:03] Epoch: [089][800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.249 (3.274) Prec@1 73.44 (68.95) Prec@5 88.28 (87.55) - train[2018-10-16-02:25:47] Epoch: [089][1000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (3.272) Prec@1 68.75 (68.94) Prec@5 89.84 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-02:27:31] Epoch: [089][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.634 (3.272) Prec@1 60.16 (68.92) Prec@5 82.03 (87.55) - train[2018-10-16-02:29:15] Epoch: [089][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.275) Prec@1 69.53 (68.85) Prec@5 84.38 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-02:31:00] Epoch: [089][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.443 (3.278) Prec@1 63.28 (68.81) Prec@5 85.16 (87.51) - train[2018-10-16-02:32:44] Epoch: [089][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (3.280) Prec@1 75.00 (68.74) Prec@5 88.28 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-02:34:28] Epoch: [089][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (3.283) Prec@1 78.91 (68.65) Prec@5 88.28 (87.44) - train[2018-10-16-02:36:12] Epoch: [089][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.666 (3.284) Prec@1 65.62 (68.62) Prec@5 82.81 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-02:37:58] Epoch: [089][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.287) Prec@1 66.41 (68.55) Prec@5 85.94 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-02:39:44] Epoch: [089][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.289) Prec@1 67.19 (68.51) Prec@5 80.47 (87.33) - train[2018-10-16-02:41:29] Epoch: [089][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (3.291) Prec@1 75.00 (68.47) Prec@5 92.19 (87.31) - train[2018-10-16-02:43:16] Epoch: [089][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.474 (3.292) Prec@1 68.75 (68.46) Prec@5 82.81 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-02:45:03] Epoch: [089][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.293) Prec@1 67.19 (68.42) Prec@5 87.50 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-02:46:49] Epoch: [089][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.294) Prec@1 69.53 (68.41) Prec@5 89.06 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-02:48:35] Epoch: [089][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.294) Prec@1 67.97 (68.40) Prec@5 85.16 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-02:50:21] Epoch: [089][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.295) Prec@1 68.75 (68.38) Prec@5 86.72 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-02:52:07] Epoch: [089][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.684 (3.295) Prec@1 61.72 (68.37) Prec@5 78.91 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-02:53:54] Epoch: [089][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.491 (3.296) Prec@1 67.19 (68.38) Prec@5 83.59 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-02:55:41] Epoch: [089][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.398 (3.295) Prec@1 71.09 (68.39) Prec@5 85.16 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-02:57:27] Epoch: [089][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.296) Prec@1 66.41 (68.37) Prec@5 87.50 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-02:59:13] Epoch: [089][4800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.297) Prec@1 67.19 (68.36) Prec@5 87.50 (87.19) - train[2018-10-16-03:00:59] Epoch: [089][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.298) Prec@1 72.66 (68.36) Prec@5 87.50 (87.18) - train[2018-10-16-03:02:44] Epoch: [089][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.298) Prec@1 62.50 (68.36) Prec@5 85.94 (87.18) - train[2018-10-16-03:04:29] Epoch: [089][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.298) Prec@1 69.53 (68.36) Prec@5 85.16 (87.18) - train[2018-10-16-03:06:15] Epoch: [089][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.298) Prec@1 65.62 (68.35) Prec@5 87.50 (87.18) - train[2018-10-16-03:08:02] Epoch: [089][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.299) Prec@1 67.19 (68.33) Prec@5 89.06 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-03:09:49] Epoch: [089][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (3.299) Prec@1 75.00 (68.33) Prec@5 90.62 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-03:11:35] Epoch: [089][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.299) Prec@1 70.31 (68.33) Prec@5 87.50 (87.16) - train[2018-10-16-03:13:22] Epoch: [089][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.599 (3.300) Prec@1 64.84 (68.32) Prec@5 81.25 (87.16) - train[2018-10-16-03:15:09] Epoch: [089][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.300) Prec@1 64.84 (68.31) Prec@5 85.16 (87.15) - train[2018-10-16-03:16:55] Epoch: [089][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.301) Prec@1 64.84 (68.29) Prec@5 85.94 (87.14) - train[2018-10-16-03:18:42] Epoch: [089][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.302) Prec@1 68.75 (68.28) Prec@5 83.59 (87.12) - train[2018-10-16-03:20:28] Epoch: [089][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (3.303) Prec@1 71.09 (68.27) Prec@5 85.94 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-03:22:13] Epoch: [089][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.303) Prec@1 67.19 (68.26) Prec@5 88.28 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-03:24:00] Epoch: [089][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.503 (3.304) Prec@1 65.62 (68.25) Prec@5 86.72 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-03:25:46] Epoch: [089][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.305) Prec@1 67.97 (68.23) Prec@5 85.94 (87.09) - train[2018-10-16-03:27:32] Epoch: [089][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.518 (3.305) Prec@1 64.06 (68.22) Prec@5 84.38 (87.09) - train[2018-10-16-03:29:17] Epoch: [089][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.306) Prec@1 66.41 (68.21) Prec@5 87.50 (87.08) - train[2018-10-16-03:31:03] Epoch: [089][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.306) Prec@1 66.41 (68.21) Prec@5 85.94 (87.08) - train[2018-10-16-03:32:48] Epoch: [089][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.306) Prec@1 64.84 (68.20) Prec@5 84.38 (87.07) - train[2018-10-16-03:34:35] Epoch: [089][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.306) Prec@1 67.97 (68.21) Prec@5 89.06 (87.07) - train[2018-10-16-03:36:21] Epoch: [089][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.307) Prec@1 67.97 (68.21) Prec@5 83.59 (87.07) - train[2018-10-16-03:38:07] Epoch: [089][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.307) Prec@1 71.88 (68.20) Prec@5 87.50 (87.06) - train[2018-10-16-03:39:52] Epoch: [089][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.517 (3.308) Prec@1 60.94 (68.19) Prec@5 84.38 (87.05) - train[2018-10-16-03:41:38] Epoch: [089][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.842 (3.308) Prec@1 59.38 (68.18) Prec@5 78.91 (87.04) - train[2018-10-16-03:43:24] Epoch: [089][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (3.309) Prec@1 61.72 (68.17) Prec@5 83.59 (87.04) - train[2018-10-16-03:45:10] Epoch: [089][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.483 (3.309) Prec@1 67.19 (68.17) Prec@5 83.59 (87.04) - train[2018-10-16-03:45:14] Epoch: [089][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.707 (3.309) Prec@1 40.00 (68.17) Prec@5 86.67 (87.04) -[2018-10-16-03:45:14] **train** Prec@1 68.17 Prec@5 87.04 Error@1 31.83 Error@5 12.96 Loss:3.309 - test [2018-10-16-03:45:18] Epoch: [089][000/391] Time 4.11 (4.11) Data 3.98 (3.98) Loss 0.684 (0.684) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-16-03:45:44] Epoch: [089][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.333 (1.119) Prec@1 67.19 (74.18) Prec@5 89.84 (92.17) - test [2018-10-16-03:46:09] Epoch: [089][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.215 (1.289) Prec@1 45.00 (70.45) Prec@5 83.75 (89.90) -[2018-10-16-03:46:09] **test** Prec@1 70.45 Prec@5 89.90 Error@1 29.55 Error@5 10.10 Loss:1.289 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.73, Acc@5=89.94, Error@1=29.27, Error@5=10.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-03:46:09] [Epoch=090/250] [Need: 237:44:17] LR=0.0064 ~ 0.0064, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-03:46:14] Epoch: [090][000/10010] Time 4.98 (4.98) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 3.556 (3.556) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-16-03:47:59] Epoch: [090][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.159 (3.256) Prec@1 69.53 (69.12) Prec@5 92.19 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-03:49:43] Epoch: [090][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.434 (3.272) Prec@1 67.19 (68.80) Prec@5 83.59 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-03:51:27] Epoch: [090][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.555 (3.269) Prec@1 61.72 (68.89) Prec@5 84.38 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-03:53:10] Epoch: [090][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.449 (3.271) Prec@1 67.19 (68.78) Prec@5 83.59 (87.45) - train[2018-10-16-03:54:54] Epoch: [090][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.276) Prec@1 70.31 (68.68) Prec@5 85.94 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-03:56:38] Epoch: [090][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.275) Prec@1 70.31 (68.74) Prec@5 89.84 (87.44) - train[2018-10-16-03:58:22] Epoch: [090][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.277) Prec@1 71.88 (68.72) Prec@5 88.28 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-04:00:06] Epoch: [090][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.515 (3.276) Prec@1 64.84 (68.72) Prec@5 82.03 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-04:01:50] Epoch: [090][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (3.275) Prec@1 75.78 (68.73) Prec@5 92.19 (87.43) - train[2018-10-16-04:03:34] Epoch: [090][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (3.277) Prec@1 58.59 (68.67) Prec@5 84.38 (87.43) - train[2018-10-16-04:05:18] Epoch: [090][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (3.278) Prec@1 73.44 (68.62) Prec@5 89.06 (87.40) - train[2018-10-16-04:07:02] Epoch: [090][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.279) Prec@1 71.09 (68.63) Prec@5 88.28 (87.38) - train[2018-10-16-04:08:46] Epoch: [090][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.695 (3.280) Prec@1 60.16 (68.62) Prec@5 83.59 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-04:10:30] Epoch: [090][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.282) Prec@1 67.97 (68.60) Prec@5 80.47 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-04:12:14] Epoch: [090][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.282) Prec@1 67.19 (68.61) Prec@5 85.94 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-04:13:59] Epoch: [090][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.282) Prec@1 69.53 (68.61) Prec@5 88.28 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-04:15:43] Epoch: [090][3400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.282) Prec@1 71.88 (68.60) Prec@5 89.06 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-04:17:27] Epoch: [090][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.284) Prec@1 64.84 (68.56) Prec@5 89.84 (87.34) - train[2018-10-16-04:19:11] Epoch: [090][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (3.286) Prec@1 66.41 (68.52) Prec@5 90.62 (87.31) - train[2018-10-16-04:20:55] Epoch: [090][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.287) Prec@1 67.19 (68.50) Prec@5 82.81 (87.28) - train[2018-10-16-04:22:39] Epoch: [090][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (3.290) Prec@1 70.31 (68.47) Prec@5 93.75 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-04:24:23] Epoch: [090][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.291) Prec@1 64.84 (68.45) Prec@5 88.28 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-04:26:07] Epoch: [090][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (3.291) Prec@1 61.72 (68.44) Prec@5 85.94 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-04:27:51] Epoch: [090][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (3.291) Prec@1 75.00 (68.43) Prec@5 90.62 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-04:29:35] Epoch: [090][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.291) Prec@1 72.66 (68.44) Prec@5 88.28 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-04:31:18] Epoch: [090][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.386 (3.292) Prec@1 66.41 (68.43) Prec@5 83.59 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-04:33:02] Epoch: [090][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.292) Prec@1 67.19 (68.44) Prec@5 86.72 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-04:34:46] Epoch: [090][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.292) Prec@1 71.88 (68.44) Prec@5 85.16 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-04:36:30] Epoch: [090][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (3.292) Prec@1 72.66 (68.42) Prec@5 89.06 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-04:38:15] Epoch: [090][6000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.292) Prec@1 68.75 (68.43) Prec@5 88.28 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-04:39:59] Epoch: [090][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (3.292) Prec@1 71.88 (68.42) Prec@5 90.62 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-04:41:43] Epoch: [090][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.293) Prec@1 71.88 (68.40) Prec@5 87.50 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-04:43:28] Epoch: [090][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.293) Prec@1 76.56 (68.40) Prec@5 88.28 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-04:45:14] Epoch: [090][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.190 (3.293) Prec@1 67.97 (68.38) Prec@5 88.28 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-04:46:59] Epoch: [090][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.295) Prec@1 69.53 (68.37) Prec@5 83.59 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-04:48:45] Epoch: [090][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.295) Prec@1 73.44 (68.37) Prec@5 89.84 (87.19) - train[2018-10-16-04:50:29] Epoch: [090][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.295) Prec@1 64.84 (68.37) Prec@5 86.72 (87.19) - train[2018-10-16-04:52:13] Epoch: [090][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.714 (3.297) Prec@1 63.28 (68.34) Prec@5 82.81 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-04:53:57] Epoch: [090][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.297) Prec@1 73.44 (68.34) Prec@5 90.62 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-04:55:41] Epoch: [090][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.297) Prec@1 68.75 (68.33) Prec@5 88.28 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-04:57:25] Epoch: [090][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (3.297) Prec@1 72.66 (68.32) Prec@5 89.06 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-04:59:10] Epoch: [090][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.297) Prec@1 75.78 (68.31) Prec@5 89.06 (87.17) - train[2018-10-16-05:00:53] Epoch: [090][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (3.298) Prec@1 72.66 (68.30) Prec@5 87.50 (87.16) - train[2018-10-16-05:02:37] Epoch: [090][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.456 (3.298) Prec@1 66.41 (68.29) Prec@5 86.72 (87.15) - train[2018-10-16-05:04:21] Epoch: [090][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.460 (3.299) Prec@1 61.72 (68.27) Prec@5 84.38 (87.13) - train[2018-10-16-05:06:06] Epoch: [090][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.628 (3.299) Prec@1 62.50 (68.27) Prec@5 84.38 (87.13) - train[2018-10-16-05:07:50] Epoch: [090][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.638 (3.300) Prec@1 59.38 (68.25) Prec@5 85.94 (87.13) - train[2018-10-16-05:09:34] Epoch: [090][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.843 (3.301) Prec@1 60.16 (68.24) Prec@5 75.00 (87.12) - train[2018-10-16-05:11:17] Epoch: [090][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (3.301) Prec@1 64.06 (68.24) Prec@5 82.03 (87.12) - train[2018-10-16-05:13:01] Epoch: [090][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.370 (3.301) Prec@1 67.19 (68.24) Prec@5 87.50 (87.11) - train[2018-10-16-05:13:05] Epoch: [090][10009/10010] Time 0.17 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.301) Prec@1 66.67 (68.24) Prec@5 93.33 (87.11) -[2018-10-16-05:13:05] **train** Prec@1 68.24 Prec@5 87.11 Error@1 31.76 Error@5 12.89 Loss:3.301 - test [2018-10-16-05:13:09] Epoch: [090][000/391] Time 3.58 (3.58) Data 3.45 (3.45) Loss 0.612 (0.612) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-16-05:13:35] Epoch: [090][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.321 (1.109) Prec@1 64.84 (74.13) Prec@5 89.84 (92.45) - test [2018-10-16-05:13:59] Epoch: [090][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.476 (1.276) Prec@1 35.00 (70.58) Prec@5 76.25 (89.98) -[2018-10-16-05:13:59] **test** Prec@1 70.58 Prec@5 89.98 Error@1 29.42 Error@5 10.02 Loss:1.276 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.73, Acc@5=89.94, Error@1=29.27, Error@5=10.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-05:14:00] [Epoch=091/250] [Need: 232:46:41] LR=0.0063 ~ 0.0063, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-05:14:04] Epoch: [091][000/10010] Time 4.93 (4.93) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 2.877 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-16-05:15:48] Epoch: [091][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.351 (3.291) Prec@1 71.09 (68.45) Prec@5 85.16 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-05:17:32] Epoch: [091][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.256 (3.290) Prec@1 69.53 (68.34) Prec@5 85.94 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-05:19:16] Epoch: [091][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.295 (3.280) Prec@1 67.97 (68.53) Prec@5 86.72 (87.42) - train[2018-10-16-05:20:59] Epoch: [091][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.379 (3.276) Prec@1 59.38 (68.62) Prec@5 89.84 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-05:22:43] Epoch: [091][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.272) Prec@1 71.09 (68.71) Prec@5 89.06 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-05:24:27] Epoch: [091][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.276) Prec@1 67.97 (68.63) Prec@5 91.41 (87.51) - train[2018-10-16-05:26:11] Epoch: [091][1400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.278) Prec@1 68.75 (68.65) Prec@5 84.38 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-05:27:55] Epoch: [091][1600/10010] Time 0.63 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.489 (3.279) Prec@1 64.84 (68.60) Prec@5 84.38 (87.45) - train[2018-10-16-05:29:38] Epoch: [091][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.568 (3.282) Prec@1 64.84 (68.57) Prec@5 82.81 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-05:31:22] Epoch: [091][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (3.283) Prec@1 74.22 (68.58) Prec@5 88.28 (87.38) - train[2018-10-16-05:33:06] Epoch: [091][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.283) Prec@1 71.09 (68.59) Prec@5 85.94 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-05:34:50] Epoch: [091][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (3.282) Prec@1 71.09 (68.56) Prec@5 89.06 (87.38) - train[2018-10-16-05:36:35] Epoch: [091][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.282) Prec@1 69.53 (68.57) Prec@5 91.41 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-05:38:20] Epoch: [091][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.480 (3.283) Prec@1 67.97 (68.55) Prec@5 84.38 (87.38) - train[2018-10-16-05:40:04] Epoch: [091][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.393 (3.284) Prec@1 66.41 (68.53) Prec@5 86.72 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-05:41:48] Epoch: [091][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.772 (3.283) Prec@1 64.06 (68.55) Prec@5 82.81 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-05:43:31] Epoch: [091][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (3.283) Prec@1 73.44 (68.55) Prec@5 85.16 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-05:45:15] Epoch: [091][3600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.492 (3.283) Prec@1 66.41 (68.54) Prec@5 86.72 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-05:46:59] Epoch: [091][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.483 (3.284) Prec@1 64.06 (68.51) Prec@5 85.16 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-05:48:43] Epoch: [091][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.378 (3.283) Prec@1 66.41 (68.53) Prec@5 85.16 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-05:50:27] Epoch: [091][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.562 (3.283) Prec@1 66.41 (68.52) Prec@5 84.38 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-05:52:12] Epoch: [091][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (3.284) Prec@1 73.44 (68.51) Prec@5 91.41 (87.34) - train[2018-10-16-05:53:57] Epoch: [091][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.284) Prec@1 67.97 (68.49) Prec@5 87.50 (87.32) - train[2018-10-16-05:55:41] Epoch: [091][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.371 (3.284) Prec@1 63.28 (68.49) Prec@5 87.50 (87.32) - train[2018-10-16-05:57:25] Epoch: [091][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.500 (3.285) Prec@1 62.50 (68.48) Prec@5 85.16 (87.31) - train[2018-10-16-05:59:09] Epoch: [091][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (3.286) Prec@1 74.22 (68.46) Prec@5 88.28 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:00:53] Epoch: [091][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.506 (3.287) Prec@1 67.97 (68.45) Prec@5 86.72 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:02:37] Epoch: [091][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (3.287) Prec@1 72.66 (68.45) Prec@5 91.41 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:04:21] Epoch: [091][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.287) Prec@1 67.19 (68.43) Prec@5 88.28 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:06:06] Epoch: [091][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (3.287) Prec@1 70.31 (68.43) Prec@5 89.84 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:07:50] Epoch: [091][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (3.287) Prec@1 75.00 (68.42) Prec@5 91.41 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-06:09:35] Epoch: [091][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (3.288) Prec@1 71.88 (68.41) Prec@5 89.84 (87.28) - train[2018-10-16-06:11:19] Epoch: [091][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (3.289) Prec@1 75.00 (68.40) Prec@5 88.28 (87.27) - train[2018-10-16-06:13:04] Epoch: [091][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (3.290) Prec@1 73.44 (68.38) Prec@5 87.50 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-06:14:48] Epoch: [091][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.291) Prec@1 69.53 (68.37) Prec@5 86.72 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-06:16:31] Epoch: [091][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (3.291) Prec@1 71.88 (68.37) Prec@5 85.94 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-06:18:15] Epoch: [091][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.291) Prec@1 67.97 (68.37) Prec@5 88.28 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-06:20:00] Epoch: [091][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.291) Prec@1 65.62 (68.37) Prec@5 85.94 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-06:21:45] Epoch: [091][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.291) Prec@1 70.31 (68.38) Prec@5 89.06 (87.24) - train[2018-10-16-06:23:30] Epoch: [091][8000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (3.291) Prec@1 66.41 (68.38) Prec@5 88.28 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-06:25:14] Epoch: [091][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.292) Prec@1 67.19 (68.37) Prec@5 85.94 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-06:26:59] Epoch: [091][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.292) Prec@1 76.56 (68.36) Prec@5 85.94 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-06:28:45] Epoch: [091][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.682 (3.292) Prec@1 64.06 (68.36) Prec@5 82.81 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-06:30:31] Epoch: [091][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.293) Prec@1 69.53 (68.35) Prec@5 91.41 (87.22) - train[2018-10-16-06:32:15] Epoch: [091][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.294) Prec@1 69.53 (68.33) Prec@5 88.28 (87.21) - train[2018-10-16-06:33:59] Epoch: [091][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.294) Prec@1 65.62 (68.33) Prec@5 88.28 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-06:35:43] Epoch: [091][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.588 (3.294) Prec@1 64.06 (68.32) Prec@5 84.38 (87.20) - train[2018-10-16-06:37:27] Epoch: [091][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.448 (3.294) Prec@1 67.97 (68.32) Prec@5 85.16 (87.19) - train[2018-10-16-06:39:11] Epoch: [091][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.419 (3.295) Prec@1 64.84 (68.31) Prec@5 87.50 (87.19) - train[2018-10-16-06:40:55] Epoch: [091][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.295) Prec@1 65.62 (68.31) Prec@5 89.84 (87.18) - train[2018-10-16-06:40:59] Epoch: [091][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.327 (3.295) Prec@1 40.00 (68.31) Prec@5 60.00 (87.18) -[2018-10-16-06:40:59] **train** Prec@1 68.31 Prec@5 87.18 Error@1 31.69 Error@5 12.82 Loss:3.295 - test [2018-10-16-06:41:04] Epoch: [091][000/391] Time 4.16 (4.16) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 0.692 (0.692) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-16-06:41:30] Epoch: [091][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.268 (1.141) Prec@1 68.75 (73.78) Prec@5 92.19 (92.15) - test [2018-10-16-06:41:55] Epoch: [091][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.121 (1.300) Prec@1 45.00 (70.31) Prec@5 85.00 (89.78) -[2018-10-16-06:41:55] **test** Prec@1 70.31 Prec@5 89.78 Error@1 29.69 Error@5 10.22 Loss:1.300 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.73, Acc@5=89.94, Error@1=29.27, Error@5=10.06 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-06:41:55] [Epoch=092/250] [Need: 231:32:19] LR=0.0061 ~ 0.0061, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-06:41:59] Epoch: [092][000/10010] Time 4.21 (4.21) Data 3.62 (3.62) Loss 3.333 (3.333) Prec@1 68.75 (68.75) Prec@5 84.38 (84.38) - train[2018-10-16-06:43:44] Epoch: [092][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.252 (3.252) Prec@1 68.75 (69.06) Prec@5 87.50 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-06:45:28] Epoch: [092][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.271 (3.258) Prec@1 65.62 (69.07) Prec@5 85.16 (87.60) - train[2018-10-16-06:47:13] Epoch: [092][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.243 (3.256) Prec@1 68.75 (69.09) Prec@5 87.50 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-06:48:57] Epoch: [092][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.169 (3.256) Prec@1 70.31 (69.08) Prec@5 87.50 (87.64) - train[2018-10-16-06:50:41] Epoch: [092][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.259) Prec@1 68.75 (69.00) Prec@5 83.59 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-06:52:25] Epoch: [092][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.262) Prec@1 69.53 (68.96) Prec@5 84.38 (87.55) - train[2018-10-16-06:54:09] Epoch: [092][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.538 (3.264) Prec@1 64.84 (68.93) Prec@5 85.94 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-06:55:54] Epoch: [092][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (3.262) Prec@1 69.53 (68.98) Prec@5 87.50 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-06:57:37] Epoch: [092][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.263) Prec@1 71.88 (68.93) Prec@5 89.84 (87.60) - train[2018-10-16-06:59:21] Epoch: [092][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.264) Prec@1 64.84 (68.91) Prec@5 85.16 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-07:01:05] Epoch: [092][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.383 (3.266) Prec@1 64.06 (68.89) Prec@5 88.28 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-07:02:50] Epoch: [092][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (3.266) Prec@1 67.97 (68.90) Prec@5 89.06 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-07:04:36] Epoch: [092][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.265) Prec@1 68.75 (68.93) Prec@5 85.94 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-07:06:21] Epoch: [092][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (3.263) Prec@1 73.44 (68.97) Prec@5 92.19 (87.56) - train[2018-10-16-07:08:06] Epoch: [092][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.554 (3.265) Prec@1 61.72 (68.93) Prec@5 86.72 (87.53) - train[2018-10-16-07:09:50] Epoch: [092][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.267) Prec@1 66.41 (68.89) Prec@5 89.06 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-07:11:34] Epoch: [092][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.516 (3.268) Prec@1 66.41 (68.87) Prec@5 85.16 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-07:13:19] Epoch: [092][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.268) Prec@1 64.84 (68.87) Prec@5 86.72 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-07:15:03] Epoch: [092][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (3.269) Prec@1 68.75 (68.86) Prec@5 85.94 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-07:16:47] Epoch: [092][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.269) Prec@1 66.41 (68.84) Prec@5 89.06 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-07:18:32] Epoch: [092][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.748 (3.270) Prec@1 59.38 (68.82) Prec@5 82.81 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-07:20:16] Epoch: [092][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (3.270) Prec@1 77.34 (68.81) Prec@5 93.75 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-07:22:01] Epoch: [092][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.271) Prec@1 71.09 (68.80) Prec@5 85.94 (87.46) - train[2018-10-16-07:23:46] Epoch: [092][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.272) Prec@1 64.06 (68.79) Prec@5 82.81 (87.45) - train[2018-10-16-07:25:29] Epoch: [092][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (3.272) Prec@1 66.41 (68.77) Prec@5 92.19 (87.45) - train[2018-10-16-07:27:14] Epoch: [092][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.400 (3.273) Prec@1 63.28 (68.76) Prec@5 83.59 (87.42) - train[2018-10-16-07:28:59] Epoch: [092][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.274) Prec@1 70.31 (68.75) Prec@5 86.72 (87.42) - train[2018-10-16-07:30:43] Epoch: [092][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (3.275) Prec@1 64.84 (68.71) Prec@5 89.06 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-07:32:27] Epoch: [092][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.276) Prec@1 67.97 (68.69) Prec@5 86.72 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-07:34:11] Epoch: [092][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.440 (3.276) Prec@1 66.41 (68.69) Prec@5 85.94 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-07:35:56] Epoch: [092][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.277) Prec@1 68.75 (68.68) Prec@5 86.72 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-07:37:40] Epoch: [092][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.250 (3.278) Prec@1 69.53 (68.66) Prec@5 87.50 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-07:39:24] Epoch: [092][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.279) Prec@1 67.97 (68.65) Prec@5 91.41 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-07:41:11] Epoch: [092][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.280) Prec@1 77.34 (68.63) Prec@5 85.94 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-07:42:55] Epoch: [092][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (3.281) Prec@1 67.97 (68.61) Prec@5 89.06 (87.34) - train[2018-10-16-07:44:40] Epoch: [092][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.281) Prec@1 60.94 (68.60) Prec@5 86.72 (87.33) - train[2018-10-16-07:46:25] Epoch: [092][7400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.280 (3.282) Prec@1 66.41 (68.59) Prec@5 86.72 (87.32) - train[2018-10-16-07:48:12] Epoch: [092][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.282) Prec@1 65.62 (68.60) Prec@5 86.72 (87.32) - train[2018-10-16-07:49:58] Epoch: [092][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.283) Prec@1 66.41 (68.59) Prec@5 85.16 (87.32) - train[2018-10-16-07:51:43] Epoch: [092][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.283) Prec@1 68.75 (68.59) Prec@5 87.50 (87.31) - train[2018-10-16-07:53:27] Epoch: [092][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.618 (3.283) Prec@1 57.81 (68.58) Prec@5 82.03 (87.31) - train[2018-10-16-07:55:11] Epoch: [092][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (3.284) Prec@1 71.09 (68.56) Prec@5 85.94 (87.29) - train[2018-10-16-07:56:57] Epoch: [092][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.332 (3.285) Prec@1 64.84 (68.54) Prec@5 87.50 (87.28) - train[2018-10-16-07:58:42] Epoch: [092][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (3.286) Prec@1 70.31 (68.52) Prec@5 88.28 (87.27) - train[2018-10-16-08:00:26] Epoch: [092][9000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.286) Prec@1 70.31 (68.52) Prec@5 82.03 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-08:02:10] Epoch: [092][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.267 (3.287) Prec@1 67.19 (68.51) Prec@5 87.50 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-08:03:54] Epoch: [092][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (3.286) Prec@1 66.41 (68.53) Prec@5 86.72 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-08:05:39] Epoch: [092][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (3.287) Prec@1 71.88 (68.52) Prec@5 89.84 (87.26) - train[2018-10-16-08:07:23] Epoch: [092][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (3.287) Prec@1 68.75 (68.51) Prec@5 89.06 (87.25) - train[2018-10-16-08:09:07] Epoch: [092][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.288) Prec@1 75.00 (68.49) Prec@5 89.84 (87.23) - train[2018-10-16-08:09:11] Epoch: [092][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.244 (3.288) Prec@1 66.67 (68.49) Prec@5 73.33 (87.23) -[2018-10-16-08:09:11] **train** Prec@1 68.49 Prec@5 87.23 Error@1 31.51 Error@5 12.77 Loss:3.288 - test [2018-10-16-08:09:15] Epoch: [092][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.582 (0.582) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-16-08:09:42] Epoch: [092][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.371 (1.096) Prec@1 67.97 (74.45) Prec@5 89.84 (92.44) - test [2018-10-16-08:10:06] Epoch: [092][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.291 (1.270) Prec@1 47.50 (70.81) Prec@5 80.00 (89.93) -[2018-10-16-08:10:06] **test** Prec@1 70.81 Prec@5 89.93 Error@1 29.19 Error@5 10.07 Loss:1.270 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.81, Acc@5=89.93, Error@1=29.19, Error@5=10.07 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-08:10:06] [Epoch=093/250] [Need: 230:45:04] LR=0.0059 ~ 0.0059, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-08:10:11] Epoch: [093][000/10010] Time 5.06 (5.06) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 2.762 (2.762) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-16-08:11:56] Epoch: [093][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.484 (3.251) Prec@1 67.19 (69.29) Prec@5 84.38 (87.60) - train[2018-10-16-08:13:40] Epoch: [093][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.070 (3.236) Prec@1 71.88 (69.33) Prec@5 89.06 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-08:15:23] Epoch: [093][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.866 (3.239) Prec@1 74.22 (69.31) Prec@5 93.75 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-08:17:08] Epoch: [093][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.919 (3.247) Prec@1 72.66 (69.18) Prec@5 92.97 (87.77) - train[2018-10-16-08:18:52] Epoch: [093][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.254) Prec@1 67.97 (69.07) Prec@5 83.59 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-08:20:36] Epoch: [093][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.253) Prec@1 64.84 (69.06) Prec@5 88.28 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-08:22:20] Epoch: [093][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.252) Prec@1 75.78 (69.13) Prec@5 89.06 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-08:24:03] Epoch: [093][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.255) Prec@1 70.31 (69.10) Prec@5 85.16 (87.65) - train[2018-10-16-08:25:48] Epoch: [093][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.256) Prec@1 67.97 (69.07) Prec@5 87.50 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-08:27:31] Epoch: [093][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.257) Prec@1 78.12 (69.06) Prec@5 92.97 (87.64) - train[2018-10-16-08:29:16] Epoch: [093][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (3.258) Prec@1 75.00 (69.03) Prec@5 92.19 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-08:30:59] Epoch: [093][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.383 (3.259) Prec@1 64.84 (69.02) Prec@5 82.81 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-08:32:43] Epoch: [093][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.261) Prec@1 71.88 (68.97) Prec@5 89.06 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-08:34:27] Epoch: [093][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.261) Prec@1 71.09 (68.96) Prec@5 88.28 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-08:36:12] Epoch: [093][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (3.263) Prec@1 60.94 (68.93) Prec@5 84.38 (87.56) - train[2018-10-16-08:37:56] Epoch: [093][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (3.263) Prec@1 70.31 (68.92) Prec@5 86.72 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-08:39:40] Epoch: [093][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (3.264) Prec@1 71.09 (68.89) Prec@5 88.28 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-08:41:24] Epoch: [093][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.267) Prec@1 65.62 (68.86) Prec@5 82.03 (87.51) - train[2018-10-16-08:43:09] Epoch: [093][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.267) Prec@1 74.22 (68.86) Prec@5 82.81 (87.51) - train[2018-10-16-08:44:53] Epoch: [093][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.351 (3.269) Prec@1 64.06 (68.82) Prec@5 88.28 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-08:46:37] Epoch: [093][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.270) Prec@1 63.28 (68.81) Prec@5 83.59 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-08:48:21] Epoch: [093][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.270) Prec@1 66.41 (68.80) Prec@5 87.50 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-08:50:06] Epoch: [093][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.270) Prec@1 73.44 (68.81) Prec@5 90.62 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-08:51:50] Epoch: [093][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.270) Prec@1 68.75 (68.81) Prec@5 86.72 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-08:53:34] Epoch: [093][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.270) Prec@1 73.44 (68.81) Prec@5 87.50 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-08:55:18] Epoch: [093][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.490 (3.271) Prec@1 62.50 (68.79) Prec@5 87.50 (87.46) - train[2018-10-16-08:57:02] Epoch: [093][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.272) Prec@1 70.31 (68.78) Prec@5 90.62 (87.45) - train[2018-10-16-08:58:46] Epoch: [093][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (3.273) Prec@1 72.66 (68.75) Prec@5 88.28 (87.44) - train[2018-10-16-09:00:29] Epoch: [093][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.263 (3.274) Prec@1 68.75 (68.75) Prec@5 89.84 (87.44) - train[2018-10-16-09:02:13] Epoch: [093][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.274) Prec@1 73.44 (68.74) Prec@5 87.50 (87.43) - train[2018-10-16-09:03:57] Epoch: [093][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (3.275) Prec@1 71.09 (68.72) Prec@5 88.28 (87.42) - train[2018-10-16-09:05:42] Epoch: [093][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (3.274) Prec@1 76.56 (68.73) Prec@5 92.97 (87.43) - train[2018-10-16-09:07:28] Epoch: [093][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.275) Prec@1 70.31 (68.72) Prec@5 85.94 (87.43) - train[2018-10-16-09:09:13] Epoch: [093][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.275) Prec@1 74.22 (68.70) Prec@5 86.72 (87.42) - train[2018-10-16-09:10:58] Epoch: [093][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.276) Prec@1 68.75 (68.69) Prec@5 86.72 (87.41) - train[2018-10-16-09:12:44] Epoch: [093][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.277) Prec@1 68.75 (68.68) Prec@5 85.94 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:14:29] Epoch: [093][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.251 (3.277) Prec@1 67.97 (68.67) Prec@5 89.84 (87.40) - train[2018-10-16-09:16:14] Epoch: [093][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.277) Prec@1 69.53 (68.67) Prec@5 87.50 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:18:00] Epoch: [093][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (3.278) Prec@1 75.78 (68.67) Prec@5 95.31 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:19:45] Epoch: [093][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.277) Prec@1 68.75 (68.67) Prec@5 87.50 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:21:31] Epoch: [093][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.280 (3.278) Prec@1 67.19 (68.67) Prec@5 86.72 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:23:17] Epoch: [093][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.278) Prec@1 69.53 (68.66) Prec@5 87.50 (87.39) - train[2018-10-16-09:25:02] Epoch: [093][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.279) Prec@1 69.53 (68.64) Prec@5 89.06 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-09:26:48] Epoch: [093][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.516 (3.279) Prec@1 64.06 (68.64) Prec@5 84.38 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-09:28:33] Epoch: [093][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.280) Prec@1 69.53 (68.65) Prec@5 91.41 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-09:30:17] Epoch: [093][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.280) Prec@1 64.84 (68.64) Prec@5 86.72 (87.37) - train[2018-10-16-09:32:03] Epoch: [093][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (3.280) Prec@1 67.19 (68.63) Prec@5 88.28 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-09:33:49] Epoch: [093][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.195 (3.281) Prec@1 69.53 (68.62) Prec@5 91.41 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-09:35:34] Epoch: [093][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.280) Prec@1 70.31 (68.62) Prec@5 85.16 (87.36) - train[2018-10-16-09:37:19] Epoch: [093][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.532 (3.281) Prec@1 61.72 (68.61) Prec@5 85.94 (87.35) - train[2018-10-16-09:37:23] Epoch: [093][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.607 (3.281) Prec@1 40.00 (68.61) Prec@5 86.67 (87.35) -[2018-10-16-09:37:23] **train** Prec@1 68.61 Prec@5 87.35 Error@1 31.39 Error@5 12.65 Loss:3.281 - test [2018-10-16-09:37:27] Epoch: [093][000/391] Time 3.67 (3.67) Data 3.54 (3.54) Loss 0.676 (0.676) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-16-09:37:54] Epoch: [093][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.430 (1.103) Prec@1 66.41 (74.23) Prec@5 85.16 (92.33) - test [2018-10-16-09:38:18] Epoch: [093][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.182 (1.279) Prec@1 38.75 (70.60) Prec@5 82.50 (89.85) -[2018-10-16-09:38:18] **test** Prec@1 70.60 Prec@5 89.85 Error@1 29.40 Error@5 10.15 Loss:1.279 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.81, Acc@5=89.93, Error@1=29.19, Error@5=10.07 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-09:38:18] [Epoch=094/250] [Need: 229:19:15] LR=0.0057 ~ 0.0057, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-09:38:23] Epoch: [094][000/10010] Time 4.91 (4.91) Data 4.28 (4.28) Loss 3.470 (3.470) Prec@1 66.41 (66.41) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-16-09:40:07] Epoch: [094][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.429 (3.228) Prec@1 69.53 (69.67) Prec@5 85.94 (88.04) - train[2018-10-16-09:41:51] Epoch: [094][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.489 (3.230) Prec@1 63.28 (69.59) Prec@5 86.72 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-09:43:35] Epoch: [094][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.147 (3.246) Prec@1 71.88 (69.32) Prec@5 89.06 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-09:45:19] Epoch: [094][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.098 (3.247) Prec@1 72.66 (69.28) Prec@5 87.50 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-09:47:04] Epoch: [094][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (3.250) Prec@1 75.00 (69.25) Prec@5 93.75 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-09:48:47] Epoch: [094][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.482 (3.251) Prec@1 68.75 (69.21) Prec@5 83.59 (87.67) - train[2018-10-16-09:50:31] Epoch: [094][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (3.251) Prec@1 71.09 (69.20) Prec@5 89.84 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-09:52:15] Epoch: [094][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.252) Prec@1 63.28 (69.20) Prec@5 85.16 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-09:53:59] Epoch: [094][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.250) Prec@1 66.41 (69.20) Prec@5 89.06 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-09:55:43] Epoch: [094][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.250) Prec@1 67.97 (69.19) Prec@5 84.38 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-09:57:27] Epoch: [094][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.267 (3.249) Prec@1 67.19 (69.17) Prec@5 88.28 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-09:59:11] Epoch: [094][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.251) Prec@1 65.62 (69.13) Prec@5 82.03 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-10:00:55] Epoch: [094][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.206 (3.250) Prec@1 72.66 (69.16) Prec@5 90.62 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-10:02:40] Epoch: [094][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.250) Prec@1 69.53 (69.17) Prec@5 89.06 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-10:04:26] Epoch: [094][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.510 (3.251) Prec@1 64.84 (69.14) Prec@5 85.94 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-10:06:11] Epoch: [094][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (3.252) Prec@1 71.09 (69.14) Prec@5 91.41 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-10:07:55] Epoch: [094][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.643 (3.253) Prec@1 67.19 (69.13) Prec@5 83.59 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-10:09:40] Epoch: [094][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.256) Prec@1 68.75 (69.08) Prec@5 88.28 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-10:11:25] Epoch: [094][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.600 (3.257) Prec@1 63.28 (69.07) Prec@5 85.16 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-10:13:09] Epoch: [094][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (3.256) Prec@1 75.78 (69.08) Prec@5 92.97 (87.62) - train[2018-10-16-10:14:54] Epoch: [094][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.256) Prec@1 71.09 (69.08) Prec@5 89.84 (87.62) - train[2018-10-16-10:16:39] Epoch: [094][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.258) Prec@1 70.31 (69.05) Prec@5 85.94 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-10:18:26] Epoch: [094][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (3.259) Prec@1 71.88 (69.03) Prec@5 90.62 (87.60) - train[2018-10-16-10:20:12] Epoch: [094][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.260) Prec@1 64.84 (69.03) Prec@5 90.62 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-10:21:58] Epoch: [094][5000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.260) Prec@1 66.41 (69.02) Prec@5 88.28 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-10:23:45] Epoch: [094][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (3.260) Prec@1 72.66 (69.01) Prec@5 94.53 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-10:25:30] Epoch: [094][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.261) Prec@1 69.53 (69.00) Prec@5 87.50 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-10:27:16] Epoch: [094][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.261) Prec@1 66.41 (68.99) Prec@5 88.28 (87.56) - train[2018-10-16-10:29:02] Epoch: [094][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.261) Prec@1 64.84 (69.00) Prec@5 85.16 (87.56) - train[2018-10-16-10:30:49] Epoch: [094][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.262) Prec@1 68.75 (68.98) Prec@5 86.72 (87.54) - train[2018-10-16-10:32:34] Epoch: [094][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.264) Prec@1 71.88 (68.95) Prec@5 87.50 (87.53) - train[2018-10-16-10:34:21] Epoch: [094][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.265) Prec@1 67.19 (68.94) Prec@5 87.50 (87.53) - train[2018-10-16-10:36:07] Epoch: [094][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (3.265) Prec@1 76.56 (68.93) Prec@5 91.41 (87.52) - train[2018-10-16-10:37:53] Epoch: [094][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.265) Prec@1 72.66 (68.92) Prec@5 89.84 (87.52) - train[2018-10-16-10:39:38] Epoch: [094][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.265) Prec@1 62.50 (68.93) Prec@5 83.59 (87.51) - train[2018-10-16-10:41:25] Epoch: [094][7200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.266) Prec@1 66.41 (68.91) Prec@5 88.28 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-10:43:10] Epoch: [094][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.266) Prec@1 71.88 (68.91) Prec@5 86.72 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-10:44:55] Epoch: [094][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.266) Prec@1 63.28 (68.89) Prec@5 79.69 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-10:46:40] Epoch: [094][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (3.266) Prec@1 65.62 (68.89) Prec@5 87.50 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-10:48:25] Epoch: [094][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.267) Prec@1 71.09 (68.87) Prec@5 89.06 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-10:50:11] Epoch: [094][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.709 (3.268) Prec@1 65.62 (68.86) Prec@5 82.03 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-10:51:56] Epoch: [094][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.268) Prec@1 68.75 (68.86) Prec@5 83.59 (87.49) - train[2018-10-16-10:53:41] Epoch: [094][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.268) Prec@1 69.53 (68.85) Prec@5 89.06 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-10:55:26] Epoch: [094][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.069 (3.268) Prec@1 75.78 (68.85) Prec@5 85.94 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-10:57:12] Epoch: [094][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.268) Prec@1 66.41 (68.83) Prec@5 85.94 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-10:58:57] Epoch: [094][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.268) Prec@1 68.75 (68.83) Prec@5 85.94 (87.48) - train[2018-10-16-11:00:44] Epoch: [094][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.572 (3.269) Prec@1 65.62 (68.82) Prec@5 82.81 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-11:02:30] Epoch: [094][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.269) Prec@1 67.97 (68.82) Prec@5 86.72 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-11:04:17] Epoch: [094][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.269) Prec@1 72.66 (68.81) Prec@5 89.06 (87.47) - train[2018-10-16-11:06:02] Epoch: [094][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.270) Prec@1 71.09 (68.80) Prec@5 91.41 (87.46) - train[2018-10-16-11:06:06] Epoch: [094][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.798 (3.269) Prec@1 53.33 (68.81) Prec@5 86.67 (87.46) -[2018-10-16-11:06:06] **train** Prec@1 68.81 Prec@5 87.46 Error@1 31.19 Error@5 12.54 Loss:3.269 - test [2018-10-16-11:06:11] Epoch: [094][000/391] Time 4.31 (4.31) Data 4.17 (4.17) Loss 0.703 (0.703) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-16-11:06:37] Epoch: [094][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.485 (1.095) Prec@1 60.94 (74.41) Prec@5 88.28 (92.31) - test [2018-10-16-11:07:01] Epoch: [094][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.202 (1.259) Prec@1 43.75 (70.94) Prec@5 82.50 (90.03) -[2018-10-16-11:07:01] **test** Prec@1 70.94 Prec@5 90.03 Error@1 29.06 Error@5 9.97 Loss:1.259 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.94, Acc@5=90.03, Error@1=29.06, Error@5=9.97 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-11:07:02] [Epoch=095/250] [Need: 229:11:48] LR=0.0055 ~ 0.0055, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-11:07:07] Epoch: [095][000/10010] Time 5.68 (5.68) Data 5.13 (5.13) Loss 3.545 (3.545) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 83.59 (83.59) - train[2018-10-16-11:08:52] Epoch: [095][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.918 (3.215) Prec@1 71.88 (69.83) Prec@5 92.97 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-11:10:36] Epoch: [095][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.333 (3.231) Prec@1 67.97 (69.72) Prec@5 85.16 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-11:12:20] Epoch: [095][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.175 (3.229) Prec@1 72.66 (69.78) Prec@5 87.50 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-11:14:04] Epoch: [095][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.287 (3.234) Prec@1 68.75 (69.74) Prec@5 87.50 (87.84) - train[2018-10-16-11:15:49] Epoch: [095][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.057 (3.235) Prec@1 74.22 (69.68) Prec@5 89.84 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-11:17:32] Epoch: [095][1200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.346 (3.237) Prec@1 67.97 (69.57) Prec@5 83.59 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-11:19:16] Epoch: [095][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (3.238) Prec@1 77.34 (69.55) Prec@5 90.62 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-11:21:00] Epoch: [095][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (3.238) Prec@1 72.66 (69.52) Prec@5 94.53 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-11:22:44] Epoch: [095][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.239) Prec@1 71.09 (69.52) Prec@5 86.72 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-11:24:28] Epoch: [095][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.241) Prec@1 69.53 (69.48) Prec@5 86.72 (87.78) - train[2018-10-16-11:26:12] Epoch: [095][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.460 (3.239) Prec@1 72.66 (69.50) Prec@5 84.38 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-11:27:56] Epoch: [095][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.921 (3.241) Prec@1 63.28 (69.46) Prec@5 82.03 (87.79) - train[2018-10-16-11:29:42] Epoch: [095][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (3.242) Prec@1 75.78 (69.44) Prec@5 90.62 (87.76) - train[2018-10-16-11:31:27] Epoch: [095][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.244) Prec@1 67.97 (69.38) Prec@5 88.28 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-11:33:12] Epoch: [095][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (3.244) Prec@1 65.62 (69.35) Prec@5 86.72 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-11:34:57] Epoch: [095][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.245) Prec@1 72.66 (69.34) Prec@5 87.50 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-11:36:42] Epoch: [095][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.246) Prec@1 67.19 (69.32) Prec@5 85.16 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-11:38:26] Epoch: [095][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.246) Prec@1 71.09 (69.32) Prec@5 90.62 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-11:40:10] Epoch: [095][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.246) Prec@1 66.41 (69.32) Prec@5 90.62 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-11:41:53] Epoch: [095][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.248) Prec@1 74.22 (69.27) Prec@5 87.50 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-11:43:37] Epoch: [095][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.248) Prec@1 73.44 (69.25) Prec@5 87.50 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-11:45:21] Epoch: [095][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (3.249) Prec@1 72.66 (69.23) Prec@5 89.84 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-11:47:06] Epoch: [095][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.249) Prec@1 65.62 (69.22) Prec@5 85.94 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-11:48:50] Epoch: [095][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.249) Prec@1 78.91 (69.23) Prec@5 92.19 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-11:50:35] Epoch: [095][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.222 (3.249) Prec@1 67.97 (69.22) Prec@5 89.84 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-11:52:20] Epoch: [095][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (3.250) Prec@1 68.75 (69.22) Prec@5 85.16 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-11:54:03] Epoch: [095][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.613 (3.251) Prec@1 62.50 (69.20) Prec@5 84.38 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-11:55:48] Epoch: [095][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.250) Prec@1 64.06 (69.21) Prec@5 88.28 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-11:57:32] Epoch: [095][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (3.251) Prec@1 72.66 (69.20) Prec@5 87.50 (87.67) - train[2018-10-16-11:59:16] Epoch: [095][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.252) Prec@1 66.41 (69.18) Prec@5 87.50 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-12:01:00] Epoch: [095][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (3.253) Prec@1 70.31 (69.17) Prec@5 89.84 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-12:02:45] Epoch: [095][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.253) Prec@1 67.97 (69.16) Prec@5 90.62 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-12:04:30] Epoch: [095][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.449 (3.254) Prec@1 65.62 (69.15) Prec@5 87.50 (87.65) - train[2018-10-16-12:06:15] Epoch: [095][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.254) Prec@1 69.53 (69.14) Prec@5 86.72 (87.64) - train[2018-10-16-12:07:59] Epoch: [095][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.318 (3.254) Prec@1 66.41 (69.14) Prec@5 85.94 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-12:09:44] Epoch: [095][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.396 (3.255) Prec@1 68.75 (69.13) Prec@5 84.38 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-12:11:27] Epoch: [095][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.255) Prec@1 68.75 (69.12) Prec@5 88.28 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-12:13:11] Epoch: [095][7600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (3.255) Prec@1 72.66 (69.12) Prec@5 91.41 (87.63) - train[2018-10-16-12:14:55] Epoch: [095][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.255) Prec@1 74.22 (69.10) Prec@5 89.06 (87.62) - train[2018-10-16-12:16:39] Epoch: [095][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.256) Prec@1 69.53 (69.09) Prec@5 89.84 (87.62) - train[2018-10-16-12:18:23] Epoch: [095][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.257) Prec@1 72.66 (69.07) Prec@5 85.94 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-12:20:08] Epoch: [095][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (3.257) Prec@1 71.88 (69.05) Prec@5 86.72 (87.60) - train[2018-10-16-12:21:54] Epoch: [095][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.514 (3.257) Prec@1 66.41 (69.04) Prec@5 82.81 (87.61) - train[2018-10-16-12:23:40] Epoch: [095][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.583 (3.258) Prec@1 67.97 (69.04) Prec@5 81.25 (87.59) - train[2018-10-16-12:25:27] Epoch: [095][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (3.259) Prec@1 75.00 (69.03) Prec@5 90.62 (87.59) - train[2018-10-16-12:27:13] Epoch: [095][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.200 (3.259) Prec@1 71.88 (69.02) Prec@5 89.06 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-12:29:00] Epoch: [095][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.397 (3.259) Prec@1 68.75 (69.01) Prec@5 85.16 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-12:30:47] Epoch: [095][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.484 (3.260) Prec@1 69.53 (69.01) Prec@5 84.38 (87.58) - train[2018-10-16-12:32:34] Epoch: [095][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.260) Prec@1 67.19 (69.00) Prec@5 86.72 (87.57) - train[2018-10-16-12:34:19] Epoch: [095][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.190 (3.261) Prec@1 75.00 (68.99) Prec@5 86.72 (87.56) - train[2018-10-16-12:34:24] Epoch: [095][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.261) Prec@1 73.33 (68.99) Prec@5 80.00 (87.56) -[2018-10-16-12:34:24] **train** Prec@1 68.99 Prec@5 87.56 Error@1 31.01 Error@5 12.44 Loss:3.261 - test [2018-10-16-12:34:28] Epoch: [095][000/391] Time 4.12 (4.12) Data 3.98 (3.98) Loss 0.634 (0.634) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-16-12:34:54] Epoch: [095][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.247 (1.096) Prec@1 66.41 (74.38) Prec@5 92.19 (92.47) - test [2018-10-16-12:35:19] Epoch: [095][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.423 (1.267) Prec@1 42.50 (70.98) Prec@5 75.00 (90.05) -[2018-10-16-12:35:19] **test** Prec@1 70.98 Prec@5 90.05 Error@1 29.02 Error@5 9.95 Loss:1.267 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=70.98, Acc@5=90.05, Error@1=29.02, Error@5=9.95 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-12:35:19] [Epoch=096/250] [Need: 226:36:17] LR=0.0054 ~ 0.0054, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-12:35:23] Epoch: [096][000/10010] Time 4.57 (4.57) Data 3.96 (3.96) Loss 3.618 (3.618) Prec@1 63.28 (63.28) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-16-12:37:07] Epoch: [096][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.202 (3.232) Prec@1 72.66 (69.34) Prec@5 87.50 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-12:38:50] Epoch: [096][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.898 (3.226) Prec@1 75.00 (69.58) Prec@5 92.19 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-12:40:34] Epoch: [096][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.836 (3.225) Prec@1 60.94 (69.65) Prec@5 80.47 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-12:42:18] Epoch: [096][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.346 (3.223) Prec@1 69.53 (69.65) Prec@5 86.72 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-12:44:02] Epoch: [096][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.223) Prec@1 74.22 (69.62) Prec@5 89.84 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-12:45:47] Epoch: [096][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.225) Prec@1 69.53 (69.58) Prec@5 90.62 (88.02) - train[2018-10-16-12:47:31] Epoch: [096][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.228) Prec@1 67.97 (69.53) Prec@5 89.06 (87.99) - train[2018-10-16-12:49:14] Epoch: [096][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.229) Prec@1 70.31 (69.52) Prec@5 87.50 (87.99) - train[2018-10-16-12:50:58] Epoch: [096][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.228) Prec@1 70.31 (69.53) Prec@5 90.62 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-12:52:43] Epoch: [096][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.228) Prec@1 64.06 (69.55) Prec@5 85.16 (88.00) - train[2018-10-16-12:54:27] Epoch: [096][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.230) Prec@1 72.66 (69.50) Prec@5 88.28 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-12:56:11] Epoch: [096][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (3.230) Prec@1 68.75 (69.53) Prec@5 89.06 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-12:57:55] Epoch: [096][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (3.231) Prec@1 77.34 (69.52) Prec@5 92.19 (87.97) - train[2018-10-16-12:59:40] Epoch: [096][2800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.232) Prec@1 63.28 (69.51) Prec@5 85.94 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-13:01:24] Epoch: [096][3000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (3.234) Prec@1 70.31 (69.48) Prec@5 89.06 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-13:03:09] Epoch: [096][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (3.236) Prec@1 68.75 (69.46) Prec@5 92.97 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-13:04:53] Epoch: [096][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.236) Prec@1 67.97 (69.45) Prec@5 84.38 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-13:06:37] Epoch: [096][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (3.238) Prec@1 64.84 (69.44) Prec@5 87.50 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-13:08:21] Epoch: [096][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (3.240) Prec@1 71.09 (69.40) Prec@5 87.50 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-13:10:05] Epoch: [096][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (3.240) Prec@1 78.12 (69.39) Prec@5 90.62 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-13:11:49] Epoch: [096][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (3.241) Prec@1 76.56 (69.36) Prec@5 92.97 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-13:13:33] Epoch: [096][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.242) Prec@1 67.97 (69.34) Prec@5 88.28 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-13:15:17] Epoch: [096][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.242) Prec@1 64.84 (69.34) Prec@5 85.94 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-13:17:02] Epoch: [096][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (3.242) Prec@1 79.69 (69.32) Prec@5 91.41 (87.84) - train[2018-10-16-13:18:48] Epoch: [096][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.243) Prec@1 70.31 (69.29) Prec@5 87.50 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-13:20:34] Epoch: [096][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.245) Prec@1 69.53 (69.27) Prec@5 87.50 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-13:22:19] Epoch: [096][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (3.245) Prec@1 66.41 (69.26) Prec@5 89.84 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-13:24:05] Epoch: [096][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.246) Prec@1 71.09 (69.26) Prec@5 89.84 (87.79) - train[2018-10-16-13:25:51] Epoch: [096][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.501 (3.247) Prec@1 65.62 (69.22) Prec@5 85.16 (87.78) - train[2018-10-16-13:27:36] Epoch: [096][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.248) Prec@1 70.31 (69.22) Prec@5 85.94 (87.77) - train[2018-10-16-13:29:22] Epoch: [096][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.248) Prec@1 71.09 (69.21) Prec@5 88.28 (87.76) - train[2018-10-16-13:31:07] Epoch: [096][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (3.248) Prec@1 70.31 (69.20) Prec@5 90.62 (87.76) - train[2018-10-16-13:32:53] Epoch: [096][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.249) Prec@1 61.72 (69.18) Prec@5 82.03 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-13:34:39] Epoch: [096][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.512 (3.249) Prec@1 66.41 (69.18) Prec@5 84.38 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-13:36:24] Epoch: [096][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.515 (3.250) Prec@1 67.19 (69.17) Prec@5 84.38 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-13:38:10] Epoch: [096][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (3.251) Prec@1 74.22 (69.16) Prec@5 89.84 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-13:39:55] Epoch: [096][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (3.251) Prec@1 78.91 (69.14) Prec@5 92.97 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-13:41:40] Epoch: [096][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (3.252) Prec@1 65.62 (69.14) Prec@5 87.50 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-13:43:25] Epoch: [096][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.458 (3.252) Prec@1 63.28 (69.14) Prec@5 86.72 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-13:45:11] Epoch: [096][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.253) Prec@1 69.53 (69.11) Prec@5 85.94 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-13:46:54] Epoch: [096][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (3.254) Prec@1 65.62 (69.10) Prec@5 87.50 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-13:48:39] Epoch: [096][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.254) Prec@1 65.62 (69.09) Prec@5 86.72 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-13:50:23] Epoch: [096][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.398 (3.254) Prec@1 67.19 (69.09) Prec@5 83.59 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-13:52:08] Epoch: [096][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.254) Prec@1 71.09 (69.08) Prec@5 91.41 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-13:53:53] Epoch: [096][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.515 (3.255) Prec@1 65.62 (69.08) Prec@5 82.81 (87.67) - train[2018-10-16-13:55:37] Epoch: [096][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.255) Prec@1 66.41 (69.08) Prec@5 85.16 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-13:57:22] Epoch: [096][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.255) Prec@1 66.41 (69.08) Prec@5 83.59 (87.66) - train[2018-10-16-13:59:07] Epoch: [096][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.256) Prec@1 68.75 (69.07) Prec@5 86.72 (87.65) - train[2018-10-16-14:00:50] Epoch: [096][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (3.256) Prec@1 71.09 (69.07) Prec@5 92.19 (87.65) - train[2018-10-16-14:02:34] Epoch: [096][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (3.257) Prec@1 75.78 (69.06) Prec@5 89.84 (87.64) - train[2018-10-16-14:02:39] Epoch: [096][10009/10010] Time 0.30 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.391 (3.257) Prec@1 53.33 (69.06) Prec@5 80.00 (87.64) -[2018-10-16-14:02:39] **train** Prec@1 69.06 Prec@5 87.64 Error@1 30.94 Error@5 12.36 Loss:3.257 - test [2018-10-16-14:02:43] Epoch: [096][000/391] Time 4.16 (4.16) Data 4.03 (4.03) Loss 0.667 (0.667) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-16-14:03:09] Epoch: [096][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.386 (1.090) Prec@1 61.72 (74.76) Prec@5 90.62 (92.72) - test [2018-10-16-14:03:33] Epoch: [096][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.205 (1.264) Prec@1 42.50 (71.16) Prec@5 83.75 (90.12) -[2018-10-16-14:03:33] **test** Prec@1 71.16 Prec@5 90.12 Error@1 28.84 Error@5 9.88 Loss:1.264 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.16, Acc@5=90.12, Error@1=28.84, Error@5=9.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-14:03:34] [Epoch=097/250] [Need: 225:01:43] LR=0.0052 ~ 0.0052, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-14:03:38] Epoch: [097][000/10010] Time 4.65 (4.65) Data 4.04 (4.04) Loss 2.702 (2.702) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - train[2018-10-16-14:05:23] Epoch: [097][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.503 (3.226) Prec@1 63.28 (69.90) Prec@5 87.50 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-14:07:07] Epoch: [097][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.494 (3.223) Prec@1 64.06 (69.99) Prec@5 86.72 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-14:08:50] Epoch: [097][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.141 (3.221) Prec@1 67.97 (69.90) Prec@5 88.28 (88.00) - train[2018-10-16-14:10:34] Epoch: [097][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.344 (3.229) Prec@1 66.41 (69.74) Prec@5 85.94 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-14:12:18] Epoch: [097][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (3.230) Prec@1 75.78 (69.65) Prec@5 86.72 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-14:14:03] Epoch: [097][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.63) Prec@5 83.59 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-14:15:47] Epoch: [097][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.233) Prec@1 67.19 (69.56) Prec@5 88.28 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-14:17:31] Epoch: [097][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.233) Prec@1 66.41 (69.55) Prec@5 85.16 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-14:19:15] Epoch: [097][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.216 (3.232) Prec@1 64.06 (69.54) Prec@5 92.97 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-14:20:59] Epoch: [097][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.235) Prec@1 68.75 (69.50) Prec@5 84.38 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:22:43] Epoch: [097][2200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.237) Prec@1 66.41 (69.45) Prec@5 87.50 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-14:24:27] Epoch: [097][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (3.237) Prec@1 67.19 (69.46) Prec@5 89.06 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-14:26:11] Epoch: [097][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.456 (3.237) Prec@1 63.28 (69.44) Prec@5 85.94 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-14:27:56] Epoch: [097][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (3.236) Prec@1 71.09 (69.45) Prec@5 89.06 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:29:40] Epoch: [097][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (3.237) Prec@1 71.88 (69.44) Prec@5 90.62 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:31:25] Epoch: [097][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.236) Prec@1 68.75 (69.44) Prec@5 85.94 (87.84) - train[2018-10-16-14:33:11] Epoch: [097][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (3.235) Prec@1 69.53 (69.44) Prec@5 87.50 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-14:34:56] Epoch: [097][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (3.236) Prec@1 78.12 (69.43) Prec@5 92.19 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-14:36:42] Epoch: [097][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (3.237) Prec@1 77.34 (69.42) Prec@5 86.72 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:38:27] Epoch: [097][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.237) Prec@1 69.53 (69.42) Prec@5 85.94 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:40:11] Epoch: [097][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (3.238) Prec@1 70.31 (69.41) Prec@5 88.28 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:41:56] Epoch: [097][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (3.237) Prec@1 64.06 (69.41) Prec@5 89.84 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-14:43:40] Epoch: [097][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.238) Prec@1 64.84 (69.41) Prec@5 85.94 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:45:25] Epoch: [097][4800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.238) Prec@1 71.88 (69.42) Prec@5 87.50 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-14:47:09] Epoch: [097][5000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.238) Prec@1 71.09 (69.41) Prec@5 87.50 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-14:48:53] Epoch: [097][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.238) Prec@1 68.75 (69.41) Prec@5 85.94 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-14:50:37] Epoch: [097][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.239) Prec@1 73.44 (69.39) Prec@5 85.16 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-14:52:21] Epoch: [097][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (3.239) Prec@1 73.44 (69.39) Prec@5 89.84 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-14:54:06] Epoch: [097][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.571 (3.240) Prec@1 62.50 (69.38) Prec@5 82.81 (87.79) - train[2018-10-16-14:55:50] Epoch: [097][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.240) Prec@1 67.97 (69.37) Prec@5 91.41 (87.79) - train[2018-10-16-14:57:34] Epoch: [097][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.671 (3.241) Prec@1 64.84 (69.36) Prec@5 84.38 (87.77) - train[2018-10-16-14:59:20] Epoch: [097][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (3.241) Prec@1 66.41 (69.35) Prec@5 84.38 (87.77) - train[2018-10-16-15:01:03] Epoch: [097][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.242) Prec@1 72.66 (69.32) Prec@5 92.97 (87.76) - train[2018-10-16-15:02:48] Epoch: [097][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.243) Prec@1 70.31 (69.32) Prec@5 89.06 (87.76) - train[2018-10-16-15:04:32] Epoch: [097][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (3.243) Prec@1 70.31 (69.30) Prec@5 86.72 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-15:06:17] Epoch: [097][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.244) Prec@1 69.53 (69.29) Prec@5 84.38 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-15:08:03] Epoch: [097][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.243) Prec@1 65.62 (69.28) Prec@5 88.28 (87.75) - train[2018-10-16-15:09:49] Epoch: [097][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.244) Prec@1 71.09 (69.28) Prec@5 88.28 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-15:11:34] Epoch: [097][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (3.244) Prec@1 70.31 (69.26) Prec@5 85.94 (87.74) - train[2018-10-16-15:13:22] Epoch: [097][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (3.245) Prec@1 65.62 (69.25) Prec@5 80.47 (87.73) - train[2018-10-16-15:15:08] Epoch: [097][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.448 (3.246) Prec@1 63.28 (69.24) Prec@5 82.81 (87.72) - train[2018-10-16-15:16:55] Epoch: [097][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (3.246) Prec@1 75.78 (69.24) Prec@5 89.06 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-15:18:42] Epoch: [097][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.247) Prec@1 66.41 (69.23) Prec@5 90.62 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-15:20:30] Epoch: [097][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.467 (3.247) Prec@1 64.06 (69.23) Prec@5 85.16 (87.71) - train[2018-10-16-15:22:16] Epoch: [097][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.365 (3.247) Prec@1 67.19 (69.23) Prec@5 88.28 (87.70) - train[2018-10-16-15:24:02] Epoch: [097][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.383 (3.248) Prec@1 66.41 (69.21) Prec@5 87.50 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-15:25:49] Epoch: [097][9400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.248) Prec@1 69.53 (69.21) Prec@5 90.62 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-15:27:36] Epoch: [097][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (3.249) Prec@1 77.34 (69.20) Prec@5 89.06 (87.69) - train[2018-10-16-15:29:23] Epoch: [097][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (3.249) Prec@1 65.62 (69.19) Prec@5 86.72 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-15:31:09] Epoch: [097][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.205 (3.250) Prec@1 67.19 (69.18) Prec@5 88.28 (87.68) - train[2018-10-16-15:31:14] Epoch: [097][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.447 (3.250) Prec@1 66.67 (69.18) Prec@5 86.67 (87.68) -[2018-10-16-15:31:14] **train** Prec@1 69.18 Prec@5 87.68 Error@1 30.82 Error@5 12.32 Loss:3.250 - test [2018-10-16-15:31:18] Epoch: [097][000/391] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 0.677 (0.677) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-16-15:31:44] Epoch: [097][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.373 (1.095) Prec@1 65.62 (74.39) Prec@5 89.84 (92.41) - test [2018-10-16-15:32:09] Epoch: [097][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.119 (1.264) Prec@1 40.00 (70.86) Prec@5 81.25 (90.05) -[2018-10-16-15:32:09] **test** Prec@1 70.86 Prec@5 90.05 Error@1 29.14 Error@5 9.95 Loss:1.264 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.16, Acc@5=90.12, Error@1=28.84, Error@5=9.88 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-15:32:10] [Epoch=098/250] [Need: 224:27:21] LR=0.0051 ~ 0.0051, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-15:32:14] Epoch: [098][000/10010] Time 4.21 (4.21) Data 3.63 (3.63) Loss 3.252 (3.252) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-15:33:58] Epoch: [098][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.129 (3.222) Prec@1 72.66 (69.86) Prec@5 90.62 (88.09) - train[2018-10-16-15:35:42] Epoch: [098][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.750 (3.234) Prec@1 78.91 (69.61) Prec@5 92.19 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-15:37:26] Epoch: [098][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.398 (3.232) Prec@1 65.62 (69.54) Prec@5 85.94 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-15:39:10] Epoch: [098][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.115 (3.233) Prec@1 74.22 (69.58) Prec@5 91.41 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-15:40:54] Epoch: [098][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.229) Prec@1 69.53 (69.67) Prec@5 85.16 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-15:42:38] Epoch: [098][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (3.235) Prec@1 71.88 (69.53) Prec@5 93.75 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-15:44:23] Epoch: [098][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.205 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.53) Prec@5 89.06 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-15:46:08] Epoch: [098][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.56) Prec@5 87.50 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-15:47:52] Epoch: [098][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.229) Prec@1 69.53 (69.60) Prec@5 89.06 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-15:49:36] Epoch: [098][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.440 (3.229) Prec@1 61.72 (69.58) Prec@5 90.62 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-15:51:20] Epoch: [098][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.153 (3.231) Prec@1 70.31 (69.56) Prec@5 86.72 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-15:53:04] Epoch: [098][2400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (3.231) Prec@1 68.75 (69.55) Prec@5 91.41 (87.95) - train[2018-10-16-15:54:49] Epoch: [098][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.463 (3.230) Prec@1 65.62 (69.54) Prec@5 84.38 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-15:56:32] Epoch: [098][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.380 (3.232) Prec@1 65.62 (69.52) Prec@5 86.72 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-15:58:17] Epoch: [098][3000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.232) Prec@1 71.88 (69.51) Prec@5 89.84 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-16:00:03] Epoch: [098][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.234) Prec@1 65.62 (69.49) Prec@5 88.28 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-16:01:50] Epoch: [098][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.235) Prec@1 71.88 (69.48) Prec@5 91.41 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-16:03:35] Epoch: [098][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.237) Prec@1 62.50 (69.44) Prec@5 87.50 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:05:21] Epoch: [098][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.206 (3.237) Prec@1 70.31 (69.43) Prec@5 89.84 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:07:09] Epoch: [098][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.237) Prec@1 60.94 (69.43) Prec@5 85.16 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-16:08:56] Epoch: [098][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.235) Prec@1 71.88 (69.43) Prec@5 91.41 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-16:10:42] Epoch: [098][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.437 (3.236) Prec@1 69.53 (69.42) Prec@5 84.38 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-16:12:29] Epoch: [098][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (3.236) Prec@1 69.53 (69.41) Prec@5 87.50 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-16:14:15] Epoch: [098][4800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.236) Prec@1 72.66 (69.41) Prec@5 87.50 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-16:16:01] Epoch: [098][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.237) Prec@1 67.19 (69.40) Prec@5 88.28 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-16:17:48] Epoch: [098][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.237) Prec@1 67.97 (69.39) Prec@5 81.25 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-16:19:35] Epoch: [098][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.214 (3.236) Prec@1 71.88 (69.39) Prec@5 86.72 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-16:21:22] Epoch: [098][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (3.237) Prec@1 68.75 (69.39) Prec@5 85.94 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:23:08] Epoch: [098][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.354 (3.237) Prec@1 61.72 (69.38) Prec@5 88.28 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:24:55] Epoch: [098][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.236) Prec@1 66.41 (69.39) Prec@5 88.28 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:26:43] Epoch: [098][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (3.237) Prec@1 74.22 (69.37) Prec@5 89.84 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-16:28:29] Epoch: [098][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (3.238) Prec@1 66.41 (69.36) Prec@5 85.94 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-16:30:15] Epoch: [098][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.238) Prec@1 66.41 (69.37) Prec@5 89.84 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-16:32:01] Epoch: [098][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.489 (3.238) Prec@1 64.84 (69.36) Prec@5 84.38 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-16:33:46] Epoch: [098][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.238) Prec@1 63.28 (69.34) Prec@5 85.94 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-16:35:33] Epoch: [098][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (3.238) Prec@1 60.16 (69.35) Prec@5 83.59 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-16:37:19] Epoch: [098][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.541 (3.238) Prec@1 59.38 (69.35) Prec@5 84.38 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-16:39:05] Epoch: [098][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.239) Prec@1 64.06 (69.35) Prec@5 86.72 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-16:40:51] Epoch: [098][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.239) Prec@1 67.97 (69.35) Prec@5 89.06 (87.84) - train[2018-10-16-16:42:37] Epoch: [098][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.429 (3.239) Prec@1 63.28 (69.34) Prec@5 85.16 (87.84) - train[2018-10-16-16:44:23] Epoch: [098][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.239) Prec@1 69.53 (69.32) Prec@5 92.19 (87.83) - train[2018-10-16-16:46:08] Epoch: [098][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (3.240) Prec@1 65.62 (69.31) Prec@5 91.41 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-16:47:55] Epoch: [098][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (3.241) Prec@1 74.22 (69.30) Prec@5 90.62 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-16:49:42] Epoch: [098][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.240) Prec@1 71.09 (69.31) Prec@5 86.72 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-16:51:29] Epoch: [098][9000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (3.240) Prec@1 64.06 (69.31) Prec@5 84.38 (87.82) - train[2018-10-16-16:53:15] Epoch: [098][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.389 (3.241) Prec@1 67.97 (69.30) Prec@5 84.38 (87.81) - train[2018-10-16-16:55:01] Epoch: [098][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.294 (3.242) Prec@1 64.06 (69.28) Prec@5 89.84 (87.80) - train[2018-10-16-16:56:48] Epoch: [098][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.242) Prec@1 71.09 (69.28) Prec@5 90.62 (87.79) - train[2018-10-16-16:58:35] Epoch: [098][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.243) Prec@1 68.75 (69.27) Prec@5 86.72 (87.78) - train[2018-10-16-17:00:21] Epoch: [098][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.244) Prec@1 70.31 (69.25) Prec@5 85.16 (87.77) - train[2018-10-16-17:00:25] Epoch: [098][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.902 (3.244) Prec@1 40.00 (69.25) Prec@5 60.00 (87.77) -[2018-10-16-17:00:25] **train** Prec@1 69.25 Prec@5 87.77 Error@1 30.75 Error@5 12.23 Loss:3.244 - test [2018-10-16-17:00:29] Epoch: [098][000/391] Time 3.96 (3.96) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 0.647 (0.647) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-16-17:00:57] Epoch: [098][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.409 (1.106) Prec@1 61.72 (74.83) Prec@5 90.62 (92.53) - test [2018-10-16-17:01:21] Epoch: [098][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.359 (1.273) Prec@1 41.25 (71.24) Prec@5 78.75 (90.16) -[2018-10-16-17:01:21] **test** Prec@1 71.24 Prec@5 90.16 Error@1 28.76 Error@5 9.84 Loss:1.273 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.24, Acc@5=90.16, Error@1=28.76, Error@5=9.84 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-17:01:21] [Epoch=099/250] [Need: 224:28:26] LR=0.0049 ~ 0.0049, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-17:01:26] Epoch: [099][000/10010] Time 4.48 (4.48) Data 3.90 (3.90) Loss 3.376 (3.376) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-16-17:03:10] Epoch: [099][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.479 (3.206) Prec@1 67.19 (70.15) Prec@5 84.38 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-17:04:54] Epoch: [099][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.865 (3.195) Prec@1 78.91 (70.37) Prec@5 90.62 (88.35) - train[2018-10-16-17:06:39] Epoch: [099][600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.154 (3.197) Prec@1 74.22 (70.36) Prec@5 89.06 (88.35) - train[2018-10-16-17:08:22] Epoch: [099][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.078 (3.203) Prec@1 68.75 (70.23) Prec@5 92.97 (88.26) - train[2018-10-16-17:10:06] Epoch: [099][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (3.207) Prec@1 73.44 (70.10) Prec@5 87.50 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-17:11:51] Epoch: [099][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.210) Prec@1 71.88 (70.04) Prec@5 86.72 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-17:13:36] Epoch: [099][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (3.214) Prec@1 67.19 (69.91) Prec@5 89.06 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-17:15:20] Epoch: [099][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.395 (3.215) Prec@1 67.97 (69.84) Prec@5 85.16 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-17:17:04] Epoch: [099][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.217) Prec@1 72.66 (69.80) Prec@5 86.72 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-17:18:48] Epoch: [099][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.219) Prec@1 60.94 (69.73) Prec@5 88.28 (88.10) - train[2018-10-16-17:20:33] Epoch: [099][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (3.221) Prec@1 71.88 (69.71) Prec@5 93.75 (88.08) - train[2018-10-16-17:22:18] Epoch: [099][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (3.220) Prec@1 71.09 (69.70) Prec@5 91.41 (88.07) - train[2018-10-16-17:24:02] Epoch: [099][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.220) Prec@1 70.31 (69.71) Prec@5 89.06 (88.07) - train[2018-10-16-17:25:47] Epoch: [099][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (3.220) Prec@1 70.31 (69.69) Prec@5 87.50 (88.09) - train[2018-10-16-17:27:32] Epoch: [099][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (3.221) Prec@1 75.00 (69.67) Prec@5 89.84 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-17:29:16] Epoch: [099][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.383 (3.223) Prec@1 61.72 (69.62) Prec@5 87.50 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-17:31:00] Epoch: [099][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.145 (3.223) Prec@1 71.88 (69.61) Prec@5 92.19 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-17:32:45] Epoch: [099][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.225) Prec@1 67.97 (69.58) Prec@5 83.59 (88.02) - train[2018-10-16-17:34:30] Epoch: [099][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.225) Prec@1 72.66 (69.58) Prec@5 89.84 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-17:36:15] Epoch: [099][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.360 (3.226) Prec@1 69.53 (69.57) Prec@5 82.03 (87.99) - train[2018-10-16-17:38:00] Epoch: [099][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.227) Prec@1 64.06 (69.57) Prec@5 89.84 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-17:39:45] Epoch: [099][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (3.227) Prec@1 75.00 (69.58) Prec@5 90.62 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-17:41:31] Epoch: [099][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (3.227) Prec@1 67.19 (69.56) Prec@5 85.16 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-17:43:16] Epoch: [099][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (3.227) Prec@1 69.53 (69.57) Prec@5 85.16 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-17:45:01] Epoch: [099][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.499 (3.228) Prec@1 67.97 (69.55) Prec@5 85.16 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-17:46:47] Epoch: [099][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.228) Prec@1 73.44 (69.56) Prec@5 90.62 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-17:48:34] Epoch: [099][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.565 (3.229) Prec@1 68.75 (69.55) Prec@5 82.81 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-17:50:21] Epoch: [099][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (3.230) Prec@1 78.12 (69.53) Prec@5 92.19 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-17:52:07] Epoch: [099][5800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (3.229) Prec@1 73.44 (69.53) Prec@5 92.19 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-17:53:54] Epoch: [099][6000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (3.230) Prec@1 73.44 (69.52) Prec@5 92.19 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-17:55:40] Epoch: [099][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (3.230) Prec@1 75.00 (69.52) Prec@5 89.06 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-17:57:26] Epoch: [099][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.557 (3.231) Prec@1 64.06 (69.50) Prec@5 85.16 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-17:59:13] Epoch: [099][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.231) Prec@1 71.88 (69.49) Prec@5 89.06 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-18:01:00] Epoch: [099][6800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.448 (3.232) Prec@1 69.53 (69.48) Prec@5 84.38 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-18:02:46] Epoch: [099][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.47) Prec@5 83.59 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-18:04:32] Epoch: [099][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.652 (3.232) Prec@1 62.50 (69.47) Prec@5 83.59 (87.88) - train[2018-10-16-18:06:16] Epoch: [099][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.232) Prec@1 66.41 (69.47) Prec@5 86.72 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-18:08:02] Epoch: [099][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.231) Prec@1 70.31 (69.48) Prec@5 82.03 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-18:09:48] Epoch: [099][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.440 (3.231) Prec@1 66.41 (69.48) Prec@5 84.38 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-18:11:33] Epoch: [099][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.47) Prec@5 85.16 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:13:18] Epoch: [099][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (3.232) Prec@1 76.56 (69.47) Prec@5 90.62 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:15:04] Epoch: [099][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (3.232) Prec@1 74.22 (69.47) Prec@5 90.62 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:16:50] Epoch: [099][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (3.232) Prec@1 70.31 (69.49) Prec@5 89.84 (87.87) - train[2018-10-16-18:18:36] Epoch: [099][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.232) Prec@1 66.41 (69.49) Prec@5 85.94 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:20:22] Epoch: [099][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.232) Prec@1 60.94 (69.49) Prec@5 87.50 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-18:22:08] Epoch: [099][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.232) Prec@1 66.41 (69.49) Prec@5 83.59 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:23:54] Epoch: [099][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.233) Prec@1 71.09 (69.48) Prec@5 87.50 (87.86) - train[2018-10-16-18:25:40] Epoch: [099][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.233) Prec@1 73.44 (69.48) Prec@5 88.28 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-18:27:25] Epoch: [099][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.233) Prec@1 73.44 (69.48) Prec@5 90.62 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-18:29:12] Epoch: [099][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (3.233) Prec@1 71.88 (69.48) Prec@5 94.53 (87.85) - train[2018-10-16-18:29:16] Epoch: [099][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.608 (3.233) Prec@1 46.67 (69.48) Prec@5 73.33 (87.85) -[2018-10-16-18:29:16] **train** Prec@1 69.48 Prec@5 87.85 Error@1 30.52 Error@5 12.15 Loss:3.233 - test [2018-10-16-18:29:20] Epoch: [099][000/391] Time 3.88 (3.88) Data 3.75 (3.75) Loss 0.699 (0.699) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-16-18:29:47] Epoch: [099][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.01 (0.02) Loss 1.187 (1.098) Prec@1 72.66 (74.93) Prec@5 92.19 (92.68) - test [2018-10-16-18:30:12] Epoch: [099][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.473 (1.277) Prec@1 43.75 (71.31) Prec@5 80.00 (90.13) -[2018-10-16-18:30:12] **test** Prec@1 71.31 Prec@5 90.13 Error@1 28.69 Error@5 9.87 Loss:1.277 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.31, Acc@5=90.13, Error@1=28.69, Error@5=9.87 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-18:30:12] [Epoch=100/250] [Need: 222:06:13] LR=0.0048 ~ 0.0048, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-18:30:16] Epoch: [100][000/10010] Time 4.37 (4.37) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 3.003 (3.003) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-16-18:32:01] Epoch: [100][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.104 (3.186) Prec@1 75.78 (70.39) Prec@5 88.28 (88.26) - train[2018-10-16-18:33:45] Epoch: [100][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.857 (3.194) Prec@1 76.56 (70.26) Prec@5 92.19 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-18:35:29] Epoch: [100][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.051 (3.197) Prec@1 75.00 (70.22) Prec@5 85.94 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-18:37:13] Epoch: [100][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.202) Prec@1 66.41 (70.08) Prec@5 83.59 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-18:38:58] Epoch: [100][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (3.205) Prec@1 72.66 (70.06) Prec@5 91.41 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-18:40:41] Epoch: [100][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.210) Prec@1 75.78 (69.99) Prec@5 89.06 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-18:42:24] Epoch: [100][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.209) Prec@1 66.41 (70.01) Prec@5 87.50 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-18:44:09] Epoch: [100][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.208) Prec@1 68.75 (70.07) Prec@5 90.62 (88.16) - train[2018-10-16-18:45:53] Epoch: [100][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (3.208) Prec@1 74.22 (70.06) Prec@5 91.41 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-18:47:37] Epoch: [100][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (3.211) Prec@1 75.78 (70.02) Prec@5 89.84 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-18:49:22] Epoch: [100][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (3.210) Prec@1 72.66 (70.00) Prec@5 89.06 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-18:51:06] Epoch: [100][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.209) Prec@1 67.97 (70.02) Prec@5 86.72 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-18:52:52] Epoch: [100][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.210) Prec@1 69.53 (69.98) Prec@5 87.50 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-18:54:37] Epoch: [100][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (3.210) Prec@1 66.41 (69.96) Prec@5 84.38 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-18:56:22] Epoch: [100][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.209) Prec@1 73.44 (69.98) Prec@5 89.84 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-18:58:06] Epoch: [100][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (3.212) Prec@1 71.88 (69.94) Prec@5 87.50 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-18:59:50] Epoch: [100][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (3.212) Prec@1 71.88 (69.91) Prec@5 90.62 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-19:01:34] Epoch: [100][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.482 (3.213) Prec@1 66.41 (69.89) Prec@5 81.25 (88.10) - train[2018-10-16-19:03:19] Epoch: [100][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (3.214) Prec@1 73.44 (69.86) Prec@5 92.19 (88.09) - train[2018-10-16-19:05:04] Epoch: [100][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (3.215) Prec@1 75.00 (69.85) Prec@5 92.19 (88.09) - train[2018-10-16-19:06:50] Epoch: [100][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.624 (3.216) Prec@1 62.50 (69.83) Prec@5 85.16 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-19:08:35] Epoch: [100][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.795 (3.216) Prec@1 63.28 (69.84) Prec@5 82.03 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-19:10:20] Epoch: [100][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (3.217) Prec@1 68.75 (69.83) Prec@5 85.94 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-19:12:05] Epoch: [100][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.217) Prec@1 66.41 (69.84) Prec@5 82.81 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-19:13:51] Epoch: [100][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.218) Prec@1 67.97 (69.83) Prec@5 90.62 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-19:15:37] Epoch: [100][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.219) Prec@1 74.22 (69.82) Prec@5 87.50 (88.02) - train[2018-10-16-19:17:23] Epoch: [100][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.220) Prec@1 73.44 (69.81) Prec@5 87.50 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-19:19:09] Epoch: [100][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.479 (3.220) Prec@1 60.94 (69.80) Prec@5 85.16 (87.99) - train[2018-10-16-19:20:55] Epoch: [100][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.221) Prec@1 71.88 (69.79) Prec@5 89.84 (87.99) - train[2018-10-16-19:22:41] Epoch: [100][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.222) Prec@1 67.19 (69.76) Prec@5 87.50 (87.97) - train[2018-10-16-19:24:28] Epoch: [100][6200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.222) Prec@1 74.22 (69.76) Prec@5 88.28 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-19:26:13] Epoch: [100][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.222) Prec@1 72.66 (69.77) Prec@5 89.84 (87.98) - train[2018-10-16-19:27:59] Epoch: [100][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (3.223) Prec@1 69.53 (69.74) Prec@5 92.97 (87.96) - train[2018-10-16-19:29:46] Epoch: [100][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.224) Prec@1 65.62 (69.72) Prec@5 85.94 (87.95) - train[2018-10-16-19:31:31] Epoch: [100][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.225) Prec@1 63.28 (69.71) Prec@5 86.72 (87.95) - train[2018-10-16-19:33:18] Epoch: [100][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.462 (3.225) Prec@1 66.41 (69.70) Prec@5 82.81 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-19:35:03] Epoch: [100][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (3.225) Prec@1 74.22 (69.69) Prec@5 88.28 (87.94) - train[2018-10-16-19:36:49] Epoch: [100][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.738 (3.226) Prec@1 61.72 (69.69) Prec@5 82.03 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-19:38:34] Epoch: [100][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (3.225) Prec@1 71.88 (69.69) Prec@5 90.62 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-19:40:20] Epoch: [100][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.464 (3.226) Prec@1 66.41 (69.68) Prec@5 83.59 (87.93) - train[2018-10-16-19:42:05] Epoch: [100][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (3.226) Prec@1 70.31 (69.67) Prec@5 91.41 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-19:43:51] Epoch: [100][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (3.226) Prec@1 68.75 (69.67) Prec@5 85.94 (87.92) - train[2018-10-16-19:45:36] Epoch: [100][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.227) Prec@1 71.09 (69.66) Prec@5 88.28 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-19:47:21] Epoch: [100][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.227) Prec@1 71.09 (69.65) Prec@5 89.06 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-19:49:07] Epoch: [100][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.228) Prec@1 70.31 (69.64) Prec@5 88.28 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-19:50:53] Epoch: [100][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.228) Prec@1 71.09 (69.64) Prec@5 89.84 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-19:52:38] Epoch: [100][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (3.228) Prec@1 72.66 (69.64) Prec@5 92.97 (87.91) - train[2018-10-16-19:54:24] Epoch: [100][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.228) Prec@1 65.62 (69.63) Prec@5 84.38 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-19:56:10] Epoch: [100][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (3.228) Prec@1 76.56 (69.63) Prec@5 92.97 (87.89) - train[2018-10-16-19:57:56] Epoch: [100][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (3.228) Prec@1 71.09 (69.62) Prec@5 89.84 (87.90) - train[2018-10-16-19:58:00] Epoch: [100][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.207 (3.228) Prec@1 53.33 (69.62) Prec@5 73.33 (87.89) -[2018-10-16-19:58:00] **train** Prec@1 69.62 Prec@5 87.89 Error@1 30.38 Error@5 12.11 Loss:3.228 - test [2018-10-16-19:58:04] Epoch: [100][000/391] Time 3.89 (3.89) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.729 (0.729) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-16-19:58:30] Epoch: [100][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.261 (1.092) Prec@1 66.41 (74.63) Prec@5 92.19 (92.58) - test [2018-10-16-19:58:55] Epoch: [100][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.360 (1.258) Prec@1 41.25 (71.05) Prec@5 78.75 (90.22) -[2018-10-16-19:58:55] **test** Prec@1 71.05 Prec@5 90.22 Error@1 28.95 Error@5 9.78 Loss:1.258 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.31, Acc@5=90.13, Error@1=28.69, Error@5=9.87 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-19:58:56] [Epoch=101/250] [Need: 220:21:01] LR=0.0046 ~ 0.0046, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-19:59:01] Epoch: [101][000/10010] Time 5.55 (5.55) Data 4.99 (4.99) Loss 3.537 (3.537) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 82.03 (82.03) - train[2018-10-16-20:00:45] Epoch: [101][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.356 (3.192) Prec@1 66.41 (70.28) Prec@5 86.72 (88.32) - train[2018-10-16-20:02:29] Epoch: [101][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.823 (3.194) Prec@1 72.66 (70.32) Prec@5 92.97 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-20:04:13] Epoch: [101][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.956 (3.191) Prec@1 75.00 (70.34) Prec@5 91.41 (88.33) - train[2018-10-16-20:05:56] Epoch: [101][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.048 (3.194) Prec@1 71.09 (70.25) Prec@5 92.19 (88.34) - train[2018-10-16-20:07:40] Epoch: [101][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.142 (3.194) Prec@1 64.06 (70.24) Prec@5 91.41 (88.31) - train[2018-10-16-20:09:24] Epoch: [101][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (3.192) Prec@1 78.12 (70.30) Prec@5 90.62 (88.35) - train[2018-10-16-20:11:08] Epoch: [101][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.196) Prec@1 68.75 (70.23) Prec@5 91.41 (88.32) - train[2018-10-16-20:12:52] Epoch: [101][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (3.200) Prec@1 70.31 (70.15) Prec@5 92.97 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-20:14:36] Epoch: [101][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.200) Prec@1 62.50 (70.13) Prec@5 85.16 (88.30) - train[2018-10-16-20:16:21] Epoch: [101][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.200) Prec@1 67.97 (70.11) Prec@5 85.16 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-20:18:05] Epoch: [101][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (3.201) Prec@1 71.88 (70.08) Prec@5 89.84 (88.27) - train[2018-10-16-20:19:49] Epoch: [101][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (3.202) Prec@1 76.56 (70.03) Prec@5 92.19 (88.26) - train[2018-10-16-20:21:34] Epoch: [101][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.203) Prec@1 69.53 (70.03) Prec@5 86.72 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-20:23:18] Epoch: [101][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (3.205) Prec@1 74.22 (69.98) Prec@5 87.50 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-20:25:03] Epoch: [101][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.437 (3.206) Prec@1 67.97 (69.96) Prec@5 85.94 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-20:26:48] Epoch: [101][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (3.206) Prec@1 74.22 (69.95) Prec@5 86.72 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-20:28:33] Epoch: [101][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.206) Prec@1 65.62 (69.95) Prec@5 84.38 (88.19) - train[2018-10-16-20:30:17] Epoch: [101][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (3.207) Prec@1 61.72 (69.95) Prec@5 86.72 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-20:32:02] Epoch: [101][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (3.207) Prec@1 72.66 (69.96) Prec@5 90.62 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-20:33:46] Epoch: [101][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.189 (3.207) Prec@1 71.09 (69.97) Prec@5 89.06 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-20:35:32] Epoch: [101][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (3.207) Prec@1 67.97 (69.97) Prec@5 85.94 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-20:37:17] Epoch: [101][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (3.207) Prec@1 72.66 (69.95) Prec@5 87.50 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-20:39:03] Epoch: [101][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (3.206) Prec@1 74.22 (69.96) Prec@5 91.41 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-20:40:49] Epoch: [101][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (3.207) Prec@1 71.88 (69.95) Prec@5 87.50 (88.16) - train[2018-10-16-20:42:34] Epoch: [101][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.208) Prec@1 71.09 (69.95) Prec@5 89.06 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-20:44:20] Epoch: [101][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (3.209) Prec@1 69.53 (69.92) Prec@5 88.28 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-20:46:06] Epoch: [101][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.209) Prec@1 70.31 (69.92) Prec@5 89.84 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-20:47:52] Epoch: [101][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.209) Prec@1 75.00 (69.92) Prec@5 89.84 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-20:49:38] Epoch: [101][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (3.209) Prec@1 74.22 (69.91) Prec@5 86.72 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-20:51:24] Epoch: [101][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.209) Prec@1 71.88 (69.91) Prec@5 89.06 (88.12) - train[2018-10-16-20:53:09] Epoch: [101][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (3.210) Prec@1 70.31 (69.89) Prec@5 88.28 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-20:54:55] Epoch: [101][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.631 (3.211) Prec@1 64.06 (69.88) Prec@5 83.59 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-20:56:41] Epoch: [101][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (3.211) Prec@1 71.88 (69.87) Prec@5 90.62 (88.11) - train[2018-10-16-20:58:27] Epoch: [101][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (3.212) Prec@1 66.41 (69.87) Prec@5 90.62 (88.10) - train[2018-10-16-21:00:11] Epoch: [101][7000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (3.212) Prec@1 74.22 (69.87) Prec@5 89.84 (88.09) - train[2018-10-16-21:01:57] Epoch: [101][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.349 (3.212) Prec@1 67.97 (69.86) Prec@5 85.94 (88.08) - train[2018-10-16-21:03:41] Epoch: [101][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.348 (3.213) Prec@1 67.97 (69.85) Prec@5 85.16 (88.07) - train[2018-10-16-21:05:28] Epoch: [101][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.214) Prec@1 74.22 (69.83) Prec@5 88.28 (88.06) - train[2018-10-16-21:07:13] Epoch: [101][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.489 (3.214) Prec@1 64.06 (69.82) Prec@5 84.38 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-21:08:58] Epoch: [101][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (3.215) Prec@1 65.62 (69.81) Prec@5 85.94 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-21:10:42] Epoch: [101][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (3.215) Prec@1 71.88 (69.80) Prec@5 92.97 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-21:12:28] Epoch: [101][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.215) Prec@1 75.00 (69.79) Prec@5 89.84 (88.05) - train[2018-10-16-21:14:13] Epoch: [101][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.216) Prec@1 75.00 (69.79) Prec@5 88.28 (88.04) - train[2018-10-16-21:15:58] Epoch: [101][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (3.216) Prec@1 66.41 (69.78) Prec@5 89.06 (88.04) - train[2018-10-16-21:17:43] Epoch: [101][9000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.217) Prec@1 69.53 (69.76) Prec@5 88.28 (88.04) - train[2018-10-16-21:19:29] Epoch: [101][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.217) Prec@1 69.53 (69.75) Prec@5 86.72 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-21:21:14] Epoch: [101][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.217) Prec@1 71.88 (69.75) Prec@5 87.50 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-21:22:59] Epoch: [101][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (3.218) Prec@1 71.88 (69.74) Prec@5 92.19 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-21:24:46] Epoch: [101][9800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.218) Prec@1 63.28 (69.74) Prec@5 85.16 (88.03) - train[2018-10-16-21:26:30] Epoch: [101][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.528 (3.219) Prec@1 67.97 (69.73) Prec@5 82.03 (88.01) - train[2018-10-16-21:26:35] Epoch: [101][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (3.219) Prec@1 66.67 (69.73) Prec@5 100.00 (88.01) -[2018-10-16-21:26:35] **train** Prec@1 69.73 Prec@5 88.01 Error@1 30.27 Error@5 11.99 Loss:3.219 - test [2018-10-16-21:26:38] Epoch: [101][000/391] Time 3.67 (3.67) Data 3.53 (3.53) Loss 0.629 (0.629) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-16-21:27:05] Epoch: [101][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.285 (1.073) Prec@1 68.75 (75.25) Prec@5 91.41 (92.66) - test [2018-10-16-21:27:30] Epoch: [101][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.237 (1.246) Prec@1 47.50 (71.46) Prec@5 77.50 (90.15) -[2018-10-16-21:27:30] **test** Prec@1 71.46 Prec@5 90.15 Error@1 28.54 Error@5 9.85 Loss:1.246 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.46, Acc@5=90.15, Error@1=28.54, Error@5=9.85 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-21:27:30] [Epoch=102/250] [Need: 218:28:20] LR=0.0045 ~ 0.0045, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-21:27:35] Epoch: [102][000/10010] Time 5.06 (5.06) Data 4.40 (4.40) Loss 3.162 (3.162) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-21:29:19] Epoch: [102][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.236 (3.187) Prec@1 71.09 (70.39) Prec@5 88.28 (88.60) - train[2018-10-16-21:31:03] Epoch: [102][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.051 (3.190) Prec@1 72.66 (70.32) Prec@5 92.97 (88.38) - train[2018-10-16-21:32:48] Epoch: [102][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.094 (3.186) Prec@1 75.00 (70.39) Prec@5 85.94 (88.41) - train[2018-10-16-21:34:33] Epoch: [102][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.058 (3.187) Prec@1 75.78 (70.35) Prec@5 88.28 (88.39) - train[2018-10-16-21:36:17] Epoch: [102][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.189) Prec@1 67.97 (70.34) Prec@5 88.28 (88.34) - train[2018-10-16-21:38:01] Epoch: [102][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.190) Prec@1 67.19 (70.34) Prec@5 85.94 (88.34) - train[2018-10-16-21:39:46] Epoch: [102][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.189) Prec@1 68.75 (70.38) Prec@5 90.62 (88.33) - train[2018-10-16-21:41:31] Epoch: [102][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (3.188) Prec@1 67.97 (70.36) Prec@5 91.41 (88.38) - train[2018-10-16-21:43:15] Epoch: [102][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.069 (3.188) Prec@1 71.09 (70.36) Prec@5 87.50 (88.36) - train[2018-10-16-21:44:59] Epoch: [102][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.189) Prec@1 71.09 (70.31) Prec@5 85.94 (88.36) - train[2018-10-16-21:46:44] Epoch: [102][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.322 (3.189) Prec@1 67.19 (70.29) Prec@5 88.28 (88.37) - train[2018-10-16-21:48:28] Epoch: [102][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.191) Prec@1 67.97 (70.24) Prec@5 89.06 (88.33) - train[2018-10-16-21:50:14] Epoch: [102][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.193) Prec@1 67.97 (70.24) Prec@5 85.16 (88.32) - train[2018-10-16-21:51:59] Epoch: [102][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.195) Prec@1 73.44 (70.20) Prec@5 84.38 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-21:53:43] Epoch: [102][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.196) Prec@1 61.72 (70.17) Prec@5 89.06 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-21:55:28] Epoch: [102][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.619 (3.195) Prec@1 62.50 (70.18) Prec@5 82.81 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-21:57:13] Epoch: [102][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (3.195) Prec@1 73.44 (70.20) Prec@5 89.06 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-21:59:00] Epoch: [102][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.195) Prec@1 65.62 (70.16) Prec@5 84.38 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-22:00:46] Epoch: [102][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.477 (3.196) Prec@1 63.28 (70.17) Prec@5 85.16 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-22:02:33] Epoch: [102][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.197) Prec@1 71.88 (70.16) Prec@5 85.94 (88.26) - train[2018-10-16-22:04:20] Epoch: [102][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.367 (3.198) Prec@1 63.28 (70.14) Prec@5 89.84 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-22:06:06] Epoch: [102][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.627 (3.198) Prec@1 64.06 (70.14) Prec@5 79.69 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-22:07:52] Epoch: [102][4600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (3.198) Prec@1 75.78 (70.13) Prec@5 92.97 (88.26) - train[2018-10-16-22:09:38] Epoch: [102][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.199) Prec@1 71.09 (70.12) Prec@5 87.50 (88.24) - train[2018-10-16-22:11:24] Epoch: [102][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.199) Prec@1 67.19 (70.10) Prec@5 89.84 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-22:13:10] Epoch: [102][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.200) Prec@1 73.44 (70.07) Prec@5 86.72 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-22:14:56] Epoch: [102][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (3.201) Prec@1 67.97 (70.07) Prec@5 89.84 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-22:16:42] Epoch: [102][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (3.201) Prec@1 71.09 (70.06) Prec@5 85.94 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-22:18:29] Epoch: [102][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.407 (3.203) Prec@1 65.62 (70.04) Prec@5 88.28 (88.21) - train[2018-10-16-22:20:15] Epoch: [102][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.496 (3.203) Prec@1 61.72 (70.04) Prec@5 83.59 (88.21) - train[2018-10-16-22:22:00] Epoch: [102][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.204) Prec@1 72.66 (70.03) Prec@5 85.94 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-22:23:46] Epoch: [102][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.205) Prec@1 71.09 (70.00) Prec@5 89.06 (88.19) - train[2018-10-16-22:25:32] Epoch: [102][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.205) Prec@1 72.66 (69.99) Prec@5 90.62 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-22:27:18] Epoch: [102][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (3.206) Prec@1 75.78 (69.97) Prec@5 91.41 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-22:29:03] Epoch: [102][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.369 (3.205) Prec@1 69.53 (69.98) Prec@5 84.38 (88.19) - train[2018-10-16-22:30:49] Epoch: [102][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.206) Prec@1 63.28 (69.98) Prec@5 86.72 (88.19) - train[2018-10-16-22:32:35] Epoch: [102][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.206) Prec@1 67.97 (69.98) Prec@5 91.41 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-22:34:21] Epoch: [102][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.207) Prec@1 70.31 (69.96) Prec@5 86.72 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-22:36:08] Epoch: [102][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.453 (3.206) Prec@1 64.06 (69.97) Prec@5 86.72 (88.17) - train[2018-10-16-22:37:54] Epoch: [102][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.207) Prec@1 72.66 (69.94) Prec@5 92.19 (88.16) - train[2018-10-16-22:39:41] Epoch: [102][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (3.208) Prec@1 71.09 (69.93) Prec@5 91.41 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-22:41:28] Epoch: [102][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (3.208) Prec@1 71.09 (69.92) Prec@5 87.50 (88.15) - train[2018-10-16-22:43:15] Epoch: [102][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.295 (3.209) Prec@1 74.22 (69.90) Prec@5 83.59 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-22:45:00] Epoch: [102][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (3.209) Prec@1 68.75 (69.90) Prec@5 89.06 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-22:46:47] Epoch: [102][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.209) Prec@1 67.97 (69.90) Prec@5 84.38 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-22:48:34] Epoch: [102][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.604 (3.209) Prec@1 60.94 (69.90) Prec@5 82.03 (88.14) - train[2018-10-16-22:50:20] Epoch: [102][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.210) Prec@1 67.19 (69.88) Prec@5 85.94 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-22:52:07] Epoch: [102][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.210) Prec@1 72.66 (69.89) Prec@5 86.72 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-22:53:53] Epoch: [102][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.210) Prec@1 71.09 (69.88) Prec@5 85.94 (88.13) - train[2018-10-16-22:55:39] Epoch: [102][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (3.211) Prec@1 64.06 (69.88) Prec@5 82.03 (88.12) - train[2018-10-16-22:55:43] Epoch: [102][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.663 (3.211) Prec@1 60.00 (69.88) Prec@5 86.67 (88.12) -[2018-10-16-22:55:43] **train** Prec@1 69.88 Prec@5 88.12 Error@1 30.12 Error@5 11.88 Loss:3.211 - test [2018-10-16-22:55:47] Epoch: [102][000/391] Time 3.69 (3.69) Data 3.55 (3.55) Loss 0.768 (0.768) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-16-22:56:14] Epoch: [102][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.366 (1.084) Prec@1 67.19 (74.94) Prec@5 90.62 (92.69) - test [2018-10-16-22:56:38] Epoch: [102][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.226 (1.254) Prec@1 40.00 (71.29) Prec@5 81.25 (90.32) -[2018-10-16-22:56:38] **test** Prec@1 71.29 Prec@5 90.32 Error@1 28.71 Error@5 9.68 Loss:1.254 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.46, Acc@5=90.15, Error@1=28.54, Error@5=9.85 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-16-22:56:39] [Epoch=103/250] [Need: 218:24:21] LR=0.0043 ~ 0.0043, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-16-22:56:44] Epoch: [103][000/10010] Time 5.32 (5.32) Data 4.70 (4.70) Loss 3.086 (3.086) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-16-22:58:28] Epoch: [103][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.104 (3.186) Prec@1 71.88 (70.39) Prec@5 86.72 (88.55) - train[2018-10-16-23:00:13] Epoch: [103][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.842 (3.182) Prec@1 75.78 (70.55) Prec@5 89.84 (88.45) - train[2018-10-16-23:01:56] Epoch: [103][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.234 (3.183) Prec@1 67.19 (70.55) Prec@5 87.50 (88.41) - train[2018-10-16-23:03:41] Epoch: [103][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.579 (3.189) Prec@1 60.94 (70.45) Prec@5 85.94 (88.38) - train[2018-10-16-23:05:25] Epoch: [103][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (3.191) Prec@1 72.66 (70.38) Prec@5 88.28 (88.34) - train[2018-10-16-23:07:09] Epoch: [103][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.188) Prec@1 70.31 (70.41) Prec@5 90.62 (88.38) - train[2018-10-16-23:08:53] Epoch: [103][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.365 (3.188) Prec@1 67.19 (70.38) Prec@5 86.72 (88.39) - train[2018-10-16-23:10:37] Epoch: [103][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (3.189) Prec@1 65.62 (70.37) Prec@5 85.94 (88.38) - train[2018-10-16-23:12:22] Epoch: [103][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.191) Prec@1 67.97 (70.33) Prec@5 89.84 (88.37) - train[2018-10-16-23:14:05] Epoch: [103][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.191) Prec@1 66.41 (70.30) Prec@5 85.94 (88.36) - train[2018-10-16-23:15:49] Epoch: [103][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.193) Prec@1 71.88 (70.28) Prec@5 87.50 (88.34) - train[2018-10-16-23:17:33] Epoch: [103][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.539 (3.195) Prec@1 64.84 (70.23) Prec@5 85.16 (88.32) - train[2018-10-16-23:19:19] Epoch: [103][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.197) Prec@1 67.97 (70.18) Prec@5 87.50 (88.30) - train[2018-10-16-23:21:02] Epoch: [103][2800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.197) Prec@1 69.53 (70.17) Prec@5 89.06 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-23:22:47] Epoch: [103][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (3.197) Prec@1 75.78 (70.18) Prec@5 90.62 (88.30) - train[2018-10-16-23:24:31] Epoch: [103][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.197) Prec@1 75.00 (70.19) Prec@5 92.97 (88.30) - train[2018-10-16-23:26:15] Epoch: [103][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.251 (3.197) Prec@1 58.59 (70.18) Prec@5 88.28 (88.29) - train[2018-10-16-23:27:59] Epoch: [103][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (3.197) Prec@1 74.22 (70.18) Prec@5 92.97 (88.27) - train[2018-10-16-23:29:44] Epoch: [103][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (3.199) Prec@1 64.84 (70.17) Prec@5 88.28 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-23:31:29] Epoch: [103][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.445 (3.198) Prec@1 68.75 (70.17) Prec@5 86.72 (88.25) - train[2018-10-16-23:33:15] Epoch: [103][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.200) Prec@1 67.19 (70.13) Prec@5 82.81 (88.24) - train[2018-10-16-23:35:00] Epoch: [103][4400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.200) Prec@1 71.88 (70.15) Prec@5 89.06 (88.24) - train[2018-10-16-23:36:46] Epoch: [103][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.200) Prec@1 59.38 (70.14) Prec@5 84.38 (88.24) - train[2018-10-16-23:38:32] Epoch: [103][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.201) Prec@1 70.31 (70.13) Prec@5 87.50 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-23:40:17] Epoch: [103][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (3.201) Prec@1 72.66 (70.12) Prec@5 91.41 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-23:42:02] Epoch: [103][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (3.201) Prec@1 69.53 (70.11) Prec@5 89.84 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-23:43:48] Epoch: [103][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.686 (3.201) Prec@1 64.84 (70.11) Prec@5 86.72 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-23:45:33] Epoch: [103][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.201) Prec@1 66.41 (70.09) Prec@5 88.28 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-23:47:18] Epoch: [103][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (3.202) Prec@1 75.00 (70.08) Prec@5 92.97 (88.23) - train[2018-10-16-23:49:04] Epoch: [103][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.263 (3.202) Prec@1 66.41 (70.08) Prec@5 86.72 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-23:50:49] Epoch: [103][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (3.202) Prec@1 81.25 (70.08) Prec@5 94.53 (88.22) - train[2018-10-16-23:52:34] Epoch: [103][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.202) Prec@1 64.84 (70.08) Prec@5 88.28 (88.21) - train[2018-10-16-23:54:18] Epoch: [103][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.203) Prec@1 71.09 (70.06) Prec@5 89.84 (88.21) - train[2018-10-16-23:56:03] Epoch: [103][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.202) Prec@1 64.84 (70.07) Prec@5 86.72 (88.20) - train[2018-10-16-23:57:48] Epoch: [103][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (3.204) Prec@1 69.53 (70.04) Prec@5 87.50 (88.18) - train[2018-10-16-23:59:32] Epoch: [103][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (3.204) Prec@1 69.53 (70.04) Prec@5 90.62 (88.18) - train[2018-10-17-00:01:16] Epoch: [103][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.204) Prec@1 71.09 (70.03) Prec@5 87.50 (88.17) - train[2018-10-17-00:03:00] Epoch: [103][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (3.204) Prec@1 74.22 (70.03) Prec@5 90.62 (88.17) - train[2018-10-17-00:04:44] Epoch: [103][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.205) Prec@1 70.31 (70.02) Prec@5 87.50 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:06:29] Epoch: [103][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (3.205) Prec@1 72.66 (70.01) Prec@5 87.50 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:08:12] Epoch: [103][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.205) Prec@1 71.88 (70.02) Prec@5 85.94 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:09:56] Epoch: [103][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (3.205) Prec@1 75.78 (70.02) Prec@5 91.41 (88.15) - train[2018-10-17-00:11:40] Epoch: [103][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.204) Prec@1 69.53 (70.03) Prec@5 84.38 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:13:24] Epoch: [103][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.592 (3.205) Prec@1 64.06 (70.02) Prec@5 79.69 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:15:08] Epoch: [103][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (3.205) Prec@1 73.44 (70.01) Prec@5 86.72 (88.16) - train[2018-10-17-00:16:52] Epoch: [103][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.205) Prec@1 72.66 (70.00) Prec@5 92.97 (88.15) - train[2018-10-17-00:18:39] Epoch: [103][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.205) Prec@1 67.97 (70.00) Prec@5 87.50 (88.15) - train[2018-10-17-00:20:23] Epoch: [103][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (3.206) Prec@1 59.38 (69.99) Prec@5 89.06 (88.15) - train[2018-10-17-00:22:09] Epoch: [103][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.206) Prec@1 73.44 (69.98) Prec@5 92.19 (88.14) - train[2018-10-17-00:23:54] Epoch: [103][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (3.207) Prec@1 71.88 (69.96) Prec@5 90.62 (88.13) - train[2018-10-17-00:23:58] Epoch: [103][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.345 (3.207) Prec@1 40.00 (69.96) Prec@5 73.33 (88.13) -[2018-10-17-00:23:58] **train** Prec@1 69.96 Prec@5 88.13 Error@1 30.04 Error@5 11.87 Loss:3.207 - test [2018-10-17-00:24:02] Epoch: [103][000/391] Time 4.21 (4.21) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 0.689 (0.689) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-17-00:24:29] Epoch: [103][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.419 (1.069) Prec@1 60.16 (75.05) Prec@5 92.19 (92.57) - test [2018-10-17-00:24:54] Epoch: [103][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.823 (1.238) Prec@1 53.75 (71.51) Prec@5 85.00 (90.28) -[2018-10-17-00:24:54] **test** Prec@1 71.51 Prec@5 90.28 Error@1 28.49 Error@5 9.72 Loss:1.238 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.51, Acc@5=90.28, Error@1=28.49, Error@5=9.72 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-00:24:54] [Epoch=104/250] [Need: 214:44:55] LR=0.0042 ~ 0.0042, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-00:24:58] Epoch: [104][000/10010] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 3.58 (3.58) Loss 3.329 (3.329) Prec@1 69.53 (69.53) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-17-00:26:43] Epoch: [104][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.323 (3.175) Prec@1 64.84 (70.65) Prec@5 86.72 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-00:28:27] Epoch: [104][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.149 (3.173) Prec@1 75.00 (70.65) Prec@5 85.94 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-00:30:11] Epoch: [104][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.499 (3.180) Prec@1 63.28 (70.51) Prec@5 86.72 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-00:31:55] Epoch: [104][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (3.178) Prec@1 75.78 (70.57) Prec@5 88.28 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-00:33:39] Epoch: [104][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.331 (3.181) Prec@1 68.75 (70.45) Prec@5 83.59 (88.54) - train[2018-10-17-00:35:23] Epoch: [104][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (3.182) Prec@1 71.09 (70.44) Prec@5 87.50 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-00:37:07] Epoch: [104][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.517 (3.182) Prec@1 64.84 (70.46) Prec@5 85.16 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-00:38:52] Epoch: [104][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.181) Prec@1 75.00 (70.47) Prec@5 88.28 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-00:40:36] Epoch: [104][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.408 (3.183) Prec@1 65.62 (70.43) Prec@5 85.94 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-00:42:20] Epoch: [104][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (3.182) Prec@1 67.19 (70.43) Prec@5 89.84 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-00:44:04] Epoch: [104][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.181) Prec@1 73.44 (70.44) Prec@5 90.62 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-00:45:49] Epoch: [104][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (3.181) Prec@1 70.31 (70.46) Prec@5 89.06 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-00:47:34] Epoch: [104][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.180) Prec@1 68.75 (70.47) Prec@5 87.50 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-00:49:18] Epoch: [104][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.181) Prec@1 71.09 (70.46) Prec@5 87.50 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-00:51:04] Epoch: [104][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.180) Prec@1 67.97 (70.46) Prec@5 87.50 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-00:52:51] Epoch: [104][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.179) Prec@1 71.09 (70.46) Prec@5 88.28 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-00:54:38] Epoch: [104][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.182) Prec@1 68.75 (70.41) Prec@5 88.28 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-00:56:25] Epoch: [104][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.184) Prec@1 70.31 (70.38) Prec@5 85.94 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-00:58:12] Epoch: [104][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (3.185) Prec@1 75.78 (70.37) Prec@5 91.41 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-00:59:59] Epoch: [104][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.589 (3.186) Prec@1 67.97 (70.35) Prec@5 84.38 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-01:01:46] Epoch: [104][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.186) Prec@1 62.50 (70.34) Prec@5 82.81 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-01:03:32] Epoch: [104][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (3.186) Prec@1 74.22 (70.33) Prec@5 92.19 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-01:05:17] Epoch: [104][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (3.188) Prec@1 69.53 (70.31) Prec@5 92.19 (88.39) - train[2018-10-17-01:07:01] Epoch: [104][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.188) Prec@1 74.22 (70.30) Prec@5 89.06 (88.38) - train[2018-10-17-01:08:45] Epoch: [104][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.189) Prec@1 69.53 (70.29) Prec@5 87.50 (88.37) - train[2018-10-17-01:10:30] Epoch: [104][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.190) Prec@1 70.31 (70.27) Prec@5 85.16 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-01:12:14] Epoch: [104][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (3.190) Prec@1 73.44 (70.27) Prec@5 90.62 (88.36) - train[2018-10-17-01:13:58] Epoch: [104][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (3.191) Prec@1 76.56 (70.25) Prec@5 94.53 (88.34) - train[2018-10-17-01:15:43] Epoch: [104][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.190) Prec@1 70.31 (70.26) Prec@5 88.28 (88.34) - train[2018-10-17-01:17:28] Epoch: [104][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (3.191) Prec@1 66.41 (70.25) Prec@5 92.19 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-01:19:15] Epoch: [104][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (3.191) Prec@1 68.75 (70.24) Prec@5 90.62 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-01:21:01] Epoch: [104][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.192) Prec@1 76.56 (70.22) Prec@5 86.72 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-01:22:48] Epoch: [104][6600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.430 (3.192) Prec@1 62.50 (70.22) Prec@5 83.59 (88.32) - train[2018-10-17-01:24:36] Epoch: [104][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.559 (3.192) Prec@1 67.19 (70.22) Prec@5 83.59 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-01:26:23] Epoch: [104][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.121 (3.193) Prec@1 71.09 (70.21) Prec@5 88.28 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-01:28:09] Epoch: [104][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (3.193) Prec@1 75.78 (70.21) Prec@5 92.97 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-01:29:57] Epoch: [104][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (3.193) Prec@1 72.66 (70.20) Prec@5 89.84 (88.30) - train[2018-10-17-01:31:44] Epoch: [104][7600/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.576 (3.195) Prec@1 62.50 (70.18) Prec@5 82.03 (88.29) - train[2018-10-17-01:33:30] Epoch: [104][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.195) Prec@1 68.75 (70.16) Prec@5 92.19 (88.28) - train[2018-10-17-01:35:17] Epoch: [104][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.196) Prec@1 73.44 (70.16) Prec@5 86.72 (88.28) - train[2018-10-17-01:37:04] Epoch: [104][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.191 (3.196) Prec@1 66.41 (70.15) Prec@5 87.50 (88.27) - train[2018-10-17-01:38:52] Epoch: [104][8400/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.196) Prec@1 73.44 (70.14) Prec@5 88.28 (88.27) - train[2018-10-17-01:40:40] Epoch: [104][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.197) Prec@1 72.66 (70.14) Prec@5 88.28 (88.26) - train[2018-10-17-01:42:28] Epoch: [104][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (3.197) Prec@1 76.56 (70.14) Prec@5 91.41 (88.26) - train[2018-10-17-01:44:14] Epoch: [104][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.198) Prec@1 69.53 (70.12) Prec@5 88.28 (88.25) - train[2018-10-17-01:46:00] Epoch: [104][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (3.198) Prec@1 69.53 (70.12) Prec@5 90.62 (88.26) - train[2018-10-17-01:47:45] Epoch: [104][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.380 (3.198) Prec@1 71.09 (70.11) Prec@5 84.38 (88.25) - train[2018-10-17-01:49:31] Epoch: [104][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.528 (3.199) Prec@1 64.06 (70.10) Prec@5 80.47 (88.24) - train[2018-10-17-01:51:16] Epoch: [104][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (3.199) Prec@1 74.22 (70.08) Prec@5 90.62 (88.23) - train[2018-10-17-01:53:03] Epoch: [104][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (3.199) Prec@1 71.88 (70.07) Prec@5 89.84 (88.24) - train[2018-10-17-01:53:07] Epoch: [104][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.199) Prec@1 80.00 (70.07) Prec@5 86.67 (88.24) -[2018-10-17-01:53:07] **train** Prec@1 70.07 Prec@5 88.24 Error@1 29.93 Error@5 11.76 Loss:3.199 - test [2018-10-17-01:53:11] Epoch: [104][000/391] Time 3.98 (3.98) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 0.592 (0.592) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-17-01:53:38] Epoch: [104][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.263 (1.072) Prec@1 67.97 (74.97) Prec@5 91.41 (92.53) - test [2018-10-17-01:54:02] Epoch: [104][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.131 (1.233) Prec@1 42.50 (71.54) Prec@5 81.25 (90.28) -[2018-10-17-01:54:02] **test** Prec@1 71.54 Prec@5 90.28 Error@1 28.46 Error@5 9.72 Loss:1.233 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.54, Acc@5=90.28, Error@1=28.46, Error@5=9.72 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-01:54:02] [Epoch=105/250] [Need: 215:26:00] LR=0.0041 ~ 0.0041, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-01:54:07] Epoch: [105][000/10010] Time 4.65 (4.65) Data 4.03 (4.03) Loss 3.249 (3.249) Prec@1 68.75 (68.75) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-17-01:55:52] Epoch: [105][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.365 (3.184) Prec@1 67.19 (70.55) Prec@5 84.38 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-01:57:36] Epoch: [105][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.983 (3.178) Prec@1 71.09 (70.72) Prec@5 89.06 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-01:59:21] Epoch: [105][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.968 (3.173) Prec@1 73.44 (70.65) Prec@5 91.41 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-02:01:05] Epoch: [105][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.242 (3.179) Prec@1 66.41 (70.59) Prec@5 87.50 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-02:02:49] Epoch: [105][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.179) Prec@1 74.22 (70.60) Prec@5 88.28 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-02:04:33] Epoch: [105][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (3.181) Prec@1 77.34 (70.53) Prec@5 89.84 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-02:06:17] Epoch: [105][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (3.179) Prec@1 71.09 (70.59) Prec@5 88.28 (88.47) - train[2018-10-17-02:08:00] Epoch: [105][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.179) Prec@1 71.09 (70.60) Prec@5 87.50 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-02:09:44] Epoch: [105][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.177) Prec@1 71.09 (70.63) Prec@5 89.06 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-02:11:28] Epoch: [105][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.177) Prec@1 62.50 (70.63) Prec@5 85.94 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-02:13:13] Epoch: [105][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.175) Prec@1 64.84 (70.66) Prec@5 90.62 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-02:14:58] Epoch: [105][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.176) Prec@1 64.84 (70.66) Prec@5 89.06 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-02:16:43] Epoch: [105][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (3.177) Prec@1 69.53 (70.65) Prec@5 91.41 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-02:18:27] Epoch: [105][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (3.177) Prec@1 64.84 (70.64) Prec@5 85.94 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-02:20:13] Epoch: [105][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (3.178) Prec@1 77.34 (70.64) Prec@5 93.75 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-02:21:57] Epoch: [105][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.399 (3.178) Prec@1 67.19 (70.62) Prec@5 89.84 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-02:23:43] Epoch: [105][3400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.180) Prec@1 67.97 (70.58) Prec@5 90.62 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-02:25:28] Epoch: [105][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (3.180) Prec@1 76.56 (70.57) Prec@5 91.41 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-02:27:13] Epoch: [105][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.273 (3.181) Prec@1 68.75 (70.53) Prec@5 88.28 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-02:28:59] Epoch: [105][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.182) Prec@1 64.84 (70.50) Prec@5 88.28 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-02:30:44] Epoch: [105][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.502 (3.182) Prec@1 64.84 (70.50) Prec@5 82.03 (88.44) - train[2018-10-17-02:32:31] Epoch: [105][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.184) Prec@1 72.66 (70.47) Prec@5 92.19 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-02:34:17] Epoch: [105][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.184) Prec@1 71.88 (70.46) Prec@5 89.06 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-02:36:03] Epoch: [105][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.184) Prec@1 69.53 (70.45) Prec@5 89.06 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-02:37:48] Epoch: [105][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (3.185) Prec@1 65.62 (70.44) Prec@5 85.94 (88.40) - train[2018-10-17-02:39:35] Epoch: [105][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (3.186) Prec@1 71.09 (70.42) Prec@5 92.19 (88.40) - train[2018-10-17-02:41:21] Epoch: [105][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.186) Prec@1 71.09 (70.42) Prec@5 89.06 (88.39) - train[2018-10-17-02:43:06] Epoch: [105][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.556 (3.187) Prec@1 60.16 (70.39) Prec@5 82.81 (88.37) - train[2018-10-17-02:44:52] Epoch: [105][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (3.187) Prec@1 71.09 (70.41) Prec@5 86.72 (88.37) - train[2018-10-17-02:46:37] Epoch: [105][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.187) Prec@1 66.41 (70.40) Prec@5 85.16 (88.36) - train[2018-10-17-02:48:23] Epoch: [105][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (3.189) Prec@1 68.75 (70.38) Prec@5 88.28 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-02:50:08] Epoch: [105][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.188) Prec@1 68.75 (70.36) Prec@5 86.72 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-02:51:53] Epoch: [105][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.188) Prec@1 65.62 (70.37) Prec@5 85.94 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-02:53:38] Epoch: [105][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (3.188) Prec@1 70.31 (70.37) Prec@5 88.28 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-02:55:23] Epoch: [105][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.188) Prec@1 67.19 (70.37) Prec@5 88.28 (88.35) - train[2018-10-17-02:57:07] Epoch: [105][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.188) Prec@1 68.75 (70.37) Prec@5 82.81 (88.34) - train[2018-10-17-02:58:51] Epoch: [105][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.189) Prec@1 68.75 (70.36) Prec@5 89.06 (88.34) - train[2018-10-17-03:00:35] Epoch: [105][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.189) Prec@1 67.97 (70.35) Prec@5 89.06 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-03:02:20] Epoch: [105][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (3.189) Prec@1 74.22 (70.35) Prec@5 90.62 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-03:04:05] Epoch: [105][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (3.190) Prec@1 72.66 (70.33) Prec@5 85.94 (88.32) - train[2018-10-17-03:05:50] Epoch: [105][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (3.189) Prec@1 73.44 (70.34) Prec@5 88.28 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-03:07:36] Epoch: [105][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (3.189) Prec@1 71.09 (70.34) Prec@5 89.06 (88.33) - train[2018-10-17-03:09:22] Epoch: [105][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (3.189) Prec@1 71.09 (70.33) Prec@5 83.59 (88.32) - train[2018-10-17-03:11:08] Epoch: [105][8800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (3.190) Prec@1 69.53 (70.31) Prec@5 88.28 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-03:12:52] Epoch: [105][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.447 (3.191) Prec@1 64.84 (70.30) Prec@5 86.72 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-03:14:37] Epoch: [105][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.190) Prec@1 67.19 (70.31) Prec@5 86.72 (88.31) - train[2018-10-17-03:16:21] Epoch: [105][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.191) Prec@1 64.84 (70.31) Prec@5 85.94 (88.30) - train[2018-10-17-03:18:05] Epoch: [105][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (3.192) Prec@1 70.31 (70.30) Prec@5 87.50 (88.30) - train[2018-10-17-03:19:51] Epoch: [105][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.192) Prec@1 68.75 (70.29) Prec@5 84.38 (88.30) - train[2018-10-17-03:21:35] Epoch: [105][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.193) Prec@1 67.97 (70.27) Prec@5 85.16 (88.29) - train[2018-10-17-03:21:39] Epoch: [105][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.193) Prec@1 73.33 (70.27) Prec@5 86.67 (88.29) -[2018-10-17-03:21:39] **train** Prec@1 70.27 Prec@5 88.29 Error@1 29.73 Error@5 11.71 Loss:3.193 - test [2018-10-17-03:21:44] Epoch: [105][000/391] Time 4.29 (4.29) Data 4.15 (4.15) Loss 0.580 (0.580) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-03:22:10] Epoch: [105][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.380 (1.073) Prec@1 64.06 (75.22) Prec@5 90.62 (92.77) - test [2018-10-17-03:22:34] Epoch: [105][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.146 (1.240) Prec@1 45.00 (71.50) Prec@5 82.50 (90.36) -[2018-10-17-03:22:34] **test** Prec@1 71.50 Prec@5 90.36 Error@1 28.50 Error@5 9.64 Loss:1.240 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.54, Acc@5=90.28, Error@1=28.46, Error@5=9.72 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-03:22:34] [Epoch=106/250] [Need: 212:28:43] LR=0.0040 ~ 0.0040, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-03:22:39] Epoch: [106][000/10010] Time 4.50 (4.50) Data 3.89 (3.89) Loss 3.384 (3.384) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-17-03:24:24] Epoch: [106][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.088 (3.152) Prec@1 72.66 (71.02) Prec@5 87.50 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-03:26:08] Epoch: [106][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.026 (3.160) Prec@1 71.88 (70.79) Prec@5 89.06 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-03:27:53] Epoch: [106][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.146 (3.169) Prec@1 71.09 (70.60) Prec@5 90.62 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-03:29:38] Epoch: [106][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.017 (3.175) Prec@1 75.78 (70.58) Prec@5 88.28 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-03:31:21] Epoch: [106][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.173) Prec@1 71.88 (70.57) Prec@5 86.72 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-03:33:06] Epoch: [106][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.176) Prec@1 71.09 (70.50) Prec@5 89.84 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-03:34:50] Epoch: [106][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (3.175) Prec@1 75.78 (70.51) Prec@5 92.97 (88.53) - train[2018-10-17-03:36:34] Epoch: [106][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.175) Prec@1 62.50 (70.55) Prec@5 78.12 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-03:38:19] Epoch: [106][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.175) Prec@1 71.88 (70.53) Prec@5 89.06 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-03:40:03] Epoch: [106][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.174) Prec@1 66.41 (70.59) Prec@5 86.72 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-03:41:48] Epoch: [106][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.175) Prec@1 69.53 (70.58) Prec@5 85.16 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-03:43:32] Epoch: [106][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.176) Prec@1 67.97 (70.58) Prec@5 86.72 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-03:45:17] Epoch: [106][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.177) Prec@1 62.50 (70.59) Prec@5 85.16 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-03:47:01] Epoch: [106][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.176) Prec@1 75.00 (70.61) Prec@5 91.41 (88.47) - train[2018-10-17-03:48:46] Epoch: [106][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.176) Prec@1 67.19 (70.61) Prec@5 85.16 (88.47) - train[2018-10-17-03:50:32] Epoch: [106][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.175) Prec@1 73.44 (70.63) Prec@5 90.62 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-03:52:16] Epoch: [106][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.174) Prec@1 69.53 (70.65) Prec@5 87.50 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-03:54:02] Epoch: [106][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.326 (3.177) Prec@1 66.41 (70.59) Prec@5 87.50 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-03:55:47] Epoch: [106][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.178) Prec@1 70.31 (70.56) Prec@5 85.94 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-03:57:31] Epoch: [106][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.222 (3.179) Prec@1 66.41 (70.56) Prec@5 88.28 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-03:59:16] Epoch: [106][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (3.179) Prec@1 69.53 (70.56) Prec@5 87.50 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-04:01:00] Epoch: [106][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.179) Prec@1 64.84 (70.55) Prec@5 84.38 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-04:02:44] Epoch: [106][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.180) Prec@1 71.09 (70.54) Prec@5 88.28 (88.44) - train[2018-10-17-04:04:29] Epoch: [106][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.253 (3.180) Prec@1 69.53 (70.52) Prec@5 91.41 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-04:06:14] Epoch: [106][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.180) Prec@1 66.41 (70.52) Prec@5 87.50 (88.44) - train[2018-10-17-04:07:58] Epoch: [106][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.205 (3.181) Prec@1 75.00 (70.50) Prec@5 89.06 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-04:09:42] Epoch: [106][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.181) Prec@1 68.75 (70.51) Prec@5 89.84 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-04:11:26] Epoch: [106][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.253 (3.181) Prec@1 70.31 (70.50) Prec@5 85.94 (88.43) - train[2018-10-17-04:13:10] Epoch: [106][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.304 (3.183) Prec@1 69.53 (70.49) Prec@5 85.16 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:14:55] Epoch: [106][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.182) Prec@1 70.31 (70.50) Prec@5 87.50 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:16:39] Epoch: [106][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.605 (3.182) Prec@1 60.16 (70.50) Prec@5 83.59 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-04:18:24] Epoch: [106][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.183) Prec@1 64.06 (70.49) Prec@5 86.72 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:20:09] Epoch: [106][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (3.183) Prec@1 69.53 (70.48) Prec@5 87.50 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:21:53] Epoch: [106][6800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.183) Prec@1 67.19 (70.47) Prec@5 88.28 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:23:38] Epoch: [106][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (3.183) Prec@1 80.47 (70.46) Prec@5 95.31 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:25:21] Epoch: [106][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.439 (3.183) Prec@1 67.97 (70.47) Prec@5 85.16 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:27:06] Epoch: [106][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.183) Prec@1 71.09 (70.47) Prec@5 87.50 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:28:51] Epoch: [106][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.183) Prec@1 72.66 (70.46) Prec@5 91.41 (88.42) - train[2018-10-17-04:30:35] Epoch: [106][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (3.183) Prec@1 73.44 (70.46) Prec@5 86.72 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:32:20] Epoch: [106][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.184) Prec@1 66.41 (70.45) Prec@5 87.50 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:34:04] Epoch: [106][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (3.183) Prec@1 75.78 (70.45) Prec@5 91.41 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:35:49] Epoch: [106][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (3.184) Prec@1 66.41 (70.44) Prec@5 92.19 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:37:34] Epoch: [106][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.384 (3.184) Prec@1 71.88 (70.44) Prec@5 86.72 (88.41) - train[2018-10-17-04:39:20] Epoch: [106][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.184) Prec@1 68.75 (70.42) Prec@5 88.28 (88.40) - train[2018-10-17-04:41:05] Epoch: [106][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (3.184) Prec@1 70.31 (70.42) Prec@5 81.25 (88.40) - train[2018-10-17-04:42:49] Epoch: [106][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (3.185) Prec@1 73.44 (70.41) Prec@5 89.84 (88.39) - train[2018-10-17-04:44:35] Epoch: [106][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.185) Prec@1 69.53 (70.39) Prec@5 85.94 (88.39) - train[2018-10-17-04:46:20] Epoch: [106][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.598 (3.185) Prec@1 79.69 (70.39) Prec@5 95.31 (88.38) - train[2018-10-17-04:48:04] Epoch: [106][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.185) Prec@1 67.97 (70.38) Prec@5 88.28 (88.38) - train[2018-10-17-04:49:48] Epoch: [106][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.185) Prec@1 68.75 (70.38) Prec@5 86.72 (88.38) - train[2018-10-17-04:49:52] Epoch: [106][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.326 (3.185) Prec@1 53.33 (70.38) Prec@5 80.00 (88.38) -[2018-10-17-04:49:52] **train** Prec@1 70.38 Prec@5 88.38 Error@1 29.62 Error@5 11.62 Loss:3.185 - test [2018-10-17-04:49:56] Epoch: [106][000/391] Time 3.82 (3.82) Data 3.68 (3.68) Loss 0.546 (0.546) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-04:50:23] Epoch: [106][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.485 (1.067) Prec@1 60.16 (75.31) Prec@5 90.62 (92.87) - test [2018-10-17-04:50:48] Epoch: [106][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.294 (1.231) Prec@1 38.75 (71.74) Prec@5 82.50 (90.64) -[2018-10-17-04:50:48] **test** Prec@1 71.74 Prec@5 90.64 Error@1 28.26 Error@5 9.36 Loss:1.231 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.74, Acc@5=90.64, Error@1=28.26, Error@5=9.36 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-04:50:48] [Epoch=107/250] [Need: 210:16:17] LR=0.0038 ~ 0.0038, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-04:50:52] Epoch: [107][000/10010] Time 4.37 (4.37) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 3.496 (3.496) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 84.38 (84.38) - train[2018-10-17-04:52:37] Epoch: [107][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.245 (3.155) Prec@1 71.09 (71.14) Prec@5 88.28 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-04:54:21] Epoch: [107][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.442 (3.154) Prec@1 64.06 (71.08) Prec@5 85.94 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-04:56:06] Epoch: [107][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.068 (3.150) Prec@1 73.44 (71.13) Prec@5 90.62 (88.75) - train[2018-10-17-04:57:50] Epoch: [107][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.002 (3.151) Prec@1 74.22 (71.17) Prec@5 92.97 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-04:59:34] Epoch: [107][1000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.156) Prec@1 67.97 (71.07) Prec@5 88.28 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-05:01:18] Epoch: [107][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (3.158) Prec@1 75.78 (71.00) Prec@5 92.97 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-05:03:03] Epoch: [107][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (3.156) Prec@1 67.19 (71.01) Prec@5 85.16 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-05:04:47] Epoch: [107][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (3.157) Prec@1 79.69 (70.98) Prec@5 92.19 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-05:06:31] Epoch: [107][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.537 (3.155) Prec@1 64.84 (70.99) Prec@5 82.81 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-05:08:16] Epoch: [107][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (3.159) Prec@1 76.56 (70.94) Prec@5 93.75 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-05:10:00] Epoch: [107][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.162) Prec@1 70.31 (70.85) Prec@5 88.28 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-05:11:44] Epoch: [107][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (3.162) Prec@1 70.31 (70.87) Prec@5 88.28 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-05:13:28] Epoch: [107][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.162) Prec@1 69.53 (70.87) Prec@5 84.38 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-05:15:12] Epoch: [107][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.267 (3.163) Prec@1 59.38 (70.83) Prec@5 92.19 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-05:16:56] Epoch: [107][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (3.164) Prec@1 69.53 (70.81) Prec@5 91.41 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-05:18:41] Epoch: [107][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (3.165) Prec@1 74.22 (70.79) Prec@5 92.19 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-05:20:25] Epoch: [107][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.312 (3.165) Prec@1 69.53 (70.78) Prec@5 87.50 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-05:22:09] Epoch: [107][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (3.164) Prec@1 67.97 (70.78) Prec@5 87.50 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-05:23:54] Epoch: [107][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (3.164) Prec@1 76.56 (70.80) Prec@5 92.19 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-05:25:38] Epoch: [107][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.164) Prec@1 71.09 (70.79) Prec@5 89.06 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-05:27:22] Epoch: [107][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.457 (3.165) Prec@1 67.97 (70.78) Prec@5 82.81 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-05:29:07] Epoch: [107][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (3.166) Prec@1 69.53 (70.76) Prec@5 86.72 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-05:30:52] Epoch: [107][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.322 (3.166) Prec@1 67.19 (70.75) Prec@5 88.28 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-05:32:36] Epoch: [107][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (3.166) Prec@1 68.75 (70.74) Prec@5 89.84 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-05:34:20] Epoch: [107][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.416 (3.167) Prec@1 66.41 (70.72) Prec@5 85.94 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-05:36:04] Epoch: [107][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (3.168) Prec@1 67.97 (70.70) Prec@5 86.72 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-05:37:48] Epoch: [107][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.168) Prec@1 74.22 (70.70) Prec@5 93.75 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-05:39:32] Epoch: [107][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (3.168) Prec@1 72.66 (70.69) Prec@5 88.28 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-05:41:16] Epoch: [107][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (3.169) Prec@1 65.62 (70.67) Prec@5 91.41 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-05:43:00] Epoch: [107][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (3.171) Prec@1 76.56 (70.65) Prec@5 90.62 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-05:44:45] Epoch: [107][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (3.170) Prec@1 71.88 (70.66) Prec@5 91.41 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-05:46:29] Epoch: [107][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.172) Prec@1 65.62 (70.63) Prec@5 85.16 (88.53) - train[2018-10-17-05:48:13] Epoch: [107][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.172) Prec@1 75.00 (70.64) Prec@5 89.06 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-05:49:58] Epoch: [107][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (3.172) Prec@1 80.47 (70.63) Prec@5 92.19 (88.52) - train[2018-10-17-05:51:41] Epoch: [107][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (3.173) Prec@1 70.31 (70.61) Prec@5 89.06 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-05:53:25] Epoch: [107][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (3.173) Prec@1 75.00 (70.61) Prec@5 92.97 (88.51) - train[2018-10-17-05:55:08] Epoch: [107][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (3.173) Prec@1 71.88 (70.61) Prec@5 87.50 (88.50) - train[2018-10-17-05:56:53] Epoch: [107][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.174) Prec@1 74.22 (70.59) Prec@5 92.19 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-05:58:37] Epoch: [107][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.174) Prec@1 71.88 (70.58) Prec@5 87.50 (88.49) - train[2018-10-17-06:00:22] Epoch: [107][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.175) Prec@1 72.66 (70.57) Prec@5 92.19 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-06:02:07] Epoch: [107][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (3.175) Prec@1 70.31 (70.57) Prec@5 85.94 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-06:03:51] Epoch: [107][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.175) Prec@1 60.94 (70.56) Prec@5 80.47 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-06:05:35] Epoch: [107][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.399 (3.176) Prec@1 62.50 (70.54) Prec@5 88.28 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-06:07:19] Epoch: [107][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (3.176) Prec@1 75.00 (70.54) Prec@5 85.16 (88.48) - train[2018-10-17-06:09:03] Epoch: [107][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.414 (3.177) Prec@1 67.97 (70.53) Prec@5 86.72 (88.47) - train[2018-10-17-06:10:47] Epoch: [107][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (3.177) Prec@1 71.09 (70.53) Prec@5 89.84 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-06:12:32] Epoch: [107][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.177) Prec@1 71.09 (70.52) Prec@5 85.16 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-06:14:15] Epoch: [107][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.178) Prec@1 64.06 (70.52) Prec@5 84.38 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-06:16:00] Epoch: [107][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.178) Prec@1 65.62 (70.52) Prec@5 92.19 (88.46) - train[2018-10-17-06:17:44] Epoch: [107][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.178) Prec@1 69.53 (70.51) Prec@5 88.28 (88.45) - train[2018-10-17-06:17:48] Epoch: [107][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.178) Prec@1 73.33 (70.51) Prec@5 86.67 (88.45) -[2018-10-17-06:17:48] **train** Prec@1 70.51 Prec@5 88.45 Error@1 29.49 Error@5 11.55 Loss:3.178 - test [2018-10-17-06:17:52] Epoch: [107][000/391] Time 3.76 (3.76) Data 3.63 (3.63) Loss 0.520 (0.520) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-17-06:18:18] Epoch: [107][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.251 (1.061) Prec@1 71.09 (75.47) Prec@5 92.97 (92.80) - test [2018-10-17-06:18:43] Epoch: [107][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.173 (1.227) Prec@1 46.25 (71.77) Prec@5 82.50 (90.49) -[2018-10-17-06:18:43] **test** Prec@1 71.77 Prec@5 90.49 Error@1 28.23 Error@5 9.51 Loss:1.227 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.77, Acc@5=90.49, Error@1=28.23, Error@5=9.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-06:18:43] [Epoch=108/250] [Need: 208:04:12] LR=0.0037 ~ 0.0037, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-06:18:49] Epoch: [108][000/10010] Time 5.65 (5.65) Data 5.05 (5.05) Loss 3.110 (3.110) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-06:20:32] Epoch: [108][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.969 (3.160) Prec@1 76.56 (71.12) Prec@5 89.84 (88.76) - train[2018-10-17-06:22:17] Epoch: [108][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.217 (3.168) Prec@1 75.00 (71.00) Prec@5 86.72 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-06:24:00] Epoch: [108][600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.396 (3.170) Prec@1 61.72 (70.92) Prec@5 86.72 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-06:25:45] Epoch: [108][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.229 (3.166) Prec@1 72.66 (70.93) Prec@5 91.41 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-06:27:29] Epoch: [108][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.028 (3.162) Prec@1 75.00 (70.99) Prec@5 88.28 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-06:29:13] Epoch: [108][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.162) Prec@1 67.19 (70.94) Prec@5 87.50 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-06:30:57] Epoch: [108][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (3.162) Prec@1 67.19 (70.92) Prec@5 85.94 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-06:32:43] Epoch: [108][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.160) Prec@1 70.31 (70.97) Prec@5 87.50 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-06:34:28] Epoch: [108][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (3.159) Prec@1 65.62 (70.96) Prec@5 87.50 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-06:36:14] Epoch: [108][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (3.160) Prec@1 70.31 (70.95) Prec@5 91.41 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-06:38:00] Epoch: [108][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.159) Prec@1 71.09 (70.95) Prec@5 89.06 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-06:39:47] Epoch: [108][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.160) Prec@1 68.75 (70.96) Prec@5 87.50 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-06:41:31] Epoch: [108][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (3.158) Prec@1 70.31 (70.97) Prec@5 90.62 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:43:15] Epoch: [108][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.158) Prec@1 63.28 (70.98) Prec@5 88.28 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:45:01] Epoch: [108][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.401 (3.157) Prec@1 69.53 (70.99) Prec@5 85.94 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:46:45] Epoch: [108][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.159) Prec@1 70.31 (70.95) Prec@5 84.38 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:48:30] Epoch: [108][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.158) Prec@1 67.19 (70.96) Prec@5 89.06 (88.71) - train[2018-10-17-06:50:16] Epoch: [108][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.159) Prec@1 61.72 (70.95) Prec@5 84.38 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:52:02] Epoch: [108][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.218 (3.158) Prec@1 71.09 (70.95) Prec@5 85.94 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:53:48] Epoch: [108][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (3.158) Prec@1 70.31 (70.95) Prec@5 88.28 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-06:55:34] Epoch: [108][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.158) Prec@1 69.53 (70.94) Prec@5 87.50 (88.71) - train[2018-10-17-06:57:19] Epoch: [108][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.192 (3.159) Prec@1 71.88 (70.92) Prec@5 89.06 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-06:59:03] Epoch: [108][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.159) Prec@1 75.00 (70.92) Prec@5 89.06 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-07:00:48] Epoch: [108][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.160) Prec@1 70.31 (70.89) Prec@5 86.72 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-07:02:33] Epoch: [108][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.161) Prec@1 71.09 (70.87) Prec@5 92.97 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-07:04:18] Epoch: [108][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.504 (3.161) Prec@1 64.84 (70.85) Prec@5 82.81 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-07:06:02] Epoch: [108][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (3.162) Prec@1 71.88 (70.83) Prec@5 89.84 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-07:07:45] Epoch: [108][5600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.164) Prec@1 68.75 (70.80) Prec@5 85.94 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-07:09:30] Epoch: [108][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (3.164) Prec@1 78.12 (70.79) Prec@5 91.41 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-07:11:14] Epoch: [108][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (3.164) Prec@1 78.12 (70.80) Prec@5 89.84 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-07:12:59] Epoch: [108][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.400 (3.164) Prec@1 64.06 (70.80) Prec@5 85.16 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-07:14:45] Epoch: [108][6400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.165) Prec@1 68.75 (70.79) Prec@5 85.16 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-07:16:31] Epoch: [108][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.350 (3.165) Prec@1 68.75 (70.80) Prec@5 85.16 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-07:18:17] Epoch: [108][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.166) Prec@1 64.84 (70.77) Prec@5 86.72 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-07:20:04] Epoch: [108][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (3.167) Prec@1 65.62 (70.76) Prec@5 85.16 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-07:21:50] Epoch: [108][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.167) Prec@1 75.00 (70.75) Prec@5 92.19 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-07:23:36] Epoch: [108][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.167) Prec@1 77.34 (70.75) Prec@5 89.84 (88.61) - train[2018-10-17-07:25:20] Epoch: [108][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.548 (3.167) Prec@1 64.84 (70.74) Prec@5 80.47 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-07:27:05] Epoch: [108][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (3.168) Prec@1 75.00 (70.73) Prec@5 89.84 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-07:28:50] Epoch: [108][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.600 (3.168) Prec@1 62.50 (70.72) Prec@5 84.38 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-07:30:35] Epoch: [108][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (3.168) Prec@1 70.31 (70.72) Prec@5 93.75 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-07:32:20] Epoch: [108][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.169) Prec@1 70.31 (70.70) Prec@5 87.50 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-07:34:04] Epoch: [108][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (3.169) Prec@1 69.53 (70.70) Prec@5 88.28 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-07:35:48] Epoch: [108][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (3.169) Prec@1 72.66 (70.70) Prec@5 89.84 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-07:37:32] Epoch: [108][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.434 (3.169) Prec@1 68.75 (70.69) Prec@5 84.38 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-07:39:16] Epoch: [108][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.170) Prec@1 67.97 (70.68) Prec@5 88.28 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-07:41:02] Epoch: [108][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.264 (3.170) Prec@1 72.66 (70.67) Prec@5 88.28 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-07:42:48] Epoch: [108][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (3.170) Prec@1 70.31 (70.67) Prec@5 87.50 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-07:44:34] Epoch: [108][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (3.170) Prec@1 75.00 (70.66) Prec@5 90.62 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-07:46:20] Epoch: [108][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.170) Prec@1 70.31 (70.65) Prec@5 87.50 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-07:46:24] Epoch: [108][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.579 (3.170) Prec@1 66.67 (70.65) Prec@5 73.33 (88.55) -[2018-10-17-07:46:24] **train** Prec@1 70.65 Prec@5 88.55 Error@1 29.35 Error@5 11.45 Loss:3.170 - test [2018-10-17-07:46:28] Epoch: [108][000/391] Time 3.72 (3.72) Data 3.59 (3.59) Loss 0.728 (0.728) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-07:46:54] Epoch: [108][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.448 (1.073) Prec@1 60.16 (75.26) Prec@5 89.84 (92.81) - test [2018-10-17-07:47:19] Epoch: [108][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.386 (1.246) Prec@1 45.00 (71.65) Prec@5 81.25 (90.48) -[2018-10-17-07:47:19] **test** Prec@1 71.65 Prec@5 90.48 Error@1 28.35 Error@5 9.52 Loss:1.246 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.77, Acc@5=90.49, Error@1=28.23, Error@5=9.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-07:47:19] [Epoch=109/250] [Need: 208:12:43] LR=0.0036 ~ 0.0036, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-07:47:24] Epoch: [109][000/10010] Time 5.22 (5.22) Data 4.65 (4.65) Loss 2.889 (2.889) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-17-07:49:10] Epoch: [109][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.560 (3.172) Prec@1 65.62 (70.94) Prec@5 83.59 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-07:50:54] Epoch: [109][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.150 (3.162) Prec@1 78.12 (70.93) Prec@5 88.28 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-07:52:38] Epoch: [109][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.217 (3.160) Prec@1 75.78 (70.98) Prec@5 85.16 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-07:54:22] Epoch: [109][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.438 (3.152) Prec@1 68.75 (71.08) Prec@5 83.59 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-07:56:06] Epoch: [109][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.153) Prec@1 69.53 (71.08) Prec@5 85.16 (88.73) - train[2018-10-17-07:57:50] Epoch: [109][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.191 (3.158) Prec@1 66.41 (70.98) Prec@5 91.41 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-07:59:34] Epoch: [109][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (3.155) Prec@1 71.88 (71.01) Prec@5 87.50 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-08:01:18] Epoch: [109][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (3.155) Prec@1 77.34 (71.02) Prec@5 94.53 (88.71) - train[2018-10-17-08:03:02] Epoch: [109][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.366 (3.156) Prec@1 67.19 (70.98) Prec@5 88.28 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-08:04:46] Epoch: [109][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.486 (3.156) Prec@1 63.28 (71.00) Prec@5 86.72 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-08:06:30] Epoch: [109][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.155) Prec@1 68.75 (70.99) Prec@5 89.06 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-08:08:14] Epoch: [109][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.156) Prec@1 71.88 (70.96) Prec@5 88.28 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-08:09:59] Epoch: [109][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (3.157) Prec@1 71.09 (70.96) Prec@5 89.84 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-08:11:44] Epoch: [109][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (3.158) Prec@1 74.22 (70.94) Prec@5 92.97 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-08:13:28] Epoch: [109][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.361 (3.158) Prec@1 64.84 (70.95) Prec@5 87.50 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-08:15:12] Epoch: [109][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.158) Prec@1 69.53 (70.93) Prec@5 91.41 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-08:16:56] Epoch: [109][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (3.158) Prec@1 78.91 (70.92) Prec@5 89.06 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-08:18:41] Epoch: [109][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.159) Prec@1 67.19 (70.91) Prec@5 83.59 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-08:20:25] Epoch: [109][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.160) Prec@1 70.31 (70.88) Prec@5 84.38 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-08:22:10] Epoch: [109][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.159) Prec@1 76.56 (70.90) Prec@5 91.41 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-08:23:54] Epoch: [109][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.322 (3.159) Prec@1 67.19 (70.89) Prec@5 85.94 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:25:39] Epoch: [109][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (3.159) Prec@1 75.00 (70.90) Prec@5 91.41 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:27:24] Epoch: [109][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.159) Prec@1 73.44 (70.89) Prec@5 88.28 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:29:08] Epoch: [109][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (3.159) Prec@1 76.56 (70.89) Prec@5 94.53 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:30:51] Epoch: [109][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (3.158) Prec@1 69.53 (70.90) Prec@5 89.84 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-08:32:37] Epoch: [109][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.159) Prec@1 67.19 (70.89) Prec@5 87.50 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-08:34:24] Epoch: [109][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.295 (3.159) Prec@1 71.09 (70.87) Prec@5 86.72 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:36:11] Epoch: [109][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (3.160) Prec@1 72.66 (70.86) Prec@5 89.06 (88.65) - train[2018-10-17-08:37:58] Epoch: [109][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.161) Prec@1 64.84 (70.85) Prec@5 84.38 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-08:39:43] Epoch: [109][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (3.160) Prec@1 69.53 (70.85) Prec@5 89.84 (88.64) - train[2018-10-17-08:41:29] Epoch: [109][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.161) Prec@1 67.19 (70.82) Prec@5 90.62 (88.63) - train[2018-10-17-08:43:16] Epoch: [109][6400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.396 (3.162) Prec@1 67.97 (70.80) Prec@5 84.38 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-08:45:03] Epoch: [109][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (3.163) Prec@1 75.00 (70.79) Prec@5 92.97 (88.62) - train[2018-10-17-08:46:50] Epoch: [109][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.163) Prec@1 71.09 (70.78) Prec@5 92.19 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-08:48:37] Epoch: [109][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (3.163) Prec@1 72.66 (70.77) Prec@5 90.62 (88.60) - train[2018-10-17-08:50:23] Epoch: [109][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (3.164) Prec@1 74.22 (70.77) Prec@5 88.28 (88.59) - train[2018-10-17-08:52:10] Epoch: [109][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.380 (3.164) Prec@1 64.84 (70.76) Prec@5 86.72 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-08:53:58] Epoch: [109][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.272 (3.165) Prec@1 64.84 (70.75) Prec@5 88.28 (88.58) - train[2018-10-17-08:55:44] Epoch: [109][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (3.165) Prec@1 76.56 (70.74) Prec@5 90.62 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-08:57:31] Epoch: [109][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (3.166) Prec@1 80.47 (70.73) Prec@5 96.88 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-08:59:18] Epoch: [109][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.167) Prec@1 71.88 (70.72) Prec@5 88.28 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-09:01:04] Epoch: [109][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.164 (3.167) Prec@1 74.22 (70.72) Prec@5 91.41 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-09:02:51] Epoch: [109][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (3.166) Prec@1 71.88 (70.72) Prec@5 87.50 (88.57) - train[2018-10-17-09:04:37] Epoch: [109][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (3.167) Prec@1 70.31 (70.72) Prec@5 89.06 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-09:06:25] Epoch: [109][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (3.167) Prec@1 71.09 (70.71) Prec@5 87.50 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-09:08:13] Epoch: [109][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (3.167) Prec@1 70.31 (70.70) Prec@5 89.06 (88.56) - train[2018-10-17-09:10:00] Epoch: [109][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (3.168) Prec@1 69.53 (70.70) Prec@5 89.06 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-09:11:47] Epoch: [109][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (3.168) Prec@1 71.88 (70.69) Prec@5 92.97 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-09:13:34] Epoch: [109][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.168) Prec@1 68.75 (70.68) Prec@5 91.41 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-09:15:20] Epoch: [109][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (3.169) Prec@1 71.09 (70.67) Prec@5 91.41 (88.55) - train[2018-10-17-09:15:25] Epoch: [109][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.382 (3.169) Prec@1 73.33 (70.68) Prec@5 93.33 (88.55) -[2018-10-17-09:15:25] **train** Prec@1 70.68 Prec@5 88.55 Error@1 29.32 Error@5 11.45 Loss:3.169 - test [2018-10-17-09:15:29] Epoch: [109][000/391] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 4.13 (4.13) Loss 0.653 (0.653) Prec@1 86.72 (86.72) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-17-09:15:55] Epoch: [109][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.246 (1.070) Prec@1 67.19 (75.38) Prec@5 94.53 (92.89) - test [2018-10-17-09:16:20] Epoch: [109][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.127 (1.237) Prec@1 46.25 (71.85) Prec@5 82.50 (90.54) -[2018-10-17-09:16:20] **test** Prec@1 71.85 Prec@5 90.54 Error@1 28.15 Error@5 9.46 Loss:1.237 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=71.85, Acc@5=90.54, Error@1=28.15, Error@5=9.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-09:16:20] [Epoch=110/250] [Need: 207:41:36] LR=0.0035 ~ 0.0035, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-09:16:24] Epoch: [110][000/10010] Time 4.59 (4.59) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 2.964 (2.964) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-17-09:18:09] Epoch: [110][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.189 (3.163) Prec@1 71.88 (70.90) Prec@5 88.28 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-09:19:53] Epoch: [110][400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.176 (3.149) Prec@1 69.53 (71.07) Prec@5 85.94 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-09:21:38] Epoch: [110][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.364 (3.142) Prec@1 68.75 (71.28) Prec@5 85.94 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-09:23:24] Epoch: [110][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.244 (3.144) Prec@1 66.41 (71.28) Prec@5 86.72 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-09:25:08] Epoch: [110][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.144) Prec@1 67.97 (71.19) Prec@5 89.06 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-09:26:52] Epoch: [110][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (3.148) Prec@1 78.91 (71.19) Prec@5 89.84 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-09:28:36] Epoch: [110][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.146) Prec@1 73.44 (71.27) Prec@5 89.06 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-09:30:21] Epoch: [110][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.149) Prec@1 73.44 (71.21) Prec@5 89.84 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-09:32:06] Epoch: [110][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (3.146) Prec@1 72.66 (71.23) Prec@5 89.06 (88.83) - train[2018-10-17-09:33:51] Epoch: [110][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.145) Prec@1 75.78 (71.22) Prec@5 89.84 (88.83) - train[2018-10-17-09:35:36] Epoch: [110][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.145) Prec@1 72.66 (71.21) Prec@5 89.06 (88.84) - train[2018-10-17-09:37:21] Epoch: [110][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.145) Prec@1 71.09 (71.23) Prec@5 89.06 (88.84) - train[2018-10-17-09:39:05] Epoch: [110][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.146) Prec@1 70.31 (71.22) Prec@5 91.41 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-09:40:51] Epoch: [110][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (3.147) Prec@1 77.34 (71.20) Prec@5 89.06 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-09:42:35] Epoch: [110][3000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.146) Prec@1 73.44 (71.19) Prec@5 91.41 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-09:44:19] Epoch: [110][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (3.147) Prec@1 77.34 (71.19) Prec@5 87.50 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-09:46:03] Epoch: [110][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (3.148) Prec@1 70.31 (71.15) Prec@5 87.50 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-09:47:49] Epoch: [110][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (3.147) Prec@1 60.94 (71.17) Prec@5 85.16 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-09:49:34] Epoch: [110][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.148) Prec@1 70.31 (71.15) Prec@5 89.84 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-09:51:19] Epoch: [110][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.148) Prec@1 67.97 (71.14) Prec@5 88.28 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-09:53:05] Epoch: [110][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (3.149) Prec@1 71.09 (71.13) Prec@5 90.62 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-09:54:50] Epoch: [110][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (3.149) Prec@1 72.66 (71.12) Prec@5 93.75 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-09:56:34] Epoch: [110][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (3.148) Prec@1 75.78 (71.13) Prec@5 92.19 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-09:58:19] Epoch: [110][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (3.148) Prec@1 78.91 (71.13) Prec@5 92.19 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-10:00:03] Epoch: [110][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (3.149) Prec@1 76.56 (71.11) Prec@5 90.62 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-10:01:48] Epoch: [110][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (3.150) Prec@1 78.91 (71.10) Prec@5 92.97 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-10:03:31] Epoch: [110][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.150) Prec@1 75.78 (71.09) Prec@5 89.84 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-10:05:16] Epoch: [110][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.510 (3.151) Prec@1 60.94 (71.08) Prec@5 86.72 (88.77) - train[2018-10-17-10:07:00] Epoch: [110][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (3.151) Prec@1 77.34 (71.08) Prec@5 92.97 (88.76) - train[2018-10-17-10:08:45] Epoch: [110][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.540 (3.152) Prec@1 64.06 (71.06) Prec@5 82.03 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-10:10:32] Epoch: [110][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.450 (3.152) Prec@1 64.84 (71.07) Prec@5 82.81 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-10:12:19] Epoch: [110][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.152) Prec@1 71.88 (71.06) Prec@5 88.28 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-10:14:06] Epoch: [110][6600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.460 (3.152) Prec@1 64.06 (71.05) Prec@5 85.16 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-10:15:52] Epoch: [110][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.527 (3.153) Prec@1 62.50 (71.03) Prec@5 83.59 (88.73) - train[2018-10-17-10:17:37] Epoch: [110][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.415 (3.153) Prec@1 70.31 (71.03) Prec@5 85.94 (88.73) - train[2018-10-17-10:19:23] Epoch: [110][7200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.153) Prec@1 68.75 (71.03) Prec@5 88.28 (88.72) - train[2018-10-17-10:21:09] Epoch: [110][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.153) Prec@1 74.22 (71.01) Prec@5 85.16 (88.72) - train[2018-10-17-10:22:56] Epoch: [110][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (3.153) Prec@1 71.09 (71.01) Prec@5 92.19 (88.72) - train[2018-10-17-10:24:43] Epoch: [110][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.333 (3.154) Prec@1 65.62 (70.99) Prec@5 90.62 (88.71) - train[2018-10-17-10:26:28] Epoch: [110][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.189 (3.154) Prec@1 71.09 (70.98) Prec@5 88.28 (88.71) - train[2018-10-17-10:28:15] Epoch: [110][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.206 (3.155) Prec@1 73.44 (70.97) Prec@5 86.72 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-10:30:01] Epoch: [110][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (3.155) Prec@1 76.56 (70.97) Prec@5 90.62 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-10:31:48] Epoch: [110][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.156) Prec@1 70.31 (70.95) Prec@5 88.28 (88.70) - train[2018-10-17-10:33:35] Epoch: [110][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (3.156) Prec@1 74.22 (70.94) Prec@5 90.62 (88.69) - train[2018-10-17-10:35:22] Epoch: [110][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.630 (3.156) Prec@1 65.62 (70.94) Prec@5 81.25 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-10:37:09] Epoch: [110][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (3.157) Prec@1 78.12 (70.93) Prec@5 93.75 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-10:38:55] Epoch: [110][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.157) Prec@1 65.62 (70.92) Prec@5 90.62 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-10:40:41] Epoch: [110][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (3.157) Prec@1 66.41 (70.91) Prec@5 85.94 (88.68) - train[2018-10-17-10:42:28] Epoch: [110][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.158) Prec@1 75.00 (70.91) Prec@5 90.62 (88.67) - train[2018-10-17-10:44:14] Epoch: [110][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.158) Prec@1 69.53 (70.90) Prec@5 87.50 (88.66) - train[2018-10-17-10:44:19] Epoch: [110][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (3.158) Prec@1 73.33 (70.90) Prec@5 93.33 (88.66) -[2018-10-17-10:44:19] **train** Prec@1 70.90 Prec@5 88.66 Error@1 29.10 Error@5 11.34 Loss:3.158 - test [2018-10-17-10:44:23] Epoch: [110][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 0.615 (0.615) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-17-10:44:49] Epoch: [110][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.325 (1.066) Prec@1 64.84 (75.56) Prec@5 92.19 (92.87) - test [2018-10-17-10:45:14] Epoch: [110][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.074 (1.230) Prec@1 46.25 (72.05) Prec@5 81.25 (90.54) -[2018-10-17-10:45:14] **test** Prec@1 72.05 Prec@5 90.54 Error@1 27.95 Error@5 9.46 Loss:1.230 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.05, Acc@5=90.54, Error@1=27.95, Error@5=9.46 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-10:45:14] [Epoch=111/250] [Need: 205:58:14] LR=0.0034 ~ 0.0034, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-10:45:19] Epoch: [111][000/10010] Time 5.05 (5.05) Data 4.49 (4.49) Loss 3.180 (3.180) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-17-10:47:03] Epoch: [111][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.991 (3.108) Prec@1 73.44 (71.66) Prec@5 90.62 (89.46) - train[2018-10-17-10:48:48] Epoch: [111][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.132 (3.120) Prec@1 71.09 (71.48) Prec@5 90.62 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-10:50:33] Epoch: [111][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.589 (3.125) Prec@1 76.56 (71.44) Prec@5 95.31 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-10:52:17] Epoch: [111][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.335 (3.129) Prec@1 70.31 (71.52) Prec@5 88.28 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-10:54:01] Epoch: [111][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (3.130) Prec@1 71.09 (71.48) Prec@5 88.28 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-10:55:47] Epoch: [111][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.130) Prec@1 71.88 (71.51) Prec@5 88.28 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-10:57:33] Epoch: [111][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (3.131) Prec@1 75.78 (71.52) Prec@5 90.62 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-10:59:18] Epoch: [111][1600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (3.133) Prec@1 76.56 (71.46) Prec@5 92.97 (89.04) - train[2018-10-17-11:01:03] Epoch: [111][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (3.132) Prec@1 76.56 (71.44) Prec@5 92.97 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-11:02:49] Epoch: [111][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (3.131) Prec@1 78.12 (71.48) Prec@5 88.28 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-11:04:34] Epoch: [111][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (3.134) Prec@1 75.78 (71.44) Prec@5 89.84 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-11:06:19] Epoch: [111][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.448 (3.135) Prec@1 64.84 (71.44) Prec@5 82.03 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-11:08:05] Epoch: [111][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.505 (3.137) Prec@1 66.41 (71.40) Prec@5 85.94 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-11:09:49] Epoch: [111][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (3.137) Prec@1 71.88 (71.41) Prec@5 89.06 (88.96) - train[2018-10-17-11:11:35] Epoch: [111][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (3.139) Prec@1 73.44 (71.37) Prec@5 87.50 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-11:13:22] Epoch: [111][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.420 (3.140) Prec@1 60.94 (71.33) Prec@5 89.84 (88.92) - train[2018-10-17-11:15:07] Epoch: [111][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (3.141) Prec@1 73.44 (71.30) Prec@5 90.62 (88.91) - train[2018-10-17-11:16:53] Epoch: [111][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (3.142) Prec@1 81.25 (71.29) Prec@5 92.97 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-11:18:39] Epoch: [111][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (3.142) Prec@1 78.12 (71.28) Prec@5 92.19 (88.91) - train[2018-10-17-11:20:26] Epoch: [111][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.142) Prec@1 68.75 (71.26) Prec@5 88.28 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-11:22:12] Epoch: [111][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (3.142) Prec@1 71.88 (71.24) Prec@5 89.84 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-11:23:58] Epoch: [111][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.142) Prec@1 68.75 (71.24) Prec@5 88.28 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-11:25:45] Epoch: [111][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (3.143) Prec@1 71.88 (71.23) Prec@5 91.41 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-11:27:31] Epoch: [111][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.143) Prec@1 68.75 (71.22) Prec@5 87.50 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-11:29:16] Epoch: [111][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.121 (3.143) Prec@1 71.88 (71.21) Prec@5 89.06 (88.87) - train[2018-10-17-11:31:02] Epoch: [111][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.144) Prec@1 66.41 (71.20) Prec@5 90.62 (88.86) - train[2018-10-17-11:32:46] Epoch: [111][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.247 (3.144) Prec@1 67.19 (71.19) Prec@5 90.62 (88.86) - train[2018-10-17-11:34:32] Epoch: [111][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (3.145) Prec@1 69.53 (71.18) Prec@5 88.28 (88.85) - train[2018-10-17-11:36:19] Epoch: [111][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (3.145) Prec@1 71.09 (71.17) Prec@5 88.28 (88.85) - train[2018-10-17-11:38:06] Epoch: [111][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.145) Prec@1 72.66 (71.17) Prec@5 92.19 (88.85) - train[2018-10-17-11:39:53] Epoch: [111][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (3.145) Prec@1 67.19 (71.16) Prec@5 82.81 (88.84) - train[2018-10-17-11:41:39] Epoch: [111][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.769 (3.146) Prec@1 61.72 (71.14) Prec@5 80.47 (88.83) - train[2018-10-17-11:43:25] Epoch: [111][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (3.147) Prec@1 75.00 (71.13) Prec@5 89.06 (88.83) - train[2018-10-17-11:45:11] Epoch: [111][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (3.147) Prec@1 74.22 (71.12) Prec@5 90.62 (88.82) - train[2018-10-17-11:46:58] Epoch: [111][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.148) Prec@1 71.09 (71.11) Prec@5 89.06 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-11:48:44] Epoch: [111][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.149) Prec@1 69.53 (71.10) Prec@5 89.84 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-11:50:30] Epoch: [111][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.149) Prec@1 66.41 (71.09) Prec@5 83.59 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-11:52:16] Epoch: [111][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (3.149) Prec@1 75.78 (71.08) Prec@5 91.41 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-11:54:02] Epoch: [111][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.376 (3.150) Prec@1 70.31 (71.06) Prec@5 86.72 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-11:55:47] Epoch: [111][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.150) Prec@1 70.31 (71.05) Prec@5 89.06 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-11:57:33] Epoch: [111][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (3.151) Prec@1 77.34 (71.04) Prec@5 92.19 (88.77) - train[2018-10-17-11:59:19] Epoch: [111][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (3.152) Prec@1 79.69 (71.02) Prec@5 94.53 (88.77) - train[2018-10-17-12:01:05] Epoch: [111][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.152) Prec@1 71.88 (71.01) Prec@5 88.28 (88.76) - train[2018-10-17-12:02:50] Epoch: [111][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.152) Prec@1 71.09 (71.02) Prec@5 87.50 (88.76) - train[2018-10-17-12:04:34] Epoch: [111][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.152) Prec@1 64.06 (71.02) Prec@5 90.62 (88.76) - train[2018-10-17-12:06:20] Epoch: [111][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.153) Prec@1 73.44 (71.01) Prec@5 88.28 (88.75) - train[2018-10-17-12:08:07] Epoch: [111][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.153) Prec@1 67.19 (71.01) Prec@5 89.06 (88.75) - train[2018-10-17-12:09:53] Epoch: [111][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.154) Prec@1 69.53 (71.00) Prec@5 87.50 (88.74) - train[2018-10-17-12:11:38] Epoch: [111][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.158 (3.154) Prec@1 69.53 (70.99) Prec@5 89.06 (88.73) - train[2018-10-17-12:13:23] Epoch: [111][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.154) Prec@1 70.31 (70.98) Prec@5 91.41 (88.72) - train[2018-10-17-12:13:27] Epoch: [111][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.875 (3.154) Prec@1 60.00 (70.98) Prec@5 80.00 (88.72) -[2018-10-17-12:13:27] **train** Prec@1 70.98 Prec@5 88.72 Error@1 29.02 Error@5 11.28 Loss:3.154 - test [2018-10-17-12:13:31] Epoch: [111][000/391] Time 3.82 (3.82) Data 3.68 (3.68) Loss 0.549 (0.549) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-17-12:13:57] Epoch: [111][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.341 (1.059) Prec@1 64.06 (75.60) Prec@5 92.19 (93.03) - test [2018-10-17-12:14:21] Epoch: [111][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.319 (1.226) Prec@1 43.75 (72.07) Prec@5 81.25 (90.59) -[2018-10-17-12:14:21] **test** Prec@1 72.07 Prec@5 90.59 Error@1 27.93 Error@5 9.41 Loss:1.226 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.07, Acc@5=90.59, Error@1=27.93, Error@5=9.41 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-12:14:22] [Epoch=112/250] [Need: 204:58:55] LR=0.0033 ~ 0.0033, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-12:14:26] Epoch: [112][000/10010] Time 4.41 (4.41) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 3.111 (3.111) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-17-12:16:11] Epoch: [112][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.095 (3.118) Prec@1 75.00 (71.40) Prec@5 87.50 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-12:17:55] Epoch: [112][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.807 (3.116) Prec@1 78.12 (71.55) Prec@5 92.19 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-12:19:42] Epoch: [112][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.959 (3.117) Prec@1 73.44 (71.66) Prec@5 91.41 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-12:21:29] Epoch: [112][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.120) Prec@1 71.88 (71.60) Prec@5 89.06 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-12:23:15] Epoch: [112][1000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (3.122) Prec@1 75.00 (71.56) Prec@5 88.28 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-12:25:02] Epoch: [112][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.127) Prec@1 71.09 (71.45) Prec@5 89.84 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-12:26:48] Epoch: [112][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.131) Prec@1 69.53 (71.36) Prec@5 88.28 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-12:28:34] Epoch: [112][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.132) Prec@1 67.97 (71.35) Prec@5 91.41 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-12:30:20] Epoch: [112][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (3.130) Prec@1 77.34 (71.38) Prec@5 89.06 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-12:32:05] Epoch: [112][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (3.131) Prec@1 74.22 (71.39) Prec@5 87.50 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-12:33:51] Epoch: [112][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.384 (3.132) Prec@1 69.53 (71.37) Prec@5 85.94 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-12:35:38] Epoch: [112][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (3.133) Prec@1 70.31 (71.37) Prec@5 93.75 (88.92) - train[2018-10-17-12:37:24] Epoch: [112][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.134) Prec@1 69.53 (71.33) Prec@5 89.84 (88.91) - train[2018-10-17-12:39:09] Epoch: [112][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.136) Prec@1 71.09 (71.30) Prec@5 90.62 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-12:40:55] Epoch: [112][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.137) Prec@1 70.31 (71.28) Prec@5 94.53 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-12:42:42] Epoch: [112][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (3.137) Prec@1 64.06 (71.27) Prec@5 89.84 (88.91) - train[2018-10-17-12:44:28] Epoch: [112][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (3.138) Prec@1 72.66 (71.27) Prec@5 83.59 (88.88) - train[2018-10-17-12:46:15] Epoch: [112][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.138) Prec@1 71.88 (71.27) Prec@5 89.84 (88.88) - train[2018-10-17-12:48:00] Epoch: [112][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.609 (3.138) Prec@1 59.38 (71.25) Prec@5 85.94 (88.88) - train[2018-10-17-12:49:47] Epoch: [112][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (3.138) Prec@1 76.56 (71.24) Prec@5 92.97 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-12:51:33] Epoch: [112][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.591 (3.137) Prec@1 63.28 (71.26) Prec@5 83.59 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-12:53:19] Epoch: [112][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (3.137) Prec@1 75.00 (71.28) Prec@5 89.06 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-12:55:05] Epoch: [112][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (3.137) Prec@1 65.62 (71.27) Prec@5 86.72 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-12:56:51] Epoch: [112][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.138) Prec@1 69.53 (71.26) Prec@5 89.06 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-12:58:37] Epoch: [112][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.139) Prec@1 70.31 (71.23) Prec@5 89.06 (88.86) - train[2018-10-17-13:00:23] Epoch: [112][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (3.140) Prec@1 72.66 (71.20) Prec@5 86.72 (88.86) - train[2018-10-17-13:02:10] Epoch: [112][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.140) Prec@1 67.97 (71.19) Prec@5 86.72 (88.85) - train[2018-10-17-13:03:57] Epoch: [112][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.053 (3.141) Prec@1 71.09 (71.18) Prec@5 89.84 (88.85) - train[2018-10-17-13:05:44] Epoch: [112][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.142) Prec@1 72.66 (71.17) Prec@5 89.06 (88.83) - train[2018-10-17-13:07:30] Epoch: [112][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.471 (3.143) Prec@1 67.97 (71.16) Prec@5 87.50 (88.82) - train[2018-10-17-13:09:16] Epoch: [112][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.144) Prec@1 66.41 (71.16) Prec@5 89.06 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-13:11:00] Epoch: [112][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (3.144) Prec@1 74.22 (71.17) Prec@5 94.53 (88.81) - train[2018-10-17-13:12:47] Epoch: [112][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.298 (3.144) Prec@1 68.75 (71.17) Prec@5 89.06 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-13:14:34] Epoch: [112][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (3.145) Prec@1 74.22 (71.16) Prec@5 92.19 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:16:20] Epoch: [112][7000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.145) Prec@1 71.88 (71.16) Prec@5 86.72 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:18:06] Epoch: [112][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (3.145) Prec@1 76.56 (71.16) Prec@5 96.09 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:19:52] Epoch: [112][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.371 (3.145) Prec@1 67.19 (71.15) Prec@5 88.28 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:21:38] Epoch: [112][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (3.145) Prec@1 67.97 (71.15) Prec@5 87.50 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-13:23:24] Epoch: [112][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (3.145) Prec@1 73.44 (71.15) Prec@5 91.41 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-13:25:12] Epoch: [112][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.146) Prec@1 67.97 (71.14) Prec@5 85.94 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:26:59] Epoch: [112][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (3.146) Prec@1 71.09 (71.13) Prec@5 89.84 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:28:46] Epoch: [112][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.146) Prec@1 72.66 (71.13) Prec@5 92.97 (88.80) - train[2018-10-17-13:30:34] Epoch: [112][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.147) Prec@1 68.75 (71.12) Prec@5 87.50 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:32:21] Epoch: [112][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (3.147) Prec@1 73.44 (71.12) Prec@5 91.41 (88.79) - train[2018-10-17-13:34:08] Epoch: [112][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.147) Prec@1 69.53 (71.10) Prec@5 85.94 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:35:54] Epoch: [112][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.164 (3.147) Prec@1 67.19 (71.09) Prec@5 89.06 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:37:39] Epoch: [112][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.147) Prec@1 77.34 (71.09) Prec@5 90.62 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:39:24] Epoch: [112][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.189 (3.147) Prec@1 67.19 (71.09) Prec@5 89.84 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:41:08] Epoch: [112][9800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (3.147) Prec@1 69.53 (71.09) Prec@5 88.28 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:42:52] Epoch: [112][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (3.148) Prec@1 73.44 (71.09) Prec@5 89.84 (88.78) - train[2018-10-17-13:42:57] Epoch: [112][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.500 (3.148) Prec@1 46.67 (71.09) Prec@5 73.33 (88.78) -[2018-10-17-13:42:57] **train** Prec@1 71.09 Prec@5 88.78 Error@1 28.91 Error@5 11.22 Loss:3.148 - test [2018-10-17-13:43:01] Epoch: [112][000/391] Time 4.01 (4.01) Data 3.87 (3.87) Loss 0.650 (0.650) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-17-13:43:28] Epoch: [112][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.379 (1.062) Prec@1 66.41 (75.67) Prec@5 89.84 (92.91) - test [2018-10-17-13:43:52] Epoch: [112][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.346 (1.227) Prec@1 37.50 (72.10) Prec@5 78.75 (90.55) -[2018-10-17-13:43:52] **test** Prec@1 72.10 Prec@5 90.55 Error@1 27.90 Error@5 9.45 Loss:1.227 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.10, Acc@5=90.55, Error@1=27.90, Error@5=9.45 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-13:43:52] [Epoch=113/250] [Need: 204:22:42] LR=0.0032 ~ 0.0032, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-13:43:57] Epoch: [113][000/10010] Time 5.04 (5.04) Data 4.40 (4.40) Loss 3.530 (3.530) Prec@1 59.38 (59.38) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-17-13:45:42] Epoch: [113][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.353 (3.126) Prec@1 68.75 (71.49) Prec@5 87.50 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-13:47:27] Epoch: [113][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.099 (3.116) Prec@1 71.88 (71.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-13:49:10] Epoch: [113][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.084 (3.113) Prec@1 67.19 (71.64) Prec@5 92.19 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-13:50:55] Epoch: [113][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.040 (3.116) Prec@1 73.44 (71.71) Prec@5 89.06 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-13:52:39] Epoch: [113][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (3.112) Prec@1 77.34 (71.76) Prec@5 89.06 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-13:54:24] Epoch: [113][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.118) Prec@1 71.09 (71.63) Prec@5 89.06 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-13:56:09] Epoch: [113][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.117) Prec@1 67.19 (71.61) Prec@5 85.94 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-13:57:53] Epoch: [113][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (3.118) Prec@1 67.97 (71.62) Prec@5 87.50 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-13:59:37] Epoch: [113][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (3.123) Prec@1 75.00 (71.57) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-14:01:22] Epoch: [113][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.124) Prec@1 65.62 (71.57) Prec@5 85.94 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-14:03:06] Epoch: [113][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.528 (3.126) Prec@1 64.84 (71.50) Prec@5 82.81 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-14:04:51] Epoch: [113][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.127) Prec@1 71.88 (71.46) Prec@5 92.19 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-14:06:36] Epoch: [113][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (3.129) Prec@1 67.97 (71.44) Prec@5 89.06 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-14:08:20] Epoch: [113][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.130) Prec@1 76.56 (71.44) Prec@5 86.72 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-14:10:04] Epoch: [113][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.129) Prec@1 72.66 (71.45) Prec@5 87.50 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-14:11:49] Epoch: [113][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.129) Prec@1 70.31 (71.43) Prec@5 89.06 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-14:13:37] Epoch: [113][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (3.130) Prec@1 75.00 (71.40) Prec@5 92.19 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-14:15:24] Epoch: [113][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.195 (3.130) Prec@1 67.19 (71.41) Prec@5 89.06 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-14:17:10] Epoch: [113][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.130) Prec@1 70.31 (71.42) Prec@5 85.94 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-14:18:56] Epoch: [113][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.256 (3.132) Prec@1 70.31 (71.38) Prec@5 87.50 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-14:20:39] Epoch: [113][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.574 (3.133) Prec@1 60.94 (71.36) Prec@5 83.59 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-14:22:24] Epoch: [113][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (3.131) Prec@1 66.41 (71.38) Prec@5 90.62 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:24:09] Epoch: [113][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (3.132) Prec@1 70.31 (71.36) Prec@5 87.50 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-14:25:53] Epoch: [113][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.132) Prec@1 72.66 (71.36) Prec@5 90.62 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-14:27:38] Epoch: [113][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (3.132) Prec@1 70.31 (71.37) Prec@5 84.38 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:29:23] Epoch: [113][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (3.132) Prec@1 71.88 (71.38) Prec@5 89.84 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:31:08] Epoch: [113][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (3.133) Prec@1 78.12 (71.37) Prec@5 91.41 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:32:53] Epoch: [113][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.536 (3.133) Prec@1 67.19 (71.37) Prec@5 85.94 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:34:37] Epoch: [113][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.501 (3.133) Prec@1 61.72 (71.36) Prec@5 85.16 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:36:21] Epoch: [113][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.133) Prec@1 74.22 (71.35) Prec@5 92.97 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:38:07] Epoch: [113][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (3.133) Prec@1 78.12 (71.35) Prec@5 92.19 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:39:50] Epoch: [113][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.134) Prec@1 67.19 (71.34) Prec@5 91.41 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-14:41:34] Epoch: [113][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.134) Prec@1 67.97 (71.34) Prec@5 91.41 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-14:43:19] Epoch: [113][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.263 (3.134) Prec@1 73.44 (71.33) Prec@5 88.28 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-14:45:04] Epoch: [113][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (3.134) Prec@1 69.53 (71.33) Prec@5 91.41 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-14:46:49] Epoch: [113][7200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.135) Prec@1 67.19 (71.33) Prec@5 85.94 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-14:48:33] Epoch: [113][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (3.135) Prec@1 71.09 (71.32) Prec@5 92.19 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-14:50:18] Epoch: [113][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.135) Prec@1 72.66 (71.32) Prec@5 89.06 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-14:52:02] Epoch: [113][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.136) Prec@1 71.09 (71.31) Prec@5 90.62 (88.94) - train[2018-10-17-14:53:47] Epoch: [113][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.250 (3.136) Prec@1 71.09 (71.29) Prec@5 86.72 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-14:55:32] Epoch: [113][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.137) Prec@1 72.66 (71.29) Prec@5 86.72 (88.92) - train[2018-10-17-14:57:16] Epoch: [113][8400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.192 (3.138) Prec@1 71.88 (71.27) Prec@5 89.06 (88.91) - train[2018-10-17-14:59:01] Epoch: [113][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.006 (3.138) Prec@1 71.09 (71.26) Prec@5 92.19 (88.90) - train[2018-10-17-15:00:47] Epoch: [113][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.252 (3.139) Prec@1 69.53 (71.24) Prec@5 89.84 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-15:02:33] Epoch: [113][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.139) Prec@1 67.97 (71.23) Prec@5 88.28 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-15:04:18] Epoch: [113][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.140) Prec@1 68.75 (71.22) Prec@5 89.06 (88.89) - train[2018-10-17-15:06:03] Epoch: [113][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.140) Prec@1 71.88 (71.22) Prec@5 89.84 (88.88) - train[2018-10-17-15:07:48] Epoch: [113][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (3.140) Prec@1 75.78 (71.22) Prec@5 87.50 (88.87) - train[2018-10-17-15:09:33] Epoch: [113][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.516 (3.139) Prec@1 82.81 (71.23) Prec@5 96.88 (88.87) - train[2018-10-17-15:11:17] Epoch: [113][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (3.140) Prec@1 73.44 (71.22) Prec@5 89.06 (88.87) - train[2018-10-17-15:11:22] Epoch: [113][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.140) Prec@1 73.33 (71.22) Prec@5 86.67 (88.87) -[2018-10-17-15:11:22] **train** Prec@1 71.22 Prec@5 88.87 Error@1 28.78 Error@5 11.13 Loss:3.140 - test [2018-10-17-15:11:26] Epoch: [113][000/391] Time 3.92 (3.92) Data 3.78 (3.78) Loss 0.758 (0.758) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-15:11:52] Epoch: [113][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.311 (1.053) Prec@1 65.62 (75.52) Prec@5 89.84 (93.00) - test [2018-10-17-15:12:16] Epoch: [113][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.155 (1.223) Prec@1 46.25 (72.02) Prec@5 81.25 (90.67) -[2018-10-17-15:12:16] **test** Prec@1 72.02 Prec@5 90.67 Error@1 27.98 Error@5 9.33 Loss:1.223 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.10, Acc@5=90.55, Error@1=27.90, Error@5=9.45 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-15:12:16] [Epoch=114/250] [Need: 200:22:52] LR=0.0031 ~ 0.0031, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-15:12:21] Epoch: [114][000/10010] Time 4.82 (4.82) Data 4.20 (4.20) Loss 2.987 (2.987) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-17-15:14:05] Epoch: [114][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.153 (3.121) Prec@1 74.22 (71.53) Prec@5 89.84 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-15:15:49] Epoch: [114][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.973 (3.106) Prec@1 76.56 (71.89) Prec@5 91.41 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-15:17:34] Epoch: [114][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.794 (3.117) Prec@1 78.12 (71.66) Prec@5 92.19 (89.23) - train[2018-10-17-15:19:18] Epoch: [114][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.429 (3.126) Prec@1 71.88 (71.61) Prec@5 83.59 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-15:21:03] Epoch: [114][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (3.125) Prec@1 72.66 (71.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-15:22:48] Epoch: [114][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (3.127) Prec@1 69.53 (71.64) Prec@5 84.38 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-15:24:33] Epoch: [114][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (3.129) Prec@1 77.34 (71.63) Prec@5 92.19 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-15:26:18] Epoch: [114][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.129) Prec@1 71.09 (71.62) Prec@5 88.28 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-15:28:02] Epoch: [114][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (3.127) Prec@1 71.88 (71.62) Prec@5 90.62 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-15:29:47] Epoch: [114][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.127) Prec@1 73.44 (71.61) Prec@5 85.94 (89.04) - train[2018-10-17-15:31:32] Epoch: [114][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.127) Prec@1 71.88 (71.62) Prec@5 84.38 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-15:33:17] Epoch: [114][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.127) Prec@1 69.53 (71.63) Prec@5 87.50 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-15:35:02] Epoch: [114][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.126) Prec@1 68.75 (71.62) Prec@5 87.50 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-15:36:47] Epoch: [114][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.425 (3.126) Prec@1 65.62 (71.60) Prec@5 86.72 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-15:38:31] Epoch: [114][3000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (3.126) Prec@1 71.88 (71.59) Prec@5 90.62 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-15:40:16] Epoch: [114][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.284 (3.127) Prec@1 71.88 (71.55) Prec@5 89.84 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-15:42:02] Epoch: [114][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (3.128) Prec@1 67.19 (71.55) Prec@5 86.72 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-15:43:47] Epoch: [114][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.128) Prec@1 58.59 (71.55) Prec@5 85.94 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-15:45:32] Epoch: [114][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (3.130) Prec@1 78.12 (71.50) Prec@5 93.75 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-15:47:17] Epoch: [114][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (3.130) Prec@1 71.88 (71.50) Prec@5 89.06 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-15:49:01] Epoch: [114][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (3.130) Prec@1 74.22 (71.49) Prec@5 92.97 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-15:50:46] Epoch: [114][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (3.130) Prec@1 78.12 (71.48) Prec@5 92.19 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-15:52:30] Epoch: [114][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.131) Prec@1 73.44 (71.46) Prec@5 88.28 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-15:54:16] Epoch: [114][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (3.132) Prec@1 79.69 (71.43) Prec@5 93.75 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-15:56:00] Epoch: [114][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.452 (3.132) Prec@1 67.97 (71.43) Prec@5 85.16 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-15:57:45] Epoch: [114][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.132) Prec@1 69.53 (71.42) Prec@5 89.06 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-15:59:29] Epoch: [114][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (3.133) Prec@1 71.88 (71.42) Prec@5 89.06 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-16:01:13] Epoch: [114][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.133) Prec@1 69.53 (71.42) Prec@5 85.94 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-16:02:58] Epoch: [114][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.132) Prec@1 75.78 (71.42) Prec@5 88.28 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-16:04:43] Epoch: [114][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (3.132) Prec@1 65.62 (71.41) Prec@5 89.84 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-16:06:28] Epoch: [114][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (3.132) Prec@1 71.88 (71.42) Prec@5 91.41 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-16:08:12] Epoch: [114][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.132) Prec@1 70.31 (71.42) Prec@5 89.06 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-16:09:57] Epoch: [114][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (3.132) Prec@1 67.97 (71.42) Prec@5 92.97 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-16:11:44] Epoch: [114][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (3.132) Prec@1 72.66 (71.41) Prec@5 94.53 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-16:13:29] Epoch: [114][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (3.132) Prec@1 71.09 (71.41) Prec@5 92.19 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-16:15:15] Epoch: [114][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.132) Prec@1 71.88 (71.40) Prec@5 86.72 (88.98) - train[2018-10-17-16:17:00] Epoch: [114][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (3.132) Prec@1 64.84 (71.39) Prec@5 89.06 (88.97) - train[2018-10-17-16:18:45] Epoch: [114][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.133) Prec@1 71.88 (71.38) Prec@5 92.19 (88.96) - train[2018-10-17-16:20:30] Epoch: [114][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (3.133) Prec@1 74.22 (71.37) Prec@5 89.84 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:22:15] Epoch: [114][8000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (3.133) Prec@1 67.97 (71.36) Prec@5 89.06 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:24:00] Epoch: [114][8200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (3.133) Prec@1 76.56 (71.36) Prec@5 89.84 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:25:46] Epoch: [114][8400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.134) Prec@1 67.19 (71.35) Prec@5 85.16 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:27:31] Epoch: [114][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.134) Prec@1 71.88 (71.34) Prec@5 89.84 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:29:16] Epoch: [114][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (3.134) Prec@1 67.97 (71.33) Prec@5 89.84 (88.95) - train[2018-10-17-16:31:01] Epoch: [114][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.135) Prec@1 68.75 (71.33) Prec@5 85.16 (88.94) - train[2018-10-17-16:32:46] Epoch: [114][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (3.135) Prec@1 75.00 (71.32) Prec@5 94.53 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-16:34:31] Epoch: [114][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (3.135) Prec@1 75.78 (71.33) Prec@5 90.62 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-16:36:15] Epoch: [114][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (3.135) Prec@1 71.88 (71.32) Prec@5 91.41 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-16:38:00] Epoch: [114][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (3.136) Prec@1 70.31 (71.32) Prec@5 83.59 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-16:39:45] Epoch: [114][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (3.136) Prec@1 74.22 (71.31) Prec@5 92.97 (88.93) - train[2018-10-17-16:39:50] Epoch: [114][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (3.136) Prec@1 80.00 (71.31) Prec@5 93.33 (88.92) -[2018-10-17-16:39:50] **train** Prec@1 71.31 Prec@5 88.92 Error@1 28.69 Error@5 11.08 Loss:3.136 - test [2018-10-17-16:39:54] Epoch: [114][000/391] Time 3.60 (3.60) Data 3.45 (3.45) Loss 0.588 (0.588) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-17-16:40:22] Epoch: [114][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.385 (1.045) Prec@1 67.19 (75.89) Prec@5 89.84 (93.03) - test [2018-10-17-16:40:47] Epoch: [114][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.251 (1.219) Prec@1 38.75 (72.32) Prec@5 78.75 (90.73) -[2018-10-17-16:40:47] **test** Prec@1 72.32 Prec@5 90.73 Error@1 27.68 Error@5 9.27 Loss:1.219 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-16:40:48] [Epoch=115/250] [Need: 199:10:21] LR=0.0030 ~ 0.0030, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-16:40:53] Epoch: [115][000/10010] Time 5.52 (5.52) Data 4.92 (4.92) Loss 3.003 (3.003) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-16:42:39] Epoch: [115][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.062 (3.113) Prec@1 75.78 (71.80) Prec@5 87.50 (89.26) - train[2018-10-17-16:44:24] Epoch: [115][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.800 (3.109) Prec@1 78.12 (72.00) Prec@5 94.53 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-16:46:09] Epoch: [115][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.793 (3.108) Prec@1 78.91 (72.00) Prec@5 95.31 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-16:47:55] Epoch: [115][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.234 (3.106) Prec@1 69.53 (72.05) Prec@5 88.28 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-16:49:40] Epoch: [115][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.489 (3.108) Prec@1 64.06 (72.02) Prec@5 83.59 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-16:51:26] Epoch: [115][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.112) Prec@1 71.88 (71.95) Prec@5 90.62 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-16:53:12] Epoch: [115][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (3.112) Prec@1 71.09 (71.89) Prec@5 89.06 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-16:54:57] Epoch: [115][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (3.114) Prec@1 80.47 (71.87) Prec@5 89.06 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-16:56:43] Epoch: [115][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (3.112) Prec@1 77.34 (71.87) Prec@5 93.75 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-16:58:29] Epoch: [115][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (3.111) Prec@1 71.88 (71.86) Prec@5 89.06 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-17:00:15] Epoch: [115][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.111) Prec@1 70.31 (71.87) Prec@5 86.72 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-17:02:01] Epoch: [115][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (3.110) Prec@1 67.97 (71.89) Prec@5 87.50 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-17:03:46] Epoch: [115][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (3.112) Prec@1 73.44 (71.84) Prec@5 92.19 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-17:05:32] Epoch: [115][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.112) Prec@1 69.53 (71.86) Prec@5 92.19 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-17:07:18] Epoch: [115][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.111) Prec@1 71.88 (71.87) Prec@5 86.72 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-17:09:04] Epoch: [115][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.110) Prec@1 67.19 (71.88) Prec@5 88.28 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-17:10:49] Epoch: [115][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.110) Prec@1 67.97 (71.88) Prec@5 86.72 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-17:12:34] Epoch: [115][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (3.113) Prec@1 72.66 (71.82) Prec@5 88.28 (89.17) - train[2018-10-17-17:14:20] Epoch: [115][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (3.113) Prec@1 75.00 (71.81) Prec@5 90.62 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-17:16:06] Epoch: [115][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.474 (3.113) Prec@1 63.28 (71.81) Prec@5 87.50 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-17:17:52] Epoch: [115][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.479 (3.113) Prec@1 67.97 (71.81) Prec@5 85.94 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-17:19:37] Epoch: [115][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.222 (3.114) Prec@1 70.31 (71.78) Prec@5 87.50 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-17:21:23] Epoch: [115][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.115) Prec@1 74.22 (71.77) Prec@5 87.50 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-17:23:09] Epoch: [115][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.116) Prec@1 76.56 (71.75) Prec@5 86.72 (89.12) - train[2018-10-17-17:24:54] Epoch: [115][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.117) Prec@1 73.44 (71.74) Prec@5 87.50 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-17:26:39] Epoch: [115][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.118) Prec@1 74.22 (71.72) Prec@5 91.41 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-17:28:25] Epoch: [115][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.251 (3.118) Prec@1 69.53 (71.72) Prec@5 89.06 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-17:30:10] Epoch: [115][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.118) Prec@1 67.97 (71.71) Prec@5 89.06 (89.10) - train[2018-10-17-17:31:56] Epoch: [115][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (3.119) Prec@1 76.56 (71.69) Prec@5 91.41 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-17:33:42] Epoch: [115][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.119) Prec@1 67.97 (71.67) Prec@5 89.06 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-17:35:28] Epoch: [115][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.120) Prec@1 70.31 (71.65) Prec@5 89.06 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-17:37:13] Epoch: [115][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.121) Prec@1 71.88 (71.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-17:38:58] Epoch: [115][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.121) Prec@1 72.66 (71.62) Prec@5 86.72 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-17:40:43] Epoch: [115][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.293 (3.122) Prec@1 65.62 (71.60) Prec@5 87.50 (89.05) - train[2018-10-17-17:42:29] Epoch: [115][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (3.122) Prec@1 72.66 (71.59) Prec@5 90.62 (89.04) - train[2018-10-17-17:44:14] Epoch: [115][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.123) Prec@1 74.22 (71.59) Prec@5 87.50 (89.04) - train[2018-10-17-17:45:59] Epoch: [115][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.123) Prec@1 68.75 (71.57) Prec@5 89.84 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-17:47:45] Epoch: [115][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (3.124) Prec@1 71.88 (71.57) Prec@5 92.97 (89.03) - train[2018-10-17-17:49:31] Epoch: [115][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.124) Prec@1 69.53 (71.56) Prec@5 85.16 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-17:51:18] Epoch: [115][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (3.124) Prec@1 67.19 (71.55) Prec@5 83.59 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-17:53:03] Epoch: [115][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.314 (3.124) Prec@1 68.75 (71.55) Prec@5 88.28 (89.02) - train[2018-10-17-17:54:48] Epoch: [115][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.304 (3.125) Prec@1 74.22 (71.53) Prec@5 85.16 (89.01) - train[2018-10-17-17:56:34] Epoch: [115][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.125) Prec@1 74.22 (71.53) Prec@5 88.28 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-17:58:20] Epoch: [115][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (3.125) Prec@1 72.66 (71.52) Prec@5 89.06 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:00:06] Epoch: [115][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (3.126) Prec@1 70.31 (71.52) Prec@5 92.19 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:01:51] Epoch: [115][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (3.126) Prec@1 70.31 (71.52) Prec@5 92.97 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:03:37] Epoch: [115][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (3.125) Prec@1 75.00 (71.51) Prec@5 91.41 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:05:22] Epoch: [115][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (3.126) Prec@1 76.56 (71.51) Prec@5 90.62 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:07:08] Epoch: [115][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.126) Prec@1 75.78 (71.51) Prec@5 91.41 (89.00) - train[2018-10-17-18:08:52] Epoch: [115][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.126) Prec@1 68.75 (71.50) Prec@5 91.41 (88.99) - train[2018-10-17-18:08:56] Epoch: [115][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.497 (3.126) Prec@1 46.67 (71.50) Prec@5 66.67 (88.99) -[2018-10-17-18:08:56] **train** Prec@1 71.50 Prec@5 88.99 Error@1 28.50 Error@5 11.01 Loss:3.126 - test [2018-10-17-18:09:01] Epoch: [115][000/391] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 0.660 (0.660) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-18:09:29] Epoch: [115][200/391] Time 0.16 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.380 (1.059) Prec@1 61.72 (75.80) Prec@5 92.19 (92.89) - test [2018-10-17-18:09:54] Epoch: [115][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.091 (1.223) Prec@1 48.75 (72.22) Prec@5 80.00 (90.67) -[2018-10-17-18:09:54] **test** Prec@1 72.22 Prec@5 90.67 Error@1 27.78 Error@5 9.33 Loss:1.223 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-18:09:54] [Epoch=116/250] [Need: 199:00:43] LR=0.0029 ~ 0.0029, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-18:10:00] Epoch: [116][000/10010] Time 5.51 (5.51) Data 4.96 (4.96) Loss 2.993 (2.993) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-17-18:11:44] Epoch: [116][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.071 (3.086) Prec@1 73.44 (72.24) Prec@5 90.62 (89.51) - train[2018-10-17-18:13:30] Epoch: [116][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.777 (3.092) Prec@1 77.34 (71.99) Prec@5 93.75 (89.43) - train[2018-10-17-18:15:15] Epoch: [116][600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.093 (3.095) Prec@1 71.09 (72.08) Prec@5 88.28 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-18:17:01] Epoch: [116][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.082 (3.102) Prec@1 72.66 (71.96) Prec@5 89.84 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-18:18:46] Epoch: [116][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.973 (3.106) Prec@1 76.56 (71.92) Prec@5 91.41 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-18:20:31] Epoch: [116][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (3.104) Prec@1 75.00 (72.01) Prec@5 92.97 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-18:22:17] Epoch: [116][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.105) Prec@1 75.00 (71.99) Prec@5 90.62 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-18:24:03] Epoch: [116][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.378 (3.106) Prec@1 63.28 (71.94) Prec@5 86.72 (89.29) - train[2018-10-17-18:25:49] Epoch: [116][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (3.105) Prec@1 79.69 (71.96) Prec@5 93.75 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-18:27:34] Epoch: [116][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.106) Prec@1 67.97 (71.93) Prec@5 92.97 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-18:29:19] Epoch: [116][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (3.108) Prec@1 75.00 (71.87) Prec@5 88.28 (89.26) - train[2018-10-17-18:31:05] Epoch: [116][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (3.108) Prec@1 75.78 (71.88) Prec@5 93.75 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-18:32:50] Epoch: [116][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (3.108) Prec@1 69.53 (71.86) Prec@5 89.84 (89.26) - train[2018-10-17-18:34:36] Epoch: [116][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.109) Prec@1 68.75 (71.84) Prec@5 89.84 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-18:36:20] Epoch: [116][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (3.109) Prec@1 78.91 (71.83) Prec@5 92.19 (89.23) - train[2018-10-17-18:38:06] Epoch: [116][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (3.109) Prec@1 66.41 (71.83) Prec@5 89.84 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-18:39:51] Epoch: [116][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.110) Prec@1 72.66 (71.80) Prec@5 88.28 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-18:41:37] Epoch: [116][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (3.110) Prec@1 71.88 (71.79) Prec@5 92.97 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-18:43:23] Epoch: [116][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (3.111) Prec@1 77.34 (71.78) Prec@5 92.19 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-18:45:08] Epoch: [116][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.112) Prec@1 71.09 (71.76) Prec@5 92.19 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-18:46:53] Epoch: [116][4200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (3.112) Prec@1 77.34 (71.75) Prec@5 89.06 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-18:48:39] Epoch: [116][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.112) Prec@1 64.84 (71.76) Prec@5 87.50 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-18:50:24] Epoch: [116][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (3.113) Prec@1 71.09 (71.74) Prec@5 88.28 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-18:52:10] Epoch: [116][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.114) Prec@1 62.50 (71.74) Prec@5 86.72 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-18:53:55] Epoch: [116][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (3.114) Prec@1 71.09 (71.73) Prec@5 93.75 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-18:55:41] Epoch: [116][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.189 (3.114) Prec@1 67.97 (71.71) Prec@5 85.94 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-18:57:27] Epoch: [116][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (3.115) Prec@1 74.22 (71.69) Prec@5 91.41 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-18:59:12] Epoch: [116][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (3.116) Prec@1 76.56 (71.68) Prec@5 89.06 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-19:00:57] Epoch: [116][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.116) Prec@1 67.97 (71.67) Prec@5 85.16 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-19:02:42] Epoch: [116][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (3.117) Prec@1 70.31 (71.67) Prec@5 88.28 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:04:28] Epoch: [116][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (3.118) Prec@1 74.22 (71.66) Prec@5 91.41 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:06:13] Epoch: [116][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (3.119) Prec@1 67.19 (71.65) Prec@5 89.06 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:07:58] Epoch: [116][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.118) Prec@1 69.53 (71.65) Prec@5 88.28 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:09:43] Epoch: [116][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (3.119) Prec@1 73.44 (71.65) Prec@5 90.62 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:11:29] Epoch: [116][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.119) Prec@1 70.31 (71.64) Prec@5 89.84 (89.09) - train[2018-10-17-19:13:15] Epoch: [116][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.702 (3.119) Prec@1 64.84 (71.63) Prec@5 82.81 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:15:00] Epoch: [116][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (3.120) Prec@1 76.56 (71.62) Prec@5 92.97 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:16:46] Epoch: [116][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (3.119) Prec@1 70.31 (71.62) Prec@5 87.50 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:18:31] Epoch: [116][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.119) Prec@1 70.31 (71.62) Prec@5 85.16 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:20:16] Epoch: [116][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.119) Prec@1 73.44 (71.61) Prec@5 88.28 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:22:00] Epoch: [116][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (3.120) Prec@1 77.34 (71.61) Prec@5 92.97 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:23:45] Epoch: [116][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (3.120) Prec@1 71.09 (71.61) Prec@5 92.19 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:25:31] Epoch: [116][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.546 (3.120) Prec@1 58.59 (71.60) Prec@5 84.38 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:27:16] Epoch: [116][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.120) Prec@1 74.22 (71.60) Prec@5 87.50 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:29:00] Epoch: [116][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (3.120) Prec@1 77.34 (71.59) Prec@5 93.75 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:30:46] Epoch: [116][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (3.120) Prec@1 71.88 (71.59) Prec@5 91.41 (89.08) - train[2018-10-17-19:32:31] Epoch: [116][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.121) Prec@1 75.00 (71.58) Prec@5 87.50 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:34:16] Epoch: [116][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (3.121) Prec@1 75.00 (71.58) Prec@5 92.97 (89.07) - train[2018-10-17-19:36:02] Epoch: [116][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.379 (3.122) Prec@1 68.75 (71.58) Prec@5 83.59 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-19:37:46] Epoch: [116][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.122) Prec@1 71.09 (71.58) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-17-19:37:50] Epoch: [116][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.508 (3.122) Prec@1 73.33 (71.58) Prec@5 86.67 (89.06) -[2018-10-17-19:37:50] **train** Prec@1 71.58 Prec@5 89.06 Error@1 28.42 Error@5 10.94 Loss:3.122 - test [2018-10-17-19:37:54] Epoch: [116][000/391] Time 3.62 (3.62) Data 3.48 (3.48) Loss 0.603 (0.603) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-17-19:38:23] Epoch: [116][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.266 (1.058) Prec@1 68.75 (75.69) Prec@5 92.97 (92.82) - test [2018-10-17-19:38:49] Epoch: [116][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.160 (1.228) Prec@1 42.50 (71.99) Prec@5 81.25 (90.61) -[2018-10-17-19:38:49] **test** Prec@1 71.99 Prec@5 90.61 Error@1 28.01 Error@5 9.39 Loss:1.228 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-19:38:49] [Epoch=117/250] [Need: 197:04:48] LR=0.0028 ~ 0.0028, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-19:38:53] Epoch: [117][000/10010] Time 4.74 (4.74) Data 4.08 (4.08) Loss 3.417 (3.417) Prec@1 64.84 (64.84) Prec@5 85.16 (85.16) - train[2018-10-17-19:40:39] Epoch: [117][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.280 (3.116) Prec@1 68.75 (71.81) Prec@5 89.06 (89.10) - train[2018-10-17-19:42:24] Epoch: [117][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.276 (3.110) Prec@1 67.97 (71.95) Prec@5 87.50 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-19:44:10] Epoch: [117][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.339 (3.108) Prec@1 64.06 (71.95) Prec@5 87.50 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-19:45:55] Epoch: [117][800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.060 (3.104) Prec@1 69.53 (71.96) Prec@5 91.41 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-19:47:41] Epoch: [117][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.100) Prec@1 71.09 (72.10) Prec@5 89.06 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-19:49:26] Epoch: [117][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.102) Prec@1 75.78 (72.08) Prec@5 87.50 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-19:51:12] Epoch: [117][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (3.103) Prec@1 77.34 (72.00) Prec@5 95.31 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-19:52:57] Epoch: [117][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (3.103) Prec@1 67.97 (72.02) Prec@5 92.19 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-19:54:43] Epoch: [117][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.548 (3.106) Prec@1 82.81 (71.99) Prec@5 95.31 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-19:56:28] Epoch: [117][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.240 (3.108) Prec@1 70.31 (72.01) Prec@5 89.84 (89.23) - train[2018-10-17-19:58:14] Epoch: [117][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (3.108) Prec@1 82.03 (72.02) Prec@5 92.19 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:00:00] Epoch: [117][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (3.106) Prec@1 74.22 (72.05) Prec@5 92.97 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-20:01:45] Epoch: [117][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (3.105) Prec@1 77.34 (72.06) Prec@5 91.41 (89.28) - train[2018-10-17-20:03:30] Epoch: [117][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (3.106) Prec@1 73.44 (72.03) Prec@5 90.62 (89.26) - train[2018-10-17-20:05:15] Epoch: [117][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.461 (3.107) Prec@1 63.28 (72.00) Prec@5 84.38 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:07:01] Epoch: [117][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.320 (3.107) Prec@1 68.75 (71.99) Prec@5 87.50 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-20:08:46] Epoch: [117][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.106) Prec@1 71.09 (71.98) Prec@5 90.62 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:10:31] Epoch: [117][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (3.106) Prec@1 72.66 (71.99) Prec@5 89.84 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:12:17] Epoch: [117][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (3.107) Prec@1 67.97 (71.97) Prec@5 89.06 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-20:14:03] Epoch: [117][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.107) Prec@1 72.66 (71.98) Prec@5 89.84 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:15:49] Epoch: [117][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (3.107) Prec@1 76.56 (71.98) Prec@5 89.84 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:17:35] Epoch: [117][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (3.107) Prec@1 75.00 (71.98) Prec@5 92.97 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-20:19:19] Epoch: [117][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.200 (3.108) Prec@1 72.66 (71.96) Prec@5 86.72 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-20:21:05] Epoch: [117][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.109) Prec@1 78.12 (71.94) Prec@5 91.41 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-20:22:51] Epoch: [117][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (3.108) Prec@1 73.44 (71.95) Prec@5 93.75 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-20:24:36] Epoch: [117][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.109) Prec@1 69.53 (71.94) Prec@5 86.72 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-20:26:22] Epoch: [117][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (3.110) Prec@1 71.09 (71.92) Prec@5 89.06 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-20:28:07] Epoch: [117][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (3.110) Prec@1 71.09 (71.93) Prec@5 89.06 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-20:29:52] Epoch: [117][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.111) Prec@1 69.53 (71.88) Prec@5 84.38 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-20:31:38] Epoch: [117][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (3.112) Prec@1 71.88 (71.87) Prec@5 92.97 (89.17) - train[2018-10-17-20:33:23] Epoch: [117][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (3.111) Prec@1 78.12 (71.88) Prec@5 89.84 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-20:35:09] Epoch: [117][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.111) Prec@1 72.66 (71.88) Prec@5 86.72 (89.17) - train[2018-10-17-20:36:54] Epoch: [117][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (3.111) Prec@1 77.34 (71.87) Prec@5 93.75 (89.17) - train[2018-10-17-20:38:39] Epoch: [117][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.112) Prec@1 67.97 (71.87) Prec@5 88.28 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:40:24] Epoch: [117][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.112) Prec@1 71.09 (71.86) Prec@5 89.06 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:42:10] Epoch: [117][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.112) Prec@1 75.78 (71.85) Prec@5 91.41 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:43:56] Epoch: [117][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.112) Prec@1 69.53 (71.84) Prec@5 87.50 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-20:45:40] Epoch: [117][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (3.112) Prec@1 79.69 (71.83) Prec@5 90.62 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:47:26] Epoch: [117][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (3.112) Prec@1 70.31 (71.83) Prec@5 89.84 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:49:12] Epoch: [117][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.112) Prec@1 70.31 (71.82) Prec@5 90.62 (89.16) - train[2018-10-17-20:50:58] Epoch: [117][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.113) Prec@1 65.62 (71.81) Prec@5 87.50 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-20:52:43] Epoch: [117][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (3.113) Prec@1 75.78 (71.80) Prec@5 92.19 (89.15) - train[2018-10-17-20:54:29] Epoch: [117][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.521 (3.114) Prec@1 68.75 (71.78) Prec@5 82.81 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-20:56:15] Epoch: [117][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.356 (3.114) Prec@1 70.31 (71.77) Prec@5 84.38 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-20:58:01] Epoch: [117][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (3.114) Prec@1 71.09 (71.77) Prec@5 89.06 (89.14) - train[2018-10-17-20:59:47] Epoch: [117][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (3.115) Prec@1 74.22 (71.75) Prec@5 89.06 (89.13) - train[2018-10-17-21:01:32] Epoch: [117][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.116) Prec@1 71.09 (71.74) Prec@5 86.72 (89.12) - train[2018-10-17-21:03:18] Epoch: [117][9600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.116) Prec@1 75.78 (71.73) Prec@5 87.50 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-21:05:04] Epoch: [117][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.116) Prec@1 75.00 (71.73) Prec@5 86.72 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-21:06:49] Epoch: [117][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.116) Prec@1 72.66 (71.72) Prec@5 90.62 (89.11) - train[2018-10-17-21:06:54] Epoch: [117][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (3.117) Prec@1 80.00 (71.72) Prec@5 93.33 (89.11) -[2018-10-17-21:06:54] **train** Prec@1 71.72 Prec@5 89.11 Error@1 28.28 Error@5 10.89 Loss:3.117 - test [2018-10-17-21:06:58] Epoch: [117][000/391] Time 4.35 (4.35) Data 4.22 (4.22) Loss 0.597 (0.597) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-17-21:07:26] Epoch: [117][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.234 (1.045) Prec@1 65.62 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (93.09) - test [2018-10-17-21:07:51] Epoch: [117][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.239 (1.212) Prec@1 42.50 (72.25) Prec@5 81.25 (90.80) -[2018-10-17-21:07:51] **test** Prec@1 72.25 Prec@5 90.80 Error@1 27.75 Error@5 9.20 Loss:1.212 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-21:07:52] [Epoch=118/250] [Need: 195:54:29] LR=0.0027 ~ 0.0027, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-21:07:56] Epoch: [118][000/10010] Time 4.32 (4.32) Data 3.66 (3.66) Loss 3.204 (3.204) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-17-21:09:42] Epoch: [118][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.043 (3.109) Prec@1 74.22 (71.81) Prec@5 88.28 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-21:11:27] Epoch: [118][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.013 (3.094) Prec@1 72.66 (72.20) Prec@5 88.28 (89.39) - train[2018-10-17-21:13:12] Epoch: [118][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.932 (3.099) Prec@1 74.22 (72.13) Prec@5 90.62 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-21:14:57] Epoch: [118][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.993 (3.096) Prec@1 69.53 (72.15) Prec@5 91.41 (89.37) - train[2018-10-17-21:16:42] Epoch: [118][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.469 (3.096) Prec@1 64.06 (72.13) Prec@5 85.94 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-21:18:27] Epoch: [118][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (3.097) Prec@1 81.25 (72.15) Prec@5 92.97 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-21:20:13] Epoch: [118][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (3.096) Prec@1 66.41 (72.14) Prec@5 87.50 (89.36) - train[2018-10-17-21:21:58] Epoch: [118][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.385 (3.098) Prec@1 67.97 (72.13) Prec@5 85.16 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-21:23:44] Epoch: [118][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.098) Prec@1 69.53 (72.11) Prec@5 90.62 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-21:25:29] Epoch: [118][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (3.098) Prec@1 71.09 (72.10) Prec@5 89.06 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-21:27:14] Epoch: [118][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (3.097) Prec@1 83.59 (72.11) Prec@5 93.75 (89.36) - train[2018-10-17-21:28:59] Epoch: [118][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (3.099) Prec@1 75.00 (72.06) Prec@5 89.84 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-21:30:45] Epoch: [118][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (3.100) Prec@1 71.88 (72.04) Prec@5 89.84 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-21:32:31] Epoch: [118][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.101) Prec@1 75.00 (72.02) Prec@5 92.19 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-21:34:16] Epoch: [118][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (3.100) Prec@1 70.31 (72.03) Prec@5 86.72 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-21:36:02] Epoch: [118][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.100) Prec@1 69.53 (72.02) Prec@5 90.62 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-21:37:49] Epoch: [118][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.100) Prec@1 75.78 (72.02) Prec@5 92.19 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-21:39:34] Epoch: [118][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.101) Prec@1 67.19 (72.01) Prec@5 89.06 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-21:41:19] Epoch: [118][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (3.100) Prec@1 80.47 (72.01) Prec@5 94.53 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-21:43:05] Epoch: [118][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.006 (3.101) Prec@1 71.09 (72.02) Prec@5 90.62 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-21:44:50] Epoch: [118][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.102) Prec@1 68.75 (71.99) Prec@5 89.06 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-21:46:36] Epoch: [118][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.102) Prec@1 72.66 (71.97) Prec@5 86.72 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-21:48:21] Epoch: [118][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (3.102) Prec@1 72.66 (71.96) Prec@5 90.62 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-21:50:07] Epoch: [118][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (3.103) Prec@1 73.44 (71.96) Prec@5 87.50 (89.28) - train[2018-10-17-21:51:52] Epoch: [118][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (3.104) Prec@1 64.06 (71.96) Prec@5 81.25 (89.28) - train[2018-10-17-21:53:37] Epoch: [118][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.105) Prec@1 74.22 (71.95) Prec@5 92.19 (89.27) - train[2018-10-17-21:55:22] Epoch: [118][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.105) Prec@1 68.75 (71.94) Prec@5 89.06 (89.26) - train[2018-10-17-21:57:08] Epoch: [118][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.106) Prec@1 67.97 (71.92) Prec@5 87.50 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-21:58:53] Epoch: [118][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.106) Prec@1 71.09 (71.92) Prec@5 86.72 (89.24) - train[2018-10-17-22:00:38] Epoch: [118][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (3.106) Prec@1 73.44 (71.92) Prec@5 92.19 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-22:02:24] Epoch: [118][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (3.107) Prec@1 64.84 (71.91) Prec@5 89.84 (89.25) - train[2018-10-17-22:04:10] Epoch: [118][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (3.108) Prec@1 76.56 (71.89) Prec@5 91.41 (89.23) - train[2018-10-17-22:05:56] Epoch: [118][6600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (3.108) Prec@1 68.75 (71.87) Prec@5 90.62 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-22:07:42] Epoch: [118][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (3.109) Prec@1 74.22 (71.86) Prec@5 87.50 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-22:09:29] Epoch: [118][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.109) Prec@1 67.97 (71.86) Prec@5 85.16 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-22:11:16] Epoch: [118][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.109) Prec@1 68.75 (71.87) Prec@5 85.16 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-22:13:01] Epoch: [118][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (3.108) Prec@1 71.09 (71.87) Prec@5 90.62 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-22:14:46] Epoch: [118][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (3.108) Prec@1 71.09 (71.87) Prec@5 87.50 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-22:16:32] Epoch: [118][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (3.108) Prec@1 69.53 (71.87) Prec@5 87.50 (89.22) - train[2018-10-17-22:18:16] Epoch: [118][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.109) Prec@1 75.78 (71.87) Prec@5 90.62 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-22:20:02] Epoch: [118][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (3.109) Prec@1 75.00 (71.86) Prec@5 88.28 (89.21) - train[2018-10-17-22:21:47] Epoch: [118][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (3.109) Prec@1 73.44 (71.84) Prec@5 92.19 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-22:23:32] Epoch: [118][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (3.110) Prec@1 71.09 (71.83) Prec@5 87.50 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-22:25:17] Epoch: [118][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.110) Prec@1 71.09 (71.82) Prec@5 82.03 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-22:27:02] Epoch: [118][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.110) Prec@1 68.75 (71.82) Prec@5 90.62 (89.20) - train[2018-10-17-22:28:47] Epoch: [118][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.695 (3.110) Prec@1 68.75 (71.83) Prec@5 81.25 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-22:30:32] Epoch: [118][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.526 (3.110) Prec@1 66.41 (71.83) Prec@5 83.59 (89.19) - train[2018-10-17-22:32:18] Epoch: [118][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.221 (3.110) Prec@1 63.28 (71.82) Prec@5 92.19 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-22:34:03] Epoch: [118][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.110) Prec@1 70.31 (71.81) Prec@5 90.62 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-22:35:48] Epoch: [118][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (3.111) Prec@1 75.78 (71.81) Prec@5 94.53 (89.18) - train[2018-10-17-22:35:52] Epoch: [118][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.466 (3.111) Prec@1 60.00 (71.81) Prec@5 66.67 (89.18) -[2018-10-17-22:35:52] **train** Prec@1 71.81 Prec@5 89.18 Error@1 28.19 Error@5 10.82 Loss:3.111 - test [2018-10-17-22:35:56] Epoch: [118][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.534 (0.534) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-17-22:36:24] Epoch: [118][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.218 (1.045) Prec@1 67.19 (75.76) Prec@5 92.19 (92.85) - test [2018-10-17-22:36:49] Epoch: [118][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.218 (1.217) Prec@1 43.75 (72.17) Prec@5 80.00 (90.50) -[2018-10-17-22:36:49] **test** Prec@1 72.17 Prec@5 90.50 Error@1 27.83 Error@5 9.50 Loss:1.217 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-17-22:36:50] [Epoch=119/250] [Need: 194:14:32] LR=0.0027 ~ 0.0027, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-17-22:36:55] Epoch: [119][000/10010] Time 4.97 (4.97) Data 4.36 (4.36) Loss 2.905 (2.905) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-17-22:38:40] Epoch: [119][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.202 (3.076) Prec@1 65.62 (72.61) Prec@5 89.84 (89.71) - train[2018-10-17-22:40:25] Epoch: [119][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.393 (3.077) Prec@1 67.19 (72.48) Prec@5 85.16 (89.70) - train[2018-10-17-22:42:10] Epoch: [119][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.089 (3.075) Prec@1 73.44 (72.50) Prec@5 89.06 (89.65) - train[2018-10-17-22:43:56] Epoch: [119][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.975 (3.075) Prec@1 77.34 (72.44) Prec@5 90.62 (89.63) - train[2018-10-17-22:45:42] Epoch: [119][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.080) Prec@1 71.09 (72.42) Prec@5 86.72 (89.55) - train[2018-10-17-22:47:27] Epoch: [119][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.495 (3.083) Prec@1 71.09 (72.43) Prec@5 85.94 (89.51) - train[2018-10-17-22:49:13] Epoch: [119][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.084) Prec@1 68.75 (72.35) Prec@5 89.84 (89.49) - train[2018-10-17-22:50:59] Epoch: [119][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (3.086) Prec@1 74.22 (72.27) Prec@5 89.06 (89.50) - train[2018-10-17-22:52:45] Epoch: [119][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (3.087) Prec@1 74.22 (72.25) Prec@5 92.19 (89.48) - train[2018-10-17-22:54:31] Epoch: [119][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (3.086) Prec@1 66.41 (72.28) Prec@5 92.19 (89.50) - train[2018-10-17-22:56:16] Epoch: [119][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (3.086) Prec@1 72.66 (72.26) Prec@5 89.06 (89.50) - train[2018-10-17-22:58:02] Epoch: [119][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (3.087) Prec@1 75.00 (72.24) Prec@5 93.75 (89.49) - train[2018-10-17-22:59:47] Epoch: [119][2600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.087) Prec@1 73.44 (72.24) Prec@5 91.41 (89.49) - train[2018-10-17-23:01:33] Epoch: [119][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.087) Prec@1 70.31 (72.26) Prec@5 87.50 (89.48) - train[2018-10-17-23:03:18] Epoch: [119][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (3.087) Prec@1 77.34 (72.25) Prec@5 94.53 (89.46) - train[2018-10-17-23:05:03] Epoch: [119][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.085) Prec@1 71.88 (72.27) Prec@5 89.84 (89.48) - train[2018-10-17-23:06:49] Epoch: [119][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.085) Prec@1 66.41 (72.29) Prec@5 88.28 (89.48) - train[2018-10-17-23:08:35] Epoch: [119][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.270 (3.087) Prec@1 65.62 (72.26) Prec@5 89.84 (89.47) - train[2018-10-17-23:10:21] Epoch: [119][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (3.089) Prec@1 71.09 (72.23) Prec@5 89.06 (89.44) - train[2018-10-17-23:12:07] Epoch: [119][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (3.089) Prec@1 78.12 (72.22) Prec@5 94.53 (89.42) - train[2018-10-17-23:13:52] Epoch: [119][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (3.089) Prec@1 71.88 (72.22) Prec@5 89.06 (89.41) - train[2018-10-17-23:15:38] Epoch: [119][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (3.090) Prec@1 75.00 (72.22) Prec@5 94.53 (89.41) - train[2018-10-17-23:17:24] Epoch: [119][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.091) Prec@1 73.44 (72.20) Prec@5 89.84 (89.40) - train[2018-10-17-23:19:10] Epoch: [119][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (3.091) Prec@1 78.91 (72.20) Prec@5 93.75 (89.39) - train[2018-10-17-23:20:55] Epoch: [119][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (3.091) Prec@1 76.56 (72.21) Prec@5 90.62 (89.39) - train[2018-10-17-23:22:41] Epoch: [119][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (3.092) Prec@1 77.34 (72.19) Prec@5 87.50 (89.38) - train[2018-10-17-23:24:26] Epoch: [119][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.092) Prec@1 67.19 (72.18) Prec@5 86.72 (89.36) - train[2018-10-17-23:26:12] Epoch: [119][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.092) Prec@1 73.44 (72.17) Prec@5 87.50 (89.36) - train[2018-10-17-23:27:57] Epoch: [119][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.093) Prec@1 68.75 (72.16) Prec@5 85.94 (89.36) - train[2018-10-17-23:29:43] Epoch: [119][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (3.094) Prec@1 69.53 (72.15) Prec@5 92.97 (89.35) - train[2018-10-17-23:31:29] Epoch: [119][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.373 (3.094) Prec@1 70.31 (72.13) Prec@5 85.16 (89.34) - train[2018-10-17-23:33:15] Epoch: [119][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.095) Prec@1 73.44 (72.10) Prec@5 88.28 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-23:35:01] Epoch: [119][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.096) Prec@1 75.00 (72.10) Prec@5 88.28 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-23:36:47] Epoch: [119][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.096) Prec@1 73.44 (72.10) Prec@5 89.06 (89.33) - train[2018-10-17-23:38:32] Epoch: [119][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (3.097) Prec@1 71.88 (72.09) Prec@5 89.84 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:40:18] Epoch: [119][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.376 (3.097) Prec@1 67.19 (72.09) Prec@5 86.72 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:42:03] Epoch: [119][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (3.097) Prec@1 75.00 (72.08) Prec@5 93.75 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:43:48] Epoch: [119][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.097) Prec@1 71.09 (72.07) Prec@5 85.16 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:45:34] Epoch: [119][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.661 (3.097) Prec@1 65.62 (72.07) Prec@5 83.59 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:47:19] Epoch: [119][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.098) Prec@1 71.88 (72.06) Prec@5 85.94 (89.32) - train[2018-10-17-23:49:04] Epoch: [119][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (3.099) Prec@1 75.00 (72.06) Prec@5 88.28 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-23:50:50] Epoch: [119][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (3.098) Prec@1 71.88 (72.06) Prec@5 90.62 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-23:52:35] Epoch: [119][8600/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.099) Prec@1 74.22 (72.05) Prec@5 87.50 (89.31) - train[2018-10-17-23:54:21] Epoch: [119][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (3.099) Prec@1 71.88 (72.04) Prec@5 89.06 (89.30) - train[2018-10-17-23:56:06] Epoch: [119][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.100) Prec@1 73.44 (72.03) Prec@5 86.72 (89.29) - train[2018-10-17-23:57:51] Epoch: [119][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.100) Prec@1 77.34 (72.03) Prec@5 90.62 (89.29) - train[2018-10-17-23:59:36] Epoch: [119][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.101) Prec@1 67.97 (72.02) Prec@5 85.94 (89.28) - train[2018-10-18-00:01:21] Epoch: [119][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (3.101) Prec@1 67.19 (72.00) Prec@5 87.50 (89.27) - train[2018-10-18-00:03:07] Epoch: [119][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (3.102) Prec@1 75.78 (72.00) Prec@5 93.75 (89.27) - train[2018-10-18-00:04:52] Epoch: [119][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.102) Prec@1 70.31 (72.00) Prec@5 89.06 (89.27) - train[2018-10-18-00:04:56] Epoch: [119][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.187 (3.102) Prec@1 46.67 (71.99) Prec@5 73.33 (89.27) -[2018-10-18-00:04:56] **train** Prec@1 71.99 Prec@5 89.27 Error@1 28.01 Error@5 10.73 Loss:3.102 - test [2018-10-18-00:05:01] Epoch: [119][000/391] Time 4.78 (4.78) Data 4.64 (4.64) Loss 0.671 (0.671) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-18-00:05:28] Epoch: [119][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.346 (1.057) Prec@1 66.41 (75.60) Prec@5 91.41 (93.10) - test [2018-10-18-00:05:53] Epoch: [119][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.311 (1.220) Prec@1 38.75 (72.22) Prec@5 83.75 (90.73) -[2018-10-18-00:05:53] **test** Prec@1 72.22 Prec@5 90.73 Error@1 27.78 Error@5 9.27 Loss:1.220 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.32, Acc@5=90.73, Error@1=27.68, Error@5=9.27 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-00:05:53] [Epoch=120/250] [Need: 192:57:55] LR=0.0026 ~ 0.0026, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-00:05:58] Epoch: [120][000/10010] Time 5.17 (5.17) Data 4.55 (4.55) Loss 2.948 (2.948) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-18-00:07:44] Epoch: [120][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.386 (3.087) Prec@1 70.31 (72.12) Prec@5 86.72 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-00:09:29] Epoch: [120][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.119 (3.092) Prec@1 72.66 (72.16) Prec@5 90.62 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-00:11:14] Epoch: [120][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.147 (3.090) Prec@1 71.88 (72.19) Prec@5 87.50 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-00:13:00] Epoch: [120][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.735 (3.090) Prec@1 79.69 (72.25) Prec@5 90.62 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-00:14:45] Epoch: [120][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (3.087) Prec@1 75.00 (72.26) Prec@5 89.84 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-00:16:30] Epoch: [120][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (3.086) Prec@1 78.12 (72.28) Prec@5 93.75 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-00:18:15] Epoch: [120][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (3.088) Prec@1 75.78 (72.25) Prec@5 89.06 (89.49) - train[2018-10-18-00:20:00] Epoch: [120][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (3.088) Prec@1 71.88 (72.21) Prec@5 90.62 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-00:21:45] Epoch: [120][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.088) Prec@1 74.22 (72.25) Prec@5 87.50 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-00:23:30] Epoch: [120][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (3.087) Prec@1 75.78 (72.27) Prec@5 91.41 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-00:25:15] Epoch: [120][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (3.088) Prec@1 75.00 (72.26) Prec@5 92.19 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-00:27:00] Epoch: [120][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (3.088) Prec@1 71.88 (72.22) Prec@5 92.19 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-00:28:45] Epoch: [120][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (3.088) Prec@1 75.00 (72.24) Prec@5 92.19 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-00:30:31] Epoch: [120][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (3.089) Prec@1 71.09 (72.22) Prec@5 85.94 (89.49) - train[2018-10-18-00:32:17] Epoch: [120][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.090) Prec@1 67.97 (72.21) Prec@5 91.41 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-00:34:02] Epoch: [120][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.089) Prec@1 67.97 (72.21) Prec@5 86.72 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-00:35:48] Epoch: [120][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (3.090) Prec@1 71.88 (72.20) Prec@5 91.41 (89.49) - train[2018-10-18-00:37:33] Epoch: [120][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (3.091) Prec@1 72.66 (72.19) Prec@5 91.41 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-00:39:18] Epoch: [120][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (3.092) Prec@1 79.69 (72.18) Prec@5 90.62 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-00:41:04] Epoch: [120][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.091) Prec@1 68.75 (72.20) Prec@5 88.28 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-00:42:49] Epoch: [120][4200/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (3.090) Prec@1 77.34 (72.20) Prec@5 89.84 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-00:44:35] Epoch: [120][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (3.090) Prec@1 75.78 (72.20) Prec@5 90.62 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-00:46:20] Epoch: [120][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (3.090) Prec@1 64.06 (72.20) Prec@5 86.72 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-00:48:06] Epoch: [120][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.090) Prec@1 71.09 (72.22) Prec@5 85.94 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-00:49:51] Epoch: [120][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.090) Prec@1 71.88 (72.19) Prec@5 87.50 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-00:51:36] Epoch: [120][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (3.092) Prec@1 69.53 (72.16) Prec@5 86.72 (89.44) - train[2018-10-18-00:53:21] Epoch: [120][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.265 (3.092) Prec@1 68.75 (72.16) Prec@5 86.72 (89.44) - train[2018-10-18-00:55:06] Epoch: [120][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.093) Prec@1 64.06 (72.15) Prec@5 85.94 (89.43) - train[2018-10-18-00:56:51] Epoch: [120][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (3.093) Prec@1 79.69 (72.14) Prec@5 91.41 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-00:58:37] Epoch: [120][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (3.094) Prec@1 74.22 (72.14) Prec@5 90.62 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-01:00:22] Epoch: [120][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (3.094) Prec@1 75.78 (72.14) Prec@5 91.41 (89.40) - train[2018-10-18-01:02:07] Epoch: [120][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.642 (3.095) Prec@1 65.62 (72.11) Prec@5 82.81 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-01:03:54] Epoch: [120][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (3.095) Prec@1 76.56 (72.10) Prec@5 92.19 (89.38) - train[2018-10-18-01:05:39] Epoch: [120][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.638 (3.096) Prec@1 66.41 (72.08) Prec@5 85.16 (89.37) - train[2018-10-18-01:07:24] Epoch: [120][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.677 (3.096) Prec@1 80.47 (72.08) Prec@5 96.09 (89.37) - train[2018-10-18-01:09:09] Epoch: [120][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (3.096) Prec@1 69.53 (72.08) Prec@5 89.84 (89.37) - train[2018-10-18-01:10:54] Epoch: [120][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.218 (3.097) Prec@1 74.22 (72.06) Prec@5 86.72 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:12:40] Epoch: [120][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (3.097) Prec@1 75.00 (72.07) Prec@5 90.62 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:14:25] Epoch: [120][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (3.097) Prec@1 68.75 (72.07) Prec@5 92.19 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:16:10] Epoch: [120][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.096) Prec@1 69.53 (72.08) Prec@5 85.94 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:17:56] Epoch: [120][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (3.096) Prec@1 76.56 (72.07) Prec@5 89.84 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:19:42] Epoch: [120][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (3.097) Prec@1 77.34 (72.06) Prec@5 90.62 (89.36) - train[2018-10-18-01:21:27] Epoch: [120][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (3.097) Prec@1 73.44 (72.06) Prec@5 91.41 (89.35) - train[2018-10-18-01:23:12] Epoch: [120][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (3.097) Prec@1 71.09 (72.07) Prec@5 92.19 (89.35) - train[2018-10-18-01:24:58] Epoch: [120][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.097) Prec@1 68.75 (72.07) Prec@5 85.16 (89.35) - train[2018-10-18-01:26:43] Epoch: [120][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (3.097) Prec@1 80.47 (72.06) Prec@5 93.75 (89.34) - train[2018-10-18-01:28:28] Epoch: [120][9400/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.098) Prec@1 75.00 (72.04) Prec@5 89.06 (89.33) - train[2018-10-18-01:30:14] Epoch: [120][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (3.098) Prec@1 68.75 (72.04) Prec@5 88.28 (89.33) - train[2018-10-18-01:32:00] Epoch: [120][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.442 (3.099) Prec@1 61.72 (72.03) Prec@5 86.72 (89.33) - train[2018-10-18-01:33:44] Epoch: [120][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (3.099) Prec@1 74.22 (72.02) Prec@5 89.84 (89.32) - train[2018-10-18-01:33:49] Epoch: [120][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.153 (3.099) Prec@1 86.67 (72.02) Prec@5 93.33 (89.32) -[2018-10-18-01:33:49] **train** Prec@1 72.02 Prec@5 89.32 Error@1 27.98 Error@5 10.68 Loss:3.099 - test [2018-10-18-01:33:53] Epoch: [120][000/391] Time 4.62 (4.62) Data 4.48 (4.48) Loss 0.583 (0.583) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-18-01:34:20] Epoch: [120][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.243 (1.040) Prec@1 68.75 (76.01) Prec@5 89.84 (93.02) - test [2018-10-18-01:34:46] Epoch: [120][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.202 (1.201) Prec@1 42.50 (72.50) Prec@5 80.00 (90.85) -[2018-10-18-01:34:46] **test** Prec@1 72.50 Prec@5 90.85 Error@1 27.50 Error@5 9.15 Loss:1.201 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.50, Acc@5=90.85, Error@1=27.50, Error@5=9.15 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-01:34:46] [Epoch=121/250] [Need: 191:04:45] LR=0.0025 ~ 0.0025, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-01:34:51] Epoch: [121][000/10010] Time 5.04 (5.04) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 3.097 (3.097) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-18-01:36:36] Epoch: [121][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.037 (3.079) Prec@1 71.09 (72.32) Prec@5 89.84 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-01:38:21] Epoch: [121][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.927 (3.076) Prec@1 75.00 (72.53) Prec@5 92.19 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-01:40:06] Epoch: [121][600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.165 (3.074) Prec@1 68.75 (72.55) Prec@5 86.72 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-01:41:51] Epoch: [121][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.245 (3.074) Prec@1 63.28 (72.56) Prec@5 89.06 (89.54) - train[2018-10-18-01:43:36] Epoch: [121][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (3.073) Prec@1 71.88 (72.56) Prec@5 89.84 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-01:45:22] Epoch: [121][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (3.079) Prec@1 70.31 (72.45) Prec@5 85.94 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-01:47:07] Epoch: [121][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (3.080) Prec@1 74.22 (72.42) Prec@5 92.97 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-01:48:52] Epoch: [121][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (3.081) Prec@1 68.75 (72.38) Prec@5 92.19 (89.48) - train[2018-10-18-01:50:37] Epoch: [121][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (3.083) Prec@1 79.69 (72.34) Prec@5 90.62 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-01:52:22] Epoch: [121][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (3.086) Prec@1 71.09 (72.28) Prec@5 89.84 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-01:54:07] Epoch: [121][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (3.088) Prec@1 73.44 (72.24) Prec@5 90.62 (89.40) - train[2018-10-18-01:55:53] Epoch: [121][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.485 (3.087) Prec@1 63.28 (72.30) Prec@5 84.38 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-01:57:39] Epoch: [121][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (3.085) Prec@1 75.00 (72.33) Prec@5 89.84 (89.43) - train[2018-10-18-01:59:25] Epoch: [121][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.084) Prec@1 65.62 (72.38) Prec@5 88.28 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-02:01:10] Epoch: [121][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.084) Prec@1 71.88 (72.37) Prec@5 93.75 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-02:02:56] Epoch: [121][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (3.085) Prec@1 76.56 (72.34) Prec@5 90.62 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-02:04:42] Epoch: [121][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (3.085) Prec@1 74.22 (72.34) Prec@5 86.72 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-02:06:27] Epoch: [121][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (3.084) Prec@1 75.00 (72.35) Prec@5 87.50 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-02:08:13] Epoch: [121][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.084) Prec@1 75.78 (72.33) Prec@5 86.72 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-02:09:58] Epoch: [121][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (3.085) Prec@1 67.97 (72.32) Prec@5 89.06 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-02:11:44] Epoch: [121][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.086) Prec@1 71.88 (72.29) Prec@5 90.62 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-02:13:29] Epoch: [121][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (3.086) Prec@1 75.00 (72.28) Prec@5 89.06 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-02:15:15] Epoch: [121][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.087) Prec@1 64.84 (72.28) Prec@5 89.06 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-02:17:00] Epoch: [121][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.087) Prec@1 70.31 (72.26) Prec@5 87.50 (89.44) - train[2018-10-18-02:18:46] Epoch: [121][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (3.088) Prec@1 76.56 (72.25) Prec@5 93.75 (89.45) - train[2018-10-18-02:20:32] Epoch: [121][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (3.088) Prec@1 73.44 (72.24) Prec@5 87.50 (89.44) - train[2018-10-18-02:22:17] Epoch: [121][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (3.089) Prec@1 74.22 (72.22) Prec@5 91.41 (89.43) - train[2018-10-18-02:24:03] Epoch: [121][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (3.089) Prec@1 71.09 (72.22) Prec@5 88.28 (89.43) - train[2018-10-18-02:25:48] Epoch: [121][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.089) Prec@1 72.66 (72.22) Prec@5 89.84 (89.43) - train[2018-10-18-02:27:33] Epoch: [121][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (3.090) Prec@1 70.31 (72.19) Prec@5 87.50 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-02:29:19] Epoch: [121][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (3.090) Prec@1 70.31 (72.19) Prec@5 89.84 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-02:31:04] Epoch: [121][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (3.090) Prec@1 74.22 (72.20) Prec@5 89.06 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-02:32:50] Epoch: [121][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (3.090) Prec@1 72.66 (72.20) Prec@5 89.06 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-02:34:35] Epoch: [121][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (3.090) Prec@1 76.56 (72.20) Prec@5 92.97 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-02:36:20] Epoch: [121][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.090) Prec@1 64.84 (72.21) Prec@5 82.81 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-02:38:06] Epoch: [121][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (3.090) Prec@1 73.44 (72.21) Prec@5 90.62 (89.41) - train[2018-10-18-02:39:52] Epoch: [121][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.090) Prec@1 71.09 (72.20) Prec@5 92.19 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-02:41:37] Epoch: [121][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (3.090) Prec@1 74.22 (72.20) Prec@5 93.75 (89.42) - train[2018-10-18-02:43:22] Epoch: [121][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.091) Prec@1 74.22 (72.19) Prec@5 88.28 (89.40) - train[2018-10-18-02:45:08] Epoch: [121][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (3.092) Prec@1 71.09 (72.18) Prec@5 87.50 (89.40) - train[2018-10-18-02:46:53] Epoch: [121][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.092) Prec@1 73.44 (72.17) Prec@5 88.28 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-02:48:39] Epoch: [121][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.092) Prec@1 71.09 (72.16) Prec@5 89.84 (89.40) - train[2018-10-18-02:50:24] Epoch: [121][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (3.092) Prec@1 75.78 (72.16) Prec@5 87.50 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-02:52:09] Epoch: [121][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.206 (3.093) Prec@1 75.00 (72.16) Prec@5 87.50 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-02:53:56] Epoch: [121][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (3.093) Prec@1 77.34 (72.15) Prec@5 92.19 (89.38) - train[2018-10-18-02:55:43] Epoch: [121][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (3.092) Prec@1 67.97 (72.16) Prec@5 92.19 (89.39) - train[2018-10-18-02:57:30] Epoch: [121][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.092) Prec@1 75.00 (72.16) Prec@5 91.41 (89.38) - train[2018-10-18-02:59:16] Epoch: [121][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (3.093) Prec@1 79.69 (72.15) Prec@5 91.41 (89.38) - train[2018-10-18-03:01:02] Epoch: [121][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (3.092) Prec@1 75.78 (72.15) Prec@5 94.53 (89.38) - train[2018-10-18-03:02:47] Epoch: [121][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (3.093) Prec@1 76.56 (72.15) Prec@5 89.84 (89.37) - train[2018-10-18-03:02:51] Epoch: [121][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.704 (3.093) Prec@1 60.00 (72.15) Prec@5 80.00 (89.37) -[2018-10-18-03:02:51] **train** Prec@1 72.15 Prec@5 89.37 Error@1 27.85 Error@5 10.63 Loss:3.093 - test [2018-10-18-03:02:55] Epoch: [121][000/391] Time 4.17 (4.17) Data 4.03 (4.03) Loss 0.586 (0.586) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-18-03:03:23] Epoch: [121][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.363 (1.057) Prec@1 67.19 (75.76) Prec@5 90.62 (93.02) - test [2018-10-18-03:03:49] Epoch: [121][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.226 (1.226) Prec@1 38.75 (72.23) Prec@5 81.25 (90.74) -[2018-10-18-03:03:49] **test** Prec@1 72.23 Prec@5 90.74 Error@1 27.77 Error@5 9.26 Loss:1.226 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.50, Acc@5=90.85, Error@1=27.50, Error@5=9.15 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-03:03:49] [Epoch=122/250] [Need: 189:58:44] LR=0.0024 ~ 0.0024, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-03:03:54] Epoch: [122][000/10010] Time 4.91 (4.91) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 2.875 (2.875) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-18-03:05:38] Epoch: [122][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.376 (3.043) Prec@1 67.97 (72.93) Prec@5 84.38 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-03:07:23] Epoch: [122][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.990 (3.054) Prec@1 75.78 (72.80) Prec@5 90.62 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-03:09:08] Epoch: [122][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.115 (3.062) Prec@1 68.75 (72.63) Prec@5 88.28 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-03:10:53] Epoch: [122][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.471 (3.057) Prec@1 65.62 (72.74) Prec@5 88.28 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-03:12:38] Epoch: [122][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.060) Prec@1 71.88 (72.71) Prec@5 92.97 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-03:14:22] Epoch: [122][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.061) Prec@1 71.09 (72.72) Prec@5 89.06 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-03:16:08] Epoch: [122][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (3.064) Prec@1 73.44 (72.68) Prec@5 90.62 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-03:17:52] Epoch: [122][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (3.066) Prec@1 75.00 (72.64) Prec@5 91.41 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-03:19:37] Epoch: [122][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.368 (3.068) Prec@1 64.06 (72.59) Prec@5 87.50 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-03:21:21] Epoch: [122][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (3.067) Prec@1 74.22 (72.60) Prec@5 89.84 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-03:23:06] Epoch: [122][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (3.067) Prec@1 79.69 (72.55) Prec@5 94.53 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-03:24:52] Epoch: [122][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.070) Prec@1 75.00 (72.52) Prec@5 89.84 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-03:26:36] Epoch: [122][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (3.070) Prec@1 71.09 (72.54) Prec@5 91.41 (89.68) - train[2018-10-18-03:28:21] Epoch: [122][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.072) Prec@1 77.34 (72.49) Prec@5 90.62 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-03:30:05] Epoch: [122][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.073) Prec@1 72.66 (72.50) Prec@5 88.28 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-03:31:50] Epoch: [122][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (3.074) Prec@1 73.44 (72.46) Prec@5 90.62 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-03:33:35] Epoch: [122][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.456 (3.074) Prec@1 67.97 (72.50) Prec@5 85.94 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-03:35:19] Epoch: [122][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.579 (3.074) Prec@1 63.28 (72.50) Prec@5 83.59 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-03:37:05] Epoch: [122][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (3.074) Prec@1 69.53 (72.51) Prec@5 94.53 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-03:38:49] Epoch: [122][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (3.075) Prec@1 82.81 (72.49) Prec@5 96.09 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-03:40:34] Epoch: [122][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (3.077) Prec@1 71.88 (72.44) Prec@5 91.41 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:42:18] Epoch: [122][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (3.078) Prec@1 83.59 (72.42) Prec@5 93.75 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-03:44:03] Epoch: [122][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.078) Prec@1 73.44 (72.43) Prec@5 89.06 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:45:48] Epoch: [122][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.077) Prec@1 67.97 (72.43) Prec@5 89.84 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-03:47:33] Epoch: [122][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.077) Prec@1 74.22 (72.45) Prec@5 89.84 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:49:18] Epoch: [122][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (3.077) Prec@1 69.53 (72.45) Prec@5 91.41 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-03:51:03] Epoch: [122][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.077) Prec@1 75.00 (72.43) Prec@5 91.41 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:52:48] Epoch: [122][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (3.077) Prec@1 71.09 (72.42) Prec@5 91.41 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-03:54:33] Epoch: [122][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.077) Prec@1 69.53 (72.43) Prec@5 87.50 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-03:56:18] Epoch: [122][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (3.078) Prec@1 76.56 (72.43) Prec@5 91.41 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:58:03] Epoch: [122][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (3.078) Prec@1 69.53 (72.42) Prec@5 87.50 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-03:59:48] Epoch: [122][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (3.079) Prec@1 78.12 (72.42) Prec@5 91.41 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-04:01:33] Epoch: [122][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.438 (3.079) Prec@1 64.84 (72.41) Prec@5 86.72 (89.54) - train[2018-10-18-04:03:18] Epoch: [122][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.079) Prec@1 71.09 (72.40) Prec@5 89.84 (89.54) - train[2018-10-18-04:05:03] Epoch: [122][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.575 (3.080) Prec@1 64.06 (72.39) Prec@5 85.94 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-04:06:47] Epoch: [122][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.080) Prec@1 77.34 (72.37) Prec@5 91.41 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-04:08:32] Epoch: [122][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (3.081) Prec@1 64.84 (72.37) Prec@5 89.06 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-04:10:17] Epoch: [122][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (3.081) Prec@1 67.97 (72.35) Prec@5 90.62 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-04:12:02] Epoch: [122][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (3.081) Prec@1 74.22 (72.35) Prec@5 89.06 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-04:13:47] Epoch: [122][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (3.081) Prec@1 73.44 (72.35) Prec@5 89.84 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-04:15:32] Epoch: [122][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.082) Prec@1 70.31 (72.34) Prec@5 86.72 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-04:17:16] Epoch: [122][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.082) Prec@1 71.88 (72.33) Prec@5 89.84 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-04:19:01] Epoch: [122][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (3.083) Prec@1 72.66 (72.31) Prec@5 88.28 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-04:20:46] Epoch: [122][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.083) Prec@1 71.09 (72.30) Prec@5 89.84 (89.49) - train[2018-10-18-04:22:32] Epoch: [122][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (3.084) Prec@1 69.53 (72.29) Prec@5 85.94 (89.48) - train[2018-10-18-04:24:17] Epoch: [122][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.348 (3.084) Prec@1 67.97 (72.28) Prec@5 85.94 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-04:26:02] Epoch: [122][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.084) Prec@1 71.09 (72.28) Prec@5 85.16 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-04:27:47] Epoch: [122][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.084) Prec@1 76.56 (72.27) Prec@5 89.84 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-04:29:32] Epoch: [122][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (3.085) Prec@1 75.78 (72.26) Prec@5 91.41 (89.47) - train[2018-10-18-04:31:17] Epoch: [122][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (3.085) Prec@1 71.88 (72.26) Prec@5 89.06 (89.46) - train[2018-10-18-04:31:21] Epoch: [122][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.406 (3.085) Prec@1 60.00 (72.26) Prec@5 86.67 (89.46) -[2018-10-18-04:31:21] **train** Prec@1 72.26 Prec@5 89.46 Error@1 27.74 Error@5 10.54 Loss:3.085 - test [2018-10-18-04:31:25] Epoch: [122][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.92 (3.92) Loss 0.560 (0.560) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-18-04:31:53] Epoch: [122][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.239 (1.029) Prec@1 64.84 (76.26) Prec@5 92.19 (92.96) - test [2018-10-18-04:32:18] Epoch: [122][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.131 (1.195) Prec@1 46.25 (72.53) Prec@5 82.50 (90.81) -[2018-10-18-04:32:18] **test** Prec@1 72.53 Prec@5 90.81 Error@1 27.47 Error@5 9.19 Loss:1.195 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.53, Acc@5=90.81, Error@1=27.47, Error@5=9.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-04:32:18] [Epoch=123/250] [Need: 187:18:08] LR=0.0024 ~ 0.0024, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-04:32:23] Epoch: [123][000/10010] Time 4.81 (4.81) Data 4.16 (4.16) Loss 3.067 (3.067) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-18-04:34:09] Epoch: [123][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.078 (3.085) Prec@1 71.88 (72.45) Prec@5 89.84 (89.54) - train[2018-10-18-04:35:56] Epoch: [123][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.917 (3.074) Prec@1 73.44 (72.65) Prec@5 89.06 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-04:37:41] Epoch: [123][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.879 (3.065) Prec@1 72.66 (72.85) Prec@5 89.84 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-04:39:26] Epoch: [123][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.050 (3.067) Prec@1 78.12 (72.80) Prec@5 92.97 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-04:41:12] Epoch: [123][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (3.067) Prec@1 78.91 (72.72) Prec@5 92.19 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-04:42:57] Epoch: [123][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.070) Prec@1 67.97 (72.67) Prec@5 85.16 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-04:44:42] Epoch: [123][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.067) Prec@1 64.84 (72.69) Prec@5 90.62 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-04:46:27] Epoch: [123][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (3.068) Prec@1 71.88 (72.65) Prec@5 90.62 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-04:48:13] Epoch: [123][1800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (3.071) Prec@1 74.22 (72.58) Prec@5 89.84 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-04:49:58] Epoch: [123][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (3.069) Prec@1 74.22 (72.58) Prec@5 89.84 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-04:51:44] Epoch: [123][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.329 (3.070) Prec@1 71.09 (72.57) Prec@5 83.59 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-04:53:31] Epoch: [123][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.598 (3.069) Prec@1 64.84 (72.61) Prec@5 81.25 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-04:55:16] Epoch: [123][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (3.069) Prec@1 81.25 (72.61) Prec@5 89.84 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-04:57:02] Epoch: [123][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.161 (3.069) Prec@1 72.66 (72.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-04:58:47] Epoch: [123][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (3.069) Prec@1 71.88 (72.63) Prec@5 93.75 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-05:00:32] Epoch: [123][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.071) Prec@1 73.44 (72.60) Prec@5 89.06 (89.67) - train[2018-10-18-05:02:18] Epoch: [123][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.071) Prec@1 72.66 (72.62) Prec@5 84.38 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-05:04:04] Epoch: [123][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.071) Prec@1 69.53 (72.61) Prec@5 94.53 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-05:05:50] Epoch: [123][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.100 (3.071) Prec@1 74.22 (72.62) Prec@5 92.19 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-05:07:35] Epoch: [123][4000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (3.070) Prec@1 75.00 (72.64) Prec@5 90.62 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-05:09:19] Epoch: [123][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (3.070) Prec@1 75.00 (72.64) Prec@5 91.41 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-05:11:05] Epoch: [123][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (3.070) Prec@1 75.78 (72.63) Prec@5 89.06 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-05:12:50] Epoch: [123][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.071) Prec@1 72.66 (72.62) Prec@5 88.28 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-05:14:37] Epoch: [123][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.072) Prec@1 72.66 (72.59) Prec@5 92.19 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-05:16:22] Epoch: [123][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.074) Prec@1 73.44 (72.56) Prec@5 90.62 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-05:18:08] Epoch: [123][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.371 (3.074) Prec@1 68.75 (72.56) Prec@5 85.94 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-05:19:53] Epoch: [123][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.074) Prec@1 77.34 (72.56) Prec@5 88.28 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-05:21:38] Epoch: [123][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (3.075) Prec@1 67.97 (72.55) Prec@5 88.28 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-05:23:23] Epoch: [123][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (3.075) Prec@1 75.00 (72.54) Prec@5 92.19 (89.58) - train[2018-10-18-05:25:09] Epoch: [123][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (3.075) Prec@1 74.22 (72.53) Prec@5 88.28 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-05:26:54] Epoch: [123][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (3.076) Prec@1 76.56 (72.51) Prec@5 91.41 (89.58) - train[2018-10-18-05:28:39] Epoch: [123][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (3.077) Prec@1 73.44 (72.51) Prec@5 93.75 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-05:30:25] Epoch: [123][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.076) Prec@1 71.88 (72.50) Prec@5 85.94 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-05:32:11] Epoch: [123][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.077) Prec@1 71.88 (72.50) Prec@5 87.50 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-05:33:56] Epoch: [123][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.077) Prec@1 78.12 (72.49) Prec@5 92.19 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-05:35:43] Epoch: [123][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (3.077) Prec@1 75.78 (72.48) Prec@5 96.09 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-05:37:28] Epoch: [123][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.077) Prec@1 70.31 (72.46) Prec@5 87.50 (89.54) - train[2018-10-18-05:39:14] Epoch: [123][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.550 (3.078) Prec@1 64.06 (72.45) Prec@5 82.81 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-05:40:59] Epoch: [123][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (3.078) Prec@1 64.06 (72.44) Prec@5 85.94 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-05:42:44] Epoch: [123][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.078) Prec@1 73.44 (72.43) Prec@5 89.06 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-05:44:29] Epoch: [123][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (3.079) Prec@1 78.91 (72.42) Prec@5 90.62 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-05:46:15] Epoch: [123][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (3.079) Prec@1 74.22 (72.42) Prec@5 92.19 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-05:48:00] Epoch: [123][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.079) Prec@1 73.44 (72.41) Prec@5 89.06 (89.53) - train[2018-10-18-05:49:45] Epoch: [123][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (3.079) Prec@1 66.41 (72.41) Prec@5 90.62 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-05:51:30] Epoch: [123][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (3.080) Prec@1 76.56 (72.40) Prec@5 95.31 (89.52) - train[2018-10-18-05:53:16] Epoch: [123][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (3.080) Prec@1 79.69 (72.38) Prec@5 92.97 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-05:55:01] Epoch: [123][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (3.081) Prec@1 68.75 (72.38) Prec@5 84.38 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-05:56:46] Epoch: [123][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (3.081) Prec@1 70.31 (72.37) Prec@5 87.50 (89.51) - train[2018-10-18-05:58:31] Epoch: [123][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (3.081) Prec@1 75.00 (72.37) Prec@5 92.19 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-06:00:17] Epoch: [123][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (3.081) Prec@1 75.00 (72.37) Prec@5 93.75 (89.50) - train[2018-10-18-06:00:21] Epoch: [123][10009/10010] Time 0.17 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.118 (3.081) Prec@1 53.33 (72.37) Prec@5 86.67 (89.50) -[2018-10-18-06:00:21] **train** Prec@1 72.37 Prec@5 89.50 Error@1 27.63 Error@5 10.50 Loss:3.081 - test [2018-10-18-06:00:25] Epoch: [123][000/391] Time 3.55 (3.55) Data 3.42 (3.42) Loss 0.568 (0.568) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-18-06:00:53] Epoch: [123][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.273 (1.037) Prec@1 67.19 (75.97) Prec@5 92.97 (93.04) - test [2018-10-18-06:01:19] Epoch: [123][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.157 (1.205) Prec@1 47.50 (72.41) Prec@5 81.25 (90.84) -[2018-10-18-06:01:19] **test** Prec@1 72.41 Prec@5 90.84 Error@1 27.59 Error@5 9.16 Loss:1.205 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.53, Acc@5=90.81, Error@1=27.47, Error@5=9.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-06:01:19] [Epoch=124/250] [Need: 186:55:02] LR=0.0023 ~ 0.0023, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-06:01:24] Epoch: [124][000/10010] Time 4.88 (4.88) Data 4.21 (4.21) Loss 2.872 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-18-06:03:09] Epoch: [124][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.453 (3.048) Prec@1 62.50 (73.07) Prec@5 85.94 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-06:04:54] Epoch: [124][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.162 (3.063) Prec@1 70.31 (72.78) Prec@5 84.38 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-06:06:38] Epoch: [124][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.982 (3.060) Prec@1 69.53 (72.80) Prec@5 89.84 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-06:08:25] Epoch: [124][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.045 (3.063) Prec@1 72.66 (72.75) Prec@5 90.62 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-06:10:10] Epoch: [124][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.062) Prec@1 73.44 (72.83) Prec@5 90.62 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-06:11:56] Epoch: [124][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.322 (3.059) Prec@1 62.50 (72.88) Prec@5 87.50 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-06:13:42] Epoch: [124][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.059) Prec@1 76.56 (72.91) Prec@5 89.06 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-06:15:27] Epoch: [124][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.272 (3.061) Prec@1 64.84 (72.87) Prec@5 89.84 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-06:17:13] Epoch: [124][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (3.063) Prec@1 75.78 (72.81) Prec@5 93.75 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-06:18:58] Epoch: [124][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (3.063) Prec@1 77.34 (72.80) Prec@5 91.41 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-06:20:44] Epoch: [124][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.063) Prec@1 70.31 (72.79) Prec@5 85.94 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-06:22:30] Epoch: [124][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.321 (3.064) Prec@1 66.41 (72.79) Prec@5 85.94 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-06:24:15] Epoch: [124][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.455 (3.063) Prec@1 69.53 (72.81) Prec@5 85.16 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-06:26:00] Epoch: [124][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.100 (3.065) Prec@1 69.53 (72.76) Prec@5 90.62 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-06:27:46] Epoch: [124][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.064) Prec@1 68.75 (72.77) Prec@5 92.97 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-06:29:31] Epoch: [124][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (3.064) Prec@1 76.56 (72.79) Prec@5 93.75 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-06:31:16] Epoch: [124][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (3.066) Prec@1 70.31 (72.76) Prec@5 84.38 (89.67) - train[2018-10-18-06:33:01] Epoch: [124][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (3.066) Prec@1 72.66 (72.75) Prec@5 92.19 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-06:34:47] Epoch: [124][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.066) Prec@1 70.31 (72.75) Prec@5 87.50 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-06:36:32] Epoch: [124][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.066) Prec@1 69.53 (72.73) Prec@5 91.41 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-06:38:17] Epoch: [124][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.067) Prec@1 77.34 (72.71) Prec@5 91.41 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-06:40:03] Epoch: [124][4400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.066) Prec@1 75.78 (72.71) Prec@5 90.62 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-06:41:48] Epoch: [124][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (3.067) Prec@1 63.28 (72.69) Prec@5 86.72 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-06:43:34] Epoch: [124][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (3.067) Prec@1 84.38 (72.69) Prec@5 93.75 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-06:45:20] Epoch: [124][5000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.068) Prec@1 71.88 (72.69) Prec@5 90.62 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-06:47:05] Epoch: [124][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.068) Prec@1 66.41 (72.68) Prec@5 90.62 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-06:48:51] Epoch: [124][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (3.067) Prec@1 70.31 (72.69) Prec@5 88.28 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-06:50:37] Epoch: [124][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.068) Prec@1 72.66 (72.67) Prec@5 87.50 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-06:52:22] Epoch: [124][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (3.068) Prec@1 70.31 (72.66) Prec@5 88.28 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-06:54:08] Epoch: [124][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.068) Prec@1 73.44 (72.66) Prec@5 89.06 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-06:55:54] Epoch: [124][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (3.069) Prec@1 75.00 (72.66) Prec@5 88.28 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-06:57:39] Epoch: [124][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (3.069) Prec@1 75.78 (72.63) Prec@5 92.19 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-06:59:24] Epoch: [124][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.689 (3.070) Prec@1 82.03 (72.63) Prec@5 93.75 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-07:01:10] Epoch: [124][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.070) Prec@1 69.53 (72.61) Prec@5 85.94 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-07:02:55] Epoch: [124][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (3.070) Prec@1 72.66 (72.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-07:04:40] Epoch: [124][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (3.071) Prec@1 71.09 (72.59) Prec@5 87.50 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-07:06:25] Epoch: [124][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.072) Prec@1 71.88 (72.58) Prec@5 87.50 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-07:08:10] Epoch: [124][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (3.072) Prec@1 72.66 (72.57) Prec@5 90.62 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-07:09:56] Epoch: [124][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (3.073) Prec@1 63.28 (72.56) Prec@5 86.72 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-07:11:41] Epoch: [124][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.617 (3.073) Prec@1 61.72 (72.54) Prec@5 83.59 (89.58) - train[2018-10-18-07:13:26] Epoch: [124][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.100 (3.074) Prec@1 68.75 (72.53) Prec@5 91.41 (89.58) - train[2018-10-18-07:15:12] Epoch: [124][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (3.074) Prec@1 71.88 (72.53) Prec@5 89.06 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:16:57] Epoch: [124][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.074) Prec@1 73.44 (72.52) Prec@5 87.50 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:18:43] Epoch: [124][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (3.074) Prec@1 67.19 (72.52) Prec@5 84.38 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:20:28] Epoch: [124][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.272 (3.074) Prec@1 69.53 (72.52) Prec@5 87.50 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:22:13] Epoch: [124][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (3.075) Prec@1 68.75 (72.52) Prec@5 84.38 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:23:59] Epoch: [124][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.075) Prec@1 69.53 (72.51) Prec@5 83.59 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-07:25:44] Epoch: [124][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.075) Prec@1 66.41 (72.50) Prec@5 91.41 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-07:27:29] Epoch: [124][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.076) Prec@1 64.06 (72.49) Prec@5 85.16 (89.55) - train[2018-10-18-07:29:14] Epoch: [124][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (3.076) Prec@1 73.44 (72.50) Prec@5 92.19 (89.56) - train[2018-10-18-07:29:18] Epoch: [124][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (3.076) Prec@1 66.67 (72.49) Prec@5 93.33 (89.56) -[2018-10-18-07:29:19] **train** Prec@1 72.49 Prec@5 89.56 Error@1 27.51 Error@5 10.44 Loss:3.076 - test [2018-10-18-07:29:23] Epoch: [124][000/391] Time 4.54 (4.54) Data 4.40 (4.40) Loss 0.630 (0.630) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-18-07:29:50] Epoch: [124][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.355 (1.032) Prec@1 66.41 (76.06) Prec@5 92.19 (93.28) - test [2018-10-18-07:30:16] Epoch: [124][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.346 (1.202) Prec@1 40.00 (72.38) Prec@5 78.75 (90.99) -[2018-10-18-07:30:16] **test** Prec@1 72.38 Prec@5 90.99 Error@1 27.62 Error@5 9.01 Loss:1.202 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.53, Acc@5=90.81, Error@1=27.47, Error@5=9.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-07:30:16] [Epoch=125/250] [Need: 185:18:40] LR=0.0022 ~ 0.0022, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-07:30:20] Epoch: [125][000/10010] Time 4.77 (4.77) Data 4.11 (4.11) Loss 2.734 (2.734) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-18-07:32:06] Epoch: [125][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.970 (3.062) Prec@1 73.44 (72.55) Prec@5 90.62 (89.57) - train[2018-10-18-07:33:52] Epoch: [125][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.127 (3.053) Prec@1 72.66 (72.82) Prec@5 85.94 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-07:35:37] Epoch: [125][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.220 (3.055) Prec@1 73.44 (72.72) Prec@5 86.72 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-07:37:22] Epoch: [125][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.945 (3.050) Prec@1 69.53 (72.94) Prec@5 92.19 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-07:39:06] Epoch: [125][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (3.051) Prec@1 69.53 (72.91) Prec@5 91.41 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-07:40:52] Epoch: [125][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (3.051) Prec@1 74.22 (72.97) Prec@5 92.19 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-07:42:38] Epoch: [125][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (3.052) Prec@1 73.44 (72.92) Prec@5 91.41 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-07:44:23] Epoch: [125][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (3.053) Prec@1 72.66 (72.90) Prec@5 92.97 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-07:46:09] Epoch: [125][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (3.055) Prec@1 80.47 (72.90) Prec@5 91.41 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-07:47:55] Epoch: [125][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (3.056) Prec@1 71.88 (72.87) Prec@5 84.38 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-07:49:40] Epoch: [125][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.057) Prec@1 68.75 (72.88) Prec@5 92.19 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-07:51:25] Epoch: [125][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (3.057) Prec@1 71.09 (72.86) Prec@5 87.50 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-07:53:10] Epoch: [125][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.058) Prec@1 72.66 (72.84) Prec@5 87.50 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-07:54:56] Epoch: [125][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (3.058) Prec@1 74.22 (72.82) Prec@5 89.84 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-07:56:41] Epoch: [125][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (3.059) Prec@1 75.78 (72.83) Prec@5 85.94 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-07:58:26] Epoch: [125][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (3.060) Prec@1 67.97 (72.82) Prec@5 86.72 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-08:00:12] Epoch: [125][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.061) Prec@1 78.12 (72.79) Prec@5 87.50 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-08:01:57] Epoch: [125][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (3.061) Prec@1 76.56 (72.78) Prec@5 89.06 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-08:03:42] Epoch: [125][3800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.249 (3.062) Prec@1 71.88 (72.76) Prec@5 86.72 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-08:05:27] Epoch: [125][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (3.063) Prec@1 73.44 (72.72) Prec@5 90.62 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-08:07:13] Epoch: [125][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.063) Prec@1 67.97 (72.73) Prec@5 89.84 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-08:09:00] Epoch: [125][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.063) Prec@1 78.91 (72.73) Prec@5 89.84 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-08:10:45] Epoch: [125][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (3.062) Prec@1 77.34 (72.74) Prec@5 93.75 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-08:12:31] Epoch: [125][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.063) Prec@1 71.09 (72.73) Prec@5 91.41 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-08:14:17] Epoch: [125][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (3.063) Prec@1 76.56 (72.74) Prec@5 91.41 (89.69) - train[2018-10-18-08:16:03] Epoch: [125][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (3.063) Prec@1 78.91 (72.73) Prec@5 90.62 (89.68) - train[2018-10-18-08:17:48] Epoch: [125][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (3.064) Prec@1 77.34 (72.71) Prec@5 94.53 (89.68) - train[2018-10-18-08:19:33] Epoch: [125][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (3.064) Prec@1 77.34 (72.71) Prec@5 88.28 (89.68) - train[2018-10-18-08:21:19] Epoch: [125][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.064) Prec@1 65.62 (72.69) Prec@5 85.16 (89.68) - train[2018-10-18-08:23:04] Epoch: [125][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (3.065) Prec@1 68.75 (72.68) Prec@5 88.28 (89.67) - train[2018-10-18-08:24:50] Epoch: [125][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.264 (3.066) Prec@1 67.97 (72.67) Prec@5 89.06 (89.67) - train[2018-10-18-08:26:37] Epoch: [125][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (3.067) Prec@1 75.78 (72.65) Prec@5 89.06 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-08:28:22] Epoch: [125][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (3.067) Prec@1 71.88 (72.66) Prec@5 88.28 (89.66) - train[2018-10-18-08:30:07] Epoch: [125][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (3.067) Prec@1 77.34 (72.66) Prec@5 92.19 (89.65) - train[2018-10-18-08:31:53] Epoch: [125][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.067) Prec@1 67.19 (72.65) Prec@5 89.84 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-08:33:39] Epoch: [125][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.340 (3.068) Prec@1 61.72 (72.64) Prec@5 85.94 (89.64) - train[2018-10-18-08:35:24] Epoch: [125][7400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (3.069) Prec@1 72.66 (72.63) Prec@5 92.97 (89.63) - train[2018-10-18-08:37:09] Epoch: [125][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.069) Prec@1 72.66 (72.63) Prec@5 90.62 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-08:38:54] Epoch: [125][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.070) Prec@1 73.44 (72.62) Prec@5 89.84 (89.62) - train[2018-10-18-08:40:39] Epoch: [125][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.070) Prec@1 74.22 (72.61) Prec@5 89.06 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-08:42:24] Epoch: [125][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.070) Prec@1 69.53 (72.61) Prec@5 89.06 (89.61) - train[2018-10-18-08:44:09] Epoch: [125][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.070) Prec@1 71.88 (72.61) Prec@5 85.94 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:45:54] Epoch: [125][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (3.071) Prec@1 77.34 (72.60) Prec@5 89.84 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:47:41] Epoch: [125][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.071) Prec@1 70.31 (72.59) Prec@5 90.62 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:49:26] Epoch: [125][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (3.071) Prec@1 74.22 (72.59) Prec@5 91.41 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:51:11] Epoch: [125][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (3.071) Prec@1 74.22 (72.58) Prec@5 89.06 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:52:56] Epoch: [125][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.071) Prec@1 71.88 (72.58) Prec@5 89.84 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-08:54:42] Epoch: [125][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.316 (3.071) Prec@1 67.97 (72.58) Prec@5 87.50 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:56:28] Epoch: [125][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (3.071) Prec@1 73.44 (72.59) Prec@5 90.62 (89.60) - train[2018-10-18-08:58:13] Epoch: [125][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (3.071) Prec@1 66.41 (72.59) Prec@5 89.06 (89.59) - train[2018-10-18-08:58:18] Epoch: [125][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.232 (3.071) Prec@1 53.33 (72.59) Prec@5 86.67 (89.59) -[2018-10-18-08:58:18] **train** Prec@1 72.59 Prec@5 89.59 Error@1 27.41 Error@5 10.41 Loss:3.071 - test [2018-10-18-08:58:22] Epoch: [125][000/391] Time 3.66 (3.66) Data 3.52 (3.52) Loss 0.649 (0.649) Prec@1 86.72 (86.72) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-18-08:58:50] Epoch: [125][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.264 (1.047) Prec@1 62.50 (75.96) Prec@5 90.62 (93.23) - test [2018-10-18-08:59:15] Epoch: [125][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.250 (1.211) Prec@1 41.25 (72.47) Prec@5 81.25 (90.93) -[2018-10-18-08:59:15] **test** Prec@1 72.47 Prec@5 90.93 Error@1 27.53 Error@5 9.07 Loss:1.211 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.53, Acc@5=90.81, Error@1=27.47, Error@5=9.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-08:59:15] [Epoch=126/250] [Need: 183:55:30] LR=0.0022 ~ 0.0022, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-08:59:21] Epoch: [126][000/10010] Time 5.26 (5.26) Data 4.59 (4.59) Loss 3.028 (3.028) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-09:01:06] Epoch: [126][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.206 (3.065) Prec@1 71.88 (72.71) Prec@5 86.72 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-09:02:53] Epoch: [126][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.068 (3.053) Prec@1 71.88 (72.87) Prec@5 88.28 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-09:04:39] Epoch: [126][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.858 (3.057) Prec@1 75.00 (72.91) Prec@5 92.97 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-09:06:25] Epoch: [126][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.008 (3.058) Prec@1 75.00 (72.86) Prec@5 87.50 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-09:08:10] Epoch: [126][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (3.056) Prec@1 76.56 (72.89) Prec@5 92.97 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-09:09:56] Epoch: [126][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (3.050) Prec@1 77.34 (73.04) Prec@5 93.75 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-09:11:42] Epoch: [126][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.049) Prec@1 74.22 (73.06) Prec@5 91.41 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-09:13:28] Epoch: [126][1600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (3.046) Prec@1 74.22 (73.14) Prec@5 85.94 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-09:15:14] Epoch: [126][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (3.048) Prec@1 71.09 (73.12) Prec@5 89.06 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-09:16:58] Epoch: [126][2000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.049) Prec@1 71.88 (73.06) Prec@5 89.06 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-09:18:44] Epoch: [126][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (3.049) Prec@1 71.88 (73.06) Prec@5 88.28 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-09:20:28] Epoch: [126][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (3.050) Prec@1 73.44 (73.01) Prec@5 90.62 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-09:22:13] Epoch: [126][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (3.051) Prec@1 76.56 (73.00) Prec@5 92.19 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-09:23:59] Epoch: [126][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (3.052) Prec@1 72.66 (72.96) Prec@5 92.19 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-09:25:45] Epoch: [126][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (3.053) Prec@1 74.22 (72.95) Prec@5 91.41 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-09:27:29] Epoch: [126][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.369 (3.052) Prec@1 67.97 (72.96) Prec@5 89.06 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-09:29:14] Epoch: [126][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (3.052) Prec@1 69.53 (72.96) Prec@5 91.41 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-09:31:01] Epoch: [126][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.052) Prec@1 69.53 (72.96) Prec@5 85.16 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-09:32:46] Epoch: [126][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (3.053) Prec@1 71.09 (72.95) Prec@5 86.72 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-09:34:31] Epoch: [126][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (3.054) Prec@1 75.00 (72.93) Prec@5 90.62 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-09:36:17] Epoch: [126][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.158 (3.053) Prec@1 72.66 (72.93) Prec@5 88.28 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-09:38:02] Epoch: [126][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (3.054) Prec@1 74.22 (72.90) Prec@5 92.97 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-09:39:47] Epoch: [126][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.055) Prec@1 71.88 (72.88) Prec@5 86.72 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-09:41:33] Epoch: [126][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (3.055) Prec@1 72.66 (72.89) Prec@5 87.50 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-09:43:18] Epoch: [126][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (3.056) Prec@1 75.78 (72.87) Prec@5 93.75 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-09:45:04] Epoch: [126][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (3.056) Prec@1 80.47 (72.87) Prec@5 90.62 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-09:46:49] Epoch: [126][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (3.057) Prec@1 71.09 (72.87) Prec@5 88.28 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-09:48:34] Epoch: [126][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (3.058) Prec@1 75.78 (72.85) Prec@5 92.19 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-09:50:21] Epoch: [126][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.296 (3.059) Prec@1 71.09 (72.83) Prec@5 89.84 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-09:52:06] Epoch: [126][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.059) Prec@1 69.53 (72.82) Prec@5 87.50 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-09:53:51] Epoch: [126][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.059) Prec@1 75.78 (72.81) Prec@5 88.28 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-09:55:37] Epoch: [126][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (3.060) Prec@1 76.56 (72.79) Prec@5 92.19 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-09:57:22] Epoch: [126][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (3.060) Prec@1 67.97 (72.78) Prec@5 89.06 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-09:59:07] Epoch: [126][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.061) Prec@1 77.34 (72.78) Prec@5 91.41 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-10:00:53] Epoch: [126][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.061) Prec@1 71.09 (72.78) Prec@5 86.72 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-10:02:39] Epoch: [126][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (3.061) Prec@1 75.78 (72.78) Prec@5 93.75 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-10:04:23] Epoch: [126][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (3.061) Prec@1 72.66 (72.77) Prec@5 85.94 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-10:06:09] Epoch: [126][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.468 (3.061) Prec@1 64.06 (72.76) Prec@5 82.03 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-10:07:56] Epoch: [126][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.062) Prec@1 72.66 (72.75) Prec@5 87.50 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-10:09:41] Epoch: [126][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (3.062) Prec@1 68.75 (72.74) Prec@5 86.72 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:11:27] Epoch: [126][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.062) Prec@1 73.44 (72.74) Prec@5 87.50 (89.72) - train[2018-10-18-10:13:13] Epoch: [126][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.062) Prec@1 70.31 (72.73) Prec@5 88.28 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:15:00] Epoch: [126][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.062) Prec@1 71.09 (72.73) Prec@5 91.41 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:16:46] Epoch: [126][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (3.062) Prec@1 75.00 (72.73) Prec@5 91.41 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:18:31] Epoch: [126][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.062) Prec@1 68.75 (72.74) Prec@5 90.62 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:20:18] Epoch: [126][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.253 (3.062) Prec@1 68.75 (72.74) Prec@5 88.28 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:22:04] Epoch: [126][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.062) Prec@1 74.22 (72.74) Prec@5 88.28 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-10:23:50] Epoch: [126][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (3.063) Prec@1 71.88 (72.73) Prec@5 90.62 (89.70) - train[2018-10-18-10:25:36] Epoch: [126][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.063) Prec@1 69.53 (72.73) Prec@5 85.94 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:27:21] Epoch: [126][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.063) Prec@1 72.66 (72.73) Prec@5 87.50 (89.71) - train[2018-10-18-10:27:25] Epoch: [126][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.840 (3.063) Prec@1 66.67 (72.73) Prec@5 73.33 (89.71) -[2018-10-18-10:27:25] **train** Prec@1 72.73 Prec@5 89.71 Error@1 27.27 Error@5 10.29 Loss:3.063 - test [2018-10-18-10:27:29] Epoch: [126][000/391] Time 3.71 (3.71) Data 3.57 (3.57) Loss 0.639 (0.639) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-18-10:27:58] Epoch: [126][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.293 (1.050) Prec@1 64.84 (76.06) Prec@5 93.75 (93.05) - test [2018-10-18-10:28:23] Epoch: [126][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.139 (1.209) Prec@1 45.00 (72.52) Prec@5 81.25 (90.94) -[2018-10-18-10:28:23] **test** Prec@1 72.52 Prec@5 90.94 Error@1 27.48 Error@5 9.06 Loss:1.209 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.53, Acc@5=90.81, Error@1=27.47, Error@5=9.19 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-10:28:23] [Epoch=127/250] [Need: 182:41:48] LR=0.0021 ~ 0.0021, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-10:28:28] Epoch: [127][000/10010] Time 5.09 (5.09) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 3.442 (3.442) Prec@1 62.50 (62.50) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-18-10:30:15] Epoch: [127][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.093 (3.039) Prec@1 71.09 (73.41) Prec@5 88.28 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-10:32:00] Epoch: [127][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.878 (3.055) Prec@1 77.34 (73.15) Prec@5 92.97 (89.67) - train[2018-10-18-10:33:45] Epoch: [127][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.296 (3.054) Prec@1 67.19 (73.06) Prec@5 86.72 (89.73) - train[2018-10-18-10:35:30] Epoch: [127][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.995 (3.050) Prec@1 76.56 (73.06) Prec@5 88.28 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-10:37:16] Epoch: [127][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (3.047) Prec@1 76.56 (73.12) Prec@5 92.19 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-10:39:02] Epoch: [127][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.050) Prec@1 71.88 (73.09) Prec@5 83.59 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-10:40:47] Epoch: [127][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (3.052) Prec@1 70.31 (73.01) Prec@5 89.84 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-10:42:32] Epoch: [127][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (3.053) Prec@1 70.31 (72.95) Prec@5 92.97 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-10:44:17] Epoch: [127][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (3.052) Prec@1 76.56 (72.97) Prec@5 92.19 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-10:46:03] Epoch: [127][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.338 (3.052) Prec@1 69.53 (72.98) Prec@5 86.72 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-10:47:49] Epoch: [127][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (3.052) Prec@1 71.88 (72.98) Prec@5 92.97 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-10:49:34] Epoch: [127][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (3.054) Prec@1 68.75 (72.97) Prec@5 85.94 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-10:51:19] Epoch: [127][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (3.055) Prec@1 71.09 (72.96) Prec@5 91.41 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-10:53:05] Epoch: [127][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (3.054) Prec@1 71.09 (72.97) Prec@5 89.06 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-10:54:50] Epoch: [127][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.053) Prec@1 75.00 (72.98) Prec@5 90.62 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-10:56:36] Epoch: [127][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (3.054) Prec@1 73.44 (72.97) Prec@5 91.41 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-10:58:22] Epoch: [127][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.056) Prec@1 73.44 (72.96) Prec@5 91.41 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-11:00:09] Epoch: [127][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.055) Prec@1 72.66 (72.95) Prec@5 91.41 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-11:01:54] Epoch: [127][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (3.055) Prec@1 78.12 (72.96) Prec@5 94.53 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-11:03:40] Epoch: [127][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (3.054) Prec@1 79.69 (72.97) Prec@5 91.41 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-11:05:25] Epoch: [127][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (3.054) Prec@1 77.34 (72.95) Prec@5 90.62 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-11:07:10] Epoch: [127][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (3.054) Prec@1 71.88 (72.96) Prec@5 92.97 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-11:08:56] Epoch: [127][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.370 (3.054) Prec@1 67.97 (72.95) Prec@5 89.06 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-11:10:41] Epoch: [127][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (3.055) Prec@1 73.44 (72.94) Prec@5 91.41 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-11:12:27] Epoch: [127][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (3.056) Prec@1 69.53 (72.92) Prec@5 89.84 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-11:14:12] Epoch: [127][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (3.056) Prec@1 71.09 (72.91) Prec@5 89.06 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-11:15:57] Epoch: [127][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (3.056) Prec@1 70.31 (72.91) Prec@5 85.94 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:17:42] Epoch: [127][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.057) Prec@1 69.53 (72.90) Prec@5 88.28 (89.79) - train[2018-10-18-11:19:28] Epoch: [127][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (3.057) Prec@1 73.44 (72.89) Prec@5 92.97 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:21:13] Epoch: [127][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.057) Prec@1 78.91 (72.88) Prec@5 89.06 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:22:59] Epoch: [127][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (3.057) Prec@1 68.75 (72.88) Prec@5 87.50 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:24:44] Epoch: [127][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.649 (3.057) Prec@1 80.47 (72.88) Prec@5 92.97 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:26:30] Epoch: [127][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (3.058) Prec@1 75.00 (72.86) Prec@5 92.19 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:28:16] Epoch: [127][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.058) Prec@1 70.31 (72.85) Prec@5 89.06 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-11:30:01] Epoch: [127][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (3.058) Prec@1 67.19 (72.85) Prec@5 89.06 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:31:47] Epoch: [127][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (3.058) Prec@1 75.78 (72.84) Prec@5 93.75 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:33:32] Epoch: [127][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.214 (3.058) Prec@1 71.88 (72.83) Prec@5 86.72 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:35:18] Epoch: [127][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (3.058) Prec@1 67.19 (72.84) Prec@5 89.84 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:37:04] Epoch: [127][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (3.059) Prec@1 76.56 (72.82) Prec@5 92.19 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:38:50] Epoch: [127][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (3.059) Prec@1 68.75 (72.83) Prec@5 86.72 (89.77) - train[2018-10-18-11:40:36] Epoch: [127][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.059) Prec@1 71.09 (72.82) Prec@5 87.50 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-11:42:22] Epoch: [127][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (3.059) Prec@1 70.31 (72.82) Prec@5 85.94 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-11:44:09] Epoch: [127][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.059) Prec@1 73.44 (72.81) Prec@5 92.97 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-11:45:56] Epoch: [127][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (3.059) Prec@1 80.47 (72.81) Prec@5 92.97 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-11:47:41] Epoch: [127][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.060) Prec@1 71.88 (72.80) Prec@5 91.41 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-11:49:27] Epoch: [127][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.060) Prec@1 73.44 (72.80) Prec@5 89.06 (89.76) - train[2018-10-18-11:51:12] Epoch: [127][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (3.060) Prec@1 67.19 (72.80) Prec@5 85.94 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-11:52:57] Epoch: [127][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (3.060) Prec@1 71.88 (72.80) Prec@5 95.31 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-11:54:42] Epoch: [127][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.060) Prec@1 74.22 (72.80) Prec@5 88.28 (89.75) - train[2018-10-18-11:56:28] Epoch: [127][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.060) Prec@1 75.78 (72.80) Prec@5 90.62 (89.74) - train[2018-10-18-11:56:32] Epoch: [127][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.673 (3.060) Prec@1 66.67 (72.80) Prec@5 80.00 (89.74) -[2018-10-18-11:56:32] **train** Prec@1 72.80 Prec@5 89.74 Error@1 27.20 Error@5 10.26 Loss:3.060 - test [2018-10-18-11:56:36] Epoch: [127][000/391] Time 4.11 (4.11) Data 3.97 (3.97) Loss 0.629 (0.629) Prec@1 85.16 (85.16) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-18-11:57:04] Epoch: [127][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.217 (1.030) Prec@1 63.28 (76.22) Prec@5 93.75 (93.09) - test [2018-10-18-11:57:29] Epoch: [127][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.181 (1.196) Prec@1 46.25 (72.60) Prec@5 77.50 (90.84) -[2018-10-18-11:57:29] **test** Prec@1 72.60 Prec@5 90.84 Error@1 27.40 Error@5 9.16 Loss:1.196 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.60, Acc@5=90.84, Error@1=27.40, Error@5=9.16 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-11:57:29] [Epoch=128/250] [Need: 181:11:19] LR=0.0020 ~ 0.0020, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-11:57:34] Epoch: [128][000/10010] Time 5.14 (5.14) Data 4.43 (4.43) Loss 2.880 (2.880) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-18-11:59:20] Epoch: [128][200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.895 (3.032) Prec@1 76.56 (73.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-12:01:06] Epoch: [128][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.943 (3.029) Prec@1 70.31 (73.48) Prec@5 92.19 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-12:02:52] Epoch: [128][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.014 (3.035) Prec@1 76.56 (73.39) Prec@5 89.06 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-12:04:37] Epoch: [128][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.060 (3.037) Prec@1 71.88 (73.33) Prec@5 89.06 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-12:06:23] Epoch: [128][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (3.036) Prec@1 73.44 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-12:08:08] Epoch: [128][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (3.035) Prec@1 74.22 (73.22) Prec@5 86.72 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-12:09:54] Epoch: [128][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.038) Prec@1 75.00 (73.24) Prec@5 89.06 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-12:11:39] Epoch: [128][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (3.036) Prec@1 69.53 (73.29) Prec@5 90.62 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-12:13:24] Epoch: [128][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.554 (3.037) Prec@1 65.62 (73.28) Prec@5 84.38 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-12:15:11] Epoch: [128][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (3.036) Prec@1 78.12 (73.30) Prec@5 92.19 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-12:16:56] Epoch: [128][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (3.036) Prec@1 72.66 (73.27) Prec@5 89.06 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-12:18:41] Epoch: [128][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (3.037) Prec@1 74.22 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-12:20:27] Epoch: [128][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (3.038) Prec@1 73.44 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-12:22:13] Epoch: [128][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.041) Prec@1 69.53 (73.25) Prec@5 89.06 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-12:23:59] Epoch: [128][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (3.039) Prec@1 78.12 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-12:25:46] Epoch: [128][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (3.040) Prec@1 69.53 (73.25) Prec@5 90.62 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-12:27:31] Epoch: [128][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.041) Prec@1 75.00 (73.21) Prec@5 88.28 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-12:29:16] Epoch: [128][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (3.042) Prec@1 70.31 (73.20) Prec@5 89.84 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-12:31:01] Epoch: [128][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (3.043) Prec@1 77.34 (73.17) Prec@5 92.97 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-12:32:47] Epoch: [128][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.044) Prec@1 75.00 (73.14) Prec@5 86.72 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-12:34:32] Epoch: [128][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.044) Prec@1 71.09 (73.14) Prec@5 90.62 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-12:36:18] Epoch: [128][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.045) Prec@1 75.78 (73.12) Prec@5 89.06 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-12:38:04] Epoch: [128][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (3.045) Prec@1 77.34 (73.13) Prec@5 92.97 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-12:39:49] Epoch: [128][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (3.045) Prec@1 74.22 (73.12) Prec@5 91.41 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-12:41:35] Epoch: [128][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (3.046) Prec@1 69.53 (73.10) Prec@5 89.84 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-12:43:21] Epoch: [128][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.046) Prec@1 72.66 (73.09) Prec@5 91.41 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-12:45:07] Epoch: [128][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.047) Prec@1 71.09 (73.08) Prec@5 89.06 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-12:46:53] Epoch: [128][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.048) Prec@1 73.44 (73.05) Prec@5 89.84 (89.88) - train[2018-10-18-12:48:39] Epoch: [128][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.047) Prec@1 68.75 (73.06) Prec@5 90.62 (89.88) - train[2018-10-18-12:50:24] Epoch: [128][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.047) Prec@1 73.44 (73.06) Prec@5 85.16 (89.88) - train[2018-10-18-12:52:11] Epoch: [128][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (3.048) Prec@1 76.56 (73.05) Prec@5 92.19 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-12:53:56] Epoch: [128][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.346 (3.049) Prec@1 64.84 (73.04) Prec@5 87.50 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-12:55:42] Epoch: [128][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (3.049) Prec@1 69.53 (73.04) Prec@5 89.84 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-12:57:28] Epoch: [128][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.050) Prec@1 73.44 (73.03) Prec@5 87.50 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-12:59:12] Epoch: [128][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (3.050) Prec@1 71.88 (73.01) Prec@5 89.84 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-13:00:58] Epoch: [128][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (3.051) Prec@1 74.22 (73.01) Prec@5 91.41 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-13:02:43] Epoch: [128][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (3.051) Prec@1 76.56 (73.00) Prec@5 91.41 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-13:04:29] Epoch: [128][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (3.051) Prec@1 72.66 (72.99) Prec@5 90.62 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-13:06:15] Epoch: [128][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (3.052) Prec@1 70.31 (72.99) Prec@5 87.50 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-13:08:03] Epoch: [128][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (3.052) Prec@1 71.09 (72.98) Prec@5 93.75 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-13:09:49] Epoch: [128][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (3.053) Prec@1 75.78 (72.97) Prec@5 90.62 (89.82) - train[2018-10-18-13:11:34] Epoch: [128][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (3.054) Prec@1 75.00 (72.95) Prec@5 92.19 (89.81) - train[2018-10-18-13:13:20] Epoch: [128][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (3.055) Prec@1 71.88 (72.93) Prec@5 89.06 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-13:15:06] Epoch: [128][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (3.054) Prec@1 71.09 (72.93) Prec@5 88.28 (89.80) - train[2018-10-18-13:16:51] Epoch: [128][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.055) Prec@1 71.09 (72.91) Prec@5 89.06 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:18:37] Epoch: [128][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (3.056) Prec@1 67.97 (72.91) Prec@5 85.16 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:20:22] Epoch: [128][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.056) Prec@1 70.31 (72.90) Prec@5 88.28 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:22:09] Epoch: [128][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.689 (3.056) Prec@1 76.56 (72.89) Prec@5 92.97 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:23:54] Epoch: [128][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (3.056) Prec@1 72.66 (72.89) Prec@5 92.97 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:25:39] Epoch: [128][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (3.056) Prec@1 80.47 (72.89) Prec@5 92.97 (89.78) - train[2018-10-18-13:25:43] Epoch: [128][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.708 (3.056) Prec@1 73.33 (72.89) Prec@5 86.67 (89.78) -[2018-10-18-13:25:43] **train** Prec@1 72.89 Prec@5 89.78 Error@1 27.11 Error@5 10.22 Loss:3.056 - test [2018-10-18-13:25:48] Epoch: [128][000/391] Time 4.37 (4.37) Data 4.21 (4.21) Loss 0.540 (0.540) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-18-13:26:16] Epoch: [128][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.186 (1.021) Prec@1 69.53 (76.24) Prec@5 92.19 (93.21) - test [2018-10-18-13:26:41] Epoch: [128][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.151 (1.192) Prec@1 46.25 (72.60) Prec@5 81.25 (90.93) -[2018-10-18-13:26:41] **test** Prec@1 72.60 Prec@5 90.93 Error@1 27.40 Error@5 9.07 Loss:1.192 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.60, Acc@5=90.93, Error@1=27.40, Error@5=9.07 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-13:26:41] [Epoch=129/250] [Need: 179:53:25] LR=0.0020 ~ 0.0020, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-13:26:46] Epoch: [129][000/10010] Time 4.58 (4.58) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 3.163 (3.163) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-18-13:28:32] Epoch: [129][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.974 (3.030) Prec@1 73.44 (73.36) Prec@5 92.19 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-13:30:17] Epoch: [129][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.052 (3.033) Prec@1 71.09 (73.32) Prec@5 89.06 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-13:32:03] Epoch: [129][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.132 (3.033) Prec@1 75.00 (73.30) Prec@5 89.06 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-13:33:49] Epoch: [129][800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.218 (3.034) Prec@1 66.41 (73.32) Prec@5 87.50 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-13:35:35] Epoch: [129][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.030) Prec@1 71.88 (73.39) Prec@5 89.06 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-13:37:21] Epoch: [129][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (3.031) Prec@1 67.97 (73.35) Prec@5 89.06 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-13:39:07] Epoch: [129][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.540 (3.033) Prec@1 62.50 (73.28) Prec@5 82.81 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-13:40:52] Epoch: [129][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.373 (3.034) Prec@1 61.72 (73.28) Prec@5 89.06 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-13:42:38] Epoch: [129][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.033) Prec@1 68.75 (73.30) Prec@5 92.19 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-13:44:23] Epoch: [129][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (3.036) Prec@1 75.78 (73.31) Prec@5 90.62 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-13:46:09] Epoch: [129][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (3.035) Prec@1 77.34 (73.33) Prec@5 88.28 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-13:47:55] Epoch: [129][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (3.036) Prec@1 80.47 (73.30) Prec@5 91.41 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-13:49:41] Epoch: [129][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (3.038) Prec@1 71.88 (73.23) Prec@5 92.19 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-13:51:27] Epoch: [129][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (3.038) Prec@1 73.44 (73.22) Prec@5 89.06 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-13:53:14] Epoch: [129][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (3.039) Prec@1 71.09 (73.21) Prec@5 89.06 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-13:55:00] Epoch: [129][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (3.040) Prec@1 79.69 (73.19) Prec@5 92.19 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-13:56:46] Epoch: [129][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (3.040) Prec@1 75.00 (73.20) Prec@5 89.06 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-13:58:32] Epoch: [129][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (3.041) Prec@1 71.09 (73.18) Prec@5 90.62 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-14:00:19] Epoch: [129][3800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (3.042) Prec@1 73.44 (73.16) Prec@5 91.41 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-14:02:06] Epoch: [129][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (3.041) Prec@1 67.97 (73.18) Prec@5 92.97 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:03:53] Epoch: [129][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (3.040) Prec@1 76.56 (73.19) Prec@5 92.19 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:05:39] Epoch: [129][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.041) Prec@1 75.00 (73.18) Prec@5 88.28 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:07:25] Epoch: [129][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (3.041) Prec@1 69.53 (73.18) Prec@5 89.84 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:09:10] Epoch: [129][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.250 (3.042) Prec@1 67.97 (73.19) Prec@5 89.06 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:10:56] Epoch: [129][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.042) Prec@1 71.09 (73.19) Prec@5 87.50 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-14:12:41] Epoch: [129][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.043) Prec@1 68.75 (73.15) Prec@5 87.50 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-14:14:27] Epoch: [129][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (3.043) Prec@1 68.75 (73.15) Prec@5 85.16 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-14:16:12] Epoch: [129][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (3.043) Prec@1 80.47 (73.14) Prec@5 92.19 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-14:17:58] Epoch: [129][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (3.043) Prec@1 71.88 (73.13) Prec@5 89.06 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-14:19:43] Epoch: [129][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (3.044) Prec@1 69.53 (73.11) Prec@5 87.50 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-14:21:28] Epoch: [129][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (3.044) Prec@1 72.66 (73.11) Prec@5 92.97 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-14:23:14] Epoch: [129][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.045) Prec@1 70.31 (73.11) Prec@5 89.06 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-14:24:59] Epoch: [129][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (3.045) Prec@1 79.69 (73.11) Prec@5 89.84 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-14:26:45] Epoch: [129][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (3.045) Prec@1 73.44 (73.10) Prec@5 88.28 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-14:28:31] Epoch: [129][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.126 (3.046) Prec@1 71.88 (73.09) Prec@5 87.50 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-14:30:16] Epoch: [129][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.145 (3.046) Prec@1 71.88 (73.07) Prec@5 87.50 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-14:32:02] Epoch: [129][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (3.047) Prec@1 76.56 (73.07) Prec@5 92.19 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-14:33:47] Epoch: [129][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.047) Prec@1 74.22 (73.07) Prec@5 92.19 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-14:35:32] Epoch: [129][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.047) Prec@1 71.88 (73.07) Prec@5 88.28 (89.88) - train[2018-10-18-14:37:17] Epoch: [129][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (3.048) Prec@1 74.22 (73.06) Prec@5 90.62 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-14:39:04] Epoch: [129][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.048) Prec@1 68.75 (73.06) Prec@5 95.31 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-14:40:50] Epoch: [129][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.265 (3.048) Prec@1 73.44 (73.06) Prec@5 85.94 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-14:42:36] Epoch: [129][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (3.048) Prec@1 69.53 (73.05) Prec@5 89.06 (89.86) - train[2018-10-18-14:44:22] Epoch: [129][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (3.049) Prec@1 70.31 (73.04) Prec@5 91.41 (89.85) - train[2018-10-18-14:46:08] Epoch: [129][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (3.049) Prec@1 71.88 (73.04) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-14:47:53] Epoch: [129][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (3.050) Prec@1 75.78 (73.02) Prec@5 92.97 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-14:49:39] Epoch: [129][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (3.050) Prec@1 78.12 (73.02) Prec@5 90.62 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-14:51:25] Epoch: [129][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (3.050) Prec@1 74.22 (73.02) Prec@5 92.19 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-14:53:10] Epoch: [129][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (3.050) Prec@1 71.88 (73.01) Prec@5 85.16 (89.83) - train[2018-10-18-14:54:56] Epoch: [129][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (3.050) Prec@1 79.69 (73.01) Prec@5 91.41 (89.84) - train[2018-10-18-14:55:00] Epoch: [129][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (3.050) Prec@1 73.33 (73.01) Prec@5 93.33 (89.84) -[2018-10-18-14:55:00] **train** Prec@1 73.01 Prec@5 89.84 Error@1 26.99 Error@5 10.16 Loss:3.050 - test [2018-10-18-14:55:04] Epoch: [129][000/391] Time 4.14 (4.14) Data 4.00 (4.00) Loss 0.553 (0.553) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-18-14:55:33] Epoch: [129][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.237 (1.029) Prec@1 70.31 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (93.27) - test [2018-10-18-14:55:58] Epoch: [129][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.082 (1.201) Prec@1 48.75 (72.92) Prec@5 82.50 (90.90) -[2018-10-18-14:55:58] **test** Prec@1 72.92 Prec@5 90.90 Error@1 27.08 Error@5 9.10 Loss:1.201 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-14:55:58] [Epoch=130/250] [Need: 178:32:48] LR=0.0019 ~ 0.0019, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-14:56:02] Epoch: [130][000/10010] Time 4.51 (4.51) Data 3.87 (3.87) Loss 2.898 (2.898) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - train[2018-10-18-14:57:49] Epoch: [130][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.155 (3.041) Prec@1 70.31 (73.15) Prec@5 89.06 (89.87) - train[2018-10-18-14:59:35] Epoch: [130][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.893 (3.036) Prec@1 75.00 (73.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-15:01:20] Epoch: [130][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.817 (3.037) Prec@1 80.47 (73.34) Prec@5 92.97 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-15:03:06] Epoch: [130][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.192 (3.035) Prec@1 72.66 (73.43) Prec@5 88.28 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-15:04:52] Epoch: [130][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (3.039) Prec@1 71.88 (73.37) Prec@5 92.19 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-15:06:39] Epoch: [130][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.037) Prec@1 69.53 (73.41) Prec@5 89.84 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-15:08:25] Epoch: [130][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.038) Prec@1 82.03 (73.40) Prec@5 89.06 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-15:10:11] Epoch: [130][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (3.039) Prec@1 78.12 (73.39) Prec@5 91.41 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-15:11:56] Epoch: [130][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (3.038) Prec@1 73.44 (73.39) Prec@5 88.28 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-15:13:42] Epoch: [130][2000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (3.037) Prec@1 78.12 (73.38) Prec@5 92.19 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-15:15:28] Epoch: [130][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (3.038) Prec@1 73.44 (73.38) Prec@5 89.84 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-15:17:13] Epoch: [130][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.363 (3.036) Prec@1 68.75 (73.40) Prec@5 87.50 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-15:18:59] Epoch: [130][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.348 (3.038) Prec@1 65.62 (73.36) Prec@5 84.38 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-15:20:45] Epoch: [130][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (3.038) Prec@1 72.66 (73.34) Prec@5 92.19 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-15:22:30] Epoch: [130][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (3.038) Prec@1 70.31 (73.33) Prec@5 86.72 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-15:24:16] Epoch: [130][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (3.037) Prec@1 70.31 (73.34) Prec@5 92.19 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-15:26:01] Epoch: [130][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.244 (3.038) Prec@1 67.97 (73.33) Prec@5 87.50 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-15:27:47] Epoch: [130][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (3.040) Prec@1 64.84 (73.29) Prec@5 88.28 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-15:29:32] Epoch: [130][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.254 (3.039) Prec@1 69.53 (73.30) Prec@5 87.50 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-15:31:17] Epoch: [130][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (3.040) Prec@1 71.09 (73.28) Prec@5 89.84 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-15:33:03] Epoch: [130][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (3.041) Prec@1 75.00 (73.27) Prec@5 88.28 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-15:34:50] Epoch: [130][4400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (3.040) Prec@1 72.66 (73.26) Prec@5 89.06 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-15:36:37] Epoch: [130][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (3.041) Prec@1 74.22 (73.26) Prec@5 91.41 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-15:38:24] Epoch: [130][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (3.041) Prec@1 75.78 (73.25) Prec@5 92.19 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-15:40:11] Epoch: [130][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (3.041) Prec@1 72.66 (73.25) Prec@5 91.41 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-15:41:59] Epoch: [130][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (3.041) Prec@1 67.19 (73.26) Prec@5 87.50 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-15:43:44] Epoch: [130][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.041) Prec@1 72.66 (73.25) Prec@5 87.50 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-15:45:30] Epoch: [130][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (3.041) Prec@1 64.84 (73.23) Prec@5 88.28 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-15:47:16] Epoch: [130][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.387 (3.042) Prec@1 67.19 (73.22) Prec@5 85.94 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-15:49:02] Epoch: [130][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (3.042) Prec@1 75.00 (73.21) Prec@5 86.72 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-15:50:47] Epoch: [130][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.043) Prec@1 75.78 (73.19) Prec@5 89.84 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-15:52:32] Epoch: [130][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (3.042) Prec@1 67.97 (73.21) Prec@5 86.72 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-15:54:18] Epoch: [130][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (3.042) Prec@1 75.00 (73.20) Prec@5 90.62 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-15:56:04] Epoch: [130][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (3.043) Prec@1 82.03 (73.19) Prec@5 93.75 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-15:57:48] Epoch: [130][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.536 (3.043) Prec@1 67.97 (73.19) Prec@5 84.38 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-15:59:34] Epoch: [130][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (3.043) Prec@1 77.34 (73.19) Prec@5 92.19 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-16:01:20] Epoch: [130][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (3.043) Prec@1 75.78 (73.18) Prec@5 86.72 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:03:05] Epoch: [130][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.043) Prec@1 72.66 (73.18) Prec@5 85.16 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:04:50] Epoch: [130][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.017 (3.043) Prec@1 71.88 (73.17) Prec@5 90.62 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:06:36] Epoch: [130][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.412 (3.043) Prec@1 66.41 (73.16) Prec@5 87.50 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:08:22] Epoch: [130][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (3.043) Prec@1 73.44 (73.16) Prec@5 89.84 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-16:10:07] Epoch: [130][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (3.043) Prec@1 65.62 (73.16) Prec@5 92.97 (89.92) - train[2018-10-18-16:11:53] Epoch: [130][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.351 (3.044) Prec@1 70.31 (73.15) Prec@5 85.94 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:13:39] Epoch: [130][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (3.044) Prec@1 72.66 (73.13) Prec@5 89.06 (89.91) - train[2018-10-18-16:15:24] Epoch: [130][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (3.044) Prec@1 75.78 (73.13) Prec@5 87.50 (89.90) - train[2018-10-18-16:17:10] Epoch: [130][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (3.045) Prec@1 73.44 (73.12) Prec@5 90.62 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-16:18:56] Epoch: [130][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (3.045) Prec@1 74.22 (73.13) Prec@5 94.53 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-16:20:41] Epoch: [130][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (3.045) Prec@1 77.34 (73.12) Prec@5 92.97 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-16:22:27] Epoch: [130][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.045) Prec@1 64.06 (73.12) Prec@5 89.06 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-16:24:13] Epoch: [130][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (3.045) Prec@1 71.09 (73.11) Prec@5 89.06 (89.89) - train[2018-10-18-16:24:17] Epoch: [130][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.024 (3.045) Prec@1 53.33 (73.11) Prec@5 86.67 (89.89) -[2018-10-18-16:24:17] **train** Prec@1 73.11 Prec@5 89.89 Error@1 26.89 Error@5 10.11 Loss:3.045 - test [2018-10-18-16:24:21] Epoch: [130][000/391] Time 3.91 (3.91) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.508 (0.508) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-18-16:24:49] Epoch: [130][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.174 (1.024) Prec@1 71.88 (76.45) Prec@5 92.97 (93.31) - test [2018-10-18-16:25:16] Epoch: [130][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.339 (1.197) Prec@1 41.25 (72.79) Prec@5 78.75 (91.02) -[2018-10-18-16:25:16] **test** Prec@1 72.79 Prec@5 91.02 Error@1 27.21 Error@5 8.98 Loss:1.197 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-16:25:16] [Epoch=131/250] [Need: 177:06:39] LR=0.0018 ~ 0.0018, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-16:25:21] Epoch: [131][000/10010] Time 4.82 (4.82) Data 4.24 (4.24) Loss 3.002 (3.002) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-18-16:27:06] Epoch: [131][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.115 (3.031) Prec@1 71.09 (73.60) Prec@5 87.50 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-16:28:52] Epoch: [131][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.167 (3.033) Prec@1 70.31 (73.62) Prec@5 85.94 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-16:30:37] Epoch: [131][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.251 (3.033) Prec@1 70.31 (73.54) Prec@5 89.06 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-16:32:23] Epoch: [131][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.220 (3.030) Prec@1 71.09 (73.56) Prec@5 84.38 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-16:34:09] Epoch: [131][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (3.030) Prec@1 77.34 (73.60) Prec@5 92.97 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-16:35:54] Epoch: [131][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (3.025) Prec@1 70.31 (73.67) Prec@5 86.72 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-16:37:40] Epoch: [131][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (3.026) Prec@1 71.09 (73.60) Prec@5 85.16 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-16:39:25] Epoch: [131][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (3.026) Prec@1 77.34 (73.60) Prec@5 88.28 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-16:41:10] Epoch: [131][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.028) Prec@1 66.41 (73.54) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-16:42:56] Epoch: [131][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.799 (3.027) Prec@1 77.34 (73.56) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-16:44:41] Epoch: [131][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.030) Prec@1 71.88 (73.52) Prec@5 87.50 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-16:46:27] Epoch: [131][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (3.027) Prec@1 78.91 (73.54) Prec@5 92.97 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-16:48:12] Epoch: [131][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (3.028) Prec@1 76.56 (73.51) Prec@5 89.06 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-16:49:58] Epoch: [131][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (3.028) Prec@1 67.19 (73.50) Prec@5 91.41 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-16:51:43] Epoch: [131][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (3.029) Prec@1 71.88 (73.50) Prec@5 86.72 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-16:53:28] Epoch: [131][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.712 (3.029) Prec@1 73.44 (73.50) Prec@5 93.75 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-16:55:14] Epoch: [131][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (3.030) Prec@1 82.81 (73.48) Prec@5 93.75 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-16:57:00] Epoch: [131][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (3.031) Prec@1 72.66 (73.44) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-16:58:45] Epoch: [131][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.031) Prec@1 73.44 (73.43) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:00:30] Epoch: [131][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (3.031) Prec@1 74.22 (73.42) Prec@5 91.41 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:02:16] Epoch: [131][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (3.032) Prec@1 75.00 (73.39) Prec@5 89.84 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:04:01] Epoch: [131][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (3.032) Prec@1 71.09 (73.37) Prec@5 90.62 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-17:05:46] Epoch: [131][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (3.032) Prec@1 79.69 (73.39) Prec@5 92.97 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-17:07:32] Epoch: [131][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (3.032) Prec@1 81.25 (73.38) Prec@5 93.75 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-17:09:17] Epoch: [131][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (3.032) Prec@1 71.09 (73.38) Prec@5 90.62 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-17:11:03] Epoch: [131][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (3.032) Prec@1 71.09 (73.37) Prec@5 93.75 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-17:12:49] Epoch: [131][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (3.032) Prec@1 73.44 (73.36) Prec@5 91.41 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:14:34] Epoch: [131][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (3.033) Prec@1 77.34 (73.35) Prec@5 91.41 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:16:20] Epoch: [131][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.033) Prec@1 75.00 (73.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-17:18:05] Epoch: [131][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (3.034) Prec@1 77.34 (73.33) Prec@5 92.97 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:19:50] Epoch: [131][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (3.033) Prec@1 78.12 (73.35) Prec@5 92.19 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:21:35] Epoch: [131][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (3.033) Prec@1 71.88 (73.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:23:21] Epoch: [131][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (3.034) Prec@1 74.22 (73.34) Prec@5 92.19 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-17:25:07] Epoch: [131][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (3.035) Prec@1 74.22 (73.33) Prec@5 90.62 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-17:26:53] Epoch: [131][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.035) Prec@1 74.22 (73.31) Prec@5 91.41 (89.99) - train[2018-10-18-17:28:38] Epoch: [131][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (3.035) Prec@1 72.66 (73.31) Prec@5 92.19 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-17:30:23] Epoch: [131][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (3.036) Prec@1 69.53 (73.29) Prec@5 89.84 (89.98) - train[2018-10-18-17:32:08] Epoch: [131][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.295 (3.036) Prec@1 69.53 (73.29) Prec@5 84.38 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-17:33:53] Epoch: [131][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (3.036) Prec@1 69.53 (73.29) Prec@5 88.28 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-17:35:39] Epoch: [131][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (3.037) Prec@1 71.88 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-17:37:25] Epoch: [131][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (3.037) Prec@1 72.66 (73.27) Prec@5 92.19 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-17:39:11] Epoch: [131][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (3.038) Prec@1 77.34 (73.25) Prec@5 92.19 (89.96) - train[2018-10-18-17:40:56] Epoch: [131][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.404 (3.038) Prec@1 66.41 (73.24) Prec@5 86.72 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-17:42:42] Epoch: [131][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (3.038) Prec@1 71.88 (73.23) Prec@5 88.28 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-17:44:26] Epoch: [131][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.038) Prec@1 71.09 (73.23) Prec@5 87.50 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-17:46:13] Epoch: [131][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (3.039) Prec@1 72.66 (73.22) Prec@5 89.84 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-17:47:58] Epoch: [131][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (3.039) Prec@1 61.72 (73.21) Prec@5 89.06 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-17:49:44] Epoch: [131][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (3.039) Prec@1 71.88 (73.21) Prec@5 93.75 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-17:51:29] Epoch: [131][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (3.039) Prec@1 74.22 (73.20) Prec@5 91.41 (89.94) - train[2018-10-18-17:53:15] Epoch: [131][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (3.039) Prec@1 71.88 (73.20) Prec@5 88.28 (89.93) - train[2018-10-18-17:53:20] Epoch: [131][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (3.039) Prec@1 86.67 (73.20) Prec@5 86.67 (89.93) -[2018-10-18-17:53:20] **train** Prec@1 73.20 Prec@5 89.93 Error@1 26.80 Error@5 10.07 Loss:3.039 - test [2018-10-18-17:53:24] Epoch: [131][000/391] Time 4.50 (4.50) Data 4.35 (4.35) Loss 0.520 (0.520) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-18-17:53:51] Epoch: [131][200/391] Time 0.17 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.223 (1.029) Prec@1 71.09 (76.40) Prec@5 92.19 (93.20) - test [2018-10-18-17:54:17] Epoch: [131][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.156 (1.195) Prec@1 43.75 (72.72) Prec@5 81.25 (90.94) -[2018-10-18-17:54:17] **test** Prec@1 72.72 Prec@5 90.94 Error@1 27.28 Error@5 9.06 Loss:1.195 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-17:54:17] [Epoch=132/250] [Need: 175:04:08] LR=0.0018 ~ 0.0018, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-17:54:21] Epoch: [132][000/10010] Time 4.61 (4.61) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 2.915 (2.915) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-18-17:56:07] Epoch: [132][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.962 (3.018) Prec@1 74.22 (73.47) Prec@5 89.84 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-17:57:53] Epoch: [132][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.181 (3.011) Prec@1 68.75 (73.62) Prec@5 88.28 (90.23) - train[2018-10-18-17:59:38] Epoch: [132][600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.975 (3.013) Prec@1 74.22 (73.75) Prec@5 88.28 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-18:01:23] Epoch: [132][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.092 (3.015) Prec@1 71.09 (73.74) Prec@5 90.62 (90.20) - train[2018-10-18-18:03:09] Epoch: [132][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (3.015) Prec@1 74.22 (73.76) Prec@5 87.50 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-18:04:54] Epoch: [132][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (3.014) Prec@1 64.06 (73.76) Prec@5 82.81 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-18:06:40] Epoch: [132][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (3.016) Prec@1 73.44 (73.72) Prec@5 87.50 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-18:08:25] Epoch: [132][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.168 (3.016) Prec@1 70.31 (73.73) Prec@5 87.50 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-18:10:10] Epoch: [132][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (3.017) Prec@1 81.25 (73.73) Prec@5 90.62 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-18:11:55] Epoch: [132][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.017) Prec@1 71.09 (73.72) Prec@5 92.19 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-18:13:41] Epoch: [132][2200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (3.017) Prec@1 78.12 (73.72) Prec@5 92.97 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-18:15:27] Epoch: [132][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (3.019) Prec@1 75.78 (73.68) Prec@5 90.62 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-18:17:13] Epoch: [132][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (3.023) Prec@1 75.78 (73.62) Prec@5 89.06 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-18:18:58] Epoch: [132][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (3.022) Prec@1 72.66 (73.65) Prec@5 91.41 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-18:20:43] Epoch: [132][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (3.022) Prec@1 73.44 (73.63) Prec@5 92.97 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-18:22:28] Epoch: [132][3200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.636 (3.022) Prec@1 78.91 (73.61) Prec@5 93.75 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-18:24:13] Epoch: [132][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.608 (3.023) Prec@1 59.38 (73.60) Prec@5 84.38 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-18:25:58] Epoch: [132][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.024) Prec@1 73.44 (73.57) Prec@5 88.28 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-18:27:43] Epoch: [132][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.323 (3.024) Prec@1 70.31 (73.58) Prec@5 87.50 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-18:29:29] Epoch: [132][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (3.024) Prec@1 74.22 (73.55) Prec@5 91.41 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-18:31:15] Epoch: [132][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.025) Prec@1 71.09 (73.55) Prec@5 87.50 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-18:33:00] Epoch: [132][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (3.025) Prec@1 69.53 (73.54) Prec@5 86.72 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-18:34:44] Epoch: [132][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (3.025) Prec@1 70.31 (73.52) Prec@5 87.50 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-18:36:28] Epoch: [132][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.384 (3.026) Prec@1 67.19 (73.51) Prec@5 86.72 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-18:38:14] Epoch: [132][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.260 (3.026) Prec@1 71.09 (73.50) Prec@5 89.84 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-18:39:59] Epoch: [132][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (3.027) Prec@1 74.22 (73.50) Prec@5 92.19 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-18:41:45] Epoch: [132][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.295 (3.026) Prec@1 68.75 (73.50) Prec@5 84.38 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-18:43:29] Epoch: [132][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (3.027) Prec@1 75.78 (73.48) Prec@5 88.28 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-18:45:15] Epoch: [132][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (3.027) Prec@1 76.56 (73.47) Prec@5 92.19 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-18:47:00] Epoch: [132][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.028) Prec@1 74.22 (73.47) Prec@5 89.06 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-18:48:46] Epoch: [132][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (3.028) Prec@1 75.00 (73.46) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-18:50:32] Epoch: [132][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.390 (3.029) Prec@1 69.53 (73.46) Prec@5 83.59 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-18:52:16] Epoch: [132][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.029) Prec@1 68.75 (73.46) Prec@5 89.06 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-18:54:02] Epoch: [132][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.030) Prec@1 75.00 (73.44) Prec@5 86.72 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-18:55:48] Epoch: [132][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (3.030) Prec@1 74.22 (73.44) Prec@5 90.62 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-18:57:33] Epoch: [132][7200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (3.030) Prec@1 72.66 (73.43) Prec@5 90.62 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-18:59:18] Epoch: [132][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.249 (3.031) Prec@1 71.09 (73.41) Prec@5 85.94 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-19:01:04] Epoch: [132][7600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (3.031) Prec@1 74.22 (73.40) Prec@5 91.41 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-19:02:51] Epoch: [132][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (3.032) Prec@1 72.66 (73.40) Prec@5 91.41 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-19:04:38] Epoch: [132][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.388 (3.032) Prec@1 67.19 (73.39) Prec@5 83.59 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-19:06:24] Epoch: [132][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.032) Prec@1 69.53 (73.38) Prec@5 86.72 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:08:12] Epoch: [132][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.032) Prec@1 67.97 (73.37) Prec@5 85.94 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:10:00] Epoch: [132][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (3.032) Prec@1 72.66 (73.36) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:11:47] Epoch: [132][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (3.033) Prec@1 73.44 (73.36) Prec@5 91.41 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:13:34] Epoch: [132][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (3.032) Prec@1 79.69 (73.36) Prec@5 94.53 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:15:21] Epoch: [132][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (3.033) Prec@1 72.66 (73.36) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:17:09] Epoch: [132][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (3.033) Prec@1 81.25 (73.35) Prec@5 90.62 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:18:57] Epoch: [132][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.033) Prec@1 73.44 (73.35) Prec@5 91.41 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:20:45] Epoch: [132][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (3.033) Prec@1 66.41 (73.35) Prec@5 87.50 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:22:32] Epoch: [132][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (3.034) Prec@1 78.91 (73.33) Prec@5 94.53 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-19:22:36] Epoch: [132][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.663 (3.033) Prec@1 53.33 (73.33) Prec@5 86.67 (90.00) -[2018-10-18-19:22:36] **train** Prec@1 73.33 Prec@5 90.00 Error@1 26.67 Error@5 10.00 Loss:3.033 - test [2018-10-18-19:22:40] Epoch: [132][000/391] Time 3.89 (3.89) Data 3.74 (3.74) Loss 0.622 (0.622) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - test [2018-10-18-19:23:06] Epoch: [132][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.248 (1.035) Prec@1 68.75 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (93.19) - test [2018-10-18-19:23:31] Epoch: [132][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.199 (1.197) Prec@1 42.50 (72.83) Prec@5 80.00 (91.01) -[2018-10-18-19:23:31] **test** Prec@1 72.83 Prec@5 91.01 Error@1 27.17 Error@5 8.99 Loss:1.197 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-19:23:32] [Epoch=133/250] [Need: 174:01:49] LR=0.0017 ~ 0.0017, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-19:23:37] Epoch: [133][000/10010] Time 5.19 (5.19) Data 4.56 (4.56) Loss 2.648 (2.648) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-18-19:25:22] Epoch: [133][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.054 (3.011) Prec@1 74.22 (73.87) Prec@5 86.72 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-19:27:07] Epoch: [133][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.753 (3.014) Prec@1 78.12 (73.83) Prec@5 91.41 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-19:28:51] Epoch: [133][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.958 (3.022) Prec@1 68.75 (73.66) Prec@5 94.53 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-19:30:36] Epoch: [133][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.407 (3.023) Prec@1 65.62 (73.65) Prec@5 86.72 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-19:32:20] Epoch: [133][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (3.029) Prec@1 70.31 (73.51) Prec@5 90.62 (90.00) - train[2018-10-18-19:34:05] Epoch: [133][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (3.030) Prec@1 79.69 (73.55) Prec@5 92.19 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-19:35:50] Epoch: [133][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.030) Prec@1 73.44 (73.54) Prec@5 88.28 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-19:37:34] Epoch: [133][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (3.033) Prec@1 72.66 (73.49) Prec@5 88.28 (89.97) - train[2018-10-18-19:39:19] Epoch: [133][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (3.031) Prec@1 76.56 (73.50) Prec@5 89.84 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-19:41:05] Epoch: [133][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (3.029) Prec@1 71.88 (73.50) Prec@5 92.19 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:42:49] Epoch: [133][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.206 (3.029) Prec@1 71.88 (73.49) Prec@5 87.50 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:44:36] Epoch: [133][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (3.031) Prec@1 77.34 (73.43) Prec@5 85.16 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-19:46:22] Epoch: [133][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.030) Prec@1 75.00 (73.44) Prec@5 89.84 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-19:48:07] Epoch: [133][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (3.030) Prec@1 77.34 (73.46) Prec@5 90.62 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-19:49:53] Epoch: [133][3000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (3.030) Prec@1 74.22 (73.45) Prec@5 92.97 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-19:51:39] Epoch: [133][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (3.029) Prec@1 79.69 (73.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:53:26] Epoch: [133][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.531 (3.029) Prec@1 62.50 (73.46) Prec@5 82.81 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:55:11] Epoch: [133][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (3.028) Prec@1 71.88 (73.47) Prec@5 88.28 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:56:56] Epoch: [133][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (3.028) Prec@1 71.88 (73.46) Prec@5 92.19 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-19:58:41] Epoch: [133][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (3.027) Prec@1 78.12 (73.49) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:00:26] Epoch: [133][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (3.026) Prec@1 71.88 (73.49) Prec@5 89.06 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-20:02:12] Epoch: [133][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (3.026) Prec@1 75.78 (73.49) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:03:58] Epoch: [133][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (3.026) Prec@1 74.22 (73.49) Prec@5 92.97 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:05:43] Epoch: [133][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (3.027) Prec@1 67.97 (73.48) Prec@5 87.50 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:07:28] Epoch: [133][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (3.028) Prec@1 72.66 (73.46) Prec@5 90.62 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-20:09:13] Epoch: [133][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (3.027) Prec@1 75.78 (73.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-20:10:58] Epoch: [133][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (3.028) Prec@1 71.09 (73.46) Prec@5 92.19 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-20:12:42] Epoch: [133][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (3.027) Prec@1 75.78 (73.46) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:14:28] Epoch: [133][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (3.027) Prec@1 72.66 (73.46) Prec@5 92.19 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-20:16:13] Epoch: [133][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (3.027) Prec@1 68.75 (73.46) Prec@5 86.72 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-20:17:57] Epoch: [133][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (3.027) Prec@1 73.44 (73.45) Prec@5 94.53 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-20:19:42] Epoch: [133][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (3.028) Prec@1 69.53 (73.43) Prec@5 88.28 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-20:21:27] Epoch: [133][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (3.028) Prec@1 72.66 (73.43) Prec@5 90.62 (90.06) - train[2018-10-18-20:23:12] Epoch: [133][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (3.029) Prec@1 75.00 (73.41) Prec@5 92.19 (90.05) - train[2018-10-18-20:24:57] Epoch: [133][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (3.029) Prec@1 80.47 (73.39) Prec@5 94.53 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-20:26:42] Epoch: [133][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (3.030) Prec@1 74.22 (73.39) Prec@5 90.62 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:28:27] Epoch: [133][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (3.030) Prec@1 76.56 (73.39) Prec@5 92.97 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:30:11] Epoch: [133][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (3.030) Prec@1 77.34 (73.38) Prec@5 90.62 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:31:58] Epoch: [133][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (3.030) Prec@1 71.88 (73.38) Prec@5 92.97 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-20:33:44] Epoch: [133][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (3.030) Prec@1 77.34 (73.39) Prec@5 91.41 (90.04) - train[2018-10-18-20:35:29] Epoch: [133][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (3.031) Prec@1 71.88 (73.38) Prec@5 92.19 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:37:13] Epoch: [133][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (3.031) Prec@1 75.00 (73.37) Prec@5 94.53 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:38:58] Epoch: [133][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.031) Prec@1 68.75 (73.37) Prec@5 89.84 (90.03) - train[2018-10-18-20:40:43] Epoch: [133][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (3.032) Prec@1 68.75 (73.37) Prec@5 82.81 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-20:42:28] Epoch: [133][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.033) Prec@1 67.19 (73.34) Prec@5 89.06 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-20:44:14] Epoch: [133][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.033) Prec@1 67.97 (73.33) Prec@5 89.06 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-20:46:00] Epoch: [133][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (3.033) Prec@1 70.31 (73.32) Prec@5 88.28 (90.01) - train[2018-10-18-20:47:45] Epoch: [133][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (3.033) Prec@1 72.66 (73.33) Prec@5 90.62 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-20:49:32] Epoch: [133][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (3.032) Prec@1 77.34 (73.34) Prec@5 92.19 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-20:51:18] Epoch: [133][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (3.033) Prec@1 74.22 (73.33) Prec@5 92.19 (90.02) - train[2018-10-18-20:51:22] Epoch: [133][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.554 (3.033) Prec@1 80.00 (73.33) Prec@5 93.33 (90.01) -[2018-10-18-20:51:22] **train** Prec@1 73.33 Prec@5 90.01 Error@1 26.67 Error@5 9.99 Loss:3.033 - test [2018-10-18-20:51:27] Epoch: [133][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.93 (3.93) Loss 0.598 (0.598) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-18-20:51:53] Epoch: [133][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.363 (1.050) Prec@1 65.62 (76.54) Prec@5 88.28 (93.32) - test [2018-10-18-20:52:17] Epoch: [133][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.125 (1.216) Prec@1 46.25 (72.77) Prec@5 82.50 (91.01) -[2018-10-18-20:52:17] **test** Prec@1 72.77 Prec@5 91.01 Error@1 27.23 Error@5 8.99 Loss:1.216 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-20:52:17] [Epoch=134/250] [Need: 171:36:29] LR=0.0017 ~ 0.0017, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-20:52:22] Epoch: [134][000/10010] Time 4.92 (4.92) Data 4.31 (4.31) Loss 2.792 (2.792) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-18-20:54:07] Epoch: [134][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.120 (3.004) Prec@1 71.09 (73.74) Prec@5 87.50 (90.34) - train[2018-10-18-20:55:52] Epoch: [134][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.141 (2.999) Prec@1 70.31 (73.99) Prec@5 89.06 (90.36) - train[2018-10-18-20:57:37] Epoch: [134][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.167 (3.001) Prec@1 70.31 (74.05) Prec@5 86.72 (90.34) - train[2018-10-18-20:59:22] Epoch: [134][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.974 (3.005) Prec@1 75.78 (74.00) Prec@5 92.97 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-21:01:07] Epoch: [134][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.192 (3.009) Prec@1 68.75 (73.92) Prec@5 90.62 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-21:02:52] Epoch: [134][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (3.008) Prec@1 78.91 (73.92) Prec@5 92.97 (90.28) - train[2018-10-18-21:04:36] Epoch: [134][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (3.010) Prec@1 68.75 (73.90) Prec@5 89.06 (90.26) - train[2018-10-18-21:06:21] Epoch: [134][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.466 (3.010) Prec@1 63.28 (73.88) Prec@5 87.50 (90.26) - train[2018-10-18-21:08:07] Epoch: [134][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (3.011) Prec@1 73.44 (73.88) Prec@5 90.62 (90.23) - train[2018-10-18-21:09:52] Epoch: [134][2000/10010] Time 0.69 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (3.009) Prec@1 74.22 (73.91) Prec@5 90.62 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-21:11:37] Epoch: [134][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.417 (3.009) Prec@1 67.19 (73.91) Prec@5 87.50 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-21:13:23] Epoch: [134][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.304 (3.011) Prec@1 68.75 (73.87) Prec@5 85.16 (90.24) - train[2018-10-18-21:15:08] Epoch: [134][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.013) Prec@1 70.31 (73.83) Prec@5 87.50 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-21:16:53] Epoch: [134][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (3.014) Prec@1 74.22 (73.81) Prec@5 91.41 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-21:18:37] Epoch: [134][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (3.014) Prec@1 71.09 (73.79) Prec@5 88.28 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:20:23] Epoch: [134][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (3.014) Prec@1 75.78 (73.78) Prec@5 96.09 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:22:08] Epoch: [134][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (3.015) Prec@1 74.22 (73.76) Prec@5 91.41 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:23:54] Epoch: [134][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (3.014) Prec@1 74.22 (73.75) Prec@5 89.84 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:25:39] Epoch: [134][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (3.016) Prec@1 71.88 (73.73) Prec@5 88.28 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-21:27:25] Epoch: [134][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (3.015) Prec@1 75.78 (73.75) Prec@5 94.53 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-21:29:10] Epoch: [134][4200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.570 (3.015) Prec@1 83.59 (73.74) Prec@5 93.75 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:30:56] Epoch: [134][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.069 (3.016) Prec@1 77.34 (73.73) Prec@5 89.84 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-21:32:41] Epoch: [134][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.017) Prec@1 70.31 (73.71) Prec@5 86.72 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-21:34:27] Epoch: [134][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (3.018) Prec@1 72.66 (73.69) Prec@5 89.06 (90.15) - train[2018-10-18-21:36:12] Epoch: [134][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.085 (3.018) Prec@1 71.88 (73.68) Prec@5 91.41 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-21:37:57] Epoch: [134][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (3.018) Prec@1 72.66 (73.68) Prec@5 89.06 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-21:39:43] Epoch: [134][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (3.018) Prec@1 75.78 (73.68) Prec@5 94.53 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-21:41:28] Epoch: [134][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.019) Prec@1 71.09 (73.67) Prec@5 89.84 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-21:43:13] Epoch: [134][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (3.020) Prec@1 71.09 (73.66) Prec@5 89.06 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:44:58] Epoch: [134][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (3.020) Prec@1 78.12 (73.66) Prec@5 92.19 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:46:43] Epoch: [134][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.021) Prec@1 70.31 (73.64) Prec@5 85.94 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-21:48:28] Epoch: [134][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (3.020) Prec@1 64.84 (73.65) Prec@5 86.72 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:50:13] Epoch: [134][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (3.020) Prec@1 70.31 (73.63) Prec@5 91.41 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:51:57] Epoch: [134][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (3.020) Prec@1 70.31 (73.63) Prec@5 93.75 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:53:42] Epoch: [134][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.020) Prec@1 72.66 (73.63) Prec@5 88.28 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-21:55:26] Epoch: [134][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.020) Prec@1 72.66 (73.63) Prec@5 89.06 (90.12) - train[2018-10-18-21:57:11] Epoch: [134][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (3.021) Prec@1 72.66 (73.62) Prec@5 87.50 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-21:58:57] Epoch: [134][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.330 (3.021) Prec@1 67.97 (73.62) Prec@5 85.94 (90.11) - train[2018-10-18-22:00:42] Epoch: [134][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (3.021) Prec@1 79.69 (73.61) Prec@5 90.62 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-22:02:27] Epoch: [134][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (3.022) Prec@1 72.66 (73.61) Prec@5 85.16 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-22:04:13] Epoch: [134][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (3.022) Prec@1 75.78 (73.60) Prec@5 95.31 (90.10) - train[2018-10-18-22:05:58] Epoch: [134][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (3.022) Prec@1 72.66 (73.58) Prec@5 90.62 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-22:07:43] Epoch: [134][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (3.022) Prec@1 72.66 (73.58) Prec@5 90.62 (90.09) - train[2018-10-18-22:09:27] Epoch: [134][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (3.023) Prec@1 71.88 (73.56) Prec@5 87.50 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-22:11:12] Epoch: [134][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (3.023) Prec@1 77.34 (73.56) Prec@5 85.94 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-22:12:57] Epoch: [134][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (3.024) Prec@1 65.62 (73.55) Prec@5 89.06 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-22:14:42] Epoch: [134][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (3.024) Prec@1 63.28 (73.56) Prec@5 87.50 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-22:16:26] Epoch: [134][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (3.024) Prec@1 67.19 (73.55) Prec@5 91.41 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-22:18:11] Epoch: [134][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (3.024) Prec@1 71.09 (73.54) Prec@5 89.84 (90.08) - train[2018-10-18-22:19:56] Epoch: [134][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.025) Prec@1 68.75 (73.53) Prec@5 88.28 (90.07) - train[2018-10-18-22:20:01] Epoch: [134][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.581 (3.025) Prec@1 86.67 (73.53) Prec@5 100.00 (90.07) -[2018-10-18-22:20:01] **train** Prec@1 73.53 Prec@5 90.07 Error@1 26.47 Error@5 9.93 Loss:3.025 - test [2018-10-18-22:20:05] Epoch: [134][000/391] Time 3.78 (3.78) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 0.702 (0.702) Prec@1 86.72 (86.72) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - test [2018-10-18-22:20:31] Epoch: [134][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.309 (1.030) Prec@1 63.28 (76.54) Prec@5 91.41 (93.20) - test [2018-10-18-22:20:56] Epoch: [134][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.165 (1.194) Prec@1 42.50 (72.81) Prec@5 82.50 (90.95) -[2018-10-18-22:20:56] **test** Prec@1 72.81 Prec@5 90.95 Error@1 27.19 Error@5 9.05 Loss:1.194 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=72.92, Acc@5=90.90, Error@1=27.08, Error@5=9.10 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-22:20:56] [Epoch=135/250] [Need: 169:54:18] LR=0.0016 ~ 0.0016, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-22:21:01] Epoch: [135][000/10010] Time 5.02 (5.02) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 3.258 (3.258) Prec@1 67.97 (67.97) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-18-22:22:46] Epoch: [135][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.915 (3.000) Prec@1 79.69 (73.93) Prec@5 88.28 (90.43) - train[2018-10-18-22:24:31] Epoch: [135][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.270 (3.005) Prec@1 67.97 (73.68) Prec@5 88.28 (90.43) - train[2018-10-18-22:26:16] Epoch: [135][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.841 (3.014) Prec@1 81.25 (73.68) Prec@5 93.75 (90.35) - train[2018-10-18-22:28:01] Epoch: [135][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.856 (3.011) Prec@1 72.66 (73.72) Prec@5 90.62 (90.40) - train[2018-10-18-22:29:46] Epoch: [135][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (3.014) Prec@1 76.56 (73.75) Prec@5 91.41 (90.29) - train[2018-10-18-22:31:32] Epoch: [135][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (3.011) Prec@1 78.91 (73.78) Prec@5 89.06 (90.32) - train[2018-10-18-22:33:16] Epoch: [135][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (3.011) Prec@1 70.31 (73.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.29) - train[2018-10-18-22:35:00] Epoch: [135][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (3.010) Prec@1 68.75 (73.77) Prec@5 89.84 (90.28) - train[2018-10-18-22:36:45] Epoch: [135][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.011) Prec@1 72.66 (73.75) Prec@5 88.28 (90.27) - train[2018-10-18-22:38:29] Epoch: [135][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (3.011) Prec@1 75.78 (73.76) Prec@5 88.28 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-22:40:14] Epoch: [135][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.506 (3.013) Prec@1 80.47 (73.75) Prec@5 95.31 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-22:41:59] Epoch: [135][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.812 (3.012) Prec@1 73.44 (73.75) Prec@5 92.19 (90.23) - train[2018-10-18-22:43:45] Epoch: [135][2600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.013) Prec@1 71.09 (73.73) Prec@5 89.06 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-22:45:29] Epoch: [135][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (3.012) Prec@1 75.78 (73.75) Prec@5 93.75 (90.23) - train[2018-10-18-22:47:14] Epoch: [135][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (3.013) Prec@1 69.53 (73.74) Prec@5 87.50 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-22:48:59] Epoch: [135][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (3.011) Prec@1 82.81 (73.78) Prec@5 95.31 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-22:50:44] Epoch: [135][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (3.011) Prec@1 69.53 (73.78) Prec@5 89.84 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-22:52:29] Epoch: [135][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.012) Prec@1 68.75 (73.77) Prec@5 87.50 (90.25) - train[2018-10-18-22:54:14] Epoch: [135][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (3.012) Prec@1 71.09 (73.78) Prec@5 93.75 (90.24) - train[2018-10-18-22:56:00] Epoch: [135][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (3.013) Prec@1 82.03 (73.76) Prec@5 90.62 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-22:57:45] Epoch: [135][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (3.014) Prec@1 72.66 (73.75) Prec@5 92.97 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-22:59:30] Epoch: [135][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (3.013) Prec@1 71.88 (73.77) Prec@5 87.50 (90.20) - train[2018-10-18-23:01:15] Epoch: [135][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.145 (3.013) Prec@1 71.09 (73.77) Prec@5 89.06 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-23:03:00] Epoch: [135][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.013) Prec@1 75.78 (73.77) Prec@5 87.50 (90.21) - train[2018-10-18-23:04:46] Epoch: [135][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.014) Prec@1 67.97 (73.74) Prec@5 88.28 (90.20) - train[2018-10-18-23:06:31] Epoch: [135][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (3.014) Prec@1 80.47 (73.74) Prec@5 92.19 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-23:08:17] Epoch: [135][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (3.015) Prec@1 75.00 (73.73) Prec@5 92.19 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-23:10:02] Epoch: [135][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (3.015) Prec@1 80.47 (73.72) Prec@5 93.75 (90.19) - train[2018-10-18-23:11:47] Epoch: [135][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (3.016) Prec@1 78.12 (73.71) Prec@5 89.06 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-23:13:32] Epoch: [135][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.636 (3.016) Prec@1 81.25 (73.71) Prec@5 92.19 (90.18) - train[2018-10-18-23:15:18] Epoch: [135][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (3.016) Prec@1 71.88 (73.70) Prec@5 86.72 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:17:03] Epoch: [135][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (3.016) Prec@1 75.78 (73.70) Prec@5 91.41 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:18:48] Epoch: [135][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (3.016) Prec@1 72.66 (73.70) Prec@5 89.84 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:20:33] Epoch: [135][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (3.017) Prec@1 75.00 (73.68) Prec@5 89.84 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-23:22:18] Epoch: [135][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.017) Prec@1 77.34 (73.68) Prec@5 89.84 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-23:24:03] Epoch: [135][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (3.017) Prec@1 73.44 (73.67) Prec@5 92.97 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:25:48] Epoch: [135][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (3.017) Prec@1 73.44 (73.67) Prec@5 90.62 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:27:33] Epoch: [135][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (3.017) Prec@1 77.34 (73.67) Prec@5 90.62 (90.17) - train[2018-10-18-23:29:19] Epoch: [135][7800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (3.018) Prec@1 77.34 (73.65) Prec@5 91.41 (90.16) - train[2018-10-18-23:31:04] Epoch: [135][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (3.019) Prec@1 75.78 (73.64) Prec@5 89.84 (90.15) - train[2018-10-18-23:32:49] Epoch: [135][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.383 (3.019) Prec@1 72.66 (73.63) Prec@5 83.59 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:34:34] Epoch: [135][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (3.019) Prec@1 75.00 (73.62) Prec@5 93.75 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:36:19] Epoch: [135][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (3.019) Prec@1 79.69 (73.63) Prec@5 90.62 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:38:04] Epoch: [135][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (3.019) Prec@1 75.78 (73.62) Prec@5 92.19 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:39:50] Epoch: [135][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.020) Prec@1 74.22 (73.62) Prec@5 90.62 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-23:41:35] Epoch: [135][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (3.020) Prec@1 72.66 (73.63) Prec@5 89.84 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:43:20] Epoch: [135][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (3.020) Prec@1 71.09 (73.63) Prec@5 84.38 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:45:05] Epoch: [135][9600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.641 (3.020) Prec@1 83.59 (73.62) Prec@5 92.97 (90.14) - train[2018-10-18-23:46:49] Epoch: [135][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (3.020) Prec@1 72.66 (73.62) Prec@5 87.50 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-23:48:34] Epoch: [135][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (3.020) Prec@1 71.88 (73.62) Prec@5 87.50 (90.13) - train[2018-10-18-23:48:38] Epoch: [135][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.267 (3.020) Prec@1 60.00 (73.62) Prec@5 86.67 (90.13) -[2018-10-18-23:48:38] **train** Prec@1 73.62 Prec@5 90.13 Error@1 26.38 Error@5 9.87 Loss:3.020 - test [2018-10-18-23:48:42] Epoch: [135][000/391] Time 4.36 (4.36) Data 4.23 (4.23) Loss 0.602 (0.602) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-18-23:49:09] Epoch: [135][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.282 (1.018) Prec@1 66.41 (76.62) Prec@5 91.41 (93.44) - test [2018-10-18-23:49:33] Epoch: [135][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.175 (1.184) Prec@1 48.75 (73.10) Prec@5 81.25 (91.17) -[2018-10-18-23:49:33] **test** Prec@1 73.10 Prec@5 91.17 Error@1 26.90 Error@5 8.83 Loss:1.184 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.10, Acc@5=91.17, Error@1=26.90, Error@5=8.83 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-18-23:49:34] [Epoch=136/250] [Need: 168:23:06] LR=0.0016 ~ 0.0016, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-18-23:49:38] Epoch: [136][000/10010] Time 4.88 (4.88) Data 4.32 (4.32) Loss 2.978 (2.978) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-18-23:51:24] Epoch: [136][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.885 (3.041) Prec@1 71.88 (73.32) Prec@5 93.75 (89.95) - train[2018-10-18-23:53:10] Epoch: [136][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.844 (3.020) Prec@1 75.78 (73.73) Prec@5 89.84 (90.22) - train[2018-10-18-23:54:54] Epoch: [136][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.944 (3.013) Prec@1 71.88 (73.93) Prec@5 89.84 (90.24) - train[2018-10-18-23:56:38] Epoch: [136][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.776 (3.013) Prec@1 79.69 (73.84) Prec@5 92.97 (90.23) - train[2018-10-18-23:58:23] Epoch: [136][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (3.015) Prec@1 72.66 (73.87) Prec@5 92.19 (90.26) - train[2018-10-19-00:00:09] Epoch: [136][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (3.019) Prec@1 71.88 (73.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-00:01:53] Epoch: [136][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (3.017) Prec@1 77.34 (73.77) Prec@5 89.06 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:03:39] Epoch: [136][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (3.014) Prec@1 67.97 (73.84) Prec@5 92.19 (90.23) - train[2018-10-19-00:05:24] Epoch: [136][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (3.012) Prec@1 77.34 (73.83) Prec@5 92.97 (90.28) - train[2018-10-19-00:07:09] Epoch: [136][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (3.015) Prec@1 70.31 (73.77) Prec@5 87.50 (90.24) - train[2018-10-19-00:08:55] Epoch: [136][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.251 (3.017) Prec@1 64.84 (73.75) Prec@5 87.50 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:10:41] Epoch: [136][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (3.016) Prec@1 73.44 (73.78) Prec@5 92.19 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:12:26] Epoch: [136][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (3.015) Prec@1 75.00 (73.79) Prec@5 87.50 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:14:11] Epoch: [136][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (3.016) Prec@1 74.22 (73.76) Prec@5 89.06 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:15:57] Epoch: [136][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.542 (3.016) Prec@1 67.19 (73.76) Prec@5 83.59 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:17:42] Epoch: [136][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.381 (3.016) Prec@1 67.19 (73.77) Prec@5 85.94 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:19:27] Epoch: [136][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (3.015) Prec@1 77.34 (73.77) Prec@5 94.53 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:21:12] Epoch: [136][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (3.015) Prec@1 74.22 (73.76) Prec@5 93.75 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:22:58] Epoch: [136][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.392 (3.015) Prec@1 65.62 (73.77) Prec@5 84.38 (90.23) - train[2018-10-19-00:24:43] Epoch: [136][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (3.014) Prec@1 81.25 (73.76) Prec@5 90.62 (90.24) - train[2018-10-19-00:26:30] Epoch: [136][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (3.013) Prec@1 75.00 (73.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.25) - train[2018-10-19-00:28:15] Epoch: [136][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (3.013) Prec@1 71.88 (73.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.25) - train[2018-10-19-00:30:00] Epoch: [136][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (3.013) Prec@1 81.25 (73.77) Prec@5 91.41 (90.23) - train[2018-10-19-00:31:45] Epoch: [136][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.014) Prec@1 72.66 (73.76) Prec@5 89.06 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:33:30] Epoch: [136][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (3.014) Prec@1 75.78 (73.74) Prec@5 92.97 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-00:35:15] Epoch: [136][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (3.015) Prec@1 74.22 (73.74) Prec@5 91.41 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-00:37:00] Epoch: [136][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (3.015) Prec@1 69.53 (73.73) Prec@5 91.41 (90.20) - train[2018-10-19-00:38:45] Epoch: [136][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (3.016) Prec@1 76.56 (73.72) Prec@5 94.53 (90.20) - train[2018-10-19-00:40:30] Epoch: [136][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (3.016) Prec@1 76.56 (73.71) Prec@5 92.19 (90.20) - train[2018-10-19-00:42:15] Epoch: [136][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (3.016) Prec@1 77.34 (73.71) Prec@5 90.62 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-00:43:59] Epoch: [136][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (3.016) Prec@1 75.78 (73.69) Prec@5 87.50 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-00:45:45] Epoch: [136][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (3.016) Prec@1 78.91 (73.69) Prec@5 89.06 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-00:47:30] Epoch: [136][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (3.017) Prec@1 67.97 (73.67) Prec@5 89.06 (90.18) - train[2018-10-19-00:49:14] Epoch: [136][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (3.017) Prec@1 73.44 (73.67) Prec@5 92.97 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-00:50:59] Epoch: [136][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (3.017) Prec@1 74.22 (73.68) Prec@5 90.62 (90.18) - train[2018-10-19-00:52:44] Epoch: [136][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.017) Prec@1 74.22 (73.66) Prec@5 92.97 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-00:54:29] Epoch: [136][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (3.017) Prec@1 75.78 (73.65) Prec@5 93.75 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-00:56:14] Epoch: [136][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.246 (3.017) Prec@1 72.66 (73.65) Prec@5 85.94 (90.18) - train[2018-10-19-00:57:59] Epoch: [136][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (3.017) Prec@1 74.22 (73.66) Prec@5 90.62 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-00:59:44] Epoch: [136][8000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (3.017) Prec@1 78.12 (73.67) Prec@5 92.19 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-01:01:28] Epoch: [136][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (3.017) Prec@1 75.00 (73.66) Prec@5 92.19 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-01:03:13] Epoch: [136][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (3.017) Prec@1 72.66 (73.65) Prec@5 91.41 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-01:04:57] Epoch: [136][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (3.017) Prec@1 72.66 (73.65) Prec@5 89.06 (90.19) - train[2018-10-19-01:06:42] Epoch: [136][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (3.017) Prec@1 65.62 (73.64) Prec@5 92.19 (90.18) - train[2018-10-19-01:08:29] Epoch: [136][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (3.017) Prec@1 72.66 (73.64) Prec@5 89.84 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-01:10:15] Epoch: [136][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (3.018) Prec@1 76.56 (73.63) Prec@5 90.62 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-01:12:00] Epoch: [136][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (3.018) Prec@1 68.75 (73.63) Prec@5 86.72 (90.16) - train[2018-10-19-01:13:45] Epoch: [136][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (3.018) Prec@1 69.53 (73.63) Prec@5 92.19 (90.16) - train[2018-10-19-01:15:31] Epoch: [136][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (3.018) Prec@1 71.09 (73.63) Prec@5 89.84 (90.16) - train[2018-10-19-01:17:17] Epoch: [136][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (3.018) Prec@1 72.66 (73.63) Prec@5 88.28 (90.17) - train[2018-10-19-01:17:21] Epoch: [136][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.504 (3.018) Prec@1 66.67 (73.63) Prec@5 86.67 (90.17) -[2018-10-19-01:17:21] **train** Prec@1 73.63 Prec@5 90.17 Error@1 26.37 Error@5 9.83 Loss:3.018 - test [2018-10-19-01:17:24] Epoch: [136][000/391] Time 3.43 (3.43) Data 3.29 (3.29) Loss 0.546 (0.546) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-19-01:17:52] Epoch: [136][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.338 (1.014) Prec@1 64.06 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (93.33) - test [2018-10-19-01:18:16] Epoch: [136][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.965 (1.177) Prec@1 48.75 (73.13) Prec@5 82.50 (91.18) -[2018-10-19-01:18:16] **test** Prec@1 73.13 Prec@5 91.18 Error@1 26.87 Error@5 8.82 Loss:1.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.13, Acc@5=91.18, Error@1=26.87, Error@5=8.82 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-01:18:16] [Epoch=137/250] [Need: 167:04:22] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-01:18:21] Epoch: [137][000/10010] Time 4.41 (4.41) Data 3.84 (3.84) Loss 2.658 (2.658) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - train[2018-10-19-01:20:05] Epoch: [137][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.134 (2.989) Prec@1 73.44 (74.36) Prec@5 89.84 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-01:21:50] Epoch: [137][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.799 (2.993) Prec@1 77.34 (74.23) Prec@5 93.75 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-01:23:34] Epoch: [137][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.177 (2.994) Prec@1 73.44 (74.20) Prec@5 89.06 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-01:25:19] Epoch: [137][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.069 (2.998) Prec@1 71.88 (74.14) Prec@5 90.62 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-01:27:04] Epoch: [137][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.998) Prec@1 78.12 (74.10) Prec@5 93.75 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-01:28:48] Epoch: [137][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (2.998) Prec@1 71.88 (74.05) Prec@5 88.28 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-01:30:32] Epoch: [137][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.997) Prec@1 71.09 (74.06) Prec@5 87.50 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-01:32:17] Epoch: [137][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.205 (2.999) Prec@1 69.53 (74.02) Prec@5 89.06 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-01:34:02] Epoch: [137][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (2.998) Prec@1 74.22 (74.03) Prec@5 86.72 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-01:35:48] Epoch: [137][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (3.000) Prec@1 78.12 (73.99) Prec@5 92.19 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:37:33] Epoch: [137][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.606 (3.000) Prec@1 65.62 (74.01) Prec@5 83.59 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:39:20] Epoch: [137][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (2.999) Prec@1 73.44 (74.01) Prec@5 90.62 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:41:07] Epoch: [137][2600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (3.000) Prec@1 74.22 (73.99) Prec@5 91.41 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:42:53] Epoch: [137][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (3.001) Prec@1 71.09 (73.98) Prec@5 92.19 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:44:39] Epoch: [137][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (3.000) Prec@1 76.56 (73.99) Prec@5 91.41 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-01:46:27] Epoch: [137][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (3.001) Prec@1 74.22 (73.96) Prec@5 86.72 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-01:48:13] Epoch: [137][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (3.003) Prec@1 77.34 (73.94) Prec@5 91.41 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-01:49:59] Epoch: [137][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (3.003) Prec@1 78.12 (73.92) Prec@5 96.88 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-01:51:46] Epoch: [137][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (3.004) Prec@1 71.88 (73.91) Prec@5 89.06 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-01:53:32] Epoch: [137][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (3.004) Prec@1 81.25 (73.90) Prec@5 93.75 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-01:55:17] Epoch: [137][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (3.005) Prec@1 68.75 (73.89) Prec@5 87.50 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-01:57:03] Epoch: [137][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (3.005) Prec@1 70.31 (73.89) Prec@5 89.84 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-01:58:47] Epoch: [137][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (3.006) Prec@1 69.53 (73.88) Prec@5 85.16 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-02:00:33] Epoch: [137][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (3.008) Prec@1 78.12 (73.85) Prec@5 93.75 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-02:02:18] Epoch: [137][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (3.009) Prec@1 76.56 (73.83) Prec@5 86.72 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-02:04:02] Epoch: [137][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (3.009) Prec@1 64.84 (73.84) Prec@5 92.19 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-02:05:47] Epoch: [137][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (3.009) Prec@1 78.12 (73.81) Prec@5 94.53 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-02:07:33] Epoch: [137][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (3.010) Prec@1 77.34 (73.80) Prec@5 86.72 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-02:09:19] Epoch: [137][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.242 (3.011) Prec@1 70.31 (73.79) Prec@5 90.62 (90.27) - train[2018-10-19-02:11:04] Epoch: [137][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (3.010) Prec@1 72.66 (73.80) Prec@5 95.31 (90.28) - train[2018-10-19-02:12:50] Epoch: [137][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (3.011) Prec@1 68.75 (73.78) Prec@5 86.72 (90.27) - train[2018-10-19-02:14:35] Epoch: [137][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (3.012) Prec@1 70.31 (73.76) Prec@5 89.06 (90.25) - train[2018-10-19-02:16:20] Epoch: [137][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (3.011) Prec@1 75.00 (73.77) Prec@5 91.41 (90.26) - train[2018-10-19-02:18:06] Epoch: [137][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (3.012) Prec@1 73.44 (73.77) Prec@5 92.19 (90.25) - train[2018-10-19-02:19:51] Epoch: [137][7000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.633 (3.012) Prec@1 76.56 (73.76) Prec@5 96.88 (90.25) - train[2018-10-19-02:21:36] Epoch: [137][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (3.012) Prec@1 70.31 (73.76) Prec@5 92.19 (90.24) - train[2018-10-19-02:23:21] Epoch: [137][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (3.012) Prec@1 67.19 (73.77) Prec@5 85.94 (90.23) - train[2018-10-19-02:25:07] Epoch: [137][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (3.013) Prec@1 75.78 (73.75) Prec@5 92.19 (90.23) - train[2018-10-19-02:26:52] Epoch: [137][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (3.013) Prec@1 75.00 (73.74) Prec@5 94.53 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:28:36] Epoch: [137][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.355 (3.014) Prec@1 72.66 (73.73) Prec@5 86.72 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:30:20] Epoch: [137][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (3.014) Prec@1 72.66 (73.72) Prec@5 87.50 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:32:05] Epoch: [137][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (3.014) Prec@1 69.53 (73.70) Prec@5 89.84 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:33:49] Epoch: [137][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (3.014) Prec@1 77.34 (73.70) Prec@5 93.75 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:35:33] Epoch: [137][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (3.014) Prec@1 69.53 (73.70) Prec@5 91.41 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:37:17] Epoch: [137][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (3.014) Prec@1 76.56 (73.69) Prec@5 92.97 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:39:04] Epoch: [137][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.015) Prec@1 73.44 (73.69) Prec@5 87.50 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:40:51] Epoch: [137][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.014) Prec@1 69.53 (73.69) Prec@5 92.19 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:42:38] Epoch: [137][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (3.014) Prec@1 78.12 (73.70) Prec@5 91.41 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:44:26] Epoch: [137][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (3.015) Prec@1 73.44 (73.69) Prec@5 91.41 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:46:12] Epoch: [137][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (3.015) Prec@1 75.78 (73.69) Prec@5 90.62 (90.22) - train[2018-10-19-02:46:17] Epoch: [137][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (3.015) Prec@1 60.00 (73.69) Prec@5 73.33 (90.22) -[2018-10-19-02:46:17] **train** Prec@1 73.69 Prec@5 90.22 Error@1 26.31 Error@5 9.78 Loss:3.015 - test [2018-10-19-02:46:21] Epoch: [137][000/391] Time 3.97 (3.97) Data 3.84 (3.84) Loss 0.493 (0.493) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-19-02:46:47] Epoch: [137][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.250 (1.019) Prec@1 67.97 (76.59) Prec@5 94.53 (93.39) - test [2018-10-19-02:47:12] Epoch: [137][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.125 (1.185) Prec@1 46.25 (73.01) Prec@5 83.75 (91.15) -[2018-10-19-02:47:12] **test** Prec@1 73.01 Prec@5 91.15 Error@1 26.99 Error@5 8.85 Loss:1.185 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.13, Acc@5=91.18, Error@1=26.87, Error@5=8.82 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-02:47:12] [Epoch=138/250] [Need: 165:59:45] LR=0.0015 ~ 0.0015, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-02:47:17] Epoch: [138][000/10010] Time 5.34 (5.34) Data 4.74 (4.74) Loss 3.062 (3.062) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-19-02:49:01] Epoch: [138][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.835 (3.003) Prec@1 78.12 (74.27) Prec@5 91.41 (90.12) - train[2018-10-19-02:50:46] Epoch: [138][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.150 (3.008) Prec@1 68.75 (74.01) Prec@5 88.28 (90.15) - train[2018-10-19-02:52:31] Epoch: [138][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.103 (3.003) Prec@1 68.75 (73.99) Prec@5 88.28 (90.21) - train[2018-10-19-02:54:16] Epoch: [138][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.833 (2.996) Prec@1 74.22 (74.17) Prec@5 94.53 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-02:56:00] Epoch: [138][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.996) Prec@1 76.56 (74.17) Prec@5 90.62 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-02:57:45] Epoch: [138][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (2.992) Prec@1 70.31 (74.24) Prec@5 89.84 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-02:59:30] Epoch: [138][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.659 (2.995) Prec@1 80.47 (74.17) Prec@5 94.53 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-03:01:14] Epoch: [138][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.309 (2.994) Prec@1 70.31 (74.18) Prec@5 89.06 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-03:02:58] Epoch: [138][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.998) Prec@1 77.34 (74.15) Prec@5 91.41 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:04:42] Epoch: [138][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.641 (2.997) Prec@1 80.47 (74.11) Prec@5 92.97 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-03:06:28] Epoch: [138][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.997) Prec@1 68.75 (74.11) Prec@5 89.84 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-03:08:13] Epoch: [138][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (2.999) Prec@1 75.00 (74.10) Prec@5 88.28 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:09:57] Epoch: [138][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.998) Prec@1 70.31 (74.07) Prec@5 89.06 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:11:43] Epoch: [138][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.999) Prec@1 71.09 (74.05) Prec@5 89.84 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:13:28] Epoch: [138][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.999) Prec@1 72.66 (74.05) Prec@5 91.41 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:15:12] Epoch: [138][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (3.000) Prec@1 80.47 (74.05) Prec@5 93.75 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:16:57] Epoch: [138][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (3.000) Prec@1 71.09 (74.05) Prec@5 86.72 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:18:44] Epoch: [138][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (3.000) Prec@1 76.56 (74.06) Prec@5 92.19 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:20:29] Epoch: [138][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (3.000) Prec@1 76.56 (74.05) Prec@5 90.62 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:22:14] Epoch: [138][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (3.000) Prec@1 72.66 (74.06) Prec@5 89.06 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-03:23:59] Epoch: [138][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (3.000) Prec@1 71.09 (74.04) Prec@5 86.72 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:25:45] Epoch: [138][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.100 (3.000) Prec@1 74.22 (74.03) Prec@5 86.72 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-03:27:32] Epoch: [138][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (3.001) Prec@1 76.56 (74.00) Prec@5 89.84 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:29:19] Epoch: [138][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (3.001) Prec@1 76.56 (73.99) Prec@5 92.19 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:31:06] Epoch: [138][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (3.000) Prec@1 75.78 (74.00) Prec@5 88.28 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-03:32:53] Epoch: [138][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (3.001) Prec@1 73.44 (74.00) Prec@5 92.97 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:34:40] Epoch: [138][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (3.001) Prec@1 75.00 (73.99) Prec@5 92.19 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-03:36:27] Epoch: [138][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (3.001) Prec@1 72.66 (73.99) Prec@5 88.28 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:38:13] Epoch: [138][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (3.001) Prec@1 75.00 (73.99) Prec@5 92.19 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-03:40:00] Epoch: [138][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (3.002) Prec@1 79.69 (73.98) Prec@5 92.19 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-03:41:46] Epoch: [138][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (3.002) Prec@1 64.06 (73.97) Prec@5 85.94 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-03:43:33] Epoch: [138][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (3.003) Prec@1 72.66 (73.96) Prec@5 89.06 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-03:45:19] Epoch: [138][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (3.003) Prec@1 76.56 (73.95) Prec@5 89.84 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-03:47:06] Epoch: [138][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (3.003) Prec@1 74.22 (73.95) Prec@5 89.84 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-03:48:52] Epoch: [138][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (3.003) Prec@1 70.31 (73.94) Prec@5 92.19 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:50:39] Epoch: [138][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (3.004) Prec@1 74.22 (73.94) Prec@5 91.41 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:52:25] Epoch: [138][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (3.004) Prec@1 83.59 (73.93) Prec@5 91.41 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:54:10] Epoch: [138][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (3.004) Prec@1 67.19 (73.92) Prec@5 88.28 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:55:56] Epoch: [138][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (3.004) Prec@1 81.25 (73.92) Prec@5 96.09 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:57:42] Epoch: [138][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (3.005) Prec@1 78.12 (73.91) Prec@5 91.41 (90.32) - train[2018-10-19-03:59:28] Epoch: [138][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (3.006) Prec@1 72.66 (73.89) Prec@5 91.41 (90.31) - train[2018-10-19-04:01:12] Epoch: [138][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (3.006) Prec@1 72.66 (73.88) Prec@5 86.72 (90.31) - train[2018-10-19-04:02:57] Epoch: [138][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (3.006) Prec@1 79.69 (73.88) Prec@5 94.53 (90.31) - train[2018-10-19-04:04:43] Epoch: [138][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (3.006) Prec@1 75.78 (73.89) Prec@5 93.75 (90.31) - train[2018-10-19-04:06:28] Epoch: [138][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (3.006) Prec@1 70.31 (73.87) Prec@5 88.28 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-04:08:12] Epoch: [138][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.359 (3.006) Prec@1 68.75 (73.87) Prec@5 84.38 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-04:09:58] Epoch: [138][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (3.007) Prec@1 65.62 (73.86) Prec@5 89.06 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-04:11:42] Epoch: [138][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (3.007) Prec@1 75.78 (73.86) Prec@5 90.62 (90.30) - train[2018-10-19-04:13:28] Epoch: [138][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (3.007) Prec@1 75.78 (73.85) Prec@5 92.19 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-04:15:13] Epoch: [138][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (3.007) Prec@1 78.91 (73.84) Prec@5 92.19 (90.29) - train[2018-10-19-04:15:18] Epoch: [138][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (3.007) Prec@1 86.67 (73.84) Prec@5 93.33 (90.29) -[2018-10-19-04:15:18] **train** Prec@1 73.84 Prec@5 90.29 Error@1 26.16 Error@5 9.71 Loss:3.007 - test [2018-10-19-04:15:22] Epoch: [138][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 0.585 (0.585) Prec@1 88.28 (88.28) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-19-04:15:48] Epoch: [138][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.171 (1.004) Prec@1 68.75 (77.17) Prec@5 93.75 (93.41) - test [2018-10-19-04:16:13] Epoch: [138][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.122 (1.176) Prec@1 41.25 (73.38) Prec@5 81.25 (91.19) -[2018-10-19-04:16:13] **test** Prec@1 73.38 Prec@5 91.19 Error@1 26.62 Error@5 8.81 Loss:1.176 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-04:16:13] [Epoch=139/250] [Need: 164:40:37] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-04:16:18] Epoch: [139][000/10010] Time 5.08 (5.08) Data 4.48 (4.48) Loss 3.280 (3.280) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-19-04:18:03] Epoch: [139][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.876 (2.991) Prec@1 77.34 (74.38) Prec@5 89.84 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-04:19:48] Epoch: [139][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.098 (2.993) Prec@1 71.09 (74.18) Prec@5 89.84 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-04:21:33] Epoch: [139][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.859 (2.990) Prec@1 72.66 (74.17) Prec@5 90.62 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-04:23:18] Epoch: [139][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.818 (2.994) Prec@1 76.56 (74.07) Prec@5 92.19 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-04:25:03] Epoch: [139][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.602 (2.993) Prec@1 83.59 (74.16) Prec@5 96.88 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-04:26:50] Epoch: [139][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (2.992) Prec@1 72.66 (74.20) Prec@5 89.84 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-04:28:36] Epoch: [139][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.992) Prec@1 73.44 (74.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-04:30:21] Epoch: [139][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.990) Prec@1 75.78 (74.28) Prec@5 91.41 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-04:32:05] Epoch: [139][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.990) Prec@1 79.69 (74.27) Prec@5 95.31 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-04:33:50] Epoch: [139][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.990) Prec@1 71.88 (74.25) Prec@5 89.84 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-04:35:36] Epoch: [139][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.990) Prec@1 74.22 (74.25) Prec@5 88.28 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-04:37:21] Epoch: [139][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.992) Prec@1 69.53 (74.20) Prec@5 90.62 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-04:39:07] Epoch: [139][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.991) Prec@1 78.91 (74.23) Prec@5 88.28 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-04:40:54] Epoch: [139][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.993) Prec@1 75.00 (74.19) Prec@5 89.84 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-04:42:39] Epoch: [139][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.994) Prec@1 73.44 (74.16) Prec@5 87.50 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-04:44:24] Epoch: [139][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (2.995) Prec@1 71.09 (74.13) Prec@5 88.28 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-04:46:09] Epoch: [139][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.995) Prec@1 76.56 (74.12) Prec@5 91.41 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-04:47:54] Epoch: [139][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.996) Prec@1 70.31 (74.09) Prec@5 87.50 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-04:49:39] Epoch: [139][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.996) Prec@1 77.34 (74.08) Prec@5 90.62 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-04:51:24] Epoch: [139][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.997) Prec@1 72.66 (74.06) Prec@5 93.75 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-04:53:08] Epoch: [139][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (2.997) Prec@1 72.66 (74.06) Prec@5 87.50 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-04:54:53] Epoch: [139][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.996) Prec@1 77.34 (74.07) Prec@5 94.53 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-04:56:39] Epoch: [139][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.997) Prec@1 74.22 (74.08) Prec@5 93.75 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-04:58:26] Epoch: [139][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (2.997) Prec@1 70.31 (74.07) Prec@5 89.06 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-05:00:12] Epoch: [139][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.997) Prec@1 75.78 (74.05) Prec@5 92.19 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-05:01:58] Epoch: [139][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.998) Prec@1 77.34 (74.04) Prec@5 95.31 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-05:03:43] Epoch: [139][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.998) Prec@1 71.88 (74.03) Prec@5 89.06 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-05:05:28] Epoch: [139][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (2.998) Prec@1 71.88 (74.02) Prec@5 87.50 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-05:07:13] Epoch: [139][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.998) Prec@1 75.78 (74.05) Prec@5 91.41 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-05:08:58] Epoch: [139][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.998) Prec@1 75.00 (74.04) Prec@5 91.41 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-05:10:43] Epoch: [139][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (2.999) Prec@1 72.66 (74.02) Prec@5 87.50 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-05:12:29] Epoch: [139][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.999) Prec@1 71.09 (74.01) Prec@5 89.84 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-05:14:14] Epoch: [139][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (2.999) Prec@1 72.66 (73.99) Prec@5 90.62 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-05:15:58] Epoch: [139][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.999) Prec@1 71.88 (73.98) Prec@5 87.50 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-05:17:43] Epoch: [139][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (3.000) Prec@1 72.66 (73.97) Prec@5 87.50 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-05:19:27] Epoch: [139][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (3.000) Prec@1 77.34 (73.97) Prec@5 90.62 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-05:21:12] Epoch: [139][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (3.000) Prec@1 71.88 (73.97) Prec@5 91.41 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-05:22:57] Epoch: [139][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (3.001) Prec@1 75.78 (73.96) Prec@5 89.84 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-05:24:44] Epoch: [139][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (3.001) Prec@1 78.91 (73.94) Prec@5 91.41 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:26:32] Epoch: [139][8000/10010] Time 0.64 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (3.001) Prec@1 75.78 (73.94) Prec@5 87.50 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:28:19] Epoch: [139][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (3.001) Prec@1 73.44 (73.95) Prec@5 90.62 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-05:30:07] Epoch: [139][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (3.001) Prec@1 72.66 (73.95) Prec@5 92.19 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-05:31:55] Epoch: [139][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (3.001) Prec@1 77.34 (73.95) Prec@5 89.84 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:33:42] Epoch: [139][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (3.002) Prec@1 75.00 (73.94) Prec@5 94.53 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:35:29] Epoch: [139][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (3.002) Prec@1 69.53 (73.93) Prec@5 94.53 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:37:16] Epoch: [139][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (3.002) Prec@1 69.53 (73.92) Prec@5 91.41 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-05:39:05] Epoch: [139][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (3.003) Prec@1 73.44 (73.90) Prec@5 90.62 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-05:40:52] Epoch: [139][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (3.003) Prec@1 76.56 (73.90) Prec@5 90.62 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-05:42:40] Epoch: [139][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (3.004) Prec@1 72.66 (73.88) Prec@5 89.06 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-05:44:29] Epoch: [139][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.153 (3.004) Prec@1 75.00 (73.88) Prec@5 89.84 (90.33) - train[2018-10-19-05:44:33] Epoch: [139][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.709 (3.004) Prec@1 46.67 (73.88) Prec@5 80.00 (90.33) -[2018-10-19-05:44:33] **train** Prec@1 73.88 Prec@5 90.33 Error@1 26.12 Error@5 9.67 Loss:3.004 - test [2018-10-19-05:44:37] Epoch: [139][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.553 (0.553) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-19-05:45:03] Epoch: [139][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.261 (1.015) Prec@1 67.97 (76.80) Prec@5 92.19 (93.47) - test [2018-10-19-05:45:28] Epoch: [139][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.057 (1.180) Prec@1 46.25 (73.18) Prec@5 83.75 (91.21) -[2018-10-19-05:45:28] **test** Prec@1 73.18 Prec@5 91.21 Error@1 26.82 Error@5 8.79 Loss:1.180 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-05:45:28] [Epoch=140/250] [Need: 163:38:31] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-05:45:34] Epoch: [140][000/10010] Time 5.25 (5.25) Data 4.62 (4.62) Loss 2.848 (2.848) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-19-05:47:18] Epoch: [140][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.858 (3.012) Prec@1 72.66 (73.95) Prec@5 94.53 (90.26) - train[2018-10-19-05:49:03] Epoch: [140][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.744 (2.993) Prec@1 76.56 (74.06) Prec@5 95.31 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-05:50:47] Epoch: [140][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.987 (2.990) Prec@1 72.66 (74.11) Prec@5 92.19 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-05:52:32] Epoch: [140][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.913 (2.987) Prec@1 67.97 (74.22) Prec@5 95.31 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-05:54:18] Epoch: [140][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.985) Prec@1 75.78 (74.22) Prec@5 93.75 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-05:56:03] Epoch: [140][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (2.985) Prec@1 73.44 (74.27) Prec@5 90.62 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-05:57:48] Epoch: [140][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.987) Prec@1 75.78 (74.21) Prec@5 95.31 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-05:59:33] Epoch: [140][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.195 (2.986) Prec@1 67.97 (74.23) Prec@5 89.06 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-06:01:18] Epoch: [140][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.988) Prec@1 75.00 (74.21) Prec@5 90.62 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-06:03:03] Epoch: [140][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (2.988) Prec@1 71.09 (74.21) Prec@5 89.84 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-06:04:48] Epoch: [140][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.988) Prec@1 70.31 (74.21) Prec@5 89.84 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-06:06:33] Epoch: [140][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.989) Prec@1 75.78 (74.20) Prec@5 89.84 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-06:08:18] Epoch: [140][2600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.989) Prec@1 79.69 (74.22) Prec@5 92.97 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-06:10:03] Epoch: [140][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.989) Prec@1 71.09 (74.20) Prec@5 92.19 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-06:11:48] Epoch: [140][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.990) Prec@1 77.34 (74.18) Prec@5 89.06 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-06:13:34] Epoch: [140][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (2.991) Prec@1 73.44 (74.16) Prec@5 86.72 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-06:15:18] Epoch: [140][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (2.991) Prec@1 72.66 (74.15) Prec@5 86.72 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-06:17:03] Epoch: [140][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.991) Prec@1 71.09 (74.15) Prec@5 91.41 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-06:18:48] Epoch: [140][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (2.991) Prec@1 71.09 (74.16) Prec@5 89.06 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-06:20:33] Epoch: [140][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (2.991) Prec@1 71.88 (74.14) Prec@5 87.50 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-06:22:18] Epoch: [140][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.991) Prec@1 74.22 (74.15) Prec@5 92.19 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-06:24:03] Epoch: [140][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (2.991) Prec@1 70.31 (74.16) Prec@5 89.06 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-06:25:49] Epoch: [140][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.992) Prec@1 77.34 (74.15) Prec@5 95.31 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-06:27:33] Epoch: [140][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (2.993) Prec@1 71.09 (74.12) Prec@5 89.06 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-06:29:18] Epoch: [140][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.994) Prec@1 74.22 (74.11) Prec@5 87.50 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-06:31:03] Epoch: [140][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.994) Prec@1 72.66 (74.11) Prec@5 93.75 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-06:32:48] Epoch: [140][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.994) Prec@1 68.75 (74.11) Prec@5 91.41 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-06:34:32] Epoch: [140][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.995) Prec@1 75.00 (74.10) Prec@5 85.94 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-06:36:18] Epoch: [140][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.996) Prec@1 75.78 (74.08) Prec@5 92.19 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-06:38:03] Epoch: [140][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.218 (2.996) Prec@1 66.41 (74.07) Prec@5 88.28 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-06:39:47] Epoch: [140][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.996) Prec@1 72.66 (74.08) Prec@5 89.84 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-06:41:31] Epoch: [140][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (2.997) Prec@1 71.09 (74.07) Prec@5 85.94 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:43:17] Epoch: [140][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.997) Prec@1 71.88 (74.05) Prec@5 89.06 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:45:02] Epoch: [140][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.377 (2.997) Prec@1 64.06 (74.05) Prec@5 83.59 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-06:46:47] Epoch: [140][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.997) Prec@1 76.56 (74.05) Prec@5 92.19 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:48:32] Epoch: [140][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (2.996) Prec@1 71.09 (74.06) Prec@5 89.06 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:50:18] Epoch: [140][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.996) Prec@1 75.78 (74.06) Prec@5 92.97 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:52:03] Epoch: [140][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (2.997) Prec@1 74.22 (74.06) Prec@5 86.72 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-06:53:49] Epoch: [140][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.997) Prec@1 76.56 (74.06) Prec@5 92.19 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-06:55:34] Epoch: [140][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.578 (2.996) Prec@1 82.81 (74.06) Prec@5 95.31 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:57:20] Epoch: [140][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.997) Prec@1 75.00 (74.06) Prec@5 87.50 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-06:59:05] Epoch: [140][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (2.997) Prec@1 69.53 (74.05) Prec@5 86.72 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-07:00:52] Epoch: [140][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.998) Prec@1 74.22 (74.04) Prec@5 89.84 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-07:02:37] Epoch: [140][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.158 (2.998) Prec@1 67.19 (74.03) Prec@5 85.16 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-07:04:23] Epoch: [140][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.584 (2.999) Prec@1 82.03 (74.02) Prec@5 96.09 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-07:06:11] Epoch: [140][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.999) Prec@1 80.47 (74.01) Prec@5 93.75 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-07:07:58] Epoch: [140][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.999) Prec@1 72.66 (74.01) Prec@5 89.84 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-07:09:45] Epoch: [140][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (2.999) Prec@1 74.22 (74.01) Prec@5 86.72 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-07:11:32] Epoch: [140][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.999) Prec@1 74.22 (74.00) Prec@5 95.31 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-07:13:19] Epoch: [140][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (3.000) Prec@1 75.78 (74.00) Prec@5 92.97 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-07:13:23] Epoch: [140][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.364 (3.000) Prec@1 93.33 (74.00) Prec@5 100.00 (90.38) -[2018-10-19-07:13:23] **train** Prec@1 74.00 Prec@5 90.38 Error@1 26.00 Error@5 9.62 Loss:3.000 - test [2018-10-19-07:13:27] Epoch: [140][000/391] Time 3.72 (3.72) Data 3.58 (3.58) Loss 0.529 (0.529) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-19-07:13:53] Epoch: [140][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.238 (1.004) Prec@1 65.62 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (93.39) - test [2018-10-19-07:14:18] Epoch: [140][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.067 (1.168) Prec@1 46.25 (73.21) Prec@5 81.25 (91.23) -[2018-10-19-07:14:18] **test** Prec@1 73.21 Prec@5 91.23 Error@1 26.79 Error@5 8.77 Loss:1.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-07:14:18] [Epoch=141/250] [Need: 161:22:09] LR=0.0014 ~ 0.0014, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-07:14:23] Epoch: [141][000/10010] Time 5.48 (5.48) Data 4.88 (4.88) Loss 2.829 (2.829) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-19-07:16:09] Epoch: [141][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.951 (2.990) Prec@1 71.88 (74.14) Prec@5 89.06 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-07:17:55] Epoch: [141][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.921 (2.991) Prec@1 75.78 (74.37) Prec@5 90.62 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-07:19:40] Epoch: [141][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.739 (2.993) Prec@1 78.91 (74.36) Prec@5 92.97 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-07:21:25] Epoch: [141][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.984 (2.993) Prec@1 75.78 (74.34) Prec@5 89.06 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-07:23:10] Epoch: [141][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.191 (2.996) Prec@1 70.31 (74.28) Prec@5 89.06 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-07:24:55] Epoch: [141][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.993) Prec@1 75.78 (74.31) Prec@5 92.97 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-07:26:39] Epoch: [141][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (2.991) Prec@1 71.88 (74.35) Prec@5 88.28 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-07:28:24] Epoch: [141][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.988) Prec@1 75.00 (74.39) Prec@5 89.84 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-07:30:09] Epoch: [141][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (2.988) Prec@1 70.31 (74.38) Prec@5 85.94 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-07:31:54] Epoch: [141][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.988) Prec@1 73.44 (74.36) Prec@5 91.41 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-07:33:40] Epoch: [141][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.989) Prec@1 75.78 (74.30) Prec@5 93.75 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-07:35:25] Epoch: [141][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (2.988) Prec@1 74.22 (74.30) Prec@5 92.97 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-07:37:10] Epoch: [141][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.988) Prec@1 72.66 (74.29) Prec@5 92.97 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-07:38:57] Epoch: [141][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.988) Prec@1 70.31 (74.29) Prec@5 91.41 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-07:40:44] Epoch: [141][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (2.990) Prec@1 79.69 (74.23) Prec@5 94.53 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-07:42:30] Epoch: [141][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (2.991) Prec@1 72.66 (74.23) Prec@5 85.16 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-07:44:15] Epoch: [141][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.992) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 92.97 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-07:46:00] Epoch: [141][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.992) Prec@1 78.12 (74.20) Prec@5 92.19 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-07:47:45] Epoch: [141][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.726 (2.991) Prec@1 80.47 (74.23) Prec@5 92.97 (90.43) - train[2018-10-19-07:49:29] Epoch: [141][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.991) Prec@1 75.00 (74.21) Prec@5 88.28 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-07:51:15] Epoch: [141][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.992) Prec@1 78.91 (74.19) Prec@5 91.41 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-07:53:02] Epoch: [141][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.992) Prec@1 78.12 (74.19) Prec@5 93.75 (90.41) - train[2018-10-19-07:54:48] Epoch: [141][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.994) Prec@1 80.47 (74.17) Prec@5 92.19 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-07:56:35] Epoch: [141][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.271 (2.993) Prec@1 67.97 (74.16) Prec@5 85.94 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-07:58:23] Epoch: [141][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (2.993) Prec@1 71.88 (74.16) Prec@5 86.72 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-08:00:10] Epoch: [141][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.994) Prec@1 73.44 (74.15) Prec@5 91.41 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-08:01:57] Epoch: [141][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.994) Prec@1 78.12 (74.14) Prec@5 91.41 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-08:03:42] Epoch: [141][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.994) Prec@1 75.78 (74.13) Prec@5 89.84 (90.39) - train[2018-10-19-08:05:26] Epoch: [141][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.994) Prec@1 76.56 (74.13) Prec@5 90.62 (90.38) - train[2018-10-19-08:07:12] Epoch: [141][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.995) Prec@1 74.22 (74.12) Prec@5 89.06 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-08:08:57] Epoch: [141][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (2.995) Prec@1 73.44 (74.11) Prec@5 87.50 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-08:10:41] Epoch: [141][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (2.995) Prec@1 75.00 (74.11) Prec@5 86.72 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-08:12:26] Epoch: [141][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.996) Prec@1 67.19 (74.11) Prec@5 95.31 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-08:14:11] Epoch: [141][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.996) Prec@1 73.44 (74.11) Prec@5 91.41 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-08:15:56] Epoch: [141][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.996) Prec@1 75.78 (74.10) Prec@5 92.97 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:17:40] Epoch: [141][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.996) Prec@1 75.78 (74.10) Prec@5 92.19 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-08:19:26] Epoch: [141][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.996) Prec@1 75.78 (74.09) Prec@5 91.41 (90.36) - train[2018-10-19-08:21:11] Epoch: [141][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.400 (2.996) Prec@1 85.16 (74.09) Prec@5 99.22 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:22:55] Epoch: [141][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.996) Prec@1 72.66 (74.07) Prec@5 89.06 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:24:41] Epoch: [141][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.996) Prec@1 77.34 (74.08) Prec@5 89.84 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:26:28] Epoch: [141][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.996) Prec@1 77.34 (74.08) Prec@5 91.41 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:28:15] Epoch: [141][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.996) Prec@1 72.66 (74.07) Prec@5 92.97 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:30:01] Epoch: [141][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.996) Prec@1 75.00 (74.08) Prec@5 92.97 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-08:31:47] Epoch: [141][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (2.996) Prec@1 71.88 (74.07) Prec@5 90.62 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-08:33:34] Epoch: [141][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (2.996) Prec@1 71.09 (74.07) Prec@5 89.84 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:35:20] Epoch: [141][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.996) Prec@1 78.12 (74.07) Prec@5 91.41 (90.34) - train[2018-10-19-08:37:05] Epoch: [141][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.996) Prec@1 67.97 (74.07) Prec@5 92.97 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:38:51] Epoch: [141][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.996) Prec@1 76.56 (74.06) Prec@5 89.06 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:40:38] Epoch: [141][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.996) Prec@1 78.12 (74.06) Prec@5 92.19 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:42:24] Epoch: [141][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.996) Prec@1 70.31 (74.05) Prec@5 91.41 (90.35) - train[2018-10-19-08:42:28] Epoch: [141][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.996) Prec@1 73.33 (74.06) Prec@5 86.67 (90.35) -[2018-10-19-08:42:29] **train** Prec@1 74.06 Prec@5 90.35 Error@1 25.94 Error@5 9.65 Loss:2.996 - test [2018-10-19-08:42:32] Epoch: [141][000/391] Time 3.88 (3.88) Data 3.74 (3.74) Loss 0.611 (0.611) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-19-08:42:59] Epoch: [141][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.157 (1.027) Prec@1 66.41 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (93.32) - test [2018-10-19-08:43:24] Epoch: [141][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.044 (1.192) Prec@1 50.00 (73.03) Prec@5 82.50 (91.12) -[2018-10-19-08:43:24] **test** Prec@1 73.03 Prec@5 91.12 Error@1 26.97 Error@5 8.88 Loss:1.192 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-08:43:24] [Epoch=142/250] [Need: 160:22:23] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-08:43:29] Epoch: [142][000/10010] Time 4.92 (4.92) Data 4.37 (4.37) Loss 2.987 (2.987) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-19-08:45:14] Epoch: [142][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.386 (2.999) Prec@1 68.75 (74.05) Prec@5 85.16 (90.37) - train[2018-10-19-08:46:58] Epoch: [142][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.951 (2.999) Prec@1 72.66 (74.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.40) - train[2018-10-19-08:48:43] Epoch: [142][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.890 (2.986) Prec@1 75.00 (74.44) Prec@5 92.19 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-08:50:28] Epoch: [142][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.163 (2.983) Prec@1 71.88 (74.47) Prec@5 86.72 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-08:52:13] Epoch: [142][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (2.983) Prec@1 75.00 (74.43) Prec@5 86.72 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-08:53:58] Epoch: [142][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.980) Prec@1 77.34 (74.49) Prec@5 92.97 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-08:55:42] Epoch: [142][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (2.983) Prec@1 71.09 (74.41) Prec@5 88.28 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-08:57:27] Epoch: [142][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (2.984) Prec@1 70.31 (74.39) Prec@5 87.50 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-08:59:12] Epoch: [142][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.984) Prec@1 71.88 (74.40) Prec@5 90.62 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-09:00:58] Epoch: [142][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.982) Prec@1 78.12 (74.44) Prec@5 96.09 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-09:02:43] Epoch: [142][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.983) Prec@1 78.91 (74.43) Prec@5 94.53 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-09:04:29] Epoch: [142][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.985) Prec@1 69.53 (74.38) Prec@5 88.28 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-09:06:15] Epoch: [142][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.985) Prec@1 77.34 (74.38) Prec@5 90.62 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-09:07:59] Epoch: [142][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.983) Prec@1 76.56 (74.41) Prec@5 91.41 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-09:09:44] Epoch: [142][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (2.984) Prec@1 75.00 (74.38) Prec@5 89.06 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-09:11:29] Epoch: [142][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (2.984) Prec@1 69.53 (74.38) Prec@5 86.72 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-09:13:13] Epoch: [142][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (2.985) Prec@1 77.34 (74.37) Prec@5 84.38 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-09:14:59] Epoch: [142][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.454 (2.986) Prec@1 68.75 (74.34) Prec@5 82.81 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-09:16:44] Epoch: [142][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.986) Prec@1 79.69 (74.33) Prec@5 93.75 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-09:18:30] Epoch: [142][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.985) Prec@1 73.44 (74.35) Prec@5 90.62 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-09:20:15] Epoch: [142][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (2.986) Prec@1 70.31 (74.32) Prec@5 87.50 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-09:21:59] Epoch: [142][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.984) Prec@1 75.00 (74.34) Prec@5 94.53 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-09:23:44] Epoch: [142][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.985) Prec@1 75.00 (74.33) Prec@5 90.62 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-09:25:29] Epoch: [142][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (2.985) Prec@1 64.06 (74.32) Prec@5 86.72 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-09:27:14] Epoch: [142][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.985) Prec@1 71.09 (74.32) Prec@5 88.28 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-09:28:59] Epoch: [142][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.985) Prec@1 76.56 (74.32) Prec@5 91.41 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-09:30:43] Epoch: [142][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.613 (2.985) Prec@1 82.81 (74.31) Prec@5 94.53 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-09:32:28] Epoch: [142][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.986) Prec@1 78.91 (74.30) Prec@5 87.50 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-09:34:13] Epoch: [142][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.987) Prec@1 75.78 (74.29) Prec@5 91.41 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-09:35:59] Epoch: [142][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.298 (2.987) Prec@1 69.53 (74.28) Prec@5 83.59 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-09:37:43] Epoch: [142][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.989) Prec@1 75.00 (74.26) Prec@5 88.28 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-09:39:29] Epoch: [142][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.989) Prec@1 76.56 (74.26) Prec@5 89.84 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-09:41:15] Epoch: [142][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (2.989) Prec@1 68.75 (74.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:42:59] Epoch: [142][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.990) Prec@1 76.56 (74.23) Prec@5 88.28 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:44:44] Epoch: [142][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.409 (2.990) Prec@1 66.41 (74.22) Prec@5 85.16 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-09:46:29] Epoch: [142][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.989) Prec@1 68.75 (74.24) Prec@5 89.06 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:48:15] Epoch: [142][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.989) Prec@1 69.53 (74.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-09:50:00] Epoch: [142][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.989) Prec@1 68.75 (74.24) Prec@5 89.84 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:51:45] Epoch: [142][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.990) Prec@1 73.44 (74.24) Prec@5 90.62 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:53:30] Epoch: [142][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.990) Prec@1 75.78 (74.23) Prec@5 89.84 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:55:15] Epoch: [142][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (2.990) Prec@1 71.88 (74.23) Prec@5 91.41 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-09:57:00] Epoch: [142][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.399 (2.990) Prec@1 72.66 (74.22) Prec@5 84.38 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-09:58:45] Epoch: [142][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.362 (2.990) Prec@1 63.28 (74.21) Prec@5 87.50 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-10:00:29] Epoch: [142][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.559 (2.990) Prec@1 64.84 (74.21) Prec@5 84.38 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-10:02:15] Epoch: [142][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.990) Prec@1 77.34 (74.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-10:04:00] Epoch: [142][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.991) Prec@1 75.00 (74.21) Prec@5 92.97 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-10:05:45] Epoch: [142][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.991) Prec@1 75.00 (74.20) Prec@5 90.62 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-10:07:30] Epoch: [142][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.991) Prec@1 77.34 (74.19) Prec@5 89.06 (90.45) - train[2018-10-19-10:09:15] Epoch: [142][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.991) Prec@1 73.44 (74.18) Prec@5 89.84 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-10:11:01] Epoch: [142][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.721 (2.991) Prec@1 78.91 (74.18) Prec@5 95.31 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-10:11:05] Epoch: [142][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.894 (2.991) Prec@1 66.67 (74.18) Prec@5 80.00 (90.44) -[2018-10-19-10:11:05] **train** Prec@1 74.18 Prec@5 90.44 Error@1 25.82 Error@5 9.56 Loss:2.991 - test [2018-10-19-10:11:09] Epoch: [142][000/391] Time 4.00 (4.00) Data 3.87 (3.87) Loss 0.533 (0.533) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-19-10:11:35] Epoch: [142][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.211 (1.010) Prec@1 67.97 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (93.42) - test [2018-10-19-10:12:00] Epoch: [142][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.998 (1.177) Prec@1 45.00 (73.21) Prec@5 81.25 (91.21) -[2018-10-19-10:12:00] **test** Prec@1 73.21 Prec@5 91.21 Error@1 26.79 Error@5 8.79 Loss:1.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-10:12:00] [Epoch=143/250] [Need: 158:01:28] LR=0.0013 ~ 0.0013, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-10:12:05] Epoch: [143][000/10010] Time 4.39 (4.39) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 3.106 (3.106) Prec@1 67.19 (67.19) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-19-10:13:50] Epoch: [143][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.002 (3.004) Prec@1 76.56 (74.23) Prec@5 93.75 (90.10) - train[2018-10-19-10:15:35] Epoch: [143][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.983 (2.988) Prec@1 72.66 (74.50) Prec@5 92.97 (90.42) - train[2018-10-19-10:17:19] Epoch: [143][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.034 (2.982) Prec@1 72.66 (74.50) Prec@5 91.41 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-10:19:05] Epoch: [143][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.226 (2.983) Prec@1 72.66 (74.42) Prec@5 89.84 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-10:20:50] Epoch: [143][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.981) Prec@1 69.53 (74.48) Prec@5 89.06 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-10:22:35] Epoch: [143][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.513 (2.981) Prec@1 64.06 (74.45) Prec@5 83.59 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-10:24:21] Epoch: [143][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (2.982) Prec@1 71.09 (74.43) Prec@5 84.38 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-10:26:06] Epoch: [143][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.981) Prec@1 75.00 (74.43) Prec@5 87.50 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-10:27:50] Epoch: [143][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.980) Prec@1 78.91 (74.42) Prec@5 91.41 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-10:29:36] Epoch: [143][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.736 (2.980) Prec@1 78.12 (74.40) Prec@5 93.75 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-10:31:22] Epoch: [143][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.274 (2.981) Prec@1 69.53 (74.39) Prec@5 87.50 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-10:33:07] Epoch: [143][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.981) Prec@1 74.22 (74.39) Prec@5 90.62 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-10:34:51] Epoch: [143][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.983) Prec@1 76.56 (74.36) Prec@5 91.41 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-10:36:36] Epoch: [143][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.982) Prec@1 68.75 (74.38) Prec@5 89.06 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-10:38:21] Epoch: [143][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.983) Prec@1 72.66 (74.35) Prec@5 92.97 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-10:40:07] Epoch: [143][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.984) Prec@1 80.47 (74.34) Prec@5 93.75 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-10:41:52] Epoch: [143][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.983) Prec@1 76.56 (74.35) Prec@5 90.62 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-10:43:38] Epoch: [143][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.984) Prec@1 75.00 (74.33) Prec@5 91.41 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-10:45:23] Epoch: [143][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.984) Prec@1 76.56 (74.34) Prec@5 92.19 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-10:47:09] Epoch: [143][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.983) Prec@1 70.31 (74.32) Prec@5 91.41 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-10:48:54] Epoch: [143][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (2.985) Prec@1 73.44 (74.30) Prec@5 92.19 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-10:50:40] Epoch: [143][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.985) Prec@1 70.31 (74.30) Prec@5 88.28 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-10:52:25] Epoch: [143][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.984) Prec@1 73.44 (74.30) Prec@5 89.84 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-10:54:10] Epoch: [143][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.985) Prec@1 78.91 (74.29) Prec@5 94.53 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-10:55:55] Epoch: [143][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.984) Prec@1 71.09 (74.31) Prec@5 90.62 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-10:57:40] Epoch: [143][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.985) Prec@1 75.00 (74.30) Prec@5 91.41 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-10:59:26] Epoch: [143][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.984) Prec@1 79.69 (74.30) Prec@5 90.62 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-11:01:10] Epoch: [143][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (2.985) Prec@1 76.56 (74.29) Prec@5 90.62 (90.49) - train[2018-10-19-11:02:55] Epoch: [143][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (2.986) Prec@1 69.53 (74.28) Prec@5 87.50 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-11:04:40] Epoch: [143][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (2.986) Prec@1 62.50 (74.28) Prec@5 84.38 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-11:06:25] Epoch: [143][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (2.986) Prec@1 69.53 (74.29) Prec@5 89.06 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-11:08:09] Epoch: [143][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.987) Prec@1 71.09 (74.27) Prec@5 92.19 (90.48) - train[2018-10-19-11:09:53] Epoch: [143][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.987) Prec@1 75.00 (74.26) Prec@5 92.19 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-11:11:39] Epoch: [143][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.987) Prec@1 74.22 (74.26) Prec@5 92.19 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-11:13:24] Epoch: [143][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.988) Prec@1 74.22 (74.25) Prec@5 92.97 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:15:09] Epoch: [143][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.595 (2.988) Prec@1 82.03 (74.25) Prec@5 95.31 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:16:54] Epoch: [143][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.988) Prec@1 80.47 (74.25) Prec@5 91.41 (90.47) - train[2018-10-19-11:18:39] Epoch: [143][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.988) Prec@1 72.66 (74.25) Prec@5 90.62 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:20:24] Epoch: [143][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (2.988) Prec@1 71.09 (74.25) Prec@5 90.62 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:22:09] Epoch: [143][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.988) Prec@1 72.66 (74.24) Prec@5 92.97 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:23:54] Epoch: [143][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.988) Prec@1 74.22 (74.23) Prec@5 94.53 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:25:39] Epoch: [143][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.988) Prec@1 78.12 (74.22) Prec@5 92.19 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:27:24] Epoch: [143][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.989) Prec@1 71.88 (74.22) Prec@5 94.53 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:29:09] Epoch: [143][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.989) Prec@1 75.78 (74.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.46) - train[2018-10-19-11:30:54] Epoch: [143][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (2.990) Prec@1 69.53 (74.20) Prec@5 86.72 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:32:38] Epoch: [143][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.990) Prec@1 79.69 (74.21) Prec@5 92.97 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:34:23] Epoch: [143][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.990) Prec@1 73.44 (74.19) Prec@5 93.75 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:36:07] Epoch: [143][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (2.990) Prec@1 73.44 (74.19) Prec@5 89.06 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:37:53] Epoch: [143][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.990) Prec@1 76.56 (74.19) Prec@5 85.16 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:39:38] Epoch: [143][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.991) Prec@1 77.34 (74.19) Prec@5 89.84 (90.44) - train[2018-10-19-11:39:42] Epoch: [143][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.991) Prec@1 66.67 (74.19) Prec@5 100.00 (90.44) -[2018-10-19-11:39:42] **train** Prec@1 74.19 Prec@5 90.44 Error@1 25.81 Error@5 9.56 Loss:2.991 - test [2018-10-19-11:39:46] Epoch: [143][000/391] Time 3.74 (3.74) Data 3.61 (3.61) Loss 0.622 (0.622) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-19-11:40:13] Epoch: [143][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.289 (1.018) Prec@1 65.62 (76.75) Prec@5 90.62 (93.37) - test [2018-10-19-11:40:37] Epoch: [143][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.106 (1.181) Prec@1 46.25 (73.19) Prec@5 81.25 (91.22) -[2018-10-19-11:40:37] **test** Prec@1 73.19 Prec@5 91.22 Error@1 26.81 Error@5 8.78 Loss:1.181 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-11:40:37] [Epoch=144/250] [Need: 156:33:03] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-11:40:42] Epoch: [144][000/10010] Time 4.69 (4.69) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 2.833 (2.833) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-19-11:42:27] Epoch: [144][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.033 (2.964) Prec@1 71.88 (74.80) Prec@5 86.72 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-11:44:11] Epoch: [144][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.841 (2.962) Prec@1 77.34 (74.68) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-11:45:56] Epoch: [144][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.177 (2.969) Prec@1 70.31 (74.56) Prec@5 89.84 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-11:47:41] Epoch: [144][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.843 (2.965) Prec@1 77.34 (74.75) Prec@5 92.19 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-11:49:27] Epoch: [144][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.64) Prec@5 89.84 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-11:51:12] Epoch: [144][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.652 (2.970) Prec@1 82.03 (74.64) Prec@5 92.97 (90.61) - train[2018-10-19-11:52:57] Epoch: [144][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.974) Prec@1 68.75 (74.54) Prec@5 88.28 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-11:54:42] Epoch: [144][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.976) Prec@1 71.09 (74.48) Prec@5 92.97 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-11:56:26] Epoch: [144][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (2.980) Prec@1 69.53 (74.43) Prec@5 89.06 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-11:58:12] Epoch: [144][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.980) Prec@1 75.78 (74.50) Prec@5 92.19 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-11:59:57] Epoch: [144][2200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.982) Prec@1 72.66 (74.44) Prec@5 94.53 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:01:42] Epoch: [144][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (2.980) Prec@1 71.88 (74.45) Prec@5 88.28 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-12:03:28] Epoch: [144][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.979) Prec@1 76.56 (74.47) Prec@5 91.41 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:05:13] Epoch: [144][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.981) Prec@1 75.78 (74.41) Prec@5 90.62 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:06:58] Epoch: [144][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.980) Prec@1 72.66 (74.42) Prec@5 89.84 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:08:44] Epoch: [144][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (2.980) Prec@1 71.88 (74.44) Prec@5 89.06 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:10:29] Epoch: [144][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.980) Prec@1 71.88 (74.42) Prec@5 89.84 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:12:15] Epoch: [144][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.980) Prec@1 68.75 (74.42) Prec@5 89.06 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:14:00] Epoch: [144][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.980) Prec@1 75.78 (74.43) Prec@5 89.84 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:15:46] Epoch: [144][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.980) Prec@1 71.88 (74.43) Prec@5 91.41 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-12:17:31] Epoch: [144][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.981) Prec@1 71.09 (74.41) Prec@5 92.97 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-12:19:16] Epoch: [144][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.982) Prec@1 77.34 (74.41) Prec@5 96.09 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:21:02] Epoch: [144][4600/10010] Time 0.64 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.410 (2.982) Prec@1 68.75 (74.41) Prec@5 86.72 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-12:22:47] Epoch: [144][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.982) Prec@1 78.91 (74.40) Prec@5 92.19 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-12:24:32] Epoch: [144][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.983) Prec@1 71.88 (74.38) Prec@5 88.28 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:26:18] Epoch: [144][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.362 (2.983) Prec@1 68.75 (74.39) Prec@5 85.94 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:28:03] Epoch: [144][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.375 (2.984) Prec@1 75.00 (74.37) Prec@5 89.84 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:29:48] Epoch: [144][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (2.984) Prec@1 68.75 (74.36) Prec@5 90.62 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:31:34] Epoch: [144][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.275 (2.984) Prec@1 71.88 (74.35) Prec@5 86.72 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:33:20] Epoch: [144][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.984) Prec@1 78.91 (74.34) Prec@5 93.75 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:35:05] Epoch: [144][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.984) Prec@1 75.00 (74.33) Prec@5 92.97 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:36:52] Epoch: [144][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.984) Prec@1 77.34 (74.33) Prec@5 93.75 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:38:37] Epoch: [144][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.984) Prec@1 79.69 (74.33) Prec@5 92.97 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:40:22] Epoch: [144][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.984) Prec@1 71.09 (74.32) Prec@5 92.19 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:42:09] Epoch: [144][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.985) Prec@1 75.78 (74.31) Prec@5 92.19 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:43:56] Epoch: [144][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.985) Prec@1 74.22 (74.30) Prec@5 90.62 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:45:43] Epoch: [144][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.985) Prec@1 71.09 (74.30) Prec@5 89.06 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:47:30] Epoch: [144][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.985) Prec@1 76.56 (74.31) Prec@5 91.41 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:49:18] Epoch: [144][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.985) Prec@1 78.12 (74.30) Prec@5 94.53 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:51:04] Epoch: [144][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.985) Prec@1 73.44 (74.31) Prec@5 89.84 (90.52) - train[2018-10-19-12:52:50] Epoch: [144][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.985) Prec@1 76.56 (74.31) Prec@5 92.19 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:54:37] Epoch: [144][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (2.985) Prec@1 72.66 (74.30) Prec@5 88.28 (90.51) - train[2018-10-19-12:56:25] Epoch: [144][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (2.986) Prec@1 72.66 (74.28) Prec@5 87.50 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-12:58:12] Epoch: [144][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (2.986) Prec@1 67.97 (74.29) Prec@5 87.50 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-12:59:59] Epoch: [144][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.986) Prec@1 76.56 (74.30) Prec@5 89.06 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:01:46] Epoch: [144][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (2.986) Prec@1 69.53 (74.29) Prec@5 89.06 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:03:33] Epoch: [144][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.986) Prec@1 75.78 (74.28) Prec@5 92.19 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:05:20] Epoch: [144][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.986) Prec@1 72.66 (74.28) Prec@5 88.28 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:07:07] Epoch: [144][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.986) Prec@1 78.12 (74.28) Prec@5 90.62 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:08:54] Epoch: [144][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.986) Prec@1 78.12 (74.27) Prec@5 93.75 (90.50) - train[2018-10-19-13:08:58] Epoch: [144][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.987) Prec@1 80.00 (74.27) Prec@5 100.00 (90.50) -[2018-10-19-13:08:58] **train** Prec@1 74.27 Prec@5 90.50 Error@1 25.73 Error@5 9.50 Loss:2.987 - test [2018-10-19-13:09:02] Epoch: [144][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.56 (3.56) Loss 0.565 (0.565) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-19-13:09:29] Epoch: [144][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.213 (1.023) Prec@1 68.75 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (93.45) - test [2018-10-19-13:09:54] Epoch: [144][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.102 (1.189) Prec@1 42.50 (73.22) Prec@5 81.25 (91.24) -[2018-10-19-13:09:54] **test** Prec@1 73.22 Prec@5 91.24 Error@1 26.78 Error@5 8.76 Loss:1.189 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.38, Acc@5=91.19, Error@1=26.62, Error@5=8.81 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-13:09:54] [Epoch=145/250] [Need: 156:15:11] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-13:10:00] Epoch: [145][000/10010] Time 5.10 (5.10) Data 4.46 (4.46) Loss 3.014 (3.014) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-19-13:11:45] Epoch: [145][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.355 (2.974) Prec@1 67.97 (74.55) Prec@5 84.38 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-13:13:29] Epoch: [145][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.955 (2.977) Prec@1 74.22 (74.53) Prec@5 92.97 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-13:15:15] Epoch: [145][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.271 (2.973) Prec@1 70.31 (74.64) Prec@5 85.16 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-13:17:00] Epoch: [145][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.869 (2.971) Prec@1 78.12 (74.62) Prec@5 89.84 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-13:18:45] Epoch: [145][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.967) Prec@1 77.34 (74.63) Prec@5 93.75 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-13:20:30] Epoch: [145][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.967) Prec@1 74.22 (74.64) Prec@5 91.41 (90.75) - train[2018-10-19-13:22:15] Epoch: [145][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.610 (2.968) Prec@1 83.59 (74.68) Prec@5 96.09 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-13:24:01] Epoch: [145][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.247 (2.969) Prec@1 67.19 (74.65) Prec@5 88.28 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-13:25:46] Epoch: [145][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.969) Prec@1 76.56 (74.65) Prec@5 92.97 (90.75) - train[2018-10-19-13:27:32] Epoch: [145][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.968) Prec@1 77.34 (74.66) Prec@5 91.41 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-13:29:17] Epoch: [145][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.969) Prec@1 77.34 (74.66) Prec@5 90.62 (90.74) - train[2018-10-19-13:31:03] Epoch: [145][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.970) Prec@1 72.66 (74.62) Prec@5 93.75 (90.74) - train[2018-10-19-13:32:48] Epoch: [145][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.617 (2.969) Prec@1 78.91 (74.62) Prec@5 95.31 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-13:34:33] Epoch: [145][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.214 (2.970) Prec@1 69.53 (74.60) Prec@5 88.28 (90.74) - train[2018-10-19-13:36:20] Epoch: [145][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.970) Prec@1 75.78 (74.59) Prec@5 92.19 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-13:38:06] Epoch: [145][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.971) Prec@1 78.12 (74.56) Prec@5 85.94 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-13:39:52] Epoch: [145][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.972) Prec@1 73.44 (74.54) Prec@5 89.06 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-13:41:36] Epoch: [145][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.972) Prec@1 75.00 (74.55) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-13:43:22] Epoch: [145][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (2.974) Prec@1 73.44 (74.54) Prec@5 88.28 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-13:45:09] Epoch: [145][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.973) Prec@1 69.53 (74.56) Prec@5 87.50 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-13:46:57] Epoch: [145][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (2.975) Prec@1 71.88 (74.53) Prec@5 91.41 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-13:48:42] Epoch: [145][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.974) Prec@1 75.00 (74.53) Prec@5 90.62 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-13:50:29] Epoch: [145][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.974) Prec@1 75.00 (74.55) Prec@5 90.62 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-13:52:14] Epoch: [145][4800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.419 (2.974) Prec@1 70.31 (74.54) Prec@5 85.94 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-13:53:59] Epoch: [145][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.975) Prec@1 72.66 (74.51) Prec@5 87.50 (90.64) - train[2018-10-19-13:55:45] Epoch: [145][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.976) Prec@1 73.44 (74.50) Prec@5 94.53 (90.64) - train[2018-10-19-13:57:31] Epoch: [145][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.976) Prec@1 74.22 (74.50) Prec@5 91.41 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-13:59:17] Epoch: [145][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.976) Prec@1 74.22 (74.50) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-14:01:02] Epoch: [145][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.976) Prec@1 77.34 (74.49) Prec@5 92.97 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-14:02:48] Epoch: [145][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.977) Prec@1 76.56 (74.48) Prec@5 89.84 (90.61) - train[2018-10-19-14:04:33] Epoch: [145][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.121 (2.977) Prec@1 73.44 (74.47) Prec@5 88.28 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:06:19] Epoch: [145][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.977) Prec@1 75.78 (74.47) Prec@5 89.84 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:08:04] Epoch: [145][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.721 (2.977) Prec@1 78.91 (74.47) Prec@5 96.09 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:09:49] Epoch: [145][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.977) Prec@1 71.09 (74.48) Prec@5 89.06 (90.61) - train[2018-10-19-14:11:34] Epoch: [145][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.977) Prec@1 75.00 (74.47) Prec@5 92.19 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:13:20] Epoch: [145][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.978) Prec@1 78.12 (74.47) Prec@5 94.53 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:15:07] Epoch: [145][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.978) Prec@1 73.44 (74.46) Prec@5 93.75 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:16:54] Epoch: [145][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.978) Prec@1 76.56 (74.46) Prec@5 87.50 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:18:40] Epoch: [145][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.978) Prec@1 74.22 (74.46) Prec@5 91.41 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-14:20:27] Epoch: [145][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.672 (2.978) Prec@1 59.38 (74.46) Prec@5 82.03 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:22:13] Epoch: [145][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (2.978) Prec@1 70.31 (74.45) Prec@5 89.06 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-14:24:00] Epoch: [145][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.978) Prec@1 72.66 (74.44) Prec@5 90.62 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-14:25:46] Epoch: [145][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.979) Prec@1 75.78 (74.44) Prec@5 92.19 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-14:27:30] Epoch: [145][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.979) Prec@1 75.78 (74.43) Prec@5 85.94 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-14:29:15] Epoch: [145][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.979) Prec@1 70.31 (74.42) Prec@5 89.06 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-14:31:01] Epoch: [145][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.980) Prec@1 74.22 (74.42) Prec@5 88.28 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-14:32:47] Epoch: [145][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.618 (2.980) Prec@1 77.34 (74.41) Prec@5 94.53 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-14:34:32] Epoch: [145][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.980) Prec@1 75.78 (74.41) Prec@5 89.84 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-14:36:17] Epoch: [145][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.318 (2.980) Prec@1 63.28 (74.42) Prec@5 89.06 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-14:38:02] Epoch: [145][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.980) Prec@1 75.00 (74.42) Prec@5 92.97 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-14:38:07] Epoch: [145][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.935 (2.980) Prec@1 60.00 (74.42) Prec@5 73.33 (90.56) -[2018-10-19-14:38:07] **train** Prec@1 74.42 Prec@5 90.56 Error@1 25.58 Error@5 9.44 Loss:2.980 - test [2018-10-19-14:38:11] Epoch: [145][000/391] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 4.15 (4.15) Loss 0.602 (0.602) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-19-14:38:38] Epoch: [145][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.250 (1.014) Prec@1 67.19 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (93.44) - test [2018-10-19-14:39:02] Epoch: [145][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.109 (1.176) Prec@1 46.25 (73.42) Prec@5 81.25 (91.21) -[2018-10-19-14:39:02] **test** Prec@1 73.42 Prec@5 91.21 Error@1 26.58 Error@5 8.79 Loss:1.176 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.42, Acc@5=91.21, Error@1=26.58, Error@5=8.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-14:39:02] [Epoch=146/250] [Need: 154:29:41] LR=0.0012 ~ 0.0012, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-14:39:08] Epoch: [146][000/10010] Time 5.67 (5.67) Data 5.10 (5.10) Loss 3.145 (3.145) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-19-14:40:54] Epoch: [146][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.904 (2.958) Prec@1 75.00 (75.05) Prec@5 92.97 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-14:42:39] Epoch: [146][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.084 (2.968) Prec@1 75.00 (74.60) Prec@5 89.84 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-14:44:24] Epoch: [146][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.765 (2.969) Prec@1 76.56 (74.58) Prec@5 92.19 (90.61) - train[2018-10-19-14:46:10] Epoch: [146][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.993 (2.973) Prec@1 74.22 (74.53) Prec@5 92.19 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-14:47:55] Epoch: [146][1000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.820 (2.970) Prec@1 75.78 (74.60) Prec@5 92.19 (90.64) - train[2018-10-19-14:49:40] Epoch: [146][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.972) Prec@1 75.78 (74.60) Prec@5 93.75 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-14:51:25] Epoch: [146][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.974) Prec@1 70.31 (74.56) Prec@5 88.28 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-14:53:10] Epoch: [146][1600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (2.977) Prec@1 71.88 (74.51) Prec@5 87.50 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-14:54:55] Epoch: [146][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.979) Prec@1 76.56 (74.48) Prec@5 92.97 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-14:56:41] Epoch: [146][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.978) Prec@1 78.91 (74.50) Prec@5 92.19 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-14:58:27] Epoch: [146][2200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.977) Prec@1 80.47 (74.50) Prec@5 92.97 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-15:00:12] Epoch: [146][2400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.978) Prec@1 71.09 (74.46) Prec@5 91.41 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:01:59] Epoch: [146][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.978) Prec@1 78.12 (74.48) Prec@5 91.41 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:03:44] Epoch: [146][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.978) Prec@1 71.88 (74.48) Prec@5 92.19 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:05:30] Epoch: [146][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.978) Prec@1 77.34 (74.51) Prec@5 89.06 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:07:14] Epoch: [146][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.978) Prec@1 75.00 (74.50) Prec@5 90.62 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:09:00] Epoch: [146][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.978) Prec@1 75.00 (74.49) Prec@5 92.97 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:10:45] Epoch: [146][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.978) Prec@1 76.56 (74.48) Prec@5 92.19 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:12:30] Epoch: [146][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.978) Prec@1 74.22 (74.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:14:15] Epoch: [146][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.978) Prec@1 74.22 (74.47) Prec@5 91.41 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:16:00] Epoch: [146][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.978) Prec@1 78.91 (74.46) Prec@5 93.75 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-15:17:46] Epoch: [146][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.978) Prec@1 77.34 (74.47) Prec@5 92.97 (90.58) - train[2018-10-19-15:19:32] Epoch: [146][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.979) Prec@1 73.44 (74.46) Prec@5 92.97 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:21:18] Epoch: [146][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.979) Prec@1 72.66 (74.45) Prec@5 90.62 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:23:04] Epoch: [146][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.562 (2.979) Prec@1 82.03 (74.47) Prec@5 94.53 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:24:49] Epoch: [146][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.979) Prec@1 71.88 (74.45) Prec@5 89.06 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:26:34] Epoch: [146][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.979) Prec@1 77.34 (74.45) Prec@5 89.84 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:28:19] Epoch: [146][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.979) Prec@1 75.00 (74.46) Prec@5 88.28 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-15:30:04] Epoch: [146][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.979) Prec@1 71.09 (74.47) Prec@5 89.06 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:31:48] Epoch: [146][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.980) Prec@1 76.56 (74.45) Prec@5 92.97 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:33:33] Epoch: [146][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.980) Prec@1 74.22 (74.45) Prec@5 85.94 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:35:18] Epoch: [146][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (2.980) Prec@1 67.97 (74.44) Prec@5 89.84 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:37:03] Epoch: [146][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.980) Prec@1 78.91 (74.43) Prec@5 91.41 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:38:48] Epoch: [146][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.980) Prec@1 71.09 (74.43) Prec@5 90.62 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:40:33] Epoch: [146][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.980) Prec@1 78.12 (74.44) Prec@5 91.41 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:42:18] Epoch: [146][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.980) Prec@1 73.44 (74.44) Prec@5 92.97 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:44:03] Epoch: [146][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.980) Prec@1 69.53 (74.45) Prec@5 89.06 (90.56) - train[2018-10-19-15:45:48] Epoch: [146][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (2.980) Prec@1 67.97 (74.45) Prec@5 87.50 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:47:34] Epoch: [146][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.980) Prec@1 76.56 (74.44) Prec@5 94.53 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:49:18] Epoch: [146][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.980) Prec@1 79.69 (74.44) Prec@5 94.53 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:51:03] Epoch: [146][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.980) Prec@1 74.22 (74.44) Prec@5 92.97 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:52:49] Epoch: [146][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.980) Prec@1 74.22 (74.43) Prec@5 92.97 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:54:35] Epoch: [146][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.981) Prec@1 75.78 (74.42) Prec@5 88.28 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-15:56:22] Epoch: [146][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.364 (2.981) Prec@1 66.41 (74.43) Prec@5 85.16 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:58:07] Epoch: [146][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.376 (2.980) Prec@1 68.75 (74.44) Prec@5 85.16 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-15:59:53] Epoch: [146][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.980) Prec@1 76.56 (74.44) Prec@5 89.06 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-16:01:38] Epoch: [146][9400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.981) Prec@1 73.44 (74.44) Prec@5 90.62 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-16:03:24] Epoch: [146][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.981) Prec@1 80.47 (74.44) Prec@5 92.19 (90.54) - train[2018-10-19-16:05:10] Epoch: [146][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (2.981) Prec@1 65.62 (74.43) Prec@5 83.59 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-16:06:55] Epoch: [146][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (2.981) Prec@1 71.09 (74.42) Prec@5 89.84 (90.53) - train[2018-10-19-16:07:00] Epoch: [146][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.068 (2.981) Prec@1 60.00 (74.42) Prec@5 73.33 (90.53) -[2018-10-19-16:07:00] **train** Prec@1 74.42 Prec@5 90.53 Error@1 25.58 Error@5 9.47 Loss:2.981 - test [2018-10-19-16:07:04] Epoch: [146][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.556 (0.556) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-19-16:07:31] Epoch: [146][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.147 (1.012) Prec@1 67.97 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (93.40) - test [2018-10-19-16:07:55] Epoch: [146][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.081 (1.180) Prec@1 47.50 (73.19) Prec@5 82.50 (91.14) -[2018-10-19-16:07:55] **test** Prec@1 73.19 Prec@5 91.14 Error@1 26.81 Error@5 8.86 Loss:1.180 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.42, Acc@5=91.21, Error@1=26.58, Error@5=8.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-16:07:56] [Epoch=147/250] [Need: 152:35:17] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-16:08:01] Epoch: [147][000/10010] Time 5.07 (5.07) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 2.813 (2.813) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-19-16:09:46] Epoch: [147][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.381 (2.976) Prec@1 70.31 (74.60) Prec@5 82.81 (90.55) - train[2018-10-19-16:11:32] Epoch: [147][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.019 (2.975) Prec@1 78.12 (74.60) Prec@5 88.28 (90.59) - train[2018-10-19-16:13:16] Epoch: [147][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.908 (2.967) Prec@1 71.09 (74.71) Prec@5 92.19 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-16:15:02] Epoch: [147][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.041 (2.971) Prec@1 73.44 (74.58) Prec@5 91.41 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-16:16:47] Epoch: [147][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.970) Prec@1 80.47 (74.59) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:18:32] Epoch: [147][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.972) Prec@1 75.78 (74.56) Prec@5 89.84 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-16:20:18] Epoch: [147][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (2.972) Prec@1 77.34 (74.59) Prec@5 85.16 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-16:22:03] Epoch: [147][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.969) Prec@1 77.34 (74.62) Prec@5 94.53 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:23:48] Epoch: [147][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.972) Prec@1 78.12 (74.57) Prec@5 91.41 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-16:25:33] Epoch: [147][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.971) Prec@1 76.56 (74.60) Prec@5 94.53 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-16:27:19] Epoch: [147][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.970) Prec@1 78.12 (74.63) Prec@5 96.09 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-16:29:06] Epoch: [147][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.813 (2.968) Prec@1 78.12 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:30:52] Epoch: [147][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.969) Prec@1 77.34 (74.65) Prec@5 92.97 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-16:32:38] Epoch: [147][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.968) Prec@1 69.53 (74.66) Prec@5 90.62 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-16:34:24] Epoch: [147][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.66) Prec@5 89.84 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-16:36:11] Epoch: [147][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.968) Prec@1 77.34 (74.64) Prec@5 89.84 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-16:37:57] Epoch: [147][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.968) Prec@1 72.66 (74.63) Prec@5 89.84 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-16:39:44] Epoch: [147][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.967) Prec@1 77.34 (74.63) Prec@5 92.97 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-16:41:30] Epoch: [147][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (2.967) Prec@1 71.09 (74.63) Prec@5 89.06 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-16:43:17] Epoch: [147][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.967) Prec@1 84.38 (74.63) Prec@5 92.19 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-16:45:02] Epoch: [147][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.968) Prec@1 75.78 (74.62) Prec@5 89.84 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:46:50] Epoch: [147][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.968) Prec@1 71.88 (74.62) Prec@5 95.31 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-16:48:37] Epoch: [147][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.968) Prec@1 78.91 (74.64) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:50:23] Epoch: [147][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.65) Prec@5 89.84 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:52:10] Epoch: [147][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.968) Prec@1 70.31 (74.63) Prec@5 94.53 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:53:57] Epoch: [147][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.968) Prec@1 73.44 (74.63) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-16:55:42] Epoch: [147][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.969) Prec@1 77.34 (74.63) Prec@5 94.53 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-16:57:28] Epoch: [147][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.691 (2.969) Prec@1 75.00 (74.62) Prec@5 93.75 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-16:59:15] Epoch: [147][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.969) Prec@1 70.31 (74.61) Prec@5 87.50 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-17:01:03] Epoch: [147][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.970) Prec@1 79.69 (74.60) Prec@5 89.84 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-17:02:50] Epoch: [147][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (2.970) Prec@1 72.66 (74.59) Prec@5 88.28 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-17:04:37] Epoch: [147][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (2.971) Prec@1 77.34 (74.59) Prec@5 89.06 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-17:06:23] Epoch: [147][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.971) Prec@1 80.47 (74.58) Prec@5 95.31 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-17:08:11] Epoch: [147][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.971) Prec@1 71.88 (74.58) Prec@5 89.06 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-17:09:57] Epoch: [147][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.666 (2.971) Prec@1 78.12 (74.58) Prec@5 96.88 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-17:11:43] Epoch: [147][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.971) Prec@1 72.66 (74.56) Prec@5 95.31 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-17:13:29] Epoch: [147][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.971) Prec@1 72.66 (74.56) Prec@5 93.75 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-17:15:16] Epoch: [147][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.971) Prec@1 77.34 (74.57) Prec@5 96.09 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-17:17:02] Epoch: [147][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (2.971) Prec@1 70.31 (74.57) Prec@5 85.94 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-17:18:49] Epoch: [147][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.972) Prec@1 73.44 (74.56) Prec@5 93.75 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-17:20:36] Epoch: [147][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.972) Prec@1 75.78 (74.56) Prec@5 91.41 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-17:22:22] Epoch: [147][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.972) Prec@1 74.22 (74.55) Prec@5 92.97 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-17:24:08] Epoch: [147][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.973) Prec@1 73.44 (74.54) Prec@5 89.84 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-17:25:54] Epoch: [147][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.973) Prec@1 78.12 (74.54) Prec@5 92.19 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-17:27:42] Epoch: [147][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.974) Prec@1 77.34 (74.51) Prec@5 92.19 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:29:28] Epoch: [147][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.192 (2.975) Prec@1 70.31 (74.51) Prec@5 89.06 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:31:15] Epoch: [147][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.975) Prec@1 75.78 (74.50) Prec@5 90.62 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:33:01] Epoch: [147][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.600 (2.974) Prec@1 82.03 (74.51) Prec@5 93.75 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:34:48] Epoch: [147][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.974) Prec@1 76.56 (74.50) Prec@5 89.84 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:36:35] Epoch: [147][10000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.974) Prec@1 77.34 (74.51) Prec@5 89.84 (90.63) - train[2018-10-19-17:36:40] Epoch: [147][10009/10010] Time 0.28 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.974) Prec@1 86.67 (74.51) Prec@5 100.00 (90.63) -[2018-10-19-17:36:40] **train** Prec@1 74.51 Prec@5 90.63 Error@1 25.49 Error@5 9.37 Loss:2.974 - test [2018-10-19-17:36:43] Epoch: [147][000/391] Time 3.31 (3.31) Data 3.18 (3.18) Loss 0.624 (0.624) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-19-17:37:10] Epoch: [147][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.276 (1.023) Prec@1 67.19 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (93.41) - test [2018-10-19-17:37:35] Epoch: [147][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 1.910 (1.188) Prec@1 48.75 (73.31) Prec@5 85.00 (91.10) -[2018-10-19-17:37:35] **test** Prec@1 73.31 Prec@5 91.10 Error@1 26.69 Error@5 8.90 Loss:1.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.42, Acc@5=91.21, Error@1=26.58, Error@5=8.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-17:37:35] [Epoch=148/250] [Need: 152:24:38] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-17:37:39] Epoch: [148][000/10010] Time 4.20 (4.20) Data 3.60 (3.60) Loss 2.863 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-19-17:39:25] Epoch: [148][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.956 (2.969) Prec@1 72.66 (74.56) Prec@5 92.97 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-17:41:09] Epoch: [148][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.905 (2.972) Prec@1 75.00 (74.64) Prec@5 92.97 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-17:42:55] Epoch: [148][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.777 (2.968) Prec@1 78.91 (74.54) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-17:44:40] Epoch: [148][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.965) Prec@1 75.78 (74.64) Prec@5 92.19 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-17:46:25] Epoch: [148][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.970) Prec@1 74.22 (74.57) Prec@5 91.41 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-17:48:09] Epoch: [148][1200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.966) Prec@1 77.34 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.74) - train[2018-10-19-17:49:55] Epoch: [148][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.965) Prec@1 76.56 (74.68) Prec@5 93.75 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-17:51:41] Epoch: [148][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.964) Prec@1 74.22 (74.66) Prec@5 92.97 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-17:53:26] Epoch: [148][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (2.967) Prec@1 70.31 (74.59) Prec@5 89.06 (90.74) - train[2018-10-19-17:55:11] Epoch: [148][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.597 (2.965) Prec@1 80.47 (74.60) Prec@5 97.66 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-17:56:56] Epoch: [148][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.966) Prec@1 74.22 (74.60) Prec@5 92.19 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-17:58:43] Epoch: [148][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.965) Prec@1 75.00 (74.63) Prec@5 88.28 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-18:00:30] Epoch: [148][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (2.965) Prec@1 83.59 (74.63) Prec@5 92.97 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-18:02:17] Epoch: [148][2800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.964) Prec@1 77.34 (74.67) Prec@5 92.19 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-18:04:04] Epoch: [148][3000/10010] Time 0.63 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (2.965) Prec@1 66.41 (74.66) Prec@5 83.59 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-18:05:52] Epoch: [148][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.265 (2.966) Prec@1 69.53 (74.66) Prec@5 87.50 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-18:07:40] Epoch: [148][3400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.966) Prec@1 79.69 (74.66) Prec@5 91.41 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-18:09:28] Epoch: [148][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.965) Prec@1 72.66 (74.68) Prec@5 91.41 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-18:11:15] Epoch: [148][3800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.965) Prec@1 78.12 (74.69) Prec@5 92.97 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-18:13:03] Epoch: [148][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.222 (2.966) Prec@1 69.53 (74.68) Prec@5 88.28 (90.75) - train[2018-10-19-18:14:52] Epoch: [148][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.967) Prec@1 71.09 (74.67) Prec@5 89.84 (90.75) - train[2018-10-19-18:16:41] Epoch: [148][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.967) Prec@1 75.78 (74.65) Prec@5 91.41 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-18:18:29] Epoch: [148][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.967) Prec@1 76.56 (74.66) Prec@5 86.72 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-18:20:17] Epoch: [148][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.967) Prec@1 78.91 (74.65) Prec@5 95.31 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-18:22:05] Epoch: [148][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.968) Prec@1 71.09 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-18:23:51] Epoch: [148][5200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.65) Prec@5 90.62 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-18:25:39] Epoch: [148][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.968) Prec@1 75.78 (74.66) Prec@5 92.19 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-18:27:27] Epoch: [148][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.968) Prec@1 71.88 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-18:29:14] Epoch: [148][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.969) Prec@1 71.09 (74.63) Prec@5 89.84 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-18:31:01] Epoch: [148][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.969) Prec@1 70.31 (74.63) Prec@5 90.62 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-18:32:48] Epoch: [148][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.969) Prec@1 78.12 (74.63) Prec@5 93.75 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:34:37] Epoch: [148][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.634 (2.969) Prec@1 84.38 (74.63) Prec@5 94.53 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:36:25] Epoch: [148][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (2.969) Prec@1 70.31 (74.63) Prec@5 84.38 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:38:14] Epoch: [148][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.969) Prec@1 76.56 (74.61) Prec@5 94.53 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-18:40:00] Epoch: [148][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.969) Prec@1 76.56 (74.62) Prec@5 89.84 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-18:41:48] Epoch: [148][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (2.968) Prec@1 73.44 (74.64) Prec@5 88.28 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:43:36] Epoch: [148][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.969) Prec@1 75.78 (74.63) Prec@5 92.97 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:45:23] Epoch: [148][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.969) Prec@1 75.00 (74.62) Prec@5 89.06 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-18:47:12] Epoch: [148][7800/10010] Time 0.62 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (2.969) Prec@1 70.31 (74.61) Prec@5 89.06 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-18:49:00] Epoch: [148][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.969) Prec@1 81.25 (74.62) Prec@5 91.41 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-18:50:47] Epoch: [148][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (2.970) Prec@1 69.53 (74.62) Prec@5 86.72 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-18:52:35] Epoch: [148][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.969) Prec@1 75.78 (74.62) Prec@5 91.41 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-18:54:24] Epoch: [148][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (2.969) Prec@1 75.00 (74.62) Prec@5 87.50 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-18:56:12] Epoch: [148][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.969) Prec@1 75.78 (74.61) Prec@5 95.31 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-18:57:59] Epoch: [148][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.970) Prec@1 73.44 (74.61) Prec@5 88.28 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-18:59:47] Epoch: [148][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.970) Prec@1 81.25 (74.61) Prec@5 92.97 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-19:01:34] Epoch: [148][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.970) Prec@1 76.56 (74.60) Prec@5 91.41 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-19:03:21] Epoch: [148][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.971) Prec@1 76.56 (74.59) Prec@5 92.97 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-19:05:08] Epoch: [148][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.971) Prec@1 68.75 (74.58) Prec@5 91.41 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-19:06:54] Epoch: [148][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.971) Prec@1 76.56 (74.58) Prec@5 88.28 (90.65) - train[2018-10-19-19:06:58] Epoch: [148][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (2.971) Prec@1 73.33 (74.58) Prec@5 86.67 (90.65) -[2018-10-19-19:06:58] **train** Prec@1 74.58 Prec@5 90.65 Error@1 25.42 Error@5 9.35 Loss:2.971 - test [2018-10-19-19:07:02] Epoch: [148][000/391] Time 4.09 (4.09) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 0.592 (0.592) Prec@1 87.50 (87.50) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-19-19:07:28] Epoch: [148][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.01 (0.02) Loss 1.176 (1.013) Prec@1 69.53 (76.79) Prec@5 93.75 (93.55) - test [2018-10-19-19:07:54] Epoch: [148][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.064 (1.177) Prec@1 50.00 (73.34) Prec@5 82.50 (91.28) -[2018-10-19-19:07:54] **test** Prec@1 73.34 Prec@5 91.28 Error@1 26.66 Error@5 8.72 Loss:1.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.42, Acc@5=91.21, Error@1=26.58, Error@5=8.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-19:07:54] [Epoch=149/250] [Need: 152:02:41] LR=0.0011 ~ 0.0011, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-19:07:59] Epoch: [149][000/10010] Time 4.63 (4.63) Data 4.00 (4.00) Loss 3.227 (3.227) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-19-19:09:44] Epoch: [149][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.940 (2.973) Prec@1 76.56 (74.93) Prec@5 90.62 (90.60) - train[2018-10-19-19:11:29] Epoch: [149][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.151 (2.972) Prec@1 68.75 (74.61) Prec@5 89.84 (90.57) - train[2018-10-19-19:13:14] Epoch: [149][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.733 (2.964) Prec@1 82.03 (74.72) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:15:00] Epoch: [149][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.495 (2.965) Prec@1 65.62 (74.73) Prec@5 84.38 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:16:46] Epoch: [149][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.966) Prec@1 76.56 (74.68) Prec@5 90.62 (90.66) - train[2018-10-19-19:18:31] Epoch: [149][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.968) Prec@1 78.91 (74.64) Prec@5 92.19 (90.64) - train[2018-10-19-19:20:16] Epoch: [149][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (2.967) Prec@1 73.44 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.64) - train[2018-10-19-19:22:01] Epoch: [149][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.966) Prec@1 72.66 (74.66) Prec@5 91.41 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-19:23:46] Epoch: [149][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.964) Prec@1 79.69 (74.69) Prec@5 95.31 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-19:25:32] Epoch: [149][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.965) Prec@1 81.25 (74.67) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-19:27:17] Epoch: [149][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (2.964) Prec@1 71.09 (74.72) Prec@5 89.84 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:29:03] Epoch: [149][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.965) Prec@1 75.78 (74.69) Prec@5 92.19 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-19:30:49] Epoch: [149][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.549 (2.965) Prec@1 82.81 (74.69) Prec@5 97.66 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-19:32:33] Epoch: [149][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.965) Prec@1 79.69 (74.69) Prec@5 88.28 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-19:34:20] Epoch: [149][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.965) Prec@1 81.25 (74.70) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-19:36:05] Epoch: [149][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.964) Prec@1 75.00 (74.71) Prec@5 92.97 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-19:37:50] Epoch: [149][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.965) Prec@1 74.22 (74.71) Prec@5 90.62 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:39:37] Epoch: [149][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.965) Prec@1 77.34 (74.71) Prec@5 91.41 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:41:23] Epoch: [149][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.965) Prec@1 79.69 (74.70) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:43:08] Epoch: [149][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.966) Prec@1 71.88 (74.70) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:44:55] Epoch: [149][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.966) Prec@1 72.66 (74.70) Prec@5 89.06 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-19:46:40] Epoch: [149][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.965) Prec@1 74.22 (74.70) Prec@5 92.97 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-19:48:26] Epoch: [149][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.965) Prec@1 75.00 (74.71) Prec@5 89.84 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-19:50:12] Epoch: [149][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.965) Prec@1 72.66 (74.71) Prec@5 89.06 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-19:51:58] Epoch: [149][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.965) Prec@1 78.91 (74.72) Prec@5 93.75 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-19:53:44] Epoch: [149][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.965) Prec@1 70.31 (74.72) Prec@5 86.72 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-19:55:30] Epoch: [149][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.180 (2.966) Prec@1 75.78 (74.71) Prec@5 89.06 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:57:16] Epoch: [149][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.966) Prec@1 76.56 (74.70) Prec@5 89.84 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-19:59:00] Epoch: [149][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (2.966) Prec@1 69.53 (74.68) Prec@5 89.06 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-20:00:45] Epoch: [149][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.446 (2.967) Prec@1 68.75 (74.67) Prec@5 85.16 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-20:02:31] Epoch: [149][6200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.362 (2.968) Prec@1 68.75 (74.67) Prec@5 85.16 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:04:16] Epoch: [149][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.968) Prec@1 78.91 (74.67) Prec@5 90.62 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:06:01] Epoch: [149][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.967) Prec@1 75.00 (74.68) Prec@5 89.84 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-20:07:47] Epoch: [149][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.968) Prec@1 78.12 (74.68) Prec@5 91.41 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:09:32] Epoch: [149][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.967) Prec@1 75.00 (74.69) Prec@5 89.06 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:11:17] Epoch: [149][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.967) Prec@1 80.47 (74.68) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:13:02] Epoch: [149][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (2.968) Prec@1 70.31 (74.68) Prec@5 90.62 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:14:47] Epoch: [149][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.968) Prec@1 78.91 (74.67) Prec@5 91.41 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:16:32] Epoch: [149][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.968) Prec@1 75.78 (74.68) Prec@5 90.62 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:18:18] Epoch: [149][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.968) Prec@1 75.78 (74.67) Prec@5 92.97 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:20:03] Epoch: [149][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.968) Prec@1 70.31 (74.67) Prec@5 87.50 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:21:48] Epoch: [149][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.968) Prec@1 72.66 (74.67) Prec@5 88.28 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:23:32] Epoch: [149][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.324 (2.968) Prec@1 70.31 (74.67) Prec@5 84.38 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:25:16] Epoch: [149][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.66) Prec@5 92.97 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-20:27:01] Epoch: [149][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.968) Prec@1 75.00 (74.66) Prec@5 92.97 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:28:47] Epoch: [149][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.969) Prec@1 76.56 (74.66) Prec@5 92.19 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:30:32] Epoch: [149][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.969) Prec@1 78.91 (74.65) Prec@5 92.19 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:32:17] Epoch: [149][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.969) Prec@1 78.91 (74.65) Prec@5 92.97 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-20:34:03] Epoch: [149][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.794 (2.969) Prec@1 75.00 (74.65) Prec@5 90.62 (90.67) - train[2018-10-19-20:35:47] Epoch: [149][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.969) Prec@1 72.66 (74.65) Prec@5 93.75 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-20:35:52] Epoch: [149][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.601 (2.969) Prec@1 60.00 (74.65) Prec@5 93.33 (90.67) -[2018-10-19-20:35:52] **train** Prec@1 74.65 Prec@5 90.67 Error@1 25.35 Error@5 9.33 Loss:2.969 - test [2018-10-19-20:35:56] Epoch: [149][000/391] Time 3.79 (3.79) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 0.591 (0.591) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-19-20:36:22] Epoch: [149][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.204 (1.015) Prec@1 67.19 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (93.48) - test [2018-10-19-20:36:47] Epoch: [149][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.098 (1.181) Prec@1 48.75 (73.31) Prec@5 81.25 (91.25) -[2018-10-19-20:36:47] **test** Prec@1 73.31 Prec@5 91.25 Error@1 26.69 Error@5 8.75 Loss:1.181 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.42, Acc@5=91.21, Error@1=26.58, Error@5=8.79 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-20:36:47] [Epoch=150/250] [Need: 148:08:41] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-20:36:52] Epoch: [150][000/10010] Time 5.01 (5.01) Data 4.37 (4.37) Loss 3.050 (3.050) Prec@1 67.97 (67.97) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-19-20:38:37] Epoch: [150][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.975 (2.950) Prec@1 70.31 (75.07) Prec@5 92.97 (91.05) - train[2018-10-19-20:40:23] Epoch: [150][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.910 (2.954) Prec@1 75.78 (75.00) Prec@5 90.62 (90.96) - train[2018-10-19-20:42:08] Epoch: [150][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.057 (2.958) Prec@1 71.88 (74.93) Prec@5 89.84 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-20:43:53] Epoch: [150][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.038 (2.955) Prec@1 74.22 (74.93) Prec@5 92.97 (90.92) - train[2018-10-19-20:45:38] Epoch: [150][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.956) Prec@1 78.12 (74.92) Prec@5 92.19 (90.90) - train[2018-10-19-20:47:24] Epoch: [150][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.960) Prec@1 78.91 (74.82) Prec@5 93.75 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-20:49:09] Epoch: [150][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (2.962) Prec@1 74.22 (74.82) Prec@5 85.94 (90.81) - train[2018-10-19-20:50:54] Epoch: [150][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.963) Prec@1 75.78 (74.80) Prec@5 92.19 (90.80) - train[2018-10-19-20:52:40] Epoch: [150][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.964) Prec@1 71.88 (74.78) Prec@5 92.19 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-20:54:25] Epoch: [150][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.964) Prec@1 71.88 (74.81) Prec@5 91.41 (90.76) - train[2018-10-19-20:56:12] Epoch: [150][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (2.966) Prec@1 71.09 (74.76) Prec@5 84.38 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-20:57:59] Epoch: [150][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.967) Prec@1 75.78 (74.74) Prec@5 88.28 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-20:59:46] Epoch: [150][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.969) Prec@1 82.03 (74.70) Prec@5 95.31 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:01:33] Epoch: [150][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.971) Prec@1 80.47 (74.63) Prec@5 92.97 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-21:03:19] Epoch: [150][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.971) Prec@1 72.66 (74.63) Prec@5 91.41 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:05:05] Epoch: [150][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.584 (2.970) Prec@1 63.28 (74.66) Prec@5 84.38 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:06:51] Epoch: [150][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (2.970) Prec@1 75.00 (74.67) Prec@5 89.06 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:08:38] Epoch: [150][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.969) Prec@1 73.44 (74.68) Prec@5 89.84 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:10:25] Epoch: [150][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.572 (2.968) Prec@1 82.81 (74.70) Prec@5 92.97 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:12:12] Epoch: [150][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.968) Prec@1 72.66 (74.70) Prec@5 92.19 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:13:59] Epoch: [150][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (2.967) Prec@1 74.22 (74.72) Prec@5 85.94 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:15:46] Epoch: [150][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.967) Prec@1 71.88 (74.72) Prec@5 92.97 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:17:34] Epoch: [150][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.966) Prec@1 82.03 (74.74) Prec@5 91.41 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-21:19:22] Epoch: [150][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.965) Prec@1 71.88 (74.74) Prec@5 89.84 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-21:21:09] Epoch: [150][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.965) Prec@1 76.56 (74.73) Prec@5 94.53 (90.73) - train[2018-10-19-21:22:56] Epoch: [150][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (2.965) Prec@1 71.88 (74.74) Prec@5 89.06 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:24:44] Epoch: [150][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.965) Prec@1 77.34 (74.74) Prec@5 92.97 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:26:33] Epoch: [150][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.664 (2.965) Prec@1 79.69 (74.73) Prec@5 95.31 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:28:21] Epoch: [150][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.966) Prec@1 69.53 (74.72) Prec@5 89.06 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:30:09] Epoch: [150][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.234 (2.965) Prec@1 73.44 (74.72) Prec@5 85.16 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:31:57] Epoch: [150][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.966) Prec@1 79.69 (74.72) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:33:44] Epoch: [150][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.965) Prec@1 80.47 (74.73) Prec@5 91.41 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:35:32] Epoch: [150][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.966) Prec@1 75.00 (74.72) Prec@5 89.06 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:37:19] Epoch: [150][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.966) Prec@1 76.56 (74.71) Prec@5 92.97 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:39:07] Epoch: [150][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.966) Prec@1 75.78 (74.71) Prec@5 89.06 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:40:54] Epoch: [150][7200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (2.965) Prec@1 72.66 (74.71) Prec@5 90.62 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:42:40] Epoch: [150][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.965) Prec@1 76.56 (74.72) Prec@5 92.97 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:44:26] Epoch: [150][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (2.965) Prec@1 69.53 (74.71) Prec@5 86.72 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:46:13] Epoch: [150][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.965) Prec@1 82.81 (74.71) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:47:59] Epoch: [150][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (2.965) Prec@1 73.44 (74.71) Prec@5 88.28 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:49:46] Epoch: [150][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.965) Prec@1 69.53 (74.70) Prec@5 89.06 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:51:34] Epoch: [150][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.966) Prec@1 70.31 (74.70) Prec@5 91.41 (90.72) - train[2018-10-19-21:53:22] Epoch: [150][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.966) Prec@1 71.09 (74.69) Prec@5 92.97 (90.71) - train[2018-10-19-21:55:10] Epoch: [150][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.967) Prec@1 75.00 (74.68) Prec@5 92.19 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:56:57] Epoch: [150][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.967) Prec@1 78.12 (74.68) Prec@5 92.19 (90.70) - train[2018-10-19-21:58:45] Epoch: [150][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.967) Prec@1 75.78 (74.67) Prec@5 92.19 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-22:00:33] Epoch: [150][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.017 (2.967) Prec@1 78.12 (74.67) Prec@5 89.06 (90.69) - train[2018-10-19-22:02:21] Epoch: [150][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.968) Prec@1 75.78 (74.66) Prec@5 89.84 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-22:04:08] Epoch: [150][9800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (2.968) Prec@1 74.22 (74.67) Prec@5 85.94 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-22:05:55] Epoch: [150][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.968) Prec@1 70.31 (74.66) Prec@5 91.41 (90.68) - train[2018-10-19-22:06:00] Epoch: [150][10009/10010] Time 0.23 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.426 (2.968) Prec@1 73.33 (74.66) Prec@5 86.67 (90.68) -[2018-10-19-22:06:00] **train** Prec@1 74.66 Prec@5 90.68 Error@1 25.34 Error@5 9.32 Loss:2.968 - test [2018-10-19-22:06:04] Epoch: [150][000/391] Time 3.96 (3.96) Data 3.82 (3.82) Loss 0.545 (0.545) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-19-22:06:30] Epoch: [150][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.222 (1.001) Prec@1 64.06 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (93.39) - test [2018-10-19-22:06:56] Epoch: [150][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.203 (1.171) Prec@1 42.50 (73.46) Prec@5 82.50 (91.25) -[2018-10-19-22:06:56] **test** Prec@1 73.46 Prec@5 91.25 Error@1 26.54 Error@5 8.75 Loss:1.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-22:06:56] [Epoch=151/250] [Need: 148:43:58] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-22:07:00] Epoch: [151][000/10010] Time 4.51 (4.51) Data 3.89 (3.89) Loss 2.829 (2.829) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-19-22:08:46] Epoch: [151][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.981 (2.939) Prec@1 74.22 (75.30) Prec@5 89.84 (91.18) - train[2018-10-19-22:10:31] Epoch: [151][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.158 (2.958) Prec@1 67.19 (74.90) Prec@5 86.72 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-22:12:16] Epoch: [151][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.949 (2.961) Prec@1 71.88 (74.80) Prec@5 91.41 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-22:14:01] Epoch: [151][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.955) Prec@1 79.69 (74.87) Prec@5 92.97 (90.91) - train[2018-10-19-22:15:46] Epoch: [151][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.951) Prec@1 76.56 (75.02) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-19-22:17:31] Epoch: [151][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.954) Prec@1 76.56 (74.98) Prec@5 92.19 (90.92) - train[2018-10-19-22:19:17] Epoch: [151][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.956) Prec@1 78.12 (74.93) Prec@5 92.19 (90.90) - train[2018-10-19-22:21:02] Epoch: [151][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.954) Prec@1 79.69 (74.96) Prec@5 94.53 (90.91) - train[2018-10-19-22:22:47] Epoch: [151][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.955) Prec@1 71.09 (74.92) Prec@5 89.84 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-22:24:31] Epoch: [151][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.954) Prec@1 73.44 (74.95) Prec@5 92.19 (90.89) - train[2018-10-19-22:26:16] Epoch: [151][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.403 (2.956) Prec@1 68.75 (74.94) Prec@5 85.94 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-22:28:02] Epoch: [151][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.956) Prec@1 75.78 (74.92) Prec@5 89.84 (90.85) - train[2018-10-19-22:29:48] Epoch: [151][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.957) Prec@1 79.69 (74.90) Prec@5 95.31 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-22:31:32] Epoch: [151][2800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.957) Prec@1 71.88 (74.90) Prec@5 91.41 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-22:33:17] Epoch: [151][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.956) Prec@1 71.88 (74.93) Prec@5 91.41 (90.86) - train[2018-10-19-22:35:03] Epoch: [151][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.955) Prec@1 85.16 (74.94) Prec@5 93.75 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-22:36:49] Epoch: [151][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.956) Prec@1 75.00 (74.93) Prec@5 92.97 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-22:38:36] Epoch: [151][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.955) Prec@1 74.22 (74.94) Prec@5 90.62 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-22:40:22] Epoch: [151][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.955) Prec@1 76.56 (74.94) Prec@5 92.97 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-22:42:08] Epoch: [151][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (2.956) Prec@1 71.88 (74.93) Prec@5 85.16 (90.87) - train[2018-10-19-22:43:55] Epoch: [151][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.687 (2.956) Prec@1 75.78 (74.93) Prec@5 96.09 (90.86) - train[2018-10-19-22:45:42] Epoch: [151][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.956) Prec@1 79.69 (74.91) Prec@5 93.75 (90.85) - train[2018-10-19-22:47:29] Epoch: [151][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.956) Prec@1 71.88 (74.92) Prec@5 89.84 (90.85) - train[2018-10-19-22:49:17] Epoch: [151][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.956) Prec@1 71.09 (74.91) Prec@5 92.19 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-22:51:04] Epoch: [151][5000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.956) Prec@1 78.91 (74.92) Prec@5 93.75 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-22:52:51] Epoch: [151][5200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.956) Prec@1 78.91 (74.91) Prec@5 92.97 (90.85) - train[2018-10-19-22:54:38] Epoch: [151][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.956) Prec@1 74.22 (74.90) Prec@5 92.19 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-22:56:24] Epoch: [151][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.956) Prec@1 78.12 (74.90) Prec@5 92.97 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-22:58:12] Epoch: [151][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (2.956) Prec@1 73.44 (74.91) Prec@5 89.06 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-22:59:59] Epoch: [151][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.956) Prec@1 75.00 (74.91) Prec@5 93.75 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-23:01:47] Epoch: [151][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.553 (2.956) Prec@1 81.25 (74.91) Prec@5 97.66 (90.84) - train[2018-10-19-23:03:34] Epoch: [151][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.700 (2.956) Prec@1 79.69 (74.90) Prec@5 92.19 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-23:05:21] Epoch: [151][6600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.956) Prec@1 73.44 (74.91) Prec@5 92.97 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-23:07:08] Epoch: [151][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (2.956) Prec@1 72.66 (74.91) Prec@5 86.72 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-23:08:56] Epoch: [151][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.636 (2.956) Prec@1 80.47 (74.91) Prec@5 94.53 (90.83) - train[2018-10-19-23:10:42] Epoch: [151][7200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.956) Prec@1 80.47 (74.89) Prec@5 93.75 (90.82) - train[2018-10-19-23:12:29] Epoch: [151][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.957) Prec@1 75.78 (74.89) Prec@5 92.97 (90.82) - train[2018-10-19-23:14:15] Epoch: [151][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (2.958) Prec@1 70.31 (74.87) Prec@5 86.72 (90.81) - train[2018-10-19-23:16:02] Epoch: [151][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.958) Prec@1 78.91 (74.86) Prec@5 92.19 (90.80) - train[2018-10-19-23:17:48] Epoch: [151][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (2.959) Prec@1 71.09 (74.84) Prec@5 89.84 (90.80) - train[2018-10-19-23:19:34] Epoch: [151][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.959) Prec@1 74.22 (74.84) Prec@5 92.97 (90.80) - train[2018-10-19-23:21:19] Epoch: [151][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.959) Prec@1 75.78 (74.83) Prec@5 89.06 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-23:23:05] Epoch: [151][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.298 (2.959) Prec@1 71.88 (74.83) Prec@5 87.50 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-23:24:48] Epoch: [151][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.594 (2.960) Prec@1 78.12 (74.82) Prec@5 95.31 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-23:26:32] Epoch: [151][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (2.959) Prec@1 71.09 (74.82) Prec@5 88.28 (90.79) - train[2018-10-19-23:28:18] Epoch: [151][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.960) Prec@1 70.31 (74.81) Prec@5 94.53 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-23:30:04] Epoch: [151][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.960) Prec@1 79.69 (74.81) Prec@5 88.28 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-23:31:50] Epoch: [151][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (2.960) Prec@1 71.09 (74.80) Prec@5 89.06 (90.78) - train[2018-10-19-23:33:36] Epoch: [151][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.960) Prec@1 78.12 (74.80) Prec@5 89.06 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-23:35:22] Epoch: [151][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (2.961) Prec@1 72.66 (74.79) Prec@5 89.84 (90.77) - train[2018-10-19-23:35:27] Epoch: [151][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (2.961) Prec@1 66.67 (74.79) Prec@5 93.33 (90.77) -[2018-10-19-23:35:27] **train** Prec@1 74.79 Prec@5 90.77 Error@1 25.21 Error@5 9.23 Loss:2.961 - test [2018-10-19-23:35:31] Epoch: [151][000/391] Time 4.24 (4.24) Data 4.10 (4.10) Loss 0.577 (0.577) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - test [2018-10-19-23:35:58] Epoch: [151][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.213 (1.010) Prec@1 68.75 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (93.47) - test [2018-10-19-23:36:22] Epoch: [151][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.103 (1.178) Prec@1 47.50 (73.19) Prec@5 82.50 (91.26) -[2018-10-19-23:36:22] **test** Prec@1 73.19 Prec@5 91.26 Error@1 26.81 Error@5 8.74 Loss:1.178 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-19-23:36:22] [Epoch=152/250] [Need: 146:04:46] LR=0.0010 ~ 0.0010, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-19-23:36:27] Epoch: [152][000/10010] Time 4.90 (4.90) Data 4.20 (4.20) Loss 3.121 (3.121) Prec@1 69.53 (69.53) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-19-23:38:13] Epoch: [152][200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.973 (2.959) Prec@1 73.44 (74.88) Prec@5 90.62 (90.93) - train[2018-10-19-23:39:57] Epoch: [152][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.995 (2.952) Prec@1 75.00 (74.86) Prec@5 86.72 (90.95) - train[2018-10-19-23:41:42] Epoch: [152][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.843 (2.951) Prec@1 74.22 (74.88) Prec@5 92.19 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-23:43:27] Epoch: [152][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.188 (2.956) Prec@1 68.75 (74.82) Prec@5 85.16 (90.89) - train[2018-10-19-23:45:12] Epoch: [152][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.618 (2.954) Prec@1 82.81 (74.89) Prec@5 93.75 (90.92) - train[2018-10-19-23:46:57] Epoch: [152][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.952) Prec@1 71.09 (74.92) Prec@5 87.50 (90.96) - train[2018-10-19-23:48:42] Epoch: [152][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.954) Prec@1 76.56 (74.90) Prec@5 89.06 (90.92) - train[2018-10-19-23:50:27] Epoch: [152][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.448 (2.952) Prec@1 82.81 (74.97) Prec@5 95.31 (90.94) - train[2018-10-19-23:52:12] Epoch: [152][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.952) Prec@1 75.00 (74.96) Prec@5 90.62 (90.92) - train[2018-10-19-23:53:58] Epoch: [152][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.951) Prec@1 78.91 (75.01) Prec@5 90.62 (90.93) - train[2018-10-19-23:55:44] Epoch: [152][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.953) Prec@1 71.88 (75.00) Prec@5 90.62 (90.90) - train[2018-10-19-23:57:28] Epoch: [152][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (2.955) Prec@1 71.88 (74.96) Prec@5 88.28 (90.88) - train[2018-10-19-23:59:14] Epoch: [152][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.955) Prec@1 78.91 (74.94) Prec@5 91.41 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-00:00:59] Epoch: [152][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.954) Prec@1 75.78 (74.94) Prec@5 92.97 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-00:02:44] Epoch: [152][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.954) Prec@1 71.88 (74.93) Prec@5 90.62 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-00:04:30] Epoch: [152][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.954) Prec@1 72.66 (74.93) Prec@5 88.28 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-00:06:16] Epoch: [152][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.955) Prec@1 74.22 (74.91) Prec@5 90.62 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-00:08:03] Epoch: [152][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.954) Prec@1 75.78 (74.93) Prec@5 92.97 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-00:09:49] Epoch: [152][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.955) Prec@1 78.91 (74.93) Prec@5 88.28 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-00:11:35] Epoch: [152][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.954) Prec@1 75.00 (74.92) Prec@5 93.75 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-00:13:20] Epoch: [152][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.953) Prec@1 75.78 (74.94) Prec@5 89.06 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-00:15:08] Epoch: [152][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.954) Prec@1 71.09 (74.93) Prec@5 89.06 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-00:16:55] Epoch: [152][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.954) Prec@1 74.22 (74.93) Prec@5 92.19 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-00:18:42] Epoch: [152][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (2.955) Prec@1 75.00 (74.91) Prec@5 89.06 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-00:20:27] Epoch: [152][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (2.955) Prec@1 75.78 (74.93) Prec@5 87.50 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-00:22:13] Epoch: [152][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.956) Prec@1 78.91 (74.92) Prec@5 92.97 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:24:01] Epoch: [152][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.628 (2.956) Prec@1 83.59 (74.91) Prec@5 90.62 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:25:47] Epoch: [152][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.956) Prec@1 78.91 (74.93) Prec@5 92.97 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:27:35] Epoch: [152][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.956) Prec@1 77.34 (74.93) Prec@5 89.84 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:29:21] Epoch: [152][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.751 (2.956) Prec@1 78.12 (74.93) Prec@5 92.97 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:31:08] Epoch: [152][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (2.957) Prec@1 70.31 (74.92) Prec@5 90.62 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:32:55] Epoch: [152][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.957) Prec@1 74.22 (74.92) Prec@5 89.84 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:34:41] Epoch: [152][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.957) Prec@1 70.31 (74.91) Prec@5 93.75 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:36:27] Epoch: [152][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.957) Prec@1 75.00 (74.90) Prec@5 91.41 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:38:14] Epoch: [152][7000/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (2.958) Prec@1 70.31 (74.89) Prec@5 86.72 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:40:00] Epoch: [152][7200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (2.958) Prec@1 73.44 (74.88) Prec@5 85.16 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:41:46] Epoch: [152][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (2.958) Prec@1 69.53 (74.87) Prec@5 90.62 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:43:32] Epoch: [152][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.958) Prec@1 73.44 (74.88) Prec@5 91.41 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:45:18] Epoch: [152][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (2.959) Prec@1 75.00 (74.87) Prec@5 85.16 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-00:47:04] Epoch: [152][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.959) Prec@1 79.69 (74.87) Prec@5 91.41 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-00:48:50] Epoch: [152][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.959) Prec@1 72.66 (74.86) Prec@5 91.41 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-00:50:37] Epoch: [152][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.958) Prec@1 75.78 (74.88) Prec@5 89.06 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:52:23] Epoch: [152][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (2.959) Prec@1 71.09 (74.87) Prec@5 88.28 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:54:09] Epoch: [152][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.958) Prec@1 78.12 (74.86) Prec@5 96.09 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:55:56] Epoch: [152][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.958) Prec@1 75.78 (74.86) Prec@5 92.19 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-00:57:42] Epoch: [152][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.959) Prec@1 75.78 (74.86) Prec@5 94.53 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-00:59:29] Epoch: [152][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (2.959) Prec@1 75.00 (74.84) Prec@5 89.06 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-01:01:15] Epoch: [152][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.959) Prec@1 78.12 (74.85) Prec@5 90.62 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-01:03:02] Epoch: [152][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.100 (2.960) Prec@1 70.31 (74.82) Prec@5 87.50 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-01:04:47] Epoch: [152][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.277 (2.961) Prec@1 71.09 (74.81) Prec@5 88.28 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-01:04:52] Epoch: [152][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.817 (2.961) Prec@1 53.33 (74.81) Prec@5 80.00 (90.81) -[2018-10-20-01:04:52] **train** Prec@1 74.81 Prec@5 90.81 Error@1 25.19 Error@5 9.19 Loss:2.961 - test [2018-10-20-01:04:56] Epoch: [152][000/391] Time 4.20 (4.20) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 0.582 (0.582) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-01:05:23] Epoch: [152][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.270 (1.010) Prec@1 67.97 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (93.34) - test [2018-10-20-01:05:49] Epoch: [152][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.012 (1.174) Prec@1 48.75 (73.42) Prec@5 82.50 (91.19) -[2018-10-20-01:05:49] **test** Prec@1 73.42 Prec@5 91.19 Error@1 26.58 Error@5 8.81 Loss:1.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-01:05:49] [Epoch=153/250] [Need: 144:36:08] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-01:05:54] Epoch: [153][000/10010] Time 5.25 (5.25) Data 4.69 (4.69) Loss 2.866 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-20-01:07:39] Epoch: [153][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.744 (2.951) Prec@1 78.12 (75.36) Prec@5 92.97 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-01:09:24] Epoch: [153][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.840 (2.944) Prec@1 75.78 (75.26) Prec@5 92.19 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-01:11:10] Epoch: [153][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.048 (2.939) Prec@1 68.75 (75.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-01:12:55] Epoch: [153][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.205 (2.942) Prec@1 67.97 (75.26) Prec@5 88.28 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-01:14:40] Epoch: [153][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.943) Prec@1 74.22 (75.20) Prec@5 92.97 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-01:16:26] Epoch: [153][1200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.945) Prec@1 75.78 (75.13) Prec@5 92.97 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-01:18:11] Epoch: [153][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.13) Prec@5 92.19 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-01:19:56] Epoch: [153][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.551 (2.941) Prec@1 82.81 (75.15) Prec@5 96.09 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-01:21:40] Epoch: [153][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.943) Prec@1 74.22 (75.09) Prec@5 92.97 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-01:23:26] Epoch: [153][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.946) Prec@1 71.88 (75.06) Prec@5 90.62 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-01:25:11] Epoch: [153][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.947) Prec@1 71.09 (75.04) Prec@5 89.06 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-01:26:57] Epoch: [153][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.623 (2.949) Prec@1 86.72 (75.00) Prec@5 91.41 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-01:28:42] Epoch: [153][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.948) Prec@1 79.69 (75.00) Prec@5 94.53 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-01:30:29] Epoch: [153][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.949) Prec@1 72.66 (74.99) Prec@5 88.28 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-01:32:14] Epoch: [153][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.950) Prec@1 72.66 (74.97) Prec@5 93.75 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-01:34:00] Epoch: [153][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.951) Prec@1 78.91 (74.96) Prec@5 92.97 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:35:44] Epoch: [153][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.951) Prec@1 74.22 (74.96) Prec@5 92.97 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:37:30] Epoch: [153][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.950) Prec@1 71.09 (74.99) Prec@5 85.94 (90.86) - train[2018-10-20-01:39:15] Epoch: [153][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.950) Prec@1 73.44 (74.99) Prec@5 89.06 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:41:00] Epoch: [153][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.950) Prec@1 72.66 (74.99) Prec@5 92.19 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:42:46] Epoch: [153][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.951) Prec@1 74.22 (74.98) Prec@5 91.41 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:44:33] Epoch: [153][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.733 (2.951) Prec@1 81.25 (75.00) Prec@5 93.75 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-01:46:19] Epoch: [153][4600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.950) Prec@1 71.09 (75.00) Prec@5 92.19 (90.85) - train[2018-10-20-01:48:06] Epoch: [153][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.951) Prec@1 75.78 (74.97) Prec@5 88.28 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-01:49:53] Epoch: [153][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.950) Prec@1 76.56 (75.00) Prec@5 92.19 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-01:51:41] Epoch: [153][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.950) Prec@1 74.22 (75.00) Prec@5 92.97 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-01:53:29] Epoch: [153][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.951) Prec@1 76.56 (74.98) Prec@5 92.19 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-01:55:17] Epoch: [153][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.567 (2.951) Prec@1 82.03 (74.98) Prec@5 96.88 (90.83) - train[2018-10-20-01:57:04] Epoch: [153][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.951) Prec@1 77.34 (74.98) Prec@5 91.41 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-01:58:51] Epoch: [153][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.952) Prec@1 76.56 (74.97) Prec@5 91.41 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-02:00:38] Epoch: [153][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.953) Prec@1 79.69 (74.96) Prec@5 89.84 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:02:25] Epoch: [153][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.953) Prec@1 77.34 (74.95) Prec@5 91.41 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:04:13] Epoch: [153][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.953) Prec@1 74.22 (74.94) Prec@5 89.84 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:05:59] Epoch: [153][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.953) Prec@1 71.88 (74.94) Prec@5 90.62 (90.81) - train[2018-10-20-02:07:47] Epoch: [153][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (2.953) Prec@1 71.88 (74.94) Prec@5 90.62 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:09:34] Epoch: [153][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.953) Prec@1 73.44 (74.93) Prec@5 92.19 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:11:20] Epoch: [153][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.953) Prec@1 81.25 (74.92) Prec@5 92.19 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:13:07] Epoch: [153][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.953) Prec@1 71.09 (74.92) Prec@5 89.06 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:14:53] Epoch: [153][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.709 (2.953) Prec@1 83.59 (74.93) Prec@5 92.19 (90.80) - train[2018-10-20-02:16:38] Epoch: [153][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.954) Prec@1 73.44 (74.91) Prec@5 86.72 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:18:25] Epoch: [153][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (2.954) Prec@1 70.31 (74.91) Prec@5 87.50 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:20:11] Epoch: [153][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (2.955) Prec@1 71.88 (74.90) Prec@5 88.28 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:21:59] Epoch: [153][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.955) Prec@1 71.09 (74.90) Prec@5 92.97 (90.78) - train[2018-10-20-02:23:47] Epoch: [153][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.955) Prec@1 77.34 (74.89) Prec@5 90.62 (90.78) - train[2018-10-20-02:25:35] Epoch: [153][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.956) Prec@1 72.66 (74.88) Prec@5 88.28 (90.78) - train[2018-10-20-02:27:22] Epoch: [153][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.956) Prec@1 79.69 (74.88) Prec@5 87.50 (90.78) - train[2018-10-20-02:29:09] Epoch: [153][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.956) Prec@1 75.00 (74.88) Prec@5 91.41 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:30:57] Epoch: [153][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.956) Prec@1 70.31 (74.89) Prec@5 92.97 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:32:44] Epoch: [153][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.956) Prec@1 77.34 (74.88) Prec@5 90.62 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:34:30] Epoch: [153][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (2.956) Prec@1 68.75 (74.89) Prec@5 84.38 (90.79) - train[2018-10-20-02:34:35] Epoch: [153][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.621 (2.956) Prec@1 60.00 (74.89) Prec@5 100.00 (90.79) -[2018-10-20-02:34:35] **train** Prec@1 74.89 Prec@5 90.79 Error@1 25.11 Error@5 9.21 Loss:2.956 - test [2018-10-20-02:34:39] Epoch: [153][000/391] Time 4.22 (4.22) Data 4.08 (4.08) Loss 0.520 (0.520) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-20-02:35:05] Epoch: [153][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.215 (1.001) Prec@1 67.19 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (93.54) - test [2018-10-20-02:35:30] Epoch: [153][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.129 (1.169) Prec@1 45.00 (73.26) Prec@5 82.50 (91.27) -[2018-10-20-02:35:30] **test** Prec@1 73.26 Prec@5 91.27 Error@1 26.74 Error@5 8.73 Loss:1.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-02:35:31] [Epoch=154/250] [Need: 143:31:01] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-02:35:36] Epoch: [154][000/10010] Time 5.33 (5.33) Data 4.78 (4.78) Loss 2.850 (2.850) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-20-02:37:22] Epoch: [154][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.890 (2.943) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-02:39:07] Epoch: [154][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.974 (2.948) Prec@1 74.22 (75.04) Prec@5 90.62 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-02:40:52] Epoch: [154][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.991 (2.937) Prec@1 75.78 (75.27) Prec@5 90.62 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-02:42:37] Epoch: [154][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.659 (2.934) Prec@1 80.47 (75.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-02:44:23] Epoch: [154][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.937) Prec@1 75.78 (75.28) Prec@5 88.28 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-02:46:08] Epoch: [154][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.938) Prec@1 68.75 (75.22) Prec@5 89.06 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-02:47:52] Epoch: [154][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (2.939) Prec@1 78.12 (75.20) Prec@5 88.28 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-02:49:37] Epoch: [154][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.937) Prec@1 76.56 (75.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-02:51:22] Epoch: [154][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.938) Prec@1 75.00 (75.23) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-02:53:07] Epoch: [154][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.692 (2.939) Prec@1 80.47 (75.24) Prec@5 95.31 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-02:54:53] Epoch: [154][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.939) Prec@1 78.91 (75.23) Prec@5 92.19 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-02:56:39] Epoch: [154][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (2.940) Prec@1 68.75 (75.21) Prec@5 88.28 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-02:58:24] Epoch: [154][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (2.941) Prec@1 72.66 (75.20) Prec@5 88.28 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-03:00:09] Epoch: [154][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.941) Prec@1 76.56 (75.21) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-03:01:54] Epoch: [154][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.941) Prec@1 76.56 (75.20) Prec@5 92.19 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-03:03:39] Epoch: [154][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.17) Prec@5 92.19 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-03:05:25] Epoch: [154][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.943) Prec@1 83.59 (75.14) Prec@5 94.53 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:07:10] Epoch: [154][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.943) Prec@1 71.88 (75.16) Prec@5 87.50 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:08:57] Epoch: [154][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.943) Prec@1 75.00 (75.15) Prec@5 92.97 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:10:44] Epoch: [154][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.943) Prec@1 75.00 (75.16) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:12:32] Epoch: [154][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.943) Prec@1 74.22 (75.16) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:14:20] Epoch: [154][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.943) Prec@1 73.44 (75.17) Prec@5 92.19 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:16:08] Epoch: [154][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.943) Prec@1 76.56 (75.16) Prec@5 89.84 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:17:55] Epoch: [154][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (2.943) Prec@1 70.31 (75.17) Prec@5 85.16 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:19:42] Epoch: [154][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.942) Prec@1 82.03 (75.18) Prec@5 93.75 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:21:29] Epoch: [154][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.943) Prec@1 75.78 (75.18) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:23:14] Epoch: [154][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.943) Prec@1 71.88 (75.17) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:24:59] Epoch: [154][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.943) Prec@1 78.12 (75.18) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-03:26:45] Epoch: [154][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.943) Prec@1 71.88 (75.16) Prec@5 87.50 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-03:28:30] Epoch: [154][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.944) Prec@1 78.91 (75.14) Prec@5 89.84 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-03:30:16] Epoch: [154][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.945) Prec@1 79.69 (75.12) Prec@5 92.19 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-03:32:00] Epoch: [154][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.743 (2.945) Prec@1 80.47 (75.12) Prec@5 92.19 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-03:33:45] Epoch: [154][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.946) Prec@1 65.62 (75.10) Prec@5 88.28 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-03:35:31] Epoch: [154][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.946) Prec@1 72.66 (75.11) Prec@5 89.06 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-03:37:14] Epoch: [154][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (2.945) Prec@1 73.44 (75.11) Prec@5 89.06 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-03:39:00] Epoch: [154][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.945) Prec@1 79.69 (75.10) Prec@5 93.75 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-03:40:45] Epoch: [154][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.946) Prec@1 78.12 (75.10) Prec@5 96.09 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-03:42:32] Epoch: [154][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.09) Prec@5 89.84 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-03:44:18] Epoch: [154][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.947) Prec@1 77.34 (75.08) Prec@5 88.28 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-03:46:03] Epoch: [154][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (2.947) Prec@1 67.97 (75.07) Prec@5 87.50 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-03:47:48] Epoch: [154][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (2.947) Prec@1 75.00 (75.06) Prec@5 88.28 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-03:49:33] Epoch: [154][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.948) Prec@1 76.56 (75.06) Prec@5 88.28 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-03:51:18] Epoch: [154][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.948) Prec@1 72.66 (75.06) Prec@5 86.72 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-03:53:04] Epoch: [154][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.948) Prec@1 70.31 (75.05) Prec@5 90.62 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-03:54:49] Epoch: [154][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.949) Prec@1 78.12 (75.04) Prec@5 91.41 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-03:56:34] Epoch: [154][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.231 (2.948) Prec@1 69.53 (75.05) Prec@5 89.84 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-03:58:19] Epoch: [154][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.949) Prec@1 76.56 (75.03) Prec@5 92.19 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-04:00:04] Epoch: [154][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.949) Prec@1 75.78 (75.02) Prec@5 90.62 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-04:01:51] Epoch: [154][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.949) Prec@1 77.34 (75.02) Prec@5 92.19 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-04:03:36] Epoch: [154][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.950) Prec@1 75.00 (75.01) Prec@5 90.62 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-04:03:40] Epoch: [154][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (2.950) Prec@1 66.67 (75.01) Prec@5 80.00 (90.88) -[2018-10-20-04:03:40] **train** Prec@1 75.01 Prec@5 90.88 Error@1 24.99 Error@5 9.12 Loss:2.950 - test [2018-10-20-04:03:44] Epoch: [154][000/391] Time 3.51 (3.51) Data 3.38 (3.38) Loss 0.557 (0.557) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-20-04:04:11] Epoch: [154][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.223 (1.003) Prec@1 69.53 (76.93) Prec@5 92.19 (93.52) - test [2018-10-20-04:04:37] Epoch: [154][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.127 (1.173) Prec@1 46.25 (73.41) Prec@5 82.50 (91.25) -[2018-10-20-04:04:37] **test** Prec@1 73.41 Prec@5 91.25 Error@1 26.59 Error@5 8.75 Loss:1.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-04:04:37] [Epoch=155/250] [Need: 141:05:02] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-04:04:42] Epoch: [155][000/10010] Time 4.71 (4.71) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 3.117 (3.117) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-20-04:06:28] Epoch: [155][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.737 (2.963) Prec@1 79.69 (74.79) Prec@5 92.97 (90.69) - train[2018-10-20-04:08:13] Epoch: [155][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.022 (2.957) Prec@1 75.00 (74.93) Prec@5 89.06 (90.78) - train[2018-10-20-04:09:58] Epoch: [155][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.531 (2.952) Prec@1 64.84 (75.03) Prec@5 83.59 (90.76) - train[2018-10-20-04:11:43] Epoch: [155][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.057 (2.944) Prec@1 73.44 (75.13) Prec@5 91.41 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-04:13:29] Epoch: [155][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.946) Prec@1 70.31 (75.07) Prec@5 89.06 (90.84) - train[2018-10-20-04:15:14] Epoch: [155][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.946) Prec@1 72.66 (75.09) Prec@5 90.62 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-04:17:00] Epoch: [155][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.942) Prec@1 79.69 (75.19) Prec@5 92.97 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-04:18:45] Epoch: [155][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.943) Prec@1 73.44 (75.18) Prec@5 89.84 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-04:20:31] Epoch: [155][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.944) Prec@1 73.44 (75.18) Prec@5 89.84 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-04:22:16] Epoch: [155][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (2.944) Prec@1 72.66 (75.17) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-04:24:01] Epoch: [155][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.944) Prec@1 72.66 (75.17) Prec@5 95.31 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-04:25:46] Epoch: [155][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.942) Prec@1 77.34 (75.21) Prec@5 89.06 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:27:32] Epoch: [155][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.941) Prec@1 75.00 (75.22) Prec@5 91.41 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-04:29:17] Epoch: [155][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (2.939) Prec@1 67.97 (75.25) Prec@5 89.06 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-04:31:02] Epoch: [155][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.939) Prec@1 78.12 (75.25) Prec@5 92.19 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-04:32:47] Epoch: [155][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.940) Prec@1 72.66 (75.24) Prec@5 86.72 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-04:34:33] Epoch: [155][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (2.941) Prec@1 68.75 (75.23) Prec@5 87.50 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-04:36:19] Epoch: [155][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.941) Prec@1 79.69 (75.24) Prec@5 92.97 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-04:38:06] Epoch: [155][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.941) Prec@1 77.34 (75.23) Prec@5 93.75 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-04:39:53] Epoch: [155][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.600 (2.941) Prec@1 78.91 (75.23) Prec@5 93.75 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-04:41:39] Epoch: [155][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.941) Prec@1 74.22 (75.23) Prec@5 92.19 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-04:43:26] Epoch: [155][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.20) Prec@5 88.28 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-04:45:13] Epoch: [155][4600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.942) Prec@1 73.44 (75.21) Prec@5 92.97 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-04:47:00] Epoch: [155][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (2.942) Prec@1 76.56 (75.20) Prec@5 90.62 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-04:48:48] Epoch: [155][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.20) Prec@5 92.97 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-04:50:34] Epoch: [155][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.943) Prec@1 76.56 (75.17) Prec@5 89.84 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:52:21] Epoch: [155][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.283 (2.943) Prec@1 68.75 (75.17) Prec@5 87.50 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:54:08] Epoch: [155][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.943) Prec@1 74.22 (75.16) Prec@5 93.75 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:55:55] Epoch: [155][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.944) Prec@1 78.12 (75.15) Prec@5 89.06 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:57:43] Epoch: [155][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.944) Prec@1 75.00 (75.15) Prec@5 92.19 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-04:59:29] Epoch: [155][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.944) Prec@1 74.22 (75.15) Prec@5 93.75 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-05:01:15] Epoch: [155][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.944) Prec@1 77.34 (75.14) Prec@5 92.97 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-05:03:03] Epoch: [155][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (2.945) Prec@1 68.75 (75.13) Prec@5 93.75 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-05:04:50] Epoch: [155][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.945) Prec@1 73.44 (75.12) Prec@5 92.97 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-05:06:37] Epoch: [155][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.946) Prec@1 76.56 (75.10) Prec@5 89.06 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-05:08:24] Epoch: [155][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.946) Prec@1 79.69 (75.11) Prec@5 93.75 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-05:10:10] Epoch: [155][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.945) Prec@1 76.56 (75.11) Prec@5 91.41 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-05:11:57] Epoch: [155][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.10) Prec@5 89.84 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:13:44] Epoch: [155][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.946) Prec@1 79.69 (75.09) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:15:30] Epoch: [155][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.188 (2.946) Prec@1 70.31 (75.09) Prec@5 89.06 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:17:17] Epoch: [155][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.947) Prec@1 75.78 (75.09) Prec@5 93.75 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:19:04] Epoch: [155][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.947) Prec@1 77.34 (75.09) Prec@5 91.41 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-05:20:52] Epoch: [155][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.947) Prec@1 78.12 (75.09) Prec@5 92.19 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:22:38] Epoch: [155][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.946) Prec@1 77.34 (75.10) Prec@5 94.53 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:24:26] Epoch: [155][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.10) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:26:12] Epoch: [155][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.09) Prec@5 89.06 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:27:58] Epoch: [155][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.947) Prec@1 72.66 (75.08) Prec@5 89.06 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:29:45] Epoch: [155][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.08) Prec@5 87.50 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-05:31:32] Epoch: [155][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.947) Prec@1 75.78 (75.07) Prec@5 86.72 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-05:33:19] Epoch: [155][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.948) Prec@1 76.56 (75.06) Prec@5 92.19 (90.91) - train[2018-10-20-05:33:24] Epoch: [155][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.690 (2.947) Prec@1 46.67 (75.07) Prec@5 53.33 (90.91) -[2018-10-20-05:33:24] **train** Prec@1 75.07 Prec@5 90.91 Error@1 24.93 Error@5 9.09 Loss:2.947 - test [2018-10-20-05:33:28] Epoch: [155][000/391] Time 4.01 (4.01) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 0.561 (0.561) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-05:33:55] Epoch: [155][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.216 (1.005) Prec@1 68.75 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (93.47) - test [2018-10-20-05:34:19] Epoch: [155][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.041 (1.168) Prec@1 47.50 (73.45) Prec@5 81.25 (91.33) -[2018-10-20-05:34:19] **test** Prec@1 73.45 Prec@5 91.33 Error@1 26.55 Error@5 8.67 Loss:1.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-05:34:19] [Epoch=156/250] [Need: 140:32:31] LR=0.0009 ~ 0.0009, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-05:34:24] Epoch: [156][000/10010] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 3.60 (3.60) Loss 3.162 (3.162) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-20-05:36:09] Epoch: [156][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.285 (2.944) Prec@1 68.75 (75.49) Prec@5 87.50 (90.89) - train[2018-10-20-05:37:54] Epoch: [156][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.983 (2.938) Prec@1 75.00 (75.44) Prec@5 92.19 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-05:39:39] Epoch: [156][600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.804 (2.932) Prec@1 78.12 (75.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-05:41:25] Epoch: [156][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.929 (2.933) Prec@1 75.00 (75.50) Prec@5 92.19 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-05:43:09] Epoch: [156][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.936) Prec@1 73.44 (75.45) Prec@5 90.62 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-05:44:55] Epoch: [156][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (2.938) Prec@1 68.75 (75.44) Prec@5 88.28 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-05:46:39] Epoch: [156][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.936) Prec@1 81.25 (75.48) Prec@5 92.97 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-05:48:24] Epoch: [156][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.938) Prec@1 73.44 (75.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-05:50:09] Epoch: [156][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.942) Prec@1 72.66 (75.31) Prec@5 87.50 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-05:51:54] Epoch: [156][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.941) Prec@1 67.97 (75.34) Prec@5 88.28 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-05:53:39] Epoch: [156][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.937) Prec@1 76.56 (75.39) Prec@5 95.31 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-05:55:24] Epoch: [156][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.936) Prec@1 79.69 (75.39) Prec@5 95.31 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-05:57:09] Epoch: [156][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (2.937) Prec@1 75.00 (75.39) Prec@5 89.06 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-05:58:54] Epoch: [156][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.937) Prec@1 82.03 (75.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-06:00:40] Epoch: [156][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.939) Prec@1 72.66 (75.36) Prec@5 90.62 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-06:02:26] Epoch: [156][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.939) Prec@1 69.53 (75.34) Prec@5 90.62 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-06:04:13] Epoch: [156][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (2.940) Prec@1 71.88 (75.33) Prec@5 87.50 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-06:06:01] Epoch: [156][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.940) Prec@1 74.22 (75.31) Prec@5 89.84 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-06:07:47] Epoch: [156][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.939) Prec@1 74.22 (75.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-06:09:33] Epoch: [156][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.939) Prec@1 71.88 (75.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-06:11:20] Epoch: [156][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.939) Prec@1 71.09 (75.33) Prec@5 91.41 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-06:13:08] Epoch: [156][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.571 (2.940) Prec@1 85.16 (75.31) Prec@5 96.09 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-06:14:55] Epoch: [156][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.941) Prec@1 78.12 (75.28) Prec@5 93.75 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-06:16:42] Epoch: [156][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.941) Prec@1 73.44 (75.27) Prec@5 88.28 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-06:18:29] Epoch: [156][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.942) Prec@1 79.69 (75.25) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-06:20:17] Epoch: [156][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.943) Prec@1 80.47 (75.23) Prec@5 89.06 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-06:22:02] Epoch: [156][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (2.944) Prec@1 85.94 (75.22) Prec@5 92.19 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:23:49] Epoch: [156][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.944) Prec@1 71.88 (75.20) Prec@5 92.19 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:25:35] Epoch: [156][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.614 (2.944) Prec@1 85.94 (75.20) Prec@5 94.53 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:27:22] Epoch: [156][6000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.944) Prec@1 80.47 (75.20) Prec@5 95.31 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-06:29:09] Epoch: [156][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.944) Prec@1 80.47 (75.18) Prec@5 92.97 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:30:55] Epoch: [156][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (2.944) Prec@1 70.31 (75.19) Prec@5 88.28 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:32:42] Epoch: [156][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.944) Prec@1 76.56 (75.17) Prec@5 93.75 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-06:34:28] Epoch: [156][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.945) Prec@1 79.69 (75.16) Prec@5 92.19 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-06:36:15] Epoch: [156][7000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.945) Prec@1 71.09 (75.14) Prec@5 87.50 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:38:01] Epoch: [156][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (2.945) Prec@1 75.00 (75.15) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:39:48] Epoch: [156][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (2.945) Prec@1 67.19 (75.14) Prec@5 87.50 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:41:35] Epoch: [156][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (2.946) Prec@1 68.75 (75.14) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:43:21] Epoch: [156][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.13) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:45:09] Epoch: [156][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (2.946) Prec@1 69.53 (75.14) Prec@5 87.50 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:46:57] Epoch: [156][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.945) Prec@1 76.56 (75.14) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:48:43] Epoch: [156][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.945) Prec@1 78.12 (75.14) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:50:31] Epoch: [156][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.945) Prec@1 72.66 (75.13) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:52:18] Epoch: [156][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.945) Prec@1 74.22 (75.12) Prec@5 84.38 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:54:05] Epoch: [156][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.945) Prec@1 71.09 (75.12) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:55:51] Epoch: [156][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (2.946) Prec@1 67.19 (75.11) Prec@5 85.94 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-06:57:39] Epoch: [156][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.946) Prec@1 73.44 (75.10) Prec@5 93.75 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-06:59:27] Epoch: [156][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.946) Prec@1 80.47 (75.09) Prec@5 89.06 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:01:13] Epoch: [156][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.947) Prec@1 75.00 (75.09) Prec@5 92.97 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:02:59] Epoch: [156][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.947) Prec@1 76.56 (75.09) Prec@5 89.06 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:03:03] Epoch: [156][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.947) Prec@1 73.33 (75.09) Prec@5 93.33 (90.93) -[2018-10-20-07:03:03] **train** Prec@1 75.09 Prec@5 90.93 Error@1 24.91 Error@5 9.07 Loss:2.947 - test [2018-10-20-07:03:07] Epoch: [156][000/391] Time 4.10 (4.10) Data 3.96 (3.96) Loss 0.572 (0.572) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-07:03:34] Epoch: [156][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.142 (1.003) Prec@1 70.31 (77.06) Prec@5 93.75 (93.41) - test [2018-10-20-07:03:58] Epoch: [156][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.064 (1.171) Prec@1 43.75 (73.44) Prec@5 83.75 (91.31) -[2018-10-20-07:03:58] **test** Prec@1 73.44 Prec@5 91.31 Error@1 26.56 Error@5 8.69 Loss:1.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.46, Acc@5=91.25, Error@1=26.54, Error@5=8.75 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-07:03:59] [Epoch=157/250] [Need: 138:57:47] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-07:04:04] Epoch: [157][000/10010] Time 5.24 (5.24) Data 4.57 (4.57) Loss 3.059 (3.059) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 86.72 (86.72) - train[2018-10-20-07:05:49] Epoch: [157][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.986 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.47) Prec@5 88.28 (90.82) - train[2018-10-20-07:07:34] Epoch: [157][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.671 (2.933) Prec@1 79.69 (75.42) Prec@5 92.19 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-07:09:20] Epoch: [157][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.938 (2.935) Prec@1 75.78 (75.35) Prec@5 89.06 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:11:05] Epoch: [157][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.988 (2.938) Prec@1 74.22 (75.25) Prec@5 89.84 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:12:50] Epoch: [157][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.698 (2.942) Prec@1 80.47 (75.21) Prec@5 94.53 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:14:36] Epoch: [157][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.940) Prec@1 76.56 (75.26) Prec@5 93.75 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:16:21] Epoch: [157][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.940) Prec@1 75.00 (75.27) Prec@5 92.97 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:18:06] Epoch: [157][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.941) Prec@1 77.34 (75.23) Prec@5 92.97 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-07:19:51] Epoch: [157][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.940) Prec@1 72.66 (75.23) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:21:35] Epoch: [157][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.940) Prec@1 78.12 (75.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:23:21] Epoch: [157][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.940) Prec@1 82.03 (75.23) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:25:06] Epoch: [157][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.941) Prec@1 77.34 (75.24) Prec@5 95.31 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-07:26:52] Epoch: [157][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.941) Prec@1 78.12 (75.24) Prec@5 94.53 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-07:28:37] Epoch: [157][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.941) Prec@1 72.66 (75.23) Prec@5 92.19 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-07:30:24] Epoch: [157][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.195 (2.941) Prec@1 71.09 (75.21) Prec@5 89.84 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-07:32:11] Epoch: [157][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.941) Prec@1 81.25 (75.22) Prec@5 93.75 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:33:58] Epoch: [157][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.942) Prec@1 76.56 (75.20) Prec@5 86.72 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:35:46] Epoch: [157][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.941) Prec@1 75.00 (75.22) Prec@5 92.19 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:37:33] Epoch: [157][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.941) Prec@1 78.12 (75.21) Prec@5 92.97 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:39:21] Epoch: [157][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.22) Prec@5 90.62 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:41:07] Epoch: [157][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.942) Prec@1 79.69 (75.21) Prec@5 93.75 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-07:42:55] Epoch: [157][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.189 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.21) Prec@5 86.72 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:44:43] Epoch: [157][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.590 (2.942) Prec@1 82.03 (75.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:46:30] Epoch: [157][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.941) Prec@1 73.44 (75.22) Prec@5 90.62 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-07:48:17] Epoch: [157][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.456 (2.940) Prec@1 82.03 (75.23) Prec@5 94.53 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-07:50:03] Epoch: [157][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (2.941) Prec@1 71.09 (75.22) Prec@5 86.72 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:51:51] Epoch: [157][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.941) Prec@1 77.34 (75.21) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:53:38] Epoch: [157][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.941) Prec@1 79.69 (75.20) Prec@5 94.53 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-07:55:24] Epoch: [157][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.941) Prec@1 75.00 (75.20) Prec@5 90.62 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-07:57:11] Epoch: [157][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.942) Prec@1 74.22 (75.20) Prec@5 85.94 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-07:58:56] Epoch: [157][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.198 (2.942) Prec@1 71.09 (75.19) Prec@5 88.28 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:00:44] Epoch: [157][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.19) Prec@5 90.62 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:02:32] Epoch: [157][6600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.545 (2.942) Prec@1 86.72 (75.20) Prec@5 93.75 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:04:20] Epoch: [157][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.942) Prec@1 74.22 (75.19) Prec@5 90.62 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:06:07] Epoch: [157][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.319 (2.942) Prec@1 71.09 (75.19) Prec@5 89.06 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:07:54] Epoch: [157][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.941) Prec@1 75.00 (75.20) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:09:41] Epoch: [157][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.942) Prec@1 76.56 (75.19) Prec@5 92.97 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:11:29] Epoch: [157][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.942) Prec@1 76.56 (75.18) Prec@5 90.62 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:13:17] Epoch: [157][7800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.942) Prec@1 78.91 (75.17) Prec@5 93.75 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:15:05] Epoch: [157][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.943) Prec@1 71.09 (75.17) Prec@5 92.97 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:16:53] Epoch: [157][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.942) Prec@1 78.12 (75.17) Prec@5 91.41 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:18:40] Epoch: [157][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.943) Prec@1 77.34 (75.16) Prec@5 91.41 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:20:28] Epoch: [157][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.942) Prec@1 75.78 (75.16) Prec@5 91.41 (90.94) - train[2018-10-20-08:22:16] Epoch: [157][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.942) Prec@1 70.31 (75.16) Prec@5 92.19 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:24:04] Epoch: [157][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.943) Prec@1 71.09 (75.16) Prec@5 91.41 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:25:51] Epoch: [157][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (2.943) Prec@1 70.31 (75.16) Prec@5 85.16 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:27:37] Epoch: [157][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.943) Prec@1 71.88 (75.15) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:29:25] Epoch: [157][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.943) Prec@1 76.56 (75.15) Prec@5 93.75 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-08:31:12] Epoch: [157][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.943) Prec@1 78.91 (75.14) Prec@5 91.41 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:32:58] Epoch: [157][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.944) Prec@1 74.22 (75.14) Prec@5 92.97 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:33:02] Epoch: [157][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.944) Prec@1 73.33 (75.14) Prec@5 93.33 (90.95) -[2018-10-20-08:33:02] **train** Prec@1 75.14 Prec@5 90.95 Error@1 24.86 Error@5 9.05 Loss:2.944 - test [2018-10-20-08:33:06] Epoch: [157][000/391] Time 4.07 (4.07) Data 3.93 (3.93) Loss 0.530 (0.530) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-20-08:33:33] Epoch: [157][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.221 (1.018) Prec@1 70.31 (77.19) Prec@5 92.19 (93.49) - test [2018-10-20-08:33:58] Epoch: [157][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.087 (1.188) Prec@1 43.75 (73.56) Prec@5 83.75 (91.28) -[2018-10-20-08:33:58] **test** Prec@1 73.56 Prec@5 91.28 Error@1 26.44 Error@5 8.72 Loss:1.188 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.56, Acc@5=91.28, Error@1=26.44, Error@5=8.72 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-08:33:58] [Epoch=158/250] [Need: 137:58:40] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-08:34:03] Epoch: [158][000/10010] Time 5.19 (5.19) Data 4.60 (4.60) Loss 2.941 (2.941) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-20-08:35:48] Epoch: [158][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.094 (2.956) Prec@1 72.66 (74.95) Prec@5 92.19 (90.88) - train[2018-10-20-08:37:34] Epoch: [158][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.975 (2.943) Prec@1 75.78 (75.21) Prec@5 87.50 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-08:39:19] Epoch: [158][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.229 (2.936) Prec@1 70.31 (75.41) Prec@5 87.50 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-08:41:03] Epoch: [158][800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.775 (2.941) Prec@1 76.56 (75.32) Prec@5 91.41 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-08:42:49] Epoch: [158][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.943) Prec@1 75.00 (75.30) Prec@5 86.72 (90.90) - train[2018-10-20-08:44:34] Epoch: [158][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.085 (2.941) Prec@1 72.66 (75.30) Prec@5 89.06 (90.92) - train[2018-10-20-08:46:20] Epoch: [158][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.161 (2.938) Prec@1 73.44 (75.31) Prec@5 85.16 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-08:48:05] Epoch: [158][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.938) Prec@1 79.69 (75.30) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-08:49:50] Epoch: [158][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.938) Prec@1 74.22 (75.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-08:51:35] Epoch: [158][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.937) Prec@1 72.66 (75.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-08:53:20] Epoch: [158][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.626 (2.938) Prec@1 79.69 (75.30) Prec@5 95.31 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-08:55:06] Epoch: [158][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.939) Prec@1 77.34 (75.29) Prec@5 91.41 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-08:56:52] Epoch: [158][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.938) Prec@1 74.22 (75.29) Prec@5 89.06 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-08:58:38] Epoch: [158][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.937) Prec@1 79.69 (75.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-09:00:24] Epoch: [158][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.937) Prec@1 71.09 (75.33) Prec@5 94.53 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-09:02:11] Epoch: [158][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.936) Prec@1 77.34 (75.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-09:03:56] Epoch: [158][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.937) Prec@1 78.91 (75.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:05:43] Epoch: [158][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.938) Prec@1 77.34 (75.32) Prec@5 93.75 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-09:07:29] Epoch: [158][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (2.937) Prec@1 66.41 (75.33) Prec@5 87.50 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:09:15] Epoch: [158][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.710 (2.937) Prec@1 80.47 (75.34) Prec@5 90.62 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-09:11:02] Epoch: [158][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.936) Prec@1 78.91 (75.34) Prec@5 89.06 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-09:12:48] Epoch: [158][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.937) Prec@1 70.31 (75.33) Prec@5 89.06 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-09:14:35] Epoch: [158][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.938) Prec@1 82.81 (75.31) Prec@5 92.97 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:16:21] Epoch: [158][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.937) Prec@1 77.34 (75.31) Prec@5 87.50 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-09:18:06] Epoch: [158][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.645 (2.938) Prec@1 80.47 (75.29) Prec@5 94.53 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:19:52] Epoch: [158][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.938) Prec@1 71.88 (75.28) Prec@5 89.06 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:21:38] Epoch: [158][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.306 (2.938) Prec@1 74.22 (75.29) Prec@5 85.16 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:23:25] Epoch: [158][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.938) Prec@1 76.56 (75.29) Prec@5 89.06 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:25:11] Epoch: [158][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.751 (2.938) Prec@1 84.38 (75.28) Prec@5 93.75 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:26:57] Epoch: [158][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.937) Prec@1 77.34 (75.30) Prec@5 91.41 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:28:44] Epoch: [158][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.938) Prec@1 72.66 (75.29) Prec@5 87.50 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-09:30:31] Epoch: [158][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.939) Prec@1 71.88 (75.28) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-09:32:18] Epoch: [158][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.939) Prec@1 71.88 (75.29) Prec@5 89.06 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-09:34:05] Epoch: [158][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.940) Prec@1 78.91 (75.27) Prec@5 92.19 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-09:35:53] Epoch: [158][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.940) Prec@1 72.66 (75.26) Prec@5 89.84 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-09:37:39] Epoch: [158][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.941) Prec@1 70.31 (75.25) Prec@5 90.62 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-09:39:27] Epoch: [158][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.940) Prec@1 78.12 (75.25) Prec@5 92.97 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-09:41:15] Epoch: [158][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.220 (2.941) Prec@1 72.66 (75.25) Prec@5 88.28 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-09:43:02] Epoch: [158][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.293 (2.941) Prec@1 67.97 (75.23) Prec@5 86.72 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-09:44:48] Epoch: [158][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (2.941) Prec@1 73.44 (75.23) Prec@5 90.62 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-09:46:35] Epoch: [158][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.487 (2.941) Prec@1 66.41 (75.22) Prec@5 84.38 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-09:48:21] Epoch: [158][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.941) Prec@1 75.00 (75.22) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-09:50:07] Epoch: [158][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.942) Prec@1 78.12 (75.21) Prec@5 92.19 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-09:51:54] Epoch: [158][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.942) Prec@1 68.75 (75.22) Prec@5 89.06 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-09:53:40] Epoch: [158][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.942) Prec@1 73.44 (75.21) Prec@5 93.75 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-09:55:27] Epoch: [158][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.287 (2.942) Prec@1 71.09 (75.20) Prec@5 86.72 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-09:57:13] Epoch: [158][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.942) Prec@1 71.09 (75.20) Prec@5 89.84 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-09:58:59] Epoch: [158][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.942) Prec@1 75.00 (75.20) Prec@5 89.06 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:00:45] Epoch: [158][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (2.942) Prec@1 69.53 (75.19) Prec@5 90.62 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:02:31] Epoch: [158][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.943) Prec@1 75.78 (75.18) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:02:35] Epoch: [158][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.585 (2.943) Prec@1 73.33 (75.18) Prec@5 80.00 (90.95) -[2018-10-20-10:02:35] **train** Prec@1 75.18 Prec@5 90.95 Error@1 24.82 Error@5 9.05 Loss:2.943 - test [2018-10-20-10:02:39] Epoch: [158][000/391] Time 4.07 (4.07) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.517 (0.517) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-20-10:03:06] Epoch: [158][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.207 (1.011) Prec@1 66.41 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (93.70) - test [2018-10-20-10:03:32] Epoch: [158][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.049 (1.175) Prec@1 47.50 (73.58) Prec@5 82.50 (91.48) -[2018-10-20-10:03:32] **test** Prec@1 73.58 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.42 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.175 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.58, Acc@5=91.48, Error@1=26.42, Error@5=8.52 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-10:03:32] [Epoch=159/250] [Need: 135:50:33] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-10:03:37] Epoch: [159][000/10010] Time 5.04 (5.04) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 3.322 (3.322) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-20-10:05:22] Epoch: [159][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.931 (2.941) Prec@1 76.56 (75.18) Prec@5 91.41 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-10:07:08] Epoch: [159][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.987 (2.941) Prec@1 71.09 (75.21) Prec@5 88.28 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-10:08:53] Epoch: [159][600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.921 (2.938) Prec@1 75.78 (75.32) Prec@5 90.62 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-10:10:39] Epoch: [159][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.815 (2.941) Prec@1 80.47 (75.29) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-10:12:25] Epoch: [159][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (2.936) Prec@1 67.97 (75.32) Prec@5 86.72 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-10:14:10] Epoch: [159][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.938) Prec@1 77.34 (75.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-10:15:55] Epoch: [159][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.936) Prec@1 81.25 (75.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-10:17:41] Epoch: [159][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.937) Prec@1 80.47 (75.31) Prec@5 91.41 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-10:19:26] Epoch: [159][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.936) Prec@1 75.00 (75.35) Prec@5 89.84 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-10:21:12] Epoch: [159][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.937) Prec@1 75.00 (75.32) Prec@5 89.06 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-10:22:57] Epoch: [159][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.940) Prec@1 74.22 (75.29) Prec@5 92.97 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-10:24:42] Epoch: [159][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.942) Prec@1 73.44 (75.26) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:26:26] Epoch: [159][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (2.941) Prec@1 70.31 (75.31) Prec@5 87.50 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:28:12] Epoch: [159][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.940) Prec@1 76.56 (75.32) Prec@5 91.41 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-10:29:58] Epoch: [159][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.941) Prec@1 79.69 (75.31) Prec@5 94.53 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-10:31:45] Epoch: [159][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (2.941) Prec@1 71.09 (75.31) Prec@5 90.62 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-10:33:33] Epoch: [159][3400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.299 (2.940) Prec@1 68.75 (75.31) Prec@5 87.50 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-10:35:21] Epoch: [159][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.938) Prec@1 79.69 (75.33) Prec@5 89.84 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-10:37:08] Epoch: [159][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.938) Prec@1 81.25 (75.34) Prec@5 95.31 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-10:38:55] Epoch: [159][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.938) Prec@1 78.12 (75.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-10:40:42] Epoch: [159][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.938) Prec@1 72.66 (75.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-10:42:29] Epoch: [159][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.341 (2.938) Prec@1 67.19 (75.32) Prec@5 84.38 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-10:44:17] Epoch: [159][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.938) Prec@1 75.78 (75.31) Prec@5 92.97 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-10:46:03] Epoch: [159][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.938) Prec@1 76.56 (75.31) Prec@5 92.19 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-10:47:49] Epoch: [159][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.939) Prec@1 76.56 (75.29) Prec@5 89.84 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-10:49:35] Epoch: [159][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.939) Prec@1 77.34 (75.28) Prec@5 89.06 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-10:51:22] Epoch: [159][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.939) Prec@1 78.91 (75.28) Prec@5 91.41 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-10:53:09] Epoch: [159][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.236 (2.939) Prec@1 69.53 (75.28) Prec@5 87.50 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-10:54:56] Epoch: [159][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.939) Prec@1 78.91 (75.28) Prec@5 92.19 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-10:56:42] Epoch: [159][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.940) Prec@1 79.69 (75.26) Prec@5 89.06 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-10:58:27] Epoch: [159][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.940) Prec@1 74.22 (75.24) Prec@5 89.84 (90.95) - train[2018-10-20-11:00:13] Epoch: [159][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.576 (2.939) Prec@1 82.03 (75.25) Prec@5 92.97 (90.97) - train[2018-10-20-11:02:00] Epoch: [159][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (2.938) Prec@1 70.31 (75.26) Prec@5 90.62 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-11:03:46] Epoch: [159][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.938) Prec@1 75.00 (75.27) Prec@5 86.72 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:05:32] Epoch: [159][7000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.938) Prec@1 71.88 (75.28) Prec@5 90.62 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-11:07:17] Epoch: [159][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.938) Prec@1 71.09 (75.27) Prec@5 92.19 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:09:02] Epoch: [159][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.938) Prec@1 75.00 (75.26) Prec@5 91.41 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:10:49] Epoch: [159][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.938) Prec@1 74.22 (75.26) Prec@5 89.84 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:12:35] Epoch: [159][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (2.938) Prec@1 71.88 (75.26) Prec@5 89.84 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-11:14:21] Epoch: [159][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.346 (2.938) Prec@1 71.88 (75.25) Prec@5 86.72 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-11:16:06] Epoch: [159][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.939) Prec@1 82.03 (75.24) Prec@5 95.31 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:17:52] Epoch: [159][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.939) Prec@1 71.88 (75.25) Prec@5 86.72 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:19:39] Epoch: [159][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.939) Prec@1 79.69 (75.25) Prec@5 92.19 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:21:26] Epoch: [159][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.939) Prec@1 77.34 (75.25) Prec@5 91.41 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-11:23:13] Epoch: [159][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.939) Prec@1 79.69 (75.24) Prec@5 91.41 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:25:01] Epoch: [159][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.939) Prec@1 77.34 (75.24) Prec@5 94.53 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:26:49] Epoch: [159][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.940) Prec@1 75.00 (75.23) Prec@5 92.19 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-11:28:37] Epoch: [159][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.940) Prec@1 71.09 (75.22) Prec@5 91.41 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:30:25] Epoch: [159][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.940) Prec@1 73.44 (75.22) Prec@5 91.41 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-11:32:11] Epoch: [159][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.940) Prec@1 75.00 (75.21) Prec@5 89.84 (90.98) - train[2018-10-20-11:32:15] Epoch: [159][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.940) Prec@1 73.33 (75.21) Prec@5 86.67 (90.98) -[2018-10-20-11:32:15] **train** Prec@1 75.21 Prec@5 90.98 Error@1 24.79 Error@5 9.02 Loss:2.940 - test [2018-10-20-11:32:19] Epoch: [159][000/391] Time 4.26 (4.26) Data 4.13 (4.13) Loss 0.470 (0.470) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-20-11:32:46] Epoch: [159][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.203 (0.990) Prec@1 63.28 (77.15) Prec@5 92.97 (93.72) - test [2018-10-20-11:33:10] Epoch: [159][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.142 (1.159) Prec@1 41.25 (73.51) Prec@5 82.50 (91.39) -[2018-10-20-11:33:11] **test** Prec@1 73.51 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.49 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.159 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.58, Acc@5=91.48, Error@1=26.42, Error@5=8.52 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-11:33:11] [Epoch=160/250] [Need: 134:28:23] LR=0.0008 ~ 0.0008, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-11:33:15] Epoch: [160][000/10010] Time 4.68 (4.68) Data 4.05 (4.05) Loss 2.737 (2.737) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-20-11:35:01] Epoch: [160][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.986 (2.934) Prec@1 75.78 (75.50) Prec@5 89.06 (90.99) - train[2018-10-20-11:36:46] Epoch: [160][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.971 (2.928) Prec@1 77.34 (75.55) Prec@5 87.50 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-11:38:32] Epoch: [160][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.846 (2.926) Prec@1 78.12 (75.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-11:40:16] Epoch: [160][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.852 (2.928) Prec@1 78.91 (75.59) Prec@5 89.84 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-11:42:01] Epoch: [160][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.928) Prec@1 74.22 (75.64) Prec@5 92.97 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-11:43:46] Epoch: [160][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.924) Prec@1 78.91 (75.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-11:45:32] Epoch: [160][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.924) Prec@1 77.34 (75.64) Prec@5 92.97 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-11:47:18] Epoch: [160][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.924) Prec@1 73.44 (75.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-11:49:03] Epoch: [160][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.926) Prec@1 73.44 (75.53) Prec@5 89.06 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-11:50:48] Epoch: [160][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.926) Prec@1 73.44 (75.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-11:52:34] Epoch: [160][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.926) Prec@1 70.31 (75.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-11:54:20] Epoch: [160][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.928) Prec@1 72.66 (75.48) Prec@5 86.72 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-11:56:07] Epoch: [160][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (2.929) Prec@1 67.19 (75.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-11:57:52] Epoch: [160][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-11:59:38] Epoch: [160][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.930) Prec@1 71.09 (75.45) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:01:24] Epoch: [160][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.930) Prec@1 81.25 (75.44) Prec@5 89.84 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:03:09] Epoch: [160][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.929) Prec@1 78.91 (75.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:04:55] Epoch: [160][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.930) Prec@1 79.69 (75.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:06:40] Epoch: [160][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.929) Prec@1 79.69 (75.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-12:08:26] Epoch: [160][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.47) Prec@5 88.28 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-12:10:11] Epoch: [160][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (2.930) Prec@1 68.75 (75.45) Prec@5 89.06 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-12:11:58] Epoch: [160][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.42) Prec@5 89.06 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:13:46] Epoch: [160][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.933) Prec@1 73.44 (75.40) Prec@5 85.94 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-12:15:34] Epoch: [160][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.677 (2.932) Prec@1 79.69 (75.41) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-12:17:19] Epoch: [160][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.41) Prec@5 95.31 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:19:05] Epoch: [160][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.932) Prec@1 73.44 (75.41) Prec@5 89.84 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-12:20:50] Epoch: [160][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.334 (2.931) Prec@1 64.84 (75.41) Prec@5 89.84 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:22:36] Epoch: [160][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.931) Prec@1 73.44 (75.42) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:24:21] Epoch: [160][5800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:26:07] Epoch: [160][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.931) Prec@1 75.00 (75.39) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:27:52] Epoch: [160][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.931) Prec@1 74.22 (75.39) Prec@5 94.53 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:29:37] Epoch: [160][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.931) Prec@1 75.00 (75.37) Prec@5 89.84 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:31:23] Epoch: [160][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.931) Prec@1 73.44 (75.37) Prec@5 88.28 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:33:08] Epoch: [160][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.932) Prec@1 69.53 (75.36) Prec@5 91.41 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:34:53] Epoch: [160][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.932) Prec@1 81.25 (75.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:36:38] Epoch: [160][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.932) Prec@1 71.09 (75.35) Prec@5 86.72 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:38:24] Epoch: [160][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.932) Prec@1 76.56 (75.34) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-12:40:09] Epoch: [160][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.933) Prec@1 69.53 (75.34) Prec@5 88.28 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-12:41:54] Epoch: [160][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.934) Prec@1 68.75 (75.31) Prec@5 92.19 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-12:43:40] Epoch: [160][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.934) Prec@1 80.47 (75.31) Prec@5 94.53 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-12:45:26] Epoch: [160][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.934) Prec@1 79.69 (75.30) Prec@5 93.75 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-12:47:13] Epoch: [160][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.935) Prec@1 75.00 (75.30) Prec@5 92.97 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:48:59] Epoch: [160][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (2.935) Prec@1 66.41 (75.30) Prec@5 92.19 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:50:46] Epoch: [160][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.935) Prec@1 75.00 (75.29) Prec@5 87.50 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:52:33] Epoch: [160][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.935) Prec@1 78.91 (75.30) Prec@5 95.31 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:54:19] Epoch: [160][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.641 (2.935) Prec@1 78.12 (75.30) Prec@5 95.31 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:56:06] Epoch: [160][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.935) Prec@1 75.00 (75.30) Prec@5 89.06 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:57:52] Epoch: [160][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.935) Prec@1 77.34 (75.29) Prec@5 92.97 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-12:59:39] Epoch: [160][9800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.936) Prec@1 75.00 (75.28) Prec@5 89.84 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-13:01:25] Epoch: [160][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.936) Prec@1 75.78 (75.27) Prec@5 93.75 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-13:01:29] Epoch: [160][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.243 (2.936) Prec@1 80.00 (75.27) Prec@5 86.67 (91.01) -[2018-10-20-13:01:29] **train** Prec@1 75.27 Prec@5 91.01 Error@1 24.73 Error@5 8.99 Loss:2.936 - test [2018-10-20-13:01:33] Epoch: [160][000/391] Time 3.99 (3.99) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 0.556 (0.556) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-13:02:00] Epoch: [160][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.184 (0.994) Prec@1 67.19 (77.26) Prec@5 92.97 (93.59) - test [2018-10-20-13:02:26] Epoch: [160][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.159 (1.163) Prec@1 42.50 (73.60) Prec@5 81.25 (91.34) -[2018-10-20-13:02:26] **test** Prec@1 73.60 Prec@5 91.34 Error@1 26.40 Error@5 8.66 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.60, Acc@5=91.34, Error@1=26.40, Error@5=8.66 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-13:02:26] [Epoch=161/250] [Need: 132:23:17] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-13:02:31] Epoch: [161][000/10010] Time 5.43 (5.43) Data 4.86 (4.86) Loss 2.932 (2.932) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-20-13:04:16] Epoch: [161][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.160 (2.906) Prec@1 71.88 (76.00) Prec@5 87.50 (91.41) - train[2018-10-20-13:06:01] Epoch: [161][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.823 (2.918) Prec@1 80.47 (75.76) Prec@5 93.75 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-13:07:46] Epoch: [161][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.867 (2.932) Prec@1 72.66 (75.56) Prec@5 91.41 (90.96) - train[2018-10-20-13:09:31] Epoch: [161][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.937 (2.932) Prec@1 75.00 (75.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.00) - train[2018-10-20-13:11:17] Epoch: [161][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (2.931) Prec@1 71.09 (75.53) Prec@5 87.50 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-13:13:02] Epoch: [161][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.929) Prec@1 80.47 (75.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-13:14:47] Epoch: [161][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.928) Prec@1 80.47 (75.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-13:16:32] Epoch: [161][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.929) Prec@1 78.12 (75.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-13:18:17] Epoch: [161][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.929) Prec@1 73.44 (75.50) Prec@5 87.50 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-13:20:02] Epoch: [161][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.637 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.51) Prec@5 93.75 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-13:21:47] Epoch: [161][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (2.929) Prec@1 75.00 (75.51) Prec@5 88.28 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-13:23:31] Epoch: [161][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.121 (2.929) Prec@1 71.88 (75.50) Prec@5 89.84 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-13:25:17] Epoch: [161][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.930) Prec@1 78.12 (75.49) Prec@5 93.75 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-13:27:03] Epoch: [161][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-13:28:48] Epoch: [161][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-13:30:33] Epoch: [161][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.933) Prec@1 72.66 (75.43) Prec@5 87.50 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:32:19] Epoch: [161][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (2.933) Prec@1 71.88 (75.42) Prec@5 88.28 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:34:04] Epoch: [161][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.42) Prec@5 93.75 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:35:50] Epoch: [161][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (2.933) Prec@1 74.22 (75.42) Prec@5 89.06 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:37:35] Epoch: [161][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.145 (2.934) Prec@1 72.66 (75.42) Prec@5 89.84 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:39:20] Epoch: [161][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.933) Prec@1 78.12 (75.42) Prec@5 93.75 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:41:05] Epoch: [161][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.934) Prec@1 77.34 (75.40) Prec@5 90.62 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:42:51] Epoch: [161][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.934) Prec@1 76.56 (75.41) Prec@5 90.62 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:44:37] Epoch: [161][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.933) Prec@1 78.12 (75.39) Prec@5 95.31 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-13:46:23] Epoch: [161][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.934) Prec@1 66.41 (75.39) Prec@5 87.50 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-13:48:09] Epoch: [161][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.39) Prec@5 92.97 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-13:49:56] Epoch: [161][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (2.933) Prec@1 74.22 (75.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-13:51:41] Epoch: [161][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.933) Prec@1 73.44 (75.39) Prec@5 87.50 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-13:53:26] Epoch: [161][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-13:55:11] Epoch: [161][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.933) Prec@1 72.66 (75.39) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-13:56:56] Epoch: [161][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.933) Prec@1 72.66 (75.38) Prec@5 86.72 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-13:58:41] Epoch: [161][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.933) Prec@1 76.56 (75.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-14:00:26] Epoch: [161][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.933) Prec@1 71.88 (75.37) Prec@5 92.19 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:02:12] Epoch: [161][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.933) Prec@1 78.12 (75.36) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:03:58] Epoch: [161][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.933) Prec@1 80.47 (75.37) Prec@5 89.06 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:05:43] Epoch: [161][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.607 (2.933) Prec@1 82.81 (75.37) Prec@5 93.75 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:07:28] Epoch: [161][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (2.933) Prec@1 71.88 (75.37) Prec@5 86.72 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:09:13] Epoch: [161][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.933) Prec@1 76.56 (75.37) Prec@5 90.62 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:10:58] Epoch: [161][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.933) Prec@1 76.56 (75.37) Prec@5 89.06 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:12:43] Epoch: [161][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.38) Prec@5 88.28 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:14:28] Epoch: [161][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.933) Prec@1 72.66 (75.37) Prec@5 88.28 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:16:13] Epoch: [161][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.191 (2.934) Prec@1 67.19 (75.36) Prec@5 88.28 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:17:59] Epoch: [161][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.934) Prec@1 75.78 (75.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:19:44] Epoch: [161][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.934) Prec@1 76.56 (75.36) Prec@5 87.50 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:21:30] Epoch: [161][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.934) Prec@1 77.34 (75.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:23:15] Epoch: [161][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.934) Prec@1 75.78 (75.36) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:25:01] Epoch: [161][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.934) Prec@1 73.44 (75.37) Prec@5 92.19 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:26:47] Epoch: [161][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.934) Prec@1 69.53 (75.36) Prec@5 90.62 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-14:28:33] Epoch: [161][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.934) Prec@1 73.44 (75.37) Prec@5 89.84 (91.03) - train[2018-10-20-14:30:17] Epoch: [161][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.935) Prec@1 73.44 (75.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-14:30:22] Epoch: [161][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (2.935) Prec@1 86.67 (75.35) Prec@5 93.33 (91.02) -[2018-10-20-14:30:22] **train** Prec@1 75.35 Prec@5 91.02 Error@1 24.65 Error@5 8.98 Loss:2.935 - test [2018-10-20-14:30:25] Epoch: [161][000/391] Time 3.89 (3.89) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.541 (0.541) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 96.88 (96.88) - test [2018-10-20-14:30:52] Epoch: [161][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.186 (1.005) Prec@1 67.97 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (93.57) - test [2018-10-20-14:31:17] Epoch: [161][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.099 (1.166) Prec@1 46.25 (73.62) Prec@5 82.50 (91.32) -[2018-10-20-14:31:17] **test** Prec@1 73.62 Prec@5 91.32 Error@1 26.38 Error@5 8.68 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-14:31:17] [Epoch=162/250] [Need: 130:19:55] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-14:31:23] Epoch: [162][000/10010] Time 5.50 (5.50) Data 4.94 (4.94) Loss 2.976 (2.976) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-20-14:33:08] Epoch: [162][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.990 (2.940) Prec@1 77.34 (75.42) Prec@5 91.41 (90.87) - train[2018-10-20-14:34:53] Epoch: [162][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.808 (2.933) Prec@1 81.25 (75.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:36:38] Epoch: [162][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.024 (2.933) Prec@1 75.78 (75.48) Prec@5 89.06 (91.01) - train[2018-10-20-14:38:22] Epoch: [162][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.054 (2.928) Prec@1 70.31 (75.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-14:40:07] Epoch: [162][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.965 (2.933) Prec@1 76.56 (75.40) Prec@5 90.62 (91.04) - train[2018-10-20-14:41:52] Epoch: [162][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.930) Prec@1 73.44 (75.45) Prec@5 95.31 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-14:43:37] Epoch: [162][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.931) Prec@1 74.22 (75.46) Prec@5 89.84 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-14:45:23] Epoch: [162][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.930) Prec@1 78.91 (75.47) Prec@5 94.53 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-14:47:08] Epoch: [162][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (2.930) Prec@1 70.31 (75.46) Prec@5 88.28 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:48:53] Epoch: [162][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.929) Prec@1 74.22 (75.48) Prec@5 92.19 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-14:50:39] Epoch: [162][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.929) Prec@1 74.22 (75.50) Prec@5 88.28 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-14:52:24] Epoch: [162][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.930) Prec@1 77.34 (75.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-14:54:10] Epoch: [162][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (2.931) Prec@1 71.88 (75.43) Prec@5 89.06 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-14:55:55] Epoch: [162][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.930) Prec@1 77.34 (75.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-14:57:40] Epoch: [162][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.930) Prec@1 75.00 (75.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-14:59:25] Epoch: [162][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.930) Prec@1 78.12 (75.44) Prec@5 93.75 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-15:01:11] Epoch: [162][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.576 (2.930) Prec@1 78.12 (75.45) Prec@5 98.44 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-15:02:57] Epoch: [162][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.565 (2.930) Prec@1 82.03 (75.45) Prec@5 96.88 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-15:04:42] Epoch: [162][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.930) Prec@1 78.91 (75.45) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-15:06:27] Epoch: [162][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.930) Prec@1 74.22 (75.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-15:08:13] Epoch: [162][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.931) Prec@1 77.34 (75.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:09:57] Epoch: [162][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.931) Prec@1 79.69 (75.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-15:11:43] Epoch: [162][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (2.931) Prec@1 73.44 (75.42) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:13:28] Epoch: [162][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.41) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:15:13] Epoch: [162][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.931) Prec@1 72.66 (75.42) Prec@5 86.72 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:16:59] Epoch: [162][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.931) Prec@1 75.00 (75.40) Prec@5 89.06 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-15:18:44] Epoch: [162][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.931) Prec@1 80.47 (75.40) Prec@5 92.19 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-15:20:29] Epoch: [162][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (2.931) Prec@1 71.09 (75.41) Prec@5 89.84 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:22:15] Epoch: [162][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.931) Prec@1 76.56 (75.40) Prec@5 91.41 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-15:24:02] Epoch: [162][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.930) Prec@1 77.34 (75.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-15:25:48] Epoch: [162][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.930) Prec@1 83.59 (75.42) Prec@5 94.53 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-15:27:33] Epoch: [162][6400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.931) Prec@1 74.22 (75.41) Prec@5 92.97 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-15:29:18] Epoch: [162][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.931) Prec@1 79.69 (75.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:31:03] Epoch: [162][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.931) Prec@1 78.12 (75.39) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:32:48] Epoch: [162][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.931) Prec@1 76.56 (75.39) Prec@5 89.84 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:34:33] Epoch: [162][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (2.932) Prec@1 70.31 (75.37) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:36:19] Epoch: [162][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.153 (2.932) Prec@1 71.09 (75.37) Prec@5 92.97 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:38:05] Epoch: [162][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.932) Prec@1 79.69 (75.38) Prec@5 92.19 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:39:50] Epoch: [162][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.932) Prec@1 76.56 (75.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:41:35] Epoch: [162][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.932) Prec@1 78.12 (75.39) Prec@5 94.53 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:43:21] Epoch: [162][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.932) Prec@1 76.56 (75.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-15:45:06] Epoch: [162][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (2.932) Prec@1 71.09 (75.38) Prec@5 87.50 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:46:52] Epoch: [162][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.932) Prec@1 73.44 (75.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:48:37] Epoch: [162][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.932) Prec@1 78.91 (75.39) Prec@5 89.06 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:50:22] Epoch: [162][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.932) Prec@1 77.34 (75.38) Prec@5 93.75 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:52:08] Epoch: [162][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.932) Prec@1 71.09 (75.38) Prec@5 89.84 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:53:53] Epoch: [162][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.286 (2.933) Prec@1 71.88 (75.36) Prec@5 85.94 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:55:38] Epoch: [162][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.933) Prec@1 68.75 (75.36) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:57:23] Epoch: [162][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.933) Prec@1 75.00 (75.36) Prec@5 90.62 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:59:10] Epoch: [162][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.933) Prec@1 74.22 (75.35) Prec@5 91.41 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-15:59:15] Epoch: [162][10009/10010] Time 0.31 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.896 (2.933) Prec@1 60.00 (75.35) Prec@5 86.67 (91.06) -[2018-10-20-15:59:15] **train** Prec@1 75.35 Prec@5 91.06 Error@1 24.65 Error@5 8.94 Loss:2.933 - test [2018-10-20-15:59:18] Epoch: [162][000/391] Time 3.51 (3.51) Data 3.37 (3.37) Loss 0.518 (0.518) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-15:59:45] Epoch: [162][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.192 (1.003) Prec@1 67.97 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (93.51) - test [2018-10-20-16:00:10] Epoch: [162][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.160 (1.168) Prec@1 41.25 (73.51) Prec@5 82.50 (91.32) -[2018-10-20-16:00:10] **test** Prec@1 73.51 Prec@5 91.32 Error@1 26.49 Error@5 8.68 Loss:1.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-16:00:10] [Epoch=163/250] [Need: 128:52:01] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-16:00:15] Epoch: [163][000/10010] Time 4.59 (4.59) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 2.800 (2.800) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-20-16:02:00] Epoch: [163][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.233 (2.936) Prec@1 67.97 (75.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.02) - train[2018-10-20-16:03:44] Epoch: [163][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.098 (2.926) Prec@1 72.66 (75.43) Prec@5 85.94 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-16:05:30] Epoch: [163][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.756 (2.923) Prec@1 80.47 (75.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:07:15] Epoch: [163][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.077 (2.924) Prec@1 69.53 (75.52) Prec@5 89.84 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-16:09:00] Epoch: [163][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.925) Prec@1 75.78 (75.50) Prec@5 95.31 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-16:10:45] Epoch: [163][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.927) Prec@1 71.88 (75.49) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:12:31] Epoch: [163][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.928) Prec@1 79.69 (75.45) Prec@5 92.19 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:14:16] Epoch: [163][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.524 (2.930) Prec@1 81.25 (75.39) Prec@5 96.88 (91.05) - train[2018-10-20-16:16:00] Epoch: [163][1800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.930) Prec@1 75.78 (75.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:17:45] Epoch: [163][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-16:19:31] Epoch: [163][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.927) Prec@1 78.91 (75.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-16:21:15] Epoch: [163][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.927) Prec@1 78.91 (75.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-16:23:00] Epoch: [163][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.928) Prec@1 75.00 (75.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-16:24:46] Epoch: [163][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.928) Prec@1 77.34 (75.44) Prec@5 92.97 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-16:26:33] Epoch: [163][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (2.929) Prec@1 75.78 (75.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:28:19] Epoch: [163][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.930) Prec@1 76.56 (75.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:30:05] Epoch: [163][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.930) Prec@1 73.44 (75.40) Prec@5 89.06 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:31:51] Epoch: [163][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.42) Prec@5 92.19 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-16:33:38] Epoch: [163][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.929) Prec@1 77.34 (75.41) Prec@5 90.62 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-16:35:25] Epoch: [163][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.522 (2.929) Prec@1 80.47 (75.42) Prec@5 96.88 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:37:11] Epoch: [163][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.929) Prec@1 74.22 (75.44) Prec@5 93.75 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:38:57] Epoch: [163][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.929) Prec@1 70.31 (75.43) Prec@5 91.41 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:40:44] Epoch: [163][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (2.930) Prec@1 75.78 (75.41) Prec@5 95.31 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:42:31] Epoch: [163][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.930) Prec@1 78.91 (75.39) Prec@5 89.84 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:44:19] Epoch: [163][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.39) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:46:05] Epoch: [163][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:47:52] Epoch: [163][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (2.931) Prec@1 66.41 (75.37) Prec@5 84.38 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-16:49:40] Epoch: [163][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.930) Prec@1 83.59 (75.39) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:51:27] Epoch: [163][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.930) Prec@1 80.47 (75.38) Prec@5 96.09 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:53:15] Epoch: [163][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.931) Prec@1 71.88 (75.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:55:02] Epoch: [163][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.931) Prec@1 77.34 (75.38) Prec@5 89.06 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:56:49] Epoch: [163][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.931) Prec@1 70.31 (75.38) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-16:58:36] Epoch: [163][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.930) Prec@1 73.44 (75.39) Prec@5 89.06 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-17:00:23] Epoch: [163][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (2.931) Prec@1 69.53 (75.38) Prec@5 87.50 (91.09) - train[2018-10-20-17:02:09] Epoch: [163][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.931) Prec@1 76.56 (75.38) Prec@5 88.28 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:03:55] Epoch: [163][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.931) Prec@1 71.09 (75.38) Prec@5 92.97 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:05:42] Epoch: [163][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.069 (2.931) Prec@1 75.00 (75.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:07:29] Epoch: [163][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.931) Prec@1 77.34 (75.38) Prec@5 92.19 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:09:16] Epoch: [163][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.931) Prec@1 74.22 (75.38) Prec@5 92.19 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-17:11:03] Epoch: [163][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.931) Prec@1 73.44 (75.38) Prec@5 92.19 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:12:50] Epoch: [163][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.931) Prec@1 76.56 (75.38) Prec@5 94.53 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:14:37] Epoch: [163][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.931) Prec@1 75.78 (75.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:16:25] Epoch: [163][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.931) Prec@1 70.31 (75.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:18:12] Epoch: [163][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.931) Prec@1 79.69 (75.38) Prec@5 88.28 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:19:58] Epoch: [163][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.654 (2.931) Prec@1 82.81 (75.38) Prec@5 93.75 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:21:45] Epoch: [163][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.931) Prec@1 77.34 (75.38) Prec@5 88.28 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:23:31] Epoch: [163][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.518 (2.931) Prec@1 82.03 (75.37) Prec@5 96.09 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:25:19] Epoch: [163][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.931) Prec@1 78.12 (75.38) Prec@5 93.75 (91.08) - train[2018-10-20-17:27:06] Epoch: [163][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.931) Prec@1 75.00 (75.37) Prec@5 91.41 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-17:28:53] Epoch: [163][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.931) Prec@1 71.88 (75.37) Prec@5 92.97 (91.07) - train[2018-10-20-17:28:58] Epoch: [163][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.198 (2.931) Prec@1 46.67 (75.37) Prec@5 73.33 (91.07) -[2018-10-20-17:28:58] **train** Prec@1 75.37 Prec@5 91.07 Error@1 24.63 Error@5 8.93 Loss:2.931 - test [2018-10-20-17:29:02] Epoch: [163][000/391] Time 4.23 (4.23) Data 4.10 (4.10) Loss 0.525 (0.525) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-20-17:29:28] Epoch: [163][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.216 (1.000) Prec@1 67.19 (77.14) Prec@5 92.19 (93.52) - test [2018-10-20-17:29:53] Epoch: [163][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.178 (1.164) Prec@1 42.50 (73.54) Prec@5 82.50 (91.32) -[2018-10-20-17:29:53] **test** Prec@1 73.54 Prec@5 91.32 Error@1 26.46 Error@5 8.68 Loss:1.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-17:29:54] [Epoch=164/250] [Need: 128:36:38] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-17:29:59] Epoch: [164][000/10010] Time 5.55 (5.55) Data 4.98 (4.98) Loss 2.818 (2.818) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-20-17:31:46] Epoch: [164][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.118 (2.945) Prec@1 71.88 (75.09) Prec@5 89.84 (90.93) - train[2018-10-20-17:33:32] Epoch: [164][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.038 (2.926) Prec@1 77.34 (75.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-17:35:17] Epoch: [164][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.183 (2.920) Prec@1 67.97 (75.49) Prec@5 86.72 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-17:37:02] Epoch: [164][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.871 (2.916) Prec@1 75.00 (75.64) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-20-17:38:46] Epoch: [164][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.841 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.59) Prec@5 91.41 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-17:40:30] Epoch: [164][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.918) Prec@1 74.22 (75.63) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-20-17:42:16] Epoch: [164][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.290 (2.916) Prec@1 68.75 (75.64) Prec@5 88.28 (91.26) - train[2018-10-20-17:44:01] Epoch: [164][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.919) Prec@1 82.81 (75.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-17:45:47] Epoch: [164][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.700 (2.921) Prec@1 80.47 (75.61) Prec@5 95.31 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-17:47:33] Epoch: [164][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (2.920) Prec@1 69.53 (75.60) Prec@5 88.28 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-17:49:18] Epoch: [164][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.921) Prec@1 84.38 (75.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-17:51:04] Epoch: [164][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.921) Prec@1 76.56 (75.60) Prec@5 89.84 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-17:52:50] Epoch: [164][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.921) Prec@1 75.00 (75.63) Prec@5 92.19 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-17:54:36] Epoch: [164][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.65) Prec@5 93.75 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-17:56:23] Epoch: [164][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.919) Prec@1 71.09 (75.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-17:58:09] Epoch: [164][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.920) Prec@1 74.22 (75.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-17:59:56] Epoch: [164][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.280 (2.920) Prec@1 67.97 (75.63) Prec@5 89.06 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-18:01:41] Epoch: [164][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.920) Prec@1 78.12 (75.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-18:03:26] Epoch: [164][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.664 (2.921) Prec@1 81.25 (75.62) Prec@5 94.53 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-18:05:11] Epoch: [164][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-18:06:57] Epoch: [164][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.62) Prec@5 91.41 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-18:08:42] Epoch: [164][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.922) Prec@1 76.56 (75.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-18:10:27] Epoch: [164][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.923) Prec@1 80.47 (75.61) Prec@5 94.53 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-18:12:13] Epoch: [164][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.923) Prec@1 77.34 (75.60) Prec@5 89.06 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-18:13:59] Epoch: [164][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (2.924) Prec@1 74.22 (75.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-18:15:44] Epoch: [164][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.006 (2.924) Prec@1 74.22 (75.59) Prec@5 89.06 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-18:17:29] Epoch: [164][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.924) Prec@1 78.12 (75.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-18:19:14] Epoch: [164][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (2.924) Prec@1 78.12 (75.60) Prec@5 89.84 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-18:21:00] Epoch: [164][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.923) Prec@1 72.66 (75.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-18:22:45] Epoch: [164][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.924) Prec@1 75.00 (75.58) Prec@5 90.62 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-18:24:30] Epoch: [164][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.924) Prec@1 75.78 (75.58) Prec@5 90.62 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-18:26:16] Epoch: [164][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.924) Prec@1 73.44 (75.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-18:28:00] Epoch: [164][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.925) Prec@1 74.22 (75.55) Prec@5 92.19 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-18:29:45] Epoch: [164][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.925) Prec@1 80.47 (75.55) Prec@5 91.41 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-18:31:31] Epoch: [164][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (2.925) Prec@1 71.09 (75.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-18:33:16] Epoch: [164][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.577 (2.926) Prec@1 81.25 (75.55) Prec@5 92.97 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-18:35:01] Epoch: [164][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.927) Prec@1 71.88 (75.53) Prec@5 88.28 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:36:46] Epoch: [164][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.926) Prec@1 71.88 (75.54) Prec@5 89.84 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:38:32] Epoch: [164][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.927) Prec@1 81.25 (75.54) Prec@5 93.75 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:40:17] Epoch: [164][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.926) Prec@1 75.78 (75.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-18:42:03] Epoch: [164][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.402 (2.927) Prec@1 66.41 (75.53) Prec@5 86.72 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:43:51] Epoch: [164][8400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.927) Prec@1 69.53 (75.53) Prec@5 89.06 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-18:45:39] Epoch: [164][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.927) Prec@1 77.34 (75.52) Prec@5 89.84 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-18:47:27] Epoch: [164][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.927) Prec@1 71.09 (75.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:49:15] Epoch: [164][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.927) Prec@1 72.66 (75.51) Prec@5 91.41 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-18:51:02] Epoch: [164][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.928) Prec@1 74.22 (75.50) Prec@5 92.19 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-18:52:49] Epoch: [164][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.928) Prec@1 78.12 (75.51) Prec@5 93.75 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-18:54:36] Epoch: [164][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.203 (2.927) Prec@1 67.97 (75.50) Prec@5 85.94 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-18:56:22] Epoch: [164][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.927) Prec@1 76.56 (75.50) Prec@5 91.41 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-18:58:10] Epoch: [164][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (2.928) Prec@1 69.53 (75.49) Prec@5 90.62 (91.10) - train[2018-10-20-18:58:14] Epoch: [164][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.374 (2.928) Prec@1 73.33 (75.49) Prec@5 86.67 (91.10) -[2018-10-20-18:58:14] **train** Prec@1 75.49 Prec@5 91.10 Error@1 24.51 Error@5 8.90 Loss:2.928 - test [2018-10-20-18:58:18] Epoch: [164][000/391] Time 3.80 (3.80) Data 3.67 (3.67) Loss 0.545 (0.545) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-20-18:58:45] Epoch: [164][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.167 (1.012) Prec@1 67.97 (77.13) Prec@5 92.19 (93.63) - test [2018-10-20-18:59:10] Epoch: [164][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.208 (1.179) Prec@1 41.25 (73.56) Prec@5 82.50 (91.42) -[2018-10-20-18:59:10] **test** Prec@1 73.56 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.44 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.179 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-18:59:10] [Epoch=165/250] [Need: 126:28:53] LR=0.0007 ~ 0.0007, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-18:59:16] Epoch: [165][000/10010] Time 5.11 (5.11) Data 4.53 (4.53) Loss 3.153 (3.153) Prec@1 65.62 (65.62) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-20-19:01:00] Epoch: [165][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.001 (2.937) Prec@1 69.53 (75.26) Prec@5 92.97 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-19:02:46] Epoch: [165][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.991 (2.925) Prec@1 71.88 (75.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-20-19:04:31] Epoch: [165][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.709 (2.921) Prec@1 82.03 (75.56) Prec@5 92.97 (91.28) - train[2018-10-20-19:06:16] Epoch: [165][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.024 (2.923) Prec@1 74.22 (75.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.24) - train[2018-10-20-19:08:02] Epoch: [165][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.371 (2.922) Prec@1 85.94 (75.63) Prec@5 96.09 (91.24) - train[2018-10-20-19:09:46] Epoch: [165][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.927) Prec@1 73.44 (75.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-19:11:31] Epoch: [165][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.926) Prec@1 76.56 (75.49) Prec@5 92.19 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-19:13:16] Epoch: [165][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.924) Prec@1 76.56 (75.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-19:15:01] Epoch: [165][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.923) Prec@1 67.97 (75.56) Prec@5 88.28 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-19:16:46] Epoch: [165][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (2.922) Prec@1 72.66 (75.60) Prec@5 86.72 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-19:18:31] Epoch: [165][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.925) Prec@1 78.12 (75.56) Prec@5 91.41 (91.11) - train[2018-10-20-19:20:18] Epoch: [165][2400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.925) Prec@1 76.56 (75.58) Prec@5 89.84 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-19:22:04] Epoch: [165][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.925) Prec@1 74.22 (75.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.12) - train[2018-10-20-19:23:51] Epoch: [165][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.925) Prec@1 75.78 (75.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-19:25:38] Epoch: [165][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.923) Prec@1 75.78 (75.60) Prec@5 88.28 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-19:27:24] Epoch: [165][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.922) Prec@1 72.66 (75.60) Prec@5 89.06 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-19:29:10] Epoch: [165][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.922) Prec@1 82.81 (75.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-19:30:57] Epoch: [165][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (2.922) Prec@1 74.22 (75.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-19:32:43] Epoch: [165][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.226 (2.921) Prec@1 69.53 (75.61) Prec@5 88.28 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-19:34:29] Epoch: [165][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.921) Prec@1 81.25 (75.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-19:36:13] Epoch: [165][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.920) Prec@1 79.69 (75.62) Prec@5 89.84 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-19:37:59] Epoch: [165][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.921) Prec@1 76.56 (75.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-19:39:47] Epoch: [165][4600/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.921) Prec@1 75.78 (75.59) Prec@5 93.75 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-19:41:35] Epoch: [165][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.62) Prec@5 93.75 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:43:23] Epoch: [165][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.62) Prec@5 89.84 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-19:45:11] Epoch: [165][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:46:58] Epoch: [165][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.920) Prec@1 78.12 (75.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:48:46] Epoch: [165][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.920) Prec@1 76.56 (75.59) Prec@5 91.41 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:50:34] Epoch: [165][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.60) Prec@5 96.09 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:52:22] Epoch: [165][6000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.59) Prec@5 94.53 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-19:54:10] Epoch: [165][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.922) Prec@1 71.88 (75.58) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-19:55:57] Epoch: [165][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.754 (2.922) Prec@1 81.25 (75.58) Prec@5 94.53 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-19:57:42] Epoch: [165][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.922) Prec@1 77.34 (75.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-19:59:27] Epoch: [165][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.922) Prec@1 79.69 (75.57) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:01:13] Epoch: [165][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.695 (2.921) Prec@1 79.69 (75.57) Prec@5 95.31 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:02:58] Epoch: [165][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.922) Prec@1 73.44 (75.57) Prec@5 86.72 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:04:43] Epoch: [165][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.921) Prec@1 73.44 (75.58) Prec@5 89.06 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:06:28] Epoch: [165][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.922) Prec@1 78.91 (75.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:08:14] Epoch: [165][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.922) Prec@1 73.44 (75.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:10:01] Epoch: [165][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.922) Prec@1 81.25 (75.56) Prec@5 93.75 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:11:46] Epoch: [165][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (2.922) Prec@1 77.34 (75.56) Prec@5 85.94 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:13:32] Epoch: [165][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.923) Prec@1 73.44 (75.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-20:15:17] Epoch: [165][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.923) Prec@1 79.69 (75.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-20:17:01] Epoch: [165][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.560 (2.924) Prec@1 81.25 (75.53) Prec@5 96.09 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-20:18:46] Epoch: [165][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.924) Prec@1 73.44 (75.53) Prec@5 89.06 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-20:20:31] Epoch: [165][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (2.924) Prec@1 72.66 (75.52) Prec@5 85.94 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-20:22:17] Epoch: [165][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.924) Prec@1 72.66 (75.51) Prec@5 93.75 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-20:24:04] Epoch: [165][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.925) Prec@1 75.00 (75.51) Prec@5 92.97 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-20:25:51] Epoch: [165][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.925) Prec@1 72.66 (75.49) Prec@5 92.19 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-20:27:36] Epoch: [165][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (2.925) Prec@1 75.00 (75.49) Prec@5 88.28 (91.13) - train[2018-10-20-20:27:40] Epoch: [165][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.603 (2.925) Prec@1 66.67 (75.49) Prec@5 73.33 (91.13) -[2018-10-20-20:27:40] **train** Prec@1 75.49 Prec@5 91.13 Error@1 24.51 Error@5 8.87 Loss:2.925 - test [2018-10-20-20:27:45] Epoch: [165][000/391] Time 4.21 (4.21) Data 4.07 (4.07) Loss 0.498 (0.498) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-20-20:28:11] Epoch: [165][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.132 (0.986) Prec@1 71.09 (77.34) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-20-20:28:37] Epoch: [165][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.193 (1.158) Prec@1 43.75 (73.54) Prec@5 81.25 (91.36) -[2018-10-20-20:28:37] **test** Prec@1 73.54 Prec@5 91.36 Error@1 26.46 Error@5 8.64 Loss:1.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-20:28:37] [Epoch=166/250] [Need: 125:12:46] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-20:28:42] Epoch: [166][000/10010] Time 4.80 (4.80) Data 4.22 (4.22) Loss 3.010 (3.010) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-20-20:30:27] Epoch: [166][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.837 (2.933) Prec@1 79.69 (75.31) Prec@5 92.97 (91.06) - train[2018-10-20-20:32:14] Epoch: [166][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.200 (2.918) Prec@1 74.22 (75.57) Prec@5 86.72 (91.27) - train[2018-10-20-20:34:00] Epoch: [166][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.736 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-20:35:45] Epoch: [166][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.994 (2.920) Prec@1 72.66 (75.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-20:37:30] Epoch: [166][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.919) Prec@1 71.88 (75.61) Prec@5 90.62 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-20:39:16] Epoch: [166][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (2.917) Prec@1 75.00 (75.63) Prec@5 88.28 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-20:41:02] Epoch: [166][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.914) Prec@1 76.56 (75.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-20:42:47] Epoch: [166][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.912) Prec@1 73.44 (75.79) Prec@5 92.19 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-20:44:32] Epoch: [166][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.912) Prec@1 73.44 (75.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-20:46:18] Epoch: [166][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.913) Prec@1 80.47 (75.74) Prec@5 93.75 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-20:48:04] Epoch: [166][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.604 (2.914) Prec@1 78.91 (75.71) Prec@5 96.09 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-20:49:51] Epoch: [166][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.914) Prec@1 75.00 (75.70) Prec@5 87.50 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-20:51:36] Epoch: [166][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.590 (2.915) Prec@1 84.38 (75.69) Prec@5 97.66 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-20:53:23] Epoch: [166][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.915) Prec@1 78.12 (75.70) Prec@5 93.75 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-20:55:10] Epoch: [166][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.914) Prec@1 74.22 (75.69) Prec@5 93.75 (91.24) - train[2018-10-20-20:56:57] Epoch: [166][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.916) Prec@1 71.09 (75.66) Prec@5 96.09 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-20:58:44] Epoch: [166][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.599 (2.916) Prec@1 83.59 (75.67) Prec@5 96.88 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-21:00:30] Epoch: [166][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (2.917) Prec@1 65.62 (75.64) Prec@5 86.72 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:02:17] Epoch: [166][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.917) Prec@1 79.69 (75.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:04:03] Epoch: [166][4000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.917) Prec@1 75.00 (75.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:05:50] Epoch: [166][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (2.917) Prec@1 71.88 (75.65) Prec@5 83.59 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:07:36] Epoch: [166][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.917) Prec@1 70.31 (75.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:09:23] Epoch: [166][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.916) Prec@1 71.09 (75.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:11:09] Epoch: [166][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.916) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-21:12:57] Epoch: [166][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.916) Prec@1 78.91 (75.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.22) - train[2018-10-20-21:14:44] Epoch: [166][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (2.917) Prec@1 77.34 (75.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:16:31] Epoch: [166][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.917) Prec@1 77.34 (75.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:18:19] Epoch: [166][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.591 (2.916) Prec@1 79.69 (75.68) Prec@5 95.31 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:20:07] Epoch: [166][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.917) Prec@1 75.00 (75.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:21:53] Epoch: [166][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.917) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-21:23:40] Epoch: [166][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.918) Prec@1 75.00 (75.65) Prec@5 89.84 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-21:25:25] Epoch: [166][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.918) Prec@1 76.56 (75.64) Prec@5 93.75 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-21:27:13] Epoch: [166][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:28:59] Epoch: [166][6800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.920) Prec@1 82.03 (75.63) Prec@5 96.09 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:30:47] Epoch: [166][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.63) Prec@5 91.41 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:32:35] Epoch: [166][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.562 (2.920) Prec@1 85.94 (75.62) Prec@5 93.75 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:34:21] Epoch: [166][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:36:08] Epoch: [166][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.921) Prec@1 77.34 (75.61) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:37:55] Epoch: [166][7800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:39:41] Epoch: [166][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.921) Prec@1 78.12 (75.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:41:28] Epoch: [166][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.921) Prec@1 76.56 (75.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:43:15] Epoch: [166][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.921) Prec@1 71.09 (75.60) Prec@5 89.84 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-21:45:02] Epoch: [166][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.608 (2.921) Prec@1 81.25 (75.59) Prec@5 96.09 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:46:48] Epoch: [166][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.921) Prec@1 71.09 (75.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:48:35] Epoch: [166][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.921) Prec@1 76.56 (75.59) Prec@5 92.19 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:50:22] Epoch: [166][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.921) Prec@1 75.00 (75.60) Prec@5 95.31 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:52:08] Epoch: [166][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.921) Prec@1 77.34 (75.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:53:55] Epoch: [166][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.921) Prec@1 75.78 (75.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:55:42] Epoch: [166][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.922) Prec@1 75.00 (75.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:57:29] Epoch: [166][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.922) Prec@1 74.22 (75.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-21:57:33] Epoch: [166][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.210 (2.922) Prec@1 66.67 (75.58) Prec@5 80.00 (91.18) -[2018-10-20-21:57:33] **train** Prec@1 75.58 Prec@5 91.18 Error@1 24.42 Error@5 8.82 Loss:2.922 - test [2018-10-20-21:57:37] Epoch: [166][000/391] Time 4.14 (4.14) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 0.562 (0.562) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-20-21:58:03] Epoch: [166][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.209 (0.997) Prec@1 68.75 (77.35) Prec@5 91.41 (93.49) - test [2018-10-20-21:58:28] Epoch: [166][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.170 (1.167) Prec@1 47.50 (73.61) Prec@5 82.50 (91.27) -[2018-10-20-21:58:28] **test** Prec@1 73.61 Prec@5 91.27 Error@1 26.39 Error@5 8.73 Loss:1.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-21:58:28] [Epoch=167/250] [Need: 124:18:12] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-21:58:33] Epoch: [167][000/10010] Time 4.82 (4.82) Data 4.13 (4.13) Loss 2.759 (2.759) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-20-22:00:20] Epoch: [167][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.041 (2.885) Prec@1 72.66 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.53) - train[2018-10-20-22:02:05] Epoch: [167][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.796 (2.905) Prec@1 74.22 (75.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.38) - train[2018-10-20-22:03:50] Epoch: [167][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.626 (2.905) Prec@1 81.25 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-20-22:05:35] Epoch: [167][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.664 (2.905) Prec@1 84.38 (76.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.35) - train[2018-10-20-22:07:21] Epoch: [167][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.910) Prec@1 75.00 (75.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.33) - train[2018-10-20-22:09:06] Epoch: [167][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.910) Prec@1 75.78 (75.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.32) - train[2018-10-20-22:10:51] Epoch: [167][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.912) Prec@1 78.91 (75.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.27) - train[2018-10-20-22:12:37] Epoch: [167][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.915) Prec@1 72.66 (75.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.25) - train[2018-10-20-22:14:23] Epoch: [167][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.916) Prec@1 75.00 (75.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.25) - train[2018-10-20-22:16:07] Epoch: [167][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.916) Prec@1 79.69 (75.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-22:17:52] Epoch: [167][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.641 (2.915) Prec@1 78.91 (75.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.25) - train[2018-10-20-22:19:37] Epoch: [167][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.917) Prec@1 72.66 (75.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-22:21:22] Epoch: [167][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.918) Prec@1 75.00 (75.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-22:23:08] Epoch: [167][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.256 (2.917) Prec@1 70.31 (75.75) Prec@5 87.50 (91.21) - train[2018-10-20-22:24:53] Epoch: [167][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.634 (2.919) Prec@1 78.91 (75.73) Prec@5 94.53 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-22:26:39] Epoch: [167][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.597 (2.919) Prec@1 83.59 (75.73) Prec@5 94.53 (91.20) - train[2018-10-20-22:28:24] Epoch: [167][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.920) Prec@1 71.88 (75.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:30:10] Epoch: [167][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.293 (2.920) Prec@1 64.06 (75.69) Prec@5 83.59 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-22:31:56] Epoch: [167][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.919) Prec@1 76.56 (75.69) Prec@5 92.19 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:33:43] Epoch: [167][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.920) Prec@1 69.53 (75.67) Prec@5 89.06 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:35:30] Epoch: [167][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.581 (2.919) Prec@1 81.25 (75.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:37:18] Epoch: [167][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:39:06] Epoch: [167][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.658 (2.918) Prec@1 80.47 (75.72) Prec@5 96.09 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:40:53] Epoch: [167][4800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.919) Prec@1 76.56 (75.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:42:40] Epoch: [167][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.597 (2.918) Prec@1 85.16 (75.71) Prec@5 94.53 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:44:27] Epoch: [167][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.918) Prec@1 78.12 (75.71) Prec@5 92.97 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-22:46:14] Epoch: [167][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.918) Prec@1 76.56 (75.71) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:48:02] Epoch: [167][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.918) Prec@1 76.56 (75.70) Prec@5 92.97 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-22:49:50] Epoch: [167][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.918) Prec@1 75.00 (75.69) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-20-22:51:37] Epoch: [167][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-22:53:25] Epoch: [167][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.919) Prec@1 75.78 (75.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-22:55:13] Epoch: [167][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.919) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-22:57:00] Epoch: [167][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.919) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-22:58:46] Epoch: [167][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.919) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 89.06 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:00:33] Epoch: [167][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.593 (2.919) Prec@1 82.81 (75.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-23:02:19] Epoch: [167][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.67) Prec@5 92.19 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:04:04] Epoch: [167][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:05:50] Epoch: [167][7600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.920) Prec@1 72.66 (75.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:07:38] Epoch: [167][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.921) Prec@1 77.34 (75.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:09:25] Epoch: [167][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.233 (2.921) Prec@1 69.53 (75.64) Prec@5 86.72 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:11:10] Epoch: [167][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.921) Prec@1 76.56 (75.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:12:57] Epoch: [167][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.921) Prec@1 78.91 (75.63) Prec@5 92.19 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:14:44] Epoch: [167][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.921) Prec@1 73.44 (75.64) Prec@5 87.50 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:16:31] Epoch: [167][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.921) Prec@1 67.97 (75.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:18:17] Epoch: [167][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.921) Prec@1 75.78 (75.62) Prec@5 92.97 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:20:02] Epoch: [167][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.921) Prec@1 70.31 (75.62) Prec@5 91.41 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:21:48] Epoch: [167][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.922) Prec@1 75.00 (75.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:23:34] Epoch: [167][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.922) Prec@1 78.12 (75.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:25:18] Epoch: [167][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.922) Prec@1 75.00 (75.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:27:02] Epoch: [167][10000/10010] Time 0.49 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.178 (2.922) Prec@1 68.75 (75.61) Prec@5 89.06 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:27:07] Epoch: [167][10009/10010] Time 0.13 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.487 (2.922) Prec@1 53.33 (75.61) Prec@5 66.67 (91.15) -[2018-10-20-23:27:07] **train** Prec@1 75.61 Prec@5 91.15 Error@1 24.39 Error@5 8.85 Loss:2.922 - test [2018-10-20-23:27:11] Epoch: [167][000/391] Time 3.94 (3.94) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.548 (0.548) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-20-23:27:37] Epoch: [167][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.174 (1.005) Prec@1 71.88 (77.22) Prec@5 92.19 (93.61) - test [2018-10-20-23:28:03] Epoch: [167][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.191 (1.172) Prec@1 45.00 (73.57) Prec@5 81.25 (91.40) -[2018-10-20-23:28:03] **test** Prec@1 73.57 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 26.43 Error@5 8.60 Loss:1.172 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.62, Acc@5=91.32, Error@1=26.38, Error@5=8.68 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-20-23:28:03] [Epoch=168/250] [Need: 122:26:00] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-20-23:28:09] Epoch: [168][000/10010] Time 5.32 (5.32) Data 4.71 (4.71) Loss 2.844 (2.844) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-20-23:29:53] Epoch: [168][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.987 (2.906) Prec@1 78.91 (75.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.35) - train[2018-10-20-23:31:38] Epoch: [168][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.958 (2.908) Prec@1 71.88 (76.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.24) - train[2018-10-20-23:33:24] Epoch: [168][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.267 (2.910) Prec@1 70.31 (76.00) Prec@5 86.72 (91.23) - train[2018-10-20-23:35:09] Epoch: [168][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.837 (2.916) Prec@1 73.44 (75.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:36:54] Epoch: [168][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.915) Prec@1 79.69 (75.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:38:39] Epoch: [168][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.77) Prec@5 90.62 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:40:24] Epoch: [168][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.666 (2.919) Prec@1 82.03 (75.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:42:09] Epoch: [168][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.920) Prec@1 79.69 (75.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.15) - train[2018-10-20-23:43:54] Epoch: [168][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.919) Prec@1 77.34 (75.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:45:39] Epoch: [168][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.919) Prec@1 79.69 (75.70) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:47:24] Epoch: [168][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-20-23:49:10] Epoch: [168][2400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.921) Prec@1 73.44 (75.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:50:56] Epoch: [168][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.921) Prec@1 75.78 (75.65) Prec@5 88.28 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:52:41] Epoch: [168][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.922) Prec@1 76.56 (75.62) Prec@5 91.41 (91.14) - train[2018-10-20-23:54:27] Epoch: [168][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.353 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.66) Prec@5 85.94 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:56:13] Epoch: [168][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.16) - train[2018-10-20-23:57:59] Epoch: [168][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.919) Prec@1 74.22 (75.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.17) - train[2018-10-20-23:59:45] Epoch: [168][3600/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.918) Prec@1 75.78 (75.68) Prec@5 96.09 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:01:30] Epoch: [168][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.919) Prec@1 78.91 (75.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.16) - train[2018-10-21-00:03:16] Epoch: [168][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.917) Prec@1 75.00 (75.68) Prec@5 91.41 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:05:01] Epoch: [168][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.118 (2.919) Prec@1 73.44 (75.65) Prec@5 88.28 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:06:47] Epoch: [168][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.918) Prec@1 71.88 (75.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:08:32] Epoch: [168][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.919) Prec@1 75.78 (75.65) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:10:17] Epoch: [168][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.918) Prec@1 78.91 (75.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:12:01] Epoch: [168][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.918) Prec@1 72.66 (75.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-00:13:46] Epoch: [168][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.64) Prec@5 87.50 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:15:31] Epoch: [168][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.919) Prec@1 76.56 (75.65) Prec@5 89.06 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-00:17:16] Epoch: [168][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.919) Prec@1 78.91 (75.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-00:19:01] Epoch: [168][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.919) Prec@1 78.91 (75.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-00:20:47] Epoch: [168][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.919) Prec@1 80.47 (75.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-00:22:32] Epoch: [168][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.919) Prec@1 78.91 (75.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:24:17] Epoch: [168][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.65) Prec@5 86.72 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-00:26:03] Epoch: [168][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (2.920) Prec@1 72.66 (75.64) Prec@5 89.06 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:27:48] Epoch: [168][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.920) Prec@1 74.22 (75.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:29:33] Epoch: [168][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.920) Prec@1 74.22 (75.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:31:19] Epoch: [168][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.65) Prec@5 89.84 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:33:05] Epoch: [168][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.920) Prec@1 78.12 (75.66) Prec@5 87.50 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:34:51] Epoch: [168][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.920) Prec@1 80.47 (75.65) Prec@5 94.53 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:36:35] Epoch: [168][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:38:21] Epoch: [168][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.920) Prec@1 78.12 (75.64) Prec@5 88.28 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:40:06] Epoch: [168][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.920) Prec@1 69.53 (75.65) Prec@5 87.50 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:41:51] Epoch: [168][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.65) Prec@5 89.84 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:43:37] Epoch: [168][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.920) Prec@1 79.69 (75.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:45:24] Epoch: [168][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.920) Prec@1 78.12 (75.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:47:10] Epoch: [168][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.920) Prec@1 78.91 (75.65) Prec@5 95.31 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:48:56] Epoch: [168][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.64) Prec@5 89.84 (91.16) - train[2018-10-21-00:50:43] Epoch: [168][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.132 (2.921) Prec@1 72.66 (75.63) Prec@5 88.28 (91.16) - train[2018-10-21-00:52:28] Epoch: [168][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.920) Prec@1 77.34 (75.64) Prec@5 94.53 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:54:16] Epoch: [168][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:56:01] Epoch: [168][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (2.920) Prec@1 65.62 (75.65) Prec@5 85.16 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-00:56:05] Epoch: [168][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.695 (2.920) Prec@1 60.00 (75.65) Prec@5 73.33 (91.17) -[2018-10-21-00:56:05] **train** Prec@1 75.65 Prec@5 91.17 Error@1 24.35 Error@5 8.83 Loss:2.920 - test [2018-10-21-00:56:09] Epoch: [168][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.56 (3.56) Loss 0.594 (0.594) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-00:56:36] Epoch: [168][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.198 (1.007) Prec@1 66.41 (77.26) Prec@5 93.75 (93.71) - test [2018-10-21-00:57:01] Epoch: [168][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.118 (1.179) Prec@1 46.25 (73.67) Prec@5 82.50 (91.37) -[2018-10-21-00:57:01] **test** Prec@1 73.67 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 26.33 Error@5 8.63 Loss:1.179 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.67, Acc@5=91.37, Error@1=26.33, Error@5=8.63 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-00:57:01] [Epoch=169/250] [Need: 120:06:20] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-00:57:07] Epoch: [169][000/10010] Time 5.44 (5.44) Data 4.81 (4.81) Loss 2.737 (2.737) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-21-00:58:52] Epoch: [169][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.851 (2.921) Prec@1 80.47 (75.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.15) - train[2018-10-21-01:00:36] Epoch: [169][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.197 (2.915) Prec@1 67.97 (75.82) Prec@5 89.06 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-01:02:21] Epoch: [169][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.079 (2.912) Prec@1 71.88 (75.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-01:04:06] Epoch: [169][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.126 (2.915) Prec@1 74.22 (75.87) Prec@5 89.06 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-01:05:51] Epoch: [169][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.914) Prec@1 67.19 (75.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-01:07:36] Epoch: [169][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.920) Prec@1 75.78 (75.71) Prec@5 90.62 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-01:09:22] Epoch: [169][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.916) Prec@1 74.22 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-01:11:08] Epoch: [169][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.916) Prec@1 76.56 (75.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-01:12:53] Epoch: [169][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.917) Prec@1 79.69 (75.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-01:14:37] Epoch: [169][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.917) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-01:16:22] Epoch: [169][2200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.917) Prec@1 70.31 (75.79) Prec@5 87.50 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-01:18:10] Epoch: [169][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.917) Prec@1 71.88 (75.77) Prec@5 89.06 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-01:19:57] Epoch: [169][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.74) Prec@5 92.97 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:21:45] Epoch: [169][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.917) Prec@1 77.34 (75.78) Prec@5 87.50 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:23:32] Epoch: [169][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.917) Prec@1 75.00 (75.79) Prec@5 92.19 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:25:20] Epoch: [169][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.636 (2.917) Prec@1 79.69 (75.78) Prec@5 93.75 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-01:27:08] Epoch: [169][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.918) Prec@1 75.00 (75.75) Prec@5 90.62 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:28:56] Epoch: [169][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.918) Prec@1 78.91 (75.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-01:30:43] Epoch: [169][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.917) Prec@1 77.34 (75.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-01:32:30] Epoch: [169][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.917) Prec@1 81.25 (75.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:34:18] Epoch: [169][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.691 (2.918) Prec@1 76.56 (75.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.22) - train[2018-10-21-01:36:07] Epoch: [169][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.919) Prec@1 75.00 (75.74) Prec@5 92.97 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:37:55] Epoch: [169][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.658 (2.919) Prec@1 79.69 (75.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:39:44] Epoch: [169][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.918) Prec@1 75.78 (75.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:41:31] Epoch: [169][5000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.918) Prec@1 77.34 (75.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:43:20] Epoch: [169][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.917) Prec@1 81.25 (75.76) Prec@5 94.53 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-01:45:08] Epoch: [169][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.917) Prec@1 78.91 (75.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-01:46:55] Epoch: [169][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.918) Prec@1 71.09 (75.75) Prec@5 90.62 (91.22) - train[2018-10-21-01:48:42] Epoch: [169][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.736 (2.917) Prec@1 79.69 (75.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.22) - train[2018-10-21-01:50:27] Epoch: [169][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.917) Prec@1 82.03 (75.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.22) - train[2018-10-21-01:52:13] Epoch: [169][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.917) Prec@1 76.56 (75.75) Prec@5 94.53 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:53:58] Epoch: [169][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.918) Prec@1 70.31 (75.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:55:43] Epoch: [169][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.918) Prec@1 71.88 (75.74) Prec@5 84.38 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:57:28] Epoch: [169][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.918) Prec@1 77.34 (75.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-01:59:13] Epoch: [169][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.918) Prec@1 71.09 (75.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-02:00:58] Epoch: [169][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.919) Prec@1 81.25 (75.71) Prec@5 95.31 (91.20) - train[2018-10-21-02:02:45] Epoch: [169][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.712 (2.918) Prec@1 77.34 (75.71) Prec@5 95.31 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-02:04:32] Epoch: [169][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.918) Prec@1 78.91 (75.71) Prec@5 92.97 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-02:06:17] Epoch: [169][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (2.918) Prec@1 71.09 (75.72) Prec@5 88.28 (91.21) - train[2018-10-21-02:08:02] Epoch: [169][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.919) Prec@1 77.34 (75.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.20) - train[2018-10-21-02:09:49] Epoch: [169][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.919) Prec@1 74.22 (75.70) Prec@5 92.19 (91.20) - train[2018-10-21-02:11:35] Epoch: [169][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.919) Prec@1 76.56 (75.69) Prec@5 90.62 (91.20) - train[2018-10-21-02:13:20] Epoch: [169][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.193 (2.919) Prec@1 65.62 (75.69) Prec@5 88.28 (91.20) - train[2018-10-21-02:15:05] Epoch: [169][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.919) Prec@1 71.88 (75.68) Prec@5 89.06 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:16:50] Epoch: [169][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.920) Prec@1 75.00 (75.69) Prec@5 89.84 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:18:35] Epoch: [169][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.919) Prec@1 71.88 (75.68) Prec@5 88.28 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:20:20] Epoch: [169][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.919) Prec@1 75.78 (75.69) Prec@5 88.28 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:22:05] Epoch: [169][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.919) Prec@1 75.78 (75.69) Prec@5 89.84 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:23:50] Epoch: [169][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.919) Prec@1 78.12 (75.68) Prec@5 94.53 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:25:35] Epoch: [169][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.919) Prec@1 71.09 (75.68) Prec@5 91.41 (91.19) - train[2018-10-21-02:25:40] Epoch: [169][10009/10010] Time 0.24 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.919) Prec@1 73.33 (75.68) Prec@5 100.00 (91.19) -[2018-10-21-02:25:40] **train** Prec@1 75.68 Prec@5 91.19 Error@1 24.32 Error@5 8.81 Loss:2.919 - test [2018-10-21-02:25:44] Epoch: [169][000/391] Time 4.16 (4.16) Data 4.03 (4.03) Loss 0.544 (0.544) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-02:26:11] Epoch: [169][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.255 (1.000) Prec@1 67.97 (77.30) Prec@5 92.19 (93.55) - test [2018-10-21-02:26:36] Epoch: [169][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.208 (1.166) Prec@1 46.25 (73.71) Prec@5 83.75 (91.30) -[2018-10-21-02:26:36] **test** Prec@1 73.71 Prec@5 91.30 Error@1 26.29 Error@5 8.70 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-02:26:36] [Epoch=170/250] [Need: 119:25:49] LR=0.0006 ~ 0.0006, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-02:26:41] Epoch: [170][000/10010] Time 5.09 (5.09) Data 4.51 (4.51) Loss 3.058 (3.058) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-21-02:28:26] Epoch: [170][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.594 (2.890) Prec@1 83.59 (76.54) Prec@5 96.09 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-02:30:11] Epoch: [170][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.960 (2.901) Prec@1 72.66 (76.17) Prec@5 89.06 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-02:31:56] Epoch: [170][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.806 (2.908) Prec@1 78.91 (75.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-02:33:42] Epoch: [170][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.890 (2.908) Prec@1 78.91 (75.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-02:35:28] Epoch: [170][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.359 (2.908) Prec@1 71.09 (75.94) Prec@5 87.50 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-02:37:14] Epoch: [170][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.912) Prec@1 78.91 (75.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-02:39:00] Epoch: [170][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.555 (2.913) Prec@1 82.81 (75.84) Prec@5 94.53 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-02:40:45] Epoch: [170][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.911) Prec@1 77.34 (75.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-02:42:31] Epoch: [170][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.913) Prec@1 75.00 (75.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-02:44:17] Epoch: [170][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.913) Prec@1 74.22 (75.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-02:46:03] Epoch: [170][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.912) Prec@1 76.56 (75.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-02:47:49] Epoch: [170][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.912) Prec@1 74.22 (75.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-02:49:35] Epoch: [170][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.912) Prec@1 78.12 (75.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-02:51:19] Epoch: [170][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (2.912) Prec@1 73.44 (75.89) Prec@5 86.72 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-02:53:05] Epoch: [170][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.913) Prec@1 78.12 (75.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-02:54:50] Epoch: [170][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.913) Prec@1 77.34 (75.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-02:56:35] Epoch: [170][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.913) Prec@1 72.66 (75.87) Prec@5 89.06 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-02:58:21] Epoch: [170][3600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.913) Prec@1 76.56 (75.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-03:00:07] Epoch: [170][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.912) Prec@1 73.44 (75.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-03:01:52] Epoch: [170][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.607 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-03:03:38] Epoch: [170][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.912) Prec@1 74.22 (75.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-03:05:23] Epoch: [170][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.85) Prec@5 96.09 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-03:07:09] Epoch: [170][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-03:08:54] Epoch: [170][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.912) Prec@1 71.09 (75.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-03:10:40] Epoch: [170][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.488 (2.912) Prec@1 85.16 (75.84) Prec@5 96.88 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-03:12:24] Epoch: [170][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.912) Prec@1 76.56 (75.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-03:14:09] Epoch: [170][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.913) Prec@1 78.12 (75.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-03:15:54] Epoch: [170][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (2.913) Prec@1 74.22 (75.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:17:40] Epoch: [170][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.913) Prec@1 78.12 (75.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:19:26] Epoch: [170][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.913) Prec@1 80.47 (75.81) Prec@5 94.53 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:21:12] Epoch: [170][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.914) Prec@1 78.12 (75.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:22:57] Epoch: [170][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.914) Prec@1 71.09 (75.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:24:43] Epoch: [170][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.914) Prec@1 76.56 (75.79) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:26:29] Epoch: [170][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.914) Prec@1 77.34 (75.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:28:14] Epoch: [170][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.914) Prec@1 75.00 (75.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:30:00] Epoch: [170][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.914) Prec@1 71.88 (75.80) Prec@5 85.16 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:31:45] Epoch: [170][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (2.913) Prec@1 64.06 (75.81) Prec@5 87.50 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-03:33:30] Epoch: [170][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.913) Prec@1 74.22 (75.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-03:35:15] Epoch: [170][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.914) Prec@1 68.75 (75.81) Prec@5 87.50 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:37:00] Epoch: [170][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.914) Prec@1 78.12 (75.80) Prec@5 88.28 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:38:46] Epoch: [170][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.914) Prec@1 76.56 (75.80) Prec@5 95.31 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:40:32] Epoch: [170][8400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.914) Prec@1 77.34 (75.79) Prec@5 94.53 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:42:18] Epoch: [170][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.914) Prec@1 77.34 (75.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:44:04] Epoch: [170][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.915) Prec@1 81.25 (75.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:45:49] Epoch: [170][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.813 (2.914) Prec@1 77.34 (75.78) Prec@5 95.31 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:47:34] Epoch: [170][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.915) Prec@1 67.19 (75.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:49:19] Epoch: [170][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.915) Prec@1 77.34 (75.77) Prec@5 92.19 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:51:03] Epoch: [170][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (2.915) Prec@1 68.75 (75.78) Prec@5 88.28 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-03:52:49] Epoch: [170][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.915) Prec@1 82.81 (75.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:54:34] Epoch: [170][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.915) Prec@1 74.22 (75.78) Prec@5 90.62 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-03:54:38] Epoch: [170][10009/10010] Time 0.16 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.419 (2.915) Prec@1 66.67 (75.78) Prec@5 93.33 (91.23) -[2018-10-21-03:54:38] **train** Prec@1 75.78 Prec@5 91.23 Error@1 24.22 Error@5 8.77 Loss:2.915 - test [2018-10-21-03:54:42] Epoch: [170][000/391] Time 4.39 (4.39) Data 4.25 (4.25) Loss 0.533 (0.533) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-03:55:09] Epoch: [170][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.183 (0.985) Prec@1 69.53 (77.38) Prec@5 92.19 (93.58) - test [2018-10-21-03:55:34] Epoch: [170][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.145 (1.159) Prec@1 43.75 (73.64) Prec@5 83.75 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-03:55:34] **test** Prec@1 73.64 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.36 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.159 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-03:55:35] [Epoch=171/250] [Need: 117:09:28] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-03:55:39] Epoch: [171][000/10010] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 3.63 (3.63) Loss 2.693 (2.693) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-21-03:57:23] Epoch: [171][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.644 (2.899) Prec@1 79.69 (76.28) Prec@5 97.66 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-03:59:08] Epoch: [171][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.965 (2.903) Prec@1 72.66 (76.07) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-04:00:54] Epoch: [171][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.949 (2.902) Prec@1 73.44 (76.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-04:02:39] Epoch: [171][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.097 (2.908) Prec@1 75.78 (75.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-04:04:24] Epoch: [171][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (2.908) Prec@1 72.66 (75.88) Prec@5 85.94 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-04:06:08] Epoch: [171][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.910) Prec@1 72.66 (75.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-04:07:52] Epoch: [171][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.911) Prec@1 76.56 (75.81) Prec@5 90.62 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-04:09:38] Epoch: [171][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.909) Prec@1 74.22 (75.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-04:11:23] Epoch: [171][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.909) Prec@1 75.00 (75.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-04:13:09] Epoch: [171][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.909) Prec@1 77.34 (75.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-04:14:54] Epoch: [171][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.910) Prec@1 74.22 (75.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-04:16:39] Epoch: [171][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.613 (2.911) Prec@1 85.94 (75.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-04:18:25] Epoch: [171][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-04:20:11] Epoch: [171][2800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-04:21:56] Epoch: [171][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.914) Prec@1 82.03 (75.77) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:23:41] Epoch: [171][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.914) Prec@1 76.56 (75.77) Prec@5 88.28 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:25:27] Epoch: [171][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.913) Prec@1 78.12 (75.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:27:12] Epoch: [171][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.913) Prec@1 72.66 (75.77) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:28:57] Epoch: [171][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.914) Prec@1 76.56 (75.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:30:41] Epoch: [171][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.913) Prec@1 77.34 (75.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:32:26] Epoch: [171][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.913) Prec@1 71.88 (75.78) Prec@5 93.75 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:34:11] Epoch: [171][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.913) Prec@1 76.56 (75.78) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:35:57] Epoch: [171][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.912) Prec@1 78.91 (75.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:37:42] Epoch: [171][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.913) Prec@1 78.12 (75.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:39:28] Epoch: [171][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.912) Prec@1 76.56 (75.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:41:13] Epoch: [171][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.912) Prec@1 71.88 (75.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:42:58] Epoch: [171][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.912) Prec@1 78.91 (75.80) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:44:43] Epoch: [171][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.912) Prec@1 71.88 (75.80) Prec@5 89.06 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:46:30] Epoch: [171][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.912) Prec@1 75.78 (75.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:48:16] Epoch: [171][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.913) Prec@1 72.66 (75.81) Prec@5 90.62 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-04:50:04] Epoch: [171][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.913) Prec@1 76.56 (75.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-04:51:52] Epoch: [171][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.620 (2.913) Prec@1 80.47 (75.80) Prec@5 96.88 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-04:53:40] Epoch: [171][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (2.912) Prec@1 71.09 (75.83) Prec@5 88.28 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:55:27] Epoch: [171][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (2.912) Prec@1 74.22 (75.83) Prec@5 89.06 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-04:57:15] Epoch: [171][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.911) Prec@1 71.09 (75.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-04:59:01] Epoch: [171][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.911) Prec@1 75.00 (75.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-05:00:49] Epoch: [171][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.911) Prec@1 80.47 (75.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-05:02:37] Epoch: [171][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.911) Prec@1 76.56 (75.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-05:04:26] Epoch: [171][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.82) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-05:06:15] Epoch: [171][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.912) Prec@1 72.66 (75.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-05:08:03] Epoch: [171][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.912) Prec@1 75.78 (75.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-05:09:51] Epoch: [171][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.912) Prec@1 72.66 (75.82) Prec@5 96.09 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-05:11:40] Epoch: [171][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (2.913) Prec@1 68.75 (75.80) Prec@5 88.28 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-05:13:28] Epoch: [171][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.257 (2.913) Prec@1 67.97 (75.80) Prec@5 85.94 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-05:15:16] Epoch: [171][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.210 (2.913) Prec@1 71.09 (75.80) Prec@5 85.16 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-05:17:04] Epoch: [171][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.914) Prec@1 74.22 (75.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-05:18:53] Epoch: [171][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.171 (2.914) Prec@1 71.09 (75.79) Prec@5 88.28 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-05:20:41] Epoch: [171][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.914) Prec@1 75.00 (75.78) Prec@5 95.31 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-05:22:30] Epoch: [171][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.914) Prec@1 75.00 (75.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-05:24:18] Epoch: [171][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.914) Prec@1 75.00 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-05:24:23] Epoch: [171][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.303 (2.914) Prec@1 73.33 (75.78) Prec@5 80.00 (91.24) -[2018-10-21-05:24:23] **train** Prec@1 75.78 Prec@5 91.24 Error@1 24.22 Error@5 8.76 Loss:2.914 - test [2018-10-21-05:24:27] Epoch: [171][000/391] Time 4.64 (4.64) Data 4.49 (4.49) Loss 0.533 (0.533) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-05:24:55] Epoch: [171][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.123 (1.009) Prec@1 71.88 (77.30) Prec@5 94.53 (93.64) - test [2018-10-21-05:25:21] Epoch: [171][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.165 (1.174) Prec@1 43.75 (73.60) Prec@5 81.25 (91.40) -[2018-10-21-05:25:21] **test** Prec@1 73.60 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 26.40 Error@5 8.60 Loss:1.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-05:25:21] [Epoch=172/250] [Need: 116:42:42] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-05:25:27] Epoch: [172][000/10010] Time 5.41 (5.41) Data 4.79 (4.79) Loss 2.740 (2.740) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-05:27:12] Epoch: [172][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.142 (2.886) Prec@1 69.53 (76.17) Prec@5 88.28 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-05:28:58] Epoch: [172][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.786 (2.892) Prec@1 78.91 (76.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-05:30:43] Epoch: [172][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.783 (2.893) Prec@1 77.34 (76.14) Prec@5 92.19 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-05:32:28] Epoch: [172][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.932 (2.897) Prec@1 76.56 (76.04) Prec@5 89.84 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-05:34:13] Epoch: [172][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.898) Prec@1 80.47 (76.03) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-05:35:58] Epoch: [172][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.903) Prec@1 74.22 (75.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-05:37:43] Epoch: [172][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.903) Prec@1 75.00 (75.92) Prec@5 87.50 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-05:39:28] Epoch: [172][1600/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.902) Prec@1 76.56 (75.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-05:41:14] Epoch: [172][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.903) Prec@1 76.56 (75.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:42:59] Epoch: [172][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.905) Prec@1 78.12 (75.91) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-05:44:44] Epoch: [172][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.906) Prec@1 81.25 (75.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:46:30] Epoch: [172][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.907) Prec@1 78.91 (75.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:48:14] Epoch: [172][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.908) Prec@1 74.22 (75.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:50:01] Epoch: [172][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.907) Prec@1 75.00 (75.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-05:51:46] Epoch: [172][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.908) Prec@1 78.91 (75.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-05:53:33] Epoch: [172][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.908) Prec@1 76.56 (75.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:55:19] Epoch: [172][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (75.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-05:57:05] Epoch: [172][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.908) Prec@1 71.88 (75.87) Prec@5 95.31 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-05:58:52] Epoch: [172][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.908) Prec@1 75.78 (75.88) Prec@5 89.06 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-06:00:38] Epoch: [172][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.909) Prec@1 78.12 (75.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-06:02:23] Epoch: [172][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.909) Prec@1 69.53 (75.86) Prec@5 86.72 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-06:04:09] Epoch: [172][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.910) Prec@1 67.97 (75.85) Prec@5 88.28 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-06:05:54] Epoch: [172][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.424 (2.910) Prec@1 84.38 (75.85) Prec@5 96.09 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:07:40] Epoch: [172][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.911) Prec@1 74.22 (75.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-06:09:25] Epoch: [172][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.911) Prec@1 76.56 (75.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-06:11:10] Epoch: [172][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.911) Prec@1 75.78 (75.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:12:55] Epoch: [172][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.307 (2.911) Prec@1 70.31 (75.81) Prec@5 87.50 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:14:40] Epoch: [172][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.911) Prec@1 73.44 (75.81) Prec@5 86.72 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:16:25] Epoch: [172][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.911) Prec@1 71.09 (75.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:18:10] Epoch: [172][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.744 (2.912) Prec@1 80.47 (75.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:19:56] Epoch: [172][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.911) Prec@1 75.00 (75.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-06:21:41] Epoch: [172][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.911) Prec@1 78.12 (75.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-06:23:26] Epoch: [172][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.912) Prec@1 75.78 (75.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:25:11] Epoch: [172][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.912) Prec@1 81.25 (75.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:26:57] Epoch: [172][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.911) Prec@1 75.78 (75.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:28:42] Epoch: [172][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.680 (2.911) Prec@1 81.25 (75.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:30:28] Epoch: [172][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.912) Prec@1 76.56 (75.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:32:12] Epoch: [172][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.911) Prec@1 78.91 (75.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:33:58] Epoch: [172][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.666 (2.911) Prec@1 81.25 (75.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:35:43] Epoch: [172][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.911) Prec@1 74.22 (75.83) Prec@5 86.72 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:37:30] Epoch: [172][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.644 (2.912) Prec@1 78.12 (75.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:39:16] Epoch: [172][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.912) Prec@1 74.22 (75.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-06:41:02] Epoch: [172][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.912) Prec@1 75.78 (75.81) Prec@5 89.84 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-06:42:46] Epoch: [172][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.912) Prec@1 82.03 (75.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-06:44:29] Epoch: [172][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.912) Prec@1 75.00 (75.82) Prec@5 89.06 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-06:46:14] Epoch: [172][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.754 (2.912) Prec@1 75.78 (75.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-06:47:59] Epoch: [172][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.913) Prec@1 74.22 (75.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-06:49:45] Epoch: [172][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.913) Prec@1 71.09 (75.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-06:51:30] Epoch: [172][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.913) Prec@1 75.00 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.24) - train[2018-10-21-06:53:14] Epoch: [172][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.913) Prec@1 74.22 (75.79) Prec@5 93.75 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-06:53:19] Epoch: [172][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.535 (2.913) Prec@1 60.00 (75.79) Prec@5 93.33 (91.25) -[2018-10-21-06:53:19] **train** Prec@1 75.79 Prec@5 91.25 Error@1 24.21 Error@5 8.75 Loss:2.913 - test [2018-10-21-06:53:22] Epoch: [172][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.57 (3.57) Loss 0.490 (0.490) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-06:53:49] Epoch: [172][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.202 (1.002) Prec@1 69.53 (77.24) Prec@5 90.62 (93.65) - test [2018-10-21-06:54:14] Epoch: [172][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.169 (1.170) Prec@1 46.25 (73.59) Prec@5 82.50 (91.36) -[2018-10-21-06:54:14] **test** Prec@1 73.59 Prec@5 91.36 Error@1 26.41 Error@5 8.64 Loss:1.170 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-06:54:14] [Epoch=173/250] [Need: 114:03:49] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-06:54:18] Epoch: [173][000/10010] Time 4.32 (4.32) Data 3.71 (3.71) Loss 2.906 (2.906) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-21-06:56:04] Epoch: [173][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.129 (2.922) Prec@1 70.31 (75.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.23) - train[2018-10-21-06:57:50] Epoch: [173][400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.810 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (76.14) Prec@5 94.53 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-06:59:35] Epoch: [173][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.844 (2.911) Prec@1 75.78 (76.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-07:01:20] Epoch: [173][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.113 (2.910) Prec@1 70.31 (76.07) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:03:05] Epoch: [173][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.607 (2.907) Prec@1 82.81 (76.17) Prec@5 93.75 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-07:04:50] Epoch: [173][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.901) Prec@1 76.56 (76.29) Prec@5 94.53 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-07:06:35] Epoch: [173][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.906) Prec@1 75.78 (76.18) Prec@5 87.50 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-07:08:21] Epoch: [173][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (2.905) Prec@1 74.22 (76.20) Prec@5 89.84 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-07:10:06] Epoch: [173][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.908) Prec@1 77.34 (76.11) Prec@5 94.53 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:11:52] Epoch: [173][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.908) Prec@1 67.97 (76.10) Prec@5 88.28 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:13:37] Epoch: [173][2200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.906) Prec@1 79.69 (76.11) Prec@5 92.97 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:15:23] Epoch: [173][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.906) Prec@1 74.22 (76.10) Prec@5 90.62 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:17:10] Epoch: [173][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (2.906) Prec@1 66.41 (76.04) Prec@5 88.28 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:18:55] Epoch: [173][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.905) Prec@1 80.47 (76.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-07:20:39] Epoch: [173][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.906) Prec@1 78.91 (76.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:22:25] Epoch: [173][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (76.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:24:10] Epoch: [173][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.907) Prec@1 77.34 (75.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:25:55] Epoch: [173][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.907) Prec@1 79.69 (75.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:27:40] Epoch: [173][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.907) Prec@1 78.12 (75.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:29:25] Epoch: [173][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (75.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:31:11] Epoch: [173][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.654 (2.908) Prec@1 79.69 (75.93) Prec@5 94.53 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:32:56] Epoch: [173][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (2.908) Prec@1 71.09 (75.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:34:42] Epoch: [173][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.908) Prec@1 80.47 (75.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:36:27] Epoch: [173][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.908) Prec@1 73.44 (75.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:38:12] Epoch: [173][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.289 (2.909) Prec@1 67.19 (75.90) Prec@5 83.59 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:39:58] Epoch: [173][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.553 (2.908) Prec@1 83.59 (75.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-07:41:42] Epoch: [173][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.908) Prec@1 73.44 (75.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:43:27] Epoch: [173][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.908) Prec@1 74.22 (75.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:45:11] Epoch: [173][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.908) Prec@1 84.38 (75.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-07:46:56] Epoch: [173][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.909) Prec@1 73.44 (75.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:48:42] Epoch: [173][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.909) Prec@1 74.22 (75.88) Prec@5 96.09 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:50:27] Epoch: [173][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.909) Prec@1 80.47 (75.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:52:11] Epoch: [173][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.909) Prec@1 73.44 (75.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-07:53:57] Epoch: [173][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.909) Prec@1 78.12 (75.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-07:55:44] Epoch: [173][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.297 (2.910) Prec@1 73.44 (75.86) Prec@5 85.94 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-07:57:30] Epoch: [173][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (2.911) Prec@1 71.88 (75.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-07:59:18] Epoch: [173][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.911) Prec@1 78.12 (75.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-08:01:04] Epoch: [173][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.911) Prec@1 77.34 (75.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:02:49] Epoch: [173][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (2.911) Prec@1 73.44 (75.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:04:34] Epoch: [173][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.912) Prec@1 71.88 (75.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-08:06:21] Epoch: [173][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.912) Prec@1 77.34 (75.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:08:08] Epoch: [173][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.912) Prec@1 70.31 (75.82) Prec@5 86.72 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:09:55] Epoch: [173][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.911) Prec@1 78.12 (75.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-08:11:41] Epoch: [173][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.726 (2.911) Prec@1 79.69 (75.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:13:26] Epoch: [173][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.911) Prec@1 79.69 (75.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:15:12] Epoch: [173][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.911) Prec@1 80.47 (75.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:16:56] Epoch: [173][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.911) Prec@1 74.22 (75.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:18:41] Epoch: [173][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.911) Prec@1 74.22 (75.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:20:26] Epoch: [173][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.911) Prec@1 78.91 (75.83) Prec@5 89.84 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:22:11] Epoch: [173][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.911) Prec@1 74.22 (75.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-08:22:15] Epoch: [173][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.858 (2.911) Prec@1 60.00 (75.84) Prec@5 73.33 (91.26) -[2018-10-21-08:22:15] **train** Prec@1 75.84 Prec@5 91.26 Error@1 24.16 Error@5 8.74 Loss:2.911 - test [2018-10-21-08:22:19] Epoch: [173][000/391] Time 4.03 (4.03) Data 3.89 (3.89) Loss 0.516 (0.516) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-08:22:45] Epoch: [173][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.205 (0.994) Prec@1 68.75 (77.25) Prec@5 91.41 (93.55) - test [2018-10-21-08:23:10] Epoch: [173][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.179 (1.161) Prec@1 45.00 (73.65) Prec@5 83.75 (91.37) -[2018-10-21-08:23:10] **test** Prec@1 73.65 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 26.35 Error@5 8.63 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-08:23:11] [Epoch=174/250] [Need: 112:39:21] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-08:23:15] Epoch: [174][000/10010] Time 4.36 (4.36) Data 3.72 (3.72) Loss 2.883 (2.883) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-08:25:02] Epoch: [174][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.896 (2.909) Prec@1 78.91 (75.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.17) - train[2018-10-21-08:26:47] Epoch: [174][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.969 (2.907) Prec@1 74.22 (75.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-08:28:32] Epoch: [174][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.958 (2.906) Prec@1 71.88 (75.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-08:30:17] Epoch: [174][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.917 (2.904) Prec@1 78.12 (76.06) Prec@5 88.28 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-08:32:01] Epoch: [174][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.906) Prec@1 72.66 (75.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-08:33:46] Epoch: [174][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.908) Prec@1 73.44 (75.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-08:35:31] Epoch: [174][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.910) Prec@1 76.56 (75.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-08:37:16] Epoch: [174][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.907) Prec@1 71.88 (76.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:39:00] Epoch: [174][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.906) Prec@1 75.00 (76.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:40:46] Epoch: [174][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.907) Prec@1 77.34 (76.03) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:42:32] Epoch: [174][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.905) Prec@1 78.91 (76.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-08:44:17] Epoch: [174][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.904) Prec@1 75.78 (76.04) Prec@5 89.06 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:46:02] Epoch: [174][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (2.905) Prec@1 75.78 (76.05) Prec@5 87.50 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-08:47:47] Epoch: [174][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.906) Prec@1 75.78 (76.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-08:49:32] Epoch: [174][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (2.906) Prec@1 71.88 (76.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-08:51:17] Epoch: [174][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.557 (2.907) Prec@1 82.03 (76.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-08:53:02] Epoch: [174][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.743 (2.906) Prec@1 80.47 (76.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-08:54:47] Epoch: [174][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.906) Prec@1 78.12 (75.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:56:33] Epoch: [174][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.905) Prec@1 82.03 (76.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-08:58:18] Epoch: [174][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.906) Prec@1 77.34 (75.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-09:00:04] Epoch: [174][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.907) Prec@1 76.56 (75.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-09:01:49] Epoch: [174][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (75.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-09:03:34] Epoch: [174][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.907) Prec@1 76.56 (75.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-09:05:18] Epoch: [174][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.907) Prec@1 80.47 (75.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-09:07:03] Epoch: [174][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.907) Prec@1 75.00 (75.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-09:08:47] Epoch: [174][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.908) Prec@1 75.78 (75.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-09:10:32] Epoch: [174][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.908) Prec@1 73.44 (75.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-09:12:16] Epoch: [174][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.908) Prec@1 75.78 (75.94) Prec@5 89.84 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-09:14:01] Epoch: [174][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.600 (2.908) Prec@1 82.03 (75.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-09:15:46] Epoch: [174][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.908) Prec@1 79.69 (75.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-09:17:31] Epoch: [174][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.908) Prec@1 80.47 (75.93) Prec@5 92.19 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-09:19:15] Epoch: [174][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.909) Prec@1 77.34 (75.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:21:00] Epoch: [174][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.910) Prec@1 75.00 (75.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:22:44] Epoch: [174][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.910) Prec@1 78.91 (75.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:24:28] Epoch: [174][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.910) Prec@1 71.88 (75.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:26:13] Epoch: [174][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.062 (2.909) Prec@1 71.88 (75.91) Prec@5 87.50 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:27:57] Epoch: [174][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.910) Prec@1 79.69 (75.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:29:42] Epoch: [174][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.645 (2.910) Prec@1 80.47 (75.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:31:27] Epoch: [174][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (2.910) Prec@1 72.66 (75.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:33:12] Epoch: [174][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.910) Prec@1 74.22 (75.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:34:57] Epoch: [174][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.910) Prec@1 71.09 (75.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:36:41] Epoch: [174][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (2.911) Prec@1 71.09 (75.89) Prec@5 88.28 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:38:26] Epoch: [174][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.911) Prec@1 71.88 (75.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:40:11] Epoch: [174][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.911) Prec@1 77.34 (75.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:41:55] Epoch: [174][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.911) Prec@1 72.66 (75.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-09:43:39] Epoch: [174][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.911) Prec@1 76.56 (75.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:45:24] Epoch: [174][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.170 (2.911) Prec@1 69.53 (75.88) Prec@5 87.50 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:47:09] Epoch: [174][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.911) Prec@1 81.25 (75.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:48:53] Epoch: [174][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.911) Prec@1 71.88 (75.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:50:38] Epoch: [174][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.911) Prec@1 67.97 (75.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-09:50:42] Epoch: [174][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.357 (2.911) Prec@1 66.67 (75.89) Prec@5 93.33 (91.29) -[2018-10-21-09:50:42] **train** Prec@1 75.89 Prec@5 91.29 Error@1 24.11 Error@5 8.71 Loss:2.911 - test [2018-10-21-09:50:46] Epoch: [174][000/391] Time 4.05 (4.05) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 0.538 (0.538) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-09:51:13] Epoch: [174][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.167 (1.001) Prec@1 68.75 (77.30) Prec@5 92.19 (93.49) - test [2018-10-21-09:51:37] Epoch: [174][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.100 (1.166) Prec@1 48.75 (73.65) Prec@5 81.25 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-09:51:37] **test** Prec@1 73.65 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.35 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-09:51:37] [Epoch=175/250] [Need: 110:33:36] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-09:51:42] Epoch: [175][000/10010] Time 4.91 (4.91) Data 4.32 (4.32) Loss 3.054 (3.054) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-21-09:53:27] Epoch: [175][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.008 (2.916) Prec@1 77.34 (76.19) Prec@5 85.94 (90.96) - train[2018-10-21-09:55:12] Epoch: [175][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.670 (2.908) Prec@1 79.69 (76.02) Prec@5 94.53 (91.18) - train[2018-10-21-09:56:57] Epoch: [175][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.907 (2.903) Prec@1 78.12 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.26) - train[2018-10-21-09:58:42] Epoch: [175][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.310 (2.903) Prec@1 69.53 (76.17) Prec@5 86.72 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-10:00:26] Epoch: [175][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.901) Prec@1 77.34 (76.15) Prec@5 90.62 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-10:02:11] Epoch: [175][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.902) Prec@1 78.12 (76.11) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-10:03:56] Epoch: [175][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.812 (2.902) Prec@1 76.56 (76.08) Prec@5 91.41 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-10:05:41] Epoch: [175][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.902) Prec@1 73.44 (76.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-10:07:25] Epoch: [175][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.901) Prec@1 73.44 (76.10) Prec@5 89.84 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-10:09:10] Epoch: [175][2000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.903) Prec@1 79.69 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-10:10:54] Epoch: [175][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.902) Prec@1 74.22 (76.03) Prec@5 87.50 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-10:12:39] Epoch: [175][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.901) Prec@1 75.78 (76.07) Prec@5 88.28 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-10:14:24] Epoch: [175][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.901) Prec@1 78.91 (76.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-10:16:09] Epoch: [175][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.628 (2.900) Prec@1 78.91 (76.06) Prec@5 95.31 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-10:17:54] Epoch: [175][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.901) Prec@1 76.56 (76.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-10:19:39] Epoch: [175][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.902) Prec@1 77.34 (76.04) Prec@5 89.84 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-10:21:24] Epoch: [175][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.516 (2.901) Prec@1 85.94 (76.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-10:23:08] Epoch: [175][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.902) Prec@1 75.00 (76.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-10:24:53] Epoch: [175][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.903) Prec@1 80.47 (76.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-10:26:37] Epoch: [175][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.903) Prec@1 72.66 (76.04) Prec@5 87.50 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:28:22] Epoch: [175][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (2.903) Prec@1 71.09 (76.02) Prec@5 87.50 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:30:06] Epoch: [175][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.903) Prec@1 71.88 (76.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:31:51] Epoch: [175][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.904) Prec@1 80.47 (76.01) Prec@5 96.09 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:33:36] Epoch: [175][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.904) Prec@1 76.56 (76.02) Prec@5 94.53 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:35:21] Epoch: [175][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.903) Prec@1 74.22 (76.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:37:06] Epoch: [175][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.904) Prec@1 71.09 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:38:50] Epoch: [175][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.904) Prec@1 80.47 (76.03) Prec@5 94.53 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:40:34] Epoch: [175][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.904) Prec@1 72.66 (76.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:42:18] Epoch: [175][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.599 (2.904) Prec@1 82.03 (76.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:44:03] Epoch: [175][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.905) Prec@1 71.88 (76.02) Prec@5 87.50 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-10:45:48] Epoch: [175][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.905) Prec@1 77.34 (76.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:47:32] Epoch: [175][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.904) Prec@1 72.66 (76.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:49:18] Epoch: [175][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.904) Prec@1 75.78 (76.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:51:02] Epoch: [175][6800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.905) Prec@1 75.00 (76.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:52:47] Epoch: [175][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.905) Prec@1 78.12 (76.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-10:54:32] Epoch: [175][7200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (2.905) Prec@1 69.53 (76.00) Prec@5 88.28 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-10:56:16] Epoch: [175][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.905) Prec@1 74.22 (76.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:58:01] Epoch: [175][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.469 (2.905) Prec@1 84.38 (76.01) Prec@5 95.31 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-10:59:46] Epoch: [175][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (2.905) Prec@1 69.53 (76.01) Prec@5 85.16 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:01:30] Epoch: [175][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.585 (2.905) Prec@1 88.28 (76.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:03:15] Epoch: [175][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.905) Prec@1 74.22 (76.00) Prec@5 87.50 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-11:05:00] Epoch: [175][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.905) Prec@1 81.25 (76.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:06:45] Epoch: [175][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.905) Prec@1 68.75 (75.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:08:29] Epoch: [175][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.905) Prec@1 78.91 (75.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:10:14] Epoch: [175][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.558 (2.905) Prec@1 82.81 (75.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:11:58] Epoch: [175][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.905) Prec@1 72.66 (75.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-11:13:43] Epoch: [175][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.906) Prec@1 75.00 (75.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-11:15:28] Epoch: [175][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.906) Prec@1 82.03 (75.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-11:17:13] Epoch: [175][9800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.905) Prec@1 77.34 (75.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-11:18:57] Epoch: [175][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (2.906) Prec@1 71.09 (75.97) Prec@5 86.72 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-11:19:01] Epoch: [175][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.965 (2.906) Prec@1 60.00 (75.97) Prec@5 80.00 (91.31) -[2018-10-21-11:19:01] **train** Prec@1 75.97 Prec@5 91.31 Error@1 24.03 Error@5 8.69 Loss:2.906 - test [2018-10-21-11:19:05] Epoch: [175][000/391] Time 3.78 (3.78) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 0.568 (0.568) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-11:19:31] Epoch: [175][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.184 (1.013) Prec@1 68.75 (77.35) Prec@5 92.97 (93.56) - test [2018-10-21-11:19:56] Epoch: [175][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.178 (1.179) Prec@1 45.00 (73.71) Prec@5 81.25 (91.40) -[2018-10-21-11:19:56] **test** Prec@1 73.71 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 26.29 Error@5 8.60 Loss:1.179 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-11:19:57] [Epoch=176/250] [Need: 108:55:47] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-11:20:01] Epoch: [176][000/10010] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.49 (3.49) Loss 2.809 (2.809) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-21-11:21:46] Epoch: [176][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.113 (2.898) Prec@1 72.66 (76.16) Prec@5 85.94 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-11:23:31] Epoch: [176][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.717 (2.889) Prec@1 84.38 (76.17) Prec@5 93.75 (91.61) - train[2018-10-21-11:25:16] Epoch: [176][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.767 (2.886) Prec@1 78.91 (76.18) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-21-11:27:00] Epoch: [176][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.044 (2.892) Prec@1 71.88 (76.09) Prec@5 89.06 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-11:28:45] Epoch: [176][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.354 (2.894) Prec@1 75.78 (76.11) Prec@5 84.38 (91.54) - train[2018-10-21-11:30:30] Epoch: [176][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.895) Prec@1 75.78 (76.09) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-11:32:15] Epoch: [176][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.564 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.07) Prec@5 97.66 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-11:33:59] Epoch: [176][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (2.897) Prec@1 79.69 (76.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-11:35:44] Epoch: [176][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.588 (2.898) Prec@1 82.81 (75.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-11:37:29] Epoch: [176][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.733 (2.899) Prec@1 78.12 (75.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-11:39:14] Epoch: [176][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.901) Prec@1 76.56 (75.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-11:40:59] Epoch: [176][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.902) Prec@1 82.03 (75.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-11:42:44] Epoch: [176][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.904) Prec@1 80.47 (75.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:44:29] Epoch: [176][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.905) Prec@1 75.00 (75.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:46:14] Epoch: [176][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.904) Prec@1 80.47 (75.91) Prec@5 93.75 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-11:48:01] Epoch: [176][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.904) Prec@1 74.22 (75.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:49:48] Epoch: [176][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.904) Prec@1 78.91 (75.91) Prec@5 95.31 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-11:51:34] Epoch: [176][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.904) Prec@1 71.88 (75.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-11:53:20] Epoch: [176][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.232 (2.903) Prec@1 65.62 (75.93) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:55:04] Epoch: [176][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.520 (2.903) Prec@1 82.03 (75.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:56:49] Epoch: [176][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.903) Prec@1 81.25 (75.97) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-11:58:34] Epoch: [176][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.903) Prec@1 70.31 (75.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-12:00:19] Epoch: [176][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (2.903) Prec@1 73.44 (75.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-12:02:05] Epoch: [176][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (2.902) Prec@1 69.53 (75.99) Prec@5 87.50 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-12:03:50] Epoch: [176][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.902) Prec@1 79.69 (75.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-12:05:35] Epoch: [176][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.902) Prec@1 79.69 (75.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-12:07:21] Epoch: [176][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.903) Prec@1 77.34 (75.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-12:09:06] Epoch: [176][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.903) Prec@1 82.03 (75.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-12:10:51] Epoch: [176][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.904) Prec@1 77.34 (75.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-12:12:36] Epoch: [176][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.904) Prec@1 75.78 (75.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-12:14:21] Epoch: [176][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.906) Prec@1 79.69 (75.95) Prec@5 89.06 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-12:16:07] Epoch: [176][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.905) Prec@1 71.09 (75.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-12:17:52] Epoch: [176][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.905) Prec@1 80.47 (75.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-12:19:37] Epoch: [176][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.906) Prec@1 73.44 (75.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-12:21:24] Epoch: [176][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.905) Prec@1 73.44 (75.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-12:23:09] Epoch: [176][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.905) Prec@1 77.34 (75.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:24:54] Epoch: [176][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.906) Prec@1 75.78 (75.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:26:39] Epoch: [176][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.905) Prec@1 71.88 (75.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:28:23] Epoch: [176][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.906) Prec@1 78.12 (75.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:30:09] Epoch: [176][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.905) Prec@1 76.56 (75.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:31:53] Epoch: [176][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.906) Prec@1 78.91 (75.95) Prec@5 96.09 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:33:39] Epoch: [176][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.905) Prec@1 77.34 (75.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:35:23] Epoch: [176][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.905) Prec@1 76.56 (75.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:37:08] Epoch: [176][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.905) Prec@1 75.78 (75.96) Prec@5 90.62 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-12:38:53] Epoch: [176][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.905) Prec@1 73.44 (75.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-12:40:38] Epoch: [176][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.906) Prec@1 79.69 (75.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-12:42:23] Epoch: [176][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.906) Prec@1 75.00 (75.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-12:44:07] Epoch: [176][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.280 (2.906) Prec@1 72.66 (75.94) Prec@5 85.94 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-12:45:53] Epoch: [176][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.575 (2.906) Prec@1 82.81 (75.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-12:47:38] Epoch: [176][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.906) Prec@1 76.56 (75.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-12:47:42] Epoch: [176][10009/10010] Time 0.17 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.533 (2.906) Prec@1 53.33 (75.95) Prec@5 66.67 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-12:47:42] **train** Prec@1 75.95 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 24.05 Error@5 8.65 Loss:2.906 - test [2018-10-21-12:47:46] Epoch: [176][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.515 (0.515) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-12:48:12] Epoch: [176][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.120 (0.992) Prec@1 69.53 (77.36) Prec@5 92.97 (93.69) - test [2018-10-21-12:48:37] Epoch: [176][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.180 (1.163) Prec@1 47.50 (73.70) Prec@5 80.00 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-12:48:37] **test** Prec@1 73.70 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.30 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-12:48:37] [Epoch=177/250] [Need: 107:53:00] LR=0.0005 ~ 0.0005, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-12:48:42] Epoch: [177][000/10010] Time 4.69 (4.69) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 2.575 (2.575) Prec@1 83.59 (83.59) Prec@5 96.09 (96.09) - train[2018-10-21-12:50:26] Epoch: [177][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.928 (2.899) Prec@1 74.22 (76.26) Prec@5 88.28 (91.27) - train[2018-10-21-12:52:11] Epoch: [177][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.047 (2.901) Prec@1 70.31 (76.13) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-12:53:56] Epoch: [177][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.036 (2.897) Prec@1 73.44 (76.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-12:55:40] Epoch: [177][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.768 (2.898) Prec@1 79.69 (76.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.31) - train[2018-10-21-12:57:25] Epoch: [177][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.897) Prec@1 74.22 (76.05) Prec@5 85.16 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-12:59:09] Epoch: [177][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.893) Prec@1 79.69 (76.13) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-13:00:53] Epoch: [177][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.895) Prec@1 81.25 (76.07) Prec@5 91.41 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-13:02:38] Epoch: [177][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.895) Prec@1 72.66 (76.10) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-13:04:23] Epoch: [177][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (2.897) Prec@1 73.44 (76.05) Prec@5 89.06 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-13:06:07] Epoch: [177][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.896) Prec@1 74.22 (76.11) Prec@5 93.75 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-13:07:52] Epoch: [177][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.897) Prec@1 75.78 (76.10) Prec@5 89.84 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-13:09:37] Epoch: [177][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.896) Prec@1 77.34 (76.13) Prec@5 93.75 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-13:11:22] Epoch: [177][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-13:13:06] Epoch: [177][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.900) Prec@1 79.69 (76.09) Prec@5 91.41 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-13:14:51] Epoch: [177][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.900) Prec@1 79.69 (76.10) Prec@5 92.97 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-13:16:36] Epoch: [177][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.900) Prec@1 80.47 (76.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:18:20] Epoch: [177][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.902) Prec@1 81.25 (76.06) Prec@5 92.19 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:20:04] Epoch: [177][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (2.903) Prec@1 77.34 (76.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-13:21:49] Epoch: [177][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.902) Prec@1 76.56 (76.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:23:33] Epoch: [177][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.902) Prec@1 74.22 (76.05) Prec@5 90.62 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:25:19] Epoch: [177][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.902) Prec@1 79.69 (76.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:27:03] Epoch: [177][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (2.902) Prec@1 76.56 (76.04) Prec@5 89.06 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:28:47] Epoch: [177][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.902) Prec@1 73.44 (76.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-13:30:32] Epoch: [177][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.903) Prec@1 78.91 (76.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:32:17] Epoch: [177][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.903) Prec@1 75.78 (76.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:34:02] Epoch: [177][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.903) Prec@1 74.22 (76.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:35:47] Epoch: [177][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.903) Prec@1 79.69 (76.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:37:32] Epoch: [177][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.903) Prec@1 75.00 (76.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:39:17] Epoch: [177][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.903) Prec@1 78.91 (76.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:41:02] Epoch: [177][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (2.903) Prec@1 77.34 (76.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:42:47] Epoch: [177][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.903) Prec@1 71.88 (76.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:44:32] Epoch: [177][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.904) Prec@1 80.47 (76.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-13:46:17] Epoch: [177][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (2.904) Prec@1 78.12 (76.00) Prec@5 87.50 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-13:48:01] Epoch: [177][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.904) Prec@1 75.78 (76.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:49:45] Epoch: [177][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.904) Prec@1 73.44 (76.00) Prec@5 86.72 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:51:29] Epoch: [177][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.904) Prec@1 72.66 (76.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:53:13] Epoch: [177][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.904) Prec@1 75.78 (76.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:54:58] Epoch: [177][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.905) Prec@1 77.34 (76.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-13:56:42] Epoch: [177][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (2.905) Prec@1 72.66 (75.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-13:58:27] Epoch: [177][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.905) Prec@1 69.53 (76.00) Prec@5 88.28 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-14:00:11] Epoch: [177][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.904) Prec@1 76.56 (76.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-14:01:57] Epoch: [177][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.905) Prec@1 68.75 (76.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:03:42] Epoch: [177][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.905) Prec@1 79.69 (75.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:05:26] Epoch: [177][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (2.905) Prec@1 70.31 (75.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:07:10] Epoch: [177][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.906) Prec@1 78.91 (75.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-14:08:55] Epoch: [177][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.313 (2.906) Prec@1 71.88 (75.98) Prec@5 84.38 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:10:41] Epoch: [177][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.906) Prec@1 75.00 (75.99) Prec@5 89.84 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:12:26] Epoch: [177][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.200 (2.906) Prec@1 74.22 (75.98) Prec@5 84.38 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:14:11] Epoch: [177][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.906) Prec@1 75.00 (75.99) Prec@5 89.84 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:15:55] Epoch: [177][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.905) Prec@1 78.12 (75.99) Prec@5 95.31 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-14:16:00] Epoch: [177][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.825 (2.905) Prec@1 66.67 (75.99) Prec@5 93.33 (91.33) -[2018-10-21-14:16:00] **train** Prec@1 75.99 Prec@5 91.33 Error@1 24.01 Error@5 8.67 Loss:2.905 - test [2018-10-21-14:16:03] Epoch: [177][000/391] Time 3.69 (3.69) Data 3.55 (3.55) Loss 0.570 (0.570) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-14:16:30] Epoch: [177][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.241 (1.006) Prec@1 65.62 (77.35) Prec@5 92.19 (93.66) - test [2018-10-21-14:16:55] Epoch: [177][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.125 (1.177) Prec@1 47.50 (73.64) Prec@5 80.00 (91.38) -[2018-10-21-14:16:55] **test** Prec@1 73.64 Prec@5 91.38 Error@1 26.36 Error@5 8.62 Loss:1.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-14:16:55] [Epoch=178/250] [Need: 105:57:39] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-14:17:00] Epoch: [178][000/10010] Time 5.13 (5.13) Data 4.53 (4.53) Loss 2.746 (2.746) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-21-14:18:44] Epoch: [178][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.907 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.24) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-21-14:20:29] Epoch: [178][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.047 (2.894) Prec@1 70.31 (76.13) Prec@5 88.28 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-14:22:14] Epoch: [178][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.635 (2.892) Prec@1 79.69 (76.17) Prec@5 96.09 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-14:23:59] Epoch: [178][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.856 (2.893) Prec@1 80.47 (76.15) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-14:25:43] Epoch: [178][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.457 (2.893) Prec@1 83.59 (76.23) Prec@5 96.88 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-14:27:28] Epoch: [178][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.418 (2.890) Prec@1 85.94 (76.29) Prec@5 96.09 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-14:29:13] Epoch: [178][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.893) Prec@1 73.44 (76.21) Prec@5 91.41 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-14:30:58] Epoch: [178][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.893) Prec@1 80.47 (76.20) Prec@5 92.97 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-14:32:43] Epoch: [178][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.894) Prec@1 77.34 (76.15) Prec@5 92.19 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-14:34:28] Epoch: [178][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.644 (2.893) Prec@1 76.56 (76.19) Prec@5 96.09 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-14:36:13] Epoch: [178][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.629 (2.895) Prec@1 75.78 (76.16) Prec@5 94.53 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-14:37:59] Epoch: [178][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.625 (2.894) Prec@1 82.03 (76.17) Prec@5 93.75 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-14:39:43] Epoch: [178][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.894) Prec@1 79.69 (76.18) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-14:41:28] Epoch: [178][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.896) Prec@1 68.75 (76.14) Prec@5 87.50 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-14:43:13] Epoch: [178][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.253 (2.895) Prec@1 71.88 (76.15) Prec@5 87.50 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-14:44:57] Epoch: [178][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.895) Prec@1 78.91 (76.13) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-14:46:42] Epoch: [178][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.896) Prec@1 75.78 (76.10) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-14:48:27] Epoch: [178][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.896) Prec@1 73.44 (76.11) Prec@5 89.06 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-14:50:12] Epoch: [178][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.895) Prec@1 76.56 (76.12) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-14:51:57] Epoch: [178][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.896) Prec@1 82.81 (76.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-14:53:42] Epoch: [178][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.896) Prec@1 77.34 (76.13) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-14:55:27] Epoch: [178][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.897) Prec@1 76.56 (76.12) Prec@5 89.84 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-14:57:12] Epoch: [178][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.897) Prec@1 77.34 (76.11) Prec@5 93.75 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-14:58:56] Epoch: [178][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.897) Prec@1 75.00 (76.11) Prec@5 89.06 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-15:00:41] Epoch: [178][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.898) Prec@1 78.91 (76.10) Prec@5 96.09 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-15:02:26] Epoch: [178][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.898) Prec@1 76.56 (76.10) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-15:04:12] Epoch: [178][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (2.898) Prec@1 74.22 (76.10) Prec@5 89.06 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-15:05:56] Epoch: [178][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.898) Prec@1 75.78 (76.10) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-15:07:41] Epoch: [178][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.898) Prec@1 80.47 (76.10) Prec@5 89.84 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-15:09:26] Epoch: [178][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.898) Prec@1 74.22 (76.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-15:11:11] Epoch: [178][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.899) Prec@1 78.12 (76.08) Prec@5 88.28 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-15:12:55] Epoch: [178][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.08) Prec@5 92.19 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-15:14:41] Epoch: [178][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.900) Prec@1 82.03 (76.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-15:16:25] Epoch: [178][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.901) Prec@1 75.00 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-15:18:10] Epoch: [178][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.901) Prec@1 78.91 (76.04) Prec@5 95.31 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-15:19:55] Epoch: [178][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.901) Prec@1 77.34 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:21:40] Epoch: [178][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.901) Prec@1 80.47 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:23:26] Epoch: [178][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.901) Prec@1 80.47 (76.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:25:11] Epoch: [178][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.901) Prec@1 73.44 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:26:55] Epoch: [178][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.902) Prec@1 80.47 (76.03) Prec@5 94.53 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:28:40] Epoch: [178][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.902) Prec@1 78.91 (76.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:30:24] Epoch: [178][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.902) Prec@1 73.44 (76.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-15:32:09] Epoch: [178][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.902) Prec@1 76.56 (76.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-15:33:53] Epoch: [178][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (2.902) Prec@1 73.44 (76.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-15:35:38] Epoch: [178][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.902) Prec@1 74.22 (76.02) Prec@5 89.84 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-15:37:23] Epoch: [178][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.903) Prec@1 82.03 (76.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:39:08] Epoch: [178][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.903) Prec@1 81.25 (76.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:40:53] Epoch: [178][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.903) Prec@1 78.91 (76.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:42:38] Epoch: [178][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.903) Prec@1 72.66 (76.02) Prec@5 88.28 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:44:23] Epoch: [178][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.903) Prec@1 71.88 (76.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:44:28] Epoch: [178][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.465 (2.903) Prec@1 66.67 (76.01) Prec@5 80.00 (91.34) -[2018-10-21-15:44:28] **train** Prec@1 76.01 Prec@5 91.34 Error@1 23.99 Error@5 8.66 Loss:2.903 - test [2018-10-21-15:44:32] Epoch: [178][000/391] Time 3.89 (3.89) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.569 (0.569) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-15:44:58] Epoch: [178][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.198 (0.997) Prec@1 66.41 (77.25) Prec@5 91.41 (93.69) - test [2018-10-21-15:45:23] Epoch: [178][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.057 (1.167) Prec@1 48.75 (73.65) Prec@5 85.00 (91.44) -[2018-10-21-15:45:23] **test** Prec@1 73.65 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.35 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.71, Acc@5=91.30, Error@1=26.29, Error@5=8.70 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-15:45:23] [Epoch=179/250] [Need: 104:41:19] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-15:45:28] Epoch: [179][000/10010] Time 4.93 (4.93) Data 4.34 (4.34) Loss 2.918 (2.918) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-21-15:47:12] Epoch: [179][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.795 (2.900) Prec@1 76.56 (76.27) Prec@5 92.97 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-15:48:57] Epoch: [179][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.585 (2.906) Prec@1 81.25 (75.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-15:50:41] Epoch: [179][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.777 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (75.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-15:52:26] Epoch: [179][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.865 (2.907) Prec@1 80.47 (76.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.30) - train[2018-10-21-15:54:11] Epoch: [179][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.328 (2.905) Prec@1 65.62 (76.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-15:55:56] Epoch: [179][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.906) Prec@1 74.22 (76.02) Prec@5 89.06 (91.29) - train[2018-10-21-15:57:40] Epoch: [179][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.904) Prec@1 71.09 (76.05) Prec@5 89.06 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-15:59:25] Epoch: [179][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.903) Prec@1 80.47 (76.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-16:01:09] Epoch: [179][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.900) Prec@1 75.00 (76.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:02:54] Epoch: [179][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.901) Prec@1 71.09 (76.06) Prec@5 89.06 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-16:04:39] Epoch: [179][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (2.901) Prec@1 71.88 (76.07) Prec@5 89.06 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-16:06:23] Epoch: [179][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.291 (2.901) Prec@1 66.41 (76.03) Prec@5 87.50 (91.33) - train[2018-10-21-16:08:09] Epoch: [179][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.900) Prec@1 71.88 (76.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:09:54] Epoch: [179][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.901) Prec@1 70.31 (76.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-16:11:38] Epoch: [179][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.902) Prec@1 74.22 (76.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-16:13:23] Epoch: [179][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.903) Prec@1 77.34 (76.00) Prec@5 87.50 (91.34) - train[2018-10-21-16:15:08] Epoch: [179][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.901) Prec@1 77.34 (76.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:16:53] Epoch: [179][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.901) Prec@1 73.44 (76.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:18:37] Epoch: [179][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.900) Prec@1 75.00 (76.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:20:21] Epoch: [179][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (2.900) Prec@1 70.31 (76.08) Prec@5 82.81 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-16:22:05] Epoch: [179][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.900) Prec@1 74.22 (76.08) Prec@5 89.06 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-16:23:50] Epoch: [179][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.901) Prec@1 78.91 (76.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:25:34] Epoch: [179][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.901) Prec@1 75.00 (76.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:27:20] Epoch: [179][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.585 (2.901) Prec@1 79.69 (76.04) Prec@5 96.88 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:29:05] Epoch: [179][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.900) Prec@1 69.53 (76.05) Prec@5 86.72 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:30:49] Epoch: [179][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.900) Prec@1 80.47 (76.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:32:34] Epoch: [179][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.900) Prec@1 79.69 (76.04) Prec@5 89.84 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:34:18] Epoch: [179][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.900) Prec@1 77.34 (76.04) Prec@5 89.06 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:36:03] Epoch: [179][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.899) Prec@1 78.91 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:37:48] Epoch: [179][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.899) Prec@1 74.22 (76.04) Prec@5 89.06 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:39:33] Epoch: [179][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.622 (2.900) Prec@1 82.03 (76.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:41:18] Epoch: [179][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.900) Prec@1 70.31 (76.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:43:03] Epoch: [179][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.900) Prec@1 78.91 (76.03) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:44:48] Epoch: [179][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (2.900) Prec@1 65.62 (76.03) Prec@5 88.28 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:46:33] Epoch: [179][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.900) Prec@1 82.03 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:48:17] Epoch: [179][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.583 (2.899) Prec@1 77.34 (76.05) Prec@5 96.88 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:50:02] Epoch: [179][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.305 (2.899) Prec@1 71.09 (76.05) Prec@5 87.50 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-16:51:47] Epoch: [179][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:53:32] Epoch: [179][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:55:16] Epoch: [179][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.899) Prec@1 74.22 (76.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:57:01] Epoch: [179][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.899) Prec@1 71.88 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-16:58:45] Epoch: [179][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.900) Prec@1 74.22 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:00:30] Epoch: [179][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.900) Prec@1 70.31 (76.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:02:15] Epoch: [179][8800/10010] Time 0.49 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.899) Prec@1 81.25 (76.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:03:59] Epoch: [179][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.899) Prec@1 75.78 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:05:43] Epoch: [179][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.899) Prec@1 72.66 (76.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:07:28] Epoch: [179][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.678 (2.899) Prec@1 82.03 (76.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:09:12] Epoch: [179][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.649 (2.900) Prec@1 78.12 (76.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:10:57] Epoch: [179][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.900) Prec@1 74.22 (76.03) Prec@5 87.50 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-17:12:42] Epoch: [179][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.900) Prec@1 74.22 (76.02) Prec@5 88.28 (91.35) - train[2018-10-21-17:12:46] Epoch: [179][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.900) Prec@1 86.67 (76.03) Prec@5 86.67 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-17:12:46] **train** Prec@1 76.03 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 23.97 Error@5 8.65 Loss:2.900 - test [2018-10-21-17:12:50] Epoch: [179][000/391] Time 4.05 (4.05) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 0.559 (0.559) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-17:13:16] Epoch: [179][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.140 (0.979) Prec@1 67.97 (77.41) Prec@5 91.41 (93.52) - test [2018-10-21-17:13:41] Epoch: [179][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.118 (1.146) Prec@1 45.00 (73.76) Prec@5 85.00 (91.31) -[2018-10-21-17:13:41] **test** Prec@1 73.76 Prec@5 91.31 Error@1 26.24 Error@5 8.69 Loss:1.146 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.76, Acc@5=91.31, Error@1=26.24, Error@5=8.69 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-17:13:41] [Epoch=180/250] [Need: 103:00:42] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-17:13:46] Epoch: [180][000/10010] Time 5.10 (5.10) Data 4.43 (4.43) Loss 2.648 (2.648) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-21-17:15:31] Epoch: [180][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.939 (2.907) Prec@1 75.78 (76.11) Prec@5 89.06 (91.28) - train[2018-10-21-17:17:15] Epoch: [180][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.767 (2.908) Prec@1 78.91 (75.96) Prec@5 96.09 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-17:19:01] Epoch: [180][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.217 (2.908) Prec@1 68.75 (75.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.25) - train[2018-10-21-17:20:44] Epoch: [180][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.860 (2.901) Prec@1 76.56 (76.10) Prec@5 93.75 (91.36) - train[2018-10-21-17:22:29] Epoch: [180][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.894) Prec@1 70.31 (76.18) Prec@5 89.84 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-17:24:14] Epoch: [180][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.744 (2.893) Prec@1 77.34 (76.23) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:25:58] Epoch: [180][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.892) Prec@1 71.88 (76.27) Prec@5 89.06 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:27:42] Epoch: [180][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.892) Prec@1 78.91 (76.26) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-17:29:27] Epoch: [180][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.892) Prec@1 75.78 (76.28) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-17:31:12] Epoch: [180][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.893) Prec@1 75.78 (76.26) Prec@5 86.72 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:32:57] Epoch: [180][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.894) Prec@1 78.91 (76.25) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:34:42] Epoch: [180][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (2.894) Prec@1 71.88 (76.24) Prec@5 87.50 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:36:27] Epoch: [180][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.894) Prec@1 75.00 (76.26) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:38:12] Epoch: [180][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.196 (2.894) Prec@1 63.28 (76.24) Prec@5 88.28 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-17:39:57] Epoch: [180][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.20) Prec@5 95.31 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-17:41:42] Epoch: [180][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.895) Prec@1 73.44 (76.19) Prec@5 88.28 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-17:43:26] Epoch: [180][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.895) Prec@1 75.00 (76.19) Prec@5 87.50 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-17:45:11] Epoch: [180][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.17) Prec@5 88.28 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:46:56] Epoch: [180][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.896) Prec@1 82.81 (76.18) Prec@5 93.75 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:48:41] Epoch: [180][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.896) Prec@1 78.91 (76.18) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:50:26] Epoch: [180][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.301 (2.896) Prec@1 64.84 (76.17) Prec@5 82.81 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:52:11] Epoch: [180][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.16) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:53:56] Epoch: [180][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.896) Prec@1 71.09 (76.17) Prec@5 89.06 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-17:55:41] Epoch: [180][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.15) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-17:57:25] Epoch: [180][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.897) Prec@1 75.00 (76.14) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-17:59:10] Epoch: [180][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.897) Prec@1 78.91 (76.15) Prec@5 92.19 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:00:56] Epoch: [180][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.596 (2.897) Prec@1 82.81 (76.15) Prec@5 96.88 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-18:02:41] Epoch: [180][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.897) Prec@1 78.91 (76.16) Prec@5 96.09 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-18:04:25] Epoch: [180][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.897) Prec@1 79.69 (76.15) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-18:06:11] Epoch: [180][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.897) Prec@1 71.09 (76.15) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:07:56] Epoch: [180][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.897) Prec@1 71.88 (76.14) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:09:40] Epoch: [180][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.897) Prec@1 80.47 (76.14) Prec@5 93.75 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:11:25] Epoch: [180][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (2.897) Prec@1 75.00 (76.14) Prec@5 89.06 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:13:10] Epoch: [180][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.897) Prec@1 74.22 (76.14) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:14:56] Epoch: [180][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.710 (2.897) Prec@1 81.25 (76.15) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:16:42] Epoch: [180][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.897) Prec@1 67.19 (76.13) Prec@5 90.62 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-18:18:28] Epoch: [180][7400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.898) Prec@1 80.47 (76.12) Prec@5 96.09 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-18:20:15] Epoch: [180][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.898) Prec@1 78.91 (76.12) Prec@5 89.84 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:22:01] Epoch: [180][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.514 (2.899) Prec@1 84.38 (76.11) Prec@5 92.97 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:23:45] Epoch: [180][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.899) Prec@1 81.25 (76.11) Prec@5 92.19 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:25:30] Epoch: [180][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.347 (2.900) Prec@1 71.88 (76.10) Prec@5 88.28 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:27:14] Epoch: [180][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.10) Prec@5 91.41 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:28:58] Epoch: [180][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.199 (2.900) Prec@1 68.75 (76.09) Prec@5 87.50 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:30:43] Epoch: [180][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.900) Prec@1 78.12 (76.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:32:28] Epoch: [180][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.900) Prec@1 75.00 (76.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:34:12] Epoch: [180][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.900) Prec@1 71.88 (76.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-18:35:57] Epoch: [180][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.901) Prec@1 78.91 (76.08) Prec@5 91.41 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-18:37:42] Epoch: [180][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.901) Prec@1 78.12 (76.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-18:39:27] Epoch: [180][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.901) Prec@1 75.00 (76.07) Prec@5 88.28 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-18:41:11] Epoch: [180][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.901) Prec@1 79.69 (76.07) Prec@5 93.75 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-18:41:15] Epoch: [180][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.901) Prec@1 86.67 (76.07) Prec@5 86.67 (91.37) -[2018-10-21-18:41:15] **train** Prec@1 76.07 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 23.93 Error@5 8.63 Loss:2.901 - test [2018-10-21-18:41:19] Epoch: [180][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 0.560 (0.560) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-18:41:45] Epoch: [180][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.175 (0.996) Prec@1 67.97 (77.37) Prec@5 92.97 (93.57) - test [2018-10-21-18:42:09] Epoch: [180][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.088 (1.165) Prec@1 47.50 (73.68) Prec@5 85.00 (91.37) -[2018-10-21-18:42:09] **test** Prec@1 73.68 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 26.32 Error@5 8.63 Loss:1.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.76, Acc@5=91.31, Error@1=26.24, Error@5=8.69 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-18:42:10] [Epoch=181/250] [Need: 101:44:56] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-18:42:14] Epoch: [181][000/10010] Time 4.27 (4.27) Data 3.66 (3.66) Loss 2.956 (2.956) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-21-18:43:58] Epoch: [181][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.857 (2.869) Prec@1 74.22 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-21-18:45:43] Epoch: [181][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.998 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-18:47:28] Epoch: [181][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.907 (2.876) Prec@1 75.00 (76.54) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-21-18:49:12] Epoch: [181][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (2.882) Prec@1 79.69 (76.50) Prec@5 94.53 (91.53) - train[2018-10-21-18:50:57] Epoch: [181][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.886) Prec@1 80.47 (76.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-18:52:42] Epoch: [181][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.42) Prec@5 89.06 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-18:54:28] Epoch: [181][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.581 (2.888) Prec@1 79.69 (76.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-18:56:13] Epoch: [181][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.33) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-18:57:58] Epoch: [181][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.890) Prec@1 75.00 (76.31) Prec@5 89.06 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-18:59:43] Epoch: [181][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.890) Prec@1 69.53 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:01:28] Epoch: [181][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.891) Prec@1 78.91 (76.28) Prec@5 92.19 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:03:13] Epoch: [181][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.891) Prec@1 74.22 (76.29) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:04:57] Epoch: [181][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.891) Prec@1 71.88 (76.29) Prec@5 89.84 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:06:42] Epoch: [181][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.891) Prec@1 66.41 (76.27) Prec@5 92.97 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:08:27] Epoch: [181][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.892) Prec@1 76.56 (76.27) Prec@5 93.75 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:10:12] Epoch: [181][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (2.893) Prec@1 71.88 (76.24) Prec@5 87.50 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:11:57] Epoch: [181][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.894) Prec@1 78.12 (76.22) Prec@5 91.41 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:13:42] Epoch: [181][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.894) Prec@1 78.12 (76.22) Prec@5 90.62 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:15:27] Epoch: [181][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.894) Prec@1 75.00 (76.20) Prec@5 92.19 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:17:12] Epoch: [181][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (2.895) Prec@1 74.22 (76.19) Prec@5 87.50 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:18:56] Epoch: [181][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.895) Prec@1 75.00 (76.20) Prec@5 89.84 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:20:41] Epoch: [181][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.895) Prec@1 73.44 (76.19) Prec@5 90.62 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:22:27] Epoch: [181][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.895) Prec@1 74.22 (76.19) Prec@5 90.62 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:24:11] Epoch: [181][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.895) Prec@1 73.44 (76.19) Prec@5 93.75 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:25:56] Epoch: [181][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.894) Prec@1 76.56 (76.20) Prec@5 92.97 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:27:40] Epoch: [181][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.894) Prec@1 75.78 (76.20) Prec@5 89.06 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:29:25] Epoch: [181][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (2.893) Prec@1 71.09 (76.21) Prec@5 86.72 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-19:31:10] Epoch: [181][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.894) Prec@1 71.88 (76.21) Prec@5 87.50 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:32:55] Epoch: [181][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.894) Prec@1 77.34 (76.20) Prec@5 92.97 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:34:40] Epoch: [181][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.895) Prec@1 71.88 (76.19) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-19:36:25] Epoch: [181][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.895) Prec@1 77.34 (76.18) Prec@5 92.97 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-19:38:10] Epoch: [181][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.527 (2.896) Prec@1 80.47 (76.18) Prec@5 96.09 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:39:55] Epoch: [181][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.896) Prec@1 73.44 (76.17) Prec@5 89.06 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:41:40] Epoch: [181][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.896) Prec@1 77.34 (76.16) Prec@5 92.97 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-19:43:24] Epoch: [181][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.610 (2.897) Prec@1 83.59 (76.14) Prec@5 95.31 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-19:45:09] Epoch: [181][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.897) Prec@1 71.09 (76.12) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-19:46:54] Epoch: [181][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.897) Prec@1 75.78 (76.12) Prec@5 92.19 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-19:48:39] Epoch: [181][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.227 (2.898) Prec@1 71.88 (76.12) Prec@5 84.38 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-19:50:24] Epoch: [181][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.073 (2.897) Prec@1 75.00 (76.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-19:52:09] Epoch: [181][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.897) Prec@1 77.34 (76.13) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-19:53:54] Epoch: [181][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.897) Prec@1 75.78 (76.13) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-19:55:38] Epoch: [181][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.897) Prec@1 81.25 (76.12) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-19:57:23] Epoch: [181][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.897) Prec@1 68.75 (76.12) Prec@5 89.06 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-19:59:07] Epoch: [181][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.897) Prec@1 78.91 (76.11) Prec@5 94.53 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:00:52] Epoch: [181][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.623 (2.897) Prec@1 80.47 (76.11) Prec@5 94.53 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:02:36] Epoch: [181][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.155 (2.897) Prec@1 71.88 (76.11) Prec@5 85.94 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:04:21] Epoch: [181][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.897) Prec@1 77.34 (76.11) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:06:06] Epoch: [181][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.898) Prec@1 85.16 (76.11) Prec@5 93.75 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:07:51] Epoch: [181][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.573 (2.898) Prec@1 79.69 (76.10) Prec@5 92.19 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:09:36] Epoch: [181][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.898) Prec@1 75.78 (76.11) Prec@5 89.06 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:09:40] Epoch: [181][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.898) Prec@1 73.33 (76.11) Prec@5 93.33 (91.40) -[2018-10-21-20:09:40] **train** Prec@1 76.11 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 23.89 Error@5 8.60 Loss:2.898 - test [2018-10-21-20:09:44] Epoch: [181][000/391] Time 3.79 (3.79) Data 3.66 (3.66) Loss 0.563 (0.563) Prec@1 90.62 (90.62) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-20:10:10] Epoch: [181][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.112 (1.004) Prec@1 72.66 (77.32) Prec@5 92.19 (93.64) - test [2018-10-21-20:10:35] Epoch: [181][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.116 (1.171) Prec@1 46.25 (73.78) Prec@5 83.75 (91.39) -[2018-10-21-20:10:35] **test** Prec@1 73.78 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.22 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.78, Acc@5=91.39, Error@1=26.22, Error@5=8.61 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-20:10:35] [Epoch=182/250] [Need: 100:13:13] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-20:10:40] Epoch: [182][000/10010] Time 4.95 (4.95) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 2.831 (2.831) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-21-20:12:26] Epoch: [182][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.986 (2.878) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.85) - train[2018-10-21-20:14:11] Epoch: [182][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.677 (2.885) Prec@1 83.59 (76.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.59) - train[2018-10-21-20:15:55] Epoch: [182][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.767 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.32) Prec@5 91.41 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-20:17:40] Epoch: [182][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.760 (2.892) Prec@1 76.56 (76.33) Prec@5 93.75 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-20:19:24] Epoch: [182][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.894) Prec@1 71.09 (76.26) Prec@5 91.41 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-20:21:09] Epoch: [182][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.517 (2.899) Prec@1 84.38 (76.14) Prec@5 95.31 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-20:22:55] Epoch: [182][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.898) Prec@1 71.09 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:24:40] Epoch: [182][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.899) Prec@1 74.22 (76.11) Prec@5 88.28 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-20:26:24] Epoch: [182][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.898) Prec@1 77.34 (76.12) Prec@5 94.53 (91.37) - train[2018-10-21-20:28:09] Epoch: [182][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.898) Prec@1 78.12 (76.11) Prec@5 92.19 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-20:29:54] Epoch: [182][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.895) Prec@1 74.22 (76.15) Prec@5 90.62 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:31:38] Epoch: [182][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.896) Prec@1 73.44 (76.15) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:33:24] Epoch: [182][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.896) Prec@1 72.66 (76.13) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:35:10] Epoch: [182][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.897) Prec@1 75.78 (76.14) Prec@5 92.19 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-20:36:55] Epoch: [182][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.897) Prec@1 80.47 (76.12) Prec@5 92.19 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-20:38:39] Epoch: [182][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.896) Prec@1 75.00 (76.13) Prec@5 90.62 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-20:40:24] Epoch: [182][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (2.897) Prec@1 72.66 (76.13) Prec@5 88.28 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-20:42:08] Epoch: [182][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.897) Prec@1 81.25 (76.11) Prec@5 94.53 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-20:43:52] Epoch: [182][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.896) Prec@1 78.91 (76.13) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:45:37] Epoch: [182][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (2.896) Prec@1 73.44 (76.13) Prec@5 85.94 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:47:22] Epoch: [182][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.12) Prec@5 94.53 (91.39) - train[2018-10-21-20:49:07] Epoch: [182][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:50:52] Epoch: [182][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.896) Prec@1 80.47 (76.13) Prec@5 92.97 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:52:36] Epoch: [182][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.896) Prec@1 71.88 (76.14) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:54:22] Epoch: [182][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.895) Prec@1 81.25 (76.16) Prec@5 95.31 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:56:06] Epoch: [182][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (2.895) Prec@1 71.09 (76.15) Prec@5 88.28 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-20:57:52] Epoch: [182][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.501 (2.896) Prec@1 80.47 (76.14) Prec@5 95.31 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-20:59:37] Epoch: [182][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (2.896) Prec@1 70.31 (76.14) Prec@5 89.84 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-21:01:22] Epoch: [182][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.896) Prec@1 72.66 (76.14) Prec@5 94.53 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:03:07] Epoch: [182][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.13) Prec@5 92.97 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:04:51] Epoch: [182][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.14) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:06:36] Epoch: [182][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.896) Prec@1 82.81 (76.14) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:08:21] Epoch: [182][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.896) Prec@1 80.47 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-21:10:07] Epoch: [182][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.896) Prec@1 78.91 (76.14) Prec@5 88.28 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:11:51] Epoch: [182][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.896) Prec@1 77.34 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:13:36] Epoch: [182][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.483 (2.896) Prec@1 83.59 (76.14) Prec@5 96.09 (91.40) - train[2018-10-21-21:15:20] Epoch: [182][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.896) Prec@1 77.34 (76.14) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:17:05] Epoch: [182][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.896) Prec@1 75.00 (76.14) Prec@5 92.19 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-21:18:50] Epoch: [182][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.896) Prec@1 75.78 (76.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:20:35] Epoch: [182][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.14) Prec@5 93.75 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:22:19] Epoch: [182][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.443 (2.896) Prec@1 82.81 (76.15) Prec@5 95.31 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:24:04] Epoch: [182][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.896) Prec@1 78.12 (76.14) Prec@5 93.75 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:25:50] Epoch: [182][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.896) Prec@1 72.66 (76.14) Prec@5 89.84 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:27:34] Epoch: [182][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.896) Prec@1 75.78 (76.14) Prec@5 92.97 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:29:19] Epoch: [182][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.896) Prec@1 75.00 (76.15) Prec@5 94.53 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:31:04] Epoch: [182][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.895) Prec@1 75.00 (76.15) Prec@5 95.31 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:32:49] Epoch: [182][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.896) Prec@1 76.56 (76.15) Prec@5 93.75 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:34:33] Epoch: [182][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.896) Prec@1 75.00 (76.15) Prec@5 89.84 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:36:19] Epoch: [182][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.896) Prec@1 74.22 (76.14) Prec@5 94.53 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-21:38:04] Epoch: [182][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.700 (2.896) Prec@1 79.69 (76.14) Prec@5 95.31 (91.42) - train[2018-10-21-21:38:08] Epoch: [182][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.998 (2.896) Prec@1 46.67 (76.14) Prec@5 66.67 (91.42) -[2018-10-21-21:38:08] **train** Prec@1 76.14 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 23.86 Error@5 8.58 Loss:2.896 - test [2018-10-21-21:38:12] Epoch: [182][000/391] Time 4.12 (4.12) Data 3.98 (3.98) Loss 0.526 (0.526) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-21-21:38:38] Epoch: [182][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.153 (1.004) Prec@1 66.41 (77.34) Prec@5 94.53 (93.52) - test [2018-10-21-21:39:03] Epoch: [182][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.190 (1.170) Prec@1 48.75 (73.77) Prec@5 82.50 (91.35) -[2018-10-21-21:39:03] **test** Prec@1 73.77 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.23 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.170 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.78, Acc@5=91.39, Error@1=26.22, Error@5=8.61 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-21:39:03] [Epoch=183/250] [Need: 98:46:53] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-21:39:08] Epoch: [183][000/10010] Time 5.06 (5.06) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 3.017 (3.017) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-21-21:40:52] Epoch: [183][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.043 (2.896) Prec@1 71.88 (76.39) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-21-21:42:36] Epoch: [183][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.959 (2.903) Prec@1 72.66 (76.20) Prec@5 92.97 (91.32) - train[2018-10-21-21:44:20] Epoch: [183][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.237 (2.896) Prec@1 73.44 (76.29) Prec@5 85.16 (91.38) - train[2018-10-21-21:46:06] Epoch: [183][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.980 (2.894) Prec@1 75.78 (76.28) Prec@5 92.97 (91.43) - train[2018-10-21-21:47:50] Epoch: [183][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.891) Prec@1 73.44 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-21:49:35] Epoch: [183][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-21:51:20] Epoch: [183][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (2.890) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 85.94 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-21:53:05] Epoch: [183][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.35) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-21:54:50] Epoch: [183][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (2.890) Prec@1 75.78 (76.33) Prec@5 88.28 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-21:56:35] Epoch: [183][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.36) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-21:58:20] Epoch: [183][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.656 (2.888) Prec@1 78.12 (76.35) Prec@5 95.31 (91.51) - train[2018-10-21-22:00:05] Epoch: [183][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.520 (2.889) Prec@1 82.81 (76.34) Prec@5 96.88 (91.51) - train[2018-10-21-22:01:50] Epoch: [183][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.317 (2.888) Prec@1 71.09 (76.36) Prec@5 85.16 (91.52) - train[2018-10-21-22:03:34] Epoch: [183][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.888) Prec@1 79.69 (76.34) Prec@5 92.19 (91.53) - train[2018-10-21-22:05:20] Epoch: [183][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.32) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-21-22:07:05] Epoch: [183][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.31) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-21-22:08:49] Epoch: [183][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.889) Prec@1 76.56 (76.31) Prec@5 92.19 (91.51) - train[2018-10-21-22:10:33] Epoch: [183][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.890) Prec@1 75.78 (76.30) Prec@5 86.72 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:12:18] Epoch: [183][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.889) Prec@1 81.25 (76.32) Prec@5 94.53 (91.50) - train[2018-10-21-22:14:03] Epoch: [183][4000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.890) Prec@1 82.81 (76.30) Prec@5 93.75 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:15:47] Epoch: [183][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.891) Prec@1 80.47 (76.28) Prec@5 92.97 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:17:32] Epoch: [183][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.891) Prec@1 77.34 (76.28) Prec@5 90.62 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:19:17] Epoch: [183][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.891) Prec@1 77.34 (76.27) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:21:02] Epoch: [183][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.891) Prec@1 75.78 (76.25) Prec@5 91.41 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-22:22:47] Epoch: [183][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.891) Prec@1 78.12 (76.25) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-21-22:24:32] Epoch: [183][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (2.891) Prec@1 79.69 (76.24) Prec@5 93.75 (91.48) - train[2018-10-21-22:26:16] Epoch: [183][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.892) Prec@1 82.03 (76.22) Prec@5 93.75 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:28:01] Epoch: [183][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.892) Prec@1 77.34 (76.23) Prec@5 85.94 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:29:45] Epoch: [183][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.23) Prec@5 92.19 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:31:29] Epoch: [183][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.23) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:33:14] Epoch: [183][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.486 (2.892) Prec@1 83.59 (76.24) Prec@5 96.88 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:34:59] Epoch: [183][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.533 (2.892) Prec@1 82.81 (76.25) Prec@5 95.31 (91.47) - train[2018-10-21-22:36:44] Epoch: [183][6600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.892) Prec@1 75.00 (76.25) Prec@5 87.50 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:38:28] Epoch: [183][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.24) Prec@5 92.97 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:40:13] Epoch: [183][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.892) Prec@1 69.53 (76.23) Prec@5 92.19 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:41:58] Epoch: [183][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.278 (2.892) Prec@1 71.09 (76.23) Prec@5 88.28 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:43:43] Epoch: [183][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.892) Prec@1 75.78 (76.23) Prec@5 93.75 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:45:29] Epoch: [183][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.892) Prec@1 74.22 (76.22) Prec@5 92.97 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:47:14] Epoch: [183][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.893) Prec@1 78.12 (76.22) Prec@5 88.28 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:48:59] Epoch: [183][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.893) Prec@1 73.44 (76.21) Prec@5 92.97 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:50:43] Epoch: [183][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.893) Prec@1 80.47 (76.19) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-22:52:28] Epoch: [183][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.893) Prec@1 77.34 (76.19) Prec@5 90.62 (91.46) - train[2018-10-21-22:54:13] Epoch: [183][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.894) Prec@1 75.00 (76.19) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-22:55:57] Epoch: [183][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.893) Prec@1 74.22 (76.19) Prec@5 89.06 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-22:57:42] Epoch: [183][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.894) Prec@1 78.12 (76.19) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-22:59:27] Epoch: [183][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.894) Prec@1 79.69 (76.19) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-23:01:11] Epoch: [183][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.894) Prec@1 78.91 (76.18) Prec@5 94.53 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-23:02:56] Epoch: [183][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.894) Prec@1 74.22 (76.18) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-23:04:41] Epoch: [183][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.894) Prec@1 72.66 (76.18) Prec@5 92.19 (91.44) - train[2018-10-21-23:06:26] Epoch: [183][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.894) Prec@1 69.53 (76.18) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-21-23:06:30] Epoch: [183][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.894) Prec@1 80.00 (76.18) Prec@5 93.33 (91.44) -[2018-10-21-23:06:30] **train** Prec@1 76.18 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 23.82 Error@5 8.56 Loss:2.894 - test [2018-10-21-23:06:34] Epoch: [183][000/391] Time 4.12 (4.12) Data 3.99 (3.99) Loss 0.544 (0.544) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-21-23:07:01] Epoch: [183][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.218 (0.992) Prec@1 68.75 (77.35) Prec@5 91.41 (93.63) - test [2018-10-21-23:07:26] Epoch: [183][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.153 (1.163) Prec@1 46.25 (73.79) Prec@5 82.50 (91.49) -[2018-10-21-23:07:26] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.51 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.79, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.21, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-21-23:07:26] [Epoch=184/250] [Need: 97:13:39] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-21-23:07:32] Epoch: [184][000/10010] Time 5.26 (5.26) Data 4.67 (4.67) Loss 2.960 (2.960) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-21-23:09:17] Epoch: [184][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.919 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-21-23:11:01] Epoch: [184][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.687 (2.878) Prec@1 82.81 (76.69) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-21-23:12:45] Epoch: [184][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.748 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-21-23:14:30] Epoch: [184][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.825 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (76.63) Prec@5 95.31 (91.65) - train[2018-10-21-23:16:14] Epoch: [184][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.60) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-21-23:17:59] Epoch: [184][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.876) Prec@1 74.22 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-21-23:19:44] Epoch: [184][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.879) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.61) - train[2018-10-21-23:21:30] Epoch: [184][1600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.54) Prec@5 87.50 (91.60) - train[2018-10-21-23:23:15] Epoch: [184][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.883) Prec@1 75.00 (76.50) Prec@5 89.84 (91.60) - train[2018-10-21-23:25:00] Epoch: [184][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.883) Prec@1 80.47 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.60) - train[2018-10-21-23:26:45] Epoch: [184][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.514 (2.883) Prec@1 82.03 (76.47) Prec@5 95.31 (91.58) - train[2018-10-21-23:28:29] Epoch: [184][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.591 (2.883) Prec@1 82.81 (76.47) Prec@5 93.75 (91.58) - train[2018-10-21-23:30:14] Epoch: [184][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.884) Prec@1 73.44 (76.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-21-23:32:00] Epoch: [184][2800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.812 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-21-23:33:44] Epoch: [184][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:35:29] Epoch: [184][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.884) Prec@1 73.44 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:37:14] Epoch: [184][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.884) Prec@1 81.25 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:38:59] Epoch: [184][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.883) Prec@1 79.69 (76.48) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:40:44] Epoch: [184][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.882) Prec@1 80.47 (76.50) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-21-23:42:29] Epoch: [184][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.882) Prec@1 74.22 (76.49) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-21-23:44:14] Epoch: [184][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.883) Prec@1 73.44 (76.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-21-23:45:59] Epoch: [184][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.45) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:47:44] Epoch: [184][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.883) Prec@1 79.69 (76.45) Prec@5 89.06 (91.56) - train[2018-10-21-23:49:30] Epoch: [184][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.885) Prec@1 71.09 (76.42) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-21-23:51:15] Epoch: [184][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.885) Prec@1 76.56 (76.42) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-21-23:52:59] Epoch: [184][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.41) Prec@5 89.84 (91.53) - train[2018-10-21-23:54:44] Epoch: [184][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (2.885) Prec@1 73.44 (76.40) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-21-23:56:28] Epoch: [184][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.40) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-21-23:58:13] Epoch: [184][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.885) Prec@1 76.56 (76.38) Prec@5 89.06 (91.53) - train[2018-10-21-23:59:57] Epoch: [184][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.886) Prec@1 78.91 (76.37) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-00:01:43] Epoch: [184][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.886) Prec@1 74.22 (76.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:03:27] Epoch: [184][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.887) Prec@1 73.44 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:05:12] Epoch: [184][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.887) Prec@1 77.34 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-00:06:56] Epoch: [184][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.887) Prec@1 81.25 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:08:41] Epoch: [184][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.888) Prec@1 80.47 (76.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:10:26] Epoch: [184][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (2.889) Prec@1 68.75 (76.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:12:10] Epoch: [184][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.33) Prec@5 89.06 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:13:55] Epoch: [184][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.33) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:15:39] Epoch: [184][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:17:25] Epoch: [184][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.889) Prec@1 80.47 (76.33) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:19:10] Epoch: [184][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.889) Prec@1 78.91 (76.33) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:20:55] Epoch: [184][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.889) Prec@1 78.91 (76.32) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:22:39] Epoch: [184][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.889) Prec@1 74.22 (76.33) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:24:24] Epoch: [184][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:26:08] Epoch: [184][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.890) Prec@1 75.00 (76.31) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:27:53] Epoch: [184][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.890) Prec@1 78.91 (76.30) Prec@5 89.06 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-00:29:39] Epoch: [184][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.890) Prec@1 74.22 (76.29) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-00:31:24] Epoch: [184][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.890) Prec@1 74.22 (76.29) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-00:33:08] Epoch: [184][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.794 (2.890) Prec@1 78.12 (76.29) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-00:34:54] Epoch: [184][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.637 (2.891) Prec@1 78.91 (76.28) Prec@5 95.31 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-00:34:58] Epoch: [184][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.891) Prec@1 73.33 (76.28) Prec@5 93.33 (91.49) -[2018-10-22-00:34:58] **train** Prec@1 76.28 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 23.72 Error@5 8.51 Loss:2.891 - test [2018-10-22-00:35:02] Epoch: [184][000/391] Time 3.66 (3.66) Data 3.53 (3.53) Loss 0.549 (0.549) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-00:35:28] Epoch: [184][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.183 (0.982) Prec@1 66.41 (77.32) Prec@5 92.19 (93.65) - test [2018-10-22-00:35:53] Epoch: [184][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.103 (1.152) Prec@1 46.25 (73.79) Prec@5 83.75 (91.40) -[2018-10-22-00:35:53] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.60 Loss:1.152 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.79, Acc@5=91.40, Error@1=26.21, Error@5=8.60 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-00:35:53] [Epoch=185/250] [Need: 95:48:44] LR=0.0004 ~ 0.0004, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-00:35:58] Epoch: [185][000/10010] Time 5.22 (5.22) Data 4.65 (4.65) Loss 2.776 (2.776) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-22-00:37:42] Epoch: [185][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.768 (2.903) Prec@1 74.22 (76.23) Prec@5 92.97 (91.31) - train[2018-10-22-00:39:27] Epoch: [185][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.192 (2.895) Prec@1 69.53 (76.29) Prec@5 87.50 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-00:41:11] Epoch: [185][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.139 (2.898) Prec@1 76.56 (76.23) Prec@5 87.50 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-00:42:55] Epoch: [185][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.799 (2.896) Prec@1 78.91 (76.22) Prec@5 92.19 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:44:40] Epoch: [185][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.895) Prec@1 72.66 (76.28) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-00:46:25] Epoch: [185][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.896) Prec@1 75.78 (76.21) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-00:48:09] Epoch: [185][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.897) Prec@1 80.47 (76.21) Prec@5 93.75 (91.43) - train[2018-10-22-00:49:53] Epoch: [185][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.894) Prec@1 72.66 (76.26) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-00:51:39] Epoch: [185][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.893) Prec@1 77.34 (76.29) Prec@5 89.06 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-00:53:23] Epoch: [185][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (2.893) Prec@1 76.56 (76.29) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-00:55:08] Epoch: [185][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.892) Prec@1 74.22 (76.29) Prec@5 88.28 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-00:56:53] Epoch: [185][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.892) Prec@1 81.25 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-00:58:38] Epoch: [185][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.893) Prec@1 78.91 (76.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:00:23] Epoch: [185][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.892) Prec@1 75.78 (76.33) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:02:08] Epoch: [185][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.892) Prec@1 78.91 (76.33) Prec@5 93.75 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:03:52] Epoch: [185][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.893) Prec@1 73.44 (76.31) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-01:05:37] Epoch: [185][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (2.893) Prec@1 75.00 (76.31) Prec@5 86.72 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-01:07:21] Epoch: [185][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (2.892) Prec@1 67.19 (76.32) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:09:06] Epoch: [185][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.892) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:10:50] Epoch: [185][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.892) Prec@1 75.78 (76.33) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:12:35] Epoch: [185][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.891) Prec@1 71.09 (76.34) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:14:19] Epoch: [185][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.892) Prec@1 71.88 (76.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:16:04] Epoch: [185][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.890) Prec@1 78.12 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:17:49] Epoch: [185][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.891) Prec@1 78.12 (76.34) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:19:33] Epoch: [185][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.576 (2.891) Prec@1 83.59 (76.34) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:21:18] Epoch: [185][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.891) Prec@1 79.69 (76.32) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:23:02] Epoch: [185][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.892) Prec@1 79.69 (76.30) Prec@5 92.97 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-01:24:47] Epoch: [185][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.891) Prec@1 77.34 (76.31) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:26:32] Epoch: [185][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.891) Prec@1 74.22 (76.32) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:28:17] Epoch: [185][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.892) Prec@1 69.53 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:30:02] Epoch: [185][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.892) Prec@1 74.22 (76.31) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:31:47] Epoch: [185][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (2.892) Prec@1 69.53 (76.30) Prec@5 87.50 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:33:32] Epoch: [185][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.30) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-01:35:17] Epoch: [185][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.893) Prec@1 76.56 (76.30) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:37:02] Epoch: [185][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.893) Prec@1 81.25 (76.29) Prec@5 92.97 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:38:48] Epoch: [185][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.893) Prec@1 71.88 (76.28) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:40:35] Epoch: [185][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.634 (2.893) Prec@1 84.38 (76.28) Prec@5 94.53 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:42:21] Epoch: [185][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.893) Prec@1 78.12 (76.27) Prec@5 92.19 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:44:07] Epoch: [185][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.894) Prec@1 82.81 (76.27) Prec@5 92.19 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:45:51] Epoch: [185][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.894) Prec@1 78.12 (76.27) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:47:36] Epoch: [185][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.893) Prec@1 80.47 (76.27) Prec@5 91.41 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:49:21] Epoch: [185][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (2.894) Prec@1 73.44 (76.26) Prec@5 89.06 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:51:05] Epoch: [185][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.893) Prec@1 75.78 (76.26) Prec@5 91.41 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-01:52:51] Epoch: [185][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.893) Prec@1 78.12 (76.28) Prec@5 94.53 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-01:54:35] Epoch: [185][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.893) Prec@1 72.66 (76.27) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-01:56:20] Epoch: [185][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.893) Prec@1 74.22 (76.26) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-01:58:04] Epoch: [185][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.894) Prec@1 77.34 (76.26) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-01:59:49] Epoch: [185][9600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.894) Prec@1 71.88 (76.26) Prec@5 91.41 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-02:01:34] Epoch: [185][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.547 (2.894) Prec@1 82.81 (76.25) Prec@5 94.53 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-02:03:19] Epoch: [185][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.894) Prec@1 73.44 (76.25) Prec@5 92.19 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-02:03:23] Epoch: [185][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.646 (2.894) Prec@1 53.33 (76.25) Prec@5 93.33 (91.47) -[2018-10-22-02:03:23] **train** Prec@1 76.25 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 23.75 Error@5 8.53 Loss:2.894 - test [2018-10-22-02:03:27] Epoch: [185][000/391] Time 3.93 (3.93) Data 3.79 (3.79) Loss 0.564 (0.564) Prec@1 89.06 (89.06) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-02:03:53] Epoch: [185][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.259 (0.995) Prec@1 66.41 (77.27) Prec@5 90.62 (93.68) - test [2018-10-22-02:04:18] Epoch: [185][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.141 (1.165) Prec@1 47.50 (73.68) Prec@5 81.25 (91.41) -[2018-10-22-02:04:18] **test** Prec@1 73.68 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.32 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.79, Acc@5=91.40, Error@1=26.21, Error@5=8.60 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-02:04:18] [Epoch=186/250] [Need: 94:19:10] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-02:04:23] Epoch: [186][000/10010] Time 4.60 (4.60) Data 3.98 (3.98) Loss 2.863 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-22-02:06:07] Epoch: [186][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.534 (2.864) Prec@1 84.38 (76.70) Prec@5 96.09 (91.86) - train[2018-10-22-02:07:52] Epoch: [186][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.883 (2.880) Prec@1 79.69 (76.62) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-02:09:36] Epoch: [186][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.183 (2.885) Prec@1 69.53 (76.52) Prec@5 85.94 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-02:11:21] Epoch: [186][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.871 (2.882) Prec@1 74.22 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-02:13:07] Epoch: [186][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 89.84 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-02:14:51] Epoch: [186][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.882) Prec@1 78.12 (76.46) Prec@5 94.53 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-02:16:35] Epoch: [186][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.882) Prec@1 71.88 (76.45) Prec@5 87.50 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-02:18:19] Epoch: [186][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:20:04] Epoch: [186][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.884) Prec@1 75.00 (76.38) Prec@5 89.06 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-02:21:49] Epoch: [186][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.35) Prec@5 95.31 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:23:34] Epoch: [186][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.887) Prec@1 74.22 (76.35) Prec@5 85.94 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:25:19] Epoch: [186][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (2.887) Prec@1 70.31 (76.35) Prec@5 86.72 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:27:04] Epoch: [186][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.888) Prec@1 80.47 (76.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:28:49] Epoch: [186][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.888) Prec@1 75.78 (76.33) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:30:33] Epoch: [186][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.887) Prec@1 78.12 (76.34) Prec@5 94.53 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-02:32:18] Epoch: [186][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.887) Prec@1 73.44 (76.36) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-02:34:03] Epoch: [186][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.33) Prec@5 89.06 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-02:35:48] Epoch: [186][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (2.888) Prec@1 73.44 (76.33) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-02:37:33] Epoch: [186][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.888) Prec@1 72.66 (76.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-02:39:17] Epoch: [186][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (2.889) Prec@1 76.56 (76.32) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-02:41:02] Epoch: [186][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-02:42:47] Epoch: [186][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.889) Prec@1 79.69 (76.31) Prec@5 89.06 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-02:44:31] Epoch: [186][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.890) Prec@1 68.75 (76.31) Prec@5 89.06 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-02:46:16] Epoch: [186][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.642 (2.890) Prec@1 77.34 (76.30) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-02:48:01] Epoch: [186][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.891) Prec@1 78.12 (76.27) Prec@5 89.06 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-02:49:46] Epoch: [186][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.536 (2.891) Prec@1 82.03 (76.27) Prec@5 92.97 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-02:51:31] Epoch: [186][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.174 (2.891) Prec@1 72.66 (76.28) Prec@5 88.28 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-02:53:16] Epoch: [186][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.616 (2.892) Prec@1 84.38 (76.28) Prec@5 95.31 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-02:55:01] Epoch: [186][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.891) Prec@1 70.31 (76.28) Prec@5 89.06 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-02:56:46] Epoch: [186][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.891) Prec@1 79.69 (76.30) Prec@5 92.97 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-02:58:31] Epoch: [186][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (2.891) Prec@1 67.97 (76.30) Prec@5 88.28 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:00:15] Epoch: [186][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.890) Prec@1 76.56 (76.30) Prec@5 93.75 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-03:02:00] Epoch: [186][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.559 (2.891) Prec@1 84.38 (76.28) Prec@5 97.66 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-03:03:45] Epoch: [186][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.891) Prec@1 81.25 (76.28) Prec@5 92.19 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-03:05:29] Epoch: [186][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.891) Prec@1 72.66 (76.27) Prec@5 93.75 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-03:07:14] Epoch: [186][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.892) Prec@1 79.69 (76.27) Prec@5 92.19 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-03:08:58] Epoch: [186][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.634 (2.892) Prec@1 78.12 (76.26) Prec@5 94.53 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:10:43] Epoch: [186][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.892) Prec@1 76.56 (76.26) Prec@5 86.72 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:12:28] Epoch: [186][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.892) Prec@1 77.34 (76.27) Prec@5 96.09 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:14:13] Epoch: [186][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.892) Prec@1 75.78 (76.26) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:15:58] Epoch: [186][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.892) Prec@1 74.22 (76.26) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:17:43] Epoch: [186][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.893) Prec@1 68.75 (76.25) Prec@5 87.50 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:19:27] Epoch: [186][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.893) Prec@1 74.22 (76.25) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:21:12] Epoch: [186][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.893) Prec@1 77.34 (76.25) Prec@5 91.41 (91.44) - train[2018-10-22-03:22:57] Epoch: [186][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.893) Prec@1 76.56 (76.24) Prec@5 91.41 (91.44) - train[2018-10-22-03:24:42] Epoch: [186][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.894) Prec@1 75.78 (76.24) Prec@5 88.28 (91.44) - train[2018-10-22-03:26:26] Epoch: [186][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.893) Prec@1 74.22 (76.25) Prec@5 93.75 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:28:11] Epoch: [186][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.894) Prec@1 77.34 (76.24) Prec@5 91.41 (91.43) - train[2018-10-22-03:29:56] Epoch: [186][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.894) Prec@1 74.22 (76.25) Prec@5 93.75 (91.44) - train[2018-10-22-03:31:40] Epoch: [186][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.893) Prec@1 76.56 (76.25) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-03:31:45] Epoch: [186][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.337 (2.893) Prec@1 66.67 (76.25) Prec@5 100.00 (91.45) -[2018-10-22-03:31:45] **train** Prec@1 76.25 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 23.75 Error@5 8.55 Loss:2.893 - test [2018-10-22-03:31:49] Epoch: [186][000/391] Time 4.08 (4.08) Data 3.94 (3.94) Loss 0.491 (0.491) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-03:32:15] Epoch: [186][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.178 (0.986) Prec@1 69.53 (77.48) Prec@5 92.97 (93.74) - test [2018-10-22-03:32:39] Epoch: [186][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.009 (1.156) Prec@1 46.25 (73.82) Prec@5 83.75 (91.48) -[2018-10-22-03:32:39] **test** Prec@1 73.82 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.18 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.82, Acc@5=91.48, Error@1=26.18, Error@5=8.52 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-03:32:40] [Epoch=187/250] [Need: 92:46:19] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-03:32:44] Epoch: [187][000/10010] Time 4.47 (4.47) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 2.806 (2.806) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-22-03:34:29] Epoch: [187][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.797 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.75) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-03:36:14] Epoch: [187][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.653 (2.875) Prec@1 79.69 (76.62) Prec@5 96.09 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-03:37:58] Epoch: [187][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.888 (2.882) Prec@1 76.56 (76.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-03:39:43] Epoch: [187][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.802 (2.884) Prec@1 75.78 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-03:41:27] Epoch: [187][1000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.884) Prec@1 70.31 (76.43) Prec@5 88.28 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-03:43:12] Epoch: [187][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.48) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-03:44:57] Epoch: [187][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.882) Prec@1 73.44 (76.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-03:46:42] Epoch: [187][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.887) Prec@1 75.00 (76.35) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-03:48:26] Epoch: [187][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-03:50:11] Epoch: [187][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.885) Prec@1 71.88 (76.35) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-03:51:56] Epoch: [187][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.886) Prec@1 78.12 (76.35) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-03:53:40] Epoch: [187][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.887) Prec@1 77.34 (76.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-03:55:25] Epoch: [187][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.34) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-03:57:10] Epoch: [187][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.888) Prec@1 74.22 (76.34) Prec@5 92.19 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-03:58:55] Epoch: [187][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:00:39] Epoch: [187][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.887) Prec@1 82.03 (76.36) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:02:23] Epoch: [187][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-04:04:08] Epoch: [187][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.532 (2.887) Prec@1 80.47 (76.35) Prec@5 94.53 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-04:05:53] Epoch: [187][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.574 (2.887) Prec@1 82.81 (76.34) Prec@5 94.53 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-04:07:38] Epoch: [187][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.888) Prec@1 70.31 (76.33) Prec@5 87.50 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:09:23] Epoch: [187][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.34) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:11:07] Epoch: [187][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.35) Prec@5 92.97 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:12:51] Epoch: [187][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.888) Prec@1 72.66 (76.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:14:36] Epoch: [187][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.34) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:16:20] Epoch: [187][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.33) Prec@5 92.19 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:18:04] Epoch: [187][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.889) Prec@1 82.03 (76.31) Prec@5 93.75 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:19:49] Epoch: [187][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.890) Prec@1 79.69 (76.29) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:21:34] Epoch: [187][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.890) Prec@1 82.81 (76.30) Prec@5 94.53 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:23:19] Epoch: [187][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.889) Prec@1 81.25 (76.30) Prec@5 95.31 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:25:03] Epoch: [187][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.889) Prec@1 78.91 (76.32) Prec@5 92.97 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:26:47] Epoch: [187][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.889) Prec@1 70.31 (76.31) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:28:32] Epoch: [187][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.31) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-04:30:17] Epoch: [187][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.30) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:32:01] Epoch: [187][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (2.889) Prec@1 74.22 (76.29) Prec@5 86.72 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:33:45] Epoch: [187][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.29) Prec@5 89.84 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:35:30] Epoch: [187][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.889) Prec@1 79.69 (76.31) Prec@5 95.31 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:37:15] Epoch: [187][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.889) Prec@1 78.91 (76.30) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:39:00] Epoch: [187][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.889) Prec@1 72.66 (76.30) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:40:45] Epoch: [187][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.890) Prec@1 73.44 (76.29) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:42:30] Epoch: [187][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.889) Prec@1 68.75 (76.30) Prec@5 89.06 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-04:44:14] Epoch: [187][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.29) Prec@5 92.97 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:45:58] Epoch: [187][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.890) Prec@1 77.34 (76.29) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:47:42] Epoch: [187][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.890) Prec@1 80.47 (76.29) Prec@5 94.53 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:49:27] Epoch: [187][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.889) Prec@1 81.25 (76.29) Prec@5 93.75 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:51:12] Epoch: [187][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (2.889) Prec@1 71.09 (76.29) Prec@5 86.72 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:52:56] Epoch: [187][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.890) Prec@1 75.00 (76.28) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:54:40] Epoch: [187][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.053 (2.889) Prec@1 75.00 (76.30) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-04:56:24] Epoch: [187][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.890) Prec@1 75.00 (76.28) Prec@5 92.19 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-04:58:09] Epoch: [187][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.890) Prec@1 80.47 (76.28) Prec@5 93.75 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-04:59:55] Epoch: [187][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.890) Prec@1 76.56 (76.29) Prec@5 94.53 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-04:59:59] Epoch: [187][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.954 (2.890) Prec@1 66.67 (76.28) Prec@5 80.00 (91.48) -[2018-10-22-04:59:59] **train** Prec@1 76.28 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 23.72 Error@5 8.52 Loss:2.890 - test [2018-10-22-05:00:04] Epoch: [187][000/391] Time 4.09 (4.09) Data 3.96 (3.96) Loss 0.536 (0.536) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-05:00:29] Epoch: [187][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.140 (0.990) Prec@1 71.09 (77.39) Prec@5 92.97 (93.70) - test [2018-10-22-05:00:54] Epoch: [187][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.159 (1.160) Prec@1 46.25 (73.79) Prec@5 83.75 (91.44) -[2018-10-22-05:00:54] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.82, Acc@5=91.48, Error@1=26.18, Error@5=8.52 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-05:00:55] [Epoch=188/250] [Need: 91:11:22] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-05:00:59] Epoch: [188][000/10010] Time 4.46 (4.46) Data 3.87 (3.87) Loss 3.139 (3.139) Prec@1 69.53 (69.53) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-22-05:02:45] Epoch: [188][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.812 (2.899) Prec@1 76.56 (76.22) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-05:04:30] Epoch: [188][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.954 (2.889) Prec@1 70.31 (76.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-05:06:14] Epoch: [188][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.397 (2.881) Prec@1 86.72 (76.49) Prec@5 97.66 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-05:07:59] Epoch: [188][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.914 (2.878) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-05:09:45] Epoch: [188][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (2.884) Prec@1 71.09 (76.53) Prec@5 85.94 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-05:11:30] Epoch: [188][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (2.884) Prec@1 69.53 (76.50) Prec@5 86.72 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-05:13:15] Epoch: [188][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.54) Prec@5 91.41 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-05:15:00] Epoch: [188][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.583 (2.880) Prec@1 83.59 (76.58) Prec@5 94.53 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-05:16:45] Epoch: [188][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.56) Prec@5 91.41 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-05:18:30] Epoch: [188][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.53) Prec@5 92.19 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-05:20:16] Epoch: [188][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.882) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-05:22:01] Epoch: [188][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.372 (2.881) Prec@1 71.09 (76.55) Prec@5 85.16 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-05:23:46] Epoch: [188][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.54) Prec@5 87.50 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-05:25:31] Epoch: [188][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-05:27:16] Epoch: [188][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.883) Prec@1 73.44 (76.52) Prec@5 89.84 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-05:29:01] Epoch: [188][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.883) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 89.84 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-05:30:46] Epoch: [188][3400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.883) Prec@1 77.34 (76.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-05:32:31] Epoch: [188][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.883) Prec@1 77.34 (76.51) Prec@5 95.31 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-05:34:16] Epoch: [188][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.884) Prec@1 79.69 (76.49) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-05:36:01] Epoch: [188][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.884) Prec@1 74.22 (76.48) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-05:37:46] Epoch: [188][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-05:39:30] Epoch: [188][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.884) Prec@1 73.44 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-05:41:15] Epoch: [188][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-05:42:59] Epoch: [188][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-05:44:44] Epoch: [188][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-05:46:29] Epoch: [188][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-05:48:14] Epoch: [188][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.42) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-05:49:59] Epoch: [188][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (2.886) Prec@1 75.00 (76.41) Prec@5 86.72 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-05:51:43] Epoch: [188][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.886) Prec@1 72.66 (76.41) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-05:53:28] Epoch: [188][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-05:55:12] Epoch: [188][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.887) Prec@1 74.22 (76.39) Prec@5 87.50 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-05:56:57] Epoch: [188][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.887) Prec@1 71.09 (76.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-05:58:42] Epoch: [188][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.887) Prec@1 75.00 (76.37) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:00:27] Epoch: [188][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.36) Prec@5 90.62 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:02:12] Epoch: [188][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.888) Prec@1 70.31 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:03:56] Epoch: [188][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.424 (2.888) Prec@1 71.09 (76.37) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:05:40] Epoch: [188][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.695 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.36) Prec@5 95.31 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:07:25] Epoch: [188][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.37) Prec@5 88.28 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:09:09] Epoch: [188][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.36) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:10:54] Epoch: [188][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (2.888) Prec@1 73.44 (76.36) Prec@5 85.94 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-06:12:39] Epoch: [188][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.888) Prec@1 76.56 (76.36) Prec@5 95.31 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-06:14:24] Epoch: [188][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.35) Prec@5 85.16 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:16:09] Epoch: [188][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.888) Prec@1 76.56 (76.36) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:17:54] Epoch: [188][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:19:39] Epoch: [188][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.357 (2.888) Prec@1 71.88 (76.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:21:25] Epoch: [188][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.34) Prec@5 88.28 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:23:09] Epoch: [188][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:24:54] Epoch: [188][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.35) Prec@5 92.97 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:26:39] Epoch: [188][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:28:24] Epoch: [188][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.799 (2.889) Prec@1 78.12 (76.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-06:28:28] Epoch: [188][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.888) Prec@1 73.33 (76.34) Prec@5 86.67 (91.49) -[2018-10-22-06:28:28] **train** Prec@1 76.34 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 23.66 Error@5 8.51 Loss:2.888 - test [2018-10-22-06:28:32] Epoch: [188][000/391] Time 3.94 (3.94) Data 3.81 (3.81) Loss 0.572 (0.572) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-06:28:58] Epoch: [188][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.183 (0.988) Prec@1 69.53 (77.39) Prec@5 92.97 (93.66) - test [2018-10-22-06:29:23] Epoch: [188][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.112 (1.155) Prec@1 47.50 (73.79) Prec@5 82.50 (91.43) -[2018-10-22-06:29:23] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.82, Acc@5=91.48, Error@1=26.18, Error@5=8.52 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-06:29:23] [Epoch=189/250] [Need: 89:56:50] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-06:29:27] Epoch: [189][000/10010] Time 4.29 (4.29) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 2.963 (2.963) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-22-06:31:13] Epoch: [189][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.584 (2.882) Prec@1 79.69 (76.67) Prec@5 96.09 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-06:32:58] Epoch: [189][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.894 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.36) - train[2018-10-22-06:34:43] Epoch: [189][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.659 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.38) - train[2018-10-22-06:36:28] Epoch: [189][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.887) Prec@1 76.56 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.38) - train[2018-10-22-06:38:13] Epoch: [189][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.54) Prec@5 91.41 (91.40) - train[2018-10-22-06:39:57] Epoch: [189][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.889) Prec@1 76.56 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.38) - train[2018-10-22-06:41:42] Epoch: [189][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.268 (2.889) Prec@1 70.31 (76.45) Prec@5 85.94 (91.43) - train[2018-10-22-06:43:26] Epoch: [189][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.889) Prec@1 76.56 (76.47) Prec@5 91.41 (91.43) - train[2018-10-22-06:45:11] Epoch: [189][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.889) Prec@1 72.66 (76.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.43) - train[2018-10-22-06:46:56] Epoch: [189][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.571 (2.887) Prec@1 85.16 (76.49) Prec@5 94.53 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-06:48:41] Epoch: [189][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.48) Prec@5 92.97 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-06:50:26] Epoch: [189][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (2.886) Prec@1 69.53 (76.44) Prec@5 85.94 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-06:52:11] Epoch: [189][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.887) Prec@1 78.91 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-06:53:57] Epoch: [189][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.887) Prec@1 71.09 (76.41) Prec@5 90.62 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-06:55:42] Epoch: [189][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.886) Prec@1 74.22 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-06:57:27] Epoch: [189][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-06:59:12] Epoch: [189][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.886) Prec@1 79.69 (76.42) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:00:57] Epoch: [189][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.886) Prec@1 78.91 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:02:42] Epoch: [189][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.39) Prec@5 91.41 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:04:26] Epoch: [189][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.886) Prec@1 71.88 (76.41) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:06:11] Epoch: [189][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.571 (2.886) Prec@1 82.81 (76.41) Prec@5 96.09 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:07:55] Epoch: [189][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.886) Prec@1 72.66 (76.40) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:09:41] Epoch: [189][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.658 (2.886) Prec@1 82.03 (76.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:11:25] Epoch: [189][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.40) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-07:13:10] Epoch: [189][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-07:14:55] Epoch: [189][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.41) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:16:40] Epoch: [189][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (2.885) Prec@1 73.44 (76.40) Prec@5 89.06 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:18:24] Epoch: [189][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.42) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:20:10] Epoch: [189][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.885) Prec@1 73.44 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:21:55] Epoch: [189][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.885) Prec@1 76.56 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:23:40] Epoch: [189][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.886) Prec@1 78.91 (76.40) Prec@5 92.19 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:25:25] Epoch: [189][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:27:09] Epoch: [189][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.886) Prec@1 72.66 (76.40) Prec@5 89.84 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:28:54] Epoch: [189][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (2.885) Prec@1 72.66 (76.39) Prec@5 88.28 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-07:30:39] Epoch: [189][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.886) Prec@1 75.78 (76.39) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:32:24] Epoch: [189][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.600 (2.886) Prec@1 82.81 (76.40) Prec@5 94.53 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:34:08] Epoch: [189][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.885) Prec@1 82.03 (76.40) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:35:54] Epoch: [189][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.886) Prec@1 78.12 (76.40) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:37:38] Epoch: [189][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (2.886) Prec@1 70.31 (76.39) Prec@5 88.28 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:39:22] Epoch: [189][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.886) Prec@1 71.09 (76.39) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-07:41:07] Epoch: [189][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.886) Prec@1 70.31 (76.37) Prec@5 92.97 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:42:52] Epoch: [189][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.325 (2.887) Prec@1 67.97 (76.37) Prec@5 85.94 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:44:36] Epoch: [189][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.887) Prec@1 81.25 (76.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:46:21] Epoch: [189][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (2.887) Prec@1 69.53 (76.36) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-07:48:06] Epoch: [189][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.628 (2.887) Prec@1 80.47 (76.36) Prec@5 95.31 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-07:49:50] Epoch: [189][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (2.887) Prec@1 74.22 (76.36) Prec@5 88.28 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-07:51:35] Epoch: [189][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.887) Prec@1 75.00 (76.35) Prec@5 87.50 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-07:53:20] Epoch: [189][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.887) Prec@1 71.09 (76.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-07:55:05] Epoch: [189][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (2.887) Prec@1 71.09 (76.35) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-07:56:51] Epoch: [189][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.888) Prec@1 75.78 (76.33) Prec@5 95.31 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-07:56:55] Epoch: [189][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.888) Prec@1 73.33 (76.33) Prec@5 93.33 (91.49) -[2018-10-22-07:56:55] **train** Prec@1 76.33 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 23.67 Error@5 8.51 Loss:2.888 - test [2018-10-22-07:56:59] Epoch: [189][000/391] Time 3.87 (3.87) Data 3.74 (3.74) Loss 0.537 (0.537) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-22-07:57:25] Epoch: [189][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.149 (0.989) Prec@1 68.75 (77.55) Prec@5 92.97 (93.74) - test [2018-10-22-07:57:50] Epoch: [189][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.051 (1.157) Prec@1 43.75 (73.92) Prec@5 85.00 (91.51) -[2018-10-22-07:57:50] **test** Prec@1 73.92 Prec@5 91.51 Error@1 26.08 Error@5 8.49 Loss:1.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-07:57:50] [Epoch=190/250] [Need: 88:27:21] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-07:57:55] Epoch: [190][000/10010] Time 4.83 (4.83) Data 4.20 (4.20) Loss 2.795 (2.795) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-22-07:59:39] Epoch: [190][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.153 (2.875) Prec@1 71.88 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-22-08:01:24] Epoch: [190][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.866 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:03:09] Epoch: [190][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.995 (2.894) Prec@1 75.00 (76.32) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-08:04:53] Epoch: [190][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.030 (2.893) Prec@1 71.88 (76.32) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-08:06:38] Epoch: [190][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.893) Prec@1 75.00 (76.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-08:08:23] Epoch: [190][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.887) Prec@1 76.56 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-08:10:08] Epoch: [190][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.888) Prec@1 73.44 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:11:53] Epoch: [190][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.887) Prec@1 72.66 (76.40) Prec@5 88.28 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:13:38] Epoch: [190][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.885) Prec@1 76.56 (76.42) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:15:22] Epoch: [190][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.886) Prec@1 81.25 (76.41) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-08:17:07] Epoch: [190][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-08:18:52] Epoch: [190][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.538 (2.885) Prec@1 79.69 (76.41) Prec@5 96.88 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-08:20:37] Epoch: [190][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.675 (2.885) Prec@1 81.25 (76.39) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:22:22] Epoch: [190][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.884) Prec@1 75.78 (76.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-08:24:06] Epoch: [190][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.41) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:25:50] Epoch: [190][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:27:37] Epoch: [190][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.38) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:29:22] Epoch: [190][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:31:07] Epoch: [190][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.40) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:32:52] Epoch: [190][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.40) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:34:36] Epoch: [190][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.886) Prec@1 74.22 (76.39) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:36:20] Epoch: [190][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-08:38:05] Epoch: [190][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.41) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:39:50] Epoch: [190][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.721 (2.885) Prec@1 81.25 (76.41) Prec@5 95.31 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:41:35] Epoch: [190][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.40) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:43:20] Epoch: [190][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.884) Prec@1 81.25 (76.41) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-08:45:05] Epoch: [190][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.39) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-08:46:49] Epoch: [190][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.39) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:48:34] Epoch: [190][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.884) Prec@1 80.47 (76.40) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:50:20] Epoch: [190][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.006 (2.884) Prec@1 75.00 (76.40) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:52:04] Epoch: [190][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (2.884) Prec@1 70.31 (76.39) Prec@5 86.72 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:53:49] Epoch: [190][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.577 (2.884) Prec@1 80.47 (76.38) Prec@5 95.31 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:55:33] Epoch: [190][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (2.885) Prec@1 72.66 (76.37) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:57:18] Epoch: [190][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.37) Prec@5 88.28 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-08:59:03] Epoch: [190][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.37) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:00:48] Epoch: [190][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.37) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:02:35] Epoch: [190][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.38) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:04:19] Epoch: [190][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.37) Prec@5 91.41 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-09:06:05] Epoch: [190][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.885) Prec@1 76.56 (76.37) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:07:50] Epoch: [190][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.625 (2.885) Prec@1 81.25 (76.35) Prec@5 94.53 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-09:09:36] Epoch: [190][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.52) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.36) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:11:22] Epoch: [190][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.36) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:13:09] Epoch: [190][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:14:55] Epoch: [190][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.886) Prec@1 70.31 (76.34) Prec@5 90.62 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-09:16:41] Epoch: [190][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.34) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:18:27] Epoch: [190][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.187 (2.886) Prec@1 70.31 (76.35) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:20:12] Epoch: [190][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.886) Prec@1 81.25 (76.35) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:21:58] Epoch: [190][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.35) Prec@5 86.72 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-09:23:44] Epoch: [190][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.886) Prec@1 81.25 (76.34) Prec@5 92.19 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-09:25:29] Epoch: [190][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.606 (2.886) Prec@1 82.03 (76.34) Prec@5 94.53 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-09:25:34] Epoch: [190][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.623 (2.886) Prec@1 86.67 (76.34) Prec@5 93.33 (91.53) -[2018-10-22-09:25:34] **train** Prec@1 76.34 Prec@5 91.53 Error@1 23.66 Error@5 8.47 Loss:2.886 - test [2018-10-22-09:25:38] Epoch: [190][000/391] Time 4.10 (4.10) Data 3.97 (3.97) Loss 0.539 (0.539) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-09:26:04] Epoch: [190][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.174 (0.981) Prec@1 65.62 (77.29) Prec@5 91.41 (93.56) - test [2018-10-22-09:26:28] Epoch: [190][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.123 (1.151) Prec@1 42.50 (73.68) Prec@5 82.50 (91.35) -[2018-10-22-09:26:28] **test** Prec@1 73.68 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.32 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.151 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-09:26:28] [Epoch=191/250] [Need: 87:09:35] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-09:26:33] Epoch: [191][000/10010] Time 4.84 (4.84) Data 4.20 (4.20) Loss 3.062 (3.062) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-22-09:28:18] Epoch: [191][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.676 (2.880) Prec@1 82.81 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:30:03] Epoch: [191][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.954 (2.895) Prec@1 71.09 (76.28) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-09:31:48] Epoch: [191][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.705 (2.898) Prec@1 76.56 (76.29) Prec@5 95.31 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-09:33:32] Epoch: [191][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.816 (2.893) Prec@1 79.69 (76.35) Prec@5 89.84 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-09:35:17] Epoch: [191][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.891) Prec@1 75.78 (76.37) Prec@5 91.41 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-09:37:02] Epoch: [191][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.891) Prec@1 73.44 (76.39) Prec@5 90.62 (91.44) - train[2018-10-22-09:38:47] Epoch: [191][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.889) Prec@1 75.78 (76.38) Prec@5 89.06 (91.49) - train[2018-10-22-09:40:32] Epoch: [191][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.888) Prec@1 75.00 (76.43) Prec@5 89.84 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-09:42:18] Epoch: [191][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.887) Prec@1 70.31 (76.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-09:44:03] Epoch: [191][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.887) Prec@1 72.66 (76.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-09:45:48] Epoch: [191][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.887) Prec@1 74.22 (76.49) Prec@5 89.84 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-09:47:34] Epoch: [191][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.888) Prec@1 72.66 (76.45) Prec@5 88.28 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-09:49:19] Epoch: [191][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.888) Prec@1 78.12 (76.45) Prec@5 90.62 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-09:51:04] Epoch: [191][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.888) Prec@1 77.34 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-09:52:49] Epoch: [191][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.887) Prec@1 78.12 (76.48) Prec@5 93.75 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-09:54:34] Epoch: [191][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.744 (2.886) Prec@1 77.34 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-09:56:19] Epoch: [191][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.886) Prec@1 75.78 (76.47) Prec@5 93.75 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-09:58:03] Epoch: [191][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.557 (2.886) Prec@1 82.03 (76.47) Prec@5 94.53 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-09:59:49] Epoch: [191][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.45) Prec@5 95.31 (91.50) - train[2018-10-22-10:01:33] Epoch: [191][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.886) Prec@1 73.44 (76.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:03:18] Epoch: [191][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.886) Prec@1 71.09 (76.45) Prec@5 89.06 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:05:04] Epoch: [191][4400/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.886) Prec@1 70.31 (76.44) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:06:50] Epoch: [191][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.490 (2.886) Prec@1 83.59 (76.45) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:08:36] Epoch: [191][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.568 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.45) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:10:21] Epoch: [191][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.211 (2.885) Prec@1 68.75 (76.46) Prec@5 89.84 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:12:07] Epoch: [191][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:13:51] Epoch: [191][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.45) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-10:15:36] Epoch: [191][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.886) Prec@1 75.78 (76.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-10:17:21] Epoch: [191][5800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.886) Prec@1 75.00 (76.45) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-10:19:06] Epoch: [191][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.885) Prec@1 71.88 (76.45) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-10:20:51] Epoch: [191][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:22:36] Epoch: [191][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.47) Prec@5 89.06 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:24:22] Epoch: [191][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (2.885) Prec@1 69.53 (76.47) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:26:07] Epoch: [191][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.47) Prec@5 89.06 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:27:52] Epoch: [191][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.47) Prec@5 88.28 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:29:37] Epoch: [191][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.885) Prec@1 79.69 (76.46) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:31:22] Epoch: [191][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.885) Prec@1 71.09 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:33:07] Epoch: [191][7600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.47) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-10:34:52] Epoch: [191][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.597 (2.884) Prec@1 84.38 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:36:38] Epoch: [191][8000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.885) Prec@1 81.25 (76.46) Prec@5 95.31 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:38:23] Epoch: [191][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:40:09] Epoch: [191][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:41:55] Epoch: [191][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.885) Prec@1 72.66 (76.46) Prec@5 92.97 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-10:43:41] Epoch: [191][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.884) Prec@1 82.81 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:45:26] Epoch: [191][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.884) Prec@1 76.56 (76.47) Prec@5 88.28 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:47:10] Epoch: [191][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.884) Prec@1 70.31 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:48:55] Epoch: [191][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:50:40] Epoch: [191][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.46) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:52:25] Epoch: [191][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.885) Prec@1 75.78 (76.47) Prec@5 89.84 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:54:10] Epoch: [191][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-10:54:14] Epoch: [191][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.959 (2.884) Prec@1 46.67 (76.47) Prec@5 80.00 (91.55) -[2018-10-22-10:54:14] **train** Prec@1 76.47 Prec@5 91.55 Error@1 23.53 Error@5 8.45 Loss:2.884 - test [2018-10-22-10:54:18] Epoch: [191][000/391] Time 4.20 (4.20) Data 4.06 (4.06) Loss 0.540 (0.540) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-10:54:45] Epoch: [191][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.177 (0.999) Prec@1 66.41 (77.27) Prec@5 91.41 (93.65) - test [2018-10-22-10:55:10] Epoch: [191][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.142 (1.168) Prec@1 43.75 (73.70) Prec@5 82.50 (91.43) -[2018-10-22-10:55:10] **test** Prec@1 73.70 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.30 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-10:55:10] [Epoch=192/250] [Need: 85:44:02] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-10:55:15] Epoch: [192][000/10010] Time 5.37 (5.37) Data 4.78 (4.78) Loss 2.788 (2.788) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-22-10:57:00] Epoch: [192][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.991 (2.895) Prec@1 75.00 (75.98) Prec@5 86.72 (91.34) - train[2018-10-22-10:58:45] Epoch: [192][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.695 (2.884) Prec@1 79.69 (76.23) Prec@5 92.97 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-11:00:30] Epoch: [192][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.841 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.31) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-11:02:14] Epoch: [192][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.761 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.35) Prec@5 92.19 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-11:03:59] Epoch: [192][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.45) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-11:05:44] Epoch: [192][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.879) Prec@1 76.56 (76.49) Prec@5 92.19 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-11:07:29] Epoch: [192][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.876) Prec@1 75.00 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-11:09:13] Epoch: [192][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.56) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-11:10:58] Epoch: [192][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.683 (2.877) Prec@1 81.25 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-11:12:42] Epoch: [192][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.877) Prec@1 78.91 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-11:14:27] Epoch: [192][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.878) Prec@1 80.47 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-11:16:12] Epoch: [192][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.877) Prec@1 74.22 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-11:17:57] Epoch: [192][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.879) Prec@1 76.56 (76.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-11:19:41] Epoch: [192][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 94.53 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-11:21:25] Epoch: [192][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.880) Prec@1 78.91 (76.51) Prec@5 97.66 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-11:23:11] Epoch: [192][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.880) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 87.50 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-11:24:57] Epoch: [192][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.700 (2.881) Prec@1 79.69 (76.49) Prec@5 94.53 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-11:26:43] Epoch: [192][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.881) Prec@1 80.47 (76.50) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-11:28:27] Epoch: [192][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.881) Prec@1 75.78 (76.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-11:30:12] Epoch: [192][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.223 (2.882) Prec@1 70.31 (76.48) Prec@5 87.50 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-11:31:57] Epoch: [192][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.48) Prec@5 95.31 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-11:33:43] Epoch: [192][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.181 (2.883) Prec@1 74.22 (76.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-11:35:29] Epoch: [192][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.884) Prec@1 78.91 (76.42) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:37:15] Epoch: [192][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:39:00] Epoch: [192][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.546 (2.883) Prec@1 86.72 (76.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-11:40:45] Epoch: [192][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.883) Prec@1 74.22 (76.44) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:42:30] Epoch: [192][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.883) Prec@1 79.69 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-11:44:16] Epoch: [192][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.683 (2.884) Prec@1 84.38 (76.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:46:03] Epoch: [192][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.883) Prec@1 72.66 (76.44) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-11:47:50] Epoch: [192][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.079 (2.883) Prec@1 72.66 (76.44) Prec@5 90.62 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-11:49:35] Epoch: [192][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.884) Prec@1 74.22 (76.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:51:19] Epoch: [192][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.812 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:53:05] Epoch: [192][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:54:53] Epoch: [192][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.884) Prec@1 76.56 (76.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-11:56:40] Epoch: [192][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.43) Prec@5 89.84 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-11:58:27] Epoch: [192][7200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:00:14] Epoch: [192][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.884) Prec@1 76.56 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:02:01] Epoch: [192][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.884) Prec@1 71.09 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-12:03:49] Epoch: [192][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.884) Prec@1 81.25 (76.43) Prec@5 88.28 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-12:05:37] Epoch: [192][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.883) Prec@1 76.56 (76.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:07:25] Epoch: [192][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.883) Prec@1 78.12 (76.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:09:12] Epoch: [192][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.883) Prec@1 75.78 (76.43) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:10:59] Epoch: [192][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.883) Prec@1 80.47 (76.43) Prec@5 92.97 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:12:46] Epoch: [192][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.883) Prec@1 73.44 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:14:33] Epoch: [192][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.258 (2.883) Prec@1 69.53 (76.43) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:16:20] Epoch: [192][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.882) Prec@1 78.91 (76.43) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:18:07] Epoch: [192][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.882) Prec@1 79.69 (76.43) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:19:54] Epoch: [192][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.883) Prec@1 76.56 (76.43) Prec@5 87.50 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:21:42] Epoch: [192][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.883) Prec@1 76.56 (76.42) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:23:28] Epoch: [192][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.883) Prec@1 78.91 (76.42) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-12:23:33] Epoch: [192][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.430 (2.883) Prec@1 73.33 (76.42) Prec@5 80.00 (91.55) -[2018-10-22-12:23:33] **train** Prec@1 76.42 Prec@5 91.55 Error@1 23.58 Error@5 8.45 Loss:2.883 - test [2018-10-22-12:23:37] Epoch: [192][000/391] Time 3.90 (3.90) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.563 (0.563) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-12:24:03] Epoch: [192][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.245 (0.995) Prec@1 63.28 (77.35) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-22-12:24:29] Epoch: [192][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.140 (1.166) Prec@1 47.50 (73.64) Prec@5 82.50 (91.41) -[2018-10-22-12:24:29] **test** Prec@1 73.64 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.36 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-12:24:30] [Epoch=193/250] [Need: 84:51:41] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-12:24:35] Epoch: [193][000/10010] Time 5.47 (5.47) Data 4.89 (4.89) Loss 2.940 (2.940) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-22-12:26:21] Epoch: [193][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.816 (2.897) Prec@1 78.91 (76.31) Prec@5 93.75 (91.22) - train[2018-10-22-12:28:06] Epoch: [193][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.547 (2.889) Prec@1 84.38 (76.39) Prec@5 96.09 (91.32) - train[2018-10-22-12:29:50] Epoch: [193][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.977 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.38) Prec@5 88.28 (91.47) - train[2018-10-22-12:31:35] Epoch: [193][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.950 (2.881) Prec@1 75.78 (76.47) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-12:33:20] Epoch: [193][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.001 (2.884) Prec@1 73.44 (76.45) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-12:35:06] Epoch: [193][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.883) Prec@1 72.66 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-12:36:51] Epoch: [193][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.595 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.49) Prec@5 94.53 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-12:38:35] Epoch: [193][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.51) Prec@5 92.97 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-12:40:20] Epoch: [193][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-12:42:05] Epoch: [193][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-12:43:49] Epoch: [193][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-12:45:35] Epoch: [193][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.882) Prec@1 75.00 (76.50) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-12:47:21] Epoch: [193][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.882) Prec@1 73.44 (76.47) Prec@5 94.53 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-12:49:05] Epoch: [193][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.883) Prec@1 71.09 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:50:50] Epoch: [193][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.633 (2.883) Prec@1 78.12 (76.44) Prec@5 94.53 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:52:35] Epoch: [193][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.885) Prec@1 77.34 (76.39) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-12:54:20] Epoch: [193][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.40) Prec@5 89.06 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:56:07] Epoch: [193][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.883) Prec@1 77.34 (76.42) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:57:53] Epoch: [193][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.883) Prec@1 80.47 (76.43) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-12:59:37] Epoch: [193][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.884) Prec@1 74.22 (76.43) Prec@5 88.28 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-13:01:21] Epoch: [193][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.494 (2.884) Prec@1 79.69 (76.42) Prec@5 96.09 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-13:03:05] Epoch: [193][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.885) Prec@1 75.00 (76.41) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:04:50] Epoch: [193][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.885) Prec@1 78.12 (76.42) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:06:35] Epoch: [193][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.885) Prec@1 71.09 (76.43) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:08:19] Epoch: [193][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.44) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:10:04] Epoch: [193][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.884) Prec@1 78.91 (76.44) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:11:48] Epoch: [193][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.884) Prec@1 82.03 (76.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:13:33] Epoch: [193][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.883) Prec@1 75.78 (76.46) Prec@5 90.62 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-13:15:18] Epoch: [193][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.884) Prec@1 82.03 (76.45) Prec@5 95.31 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:17:05] Epoch: [193][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.566 (2.883) Prec@1 79.69 (76.47) Prec@5 97.66 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-13:18:52] Epoch: [193][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.883) Prec@1 75.00 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:20:40] Epoch: [193][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.883) Prec@1 71.09 (76.46) Prec@5 89.06 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:22:24] Epoch: [193][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.884) Prec@1 79.69 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:24:10] Epoch: [193][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:25:55] Epoch: [193][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.645 (2.884) Prec@1 82.81 (76.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:27:40] Epoch: [193][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.352 (2.884) Prec@1 85.16 (76.47) Prec@5 96.88 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:29:24] Epoch: [193][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.884) Prec@1 78.91 (76.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:31:10] Epoch: [193][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.884) Prec@1 78.91 (76.45) Prec@5 93.75 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:32:55] Epoch: [193][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.884) Prec@1 77.34 (76.45) Prec@5 89.06 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:34:39] Epoch: [193][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.884) Prec@1 76.56 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:36:25] Epoch: [193][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (76.45) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-13:38:12] Epoch: [193][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.884) Prec@1 76.56 (76.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:39:58] Epoch: [193][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (2.884) Prec@1 71.88 (76.45) Prec@5 89.06 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:41:45] Epoch: [193][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.884) Prec@1 81.25 (76.44) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:43:32] Epoch: [193][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.44) Prec@5 92.97 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:45:19] Epoch: [193][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.884) Prec@1 72.66 (76.44) Prec@5 91.41 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:47:06] Epoch: [193][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.885) Prec@1 78.91 (76.43) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-13:48:51] Epoch: [193][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.885) Prec@1 80.47 (76.43) Prec@5 94.53 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-13:50:37] Epoch: [193][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.433 (2.885) Prec@1 67.19 (76.41) Prec@5 82.03 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-13:52:24] Epoch: [193][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.885) Prec@1 72.66 (76.41) Prec@5 88.28 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-13:52:29] Epoch: [193][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.409 (2.885) Prec@1 66.67 (76.41) Prec@5 66.67 (91.52) -[2018-10-22-13:52:29] **train** Prec@1 76.41 Prec@5 91.52 Error@1 23.59 Error@5 8.48 Loss:2.885 - test [2018-10-22-13:52:33] Epoch: [193][000/391] Time 4.04 (4.04) Data 3.90 (3.90) Loss 0.531 (0.531) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-13:52:59] Epoch: [193][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.248 (0.995) Prec@1 64.06 (77.40) Prec@5 90.62 (93.61) - test [2018-10-22-13:53:24] Epoch: [193][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.159 (1.162) Prec@1 48.75 (73.80) Prec@5 85.00 (91.44) -[2018-10-22-13:53:24] **test** Prec@1 73.80 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.20 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-13:53:24] [Epoch=194/250] [Need: 82:59:07] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-13:53:29] Epoch: [194][000/10010] Time 5.05 (5.05) Data 4.48 (4.48) Loss 2.976 (2.976) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-22-13:55:15] Epoch: [194][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.964 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (92.01) - train[2018-10-22-13:57:00] Epoch: [194][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.654 (2.877) Prec@1 81.25 (76.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-22-13:58:44] Epoch: [194][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.861 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.72) - train[2018-10-22-14:00:28] Epoch: [194][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.762 (2.876) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-22-14:02:14] Epoch: [194][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.560 (2.878) Prec@1 79.69 (76.59) Prec@5 96.09 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-14:03:59] Epoch: [194][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.877) Prec@1 73.44 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-14:05:45] Epoch: [194][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (2.876) Prec@1 80.47 (76.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-14:07:30] Epoch: [194][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.594 (2.875) Prec@1 83.59 (76.60) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-14:09:16] Epoch: [194][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-14:11:02] Epoch: [194][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.164 (2.875) Prec@1 71.09 (76.61) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-14:12:47] Epoch: [194][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-14:14:32] Epoch: [194][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.59) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-14:16:17] Epoch: [194][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.558 (2.877) Prec@1 82.03 (76.59) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-14:18:03] Epoch: [194][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.628 (2.877) Prec@1 81.25 (76.60) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:19:48] Epoch: [194][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.681 (2.878) Prec@1 78.91 (76.58) Prec@5 96.09 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:21:33] Epoch: [194][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.878) Prec@1 73.44 (76.59) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:23:18] Epoch: [194][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (2.879) Prec@1 80.47 (76.54) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:25:03] Epoch: [194][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.880) Prec@1 76.56 (76.52) Prec@5 85.94 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-14:26:47] Epoch: [194][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-14:28:32] Epoch: [194][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (2.879) Prec@1 75.78 (76.54) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-14:30:17] Epoch: [194][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.878) Prec@1 71.09 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:32:03] Epoch: [194][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.53) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:33:49] Epoch: [194][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.878) Prec@1 77.34 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-14:35:34] Epoch: [194][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.879) Prec@1 75.78 (76.54) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:37:19] Epoch: [194][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.878) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:39:04] Epoch: [194][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (2.878) Prec@1 74.22 (76.56) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:40:49] Epoch: [194][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.532 (2.878) Prec@1 67.19 (76.56) Prec@5 83.59 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:42:34] Epoch: [194][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.878) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-14:44:19] Epoch: [194][5800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.55) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-14:46:05] Epoch: [194][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.878) Prec@1 74.22 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-14:47:50] Epoch: [194][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.878) Prec@1 82.03 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-14:49:35] Epoch: [194][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-14:51:19] Epoch: [194][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.878) Prec@1 77.34 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-14:53:03] Epoch: [194][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.879) Prec@1 80.47 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-14:54:50] Epoch: [194][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.879) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-14:56:37] Epoch: [194][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.721 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.54) Prec@5 93.75 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-14:58:23] Epoch: [194][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (2.879) Prec@1 81.25 (76.54) Prec@5 95.31 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:00:10] Epoch: [194][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.879) Prec@1 81.25 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:01:57] Epoch: [194][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.879) Prec@1 73.44 (76.53) Prec@5 90.62 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:03:43] Epoch: [194][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:05:31] Epoch: [194][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.879) Prec@1 70.31 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:07:16] Epoch: [194][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.879) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:09:04] Epoch: [194][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.358 (2.879) Prec@1 68.75 (76.52) Prec@5 84.38 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-15:10:51] Epoch: [194][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.879) Prec@1 78.12 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:12:38] Epoch: [194][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.161 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 86.72 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:14:25] Epoch: [194][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.017 (2.879) Prec@1 68.75 (76.51) Prec@5 91.41 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:16:11] Epoch: [194][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.879) Prec@1 71.09 (76.52) Prec@5 89.06 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:17:57] Epoch: [194][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:19:43] Epoch: [194][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.880) Prec@1 73.44 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:21:28] Epoch: [194][10000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-15:21:32] Epoch: [194][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (2.879) Prec@1 60.00 (76.52) Prec@5 86.67 (91.61) -[2018-10-22-15:21:32] **train** Prec@1 76.52 Prec@5 91.61 Error@1 23.48 Error@5 8.39 Loss:2.879 - test [2018-10-22-15:21:37] Epoch: [194][000/391] Time 4.02 (4.02) Data 3.89 (3.89) Loss 0.530 (0.530) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-15:22:03] Epoch: [194][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.196 (0.986) Prec@1 66.41 (77.34) Prec@5 91.41 (93.58) - test [2018-10-22-15:22:28] Epoch: [194][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.166 (1.154) Prec@1 48.75 (73.75) Prec@5 82.50 (91.37) -[2018-10-22-15:22:28] **test** Prec@1 73.75 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 26.25 Error@5 8.63 Loss:1.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-15:22:28] [Epoch=195/250] [Need: 81:38:17] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-15:22:33] Epoch: [195][000/10010] Time 4.67 (4.67) Data 4.08 (4.08) Loss 2.956 (2.956) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-22-15:24:17] Epoch: [195][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.705 (2.851) Prec@1 80.47 (77.34) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-22-15:26:02] Epoch: [195][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.014 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.93) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-22-15:27:46] Epoch: [195][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.262 (2.872) Prec@1 69.53 (76.79) Prec@5 84.38 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-15:29:30] Epoch: [195][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.902 (2.877) Prec@1 74.22 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-15:31:16] Epoch: [195][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.877) Prec@1 74.22 (76.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-15:33:00] Epoch: [195][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.879) Prec@1 78.91 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-15:34:46] Epoch: [195][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.879) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 89.06 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-15:36:31] Epoch: [195][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-15:38:15] Epoch: [195][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.614 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-15:39:59] Epoch: [195][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-15:41:45] Epoch: [195][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.882) Prec@1 73.44 (76.55) Prec@5 92.97 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-15:43:31] Epoch: [195][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.56) Prec@5 94.53 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-15:45:16] Epoch: [195][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.882) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-15:47:01] Epoch: [195][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 89.06 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-15:48:47] Epoch: [195][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.881) Prec@1 75.78 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-15:50:32] Epoch: [195][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-15:52:17] Epoch: [195][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.881) Prec@1 76.56 (76.57) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-15:54:01] Epoch: [195][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.57) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-15:55:48] Epoch: [195][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.881) Prec@1 82.03 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-15:57:35] Epoch: [195][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.614 (2.881) Prec@1 82.03 (76.54) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-15:59:22] Epoch: [195][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-16:01:09] Epoch: [195][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:02:55] Epoch: [195][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (2.880) Prec@1 71.09 (76.55) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:04:41] Epoch: [195][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.880) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:06:27] Epoch: [195][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:08:13] Epoch: [195][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.880) Prec@1 70.31 (76.53) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:09:59] Epoch: [195][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.880) Prec@1 70.31 (76.54) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:11:47] Epoch: [195][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.661 (2.879) Prec@1 80.47 (76.54) Prec@5 93.75 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:13:35] Epoch: [195][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.879) Prec@1 73.44 (76.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:15:21] Epoch: [195][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.54) Prec@5 94.53 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:17:09] Epoch: [195][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.879) Prec@1 67.97 (76.54) Prec@5 90.62 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:18:56] Epoch: [195][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 87.50 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:20:44] Epoch: [195][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.633 (2.880) Prec@1 82.81 (76.52) Prec@5 95.31 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-16:22:31] Epoch: [195][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.691 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:24:19] Epoch: [195][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.880) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 93.75 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-16:26:05] Epoch: [195][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.147 (2.880) Prec@1 72.66 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:27:52] Epoch: [195][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.880) Prec@1 82.03 (76.51) Prec@5 92.19 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-16:29:38] Epoch: [195][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.50) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:31:25] Epoch: [195][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.642 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.50) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:33:13] Epoch: [195][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.49) Prec@5 89.84 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:35:00] Epoch: [195][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.605 (2.881) Prec@1 82.03 (76.49) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:36:47] Epoch: [195][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:38:34] Epoch: [195][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.48) Prec@5 87.50 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:40:20] Epoch: [195][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.881) Prec@1 70.31 (76.48) Prec@5 89.84 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:42:07] Epoch: [195][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.49) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:43:54] Epoch: [195][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.453 (2.881) Prec@1 87.50 (76.49) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-16:45:41] Epoch: [195][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.48) Prec@5 89.84 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:47:27] Epoch: [195][9600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.881) Prec@1 82.81 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:49:13] Epoch: [195][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.881) Prec@1 79.69 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-16:50:58] Epoch: [195][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.449 (2.882) Prec@1 86.72 (76.47) Prec@5 95.31 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-16:51:02] Epoch: [195][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.882) Prec@1 73.33 (76.47) Prec@5 93.33 (91.55) -[2018-10-22-16:51:02] **train** Prec@1 76.47 Prec@5 91.55 Error@1 23.53 Error@5 8.45 Loss:2.882 - test [2018-10-22-16:51:06] Epoch: [195][000/391] Time 4.15 (4.15) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 0.566 (0.566) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-16:51:32] Epoch: [195][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.151 (0.987) Prec@1 70.31 (77.43) Prec@5 92.97 (93.74) - test [2018-10-22-16:51:57] Epoch: [195][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.146 (1.154) Prec@1 45.00 (73.85) Prec@5 82.50 (91.45) -[2018-10-22-16:51:57] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.55 Loss:1.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-16:51:58] [Epoch=196/250] [Need: 80:32:42] LR=0.0003 ~ 0.0003, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-16:52:03] Epoch: [196][000/10010] Time 5.37 (5.37) Data 4.76 (4.76) Loss 3.010 (3.010) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-22-16:53:48] Epoch: [196][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.945 (2.911) Prec@1 70.31 (75.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.32) - train[2018-10-22-16:55:34] Epoch: [196][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.910 (2.893) Prec@1 73.44 (76.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-16:57:19] Epoch: [196][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.776 (2.887) Prec@1 77.34 (76.20) Prec@5 96.09 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-16:59:06] Epoch: [196][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.904 (2.887) Prec@1 76.56 (76.20) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:00:51] Epoch: [196][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.886) Prec@1 76.56 (76.22) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:02:36] Epoch: [196][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.519 (2.883) Prec@1 82.03 (76.30) Prec@5 96.09 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-17:04:22] Epoch: [196][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.881) Prec@1 80.47 (76.35) Prec@5 95.31 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-17:06:08] Epoch: [196][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.39) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-17:07:53] Epoch: [196][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.881) Prec@1 75.78 (76.40) Prec@5 88.28 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-17:09:37] Epoch: [196][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.635 (2.881) Prec@1 81.25 (76.41) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:11:22] Epoch: [196][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.879) Prec@1 83.59 (76.48) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:13:08] Epoch: [196][2400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.51) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:14:55] Epoch: [196][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.55) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-17:16:42] Epoch: [196][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (2.876) Prec@1 71.88 (76.56) Prec@5 85.94 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-17:18:27] Epoch: [196][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.877) Prec@1 79.69 (76.53) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:20:13] Epoch: [196][3200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.877) Prec@1 82.81 (76.51) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:21:59] Epoch: [196][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.876) Prec@1 82.03 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:23:44] Epoch: [196][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.875) Prec@1 80.47 (76.53) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-17:25:31] Epoch: [196][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (2.876) Prec@1 71.88 (76.55) Prec@5 86.72 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-17:27:17] Epoch: [196][4000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.590 (2.876) Prec@1 81.25 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-17:29:06] Epoch: [196][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-17:30:54] Epoch: [196][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-17:32:40] Epoch: [196][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.256 (2.876) Prec@1 69.53 (76.56) Prec@5 86.72 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:34:25] Epoch: [196][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.877) Prec@1 73.44 (76.57) Prec@5 89.06 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-17:36:10] Epoch: [196][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.57) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-17:37:55] Epoch: [196][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.150 (2.876) Prec@1 70.31 (76.59) Prec@5 87.50 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:39:42] Epoch: [196][5400/10010] Time 0.69 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.876) Prec@1 78.12 (76.58) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:41:27] Epoch: [196][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.876) Prec@1 81.25 (76.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:43:13] Epoch: [196][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.876) Prec@1 81.25 (76.57) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-17:44:58] Epoch: [196][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.58) Prec@5 90.62 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-17:46:44] Epoch: [196][6200/10010] Time 0.66 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.877) Prec@1 77.34 (76.56) Prec@5 91.41 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-17:48:28] Epoch: [196][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (76.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-17:50:12] Epoch: [196][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.878) Prec@1 69.53 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-17:51:58] Epoch: [196][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.879) Prec@1 75.00 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-17:53:46] Epoch: [196][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.54) Prec@5 89.06 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-17:55:32] Epoch: [196][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-17:57:17] Epoch: [196][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.879) Prec@1 82.81 (76.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-17:59:01] Epoch: [196][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.879) Prec@1 75.00 (76.53) Prec@5 85.94 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-18:00:46] Epoch: [196][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.780 (2.879) Prec@1 77.34 (76.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-18:02:33] Epoch: [196][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.880) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 89.06 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-18:04:20] Epoch: [196][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.880) Prec@1 74.22 (76.51) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:06:06] Epoch: [196][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.880) Prec@1 76.56 (76.51) Prec@5 89.84 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:07:52] Epoch: [196][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.51) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:09:36] Epoch: [196][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.001 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.51) Prec@5 87.50 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:11:22] Epoch: [196][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.881) Prec@1 71.88 (76.52) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:13:06] Epoch: [196][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.880) Prec@1 76.56 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:14:52] Epoch: [196][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.880) Prec@1 78.91 (76.52) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:16:37] Epoch: [196][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.52) Prec@5 89.84 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-18:18:22] Epoch: [196][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:20:06] Epoch: [196][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.880) Prec@1 76.56 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:20:10] Epoch: [196][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.405 (2.880) Prec@1 60.00 (76.52) Prec@5 86.67 (91.57) -[2018-10-22-18:20:10] **train** Prec@1 76.52 Prec@5 91.57 Error@1 23.48 Error@5 8.43 Loss:2.880 - test [2018-10-22-18:20:14] Epoch: [196][000/391] Time 4.13 (4.13) Data 3.99 (3.99) Loss 0.493 (0.493) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-22-18:20:41] Epoch: [196][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.163 (0.989) Prec@1 68.75 (77.48) Prec@5 92.19 (93.61) - test [2018-10-22-18:21:05] Epoch: [196][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.095 (1.158) Prec@1 48.75 (73.82) Prec@5 82.50 (91.35) -[2018-10-22-18:21:05] **test** Prec@1 73.82 Prec@5 91.35 Error@1 26.18 Error@5 8.65 Loss:1.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-18:21:05] [Epoch=197/250] [Need: 78:43:54] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-18:21:10] Epoch: [197][000/10010] Time 4.79 (4.79) Data 4.13 (4.13) Loss 2.822 (2.822) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-22-18:22:56] Epoch: [197][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.652 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.62) Prec@5 93.75 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-18:24:40] Epoch: [197][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.819 (2.888) Prec@1 75.78 (76.32) Prec@5 92.19 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-18:26:25] Epoch: [197][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.857 (2.891) Prec@1 75.78 (76.24) Prec@5 90.62 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-18:28:10] Epoch: [197][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.942 (2.887) Prec@1 76.56 (76.35) Prec@5 90.62 (91.46) - train[2018-10-22-18:29:55] Epoch: [197][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.882) Prec@1 75.78 (76.45) Prec@5 91.41 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-18:31:40] Epoch: [197][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.880) Prec@1 78.91 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-18:33:24] Epoch: [197][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.879) Prec@1 80.47 (76.57) Prec@5 93.75 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-18:35:09] Epoch: [197][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.878) Prec@1 75.78 (76.58) Prec@5 92.19 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-18:36:54] Epoch: [197][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.611 (2.879) Prec@1 82.81 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-18:38:39] Epoch: [197][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.094 (2.879) Prec@1 71.09 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-18:40:24] Epoch: [197][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.879) Prec@1 78.12 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-18:42:09] Epoch: [197][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.878) Prec@1 71.09 (76.56) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:43:55] Epoch: [197][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.878) Prec@1 79.69 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:45:39] Epoch: [197][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (2.879) Prec@1 71.88 (76.55) Prec@5 86.72 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-18:47:27] Epoch: [197][3000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.54) Prec@5 89.06 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:49:13] Epoch: [197][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:50:59] Epoch: [197][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.880) Prec@1 82.03 (76.52) Prec@5 94.53 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-18:52:44] Epoch: [197][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-18:54:31] Epoch: [197][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-18:56:16] Epoch: [197][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.878) Prec@1 82.81 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:58:00] Epoch: [197][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.878) Prec@1 77.34 (76.55) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-18:59:45] Epoch: [197][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.54) Prec@5 88.28 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:01:30] Epoch: [197][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.879) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:03:16] Epoch: [197][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.880) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:05:00] Epoch: [197][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.880) Prec@1 80.47 (76.51) Prec@5 89.06 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:06:44] Epoch: [197][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.49) Prec@5 88.28 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:08:31] Epoch: [197][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:10:17] Epoch: [197][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.48) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:12:02] Epoch: [197][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.881) Prec@1 76.56 (76.48) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:13:49] Epoch: [197][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.882) Prec@1 78.91 (76.47) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:15:36] Epoch: [197][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.882) Prec@1 80.47 (76.46) Prec@5 92.19 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-19:17:24] Epoch: [197][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.46) Prec@5 88.28 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-19:19:10] Epoch: [197][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.664 (2.882) Prec@1 79.69 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:20:56] Epoch: [197][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.882) Prec@1 79.69 (76.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:22:41] Epoch: [197][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.46) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:24:25] Epoch: [197][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.881) Prec@1 70.31 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:26:10] Epoch: [197][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.881) Prec@1 76.56 (76.49) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:27:55] Epoch: [197][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.48) Prec@5 89.84 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:29:40] Epoch: [197][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.47) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:31:26] Epoch: [197][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (2.882) Prec@1 75.78 (76.46) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:33:10] Epoch: [197][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.48) Prec@5 94.53 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:34:55] Epoch: [197][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.881) Prec@1 80.47 (76.49) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:36:41] Epoch: [197][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.882) Prec@1 75.00 (76.48) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-19:38:26] Epoch: [197][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.394 (2.882) Prec@1 68.75 (76.48) Prec@5 86.72 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:40:11] Epoch: [197][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.598 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.49) Prec@5 96.09 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:41:56] Epoch: [197][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.48) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:43:41] Epoch: [197][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (2.881) Prec@1 71.88 (76.49) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-19:45:27] Epoch: [197][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.881) Prec@1 80.47 (76.49) Prec@5 93.75 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-19:47:14] Epoch: [197][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.50) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-19:49:01] Epoch: [197][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.726 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.50) Prec@5 96.09 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-19:49:06] Epoch: [197][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.371 (2.880) Prec@1 40.00 (76.50) Prec@5 73.33 (91.58) -[2018-10-22-19:49:06] **train** Prec@1 76.50 Prec@5 91.58 Error@1 23.50 Error@5 8.42 Loss:2.880 - test [2018-10-22-19:49:10] Epoch: [197][000/391] Time 4.32 (4.32) Data 4.19 (4.19) Loss 0.528 (0.528) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-19:49:37] Epoch: [197][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.255 (0.993) Prec@1 67.19 (77.49) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-22-19:50:01] Epoch: [197][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.073 (1.163) Prec@1 48.75 (73.87) Prec@5 85.00 (91.41) -[2018-10-22-19:50:01] **test** Prec@1 73.87 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.13 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-19:50:02] [Epoch=198/250] [Need: 77:04:38] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-19:50:06] Epoch: [198][000/10010] Time 4.83 (4.83) Data 4.23 (4.23) Loss 2.884 (2.884) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-22-19:51:52] Epoch: [198][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.948 (2.901) Prec@1 74.22 (75.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.35) - train[2018-10-22-19:53:37] Epoch: [198][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.894 (2.897) Prec@1 77.34 (76.17) Prec@5 92.19 (91.39) - train[2018-10-22-19:55:23] Epoch: [198][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.615 (2.891) Prec@1 80.47 (76.40) Prec@5 92.97 (91.48) - train[2018-10-22-19:57:08] Epoch: [198][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.971 (2.891) Prec@1 77.34 (76.37) Prec@5 87.50 (91.45) - train[2018-10-22-19:58:53] Epoch: [198][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (2.887) Prec@1 72.66 (76.43) Prec@5 87.50 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-20:00:39] Epoch: [198][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.683 (2.884) Prec@1 83.59 (76.50) Prec@5 94.53 (91.51) - train[2018-10-22-20:02:24] Epoch: [198][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.882) Prec@1 78.91 (76.54) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-20:04:09] Epoch: [198][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.882) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 90.62 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-20:05:54] Epoch: [198][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.53) Prec@5 87.50 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-20:07:38] Epoch: [198][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.882) Prec@1 80.47 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.52) - train[2018-10-22-20:09:23] Epoch: [198][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.881) Prec@1 81.25 (76.51) Prec@5 90.62 (91.53) - train[2018-10-22-20:11:08] Epoch: [198][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.880) Prec@1 79.69 (76.53) Prec@5 94.53 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-20:12:52] Epoch: [198][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-20:14:37] Epoch: [198][2800/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.680 (2.878) Prec@1 78.91 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-20:16:23] Epoch: [198][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.878) Prec@1 75.00 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-20:18:08] Epoch: [198][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.518 (2.878) Prec@1 85.94 (76.54) Prec@5 94.53 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-20:19:54] Epoch: [198][3400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.879) Prec@1 72.66 (76.51) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-20:21:40] Epoch: [198][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.879) Prec@1 77.34 (76.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.61) - train[2018-10-22-20:23:26] Epoch: [198][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-20:25:11] Epoch: [198][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-20:26:56] Epoch: [198][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.48) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-20:28:41] Epoch: [198][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.882) Prec@1 84.38 (76.48) Prec@5 92.19 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-20:30:27] Epoch: [198][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.882) Prec@1 74.22 (76.47) Prec@5 93.75 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-20:32:12] Epoch: [198][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.882) Prec@1 74.22 (76.46) Prec@5 87.50 (91.55) - train[2018-10-22-20:33:57] Epoch: [198][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.882) Prec@1 78.91 (76.47) Prec@5 89.06 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-20:35:42] Epoch: [198][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.882) Prec@1 71.09 (76.47) Prec@5 92.97 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-20:37:28] Epoch: [198][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.882) Prec@1 77.34 (76.49) Prec@5 89.06 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-20:39:15] Epoch: [198][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.881) Prec@1 75.00 (76.49) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:41:02] Epoch: [198][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.569 (2.881) Prec@1 85.16 (76.50) Prec@5 95.31 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:42:47] Epoch: [198][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.881) Prec@1 79.69 (76.49) Prec@5 92.97 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-20:44:32] Epoch: [198][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.49) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:46:17] Epoch: [198][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:48:02] Epoch: [198][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (76.50) Prec@5 89.06 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:49:49] Epoch: [198][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.880) Prec@1 76.56 (76.51) Prec@5 89.06 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:51:35] Epoch: [198][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (2.880) Prec@1 71.88 (76.52) Prec@5 85.94 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:53:19] Epoch: [198][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-20:55:05] Epoch: [198][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.880) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-20:56:51] Epoch: [198][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.880) Prec@1 75.78 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.59) - train[2018-10-22-20:58:37] Epoch: [198][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.880) Prec@1 78.12 (76.53) Prec@5 93.75 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:00:23] Epoch: [198][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.880) Prec@1 71.88 (76.52) Prec@5 89.06 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:02:08] Epoch: [198][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.881) Prec@1 72.66 (76.51) Prec@5 89.84 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:03:52] Epoch: [198][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.647 (2.881) Prec@1 81.25 (76.50) Prec@5 95.31 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:05:37] Epoch: [198][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.50) Prec@5 85.16 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:07:22] Epoch: [198][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.50) Prec@5 92.19 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:09:08] Epoch: [198][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.880) Prec@1 73.44 (76.51) Prec@5 95.31 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:10:51] Epoch: [198][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.881) Prec@1 74.22 (76.50) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:12:36] Epoch: [198][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.881) Prec@1 73.44 (76.50) Prec@5 89.06 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:14:20] Epoch: [198][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.652 (2.881) Prec@1 78.91 (76.49) Prec@5 93.75 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:16:05] Epoch: [198][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.656 (2.881) Prec@1 77.34 (76.50) Prec@5 91.41 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:17:50] Epoch: [198][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.882) Prec@1 76.56 (76.49) Prec@5 91.41 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-21:17:54] Epoch: [198][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.882) Prec@1 73.33 (76.49) Prec@5 93.33 (91.56) -[2018-10-22-21:17:54] **train** Prec@1 76.49 Prec@5 91.56 Error@1 23.51 Error@5 8.44 Loss:2.882 - test [2018-10-22-21:17:58] Epoch: [198][000/391] Time 4.05 (4.05) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 0.514 (0.514) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-21:18:25] Epoch: [198][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.01 (0.02) Loss 1.140 (0.980) Prec@1 71.09 (77.39) Prec@5 92.19 (93.73) - test [2018-10-22-21:18:50] Epoch: [198][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.038 (1.148) Prec@1 48.75 (73.77) Prec@5 83.75 (91.50) -[2018-10-22-21:18:50] **test** Prec@1 73.77 Prec@5 91.50 Error@1 26.23 Error@5 8.50 Loss:1.148 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-21:18:50] [Epoch=199/250] [Need: 75:28:56] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-21:18:54] Epoch: [199][000/10010] Time 4.44 (4.44) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 3.294 (3.294) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 82.81 (82.81) - train[2018-10-22-21:20:40] Epoch: [199][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.934 (2.869) Prec@1 74.22 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-22-21:22:25] Epoch: [199][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.083 (2.878) Prec@1 71.09 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.54) - train[2018-10-22-21:24:09] Epoch: [199][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.594 (2.872) Prec@1 85.16 (76.69) Prec@5 94.53 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:25:54] Epoch: [199][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.947 (2.872) Prec@1 72.66 (76.68) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:27:38] Epoch: [199][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.874) Prec@1 72.66 (76.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.58) - train[2018-10-22-21:29:22] Epoch: [199][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.57) - train[2018-10-22-21:31:07] Epoch: [199][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.873) Prec@1 79.69 (76.58) Prec@5 93.75 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-21:32:53] Epoch: [199][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.596 (2.872) Prec@1 79.69 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-21:34:38] Epoch: [199][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.872) Prec@1 80.47 (76.63) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-21:36:23] Epoch: [199][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-21:38:07] Epoch: [199][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.872) Prec@1 79.69 (76.61) Prec@5 89.06 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-21:39:53] Epoch: [199][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:41:39] Epoch: [199][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:43:24] Epoch: [199][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.872) Prec@1 77.34 (76.63) Prec@5 87.50 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:45:09] Epoch: [199][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.61) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-21:46:54] Epoch: [199][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.872) Prec@1 74.22 (76.61) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:48:40] Epoch: [199][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.873) Prec@1 77.34 (76.61) Prec@5 88.28 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-21:50:24] Epoch: [199][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:52:10] Epoch: [199][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.59) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:53:55] Epoch: [199][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:55:41] Epoch: [199][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.874) Prec@1 78.12 (76.60) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-21:57:26] Epoch: [199][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.60) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-21:59:11] Epoch: [199][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.60) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-22:00:57] Epoch: [199][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.731 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.59) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:02:43] Epoch: [199][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:04:27] Epoch: [199][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.875) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:06:13] Epoch: [199][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.59) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:07:57] Epoch: [199][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.875) Prec@1 81.25 (76.59) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:09:43] Epoch: [199][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.875) Prec@1 80.47 (76.58) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:11:28] Epoch: [199][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:13:14] Epoch: [199][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.875) Prec@1 74.22 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:15:00] Epoch: [199][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.58) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:16:45] Epoch: [199][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.59) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:18:30] Epoch: [199][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.875) Prec@1 77.34 (76.59) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:20:15] Epoch: [199][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.875) Prec@1 76.56 (76.58) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:21:59] Epoch: [199][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.875) Prec@1 77.34 (76.58) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:23:44] Epoch: [199][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:25:28] Epoch: [199][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.876) Prec@1 75.78 (76.57) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:27:14] Epoch: [199][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.876) Prec@1 73.44 (76.57) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:29:00] Epoch: [199][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.876) Prec@1 84.38 (76.57) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:30:46] Epoch: [199][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.57) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:32:32] Epoch: [199][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.601 (2.876) Prec@1 82.81 (76.57) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-22:34:19] Epoch: [199][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.649 (2.876) Prec@1 81.25 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:36:04] Epoch: [199][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:37:49] Epoch: [199][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.877) Prec@1 77.34 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-22:39:33] Epoch: [199][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (76.55) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-22:41:18] Epoch: [199][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-22:43:04] Epoch: [199][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (2.878) Prec@1 75.00 (76.54) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-22:44:48] Epoch: [199][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.878) Prec@1 75.00 (76.54) Prec@5 95.31 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-22:46:33] Epoch: [199][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.877) Prec@1 69.53 (76.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-22:46:37] Epoch: [199][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.645 (2.877) Prec@1 66.67 (76.54) Prec@5 73.33 (91.63) -[2018-10-22-22:46:37] **train** Prec@1 76.54 Prec@5 91.63 Error@1 23.46 Error@5 8.37 Loss:2.877 - test [2018-10-22-22:46:41] Epoch: [199][000/391] Time 4.05 (4.05) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 0.547 (0.547) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-22-22:47:07] Epoch: [199][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.113 (0.989) Prec@1 71.09 (77.41) Prec@5 92.97 (93.66) - test [2018-10-22-22:47:33] Epoch: [199][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.121 (1.161) Prec@1 47.50 (73.78) Prec@5 82.50 (91.44) -[2018-10-22-22:47:33] **test** Prec@1 73.78 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.22 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-22-22:47:33] [Epoch=200/250] [Need: 73:55:48] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-22-22:47:38] Epoch: [200][000/10010] Time 4.97 (4.97) Data 4.30 (4.30) Loss 2.844 (2.844) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-22-22:49:22] Epoch: [200][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.854 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.56) - train[2018-10-22-22:51:08] Epoch: [200][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.708 (2.879) Prec@1 78.91 (76.53) Prec@5 94.53 (91.60) - train[2018-10-22-22:52:52] Epoch: [200][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.191 (2.877) Prec@1 68.75 (76.58) Prec@5 88.28 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:54:37] Epoch: [200][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.797 (2.881) Prec@1 78.12 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-22:56:22] Epoch: [200][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.878) Prec@1 79.69 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-22:58:07] Epoch: [200][1200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.877) Prec@1 73.44 (76.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-22:59:52] Epoch: [200][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (2.874) Prec@1 71.09 (76.63) Prec@5 87.50 (91.71) - train[2018-10-22-23:01:37] Epoch: [200][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.59) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-22-23:03:21] Epoch: [200][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.229 (2.874) Prec@1 67.97 (76.63) Prec@5 85.94 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-23:05:06] Epoch: [200][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (2.873) Prec@1 67.19 (76.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-22-23:06:51] Epoch: [200][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.873) Prec@1 79.69 (76.64) Prec@5 96.09 (91.71) - train[2018-10-22-23:08:36] Epoch: [200][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.63) Prec@5 96.09 (91.70) - train[2018-10-22-23:10:22] Epoch: [200][2600/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.62) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-22-23:12:07] Epoch: [200][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.872) Prec@1 79.69 (76.63) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-23:13:52] Epoch: [200][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.872) Prec@1 71.88 (76.63) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-22-23:15:37] Epoch: [200][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-23:17:22] Epoch: [200][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.873) Prec@1 77.34 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-22-23:19:07] Epoch: [200][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-23:20:52] Epoch: [200][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.875) Prec@1 78.12 (76.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:22:37] Epoch: [200][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.873) Prec@1 80.47 (76.62) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-23:24:22] Epoch: [200][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.873) Prec@1 80.47 (76.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-23:26:08] Epoch: [200][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.608 (2.873) Prec@1 84.38 (76.61) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-23:27:53] Epoch: [200][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (2.874) Prec@1 71.88 (76.60) Prec@5 86.72 (91.67) - train[2018-10-22-23:29:38] Epoch: [200][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.875) Prec@1 78.12 (76.56) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-22-23:31:23] Epoch: [200][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.875) Prec@1 79.69 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:33:09] Epoch: [200][5200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.875) Prec@1 70.31 (76.56) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:34:53] Epoch: [200][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.875) Prec@1 72.66 (76.56) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:36:38] Epoch: [200][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.212 (2.875) Prec@1 71.88 (76.56) Prec@5 86.72 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:38:24] Epoch: [200][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.875) Prec@1 75.00 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-22-23:40:09] Epoch: [200][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.875) Prec@1 71.09 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:41:53] Epoch: [200][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.219 (2.876) Prec@1 72.66 (76.55) Prec@5 86.72 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:43:38] Epoch: [200][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.582 (2.876) Prec@1 79.69 (76.55) Prec@5 96.09 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:45:23] Epoch: [200][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.876) Prec@1 77.34 (76.56) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:47:08] Epoch: [200][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.876) Prec@1 74.22 (76.57) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:48:52] Epoch: [200][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-22-23:50:37] Epoch: [200][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (2.877) Prec@1 72.66 (76.56) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-23:52:23] Epoch: [200][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.292 (2.877) Prec@1 71.09 (76.56) Prec@5 84.38 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-23:54:08] Epoch: [200][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.137 (2.877) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 87.50 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-23:55:53] Epoch: [200][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.56) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-22-23:57:38] Epoch: [200][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.877) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-22-23:59:23] Epoch: [200][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.877) Prec@1 77.34 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:01:08] Epoch: [200][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:02:52] Epoch: [200][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.237 (2.877) Prec@1 69.53 (76.55) Prec@5 86.72 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:04:37] Epoch: [200][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.877) Prec@1 77.34 (76.54) Prec@5 91.41 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:06:22] Epoch: [200][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (2.877) Prec@1 80.47 (76.54) Prec@5 95.31 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:08:08] Epoch: [200][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.877) Prec@1 79.69 (76.54) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:09:53] Epoch: [200][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.877) Prec@1 80.47 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:11:38] Epoch: [200][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.877) Prec@1 79.69 (76.55) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:13:23] Epoch: [200][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:15:09] Epoch: [200][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (2.877) Prec@1 72.66 (76.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:15:13] Epoch: [200][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.997 (2.877) Prec@1 53.33 (76.55) Prec@5 80.00 (91.62) -[2018-10-23-00:15:13] **train** Prec@1 76.55 Prec@5 91.62 Error@1 23.45 Error@5 8.38 Loss:2.877 - test [2018-10-23-00:15:17] Epoch: [200][000/391] Time 3.94 (3.94) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 0.551 (0.551) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-00:15:43] Epoch: [200][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.164 (0.993) Prec@1 69.53 (77.37) Prec@5 91.41 (93.67) - test [2018-10-23-00:16:08] Epoch: [200][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.124 (1.159) Prec@1 46.25 (73.76) Prec@5 82.50 (91.44) -[2018-10-23-00:16:08] **test** Prec@1 73.76 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.24 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.159 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-00:16:08] [Epoch=201/250] [Need: 72:20:38] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-00:16:12] Epoch: [201][000/10010] Time 4.59 (4.59) Data 3.97 (3.97) Loss 3.255 (3.255) Prec@1 69.53 (69.53) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-23-00:17:58] Epoch: [201][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.826 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-00:19:42] Epoch: [201][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.036 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-23-00:21:27] Epoch: [201][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.004 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-00:23:11] Epoch: [201][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.752 (2.872) Prec@1 78.12 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-00:24:56] Epoch: [201][1000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.875) Prec@1 75.00 (76.73) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-00:26:40] Epoch: [201][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.104 (2.875) Prec@1 74.22 (76.71) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-00:28:26] Epoch: [201][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.878) Prec@1 71.09 (76.60) Prec@5 86.72 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-00:30:10] Epoch: [201][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.185 (2.876) Prec@1 69.53 (76.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:31:55] Epoch: [201][1800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.874) Prec@1 78.12 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-00:33:40] Epoch: [201][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.874) Prec@1 70.31 (76.63) Prec@5 92.19 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-00:35:25] Epoch: [201][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.876) Prec@1 78.91 (76.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-00:37:10] Epoch: [201][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.876) Prec@1 72.66 (76.60) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-00:38:54] Epoch: [201][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.876) Prec@1 78.12 (76.62) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:40:40] Epoch: [201][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.876) Prec@1 78.12 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:42:25] Epoch: [201][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.877) Prec@1 82.81 (76.60) Prec@5 96.09 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-00:44:10] Epoch: [201][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.877) Prec@1 76.56 (76.62) Prec@5 96.88 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:45:56] Epoch: [201][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.071 (2.876) Prec@1 71.88 (76.62) Prec@5 87.50 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:47:41] Epoch: [201][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.877) Prec@1 78.91 (76.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:49:26] Epoch: [201][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.877) Prec@1 73.44 (76.59) Prec@5 88.28 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:51:11] Epoch: [201][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.877) Prec@1 78.12 (76.58) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-00:52:57] Epoch: [201][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.876) Prec@1 82.03 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:54:42] Epoch: [201][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.877) Prec@1 76.56 (76.58) Prec@5 91.41 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-00:56:27] Epoch: [201][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.878) Prec@1 76.56 (76.57) Prec@5 94.53 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-00:58:12] Epoch: [201][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.878) Prec@1 79.69 (76.55) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-00:59:57] Epoch: [201][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.55) Prec@5 91.41 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:01:42] Epoch: [201][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.336 (2.878) Prec@1 66.41 (76.56) Prec@5 85.94 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:03:27] Epoch: [201][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.55) Prec@5 94.53 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-01:05:12] Epoch: [201][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.878) Prec@1 78.91 (76.55) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-01:06:57] Epoch: [201][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.878) Prec@1 77.34 (76.55) Prec@5 89.84 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:08:42] Epoch: [201][6000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.878) Prec@1 75.78 (76.54) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:10:27] Epoch: [201][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.54) Prec@5 92.19 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:12:12] Epoch: [201][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.879) Prec@1 78.12 (76.53) Prec@5 92.97 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-01:13:57] Epoch: [201][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.53) Prec@5 94.53 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:15:42] Epoch: [201][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.675 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.53) Prec@5 96.09 (91.58) - train[2018-10-23-01:17:27] Epoch: [201][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.879) Prec@1 70.31 (76.53) Prec@5 89.06 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:19:11] Epoch: [201][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.878) Prec@1 72.66 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.58) - train[2018-10-23-01:20:56] Epoch: [201][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.266 (2.879) Prec@1 70.31 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.58) - train[2018-10-23-01:22:41] Epoch: [201][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.878) Prec@1 72.66 (76.53) Prec@5 89.84 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-01:24:26] Epoch: [201][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.878) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 93.75 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-01:26:10] Epoch: [201][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.879) Prec@1 78.91 (76.51) Prec@5 92.19 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:27:56] Epoch: [201][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.879) Prec@1 75.00 (76.51) Prec@5 92.97 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:29:42] Epoch: [201][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.878) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 93.75 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-01:31:26] Epoch: [201][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.197 (2.879) Prec@1 66.41 (76.51) Prec@5 89.84 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:33:12] Epoch: [201][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.879) Prec@1 78.91 (76.51) Prec@5 92.19 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:34:56] Epoch: [201][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.878) Prec@1 73.44 (76.52) Prec@5 94.53 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:36:42] Epoch: [201][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (2.878) Prec@1 71.88 (76.52) Prec@5 89.06 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:38:26] Epoch: [201][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.245 (2.879) Prec@1 74.22 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:40:12] Epoch: [201][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.879) Prec@1 78.91 (76.53) Prec@5 96.09 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:41:58] Epoch: [201][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.879) Prec@1 79.69 (76.53) Prec@5 91.41 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:43:43] Epoch: [201][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (2.878) Prec@1 74.22 (76.53) Prec@5 89.84 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-01:43:47] Epoch: [201][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.534 (2.878) Prec@1 73.33 (76.53) Prec@5 93.33 (91.59) -[2018-10-23-01:43:47] **train** Prec@1 76.53 Prec@5 91.59 Error@1 23.47 Error@5 8.41 Loss:2.878 - test [2018-10-23-01:43:52] Epoch: [201][000/391] Time 4.03 (4.03) Data 3.90 (3.90) Loss 0.538 (0.538) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-23-01:44:18] Epoch: [201][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.179 (1.000) Prec@1 69.53 (77.40) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-23-01:44:42] Epoch: [201][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.129 (1.167) Prec@1 48.75 (73.84) Prec@5 81.25 (91.39) -[2018-10-23-01:44:42] **test** Prec@1 73.84 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.16 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-01:44:42] [Epoch=202/250] [Need: 70:51:44] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-01:44:47] Epoch: [202][000/10010] Time 4.81 (4.81) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 2.880 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-23-01:46:32] Epoch: [202][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.911 (2.880) Prec@1 72.66 (76.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-01:48:16] Epoch: [202][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.045 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.47) Prec@5 88.28 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-01:50:01] Epoch: [202][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.990 (2.870) Prec@1 76.56 (76.62) Prec@5 88.28 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-01:51:46] Epoch: [202][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.621 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.74) Prec@5 97.66 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-01:53:31] Epoch: [202][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.511 (2.865) Prec@1 83.59 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-01:55:16] Epoch: [202][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-01:57:02] Epoch: [202][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.75) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-01:58:46] Epoch: [202][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.281 (2.866) Prec@1 71.88 (76.70) Prec@5 84.38 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-02:00:31] Epoch: [202][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.69) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-02:02:15] Epoch: [202][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-02:03:59] Epoch: [202][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.868) Prec@1 82.03 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:05:45] Epoch: [202][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.613 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-02:07:30] Epoch: [202][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-02:09:15] Epoch: [202][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.869) Prec@1 77.34 (76.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:11:00] Epoch: [202][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:12:46] Epoch: [202][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:14:31] Epoch: [202][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.239 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.61) Prec@5 86.72 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-02:16:16] Epoch: [202][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.871) Prec@1 79.69 (76.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-02:18:02] Epoch: [202][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.871) Prec@1 78.91 (76.62) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:19:47] Epoch: [202][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.872) Prec@1 80.47 (76.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-02:21:32] Epoch: [202][4200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.59) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:23:17] Epoch: [202][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.872) Prec@1 80.47 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-02:25:02] Epoch: [202][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.873) Prec@1 82.81 (76.60) Prec@5 94.53 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-02:26:47] Epoch: [202][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.669 (2.873) Prec@1 79.69 (76.60) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-02:28:32] Epoch: [202][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.59) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:30:16] Epoch: [202][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.602 (2.874) Prec@1 82.03 (76.59) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:32:01] Epoch: [202][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.144 (2.875) Prec@1 71.09 (76.59) Prec@5 87.50 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:33:47] Epoch: [202][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.874) Prec@1 79.69 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:35:31] Epoch: [202][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.61) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:37:16] Epoch: [202][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.63) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-02:39:01] Epoch: [202][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-02:40:46] Epoch: [202][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.873) Prec@1 75.00 (76.63) Prec@5 88.28 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-02:42:32] Epoch: [202][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.499 (2.873) Prec@1 83.59 (76.63) Prec@5 98.44 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-02:44:17] Epoch: [202][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.61) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:46:01] Epoch: [202][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.60) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:47:46] Epoch: [202][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.59) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-02:49:31] Epoch: [202][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.875) Prec@1 70.31 (76.59) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:51:17] Epoch: [202][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.595 (2.876) Prec@1 80.47 (76.59) Prec@5 95.31 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-02:53:04] Epoch: [202][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.875) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-02:54:51] Epoch: [202][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.875) Prec@1 76.56 (76.60) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-02:56:38] Epoch: [202][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.876) Prec@1 75.78 (76.59) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-02:58:25] Epoch: [202][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.59) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:00:11] Epoch: [202][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.59) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:01:58] Epoch: [202][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.876) Prec@1 71.88 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:03:45] Epoch: [202][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.876) Prec@1 80.47 (76.60) Prec@5 91.41 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:05:32] Epoch: [202][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.876) Prec@1 80.47 (76.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:07:19] Epoch: [202][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.876) Prec@1 74.22 (76.60) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:09:06] Epoch: [202][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.876) Prec@1 67.19 (76.59) Prec@5 93.75 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:10:52] Epoch: [202][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.399 (2.876) Prec@1 87.50 (76.59) Prec@5 95.31 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-03:12:39] Epoch: [202][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.876) Prec@1 74.22 (76.59) Prec@5 93.75 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-03:12:43] Epoch: [202][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (2.876) Prec@1 86.67 (76.59) Prec@5 86.67 (91.63) -[2018-10-23-03:12:43] **train** Prec@1 76.59 Prec@5 91.63 Error@1 23.41 Error@5 8.37 Loss:2.876 - test [2018-10-23-03:12:47] Epoch: [202][000/391] Time 4.09 (4.09) Data 3.95 (3.95) Loss 0.570 (0.570) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-03:13:13] Epoch: [202][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.173 (0.994) Prec@1 68.75 (77.62) Prec@5 91.41 (93.62) - test [2018-10-23-03:13:38] Epoch: [202][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.097 (1.163) Prec@1 52.50 (73.91) Prec@5 82.50 (91.42) -[2018-10-23-03:13:38] **test** Prec@1 73.91 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.09 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-03:13:38] [Epoch=203/250] [Need: 69:39:46] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-03:13:43] Epoch: [203][000/10010] Time 5.03 (5.03) Data 4.42 (4.42) Loss 2.561 (2.561) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-23-03:15:29] Epoch: [203][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.006 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (92.01) - train[2018-10-23-03:17:14] Epoch: [203][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.916 (2.853) Prec@1 75.78 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.99) - train[2018-10-23-03:18:58] Epoch: [203][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.762 (2.860) Prec@1 81.25 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.91) - train[2018-10-23-03:20:44] Epoch: [203][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.700 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.82) Prec@5 94.53 (91.92) - train[2018-10-23-03:22:30] Epoch: [203][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.88) - train[2018-10-23-03:24:16] Epoch: [203][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.72) Prec@5 89.84 (91.85) - train[2018-10-23-03:26:02] Epoch: [203][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.69) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-23-03:27:48] Epoch: [203][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.71) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-03:29:34] Epoch: [203][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.868) Prec@1 72.66 (76.71) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-03:31:19] Epoch: [203][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.868) Prec@1 72.66 (76.71) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-03:33:05] Epoch: [203][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.868) Prec@1 71.88 (76.70) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-03:34:50] Epoch: [203][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.544 (2.869) Prec@1 81.25 (76.66) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-03:36:36] Epoch: [203][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.869) Prec@1 78.12 (76.68) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-03:38:23] Epoch: [203][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.612 (2.870) Prec@1 82.81 (76.65) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-03:40:08] Epoch: [203][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.870) Prec@1 73.44 (76.66) Prec@5 87.50 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:41:55] Epoch: [203][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.080 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-03:43:40] Epoch: [203][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.871) Prec@1 71.09 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:45:27] Epoch: [203][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.871) Prec@1 73.44 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:47:13] Epoch: [203][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.871) Prec@1 75.00 (76.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:48:58] Epoch: [203][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:50:44] Epoch: [203][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.593 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:52:31] Epoch: [203][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.871) Prec@1 72.66 (76.67) Prec@5 87.50 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:54:16] Epoch: [203][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.871) Prec@1 78.91 (76.65) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-03:56:01] Epoch: [203][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.531 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.66) Prec@5 96.88 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-03:57:48] Epoch: [203][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-03:59:33] Epoch: [203][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-04:01:20] Epoch: [203][5400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.68) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-04:03:06] Epoch: [203][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.871) Prec@1 78.91 (76.68) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-04:04:52] Epoch: [203][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.66) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-04:06:38] Epoch: [203][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.872) Prec@1 72.66 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-04:08:25] Epoch: [203][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.872) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-04:10:10] Epoch: [203][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.872) Prec@1 78.12 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-04:11:56] Epoch: [203][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.526 (2.873) Prec@1 82.81 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-04:13:42] Epoch: [203][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.557 (2.873) Prec@1 82.81 (76.65) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-04:15:28] Epoch: [203][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-04:17:13] Epoch: [203][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-04:19:00] Epoch: [203][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:20:46] Epoch: [203][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.875) Prec@1 78.12 (76.62) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:22:32] Epoch: [203][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.461 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.63) Prec@5 96.88 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:24:18] Epoch: [203][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.64) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:26:03] Epoch: [203][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.874) Prec@1 72.66 (76.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:27:49] Epoch: [203][8400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.127 (2.875) Prec@1 72.66 (76.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:29:35] Epoch: [203][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.875) Prec@1 81.25 (76.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-04:31:21] Epoch: [203][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.875) Prec@1 71.88 (76.62) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-04:33:07] Epoch: [203][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.875) Prec@1 74.22 (76.61) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-04:34:53] Epoch: [203][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.875) Prec@1 75.00 (76.62) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-04:36:40] Epoch: [203][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (2.875) Prec@1 71.88 (76.63) Prec@5 86.72 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-04:38:26] Epoch: [203][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.875) Prec@1 75.78 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:40:11] Epoch: [203][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.652 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.62) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:41:57] Epoch: [203][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.875) Prec@1 78.91 (76.62) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-04:42:01] Epoch: [203][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.619 (2.875) Prec@1 53.33 (76.62) Prec@5 93.33 (91.65) -[2018-10-23-04:42:01] **train** Prec@1 76.62 Prec@5 91.65 Error@1 23.38 Error@5 8.35 Loss:2.875 - test [2018-10-23-04:42:05] Epoch: [203][000/391] Time 4.38 (4.38) Data 4.25 (4.25) Loss 0.527 (0.527) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-04:42:32] Epoch: [203][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.207 (1.003) Prec@1 67.97 (77.33) Prec@5 90.62 (93.66) - test [2018-10-23-04:42:58] Epoch: [203][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.142 (1.173) Prec@1 47.50 (73.73) Prec@5 82.50 (91.39) -[2018-10-23-04:42:58] **test** Prec@1 73.73 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.27 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.173 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-04:42:58] [Epoch=204/250] [Need: 68:28:56] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-04:43:03] Epoch: [204][000/10010] Time 4.81 (4.81) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 2.739 (2.739) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-23-04:44:48] Epoch: [204][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.847 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-04:46:34] Epoch: [204][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.734 (2.866) Prec@1 83.59 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-04:48:19] Epoch: [204][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.996 (2.869) Prec@1 76.56 (76.81) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-04:50:05] Epoch: [204][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.513 (2.870) Prec@1 85.94 (76.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-04:51:51] Epoch: [204][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.81) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-04:53:37] Epoch: [204][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.871) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-04:55:22] Epoch: [204][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-04:57:08] Epoch: [204][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-04:58:53] Epoch: [204][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.73) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-05:00:40] Epoch: [204][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.872) Prec@1 73.44 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-05:02:26] Epoch: [204][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.872) Prec@1 77.34 (76.70) Prec@5 95.31 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-05:04:11] Epoch: [204][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-05:05:58] Epoch: [204][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.67) Prec@5 89.06 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-05:07:44] Epoch: [204][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.874) Prec@1 79.69 (76.69) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:09:30] Epoch: [204][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.68) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:11:16] Epoch: [204][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.874) Prec@1 71.09 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:13:02] Epoch: [204][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:14:47] Epoch: [204][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.875) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:16:33] Epoch: [204][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.642 (2.876) Prec@1 80.47 (76.63) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:18:19] Epoch: [204][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.876) Prec@1 77.34 (76.62) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:20:06] Epoch: [204][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.876) Prec@1 81.25 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-05:21:51] Epoch: [204][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.876) Prec@1 76.56 (76.61) Prec@5 92.97 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-05:23:38] Epoch: [204][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.877) Prec@1 77.34 (76.61) Prec@5 88.28 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-05:25:23] Epoch: [204][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.876) Prec@1 83.59 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-05:27:10] Epoch: [204][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.213 (2.875) Prec@1 74.22 (76.62) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-05:28:55] Epoch: [204][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.875) Prec@1 82.03 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:30:41] Epoch: [204][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:32:28] Epoch: [204][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.874) Prec@1 84.38 (76.65) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:34:14] Epoch: [204][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.65) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:36:03] Epoch: [204][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:37:48] Epoch: [204][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:39:34] Epoch: [204][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.873) Prec@1 80.47 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:41:19] Epoch: [204][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:43:07] Epoch: [204][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.67) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:44:55] Epoch: [204][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-05:46:40] Epoch: [204][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.873) Prec@1 81.25 (76.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:48:27] Epoch: [204][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.874) Prec@1 72.66 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:50:13] Epoch: [204][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.204 (2.874) Prec@1 67.97 (76.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:51:59] Epoch: [204][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.874) Prec@1 76.56 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:53:44] Epoch: [204][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.874) Prec@1 79.69 (76.66) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:55:31] Epoch: [204][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.559 (2.874) Prec@1 84.38 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-05:57:17] Epoch: [204][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.873) Prec@1 73.44 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-05:59:03] Epoch: [204][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.873) Prec@1 83.59 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-06:00:48] Epoch: [204][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.873) Prec@1 80.47 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:02:33] Epoch: [204][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.873) Prec@1 81.25 (76.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:04:18] Epoch: [204][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.164 (2.873) Prec@1 69.53 (76.66) Prec@5 87.50 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:06:03] Epoch: [204][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.962 (2.874) Prec@1 75.00 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:07:49] Epoch: [204][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:09:36] Epoch: [204][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.612 (2.873) Prec@1 81.25 (76.66) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:11:24] Epoch: [204][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.874) Prec@1 79.69 (76.65) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:11:28] Epoch: [204][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.873) Prec@1 80.00 (76.65) Prec@5 100.00 (91.65) -[2018-10-23-06:11:28] **train** Prec@1 76.65 Prec@5 91.65 Error@1 23.35 Error@5 8.35 Loss:2.873 - test [2018-10-23-06:11:32] Epoch: [204][000/391] Time 3.71 (3.71) Data 3.57 (3.57) Loss 0.520 (0.520) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-06:12:00] Epoch: [204][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.180 (0.987) Prec@1 70.31 (77.48) Prec@5 91.41 (93.66) - test [2018-10-23-06:12:25] Epoch: [204][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.135 (1.156) Prec@1 46.25 (73.82) Prec@5 82.50 (91.42) -[2018-10-23-06:12:25] **test** Prec@1 73.82 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.18 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-06:12:26] [Epoch=205/250] [Need: 67:05:47] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-06:12:32] Epoch: [205][000/10010] Time 6.04 (6.04) Data 5.49 (5.49) Loss 2.716 (2.716) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-23-06:14:17] Epoch: [205][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.017 (2.865) Prec@1 72.66 (77.09) Prec@5 87.50 (91.57) - train[2018-10-23-06:16:02] Epoch: [205][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.840 (2.873) Prec@1 77.34 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-06:17:48] Epoch: [205][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.549 (2.878) Prec@1 81.25 (76.55) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-06:19:33] Epoch: [205][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.607 (2.875) Prec@1 84.38 (76.59) Prec@5 96.09 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-06:21:18] Epoch: [205][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.845 (2.875) Prec@1 73.44 (76.61) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:23:03] Epoch: [205][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.874) Prec@1 76.56 (76.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-06:24:49] Epoch: [205][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.876) Prec@1 78.12 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-06:26:35] Epoch: [205][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.878) Prec@1 78.12 (76.55) Prec@5 93.75 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-06:28:22] Epoch: [205][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.006 (2.878) Prec@1 71.88 (76.54) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-06:30:08] Epoch: [205][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.877) Prec@1 73.44 (76.56) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:31:54] Epoch: [205][2200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.877) Prec@1 75.78 (76.57) Prec@5 92.19 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-06:33:39] Epoch: [205][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.877) Prec@1 75.00 (76.57) Prec@5 89.84 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-06:35:24] Epoch: [205][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.195 (2.877) Prec@1 71.88 (76.60) Prec@5 89.84 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-06:37:10] Epoch: [205][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.593 (2.877) Prec@1 85.94 (76.62) Prec@5 95.31 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-06:38:55] Epoch: [205][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.875) Prec@1 80.47 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-06:40:40] Epoch: [205][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.874) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-06:42:25] Epoch: [205][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.874) Prec@1 80.47 (76.69) Prec@5 94.53 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-06:44:10] Epoch: [205][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.70) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-06:45:55] Epoch: [205][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.873) Prec@1 71.09 (76.69) Prec@5 86.72 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-06:47:40] Epoch: [205][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.873) Prec@1 75.00 (76.70) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:49:25] Epoch: [205][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.434 (2.873) Prec@1 82.81 (76.70) Prec@5 96.88 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:51:11] Epoch: [205][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.527 (2.872) Prec@1 82.81 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:52:58] Epoch: [205][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:54:43] Epoch: [205][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.873) Prec@1 72.66 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-06:56:28] Epoch: [205][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.873) Prec@1 75.00 (76.70) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-06:58:14] Epoch: [205][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:00:00] Epoch: [205][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.70) Prec@5 91.41 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:01:45] Epoch: [205][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.872) Prec@1 79.69 (76.71) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:03:32] Epoch: [205][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.873) Prec@1 83.59 (76.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:05:17] Epoch: [205][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.782 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-07:07:03] Epoch: [205][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.177 (2.873) Prec@1 71.88 (76.71) Prec@5 86.72 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-07:08:49] Epoch: [205][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.538 (2.872) Prec@1 81.25 (76.73) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-07:10:34] Epoch: [205][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.872) Prec@1 79.69 (76.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-07:12:21] Epoch: [205][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:14:06] Epoch: [205][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.567 (2.872) Prec@1 82.03 (76.72) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:15:52] Epoch: [205][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.873) Prec@1 74.22 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:17:41] Epoch: [205][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.873) Prec@1 79.69 (76.70) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:19:26] Epoch: [205][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.69) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:21:12] Epoch: [205][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.70) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:22:58] Epoch: [205][8000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.874) Prec@1 71.09 (76.69) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:24:45] Epoch: [205][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.68) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:26:32] Epoch: [205][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.874) Prec@1 80.47 (76.68) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:28:20] Epoch: [205][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.68) Prec@5 96.09 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:30:09] Epoch: [205][8800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.874) Prec@1 75.78 (76.68) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:31:57] Epoch: [205][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (2.874) Prec@1 70.31 (76.69) Prec@5 87.50 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:33:46] Epoch: [205][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.874) Prec@1 76.56 (76.68) Prec@5 89.84 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:35:35] Epoch: [205][9400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.658 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.68) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:37:22] Epoch: [205][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.874) Prec@1 72.66 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:39:08] Epoch: [205][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.874) Prec@1 69.53 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-07:40:54] Epoch: [205][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.288 (2.874) Prec@1 64.84 (76.66) Prec@5 87.50 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-07:40:58] Epoch: [205][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.874) Prec@1 66.67 (76.66) Prec@5 100.00 (91.63) -[2018-10-23-07:40:58] **train** Prec@1 76.66 Prec@5 91.63 Error@1 23.34 Error@5 8.37 Loss:2.874 - test [2018-10-23-07:41:02] Epoch: [205][000/391] Time 3.87 (3.87) Data 3.74 (3.74) Loss 0.543 (0.543) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-07:41:30] Epoch: [205][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.169 (0.991) Prec@1 69.53 (77.44) Prec@5 92.97 (93.62) - test [2018-10-23-07:41:55] Epoch: [205][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.141 (1.161) Prec@1 48.75 (73.77) Prec@5 82.50 (91.39) -[2018-10-23-07:41:55] **test** Prec@1 73.77 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.23 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-07:41:55] [Epoch=206/250] [Need: 65:37:37] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-07:42:00] Epoch: [206][000/10010] Time 4.84 (4.84) Data 4.14 (4.14) Loss 2.851 (2.851) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-23-07:43:46] Epoch: [206][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.641 (2.880) Prec@1 85.94 (76.69) Prec@5 93.75 (91.32) - train[2018-10-23-07:45:33] Epoch: [206][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.818 (2.876) Prec@1 75.78 (76.77) Prec@5 92.97 (91.41) - train[2018-10-23-07:47:21] Epoch: [206][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.964 (2.871) Prec@1 70.31 (76.81) Prec@5 88.28 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-07:49:07] Epoch: [206][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.921 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-07:50:52] Epoch: [206][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.83) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-07:52:38] Epoch: [206][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.118 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.79) Prec@5 85.16 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-07:54:25] Epoch: [206][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.81) Prec@5 89.06 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-07:56:11] Epoch: [206][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (2.867) Prec@1 71.88 (76.78) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-07:57:57] Epoch: [206][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-07:59:44] Epoch: [206][2000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.869) Prec@1 75.78 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:01:31] Epoch: [206][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.868) Prec@1 79.69 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-08:03:17] Epoch: [206][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-08:05:03] Epoch: [206][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.870) Prec@1 77.34 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:06:52] Epoch: [206][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (2.870) Prec@1 73.44 (76.71) Prec@5 90.62 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:08:38] Epoch: [206][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.593 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.69) Prec@5 95.31 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-08:10:27] Epoch: [206][3200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.869) Prec@1 77.34 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:12:12] Epoch: [206][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.869) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:13:59] Epoch: [206][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.683 (2.870) Prec@1 82.03 (76.69) Prec@5 96.09 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:15:46] Epoch: [206][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.871) Prec@1 79.69 (76.69) Prec@5 96.88 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:17:34] Epoch: [206][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.871) Prec@1 69.53 (76.69) Prec@5 85.94 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:19:21] Epoch: [206][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.68) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:21:08] Epoch: [206][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.872) Prec@1 75.78 (76.68) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:22:55] Epoch: [206][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.872) Prec@1 73.44 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:24:41] Epoch: [206][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.873) Prec@1 72.66 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:26:28] Epoch: [206][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.872) Prec@1 72.66 (76.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:28:16] Epoch: [206][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.872) Prec@1 70.31 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:30:02] Epoch: [206][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.872) Prec@1 75.00 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-08:31:48] Epoch: [206][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.68) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:33:35] Epoch: [206][5800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.872) Prec@1 71.88 (76.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:35:22] Epoch: [206][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.871) Prec@1 77.34 (76.69) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:37:07] Epoch: [206][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.68) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:38:54] Epoch: [206][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:40:42] Epoch: [206][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.872) Prec@1 75.00 (76.67) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-08:42:28] Epoch: [206][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.872) Prec@1 78.12 (76.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:44:15] Epoch: [206][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.661 (2.872) Prec@1 82.81 (76.66) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:46:03] Epoch: [206][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.872) Prec@1 77.34 (76.67) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:47:50] Epoch: [206][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.872) Prec@1 74.22 (76.66) Prec@5 95.31 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:49:37] Epoch: [206][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.872) Prec@1 75.00 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:51:23] Epoch: [206][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.230 (2.872) Prec@1 70.31 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:53:09] Epoch: [206][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.013 (2.872) Prec@1 73.44 (76.66) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:54:54] Epoch: [206][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.872) Prec@1 82.81 (76.65) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:56:40] Epoch: [206][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.871) Prec@1 79.69 (76.66) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-08:58:27] Epoch: [206][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.871) Prec@1 77.34 (76.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:00:14] Epoch: [206][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.871) Prec@1 78.91 (76.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:02:02] Epoch: [206][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:03:46] Epoch: [206][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.620 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.67) Prec@5 96.09 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:05:31] Epoch: [206][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:07:17] Epoch: [206][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-09:09:04] Epoch: [206][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.871) Prec@1 73.44 (76.67) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-09:10:51] Epoch: [206][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-09:10:55] Epoch: [206][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.871) Prec@1 86.67 (76.67) Prec@5 93.33 (91.69) -[2018-10-23-09:10:55] **train** Prec@1 76.67 Prec@5 91.69 Error@1 23.33 Error@5 8.31 Loss:2.871 - test [2018-10-23-09:11:00] Epoch: [206][000/391] Time 4.51 (4.51) Data 4.37 (4.37) Loss 0.568 (0.568) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-09:11:27] Epoch: [206][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.223 (1.006) Prec@1 67.19 (77.54) Prec@5 91.41 (93.64) - test [2018-10-23-09:11:53] Epoch: [206][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.087 (1.174) Prec@1 48.75 (73.82) Prec@5 85.00 (91.38) -[2018-10-23-09:11:53] **test** Prec@1 73.82 Prec@5 91.38 Error@1 26.18 Error@5 8.62 Loss:1.174 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-09:11:54] [Epoch=207/250] [Need: 64:28:53] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-09:11:59] Epoch: [207][000/10010] Time 5.81 (5.81) Data 5.23 (5.23) Loss 2.935 (2.935) Prec@1 70.31 (70.31) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-23-09:13:44] Epoch: [207][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.804 (2.855) Prec@1 78.12 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.90) - train[2018-10-23-09:15:30] Epoch: [207][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.509 (2.859) Prec@1 84.38 (76.92) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-09:17:15] Epoch: [207][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.057 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-09:19:01] Epoch: [207][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.861 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-09:20:46] Epoch: [207][1000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.102 (2.865) Prec@1 71.88 (76.82) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-09:22:32] Epoch: [207][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (2.866) Prec@1 69.53 (76.76) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-09:24:17] Epoch: [207][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:26:02] Epoch: [207][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-09:27:48] Epoch: [207][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-09:29:34] Epoch: [207][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.866) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-09:31:22] Epoch: [207][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (2.867) Prec@1 71.09 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-09:33:10] Epoch: [207][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-09:34:57] Epoch: [207][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.497 (2.865) Prec@1 84.38 (76.83) Prec@5 96.88 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-09:36:43] Epoch: [207][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-09:38:28] Epoch: [207][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.79) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:40:13] Epoch: [207][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:42:00] Epoch: [207][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.75) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-09:43:45] Epoch: [207][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.869) Prec@1 73.44 (76.74) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:45:31] Epoch: [207][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-09:47:17] Epoch: [207][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.868) Prec@1 72.66 (76.75) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-09:49:03] Epoch: [207][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.868) Prec@1 69.53 (76.75) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:50:50] Epoch: [207][4400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.799 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.76) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:52:38] Epoch: [207][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.74) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-09:54:23] Epoch: [207][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (2.869) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-09:56:08] Epoch: [207][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.870) Prec@1 73.44 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-09:57:54] Epoch: [207][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-09:59:39] Epoch: [207][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.70) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-10:01:26] Epoch: [207][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.870) Prec@1 81.25 (76.71) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-10:03:12] Epoch: [207][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-10:04:58] Epoch: [207][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.870) Prec@1 81.25 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-10:06:45] Epoch: [207][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (2.871) Prec@1 68.75 (76.69) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-10:08:30] Epoch: [207][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.871) Prec@1 75.00 (76.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-10:10:15] Epoch: [207][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.69) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-10:12:02] Epoch: [207][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.69) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-10:13:49] Epoch: [207][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.67) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:15:37] Epoch: [207][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.511 (2.872) Prec@1 85.94 (76.66) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:17:24] Epoch: [207][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.872) Prec@1 75.78 (76.67) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-10:19:12] Epoch: [207][7600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.67) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:20:59] Epoch: [207][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.871) Prec@1 80.47 (76.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:22:47] Epoch: [207][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:24:34] Epoch: [207][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.872) Prec@1 72.66 (76.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:26:20] Epoch: [207][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.872) Prec@1 75.78 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-10:28:06] Epoch: [207][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.872) Prec@1 74.22 (76.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-10:29:52] Epoch: [207][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.872) Prec@1 70.31 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:31:37] Epoch: [207][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.871) Prec@1 77.34 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:33:23] Epoch: [207][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:35:11] Epoch: [207][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:36:58] Epoch: [207][9600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.135 (2.872) Prec@1 72.66 (76.66) Prec@5 88.28 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:38:45] Epoch: [207][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.872) Prec@1 75.00 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-10:40:31] Epoch: [207][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-10:40:35] Epoch: [207][10009/10010] Time 0.22 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.391 (2.872) Prec@1 73.33 (76.66) Prec@5 80.00 (91.65) -[2018-10-23-10:40:35] **train** Prec@1 76.66 Prec@5 91.65 Error@1 23.34 Error@5 8.35 Loss:2.872 - test [2018-10-23-10:40:39] Epoch: [207][000/391] Time 4.02 (4.02) Data 3.88 (3.88) Loss 0.567 (0.567) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-10:41:07] Epoch: [207][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.173 (0.992) Prec@1 67.97 (77.43) Prec@5 91.41 (93.58) - test [2018-10-23-10:41:33] Epoch: [207][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.121 (1.163) Prec@1 48.75 (73.81) Prec@5 81.25 (91.38) -[2018-10-23-10:41:33] **test** Prec@1 73.81 Prec@5 91.38 Error@1 26.19 Error@5 8.62 Loss:1.163 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.92, Acc@5=91.51, Error@1=26.08, Error@5=8.49 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-10:41:33] [Epoch=208/250] [Need: 62:45:39] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-10:41:37] Epoch: [208][000/10010] Time 4.46 (4.46) Data 3.86 (3.86) Loss 2.666 (2.666) Prec@1 79.69 (79.69) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-23-10:43:24] Epoch: [208][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.261 (2.872) Prec@1 67.97 (76.70) Prec@5 86.72 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-10:45:10] Epoch: [208][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.983 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-10:46:56] Epoch: [208][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.847 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.93) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-10:48:43] Epoch: [208][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.750 (2.869) Prec@1 78.91 (76.72) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-10:50:31] Epoch: [208][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.783 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-10:52:17] Epoch: [208][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.217 (2.869) Prec@1 69.53 (76.65) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-10:54:04] Epoch: [208][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.869) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-10:55:52] Epoch: [208][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.866) Prec@1 72.66 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-10:57:39] Epoch: [208][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.867) Prec@1 72.66 (76.71) Prec@5 87.50 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-10:59:25] Epoch: [208][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-11:01:11] Epoch: [208][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.870) Prec@1 71.88 (76.68) Prec@5 92.19 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-11:02:57] Epoch: [208][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.69) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-11:04:44] Epoch: [208][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (2.871) Prec@1 82.03 (76.68) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:06:31] Epoch: [208][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.871) Prec@1 77.34 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-11:08:17] Epoch: [208][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-11:10:05] Epoch: [208][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:11:53] Epoch: [208][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.870) Prec@1 77.34 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-11:13:41] Epoch: [208][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-11:15:27] Epoch: [208][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.871) Prec@1 79.69 (76.68) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-11:17:13] Epoch: [208][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.67) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-11:19:01] Epoch: [208][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (2.872) Prec@1 78.12 (76.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-11:20:49] Epoch: [208][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.872) Prec@1 78.91 (76.66) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:22:35] Epoch: [208][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:24:21] Epoch: [208][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.872) Prec@1 76.56 (76.65) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:26:08] Epoch: [208][5000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.873) Prec@1 73.44 (76.63) Prec@5 88.28 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:27:56] Epoch: [208][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.63) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:29:44] Epoch: [208][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.873) Prec@1 76.56 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:31:30] Epoch: [208][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.63) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:33:18] Epoch: [208][5800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.873) Prec@1 77.34 (76.64) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:35:05] Epoch: [208][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:36:52] Epoch: [208][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.872) Prec@1 78.12 (76.63) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:38:37] Epoch: [208][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.149 (2.873) Prec@1 75.00 (76.63) Prec@5 88.28 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-11:40:25] Epoch: [208][6600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.872) Prec@1 82.81 (76.65) Prec@5 90.62 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:42:12] Epoch: [208][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.872) Prec@1 73.44 (76.66) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:43:58] Epoch: [208][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.872) Prec@1 75.78 (76.65) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-11:45:46] Epoch: [208][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.754 (2.873) Prec@1 82.03 (76.63) Prec@5 89.84 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-11:47:34] Epoch: [208][7400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.620 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.63) Prec@5 95.31 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-11:49:21] Epoch: [208][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.873) Prec@1 75.78 (76.63) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-11:51:10] Epoch: [208][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.874) Prec@1 81.25 (76.62) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-11:52:58] Epoch: [208][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.62) Prec@5 92.97 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-11:54:47] Epoch: [208][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.62) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-11:56:35] Epoch: [208][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.874) Prec@1 74.22 (76.62) Prec@5 92.19 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-11:58:23] Epoch: [208][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.586 (2.874) Prec@1 82.03 (76.61) Prec@5 95.31 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:00:12] Epoch: [208][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.874) Prec@1 78.91 (76.61) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:01:58] Epoch: [208][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.874) Prec@1 83.59 (76.61) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:03:46] Epoch: [208][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.874) Prec@1 73.44 (76.61) Prec@5 90.62 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:05:34] Epoch: [208][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.488 (2.874) Prec@1 78.12 (76.62) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:07:22] Epoch: [208][9600/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.616 (2.874) Prec@1 79.69 (76.61) Prec@5 95.31 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:09:10] Epoch: [208][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.549 (2.874) Prec@1 84.38 (76.63) Prec@5 96.09 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-12:10:58] Epoch: [208][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.873) Prec@1 78.12 (76.63) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-12:11:02] Epoch: [208][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (2.873) Prec@1 80.00 (76.63) Prec@5 93.33 (91.63) -[2018-10-23-12:11:02] **train** Prec@1 76.63 Prec@5 91.63 Error@1 23.37 Error@5 8.37 Loss:2.873 - test [2018-10-23-12:11:07] Epoch: [208][000/391] Time 4.45 (4.45) Data 4.31 (4.31) Loss 0.541 (0.541) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-12:11:34] Epoch: [208][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.172 (0.995) Prec@1 68.75 (77.50) Prec@5 92.19 (93.68) - test [2018-10-23-12:12:02] Epoch: [208][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.148 (1.162) Prec@1 47.50 (73.98) Prec@5 83.75 (91.44) -[2018-10-23-12:12:02] **test** Prec@1 73.98 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.02 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-12:12:02] [Epoch=209/250] [Need: 61:50:01] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-12:12:08] Epoch: [209][000/10010] Time 5.59 (5.59) Data 5.03 (5.03) Loss 2.549 (2.549) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-23-12:13:53] Epoch: [209][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.767 (2.870) Prec@1 83.59 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-12:15:39] Epoch: [209][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.888 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-12:17:25] Epoch: [209][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.987 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.03) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-12:19:11] Epoch: [209][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.891 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-12:20:59] Epoch: [209][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.246 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.93) Prec@5 87.50 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-12:22:46] Epoch: [209][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-12:24:34] Epoch: [209][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.425 (2.867) Prec@1 85.94 (76.83) Prec@5 96.09 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-12:26:21] Epoch: [209][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.81) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-12:28:08] Epoch: [209][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (2.867) Prec@1 72.66 (76.83) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-12:29:56] Epoch: [209][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.867) Prec@1 73.44 (76.83) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-12:31:44] Epoch: [209][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-12:33:31] Epoch: [209][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.80) Prec@5 85.16 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-12:35:18] Epoch: [209][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.255 (2.867) Prec@1 67.97 (76.82) Prec@5 86.72 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-12:37:05] Epoch: [209][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.867) Prec@1 76.56 (76.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-12:38:52] Epoch: [209][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.867) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-12:40:40] Epoch: [209][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:42:27] Epoch: [209][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.156 (2.867) Prec@1 67.97 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:44:14] Epoch: [209][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:46:01] Epoch: [209][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.866) Prec@1 81.25 (76.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:47:49] Epoch: [209][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.79) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:49:36] Epoch: [209][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.799 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.77) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-12:51:24] Epoch: [209][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.868) Prec@1 75.00 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-12:53:10] Epoch: [209][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.77) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-12:54:57] Epoch: [209][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (2.869) Prec@1 70.31 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-12:56:44] Epoch: [209][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.869) Prec@1 78.12 (76.74) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-12:58:32] Epoch: [209][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.869) Prec@1 78.12 (76.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:00:19] Epoch: [209][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.869) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:02:07] Epoch: [209][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.870) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-13:03:53] Epoch: [209][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-13:05:41] Epoch: [209][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.73) Prec@5 95.31 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-13:07:28] Epoch: [209][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.74) Prec@5 89.06 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-13:09:16] Epoch: [209][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (2.870) Prec@1 70.31 (76.74) Prec@5 87.50 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-13:11:03] Epoch: [209][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.869) Prec@1 76.56 (76.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-13:12:50] Epoch: [209][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.869) Prec@1 81.25 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:14:37] Epoch: [209][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.869) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:16:25] Epoch: [209][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.659 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.75) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:18:13] Epoch: [209][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (2.870) Prec@1 84.38 (76.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:20:01] Epoch: [209][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.870) Prec@1 76.56 (76.75) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:21:48] Epoch: [209][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.870) Prec@1 81.25 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:23:37] Epoch: [209][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.870) Prec@1 74.22 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:25:24] Epoch: [209][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.870) Prec@1 82.03 (76.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:27:12] Epoch: [209][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.870) Prec@1 73.44 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:28:58] Epoch: [209][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.646 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:30:46] Epoch: [209][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:32:34] Epoch: [209][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.544 (2.870) Prec@1 82.81 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:34:22] Epoch: [209][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.870) Prec@1 71.88 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:36:09] Epoch: [209][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.73) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-13:37:55] Epoch: [209][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.870) Prec@1 82.03 (76.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:39:42] Epoch: [209][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:41:29] Epoch: [209][10000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.870) Prec@1 81.25 (76.73) Prec@5 94.53 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:41:33] Epoch: [209][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.549 (2.870) Prec@1 66.67 (76.73) Prec@5 93.33 (91.67) -[2018-10-23-13:41:33] **train** Prec@1 76.73 Prec@5 91.67 Error@1 23.27 Error@5 8.33 Loss:2.870 - test [2018-10-23-13:41:38] Epoch: [209][000/391] Time 4.39 (4.39) Data 4.25 (4.25) Loss 0.546 (0.546) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-13:42:07] Epoch: [209][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.170 (0.989) Prec@1 71.09 (77.31) Prec@5 91.41 (93.64) - test [2018-10-23-13:42:33] Epoch: [209][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.139 (1.157) Prec@1 45.00 (73.81) Prec@5 82.50 (91.45) -[2018-10-23-13:42:33] **test** Prec@1 73.81 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 26.19 Error@5 8.55 Loss:1.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-13:42:33] [Epoch=210/250] [Need: 60:20:43] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-13:42:38] Epoch: [210][000/10010] Time 4.71 (4.71) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 3.104 (3.104) Prec@1 71.09 (71.09) Prec@5 87.50 (87.50) - train[2018-10-23-13:44:24] Epoch: [210][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.347 (2.873) Prec@1 70.31 (76.92) Prec@5 85.94 (91.62) - train[2018-10-23-13:46:09] Epoch: [210][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.158 (2.869) Prec@1 69.53 (76.89) Prec@5 88.28 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-13:47:55] Epoch: [210][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.241 (2.866) Prec@1 69.53 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-13:49:40] Epoch: [210][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.676 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 94.53 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-13:51:26] Epoch: [210][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.99) Prec@5 88.28 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-13:53:11] Epoch: [210][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.866) Prec@1 79.69 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-13:54:57] Epoch: [210][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.85) Prec@5 85.94 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-13:56:42] Epoch: [210][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-13:58:29] Epoch: [210][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-14:00:14] Epoch: [210][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.869) Prec@1 71.88 (76.78) Prec@5 88.28 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:02:01] Epoch: [210][2200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.520 (2.869) Prec@1 83.59 (76.78) Prec@5 94.53 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:03:48] Epoch: [210][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:05:35] Epoch: [210][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.868) Prec@1 79.69 (76.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:07:21] Epoch: [210][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.751 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:09:06] Epoch: [210][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:10:54] Epoch: [210][3200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:12:40] Epoch: [210][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.868) Prec@1 79.69 (76.75) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:14:26] Epoch: [210][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:16:12] Epoch: [210][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.868) Prec@1 79.69 (76.74) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:17:58] Epoch: [210][4000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.77) Prec@5 85.16 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:19:44] Epoch: [210][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.484 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.77) Prec@5 96.88 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:21:30] Epoch: [210][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:23:17] Epoch: [210][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.916 (2.869) Prec@1 75.78 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:25:02] Epoch: [210][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.084 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:26:50] Epoch: [210][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.69) Prec@5 96.88 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-14:28:36] Epoch: [210][5200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.871) Prec@1 75.00 (76.69) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-14:30:23] Epoch: [210][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.871) Prec@1 71.09 (76.69) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-14:32:10] Epoch: [210][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.69) Prec@5 88.28 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:33:57] Epoch: [210][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.870) Prec@1 77.34 (76.70) Prec@5 94.53 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:35:43] Epoch: [210][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.111 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.70) Prec@5 87.50 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-14:37:29] Epoch: [210][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.870) Prec@1 71.09 (76.69) Prec@5 88.28 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:39:15] Epoch: [210][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:41:02] Epoch: [210][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.69) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:42:50] Epoch: [210][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.870) Prec@1 74.22 (76.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:44:37] Epoch: [210][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.647 (2.870) Prec@1 82.81 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-14:46:24] Epoch: [210][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:48:10] Epoch: [210][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:49:57] Epoch: [210][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.133 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:51:44] Epoch: [210][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.70) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:53:32] Epoch: [210][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.697 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:55:18] Epoch: [210][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:57:05] Epoch: [210][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.71) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-14:58:51] Epoch: [210][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:00:39] Epoch: [210][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.871) Prec@1 71.09 (76.70) Prec@5 89.84 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:02:26] Epoch: [210][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:04:13] Epoch: [210][9200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.871) Prec@1 78.12 (76.70) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-15:06:01] Epoch: [210][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.71) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:07:48] Epoch: [210][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:09:35] Epoch: [210][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.870) Prec@1 73.44 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:11:22] Epoch: [210][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.870) Prec@1 79.69 (76.72) Prec@5 93.75 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-15:11:27] Epoch: [210][10009/10010] Time 0.15 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.741 (2.870) Prec@1 53.33 (76.72) Prec@5 86.67 (91.68) -[2018-10-23-15:11:27] **train** Prec@1 76.72 Prec@5 91.68 Error@1 23.28 Error@5 8.32 Loss:2.870 - test [2018-10-23-15:11:31] Epoch: [210][000/391] Time 4.06 (4.06) Data 3.91 (3.91) Loss 0.536 (0.536) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-23-15:11:59] Epoch: [210][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.171 (1.001) Prec@1 68.75 (77.33) Prec@5 91.41 (93.51) - test [2018-10-23-15:12:24] Epoch: [210][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.158 (1.167) Prec@1 46.25 (73.88) Prec@5 82.50 (91.34) -[2018-10-23-15:12:24] **test** Prec@1 73.88 Prec@5 91.34 Error@1 26.12 Error@5 8.66 Loss:1.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-15:12:24] [Epoch=211/250] [Need: 58:24:08] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-15:12:29] Epoch: [211][000/10010] Time 4.90 (4.90) Data 4.31 (4.31) Loss 2.877 (2.877) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-23-15:14:15] Epoch: [211][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.995 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-15:16:00] Epoch: [211][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.974 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-15:17:45] Epoch: [211][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.808 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-15:19:31] Epoch: [211][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.853 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.80) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-23-15:21:18] Epoch: [211][1000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (76.95) Prec@5 87.50 (91.85) - train[2018-10-23-15:23:06] Epoch: [211][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.592 (2.859) Prec@1 83.59 (76.91) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-23-15:24:52] Epoch: [211][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.83) - train[2018-10-23-15:26:40] Epoch: [211][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-15:28:26] Epoch: [211][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-15:30:13] Epoch: [211][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-15:31:59] Epoch: [211][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (76.81) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-15:33:45] Epoch: [211][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-15:35:31] Epoch: [211][2600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.754 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.81) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-15:37:18] Epoch: [211][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.79) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-15:39:03] Epoch: [211][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.868) Prec@1 75.00 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-15:40:50] Epoch: [211][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-15:42:37] Epoch: [211][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.76) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-15:44:24] Epoch: [211][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.78) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-15:46:11] Epoch: [211][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.866) Prec@1 83.59 (76.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-15:47:58] Epoch: [211][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.79) Prec@5 84.38 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-15:49:46] Epoch: [211][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.78) Prec@5 93.75 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-15:51:32] Epoch: [211][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-15:53:19] Epoch: [211][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-15:55:06] Epoch: [211][4800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-15:56:54] Epoch: [211][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.79) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-15:58:40] Epoch: [211][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.866) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:00:27] Epoch: [211][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.810 (2.866) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:02:13] Epoch: [211][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.866) Prec@1 79.69 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:04:01] Epoch: [211][5800/10010] Time 0.68 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.866) Prec@1 81.25 (76.81) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:05:48] Epoch: [211][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:07:36] Epoch: [211][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.80) Prec@5 93.75 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-16:09:23] Epoch: [211][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.80) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-16:11:10] Epoch: [211][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.867) Prec@1 68.75 (76.79) Prec@5 88.28 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-16:12:56] Epoch: [211][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.867) Prec@1 68.75 (76.79) Prec@5 88.28 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:14:43] Epoch: [211][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.081 (2.867) Prec@1 72.66 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-16:16:30] Epoch: [211][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-16:18:18] Epoch: [211][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.78) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-16:20:04] Epoch: [211][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-16:21:51] Epoch: [211][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.867) Prec@1 70.31 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-16:23:39] Epoch: [211][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.868) Prec@1 71.09 (76.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-16:25:27] Epoch: [211][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-16:27:15] Epoch: [211][8400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.869) Prec@1 71.88 (76.77) Prec@5 90.62 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-16:29:03] Epoch: [211][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.869) Prec@1 76.56 (76.77) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:30:50] Epoch: [211][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (2.869) Prec@1 71.09 (76.77) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:32:38] Epoch: [211][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (2.869) Prec@1 70.31 (76.77) Prec@5 85.94 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:34:25] Epoch: [211][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.869) Prec@1 78.91 (76.77) Prec@5 94.53 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:36:12] Epoch: [211][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.869) Prec@1 81.25 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-16:37:59] Epoch: [211][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.518 (2.870) Prec@1 84.38 (76.77) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:39:45] Epoch: [211][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.870) Prec@1 71.09 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:41:32] Epoch: [211][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-16:41:37] Epoch: [211][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.475 (2.870) Prec@1 73.33 (76.75) Prec@5 93.33 (91.66) -[2018-10-23-16:41:37] **train** Prec@1 76.75 Prec@5 91.66 Error@1 23.25 Error@5 8.34 Loss:2.870 - test [2018-10-23-16:41:41] Epoch: [211][000/391] Time 4.19 (4.19) Data 4.05 (4.05) Loss 0.530 (0.530) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-23-16:42:08] Epoch: [211][200/391] Time 0.17 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.140 (0.983) Prec@1 71.09 (77.49) Prec@5 92.19 (93.66) - test [2018-10-23-16:42:34] Epoch: [211][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.087 (1.153) Prec@1 45.00 (73.94) Prec@5 82.50 (91.48) -[2018-10-23-16:42:34] **test** Prec@1 73.94 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.06 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-16:42:34] [Epoch=212/250] [Need: 57:05:55] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-16:42:39] Epoch: [212][000/10010] Time 4.94 (4.94) Data 4.35 (4.35) Loss 2.682 (2.682) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-23-16:44:24] Epoch: [212][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.857 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.60) - train[2018-10-23-16:46:10] Epoch: [212][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.922 (2.852) Prec@1 78.12 (77.08) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-23-16:47:55] Epoch: [212][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.700 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-16:49:40] Epoch: [212][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.269 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.84) Prec@5 84.38 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-16:51:27] Epoch: [212][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-16:53:14] Epoch: [212][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.726 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-16:54:59] Epoch: [212][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-16:56:45] Epoch: [212][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-16:58:31] Epoch: [212][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.81) Prec@5 95.31 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-17:00:18] Epoch: [212][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.513 (2.868) Prec@1 82.03 (76.77) Prec@5 96.88 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:02:03] Epoch: [212][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.78) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-17:03:49] Epoch: [212][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.069 (2.867) Prec@1 72.66 (76.76) Prec@5 89.84 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:05:34] Epoch: [212][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.78) Prec@5 95.31 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:07:20] Epoch: [212][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-17:09:06] Epoch: [212][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-17:10:52] Epoch: [212][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.866) Prec@1 79.69 (76.80) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-17:12:38] Epoch: [212][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-17:14:23] Epoch: [212][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-17:16:09] Epoch: [212][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.966 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-17:17:54] Epoch: [212][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.82) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:19:39] Epoch: [212][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.81) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:21:25] Epoch: [212][4400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.097 (2.865) Prec@1 72.66 (76.81) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-17:23:11] Epoch: [212][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.194 (2.864) Prec@1 71.88 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:24:56] Epoch: [212][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:26:41] Epoch: [212][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.865) Prec@1 67.97 (76.81) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:28:27] Epoch: [212][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.81) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:30:15] Epoch: [212][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-17:32:01] Epoch: [212][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-17:33:46] Epoch: [212][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.80) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-17:35:32] Epoch: [212][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-17:37:17] Epoch: [212][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.632 (2.867) Prec@1 82.81 (76.76) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:39:03] Epoch: [212][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.867) Prec@1 76.56 (76.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:40:48] Epoch: [212][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:42:36] Epoch: [212][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.76) Prec@5 89.84 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:44:24] Epoch: [212][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.092 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:46:10] Epoch: [212][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:47:57] Epoch: [212][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.06 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:49:43] Epoch: [212][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:51:30] Epoch: [212][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:53:16] Epoch: [212][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:55:01] Epoch: [212][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.74) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-17:56:47] Epoch: [212][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.868) Prec@1 72.66 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-17:58:33] Epoch: [212][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:00:19] Epoch: [212][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:02:06] Epoch: [212][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.315 (2.868) Prec@1 64.84 (76.75) Prec@5 85.94 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-18:03:52] Epoch: [212][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.869) Prec@1 78.91 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:05:39] Epoch: [212][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.152 (2.869) Prec@1 70.31 (76.73) Prec@5 89.06 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:07:27] Epoch: [212][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.241 (2.869) Prec@1 68.75 (76.73) Prec@5 87.50 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:09:13] Epoch: [212][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (2.869) Prec@1 75.00 (76.72) Prec@5 89.84 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:10:59] Epoch: [212][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.869) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:11:04] Epoch: [212][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.280 (2.870) Prec@1 53.33 (76.72) Prec@5 80.00 (91.67) -[2018-10-23-18:11:04] **train** Prec@1 76.72 Prec@5 91.67 Error@1 23.28 Error@5 8.33 Loss:2.870 - test [2018-10-23-18:11:07] Epoch: [212][000/391] Time 3.53 (3.53) Data 3.37 (3.37) Loss 0.558 (0.558) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-18:11:35] Epoch: [212][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.192 (0.992) Prec@1 67.19 (77.41) Prec@5 92.97 (93.66) - test [2018-10-23-18:12:01] Epoch: [212][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.076 (1.161) Prec@1 46.25 (73.79) Prec@5 82.50 (91.39) -[2018-10-23-18:12:01] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.39 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.61 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-18:12:01] [Epoch=213/250] [Need: 55:09:40] LR=0.0002 ~ 0.0002, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-18:12:06] Epoch: [213][000/10010] Time 5.46 (5.46) Data 4.78 (4.78) Loss 3.059 (3.059) Prec@1 73.44 (73.44) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-23-18:13:52] Epoch: [213][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.669 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.69) Prec@5 95.31 (91.59) - train[2018-10-23-18:15:38] Epoch: [213][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.645 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.79) Prec@5 96.09 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:17:25] Epoch: [213][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.769 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-18:19:11] Epoch: [213][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.959 (2.856) Prec@1 75.00 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-18:20:57] Epoch: [213][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.731 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-18:22:44] Epoch: [213][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.863) Prec@1 70.31 (76.83) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-18:24:32] Epoch: [213][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (2.865) Prec@1 72.66 (76.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-18:26:19] Epoch: [213][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.592 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-18:28:06] Epoch: [213][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-18:29:53] Epoch: [213][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.866) Prec@1 79.69 (76.81) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-18:31:42] Epoch: [213][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.799 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-18:33:29] Epoch: [213][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.865) Prec@1 74.22 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-18:35:17] Epoch: [213][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.664 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-18:37:03] Epoch: [213][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-18:38:51] Epoch: [213][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 88.28 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-18:40:38] Epoch: [213][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.866) Prec@1 80.47 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-18:42:24] Epoch: [213][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 95.31 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-18:44:12] Epoch: [213][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:45:59] Epoch: [213][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-18:47:47] Epoch: [213][4000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.687 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-18:49:35] Epoch: [213][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.976 (2.868) Prec@1 69.53 (76.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-18:51:21] Epoch: [213][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.763 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:53:08] Epoch: [213][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-18:54:55] Epoch: [213][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.869) Prec@1 75.78 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-18:56:42] Epoch: [213][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.869) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 89.06 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-18:58:29] Epoch: [213][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.744 (2.869) Prec@1 80.47 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-19:00:18] Epoch: [213][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.534 (2.869) Prec@1 80.47 (76.73) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-19:02:06] Epoch: [213][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.870) Prec@1 70.31 (76.73) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:03:54] Epoch: [213][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:05:41] Epoch: [213][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.871) Prec@1 79.69 (76.71) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:07:29] Epoch: [213][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.617 (2.872) Prec@1 82.81 (76.70) Prec@5 94.53 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-19:09:16] Epoch: [213][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.637 (2.872) Prec@1 83.59 (76.69) Prec@5 92.19 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-19:11:02] Epoch: [213][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.871) Prec@1 74.22 (76.69) Prec@5 90.62 (91.63) - train[2018-10-23-19:12:50] Epoch: [213][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.871) Prec@1 75.00 (76.70) Prec@5 96.09 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:14:37] Epoch: [213][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.282 (2.871) Prec@1 67.19 (76.70) Prec@5 87.50 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:16:25] Epoch: [213][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.507 (2.870) Prec@1 80.47 (76.72) Prec@5 97.66 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:18:12] Epoch: [213][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.73) Prec@5 89.84 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:19:59] Epoch: [213][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.73) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:21:47] Epoch: [213][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.870) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:23:34] Epoch: [213][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.870) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:25:21] Epoch: [213][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.554 (2.870) Prec@1 82.81 (76.72) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:27:08] Epoch: [213][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:28:56] Epoch: [213][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:30:44] Epoch: [213][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.000 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:32:32] Epoch: [213][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:34:20] Epoch: [213][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.870) Prec@1 78.12 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:36:07] Epoch: [213][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.870) Prec@1 83.59 (76.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:37:53] Epoch: [213][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.870) Prec@1 69.53 (76.74) Prec@5 88.28 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:39:40] Epoch: [213][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.503 (2.869) Prec@1 85.16 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-19:41:27] Epoch: [213][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.653 (2.869) Prec@1 79.69 (76.75) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-19:41:32] Epoch: [213][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.302 (2.869) Prec@1 73.33 (76.74) Prec@5 93.33 (91.66) -[2018-10-23-19:41:32] **train** Prec@1 76.74 Prec@5 91.66 Error@1 23.26 Error@5 8.34 Loss:2.869 - test [2018-10-23-19:41:36] Epoch: [213][000/391] Time 4.14 (4.14) Data 3.99 (3.99) Loss 0.518 (0.518) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-23-19:42:06] Epoch: [213][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.205 (0.990) Prec@1 67.97 (77.50) Prec@5 92.19 (93.61) - test [2018-10-23-19:42:31] Epoch: [213][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.188 (1.158) Prec@1 46.25 (73.93) Prec@5 82.50 (91.43) -[2018-10-23-19:42:31] **test** Prec@1 73.93 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.07 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-19:42:31] [Epoch=214/250] [Need: 54:18:21] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-19:42:36] Epoch: [214][000/10010] Time 5.07 (5.07) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 2.878 (2.878) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-23-19:44:22] Epoch: [214][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.058 (2.863) Prec@1 70.31 (77.12) Prec@5 88.28 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-19:46:08] Epoch: [214][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.978 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-19:47:54] Epoch: [214][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.878 (2.871) Prec@1 75.00 (76.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.66) - train[2018-10-23-19:49:39] Epoch: [214][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.301 (2.874) Prec@1 67.19 (76.81) Prec@5 89.06 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:51:25] Epoch: [214][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.874) Prec@1 77.34 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.61) - train[2018-10-23-19:53:12] Epoch: [214][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.870) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-19:55:01] Epoch: [214][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.84) Prec@5 94.53 (91.67) - train[2018-10-23-19:56:48] Epoch: [214][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.869) Prec@1 78.91 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-23-19:58:37] Epoch: [214][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-20:00:24] Epoch: [214][2000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.974 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:02:12] Epoch: [214][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:04:01] Epoch: [214][2400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.864) Prec@1 71.88 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:05:49] Epoch: [214][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-20:07:37] Epoch: [214][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:09:24] Epoch: [214][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.865) Prec@1 70.31 (76.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:11:13] Epoch: [214][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:13:01] Epoch: [214][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-20:14:49] Epoch: [214][3600/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-20:16:38] Epoch: [214][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.864) Prec@1 80.47 (76.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-20:18:25] Epoch: [214][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-20:20:13] Epoch: [214][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.864) Prec@1 82.81 (76.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-20:22:00] Epoch: [214][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-20:23:49] Epoch: [214][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.86) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-20:25:36] Epoch: [214][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-20:27:24] Epoch: [214][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 94.53 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:29:12] Epoch: [214][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.866) Prec@1 72.66 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-20:31:00] Epoch: [214][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-20:32:48] Epoch: [214][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:34:35] Epoch: [214][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:36:23] Epoch: [214][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.659 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 95.31 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:38:10] Epoch: [214][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.84) Prec@5 88.28 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:39:59] Epoch: [214][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.868) Prec@1 75.00 (76.82) Prec@5 94.53 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:41:48] Epoch: [214][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.82) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-20:43:37] Epoch: [214][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.997 (2.868) Prec@1 71.88 (76.82) Prec@5 86.72 (91.68) - train[2018-10-23-20:45:27] Epoch: [214][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.592 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:47:14] Epoch: [214][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:49:03] Epoch: [214][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:50:51] Epoch: [214][7600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:52:38] Epoch: [214][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:54:28] Epoch: [214][8000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:56:16] Epoch: [214][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.867) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-20:58:06] Epoch: [214][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-20:59:54] Epoch: [214][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:01:43] Epoch: [214][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.867) Prec@1 73.44 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:03:31] Epoch: [214][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:05:18] Epoch: [214][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:07:06] Epoch: [214][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.868) Prec@1 72.66 (76.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:08:53] Epoch: [214][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.635 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:10:42] Epoch: [214][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.868) Prec@1 74.22 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.69) - train[2018-10-23-21:12:30] Epoch: [214][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.868) Prec@1 71.88 (76.81) Prec@5 93.75 (91.70) - train[2018-10-23-21:12:34] Epoch: [214][10009/10010] Time 0.15 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.868) Prec@1 80.00 (76.81) Prec@5 93.33 (91.70) -[2018-10-23-21:12:35] **train** Prec@1 76.81 Prec@5 91.70 Error@1 23.19 Error@5 8.30 Loss:2.868 - test [2018-10-23-21:12:39] Epoch: [214][000/391] Time 4.41 (4.41) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 0.573 (0.573) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-23-21:13:07] Epoch: [214][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.132 (0.994) Prec@1 71.09 (77.39) Prec@5 92.97 (93.61) - test [2018-10-23-21:13:32] Epoch: [214][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.161 (1.161) Prec@1 48.75 (73.87) Prec@5 83.75 (91.45) -[2018-10-23-21:13:32] **test** Prec@1 73.87 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 26.13 Error@5 8.55 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-21:13:32] [Epoch=215/250] [Need: 53:05:19] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-21:13:37] Epoch: [215][000/10010] Time 4.90 (4.90) Data 4.23 (4.23) Loss 2.801 (2.801) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-23-21:15:23] Epoch: [215][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.951 (2.848) Prec@1 72.66 (76.69) Prec@5 92.19 (91.93) - train[2018-10-23-21:17:08] Epoch: [215][400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.912 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.67) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-21:18:54] Epoch: [215][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.113 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (76.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-23-21:20:40] Epoch: [215][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.185 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.64) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:22:26] Epoch: [215][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-21:24:12] Epoch: [215][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-21:25:58] Epoch: [215][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.588 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-21:27:44] Epoch: [215][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.72) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-21:29:30] Epoch: [215][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.78) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:31:16] Epoch: [215][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.81) Prec@5 87.50 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-21:33:02] Epoch: [215][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.81) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-21:34:49] Epoch: [215][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.862) Prec@1 80.47 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-21:36:35] Epoch: [215][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-21:38:21] Epoch: [215][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.247 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.84) Prec@5 85.94 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-21:40:07] Epoch: [215][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.695 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.81) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-21:41:51] Epoch: [215][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-21:43:37] Epoch: [215][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.76) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-21:45:23] Epoch: [215][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:47:10] Epoch: [215][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-21:48:56] Epoch: [215][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.79) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:50:42] Epoch: [215][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.80) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:52:28] Epoch: [215][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.882 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:54:14] Epoch: [215][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.82) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-21:56:00] Epoch: [215][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-21:57:47] Epoch: [215][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-21:59:34] Epoch: [215][5200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.865) Prec@1 75.00 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:01:21] Epoch: [215][5400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.866) Prec@1 70.31 (76.79) Prec@5 86.72 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:03:08] Epoch: [215][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:04:55] Epoch: [215][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.864) Prec@1 80.47 (76.82) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-22:06:41] Epoch: [215][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-23-22:08:27] Epoch: [215][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.81) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-22:10:13] Epoch: [215][6400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.864) Prec@1 74.22 (76.80) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-23-22:12:00] Epoch: [215][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.80) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:13:47] Epoch: [215][6800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.79) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:15:34] Epoch: [215][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.79) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:17:23] Epoch: [215][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:19:10] Epoch: [215][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.866) Prec@1 84.38 (76.77) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:20:59] Epoch: [215][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.77) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:22:46] Epoch: [215][7800/10010] Time 0.63 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.866) Prec@1 74.22 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:24:34] Epoch: [215][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.866) Prec@1 70.31 (76.76) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:26:21] Epoch: [215][8200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:28:08] Epoch: [215][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.77) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:29:55] Epoch: [215][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:31:42] Epoch: [215][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.582 (2.866) Prec@1 81.25 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:33:29] Epoch: [215][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-22:35:17] Epoch: [215][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.093 (2.866) Prec@1 71.09 (76.77) Prec@5 87.50 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:37:04] Epoch: [215][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.431 (2.866) Prec@1 82.03 (76.77) Prec@5 96.88 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-22:38:51] Epoch: [215][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.77) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-22:40:38] Epoch: [215][9800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.77) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-22:42:25] Epoch: [215][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.611 (2.866) Prec@1 83.59 (76.77) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-22:42:29] Epoch: [215][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.422 (2.866) Prec@1 53.33 (76.77) Prec@5 93.33 (91.75) -[2018-10-23-22:42:29] **train** Prec@1 76.77 Prec@5 91.75 Error@1 23.23 Error@5 8.25 Loss:2.866 - test [2018-10-23-22:42:34] Epoch: [215][000/391] Time 4.53 (4.53) Data 4.39 (4.39) Loss 0.539 (0.539) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-23-22:43:02] Epoch: [215][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.193 (0.985) Prec@1 67.19 (77.48) Prec@5 92.97 (93.65) - test [2018-10-23-22:43:27] Epoch: [215][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.138 (1.154) Prec@1 45.00 (73.90) Prec@5 82.50 (91.48) -[2018-10-23-22:43:27] **test** Prec@1 73.90 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.10 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-23-22:43:27] [Epoch=216/250] [Need: 50:57:12] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-23-22:43:32] Epoch: [216][000/10010] Time 5.50 (5.50) Data 4.90 (4.90) Loss 2.665 (2.665) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-23-22:45:18] Epoch: [216][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.642 (2.872) Prec@1 83.59 (76.68) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-23-22:47:05] Epoch: [216][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.668 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-22:48:52] Epoch: [216][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.078 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.78) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-23-22:50:39] Epoch: [216][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.871 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:52:26] Epoch: [216][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.910 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-23-22:54:15] Epoch: [216][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.485 (2.860) Prec@1 83.59 (76.86) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-23-22:56:02] Epoch: [216][1400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-23-22:57:50] Epoch: [216][1600/10010] Time 0.63 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.653 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.81) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-23-22:59:36] Epoch: [216][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.76) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:01:23] Epoch: [216][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.75) Prec@5 88.28 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-23:03:11] Epoch: [216][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.866) Prec@1 74.22 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-23-23:04:57] Epoch: [216][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:06:43] Epoch: [216][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (2.865) Prec@1 77.34 (76.78) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:08:31] Epoch: [216][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.78) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-23-23:10:18] Epoch: [216][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.75) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-23-23:12:05] Epoch: [216][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:13:52] Epoch: [216][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.76) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:15:39] Epoch: [216][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.867) Prec@1 81.25 (76.77) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:17:26] Epoch: [216][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.876 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.75) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:19:14] Epoch: [216][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:20:59] Epoch: [216][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.73) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:22:47] Epoch: [216][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:24:33] Epoch: [216][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:26:20] Epoch: [216][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.76) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:28:07] Epoch: [216][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.163 (2.867) Prec@1 71.09 (76.76) Prec@5 85.94 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:29:54] Epoch: [216][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:31:41] Epoch: [216][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.645 (2.867) Prec@1 85.16 (76.76) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:33:27] Epoch: [216][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.552 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.75) Prec@5 97.66 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:35:14] Epoch: [216][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:36:59] Epoch: [216][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:38:45] Epoch: [216][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.048 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:40:32] Epoch: [216][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.629 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.76) Prec@5 96.09 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:42:19] Epoch: [216][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.201 (2.867) Prec@1 72.66 (76.75) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:44:06] Epoch: [216][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:45:54] Epoch: [216][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.76) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-23-23:47:41] Epoch: [216][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.225 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.75) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:49:28] Epoch: [216][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.648 (2.867) Prec@1 79.69 (76.75) Prec@5 96.88 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:51:15] Epoch: [216][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.76) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:53:02] Epoch: [216][7800/10010] Time 0.62 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (2.867) Prec@1 69.53 (76.76) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:54:49] Epoch: [216][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.867) Prec@1 75.00 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-23-23:56:36] Epoch: [216][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.867) Prec@1 71.09 (76.75) Prec@5 86.72 (91.72) - train[2018-10-23-23:58:23] Epoch: [216][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:00:10] Epoch: [216][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.494 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.74) Prec@5 96.09 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:01:57] Epoch: [216][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.794 (2.868) Prec@1 77.34 (76.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-00:03:44] Epoch: [216][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.868) Prec@1 81.25 (76.74) Prec@5 92.97 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-00:05:31] Epoch: [216][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.74) Prec@5 94.53 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:07:19] Epoch: [216][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.868) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:09:06] Epoch: [216][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-00:10:54] Epoch: [216][9800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.868) Prec@1 81.25 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:12:39] Epoch: [216][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.74) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-00:12:44] Epoch: [216][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.295 (2.867) Prec@1 80.00 (76.75) Prec@5 80.00 (91.72) -[2018-10-24-00:12:44] **train** Prec@1 76.75 Prec@5 91.72 Error@1 23.25 Error@5 8.28 Loss:2.867 - test [2018-10-24-00:12:48] Epoch: [216][000/391] Time 4.14 (4.14) Data 4.00 (4.00) Loss 0.522 (0.522) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-00:13:18] Epoch: [216][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.185 (0.987) Prec@1 66.41 (77.32) Prec@5 92.19 (93.59) - test [2018-10-24-00:13:43] Epoch: [216][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.128 (1.154) Prec@1 46.25 (73.84) Prec@5 82.50 (91.45) -[2018-10-24-00:13:43] **test** Prec@1 73.84 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 26.16 Error@5 8.55 Loss:1.154 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-00:13:43] [Epoch=217/250] [Need: 49:39:00] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-00:13:49] Epoch: [217][000/10010] Time 5.98 (5.98) Data 5.35 (5.35) Loss 2.994 (2.994) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-24-00:15:35] Epoch: [217][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.023 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-00:17:21] Epoch: [217][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.892 (2.867) Prec@1 76.56 (76.80) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-00:19:06] Epoch: [217][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.017 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-00:20:55] Epoch: [217][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.828 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-00:22:43] Epoch: [217][1000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.847 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-00:24:32] Epoch: [217][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:26:20] Epoch: [217][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.864) Prec@1 74.22 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-00:28:07] Epoch: [217][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.94) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-00:29:53] Epoch: [217][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.625 (2.862) Prec@1 83.59 (76.90) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:31:40] Epoch: [217][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-00:33:29] Epoch: [217][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.496 (2.863) Prec@1 85.16 (76.86) Prec@5 96.88 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:35:16] Epoch: [217][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.85) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:37:03] Epoch: [217][2600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.85) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-00:38:51] Epoch: [217][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.755 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-00:40:38] Epoch: [217][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:42:26] Epoch: [217][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.78) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-00:44:14] Epoch: [217][3400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.865) Prec@1 76.56 (76.78) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-00:46:03] Epoch: [217][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.78) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-00:47:51] Epoch: [217][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.866) Prec@1 70.31 (76.75) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-00:49:39] Epoch: [217][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.866) Prec@1 69.53 (76.76) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-00:51:26] Epoch: [217][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.866) Prec@1 74.22 (76.76) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-00:53:14] Epoch: [217][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.74) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-00:55:01] Epoch: [217][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.866) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-00:56:49] Epoch: [217][4800/10010] Time 0.63 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-00:58:36] Epoch: [217][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.73) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:00:25] Epoch: [217][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.867) Prec@1 70.31 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:02:12] Epoch: [217][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.583 (2.867) Prec@1 82.81 (76.72) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:04:00] Epoch: [217][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:05:48] Epoch: [217][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.73) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:07:34] Epoch: [217][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.867) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-01:09:22] Epoch: [217][6200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (2.868) Prec@1 70.31 (76.72) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-01:11:10] Epoch: [217][6400/10010] Time 0.62 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-01:12:58] Epoch: [217][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.869) Prec@1 77.34 (76.70) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-01:14:47] Epoch: [217][6800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.499 (2.869) Prec@1 83.59 (76.71) Prec@5 96.88 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-01:16:35] Epoch: [217][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.71) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-01:18:23] Epoch: [217][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.972 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.71) Prec@5 87.50 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-01:20:11] Epoch: [217][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.868) Prec@1 75.78 (76.72) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:21:58] Epoch: [217][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (2.868) Prec@1 74.22 (76.73) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:23:45] Epoch: [217][7800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.868) Prec@1 78.91 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:25:32] Epoch: [217][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:27:19] Epoch: [217][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:29:08] Epoch: [217][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.868) Prec@1 80.47 (76.73) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:30:56] Epoch: [217][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.867) Prec@1 77.34 (76.73) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:32:44] Epoch: [217][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-01:34:32] Epoch: [217][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.867) Prec@1 74.22 (76.74) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-01:36:20] Epoch: [217][9200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.867) Prec@1 80.47 (76.73) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-01:38:08] Epoch: [217][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.867) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-01:39:56] Epoch: [217][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.867) Prec@1 78.91 (76.73) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-01:41:44] Epoch: [217][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.054 (2.868) Prec@1 73.44 (76.72) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:43:32] Epoch: [217][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.71) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-01:43:36] Epoch: [217][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.527 (2.868) Prec@1 53.33 (76.70) Prec@5 80.00 (91.75) -[2018-10-24-01:43:36] **train** Prec@1 76.70 Prec@5 91.75 Error@1 23.30 Error@5 8.25 Loss:2.868 - test [2018-10-24-01:43:40] Epoch: [217][000/391] Time 3.78 (3.78) Data 3.64 (3.64) Loss 0.508 (0.508) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-01:44:09] Epoch: [217][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.260 (1.000) Prec@1 64.84 (77.37) Prec@5 91.41 (93.64) - test [2018-10-24-01:44:34] Epoch: [217][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.175 (1.168) Prec@1 43.75 (73.83) Prec@5 85.00 (91.40) -[2018-10-24-01:44:34] **test** Prec@1 73.83 Prec@5 91.40 Error@1 26.17 Error@5 8.60 Loss:1.168 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-01:44:34] [Epoch=218/250] [Need: 48:26:53] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-01:44:39] Epoch: [218][000/10010] Time 5.21 (5.21) Data 4.58 (4.58) Loss 2.772 (2.772) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-24-01:46:24] Epoch: [218][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.544 (2.843) Prec@1 84.38 (77.44) Prec@5 94.53 (92.09) - train[2018-10-24-01:48:10] Epoch: [218][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.997 (2.854) Prec@1 78.12 (77.16) Prec@5 88.28 (91.99) - train[2018-10-24-01:49:57] Epoch: [218][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.112 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (77.08) Prec@5 89.84 (91.91) - train[2018-10-24-01:51:42] Epoch: [218][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.937 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.87) - train[2018-10-24-01:53:29] Epoch: [218][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-24-01:55:16] Epoch: [218][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-24-01:57:02] Epoch: [218][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (76.98) Prec@5 85.94 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-01:58:48] Epoch: [218][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-24-02:00:34] Epoch: [218][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-02:02:21] Epoch: [218][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-02:04:08] Epoch: [218][2200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-02:05:55] Epoch: [218][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.509 (2.861) Prec@1 82.81 (76.92) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-02:07:41] Epoch: [218][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-02:09:29] Epoch: [218][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (2.863) Prec@1 69.53 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:11:16] Epoch: [218][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.039 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-02:13:02] Epoch: [218][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-02:14:47] Epoch: [218][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.464 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.86) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:16:33] Epoch: [218][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:18:18] Epoch: [218][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:20:05] Epoch: [218][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.513 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.86) Prec@5 97.66 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-02:21:52] Epoch: [218][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:23:39] Epoch: [218][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:25:25] Epoch: [218][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:27:12] Epoch: [218][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-02:28:59] Epoch: [218][5000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.86) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:30:47] Epoch: [218][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:32:35] Epoch: [218][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:34:22] Epoch: [218][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-02:36:09] Epoch: [218][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:37:57] Epoch: [218][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.865) Prec@1 75.00 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:39:44] Epoch: [218][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.865) Prec@1 77.34 (76.87) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:41:32] Epoch: [218][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.235 (2.865) Prec@1 70.31 (76.87) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:43:20] Epoch: [218][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.864) Prec@1 69.53 (76.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:45:07] Epoch: [218][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.113 (2.864) Prec@1 68.75 (76.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:46:53] Epoch: [218][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:48:39] Epoch: [218][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.533 (2.865) Prec@1 65.62 (76.87) Prec@5 85.94 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:50:26] Epoch: [218][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 87.50 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-02:52:14] Epoch: [218][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.276 (2.865) Prec@1 70.31 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:54:01] Epoch: [218][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (76.87) Prec@5 86.72 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-02:55:49] Epoch: [218][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:57:36] Epoch: [218][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.984 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-02:59:23] Epoch: [218][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:01:10] Epoch: [218][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:02:57] Epoch: [218][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:04:45] Epoch: [218][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:06:32] Epoch: [218][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.624 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:08:20] Epoch: [218][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.85) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:10:06] Epoch: [218][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.866) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:11:52] Epoch: [218][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.866) Prec@1 76.56 (76.85) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:13:38] Epoch: [218][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.179 (2.865) Prec@1 72.66 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:13:43] Epoch: [218][10009/10010] Time 0.22 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.386 (2.865) Prec@1 73.33 (76.85) Prec@5 86.67 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-03:13:43] **train** Prec@1 76.85 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.15 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.865 - test [2018-10-24-03:13:47] Epoch: [218][000/391] Time 4.29 (4.29) Data 4.15 (4.15) Loss 0.551 (0.551) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-24-03:14:17] Epoch: [218][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.220 (0.993) Prec@1 66.41 (77.36) Prec@5 91.41 (93.66) - test [2018-10-24-03:14:41] Epoch: [218][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.076 (1.162) Prec@1 50.00 (73.84) Prec@5 83.75 (91.43) -[2018-10-24-03:14:42] **test** Prec@1 73.84 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.16 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-03:14:42] [Epoch=219/250] [Need: 46:34:05] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-03:14:47] Epoch: [219][000/10010] Time 5.23 (5.23) Data 4.58 (4.58) Loss 3.087 (3.087) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 85.94 (85.94) - train[2018-10-24-03:16:32] Epoch: [219][200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.688 (2.853) Prec@1 82.81 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (92.12) - train[2018-10-24-03:18:18] Epoch: [219][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.102 (2.856) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 86.72 (91.90) - train[2018-10-24-03:20:02] Epoch: [219][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.689 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-24-03:21:48] Epoch: [219][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.883 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-03:23:35] Epoch: [219][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-03:25:24] Epoch: [219][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:27:12] Epoch: [219][1400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.099 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-24-03:28:59] Epoch: [219][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-03:30:48] Epoch: [219][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:32:35] Epoch: [219][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.860) Prec@1 83.59 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-03:34:23] Epoch: [219][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.860) Prec@1 82.81 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:36:10] Epoch: [219][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.167 (2.861) Prec@1 68.75 (76.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:37:57] Epoch: [219][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-03:39:44] Epoch: [219][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:41:31] Epoch: [219][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.554 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.89) Prec@5 96.09 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-03:43:19] Epoch: [219][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.864) Prec@1 72.66 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-03:45:07] Epoch: [219][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.653 (2.865) Prec@1 82.03 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:46:55] Epoch: [219][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-03:48:43] Epoch: [219][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:50:30] Epoch: [219][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.865) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:52:18] Epoch: [219][4200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-03:54:06] Epoch: [219][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.91) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-03:55:54] Epoch: [219][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-03:57:42] Epoch: [219][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.92) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-03:59:29] Epoch: [219][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:01:17] Epoch: [219][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:03:05] Epoch: [219][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.604 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.86) Prec@5 95.31 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-04:04:52] Epoch: [219][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.865) Prec@1 82.81 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:06:40] Epoch: [219][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:08:28] Epoch: [219][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.865) Prec@1 71.88 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:10:15] Epoch: [219][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:12:04] Epoch: [219][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.605 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:13:52] Epoch: [219][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:15:40] Epoch: [219][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.866) Prec@1 70.31 (76.83) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:17:28] Epoch: [219][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.865) Prec@1 77.34 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:19:16] Epoch: [219][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.567 (2.865) Prec@1 82.81 (76.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:21:03] Epoch: [219][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.948 (2.866) Prec@1 79.69 (76.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:22:51] Epoch: [219][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.154 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.82) Prec@5 86.72 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:24:39] Epoch: [219][7800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.866) Prec@1 72.66 (76.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:26:27] Epoch: [219][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.124 (2.866) Prec@1 68.75 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:28:15] Epoch: [219][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:30:03] Epoch: [219][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.866) Prec@1 78.91 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:31:50] Epoch: [219][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:33:35] Epoch: [219][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:35:21] Epoch: [219][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.866) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:37:08] Epoch: [219][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.866) Prec@1 78.12 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:38:56] Epoch: [219][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.866) Prec@1 82.03 (76.83) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:40:44] Epoch: [219][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:42:31] Epoch: [219][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.866) Prec@1 80.47 (76.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:44:17] Epoch: [219][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.866) Prec@1 72.66 (76.83) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-04:44:21] Epoch: [219][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.160 (2.866) Prec@1 86.67 (76.83) Prec@5 100.00 (91.73) -[2018-10-24-04:44:22] **train** Prec@1 76.83 Prec@5 91.73 Error@1 23.17 Error@5 8.27 Loss:2.866 - test [2018-10-24-04:44:25] Epoch: [219][000/391] Time 3.70 (3.70) Data 3.57 (3.57) Loss 0.542 (0.542) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-04:44:53] Epoch: [219][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.248 (1.009) Prec@1 69.53 (77.60) Prec@5 92.19 (93.66) - test [2018-10-24-04:45:19] Epoch: [219][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.160 (1.178) Prec@1 43.75 (73.89) Prec@5 83.75 (91.51) -[2018-10-24-04:45:19] **test** Prec@1 73.89 Prec@5 91.51 Error@1 26.11 Error@5 8.49 Loss:1.178 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-04:45:19] [Epoch=220/250] [Need: 45:18:34] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-04:45:24] Epoch: [220][000/10010] Time 5.55 (5.55) Data 4.87 (4.87) Loss 2.782 (2.782) Prec@1 82.03 (82.03) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-24-04:47:11] Epoch: [220][200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.227 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (77.29) Prec@5 86.72 (91.50) - train[2018-10-24-04:48:56] Epoch: [220][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.811 (2.855) Prec@1 80.47 (77.22) Prec@5 92.19 (91.68) - train[2018-10-24-04:50:43] Epoch: [220][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.123 (2.855) Prec@1 71.88 (77.18) Prec@5 91.41 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-04:52:29] Epoch: [220][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.999 (2.852) Prec@1 75.00 (77.19) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-04:54:16] Epoch: [220][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.756 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.11) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-04:56:02] Epoch: [220][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (2.859) Prec@1 69.53 (77.01) Prec@5 87.50 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-04:57:49] Epoch: [220][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-04:59:35] Epoch: [220][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.518 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.06) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-05:01:23] Epoch: [220][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.854) Prec@1 71.09 (77.07) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-05:03:10] Epoch: [220][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.07) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-05:04:57] Epoch: [220][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (2.856) Prec@1 72.66 (77.06) Prec@5 87.50 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-05:06:44] Epoch: [220][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-05:08:30] Epoch: [220][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-05:10:16] Epoch: [220][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 89.06 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-05:12:03] Epoch: [220][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-05:13:51] Epoch: [220][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:15:38] Epoch: [220][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.209 (2.861) Prec@1 70.31 (76.97) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:17:24] Epoch: [220][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:19:11] Epoch: [220][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.059 (2.863) Prec@1 68.75 (76.93) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-05:20:57] Epoch: [220][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-05:22:43] Epoch: [220][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-05:24:30] Epoch: [220][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-05:26:17] Epoch: [220][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-05:28:05] Epoch: [220][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-05:29:51] Epoch: [220][5000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.863) Prec@1 83.59 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:31:37] Epoch: [220][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-05:33:23] Epoch: [220][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.864) Prec@1 71.88 (76.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:35:10] Epoch: [220][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:36:57] Epoch: [220][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.90) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:38:43] Epoch: [220][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:40:30] Epoch: [220][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-05:42:17] Epoch: [220][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-05:44:03] Epoch: [220][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-05:45:49] Epoch: [220][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.90) Prec@5 89.06 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-05:47:35] Epoch: [220][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-05:49:23] Epoch: [220][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.348 (2.864) Prec@1 67.19 (76.89) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:51:08] Epoch: [220][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.864) Prec@1 82.81 (76.89) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:52:54] Epoch: [220][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:54:41] Epoch: [220][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:56:28] Epoch: [220][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-05:58:14] Epoch: [220][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.89) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-06:00:00] Epoch: [220][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:01:46] Epoch: [220][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:03:33] Epoch: [220][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-06:05:19] Epoch: [220][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:07:06] Epoch: [220][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-06:08:51] Epoch: [220][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:10:36] Epoch: [220][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:12:22] Epoch: [220][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-06:14:08] Epoch: [220][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.577 (2.865) Prec@1 83.59 (76.86) Prec@5 96.09 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-06:14:12] Epoch: [220][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.484 (2.865) Prec@1 93.33 (76.85) Prec@5 93.33 (91.73) -[2018-10-24-06:14:12] **train** Prec@1 76.85 Prec@5 91.73 Error@1 23.15 Error@5 8.27 Loss:2.865 - test [2018-10-24-06:14:16] Epoch: [220][000/391] Time 4.07 (4.07) Data 3.93 (3.93) Loss 0.556 (0.556) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-06:14:47] Epoch: [220][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.180 (1.003) Prec@1 64.84 (77.41) Prec@5 91.41 (93.63) - test [2018-10-24-06:15:12] Epoch: [220][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.123 (1.169) Prec@1 47.50 (73.87) Prec@5 83.75 (91.51) -[2018-10-24-06:15:12] **test** Prec@1 73.87 Prec@5 91.51 Error@1 26.13 Error@5 8.49 Loss:1.169 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-06:15:12] [Epoch=221/250] [Need: 43:26:34] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-06:15:16] Epoch: [221][000/10010] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 3.56 (3.56) Loss 2.860 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-24-06:17:02] Epoch: [221][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.893 (2.876) Prec@1 79.69 (76.60) Prec@5 91.41 (91.54) - train[2018-10-24-06:18:48] Epoch: [221][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.110 (2.872) Prec@1 71.88 (76.73) Prec@5 90.62 (91.53) - train[2018-10-24-06:20:34] Epoch: [221][600/10010] Time 0.64 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.744 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.74) Prec@5 92.19 (91.58) - train[2018-10-24-06:22:20] Epoch: [221][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.022 (2.870) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 92.19 (91.61) - train[2018-10-24-06:24:07] Epoch: [221][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.872) Prec@1 74.22 (76.74) Prec@5 92.97 (91.58) - train[2018-10-24-06:25:53] Epoch: [221][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.542 (2.868) Prec@1 79.69 (76.80) Prec@5 94.53 (91.64) - train[2018-10-24-06:27:39] Epoch: [221][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.867) Prec@1 75.78 (76.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.64) - train[2018-10-24-06:29:25] Epoch: [221][1600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.866) Prec@1 73.44 (76.80) Prec@5 95.31 (91.67) - train[2018-10-24-06:31:12] Epoch: [221][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.058 (2.864) Prec@1 71.09 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.68) - train[2018-10-24-06:32:59] Epoch: [221][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.864) Prec@1 80.47 (76.84) Prec@5 95.31 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-06:34:46] Epoch: [221][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-06:36:32] Epoch: [221][2400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-06:38:19] Epoch: [221][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (2.865) Prec@1 70.31 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-06:40:06] Epoch: [221][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-06:41:54] Epoch: [221][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.109 (2.865) Prec@1 74.22 (76.83) Prec@5 87.50 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-06:43:41] Epoch: [221][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-06:45:29] Epoch: [221][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.865) Prec@1 69.53 (76.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-06:47:16] Epoch: [221][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.559 (2.866) Prec@1 82.03 (76.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-06:49:04] Epoch: [221][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-06:50:51] Epoch: [221][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-06:52:37] Epoch: [221][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-06:54:25] Epoch: [221][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.595 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.85) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:56:12] Epoch: [221][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:57:58] Epoch: [221][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-06:59:45] Epoch: [221][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:01:33] Epoch: [221][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:03:21] Epoch: [221][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.864) Prec@1 74.22 (76.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:05:07] Epoch: [221][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:06:55] Epoch: [221][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:08:44] Epoch: [221][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:10:31] Epoch: [221][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:12:17] Epoch: [221][6400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:14:04] Epoch: [221][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:15:51] Epoch: [221][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:17:37] Epoch: [221][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:19:25] Epoch: [221][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:21:12] Epoch: [221][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:22:59] Epoch: [221][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:24:46] Epoch: [221][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:26:33] Epoch: [221][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:28:20] Epoch: [221][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:30:08] Epoch: [221][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:31:53] Epoch: [221][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.930 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:33:40] Epoch: [221][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:35:27] Epoch: [221][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.677 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 97.66 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:37:15] Epoch: [221][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.624 (2.864) Prec@1 84.38 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:39:02] Epoch: [221][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:40:49] Epoch: [221][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:42:35] Epoch: [221][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.865) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-07:44:21] Epoch: [221][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.87) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-07:44:26] Epoch: [221][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.962 (2.865) Prec@1 73.33 (76.87) Prec@5 86.67 (91.75) -[2018-10-24-07:44:26] **train** Prec@1 76.87 Prec@5 91.75 Error@1 23.13 Error@5 8.25 Loss:2.865 - test [2018-10-24-07:44:30] Epoch: [221][000/391] Time 4.31 (4.31) Data 4.18 (4.18) Loss 0.539 (0.539) Prec@1 94.53 (94.53) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-07:44:58] Epoch: [221][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.195 (0.990) Prec@1 64.84 (77.43) Prec@5 91.41 (93.57) - test [2018-10-24-07:45:23] Epoch: [221][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.082 (1.157) Prec@1 45.00 (73.82) Prec@5 82.50 (91.37) -[2018-10-24-07:45:23] **test** Prec@1 73.82 Prec@5 91.37 Error@1 26.18 Error@5 8.63 Loss:1.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-07:45:23] [Epoch=222/250] [Need: 42:05:15] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-07:45:27] Epoch: [222][000/10010] Time 4.35 (4.35) Data 3.73 (3.73) Loss 3.034 (3.034) Prec@1 75.78 (75.78) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-24-07:47:14] Epoch: [222][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.241 (2.887) Prec@1 72.66 (76.52) Prec@5 88.28 (91.34) - train[2018-10-24-07:48:59] Epoch: [222][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.123 (2.870) Prec@1 72.66 (76.76) Prec@5 85.16 (91.57) - train[2018-10-24-07:50:44] Epoch: [222][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.722 (2.869) Prec@1 80.47 (76.73) Prec@5 93.75 (91.59) - train[2018-10-24-07:52:30] Epoch: [222][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.931 (2.868) Prec@1 76.56 (76.79) Prec@5 90.62 (91.61) - train[2018-10-24-07:54:17] Epoch: [222][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.870) Prec@1 76.56 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.60) - train[2018-10-24-07:56:04] Epoch: [222][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.866) Prec@1 77.34 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-24-07:57:53] Epoch: [222][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.89) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-07:59:41] Epoch: [222][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:01:27] Epoch: [222][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.88) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:03:14] Epoch: [222][2000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.604 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:05:02] Epoch: [222][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-08:06:48] Epoch: [222][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-08:08:34] Epoch: [222][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.887 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:10:22] Epoch: [222][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:12:09] Epoch: [222][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:13:59] Epoch: [222][3200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.791 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:15:47] Epoch: [222][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:17:35] Epoch: [222][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.862) Prec@1 80.47 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:19:22] Epoch: [222][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:21:10] Epoch: [222][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.87) Prec@5 92.19 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-08:22:58] Epoch: [222][4200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:24:46] Epoch: [222][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.141 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.86) Prec@5 85.94 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-08:26:34] Epoch: [222][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.540 (2.863) Prec@1 84.38 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:28:22] Epoch: [222][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:30:10] Epoch: [222][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-08:31:58] Epoch: [222][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.86) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:33:46] Epoch: [222][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.940 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:35:36] Epoch: [222][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.822 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:37:24] Epoch: [222][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.186 (2.862) Prec@1 70.31 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:39:12] Epoch: [222][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.863) Prec@1 70.31 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-08:41:00] Epoch: [222][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:42:47] Epoch: [222][6400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:44:36] Epoch: [222][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.656 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:46:24] Epoch: [222][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.90) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:48:12] Epoch: [222][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:50:00] Epoch: [222][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:51:49] Epoch: [222][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.89) Prec@5 86.72 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:53:37] Epoch: [222][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:55:26] Epoch: [222][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.862) Prec@1 80.47 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-08:57:14] Epoch: [222][8000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-08:59:01] Epoch: [222][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:00:50] Epoch: [222][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:02:38] Epoch: [222][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.200 (2.862) Prec@1 70.31 (76.89) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-09:04:27] Epoch: [222][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.863) Prec@1 69.53 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:06:15] Epoch: [222][9000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.517 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.89) Prec@5 96.88 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:08:03] Epoch: [222][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:09:50] Epoch: [222][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.698 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-09:11:38] Epoch: [222][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:13:25] Epoch: [222][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.88) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:15:14] Epoch: [222][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:15:18] Epoch: [222][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.343 (2.863) Prec@1 60.00 (76.88) Prec@5 73.33 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-09:15:18] **train** Prec@1 76.88 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.12 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.863 - test [2018-10-24-09:15:22] Epoch: [222][000/391] Time 4.11 (4.11) Data 3.97 (3.97) Loss 0.571 (0.571) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-09:15:51] Epoch: [222][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.191 (1.001) Prec@1 71.09 (77.53) Prec@5 92.19 (93.63) - test [2018-10-24-09:16:16] Epoch: [222][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.150 (1.172) Prec@1 45.00 (73.85) Prec@5 82.50 (91.42) -[2018-10-24-09:16:16] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.172 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-09:16:16] [Epoch=223/250] [Need: 40:53:52] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-09:16:22] Epoch: [223][000/10010] Time 5.63 (5.63) Data 5.04 (5.04) Loss 2.940 (2.940) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-24-09:18:08] Epoch: [223][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.681 (2.851) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.97) - train[2018-10-24-09:19:53] Epoch: [223][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.023 (2.852) Prec@1 72.66 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (92.00) - train[2018-10-24-09:21:38] Epoch: [223][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.728 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.81) Prec@5 93.75 (91.85) - train[2018-10-24-09:23:24] Epoch: [223][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.684 (2.868) Prec@1 82.81 (76.75) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-09:25:10] Epoch: [223][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.138 (2.866) Prec@1 74.22 (76.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-09:26:55] Epoch: [223][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.868) Prec@1 78.12 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-09:28:42] Epoch: [223][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (2.870) Prec@1 77.34 (76.70) Prec@5 93.75 (91.69) - train[2018-10-24-09:30:28] Epoch: [223][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.038 (2.868) Prec@1 74.22 (76.77) Prec@5 89.84 (91.69) - train[2018-10-24-09:32:15] Epoch: [223][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.867) Prec@1 76.56 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-09:34:03] Epoch: [223][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.865) Prec@1 83.59 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:35:49] Epoch: [223][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.695 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-09:37:35] Epoch: [223][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.865) Prec@1 79.69 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-09:39:21] Epoch: [223][2600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (2.864) Prec@1 70.31 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-09:41:07] Epoch: [223][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.863) Prec@1 85.94 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:42:54] Epoch: [223][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.148 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.86) Prec@5 86.72 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-09:44:39] Epoch: [223][3200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-09:46:26] Epoch: [223][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-09:48:13] Epoch: [223][3600/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-09:50:00] Epoch: [223][3800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-09:51:47] Epoch: [223][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.85) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-09:53:33] Epoch: [223][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-09:55:19] Epoch: [223][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.88) Prec@5 96.09 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-09:57:05] Epoch: [223][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-09:58:52] Epoch: [223][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:00:38] Epoch: [223][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:02:26] Epoch: [223][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:04:14] Epoch: [223][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.027 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:06:01] Epoch: [223][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:07:47] Epoch: [223][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.551 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.86) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:09:34] Epoch: [223][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.863) Prec@1 70.31 (76.84) Prec@5 87.50 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:11:21] Epoch: [223][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.864) Prec@1 84.38 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:13:06] Epoch: [223][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.121 (2.864) Prec@1 67.97 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:14:53] Epoch: [223][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:16:40] Epoch: [223][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.868 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 89.06 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:18:26] Epoch: [223][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:20:13] Epoch: [223][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.683 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:22:00] Epoch: [223][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:23:46] Epoch: [223][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.590 (2.862) Prec@1 85.16 (76.86) Prec@5 96.09 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-10:25:32] Epoch: [223][7800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.862) Prec@1 71.09 (76.89) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-10:27:19] Epoch: [223][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-10:29:07] Epoch: [223][8200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:30:54] Epoch: [223][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-10:32:39] Epoch: [223][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:34:25] Epoch: [223][8800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:36:12] Epoch: [223][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.541 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.89) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:37:58] Epoch: [223][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:39:46] Epoch: [223][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-10:41:32] Epoch: [223][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.072 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-10:43:18] Epoch: [223][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.119 (2.863) Prec@1 67.97 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-10:45:05] Epoch: [223][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.863) Prec@1 83.59 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-10:45:09] Epoch: [223][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.630 (2.863) Prec@1 66.67 (76.87) Prec@5 86.67 (91.75) -[2018-10-24-10:45:09] **train** Prec@1 76.87 Prec@5 91.75 Error@1 23.13 Error@5 8.25 Loss:2.863 - test [2018-10-24-10:45:13] Epoch: [223][000/391] Time 4.04 (4.04) Data 3.89 (3.89) Loss 0.526 (0.526) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-10:45:41] Epoch: [223][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.198 (0.995) Prec@1 69.53 (77.44) Prec@5 91.41 (93.66) - test [2018-10-24-10:46:07] Epoch: [223][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.141 (1.164) Prec@1 48.75 (73.85) Prec@5 82.50 (91.46) -[2018-10-24-10:46:07] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.46 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.54 Loss:1.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-10:46:07] [Epoch=224/250] [Need: 38:56:03] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-10:46:12] Epoch: [224][000/10010] Time 4.74 (4.74) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 2.603 (2.603) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - train[2018-10-24-10:47:58] Epoch: [224][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.791 (2.871) Prec@1 75.78 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.59) - train[2018-10-24-10:49:43] Epoch: [224][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.708 (2.855) Prec@1 78.91 (77.12) Prec@5 96.09 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-10:51:29] Epoch: [224][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.936 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.04) Prec@5 89.06 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-10:53:15] Epoch: [224][800/10010] Time 0.64 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.892 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-10:55:02] Epoch: [224][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.638 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.69) - train[2018-10-24-10:56:50] Epoch: [224][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-10:58:37] Epoch: [224][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:00:25] Epoch: [224][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.856) Prec@1 78.12 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-11:02:12] Epoch: [224][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.854) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-11:03:58] Epoch: [224][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (76.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-11:05:46] Epoch: [224][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-11:07:32] Epoch: [224][2400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (76.97) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-11:09:20] Epoch: [224][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.450 (2.857) Prec@1 83.59 (76.95) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-11:11:07] Epoch: [224][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.91) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-11:12:54] Epoch: [224][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.860) Prec@1 66.41 (76.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:14:42] Epoch: [224][3200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:16:30] Epoch: [224][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-11:18:18] Epoch: [224][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:20:06] Epoch: [224][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.861) Prec@1 70.31 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:21:52] Epoch: [224][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.968 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:23:37] Epoch: [224][4200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.610 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-11:25:23] Epoch: [224][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-11:27:10] Epoch: [224][4600/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.862) Prec@1 71.09 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-11:28:57] Epoch: [224][4800/10010] Time 0.67 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-11:30:44] Epoch: [224][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.83) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-11:32:31] Epoch: [224][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.173 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.83) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-11:34:18] Epoch: [224][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:36:06] Epoch: [224][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-11:37:52] Epoch: [224][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-11:39:41] Epoch: [224][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.85) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:41:29] Epoch: [224][6200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:43:17] Epoch: [224][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:45:05] Epoch: [224][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:46:53] Epoch: [224][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.83) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:48:41] Epoch: [224][7000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.82) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-11:50:29] Epoch: [224][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:52:17] Epoch: [224][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.862) Prec@1 80.47 (76.83) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:54:06] Epoch: [224][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.633 (2.861) Prec@1 83.59 (76.84) Prec@5 96.88 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-11:55:54] Epoch: [224][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.907 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-11:57:43] Epoch: [224][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.84) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-11:59:28] Epoch: [224][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:01:16] Epoch: [224][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.870 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.83) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-12:03:05] Epoch: [224][8600/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:04:54] Epoch: [224][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:06:42] Epoch: [224][9000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.049 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:08:28] Epoch: [224][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.656 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:10:17] Epoch: [224][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:12:04] Epoch: [224][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.747 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:13:52] Epoch: [224][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:15:39] Epoch: [224][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.632 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.86) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:15:43] Epoch: [224][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.504 (2.862) Prec@1 73.33 (76.86) Prec@5 80.00 (91.77) -[2018-10-24-12:15:43] **train** Prec@1 76.86 Prec@5 91.77 Error@1 23.14 Error@5 8.23 Loss:2.862 - test [2018-10-24-12:15:47] Epoch: [224][000/391] Time 4.13 (4.13) Data 3.99 (3.99) Loss 0.541 (0.541) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-24-12:16:17] Epoch: [224][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.167 (0.999) Prec@1 67.97 (77.43) Prec@5 91.41 (93.57) - test [2018-10-24-12:16:47] Epoch: [224][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.101 (1.166) Prec@1 46.25 (73.86) Prec@5 82.50 (91.41) -[2018-10-24-12:16:47] **test** Prec@1 73.86 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.14 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-12:16:47] [Epoch=225/250] [Need: 37:46:38] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-12:16:52] Epoch: [225][000/10010] Time 5.10 (5.10) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 2.848 (2.848) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-24-12:18:39] Epoch: [225][200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.872 (2.847) Prec@1 75.78 (77.26) Prec@5 91.41 (91.99) - train[2018-10-24-12:20:24] Epoch: [225][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.685 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.07) Prec@5 94.53 (91.99) - train[2018-10-24-12:22:12] Epoch: [225][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.796 (2.855) Prec@1 78.91 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.85) - train[2018-10-24-12:23:59] Epoch: [225][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.788 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-24-12:25:47] Epoch: [225][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.535 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-12:27:34] Epoch: [225][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.953 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-12:29:22] Epoch: [225][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.101 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-12:31:09] Epoch: [225][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-12:32:55] Epoch: [225][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-12:34:43] Epoch: [225][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:36:30] Epoch: [225][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.046 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-12:38:18] Epoch: [225][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:40:05] Epoch: [225][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.581 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.82) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:41:52] Epoch: [225][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.669 (2.866) Prec@1 82.03 (76.82) Prec@5 96.09 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-12:43:39] Epoch: [225][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-12:45:26] Epoch: [225][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.865) Prec@1 82.03 (76.82) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-12:47:14] Epoch: [225][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.84) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:49:00] Epoch: [225][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.85) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:50:47] Epoch: [225][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-12:52:34] Epoch: [225][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.865) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-12:54:22] Epoch: [225][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.866) Prec@1 75.78 (76.82) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:56:09] Epoch: [225][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-12:57:55] Epoch: [225][4600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.865) Prec@1 69.53 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-12:59:42] Epoch: [225][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:01:28] Epoch: [225][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.625 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:03:15] Epoch: [225][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.84) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:05:04] Epoch: [225][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-13:06:51] Epoch: [225][5600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.865) Prec@1 75.00 (76.84) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:08:39] Epoch: [225][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.865) Prec@1 78.91 (76.85) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:10:26] Epoch: [225][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.865) Prec@1 71.88 (76.86) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:12:12] Epoch: [225][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:14:00] Epoch: [225][6400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (2.865) Prec@1 71.09 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-13:15:47] Epoch: [225][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.865) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-13:17:34] Epoch: [225][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.613 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-13:19:20] Epoch: [225][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-13:21:07] Epoch: [225][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.904 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:22:54] Epoch: [225][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.864) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:24:40] Epoch: [225][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-13:26:28] Epoch: [225][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.864) Prec@1 82.03 (76.88) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:28:16] Epoch: [225][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.864) Prec@1 84.38 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:30:03] Epoch: [225][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:31:50] Epoch: [225][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:33:37] Epoch: [225][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:35:24] Epoch: [225][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-13:37:10] Epoch: [225][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:38:56] Epoch: [225][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:40:43] Epoch: [225][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:42:31] Epoch: [225][9600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:44:17] Epoch: [225][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:46:04] Epoch: [225][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.88) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-13:46:08] Epoch: [225][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.590 (2.863) Prec@1 86.67 (76.88) Prec@5 100.00 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-13:46:08] **train** Prec@1 76.88 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.12 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.863 - test [2018-10-24-13:46:13] Epoch: [225][000/391] Time 4.40 (4.40) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 0.530 (0.530) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-13:46:41] Epoch: [225][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.156 (0.983) Prec@1 69.53 (77.36) Prec@5 92.19 (93.61) - test [2018-10-24-13:47:06] Epoch: [225][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.131 (1.150) Prec@1 45.00 (73.88) Prec@5 82.50 (91.42) -[2018-10-24-13:47:06] **test** Prec@1 73.88 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.12 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.150 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-13:47:06] [Epoch=226/250] [Need: 36:07:47] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-13:47:12] Epoch: [226][000/10010] Time 5.88 (5.88) Data 5.15 (5.15) Loss 2.949 (2.949) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-24-13:48:57] Epoch: [226][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.804 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-24-13:50:43] Epoch: [226][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.166 (2.860) Prec@1 70.31 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-13:52:28] Epoch: [226][600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.999 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-13:54:15] Epoch: [226][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.606 (2.861) Prec@1 85.16 (77.02) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-13:56:02] Epoch: [226][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.774 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-13:57:49] Epoch: [226][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.597 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (77.06) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-13:59:34] Epoch: [226][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-14:01:21] Epoch: [226][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.856) Prec@1 71.09 (77.08) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-14:03:07] Epoch: [226][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-14:04:53] Epoch: [226][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.99) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-14:06:40] Epoch: [226][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-14:08:27] Epoch: [226][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.568 (2.859) Prec@1 82.81 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:10:12] Epoch: [226][2600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:11:58] Epoch: [226][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:13:44] Epoch: [226][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.860) Prec@1 81.25 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:15:30] Epoch: [226][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.859) Prec@1 72.66 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:17:15] Epoch: [226][3400/10010] Time 0.65 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:19:02] Epoch: [226][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:20:48] Epoch: [226][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:22:34] Epoch: [226][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:24:20] Epoch: [226][4200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.654 (2.860) Prec@1 82.03 (76.96) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-14:26:05] Epoch: [226][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:27:51] Epoch: [226][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.94) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:29:36] Epoch: [226][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.862) Prec@1 69.53 (76.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-14:31:22] Epoch: [226][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:33:08] Epoch: [226][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.751 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:34:53] Epoch: [226][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:36:39] Epoch: [226][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-14:38:24] Epoch: [226][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-14:40:10] Epoch: [226][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-14:41:57] Epoch: [226][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-14:43:44] Epoch: [226][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.125 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.95) Prec@5 87.50 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-14:45:31] Epoch: [226][6600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.862) Prec@1 80.47 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-14:47:19] Epoch: [226][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.191 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.94) Prec@5 88.28 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-14:49:06] Epoch: [226][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:50:53] Epoch: [226][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:52:39] Epoch: [226][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.431 (2.862) Prec@1 84.38 (76.92) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:54:26] Epoch: [226][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-14:56:12] Epoch: [226][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:57:59] Epoch: [226][8000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.914 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-14:59:47] Epoch: [226][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-15:01:34] Epoch: [226][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-15:03:22] Epoch: [226][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-15:05:10] Epoch: [226][8800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:06:57] Epoch: [226][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.864) Prec@1 80.47 (76.89) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:08:44] Epoch: [226][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.89) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:10:31] Epoch: [226][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:12:18] Epoch: [226][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:14:06] Epoch: [226][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.865) Prec@1 81.25 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:15:53] Epoch: [226][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.865) Prec@1 73.44 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:15:58] Epoch: [226][10009/10010] Time 0.17 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.428 (2.865) Prec@1 80.00 (76.87) Prec@5 80.00 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-15:15:58] **train** Prec@1 76.87 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.13 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.865 - test [2018-10-24-15:16:02] Epoch: [226][000/391] Time 4.14 (4.14) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 0.522 (0.522) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-15:16:32] Epoch: [226][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.185 (0.979) Prec@1 69.53 (77.65) Prec@5 91.41 (93.75) - test [2018-10-24-15:16:58] Epoch: [226][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.154 (1.151) Prec@1 46.25 (73.97) Prec@5 82.50 (91.47) -[2018-10-24-15:16:58] **test** Prec@1 73.97 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.03 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.151 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-15:16:58] [Epoch=227/250] [Need: 34:26:42] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-15:17:02] Epoch: [227][000/10010] Time 4.22 (4.22) Data 3.65 (3.65) Loss 2.713 (2.713) Prec@1 78.91 (78.91) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-24-15:18:48] Epoch: [227][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.699 (2.871) Prec@1 82.81 (76.64) Prec@5 93.75 (91.67) - train[2018-10-24-15:20:34] Epoch: [227][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.719 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.87) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-15:22:19] Epoch: [227][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.874 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-15:24:05] Epoch: [227][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.864) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:25:52] Epoch: [227][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-15:27:38] Epoch: [227][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-15:29:23] Epoch: [227][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-15:31:09] Epoch: [227][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-15:32:54] Epoch: [227][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-15:34:41] Epoch: [227][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-15:36:27] Epoch: [227][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.045 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-15:38:15] Epoch: [227][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.860) Prec@1 67.97 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-15:40:01] Epoch: [227][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.861) Prec@1 69.53 (76.97) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-15:41:48] Epoch: [227][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-15:43:34] Epoch: [227][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.456 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.95) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:45:22] Epoch: [227][3200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.649 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.93) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:47:09] Epoch: [227][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.93) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:48:57] Epoch: [227][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.862) Prec@1 71.09 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-15:50:44] Epoch: [227][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-15:52:30] Epoch: [227][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.091 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-15:54:18] Epoch: [227][4200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.264 (2.865) Prec@1 71.88 (76.90) Prec@5 86.72 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-15:56:04] Epoch: [227][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.740 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-15:57:51] Epoch: [227][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-15:59:38] Epoch: [227][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.733 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-16:01:28] Epoch: [227][5000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.273 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.94) Prec@5 84.38 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-16:03:15] Epoch: [227][5200/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-16:05:03] Epoch: [227][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-16:06:51] Epoch: [227][5600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-16:08:38] Epoch: [227][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:10:25] Epoch: [227][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-16:12:13] Epoch: [227][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-16:14:01] Epoch: [227][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.954 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:15:50] Epoch: [227][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:17:36] Epoch: [227][6800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.680 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.92) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:19:23] Epoch: [227][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.661 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.92) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:21:10] Epoch: [227][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (2.864) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:22:57] Epoch: [227][7400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:24:44] Epoch: [227][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:26:31] Epoch: [227][7800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:28:18] Epoch: [227][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.482 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.91) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:30:04] Epoch: [227][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (2.863) Prec@1 69.53 (76.92) Prec@5 87.50 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:31:51] Epoch: [227][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:33:38] Epoch: [227][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.423 (2.863) Prec@1 88.28 (76.93) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:35:26] Epoch: [227][8800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:37:13] Epoch: [227][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:39:01] Epoch: [227][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-16:40:47] Epoch: [227][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.865 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:42:35] Epoch: [227][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:44:21] Epoch: [227][9800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-16:46:07] Epoch: [227][10000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.279 (2.863) Prec@1 68.75 (76.92) Prec@5 87.50 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-16:46:12] Epoch: [227][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (2.863) Prec@1 73.33 (76.92) Prec@5 93.33 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-16:46:12] **train** Prec@1 76.92 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.08 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.863 - test [2018-10-24-16:46:16] Epoch: [227][000/391] Time 4.43 (4.43) Data 4.29 (4.29) Loss 0.530 (0.530) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-16:46:46] Epoch: [227][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.207 (0.983) Prec@1 67.97 (77.47) Prec@5 91.41 (93.61) - test [2018-10-24-16:47:14] Epoch: [227][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.219 (1.155) Prec@1 47.50 (73.86) Prec@5 81.25 (91.42) -[2018-10-24-16:47:14] **test** Prec@1 73.86 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.14 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-16:47:15] [Epoch=228/250] [Need: 33:06:12] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-16:47:20] Epoch: [228][000/10010] Time 5.14 (5.14) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 2.504 (2.504) Prec@1 82.81 (82.81) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-24-16:49:09] Epoch: [228][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.57) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.704 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.65) Prec@5 91.41 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-16:50:57] Epoch: [228][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.692 (2.854) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.65) - train[2018-10-24-16:52:44] Epoch: [228][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.647 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.58) - train[2018-10-24-16:54:31] Epoch: [228][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.851 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.62) - train[2018-10-24-16:56:18] Epoch: [228][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.516 (2.856) Prec@1 82.03 (77.07) Prec@5 95.31 (91.66) - train[2018-10-24-16:58:07] Epoch: [228][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.222 (2.856) Prec@1 67.19 (77.05) Prec@5 89.06 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-16:59:54] Epoch: [228][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.162 (2.859) Prec@1 71.09 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-17:01:43] Epoch: [228][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:03:30] Epoch: [228][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.02) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:05:16] Epoch: [228][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:07:04] Epoch: [228][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.208 (2.857) Prec@1 69.53 (76.96) Prec@5 88.28 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-17:08:51] Epoch: [228][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.269 (2.856) Prec@1 70.31 (76.99) Prec@5 85.94 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-17:10:37] Epoch: [228][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-17:12:24] Epoch: [228][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.856) Prec@1 82.03 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:14:11] Epoch: [228][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-17:15:58] Epoch: [228][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.855) Prec@1 78.12 (77.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.84) - train[2018-10-24-17:17:45] Epoch: [228][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-24-17:19:31] Epoch: [228][3600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-17:21:17] Epoch: [228][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.988 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:23:05] Epoch: [228][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-17:24:51] Epoch: [228][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.985 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:26:39] Epoch: [228][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:28:28] Epoch: [228][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-17:30:15] Epoch: [228][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (2.860) Prec@1 69.53 (76.97) Prec@5 84.38 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:32:03] Epoch: [228][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:33:51] Epoch: [228][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:35:39] Epoch: [228][5400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:37:27] Epoch: [228][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:39:15] Epoch: [228][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.495 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:41:03] Epoch: [228][6000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:42:50] Epoch: [228][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.169 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.95) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:44:39] Epoch: [228][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:46:27] Epoch: [228][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.480 (2.860) Prec@1 83.59 (76.96) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:48:15] Epoch: [228][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:50:02] Epoch: [228][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:51:49] Epoch: [228][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-17:53:36] Epoch: [228][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.665 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:55:23] Epoch: [228][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:57:11] Epoch: [228][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.861) Prec@1 73.44 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-17:58:58] Epoch: [228][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.839 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:00:46] Epoch: [228][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:02:34] Epoch: [228][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:04:22] Epoch: [228][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:06:10] Epoch: [228][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.134 (2.861) Prec@1 68.75 (76.92) Prec@5 86.72 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:07:57] Epoch: [228][9000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.861) Prec@1 82.81 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:09:44] Epoch: [228][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:11:33] Epoch: [228][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:13:21] Epoch: [228][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:15:07] Epoch: [228][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:16:53] Epoch: [228][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:16:58] Epoch: [228][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.102 (2.861) Prec@1 66.67 (76.92) Prec@5 80.00 (91.77) -[2018-10-24-18:16:58] **train** Prec@1 76.92 Prec@5 91.77 Error@1 23.08 Error@5 8.23 Loss:2.861 - test [2018-10-24-18:17:02] Epoch: [228][000/391] Time 3.85 (3.85) Data 3.71 (3.71) Loss 0.525 (0.525) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-18:17:31] Epoch: [228][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.187 (0.990) Prec@1 68.75 (77.48) Prec@5 92.19 (93.66) - test [2018-10-24-18:17:57] Epoch: [228][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.180 (1.158) Prec@1 43.75 (73.92) Prec@5 83.75 (91.48) -[2018-10-24-18:17:57] **test** Prec@1 73.92 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.08 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.158 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-18:17:57] [Epoch=229/250] [Need: 31:44:55] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-18:18:03] Epoch: [229][000/10010] Time 5.87 (5.87) Data 5.30 (5.30) Loss 2.598 (2.598) Prec@1 84.38 (84.38) Prec@5 93.75 (93.75) - train[2018-10-24-18:19:51] Epoch: [229][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.551 (2.845) Prec@1 82.03 (77.16) Prec@5 96.09 (91.83) - train[2018-10-24-18:21:37] Epoch: [229][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.813 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.83) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:23:23] Epoch: [229][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.155 (2.861) Prec@1 70.31 (76.98) Prec@5 86.72 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-18:25:08] Epoch: [229][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.603 (2.860) Prec@1 83.59 (76.91) Prec@5 96.09 (91.70) - train[2018-10-24-18:26:53] Epoch: [229][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.049 (2.860) Prec@1 69.53 (76.91) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-18:28:39] Epoch: [229][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.712 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-18:30:25] Epoch: [229][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:32:11] Epoch: [229][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-18:33:56] Epoch: [229][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-18:35:42] Epoch: [229][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-18:37:28] Epoch: [229][2200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.002 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-18:39:15] Epoch: [229][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-18:41:00] Epoch: [229][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-18:42:45] Epoch: [229][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.300 (2.861) Prec@1 65.62 (76.93) Prec@5 86.72 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-18:44:31] Epoch: [229][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.772 (2.861) Prec@1 72.66 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:46:17] Epoch: [229][3200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-18:48:02] Epoch: [229][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.517 (2.861) Prec@1 86.72 (76.92) Prec@5 96.09 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-18:49:48] Epoch: [229][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:51:33] Epoch: [229][3800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.057 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-18:53:20] Epoch: [229][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.065 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-18:55:05] Epoch: [229][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.736 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-18:56:52] Epoch: [229][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.070 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (76.95) Prec@5 85.94 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-18:58:38] Epoch: [229][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.861) Prec@1 83.59 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-19:00:25] Epoch: [229][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-19:02:13] Epoch: [229][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-19:04:00] Epoch: [229][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-19:05:46] Epoch: [229][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.573 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-19:07:33] Epoch: [229][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-19:09:19] Epoch: [229][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.675 (2.859) Prec@1 82.03 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-19:11:06] Epoch: [229][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.860) Prec@1 82.03 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-19:12:51] Epoch: [229][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-19:14:38] Epoch: [229][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:16:25] Epoch: [229][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-19:18:12] Epoch: [229][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.140 (2.862) Prec@1 68.75 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-19:19:57] Epoch: [229][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (2.863) Prec@1 69.53 (76.91) Prec@5 85.16 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:21:44] Epoch: [229][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-19:23:31] Epoch: [229][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 96.88 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-19:25:18] Epoch: [229][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.614 (2.864) Prec@1 85.16 (76.89) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-19:27:03] Epoch: [229][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 89.06 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-19:28:50] Epoch: [229][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.066 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.90) Prec@5 85.94 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-19:30:37] Epoch: [229][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.600 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.90) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-19:32:23] Epoch: [229][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-19:34:11] Epoch: [229][8600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.564 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-19:35:56] Epoch: [229][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:37:42] Epoch: [229][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.862) Prec@1 71.09 (76.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:39:30] Epoch: [229][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.533 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:41:16] Epoch: [229][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.083 (2.862) Prec@1 72.66 (76.92) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-19:43:02] Epoch: [229][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:44:48] Epoch: [229][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.944 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:46:35] Epoch: [229][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.068 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.91) Prec@5 86.72 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-19:46:39] Epoch: [229][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 5.443 (2.862) Prec@1 40.00 (76.91) Prec@5 60.00 (91.74) -[2018-10-24-19:46:39] **train** Prec@1 76.91 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.09 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.862 - test [2018-10-24-19:46:43] Epoch: [229][000/391] Time 4.27 (4.27) Data 4.10 (4.10) Loss 0.528 (0.528) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-19:47:11] Epoch: [229][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.01 (0.03) Loss 1.159 (0.994) Prec@1 67.19 (77.41) Prec@5 92.19 (93.63) - test [2018-10-24-19:47:36] Epoch: [229][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.139 (1.164) Prec@1 45.00 (73.87) Prec@5 82.50 (91.43) -[2018-10-24-19:47:36] **test** Prec@1 73.87 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.13 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.164 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-19:47:36] [Epoch=230/250] [Need: 29:53:00] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-19:47:42] Epoch: [230][000/10010] Time 5.30 (5.30) Data 4.65 (4.65) Loss 2.898 (2.898) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-24-19:49:26] Epoch: [230][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.779 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.78) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-19:51:12] Epoch: [230][400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.056 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (76.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-19:52:59] Epoch: [230][600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.833 (2.851) Prec@1 80.47 (77.18) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-19:54:45] Epoch: [230][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.852 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.10) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-19:56:30] Epoch: [230][1000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-19:58:17] Epoch: [230][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-20:00:06] Epoch: [230][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.710 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-24-20:01:54] Epoch: [230][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.598 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-20:03:42] Epoch: [230][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-20:05:31] Epoch: [230][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.605 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:07:20] Epoch: [230][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-20:09:08] Epoch: [230][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.863) Prec@1 76.56 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-20:10:55] Epoch: [230][2600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.862) Prec@1 82.03 (76.92) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-20:12:44] Epoch: [230][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.863) Prec@1 82.81 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:14:32] Epoch: [230][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.686 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:16:21] Epoch: [230][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-20:18:10] Epoch: [230][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.865) Prec@1 74.22 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:19:59] Epoch: [230][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (2.864) Prec@1 73.44 (76.88) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:21:47] Epoch: [230][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.158 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.88) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:23:35] Epoch: [230][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.115 (2.863) Prec@1 71.09 (76.88) Prec@5 89.06 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:25:24] Epoch: [230][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.864) Prec@1 71.88 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-20:27:13] Epoch: [230][4400/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.724 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.88) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-20:29:00] Epoch: [230][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-20:30:49] Epoch: [230][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.89) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-20:32:37] Epoch: [230][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:34:25] Epoch: [230][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:36:13] Epoch: [230][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:38:01] Epoch: [230][5600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.91) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:39:51] Epoch: [230][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:41:39] Epoch: [230][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:43:27] Epoch: [230][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.89) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:45:17] Epoch: [230][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.004 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:47:05] Epoch: [230][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.90) Prec@5 85.94 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:48:53] Epoch: [230][6800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.89) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:50:42] Epoch: [230][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:52:29] Epoch: [230][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.143 (2.862) Prec@1 69.53 (76.88) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-20:54:15] Epoch: [230][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:56:01] Epoch: [230][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.061 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.90) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:57:47] Epoch: [230][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-20:59:33] Epoch: [230][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-21:01:22] Epoch: [230][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-21:03:10] Epoch: [230][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-21:04:59] Epoch: [230][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.423 (2.862) Prec@1 64.84 (76.90) Prec@5 85.16 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:06:47] Epoch: [230][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.90) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:08:36] Epoch: [230][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.992 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-21:10:23] Epoch: [230][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-21:12:10] Epoch: [230][9400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:13:59] Epoch: [230][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.90) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:15:46] Epoch: [230][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:17:35] Epoch: [230][10000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-21:17:40] Epoch: [230][10009/10010] Time 0.33 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.998 (2.862) Prec@1 73.33 (76.89) Prec@5 86.67 (91.75) -[2018-10-24-21:17:40] **train** Prec@1 76.89 Prec@5 91.75 Error@1 23.11 Error@5 8.25 Loss:2.862 - test [2018-10-24-21:17:44] Epoch: [230][000/391] Time 4.16 (4.16) Data 4.02 (4.02) Loss 0.539 (0.539) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-24-21:18:12] Epoch: [230][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.203 (0.982) Prec@1 69.53 (77.41) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-24-21:18:37] Epoch: [230][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.105 (1.150) Prec@1 46.25 (73.88) Prec@5 82.50 (91.47) -[2018-10-24-21:18:37] **test** Prec@1 73.88 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.12 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.150 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-21:18:37] [Epoch=231/250] [Need: 28:49:09] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-21:18:42] Epoch: [231][000/10010] Time 5.45 (5.45) Data 4.82 (4.82) Loss 2.917 (2.917) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-24-21:20:28] Epoch: [231][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.064 (2.845) Prec@1 75.00 (77.43) Prec@5 89.84 (91.99) - train[2018-10-24-21:22:13] Epoch: [231][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.833 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (77.07) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-21:23:59] Epoch: [231][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.824 (2.861) Prec@1 75.78 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-21:25:46] Epoch: [231][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.065 (2.859) Prec@1 70.31 (77.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-21:27:32] Epoch: [231][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-21:29:20] Epoch: [231][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.656 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (77.09) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-21:31:05] Epoch: [231][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-21:32:51] Epoch: [231][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:34:37] Epoch: [231][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.991 (2.860) Prec@1 71.09 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:36:23] Epoch: [231][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:38:08] Epoch: [231][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.044 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:39:54] Epoch: [231][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:41:39] Epoch: [231][2600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.578 (2.861) Prec@1 84.38 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:43:27] Epoch: [231][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.721 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:45:14] Epoch: [231][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.862) Prec@1 68.75 (76.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:47:01] Epoch: [231][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.863) Prec@1 75.00 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-21:48:48] Epoch: [231][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:50:37] Epoch: [231][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:52:26] Epoch: [231][3800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.862) Prec@1 78.91 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:54:13] Epoch: [231][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-21:56:00] Epoch: [231][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.568 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.93) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-21:57:48] Epoch: [231][4400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-21:59:36] Epoch: [231][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-22:01:23] Epoch: [231][4800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:03:10] Epoch: [231][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.993 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-22:04:59] Epoch: [231][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:06:46] Epoch: [231][5400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:08:34] Epoch: [231][5600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.710 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-22:10:21] Epoch: [231][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:12:08] Epoch: [231][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:13:56] Epoch: [231][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.860) Prec@1 82.03 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:15:43] Epoch: [231][6400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.544 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:17:31] Epoch: [231][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.808 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:19:19] Epoch: [231][6800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-22:21:07] Epoch: [231][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.056 (2.861) Prec@1 72.66 (76.96) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:22:54] Epoch: [231][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:24:42] Epoch: [231][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:26:29] Epoch: [231][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:28:17] Epoch: [231][7800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:30:03] Epoch: [231][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:31:51] Epoch: [231][8200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.96) Prec@5 87.50 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:33:38] Epoch: [231][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.511 (2.860) Prec@1 85.94 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:35:25] Epoch: [231][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.705 (2.860) Prec@1 84.38 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:37:13] Epoch: [231][8800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:39:01] Epoch: [231][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:40:48] Epoch: [231][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.967 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:42:36] Epoch: [231][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.97) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:44:24] Epoch: [231][9600/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:46:12] Epoch: [231][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.860) Prec@1 81.25 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-24-22:48:00] Epoch: [231][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.860) Prec@1 72.66 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-22:48:04] Epoch: [231][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.333 (2.860) Prec@1 73.33 (76.96) Prec@5 73.33 (91.78) -[2018-10-24-22:48:04] **train** Prec@1 76.96 Prec@5 91.78 Error@1 23.04 Error@5 8.22 Loss:2.860 - test [2018-10-24-22:48:08] Epoch: [231][000/391] Time 3.84 (3.84) Data 3.70 (3.70) Loss 0.569 (0.569) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-24-22:48:37] Epoch: [231][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.193 (1.003) Prec@1 68.75 (77.42) Prec@5 91.41 (93.67) - test [2018-10-24-22:49:02] Epoch: [231][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.129 (1.171) Prec@1 48.75 (73.95) Prec@5 83.75 (91.42) -[2018-10-24-22:49:02] **test** Prec@1 73.95 Prec@5 91.42 Error@1 26.05 Error@5 8.58 Loss:1.171 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-24-22:49:03] [Epoch=232/250] [Need: 27:07:42] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-24-22:49:08] Epoch: [232][000/10010] Time 5.05 (5.05) Data 4.42 (4.42) Loss 2.788 (2.788) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-24-22:50:53] Epoch: [232][200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.934 (2.852) Prec@1 76.56 (77.11) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-24-22:52:39] Epoch: [232][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.998 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (76.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.88) - train[2018-10-24-22:54:25] Epoch: [232][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.785 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-24-22:56:12] Epoch: [232][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.707 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-22:57:58] Epoch: [232][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.863) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.66) - train[2018-10-24-22:59:45] Epoch: [232][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (2.861) Prec@1 73.44 (76.83) Prec@5 89.06 (91.67) - train[2018-10-24-23:01:32] Epoch: [232][1400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.733 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.83) Prec@5 92.97 (91.67) - train[2018-10-24-23:03:20] Epoch: [232][1600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-23:05:06] Epoch: [232][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.861) Prec@1 82.03 (76.89) Prec@5 94.53 (91.71) - train[2018-10-24-23:06:54] Epoch: [232][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-23:08:41] Epoch: [232][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.707 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:10:28] Epoch: [232][2400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.92) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:12:13] Epoch: [232][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.859) Prec@1 81.25 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:14:00] Epoch: [232][2800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:15:47] Epoch: [232][3000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.685 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:17:34] Epoch: [232][3200/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-23:19:20] Epoch: [232][3400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.176 (2.861) Prec@1 72.66 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:21:07] Epoch: [232][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:22:53] Epoch: [232][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.786 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-24-23:24:40] Epoch: [232][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.076 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.77) - train[2018-10-24-23:26:26] Epoch: [232][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.594 (2.860) Prec@1 84.38 (76.92) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:28:15] Epoch: [232][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:30:01] Epoch: [232][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 89.06 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:31:47] Epoch: [232][4800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-24-23:33:35] Epoch: [232][5000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.859) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:35:21] Epoch: [232][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 95.31 (91.75) - train[2018-10-24-23:37:08] Epoch: [232][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-24-23:38:55] Epoch: [232][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.978 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:40:42] Epoch: [232][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.90) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:42:30] Epoch: [232][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:44:17] Epoch: [232][6200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.861) Prec@1 67.19 (76.90) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:46:04] Epoch: [232][6400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-23:47:52] Epoch: [232][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.108 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-23:49:39] Epoch: [232][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.342 (2.861) Prec@1 68.75 (76.91) Prec@5 86.72 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:51:24] Epoch: [232][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.681 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-23:53:09] Epoch: [232][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.413 (2.863) Prec@1 68.75 (76.89) Prec@5 87.50 (91.72) - train[2018-10-24-23:54:56] Epoch: [232][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.489 (2.862) Prec@1 83.59 (76.89) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:56:43] Epoch: [232][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.863) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-24-23:58:31] Epoch: [232][7800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.862) Prec@1 71.09 (76.89) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:00:18] Epoch: [232][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.345 (2.862) Prec@1 70.31 (76.89) Prec@5 86.72 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:02:06] Epoch: [232][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.458 (2.862) Prec@1 85.94 (76.89) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:03:54] Epoch: [232][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.792 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.89) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:05:41] Epoch: [232][8600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.89) Prec@5 95.31 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:07:29] Epoch: [232][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:09:16] Epoch: [232][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.88) Prec@5 92.19 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:11:04] Epoch: [232][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.863) Prec@1 74.22 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:12:52] Epoch: [232][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.564 (2.862) Prec@1 84.38 (76.88) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-00:14:38] Epoch: [232][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.215 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.89) Prec@5 85.94 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-00:16:25] Epoch: [232][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.945 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-00:18:12] Epoch: [232][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.89) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-00:18:16] Epoch: [232][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.223 (2.862) Prec@1 53.33 (76.89) Prec@5 73.33 (91.74) -[2018-10-25-00:18:16] **train** Prec@1 76.89 Prec@5 91.74 Error@1 23.11 Error@5 8.26 Loss:2.862 - test [2018-10-25-00:18:20] Epoch: [232][000/391] Time 3.85 (3.85) Data 3.71 (3.71) Loss 0.544 (0.544) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-25-00:18:51] Epoch: [232][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.147 (0.985) Prec@1 69.53 (77.46) Prec@5 91.41 (93.65) - test [2018-10-25-00:19:17] Epoch: [232][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.110 (1.155) Prec@1 48.75 (73.89) Prec@5 83.75 (91.47) -[2018-10-25-00:19:17] **test** Prec@1 73.89 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.11 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.155 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-00:19:17] [Epoch=233/250] [Need: 25:34:01] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-00:19:23] Epoch: [233][000/10010] Time 6.18 (6.18) Data 5.56 (5.56) Loss 2.900 (2.900) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-25-00:21:11] Epoch: [233][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.57) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.636 (2.840) Prec@1 81.25 (77.36) Prec@5 93.75 (91.99) - train[2018-10-25-00:23:00] Epoch: [233][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.726 (2.849) Prec@1 77.34 (77.21) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:24:47] Epoch: [233][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.727 (2.852) Prec@1 77.34 (77.18) Prec@5 96.09 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-00:26:36] Epoch: [233][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.964 (2.850) Prec@1 76.56 (77.15) Prec@5 89.06 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-00:28:22] Epoch: [233][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.721 (2.851) Prec@1 80.47 (77.15) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:30:09] Epoch: [233][1200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.680 (2.852) Prec@1 82.03 (77.17) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-00:31:58] Epoch: [233][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.853) Prec@1 78.91 (77.15) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-00:33:45] Epoch: [233][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.858) Prec@1 72.66 (77.06) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-00:35:34] Epoch: [233][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-00:37:21] Epoch: [233][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-00:39:09] Epoch: [233][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.09) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-00:40:58] Epoch: [233][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.675 (2.855) Prec@1 80.47 (77.09) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-00:42:45] Epoch: [233][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.854) Prec@1 71.09 (77.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-00:44:33] Epoch: [233][2800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.854) Prec@1 82.03 (77.09) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-00:46:20] Epoch: [233][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.824 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.11) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:48:08] Epoch: [233][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.852) Prec@1 77.34 (77.12) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:49:56] Epoch: [233][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.852) Prec@1 78.91 (77.11) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:51:44] Epoch: [233][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.033 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.10) Prec@5 85.94 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:53:31] Epoch: [233][3800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.852) Prec@1 77.34 (77.11) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:55:19] Epoch: [233][4000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.020 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-00:57:07] Epoch: [233][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-00:58:54] Epoch: [233][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-01:00:41] Epoch: [233][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.854) Prec@1 73.44 (77.09) Prec@5 89.06 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-01:02:29] Epoch: [233][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.063 (2.855) Prec@1 78.12 (77.07) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:04:15] Epoch: [233][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.854) Prec@1 74.22 (77.08) Prec@5 89.84 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-01:06:03] Epoch: [233][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.854) Prec@1 74.22 (77.07) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-01:07:51] Epoch: [233][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.603 (2.855) Prec@1 82.81 (77.06) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-01:09:39] Epoch: [233][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.886 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:11:26] Epoch: [233][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.025 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 89.06 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-01:13:13] Epoch: [233][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.856) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:15:02] Epoch: [233][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:16:49] Epoch: [233][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:18:37] Epoch: [233][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.716 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:20:25] Epoch: [233][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.695 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.99) Prec@5 95.31 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:22:12] Epoch: [233][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.99) Prec@5 88.28 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:23:59] Epoch: [233][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:25:46] Epoch: [233][7400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:27:34] Epoch: [233][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.086 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (76.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:29:22] Epoch: [233][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.98) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:31:09] Epoch: [233][8000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:32:56] Epoch: [233][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.522 (2.858) Prec@1 85.16 (76.97) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:34:44] Epoch: [233][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:36:31] Epoch: [233][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.97) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:38:16] Epoch: [233][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.979 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:40:02] Epoch: [233][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:41:48] Epoch: [233][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.696 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-01:43:35] Epoch: [233][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.562 (2.858) Prec@1 82.03 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:45:22] Epoch: [233][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.153 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 86.72 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:47:09] Epoch: [233][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.859) Prec@1 78.12 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-01:48:55] Epoch: [233][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.572 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-01:48:59] Epoch: [233][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.523 (2.858) Prec@1 40.00 (76.98) Prec@5 66.67 (91.79) -[2018-10-25-01:48:59] **train** Prec@1 76.98 Prec@5 91.79 Error@1 23.02 Error@5 8.21 Loss:2.858 - test [2018-10-25-01:49:04] Epoch: [233][000/391] Time 4.28 (4.28) Data 4.12 (4.12) Loss 0.554 (0.554) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-25-01:49:31] Epoch: [233][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.176 (0.996) Prec@1 70.31 (77.51) Prec@5 92.19 (93.65) - test [2018-10-25-01:49:56] Epoch: [233][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.107 (1.166) Prec@1 46.25 (73.93) Prec@5 83.75 (91.48) -[2018-10-25-01:49:56] **test** Prec@1 73.93 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.07 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.166 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=73.98, Acc@5=91.44, Error@1=26.02, Error@5=8.56 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-01:49:56] [Epoch=234/250] [Need: 24:10:35] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-01:50:01] Epoch: [234][000/10010] Time 4.87 (4.87) Data 4.27 (4.27) Loss 3.058 (3.058) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-25-01:51:47] Epoch: [234][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.832 (2.851) Prec@1 80.47 (77.34) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-01:53:31] Epoch: [234][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.861 (2.842) Prec@1 75.78 (77.55) Prec@5 90.62 (91.90) - train[2018-10-25-01:55:19] Epoch: [234][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.061 (2.847) Prec@1 71.88 (77.38) Prec@5 90.62 (91.89) - train[2018-10-25-01:57:06] Epoch: [234][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.038 (2.852) Prec@1 75.00 (77.26) Prec@5 89.06 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-01:58:54] Epoch: [234][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.580 (2.853) Prec@1 81.25 (77.22) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-02:00:40] Epoch: [234][1200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.078 (2.851) Prec@1 75.00 (77.21) Prec@5 89.06 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:02:27] Epoch: [234][1400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.348 (2.855) Prec@1 62.50 (77.12) Prec@5 85.16 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-02:04:14] Epoch: [234][1600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.064 (2.855) Prec@1 73.44 (77.11) Prec@5 87.50 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:06:01] Epoch: [234][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.07) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-02:07:49] Epoch: [234][2000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-02:09:36] Epoch: [234][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.568 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.02) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-02:11:23] Epoch: [234][2400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-02:13:11] Epoch: [234][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.856) Prec@1 71.09 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:14:58] Epoch: [234][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:16:46] Epoch: [234][3000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:18:33] Epoch: [234][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.606 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:20:19] Epoch: [234][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.793 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:22:07] Epoch: [234][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.98) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:23:53] Epoch: [234][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:25:42] Epoch: [234][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:27:29] Epoch: [234][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.856) Prec@1 81.25 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:29:16] Epoch: [234][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.710 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.02) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:31:04] Epoch: [234][4600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-02:32:51] Epoch: [234][4800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.742 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:34:39] Epoch: [234][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.857) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:36:26] Epoch: [234][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.588 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:38:13] Epoch: [234][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.881 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:40:01] Epoch: [234][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.602 (2.857) Prec@1 82.81 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:41:47] Epoch: [234][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.512 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 96.09 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:43:35] Epoch: [234][6000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.754 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:45:22] Epoch: [234][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:47:10] Epoch: [234][6400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.673 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:48:57] Epoch: [234][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:50:41] Epoch: [234][6800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.857) Prec@1 71.09 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:52:27] Epoch: [234][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.922 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:54:11] Epoch: [234][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:55:58] Epoch: [234][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.207 (2.857) Prec@1 68.75 (76.98) Prec@5 87.50 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-02:57:45] Epoch: [234][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.714 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 94.53 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-02:59:32] Epoch: [234][7800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-03:01:20] Epoch: [234][8000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-03:03:07] Epoch: [234][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-03:04:54] Epoch: [234][8400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-03:06:40] Epoch: [234][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-03:08:26] Epoch: [234][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.655 (2.859) Prec@1 81.25 (76.93) Prec@5 96.09 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:10:14] Epoch: [234][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.566 (2.859) Prec@1 85.16 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:12:01] Epoch: [234][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:13:49] Epoch: [234][9400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.90) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:15:37] Epoch: [234][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:17:24] Epoch: [234][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.718 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-03:19:12] Epoch: [234][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.90) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-03:19:16] Epoch: [234][10009/10010] Time 0.18 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.238 (2.860) Prec@1 73.33 (76.90) Prec@5 93.33 (91.82) -[2018-10-25-03:19:16] **train** Prec@1 76.90 Prec@5 91.82 Error@1 23.10 Error@5 8.18 Loss:2.860 - test [2018-10-25-03:19:20] Epoch: [234][000/391] Time 3.84 (3.84) Data 3.70 (3.70) Loss 0.563 (0.563) Prec@1 89.84 (89.84) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-03:19:49] Epoch: [234][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.160 (0.982) Prec@1 70.31 (77.51) Prec@5 90.62 (93.68) - test [2018-10-25-03:20:14] Epoch: [234][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.124 (1.149) Prec@1 45.00 (74.00) Prec@5 83.75 (91.49) -[2018-10-25-03:20:14] **test** Prec@1 74.00 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 26.00 Error@5 8.51 Loss:1.149 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-03:20:14] [Epoch=235/250] [Need: 22:34:18] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-03:20:19] Epoch: [235][000/10010] Time 5.56 (5.56) Data 4.85 (4.85) Loss 2.838 (2.838) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 90.62 (90.62) - train[2018-10-25-03:22:06] Epoch: [235][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.062 (2.879) Prec@1 75.00 (76.66) Prec@5 87.50 (91.68) - train[2018-10-25-03:23:52] Epoch: [235][400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.071 (2.879) Prec@1 71.09 (76.64) Prec@5 89.06 (91.59) - train[2018-10-25-03:25:37] Epoch: [235][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.960 (2.872) Prec@1 77.34 (76.81) Prec@5 91.41 (91.67) - train[2018-10-25-03:27:23] Epoch: [235][800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.927 (2.870) Prec@1 75.78 (76.84) Prec@5 92.97 (91.68) - train[2018-10-25-03:29:08] Epoch: [235][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.700 (2.867) Prec@1 78.12 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.68) - train[2018-10-25-03:30:56] Epoch: [235][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.259 (2.866) Prec@1 67.97 (76.92) Prec@5 88.28 (91.68) - train[2018-10-25-03:32:44] Epoch: [235][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (2.865) Prec@1 70.31 (76.91) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-03:34:31] Epoch: [235][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.598 (2.865) Prec@1 82.03 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-03:36:20] Epoch: [235][1800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.662 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.95) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-03:38:07] Epoch: [235][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.138 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.95) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-03:39:55] Epoch: [235][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.910 (2.864) Prec@1 72.66 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-03:41:42] Epoch: [235][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.123 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-03:43:29] Epoch: [235][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-03:45:17] Epoch: [235][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-03:47:06] Epoch: [235][3000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-03:48:54] Epoch: [235][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.746 (2.863) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-03:50:43] Epoch: [235][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-03:52:32] Epoch: [235][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-03:54:21] Epoch: [235][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.713 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-03:56:10] Epoch: [235][4000/10010] Time 0.65 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.862) Prec@1 83.59 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-03:57:58] Epoch: [235][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-03:59:46] Epoch: [235][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-04:01:32] Epoch: [235][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-04:03:21] Epoch: [235][4800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.96) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:05:09] Epoch: [235][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.037 (2.860) Prec@1 71.09 (76.97) Prec@5 87.50 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-04:06:57] Epoch: [235][5200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.936 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-04:08:45] Epoch: [235][5400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.95) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:10:33] Epoch: [235][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:12:21] Epoch: [235][5800/10010] Time 0.62 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.698 (2.861) Prec@1 82.81 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:14:08] Epoch: [235][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:15:56] Epoch: [235][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.927 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:17:45] Epoch: [235][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:19:32] Epoch: [235][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:21:19] Epoch: [235][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:23:07] Epoch: [235][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.861) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:24:55] Epoch: [235][7200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.861) Prec@1 78.12 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:26:44] Epoch: [235][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.859 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:28:32] Epoch: [235][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.640 (2.861) Prec@1 85.16 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-04:30:21] Epoch: [235][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.861) Prec@1 71.88 (76.95) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:32:09] Epoch: [235][8000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.776 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:33:55] Epoch: [235][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:35:43] Epoch: [235][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.856 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:37:31] Epoch: [235][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:39:19] Epoch: [235][8800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.860) Prec@1 82.03 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:41:07] Epoch: [235][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:42:55] Epoch: [235][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:44:42] Epoch: [235][9400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.762 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.96) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:46:29] Epoch: [235][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.613 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:48:17] Epoch: [235][9800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:50:05] Epoch: [235][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-04:50:09] Epoch: [235][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.855 (2.860) Prec@1 60.00 (76.94) Prec@5 86.67 (91.80) -[2018-10-25-04:50:09] **train** Prec@1 76.94 Prec@5 91.80 Error@1 23.06 Error@5 8.20 Loss:2.860 - test [2018-10-25-04:50:13] Epoch: [235][000/391] Time 4.24 (4.24) Data 4.11 (4.11) Loss 0.547 (0.547) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-04:50:43] Epoch: [235][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.178 (0.989) Prec@1 67.97 (77.49) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-25-04:51:09] Epoch: [235][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.078 (1.160) Prec@1 48.75 (73.89) Prec@5 83.75 (91.45) -[2018-10-25-04:51:09] **test** Prec@1 73.89 Prec@5 91.45 Error@1 26.11 Error@5 8.55 Loss:1.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-04:51:09] [Epoch=236/250] [Need: 21:12:58] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-04:51:15] Epoch: [236][000/10010] Time 5.66 (5.66) Data 5.08 (5.08) Loss 2.490 (2.490) Prec@1 85.94 (85.94) Prec@5 95.31 (95.31) - train[2018-10-25-04:53:03] Epoch: [236][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 3.173 (2.843) Prec@1 71.88 (77.30) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-04:54:50] Epoch: [236][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.783 (2.856) Prec@1 78.12 (77.11) Prec@5 91.41 (91.64) - train[2018-10-25-04:56:37] Epoch: [236][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.742 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (77.15) Prec@5 92.97 (91.66) - train[2018-10-25-04:58:25] Epoch: [236][800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.810 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.64) - train[2018-10-25-05:00:12] Epoch: [236][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.918 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (77.08) Prec@5 93.75 (91.65) - train[2018-10-25-05:01:59] Epoch: [236][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.69) - train[2018-10-25-05:03:46] Epoch: [236][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (77.02) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-05:05:34] Epoch: [236][1600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:07:20] Epoch: [236][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.753 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.96) Prec@5 96.88 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-05:09:06] Epoch: [236][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-05:10:53] Epoch: [236][2200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-05:12:40] Epoch: [236][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:14:28] Epoch: [236][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.977 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.94) Prec@5 89.06 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:16:14] Epoch: [236][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.845 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-05:18:02] Epoch: [236][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.727 (2.860) Prec@1 82.81 (76.92) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:19:50] Epoch: [236][3200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.91) Prec@5 94.53 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:21:37] Epoch: [236][3400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-05:23:25] Epoch: [236][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.935 (2.859) Prec@1 70.31 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-05:25:12] Epoch: [236][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.869 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.93) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:27:00] Epoch: [236][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.543 (2.859) Prec@1 82.81 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:28:47] Epoch: [236][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.920 (2.860) Prec@1 72.66 (76.91) Prec@5 92.97 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-05:30:35] Epoch: [236][4400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.671 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.93) Prec@5 96.09 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:32:21] Epoch: [236][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.032 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:34:08] Epoch: [236][4800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.815 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-05:35:55] Epoch: [236][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.610 (2.859) Prec@1 82.03 (76.95) Prec@5 94.53 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-05:37:42] Epoch: [236][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.285 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.95) Prec@5 87.50 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-05:39:28] Epoch: [236][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.709 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.96) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-05:41:16] Epoch: [236][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.699 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-05:43:03] Epoch: [236][5800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.760 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-05:44:51] Epoch: [236][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-05:46:38] Epoch: [236][6200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.564 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:48:25] Epoch: [236][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.615 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:50:12] Epoch: [236][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.761 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:51:59] Epoch: [236][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.738 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-05:53:47] Epoch: [236][7000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.654 (2.858) Prec@1 82.81 (76.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:55:34] Epoch: [236][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-05:57:22] Epoch: [236][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.090 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (76.97) Prec@5 87.50 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-05:59:09] Epoch: [236][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-06:00:56] Epoch: [236][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.858 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-06:02:43] Epoch: [236][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:04:30] Epoch: [236][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.95) Prec@5 96.88 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:06:18] Epoch: [236][8400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.860) Prec@1 72.66 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-06:08:05] Epoch: [236][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:09:53] Epoch: [236][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.011 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:11:40] Epoch: [236][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:13:28] Epoch: [236][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.860) Prec@1 73.44 (76.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:15:15] Epoch: [236][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (2.860) Prec@1 71.09 (76.93) Prec@5 86.72 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:17:03] Epoch: [236][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.860) Prec@1 75.00 (76.93) Prec@5 89.06 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:18:51] Epoch: [236][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:20:37] Epoch: [236][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.485 (2.860) Prec@1 85.94 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-06:20:41] Epoch: [236][10009/10010] Time 0.21 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.904 (2.860) Prec@1 60.00 (76.94) Prec@5 80.00 (91.76) -[2018-10-25-06:20:41] **train** Prec@1 76.94 Prec@5 91.76 Error@1 23.06 Error@5 8.24 Loss:2.860 - test [2018-10-25-06:20:46] Epoch: [236][000/391] Time 4.60 (4.60) Data 4.47 (4.47) Loss 0.518 (0.518) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-25-06:21:14] Epoch: [236][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.187 (0.993) Prec@1 67.97 (77.47) Prec@5 90.62 (93.66) - test [2018-10-25-06:21:41] Epoch: [236][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.092 (1.162) Prec@1 46.25 (73.90) Prec@5 83.75 (91.43) -[2018-10-25-06:21:41] **test** Prec@1 73.90 Prec@5 91.43 Error@1 26.10 Error@5 8.57 Loss:1.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-06:21:41] [Epoch=237/250] [Need: 19:36:48] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-06:21:47] Epoch: [237][000/10010] Time 6.08 (6.08) Data 5.40 (5.40) Loss 3.161 (3.161) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-25-06:23:35] Epoch: [237][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.57) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.652 (2.865) Prec@1 80.47 (76.86) Prec@5 93.75 (91.66) - train[2018-10-25-06:25:23] Epoch: [237][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.506 (2.867) Prec@1 83.59 (76.79) Prec@5 95.31 (91.69) - train[2018-10-25-06:27:11] Epoch: [237][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.789 (2.863) Prec@1 75.78 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-06:28:59] Epoch: [237][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.736 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-06:30:47] Epoch: [237][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.827 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.96) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-06:32:34] Epoch: [237][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.84) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-06:34:21] Epoch: [237][1400/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.047 (2.862) Prec@1 75.78 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-06:36:09] Epoch: [237][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.864) Prec@1 75.78 (76.80) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-06:37:55] Epoch: [237][1800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-06:39:44] Epoch: [237][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:41:31] Epoch: [237][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.546 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-06:43:19] Epoch: [237][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:45:05] Epoch: [237][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.681 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:46:50] Epoch: [237][2800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.030 (2.856) Prec@1 67.97 (76.96) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-06:48:37] Epoch: [237][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (76.95) Prec@5 87.50 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:50:24] Epoch: [237][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:52:11] Epoch: [237][3400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.632 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (76.96) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-06:53:58] Epoch: [237][3600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-06:55:46] Epoch: [237][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.946 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-06:57:35] Epoch: [237][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.610 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (76.97) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-06:59:21] Epoch: [237][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.857) Prec@1 82.81 (76.96) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-07:01:08] Epoch: [237][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.303 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.96) Prec@5 87.50 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-07:02:56] Epoch: [237][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:04:42] Epoch: [237][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:06:29] Epoch: [237][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.019 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:08:16] Epoch: [237][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:10:03] Epoch: [237][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.969 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:11:51] Epoch: [237][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.410 (2.857) Prec@1 86.72 (76.99) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:13:38] Epoch: [237][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.532 (2.857) Prec@1 83.59 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:15:25] Epoch: [237][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.523 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:17:12] Epoch: [237][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.817 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:19:00] Epoch: [237][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:20:47] Epoch: [237][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.637 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:22:34] Epoch: [237][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.01) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:24:21] Epoch: [237][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.790 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:26:08] Epoch: [237][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (77.00) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:27:56] Epoch: [237][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:29:45] Epoch: [237][7600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 96.09 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:31:33] Epoch: [237][7800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.014 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:33:20] Epoch: [237][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:35:06] Epoch: [237][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.621 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-07:36:54] Epoch: [237][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:38:42] Epoch: [237][8600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-07:40:29] Epoch: [237][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.664 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:42:16] Epoch: [237][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.604 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:44:03] Epoch: [237][9200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:45:50] Epoch: [237][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:47:37] Epoch: [237][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.816 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:49:25] Epoch: [237][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.666 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:51:12] Epoch: [237][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:51:16] Epoch: [237][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.539 (2.857) Prec@1 66.67 (77.00) Prec@5 86.67 (91.81) -[2018-10-25-07:51:16] **train** Prec@1 77.00 Prec@5 91.81 Error@1 23.00 Error@5 8.19 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-07:51:21] Epoch: [237][000/391] Time 4.74 (4.74) Data 4.61 (4.61) Loss 0.558 (0.558) Prec@1 92.19 (92.19) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-07:51:50] Epoch: [237][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.168 (0.986) Prec@1 67.97 (77.46) Prec@5 91.41 (93.70) - test [2018-10-25-07:52:16] Epoch: [237][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.099 (1.156) Prec@1 48.75 (73.91) Prec@5 83.75 (91.41) -[2018-10-25-07:52:16] **test** Prec@1 73.91 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.09 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-07:52:16] [Epoch=238/250] [Need: 18:07:02] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-07:52:20] Epoch: [238][000/10010] Time 4.43 (4.43) Data 3.80 (3.80) Loss 2.986 (2.986) Prec@1 71.88 (71.88) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-25-07:54:09] Epoch: [238][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.840 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.72) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-07:55:56] Epoch: [238][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.667 (2.853) Prec@1 82.03 (77.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.89) - train[2018-10-25-07:57:44] Epoch: [238][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.913 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-07:59:32] Epoch: [238][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.940 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-08:01:21] Epoch: [238][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.861) Prec@1 75.00 (76.93) Prec@5 90.62 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-08:03:09] Epoch: [238][1200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.777 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:04:57] Epoch: [238][1400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.87) Prec@5 85.94 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-08:06:45] Epoch: [238][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.861) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-08:08:34] Epoch: [238][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.862) Prec@1 71.88 (76.83) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-08:10:21] Epoch: [238][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-08:12:08] Epoch: [238][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 89.84 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-08:13:56] Epoch: [238][2400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.110 (2.863) Prec@1 70.31 (76.85) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-08:15:42] Epoch: [238][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.739 (2.863) Prec@1 81.25 (76.84) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-08:17:28] Epoch: [238][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.902 (2.862) Prec@1 75.00 (76.86) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:19:15] Epoch: [238][3000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.005 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:21:02] Epoch: [238][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.720 (2.860) Prec@1 82.03 (76.91) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-08:22:50] Epoch: [238][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.723 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-08:24:37] Epoch: [238][3600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.92) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:26:24] Epoch: [238][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-08:28:12] Epoch: [238][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.159 (2.860) Prec@1 72.66 (76.93) Prec@5 86.72 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:29:59] Epoch: [238][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.224 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (76.94) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:31:48] Epoch: [238][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.95) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:33:36] Epoch: [238][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.956 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:35:24] Epoch: [238][4800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.860) Prec@1 77.34 (76.93) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:37:11] Epoch: [238][5000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.556 (2.860) Prec@1 82.81 (76.92) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-08:38:58] Epoch: [238][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.652 (2.861) Prec@1 82.81 (76.91) Prec@5 97.66 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-08:40:45] Epoch: [238][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (2.861) Prec@1 69.53 (76.92) Prec@5 86.72 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:42:32] Epoch: [238][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.689 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.91) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:44:20] Epoch: [238][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.860) Prec@1 72.66 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:46:08] Epoch: [238][6000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.055 (2.860) Prec@1 70.31 (76.92) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:47:56] Epoch: [238][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.106 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:49:45] Epoch: [238][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.859) Prec@1 78.12 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-08:51:32] Epoch: [238][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.205 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.92) Prec@5 88.28 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-08:53:19] Epoch: [238][6800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:55:08] Epoch: [238][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.042 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:56:54] Epoch: [238][7200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.94) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-08:58:42] Epoch: [238][7400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.823 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-09:00:30] Epoch: [238][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.859) Prec@1 71.88 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-09:02:17] Epoch: [238][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.425 (2.860) Prec@1 85.16 (76.94) Prec@5 96.88 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-09:04:05] Epoch: [238][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.586 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-09:05:54] Epoch: [238][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.756 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.95) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-09:07:43] Epoch: [238][8400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.95) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-09:09:31] Epoch: [238][8600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:11:19] Epoch: [238][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.94) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-09:13:08] Epoch: [238][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.94) Prec@5 96.09 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:14:55] Epoch: [238][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:16:43] Epoch: [238][9400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.95) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:18:31] Epoch: [238][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.821 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.95) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:20:18] Epoch: [238][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:22:07] Epoch: [238][10000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (76.93) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-09:22:11] Epoch: [238][10009/10010] Time 0.25 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.803 (2.859) Prec@1 80.00 (76.94) Prec@5 93.33 (91.80) -[2018-10-25-09:22:11] **train** Prec@1 76.94 Prec@5 91.80 Error@1 23.06 Error@5 8.20 Loss:2.859 - test [2018-10-25-09:22:16] Epoch: [238][000/391] Time 4.20 (4.20) Data 4.06 (4.06) Loss 0.535 (0.535) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-25-09:22:43] Epoch: [238][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.185 (0.978) Prec@1 68.75 (77.62) Prec@5 91.41 (93.68) - test [2018-10-25-09:23:08] Epoch: [238][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.100 (1.147) Prec@1 46.25 (73.95) Prec@5 82.50 (91.47) -[2018-10-25-09:23:08] **test** Prec@1 73.95 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.05 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.147 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-09:23:08] [Epoch=239/250] [Need: 16:39:36] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-09:23:14] Epoch: [239][000/10010] Time 5.40 (5.40) Data 4.81 (4.81) Loss 2.795 (2.795) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 92.97 (92.97) - train[2018-10-25-09:25:01] Epoch: [239][200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.847 (2.875) Prec@1 77.34 (76.43) Prec@5 87.50 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-09:26:46] Epoch: [239][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.784 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (76.66) Prec@5 89.84 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-09:28:32] Epoch: [239][600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.876 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (76.87) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-09:30:19] Epoch: [239][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.318 (2.861) Prec@1 71.09 (76.79) Prec@5 88.28 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-09:32:06] Epoch: [239][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.079 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.80) Prec@5 92.19 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-09:33:52] Epoch: [239][1200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.841 (2.863) Prec@1 80.47 (76.77) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-09:35:39] Epoch: [239][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.861) Prec@1 78.91 (76.82) Prec@5 92.97 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-09:37:27] Epoch: [239][1600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.524 (2.860) Prec@1 84.38 (76.83) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-09:39:13] Epoch: [239][1800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.862) Prec@1 78.12 (76.80) Prec@5 89.06 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-09:41:00] Epoch: [239][2000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.053 (2.863) Prec@1 71.88 (76.77) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-09:42:47] Epoch: [239][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.026 (2.862) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 88.28 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-09:44:34] Epoch: [239][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.749 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.86) Prec@5 93.75 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-09:46:20] Epoch: [239][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.862) Prec@1 77.34 (76.86) Prec@5 89.06 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-09:48:07] Epoch: [239][2800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.862) Prec@1 81.25 (76.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-09:49:54] Epoch: [239][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.952 (2.862) Prec@1 74.22 (76.87) Prec@5 89.84 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-09:51:41] Epoch: [239][3200/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.449 (2.861) Prec@1 83.59 (76.89) Prec@5 98.44 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-09:53:29] Epoch: [239][3400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.692 (2.862) Prec@1 82.81 (76.87) Prec@5 92.97 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-09:55:18] Epoch: [239][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.680 (2.861) Prec@1 85.16 (76.90) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-09:57:04] Epoch: [239][3800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.92) Prec@5 92.19 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-09:58:51] Epoch: [239][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 93.75 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-10:00:38] Epoch: [239][4200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.929 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.94) Prec@5 90.62 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-10:02:24] Epoch: [239][4400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.102 (2.859) Prec@1 71.88 (76.91) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-10:04:10] Epoch: [239][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.620 (2.859) Prec@1 81.25 (76.90) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-10:05:57] Epoch: [239][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.92) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-10:07:44] Epoch: [239][5000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.172 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (76.93) Prec@5 86.72 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-10:09:31] Epoch: [239][5200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.024 (2.857) Prec@1 71.88 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-10:11:18] Epoch: [239][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.844 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.95) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-10:13:05] Epoch: [239][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:14:52] Epoch: [239][5800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.650 (2.857) Prec@1 83.59 (76.94) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:16:37] Epoch: [239][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.94) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:18:25] Epoch: [239][6200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (76.96) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:20:10] Epoch: [239][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.973 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:21:57] Epoch: [239][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.130 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:23:43] Epoch: [239][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.088 (2.857) Prec@1 71.88 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:25:30] Epoch: [239][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:27:17] Epoch: [239][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.781 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:29:04] Epoch: [239][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:30:50] Epoch: [239][7600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.96) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:32:38] Epoch: [239][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.546 (2.858) Prec@1 82.81 (76.95) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:34:24] Epoch: [239][8000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.96) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-10:36:10] Epoch: [239][8200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-10:37:56] Epoch: [239][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (76.98) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:39:43] Epoch: [239][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:41:30] Epoch: [239][8800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-10:43:17] Epoch: [239][9000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.854 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:45:05] Epoch: [239][9200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:46:51] Epoch: [239][9400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.021 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:48:37] Epoch: [239][9600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.850 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:50:22] Epoch: [239][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:52:10] Epoch: [239][10000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.827 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-10:52:14] Epoch: [239][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.228 (2.857) Prec@1 60.00 (76.98) Prec@5 80.00 (91.80) -[2018-10-25-10:52:14] **train** Prec@1 76.98 Prec@5 91.80 Error@1 23.02 Error@5 8.20 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-10:52:18] Epoch: [239][000/391] Time 3.84 (3.84) Data 3.68 (3.68) Loss 0.576 (0.576) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-25-10:52:47] Epoch: [239][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.193 (0.995) Prec@1 67.97 (77.35) Prec@5 92.19 (93.61) - test [2018-10-25-10:53:13] Epoch: [239][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.047 (1.161) Prec@1 50.00 (73.90) Prec@5 83.75 (91.47) -[2018-10-25-10:53:13] **test** Prec@1 73.90 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.10 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.161 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-10:53:13] [Epoch=240/250] [Need: 15:00:45] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-10:53:17] Epoch: [240][000/10010] Time 4.56 (4.56) Data 3.96 (3.96) Loss 2.857 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (78.12) Prec@5 91.41 (91.41) - train[2018-10-25-10:55:03] Epoch: [240][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 3.051 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.94) Prec@5 91.41 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-10:56:49] Epoch: [240][400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.654 (2.860) Prec@1 80.47 (76.90) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-10:58:34] Epoch: [240][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.027 (2.857) Prec@1 70.31 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-11:00:20] Epoch: [240][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.919 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.05) Prec@5 89.06 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-11:02:06] Epoch: [240][1000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.765 (2.854) Prec@1 78.91 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:03:51] Epoch: [240][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.532 (2.853) Prec@1 84.38 (77.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-11:05:38] Epoch: [240][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.853) Prec@1 76.56 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-11:07:25] Epoch: [240][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.855) Prec@1 72.66 (77.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-11:09:12] Epoch: [240][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.995 (2.854) Prec@1 73.44 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-11:10:58] Epoch: [240][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.503 (2.853) Prec@1 85.16 (77.06) Prec@5 96.88 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-11:12:44] Epoch: [240][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.853) Prec@1 78.91 (77.07) Prec@5 86.72 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-11:14:31] Epoch: [240][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.990 (2.854) Prec@1 75.00 (77.07) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:16:17] Epoch: [240][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.837 (2.853) Prec@1 78.12 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:18:03] Epoch: [240][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.853) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 89.06 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:19:51] Epoch: [240][3000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.852) Prec@1 76.56 (77.12) Prec@5 89.84 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-11:21:36] Epoch: [240][3200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.854) Prec@1 80.47 (77.08) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:23:23] Epoch: [240][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:25:09] Epoch: [240][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.357 (2.855) Prec@1 84.38 (77.06) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-11:26:56] Epoch: [240][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-11:28:43] Epoch: [240][4000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.623 (2.855) Prec@1 83.59 (77.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:30:31] Epoch: [240][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.682 (2.856) Prec@1 82.81 (77.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:32:18] Epoch: [240][4400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.637 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.06) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:34:04] Epoch: [240][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-11:35:51] Epoch: [240][4800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.05) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:37:38] Epoch: [240][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.587 (2.855) Prec@1 83.59 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:39:24] Epoch: [240][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.03) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-11:41:12] Epoch: [240][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (77.02) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:42:59] Epoch: [240][5600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:44:47] Epoch: [240][5800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.989 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (77.03) Prec@5 87.50 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:46:34] Epoch: [240][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.082 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (77.03) Prec@5 86.72 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:48:21] Epoch: [240][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.591 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.03) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:50:08] Epoch: [240][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.02) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:51:53] Epoch: [240][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:53:39] Epoch: [240][6800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.588 (2.856) Prec@1 83.59 (77.02) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:55:24] Epoch: [240][7000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.856) Prec@1 81.25 (77.02) Prec@5 96.09 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:57:10] Epoch: [240][7200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.087 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (77.01) Prec@5 86.72 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-11:58:57] Epoch: [240][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.175 (2.857) Prec@1 71.09 (76.99) Prec@5 87.50 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-12:00:43] Epoch: [240][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.915 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:02:28] Epoch: [240][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.702 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 94.53 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:04:14] Epoch: [240][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.858) Prec@1 82.03 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:06:00] Epoch: [240][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.957 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:07:45] Epoch: [240][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (2.857) Prec@1 67.19 (76.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:09:31] Epoch: [240][8600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:11:16] Epoch: [240][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:13:03] Epoch: [240][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.917 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:14:49] Epoch: [240][9200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.835 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:16:35] Epoch: [240][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.107 (2.857) Prec@1 71.09 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:18:22] Epoch: [240][9600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:20:10] Epoch: [240][9800/10010] Time 0.66 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-12:21:57] Epoch: [240][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.767 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-12:22:01] Epoch: [240][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.261 (2.857) Prec@1 73.33 (77.00) Prec@5 93.33 (91.83) -[2018-10-25-12:22:01] **train** Prec@1 77.00 Prec@5 91.83 Error@1 23.00 Error@5 8.17 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-12:22:06] Epoch: [240][000/391] Time 4.32 (4.32) Data 4.18 (4.18) Loss 0.541 (0.541) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-12:22:35] Epoch: [240][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.170 (0.988) Prec@1 66.41 (77.47) Prec@5 92.97 (93.69) - test [2018-10-25-12:23:02] Epoch: [240][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.112 (1.160) Prec@1 47.50 (73.85) Prec@5 83.75 (91.41) -[2018-10-25-12:23:03] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.41 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.59 Loss:1.160 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-12:23:03] [Epoch=241/250] [Need: 13:28:27] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-12:23:07] Epoch: [241][000/10010] Time 4.59 (4.59) Data 4.01 (4.01) Loss 2.880 (2.880) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-25-12:24:55] Epoch: [241][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.754 (2.883) Prec@1 75.00 (76.52) Prec@5 92.19 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-12:26:44] Epoch: [241][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.737 (2.864) Prec@1 78.12 (76.86) Prec@5 94.53 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:28:33] Epoch: [241][600/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.047 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-12:30:21] Epoch: [241][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.800 (2.861) Prec@1 81.25 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:32:09] Epoch: [241][1000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.555 (2.858) Prec@1 83.59 (77.10) Prec@5 94.53 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-12:33:58] Epoch: [241][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.414 (2.859) Prec@1 82.81 (77.09) Prec@5 97.66 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:35:46] Epoch: [241][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.642 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.12) Prec@5 94.53 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-12:37:34] Epoch: [241][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.585 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.10) Prec@5 95.31 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:39:21] Epoch: [241][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.728 (2.857) Prec@1 82.81 (77.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-12:41:09] Epoch: [241][2000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:42:57] Epoch: [241][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.857 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-12:44:45] Epoch: [241][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:46:32] Epoch: [241][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.661 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:48:20] Epoch: [241][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.861 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.10) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:50:08] Epoch: [241][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.798 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.11) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:51:57] Epoch: [241][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.802 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (77.10) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-12:53:46] Epoch: [241][3400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-12:55:34] Epoch: [241][3600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.588 (2.857) Prec@1 82.81 (77.10) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-12:57:23] Epoch: [241][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.114 (2.856) Prec@1 71.88 (77.12) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-12:59:12] Epoch: [241][4000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.11) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:01:00] Epoch: [241][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.139 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:02:49] Epoch: [241][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (77.09) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:04:37] Epoch: [241][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.717 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.09) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-13:06:25] Epoch: [241][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.08) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:08:14] Epoch: [241][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.484 (2.856) Prec@1 83.59 (77.08) Prec@5 96.09 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:10:02] Epoch: [241][5200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:11:51] Epoch: [241][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.894 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.09) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-13:13:38] Epoch: [241][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.089 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (77.08) Prec@5 88.28 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-13:15:27] Epoch: [241][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.651 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:17:14] Epoch: [241][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.623 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 96.09 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:19:02] Epoch: [241][6200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.031 (2.856) Prec@1 72.66 (77.08) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:20:50] Epoch: [241][6400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.060 (2.855) Prec@1 71.88 (77.08) Prec@5 88.28 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:22:37] Epoch: [241][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.832 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.08) Prec@5 94.53 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-13:24:27] Epoch: [241][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.843 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.07) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:26:14] Epoch: [241][7000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.703 (2.855) Prec@1 80.47 (77.08) Prec@5 95.31 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:28:02] Epoch: [241][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.08) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-13:29:51] Epoch: [241][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.855) Prec@1 75.00 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:31:39] Epoch: [241][7600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.796 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.07) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:33:27] Epoch: [241][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.856) Prec@1 70.31 (77.06) Prec@5 86.72 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:35:15] Epoch: [241][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (77.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:37:04] Epoch: [241][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.028 (2.856) Prec@1 71.09 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:38:50] Epoch: [241][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.895 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:40:38] Epoch: [241][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.890 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:42:26] Epoch: [241][8800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:44:12] Epoch: [241][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.165 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (77.04) Prec@5 87.50 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-13:46:00] Epoch: [241][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.04) Prec@5 86.72 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-13:47:48] Epoch: [241][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-13:49:36] Epoch: [241][9600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.712 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (77.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-13:51:24] Epoch: [241][9800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.925 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-13:53:11] Epoch: [241][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-13:53:15] Epoch: [241][10009/10010] Time 0.14 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.493 (2.857) Prec@1 60.00 (77.03) Prec@5 86.67 (91.80) -[2018-10-25-13:53:15] **train** Prec@1 77.03 Prec@5 91.80 Error@1 22.97 Error@5 8.20 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-13:53:19] Epoch: [241][000/391] Time 4.45 (4.45) Data 4.31 (4.31) Loss 0.565 (0.565) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-25-13:53:50] Epoch: [241][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.162 (0.998) Prec@1 69.53 (77.57) Prec@5 92.97 (93.76) - test [2018-10-25-13:54:18] Epoch: [241][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.127 (1.165) Prec@1 45.00 (73.93) Prec@5 83.75 (91.51) -[2018-10-25-13:54:18] **test** Prec@1 73.93 Prec@5 91.51 Error@1 26.07 Error@5 8.49 Loss:1.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-13:54:18] [Epoch=242/250] [Need: 12:10:04] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-13:54:24] Epoch: [242][000/10010] Time 5.90 (5.90) Data 5.30 (5.30) Loss 3.052 (3.052) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-25-13:56:10] Epoch: [242][200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.586 (2.872) Prec@1 83.59 (76.73) Prec@5 96.09 (91.56) - train[2018-10-25-13:57:56] Epoch: [242][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.925 (2.861) Prec@1 76.56 (77.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-13:59:41] Epoch: [242][600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.684 (2.860) Prec@1 79.69 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-14:01:27] Epoch: [242][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.216 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (77.02) Prec@5 87.50 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-14:03:12] Epoch: [242][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.631 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-14:04:57] Epoch: [242][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.833 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-14:06:42] Epoch: [242][1400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.856) Prec@1 74.22 (77.11) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-14:08:29] Epoch: [242][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.098 (2.856) Prec@1 71.88 (77.09) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-14:10:14] Epoch: [242][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.911 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-14:11:59] Epoch: [242][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.470 (2.856) Prec@1 85.16 (77.10) Prec@5 96.09 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-14:13:45] Epoch: [242][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.855) Prec@1 73.44 (77.12) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-14:15:33] Epoch: [242][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.511 (2.855) Prec@1 82.81 (77.09) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-14:17:20] Epoch: [242][2600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.679 (2.854) Prec@1 81.25 (77.10) Prec@5 95.31 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-14:19:08] Epoch: [242][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.855) Prec@1 73.44 (77.07) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-14:20:56] Epoch: [242][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.855) Prec@1 81.25 (77.08) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-14:22:45] Epoch: [242][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.838 (2.856) Prec@1 71.88 (77.06) Prec@5 89.06 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-14:24:32] Epoch: [242][3400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.836 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-14:26:20] Epoch: [242][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-14:28:07] Epoch: [242][3800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.625 (2.855) Prec@1 80.47 (77.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-14:29:54] Epoch: [242][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.636 (2.856) Prec@1 81.25 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-14:31:43] Epoch: [242][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.856) Prec@1 70.31 (77.03) Prec@5 88.28 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-14:33:31] Epoch: [242][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.719 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-14:35:22] Epoch: [242][4600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.856) Prec@1 78.12 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-14:37:10] Epoch: [242][4800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.951 (2.857) Prec@1 70.31 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-14:38:58] Epoch: [242][5000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.128 (2.858) Prec@1 71.09 (77.02) Prec@5 85.16 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:40:47] Epoch: [242][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.987 (2.859) Prec@1 71.09 (77.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:42:36] Epoch: [242][5400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:44:25] Epoch: [242][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.769 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:46:13] Epoch: [242][5800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:48:03] Epoch: [242][6000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.859) Prec@1 72.66 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-14:49:52] Epoch: [242][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.888 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-14:51:41] Epoch: [242][6400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.733 (2.859) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:53:29] Epoch: [242][6600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 87.50 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:55:19] Epoch: [242][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:57:07] Epoch: [242][7000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.380 (2.859) Prec@1 85.94 (76.99) Prec@5 96.88 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-14:58:55] Epoch: [242][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 85.94 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:00:43] Epoch: [242][7400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.606 (2.859) Prec@1 84.38 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:02:31] Epoch: [242][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.584 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-15:04:20] Epoch: [242][7800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 86.72 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-15:06:08] Epoch: [242][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.009 (2.860) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-15:07:56] Epoch: [242][8200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-15:09:45] Epoch: [242][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.668 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-15:11:33] Epoch: [242][8600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.732 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:13:23] Epoch: [242][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (77.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:15:11] Epoch: [242][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.859) Prec@1 80.47 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:17:01] Epoch: [242][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:18:50] Epoch: [242][9400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.075 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 86.72 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:20:38] Epoch: [242][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.947 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:22:27] Epoch: [242][9800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.015 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:24:15] Epoch: [242][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-15:24:20] Epoch: [242][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (2.859) Prec@1 66.67 (77.00) Prec@5 86.67 (91.80) -[2018-10-25-15:24:20] **train** Prec@1 77.00 Prec@5 91.80 Error@1 23.00 Error@5 8.20 Loss:2.859 - test [2018-10-25-15:24:24] Epoch: [242][000/391] Time 3.89 (3.89) Data 3.76 (3.76) Loss 0.562 (0.562) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-15:24:54] Epoch: [242][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.177 (0.986) Prec@1 67.19 (77.37) Prec@5 91.41 (93.70) - test [2018-10-25-15:25:19] Epoch: [242][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.147 (1.157) Prec@1 46.25 (73.79) Prec@5 82.50 (91.46) -[2018-10-25-15:25:19] **test** Prec@1 73.79 Prec@5 91.46 Error@1 26.21 Error@5 8.54 Loss:1.157 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-15:25:20] [Epoch=243/250] [Need: 10:37:09] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-15:25:25] Epoch: [243][000/10010] Time 4.96 (4.96) Data 4.35 (4.35) Loss 2.681 (2.681) Prec@1 80.47 (80.47) Prec@5 89.84 (89.84) - train[2018-10-25-15:27:12] Epoch: [243][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.755 (2.837) Prec@1 75.00 (77.37) Prec@5 94.53 (91.92) - train[2018-10-25-15:28:57] Epoch: [243][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.757 (2.835) Prec@1 78.91 (77.36) Prec@5 92.97 (91.97) - train[2018-10-25-15:30:43] Epoch: [243][600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.832 (2.837) Prec@1 77.34 (77.39) Prec@5 92.97 (91.99) - train[2018-10-25-15:32:28] Epoch: [243][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.088 (2.848) Prec@1 72.66 (77.16) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-15:34:13] Epoch: [243][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.846) Prec@1 78.12 (77.23) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-15:35:59] Epoch: [243][1200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.848) Prec@1 76.56 (77.16) Prec@5 92.19 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-15:37:44] Epoch: [243][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.851) Prec@1 75.00 (77.10) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-15:39:31] Epoch: [243][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.849) Prec@1 72.66 (77.11) Prec@5 93.75 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-15:41:17] Epoch: [243][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.504 (2.849) Prec@1 84.38 (77.13) Prec@5 93.75 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-15:43:03] Epoch: [243][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.814 (2.850) Prec@1 78.12 (77.11) Prec@5 95.31 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-15:44:50] Epoch: [243][2200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.851) Prec@1 69.53 (77.10) Prec@5 89.06 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-15:46:37] Epoch: [243][2400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.096 (2.852) Prec@1 73.44 (77.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-15:48:24] Epoch: [243][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.853) Prec@1 78.12 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-15:50:10] Epoch: [243][2800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.804 (2.853) Prec@1 78.91 (77.09) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-15:51:56] Epoch: [243][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.853) Prec@1 74.22 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-15:53:43] Epoch: [243][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.855) Prec@1 74.22 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-15:55:30] Epoch: [243][3400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.809 (2.855) Prec@1 79.69 (77.05) Prec@5 89.06 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-15:57:17] Epoch: [243][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.885 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-15:59:03] Epoch: [243][3800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.016 (2.855) Prec@1 72.66 (77.04) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-16:00:51] Epoch: [243][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.280 (2.855) Prec@1 75.00 (77.05) Prec@5 84.38 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-16:02:38] Epoch: [243][4200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.766 (2.856) Prec@1 82.81 (77.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:04:25] Epoch: [243][4400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.182 (2.855) Prec@1 71.88 (77.03) Prec@5 86.72 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:06:12] Epoch: [243][4600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:07:58] Epoch: [243][4800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.759 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:09:46] Epoch: [243][5000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-16:11:34] Epoch: [243][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.840 (2.854) Prec@1 74.22 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-16:13:22] Epoch: [243][5400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.050 (2.855) Prec@1 72.66 (77.06) Prec@5 89.06 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:15:11] Epoch: [243][5600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.855) Prec@1 76.56 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-16:16:59] Epoch: [243][5800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.986 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:18:47] Epoch: [243][6000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.725 (2.855) Prec@1 79.69 (77.06) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:20:35] Epoch: [243][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.878 (2.855) Prec@1 75.00 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:22:23] Epoch: [243][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.534 (2.855) Prec@1 84.38 (77.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:24:12] Epoch: [243][6600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:25:59] Epoch: [243][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.687 (2.855) Prec@1 78.12 (77.03) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:27:47] Epoch: [243][7000/10010] Time 0.60 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.853 (2.855) Prec@1 78.91 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:29:36] Epoch: [243][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.569 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.03) Prec@5 96.09 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:31:24] Epoch: [243][7400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.971 (2.855) Prec@1 73.44 (77.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:33:11] Epoch: [243][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.913 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.03) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:34:59] Epoch: [243][7800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.566 (2.855) Prec@1 79.69 (77.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-16:36:47] Epoch: [243][8000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.855) Prec@1 80.47 (77.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-16:38:34] Epoch: [243][8200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.856) Prec@1 78.12 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-16:40:22] Epoch: [243][8400/10010] Time 0.64 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.994 (2.856) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-16:42:10] Epoch: [243][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.964 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.02) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-16:43:57] Epoch: [243][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.701 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-16:45:44] Epoch: [243][9000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.820 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.02) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-16:47:32] Epoch: [243][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.830 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-16:49:18] Epoch: [243][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.875 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-16:51:06] Epoch: [243][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.961 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-16:52:53] Epoch: [243][9800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-16:54:40] Epoch: [243][10000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-16:54:44] Epoch: [243][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.401 (2.857) Prec@1 66.67 (77.01) Prec@5 73.33 (91.79) -[2018-10-25-16:54:44] **train** Prec@1 77.01 Prec@5 91.79 Error@1 22.99 Error@5 8.21 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-16:54:48] Epoch: [243][000/391] Time 4.35 (4.35) Data 4.21 (4.21) Loss 0.573 (0.573) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-25-16:55:18] Epoch: [243][200/391] Time 0.13 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.198 (1.008) Prec@1 68.75 (77.45) Prec@5 91.41 (93.68) - test [2018-10-25-16:55:44] Epoch: [243][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.137 (1.177) Prec@1 45.00 (73.85) Prec@5 82.50 (91.48) -[2018-10-25-16:55:44] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.48 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.52 Loss:1.177 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-16:55:44] [Epoch=244/250] [Need: 09:02:29] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-16:55:51] Epoch: [244][000/10010] Time 6.33 (6.33) Data 5.74 (5.74) Loss 2.798 (2.798) Prec@1 77.34 (77.34) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-25-16:57:36] Epoch: [244][200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.765 (2.854) Prec@1 77.34 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-16:59:22] Epoch: [244][400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.691 (2.850) Prec@1 78.12 (77.22) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-17:01:07] Epoch: [244][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.893 (2.855) Prec@1 74.22 (77.25) Prec@5 95.31 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-17:02:52] Epoch: [244][800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.107 (2.856) Prec@1 70.31 (77.21) Prec@5 89.84 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-17:04:38] Epoch: [244][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.864 (2.854) Prec@1 71.88 (77.15) Prec@5 90.62 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-17:06:24] Epoch: [244][1200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.688 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.10) Prec@5 94.53 (91.90) - train[2018-10-25-17:08:10] Epoch: [244][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.854) Prec@1 71.88 (77.10) Prec@5 90.62 (91.91) - train[2018-10-25-17:09:55] Epoch: [244][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.745 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.90) - train[2018-10-25-17:11:41] Epoch: [244][1800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.666 (2.855) Prec@1 79.69 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.88) - train[2018-10-25-17:13:27] Epoch: [244][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.09) Prec@5 92.97 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-17:15:13] Epoch: [244][2200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.854) Prec@1 72.66 (77.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.88) - train[2018-10-25-17:17:00] Epoch: [244][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-17:18:45] Epoch: [244][2600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.677 (2.856) Prec@1 82.03 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-17:20:32] Epoch: [244][2800/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.864 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-17:22:17] Epoch: [244][3000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.752 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-17:24:04] Epoch: [244][3200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.639 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-17:25:51] Epoch: [244][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.831 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-17:27:38] Epoch: [244][3600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.901 (2.859) Prec@1 75.78 (76.98) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-17:29:26] Epoch: [244][3800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:31:13] Epoch: [244][4000/10010] Time 0.64 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.900 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:33:01] Epoch: [244][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.681 (2.859) Prec@1 82.03 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-17:34:49] Epoch: [244][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.788 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-17:36:36] Epoch: [244][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.855 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-17:38:24] Epoch: [244][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.734 (2.858) Prec@1 78.91 (76.99) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-17:40:11] Epoch: [244][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.859) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:42:00] Epoch: [244][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:43:48] Epoch: [244][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.812 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:45:35] Epoch: [244][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:47:22] Epoch: [244][5800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.516 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:49:10] Epoch: [244][6000/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.858) Prec@1 82.81 (76.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:50:58] Epoch: [244][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.779 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:52:45] Epoch: [244][6400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.826 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:54:32] Epoch: [244][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:56:19] Epoch: [244][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.955 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-17:58:06] Epoch: [244][7000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.909 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-17:59:53] Epoch: [244][7200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:01:41] Epoch: [244][7400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:03:28] Epoch: [244][7600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.660 (2.857) Prec@1 83.59 (76.98) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-18:05:15] Epoch: [244][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.892 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.98) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:07:01] Epoch: [244][8000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.657 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-18:08:49] Epoch: [244][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.129 (2.858) Prec@1 67.97 (76.98) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:10:36] Epoch: [244][8400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.818 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:12:23] Epoch: [244][8600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:14:09] Epoch: [244][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.711 (2.858) Prec@1 80.47 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:15:57] Epoch: [244][9000/10010] Time 0.61 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.787 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:17:45] Epoch: [244][9200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.905 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:19:33] Epoch: [244][9400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.959 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-18:21:20] Epoch: [244][9600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.370 (2.857) Prec@1 67.19 (77.02) Prec@5 82.81 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-18:23:08] Epoch: [244][9800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.708 (2.857) Prec@1 77.34 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-18:24:56] Epoch: [244][10000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.928 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-18:25:01] Epoch: [244][10009/10010] Time 0.29 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 4.182 (2.857) Prec@1 60.00 (77.01) Prec@5 80.00 (91.82) -[2018-10-25-18:25:01] **train** Prec@1 77.01 Prec@5 91.82 Error@1 22.99 Error@5 8.18 Loss:2.857 - test [2018-10-25-18:25:06] Epoch: [244][000/391] Time 4.52 (4.52) Data 4.38 (4.38) Loss 0.535 (0.535) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-25-18:25:32] Epoch: [244][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 1.173 (0.997) Prec@1 68.75 (77.53) Prec@5 92.19 (93.68) - test [2018-10-25-18:25:58] Epoch: [244][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.14) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.131 (1.165) Prec@1 46.25 (73.93) Prec@5 83.75 (91.49) -[2018-10-25-18:25:58] **test** Prec@1 73.93 Prec@5 91.49 Error@1 26.07 Error@5 8.51 Loss:1.165 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-18:25:58] [Epoch=245/250] [Need: 07:31:06] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-18:26:04] Epoch: [245][000/10010] Time 5.97 (5.97) Data 5.38 (5.38) Loss 2.930 (2.930) Prec@1 76.56 (76.56) Prec@5 88.28 (88.28) - train[2018-10-25-18:27:50] Epoch: [245][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.905 (2.866) Prec@1 74.22 (76.57) Prec@5 90.62 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-18:29:35] Epoch: [245][400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.069 (2.872) Prec@1 74.22 (76.60) Prec@5 93.75 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-18:31:21] Epoch: [245][600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.898 (2.871) Prec@1 76.56 (76.72) Prec@5 90.62 (91.72) - train[2018-10-25-18:33:06] Epoch: [245][800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.852 (2.869) Prec@1 76.56 (76.76) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-18:34:52] Epoch: [245][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.036 (2.866) Prec@1 75.00 (76.75) Prec@5 85.94 (91.74) - train[2018-10-25-18:36:38] Epoch: [245][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.891 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.78) Prec@5 89.84 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-18:38:24] Epoch: [245][1400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.863) Prec@1 72.66 (76.79) Prec@5 91.41 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-18:40:10] Epoch: [245][1600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.694 (2.862) Prec@1 79.69 (76.81) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-18:41:55] Epoch: [245][1800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.864) Prec@1 76.56 (76.80) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-18:43:40] Epoch: [245][2000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.825 (2.862) Prec@1 76.56 (76.88) Prec@5 93.75 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-18:45:26] Epoch: [245][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.896 (2.861) Prec@1 82.81 (76.91) Prec@5 88.28 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-18:47:12] Epoch: [245][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.730 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (76.97) Prec@5 96.09 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-18:48:59] Epoch: [245][2600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.667 (2.859) Prec@1 82.81 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-18:50:45] Epoch: [245][2800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.561 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (76.98) Prec@5 94.53 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-18:52:32] Epoch: [245][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.120 (2.857) Prec@1 71.88 (76.98) Prec@5 87.50 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-18:54:19] Epoch: [245][3200/10010] Time 0.60 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-18:56:06] Epoch: [245][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.857) Prec@1 80.47 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-18:57:53] Epoch: [245][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.846 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-18:59:39] Epoch: [245][3800/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-19:01:26] Epoch: [245][4000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.041 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-19:03:12] Epoch: [245][4200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.856) Prec@1 80.47 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-19:04:59] Epoch: [245][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.183 (2.856) Prec@1 67.97 (77.01) Prec@5 87.50 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-19:06:45] Epoch: [245][4600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.743 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:08:32] Epoch: [245][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.950 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (77.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:10:21] Epoch: [245][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.136 (2.856) Prec@1 69.53 (77.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-19:12:08] Epoch: [245][5200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.856) Prec@1 78.12 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:13:55] Epoch: [245][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.116 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 88.28 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:15:42] Epoch: [245][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.624 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 94.53 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:17:30] Epoch: [245][5800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:19:17] Epoch: [245][6000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.857) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:21:04] Epoch: [245][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.684 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (77.00) Prec@5 96.88 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:22:53] Epoch: [245][6400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.858) Prec@1 82.03 (77.00) Prec@5 94.53 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:24:41] Epoch: [245][6600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:26:27] Epoch: [245][6800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.983 (2.857) Prec@1 68.75 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:28:13] Epoch: [245][7000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:29:59] Epoch: [245][7200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.931 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-19:31:46] Epoch: [245][7400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.074 (2.857) Prec@1 71.88 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:33:32] Epoch: [245][7600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.771 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:35:19] Epoch: [245][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.773 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:37:06] Epoch: [245][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.157 (2.858) Prec@1 71.09 (77.00) Prec@5 88.28 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:38:53] Epoch: [245][8200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:40:40] Epoch: [245][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.577 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 97.66 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:42:26] Epoch: [245][8600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.898 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:44:14] Epoch: [245][8800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 94.53 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:46:02] Epoch: [245][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.617 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:47:48] Epoch: [245][9200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.858) Prec@1 71.88 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:49:35] Epoch: [245][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.934 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-19:51:21] Epoch: [245][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.308 (2.858) Prec@1 71.09 (77.00) Prec@5 84.38 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:53:09] Epoch: [245][9800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.937 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:54:54] Epoch: [245][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-19:54:59] Epoch: [245][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.923 (2.858) Prec@1 80.00 (77.01) Prec@5 93.33 (91.81) -[2018-10-25-19:54:59] **train** Prec@1 77.01 Prec@5 91.81 Error@1 22.99 Error@5 8.19 Loss:2.858 - test [2018-10-25-19:55:03] Epoch: [245][000/391] Time 4.55 (4.55) Data 4.41 (4.41) Loss 0.513 (0.513) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-25-19:55:33] Epoch: [245][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.17) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.193 (0.992) Prec@1 71.09 (77.35) Prec@5 92.19 (93.68) - test [2018-10-25-19:55:59] Epoch: [245][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.138 (1.162) Prec@1 45.00 (73.76) Prec@5 83.75 (91.46) -[2018-10-25-19:55:59] **test** Prec@1 73.76 Prec@5 91.46 Error@1 26.24 Error@5 8.54 Loss:1.162 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-19:55:59] [Epoch=246/250] [Need: 06:00:04] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-19:56:04] Epoch: [246][000/10010] Time 4.79 (4.79) Data 4.16 (4.16) Loss 2.876 (2.876) Prec@1 75.00 (75.00) Prec@5 92.19 (92.19) - train[2018-10-25-19:57:51] Epoch: [246][200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.607 (2.864) Prec@1 81.25 (76.88) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-19:59:39] Epoch: [246][400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.069 (2.864) Prec@1 74.22 (76.88) Prec@5 87.50 (91.73) - train[2018-10-25-20:01:27] Epoch: [246][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.658 (2.864) Prec@1 79.69 (76.81) Prec@5 92.97 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-20:03:15] Epoch: [246][800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.536 (2.863) Prec@1 82.03 (76.84) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:05:02] Epoch: [246][1000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.852 (2.863) Prec@1 73.44 (76.82) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:06:50] Epoch: [246][1200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.751 (2.863) Prec@1 78.12 (76.83) Prec@5 94.53 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-20:08:37] Epoch: [246][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.863 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.88) Prec@5 89.06 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-20:10:25] Epoch: [246][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.921 (2.861) Prec@1 72.66 (76.87) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-20:12:13] Epoch: [246][1800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.327 (2.860) Prec@1 71.88 (76.88) Prec@5 85.16 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:13:59] Epoch: [246][2000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.899 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.89) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:15:45] Epoch: [246][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.861) Prec@1 74.22 (76.86) Prec@5 89.84 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:17:32] Epoch: [246][2400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.860) Prec@1 78.91 (76.88) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:19:18] Epoch: [246][2600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.729 (2.861) Prec@1 80.47 (76.86) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-20:21:05] Epoch: [246][2800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.813 (2.860) Prec@1 78.12 (76.90) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:22:52] Epoch: [246][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:24:39] Epoch: [246][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.095 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.91) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-20:26:27] Epoch: [246][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.859) Prec@1 78.91 (76.91) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:28:13] Epoch: [246][3600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.849 (2.858) Prec@1 75.78 (76.93) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:30:01] Epoch: [246][3800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.757 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.93) Prec@5 91.41 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:31:48] Epoch: [246][4000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.034 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (76.95) Prec@5 88.28 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:33:35] Epoch: [246][4200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.010 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.96) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:35:22] Epoch: [246][4400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.117 (2.856) Prec@1 75.00 (76.98) Prec@5 87.50 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-20:37:09] Epoch: [246][4600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.758 (2.856) Prec@1 75.78 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-20:38:56] Epoch: [246][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.819 (2.856) Prec@1 78.91 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-20:40:44] Epoch: [246][5000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.105 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 83.59 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:42:30] Epoch: [246][5200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.856) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:44:17] Epoch: [246][5400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.02) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:46:06] Epoch: [246][5600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.996 (2.857) Prec@1 73.44 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:47:53] Epoch: [246][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.949 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (77.02) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:49:40] Epoch: [246][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.584 (2.856) Prec@1 83.59 (77.03) Prec@5 96.88 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:51:27] Epoch: [246][6200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.873 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 89.06 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:53:14] Epoch: [246][6400/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.970 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (77.02) Prec@5 91.41 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:55:02] Epoch: [246][6600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.883 (2.857) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 93.75 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-20:56:50] Epoch: [246][6800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.248 (2.857) Prec@1 68.75 (77.01) Prec@5 87.50 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-20:58:37] Epoch: [246][7000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.151 (2.857) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:00:25] Epoch: [246][7200/10010] Time 0.49 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.785 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:02:13] Epoch: [246][7400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.00) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:04:00] Epoch: [246][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.184 (2.858) Prec@1 67.19 (76.99) Prec@5 87.50 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:05:47] Epoch: [246][7800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.627 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:07:34] Epoch: [246][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.867 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:09:20] Epoch: [246][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.427 (2.858) Prec@1 71.09 (76.99) Prec@5 85.94 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:11:07] Epoch: [246][8400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (76.99) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:12:53] Epoch: [246][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.941 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:14:40] Epoch: [246][8800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.960 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (76.99) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:16:27] Epoch: [246][9000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.103 (2.858) Prec@1 72.66 (77.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:18:15] Epoch: [246][9200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.857) Prec@1 82.81 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:20:03] Epoch: [246][9400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.741 (2.857) Prec@1 82.03 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:21:49] Epoch: [246][9600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.618 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-21:23:35] Epoch: [246][9800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.858) Prec@1 81.25 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-21:25:22] Epoch: [246][10000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.691 (2.859) Prec@1 78.12 (76.98) Prec@5 96.09 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-21:25:27] Epoch: [246][10009/10010] Time 0.20 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.587 (2.859) Prec@1 73.33 (76.98) Prec@5 93.33 (91.77) -[2018-10-25-21:25:27] **train** Prec@1 76.98 Prec@5 91.77 Error@1 23.02 Error@5 8.23 Loss:2.859 - test [2018-10-25-21:25:31] Epoch: [246][000/391] Time 4.19 (4.19) Data 4.06 (4.06) Loss 0.510 (0.510) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 99.22 (99.22) - test [2018-10-25-21:25:58] Epoch: [246][200/391] Time 0.15 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.193 (0.979) Prec@1 67.19 (77.55) Prec@5 92.19 (93.64) - test [2018-10-25-21:26:24] Epoch: [246][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.132 (1.148) Prec@1 48.75 (73.93) Prec@5 83.75 (91.46) -[2018-10-25-21:26:24] **test** Prec@1 73.93 Prec@5 91.46 Error@1 26.07 Error@5 8.54 Loss:1.148 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-21:26:24] [Epoch=247/250] [Need: 04:31:15] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-21:26:29] Epoch: [247][000/10010] Time 5.03 (5.03) Data 4.43 (4.43) Loss 2.797 (2.797) Prec@1 72.66 (72.66) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-25-21:28:15] Epoch: [247][200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.872 (2.837) Prec@1 78.12 (77.57) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-21:30:01] Epoch: [247][400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.726 (2.843) Prec@1 76.56 (77.32) Prec@5 93.75 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-21:31:47] Epoch: [247][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.227 (2.854) Prec@1 71.09 (77.10) Prec@5 89.06 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:33:33] Epoch: [247][800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.941 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-21:35:19] Epoch: [247][1000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.829 (2.857) Prec@1 81.25 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-21:37:05] Epoch: [247][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.856) Prec@1 81.25 (77.02) Prec@5 95.31 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-21:38:51] Epoch: [247][1400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.857) Prec@1 78.12 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-21:40:37] Epoch: [247][1600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.975 (2.857) Prec@1 72.66 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-21:42:22] Epoch: [247][1800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.783 (2.856) Prec@1 77.34 (77.03) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-21:44:08] Epoch: [247][2000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.932 (2.855) Prec@1 75.00 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-21:45:54] Epoch: [247][2200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.801 (2.854) Prec@1 72.66 (77.07) Prec@5 93.75 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-21:47:40] Epoch: [247][2400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.750 (2.854) Prec@1 78.91 (77.07) Prec@5 91.41 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-21:49:25] Epoch: [247][2600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.906 (2.855) Prec@1 75.78 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.82) - train[2018-10-25-21:51:11] Epoch: [247][2800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.052 (2.857) Prec@1 76.56 (77.03) Prec@5 87.50 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-21:52:57] Epoch: [247][3000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.872 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-21:54:44] Epoch: [247][3200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.043 (2.857) Prec@1 69.53 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-21:56:29] Epoch: [247][3400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.624 (2.856) Prec@1 79.69 (77.04) Prec@5 95.31 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-21:58:15] Epoch: [247][3600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.768 (2.855) Prec@1 77.34 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-22:00:01] Epoch: [247][3800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.022 (2.856) Prec@1 73.44 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.80) - train[2018-10-25-22:01:47] Epoch: [247][4000/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.857) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:03:32] Epoch: [247][4200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.262 (2.858) Prec@1 67.19 (77.01) Prec@5 86.72 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:05:19] Epoch: [247][4400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.663 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (76.99) Prec@5 94.53 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:07:05] Epoch: [247][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.879 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (76.99) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:08:51] Epoch: [247][4800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.851 (2.859) Prec@1 82.81 (76.98) Prec@5 92.97 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:10:36] Epoch: [247][5000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.859) Prec@1 79.69 (76.97) Prec@5 88.28 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:12:24] Epoch: [247][5200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.344 (2.859) Prec@1 70.31 (76.98) Prec@5 85.16 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:14:11] Epoch: [247][5400/10010] Time 0.59 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.918 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:15:59] Epoch: [247][5600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.805 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 92.19 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:17:47] Epoch: [247][5800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.926 (2.859) Prec@1 74.22 (76.97) Prec@5 89.84 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-22:19:34] Epoch: [247][6000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 91.41 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:21:21] Epoch: [247][6200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.963 (2.860) Prec@1 76.56 (76.96) Prec@5 88.28 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-22:23:09] Epoch: [247][6400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.860) Prec@1 75.78 (76.96) Prec@5 86.72 (91.75) - train[2018-10-25-22:24:57] Epoch: [247][6600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.674 (2.859) Prec@1 76.56 (76.97) Prec@5 93.75 (91.76) - train[2018-10-25-22:26:45] Epoch: [247][6800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.97) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:28:33] Epoch: [247][7000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.933 (2.859) Prec@1 75.00 (76.96) Prec@5 92.19 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:30:21] Epoch: [247][7200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.999 (2.859) Prec@1 77.34 (76.98) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:32:09] Epoch: [247][7400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.550 (2.859) Prec@1 82.03 (76.98) Prec@5 95.31 (91.77) - train[2018-10-25-22:33:56] Epoch: [247][7600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.874 (2.859) Prec@1 73.44 (76.98) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:35:45] Epoch: [247][7800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.665 (2.858) Prec@1 79.69 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:37:33] Epoch: [247][8000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.122 (2.858) Prec@1 73.44 (77.00) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:39:22] Epoch: [247][8200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.202 (2.858) Prec@1 74.22 (77.00) Prec@5 86.72 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:41:11] Epoch: [247][8400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.352 (2.858) Prec@1 69.53 (77.00) Prec@5 85.94 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:42:59] Epoch: [247][8600/10010] Time 0.62 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.599 (2.858) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 95.31 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:44:48] Epoch: [247][8800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.722 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 93.75 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:46:37] Epoch: [247][9000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.965 (2.858) Prec@1 77.34 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:48:25] Epoch: [247][9200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.857) Prec@1 79.69 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:50:13] Epoch: [247][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.731 (2.858) Prec@1 78.12 (77.01) Prec@5 92.97 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:52:01] Epoch: [247][9600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.908 (2.858) Prec@1 70.31 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:53:51] Epoch: [247][9800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.980 (2.858) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-22:55:38] Epoch: [247][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.842 (2.858) Prec@1 76.56 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-22:55:43] Epoch: [247][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.674 (2.858) Prec@1 53.33 (77.00) Prec@5 80.00 (91.79) -[2018-10-25-22:55:43] **train** Prec@1 77.00 Prec@5 91.79 Error@1 23.00 Error@5 8.21 Loss:2.858 - test [2018-10-25-22:55:47] Epoch: [247][000/391] Time 4.23 (4.23) Data 4.09 (4.09) Loss 0.544 (0.544) Prec@1 93.75 (93.75) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-25-22:56:16] Epoch: [247][200/391] Time 0.14 (0.17) Data 0.02 (0.03) Loss 1.204 (0.997) Prec@1 68.75 (77.54) Prec@5 92.19 (93.67) - test [2018-10-25-22:56:42] Epoch: [247][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.183 (1.167) Prec@1 46.25 (73.88) Prec@5 83.75 (91.44) -[2018-10-25-22:56:42] **test** Prec@1 73.88 Prec@5 91.44 Error@1 26.12 Error@5 8.56 Loss:1.167 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-25-22:56:42] [Epoch=248/250] [Need: 03:00:35] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-25-22:56:48] Epoch: [248][000/10010] Time 5.61 (5.61) Data 5.04 (5.04) Loss 2.906 (2.906) Prec@1 74.22 (74.22) Prec@5 89.06 (89.06) - train[2018-10-25-22:58:37] Epoch: [248][200/10010] Time 0.58 (0.57) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.390 (2.852) Prec@1 85.94 (76.74) Prec@5 97.66 (91.71) - train[2018-10-25-23:00:27] Epoch: [248][400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.56) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.780 (2.851) Prec@1 74.22 (76.85) Prec@5 92.97 (91.78) - train[2018-10-25-23:02:15] Epoch: [248][600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.928 (2.848) Prec@1 73.44 (76.97) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:04:05] Epoch: [248][800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.596 (2.854) Prec@1 81.25 (76.89) Prec@5 96.09 (91.79) - train[2018-10-25-23:05:54] Epoch: [248][1000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.003 (2.849) Prec@1 78.91 (77.05) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:07:44] Epoch: [248][1200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.800 (2.851) Prec@1 78.91 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.81) - train[2018-10-25-23:09:33] Epoch: [248][1400/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.077 (2.849) Prec@1 73.44 (77.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:11:21] Epoch: [248][1600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.849) Prec@1 70.31 (77.03) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:13:09] Epoch: [248][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.850) Prec@1 81.25 (77.04) Prec@5 94.53 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:14:57] Epoch: [248][2000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.866 (2.852) Prec@1 74.22 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-23:16:47] Epoch: [248][2200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.040 (2.853) Prec@1 72.66 (77.02) Prec@5 89.84 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-23:18:35] Epoch: [248][2400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 95.31 (91.83) - train[2018-10-25-23:20:23] Epoch: [248][2600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.704 (2.852) Prec@1 81.25 (77.02) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:22:12] Epoch: [248][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.706 (2.853) Prec@1 80.47 (77.04) Prec@5 90.62 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:24:01] Epoch: [248][3000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.737 (2.852) Prec@1 78.12 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.84) - train[2018-10-25-23:25:49] Epoch: [248][3200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.893 (2.851) Prec@1 81.25 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:27:37] Epoch: [248][3400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.690 (2.851) Prec@1 78.12 (77.07) Prec@5 94.53 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:29:24] Epoch: [248][3600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.871 (2.850) Prec@1 71.88 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-23:31:12] Epoch: [248][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.938 (2.851) Prec@1 74.22 (77.06) Prec@5 94.53 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:33:00] Epoch: [248][4000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.834 (2.851) Prec@1 78.91 (77.07) Prec@5 91.41 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:34:48] Epoch: [248][4200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.764 (2.851) Prec@1 78.12 (77.06) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:36:37] Epoch: [248][4400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.897 (2.851) Prec@1 72.66 (77.06) Prec@5 89.84 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:38:27] Epoch: [248][4600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.735 (2.852) Prec@1 84.38 (77.06) Prec@5 93.75 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:40:15] Epoch: [248][4800/10010] Time 0.61 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.715 (2.852) Prec@1 78.12 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:42:04] Epoch: [248][5000/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.939 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-25-23:43:53] Epoch: [248][5200/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.630 (2.852) Prec@1 80.47 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-23:45:42] Epoch: [248][5400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.880 (2.851) Prec@1 78.91 (77.07) Prec@5 89.84 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-23:47:32] Epoch: [248][5600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.036 (2.851) Prec@1 75.00 (77.06) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-23:49:21] Epoch: [248][5800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.242 (2.852) Prec@1 69.53 (77.04) Prec@5 88.28 (91.86) - train[2018-10-25-23:51:10] Epoch: [248][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.029 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-23:52:58] Epoch: [248][6200/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.012 (2.852) Prec@1 74.22 (77.03) Prec@5 89.06 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-23:54:47] Epoch: [248][6400/10010] Time 0.57 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.131 (2.852) Prec@1 69.53 (77.03) Prec@5 89.84 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-23:56:35] Epoch: [248][6600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.638 (2.852) Prec@1 81.25 (77.04) Prec@5 92.97 (91.87) - train[2018-10-25-23:58:24] Epoch: [248][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.807 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.03) Prec@5 90.62 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:00:11] Epoch: [248][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.594 (2.853) Prec@1 80.47 (77.03) Prec@5 93.75 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:01:59] Epoch: [248][7200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.862 (2.853) Prec@1 75.00 (77.02) Prec@5 90.62 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:03:47] Epoch: [248][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.007 (2.854) Prec@1 73.44 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:05:35] Epoch: [248][7600/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.942 (2.854) Prec@1 74.22 (77.01) Prec@5 90.62 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:07:23] Epoch: [248][7800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.672 (2.854) Prec@1 79.69 (77.00) Prec@5 96.09 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:09:13] Epoch: [248][8000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.585 (2.853) Prec@1 76.56 (77.01) Prec@5 96.88 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:11:02] Epoch: [248][8200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.681 (2.853) Prec@1 81.25 (77.01) Prec@5 96.88 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:12:51] Epoch: [248][8400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.877 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.01) Prec@5 91.41 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:14:41] Epoch: [248][8600/10010] Time 0.64 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.884 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.01) Prec@5 94.53 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:16:30] Epoch: [248][8800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.051 (2.854) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 87.50 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:18:18] Epoch: [248][9000/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.774 (2.854) Prec@1 81.25 (77.01) Prec@5 92.19 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-00:20:08] Epoch: [248][9200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.003 (2.854) Prec@1 75.00 (77.01) Prec@5 89.84 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:21:55] Epoch: [248][9400/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.982 (2.854) Prec@1 72.66 (77.00) Prec@5 89.06 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:23:45] Epoch: [248][9600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.00) Prec@5 90.62 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-00:25:34] Epoch: [248][9800/10010] Time 0.56 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.676 (2.855) Prec@1 82.03 (76.99) Prec@5 92.97 (91.85) - train[2018-10-26-00:27:23] Epoch: [248][10000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.981 (2.854) Prec@1 75.00 (77.00) Prec@5 91.41 (91.85) - train[2018-10-26-00:27:27] Epoch: [248][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.543 (2.854) Prec@1 66.67 (77.00) Prec@5 86.67 (91.85) -[2018-10-26-00:27:27] **train** Prec@1 77.00 Prec@5 91.85 Error@1 23.00 Error@5 8.15 Loss:2.854 - test [2018-10-26-00:27:31] Epoch: [248][000/391] Time 3.91 (3.91) Data 3.77 (3.77) Loss 0.545 (0.545) Prec@1 92.97 (92.97) Prec@5 97.66 (97.66) - test [2018-10-26-00:28:00] Epoch: [248][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 1.174 (0.987) Prec@1 69.53 (77.40) Prec@5 92.19 (93.71) - test [2018-10-26-00:28:27] Epoch: [248][390/391] Time 0.09 (0.15) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.111 (1.153) Prec@1 45.00 (73.89) Prec@5 85.00 (91.52) -[2018-10-26-00:28:27] **test** Prec@1 73.89 Prec@5 91.52 Error@1 26.11 Error@5 8.48 Loss:1.153 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth - -==>>[2018-10-26-00:28:27] [Epoch=249/250] [Need: 01:31:44] LR=0.0001 ~ 0.0001, Batch=128 - train[2018-10-26-00:28:31] Epoch: [249][000/10010] Time 4.29 (4.29) Data 3.66 (3.66) Loss 2.643 (2.643) Prec@1 81.25 (81.25) Prec@5 94.53 (94.53) - train[2018-10-26-00:30:17] Epoch: [249][200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.55) Data 0.00 (0.02) Loss 2.732 (2.845) Prec@1 80.47 (77.25) Prec@5 91.41 (92.08) - train[2018-10-26-00:32:02] Epoch: [249][400/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.911 (2.849) Prec@1 75.00 (77.26) Prec@5 92.97 (91.95) - train[2018-10-26-00:33:47] Epoch: [249][600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 3.060 (2.848) Prec@1 73.44 (77.30) Prec@5 89.84 (92.01) - train[2018-10-26-00:35:33] Epoch: [249][800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.01) Loss 2.800 (2.849) Prec@1 75.00 (77.27) Prec@5 92.19 (91.97) - train[2018-10-26-00:37:19] Epoch: [249][1000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.860 (2.851) Prec@1 76.56 (77.22) Prec@5 92.97 (91.93) - train[2018-10-26-00:39:04] Epoch: [249][1200/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.794 (2.851) Prec@1 73.44 (77.21) Prec@5 91.41 (91.92) - train[2018-10-26-00:40:49] Epoch: [249][1400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.811 (2.848) Prec@1 75.00 (77.24) Prec@5 93.75 (91.96) - train[2018-10-26-00:42:36] Epoch: [249][1600/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.166 (2.849) Prec@1 78.12 (77.19) Prec@5 89.84 (91.95) - train[2018-10-26-00:44:21] Epoch: [249][1800/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.521 (2.851) Prec@1 82.81 (77.17) Prec@5 93.75 (91.92) - train[2018-10-26-00:46:07] Epoch: [249][2000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.112 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.14) Prec@5 89.06 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-00:47:52] Epoch: [249][2200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.889 (2.853) Prec@1 71.09 (77.14) Prec@5 90.62 (91.91) - train[2018-10-26-00:49:38] Epoch: [249][2400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.958 (2.852) Prec@1 76.56 (77.18) Prec@5 91.41 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-00:51:24] Epoch: [249][2600/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.748 (2.853) Prec@1 80.47 (77.17) Prec@5 92.97 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-00:53:11] Epoch: [249][2800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.488 (2.854) Prec@1 85.16 (77.12) Prec@5 94.53 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-00:54:58] Epoch: [249][3000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.067 (2.853) Prec@1 75.00 (77.11) Prec@5 88.28 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-00:56:45] Epoch: [249][3200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.778 (2.854) Prec@1 80.47 (77.07) Prec@5 92.19 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-00:58:31] Epoch: [249][3400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.853) Prec@1 74.22 (77.09) Prec@5 93.75 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-01:00:19] Epoch: [249][3600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.847 (2.853) Prec@1 75.78 (77.08) Prec@5 91.41 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:02:06] Epoch: [249][3800/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.035 (2.854) Prec@1 76.56 (77.07) Prec@5 88.28 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:03:55] Epoch: [249][4000/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.924 (2.854) Prec@1 74.22 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:05:42] Epoch: [249][4200/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.784 (2.854) Prec@1 77.34 (77.08) Prec@5 92.97 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:07:30] Epoch: [249][4400/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.853) Prec@1 75.78 (77.09) Prec@5 91.41 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:09:17] Epoch: [249][4600/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.669 (2.853) Prec@1 82.81 (77.08) Prec@5 93.75 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:11:03] Epoch: [249][4800/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.943 (2.852) Prec@1 75.78 (77.09) Prec@5 89.84 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-01:12:51] Epoch: [249][5000/10010] Time 0.52 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.670 (2.852) Prec@1 78.12 (77.09) Prec@5 92.97 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-01:14:37] Epoch: [249][5200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.606 (2.851) Prec@1 85.94 (77.09) Prec@5 94.53 (91.91) - train[2018-10-26-01:16:25] Epoch: [249][5400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.008 (2.852) Prec@1 74.22 (77.08) Prec@5 89.84 (91.91) - train[2018-10-26-01:18:12] Epoch: [249][5600/10010] Time 0.58 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.653 (2.852) Prec@1 77.34 (77.07) Prec@5 92.97 (91.90) - train[2018-10-26-01:20:00] Epoch: [249][5800/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.770 (2.853) Prec@1 77.34 (77.06) Prec@5 92.19 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:21:48] Epoch: [249][6000/10010] Time 0.51 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.645 (2.853) Prec@1 78.12 (77.06) Prec@5 96.88 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:23:36] Epoch: [249][6200/10010] Time 0.56 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.903 (2.853) Prec@1 78.91 (77.05) Prec@5 88.28 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:25:25] Epoch: [249][6400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.142 (2.853) Prec@1 67.97 (77.05) Prec@5 88.28 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:27:14] Epoch: [249][6600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.775 (2.853) Prec@1 76.56 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:29:01] Epoch: [249][6800/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.841 (2.854) Prec@1 76.56 (77.04) Prec@5 93.75 (91.89) - train[2018-10-26-01:30:50] Epoch: [249][7000/10010] Time 0.53 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.546 (2.854) Prec@1 84.38 (77.05) Prec@5 96.88 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:32:38] Epoch: [249][7200/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.018 (2.854) Prec@1 76.56 (77.05) Prec@5 89.84 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:34:25] Epoch: [249][7400/10010] Time 0.55 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.146 (2.854) Prec@1 73.44 (77.05) Prec@5 90.62 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:36:13] Epoch: [249][7600/10010] Time 0.57 (0.53) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.607 (2.854) Prec@1 80.47 (77.05) Prec@5 95.31 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:38:01] Epoch: [249][7800/10010] Time 0.58 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.828 (2.853) Prec@1 80.47 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:39:48] Epoch: [249][8000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.605 (2.854) Prec@1 82.03 (77.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:41:36] Epoch: [249][8200/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.795 (2.854) Prec@1 75.78 (77.05) Prec@5 93.75 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:43:22] Epoch: [249][8400/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.693 (2.854) Prec@1 83.59 (77.05) Prec@5 94.53 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:45:09] Epoch: [249][8600/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.912 (2.853) Prec@1 73.44 (77.06) Prec@5 95.31 (91.88) - train[2018-10-26-01:46:57] Epoch: [249][8800/10010] Time 0.53 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.653 (2.854) Prec@1 80.47 (77.05) Prec@5 92.97 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:48:45] Epoch: [249][9000/10010] Time 0.55 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.919 (2.854) Prec@1 77.34 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:50:32] Epoch: [249][9200/10010] Time 0.52 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.806 (2.854) Prec@1 79.69 (77.04) Prec@5 92.19 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:52:20] Epoch: [249][9400/10010] Time 0.50 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.797 (2.854) Prec@1 80.47 (77.04) Prec@5 91.41 (91.86) - train[2018-10-26-01:54:08] Epoch: [249][9600/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.789 (2.854) Prec@1 76.56 (77.05) Prec@5 92.19 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:55:56] Epoch: [249][9800/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.631 (2.853) Prec@1 79.69 (77.06) Prec@5 95.31 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:57:44] Epoch: [249][10000/10010] Time 0.54 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 3.023 (2.853) Prec@1 70.31 (77.05) Prec@5 91.41 (91.87) - train[2018-10-26-01:57:48] Epoch: [249][10009/10010] Time 0.19 (0.54) Data 0.00 (0.00) Loss 2.848 (2.853) Prec@1 73.33 (77.05) Prec@5 86.67 (91.87) -[2018-10-26-01:57:48] **train** Prec@1 77.05 Prec@5 91.87 Error@1 22.95 Error@5 8.13 Loss:2.853 - test [2018-10-26-01:57:52] Epoch: [249][000/391] Time 4.44 (4.44) Data 4.30 (4.30) Loss 0.554 (0.554) Prec@1 91.41 (91.41) Prec@5 98.44 (98.44) - test [2018-10-26-01:58:23] Epoch: [249][200/391] Time 0.12 (0.18) Data 0.00 (0.04) Loss 1.190 (0.988) Prec@1 67.19 (77.41) Prec@5 92.19 (93.73) - test [2018-10-26-01:58:50] Epoch: [249][390/391] Time 0.08 (0.16) Data 0.00 (0.03) Loss 2.108 (1.156) Prec@1 46.25 (73.85) Prec@5 83.75 (91.47) -[2018-10-26-01:58:50] **test** Prec@1 73.85 Prec@5 91.47 Error@1 26.15 Error@5 8.53 Loss:1.156 -----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1=74.00, Acc@5=91.49, Error@1=26.00, Error@5=8.51 -----> Save into ./snapshots/NAS/DMS_V1-imagenet-C50-L14-E250/seed-3993/checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/ps_mem.py b/others/GDAS/data/ps_mem.py deleted file mode 100644 index e0a8215..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/ps_mem.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,661 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python - -# Try to determine how much RAM is currently being used per program. -# Note per _program_, not per process. So for example this script -# will report RAM used by all httpd process together. In detail it reports: -# sum(private RAM for program processes) + sum(Shared RAM for program processes) -# The shared RAM is problematic to calculate, and this script automatically -# selects the most accurate method available for your kernel. - -# Licence: LGPLv2 -# Author: P@draigBrady.com -# Source: http://www.pixelbeat.org/scripts/ps_mem.py - -# V1.0 06 Jul 2005 Initial release -# V1.1 11 Aug 2006 root permission required for accuracy -# V1.2 08 Nov 2006 Add total to output -# Use KiB,MiB,... for units rather than K,M,... -# V1.3 22 Nov 2006 Ignore shared col from /proc/$pid/statm for -# 2.6 kernels up to and including 2.6.9. -# There it represented the total file backed extent -# V1.4 23 Nov 2006 Remove total from output as it's meaningless -# (the shared values overlap with other programs). -# Display the shared column. This extra info is -# useful, especially as it overlaps between programs. -# V1.5 26 Mar 2007 Remove redundant recursion from human() -# V1.6 05 Jun 2007 Also report number of processes with a given name. -# Patch from riccardo.murri@gmail.com -# V1.7 20 Sep 2007 Use PSS from /proc/$pid/smaps if available, which -# fixes some over-estimation and allows totalling. -# Enumerate the PIDs directly rather than using ps, -# which fixes the possible race between reading -# RSS with ps, and shared memory with this program. -# Also we can show non truncated command names. -# V1.8 28 Sep 2007 More accurate matching for stats in /proc/$pid/smaps -# as otherwise could match libraries causing a crash. -# Patch from patrice.bouchand.fedora@gmail.com -# V1.9 20 Feb 2008 Fix invalid values reported when PSS is available. -# Reported by Andrey Borzenkov -# V3.13 17 Sep 2018 -# http://github.com/pixelb/scripts/commits/master/scripts/ps_mem.py - -# Notes: -# -# All interpreted programs where the interpreter is started -# by the shell or with env, will be merged to the interpreter -# (as that's what's given to exec). For e.g. all python programs -# starting with "#!/usr/bin/env python" will be grouped under python. -# You can change this by using the full command line but that will -# have the undesirable affect of splitting up programs started with -# differing parameters (for e.g. mingetty tty[1-6]). -# -# For 2.6 kernels up to and including 2.6.13 and later 2.4 redhat kernels -# (rmap vm without smaps) it can not be accurately determined how many pages -# are shared between processes in general or within a program in our case: -# http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/7/6/250 -# A warning is printed if overestimation is possible. -# In addition for 2.6 kernels up to 2.6.9 inclusive, the shared -# value in /proc/$pid/statm is the total file-backed extent of a process. -# We ignore that, introducing more overestimation, again printing a warning. -# Since kernel 2.6.23-rc8-mm1 PSS is available in smaps, which allows -# us to calculate a more accurate value for the total RAM used by programs. -# -# Programs that use CLONE_VM without CLONE_THREAD are discounted by assuming -# they're the only programs that have the same /proc/$PID/smaps file for -# each instance. This will fail if there are multiple real instances of a -# program that then use CLONE_VM without CLONE_THREAD, or if a clone changes -# its memory map while we're checksumming each /proc/$PID/smaps. -# -# I don't take account of memory allocated for a program -# by other programs. For e.g. memory used in the X server for -# a program could be determined, but is not. -# -# FreeBSD is supported if linprocfs is mounted at /compat/linux/proc/ -# FreeBSD 8.0 supports up to a level of Linux 2.6.16 - -import getopt -import time -import errno -import os -import sys - -# The following exits cleanly on Ctrl-C or EPIPE -# while treating other exceptions as before. -def std_exceptions(etype, value, tb): - sys.excepthook = sys.__excepthook__ - if issubclass(etype, KeyboardInterrupt): - pass - elif issubclass(etype, IOError) and value.errno == errno.EPIPE: - pass - else: - sys.__excepthook__(etype, value, tb) -sys.excepthook = std_exceptions - -# -# Define some global variables -# - -PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE") / 1024 #KiB -our_pid = os.getpid() - -have_pss = 0 -have_swap_pss = 0 - -class Unbuffered(object): - def __init__(self, stream): - self.stream = stream - def write(self, data): - self.stream.write(data) - self.stream.flush() - def close(self): - self.stream.close() - def flush(self): - self.stream.flush() - -class Proc: - def __init__(self): - uname = os.uname() - if uname[0] == "FreeBSD": - self.proc = '/compat/linux/proc' - else: - self.proc = '/proc' - - def path(self, *args): - return os.path.join(self.proc, *(str(a) for a in args)) - - def open(self, *args): - try: - if sys.version_info < (3,): - return open(self.path(*args)) - else: - return open(self.path(*args), errors='ignore') - except (IOError, OSError): - val = sys.exc_info()[1] - if (val.errno == errno.ENOENT or # kernel thread or process gone - val.errno == errno.EPERM or - val.errno == errno.EACCES): - raise LookupError - raise - -proc = Proc() - - -# -# Functions -# - -def parse_options(): - try: - long_options = [ - 'split-args', - 'help', - 'version', - 'total', - 'discriminate-by-pid', - 'swap' - ] - opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "shtdSp:w:", long_options) - except getopt.GetoptError: - sys.stderr.write(help()) - sys.exit(3) - - if len(args): - sys.stderr.write("Extraneous arguments: %s\n" % args) - sys.exit(3) - - # ps_mem.py options - split_args = False - pids_to_show = None - discriminate_by_pid = False - show_swap = False - watch = None - only_total = False - - for o, a in opts: - if o in ('-s', '--split-args'): - split_args = True - if o in ('-t', '--total'): - only_total = True - if o in ('-d', '--discriminate-by-pid'): - discriminate_by_pid = True - if o in ('-S', '--swap'): - show_swap = True - if o in ('-h', '--help'): - sys.stdout.write(help()) - sys.exit(0) - if o in ('--version'): - sys.stdout.write('3.13'+'\n') - sys.exit(0) - if o in ('-p',): - try: - pids_to_show = [int(x) for x in a.split(',')] - except: - sys.stderr.write(help()) - sys.exit(3) - if o in ('-w',): - try: - watch = int(a) - except: - sys.stderr.write(help()) - sys.exit(3) - - return ( - split_args, - pids_to_show, - watch, - only_total, - discriminate_by_pid, - show_swap - ) - - -def help(): - help_msg = 'Usage: ps_mem [OPTION]...\n' \ - 'Show program core memory usage\n' \ - '\n' \ - ' -h, -help Show this help\n' \ - ' -p [,pid2,...pidN] Only show memory usage PIDs in the '\ - 'specified list\n' \ - ' -s, --split-args Show and separate by, all command line'\ - ' arguments\n' \ - ' -t, --total Show only the total value\n' \ - ' -d, --discriminate-by-pid Show by process rather than by program\n' \ - ' -S, --swap Show swap information\n' \ - ' -w Measure and show process memory every'\ - ' N seconds\n' - - return help_msg - - -# (major,minor,release) -def kernel_ver(): - kv = proc.open('sys/kernel/osrelease').readline().split(".")[:3] - last = len(kv) - if last == 2: - kv.append('0') - last -= 1 - while last > 0: - for char in "-_": - kv[last] = kv[last].split(char)[0] - try: - int(kv[last]) - except: - kv[last] = 0 - last -= 1 - return (int(kv[0]), int(kv[1]), int(kv[2])) - - -#return Private,Shared,Swap(Pss),unique_id -#Note shared is always a subset of rss (trs is not always) -def getMemStats(pid): - global have_pss - global have_swap_pss - mem_id = pid #unique - Private_lines = [] - Shared_lines = [] - Pss_lines = [] - Rss = (int(proc.open(pid, 'statm').readline().split()[1]) - * PAGESIZE) - Swap_lines = [] - Swap_pss_lines = [] - - Swap = 0 - - if os.path.exists(proc.path(pid, 'smaps')): # stat - smaps = 'smaps' - if os.path.exists(proc.path(pid, 'smaps_rollup')): - smaps = 'smaps_rollup' # faster to process - lines = proc.open(pid, smaps).readlines() # open - # Note we checksum smaps as maps is usually but - # not always different for separate processes. - mem_id = hash(''.join(lines)) - for line in lines: - if line.startswith("Shared"): - Shared_lines.append(line) - elif line.startswith("Private"): - Private_lines.append(line) - elif line.startswith("Pss"): - have_pss = 1 - Pss_lines.append(line) - elif line.startswith("Swap:"): - Swap_lines.append(line) - elif line.startswith("SwapPss:"): - have_swap_pss = 1 - Swap_pss_lines.append(line) - Shared = sum([int(line.split()[1]) for line in Shared_lines]) - Private = sum([int(line.split()[1]) for line in Private_lines]) - #Note Shared + Private = Rss above - #The Rss in smaps includes video card mem etc. - if have_pss: - pss_adjust = 0.5 # add 0.5KiB as this avg error due to truncation - Pss = sum([float(line.split()[1])+pss_adjust for line in Pss_lines]) - Shared = Pss - Private - if have_swap_pss: - # The kernel supports SwapPss, that shows proportional swap share. - # Note that Swap - SwapPss is not Private Swap. - Swap = sum([int(line.split()[1]) for line in Swap_pss_lines]) - else: - # Note that Swap = Private swap + Shared swap. - Swap = sum([int(line.split()[1]) for line in Swap_lines]) - elif (2,6,1) <= kernel_ver() <= (2,6,9): - Shared = 0 #lots of overestimation, but what can we do? - Private = Rss - else: - Shared = int(proc.open(pid, 'statm').readline().split()[2]) - Shared *= PAGESIZE - Private = Rss - Shared - return (Private, Shared, Swap, mem_id) - - -def getCmdName(pid, split_args, discriminate_by_pid, exe_only=False): - cmdline = proc.open(pid, 'cmdline').read().split("\0") - if cmdline[-1] == '' and len(cmdline) > 1: - cmdline = cmdline[:-1] - - path = proc.path(pid, 'exe') - try: - path = os.readlink(path) - # Some symlink targets were seen to contain NULs on RHEL 5 at least - # https://github.com/pixelb/scripts/pull/10, so take string up to NUL - path = path.split('\0')[0] - except OSError: - val = sys.exc_info()[1] - if (val.errno == errno.ENOENT or # either kernel thread or process gone - val.errno == errno.EPERM or - val.errno == errno.EACCES): - raise LookupError - raise - - if split_args: - return ' '.join(cmdline).replace('\n', ' ') - if path.endswith(" (deleted)"): - path = path[:-10] - if os.path.exists(path): - path += " [updated]" - else: - #The path could be have prelink stuff so try cmdline - #which might have the full path present. This helped for: - #/usr/libexec/notification-area-applet.#prelink#.fX7LCT (deleted) - if os.path.exists(cmdline[0]): - path = cmdline[0] + " [updated]" - else: - path += " [deleted]" - exe = os.path.basename(path) - if exe_only: return exe - - proc_status = proc.open(pid, 'status').readlines() - cmd = proc_status[0][6:-1] - if exe.startswith(cmd): - cmd = exe #show non truncated version - #Note because we show the non truncated name - #one can have separated programs as follows: - #584.0 KiB + 1.0 MiB = 1.6 MiB mozilla-thunder (exe -> bash) - # 56.0 MiB + 22.2 MiB = 78.2 MiB mozilla-thunderbird-bin - else: - #Lookup the parent's exe and use that if matching - #which will merge "Web Content" with "firefox" for example - ppid = 0 - for l in range(10): - ps_line = proc_status[l] - if ps_line.startswith('PPid:'): - ppid = int(ps_line[6:-1]) - break - if ppid: - p_exe = getCmdName(ppid, False, False, exe_only=True) - if exe == p_exe: - cmd = exe - if sys.version_info >= (3,): - cmd = cmd.encode(errors='replace').decode() - if discriminate_by_pid: - cmd = '%s [%d]' % (cmd, pid) - return cmd - - -#The following matches "du -h" output -#see also human.py -def human(num, power="Ki", units=None): - if units is None: - powers = ["Ki", "Mi", "Gi", "Ti"] - while num >= 1000: #4 digits - num /= 1024.0 - power = powers[powers.index(power)+1] - return "%.1f %sB" % (num, power) - else: - return "%.f" % ((num * 1024) / units) - - -def cmd_with_count(cmd, count): - if count > 1: - return "%s (%u)" % (cmd, count) - else: - return cmd - -#Warn of possible inaccuracies -#RAM: -#2 = accurate & can total -#1 = accurate only considering each process in isolation -#0 = some shared mem not reported -#-1= all shared mem not reported -#SWAP: -#2 = accurate & can total -#1 = accurate only considering each process in isolation -#-1= not available -def val_accuracy(show_swap): - """http://wiki.apache.org/spamassassin/TopSharedMemoryBug""" - kv = kernel_ver() - pid = os.getpid() - swap_accuracy = -1 - if kv[:2] == (2,4): - if proc.open('meminfo').read().find("Inact_") == -1: - return 1, swap_accuracy - return 0, swap_accuracy - elif kv[:2] == (2,6): - if os.path.exists(proc.path(pid, 'smaps')): - swap_accuracy = 1 - if proc.open(pid, 'smaps').read().find("Pss:")!=-1: - return 2, swap_accuracy - else: - return 1, swap_accuracy - if (2,6,1) <= kv <= (2,6,9): - return -1, swap_accuracy - return 0, swap_accuracy - elif kv[0] > 2 and os.path.exists(proc.path(pid, 'smaps')): - swap_accuracy = 1 - if show_swap and proc.open(pid, 'smaps').read().find("SwapPss:")!=-1: - swap_accuracy = 2 - return 2, swap_accuracy - else: - return 1, swap_accuracy - -def show_val_accuracy( ram_inacc, swap_inacc, only_total, show_swap ): - level = ("Warning","Error")[only_total] - - # Only show significant warnings - if not show_swap: - swap_inacc = 2 - elif only_total: - ram_inacc = 2 - - if ram_inacc == -1: - sys.stderr.write( - "%s: Shared memory is not reported by this system.\n" % level - ) - sys.stderr.write( - "Values reported will be too large, and totals are not reported\n" - ) - elif ram_inacc == 0: - sys.stderr.write( - "%s: Shared memory is not reported accurately by this system.\n" % level - ) - sys.stderr.write( - "Values reported could be too large, and totals are not reported\n" - ) - elif ram_inacc == 1: - sys.stderr.write( - "%s: Shared memory is slightly over-estimated by this system\n" - "for each program, so totals are not reported.\n" % level - ) - - if swap_inacc == -1: - sys.stderr.write( - "%s: Swap is not reported by this system.\n" % level - ) - elif swap_inacc == 1: - sys.stderr.write( - "%s: Swap is over-estimated by this system for each program,\n" - "so totals are not reported.\n" % level - ) - - sys.stderr.close() - if only_total: - if show_swap: - accuracy = swap_inacc - else: - accuracy = ram_inacc - if accuracy != 2: - sys.exit(1) - - -def get_memory_usage(pids_to_show, split_args, discriminate_by_pid, - include_self=False, only_self=False): - cmds = {} - shareds = {} - mem_ids = {} - count = {} - swaps = {} - for pid in os.listdir(proc.path('')): - if not pid.isdigit(): - continue - pid = int(pid) - - # Some filters - if only_self and pid != our_pid: - continue - if pid == our_pid and not include_self: - continue - if pids_to_show is not None and pid not in pids_to_show: - continue - - try: - cmd = getCmdName(pid, split_args, discriminate_by_pid) - except LookupError: - #operation not permitted - #kernel threads don't have exe links or - #process gone - continue - - try: - private, shared, swap, mem_id = getMemStats(pid) - except RuntimeError: - continue #process gone - if shareds.get(cmd): - if have_pss: #add shared portion of PSS together - shareds[cmd] += shared - elif shareds[cmd] < shared: #just take largest shared val - shareds[cmd] = shared - else: - shareds[cmd] = shared - cmds[cmd] = cmds.setdefault(cmd, 0) + private - if cmd in count: - count[cmd] += 1 - else: - count[cmd] = 1 - mem_ids.setdefault(cmd, {}).update({mem_id: None}) - - # Swap (overcounting for now...) - swaps[cmd] = swaps.setdefault(cmd, 0) + swap - - # Total swaped mem for each program - total_swap = 0 - - # Add shared mem for each program - total = 0 - - for cmd in cmds: - cmd_count = count[cmd] - if len(mem_ids[cmd]) == 1 and cmd_count > 1: - # Assume this program is using CLONE_VM without CLONE_THREAD - # so only account for one of the processes - cmds[cmd] /= cmd_count - if have_pss: - shareds[cmd] /= cmd_count - cmds[cmd] = cmds[cmd] + shareds[cmd] - total += cmds[cmd] # valid if PSS available - total_swap += swaps[cmd] - - sorted_cmds = sorted(cmds.items(), key=lambda x:x[1]) - sorted_cmds = [x for x in sorted_cmds if x[1]] - - return sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, swaps, total_swap - -def print_header(show_swap, discriminate_by_pid): - output_string = " Private + Shared = RAM used" - if show_swap: - output_string += " Swap used" - output_string += "\tProgram" - if discriminate_by_pid: - output_string += "[pid]" - output_string += "\n\n" - sys.stdout.write(output_string) - - -def print_memory_usage(sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, swaps, total_swap, - show_swap): - for cmd in sorted_cmds: - - output_string = "%9s + %9s = %9s" - output_data = (human(cmd[1]-shareds[cmd[0]]), - human(shareds[cmd[0]]), human(cmd[1])) - if show_swap: - output_string += " %9s" - output_data += (human(swaps[cmd[0]]),) - output_string += "\t%s\n" - output_data += (cmd_with_count(cmd[0], count[cmd[0]]),) - - sys.stdout.write(output_string % output_data) - - # Only show totals if appropriate - if have_swap_pss and show_swap: # kernel will have_pss - sys.stdout.write("%s\n%s%9s%s%9s\n%s\n" % - ("-" * 45, " " * 24, human(total), " " * 3, - human(total_swap), "=" * 45)) - elif have_pss: - sys.stdout.write("%s\n%s%9s\n%s\n" % - ("-" * 33, " " * 24, human(total), "=" * 33)) - - -def verify_environment(pids_to_show): - if os.geteuid() != 0 and not pids_to_show: - sys.stderr.write("Sorry, root permission required, or specify pids with -p\n") - sys.stderr.close() - sys.exit(1) - - try: - kernel_ver() - except (IOError, OSError): - val = sys.exc_info()[1] - if val.errno == errno.ENOENT: - sys.stderr.write( - "Couldn't access " + proc.path('') + "\n" - "Only GNU/Linux and FreeBSD (with linprocfs) are supported\n") - sys.exit(2) - else: - raise - -def main(): - # Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered - sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout) - sys.stderr = Unbuffered(sys.stderr) - - split_args, pids_to_show, watch, only_total, discriminate_by_pid, \ - show_swap = parse_options() - - verify_environment(pids_to_show) - - if not only_total: - print_header(show_swap, discriminate_by_pid) - - if watch is not None: - try: - sorted_cmds = True - while sorted_cmds: - sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, swaps, total_swap = \ - get_memory_usage(pids_to_show, split_args, - discriminate_by_pid) - if only_total and show_swap and have_swap_pss: - sys.stdout.write(human(total_swap, units=1)+'\n') - elif only_total and not show_swap and have_pss: - sys.stdout.write(human(total, units=1)+'\n') - elif not only_total: - print_memory_usage(sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, - swaps, total_swap, show_swap) - - sys.stdout.flush() - time.sleep(watch) - else: - sys.stdout.write('Process does not exist anymore.\n') - except KeyboardInterrupt: - pass - else: - # This is the default behavior - sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, swaps, total_swap = \ - get_memory_usage(pids_to_show, split_args, - discriminate_by_pid) - if only_total and show_swap and have_swap_pss: - sys.stdout.write(human(total_swap, units=1)+'\n') - elif only_total and not show_swap and have_pss: - sys.stdout.write(human(total, units=1)+'\n') - elif not only_total: - print_memory_usage(sorted_cmds, shareds, count, total, swaps, - total_swap, show_swap) - - # We must close explicitly, so that any EPIPE exception - # is handled by our excepthook, rather than the default - # one which is reenabled after this script finishes. - sys.stdout.close() - - ram_accuracy, swap_accuracy = val_accuracy( show_swap ) - show_val_accuracy( ram_accuracy, swap_accuracy, only_total, show_swap ) - -if __name__ == '__main__': - main() diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/show-queue.sh b/others/GDAS/data/show-queue.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 4c259b7..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/show-queue.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# Show High-priority -echo '-------------------------------' -echo 'Queue in high-priority clusters' -echo '-------------------------------' -queues="yq01-v100-box-1-8 yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8" -for queue in ${queues} -do - showjob -p ${queue} - sleep 0.3s -done - -echo '-------------------------------' -echo 'Queue in low-priority clusters' -echo '-------------------------------' - -#queues="yq01-p40-3-8 yq01-p40-2-8 yq01-p40-box-1-8 yq01-v100-box-2-8" -queues="yq01-p40-3-8 yq01-p40-box-1-8 yq01-v100-box-2-8" -for queue in ${queues} -do - showjob -p ${queue} - sleep 0.3s -done - - -echo '-------------------------------' -echo 'Queue for other IDL teams' -echo '-------------------------------' - -queues="yq01-v100-box-idl-8 yq01-v100-box-idl-3-8" -for queue in ${queues} -do - showjob -p ${queue} - sleep 0.3s -done diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/split-imagenet.py b/others/GDAS/data/split-imagenet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 71fc79e..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/split-imagenet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, random -from pathlib import Path - - -def sample_100_cls(): - with open('classes.txt') as f: - content = f.readlines() - content = [x.strip() for x in content] - random.seed(111) - classes = random.sample(content, 100) - classes.sort() - with open('ImageNet-100.txt', 'w') as f: - for cls in classes: f.write('{:}\n'.format(cls)) - print('-'*100) - - -if __name__ == "__main__": - #sample_100_cls() - IN1K_root = Path.home() / '.torch' / 'ILSVRC2012' - IN100_root = Path.home() / '.torch' / 'ILSVRC2012-100' - assert IN1K_root.exists(), 'ImageNet directory does not exist : {:}'.format(IN1K_root) - print ('Create soft link from ImageNet directory into : {:}'.format(IN100_root)) - with open('ImageNet-100.txt', 'r') as f: - classes = f.readlines() - classes = [x.strip() for x in classes] - for sub in ['train', 'val']: - xdir = IN100_root / sub - if not xdir.exists(): xdir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - for idx, cls in enumerate(classes): - xdir = IN1K_root / 'train' / cls - assert xdir.exists(), '{:} does not exist'.format(xdir) - os.system('ln -s {:} {:}'.format(xdir, IN100_root / 'train' / cls)) - - xdir = IN1K_root / 'val' / cls - assert xdir.exists(), '{:} does not exist'.format(xdir) - os.system('ln -s {:} {:}'.format(xdir, IN100_root / 'val' / cls)) diff --git a/others/GDAS/data/tiny-imagenet.py b/others/GDAS/data/tiny-imagenet.py deleted file mode 100644 index a777c1a..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/data/tiny-imagenet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys -from pathlib import Path - -url = "http://cs231n.stanford.edu/tiny-imagenet-200.zip" - -def load_val(): - path = 'tiny-imagenet-200/val/val_annotations.txt' - cfile = open(path, 'r') - content = cfile.readlines() - content = [x.strip().split('\t') for x in content] - cfile.close() - images = [x[0] for x in content] - labels = [x[1] for x in content] - return images, labels - -def main(): - os.system("wget {:}".format(url)) - os.system("rm -rf tiny-imagenet-200") - os.system("unzip -o tiny-imagenet-200.zip") - images, labels = load_val() - savedir = 'tiny-imagenet-200/new_val' - if not os.path.exists(savedir): os.makedirs(savedir) - for image, label in zip(images, labels): - cdir = savedir + '/' + label - if not os.path.exists(cdir): os.makedirs(cdir) - ori_path = 'tiny-imagenet-200/val/images/' + image - os.system("cp {:} {:}".format(ori_path, cdir)) - os.system("rm -rf tiny-imagenet-200/val") - os.system("mv {:} tiny-imagenet-200/val".format(savedir)) - -def generate_salt_pepper(): - targetdir = Path('tiny-imagenet-200/val') - noisedir = Path('tiny-imagenet-200/val-noise') - assert targetdir.exists(), '{:} does not exist'.format(targetdir) - from imgaug import augmenters as iaa - import cv2 - aug = iaa.SaltAndPepper(p=0.2) - - for sub in targetdir.iterdir(): - if not sub.is_dir(): continue - subdir = noisedir / sub.name - if not subdir.exists(): os.makedirs('{:}'.format(subdir)) - images = sub.glob('*.JPEG') - for image in images: - I = cv2.imread(str(image)) - Inoise = aug.augment_image(I) - savepath = subdir / image.name - cv2.imwrite(str(savepath), Inoise) - print ('{:} done'.format(sub)) - -if __name__ == "__main__": - #main() - generate_salt_pepper() diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/cvpr-vis.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/cvpr-vis.py deleted file mode 100644 index b0f68d9..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/cvpr-vis.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -# python ./exps-nas/cvpr-vis.py --save_dir ./snapshots/NAS-VIS/ -import os, sys, time, glob, random, argparse -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -from pathlib import Path -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from nas import DMS_V1, DMS_F1 -from nas_rnn import DARTS_V2, GDAS -from graphviz import Digraph - -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Visualize the Networks") -parser.add_argument('--save_dir', type=str, help='The directory to save the network plot.') -args = parser.parse_args() - - -def plot_cnn(genotype, filename): - g = Digraph( - format='pdf', - edge_attr=dict(fontsize='20', fontname="times"), - node_attr=dict(style='filled', shape='rect', align='center', fontsize='20', height='0.5', width='0.5', penwidth='2', fontname="times"), - engine='dot') - g.body.extend(['rankdir=LR']) - - g.node("c_{k-2}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - g.node("c_{k-1}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - assert len(genotype) % 2 == 0, '{:}'.format(genotype) - steps = len(genotype) // 2 - - for i in range(steps): - g.node(str(i), fillcolor='lightblue') - - for i in range(steps): - for k in [2*i, 2*i + 1]: - op, j, weight = genotype[k] - if j == 0: - u = "c_{k-2}" - elif j == 1: - u = "c_{k-1}" - else: - u = str(j-2) - v = str(i) - g.edge(u, v, label=op, fillcolor="gray") - - g.node("c_{k}", fillcolor='palegoldenrod') - for i in range(steps): - g.edge(str(i), "c_{k}", fillcolor="gray") - - g.render(filename, view=False) - -def plot_rnn(genotype, filename): - g = Digraph( - format='pdf', - edge_attr=dict(fontsize='20', fontname="times"), - node_attr=dict(style='filled', shape='rect', align='center', fontsize='20', height='0.5', width='0.5', penwidth='2', fontname="times"), - engine='dot') - g.body.extend(['rankdir=LR']) - - g.node("x_{t}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - g.node("h_{t-1}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - g.node("0", fillcolor='lightblue') - g.edge("x_{t}", "0", fillcolor="gray") - g.edge("h_{t-1}", "0", fillcolor="gray") - steps = len(genotype) - - for i in range(1, steps + 1): - g.node(str(i), fillcolor='lightblue') - - for i, (op, j) in enumerate(genotype): - g.edge(str(j), str(i + 1), label=op, fillcolor="gray") - - g.node("h_{t}", fillcolor='palegoldenrod') - for i in range(1, steps + 1): - g.edge(str(i), "h_{t}", fillcolor="gray") - - g.render(filename, view=False) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - save_dir = Path(args.save_dir) - - save_path = str(save_dir / 'DMS_V1-normal') - plot_cnn(DMS_V1.normal, save_path) - save_path = str(save_dir / 'DMS_V1-reduce') - plot_cnn(DMS_V1.reduce, save_path) - save_path = str(save_dir / 'DMS_F1-normal') - plot_cnn(DMS_F1.normal, save_path) - - save_path = str(save_dir / 'DARTS-V2-RNN') - plot_rnn(DARTS_V2.recurrent, save_path) - - save_path = str(save_dir / 'GDAS-V1-RNN') - plot_rnn(GDAS.recurrent, save_path) diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/evaluate.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/evaluate.py deleted file mode 100644 index c6a747e..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/evaluate.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -# For evaluating the learned model -import os, sys, time, glob, random, argparse -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -import torchvision.datasets as dset -import torch.backends.cudnn as cudnn -import torchvision.transforms as transforms -from pathlib import Path -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from utils import AverageMeter, time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy -from utils import Cutout, count_parameters_in_MB -from nas import model_types as models -from train_utils import main_procedure -from train_utils_imagenet import main_procedure_imagenet -from scheduler import load_config - - -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Evaluate-CNN") -parser.add_argument('--data_path', type=str, help='Path to dataset.') -parser.add_argument('--checkpoint', type=str, help='Choose between Cifar10/100 and ImageNet.') -args = parser.parse_args() - -assert torch.cuda.is_available(), 'torch.cuda is not available' - - -def main(): - - assert os.path.isdir( args.data_path ), 'invalid data-path : {:}'.format(args.data_path) - assert os.path.isfile( args.checkpoint ), 'invalid checkpoint : {:}'.format(args.checkpoint) - - checkpoint = torch.load( args.checkpoint ) - xargs = checkpoint['args'] - config = load_config(xargs.model_config) - genotype = models[xargs.arch] - - # clear GPU cache - torch.cuda.empty_cache() - if xargs.dataset == 'imagenet': - main_procedure_imagenet(config, args.data_path, xargs, genotype, xargs.init_channels, xargs.layers, checkpoint['state_dict'], None) - else: - main_procedure(config, xargs.dataset, args.data_path, xargs, genotype, xargs.init_channels, xargs.layers, checkpoint['state_dict'], None) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - main() diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_base.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_base.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2514d01..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_base.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, time, glob, random, argparse -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -import torchvision.datasets as dset -import torch.backends.cudnn as cudnn -import torchvision.transforms as transforms -from pathlib import Path -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from utils import AverageMeter, time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy -from utils import Cutout, count_parameters_in_MB -from nas import model_types as models -from train_utils import main_procedure -from train_utils_imagenet import main_procedure_imagenet -from scheduler import load_config - - -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Train-CNN") -parser.add_argument('--data_path', type=str, help='Path to dataset') -parser.add_argument('--dataset', type=str, choices=['imagenet', 'cifar10', 'cifar100'], help='Choose between Cifar10/100 and ImageNet.') -parser.add_argument('--arch', type=str, choices=models.keys(), help='the searched model.') -# -parser.add_argument('--grad_clip', type=float, help='gradient clipping') -parser.add_argument('--model_config', type=str , help='the model configuration') -parser.add_argument('--init_channels', type=int , help='the initial number of channels') -parser.add_argument('--layers', type=int , help='the number of layers.') - -# log -parser.add_argument('--workers', type=int, default=2, help='number of data loading workers (default: 2)') -parser.add_argument('--save_path', type=str, help='Folder to save checkpoints and log.') -parser.add_argument('--print_freq', type=int, help='print frequency (default: 200)') -parser.add_argument('--manualSeed', type=int, help='manual seed') -args = parser.parse_args() - -if 'CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES' not in os.environ: print('Can not find CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES in os.environ') -else : print('Find CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES={:}'.format(os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'])) - -assert torch.cuda.is_available(), 'torch.cuda is not available' - - -if args.manualSeed is None or args.manualSeed < 0: - args.manualSeed = random.randint(1, 10000) -random.seed(args.manualSeed) -cudnn.benchmark = True -cudnn.enabled = True -torch.manual_seed(args.manualSeed) -torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.manualSeed) - - -def main(): - - # Init logger - #args.save_path = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}'.format(args.manualSeed)) - if not os.path.isdir(args.save_path): - os.makedirs(args.save_path) - log = open(os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}-log.txt'.format(args.manualSeed)), 'w') - print_log('Save Path : {:}'.format(args.save_path), log) - state = {k: v for k, v in args._get_kwargs()} - print_log(state, log) - print_log("Random Seed : {:}".format(args.manualSeed), log) - print_log("Python version : {:}".format(sys.version.replace('\n', ' ')), log) - print_log("Torch version : {:}".format(torch.__version__), log) - print_log("CUDA version : {:}".format(torch.version.cuda), log) - print_log("cuDNN version : {:}".format(cudnn.version()), log) - print_log("Num of GPUs : {:}".format(torch.cuda.device_count()), log) - args.dataset = args.dataset.lower() - - config = load_config(args.model_config) - genotype = models[args.arch] - print_log('configuration : {:}'.format(config), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - # clear GPU cache - torch.cuda.empty_cache() - if args.dataset == 'imagenet': - main_procedure_imagenet(config, args.data_path, args, genotype, args.init_channels, args.layers, None, log) - else: - main_procedure(config, args.dataset, args.data_path, args, genotype, args.init_channels, args.layers, None, log) - log.close() - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - main() diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index eff39ef..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,169 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, time -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torchvision.transforms as transforms -from shutil import copyfile - -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy, AverageMeter -from utils import time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import count_parameters_in_MB -from utils import Cutout -from nas import NetworkCIFAR as Network -from datasets import get_datasets - - -def obtain_best(accuracies): - if len(accuracies) == 0: return (0, 0) - tops = [value for key, value in accuracies.items()] - s2b = sorted( tops ) - return s2b[-1] - - -def main_procedure(config, dataset, data_path, args, genotype, init_channels, layers, pure_evaluate, log): - - train_data, test_data, class_num = get_datasets(dataset, data_path, config.cutout) - - print_log('-------------------------------------- main-procedure', log) - print_log('config : {:}'.format(config), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('init_channels : {:}'.format(init_channels), log) - print_log('layers : {:}'.format(layers), log) - print_log('class_num : {:}'.format(class_num), log) - basemodel = Network(init_channels, class_num, layers, config.auxiliary, genotype) - model = torch.nn.DataParallel(basemodel).cuda() - - total_param, aux_param = count_parameters_in_MB(basemodel), count_parameters_in_MB(basemodel.auxiliary_param()) - print_log('Network =>\n{:}'.format(basemodel), log) - print_log('Parameters : {:} - {:} = {:.3f} MB'.format(total_param, aux_param, total_param - aux_param), log) - print_log('config : {:}'.format(config), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('args : {:}'.format(args), log) - print_log('Train-Dataset : {:}'.format(train_data), log) - print_log('Train-Trans : {:}'.format(train_data.transform), log) - print_log('Test--Dataset : {:}'.format(test_data ), log) - print_log('Test--Trans : {:}'.format(test_data.transform ), log) - - - train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size=config.batch_size, shuffle=True, - num_workers=args.workers, pin_memory=True) - test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_data , batch_size=config.batch_size, shuffle=False, - num_workers=args.workers, pin_memory=True) - - criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss().cuda() - - optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), config.LR, momentum=config.momentum, weight_decay=config.decay) - #optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), config.LR, momentum=config.momentum, weight_decay=config.decay, nestero=True) - if config.type == 'cosine': - scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, float(config.epochs), eta_min=float(config.LR_MIN)) - else: - raise ValueError('Can not find the schedular type : {:}'.format(config.type)) - - - checkpoint_path = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}-checkpoint-{:}-model.pth'.format(args.manualSeed, dataset)) - checkpoint_best = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}-checkpoint-{:}-best.pth'.format(args.manualSeed, dataset)) - if pure_evaluate: - print_log('-'*20 + 'Pure Evaluation' + '-'*20, log) - basemodel.load_state_dict( pure_evaluate ) - with torch.no_grad(): - valid_acc1, valid_acc5, valid_los = _train(test_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, 'test', -1, config, args.print_freq, log) - return (valid_acc1, valid_acc5) - elif os.path.isfile(checkpoint_path): - checkpoint = torch.load( checkpoint_path ) - start_epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] - basemodel.load_state_dict(checkpoint['state_dict']) - optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer']) - scheduler.load_state_dict(checkpoint['scheduler']) - accuracies = checkpoint['accuracies'] - print_log('Load checkpoint from {:} with start-epoch = {:}'.format(checkpoint_path, start_epoch), log) - else: - start_epoch, accuracies = 0, {} - print_log('Train model from scratch without pre-trained model or snapshot', log) - - - # Main loop - start_time, epoch_time = time.time(), AverageMeter() - for epoch in range(start_epoch, config.epochs): - scheduler.step() - - need_time = convert_secs2time(epoch_time.val * (config.epochs-epoch), True) - print_log("\n==>>{:s} [Epoch={:03d}/{:03d}] {:s} LR={:6.4f} ~ {:6.4f}, Batch={:d}".format(time_string(), epoch, config.epochs, need_time, min(scheduler.get_lr()), max(scheduler.get_lr()), config.batch_size), log) - - basemodel.update_drop_path(config.drop_path_prob * epoch / config.epochs) - - train_acc1, train_acc5, train_los = _train(train_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, 'train', epoch, config, args.print_freq, log) - - with torch.no_grad(): - valid_acc1, valid_acc5, valid_los = _train(test_loader, model, criterion, optimizer, 'test', epoch, config, args.print_freq, log) - accuracies[epoch] = (valid_acc1, valid_acc5) - - torch.save({'epoch' : epoch + 1, - 'args' : deepcopy(args), - 'state_dict': basemodel.state_dict(), - 'optimizer' : optimizer.state_dict(), - 'scheduler' : scheduler.state_dict(), - 'accuracies': accuracies}, - checkpoint_path) - best_acc = obtain_best( accuracies ) - if accuracies[epoch] == best_acc: copyfile(checkpoint_path, checkpoint_best) - print_log('----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1={:.2f}, Acc@5={:.2f}, Error@1={:.2f}, Error@5={:.2f}'.format(best_acc[0], best_acc[1], 100-best_acc[0], 100-best_acc[1]), log) - print_log('----> Save into {:}'.format(checkpoint_path), log) - - # measure elapsed time - epoch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - return obtain_best( accuracies ) - - -def _train(xloader, model, criterion, optimizer, mode, epoch, config, print_freq, log): - data_time, batch_time, losses, top1, top5 = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter() - if mode == 'train': - model.train() - elif mode == 'test': - model.eval() - else: raise ValueError("The mode is not right : {:}".format(mode)) - - end = time.time() - for i, (inputs, targets) in enumerate(xloader): - # measure data loading time - data_time.update(time.time() - end) - # calculate prediction and loss - targets = targets.cuda(non_blocking=True) - - if mode == 'train': optimizer.zero_grad() - - if config.auxiliary and model.training: - logits, logits_aux = model(inputs) - else: - logits = model(inputs) - - loss = criterion(logits, targets) - if config.auxiliary and model.training: - loss_aux = criterion(logits_aux, targets) - loss += config.auxiliary_weight * loss_aux - - if mode == 'train': - loss.backward() - if config.grad_clip > 0: - torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), config.grad_clip) - optimizer.step() - # record - prec1, prec5 = obtain_accuracy(logits.data, targets.data, topk=(1, 5)) - losses.update(loss.item(), inputs.size(0)) - top1.update (prec1.item(), inputs.size(0)) - top5.update (prec5.item(), inputs.size(0)) - - # measure elapsed time - batch_time.update(time.time() - end) - end = time.time() - - if i % print_freq == 0 or (i+1) == len(xloader): - Sstr = ' {:5s}'.format(mode) + time_string() + ' Epoch: [{:03d}][{:03d}/{:03d}]'.format(epoch, i, len(xloader)) - Tstr = 'Time {batch_time.val:.2f} ({batch_time.avg:.2f}) Data {data_time.val:.2f} ({data_time.avg:.2f})'.format(batch_time=batch_time, data_time=data_time) - Lstr = 'Loss {loss.val:.3f} ({loss.avg:.3f}) Prec@1 {top1.val:.2f} ({top1.avg:.2f}) Prec@5 {top5.val:.2f} ({top5.avg:.2f})'.format(loss=losses, top1=top1, top5=top5) - print_log(Sstr + ' ' + Tstr + ' ' + Lstr, log) - - print_log ('{TIME:} **{mode:}** Prec@1 {top1.avg:.2f} Prec@5 {top5.avg:.2f} Error@1 {error1:.2f} Error@5 {error5:.2f} Loss:{loss:.3f}'.format(TIME=time_string(), mode=mode, top1=top1, top5=top5, error1=100-top1.avg, error5=100-top5.avg, loss=losses.avg), log) - return top1.avg, top5.avg, losses.avg diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils_imagenet.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils_imagenet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5fa421b..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/train_utils_imagenet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,192 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, time -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torchvision.transforms as transforms -from shutil import copyfile - -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy, AverageMeter -from utils import time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import count_parameters_in_MB -from utils import print_FLOPs -from utils import Cutout -from nas import NetworkImageNet as Network -from datasets import get_datasets - - -def obtain_best(accuracies): - if len(accuracies) == 0: return (0, 0) - tops = [value for key, value in accuracies.items()] - s2b = sorted( tops ) - return s2b[-1] - - -class CrossEntropyLabelSmooth(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, num_classes, epsilon): - super(CrossEntropyLabelSmooth, self).__init__() - self.num_classes = num_classes - self.epsilon = epsilon - self.logsoftmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1) - - def forward(self, inputs, targets): - log_probs = self.logsoftmax(inputs) - targets = torch.zeros_like(log_probs).scatter_(1, targets.unsqueeze(1), 1) - targets = (1 - self.epsilon) * targets + self.epsilon / self.num_classes - loss = (-targets * log_probs).mean(0).sum() - return loss - - -def main_procedure_imagenet(config, data_path, args, genotype, init_channels, layers, pure_evaluate, log): - - # training data and testing data - train_data, valid_data, class_num = get_datasets('imagenet-1k', data_path, -1) - - train_queue = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( - train_data, batch_size=config.batch_size, shuffle= True, pin_memory=True, num_workers=args.workers) - - valid_queue = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( - valid_data, batch_size=config.batch_size, shuffle=False, pin_memory=True, num_workers=args.workers) - - print_log('-------------------------------------- main-procedure', log) - print_log('config : {:}'.format(config), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('init_channels : {:}'.format(init_channels), log) - print_log('layers : {:}'.format(layers), log) - print_log('class_num : {:}'.format(class_num), log) - basemodel = Network(init_channels, class_num, layers, config.auxiliary, genotype) - model = torch.nn.DataParallel(basemodel).cuda() - - total_param, aux_param = count_parameters_in_MB(basemodel), count_parameters_in_MB(basemodel.auxiliary_param()) - print_log('Network =>\n{:}'.format(basemodel), log) - print_FLOPs(basemodel, (1,3,224,224), [print_log, log]) - print_log('Parameters : {:} - {:} = {:.3f} MB'.format(total_param, aux_param, total_param - aux_param), log) - print_log('config : {:}'.format(config), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('Train-Dataset : {:}'.format(train_data), log) - print_log('Valid--Dataset : {:}'.format(valid_data), log) - print_log('Args : {:}'.format(args), log) - - - criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss().cuda() - criterion_smooth = CrossEntropyLabelSmooth(class_num, config.label_smooth).cuda() - - - optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), config.LR, momentum=config.momentum, weight_decay=config.decay, nesterov=True) - if config.type == 'cosine': - scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, float(config.epochs)) - elif config.type == 'steplr': - scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, config.decay_period, gamma=config.gamma) - else: - raise ValueError('Can not find the schedular type : {:}'.format(config.type)) - - - checkpoint_path = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}-checkpoint-imagenet-model.pth'.format(args.manualSeed)) - checkpoint_best = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}-checkpoint-imagenet-best.pth'.format(args.manualSeed)) - - if pure_evaluate: - print_log('-'*20 + 'Pure Evaluation' + '-'*20, log) - basemodel.load_state_dict( pure_evaluate ) - with torch.no_grad(): - valid_acc1, valid_acc5, valid_los = _train(valid_queue, model, criterion, None, 'test' , -1, config, args.print_freq, log) - return (valid_acc1, valid_acc5) - elif os.path.isfile(checkpoint_path): - checkpoint = torch.load( checkpoint_path ) - start_epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] - basemodel.load_state_dict(checkpoint['state_dict']) - optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer']) - scheduler.load_state_dict(checkpoint['scheduler']) - accuracies = checkpoint['accuracies'] - print_log('Load checkpoint from {:} with start-epoch = {:}'.format(checkpoint_path, start_epoch), log) - else: - start_epoch, accuracies = 0, {} - print_log('Train model from scratch without pre-trained model or snapshot', log) - - - # Main loop - start_time, epoch_time = time.time(), AverageMeter() - for epoch in range(start_epoch, config.epochs): - scheduler.step() - - basemodel.update_drop_path(config.drop_path_prob * epoch / config.epochs) - - need_time = convert_secs2time(epoch_time.val * (config.epochs-epoch), True) - print_log("\n==>>{:s} [Epoch={:03d}/{:03d}] {:s} LR={:6.4f} ~ {:6.4f}, Batch={:d}, Drop-Path-Prob={:}".format(time_string(), epoch, config.epochs, need_time, min(scheduler.get_lr()), max(scheduler.get_lr()), config.batch_size, basemodel.get_drop_path()), log) - - train_acc1, train_acc5, train_los = _train(train_queue, model, criterion_smooth, optimizer, 'train', epoch, config, args.print_freq, log) - - with torch.no_grad(): - valid_acc1, valid_acc5, valid_los = _train(valid_queue, model, criterion, None, 'test' , epoch, config, args.print_freq, log) - accuracies[epoch] = (valid_acc1, valid_acc5) - - torch.save({'epoch' : epoch + 1, - 'args' : deepcopy(args), - 'state_dict': basemodel.state_dict(), - 'optimizer' : optimizer.state_dict(), - 'scheduler' : scheduler.state_dict(), - 'accuracies': accuracies}, - checkpoint_path) - best_acc = obtain_best( accuracies ) - if accuracies[epoch] == best_acc: copyfile(checkpoint_path, checkpoint_best) - print_log('----> Best Accuracy : Acc@1={:.2f}, Acc@5={:.2f}, Error@1={:.2f}, Error@5={:.2f}'.format(best_acc[0], best_acc[1], 100-best_acc[0], 100-best_acc[1]), log) - print_log('----> Save into {:}'.format(checkpoint_path), log) - - # measure elapsed time - epoch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - return obtain_best( accuracies ) - - -def _train(xloader, model, criterion, optimizer, mode, epoch, config, print_freq, log): - data_time, batch_time, losses, top1, top5 = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), AverageMeter() - if mode == 'train': - model.train() - elif mode == 'test': - model.eval() - else: raise ValueError("The mode is not right : {:}".format(mode)) - - end = time.time() - for i, (inputs, targets) in enumerate(xloader): - # measure data loading time - data_time.update(time.time() - end) - # calculate prediction and loss - targets = targets.cuda(non_blocking=True) - - if mode == 'train': optimizer.zero_grad() - - if config.auxiliary and model.training: - logits, logits_aux = model(inputs) - else: - logits = model(inputs) - - loss = criterion(logits, targets) - if config.auxiliary and model.training: - loss_aux = criterion(logits_aux, targets) - loss += config.auxiliary_weight * loss_aux - - if mode == 'train': - loss.backward() - if config.grad_clip > 0: - torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), config.grad_clip) - optimizer.step() - # record - prec1, prec5 = obtain_accuracy(logits.data, targets.data, topk=(1, 5)) - losses.update(loss.item(), inputs.size(0)) - top1.update (prec1.item(), inputs.size(0)) - top5.update (prec5.item(), inputs.size(0)) - - # measure elapsed time - batch_time.update(time.time() - end) - end = time.time() - - if i % print_freq == 0 or (i+1) == len(xloader): - Sstr = ' {:5s}'.format(mode) + time_string() + ' Epoch: [{:03d}][{:03d}/{:03d}]'.format(epoch, i, len(xloader)) - Tstr = 'Time {batch_time.val:.2f} ({batch_time.avg:.2f}) Data {data_time.val:.2f} ({data_time.avg:.2f})'.format(batch_time=batch_time, data_time=data_time) - Lstr = 'Loss {loss.val:.3f} ({loss.avg:.3f}) Prec@1 {top1.val:.2f} ({top1.avg:.2f}) Prec@5 {top5.val:.2f} ({top5.avg:.2f})'.format(loss=losses, top1=top1, top5=top5) - print_log(Sstr + ' ' + Tstr + ' ' + Lstr, log) - - print_log ('{TIME:} **{mode:}** Prec@1 {top1.avg:.2f} Prec@5 {top5.avg:.2f} Error@1 {error1:.2f} Error@5 {error5:.2f} Loss:{loss:.3f}'.format(TIME=time_string(), mode=mode, top1=top1, top5=top5, error1=100-top1.avg, error5=100-top5.avg, loss=losses.avg), log) - return top1.avg, top5.avg, losses.avg diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/vis-arch.py b/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/vis-arch.py deleted file mode 100644 index 3fb2dc1..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-cnn/vis-arch.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, time, glob, random, argparse -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -from pathlib import Path -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from graphviz import Digraph - -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("Visualize the Networks") -parser.add_argument('--checkpoint', type=str, help='The path to the checkpoint.') -parser.add_argument('--save_dir', type=str, help='The directory to save the network plot.') -args = parser.parse_args() - - -def plot(genotype, filename): - g = Digraph( - format='pdf', - edge_attr=dict(fontsize='20', fontname="times"), - node_attr=dict(style='filled', shape='rect', align='center', fontsize='20', height='0.5', width='0.5', penwidth='2', fontname="times"), - engine='dot') - g.body.extend(['rankdir=LR']) - - g.node("c_{k-2}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - g.node("c_{k-1}", fillcolor='darkseagreen2') - assert len(genotype) % 2 == 0 - steps = len(genotype) // 2 - - for i in range(steps): - g.node(str(i), fillcolor='lightblue') - - for i in range(steps): - for k in [2*i, 2*i + 1]: - op, j, weight = genotype[k] - if j == 0: - u = "c_{k-2}" - elif j == 1: - u = "c_{k-1}" - else: - u = str(j-2) - v = str(i) - g.edge(u, v, label=op, fillcolor="gray") - - g.node("c_{k}", fillcolor='palegoldenrod') - for i in range(steps): - g.edge(str(i), "c_{k}", fillcolor="gray") - - g.render(filename, view=False) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - checkpoint = args.checkpoint - assert os.path.isfile(checkpoint), 'Invalid path for checkpoint : {:}'.format(checkpoint) - checkpoint = torch.load( checkpoint, map_location='cpu' ) - genotypes = checkpoint['genotypes'] - save_dir = Path(args.save_dir) - subs = ['normal', 'reduce'] - for sub in subs: - if not (save_dir / sub).exists(): - (save_dir / sub).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - for key, network in genotypes.items(): - save_path = str(save_dir / 'normal' / 'epoch-{:03d}'.format( int(key) )) - print('save into {:}'.format(save_path)) - plot(network.normal, save_path) - - save_path = str(save_dir / 'reduce' / 'epoch-{:03d}'.format( int(key) )) - print('save into {:}'.format(save_path)) - plot(network.reduce, save_path) diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py b/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py deleted file mode 100644 index b250046..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, gc, sys, math, time, glob, random, argparse -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -import torchvision.datasets as dset -import torch.backends.cudnn as cudnn -import torchvision.transforms as transforms -import multiprocessing -from pathlib import Path -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / '..' / 'lib').resolve() -print ('lib-dir : {:}'.format(lib_dir)) -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from utils import AverageMeter, time_string, time_file_str, convert_secs2time -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy -from utils import count_parameters_in_MB -from nas_rnn import DARTS_V1, DARTS_V2, GDAS -from train_rnn_utils import main_procedure -from scheduler import load_config - -Networks = {'DARTS_V1': DARTS_V1, - 'DARTS_V2': DARTS_V2, - 'GDAS' : GDAS} - -parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("RNN") -parser.add_argument('--arch', type=str, choices=Networks.keys(), help='the network architecture') -parser.add_argument('--config_path', type=str, help='the training configure for the discovered model') -# log -parser.add_argument('--save_path', type=str, help='Folder to save checkpoints and log.') -parser.add_argument('--print_freq', type=int, help='print frequency (default: 200)') -parser.add_argument('--manualSeed', type=int, help='manual seed') -parser.add_argument('--threads', type=int, default=4, help='the number of threads') -args = parser.parse_args() - -assert torch.cuda.is_available(), 'torch.cuda is not available' - -if args.manualSeed is None: - args.manualSeed = random.randint(1, 10000) -random.seed(args.manualSeed) -cudnn.benchmark = True -cudnn.enabled = True -torch.manual_seed(args.manualSeed) -torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.manualSeed) -torch.set_num_threads(args.threads) - -def main(): - - # Init logger - args.save_path = os.path.join(args.save_path, 'seed-{:}'.format(args.manualSeed)) - if not os.path.isdir(args.save_path): - os.makedirs(args.save_path) - log = open(os.path.join(args.save_path, 'log-seed-{:}-{:}.txt'.format(args.manualSeed, time_file_str())), 'w') - print_log('save path : {:}'.format(args.save_path), log) - state = {k: v for k, v in args._get_kwargs()} - print_log(state, log) - print_log("Random Seed: {}".format(args.manualSeed), log) - print_log("Python version : {}".format(sys.version.replace('\n', ' ')), log) - print_log("Torch version : {}".format(torch.__version__), log) - print_log("CUDA version : {}".format(torch.version.cuda), log) - print_log("cuDNN version : {}".format(cudnn.version()), log) - print_log("Num of GPUs : {}".format(torch.cuda.device_count()), log) - print_log("Num of CPUs : {}".format(multiprocessing.cpu_count()), log) - - config = load_config( args.config_path ) - genotype = Networks[ args.arch ] - - main_procedure(config, genotype, args.save_path, args.print_freq, log) - log.close() - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - main() diff --git a/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_utils.py b/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 22edd83..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/exps-rnn/train_rnn_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,221 +0,0 @@ -# Modified from https://github.com/quark0/darts -import os, gc, sys, time, math -import numpy as np -from copy import deepcopy -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -from utils import print_log, obtain_accuracy, AverageMeter -from utils import time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import count_parameters_in_MB -from datasets import Corpus -from nas_rnn import batchify, get_batch, repackage_hidden -from nas_rnn import DARTSCell, RNNModel - - -def obtain_best(accuracies): - if len(accuracies) == 0: return (0, 0) - tops = [value for key, value in accuracies.items()] - s2b = sorted( tops ) - return s2b[-1] - - -def main_procedure(config, genotype, save_dir, print_freq, log): - - print_log('-'*90, log) - print_log('save-dir : {:}'.format(save_dir), log) - print_log('genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('config : {:}'.format(config), log) - - corpus = Corpus(config.data_path) - train_data = batchify(corpus.train, config.train_batch, True) - valid_data = batchify(corpus.valid, config.eval_batch , True) - test_data = batchify(corpus.test, config.test_batch , True) - ntokens = len(corpus.dictionary) - print_log("Train--Data Size : {:}".format(train_data.size()), log) - print_log("Valid--Data Size : {:}".format(valid_data.size()), log) - print_log("Test---Data Size : {:}".format( test_data.size()), log) - print_log("ntokens = {:}".format(ntokens), log) - - model = RNNModel(ntokens, config.emsize, config.nhid, config.nhidlast, - config.dropout, config.dropouth, config.dropoutx, config.dropouti, config.dropoute, - cell_cls=DARTSCell, genotype=genotype) - model = model.cuda() - print_log('Network =>\n{:}'.format(model), log) - print_log('Genotype : {:}'.format(genotype), log) - print_log('Parameters : {:.3f} MB'.format(count_parameters_in_MB(model)), log) - - checkpoint_path = os.path.join(save_dir, 'checkpoint-{:}.pth'.format(config.data_name)) - - Soptimizer = torch.optim.SGD (model.parameters(), lr=config.LR, weight_decay=config.wdecay) - Aoptimizer = torch.optim.ASGD(model.parameters(), lr=config.LR, t0=0, lambd=0., weight_decay=config.wdecay) - if os.path.isfile(checkpoint_path): - checkpoint = torch.load(checkpoint_path) - model.load_state_dict( checkpoint['state_dict'] ) - Soptimizer.load_state_dict( checkpoint['SGD_optimizer'] ) - Aoptimizer.load_state_dict( checkpoint['ASGD_optimizer'] ) - epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] - use_asgd = checkpoint['use_asgd'] - print_log('load checkpoint from {:} and start train from {:}'.format(checkpoint_path, epoch), log) - else: - epoch, use_asgd = 0, False - - start_time, epoch_time = time.time(), AverageMeter() - valid_loss_from_sgd, losses = [], {-1 : 1e9} - while epoch < config.epochs: - need_time = convert_secs2time(epoch_time.val * (config.epochs-epoch), True) - print_log("\n==>>{:s} [Epoch={:04d}/{:04d}] {:}".format(time_string(), epoch, config.epochs, need_time), log) - if use_asgd : optimizer = Aoptimizer - else : optimizer = Soptimizer - - try: - Dtime, Btime = train(model, optimizer, corpus, train_data, config, epoch, print_freq, log) - except: - torch.cuda.empty_cache() - checkpoint = torch.load(checkpoint_path) - model.load_state_dict( checkpoint['state_dict'] ) - Soptimizer.load_state_dict( checkpoint['SGD_optimizer'] ) - Aoptimizer.load_state_dict( checkpoint['ASGD_optimizer'] ) - epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] - use_asgd = checkpoint['use_asgd'] - valid_loss_from_sgd = checkpoint['valid_loss_from_sgd'] - continue - if use_asgd: - tmp = {} - for prm in model.parameters(): - tmp[prm] = prm.data.clone() - prm.data = Aoptimizer.state[prm]['ax'].clone() - - val_loss = evaluate(model, corpus, valid_data, config.eval_batch, config.bptt) - - for prm in model.parameters(): - prm.data = tmp[prm].clone() - else: - val_loss = evaluate(model, corpus, valid_data, config.eval_batch, config.bptt) - if len(valid_loss_from_sgd) > config.nonmono and val_loss > min(valid_loss_from_sgd): - use_asgd = True - valid_loss_from_sgd.append( val_loss ) - - print_log('{:} end of epoch {:3d} with {:} | valid loss {:5.2f} | valid ppl {:8.2f}'.format(time_string(), epoch, 'ASGD' if use_asgd else 'SGD', val_loss, math.exp(val_loss)), log) - - if val_loss < min(losses.values()): - if use_asgd: - tmp = {} - for prm in model.parameters(): - tmp[prm] = prm.data.clone() - prm.data = Aoptimizer.state[prm]['ax'].clone() - torch.save({'epoch' : epoch, - 'use_asgd' : use_asgd, - 'valid_loss_from_sgd': valid_loss_from_sgd, - 'state_dict': model.state_dict(), - 'SGD_optimizer' : Soptimizer.state_dict(), - 'ASGD_optimizer': Aoptimizer.state_dict()}, - checkpoint_path) - if use_asgd: - for prm in model.parameters(): - prm.data = tmp[prm].clone() - print_log('save into {:}'.format(checkpoint_path), log) - if use_asgd: - tmp = {} - for prm in model.parameters(): - tmp[prm] = prm.data.clone() - prm.data = Aoptimizer.state[prm]['ax'].clone() - test_loss = evaluate(model, corpus, test_data, config.test_batch, config.bptt) - if use_asgd: - for prm in model.parameters(): - prm.data = tmp[prm].clone() - print_log('| epoch={:03d} | test loss {:5.2f} | test ppl {:8.2f}'.format(epoch, test_loss, math.exp(test_loss)), log) - losses[epoch] = val_loss - epoch = epoch + 1 - # measure elapsed time - epoch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - - - print_log('--------------------- Finish Training ----------------', log) - checkpoint = torch.load(checkpoint_path) - model.load_state_dict( checkpoint['state_dict'] ) - test_loss = evaluate(model, corpus, test_data , config.test_batch, config.bptt) - print_log('| End of training | test loss {:5.2f} | test ppl {:8.2f}'.format(test_loss, math.exp(test_loss)), log) - vali_loss = evaluate(model, corpus, valid_data, config.eval_batch, config.bptt) - print_log('| End of training | valid loss {:5.2f} | valid ppl {:8.2f}'.format(vali_loss, math.exp(vali_loss)), log) - - - -def evaluate(model, corpus, data_source, batch_size, bptt): - # Turn on evaluation mode which disables dropout. - model.eval() - total_loss, total_length = 0.0, 0.0 - with torch.no_grad(): - ntokens = len(corpus.dictionary) - hidden = model.init_hidden(batch_size) - for i in range(0, data_source.size(0) - 1, bptt): - data, targets = get_batch(data_source, i, bptt) - targets = targets.view(-1) - - log_prob, hidden = model(data, hidden) - loss = nn.functional.nll_loss(log_prob.view(-1, log_prob.size(2)), targets) - - total_loss += loss.item() * len(data) - total_length += len(data) - hidden = repackage_hidden(hidden) - return total_loss / total_length - - - -def train(model, optimizer, corpus, train_data, config, epoch, print_freq, log): - # Turn on training mode which enables dropout. - total_loss, data_time, batch_time = 0, AverageMeter(), AverageMeter() - start_time = time.time() - ntokens = len(corpus.dictionary) - - hidden_train = model.init_hidden(config.train_batch) - - batch, i = 0, 0 - while i < train_data.size(0) - 1 - 1: - bptt = config.bptt if np.random.random() < 0.95 else config.bptt / 2. - # Prevent excessively small or negative sequence lengths - seq_len = max(5, int(np.random.normal(bptt, 5))) - # There's a very small chance that it could select a very long sequence length resulting in OOM - seq_len = min(seq_len, config.bptt + config.max_seq_len_delta) - - - lr2 = optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'] - optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'] = lr2 * seq_len / config.bptt - - model.train() - data, targets = get_batch(train_data, i, seq_len) - targets = targets.contiguous().view(-1) - # count data preparation time - data_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - - optimizer.zero_grad() - hidden_train = repackage_hidden(hidden_train) - log_prob, hidden_train, rnn_hs, dropped_rnn_hs = model(data, hidden_train, return_h=True) - raw_loss = nn.functional.nll_loss(log_prob.view(-1, log_prob.size(2)), targets) - - loss = raw_loss - # Activiation Regularization - if config.alpha > 0: - loss = loss + sum(config.alpha * dropped_rnn_h.pow(2).mean() for dropped_rnn_h in dropped_rnn_hs[-1:]) - # Temporal Activation Regularization (slowness) - loss = loss + sum(config.beta * (rnn_h[1:] - rnn_h[:-1]).pow(2).mean() for rnn_h in rnn_hs[-1:]) - loss.backward() - torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), config.clip) - optimizer.step() - - gc.collect() - - optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'] = lr2 - - total_loss += raw_loss.item() - assert torch.isnan(loss) == False, '--- Epoch={:04d} :: {:03d}/{:03d} Get Loss = Nan'.format(epoch, batch, len(train_data)//config.bptt) - - batch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - batch, i = batch + 1, i + seq_len - - if batch % print_freq == 0: - cur_loss = total_loss / print_freq - print_log(' >> Epoch: {:04d} :: {:03d}/{:03d} || loss = {:5.2f}, ppl = {:8.2f}'.format(epoch, batch, len(train_data) // config.bptt, cur_loss, math.exp(cur_loss)), log) - total_loss = 0 - return data_time.sum, batch_time.sum diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/LanguageDataset.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/LanguageDataset.py deleted file mode 100644 index 196f0a7..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/LanguageDataset.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -import os -import torch - -from collections import Counter - - -class Dictionary(object): - def __init__(self): - self.word2idx = {} - self.idx2word = [] - self.counter = Counter() - self.total = 0 - - def add_word(self, word): - if word not in self.word2idx: - self.idx2word.append(word) - self.word2idx[word] = len(self.idx2word) - 1 - token_id = self.word2idx[word] - self.counter[token_id] += 1 - self.total += 1 - return self.word2idx[word] - - def __len__(self): - return len(self.idx2word) - - -class Corpus(object): - def __init__(self, path): - self.dictionary = Dictionary() - self.train = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'train.txt')) - self.valid = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'valid.txt')) - self.test = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'test.txt')) - - def tokenize(self, path): - """Tokenizes a text file.""" - assert os.path.exists(path) - # Add words to the dictionary - with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: - tokens = 0 - for line in f: - words = line.split() + [''] - tokens += len(words) - for word in words: - self.dictionary.add_word(word) - - # Tokenize file content - with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: - ids = torch.LongTensor(tokens) - token = 0 - for line in f: - words = line.split() + [''] - for word in words: - ids[token] = self.dictionary.word2idx[word] - token += 1 - - return ids - -class SentCorpus(object): - def __init__(self, path): - self.dictionary = Dictionary() - self.train = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'train.txt')) - self.valid = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'valid.txt')) - self.test = self.tokenize(os.path.join(path, 'test.txt')) - - def tokenize(self, path): - """Tokenizes a text file.""" - assert os.path.exists(path) - # Add words to the dictionary - with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: - tokens = 0 - for line in f: - words = line.split() + [''] - tokens += len(words) - for word in words: - self.dictionary.add_word(word) - - # Tokenize file content - sents = [] - with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: - for line in f: - if not line: - continue - words = line.split() + [''] - sent = torch.LongTensor(len(words)) - for i, word in enumerate(words): - sent[i] = self.dictionary.word2idx[word] - sents.append(sent) - - return sents - -class BatchSentLoader(object): - def __init__(self, sents, batch_size, pad_id=0, cuda=False, volatile=False): - self.sents = sents - self.batch_size = batch_size - self.sort_sents = sorted(sents, key=lambda x: x.size(0)) - self.cuda = cuda - self.volatile = volatile - self.pad_id = pad_id - - def __next__(self): - if self.idx >= len(self.sort_sents): - raise StopIteration - - batch_size = min(self.batch_size, len(self.sort_sents)-self.idx) - batch = self.sort_sents[self.idx:self.idx+batch_size] - max_len = max([s.size(0) for s in batch]) - tensor = torch.LongTensor(max_len, batch_size).fill_(self.pad_id) - for i in range(len(batch)): - s = batch[i] - tensor[:s.size(0),i].copy_(s) - if self.cuda: - tensor = tensor.cuda() - - self.idx += batch_size - - return tensor - - next = __next__ - - def __iter__(self): - self.idx = 0 - return self diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/MetaBatchSampler.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/MetaBatchSampler.py deleted file mode 100644 index 9833065..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/MetaBatchSampler.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -# coding=utf-8 -import numpy as np -import torch - - -class MetaBatchSampler(object): - - def __init__(self, labels, classes_per_it, num_samples, iterations): - ''' - Initialize MetaBatchSampler - Args: - - labels: an iterable containing all the labels for the current dataset - samples indexes will be infered from this iterable. - - classes_per_it: number of random classes for each iteration - - num_samples: number of samples for each iteration for each class (support + query) - - iterations: number of iterations (episodes) per epoch - ''' - super(MetaBatchSampler, self).__init__() - self.labels = labels.copy() - self.classes_per_it = classes_per_it - self.sample_per_class = num_samples - self.iterations = iterations - - self.classes, self.counts = np.unique(self.labels, return_counts=True) - assert len(self.classes) == np.max(self.classes) + 1 and np.min(self.classes) == 0 - assert classes_per_it < len(self.classes), '{:} vs. {:}'.format(classes_per_it, len(self.classes)) - self.classes = torch.LongTensor(self.classes) - - # create a matrix, indexes, of dim: classes X max(elements per class) - # fill it with nans - # for every class c, fill the relative row with the indices samples belonging to c - # in numel_per_class we store the number of samples for each class/row - self.indexes = { x.item() : [] for x in self.classes } - indexes = { x.item() : [] for x in self.classes } - - for idx, label in enumerate(self.labels): - indexes[ label.item() ].append( idx ) - for key, value in indexes.items(): - self.indexes[ key ] = torch.LongTensor( value ) - - - def __iter__(self): - # yield a batch of indexes - spc = self.sample_per_class - cpi = self.classes_per_it - - for it in range(self.iterations): - batch_size = spc * cpi - batch = torch.LongTensor(batch_size) - assert cpi < len(self.classes), '{:} vs. {:}'.format(cpi, len(self.classes)) - c_idxs = torch.randperm(len(self.classes))[:cpi] - - for i, cls in enumerate(self.classes[c_idxs]): - s = slice(i * spc, (i + 1) * spc) - num = self.indexes[ cls.item() ].nelement() - assert spc < num, '{:} vs. {:}'.format(spc, num) - sample_idxs = torch.randperm( num )[:spc] - batch[s] = self.indexes[ cls.item() ][sample_idxs] - - batch = batch[torch.randperm(len(batch))] - yield batch - - def __len__(self): - # returns the number of iterations (episodes) per epoch - return self.iterations diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/TieredImageNet.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/TieredImageNet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 299a18d..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/TieredImageNet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -from __future__ import print_function -import numpy as np -from PIL import Image -import pickle as pkl -import os, cv2, csv, glob -import torch -import torch.utils.data as data - - -class TieredImageNet(data.Dataset): - - def __init__(self, root_dir, split, transform=None): - self.split = split - self.root_dir = root_dir - self.transform = transform - splits = split.split('-') - - images, labels, last = [], [], 0 - for split in splits: - labels_name = '{:}/{:}_labels.pkl'.format(self.root_dir, split) - images_name = '{:}/{:}_images.npz'.format(self.root_dir, split) - # decompress images if npz not exits - if not os.path.exists(images_name): - png_pkl = images_name[:-4] + '_png.pkl' - if os.path.exists(png_pkl): - decompress(images_name, png_pkl) - else: - raise ValueError('png_pkl {:} not exits'.format( png_pkl )) - assert os.path.exists(images_name) and os.path.exists(labels_name), '{:} & {:}'.format(images_name, labels_name) - print ("Prepare {:} done".format(images_name)) - try: - with open(labels_name) as f: - data = pkl.load(f) - label_specific = data["label_specific"] - except: - with open(labels_name, 'rb') as f: - data = pkl.load(f, encoding='bytes') - label_specific = data[b'label_specific'] - with np.load(images_name, mmap_mode="r", encoding='latin1') as data: - image_data = data["images"] - images.append( image_data ) - label_specific = label_specific + last - labels.append( label_specific ) - last = np.max(label_specific) + 1 - print ("Load {:} done, with image shape = {:}, label shape = {:}, [{:} ~ {:}]".format(images_name, image_data.shape, label_specific.shape, np.min(label_specific), np.max(label_specific))) - images, labels = np.concatenate(images), np.concatenate(labels) - - self.images = images - self.labels = labels - self.n_classes = int( np.max(labels) + 1 ) - self.dict_index_label = {} - for cls in range(self.n_classes): - idxs = np.where(labels==cls)[0] - self.dict_index_label[cls] = idxs - self.length = len(labels) - print ("There are {:} images, {:} labels [{:} ~ {:}]".format(images.shape, labels.shape, np.min(labels), np.max(labels))) - - - def __repr__(self): - return ('{name}(length={length}, classes={n_classes})'.format(name=self.__class__.__name__, **self.__dict__)) - - def __len__(self): - return self.length - - def __getitem__(self, index): - assert index >= 0 and index < self.length, 'invalid index = {:}'.format(index) - image = self.images[index].copy() - label = int(self.labels[index]) - image = Image.fromarray(image[:,:,::-1].astype('uint8'), 'RGB') - if self.transform is not None: - image = self.transform( image ) - return image, label - - - - -def decompress(path, output): - with open(output, 'rb') as f: - array = pkl.load(f, encoding='bytes') - images = np.zeros([len(array), 84, 84, 3], dtype=np.uint8) - for ii, item in enumerate(array): - im = cv2.imdecode(item, 1) - images[ii] = im - np.savez(path, images=images) diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 12d8f0c..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .MetaBatchSampler import MetaBatchSampler -from .TieredImageNet import TieredImageNet -from .LanguageDataset import Corpus -from .get_dataset_with_transform import get_datasets diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/get_dataset_with_transform.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/get_dataset_with_transform.py deleted file mode 100644 index 6fa419f..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/get_dataset_with_transform.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,77 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, torch -import os.path as osp -import torchvision.datasets as dset -import torch.backends.cudnn as cudnn -import torchvision.transforms as transforms - -from utils import Cutout -from .TieredImageNet import TieredImageNet - - -Dataset2Class = {'cifar10' : 10, - 'cifar100': 100, - 'tiered' : -1, - 'imagenet-1k' : 1000, - 'imagenet-100': 100} - - -def get_datasets(name, root, cutout): - - # Mean + Std - if name == 'cifar10': - mean = [x / 255 for x in [125.3, 123.0, 113.9]] - std = [x / 255 for x in [63.0, 62.1, 66.7]] - elif name == 'cifar100': - mean = [x / 255 for x in [129.3, 124.1, 112.4]] - std = [x / 255 for x in [68.2, 65.4, 70.4]] - elif name == 'tiered': - mean, std = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225] - elif name == 'imagenet-1k' or name == 'imagenet-100': - mean, std = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225] - else: raise TypeError("Unknow dataset : {:}".format(name)) - - - # Data Argumentation - if name == 'cifar10' or name == 'cifar100': - lists = [transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4), transforms.ToTensor(), - transforms.Normalize(mean, std)] - if cutout > 0 : lists += [Cutout(cutout)] - train_transform = transforms.Compose(lists) - test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize(mean, std)]) - elif name == 'tiered': - lists = [transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), transforms.RandomCrop(80, padding=4), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize(mean, std)] - if cutout > 0 : lists += [Cutout(cutout)] - train_transform = transforms.Compose(lists) - test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.CenterCrop(80), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize(mean, std)]) - elif name == 'imagenet-1k' or name == 'imagenet-100': - normalize = transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) - train_transform = transforms.Compose([ - transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224), - transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), - transforms.ColorJitter( - brightness=0.4, - contrast=0.4, - saturation=0.4, - hue=0.2), - transforms.ToTensor(), - normalize, - ]) - test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(256), transforms.CenterCrop(224), transforms.ToTensor(), normalize]) - else: raise TypeError("Unknow dataset : {:}".format(name)) - - if name == 'cifar10': - train_data = dset.CIFAR10 (root, train=True , transform=train_transform, download=True) - test_data = dset.CIFAR10 (root, train=False, transform=test_transform , download=True) - elif name == 'cifar100': - train_data = dset.CIFAR100(root, train=True , transform=train_transform, download=True) - test_data = dset.CIFAR100(root, train=False, transform=test_transform , download=True) - elif name == 'imagenet-1k' or name == 'imagenet-100': - train_data = dset.ImageFolder(osp.join(root, 'train'), train_transform) - test_data = dset.ImageFolder(osp.join(root, 'val'), test_transform) - else: raise TypeError("Unknow dataset : {:}".format(name)) - - class_num = Dataset2Class[name] - return train_data, test_data, class_num diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_NLP.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_NLP.py deleted file mode 100644 index 4f493f5..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_NLP.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, torch - -from LanguageDataset import SentCorpus, BatchSentLoader - -if __name__ == '__main__': - path = '../../data/data/penn' - corpus = SentCorpus( path ) - loader = BatchSentLoader(corpus.test, 10) - for i, d in enumerate(loader): - print('{:} :: {:}'.format(i, d.size())) diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_dataset.py b/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_dataset.py deleted file mode 100644 index b827c59..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/datasets/test_dataset.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, torch -import torchvision.transforms as transforms - -from TieredImageNet import TieredImageNet -from MetaBatchSampler import MetaBatchSampler - -root_dir = os.environ['TORCH_HOME'] + '/tiered-imagenet' -print ('root : {:}'.format(root_dir)) -means, stds = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225] - -lists = [transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), transforms.RandomCrop(84, padding=8), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize(means, stds)] -transform = transforms.Compose(lists) - -dataset = TieredImageNet(root_dir, 'val-test', transform) -image, label = dataset[111] -print ('image shape = {:}, label = {:}'.format(image.size(), label)) -print ('image : min = {:}, max = {:} ||| label : {:}'.format(image.min(), image.max(), label)) - - -sampler = MetaBatchSampler(dataset.labels, 250, 100, 10) - -dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(dataset, batch_sampler=sampler) - -print ('the length of dataset : {:}'.format( len(dataset) )) -print ('the length of loader : {:}'.format( len(dataloader) )) - -for images, labels in dataloader: - print ('images : {:}'.format( images.size() )) - print ('labels : {:}'.format( labels.size() )) - for i in range(3): - print ('image-value-[{:}] : {:} ~ {:}, mean={:}, std={:}'.format(i, images[:,i].min(), images[:,i].max(), images[:,i].mean(), images[:,i].std())) - -print('-----') diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/CifarNet.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/CifarNet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0e1e456..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/CifarNet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -from .construct_utils import Cell, Transition - -class AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C, num_classes): - """assuming input size 8x8""" - super(AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR, self).__init__() - self.features = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.AvgPool2d(5, stride=3, padding=0, count_include_pad=False), # image size = 2 x 2 - nn.Conv2d(C, 128, 1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(128), - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.Conv2d(128, 768, 2, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(768), - nn.ReLU(inplace=True) - ) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(768, num_classes) - - def forward(self, x): - x = self.features(x) - x = self.classifier(x.view(x.size(0),-1)) - return x - - -class NetworkCIFAR(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C, num_classes, layers, auxiliary, genotype): - super(NetworkCIFAR, self).__init__() - self._layers = layers - - stem_multiplier = 3 - C_curr = stem_multiplier*C - self.stem = nn.Sequential( - nn.Conv2d(3, C_curr, 3, padding=1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_curr) - ) - - C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr = C_curr, C_curr, C - self.cells = nn.ModuleList() - reduction_prev = False - for i in range(layers): - if i in [layers//3, 2*layers//3]: - C_curr *= 2 - reduction = True - else: - reduction = False - if reduction and genotype.reduce is None: - cell = Transition(C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction_prev) - else: - cell = Cell(genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction, reduction_prev) - reduction_prev = reduction - self.cells.append( cell ) - C_prev_prev, C_prev = C_prev, cell.multiplier*C_curr - if i == 2*layers//3: - C_to_auxiliary = C_prev - - if auxiliary: - self.auxiliary_head = AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(C_to_auxiliary, num_classes) - else: - self.auxiliary_head = None - self.global_pooling = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(C_prev, num_classes) - self.drop_path_prob = -1 - - def update_drop_path(self, drop_path_prob): - self.drop_path_prob = drop_path_prob - - def auxiliary_param(self): - if self.auxiliary_head is None: return [] - else: return list( self.auxiliary_head.parameters() ) - - def forward(self, inputs): - s0 = s1 = self.stem(inputs) - for i, cell in enumerate(self.cells): - s0, s1 = s1, cell(s0, s1, self.drop_path_prob) - if i == 2*self._layers//3: - if self.auxiliary_head and self.training: - logits_aux = self.auxiliary_head(s1) - out = self.global_pooling(s1) - out = out.view(out.size(0), -1) - logits = self.classifier(out) - - if self.auxiliary_head and self.training: - return logits, logits_aux - else: - return logits diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/ImageNet.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/ImageNet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8e91755..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/ImageNet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -from .construct_utils import Cell, Transition - -class AuxiliaryHeadImageNet(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C, num_classes): - """assuming input size 14x14""" - super(AuxiliaryHeadImageNet, self).__init__() - self.features = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.AvgPool2d(5, stride=2, padding=0, count_include_pad=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, 128, 1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(128), - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.Conv2d(128, 768, 2, bias=False), - # NOTE: This batchnorm was omitted in my earlier implementation due to a typo. - # Commenting it out for consistency with the experiments in the paper. - # nn.BatchNorm2d(768), - nn.ReLU(inplace=True) - ) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(768, num_classes) - - def forward(self, x): - x = self.features(x) - x = self.classifier(x.view(x.size(0),-1)) - return x - - - - -class NetworkImageNet(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C, num_classes, layers, auxiliary, genotype): - super(NetworkImageNet, self).__init__() - self._layers = layers - - self.stem0 = nn.Sequential( - nn.Conv2d(3, C // 2, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C // 2), - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.Conv2d(C // 2, C, 3, stride=2, padding=1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C), - ) - - self.stem1 = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=True), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, 3, stride=2, padding=1, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C), - ) - - C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr = C, C, C - - self.cells = nn.ModuleList() - reduction_prev = True - for i in range(layers): - if i in [layers // 3, 2 * layers // 3]: - C_curr *= 2 - reduction = True - else: - reduction = False - if reduction and genotype.reduce is None: - cell = Transition(C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction_prev) - else: - cell = Cell(genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction, reduction_prev) - reduction_prev = reduction - self.cells += [cell] - C_prev_prev, C_prev = C_prev, cell.multiplier * C_curr - if i == 2 * layers // 3: - C_to_auxiliary = C_prev - - if auxiliary: - self.auxiliary_head = AuxiliaryHeadImageNet(C_to_auxiliary, num_classes) - else: - self.auxiliary_head = None - self.global_pooling = nn.AvgPool2d(7) - self.classifier = nn.Linear(C_prev, num_classes) - self.drop_path_prob = -1 - - def update_drop_path(self, drop_path_prob): - self.drop_path_prob = drop_path_prob - - def get_drop_path(self): - return self.drop_path_prob - - def auxiliary_param(self): - if self.auxiliary_head is None: return [] - else: return list( self.auxiliary_head.parameters() ) - - def forward(self, input): - s0 = self.stem0(input) - s1 = self.stem1(s0) - for i, cell in enumerate(self.cells): - s0, s1 = s1, cell(s0, s1, self.drop_path_prob) - #print ('{:} : {:} - {:}'.format(i, s0.size(), s1.size())) - if i == 2 * self._layers // 3: - if self.auxiliary_head and self.training: - logits_aux = self.auxiliary_head(s1) - out = self.global_pooling(s1) - logits = self.classifier(out.view(out.size(0), -1)) - if self.auxiliary_head and self.training: - return logits, logits_aux - else: - return logits diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/SE_Module.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/SE_Module.py deleted file mode 100644 index 7a8d361..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/SE_Module.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -# Squeeze and Excitation module - -class SqEx(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, n_features, reduction=16): - super(SqEx, self).__init__() - - if n_features % reduction != 0: - raise ValueError('n_features must be divisible by reduction (default = 16)') - - self.linear1 = nn.Linear(n_features, n_features // reduction, bias=True) - self.nonlin1 = nn.ReLU(inplace=True) - self.linear2 = nn.Linear(n_features // reduction, n_features, bias=True) - self.nonlin2 = nn.Sigmoid() - - def forward(self, x): - - y = F.avg_pool2d(x, kernel_size=x.size()[2:4]) - y = y.permute(0, 2, 3, 1) - y = self.nonlin1(self.linear1(y)) - y = self.nonlin2(self.linear2(y)) - y = y.permute(0, 3, 1, 2) - y = x * y - return y - diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1493e17..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .CifarNet import NetworkCIFAR -from .ImageNet import NetworkImageNet - -# genotypes -from .genotypes import model_types - -from .construct_utils import return_alphas_str diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/construct_utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/construct_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0207e1b..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/construct_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,152 +0,0 @@ -import random -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -from .operations import OPS, FactorizedReduce, ReLUConvBN, Identity - - -def random_select(length, ratio): - clist = [] - index = random.randint(0, length-1) - for i in range(length): - if i == index or random.random() < ratio: - clist.append( 1 ) - else: - clist.append( 0 ) - return clist - - -def all_select(length): - return [1 for i in range(length)] - - -def drop_path(x, drop_prob): - if drop_prob > 0.: - keep_prob = 1. - drop_prob - mask = x.new_zeros(x.size(0), 1, 1, 1) - mask = mask.bernoulli_(keep_prob) - x.div_(keep_prob) - x.mul_(mask) - return x - - -def return_alphas_str(basemodel): - string = 'normal : {:}'.format( F.softmax(basemodel.alphas_normal, dim=-1) ) - if hasattr(basemodel, 'alphas_reduce'): - string = string + '\nreduce : {:}'.format( F.softmax(basemodel.alphas_reduce, dim=-1) ) - return string - - -class Cell(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction, reduction_prev): - super(Cell, self).__init__() - print(C_prev_prev, C_prev, C) - - if reduction_prev: - self.preprocess0 = FactorizedReduce(C_prev_prev, C) - else: - self.preprocess0 = ReLUConvBN(C_prev_prev, C, 1, 1, 0) - self.preprocess1 = ReLUConvBN(C_prev, C, 1, 1, 0) - - if reduction: - op_names, indices, values = zip(*genotype.reduce) - concat = genotype.reduce_concat - else: - op_names, indices, values = zip(*genotype.normal) - concat = genotype.normal_concat - self._compile(C, op_names, indices, values, concat, reduction) - - def _compile(self, C, op_names, indices, values, concat, reduction): - assert len(op_names) == len(indices) - self._steps = len(op_names) // 2 - self._concat = concat - self.multiplier = len(concat) - - self._ops = nn.ModuleList() - for name, index in zip(op_names, indices): - stride = 2 if reduction and index < 2 else 1 - op = OPS[name](C, stride, True) - self._ops.append( op ) - self._indices = indices - self._values = values - - def forward(self, s0, s1, drop_prob): - s0 = self.preprocess0(s0) - s1 = self.preprocess1(s1) - - states = [s0, s1] - for i in range(self._steps): - h1 = states[self._indices[2*i]] - h2 = states[self._indices[2*i+1]] - op1 = self._ops[2*i] - op2 = self._ops[2*i+1] - h1 = op1(h1) - h2 = op2(h2) - if self.training and drop_prob > 0.: - if not isinstance(op1, Identity): - h1 = drop_path(h1, drop_prob) - if not isinstance(op2, Identity): - h2 = drop_path(h2, drop_prob) - - s = h1 + h2 - - states += [s] - return torch.cat([states[i] for i in self._concat], dim=1) - - - -class Transition(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction_prev, multiplier=4): - super(Transition, self).__init__() - if reduction_prev: - self.preprocess0 = FactorizedReduce(C_prev_prev, C) - else: - self.preprocess0 = ReLUConvBN(C_prev_prev, C, 1, 1, 0) - self.preprocess1 = ReLUConvBN(C_prev, C, 1, 1, 0) - self.multiplier = multiplier - - self.reduction = True - self.ops1 = nn.ModuleList( - [nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, (1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, (3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True), - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, 1, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True)), - nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, (1, 3), stride=(1, 2), padding=(0, 1), groups=8, bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, (3, 1), stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), groups=8, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True), - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C, C, 1, stride=1, padding=0, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True))]) - - self.ops2 = nn.ModuleList( - [nn.Sequential( - nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2, padding=1), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True)), - nn.Sequential( - nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2, padding=1), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=True))]) - - - def forward(self, s0, s1, drop_prob = -1): - s0 = self.preprocess0(s0) - s1 = self.preprocess1(s1) - - X0 = self.ops1[0] (s0) - X1 = self.ops1[1] (s1) - if self.training and drop_prob > 0.: - X0, X1 = drop_path(X0, drop_prob), drop_path(X1, drop_prob) - - #X2 = self.ops2[0] (X0+X1) - X2 = self.ops2[0] (s0) - X3 = self.ops2[1] (s1) - if self.training and drop_prob > 0.: - X2, X3 = drop_path(X2, drop_prob), drop_path(X3, drop_prob) - return torch.cat([X0, X1, X2, X3], dim=1) diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/genotypes.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/genotypes.py deleted file mode 100644 index d2b93d5..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/genotypes.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,245 +0,0 @@ -from collections import namedtuple - -Genotype = namedtuple('Genotype', 'normal normal_concat reduce reduce_concat') - -PRIMITIVES = [ - 'none', - 'max_pool_3x3', - 'avg_pool_3x3', - 'skip_connect', - 'sep_conv_3x3', - 'sep_conv_5x5', - 'dil_conv_3x3', - 'dil_conv_5x5' -] - -NASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 1, 1.0), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 3, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 2, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ], - reduce_concat = [4, 5, 6], -) - -AmoebaNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 3, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ], - normal_concat = [4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 2, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('conv_7x1_1x7', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 5, 1.0), - ], - reduce_concat = [3, 4, 6] -) - -DARTS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[ - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0)], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0)], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5] -) - -DARTS_V2 = Genotype( - normal=[ - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_3x3', 2, 1.0)], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 2, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0)], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5] -) - -PNASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 1, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 4, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 1, 1.0), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_7x7', 1, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 4, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 1, 1.0), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - -# https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03268.pdf -ENASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), # 2 - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), # 3 - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), # 4 - ('avg_pool_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 1.0), # 5 - ('sep_conv_3x3', 5, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 1.0), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - -DARTS = DARTS_V2 - -# Search by normal and reduce -GDAS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.13017432391643524), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.12947972118854523), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.13062666356563568), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12980839610099792), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.12923765182495117), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.12901571393013), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 0.12938997149467468), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.1289220005273819)], - normal_concat=range(2, 6), - reduce=[('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12862831354141235), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12783904373645782), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12725995481014252), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12705285847187042), ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12797553837299347), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12737272679805756), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12833961844444275), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12758426368236542)], - reduce_concat=range(2, 6) -) - -# Search by normal and fixing reduction -GDAS_F1 = Genotype( - normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.13), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15)], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=None, - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - -# Combine DMS_V1 and DMS_F1 -GDAS_GF = Genotype( - normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.13017432391643524), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.12947972118854523), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.13062666356563568), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12980839610099792), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.12923765182495117), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.12901571393013), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4, 0.12938997149467468), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 0.1289220005273819)], - normal_concat=range(2, 6), - reduce=None, - reduce_concat=range(2, 6) -) -GDAS_FG = Genotype( - normal=[('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('skip_connect', 1, 0.13), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.17), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15), ('skip_connect', 0, 0.16), ('sep_conv_3x3', 2, 0.15)], - normal_concat=range(2, 6), - reduce=[('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12862831354141235), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12783904373645782), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12725995481014252), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12705285847187042), ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 0.12797553837299347), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 0.12737272679805756), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0, 0.12833961844444275), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 0.12758426368236542)], - reduce_concat=range(2, 6) -) - -PDARTS = Genotype( - normal=[ - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('skip_connect', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 3, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_5x5', 4, 1.0)], - normal_concat=range(2, 6), - reduce=[ - ('avg_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_5x5', 1, 1.0), - ('sep_conv_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_5x5', 2, 1.0), - ('max_pool_3x3', 0, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_3x3', 1, 1.0), - ('dil_conv_5x5', 3, 1.0)], - reduce_concat=range(2, 6) -) - - -model_types = {'DARTS_V1': DARTS_V1, - 'DARTS_V2': DARTS_V2, - 'NASNet' : NASNet, - 'PNASNet' : PNASNet, - 'AmoebaNet': AmoebaNet, - 'ENASNet' : ENASNet, - 'PDARTS' : PDARTS, - 'GDAS_V1' : GDAS_V1, - 'GDAS_F1' : GDAS_F1, - 'GDAS_GF' : GDAS_GF, - 'GDAS_FG' : GDAS_FG} diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/head_utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/head_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 788fdb6..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/head_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,19 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn - - -class ImageNetHEAD(nn.Sequential): - def __init__(self, C, stride=2): - super(ImageNetHEAD, self).__init__() - self.add_module('conv1', nn.Conv2d(3, C // 2, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, bias=False)) - self.add_module('bn1' , nn.BatchNorm2d(C // 2)) - self.add_module('relu1', nn.ReLU(inplace=True)) - self.add_module('conv2', nn.Conv2d(C // 2, C, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)) - self.add_module('bn2' , nn.BatchNorm2d(C)) - - -class CifarHEAD(nn.Sequential): - def __init__(self, C): - super(CifarHEAD, self).__init__() - self.add_module('conv', nn.Conv2d(3, C, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False)) - self.add_module('bn', nn.BatchNorm2d(C)) diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/operations.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas/operations.py deleted file mode 100644 index d105886..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas/operations.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn - -OPS = { - 'none' : lambda C, stride, affine: Zero(stride), - 'avg_pool_3x3' : lambda C, stride, affine: nn.Sequential( - nn.AvgPool2d(3, stride=stride, padding=1, count_include_pad=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=False) ), - 'max_pool_3x3' : lambda C, stride, affine: nn.Sequential( - nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=stride, padding=1), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C, affine=False) ), - 'skip_connect' : lambda C, stride, affine: Identity() if stride == 1 else FactorizedReduce(C, C, affine=affine), - 'sep_conv_3x3' : lambda C, stride, affine: SepConv(C, C, 3, stride, 1, affine=affine), - 'sep_conv_5x5' : lambda C, stride, affine: SepConv(C, C, 5, stride, 2, affine=affine), - 'sep_conv_7x7' : lambda C, stride, affine: SepConv(C, C, 7, stride, 3, affine=affine), - 'dil_conv_3x3' : lambda C, stride, affine: DilConv(C, C, 3, stride, 2, 2, affine=affine), - 'dil_conv_5x5' : lambda C, stride, affine: DilConv(C, C, 5, stride, 4, 2, affine=affine), - 'conv_7x1_1x7' : lambda C, stride, affine: Conv717(C, C, stride, affine), -} - -class Conv717(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_in, C_out, stride, affine): - super(Conv717, self).__init__() - self.op = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in , C_out, (1,7), stride=(1, stride), padding=(0, 3), bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_out, C_out, (7,1), stride=(stride, 1), padding=(3, 0), bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_out, affine=affine) - ) - - def forward(self, x): - return self.op(x) - - -class ReLUConvBN(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_in, C_out, kernel_size, stride, padding, affine=True): - super(ReLUConvBN, self).__init__() - self.op = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_out, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_out, affine=affine) - ) - - def forward(self, x): - return self.op(x) - - -class DilConv(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_in, C_out, kernel_size, stride, padding, dilation, affine=True): - super(DilConv, self).__init__() - self.op = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_in, kernel_size=kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, groups=C_in, bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_out, kernel_size=1, padding=0, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_out, affine=affine), - ) - - def forward(self, x): - return self.op(x) - - -class SepConv(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_in, C_out, kernel_size, stride, padding, affine=True): - super(SepConv, self).__init__() - self.op = nn.Sequential( - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_in, kernel_size=kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=C_in, bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_in, kernel_size=1, padding=0, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_in, affine=affine), - nn.ReLU(inplace=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_in, kernel_size=kernel_size, stride=1, padding=padding, groups=C_in, bias=False), - nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_out, kernel_size=1, padding=0, bias=False), - nn.BatchNorm2d(C_out, affine=affine), - ) - - def forward(self, x): - return self.op(x) - - -class Identity(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self): - super(Identity, self).__init__() - - def forward(self, x): - return x - - -class Zero(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, stride): - super(Zero, self).__init__() - self.stride = stride - - def forward(self, x): - if self.stride == 1: - return x.mul(0.) - return x[:,:,::self.stride,::self.stride].mul(0.) - - -class FactorizedReduce(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, C_in, C_out, affine=True): - super(FactorizedReduce, self).__init__() - assert C_out % 2 == 0 - self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=False) - self.conv_1 = nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_out // 2, 1, stride=2, padding=0, bias=False) - self.conv_2 = nn.Conv2d(C_in, C_out // 2, 1, stride=2, padding=0, bias=False) - self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(C_out, affine=affine) - self.pad = nn.ConstantPad2d((0, 1, 0, 1), 0) - - - def forward(self, x): - x = self.relu(x) - y = self.pad(x) - out = torch.cat([self.conv_1(x), self.conv_2(y[:,:,1:,1:])], dim=1) - out = self.bn(out) - return out diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 098c7f5..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -# utils -from .utils import batchify, get_batch, repackage_hidden -# models -from .model_search import RNNModelSearch -from .model_search import DARTSCellSearch -from .basemodel import DARTSCell, RNNModel -# architecture -from .genotypes import DARTS_V1, DARTS_V2 -from .genotypes import GDAS diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/basemodel.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/basemodel.py deleted file mode 100644 index 4a00b43..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/basemodel.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,181 +0,0 @@ -import math -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -from .genotypes import STEPS -from .utils import mask2d, LockedDropout, embedded_dropout - - -INITRANGE = 0.04 - -def none_func(x): - return x * 0 - - -class DARTSCell(nn.Module): - - def __init__(self, ninp, nhid, dropouth, dropoutx, genotype): - super(DARTSCell, self).__init__() - self.nhid = nhid - self.dropouth = dropouth - self.dropoutx = dropoutx - self.genotype = genotype - - # genotype is None when doing arch search - steps = len(self.genotype.recurrent) if self.genotype is not None else STEPS - self._W0 = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(ninp+nhid, 2*nhid).uniform_(-INITRANGE, INITRANGE)) - self._Ws = nn.ParameterList([ - nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(nhid, 2*nhid).uniform_(-INITRANGE, INITRANGE)) for i in range(steps) - ]) - - def forward(self, inputs, hidden, arch_probs): - T, B = inputs.size(0), inputs.size(1) - - if self.training: - x_mask = mask2d(B, inputs.size(2), keep_prob=1.-self.dropoutx) - h_mask = mask2d(B, hidden.size(2), keep_prob=1.-self.dropouth) - else: - x_mask = h_mask = None - - hidden = hidden[0] - hiddens = [] - for t in range(T): - hidden = self.cell(inputs[t], hidden, x_mask, h_mask, arch_probs) - hiddens.append(hidden) - hiddens = torch.stack(hiddens) - return hiddens, hiddens[-1].unsqueeze(0) - - def _compute_init_state(self, x, h_prev, x_mask, h_mask): - if self.training: - xh_prev = torch.cat([x * x_mask, h_prev * h_mask], dim=-1) - else: - xh_prev = torch.cat([x, h_prev], dim=-1) - c0, h0 = torch.split(xh_prev.mm(self._W0), self.nhid, dim=-1) - c0 = c0.sigmoid() - h0 = h0.tanh() - s0 = h_prev + c0 * (h0-h_prev) - return s0 - - def _get_activation(self, name): - if name == 'tanh': - f = torch.tanh - elif name == 'relu': - f = torch.relu - elif name == 'sigmoid': - f = torch.sigmoid - elif name == 'identity': - f = lambda x: x - elif name == 'none': - f = none_func - else: - raise NotImplementedError - return f - - def cell(self, x, h_prev, x_mask, h_mask, _): - s0 = self._compute_init_state(x, h_prev, x_mask, h_mask) - - states = [s0] - for i, (name, pred) in enumerate(self.genotype.recurrent): - s_prev = states[pred] - if self.training: - ch = (s_prev * h_mask).mm(self._Ws[i]) - else: - ch = s_prev.mm(self._Ws[i]) - c, h = torch.split(ch, self.nhid, dim=-1) - c = c.sigmoid() - fn = self._get_activation(name) - h = fn(h) - s = s_prev + c * (h-s_prev) - states += [s] - output = torch.mean(torch.stack([states[i] for i in self.genotype.concat], -1), -1) - return output - - -class RNNModel(nn.Module): - """Container module with an encoder, a recurrent module, and a decoder.""" - def __init__(self, ntoken, ninp, nhid, nhidlast, - dropout=0.5, dropouth=0.5, dropoutx=0.5, dropouti=0.5, dropoute=0.1, - cell_cls=None, genotype=None): - super(RNNModel, self).__init__() - self.lockdrop = LockedDropout() - self.encoder = nn.Embedding(ntoken, ninp) - - assert ninp == nhid == nhidlast - if cell_cls == DARTSCell: - assert genotype is not None - rnns = [cell_cls(ninp, nhid, dropouth, dropoutx, genotype)] - else: - assert genotype is None - rnns = [cell_cls(ninp, nhid, dropouth, dropoutx)] - - self.rnns = torch.nn.ModuleList(rnns) - self.decoder = nn.Linear(ninp, ntoken) - self.decoder.weight = self.encoder.weight - self.init_weights() - self.arch_weights = None - - self.ninp = ninp - self.nhid = nhid - self.nhidlast = nhidlast - self.dropout = dropout - self.dropouti = dropouti - self.dropoute = dropoute - self.ntoken = ntoken - self.cell_cls = cell_cls - # acceleration - self.tau = None - self.use_gumbel = False - - def set_gumbel(self, use_gumbel, set_check): - self.use_gumbel = use_gumbel - for i, rnn in enumerate(self.rnns): - rnn.set_check(set_check) - - def set_tau(self, tau): - self.tau = tau - - def get_tau(self): - return self.tau - - def init_weights(self): - self.encoder.weight.data.uniform_(-INITRANGE, INITRANGE) - self.decoder.bias.data.fill_(0) - self.decoder.weight.data.uniform_(-INITRANGE, INITRANGE) - - def forward(self, input, hidden, return_h=False): - batch_size = input.size(1) - - emb = embedded_dropout(self.encoder, input, dropout=self.dropoute if self.training else 0) - emb = self.lockdrop(emb, self.dropouti) - - raw_output = emb - new_hidden = [] - raw_outputs = [] - outputs = [] - if self.arch_weights is None: - arch_probs = None - else: - if self.use_gumbel: arch_probs = F.gumbel_softmax(self.arch_weights, self.tau, False) - else : arch_probs = F.softmax(self.arch_weights, dim=-1) - - for l, rnn in enumerate(self.rnns): - current_input = raw_output - raw_output, new_h = rnn(raw_output, hidden[l], arch_probs) - new_hidden.append(new_h) - raw_outputs.append(raw_output) - hidden = new_hidden - - output = self.lockdrop(raw_output, self.dropout) - outputs.append(output) - - logit = self.decoder(output.view(-1, self.ninp)) - log_prob = nn.functional.log_softmax(logit, dim=-1) - model_output = log_prob - model_output = model_output.view(-1, batch_size, self.ntoken) - - if return_h: return model_output, hidden, raw_outputs, outputs - else : return model_output, hidden - - def init_hidden(self, bsz): - weight = next(self.parameters()).clone() - return [weight.new(1, bsz, self.nhid).zero_()] diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/genotypes.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/genotypes.py deleted file mode 100644 index d16ce3f..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/genotypes.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -from collections import namedtuple - -Genotype = namedtuple('Genotype', 'recurrent concat') - -PRIMITIVES = [ - 'none', - 'tanh', - 'relu', - 'sigmoid', - 'identity' -] -STEPS = 8 -CONCAT = 8 - -ENAS = Genotype( - recurrent = [ - ('tanh', 0), - ('tanh', 1), - ('relu', 1), - ('tanh', 3), - ('tanh', 3), - ('relu', 3), - ('relu', 4), - ('relu', 7), - ('relu', 8), - ('relu', 8), - ('relu', 8), - ], - concat = [2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11] -) - -DARTS_V1 = Genotype( - recurrent = [ - ('relu', 0), - ('relu', 1), - ('tanh', 2), - ('relu', 3), ('relu', 4), ('identity', 1), ('relu', 5), ('relu', 1) - ], - concat=range(1, 9) -) - -DARTS_V2 = Genotype( - recurrent = [ - ('sigmoid', 0), ('relu', 1), ('relu', 1), - ('identity', 1), ('tanh', 2), ('sigmoid', 5), - ('tanh', 3), ('relu', 5) - ], - concat=range(1, 9) -) - -GDAS = Genotype( - recurrent=[('relu', 0), ('relu', 0), ('identity', 1), ('relu', 1), ('tanh', 0), ('relu', 2), ('identity', 4), ('identity', 2)], - concat=range(1, 9) -) - diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/model_search.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/model_search.py deleted file mode 100644 index f7e2ba9..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/model_search.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -import copy, torch -import torch.nn as nn -import torch.nn.functional as F -from collections import namedtuple -from .genotypes import PRIMITIVES, STEPS, CONCAT, Genotype -from .basemodel import DARTSCell, RNNModel - - -class DARTSCellSearch(DARTSCell): - - def __init__(self, ninp, nhid, dropouth, dropoutx): - super(DARTSCellSearch, self).__init__(ninp, nhid, dropouth, dropoutx, genotype=None) - self.bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(nhid, affine=False) - self.check_zero = False - - def set_check(self, check_zero): - self.check_zero = check_zero - - def cell(self, x, h_prev, x_mask, h_mask, arch_probs): - s0 = self._compute_init_state(x, h_prev, x_mask, h_mask) - s0 = self.bn(s0) - if self.check_zero: - arch_probs_cpu = arch_probs.cpu().tolist() - #arch_probs = F.softmax(self.weights, dim=-1) - - offset = 0 - states = s0.unsqueeze(0) - for i in range(STEPS): - if self.training: - masked_states = states * h_mask.unsqueeze(0) - else: - masked_states = states - ch = masked_states.view(-1, self.nhid).mm(self._Ws[i]).view(i+1, -1, 2*self.nhid) - c, h = torch.split(ch, self.nhid, dim=-1) - c = c.sigmoid() - - s = torch.zeros_like(s0) - for k, name in enumerate(PRIMITIVES): - if name == 'none': - continue - fn = self._get_activation(name) - unweighted = states + c * (fn(h) - states) - if self.check_zero: - INDEX, INDDX = [], [] - for jj in range(offset, offset+i+1): - if arch_probs_cpu[jj][k] > 0: - INDEX.append(jj) - INDDX.append(jj-offset) - if len(INDEX) == 0: continue - s += torch.sum(arch_probs[INDEX, k].unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1) * unweighted[INDDX, :, :], dim=0) - else: - s += torch.sum(arch_probs[offset:offset+i+1, k].unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1) * unweighted, dim=0) - s = self.bn(s) - states = torch.cat([states, s.unsqueeze(0)], 0) - offset += i+1 - output = torch.mean(states[-CONCAT:], dim=0) - return output - - -class RNNModelSearch(RNNModel): - - def __init__(self, *args): - super(RNNModelSearch, self).__init__(*args) - self._args = copy.deepcopy( args ) - - k = sum(i for i in range(1, STEPS+1)) - self.arch_weights = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(k, len(PRIMITIVES))) - nn.init.normal_(self.arch_weights, 0, 0.001) - - def base_parameters(self): - lists = list(self.lockdrop.parameters()) - lists += list(self.encoder.parameters()) - lists += list(self.rnns.parameters()) - lists += list(self.decoder.parameters()) - return lists - - def arch_parameters(self): - return [self.arch_weights] - - def genotype(self): - - def _parse(probs): - gene = [] - start = 0 - for i in range(STEPS): - end = start + i + 1 - W = probs[start:end].copy() - #j = sorted(range(i + 1), key=lambda x: -max(W[x][k] for k in range(len(W[x])) if k != PRIMITIVES.index('none')))[0] - j = sorted(range(i + 1), key=lambda x: -max(W[x][k] for k in range(len(W[x])) ))[0] - k_best = None - for k in range(len(W[j])): - #if k != PRIMITIVES.index('none'): - # if k_best is None or W[j][k] > W[j][k_best]: - # k_best = k - if k_best is None or W[j][k] > W[j][k_best]: - k_best = k - gene.append((PRIMITIVES[k_best], j)) - start = end - return gene - - with torch.no_grad(): - gene = _parse(F.softmax(self.arch_weights, dim=-1).cpu().numpy()) - genotype = Genotype(recurrent=gene, concat=list(range(STEPS+1)[-CONCAT:])) - return genotype diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index aa23e87..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/nas_rnn/utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import os, shutil -import numpy as np - - -def repackage_hidden(h): - if isinstance(h, torch.Tensor): - return h.detach() - else: - return tuple(repackage_hidden(v) for v in h) - - -def batchify(data, bsz, use_cuda): - nbatch = data.size(0) // bsz - data = data.narrow(0, 0, nbatch * bsz) - data = data.view(bsz, -1).t().contiguous() - if use_cuda: return data.cuda() - else : return data - - -def get_batch(source, i, seq_len): - seq_len = min(seq_len, len(source) - 1 - i) - data = source[i:i+seq_len].clone() - target = source[i+1:i+1+seq_len].clone() - return data, target - - - -def embedded_dropout(embed, words, dropout=0.1, scale=None): - if dropout: - mask = embed.weight.data.new().resize_((embed.weight.size(0), 1)).bernoulli_(1 - dropout).expand_as(embed.weight) / (1 - dropout) - mask.requires_grad_(True) - masked_embed_weight = mask * embed.weight - else: - masked_embed_weight = embed.weight - if scale: - masked_embed_weight = scale.expand_as(masked_embed_weight) * masked_embed_weight - - padding_idx = embed.padding_idx - if padding_idx is None: - padding_idx = -1 - X = torch.nn.functional.embedding( - words, masked_embed_weight, - padding_idx, embed.max_norm, embed.norm_type, - embed.scale_grad_by_freq, embed.sparse) - return X - - -class LockedDropout(nn.Module): - def __init__(self): - super(LockedDropout, self).__init__() - - def forward(self, x, dropout=0.5): - if not self.training or not dropout: - return x - m = x.data.new(1, x.size(1), x.size(2)).bernoulli_(1 - dropout) - mask = m.div_(1 - dropout).detach() - mask = mask.expand_as(x) - return mask * x - - -def mask2d(B, D, keep_prob, cuda=True): - m = torch.floor(torch.rand(B, D) + keep_prob) / keep_prob - if cuda: return m.cuda() - else : return m diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index e5eff26..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .utils import load_config -from .scheduler import MultiStepLR, obtain_scheduler diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/scheduler.py b/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/scheduler.py deleted file mode 100644 index b0d7ac1..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/scheduler.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import torch -from bisect import bisect_right - - -class MultiStepLR(torch.optim.lr_scheduler._LRScheduler): - - def __init__(self, optimizer, milestones, gammas, last_epoch=-1): - if not list(milestones) == sorted(milestones): - raise ValueError('Milestones should be a list of' - ' increasing integers. Got {:}', milestones) - assert len(milestones) == len(gammas), '{:} vs {:}'.format(milestones, gammas) - self.milestones = milestones - self.gammas = gammas - super(MultiStepLR, self).__init__(optimizer, last_epoch) - - def get_lr(self): - LR = 1 - for x in self.gammas[:bisect_right(self.milestones, self.last_epoch)]: LR = LR * x - return [base_lr * LR for base_lr in self.base_lrs] - - -def obtain_scheduler(config, optimizer): - if config.type == 'multistep': - scheduler = MultiStepLR(optimizer, milestones=config.milestones, gammas=config.gammas) - elif config.type == 'cosine': - scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, config.epochs) - else: - raise ValueError('Unknown learning rate scheduler type : {:}'.format(config.type)) - return scheduler diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2a278fc..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/scheduler/utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, json -from pathlib import Path -from collections import namedtuple - -support_types = ('str', 'int', 'bool', 'float') - -def convert_param(original_lists): - assert isinstance(original_lists, list), 'The type is not right : {:}'.format(original_lists) - ctype, value = original_lists[0], original_lists[1] - assert ctype in support_types, 'Ctype={:}, support={:}'.format(ctype, support_types) - is_list = isinstance(value, list) - if not is_list: value = [value] - outs = [] - for x in value: - if ctype == 'int': - x = int(x) - elif ctype == 'str': - x = str(x) - elif ctype == 'bool': - x = bool(int(x)) - elif ctype == 'float': - x = float(x) - else: - raise TypeError('Does not know this type : {:}'.format(ctype)) - outs.append(x) - if not is_list: outs = outs[0] - return outs - -def load_config(path): - path = str(path) - assert os.path.exists(path), 'Can not find {:}'.format(path) - # Reading data back - with open(path, 'r') as f: - data = json.load(f) - f.close() - content = { k: convert_param(v) for k,v in data.items()} - Arguments = namedtuple('Configure', ' '.join(content.keys())) - content = Arguments(**content) - return content diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index ce07a87..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .utils import AverageMeter, RecorderMeter, convert_secs2time -from .utils import time_file_str, time_string -from .utils import test_imagenet_data -from .utils import print_log -from .evaluation_utils import obtain_accuracy -#from .draw_pts import draw_points -from .gpu_manager import GPUManager - -from .save_meta import Save_Meta - -from .model_utils import count_parameters_in_MB -from .model_utils import Cutout -from .flop_benchmark import print_FLOPs diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/draw_pts.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/draw_pts.py deleted file mode 100644 index a0f24ad..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/draw_pts.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, time -import numpy as np -import matplotlib -import random -matplotlib.use('agg') -import matplotlib.pyplot as plt -import matplotlib.cm as cm - -def draw_points(points, labels, save_path): - title = 'the visualized features' - dpi = 100 - width, height = 1000, 1000 - legend_fontsize = 10 - figsize = width / float(dpi), height / float(dpi) - fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize) - - classes = np.unique(labels).tolist() - colors = cm.rainbow(np.linspace(0, 1, len(classes))) - - legends = [] - legendnames = [] - - for cls, c in zip(classes, colors): - - indexes = labels == cls - ptss = points[indexes, :] - x = ptss[:,0] - y = ptss[:,1] - if cls % 2 == 0: marker = 'x' - else: marker = 'o' - legend = plt.scatter(x, y, color=c, s=1, marker=marker) - legendname = '{:02d}'.format(cls+1) - legends.append( legend ) - legendnames.append( legendname ) - - plt.legend(legends, legendnames, scatterpoints=1, ncol=5, fontsize=8) - - if save_path is not None: - fig.savefig(save_path, dpi=dpi, bbox_inches='tight') - print ('---- save figure {} into {}'.format(title, save_path)) - plt.close(fig) diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/evaluation_utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/evaluation_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index cf853c8..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/evaluation_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -import torch - -def obtain_accuracy(output, target, topk=(1,)): - """Computes the precision@k for the specified values of k""" - maxk = max(topk) - batch_size = target.size(0) - - _, pred = output.topk(maxk, 1, True, True) - pred = pred.t() - correct = pred.eq(target.view(1, -1).expand_as(pred)) - - res = [] - for k in topk: - correct_k = correct[:k].view(-1).float().sum(0, keepdim=True) - res.append(correct_k.mul_(100.0 / batch_size)) - return res diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/flop_benchmark.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/flop_benchmark.py deleted file mode 100644 index fab0506..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/flop_benchmark.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -# modified from https://github.com/warmspringwinds/pytorch-segmentation-detection/blob/master/pytorch_segmentation_detection/utils/flops_benchmark.py -import copy, torch - -def print_FLOPs(model, shape, logs): - print_log, log = logs - model = copy.deepcopy( model ) - - model = add_flops_counting_methods(model) - model = model.cuda() - model.eval() - - cache_inputs = torch.zeros(*shape).cuda() - #print_log('In the calculating function : cache input size : {:}'.format(cache_inputs.size()), log) - _ = model(cache_inputs) - FLOPs = compute_average_flops_cost( model ) / 1e6 - print_log('FLOPs : {:} MB'.format(FLOPs), log) - torch.cuda.empty_cache() - - -# ---- Public functions -def add_flops_counting_methods( model ): - model.__batch_counter__ = 0 - add_batch_counter_hook_function( model ) - model.apply( add_flops_counter_variable_or_reset ) - model.apply( add_flops_counter_hook_function ) - return model - - - -def compute_average_flops_cost(model): - """ - A method that will be available after add_flops_counting_methods() is called on a desired net object. - Returns current mean flops consumption per image. - """ - batches_count = model.__batch_counter__ - flops_sum = 0 - for module in model.modules(): - if isinstance(module, torch.nn.Conv2d) or isinstance(module, torch.nn.Linear): - flops_sum += module.__flops__ - return flops_sum / batches_count - - -# ---- Internal functions -def pool_flops_counter_hook(pool_module, inputs, output): - batch_size = inputs[0].size(0) - kernel_size = pool_module.kernel_size - out_C, output_height, output_width = output.shape[1:] - assert out_C == inputs[0].size(1), '{:} vs. {:}'.format(out_C, inputs[0].size()) - - overall_flops = batch_size * out_C * output_height * output_width * kernel_size * kernel_size - pool_module.__flops__ += overall_flops - - -def fc_flops_counter_hook(fc_module, inputs, output): - batch_size = inputs[0].size(0) - xin, xout = fc_module.in_features, fc_module.out_features - assert xin == inputs[0].size(1) and xout == output.size(1), 'IO=({:}, {:})'.format(xin, xout) - overall_flops = batch_size * xin * xout - if fc_module.bias is not None: - overall_flops += batch_size * xout - fc_module.__flops__ += overall_flops - - -def conv_flops_counter_hook(conv_module, inputs, output): - batch_size = inputs[0].size(0) - output_height, output_width = output.shape[2:] - - kernel_height, kernel_width = conv_module.kernel_size - in_channels = conv_module.in_channels - out_channels = conv_module.out_channels - groups = conv_module.groups - conv_per_position_flops = kernel_height * kernel_width * in_channels * out_channels / groups - - active_elements_count = batch_size * output_height * output_width - overall_flops = conv_per_position_flops * active_elements_count - - if conv_module.bias is not None: - overall_flops += out_channels * active_elements_count - conv_module.__flops__ += overall_flops - - -def batch_counter_hook(module, inputs, output): - # Can have multiple inputs, getting the first one - inputs = inputs[0] - batch_size = inputs.shape[0] - module.__batch_counter__ += batch_size - - -def add_batch_counter_hook_function(module): - if not hasattr(module, '__batch_counter_handle__'): - handle = module.register_forward_hook(batch_counter_hook) - module.__batch_counter_handle__ = handle - - -def add_flops_counter_variable_or_reset(module): - if isinstance(module, torch.nn.Conv2d) or isinstance(module, torch.nn.Linear) \ - or isinstance(module, torch.nn.AvgPool2d) or isinstance(module, torch.nn.MaxPool2d): - module.__flops__ = 0 - - -def add_flops_counter_hook_function(module): - if isinstance(module, torch.nn.Conv2d): - if not hasattr(module, '__flops_handle__'): - handle = module.register_forward_hook(conv_flops_counter_hook) - module.__flops_handle__ = handle - elif isinstance(module, torch.nn.Linear): - if not hasattr(module, '__flops_handle__'): - handle = module.register_forward_hook(fc_flops_counter_hook) - module.__flops_handle__ = handle - elif isinstance(module, torch.nn.AvgPool2d) or isinstance(module, torch.nn.MaxPool2d): - if not hasattr(module, '__flops_handle__'): - handle = module.register_forward_hook(pool_flops_counter_hook) - module.__flops_handle__ = handle diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/gpu_manager.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/gpu_manager.py deleted file mode 100644 index 8b039de..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/gpu_manager.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -import os - -class GPUManager(): - queries = ('index', 'gpu_name', 'memory.free', 'memory.used', 'memory.total', 'power.draw', 'power.limit') - - def __init__(self): - all_gpus = self.query_gpu(False) - - def get_info(self, ctype): - cmd = 'nvidia-smi --query-gpu={} --format=csv,noheader'.format(ctype) - lines = os.popen(cmd).readlines() - lines = [line.strip('\n') for line in lines] - return lines - - def query_gpu(self, show=True): - num_gpus = len( self.get_info('index') ) - all_gpus = [ {} for i in range(num_gpus) ] - for query in self.queries: - infos = self.get_info(query) - for idx, info in enumerate(infos): - all_gpus[idx][query] = info - - if 'CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES' in os.environ: - CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES = os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'].split(',') - selected_gpus = [] - for idx, CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICE in enumerate(CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES): - find = False - for gpu in all_gpus: - if gpu['index'] == CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICE: - assert find==False, 'Duplicate cuda device index : {}'.format(CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICE) - find = True - selected_gpus.append( gpu.copy() ) - selected_gpus[-1]['index'] = '{}'.format(idx) - assert find, 'Does not find the device : {}'.format(CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICE) - all_gpus = selected_gpus - - if show: - allstrings = '' - for gpu in all_gpus: - string = '| ' - for query in self.queries: - if query.find('memory') == 0: xinfo = '{:>9}'.format(gpu[query]) - else: xinfo = gpu[query] - string = string + query + ' : ' + xinfo + ' | ' - allstrings = allstrings + string + '\n' - return allstrings - else: - return all_gpus - - def select_by_memory(self, numbers=1): - all_gpus = self.query_gpu(False) - assert numbers <= len(all_gpus), 'Require {} gpus more than you have'.format(numbers) - alls = [] - for idx, gpu in enumerate(all_gpus): - free_memory = gpu['memory.free'] - free_memory = free_memory.split(' ')[0] - free_memory = int(free_memory) - index = gpu['index'] - alls.append((free_memory, index)) - alls.sort(reverse = True) - alls = [ int(alls[i][1]) for i in range(numbers) ] - return sorted(alls) - -""" -if __name__ == '__main__': - manager = GPUManager() - manager.query_gpu(True) - indexes = manager.select_by_memory(3) - print (indexes) -""" diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/model_utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/model_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5e97bc9..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/model_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -import torch -import torch.nn as nn -import numpy as np - - -def count_parameters_in_MB(model): - if isinstance(model, nn.Module): - return np.sum(np.prod(v.size()) for v in model.parameters())/1e6 - else: - return np.sum(np.prod(v.size()) for v in model)/1e6 - - -class Cutout(object): - def __init__(self, length): - self.length = length - - def __repr__(self): - return ('{name}(length={length})'.format(name=self.__class__.__name__, **self.__dict__)) - - def __call__(self, img): - h, w = img.size(1), img.size(2) - mask = np.ones((h, w), np.float32) - y = np.random.randint(h) - x = np.random.randint(w) - - y1 = np.clip(y - self.length // 2, 0, h) - y2 = np.clip(y + self.length // 2, 0, h) - x1 = np.clip(x - self.length // 2, 0, w) - x2 = np.clip(x + self.length // 2, 0, w) - - mask[y1: y2, x1: x2] = 0. - mask = torch.from_numpy(mask) - mask = mask.expand_as(img) - img *= mask - return img diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/save_meta.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/save_meta.py deleted file mode 100644 index d0cf3dc..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/save_meta.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import torch -import os, sys -import os.path as osp -import numpy as np - -def tensor2np(x): - if isinstance(x, np.ndarray): return x - if x.is_cuda: x = x.cpu() - return x.numpy() - -class Save_Meta(): - - def __init__(self): - self.reset() - - def __repr__(self): - return ('{name}'.format(name=self.__class__.__name__)+'(number of data = {})'.format(len(self))) - - def reset(self): - self.predictions = [] - self.groundtruth = [] - - def __len__(self): - return len(self.predictions) - - def append(self, _pred, _ground): - _pred, _ground = tensor2np(_pred), tensor2np(_ground) - assert _ground.shape[0] == _pred.shape[0] and len(_pred.shape) == 2 and len(_ground.shape) == 1, 'The shapes are wrong : {} & {}'.format(_pred.shape, _ground.shape) - self.predictions.append(_pred) - self.groundtruth.append(_ground) - - def save(self, save_dir, filename, test=True): - meta = {'predictions': self.predictions, - 'groundtruth': self.groundtruth} - filename = osp.join(save_dir, filename) - torch.save(meta, filename) - if test: - predictions = np.concatenate(self.predictions) - groundtruth = np.concatenate(self.groundtruth) - predictions = np.argmax(predictions, axis=1) - accuracy = np.sum(groundtruth==predictions) * 100.0 / predictions.size - else: - accuracy = None - print ('save save_meta into {} with accuracy = {}'.format(filename, accuracy)) - - def load(self, filename): - assert os.path.isfile(filename), '{} is not a file'.format(filename) - checkpoint = torch.load(filename) - self.predictions = checkpoint['predictions'] - self.groundtruth = checkpoint['groundtruth'] diff --git a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/utils.py b/others/GDAS/lib/utils/utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 27abf46..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/lib/utils/utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import os, sys, time -import numpy as np -import random - -class AverageMeter(object): - """Computes and stores the average and current value""" - def __init__(self): - self.reset() - - def reset(self): - self.val = 0 - self.avg = 0 - self.sum = 0 - self.count = 0 - - def update(self, val, n=1): - self.val = val - self.sum += val * n - self.count += n - self.avg = self.sum / self.count - - -class RecorderMeter(object): - """Computes and stores the minimum loss value and its epoch index""" - def __init__(self, total_epoch): - self.reset(total_epoch) - - def reset(self, total_epoch): - assert total_epoch > 0 - self.total_epoch = total_epoch - self.current_epoch = 0 - self.epoch_losses = np.zeros((self.total_epoch, 2), dtype=np.float32) # [epoch, train/val] - self.epoch_losses = self.epoch_losses - 1 - - self.epoch_accuracy= np.zeros((self.total_epoch, 2), dtype=np.float32) # [epoch, train/val] - self.epoch_accuracy= self.epoch_accuracy - - def update(self, idx, train_loss, train_acc, val_loss, val_acc): - assert idx >= 0 and idx < self.total_epoch, 'total_epoch : {} , but update with the {} index'.format(self.total_epoch, idx) - self.epoch_losses [idx, 0] = train_loss - self.epoch_losses [idx, 1] = val_loss - self.epoch_accuracy[idx, 0] = train_acc - self.epoch_accuracy[idx, 1] = val_acc - self.current_epoch = idx + 1 - return self.max_accuracy(False) == self.epoch_accuracy[idx, 1] - - def max_accuracy(self, istrain): - if self.current_epoch <= 0: return 0 - if istrain: return self.epoch_accuracy[:self.current_epoch, 0].max() - else: return self.epoch_accuracy[:self.current_epoch, 1].max() - - def plot_curve(self, save_path): - import matplotlib - matplotlib.use('agg') - import matplotlib.pyplot as plt - title = 'the accuracy/loss curve of train/val' - dpi = 100 - width, height = 1600, 1000 - legend_fontsize = 10 - figsize = width / float(dpi), height / float(dpi) - - fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize) - x_axis = np.array([i for i in range(self.total_epoch)]) # epochs - y_axis = np.zeros(self.total_epoch) - - plt.xlim(0, self.total_epoch) - plt.ylim(0, 100) - interval_y = 5 - interval_x = 5 - plt.xticks(np.arange(0, self.total_epoch + interval_x, interval_x)) - plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 100 + interval_y, interval_y)) - plt.grid() - plt.title(title, fontsize=20) - plt.xlabel('the training epoch', fontsize=16) - plt.ylabel('accuracy', fontsize=16) - - y_axis[:] = self.epoch_accuracy[:, 0] - plt.plot(x_axis, y_axis, color='g', linestyle='-', label='train-accuracy', lw=2) - plt.legend(loc=4, fontsize=legend_fontsize) - - y_axis[:] = self.epoch_accuracy[:, 1] - plt.plot(x_axis, y_axis, color='y', linestyle='-', label='valid-accuracy', lw=2) - plt.legend(loc=4, fontsize=legend_fontsize) - - - y_axis[:] = self.epoch_losses[:, 0] - plt.plot(x_axis, y_axis*50, color='g', linestyle=':', label='train-loss-x50', lw=2) - plt.legend(loc=4, fontsize=legend_fontsize) - - y_axis[:] = self.epoch_losses[:, 1] - plt.plot(x_axis, y_axis*50, color='y', linestyle=':', label='valid-loss-x50', lw=2) - plt.legend(loc=4, fontsize=legend_fontsize) - - if save_path is not None: - fig.savefig(save_path, dpi=dpi, bbox_inches='tight') - print ('---- save figure {} into {}'.format(title, save_path)) - plt.close(fig) - -def print_log(print_string, log): - print ("{:}".format(print_string)) - if log is not None: - log.write('{}\n'.format(print_string)) - log.flush() - -def time_file_str(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y-%m-%d' - string = '{}'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string + '-{}'.format(random.randint(1, 10000)) - -def time_string(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y-%m-%d-%X' - string = '[{}]'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string - -def convert_secs2time(epoch_time, return_str=False): - need_hour = int(epoch_time / 3600) - need_mins = int((epoch_time - 3600*need_hour) / 60) - need_secs = int(epoch_time - 3600*need_hour - 60*need_mins) - if return_str == False: - return need_hour, need_mins, need_secs - else: - return '[Need: {:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}]'.format(need_hour, need_mins, need_secs) - -def test_imagenet_data(imagenet): - total_length = len(imagenet) - assert total_length == 1281166 or total_length == 50000, 'The length of ImageNet is wrong : {}'.format(total_length) - map_id = {} - for index in range(total_length): - path, target = imagenet.imgs[index] - folder, image_name = os.path.split(path) - _, folder = os.path.split(folder) - if folder not in map_id: - map_id[folder] = target - else: - assert map_id[folder] == target, 'Class : {} is not {}'.format(folder, target) - assert image_name.find(folder) == 0, '{} is wrong.'.format(path) - print ('Check ImageNet Dataset OK') diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/.gitignore b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index ed615b6..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -.DS_Store -*.whl -snapshots diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/README.md b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index cc2f73e..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -# Image Classification based on NAS-Searched Models - -This directory contains 10 image classification models. -Nine of them are automatically searched models using different Neural Architecture Search (NAS) algorithms, and the other is the residual network. -We provide codes and scripts to train these models on both CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100. -We use the standard data augmentation, i.e., random crop, random flip, and normalization. - ---- -## Table of Contents -- [Installation](#installation) -- [Data Preparation](#data-preparation) -- [Training Models](#training-models) -- [Project Structure](#project-structure) -- [Citation](#citation) - - -### Installation -This project has the following requirements: -- Python = 3.6 -- PadddlePaddle Fluid >= v0.15.0 -- numpy, tarfile, cPickle, PIL - - -### Data Preparation -Please download [CIFAR-10](https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/cifar/cifar-10-python.tar.gz) and [CIFAR-100](https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/cifar/cifar-100-python.tar.gz) before running the codes. -Note that the MD5 of CIFAR-10-Python compressed file is `c58f30108f718f92721af3b95e74349a` and the MD5 of CIFAR-100-Python compressed file is `eb9058c3a382ffc7106e4002c42a8d85`. -Please save the file into `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python`. -After data preparation, there should be two files `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python/cifar-10-python.tar.gz` and `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python/cifar-100-python.tar.gz`. - - -### Training Models - -After setting up the environment and preparing the data, you can train the model. The main function entrance is `train_cifar.py`. We also provide some scripts for easy usage. -``` -bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 GDAS_V1 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 GDAS_V2 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 SETN -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 NASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 ENASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 AmoebaNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 PNASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-100 SETN -``` -The first argument is the GPU-ID to train your program, the second argument is the dataset name (`cifar-10` or `cifar-100`), and the last one is the model name. -Please use `./scripts/base-train.sh` for ResNet and use `./scripts/train-nas.sh` for NAS-searched models. - - -### Project Structure -``` -. -├──train_cifar.py [Training CNN models] -├──lib [Library for dataset, models, and others] -│ └──models -│ ├──__init__.py [Import useful Classes and Functions in models] -│ ├──resnet.py [Define the ResNet models] -│ ├──operations.py [Define the atomic operation in NAS search space] -│ ├──genotypes.py [Define the topological structure of different NAS-searched models] -│ └──nas_net.py [Define the macro structure of NAS models] -│ └──utils -│ ├──__init__.py [Import useful Classes and Functions in utils] -│ ├──meter.py [Define the AverageMeter class to count the accuracy and loss] -│ ├──time_utils.py [Define some functions to print date or convert seconds into hours] -│ └──data_utils.py [Define data augmentation functions and dataset reader for CIFAR] -└──scripts [Scripts for running] -``` - - -### Citation -If you find that this project helps your research, please consider citing these papers: -``` -@inproceedings{dong2019one, - title = {One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{dong2019search, - title = {Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages = {1761--1770}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{liu2018darts, - title = {Darts: Differentiable architecture search}, - author = {Liu, Hanxiao and Simonyan, Karen and Yang, Yiming}, - booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{pham2018efficient, - title = {Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharing}, - author = {Pham, Hieu and Guan, Melody and Zoph, Barret and Le, Quoc and Dean, Jeff}, - booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)}, - pages = {4092--4101}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{liu2018progressive, - title = {Progressive neural architecture search}, - author = {Liu, Chenxi and Zoph, Barret and Neumann, Maxim and Shlens, Jonathon and Hua, Wei and Li, Li-Jia and Fei-Fei, Li and Yuille, Alan and Huang, Jonathan and Murphy, Kevin}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)}, - pages = {19--34}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{zoph2018learning, - title = {Learning transferable architectures for scalable image recognition}, - author = {Zoph, Barret and Vasudevan, Vijay and Shlens, Jonathon and Le, Quoc V}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages = {8697--8710}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{real2019regularized, - title = {Regularized evolution for image classifier architecture search}, - author = {Real, Esteban and Aggarwal, Alok and Huang, Yanping and Le, Quoc V}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)}, - pages = {4780--4789}, - year = {2019} -} -``` diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0bebe0b..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -from .genotypes import Networks -from .nas_net import NASCifarNet -from .resnet import resnet_cifar diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py deleted file mode 100644 index 08f145f..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,175 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from collections import namedtuple - -Genotype = namedtuple('Genotype', 'normal normal_concat reduce reduce_concat') - - -# Learning Transferable Architectures for Scalable Image Recognition, CVPR 2018 -NASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_7x7', 0)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_7x7', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0)), - (('skip_connect', 3), ('avg_pool_3x3', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - ], - reduce_concat = [4, 5, 6], -) - - -# Progressive Neural Architecture Search, ECCV 2018 -PNASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 4), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 4), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - - -# Regularized Evolution for Image Classifier Architecture Search, AAAI 2019 -AmoebaNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 3)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('skip_connect', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_7x7', 2)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('conv_7x1_1x7', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 5)), - ], - reduce_concat = [3, 4, 6] -) - - -# Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharing, ICML 2018 -ENASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # 2 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), # 3 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), # 4 - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4)), # 5 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 5), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0)), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - - -# DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search, ICLR 2019 -DARTS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 3 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)) # step 4 - ], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), # step 2 - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)) # step 4 - ], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -# DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search, ICLR 2019 -DARTS_V2 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('dil_conv_3x3', 2)) # step 4 - ], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)) # step 4 - ], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - - -# One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network, ICCV 2019 -SETN = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 3)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('conv_3x1_1x3', 4))], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1))], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -# Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours, CVPR 2019 -GDAS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('skip_connect', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 3), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 4), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3))], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 2), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('dil_conv_5x5', 2), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1))], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -Networks = {'DARTS_V1' : DARTS_V1, - 'DARTS_V2' : DARTS_V2, - 'DARTS' : DARTS_V2, - 'NASNet' : NASNet, - 'ENASNet' : ENASNet, - 'AmoebaNet': AmoebaNet, - 'GDAS_V1' : GDAS_V1, - 'PNASNet' : PNASNet, - 'SETN' : SETN, - } diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py deleted file mode 100644 index 10815c7..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid -from .operations import OPS - - -def AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(inputs, C, class_num): - print ('AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR : inputs-shape : {:}'.format(inputs.shape)) - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.pool2d(temp, pool_size=5, pool_stride=3, pool_padding=0, pool_type='avg') - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=1, num_filters=128, stride=1, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=1, num_filters=768, stride=2, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - print ('AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR : last---shape : {:}'.format(temp.shape)) - predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=temp, size=class_num, act='softmax') - return predict - - -def InferCell(name, inputs_prev_prev, inputs_prev, genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction, reduction_prev): - print ('[{:}] C_prev_prev={:} C_prev={:}, C={:}, reduction_prev={:}, reduction={:}'.format(name, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction_prev, reduction)) - print ('inputs_prev_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev_prev.shape)) - print ('inputs_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev.shape)) - inputs_prev_prev = OPS['skip_connect'](inputs_prev_prev, C_prev_prev, C, 2 if reduction_prev else 1) - inputs_prev = OPS['skip_connect'](inputs_prev, C_prev, C, 1) - print ('inputs_prev_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev_prev.shape)) - print ('inputs_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev.shape)) - if reduction: step_ops, concat = genotype.reduce, genotype.reduce_concat - else : step_ops, concat = genotype.normal, genotype.normal_concat - states = [inputs_prev_prev, inputs_prev] - for istep, operations in enumerate(step_ops): - op_a, op_b = operations - # the first operation - #print ('-->>[{:}/{:}] [{:}] + [{:}]'.format(istep, len(step_ops), op_a, op_b)) - stride = 2 if reduction and op_a[1] < 2 else 1 - tensor1 = OPS[ op_a[0] ](states[op_a[1]], C, C, stride) - stride = 2 if reduction and op_b[1] < 2 else 1 - tensor2 = OPS[ op_b[0] ](states[op_b[1]], C, C, stride) - state = fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=tensor1, y=tensor2, act=None) - assert tensor1.shape == tensor2.shape, 'invalid shape {:} vs. {:}'.format(tensor1.shape, tensor2.shape) - print ('-->>[{:}/{:}] tensor={:} from {:} + {:}'.format(istep, len(step_ops), state.shape, tensor1.shape, tensor2.shape)) - states.append( state ) - states_to_cat = [states[x] for x in concat] - outputs = fluid.layers.concat(states_to_cat, axis=1) - print ('-->> output-shape : {:} from concat={:}'.format(outputs.shape, concat)) - return outputs - - - -# NASCifarNet(inputs, 36, 6, 3, 10, 'xxx', True) -def NASCifarNet(ipt, C, N, stem_multiplier, class_num, genotype, auxiliary): - # cifar head module - C_curr = stem_multiplier * C - stem = fluid.layers.conv2d(ipt, filter_size=3, num_filters=C_curr, stride=1, padding=1, act=None, bias_attr=False) - stem = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=stem, act=None, bias_attr=None) - print ('stem-shape : {:}'.format(stem.shape)) - # N + 1 + N + 1 + N cells - layer_channels = [C ] * N + [C*2 ] + [C*2 ] * N + [C*4 ] + [C*4 ] * N - layer_reductions = [False] * N + [True] + [False] * N + [True] + [False] * N - C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr = C_curr, C_curr, C - reduction_prev = False - auxiliary_pred = None - - cell_results = [stem, stem] - for index, (C_curr, reduction) in enumerate(zip(layer_channels, layer_reductions)): - xstr = '{:02d}/{:02d}'.format(index, len(layer_channels)) - cell_result = InferCell(xstr, cell_results[-2], cell_results[-1], genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction, reduction_prev) - reduction_prev = reduction - C_prev_prev, C_prev = C_prev, cell_result.shape[1] - cell_results.append( cell_result ) - if auxiliary and reduction and C_curr == C*4: - auxiliary_pred = AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(cell_result, C_prev, class_num) - - global_P = fluid.layers.pool2d(input=cell_results[-1], pool_size=8, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=1) - predicts = fluid.layers.fc(input=global_P, size=class_num, act='softmax') - print ('predict-shape : {:}'.format(predicts.shape)) - if auxiliary_pred is None: - return predicts - else: - return [predicts, auxiliary_pred] diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py deleted file mode 100644 index cbfe2b3..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid - - -OPS = { - 'none' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: ZERO(inputs, stride), - 'avg_pool_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, 'avg'), - 'max_pool_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, 'max'), - 'skip_connect' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Identity(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), - 'sep_conv_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 3, stride, 1), - 'sep_conv_5x5' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 5, stride, 2), - 'sep_conv_7x7' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 7, stride, 3), - 'dil_conv_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 3, stride, 2, 2), - 'dil_conv_5x5' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 5, stride, 4, 2), - 'conv_3x1_1x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Conv313(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), - 'conv_7x1_1x7' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Conv717(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), -} - - -def ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_out, stride=stride, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def ZERO(inputs, stride): - if stride == 1: - return inputs * 0 - elif stride == 2: - return fluid.layers.pool2d(inputs, filter_size=2, pool_stride=2, pool_padding=0, pool_type='avg') * 0 - else: - raise ValueError('invalid stride of {:} not [1, 2]'.format(stride)) - - -def Identity(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - if C_in == C_out and stride == 1: - return inputs - elif stride == 1: - return ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, 1, 1, 0) - else: - temp1 = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp2 = fluid.layers.pad2d(input=temp1, paddings=[0, 1, 0, 1], mode='reflect') - temp2 = fluid.layers.slice(temp2, axes=[0, 1, 2, 3], starts=[0, 0, 1, 1], ends=[999, 999, 999, 999]) - temp1 = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp1, filter_size=1, num_filters=C_out//2, stride=stride, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp2 = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp2, filter_size=1, num_filters=C_out-C_out//2, stride=stride, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.concat([temp1,temp2], axis=1) - return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - - -def POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, mode): - if C_in == C_out: - xinputs = inputs - else: - xinputs = ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, 1, 1, 0) - return fluid.layers.pool2d(xinputs, pool_size=3, pool_stride=stride, pool_padding=1, pool_type=mode) - - -def SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride=stride, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_in , stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride= 1, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_out, stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None , bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding, dilation): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_out, stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def Conv313(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(1,3), num_filters=C_out, stride=(1,stride), padding=(0,1), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(3,1), num_filters=C_out, stride=(stride,1), padding=(1,0), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def Conv717(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(1,7), num_filters=C_out, stride=(1,stride), padding=(0,3), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(7,1), num_filters=C_out, stride=(stride,1), padding=(3,0), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5c15fab..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid - - -def conv_bn_layer(input, - ch_out, - filter_size, - stride, - padding, - act='relu', - bias_attr=False): - tmp = fluid.layers.conv2d( - input=input, - filter_size=filter_size, - num_filters=ch_out, - stride=stride, - padding=padding, - act=None, - bias_attr=bias_attr) - return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=tmp, act=act) - - -def shortcut(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride): - if stride == 2: - temp = fluid.layers.pool2d(input, pool_size=2, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=2) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp , filter_size=1, num_filters=ch_out, stride=1, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - elif ch_in != ch_out: - return conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, None, None) - else: - return input - - -def basicblock(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride): - tmp = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 3, stride, 1) - tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, act=None, bias_attr=True) - short = shortcut(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride) - return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=tmp, y=short, act='relu') - - -def layer_warp(block_func, input, ch_in, ch_out, count, stride): - tmp = block_func(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride) - for i in range(1, count): - tmp = block_func(tmp, ch_out, ch_out, 1) - return tmp - - -def resnet_cifar(ipt, depth, class_num): - # depth should be one of 20, 32, 44, 56, 110, 1202 - assert (depth - 2) % 6 == 0 - n = (depth - 2) // 6 - print('[resnet] depth : {:}, class_num : {:}'.format(depth, class_num)) - conv1 = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out=16, filter_size=3, stride=1, padding=1) - print('conv-1 : shape = {:}'.format(conv1.shape)) - res1 = layer_warp(basicblock, conv1, 16, 16, n, 1) - print('res--1 : shape = {:}'.format(res1.shape)) - res2 = layer_warp(basicblock, res1 , 16, 32, n, 2) - print('res--2 : shape = {:}'.format(res2.shape)) - res3 = layer_warp(basicblock, res2 , 32, 64, n, 2) - print('res--3 : shape = {:}'.format(res3.shape)) - pool = fluid.layers.pool2d(input=res3, pool_size=8, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=1) - print('pool : shape = {:}'.format(pool.shape)) - predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=pool, size=class_num, act='softmax') - print('predict: shape = {:}'.format(predict.shape)) - return predict diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2c02373..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .meter import AverageMeter -from .time_utils import time_for_file, time_string, time_string_short, time_print, convert_size2str, convert_secs2time -from .data_utils import reader_creator diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 305c0e7..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,64 +0,0 @@ -import random, tarfile -import numpy, six -from six.moves import cPickle as pickle -from PIL import Image, ImageOps - - -def train_cifar_augmentation(image): - # flip - if random.random() < 0.5: image1 = image.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT) - else: image1 = image - # random crop - image2 = ImageOps.expand(image1, border=4, fill=0) - i = random.randint(0, 40 - 32) - j = random.randint(0, 40 - 32) - image3 = image2.crop((j,i,j+32,i+32)) - # to numpy - image3 = numpy.array(image3) / 255.0 - mean = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [125.3, 123.0, 113.9]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - std = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [63.0, 62.1, 66.7]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - return (image3 - mean) / std - - -def valid_cifar_augmentation(image): - image3 = numpy.array(image) / 255.0 - mean = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [125.3, 123.0, 113.9]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - std = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [63.0, 62.1, 66.7]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - return (image3 - mean) / std - - -def reader_creator(filename, sub_name, is_train, cycle=False): - def read_batch(batch): - data = batch[six.b('data')] - labels = batch.get( - six.b('labels'), batch.get(six.b('fine_labels'), None)) - assert labels is not None - for sample, label in six.moves.zip(data, labels): - sample = sample.reshape(3, 32, 32) - sample = sample.transpose((1, 2, 0)) - image = Image.fromarray(sample) - if is_train: - ximage = train_cifar_augmentation(image) - else: - ximage = valid_cifar_augmentation(image) - ximage = ximage.transpose((2, 0, 1)) - yield ximage.astype(numpy.float32), int(label) - - def reader(): - with tarfile.open(filename, mode='r') as f: - names = (each_item.name for each_item in f - if sub_name in each_item.name) - - while True: - for name in names: - if six.PY2: - batch = pickle.load(f.extractfile(name)) - else: - batch = pickle.load( - f.extractfile(name), encoding='bytes') - for item in read_batch(batch): - yield item - if not cycle: - break - - return reader diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py deleted file mode 100644 index 603f233..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -import time, sys -import numpy as np - - -class AverageMeter(object): - """Computes and stores the average and current value""" - def __init__(self): - self.reset() - - def reset(self): - self.val = 0.0 - self.avg = 0.0 - self.sum = 0.0 - self.count = 0.0 - - def update(self, val, n=1): - self.val = val - self.sum += val * n - self.count += n - self.avg = self.sum / self.count - - def __repr__(self): - return ('{name}(val={val}, avg={avg}, count={count})'.format(name=self.__class__.__name__, **self.__dict__)) diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1e80287..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ -import time, sys -import numpy as np - -def time_for_file(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%d-%h-at-%H-%M-%S' - return '{}'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - -def time_string(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y-%m-%d %X' - string = '[{}]'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string - -def time_string_short(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y%m%d' - string = '{}'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string - -def time_print(string, is_print=True): - if (is_print): - print('{} : {}'.format(time_string(), string)) - -def convert_size2str(torch_size): - dims = len(torch_size) - string = '[' - for idim in range(dims): - string = string + ' {}'.format(torch_size[idim]) - return string + ']' - -def convert_secs2time(epoch_time, return_str=False): - need_hour = int(epoch_time / 3600) - need_mins = int((epoch_time - 3600*need_hour) / 60) - need_secs = int(epoch_time - 3600*need_hour - 60*need_mins) - if return_str: - str = '[{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}]'.format(need_hour, need_mins, need_secs) - return str - else: - return need_hour, need_mins, need_secs - -def print_log(print_string, log): - #if isinstance(log, Logger): log.log('{:}'.format(print_string)) - if hasattr(log, 'log'): log.log('{:}'.format(print_string)) - else: - print("{:}".format(print_string)) - if log is not None: - log.write('{:}\n'.format(print_string)) - log.flush() diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh deleted file mode 100644 index f4eed75..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -echo script name: $0 -echo $# arguments -if [ "$#" -ne 3 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 3 parameters for GPU and dataset and the-model-name" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -GPU=$1 -dataset=$2 -model=$3 - -save_dir=snapshots/${dataset}-${model} - -export FLAGS_fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use="0.005" -export FLAGS_free_idle_memory=True - -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=${GPU} python train_cifar.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python/${dataset}-python.tar.gz \ - --log_dir ${save_dir} \ - --dataset ${dataset} \ - --model_name ${model} \ - --lr 0.1 --epochs 300 --batch_size 256 --step_each_epoch 196 diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh deleted file mode 100644 index e2bdde1..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -echo script name: $0 -echo $# arguments -if [ "$#" -ne 3 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 3 parameters for GPU and dataset and the-model-name" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -GPU=$1 -dataset=$2 -model=$3 - -save_dir=snapshots/${dataset}-${model} - -export FLAGS_fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use="0.005" -export FLAGS_free_idle_memory=True - -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=${GPU} python train_cifar.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python/${dataset}-python.tar.gz \ - --log_dir ${save_dir} \ - --dataset ${dataset} \ - --model_name ${model} \ - --lr 0.025 --epochs 600 --batch_size 96 --step_each_epoch 521 diff --git a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py b/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py deleted file mode 100644 index b501380..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,189 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, numpy as np, argparse -from pathlib import Path -import paddle.fluid as fluid -import math, time, paddle -import paddle.fluid.layers.ops as ops -#from tb_paddle import SummaryWriter - -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from models import resnet_cifar, NASCifarNet, Networks -from utils import AverageMeter, time_for_file, time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import reader_creator - - -def inference_program(model_name, num_class): - # The image is 32 * 32 with RGB representation. - data_shape = [3, 32, 32] - images = fluid.layers.data(name='pixel', shape=data_shape, dtype='float32') - - if model_name == 'ResNet20': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 20, num_class) - elif model_name == 'ResNet32': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 32, num_class) - elif model_name == 'ResNet110': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 110, num_class) - else: - predict = NASCifarNet(images, 36, 6, 3, num_class, Networks[model_name], True) - return predict - - -def train_program(predict): - label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64') - if isinstance(predict, (list, tuple)): - predict, aux_predict = predict - x_losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label) - aux_losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=aux_predict, label=label) - x_loss = fluid.layers.mean(x_losses) - aux_loss = fluid.layers.mean(aux_losses) - loss = x_loss + aux_loss * 0.4 - accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label) - else: - losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label) - loss = fluid.layers.mean(losses) - accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label) - return [loss, accuracy] - - -# For training test cost -def evaluation(program, reader, fetch_list, place): - feed_var_list = [program.global_block().var('pixel'), program.global_block().var('label')] - feeder_test = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_list=feed_var_list, place=place) - test_exe = fluid.Executor(place) - losses, accuracies = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter() - for tid, test_data in enumerate(reader()): - loss, acc = test_exe.run(program=program, feed=feeder_test.feed(test_data), fetch_list=fetch_list) - losses.update(float(loss), len(test_data)) - accuracies.update(float(acc)*100, len(test_data)) - return losses.avg, accuracies.avg - - -def cosine_decay_with_warmup(learning_rate, step_each_epoch, epochs=120): - """Applies cosine decay to the learning rate. - lr = 0.05 * (math.cos(epoch * (math.pi / 120)) + 1) - decrease lr for every mini-batch and start with warmup. - """ - from paddle.fluid.layers.learning_rate_scheduler import _decay_step_counter - from paddle.fluid.initializer import init_on_cpu - global_step = _decay_step_counter() - lr = fluid.layers.tensor.create_global_var( - shape=[1], - value=0.0, - dtype='float32', - persistable=True, - name="learning_rate") - - warmup_epoch = fluid.layers.fill_constant( - shape=[1], dtype='float32', value=float(5), force_cpu=True) - - with init_on_cpu(): - epoch = ops.floor(global_step / step_each_epoch) - with fluid.layers.control_flow.Switch() as switch: - with switch.case(epoch < warmup_epoch): - decayed_lr = learning_rate * (global_step / (step_each_epoch * warmup_epoch)) - fluid.layers.tensor.assign(input=decayed_lr, output=lr) - with switch.default(): - decayed_lr = learning_rate * \ - (ops.cos((global_step - warmup_epoch * step_each_epoch) * (math.pi / (epochs * step_each_epoch))) + 1)/2 - fluid.layers.tensor.assign(input=decayed_lr, output=lr) - return lr - - -def main(xargs): - - save_dir = Path(xargs.log_dir) / time_for_file() - save_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - print ('save dir : {:}'.format(save_dir)) - print ('xargs : {:}'.format(xargs)) - - if xargs.dataset == 'cifar-10': - train_data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'data_batch', True , False) - test__data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'test_batch', False, False) - class_num = 10 - print ('create cifar-10 dataset') - elif xargs.dataset == 'cifar-100': - train_data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'train', True , False) - test__data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'test' , False, False) - class_num = 100 - print ('create cifar-100 dataset') - else: - raise ValueError('invalid dataset : {:}'.format(xargs.dataset)) - - train_reader = paddle.batch( - paddle.reader.shuffle(train_data, buf_size=5000), - batch_size=xargs.batch_size) - - # Reader for testing. A separated data set for testing. - test_reader = paddle.batch(test__data, batch_size=xargs.batch_size) - - place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) - - main_program = fluid.default_main_program() - star_program = fluid.default_startup_program() - - # programs - predict = inference_program(xargs.model_name, class_num) - [loss, accuracy] = train_program(predict) - print ('training program setup done') - test_program = main_program.clone(for_test=True) - print ('testing program setup done') - - #infer_writer = SummaryWriter( str(save_dir / 'infer') ) - #infer_writer.add_paddle_graph(fluid_program=fluid.default_main_program(), verbose=True) - #infer_writer.close() - #print(test_program.to_string(True)) - - #learning_rate = fluid.layers.cosine_decay(learning_rate=xargs.lr, step_each_epoch=xargs.step_each_epoch, epochs=xargs.epochs) - #learning_rate = fluid.layers.cosine_decay(learning_rate=0.1, step_each_epoch=196, epochs=300) - learning_rate = cosine_decay_with_warmup(xargs.lr, xargs.step_each_epoch, xargs.epochs) - optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum( - learning_rate=learning_rate, - momentum=0.9, - regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(0.0005), - use_nesterov=True) - optimizer.minimize( loss ) - - exe = fluid.Executor(place) - - feed_var_list_loop = [main_program.global_block().var('pixel'), main_program.global_block().var('label')] - feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_list=feed_var_list_loop, place=place) - exe.run(star_program) - - start_time, epoch_time = time.time(), AverageMeter() - for iepoch in range(xargs.epochs): - losses, accuracies, steps = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), 0 - for step_id, train_data in enumerate(train_reader()): - tloss, tacc, xlr = exe.run(main_program, feed=feeder.feed(train_data), fetch_list=[loss, accuracy, learning_rate]) - tloss, tacc, xlr = float(tloss), float(tacc) * 100, float(xlr) - steps += 1 - losses.update(tloss, len(train_data)) - accuracies.update(tacc, len(train_data)) - if step_id % 100 == 0: - print('{:} [{:03d}/{:03d}] [{:03d}] lr = {:.7f}, loss = {:.4f} ({:.4f}), accuracy = {:.2f} ({:.2f}), error={:.2f}'.format(time_string(), iepoch, xargs.epochs, step_id, xlr, tloss, losses.avg, tacc, accuracies.avg, 100-accuracies.avg)) - test_loss, test_acc = evaluation(test_program, test_reader, [loss, accuracy], place) - need_time = 'Time Left: {:}'.format( convert_secs2time(epoch_time.avg * (xargs.epochs-iepoch), True) ) - print('{:}x[{:03d}/{:03d}] {:} train-loss = {:.4f}, train-accuracy = {:.2f}, test-loss = {:.4f}, test-accuracy = {:.2f} test-error = {:.2f} [{:} steps per epoch]\n'.format(time_string(), iepoch, xargs.epochs, need_time, losses.avg, accuracies.avg, test_loss, test_acc, 100-test_acc, steps)) - if isinstance(predict, list): - fluid.io.save_inference_model(str(save_dir / 'inference_model'), ["pixel"], predict, exe) - else: - fluid.io.save_inference_model(str(save_dir / 'inference_model'), ["pixel"], [predict], exe) - # measure elapsed time - epoch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - - print('finish training and evaluation with {:} epochs in {:}'.format(xargs.epochs, convert_secs2time(epoch_time.sum, True))) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Train.', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter) - parser.add_argument('--log_dir' , type=str, help='Save dir.') - parser.add_argument('--dataset', type=str, help='The dataset name.') - parser.add_argument('--data_path', type=str, help='The dataset path.') - parser.add_argument('--model_name', type=str, help='The model name.') - parser.add_argument('--lr', type=float, help='The learning rate.') - parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, help='The batch size.') - parser.add_argument('--step_each_epoch',type=int, help='The batch size.') - parser.add_argument('--epochs' , type=int, help='The total training epochs.') - args = parser.parse_args() - main(args) diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/README.md b/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index 442f5fe..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -# Commands on Cluster - -## RNN -``` -bash scripts-cluster/submit.sh yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8 WT2-GDAS 1 "bash ./scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh GDAS" -bash scripts-cluster/submit.sh yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8 PTB-GDAS 1 "bash ./scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh GDAS" -``` - -## CNN -``` -bash scripts-cluster/submit.sh yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8 CIFAR10-CUT-GDAS-F1 1 "bash ./scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh GDAS_F1 cifar10 cut" -bash scripts-cluster/submit.sh yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8 IMAGENET-GDAS-F1 1 "bash ./scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh GDAS_F1 52 14" -bash scripts-cluster/submit.sh yq01-v100-box-idl-2-8 IMAGENET-GDAS-V1 1 "bash ./scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh GDAS_V1 50 14" -``` diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/job-script.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/job-script.sh deleted file mode 100644 index fbf4828..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/job-script.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# -echo "CHECK-DATA-DIR START" -sh /home/HGCP_Program/software-install/afs_mount/bin/afs_mount.sh \ - COMM_KM_Data COMM_km_2018 \ - `pwd`/hadoop-data \ - afs://xingtian.afs.baidu.com:9902/user/COMM_KM_Data/dongxuanyi/datasets - -export TORCH_HOME="./data/data/" -tar -xf ./hadoop-data/cifar.python.tar -C ${TORCH_HOME} - -cifar_dir="${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python" -if [ -d ${cifar_dir} ]; then - echo "Find cifar-dir: "${cifar_dir} -else - echo "Can not find cifar-dir: "${cifar_dir} - exit 1 -fi -echo "CHECK-DATA-DIR DONE" - -PID=$$ - -# config python -PYTHON_ENV=py36_pytorch1.0_env0.1.3.tar.gz -wget -e "http_proxy=cp01-sys-hic-gpu-02.cp01:8888" http://cp01-sys-hic-gpu-02.cp01/HGCP_DEMO/$PYTHON_ENV > screen.log 2>&1 -tar xzf $PYTHON_ENV - -echo "JOB-PID : "${PID} -echo "JOB-PWD : "$(pwd) -echo "JOB-files : "$(ls) -echo "JOB-CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: " ${CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES} - -./env/bin/python --version -echo "JOB-TORCH_HOME: "${TORCH_HOME} - -# real commands diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/submit.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/submit.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 59f2017..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-cluster/submit.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# bash ./scripts-cluster/submit.sh ${QUEUE} ${JOB-NAME} ${GPUs} -#find -name "._*" | xargs rm -rf -ODIR=$(pwd) -FDIR=$(cd $(dirname $0); pwd) -echo "Bash-Dir : "${ODIR} -echo "File-Dir : "${FDIR} -echo "File-Name : "${0} - -if [ "$#" -ne 4 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 4 parameters for the queue-name, the job-name, and the number-of-GPUs" - exit 1 -fi -find -name "__pycache__" | xargs rm -rf - -QUEUE=$1 -NAME=$2 -GPUs=$3 -CMD=$4 -TIME=$(date +"%Y-%h-%d--%T") -TIME="${TIME//:/-}" - -JOB_SCRIPT="${FDIR}/tmps/job-${TIME}.sh" -HDFS_DIR="/user/COMM_KM_Data/${USER}/logs/alljobs/${NAME}-${TIME}" -echo "JOB-SCRIPT: "${JOB_SCRIPT} - -cat ${FDIR}/job-script.sh > ${JOB_SCRIPT} -echo ${CMD} >> ${JOB_SCRIPT} - -${HDP} -mkdir ${HDFS_DIR} -echo "Create "${HDFS_DIR}" done!" -sleep 1s - -HGCP_CLIENT_BIN="${HOME}/.hgcp/software-install/HGCP_client/bin" - -${HGCP_CLIENT_BIN}/submit \ - --hdfs afs://xingtian.afs.baidu.com:9902 \ - --hdfs-user COMM_KM_Data \ - --hdfs-passwd COMM_km_2018 \ - --hdfs-path ${HDFS_DIR} \ - --file-dir ./ \ - --job-name ${NAME} \ - --queue-name ${QUEUE} \ - --num-nodes 1 \ - --num-task-pernode 1 \ - --gpu-pnode ${GPUs} \ - --time-limit 0 \ - --job-script ${JOB_SCRIPT} - -#--job-script ${FDIR}/job-script.sh -#echo "JOB-SCRIPT: " ${JOB_SCRIPT} diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 255fe96..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env sh -# bash scripts-cnn/train-cifar.sh GDAS cifar10 cut -if [ "$#" -ne 3 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 3 parameters for the architecture, and the dataset-name, and the cutout" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -arch=$1 -dataset=$2 -cutout=$3 -SAVED=./output/NAS-CNN/${arch}-${dataset}-${cutout}-E600 - -PY_C="./env/bin/python" - -if [ ! -f ${PY_C} ]; then - echo "Local Run with Python: "`which python` - PY_C="python" -else - echo "Cluster Run with Python: "${PY_C} -fi - -${PY_C} --version - -${PY_C} ./exps-cnn/train_base.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python \ - --dataset ${dataset} --arch ${arch} \ - --save_path ${SAVED} \ - --grad_clip 5 \ - --init_channels 36 --layers 20 \ - --model_config ./configs/nas-cifar-cos-${cutout}.config \ - --print_freq 100 --workers 6 diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 5569656..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-cnn/train-imagenet.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env sh -if [ "$#" -ne 5 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 5 parameters for the architecture, and the channel, and the layers, and the batch-size, and the seed" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -arch=$1 -dataset=imagenet -channels=$2 -layers=$3 -BATCH=$4 -seed=$5 -SAVED=./output/NAS-CNN/${arch}-${dataset}-C${channels}-L${layers}-${BATCH}-E250 - -PY_C="./env/bin/python" -#PY_C="$CONDA_PYTHON_EXE" - -if [ ! -f ${PY_C} ]; then - echo "Local Run with Python: "`which python` - PY_C="python" -else - echo "Cluster Run with Python: "${PY_C} - echo "Unzip ILSVRC2012" - tar --version - tar -xf ./hadoop-data/ILSVRC2012.tar -C ${TORCH_HOME} - #commands="./data/data/get_imagenet.sh" - #${PY_C} ./data/decompress.py ./hadoop-data/ILSVRC2012-TAR ./data/data/ILSVRC2012 tar > ${commands} - #${PY_C} ./data/decompress.py ./hadoop-data/ILSVRC2012-ZIP ./data/data/ILSVRC2012 zip > ./data/data/get_imagenet.sh - #bash ./data/data/get_imagenet.sh - #count=0 - #while read -r line; do - # temp_file="./data/data/TEMP-${count}.sh" - # echo "${line}" > ${temp_file} - # bash ${temp_file} - # count=$((count+1)) - #${PY_C} ./data/ps_mem.py -p $$ - # free -g - #done < "${commands}" - #wget http://10.127.2.44:8000/ILSVRC2012.tar --directory-prefix=${TORCH_HOME} - #${PY_C} ./data/decompress.py ./data/classes.txt ${TORCH_HOME}/ILSVRC2012 wget > ${commands} - #count=0 - #while read -r line; do - # temp_file="./data/data/TEMP-${count}.sh" - # echo "${line}" > ${temp_file} - # bash ${temp_file} - # count=$((count+1)) - #${PY_C} ./data/ps_mem.py -p $$ - # free -g - #done < "${commands}" - #echo "Copy ILSVRC2012 done" - #tar -xvf ${TORCH_HOME}/ILSVRC2012.tar -C ${TORCH_HOME} - #rm ${TORCH_HOME}/ILSVRC2012.tar - echo "Unzip ILSVRC2012 done" -fi - -${PY_C} --version - -${PY_C} ./exps-cnn/train_base.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/ILSVRC2012 \ - --dataset ${dataset} --arch ${arch} \ - --save_path ${SAVED} \ - --grad_clip 5 \ - --init_channels ${channels} --layers ${layers} \ - --model_config ./configs/nas-imagenet-${BATCH}.config \ - --manualSeed ${seed} \ - --print_freq 200 --workers 20 diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh deleted file mode 100644 index ff98115..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-PTB.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env sh -if [ "$#" -ne 1 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 1 parameters for the GPU and the architecture" - exit 1 -fi - -arch=$1 -SAVED=./output/NAS-RNN/Search-${arch}-PTB -PY_C="./env/bin/python" - -if [ ! -f ${PY_C} ]; then - echo "Local Run with Python: "`which python` - PY_C="python" -else - echo "Cluster Run with Python: "${PY_C} -fi - -${PY_C} --version - -${PY_C} ./exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py \ - --arch ${arch} \ - --save_path ${SAVED} \ - --config_path ./configs/NAS-PTB-BASE.config \ - --print_freq 200 diff --git a/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh b/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh deleted file mode 100644 index 8c11d7b..0000000 --- a/others/GDAS/scripts-rnn/train-WT2.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -if [ "$#" -ne 1 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 1 parameters for the architectures" - exit 1 -fi - -arch=$1 -SAVED=./output/NAS-RNN/Search-${arch}-WT2 -PY_C="./env/bin/python" - -if [ ! -f ${PY_C} ]; then - echo "Local Run with Python: "`which python` - PY_C="python" -else - echo "Cluster Run with Python: "${PY_C} -fi - -${PY_C} --version - -${PY_C} ./exps-rnn/train_rnn_base.py \ - --arch ${arch} \ - --save_path ${SAVED} \ - --config_path ./configs/NAS-WT2-BASE.config \ - --print_freq 300 diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/.gitignore b/others/paddlepaddle/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index ed615b6..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -.DS_Store -*.whl -snapshots diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/README.md b/others/paddlepaddle/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6a1b01..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -# Image Classification based on NAS-Searched Models - -This directory contains 10 image classification models. -Nine of them are automatically searched models from different Neural Architecture Search (NAS) algorithms. The other is the residual network. -We provide codes and scripts to train these models on both CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100. -We use the standard data augmentation, i.e., random crop, random flip, and normalization. - ---- -## Table of Contents -- [Installation](#installation) -- [Data Preparation](#data-preparation) -- [Training Models](#training-models) -- [Project Structure](#project-structure) -- [Citation](#citation) - - -### Installation -This project has the following requirements: -- Python = 3.6 -- PadddlePaddle Fluid >= v0.15.0 - - -### Data Preparation -Please download [CIFAR-10](https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/cifar/cifar-10-python.tar.gz) and [CIFAR-100](https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/cifar/cifar-100-python.tar.gz) before running the codes. -Note that the MD5 of CIFAR-10-Python compressed file is `c58f30108f718f92721af3b95e74349a` and the MD5 of CIFAR-100-Python compressed file is `eb9058c3a382ffc7106e4002c42a8d85`. -Please save the file into `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python`. -After data preparation, there should be two files `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python/cifar-10-python.tar.gz` and `${TORCH_HOME}/cifar.python/cifar-100-python.tar.gz`. - - -### Training Models - -After setting up the environment and preparing the data, one can train the model. The main function entrance is `train_cifar.py`. We also provide some scripts for easy usage. -``` -bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 GDAS_V1 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 GDAS_V2 -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 SETN -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 NASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 ENASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 AmoebaNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-10 PNASNet -bash ./scripts/train-nas.sh 0 cifar-100 SETN -``` -The first argument is the GPU-ID to train your program, the second argument is the dataset name, and the last one is the model name. -Please use `./scripts/base-train.sh` for ResNet and use `./scripts/train-nas.sh` for NAS-searched models. - - -### Project Structure -``` -. -├──train_cifar.py [Training CNN models] -├──lib [Library for dataset, models, and others] -│ └──models -│ ├──__init__.py [Import useful Classes and Functions in models] -│ ├──resnet.py [Define the ResNet models] -│ ├──operations.py [Define the atomic operation in NAS search space] -│ ├──genotypes.py [Define the topological structure of different NAS-searched models] -│ └──nas_net.py [Define the macro structure of NAS models] -│ └──utils -│ ├──__init__.py [Import useful Classes and Functions in utils] -│ ├──meter.py [Define the AverageMeter class to count the accuracy and loss] -│ ├──time_utils.py [Define some functions to print date or convert seconds into hours] -│ └──data_utils.py [Define data augmentation functions and dataset reader for CIFAR] -└──scripts [Scripts for running] -``` - - -### Citation -If you find that this project helps your research, please consider citing these papers: -``` -@inproceedings{dong2019one, - title = {One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{dong2019search, - title = {Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours}, - author = {Dong, Xuanyi and Yang, Yi}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages = {1761--1770}, - year = {2019} -} -@inproceedings{liu2018darts, - title = {Darts: Differentiable architecture search}, - author = {Liu, Hanxiao and Simonyan, Karen and Yang, Yiming}, - booktitle = {ICLR}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{pham2018efficient, - title = {Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharing}, - author = {Pham, Hieu and Guan, Melody and Zoph, Barret and Le, Quoc and Dean, Jeff}, - booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)}, - pages = {4092--4101}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{liu2018progressive, - title = {Progressive neural architecture search}, - author = {Liu, Chenxi and Zoph, Barret and Neumann, Maxim and Shlens, Jonathon and Hua, Wei and Li, Li-Jia and Fei-Fei, Li and Yuille, Alan and Huang, Jonathan and Murphy, Kevin}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)}, - pages = {19--34}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{zoph2018learning, - title = {Learning transferable architectures for scalable image recognition}, - author = {Zoph, Barret and Vasudevan, Vijay and Shlens, Jonathon and Le, Quoc V}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, - pages = {8697--8710}, - year = {2018} -} -@inproceedings{real2019regularized, - title = {Regularized evolution for image classifier architecture search}, - author = {Real, Esteban and Aggarwal, Alok and Huang, Yanping and Le, Quoc V}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, - pages = {4780--4789}, - year = {2019} -} -``` diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 0bebe0b..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -from .genotypes import Networks -from .nas_net import NASCifarNet -from .resnet import resnet_cifar diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py deleted file mode 100644 index 08f145f..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/genotypes.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,175 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from collections import namedtuple - -Genotype = namedtuple('Genotype', 'normal normal_concat reduce reduce_concat') - - -# Learning Transferable Architectures for Scalable Image Recognition, CVPR 2018 -NASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_7x7', 0)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_7x7', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0)), - (('skip_connect', 3), ('avg_pool_3x3', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - ], - reduce_concat = [4, 5, 6], -) - - -# Progressive Neural Architecture Search, ECCV 2018 -PNASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 4), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 4), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - - -# Regularized Evolution for Image Classifier Architecture Search, AAAI 2019 -AmoebaNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 3)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('skip_connect', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - ], - normal_concat = [4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_7x7', 2)), - (('sep_conv_7x7', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('conv_7x1_1x7', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 5)), - ], - reduce_concat = [3, 4, 6] -) - - -# Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharing, ICML 2018 -ENASNet = Genotype( - normal = [ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)), - ], - normal_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], - reduce = [ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # 2 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), # 3 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('avg_pool_3x3', 1)), # 4 - (('avg_pool_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 4)), # 5 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 5), ('sep_conv_5x5', 0)), - ], - reduce_concat = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], -) - - -# DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search, ICLR 2019 -DARTS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 3 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)) # step 4 - ], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 0)), # step 2 - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)) # step 4 - ], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -# DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search, ICLR 2019 -DARTS_V2 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 0), ('dil_conv_3x3', 2)) # step 4 - ], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 1 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)), # step 2 - (('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)), # step 3 - (('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)) # step 4 - ], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - - -# One-Shot Neural Architecture Search via Self-Evaluated Template Network, ICCV 2019 -SETN = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 1), ('sep_conv_5x5', 3)), - (('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('conv_3x1_1x3', 4))], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('avg_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1))], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -# Searching for A Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours, CVPR 2019 -GDAS_V1 = Genotype( - normal=[ - (('skip_connect', 0), ('skip_connect', 1)), - (('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 2)), - (('sep_conv_3x3', 3), ('skip_connect', 0)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 4), ('sep_conv_3x3', 3))], - normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], - reduce=[ - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 2), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1)), - (('dil_conv_5x5', 2), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)), - (('sep_conv_5x5', 0), ('sep_conv_5x5', 1))], - reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5], -) - - -Networks = {'DARTS_V1' : DARTS_V1, - 'DARTS_V2' : DARTS_V2, - 'DARTS' : DARTS_V2, - 'NASNet' : NASNet, - 'ENASNet' : ENASNet, - 'AmoebaNet': AmoebaNet, - 'GDAS_V1' : GDAS_V1, - 'PNASNet' : PNASNet, - 'SETN' : SETN, - } diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py deleted file mode 100644 index 10815c7..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/nas_net.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid -from .operations import OPS - - -def AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(inputs, C, class_num): - print ('AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR : inputs-shape : {:}'.format(inputs.shape)) - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.pool2d(temp, pool_size=5, pool_stride=3, pool_padding=0, pool_type='avg') - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=1, num_filters=128, stride=1, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=1, num_filters=768, stride=2, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - print ('AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR : last---shape : {:}'.format(temp.shape)) - predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=temp, size=class_num, act='softmax') - return predict - - -def InferCell(name, inputs_prev_prev, inputs_prev, genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction, reduction_prev): - print ('[{:}] C_prev_prev={:} C_prev={:}, C={:}, reduction_prev={:}, reduction={:}'.format(name, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction_prev, reduction)) - print ('inputs_prev_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev_prev.shape)) - print ('inputs_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev.shape)) - inputs_prev_prev = OPS['skip_connect'](inputs_prev_prev, C_prev_prev, C, 2 if reduction_prev else 1) - inputs_prev = OPS['skip_connect'](inputs_prev, C_prev, C, 1) - print ('inputs_prev_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev_prev.shape)) - print ('inputs_prev : {:}'.format(inputs_prev.shape)) - if reduction: step_ops, concat = genotype.reduce, genotype.reduce_concat - else : step_ops, concat = genotype.normal, genotype.normal_concat - states = [inputs_prev_prev, inputs_prev] - for istep, operations in enumerate(step_ops): - op_a, op_b = operations - # the first operation - #print ('-->>[{:}/{:}] [{:}] + [{:}]'.format(istep, len(step_ops), op_a, op_b)) - stride = 2 if reduction and op_a[1] < 2 else 1 - tensor1 = OPS[ op_a[0] ](states[op_a[1]], C, C, stride) - stride = 2 if reduction and op_b[1] < 2 else 1 - tensor2 = OPS[ op_b[0] ](states[op_b[1]], C, C, stride) - state = fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=tensor1, y=tensor2, act=None) - assert tensor1.shape == tensor2.shape, 'invalid shape {:} vs. {:}'.format(tensor1.shape, tensor2.shape) - print ('-->>[{:}/{:}] tensor={:} from {:} + {:}'.format(istep, len(step_ops), state.shape, tensor1.shape, tensor2.shape)) - states.append( state ) - states_to_cat = [states[x] for x in concat] - outputs = fluid.layers.concat(states_to_cat, axis=1) - print ('-->> output-shape : {:} from concat={:}'.format(outputs.shape, concat)) - return outputs - - - -# NASCifarNet(inputs, 36, 6, 3, 10, 'xxx', True) -def NASCifarNet(ipt, C, N, stem_multiplier, class_num, genotype, auxiliary): - # cifar head module - C_curr = stem_multiplier * C - stem = fluid.layers.conv2d(ipt, filter_size=3, num_filters=C_curr, stride=1, padding=1, act=None, bias_attr=False) - stem = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=stem, act=None, bias_attr=None) - print ('stem-shape : {:}'.format(stem.shape)) - # N + 1 + N + 1 + N cells - layer_channels = [C ] * N + [C*2 ] + [C*2 ] * N + [C*4 ] + [C*4 ] * N - layer_reductions = [False] * N + [True] + [False] * N + [True] + [False] * N - C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr = C_curr, C_curr, C - reduction_prev = False - auxiliary_pred = None - - cell_results = [stem, stem] - for index, (C_curr, reduction) in enumerate(zip(layer_channels, layer_reductions)): - xstr = '{:02d}/{:02d}'.format(index, len(layer_channels)) - cell_result = InferCell(xstr, cell_results[-2], cell_results[-1], genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction, reduction_prev) - reduction_prev = reduction - C_prev_prev, C_prev = C_prev, cell_result.shape[1] - cell_results.append( cell_result ) - if auxiliary and reduction and C_curr == C*4: - auxiliary_pred = AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(cell_result, C_prev, class_num) - - global_P = fluid.layers.pool2d(input=cell_results[-1], pool_size=8, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=1) - predicts = fluid.layers.fc(input=global_P, size=class_num, act='softmax') - print ('predict-shape : {:}'.format(predicts.shape)) - if auxiliary_pred is None: - return predicts - else: - return [predicts, auxiliary_pred] diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py deleted file mode 100644 index cbfe2b3..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/operations.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid - - -OPS = { - 'none' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: ZERO(inputs, stride), - 'avg_pool_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, 'avg'), - 'max_pool_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, 'max'), - 'skip_connect' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Identity(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), - 'sep_conv_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 3, stride, 1), - 'sep_conv_5x5' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 5, stride, 2), - 'sep_conv_7x7' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 7, stride, 3), - 'dil_conv_3x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 3, stride, 2, 2), - 'dil_conv_5x5' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, 5, stride, 4, 2), - 'conv_3x1_1x3' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Conv313(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), - 'conv_7x1_1x7' : lambda inputs, C_in, C_out, stride: Conv717(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride), -} - - -def ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_out, stride=stride, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def ZERO(inputs, stride): - if stride == 1: - return inputs * 0 - elif stride == 2: - return fluid.layers.pool2d(inputs, filter_size=2, pool_stride=2, pool_padding=0, pool_type='avg') * 0 - else: - raise ValueError('invalid stride of {:} not [1, 2]'.format(stride)) - - -def Identity(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - if C_in == C_out and stride == 1: - return inputs - elif stride == 1: - return ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, 1, 1, 0) - else: - temp1 = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp2 = fluid.layers.pad2d(input=temp1, paddings=[0, 1, 0, 1], mode='reflect') - temp2 = fluid.layers.slice(temp2, axes=[0, 1, 2, 3], starts=[0, 0, 1, 1], ends=[999, 999, 999, 999]) - temp1 = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp1, filter_size=1, num_filters=C_out//2, stride=stride, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp2 = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp2, filter_size=1, num_filters=C_out-C_out//2, stride=stride, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.concat([temp1,temp2], axis=1) - return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - - -def POOL_3x3(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride, mode): - if C_in == C_out: - xinputs = inputs - else: - xinputs = ReLUConvBN(inputs, C_in, C_out, 1, 1, 0) - return fluid.layers.pool2d(xinputs, pool_size=3, pool_stride=stride, pool_padding=1, pool_type=mode) - - -def SepConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride=stride, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_in , stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act='relu', bias_attr=None) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride= 1, padding=padding, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_out, stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None , bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def DilConv(inputs, C_in, C_out, kernel, stride, padding, dilation): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=kernel, num_filters=C_in , stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size= 1, num_filters=C_out, stride= 1, padding= 0, act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def Conv313(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(1,3), num_filters=C_out, stride=(1,stride), padding=(0,1), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(3,1), num_filters=C_out, stride=(stride,1), padding=(1,0), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - - -def Conv717(inputs, C_in, C_out, stride): - temp = fluid.layers.relu(inputs) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(1,7), num_filters=C_out, stride=(1,stride), padding=(0,3), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp, filter_size=(7,1), num_filters=C_out, stride=(stride,1), padding=(3,0), act=None, bias_attr=False) - temp = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=temp, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py deleted file mode 100644 index 5c15fab..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/models/resnet.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -import paddle -import paddle.fluid as fluid - - -def conv_bn_layer(input, - ch_out, - filter_size, - stride, - padding, - act='relu', - bias_attr=False): - tmp = fluid.layers.conv2d( - input=input, - filter_size=filter_size, - num_filters=ch_out, - stride=stride, - padding=padding, - act=None, - bias_attr=bias_attr) - return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=tmp, act=act) - - -def shortcut(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride): - if stride == 2: - temp = fluid.layers.pool2d(input, pool_size=2, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=2) - temp = fluid.layers.conv2d(temp , filter_size=1, num_filters=ch_out, stride=1, padding=0, act=None, bias_attr=None) - return temp - elif ch_in != ch_out: - return conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, None, None) - else: - return input - - -def basicblock(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride): - tmp = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 3, stride, 1) - tmp = conv_bn_layer(tmp, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, act=None, bias_attr=True) - short = shortcut(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride) - return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=tmp, y=short, act='relu') - - -def layer_warp(block_func, input, ch_in, ch_out, count, stride): - tmp = block_func(input, ch_in, ch_out, stride) - for i in range(1, count): - tmp = block_func(tmp, ch_out, ch_out, 1) - return tmp - - -def resnet_cifar(ipt, depth, class_num): - # depth should be one of 20, 32, 44, 56, 110, 1202 - assert (depth - 2) % 6 == 0 - n = (depth - 2) // 6 - print('[resnet] depth : {:}, class_num : {:}'.format(depth, class_num)) - conv1 = conv_bn_layer(ipt, ch_out=16, filter_size=3, stride=1, padding=1) - print('conv-1 : shape = {:}'.format(conv1.shape)) - res1 = layer_warp(basicblock, conv1, 16, 16, n, 1) - print('res--1 : shape = {:}'.format(res1.shape)) - res2 = layer_warp(basicblock, res1 , 16, 32, n, 2) - print('res--2 : shape = {:}'.format(res2.shape)) - res3 = layer_warp(basicblock, res2 , 32, 64, n, 2) - print('res--3 : shape = {:}'.format(res3.shape)) - pool = fluid.layers.pool2d(input=res3, pool_size=8, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=1) - print('pool : shape = {:}'.format(pool.shape)) - predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=pool, size=class_num, act='softmax') - print('predict: shape = {:}'.format(predict.shape)) - return predict diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py deleted file mode 100644 index 2c02373..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/__init__.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -from .meter import AverageMeter -from .time_utils import time_for_file, time_string, time_string_short, time_print, convert_size2str, convert_secs2time -from .data_utils import reader_creator diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 305c0e7..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/data_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,64 +0,0 @@ -import random, tarfile -import numpy, six -from six.moves import cPickle as pickle -from PIL import Image, ImageOps - - -def train_cifar_augmentation(image): - # flip - if random.random() < 0.5: image1 = image.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT) - else: image1 = image - # random crop - image2 = ImageOps.expand(image1, border=4, fill=0) - i = random.randint(0, 40 - 32) - j = random.randint(0, 40 - 32) - image3 = image2.crop((j,i,j+32,i+32)) - # to numpy - image3 = numpy.array(image3) / 255.0 - mean = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [125.3, 123.0, 113.9]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - std = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [63.0, 62.1, 66.7]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - return (image3 - mean) / std - - -def valid_cifar_augmentation(image): - image3 = numpy.array(image) / 255.0 - mean = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [125.3, 123.0, 113.9]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - std = numpy.array([x / 255 for x in [63.0, 62.1, 66.7]]).reshape(1, 1, 3) - return (image3 - mean) / std - - -def reader_creator(filename, sub_name, is_train, cycle=False): - def read_batch(batch): - data = batch[six.b('data')] - labels = batch.get( - six.b('labels'), batch.get(six.b('fine_labels'), None)) - assert labels is not None - for sample, label in six.moves.zip(data, labels): - sample = sample.reshape(3, 32, 32) - sample = sample.transpose((1, 2, 0)) - image = Image.fromarray(sample) - if is_train: - ximage = train_cifar_augmentation(image) - else: - ximage = valid_cifar_augmentation(image) - ximage = ximage.transpose((2, 0, 1)) - yield ximage.astype(numpy.float32), int(label) - - def reader(): - with tarfile.open(filename, mode='r') as f: - names = (each_item.name for each_item in f - if sub_name in each_item.name) - - while True: - for name in names: - if six.PY2: - batch = pickle.load(f.extractfile(name)) - else: - batch = pickle.load( - f.extractfile(name), encoding='bytes') - for item in read_batch(batch): - yield item - if not cycle: - break - - return reader diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py deleted file mode 100644 index 1e3d02d..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/meter.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -################################################## -# Copyright (c) Xuanyi Dong [GitHub D-X-Y], 2019 # -################################################## -import time, sys -import numpy as np - - -class AverageMeter(object): - """Computes and stores the average and current value""" - def __init__(self): - self.reset() - - def reset(self): - self.val = 0.0 - self.avg = 0.0 - self.sum = 0.0 - self.count = 0.0 - - def update(self, val, n=1): - self.val = val - self.sum += val * n - self.count += n - self.avg = self.sum / self.count - - def __repr__(self): - return ('{name}(val={val}, avg={avg}, count={count})'.format(name=self.__class__.__name__, **self.__dict__)) diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py b/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py deleted file mode 100644 index 7886fcc..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/lib/utils/time_utils.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. -# All rights reserved. -# -# This source code is licensed under the license found in the -# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. -# -import time, sys -import numpy as np - -def time_for_file(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%d-%h-at-%H-%M-%S' - return '{}'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - -def time_string(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y-%m-%d %X' - string = '[{}]'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string - -def time_string_short(): - ISOTIMEFORMAT='%Y%m%d' - string = '{}'.format(time.strftime( ISOTIMEFORMAT, time.gmtime(time.time()) )) - return string - -def time_print(string, is_print=True): - if (is_print): - print('{} : {}'.format(time_string(), string)) - -def convert_size2str(torch_size): - dims = len(torch_size) - string = '[' - for idim in range(dims): - string = string + ' {}'.format(torch_size[idim]) - return string + ']' - -def convert_secs2time(epoch_time, return_str=False): - need_hour = int(epoch_time / 3600) - need_mins = int((epoch_time - 3600*need_hour) / 60) - need_secs = int(epoch_time - 3600*need_hour - 60*need_mins) - if return_str: - str = '[{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}]'.format(need_hour, need_mins, need_secs) - return str - else: - return need_hour, need_mins, need_secs - -def print_log(print_string, log): - #if isinstance(log, Logger): log.log('{:}'.format(print_string)) - if hasattr(log, 'log'): log.log('{:}'.format(print_string)) - else: - print("{:}".format(print_string)) - if log is not None: - log.write('{:}\n'.format(print_string)) - log.flush() diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh b/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh deleted file mode 100644 index f4eed75..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/base-train.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -echo script name: $0 -echo $# arguments -if [ "$#" -ne 3 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 3 parameters for GPU and dataset and the-model-name" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -GPU=$1 -dataset=$2 -model=$3 - -save_dir=snapshots/${dataset}-${model} - -export FLAGS_fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use="0.005" -export FLAGS_free_idle_memory=True - -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=${GPU} python train_cifar.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python/${dataset}-python.tar.gz \ - --log_dir ${save_dir} \ - --dataset ${dataset} \ - --model_name ${model} \ - --lr 0.1 --epochs 300 --batch_size 256 --step_each_epoch 196 diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh b/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh deleted file mode 100644 index e2bdde1..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/scripts/train-nas.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/bash -# bash ./scripts/base-train.sh 0 cifar-10 ResNet110 -echo script name: $0 -echo $# arguments -if [ "$#" -ne 3 ] ;then - echo "Input illegal number of parameters " $# - echo "Need 3 parameters for GPU and dataset and the-model-name" - exit 1 -fi -if [ "$TORCH_HOME" = "" ]; then - echo "Must set TORCH_HOME envoriment variable for data dir saving" - exit 1 -else - echo "TORCH_HOME : $TORCH_HOME" -fi - -GPU=$1 -dataset=$2 -model=$3 - -save_dir=snapshots/${dataset}-${model} - -export FLAGS_fraction_of_gpu_memory_to_use="0.005" -export FLAGS_free_idle_memory=True - -CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=${GPU} python train_cifar.py \ - --data_path $TORCH_HOME/cifar.python/${dataset}-python.tar.gz \ - --log_dir ${save_dir} \ - --dataset ${dataset} \ - --model_name ${model} \ - --lr 0.025 --epochs 600 --batch_size 96 --step_each_epoch 521 diff --git a/others/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py b/others/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py deleted file mode 100644 index b501380..0000000 --- a/others/paddlepaddle/train_cifar.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,189 +0,0 @@ -import os, sys, numpy as np, argparse -from pathlib import Path -import paddle.fluid as fluid -import math, time, paddle -import paddle.fluid.layers.ops as ops -#from tb_paddle import SummaryWriter - -lib_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / 'lib').resolve() -if str(lib_dir) not in sys.path: sys.path.insert(0, str(lib_dir)) -from models import resnet_cifar, NASCifarNet, Networks -from utils import AverageMeter, time_for_file, time_string, convert_secs2time -from utils import reader_creator - - -def inference_program(model_name, num_class): - # The image is 32 * 32 with RGB representation. - data_shape = [3, 32, 32] - images = fluid.layers.data(name='pixel', shape=data_shape, dtype='float32') - - if model_name == 'ResNet20': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 20, num_class) - elif model_name == 'ResNet32': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 32, num_class) - elif model_name == 'ResNet110': - predict = resnet_cifar(images, 110, num_class) - else: - predict = NASCifarNet(images, 36, 6, 3, num_class, Networks[model_name], True) - return predict - - -def train_program(predict): - label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64') - if isinstance(predict, (list, tuple)): - predict, aux_predict = predict - x_losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label) - aux_losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=aux_predict, label=label) - x_loss = fluid.layers.mean(x_losses) - aux_loss = fluid.layers.mean(aux_losses) - loss = x_loss + aux_loss * 0.4 - accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label) - else: - losses = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label) - loss = fluid.layers.mean(losses) - accuracy = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label) - return [loss, accuracy] - - -# For training test cost -def evaluation(program, reader, fetch_list, place): - feed_var_list = [program.global_block().var('pixel'), program.global_block().var('label')] - feeder_test = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_list=feed_var_list, place=place) - test_exe = fluid.Executor(place) - losses, accuracies = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter() - for tid, test_data in enumerate(reader()): - loss, acc = test_exe.run(program=program, feed=feeder_test.feed(test_data), fetch_list=fetch_list) - losses.update(float(loss), len(test_data)) - accuracies.update(float(acc)*100, len(test_data)) - return losses.avg, accuracies.avg - - -def cosine_decay_with_warmup(learning_rate, step_each_epoch, epochs=120): - """Applies cosine decay to the learning rate. - lr = 0.05 * (math.cos(epoch * (math.pi / 120)) + 1) - decrease lr for every mini-batch and start with warmup. - """ - from paddle.fluid.layers.learning_rate_scheduler import _decay_step_counter - from paddle.fluid.initializer import init_on_cpu - global_step = _decay_step_counter() - lr = fluid.layers.tensor.create_global_var( - shape=[1], - value=0.0, - dtype='float32', - persistable=True, - name="learning_rate") - - warmup_epoch = fluid.layers.fill_constant( - shape=[1], dtype='float32', value=float(5), force_cpu=True) - - with init_on_cpu(): - epoch = ops.floor(global_step / step_each_epoch) - with fluid.layers.control_flow.Switch() as switch: - with switch.case(epoch < warmup_epoch): - decayed_lr = learning_rate * (global_step / (step_each_epoch * warmup_epoch)) - fluid.layers.tensor.assign(input=decayed_lr, output=lr) - with switch.default(): - decayed_lr = learning_rate * \ - (ops.cos((global_step - warmup_epoch * step_each_epoch) * (math.pi / (epochs * step_each_epoch))) + 1)/2 - fluid.layers.tensor.assign(input=decayed_lr, output=lr) - return lr - - -def main(xargs): - - save_dir = Path(xargs.log_dir) / time_for_file() - save_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) - - print ('save dir : {:}'.format(save_dir)) - print ('xargs : {:}'.format(xargs)) - - if xargs.dataset == 'cifar-10': - train_data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'data_batch', True , False) - test__data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'test_batch', False, False) - class_num = 10 - print ('create cifar-10 dataset') - elif xargs.dataset == 'cifar-100': - train_data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'train', True , False) - test__data = reader_creator(xargs.data_path, 'test' , False, False) - class_num = 100 - print ('create cifar-100 dataset') - else: - raise ValueError('invalid dataset : {:}'.format(xargs.dataset)) - - train_reader = paddle.batch( - paddle.reader.shuffle(train_data, buf_size=5000), - batch_size=xargs.batch_size) - - # Reader for testing. A separated data set for testing. - test_reader = paddle.batch(test__data, batch_size=xargs.batch_size) - - place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0) - - main_program = fluid.default_main_program() - star_program = fluid.default_startup_program() - - # programs - predict = inference_program(xargs.model_name, class_num) - [loss, accuracy] = train_program(predict) - print ('training program setup done') - test_program = main_program.clone(for_test=True) - print ('testing program setup done') - - #infer_writer = SummaryWriter( str(save_dir / 'infer') ) - #infer_writer.add_paddle_graph(fluid_program=fluid.default_main_program(), verbose=True) - #infer_writer.close() - #print(test_program.to_string(True)) - - #learning_rate = fluid.layers.cosine_decay(learning_rate=xargs.lr, step_each_epoch=xargs.step_each_epoch, epochs=xargs.epochs) - #learning_rate = fluid.layers.cosine_decay(learning_rate=0.1, step_each_epoch=196, epochs=300) - learning_rate = cosine_decay_with_warmup(xargs.lr, xargs.step_each_epoch, xargs.epochs) - optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum( - learning_rate=learning_rate, - momentum=0.9, - regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(0.0005), - use_nesterov=True) - optimizer.minimize( loss ) - - exe = fluid.Executor(place) - - feed_var_list_loop = [main_program.global_block().var('pixel'), main_program.global_block().var('label')] - feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_list=feed_var_list_loop, place=place) - exe.run(star_program) - - start_time, epoch_time = time.time(), AverageMeter() - for iepoch in range(xargs.epochs): - losses, accuracies, steps = AverageMeter(), AverageMeter(), 0 - for step_id, train_data in enumerate(train_reader()): - tloss, tacc, xlr = exe.run(main_program, feed=feeder.feed(train_data), fetch_list=[loss, accuracy, learning_rate]) - tloss, tacc, xlr = float(tloss), float(tacc) * 100, float(xlr) - steps += 1 - losses.update(tloss, len(train_data)) - accuracies.update(tacc, len(train_data)) - if step_id % 100 == 0: - print('{:} [{:03d}/{:03d}] [{:03d}] lr = {:.7f}, loss = {:.4f} ({:.4f}), accuracy = {:.2f} ({:.2f}), error={:.2f}'.format(time_string(), iepoch, xargs.epochs, step_id, xlr, tloss, losses.avg, tacc, accuracies.avg, 100-accuracies.avg)) - test_loss, test_acc = evaluation(test_program, test_reader, [loss, accuracy], place) - need_time = 'Time Left: {:}'.format( convert_secs2time(epoch_time.avg * (xargs.epochs-iepoch), True) ) - print('{:}x[{:03d}/{:03d}] {:} train-loss = {:.4f}, train-accuracy = {:.2f}, test-loss = {:.4f}, test-accuracy = {:.2f} test-error = {:.2f} [{:} steps per epoch]\n'.format(time_string(), iepoch, xargs.epochs, need_time, losses.avg, accuracies.avg, test_loss, test_acc, 100-test_acc, steps)) - if isinstance(predict, list): - fluid.io.save_inference_model(str(save_dir / 'inference_model'), ["pixel"], predict, exe) - else: - fluid.io.save_inference_model(str(save_dir / 'inference_model'), ["pixel"], [predict], exe) - # measure elapsed time - epoch_time.update(time.time() - start_time) - start_time = time.time() - - print('finish training and evaluation with {:} epochs in {:}'.format(xargs.epochs, convert_secs2time(epoch_time.sum, True))) - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Train.', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter) - parser.add_argument('--log_dir' , type=str, help='Save dir.') - parser.add_argument('--dataset', type=str, help='The dataset name.') - parser.add_argument('--data_path', type=str, help='The dataset path.') - parser.add_argument('--model_name', type=str, help='The model name.') - parser.add_argument('--lr', type=float, help='The learning rate.') - parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, help='The batch size.') - parser.add_argument('--step_each_epoch',type=int, help='The batch size.') - parser.add_argument('--epochs' , type=int, help='The total training epochs.') - args = parser.parse_args() - main(args)

R(hkWWC(9aXFy6^kb(;?#Tk#kKfYk%Oa<64OX^6(57xTQ^$v8^&B zeOx1O69X3-Wu*#gvouXo5`!KeZx~D=tQ+teIbxFYgj*oz94f_c(dJkzURnfMQOlyf zSFBJ3qcMxUcvGgMYJx3$BOqFWmNh#Cf4xArDFDE6TJ49m=?n3vLvYLW0i{P>OJlD3 z-}U3ng9n@(;RrCzLv^NLZxg|((mswMh7Kw6kk4|Z{y*p2!0tn!TerFQ<+JZX?T**l z>NnXYf^FvTD07|!`S07{s1OjibL;Xs6L9)NyR5bJRWCJ1x3xpqc8kSG%6Bz8vSX2O z3%}F7HbJ>96a;$?8&fvMObv#1k%C1;ptY&r%20t@Q}q1W*Whx4Ce>&G7EahxV6P79 zuq(~`Cfdx*&OCvpPzBtj^^1R&f9PtoMn5e$y5Poz`gN8ngnzg^x_ZuiPjj4*=Mme# z-6Q9ODdW_a zo2q~{f8p`SjBNU_)_tZ=UgE4Ik`w$3vVZZ*nRqkZy@|SUhrO$(O|l2SF^}X@F#ydP z**$(xrbrd@2JZYW(`AoKrAnN<=Xs0l(O9NasRD_uowOtO|4id%u6rQ}x8G~3T5wkLP(u^lpPw$_?eEd-jl$nc%WeRYd&|~+ zl*W>`>)udkG{p>7svsDPcFs@srft>g2|k3&9R2b1FWg~n*vby423`ZQd!qO2P-y(r z%PNKcX~x#YZ@?IX{=eg14LJo~hizPB>`0G${+?c0Tp{jSWsj6@R{o(EOfYHSkvX{5{8fS`Ct_V2=rXvwHtU{;Bz$Gi=C!RjS{`-y zKFnp*ZF^W~{74+w=AAXe8v}|n$B7z|FQqio9bv+pEq}e7M!NnQl|2NOg7x0nHoJ1` zl6QXd3F|Aq_z+^db|Dkz`U<}jo`VCS1im5i&2bW{to@ftX;1GHO=s220+@o0=UUZl z#9_y3nMkY?NWX{L@bObe5^p{Zn{UlnA`W~?sQOz1yhJ{?Y#mj&U(v#)NsC3>Kz)Xd zdlow8?>LIkf|+TBwa8k@KA^W=bT`jtflmX9X~Ll(pob%Bfjz!Vn#LYCHGeBfVPP3#3Jv0N zacGkzCS?i(^v72Q0wxP`H(;D`0YQWw?5_kp#-)W)&D6i#y#<&yn?ia#4Q3miR-j2C4LFsNASGYs(dwJF!U;a6T z-ocmMJ%^}Azuk1JnLUTu(=vDY8ODuhFFXY&#tls@Xoy0<=6w+K&Ma1}_za6@FFX@h z!UV7pP)~PBsKBLz7-FhMnEqpkM}U+^77d^|wJr*?lMQ4w`-u_ng2jhm)Xs_~gs*JQ zu>F=7_%l9#2*awHltyI!?0Po)^Yu>XuxPhDLbWIh<Nx(aCl9!aO!KtWVlls|PcS3P_acS~z8jR~eEAt{gB*DyFQ3%38hikUkZ zglwK$*J;q?pe+fMg$S32L4^(nw>D}jWuZ_!!<@@ia{h8wHK~cLJ%v-=8{pGN#F;+~ z72}hBva^Ezvi$iJwDnlH2y!;yM&ALVMhT6C&Vn(8Oc8O3Q!kXMWO24Q~~ZZZYd-)+f5 zZ={6In=cxd3y3fS$8INF9to`GfG7Eow7a^rK5QM2hpqYdrgQB9xgU4W1I&WO>;0$P z&~ic>KZ(z8^)YRdN@xQ&ynqLAIQ@0=Z+u`gRZ0P%y&(2sMW&L5(gqD1cGb zuES+<+?Wb>GF{PtKlRZHc=zIG8+;@q@es$N`zK(aa{QFKdT+t1Cbn(a4>Rht1$DRL z)P*y8mfwh2O2QSZKyfuiot<>?2aPTAnLpqX*oWFAq*U|6Insg#O5)cpADkW&lANJ` zwxVMQ_b-@Sq<6LXw^ZV~2CS_N-R%z4S5nhD$3gie!pUpIO_iUPPX){YjtD{I&E*oG z{1i+X%jg?~qb6uzHE30f76nVQl} zhMhaa?)|O1rG`11@BQ8vBnu|n2FC%=xc0JAmp{4;jh3k_CYwJea113_ENHtVKT{qo zSaiAE>n@C^JewQ9pIe;;MfRa7n}Yi7giX#ZPS-IAGnjsF=yI&32iXUiH<%0p#@~L1 zS>9f`t#v+MAB(K)iQM{?V|0IxNrKFza(F9#o^ZS(BfByWtos<-yU)waX90~!;JP9U zbcZ*t>#@q;#!*AGaze!!0J#EQzz5>&ZKgldjBH)XloCrqd}^vDc&4HFhd5J5EqKaI&cK zd^1o~N{&Ad{ z3$&C7ElEay(A*(c(gGn^H)e?b=`FuDIF=NLdt2-(^hRE32g#t|=X@|MpxP&EEmp=f z46=ciQ+Y;S0rpnraO1c&pIFmiw%rIi~^>(4eQ{;nSchabK z+eN742}7fJ>_=O}9|=&H<}D^-C1q$Hu#q3^CiK-TG_KO|)-?K#1a3c47U73-ijb{( zSW$VX1^A~Y2{`si-!0O2ckE+iR7TF{6JV!w+K$R%d6l@d8&!$r{pZBRqiFsOvZ#MN zUSTEc$)we#H}I~vdAFWGK9tp8&vZ@(bi|HtPK|=Hrmtq5Ae;H4^0~IY4z*GWYBoo; z`iZ~G`o)}lWnm`ymLbsiz}R^>xyG<|kPLU7??eCAgcYW$6Z!DqSq@)#4}X}WD6`~= z;iKIh|CFx{jy2BmYwC5}yIY{!Uj#I^X!E4EycJm zkO!vMtvv1&pGNTAR}P~sIgp*^aJZt+4JRZ-3yog^5}ZX5_V!wFhP!WW3(0osi3Nud zEykrAO#po3!4Bu;LCKn_v9S8!1Po!m!4w(kIb;&+Q55T>h@G$dC@?l8hs?^-J{@|2 zab&I^mvsD2+C%Sp3z3jXaxeM4a(>D5h>)KtRln4S&{`!}r)=WGQGn*t?n-=64YjO` zVviSz2I5SNy4N(R$*W{^5M!e$w|?Yv?&me zal+8^y&@sLa;QVAqC+@ist(Iq`t)sgV}gsbM72h_ydA}zQ)UF}_C_5+o@W+a95EdR z<*%EibU(gI?1x}@t@w9fX&10Gg!V+>(rpIefc+;iub+y z(|%QHN$B-*!>Ko3>!OTD>6hDbGZv%0#x6QuLZ0Qgu4i*pM?7AA&jFK6CNo8H5-NJ* zD^t@Ne@{KcHY$CB;?cC81yl9(G1oA{gPqW`6(NssaiG3lWd5s-%t}PvZ2WTK6a{QVom_HM)e_~GhTeTJAx{YDtG=>+d zOw68m$22)xX8iGvzvE0|Ey`h=@o^Q9m>a2tqSO#Q?o)`6rRpI zd7}y#lVUs%mc#pt*>>$DW~v>#XQDF6(eUxkYG`XLbY$}ck>)eCg@u>X=3*s>N{Sb@ zyV|6u!itS`P2%N%K~-gvFF}|^C8VTTUjQa@h03da9kWEeI6q%+`8tb;J8Hl!A9$w2 zq3P#4xUR!ld=CdZ1+$*pZhLYzhg`Gq8)B1U7$?e8cewBCT2g!FJkZ=bzr5^6ERG!n zQ7Uv#$LUE;&>@;7EVeV1_30RekKh~|S>FwOl;~`enp^s8PLm-6HjLB_r$SR~_ym8q z|9c8AVP~scQ^`V#Yj{yii2RdxJtu8N1=)AmFImfocy}Bc)S)j_F*nW^4Eqg>i2v`T z`_N)Wm7v%;D5j}r^l~B4jtuBq=)RK~Go}F~-*wlsC|tvCfyndwJJr_27Ynit342#aAvv?;EWiZ#U8T!&kNQ@NpsfjaU= zSu)jSw>sb;G4zHDmOyUhStkM6@LWHTHl=kz;2?N{{;T;Hb1$5Mq)`8LM!;wp>WiU< zYl>NzOzdbTyoMAa%tT^0H7VAYX_d!K)T-+>QP zML+N??3-Q{P@zH`PK%!g!8C)6DbbJs#}kM6AgRpv1ywY|^Ed)m*;>!*3zdk9TbYlB zC&El^ud5KhHjaR9-DX_ZZ@+gbV_Y>}rfe2aeONs;jS85bL&cPe z|0`jSm_`3yfg{LvSEO1A;qf!Q7AQ%``5w=ZNp)O0`u+MgRA0a{B8-yMgv_ z;tm2Xn3K1dzq(bIGcb^)UXPSVUHmF;{4~P4Bam<}SRi#R`~M!D+c=bmytCiv9m|T= z`!UP~2~(ismr_c{=s~o>BtmfK!_J?ZX0utZ*BA2H+LiUR>GWU+=F(h4%XsbIfFE3h z;uN;X>+UcT#6mPhK>(pJGR&8Z@tuyO^pYz^+^>3Nr>G*b4xseZT_k-2wyFVD~`dz@7ett-z7dlA}+%%;=6y_IQ_4xIr%O*l(i(DD2i zE=bhtRRSAb+6m0lTFL6@MONLvbVD=?HlPhs6W{~f~RVjT&&;zl8AEfXc(H1elJ={RnaDfJ$q z)?I`IB*#BBBfQO>%3kSXtQJ%IZL}o5G1tK>%Q@XqWgS*YcJH-UlV*HY<FDoY4?jUD{VH1_iaZvNGa9s-9XD2`VWc z%q6{LxL=~SG`^XmCCpI49c8egXCng!J9PUGmKYvd29K0_^QpA_rli1xGQc}jjW=VL z5pp~zNj`wmERFILY+)>&rgRhQr12Ia$Y-H;7{)6j5-H*tTEl;YA{-YGsWhI|Ws z=0=CIlFQTz(0{bldRXBv=7*^IdaM^gqWZRrdjfCpA_jhL{w^R> zESRXrOdecewZ!oAunV_!bqL^mDV{8U(S}`M@fP=&Xl!1A@H#21)l5$pv)Y%TaY&88 z+zr8xIk;_>S8mLc=7fe{8u@ce*@ym?11Elzxj91;Nn>&f3;ZS>|F5!dxyUV0NY@R{ z3ZSL0gZvsrw;v=Y7%MhBnY~(!p4yt|^LL=zT7(}~Hxk2`)YUm+GTz3G3}6<<-?&|; z{;x2#T*K1t-DznJ^iXf&2N+hEWd#Xd3kYIyVYnRT_*T`^&aaG)p1%nbRbt*QFE4Mu zRn^O#OuK;!H}e;($>WX~*|Q5+o_lB=j!0;Hw%19q;CTW>=sriFs+w z+nFJr^JO-`^4|a<#<>ij6wth+!QOdvO zKsGH?7*-!k+x+wQh z9NGEMlcU2XDba;)=Y%5nfsuPyB^o8zS9`%#YUKn&Yyj`3PEq9rQ(xmIO8J&kvWrLN zT|&}`w#Jp?#wt8NYOTk;S41R+=)i|+4NN2INCtKU32W*l_2fyB#>2$FKszRz@-Q(H zJ}xq=_A8b1_O1Ff{O?Nsd=j`J&b@-yrP1U2ba(D@!!b|Q6a{dQHY+&S7!NxGzxu4v z<@*z~Rb=y3>S}HgQTPTxGqxZw+CPaJJ|(hydR_aUp8{8kfvJvT$$MNtU_ma8KS8F8 zk0lH)kkOfSM@Qazq`E4?vbm4i#$n#=VXOe^En3&(+RHqIH zZC;;+6Aj%Bn~QgPEOxY0yWFR>ZPj3T04)4|gb_SMU}ptO~mOITLH~{KDGkz>o4rQ$O zp5~r@y$Fx3&3&sR71#UqL1l=F&K6(P)zGkxSW2Hk7D1_k%ww!&f4DSI|Uu__K>_H0|CHQ0NnCRiPcJsqpcZ$@8&2cX23Kt`Ni)*ZD7*nwkj#eoV+gjKjg5=l9 z!KY15(b@7oE$HltscPTx2WA%VSMIXznj90(c3fdY@q>hrCfA)FRK0TWBiFmI>G$tG z|G)d5H$)k@3bHsnIM@W70#>oB3|oSpgz!WuG5=be1+-i#>v->6>@-jBV7y7c>u~YISLoM8M|IW2l(AC7 zUKs%Gy{-4(-C$zY_$dshB~iZY)^%Q`@>;)d+KoVUmSzXNH~bw00LQJijj^E<@x1w! z^T2ntZB{Ml@27^{EKmR$hF^AXU*NS7Q^(VH0#usjv3)5+9XdXj|4SRtN&+xc=wszO zPPsO9Y}Ts0$qqH%3e>{63bDQ1>jy4yWG&6zQYIv3`)>QqnXtJ>OJDrjB(=o@G?{?* zXH&XBCL~LxBWa`qjBzCi*Ixo%(y>}MiRBtT^qlsMpDURDMa~3awm6+@Q zyZ}gZx$ZO9_Q#=g3ISfKEK6oZ%EEaSnU5Sa>XLJny85D_w85QWNgbM ziaLgm&@KY$C|Khg64w+ooV^aIod|YJiu1ge4!L;XYRxxXLDU&A|8X4{t=dnX>yPU;2v?rc8!;)0q zx^8BSNq=67K^>YMRJn>qlrUvX=7Vp7MhCMYYGrc{(s>okpHmWkY`B+ujFY;}i(g6p z%7wL~yoI?E0)4ZtAI*~@J?XiLakW(R znS8rPlK3WngAc};nSa>h&pU$I-2Yt@PoOBFw;`@5uZE>}cXo#0p;hLWyQ9zid7-y( z+0!<&xyq0J=tJWwk_6wprYbenTw#J+rXA(MtT(SHGd75t3SRQW;t+ApB-`uicsb+x zOtqbmyUTAp_Hl^UGBGPDo7G72;k`~A15SOQ%KeMBJSyM$jxS7}x=b=*u;hRXCL*@W zRZWnB>SlZ#K8TkzhqZgB1qsXS{(%l4#X&q1cfxwx0kdb5{D3X6mZcc^i*s}(vbFo9 z({Ad-@*S^r~#LPA1KXv+{ZUN8tBAdhH+VERykC1KtIZj6)~=Nuy2@Ck$e6tkcHDB0}6vtRH3L zw=ay8^aj=q1T%tx0pxosur@mo^j0WSOMo`egl6Kshs6;h;8F26mmEaBwig494q@MU zaT3&?|3!kbASAY9-5WYpN|y3^;+p#V!Z3TExNE0OrEw6YYK>l*O|OoKN;GaYK)GXj z7iMqp)gi14xNAEGJ5+cI$O3Dc?b?$Lx9lQWqEc+h!AGgdZU=^8^Q59fRaZuIGDPB%=~z1nH}IIC^@?g z*d;B7fc}W$Nd5H15}f+P_1~i?d$hew4O!oPvZw+^d}iAp_RjHrXep8VBgtwQsc({0#(bl0jGY z#`@}PFD@@FUi{i=Ezjv`jB8&C#o{_pyiOk;{9MQwuvg(C9AWPZb3;1H4(H8YH1F%* zx;qc=d<{N-VN5kI8i=}Jo_iP@>TEO~ z_8IuAIIPLvNOdi|ql|yu=BhKli0CoD_+eh|h!nP{EzKf4*g`eoa9?VBGqFxW{wE{>vYMp#zcHz!k{7Ci$S> zXCyQ@^CCuBr-uP+9;@Jp{jEhiwtztwKF!{Ume`9Hj%h%aHniV%g1qI}6AY*yZ<5x; zV2Bd>f!frxz4bwDl*bc<7>%<_!k|u;l<05o3>>C~Ix&+5&~Tix;NGzUz&X+G1vqaf zTL_+a+a@TwI0gMuLli#4r=FyRJL2k`vUx(x`MEyCEITmybTvtb(>2!N>TK}>~v9#;o^5*n2cRL3H;&izjGV@ueEl_Md_a*pa-79 zA=K~N5pem`(JlT$epT0bsOjf7hRy21tIs)PdU>L~Xn+Wb=Ra!sh+p?xhaw^(%vW07 zi}`&td?9XPFkg?om~5AWD>h-DtJ3!8o27}$FGglT@T|O#FE@^Vb>Jbbbi7t$NzSBw z-2c+L;5kSHjWaa={THEoz>AhDX&O%gn1h>&v#jh+xwDS9x#=zph6P=b5Jd`I*+EUP z8;HPw+*YLa)Vj25zfzH&9-8$-hTdWV3`U$N5olWK-HuN1tv#zi1S02Oap&WRp-f@^ zE44V~C&<+Zqer8G5BdPNg+g?|Eq+oR{;!`uO%xe0lZ3DE8v@^4QU*?E#PF8~S zNiHh^wy!75il4&G;7PD!AGlb%i@Yyu+U*eMg{ywOGX4-E(+IhDxl#}*j6t82Q05@b z!15It&kkp2V=_l>N5qprFz-QZmn%8}G*S_ifENpiqt@CI|39kUIx5Px{r(;pYUq&e z4#`16x}>`s#37`+V*sVQI|M-#>1IF>kPeZ~p;Nj;-tm5(`}zLfHEXdJ|FKxtoY#5m zWAD#?!B-0?i8?WHMXfWASF|(LiUY6_vPha^nK`+5Uvqn~h^@1ys{@t{=&bvgIwEc- znvaj2Qd3O2T4D$M(d29H?fUQQXf1udJVh*&06G5vopO=qzt;&)`lyE$a&l#(sBunt>v|xEWvssGp~jdOwJzLe{WRaQRQ+NkB0IZaD9DK1U!8BkEY5$A%4)!i*fbvg8QP+<)0=DZaUmOZ<@k^RjUAdgI zX z!NE_n<|lgvO}l=+cs3C4ggGghYz`=+K~dtpqc;f;ZbkjIY!BP^=-Re%-|UDdFhXzr zGQHuXn3o$Azjw;6NC6{I;#`#~RDX0XT4~0NQP!B_S)_N;#-0dpD@`?NH|Hs5nq#3CTk`OrYx`Jz5Su<~{4FM_TNc zKj?MJ+>~wU(0d4IR@uElLiPTlM%PE&8EF1M>rAxR0-`ukUl;07{^y+w4?g+3((;p5 zR#x6bWW*XA=j&c6(UXxzyHo!)q&GA+4yy2UFd+i}nF~sdR*Y)v5&~$*Rp#w1v_Tii zFc8{9XgGSh_s2C{T-mCss*LfVBM)Q7dDobNRT4a1UEP7d6tUNoqcf(8FG|(^^PVTA zDbhcBiOsm`i4@I2RAbf~ZvCoJFGHUtBq7Rj72lOi!Un&Rw-QaYLt(%2EL@+7jz4`b zoME6iSL=2TLU8Tmdq)wo+%eR9go}jTn!sc$+Py0QxUwi@U(0qg&pU4o)n*e=udW>6 zN%;tXEt7*$Mz^qi=4p@8#ys@`)Pl5vlT{}O8^PSJLnK?JmqH|mb&u8gc4Ka~C!?RVy z&6Tw^cT7x<#4I~SRm}|b(Oo&Z+L@dSYbeBjel%S5YY~dH-d_RO;r_N2K&1o}qW5Jq z3;T3aHcTs8B)(fTE^1nP7GP}yIH(z84bO)qRT?G!l>5R*IFNVT4g2CY8qsF%eL-Ar zMuWmPylJ+SxXkg>wUX&7*6HTK+=pL&YYx)JAEG#rJIG${m#L@%7YU<8>3GwPU0tHc z+%$qdEXmko_e^Cy>e+=)GW-<^0>BIpQbbz$`HA*%X`_W(K$heSq29WPu`72(NDI;B z{MU`o$%o*cHXJ{uj?jPQ8N>4~C*Q51uPS-!<(y`9y8mRpggQ@g_Vy_h?Mfh`MYs2V zn}2Bhcj=89-9M(KWhlRv4xRk7)u}IkbNe0IO6;-W;q36T?PCS4heT;bCgy&;{FDmy z4pNOp`&z2HDi;@5%zOvV-S*e7U&A?Gv8UP=2I=!{qX$(O*x|)}Ko>TaW&J?)3jN^2 z-#01vOzL?l@<3Z>0h87i6VvBF|2nlpkgrfk_~5$4``0@-Nix|u`YUnkq4AgiV@{xA zX9)wtP8HI#E`xzquGE_4@0hXgP8Z`1PUH54QsTj{ed<}30kZ0M0T8^dBaf_<;Y|Fg zW@SFZaF4eaHIhsD@d)lkbPra0|7^|-fN#e&w+sj?%BRFx)&vMi zAF)BS7`mUc9aBg-4Et`C;xh z8R#-E>sF790ac{}I3~WxyC(&W-WP7D*;DyVtkBZ%Qor%-2d<#V0w+$(DhFMWj@iNl z*9xw??!;r8hP`pUn@3B!CX*BNqrT%Mk9mUxOkaid_=6Y+i=7_iYQ?W$$es1)_Rh^V zeN;%SL;*LVuP`sPb&-gXoETAdH2s#z^5pzuiB*B1tv$>o5B#h}Qao^+pykA5_+ z#&6LkSlR!qqra@V&&s@LdVIvGxyi-@|2;@P$!f& zP}}MGvRLn^aCOVeP-oTGFikmLb>q=msvqDjm7Lt%_Y^yMtovS+TN9*-5_g{-j*kCS z`HGRzeEQG1_jksDOPoPz!HfzyjCG9kTFkDm9=I8_tn=0OG11NIK)3{Sl5s)mh)x#C z6s;!YKwsa_di&cZeQzoJCA#0FE7XQ~7$^?W8P&B6aU3Kixl=$-LkShe=d)|t2lqQM zSrGD#`b(6eb~8SJU&g6?3KUCr^&k(m4pZt{hBO8Jms0cmr`BZ(yQG7l9ioI0IvETp zVMw*ewF+%likydGK6pi(TdG$AAoQtXTIhJvyCn4u>4wWJRpT#8!DKgkn4p zfJ7Wlsp>oc!^dZu$Qr?*)54>gze@?qU-Ysw=s|{oJV{BSzoHor^KWx3FN==0jDCFs z=81=w(e`L80VGCC6u><6w;5D@r|PpfOA0`zKHP6SBRrIX@cg*7(Gtq&=fh^Q{GO@P zf)vuM;ZAWP5pNSFYzp2;H4VU9KBa1WKze*qMtLu z+xz@=ZkyZ%)wAPQ4>C6A*mHl)%Vva)WU!B{mDnCRHy+B{y^0`&RSZ5X zKX$4@12%rdpGAh;M1q6-9WhQGkBEZ){O^jGh>n3}eh@v-o&@H@d8UJFsb2q5RTl(Z zsF8q07CI#k+|M%9J<5=ke1f(X;jee1SB3vJBT7cy0xkw<{!oT4X`Qf^Gv3bSX(w>- zD^ouDiFjYD0%pu%hsS#dNgY|-x1t2X=y!#^pQgJ7xvE}!q53(b*{>!~=&!7HFrLS)Oo5auVNXQ>%2KVKokdydzMFn&ZTL!o{v#>ORUTP%HP)d#d7F|@*h`Me zF4FQ9&X+^eW4S@D1cp1fv0)RudEcL3;X3B9H)v!v{ZfF=)p~-8u-^4MJYiO zq8BRkH+>EZ`ENZvy_osO^yfbU^pbSyZkxV!bW z_e4X7|51YzQ4W$qpd#hofE0r2+rMgXn%;I9&B)n-(sqCbb>98`nN53=`Y17d1j`k> zYkM5`%s5&Yf5(-vuxk_iC6Ew=qr$-tc&c+HZsT2&ehBgX5zyy!9)s28Lo21;gRB@g zM@)qTcj7{tGeW05JV2M$o1glOXVzo)ehq0we^+FYRW*fQ zx(Y;T8y*^hoUZpF9-_aEuPkagQ%@b{|9P$c{npR%p-Tju~SnpUKcvOWT33+)|MrOLyzDRX0g*u~X(h0z`1Qqf;NW-&@ z_%ZU7+m3^3>Uf^%A-I%@au%qlxB>#g1dfzlY>``_^d7ds0!B`KHV2tjEW`;XH`$%c z3q!RwJ|vom`1z!OoRx}d8drff+><$BDb*+895zRnOEgcd()r2s`vCIYfUCly8PJ!1 zVBn{Wy5izRRv006n|VaTAUBFrISHSTUP^3E%}_*qndq{mf99|#S?Eui-5!$WDlrNZ zbf&LOUd@Wh)AZ*_hv0CAjRgF#6+t4*kg2<-yrZQr053EKrzDl^&4RD;fZpGhf23Mj zt}$Cy>DQ{%KJ#c=`m8WGrW+FFiMb?r(urIv&2fc6Bc9;Sprb|lpXPu+9pdY&cV#Jc zZd_*JTFiP%3D#Am<}?3Z;$msYenEw()wzy9L@aDv`#6+>1B))-xB{*YlOrO~F4y}q zc_eBgdEfmG=0iiiIn#@Im!G#w+ZiQ(+DlaDy2fCai8qSYViEXpT<4$J6mdhl@`pkx zx>pbr?-x@l+p)al^PTbM6S?2!^A;8tr`f7pf(}eDZ^o=~OtLr({bo=Ri41l+Kb-v#A{p{KP^cTzv!7i6=?A!08oxBWP z?V@umnf?i~q+~ze(~sazl#U3P+mL?MKm4xGRO5JIwu{~p&|@a!m$ssbzWu{JbMj9U z5~q!f3h-oGfN4U-Pi#AW?RL7bIe{dt!OgBjWPLUL%~RT`3& z$IUln6p-uUP$=azV6&<(kWhlZ7_Moc{cK>gY4Cirano}H?V>>KnrU&v;-Sx?6cxrb zfl?=>ZkbeDKvQkVZYEO{FlOZzhdvRMIiP_3`Iy@HXY4HTHm2eW(z_h6&-%il#LgN; zTKFENHWH}rshh69ZIVElxS}^b!RqZ59)5yv^_8VA@_qi=Acj#dX4m48A4bqyj5Cs? z3fC#59TeWT(hzqP8`P3nKCh;C2}cSF@ppQ03V>9#=NO_Gc(#I1B|_eo@5-iye}&FCsrn5A;wDsS~bst z$meE$N+_mq_O5M=b5c0Va)nkqxMJw zblEK2gZ9d0^xCSfyF9*rAi_AelH4VoA+?D+^bkQZ`3!hKqz>s2OiCRIRGM3UB-W^tnkffz!tBcxGTLL)1C@f&=$N{X5P$jr zUhoMJ0UB?nLNHAUunFZUs>7uh|iT zC10B?U|c(!y30+dvDSsWd*v@CB}TQ@=h(c}buCO8-#O4_%xHmr11HlO3&DnY3lWF5TqK`p^j#s!viV$^C zMWo&zKr=n68NKl#DYEEY4C+B;QgRIt;yGr*fXnGnB-%=v%~QnX_5yTId7)wLw-;0h z>kVz3f?J>)#d6!d^yo!jQvioNm&foGb#nf=A@0hAHupW|^mll0U~t%2yF$j$j%W9s()&rYtIL%F8xZn?AZMI|H){9fsJORZRS|f@ySP;K zfpm)@ECu3E`J<>`0I+7;e$DvyL>JPa2=w(}MFCe<8T~kNJGW~AMsqc*w4l2)%^=qj zL&eoK#lqp}UW@D&gqO@H0jDJ{T$~Z5O5}JnK4Op3{~p0BCtcz|U&_qzLmT9dJnRju zvg&bG`iD>FA7goD^5V8sEu`Yljv`)mI~P1ha#sHV-rNxen7zrU|bC#+Wt`EK_9aG-r+Q60^O$U_qEEujT1GkHp; z3>BGQp*2GmoIg3reS^s%FT%cyHt7!Qvd(Ey(C>Uy$QtpyehwZ~QR&D)G+sAB7CX{R1Z`j0`6kCUs6xD#4VfR_Av(r6&3F^*?>8)oe# z?$W|W2T4V!elwmSgbpL#|3Zz~Irf>bJlYU3;4lxbHO4g8%9qj2`U7fq3!%tL4=N0) z9~eoMe@$-kDt%M(j`N7|!cXb$SFcBFY9TAB@mA|wE#jnniv+p@CcD;LWl zkx4~$KqN$lcFR)Tm`aY;7jrN!mfq>CrCD{(CIXCpS7y)K!pivaq_rwMDKdtypBjTs ze{&jeSb+Q~;KXG{bBkhCfpItW-dm|904waB8b(_qT{R@%xYC4q=kN_pN?LS|9#L(P}3*s3#dQ3S6j z?Z@0f+fRqKk~-K+JB1;L({GR2sMe~F?lw+$VRaj5&5hr*_rAVuYMq;8M8KG3e@?PhAs z+SsFL^24FkI01mFvTv7SJRxT#C`sfLxod+hT!A)7H(p-RM;x?|N1XTip3Wq2{7C%l zdo0huB&strYjT6Yy0KxGePa^&7pWsKba8_J$kxrEi=Z{&9S;vrW~0L_X7+xXlah6I z9xITPwm_KKL2Tj!5C!J;l#semtnnb|@_H?aM*U3}8H$ni+f*ZrIuhV+6LV|&u9xRD zd2_P8;-VOGQwVGDO;y;m(~(6G;QKY>tSl( {f>_dgQ(#my-kOxdP-SCv-27P}HL z0vHRvHbX;`<<>bqAc>DWjMleFLeV#W-Cvbm&d#K$MB)@JaZH&mpMxj&%_AC>@~k+f z^o{9{1St7<%M>31n%4U}4f3ATq`>;V(4`Ws;(q7`)OZf;(sft-dl-e*{tmsN33e=u zt@@ie{P)vkc7%i+jz!9?tCXh0XA2sjV9e0YPoS@m{tZzsp%U}e3_iXN)(HJL^1c>E_x06oIzfD98A0=XObg2upTBRW^#NWuM*!<8`l|uX zT^N=^Z?xe}OF8`#{IAWiu@i@UciV$uHQM$pGXoyu;^oM=s`}X@V2~;PRLDlW(B@w> zqTW&R-JSpK(vAeH$M#t0wlDw1>v7iS{=EknLvvjaPh&HC2A$fem&GB563puvoJJ`m zQwAx#Nh`(JY8-D&thK!gXcza2dm=Y|zMZ+vpGZ-sJl=L+93h#@k~Cw{2|;85O(u>T zMJCud&h~DLUrx==q|`sZv8gYZjY@%z2Ok>U_CFodrVcgLz>332VWgjS#_r*y-)`Oq z)*!&*h!S)HG{q1LVCO;Gx$t{?;<>3>OtG75H3pm4S+mm77pJaKC@|K&X0dj-(qo`~J z(Y2-QWXtv4CfqJz)60Z%b(jp>L--KTEku+_BL<($EN=&OHu$90#i`PUit7cvOHL(s z0B*NVy?s#zIm34}l*!yxx#N^;mtW-^MR)%EpK~GN3W^4cyh>h?`R|+c zADc}ijb#A{`D3o2lk(8J?SabT&DJc=)5}>4gArTg7?h63;BQtEk{1)Q97v^F)-0cw z++T9WgQ7X&kBN4eN<@$ld`P~zbvHm;akfYaQ>!`0!D$ceA5CU1h?TCB4P1^zWODcn`B|2Gt*?A!k#hFz zm9Cs=kimX}c!YYm0~c&vlptFL`=5&FWF5B5g!Y=z=8U1wKP$HTl+1}G#x?k&UdTTt zbvoLoO*Eum$70GPftT1&N|B{cLR-z)>uIF$PH zsAGs#Ez_b22k{Y0S4NLKIJ;LAyX0wwMvyYI8w;B&Ml^?y1y$ZBa5`;vh^zbiS2Pjw z*T_t09-&4)C9E9YFj^1aR_X=hJRhH?YyMOP%0t0@<*u~oR)li?q=kt8ip6$y3-Hp` zzxJWD#_<`GOQEkr3gySgw>epVyk6DFY0$0>)7dp4(k)&Me%PS>!cXSD7Ku*MG%o!J6N@CvJ zlILQ7Wmyf$#|HdT^^8>(YPj0+EfD?cOBZV6&|4U*(HH`gOY}Nv8!<${tWI|7R@y2@ z#3w+5AAW_Jzr_q?|N6&Da}8y{gmX;xo-*__cq7OL4Hj;>;~fdMg_ns0zL=xy9-C!a z|At*eNG%dqLeJ2R1=wfzdN=0V5+T7h6)20WaIL(12m)D%@cb-L-xW>Flv2xYp$~9t zCJ%q+gs~p%$;gn)4bMS7MB_8_rwggC5a#63i0qx5m|Wa%Si->Ib|Y34g{XRa3(?me zcj14+kjE83Y11QA;mKMdI+VTE7zxrm`mD5HXTGT*Jl|@f?i0kcakdXJ8cfyRB#SA= zyL8!s)IJkSj6ITC9|C4E`lQ?90FD)Y;-ZD6D&gfgGBb+hsmg;=;U7KLS8ogCs-`w_ zKcPt8Nimq^6Pn$B61Fe5Dpm82j#leCc=g|Ff2imt5{~aGeg8qv-z4^bK1<^?bi?=W zNzFAuoS-BEs^=UW+B!x?*_>J5=qds*inPww?^mBXO<}%TPO^I-1>XF)|2(c~b*U%r2S^rD1`C3?!!=1ByJupl9dd5i=tkXect zmOEQ-5*kY`K=C_LYNvluLh<(Ko8ocj8<(YlYOhcQ%F!vkzE*TQ0|u8e7u`ebl|1&N zn}+XrxRT6|adTuo17M>#7&Hi zISL;(S#>hp6g2*D3kzF^`zMuxqdNP;=_v2BP)wcW8eyQK0Dh^_gHA)Ku=j2#z1X`q ziO){F*Mdur9@U~7Ju;}n4i)hT>nW5hTb&If0%#Zv9xa82qqJ90qcB$D#9&`=B^udm6>MxHOWp11th2ZQS9{ zpGRKa_f3F908T~JjPDaJ5UU*?65S%nR@20*I%4TQ+b)!yrk+~FCWPvEiT-|Z zNSiyI0On^P?%?dr%|T1+kJ1hp4_p?Vri1R9J$^%*?BFWaFF(Cl@N@y0^uZjVb)-mtc*R-o1ceqNEFxMb{;W_RDOZl{eY;D zWQV3f-*S{dP@3jA6x1t&R#hh>s%KV{TBn?MWOv#XieIy(cuo(`<{>a9e1 z>&}tv1CZPa;NIaM)%0ICkzhuYwth5H>Y196VHH&~vCh~3YRpdibkk29oA0zJELp%P z$;zMb!V+LJoWZs4fM)ag%NIRL>lAhKRYrw`f#z?IPN=x!xk5Zfe2m8Z_hHvetmf#* z6BTi@Q23**E9sYb5g*Qa1aTn&-%V_!|NL;Qa+r^+0$#-qER-@WhuP$snHgD84s zeL|Qv%NB<2E)Ra)iPk>cZ+Wm19vsPAE&p;NNYAUmcxRm0!$4HDBaXf>GMGYavq33% z+FeZR-l5>EYP#pu3mk_a&qn`=1_c9CV18y6yp#Hy*z%85DOcV(ca(rcG%caS@Dl&qY0lJ5xJQ6TY?v< z+b+L&5`h5$9p!Q&4AQL=v&Ao3;>8E0`{Ab38 zKGj{;X$Dl0+w!z4Z(C~`NFErp+95kcaPww2ph-FI$~@hNz!>m? z_jtO?sOMcDr!K>aB1S7%0?Zxl8moU(q`d8e+9L-;0M$nI^31=O0y1{;hRAs7>NDbO zk?*FO1fi>td)}HFpf*FgWHx<$@O`~|4>?kc9GeK*YrbSMB<`?%zM5EMx|=w>#{;!h z4~Hr|Aht8i-H1D1nEn>^J(wJX(;xci5NPqfG+muYO7-fPNJFfci4P--1^7zKF;8nh z94ej~sLc@`Ef3<5A%hOMj;H^9xoY< zY`|Jg<$o!#UBO#J>2DLeE&CAgNNc?va(){KimH&HAV*hjD5iNp*oNahRcQBliB?P` zT!N^YP|-F?&IE?ergJLMH6%+q5dxQQShKMXe9c~(Zo?4S6@}zN#qAy0Pb)+U6=GJy zJp6cyxx`Ww9vowXIs+bK%ifuj|DUKn*9;WsaDohQjDf;L$v_loPR22|%9 z!FXkbqE}Y$Cs5&3h>?4*w+2bqh0E-n{1tlMbv#yw2`n6t7l z{+4QF$0{ds>lVOA;_gnW=%-SC=(}}axAz2N$VX2Ye1=ghX(}jPP?^o(fH@4I85(4z zgMiTlF?P>#Y^@-^L?f(SqYiy=)bUhRNIijP@e)=zlEZA38l@E9ai(*2f64ZZ#pARE zdyrGz*ZGV&eb5Rk|HgfBRdFrP!KlNV2E78>c)A)SZ^}h?(V_OFP;sp8_on31+dy>O z0R({93l&C-=rJK475u?Y{v}^ZV7wLv6WhBU-2V|!7z#8O%^1ATA!J3Hb2{vC7(3sr zt%x1F`s&mLoK0f26a^e#nb<2r4kJQ?3;^y$~T`j1LQCXT>cl~f!W96Z6dT)gaaLxtmPeD7YFSvSvgJ-m1@J;HWrH?JHH|37aE0ZEfG?xEzX1D7#e~TqpazTTr%-ycj z07_7>N8mWI!m{{Hz!e8+o<@&hQ3XjJMfJHMhgX3g$6CdnrV(dE^2kNqyY^MY>W^*# zv}wo?YzdENDtfb?$MxsYaN&*5(5PQ z8A<-2eYZtC&+cnT2@xN9DS-ole*zE+H8{9nsPEK^95I?r0}-oIt?`yX@2vo21-x7} z;EIjQuJ!+fbfn**ul=AS2L|T18e%mr`f#S~R>*P6d&FZ2FfOySYs18+D(8N&gA$HM zBPNU?_2TOI_iqC9EOQ>QMso%Lgc^Xc z3dZrP95DnvJ+5X}BV?LKPR|l^*-?;)HaMI|9K{$kKnT~c!8AlQ$vNpM7Zl^b!c+!8 z0w98Adw|Yzk!3KdPJRzpBcO@J>a$x*5_E)l1IgHxEr7Yqo%dRquQmMj%Lau0bMW*i z`nG+A?l(@n`#PMy)i^{N^K41mNT2%^yVM%wQl&9L6^>|OL_MjC*NljO`+(ob$c24R z>&WK!QLj_0GgjEXd|nM>SS;dF!_UY$c2p2Uqs;;ZCN_NKphMt!!cehvvjd~W18-c1 znv{QtR&UATiKh{17UI5^3LOMn1YPQRX%MDu`=v;0{PrraWpR8c&Qr1ZllRgiEe)rd zew?4+P;dy|XmesU{aNp`2Jg&4>%d2DUKr2ov9^F>-ZN| zwMIbiU%?^D>=V}i`A;Tj6nBu24G}wPkRSd=-HMAfb~%AIkAc~^)JwO-B-sXU(_a$nXTRUt17MV87+HhM7PMoh zEORuik~y$(c1})|lYR|%)o`-cM9mVDAmUxl`JxPeuFyc9D{?7AHlV8pCH%JX*Sp@= zrjlF<2LYQtoo9<@A9;fO6PV@>PP_BoPeczzP2|R6t`=GWH41dbg;Lm%&2=U zdJrQ-6`K*?9M{_?-?p>X-q0hKSeqoNyasTw?Orvy?-}hB*eGl}M!K^}ZZ)a^02CcB zBji}46|A3v8Tv93!{RNSpN0BD=JR5(QuwfgQ(}XFe(VEdf^pX_LS$oyePm*nOmP={ zO)7b!bkaJTpHOz4BA1jkx1WgvYVO@?Urru;{HfC_6O!uMb}rxtmY!yB%GyAg+_&BF1z-gF3%HZ7 z%y=Vu-FcTL)W>E+y zhcK9!2go}5&NqvkTY1!!I~g{Gz5Lyk^t)fsIq7fc0-&ydJE9x^B}F4>U&noaiv1Q* zj*^!`uPXm&;?luk*x=92C595&JEwkB#lQKf;88-Z zu6FQO>uuBn50gtN+F%PJD&+Ni6XViet0Vde5C*n4Cr};?2=rW-5hsOg%Y&&OQ9V>e zSoLRl_0eod3j||j54k{e&PcFYw!1ylO0fFAq;@>wet}0j@HrT;iVA@B2cQA7dtMr_ zQ09ed(Uw>v=BHXx+4=yfFm?<-kiGEgCEBWC@x0i~NOTq>ks%8|i?ldaE71Z2im#4i zhNFSN`VPHMbOYn-t?W*3#RE9{Nd_u`oW!1kfpkiL@$K(X{EMp(P6)e~AJ3VD{v7NL3ajqn{HcR!II`IWGC( z@hXmMRi^1ye)*z980gcfe=1-}eY?~jeYpvNk-C+#DJd}hJekjcBa8-Zx3+W@cYs{JiCrAly)i&F(0u2~{pPrIwV_A~?}de3Aq zrpzO09?)mMpZ(d2+T5@muOFx)G-GkjJ>vgZoztzhk;XPlA;=gIozfNk0Lu|y z=r|Ttg;MtSHHyNmo64RY@i*)B8MPxj$_Y{JlpX=Ricf!6G@&csE=|6DRHW#+l;yrY zIQX3!@dND@n9k_Edk~Y?Nf5NvXQ7&g2dB zM{iQ$O)u-SIhCX&JeR;M#@%5Q=#*xGWXPW=Bg{~!1z(azp+x@KGX!QA*ps7;)A|BA zRV$SY-_TPWQ)##0@XNsTIB037<+?uAHFv9qx zqz5SqSdkvH`E9ROQ%$Q80}6JH-j=L7=$GLOFpQ{MHLNsPQ4Rls+g*1P-taxCYB%ED zEB-SgD=T*yMF=7oRpW*G%|)@2EY(n6WRYpgRZqrXAIY6T<9itKgl9o^%bwX~D=S(0 z8!oMRPj=4xWB{>n2YyM&MxY_bj#25emz-b$=a;A@nS#ECJaeLjKr%Axxo^Qs^JY)q% zf2H!eC=tg-YcE;Tk4D6HU033pz$!?agIJU>!Tp0&#bKPyZq=kxnQz?OLMI+L71&of z<{s6EXD^d#?fP%eOlSpF?O^n{ZZ<_BEy(peh;ClaPgLSStw4-?9J4V={5fTA2}y!s^1S547>zTs`EKkjPHYguJbXYsyIb5M1_PW$he-MfFKCqx2_ z9?x}-D)moeQ&U-`K=z!5#O>xMF*-sBi=DzC2AJ@MPT4XI&hTwG{S+w`FYO0@H)M-& zg0bD}1&daft2mU1pElZfN}q=Z z|64!uY6>Z?Mlaf1Cbl01!KvSyd$e2wqX8{(XcSC@HdZot za~nyu0|apDy`!|Q)>MR2j{Hk0dI`o&!gSauOmCzogwsD9w92c!N_lSqtiQLlm2tlS zSDk-t`A8dXb!8Dd(6C+;=on*0WkmPOkyJHo327q0V-{yGq6~p}(J}^hoSFO7KLcD8 zBy0}MQ)DmW1npRB3{xul`U4n|tfE<~uL{zaxvHN>T+3Z^LRZLjDL9{W30Z#fLX7+o z4l!HGDvR1VEQtuG9T2y@yj~MYdX&dcj%e@K4d2-nvoGjeFc2~*5lb`{NFANIdE}FB zNAgwI+z9}IvL1N4(0I}v@ZPTH1ujt4$}9Ci2ml(nA(ExQhdk7uT95F;e?5qNBq(b zXf(pg$&9;fI0{KQKOA~(Rqyh~YXfK21?cK?nMgW&PE36t2T*oy@p*TG0}UAF!)L>b zB<{Tno|gx7zkmnvn7#_a{l9If&j1jGpd!*yY=T8U98U-0%xTv4;`B>iAd9AQS5i*5 z>bp#p3LFpATg^fG@QS#8W=j<*-xqOoBD9c99*Y9PlWm|=n+UERkGYBj_OJ3lxY`Q| zsq>o>q}_8v&caEqyc>9d!@=H>maMi;qh3|HC#FSr>tY9+qBP}iZDaCaEmFpVG z+~}ihG8FmyxYu!}{k3Pq=vwobU8&CZpmutnI@I4~o z4lJJ9Uz48bubgpi3Od19=xl6J5$|zTr8Z)O-N*aHGQU-T5BdhW&r{ z!22m6%J1#bd{&ExbyDJAP`r9b5G7s{gydw+;RUTO4o=rk7)o%VMQBt-LN|J#@~1eK z76sZf)W4pYSCjTh;ysa8VMaZE_^j>QeWVt;)?~BeS?4)~6Rave4RKO;c7SF1ATvMi zX_7&P@}^=p=e+X=I|xG}+QIxM;9|dB69G+Rmq;~nBTIW*Ru|h<%G*31B)0@8T(HEN zs%=Ec#D-=URbpn6lvvc2ACDI-l%%2{7Lj2j{kF*-h=IUoXO3U~Nc@qVX23Ljj@kWz zdVaW_nqug-iD7Dy9l?nue9cnD)FVo2Q=5+bt4dma4GEF|&v1Q5$O`D;N{D8Zh?_QH zYI2(d``~XQ~%stZoq9dMNK}1VuAA(7o7Z3IbI3obF@^kt-3Py(?_RV9hejlK&L7} zN=U^*w7?s7Uik~*084K-6_;OQ-%fj8y0rT3&%rkiTJl`2s(0^bXWmzOD4)8S{eMio zRajiny0qI30fH0UwQ;xL1b26WySsZMfe;*myE`-U*n-p-_sy<#+$?p@NEXIWEkTB_H;gang5T`$4OAc`Qi(n zQT#zpkW%nhe`^k9e`C;`ah2YC;}5~T8d4Z;jZ;bDSaT$yJ#Zl#S?E>|w6}F5!Zekk zvQFcR3AqG1RR!Dm4R&YcD}6rp zAM7jL&pP)zr&WKGYrb}PqP5KcKvDS(`q5qst}T)!utiz=X++M+_zoN>+4zUdw^1K* zI1;hM$@n%6!NTT%3z~;@968|=p;cJSi)Q{KkUgKouB-9AGag_<-gFG=@L~+xg==gJ zjkuG+=HGZNanEuR6A%R9KCh3gHT@=>Vr&>S19S$>V!>NeaFq8_5*^uJ$)JYUw1;n| z@M0QwmTK@jzu^I$lhz&ZbvGkED9|_an+F6&{`lZN*3X2G$~LLVSSgpA%!a>l(1vCf zGb}NspsV^6t#HjUcrZRH=h;D*lo4KI#$h0B|Mdc{h6>XqTyLIMf-Uhh$345cQU7XD z7>W6jt^3Sd%I{r|Bs4s9`|s`Qv^7KwrdU1eI`tcBA{|ulJ)=ff*^ZsH&bodau?K-K z2+Zil?spk6;UclW!>+Y^)pp!2=*dZED44_4__M4wSjEYeC|#tBJVAR;djM0fblv?= zhCiG|ftQwdoX35>5T&YXYr+vm^X{KdN0nFqtg3S1{k)``2wGJ-6h?1XsW{$>xmIT5 z`Mu;Yxz9gePn{Tlx|!#hAYGuLMDMdN#0@;2BF05aP95_9FKYY02Q>2&V7=T3>6XOn z55Jkj5r6yx*}*Yu*spbFC= zsplOUN(V0jkl&NBI{|R}J}!7S44Oly1E}KEE!OD-vv73Xr!l$-gRO6Gk(BGc+5ZX@Aaa4X3^te3+`tBJOaWJ#VZWh` z)hE&xO>&Y|Q#Wv^kqm}>K+w8(t)pzUDLTg&v3*yq%39Onv#{NsyySsDBtj%R?;5wg zk1BRA1R?W%T?D{2?lmtXwaS-_yled~J~%>D-mzxX(w``-JSfKhK2ZiI8( zrB^lDoIL37^QLxQeZHz<$~Ah>gLpFRUZv4%1z}9un4nN39vIBJCqFEx+z5>%qSNA% zg%kWc!y$*l;WXvdbxi{IKr}?L^m@^UKK3u)18P81ZR=lhEaR*F(6sz_3;j*xg9Tlx zX|$(CB8}*9*g9-VCT*Et_lGC!|BIpf-=DKSe6XI#t->6<$Jfr8C+zMY3Lf%R7 z`PTd+uAfNXhtjQnxtDVbEW?k*PZs>faWI{DiyD@%sQ>2!Neqe;E5N$p3o!QXOZwE9QkY>!?P@VTN&nhDJzdW|n*tLnVXrl&_ zVJWT>_{a-8D=AE_(se&R5L3ainUbfY(!LnO>IlxIqnCK4zhEvlQQ;?rsO=TbG*gxD zX&w6DQAScH8PI&X+FD_ww`lUqsH%KHoo`hhJU}Itokx)J)Y}T*rI58L$ExQbAOHs* zXn@N7NufH@^p!A-|0;_oc>Uv))H~UFGszM`5atzJtzopyPa{DuJI=6#&yF(2i+qAgup=W@mW_4;bSo+vbglO_|IM zprne1ad%nxk#AemQ2bN)rc?laD%YdYlz1@TRx+Cm-OOGq45q3F_Fqw6(W9sXKFD38ngL5uo^4Rl-is=1E51#r3I6y zX?$vlq)_q+29t)NTfnd@_{8Ot$oLt?nccy#ZjF`z{>GPFfR5~izxzt^Kr-#5E^(u#Zt{`Vl0+%A;$o&Js)M4g%`<}m-VjNDQ(neTJJ(wfESO{^6&gIj$uOHrhRq-EKQtZE|5_@axut!Vi?!`7?m zE6_&Evc=4Vq#q%cx{gWn@`AnVjMe!E&exi8qTkp!w`=%S$@j;GN%zM_NfZph9HrZ? z^!Faj>C=Yq^IBN6=nhY>Aozt_ZjmsOIfpKCv+9`o4EzDxeyY`cm*`I~;&VuOqPF;^nU<#!N}zOGcx|Z;=#G9(%S&&{7*wgwuBcGz0Rn zEZIRm(rK`ak;O#JBwWTV+9KY{_WJ=fxac<9r^~*rr#pHw+-LHk8VfLaE$t?JbX?TPxZH=(X@hQ=@7Aee%F!8qQSRrE?$^G#*ZLx}Q4E)aue%l4QAIR(u zb7JDixS)^}{f7LKJ~aQVV(!$g z7peXQ-k41`N@kMN^F)V$-Be;IU^nm%VGDa<`d_uZNI+4L=@3IbZ@}%FBpUi417boN z_EmaV(|{1MpfyATt%B>M%3k3+)#|jiVG`u(tDJKG=dQ_FhW0qTLBqh_O$#KENk(FF zES!t*KND(E+c@Dd$LbiISShuMRK*+kzO8++T9;?5=j2qKG%$MA z)us^?A@paRao2gH(ob@u%ts5Y=_~=3SwNFzfVQ;qL^i#4w!AsYisZ73eVh3iG74$@ zV>$vpyw)V8oo|*U*s4vx7aTZXlo6tP%2Ik0n_JiBRt<5R#QIBADF0=UqTI0iW z%tX(-qrXlP--GT(>rm&Ui++QE4lsrF4Z4gn;xgup#36x=HmEcGlJHbkRmC+jn0?Q2 ziSh$A$sd|!CuNr9nYTQ_J|t7o3hiDLwIdF9r$H^@Zd(TpMRS4gqgdL8L1iFBKbn~O zk=J_PTie#ZZ_lV(s23Y#<1ibqzgbpM9*o@1W%19@Ip`y+ydn z2wZ|vTNe7ayyX=&iIG^ego@qnHyOYQpa~W#r+ z6o|donfqf_;F`Vjkb#hb3Q6o20Wm$j-T!pL7XTFP3o{gcv3h|PxoU7Cj^ff~P1KEA zfk$TIf?muxweZ!=q>gn+v>l$b4K$gtXq)1GO(rJs-&18D*xx02LO0Jb`vJI{ea?|> z$=y!S;~%JJ+~R6?D!8b742EO;H?$ZlkcNR7+P+#k`V6%Ak!3#Oi=7 zJ2Au7Z|39brZV`wO@mhW5iYI=$vn3fks;2ucQl4s8ie0te8-5<)wNf4E7#)(4d0^0;hGBRn4*}YIaN%h8V0Xr(}`7 zIcUsHQ99|bT}_oW^$wL^%Hf{v*2;Sr^jWpzm$Sf%olcEjY4j+sC+M5w7W`w(6gPNY z+a%z}$z-bI^J0$ol@9=OXxS>)0aG&&N|?HCi9CA&a=;F#*O~aHyfRldv z(i~rC(&qE2r-q(<9 zR9aCn`aRBwxldsB`mX5~{9j9i7#-tB9XA>|elz@dn8H{LIr`<@s#7}udlAHt&7i-p zvG)6b27ui^Dmxt)KiZIdc^t9ZgmQ>eL>REDuEa;ZqsIgcmCb>@rb_4m!(&V~0-MQ% z{g)oT?@A~D-bZuVK=T9{SvxL5=u?dS&Nn*ue}hoPV8W`ip!q=R)0A!^PEuPJ=b*8Ybv+zA>hX;1nxVU;LZ290?Mf`D6|3I#W*wQWs%kfmCagI6beCAW+E z59H|NgUQ@x1R3O251DatLlUZccAh2!`z|Iiw@Ao} zcYXOAs-nG*oGaK%g5Z=j6cgzr-negb<+hVR{c**pQ>QevIhi_KAx|8$4H#FmH~a(BL3(iyX2xfy`5~NAl$s65h zTa68i|E<}jXIQbd!LmQJ0au$tZ6GDfHNW_qGJeJCvVrhTX*Zc z1Tlek&iUx@dGKkU&GH}eOp7v}2BwluWVt55z&;h!83a6BMl;7kb;B&gKtu&ji+9;j zVhZO;Hg|^ra1l=-j%rMJ{;ClRRiQJ&gzS$&qEpbycWZOAvyN+}e-?f6a?9|zMO?7E z4l|kz;W=?yZ(juZ6h1}_Yr+P2qEClf7kyQ$b;@iomK~Y+awTDu9Tzq2J4NRXTbSus zzR(T3Iu>oIzc4KL82reV_#n7#N0SH{$79mj%F4Lo^r&<0?u8~-d+*g5G?@VmXH zNiRB0>$8kum8)5L8GXdm#`PO3061Z4^)5^l5yZDURKl!3C+D~8)tzORc&D}I6u5C{ zB?H?uGnaqbbiVsoowRi~ffUFS<+ZOrGH0H0W@_>7;0J~7b_^^p&oRtcrk|MWf^$oj zFzC?*fz`i58Si}*!blQ>h1!nxz8}INi53Bo1*0wIm}^T2HypK;6fJ>v{+v*`d(C{~ zX|g!8p9YDZh1iWzxl>*=eNM?0AI=E2S8wZYmBO%$O%=-)mPyIs`Y`ShTZm0l$U0Rr zV%(YkeZUS2Q{oGO)mH_9QwajB*I4wEb?OQE+{CTs7))M=8tic)qmDkQI!te|=ac_A zhp;2>Lie3=6N3h0GMj!)nIK352bKUjun|}nX%x>v0ZkEo_m%S?%S{P;OOXkISLwtX z>i?Dg$XL9HfeFZnoHC6eiGzCVIr98Y{L)`Cv%`7ToI_0#toU&!%mtF@$K*0VJIsDH z|GjPLqXR~JhvA3=pnnOK7fA*w?`x0BzpZnRX!9X_COuY9CJ_OOQ-PEPFT)T&Vi_QT z-*aYGgKg3$y-fVNzbd}-hP9mydU~vO3aC_{I6rHK10(?cDhE9!0WGi$5WIax>F4Io zta!0g+MYaxT)S0iFzrvn)?ri-VRu=B9;22mGw4eYyZPIKt#PmT6Y8vc!>A0*)PR2B zesEC;mR#aeSC(gUj zm@)OTQJ7N%SGPd&t&!o)a*AXi)g~+!y~L+y&@jG_CN50hA~jlaU;C?H-yS`7i&KNGQ*O0|MTvBN3XM&`y@!q79nb0T<+@OQfWW{{kI>y*S6{W$ zvzR1=O0LN-W^46()-nsH5~d2Bg=aIl(gf;fn7I0C+_|{!a$PhY>fPQhowlKj!>9N^ zjUrYv%s2xKM(wLO%J=h z|M)ixSusR|(Iv5e3sRcHMG9{0os`vCs{`}Y5xb#o6TbiO2cKPV7XjdO^;?DP8lehm zssd~UJ+E%Q3kf$nS%SUj+D(+7jeYzBTgP_wr4Iff+Fh>1i)V0Q=eFs5@XLGAj!m+v zpqqkEYl#1K?hY0{0XE)}dT#;y#NcJ3E$Vtx0CbYBJA*_{3VKrcB=0ww+4yW^~Gl8VB>K0NF0>MKw)O%?t5zr&N5C(kLE*>Bk*wRob<(b48( z-l5R_npql69h1QsqsYTl(3=~DF2+jaAHsSrz@!2fCIK?u3EFUf^REEEdx8L)r3G+L zomsLh!ae@QW7}~JXVtO9>CvRiAVXEYRj%L1d}6dcXLJIi;eGR7{6Y}G0vPTW-Y8R) zV14^|kjwM>GG8j3d}kh0uX|$(r0`smSdgdGHMh~}hAg;|TC09{E97wIY2qdt){7_x zc1Cz#a{*1#u^A4t5kr5+#CjFMX)+Y>Eg9=N3N=rqiuqU^?-ykN|_+`#NFhag2xqNl4sPZW2N9%-^|YKNiy1v z#IajGw~@mT59wl$+p+B+yDz}@OVJzx?Fi6bp375o>I2{WiYlVlG|Ta_nIAkT|m zDl3hSUFbS)^6GuDy30M>V7KW#I3>d9*P@A#!f)Z*>vFGvxy20ysE0%LEYC{j?3Ez0VWSj1Kq2 zb23==CUf(pWKNR!VC_t>kSb`9z$)!awYLI@MwQ98j@JxzuxYqwAJU@P~5}!-@Z5sO;5~@zZCU(*K4gb zSMu$fdy7}pj603&6qL~AcVJP#7dfBQSp(N3nifnf>78)fjot zVPZBIonlwhItZSQ9F3Y+RDOp`+xGE}_x?SNASV4`E~m{m;>wQjR`E=Z5#JIfeCh0w zM>ZDSMiDa7$0YZd^I+&#c&?><#22yQj0+D2?jM8|LyFY$Q;akzF7ez)Zq z=IR0g=wqU-aB>B z&$V2uake^{T`vd@Ss6bxGlTpTD8bzbn_)@YzK! z^|6?-j>9(p@dwhvN>>xl{#d*nyUadaQFY#u89Rz(;BK?54X)w#${Hd-T$P|QM#PX` z*qyPEUIo2;%IDDV-9~4ZnaK>%mrR}2?G$gFeAy-^%=^Vih; zh4^NiYHZa$s`P_=5@=OQA@P2j-7|k+a6UOXR6%WMDGiC9C++u%qvEeLEYXzZ7N<=_ zNs(p>PfD%klnw-r7tU0F*b|(8@8s>KDWM&ubKNM`Ux>i_6X*hKVhFM zk9&M2=fUE4_CZ1RWo$vIIn8tNN1Px&LYBPKri5D|H-1rApR%z?1^;?z^)*fzX9mg7zBhz|U#2;*6QQ z1}3-1F2)qw6%07A0-4{zFtb7MP!>-0<*av07ke*qlhlxVEYZ zfSP7LVfC)kNB43fM(7&M`xH<2ys%*cx0c(>25K~2k#nFQewjby;J$cW6~G?KE(p$UjCWWZEG@%1v(x#Rg#{28mX;5oa>MY5?ygk>I-5=US8Y^-NC zZ|bBD(KNJ~1*NpffZxe=NMwx6BSJb`d>X3wufE%t=~eG2CW#%f$Biax;7xH&t+OaM zb*zW~3fRUuA$Lg4Vq@IZd>Z(VrsGY9iifs`7mt1T>n!YJbiF>M89iY)Jfd| z&68hWII2`sW?GI;whr~e10CiyW+i2zm?6=Sam2samvDj{IkEdf>DY|*hmS`9cmCAV|gH)3>a9X3iiR)`@vAn4thr$WK!A93v~a*O#X0 zGF$9F8uJB%qLE48<;jTlBa4*7;KHL=AsC0+0H^Pvsfz{bxK0Y!ZLhQgRFWC*(kJ5Ln@<2-I2Cd@&RfAX)G z1uh{S1o`qmU(ME3NG#%;$saFjDy-G;nm71)tE%2%Q9t&Da5NHI5zp>z?KuJNQXy7(T1@skZ>#q~6rYVN-#wpobi9O0Oslei!H z>i1P-a#l$bPo?`@Rh#r`a<`ISu=W3_8Yxb)CL)W4?m96fs~>#I5dd#C7QW%?u6XN= zYRviB2DkE-NMmxCkm_V<)+CPtsp&F5kJJNhTiCp{=(bO2 zFu}V0>&tiK>uMd@RPTfRS$1UagV}Y6L*0K~_QO6>@^+pP!cTu6r-(cqi*QLq8Lp82 zxq?yN&_4MdvcE@w*r*f;k^lk`%DJ2_b2xIZ9;d63%hchH+MaT?O3uzu?X|cO+xy zl8}H>rIjzc@b?%$otEnde8vDjqg$Y{3`s7c#!Bx_-k_OcR!{JB=h2#H+yG8w7Nz>a z*pRqR07{Af3)sm90jtbDP5y%tZq$Q4`6pQKQw4V&|1IG)mmv}k%ki`yzo1&8Uf^w| z5y3~S#ovr))c4=B3H>JlmpcSWl(^=Htcfg4l;#-&q_rDe?p3<%Z7V5Ai{E0$xZtA3qy%p2!8UWATQNFxau0j9J zZJUR(PkLRFy0`EX0pS%}Tk1L5=(YpJvPWLPAG1hC5Z0(Thm|!K#_D<(9v$c7e25xf z1=G33EkY6X(t?YPPWsq$^5bhq$VM^JZtUGY^#5r*Dn4WqLC^&hnKeWafXGD=&ja|gclu3rIU*OV{gC9z_h2z8IljnSpw?s0R z(n?$+#)Ne^t6@JNcM+5bmxuzcGgp>QHGsX8{ni$&{&Oy!juYAftU^f6S`SEJAs@;< z5EnGXY`6=;Du}nE0WfHstEzPy2En!2!R_;~$ixB0aY{v4a8-2{rB^(nJRFqoMnAp$ zMlVbwjU1)=0irtyuJNjnB3JDG=f_yHHY)wBWVNU|)E}9&D{u6a2;?#H{tefM7QPMx zKt1MH6`6W9y8;}N*u9&81OUf&*hBepcfgJR;8K(wYJ&2Zr6>MpA}P+5-_e@Tn{&HD znKcnIC!~9az%1E~Ea>GDZNI^d)WNC>=4%66{BT)>LmksLTd>^jn8c#jJufnyQ^#d^ z$JHofxaMRLQg;TwZWhc*_{8_&G(h5yB;f(VsCUEX?(nAS=>Jt`0d>(3SN25CtU}cIgmvwiIX@CtQg<(4VJ2r?;H7%P*=zs6xgpSWXxRNC6DDV z2$2jti95{V^V*s#&04H`VrL+;-VA=x)8o=D;RuXUHYeK`!@_FHm-NE#Xyc)at3v$d z2swfTaGUt}yQxT}{4kerv8Ae082Z)G3v|_JYTwjwUab|WGZVE4gwD-U2T%=L+uR`< zzHO|i+uwh?9gH3Jj&O9{a6RUodDx&fbB^!{H$vp3a1>>gX8Y-RxA}-2wOY^CpLj7{ zurDbTIS49#?I4AehKL^{2$OcbjOW4yj?U20rQK(a8}$lLLs= zng@}Fs)fhX!=d6Fb{n=I#1Fu%>S{%I+UW1oA}S;Pgc#VdNQ57`3wVQ= zx1+157_F7F;Wr?BKw$qzlY4w~zMD7S&^dH-+Pde_YLr3{LtVsK-0};F%KS z7huIY-}Cz(S(>qu5T4`Z22uSi7NfR1;(Enw@i)BBp)Ed7#1@l(EaCL@$U`SMQDyxD zB2@S7=@b|!CY*q?8ecq0L~v@aV9Y$vOu*$_yE)Ji=Eax|s}OAs^gnX$F@~$3VkM+& zYQu-*KYpEA@_d>t5qW4!`AkrDpkEfrqU$X?={_XZgU{En&43vGBDL_2&e#1CJ6+G^ zivnGG@fd&P&(t>c)G_s%whgPVt3S1M*N<^_9l0yjiSMzqD`!EGc*yPQfxCPrL79yX zKAUXq;?J?KffaGnPmVTozP~=fl}>WsN*h`k>7i#ak%GCzqH(6kiQI7``rDyG-=z40 zBXr8{Q!+?;Rr+be4@6Ce3JU9_D8SdiGufnJoZak z@I1*i9>~BH74t)XbZx+?-F}8b-MHED$lYf7-w=y-i)R1-OyYsZ!NSMDB~=>^nGT;&?9AZfTXLt1(t0M0DxrwmBHTLq+^4wndX1!K+~^vF%LrW<;7fg`+fn zj|yNLkP*n--~d=1HpDoDHn;3&*tIE;B5t7`5>4qWEtQcYYs1#A{)*^k)tp%zG|{MM*=CD0-bC* zBN;V^1g^m?A>gD`scdQ{VeV^Dm~l2t8IA2hcXc!J>>5ybbVYd)b;$`^6cK; zYRPeGBUzFI$!fKEH>4IG(r<%2mGdJNC4@=+S0}x$BW9K2n1f1ROdd5kYOiej_N69w zZ-P^0G%ryCXj|*IwU1}mxpb54e5v!|RIdGy1P>xx9`rB2>zDCSbGAUAILTUrxR_tF zG!GnDc{B9YVZwLI{03 za67r|srUZ|_CFB9Q3y;i846t1aIjiAwb<4{(-y}h>C*?3nkiT%*WFM%5fv+N2jCt4XG zlfW&i&97dS>>i+qDcjg6%ObZ;+1ywlL^5S8L<@7nmpeeTbYV^13v+~OrZyb=6*^L8 zumy(i_%HlOHBdw&@$|AUkT3m2Y;_6qn1LQ}C_ZWOoE3s_^?i-MXxM_3UO&ezmE1<{ zsCwFyT^63hfhVYJ;LsaAnc+Z1DyJ_PmZr|Q%%L*uRYrwa%eY>qV>D}uYl}pS5AAPr z%KYB|;IXe_mN z!}Q5#jV5Ni3s_f3I5(sq<%)CLl?;CWlEaqR2wdHgL|Rx4Erj)RbG~JkU&v&JY=)CW z{z)ulTw{=sBdkFUH;Cc!IwM?$LK6q;GOy@zvJV!Q?4Aea4a&S;X07qPB$DS46Yp_s zi1XLoF2i3bWX@tlZTwrKj2N}H9tb59iCfQh8lz$L*v(`r6vFF#@t@SaNN)38erX1s zJ}N<5jmLzZm7jfQ?x2_v@SOxa!hmoX$*J3~Lh<*g4K#Y4} z4xCe`;;ArC!(dNn9LK`z<`UPx_J_(WNfLs2&TlOsnQuDX0#`LFi~lFc{QF683jkYc zlhfnyqnuANNH3U=BvMN`7PQI&FHlbbyrOIXLnpw7k{=?W$xY&Tcu_i_4V)9XL^tV? zEwm#LqSCzx^)rupEE>|zDW`8R_E>qHQ=xoVddR*d8e~fXo>@6A3*^=)eYWwCz@c8k-B{94gHf zEjSy;(ctPAM8d_fa`h^rwVZA#!Xa_;?0J+Aw=w?Q!hi549!KYymo=`WQK=Hr6WmK4 z%1+p+)k#d#KTENr@iCVTl(9tj82Mr*s8;SOkj}B|UUGm39SF$j7JS}_3Er`n#Fa&7 zeBY%bdd>mYImF1DQYXbexQ?iGaq~3W39DX0uI1g8 zw$#0e3@h&7BSXIFiu=LSBtBTyBw$yMtX4iUfWJgp2YwnZIX)=r9brzQ@m%}qiKB&| z-#5I&W6_ac`Su>QXBc$)?!`Ywp##y;5YDN^OKjAf2+cWxytd1KZu#=>vF+0|uu79N zcPCwkz-`p4pZ%XDCBJk_Dbc73)e*G)+U4sZH-=t}g4kS)?H?oGN}^9!TXHWx7NL(? zXfuG)&hRe@1W^CLvbz?2h?;SVrJWlZ=HU06$fDY)QH`Z-|2nNJ)Oni&*WovI-E8>Z zCl@qy09~&m`7@s=DB5%hHvv5j9>NAi60I@EyK?|1lTG00Zk+DSJD@LRLY?IVA=Nby z14$lEiys}I@+SEWYa9k!o8D{}iVpE8+}X^P?183F*LY$4%ta3I$c1`%u_B`?rH+1<2n9=n;=Hhg1&+ac75YesYYcg+1;=;&R(L2nDn-`1N1c$GT(_gO`K!4poxPog|4oKqHVfD8!eZ5=8Z z(C+Y|W)!(f2k3luchsxmVQJZ?M31tasI6esB8BsS?=!Mce~P$`MDI2I$002$&Txsd%?g zlj7`_B&+j>ltW)ob99=S#iin0eX5xMOm4@17A)akM$NS9QKfa5ar^^Vjy@SY8v98a zTAZbsa{u|)8QKwLuo+OOxvp5r5USy(CTkEzVjXm9{sW+Q*g)+@63lZ09EOCryTHStAV3C~Lx<#^4eAON~gA&`>8 z2U}yr*^7*?85l3S!0mP1t=Q3=QI$|R?j?M4>1>FaY|U9BOS!-KGlxpi&zEzUzJ%l> z;Ta|NK9Xx6=|rrGPoF9@0@SX82d(^C#L&V#ogPzQ346G`n^#5lzW-k8AoSn67NQV9 z$M+!Hi*O5D1Rn~W!uOC>A>=$}=0!8dfaAfAt@eOWaL#Zw2BcSp)>?8FwwWKm_&G?g z*`9qJKrDF<4e6t&;j=0LaHT$>O#frB3Can&RTJ@MojBU3(m9825LD({BLuHSD!!1n zx1cTvz0qE(6!nbeKpR42n+ZqG_K9gnsP7Y=M|EOOayhkj*exlKhv)4EQIdFQWEGxt zjGd$XdbW|V#Au>Vun%i`mbxDIGbcKCIU_F#qE8rW%R>=!n|1{ur4&qm??qMa=;L)t zTI@x-#z2*V4$gj*J-c$pPxdr5HQuH41%G6+`uzlcnLUzXYFDt7ot)5x6otg}e5P{S z9w{3C+Acw`QK+HKr;KL=^Q3QWPP^vgJMQsvJv|f8W%R>8F4!u1o`;ZhMF3DBG===nIgo`9IH|;Djm|si1>G$YHSKbe?qwl{v z4S#vsKxc|!n$WK}1PTyP2;L4z-U>m~=tf)5VL2efE?; zu9OEs-bjAYA;}#l4pA4GL5!Q_{-DT_>c=r{KtGGan&{*$J(KNApp||jrcta~k3~Q! zMLxNen5k#crgxEPkFgAvaF>;9x&$Wi*IVt5w%-2uej@_{c5K7};IJ9c={?-{7N4>G zD!_(8Q+4gn&1cS-t~1fq!2jOZ8ihpE28kShG@J5o}`Q}cq}PvXF`!J&j_PxjSi z3wRMqjX-bn+6VDIB|&V_5vXHZA79D{Iqng_2ThBHb}$}K;(2I*sI!LysQx;x`F$V} z@Td0Yn{VHs2{HpYFJkm`aV+g?Pk`u-03M1_!_IH*pHIm%(LaxC+RbMQBrP!y8qv3e zbnmbhU7bw6>W#%B#4^|f?({(Bi9PT~Oh(k<9n`z4uP~P%-@YOEsQbMqbP7ie_ljio z#Y5P#l!vHha77xI^E`FlRA^JXp37LwPpVp0!)!dQoT^_e^GF$4Nh_~bZkhIkjN$0q zf74!Gf0dO_pK)&FW~yZzeqCG0>-b4qwHcKG`dr*X`#oa!ia~j_o>pW}a{~r?rE-Cb zL~rJnI>oR-X&z;a;a01er7E?>73SW3xrGv_A`0a9@>O-2Xz^)j)$LOLs3XBkk=efeiY;rd z@?NZQ{OIwSBq11|y?F;OTQ+_4Qdo@~G4%#9X|t{=b1N$=QJtsGdY25``WO34v?6qaWn%HQRf0eoZGhRg*Is!vA2LDkZj6|x1 z@~UFq=%77no5On5qXXRv|3a&SAlz$N`bIM0j`NubnyZrk@O^KcjJXVUyR(ntasBf| zi?dGtwi#?uGYiv{J)+z#Aa&+hsp%ZNq<$4u#KI+$qpF+4ALJ&j3J{XMJ*Td?HrT&A z^l@=-5SUbY3AyAcm+&GePkFYBAWO|?4p7^#{H{KRH+&L3oPKy9o22dgZE{iSur#Wu z9QZ40F&p{p<#L<3RX>-LDB>OV8k)T!>+gk>!`R9jM5c2{u6bU7x*Bbp_#NwU@D3?C zjTGg-s`erDBSxJW@VX2UO~Y8U>+mlzl!4nn;Nf^Xa_s4FneNPRO!Pj=2;OM|)uBK0 zP^wcwS8%AlV|hRtt+2ATtIY_M=>D{ZHHCX|hRC|gUxo1hR{b^*lcu028g~=Q9PnUa z2OWx&B?di}294UB+GVNgXry6WSUyuCvORxeUlv*9$Dwg?y8p0`$^io34Nv{kYiWQ~ z90IMjC+5Z+a1GDF2&8OLsEs%avtB=+4LB31M5$Ljs`qjb#E{58(wS+wRM1`1*R^xV zgIgk8YMzEeH5-WR4kp^n)0DB)=^<%0V-dfrnH+VR5)$d(RHEjsM2GZl$*{p1-~7>Z zc=LF)$)q+wGYsNrjhrS}vA{LJI@;1i>r)d|yKQg1yR-^TYCAP+j7g~ehz%6poO&*P zf*pPN^k!mA+Z|{T_-V5YnQAnTY)|pDE0GH)rRCd~k?EiC!OG*ig0 znL@B=&ag-Z&|yQx5fsb*iNZz5$N%e48;3axg)x)<4;50M-49qpe2ai5s$iLDg#4b* z_d>?N^RwsC9Gm|P28@N`#Yw@c9sZAFSJUD@xg)V=9$>w{lp_o9ECP34Ui|x>MBLK5 zm)IkIpT0Qc`VGRed8GZg81@KF@4wU9b*AKIHu0)8`e~Tsch-tkr0CkIOsoF9f_-nR zNyyA`S0QHxmUue9ZY$!Dx5H+rC+EaIA*~=B1y6@xR{zCgxOk6|V{=_mC0=I*&ifVP z*b1fIWseZC!pCI9_k`4w(>pD6!aVvgQd9ea9{piB^!mYY{9&8#ICD-&0?FGUwdtX z;wS+UvfgmRM|gsUVD~+^Q_`lqxQ)mpq$~Ty7D%}M<(l<__6Wen?-UM^WQ{gwW(Q=1 zrTsK$o1U;=rExO=mpUA{v`E{8AOm_lER4$lZ70N%2MXV>x$R}x)ymrP5OL59N3#Wi z^IR5mt%{k0-`4@Qh#?t|(nWRG*dHIET%glcwnP`+`R(pV(q2Vn4M+D~iDG7f5=FCK zhj(3hgg?VV+X3)(x!&@>9d&sttaGTy1Sl zA{CBAU49;oxnc(?rAxX7eX4R2zJ5?>sDwP}^aeuSzTh~7seOOjW3JZ<+UR-5w2S){@ zX)wtzfk!-9p$X2`13{pSc8imiO1(zB(4{p;PnR|9mA>o7`#5{mn8##2vBXk4%A|H#38u1e2Mt%lw1EtGG(ht;TglYuW zZrFZXrj5T)9PmTha_k2Itaed*S*fmR6a5CN?>dph%;_u1?^T3?-u$UdLi!8LJUl$Y z(_=J9w|uq3$2a~NQbf+5&)SvK(0Qe*5c1H{Bi8u9ZwqaAB3GOB2B|hv|BqSx_uFtA zf-!HF*M`p(G!K5mnm_<&VSYaCT^JjqOitRE6o-5fCsa%3>Tp}mGLKXs4o4-iDwX;JVJB%`V zDM)9!ZTj+6pY%N4kw^`r6je(WA%NUzw#a>%3dz4PTd;~(0PI!rJe_?N&rN@qA`RSl zvxnWthev$$Vwet4xz;}8uASMtz%|Nygqu24YDf~MEvq`)KOjrmT0oCIo-Z?u3EJ^X z{N#`V>`G$cLSVr!wm%!I6xv4rhO#)2Hims-nNKtK@w0^oE{?WbCr8IUL!|(RiC%+T zb`^h0{}q!(=z+zdUxopKUnb8;MMkN{*)HlUG5qcI0bX4FbA}T^mZW&=L_b~KCT8oG z(LDT3JT6MwUrp2hTfz>zQ_+)AnX1@CE#p$>5_laOYXOvzpMviG649@>KhvKwr_Qjx zr*1xKzDmV< z?=`d_pr;oWH}KTc3s=!P#pDv|2C3*3L8yyw!ak z&N5Q2!PqXFB0Hp_N5kf=CpTw{)!voBn_`;?k0u{JRrq-SnxY?26fb;4E;f&)+i3LR zv5BqE*Vx7cVBnFDU}cUbUx)*H%-bU`>B+F4GF>k`r)B+ICCggBj-Ovra+q(PrK>Cq zPx=0OrXdiQQsWYN9NRy%`Q4`Y8{?p>yw)4xCu6f??rr{9j`+vs?cylE9-{@6AuoHD z?tqD~m|~sUzQ?JYtt{*(G0$5JPB=oafOTieTH=h#8PN8iJ&s`Xj*^ccW-Z%I97f_8 zx-)Y%XrLfUHrj+Lj_Rdfre?QF&Y+wwnYNwQp1pd0lr&m1##IGPbtbbOEp2<-n$B`Z z0RphoRSNgrr80AIoGBK>5blct=uWq>cgDce!zdrSvq)%pP#1axe~;-eR+~nWa`ip`Lk$4WbCfpM%ZidpRipF1 zfAUlj5dAVCTUi)eC#v%E+YuYg^9F4MLHP=6EAuwYAki9x#$TYiAKx<_|7r8yBY4T^Y9bypYNTrUPf+*tz9 zc5-hcS`v_!AyM>6^1y^mb}bAVf!iF@!s$wwxe{0fk(kd;(Ep-U>fOnK+9jL(m)sj@ z!a zJO(HNf?s~4Z`l-rpm3?c*m|T+p|t#BkO{KJvsWv%QH~Ngm)F{{dX= zkNz&&(v}oyK4YhV)%L6YQh9CyNHcqGP(o7-XKXar9nY9>>fsS4s6)9N`8Kt%!n@ll zeKSNuKU1fOan&vZUf)NSdR6Q(Ay0~q)3L+MrY0_02$r7XmO?`4CwezQVDTr_UnS`atRBiO?0W?5#8@6nT zS759t`2%vYNeJL|&$$AIX$9e(fQ}AP@&*{|eSj4S|NZU)^}^8gCz;T!P>hpVpgOpo zlVZmyG!wlj@r3;!;Ewl4)5(YG;#YXC550UC%KC*hgsZyB(L)&3l}ZMuB#S>RYpRbw zC1%yllOJQPKT1H7ne#Oga)5Rj(%sqzn(do6Gz4x_D{+D{23W0$>1c{M0t3~lt@dfM z9-8h3y3wL8&i`5i8sxVGTgpcb@_q_(_pwyJdG1aN@&I}`{WFM%A+}B`M&4WEyp`PX zM0n<>6g9Yhy17xt)+!V<+g-gjsdMN!x^St)P<;Ni(4K7?m5vf>u+YO8}EgZk1Vv_^DTKf zbydCKn#H5%14yA6|CP6wYJpKP&Z2aoqo(mI!5Ej>3XdVkZE}0X;aAz8YOj8i=08b` zircI=6>pJ09hm1Gd0lM zMj5D=+CV?opZ1dU2Rs=q@uVdRoi7_wipK8Ra@n!@f8`2z-}uH36xXRhMXthr@U`NY z{LI}hXEOEbwGuSvI+mEoiaoruT2&8@g$b9a0O(YekC`5)XPv5!zfe}Q^LfP%UFhX@ zXHHgUtEK#fY8lP+NU*tUzV49@q;MHzyQst{2kRt>xQ%(hhB2MmY7riVCbha*Tra+o z)QiHu7{6O(d!i~FWbbaSxrsYD>7yPq3~}wIw}u*jNE~{s9tH=-gs~;Haw;>N(4lgN zUe*GQQyD0C^`O+^9h*VxKk!czoELB_3>g2lU4zNMbJmu1v8X zWE&cM_hxTfk;noJK?+Z$k59^ytaxP#4#Jwk4Ly&S+uB_v>A~SANg+57X-JRTBse86 z-{+sGT|KsCS28dWv%Xk_oqqexZ2Ql1jA7a3vd-9}BA{72v)?Y~X2jOqR+98MWeEf~ zGZLTT49>Lrwh9BocIFiw;pEQa#TP7isDuIDw}!Gl_vYe1371*baojIMU z3FgzE{!0WH4eS1&3gpu^8_u5Cw=fIG|8)#Jl!YxGXob+1dll{km2s^Iqjg2C$#ohk z;xdvlS!n2+WyzDqRAT5GS2en`IsH&V(#ByoDEWs-;z6s3PSM;0F^EZ-Wh@wk&O};$F){ByuLQsp4*MM4)4L(_bS4iRc3WDf$3>d$JgQ0==Vx zg16%gn<7L05RicAme&)Tzwoj>#sH_pkVq2qsUmIjTIR;_@u&|wMam-AkKW~M_U9oms>lZ{gDd|ibU%T?tRUNpdS+|jYztNrTdVd3O=Lix>dtt>OYBzRqr{UHQ?v;3(# zS7VP(fe=AB1OZ!;O*ZYbXG%Ynl?Bd3fXzcX9 zK4tooDwX(V+~ikHSRcrs_z34yJ^@;;OYXb3n<_u75V1+CD#wi%7aOYp_u2698XYx) znQdW=)(_%&!L>@9aVR?i56J`)Fx&1U0V;q?qU zu`+x;3NL*%Tn>X~@$FmxXY}~diohe#m`1`+*4lq^&Ntn}l(%Ee9FWeJUzO_ts2wL+ zGLhu-4`4bV1>L*@M$twQOvDNu2JV=1sK2N6plL?3>%Wz_us+z_hoUt(#jOlxq0v7X zprE>X(S=<^3A@$hYZ=}gOtB!ANK9mJ>yzr}rZtdqdJ!f?>~JhX5W82}iYWW)SiV@J znC6+Oy|u{05@l(0d+mO6rtQ9}v^|6+f4X=TS?iym{jEt(S9@PQ_-D-;)_R#01xioI za^M8KZ>Zt$6qhIh`FludXBJ7wj`==ts-!_J{14mwH?Up3ag)sDG)DHOj^c3N$#X#be_^6TlCxrjk|`K;;yQFw}HZ@Ibop#*+XreZB~KuwB$Ej>r2djKXU12s-z_xCXpI7 zwYiop;c-9L3;11mO_)o+{B~1U72Th%K$qU@aVoMsyB)hZJ;QXqr4{~Xe4?&Aaq)|p z4KsU!!t;~8Cv2F4gQ}e8lV67MnxB zv#=nS>(FSe8ul@%`!m_M+y0d%WsT@7{xY2C^AxlAJruAFU|x@#*%btxlTeV?0o7?o z!rX@zUbL>+XQ{o2#u2s9q(>ztCed;RJvp+Us`YiaonI`we{4`}pHVG$n*yj{?-pu3 z7ue+LjHD;)V#gOUgr56QONK4pv)GuY_kfxl1)Rnz117;KYrxeY8n7Y+=M`leyju8x zo)MV~W!qZ`e(f2f_Vo&Id;8c*l=Tnlq{wIM-RP(6T8>Gbz!j`+6|-{j0@yX>RiGo5 zmW3&-_UY<2^;X|zgdBj6MaS^RInzvtN#R1CF^ZkE*(zaj&j?njrVKeGiAXxGV*3+YYNw4;YFE1CXDE;4jwnoj7J?<9tUMpr4cCvzK9awV5% z-!D{D3oSJ>xmn9`zGr1@xlU+ZyltaB-Sael}>CT!`IaQnkN@9jl~ZzJmNKl-*! zo`wg=mA7m=4yGj2-n?p)xWtiVS;IUL)7K4FMxhmFV*NXz+7Ek7|5?5r`*wB(2_tv% zwDzaiajSCapFH2uU5dA!f;gyzXq_AqOoe5*WawO1qikOfE7`Blt)$bCbU;ufZEe#4 zydUu4wQd~b>CW%;gaNTZ#))Rg2fFWNw+Ak9HDYKrkBM8qm_7*AAp7v!FTQ*}G*90c zADCXPgdSAh3)Kq4Youy)EABZRv0g`0*mMg6ig(Nu%77~#xJf4T#dCEWY$6$gXOZJT z?$y%DE-J22Bl&wc(2-Ui;TbTCBqb)oqvs57`|G!XQyBP7YQL&}EnLXa4qND;dRWhs zCJQ-JSey86RjHoKn zdh3UWm>l-^p;F7Bue*SleR~_A-x_+VoRWL-IVi8g;?dI$_XKguxL<=R_wep*tw*WK zmdr;V%6zr|i@|1XfpIRCHMH@3zM7E5?g)(Q183JJjGiZWSl>hUw_gZ#5w`-Q-+l~g zFB*$9mv|?BhV+oQPegbVuFg$s&C@zKG8E5=MbIGvnk4n0@LJm?`qryXw$N}|@(}8q zk-&9-EaKhEK}H9XeUJX!iTRO{yfvpZqjh%C(HduLmM$O$Hv(I<`S(4|r1;1q695El zML71$#`*FWz>Ly9=s?JaNQ)Y?DnO)y>Ax)#7tAbk&oh6m=#gvyO( zZKiyNo_|3dzUvaus!_vR66MgDYmRzs&Wt&C`qt&u%PzUbdhXuBej%-C)89~O{-fNR zfpEyoq92lIANMMPq9G`gD{1X$R`Y)e9Pb&(<$Mv|Qj@N=V2u2^kb&>L z%j=eit7f!T#{<^cOQ6I#4T&1~yFX0|N z^#*=V7~jHm8K=1r+)gmx8;`MZs?|ub71T7F&CW03*hk!{0G%idFEK6{f6M(z5B2Z0 z1eqGSxoB(AcT`WNSToH{Q78g|IgkT7#-RW_QOk-BNKZwb;uuBM=;Ms!x}>Vy;gh;Y zGHJ?px7<(LSM z?(Co%_PFB#@$D`9 zPfM0Gpa1C8+Qk9(*|6zPv;M2c@iTz?62lCL*MN^2e$^yooZ)MMh{k>SVtgQ>1PP!;g*Qoz#0Y@BxHPyKxB>{2!(C^=L z9h>dQOUrE3)TqDrh>_XPhUC8HeEVd7FShv-XbHP-;kDE z+!FQe8^E9`(a75A@1{FLk<9bN(aC=b)Jvo1B1q89zV#uo`(gV}O`N4$=*!jMo>tp1 zZZtK#?ZlH?XW1An)+yR}vt)~$xrB6IvdWkbTOY&;e{n*TmoOl+1YUW)?*8dHsy?P72=7T; z&+w^1S&8}GKU(iywwZ~#XN~jhkd^tT&(ee0e~$JDhA`l8iGGc_c}HMvZM_l9kj_3I zXa&&FfPv|LAWMXO9A-z4EyUzBMsk>A`{#e6%@PuHGbWpOP884^q5-8{#+mm-9xe)u zqk%rpRr>yW$m5NAf*%hpAszeB7qH)3E zU4QiiB!x}7LhM(aPr^!6W;f5_GizzRX_|q_9jAZeGn>jdXl=W{S`IEUS|h)$*MlXl zk0lcyc4})Sc^b9|V|zbM{?X4~<|Rjjzf7tutd@|l&(KvB)cTQk2^G}XW{k==v*_La z&G=(-5FlizvEK#trE{b2nQBQ?uQPE8t2^zihUR{?Tj=kQn4GrrkTX-(A3YJ)C0o|~ zInO7-aWYYDEG$Tm1(aG}k|G2(TtYTa8ZNj{W)|;G&+yd-kD9oK;_h}TJN4q-%l^4# zU&j6Kudyi->6eiX(=fgq7CsccJ9F8Bh^q>?oCBS z0sry-IrL^fZ}g8$w<0F-EJC66hb;(VH(jDlBq73bcRU0YDSs@)O<$(OeMwJtZBgYAp23y>pWNNUhayr{b~`ijh>3Uj(ufSyyONd zJ`C&gTAU`0H*T)(6islK9y1NveJNwCG`oGSZzdA=ZN?&W8ktbq?Gg4@FxzQR}?cfNB%UQTiNf67bI5a(fI_fq)b$@_Y@VS=OZ;-dsK$2SfqR& z1D3PChQ6`-^l@jRup@x?bw(8<0H$>V!qMwMIxWrpvcP;6;8HU_1{700cJsB7Pl-m* zYdqM1HFJd5nIZs#$U&(Zp%VW9?~se3CxfHWkZF+H?)QPlz*Gp2J(fQ*4M1+ca_~iD zB1Yz$VNeV(uM^8P#NVM%U@@GYM#%mJblXKgTj3HyqY5z;r}(#%@sR%~7*xvqwh8zQ z%V}ly0ev})GqOEbWou#xA`jEfYYr0?Nll!th{bWcoxPH zC^kFR;(lhX-RN3O76780Ht_ZC*6`xiKY6(?IO9Cge-Cc@g{XHLR%;z3xIojSxj+|Y- zjmD5;)}~2imzXsdFo!UqCm-Dbwss$2Qw{jPYdR`HeBo`)jbTuZF9je2=ra$%_Lre+ z&&&G90m|N0)VTgQi zD!H_@_8SyXgvaamz96@RFM!~UC9jjGt&QM`W`R?%k7O^`O_FE8-S~+SiKe zA_i!wLJw8X4G?V|+!AJ&d%-2u&~lKI;iD$Y4Rs*E~jM zmSp=!lws?p@N-7t7I3 z(v2G`Xzhi4oO{p@CYtTPS0zsCIGaX~cptcjunPxd3!94MnEQExH*DhePhc$;@JNo? zLPO-wj)=aTn_8kCyhIfwkA2KEcN<+MvTil$CKa4Wm(|ETUz6{OT*-?Ef=yq=d72>& zIF0ODQ(Z$h$!HWK0} zm*UYou6r3WxPwa#_gl`#0wf-ft}Y$4}RB^td>;bjJK3E-S2Zlnr zRq_4dkt^Q)a01Mhpu(x9=tE73bwJlfw&S9?I7(tW7%e`_ei-Y&0;xD@SRXR=U?0l2 z#$7?2b01nk3t+DbTcr%&`#ppHjDL3)V8s_#EE*k0fbg0!Oh4dtSXf!tHe)#OJ2)hQtP%(s-1uW$d7a%K zv;8||GhZ3E;%YRxD!u~9!qiBiQGrs1bV_*2QgF}FZ$OaP6pHySLv`0Os?qWqc&fuU zYoCbyW>C_NmhVCewl3}S8&5}{=_yeFq%ijObMu#poz~X(;}FH4VUx9zNJY6k&X3xN zB)_%a{o(f^f^L6N7M4q9s~#=(Hy!iE$sJ`zlujVvo?9ereJYV4>exOpYGl@n9?L-? z>?OXC%*}3pH<4=jnV$SpmdW*ik)6QEdX%C}dxd4F&Jg9!^Kgrfrkh0po>r|GEsZ`W zfbd%yEfRh*@BDX(SzZAsV<_~EJ1jRPb#V!<1kPQO{-}kxs=g@2tJ;q(4zsuR@3$fY zHz{)Vw{sEBAeeql4fY*Qx&OYLeZeMptL50wEl9AX60O=081a0%MGs%&c-~8A`)*jo zCTl%EE7;!c=!iFD+{Uv9K+C~BXi6|D&d&&HSv`+wkHxL5^1*Y71K`l89{kAAV9P8H z0rX?3O;qvcu(05>Dy#9a^ep^k_{VUwL{+g1L42I3gWd^i`YMGwu!Xz%SYM5)_>OEq zwQjK?7*0!b3V_{SLs|skj_dV9);DPVmycw)b!6+m<{fGPK#jxNa%H?#6>f3Z3FsDf zGY#zB+d?!uY(6JgkgJZK5FXeUtw8`YG+^Z1UGuc{l^BZU-D9}f2M)_ArR$`t@Eo># z-3kWb+~PTD9XxL63`#ETV8HkW_H^v))#(*d4QFgYYvI^WGvD5K;Zg&E?whp?Yzn6~ zf3(fSGiqdtb)@dEjB}BxZHyv&s!+wd;Y0|0(+5O;mbnxqx0;tx?s24i$iqo>KB-+7 zRQ#I2SI7_vK#d3>eQO!RUYlHx={a%{*IZn$K7Y*2D|??a3dpJeNaP@Q5p;ge5>@^N zMd+XB(rvmnJ1M7W-iR2yb)_SsznfheJWOU$wr=#{VHrb=eeHG4zReAN4eM>~g*a3M z^e6s1OAFI0oLMSj^hc)w!Y|!2Jzfg71Tu0qb36NpOdQxn)RLUYVoAyF8rLvu41&9b z?^^F>2-;%Ol3Ut*Dfn9EJGVNk7lXjk9y4=A2TT&NU-uKW#)<)}wVt+qECpHBI<@%X z(c#m81Ho6VlK$wY8p{eyl*=b_-$g5|K#OR}$9Pr*&W)7TSk-T3 zpAI)?q;%z2(qIruVq4`o&z_~8 z{{B`IC7_X)G%|q#_k;ZL6|M<<$Gh*&M_=LyANi3ipYzR5vhu~UoUuT@b9hmqw|aLa zXaA&E0iIaX*Hr(-+#t>2-k|!^ziDFc=~SBV^L*cBEAVcI!`__`50fbOzS8RvaA=9K zYfhJVpMBgUuQuPPHmAWFGxD&wT0%PKF0Q4osTutiu`hM!$-U%Opy>rKjRMCpldEv0wKd(RcIBwXDa~uc^Su{(j zcGQ|n&6ZQ5HC1s-(l+4^=^VRt$vPw{jO$^AKhzke0or;Tvo^owEvVtWqPN9@rT+`Zcf5iYTq{3TB1SCC%O~S2*Ew*|CQYogp5ARkguhB z^0@S=SxsQ?vCpRslicT&dZB{{*2prRyBgiyw*G50vi^hg0dACie681m-=;_Kh9Jl0 z4zTZ0vL?cu^p2nU`6|*bFM7AYEzqk&ao1oyrf~2?MWNrY=+et(E3cNGfRnqk;glu$ zTo$j^leDnApVe1X%eO&`@9@O#%CskRn{QkyM{p_9jy|P(_Fw6nOT>3>VmSXwJTfQN zxK=b@sTLA)@F+Z}K@4~rmi8qzImvFw6LO73G?l+IgARWp-k-pPZZd^3mP>AM6`cJv zGnYt8EudMky7Bsnvi!QqeYL-A$U$LJrS$XSd)FR8P_A%RKq7kWaD*znc&-C#_#2fE(bvjS>s_j{aX(m&r zO`}RO-A)-8XS~a)LefcO>lDeBT^fS2y_KDW8+ld=WV*8pO<_q`?hM1R?d~Mo?F!DK zuh$h(FfQRXDlbH3TtB@)>SlOIrNS4;U!ij_1{VswX1T~8n(YFhc%zWzph!75UK9dN z`6oA)n~X&%oL-)we75tNI zPRXYPLU*sXhNi`7zQ1d9cq+bgk6f~^VTPzEWQZak_gtp1#Kc(!OiMvnm2(el2w?(*i&HW&`Z{lQs)ifVd27-!44QNz(h zJpGx93JN|Pb&HW&y>iNo`B#V0*|%xoz~G1hg5!kXMiq4`{d^prx%0gof((S83jW)g zI?!uADBu&vd4`YvO_C2?!Ks7)5Jw?(J@}t1K7+$*{9o6Fue!!23hd3Ve}d$m(EfzO zo<)nlYfjL!UDEltg)BCQ9xgU2dLAvtT?%<UZ1D{;Ae^BK#Z@(FiBVy7> zY@!^XH`zDst^C2u_PMG@n84$c>1U`}4xu3*mjme<2TEROn{a}Xz(%Z6_f-||U*f4F zD%dpTh^KiFJ(9v;GitN|Dy+a0&JgRler}}iN0wp*nP64NA=)aHoCddX;kb^M=2#Z* ze?idlyfnrCtcWI>Mf>sP_|MHf`($qaZ%Sx~bRIoMlQg)^xeBv<++@rB4G$$Kfl`?C zxX`1d%L_MJ<`pF0hby+iIPlnzIPoGYCLy}o)L*A)E(?nG;1d_uL&ObMz7uaeLqI{)?(a{pp$0AEHfv(T}cw4(IvuyH_jhP)O}4w*}2Z#4q#e z2QJCKt6qFkAqg)!v!_U@RGOh5d|76bs`w&~vQ0P5wc=!3R>!vQqyp9h(3&uMgKHKQ z8ZjCmO+p!a>6bY(C>VtppuLjE<3gV+gHwBmk)Wv(NVv3l^E0H5YcS~vqu`39Hz%5_ zlMh%j?Qcj^4~jU7KQwOt83=tDP2&Q%y9zcdyopGF)`E3WzPOsj;xSEg%mpoAW`bZ= z7U-FwrkFH2o`NENPqa>Z^g$y~b5tQv_2`xBT+j>50b~4+zt!i6D#M(fsJ^%qgpmEf z1O2vA)?_w@+t<=!bmODGOj;Y{TUxMf2FYJxAK3A2hZSLZw6g!rRZ9C%ZpDSdW$E~D zbGnt|l;s@HkXp>yEcJZ}TM2cQ5hWxR1@+w;#Z>itU3j|N>eJU7aM!!<8N;HUzdUP| zrgcigR(?EHN-5UHOMOB`bNv2mq&D}$^uVrRjjX1LT+OW%g`Dv|ZZQM+S|*u(f>zBoj_MP>L-(q{F}gP+M@jv@1^ea{;AcJO zem_hh7qqDr08bvw>U{OVKi^Z!udNtAWc$dfc>WJ36KoNYI?kzGZPa>0#C?uS{kmN5 zsCJUb{!8rk5R$GS8S(IGZLTImfr+EJ1-UoygXB_jBgvLy)&VvW(L;d9LqQa@rFA9Y ztf2@1L}G8|x3`~n2O7iI`laIp-Rn<+V%;H}Kvrcqlh0qg!>M3B_2smje39Ib4QFBB zF!FVQg$kXRG2*N{gq6;4JZ6?>h)_6D0VNfdeU$9IN-!_)v+n)>&jM&+L5SC15rL4K zEE9W;XUMAbiJeh+jc-p7Zev#*_p`a1lByyfjo&GJK{C^8F4fVVm-r_UWWHk<_JaI> z?H=_Z(lRP`7@t@VxGmZx9>b>4wgWv21GHcF1GEexS)^gYF&BFJwmX8_K8LcSA^@Cf z1N+^>b?k^Uj`Q_-5@sM>dXuk31{Nk(=;qhA-g`sgJA1AmZG2Yas{oR(;yzi-4JdCx zJVvXWi!EFx)LKBE*&(prz-Z>=)e_}#pU+`~6$#ti6&H7R z>3D4CbvBzq%FfWyVS{IdzK)JXVs2^E%}=9WC>|`jGhCo#>(_CTIB;IUZ9Dk9QKl26 zfFoC`Dy$X3u6yzvY0A00sQxUQ!KdsNu;0fZ3!3ZduoXq)4nNms6gP%|jD<>AHtH=X z>9)fScv@deb@B%-Suzc?;6Ft&EDzdi&H39$&aZMw*mX(zmxSKmn_UGjgSbMTyb~N# z6^=n!3bd2bys4eX9x8t|8)gET9Vy!}Nku8*Q z4X)R&vp(#s5lz%_M&zgkJ&MDMnZlNeN=XbMSZ~)I%$%pcMXKAN&0MTxp1xMB(7kAq zKNkTrX0%N86@80_kHlJ(yi|F8G*QCqyCERBR=@gz41YgSjB%q)WHC=7MawN^*Hi4} zC_P;>>G5r*kB^EMrpN8+@TX$|xtpw9GiXgli;T3Zy**lEt<6Mptb9aO@P`X-o+Vb=b6D!R{zBW-U3!(&}8g6VDl&rZ;Wi#N*TK3MKbd!jyJVHJL#kk z3N7Iv9r9frg1^q{(vB26GLFx33fJVQ0$Y%;BZQ5eThqLge&W6tU95o~QE{O|rbg_C zkTtBN{|;{iGRnkaaKwe`vHdA!G3qaBpT46x7@>Hr)n0vAW17*}TDdm`fwVzF<@C_{ zZyLiEkiFRUbEu4dTV}ps1nMxat;aNMu`1BvXZf?I@eio6R#NKb z!?N!<3Ugb-V6-aAp?kEqQkz&i%qVQM@`^yE80u+z&rple?s3%a6GjOE`=NlJj`Gl7 z8_?sx8+-7sy6k&QXtGManyD$NBW7x;JgCK7E75H<3<3k87AGh$s(gX+N+-e5DdRyDhYT-xk&6o*8H$JIzVHpCU9@I%bWYYs+)}nqE15fo;%OIB;dqyEmlX1b6wsYv?lC zq8C^l#4pGWlhwU|g8a55C$HYdERf7{_E3c8Pv;eBD+d%lrQGYl7$RF^kw;zyRn2#j z7}$v0pK>4TO6;=CAMCxK-v4EF41!bpJ`Ak(>D4%wexYa`Q7guORUFAD*o}sH2Y!|w z9Wy)o3~V1xcqRWgmrUqSpQH;jp*1h8_Dn!kK0=x22P6*vqG<|u0({Cupz*4JDcuOJ z^G9cuT92__zJxI1;Rl|Y(iko5AUYsv7wVfJf7<8N?Pew)=0C4vvd+iN5s{hmFMmW{ z$-r;SZreR0zk-ej6Q#8v^zdUM!K!RD#fIxprFj+#4MVF*1^&Jt;Vly24P7S8J-&5kvF7#0KD}c3y6Uu0I=d1~#kXq_A;_&h`>{tD&Gz{?k zmtNG-pkHgJmog>LJ)*otzAHzzZ^FGBfByxxjsDYi>1ngQV>~z zwMdz!OQ^wYZo?=!^V<==GL+8Q4}{n+@}qG#tfHN_heB>+4{pBPzcf>?g$&iVWLD@! zx%DtFD{{8#+WV~+q&q;!=eh?#h!qV1aSI*kcuY(Wlt1dLzj!3dW!j*n^#9J@j2xVp zS-d!lvs!I)7l|qC55l|2AL)Bls>>_N+8EwtwzN{0x0^LUHOQMWKpqYLt8=UUOZ-yc zI=k;2w_h6PRMN#fz(n^SMN0UG{9ShgHLaJO9{0KZBL|52D(x?eV*;Pu-e+ml@RcM4 zf3F-zcXL|2!6dfcA-5?u$o@$`iRoCVrZgmZLZX+`zq7Nep(CK57MJQdN47dRm|(7` zMW%XhH?z=Ul`D7X-?_>(Jk&ffMbl{fzkthk4CdvdEpvR>?BPd0*n{}p7RUj$wS zgDPx6Q->rE&J)T8lyExA4HtEE7)h|uB6=Qp9^dfK2QuUiJB-B~g&&>b+2X-taDLW# zL0+5~L+d4JyGyzKQcKP0wn+uI+RhJB)s%NGuW1)47i*6KM4g-D@j>>qK>B`+_ADpT z)36A|kAzV?H6LvbW zHe}s0_O0jac4=o+Uogi!MXStu#sAiuaw1x|aV%abpf4y_(BYEDv}x$FRX~)Wm&pS4&4?vbr_BMmBhslDY1)Ghn^a)ZL(>QN5tBKHgA0y; zxp#X0kXSii(6O9i74_{b?dMo0jH}#i3nd)|&I5Ded$@x=1VYKGJo2C`Rh1)Q9yg zgqudb0*q7GKraiS0gAYnmj!U94F2wP?t$CC`yMaf2WiKM8{5A>*2$T>|8BCJO{m4c zk-zT`7m=ZdCrYF$MJO#mMm`(J%z?eotxtxJ7Lk47&t0IjWqmNI3grZx53RV8@ZiFp((ns`SLUkhp z7@ZB{<;;XSik%QC=p-7_K6^|vhP5#4*Qb+;qS}Zj8v_x63Y%F@RjOb%@H`t}fpbl! zR>*#xH9(&yAzlvt0$SAdy<0g_AgkcBLl=d4*l#F!jPaiG&{}&tv3&AvC=!F$Iae>n zbJYoho(R~^aliInnc9(A{RUg-nbtK~SFAW7N>A$zW=f->pz-$Q{PtAzEOmFM^6g^F z>mGUWRe%Xs&kRIx9@}*F04y;~?a8U?{qxLa=x~g(sMVb0Jo^xd0NKM{>qGw?@oJI{ z00qp{rmmbE#AK=^PzZbP?}PKTmTAd!LGF%K{#)DULP;HAiugYjufBspN3J3Hs>y$F z#z>3%pODVzkHbHQ1b(LVuxyp&9yKtX_r#yAkPz-H;L-;uv{5GL8Ybft$((7EaDxhm zYs%4ElUj7YA8+TJ`Bo<0}TbVhL{TPK&Uo;0Z9FIm0IH`PMBhH2ijA5BNT-@9Og5>cu~pvI~&Ti~Wfr$?^& zp~@)CEx@ExGtZGh0wHjF6`oV%wiIbZ{$|^9^mSm?^+p`Nk6E@6toutLo$F91eyZb7 zw=)$JR7&}Bok#y1uyHrR5VtdwfJ>%^K)}@vpN53jaKK2|)_W{zDQ@9jt5QVI_{pBQ z9^sLK3sbDmxH7I4Fj&lxEf8Bu4IbopZR@>l%t#31ndRU1F((Qe0g(NSBWT> zYyhl;G9-LA(&6|If=qFYl4_I5xS7aRIF*M|x;EQWfyyjGohi0z*?RdG&B}-H>}nOT zrqPi9kEyo|it>Hm|LL0U?>I}J)wX+b)rq#G7c5b4e(q@_cUUP79skp}7R z&fm@Z^Z(BLhZ!IEfEk@@_d2iRJdW3a>GxRj%t>32fd3_vtNZ9z(Gb2Zzm`>qnLuBv zkZMWO<)@4LeyCl6G=22niIb51St`s0M3Dq+Fr-~hI4AZp%g(#F66~5pchfA=GSs@D z`?fmSeRxkL$w)!i&^{=4TvOuN>ij6MhRZp_MzeA|SAx%u&&w2ZRfgu#O*|?i3g}lC zy?NPaFC;abZ>@=YUN2b#J2MY*CRL*@>zcRM&@K!=`{#q+AS8gg*r0u2Av)dfD=ZE; z2^4EF51k3fUB7s?Djbkk{_+*sJi*;xhv%;jZ=kor#{xZ zSSM;8`mL-PbV!tlDE#XkR%T`%6pX_pLbIHq@TX3e=fq@e1&5t}%2YoCDp|p#K#YgVn{k zVg`U6fLL5KI!f4hXmbI+GeOvTbVWe;G3Mo1g!pCtJw+eEtp%a!0CgfgUBd~s4^``5 zV*e~Op?zywiPu>!szgQKSLXzV!JvI?5s-;s(T@8BqL!iWk$`U@Hd}C=D=$)RS>ETY ze!d%oNmvpvwpP_|kL3m4 zL*{tfhYmoK#b$!biE9ozhWl-1%#M<7-!=(a∨Lqc4e^NYo?fvGn+tNg;IR3yL(ufo8K@MULCD+SQop zzj*_ZZZ0-4`}*Uuy4tfgx#Hmk?bv@^y)IdC+-ih6O0@3F$A+OBr2RaTuXIka_aJ)1 z^KMHp_sfmEm8Pp*d0EujF1Z02NBFu@3}-01wwL%2toq7*4Pl=6g|iW&F*xmF#XllL z$FtjXWy{3E5_4aYxXsB&W+tFeO?9&_(-8q*eI0}s2Qo!pil5aEI5X2Y{vqm{(0CGg$cK@gclDn)ljCy1mPKtwMR^ozw& z!232BTRJI3T%5XOTC6$!3DMav+XR&@lI~450xj;6b{)q9KBtvttLnn$&=Z+EYsAI@ zaQP>s!_CyIT;}JK?p6h;g`+rB1?M$45`xzyZgqqn8N$Y)xkKDEnRLOoxk7HK9&s7iCB96kMdnQ>*tae(g@xRwr>W^-&Mx(uT9ctKzP zXvZ}A(4=)>05-A?Aws5t={{9_{jl;Wi zdC-jODE6GTeH*7FMr~Uqn_zHM87pgyyJ6ORyd?brrGd2>IfgFfg9Q^6LSe3@fHxhx zlk|9PA}Qjg*9%Es%=jyV8I)2j;zdiJa_FUwnS`Qv@W+qu6FVKO9qXVoxLZcz@*VB# z7}&fD<3hd2i`L&VB8fv%D!`*uNhe`w*5rChF|8wI*Sj$QS$~iev)`|~G@`}bXPZrS zcq82Ob$T+L#uPCwH6@W(-V-YYaR{=adY@5G@!<>@ z59`xv7<1l9D3hBvt(AUaSqlG41oi_qn`=+a;#>suO z`2RM7R_^z=O}RUV!~bNQs-+|uh*12!PNN|uH3F__dTXBa;}z;xKT%`iq>X$2UoU41 zHu4$DalLObSe$d)rKsXp{htRH`F>mkp(PajZ^00u{O2jlTv#yHq_Qo3WNHfF>kHm> zHEkte!^{K9b@qW|u#fdirJMh+p(qaRMvq@n?4-Dd^e84H=A-*q70D)8glf-U!)8c` zM&h+&rO%^qdf%2Bco4?U)DcnA=y}$&6d{oYh@)kf>eMLRo_9)A)03d%3LW+FOh>C$ zs~c$!uRoyX&J0$G=LnVUD6F5EGtCBk=8VI52-}&cwvV zg%tiv(`VZm$xE~GY*>W2%%#C7A>a>G$zck0*~`<9&FxaH{Gn#+itpt@6s?R4&`{sw z88yyN&Jt?>%^aU6`rMcm($~1)kJBe8D^h9Nry_K7JOV3Iu#Lc?bVI`DLWtRVl3l=^ zcHf{;^%$tou`YE+*lmd$Gp2*-w7c>3kZDpLo04*taVR#WF2*VHiL^ zc7)CyxP?G4mxeyvupi;7DRatP_qd&CDDuC@7blrtVvsdBWFjEZiCd_QIe@;*aBpik zymd<#EvI2lZW|%_^!(2Sb0y)UxH-Az3#X#AAKgp?9OTdCt+E`{Vl+0%w5+5qDLd9y zU_se$Rus)XRrET&nzP>-G925P%gPW~s4?b>`zthBp;OJ@Kp%&Zmkrw|Rt`URP#6C~ z`ouYcdA(7}oO?N>c|rH!3G2I8ih*X88+%`nAZkY2;cFEUaY}ZPAE~2S{gpx-?%OZv zMkl{o)0LrOoNdLy4L7IL3^llZKA>m;He7iE^uZ;p_U#*=l&=sclK7&W6D#sSgP|cU zS=7UQ7u^R)Y>T%>+xylRdQ^WpZon$Ch(lPd?F0P-AM zl3KF>={(K|$=AXl8yb8a8{)oa#6+Hgw#;s@DxCHnB^1=2G&_cm6NQBYU#gyjCQR&1 z#BkfhEY3%>NYV`AzkhdUJ&%)z-^hVeb`ch?MQ|VX8O<5^dnUQTMv;+RMH}@)>xCwI z&g5bwk#So`SnvRC$4dvC-;?@< zXuH=7O);YM)e{9~_3<|l$<9&I11)feK25Zrwqo7CJ}hAJdpXV9uU)NPB;%05$F${> z8dsJxUUqBHr`GX5#!rq*#=peXFaG%H$8GvshF#;)^>&o_SQSda$}v{a_k&XADA5}e zsT&AbIQ)A0mvCA+*6Xl}qT5KK4Y79xb!QvgC7|_v#Pq{~m$vUQM&s(1;?T=DF481{ zmmN=2CVd`HvhBQ=hdLFLv3UEsq$C9$fFfz1@imKQinEcb}n@ zW$-ft(Jj*TBguFUh~RQ3j)6XZDAPJe<8ibu*dO|w+^5`i2u7Opjy01ah5!kUA zWgWMLqAP~$l~Y+)?uOpDz1zbd(Zm8L)%^NWX9q>73j|#x@VEu^Po}vPTRlJLyfb7I zKWHaZa%Mn+ct6*!g1od(B%$j;XYCdua9l84KUvdsQe53$3e2q`YGh;b=O#6XtnEyc z(|j(OXmlPn*UXsPTl)YzugCTM5>#b)%83s=y{GH(xov$G&)5e6GxUG zekR*_zAmTaXALx04i5= zUt;6Q3i=u4t!C(6}&hundf}P4I+N zu5Iz@XL-z7#SKwN%daF#@x7?Z%27(Q-0yuNm0bUd9<1eCX^CQxqkncv7GA<7ycmZu zveI{m|4fJwO~q0GqrS0)w5No!P^uGm9ib9bO;7Bh36->47Z)C(RxXvZ^Dz7D9-^)x zbr;PBE|4-6?c{rLdg-b?Q`&ilOdB$l9LxqZKZ_n2OFDR7Uhy;+yUhov8T5nFf5sUl zJhV-}!W0XlPy&i31)@O4L(T_V8~2nUEmQ%nO2kIfTDotOuIJ7#Ov$cMH3}bO+jpOn zF-=&cj3+>})}NB#QpR0d3h%Z0Tf&D#2P`!^6HLuqES7xdD7Xq-neM&I?#zbxC^{f$m&CvMnb9j-9Hr>kXk^;#6R9>cdtNSrS?EgVS;3&0nty7SHleBMLPn`aj9?T1~C<_gVWBWeqO*N)7Z(9 zd8ARS^$K2>rP_q@D7Hq~90fDxQAA6Vr>tXAtZzkKheIqqP;7>P)k&Ib)~n({!8ZZWH<^Pq6qgnH#~4vB21aiv~T zsYy+YZ?bG?!Np%B7IKg}hCzqe*N9%zMk1Y+5@=ZdgAZF!GZ4tw1?ld%`JR8CXeJhP zd7-i)4@EE6v;GSs-v`p#b{U2i!1i#d+JAv$+`_XYl5nQ|d){I}VZ9GpHd==WW~E(6 zC@D&&QXz*6hZDL*hFGJQR}1QoIj0SF0lv*U|NTgTbb#Zcq1i5pI+VI6NH0?XIjZ845@cJt!y7b^*2 z;iAI(bh7j9$*WV|%ZJOF8)^{smVHYKdF{!Hl!ZSLy(Ct824_~yGSl!uw ztN1bKOuYr;oa?-|^l-c78dw9_SM7)r>g+-jn&$bne5>S)?+}rhgMcAZ?C~Qnz}N-V zNt2I$wcWf~2gwAX^*~jNg?aU8^UZWK=>>9}Z{y``h75&YQ7ui}Q7#!h|n_Sqa=JF%g{sDJEa5uRA z8f6GQ=zsX7)TSsNY~~t3v2az=468QF1g>cGUISA3T96I71`;}wT@D|8>xEUU}L8b)@jn$xd%{A zi(|H1h088C*3kd#*2N-Q=*QK)1$7iH{OrGA>|Uu<0?X90tO{ZwaXA!`ywL>Mg+o|T zX<|C;b?eXDHkB|P5I4iM%NRtG3ycyMaw)hEs5`*T704i8;ebuZq;OjTcR;^IlM9x@ zAU{$8cQVd?siWJ!l9-Mcf8Tg>)DrWJYZIXLRr?N15Du>ULM4fwJi(@hoIs~Qma*eQ zqb7?fU}B4eV-Ltm#fNJ(84J1Y>Y6{TL_b$Fi$B9GTXiGxu+3@)D#gHfyy*1iR$YRF z96MEpMSn8iA^7m@HcenEY)!cQ6L=bxy~B?v!K;4;hvwdbpAPfrSo(yN>m+eTEFVEl z;5jS|hE_J4l(~V|OBUI=<9dk;+}&FVbVn-9`ne5ABti|+9K;J^fCtepQU}0r=xf`$ z4F<Q4*fpAeHBM2ccYqJ`Qx&I zqN^_kP0%VR^-@==1|!2*cY#HtcroJ(uXc`caWKo1eN;4QhDc&&ws+?UR->To+|$V# z`R5?s$mB@mCnIHisv|ph_icDy7vV)>zFzDVnNENd$4+qfK3as=DiOwa^)nHKv?U>$ zd&O^qZ=$(HyKRPu0$HN2L{!mt-rge+C4xe+jh4xJY_5reslm@K=t5-A`3{wKK56S; z{fNbIX88Okj+@tfrkp>=4phWsiw>lM`7E2B@6>bcc(N7=WvT5=Z&78!T^H*O>pq<= zKmDFprMoDTND6XiBi^Q?=k`A%lG7Pkk;%AS z6`{)?@SLhYT-QgP61PL}C7=PQFY}p&3m}Ewzkny&W+^ReMxL$r03DVrH;yS;GN?0z z9}0B~A1zy%#Uyk;itoo<-V0-|Cwy>kv}1tF!9SosAYZDniTRWVeRj90*&GeVM5oI{ z0X`t;fVR`w96r$Pu|*D*t-5IJ=k`=uYas@Vs{Es_YeCWz;lx2z`VsDKFCXMm$4 zzQjLBtT-?4>HwEPrRNvii_Gs;2S33>bNRWPJeyxvFj0J7>BaXW+ki#!&JnYjMn=(i zD{GH{V4584FMajEq=0H~hJgOzjg&BL3B^9NIz*{vxX8nxc;O!LGpm9@0ZaHbLHRq!& ziTe5b6|?^aLuCG!khh3$s5+I{`eJ>`;(;aA$xL4QQfrp;iHFZ-YjK=i9Bk9R=;<+) z-_-w!N#O7qs~kZ1&dEt+(M(dER^FfO)q6rm--U}x94;W>erQ5lyMMnn^!IvjNPm4W zoMw|H)_@BYuY;BOXFr=l!9X*GZwpSodnJ|Oc36H?v0gNd%hU5(m`g&t01N20L-B5$)P&o64&U) zkAVp;NgFMc!WLGdOG?|m7%1U{Rbk%PlX*jnfJeXYZm(dEwr6~dG9GgJ}GeZRK7!vG5dmd0%eBO?}FgmpYugfoFg#*z9%T z;J#hn*=Gn!OI+5iI<~br@`Lf>OFHluQ!7fM8>7k>uCv|=%bTKRDCY{g;7Tf+YjF2y zmGw2ODmZ0hXS+=Za_wSU;h80ZH!DS}T zs@I@(A4MkY+OQP(onBXmRnHP6NqDBpy?|f~bamb7T|N_W+2$Np*abLF4jK&jRb6Xw zFNgWjhR}(D^H~QKbSk%!3dH2A&~nk&;O*hG1|gaIwIeazw|l9o`1VON`Z+51iRTTs z9-$iLX+hvGjXveyyC*p|-IwsLtB_-g#jM;oqi^En>xfVF~)51ZG-Un^5KZy=po$(H>RE1;ZScWK1&RRHos+BNSxx~4J zyrp+-0nv+es6?Z9=ow}}PATtI;;ZC3tC0WLhm0VMs6L(Cms_K^ms&Lp(lJPb3iOg= zmUu5Ql?VTgFMe*2lE%FNk)%*qRd~kHc1*!Q0?;IP(Yv zgr=1#p62jK`ka^jI~*(Z8Eg1fI=F0E_InmHQMuW$DQf1C26sB-Bk-~S3J`LVIi6y5 z(a2%?_z7WkDb%}Xx=uLndH}D7sxcoJOi8HL8j7QZqV*y7>06#k@(HhYW2)jm+Mv4q zM}=zuR|cdZcmOG|o5Za|O83Aqpf2`n0~Ynx{i+u#PF?TUY$>nVaT1K5nC1&IN}jnt zLYe~fl1x>32TTUs1`l^=Ueaf9UOAf`yMxkbu5wvAq%TH$hdjg%5)U~{G6dFP2Ku0g zrcy;HdO2RxWJ-|ifHJ5RY5D#I5#ha{yMR^Vp8d7%=&LHGcMvw-`OV;KeA0O+rw~#A ziC=+s{SK?CE$CkOhwXP-<4xgE<7JUif4B0x3U!R?$^P}FqNh3MKHx@L`G{$SIXW>L}MQ51(yoxvo%b;Ik zM*5f=lU;GGqF+P0yLZG2Bl(eC44-=vl|3)AlsfWu0jrKD9XZ%bj9vU=c;GnHb^gjA zam|V$lqm1Io;`6MI;|&`GTQ8 zr^OWLpH*lfSuN9ha}%Y(3smx- zlqc&VbO-sjx54Bpra`m0pY(5AL(zP?Z;oK3?6*vLvQG6VYbO=GStggy&0mNf;D@GU zWazsLs5+2Up44i;+!dz3lTkl#+F0b;f-;5dLaQWwjO!H-_G2vMOGP9dTJs6dnf8h~~p-34tG5Qa)4 z=cKmCCBG!NBS%o7-jKt>pFeTysnVg5fHafB`Cf1bM!;;e%~95?XUoMQXv%}z1oJ*_Kb zzfTPP9CtzyULXK><)&72Uq5m5&5b_(4CwfO4lNKpBN-tvcPHjrb%-ErU-Y>J3p-LO ztVSX0y_InO$WAy{+QE;?jG}t#Gt6WFX>`l*kOA?&|LAmZKaK9d2V{j6DI6&$oD&UjjiNqnE4}Mj&kRs zin~;odx*uA|ILZ3Pa%sN(bke$kAoP2aK|O8ou2#E z&10kBzV!N4XU#7r7+#gTF6s_Z;uBY65 zbRGz%HC{FD%543LFMP<@#o@p(#YQPslzb@C@BI&ZpB-`TeU;Xz^ZI8ex??o{$k}jL zi}!HDst|VbsXu5b@K|HlW%V0UPd0Y>jP4sfYb0@BY=4Zp=M*BEx91qYVF65rtaqKh z*Fi&ht1CohehDWE&yY(3O$RWjr0@wc_H{hkI4_(YV9UsWQkLz)M^Ib{Hi}c>47NUF zKtKB(!25t7P{`$;_zIr}s5wI+iW5|2qg+$Kqt^s|OME@|k4*Q5ATnx<$VQfoo8LGR zF4P&=lEi)xlG)U!D12(3XdZM71Maiq)WNl8aDd;ls(ep5@XIe0wnOiBcuNd>L|)9r z>OJ-FK|j@BXMKRA1b<=`_?li3jaRjPzof%*8jx%WGkj-yD*6u3Vgs%&7fSz zT{lx;+(-YG^6;A8t&6000{7cP!7#24Cq7l$NkzQ2=|)6_dmyK64q5|tb`)olE(TB? z!Yla)mjq3%Pn;(4+c5z|d)KaGN=?BujV%^3*mt9>5=%`kJdW;M&y$Bh=bY_u>&DI7 z#hnKye-ataFwz(2jf~E&nl3;0XruB;jk}%i_4`Ce=?Vp;JBsE#L&0_IPuBW=59&#% z`(-s>W_zJ;_dM?0fY8r>AD8X!V4H5wLFc>hoHj;-@xxEm*6*>G+LU-=Kg{GW%;C{j zG1KcOm1=X{Q0!9izx7g8j&t)ac8fjOA^XU5i# zFE2aGoO*_S`Pk4CN}=XqmZza(q>`3Ox*N97!GF4hCi{#0$RNI`B}g3izob>I*SvIA z&+y3t&ys5YEaur;R=@>h7>N2b%sk)diC$-rTZ3jB9Tf9NR>xlU^+$AXRe$A@pounJ zJ32MehKNuWkLwtL<}uFz^_~aKYIY%SX9c{ym3QTZ#)G2Zmth=L544Je8ePK zDD(9EzyPpwY|AR+y0kro%K?JdFehm0bFCJAhGK!g%th)X_q8UNAy~j~><2U}Q2A%8 zJRTR_EnKJ23CtJHWG|TnEP8Nwso5pnn2q((K6iH%5s@sT+s{fj0)2g>fC=MYi2Jih z{7gK5L^#BS@XhNcTJ6;ken|e2Sg5_s_&4DVM`cNKuVHN@+~suiLC5270b`2k+;N1< zgP8$=V~Qm>jFK-0(cIbKzG+*1z<+&vk(BtTG))W%{bWU->3l z!;*!&jM^fdM@HO9a+3!LM9?KPX$a;S- z)Z=eqbPV!P?-f3p+uz`^{-o5DS}MnyuCjk&F+ty2Iq!(B({?o8LFNk6rtRoSte-^03xP`40k5!oP5pssoJRaSnl(G|RpZ&@Ubi zou_4VX5W2jcXm;CJHj+|DJ*eQWwC^JkSbn*o;5eM9P|!ljb@$rv+@|Tr}v9ggd6pV zjs~O1bpQV-4gdFNKsOYq>T`2j3KIy`lfeEMW$Q1dXw&KGv{7uRjZj}_$qRu=ibfm1EPp?gT$fbP_6-dPiXO=v{!HO{e zt98ce;lfuZ?1+(n4y!CtX#4Cst4HVb1NwBFA9Q}~7#N+Cw2A2KaGtzafLZZP9mfl! zN91pi5No=}xtZ8$KJexJ0OUD^jv{NR=w+MU9T(L~UFLcba+xpymT zQQC7i+SN6KP0^&BkiJ+h9L(30ZE#j;!$ZC3(JW1N_v7rXn&=-*%Q6eEx}R1YGSIyr zJkLa>=m|;-he)4xK0x=&aO+fxL@p-lQ{L1 z?R)TUNyNqpEw_}Py%wmLKgXzCTZ^+G=>67^yWpY~AQdhJqODF>h21q`wDjKb^6pHX z!)LlB1)OE#J~r047Z!})0C ze*^LVxNc>XfKQL@>{%N!!S(`7)00K$crig=sHt ztQ$HeZgFDi{F!l>J+2XmjX~9srRN{_V*u8bzG7 zIP75NDaIgCoQ~{*^FNZ@Xiyc7FZ_V6ew!WQD74rF7`Za_2UYbw2YkeWSwdCux>- zL@+J*5 zk;L?R@o6)s!pfhJr;Na#u5Xd95H`!s{HKvgInegj9-q@ma~S8|b|=A(CEOVJ_Z8=9 z@|XCk0j_B6=T?iD4HWM9=2Y=z2)XA;sagIm!27#Xf#xT0Px$TB)CY`ptCM`=VW7l6 zwYr`kdqLO_%G=7tJA8m`eF=(Yf6iwcCAK(QmNyu%}Ud0a3KRIE<2U&Xtz@)x4HuI<G*lGo~uFt>iqr^su_pZ-* zs$I6<-wyB-fU>Lao3*#qe-{HMQgq?gUKp8dmSPP41t(GrI1e`C4-TFU+&xaQYqA7B zfE)g31|aXcrO1WsN)@yF@es;|tY~xDIt_k8SL>nJUP1apa`Tnu5tUZc(cGX{Yepmx{{_y%G&Y*xd~E_b zPFDm`KUGyf{KR%?;$W%szfRiP&7Xx+{v^BJ+jS?BcA|qMLqJHyJ1)+Od?U4fW_yBO z@h0mjfIJZw+d=eCzNY+Pya`3y&LZPg+-^E;mbli#ChoM$;y3 zh`_tsCDT}$NS?1iVC{6Aq3Ta1hFJ#$$m37gV9}Wj7PZNOA`SX4_lj){1R60ONQ_p< zfNcUXvPEJU2!3TZhxQZ^`RhMa#QJl(2T#2uTXu1tY_rQ1y_#G*$VW+sFy3~^&1?vY zZ|pJLb(Kf+c*o1FZnD$lVzcSY`FwoEk{&xK-*;(LD|gm;gs` z%67(imsyVmlM{f$&X$<=2HivsGg)c;cG~BD6MH-d4JAX6UJf3u_Vf7edXs1x(9VOU zwKmu^q@M5Pl2tnH%K`OV9in@3a~aw+n!rcAY09R7NMNeWVN+GiA;gwzS!0mIwKuM; z@yCx>DDf+6QXZF3h#zFpa_#&x6lky>=i2H z@^rn>mdJBmD(q9q_Axnq7lRpbS!NnJ-m?S8A#n$3*5}`sfUQ~S&jy!HipS%@?*!hz z_^+~0Wd0%?n-f{Rc3le_BwHZwzn9s(4}c7pfJNoE!-|}AcPxj|hHGCwa-U}Y8V`4N z6~8nsVq$KNWc>Ow4q=^nE32C{^9`~uRAT(`yzzwK-RY<67Z5;9-u|mtT=%o#oq(Ya zKkN(MiH`BT>;C=E!bUf3nlkR=&kY0<&U&Sx891kB4bx-Xx?FH=E?qc)073D>jI*oE zQ@WxJYaHBNd-o9&>29>*=KSLI3iuFBN_d1n|DLw>MXSQ>v%gQSR7yYG)~4}*81v@jN6DhO-3 zrY|>r^8DS;seG^PD|ffCVj4hB<+`%S^nIMuMA5*f9>#VEdYkIdY3hNAUf!-3P8kOqftw^CddEBvW-+McfD zSgS_`wPJZD(#eUXX9Ep0MnbgBx(;fs?KWI6>1_?0Ytx4wdt=#UNo5ra50VPynDeZn zdqnj!hqg;t6KQam#aUxQl>Qc6k$!Oz^?^EhdRa`@E99sfW%d&kc98v4^svnBT*U)&G)T9-W;Vkgy0;8>7{ z1sKcj2Wpf|8?f$zTyi*lPENO~#jNL)Gk6mGT9zTpoIv5-&HUYLD8+rEV&z(DjZDm3 zCV|X1Bd^h<+eo`|l{-tbUn@YUbN+rRw=`l#rZ@nlhOoAYTaZ3(18jl8OaU4QJ@qz) z>x|(kgh)n&Y}PtFkFwLit*y)~822rA$}@f;0y0Vm!z$>N&DKnCr758k19d@^Y zM0`^2c61EzfVAzto*s`N7ka)mUTk&M_s|(eA*{xrkQiAudx1QUaKbUDNx`-wnRmU> z?qTU!A)7xBl+)TEHwL!?-X{QUJ154!+^`eb816A1S9m-VpcEsf^3XKHAcGR0n+KD}xn_>0V=^ZTc5sU@MY z_&4OFibk*Y^DEt5t8bs4TSgrcM6i-<#mN^oaMR!f8}#zNT$y~v`g4db-cI1t{>zsd zozIio9UPC|X_s8-<{mQARVviLu*2g=dO7&~e&kvp`k3lfejb{C;w$JNlFn3{9vNju z?(S;@k8-F->X=iI?0eSu&qZu{Xf<3Msb6LbD#p=2c}@53W@~6(?tmYgkYeO5OS^<+ z;Q8BVt#!Ge>4^U>kTy_&|B4kfZ_RQ49>Gk+0^TQX;^p6f;7=F8X0Xw8>h`1StZ8&c z)B-N>B56kuS!ep+h!JUs51hAhOMeJRq6V5u^=^McKFX~=h}j))I4$^Or3?oHuF<&qO4@FYFw~vqqi63*@KnXD3`SeA4U;chi z)avhxLJjvAuUYXQ)B)6LPs7f(1XX@0^!pis4wn!@U=L(QjPo_fcL4X#pl3rQGmyLssA)E$YJpM0}xCpid9dEv*z^G7E(JF^cGfPCvu zDP&%yj0Z|WyLG==3y!;Mvl`!%bj^wJwNk|%#jSX&NnO;iAYt{><-{1R^VUUC+;)=0 zD+zLG;*P^MuN^yjCSR9~FPDUI)0ry-Es|yZ0zoW!*bJ}%3T2DJHt~&#M-l4spoTQo z=hF+H%~fc$Gy3OEVCklWc5Ar!?q*Lx%RnKgD;i&}62%;nKknU7A}#8njK0bqJL8V? zYi@hsL-!jAo22_=u ziE~7=M0bP8D!$6G0~fK_VDPflMI4t*Sb>;Tm)iAKn=qrcLpE^=7%Xds#LZ$-i-Iv_ zNVX5iX=R((K} zsao#-Ff<+k)^Cqp=Y6hh9I27gnwTLm-jGrt0c2^!)oi0N4 zi68V5malvRjD^m3$3NVcp8D>HUM6miBB!N=8dHA01)Yz<2h-*fSK5`0`T1fHEr-ef z^WQu=UMUQB)qaJ+g)x-;12#-<73rlPxcrFVll7e>x47Ns)Sl$3h#k7`p)!R}j^{GZ zXG2dBl~u$f>P$YSE}m#DtYd=vg$K+&qQmG>!f4&ef8U?-Svd5n=yp8y><|5}aNLzg zeaZ{Uo@9lQj6}yJuo}j~Wo=DD+xV5AYabU+dY#7l_a=sqYrZEvwxjaa(<{_tkoj{&Mi2YrDIYFwpe8a=Y|C&5V$nQ_Zg5W?k zc(F77!ZP?Y?{(Dg?_z5Q8=U@69$h$w$3#AM;g)2FaMo~ne)$q<*KiORwE=Go<39ys z7|faNmhPaS=ChrYi(l-9% zm(4k`zQg^4~{gBp+r|NO6s=o)pqo8yQ#Tl5)4 z)^v5xVNbloQ@O1j@K(C_#AbCWU2vWYVf}9>(&{lk#w7R`{hMde21CcY<+$& zBa%5exWGxEk)m{`$Q8VXVF)*LgsU&FMZ%kMeK;$lp)>E0<{+F0tMVVMH(+rSJOD2m z^+eMc&M$@Rkq3A4Osk{G(<_UMPBNNDsNI=9ut5!7nQ7QYjjoHGc+Em!qgDE}_KlsV zU|mJ<3Js0+wxH=3^Wn|7$wsA?-Cr_kYGuvNxx{{1iq56q^O<*Wz zH>;!Bz*GInNTQv}l>7IN5olr3c-1$CkIiz;e{apJ(g<6=?s`0@E$UpImy1@_bwe1tP`Yiny7{&|yyiHWNg z3R)@GOXiB65)(bs5M;G7Nt(em1Ko?QO!yrY)A=FBGnj>B)VKGj<`4gN_fnmK?c^-J z!%Bfkx`TC*M%9&zTMzYJOb;e_M#+f#K48=q^NBTSu|EeV_aE%8HAjsnVI@bt?la~caS zySWBD;eTf4SLr8`$)YNGxFd)Ydu%4#hka05BC}7vAAX@Z7N&&v$Y0iE=IGrKJsN4o z#8}HkKdPMLov|0Jl9?;jgc&5PSaSCcU8r)S4c7kL`2D@fy+J$a=T-Yw=_CDJqJx$G zv1XoF!{S5ixjz4R3bN5|VsG|8I?41Nk}+2N3*i z;{JqhHVWj-u;d6O)gJ(jy?k0~d27p(Z*q8!^&CRy@lQMk_|^l?4>8VN}ts zYCR^dOP<1WRW&pOIBm`R6%0>W-jNo}Wxbb}L%x9Zfu5Aqq}8;cGS^oh>Ar*o32as8 z&&g;fs^>ICkWVr87sksi_a{ijZcy0e$F1Lr5sWz76;zLLHxiZUG6agle)It zq?_PAhKW$zk@v>OdPF5)n;Iqi(s9aLl-h=SV%F#L)iZBMpVZUT3Sl0=4pci{MMHL% zjV-WV0t6;?Fay#?8@iWGU`b|jcEs+UWk{Qgt6gVMHw0q}3c#kHji21}5GIyoy9ZIb z)?JY_3@_K7$5s5;2J;CJ3)xheiA6Huzj%rL4`z>TAm{Bx!3E$6-~-7qT`#v<{usc$v(+3eWA zn?t=>D{ShID!+VXmctUFY6)lh2T*mJk3FGTe^N?W2mO!Q6C8h5XvpB=mZhwPY`O=z zT1O2|m&*5o%m~oE`iWFoO;S9P;tm)2A^g+ljSY%-wP!o|+arQyMuQqtYsjihvJLPEMh(r4g8Y1$z?B65E%FuS0mmDH zs~tJ99r;pjQ?P?GMmT-yGSfhhTbfa=7%kz1I=KaF@y|SryArTs=97tSpl(E8P)I#*R^$=Mc=@|mK>wlvRhE!Y?IL<0}BZv{lJrwIyvuUW>lrLrGaU>TW!;h@faKb`VyL&@6i$No%Kw#Mf(Av^-x;JsNf}eu5g+J zaX-BS-0T3w__+3E@BU9)uP^2Bu1>tMZW(bn?972^K$yQuMtq@s`gl;tf(SilHPYW=Ve90D?p(wS=as;i=l+yW{sg%>UfJ`X+u?YNjs_*31oDqq zZ{0hYRn}Z^Jz~g3Vc>!fjb2SsBB1^FY``#eoP8njhiSs0SYrX_KJFuu7zQ7}Hl-O$ zWmAT0M+H+L*Zu1bY1((yYRl6(Ut%_?k1OC|EwlM_1Q)d9p-SXV`G5RGq z0@jt}xoS*c*viUDS#zy+z95hM)rQDyYbUG#BK`)bW0e85Rox;lldIsQd?W4^e!(~vh0DJJ(QCz>zeVV$cP#pE4h#aIqZ zIWa;hb=pTAJgIGArQFQ4kuAa71q?yKpBL%O2`Z9x{us{vbW$ExG<41C!FheE)_5Bf z1rMA3%~TfG{wgwB%j?e%e1`;*S8bmYt-f71{<~VG2+I3)-LGGOY6p-8b+9tI$ljuK zQ7FB$UXJcvxn1|=4fkqP7b@hg$XkX z+0uP-dvw`NvrdQWwoEmmUGZ{AeaVwERsIxsHU9BoWqow!hrD3*i0$QzPngc-8(IYj z-~1gMN>C%O8VB5wO(Jk!{3%0Dr*`FEPC%iiwoSnL&Gk)J%Tn8s&KA~h60|g6`y~Qv zBqR``vtQ3Slu^~X8-BkDezuR{ftc4TMLb$gR4y4Z{vnIiA|BuLzRICpwa+r#8W&af zh@i7-Vi~f##2{vPE-8|;S!Y%0o3E&D^&p9yCn1~t3LA0t@laOSWm*g{ z{h=(gEvW75sYG%qF(07y_t+FD*tzy4B*8MesCjEWmTQaHs*-FqBo1?7rPnGasdHtv=&~D2N)ZQ zx}Pe6SgAdXU&OljxZ0jp>@%iz)Ydb^lDmEJ+_tt*ToFY^6mkPV^YIcTHC6ykOz2d6 zI`;;Iez~j(I;?L49BPwV1JxnAxa$lIFX!L6A?P)j+#h#7Aw$*W905 zE?XVlT1FWRG*npQgE^?J;1)5iexDB6lgZe{ceP8d01i%Ax5OKyu}3M8K2BULM|GZq zz=4Bz+)GB`!5*V<$86ng%^Huti{$=Br%LIi_vbq}ll%6+DI&h{LZ-v4#lUYNYtaxt z;r!}nsaB#L9Nug-->!OcIkt57L#@IWcBt7VSc*#*BmH5;Z@i(_Akn}`OUD$flzGb0 z64ftR+qN(4voriV9em@FC5)4-{agMThBaKDcXv>R&OU+feY=xYvf(QBMoXmdQ|-aT z1Da;ngMlJSo0PRYo>lFbqa~*x72kDI7Q>dQ zhF15m41uYY6Qzm%61-1D|1#Z18ES2&sam!om|g-+zq*c#R5#n2*H*!|-^n-5%%~xz zxOYO3P?9jV0BtHU?yM^suFrOjF90ld)-1WddAR?B>&n*prJ%BMUd+QYS_q6@g zR+Uv7AM)vMYLa}gsu4!pF6Gk(1ZAtl+v`E)qsRhiZf!IC`kLOBDX#WSevFrpFQnnC zvG&rJ^hVYJa}2aVXTtBMr8l3+lZ6#(J8}@*&Q&5ow3A62VWGyC@<7h;8W{^E=ghg?&f^5rZjK?sx{U(oVZb9xbGm=Jy zTes#uP@y&MCeieDJ=t6T|9~QbdyPXcP}%>Uq0OMjNB{gpjI)QozhlP`v4kk9+AkvF z`~H+R!#LU*UdQ=QWbz}~hlru3O@{|ABbpgV#@2%!#ov&JB?SX7<)eVD8%kB!Jn{zdI0q59hmh0%%o>Xn1)S z{sf+`wx|PcDZ;vdyEdF#->%Xe57)1y&_*CE5jdtz+){VFf3Amg5_sa0pWY(<5Yzo- z<3ZiB@fQ6wP|;wYiO|`lUg`~;b27i`8gLj_BY0)e9edozh5x8BE8b>nRXCUIYU~Mi z6+U;>so8Y|4ECI?6<~AyDb^*cBgtq zU;ES!Fp5EPsxsEP{b1U;O~l$RA6eo>#V+{G*pQo%#=&cjT$2=#KM`De2?XAOe1~)OUSIA_F{MYXrZ`SXV`_lC4Tj-{oEwVx-4f^TgQX_H&ET4|nZvO2{|G z_r960+DV5Ne*nb2gCJN3X;w~F{rLa85v$1{p~xoGSmYwB>_L-!ztLNORz$H@s(`yy zu2V;4sx)IIgU1Cuoc=}qJcbo`h6vy6LHy|iQ1(U-Hv9Q0FHDaZRhtA&4=N#jGBp5f z^Y0KA6-E8*tGA}bm01@Uke`lAOBoSeUff!_aA}9r3Tj~pFo5RA%|Z8R=Rv^#(f&aF~-|0VcODN~q+*+}%QZ7vdJN~}XIXn|FRQAa$M=kFn zW`419h)mn?T*sp5?>*|-4Ly?%(_{jn(xY9>0dr&*Nz}+Mee+r;F9qvY;j<0>7G_X| z-O^nz+GryDUv3vaczC3;HFOh~UHoYEFJv`BGj{mr?pUYycDUx|k-?K8l=>X3A6tJi zi|E5jb#sFX@(a^*cx4myl@g#|-0>fk(YcB`NSBdfKiUkLafe$m*Xz>n47*qMGQ1IrC6JdtBDl?j!ms~>#C)p~~*w_uUlIjy;c%DD0$$HQ*aWB7-9p04GFB8qdL6Y=Q2q`CK8~K9aWlYJ0@Rb{t1-{MHfIPNmRfbN8s30^PvyLQ(los&s zy~^j5i~;Eq>MRM@0LcbpFD8gro$;Fc(R1_jqw|jX7_TP}yl)5HJ=fn1AmY68u}gMb z&bdXppzLmb++iB#y!uynOM2#NXnC`K6)$60yUH@sk=pO+Fcjk_k%>e}85Ghg_UX%- z5&9(vvnf{QRRQlcuL4O!$A8IxgUjePxNlV#C&Bpm_2>^qgH!Eiut6~=#&f1QlmKOy!7=@`Oa}!H`hR^gghw z?gC{~>9Fy=2Ah7PLJFHPY{hOakcNil0+6$zhHqV5xFvHX@X)=?29kT*nv&Ipl`Q!Z zCDcY_j4yh7C3bj~5;96pvccUBHa03o`{U!|!gg}%>WOD_i6$9~AHl1kn52v})N&dR zi$;pxw;*vtS^@;{5-WFTvUL;k2$Qf&*4ZM<)*v-pY)Fy}wML4BAcb$KuX(K*m*{p3orS413-Fu5<0WnH-}w;~1`r z0h#rSg`}wpj1ws!W8;AX8FuK-;a0%2ooZP9{`~hcPcSNrvJbI^VIQgt}l;clFFEov`g8gjO-VGg|}@4 zx65!ft+X^~n9YS2VfGh_qljJC*V;56_A?jh)|o5QE(g+aN?5V{^pmL!?sk5Y{mKOv z^$H8bwYesG4{cJT&iUUW2XTpiDmBNgu4m8H=1%ShLrQcC*HAk;Z1a0UB7iDKeT35Q zKzwb9;o|L8bD^65-b7YJ!H*pj)XmP>ao?BW@|4ajs8U^w*KrXM3vstgOk6L43XvpGsyEWuO66~0Nk@*>0NcsLdClQ0@N&QzM zez$FI8p3GF#1HrjlnBX?h}(;ioOVO}1QK6wb2sFU_91+o?fIS#^1l(t8siWnub(T- zvKeL6rI$e#Xx;XFnjuZ`%`>aT?Eax0xmLCa`&ox!re920Gjlwc@L=<+w}zC>`OqE^ z>D9YZ3@vS{eV9HjpDzm995tj}8&U8pRSo9ba#ZJyZ>WX8Q^a}r_1>f`#B#*D5jTGb z8F6WxZh5f8Xyt^1t=aj!OF+_*ljZ?$w8ECw-kEm6j;^__tFu#bxza-YJviC5kzYpM<$ zlL(75e_JAGc0q!g$VOr?I=j25jCdWzT|9b5r4{22*j+afQFc_~K#W1S|L~ye?h7ox z{H1BG_(rl%(laGSYKGy;Ab?Lq*?c^MFbLtC%Jn zr~P|(er9;^%4J8RnnWsFqnAN*rwqanmb}e9NsZNBy>pkU_E%qKH`x+JrMa&=8a_G( z*n6>zgN+;+KglDyG@*EhnA(6i`UgDPX{3tB=g1X_E}tMp)+`60@?=kgzuRGU6mv{G>J{9!4ODWL0|t2cksf>3Su4EQ7tKRNOig zChYerVK9bs1A2tJu20f8I?Hq~X6nCi@m++qf>>MbtbYZU@2)X~a1}GbKTj=8Hg(~Y z8{u8hl>~+1zu+Q5xmIrAe0^E3mz}t(g7Vj2gx`HPN{vw6^bxSNXJU%~RiwT@p z;2ZlXw{f={4r)_cR#IPx=HDBF8WCo7tPxsA?)whBJkCP{UWGa&Zdi3_RQ{4R2$i8w zMX497*I9q3D@YpcmV2c{v*cJ`thiv;Zm)0jW0$&#?vQk@0KB=#!+C!4I{55HGCDiH zJmsqBw@wo7oIn9M_>90?I+QgFpM04AwqEyXKLmG13-c^$vT1ZJ-|-@Xn?C=Nr53^B zR>wj9<_Y2yP|vBJV!|^ZPtjrTuVCi$<#k1x@9^%nrXxLNhf7RhyMGF4=R$nf$ z{ct!($TteNu@shC&ttupdOVZQl}ea+C01YBlGxD{sQB}Ygz!t-ij==s;_9**G^^0O zvi$gAXWbEd@2eszs$*Ya2uNTdU-S3VTb{M6z)xcGaL;RJ7(B>BI%umSg$qAfZ1k;P z3)l}d{O~^3@iK0l%3t|h5QkYT7y!|-mD1lDg*@Q@u1jLxq*Geobg9M-4Nb-$7Kr4Y z@e@iruEj^k7Gx#}4)uC1{8f_zO2zV4f;%;FDXCsW3+be*<#Ppxz$De@+`kiFvY@5G zjpFJCWF@chN0wFi+v}^0P9NKJ_MKC>qmvV&Z7HcqM~L=wYyFJZWR_Gr)a(M<8()oZ zn+9lfso(8Qvb3`mK0({r>lZ^M_A#V+nL|LgiF3jjnzA>ld^$9n-O^xlmfrr?fB(=? z27AnH1-wQTF(sC&)qf?lAZZ;F>6{_&P>tzk*DHuBoQsu<^G6sV{p>{8(^vWbe#kbU zN@~!-;i2V9qvMNR5JMSuX^RIK3!XN^9}rJz%uFUTX^#R8Sxyp6BfuT57lpC@H5yvT zfukg)(skofVLyFY>boEdDzWqxWFt`BMzTlPrp|^+h!=-G?t>1|w^mVHv|qc}bF+@( zuZ~<~3%j{_Z`x6!y^+cZ%|f8nS#kpQU_d#hVQ!wp#0OFTTtE6X;I~ zNL}QxDk}FONYy{;lN-QF_QD2d($E<@d=3qF?5B54ih=63&760CdF!&pq{VgD=Y|u` zV#pJTJ{e(1J0IAwwhNyoJeI}MaCQPilI9g|k2W!ic8AHt!8}{o+H{b59|WhT-#H|V z!8pGusuH`>J9RC(DU`PFy^-_2%mLRp-UMmKkS`%Sj;hjrIN=X!O`Micb(NVGZwOfxiu@5t5z8bMVzS+uXN8SrtdYp>RLe#8j);ILg%p}zkQdDliD;tdRCf9z%Z@<`VTwO1 ztZU9P($roKsv)Y_s5&TX z!cSTOw2e7o@>?^~az#v_IYZg0#tC!~oY7+=R@o)h{gM#*z!M+8$D9J?zcj5;W8KS$ zmBU`(n^BgJsS_KtnA8w~g$q5;wF+*LVb1ri6EhwbUN`?^Z=-^H<-1tb-o>I3LU-0; z5*oZB?3`A=C4ow^Otbk_0H;Xb!JIDA??lbx)X=fb=;dmi!3pXY5&m@^<&p89s`!7W z_BZU}^6~`h?*Urb{ud)k$MQB=;+C$So{hfKbOKCF@~ciwI_GJxwk56-9?k}idFA3# z@+6|!Fu@@$PI^d`0gf^p$_Wep@6YK_ol;^kY0C{7?2>%aPWxn8bMXKayeIzwG)6=E69Kj}_Stu4_Wd2I|(~ z+;q5IIy={mJfJ@f9}9TEWy;8whx>6{ToIW;J5W@}si4eae|E@uFr{ZI^8|C8FMa#u zrwz<6RnMdj(zs)Wr2zfb6sU41Pqkv-+;ztp<_ZD4>) zp}4Ff5n!4abpjlfA#ht7sHVDF1#tSKrry9ZG%#RBJYytd7mKd~cT`Zc>Bh)2r8F|h zUz3RjHn*z=gL&WhURYwU5Bg#kG?I&=93C8KY)wXtrOsW<3`DwJY(x2d4w9zk`$@ok zw$=&p@szQm&&{?{#upA^$I4Y(#^5>peZOOT_2mRokMM(Cl zz~f8&y<#uYS>sfLA2!EN(nz}(t@w7Tj}z0Ash+n+K(-0Ui$VK0XyN_AY|Fi{f}hF407B%=<2%o z8tDbuV8Hw?lhZ8uASdOvAjU--RZR#l7Rt|K#8Aj!uiyZ$cQaL;p*by)qOJZ`Fq#1? z;rhx$|G^0E-ro`(E7_FkQ((UYB>|H8)1>Z7tkVCiOQkXh;&~@#)4p6QtGvKdI%59hy#zPw6xwrtd)y z;(Jp93kAiico19gisqCJ@5{x(ih|Y9Ugs%>(mdKD%`42g>6p)%U|L z?)#lp`VMyx6V!{vkMM}{gjK74Im_?at;RB02=*2`$qPcc7cbDj=JUagGpdMKj4eAE z!~;#1Svs}uG_#92RtAd~ul;n|SPOwS4Mu}sc@rk3S$R13e|AIAAvt_0pRK&h)t~o1 zhZUr?rhQ2Ko=4v<);h>0v!zx6im=6cXF#prt<$3p+HiM}OkUREc~sS;`<92_-!s!Y zzzl)maG@%e56V~@icUlY1XQNh&ggXdx1iHAw&o@+<9q_2VIULOyjE9J%M)rrmJpr{ z3X6z9d!Gn1s?v6JZ!vfoibVcO`zvLHD&%O`AVWce0us-e3({Z;HI%@>`{BseRd3>l z1X7NKZyJ-@iOr6wD8B}RCjmS=m-{n14jX5Q zycNuWCVm8!Kw~>$O8v6$p$Lx{{wHz%KU;G+giK9cBk)IpAQYdfQx;DVkd2mYdjnA#v{4pt9+fm3UHPiJ z13FnCrIUO+CDXfv5XsC~GwSB;y+=ps`h$oZcga0Yp^;$w#%b{zyXy}e1sk846^g@j z5;rd`oZ)jYWHS1*IT6akw*Q#wlF?HFiQ{58C<#?>mpx~DrB%F_Tia2)cP@3HDIi}* z%(EkIE4&)cR*}`tg%X`l&Nx{gWH9SNunaf9&U=% z5oJ!3bJ%C9Udt5DgL|g||2??rtmiW_{&c|hFpgzUw@h+MO6jE{6!BWzFB(qx2NtOS z_(gI?g`%mY6Zf6%b~T_$2&FdzR35WUB{udA6_6E%iu@Jlo~lRXp&PsmnS47zW*R)b zRA+tI6SnOcEux2o&4+ezRMdueb{-l$OOtTeILr<%Yqw;_)!n6oy=iWv^%eL29xUA( zo{}DxSCQ*rD}K?gfpr?sce&_Jh2m^H{8~QoAnc}aD|$dHWHm{;gzrOaEKzXp?8B}- z?qYO7pmt|seA4S|ValM$JptO~L)Y;I>mJ<2lvQ1V6q&^g3-R-SJxJM4W|_QRytPuq zV1-4GoSKT&vVVj(PySBfet{RUF=g>Mo5WJbj{|47c2hQ?&Xusg za;L9+-hi4B8IN3->gL3fr{|m5#LZS#dBf-4<61Og{FBus7Y`u2=)mYYmHg)VUaq`y zggzA6C73#jD0{OI3AKqwmJBt(d}IXQo{U*B4{tO6)wLkd^iWKr*z^icqa5A?y*&Vz zdW48M8dj7WwrQ0#0~;mzAZ^t8^HFDvlIA;NVoPAmci>-QChB)nu2z>Z8Sja{{A(!+ z@=s^4p$&+eeK<{_`T4kE0<8^z8?YMv@@_RA z#F2b!n1zK}s6W}5xYkdP&e1uj&1$WO*?a5P$_MTNaiTax3V&sZrD}_X=4@J`HYA*p z(Kb4WqFn4#WaQo`ndodro@VkH-fcgu`x^ql4-QdHugEaBbxkwv_|&aF!uf)xJ;*os z6K%U+Z~|-of6G0zApc_Hb;KQeaq%Fv!2~X#Ca1Gps5D$4m56u@@#x(iNgRNr-vaDY z?b6cHXBh83hZe5{XJo}`PfQfyE^#*vF5+A#`wi;8}31PdK22AKfp$I_jr%-VC@t zx(~-ZGp+V5fh61KtIG3f*xqOd>Rezzj;0afe%9-O9Kcs5;&Ig(v`PZIk*hU*ZdEeu2MDEc(-ZkJW+ z0xeiWduPM+mV)RqrFS2NQ$4O;&4g)N%uRkFirNA2{*EEevv{NRh`uYm-GA~gA@h%^S;Jvm0pLQE*gI#+dn$0Z7SRO6ZNaZ_k?IP4oQjL+z-k>pT zRqbH&{L(l5gu~qT{zY7ThYnLJHL+>*&j)DI<+>3_;f|1SzClH(?XUZl9{bIqt~x3( z@#L3~+p`C{`lUBCzlAdY3;|F(?oWczR+TSY)bT%X9x>g4;28UNOfKbm}otzH!Y;#Vho6i(N?Hya;CK_?zj4z+T%T2NJJ|s^taZKhLQpSIP zE1mnbcN$z$;;TvRVn_*;-iM`v*CYSwhk}4pAOC7No;uNQ3XgRB*t5*y>u#UAVJWIJ zC)IwJ(hqh=@1Jr3jjce36u+iHa0v8N-XAe~#eM-h1USrntLy$vWQtHH(kjcv4jyQ& zo}v8hd5e6OSImZzq2D(jVxeoAjtyg7RsS)8UJ`;_E$*M_MublM3d@mQjl?m9R`t2v zCXsD6&%Zs=piga8;=+y)441%iB#JR`^$PXXVLXHl3wl-CpJLZb{72^!t^d92*AU`^ zegT_re1i(OvZ(&i`6$gvIefVJ|MLPsOe@6L5cY3;4<;7-P$f!~5OGkwQO4?^9DLE~ z%99+%L!?+Fd&}$7l$kOVlV?v>f7eL`iL#e_y`1uVXa=SG_w*3R( zEeWaTC*r4=sWtsFB?DzhCzkR)*muGynq$$Wh=rEE*UiS+PiV$}%_=g{XFunI8lv;cVy|yjci7L!$8|?q| z0V30PZ?UP8(K@su0zK;b0#V@?<-{szGRCBwc3}T-oqg7KvJH{XYPV__6ReE@Bj0-F zok~Xt^uI5^bmgYpt z&NTCg#qqnzQt^sCo*E2s>UPJYBXtd9M`C`oR*vuj(Bf>7QWV#Jn12I+`r7;X_-zz| z5@tZG%%{S28_-r5aC!VjDXf(HKlr;1%IcpGw#n~oq)*5}g@uKfBeF}ru|vPad)7Zr z9NasWy#A~(fQW>Wd|Ppr%N>kJr~odLq>f`n+2&)Z_5P;V@vXadg#2p}Z#irC9Ut!4 z!_`}a=Z4zPe;SMS*I97aob*$smJ42iYjNtiY|pfboz$p1lDX}?l7d$|38m@~Z?}zV1dxJ3#*|vxzCWMQj99f{upsJ(<=ORa zc67hQZlIeQ_&}j=`W~qeEt+*s{-pw%Kq(kmsN(ycT&eWmCWQ+DD)DL58F-WMv=o*z zlJ1Mgo+Dop_~>{S+I6dn;1RU2-O08wb9SQm7h~%Sr*m;2vLJ_zKFFukZSdqRFRAMv z#f)WK?Omy(11ul>T!NbS(#{YYeG-~@+0bb5xAU~7|I&t!ZEsl71&dY8KZm4OCS2Rj z_b2g&jxe0k*KG>+%oV!$hf%Gfw?o3{I3X3kiu_87RM6soa_EV#fp>jqMDo?-hiF9o+wS zr*C`}7h`IFFxGCWuZQ^f_(=7Ykg+l{_HykElS6R6TxBFtiZSKFtN3IfGwP-5Yg|kx zam$hGyg*wh2;lZQ5+Akw4uPBuLKwp$YMT&VC!o&koDbRPQHl;+x zlu!A9?u&xV!~}NPtOqf%MmTm;xK3uS2MH+-HPW>yvKkn1nks(4Ex2V0HA#lo&l5s7 zSmRiw@=95@P%yfX#>|X=zbS`1rdiExduDvD2hUf3U)uA~K+)mu;7RmaO(<>M;?G`3 z)w9Qv>Qm|Lo!Ajodk+Esd^IsAG?Sz1EGq&1G$1nThE_5R#V9@i4^xY}Wycq_;pFRu zU*4jSyva3Zn4+Th;^wd8R*x16+IdtPu;&0TJ7;&3iz{>=f9$l7p3l(;N>V z-?!1L5BID8DX~AvR2$R~k>CH~AB@ii!*fT$071+!FY2HiAA;a`zKfU?X)O@)M(-VDQy)u#gd|x5VN6Fm$*b= z4t+JBx5w{0lzH8zJ?f!n0hWaApu~Fr&e9{_P>7$02#Gk!;??Ph+^H_Owmg!rfG}`5 zRZki6sEue>oWgEW(6db5!!u?=sHCRzXB2S&K>e!P`JGBDo@&rF*@lpVDoKAQ_;rODT zCx-U6&XtK(M`ETuCYt0Btv^XigV)#p~L0568~m&qsqABh#wxP3Hem5jE{~d zOZx4k?0W9nmi|*_NQbs&4{*J1iF!gDG<*)j!n^5pGW=cgq=6DJO{E*JswCC`T%4I2 z&(uKKb!1zb0*6!;Wg;>52Ii}~Zjstniv)q6g^h#>d0Q!u8d5Yoqw%kN05vkgn^+Fi zRf!E+P2$p4DQJdBUgO#=MS<%M@s`FtLl7}2x_Heo{9m-{b*H{dO-m~|B3ZoM zm$)bTYuxFtyE!JpbGF&gf5>f=8>6YtWId6sx;T9i%x7f{3^lgkB@BFLiq7p~E9qQO z&WHx=MecpZtsMyb^E?XZ5VEeZ9uhtx0waLzCr|2z(h0(pIctg96K@qEr^xM%LnF+v zlW=K*7Hc3RopfI;HE64c^9(`gqjJ-%%m?MjU)0gLG2wrx&}jBCP){8Mtyi%*4<=W7 z36VCV`@Io=%q}Li(v-hr_Wt3gbJo_EzBWzAr=d^toR2)feMf6q6?d{1A93@3+JUHC zArHUL;dSDS(btPM_}c*68153NE%I_!Eq$HXK`xR=%)_?>Cu;w1Ej3sx7XW4qwd(XP z4=0bRF&&hI?t)PXK;XCcbp{Un;d_Ri3X{f+oEIskjWTH8nR?!#`eI1{Grr&w*syq?UP$3v#&0(#S%(I)Wm0O`SEd*rv{+yZ@y}ZbiV@SE;L~R zS9Z=V09v#GynNw&?2Xuoy=*_FZ0{}9{{VX}WcQfq#@j<@< zyze*0(lqP`yCh5Fanv)2oiqo4MdL=NHO9HQIXOpy065%lfCt;BC?ZbUE$aL%5-